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Ex  LiBRIS 

The  Pennsylvania 
horticultueal  society 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

LYRASIS  IVIembers  and  Sloan  Foundation 


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I 


THE 


GARDEN E 


RONICL 


AND 


AGRICUI 


FOR 


1852 


LONDON: 
PUBLISHED      FOR      THE      PROPRIETORS, 

AT    5,    UPPER    WELLINGTON    STREET,    CO  VENT    GARDEN. 

1852. 


LONDON  : 
BRADBURY   AND    EVANS,   PRINTERS^   WHITEFRIARS. 


53^ 


/(o551 


28421 


INDEX      OF      CONTENTS 


GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  GAZETTE, 

For     1832, 


I 


I 


I 


I 

I  : 


Abutixon  vitifoliain,  375 

Acacia  dealbata,  hardiness  of,  133,  182,  197, 
230;  Tiscosa,  613 

Accounts,  farm,  i26,  414,  538,  602 

AchimeQe?,  223 

Acid,  ulmic,  and  plants,  263  ;  sulphuric,  598 

Adelges,  Spruca  gall,  58^ 

JEeilopa  ovata,  coovereion  of,  into  Wheat,  451, 
467,  501,  02e,  8i)S 

Aerides  8uavts-.imum,  56i 

Agriculture,  91  ;  C(>nditioQ  of,  10  ;  Mr.  Meohi's, 
489,  50tJ,  510;  ditto,  balance-sheet,  11,  26, 
29,  44,  46,  59,  2(37  ;  lecture  on  the  present 
position  of  Bruish,  794,  797,  813  ;  at  Woburo, 
28;  benefit  of  sciencH  to,  45  ;  in  Lancashire, 
61 ;  in  Wigtonsbire,  73  ;  influence  of  climate 
on,  58,  lOG  ;  experiments  in,  75,  154  ;  Ro- 
thamstedD.  Kilwhiaa,  170,  203,  2IS  281,  2S2, 
3U,  330.  345,  362,  378,  395,  410,  491,  522,  539, 
671,  619,  650,  651 ;  interesting  questions  in, 
77;  Caird'd,  74,  87;  literature  of,  89;  fen, 
89,  138,  186,  235,  362,  411,  4J6 ;  in  the  Weald, 
123;  A  Word  in  Season  un,  140,  473,  509; 
memoranda  concerning,  ISS,  236  ;  Russian, 
204 ;  improveiienta  in,  217 ;  Tuliian,  2GG, 
572;  Prof.  Waj's  Lecture  on  ditto,  604  ; 
steam  driving  machinery  applied  to,  2i)8  ; 
evidencefl  of  Roman,  331  ;  in  France,  36a  ; 
Catechisms  on  Cotcau'e,  rev.,  365;  ancient, 
395  ;  Good's  Puliiics  of,  rev.,  396  ;  Northum- 
berland, 251,  299,  458  ;  Baker's  Eseay  on 
Northamptonshire,  rtv.,  510  ;  Yorkshire, 
523;  Lois-Weedon,  235,  570,  604,  618,  620, 
707,  78S  ;  in  Xormandj,  650  ;  profits  of,  653  ; 
American,  733;  in  the  Azores,  778 

Agricultural  anomalies,  713 

Agricultural  chemistry, 252  ;  sessional  examina- 
tion in,  490,  t-06 

Agricultural  CoUeye,  Cirencester,  187, 809:  exa- 
mination papers  of,  42,  441,  442;  guide  to, 
rev.,  413;  sessional  exdtnioaiion  in  che- 
mietry  at,  490,  5i)6  ;  presentation  to  Mr.  Hay- 
gartli,  principal  of,  828 

Agricultural  educution,  77,  251,  363,  537,  572, 
585,  609  ;  and  employment,  522 

Agricultural  geology,  170,  409,  425,  489 ; 
Trimmer's  lecture  on,  364 

Agricultural  labour,  price  of.  397 

Agricultural  labnurt-rB,  46,523;  education  of, 
77,  251,  363.  537,  572,  5a6,  8U9 

AgiicuUural  statUUca,  60 

Agricultural  tour,  through  Gloucester  and 
Wiltfchires,  394,  410,  427 

Air,  tli«cta  of  vitiated,  on  plants,  19G 

AJuga  Chama>pit\9,  757 

Aibumluoua  or  protein  compounds,  prominent 
characters  of,  490 

Ale,  pale,  to  make  from  eugar,  12;  bitter, 
recipe  for  brewing,  45,  77 

^B*'  UarTe>*B  Marine,  of  North  America,  rev., 
438;  distribution  of  marine,  on  the  Britieh 
ond  Iriih  coastn,  614 

Alkalies  and  Barley,  204 

Allaroaada,  Schoitii,  84  ;  cathartica.  501 

Allotments,  239,  41i8 

Aloe,  American,  629,  661 

Aai«ryllid»,  (;uliure  of,  535 

Amaryllis  belUdoniia,  treatment  Of,  in  pots  770 

America,  Jruit*  ot,  3;  climite  of  North,  409- 
reaping  miichiueo  of.  413;  llarvey'K  Marine 
Alg»  of  North,  rrv.,  4as  ;  flowerinK  vt'  Vic- 
toria llegia  lo,  647;  vlneyardH  of,  OCt ;  mile 
of  fro) c  trees  in,  'i79 ;  floriculture  of,  733- 
tree*  of  North,  in  Mad<:iru,  773,  828  ' 

American  Aloe,  029,  661 

American  barrow,  luB 

American,  blight,  72,  J8'>,  485 

American  churn,  Anthony's  patent,  310 

Amtrlcan  Grant  crrlfMi.  88 

American  Gr»p?t,  232 

American  l'eaciic«,  iofire,  503 

American  I'umpkifn,  OitO 

Amhentla  oobilie  at  Baling  Park,  87 

Ammonia,  useH  ot,  21  ;  for  Tumlp«,  41  ;  nul- 
phateof,  to  apply,  l:,2  ;  how  to  tc<it  the  purity 
of  ditto,  27fj;  Hxer*  of,  253;  bo«t  moann  of 

Srevcnling  the  Ion*  of,  in  dung-heaps,  500; 
I.  Vine's  memoir  OD  the  actum  of,  on  plants, 
755  ;  from  manure  wadir,  773,  828 

Anacbarl«  nlalnaitrurn,  062 

Anaiyals  of  a4ult«r<ited  guino,  293,  3(6,  356, 
38«;  of  cow  and  goat  milk,  3iJ4  ;  of  pho«. 
phatic  nodul«s  ijf  triegrennHimd  on  the  north 
of  Ireland,  «:}.'>  ;  ol  I'u-quoiiane,  7(9 

AoemoDe.  culture  of,  'i'.Z  ;  'Ingle,  679 

Animals,  br«..dii)g  of,  ]HH  ;  dlao  and  rearing  of 
Cjl^;  salt  for,  lfi>,  3o&,  SI7,  295;  lUtuninenof 
iheep  occnRtoneti  by  para«nth;,  ir,H ;  Jones's 
Dataral  hisutry  of,  rev,,  6H2  ;  gtonrnphlcal 
uutrlbutlonof,  luonnexloii  with  th-j  progress 
Of  bumao  drllliatloQ,  612  ;  tollotr  groiirct  for 


fattening,  620,  635.  652,  G84.  733,  779  ;  live  and 
dead  weights  of,  63S  ;  carcass  weights  of,  667, 
632 ;  cure  for  scour  in,  653  ;  composition  of 
food  in  relation  to  respiration  and  the  feed- 
ing of,  666 
Animal  lii'e,  distribution  of  ia  tbe  arotic  re- 
gions, 660 

Annioilator.  Phillips's  Fire,  38 

Annuals,  552;  list  of  summer  and  winter 
flowering,  213  ;  bedding.  213,  229 

Anomalies,  agricultural,  713 

Antiquity  of  f -rcing-housee,  243 

Antirrhinums,  151 

Ants,  to  kill.  141,344,  374  ;  poison  for,  357, 424 ; 
pairtngof,  582 

Ant  flies,  flight  of,  550 

Aphides  on  Potatoes,  421 

Apples,  double,  117  ;  to  gather,  5GS;  for  tarts, 
600 ;  neglected,  646 

Apple  trees,  to  plant,  712 

Apple  marmalade,  to  make,  535 

Apricot  trees,  remarkable,  120 ;  on  a  north 
wall,  598 

Aquatics,  19, 13S,  248,  435 

Arabia,  uses  of  tobacco  in,  407 

Araucaria  Cookii,  471 ;  imbrieata,  550 

Arsenic  works,  effect  of,  on  vegetation,  485 

Artificial  manures,  best  mode  of  applying,  74  ; 
the  constituents  on  whtoh  they  depend  for 
their  fertilising  and  commercial  value,  506  ; 
for  flower  borders,  534 

Ashi  weeping,  to  uraft,  248 

Asparagus,  to  salt,  232  ;  bed,  bow  to  form,  56S 

Aephalie  flooring,  60,  653,  684,  726 

Association,  British,  596,  612,  628,  634,  644^  660, 
666,  714 

Aubergine,  629 

Auriculas,  properties  of,  279  ;  LancBBhire  Hero, 
279  ;  select,  295,  711 

Australia,  fruits  for,  230 ;  Mackenzie's  Ten 
Years  in,  noticed,  278  ;  gold  fields  of,  549 

Ayrshire,  application  of  liquid  manure  in,  411, 
427,  444.  476;  dairy  farming  in,  427,  445,  476 
Azalea.  164;    what  it  first  was,   196;  Messrs. 
Lane's,  343  ;  hardy.  374 

Azores,  farming  in,  778 


Bacon,  to  smoke,  141 

Baking,  chemical  actions  involved  in  the  pro- 
cess of,  490 

Balfour's  Class-bonk  of  Botany,  rev.,  327 

Balsams,  double,  711 

Bambusa  aruodinacea,  rate  of  growth  of,  246 

Barker,  the  lute  Mr.,  341 

Barley,  Peruvian  skiolesp,  60,123;  and  alka- 
lies, 201  ;  returns  respecting  the  state  of,  5oG, 
507,  621,  537,  540,  553,  554;  chemical  changes 
which  it  undergoes  in  the  process  of  germi- 
nation, 506  ;  general  composition  and  relative 
feeding  value  of,  506  ;  prolific,  620  ;  to  sow,  652 

Barnes'  (Mr.),  nursery  noticed,  583 

Barn  floors,  to  make.  'i22 

Harouieter,  cheap,  472 

Barron's  British  Winter  Garden,  rev.,  371 

Basil,  sweet,  101 

Biiyrhoffer  on  Lichens,  rev.,  247 

Beans,  Nonsuch  Kidney,  214;  prolific,  325; 
scarlet  runners,  405.  421,  518;  returns  res- 
pecting the  state  of,  506,  5o7,  537.  5li(,  553, 
554;  in  Devon,  540;  Haricot,  549,  676;  to 
cook  ditto,  56C  ;  to  preservo  ditto,  5C8 ;  fi.ild, 
588;  lute  French,  629,  709  ;  examined  in  the 
Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  076;  Scarlet 
runner,  677 

Boaumontiu  grandlHora,  230 

Beck's  (Mr.)  garden  noticed,  203 

Beer,  reolpB  for  brewing,  45,  77,  125  ;  sugar, 
recipe  for  maklritt,  12;! 

Bees,  r>02,  618;how  to  dislodge  wild,  262;  early 
spring,  3iu  ;  battle  of,  41)9  ;  swarming  of,  029 

Bob  llowors,  134 

Beet,  sugar,  74  ;  to  now,  93  ;  Bllesian,  230,  283  ; 
Continental  Htatements  on  cultivation  of,  28t, 
300  ;  to  drepiH,  7j«  ;  to  store,  805 

Be^oniti,  Fuchslftldco.  100;  PrubtooienBlfl,  C30 

Bi:lk-lle,  climate  of,  504 

BhUoo  gardens,  near  Ornntham,  noticed,  Ifll 

Bcrborrl««,  standard,  080 ;  Uurwioli,  flOl ; 
Mtonelesn  fruited,  181 

Bnrlio,  Kordens  nt,  101,  U7,  132 

Bignonitt.  Uhcrore,  l.'t2,  214,  230 ;  rudlcnos 
granrliflorn,  V45  ;  Tweodluoa,  230 

Birch  nine,  216 

BlrdH,  501  ;  British  BOnif,  4,  21,  'H,  C2,  68,  Sr,, 
101,  110,  105,  IH<I,  197,  212,  215;  to  keep  of!' 
GoosflOrfrrUiS,  181  ;  robin,  29i  ;  ditto  In  dim. 
cultltrH,  ;i75 ;  corrlon  crows,  681;  usuM  of 
magpies,  597  ;  mistletoe  thrush,  773 


Biscuit,  Borden's  meat,  515,  565 

Blackberries,  white,  3  ;  and  Currants,  38,  64 

Blackberry  syrup,  to  make,  69d 

Bliffht,  403,  452,  523 ;  American.  72,  280,  485, 
fuogi,  435;  cause  of  ditto,  437;  and  hiL'h 
cultivation,  483  ;  Grape,  55,  212,  389,  435,  437, 
45-',  453.531,  579,  694  ,  710,  820;  cure  for,  357, 
488;  Grisoa's  cure  for  ditto.  419,  5G5  ;  in 
Malaga,  691 ;  Wheat,  501, 540,  571 ;  prevalence 
of.  403  ;  ammoniacal  manures  productive  of, 
437 

Blinds  for  glass-houses,  5,  22,  37,  58 

Bohemia,  gardens  at,  213 

Bones,  as  manured,  619 

Booorden's  Mycology,  rev.,  342 

Books  Reviewed  ;  Gosse's  Naturalist's  Sojourn 
in  Jamaica,  6 ;  Minutes  of  the  Board  of 
Health.  19,  252  ;  Ward  on  luvestmeuts,  23  ; 
Sinclair's  Beauties  of  Nature,  23;  Mechi  on 
British  Agriculture,  with  an  account  of  bis 
own  operations  at  Tiptree  farm,  29;  Hof- 
meiater  on  Cryptogams,  39 ;  Wiekstead's 
Tract  on  Sewage  Manure,  45  ;  Wight's  Illus- 
trations of  Indian  Botany,  55  ;  Cottage  Gar- 
dener;)* Dictionary,  55  ;  Taylor  on  Cbrysan- 
theraums,  55,  215  ;  Kutzing's  Introduction  to 
Botany,  71;  Caird's  English  Agriculture,  74, 
87  ;  Hue's  Triivel3inChiua,&c.,  87  ;  Lawson's 
Seed  List,  87 ;  ditto  List  of  Conifers,  695  ; 
Journal  of  the  Agricultural  Society.  92.  605  ; 
Murray's  ilodern  Cookery,  103  ;  Chalmers' 
Notes,  Thoughts,  and  Inquiries,  103;  Turner's 
Florist,  Fruitist,  and  Garden  Miscellany, 
103;  Buff's  Physics  of  the  Earth,  118; 
Stewart  on  Law  Reform,  141 ;  Campbell's 
Farmers'  and  Cottagers'  Guide,  151,  John- 
ston's Physical  School  Atlas,  151 ;  Home 
Truth  for  Home  Peace,  151;  Leigbton  on 
Lichens,  IJ  ;  Mcintosh's  Book  of  the  Garden, 
133,  711  ;  Pashlev  on  Pauperism  and  Poor- 
laws,  18.J,  749  ;  Deman  on  Flax,  183,  282  ; 
Dobion  on  fne  Pelargonium,  183  ;  M.  le  Roy- 
Mtbille  on  the  Potato  Diseaae,  227  ;  Bayr- 
hoft'er  on  Lichens,  247;  Hollo  on  Lichens, 
247;  Denton's  Tables  ou  Drainage,  252; 
Pamphlets  on  Drainage  of  Towns,  252  ; 
Fortune's  China,  259,  275  ;  Williams'  Orchid 
Growers'  Manual,  263;  ditto  on  Ferns  and 
Ljcopodiums,  7D1  ;  Kinlpch's  Proposal  for 
the  Defence  of  the  Country  by  means  of  a 
Volunteer  Force,  in  place  ot  a  Regular  Local 
Jlilitia,  2G3;  Reynolds  on  D  jmesttc  Poultry, 
269  ;  Hooker's  Icones  Plantarum.  278  ;  ditto 
Botany  of  Antarctic  Voyage,  422,  599  ;  See- 
man's  Hotanyof  the  Voyageof  H.M.S.  Herald, 
278.  647  ;  Howlett  on  Rustic  Work,  312 ; 
Nesbit  on  Peruvian  Guano,  323  ;  Henfrey'u 
Vegetation  of  Europe.  327  ;  Balfour's  Class 
Bo'^k  of  Botany,  327 ;  IJonorden's  Myco- 
logy, 342;  Clarke's  Fen  Sketches,  319;  De 
CunioUe's  Prodromus,  358  ;  Catechisms  of 
Cottage  Farming,  365  ;  Siandish  and  Noble's 
Hints  OQ  Planting  Ornamental  Trees,  374; 
Barron's  British  Winter  Garden,  374; 
Tulasne's  Monographia  Podosternacearum, 
374;  Good's  Politics  of  Agriculture,  390; 
Word  in  Season  on  Corn  Growing,  4u5,  8o7  ; 
Horafield's  Plantai  Javanicre  ranores,  406  ; 
Cirencester  At;ri(:ultural  Collei^e  Guide,  413  ; 
Gruy'tt  Plaotaa  WriKhtianra  Texano-neomox- 
icuute,  &c.,  422  ;  Morgau  on  the  Use  and 
Abuno  of  Lime  as  a  Manure,  429  ;  Hoy  wood's 
Letters  to  Farniera,  420  ;  Harvey's  Marine 
Ali/iO  of  North  America, 438  ;  Buller  on  Guano, 
445;  Correspondence  [e'<pt;cting  the  Lobos 
Guano  Islands,  415  ;  Exhibition  of  tho  Works 
of  All  Nations,  18iL— Reports  by  the  Juries, 
455;  L'-ibour  standfi  on  Golden  Feet,  470; 
Life  of  the  Rev.  W.  Klrby,  436  ;  Ungor'a 
Inquiry  into  the  lllrttory  of  the  .Vegetable 
Kingdom,  502  ;  Dowdon's  Botany  of  the 
Bolieroens,  D1I2  ;  Baker's  Essay  on  Northamp- 
tonshire Farming,  510;  Tulasno's  IIlHtory 
and  Monograph  of  Trufll-ss,  518;  Griffith's 
Posthumous  l'BperH,5!9  ;  Thomson's  Wustern 
nttnalaya  and  Tibet,  534;  Bazleyon  Cotton, 
551;  Parish  on  Buenos  rtyre»  and  the  Pro- 
vinces of  Rio  do  la  Plat(i,5ti0  ;  Jon<;»'  Natural 
IIlHtory  of  Animals.  582  ;  Cobb  ild's  Geornics 
of  Virgil,  598  ;  ScolV^rii'^  Chemistry  of  Gold, 
599  ;  Smith's  Land'capo  Gardenintf,  014  ; 
Hcully  on  Ireland  and  tho  Land  Question, 
021  ;  Irl«h  Agricultural  Society's  Journal, 
037;  HHffltli's  Aroldtcotural  Botany,  64(1; 
Moore's  Labels  for  Spi-clmoos  of  Ferns,  047  ; 
Martin  on  Storm",  653  ;  Marshall  on  the  new 
Wufijr  Wt-od  (Anaclinris  ulwinastrumj,  Citii  ; 
VVllllch'a  Topulur  Tables,  7l)0 ;  btt^wnrt  on 
llow  to  Knfninchiso  Copyhold,  71S  ;  Old 
Rundn  and  ti>w  RoadH.  720  ;  llubburd  on 
llow  Should  an  Income  Tax  bo  Lovird  T  742  ; 
Viiughan  on  tho  Cryntal  Palace  ti'i'stlon, 
712;  I.andshorough'H  Jlistoiy  ol  BrltlBh 
/uopbytoB,  758  ;  Hints  to  Uuprautlcut  Lec- 


turers, 765 ;  Raynbird's  Account  of  a  new 
Variety  of  Wheat,  765 ;  Wight's  Icones 
Plantarum  Indim  Orientalis.  774  ;  Talpa, 
or  the  Chronicles  of  a  Clay  Farm,  791,  814; 
Mrs.  Meredith's  Home  in  Tasmania,  807  ; 
Miscellaneous.  55,  103,  119,  151,  183,  199, 
214,  263,  278,  311,  327,  343,  3&8,  374,  391.  407, 
422,  502,  551,  5S3,  599,  614,  646,  678,  711,  774. 
807;  Strabon's  Geography  by  Meyer,  822; 
Hamilton  on  the  Land  Qaestioo,  829 

Booth's  (Messrs.)  nurseries  noticed,  244,  276 

Botany,  Ku'zing's  Introduction  to,  rev.,  71; 
Indian,  180  ;  of  the  vovage  of  H.M.S.  Herald, 
278,  547;  Balfour's  CliSs-book  of,  327 ;  of 
tbe  Antarctic  Voyage,  by  Dr.  Hooker,  422, 
599  ;  Sowerby's  English,  549  ;  of  tbe  Bohe- 
reens,  by  Dowden,  502;  Griffith's  Architec- 
tural, 646 

Botanist,  a  royal,  664 

Botanical  gardens,  21 ;  Glasoevin,  38 ;  cura- 
tor's annual  report  of  ditto,  199  ;  II  ublin,  54, 
G9  ;  Sydney,  104,  8()8  ;  Cape-town,  5^0 

Branches,  spiral  tinging  of,  773 

Brassicas,  mishaps  among,  245  ;  use  of  earth- 
ing up.  309,  341 

Bread,  Darnel,  421 ;  chemical  actions  involved 
in  tbe  process  of  baking,  490 ;  brown  more 
nutritious  than  white,  490;  modern,  523; 
roots,  739 

Brewing  bitter  ale,  recipe  for.  45,  77 

Bricks,  hollow,  87;  black,  709 

Brinials,  280,  424 

British  Association,  596,  612,  628,  G34,  644,  660, 
6G6,  714 

Broccoli,  singular,  339  ;  for  autumn  and  winter 
months,  759 

Brownasa  grandiceps,  151 

Brugmansias,  ou'-door,  693,  73G 

Buds,  tokecpbirdKoff.  181 ;  Vines  withfew,  294 

Budding,  spring,  743 

Buenoa  Ajrea,  Pariah  on,  rev.,  5Q6 

Buff's  Physics  of  the  Earth,  rev.,  US 

]iW£3,  to  kill,  376 

Buildings,  farm,  730,  763  ;  insuring  ditto,  622  ; 
portable  ditto,  74G 

Building  material,  new,  631 

Bulbs,  early,  548  ;  culture  of  spring,  6(13 

Butter,  taste  in.  12,  43,  59,  92,  109,  155,  203, 
748,  780,  794  ;  to  make,  140,  315;  new  modo 
of  making,  349,  332  ;  improvement  in  making, 
477;  bad  tasted,  379,  414,  475,  814,  827; 
composition  of,  and  the  changes  ii  undergoes 
in  becoming  rancid,  490  ;  causes  of  rancidity 
in,  521. 


CAiJiJAaEP,  early,  2S0  ;  to  earth  up,  309,  341 

Cacti,  to  graft,  232  ;  weed,  to  sow,  120 

Caird's  EnElish  Agriculture,  rev.,  74,  87 

Calathea  distillaioria,  culture  of,  34i 

Calico,  glaze  for,  184 

Callichroa  platyglossa,  213 

CaJYcanthua  occidentalis,  «13 

Camellia,  culture  of.  148;  Chandler'a  noticed, 
151 ;  to  repot,  215  ;  yellow,  259  ;  to  iearch, 
535 

Campbell's  Farmers'  Guide,  rev.,  151 

Canadii,  emigration  to,  140,  250,  267  ;  TulipB 
of,  299  ;  weather  in,  294 

Gannas,  246 

Cuntua  bicolor,  181 

Ca|)e  ot  Good  IJope,  neighbourhood  of  Simon's 
Towu,  503  ;  Botanic  Garden,  520 

Cape  Marigold,  213  ^ 

Capsicum,  fumigation  by  moans  of,  150,  lCt>j 
182,214,  229,  '245,  202 

Caraway,  to  sow,  669 

Carnntions,  471;  support  for,  67;  tree,  167; 
select,  759 

Carrots,  culture  of,  90,  01  ;  soil  for,  90;  rota- 
tion of  crops  of,  90  ;  tillage  for,  90  ;  manure 
fur,  90;  seed  nnd  time  of  sowing,  90  ;  drilling 
and  hoeing,  90;  lakloK  up  and  storing,  90; 
npplicallou  of  crop,  90;  couipuratlvo  value 
of  ditto,  90  ;  French  Short-horu,  710 

Carton,  James,  G46 

Cattle,  management  of,  92  ;  fatting,  12  ;  euro 
of  foot-rotln,  14;  lameness  in,  77  ;  lairs  tor 
southdowns,  897  ;  food  for,  442,  574  ;  relative 
valuuof,  9;i;  for  ewes,  173;  wlU  It  pay  to 
puroba«o  it  "i  167;  chicory  as,  894;  cooked, 
777  ;  drain  pavement  for  flooring  lor,  108, 
140;  til  stall  feed,  108,  099;  salt  for,  109, 
205,  317.  390  ;  breeding  of,  188,  003  ;  Bchedule 
of  the  Agricultural  Society  relathig  to,  101  ; 
report  ol  tho  tneotlng  of  ditto,  as  ulkc  s,  -IfaO  ; 
progreHBof  tlioprlz-orama  In  oizu  at  dltto.lor 
the  years  184H  to  1H52.  462;  pigs,  manage- 
ment of,  236;  dlBcuhoin  dato,  'ioH;  lumDs, 


IV 


INDEX. 


tulc-r.i,  l'-jH;  ij<mt.eb  tor,  I'yy,  382  ;  voualtiiii.u 
of  ditto,  361,  377  ;  boxes  tor,  313  ;  on  VirtHi-ds, 
413,794;  hydrofiathic;  treatment  of,  445;  to 
pasture,  474,  491;  feeding  of,  442.  523,  573. 
63-3.  C(i6.  746,  762,  76:1;  tallow  crroaveB  fi>r 
fattening.  620,  635,  652,  684,  733,  779;  poin-a 
of,  ()-0 ;  live  and  di-ad  weights  of,  633; 
asphalte  floors  tor,  653,632;  cure  for  tcour 
in,  653;  cai-cass  w€-tt;hrB  of,  667,  684;  Bir- 
£QiD;^h)im  show  of,  77,  701;  r*^purt  of  ditto, 
812;  iilturo-pnftumocia  in,  652  ;  experiments 
io  feeding  ot,  733  ;  ditto  at  Howick,  713.  715. 
729,  732.  791 ;  housing  of,  746  ;  quarter-ill  in, 
7S1,  827,  S2S;  Smirbfield  Show  of,  12.  793; 
reporc  of  ditto,  795,  82G ;  new  prize  list  ot 
ditto,  8(i9  ;  tomeasure,  S30 

Caulifle)wevs,  to  earth  up,  3ll9,  841 

Ceanutliuseg,  hardiness  of,  B37,  437,  453 

Celery  Uuii',  roots  on  a,  51 

Cells,  action  of,  7bS 

Cellulose.  490 

Cera-us  ilicifolia.  280 

Chaff-cutiiivg,  716 

Chsliners'  Notes,  Thoughts,  and  Inquiries,  103 

CbambniHe,  69 

Chandler's  (Mr.)  nursery  noticed,  ISI 

Gharcoal  wood,  268;  peat,  172,  549;  to  apply, 
S53  ;  to  make,  397  ;  and  the  Potato  disease, 

Chattworth,  Pine  growing  at,  84,  149 
Chaunt,  bimceopathic,  7 
Cheese. uiaUing,  73i 

Chemistry,  a^'ricuitural,  252;  sessional  exami- 
nation  in,  at  Cirencester  College,  490,  51)6 ; 
ofi^uld,  Scoliern  on,  rev.,  599 
Cherrifs,  fif^lect,  456  ;  diseased,  531 
Chervil,  101 

Chestnuts,  early  leafing  of,  119 
Chevelej  fete,  C05 
Chicory,  to  bow,  93;  as  a  winter  salad,  276; 

UBOs  of,  278  ;  as  cattle  food,  39t 
China,  Huc'a   Travels  in,  rev.,  87;  Fortune's 
Boo-ic  on,  rev.,  259,  275;  mode  of  maoaging 
the    ChrysBnthtmum    in,    260;    white    wax 
insect  nf,  531 
Chinese  tlower  sticks,  550  ;  Azaleas,  164  ;  ditto, 

■what  they  first  wiire,  196 
Chisivick,  f.il(  of  rain  at,  for  the  years  1841  to 
1851,  8  ;  ditto  for  June,  371,  420  ;  diito,  and  at 
Kos^,  645  ;  monthly  depth  of,  at.  for  the  years 
1S2G  to  1S51,  771;  Rarden  notii-ed,  119,  214, 
278,  Sr.B.  422,  486,  567,  630.  695,  774  ;  pobiiious 
of  thermometers  at,  173,  280 ;  weather  at, 
195  -^62,  324,  50t;  ditto,  and  at  Paris,  627  ; 
fetes  at,  277,  3iJ7,  387,  369  462  ;  reports  of 
ditto.  31)9,  390,  453  ;  list  of  awards  for  May, 
adv  ,  3u6 ;  for  June,  386;  for  Ju'y,  460; 
scheilule  of  prizes  for  1852,  210;  dit'o  tor 
1853,722  ;  newvegotables  and  fruits  oxamineii 
at,  661,  676,  692  ;  glass  walls  at,  436 
ChorozetnaH,  595 

Chrvflrtnihemums,  7,  215;  Taylor  on,  rev..  55, 
2l'5;bh'iW8,  aS,  71,  535,  759,791  ;  new  golden, 
213  ;  tricolor,  213  ;  centroapermum.  229  ; 
Chinese  mode  of  managing,  260:  pompone, 
727 
Churn,   Drummond'a,    413,    445,  475;   proper 

temperature  at  which  to,  701 
Cinerarijis     bnrdiuess    of,    39,    183,   199,    343; 
effect  of  liquid  manure  on,  lul ;  treatment 
of,  135  ;  select,  167 ;  culture  of,  727 
CisBus  discolor,  C79 
Cludau'hud  arabicus,  213 
Clarlu's  Fen  Sketches  noticed,  3(9 
Clarkia  elegans  alba,  213 
Claas  ybowinii,  199.  231 

Clay,  ilrsiiiiint,'  of,  58,  76,  268,  346,  556;  landd, 
coal-anhes  on,  203  ;  soils,  general  characters 
of  Btifl'.  and  means  of  improving  them,  506; 
to  burn,  510 
Cleroiicndron  squamatuin,  52 
Climate,  inHuence  of,  on  plants,  58, 106.  211  ; 
observations  on,  118,  151,  211.  27G,  323,  325, 
339,387;  of  Glouceslevshire,  246;  of  Hump- 
shire,    230;    of  Flititshire,  293 ;  in    Ireland, 
326  ;  of  far  North  of  Scotland,  357,  373  ;  in 
Cornwall  and  Devon,  374  ;  of  North  of  Ame- 
rica,   409;    of   Panama,    5l7;   ot  Belle-Ile, 
S64  ;  of  South-west  of  France,  709  ;  of  Dorset, 
711  ;  of  St.  Michael's,  775 
Climberst,  greenhouse,  396  ;  hardy,  421 
Clotli,  wn-erprooting  eomposiLion  for,  430 
Clover,    Bok'iara,    1S4 ;    failure  in,   236,    268; 

monstrous,  469 
Clover  insect.  236 
Clover  eick  land,  299 
Coal,  small,  413 

CobboUFs  GeorgicB  of  Vircil,  rev.,  598 
Eoobiu  China  fowls,  91,  396,  540 
Cochineal,  hardy,  215 
Coel'igjne,  Wallichii,  293  ;  maculata,  293 
Cofi'-'e.  a  cure  for  fresh  wounds,  360 
Coffee  plant,  278 

College,    Cirencester   Agricultural,    187,    809  ; 
examination  paper  of,  42,  441,  442  ;  guide  to, 
rev.,  413;  sessional  examination  tn  cheniis- 
try  at,  490,  506  ;  presentation  to  Mr.  Hayganh, 
principal  of,  828 
Collinsiii  hoterophylla,  218 
Compounds,  prominent  characters  of  albumi- 
nous, 49U 
Conitere,  149;  hardy,  40;    false  cones   of,  54, 
70  ;  sales  of,  5G,  200,  341 ;  seed,  to  sow,  168, 
536  ;  sizes  of,  at  EgKesford,  389  ;  Scotch,  and 
dry  N.  wiods,  565  ;diae.isein,  627  ;  variations 
among,    (93;    lawson's  list  of,    rtv.,    694; 
fruiting  of.  5S2  ;  insects  on,  708  ;  smut,  756 
Conservative  walls,  709,  820 
Conservntories,  Petunias  for,  596 
Convolvulus  minor  a'ropurpnreuB.  213 
Cookery,  12u  ;.  Murray's  modern,  103 
Coping  for  waits,  712 
Copyhold,  lawrelaiiiigto.  339.  345;  Stewart  on 

how  to  Enfranchise,  rev.,  718 
Cork  insect,  820 

Corn,  produce  of,  9  ;  ehort-strawed,  45,  91  ;  to 
dibble,  91;  price  of  ditto  for  an  acre,  620, 
652,  682  ;  large  crop  of.  92  ;  growing  o',  412  ; 
"Word  in  Season  respecting,  140,  404,  473,  509, 
556,  ."i.S8  ;  Lois  Weedon  system  of  cultivating, 
235.  570.  6''4,  618,  6'2U  ;  price  of,  141 ;  guano 
for,  112  ;  French  steeped.  169  ;  night  ripen- 
ing of,  203 ;  to  soiv,  201.  412  ;  culture  of,  G69  ; 
patent  ditto,  205  ;  biieing,  219,  540  ;  average 
produce  of,  in  Northumberland,  251,  299  ; 
after  root-crops,  299  ;  sprouted,  699  ;  remedy 
for  ditro,  333;  Indian,  409;  and  present 
priccF,  429  ;  transraufatir^n  of,  (51,  467.  fiOl  • 
milflew,501.  540,571.  588  ;returnB  re-jpectinp 
the- state  uf,  5i>6,  507,  521  537.  540,  553.  554  ; 
tbin-5eedii,g.  523,  60,  635,  6ti5,  OSl,  699,  716  ; 
«oaE  ofj  in  Ohio,  541;  produce  of,  sowed  in 


drills,  5>'8  ;  stubble.  Tares  on,  expenses  per 
flcre,  573  ;  trade,  Mark  Lane,  714  ;  trans- 
plan'ing,  717 

Corn  rents,  26,  60 

Cornwall,  gardens  in.  86, 133 ;  trees  and  shrubs 
in,  118;  climate  of,  374  ;  Dahlias,  695 

Cornus  mascula,  519 

Corrosive  sublimate,  563,  597,  600 

Cottage  FarOiing  rev.,  3(!5 

Cottage,  labourer's,  805,  822 

Cotoneaster  frigida,  53 ;  affinis,  53 ;  micro- 
phylla,  131  ;  microphylla  Uva  Ursl  (Bear- 
berry.leavcdj,  181;  thjmilolia,  181 

Cotton,  B^izley  on.  rev.,  551 

Cows,  dairy,  Kohl  Riibi  for,  252;  milk  nf, 
analysis  of.  364;  Alderney,  yield  of,  397; 
shcdfl  698;  pleuro-pneumonia  in,  remedies 
for,  637,  652,  780 

Cranberry,  American,  88 

CratagUB  tanacetifo'ia,  53  ;  odoraiissima,  53  ; 
aroiiia,  53  ;  orientaliH,  53  ;  heterophjUa,  53 

Cress,  Noroinndy,  549  ;  American,  516 

Crocuses,  culture  of,  663 

Crops,  for  a  small  kitchen  garden,  5,22.  38,  53, 
70;  rotation  of,  90,  475.  586  606,  652  ;  ditto 
on  a  two-acre  farm,  365;  Carrot,  applicji- 
tion  of,  90  ;  comparative  value  of  ditto,  90  ; 
guano,  to  apply  to,  in  spring,  124  ;  root, 
abundant,  237  :  average  produce  of,  in  North- 
umberland, 251,  299  ;  amolioratiop,  361 ; 
culture  of  gretn,  396 ;  intercalary,  397 ; 
returns  respecting  the  state  of,  506,  507,  5-i7, 
540.  5rj3,  551 ;  at  Ho'herfield,  619  ;  Irish,  483, 
499,  508,  579,  G03,  629,  693 

Crowea  saligna,  215 

Crows,  carrion,  581 

Cryptomeria  japonica,  250,805 

Cryp'ogams,  Uofmeister  on,  rev.,  38 

Crystnl  Palace,  new,  515,  743 

Cucumbers,  roots  of,  133  ;  cropping,  566  ;  blnck 
•spiufi,  566,  580  ;  Huntei's  Prolific,  694,  726, 
757,  773,  822  ;  large,  691,  726  ;  ridge,  757  j  for 
winter  culture,  806 

Cunnin^'hamia  lanceolata,  260 

CupresRUS  horiz  mtalis.  710 

Curcuma  Roscoeana,  708 

Currants  and  Blackbiirrie?,  38,  54  ;  to  keep 
birds  from,  181 ;  in  Greece,  487 

Cyclamens,  132,  755 

Cynngiossumlinifolium,  229 

Cypress,  Funereal,  260 


D. 


Dahlias,  colours  of,  119  ;  select,  133  ;  selfs  and 
tipped,  439  ;  how  to  turn  a  white,  blue.  279  ; 
in  potg,  327;   new,    359,  599;  fihows  of,  4-*U, 
567 ;    to     save     seed     of,  535 ;    green.     579 ; 
watering,  58:J ;  to  store,  663;   Prince  Arthur, 
679.  711  ;  iu  Cornwall,  695 
Dairy  farming,  77,  155,  201,  203,  316,  585,  617, 
693,    701,   763,    782;    in    Avrshire,  4i7.    445. 
476,  492  ;  Devonshire.  91,  109  ;  farmers,  23l  ; 
cows,  feeding  of,  794;  Kohl  rabi  for,  252; 
Uolstein,  299 
Dairy  pans,  316 
Daisy  digger,  21,  424 
Daphne  odora  rosea,  180 
Dart-moth,  common,  741 
Days,  table  of  the  iu'Tease  and  decrease  of, 

throughout  the  year,  214 
Drj  Candolle's  Prodromus,  r^v.,  358 
Deman  on  Flax,  rev.,  183,  282 
Denmark,  mode  of  harrowing  in,  494 
Deodar.  149,  806  ;  fruiting  of,  532 
Deodoriser,  pulverised  peac  as  a,  316,  346,  378, 

405 
Devonshire,  dairy   management  in,   91,   109  ; 
vei;etatioD  in,   214;  climate  of,  374;  Beans 
in  540 
Dibble.  Dr.  Newington»«,  620,  652,  6S4 
Dielytra  spectabiiis,  2^!1,  277.  293,  325,  421,  G45 
Digby'a  (Mr.)  Rarden.  711 

Diseases,  in  swans,  124  ;  of  sheep,  occasioned 
by  parasitic  animals,  458  ;  rich  manure  pro- 
ductive of,  in  vegefables,  483  ;  Cherrv,  531  ; 
Tomato,  598  630,  646  ;  Conifer,  627  ;  Pear,  805 
Dobson's  (Mr.)  nursery  noticed,  263;  pamphlet 

on  the  Pelargonium,  rev.,  183 
Doiirs,  wood  for,  440 
Dorsetshire,  vegetation  in,  214 ;  weather  at, 

14  ;  climate  of,  711 
Downing  (Mr)  death  of.  635 
Drains,  stoppage  of.  761,  779,  789  ;  eels  in,  789 
Draining,  45.   107,  395,  415,  619,  764  ;  of  clay 
soils,  58,  76,  268,  346  ;  and  deep  cultivation, 
141,  204,  268,414;  deep,  425,  429.  476;  im- 
portant fact  in,  445  ;  a  clay  bank,  556 ;  under, 
810;  experience  in,  S28 
Drainage,    and   water-mills,  29;    in  Regent's- 
park,  124  :  Hewitt  Davis' lecture  on,  173;  of 
towns,    pamphlets   on,    rev.,  252  ;    Denton's 
tables  on,  rev.,  252  ;  and  henvy  rains,  666 
Drain  pavement,  Forbes'.  108,  140 
Dresden,  gardens  at,  164  ;  agricultural  show 

at,  379 
Drills,  produce  of  Wheat  sovn  io,  538 
Drilling  and  hoeing  C;irrot3,  90 
Drinks,  receipts  for  making  cooling,  453,  469, 

801,517 
Drying  plants,  552,  press  for,  164,  182  ;  malt, 

249 
Drv  rot,  cause  of,  in  timber,  104 ;  in  Larch,  676, 

694,  726 
Dublin  Botanical  Garden,  54,  69 
Ducks,  Muscovy,  428 

Dung,  poultry,  357,  374 ;  and  guano,  684 
Dung-heaps,  why  do  we  make  ?  866  ;  means  of 
preventing  the  loss  of  ammonia  in,  506 


Ealing  Pabk,  Amherstia  nobilis  at,  87 

Earth,  Buff's  Physics  of  the,  rev.,  118 

Earwigs,  (raps  for,  552 

Eau  de  lessive,  724,  820  ;  what  it  ie,  774 

Echeveria  retusa,  356 

Education,  agricultural,  77,  251,  363,  537,  572, 

■  5S5,  8(-i9  ;  aod  employment,  522  ;  of  gurdeners, 

597,  709.  757,  805 
Eels,  propagation  of,  5,  22,  37,  64:  in  drains, 

789 
Egff«,  preservation  of  fishes*.  488  ;  hatchers  of,' 

610 


Elder  beiriea,  use  of,  711 

Elm  tree,  bleeding,  550 

Elvuston  Castle  gardens,  35,  389 

Emigration,  Irish,  L'5,  28,  107  ;  to  Canada,  140, 

250,  267 
Endive,  green  curled,  355 
Epacria.  116  ;  what  it  was.  165 
Epipactis,  now,  532,  549,  693 ;  Mr.  Smith's,  or 

phyllanihes.  660 
Epipbvilums,  culture  of,  676 
Ergot  of  R>e,  517 
Erigeron  canadensis,  534 
Erinus  Lychnidea,  212 
ErioBtemons,  516 
Erysimum  Peroffakianum,  213 
Eschscholtzia  crocea,  213 
Estates,  geological  mapping  of,  557 
Eucharidiuoi  graudifljrum,   213;  conclnnum, 

229 
Eutoca  viscida,  213  ;  Wrangeliana,  229 
Evergreens,  to  transplant,  152 
Evergreen  Oak«,  118 
Ewes,  food  for,  173 
Excursions,  village,  635 
Exhibition  of  1851,  Report  by  the  Juries  con- 

C'  ruing,  rev.,  455 
Experiments    with   manures,    25,27;     with    a 

Hyacinth  bulb,   39;  in  agricul'ure,  75,154; 

Mr.  Lawes  v.  Kilwhisa.  170.  202,  218,  2«1,  2>'2. 

314,  330,  315,  362,  378.  395,  410,491,  522,  539, 

571.    619,    650,   651;    Makoy's,    3;f9 ;    on    the 

growtkand  vitality  of  seeds,  612  ;  in  feeding 

of  cattle  at  Howick,  713,  715,  729,  732,  794 


Paisbaten's  (Mr,)  nursery  noticed,  18S 
Fairy  rio>;s,  23,  644 

Farm,  Duke  of  Bedford's,  at  Woburn,  23  ;  Mr. 
Clifton's,  Lytham,  61  ;  rotatioa  of  cri>p«  on 
a  two-Hcred,  365;  Mjer-mill.  Avrshire,  4XT  ; 
Mr.  Telfer'H,  near  Ayr,  427,  415,  476,  492. 
509;  Mr.  Ralston's,  Leg,  near  Ajr,  444; 
valuation  of,  493;  annual  gatbering  at  Mr. 
Meubi's.  489,  506,  510,  625;  at  Lois-Weeden, 
570,  604;  Capesthorne  Hall,  653;  quantity 
of  manure  made  on,  683,  698;  Liverpool 
prize,  684;  Mr.  Palin's,  7u0 ;  report  of,  763 
Farming,  91;  condition  of,  10;  Mr.  Mecbi's, 
486,  506,  610,  525;  his  balance-sheet,  11,  26, 
29,  44,  46,  59,  267  ;  his  lecture  on  the  position 
of  British,  7U4,  797,  813;  at  Woburn,  'iS  ; 
benefit  of  scieuce  to,  45;  iu  Lancashire,  61; 
in  WigioDShire,  73  ;  influence  nf  clinaate  on, 
58,  lOfi ;  experiments  in,  75,  154  ;  Kothamsted 
V.  Kilwhiss  ditto,  170,  202,  21^;.  2S1,  282,  314, 
330,  345,  862.  378,  395.  410,  491,  522,  539,  671, 
619,  tiSu.  651;  interesting'  que^iioas  in,  77; 
dairy,  77,  91,  109,  1^5,  2ol,  2o3.  234.  316,  445, 
476,  492.  585,  617,  693,  701,  7o3,  782  ;  Caird's 
English.  74,  87;  literature  rel;iiing  to,  89; 
Weald,  123;  Feu,  89,  133,  186.  235,  362,  411, 
426;  Wurd  in  Season  on,  140.  473,  509; 
memoranda,  188,  23i; ;  deep,  141,  2o4,  268, 
37^,  414;  Russian,  204;  improvements  in, 
217  ;  Tulliao.  26i;,  572  ;  Prof.  Way's  lecture 
on  ditto,  604 ;  steam-driven  mactiinery  ap- 
plied to,  26*  ;  evidences  of  Roman,  331  ;  in 
France,  366;  Catechisms  on  Cottage,  rev,, 
3G5  ;  ancient,  395  ;  Northumberland,  251, 
299,  453  ;  liaker's  Essay  on  Northampton- 
shire,  rev.,  510;  Yorkshire,  623;  without 
nloughing,  573  ;  cost  of,  573  ;  at  Lois-Weedon, 
235,  570,  601,  618,  620,  707,  788;  in  Nor- 
mandy, 650;  pro6ts  of,  c53 ;  American, 
733;  in  the  Azores,  778 
Farmer's  Flax-mill,  189,  203,  316,  348;  dairy, 
231;  Heywood'e  Letters  to,  rev.,  429  ;  prin- 
ciples which  ought  to  guide  them  in  the 
management  of  home-made  manures,  506 
Farm   buildings,    730,    763;    insuring  of,  522  ; 

portable,  74ii 
Farm  accounts,  426,  444,  538,  602 
Farm-yard  manures,  changes  they  undergo  in 

keeping,  506 
Fen  (arming,  89.  133,  186,  235,  362,  411,  426 
Fen  Sketches,  Clarke's,  rev.,  3l9 
Fern,  appeal  of  a  British,  to  certain  British 

botanists,  214  ;  tree,  248 
Fern  caseti,  management  of,  118 
Figs,  eating  fruit  of,  246,  536;  at  Worthing, 
312,325,357;  brown  Turkey,  312,  325,  357; 
second  crop  of,  613  ;  purple  Ischia,  677  ;  out- 
door, »!77,  710,  742 
Fig  fungus,  246,  262 
Filberts,  to  prune,  616  ;  culture  of,  612 
Fire  annihilator,  Phillips's,  38 
t-'irs,  149;    hardy,  40;    false  cones  of,  64,70; 
sales  ot,  56,  200,  3l4  ;    seed  of,  to  sow,  168, 
6H6  ;    sizes  at  Eggesford,   389  ;    Scotch   and 
dry  north  winds,  665  ;  disease  in.  627  ;  varia. 
tions  among,  693  ;    Iruiting  of,  682;    insects 
on,  708  ;  umi^,  756 
Fihh,  propagation  of  eels,  5,  22,  37,    54;  ditto 
in  drains,  789  ;  salmon,  84,  100,  133;  artifi- 
cial introduction  ot  ditto  into  the  river  Swale, 
774  ;  to  breed  ditto,  299  ;  spawn  of  ditto,  364  : 
trout,  10  breed,  235,  '^99  ;  spawn  of  ditto,  203, 
268,  364  ;  gold,  in  glasses,  food   for,    216  ;   to 
increase   ditto,  630,  645  ;  artificial  breeding 
and  rearing  ot,  al6  ;  ditto  in  the   Derwent, 
315,428;  preservation  of  eggs  of,  488;  fresh 
water,  774,  790 
Flax,  413,   445;  culture  of,  188,  282;  ditto  in 
Britain,  9^  ;  Deman  on,  rev.,  183,  282  ;  sow- 
ing, 133,    269;  farmer's  mill,  189,   203,  316, 
318 ;   preparatiou    of     seed.  203  ;    cost  and 
produce  ol,  236  ;  New  Zealand,  603  ;  chemical 
changes    which    take  place  in  steeping  of, 
490  ;  crop,  composition  and  economy  ot,  5G9  ; 
tibre,  825  ;  Scheuck's  system  of  steepin?,  828  ; 
unsteeped   fibre   of,   828;    cotton,   828  ;  new 
methods  of  preparing,  828  ;  saving  of  aeed^of, 
828 
Flintshire,  climate  of,  293 
Floods,  their  cauees  and  effects,  733 
Flooring,    aspbalte,    60,    653,    684,    726 ;  drain 
pavement  tor  cattle,  108,  140  ;  for   piggeries, 
235  ;  boarded,  cattle  on,  413,  794  ;  for  barns, 
to  make,  G22 
Flour,  to  delect  the  adulteration  of,  with  Pea 

or  Bean-meal,  490 
Fluorine  iu  plants,  470 

Flowers,  on  public  promenades,  132  ;  bee,  134; 

class  showing  of  florist,  199,   231;  compass. 

262,  277  ;  to  preserve,  328  ;  monstrous,  462  ; 

vai legation  of,  500  ;  cu',  will  they  travel?  615 

Flower-bed-,  mixed,  309 


Flower-sticks,  Chinese,  550 

Fly,  venomous,  of  Southern  Africa,  791 

Foals,  worms  in,  718 

Food,  silkworm,  453;  Borden's  meat-biacnit 
as,  515,  565  ;  Sia- weeds  ae,  612  ;  adulterated, 
646;  composition  of,  in  relation  to  respira- 
tion and  the  feeding  of  animals,  666  ;  plants, 
739;  cattle,  442.  623,  574,  GM,  ^^66;  cooked 
ditto,  777;  relative  value  of,  93;  will  par- 
chased  pay  for  ditto?  157;  for  ewes,  173; 
chicory  as,  394;  for  sheep,  574,  697;  for 
pigs,  620,  635,  652,  C84,  733  ;  for  Iambs,  268, 
734;  winter,  for  pheasants,  5;  for  gold  fiab 
in  glasses,  216 

Footstalk,  what  ie  a  ?  468 

Forcing-,  strawberries,  52,  69  ;  variety  of  ditto 
for,  262,  309 

Forcing-houses,  antiquity  of,  243;  at  Tren- 
tham,  372,  339,  405 

Forest  trees,  80S ;  to  prune,  37, 134, 150, 198, 277, 
325 

Fork,  new  digging,  26, 107,  108, 140, 172 ;  ditto 
V  spade,  519 

Forsytbia  viridisEima,  69, 197,  309 

Fortune's  (Mr.)  China,  noticed,  259,  275 ; 
appointment,  755 

Fowls,  true  Spanish,  77 ;  Cochin  China,  91, 
396,  540,  571 ;  Poland,  490 

Frames  for  fruit,  806 

France,  steeped  Wheat  of  189  ;  agriculture  in, 
366  ;  climate  of  sou^h-west,  709 

Frost,  action  of,  on  plantH,  148, 179 

Fruits,  of  the  Uniteti  States,  3  ;  double  Apples, 
117;  to  gather,  568;  for  tarts,  600;  neglect 
of,  646;  for  Australia,  230;  to  preserve,  338; 
ditto,  by  steam,  231 ;  how  to  forward  ripening 
of,  392  ;  crops,  405  ;  to  bottle,  504  ;  Gooseber- 
ries, large,  518  ;  ditto,  for  preserving,  536  ;  to 
dry,  5G7  ;  Peaches,  large,  567,  613.  646  ;  ditto, 
American,  503  ;  to  mode),  584  ;  importance  of 
light  to,  595 ;  Himalayan,  615  ;  Pears,  for 
tarts,  632;  to  gather  ditto,  648,  680;  largo 
ditto,  662  ;  examined  in  the  Horticultural 
Society's  garden,  692;  of  St,  Michael's,  775 

Fruit  trees,  Peach,  out-door,  88  ;  on  trellises, 
133;  new  Shanghae,  693;  Stanwick  Necta- 
rine, 720  ;  Pear,  to  graft,  102  ;  'o  prune,  134, 
200,  614  ;  pyramidal,  600  ;  petition,  582  ;  root 
pruned,  614  ;  Beadnell's  new,  692  ;  late,  772, 
820;  Apricot,  remarkable,  120;  on  a  north 
wall,  598,  104,  568;  to  protect,  166;  planting 
and  training,  661;  to  keep  birds  from  Goose- 
berry, 181;  trade  in  regard  to,  198;  for  Aus- 
tralia, 230  ;  Fig,  casting  fruit  of,  246,  536  ;  at 
Worthing,  3l2,  325,  357  ;  brown  Turkey,  312, 

325,  357  ;  second  crop  of,  613  ;  purple  Ischia, 
677;  out-door,  677,  710,  7l2;  gas-tar,  efi'ects 
of,  oa,  277  ;  Cherries,  select,  456  ;  disease  in, 
631 ;  Mulberry,  328  ;  to  manure,  458  ;  Rivera* 
dwarf.  518;  Filbert,  to  prune,  616;  cul- 
ture of,  612  ;  sale  of,  in  America.  679  ;  Apple, 
to  plant,  712  ;  wrongly  named,  709  ;  for  dwarf 
standards,  728 ;  select,  776  ;  under  glass,  806  ; 
frames  for,  806 

Fuchsias,    324;     select,    135;    gracilis,     508; 

princeps,  G60  ;  large,  711 
Fumigation,  150,  165,  182,  214,  229,  245,  262, 

326,  339 

Furaigators,  294,  357,  371 ;  Brown's,  182,  229 
Fungi,  403  ;  luminous,  102  ;  iu  Figs,  246,  262  ; 
Grapes,  404 ;  Turnip,  404;  Chrysanthemum, 
404;  damask  Rose,  404;  Cucumber,  404; 
Peach,  404  ;  Spinach,  404  ;  Lettuce,  404  ; 
Potato,  404  ;  Cabbui^e,  404  ;  blight,  435  ;  cause 
of  ditto,  43T;  lo  drr,  568;  development  of, 
595;  eatable,  611,  612;  on  Conifers,  627; 
Pear  leaf,  629,  662 ;  attacking  Grasses,  643 


GAMElaws,92,  428,  828 

Gardens,  small  kitcben,  to  crop,  5,  22,  38,  53,70; 
Botanical,  21  ;  foreign  gleanings  respecting, 
36.  68,  101.  117,  132,  143,  164.  181,  213,  244, 
276,  292,  356  ;  walls  of  old,  40  ;  window,  53, 
678,  694  ;  in  Cornwall,  86,  133;  at  Berlin,  101, 
117,132;  at  Dresden,  164;  at  Lubeck.  131; 
at  Stralsund,  181;  at  Bohemia,  213;  at 
Liege,  292  ;  mixed  beds  in  flower,  309; 
Barron's  British  Winter,  rev,,  374 ;  Cape 
Town  Botanic,  62o  ;  St.  Michael's  Orange, 
G95;  kitchen,  728;  Kew,  6,  118;  Victoria 
Kegia  at  ditto,  150;  lunching  at  ditto,  166, 
132  ;  Chiswick,  119,  214,  278,  353,  422,  486, 
567,  630,  695, 774  ;  Elvaston,  35, 389  ;  Glasnevia 
Botanical,  38;  annual  report  of  ditto,  199; 
Dublin,  54,  69;  Ealing  Park.  Amherstia  no- 
bilis at,'87  ;  Sidney  Botanic,  104,  3u8  ;  Belton, 
Brownsea  grandiceps  at,  151 ;  Swinton  Park, 
conservatory  at,  199 ;  Mr.  Beck's,  263  ;  Miss 
Stapleton'fl,  tree  Preouy  at,  359  ;  New  Zealand 
Flaxat  ditto,  503;  Mr.  Edwards',  470;  Dalvey, 
Victoria  Regia  at  619  ;  Mr  Wildlay'd,  Ather- 
stona,  large  Peaclies  at,  567  ;  Mr,  Ker's,ei4; 
Walmer  Castle,  6t>3 ;  Mr.  Hutton's,  Gyne- 
rium  argenteumio,  679  ;  Minterne  House,  711 

Gardening,  kitchen,  424  ;  Smith's  Landscape, 
rev.,  614;  window,  53,  678.  694,  725,  773; 
under  glass,  742  ;  of  Malta,  737 

Gardeners,  great  men,  181 ;  education  of,  597, 
709.  757,  805 

Gardeners'  Benevolent  Institution,  355  ;  anni- 
versary, 383 

Gardenias,  245  ;  and  cold,  262 ;  radicaus,  35 

Gardiner,  Mr.  William,  indispoaition  of,  292 ; 
death  of,  406  ;  the  late,  423 

Gas  from  wood.  343 

Gas  heating,  645 

Gas  lime,  797 

Gas  tar,  effect  of,  on  fruit  trees,  277 

GauUheria  Sballoo,  504 

Gentians,  to  raise  from  seed,  216 

Geology,  agricultural,  170,  409,425,489;  Trim- 
mer's  lecture  on,  36»,  379 

Georgics  ot  Virgil,  Cobbold's,  rev.,  59S 

Geranium  and  Hollyhock,  alliance  of,  774 

Germination,  chemical  changes  which  Barley 
undergoes  iu  the  process  of,  506 

Ge?nera  zebrina,  292 

Ghent,  great  exhibition  of  plants  at,  196 

Gilia  nivalis,  213 

Ginger  wine,  to  make,  156 

Glass,  to  face  walls  with,  5  ;  rough  plate,  517, 
550, 565 ;  violet,  517,  649  ;  gardening  under, 
742 

Glass  houses,  4  ;  blinds  for,  5,  22,  37,  85  ;  night 
protection  for,  37 ;  Trenlham,  new,  S72, 
339,  405  ;  to  COVer,  790 


INDEX. 


Glase  milk  pans.  652 

Glass  wails,  3.  4,  C.  37,  54,  70, 156,  435,  828 ;  at 
Chisffick.  4S6 

Glass  water-pipea,  613 

GlasDevin  Botauicnl  Garden,  38;  Curator's 
annual  report,  193 

Glazing,  7 

Gleanince,  'foreign  garden.  36,  53,  101.  117, 132, 
li8,  16i,  ISl,  213,  244,  276,  292,  356 

Gloucesiersuire,  L-limare  of,  24t> ;  agricultural 
tour  throuiib,  394,  410,  427 

Gloxinias,  45'2 

Glae,  marine,  632 

Go^etia  bifroos,  229;  rubicanda,  229;  Lind- 
leyana,  229 

Gold,  intluence  of  cheap,  57,  91  ;  Scoifera*a 
chemistry  of,  rtv.,  599 

Gold  fish  in  glasses,  fuud  for,  216  ;  to  increase, 
630.  615 

Good'a  Politics  of  Agriculture,  rev.,  39S 

Goofleberriefe,  large,  518;  for  preserving,  536 

Gooseberry  trees,  to  keep  birds  froic,  131 

GosBe'fc  Naturulist's  Sojourn  io  Jamaica,  re?,,  € 

<5ourd  80up,  S6 

Grafting  Oaks.  24;  Peare,  102 ;  natural,  214; 
Cacti^  232  ,   Weeping  Aah.  248  ;  wax,  824 

Grapes,  Poimaised,  197,  230;  Amerioau,  232 ; 
to  restore  t>loom  to,  3li9,  325;  ttut-door,  373, 
487,  4  85;  bletung  in,  44u ;  badly  ool.-ured, 
469,  773,  7s9;  ehunking  uf,  4S5 ;  diseased, 
518 ;  new,  eiS;  purple  Frontignan,  629  ■ 
wine,  664,  7U9,  726;  Hiirbaropsa,  691;  Mal- 
vasia,  709.  7it> ;  Jaie,  710.  726  ;  Hubshee,  7l0  : 
Red  Hamburgh,  8ii5  :  culourini:  of,  821 

Grape  mildew,  55,  212,  3'^9.  419,  435,  437,  452, 
453,513,531.  579.  69»,  710,  S20  ;  cure  tor,  357  ; 
remedy  for,  48S  ;  Grison's  cure  for,  419,  565  ; 
in  Malaga,  691;  MeDevilie'sobservatious  on, 
627  ;  Duval's  rtmedy  tor,  724  ;  eau  de  leBhive 
for  destroying,  to  prepare,  724,  774,  820 

Grass,  manure  fur  young,  112;  Italian  Rye,  to 
sow,  221,  237;  ihe  buiiLh,  412;  selling  in, 
445  ;  Bilk  of  Honduras,  744 

Grasses,  fungi  oo.  643 

GrasB  land,  to  lime,  44,  91 ;  ridge  and  farrow 
formof  o'd.  266 

Grass  seeds,  lor  permanent  pasture,  30  ;  hints 
on  sowing,  205 ;  for  sandy  soil,  253 ;  for  a 
deep  loam,  541 

Greenhouses,  to  fumieate,  150,  165,  182,  214, 
229,  245,  262,  294,  312,  325.  357,  374,  3S9 ; 
plants,  Hardiness  of,  214.  229,  262;  climbers 
for,  396  ;  Roses  for,  396  ;  heating  with  gas, 
492,  645  ;  how  to  heat  a  small,  cneapiy,  677, 
726  ;  and  cjnservative  walls,  709,  820 

Grishna  cassin,  630 

Griflath'a  Posihuoious  Papers,  rev.,  519 

Griffith's  Architectural  Boiaov.  rev..  646 

Gnano,  462  ;  adulferatioo  ot.  291,  3o7,  323,  339, 
346,  355,  388,  5;jl,  525,  586  ;  to  detect  ditto, 
14,  323.  331  ;  aDalysis  of  adulterated,  293, 
846,  356,  3:38;  directions  for  applying  to 
Vetches  j.nd  oiher  crops  in  sprinsc,  124;  for 
"Wheat,  142;  dOf^B  it  pay?  2u4,  297,  313; 
liquid,  to  make.  216,  2S0  ;  islanrta,  new,  221, 
269,  285,  301,  307  346  363,  393,  416:  lo.v 
priced,  293;  Peruvian,  364  ;  Keabit  on  ditto, 
noticed,  323 ;  adulterations  used  in  ditto, 
and  the  meaus  of  detecting  them,  5U6  ;  price 
of,  847  ;  treatises  on,  no'iced,  445  ;  eubsii- 
tnte  for,  603,  62u.  636,  78u,  795,  811,  827  ; 
and  dung,  ti84  ;  history  ot,  765 

Guernsey  Lily,  742 

Gutta  percha,  strings  of,  for  tying  plants,  344 

Gatta  percha  pipe-,  501,  540 

Oynetium  argeateum,  679,  695,  726,  766,  806 


HiBBAKTHoa  intermedins,  hardy,  357 
Hailstorm,  retnarkable,  l(i2 
Hampshire,  climate  of,  230  ;  harvest  in,  571 
Haricot  Beans,  549;  to  cook,  566  ;  to  preserve, 

Harrowing  in  Denmark,  494 

Barrebt,    proKptcts  of,  506,   507,  521,  537,  540, 

553,  hbi,  587  ;  in  Hanth,  571 
fiarrej's  Marine  AJga  ot  Worth  America,  438 
HawthornH,  405 
Hawkweed,  yellow,  229 
Hay,  cost  01  permanent  cover  for,  350  ;  to  salt, 

445;  weight  of  a  rick  ot,  478 
Heaps,  dunjj,  why   do  we   make  it '^    3*i0  ;  best 

meaoa  of  preventing  the  loss  of  ammonia  in 

ditto,  906 
Heath*,  to  dry,  552 
Heating.    Polmalse,   26.  86,  102,  133,  149,   166, 

182,  374  ;  Grapes  grown    by   ditto,  197,    23i» ; 

Blovefor,  181;  (ian,  tJ2,  C15  ;  chenp,  677,  7J6 
Heat,  terrts.riai,  196  ;  j.r...Juctiou  ot,  636 
Hedge,  how  to  plant  afiuick  and  Privet,  552 
Hedge  piautN,  1»4,  582 
HedgehogH,  5<)4,  O'-iii.  565 
Htllboros  nlg-ir.  15j,  166  ;  atrirubcns,  439 
HelichrjBum   bracteafum,  229;  macranthum 

HcHophila  araboideR,  229 

Hellebores,  ttufTcutescuNt,  with  biennial  stems, 

43>  ;  witn  auuUdl  stem-,  4  iO 
HcDderiou's  (MeB»rit.J,  nurs.jiy  noticed,  167,  535 
Benfrej'ft  Vegetation  ol   fcur.-pe,  rev.,  :jli7 
Bepfttica,  double  uJue  wl<h  whim  fluwern,  517 
Htrbariuni,  polioniug  plants  in,  421  ;  Gaspa- 

rlnl'i,  7^0 
Herba,  6;  Lavender.    20;  liquorice,  36 ;  green 

Pepperuilur,  5i! ;  Cliarn<»milM,  69;  Tarr.ig.jn, 

85  ;  Swtet  H«.il,  KJl  ;  Criervil,  lul  ;  Knotted 

Marjornin,  101;  .•.ri4ffl  117 
Heracieuoi   gi^auteurn,  5^3;  sphoodyllum,  523 
Hiblicaa  a'ncanun,  229 
Himalaya,  Tnoma-ju  uo  the,  rev.,  534  ;  fruits, 

615 
Hlfipt'/phive  rbimnoldes  frnralna,  181 
Hoeing,  dl7,  :j40,  ;i7tt.  Hi  ;  of  Wheat,  219,  S40 
BofmvUteruu  •:rjpU)gaif»«,  rev.,  'M 
Bolte  on  Lichens,  rev.,  247 
Holllea  killed  by  ulc,  598 
Uollyboek,  r/j'j  ;  »«j,i  (o  »„ff,  13,-5;  |n  poti,  095, 

7»a;  and  Ocranium,  al'ltnce  of,  774 
Home  Trutai  tur  tUnnn  IVncc,  rev.,  \H 
Hondaraa.  bilk  Ora«  of,  71* 
Hooey,  Kui'rdUh  way  of  NHrdcnlnK,  22     1 
Dooker^ii    [Or.)    dried    plauts,    IsO;     Unrion 

Puntaruai,  rev.,  ilH;  \itjUuj  ot  iho  Antarctio 
Vo>aKe,  rev,,  42^,  5a9 
Hop,  change  of  sex  Id,  ft97 
Hop  duty,  30 


Horses' feet,  to  protect  from  injury,  34S  ;  to 
pasture,  474,  491 ;  report;  of,  at  the  Agricul- 
tural Society'n  meeting,  476 

Horse-radish,  lo  eradicate,  616,  629 

Horeiield's  Plan's©  Javanicae  rariores,  rev.,  406 

Iloihousfs,  ftutiqui'y  of,  243 

Howlett'e  Rustic  Work,  rev.,  H2 

Hue's  Travels  in  China,  &c.,  rev.,  87 

Humboldt's  Cosmo-,  rev.,  183 

Hu^handry,  fork,  26,  107,  H)8,  140,  172  ;  Lois- 
Weedun  Bistem  of,  235,  570,  604,  lil8,  GiO,  707, 
783 

Hvacinths,  421,  487,  4S5  ;  experiments  with 
bulb  of,  39;  pot  culture  of,  203,  630,  663; 
culture  of,  in  glasses,  66J 

Hybridising  Iria.  3d5  ;  Lychnis,  533 

Hygrometers,  232 


iBEHia,  umbo'lata  rubra,  220  ;  coronarla,  229  ; 
umbellata  alba,  229 

Ice,  btacUiiig  of.  35,  63  ;  bottom,  155,  106,  203 

Ice  stacks,  22,  405 

Icicles   102 

Ilex,  aquitolium,  181 ;  latifoHa,  215 

Implements,  clieap  agricuhural,  282,  314,  396  ; 
Boyd's  scythe,  293,  3U9  ;  award  of  prizes  f  t, 
at  the  Annculturul  Society's  meeting,  459, 
476  ;  numbers  ot,  exbiblted  at  ditto  in  tbu 
years  18ll  to  1852.  457  ;  schedule  of  prizes 
for,  at  ditto,  for  1853,  637;  at  tho  Smithtield 
Show,  826 

Incubators,  artificial,  510 

India,  bint  to  planters  in,  102  ;  botany  of,  180 

lodia  rubber  tree,  279 

Indian  curn,  409  ;  planters,  hints  to,  102 

Inks,  to  preserve  writiiig,  647 

InsectB,  Clarke's  preparation  for  killing,  5% 
38.  54,  mealy  bug,  to  kill,  36,  88.  54 ;  bee- 
like  sawHy,  63  ;  li'e  on  sbeep,  to  kill,  125 ; 
ants,  to  kill,  141,  344,  374  ;  poison  for  ditto, 
357,  424  ;  pairing  of  ditto,  532  ;  worms,  389  ; 
ditto  on  lawns,  168,  521),  681);  effi^cts  of  beat 
and  cold  on,  lo5,  1^1 ;  Clover,  236  ;  long 
horned  tortrix,  261 ;  red  spider,  C77  ;  ditto, 
to  kill,  437,  504  ;  Rose-leaf  min^r,  292  ; 
early  spring  wild  bee,  310;  bugs,  to  kill, 
376;  wasps,  373;  traps  for  ditto,  581  ;  ditto 
eaten  by  toads,  598,  029;  small  wax  moth, 
42U ;  apliis  on  Potatoes,  421;  Lady-birds  v. 
blight,  485;  Psylla  Buxi,  516;  Temhredo 
Cerasi,  533  ;  white  wax  of  Cbina,  5Jl  ;  jint 
fltes,  fliiiht  ol,  550;  tarwias,  traps  for,  552; 
Spruce-gall  Adelges,  580  ;  word  about 
spiders,  598;  Pine  saw-fiy,  708;  coiumoa 
dart-moth,  741 ;  scale,  (fee,  to  kill,  790;  wine- 
cork  iasect-,  820 

Inventory  and  valuation,  761 

Inventors,  rights  of,  115 

Investments,  Ward  on,  rev.,  23 

Ireland,  condition  ot,  44;  emigration  from, 
25,  28,  107  ;  natural  history  of,  184.  200  ; 
weather  in,  326;  Potato  crop  in,  486,  499, 
5U8,  579,  61(3,  629,  693,  773  ;  altitudinal  ranges 
of  plan  s  in  the  nortn  of,  596;  Scully  on,  aud 
the  Land  Question,  rev.,  6J1  ;  phospUatio 
nodules  of  tbe  greensand  in  thenonbof,  634; 
analysis  of  ditio,  635  ;  Roses  in,  791 

Iron,  corrugated  galvanised,  437,  453;  influ- 
ence of  saicfi  of,  on  vegetation,  487 

IrouBtoue,  effluvia  trom  burnini;,  214 

Irid,  Cape,  ca8«  of  poisoning  by,  2l6 

Iris,  to  hyOridiiie,  355 

Irrigation,  by  subterranean  iron  pipes,  and 
gmta-percba  hose  and  jet,  1ij7.  2i>7  ;  Mar- 
abiU's  lecture  on,  139  ;  Mechi  on,  445,  732, 
767 ;  Pusey  on,  718  ;  Isle  of  Wight,  appear- 
ance of.  746,  762 

Italy,  pauperism  in,  263 

Italian  R>e-grass,  to  sow,  221,  237 

Ixora  coccinea,  404 


Jackson's  (Messrs.)  nursery,  noticed,  647 
Jamaica,     Gosse's     ftaturalist's    Sojourn    in, 

rev.,  6 
Japan  Lilies,  551 
Jaaminum  uudiflorum,  309 
Java,  meuioruuaa  trom,  533,  581 
Juhnstoa'u  PnjBlcal  School  Atlas,  rev.,  151 
Jones's,  Rymer,  History  of  Animals,  rev.  582 


Kalosantqes.  SilS 

Kuultu»>siu  umoUoides,  213 

Ker'»{Mr.)  gaideti  noiiced,  614 

K.CW  KardciiH,  5,   118;  Victoria  Regia  at,  150; 

lunching  at  166, 182 
Klduiy    lioauB,  Nuuesuch,  214;  green,  to  pre- 

Bcrvw,  56^ 
iCllwhlrtH    0.   Itothamstead,    expcrlmciiti,    170, 

202,  liia,  2ttl,  28i,  ;!H,  330,  315,  3C2,  378,  395, 

410,  491,  t>U,  5;jy,  571,  019,  660,  651 
Kuilouk's  pumphlot  on  Volunteer  and  MtUtia 

force,  rev,,  'idi 
Kiroy,  life  o(  the  Kov.  W.,  rev.,  485 
Kltehod  garden,  728  ;  to  crop  a  amall,  6,  22,  38, 

53,  70;  ueudH,  U05 
Kohl  ruhl,  fur  dulry  cows,  252 
KourdUli  wiiy  ot  hardening  honoy,  22  ;  remedy 

for  tli«  htiiig  of  a  scorpion,  37 
Kuiziiig'o  Introduction  to  Uutuoy,  rev.,  71 


Lahkm,  246.  2U,  277,  017 

Labour,  M.trlculiural,  nrlco  of,  ?97  ;  Rtanilx  on 

Ool'lfn  Pf-nt.  rev.,  470;  fork  v.  "pado,  519 
Labourers,    523;     .MccIiI'h    babincciiht'rj',    rc- 

spcollng,  in  ;  i-diieatlon  of,  77,  251,  36!I,  537, 

572  ;  cottugv,  805,  822 


Lady-birds  v.  blight,  485 

Lambs,  to  feed,  268  ;  cure  for  scour  in,  653  ; 
food  for,  73t 

Land,  transfer  and  value  of,  as  affected  bv 
law,  10,  78,  141,  195,  202,  203,  219,  ^33,  2G5, 
301,  314,  317,  333,  377,  505;  permanent 
pasture,  316 ;  Grass  seeris  for  ditto,  30  ; 
draining  ot,  45, 107,  395.  445,  Gl9,  764  ;  Grass, 
to  liaie,  44,  91;  inundated,  60,  124;  waste, 
expeUBB  of  cultivating.  187;  clav,  coal-a'iheB 
on,  203;  draining  of  ditto,  53,  76,  268,  346  ; 
tenure  of,  249;  law  relating  to  copyh'-tld 
tenure  of.  329,  315  ;  Tullian  culture  of,  266  ; 
ridge  and  lurrow  form  of  oM  Grass,  266; 
Clover  sick,  299  ;  lime  employed  in  hoeing  an 
acre  of,  317,  316,  378,  413  ;  relations  of  light 
to,  426  ;  seed  for  an  acreot,43U  ;  oystGr-bhcUs 
to  apply  to,  526  ;  qtiestion,  Scully  on  the, 
621  ;  Hamilton  on  ditto  829 

Landscape  Gaid<;uiog,  Stnitti  on,  rev.,  614 

Laadsborough'e  History  ot  Z  >ophytes,  rev.,  758 

Lane's  (Messrs.).  nursery  noticnd,  313.  743 

Larch,  growth  of,  6  i2  ;  rot  in,  G76,  694,  726 

Laetbeniacaiiforniea,  213 

Lathyrus  tingitanus,  229 

Laurels,  to  propagate,  312 

Lavender,  20 

Law,  game,  92,  423, 828  ;  of  patents,  115  ;  respect- 
ing transfer  of  property,  141,  172  ;  Stewart's 
Buggeationa  as  to  reform  in  some  branches 
of  the,  rev,,  141 ;  respecting  nurserymea'ri 
assesaments,  148,  165,  213,  2ji9  ;  transfer  and 
value  of  land  as  affected  bv,  10,  78,  141,  185, 
2il2,  203,  219,  233,  265,  301,  3U,  317,  333,  377, 
505  ;  relating  to  copyhold  teaure,  329,  345 

Lawes  (Mr.)i)  Kilwhiss,  experiments,  170,  202, 
218,  281,  282,  314,  330,  345,  362,  378,  395,  410, 
491,  522,  539,  571,  619.  650,  051 

Lawns,  implement  for  digi^ing  up  weeds  on, 
21,  424  ;  to  mow,  120  ;  worms  ou,  to  kill,  168, 
520  680;  to  remove  FlautaioB,  ttc,  from, 
424,  437.  453 

Lawsou's  List  of  Seeds,  &c.,  rev.,  87  ;  list  of 
Conifers,  rev.,  695 

Leaves,  winter  scorched,  5;  Celery,  roots  on, 
51  ;  burning  of,  468,  5Ul,  517  ;  Pear,  tuogi 
on,  629,  662  ;  importance  of,  b43  ;  increase  of 
plants  iu  bulk  without,  643,  692,  707,  724, 
741,  757,  773,  788  ;  Patchouli,  to  preserve, 
694,  710 

Leahn:^,  early,  149 

Leuses  and  agreetuents,  60 

Leighion  ou  Lichens,  rev.,  167 

Leonotis  Leonuru^.  611 

Leptosiphon  densidorus,  and  androsaceus,  213 

Ledchenaultia,  373  ;  what  it  formerly   was,  277 

Level,  Ml-.  Forsyth's  new,  503;  rule  or 
clinometer,  757 

Lice  on  sheep,  to  kill,  125 

Lichens,  Leighton  on,  rev.,  167  ;  Bayrhoffer  on, 
rev.,  247  ;  HoUe  on,  rev.,  217 

Leige,  gardens  at,  292 

Light,  coloured,  5i7,  549  ;  importance  of,  595  ; 
production  of,  636 

Lilies,  Japan,  551 ;  Guernsey,  742 ;  Bella- 
docna,  776 

Lilium  Wallichianum,  flowering  of,  535 

Lime,  to  apply  to  laud,  124;  to  Grass  ditto, 
44,  91 ;  superphosphate  of,  317  ;  adulteration 
of  ditto,  441  ;  Morgan's  Essay  on  the  Use 
and  Abui-e  of,  as  a  manure,  rev.,  429  ;  its 
peculiar  affinity  for,  and  specific  action  upon 
certain  products  of  vegetable  decay,  492  ; 
gas,  797 

Liquid  guano,  to  make,  216,  230 

Liquid  manure,  19,  35,  83,  131,  236,  357,  717, 
779,  79o  ;  deodorisers  ot,  91  ;  effects  of,  on 
cinerarias,  lul ;  poultry  duug  as.  357,  374  ; 
to  apply,  411,  427,  444,  476  ;  492,  509  ;  appara- 
tus lor  diatributiog,  551 ;  at  Tiptree,  573  ; 
effects  of,  653  ;  tank,  830 

Liquorice,  36 

Literature,  agricultural,  89 

Ijobelia  fulgeos  multidora,  791,  806 

Lobos  guano  islands,  221,  269,  285,  301.  317, 
346,  363,  393 

Loddigeb'  plants,  616 

Lorauctis,  660 

Loudon's  tomb,  193 

Lubeck,  gardens  at,  181 

Lucerne,  to  sow,  125,  253;  what  kiud  of  plant 
is  it  ?  4J9  ;  culture  of,  588 

Luculia  gratisaima,  20 

Luminosity  of  plants,  51,  86, 117, 149,  430,  775  ; 
in  tungi,  102 

Lupinus  nanus,  229  ;  Gruickshanhilf  229 

Lychnis,  to  hybridise,  533 


Machines,  reaping,  origin  of,  59;  HusBoy's  trial 
of,  ou  Wheat  stubble,  365  ;  patented  in  Ame- 
rica, 413;  Dray's  challenge,  477;  trials  of, 
52i,  553,  61)2.  621,  663  ;  reainrks  ou  ditto,  621, 
537,553,  570,  688,  6Ui,  6l(,621,  6;i3,  651;  his- 
tory ot,  569,  (U8;  for  digging  PotatuCfl,  679  ; 
mowin,/,  4u5,  421  ;  M'Glaaheu'd,  for  moving 
trees,  804 

Machinery,  steam-driven,  applied  to  agricul- 
ture, 26» 

U'lotosh's  Book  of  the  Garden,  rev.,  183,  711 

Miicluru,  a  hedge  plant,  134  182 

Madeira,  European  trees  in,  773 

AlHgjiies,  uses  ot,  597 

Maz',  4ua,  8/7 

Makny's  expoiimeuts,  309 

Malaga,  Vine-mildew  in,  691 

Alalope  grandill  ira,  22J 

Malt,  to  dry,  349;  general  oompJdltlou  and 
relative  feeding  value  of,  606 

Malta,  gardening  in,  737 

Mandovilla  suiivuoIoub,  677 

Mungo,  tho,  389 

Mangold  Wurzel.  651,  717  ;  roots,  to  plant,  142  ; 
and  Sweden,  317  ;  stopjiugo  of  drains  by  the 
roots  of,  7(11,779 

Manures,  765;  liquid,  10.  10,35.77.83,121,131, 
187,236,  357,523,  699,717,  770,  790  ;  eficut  ot, 
on  Glnurarlax,  lOl  ;  to  apply,  411,  427,  444, 
476,  492,  509  ;  apparatus  fur  diHtrlhutIng,  051 ; 
eflectrt  ot,  663  ;  expcriraonts  with,  25,  '27  ; 
ditto  at  Tiptree,  573;  for  Turnipa,  41,  171  ; 
iiriiflctal,  bust  mode  of  applying,  74,  066, 
777 ;  constituents  of  ditto  on  which  thoy  de- 
pend f'lr  their  ferti  Ising  and  uomuiurolul 
valUH,  500  ;  deodorlsirs,  91,  727  ;  for  OarrotH, 
91;  Inorganic,  138;  for  young  QniSH,  112; 
WlckfltciaU'a  Tract  on,  rev.,  45,  77  ;  Improvo- 


ment  in  treating,  366  ;  straw  uh,  :.'34,  251 
293,  731  ;  foreign  or  home,  346 ;  poultry- 
dung  as,  357,  371  ;  Morgan's  Essny  on  Lime 
as,  rev.,  4.'9 ;  amraoniacil,  proiiuctive  of 
blight,  437,  4^3 ;  fruit  trees  to.  453  ;  West  of 
Kncland  C()mpao>'8,  41 1,  489 ;  ehangea 
which  farm  yard  undergo  in  keeping,  506; 
principles  whieh  ou^ht  lo  guide  the  farmer 
in  the  management  of  home-made,  506; 
for  Potatoes,  526,  649,  566  ;  deposits,  557  ; 
soot  as,  565;  bone,  619  ;  quan'ity  made  ou 
a  farm,  683,  693 ;  offal  as,  745,  779  ;  adulte- 
ration of,  780  ;  330  years  ago,  810  ;  tank  for 
liquid,  830 

Manuring,  by  pipes,  137 ;  fruit-trees,  453 ; 
heavy,  i;ffectuf,  oa  the  Potato,  581 

Mapping,  geological,  557 

Marigold,  lumimms.  436 

Marine  Algaa,  distribution  of,  on  the  British 
and  Irish  coasts,  wuh  reference  to  the  (pro- 
bable) induence  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  644 

Marjoram,  knotted,  101 

Maru-Laiie,  corn-trade  of,  714 

Marshall  on  the  New  Water  Weed,  rev.,  662 

Material,  now  plastic,  for  forming  various 
objects,  483  ;  new  builJing,  631 

Mealy  bug,  Clarke's  preparation  for  killing,  3, 
6,  38,  54 

Meat,  to  keep  fresh,  315 

Meat-biscuit,  Borden's,  515,  565 

Mechi's  (Mr.)  balance-sbtet,  11,  26,29,44,46, 
59,267;  second  paper  on  yritioh  Agriculture, 
rev,,  29  ;  mode  ot  drainage  and  deep  cultiva- 
tion, 141,  204,  263;  Oii  irrigation,  107,  267, 
445,  732,  767;  annual  gathering,  489,  506, 
510  ;  lecture  at  CUelmsforu,  704,  797,  813  ;  on 
boarded  cattle  tloois,  794;  address  at  Gog- 
geahall,  829 

MelampyruQi  arvense,  726 

Melastomads,  774 

Melilo  us  ieucautha,  134 

Melons,  to  grow,  5uu,  517,  533 ;  Victoria,  600 

Mercantile  relation,  28 

Meredith's  (Mrs.)  Home  in  Tasmania;  807 

Metallic  threads  for  tying  plants,  278' 

Mice,  to  destroy  in  plantations,  405,  421 ;  poisoa 
for, 421,  456  ;  HoUies  l.ilk-d  b^,  598 

Mildew,  Grape,  55,  212,  3d9,  436,  437,  452,  453, 
531,  579,  694,  710,  724,  820  ;  prevaieuce  ot,  403  ; 
cause  of,  437;  remedy  for,  488;  Grison'a 
cure  for,  419,  435  ;  Wheat,  5i*l,  510,  671,  588 

Milk,  234,  585  ;  London,  44,  76,  107  ;  Turnipy, 
12,  43,  59,  92,  109,  155,  201,  234.  748,  780; 
pans,  219,  316,  652  ;  duto  of  Holstein,  219; 
goat,  iu  domestic  ecj  >m;,  364  ;  analysis  of 
ditto  and  cow's,  364  ;  g-jneral  composition  of, 
490  ;  proper  temperature  at  which  to  cburu, 
701 

Millet,  uses  and  culture  of,  742 

Mills,  Wood's  crushing,  60  ;  farmer's  Flax, 
189,  203,  316,  348 

Mimulu^es,  69S,  711,  775  ;  hybrid,  421 

Mistletoe,  to  propagate,  72 

Moon,  acLiou  of,  on  plants,  405 

Morgau,  on  the  Use  and  Abuse  of  Lime  as  a 

-    Mauuro,  rev,,  429 

Moscow,  nightingale  in,  230 

Moss,  on  trees,  696 

Moths,  small  wax,  420 ;  common  dart,  711 

Mv-Utans,  389 

Mowing  machines,  improved,  405,  421 

Mucor  Curtisiffi,  246,  262 

Mulberry  wood,  536 

Murray's  Modern  Cookery,  rev.,  103 

Museums,  Government,  duplicate  specimens 
in,  6 

Musbrooms,  806 ;  culture  of,  102  ;  pasture,  264  ; 
poisonous,  5u3,  699  ;  norBe,  600 

Mycology,  Bunorden  on,  rev.,  342 

MyoBOtis  azorica,  725 


Naq-eassas,  536 

Narcissus,  culture  of,  611,  663 

NarcisBUS  tenuifolius,  182 

Neapolitan  Violets,  200,  679  ;  double,  262 

Nectarine,  Stanwick,  726 

Nemopnila  inoiguis  graudiflora,  -13 

Neubit  ou  Peruvian  guano,  ooiiced,  323 

Newton  on  Breeding,  Utaring,  &c.,  Poxiltry, 
rev.,  26S 

New  South  Wales,  soil  of,  56j  ;  hint  to  settlers 
io,  565 

New  Zealand,  Hooker's  Flora  of,  rev.,  422,  599 

New  Zealand  Flax,  5u3 

Niereuibergia  intermedia,  532 

Nightingalea  in  Muecow.  280 

Nolauu  atriplicifolia,  ".;13    ■ 

Norfolk  island,  vugetailon  of,  326 

Normandy,  farming  in,  650 

North  America,  climate  of,  409 ;  Harvey's 
Marine  Al^ai  of,  rev.,  4!!3 

Norihamptoushlre,  Baker's  Essay  on  the  Farm- 
ing of,  icv.,  510 

Northumberland,  average  produce  of  Wheat 
in,  251,  290,  458 

Nursery  gardens  noticed,  Messrs.  Turner  a, 
135,  599  ;  Cuandler'a,  161  ;  Henderson's,  107; 
Fairbairu's,  183;  J.  Booth's,  Flotlbeek 
(iloloteln),  244;  Cuthili's,  231;  Dobson's, 
UOy  ;  J.  C.  Booth's,  276;  Lane's,  843,  743; 
Husua  Wnlerer's,  374  ;  J.  Caterer's,  375  ; 
Lgham,  471;  WeoUs',  603;  llendei  son's, 
Wolliugtou-road,  535;  Barnes',  683;  Jack- 
son's, 017  ;  Paul'f,  678  ;  button's,  7oS 

Nurserymen's  atHesumeuts,  law  reepectlng, 
143,  155,  ^13, 220 

Nurhury  trade,  7oU 

Nuytsia  floribunda,  660 

Nymphcoas,  hybrid,  4.35 


Oakh,  o^CRroon,  118  ;  to  graft.  24;  Lucombe, 
growth  of,  294,  826  ;  diseased,  560 

Oatii,  rnturns  rospooiing  ibo  state  of,  506,  507, 
5;)7,  610,  563,  554  ;  transmutuiioD  of,  617 

Obituary,  Mr.  Oldakor,  168  ;  I'rof.  Sehow,  312; 
Mr,  Gardiner,  406  ;    Mr.  Downing,  685 

(Hiiuthura  tcuulln  tenuttolla,  218 

Ohio,  cost  ot  Wheat  Iu,  541 

Oilcake,  how  to  deterudno  the  relatlvo  feedinfl; 


VI 


INDEX. 


value  01  difi'^reui  samples  ut,  41>U  :  polaoaous, 
523 

Oldaker  (Mr,)  death  of,  ISS 

Onions,  Calif.>r;.iian.  GiiO 

Onion  Shaliot  exaoiined  in  the  Horticultural 
SocietyV  RardBn,  661 

Orange,  789;  mnnii  irin.  3,  54  ;  boxes  and  tubs 
for,  37;  OMat,'e,  134,  l-iS  ;  treatment  of,  216; 
gardens  at  Sc.  Michael'^,  C9-5  ;  Tangerine,  72fi 

Orchard  hou^ee,  4,  54,  102,  113,  1^4,  166,  24G, 
825,341,  519 

Orchidfl,  197;  sales  of,  C3,  104,  152,  244,264, 
328,  892,  45R,  7U8.  72G  ;  hints  to  importers 
of,  70  ;  for  the  million,  134  ;  of  the  tropics, 
aerial  routs  of.  229 ;  'WiiliamB'  Growers' 
Manual  of.  no'iced,  2ti3;  letter  to  a  jounij 
grower  of,  324  ;  British.  390,  628,  644,  675, 
677,  742  ;  vuriewated,  390  ;  show^,  421  ;  wood 
for  blocks  or  baskets  for,  52i)  ;  native,  as 
beddinc:  pUnt?,  564;  Linden's,  595,  616; 
"Warazewicz'ij,  615,632:  Cape,  647:  hybrid, 
803 

Orchis,  lizard,  374 

Oregon,  Scotch  expedition  to,  551 

Osiers,  605 

Ozone  in  plants,  371,  420 


P. 


PiEONY,  large  tree,  359 

Pseonies,  to  hjbridine,  499 

Paint,  to  remove,  3GI> ;  smell  of  new,  583  ; 
dryers,  8'J6 

Pale  ale,  to  make  from  eugar,  12 

Falma  Cbristi,  513 

Panama,  plant**  of,  517;  poisonous  ditto,  7; 
climate  of,  547 

Pansies,  pot  eui-nreof,  247:  shows,  295,  327, 
407  ;  select,  439  ;  cutEmgs,  535 

Parasites,  6G0 

Parish  on  Buenns  Ayres  and  tha  Provinces  of 
Kiodela  Pia'a,  rev.,5GG 

Parsnip,  cow,  523 

Pashlev  oq  Pauperism  and  Poor  Laws,  rev., 
183, 749 

Paste,  to  make,  774 

Pasture,  permanunt,  31G ;  Grass-seeds  for,  30  ; 
to  improve,  1'29 

PatchouU-leavea,  to  preserve,  G94,  710 

Patents,  law  relatiug  to,  115 

Paulovnia  imperialis,  421 

PauperiBm,  443,  457,  474,  583,  634,  651,  683, 
684  ;  decrease  nt.  157  ;  Pasbley  on,  rev.,  183, 
749  ;  in  Italy,  263 

Paul's  (Messrs.),  unrsery  noticed,  G78 

Peache-s  on  treiiises,  134  ;  large,  5G7,  613,  646  ; 
American  ditro,  5  i3  ;  new  dhanghae,  693; 
double-tiijwuriDjj,  645 

Peach-treeB,  out-'ioor,  85 

Pears,  to  graft,  102  ;  pyramidal,  600  ;  for  tarts, 
632;  to  garher,  G46,  iiSO  ;  large,  662;  Bead- 
neU'fl  eet'dling,  692  ;  late,  772,  821) ;  disease, 
806 

Pear-trees,  old,  to  prime,  134,  200  ;  petition, 
582,  ;  root,  [.runed,  614 

Pear  insects,  533 

Pear-leut  fu.i^i,  G29,  662 

Pear-rust.  463 

Peas,  chichy,  104  ;  ii  iih  eatable  pods,  453,  485  ; 
returuB  reepi-ciiiip  the  Ktnte  of,  50rf,  5l)7,  553, 
554,  green,  547,  54S,  550,  677  ;  late  548,  565, 
580,  629  ;  aw<-et,  597  ;  oxumined  in  the  tlotii. 
cultural  Socicly'a  garden,  661  ;  Potatoes 
among,  710 

Peat-charcoal,  172,  547;  to  apply,  253;  to 
make,  397  ;  and  the  P.ita'o  disease,  59d 

Peat,  pulverised,  316,  31G,  378,  4ii5 

Pelargoniums,  cul'  nre  of.  183 ;  Dobson's 
pamphlet  on.  nutieed,  133  ;  Wilmore's  Sur- 
prise, 437,  452,  469 ;  winter  potting  of,  583 ; 
Cape,  695 

Pentas  carnea,  cellular  tissue  of,  822 

Peppermint,  i^reen,  52  ;  pertinucuy  of,  780 

Pergularia  odorHtiseimu,  3Gt 

Peruvian,  skinieFs  Barley,  6J,  123;  Potatoes, 
189;  Ruaiiu,  aduberation  of,  291;  307,  323, 
339,  316;  to  detect  ditto,  14,  323,  331; 
analysis  of  ditto,  293,316;  Neebit  ua  ditto, 
noticed.  32 i;  adulrerations  used  in  ditto, 
and  the  mt?nns  of  deiecim;  them  506;  sub- 
stitute  fur,  6l>3,  620,  636,  7Su,  795,  811,  827 

Petunia  initnuediu,  r)32 

Petuuiaa  lor  con&ervtiiuries,  596 

Pheasanta.  wiititr  food  for,  5 

Phillips's  tire  unuihilator,  38 

Phormium  teuhx,  503 

PhosphatiL-  midules.  186 

Physics  of  the  Eurlb,  iJuffon,  rev.,  113 

Picadilla.  744 

Picotees,  471 ;.  select,  759 

Picquotiaiie.  739 

PigKories,  floors  of,  235 

Pigs,  mauagyinent  of,  236;  disease  in.  458; 
tallow  ureaves  as  fond  tor.  620,  635,  652.  684, 
733,  779,  828  ;  dumuged  Potatoes,  as  iood  for, 
635  ;  lard  as  fond  l<<r,  733 

Pimelea  spectabili-,  420 

Pine-apples,  Krowing  of,  at  Chatsworth,  84, 
149  ;  culturtj  of,  165  ;  temperature  for,  344 

Pine  sawfly,  7o8 

Pinua  in&igiiis,  629 

Pipes,  maiiuiny  by  means  of,  137;  irrigation 
etrecttd  by  iron.  2G7  ;  gutta  percha,  501,  540 

Plank,  enormuu.s,  456 

Plantains,  lo  remove  from  lawns,  424,  437    453 

Plantations,  to  destroy  mice  in,  405,  421,  45G 

Planters,  hint  to  Indian,  102 

Plant-hou9e>.,  to  fumigate,  ISO.  165,  182  214 
229,  245,  262,  294,  312,  325,  357,  374,  389 

Plants,  dupiica.e  eptcimtns  in  Government 
museums,  6  ;  poisonous,  of  Panama,  7  ;  uses, 
of  ammonia  10,  21  ;  jiquatic,  19,  136,  218, 
435;  sexual  organs  of,  38;  green  matter  of, 
39;  luminous,  61,  86,117,  149,  436,  77d - 
influence  of  climnte  on,  58,  106  211;  incon' 
Bpicuous  prop3  for,  71,  103,  135  ;  actiwn  of 
frost  on,  152,  179  ;  for  vases.  152  ;  to  dry 
562  ;  press  tor  ditto,  164,  182  ;  to  water, 
167;  Dr.  Hooker's  dried,  ISO;  spring  and 
Other  fljwerinu,  133, 182  ;  great  exhibluou  of, 
at  Ghent,  196  ;  i-tfecs  of  vitiated  air  on, 
196  ;  bedding,  200  ;  ditto  in  turf,  26*J,  277, 
309;  suiumer  and  auumn  flowering,  213, 
229;  rate  of  growth  of  Bamboo,  246-  for 
rockwork,  232,  312 ;  hardiness  of  green- 
house,  214,  229,  262;  and  ulmic  acid,  263; 
poffee,  276  ;  metallic  thread  for  tying,  278  j 


viuegar,  "JHO,  309,  712  ;  for  a  limestone 
quarry,  296  ;  gutta  percha  stringn  for  tying, 
344  ;  shades  for.  342  ;  ozone  in,  371,  420  ;  for 
wet  places,  392;  action  of  the  moon  on, 
495  ;  climbing,  4o5  ;  in  the  herbarium,  to 
poison,  421  ;  herOaceous,  424  ;  Centinode, 
453;  variegated,  455;  fluorine  in,  470; 
burning  of  leaves  of,  4ij8.  501,  517  ;  on 
naming,  471 ;  sporting  of,  483 ;  coup  de 
soleil  ip,  485 ;  inorganic  matters  found  in, 
506  ;  to  propagate  by  roots,  532 ;  new 
British,  533;  oid,  693  ;  on  hybridising,  365, 
533  ;  in  Panama,  547  ;  native  Orchids  ua 
bedding,  561;  acclimatising,  597;  solar 
radiations  on  ihe  vital  powers  or',  giowiog 
under  different  atmospheric  conditions,  696  ; 
altitudinal  ranges  of.  in  the  north  of 
Ireland,  596;  morphological  analogy 
between  the  disposition  and  the  branclies 
of  exogenous,  and  the  venation  of  their 
leaves.  612  ;  growth  of.  without  leaves,  R4:J, 
692,  707,  724,  741,  757,  773,  788  ;  in-door,  711  ; 
orij^ia  of  woody  tissue  in,  723;  tenacity  of 
life  in,  692,  725;  food,  7-i9  ;  action  of 
ammonia  on,  755,  773;  development  of 
tubular  structure  in,  757  ;  life  of,  783 ; 
insects  on,  to  kill,  790;  growing,  aiuateur, 
821 

Plants  sales,  56,  68, 104, 152,  184.  200,  214,  244, 
264,  32S,  344,  39^.  439,  456,  616,  632,  708,  727 

Pieroma  elegans,  340 

Pleuro-piieu-nooia,  652,  637,  780 

Plough,  and  spade,  77  ;  steam,  108,  299  ;  new 
suDsoil  companion,  701 

Plum-flowers,  monstrous,  452 

Fodocaipus  JJieffenbachii,  533 

Poison,  for  rats,  343  ;  for  ants,  357,  424 ;  for 
mice.  421,456 

Poisoniogby  Cape  Iris,  246 

Polmaise  heuting,  36,  86,  102, 133, 149, 166, 182, 
374  ;  Grapes  firown  by,  197,  230 

Pomegranates.  568 

Ponds,  bottom  temperature  of,  155, 166,  203 

Poor-law  amelioration,  7l4 

Potatoes,  166;  yield  of,  6 ;  Peruvian,  189; 
Mecklenburg,  204;  fortv.fold,  236;  *o  plant 
late,  3tl ;  a^jhia  on,  421 ;  in  tan,  617,  649, 
566,  Gi9,  635,  790;  manure  for  early,  526; 
removing  the  haulm  from,  565;  debility  of, 
579;  Mr.  Eaton's,  6()5 ;  substitute  for,  63  J, 
739  ;  autumn  planting,  630  ;  and  weeds,  593, 
G29,  662  ;  bad,  to  keep  for  M'g".  635;  to  winter, 
645  ;  diseased,  to  preserve,  646  ;  machine  for 
diggiTig,  679  ;  Cuthill  on  the  culture  of,  6S2  ; 
his  plan  ot  growing,  741 ;  from  sets,  without 
eyes,  694  ;  for  planting,  709.  726  ;  distance 
apart,  709;  among  Peas,  710;  in  Scotland, 
790  ;  to  store,  806  ;  to  oook,  822 

Potato  disease,  21,  33,  227,  278.  405,  453,  469 
486,  502,  522,  563,  5^5,  613,  646,  75S  ;  M.  le 
Roy  Mabilie  on  the,  227  ;  and  heavy  ma- 
nuring, 581 ;  and  cutting  off  the  haulm,  598  ; 
and  peat  cbarcoal,  596  ;  weeds  a  preventive 
of,  593,  629,  662  ;  and  its  cure  by  dressing 
the  seed  before  plaotini,',  605  ;  Baylird'a 
method  of  preventing,  611 ;  synopsis  of  com- 
munications on  the  cause  and  cure  of  the, 
received  by  the  Executive  of  Massachusets, 
637  ;  jottinps  on,  661 

Potato  crop,  616  ;  in  Ireland,  486,  499,  508,  579, 
603,  629,  69 J,  778;  leturns  respecting  the 
state  of,  506,  507,  553,  554 

Potato  seed,  597 

Pots,  Vines  in,  149,  549  ;  plants  in,  to  water, 
167  ;  plants  in  turf,  260,  277,  309  ;  Dahlias 
in,  327  :  cork,  421 ;  Hollyhocka  in,  695.  743  ; 
Hyacinths  in,  263,  63),  HG3 ;  treattxient  of 
Amaryllis  belladonna  in,  776 

Potzdoim,  cardens  an,  356 

Poultry.  283  ;  artificial  hatching  of,  44  ;  house, 
123  ;  exhibitions,  153,  523  ;  Newton  on,  rev,, 
268;  produce  and  expenses  of,  269;  Ajjri- 
cultural  Society's  prize  list  of,  191,  299,  348, 
413,  428,  445  ;  report  of  the  meeting  of  ditto, 
477  ;  hybrid,  12  ;  'lung,  as  manure,  357,  374  ; 
g!tpes  in,  668,  717;  at  Birmingham,  701, 
812;  crested  Turiiey,  699  ;  phnaeancrt,  wintfT 
fooo  for,  5  ;  fowls,  true  Spanish,  77  ;  Cochin 
China,  91,  396,  540,  571;  Poland,  491),  8i7  ; 
ducks,  Mubcovy,  42S;  Uitcben  and  Dorches- 
ter shows  of,  826,  827 

Preserves,  rhubarb  jan  and  wine,  389,  405; 
Apple  marmtihide,  535  ;  rhubarb,  725 

Preserving  fruits  by  steam,  231 ;  fruits,  flowers, 
and  roots,  328;  Gooseberries,  536;  Haricot 
Beans,  568 

Provincialisms,  806 

Pruning  forest  tree--,  37, 131,  150,  193,  277,  325  ; 
Hoses,  87;  Pear  trees,  134,  200,  6l4  ;  filberts, 
616 

Psoralea  e?culenta,  789 

Psylla  Buxi,  .>16 

Pumpkins,  American,  600 

Pyrus  aucupuria  canadensis,  53;  microcarpa, 
53 


QoARBr,  limestone,  plants  for,  296 
Quercus  glabra,  695 


Rain,  fall  of,  atCbiswick,  for  the  years  1S41  to 
1851,  8;  ditto  for  June,  37t,  420;  ditto,  and 
at  Iloss,  645;  mon  hly  depth  ot,  at,  for  the 
years  IS^ii  to  H51,  771  ;  at  Witham  and 
Ocktield,22;  at  Carlesgill,  38 ;  at  Cirences- 
ter, 54  ;  at  Goodamoor,  H6  ;  ac  Itchen  Abbas, 
134;  in  Pembrokeshire.  150,  790;  at  Dart- 
moor, lb6  ;  at  Bognor,  132;  in  t'ileshire  tor 
tbe  la&t  U  yeara,  198;  at  Cobham,  214;  ar 
Ham,  near  Plymouth,  230  ;  at  Landue,  246  ; 
at  Grantham,  '^91;  at  Suysex,  43r ;  ac  Ste- 
venage, 517  ;  at  Windermere,  790 

Rampion,  120 

Itams,  prof^ress  of  the  prize,  in  size,  at  the 
Agricultural  Society's  meetings  for  the  years 
1843  to  1852,  462 

Ranunculus,  culture  of,  135,  151,  €63 

Rape,  to  sow,  301 

Raspberries,  vitality  of  seeds  of,  36  select 
639 

^Stes,  nureerymen'd,  148, 165,  213,  329 


Kae,  trees  eaten  by,  277,  2;t3  ;  to  poiuna,  343 

Reaping  machines,  origin,  59  ;  Huasey'r*  trials 
of,  on  Wheat  stubble,  365 ;  patented  in 
America,  413;  Dray's  chailen^'e,  477;  trials 
of.  521  553,  602,  621,  663  ;  remarks  on  ditto, 
521,  637,  553.  570,  588,  601,  617,  821,  633,  651  ; 
history  of.  569,  618 

Red  spider.  677  ;  to  kill,  437,  504 

Rent,  corn,  26,  60 

Kbotodendron^,  549;  Sikkim,  197,  213,  261, 
277;  arh'ireum  230;  ditto  at  Swinton-park, 
199  ;  hardy,  374  ;  sunburnt,  468 

Rhub  irb  jnm,  389 

Rhuharb  wine,  389,  405 

Uhabarb  preserve,  725 

Rbynchospermum.jasminoides,  805 

Hoads,  repairing,  14  ;  old  and  new,  rev.,  727 

Kobin,  294  ;  in  difficulties,  375 

Rocltwork,  plants  for.  232,  312 

Rondeletia  speciosa  major,  260 

Roots,  origin  of,  51,  69,  IZd  ;  to  store,  90,  740, 
774  ;  of  CucumbRrfl,  133;  aerial,  of  Orchids 
of  the  tropics,  229 ;  to  preserve,  328  ;  to 
remove  from  lawns,  424  ;  a  meani  of  propa- 
gation, 532  ;  pot-bound,  693;  bread,  739;  in 
drains,  761,  779  ;  afcer  Tares,  830 

Ruo--crops  abundant,  237;  Wheat  after,  299; 
to  iiarvest,  685  ;  effect  ol  Uefoiiating,  643,  G92, 
707,724.  741 

Ropes,  galvanised  wire,  22,  33 

Roses  for  exhibition,  7  ;  ditto  in  a  cut  state,  in 
June  and  July,  23,  39,  5i,  71  ;  autumnal,  55  ; 
culture  of  ditto.  756 ;  seltct,  87  ;  to  prune,  87  ; 
rbapaodies  about,  343,  375;  for  greenhouse 
culture,  396;  wash  for,  407;  yellow  or  sal- 
mon-coloured, 436,  484  ;  town,  471;  showing 
cut,  468,  469,485;  Cloth  of  Uold,  485,  597; 
this  yenr,  517;  Manetti  stock,  517,  533,  565, 
581,  507,  613;  parasites,  566  ;  house  for,  to 
construct,  597 ;  tirst  moss.  759 ;  origin  of 
Bourbjo,  775;  in  Irel«d,  791 ;  in  pots,  807, 
823 

Ro^e-leaf  miner,  292 

Rose  rust,  469 

Rose  wa'er,  to  make,  53G 

Rot,  and  j;uano,  684  ;  in  Larch,  676,  694,  726  ; 
cause  of,  104 

Rotbamsted  y,  Kilwbiss  experiments,  170,  202. 
218,  V81,  282,  314,  330,  346,  362,  378,  395,  410, 
491,  522   539,  571,  619,  650,  651 

Ro\  al  Nursery,  Slough  (lurner's),  noticed,  135, 
599 

Rural  sketch,  267,  283 

Rusteliia  juncea,  4G3 

Rye,  to  sow,  221 ;  ergot  of,  517 

Rye-grass,  to  sow,  221,  237 


Sainfoin,  350  ;  to  sovr,  237 

St,  Michael's, Orange  gardens  of,  695  ;  fruits  of, 
775  ;  climate  of,  776 

Salads,  winter,  118;  Chicory  as  a,  27S ;  Mus- 
tard, Rape,  Cress,  Aaierican  Cress,  Corn,  or 
Lamb  Lettuce,  616  ;  boiled,  600 

Salisburia  adiaiidfolia,  87 

Salix  babvlonica,  757 

Salmon,  the.  84,  100,  133;  to  breed,  299; 
B|)awn,  364  ;  artificial  introductiou  of,  luto 
the  river  Swale,  774 

Salsify,  120,  616 

Salt,  382  ;  lor  cattle,  169 ;  for  sheep,  169,  205, 
317,  395  ;  Asparagus  to,  232  ;  hay  aad  Grass 
to,  445  ;  V.  weeds,  5jl 

Salvia  nesneriflora,  54S  ;  iuvolucrata,  709 

Sanseviera  guiueen^is,  683 

Sanvitalia  procuiobous.  229 

Saw.fly,  bee-hke.  68;  Piao,  708 

Scale,  to  kill,  790 

Scarlet  runners,  677 

Science,  betietic  ol,  to  agriculture,  45 

Scorpion  sting,  cure  for,  37 

Scorzonora,  120,  616 

Scotland,  cUraa-e  of  tbe  far  north  of,  357,  373  ; 
Potatoes  in,  790  ;  weather  in,  790 

Scour,  cure  for,  6Ji 

Soyttie,  Boyd's,  293.  309 

Sea-weeds  as  too't,  612 

Sechium  edule,  711 

Seeds,  duplicate  specimens  in  Government 
museum-,  C  ;  Grass,  for  permanent  pasture, 
30;  ditto  bints  on  sowing,  205;  ditto  for 
snutiy  soil,  253;  ditto  for  a  deep  loam,  641; 
Lavvtiou's  list  of,  rev.,  87;  Carrot,  tiuie  ot 
sowing,  90  ;  Cactus,  lo  sow,  120  ;  Lucerne,  to 
sow,  125,  253;  Holiyliock,  to  sow,  1-^5; 
Vitality  of,  150;  Conifer,  to  sow,  168;  Flax, 
preparation  of,  203;  10  sow  ditto,  269  ;  Sain- 
fnin,  to  sow,  2J7  ;  Italian  Rye-grass,  to  sow, 
221,  237 ;  to  raise  in  dry  weather,  277  ;  black 
Mustard,  to  sow,  285  ;  Rape,  to  sow,  301 :  for 
an  acre,  430;  Dablia,  to  save,  635;  expert- 
menta  on  iho  growth  and  vitality  of,  612  ; 
kitchen  garden,  805 

Seeding,  tnin,  623,  620,  635,  665,  684,  699,  716, 
747,  743,  779 

Seed  trade,  67,  76,  86,  99, 102,  124,  140,  149, 156, 
294;  iu  Wales,  132,  198,  214.  230,  2d2 

Seedsmen's  AssoCtLitioo,  North  British,  160 

Soeman's  bocany  of  the  voyage  of  H.M.3. 
Herald.  278,  547 

Sewage  mauure,  10,  19,  35,  121,  187,  523,  G99  ; 
Wioksfeed's  Tract  on,  rev.,  45  ;  remarks  on 
ditto,  77  ;  iu.provement8  in  treating,  366  ; 
application  ot,  666 

Sewtr-rates,  218 

Sheep,  foot-rot  in,  11  ;  lameness  in,  77  ; 
management  of,  92  ;  lice  on,  to  kill,  125  ; 
salt  for,  169,21)5,  347,  3'35  ;  Sussex  f-.irs  for 
Southd  iwns,  397  ;  Professor  Simonds'Jeeture 
on  diBoasea  of,  occasioned  by  parasitic 
animals,  468  ;  food  for,  574 ;  to  house,  747  ; 
to  house-feed,  697  ;  fooi-halt  in,  au  unguent 
for,  733  ;  boots  for,  795 

Sbilton  (Mr.)  present,  808 

Shrobu,  autuinu  and  winter  fruit-bearing,  53, 
131;  iu  Cornwall,  118;  insects  on,  to  kill, 
790 

Silene  pendula,  213  ;  rubella,  229 

Silesian  Beet,  236,  283 

Silkworms,  a. id  silk,  165,  181,  197  ;  food  for, 
453 ;  chemically  anU  phyMiologically  con- 
siderud,  484  ;  causes  of  failure  in  rearing  of, 
in  the  Uuiied  Kingdom,  500;  cocoons  of,  to 
reel  and  wind,  520 

Sinclair's  Beau-ies  of  Nature,  rev,,  23 

Skimmia  japoniea,  183,  726,  739,  789  j  Laureola, 

73),  773,321 
Slugs,  to  kill,  757 


Smilax  aspera,  232 

Smith's  Lundscaiie  Gardening,  rev.,  614 

Snails,  to  kill.  615.  694,  709,  726,  742 

Soap,  snow,  40,  118 

Societies:  Horticultural,  407 ;  Irish  ditto,  32S 

Agricultural  of  Entrland,  92,  124,  621,  717; 
journal,  92,  140.  61J6 ;  steam  p^ouyh.  108; 
drain  pavement,  108;  American  barrow,  108,; 
poultry  prizes,  156 ;  breeding  of  animalB, 
188  ;  Flax  culture,  188  ;  farmers'  Flax  mill, 
189,  203,  316,  348  ;  tank  wa-er  conduits,  199  ; 
French  Wheat  steeping,  189,203;  Peruvian 
Potatoes,  189;  Mecklenburg  Potatoes,  204 ; 
Russian  agriculture,  204 ;  dairy  manage- 
m*^nt  and  milk  pans  of  North  Germany,  219, 
316;  Clover  insect,  236;  forty-fold  Potatoes, 
236  ;  Silesian  Beet,  236.  28.J  ;  produce  and 
expenses  of  English  Flax,  236  ;  agricultural 
chemistry,  262  ;  Continental  statements  of 
Beet  cultivation,  234,  300  ;  glass  milli  pans, 
316;  guttapercha  siphon,  316;  Prof.  Way's 
lectures  on  soils,  331  ;  Tulliao  farming,  572» 
6^4  ;  horses'  feet,  to  protect,  318  ;  hail-yearly 
report,  318,  810  ;  Trimmer  on  the  True  iiela- 
tions  ot  Geology  to  Agriculture,  364,  379; 
guano  monopoly,  381,  6o5  ;  Prof  Simonds  on 
the  Diseases  of  Sheep  Occasioned  by  Parasitic 
Animals,  468;  number  of  implements  ex- 
hibited at  the  shows  of,  from  1341  to  1852» 
457  ;  ditto  sheep  from  18l7  to  1852,  461  ; 
progress  of  prize  rams  iu  size  at,  for  the 
yearn  1848  to  1852,  462  ;  clay  hank  draining, 
556  ;  manure  deposits,  557  ;  geological  map- 
ping of  estates,  557  ;  essay  prizes  for  1862, 
539-  Potato  di-iea-e,  689;  substitute  for 
Euaoo,  620,  636.  780,  811 ;  points  for  cattle, 
620-  inoculation  for  pleuro-pueumonia,  636, 
637, '7SO ;  produtition  of  heat  and  litiht,  636  ; 
destruciion  of  deep-rooted  weeds,  636  ;  com- 
munications on  tbe  cause  and  cure  of  the 
Potato  rot,  received  by  the  executive  of 
Massacbusets,  G37;  standing  committees  of 
1853,  730 

Lewes  meeting,  262,  347 ;  schedule  of  prizes 
of  cattle,  poultry,  and  implements  at,  191; 
implement  awards  at.  459,  476,  637;  list  of 
prizes  ior  cattle  at.  460  ;  ditto  for  horses  at, 
476  ;  for  pigs  at.  476;  for  poultry  at,  477 

Agricultural  Improvemeut  of  Ireland,  314  ; 
feeding  and  housing  of  farm  stock,  108 ; 
report  of  the  half-yearly  meeting,  349  ;  green 
crop  culture,  396 ;  show  at  Galway,  493 ; 
report  of  the  cattle  at  ditto,  589  ;  Potato 
disease  and  its  cure  by  dressing  the  seed 
before  planlin?,  605  ;  reaping  macuines,  621 ; 
journal  of,  637 

Arts  :  Boccius  on  artificial  breeding  and 
rearing  of  fish,  316  ;  prizu  subjects  of,  804 

Bath  Agricultural,  46 

Bath  Horticultural,  368 

Birmingham  cattle  and  poultry,  77,  701  ; 
report  of,  812 

Birmingham  Tulip,  327,  359 

Eotinical  of  London,  23,  774 

Botanical  of  Edinburgh,  70,134,246,378, 
358,  433,470,757,822 

Caledooiau  Horticultural,  198,  342,  406, 
550,  630,  647,  807 

Chelmsford  Literary:  Mr.  Mechi's  lecture 
at,  794,797,  813 

ChelteuUam  Horticultural,  119,  326,  421, 
566 

Chemical  :  Barley  and  alkalies,  204 

Cleveland  Agricultural:  reaping  machines, 
668 

Coggeshall  Agricultural,  829 

Cornwall  Horticultural,    374,  486,  646,  742 

Entomoloi;ical.  22  87,  160,  231,  342,  437, 
518.  593.  646,  726,  8ii7 

Fileshire  Agricultural,  thin  seeding  and 
tenant  right,  748 

Flax  Improvement,  of  Ireland,  823 

Hainmeromith  Pansy,  295,  327 

Handsworth  Horiicultural,  119,  369 

Highland  and  AgiicuUural.  of  Scotland, 
fatting  cattle,  12;  annual  meeting,  60  ;  sta- 
tistics, ^92  ;  papers,  (be,  in  cooipeiilion  for 
premiums,  492;  chemical  department,  492; 
report  of  the  implements  at  the  show  of,  524  ; 
541 ;  ditto  for  cattle  at.  540,  557,  588  ;  adul- 
teration of  manures,  730 

Hurticultural,  55,  113,  151,  182,  230,  262, 
342,  406,  469,  678,710,  790  ;  ann-versary,  294  ; 
Garden,  noticed.  119,  214.  278,  358,  422.  486, 
5i)7.  630.  t.95,  774  ;  fall  of  rain  at,  for  the 
years  1341  to  1851,  8;  ditt .  for  June,  371, 
420  ;  ditto,  and  at  LIosm,  645  ;  monthly  depth 
of,  for  the  years  1826  to  1361,  771 ;  weather 
at.  195,  262,  324,  504  ;  ditto  and  at  Paris, 
627;  position  of  the  theimomeers  at,  173, 
280  :  schedule  of  prizes  for  1852,  210  ;  ditto 
for  1853,  722  ;  exhihiiions  at,  277,  307,  387, 
389.  452  ;  reports  ot  ditto,  309.  3'JO,  463  ;  list 
of  awards  lor  May,  30*1;  for  June,  386;  for 
July,  450  ;  new  vegtKables  and  fruits  exa- 
mined at,  661,  C76,  6^2  ;  new  j^chedule  of, 
for  meetings  at  Kegeut-ocrtiet,  498,499,  514, 
530,  562,  578,  659,  724,  772  ;  glass  walls  at, 
486 

Ipswich  Horticultural,  455 

Ipswich  Chrysanthemum,  791 

Kirtliog  Agricultural  drainage,  173 

Linoean.  71,  lu3,  134,166,231,278,357,406, 
682,  662,  710,  757,  774,  806,  822 

Maidstoue  Horiicultoral,  455,  683 

Microscopical,  135,  199,  358.  422,  757 

Midland  Horticultural,  519 

Nation  il  Floricultural,  23,  183,  199,  247, 
263,  312,  359,  392,  439,  651,  583,  631,  647,  775  ; 
anniversary,  151 

National  Tulip,  327,  359 

North  Lon«li>n  Fioiicuitural,  615,  775 

Norwich  Carnation  and  Picotee,  437 

Oxford  Horticultural,  279,  407 

Perthshire  Uorclcultural :  presentation  to 
Mr.  Jackson,  759 

Roval  Botanic:  remarks  on  the  schedule  of, 
for  1352,  55;  repor;  of  garden  exhibltiona, 
326,  37>,  422;  American  plant  exhibition  at, 
357 

Royal  H  jrlicultural  of  Ireland,  278 

Royal  South  London  PloricuUural,  2l7, 
263,  313,  407,471 

Salisbury  Horticultural,  683 

Scottish  Pansy,  407 

Shacklewell  Dahlia,  567 

South  Devon  Horticultural,  119 

Stoke  Netvington  CbrysauLhomum,  55, 
759;  anniversary,  71 

Surrey  Agricultural,  681 

Taunton  Agricultural:  report  of  show,  and 


INDEX. 


tn 


i 


prize  Hit  of"  cattle  at,  381 ;  prizes  for  imple- 
incuts  4 '2 9 
Trowbridge  Horticultural,  583 
Tyoesidti  :  benefit  of  science   to  aRricul- 
ture,  45 

Wexford  Agricultural,  731 
"Whitby  FloricuUural.  631 
"Witham  LabourerB',  699 
York  Agricaliural,   report  of  the   imple- 
ments and  catile  at  the  ehow  of,  524 
York  Horticultural,  617 

Fabmebs'  Clubs  : 

Carlisle  :  lUe  sheep,  its  management  and 
utility,  9- 
Chcnsey  :  annual  ineetiug  of,  764 
Croydou  :  farm  valuation.  463 
Daresbury :    reporc    of   the  inspectors   of 
farmp,  &c.,  763 
Driffield  :  r"tation  of  croos,  662 
Eabt     Eerwickshire,     i'29,     829  ;      liquid 
manure,  525  ;  guano  aduheratious,  525 
Eydoii  Icdu'itrial :  autumn  show,  693 
Newcastle,  2ii3 

SmiihfieM  Cattle,  12,  793;  report  of,  795, 
826  ;  new  prize  list,  S09 

Soils,  drainins  of  clav.  68.  76,  268.  316;  for 
Carrots,  90  ;  of  Weald  of  Kent.  170  ;  saudy. 
Grass  seeds  for,  253  ;  Prof.  Wav's  lecture  on, 
381 ;  general  characters  of  stiff  clay,  and  iho 
means  of  imprnviQu  them,  5i)6  ;  of  New 
South  Wak-t,  5t;5;  wheu  pariog  and  burning 

''  of,  are  at'tuded  with  eoud  results,  5D6 

Soot,  adulteration  of,  252  ;  as  manure,  5G5 

Soup  Gourd,  86 

Spade  and  plough,  77;  u.  fork,  519;  and 
shovels,  6tj8 

Sphenogyne  specioFa,  213 

Spiders,  word  about.  598 

Spinach,  Lincolnshire,  502  ;  winter,  536 

Spiraea  prunifolia,  21 

Spruce  firs,  false  cunes  of,  54.  70 

Spruce  galls,  Adelges,  530 

Stable  manajenieiit,  634 

Stack  making,  475 

Standish  and  Noble's  Practical  Hints  on  Plant- 
ing Ornamental  Trees,  rev.,  374 

Starch,  preparation  and  properties  of,  490 

Statice  Imbncata,  f)9'i 

Statistics,  agricultural,  60 

Steam,  fruits  preserved  by,  231  ;  machinery 
driven  by,  applied  to  agiiculiare,  2d8;  culti- 
vator, 285,  329 

Stephauotis    floribunda,  150,    181,  341,  6'2S 
fruit  of,  21G 

Stewart  on  Law  Reform,  rev.,  141  ;  on  Copy- 
hold, how  to  entranclii?e,  rev.,  713 

Stock,  maoagemeut  of,  92  ;  ditto  of  fattening, 
12  ;  cure  ot  fuot-roc  in  sheep,  14 ;  lameness 
in  ditto,  77 ;  Sussex  fairs  for  eoiithdowns, 
397;  disease  of,  occasioned  by  parasitic 
animals,  453;  food  for,  442,  574;  relative 
Talae  of,  93  ;  for  ewes,  173  ;  will  they  pay  for 
purchased?  157;  Chicury  as,  394;  cooked, 
777  ;  dr*iin  pavement  for  flooring  for,  108, 
140;  to  stsU  teed,  108,  699;  salt  for,  169, 
205,  347,  395;  breeding  or,  138;  ditto,  and 
rearing  of,  6U3  ;  echedule  ot  toe  Agricultural 
Society  relating  to,  191 ;  report  of  meeting 
of  ditto,  4':0;  piogresi  of  the  prize  rums  in 
size  at  oitio,  for  the  years  1348  to  ISE-l,  462  ; 
pigs,  management  of,  23G  ;  dinease  in  ditto, 
458;  lambs  to  leed,  2G3 ;  houoes  for,  293, 
382;  ventilaiiou  of  ditto,  361,  377;  boxes 
for,  333  ;  on  boards,  413,  794;  hydropathic 
treatment  of,  445;  tu  pasture,  474,  491; 
feeding  of,  4t2.  623,573,  633,  666,  746  ;  tallow 
greaves  for  tatteuiuf;,  620,  635,  652,  684,  7S3 
779  ;  points  or,  620  ;  live  and  dead  weig'its  of, 
6S8  ;  asphaltti  tiours  for  Stalls  for,  653,  664  ; 
scour  io,  cure  for,  653  ;  carca^^s  weiKhts  oi, 
667,  682  ;  BtrinmgUain  snow  of,  77,  711  ; 
pleuTO-pueutnuoia  in,  652;  ei:peruiicnta  in 
feeding  ui,  733  ;  ditto  at  Howick,  713,  715, 
729,  732.  794;  tiou-ing  of,  746;  quarter-iJl 
in,  781,  827.  8:^8  ;  Smitfatield,  12,  lOi  ;  report 
of  ditto,  795,  b'26  ;  new  prize  list  of  ditto, 
809  ;  to  niensure,  S39. 

Stock,  German,  791 

Storms,  action  of,  122,172;  Martin  on,  rev., 
C53;  action  ol  those  to  which  the  rotatory 
theory  has  been  usaully  applied,  711: 

Store,  cottage,  IHi 

Straboa's  Geography,  by  Meyer,  rev.,  822 

Stralsund,  gardeus  at,  I8l 

Straw  as  manure,  231,  251,  298,  731;  chaff  cut, 
748 

Strawberries,  150;  to  force,  52,  69  ;  culture  of, 
a7  ;  tor  forcing,  2U2,  3u9  ;  early,  357,  374  ; 
Mr.  BeachS,  439.  469  ;  Black  f  rince,  357, 
i6o,  633;  ruanerB,6l3;  Uuchesfle  da  Xieviae 
and  Salter's  Vtrsailliiiae,  692 

String,  gutta  perclia,  tor  t^ing  plants,  344 

&aedia,  a41 

Sugar,  Beet,  74,  281,  3U0 ;  pale  ale  to  make 
from,  12;  bt:«r,  teeip^  for  making,  123;  im- 
proTeoieut  in  the  manufacture  and  refining 
Of,  295 

Sulphate  of  ammonia,  to  apply,  152  ;  bow  to 
tett  the  purity  ut.  278 

Solpbur,  ill  effects  ol  fumes  of,  on  Tines 
Bffccced  ni-.ti  red  spider,  4;i7  ;  in  Vineries, 
46»;  milk  of,  5ul  ;  aduilBration  of,  517 

Salpburic  acid,  bJA 

fcapflrpboipbate  of  lime,  317;  adulteration  of. 
411 


Suttnu's  (Messrs.)  nursery,  noticed,  753 

Swedi  8,  to  prevent  the  tante  o*,  in  milk  and 
butter,  12.  43,  69  92,  109,  165,  203;  and 
Mangold  Wurzel.  317  ;  rotting  of,  317 

Swans,  disease  in,  12i 

Syrup,  Blackberry,  to  make,  69G 


TALtow-QBEAVEs  for  fattening  animals,  620 
635,  652   634.  733,  779.  828 

Tan.  a  remedy  fur  the  Potato  disease,  517,  549, 
566.  629,  635.  790  ;  charred,  667 

Tanners'  "  Bate,"  678 

Tank,  liquid  manure,  830 

Tank-water  conduits,  189 

Tares  on  Wheat  stubble,  expenaes  per  acre, 
673  ;  roots  after,  830 

Tarragon,  85 

Tarts,  Apples  for,  600  ;  Pears  for,  632 

Taylor  on  Chrysanthemums,  rev.,  65,  215 

Ten,  black  and  green  of  commerce,  612 

Tea  districts,  Mr.  Fortune's  missiou  to,  259, 
275 

Tempera'ure,  of  pond  bottoms,  155,  166,  203  ; 
terrestrial,  193  ;  at  Chiawick.  195.  262,  324, 
51)1;  di  ti^,  and  at  Paris,  6^7;  for  Pine- 
ftopies.  344  ;  influence  of  the  tlowenng  of  the 
Victoria  Ueg'a  on,  440;  bij;h,  502.  504;  oi 
July,  533  ;  proper,  at  which  to  churn.  701 

Tenant-right,  681,  747,  794  ;  different  forms  of, 
716,  730  ;  renewAl  of  the  Convocation,  717 

Tetratbeca  verticillata,  499 

Thermometers,  position  of,  at  Chiawick,  173, 
280 

Thistle,  tenacity  of  life  in  a  sow.  565 

Thomson  on  the  Himalaya  and  Tibet,  rev.,  534 

Thrush,  Mistletoe.  773 

Tiles,  coloured,  397.  475 

Timber,  Cfiuse  t.f  dry  rot  in.  1C4  ;  hedgerow, 
3ii3,  42S  ;  tree^  to  plant,  710 

Tithe  commutation,  2G 

Toads,  albino,  565  ;  wasps  eaten  by,  693,  629 

Toadstools,  408 

Tobacco,  to  grow,  216 ;  Mosquito,  359 ;  in 
Arabia.  407  ;  paper,  43C 

Tomatoes,  6,  70,  1)4;  late,  38;  disease,  593, 
630,  646;  use  of  green,  711,  714  ;  fried,  728  ; 
Cherry,  79',  821 

Torehia  astatica,  436 

Tortrii,  lung-horned.  261 

Towns,  manures  of,  li),  19.  35,  121.  187  ;  pam- 
phlets <m  the  drainaije  of,  rev.,  262 

Trade  memoranda,  197,  243.  293,  469,  549,  596, 
756 

TradescantP,  tomb  of,  163,  198.  294 

Transplantinff  evergr>*eu9,  152;  utricularia, 
339.  4'J5;  Wheat,  717;  -Apple  trees,  712; 
M'Glashen's  machine  for,  804;  large  trees  821 

Trap',  earwig,  562  ;  wasp,  531 

Trees,  forest,  806  ;  to  pruue.  37,  134,  160,  198, 
277,  325  ;  Oak.  to  graft,  24;  ditto  liucombe, 
growth  of,  294,  326  ;  ditto  evergreen,  118  ; 
ditto  diseaaefl,  550;  Conifer,  hardy,  40;  false 
cones  of,  54.  7'i ;  sales  of,  5S.  200,  344  ;  seed 
of,  to  sow,  163  ;  sizes  of,  at  Egcesfard,  333  ; 
Scotch  and  dry  nor^h  winds,  5d5  ;  to  sow, 
536;  disease,  627;  variations  among.  693; 
Luwson'a  List  of,  rev.,  694  ;  fruiting  of,  5^2  ; 
insects  on,  708 ;  smut,  756  ;  Deodar,  149,  8'J6  ; 
fruiting  ol  ditto,  532  ;  autumn  and  winter 
fruit  blearing,  53,  ISl ;  cure  for  bleeding,  88, 
582 ;  in  Ciirnwall,  118 ;  hint  t>>  ludiao 
planters  of,  102  ;  ChCHtnut,  early  leafing  of, 
149  ;  Upas.  20J ;  weeping  Ash,  to  graft,  248  ; 
Indian  rubber.  279;  eaten  by  rats,  277,  293  ; 
Yew.  large,  29 J;  Norfolk  Island  Pine,  326  : 
Standish  and  Noble's  Hints  on  Planting 
Ornamental,  rev,,  374;  liowthorn,  405; 
Walnut,  large.  638;  moss  on,  696  ;  to  protect 
from  mice,  405,  421,  456;  linibor,  cause  of 
dry  rot  in,  104  ;  hedgerow,  363,423;  trees  to 
plant,  710;  ongm  of  woody  tissue  in,  723; 
European,  lu  Madeirn,773;  spiral  ringing, 773; 
insects  on,  to  kill,  79J  ;  fruit  trees  and  tuba 
for  Orange,  37  ;  Mandarin  ditto,  3,  54  ; 
Osage  ditto,  134,  182  ;  treatment  of  ditto, 
216;  Tangerine,  726  ;  Peach,  out-door,  88; 
on  trellises.  133;  new  Shanghae,  693  ;  Pear, 
to  graft,  1(12;  to  prune,  134,  200,  614; 
pyramidul,  GOO  ;  petition,  582  ;  root-pruned, 
614;  Beadnell's  Seedling,  (J92  ;  Uce,  772; 
Apricot,  remarkable,  120  ;  on  a  north  wall, 
598  ;  wall,  104,  563  ;  to  protect,  166  ;  plant- 
ing and  training,  661  ;  Go  (■•eberry.  to  keep 
birds  from,  181 ;  trading.  198;  for  Australia, 
230  ;  Fig,  casting  fruit  of,  246  j  at  Worthing, 
312,325,357;  brown  Turkey,  3l2,  325,357; 
cauee  ol  fruit  dro|jpin|>  off,  53G;  second  crop 
of,  613;  purple  lochia,  677;  out-door,  677, 
710,742;  ga— tar,  etfecis  of,  on,  277;  how  to 
forward  ripening  fruit  on,  392 ;  CherricN, 
select,  456 ;  disease,  531 ;  Mulherry,  328 ; 
to  manure,  453 ;  Kiveru'  dwarf,  513;  tilborc, 
to  prune,  (>16 ;  culture  of,  612;  aale  of,  iu 
Ameiica,  679;  Apple,  to  plant,  712 ;  wrongly 
nameri,  70l> ;  for  dwarf  atandards,  7:^8 ; 
Stuiiwlck  Nectarines,  726  j  select,  776; 
M'Giartben's  machine  for  moving,  801; 
frames  for.  806  ;  under  glass,  8UG  ;  of  10,000 
imagiia,  819  j  traufiplanting  a  large,  821, 


f  relliseH,  glazed,  70,  86  ;  Peaebea  on,  134  ;  pro- 
tected, 16ii 

Trentham,  new  forcing-houses  at,  372,  389,  405 

Triticum.  conversion  of  jEgilops  into,  628 

Trombidium  lapidum,  228 

Tropaeolum,  the,  772  ;  Lobbianum,  117,  193 

Tropica,  aerial  roots  of  Orchid3  of  the,  229 

Tr.iut,  spawn  of,  203,  268,  364  ;  to  breed,  235, 
299  ;  in  the  Derwent.  315,  428 

Truffles^  792;  TuUsne'a  History  o^,  dsc,  rev., 
513 

Tulasne's  Monographia  Podostemacearum, 
rev.,  374 

Tulips  423;  Canadian,  294;  and  their  exhibi- 
tions, 295,  3^7 ;  shows,  369  ;  cnlture  of,  663  ; 
beds  for,  to  make,  679 

Tulip  trade,  the,  743 

Tullian  cultu're  of  laud,  266,  572  ;  Prof.  Way's 
lecture  on,  604 

Turl,  bedding  i>lants  in,  260,  277,  309 

Turkey,  crested,  699 

l"uruer'ii  (Mr.)  nurocry,  noticed,  135 

Turnips,  ammonia  for,  41  ;  to  prevent  the 
tdsie  of.  in  butter,  12,  43,  59,  92,  109,  156 
203,  748,  780,  794,  814,  827  ;  culture  of,  151  ; 
manure.  41,  171 ;  garden,  665  ;  to  hoe,  588  ; 
rot  in,  588  ;  value  of  a  ton,  668  ;  fingers  and 
toes  in,  761;  at  Lois-Weedon,  78S 


Ulmic  acid,  knd  plants,  263 

Unger'tf  Inquiry  into  the  History  of  the  Vege- 
table Kin^^dom,  rev.,  502 

United  States,  fruits  of,  3  ;  Spiral  prunifolia 
in  the,  21 ;  Grapes  of,  232  ;  climate  of,  409  ; 
Harvey's  Marine  Algae  of,  rev..  438;  large 
Peaches  of,  5u3 ;  Puuipttinfl.  600  ;  fiovverim; 
of  the  Victoria  Regia  in.  647  ;  Vineyards  of, 
664  ;  sale  of  fruit-trees  in,  679  ;  agriculture 
of,  733 

Upas  tree,  200 

Utricularia,  to  transplant,  389,  405 


Y, 


Tan  Diemen'3  Land,  gardening  in,  405  ;  en- 
ebanted  valley  in,  323 

Vases,  plants  for,  152 

Vegetables,  transformation  in,  467  ;  new, 
examined  in  the  Horticultural  Society's 
Garden,  661,  676  ;  origin  of  woody  lishue  in, 
723;  winter,  740  ;  kitchen  garden,  806 

Vegetable  life,  73S  ;  tenacity  of,  69,',  725 

Vegetable  Kingdom,  Unger's  Inquiry  into  the 
History  of,  rev.,  502 

Vegetation  of  Jamaica,  6  ;  of  Devon  and 
IJorsetshire,  2i4  ;  of  Norfolk  Island,  326  ;  of 
Europe,  by  Henfrey,  rov.,  327;  effect  of 
arsenic  works  on,  485 ;  effect  of  salt  of  iron 
on,  437 

Ventilation,  perpetual,  35;  of  cattle-houses, 
3iil,377  ;  of  rooms,  538 

Verbenas,  to  show,  103 

Veronica  speciosa,  434  ;  Andersonii,  725 

Vecci,e3,  guano,  to  apply  to,  in  spring,  124 

Viburuum  japonieum,  696 

Vicia  sylvatica,  421 

Vietoria  Regia,  at  Kew,  150 ;  influence  of 
flowering  of,  on  temperature,  440  ;  at 
UaWey,  519  ;  flowering  of,  io  America,  647 

Village  excursions,  635 

Vines  in  pots,  149,  549  ;  culture  of,  230 ; 
"wiring"  in,  26*  ;  dew  drops  on,  287  ;  with 
few  buds,  294  ;  ill  effects  of  fumes  of  eulpbur 
ou,  bttdcied  with  red  spiJer,  437;  out-door, 
500;  giafied,  531;  pot-bound,  693;  Mene- 
ville'rt  observations  on  disease  of,  627  :  wash 
for,  774 

Vine  mildew,  55,  212,  389,  419.  437,  462,  453, 
518,531,679,  694,710.320;  cure  for,  367.488; 
Gnson'a  cure  for,  419,  566  ;  in  Malaga,  691  ; 
Duval's  remedy  for,  724  ;  eau  de  lesaive  for 
destroying,  to  prepare,  774 

Vine  borders,  concreted,  376  ;  to  cover,  550  ;  to 
top-dress,  630 

Viueyaida.  American,  664 

Vmegar  Plant.  280,  3u9.  712 

Violets,  culture  of,  2U0,  679  ;  double  Nea- 
politan, 262  ;  turning  white,  405  ;  runnerp, 
613  ;  Russian  superb,  743,  759  ;  tree,  132,  743 

Virgil,  Cobboid's  Georgics  of,  rev.,  693 

Virgilia  capeueis,  597 


Wage  Cottage  noticed,  470 
Wales,  seed  trade  io,  182,  198.  214,  230,262 
Walks,  weeds  on,  468;  Portland  cement,  616 
Walls,  glass,  3,  4,  5,  6,  37,  54,  70,  166.435,821; 
old  garden,  40  ;  fruit  trees  for, 104,  568 ;  to  pro- 
tect  ditto,  166;  planting  and  training  ditto. 


661 ;  at  Chiawick  Gard<-ii«,  48ft  ;  Apricots  on 
north.  593;  glazed.  632;  coping  for,  712- 
greenhouse  and  cunservative,  709.  620  ' 

Walmer  Castle  gardens  noticed,  663 
Walnut  tree,  large,  568 
Ward  on  Investments,  rev..  23 
Wasps,  373;  traps  for,   681;  eaten  by  toads. 

593.  629 
Water,  hard,  to  soften,  8;  plantn  to.  167  ;  tank 
conduits   of,    189;    microscopic    Alj;a3    as    a 
cause  of  the  phenomenon  of  coloutaiion  of 
large  masses  of.  644 
Water-cresees,  312 

Water-Liiies,  hybrid,  435  ;  white,  501 
Water  mills,  and  draina);e,  29 
Water  pipes,  437  ;  new,  102  ;  gutta  percha,  601, 

540  ;  glass,  eiH 
Water  plants,  19,  136,  248,  435 
Waterproof  composition  for  cloth.  430 
Water  ratp,  trees  eaien  by,  273,  293 
Water  weed,  Alarsball  on  the  new,  rev,,  662 
Waterer's  (Mr.  Hosea)  nursery,  Knap.htll,  374 
Waterer's  (Mr.  John)  nursery,  Bagshot,  375 
Wax  grafting,  824 
Wax  insect,  white,  631 
Wax  moth,  email.  420 
Way's  (Prof.)  lectures  on  soils,  331 ;  on  Tullian 

farming,  572 
Weald  of  Kent,  agriculture  in  the,  123 ;  soil  of, 

170 
Weather,  147,  2G2,  308,  323.  325  ;  at  Chiswfck, 
8,    195,  262,  324,  504  ;    ditto    and    at   Paris, 
627  ;  at  Dorchester,  14  ;  December,  22  ;  seeds 
to  raise  in   dry,   277;   in    far  North,  293; 
Canadian,  294  ;  meat,  to  keep  fresh  in  hot, 
315  ;  in  Ireland,  326;    in  Sui^sex,  437,    534; 
at   Stowmarket,  613;  near   Abingiion,   629; 
impossibility  of    predicting,   726,    740,     756, 
772  ;  in  Scotland,  790 
Weeds,  digger  for,  21,  424  ;  troublesome,  346 ; 
to   eradicate,  21,  424,    437,  604  ;    on    walks, 
468;  salt,  a  cure  for,    5d1  ;    a    preventive  of 
the   Potato    disease,   698,    629,    662  ;    sea,  aa 
food,  612;  deep-rooted,  to  desiroj,  636 
Weeks'  (Messrs.)  nursery  noticed,  503 
WeiL'hts,  live  and  dead,  of  cattle,  633  ;  carcass 

667,  682;  of  Pears,  Gb2 
Welta,  bucket  ropes  for,  22,  38 
Wheat,  produce  of,  9;  short-strawed,  45,  91  ; 
to  dibble,  91  ;  price  of  ditto,  for  an  acre, 
620,  635,  682;  large  crop  of,  92;  growing, 
412  ;  Word  in  Season  on  ditio,  14U,  404,  473, 
509,556,588;  Loia-Weedon  sjBtem  of  ditto, 
235,  570,  604,  618,  620  ;  price  of,  141 ;  guano 
tor,  142  ;  French  steeped,  189 ;  night 
ripening  of,  203  ;  to  sow,  204,  412  ;  cmture  of, 
609  ;  patent  ditto,  2u5  ;  hoemg,  219,  540  ; 
average  produce  of,  in  Northumberiaud,  251, 
299  ;  after  root  crops,  299  ;  sprouted,  699  ; 
remedy  for,  333;  Indian,  4119;  and  present 
priccF,  429  ;  obtained  from  iE^iilops.  451,467, 
501,  G2ii,  8 jS;  mildew,  50l,  54U,  671.  SSg;  returns 
respecting  the  state  of,  5U6,  607,  521,  537,  540, 
553,  554  ;  thin  seeded,  523,  62u,  635,  665,  684, 
699,  716,  747,  748  ;  cost  of,  iu  Ohio,  541 ; 
Btu^  bie,,  Tares  ou,  expenses  per  acre,  573; 
produce  of,  sow^d  in  drills,  588;  trade, 
Mark.lane,  714  ;  iranisplantmg,  717  ;  Rayn- 
bird's  Account  of  a  New  Vaiieryof,  rev,, 
765  ;  late  sowing,  827 
Wicksteed    on     Sewage     Manure,    rev.,     45  ; 

remarks  on  ditto,  77 
Williams'  Orchid    Growers'    Manual  noticed, 

263  ;    on  Ferns    and    L^copudiums,  791 
Willich'a  Popular  Tables,  rev.,  7U0 
Willows,  weeping,  791) 
Wiltshire,   agricultural    tour   through   north, 

304,  410,  427 
Wind,  effect  of  storm  of,  629,  693 
Window  gardening,  53,  078,  69i,  725,  773 
Wine,  Birch,  216  ;  Rhubarb,  3S9.  4U5  ;  Ginger, 
456;  clary,  471;  Gi  ape,  664;  Malvasia  Grape 
for,  709,  j'26  ;  Australian,  SU6 ;    cork  insect, 
820. 
Wire  rope,  22,  33 
Wltsenia  corymbosa,  644 

Wood,  coloured,  309  ;  gas  from,  343  ;  for  doors, 
440  ;  for  Orchid  blocks,  520;  Mulberry,  536 
Wood  engraving,  403,  437,  806 
Woodlands,  queries  reppecting,  610 
Wool,   growtu  of,    293 ;     from    the    vegetable 

kingdom,  651 
Worms,  339;  on  lawns,  to  kill,  168,520,680; 

&la^,  533  ;  iu  foals,  718 
Worthing,  Figb  at,  312,  325,  357 
Wounds,  coffee  a  cure  for  Ireah,  369 


T. 


Yeast,  substitute  for,  750 
Yews,  large,  293 
Yorkshire,  farming  in,  523 
Yucca  gloriOBa,  693 


ZoopBiT£s,Laadsborough's  History  of,  rev.,  758 


LIST  OF  WOODCUTS  IN  THE  PRESENT   VOLUME. 


A. 


Adelqe?,  spruce  |3;all,  5R0 
Xcldium  Thom*oni,  6-'7 
^gUopa  ovata,  4G7 


B. 


Bee,  early  apriop,  340 
Bee-like  aawfly,  6S 
BraDchfls,  ringed  spirally,  773 


Cabbage  fungue,  404 

Cal>caiithu8  uccidenlalis,  G13 
Canterbury  i'n'l,  monstrousj  4S3 
Oarnatioo  sup  ort,  87 
Catlleshede,  ^98 
Colery  leaf,  rooted,  51 
Cerebetla  andropngoiii!i,  643 
Chrysautheinum  tungua,  4ij4 
CoDiter  Iuukub,  627 
Cork  iustot,  8;;u 
Cucumber  fuogue,  404 


D. 


Daisy  DiQQEB.  21,  424 
Dahlia,  grueii,  579 
Damask  Uo^u  fungus,  404 


Epipactis,  new,  532 


Fio  fungus,  24G 

Fir  funi'UH,  627 

Flowers,  monscroue,  452 

Fljwer  stand,  53 

Forpqt  tree  pruning,  diagrams  illustrative  of, 

277 
FutDigator,  357 
Fungi,  404,  G27,  629,  643 


GLA6S  houses,  blinda  for,  85 
Glass  wallH,  4,  5 
Grassep,  fuugi  on,  043 
Grape  fungus,  404 


H. 


Hop,  change  of  ses  in. 


Icicles,  102 

Ilex  lauluiia,  215 

Insects,  bee-iike  eawfly,  C8 ;  long-horned  tor- 
trix,  261 ;  Rose-leaf  mioer,  292  ;  early  Bpring 
wila  bee,  340 ;  Bmall  wax  moth,  420;  Psylla 
Buxi,  51G ;  Tenthredo  Cera&i,5;!3:  pp'uce 
gall  AdelgeP,  580  ;  Pine  sawfly,  "08;  comnaon 
dart  moth,  74l ;  Cork  insect,  820 


Lettdce  fanena,  404 

Level,  Forajth's  new,  503  ;  rule,  757 


Moth,  Email  wax,  420;  common  darf,  741 
Mucor  CuriisJce,  2'16 


Obchabd  house,  diagram  illu«trative  of,  325 
Orchids,    aerial     routs    o',    229 ;    growth    of 
tuberous,  67G 


FEicn  fungtip,  404 

Pe»r-leaffunEU3,629 

Pine  8iiwfl>,  708 

Plant  preea,  164 

Plant  sDoniDg,  483 

Plant  prtipH,  inconaptcuou",  71 

Plum  dowern,  monstrous,  452 

Potato  fundus,  404 

PsjllaBusi,  5L6 


Roots,  origin  of,  51 ;  of  Orchids,  229 ;  to  har- 
vest, 635 ;  pot-bound,  693 
Rose-leaf  miner,  292 


Sawflt,  hee-Uke,  68 
Spinach  fungus,  404 
Spruce  gall  Adelges,  580 


T. 


Tentheedo  Cerasi,  533 
Thermometerp,  poHii^n  of,  at  Chiswick,  173 
Tortrix,  lonu'-b'Tned,  261 

Trentham  forcing  housep,  diagrams  illustra- 
tive of,  372 
Turf  cutter,  309 
Turkey,  crested,  G99 
Turnip  fungus,  401 


Ventilatiok,    diagram    illustrative    of  per- 
petual. 36 


Walls,  glasp,  diacrram**  illustrative  of,  4,. 
Wted  eradicaror,  21,  424 
Window  garden,  725 


THE  GARDENEES'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  1—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  3. 


[Price  6d, 


INDEX. 


Acriculture,  condition  of   

Are.pale    1 

Birds,  British  rook 

Bisckberriee,  wblta 

Batter,  UBteof > 1 

Calendar,  Boriicultur&l 

—  AgHculiur-l    1 

Cuttle,  mBDB^ement  of  fatting..  1 

Channt,  homoeopathic 

Cbrjri&D  them  uins 

Cmppioga  «ard-n    .V. 

Eels,  propazation  of 

Farming,  Mr.    Uechi's  balance 

abeet  1 

Food  for  phea*anU 

Fruits  of  the  Uoiced  States  .... 
Glass  walls ......   3  c,  A  b, 

—  houses,  Ur.Bivers's 

—  blLmlsfor 

Glazing ' 

Herbs 

Highland  A?ri.  Society 1 

Insects  Clarke's  preparatioQ  for 

kUling 3c-i 

Jamaica,  A  Naturalisi'a  Sojourn 

is,  TCY 

Eew  Gardens 


Kitchen  garden,  to  crop    

Land,  transfer  of  ,. 

L5avea,  winter  scorched   

Manures  of  towns 

Mealy  bun.  tn  kill  3  c 

Uechi's  (Mr.).  baUnce  aheei  ,. 
Museums,   GoTCrument,    dupli- 
cates in 

Orange,  Afandarin 

Orchard  house,  Mr.  Rivers*  .... 
Pannma,  poiaoQouB  plants  of  .. 
Pbt^asaDia,  hybrid      

—  win'er  lood  for    

Plants,  poisonous,  of  Panama  .. 

Potatoes,  field  uf , 

Rain  ffble 

Rosds.  repairing 

Hoses  for  exhibition     

Sheep  cure  for  foot-rot  in 

Smiibfleldihow    

Tomatoes 

Vegetation  of  Jamaica 

Wall?,  Klaaa 3  c.   4  6, 

—  lo  (ace  with  ditto  

Water,  bard,  to  soften 

Wea'her.  the  

Wheat,  produce  of 


NATIONAL  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 
Officett,  21,  Regent-street, 
NOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  in  addition  to  the  ordinary 
Montliiy  ileeting  on  THURSDAY,  the  8th,  at  2  o'clock,  a 
Committee  meeting  will  be  holden  at  half-past  2,  to  receive  the 
Second  Report  ot*  the  Finance  Cotnmittee,  to  appoint  Auditors 
for  the  year,  and  on  other  business.  By  Order, 

Jan.  3, 1852,  J.  Edwaeds.  Hon.  Sec, 

Note. — The  Anniversary  General  Meeting  for  the  election  of 
Officers  wUl  be  holden  on  THURSDAY,  the  4th  of  March,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely. 


CAMDEN  NURSERY,  PECKHAM. 

WILLIAM  BARNES  begs  respectfully  to  announce 
that  he  has  taken  the  above  named  Nurnery  (late  in  the 
occupation  of  Mr.  Thos.  Watta),  and  that  it  is  bis  intention  to 
keep  a  well  selected  stock  of  Choice  Plants,  Shrubs,  Setds,  die  ; 
and  he  trusts,  from  his  long  and  suocessfuL  experience  as  a 
grower  of  superior  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  productions, 
that  his  judgment  may  be  relied  upon  by  those  who  may 
favour  him  with  their  commands. 

W.  B.  would  also  assure  bis  patrons  and  friends  that  he  is 
determined  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  times,  and  supply  every 
article  from  bin  stock  at  the  most  moderate  charges, 

W.  Babnes,  during  the  last  19  years  (15  years  of  which  he 
was  in  the  service  of  6.  VV.  Norman,  E-.q,,  of  Bromley,  in 
Kent,  and  four  years  at  Poles  Gardeas,  Herts,  the  seat  of  R, 
Hanbury,  Esq.),  has  had  awarded  to  him  by  the  jadt^es  at  ihe 
Gardens  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  at  the  Kojal  Botanic 
Society,  and  at  the  provincial  Exhibitions,  more  ih^n  Eight 
Hundred  Frizes. 

Address,  WilliauBabneb,  Camden  Nursery,  Feckham. 


JEED    AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 

>  MENT,  SDDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

THE     BEST     EARLY     PEAS,     &c. 


Taylor's  New  Early  Prolific 
Early  Emperor 

Essex  ChampioQ  [Dwarf 

New     Long.podded    Bishop's 

Also  the  best  new  later  sorts. 
20  6ne  and  new  sons  of  Peas,  1  quart  of  each,  for 

■nccession £0  14    0 

A  complete  assortment  of  vegetables,  with  a  number 

of  very  choice  and  new  kinds,  including  the  above    2  10    0 
Ad  assortment  coQtainingi  2  quarts  of  Peas  in  12  sorts, 

and  other  seeds  equally  choice,  &c 1  10    0 

An  assortment  equally  choice        10    0 

An  assortment  of  choice  and  esteemed  sorts 0  10    6 

The  above  Collections  will  give  the  fullest  satisfaction. 
The  nataes  of  the  sorts  may  he  had  on  application^  and 
if  any  arc  not  wanted,  enlarged  quantities  of  others  %i)ill 
he  $ent  to  niahc  up  the  amcnmt.  Our  Seeds  comprise 
the  very  fment  sorts,  'which  are  imlversally  approved. 

The  priced  Seed  Caialojiue  will  be  sent  on  application.  Also 
Wholeiale  prices  to  the  trade. 

Ooodg  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or 
»nj  tUilfin  on  the  line. 

Pou-offlce  orders  payable  to  Stepuen  Bbown,  or  to  Bass 
and  Beown. 


Early  Grotto  Marrow 
Fairbeard's  Surprise 

„      Champion  of  England 
Bmbidge'a  Eclipse 


SL'PERB  NEW  EARLY  PROLIFIC  MELON, 
"VICTOKY  OF  BATH." 

rjARAWAY,  MAYES,  and  Co,  having  purchased 

V-«  the  en 'ire  Block  of  the  above  MELON,  beg  to  off.r  it  to 
tb«  ptlbjlc  a%  II  variety  untqualled  In  fl-ivour  and  produciive- 
SM*.  It  obtained  a  C^tiflcate  of  Merit  at  the  April  Show,  in 
Batb  ;  Pirit  I'rize  at  Chl^wlck,  In  May ;  also  two  First  Pri/,e« 
at  Bath,  In  May  and  June  l«»t.  It  was  grown  in  p.itn  with 
Broooham  Hall,  nnder  predndy  the  same  treatment,  and  Ripe 
Pmll  cot  full  Blx  week*  earlier.  The  whole  of  the  fruit  exhU 
bll«d  were  Kfown  \n  pots. 


CUCUMBERS, 

Ppr  I'ucket— a.  d. 
Lord  Kenyon'n  Favourite  1    0 

Victory  of  Hath i     (j 

Roiniin  K(n[inri.r 1     (j 

llulin  Picrimlnt  Wonder     1     0 
ICelway'n  Victory  ...  1     (| 

With  all  other  approved  sorts, 


MELONS 

Per  Packet— •.  d. 

Tlctoryof  Bath 2    fJ 

BromhaiTi  Hill    1    o 

Camertr^fi  Court \    0 

Trentbam  Hybrid  Oreen 

Pleih       1    0 

Beechwood 1    (j 

With  all  other  approTCd  aorti, 

O,,  M.,  and  Co.  also  beg  U>  Inform  their  friends  that  they 
are  now  prepnred  to  send  out  their  well  selected  stock  of  AktI- 
cullural.  Kitchen,  and  Flower  Ourdcn  Seeds,  the  Intl.:.-  grown 
ondir  their  own  Inspection.  Ca(ntogu»'B  to  bo  hml  oti 
applloatloo.  O.,  M,,  and  Co.  can  with  conlldcoco  recornmctid 
tb«lr  Block,  ai  every  article  !■  thoroughly  proved  before 
sent  oat. 

Durlham  Diirn  Nuricrl*-!.  Brintol,  .Jan.  ?.. 


CAMELLIAS. — Good  flowering  plants  of  Camellias, 
sucO  as  Albertus,  Duchess  of  Nurihumberlund,  Duchess 
of  Orleans,  Double  Striped,  Cbandlerii,  Co'villii,  Jjc,  42s.  per 
dozen.  Smiller  size,  30s.  per  dozen.  At  Ca&NDLEa  and  Son's 
Nursery,  Wandsworth. road,  Surrey. — Post-office  orders  pay- 
able at  Kunnington  Cross, 


NEW  KITCHEN  GARDEN  SEEDS. 

WILLIAM  E  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Plymouth,  have 
much  ple:isure  in  sratintr  that  their  new  Plil("^ED 
CATALOGUE  OF  KfTCHEN  GARDEN  AND  FLOWElt 
SEEDS  is  Now  BEADT,  and  cau  be  had  in  exchange  for  One 
Penny  -^tamp. 

Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  Seed  Department  of  tlicir 
business,  eveinf  sort  being  carefully  proved  before  being 
sent  out.  They  grow  many  of  the  choicest  sorts  themselves, 
and  procure  the  remainder  from  seed  growers  on  whom 
they  can  place  the  /idlest  reliance  for  supplying  articles 
of  the  best  and  most  gemcine  quality.  Tfiey  can  give 
reference  to  Noblemen,  and  Gentlemen  in  almost  every 
county  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  who  have  procured 
the  supplies  from  them — and  herewith  tahe  the  liberty  of 
publishing  some  unsolicited  testimonials  now  before  them, 
being  a  feio  selected  from  several  hundreds  of  a  similar 
character. 

From  a  OentUman  in  Yorkshire.— 1  find  your  seeds  so  gene- 
rally pood  and  choau,  it  quite  answers  my  purpose  to  have  to 
send  to  such  a  dis'ance.  I  have  grown  some  tine  Cucumbers 
from  your  seed  this  season,  I  never  saw  handsomer  or  fiuer, 
and  the  best  at  a  recent  show  at  were  poor  in  compa- 
rison, 

Frovi  a  Clergyman  in  Cheshire. — Your  seeds  are  very  good, 
and  Iwidnoi  fail  to  state,  whenever  an  opportunity  occurs, 
that  I  have  found  'h  m  alwMvs  of  excellent  quality. 

From  a  Gentleman  in  Lincolnshire  — All  your  annuals  are  well 
up,  and  growing  fast,  Th«  vegetables,  too,  have  done  admi- 
rably ;  so  mu(;h  so.  that  I  know  three  or  four  gentlemen  who 
will  take  their  i-oHecion  from  >ou  another  season. 

From,  a  Clergyman  in  Dorsetshire- — I  was  much  pleased  with 
my  last  year's  seed^,  par  icularly  the  Cabbage,  which  proved 
to  he  very  u'ood.     My  Parsnips  are  also  most  splendid. 

From  a  Gentleman  in  Wiltshire. — The  seeds  gave  great  satis- 
fac'iou. 

From  a  Clergyman  in  Ireland. — I  have  much  pleasure  in 
telling  you  that  all  the  seedu  grew  well,  and  gave  great  satis- 
facti'in. 

iTrofti  another  Gentleman  in  Lincolnshire — My  garden  teems 
with  K"ietj  from  your  seeds,  and  toe  ve„'etablea  have  bt en, 
and  are,  most  excellent.  I  have  tried  all  the  sorts  now,  and 
hey  are  all  excellent.  My  brother,  who  has  a  large  and  must 
beautiful  garden,  intends  now.  after  seeim;  miae,  to  have  all 
his  »noual  and  ve^etabip  seed-  from  you  in  future. 

From  a  Colonel  resident  in  Ireland —\.  have  seen  some  very 
fiua  Broccoli  irtaut^,  the  seeds  of  wbicli  were  got  from  you  by 

the  Honourable ,  named  Reodlc's  Willcuve.     I  should  be 

obliged  by  your  sending  me  3  oz.,  tbc. 

From  a  Barrister  in  Devonshire  — Your  seeds  have  answered 
so  wel'  thac  I  huve  recommended  my  brother-in-law  to  procure 
what  he  i  tqu're«  from  yi>u. 

From  a  Clergyman  in  Herefordshire. — I  approved  very  much  of 
your  heeds  Iwai  y^-ar,  all  ot  wh'cb  were  excellent. 

From,  a  Gentleman  resident  near  London  -I  have  found  this 
year,  as  before  tUat  yuur  seeds  always  come  up  true,  and  pro- 
duc  1  a  betier  plant  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  sown  than 
thone  obt'Mntd  from  otherM, 

From  Mr.  J.  C.  ^foore.  Gardener  to  the  MostNdble  the  ilarqiiisof 
Dotonbhire. — I  beg  leave  to  remru  jou  my  most  siocerw  thanks 
for  your  very  interesting  and  good  work  called  the  "Price 
Curt;ent  and  Garden  Directory,"  which  is  tne  moat  useful  guide 
to  the  gardener  I  havi-  yet  seen. 

From  the  loumalofthe  London  Horticultural  Society. — Parsley, 
Rendll's  Noble  Uai  uiuhiiig,  from  Mr,  kendle  :  Thit^  is  stronger 
grnvviiig  tiian  the  preceding,  and  beautitiilly  curled.  An  ex- 
cellent va'iety. 

They  could  fill  the  columns  of  this  Paper  with  extracts 
of  letters  and  opinions  of  the  Press,  if  it  were  requisite 
to  do  so ;  but  the  above  will,  they  trust,  be  sufficient  to 
pj'ove  the  general  ex-  ellency  of  their  Seeds.  In  fact,  it 
is  their  interest  to  send  out  only  what  is  good;  they 
would  he  only  injuring  themselves  were  they  to  do 
othtrvnse. 

They  would  particularly  direct  attention  to  their  Collections 
of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds,  which  they  have  the  fullest 
coutidence  in  recommeuding,  from  the  universal  satisfaction 
they  have  given  to  their  numerous  cuHtomers. 

COLI  ECniiNs  OF  WARDKN  SEEDS. 
No.  1,  —  Comi  lele  Collection  of  Garden  Seeds,  to 
supply  a  large  garden  for  one  year  -comprising 
20  qoFiriB  of  the  neweet  and  best  Peas — tor  suc- 
ces  tonal  crops  ;  the  best  Broccolies,  Cabbages, 
Lettuces.  Cauhtlower,  Celery,  Cucumbers,  Tur- 
nips, and  full  quuntiiies  of  every  vegetable  re- 
quired in  thiiyeur      £2  10    0 

No.  2. — Complete  CuUectiou,  but  in  reduced  quantities   1  li)    0 
No.  3,—  Ditto  ditto  10     0 

No.  4.—  Ditto  ditio  0  12     G 

The  (ioANTiTiKH  for  each  Collection  ore  stated  in  fdll  in 
their  *'  fricu  Current  and  Garden  Uirectury,"  so  that  pur- 
chusers  uiny  see  lor  themMoIvof*  what  they  ore  bujing. 

All  orders  for  Seeds  uhove  U-  (.'xceprlng  heiivy  articles,  such 
us  Orulii     Ture%    Clover,  djc.l,  will  be  delivered  FREE  OF 
CARKI  AMIt;  to  any  Station  on  the  following  Railways: 
Great  Wuhtern.  I  Urintol  uiid  Exeter. 

Krifltol  and  Birmingham.  South' WuH'oru. 

Huuthaoipton  and  Dorchester.    |  South  Devon 

Or  to  any  Market  Town  in  Devon  and  Cornwall 

Or  t.( 

CORK,  DCItLIN,  and  RMLFAHT,  by  atcamer. 

For  Cat»l(i((uoit   and    I'rice  Curii-nts  apply  to  William  E. 

Uandlk  and  Co  ,  Seed  MorchimtH,  Plymouth. 

EHtahlished  mfjrc  than  Half  a.  Centm-y. 
Po8t'r>Jficc   OrtkrH  are  not  required  from    Noblemen, 
C'lrrgymcn,  or  limdent  Oentlcmcn,  or  their  Gardeners. 


SILVER  FIRS. 

THOMAS  IMRIE  and   SONS,   Nurserymen,  Ayr, 
have  on  sale  upwards  of  2iiO,  000  HILVEll  FIRS,  of  various 
sizes,  all  healthy,  fine,  well-top[jed  plants. 

12  to  15  inches,  15s,  per  1000 ;  15  to  21  inches,  20s,  ditto ;  18 
to  30  inches,  25a.  ditto. 

Trains  by  the  Glasgow  and  South-Western  Railway  from 
Ayr  daily. 

WHALES'  NEW  AND  SUPERB  DAHLIAS  FOR 
1852.^  Mrs.  Wentworth,  pearl  white,  ed^ed  with  ricl* 
purple,  full  and  well  up  on  the  face.  Noticed  by  Mr.  Glenny, 
in  his  Almanack  ;  most  beautiful  variety  foroxhib  tion,  height 
3  ft,;  only  two  ground  roots,  price  jOs.  6t?.  Mrs.  Southby, 
golden  yellow,  a  splendid  full- si  zed  flower  and  constant. 
Pronounced  by  Mr.  Turner,  and  many  o'hcr  eminent  culti^ 
vators,  to  be  beautiful ;  height,  4  ft,,  IO3.  Gd.  J.hn  Neville,  a 
light  rose  of  the  right  shape  and  petal,  4  tt.,  7s.  6d.  Yellow 
Eclipse,  medium  size,  well  set  petal,  and  constant  through  the 
season,  3  ft.,  73.  Gd. 

Mr.  ff.  has  not  been  able  to  attend  the  different  exhibitions 
with  the  above  beautiful  Seedlings,  in  conn-quence  of  infir 
mities,  having  been  a  Dahlia  grower  for  upwards  of  40  years. 

N.B. — Good  ground  roots  of  Whales'  Eliz  ibeth,  partially 
sent  out  last  season,  a  splendid  tipped  flower,  155.,  and  aU 
other  varieties  of  last  season  reasonable. — Kiaibury,  near 
Huogerford,  Dec,  29. 


CHOICE    FLOWERING    PLANTS  FOR  THE 

PRESENT  SEASON. 

YOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
desirous  of  decorating  their  Greenriouse  or  Conseivatory 
at  this  period,  to  the  following,  in  fine  busby  plants ; — 

Camellias,  very  superior  kinds,  beaudfully  furnished 
with  bloom-bads,  3^a.  per  doz. 

EP\C[iIS,  in  20  of  the  handsomest  varieties,  abundantly  set 
for  flower,  93.  per  doz, 

ERICAS,  fine  bushy  and  blooming  plants,  9s.  per  dooi 

CORRiEA  speeiosa  major,  Coop--rii,  bicolor,  and  other  fine 
varie-ios,  now  coming  into  bloom,  9s.  per  doz. 

CINERARIAS,  new  and  extra  fine  sorts,  63.  to  9s.  per  doz. 

12  very  select  Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants,  I83. 

25        do.  do.  do.  30s, 

50        do.  do.  do.  503. 

LILIDM  LANCIFOLIUM  album,  flowering  bulbs,  63.  to 
9s,  per  doz.   - 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  RUBRUM  andROSEDM,  flower- 
ing bulbs,  123.  per  doz. 

LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY,  strong  for  foroinir,  &c.,  Ss.  per  100. 

NEW  FRENCH  AND  BELGIAN  DAISIES,  in  50  best  sorts, 
9s.  per  doz.  

CHOICE  FRUITS. 

yOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
gentlemen  now  about  planting  or  replenishing  their  Fruit 
and  Kitchen  Gardens  to  the  following  choice  articles  : 

TRUE  FASTOLFF  RASPBERRY. 

Y,  and  Co.  beg  to  announce  they  are  now  esecuting  orders 
for  the  above  in  fine  strong  Canes  oi  the  same  s  ocli  as  they  bad 
the  honour  of  supplying  her  Mujestty's  Gardens  and  most  of  the 
Nobility.     15s.  per  100. 

Fine  large  WHITE  RASPBERRY,  3s.  rer  doz. 

PEACHES.  NECTARINES,  and  APRICOTS,  4yearB  trained 
and  forward  for  bearintr,  f>s.  each. 

CHSaRIES  and  PLUMS,  4  years  trained,  Ss.  Gd.  each. 

PEARS  and  APPLES,  fine  espalier,  2  4s.  per  doz. 

The  above  are  of  the  most  select  kindx,  and  worked  from  the 
Stock  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London,  and  are  war- 
ranted correct  to  their  sorts. 

SrURMER  AND  ANGLESEA  PIPPIN,  fine  Espalier,  24s. 
per  doz,  ;  Stand.irds,  Is.  Gd.,  Dwarfs,  Is.  each. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  in  36  of  the  best  kinds,  selected  for  size 
and  fliivour,  3s.  Gd.  per  doz. 

CURRANTS,  improved  large  White  Dutch,  43,  per  doz. 
,,  Black  Naples,  4s.  per  doz. 

„  Large  Red  Grape,  2s.  Gd.  per  doz. 

„  Victoria  or  Raby  Castle,  4s.  per  doz. 

„  Knight's  Large  Red,  5s.  per  doz. 

„  .,         Sweet  Red,  53.  per  doz. 

RHUBARB,  fine  roots,  fit  for  forciog,  &c.,  compriainef 
Mitchell's  Royal  Albert,  Ss.  per  doi. ;  Myuti's  Linnaeus,  9s.  per 
doz.;  Myatt'd  Victoria  (the  largest},  Os.  per  doz.;  Tobolsk, 
Gs.  per  doz. 

ASPARAGUS,  Giant  (Btrong),  2  and  3  years,  23.  6d.  and 
3s.  Gd.  per  10ft. 

SEAKALE  (strong),  Is  G.i,  per  doz. 

ROSES,  Standards  and  Half-standards,  of  the  very  best  sorts 
in  cultivation,  12s.  to  15s.  per  duz, 

EVERGREEN  PRlVt:!',  2*  to  4  feet,  strong,  353.  per  1000, 
or  4s.  per  100. 

All  orders  of  21.  and  uptvards  delivered  free  to  any 
Railway  Station  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Royal  Nursery,  Groat  Yarmouth. 


JUDSON'S  RICHMOND  VITJ^A  BLACK  HAMBUUGH  VINE 

I OHN    ANDREW    HENDERSON    and    Co.   have 

«J  the  ploaBUie  of  iuforming  their  patrons  and  friends  that 
they  are  now  Bending  out  this  very  excellent  now  Grape  at 
2I3.  enoh. 

Its  dietloguishing  characteristics  are  as  follows  :— Tlio  foliage 
is  more  deeply  sor-rated,  and  the  wood  Hhorior  jointed  than  tho 
Bluck  Hamburgh,  the  berries  are  oval  and  rather  i-Iongated, 
and  are  remarkable  lor  a  very  fine  bloom,  not  unlike  that  of 
un  OrlennH  riuin  ;  when  fully  ripe  are  of  a  flue  deep  black,  having 
a  fine  rich  flavour,  and  very  juicy. 

It  colours  full  ten  days  earlier  than  tho  Blnok  Hamburgh; 
being  a  most  abundant  bearer,  and  good  setter,  will  prove  a 
moMt  desirable  kind  for  pot-culture.  One  very  veimirltablo 
jiroperty  ihls  Grape  possesses,  which  much  opUauoes  iis  value, 
and  miikes  it  ho  HUperior  to  the  Black  Hamburgh  la,  that  ib 
ni  ver  produces  abortive,  or,  as  they  uro  tornied,  viiipgnr  borrioB  ; 
after  careful  obflurvallon,  extending  ov  r  three  sii^rciis-ilvo  sea- 
sons,  not  one  could  bo  detected,  althnogli  In  ou-li  Huneon  the 
crop  was  nbundrmt  and  good.  The  u^ual  uUowiiorci  to  the 
Trade,— Pino  Apple  riuce,  Edgeware  Koitil,  '  ■   .'  - 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Jan.  3, 


GREAT  WESTERN,  GREAT  NORTHERN,  SOUTH-WESTERN,  and  SOUTH-EASTERN 

SEED   ESTABLISHMENT,  READING,  BERKS, 

rOR  SUPPLYING  SUTTON'S  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  to  all  PARTS  of  the  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


THE  GARDEN  SEEDS  grown  in  Berkshire  and  the  Southern  Counties  having  obtained  great  celebrity, 
anfl  cur  lo*  p'ice'*  f  T  Seed;*  of  euperior  qual'y  hMvioff  pained  us  n  v  rypx'en-1ve  cnonection  in  almos'  ef- ry  touny  in 
the  Un'  e-i  K  n.;dom,  *e  have  made  fuch  arrHNL't-Oii-n's  with  Meesas.  PICKFORD  and  CO.  (who  have  Offi  is  on  ttoat  ot  the 
great  lines  of  Railwaya,  as  will  en-. bl- us  to  DEIIVBR  OUR  GOODS  FREE  OP  CARRIiLGE,  as  under  :- 
Packages  of  not  less  than  Ten  Shillings  value  are  delivered  free  of  Carriage  to 

Any  Office  in   Lnndon.    Hnst  1,   S.  uthamp'on,    Portsirinutb,  Dove--,  Ox'ord,  Banbury,    GI  U' ester,    Hungerford, 

And  all  Stations  on  the  Great  Western,  South-Western  and  Souih-Eastern  Railways. 

And  all  Packdyes  of  Seeds  not  less  than  2i.  vhIuPj  CarriuKe  Free  lo  tde  poit^  <f  Ir.  hind,  Scotland,  and  Wales  ;  or  to 

BirminffbHni,  L'verpool,  Mancheater,  L>nn,  York,  Hull, 

And  any   Station   on   the   Oreat    Northern   Railway, 

Beinff  extensii-e  G'rojfcrs  of  Seeds  (includinR  the  best  of  the  New  S^  rt?  as  soon  as  in'r^ducerl),  we  can  supply  any  sort 

xequi  el  at    TBZRTV    PER    CEIO'T.    ZiESS    THA-IT    THE    PRICES  .CENERAIiIiT    CHARfiED 

in  moat  parts  oi  tUe  kingdom. 


SUTFON^S    COLLECTIONS    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS. 


£  s.  d. 


Ko.  1.— A  CQVIPLETE  COLLECTION  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS,  FOR  ONE  YEAR'S  '  UPPLY  OF  A  LARGE 
Garden  -,  including  20  quarts  of  Peas,  in  the  best  eight  sorts  for  succession  ;  the  beet  ei^ht  -^orts  of  Broccoli, 
t.igethir  wi'h  the  chuiceat  Welona,  Cucutubers,  Lettuces,  Cauliflowers,  and  every  other  sortof  Vegetable  required, 
and  in  tull  quaDiiiies 

No.  2.— A  COMPLEIE  COLLECTION,  IN    QUANTITIES  PROPORTIONATELY  REDUCED 

No.  3.— A  Complete  COLI  ECTION.  EQUALLY  CHOICE  SORTS       

N0.4.-A  SMALL    AND  VERY  CHOICE   ASSORTMENT ^ 

J f  some  hinds  of  Seeds  are  already  possessed  purchasers  are  requested  to  name  (hem,  that  increased  quantities  of 
others  may  be  sent  in  lieu  of  them. 

Wh  a'  e  da'l    rercving  ortlerd  f.  om  psr'ioK  who  h^ve  bad  our  Seeds  in  former  seasons,  accompanied  wi'h  remarks  such  as 
the  fullv^wiiig,  the  originals  ot"  which  uoy  be  ^een  ac  our  office,  aud  thu  names  of  the  writers  may  be  known  b^  post. 


2  10 
1  10 
1    1 

0  12 


From  a  Clergyman,  near  Darlington. 
**  The  best  kitchen  garden  seeds  I  ever  had  were  furnished 
hy  you." 

From  Doneraile,  Ireland. 
"Lord  D.  would  be  jrlad  to  have,'*  AiCf  &,c.    "The  seeds 
sent  last  year  were  excellent." 

From  Cirencester. 
•'I  never  received  such  a  numerous  collection,  so  good  in 
flualitj,  from  any  house." 

From  Pipon,  Yorkshire. 
"Atone   of  the   Honicukural    Si  ows    at   Harrowgate,    my 
gardener  took  20  piizes,  moec  of  thtm  trom  the  produce  of  yo'ir 
seed  ;  we  aUo  gained  several  prizes  at  oiher  meetings,  as  many 
&6  18  at  uue  of  ihcm." 

From  an  eminent  HortiouUiirist,  at  SunninghiU, 
"My  gardeuer  speaks  very  highly  of  your  seeds." 


Froin  Gil-van.  N  B, 

"I  have  much  sat'sfartion  in  recommending  your  seeds  to 

various  friends,  as  I  find  they  are  much  pleaded  with  them." 

From  a  Clergyman,  at  Newport,  Monmouththire. 

"  I  have  invariably  found  your  seeds  ol  all  kiuds  very  good." 

From  North  \yatsJtam. 
"Your  seeds  are  decidedly  superior  to  ihnee  I  can  procure  in 
thici  nei^'hbiiurhood  ;  I  shall  at  ail  times  be  glad  to  recommend 
you  to  my  friends." 

Frnm  a  Clergyman,  at  Meonstoke,  Bants. 
'*  T  always  recommend  my  friends  to  supply  themeelves  from 
your  establishment." 

From  anotlier  Clergyman,  at  KinsaZe,  Ireland. 
"  Bping  60  niucli  pleased  wuh  the  gardin  and  Hower  seeds 
sent  last  season,  induces  me  to  Bead  10  you  for  my  agricultural 
seeds  also." 


EARLY  ORDERS  ARE   PARTICULARLY  REQUESTED,  and  will  Jiave  the  preference  of  scarce  sorts. 

Remiitanci  s  are  notreqidred  with  the  orders  from  cler(,'jme",  nob'emeti,  and  resident  gen'lemen,  or  ibeir  liardener.i. 

K.B, —  We  aie  aliO  growein  of  Jl.ingold,  Turnip,  and  other  Agricu  tural  Seeds,  which  are  lik'  wise  deiiveied  carriage  free. 

Address,  JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


OF  GREAT   IMPORTANCE. 
TO  EXfllBITOR-*  OF  CUCUMKRRy   AND  OTHERS. 

EDWARD  TILEY  has  great  pleasure  in  being 
enabled  this  season  to  offer  his  celebrated  and  unrivalled 
new  Cucumber  '*  C  A  PTI  VAT  ION,"  whic'i  has  not  been  equalled 
or  surpassed  by  any  otber  Cucumber  ever  sent  out.  He  has 
been  many  t*mei  asked  for  this  Hiip<-rb  variety  by  growers  who 
have  seen  it,  but  be  has  been  una^'e  to  nupply  ir,  in  consequence 
of  the  small  quantity  of  seed  i'  producet,  K.  T.  has  no  besita- 
tion  in  sayitu;  th-it  this  will  Ve  found  ''  the  standard  of  perfec- 
tion of  a  Cucumber."  and  le  has  never  seen  one  sn  before  till 
lie  raisnd  thin.  It  possesspf  the  following  unrivnlled  qualities  : 
It  is  a  splendid  black  spit  e,  of  a  very  dark-green  colour,  and 
entirely  free  from  ribs  or  shrivels,  wi'h  H.-ar  '\  any  or  no 
handle  and  carries  its  bl  ora  well  to  the  last.  Lentrth,  from 
24  to  2S  inches.  It  is  a  virj  quick  gr  iwer,  sets  well,  prolific 
hearer,  and  second  to  noof  Jor  exhibiting.  To  whow  its  per- 
fection, a  nraee  ol  tbeie  Cuiumbers,  when  cut  last  season, 
■were  found  to  measure  exact  j  10  ot  its  diameter  long, 
heiug  25  inches,  and  not  more  than  lirt't  an  inch  handle.  As  a 
proof  ot  the  proiluciiveness  of  the  ah 've,  a  bed  was  made  for 
a  two-light  frame,  and  four  plants  placed  therein  ;  the  first 
brace  uf  fruit  wa-»  cut  00  the  29th  March,  and  the  last  brace  on 
the  26th  November  last,  during  which  liEoe  the  unaccountable 
numbei-  of  l(i2  brace  was  produced  from  the  four  plan's  ;  total 
length  of  the  wh  ile  amonntinii  to  56  yunls  2  feet. — Sold  in 
packet?  of  three  Seeds.  5i.,  or  five  See'ls,  is.  fid.     Also, 

TILEY»S   CUCUMBER  "PHENOMENA," 

which  Cucumber  gave  universal  sa  istacion  last  sedsnn.  This 
is  also  a  Kplendtd  black  spine,  abundant  bearer;  in  length, 
from  22  to  28  inches,  and  vei  y  easily  grown,  with  little  heat. 
Packer-,  of  six  seeds,  2s.  6d.,  or  a  packet  of  this  and  one  of 
**Capiivation,"  6b. 

E.  T,  bus  also  Seed  of  tb^  undermentioned  fine  varieties  : — 
ChaiberlrtioB  ■■  cssex   Hero,"  a  tine  black  spine,  per 

packet  of  h.ur  seeds ; 3s.  6d. 

Hunter's  "  Prolific,"  fine  white  spine,  2s.  6d.  per  packet 

ot  3  se^ds  ;  or,  per  packet,  of  7  sieds       5     0 

"Lord  Keujuu'sFavourite,"a fine  winter  Uucumber,  per 

packet     2     6 

The  above  Cufunibers  have  been  exhibited  at  the  Bo-anic 
Gardetit,  R,  ^,'.-iu*h  Park.  London,  Co'chenter,  Ipawich,  Chelms- 
ford, Haih,  and  other  places,  wliere  ihcy  were  successful  in 
carrying  .-ft"  tiv^t  prizes.    Also—  Per  packet,— s.  d. 

Tictorj  ot  Bath  Cucumber,  extra  fine  black  spina  ...     1    0 

GordonV  Whitf  Spine 1     0 

Hamilton's  Black  Spine .'         ,[     1     0 

Conquer.. r  ..*  ihe  West,  a  good  frame  Cucutiiber  ...         ...     0     6 

Satcbev'H  S  ra-ford-upon-Avoo  Cucumber,  do.  do.  ...     0     G 

:And  numerous  ofhi-r  older  varieiie'4  at  6d.  per  packet. 

Arenii  iHoce  must  accompanv  the  order  tr'  m  unknown  cor- 
respondents, either  by  Po*t-nfBce  Order  or  Penny  Postage 
Stamps,  nh^n  the  whole  ur  an\  quantity  of  the  above  varieties, 
*8  J^**  ''"'■  nin^^he,  wi|l  imme<Matel,v  be  f.irwarded  t..  any  part. 
Numerous  Cacumher  growers,  on  visiting  the  Cuci^nher 
grounds  last  scasoyi,  expressed  their  astonishment  at  the 
quantity  and  perfection  in  which  they  wetx  then  growing. 
A^^"*,"."  '*'LtT.  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  U, 
Abbey  Ohurch-.vard,  Bath. 


BROUPrON    PARK  NURSERY,  KENSINGTON-ROAD, 
LONDON. 

TOHN   ADAMS  begs  to  return  his  best  thanks  to 

Y  ihose  friends  who  have  afFo.dcd  him  so  much  of  their 
iiherai  mpport  since  be  commeoced  hu'^ineno  on  his  own 
account  and  to  inform  them  that  he  has  now^a  fine  stock  of 
Stand. rd  Tnifned  Apricots,  Pears,  Plums,  ^nd  Cherries- 
Standa-d  Pears  Plums,  Cherrie-s  and  Apples-  Dwarf  Train-d 
Pears,  Piurim,  and  Applps,  in  a  bearing  sMite.  t.ansplan'ed 
■"" and    two  jears  dwarf  trained  Peaches  and 


last  I 


""■":" "■    ""  •    "•■'iiw    uuinireua    ni    very    nna  Da  1    standard 

louiseB^.nne  de  Jersey  Pears,  on  Quinces  in  a  bearin' sate 
transpl-.n-et  U^t  cprin?.  The  stock  is  of  the  first  order,  and 
worths  of  lo.tice  ;  dnd  he  would  now  solicit  a  coutinuanee  ol 
those  fav.nrs  which  he  h>.s  already  so  hberally  experienced. 
CaBU  or  reterence  required  from  unknown  correspondents. 


LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM,    TULIPS,    RA"JONCULU&ES, 
ANEMONES.   AUKICULaS.   AND  GERANIUMS 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London,  by 
Appointment  Flohist  to  her  Majesty  the  Qoeen,  and 
TO  Hie  Majesty  tbe  King  of  Sakony,  begs  to  state  that  he 
coniinues  to  supply  the  above  FLOWERS  of  the  finest  quality, 
and  at  very  moderate  prices.  H.  Gbo  'M  would  reminf  the 
admirers  of  the  beautilul  LILY  iLILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM). 
that  this  is  the  best  season  to  plant  the  different  vari-^ties,  and 
he  would  particularly  recommend  them  as  h'ghly  oroamenliil 
tor  the  S'irubbery  and  Parterre.  They  are  quite  hardy. 
His  Catalogue  may  be  had  on  application. 


TRU  ■'  HIGHLAND  PINE,  OR  NATIVE  SOOTCH  FIR. 

FAND  J.  DICKSON  beg  to  offer  to  Planters  and 
•  Nurserymen  a  laiye  stock  of  atroug  heal  hy  idants,  o ' 
this  handsome  and  valuable  limb  r  tie.-,  \^  to  2  fe'-t.  and 
2  t'.  2.^  f.et.  Th  y  have  been  iwice  transplanted,  and  have  fine 
Hbioiis  roof*.  Prices,  which  are  exceedmjily  m.oderaie,  will 
be  given  on  application. — The  Nurs>  ri^s,  Chester. 


GREAT  Sale  of  NURSEKY  PLANTS. 

PETER  BOOTH,  Nurseryman,  Falkirk,  is  selling  oflf, 
at  moderate  prices,  at  his  extrusive  Nursery  Grounds,  a 
vprv  'a-ge  stock  of  transplanted  LaRCH,  SCOTCH,  and 
SPRUCE  FIR  PLANTS,  of  strong  and  smaller  t,i2es,  including 
seedliags.  witli  a  great  variety  ot  many  of  the  other  kinds  of 
Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees,  generally  g"Own  in  larj^e  nur- 
series ;  a  su  Fruit  Trees,  Gooseberry,  Currant,  and  Raspberry 
BuBlies    &,c- 

A  large  stock  and  great  variety  of  very  fine,  etrong,  healthy 
Everyteen  und  Flowering  Ornamental  SitU' s. 

A  very  tine  st^ck  of  S  andard,  Half  standard,  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  ma-y  of  them  of  the  new  kinds,  and  also  of  tue 
appr  ved  a-d  mos-  beautiful  s  >rts. 

N  B.— As  the  Advertiser  wis  es  to  retire  frim  business,  a 
Lease  of  ali  h  s  Nursery  Grounds,  wi.ich  belong  to  himsei', 
and  evcy  encourtigement  would  be  given  to  a  purchuser  ot  the 
j.bitve  stiik,  ;ind  tbe  good-will  ot  the  bus  ness,  wh'ch  has  been 
Cfirred  on  by  his  rciations  for  more  thau  7U  years  pas',  and 
with  gueit  su'cess. 

Sboold  H  purchaser  not  be  found,  a  par^n^r  w'thcaptal,  and 
a  good  knowledge  of  the  businiss,  wou'd  b':  wgreed  w  th. 

SEEDS,  DIRECT  FROM    THE  GROWERS,  CAR- 
RIAGE FREE.     {As  see  our  Advertisement  in  the 
second  paqe  of  the  present  Number  of  this  Fapej\) 
JOHN     SUTTON     and     SONS     being     extensive 

^    GR  )WERS  ot  SEEDS,  can  supply  them  ut  siirh  quality 
as  to  p  ev-ii'    d'Sappoiu'ment,  viND  AT  Thiktv  pfk  Cent    less 

THAN  THE  PRICFS  CHAhOED  IN   MANY  PABTS  "F  THE  KINGDOM. 

StiTTo>'s  Pnccd  Seed  Catlonue  for  l85i  is  now  readj,  and 
Will  be  sent  p  st  'ree  on  reel   t  ot  one  penny  a'amu. 

Also  a  List  of  ihe  Seeds  contained  in  Sutton's  Com- 
plete Collections  of  Garden  Seeds,  post  frcct  on 
receipt  of  one  penny  stamp. 

Address,  John  Sotxon  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 


NEW  POTATO. 
\/rAHER'S    EARLY    PROLIFIC    KIDNEY,    the 

i-'i-  bnast  EARLY  POTATO,  grown  smilar  to  the  Ash- 
leaved  Kidney,  but  better  io  quality,  and  treble  the  crop 
Received  a  F-rst-class  Certificate  at  tbe  tilough  open  Sh  w 
Sept'  raber  3iith.  Price  153.  per  bushel  ;  -Is  per  pecu,  bag  in- 
cluded.     The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 

Address  John   Maher,   Star  Nur^^rv,   Slough,     Post-office 
orders  pa.\able  at  Siough  will  be  attended  to. 

NOW  SELLING,  on  the  Hampton  Estate,  Mortlake, 
a  quant  ty  of  FINE  STaNDaKD  t'KLIl  IKbJKS,  io 
hiu'h  perfection  for  moving,  yount:  Walnuts,  ifcc.  ;  superit.r  red 
Ithibarb  ;  also  fi.ie  double  and  sini;le  Pheasdnt.eyed  .\arci-sus, 
at  a  vetj  low  price.  Some  large  Walnut  Trees  for  sale. — Apply 
by  letter  to  Mr.  Jaues  Rauptun^  Richmond. 


'^rO  BE  SOLD,  a  PALA  DA  VACA,  or  Cow  Tree, 

i-  a  r<.re  '  nd  almost  U'dque  piaot  in  t  its  country;  quite 
young;  rather  a'-ove  3  feet  h  gh.  Also  a  coiecti.  n.  of  rare- 
C^C'l'l,  and  other  Stove  Plants,    o  the  number  ot  4(i0, 

Also  several  hundred  6ne  idanti  of  PHORMIUM  TENAX^ 
or  NEW  ZK^LaND  FLaX,  the  property  o*  a  pentlemaa 
deceased.  The  whole  or  pare  to  be  d  sposed  of  on  moderate 
terms.  A  steamer  will  leave  Stranraer  for  Liverpool  on  the 
23'l  of  Janunry  next,  from  whence  they  could  easily  be  for- 
warded.—Address  to  Mrs.  MohBAY,  Bioadstone,  Stranraer, 
Wiiftonshire 


n-'ESTIMONIAL  TO  MR.  CHARLES  M'INTOSH, 

-L  HeaD  Gahdeneh  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Baccleuch, 
Author  of  "Tbe  Practioal  Gardener,"  &c.—Th'S8  friends  of 
Mr.  M'Intosh,  who,  from  their  not  bemi^  known  to  the  Com- 
mittee, may  not  have  received  copies  of  the  prospectua  or 
subscription  lists,  and  who  may  be  desirous  of  contributing  to 
this  Testimoniil,  are  respectfully  infoimed  that  such  prospectus 
and  lists  will  be  forwarded  to  them  ou  appiiia  ion  to  any  of 
the  Sub-Committee  following,  viz. :  —  Profehsor  Balpodb, 
2,  Bellevue  Crescent;  Mr.  M'Nab.  Cu'ator,  Botanic  Garden- 
Mr.  Evans,  Curator,  Hoiticultural  Society'n  Gardens  ;  or  to 
Isaac  Hendeeson,  S.S.C,  41,  York-place,  Edinburgh,  to  the 
latter  of  whom  all  remittances  will  be  made.  As  it  is  intended 
to  close  the  bubscription  by  the  end  of  Januarv,  al  parties 
wi  1  please  to  forward  their  subscripiions  io  due  time. — Bf 
Orier  of  the  Commit  ee,  Isaac  AwDtESOM,  Secretary, 

Edinburgh,  41,  Yurk-place,  Jan.  3. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 

PATENT. 


BY  HER 

E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS, 
— One  of  the  greatest  defects  in  Britioh  gardening  has 
hitherto  been  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  on 
common  brick  or  stone  walls,  owiog  to  the  variableness  and 
humidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  substituting 
hollow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  not  only  will  the 
youog  wood  in  autumn  be  fully  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
will  be  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  spring,  and  a  climate  seciured  equal  to  that  of  southero- 
Europe, 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,  and 
the  finer  sorts  of  Pears  and  Plums,  producio;;  fruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expanse  than  usually 
atieodiog  trees  upon  a  common  Ftone  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  place  of  brick 
and  stone  walls,  but  will,  in  a  great  measure,  supersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapness  at 
first  cost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  beating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exotics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  authorities  on  Horcicul'ural  matters  in  this- 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  Is  Dr.  Lindlcy,  and  for  whoae 
opitiion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leadim;  columns  of  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  oi  December  G  ;  also  of  Robert  Marnock, 
Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park, 
London,  in  the  leading  columns  of  the  Oardenera' and  Farmer^ 
Jottmai,  of  Decemb.-r  20.  The  patentee  hdvinji  made  arrange- 
ments with  some  of  the  largest  firms  ot  iron-founders  in  the 
liingdoin,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  extensive  British- 
Glass  manufacturers  ;  and  from  the  well-knowo  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agen  8,  feels  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  sufiicient  guarantee  thdt  all  orders  in  con- 
nec'ion  with  the  Glass  Walls  will  b-r  promptly  and  efficiently 
carried  out.  in  any  part  of  England,  Scoil-iud,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Af;eiiis,  and  with  whom- 
drawim^s  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  prices,  &c.,  obtained  on  applicaaon  : — -Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine-appie-place,  Edgware-road,  London  ;  Mtssrs.  Whitley 
and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  Fulbam,  Loudou  ;  Mr.  Glendinning, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiswick,  London;. 
Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserjmen,  Excer;  Messrs.  F.  and 
J.  DickS'jn,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chester;  MessfM.  Lawson  and 
Son,  Edinbuigh,  Nurserymen  and  Seed-m*^u  lo  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs.  Dick-on  and  Turnbull, 
Nurser>mtn,  Penh;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  FR.P.S.,  F.R.S.S.A., 
author  of  me  "  Practical  Gardener,"  "Book  of  the  Garden," 
die,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardenia  of  his  Majesty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Bnc- 
cleuch,  at  Dalkei!h  Palace,  Scotland  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Head  Gardener,  <I:c.,  to  his  Grace  iho  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentbam,  Staffordshire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  &c.,  BodorgaUj 
Anglesea  ;  Messrs.  Pilkington,  Crown,  Saeet,  aud  Plate  6tlass 
Woik-,  St.  Helen's,  Lancashire. 

%*  Prices  f^r  facing  existiuE  brick  or  stone  Walla  with  glass 
and  iron  will  be  given  on  application. 

GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIESj 

GHEENBOU5E3,  PIT   FKAMKS.  die. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass.. 
of  Biitish  Manufucture,  pacheO  io  b<-xe-,  containing  100' 
square  feet  each,  atthe  following  REDUCED  PlUCESforcash* 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  —  Inches.  Inches.        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    6  by  4      at      l^d.   is  £0  12    6 
From    6    by    4        „  7    „    5      „      2d.      „    0  16    8 

7  „    0        „         8    „    6      „      2i(i.    „    0  18    9 

8  „    6        „        10    „    8      ,,      '2^d.    „    1    0  10 
10     „     8        „         12     .,     9       „       2id.    „     12     11 

Larger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
16  oz.  from  3d.  to  Z\d.  per  square  foot,  according  to  aizBt 
21  oz.     „     3^<i.  to5d.  „  ,,  „ 

26  oz.     ..     34rf,  to  l^d.  „  ,.  ,, 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and- 
Patent  plate  glass  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  *eet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
eitlier  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Gla^s. 

Propigatinji  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses.  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Miik  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articlefr 
not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass, 

PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.- Tbe  presrnt  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glaos  in  a  yen- lemanV  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  J-aeh  is  requiied. 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to  and  tor  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
po-ure.  Prices,  since  ti  e  removal  of  the  exLise  duty,  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  aud  Fstima-es  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hetley  and  Cj.,  35,  Soho-square, 
Loudon. 


pREEN  AND  HOTHOUSE   BUILDER.  — Green 

^7  and  Hothouses  made  by  Machinciy,  s-nt  to  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  The^e  Honiiuiiural  Buildings  are 
vi'arr;»nfed  to  be  made  of  the  best  tna'tr  als,  and  the  cheapest 
in  Eni^land.  I-ists  of  prices  post  free,  U  m.  greenhouse 
1  phtF,  ^d. ;  lif  ill.  ditto,  3rf. ;  2  in.  ditto,  3id,  per  foot;  if 
glazed  wiiti  16  oz.  sheet-glips  of  a  large  -izr,  -id  per  foot  extra. 
J.  Lewis,  Horticultural  Works,  Stamtord-hill,  Middlesex, 


-1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


ppi 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LO'iUE  OP  AMEKICAN  PLANTS,  CONlPKKiE 
ROSES,  OU.NAMENTA.L  SHRUBS.  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  A:c.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  euciosing  iwo 
postage  stamps.  — WindltyibainNurhery,  Bansbut.  Surrey. 

H"~bSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AilERICAiV  PLANTS,  CONIb'EKS,  ROSES,  Jic,  for 
the  ensuing  Autumn,  is  juf-t  published,  and  may  be  had  on 
application?    eoclosinc    two    posrage    stamps,    to  Mr.  Hosea 

Wateeer,  Kn><p  I?'!!  N^U'-serv.  Woking,  Surrey. 

SANG-iTt-'-R'A  NEW  EARLY  No.  1   PEA. 

HAY^  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  ia  submitting  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recoaamtntl  it 
with  the  grea'e-t  cDnfidence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  beat 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  tirst-rate  quality;  height,  2  feet, 
price  2s.  6d.  per  quart. 

York  Regent  P.natoea,  from  prepared  cuttings,  6s.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Radical  do.  (a  first-rate  BSLond  early)  Gs.  do- 
American  Native,  IDs.  fid.  do.  Early  Manley,  10s.  6d.  do. 
Early  Ash-leaf  Kidney,  10s.  6d.  do. 

For  Teatim  mials,  see  Oardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Post- 
office  to  Hat,  Sanqsteb,  and  Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newingtcn  Butts,  London.  Ooe-bushel  hampers  and  booking. 
Is,  6d. ;  two.hushel    '23.  Gd.     Sacks.  2s.  6d.  em-h 

EST  LANCASHIRE    GOOSEBERRIES,  named, 

at  15s.  per  100. 
Also,    APPLES,    PEARS,    CURRANTS.    RHUBARB,  &,c., 
io  all  the  base  varieties,  and  at  equally  moderate  prices. 
Carefully  packed,  to  carry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation, 
H.  BiGLAND  and  Co.,  Manche-iter.  ^^ 


DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  is. 
per  dozen. — The  annual  imporcatiun  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fra^^rant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selfc  ed  Ba'bs  may  be  obrained,  TFichi>ut  d'sap. 
pointment,  at  A.  CjBBETt's  Foreign  Warehijuse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Pririied  regulations  for  treatment  tent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par  nasan  Cheeses. 

NEW     NURSERY     CATALOGUE. 
By  iH.&f  for  T  wo  Postage  Stamps. 

WILLIAM  YOUNG  begs  to  inform  the  public  that 
he  has  just  published  a  DESCRIPTIVE  OaTauOi5UE 
of  his  Stock,    which  consists  of  a  tine  collertion  uf  Conifers, 
Hardy    Ornamental    Treeii,    Evergreena,     Flowering    Shrubs, 
American  Plants,  Roses,  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees,  iiC. 
MilfordNiir-it^ri'-a.  near  Go>i;ilmin7,  Surr^-y. 


SUPERB     NAMED     AND     MIXED     ASSORT- 
MENTS OF   ane\^ones,  ranuncum,  gladioli. 

TULIPS,  IRIS,  CROCUS,  LILIUM,  IMPORTED  DUTCH 
HYACINTHS,  (fee,  with  a  larue  Collection  of  other  Roots. — 
For  BASS  AND  BROWN'S  Priced  Advertisement  of  the  above, 
see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  Nov.  8th  and  22d,  or  Catalogues 
sent  free  on  application. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury.  Suffolk. 

rTC"HELL'S"MATCHLESS^W  INTER 

PARSLEY.— J.  M  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  sea-on  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price.  Wnolesale,  to  seedsmen.  Is.  Zd.  pT  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  he  charged  2s.  per  lf>.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Posuoffice  ordix, 
made  payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder's-end,  Enfield, 
Middlesex.  

AVfERICAN  APPLE  TREES. 

J  GREGORY  has  for  sale  about  1000  Choice 
•  APPLE  TllKES  imported  from  America  in  the  au'omo 
of  1850,  including  cne  |..Uowing  :— Northern  Spy,  SnicztnOurgh, 
■Jersey  Blue,  Rhode  iTvIand  Greening,  &c.,  all  ^rafred  on  Seed- 
ling  Stocks  of  three  years'  growth,  and  are  in  a  thriving  con- 
dition, having  advanced  from  2  to  4  feet  siuce  planted  in  this 
country.     Price  123.  per  doz. 

Post-office  orders    made    payabla  to   Jeremiah    Gbegoey, 
Yardly  Gobion,  ne><r  Sroney  Stratford,  Bucks. 


MA.V.NINGION'S  PKARMAIN. 

JAMES  CAMERON,  Nurseryman  and  Florist, 
returns  hii  bett  ihaoks  to  his  frieuds  and  the  public  io 
general  for  their  liberal  support,  and  begs  to  eav  he  has  n<>w 
for  sale  a  soffiMeot  quimtity  of  the  above  vaudble  APPLE, 
and  is  thus  eoable'l  to  offer  them  at  so  reduced  a  price  ad  to 
ensure  their  est^n  ive  cultivation.  It  is  a  middle  sized  variety, 
and  different  from  any  m  cultivation,  and  remarkable  for  its 
rich  sugary  and  aromatic  flavour.  It  is  iniis  height  of  flavour 
from  January  tiil  the  end  of  May,  and  a  very  good  bearer. 
Strong  maiden  plants  2s.  6ij.  each.  Remittances  from  unknown 
correspondents  previous  to  the  trees  being  sent,  by  Post-office 
orders,  made  payable  to  James  Cameeon,  Nurseryman,  Uck- 
field,  Sussex. 

J.  C.  has  also  an  extensive  stock  of  Spruce,  Larch,  Fir,  and 
Forest  Trees  of  ail  dr^acriptions;  Fruit  Trees,  Evergreens,  and 
Roses  of  first-rate  qualt-v. 


GKRAIAN  SEEDS. 

MESSRS.  PLATZ  and  SON,  Seed  Growers, 
Erfurt,  Prus  ia,  inform  the  trade  that  their  CATA- 
LOGUE for  185J  18  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application 
of  Uieir  Agent,  Mr.  RdBERT  Kennedt,  Con<iervat.>ries,  Cuveat 
Oarden,  Loodoo.  The  universal  approval  wUicb  their  Articles 
have  obtained,  induce  Mess'S.  P.  and  Son  to  solicit  a  trial  of 
the  present  year's  Stock,  which  includes  many  new  and  inte- 
rettiDg  varietiei.  All  charges  paid  to  London, 
Effort,  January  3. 


ICfie  (Bartrettersi'  €firontcle» 

HATURDA  Y,  JANUARY  3,  1852. 


MEETISOS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

HOSDAT,         J.o.       i-EntomoloKical 8  p.K. 

TV..D.1  _         ft-Pattolotrlcal 3  p.m. 

Wiii9ii».r,|  —        7-OtoloKlc.l  BJp.K. 

(  National  Ploflcultaral 2  p.m. 

TavKaoar,       —         g.)  Hojal  Soc. of  LluratuTfl  . 


?ft(Dar,  — 

SaTOinar,        -. 


J— A»ironomical    . 

(  A-lallc 

10<  lloja!  Botanic . 
(Htilleal 


.,.4    P.Bl. 

...8  P.M. 

...StP.M. 
...8  P.M. 
...2  P.M. 
....^JP.M. 
....8  P.M. 


Specolative  pardeners  have  long  expected  to  find 
some  useful  hardy  novelty  among  the  wild  fruit- 
hearing  trees  of  countries  little  visited  by  Europeans. 
(f  theold  world  has  given  Peaches  and  Apples,  and 
Cherries  and  Strawberries,  why  may  not  the  new 
worid  produce  good  fruits  of  some  other  race  1  Un- 
doubtedly no  reason  to  the  contrary  is  apparent ; 
bat  it  so  happens  that  up  to  the  present  day  we  are 
without  an  jii<>tance  of  such  a  discovery  having  been 
made,  with  the  two  exceptions  of  the  American 
.Strawberry  and  Cranberry.  For  the  Orape  Vines  «1 
the  United  Stales  do  not  deserve  tlie  name  of  iisi-fiil 
fruit* ;  their  O.iage  Orange  ia  an  Orango  only  in 


appearance,  and  their  Mulberries,  Plums,  and  other 
small  berries,  would  only  be  admitted  to  the  dessert 
of  an  Indian  savage. 

It  would  appear,  however,  from  some  statements 
that  have  reached  us,  that  a  real  novelty  has  at  last 
been  met  with,  in  the  form  of  what  is  called  a 
White  Blackberry.  In  a  "wild  waste,"  in  latitude 
44"  30'  North,  Mr.  J.  Sued  Needham,  of  Danvers, 
Massachusets,  found  the  original  growing  in  per- 
fection in  shaded  olaces,  where  it  was  able  to  avoid 
the  hot  sun  of  that  country.  After  cultivating  it 
for  three  years,  he  is  able  to  speak  in  very  high 
terms  of  its  excellent  qualities,  in  which  he 
is  confirmed  by  the  editor  of  the  Boston  Journal, 
who  says  :  "  Accompanying  the  following  letter,  we 
received  yesterday  a  box  of  the  fruit  of  which  it 
speaks,  and  most  cheerfully  bear  witness  to  its  excel- 
lence. We  do  fully  concur  in  the  opinion  that  it 
'is  a  most  palatable  fruit,' and  we  think  very  few 
horticulturists,  after  reading  what  is  said  in  relation 
to  its  great  bearing  qualities  and  the  ease  with 
which  it  can  be  cultivated,  will  rest  satisfied  until 
they  have  one  or  more  specimens  of  the  plant 
growing  upon  their  own  grounds."  The  letter  was  as 
follows  ; — "  Mr.  Editor, — I  beg  you  to  accept  the 
accompanying  box  of  White  Blackberries.  They 
were  grown  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  J.  Shed  Needham, 
in  the  western  part  of  this  town,  and  they  seem  to 
me  to  possess  some  remarkable  characteristics  which 
eminently  entitle  them  to  general  cultivation.  The 
first  specimens  of  this  new  species  were  exhibited 
in  Boston  last  season,  and  were  pronounced  by 
competent  judges  a  curiosity,  as  well  as  a  most 
palatable  fruit ;  in  which  opinion  I  think  you  will 
fully  concur.  The  original  plant  was  discovered 
growing  wild  in  the  midst  of  a  Blackberry  patch 
in  the  State  of  Maine ;  and  this  year,  for  the 
first  time,  it  has  fully  demonstrated  what  it  is 
capable  of  producing  under  garden  cultivation. 
It  is  a  tall,  upright  bush,  growing  to  the  height 
of  4  or  5  feet,  and  is  prolific  to  an  extent  scarcely 
credible  to  one  who  has  not  seen  it  in  bear- 
ing. The  bush  from  which  these,  which  I  send  you, 
were  picked,  produced  11  quarts  of  maiketable 
berries  !  The  size  as  well  as  the  quality  of  the 
fruit  would  doubtless  have  been  larger,  if  nearly 
half  of  the  fruit  had  not  been  removed  in  the  spring 
in  separating  the  shoots  from  the  parent  stock,  for 
the  purpose  of  propagation.  Besides  being  a  great 
bearer,  the  plant  is  hardy,  and  needs  no  artificial 
protection  during  the  winter.  The  flavour  of  the 
high  Blackberry  is  well  known  to  be  greatly  superior 
to  the  common  low  Blackberry  ;  yet  every  culti- 
vator is  aware,  that,  except  in  some  favourable 
localities,  the  high  Blackberry  is  a  shy  and  capricious 
bearer,  and  unworthy  of  his  attention.  When 
brought  under  gaiden  cultivation  the  plant  grows 
rank  ;  but  the  few  berries  which  it  bears  are  ill- 
formed,  hard,  and  bitter.  All  these  objections  this 
new  species  obviates,  aud  promises  to  bring  this 
delectable  fruit  into  general  cultivation.  Mr.  Need- 
ham  has  in  his  possession  the  original  plant,  and 
all  that  have  been  propagated  from  it ;  and  in  the 
spring  he  hopes  to  be  able  to  supply  demands  for 
them  from  abroad.  A  visit  to  Mr.  Needham's 
garden  before  his  bushes  are  picked,  would  richly 
compensate  one  curious  in  such  matters,  for  his 
trouble.  The  cold  weather  of  the  past  week  has 
given  some  of  the  specimens  I  send  a  darker  colour 
than  naturally  belongs  to  them.  The  berry  is 
usually  as  light  coloured  and  transparent  as  a  Sweet- 
water Grape.    W.  F  P." 

Mr.  Needham  has  also  circulated  the  following 
memorandum  concerning  this  fruit : — "  The  fruit  is 
sweeter  than  the  common  Blackberry,  rich  and 
delicious,  with  a  fine  Mulberry  flavour,  and  of  good 
size  ;  it  is  the  colour  of  the  white  Sweetwater  Grape, 
when  partly  shaded,  but  when  it  grows  in  the  open 
air  it  is  of  a  darker  hue.  The  bush  grows  from 
4  to  6  feet  in  heii;ht,  and  branches  out  like  a  Pine 
tree  (that  grows  in  open  pasture),  beginning  about 
4  inches  from  the  ground,  and  every  limb  is  loaded 
with  fruit  to  its  utmost  capacity  ;  the  two  lower 
sets  are  brought  to  the  ground  by  its  weight.  One 
bush,  covering  a  space  of  ground  4  feet  in  diameter, 
has  produced  11  quarts  of  fine  fruit  this  season. 
The  bushes  stand  in  an  open  and  exposed  situation, 
and  have  had  no  protection  of  any  kind ;  they 
have  wintered  well  ever  since  they  were  found, 
and  have  borne  every  year.  It  forms  a  succession 
of  the  small  fruits,  coming  in  just  after  the 
Kaspberry,  about  the  25th  of  July,  and  con- 
tinues bearing  fiom  20  to  30  days,  and  is  then 
followed  by  the  wild  high  bush  Blackberry.  It 
flourishes  on  soils  varying  from  moist  to  dry, 
but  the  best  is  a  rich,  deep,  rather  moist  soil. 
It  needs  liberal  manuring  and  good  culture. 
Prripag.ite  by  olT^ets,  set  5  feet  by  8,  and  in  two  years 
they  will  cover  Ihe  ground;  other  crops  may  be 
raised  in  the  spaces  in  the  mean  time.  The  Black- 
berry bears  on  the  growthot  last  year's  canes.    After 


the  berries  have  been  taken  o£F,  cut  away  at  the 
ground  all  the  old  ^tem8  and  the  feeble  ones,  leaving 
two  of  the  best  canes.  The  stump  or  main  root  of 
my  plants  that  are  four  years  old  are  as  larj;e  as  a! 
man's  wrist.  The  best  manure  is  ashes,  leached  or 
unleached,  worked  into  the  soil,  and  mulching  is  of 
great  service." 

We  have  seen  a  plant  of  this  variety,  sent  to  the 
Horticultural  Society  by  Mr.  Needham,  and  we  are 
able  to  say  that  it  is  not  known  in  this  country. 
Whether  it  will  prove  in  England  to  have  all  the 
good  qualities  ascribed  to  it  in  the  United  States, 
we  shall  learn  hereafter.  In  the  meanwhile,  it  seems 
desirable  to  assist  in  giving  publicity  to  Mr. 
Needham's  discovery. 

We  need  not  say  that  the  Mealy  Bi;g  is  the 
despair  of  the  dirty  gardener,  and  the  pe^t  of  the 
most  careful.  There  is  not  a  reader  of  our  columns 
who  does  not  know  how  formidable  are  the  attacks  of 
this  little  creature  ;  how  difficult  he  is  to  expel  ;  and 
how  rapidly  he  covers  a  plant  with  his  hideous 
wool.  No  wonder  then  that  a  paragraph  in  our 
last  Number  (p.  821),  announcing  thai  at  last  an 
effectual  remedy  for  the  evil  had  been  discovered, 
should  have  atti  acted  attention.  The  writer  asserts 
that  a  preparation,  sold  by  a  Mr.  Clarke,  effectually 
destroys  the  bug,  without  injury  to  the  plant.  We 
now  produce  evidence  which  seems  to  confirm  the 
statement. 

Mr.  Gordon,  who  has  been  trying  it  in  the  garden 
of  the  Horticultural  Society,  reports  that  it  answers 
well  the  intended  purpose,  if  applied  exactly  as 
directed  in  a  printed  paper,  circulated  along  with 
the  composition.  In  no  case  was  this  preparation 
found  to  injure  the  plants  to  which  it  was  applied  j 
and  the  insects  rapidly  disappeared  umler  its  in- 
fluence. More  than  one  or  even  two  applications  is, 
however,  required  to  effect  a  perfect  cleansing  of  the 
infested  plants. 

Should  the  price  at  which  this  substance  is  sold 
be  moderate,  the  gardener  will  find  it  very  much 
better  to  buy  it  than  to  attempt  to  make  a  substitute, 
for  he  will  have  the  certainty  of  being  armed  with  a 
power  which  is  irresistible.  But  it  the  price  should 
be  too  high,  then  it  would  be  worth  while  to  try 
the  effect  of  a  mixture  of  soft  soap,  tobacco  water, 
black  sulphur,  and  a  small  quantity  of  spirits  of 
turpentine. 

We  had  written  this,  when  a  communication  from 
Mr.  Kidd,  of  Garnstone,  reached  us,  and  which  is 
printed  elsewhere.  He  seems  to  have  been  unfor- 
tunate in  his  use  of  the  preparation  in  question ; 
but,  as  it  has  succeeded  in  some  places,  it  cannot 
well  fail  in  others,  provided  proper  precautions  are 
observed  in  its  use. 


We  are  at  last  enabled  to  say  that  the  patentees 
of  the  Glass  Walls  are  ready  to  commence  opera- 
tions, and  to  give  prices.  In  our  advertis-ing  columns 
full  particulars  will  be  found.  Plans,  too,  have 
been  prepared,  and  may  be  had  upon  application  to 
the  proper  parties.  For  ourselves,  we  have  nothing 
to  add  to  what  we  have  already  said  upon  the  subject; 
our  opinion  remains  unaffected  by  the  comments  and 
suggestions  of  our  correspondents.  It  is  clear,  that 
what  we  must  look  to  is  experience,  which  alone 
can  tell  us  all  we  want  to  know.  In  the  mean- 
while, it  seems  to  us  that  the  invention  cannot 
fail  to  be  of  very  great  value,  whether  or  not  it 
answers  all  the  purposes  which  its  more  sanguine 
advocates  anticipate. 

Some  communications  and  suggestions  that  have 
reached  us  would,  we  think,  be  considered  more 
advantageously  after  a  few  walls  had  been  tried ; 
and  we  had  intended  to  defer  all  these  matters  to  a 
future  day.  But  upon  further  consideration  we 
observe  that  they  do  not  so  much  affect  the  questiou 
of  glass  walls  as  recommend  other  and  different 
applications  of  glass.  We  shall  therefore  launch 
them  at  once,  so  that  the  public  may  judge  for 
itself.  Some  may  think  the  old  greenhouse 
roof  incapable  of  improvement,  and  superior  to 
all  other  contrivances;  and  this  is  in  effect  the 
meaning  of  a  paper  from  Mr.  Rivers,  who  prefers  his 
own  "orchard  house."  Others  may  believe  that 
they  have  hit  upon  a  very  different  and  much  better 
application  of  glass.  All  such  proposiiions  do  not 
touch  the  merits  of  glass  walls,  whatever  those  merits 
may  be,  and  can  only  be  looked  at  as  separate  and 
independent  questions. 

THE  MANDARIN  ORANGE. 
Few  plants  better  merit  the  notice  of  cultivators  than 
this  variety  of  the  Citrus  family.  As  an  oruauiental 
plant,  its  recommendations  are  of  the  liigliest  order  ; 
itH  pure  glossy  foliage,  its  snow-whitedelieiuusly  i'ragrant 
blossoms,  its  dwarf  and  soiiiewliat  forniui  ^^rowili,  and 
tliu  profusion  of  green  or  yollow  Iruit  wiili  wliicli  it  is 
loaded  tluring  nine  jiioiitliH  of  the  year,  elaini  lor  it  a 
ijltire  in  every  eolli-'utiou.  liut  it  is  ))rijiL-ipall_v  as  a  I'ruit- 
h'  aring  pliuit  that  _  I  am    uovv  about  to  rotoiumcud 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Jan.  3, 


this  variety.  Its  produce  is  decidedly  the  best  of 
all  the  varieties  of  the  Ox'ange,  and  it  ripens  at  a  season 
■when  gardeners  cannot  supply  a  great  variety  of  fruits, 
on  which  account  alone  it  is  worth  all  the  attention 
which  it  requires.  Those  who  know  the  Mandarin 
Orange  only  from  samples  purchased  in  shops  cannot 
judge  of  its  merits,  as  its  skin,  when  ripe,  is  too  tender 
to  bear  the  ordinary  treatment  of  imported  Oranges  ; 
and  if  gathered  before  it  is  ripe,  it  will  never  attain 
perfection  ;  hence  it  is  rarely  met  with  in  anything  like 
its  best  condition,  except  where  it  can  be  gathered  from 
the  tree  and  eaten.  It  never  can  be  so  treated  as  to 
retain  the  full  i-Ichness  of  its  aromatic  and  musky 
flavour  for  many  weeks  after  it  is  gathered.  With  care 
it  may  be  kept  for  a  month  or  six  weeks,  and  be  found 
a  rich  sweet  fruit ;  but  the  peculiarity  of  flavour,  which 
renders  it  so  agreeable  to  many  palates,  will  be  wanting. 
Attention  to  the  following  method  of  cultivating  it  will 
enablt  my  gardener  possessing  the  requisite  accommo- 
dation vo  \uruish  a  supply  of  its  fruit  during  the  winter 
months. 

As  plants  may  be  purchased  at  a  moderate  price,  and 
true  to  name,  in  most  respectable  nurseries,  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  occupy  space  with  any  detailed  instructions 
regarding  its  propagation.  This  may,  however,  be 
effected  by  means  of  cuttings,  budding,  or  grafting  ;  but 
the  latter  method  is  generally  practised,  and  will  be 
found  the  best  as  well  as  the  most  expeditious.  Stocks 
may  be  obtained  sufficiently  strong  for  grafting  in  tlie 
course  of  one  season,  by  sowing  seeds  of  the  common 
Orange,  and  keeping  the  plants  growing  in  a  moist  and 
rather  warm  pit  or  house.  With  these  and  a  supply  of 
scions  there  is  as  little  difficulty  in  grafting  the  Orange 
as  the  Apple.  I  generally  perform  the  operation  as 
early  in  the  season  as  I  can  make  it  convenient  to  place 
the  plants  in  a  gentle  bottom  heat,  and  if  it  is  desirable 
to  have  strong  specimens  in  the  shorte^-t  possible  time 
this  should  be  attended  to.  At  whatever  season 
grafting  may  be  performed,  the  plants  should  be 
placed  in  a  close  damp  pit,  where  they  can  be 
shaded  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  and  kept 
warm  and  moist.  If  treated  in  this  way,  a  union 
will  be  effected  in  the  course  of  a  month  or  six  weeics  ; 
this  will  be  indicated  by  the  growth  of  the  scions.  As 
soon  as  it  is  evident  that  they  have  taken,  the  plants 
should  be  gradually  exposed  to  a  freer  circulation  of 
air,  and  they  may  be  removed  to  some  airy  situation 
when  the  first  growth  is  accomplished.  After  remaining 
in  a  more  exposed  place  for  a  month  or  six  weeks,  in 
order  to  ripen  their  wood,  they  may  be  returned  to  a 
close,  moist,  warm  house,  and.  encouraged  to  make  a 
second  growth,  which  should  be  carefully  ripened  by 
gradual  exposure  to  air  and  sun,  previous  to  winter. 
With  attention  to  shifting  as  they  may  require  it,  and  a 
liberal  supply  of  manure  water,  they  will  form  nice 
bushy  plants  by  the  end  of  the  second  season  after 
grafting,  and  may  be  allowed  to  cany  from  18  to  24 
fruit  each  the  third  season. 

Althougli  I  have  said  nothing  about  insects,  I  hardly 
expect  much  progress  will  be  made  in  the  growth  of 
any  variety  of  the  Orange  tribe  without  trouble  from 
these  pests..  They  are  all  especial  favourites  with  the 
brown  scale,  and  this  variety  is  not  exempt  from  its 
attacks.  After  having  syringed  with  water  at  a  tempe- 
rature of  170°,  and  tried  various  recommendations,  I 
can  recommend  nothing  better  for  clearing  the  plants  of 
this  nuisance  than  the  old  tedious  practice  of  removing 
it  by  means  of  a  brush  and  soft  soap  and  water.  This 
method  requires  time  and  patience,  but  an  active  person 
will  get  over  more  surface  in  a  given  time  than  a 
strivnger  to  the  work  would  suppose.  I  invariably  clean 
my  plants  in  this  way  every  winter  ;  at  least,  such  of 
them  as  T  grow  in  heat.  Those  which  are  kept  in  the 
conseivatory  seldom  require  any  further  attention,  in 
this  respect,  than  an  occasional  syringing  with  hot  water; 
but  this  must  not  be  applied  in  any  case,  except  the 
trees  are  in  a  state  of  rest ;  for,  if  water  is  thrown  upon 
the  young  and  tender  foliage  at  a  temperature  above 
120",  it  will  cause  instant  death  to  it. 

In  January  I  commence  forcing  my  first  house  of 
Vines,  and  I  place  my  plants  of  the  Mandarin  Orange, 
which  are  intended  to  produce  fruit,  in  the  most  suit- 
able situation  as  respects  light,  &c.,  which  this  house 
affords  ;  they  remain  there  until  the  Grapes  begin  to 
colour,  when  they  are  removed  to  the  best  places  which 
can  be  found  for  them  under  the  Vines  in  the  latest 
house;  here  they  remain  until  the  cause  just  mentioned 
requires  them  to  be  removed,  and  tliis  occurs  about  the 
middle  of  October,  by  which  time  their  fruit  will  have 
attained  its  full  size.  I  now  place  a  portion  of  the  plants 
in  some  spare  corner  of  the  stove,  or  any  warm  pit, 
where  tliey  may  ripen  their  fruit,  and  the  remainder 
are  accommodated  in  any  cool  house,  until  witliiu  a 
fortnight  of  their  fruit  being  wanted,  they  are  then 
removed  to  the  stations  which  were  occupied  by  those 
which  were  placed  in  heat  in  order  to  atford  the  first 
supply  of  ripe  fruit,  and  from  which  they  are  taken 
away  immediately  their  fruit  is  ripe.  Whether  the 
latter  be  gathered  or  not,  the  plants  should  not  be 
allowed  to  remain  in  heat  after  it  is  ripe,  or  they  will  be 
excited  into  premature  growth,  and  will  commence 
flowering,  &c.,  and  will  be  altogether  worthless  for 
the  following  seas  'U.  The  fruit  should  be  all  ripened  by 
the  end  of  December,  and  if  not  wanted  for  use  may  be 
allowed  to  remain  upon  the  trees,  in  a  cool  house  until 
about  the  end  of  Januar}*,  when  the  trees  must  be  cleared 
of  insects,  potted,  &c.,  and  placed  under  similar  eircuin- 
stancGS  to  those  recommended  for  last  season's  cam- 
paign. Such  of  the  fruit  as  may  remain  upon  the  trees 
"'?.eu  it  becomes  necessai-y  to  clean  them,  &e.,  may  be 


gathered  and  wrapped  in  clean  soft  paper,  and  placed 
in  a  drawer  in  the  fruit-room,  or  in  any  cool  place, 
where  it  will  keep  for  six  weeks  without  more  injury 
tlian  the  loss  of  its  rich  aromatic  flavour. 

There  are  several  peculiarities  noticeable  in  the  cul- 
ture of  this  tree  which  I  have  not  referred  to  ;  but,  if 
the  above  instructions  be  followed,  none  of  them  will  be 
met  with ;  hence  it  is  unnecessary  to  occupy  space  with 
any  reference  to  them.  I  must  not,  however,  forget  to 
put  the  beginner  on  his  guard  against  the  attacks  of  red 
spider,  which  will  be  sure  to  make  its  appearance  unless 
the  syringe  is  liberally  used  ;  but,  except  where  the 
plants  are  in  flower,  this  may  be  employed  so  as  to  en- 
tirely prevent  any  injury  from  this  source  ;  and,  if 
through  neglect  or  any  other  cause,  the  plants  get  in- 
fested with  these  atoms  of  destruction,  they  are  easily 
removed  by  means  of  a  good  washing  with  a  powerful 
garden  engine. 

The  soil  which  I  use  for  this  variety  of  the  Orange  is 
one-third  turfy  peat,  two-thirds  rich  turfy  loam,  and  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  sand  to  secure  porosity  after  the 
fibre  is  decayed.  I  also  add  a  quantity  of  bones  roughly 
brolten  ;  but  t  am  not  particular  about  the  proportion 
this  may  bear  to  the  whole  compost ;  one-fourth  will  be 
beneficial  rather  tlian  otherwise,  or  if  inconvenient  to 
obtain,  they  may  b©  omitted  altogether.  As  regards 
potting,  &c.,  this  should  be  attended  to  as  the  plants 
;  may  require  it.  I  generally  pot  early  each  season,  but 
'  as  I  am  not  anxious  to  encourage  the  plants  to  make 
'  very  rapid  growth,  but  rather  to  keep  them  of  a 
I  moderate  size,  and  aim  rather  at  the  production  of 
well  matured  fruit-bearing  wood,  I  pot  only  where  this 
is  necessai'y  for  the  health  of  the  plants,  and  supply 
them  during  the  growing  season  with  clear  manure 
water  from  the  stable  tank,  to  which  I  occasionally  add 
a  little  guano,  letting  it  remain  for  24  hours  at  least 
before  applying  it  to  the  trees.  This  will  be  found  to 
obviate  the  necessity  of  very  large  pots,  and  frequent 
shifting.  Alpha. 


GLASS  WALLS, 
When  I  first  heard  of  these  structures,  and  before  1 
had  seen  any  description  of  them,  I  imagined  them  to 
be  built  with  thick  glass  slabs  fastened  to  iron  uprights, 
with  a  wide  glass  coping  and  wire  trellis  back  and  front  ; 
and  I  thought  the  idea  good,  combining  ornament  with 
utility,  as  such  walls  would  form  a  strong  fence.  1  saw 
the  models  of  what  should  he  called  glass-cases,  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Horticultural  Society  in  Regent-street,  on 
the  2d  nit.  ;  and  althouL;h  struck  with  their  neatness, 
I  did  not  feel  at  all  satisfied  that  the  glass  and  iron  em- 
ployed was  put  to  its  most  economical  use  ;  for  I 
reckoned  that  a  glass-case   10   feet  high,  would,  when 


A  A  A  A,  trellis  ;  B  B,  sunken  path. 
formed  into  a  span-roofed  house,  be  more  efficacious' 
!  give  greater  results,  and  be  far  more  agreeable,  and  so 
j  I  came  home  ;  and  now  I  give  you  a  section  of  a  span- 
I  roofed   trellis  house,  which   will   give  one-third    more 
;  surface  of  trellis  under  glass,  much  room  for  the  stowage 
■  or  cultivation  of  many  plants,  an   agreeable  place  for  a 
'  promenade,    equal    ripening  power,  and  last,   but  not 
least,  shelter  at  all  times  for  the  cultivator  to  prune  and 
'  dress  his  trees  ;  and  this  is  done  by  simply  muking  the 
two  upright    walls — supposing   your   glass    wall  to  be 
10    feet    high,  as    it     ought    to    be  —  into    a    span- 
j  roofed   house,    15    feet  in    width.      My    trellis    house, 
I  which    I    here    recommend    to   build,    will,   with    its 
I  two    10    feet    slopes,   at    a    sharp    angle,  give  15  feet 
I  ground   width  ;    aloug  its   centre  will    be  two  upright 
I  trellises,    18   inches     apart,     two    sunken  paths,    each 
5    feet    wide    and    18    inches   deep,  will  have   to    the 
right    of    one    a    trellis  5  feet  high,  or  thereabouts  ; 
to  the  left  of  the  other  a  trellis  of  equal  height.     To  the 
high  trellises  in  the  centre  of  the  house   1  propose  to 
train  Grapes.     To  the  low  trellises,  Peaches  and  Necta- 
rines.    The  house  will  be  about  N.E.  and  S.W.,  thus 
giving  an  equal  distribution  of  sun  light.     The  roof  will 
be  fixed,  the  rafters  20  inches  asunder,  and  ventilators 
placed  along  its  apex.*    The  ventilation  at  the  sides  will, 
however,  be  found  nearly  or  quite  sufficient ;  this  is  done 
by  shutters  on    hinges  close  under  the  plates,  which, 
where  economy  is  not  an  object,  may  be  glazed.     My 
plates  will  be  nailed  on  to  the  Oak  uprights  (iron   may 
be  employed),  4  feet  in  height,  which  will  give  a  height 
in  the  centre  of  8  feet.     The  sunken  path  gives  more 
head  room,  and  makes  it  more  ai^reeable  to  get  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  trees  wilh<mt  exc-'ssive  stonimtt;.    Now 

'  Ml    Beileiiiien  iLur,  of  Uheohuuti  has  thtse  rooi  ven  iiatot  s, 
which  inswer  ve  y  well. 


to  the  point.  Can  this  increased  trellis  surface  and  all  its 
agreeable  accompaniments  be  given  at  the  same 
cost  as  one  of  the  patent  "glass  walls."  I  say 
decidedly  yes  ;  simply  by  using  wood  in  lieu  of  iron 
for  uprights  for  the  trellises  and  the  whole  structure.  I 
can  scarcely  believe  that  a  patent  can  or  will  be  granted 
for  such  structures  ;  as  well  might  Sir  J.  Paxton  have 
taken  out  a  patent  for  his  ridge  and  furrow  houses,  or 
Mr.   Bellenden  Ker  for  his  trellis. 

It  is  acknowledged  that  glass  cases,  built  after  the 
models  exhibited,  can  form  no  fence  to  a  garden.  Why, 
then,  waste  glass  and  iron  in  covering  a  confined  space, 
whenthesame  quantity  of  materials,  otherwise  employed, 
would  cover  a  comparatively  large  space,  and  give  so 
many  more  square  yards  of  a  southern  climate  ?  The 
sliding  sashes,  the  hinged  roof,  the  iron  grooved  uprights, 
as  seen  in  the  models,  must  all  lead  to  expense,  and  I  am 
most  confident  that  a  better  end  may  be  obtained  by 
means  far  more  simple.  Thos.  Rivers. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 

(Cage  Bieds,  No.  43  ) 
No.  LX.  — ■  All  hail  to  the  new  year  !  May  it 
prove,  like  the  old  year,  now  no  more,  a  kind  protector 
to  the  feathered  tribes  !  If  birds  be  possessed  of  a 
retentive  memory,  we  feel  sure  they  will  ever  bear  in 
lively  remembrance  all  the  seasons  of"  1851.^' 

Having  now  thoroughly  disposed  of  the  incidental 
inquiry  about  the  capabilities,  intellect,  and  instinct  of 
the  lower  and  higher  classes  of  animals — a  subject  that 
has  excited  an  extraordinary  degree  of  interest,  we 
will  now  leisurely  return  to  our  accustomed  and 
straightforward  duties  ;  for,  whilst  discoursing  of  birds, 
we  cannot  feel  otherwise  than  *'  at  home."  The  year 
is  yet  young,  and  out-of-door  observations  can  as  yet 
avail  us  little  in  the  way  of  novel  observation.  It  is 
pleasing  however  to  know,  though  not  quite  so  easy 
to  perceive,  that  the  days  are  gradually  lengthening. 
Also  to  know  that  the  sun  has  actually  commenced  his 
new  annual  course  ;  and  that,  though  feeble,  his  en- 
livening countenance  is  shining  upon  us  brighter  and 
brighter  every  day. 

Still,  winter  is  upon  us,  and  we  must  for  a  little 
season  amuse  ourselves  in-doors  as  well  as  out ;  for  the 
voices  of  the  birds  are  yet  "small,"  their  'harps  hung 
upon  the  willows.'  It  is  a  painful  sight  to  see  how  some- 
of  our  tiny  friends  are  benumbed  with  the  cold  ;  but  it  is 
more  than  compensated  by  the  pleasure  we  feel  in  wel- 
coming them  to  the  hospitality  of  our  table.  The  wrens, 
the  robins,  '  Dickey  Dunnock,'  and  the  blue-headed  tit- 
mouse, fiock  around  us  on  every  side  ;  and  many  a- 
grateful  song  do  we  get  by  the  way,  in  return  for  a  few 
crumbs  of  bread  thrown  out  of  the  window. 

January,  in  its  early  days,  is  a  cold,  wet,  drizzly,  un- 
satisfactory month — a  month  of  colds  and  asthma, 
rheumatism  and  lumbago.  All  nature  partakes  of  its 
bUghting  influence.  Still  it  comes  with  its  awakening, 
hand,  and  shakes  grey-bearded  old  Winter  in  his  chilly 
sleep. 

•'  A  wrinltled,  crabbed  man,  they  picture  thee, 
Old  Win'er;  with  a  rujjged  be:ird,  as  grey 
As  the  long  mo-s  upou  the  Apple  tree 
Blue-lipt,  an  ice-drop  at  thy  sharp,  blue  nose  ; 
Clo^ie  miifflifd  up,  and  on  thy  dreary  way 
Pl<iddin|^  alone  through  Gleet  and  dril'fitig  snowB." 

Rude  too  and  violent  is  the  awakening  hand  of  January, 
causing  the  very  icicles  which  bind  old  Winter  down, 
to  rattle  again,  whilst  breathing  into  his  frozen  ear 
tidings  that  each  successive  day  is  longer  than  the  last  ^ 
and  bidding  him  prepare  to  abdicate  in  favour  of  the 
tender,  delicate  Snowdrops,  whose  graceful  heads  are 
even  now  visible  as  they  exert  their  growing  energies  to 
make  their  way  through  the  frost-bound  earth  : — 

"Nature!  great  pareiit- !  whose  uncea=inp;  hand 
RoHb  round  the  seasons  of  the  changeful  year. 
How  mighty,  how  m^'jestic,  are  thy  works  ! 
With  what  a  p'easi'ii;  dread  they  swell  the  snul 
That  stes  astonished  !  and  astonished  sings  !  " 

How  wearisomely  would  the  year  pass  away,  but  for 
these  changes  !  How  would  life  hang  heavily  on  our 
hands,  were  it  not  for  the  opening  and  shutting  of  the 
days,  the  advent  and  departure  of  flowers,  the  arrival 
and  disappearance  of  birds,  the  infinitely-numerous  races 
of  insects,  the  wan  coldness  of  winter,  and  the  ruddy 
warmth  of  summer— all  imparting  to  the  year  forms 
which  correspond  to  our  own  changing  existence  ! 

We  have  lately  taken  several  strolls  among  the  lanes- 
and  bye-roads,  with  a  view  to  reconnoitre  the  doings, 
and  try  to  catch  the  voices,  of  the  early  birds  of  song  ; 
but  alas !  save  the  musical  wren,  the  robin,  and  the 
hedge-sparrow,  all  has  been  desolation.  The  fields  look 
cold  and  comfortless,  the  trees  naked,  and  the  hedges 
bare.  A  skylark  now  and  then  has  risen  on  the  wing, 
and  given  utterance  to  his  short,  winter  note  ;  a  thrush 
and  a  blackbird,  too,  have  been  heard  whistling  low  ; 
but  no  joyous  efTusions  of  vernal  melody.  All  this  has 
yet  to  come,  and  it  is  worth  waiting  patiently  for. 

The  notes  of  birds  evidently  undergo  some  extraordi- 
nary changes  during  the  autumn  and  the  winter  ;  for  we 
find  them  making  many  vain  attempts  to  sing  in  January, 
without  having  the  power  to  exercise  their  full  compass. 
Thedifficulty  of  utteranceappears  to  arise  from  some  phy- 
sical impediment ;  and  this  impediment  is  only  gradually 
removed.  Jenyns  corroborates  my  observations  ;  for 
he  remarks  that  as  the  temperature  increases,  their 
system  receives  a  corresponding  stimulus,  their  song 
hecomes  more  melodious,  and  also  much  louder.  If  my 
readers  will  test  this  by  noticing  the  movements  of  the 
various  tribes,  tliey  will  not  find  it  an  unprofitable 
occupation. 

Having  offered  these  preliminai'y  remarks,  particu- 
larly fcufed'oo  the  opening  of  auewyear — when  most  birds 


1—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


are  silent,  I  will  at  once  proceed  to  speak  of  the  choris- 
ters who  usually  take  the  earliest  part  in  the  harmony 
of  the  season.  Every  successive  week  will  now  be  telling 
of  something  new,  something  delightful.  Our  first  hero 
of  the  year  will  be  the  Blackbird  ;  at  present,  as  I 
have  said,  his  voice  is  audible  indeed,  but  small.  It  will 
however  daily  gain  an  accession  of  power.  Whilst 
viewing  this  noble,  happy  fellow  in  the  country,  and  listen- 
ing to  his  mellow,  joyous  song  from  the  top  of  a  lofty 
tree,  we  feel  we  could  write  "up"  to  him  with  spirit  ; 
but  as  we  shall  have  to  treat  of  him  as  a  prisoner  im- 
mured in  a  dungeon,  we  shall  also,  malkeureusement,  have 
to  write  "  down  "  to  him.  It  is,  however,  a  self-imposed 
task,  and  we  shall  not  shrink  from  it.  We  shall,  never- 
theless, plead  hard  for  him,  and  entreat  that  his  life  may 
be  made  as  happy  as  it  can  he  under  existing  circum- 
stances.  'William  Kidd. 


HERBS. 

No.  I. — I  PURPOSE  giving  a  series  of  short  articles 
upon  herbs  and  salads.  It  may  be  supposed  that  little 
can  be  said  respecting  such  things  ;  but  as  London 
growers,  whom  I  have  already  shown  to  be  first  class 
cultivators  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  have  also  a  few  knick- 
knack  ways  of  managing  herbs  and  salads,  I  hope  that 
what  I  may  have  to  state  in  the  course  of  my  papers 
will  be  found  of  some  service. 

Herbs  and  salads  are  Natm'e's  medicine  ;  and  if  man 


as  it  does  not  exclude  light,  and  it  may  be  easily  applied  ; 
viz.,  by  using  double  glass.  Let  the  outside  glass  be 
made  secure  with  putty  in  the  usual  way  ;  but  the  inside 
glass  will  do  to  slide  in  grooves  under  the  outer  glass, 
leaving  a  cavity  of  an  inch  between.  In  the  summer 
months,  this  glass  could  be  taken  and  packed  away.  No 
putty  would  be  required  with  it,  when  in  the  grooves,  as 
the  action  of  the  frost  would  not  reach  it,  and  by  having 
a  cavity  of  air  between  the  outer  and  inner  glass  it 
would,  doubtless,  have  the  desired  effect  in  preventing 
radiation.  The  manner  in  which  I  would  fix  the  glass 
would  be  this.  Supposing  a  sash  4  feet  broad,  I  would 
let  the  centre  bar  be  a  little  deeper  inside  than  any  of 
the  others,  with  a  groove  on  each  side  ^  of  an  inch  deep  ; 
let  one  be  made  also  on  the  inner  sides  of  the  frame  ; 
the  glass  could  then  be  put. in  horizontally  with  the 
greatest  ease,  or  taken  out,  and  two  squares,  lengthways, 
would  reach  across  the  light  and  look  very  neat.  C.  E. 

Tomatoes, — The  Tomato  is  generally  cultivated  in 
noblemen  and  gentlemen's  gardens ;  but  in  cold  late 
summers  it  can  rarely  be  got  to  ripen  before  theautumn 
frosts  set  in,  although  strong  plants  are  put  out  by  the 
middle  of  May,  and  trained  to  a  south  wall.  This  at 
least  is  my  case,  but  probably  some  of  your  readers 
can  give  a  hint  as  to  obtaining  an  early  supply.  I 
received  three  varieties  in  the  shape  of  seeds  late  last 
spring,  from  a  friend  who  brought  them  direct  from 
Virginia,  They  were  named  the  "  Pear-shaped,"  the 
'^  Egg-shaped,"  and  the  "  Large-red,"  all  red  sorts,  the 
All  of  them  possessed 


a  fine  smooth  skin,  without  the  furrow  common  to  the 
old  sorts,  and  I  should  prefer  the  large  red  to  the  old 
kind.  It  would  probably  not  grow  quite  so  large  but 
it  has  a  much  nicer  appearance.  Although  later  in 
being  sown  and  planted  out  than  the  old  sort,  they  beat 
it  in  earlier  ripening,  thereby  confirming  the  well 
known  axiom  in  vegetable  physiology,  that  plants 
habituated  to  early  excitement  will  flower  and  fruit 
sooner  than  those  on  which  no  such  treatment  has  been 
practised.  Perhaps  this  disposition  is  more  inherent 
in  plants  than  seeds.  Seeds  from  warmer  climates  are 
however  to  be  preferred  ;  for  in  them  early  and  well 
matured  habits,  for  centuries,  would  not  be  destroyed 
for  two  or  three  years.  This  is  a  point  therefore  to 
which  nurserymen  should  attend.  W.  Broioriy  Merevale, 
Dec.  I. 

Covering  Fruit  Walls  with  Qlass. — As  the  attention 
of  the  horticultural  public  has  been  drawn  to  this 
subject,  I  send  you  a  section  of  a  plan  lately  adopted 
by  Sir  John  Conroy,  in  covering  42  yards  of  old  wall 
with  glass,  and   which  appears  to   me   to  be  a  very 


were  to  use  more  of  them  in  connection  with  his  daily  _  _ 

food,  he  would  pass  on  through  life  in  a  much  more    '^st  mentioned  being  the  best 

comfortable  way  than  he  at  present  does;  for  there  is    ~  '  "'       ^ 

scarcely  a  plant,  however  humble,  that  has  not  its  medi- 
cinal purposes.     People  of  every  clime  know  this,  and 

even  animals  are  led  by  instinct  to  select  those  wliich 

their  wants  at  particular  times  require.     Those  persons 

who  use  a  fair  proportion  of  fruits,  vegetables,  herbs, 

and  salads,  are  always  in  better  health  than  those  who 

live  largely,  and  almost  exclusively,  upon  animal  food. 

The  bad  effects  of  the  latter  kind  of  food  becomes  more 

especially  apparent  in  winter,  when  their  usual  exercise 

is  comparatively  limited.     In  what  I  have  to  say  on 

the  subject,  I  sliall  confine  myself  entirely  to  a  few  of 

those  herbs  and  salads  which  require  particular  modes 

of  cultivation. 
_  I  have  repeatedly  visited  the  herb  grounds  of  various 

districts,  and  more  especially  those  of  Mitch.am  in  Sur- 
rey, some  nine  miles  south  of  London,  where  hundreds 

of  acres  of  many  sorts  of  herbs  are  grown.  So  extensive, 

indeed,  are  these  fields,  that  on  approaching  that  locality 

in  the  summer  time,  with  the  wind  in  the  south-west,  the 

combination  of  odours  can  be  easily  discovered  in  the 

air,  which  is  "  redolent  with  sweetness."     Mr.  Richard 

Arthur,  brother  to  a  large  grower  there,  showed  me  a 
large  bottle  of  oil  of  Lavender,  whose  value,  he  said, 
■was  six  guineas,  fcvery  bit  of  ground  in  front  of  the 
cottage  doors  is  full  of  herbs,  which  receive  universal 
attention  here.  In  some  places  I  saw  a  great  deal  of 
Groundsel  and  Chickweed  getting  ready  for  the  London 
cage  birds.  Hundreds  of  the  poor  of  our  great  metro- 
polis make  a  living  by  travelling  into  various  country 
districts  after  birds'  food ;  and  many  of  them  have  a 
knowledge  of  wild  herbs,  which  they  bring  home  for  the 
herbalists,  beyond  what  might  be  expected  of  them.  I 
may  state  here,  in  a  preliminary  way,  that  herbs  ought 
not  to  be  planted  in  any  hole  or  corner  ;  they  should  be 
grown  in  full  sun-light,  as  fine  flavour  depends  upon  ex- 
posure just  as  much  in  their  case  as  in  that  of  the 
finest  fruits  or  vegetables.  I  hope  that  gardeners 
will  not  think  I  am  instructing  them  in  this  matter. 
They  must  bear  in  mind  that  all  the  world  are  not  gar- 
deners, and  that  amateurs  and  tradesmen  generally  want 
to  know  something  about  herbs  ;  and  as  my  articles  are 
likely  to  be  largely  quoted  in  provincial  papers,  I  hope 
that  some  good  may  be  derived  from  them. 

Herb  management  is  not  very  well  understood  ;  in  the 
case  of  Liquorice,  for  instance,  writers  on  this  subject 
fay — Plant  cuttings  of  the  root  (query,  which  roots),  18 
uiches  apart  in  February  ;  again,  as  respects  Mint,  they 
oirect  divisions  of  the  roots  to  be  put  in  in  Febru,ary  or 
March,  but  tiiis  is  not  the  kind  of  information  that  is 
wanted  ;  there  is  a  large  number  of  herbs  Jiot  in  daily 
nse,  to  which  the  above  may  apply,  and  which  may  be 
passed  over  by  saying— divide  the  roots,  plant  in  .March  : 
nut  of  those  in  great  demand,  it  is  like  saying  skin  a 
hare  and  cook  it— but  how  ?  I  am  also  prepared  to 
state  that  the  most  luxuriant  herbage,  and  finest 
blossoms  are  to  be  obtained  from  plants  put  in  in 
November,  because  they  have  ample  time  to  make  good 
roots  before  winter.  Mint,  perliaps,  may  be  an  excep- 
tion, for  .f  this  13  planted  out  in  well  prepared  ground  in 
April,  and  when  the  shoots  have  grown  four  inches  long, 
just  raised,  roots  and  all,  and  its  head  nipped  off,  it  is 
astonhshing  what  splendid  herbage  and  strong  blo.ssom 
It  will  produce  by  autumn.  The  cultivation  of  Liquorice 
and  Lavender  will,  I  hope,  be  found  of  interest ;  but  the 
extraordinary  way  of  managing  some  aOf)  acres  of  Pep- 
permint for  distillation,  surprised  me  more  than  all  the 
rest,  im  well  a.s  the  store  houses  for  drying  the  herbs 
which,  more  especially  in  liot  wcatlier,  they  could  not  do' 
without.  Some  account  of  these,  however,  together 
With  that  of  the  culture  of  the  different  herbs  "taken 
«n«(iV«,will  form  the  subjects  of  future  communications 
James  CiUhill,  C'anilierwell. 


Jerusalem  Artiehol;e  introduced  largely  into  game 
preserves.  In  the  severest  weather  the  instinct  of  the 
birds  leads  them  to  seek  out  the  Artichokes,  which  from 
the  dens©  covering  of  their  own  leaves  are  always 
tolerably  preserved  from  frost ;  by  which  means  the 
pheasants  are  able  to  feed,  to  all  appearance,  as  well  as 
in  open  weather.  The  expense  of  tlie  first  planting  would 
be  very  inconsiderable  ;  and  when  once  planted  they 
would  soon  increase  themselves  to  any  degree,    W.  //. 

J'mpa(/u.iion  nf  /Ids.— Yoar  correspondent,  "  G.  H.," 

of    l''iiic..don   Hall  (p.   1122),   says,   "'T.  G.'  denies  the 

Tjr-—,.  /<•„__    _       _j  possibility  of  eels  breeding  in  frcsll   water.     Wo  have 

„       7 .  "f™®  Correspondence.  here  a  pond,  covering  three  or  four  acres,  which  swarms 

{ioiyany  o;  Unmjrom  DriimM  iij  lU  ,lir,fr'>m  Con-    witli  eels  of  all  sizes  :  I  linve  cuu-dit  them  fro  ii  the  size 

lUmtalMm  -  beeiiig  »„me  roniarkH  on  this  subject  in  Inst  |  of  my  little  finger  up  to  tho  weight  of  five  poiii.dfl,  &c." 

veek  H  Uirmw/e.     am  induced  to  direct  aUeiition  to  a  j  This  is  rather  too  strong.     I  don't  deny  the  possibility 

plan  wliic.i  I  t.iiirii  V.  ■!!  1,..  f.MMid  batcr  Jliaii  .any  otlitr,  [  of  eels  being  bred  in  lieali  water  ;  I  only  doiiy  tho  pnj- 


B  B,  concrete ;  C  C,  drain.pipes. 

"mm     H,fclHJdJiU 

desirable  system  to  adopt  on  old  fruit  walls.  The  cost 
of  the  42  yards  is  about  1151.  The  glass  rests  on 
9-inch  piers,  as  shown  in  the  section  ;  and  at  the  top  of 
the  back  wall  three  courses  of  pigeon  holes  are  left  for 
ventilation.  /.  Hathaway,  Gardener  at  Arborfield-hall, 
Reading. 

Winter  Food  for  Pheasants. — To  gentlemen  fond  of 
the  sports  of  the  field,  the  Jerusalem  Artichoke  offers 
peculiar  claims  to  notice,  as  pheasants  are  excessively 
fond  of  the  roots,  preferring  them  to  grain  ;  moreover 
the  expense  of  feeding  pheasants  with  grain  in  winter  is 
a  very  considerable  item,  which  I  liave  no  hesitation 


bability.  The  expression  I  used  was  that  I  did  not 
believe  they  were  bred  in  fresh  water  at  all  ;  and  1  dis- 
tinctly stated  that  my  not  having  seen  these  things 
(eel  spawn,  &c.),  did  not  prove  that  other  persons  had 
not  done  so  ;  but  to  the  question—"  G.  H."  says  that 
he  has  caught  them  of  all  sizes,  from  the  thickness  of 
his  little  finger  to  five  pounds  ;  no  doubt  he  may  have 
done  so  ;  but  did  he  catch  them  of  the  thickness  of  a 
crow's  quill,  and  3  inches  long?  because  that  is  the 
size  at  which  they  usually  ascend  the  rivers.  He  says 
his  pond  does  not  communicate  with  any  river.  Is  there 
no  escape  of  water  from  it  at  all  ?  I  mean  is  the  eva- 
poration from  its  surface  equal  to  the  supply  of  water  • 
if  not,  where  does  the  surplus  go  to?  Does  it  not 
directly  or  indirectly  flow  into  a  river,  or  the  sea  ?  I 
am  more  inclined  to  think  this  is  the  case  because 
"  G.  H."  says  he  has  taken  1  cwt.  at  a  time  from  a  box 
which  the  water  flows  through  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sluice-board.  This  is  exceedingly  like  what  is  done 
here  and  elsewhere,  from  July  to  the  end  of  November 
when  the  eels  are  on  their  downward  migration.  Will 
"  G.  H."  be  kind  enough  to  say  whether  he  does  not 
catch  the  bulk  of  his  about  the  same  time.  Will  he  also 
say  whether  the  eels  he  catches  are  not  the  silver  eels  ? 
and  will  he  also  state  whether  he  does  not  catch  them 
principally  after  heavy  rains  have  increased  the  flow  of 
water  out  of  the  pond  ?  If  he  answers  these  questions 
in  the  afHrmative  I  shall  still  think  I  am  right,  and 
would  reque&t  him  to  keep  a  sharp  look-out  after  rains 
in  M.ay  and  June,  when  I  think  he  would  probably 
see  tlie  grigs  passing  through  his  box  into  the  pond.  If 
on  the  other  hand  there  is  no  escape  of  water  from  the 
pond  at  any  time,  I  must  admit  I  am  wrong  ;  but  at 
present  I  don't  know  how  to  reconcile  this  impounding 
the  water  so  completely  with  what  he  says  about  the 
flow  of  water  through  the  box  at  the  bottom  of  the  sill. 
Where  does  the  water  flow  to  ?  What  is  this  sill  for  ? 
T.  G.  [The  following  extract  from  the  "  Penny  Cyelo- 
psedia"  may  set  this  matter  at  rest :  "  The  eel  is  said  to 
be  averse  to  cold,  and  in  the  autumn  migrates  down 
the  rivers  to  reach  the  warm  brackish  water,  where 
it  passes  the  winter  and  deposits  its  spawn.  In 
the  spring  the  young  fry  may  be  seen  making  their 
way  up  the  streams,  sometimes  iu  immense  numbers. 
Such  a  desire  do  the  young  eeis  (about  3  inches  in 
length)  appear  to  have  to  go  up  the  stream  that  their 
course  is  not  easily  stopped.  The  writer  of  this  has 
seen  a  flood-gate,  6  or  7  feet  in  height,  in  p  rts  covered 
with  them,  and  has  observed  many  succeed  in  passing 
over  this  perpendicular  barrier  by  availing  themselves 
of  the  trickling  water  which  escaped  through  the 
crevices  of  the  wood-work."  We  should  add  that  it  is 
notorious  that  eels  escape  from  ponds  at  night  and 
travel  through  wet  Grass  in  search  of  streams] 

Kew  Gardens  — I  understand  that  the  museum  has 
lately  been  enriched  by  a  wonderful  specimen  of  a  log  of 
wood  of  Dryobalanops  Camphora,  the  tree  which  yields 
the  "  hard  "  Camphor  of  druggists,  full  of  fissures  loaded 
with  crystals,  like  those  of  prussiate  of  potash  on  a  small 
scale.  A  beautiful  piece  of  Borneo  coal  accompanied 
it,  containing  a  vein  of  crystals  very  similar  in  appear- 
ance. The  Acheron,  surveying  ship,  from  New  Zealand, 
has  brought  home  beautiful  botanical  collections  from 
the  middle  and  southern  islands,  but  I  believe  there 
is  not  much  novelty  among  them,  except  in  Sea- 
weeds. X. 

How  to  Crop  a  small  Kitchen  Garden. — Let  the  ground 
intended  to  be  sown  with  Peas  in  February  and  March 
be  well  manured  and  ridge  trenched  during  the  early 
winter  months.  At  the  time  of  sowing,  fork  down  as 
many  ridges  as  are  requii-ed  for  the  requisite  number  of 
rows.  Then  draw  drills  8  inches  wide,  about  2  inches 
deep,  and  4  feet  apart.  Scatter  the  seed  regnlai-ly  over 
the  whole  drill,  parting  them  where  two  or  more  seeds 
fall  together,  so  as  to  leave  them  1  inch  apart.  This  may 
seem  to  be  labour  thrown  away,  as  I  know  it  is  the 
practice  with  many  to  draw  a  drill  with  the  corner  of  a 
hoe,  and  to  throw  the  seed  into  it  in  handtuls,  which,  of 
course,  nearly  all  rolls  to  the  bottom  where  it  lies  one  on 
the  other.  But  what  are  the  results  of  such  sowing  ! 
Why,  when  the  produce  is,  or  should  be,  fit  for  tahle,  half 
the  pods  are  found  to  be  Hat,  useless  things,  and  so  they 
remain.  The  other  half  contains  two  or  three  Peas  in  a 
pod,  and  the  leaves  look  as  thougli  a  floiu?  bag  had  been 
shaken  over  them  ;  and  all  this  is,  of  course,  laid  to  the 
nature  of  the  soil.  Whereas,  the  true  cause  is  not 
allowing  each  plant  sufficient  room,  which,  of  course,  can 
only  be  rectified  at  the  time  of  sowing.  Let  any  one  who 
has  been  troubled  witli  mildew,  sow  for  the  future  as  I 
am  now  recommending,  and  I  doubt  not  they  will  find 
their  Peas  free  from  that  malady,  and  the  produce  nearly 
double.     For  instance,  in  catalogues  tho  E.arly  Warwick 


saying  might  be  almost,  or  altogether  saved,  were  the  |  is  stated  to  grow  4  ft.  6  in.,  whereas,  with  me,  it  grows 
'    '        '      ■   '  7  or  8  feet,  bearing,  from  bottom  to  top,  pods  containing 

h.     But  to  proceed  ;  having  sown. 


8   or  y  peas  in  eacl) 

draw  the  earth  back  into  the  drills  (place  a  piece  of 
white  worsted  from  end  to  end  1  inch  from  the  ground, 
which  will  eflectuully  keep  off  birds),  and  immediately 
stick  them.  Draw  ti  drill  I  foot  wide  and  1  inch  deep 
up  each  centre,  and  sow  spring  Spinach  ;  rake  the  earth 
over  it,  and  place  worsted  along  each  row,  1  inch  from 
the  grouiKl.  Thin  tho  Spinach  to  2  inches  apart,  when 
fit  for  u«o  cut  clean  away  ;  when  it  is  all  off',  fork  the 
groiiMil  mid  plant  Brussels  Sprouts,  Borecole,  and 
sjirouting  Broccoli,  2  feet  from  row  to  row,  and  20  inches 
plant  li'om  plant  in  tie  rows  ;  keeping  the  Brussels 
Sprouts  and  liiircciilo  iiiljuiiiiug  each  otlicr.  As  soon  as 
the  Peas  are  all  gathered,  clear  awiiy  the  sticks,  and 
foric  the  earth  well  U|i  to  the  pliiuta.  If  tho  Brussels 
Sprouis  and    IJorucnlo   should  not  bo  all  used  by  the 


L 


6 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Jan.  3, 


beginning  of  March,  take  them  up  and  transplant  into 
some  corner,  and  rough  dig  the  ground.  About  the 
middle  of  April,  fork  the  surface  level,  and  draw  drills 
1  foot  apart  and  1  inch  deep,  in  which  sow  red  Beet, 
and  rake  the  sui-face  level.  If  the  sprouting  Broccoli 
should  not  be  all  used  by  the  latter  end  of  April,  trans- 
plant it  into  some  corner.  Put  on  a  little  rotten  dung, 
and  dig  it  in,  making  the  surface  level  as  you  proceed  ; 
then  draw  drills  2  feet  apart  and  3  inches  deep  (ob- 
serving, to  let  the  drills  come  as  near  as  possible  where 
the  Broccoli  grew),  in  which  sow  Dwarf  Kidney  Beans  ; 
drop  the  seeds  3  inches  apart,  observing  to  place  two 
together  where  one  looks  in  any  way  iauUy,  and  draw 
the  earth  back  into  the  drills.  When  up  6  or  8  inches, 
draw  the  earth  well  up  to  their  stems.  About  the 
beginning  of  July,  plant  a  row  of  either  Cape  or  Wal- 
cheren  Broccoli  between  every  alternate  row,  20  inches 
plant  from  plant  in  the  rows.  As  soon  as  the  Beans  are 
jUI  gathered,  clear  away  the  stalks,  and  fork  the  earth 
up  to  the  Broccoli  ;  then  plant  a  row  of  Early  York 
Cabbage  between,  1  foot  plant  from  plant.  /.  Steel, 
Gliilieroe. 

Clarlc's  Preparation  for  Icilling  Mealy  Bugs,  &c. — 
We  are  told  that  we  have  an  effectual  remedy  in  this 
mixture  against  mealy  bug  and  other  insects,  and  I  am 
written  to,  by  Messrs.  Clai'k  and  Co.,  for  the  result  of 
my  experience  with  it.     The  first  quart  I  used  led  me 
to  hope,  that  if  the  plants  were  dipped  or  brushed  witli 
it  several  times,  it  might  be  useful.     This  induced  me 
to  have  three  quarts  more,  which  is  nearly  all  used,  and 
now  I  must  state,  with  confidence,  that  with  me,  it  has 
as  much  effect  in  destroying  or  preventing  mealy  bug  as 
I  would  have  in  turning  darkness  into  light.     To  prove 
this,  last  night  I  took  a  leaf  containing  bug  and  dipped 
it  two  or  three  times  in  the  mixture,  without  reducing 
its  strength,  as  directed  by  Messrs.  Clark  and  Co.,  and  I 
find  this  morning  that  many  of  the  insects  are  alive. 
I  wish  it  however  to  be  understood,  that  I  should  have 
had  far  more  pleasure  in  giving  my  opinion  in  favour  of 
the  mixture  than  against  it ;  and  if  it  had  succeeded  with 
me  I  would  have  been  one  of  the  first  to  have  approved 
of   the   discovery.     The    quickest   and    best  means   of 
cleaning  plants    from  such  pests  is  to  take  them  and 
turn  them  on  their  sides,  laying  the  head  over  a  half 
empty  tank  or  similar  vessel,  take  the  garden  engine, 
Tvith  warm  water,  say  90"  or  100",  and  ihen  let  one 
man  or  two  drive  the  engine,  the  hose  being  managed 
by  the  gardener's  own  hand  ;  he  can  then  allow  the  water 
to  pass  coarse  or  fine  according  to  the  sort  of  plant  that 
is  operated  on.     By  this  means  the  whole  larvse,  as  well 
as  full  grown  bugs,  may  be  cleared  away  ;  a  large  plant 
ean  be  cleaned  in  about  five  minutes,  which  otherwise 
would  occupy  a  man  a  day  or  more  to  clean,  and  by 
doing  this  once  or  twice  when  the   plants  are  out  of 
bloom,  they  ean  be  kejit  clean  with  less  trouble  than 
by  any  other  means  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  J). 
Kiddf  Gardener,  Oamstone  park,  near  Hereford,  Dec,  30. 
Glazing.  —  Being  about   to  erect  what   Mr.    Rivera 
calls  an  *'  orchard   house "  on  ground  of  which  I  am 
only  the  tenant,  I  propose,  in  oi'der  that  the  houae  may 
be  easily  removed  when  requisite,  to  adopt  the  India 
rubber  system  of  glazing  mentioned  by  "  E.  G.  B.''  at 
p.  725,  1850.     It  would  be  interesting  to  learn  how  the 
plan  has  answered,  and  by  making  this  known  to  your 
correspondent,  he  may  perhaps  favour  us  with  his  expe- 
rience.    Owing  to  the  evident  ditficulty  of  lapping  the 
squares  with  this  mode  of  glazing,  he  spoke  of  "  butting  " 
them   .vith  a  strip  of  India-rubber  between  ;  but  as  I 
can  foresee  that  this   plan  cannot  readily  have   been 
laanaged  satisfactorily,  I  think  of  using  a  strip  of  the 
double   grooved  lead    employed    for  lattice    windows. 
This    when   well    laid    and    painted    has   been    found 
to  be  quite  watertight.     I  have  seen  all  the  sky-lighis  of 
a  workshop,  the  roof  of  which  has  no  great  pitch,  glazed 
in  this  manner,  i.  e ,  "  butted  "  in  lead  ;  and  although 
the  butting  is  repeated  at  every  4  or  5  iuches,  the  glass 
being  in  small  squares,  not  a  drop  of  rain  has  peneti'ated. 
In  constructing  my  house,  I  think  therefore  of  using  this 
l^ad  between  the  ends  of  the  squares,  which  will  rest  at 
the   sides  on   a  strip  of  India-rubber  laid   on  ratters 
20  inches  apart ;  another  strip  of  rubber  will  be  put  on 
above,  and  a  strip  of  wood  screwed   down  above  all. 
W.  C.  J.     [Whatever  you  do,   avoid  excluding  air  at 
the  laps  of  your  glass.     You  can't  have  too  much  air  in 
orchard  houses.] 

Duplicate  Spedmetis  in  Government  Miiseums. — There 
is  a  question  of  some  difficulty,  and  about  which  there 
exists  some  difference  of  opinion,  namely,  what  should 
be  the  practice  in  gardens,  museums,  &c.,  maintained 
at  the  cost  of  the  State,  and  to  which  the  collectors, 
tiipiVellers,  and  others,  employed  in  the  public  service, 
contribute  :  viz.,  whether,  as  regards  duplicates,  seeds, 
plants,  and  other  specimens,  not  required  for  the 
original  collection,  these  should  be  distributed,  not  only 
to  other  similar  foreign  or  domestic  institutions,  but  to 
scientific  persons,  cultivators  or  others,  without  special 
reference  to  any  return  of  otlier  like  objects  ;  or, 
whether  such  distribution  should  be  confined  to  mere 
exchange  or  barter,  and  should  always  be  given  with 
regard  to  some  quid  pro  qito  ?  On  such  a  question, 
I  am  aware  that  there  is  much  to  be  said  on  botli  sides. 
Tbe  curator,  except  as  he  may  be  swayed  by  private 
feelings,  of  course  would  be  desirous  by  barter  to 
increase  the  cuUection  under  his  care,  and  also  to  avoid 
the  importunity  of  the  applications  of  those  engaged 
either  in  collecting  a  particular  class  of  plants,  minerals, 
&c.,  who,  however,  may  not  have  wherewitiial  to  barter. 
If  this  rule  be  aiiopteil,  the  public  collection  is  not 
made  so  generally  useful  as  regards  science  as  it  other- 


tend  to  so  wide  a  distribution  of  what  has  been  obtained 
for  the  advancement  of  science  ;  and  there  is,  perhaps, 
something  undignified  in  a  great  national  institution 
distributing  its  surplus  only  to  those  likely  to  contri- 
bute something  in  return  ;  the  spirit  of  trading  in- 
sensibly must  enter  into  any  such  an-angements. 
As  far  as  I  can  judge,  this  is  not  the  case  with  some 
of  the  great  continental  collections,  though  it  is  so, 
I  believe,  as  to  others.  The  example  of  the  India  Com- 
pany is  in  favour  of  the  more  dignified  and  liberal  course; 
what  is  in  their  public  gardens  is  sent  on  application 
from  known  persons  without  any  reference  to  return, 
and  the  specimens  of  dried  plants,  seeds,  &c.,  forwarded 
to  this  country  are  distributed  with  the  utmost  liberality 
on  the  same  principle.  Of  course  the  question  does  not 
apply  to  private  institutions,  such  as  the  Horticultural 
Society,  &c.,  which  are  maintained  at  the  cost  of  the 
subscribers.  As  I  know  the  point  is  considered  by 
some  of  importance  in  this  country,  and  especially  on 
the  continent,  perhaps  you  will  allow  the  question  to  be 
discussed  in  your  journal.  I  have  taken  the  opportu- 
nity of  having  the  point  raised  in  some  of  the  foreign 
scientific  journals;  and  I  may  hereafter  trouble  you 
with  the  result  of  any  discussions  whieli  may  arise. 
One  material  objection  against  distribution  may  be  urged 
— the  ti'ouble  it  must  give  to  the  curator,  and  that  it 
exposes  him  to  improper  and  absurd  applications. 
Dodman. 

Potatoes. — Having  for  two  or  three  years  grown  in 


iron  pillars  might  be  cast  to  support  both  back  and  front, 
as  well  as  the  coping.  The  weight  would  not  be  great, 
as  the  front  sashes  could  be  removed  in  winter,  or  when 
necessary.  A  3^-inch  pipe  could  be  introduced  6  inches 
above  the  ground  level ;  but  owing  to  the  space  being  so 
small,  very  little  artificial  heat  would  be  required.  The 
roots  of  the  trees  would  have  free  access  to  extend, 
every  way,  instead  of  taking  only  one  direction,  as  is  the 
case  when  planted  against  a  brick  wall  ;  and  besides,  it 
would  be  a  great  advantage  to  the  crops  on  both  sides  to 
have  a  glass  wall  or  two  in  a  kitchen  garden.  Such  a 
plan  appears  to  me  to  be  worthy  of  consideration, 
D.  Hay,  Gardener  to  C.  Lawrence^  Cirencester.  [This  wag 
accompanied  by  a  sketch  which  we  are  not  skilful  enough 
to  understand.] 


A  Naturalises  Sojourn  in  Jamaica,     By  P.  H.  Goaae. 

8vo.  Longmans.  Pp.  508. 
The  author  of  this  entertaining  volume  begins  his  work 
by  an  attack  upon  science,  which  is  neither  just  nor  in 
good  taste. 

"Natural  History,"  he  says,  "is  far  too  much  a 
science  of  dead  things  ;  a  necrology.  It  is  mainly  con- 
versant with  dry  skins  furred  or  feathered,  blackened* 
shrivelled,  and  hay-stuffed  ;  with  objects,  some  admi- 
rably beautiful,  some  hideously  ugly,  impaled  on  pins. 


and  arranged  in  rows  in  cork  drawers  ;  with  uncouth 
the  field  a  very  fine  large  Potato,   called  here  (but  1 1  forms,   disgusting    to    sight   and   smell,   bleached  and 
believe  incorrectly),  a  "Pink  Eye,"  and  by  some  the  I  shrunken,   suspended   by    threads    and   immersed    in 
Farmer's  Gloi'y,"  I  was  induced,  in  1850,  to  plant  one    spirit  (in  defiance  of  the  aphorism,   that  *  he  who   is 


Potato,  weighing  1  lb.  5  ozs.,  in  the  garden,  on  the  13th 
of  April.  It  was  cut  into  12  sets,  four  of  which  were 
planted  with  farm-yard  manure  in  the  usual  way,  the 
next  four  with  the  same  and  a  sprinkling  of  guano  round 
each  set,  the  last  four  with  only  a  sprinkling  of  guano 
round  each  set  ;  they  were  all  earthed  up  on  the  11th  of 
June,  and  the  crop  taken  on  the  30th  of  September. 
The  first  four  sets  with  farm-yard  manure  produced 
8^  lbs.  ;  the  secondfour  sets  with  farm-yard  manure  and 
guano  produced  Uf  lbs.  ;  the  third  four  sets  with  guano 
only,  produced  11  lbs.  ;  total  31|  lbs.  From  one  set  of 
the  lastnamedjl  had  three  Potatoes  weighing  lib.  5|ozs., 
1  lb.  2J  ozs.,  and  1  lb.,  total  3  lbs.  8  ozs.  ;  from  this  last 
Potato  weighing  1  lb.,  for  the  largest  was  stolen,  and  the 
other  I  gave  away,  I  planted  nine  sets  on  the  29th  of 
March  last  in  the  same  garden,  with  no  other  manure 
than  a  pinch  of  guano  round  each  set  ;  they  were 
put  in  rather  deep  in  the  soil,  and  nothing  more  was 
done  to  them  except  that  they  were  kept  free  from 
weeds,  and  on  the  30th  of  September  they  were  dug 
up.  The  produce  was  as  follows: — No.  1,  under  each 
set  10;  No.  2,  6  ;  No.  3,  6  ;  No.  4,  5  ;  No.  5,  14  ;  No. 
6,  12  ;  No.  7,  6  ;  No  8,  7  ;  No.  9,  7—73  Potatoes, 
30  lbs.  The  weight  of  one  Potato  under  No.  9,  was 
1  lb.  6^  ozs.,  No.  5,  being  the  crown  set,  F.  P.,  Tyndwfr. 
Glass  Walls. — The  time  has  arrived  when  iron  and 
glass  will  supersede  bricks  and  mortar  for  gardening  pur- 
poses, in  point  of  utility  and  expense,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  superiority  of  the  fornoer  over  the  latter,  in  regard 
to  neatness.  Instead  of  glass  houses  we  shall  have  glass 
walls,  which  will  answer  the  same  purpose,  so  far  as  the 
Vine,  Peach,  Apricot,  and  some  of  the  more  tender 
Pears  are  concerned,  at  a  trifle  more  than  the  cost  of 
building  a  good  old-fashioned  garden  wall.  Although 
dearer  at  first,  however,  in  a  few  years  the  capital 
would  be  returned  ;  for  I  have  no  doubt  that  one  tree 
under  glass  could  be  made  to  produce,  for  a  given  number 
of  years,  as  much  fruit  as  two  in  the  open  aii' ;  take  the 
Peach  for  example.  In  the  south  and  west  of  England 
it  is  difficult  to  get  it  to  exist  for  any  length  of  time, 
without  some  sort  of  protection  ;  and  in  some  seasons  it 
is  all  but  gummed  up,  with  scarcely  a  fruit  upon  it. 
Now,  if  we  could  produce  from  a  glass  wall,  15  feet 
long,  as  many  Peaches  as  we  could  obtain  from  an  open 
wall  30  feet  long ,  with  less  labour,  less  expense,  and 
more  satisfaction,  a  great  point  would  be  gained  ; 
we  must,  however,  bear  in  mind,  in  erecting  a  wall, 
running  east  and  west,  with  a  north  and  south 
aspect,  to  have  the  glass  on  the  south  side,  at  an 
angle  that  will  concentrate  the  sun's  rays  in  spring  and 
autumn  ;  for  a  twofold  reason,  1st,  to  assist  the  expan- 
sion of  the  blossom,  and  setting  of  the  fruit  in  spring  ; 
and,  2d,  to  mature  and  ripen  the  wood  in  autuipn. 
When  glass  can  be  procured  |  of  an  inch  in  thickness, 
by  70  inches  long,  and  30  wide,  I  do  not  see  why  it 
would  not  do  for  the  north  aspect  to  consist  of  the  above 
dimensions,  using  Hartley's  rough  plate.  A  wall  might 
be  constructed  of  this  glass  that  would  stand  for  ages. 
First  procure  some  cast  iron  pillars,  4  inches  in  diameter, 
and  10  feet  in  length,  having  a  groove  down  the  side  of 
each.  Tliey  could  be  fixed  in  blocks  of  stone,  inserted  in 
the  ground  ;  such  supports  might  stand  6  feet  apart,  and 
they  might  be  studded  on  the  south  side  3  inches  apart 
from  bottom  to  top.  The  length  of  the  studs  should  be 
4  inches,  which  would  place  the  trellis  6  inches  from 
the  glass.  Now,  presuming  the  pillars  to  be  all  set  in 
their  exact  positions,  the  next  thing  would  be  to  drop 
the  glass  in  between  them  down  the  grooves,  the  one 
edge  to  rest  against  the  other  so  as  to  have  no  laps.  A 
little  white  lead  might  be  put  between  the  joints,  and 
putty  in  the  grooves  ;  but  there  must  be  room  for  ex- 
pansion, or  breakage  would  be  the  result.  Within  a  foot 
of  tlie  surface,  slate  might  be  used,  or  Oak  plank,  as  that 
would  be  the  place  for  admitting  air  during  summer. 
P\)r  tiie  front  wall  I  would  erect  a  slight  frame-work 
at  an  angle  of  80°,  which  would  give  about  3  fett  width 
it  bottom,  and   1    foot  at  top.     That  would  allow   thi 


wise  migiu  be,  and  in  many  cases  would  uot  so  uselully  l  trees  to  be  6  inches  from  the  glass  on  both  sides.     The 


bom  to  be  hanged  will  never  be  drowned  *)  in  glass 
bottles.  These  distorted  things  are  described  ;  their 
scales,  plates,  feathers  counted  ;  their  forms  copied,  all 
shrivelled  and  stiffened  as  they  are  ;  their  colours, 
changed  and  modified  by  death  or  partial  decay,  care- 
fully set  down  ;  their  limbs,  members,  and  organs  mea^ 
sured,  and  the  results  recorded  in  thousandths  of  an 
inch  ;  two  names  are  given  to  every  one  ;  the  whole  is 
enveloped  in  a  mystic  cloud  of  Grteco-Latino-English 
phraseology  (often  barbaric  enough) ; — and  this  is 
natural  history  ! " 

This  sort  of  language  is  unworthy  an  intelligent 
naturalist,  who  must  know  that  the  researches  which  he 
ridicules  are  those  upon  which  alone  scientific  aiTange- 
ments  can  often  be  founded ;  andthatthe  counting  of  scales 
and  plates,  the  records  of  measurements,  the  impale- 
ment of  objects  on  pins  in  cork  drawei's  may  all  be 
important,  nay,  indispensable  means  to  that  end  of 
which  he,  in  common  with  us  all,  is  in  search.  We 
ght  retort  that  such  language  is  that  of  conceited 
ignorance,  and  not  of  knowledge  and  good  sense  :  but 
we  prefer  praise  to  censure,  and,  leaving  others  to  shoot 
this  kind  of  folly  as  it  flies,  shall  simply  remark  that 
the  work  which'  Mr.  Gosse  has  been  enabled  to  produce 
is  an  agreeable  collection  of  facts,  or  supposed  facts, 
relating  to  the  natural  history  of  what  once  was  the 
most  important  of  our  West  Indian  colonies.  He  ia  a 
good  teller  of  anecdotes,  and  we  dare  say  a  trustworthy 
one  ;  and  if  we  have  failed  to  discover  in  what 
important  particular  his  amusing  gossip  about  alligators, 
and  shells,  and  birds,  animals,  and  insects,  has  essentially 
advanced  natural  history  as  a  science,  we  willingly 
own  tliat  it  has  contributed  to  render  it  an  agreeable 
amusement.  We  should  have  been  glad  to  enliven  our 
columns  with  some  of  the  pleasant  chit-chat  in  tliis 
volume,  if  our  Umited  space  would  have  permitted. 
Pressure  of  other  matter  compels  us,  however,  to  con- 
fine our  extracts  to  some  paragraphs  concerning  the 
vegetation  of  Jamaica. 

'*  Oichidcm. — Though  Jamaica  cannot  boast  of  Orchi- 
daceous plants  so  cm'ious  or  so  gorgeous  as  some  that  are 
found  in  Continental  America  or  in  the  great  Indian  isles, 
yet  it  has  many  species  of  much  beauty.  Epidendrum 
ciliare  and  Brassia  caudata  are  curious  forms,  the 
former  for  the  delicately-fringed  white  lip,  and  the 
latter  for  the  length  and  slenderness  of  its  spotted 
yedow  petals.  The  shell-like  form  of  Epid.  coch- 
leatum  and  E,  fragrans  is  interesting,  as  is  the  delight- 
ful perfume  widely  diffused  by  the  latter.  The  lilac, 
spikes  of  lonopsis,  and  the  crimson  ones  of  Brough- 
tonia  sanguinea,  yield  to  few  in  beauty  ;  and  of  ter- 
restrial species,  a  rich  purple  Bletia  that  I  found 
in  the  Bocaguas  near  Spanish  Town,  and  a  Phajus 
from  the  summit  of  Bluefields  Peak,  ai-e  particularly 
noble. 

"  I  have  not  found  that  the  Orchidece,  any  more 
than  other  tribes  of  plants,  are  confined  to  one  par- 
ticular season  of  flowering.  It  is  commonly  con- 
sidered that  the  dry  season  is  a  period  of  rest  for  these 
parasites,  and  that  the  return  of  the  periodical  rams 
stimulates  them  to  push  forth  their  leaves  and  flowers. 
In  Jamaica,  however,  there  are  many  exceptions  to 
this,  so  many  that  it  can  scarcely  be  deemed  the 
rule.  Thus  in  February  and  March,  the  time  of 
drought,  Broughtonia  sanguinea  flowers  profusely  and 
magnificently  all  along  the  shore  of  Westmoreland. 
Epidendrum  umbellatum  I  also  found  in  blossom,  not, 
far  from  the  shore  ;  and  a  little  Polystachia  (?)  appeared 
to  have  just  done  blossoming.  Angreecum  funale  con- 
tiuues  to  throw  out  its  elegant  flowtrs  successively  aU 
through  this  period  of  drought. 

"  In  the  mountain  woods,  at  the  same  time,  I  found 
the  dense  spikes  of  Epid.  nutans  depending  in  abund- 
ance from  the  forks  of  the  trees,  and  the  fine  Phajus 
that  I  have  already  spoken  of  rearing  its  magnificent 
head  in  the  gloom  of  the  bush.  The  rose-coloured 
Bletia  of  Bluefields  Mountain,  which  at  the  com-- 
niencement  of  the  drought  showed  only  the  withered 


1—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


leaves  crowniDg  the  round  compacted  bulbs,  was  in 
iiill  flower  at  the  latter  part  of  this  period  ;  and  it 
was  in  Marcli  of  tlie  following  year,  a  season  even  more 
arid  than  the  former,  that  I  met  with  the  profuse  blos- 
som of  the  lovely  purple  Bletia,  growing  on  a  precipitous 
rock  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Cobre.  Towards  the  end 
of  the  dry  period  I  saw  Epid.  fragi-ans  and  Ep.  cochle- 
atum  in  blossom  on  open  trees  in  the  beautiful  park-like 
pen  called  the  Kepp,  in  the  Luana  Mountains  ;  and,  a 
little  later,  Brasivola  nodosa  flowered  at  Bluefields, 
where  it  is  abundant.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  tliat  I  had 
fomid  this  species  in  blossom  at  Alligator  Pond  in  com- 
pany with  Broughtonia  sanguinea,  during  the  early  part 
of  December,  when  it  rained  nearly  every  day  ;  yet 
around  Bluefields,  while  the  latter,  as  already  men- 
tioned, was  flowering  profusely,  the  former  was  flower- 
less  until  the  beginning  of  March. 

"  At  the  same  time  many  kinds  were  out  of  bloom 
throughout  this  season,  some  of  which  flowered  soon 
after  the  commencement  of  the  vernal  rains,  Maxillaria 
Barringtonise,  whose  great  wrinkled  bulbs  had  been 
conspicuous  on  the  mountain  trunks,  threw  out  its 
fleshy  flowers  from  among  the  roots  about  the  end  of 
March,  and  continued  flowering  tlirough  April.  A  little 
later,  the  long  spikes  of  Oncidium  Carthaginense  were 
waving  in  the  breeze  all  through  the  high  woods  that 
bordered  the  shore.  Bulbs  of  Epid.  fragrans  and  of 
Bras&ia  caudata  that  had  bean  brought  from  the 
mountain  in  the  dry  weather,  and  planted  out  in  the 
open  air,  blossomed,  the  former  at  the  beginning, 
the  latter  towards  the  end,  of  May.  About  the  mid- 
dle of  the  same  month,  in  the  taU  dark,  and  humid 
woods  of  Shrewsbury,  about  half  way  up  the  moun- 
tains of  St.  Elizabeth's,  I  saw  several  racemes  of  a  beau- 
tiful lonopsis*  in  rich  bloom.  The  irregular  tuber- 
like bulbs  of  that  terrestrial  Orchid,  with  a  Bletia- 
like  habit,  which  grows  abimdantly  in  the  dense  bush 
on  the  summits  of  tlie  Bluefields  Peaks,  had  thrown 
oat  their  tall  but  not  very  inviting  panicles  of  flower 
through  the  month  of  June.  The  rains  were  at  that 
time  descending  copiously,  and  continued  to  fall  until 
the  middle  of  August  ;  about  which  time  I  met  with 
Epid.  fuscatum  in  blossom  in  the  tall  woods  of  Basin 
Spring,  a  little  lower  elevation  than  Bluefields  Moun- 
tain, About  this  time  also  the  singularly  fringed 
blossom  appeared  on  Epid.  ciUare,  which  had  hitherto 
displayed  only  its  long  spindle-shaped  bulbs,  each 
crowned  with  its  pair  of  leathery  leaves.  Soon  after- 
wards the  autumnal  drought  commenced,  but  I  have  no 
further  record  of  the  flowering  of  Orchidese. 

"If  this  irregularity  of  flowering,  or  rather  apparent 
independence  of  seasonal  rain,  had  been  confined  to  the 
recesses  of  the  mountain  woods,  it  would  not  have  been 
surprising,  since  their  actual  di'yness  seems  unknown. 
On  the  summits  of  Bluefields  Peak,  and  especially  in 
the  shallow  intervening  valleys,  whether  from  the  close- 
ness of  the  woods  preventing  the  escape  of  vapours,  or 
the  luxuriance  of  the  rank  vegetation,  the  air  feels  at  all 
times  surcharged  with  moisture,  even  during  the  dry 
seasons.  In  the  night  this  moisture  is  concentrated 
very  copiously,  so  that  in  the  concavities  of  large  leaves, 
sometimes  as  much  as  a  wine-glass  full  of  clear  water 
may  be  seen  collected,  especially  on  such  leaves  as  those 
of  the  Heliconia,  or  wild  Plantain,  and  of  the  great  escu- 
lent Arums,  called  Cocoes,  of  the  Negroes'  grounds.  I 
have  many  a  time  been  refreshed  by  drinking  from  these 
leaves.  The  Ferns  and  other  herbaceous  plants  that 
fringe  the  narrow  paths,  and  the  Lycopodiums  and 
mosses  that  form  thick  cushions  around  the  roots  of  the 
trees,  are  always  found  heavy  with  dew,  and,  as  it  were, 
saturated,  when  one  visits  this  locality  in  the  early 
morning." 

"  In  the  tall  woods  on  Bluefields  Mountains,  almost 
every  tree,  from  the  thickness  of  one's  arm  upwards, 
IB  found  to  bear  its  bunch  of  OrchidcEe,  frequently  four 
or  five  species  growing  on  the  same  tree.  The  trunk  is 
the  most  common  situation  on  the  tree,  but  in  very 
large  trees  the  forks  and  great  horizontal  limbs  are 
likewise  studded  with  these  and  other  parasites,  Til- 
landaice,  sessile  and  caulescent  Ferns,  Jungerraannias, 
&c.  I  was  surprised  and  delighted  at  the  number  of 
nnnute  species,  some  with  tiny  bulbs,  others  with  small 
oval,  alternate,  almost  pinnate  leaves,  and  others  long 
and  grass-like,  which,  in  company  with  the  larger  and 
more  common  liinds,  crowded  the  trunk  of  an  enormous 
^ig-tree  that  had  been  recently  felled  on  the  top  of  the 
iJlueholds  rid(;e.  The  massive,  pillar-like  stem,  60  or 
/CJ  leet  long  without  a  branch,  was  studded  from  end  to 
end,  and  on  all  Bi.lca  of  its  surface,  with  these  delicate 
little  parasrtes,  which  also  spread  themselves  upon  the 
great  arms  On  the  lower  mountains  the  huge  Cotton- ' 
tree  (fcriodend,.„n)  lorins  a  perfect  nursery  of  Orchideaj 
as  weU  as  Bromebact-a.-.  Of  terrestrial  species,  both  the 
lundB  of  Bletia  were  growing  on  the  bare  rocks,  exposed 
to  the  unmitigated  glare  of  the  sun.  The  tuberous  kind 
with  a  similar  haliil,  ami  the  m,agnificent  Pliajus  Tankcr- 
vilhtt-,  on  the  other  bund,  occuiTcd  only  in  the  deepest 
Bhadow  of  the  deime  humid  mountain  woods. 

"  Specimens  taken  from  one  tree  I  found  would  grow 
very  well  on  another.  I  was  accustomed  to  transplant 
many  of  the  niafcws  brought  from  the  mountains  and 
C'hcr  distant  Incalilies,  alllxing  tlicin  cither  to  logs  of 
wood  or  u>  fmit-irecH  in  the  pasture,  or  else  merely  i 
laying  them  on  the  flat  top  of  a  stone  buttress,  with  ' 
a  brick  or  some  other  weight  on  them,  to  prevent  tlieii- 
btnng  blown  away.  'llie  smaller  Bpeciiiieiis  )  piisln-d 
into  crevices  between  the  Bt<ine8  of  the  same  buttress. 
'^'0»K^w\M\  I  planUfd  on  fruit-trees  were  fastened  by 

.*_r  ^7"*^'^'  "  *  ".intake  nut,  describen IoduusIa  afluUutitiDiTiliu 
dneit  open  {iiutarct, 


string  passed  several  times  round  the  trunk  and  the 
Orchid.  Ir  all  these  cases  the  specimens  grew  healthily. 
The  roots,  which  had  been  torn  from  their  attachments 
in  procuring  the  specimens,  never  adhered  to  the  new 
surface,  but  fresh  roots  were  soon  pushed  out  from  the 
base  of  the  bulbs,  which  clung  to  the  support  by  their 
flattened  under  sides  with  the  same  tenacity  as  if  they 
had  been  on  the  original  trees  ;  and  after  a  few  months 
needed  not  the  assistance  of  strings  or  weights  to  enable 
them  to  maintain  their  position.  Sometimes  the  mere 
laying  of  a  bunch  of  bulbs  in  the  fork  of  an  Orange-tree 
was  found  sufficient.  I  do  not  think  the  parasite  is  de- 
pendent on  its  tree  for  anything  but  support ;  the  roots  do 
not  penetrate  the  bark  in  the  least  degree,  but  derive  all 
their  nutriment  from  the  moisture  with  which  the  air  is 
charged,  or  which,  in  the  form  of  rain  or  dew,  trickles 
down  among  their  matted  masses  from  above. 

"At  the  same  time  there  is  an  unaccountable  pre- 
ference of  certain  localities  to  others.  Tims  of  the 
vicinity  of  Bluefields  in  Westmoreland,  and  of  Content 
in  St.  Elizabeth's,  including  both  lowland  and  moun- 
tain, the  former  district  is  rich  in  species  and  indivi- 
duals ;  while  the  latter,  embosomed  in  tall  humid  woods 
(the  pristine  forest  extending  from  the  level  of  the  sea 
to  the  summit  of  the  fi.-st  range  of  the  Luana  Mountains), 
possesses,  as  far  as  I  have  seen,  scarcely  a  single  speci- 
men of  any  species.  Again,  the  low  level  land  around 
Savanna  le  Mar  seems  equally  destitute  of  these  para- 
sites ;  but  this  is  less  to  be  wondered  at,  since  so  large 
a  portion  of  the  district  is  overrun  with  Logwood  (as  is 
indeed  a  large  portion  of  the  once-cleared  land  in  St. 
Elizabeth's),  a  tree  on  which  I  do  not  remember  to  have 
found  an  Orchideous  plant  (though  Tillandsise  are  com- 
mon enough  on  it),  with  the  exception  of  Oncidium 
Carthaginense,  which  occasionally  grows  on  the  hedges 
that  are  made  of  this  thorn-like  tree." 

This  will  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  what  he  is  to 
expect  in  the  work  of  Mr.  Gosse,  to  whom  we  will  now 
venture  to  address  the  following  enquiries ;  What  is  the 
Phaius  that  he  speaks  of  Ws  it  a  Phaius  at  all  ?  Is 
that  genus  known  in  a  wild  state  in  the  new  world  ? 
Has  the  "  noble  "  and  the  "rich  purple,"  or  "  lovely  pur- 
ple" iJ^eimno  other  name  by  which  it  maybe  mentioned  ? 
Are  the  Cocoes  Arums  ?  and  are  botanists  mistaken 
when  they  call  them  Colocasias  ?  Does  he  think  such 
expressions  as  "  imaccountable  preference,"  the  lan- 
guage of  science  ?  And,  finally,  are  the  points  to  which 
these  questions  are  addressed  considered  by  him  un- 
worthy of  elucidation  by  any  except  those  "necrologists" 
whom  he  treats  so  cavalierly  ? 


FLORICULTURE, 

Rose  Growing. — We  have  heard  it  asserted  that 
more  money  annually  changes  hands  by  the  sale  and 
exliibition  of  Dahlias  than  by  any  other  florist's 
flower  ;  but  without  vouching  for  the  accuracy  of 
such  a  statement,  it  is  pretty  clear  that  the  trade  in 
regard  to  Dahlias  is  not  only  extensive,  but  that  their 
cultivation  is  followed  by  immense  and  widely-distri- 
buted numbers.  Of  this  our  reports  of  shows  during 
the  past  season  have  given  indisputable  evidence.  We 
do  not  here  desire  to  go  into  statistical  details 
with  respect  to  Autumn's  King,  it  is  of  the  Queen  of 
Flowers  we  are  now  about  to  write.  Can  we  not  more 
intimately  associate  our  acknowledged  King  and  Queen  ? 
or,  dropping  the  metaphor,  is  it  not  practicable  to  grow 
Roses  for  exhibition  in  the  same  piece  of  land  or  quarter 
with  the  Dahlia  ?  We  proceed,  then,  to  address  ourselves 
to  the  "thousand-and-one"  Dahlia  growers  whocultivate 
the  plant,  not  as  an  ornamental  occupant  of  the  "well- tilled 
soil,"  but  as  a  thorough  good  exhibition  flower;  those 
who  by  their  skill  hold  their  way  by  "cultivation  proper,"  | 
rather  than  by  chance,  those  who  are  to  be  seen  with 
their  blooms  in  August,  and  who  also  prove  troublesome 
customers  in  early  October  ;  those  they  are  whom  we 
should  like  to  find  with  au  occasional  thorn  in 
their  fingers.  No  grower  and  exhibitor  of  the 
Dahlia  can  be  denominated  of  the  "  little  garden 
class,"  the  fifty  plants'  man  requires  much  space,  there 
being  six  feet  between  the  plants  and  also  from  row 
to  row  ;  here,  then,  we  have  room  for  what  I  am 
about  to  advocate,  viz.,  to  grow  Koses  for  exhibition 
between  the  Dahlias.  Let  but  a  few  fair  trials  be  made, 
and  we  hazard  an  opinion,  not  only  of  the  practicability 
of  the  plan,  but  of  much  success.  Ground  for  Dahlias 
generally  receives  no  other  crop,  and  it  is  kept  in 
"  good  heart"  by  annual  heavy  dressings  of  manure, 
by  thorough  trenchings  and  ridgings,  and  a  large 
space  of  land  is  idle  from  "  talcing  up  time," 
say  from  November  until  the  end  of  May;  hence  it 
has  occurred  to  us,  that  Koses  might  be  grown  in  the 
same  piece  with  Dalilias  without  the  one  injuring  the 
other.  If  the  oft-repeated  instruction,  "  Plant  in  any 
open  weather  between  October  and  February"  be  tena- 
ble, then  we  say,  put  in  your  Roses  now.  Let  real 
Dahlia  men  talte  up  the  subject,  let  inducements  for 
Hiich  a  step  be  held  out  by  those  whose  interest  it  is  to 
do  80,  and  we  do  not  fear  the  result  We  would  here  sug- 
gest that  by  marking  the  spots  where  the  Dahlias  will  be 
planted,  the  intermediate  spaces  are  at  once  apparent, 
and  ready  for  the  immediate  introduction  of  a  few 
dozens  of  standard  Roses ;  a  Dahlia  alternating  with 
a  Hose,  each  at  least  three  feet  from  the  other, 
leaving  the  alleys  six  feet  clear  ;  thus  can  the 
grower  of  100  Diiblias  find  room  for  his  100  Roses; 
if  llieso  be  cultivated  with  the  same  attention  as 
is  paid  to  the  Dahlia,  then  a  glorious  triumph  awaits  us. 
That  Iljifiiia  growers  possess  the  means  for  Rose  grow- 
ing mill  showing  in  a  greater  degree  tliuii  any  other  class 
of  floral  exhibitors,  there  can  bo  no  doubt ;  wo  will  just 


men  ion  a  few  favourable  items,  viz.,  space,  gwdldi 
(It  the  latter  is  not  so  naturally  it  will  be  made  so)  • 
shades,  stakes,  manures,  surface  mulching,  waterinV 
traveUmg  apparatus,  and  show  boards  ;  and  to  there 
add  energy,  perseverance,  and  a  thorough  love  of 
good  flowers.  If  but  one  Dahlia  grower  will  trv  the 
experunent,  we  are  confident  that  all  will  be  right.  Next 
week  we  intend  to  furnish  a  Ust  of  such  Roses  as,  on  the 
authority  of  eminent  growers  of  this  favourite  flower, 
are  considered  best  fitted  for  the  trial.  J  E. 

Tlie  Chrysanthemim.—la  speaking  of'  the  Queen  of 
Yellows,  your  correspondent,  Mr.  Ivory,  says— "He 
considers  it  indispensable  to  a  good  collection,"  and 
names  it  as  the  third  best  in  the  class  of  yellows  I 
should  like  to  know  if  the  Queen  of  Yellows  grown  by 
Mr.  Ivory  is  identical  with  the  variety  grown  under  that 
name  round  London.  I  should  have  said  not ;  but  the 
description  given  by  Mr.  Ivoi^  induces  me  to  think  that 
It  must  be  the  same  flower.  If  such  is  the  case,  I  differ 
from  him  as  to  the  merits  of  the  flower.  If  I  were  asked 
to  describe  it,  I  should  say  that  it  was  neither  reflexed, 
cupped,  nor  incurved,  but  large,  loose,  flat,  and  ragged. 
The  time  is  fast  approaching  for  the  arrangement  of  the 
Chrysanthemum  schedules  for  the  coming  season. 
With  reference  to  the  committees  of  the  various  societies^ 
I  suggest  that  the  classes  in  each  society's  schedule  should 
be  as  near  alike  as  possible.  I  think  by  this  arrange- 
ment each  society  would  experience  the  benefit,  from  the 
fact  that  the  same  productions  would  do  for  each  exhi- 
bition ;  whereas,  if  each  society  required  a  different 
sized  pot,  for  instance,  there  would  be  comparatively  few 
who  could  aff'ord  the  space  for  such  collections  as  would 
be  required  ;  consequently  they  would  grow  for  and  ex- 
hibit at  the  society  they  were  most  interested  in.  The 
Pompone  varieties  are  hkely  now  to  become  an  interest- 
ing feature  at  our  Chrysanthemum  exhibitions.  I  would 
suggest  that  they  be  grown  in  say  8-inch  pots  ;  another, 
perhaps,  would  suggest  9-inch  pots  as  more  suitable. 
Now,  if  a  kmd  of  mterehange  of  opinion  was  to  take 
place  between  the  committees  of  different  societies 
before  the  final  arrangement  of  their  schedules,  I  think 
much  good  might  be  effected.  W.  Bolrms,  Hmhiaj. 
PICOTEE :  An  unnamed  and  apparenily  worthless  variety.  J,  J?. 

Miscellaneous. 

A   ffomceopatkic  Cfiaunt  sung  at  a  late  meeting  of 
Homoeopathic  doctors  at  Leipzig : 

"  Apage  compositum  ? 

Adjuvans  in  basi, 

Corrigens,  Excipiens, 

Medicinas  dirigens, 

Requiescant  pace. 

Floreant  specifica. 

Sulphur  et  Sabina, 

Aconitum,  Phosphoras. 

Floreat  in  omnibus 

Homoeopathia  ! " 

Poisonous  Plants  of  Panama The  most  dreaded  of 

the  poisonous  plants  are  the  Amancay  (Tlievetia  nerii- 
folia,Juss.),  Cojondel  gate  (Tlievetia  nitida,  DeCai.d.), 
Manzanillo  de  playa  (Hippomane  Mancinella,  Lim.), 
Florispondia  (Datura  sanguinea,  Ruiz  et  Pav.),  and 
Bala  (Gliricidia  maeulata,  Kunth).  It  is  said  of  the 
MauzaniUo  deplaya  thatpersons  have  died  from  sleeping 
beneath  its  shade  ;  and  that  its  milky  juice  raises 
blisters  on  the  skin,  which  are  difficult  to  heal.  The 
first  of  these  statements  must  be  regarded  as  fabulous, 
and  the  second  be  received  with  a  degree  of  modifica- 
tion. Some  people  will  bear  the  juice  upon  the  surface 
of  the  body  without  being  in  the  least  affected  by  it ; 
while;  others  do  experience  the  utmost  pain  ;  the 
difference  seeming  to  depend  entirely  on  the  state  of  a 
man's  constitution.  Great  caution,  however,  is  required 
iu  protecting  the  eyes,  for  if  the  least  drop  enters  them, 
loss  of  sight  and  the  most  acute  smarting  for  several 
days  are  the  consequence.  The  smoke  arising  from  the 
wood  produces  a  similar  effect;  and  I  remember  that, 
while  surveying  on  the  coast  of  Darien,  a  whole  boat's 
crew  of  H.M.S.  Herald  was  blinded  from  having  kindled 
a  fire  with  the  branches  of  this  tree.  Whenever  the 
natives  are  aff'ected  by  the  poison  they  at  once  wash  the 
injured  part  in  salt  water.  This  remedy  is  most 
efficacious,  and,  as  the  Manzanillo  is  always  confined  to 
the  edge  of  the  ocean,  of  easy  application.  It  has  been 
stated  that  the  Indians  of  the  Isthmus  dip  their  arrows 
in  the  juice  of  the  Manzanillo.  There  are,  however, 
various  reasons  for  doubting  this  assertion  ;  firstly, 
because  the  poison  is,  like  that  of  all  Eupliorbiacea', 
extremely  volatile,  and,  however  virulent  when  first 
procured,  soon  loses  its  power  ;  secondly,  because  its 
eff'ect,  even  when  fresh,  is  by  no  means  so  strong  as  to 
cause  the  death  of  human  beings,  itnot  even  producing, 
as  has  already  been  stated,  the  slightest  injury  on  some 
constitutions.  We  ^may,  therefore,  consider  the  state- 
ment" as  an  inaccuracy,  and  rather  suppose  that  the 
Indians,  like  those  of  Guayana,  obtain  their  poison  from 
the  Strychnos  toxif'era,  Btli.,  and  S.  cogens,  Bth.,  two 
plants  very  common  throughout  Panama  and  Darien. 
Tlio  fruitof  the  Amancay  (Tlievetia  neriifolia,  Juss.)  is 
also  considered  very  poisonous,  but  its  dangerous 
qualities  have  been  jirobably  overrated,  1  knew  a. 
gentleman  in  Panama  who,  wlieii  a  boy,  ate  four  of  these 
fruits,  withoutexperiencing  any  other  effect  than  that  of 
griping.  The  leaves  of  the  Bala,  or,  as  it  is  also  called, 
Madora  negra  (Gliricidia  maculiita,  Kth.),  are  used  to 
poison  rats.  The  Florispondia  (Datura  sanguiiicii,  Kniz 
et  Pav.)  ajipoars  to  have  always  ))layed,alid  still  con- 
tinues to  play,  a  prominent  part  iu  the  superstition  of 
tropical  America.     The  Indians  of  Darien,  as  well  an 


8 


TH    E     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Jan.  3, 


those  of  Clioco,  prepare  from  its  seeds  a  decoction, 
which  is  given  to  their  chilJi'en  to  produce  a  state  of 
excitement  in  which  they  are  supposed  to  possess  the 
power  of  discovering  gold.  In  any  place  where  the 
unhappy  patients  happen  to  fall  down,  digging  is 
commenced  ;  and,  as  the  soil  nearly  everywhere  abounds 
with  gold-dust,  an  amount  of  more  or  less  value  is 
obtained.  In  order  to  counteract  the  bad  effect  of  the 
poison,  some  sour  Chicha  de  Maiz,  a  beer  made  of 
ladiau  cornjis'adrainistered.  Hoolcer^sJov^rnalof  Botany. 
Simple  Mode  of  Softeniiiff  Hard  Water. — The  water 
at  present  supplied  to  London,  says  Dr.  Playfair,  may 
be  rendered  soft  by  very  simple  chemical  means,  namely, 
by  adding  caustic  lime.  The  proportions  required  are 
one  part  of  lime  water  to  five  of  common  water,  and  this 
reduces  the  hardness  to  the  same  degree  as  that  of  water 
after  being  boiled.  The  process  of  softening  water  by 
means  of  caustic  lime  has  been  tried  and  found  perfectly 
practicable  at  the  Chelsea  Water-works.  One  pound  of 
chalk,  when  calcined,  will  produce  9  oz.  of  caustic  lime, 
which  will  make  40  gallons  of  lime-water,  and  be 
sufficient  to  mix  with  560  gallons  of  ordinary  London 
pipe-water.  We  know  of  cases  in  which  this  method  is 
now  regularly  and  successfully  adopted  in  household 
practice — of  course  on  a  small  scale.  TJie  Builder, 

Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weeJc.J 
GKNEItAL  Hh.MAHKS. 

As  severe  weather  may  now,  at  any  time,  be  expected, 
a  good  supply  of  dry  litter.  Fern,  or  other  materials 
should  be  in  readiness,  for  extra  covering,  when 
required.  Take  advantage  of  bad  weather,  to  wash  up 
and  arrange  the  stock  of  dirty  pots,  to  paint  any  tubs, 
baskets,  wires,  &c.,  out  of  use  ;  repair  and  paint  the 
sashes  of  houses  not  covered  in,  prepare  labels  of  various 
sizes,  forked  sticks  for  pegging  down  plants  in  the 
flower  garden,  look  over  the  stores,  and  provide  whatever 
may  be  required  for  the  season's  use.  If  not  already 
done,  lose  no  time  in  getting  under  cover  a  supply  of 
the  various  loams,  peat,  &c.,  required  for  spring  potting. 
PLANT    I'OUSES. 

The  principal  work  in  this  department  will  consist  in 
keeping  the  houses  and  their  inmates  scrupulously  clean. 
Moderate  fires  and  ventilation,  with  frequent  washing  of 
stove  plants,  will  be  necessary.  The  conservatory  and 
show  houses  should  now  be  gay  with  Camellias  and 
forced  plants,  which  will  take  the  place  of  the  Chrysan- 
themums, now  over.  Keep  up  a  regular  succession  of 
plants  to  bloom  through  the  spring,  by  bringing  forward 
the  stock  of  forcing  plants  as  wanted.  Roses,  both 
dwarfs  and  standards,  Honeysuckles,  scarlet  Thorns, 
hybrid  Rhododendrons,  and  Azaleas,  with  a  host  of  other 
things,  will  enable  you,  in  addition  to  the  usual  occu- 
pants of  the  houses,  to  malte  a  brilliant  show  through  the 
spring.  Hyacinths,  Narcissus,  TuHps,  Lily  of  the 
Valley,  and  other  plants  of  the  above  class,  must  be 
duly  forwarded  as  wanted.  Hard  woo  'ed  plants  will  re- 
quire a  dry  pm-e  atmosphere  to  guard  against  mildew 
and  damp. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
Vinery. — Considerable  care  will  be  necessary  in 
maintaining  a  proper  atmosphere  for  Vines  now  break- 
ing. The  great  evil  to  guard  against  is  too  much 
moisture  ;  and  the  other,  the  want  of  proper  ventilation  ; 
for  neither  can  the  Vine,  nor  any  other  hard-wooded 
plant,  form  a  healthy  leaf  in  an  atmosphere  saturated 
with  vapour,  and  deprived  of  circulation.  It  should, 
therefore,  be  the  object  of  the  cultivator,  at  this 
season,  to  keep  the  air  in  the  house  moderately 
moist  and  in  motion.  There  are  but  few  houses  in 
which  this  cannot  be  done  by  a  little  contriving. 
The  outside  border  should  be  carefully  watched, 
and  a  heat  not  much  exceeding  TO'^  should  be  aimed 
at.  In  severe  weather,  be  content  with  adding  fresh 
material  to  the  surface,  rather  than  distm-b  the  whole. 
Snow  and  heavy  rain  should  be  excluded  by  canvas 
well  tarred,  or  thatching,  Avith  the  above  instructions. 
Let  the  temperature  range  from  58°  or  60"  by  night  to 
65*^  by  day,  allowing  an  additional  rise  of  S°  or  10"  in 
sunshine.  Succession  Vineries  should  be  pruned  and 
dressed,  as  the  crops  ai'e  cleared  off,  and  everything 
got  in  readiness  to  start  them,  as  required.  Late 
Vineries. — When  Grapes  are  still  uncut  they  must 
be  kept  perfectly  dry  and  well  aired,  looking  over 
the  bunches  occasionally  to  remove  decayed  berries. 
Prepare  cuttings  of  the  kinds  you  wish  to  pro- 
pagate at  this  season.  Pineries. — At  this  season, 
in  most  places.  Pines  are  in  great  demand  ;  and 
accordingly,  fruit-ripening  will  require  a  dryish  heat, 
and  as  much  light  and  air  as  can  be  given  ;  those 
advancing  may  have  more  moisture,  but  the  other  con- 
ditions are  essential  to  their  well-doing.  The  bottom 
heat  must  be  kept  steady,  but  the  plants  not  disturbed  ; 
a  temperature  ranging  from  60  to  85  (the  latter  by  sun 
heat  only),  will  enable  you  to  bring  them  on  to  perfec- 
tion, if  you  have  light  in  proportion  ;  if  not,  reduce  the 
temperature  accordingly.  The  first  crop  for  the  season 
should  now  be  showing  fruit ;  these  should  have  a  dry 
temperature,  until  after  flowering,  and  great  attention 
paid,  that  they  have  no  check  at  the  root.  Keep  all  the 
later  fruiting  stock  and  the  successions  in  a  dry, 
steady  temperature,  which  may  run  from  58°  to  70^ 
Pbagh  Houses.— Where  the  early  Peach  house  was 
begun  last  month  the  buds  will  now  be  swellin" ; 
a  genial  heat  must  be  kept  up,  not  exceeding  40°  or  45° 
by  night,  according  to  their  forwardness,  and  60°  by 
day.  Syringe  them  every  morning,  but  on  frosty 
evenings  let  the  steaming  of  the  heating  apparatus 
suffice.  Get  the  second  house  in  order  by  pruning  and 
tying  in  the  wood.     The  shoots  of  some  varieties  of  the 


Peach  are  often  deficient  of  leaf  buds,  and  it  is  better 
to  wait  till  they  break  before  shortening  them,  otherwise 
the  fruit  becomes  abortive  for  want  of  a  leader.  Keep 
the  outside  borders  protected  from  frost  and  snow,  by 
some  preventive  material.  If  Cherries  are  wished  particu- 
larly early,  a  few  may  now  be  commenced  in  a  low  tem- 
perature. Figs  may  now  be  started  very  gently,  having 
previously  been  thinned  out,  and  dressed  ;  if  in  tubs,  or 
pots,  a  soaking  of  liquid  manure  should  be  given  them. 
Plunge  the  first  crop  of  Strawberries  in  a  mild  bottom 
heat ;  the  best  kinds  for  the  early  crop  are  Keens,  and 
the  Alice  Maude.  When  the  truss  of  bloom  appears,  re- 
move them  to  a  light  house  to  bloom.  Protect  the 
remaining  stock  from  frost  and  heavy  rains.  The 
"  Queens  "  are  very  tender,  and  are  injured  by  either. 

FLOWER  OARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

If  flowers  are  required  to  occupy  ihose  beds  in  the 
spring,  which  are  afterwards  devoted  to  the  usual 
bedding  out  plants,  they  will  have  been  planted  ;  and 
such  being  the  case,  some  choice  things  now  coming  up 
may  requu-e  a  slight  protection  from  severe  frost.  Saw- 
dust, leaf-mould,  or  old  tan,  may  be  put  over  such  things 
as  the  best  Anemones,  Scillas,  Hyacinths,  and  Tulips, 
covering  the  surface  afterwards  to  resemble  the 
other  beds.  Keep  the  beds  cleanly  raked,  and 
the  edging  and  Grass  in  good  order.  The 
pleasure  grounds  will  require  frequent  sweeping 
and  rolling  ;  the  walks  rolled,  especially  after  frost,  ani 
every  attention  paid  to  neatness  and  order.  Deciduous 
trees  and  shrubs  may  now  be  thinned  out,  and  pruned, 
if  such  is  required  ;  but  evergreens  should  not  be 
touched  for  the  present ;  nor  do  we  advise  planting, 
except  in  extreme  cases,  at  this  season.  Ground,  how- 
ever, intended  for  planting,  may  be  prepared  with  ad- 
vantage. Mulch  trees  lately  planted,  to  preserve  them 
from  frost.  Low  evergreens,  if  recently  planted,  would 
be  benefited  by  sticking  around  them  branches  of  larger 
evergreens,  as  the  Fir,  &c.,  should  sharp  frost  come  on. 

HARDY  FRUir  GAHDt.N. 
The  general  'pruning  and  training  of  wall  trees  and 
espaliers  may  be  proceeded  with  at  all  times  except  in 
severe  frosts.  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Figs,  and  Apricots 
are,  however,  better  left  for  some  time  yet.  We  advise 
Gooseberries  and  Currants  to  be  planted  in  rows  5  feet 
apart,  and  trained  as  low  espaliers,  as  the  most  eligible 
mode  of  growing  them.  These  fruits  may  now  have  the 
necessary  pruning.  Take  advantage  of  frosty  weather 
to  wheel  manure  to  such  fruit  quarters  as  require 
assistance.  Newly  planted  trees  of  all  kinds  should  have 
their  roots  protected  from  frost  by  a  mulching  of  litter 
or  short  dung. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
The  manuring  and  trenching  of  vacant  ground  should 
be  proceeded  with,  in  dry  frosty  weather,  at  which 
times  the  formations  of  new  borders  should  be  attended 
to  ;  and  all  descriptions  of  work,  requiring  the  removal 
of  earth.  Clean  plots  of  ground  immediately  the  crops 
are  off ;  as  the  refuse,  if  left,  only  afford  shelter  to 
vermin.  In  mild  weather  the  vegetable  quarters  Avould 
be  much  benefited  by  a  dressing  of  salt  and  hot  lime, 
repeated  in  two  or  three  times  ;  this,  by  killing  the 
present  stock  of  slugs,  will  save  much  after  trouble. 
Stir  between  all  planted  crops  in  dry  weather 
such  as  Cabbage,  Lettuce,  Peas,  &c.  A  succes- 
sional  crop  of  Peas  and  Beans  may  now  be  planted, 
the  former  in  a  dry  sandy  plot.  We  always  sow  our 
own  in  an  open  field  for  the  early  crop,  and  never  stick 
them  ;  but  this  appHes  only  to  certain  localities.  A 
small  crop  of  Early  Horn  Carrot  and  short-top  Radish 
may  now  be  sown  on  a  warm  border,  covering  them 
with  litter  till  they  come  up.  Sow  in  a  frame  a  Httle 
Cauliflower,  Lettuce,  Parsley,  &c.,  Jor  transplanting  to 
a  warm  border  in  April,  to  succeed  the  autumn-sown 
plants.  Give  air  at  all  opportunities  to  Radishes,  Car- 
rots, and  plants,  protected  in  frames.  Keep  up  succes- 
sions of  Seakale,  Asparagus,  and  Rhubarb,  and  make 
sowings  of  Cucumber  and  Melons  for  the  spring  crops. 
Cucumbers  in  a  bearing  state  will  require  a  high  tempe- 
rature, say  70**  to  85°  ;  keep  the  shoots  thin,  and  allow 
them  all  the  advantages  of  sun  heat.  The  bottom  heat 
must  nearly  approach  that  of  the  house. 

State  of  the  We&tber  near  LodiIoq,  lor  tbe  ween  ending  Jan,  1, 1852, 
ae  obBErved  at  the  Horticuitureil  Garden,  ChiHwick. 


Vr 

Tktii 

rstaATUBB. 

< 

3 

Babomstbb. 

Wind. 

Dec. 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mem 

1  foot 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Friday..  26 

M.53: 

30,439 

43 

17 

30.0 

41 

41 

E. 

Satur.  ..  27 

4 

3(1.^83 

30.349 

40 

19 

34.5 

39 

39i 

6.W. 

Sunday  .  28 

b 

■MA27 

aO.313 

4-^ 

31 

■M.h 

:w^ 

39^ 

E. 

Monday   :29 

30.'19J 

3U.486 

40 

3ti 

■MM 

3!) 

:iih 

Tues.   ..  30 

)) 

30.-1&8 

30.393 

40 

21 

3". 5 

:i% 

40-, 

Wed.    ..  31 

S 

■M.2G2 

30.044 

36 

28 

;r,!  n 

39 

40 

S.W. 

Thura...     1 

9 

29.936 

29.789 

35 

21 

28.0 

33 

384 

W. 

Averafte.... 

30.3;  S 

3(i.-:59 

39.4 

261 

32  8 

39.1 

39.5 

Dec,  2G— FrOflty;  floe;  clear;  sharp  frost. 

—  27— FroBiy;  overcast;  all^fht  rain. 

—  28— Fine;  hnzi  fljiug  cloudn;  deoeely  overcast;  clear  at  uiglit. 

—  29— Parllally  overcast;  BliKhibaze:  ovcrcaaL  at  night. 

—  30— t-ogKy  throughout;  f'ost  at  uiitht. 

—  31  -Frosty  and  fongy;  hazy;  BligUt  frost. 
Jan,       1— Hhzt;  overcast;  frosty  at  ui^fht. 

Aleaa  temperature  of  the  week,  4^  de^:.  below  tbe  averaKe. 

State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  ilurioK  tbe  last26yeara,for  the 
easuinK  vteek, eoding  Jan.  10,  liib'2. 


Hi 

SI 

St! 

Wo.  of 
Yeara  in 
which  it 

Kained, 

Greateat 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

Prevailing  Winds, 

Jan. 

z. 

«-^'"'^*i 

Sunday  4 
Uon,       6 
Tuea.      6 
Wed.       7 
Tburs.    3 
Frld.iy    9 
Satur.   10 

42.1 
4l.:i 

40.9 
40.> 
33.5 

39.2 
40  8 

31.6 
30J) 
30.2 
29.0 
MA 
31.2 
30.1 

36.3 
35.9 
35.6 
34.3 
34.5 
35.2 
35,4 

10 
11) 

it 
8 

8 
U 

0.45  in. 

0.40 
0.33 
0.31 
0,26 
0.20 
0.40 

3 
6 

2 
2 
3 

1 
1 

3 
2 
6 
3 
3 
6 
6 

mi 

■i'  3' 3,  el  2 

3;  4    4'  4    2 

The  hiehest  temperature  during  the  above  period  occurred  on  tl 
and  7th  1845— therm.  54  (leg. ;  and  the  lowest  ou  ihe  7th  and  Stb, 
— thetm.  C  deg. 


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Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Apples:  WM,  Ely.  Your  Apple  appears  to  bu  new;  middle- 
sized,  round;  eje  close,  in  a  sligiit  depressioo,  surrounded 
wiih  small  plaits;  stalk  about  halfanincti  in  length ;  skin 
pale  yellow,  sprinkled  with  numerous  brown  dote;  flesh 
jeliowish  white,  remarkably  tender,  almost  melting,  with  a 
eweet,  moderately  brisk  flavour,  and  slightly  perfumed 
arum  a.  U 

BeeHives:  Catterick.  We  shall  have  something  to  say  presently 
respecting  the  plan  with  which  jou  have  favoured  us. 

BiKDs  ;  W P,  It  all  arises  from  your  having  placed  him  in  a. 
wicker  cage.  These  ugly,  unsuitable  dwellings  for  black- 
birds, thrushes,  and  starlings,  ought  now  to  be  altogether 
discarded.  Put  your  bird  into  a  wooden  cage,  painted  green, 
having  one  side  closed,  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  draught, 
and  all  will  be  right.— J  H.  You  are  altogether  wrong  in 
the  treatment  of  your  birds;  and  the  "excitement'*  which 
you  say  "killB"  them,  will  soon  leave  you  quite  destitute. 
Separate  them  immediately,  and  assign  a  cage  to  each  sepa- 
rate  bird.  Then  suspend  them,  one  over  tbe  other,  lest  per- 
chance they  should  see  each  other.  It  is  this  propinquity 
that  creates  the  excitemen'^.  Your  birds  will,  under  such, 
circumstances,  sing  equally  loud,  and  be  far  more  "steady." 
—  W  S.  Your  bird  requires  a  change  cf  scene,  air,  and  food. 
Let  him  out,  and  give  him  bread  and  milk  (the  latter  boiled). 
He  will  quicUly  rally,— Juvenis.  You  may  keep  some  half 
dozen  of  tbese  in  one  long  narrow  cage.  They  look  very 
pretty  when  all  at  roost  in  one  line,  and  'bey  rarely  disagree. 
—AniieB.  His  feetare  diseasedthrought^irJ.  Cleanlinesamuat 
be  enforced  on,  and  practised  by,  all  wbu  would  have  fine 
healthy  birds. — SopJiK.  We  are  pleased  exceedingly  that  we- 
have  been  so  sncceastul  in  bringing  your  bird.-,  so  long  silent, 
"into  fine  song."  These  maters  ought  to  be  recorded;  it 
gives  us  encouragement. — Alice,  By  ail  means  ;  procure  two 
others,  and  keep  them  all  together.  A  morsel  of  suet  now 
and  then  will  give  them  delight,  and  you  unceasing  amuse- 
ment.— Harrison.  The  mountain  hncb  is  not  worib  keeping^ 
as  regards  bis  song ;  but  be  is  by  no  means  an  ugly  bird  to 
look  at.  His  voice  is  v/iry  and  barsh  ;  bis  constitution 
hardy.  Beiug  particularly  quarrelsome  by  nature,  be  must 
have  no  'companion'  to  share  hia  ca^e.—AJaria  L.  He  will 
not  commence  singing  before  March. — Jacob  li.  If  two  years 
old,  all  tbe  better.  He  will  be  metre  'true"  to  the  wild 
note. — Alexander  C.  They  are  not  very  abundant  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood ot  London,  but  may  be  purchased  here  in  tho 
proper  season.— iVineWa.  If  be  sings  so  well,  you  ought  to  be 
satisfied.  "Beauty"  is  only  an  "ideal"  value. — Angelina, 
If,  contrary  to  our  repeated  instructiune,  you  bought  your 
bird  of  a  dealer  in  the  street,  he  seylk  will  "sing!" — 
A  Constant  Reader.  Purchase  a  Belgian  male  canary,  and  a 
Korvpich  hen.  Birds  thus  bred  turn  out  well ;  but  wait  until 
March  before  you  think  of  "pairing"  any  of  yuur  stock.  TT.K". 

Books:  A  Sub.  There  is  "  Autoine'n  Couiteice,"  with  plates, 
published  at  Vienna,  and  Lambert's  "ilouugrapb  of  the 
Genus  Pinus,"  the  Svo  edition.  Both  to  be  bad  through 
the  booksellers,  and  both  expensive. 

Blinds:  SJSH.  Your  letter  on  this  subject  baa  been  received, 
and  will  he  published  as  Buon  as  the  woudcuta  shall  have 
been  prepared  for  it,} 

CELtsY  Leaves:  W  Ford.  Very  curious.  We  will  publish 
some  account  of  them. 

Fekn  bWS.  We  cannot  recommend  dealers.} 

Heating:  A  S,  We  cannot  recommeiidyou  to  employ  steam. 
It  does  not  answer.  If,  however,  notwithstanding  this 
caution,  you  desire  to  employ  it,  then  place  your  pipes  as  low 
as  circumstances  will  permit.  Heat  rises,  not  descends,  and 
near  the  glass  is  tbe  worst  possible  position  for  the  pipes 
that  convey  it. 

Ice,  iic:  AM,  You  shall  have  an  answer  at  length  in  a  very 
short  time. 

Names  of  Plants  :  G  P  L.  Umbelliferous  plants  without  fruit 
cannot  be  named.  Your  plant  looks  like  a  bit  of  Malabaila 
graveolens.— 4  ^.  Thuja  filiformis  is  tbis.  Thuja  pendula 
is  one  of  its  aliases.  It  is  hardy  near  London. — T  S  P,  The 
seed  is  Paddy ;  t.  e.  Rice  in  the  husk.  The  tea  was  much 
broken,  and  was  but  a  fragment  originally :  we  doubt 
whether  it  is  tea  at  all.— J  A,  Liverpool,  a  new  Dendrobium 
called  bursigerum,  near  aecundum. — £B.  Acacia  vestita. 

Salads:  S  M.  We  are  not  acquainted  with  any  passage  ia 
Evelyn  where  he  prefers,  "to  all  other  salads,  those  taken 
from  the  crops  of  wild  pigeons ; "  nor  do  we  understand  what 
be  meant  if  he  ever  said  so. 

Seeds:  JVM.  Aquatics  germinate  under  the  water,  Amon^ 
tbe  quickest  of  all  seeds  to  vegetate  are  those  of  Chickweed, 
Heat,  damp,  and  darkness  are  the  best  means  of  inducing 
vegetation.}  ^ 

The  Viper  Contbovebst  :  G  W  M.  This  subject  has  been 
utterly  exhausted,  and  we  dare  not  re.ipen  It,  There  is 
no  doubt  that  your  informants  believe  they  saw  what  they 
describe  ;  but  that  is  not  tbe  questiou.  Tbe  point  ia,  was 
their  observation  correctj  Assertions  and  couater-aasertions 
prove  nothing. 

Vinery  :  Belfast  Sub.  Use  Hartley's  rough  plate  glass.  If  y_oa 
wish  to  reter  to  them,  you  will  find  testimonials  ia  its 
favour  from  some  of  the  beat  gardeners  in  England,  a.i  p,  77S 
of  onr  las':  year's  volume,} 


1—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


c 


PERUVIAN  GUANO. 
AUTION    TO    AGRICULTUKISTS.- 


_  It  beinff  notorious  that  extenaiTe  adulterations  of  this 
MANUKE  are  s'^iil  carried  on, 

ANTONT  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  lUPOaTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

boy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  tbe  parties  from  whom  tbey  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  amd  SONS  think  it 
wdl  to  remind  b  lyers  that — 

Tiic  lowest  wholescde  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Gitano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  pei'  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  beg  to 
offer  PERUVIAN  GUANO,  warranted  perfectly  gi-nuine  ; 
Superphosphate  of  Lime,  Wheat  Manure,  Coocentratod  Urate, 
Irish  Peat  Charcoal.  Gypsum,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  and  every  arti- 
ficial  Manure,  ou  the  best  terms.  Also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  Agricultural  Purposes,  at  a  low  rate,  English  and 
Foreign  Linseed  Cake,  Rape  Cake,  &c. 

Edwabd  Porsee,  Secretary,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriara. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  6    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  Willi am-street.  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91. 10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  55.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


FOSSIL  BONES  AND  PSEUDO-COPROLITES 

(FRUM   THE    8DFF0LK   CEAO). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Ponder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  I  cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  ihem  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Packard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Sufl:oik. 

FARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  ia\ated  to  try 
the  NEW  and  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregnated  by  pressure  with  the  fertilisiag  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  tbe  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Faeces  being 
absorbed,  and  the  water  Itft  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewa/e  Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fuiham,  Middle- 
sex, at  6O3.  per  ten,  4s.  per  cwt.,  and  2s,  6d.  per  half  cwt. 

STEPHENSON  and  Co.,  61,  Grace  church-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Invenlurs 
and  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CYLINDKICAL  BOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
scientific  Horticulturists  to  their  mucti  Improved  method  of 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses, 
4ec.,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  bottom  heat  is 
secured  to  any  required  degree,  without  the  aid  of  pipes  or  flaes. 
S.  and  Co.  have  also  to  state  that  at  the  request  of  numerous 
friends  they  are  now  making  their  Boilers  of  1  on,  as  well  as 
Copper,  by  whicii  the  cost  is  reduced.  The-.-  Boilers,  which 
are  now  so  well  known,  scarcely  require  i:escription  ;  hjt  to 
those  who  have  not  seen  them  in  operati-n,  prospectuses  will 
be  forwarded,  as  well  as  references  of  the  highest  auihoricy  j  or 
they  may  be  seen  at  most  of  the  Nobility's  seats  and  principal 
Nurseries  tbroaghout  the  Kingdom. 

S.  and  Co.  beg  to  inform  the  Trade  that  at  their  Manufactory, 
17,  New  Fark-s'reet,  every  article  required  for^tbe  construction 
of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  well  as  for  heaCiog  them,  may 
be  obtained  upon  ibe  most  advantageous  terms. 

Conservatories,  «tc.,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
ornamental  debigns.  Balconies,  Palisading,  Field  and  Garden 
Fences,  Wire-work,  <fcc. 


A  PRIZE  MEDALFORSUPERIOlt  LOCKS  WAS  AWARDED 
TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT  EXHIBITION 
OP  1861 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 
Draining,  and  nther  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  63.  per 
dozen.  Carpenters  and  Smi'hs'  TomIs,  &c.  Ladies'  Garden 
Tools,  7s.  9d.  a  set.  Sword-scrapers  for  Gardens,  Is.  '2d.  each. 
Patent  Fumigators  for  destroyini^  insects  on  plants,  in  green- 
houses, &c.  :  at  Messrs,  J.  H,  Boobbter  and  Co.'s  {late 
Sturch  and  Boobbtee),  Ironmongery,  Brass-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-street,  Clare  market, 
London.  Establivhed  nearly  200  years  for  the  sale  of  go^ds 
from  the  beet  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices.  Goods  for- 
warded  to  any  p!irt  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 

R^  0  yXl  "a  G"r"I  C  U  LTURAL    COLLEGE, 
CiaENCESTER. 
Patron — His  Royal  Highness  Prince  ALBsaT. 
President  of  Council — Earl  BATOuEaT. 

Vice-Prtsident — Earl  Ddcie. 
Principal— Rev.  J.  S.  Hatqabth,  M.A. 
PROFESSORS,  &.C. 
Chemistry— J.  A.  C.  Voelcker,  I'h.D.,  F.0.3. 
Geology,  Zoology,  and  Botany — James  Buckman,   F.G.S,, 
F.L  S. 
Veterinary  Medicine  and  Surgery— G,  T.  Brown,  M.R.C.V.S. 
Surveying,  Civil  Engineering,  and  Mathematics— W.Sowerby, 
A.I.C.E. 
Manager  of  Farm— R.  Vallentine. 

Assistant  to  Chemical  Professor— A.  Williams,  M.R.C.S, 
The  nest  Session  will  begin  early  in  February.  Students 
are  adniitted  either  as  boarders  or  as  out-stui'ents.  The 
annual  fees  for  boarders  vary  from  45  to  80  ^'uineas,  according 
to  age  and  other  circumstances.  The  fee  for  out-students  is 
40i.  per  annum.  The  College  course  of  lectures  and  practical 
instruction  is  complete  in  one  twalvemonih — though  for 
younger  students  a  longer  time  is  recommended.  There  is  a 
department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural  education. 
Prospectuses  and  information  can  b^  had  on  application  to  tue 
Principal. 


CHEAP  AND  DURABLE  ROOFING. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


■p  M'NEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb'a-buildmgs,  Bunhill- 
■'-    *  row,  London,  the   Manufaclurera  and  only  Patencees  oi 

THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOE  ROOFING 
HouBes.Farm  Biiiidinge,  Shedding,  Workshops,  andforSarden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
PaiZES,  and  is  tbe  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 

Hee  Majesti's  Woods  and  Fobestb, 

Homooeable  Boabd  of  Oednance, 

HONODEABLE  EaST  IKDIA  CoMPANr, 
HOBODEABLE  CoMMISSIONEEB  OF  CD8T0M3, 

Hee  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wigdt, 
RoTAL  Botanic  Gaedens,  Regent's  Faee, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukea  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newoajtle,  Northumberland,  Bncclcuch  <at  Bichmond), 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Botal  Aqeiooltdeal  Sooieti's  Hodse.  Hanover- 
sqoare. 

It  li  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  .12  inches  wide. 

Peice  One  Pekni  pee  Sqdaee  Foot. 

•.•  Samples,  wUh  Dlrccilons  for  its  Cse,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  relorencos  to  Noblemen,  Qen- 
•.Umen,  Architects,  and  builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executed, 

t^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  tbo  above  Roofing  is  made,  are 

P.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent    Pelt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-buildings,    Bunhllj-row 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen.  ' 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor's  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West- 
mlniter  Hail,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Oo.'s  Feltaboul 
^o  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
H.A.  Ilcr  Majestj's  CommliBloncrsof  Woods  and  Forests  are 
•o  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com. 
mltteo  ll»>oni«  at  the  Houics  of  Parliament  to  bo  roofed  with 
their  Kelt.    Quantity  altogether  used,  2i,(j0ll  feet, 

ii''UT't''""'"™"'"  """""K  direct  to  the  Factory  can  bo  sup- 
plied ifi  lengths  best  suited  to  their  Roofa,  so  that  they  pay  lor 
no  more  than  they  rerjulre. 

Every  information  afforded  on  the  eonstrucllonof  Roofs,  or 
»ny  proposed  panloular  application  of  the  Felt, 


SATURDAY,  JANUARYS,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOI.LOWING  WEEKS. 
THt;aSDAT,     JsD.     8  — Aunciil'urn)  Imp.  Sac.  nf  Ireland. 
WnDNKBDAT,  —      14-High'aTid  ttQd  iuri.  Society. 
Thubsuai,       —      15  — Agricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 

As  a  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  Wheat 
Crop,  which  may  be  useful  in  autumn  1852,  though 
too  late  to  be  of  much  service  for  next  harvest, 
we  subjoin  the  amount  of  some  experiments  made 
during  the  past  season,  whose  results  have  only  lately 
been  obtained. 

The  following  varieties  of  Wheat  were  hoed  in 
daring  December,  1850,  on  adjoining  quarter-acre 
pieces  of  sandy  loam,  vvlic'i  had  borne  a  crop  of 
Belgian  Carrot.  The  first  10  were  obtained  from 
Mr.  Eames,  of  Beaulieu,  near  Lyndhurst,  Hamp- 
shire, the  remaining  five  were  furnished  by  Mr. 
Piper,  of  Colne-Engaine,  Essex.  The  seed  was 
sown  at  the  rate  of  one  bushel  per  acre.  The 
produce  per  acre  has  been  calculated  from  the 
measured  and  weighed  produce  of  the  several  plots, 
and,  with  the  weight  per  bushel,  is  stated  below. 

Name.  Produce  per  acre.      Weight  per 


Bushels. 

bushel. 

1  Talavera             

...    32.9 

...     624 

2  Pajne's  Rivett 

...    28  8 

...     62 

3  Cone.  White  Chafi:'  Red 

...    24.2 

...    60| 

4  Egyptian               

...    28.9 

...     61 

5  Burrell's  Red     

...    23.5 

...     61 

6  Talavera             

...    28.9 

...    62 

7  Champion 

...    2t,8 

...     63 

8  BdstolRed         

...    32.2 

...    603 

9  Prince  Albert     

...    24.1 

...    60 

10  Golden  Drop       

...    36.6 

...    60 

11  Essex  Woite       

...    34 

...    63 

12  Whittaker's  Wheat      ... 

...    83.7 

...    59 

13  Red  Chaff  Dantzic 

...    30 

...    57} 

li  Old  Red  Straw  Lammas 

...    35.8 

...    591 

15  Foster's  One  Eared  Wheat 

...    86 

...    60J 

The  following  again  is  the  produce  per  acre  of 
10  other  sorts;  the  first  of  which  was  obtained 
from  the.Rev.  George  Wilkins,  of  Wix,  the  second 
and  third  from  Mr.  Besian,  of  Moreton-in-the- 
Marsh,  Gloucestershire,  and  the  others  from  Mr. 
ScoTT  H.4YWARD,  of  Folliingtou,  Sussex.  They 
were  sown  in  another  field,  upon  much  better  land, 
that  had  borne  a  crop  of  Beans, 


Name, 

Produce  per  acre. 

Weight  per 

Bushels. 

bushel,  lbs. 

1  Egyptian 

...    41.4 

...    61i 

2  Donna  Maria        

...    61.9 

...    60 

3  Prima  Donna       

...    42,4 

...    604 

4  Terrewest's  White 

...    38  6 

...    634 

5  Marsden's  Matchless      ,. 

...    38.6 

...    62 

6  Norfolk  Red         

...     48.4 

...    62 

7  lUveti's       

...     62.8 

...    624 

8  Fullard's  Red       

...    46,7 

...    62 

9  Spalding 

...    47.6 

...    6-'f 

10  Aifreston's  Rough  Chaff 

...    45.5 

...    62| 

The  Egyptian  Wheat  and  the  Rivett's  yielded  an 
enormous  bullc  of  straw,  of  great  height,  and  pro- 
mised, while  growing,  to  yield  the  heaviest  produce 
of  grain  also,  but  only  one  of  them  performed  its 
promise.  The  most  valuable  crop  of  the  series, 
undoubtedly,  was  that  of  number  two,  presented  to 
us  by  Mr.  Beman. 

At  a  moment  when  over  the  principal  part  of 
Europe  the  Press  lies  gagged  and  hushed — the 
nations  of  the  civilised  world  forbid  to  use  their 
voices,  warned  lil<e  the  traveller  near  an  impend- 
ing avalanche,  not  to  speak  above  a  whisper,  for 
fear  of  bringing  down  some  loose  and  slippery  mass 
that  in  the  nature  of  things  must  and  will  come 

toppling  .sooner  or  later  of  its  own  accord, from 

its  hundred  throats  the  voice  of  free  England  is 
cheering  out  the  glorious  year  that  has  witnessed 
the  most  triumphant  achievement  which  human 
civilisation  ever  accomplished,  and  will  carry  with 


it  into  the  wake  of  time  the  best-earned  wreath 
that  the  memory  of  a  nation,  always  more  grateful 
to  the  Past  than  trustful  of  the  Future,  can  fling 
around  the  Tablet  that  bears  the  simple  date  of 
'A.D.  1851.' 

A  teeming  and  mysterious  thing  in  the  sight  of 
all  living  is  this  flight  of  Time,  bringing  its  recognised 
and  well  known  epochs  again  and  again  before  the 
eye,  and  still  rushing  on  and  leaving  them  behind, 
suggesting  the  most  modern  of  similitudes  to  the 
thought  in  the  busy  and  hurrying  '  Express  Train ' 
that  so  aptly  symbolises  the  age  of  its  own  inven- 
tion. But  most  mysterious  of  all  in  the  passage  of 
time  is  the  difi^erent  relation  that  it  bears  to  difi'erent 
beholders.  As  no  two  people  ever  see  the  same 
object  from  precisely  the  same  point  of  view  at  the 
same  moment,  so  do  the  same  epochs  bring  both  to 
nations  and  to  individuals  hopes  fears  and  prospects 
as  dissimilar  and  varying  as  their  own  attitude 
and  condition.  The  old  man  reliant  even  to 
excess  upon  the  realised  experiences  of  life,  can 
scarcely  picture  to  himself,  even  for  the  instant,  the 
ardent  and  trustful  promise  with  which  the  new 
year  is  pregnant  to  the  eye  of  youth  ;  the  quiet 
dweller  among  the  fields  or  workshops  of  England 
can  form  none  but  the  vaguest  conception  of  the 
prospect  which  the  coming  year  suggests  to  the 
inhabitant  of  countries  which  though  so  near,  and 
advanced  to  the  same  point  with  ourselves  in 
some  of  the  features  of  civilisation,  seem  to  be 
sent  back  to  spell  over  again  the  first  lesson  of  the 
political  organisation  of  society.  Nor  is  it  other- 
wise in  the  arts  :  the  rapid  advancement  of  some, 
though  dating  their  origin  almost  within  the  existing 
century,  the  slowness  and  backwardness  of  others 
though  coeval  almost  with  the  existence  of  our 
race,  powerfully  suggest  to  us  the  diiJerent  con- 
ditions of  existence  that  the  same  sun  shines  upon, 
the  dissimilar  and  even  contrary  points  of  view  from 
which  the  same  instant  and  epoch  is  beheld, 
according  to  the  degree  and  preparation  of  the 
beholder. 

Nowhere  does  this  reflection  strike  us  more 
forcibly  than  in  its  bearing  upon  agriculture.  Of  all 
the  business  pursuits  practised  in  this  country, 
where  is  there  one  at  the  present  moment  in  which 
such  difference  of  opinion  prevails,  even  upon 
first  principles.  But  strange  as  this  may  be, 
is  the  difference  less  or  less  strange  that  may  be 
seen  by  anybody,  lying  out-of-doors  open  to  all 
men's  view  from  day  to  day,  from  month  to  month, 
from  j/ear  to  year,  in  the  comparative  condition  of 
adjoining  farms  ? 

«  Every  county  presents  contrasts  abundantly  instruc- 
tive, tlie  most  antiquated  and  most  modern  systems  being 
found  side  by  side.  The  successful  practices  of  one  farm 
or  one  county  are  unknown  or  unheeded  in  the  next. 
Ou  one  side  a  hedge,  in  some  counties,  a  plough  with  five 
horses  and  two  men,  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  same 
hedge  a  plough  with  two  horses  and  one  man,  are  doing 
precisely  tlie  same  amount  of  work.  In  adjoining  fields 
may  be  seen  a  foul  Turnip  crop  under  10  tons  an  acre, 
and  a  luxuriant  one  above  30.  On  neighbouring  farms 
of  similar  soil  the  Wlieat  crop  may  vary  from  20  to  40 
bushels  an  acre,  and  most  probably  the  man  who  grows 
20  pays  not  less  tlian  9s.  foi'  threshing  that  gitantity  t>y 
hand,  while  the  other  threshes  his  40  bushels  by  steam  for 
3s.  6d.        ******         * 

"  If  we  spent  one  day,"  (continue  tlie  authorities  from 
whom  we  quote), "  in  examining  Sir  John  Com'oy's  farm 
at  Arborfield,  Mr.  Hudson's  at  Castleacre,  Mr.  Beasley's 
at  Overstone,  or  Lord  Hatherton's  at  Teddesley,  we  were 
almost  sure  to  be  wandering,  on  the  next,  through  the 
mazes  of  frequent  hedgerows,  gazing  at  five  horses 
elaborately  doing  the  work  of  two,  manure  suffered  to 
go  to  waste,  cattle  insufficiently  housed  and  fed,  land 
uudrained  and  unproductive,  and  fai'mers  complaining, 
not  without  reason,  of  their  want  of  success.  One  Jay 
we  learnt  the  processes  by  which  Mr.  Huxtable  econo- 
mises labom-,  manure,  and  food  ;  and  the  next  we  saw 
in  operation  an  antiquated  fanning  machine,  precisely 
the  same  as  Artliur  Young  described  it  80  years  ago, 
and  worthy  of  the  days  before  the  conquest ;  manure 
treated  as  a  troublesome  nuisance,  and  cattle  wasting 
their  substance  and  their  food  by  being  kept  starving  in 
the  open  fields  in  winter.  The  same  day  on  which  we 
saw  the  steam  engine  of  Mr.  Thomas,  of  Lidlington,  in 
Bedfordslm-e,  with  which  ho  is  enabled  to  thresh  liig 
Wheat  crop  tor  Id.  a  bushel,  we  found  other  farmers 
paying  four  or  live  times  as  much  for  the  operation,  not 
so  well  done,  by  hand.  On  one  farm  in  Suffolk  we  have 
seen  the  land  prepared  for  Turnips  by  skim  ploughing, 
scarifying,  and  one  deep  furrow,  at  a  cost  not  exceeding 
25s.  an  acre  ;  and  on  another,  of  precisely  the  same  kind 
of  land,  the  farmer  was  compelled  by  covenant  to  give 
his  land  four  or  five  furrows,  with  repeated  harrowing 
and  rolling,  to  effect  the  same  object  at  more  than  double 
the  cost." 

Now,  looking  at  the  general  circumstances  of 
this  country,  in  the  progress  of  other  arts  and 
manufactures,  in  the  growth  of  science,  and  in  that 
which  presides  over  both,  viz.,  the  mental  advance- 
ment of  the  more  active  part  of  the  community — we 
must,  and  do  call  this  a  most  extraordinary,  an 
almost  unaccountable  state  of  things.     We  are  not 


10 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  3, 


spealjing  of  a  doubtful  tact,  a  nialter  of  argument  or 
opinion  :  we  believe  that  tiiere  is  scarcely  one  in  a 
hnndred  of  our  readers  who  does  not  admit  the 
truth  of  the  description,  point  after  point  as  it  is 
above  given,  in  one  of  the  concluding  Reports  of  the 
Times'"  Commissioners.  What  is  it  that  amidst  the 
rival  and  therefore  proximately  equal  progress  in 
other  pursuits,  keeps  the  Agriculture,  we  oufiht 
rather  to  say  the  Land  of  the  country  in  this 
piebald  state  ?  Is  it  the  fault  of  the  Laborers  1 
or  the  Tenants  ?  or  the  Landlords  ? 

To  the  generality  of  those  who  take  an  interest 
in  the  subject,  it  commonly  occurs  in  every  day 
thought,  as  matter  of  course,  that  somewhere 
amongst  these  three  the  fault  must  lie.  Is  it 
possible  that  there  is  an  alternative  beyond, — that 
it  lies  with  neither  ot  them  ?  The  Laborer  we 
acquit  at  once :  is  there  something  then  in  the 
character  of  the  Farmer, — or  the  Landowner, — 
which  makes  him  different  to  others  of  English 
mould  ?  Is  he  a  being  actuated  by  opposite  mo- 
tives, subject  to  different  impulses,  from  other  men  ? 
Does  any  one  seriously  believe  this  ? — because,  after 
all  allowance  for  the  influence  of  remoteness  and 
comparative  isolation  upon  a  business  like  that 
of  farming,  to  this  complexion  it  must  come  at 
last,  if  there  be  nothing  beyond,  nothing  deeper- 
seated,  and  underlying  the  whole  eeonomy  and 
frame-worh  of  cultivation,  or  of  ownership,  or 
of  loth.  We  believe  that  the  mention  of  this 
possible  alternative  suggests  a  subject  which  sooner 
or  later  must  occupy  the  attention  of  the  Legislature 
of  this  country  in  a  degree,  and  with  a  peremptory 
force,  that  is  as  yet  by  no  means  generally  suspected 
or  understood.  We  have  entered  into  free  and 
open  competition  with  the  whole  world  in  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil :  we  profess  to  meet  all  comers  in 
all  markets.  When  the  vain  hope  of  retracing  this 
step,  already  nearly  extinct,  shall  have  absolutely 
died  out,  and  given  place  to  closer  scrutinies  ;  when 
free  trade  in  corn  shall  have  become  at  least  an 
admitted  fact,  even  by  those  who  least  admire 
it;  and  the  substituted  cry  of  'burthens  upon 
land '  have  been  whipped  off  as  a  poor  scent 
not  worth  following — is  there  no  further  question, 
710  alternative,  no  cause  or  causes  to  be  found  at 
work,  affecting  our  ability  to  meet  the  world  in 
Agriculture  as  we  do  in  Trade  and  Manufactures  ? 

In   a   word,    amidst   this   talk  and  behind   this 
necessity   of  free   trade    in   the    produce   of   land, 
is   the    land    itself    free   that   is    to    produce    it? 
Is  it  free  to  buy,  and  free  to  sell,  free  to  hold,  free 
to  let,  fiee  to  occupy  ?    Is  it  all  of  these,  or  ani/  one 
of  them  ?     Are  the  laws  which  relate  to  it,  and  the 
customs  and  practices  which   those  laws   control, 
sanction,  or  set  example  to,  based  upon  the  same 
free    principles    of    commerce    which    have    been 
declared  and  decreed  respecting  its  saleable  produce? 
Can  the  buyer  buy  or  the  seller  sell  without  un- 
reasonable expense,  delay,  or  impediment ;  and  that 
in  any  quaniity,  large  or  small  ?     Can  the  lessor 
let  with  plenary  powers  to  the  occupier  to   occupy 
to  the  utmost  advantage  both  in  duration  of  tenancy, 
and  security  for  outlaid   capital  ?     Can  the  lessee 
take  and  hold  land  with  full  assurance  for  every 
investment,  a  free  reclaimer  of  every  fixture  or  other 
permanent  addition,  requisite  for  its  most  profitable 
occupation  ?     What  is  an  owner  of  land  1     Is  it  a 
person  with  a  certain  proprietary  power,  uniform  in 
character,  intelligible  to  himself,  and  readily  ascer- 
tainable by  others,  clothed  with  ample  means  for 
the   exeicise  of  every  duty  and  the  conferring  of 
every  faculty  requisite  for   the  cultivation   of   the 
soil,  by  others,  as  his  locum  tenentes,—Qi  is  the  pro- 
prietary interest  in  land  a  thing  that  has  been  cut 
up  by  the  curious  and  fine  dissection  of  the  legal 
scissors  into  a   series  of    complicate  '  estates,'  for 
life,     for     others'    life,     in     tail,     in     fee-simple, 
fee-conditional,    in    reversion,    remainder,    contin- 
gent   remainder,    joint-tenancy,   tenancy   in    com- 
mon,   coparceny,    '  legal-estate,'    trusteeship,    &c., 
most     of    them     either    the     direct     creation   of 
t^     feudal     syslem,     or    modifications     upon     it 
effected  by  monkish  ingenuity,  or  at  the  latest  by 
statutes  attempting  to  grapple  with   the   monastic 
interpretations ;    resulting  altogether  in  a  mass  of 
such    complication    and    difficulty,  that    years    of 
wasteful    labour    are    required    even    to    compre- 
hend   the    obsolete    and    antiquated    forms,    that 
chamber-practice  learns  to  swallow  and  re-assert  as 
a  necessity,  and  ignorance  to  wonder  at  as  a  myste- 
rious beauty.     If  a  system  had  been  expressly  de- 
vised to  keep  everyone  but  a  small  part  of  the  legal 
profession  in  absolute  darkness  as  to  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  an  owner  of  land, — to  oppress  every 
landed   proprietor  with   an   annual   tribute  to  the 
lawyer,  to  learn  how  to  deal  with  his  own  soil,  and 
to  traiis;u;t  his  own  business,— to  fetter  and  impede 
lie    of    land,   rendering    its  transfer   difficult 
xpensive  in  large,  and  almost  impracticable 
m  small  quantities,  none  could  have   been  more 


effective,  regard  being  had  to  our  respect  in  this 
country  for  everything  in  the  shape  of  law,  than 
the  real-property  system,  if  system  it  may  be  called, 
which  has  accumulated  upon  our  age,  paralysing  the 
very  hope  of  reform,  and  sending  us  into  the  world 
blind-born  like  puppies,  to  its  deep-seated  influence 
upon  the  arm  of  agricultural  enterprise  and  industry. 
'  The  way  in  which  we  meet  lower  prices  is  by 
laying  out  additional  capital,'  cries  the  man  of  com- 
merce and  manufactures;  'you  must  do  the  same 
upon  the  land  :  there  is  nothing  needs  it  more,  offers 
better  security,  or  returns  it  in  the  long  run  more 
surely.'  But  who  is  the  person  addressed  ?  The 
tenant  for  life  in  tail,  who,  it  is  said,  owns  two- 
thirds  of  the  acres  of  England,  or  the  tenant- 
farmer  who  holds  under  him  from  year  to  year, 
or  even  on  lease,  the  land  which  will  presently 
revert  with  all  its  improvements  to  another  ?  There 
is  a  striking  analogy  in  Iheir  respective  posi- 
tions :  to  each  the  greedy  soil  appeals  in  turn, 
gula  pecuniw,  for  more  liberal  outlay ;  from  each 
the  answer  is  the  same ;  the  one  points  to  his 
younger  children  whom  his  spare  capital  must  pro- 
vide for,  or  to  his  inherited  and  'settled'  mortgages 
which  he  is  restricted  from  selling  a  portion  of  his 
acreage  to  pay ;  the  other  pleads  his  mere  annual  or 
leasehold  tenure,  at  the  close  of  which  his  invest- 
ments may  become  a  subject  of  valuation  against 
himself. 

" No  improvements,"  observes  Mr.  Mill*  "ope- 
rate more  directly  upon  the  productiveness  of 
labour  than  those  in  the  tenure  of  farms,  and  in 
the  laws  relating  to  landed  property.  The  break- 
ing up  of  entails,  the  cheapening  of  the  transfer  of 
property,  and  whatever  else  promotes  the  natural 
tendency  of  land,  in  a  system  of  freedom,  to 
pass  out  of  hands  which  can  make  little  of  it  into 
those  which  can  make  more  ;  the  substitution  of  long 
leases  for  tenancy  at  will ;  above  all,  the  acquisition 
of  a  fixed  interest  in  the  soil  by  the  cultivation  of 
it ;  all  these  things  are  as  real,  and  some  of  them  as 
great  improvements  in  production,  as  the  invention 
of  the  spinning-jenny  or  the  steam-engine." 

There  is  a  dim  and  confused  sense  of  the  truth  of 
this,  beginning  to  pervade  the  agricultural  part  of  the 
community,  but  nothing  like  a  firm  distinct  or 
adequate  idea  of  its  momentous  or  practical  import- 
ance. The  greatest  evil  that  can  beset  a  question  of 
public  interest — viz.,  complexity — baffles  and  diverts 
the  minds  of  those  most  interested,  from  the  intelli- 
gent prosecution  of  the  subject.  The  system  of 
divided  interests,  of  which  land  is  peculiarly  the 
creature,  separates  and  splits  off  the  attention  of  each 
party  from  the  fundamental  question  which  underlies 
the  interests  of  all.  It  is  nobody's  business,  because 
it  is  everybody's.  The  landowner,  the  tenant,  the 
labourer,  and  the  land,  amerced  in  detail,  are  almost 
equally  unconscious  of  the  cause,  of  which  each 
partakes  in  the  effects.  But  the  subject  is  one 
requiring  close  and  careful  investigation  ;  and  the 
year  now  opened  will,  we  trust,  give  it  an  under- 
standing and  a  tongue.  C.  W.  H. 


the 
and 


THE  MANURES  OF  TOWNS. 

The  General  Board  of  Health  has  recently  directed 
an  examination  and  report  to  be  made  (for  the  in- 
formation of  the  local  Boards  of  Health),  of  the  leading 
instances  of  the  application  of  sewer  manure  aud  of 
liquid  manure  to  agricultural  production.  The  following 
letter  to  the  General  Boai'd  from  the  Hon.  Dudley  F. 
Fortescue,  who  is  an  agriculturist,  and  who  took  a  part 
in  die  investigation,  gives  an  account  of  the  most  recent 
observation  of  the  produce  obtained  in  the  chief 
examples  :  — 

My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, —Having  been  requested 
by  one  of  tlie  members  of  your  Board,  my  friend  Mr. 
Chadwicli,  to  aid  liim  in  further  investigating  some  of 
the  agricultural  results  of  the  application  of  liquid 
manure  wliich  the  pressure  of  the  engagements  of  the 
Board  prevented  him  from  examining  for  himself,  I 
had  much  pleasure  in  devoting  a  portion  of  my  leisure 
this  year  to  that  object.  Of  a  visit  I  made  in  his  com- 
pany, together  with  Mr.  Ranger,  Mr.  Rawlinson,  and 
Mr.  Kammell,  three  of  your  Engineering  Inspectors, 
to  some  of  the  mure  recent  and  important  examples  in 
Scotland  of  the  application  of  sewer  water  aud  of  the 
distribution  of  farm  manure  in  the  liquid  form,  I  beg 
to  present  to  you  the  following  details. 

The  first  farm  we  visited  was  that  of  Craigentinney, 
situated  about  one  mile  and  a  half  south-east  of  Edin- 
burgh, of  which  260  Scotchf  acres  receive  a  considerable 
portion  of  such  sewerage,  as,  under  an  imperfect  system 
of  house-dr.ainage,  is  at  present  derived  from  half  the 
city.  The  meadows  of  wliich  it  chiefly  consists  have  been 
put  under  irrigation  at  various  times,  the  most  recent 
addition  being  nearly  50  acres  laid  out  in  the  course  of 
last  year  and  the  year  previous,  which  lying  above  the 
level  of  the  rest  are  irrigated  by  means  of  a  steam 
engine.  The  meadows  first  laid  out  are  watered  by 
contour  channels  following  the  inequalities'  of  the 
ground,  after  the  fashion  commonly  adopted  in 
Devonshire ;     but    in    the     more    recent    parts    the 

*  Puliiioal  Et-ou"uiy,  B,  1,  c.  xii..  On  the  law  of  Increase  ol 
PniductioQ  from  LaoH.  , 

t  Oue-1'out'th  more  than  the  English  acre. 


ground  is  disposed  in  "panes"  of  half  an  acre 
served  by  their  respective  feeders,  a  plan  which,  though 
somewhat  more  expensive  at  the  outset,  is  found 
preferable  in  practice.  The  whole  260  acres  take  about 
14  days  to  irrigate  ;  the  men  charged  with  the  duty  of 
shifting  the  water  from  one  pane  to  another  give  to 
each  plot  about  two  hours'  irrigation  at  a  time  ;  and  the 
engine  serves  its  50  acres  in  10  days,  working  day  and 
night,  and  employing  one  man  at  the  engine  and  another 
to  shift  the  water.  The  produce  of  the  meadows  is  sold 
by  auction  on  the  ground,  "  rouped,"  as  it  is  termed,  to 
the  cow-feeders  of  Edinburgh,  the  purchaser  cutting 
and  carrying  off  all  he  can  during  the  course  of  the 
letting,  which  extends  from  about  the  middle  of  April 
to  October,  when  the  meadows  are  shut  up,  but  the 
irrigation  is  continued  through  the  winter.  The  let- 
tings  average  somewhat  over  20^.  the  acre ;  the 
higliest  last  year  having  brought  3U.,  and  the  lowest 
9Z. ;  these  last  were  of  very  limited  extent,  on  land 
recently  denuded  in  laying  out  the  ground,  and  con- 
sequently much  below  its  natural  level  of  produc- 
tiveness. There  are  four  cuttings  iu  the  year,  and  the 
collective  weight  of  Grass  cut  in  parts  was  stated  at 
the  extraordinary  amount  of  80  tons  the  imperial  acre. 
The  only  cost  of  maintaining  these  meadows,  except 
those  to  which  the  water  is  pumped  by  the  engine, 
consists  in  the  employment  of  two  hands  to  turn  on 
and  off  the  water,  and  in  the  expense  of  clearing  out 
the  channels,  which  was  contracted  for  last  year  at  29Z.j 
and  the  value  of  the  refuse  obtained  was  considered  fully 
equal  to  that  sum,  being  applied  in  manuring  parts  of 
the  land  for  a  crop  of  Turnips,  which,  with  only  this 
dressing  in  addition  to  irrigation  with  the  sewage  water, 
presented  the  most  luxuriant  appearance.  The  crop, 
from  present  indications,  was  estimated  at  from  30  to 
40  tons  the  acre,  and  was  expected  to  realise  155.  the 
ton  sold  on  the  land.  From  calculations  made  on  the 
spot,  we  estimated  the  produce  of  the  meadows  during 
the  eight  months  of  cutting  at  the  keep  of  10  cows  per 
acre,  exclusive  of  the  distillery  refuse  they  consume  in 
addition,  at  a  cost  of  Is.  to  Is.  6rf.  per  head  per  week. 
The  sea-meadows  present  a  particularly  striking  ex- 
ample of  the  effects  of  the  irrigation  ;  these,  comprising 
between  20  and  30  acres  skirting  the  shore  between 
Leith  and  Musselburgh,  were  laid  down  in  1826  at 
a  cost  of  about  700^  ;  the  land  consisted  formerly 
of  a  bare  sandy  tract,  yielding  almost  absolutely 
nothing  ;  it  is  now  covered  with  luxuriant  vegeta- 
tion extending  close  down  to  high-water  mark,  and 
lets  at  an  average  of  20^.  per  acre  at  least.  From  the 
above  statement  it  \vill  be  seen  how  enormously  pro- 
titable  has  been  the  application  in  this  case  of  town 
refuse  in  the  liquid  form  ;  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in 
stating,  that,  great  as  its  advantages  have  been,  they 
might  be  extended  four  or  five  fold  by  greater  dilution 
of  the  fluid.  Four  or  five  times  the  extent  of  land 
might,  I  believe,  be  brought  into  equally  productive  cul- 
tivation under  an  improved  system  ol  drainage  in  the 
city  and  a  more  abundant  use  of  water.  Besides  these 
Craigentinney  meadows  there  are  others  on  this  and  on 
the  west  side  of  Edinburgh,  which  we  did  not  visit, 
similarly  laid  out,  and  I  believe  realising  still  larger 
profits,  from  their  closer  proximity  to  the  town  and  their 
lying  within  the  toll  gates. 

The  ne.Kt  farm  visited  was  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Glasgow,  wdiere  tlie  supply  of  liquid  manure  is  derived 
from  another  source,  and  distributed  in  a  different  man- 
ner. The  supply  is  from  a  dairy  of  700  cows,  attached 
to  a  large  distillery  ;  the  entire  drainage  from  the  former 
flows  iu  a  full  continuous  stream  into  a  tank  containing 
30,000  or  40,000  gallons,  whence  it  is  pumped  up  imme- 
diately by  a  12-horse  power  engine,  and  forced  through 
4-inch  iron  pipes,  laid  about  18  inches  under  ground, 
into  large  vats  or  cisterns  placed  on  the  highest  points 
of  the  land  to  be  irrigated.  From  these  it  descends  by 
gravitation  through  another  system  of  pipes  laid  along 
the  ridges  of  the  hills,  finding  an  outlet  tiirough  stand- 
cocks  placed  at  intervals,  from  which  it  is  distributed 
through  moveable  iron  pipes  fitting  into  each  other,  and 
laid  along  the  surface  in  whatever  direction  the  supply 
is  required.  The  land  thus  irrigated  consists  of  three 
farms  lying  at  some  distance  apart,  the  farthest  point  to- 
which  the  liquid  is  conveyed  being  about  two  miles,  and 
the  highest  elevation  80  feet  above  the  site  of  the  tank 
and  engine.  The  principal  use  to  which  the  uTigation 
has  been  applied  lias  been  to  preserve  the  fertility  of 
the  pastures,  the  general  appeai-ance  of  which  was  at 
first  rather  disappointing  ;  but  this  was  explained  by  the 
fact  that  they  are  fully  stocked,  and  that  the  cows  inish 
with  avidity  to  those  parts  that  have  been  last  in-igated, 
and  eat  them  down  quite  bare.  As  is  the  case  in  other 
instances,  however,  by  far  the  most  profitable  applica- 
tion has  been  found  to  be  to  Italian  Rye-grass,  of  which 
15  (Scotch)  acres  were  under  cultivation,  some  with 
seed  supplied  by  Mr.  Dickinson,  whose  successful  culti- 
vatiou  of  it  by  similar  means  near  London  has  long 
been  known.  The  first  cutting  of  this  had  yielded 
about  10  tons  the  acre,  the  second  nine,  and  the  third, 
which  was  ready  for  cutting,  was  estimated  at  eight 
or  nine  more.  Some  crops  of  Turnips  and  Cab- 
bages wei-e  pointed  out  to  us  in  a  state  of  vigorous 
growtii,  and  with  more  than  coninion  promise  of 
abundance  ;  these  were  raised  by  a  dressing  of  ashes 
and  refuse  (of  little  fertilising  value,  having  been  pur- 
chased at  Is.  6d.  a  ton),  conjoined  with  four  doses  of 
liquid,  one  after  the  preceding  crop  of  Oats  had  been 
carried,  one  prior  to  sowing,  and  two  more  at  different 
stages  of  growth.  The  enterprising  gentleman  who  has 
carried  out  these  works  at  ins  own  expense,  and  in 
spite  of  the  discom'agement  ai'ising  from  partial  failure 


1—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


11 


ia  his  earlier  attempts,  though  speaking  cautiously,  as 
was  natural  in  a  tenant  on  a  19  years'  leaae,  of  the  pecu- 
niary results  of  this  uudertaliing,  imparted  some  tacts 
which  leave  little  doubt  that  it  must  have  been  larjiely 
remunerative.  Besides  maintaining,  if  not  increasing, 
the  fertility  of  the  pastures,  to  which  the  solid  manure 
from  the  byres  was  formerly  devoted,  at  a  heavy  expense 
of  cartage  (the  wliole  of  which  is  now  saved),  he  is 
enabled  to  sell  all  this  manure,  of  which  we  estimated 
the  quantity  at  about  3000  tons  a  year,  at  6s.  a  load. 
For  a  good  deal  of  the  Italian  Rye-grass  not  required 
for  hia  own  consumption  he  obtained  13i-.  a  ton,  the 
profits  on  which,  taking  into  account  the  yield  before 
stated,  may  easily  be  imagined. 

These  results  fall  infinitely  short  of  what  might  be 
done  by  carrying  out  tlie  same  system  on  an  improved 
scale  ;  the  urine,  instead  of  being  diluted,  as  has  been 
found  most  expedient  in  practice,  with  three  or  four 
times  its  bulk  of  water,  is  delivered  on  the  land  in 
nearly  its  full  strength,  or  with  not  more  than  one- 
third  of  water,  thereby  occasioning  an  enormous  waste, 
greatly  increased  by  the  impervious  nature  of  the  soil 
of  the  pastures,  from  the  surface  of  which  it  flows  off  in 
large  quantities,  to  tlie  loss  of  its  fertilising  effects,  and 
to  the  pollution  of  the  waters  of  the  neighbourhood. 
The  breaking  up  and  cultivating  more  of  this  land  in 
Italian  Rye-grass  and  root  crops,  would  add  immensely 
to  the  productiveness  of  the  farm.  I  must  mention  that 
the  mode  differs  in  applying  the  liquid  to  the  pasture  and 
to  the  cultivated  land  ;on  theformer  it  is  distributed  from 
a  hose  of  gutta  percha,  or  vulcanised  caoutchouc,  on  the 
latter  a  succession  of  short  lengths  of  iron  pipe,  3  feet 
long,  14  inch  in  diameter,  laid  down  between  the  drills, 
are  added  on  almost  as  quickly  as  a  man  can  walk, and  the 
liquid  is  thus  shed  about  the  roots  of  the  plant-^,  without 
touching  the  leaves,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  innocuous 
application,  if  desired,  at  the  latest  periods  of  growth. 
It  is  interesting  to  know  that  these  works  were  under- 
taken under  the  combined  influence  of  the  late  Mr. 
Smith  of  Deanston's  representations  of  the  immense 
waste  of  valuable  material  that  formerly  took  place, 
and  of  the  remonstrances  of  parties  in  the  vicinity,  to 
whom  the  flow  of  refuse  into  the  adjoining  canal  was  an 
intolerable  nuisance. 

The  next  place  visited  was  the  farm  of  Myer  Mill, 
near  May  bole,  in  Ayrshire,  the  property  of  Mr, 
Kennedy,  who  adopted  and  improved  on  the  method  of 
distribution  just  described.  On  this  farm,  about  400 
imperial  acres  of  which  are  laid  down  with  pipes,  some 
solid  as  Well  as  the  liquid  manure  has  been  applied  by 
these  means,  guano  and  superphosphate  of  lime  having 
been  thus  transmitted  in  solution,  whereby  their  value 
is  considerably  enhanced.  This  is  especially  the  ease 
with  gupno,  the  use  of  which  is  thus  rendered  in  great 
measure  independent  of  the  uncertainties  of  climate, 
and  it  is  made  capable  of  being  applied  with  equal 
advantage  in  dry  as  in  wet  weather.  In  some  respects 
this  farm  labours  under  peculiar  disadvantages,  as 
water  for  the  purpose  of  diluting  the  liquid  has  to  be 
raised  from  a  depth  of  70  feet,  and  from  a  distaiice  of 
more  than  400  yards  from  the  tanks  where  it  is  mixed 
with  the  drainage  from  the  bjTes.  These  tanks 
are  four  in  number,  of  the  following  dimensions 
respectively:  48  x  14  x  12;  48  x  14  x  15  ; 
72  X  14  X  12;  72  x  17  x  12.  They  have  each  a 
separate  communication  with  the  well  from  which  tlieir 
contents  are  pumped  up,  which  are  used  in  different 
degrees  of  "  ripeness,"  a  certain  amount  of  fermentation 
induced  by  the  addition  of  Eape-dust  being  considered 
desirable.  The  liquid  is  diluted,  according  to  circum- 
stances, with  three  or  four  times  its  bulk  of  water,  and 
delivered  at  the  rate  of  about  4000  gallons  an  hour,  that 
being  the  usual  proportion  to  an  acre.  The  quantity  to 
be  applied  is  determined  by  a  float-guage  in  the  tank, 
which  warns  the  engineer,  whose  business  it  is  to  watch 
it,  when  to  cut  off  the  supply,  and  this  is  a  signal  to  the 
nifta  distributing  it  in  the  field,  to  add  another  length  of 
hofle,  and  to  commence  manuring  a  fresh  portion  of 
land.  The  pumps  are  worked  by  a  12-horse  power 
stewQ-engine,  which  performs  all  the  usual  work  on  the 
fwrm,  threshing,  cutting  chaff  and  Turnips,  crusliing  oil- 
cake, grinding,  &c. ;  and  about  six-horse  power  is  the  pro- 
portion required  for  the  service  of  the  pumps.  The 
pipes  arc  of  iron  ;  mains,  submains,  and  service  pipes, 
■5,  3,  and  2  inches  in  diameter  respectively,  laid  1 8  inches 
or  2  feet  below  the  surface.  At  certain  points  are 
hydrantB,  to  which  gutta-percha  hose  is  attached  in 
lengths  of  "20  yards,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  sharp 
nozzle  with  an  orifice  ranging  from  to  1  to  1^  inch, 
according  to  the  pressure  laid  on,  from  which  the  liquid 
makes  its  exit  with  a  jet  of  from  12  to  15  yards.  All  the 
labour  required  Is  that  of  a  man  and  a  hoy  to  adjust  the 
hose  and  direct  the  distribution  of  the  manure,  and  8  or 
10  Acr&ti  may  thus  be  watered  in  a  day.  There  are  now 
70  acres  of  Italian  Kye-graaa  and  130  of  rout  crops  on 
the  farm.  Thequaniity  they  would  deliver  by  a  jet  from 
a  pump  worked  by  ii  larger  steam-engine  would  be 
10,000  gallons  or  178  tons  per  diem,  and  theexpeoBe  per 
ton  about  2'/.;  but  a  double  set  of  men  would  reduce 
tlie  coat.  The  exlremc  length  of  pipe  is  3  of  a  mile,  and 
with  the  hose  the  total  extent  of  delivery  is  about 
1  ,.'500,000  yard-H,  or  400  acres.  To  deliver  iho  same 
inantity  per  diem  by  water-carta  to  the  wtino  extroino 
■UfiiuufJi  would  be  impracticable.  One  field  of  Kye- 
i^TunH,  ^(twix  ill  April,  has  been  cut  once,  I\d  off  twice 
•■vitJi  biicep,  and  wa»  ready  (A«i;u.st  20;  to  bo  fed  ofl' 
again.  In  anutlicr,  after  yielding  four  cuttings  within 
the  year,  each  estimated  at  0  or  10  tfnis  per  acre,  the 
value  of  Ihf!  aftcnnntli  for  the  keep  of  sheep  Wiia  stated 
i  25$.  an  acre.     Of  the  Turuips,  one  lot  of  Swcdea 


dressed  with  10  tons  of  solid  farm  manure,  and  about 
2000  gallons  of  the  liquid,  having  6  bushels  of  dissolved 
bones  along  with  it,  was  ready  for  hoeing  10  or  12  days 
earlier  than  another  lot  dressed  with  double  the  amount 
of  solid  manure  without  the  liquid  application,  and  were 
fully  equal  to  those  in  a  neighbour's  field  which  had 
received  30  loads  of  farm-yard  dung,  together  with 
3  cwt.  guano  and  16  bushels  bones  per  acre  ^  the  yield 
was  estimated  at  40  tons  the  Scotch  acre,  and  their 
great  luxuriance  seemed  to  me  to  justify  the  expec- 
tation. From  one  field  of  White  Globe  Turnips,  sown 
later,  and  manured  solely  with  liquid,  from  40  to  50 
tons  to  the  Scotch  acre  was  expected.  A  field  of 
Carrots,  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Swedes,  to 
which  a  second  application  of  liquid  was  given  just  before 
thinning,  promise  from  20  to  25  tons  the  acre.  Similarly 
favourable  results  have  been  obtained  with  Cabbages  ; 
and  that  the  limit  of  fertility  by  these  means  has  not 
yet  been  reached,  was  clearly  shown  in  one  part  of  the 
Italian  Rye-grass  which  had  accidentally  received  more 
than  its  allowance  of  liquid,  and  which  showed  a  marked 
increase  of  luxuriance  over  that  around  it.  The  exact 
increase  of  produce  has  not  been  accurately  determined, 
but  the  number  of  cattle  on  the  farm  has  increased  very 
largely,  and  by  means  of  the  Italian  Rye-graas  at  least 
four  times  as  many  beasts  as  before  can  be  kept  now  on 
the  same  extent  of  land,  the  fertility  of  the  land  being 
at  the  same  time  increased.  This  plant,  of  all  others, 
appears  to  receive  its  nourishment  in  this  form  with 
most  gratitude,  and  to  make  the  most  ample  returns  for 
it ;  and  great  as  are  the  results  hitherto  obtained,  I 
believe  that  the  maximum  of  productiveness  is  not  yet 
reached,  and  that  the  presentexperiment  must  be  carried 
yet  fui'ther  before  we  know  the  full  capabilities  of  the 
manure.  Of  one  important  fact  connected  with  this  crop 
I  am  assured,  that,  notwithstanding  the  rank  luxuriance 
of  its  growth,  animals  fed  upon  it  not  only  are  not 
scoured,  but  thrive  more  than  on  any  other  kind  of 
Grass  in  cultivation.  The  cost  of  purchasing  and  laying 
down  the  pipes  at  Myer  Mill  has  been  at  the  rate  of 
2/.  1  Os.  an  acre,  exclusive  of  BOOyards  of  guttapercha  hose, 
with  the  distributing  apparatus.  This  does  not,  however, 
include  the  cost  of  the  engine,  pumps,  and  tanks,  which 
last,  built  of  stone  and  arclied  over,  were  constructed  at 
a  cost  of  300^.  or  thereabouts,  stone  for  the  purpose 
being  procured  from  a  quarry  close  at  hand  ;  the  cost 
of  the  engine,  &c.,  was  put  at  12/.  per  horse-power.  I 
must  not  omit  to  mention  that  though  the  direct  applica- 
tion of  the  liquid  manure  to  grain  crops  is  not  practised, 
its  tendency  being  to  induce  ranltness  of  growth  and 
liability  to  lodge,  such  crops  grown  on  land  previously 
manured  in  this  manner  for  Grass  or  roots  gave  evidence 
of  the  full  amount  of  fertility  attained  by  the  usual  means 
remaining  in  the  soil  without  the  drawbacks  I  have 
mentioned.  Whether  such  may  be  obviated,  by  the 
practice  of  thin  sowing  and  a  more  diluted  manuring, 
might  be  a  desirable  subject  of  experiment.* 

The  last  farm  that  came  under  our  notice  was  a  small 
dairy  farm  belonging  to  Mr.  Telfer,  close  to  the  town  of 
Ayr.  It  consists  of  50  imperial  acres,  a  considerable 
portion  of  which  was  formerly  a  bare  sandy  waste 
extending  to  the  sea  shore  ;  thefertiiity  of  the  soil  might 
be  judged  of  from  the  appearance  of  the  adjacent  race- 
course. By  the  application  of  liquid  manures  with  a 
three-horse  power  engine  in  the  same  manner  as 
at  Myer  Mill,  diluted  occasionally  with  sea  water,  with 
which  his  well  has  a  communication,  he  has  raised  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  to  the  extent  of  supporting  48  cows, 
where  previously  8  or  10  only  were  kept.  The  chief 
crop  is  Italian  Rye-grass,  from  which  he  has  obtained 
as  many  as  10  cuttings  within  the  year,  having  manured 
somewhat  more  freely  than  Mr.  Kennedy  ;  he  informed 
us  that  the  produce  of  3  \  acres  yielded  keep  for  36  cows 
for  four  months.  To  illustrate  the  extreme  rapidity  of 
growth,  I  may  mention  that  the  difference  between  a 
part  of  the  same  field  that  had  been  cut  on  Saturday 
and  another  part  cut  on  Monday  was  distinctly 
visible  at  some  distance.  The  same  treatment  has  been 
found  similarly  successful,  though  in  a  somewhat  lesser 
degree  as  regards  weight  of  produce,  with  the  root  crops 
grown  on  the  farm  ;  and  in  the  garden  we  saw  Cabbages, 
Cauliflowers,  Greens,  Onions,  Rhubarb,  and  other 
vegetables  flourishing  in  an  extraordinary  degree  after 
one  dressing  with  liquid  manure,  which  was  the  more 
remarkable  as  sorue  of  them  had  been  set  unusually  lato 
in  the  season,  I  may  add  one  fact  of  great  importance 
stated  by  Mr,  Telfer,  that  besides  the  enormous  increase 
in  the  quantity  of  the  produce  of  his  farm,  its  quality 
was  so  much  improved,  that  he  was  obtaining  2d.  per  lb. 
above  the  current  price  in  the  district  for  his  butter, 
this  difference  amounting  to  a  sum  more  than  equal  to 
the  whole  previous  rent  of  the  farm. 

The  cases  above  detailed  furnish  some  measure  of  the 
possible  results  attainable  in  cultivation,  especially  cor- 
roborated as  they  are  by  others  which  did  not  on  this 
occasion  come  under  our  personal  observation,  but  one 
of  which  1  may  mention,  having  recently  examined  into 
it,  that  of  Mr,  Dickinson  at  Willesdenf,  who  estimates 
his  yield  of  Italian  Rye-gras.s  at  from  80  to  100  tons  an 
acre,  and  gets  eisht  or  ten  cuttings,  according  to  th(» 


'  III  ttuine  iriul  MortMi  iiuai'  ri.u  mutri>t)uiiH,  hewuc  wutur  vvitti 
HIipHo'l  to  Ittinl  on  the  uoiuHtion  thuC  iliu  vfilue  of  h.ill  th« 
wx'ru  croiJ  blHiuM  be  tnbon  us  jtn  moiit.  The  dreiiMinKfl  wore 
only  Hmt^o  dr«nMini/H.  Thu  oftiijiT  maldnif  tijo  valuutiuu 
ri'iifirled  ihiit  ihiTH  wnn  utth«  leui(t  one  s.ick  of  VVliPat  Jind  om- 
l<M(lof«traw()»T  acrMCx'rafroiri  IfH  Hii-'Iinu'ion,  on  one  bfindtli 
"f  Itiiid  ;  in  nni.ih'jr.  full  out;  (I'larlor  of  Whi'at  iimro,  an'l  uimj 
iiiid  of  itraw  fXH-H  i)i'riu;r<',  '!  he  rt-porrt*  of  the  <  iltic'^^  ofanwoi- 
wiiter  111  IncveuHliPK  th«  jlclil  of  O  it«  a*  wH  nn  of  Whcar.  wcru 
■qmily  ({im'l.  V.  In  BUit-'l  b^  C  iptiila  Votrh  fliiit  In  Sonrh 
Miicriuulrrlgatlun  l8  usod  with  ureut  atlvuutase  for  Wlicat, 
Ii.  O, 
t  The  soil  of  ttilfi  farm  in  tbc  London  clay. 


season  ;  and  as  there  is  no  peculiar  advantage  of  soil  oP 
climate  (the  former  ranging  from  almo.it  pure  sands  to 
cold  and  tenacious  clays,  and  the  latter  being  inferior  to 
that  of  a  large  proportion  of  England),  to  prevent  the 
same  system  being  almost  universally  adopted,  they  give 
some  idea  of  the  degree  to  which  the  productivenesa  of 
land  may  be  raised  by  a  judicious  appliance  of  the  means 
withm  our  reach.  VVlien  it  is  considered  that  such 
results  may,  in  the  vicinity  of  towns  and  villages,  be  most 
effectually  brought  about  by  the  instant  removal  of  all 
those  matters  which,  when  ahowed  to  remain  in  them  are 
among  the  most  fruitful  sources  of  social  degradation- 
disease,  and  death,  one  cannot  but  earnestly  desire  the 
furtherance  of  such  measures  as  will  ensure  this  double, 
result  of  purifying  the  town  and  enriching  tiie  country 
and  as  the  facts  I  have  stated  came  at  the  same  time  under 
the  notice  of  the  gentlemen  I  mentioned  above,  under 
whoseablesuperintendencethearrangementsfor  the  water 
supply  and  drainage  of  several  towns  are  now  in  course  of 
execution,  I  trust  it  will  not  be  long  before  this  most 
advantageous  mode  of  disposing  of  the  refuse  of  towns 
may  be  brought  into  practical  operation  in  various  parts 
of  the  country.  I  have,  &c., 

General  Board  of  Health.  D.  F.  Fortescue. 


MR.  MECHFS  BALANCE-SHEET. 

Mr.  Mechi*s  enthusiastic  language  has  for  some  time 
contrasted  so  strongly  with  the  gloom  of  numerous  re- 
spectable agriculturists,  and  his  undaunted  comments 
both  on  landlords  and  tenants  have  fallen  so  sliarply  on 
their  ears,  that  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  if  a  shout  of 
triumphant  reproach  has  been  raised  in  many  quarters 
on  the  appearance  of  his  balance-sheet  ;  nor  does  his 
refusal  to  own  himself  beaten  tend  to  conciliate  his 
adversaries.  Most  unfortunately  Mr,  Meclu's  success 
or  failure  has  been  made  a  question  between  free  trade 
and  protection,  so  that  it  was  almost  deemed  treason  in 
a  Protectionist  to  take  his  part.  However,  though 
claiming  to  be  a  very  sincere  Protectionist,  I  will 
venture  at  my  peril  to  examine  this  famous  balance- 
sheet  in  a  purely  agricultural  spirit.  Now,  as  Mr.  Mechi 
had  an  increased  rent  placed  on  his  farm  last  year, 
calculated  upon  its  altered  condition  as  well  as  upon 
other  improvements,  I  must  presume  that  there  is  no 
omission  in  his  account  of  an  item  for  unexpended 
manures  which  should  have  appeared  to  the  present 
year's  debit.  If  this  be  so,  and  the  account  is  an  accu- 
rate statement  for  the  year  from  30th  October,  1850,  to 
30th  October,  1851,  then  the  tillages  and  manure  debited 
on  the  one  side,  and  credited  on  the  other,  will  repre- 
sent solely  the  customary  allowances  of  the  coimty 
between  in-coming  and  out-going  tenants  ;  and  the 
crops  must  be  taken  to  be  the  natural  produce  of  the 
land  in  its  improved  state  and  at  its  present  rent.  Now, 
the  balance  against  the  farm  is  stated  to  be  6b'iL  1 85.  Ad. ; 
but  inasmuch  as  during  the  year  oilcake  and  corn  was 
consumed  to  the  amount  of  1558Z.  1 7s.  6hd.  ;  guano, 
superphosphate,  and  clialk  were  used  to  the  amount  of 
135^.  7s.  6d.  ;  and  15  acres  were  treble  trenched  at  a 
cost  of  90^,  ;  it  is  very  clear  that  no  advocate  of  tenant 
rights  can  consistently  refuse  to  allow  Mr.  Mechi  back 
a  considerable  part  of  this  outlay.  Btsides  this,  Mr. 
Mechi  has  not  credited  the  farm  witii  tlie  corn  and 
fodder  consumed  by  his  visitors'  horses  and  his  own  ; 
but  has,  on  the  other  hand,  charged  it  with  a  bailiff 
whom  no  farmer  would  require  on  so  small  an  occupa^ 
tion.  Now,  Lord  Yarborough's  scale  of  allowances  to 
out-going  tenants  would  credit  the  account  with — 

Half  the  cake,  &c £7ry  8  9 

Add  to  ihi;-,  for  the  trenching,  four-tiftha  ...       72  0  0 

JFor  the  guano,  »bc.,  one-fifi.h  ii7  1  6 

Corn  and  fodder  consumed,  say         ...         ...       3  '  0  0 

Bailiff's  salary,  hou8e  inclusive,  say  ...      35  0  0 

£yi-i  10  3 
which,  after  deducting  the  653Z.  18s.  id.  loss,  will  leave 
the  handsome  sum  of  2891.  lis.  lid.  to  be  carried  to 
the  account.  Mr.  Mechi  has  already  debited  his 
account  with  3^  per  cent,  on  2700/.  capital,  namely, 
94/.  lOs.  Were  Mr.  Mechi,  therefore,  a  renting  farmer, 
enjoying  a  tenant  right  equivalent  to  tliat  possessed  by 
Lord  Yarborough's  tenants,  his  return  on  the  year 
would  amount  to  about  384i.  on  the  employment  of  a 
capital  of  2700Z.,  besides  having  the  use  of  a  good  house 
and  garden  rent  free.  This  could  hardly  be  considered 
an  unsatisfactory  result.  So  far,  then,  Mr.  Mechi  would 
appear  to  be  correct  in  his  theory  ;  whether  the  nature 
of  his  soil  and  its  condition  is  such  that  he  will  be  able 
to  derive  a  benefit  to  his  crops  equal  to  the  cost^  of  the 
unexpended  manure  this  year  stored  away  in  it,  is  a 
problem  yet  to  be  solved.  His  soil  in  its  state  Avhen  he 
entered  on  it  in  October,  1850,  at  the  increased  rent  of 
365.  per  acre,  seems  to  be  supposed  by  himself  to  be 
capable  of  producing,  with  a  limited  aiumal  outlay  for 
artificial  manures,  36  bushels  of  Wheat  per  acre,  bien- 
nially ;  and  30  tons  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  18  of  Swedes, 
and  heavy  crops  of  Clover  and  Tares.  Can  these  crops, 
even  now,  be  reckoned  on  on  an  average  'i  Even  if  they 
can  is  it  possible  by  this  extra  application  of  manure 
proportionally  to  increase  them  ?  Many  will  at  onco 
answer  in  the  negative.  Probably  all  will  so  answer, 
who  look  chiefly  to  the  corn  crops.  Nevertlitless,  with 
tho  experience  before  us  of  the  enormous  pntduction  of 
garden  grounds,  it  would  bo  wiser  to  watch  the  experi- 
ment nithcr  than  to  condemn  it,  and  to  endeavour  to 
induce  Mr.  Mechi's  public  spirit  to  iudu'g«  us  lor  some 
years  with  an  annual  balance-sheot.  Mr.  Mechi  himself 
Hocms  to  doubt  tho  udvanfago  of  going  on  in  his  ex- 
penditure for  cake  and  corn.  Tho  question  then  is 
sugycatcd — will  his  wo^jli  in  future  behulliuient  to  justify 
the  expense  of  ft  fateuni- engine  I  or  will  not  a  consider 


12 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


("Jan.  3, 


able  capital  remain  useless,  locked  up  in  that  and  other 
machinery  and  buildings.  I  confess  it  does  not  appear 
to  me  that  Mr.  Mechi's  balance-sheet  for  this  single 
year  goes  much  way  to  settle  the  question  either  in  his 
favour  or  against  him,  nor  for  or  against  high  or  even 
extra-high  farming.  Alex.  Ball  Hall,  Watergate,  Sussex. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Hybrid  Pheasants. — In  your  account  of  the  Birming- 
ham Poultry  Show,  you  allude  to  some  hybrid  pheasants 
as  being  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting  of  the  collec- 
tion. As  I  have  succeeded  in  rearing  some  which  seem 
to  differ  somewhat  from  those  shown,  I  send  you  the 
following  account  of  them.  They  partake  more  of  the 
shape  of  the  golden,  but  are  of  an  uniform  red  or  ma- 
hogany colour,  with  the  exception  of  the  back  of  the 
neck,  which  inclines  to  purple,  and  the  throat,  which  is 
very  dark.  They  have  no  frill  or  tippet,  but  a  small 
wattle  under  the  eye  ;  the  legs  resemble  the  common 
pheasant,  and  have  strong  spurs.  The  tail  resembles 
the  golden  pheasant's  in  length,  but  not  in  colour.  They 
were  bred  between  the  common  cock  pheasant  and  the 
golden  hen.  Perhaps  the  parentage  of  the  others  was 
reversed.  They  are  now  four  or  five  years  old,  and  all 
are  cock  birds,  and  I  have  tried  to  breed  some  between 
them  and  the  golden  hen,  and  also  the  common  hen 
pheasant,  but  have  not  been  successful.  I  believe  they 
are  mules.  Some  I  have  given  away,  but  have  three  at 
present,  which  the  owner  of  those  shown  may  see  if  he 
requires  to  do  so.  /.  H.  N. 

Taste  of  Butter. — Your  correspondent,  "Clitheroe," 
to  whom  your  readers  are  indebted  for  some  apparently 
TCry  good  receipts  for  making  cream  cheeses,  gives  also 
a  receipt  for  preventing  the  taste  of  Turnips  in  butter 
by  the  application  of  scalding  water.  It  has  often  been 
a  matter  of  surprise  with  me  that  the  system,  adopted 
in  Devonshire,  of  scalding  the  milk,  has  not  become 
more  general  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  and  as 
some  of  your  readers  may  not  be  aware  of  the  manner 
in  which  this  is  performed,  I  purpose,  in  as  few  words 
as  may  be,  giving  some  little  account  of  it.  The  milk 
when  first  brought  from  the  cow  is  strained,  as  usual, 
into  the  pans,  wliich,  for  this  purpose,  are  deeper  and 
naiTower  than  those  used  in  the  ordinary  way  ;  it 
remains  thus  for  1 2  or  more  hours,  when  it  is  placed 
on  the  hot  plate  of  the  kitchen  range,  or  some  such 
suitable  place,  where  it  is  scalded,  but  not  suff'ered  to 
boil  (in  which  case  it  would  be  spoiled)  ;  this  done,  it  is 
removed  to  the  dairy,  where  it  remains  for  12  hours  or 
so,  when  it  is  skimmed.  The  process  of  making  butter 
is  performed  by  putting  the  cream  into  a  butter  tub  and 
then  working  it  about  with  the  hand  ;  in  a  few  minutes 
the  butter  forms,  and  separates  from  the  butter-milk  ; 
it  is  then  waslied  and  made  up  as  usual.  As  in  all  cases, 
of  course  the  utmost  cleanliness  is  requisite  as  regards 
the  dairy-maid.  The  advantages  I  hold  to  be 
these  :  the  use  of  a  churn  is  avoided  ;  the  butter 
is  much  sooner  made ;  a  smaller  quantity  may 
be  made,  if  requisite,  than  can  be  made  by  the 
churn  ;  and  lastly,  it  is  free  from  any  unpleasant  taste. 
I  have  tried  it  through  all  seasons,  and  whether  through 
the  fall  of  the  leaf  in  autumn  or  at  this  time,  when  we 
are  using  the  hybrid  Turnip  (with  the  greens  on),  I 
fi,nd  no  unpleasant  taste.  The  longest  time  I  have 
known  butter  to  be  "  coming "  by  this  process  was 
20  minutes,  but  it  is  generally  made  in  a  very  few 
minutes  ;  while  by  the  churn  I  have  frequently  known 
it  to  be  two  or  three  hours.  T.  B. 

Pale  Ale.  —  "A  Correspondent"  in  yom*  Paper, 
Bee.  20,  desires  a  receipt  for  making  pale  ale  from 
sugar.  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  brewing  pale  ale 
according  to  the  under-mentioned  receipt,  for  some  time 
past,  of  good  Havour  and  quality,  and  generally  esteemed; 
but  as  I  have  not  yet  substituted  sugar  for  malt,  I  beg 
to  refer  him  to  page  99  of  your  volume  for  1847,  where 
he  will  find  that  17;}  lbs.  of  sugar  are  equal  to  one 
bushel  of  malt,  of  the  weight  of  41  lbs.  4  oz.,  as  well  as 
full  directions  for  the  process  of  brewing  from  sugar, 
and  fermenting  the  same  afterwards  :  —  Malt,  1  bushel ; 
Hops,  3|  lbs.  Put  the  malt  to  about  3  gallons  of  water 
at  a  teoTperature  of  about  160'^,  and  in  about  half  an 
hour  add  20  gallons  of  boiling  water,  stirring  them 
well  together  ;  let  them  stand  for  three  hours,  then 
strain  off.  Break  the  Hops  into  small  fragments 
in  any  vessel  capable  of  containing  them  ;  add  enough 
of  the  strained  liquor  to  saturate  them  completely  ; 
cover  them,  and  let  them  remain  until  they  are 
required  to  be  added  to  the  boiling  liquor.  Boil 
the  remainder  of  the  wort  for  half  an  hour,  then  put  in 
the  Hops  and  boil  for  another  half  hour ;  strain  off,  and 
when  of  sufhcieiit  temperature,  ferment  it  with  yeast 
in  the  usual  manner.  Wni.  Bartlett.  [With  regard  to 
your  question  about  Drumhead  Cabbages,  you  may  give 
85.  or  10s.  a  ton  for  them  safely.] 


THE  SHOW  OF  THE  SMITHFIELD  CLUB. 

The  show  of  implements  being  just  a  small  edition 
of  that  exhibited  under  the  Glass  Palace,  has  not  needed 
notice  or  description.  The  rival  reaping  machines  were 
exhibited,  and  attracted  much  notice.  The  Tui'nip 
cutter  of  Messrs.  Burgess,  already  described  in  our 
columns  ;  and  Gardener's,  improved  by  Samuelson  were 
there.  Implements  of  cultivation  were  exhibited. 
Ploughs  an<l  cultivators  were  shown  by  Howard  Cole- 
man, and  others  ;  sowing  machines,  threshinL^  machines 
machines  for  spreading  manures,  implements  for  pre- 
paring the  vipuiied  crop  fur  food,  chaff  cutters,  seed 
crushers,  &c.,  were,  as  usual,  pi^sent  in  trreat  abun- 
dance ;  and  the  well  known  names— Crosskillj  GatTett, 


Hornby,  and  others,  as  usual,  patronised  this  annual 
exhibition. 

As  regards  the  specimens  of  crops  shown,  the  roots 
were  exhibited  in  the  usual  quantities  and  qualities  by 
Messrs.  Gibbs,  of  London  ;  and  Skirving,  of  Liverpool. 
A  larger  number  may  have  been  shown  before  now,  but 
the  quality  was  never  excelled,  especially  the  Green 
Globe  Turnips  of  Messrs.  Gibbs,  of  Half-moon-street. 
Mr.  James  Grove,  seedsman,  near  Colchester,  Essex, 
showed  a  stall  of  excellent  roots  in  a  very  unpretending 
way.  The  roots  of  Beet  were  remarkable  for  the  small 
part  that  grew  below  the  earth.  The  other  roots  were 
equally  good  —  Swedes  and  Carrots,  Cabbages  and 
Potatoes,  and  also  Flax  in  the  straw. 

A  stall  of  rm'al  produce  from  Ireland  must  not  be 
omitted,  having  been  selected  by  Lord  Clarendon  through 
the  means  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society.  The  roots  were 
justly  entitled  to  commendation.  There  were  shown  seven 
Drumhead  Cabbages,  having  the  leaves  capitated  in  the 
moat  firm  and  regular  manner,  and  a  shape  of  the  most 
exact  symmetry.  No  tinge  appeared  of  stain  or  decay. 
The  long  red  Carrots  were  excellent,  and  equalled  any 
production  of  Britain  ;  and  if  the  Belgian  Carrots  were 
rather  under  the  size,  the  Swedish  Turnips  bore  any 
comparison,  and  could  compete  with  the  boasted  Skir- 
vings  of  Liverpool,  and  so  of  the  Turnips  of  all  sorts. 
Good  specimens  were  shown  of  grains  and  Flax  in  the 
straw.  A  peculiarly  valuable  excellence  characterised 
this  display  of  Irish  produce.  There  was  shown  no 
overgrown  monstrosity,  nor  any  "  lusus  wafwrtc,"  nor 
articles  that  are  produced  by  accident,  or  by  circum- 
stances that  are  beyond  the  common  enjoyment.  Every- 
thing was  within  the  reach  of  common  means  ;  there  was 
no  foolish  ostentation,  nor  anything  removed  beyond  tlie 
comprehension  of  the  common  understanding  on  such 
subjects.  This  point  is  entitled  to  much  consideration, 
in  putting  forth  specimens  for  exhibition,  and  examples 
for  use. 

The  resources  and  capabilities  of  Ireland  have  been 
written  and  read  ;  but  here  they  exhibited  in  a  form 
that  will  be  remembered.  In  the  present  case,  tliere 
can  be  only  one  conclusion — that  the  condition  of  Ireland 
wants  merely  the  application  of  skill  and  energy  to 
develope  its  resources. 


^on'etics. 

Highland  and  Agricultural,  Nov.  19. — The  first 
monthly  meeting  of  the  Society  for  the  season  was  held 
in  the  Museum  on  Wednesday,  the  19th  inst.,  Sir  John 
M'Neill,  G.C.B.,  in  the  chair.  The  Chairman  stated 
that  the  subject  for  the  day's  discussion  was — "  The 
best  mode  of  feeding  and  housing  fattening  cattle,  and 
the  breeds  most  suitable  for  different  districts." 
Mr.  Wilson,  Edington  Mams,  said  ;  That  part  of  the 
subject  which  relates  to  *'  feeding,"  was  so  fully 
bandied  in  the  discussion  which  took  place  here  a 
year  ago,  that  I  have  nothing  to  add  to  what  was  then 
stated  upon  that  head,  and  shall  therefore  confine  myself 
to  some  remarks  upon  the  two  other  branches  of  the 
subject.  The  question  as  to  the  best  housing  for  fattening 
cattle  must  be  solved  partly  on  general  principles,  and 
partly  with  reference  to  the  circumstances  of  individual 
farms.  Quietness  and  warmth  are  such  indispensable 
conditions  of  well-doing  to  fattening  cattle,  that  no  plan 
of  housing  can  be  good  which  does  not  in  some  good 
measure  secure  them.  The  food  may  be  of  the  best, 
the  attendance  unremitting,  and  the  breed  faultless;  but, 
if  the  timid  or  weak  are  molested  by  the  strong  or 
vicious,  it  is  impossible  that  they  can  thrive.  A  solitary 
stall  or  box  would  secure  its  occupant  from  this  evil,  but 
all  cattle  are  naturally  gregarious;  such  a  prisoner  would 
suffer  from  a  restless  craving  for  the  company  ofits  kind, 
and  a  rii;ht  arrangement  must  therefore  provide  for  such 
separation  asstill  admits  of  society.  The  times  and  modes 
of  administering  food  have  also  an  important  bearing 
upon  this  point.  If  the  habits  of  cattle  when  at  pasture 
are  observed,  it  will  be  noticed  that  they  have  stated 
times  for  browsing  and  for  repose — that  after  a  process 
of  diligent  eating,  there  follows  a  lengthened  period  of 
satisfied  recumbence,  and  leisurely  rumination.  Now, 
if  under  our  artiticial  mode  of  treatment,  their  food  is 
supplied  either  too  frequently  or  too  seldom,  or  at  ir- 
regular intervals  ;  if  they  are  frequently  roused  from 
their  lair,  or  disturbed  at  feed  by  unseasonable  in- 
spection, or  the  intrusion  of  dogs,  &c.,  into  their  quarters, 
they  will  get  into  a  state  of  nervous  excitement,  which 
never  fails  to  mar  their  progress.  Thorough  quietness 
is  therefore  an  indispensable  element  in  the  fattening  of 
cattle,  and  must  be  provided  for  in  arranging  their 
winter  quarters.  In  addition  to  this,  there  must  also 
be  adequate  protection  from  cold.  It  is  now  ascertained 
that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  food  consumed  by 
warm-blooded  animals,  is  expended  in  maintaining  the 
natural  heat  of  their  bodies,  and  that  this  is  effected  by 
a  process  strictly  analagous  to  combustion.  We  are 
warranted,  then,  in  regarding  the  portion  of  food  thus 
disposed  of,  as  so  much  fuel,  and  the  fat  which  in  certain 
circumstances  is  accumulated  in  their  bodies  as  a  store 
of  this  fuel  laid  up  for  future  exigencies.  Keeping  this 
in  mind,  it  is  evident  that  if  fattening  cattle  are  ex- 
posed to  a  low  temperature,  either  their  progress  must 
be  retarded,  or  a  great  additional  expenditure  of  food 
be  incurred.  Farmers  have  long  been  aware  that 
cattle  thrive  best  when  kept  dry  and  moderately  warm, 
and  they  have  explained  this  vaguely,  by  saying  that  they 
are  most  conifui-titbie  in  such  vireamstances.  Modern 
I  science,  however,  iias  taught  us  that  there  is  an  analogy 
in  this  respect  betwc-cu  animals  and  steam-engine 
boilers      Prevent  radiation  of  heat  from  the  latttT  by  a 


sheathing  of  some  non-conducting  substance,  and  you 
get  more  steam  from  less  fuel.  Protect  the  former, 
by  suitable  clothing  or  housing — that  is  to  say,  keep  in 
their  animal  heat — and  they  will  eat  less,  and  yet  lay  on 
more  fat.  This  fact,  then,  must  also  have  much  influence 
in  determining  the  question  now  before  us.  I  need  scarcely 
remark  that  the  modes  of  housing  which  at  present 
divide  the  suffrages  of  the  agricultural  community  are 
stalls,  yards,  and  boxes.  Stalls  were  at  one  time  so 
exclusively  used  for  the  accommodation  of  fattening 
cattle,  that  stall-feeding  has  become  the  recognised 
phrase  for  expressing  the  process.  Though  everywhere 
retained  for  milch  cows,  they  have  to  a  great  extent 
been  abandoned  in  favour  of  yards  for  fattening  cattle  ; 
the  chief  exceptions  to  this  being  at  distilleries,  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  towns,  where  the  necessity  for  economising 
space  and  litter  still  gives  them  the  preference.  The 
importance  now  attached  to  liquid  manure,  and  the 
facility  with  which  it  can  be  conveyed  from  stall  into 
tanks,  as  well  as  the  increase  of  summer  soiling  on  green 
food,  and  the  consequent  demand  for  more  litter,  may 
have  the  effect  of  bringing  stalls  again  into  favour,  where 
they  had  formerly  been  discarded.  In  we  11- constructed 
byres  the  preliminary  conditions  to  which  I  have 
referred  can  be  amply  secured  ;  but  they  require  more 
labour  in  administering  food,  removing  manure,  and 
currying  the  animals,  than  the  rival  plans,  besides  de- 
priving the  cattle  of  needful  exercise.  When  fat  cattle 
had  to  be  driven  long  distances  to  market,  this  last  point 
was  of  more  consequence  than  in  these  days  of  railways ; 
but  still,  stall-fed  cattle  never  look  so  well  when  pre- 
sented for  sale  as  those  which  have  had  more  liberty. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  stalls  are  little  used  in  om'  chief 
feeding  districts,  where  the  great  majority  of  the 
cattle  annually  fattened  have  been  for  a  long  time, 
and  still  are,  kept  in  yards.  These  are  of  various  sizes, 
so  as  to  accommodote  from  half-a-dozen  to  a  score  of 
bullocks.  Their  chief  merits  are,  that  a  great  quantity 
of  straw  can  be  trodden  down  in  them  by  a  given  num- 
ber of  cattle,  in  the  same  time,  than  on  other  plans ; 
that  they  require  less  labour  in  supplying  food  and  litter 
and  in  I'emoving  manure  ;  and  that  the  scope  which 
they  give  for  exercise  promotes  the  health  and  good 
appearance  of  the  cattle  housed  in  them.  A  smaller 
kind  of  yard,  usually  called  hammels,  affording  room 
for  two  or  three  animals  only,  and  of  which  the  shed' 
and  court  are  of  about  equal  area,  is  much  approved. 
This  form  of  yard  being  little  else  than  a  box  with  an 
open  court  attached  to  it,  may  be  regarded  as  the  con- 
necting link  betwixt  the  two  systems.  The  plan  of  a 
homestead  used  to  be  to  have  the  whole  buildings  in  a: 
I  square,  with  the  interior  as  one  large  cattle  court.  By 
'  and  bye  this  was  subdivided,  and  the  amount  of  shed 
room  greatly  increased.  More  recently  it  has  become 
common  to  roof  over  the  feeding  troughs,  which  is  a 
great  improvement  in  wet  or  frosty  weather,  and  almost 
indisjjensable  when  cake  or  meal  forms  part  of  the  food. 
;  By  a  recent  discussion  in  the  London  Farmers'  Club,  it 
appe:\r  that  in  some  cases  the  whole  yard  has  been 
'  roofe  1,  so  as  at  all  times  to  secure  cattle,  food,  and 
I  manure  Irom  the  vicissitudes  of  the  weather.  Another 
'  feature  in  this  plan  is,  that  the  cattle  are  tied  up  for 
meals,  to  prevent  mutual  inferference,  and  afterwards 
i  unloosed.  At  the  time  when  this  account  was  pub- 
]  lished,  I  happened  to  be  engaged  in  preparing  an  article 
'  on  the  farm-management  of  cattle  for  Morton's  "  Cyclo- 
'  pedia,"  now  in  course  of  publication,  by  Messrs. 
'  Blackie,  of  Glasgow,  and  as  it  was  evident  that  the 
'  practice,  if  found  useful,  was  quite  as  applicable  to  open 
yards  as  to  covered  ones,  I  felt  curious  to  ascertain 
the  exact  amount  of  labom*  which  this  tying  up  and  un- 
loosing would  involve.  Knowing  that  my  friend  Mr. 
j  Robert  Harvey  at  Port  Dundas,  is  in  the  habit  of  turn- 
ing out  his  immense  herd  of  cows  in  relays  of  100,  so  as 
to  allow  of  each  cow  being  at  Grass  for  a  few  hours 
:  daily,  I  wrote  to  him  for  information  on  tliis  point,  and 
now  quote  from  his  obliging  answer  : — "I  have  now 
ascertained,  after  repeated  trials,  that  two  men  can  easily 
unloose  a  hundred  cows  in  ten  minutes,  and  tie  them  up 
again  in  twenty.  The  herd  boy  who  waits  on  the  cows 
in  the  field  stands  at  the  door  to  prevent  too  many  of 
them  from  crus'iing  in  at  a  time  ;  and  sometimes  guides 
I  a  few  of  those  nearest  the  door  into  their  stalls,  but  never 
'  ties  any  of  them.  This  is,  however,  after  they  have 
'  been  let  out  and  tied  in  for  some  months.  At  first  they 
are  much  more  troublesome,  and  may  perhaps  take  an 
hour  to  tie  up,  but  it  is  astonishing  how  soon  they  learn 
I  to  know  the  side  of  the  byre  they  ought  to  go  to,  and 
nearly  the  part  of  the  side,  especially  all  those  nearest 
the  door.  We  always^  put  them  to  the  very  same  stall 
each  time.  I  would  consider  it  a  very  easy  matter, 
indeed,  and  the  wr  rk  of  a  very  few  minutes,  to  tie  up  six 
or  eight  peaceable  animals  in  one  place  three  times  a 
day.  I  iiave  adopted  the  plan  of  tying  up  the  yoxmg 
calves  at  meal  times,  and  letting  them  loose  as  soon  as 
they  are  fed."  I  have  not  tried  this  plan,  and  there- 
fore do  not  recommend  it ;  but  it  seems  feasible  enough, 
and  Mr.  Harvey's  very  interesting  statement  shows 
that  the  labour  implied  in  it  need  be  no  obstacle  to 
its  adoption.  The  improvements  which  have  gra- 
dually been  effected  in  our  yards,  have  quite  pointed 
towards  that  more  recent  contrivance  for  the  hous- 
ing of  cattle,  viz.,  boxes,  which  remains  to  be  noticed. 
These  are  now  too  well  known  to  require  minute 
description.  Indeed,  with  the  exception  of  the  main 
feature — the  confining  of  each  animal  in  a  separate 
covered  compartment  of  from  8  to  10  feet  square — tliey 
are  tn  lie  found  in  endless  variety,  and  this  biecause  they 
are  seldom  new  erections,  but  rather  sheds,  or  other 
buildings,  converted  to  this  use.     My  own  are  exclusively 


1—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


13 


of  this  kind  ;  the  largest  of  them  occupying  three  sides  i  butcher  at  the  age  they  'had  reached  when  these  coin- 
of  a  yard  formerly  used  as  a  lambing  shed.  There  is  |  parative  trials  were  bejjan.  Let  caives  of  tliese  various 
room  for  a  large  heap  of  Turnips  in  the  centre  of  this  j  breeds  be  started  together,  and  fully  fed  until  they  are 


area  ;  from  the  nearest  sitie  of  which,  the  cattle  all 
round  can  be  suppUed  with  little  labour.  Wlien  the 
manure  has  to  be  removed,  this  arrangement  also  admits 
of  a  cart  being  backed  close  up  to  each  box,  and  of  the 
dung  bein"-  thrown  direct  from  the  one  into  the  other. 
As  the  subdivisions  consist  of  moveable  flalces,  this 
yard  with  sheds  can  at  any  time  be  restored  to 
its  former  state  with  very  little  trouble.  The  most 
complete  set  of  cattle  boxes  which  I  have  yet  seen  is  at 
Riby  Grove,  in  North  Lincolnshire.  These  consist  of 
60  boxes,  in  six  parallel  rows  of  ten  eacli,  under  three 
contiguous  roofs.  Tlie  roofs  are  entirely  of  iron— a 
framework  of  bars  covered  with  corrugated  plates,  like 
what  we  see  at  some  railway  stations.  There  are  thus 
20  compartments  under  each  roof,  and  these  are 
parted  down  the  middle  by  an  alley  4  feet  wide, 
on  which  rails  are  laid,  so  that  food  can  be 
brought  in,  and  manure  removed  on  a  small  truck, 
which  is  pushed  along  by  a  man.  Across  the  end  of  each 
range  of  boxes  a  space  is  reserved  for  the  storing  and 
preparing  of  roots  and  other  food.  The  outer  doors  of  these 
store  places  are  wide  enough  to  admit  a  cart,  the  inner 
ones  being  of  the  same  width  as  the  alleys.  A  series 
of  cast-iron  troughs,  each  of  which  is  common  to  two 
boxes  on  the  two  outer  rows,  and  to  four  in  the  inner 
ones,  and  which  communicate  by  a  pipe,  afford  a  con- 
stant supply-  of  water  to  each  animal.  The  whole 
arrangements  are  very  complete,  are  well  adapted  for 
economising  iood  and  labour,  and  admit  of  the  stock 
being  inspected  with  ease  and  comfort.  I  never  saw 
as  many  cattle  together  so  thoroughly  at  their  ease. 
Indeed,  the  whole  aspect  of  the  place  was  more  that  of 
a  menagerie  than  of  a  farm-yard.  The  trials  which  I 
have  made  of  this  plan  of  housing  cattle  have  been  so 
satisfactory,  that  I  have  now  nearly  the  half  of  my  lot 
put  up  in  tliis  way,  although  in  very  rude  erections, 
when  compared  with  those  which  I  have  just  been 
describing.  Tliis  plan  of  housing  is  especially  suitable 
for  heifers  and  quarrelsome  cattle  ;  and  I  have  seen 
animals,  that  while  in  a  3'ard  were  in  constant  turmoil, 


18  months,  or  two  years  old,  and  then  the  superiority  of 
the  short-horns  will  be  fairly  brought  out.  So  long  as 
low  country  farmers  can  obtain  a  full  supply  of  grazing 
cattle  at  moderate  prices  they  may  find  it  more  profit- 
able to  buy  than  to  breed  for  themselves^  and  so  long 
as  the  difference  betwixt  the  buying  and  selling  price  is 
suflScient  to  yield  a  profit  on  the  food  consumed,  it  mat- 
tei's  little  to  him  what  breed  they  are  of.  So  soon, 
however,  as  he  finds  that  he  must  breed  for  himself — 

and  perhaps  we  are  now  about  at  that  point there  is 

nothing  that  can  equal  the  short-hom  for  his  purpose. 
It  has  long  been  supposed  that  the  breeding  of  cattle 
cannot  be  made  profitable  on  high-rented  land.  If 
there  was  an  inherent  necessity  for  their  passing 
through  a  protracted  period  of  lean  existence  before 
the  fattening  process  could  be  begun,  this  would  cer- 
tainly be  true.  But  it  is  the  capacity  in  the  short-horn, 
when  well  fed,  of  growing  and  fattening  from  his  very 
birth,  and  the  almost  incredibly  early  age  at  which  he 
can  be  brought  to  profitable  maturity,  which  removes 
this  difficulty,  and  renders  breeding  profitable  on  the 
best  of  soils.  But  supposing  it  conceded  that  short- 
horns are  entitled  to  the  preference  of  the  low  country 
breeder,  it  may  be  asked,  are  they  suitable  for  those 
high-lying  or  poor  soils,  where  cattle  can  be  reared  but 
not  fattened  ?  We  have  so  long  been  used  to  see  only 
lean  cattle  brought  from  such  districts,  that  we  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  they  can  produce  nothin<^ 
better.  There  is,  however,  no  necessity  for  this  ;  and 
if  the  ocupiers  of  such  farms  would  but  try  the  plan  of 
keeping  no  more  stock  than  they  can  do  justice  to,  and 
of  selling  them  when  they  cease  to  improve  in  their  own 
hand,  they  would  find  their  profits  very  much  greater 
than  on  the  starving  system.  To  illustrate  this,  I  will 
refer  to  a  series  of  sales  of  cattle  which  have  fallen  under 
ray  personal  observation  during  the  present  year.  Not 
long  ago  a  very  skilful  breeder  in  Teviotdale  sent  one  of 
his  calves,  not  quite  8  months  old,  to  Newcastle  market, 
when  it  was  sold  t  a  butcher  for  8^.  This  was  not  a 
suckled  calf,  but  one  of  a  large  lot,  reared  on  a  very 


at  once  reduced  to  quietness  by  being  put  into  boxes,  j  scanty  allowance  of  milk,  and  fed  chiefly  on  Turnips  and 
I  need  not  say  that  this  alone  would  be  sufficient  ,  cut  Clover  with  a  moderate  quantity  of  Linseed  and 
to  account  for  their  more  rapid  improvement.  I  other  meal.  At  Whitsunday  last  a  lot  of  year-olds, 
have  hitherto  in  a  great  measure  restricted  my  remarks  '  bred  in  the  heart  of  the  Lammermoors,  was  sold 
to  the  influence  which  these  different  modes  of  housing  ]  to  a  low  country  grazier  at  8/.  85.  a  head  ;  and  to 
exert  upon  the  fattening  process  ;  but  the  quality  {  show  that  this  was  not  a  chance  sale,  I  may  mention 
of  the  manure  produced  in  them  respectively  is  an  i  that  for  a  series  of  years  the  yearlings  from  this  farm  have 
important   element   in   determining  their   comparative    brought  similar  prices,  and  have  even  reached  as  high 


merits.     As  that  made  in  boxes  is  thoroughly  protected 
from  the  weather,  retains  the  greater  part  of  the  urine, 


lOZ    IO5.     In    Miy   and   June   last,  large  numbers 
of    two-year-old    short-horn    steers  from  the  north   of 


and  is  trodden  so  firm  as  to  hinder  fermentation,  it  i  England,  were  sold  in  our  Bitrder  markets,  at  from 
seems  reasonable  to  conclude  that  it  must  be  superior  '  ^^  to  71.  ahead.  Many  of  the  cattle  bred  in  the  higher 
to  that  produced  by  the  other  plans  ;  but  as  I  have  not  parts  of  Roxburgh  and  Berwickshire  are  now  sold  to 
had  recourse  to  comparative  trials,  my  opinion  rests  ^^^^  feeders  at  six-quai'te. '-old,  and  n  our  recent  markets 
upon  inference  only.  I  must  here  observe  that  I  should  j  ^^  current  price  for  suc'i  young  c>ittle  has  been  from 
not  Uke  to  trust  to  the  whole  of  the  urine  being  absorbed  j  6^'  to  8^-  a-head.  Very  large  droves  of  24-year-old 
by  the  litter,. especially  in  boxes  which  are  sunk  a  foot  I  ^'^ttle  are  now  regularly  br  >ught  from  Eni^daud  to  our 
or  two  below  the  surface.  Unless  a  thick  layer  of  burnt  autumn  markets,  and  from  11.  to  8/.  a-hcad  is  about  the 
clay  or  similar  porous  substance  be  placed  in  the  bottom  average  price  at  which  they  have  been  sold  dui'ing  the 
of  the  box,  I  consider  it  indispensable  that  it  should  com- [past  six  weeks.  Here  then  are  exa-nples  of  cattle  of 
municate  with  a  drain.  When  the  litter  has  accumulated  |  t^^^  same  breed,  varying  in  age  from  eight  months  to 
toaconsiderabledepthjit  will  then  retain  the  greater  part  !  "■^-y^'^i'S)  all  bringing  about  the  same  price;  but  with 
of  the  liquid,  but  I  would  not  trust  to  it  for  absorbing  the  I  t'l's  difference,  that  while  the  well-fed  calf  left  its  owner 
whole.  So  far,  then,  as  my  experience  goes,  it  is  cer-  fully  45.  a-week  for  the  food  which  it  h'td  consumed  ; 
tainly  in  favour  of  the  box  system  ;  and  1  have  accord-  '  t'^^  starved  two-year-old  would  barely  reach  Is.  Or  take 
ingly  adopted  it  for  the  half  of  my  cattle.  But  last  winter  j  t^^s  l®ss  extreme  example  of  I4  and  2|-year-old  cattle, 
was  so  unusually  mild,  that  I  do  not  regard  its  evidence  '  '^oth  passing  from  the  breeder  to  the  feeder  at  the  same 
as  conclusive,  and  have  therefore  resolved  to  await  |  price  per  head,  and  see  how  the  interests  of  both  parties 
the  issue  of  further  trials  before  going  into  it  more  '  ^''^  affected.  To  the  breeder  the  saving  of  a  whole 
largely.     On  the  question  of  the  comparative  merits  of  '  year's  food,  attendance,  risk,  and  outlay  of  capital,  is  just 


breeds  I  look  for  greater  diversity'  of  opinion  than  on 
the  other  branches  of  the  subject  under  discussion.  We 
are  so  much  the  creatures  of  habit,  that  there  insensibly 
grows  up  in  most  of  us  a  prejudice  in  favour  of  the 
usages  of  our  own  locality,  which  blinds  us  to  what  is 
defective  in  our  own  practice,  or  excellent  in  that  of 
others.^  There  are  few  things  in  regard  to  which  this 
prejudice  shows  itself  more  strongly  than  about  live 
stock.  Havin:^  all  my  life  been  most  familiar  with 
short-horn  cattle,  it  is  quite  possible  that  I  may  have  a 
bias  in  their  favour  ;  but,  believing  as  I  do,  that  this  is 
tho  bcfit  breed  for  ail  tlioae  parts  of  the  country  where 
Turnips  can  be  cultivated  with  success,  I  shall  endea- 
vour to  state,,  as  impartially  as  I  can,  the  grounds  of 
this  belief.  I  think  it  not  unlikely  that  in  framing  the 
topics  to  bo  discuHHcd  tf.-day,  that  part  which  refers  to 
breeds  was  expected  to  be  viewed  very  much  in  this 
way  :— suppo-iirig  a  low-country  farmer  about  to  pur- 
chase a  lot  of  cattle  for  fattening  on  Turnips,  on  what 
breed  will  he  do  best  to  spend  his  money  ?  Now.  not 
to  mention  that,  pra'^tically,  tlii«  will  be  decided  by  what 
he  happens  to  fall  in  with  b'-st  worth  the  money  in  the 
market  that  he  buys  in,  I  must  say  that  this  appears 
to  rae  too  restricted  a  view  of  the  qucHtion.  Unless 
we  consider  the  interest  of  the  breeder,  as  well  as  of  the 
feeder,and  inquiru  not  mendy  which  breed  of  cattle,  when 
comparatively  mitin*e,  wiii  pay  best  for  fattening,  but 
which  will  yield  th-:  byHt  return  for  food  conHumud 
from  birth  to  maturity,  v/e  shall  fail  Vt  do  ju:^tice  to  the 
question  before  us.  "in  those  triala  of  the  fatt'-Miing 
qualities  of  cattle  which  have  frequently  been  ma-le  be- 
twixt equal  numb'-'r^i  of  Mereford,  Devon,  Angus  or 
Galloway  oxen,  two  or  tliree-yoarrt-old,  and  .Sliort^^lioniH 
of  tlio  Karne  age,  the  r>'HiiltH  have  frequently  he-m 


the  difference  betwixt  a  profit  and  a  loss.  With  the  feeder 
again,  the  matter  stands  thus ;  if  equal  in  point  of 
breeding,  and  similarly  treated,  the  two  ages  will  pro- 
bably attain  to  the  same  weight  when  fat  ;  but  the 
younger  cattle  will  require  less  food,  and  having  never 
lost  their  Her,  will  have  the  advantage  in  quality  of  beef 
and  bring  a  better  price  per  stone.  Sucli  then  are  the 
reasons  which  lead  me  to  the  conclusion  that  short- 
horns are  the  best  breed  of  cattle  for  the  arable  lands 
of  Scotland.  Let  me,  however,  remark,  that  it  is  to 
genuine  short-horns  that  my  statements  refei*,  and  not 
to  any  kind  of  mongrels  that  people  may  choose  to  call 
by  that  name.  Indeed,  it  is  lamentable  to  think  of  the 
loss  which  is  annually  incurred  over  Scotland  by  the 
breeding  of  inferior  cattle.  It  is  difficult  to  estimate  this 
loss  correctly,  but  after  careful  consideration,  I  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  cannot  be  less  than  30s. 
a-head,  on  two-thirds  of  the  whole  cattle  fattened  in  the 
country.  If  this  be  true,  then  it  follows  that  without  ex- 
pending a  farthing  more  than  is  done  at  present  on  food, 
housing,  and  attendance,  the  profit  which  vvould  accrue  by 
breeding  oidy  from  bulls  of  tho  best  blood  would  be  equi- 
valent to  an  advance  of  Gd.  per  stone  in  tho  price  of  beef, 
as  regards  two  out  of  every  three  of  the  fat  cattle  at 
present  brought  to  market.  The  outlay  of  an  additional 
10^.  per  head  on  the  price  of  all  the  balls  used,  would 
be  Hulficieiit  to  secure  this  profit.  Now,  as  with  proper 
care  one  bull  may  suffiue  for  GO  cows,  and  continue  ser- 
viceable for  three  years,  this  extra  price  would  not 
usually  add  more  than  2,{.  a  head  to  the  prime  cost  of 
each  calf.  Wh(;n  ho  am|»lo  a  return  can  bo  secured  for 
HO  small  an  outlay,  it  is  hojied  that  the  breeders  of  cattle 
will  by-and-bye  discover  how  nmeli  they  have  been 
losing  by  grud.^ing  tho  price  of  a  good  bull.     It  is  iiitc- 


favour  of  the  fonn-jp.  Such  trialn,  howcver,'leave  the  |  resting  toobservo  how  thoroughly  iho  breeders  of  hUhv-y 
peculiar  merits  of  tho  Sliort-honis  quite  out  of  view,  j^ifo  now  ftUve  to  tho  economy  of  using  oidy  well-bred 
M  j»t'o|K;rIy  trealWfJ  they  would  have  h-un  I'cady  for  lire    niiilef.     All  who  liavj  had  buiincMB  in  our  sheep  nr.trketa 


during  the  last  20   years  know  to  what  an  extent  the 
breeding  of  crosses  between  Leicester  rams  and  Cheviot 
ewes  has  increased  during  that  period,  and  also  how 
superior  the  quality  of  this  kind  of  stock  is  now  to  what 
it  was  formerly.     Now  let  us  mark  the  history  of  this 
improvement.      I  well  recollect  when,  as  the  autumn 
fairs  drew  near,  our  Border  jobbers  used  to  provide  for 
them  by  retaining  such  rams  as  they  happened  to  pick 
up  in  their  weekly  purchases  of  fat  sheep.     From  these 
miscellaneous  collections  very  many  hill-farmers  were 
accustomed  to  make  their  purchases,  earin"  little  about 
quality,  so  that  the  price  was  low  enough.     By-and-bye, 
however,  they  began   to   discover  that   there   was   aa 
awkward  connection  betwixt  low-priced  rams  and  a  low 
price  for   their  produce;   and  the  consequence  is  that 
they    now     supply  themselves   from    ram-breeders   o£ 
established  reputation,  at  prices  which  induce  the  latter- 
to  breed  first-class  animals  for  this  express  purpose,     I 
would  fain  hope  that  breeders  of  cattle  will  also  find  out 
the  economy  of  paying  more  attention  to  the  quality  of 
their  stock.      Landlords    might  so  easily    further  this 
improvement,  and  have  such  a  manifest  interest  to  do 
it,  that  I  cannot  refrain  from  directing  attention  to  what 
has  been  going  on   for  several  years  on  the  estate  of 
Cayers.       With  the   view  of  improving  the  cattle  bred 
on  his  estates,  Mr,  Douglas  had  for  some  years  given 
a  handsome  sum  of  money  or  prizes  to  be  competed  for 
by  his  tenantry ;  but  having  been  led  to  think  that  this 
end   might   be    obtained    in   a   more   direct    way,   he 
intimated  through  his  factor  that  he  would  give  80/.  for 
the    purchase  of  a    first-rate  short-horned    bull,  which 
should  be   so  .  stationed   as   to  be  available  to  all   his 
tenantry.       The   tenants,  about  "25  in  number,    were 
requested  to  appoint  a  committee  among  themselves, 
to    whom  was  entrusted  the  purchase   of  a   bull,    and 
the    framing    of   regulations    for     carrying    out    their 
landlord's  intentions  in  an  equitable  manner.     The  plan 
whieh  they   have  adopted  is,  to  allow  20^.  a-year  to  the 
tenant  who  keeps  the  bull,  restricting  the  number  of  cows 
to  be  sent  to  him  to  70,  at  a  charge  oi^d.  each,  and  appor- 
I  tioning  this  number  to  ttie  different  farms  according  to- 
,  their  size.     Two  bulls,  both  from  Yorkshire,  have  now 
j  been  purchased  in  pursuance  of  this  plan,  and  an  im- 
'  provement   is  already   apparent   in   the  stock.     Here, 
'  then,    is    an  example     which    might    everywhere    be 
followed  with  great  advantage  to  all  concerned.     In  its 
details  the  plan  is  certainly  susceptible  of  improvement^ 
'  and  from  the  good  sense  displayed  in  the  matter,  I  have 
'  no  doubt  that  by-and-bye  this  will  take  place.     On  the 
present   plan  each    tenant   can   only  have  a  few  calves 
from  the  high-bred  bull,  and  the  bulk  of  his  lot  must  still 
be  of  inferior  descent.     Now,  were  they  to  club  together- 
!  and  raise  such  a  sum  as,  when  added  to  their  landlord's 
gift,  would  suffice  for  the  purchase  of  four  or  five  bulls, 
I  the  quality  of  the  whole  cattle  bred  on  the  estate  would 
j  be  raised  at  once,  and  present  a  uniform  character.    By 
selecting   the  bulls  from  different  herds,  and  shifting 
'  them  as  occasion  required  from  one  district  to  another, 
]  the    same  lot  might   suffice   for    a  good  many   years.. 
j  Were  such  a  plan  as  this  to  be  generally  adopted  over- 
j  the  country,  it  would,  in  a  very  few  years,  produce  a 
greater  improvement  in  all  our  breeds  of  cattle,  than 
,  any  system  of  premiums  is  likely  to  do  in  the  course  of 
I  a   generation. — Mr.   Elliot,  Hardgrave,  said  :   In    the 
first  place,  I  shall  refer  to  the  housing  of  cattle,  and  in 
doing  so  I  know  that  on  this  point  great  difference  of 
opinion  prevails  among  practical  men;  and  if  we  con- 
sider the  subject,  how  can  it  be  otherwise,  seeing  that 
in  Scotland    we  have  such  a  variable  uncertain  climate, 
often   differing   in  a  great  degree  within  the  distance 
of  not  many  miles.     In  the  western  side  of  the  island 
a  greater  quantity    of  rain  falls  than  in  the  eastern, 
and  much  more  in    the    high  than   in  the  low   lands. 
While,    therefore,    one     farmer    living    on    the     east 
coast,    in    a   low  situation,  with  abundance  of  Wheat 
straw  for  Utter,  may  be  correct  in  preferring  sheds  with 
open  courts,  even  of  considerable  size,  another  farmer 
living  on   the  western  coast,  or  in  some  more  upland 
district,  mty   be   equally   correct   in  considei'ing    that 
cattle  ought  to  be  kept  in  sheds,  with  courts  of  a  very 
limited  extent  in  comparison,  or  perhaps  entirely  under 
cover.     From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  difficult  to 
fix  a  rule  applicable  to  all  places,  but,  in_  my  opinion, 
it  may   safely    be  taken    as  a  general   principle,   that 
all   cattle  that    are   fattening    ought  to  be   kept  dry, 
warm,   and  comfortable  ;  if  this  can  be   done   in  the 
open  air,  well  and  good  ;  if  not,  they  must  be  kept  under 
cover.     For  my  own  part,  I  prefer  sheds  13  to  14  feet 
wide  within,  with  open  courts  of  equal  size,  the  courts 
surrounded  by  walls  6  or  7  feet  high,  these  sheds  and 
conrts  divided  into  compartments  of  12  to  14  feet  wide 
within,  which  will  hold  three  Galloway  cattle  of  50  stone& 
each,  or  two  short-horns  or  other  horned  cattle  of  70 
stones  a-piece.     The  sheds   formerly   in  use,  and  still 
used  in    many  parts    of   the   country,  with    courts    of 
.50    or    60    feet   square,    in  which    were    fattened    10 
or  even    sometimes  20    cattle,  I  cannot   too    strongly 
condemn.     Tying  up  cattle  for  feeding  I  do  not  think 
so    good    a  plan    as    feeding  them   in  loose   boxes,  or 
in  small  sheds  and  courts  in  pairs.     At  the  same  time 
I    must   admit  that  1  have  found  my  cattle  feed  best 
kept  under  cover  in  a   loose   box  of  about  10  or  12 
feet  square,  singly,  and  in    darkness.     The   opponents 
c)f  Hoitai-y  eonfinomont   may   object   to  this,  but  such 
is  tho  fact.     Ii    porhups,   however,   may   be    doubtful 
if    tho    superiority    of   catile    kept    in  this  way    com- 
pensatoa    for    the    additional    expense    of   acccnninoda- 
tion    required       I  should  always  recommend,  however, 
that  every  farmer  who  feeds  extensively  slumld  have  a 
few  of  thorio  looHO  boxes,  into  one  of  which  he  (mu  put 


14 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


[Jan.  3, 


an  animal  wnicU  aiiuoys  its  iieighbuui's,  and  into  an- 
other one  which  is  kept  back  from  feedinjr  by  its  fellows, 
Kegarding  the  best  mode  of  feeding,  much  difference  of 
opinion  prevails.  I  am  myself  satisfied  that  cattle  can 
be  most  profitably  fed  by  giving  them  a  considerable 
variety  of  food  ;  that  is,  adding  to  Grass  in  summer  and 
to  Turnips  in  winter,  oilcake,  Bean-meal,  and  bruised 
Oats.  Indeed,  if  I  bad  land  which  would  grow  Beans 
profitably,  1  would  always  mix  these  four  kinds  of  food 
daily.  I  have  no  doubt  that  boiling  a  mash  once  a  day 
can  be  done  with  advantage,  but  I  am  in  doubt  if  it  will 
,pay  to  boil  the  whole  of  the  food.  It  is  clear,  however, 
that  the  opposite  course  ought  never  to  be  followed,  that 
'Of  giving  cattle  in  a  cold  winter  morning  hard  frozen 
Turnips  ;  the  best  way  is  to  give  the  cake  and  corn  in 
the  morning  in  cold  frosty  weather,  before  they  are  fed 
■with  Turnips,  which  ought  also  to  lie  under  cover,  clean 
.and  dry.  Now,  wlien  grain  has  fallen  to  a  heretofore 
almost  unlieard-of  price,  it  is  become  of  vital  importance 
to  the  farmer  to  know  whether  he  has  not  a  better 
market  for  his  grain  within  his  own  farm-yard,  than  by 
selling  it  to  the  corn  dealer ;  especially  is  this  of  im- 
portance to  the  farmer,  who  has  hitherto  depended  upon 
Oats  and  Barley  for  his  rent ;  as  if  so,  it  matters  little, 
perhaps,  now  that  grain  has  fallen  so  low,  whether  it  be 
20s,  or  IOa'.  per  qr.,  so  long  as  beef  and  mutton  contiime 
at  their  present  pi'ices.  And  I  have  often  thought  if 
ithe  Highland  Society,  by  offering  a  premium  of  suffi- 
cient amount,  could  induce  a  number  to  try  the  experi- 
ment, and  thereby  ascertain  correctly  at  what  price 
grain  is  consumed  by  cattle  and  sheep,  when  the  price 
of  mutton  is  say  6d,  per  lb.,  and  the  price  of  beef  say 
5^d.,  it  would  confer  a  great  bocn  upon  all  occupiers  of 
land.  I  may  mention  that  last  year  I  tried  a  few  cattle 
by  feeding  them  with  Grass  through  summer,  giving 
-attbe  same  time  grain  and  cake  ;  and  witli  Turnips, 
grain  and  cake  through  the  winter  till  Cliristmas,  when 
they  were  sold,  and  I  felt  satisfied  myself  that  I  con- 
sumed the  grain  at  a  better  price  than  I  could  ha/esold 
it  at  In  the  market  ;  insomuch,  that  I  found  afrer 
allowing  3/.  for  the  summer's  Grass,  and  21.  iOs.  for  the 
Turnips  till  Christmas,  I  had  3s.  per  bushel  for  my  Oats, 
and  45,  for  the  Beans,  besides  full  price  for  the  cake, 
■while  all  the  manure  was  left  on  the  land  over  and 
.above  ;  the  selling  price  of  the  Oats  at  the  time  being 
.2s.  bd.j  and  the  Beans  Ss.  4.d.  per  bushel ;  and  this,  be 
it  recollected,  in  a  season  admitted  by  all  farmers  to  be 
the  most  unremunerative  for  grazing  cattle  in  the 
memory  perhaps  of  man.  Neither  ought  any  one  to  be 
astonished  at  this  result,  when  we  consider  that  it  was  a 
common  practice  to  feed  cattle  with  grain  yeax's  ago, 
when  perhaps  the  selling  price  of  Oats  was  3s  Qd.,  and 
mutton  not  higher  than  it  is  now.  Kither  we  were 
wrong  then  in  consuming  the  grain  in  that  way, 
or  we  are  wrong  now  if  we  do  not  do  so  on  a  more 
■extensive  scale. 


HETEOROLOGIOAL  HEPOKT.— Decekbeb. 
(Continued  front  p,  829.) 


Time. 
6.15  a.m. 

10. .30  p.m. 

8  15  u.m. 

11  15  p.m. 
7.65  a.ui 

9  p.ui. 


Max. 


30.25 
3o!il 


Min, 

30.08 

30.*i5 
36!30 


Wind  and  Weather. 

Almost    calm.      Barometer 

steady. 
Fine  suuny  day, 
Aimust    calm.     Bright   fine 

day. 
Barometer  risiog  ateadily. 
Gentle. 
Bright  and  fine. 


ObserratioDS  being  inter- 
rupted by  accident  to  ba- 
rometer, we'e  not  re- 
sumed lor  some  days. 


**  Ibis  H-a^.  tlie  euuiiuuatioa  of  the  precedm;;  scurui,  wAich 
>iad  travtlled  eastward. 

t  Beiri)^  fiO'n  buaie,  I  was  not  aware  of  this  interruption. 
Prom  tlie  28[li  to  the  30th  another  storm  wai  cuming  which 
passed  up  ine  Channel  during  the  night  of  the  30Lh. 

Dorchester,  Jan,  1,  1852.  F.  P.  B.  M. 

Finis  coronat  opus. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

LAMMEBMDiE  Sbeep  Fahm,  Z>cc.  22. — At  present  the  manege- 
meat  o'  Oiir  Bheep  is  ot  quite  a  rout'ne  na  are.  Th«  rama 
have  noA  betu  among  the  ewes  about  a  momh.  Our  prac<.ice 
is  to  remowt  about  a  third  of  these  at  the  end  of  the  fourth 
week,  stl.  c  ing  for  this  the  most  objecionallet  sheep,  or  sui:b 
:is,  from  loss  ut  coudition  or  other  cauee-,  appear  shy  at  their 
work.  At  brHt,  tbe  ewes  geotr^lly  come  t-o  vnry  fdS',  that  it 
is  8afe  to  turn  out  a  large  number  of  ramR,  but  alter  their 
accond  season  is  past,  this  extra  supply  only  gives  rise  to  a 
greater  amount  of  tishting  and  mischietj  when  a  part  at  least 
would  be  more  proficabl>  employed  in  making  up  iheir  lost 
-aondiiion  upon  Turnips  and  other  food.  The  rest  are  brought 
m  about  the  stirond  week  of  January,  and  put  upon  full  keep, 
HO  that  thube  which  requ're  to  be  drafted  maj  ba  ready  for 
the  bu'chcr  as  soon  as  possible.  Though  our  own  hogs  graze 
beside  the  ewes,  yet  on  farms  where  they  receive  Turnips 
during  I  be  wmier  months,  if  they  have  not  already  been  laid 
on,  this  t-hould  be  dme  without  delay  ;  it  being  much  easier  to 
■keep  sbeep  in  good  condition  than  to  make  up  lost  urouad, 
besides  the  greattr  liability  to  disease  among  lean  than  Irtjeh 
animals,  Luring  the  late  mild  and  dry  weather  we  have 
completed  tbe  ploughing  of  the  Oat  stubble  intended  for 
Turnipe.  and  have  got  a  beginning  made  to  the  lea.  This 
i\having  been  some  nine  years  in  Grass,  and  originally  sown 
down  in  p.iorconditinn.is  tough  and  difficult  to  lurn  over,  and 
likely  to  be  a  tedious  operation,  though  we  are  anxious  to  have 
it  completed  as  soon  as  possible,  that  it  may  have  the  tuU 
benefit  of  the  frost,  to  assist  the  burrows  in  muldug  a  good 
■Miould  for  the  Oaip.  We  have  also  got  as  many  Turuips 
i;Swed«.-a,  green-tup  Yellows  and  Whites)  stored,  as  will  "^uj-piy 
rhe  cattle  and  a  few  sheep  until  tbe  begiuning  of  Mdrcb. 
■  I'beae  iire  put  in  long-  narrow  heaps,  covered  with  ru-hes  and 
straw,  to  Urep  out  frost.  As  a  further  protection,  and  to  nave 
his  coienug  rrum  ttie  wind,  a  coating  oi  larj;e  thin  heitber 
?ud>  ia  laid  over  ihe  whole.  About  the  bait  nf  the  Turnips 
"till  staifdiiig  have  buen  earthed  up  with  the  conim'ni  pi  .u^h, 
which   wti  find  to  do  the  work  as  well  as  th- riouh  «  m.-uid' 


tielieviuK  ihaf  it  wii)  Hff.inl  a  sttil  beer  protection  fitnu  (r.fSt 
:ind  vermin  ;  and  thimsh  rrquiriug  mure  labour  than  theotber, 
being  a  much  les3  tedious  and  expensive  process  than  topping 
and  routing,  and  then  ciPting  into  heaps.  This  coosims  in 
iipenini;  a  deep  furrow,  into  which  the  Tiirnips  from  tbe  four 
or  five  adjacent  drills  are  piac*^d  close  together,  the  roots d(»wo 
and  topn  up,  and  then  covertd  with  the  p)oush.  As  ihey  ara 
required  for  the  sheep  in  spring,  another  furrow  throws  them 
on  thi  surface,  aa  fre^b  and  solid  as  on  tbe  day  they  wei  e 
buried.  Woereas,  with  us.  the  Turnip  is  by  far  the  most 
valuable  crop  (but  for  which,  indet-d  and  Clover  hay,  we  bad 
belter  never  have  a  plouj^h  on  our  farm*,  as  far  us  profitgoeH) 
every  means  which  will  lens -n  tbe  risk  cither  of  their  being 
totally  dcstrnytd  by  frost  or  being  so  withered  andching-d  in 
their  tex'ure  as  to  mike  them  of  c<>mpai  aiveiy  U  tie  value. 
ou!:ht  to  be  zealously  adopted.  Id  Io  'kiug  back  upon  the  jear 
now  ne^r  a  close,  we  muse  Siiy  that  the  sheep  farmer  has  had 
n  I  cause  for  complaint,  the  prices  of  wool,  sheep  and  iambt. 
bavins  b.'6n  all  good.  The  average  price  of  g..od  white  Cb^^'iot 
mixed  clips  may  be  stated  at  la.  per  lb.,  beinc  i,d  or  i  d  below 
wmle  that  of  blacufaced  whi^e  bus  been  about  (id  or  gm  and 
laid  about  5^d..  or  from  ^d.  to  Id.  above  tbe  previous'vear 
Upon  the  wt.oie,  the  demand  for  Cheviot  wools  has  been  heavy' 
and  for  blackfaced  good  The  price  of  four  auH  tive  y.-ar  od 
Cueviot  dratt  ewes  has  varied  between  IS3.  and  203.,  some  lots 
bringmg  rither  more,  and  some  less,  afcordimr  to  naaliiv 
Three-year-old  wedders  of  tbe  same  breed,  broui-ht  from  25s" 
to  sua,  and  Jamb«trom85.  tol23  Blackfacpd  ewen  have  varied 
1  9s,  to  as  bifih  as  I5s,,  accorriine  to  aL-e  and  qualif  •  white 
aged  "Adders  might  avera^^e  from  Tis.  to  24s.,  and  iambs  from 
hs.  to  los.  For  all  tbe.e  d-ff.-rent  kind,  of  stock  the  demand 
has  been  unusually  biisk,  which  may  be  traced  in  some  mea-^ure 
to  the  larj-e  purchases  made  for  Ireland  to  au  up  those  exten- 
sive districts  wbieh  are  bring  rapidly  cleared  of  every  human 
being,  and  c-nverted  into  -heep  wa  ks,  generally  rented  bv 
graziers  from  Scotland  or  EngUud.  With  the  espedieocv  of 
such  measures  in  a  political  view  we  have  little  to  do  ;  though 
It  tne  results  ot  similar  mea-ures.  so  extensively  pursued  in 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  be  coo^idered.  its  wisilom  may  w-ll 
be  doLbted  ;  but  a-  tar  as  the  graziers  on  this  side  tbe  Channel 
are  Concerned,  we  are  not  disp.  sed  to  think  that  the  ureatlv 
increased  importa'ions  of  fat  and  lean  stock  which  must  shortly 
take  place  from  Ireland  wili  have  muuh  (ffecc  m  lowering 
prices  here.  Whether  ajiricuiture.  as  a  science,  be  still  in  its 
ititancy  or  not,  it  is  plam  that  it  is  making  rapid  strides  in 
improvement,  and  ihat  every  year  is  showing  a  lartre  increa-e 
10  the  amount  of  produce,  especially  of  grain  crops,  which 
impliis  an  increased  demand  for  Block  to  coaeume  them,  A 
I'ammermmr  Farmer. 


Notices  to  Corresoondents, 

Aldebnet  :  TF.  The  Alderney  or  Jersey  breed  is  better  than 
the  Griiernfiey,  which  is  a  l.irger  and  coarser  breed. 

Dhains:  Rugby-  "A  buht  peat  soil  and  a  gravelly  subsoil 
wiihout  Clay."  We  nhou'd  imagine  that  it  would  be  draini^d 
by  the  plan  suggested  by  your  workmen— 4  feet  drains 
16  yards  apart.  It  is  impossible  to  name  tbe  value  ot  the 
■work,  "all  pickaxe  work,  and  drains  opened  therefore 
18  inches  wide."  A  party  of  men  must  be  closely  superin- 
tended f"r  a  day  or  two,  and  the  price  calculated  from  ih-ir 
work.     A  drain  6  feet  deep  is,  we  think,  safe  fro-n  the  root<». 

Foot  Rot  IN  Sbeep  :  RV.  It  will  be  better  o  'fress  he  fee' 
two  or  tiiree  times  a  we-k  and  with  a  m  Idev  ap,  I  cit'on 
than  thHt  jou  have  used,  such  as  the  f  llown.-  ; — Karhaloe^ 
t  ir,  4:  <  z  ;  lard,  2  02.  ;  sul  li  te  of  copper,  p  .wdered.  1  oz.  • 
alum,  powde  e  t,  1  nz..  to  be  made  into  tn  oiutmeut,    \V.  Q.  ■*! 

Mending  Roads  ;  Viator.  You  and  \  our  fiiendw  of  the  minority 
are  right.  The  best  sea  en  for  the  repairs  nf  a  Macadam  or 
gravel  road  in  from  October  to  March.  When  the  road  is 
softened  by  ruin,  the  surface  of  the  ruts  and  holes  should  be 
*'  lifted,"  that  is,  backe  i  up  or  loose  led  wi  h  a  pick,  and  tne 
new  ma-erial  then  spre  to  the  th'ckness  of  2  or  3  inches. 
It  should  be  occitiiuall  riiked.  If  the  loadismucb  worn 
this  biting  of  the  rus  aid  holes  sh -uld  be  the  preliminary 
of  a  general  "  sheeting.  In  apply  ng  rhe  sheeting,  tne  whole 
surface  should  be  pre  iously  "iihed"  or  backed  up.  My 
own  practice  is  to  ajiply  the  SfJOetiog  in  hhort  lengthn,  say  of 
20  or  30  yards,  with  intervals  of  the  same  leon'h  between. 
This  renders  the  newly  coated  ro:id  JesH  disti-essing  to  horsesi 
and  prevents  the  tendency  to  work  along  tbe  same  track  on 
each  side,  which  exists  when  there  13  a  gieat  strcch  of 
newlv  mended  road.  When  the  materials  of  ttiese  'heettd 
portions  are  pretty  well  consolidated,  the  intervals  b  'tween 
are  "lifted"  and  sheeted.  In  toAns  it  is  necessary  to  repair 
the  roads  even  iu  the  height  of  sum.ner;  in  tht.s  ca>e  we 
imitate  tbe  condition  oft  le  suitace  of  ihe  road  in  October  by 
soaking  it  with  water,  or  by  attending  to  the  repairs  immt- 
dia'ely  af'er  a  heavy  fall  of  rain.  N. 

Tbkdsb  :  Viator.  Dress  with  the  followirg  oinment,  by  meana 
of  a  pledg-t  of  tow,  every  three  dajs  :  — Bat  badges  tar,  2  oz.  ■ 
sulpiiunc  acid,  2  drs.  mixed.    If.  C  S.  ' 

White  Belgian  Cabeots:  TyridaiL  243.  to  303.  per  ton' 
delivered. 


COVFNT  GARDEN,  Jan.  3. 
English  Pine-appiea  and  Grapes  continue  plentiful.  A 
few  foreign  Pears  are  still  furnished.  The  beat  English 
kinds  fetch  good  prices.  They  consist  of  Glout  Morctau, 
Winter  Nells,  Heurrd  Ranee,  and  Chaumontelle,  Oraosea 
are  plentiful  and  nood.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last  qu<ited. 
Carrots,  Turnips,  Cahba^'es,  &c.,  are  sufficientfor  the  demand. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
aalading  are  euthcient  for  tbe  demand.  Mushrooms  are  still 
dear.  Cut  flowers  cotisiBt  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Migu. - 
oette,  Stephanoiis,  Bignonia  veuusta,  Chryaanthemums,  Ca- 
mellias,  and  Roses. 

FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3b  to  6s 
Grapes,hothouse,p. lb.,  2-  toSs 

—     Lisbon,  per  lb.,  9d  to  Is 
Apples,  kitchen,  perbucihel,  2a 

to  3s  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2b  to  4s 
Lemons,  per  do2..  Is  to    2s 
WaluutSi  per  bush.,  128  tn  24s 

VEGETABLES, 


Almonds,  per  peck,  6a 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  89 
Oranges,  per  dos.,  Is  to  la  6d 

—  per  100,  6s  ;o  lOs 
Nuts,  Barcelona, p.  bsh,20sto22B 

—  Brazil,  p,  bsh.,  12s  to  14^ 
Filberts,  per  lOOlbs.,  708  to  90= 


board,  beiiides  being  much  easier  to  draw.     We  1 


r.  c-nily 


observed  another  pla    of  earthing  up,  whicli  wu  purpose  trjiug, 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 
CauliHowerB,  p.  doz.,  29  to  4  6 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  80s 

—  percwt.,  2b  to  5e 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  23  6d 
Turnips,  p,  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Cucumbers,  each,  6d  to  Is 
Radishes, per  doz.,  9d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  p.  doz.,  9d  to  Is 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  10  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  hunch,  4tl  to  fid 
Brusxela  Sprouts,  p.  half  i>ieve, 

Is  6d  to  2s 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  la  to  Is  6d 
OuioH:*,  p.  hunch,  Id  to  5d 

—  Spaniah,  p  doz.,  Isfid  to  3s 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  Is 
Heet,  per  doz.,  Hd  to  Is 

Pat  snips,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  id  to  2d 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6dto8d 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  Sd  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  per  score,  3d  to  Is 
Small  Salads,  p.  puno.,2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish, p,  bundle,  la  to  4  k 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  2a  60 

—  per  bushel,  7s  to  lOs 
Sorrel,  per  hf,  sieve,  6d  to  9d 
Penoel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 

rhyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  3t 
.Mint,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Hasil,  p.  bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercress,  per  doz.  bunches, 
4d  to  6d 


POTATOES.— SOUTHWAEK,  MoNDAY,  Dec.  29, 
The  committee  report  that  ihere  have  b.  en  considerable 
arrivals,  boih  coas  wise  and  by  rail.  Tie  tr^de  very  de- 
pressed at  the  following  q'l.itationg  :  —  Vorkhhiie  Regents,  708. 
10  Slid.;  Scotch  ditto,  60s.  to  658.  ;  K«nt  an  1  EsKex  do.,  65s, 
to  75s.  ;  ditto  Shaws,  553.  to  653.;  Lincolnshire  and  Wisbeacb 
55a.  to  7O3, ;  French,  6Ui. 

EAT.— Per  Load  of  36  TrusseB, 
Smithfield.  Jan,  1. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  70b  to  753    Clover     

Inferiorditto 55        65      2d  cut       , 

R.i)wen     55        63       Straw      , 

Vew  Hay        —        — 

CoMBEBLAND  Mabkf.t,  Jan.  1. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay 

Inferiorditto 60 

Sew  Hay        — 

Old  Clover    78 


to  783 
70 


luleriur  . 
New  Clover 
Straw 


...  70eto85s 
...  60  72 
...  21  25 
J.  COOPEB. 

...    65s  to  72s 


JosudaBaeeb. 


HOPS.— Fbcdat,  Jan   2  ^-" 

Messre.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  Hop  market 
continuea^very  firm,  and  good  Hopt  very  hcarce. 

SMITHFIELD,   Mondax,   Dec  29, 

Being  so  soon  after  thrietmae,  it  was  expec'ed  numbers 
would  be  small  to-day ;  the  supply,  however,  was  shorter  than 
WHS  anticipaed  ;  consequently,  piices  have  ailvinceda  little 
for  all  kinds  of  stock,  Calves  excepted  ;  trade  is,  notwithstand- 
int;,  dull,  and  it  is  difficult  to  realise  our  op  quotations. 
From  Holland  and  Germany  there  are  206  Beaatb,  1170  Sheep, 
and  169  Calves;  from  France,  20  Sbeep;  tiom  Scotland,  240 
Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  600  ;  and  I6OO  from  the 
Dortbero  and  midland  counties. 

Per  St.  of  8  lbs. — e  d  s  d 
Best  Scots,  Here. 

fords,  &c.  ...  3  10  to  4  2 
Best  Shoit-horns  3  6  —  310 
2d  quality  Beasts  3  0  —  34 
BeHt  Downs    and 

Half-breda  ...  4  4  —  4  6 
Ditto  Shorn 

Beasts,  2846  ;  Sheep  and  Lamb8,14i69n  ;  Calves,  214;  Pigs,  240. 
FaiDAT,  Jan.  2. 

Tbe  number  of  Beasts  is  not  large,  yet  adequate  to  the  de- 
mand. Trade  is  slow,  and  Monday's  quottttious  are  scarcely 
realised,  although  some  few  choice  qa*linei  make  rather  over 
4rt.  We  have,  as  usual  at  this  se^isoa  of  the  year,  a  small 
supply  of  Sheep  i  business  is  slack,  and  prices  on  tbe  average 
lower.  Calves  are  plentiful,  hue  the  quality  generally  is 
midnling.  Choice  ones  are  not  much  lower,  but  there  is  fully 
4d.  per  8  Ib^,  reduction  in  other  kinds.  Our  foreign  supply 
consists  of  184  Beasts,  490  Sheep,  and  174  Calves.  The  number 
of  Milch  Cows  is  95. 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— s    d     B 

A 

Beat  Lodb-wooIb  .  3  10  to  4: 

i 

Ditto  Sboru 

EweB  ii  2,1  quality  8     0  —  3 

6 

Ditto  Sbora 

Lambs      0    0  —  0 

0 

CalYes      3    0-4 

0 

Pifs          3    8  —  4 

6 

Best  Soots,  Here- 

Best  Lon(?-woolB .  3 

8-3  10 

fords,  dLC.       ...  3 

8  to  4 

1) 

Ditto  Sb.n.u 

Best  Snort-horns    3 

6  —  3 

8 

Ewes  ifc  2d  quality  3 

S  — 3    I 

2d  quality  Beasts  3 

0  —  3 

4 

Ditto  Shorn 

Best  Downs  and 

Lambs      0 

0-0    0 

Half-breds      ...  i 

0-4 

4 

Calves      2 

8  —  4    0 

Ditto  Shorn 

Piss          3 

4  —  4    6 

Mark  lane. 

Monday,  Bee.  29.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morninc's  market  by  land  carriage  samples  was  small,  and 
dispo-^ed  of  at  an  advance  ot  Is.  per  qr.  upoii  the  prices  of  this 
day  se'nnight.  Foreign  met  with  r.ither  more  inquiry,  but 
tbe  rates  which  were  accepted  last  week  could  not  be  exceeded. 
—  Barley  meets  a  fair  sale,  and  a  ftw  parcels  of  superfine 
maldug  brought  rather  more  money. — Beans  and  Peas  remain 
art  quoted  last  week.— In  the  value  of  Oats  we  observe  no 
alteration. 

pEa  Tmpeeial  Qdarteb. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  S 

—  —     fine  selected  runs, ..ditto  A 

—  —      Talavera  . 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  tt  York. ..White  > 

—  Foreign 

Barley, grind. <fc  distil,,  25s  to 269... Chev 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling  '* 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suflblk  , 

—  Scutch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  1 

—  Irish  Potato  i 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Hye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24b  to  278 Tick  ' 

—  Pigeon 27    —  33...  Wind-.  ! 

—  Foreign  Small  ; 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler- 

—  Maple 26a  to  2»8 Orey  : 

Maize White 

Flour  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  '■ 

—  Suffolk ditto  -i 

—  Foreign per  barrel  : 

FaioAf,  Jan.   2.— The  arrivals  of  grain   and  Flour  during 

tbe  week  have  been  moderate;  those  of  Wheat  being  chiefly 
from  Alexandria.  This  morning.  Wheat  of  ail  kinds  met  an 
improved  inquiry,  and  must  be  noted  tbe  turn  de^irer  ;  the  samp 
remarks  will  apply  to  Flour.  All  descriptions  of  spring  com 
are  very  firm,  with  a  tendency  to  improvenieof  in  Oats. — Want 
of  arrivals  on  the  coast  prevents  business  in  fl 'ating  cargoes. 
The  sales  during  the  week  have  been — Gbirka  Wheat,  38s. ; 
Poi^h  Odessa,  34s.;  Egyptian,  27s. ;  Galaiz  Maize,  28s.; 
Ibraiia.  20B.  6d.,  all  (.  o.  b.,  imdudine  freight  and  insurance, 
—  During  tbe  week  an  improved  tune  has  Neen  apparent  in  the 
Wheat  trade  of  the  kingdom,  and  an  advance  oi  tuUy  18.  per  qr. 
upon  Buglish  has  been  general,  stimulated  to  some  extent  bj? 
a  demand  on  the  east  coast  for  export.  An  increased  disposi- 
tion to  purchase  foreign  has  also  been  manliest,  but  the  firmness 
ot  holders  has  greatly  reSitricted  business. 
Impeeial 
aveeaqes. 
Nov.  22 

—  29 

Dec.     6 

—  13 

—  20 

—  27 


39-42 

Red  

36-88 

42-<5 

Ked  

38-41 

46—4'* 

34-38 

Red  

^ 

:i-2-5i' 

28-31 

Malting. 

25-27 

22-2B 

•Malting . 

— 

l(i-l» 

19-21 

Feed 

18—20 

18—20 

Feed 

17—19 

18-21 

Feed 

IS— 19 

28—3 

Foreign. 

— 

25-30 

Harrow  . 

25-80 

Sll-ai 

l.oDjpod 

24—26 

22—311 

Kirvptian 

23-25 

2-S4 

Sufiolk... 

83—85 

24-26 

Foreign. 

27—34 



Vellow... 

_ 

35—39 

25-32 

.Vorfolk  . 

25—32 

15— 2 1  Per  sack 


28—33 


Wheat. 

Bablex. 

Oats. 

RIE. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

set  9d 

27s  Od 

183  3(i 

2:l3  2<( 

29s  8d 

283  Id 

37     2 

27    1 

18     8 

2.1     7 

20    5 

28  10 

37    6 

27    0 

18     2 

V7     6 

30    6 

29    6 

37    5 

26     8 

18     6 

27     2 

30    2 

20    0 

37    7 

26    6 

13     3 

n    4 

39    9 

29    6 

87    2 

26    8 

18     3 

8    1 

29    2 

29    0 

87    3 

26    9 

18    4 

26    6 

30    0 

29    S 

1    0 

1    0 

1     0 

I     0 

1      0 

1    0 

Aggreg.  Aver. 
Duties  on  Fo- 
reign Grain         j.^         j.vi.u>"       '- 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages. 
PaicEH.  Nov.  22,  Nov.  29.  Dec.    6.  Dec.  13    Pbc.  20.  Dec.  27 


J 


37     6 

37     6 

37     2 

37     2 

36    9 

LcvEBPooL,  Tdesdai,  Dec.  30.— There  was  a  moderately 
good  attendance  of  the  town  and  country  trnde,  who  bough* 
to  a  fair  extent  of  Wheat  and  Flour  at  ihe  full  prices  of  this 
day  week,  and  in  some  instances  at  a  slight  advance.  Oats 
and  Oatmeal  met  with  a  slow  sale  at  late  rales.  Barley,  Beans, 
and  Peas  were  without  alteration  et'ber  in  va'ue  or  demand, 
[ii.lian  Corn  on  'he  spo*:  wav  more  difficult  to  huy.  butiloating 
ca'g>es  were  ■  fl'ered  on  the  same  td  nis,  viz,  26s.  3d.  for 
Itiraila,  and  27-*.  Gd.  per  qr.  for  flala'z,  co=t,  freight,  and  in- 
suraiice. — Feiday,  Dec  26.— 1  here  was  no  market  to-day 
on  account  of  the  Christmas  holidays. 


1— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


15 


THOMAS    MILLINGt'oN'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  fir  superior  to  any  o'her  tiianu'Hianre,  as  well 
aa  cheaper.    la  loo  feet  boses  packed  for  immediate  .ieliverj. 

6  inches  by  4  and    GJ  by  44     ...    13s.  Ud. 

7  „         6  and    74  by  5J     W    0 

8  „         Sand    8    by  5J      16     0 

8  ..        6  and    SJ  by  64     17    6 

9  ;  7  and  10    by  8       211    0 

13         "       10  and  13    bj  9        211     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicUnesgeB. 
Gases  containio'j  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200.  aud  SOU  feet,  at 
21*.  per  1011  feet. 
BOUGH  PLAT  E,  perfectly  flat,  ^  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  eizee  under  15  inches  fjrf.  per  foot. 

,,  „       35      , e<(.       „ 

„  „       60      „       9id.     „ 

„  „       75      „       I'd.       „ 

'Milk  Pans,  23  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  frames.  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propapatinpr,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Gla^s  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Biahopsgate. 
street  "Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  llailway — 
Established  lOll  years. 


GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOnjiES,  PIT  FRAMES,  dso. 

TAMES    PHILLIPS  am>  CO.  beg  to  hand  in  their 

prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Paoi^ed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 

£.  s. 

d. 

6by4,  Wby4i     . 

.    0  13 

0 

7  by  5,  7*  hj  5i     . 

.    0  15 

0 

8  by  5,  8    bv  "1 

J  .i- 

0 

8  by  6,  Uiyjo       , 

.    0  17 

6 

9  by  7,  1(1  by  8 

..    1    0 

0 

Cat  to  order  in  Panes    not 
above  40  inches  lon^. 

I60ZS 3d.    to  Sid. 

21  do Sid.  to5d. 

26  do 6d.    to7M. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  IS  oza. 
to  the  foot,  2Jd.  per  foot. 

FOBEIGN-SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  cuperior  qualify,  pocked 
in  cases  of  2(iO  feet,  and  in  sizes  varjiog  from  36  bj  26  to  44  bj 
30  inches,  at  :iSs.   4fls  ,  to  42s   per  rase. 

HARTLRY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  2s.  toGs.  each,  Prop<)ff;ttiiigand  Ree  Glasses, 
Cacamber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoy'd  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Sla'es,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Cntwa,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Wirbnut,  __^_^__^^_ 


t^I.ASS  WATEtt  PU'ES 

MESSRS.  COATHUPE  and  CO.,  Crown 
and  Sheet  Glass  AfANOFACTuakBS,  NailHea,  near 
Bristol,  Somer-et,  beg  to  inform  Engineers  and  others  that 
they  are  supplyiog  GLASS  PIPES,  with  their  Joints,  from 
1  to  4  inches  bore,  capable  of  bearing  very  great  atmospheric 
pressure,  io  lengths  from  3  to  7  fett,  the  lengths  b^iog  les-t 
as  the  diameter  of  the  bores  increase.  1  hese  Pipes  wer-'  shown 
at  the  Exhibiti'in  (Class  24,  Section  47),  with  their  fo'ms  and 
modes  of  joiciing  io  the  S^ctiun  a'loited  to  the  Glass  Manufac- 
tures; and  references  can  be  given  of  <heir  great  u'ili'y  in 
numerous  licalities,  where  they  have  been  sue .e&sfuliy  em- 
ployed. The  great  advantage  of  Glass  Pipen  tor  toe  convey- 
ance of  pure  water  over  all  metallic  subntaoce!),  has  been  too 
largely  dwelt  upon  by  medical  and  scieutific  authorities  to 
require  any  further  commeut. 
Kailsea  G>ass  Works,  near  Bristol. 

HORIICULTORAL   BUILTUNG  AND  HEATING  BY  HOT 
WATER. 


J    WEEKS  AND  Co., 
•  King's  K"ad,i:heihea, 

HOETICULTDRAL      ABCBI- 

TECTS,  Enoineees,  and 
BciLDEEB.  Tiitse  Boilers 
are  very  powerlul  dura- 
ble, and  economical.  The 
fire  warranted  to  last  15 
hours  without  attention. 
The  Purnace  Bars  are 
Hollow  Tubes,  through 
which  the  return  water 
passes  before  enteritjg  the 
npper  part  of  the  Boiler, 
thereby  causiug  a  very 
rapid  circulatinn,  and 
producing  double  the 
effect  from  the  same 
goantity  of  fuel. 

J,  Weeks  and  Co., 
King's  Road,  CheUea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole  world  to  maUe  a  Boner  that  will 
produce  anjthinit  lil<e  the  same  effect,  wi  h  'he  3»me  quan'i'.y 
of  Puel,  in  a  yiven  Time.  It  is  one  of  these  Boilers  that  wiirms 
the  water  or  their  YicT'Eia  begia  Tank,  which  coniHins  9000 
gallons,  and  also  h>:ats  several  Urge  Forcing-houses  and 
ranees  of  Pits,  with  a  Bmall  consumption  of  fuel. 

Flans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Hfjrticul'ural  Buildings; 
also  CataloKoe't  of  Plants,  Yines,  Seeds,  iic,  forwarded  on 
application— J.  Weeks  ai.d  Co.  King's  Rond.  Ohel-ea,  London 


HORTICULIUKaL  HCILDING  AND  HK^llN'J  MY  H.fl 
WATER,  AT  THE  LOWEST  PHIOFS  t'ON-ISTENT 
WITH  GOOD  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  DanvcrH-fltrpet,  Chelsea, 
London,  h  .vin;(  hid  contidcrablc  uxjii-i-i-nvn  In  the  coi.- 
utrnctlon  of  Mixt't-ul  ural  Erec'loriB,  which,  f-ir  elerfimce  it* 
design,  good  iimtcri  >!■•,  ood  workmanship,  <-o<nhJiiud  wlt>< 
economy  and  pr  u  ticnt  addptatlon,  cinriot  be  niirpiiH*r'd  h> 
snythlng  of  the  kind  In  the  country,  arc  now  in  a  puititlon  to 
execute  order-  on  the  lowest  p-mHlble  term". 

O.  &  Co.  hav  h<-en  cxteniiively  employed  hv  the  Nobllt>>. 
Gentry,  and  Lonrlon  Nurfmrymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  'hif> 
liavo  been  fAvourt^d  with  ordern,  they  can  witli  tho  greatun' 
•OnfldiincB  n\*n  tipc  m'rti'  BHti^^factory  rfeffrcnc**.*. 

Their  Hot  Wn'cr  Apparatu*  ft  al«o  <:'HiBtrric'"(l  on  'he  moB' 
approved  and  fti-ifiitific  prln'lplex.  f-ir  all  piirpoMft  to  whirh  the 
appUeatloQ  ol  iluutlu){  by  Hot  Water  can  bo  uiuclc  uvuilablo. 


GHKBNHO'l.^li:  ANU  t^UN  yEh  V  A  fOit  Y  IIUILUINU  Ks  I  A- 
BLISHMENT.  HOT-W^TER  APPARATUS  MAVUP\C- 
TOHY,   KENSALL.GREEN,  HAllKO  W.RO  A  D,    LONDi>N 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  moat  respectfully  to  call  the 
atfention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the  verj 
aupprior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Greenhouses 
Conservatories,  Forcing  Pits,  itc.,  and  all  other  buildings  f-tr 
Horticultural  purposes,  combining  all  the  most  modern  im 
provements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of  heatiny 
Horticulturul  Buildings,  Churchea,  Chapels,  Public  Buildings, 
Entrance  Halls,  &c  ,  has  received  the  greatest  approbation 
From  the  Nobility  acd  Gentry  by  whom  he  has  been  exteo. 
sivelv  i-ne-fttred. 


FOR  WARMING  GREENHOUSES 
and  RUlLDIf!)GS  of  all  kinds,  the  new  Retris'ered 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  op^^■ttion, 
free  tr^  ra  smell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Prii  e  3"s. — 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Souihwark  Bridge- 
ro4d.  London. 


Al'Dl.Tfctt*  I  ION  OF    FOuD. 

HENRX  BAKER,  Optician,  90,  Hatton  Garden, 
London,  begs  to  call  attention  to  h  s  ACHROMAflO 
MICROSCOPES  (warranted  good)  which  will  be  exchanged  if 
not  approved  of.  These  Instruments  will  define  the  <  ircuiation 
of  the  Blood  in  the  Frog's  Foot,  the  Saw  in  the  S'ine  of  the 
Wasp,  the  Comh  in  the  Spider's  Foot,  the  beau'ifui  'orm  and 
varieties  of  Pollen  in  Flowers  and  their  Structure  the  Scales 
of  the  Butterfly's  Wing,  and  also  in  many  in.statices  Adul'era- 
tion  of  Po'd  it  is  a  very  inreres'ing  companion,  and  will  pas- 
away  usefully  many  a  leisure  hour,  the  fund  for  observa'ion 
being  inexbausuble.  Price  for  No.  1,  3i.  l^s.  ;  No.  2,  51  I5s  ; 
No.  3,  9i.  Ids.  A  descriptive  Book  sent  post  free,  on  receipt  ol 
three  postage  stamps.  Prepared  objects,  123.  ;  injected  do., 
3Qs.  per  dozen. 


WARMING  AND  VEriTTLATING. 

DAND  E.  BAILEY,  272,  Holborn,  having  hadraany 
•  years'  experien'ie  m  warming  buildintts  by  Hot  Water, 
continue  to  erect  H"t  Water  Apparatus  00  the  most  apuroved 
P'inciples.for  Mansions,  Wurehou^'es, Conservatories,  aud  other 
Horticultural  Buildiuge,  and  they  beg  to  iotroduce  to  the 
public  a  BOILER  of  their  invention,  which  has  been  used  with 
great  success,  and  has  this  season  been  put  up  in  tho  gardens 
of  the  Hortioul'ural  Society.  Chiswick,  and  is  noticed  and  com- 
mended iQthe  Gardeners'  Cftronicle  of  Saturday,  Sept.  2u,  I80I, 
paue  598.  Dr.  Arnnii'a  Ven'ilaiing  Valves.  up<^n  the  best 
construction,  many  having  been  made  under  the  kind  superin- 
tendence of  Dr.  Arnott  himself.  Also  a  very  complete,  cheap, 
and  effii'ient  Purt'ible  Coi)U'ng  Apcaratus  or    Cottagers'  Stove. 


-yHE  ONLY  PERFECT  STOVE  !— All  who  study 

J-  Health,  Comfort,  and  Economy,  should  throw  aside  the-r 
old  Stovea,  and  replnce  ibem  wi-h  the  PATENT  PORTABLE 
VENTILATING  sOSPRNSION  STOVE,  which  condumes 
onlv  Three  Farthings  worth  of  fuel  per  dap,  and  is  universally 
admired  tor  the  oelijjhtiul  temperature  it  produces,  and  for 
the  extraordintrv  manner  in  which  it  purifie-  ihe  air.  't  is 
strongly  RECOMMENDED  BY  THE  FACULTY,  and  is 
adapted  for  Bed-rooms.  Churches,  Chapels,  Schools,  Halls, 
Libraries,  Greenhouses,  Shops,  Warehouse-;,  &.e.  Prospectuses 
to  be  had  free  by  post.  In  operation  daily  at  Deane,  Deay, 
and  Co*s,  London-bridjie. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME      NETTING— 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-      Japanned 
ibed.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide  ...    7d.  per  yd.    5d.  peryd. 
2-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ..,     9        „  61J      ,, 

■2-inch     „      extra  strong  „  ...  12        ,,  9       ,, 

Ig-inch      ,,      light  „  ,..     8        ,,  6        ,, 

13-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10        ,,  8        ,, 

l|-inch      ,,       extra  strong    ,,  ...  11        ,,  11         ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices, 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvaoioed  sparrow-pmof  netting  for  PheasantrieS] 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  hy  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter. 
boi-»>ui;h,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


WIRE  NETTING  ONE  PENNY  PER  SQUARE  FOOT. 


GALVAM.SKD  WIRE  NETTING,  TWO-PENCE 
PKIi  SQUARE  FOOT.  — This  article  requires  no  paint- 
ing, the  utmnh-phere  not  having  the  slit,'htest  action  on  it.  It 
was  exhibited  at  the  late  Me'ropolitan  Cattle  Show,  and  ^ 
highly  eul'iyihed  both  for  its  utility  and  pret.ty  oppearHnce,  and 
ncknowledged  to  be  the  cheapest,  and  best  article  ever  produced. 
It  forms  a  light  and  durable  fence  against  the  dcpred!ition»  of 
hares,  rahhits,  and  cats,  and  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  AviarioH 
Pheanantri.  s.  and  to  secure  poultry;  and  by  the  galvaniHed 
rfiquirini;  no  paint,  it  answora  adminibly  for  trainliig  all  kinds 
of  creepinif  plants.  Large  quantities  always  kept  in  t«tock,  of 
IS,  21,  8(i,  and  48  Inches  wide ;  it  cnn,  however,  be  made  to  any 
'Hnietislon^  desired.  Pat-ornn  forwarded  free  of  expenfo. 
12  inches  wide  3d.  per  yard.  I  30  inches  wide  l^d.  per  yard. 
18        „         „      -Hd.         „  36        „        „      dd.  „ 

H        „         „      (id.  ,.         I  48        „        „      la,  „ 

Oalvanifled  do,,  \d.  per  foot  extra. 

Extra  Ptrnng  Imperial  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  8  feet.  Is.  Gd.  per 
niiinin/  jard  ;  if  galvnnlHcd,  '2a.  Also  every  duncrlption  ol 
Wlr«  NurKioy  and  Fireguards.  Wire  Unuse-lauteriiH  mid 
-hiideH,  Flv-procff  DJHh  Covoia,  Meat  Safe-,  ito- ;  Window 
Hlhidn,  As,  \(}d    per  square  foot,  with  bollw  cornploto,  in  niiho- 

HRv  fr-iiM-n  ;  G  ithic  Oiirdon  BMrdoring,  fifi.  per  runotng  foot ; 
I'htwer  TrahKTH,  from  ^d.  each;  O-irdcn  Arch«",  Sfhi  ciiuh. 
Flower  S  nndn,  from  3ii.  i}d.  cnch  ;  GalVdn'Hi'd  Tying  Wire  for 
I'kiiitii  iind  tcpcd,  Oahll'i  Kodn,  and  every  denrription  of  Wirn- 
wnrU  :  Wnivhtg,  for  the  uno  of  papor-maUers,  miller",  die.  —  .^' 

ho  Mitnuft.ctory  of  TuyMA8  IlEWax  Tox,  U,  ttiiluucf-btrcot, 
Snow-hlil,  Loudua* 


L^OUNTAINS.— MR.    SEELEY    having    pri^I^dli, 

Lijtot  Bimo  imah  .leBig.iHOi  Fuunlaiiis  ►uirublc  for  Con 
lerfatones,  will  be  hapuv  lo  lorivurd  a  copv  t.,  anv  Gurdenar 
■eqmrinif  such  an  oriianient.— Noa,  1  —  4,  KoLpel-row  New 
road,  Eeueni'a  Park,  London.  ' 


OATING  NURSERYMEN'S  GREENHOUSES  — 

f.        *,'^r'l"^  of  tbMe    i>,t,.r„»ied   w  11    .dj  urn    from     the 
General    MBelinir   of  the    Rardon.rs'    Keoevolent    InBlitution, 


to  be  h-ld  at  th»  London  C.iffde.houi,e,  LudKato-hill  at 
on  the  14th  of  Januat7  inat.  ' 


L  o'clock, 


nOPPER  BOILERS,  of  various  Shapes,  fur  HeatinE 


Baths  and  Conservatories. 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2  Pig.  3.  Fig.  i, 

FiQ.  I.  TYLOR'S  IMPROVED  COPPER  CIRCULATING- 
RATH  BOILER,  on  Iron  Frame  comidet  ■  for  tixiog.— Fig.  2. 
COPPER-RIVETTED  ARCH-TOP  BOILEltlo-  large  Green- 
bouses  or  Public  Buildings,  from  4  to  40  gaUons.— Fig.  3. 
DOME-TOP  COPPERS,  with  draw-off  Cocks,  f..r  Public  Baths, 
from  15  to  150  gallous.— Fio.  4.  TINNED  COPPER  COIL 
PIPES  for  heatingBaths,  by  pasting  water  tbrounh  the  kitchen, 
range  boiler. — Apply  to  Ironmongers  or  Plumbers,  or  to  the 
manufacturers,  J.  Txloe  and  Son,  Warwick-lane,  London, 


C  EASONABLE  PKESEKTS.— At  this  festive  period 
^  of  the  year,  when  Irienos  aud  luvers  assemble  at  the 
social  board,  or  join  in  the  mazes  of  the  dance,  a  more  than 
usual  anxiety  is  created  for  PERSONAL  ATTRACTION,  and 
the  following  unrivalled  discovtries  for  the  TOILET  are 
called  into  increased  requieition,  namely — ROWLANDS' 
MACASSAR  OIL,  for  creatine  and  ^u^cuiniug  a  bixuriant 
headof  hair,  ROWLANDS"  K  ALT  DOR.  tor  rendering  the  Skin 
soft,  fair,  and  blooming,  ROWLANDS'  ODON  10,  OK  PEARL 
DENTIFRICE,  for  imparting  a  pearl-like  whiteness  to  the 
Teeth,  and  ROWLANDS'  AQUA  D'OHO,  a  franrant  and 
Fprituous  Perfume,  an  essential  accompanimeut  to  places  of 
public  amusement  and  crowded  as8en.b<ien- 

BEWARE  OF  SPURIOUS  IMITATIONS.— The  onIy> 
GENUINE  of  each  bears  the  name  of  "ROWLANDS'"  pre- 
ceding that  of  the  Article  on  the  Wrwpper  or  Labpl, 

Sold  by  A.  ROWLAND  &  SONS,  2u,  Hatton  Garden,  London, 
and  by  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 


FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  ANB  FORD'S 
EUREKA  SHIRT  COLLAtta  are  not  soid  by  any  hosiers 
or  drapers.  The  Collars  possess  an  improved  me i hod  ot 
fastening,  which  entirely  dispenses  with  the  use  of  strings, 
loops,  or  elastic  contrivances.  Adapted  to  any  size,  suitable  tor 
once  or  twice  round  cravats,  Thej  may  be  had  in  thrrc  different 
sizes,  and  either  rounded  or  pomced.  Kriee  lis.  td  per  dozen. 
Two  as  samples,  sent  post  free  on  receipt  of  twenty-eight  post- 
age stamps, — Richard  Fobd,  185,  btrund,  London. 


ONE  TO  THREE  POUNDS  PER  WEEK  WITH 
CERTAINTY  REALISED.-Me.  ALLEN  WOOD,  who  for 
23  years  superintended  an  esrablishuieut  employ  ing  upwards 
of  200  persons  in  various  branches,  will  fprward,  b.v  return  oC 
post,  nine  highly  respectable  aud  easy  modes  vf  obtaining,  by 
either  sex,  a  certain  income  oi  one  to  ihiee  pounds  per  wcekj 
wiih  ordinary  indu'jtry,  without  ti  e  outlay  i-f  a  sovcrtign  or  a 
shilling  risk,  Addrtss  Mr.  A.  Wood.  16(I,  Hinh-street, 
Rochester,  enclosing  a  directed  envelope,  and  13  posi age  stamps. 
Up  to  this  day  (December  30j,  above  ti\i  tchiitno^.ials  have  been 
received,  all  expressing  the  grtateet  bacisfaciion.  Rely  this  is- 
free  from  deception. 


MECHI'S  RAZORS,  STKOP,  AND  PASTE^ 
FOB  lis. — 4,  Leadenball-street,  Lotidon. —  Pair  of  Razors, 
75.  ;  Strop,  3s.  Gd. ;  Patitej  fid.  The  Raznrs  wiirranttd,  or  ex- 
changed if  Dot  approved.  Those  who  find  'htving  painful  and 
diflficult  will  do  well  to  try  the  above,  it  being  well  known  that 
Mecui  has  been  eminently  6ucce^5lul  in  reijder'ng  shaving  an 
easy  operation.  Superior  Shaving  Brudhes,  Naj  lee  Soap,  and 
every  article  of  first-rate  quality  for  the  Toilet.  C.'iUTION.— 
Do  not  buy  any  Sirop  as  genuine  uil'ss  Mechi's  name  is  on  it, 
there  being  so  many  counterfeits.  Elegant  Case  of  Razors  for 
Presents,  from  253,  to  lOgumeas.  Ivory.handled  aud  Scotch 
btrops. 


HOLLOWAY'S  OINTMENT  AND  PILLS  HAVE 
AGAIN  BEEN  MOST  bPFlCA'  lOUS  IN  CURING  A 
SORE  LEG.— John  Thomas,  a  Ubourer,  tai  advanced  iuyears, 
residing  at  Penmaen  Buuk,  near  Conway,  had  suffeied  for  a 
very  long  time  from  adreadtully  sore  leg  and  -was  for  many 
mouths  under  the  care  of  cmiuent  nitdical  men,  but  their 
remedies  appeared  perfectly  u'-eless.  Hk  then  commenced  usinff 
Holloway's  Ointment  and  Pills,  and  after  ni^iu;,'  them  a  fair 
trial  his  leg  was  completely  cu'cd,  and  The  wounds  soundly 
healed.  These  medcines  excel  all  oihi-rj  in  the  cure  of 
Scrofula,  or  King's  Evil,  and  oiher  u'uiatuial  swtlliniis.  Scurvy, 
Leprosy,  and  all  skin  di>eahes. — >-old  ny  all  dr-ijigi^tj  and  at 
Prof.  HoLLoWAX's  Establishment,  244,  t!>trHod,  London. 


^ ROUGHS,    ASTHMA,    &c.— CAUTION.— Unprin- 

^  cipled  persons,  tempt.d  b>  it.e  ex  racrdioary  huccess  ot 
De.  LococK's  PoLMONic  WAFERS,  prepai 6  spurious  iniitationa 
of  that  remedy,  calculated  to  diMetvL-  the  unwary  ;  ihe  public  is 
therefore  cautioned  not  to  purclia-e  any  wafers,  unless  the 
words  "Dr.  Locock's  Waferi,"  appear  iu  >*liite  letter-  on  a  red 
ground,  in  the  Government  Staiiip,  outside  each  box.  Dr. 
Locock's  Wafers  give  inptnnt  relief,  and  a  rapid  cure  of 
Asthmas,  Coughs,  and  alldisord.-rs  of  the  Hren-h  i.nd  Lungs.— 
Sold  by  all  Medicine  Veudi.rs.  Also,  Dr.  LoCuck'b  Antibiliods 
Wafeks,  a  mild  and  gen  lo  Apfnetii.  Medicuu-,  having  umost 
agreeable  taste,  and  of  great  i  llli-aiiy  tor  reuulating  the  eecre- 
ti  ms,  and  correcting  the  action  of  iho  Stomach  and  Liver, 
Price  Is,  1^4.,  2s,  Qd.,  and  llti.  jc-r  b^  x. 

OUSE       FURNISHING       AND       INTERIOR 

DECORATIVE  ESTA!^LISHME^T,  451,  OXFOBD- 
Stheet,  London. — Cabinet  Puriiiuiro  of  every  deBcription  at 
marked  prices— Bruflsels  Curpirt,  '2s.  Gd.  ptT  juid, — Damaak 
Curtains,  JOd.  per  >"''d  and  npwaids;  Hitto,  In  Silk  and 
Worsted    (French  fabric),  ni-ar.j   two  yardo   wide,  at  8s.  per 

yard. Tho  best  Floor  Cloths  that  can    he  made,  cut  to  any 

dimensions,  '2s.  3c(.  per  yaril.  The  larueBt  Mtinuluctory  in 
London  for  Piii)(jr  llangin^'h,  Enu'hhh  and  Frenoh  Uecoratlons, 
adapted  ciiher  to  tho  (^idnyr  oi'  tin-  Mansion,  lilted  up,  showing 
ih't  sldo  oln  room  linislied  for  <.c.uii(ition. 

L'lUGl  DOMO. — A    iierlcct    protector  ngmnst  frost, 

^  a  non-couduclor  of  hoat  or  cold,  mnl  iheaper  in  price  than 
bass  matting.  A  canvas  ni'irle  of  piepand  hair  and  wool, 
adapted  to  many  horticultural  and  flortculiural  pwrposeH,  for 
onverliig  up,  whoro  a  lixud  li-mpt  I'u  uro  1»  ri'qtu'id.  It  is 
I'i  yards  wide,  and  of  imy  required  lenmih  at  Is. -lei.  peryord 
run.— Manufactured  only  by  K.  T.  Abcueu,  Carpet  Manufac- 
turer, 151,  Oxford-Bircot,  London, 


16 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.         [Jan.  3. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE,  NURSERYMEN,  BAGSHOT,  SURREY, 

Solicit  attention  to  the  following  List  of  ORNAMivNTAL  PLANTS  seiecred  from  their  t'eneral  Nursery  Sto'-k.  The  ereater 
portion  are  grnwin^  in  ihe  open  quarters  ;  and,  from  heinp  periodically  transplanted,  their  safe  removal  may  be  reli^jd  on. 
Every  Plant  sent  out  will  be  a  bealthy,  robust  speuimeo  ;  the  heii-h'-H  given  aflord  but  a  slight  criterion  of  their  general 
character.  To  thoee  having  a  star  prefixed  th^y  invi'e  special  attention,  as  being  remarkably  fine,  and  fit  for  producing 
immediate  eflfect.    Gentlemen  about  to  plant  esteosively  would  be  repaid  by  making  a  ^isit  to  the  Nursery. 

All  kinds  of  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs  supplied.  A  fine 
Collection  of  Rosea  eelected  with  reference  to  late  autumnal 
blooming.  Also  of  the  best  kinds  of  late-floivering  hardy  iiybrid 
BbododendroDB,  to  the  cultivation  of  which  especial  attention 
is  given. 

*^*  Gentlemen  requinng  assistance  in  laying  oxd  or 
improving  their  grounds  may  'procure  the  services  of  a 
competent  person  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 

With  the  exceptlun  nt'  eucb  names  as  are  printed  in  italics, 
the  whole  of  the  plants  in  this  list  are  perfectly  hardy. 

The  number  nf  laches  named  refer  to  the  heights,  unless 
Otherwise  nt'ifed. 

ABIES  BRUNONIANA,  12  ins..  2s.  Gd.  ;  24  ins.,  53.,  each. 
,,       JJSZ0ENSI3,  one  year's  seedlings,  2Is  each. 

This  is  one  of  the  last  novelties  in  Conifers.     It 
forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in  height,  and  of  very 
distinct  character. 
„      DOUGLASIl.  20  to  36  ins.,  5a.  to  10s.  Gd.  each. 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  6  to  9  ins.,  la.;  12  ina..  2s.  Gd.; 

18  ins.,  3s  tJd.  ;  24  ins,,  5s.,  each. 
AZALEA,  "  Olory  of  Sunning  Hill,"  2s.  Gd  to  5s,  each. 
The  best  dnuble  variety  in  cultivation. 
„      OVAT  A.  a  hardy  evergrei-n,  6  to  9  ins.,  23.  Gd,  each. 
„       VITTATA,   a  specimen  of  this    unique  variety  was 
awarded  a  Knightian   medal,    when    exhibited  last 
April  at  the  rooms  of  the   Horticultural   Society. 
The  ground  colour  of  the  flowers  is  white,  which  ie 
beautifully  striped  with  purple,   after  the  manner  of 
a  Carnation.     It  is  a  very  free  bloomer.    9  Ins.,  2Is. 
each. 
ABULIA  UNIFLORA,  new  and  distinct.    A  very  free  bloomer, 

10s,  Gd.  each. 
BUSUS  sp.,  from  north  of  China,  round  leaved,  10s.  Gd.  each. 

„  ,,  ,,  long  leaved,  15s.  each. 

BERBERIS  FORTUNIT,  9  ins.,  Is.  6d. ;  12  ins.,  2s.;  18  ins., 
3s.  ;  24  ins.,  5s.  each. 
„       DARWINII.  7s.  Gd.  to  2l3.  each. 
'^CEDRUs  AFRICANA,   18  ins.,   Ss.  Gd.;    24    ins.,  3s.   Gd.  ; 
30  ins.,  5s. ;  36  ins.,  7s  Gd.  ;  48  ins.,  10s.  Gd.  each. 

*  „       DEODARA,  2  to  5  ft.,  23.  6d.  to  10s.  Gd.  each. 
**  CRTPXOMERIA  JAPONICA,  seedlings,  very  robust  plants, 

will  require  no   support  from   stakes.     Piants  4  to 
5  ft.  high  have   stems  as  many  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence.   6  ins.,  63s.  per  100.     24  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  ;  36  ins., 
33  6d. ;  48  ins.,  5s. ;  60  ina.,  73.  6d.  each. 
„       JAPONICANANA,  seedlings  9  to  12  inches  throueh, 
10s.  6cf.  to  21s.  each. 
ACUPRESSUS  FUNEBRIS,  seedlings,  very  robnetplantB,  from 
•  the  open  border,  nearly  as  wide  as  high,   very  hand- 

some plants,  12  ins,,  5s.;  18  ins.,  7s.  Gd.;  24  ins.,  15s  ; 
30  ins.,  21s.;  36  ins.,  31s.  Gd.  each.  Cuttings,  6  to 
8  ins.,  2s.  Gd  each. 

*  „        ELE6ANS,  a  rapid  grower,  and  amost  gracefu'  tree, 

12  ins.,  23.  Gd. ;  24  ins.,  2s.  Gd,  ;  36  ins.,  5s.  ;  48  ins., 
7s.  Gd  each. 

*  „        GOVENIaNA.— This  isoneoftbemost  beautiful  plants 

of  its  class.  It  has  the  merit  of  presetving  its 
beautiful  green  colour  during  the  most  severe 
weather,  9ins.,  2s.  6(i. ;  12  ins.,  3s.  6d  ;  18  in-.,  53  ; 
24  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  ;  30  ins.,  10s.  6d. ;  36  ius.,  16s.; 
48  in*).,  21s.  each. 

*  „         LAMBERTIANA,  forma  a  noble  tree,  rivalling  even 

the  Cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  succeeds  well  in  very  ex- 
posed situations.  9  to  12  ins.,  Is.  6d.  ;  18  ins., 
2s.  6d. ;  24  ins.,  Ss.  Gd.  each. 

Grafted  beneath  the  surface  of  the  aoil.  30  ins. 
23.  ;  36  ins.,  2s.  Gd  :  42  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  :  48  ins..  53.  each. 
CEPHALOTaXUS  FORTUNII,  malevar.,  long  leaves,  seed- 
lings, 21s.  each. 
„  „    female  var.,   short   leaves,   seedlings, 

21s.  each. 
CHAMJ3R0PS,  Bp.,  a  hardy  Palm  from  the  north  of  China,  a 
decided  acquisition  to  our  hardy  ornameatal  ever- 
greens, 21s.  to  31s.  Gd.  each, 
CLERODESDRON  FCETIDUM.—The  only  species    of    this 
beautiful  genus  which  can  be  successfully  cultivated 
in  a  cool  greenhouse,  a  situation  in  which  this  suc- 
ceeds admirably.    It  forms  its  large  htads  of  rosy 
lilac  fiowers  in  great  profusion.    Strong  plants,  21s. 
each. 
CERASTJS  ILLICIFOLIA,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
DAPHNE  JAPONICA,  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

HYBHIDtJM,  12  ins..  Is.  Gd.  each. 
FORSYTHIA  VIRIDISSIMA.— This  plant  is  not  sufBcientlj 
known.  It  is  an  early  spring-flowering  plant,  produc- 
ing its  yellow  blossoms  in  great  i>rotusiun.     But  r 


rarely  flowers,    or  but  scanfilv  when   young.     The 
plants  offered  are  will  set  with  flower-buds.    It  forces 
well.     Bushy  ulants.  24  ins..  Is.  Gd. ;    36  ins.,  2s,  Gd, ; 
48  ina.,  3s.  fid.  ;  Standards,  10s.  6d.  each. 
ILEX  DIPYRENA.  9  to  12  inches,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
„       MIOROCARPA,  21».  each. 
„      LATIFOLIA.  12  ins.,  25.  6d. ;   18  ins.,  3s.  6d.  ;  24  ins., 

Ss    each. 
,,       FnftCATA,  21s.  each, 
JUNIPERUS  ARGENTEA,  new  and  very  beautiful,  12  inches, 
5g.  pach. 
„        PHCENinEA,  12in3.,  Is  6cZ.  each. 
„        CHINE;JSIS,  12  ins.,  is.;  18  ins.,  ls.6d. ;  24  ins.,  2s. ; 

30  ins.,  2s    ~d.  each. 
„         TAMARISCIFOLIA.  12  ina..  Is.  each. 
„        FLACOIDA,  12  ins.,  Is   Gd.  ;  24  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
,,         EXGBLSA,  12  ins  ,  2s.  Gd.;  18  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
,,         SQU^MAFA.  12  ms.,  is  ;  24  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
„         CRACOVIA,  12in3.,  Is   each. 
„         MaCROOARPA.  12  ins.,  2s.  6d.  each. 
„         REPANDKNS,  l-;i  ins..  9d.  ;  24  ins..  Is.  Gd.  each. 
„         OHLONGA    PENDULA,  6  10  Sins.,  23.  6d.  each. 
„         BEDFOKDIANA,  12  ins.,  Is. ;  ISins.,  Is.  Gd.  ;  24  ins., 

JASMINUM  NUDIFLORUM,  strong  blooming  plants,  2s.  Gd, 

each. 
LTGHSTRUvi  JAPONICUVI   9  ins..  Is. ;  24  ins.,  2s.  each. 
LYCOPODIUM  WTLDENOVII,  5s.  each. 
1>IB0CF;DKUS  CHILIENsIs  7s.  6d.  each. 
MITRARIA    CQi^niNEA,  2s.  6d.  ea<:h. 

«PICEA  PINSaPO,   very  handsome  specimens,  30  ins.,   21s. 
each. 
„      NORDMANNTANA,  10s.  to  15s.  each. 
,,       OVATA.  Ills.  Gd.  each. 
•PINUS  INSIGNt-;,  12  ins.,  23.  6d.;  24 ins.,  5s.;  30  ins.,  7s,  6d. ; 
36  'o  42  ins.,  lOs.  Gd.  each. 
„       MURICATA,    9  ins.,  lOs.  Gd.  ;  18  ins.,    21s.;   24  ins., 

31s  Gd.  earh. 
„       MONTI-ZUMiE,  12  to  15  ins.,  103.  6d.  each. 
QUERCUS  SrLtROPMYLLA,  21s.  lo  42s.  each. 

„       INVERSA.  21s.  to  42s   each. 
ROSE,  "FORTUNE'S  YELLOW,"  dwarfs,  2.?.  6d.  to  5s.  each. 
,.  ,,  ,,         standards,  5s  to  7s.  6d   each. 

RHODODENDKONS.— Hardy  late  flowering  Hybrids  varjing 
in  Colour  "rom  white  to  deep  crimson.    Dwarfs,  31s.  Gd. 
to  6  guineas  per  dozen  ;  standards,  21s,  to  5  guineas 
each. 
„       COMMON  PONTICUM,  forcovers,  thrice  transplanted, 
12  to  18  ins  high,  very  bushy,  ISs.  to  2ls.  per  100. 
SIKKIM  RHODODENDRONS.— We  believe  wemayatate, with- 
out fear  of  contrtidiction,  that  we  possesc  the  largest 
plants  of  these  beautilul  Khodod*-ndrons  in  the  trade. 
The  heieh's  of  those  we  are  ofi^ering  vary  from  2  to 
9  ins.     From  the  altitudefrom  whence  many  of  them 
wete  obtained,  there  is  great  prubability   of  their 
proving   hardy  in   this  coun>;ry.     Collections  of   24 
distinct  kinds  at  3,  5,  or  9  guineas. 
SPIRiEA  CALLOSA. — An  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
It  has  large  corymbs  ot  rosy  purple  blossoms,  and  is  a 
handsome  addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants  ;  10s.  6d. 
each, 
SALISBURiA  ADIANT  FOLIA   (seedlings),   12  ins.,    2s.    Gd. 

eiich. 
*TAXODIDM     SEMPERVIRENS.       This    and     Cryptomeria 
j«ponit;a    are    amontrst    the     most    rapid-growing 
Conifers.      In   situations    where    such  are  required 
they  cannot  be  surpabsed.     18  ins.  to  5  feei,  Is.  Gd. 
to  10s.  W  eucb. 
TAXUS  DOVASTUNII,  standards,  3  to  4  ft.,  7s.  Gd.  to  10s.  Gd. 
each. 
„      ADPRESSA,  12  ins.,  2s.  ;   24  ins.,  53.  ;   36  ins.,  10s.  Gd. 

each. 
„      BACCATA     (ypJlow-berried    var.),     12     ins.,     2s.    Gd.  ; 

24  ins.,  5s.,  36  ins  ,  7s.  6d.  each. 
.,         M  (golden-leaved  var  )  12iiis.,  Is  iid  ;  18ins.,  2s.  6d.each. 
VIBURNUM  PLICaTUM,  10s.  6d.  to  21s,  each. 
*WEIGELA  R"SEA  — This  beautifulfluweringshrubshould  be 
grown   by  every  one.     It  forms  a  handsome  obiect 
in  the  open  borders  in  May.     It  also  forces  well. 
The  plants  here  offered    are  as  wide   as   high,  and 
will  flower  abundantly  in  the  spring.     18  ins.,  2s.  ; 
24  ms.,  23.  ed.  ;  30  ins.,  3s.  6d.  ;  36  ins.,  5s  each. 
A  Descriptive  Gatalot;ue  of    Hardy  Ornamental    Trees  and 
Shrubs  ;  to  which  is  pretixpd  a  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of 
American  Plants,  may  be  had  free,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for 
postage. 


Now  ready.  Part  I,,  to  he  continued  Monthly,  2Jr ice  Eightccnpence, 

WITH  TWO  COLOURED  PLATES  AND  SIXTEEN  PAGES  OF  LETTERPRESS,  INTERSPERSED  WITH  WOOD  ENGRAVINGS, 

THE  GAEBEM  COMPANION  AND  FLOEISTS'  GUIDE; 

OR, 

HINTS  ON  GENERAL  CULTIVATION,  FLORICULTURE,  AND  HOTHOUSE  MANAGEMENT, 

WITH  A  KECORD  OF  BOTANICAL  PROGRESS. 

.By  A.HENPREY,  F.L.S.,  THOMAS  MOORE,  F.L.S.,  Cdeatoe  of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Cbelsea,  and  W.  P.  AYRES,  C.M.H.S. 

With  Contributions  by  other  Peactical  Coltivatoes. 

Paet  I.  contaias  16  pages  of  letterpress,  four  engravings  on  wood,  and  two  plates  of  Heaths  and  ChrjBanthemums,  carefully 


coloured. 


William  S.  Oer  and  Co.,  Ameu  Corner,  London. 


AMATEDRS  AND  GARDENERS  SHODLD  ORIER 

THE      ORNAMENTAL      FLOWER     GARDEN 
AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Pubhahed  Monthly,  price  only  Is.  Gd.  each  Number. 
The  cheapest  and  moit  beauiifnl  Coloured  Perioflical  of  the 
day,  comprising  the  Works  of  the  first  writers,  including  Pro. 
fessor  Don,  R.  Sweet,  d:c.  ;  also  all  the  most  recent  practical 
JBints  on  Culture,  Propagation,  &c  ,  by  the  Editor. 

Each  Number  contains 
TOUR    LARGE    AND    BEAUTIFULLY    COLOURED 
ENGRAVINGS. 
Nos.  8  and  9  now  Publishing.    It  is  the  determination  of  the 
publisher  to  produce  one  of  the    moat  beautiful  and  perma- 
nently valuable  works  of  the  kind  ever  offered  at  the  price. 

G.WILLIS,  GREAT  PIAZZA,  COVENT-GARDEN,  LONDON 
And  by  order  of  all  Booksellers,       '  * 


Free  by  post  for  13  Postage  stamps. 

THE  TREATISE  ON  THE  CULTIVATION  OF 
THE  CHRYSANTHEMUa  so  favourably  noiiced  and 
highly  recommended  by  the  editor  of  the  Gardentrs'  Chronide 
(see  No.  47,  November  22j.  To  be  had  ot  the  au'hor,  William 
ITOBT,  gardener  to  the  Rev.  George  Chctwode,  Chilton  House 
Thame,  Oiford  (late  of  Tring  Park.) 


qOWERBY'S       ENGLISH       BOTANY 

^  He-issue  in  Months  Farts,  at  3s.  Gd.. 

Vols.  I.  to  III.,  price  U.  193.  6d.  each,  and  Vol.  IV.,  price 
IE.  IGs.,  cloth  boards,  are  now  ready. 

%"  Part  LIV.  is  this  day  published. 

To  be  had  of  the  Pioprietor,   John   E.  Sowebbt,  3,  Mead- 
place,  Lambeth,  London  ;  and  tbrougb  all  Booksellers. 


R 


Price  One  Shilling  each. 

Neatly  printed  in  fcap.  8vo,  with  numerous  Illustrative 

Enj:  ravin  ITS, 

ICHARDSON'S    RURAL    HANDBOOKS. 

New  Editions,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 


and    Irrigation.    By   James 
Donald,  C  E. 
So'ls  and  Manures.    Bj  John 

Donaldson. 
The  Cow :  Dairy  Husbandry 
and  Cattle  Breeding.  By  M. 
M.  Milburn. 
(1  books  are  well  known,  and 
deservedly  popular.  The  little  work  before  us  [Domestic  Fowl] 
is  beau'ifully  got  up.  and  very  cheap :  it  is  copiously  illustrated, 
and  full  of  information  valuable  to  the  keepers  of  poultry," — 
Inverness  Courier. 

London  :  Wm.  3.  Oaa  and  Co.,  Amen  Corner. 


Domestic  Fowl. 
The  Fig. 

The  Hive  and  the  Honey  Bee. 
The  Dog. 
The  Horse. 
PestB  of  the  Farm. 
Laud  Drainage,  Embankmenf, 
"  Richabdson's   Rural    Hani 


ROSE  HTLL  NDRST5RY,  NEAR  Y\R,M.  IN  TRE  NORTH 
RIDING  OP  THE  CnUVTY  OF  YORK 

TO  BE  SOLD,  the  Valuable  NURSERY  STOCK 
and  GOODWILL  of  a  BUSINRSS  established  Forty 
Years  (by  the  late  Mr.  Hedley  and  his  succe=B)>re),  at  Rose-hiU 
Nursery.  The  Nursery  Ground  contains  10  acres  of  the  best 
Land,  well  stocked  wi-h  Fruit  Trees,Ornamental  Shrubs, Garden 
and  Gr^enhome  Plants,  <tc.,  in  frreat  variety.  The  Land  is 
pHCu'iarly  suited  to  the  growth  of  Roses  and  Dahlias,  of  both 
which  ihere  is  a  large  stock.  The  S  ockton  an  1  Darlington 
Railway  passes  close  by  Yarm,  and  the  Leeds  Northern  Rail- 
way whic  goes  through  the  town  will  be  op'-ned  in  May  next. 
No  witua'ion  can  he  more  desirable  for  carrying  on  an  extensive 
trade.  Mr.  Robert  Hedley  is  now  in  attendance  at  Rose-hill  to 
receive  orders  and  transact  business.  Any  person  desirous  of 
becoming  tenant  for  the  Nursery,  to  which  are  attached 
14r  acres  of  first-rate  Graps  Land,  or  anxious  to  buy  the  Stock, 
must  apply  to  Mr.  John  Harbison,  Grange  Nursery,  near  Oar- 
liouton  ;  or  to  Messrs.  Mewbdrn,  Hdtcoinson,  and  Mewboen, 
Solicitors,  Darlington.— Darlington,  Jan.  3. 

OARM  TO  LET,   on  very  advantageous  terms — ou 

^  lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  ot  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  good  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  OfScea  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low;  no  pressure  of  poor; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabhita  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  desired. 

Persona  desirous  of  treating  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  applv  by  letter  to  the  Editor  of  the  Gardeners* 
Chronicle,  at  the  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
London.      

TO  BE  LET,  and  entered  on  at  Lady-Day  nextj  a 
valuable  piece  of  Garden  Ground,  called  SANUY  HILL, 
containintr  about  16  Acres,  situate  on  Barton  HiH,  in  the  parish 
of  St.  George,  in  the  county  of  Gloucester,  contii:uous  to  the 
Great  Western  Cotton  Works,  in  the  occupation  of  Mr.  Stephen 
Bachelor.  — Apply  to  Mr.  W.  Tannee.  Shannon  Court,  Bristol; 
or  in  L  md&n,  to  C.  A.  G.,  at  Mr.  Rdsher's,  256,  Oxford-street, 


TO  LET,  or  the  Lease  to  be  Sold,  four  miles  West 
ot  HjdePark,  an  excellent  DETACHED  COTTAGE,  on 
a  dry  gravelly  soil,  surrounded  by  an  Acre  of  Pleasure  and 
Kircben  Garden,  with  abundance  of  cho'ce  wall  and  other 
Fruit  Trees  of  every  description,  prolific  Vinery  and  Green- 
hnu'<e,  32  feet  long  ;  useful  sheds  for  fat'ing,  &c.  The  Cottage 
contains  1  ining  and  Breakfast  rooms.  Drawing-room,  24  feet, 
two  Kitchens,  and  seven  rooms  over.  Various  large  cellars  in 
basement,  and  detached  wash-bou-e.  Conveyance  to  the  city 
and  west-end  every  five  minutes  ;  fare  Gd.  Neighbourhood 
remarkably  healthy;  church  five  minutes' walk.  Rent  very 
low,  and  tyxes  moderate. — App'y  by  letter  to  A,  B,,  123,  War- 
dour-street,  Oxford-street,  London. 


PRICE  ONE  SPII-LING. 

-yURNER'S  (late  Beck's)  FLORIST,  FRUITIST, 

-I-  AND  GARDEN  MISCELLANY.— A  Monthly  Illustrated 
work,  containing  Original  Articles  by  the  principal  Growers — 
ama'eur  and  professional. 

The  Number  for  January  has  coloured  lUastrations^  ot 
Foster's  beautiful  Pelargonium  "  Optimdm  ; "  a  new  Pink  and 
Verbena. 

London:  Cbafuan  and  Hall,  19-3.  Piccadilly;  and  sold  by  all 
Booksellers. 


Now  completed. 

And  handsomely  bound  in  one  vol.,  demy  8vo,  price   10;.  6(2. 

THE   APPLE,  being  the  first  division  of 

BRITISH  POMOLOGY; 

or,   the   History,   Description,   C'assiticution,  and   Syno- 
nymes  ot  the  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  Greac  Britain. 
By  Robert  Hogg. 

"The  enumeration  of  synonymes  with  their  citations  is 
cert'iinly  the  most  complete  and  compi  ehensive  which  has 
hitherto  been  published.  The  work  will  form  an  interesting, 
and  to  gardeners,  a  most  useful  volume." — Gard.  Chron. 

•' The  best  work  on  that  subject  that  has  ever  issued  from 
the  press.  It  is  a  most  valuable  addition  to  our  garden 
literature." — Cottage  Gardener. 

The  work  is  illustrated  wiih  numerous  engravings,  and  the 
index  to  the  A  pple  alone  contains  ab'iut  2000  names,  of  which 
upwards  of  1000  are  synonymes,  and  forming  the  most  complete 
work  on  the  subject  ever  published. 

London:  Gbooubbidge  and  Sons,  and  may  be  had  through 
any  bookseller  or  newsman  in  the  country. 


Just  published,  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is. ;    or,  by 
post,  for  Is.  Gd., 

y  HE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE  ;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 

JL  What  to  Live  for :  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Self-Management;  together  with  Instructions  tor  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judic'ous  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  health.    By  A  Physician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd.  ;  by  post,  Ss.  Gd., 

A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEMILITY  AND  CONS  EITUTION  AL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease,  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  exp^ience,  is  addressed  to  the  num'=rou3  classes  oC 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  iis  pages  will  be  fouod  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal. 
London:  James  Gilbert,  49,  Paternoster-row;  H  ANN  AT,  63, 

Oxfoid-stieet;  Mamw.  39,  Cornbill ;  and  all  Booksellers. 

SFOONtiH'S  rJEW  AND    IMPRiiVKD  EDITION  OF 

WHITES  FARRIERY. 

Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  Svo,  with  Coloured 

Frontispiece  and  Wt^odcuts,  pric  lis.  cloth, 

WHITE'S  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  VETERI- 
NARY ART  :  Containing  Plain  and  Concibe  Observations 
on  the  Constitution  and  Management  of  the  Stable  ;  a  brief 
and  popular  Outline  of  the  Struoture  and  Economy  of  the 
Horse  ;  the  Nature,  Symptoms,  and  Treatment  ot  the  Diseases 
and  Accidents  to  which  the  Horse  is  liable  ;  ihe  best  methods 
of  periorming  various  important  Operations  ;  advice  to  the 
Purcba-ars  of  Horses;  and  a  copious  Materia  Medica  and 
Pharmacopoeia.  TheEighieenthEditioOj  entirely  reconstructed, 
with  considerable  Additions  and  al'eraiious,  bring  the  Workup 
to  the  present  state  of  Veterinary  Siience.  By  W.  C.  Spooneb. 
Also,  in  Svo,  with  Plate,  price  9s., 

WHITE'S  COMPENDIUM  of  CATTLE  MEDICINE  ;  or 
Practical  Observations  on  the  Disorders  of  Cattle,  and  the 
other  Domestic  Animals,  except  the  Horse  6th  Edition,  re. 
arranged,  with  copious  Additions  and  Notec,  by  W.  C.  Spoones. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  and  Co.;  Siupkin,  Marshall, 
and  Co. :  Whittaeee  and  Co. ;  Hodlston  and  Stomemah  ; 
and  Tegg  and  Co. 


Priuted  by  William  BaaDBUBT.  of  No.  13.  Upper  Wobum-place,  Ift 
the  parlnb  ot  St.  PsDcraa,  and  Fked&bicil  Mullhtt  EvAna.  of  No.  tt 
Church-row,  Stoke  Newinston,  botlt  In  the  County  oi  Middleaex,  Printeri, 
at  tdelr  Office  in  LombarJ-streei.  to  the  Precmci  ol  Whltel'riara,  in  the 
City  of  London;  and  pablialied  by  them  at  the  Office,  No.  5,  Charlea 
Btree'.  ID  the  pariah  of  St.  Paul's.  Covent-Kardeo,  in  the  said  County, 
where  all  tdverrineue'its  and  nommunicurioa?  are  to  be  ADOBB3tisi)  TO 
TU8  EiHTOii, — SiTijxvnat,  Jftuuary  '.^,  I3..i. 


THE  GA 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GA 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  Hews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  2—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  10. 


[Pricb  6d. 


INDEX. 


Ammonia,  tiebb  of 

Birds,  British  koqz 

Blinds  for  glftEs  houses 

Botanical  gardens 

Botanical  Society  of  London  ., 

G&leadar,  Hortlcultoral. 

Daisydigger   

Drainage  and  water  mills 

Eels,  propagation  of...... 

EmisraciOD.  IrtBh   25  6- 

Eotomological  Society 

Fai'y  rinfcs         

Farming  at  Wobom 

forli,  new  discing 

GardeoH,  botanical   

Glass  lionses.  blinds  for 

Graes  seeds,  pasture   , 

Herbs 

Hooey,  Koordith  way  of  barden- 

ioK  

Hop  dnty 

Ice  atacks... 

IQTeetment^  by  Ward,  lev 


Kitchen  gaiden,  to  crop 

Lavender  

Lnculia  gratiesima   

Manure  of  towns 

—  liquid 

—  experimentB  with  .,25  a- 
Mecbi's  balance  sheet  ....25  a 

Mercantile  relation 

National  Floricultural  Soc 

Plants,  usee  of  ammonia  to.... 

—  water 

Potato  disease 

Rain  at  Witham 

Bents  corn 

Reviews,  miacellaneoas 

Bopes.  galvauised  wire 

BoBCB,  select    , 

SpirrKa  prunifolia .., 

Titbe  commutation 

Water  plants   . 

Weather.  December 

Weeding  machine 

Wells,  buckec  ropea  for  ........ 


Eebatdm. — In  the  Advertisement  "Testimonial  to  Mr. 
M'Intosh,"  at  page  2  of  last  week's  Number,  at  line  6  from  the 
end,  for  Hendebson,  read  ANnERSow, 


RATING  NURSERYMEN'S  GREENHOUSES— 
A  Meeting  of  tliose  interested  will  adjourn  from  the 
■General  Meeting  of  the  Gardeners*  Benevolent  Institution, 
to  be  held  at  the  LondonCoSee-house,  Ludgate-hill,  at  1  o'clock, 
on  the  14th  of  January  inst. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  &c.,  for 
the  ensuing  Autumn,  is  just  published,  and  may  be  had  on 
application,  enclosing  two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr,  Hosea 
Watebeb,  Knap  Hill  Nursery,  Woking,  Surrey. 


SANGSTER'S  NEW  EARLY  No.  1  PEA. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  in  submitting  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  the  greatest  confidence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  first-rate  quality;  height,  2  feet. 
Price  2s.  Gd.  per  quart, 

York  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  6s.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Radical  do.  (a  first-rate  second  early)  65.  do. 
American  Native,  10s.  Gd.  do.  Early  Manley,  10s.  6d,  do. 
Early  Aah-leaf  Kidney,  10s.  6d.  do. 

For  Testimonials,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Post- 
office  to  Hat,  Sangstee,  and  Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newington  Bntts,  London.  One-bushel  hampers  and  booking, 
Is,  Sd. ;  two-bushel,  2s.  Gd.    Sacks,  2s.  Qd.  each. 

EST  LANCASHIRE   GOOSEBERRIES,  named, 

at  15s.  per  100. 
Al50,    APPLES,    PEARS,    CURRANTS.   RHUBARB,  Sac, 
in  all  the  beat  varieties,  and  at  equally  moderate  prices. 
Carefully  packed,  to  carry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation. 
H.  BiQLAND  and  Co.,  Manchester. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OF  AHBRICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFRR^ 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  <tc.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps.— Windlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


MITCHELL'S  MATCHLESS  WINTER 
PARSLEY.— J.  M.  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  sea^^on  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  redaced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen,  Is.  3cZ.  per  lb.  ■ 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  be  charged  2s.  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order, 
made  payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder'a-end,  Enfield 
Middleaex.  * 

TROUBLE  ^ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  As. 
J-/  per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  juat  been  received,  and 
Jarge  and  well  selected  Bulb^  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
prjiotmcnt,  at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.U.  Printed  regulations  ior  treatment  seat;  also,  juat 
arrived,  very  moiat  and  open  Parmasan  Cheesea, 

Gi  ENTLEMEN  AND  GARDENERS  desirous  of 
'  obtai..iii_g  GENUINE  SEEDS  OF  VEGETABLES  FOR 
TABLE  USE,  that  will  tu^tain  ihe  character  ascribed  to 
them,  can  b«  Hatiafactonly  supplied  by  the  Subscriber,  who 
bflB  pi  rfetit  ^'^'',''^«",<-«'i' every  thing  he  po.Resaee  :  of  whom, 
al-'>,  can  be  b:.'l  t  A  ItNES' KNFIELD  MARKKT  CABBAGE 
lAUNEb'  ENFIEMJ  MATCHLESS  PARSLEY  ^^**^^"^' 
A.MBLER;S  spring   white  HROCCOLI.  which  will  be  in 

Covent  Gardt-n  throufjhout  February,  in  beautiful  nerfectlon 
11UNTER'.S  PROLIFIC  FRAME  CUCUMBER  2"!  6^0"^ 

per  packet. 
MYATT'S  LINN/EU.S  RnUBARB,  8«,  per  dozen 

VICTORZA  do.  Qt. 

EARLY  ROYAL  ALBERT  do.  C,a.        \, 

Jamei  G.  Rf.wwick  (late  Charles  Farnen),  Metropolitan  Seed 
Warehouse,  107,  8e,  Jubn-slrcet,  Smithfield,  London. 

[7  PPS' COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
-*  J    3EEUS,— No.  I,   containing   21   quurth    of    the  £  a,   d. 

neweftt  iin-l  b<Hf  kinds  of  P«a«  and  «li  oiherfieeds  la 

I  ri'»porilon,  inclusive  of  McIonH  and  Cucumbera      ,,.2  10    0 

^'o,  ?,  In  pripoitionatc  quantities "  l  lo    0 

No.  3,  ditto  nitto  ,','        ,'."  1    1    0 

No,  4,  ditto  ditto  '.'.        ",  f)  12    c 

A  ll*tof  the  quantity  in  fach  collection  may  bo  ha<iVm  appll- 
ca'Ion,  aUo  a  L*;icTlptive  Cuttilogue  of  Bccd?,  Ac,  &c. 

The  bl((he»t  reference  can  be  given  In  all  piirt«  of  the  Ualted 
Kingdom.     CarriaK':  p«ffl  to  any  Kallwny  Ktation  In  L'>ndfin. 

W,  J,  Eppb  han^  to  renifirk,  thstt  in  conH<  quimco  of  hU  beInK 
one  of  the  largeit  Seed  Grow.  r»  In  the  maikct,  he  is  In  a  poel- 
tlon  to  hup(.ly  the  ah  »ve  very  aaiisfattory, 

n'Kh-Btreet  and  Bower  flurserlev,  Maidstone.— Jan,  10 


TO  PURCHASERS  OP  SEEDS. 

THIRTY  OR  FIFTY  per  Cent,  may  he  saved,  and 
Seeds  of  superior  quality  obtained  hy  procuriiig  Seeds  direct 
from  the  Growers,  John  SdttjN  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers, 
Reading,  Berks,  whose  Priced  Lists  are  now  published,  and 
may  be  had  gratis,  post-paid,  on  remittance  of  two  Postage 
Stamps. 


T>  OSES  FOR  FORCING,  established  ia  large  pots, 
-tV  6  and  8  inches  over — Austrian,  Persian  Yellow,  Hybrid 
Perpetual,  Aubernoa,  Baronne  Prevost,  Clementine  Seringe, 
Coruet,  Commandant,  Fournier,  Comtesee  Duchatel,  Cymedor, 
Dr,  Aroal,  Duchesse  de  Gallieria,  Due  d'Alengon,  Earl  Talhot, 
Edward  Jesse,  Geaat  des  Battailles,  Jacques'  Lafitte,  Pulybe, 
Lady  Alice  Peel,  Louise  Aime,  Louis  Boaapirte,  Madame 
LaflFay,  Madame  Pepin,  Marquise  d'Ailsa,  Madame  Trudeaux, 
Marquise  Boccella,  Mrs.  EtUott,  Prince  of  Wales,  Qaeen,  Regu- 
lata,  Sidonie,  William  Jesse. 

Selection  left  to  ourselves,  at  2l5.  per  dozen. 

Purchaser's  selection,  at  24s  per  dozen,  in  equal  proportions. 

H.  Lane  &  Son,  the  Nurseries,  Great  Berkhainpstead,  Herts. 


RANDALL'S  PROLIFIC  RHUBARB.  — In  sub- 
mitting the  above  to  the  public,  E.  R.  begs  to  state  that, 
while  possessing  all  the  qualities  of  Myatt's  LinuEeus,  it  is  nine 
days  earlier,  of  superior  flavour,  upright  in  grow  h,  and  pro- 
ducing large  stems,  all  of  equal  size.  Roots  2s.  Gd.  each,  to  be 
obtained  at  the  principal  Seed-houses  in  London,  and  of 
Edwaed  Ranuall.  Loughborough  Gardens,  Brixton,  Surrey. 
Orders  accompanied  with  a  remittance  will  be  promptly 
attended  to. 

N.B.  The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 


GARDENING. 

CUTHILL  on  tbe  BEST  SYSTEM  of  GROWING 
POTATOES,  and  AVOIDING  the  DISEASE  ;  contaioiag 
the  Belgian  competition  Prize  Essay  on  the  Potato,  the  Melan, 
Cucumber,  Strawberry,  Asparagus,  Seakale,  Rhubarb,  &c. 
Price  23.  ;  or  by  post,  2s.  id.  CUTHILL  on  MARKET  GAR- 
DENING ROUND  LONDON.  Price  Is.  Gd.  ;  or  by  post,  Is.  8d. 
These  Pamphlets  have  been  reviewed  by  Dr.  Undley,  in  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle,  and  by  nearly  all  the  metropolitan  papers, 
in  the  most  favourable  way. 

Also,  Strawberry  Seed,  saved  from  three  of  the  best  sorts, 
2s.  6d,  per  packet ;  Cutlaill's  Scarlat.flesh  Melon,  and  Black 
Spine  Cucumber,  la.  per  packet  each  ;  LisianthusRuesellianus, 
Is.,  &c.    The  Black  Prince  Strawberry  Plants,  5s.  pet  100. 

The  Pamphlets  can  be  had  of  Messrs.  HamSj-ton  and  Adams, 
Paternoster-row ;  or  Ridqway,  Piccadilly ;  or  from  the 
Author,  James  Cothill,  Camberwell,  London. 


MANNINGTON'S  PEARMAIN. 

JAMES  CAMERON,  Nurseryman  and  Florist, 
returos  his  best  thanks  to  his  friends  and  the  public  in 
general  for  their  liberal  support,  and  begs  to  aay  he  has  now 
for  sale  a  sufficient  quantity  of  the  above  valuable  APPLE, 
and  is  thus  enabled  to  offer  them  at  so  reduced  a  price  as  to 
ensure  their  exten:^ive  cultivation.  It  ia  a  middle  sized  variety, 
and  different  from  any  in  cultivation,  and  remarkable  for  its 
rich  sugary  and  aromatic  flavour.  It  is  in  its  height  of  flavour 
from  January  till  the  end  of  May,  and  a  very  good  bearer. 
Strong  maiden  plants  2s.  Sd.  each.  Remittances  from  unknown 
correspondents  previous  to  the  trees  being  Bent,  by  Post-office 
orders,  made  payable  to  James  Camekon,  Nurseryman,  Uck- 
fleld,  Sussex. 

J.  C.  has  also  an  extensive  stock  of  Spruce,  Larch,  Fir,  and 
Forest  Trees  of  all  descriptions  ;  Fruit  Trees,  Evergreens,  and 
Roses  of  first-rate  quality. 


BROMPTON  PARK  NURSERY,  KENSINGlON-llOAD.^ 
LONDON.  -  '^1^^ 

JOHN  ADAMS  begs  to  return  his  best  thanks  to 
those  friends  who  have  afforded  him  so  much  of  their 
liberal  support  eiuce  he  commenced  buHioess  on  hi^  own 
account,  and  to  inform  them  that  he  has  now  a  fine  stock 
of  S'andard  Trained  Apricots,  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries; 
Slandarfi  Pears,  Plums,  Cherries,  and  Apples  ;  Dwarf  Trained 
Pears,  Plums,  and  Apples,  in  a  hearing  state,  transplanted 
last  season  ;  ono  and  iwo  years  dwarf  trained  Peaches  and 
Nectarines,  and  snrne  hundreds  of  vei-y  fine  half  standard 
Lduiae  Bonne  de  Jersey  Pears,  on  Quinces,  in  a  bearing  state, 
traofplanted  last  spring.  The  stock  ia  of  the  first  order,  and 
worthy  of  notice  ;  and  he  would  now  solicit  a  continuance  of 
those  favours  which  he  has  already  eo  liheral'y  experieoced. 
Cash  or  reference  required  from  unknown  correspondents. 

SEEDS,  DIRECT  FROM    THE  GROWERS,  CAR- 
RIAGE FREE,     {As  see  our  Advertisement  in  ihe 
second  page  of  the  present  Numhe)'  of  this  Paper.) 
TOHN     SUTTON     and     SONS,     being    extensive 

^    GROWERS  of  SEEDS,  can  supply  them  of  sur.h  quality 
as  to  prevent  disappointment,  and  at  Thirty  per  Cent,  less 

THAN  THE  PRICES  CHARGED  IN  MANY  PARTS  OF  TOE  KlNQDOM. 

Sotton's  Priced  Seed  Catalogue  for  1853  is  now  ready,  2nd 
will  be  sent  prist  free  on  receii^t  of  one  penny  stamp. 

Also  a  List  of  the  Seeds  contained  in  Sutton's  Com> 
PLETE  Collections  of  Garden  Seeds^  post  fvee^  on 
receipt  of  one  permy  stamp. 

Address,  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 


CARTER'S  CATALOaUE  OF  SEEDS.— SEVENTEENTH 
ANNUAL  SERIES. 

J  CARTER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  238,  High 
^  •  Holborn,  London,  announces  the  appearance  of  his 
new  CATALOGUE  for  1852,  which  will  be  forwarded,  gratis 
and  prepaid,  on  application  by  post  or  otherwise.  He  begs 
leave  to  state  that  tbe  Flor:cuHural  section  comprises,  as 
usual,  the  Scieatiflc  andE  iglish  Name  of  each  plant,  the  Lin- 
nean  Class  and  Order,  and  Natural  Order  to  which  it  belongs ; 
its  hardiness,  duration,  time  of  flowering,  and  colour  of  the 
flowers,  and  other  necessary  information.  The  collection  of 
Flower  Seels  will  comprise  several  Sfnendid  -..oveltiea. 


EARLY  SEED  POTATOES.— FOR  SALE,  a  few 
Sacks  of  a  very  true  stock  of  ASH-LEAF  KIDNEYS;  also 
a  few  Cockneys,  is.  per  bushel.— Apply  to  Mr.  John  Bell, 
Covent-garden,  Market,  who  has  a  sample  from  the  grov/er. 


CUPERB     NAMED     AND     MIXED     ASSORT- 

O  MENTS  OF  ANEMONES,  RANUNCULI,  GLADIOLI, 
TULIPS,  IRIS,  CROCUS,  LILIUM,  IMPORTED  DUTCH 
HYACINTHS,  *toc.,  with  a  large  Collection  of  other  Roots.— 
For  BASS  AND  BROWN'S  Priced  Advertisement  of  the  above, 
see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  Nov.  8th  and  22d,  or  Catalogues 
sent  free  on  application. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


TO  GROWERS  AND  EXHIBITORS  OF  THE  CUCUMBER. 

HUNTER'S  PROLIFIC— On  account  of  the  great 
demand  during  the  last  winter  for  this  superb  variety, 
the  Subscriber  bega,re8peclfully_to  advise  those  of  hia  friends, 
who  may  not  have  already  been  supplied,  that,  in  order  to  pos- 
sess it  for  exhibiting  this  year,  an  early  application  ia  neces- 
sary,  as  the  stock  on  hand  ia  nearly  exhausted. 

Packets,  2s.  Gd.  and  5a.  each,  to  be  had  of  John  IIdnter, 
5,  King-atreet,  Islington;  also  at  J.  G.  Renwick's  Seed  Ware- 
house, 107,  St.  John-street,  Smithfleld,  Loudon. 


PELARQONIUMS.-BECK'S,   FOSTER'S,    HOYLE'S,    AND 
OTHER  RAISERS'  FLOWERS, 

JOHN  DOBSON  is  now  sending  out  well-established, 
in  4-incb  pots,  and  requiring  an  immediate  ehilt,  the  now 
Seedling  Pelargoniums  of  1800,  raised  by  Mr.  E.  Beck,  of 
Worton  Cottnge,  packnge  and  carnage  free  to  London,  also 
12  fincHt  show  varieties  for  21.  ^s.  ;  and  12  distinct  and  good 
fur2l3.  J.  D.  ia  also  prcfiared  to  receive  orders  for  tbe  lour 
fine  new  Seedling  Fuchsias  raised  by  W.  II.  Story,  Esq  ,  of 
Whlro-hill.  The  succohs  of  this  gentleman,  ns  a  ralaer  of 
BeedlingB,  will  bo  a  f>uiHcieut  guarantee  that  the  llowcrs  arc 
DrBt-rato  ;  Aurora,  IOjj,  (id. ;  Agncfl,  lOfl.  Gd.  ;  Fantome,  73.  tJU. ; 
Peculiarity,  lo.  iid.  Package  free.  Early  orders  will  enbure 
goo  I  [ilunta. 

.1,  Dohhon'h  General  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  now  Polar- 
coniuinR,  FucliBlas,  VerhcnaH,  Antirrhinums,  Cinerarias,  Sic, 
U  now  ready,  and  may  bo  had  In  exchange  fur  one  jioHtune 
(■tamp.  Antlrrhiiiurn  Hccd,  In  prackctH,  sent  in  L-xcUango  for 
i'\fj;\ it  Hlam\iH ;  the  Hced,  If  Bown  in  warmth  in  February,  will 
flower  tlnough  tho  hummer  and  autumn-  HolIyhucU  Hood, 
naved  from  Itooea  grafidlflora,  Modt-l  of  Perfection,  (iuoeu, 
('Ofinplcua,  and  other  fine  variotlci',  In  pucUeta  of  100  HccdH, 
lu  exclmnge  for  18  poHtano  ttttimpr. 

Woodluuda  Nuroery,  JBlcworth. 


CHOICE   FLOWERING    PLANTS  FOR  THE 

PRESENT  SEASON.  - 

YOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
desirous  of  decoratinpr  their  Greenhouse  or  Conservatory 

at  this  period,  to  the  following,  in  fine  busby  plants  :— 
CAMELLIAS,   very  su[ierior    kiuds,    beautifully    furnished 

with  bloom-bada,  3}s.  per  doz. 
EPACRIS,  in  20  ©f  the  handsomest  varieties,  abundantly  set 

for  flower,  93.  per  doz. 
ERICAS,  fine  bu^thy  and  blooming  plants,  95.  per  doz. 
CORR-.EA  speciosa  major,   Cooperii,  bicolor,  and  other  fine 

varieties,  now  coming  iuco  bloom,  9s.  per  doz, 
CINERARIAS,  new  and  extra  floe  sorts,  6s.  to  93.  per  doz. 
12  very  select  Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants,  16s, 
25        do.  do.  do.  30s, 

50        do.  do,  do.  50s, 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  ALBUM,   flowering  bulba,  'Cs.  to 

9s.  per  doz. 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  RUBRUM  andROSEUM,  flower- 
ing bulbs,  12s,  per  doz. 
LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY,  strong  for  forcinff,  &c.,  5s.  per  100„ 
NEW  FRENCH  AND  BELGIAN  DAISIES,  in  50  beet  sorts, 

9s,  per  doz.  . 

CHOICE  FRUITS. 

YOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those  ■ 
gentlemen  now  about  planting  or  replenishing  their  Fruit 
and  Kitchen  Gardens  to  the  following  choice  articles  : 
TRUE  FASTOLFF  RASPBERRY. 
Y.  and  Co.  beg  to  announce  they  are  now  executing  orders 
for  tbe  above  in  fine  strong  Canes  of  the  same  s'ock  as  they  had 
the  honour  of  supplying  her  Majesty's  Gardens  and  most  of  the. 
Nobility.    15s.  per  100. 

Fine  large  WHITE  RASPBERRY.  3s.  rer  doz. 
PEACHES.NECTARINES,  and  APRICOTS,  Ijears trained 
and  forward  for  b-jarinir.  ''s.  each. 
CHERRIES  and  PLUMS,  Ijeare  trained,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
PEARS  and  APPLES,  fine  eG(,.allcr,  24s.  per  doz. 
The  above  are  of  the  most  select  kindH,  and  woilted  from  tho 
Stock  of  the  Ilorticul^urnl  Society  of  London,  and  are  war- 
ranted correct  to  their  sorts. 

SrURMER  AND  ANGLE3EA  PIPPIN,  fine  Espalier,  21s^, 
per  doz.  ;  StandnrdH,  Is.  (id.,  Dwiirt'a,  Is.  each, 

GOOSEBERRIES,  in  30  of  the  best  kinds,  selected  for  eizo 
and  flavour,  Ss.  Gd.  per  doz. 
CURRANTS,  improved  larj^e  White  Dutch,  is,  per  doz. 
J  Black  Naples,  4s.  per  doz. 
J,  Large  Red  Grape,  2s.  Gd.  per  doz. 

J,  Victoria  or  Ruby  Ciistlo,  43.  per  doz. 

,,  Knighl'H  L'»rge  U.;d,  fla,  per  doz. 

,,  ,,        Sweet  Red,  5s.  per  doz. 

RHUBARB,  line  roots,  fit  for  forcing,  Ac,  comprining 
MitclioH'B  Royal  Albert,  Os.  per  dcz  ;  Myuti's  Llunajun,  Oa.  per 
duz, ;  Mjatt'a  VicLoiia  (the  largest),  ds.  per  doz,;  Tobolsk, 
(Is.  pur  doz. 

ASPARAGUS,  Giant  (strong),  2  and  3  yeara,  2s.  Cd,  and 
;!s.  Gd.  pot- 100. 
BEAK  ALE  (strong),  la  Gd.  per  doz. 

ROSES,  Standards  and  Ilalf-iitandards,  of  t'je  very  host  sorts 
in  cultivation,  12s.  to  Ifij,  per  doz, 

EVERGREEN  PillVlOT,  2*  to  4  fcot,  strODg,  05e.  per  10.  0, 
or  is.  ]i(3v  100. 

AU  orders  of  2i.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any 
Railway  Slalion  ivlthin  IfiO  ^niks  of  the  Nursery. 
Royal  Nurfiory,  Groat  Yarmouth. 


18 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Jan.  ]0, 


GREAT  WESTERN,  GREAT  NORTHERN,  SOUTH-WESTERN,  and  SOUTH-EASTERN 

SEED    ESTABLISHMENT,  READING,  BERKS, 

FOR  SUPPLYING  SUTTON'S  HOME-GROWN  SEEDS  to  all  PARTS  of  the  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


THE  GARDEN  SEEDS  grown  in  Berkshire  and  the  Southern  Counties  having  obtained  great  celebrity, 
anrl  fxir  low  prices  f.ir  Seeds  tif  superior  qualify  htivin;,'  ^'Hiiietl  us  a  v  ry  ex'enive  connecnon  in  alnios'  evi  ry  coua'y  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  we  have  made  sucb  arrnairemcnre  with  MESRRa.  PICKFORD  and  CO.  (who  have  Offi  'fS  oq  luost  of  the 
great  lines  Of  Railways,  aa  will  eui'-ble  us  to  DBlClVBEa  OUIBl  GOOSES  £*KS£i  OF  Ci^RRIiiGS,  asunder:— 

PacJcagcs  of  not  less  than  Ten  Shillings  value  are  delivered  free  of  Carriage  to 

Any  Office  in   Lundon,    Brist  1,   Si>ubhainpton,    Poi'tsmouth,  Dovei-,    Oxf^'ord,  Banbury,    Gl  ut-ester,    Huugerfordj 

And  all  Stations  on  the  Great  Western,  South- Western  and  South-Eastern  Railways. 

And  all  Packages  of  Seeds  not  less  than  2i.  vulue,  Cari-inne  Free  to  the  po't-i  ■>£  Irt-land,  Scotland,  and  "Wales  ;  or  to 
Birmingham,  L'verpnul,  MancHester,  L\nn,  York,  Hull, 

And   any   Station    on   the   Ch'cat    Northern   Railway. 
Being  estensii-e  (?rOifer5  of  Seeds  (includint;  the  best  ot  ti;e  New  S' rt?  as  soon  as  iii'r"ducet]),  we  can  supply  any  sort 
requivcd  at    THAT'S'    PSR    CISSTT.    XtlSSS    THA27    THS'   PR2CSSS'  ^GSSSOrSR^'SsSi'S'    CHAS&SD 
"ia  most  ijacts  o'  tbe  kingdom. 

SUTTON^S    COLLECTIONS    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS. 

No.   1.— A    COMPLETE    COLLECTION    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS,    FOR    ONE    YEAR'S    i^UPPLY    OF    A    LARGE  t    s.  d 
Garden  ;  including  20  quarts  of  Peaa,  in  the  best  ei^ht  sorts  for  succession  ;  the  best  eight  'orts  of  Broccoli, 
togelht-r  wiih  the  choicest  Melons,  Cucumbers,  Lettuces,  Cauliflowers,  and  every  other  sort  of  Vegetable  required, 

and  in  full  quantities 2  10     0 

No.  2.— A  COMPi-ElE  COLLECTION,  IN    QUANTITIES  PROPORTIONATELY  REDUCED 1  10     0 

No.  3.— A  Complete  COLT-ECTION,  EQUALLY  CHOICE  SOiiTS       110 

K0.4.-A  SMALL    AND  VERY  CHOICE  ASSORTMENT 0  12     6 

If  some  kinds  of  Seeds  are  already  possessed  purchasers  are  requested  to  name  ihemjthat  increased  quantities  of 
others  may  he  sent  in  lien  of  them. 

We  aie  dail   receiving  orders  f i  om  parties  who  have  had  our  Seeds  in  former  seasons,  accompanied  with  remarks  such,  as 
the  fuUowiiiff,  the  originals  of  which  may  bo  t-een  at  our  office,  aud  the  names  of  the  writers  may  be  knowu  b_y  post. 


From  a  Clergyman,  near  Darlington. 
"  The  best  kitchen  garden  seeds  I  ever  had  were  furnished 
by  you." 

Froni  Doneraile,  Ireland, 
•^"Lnrd  D,  would  be  jilad  to  have,"  &c.,  &c.    "The  seeds 
sent  last  year  were  excellent." 

From  Cirencester, 
*'I  never  received  such  a  numerous  collection,  so  good  in 
auality,  from  any  house." 

From  Bipon,  Yorkshire. 
"At  one  of  the  Horticultural   Slows  at  Harrowgate,  my 
gardener  tnoU  20  prizes,  moSE  of  them  from  the  produce  of  your 
Eeed  ;  we  also  gained  several  prizes  ac  other  meetinjis,  as  man} 
as  IS  at  one  of  ihem." 

J^rom  an  eminent  Horticulturist,  at  SunningMU, 
*'  My  gardener  speaks  very  highly  of  your  eeeds." 


From  Giiman.  N  B. 

"I  have  much  satisfaction   in  recommenriinpf  yoijr  seeds  to 

various  friends,  as  I  find  they  are  much  pleased  with  them.'" 

From  a  Clergyman,  at  Newport,  Monmouthshire. 

"  I  have  mvariabiy  found  your  seeds  ot  ail  kiuds  very  good." 

From  North  Walsham- 

"Your  seeds  are  decidedly  superior  to  those  I  can  prorure  in 

this  neighbourhood  ;  I  shall  at  all  times  be  glad  to  recommend 

jou  to  my  friends," 

From  a  Clergyman,  at  Meonstoke^  Bants. 
"  I  always  recommend  my  friends  to  supply  themselves  from 
your  establishment." 

From  anotJter  Clergyman,  at  Kinsale,  Irelayid. 

"  Being  50  much  pleased  wuh  the  garden  and  flower  seeds 

sent  last  season,  induces  me  to  send  to  you  for  my  agricultural 

seeds  also." 


EARLY  ORDERS  ARE   PARTICULARLY  REQUESTED,  and  will  have  the  preference  of  scarce  sort3. 

Remittancts  are  not  required  with  the  orders  from  clergymc".  noblemen,  ami  resideu'  gen'lf  men,  or  ihfir  gardeners. 

N.B, — We  are  also  growers  of  Jlanguld,  Turnip,  and  othtr  Atricu  tural  Seetl«,  which  are  iik' wise  rie'iveied  carriage  free. 

Address,  JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 

GLASS. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    GLASS    MERCHANTS, 

116,  BISHOPSGATE  STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON, 
Have  the  pleasure  to  hand  their  List  of  Prices  of  Glass  for  the  present  month,  for  cash. 


HORTICULTURAL   GLASS, 

I*acked  in  Crates  containing  about 
300  feet,  and  in  Sheets  about  40  in&, 
long  by  30  ins.  wide. 

13  oz.  to  the  foot Os.  2d. 

16  oz.        do 0     2A 

31  oz.        do 0    3| 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes. 

Not  exceeding  40  iDches  long  : 

16  oz Os.  3d.  to  Os.  ^d, 

21  oz 0    4  0    5 

26  oz 0     5  0     7 

Packed  in  boxes  containing  100  feet : 

6  by  4  to  t)4  bj  4i  ins.         ...    13s.  Od, 

7  by  5  to  7|  by  5i  ins.  ...     15     0 

8  by  6  to  8.^  by  6|  ins.  ...     17     6 

9  by  7  to  10  by  8    ins.  ...     20     0 
Boxes  are  charged  '2s.  each,  but  allowed 

for  when  returned. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS. 
Packed  in  '200  feet  Cases,  f-izes  varying 
from  38  by  ^G  to  44  by  30,  at  38s.,  40s.,  to 
425,  per  case  of  very  superior  quality, 

GLASS  TILES, 


0   a 

0    8 

0  10 

1  0 


Kough  Plato. 

Sheet 

Each— s. 

ri. 

Each- 

Jinch  thicli...    0 

10 

16  oz 

S-lOthsdo.do.    1 

0 

21  oz 

i inch  thick...    1 

3 

26  oz 

J  inch  thick...   2 

0 

32  oz 

WINDOW     GLASS, 
In  Crates  of  18  Tables. 


Best 

...  G  16    0 

Seconds 

...  6  17    0 

Thirds    ... 

...  4  16    0 

Fourths 

...3    3    0 

C.  C 

...  2  12    0 

Coarse  ... 

...  2    G    0 

o  «  t* 

.  OS  £,« 

Subject  to  the  usual  discount  for  cash. 
Squares  cut  to  order. 

POLISHED TlaTE  GLASS. 
Plate,  under  1  ft.  super.  Is.Sd. 
1  foot  and  under    2       do.        2 


10 
12 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do; 
do. 
do. 


i 
S 

2  10 

3  2 
3  6 
8  9 
i  0 
i    2 


ORNAMENTAL    OPAQUE 

ELATE  GLASS. 

Black,  White, 

Teined 

Blue,  and 

or 

Mottled. 

Jasper. 

Under  1  fl. 

...     4s,  0(J.     ... 

6s.  Od. 

do.    2  ft. 

...    6    0 

7    C 

do.    4  ft. 

...    6    0 

9    0 

do.    6  ft. 

...    7    0 

10    6 

do.  10  ft. 

...    8    0       ... 

12    0 

do.  IS  ft. 

...    9    0 

13    6 

do.  20  ft. 

...  10    0 

15    0 

Specimens  were  eshihited  at  the 
Great  Exhibition. 


GLASS   SLATES    WITH 

DRILLED  HOLES. 

Rough  Plate. 

.s-i 


Size. 

Duchess  ...  24  +  12  1  0 
Smalllmp6rial20+14  1  5i 
Small  Duchess  2i+12  1  6 
Coauress  ...  20  +  10  1  IJ 
Viscountess...  18+10  I  I 
Large  Ladies  lG  +  10  1  0 
Ladies  ...  1G+  8  0  10 

Doubles        ...  13+  7,0  8 


■2.1' 
-wis 

a  — 

s.d. 

s.  d 

■i    1) 

2     K 

1  11 

2     7 

I  111 

2    6 

1     6 

2     11 

1    4 

1  It 

I     3 

1     7 

I     1 

I    a 

0  10 

I    2 

s.  d. 

0 
4  10 
4     8 


4 

0 

6 

2     3 


GLASS      FOR      CHURCHES, 
CHAPELS,  SCHOOLS,  &<;. 

HARTLEY'S     PATEf»T     QtTARaY 

GLASS, 

In  various  lengths,  of  three  thicknesses  ; 

a  theap  Mubstitute  for  Lead  Lights. 

HARTLEY'S   PATENT   ROUGH 
PLATE  GLASS. 

J  inch  thick,  ov  2  lbs.  to  the  fnot  ; 
3-ltithH,  or  3  ibs.  ;  and  J,  or  4  lbs.  to  the 
foot,  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Ruofs,  Gieen- 
houses,  RaUvvay  Siatious,  Engine  Soeds, 
Mills,  Market  Halls,  and  Public  iiuild- 
ings  generally. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  FLUTED  AND 

CORRUGATED  GL^SS, 

For    Dome   Lights,    Couuting-house 

Windows,  itc. 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    CHEQUERED 
AND  RET  I  FORM  GLA.SS. 

THE  PATENT  CHEQUERED  GLASS 
is  in  character  and  appearance  ""Orje. 
what  similar  to  the  Patent  Quarry  Glass. 
The  'izeof  the  pattern  being  only  one. 
fourth  that  of  the  latter,  it  is  more 
eligible  for  small  windows,  and  for  build- 
ings n'>t  of  an  ecclesiastical  description. 
Also  for  Staircase  VVindows,  Porters' 
Lodge**,  Waitinc  Rooms, tfcc  This  article  is 
admirably  adapted  for  the  Glazing,  of 
Schools. 

THE  PATENT  RETIFGRM  ROUGH 
PLATE  difftrrB  e^eeutiallj'  in  appearance 
from  the  Quarry,  Chequered,  or  Ci>rru- 
gated  Glass.  Having  a  small  reticulated 
pattern,  of  the  form  of  a  luzenge,  the  uu. 
sijjh'Jiness  of  Rou'^h  Plate  is  removed 
without  being  on  the  other  h.ind  ob- 
jectionably attractive,  andfor  this  reason 
it  is  preferred  by  many  for  the  Glazing  of 
Government  Offices,  Banks,  Asylums, 
and  the  like. 

STAINED  AND  ORNAMENTAL  GLASS 
OF  EVERT  DESCRIPTION. 

PERFORATED  GLASS, 
i  of  an  inch  thick. 


For  Tentilation, 


Pe 

r  Foot. 

4*     t*> 

i.   = 

a 

■a  t^ 

■S.& 

s.  d. 

s.d 

s.d. 

B    3 

4    3 

3     0 

6    6 

4     G 

3     3 

S    9 

4     9 

3     G 

7     0 

f,    0 

3     9 

7     3 

6    3 

4     0 

7    6 

.'i    G 

4     3 

7    9 

6    9 

4,  6 

IN   SQDaRES  not  abov- 

Ifout         

Above  1  and  not  above  2  feet 

.,    2        „         „ 

.,    3        »         >, 

..    *        .1         .. 

..    6        „        ,, 

■  >    6 


FERN  SHADES, 
J.  Phillips  and  Co.  have  succeeded  in 
making  a  very  neat  style  of  Sha^e,  with 
glass  bottom  (^r  stand),  expressly  ior  the 
growth  ot  Ferns,  which  will  be  f 'und 
more  oruamentvl  than  any  previously 
made  for  the  uame   dcEcriptioa  of  plant. 

Diamonds  14s.,  16s,,  13s,,  and  20s,  each. 


Milk  Pans,  Propagating  Glasses,  and  every 


hv  VfiX;.r«  ^T  A>.^o^'^,^^,®^''^y  article  in  thetrade,  for  which  a  List  of  Prices,  and  every  information,  may  be  had 
uy  aaarei^sing  JAJIES  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  Glass  Merchants,  116,  Bishopsiiate-sireet  Without.  London. 


p  LARKE'S  PREPARATION  for  destroy 
y-f  ilealj  Bu-,  Scale,  Thrip,  and  alloiherIn.ee 
injury  to  the  plants. 

Clauke  and  Co.,  Gardeners,  Seedsmen,  ard  Florists.  Percv 
cross  Nurser,,    Waiham-green.    Fulham.  continue  to  send  ou, 


tn  ^u   „..  »     ■,'  -i-green,    Fulham,  continue  to  send  out 

!^„  H.?^'  (on  receipt  of  5s.  in  stamps  or  other«i.el,  this 
invaluable  article,  m  small  sealed  stone  bot-les.  For  testi. 
mony  ot  its  excellence,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle, 
ia51  ;  and  page  3,  18a;'.  Printed  direolionn 
Bent  with  each  bottle. 


page  821, 
how  to  apply  it. 


Post-office  Orders,  payable  at  Brompton,t    Chaeles  Claeke. 


TOBACCO  PAPER  FOR  SMOKING  GREEN- 
HOUSES, &c— CLARKE  and  Co.,  Gardemrs,  S.edsmen, 
und  Florists,  Percy  Cross  Nursery,  Waltiam  Green,  Fulh^m, 
can  supply  any  quantity  of  this  article  ;  price  given  on  applica- 
tion.—  i'he  trade  -upplicd. 


FOR 
and 


R       WARMING       GREENHOUSES 

d  BUILDINGS  of  all  kinds,  the  new  Rcgis-ered 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  optrition, 
free  tr^  ra  smell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Prire  3iis. — 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Southwatk  Bridge- 
road,  London. 


T     RAWLINGS  begs  leave  to  offer  his  best  thauks 

^  •  for  tlie  liberal  8up|.iort  he  has  received  during  the  past 
season,  and  to  intim»te  that  he  has  enters d  into  Parcuership 
with  a  Gentleman  fffictent  in  Land  and*  Timber  Surveying, 
ttc,  &c.  The  buiinesB  for  the  future  will  be  conducted  under 
tbe  firm  of  "  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON." 

Saes  and  valuatinns  of  all  kinds  of  Nursery  and  Farming 
Stock,  Ebtatea,  B  i  ding  Ma-erials,  &.C.,  tfTeced  at  a  moderate 
charge.  M.mey  advanced  upon  property  for  absolute  sale,  aud 
Mecui'Uv  to  any  amount. 

For  R.  and  G.'s  o-her  AdvertisementB,  see  last  page  of  this 

Paper. — Auction  Offices,  50,  H(ixton-<;quare,  Lon'ion. — Jan.  10, 

To  NUliSi^RYMGN.  '  ' 

FOREST  TREES.— WANTED,  the  undermentioned 
tran-plaoted  forest  trees  : — 33.000  Tjrolese  Lurch,  2^  to  3 
feet ;  40ti0  Hazel,  2  to  3  feet ;  500  EngU-h  Oak,  2A  to  3  I'eet ;  50O 
Turkey  Oak,  2^  to  3  feet.  Parties  having  &uch  to  dispose  of 
may  hear  of  a  purchaser  by  stating  where  now  trow  ing,  when 
last  transplanted,  and  lowest  price,  delivered  t-irher  at  a  station 
on  tbe  Eanteru  Counties  Railway,  ovon.thc  quay  at  Hull  or 
Newcastle,  as  may  be  mo^t  convenieot  tj  tbe  seller. — Address, 
postpaid,  Laeix,  P- st-office,  65,  Piccadilly,  London. 


I)  OYAL  NURSERY,  Cirencester,  Gloucestershire.— 
^  The  Public  i->  m  st  respeetfully  invited  to  nn  in*pectioa 
of  the  remaiuiut;  portions  of  the  STOCK  of  ihis  Nursery,  which 
are  now  beins  soid  at  very  reduced  prices,  in  consequence  of 
the  Land  bemg  about  to  be  given  up  ;  a  rare  opportunity  is 
thus  iiffjrded  for  purchasing  unrivalled  bargains.  The  Stock, 
which  is  of  a  very  general  description,  consis's,  amongst 
numtrous  oih.er  arnclea,  of  Standard  Apples,  Pears,  Plums, 
Cberries,  and  Medlars  ;  Dwarf  Maiden  Apijles,  Pears,  and 
Cherries;  Dwarf  Trained  Apples,  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries; 
Vines  from  eyes,  in  pots  ;  Figs,  Raspberries,  Gooheberries, 
t'urrant^,  Strawberries,  a  larsce  quantity  of  hue  Seakale  roots. 
Rhubarb,  Globe  and  Jerusalem  Arcichokes,  esen-ive  collec- 
tions of  Sfaudard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Ornamenral  Thorns, 
Beech,  Oaks,  Ash,  Cheeinuts,  Irish  and  Cumnmn  YewB, 
Standard  Cytisus  ;  Common,  Variegated,  and  all  other  kinds 
of  Holly;  Bos  of  sorts,  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  fine 
Dwarf  for  edging;  Sweet  Bays,  Mahonias,  Knonymus,  Red 
Cedars,  Cypre-e,  Lauresiinus,  Douhie  and  Iriwh  Fuize,  Chinese 
aod  other  Piivcrs  ;  American,  Chinese,  Siberian,  aud  other 
Arbor- Vitae  ;  Aucubas,  Philiyreas,  Lucombe  aud  Evergreen 
Oaks  ;  Ceilrus  Libaiii,  Africaous,  Deodara,  and  Deodara 
viiidis ;  Pious  insitiuis,  Laricio,  Cetnbra,  taurica,  excalsa, 
Gerariliana,  austriaci.  Mughus,  Banksiana,  Ticca.  Pinaster, 
baletiensis,  and  pjrenaica ;  Picea  nobilis.  Norditianoiana, 
Pinsapo,  cephaltnica,  Wt.bbiana,  Pindrowj  taxitolia,  Frazerii, 
aud  Hu'isnnii  ;  Abi  s  Meuzietiii,  moriuda,  nigra,  alti^,  Doug- 
lasii,  canaieuais,  bal^amea,  and  recurva  ;  Aiaucaria  im- 
hricata,  Cryptomeria  j  oponica ;  Juoiperua  excelsa,  Bed- 
fordiaiia,  viriiinidua  peuduld,  oblunga,  oblonga  pendula, 
sinensis,  sinensis  stncta,  fragrans,  oxycedrus,can4densis,  Sahi* 
niana,  dabinian  i  tamaiiscitOlia,  Sabioiana  prostrata.  Schotti, 
cracovia,  recurva.  Lusdultaoa,  serillocarpa,  r-li^iosa,  phce< 
nicea,  species  from  Himalaya,  Hermanmi,  glauca,  Gosain- 
thanea,  macrocarpa,  Baibadensis,  fiagelliformi-,  tefragona, 
thurifera  Mexicaua,  iycia,  oceidentalis,  and  f-quamata;  Cu- 
pressus  macrocarpa,  sempervirtus  thujjeformis,  sempL-rvirens 
fol,  var.,  aernpervirens  nana,  funebrie,  aud  Goveniaua  ;  Libo- 
cedriis  cbilensis,  and  Doniana;  Biota  glauca,  pendula  stricta, 
incurvata,  aspltnifolia,  and  aurea ;  Glypcustrobiis  pendnlus, 
and  heterophil  I  Us  ;  Thuja  plicata,  dolobi  a  a,  juniperoides, 
iiitertnedia,  aud  ocLidentalis  fol.  var. ;  Weeping  and  Drooping 
Larch,  Sequoi-i  s^^mpervlrens,  Cephalotaxus  pedunculata, 
and  drupacea;  Podocarpus  totara ;  Taxus  baccara  fructu- 
luteo,  fol.  uur  var.  t*.  ■!.  argent  var,  and  nana,  Taxus  Dovastoni, 
adprestia,  elegantifolia  ful.  var.  llibernica,  fol.  argent  var, 
with  all  other  species  and  varieties  of  Coniferce  not  enume- 
rated, prices  of  which  maybe  obtained  on  application  to  Mr, 
Gbeqort,  at  the  iNursery. 

SILVER  FIRS. 
q^'HOMAS  IMRIE  and   SONS,    Nurserymen,  Ayr, 
-L    have  on  s.leopwardsof  2n0,000  SILVEll  FlKs,  of  various 
sizt-s,  all  healihy,  fine,  well-topped  plants. 

12  ro  15  inches,  15s.  per  IDOU  ;  15  to  24  inches,  20s.  ditto ;  18 
to  3i>  mchi;8,  25s.  ditto. 

Trains  by  the  Glasgow  aud  South- Western  Railway  from 
Ayr  dady^ __^____„^_^_ 


]^/I  ESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN'S  New  Descriptive 

1»A  Catalogde  of  Plants,  <fcc.,  for  18">2,  can  be  hid  freo 
for  six.  postage  stamps.  They  also  offer  the  toUoHing  American 
Plants,  Fruit  Trees,  tSic,  :—  s.  dt 

25  Azaleas,,  new  hardy  Belgian  varieties,  oo  their  own 

roots,  with  fioner-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name 

25  American  Azaleas,  do.  do 

25  Hardy  Amerit-au  Plants,  one  of  a  sort,  hy  name 

l2  Rhododeudrons,   includmg  scarlet,  white,  aud  rose, 

hardy  varieties  ... 
New  tiardy  ye  low  Rhododendrons,  each,  7s.  Gd  to 
Fine  hardy  scarlet  Rhodoileudrons.  2  feet,  per  dozen 
Cedar  of  Lebanon,  3  feet,  well  grown,  in  pots,  per  d»>zen  10 
Sriinda'd  and  haltlstandard,  per  dozen  ...  12s.  and  15 
Wistaria  .s-iutnsip,  extra  hue,  in  pots,  15  to  30  fe  t,  each  3 
12  Gretnhouse  Azaleas,  one  of  a  sort,  blooming  plants  ...  25 
12  choice  Camellias,  by  name,  do.  do.  ...         ...         ...  30 

24  choice  Eneas,  one  of  asort,  by  name 16 

12  Orchidact-ous  |ilaa's,  choice  species,  and  good  plants    30 
6  Bulbs  of  Liliumlancifoliam,  one  of  a  surt,  fjr  ...  12 

FKUIT    TREES. 
Fine  Dwarf  and  Sau'^ard  Pt-aches,  Nectarines,  Apricot?, 

Plums,    Pears,    and    Cherries.      The    bc-t    and    most 

approved  t^or-s  of  tiiese  respective  kinds,  true  to  name, 

each,  2s.  Qd  ,  or,  per  dozen  ... 
Unrramed,  or  maiden  do.,  Is,  Qd  each,  or,  per  dozen  ... 
Apples,  dwarfs  and  stai'dardu  of  best  sortn,  per  dozen  ... 
Fine  Goo^eberiies,  Currants, and  Raspberries,  per  dozen 
Fine  Ftjs,  Medlare,  Walnuts,  and  Molbtrriea,  esi-h 
Strong  Vmes  from  e>es  and  layers,  in  pots,  per  dozen  ... 
Filoercs,  new  thin  shelted  and  red  skinned,  per  dozen  ... 

Rhubarb  routs.  Early  seed  Potatoes,  Seakale,  and  Asparagus 
plants  and  Gartien  steds  of  all  kinds  supplied. 

Aibi'-n  Nor--ry,  Stoke  Newingi'on,  London. — Jan.  10. 


24 

0 

15 

n 

1,T 

n 

it 

0 

^ 

0 

1,') 

0 

3 

0 

AJEW  CUCUMBER,  '^  CAPTIVATION."— This  is 

-L^  one  of  the  most  beau«iful  and  perfect  Cucumbers  ever  yet 
grown,  both  for  its  length,  prolific  bearing,  and  superiority 
over  all  other  Cucumbo'S.  It  is  confidently  assei  ttd  that  who- 
ever grows  this  Cucumber  once,  will  ever  continue  to  do  so. 
Sold  in  pjicUets  of  three  seeds,  5s,  ;  or  live  seed.-^,  7s,  lid. 

TILEY'S  "PHENOMKNA"  CUCUMBER.— This  Cucumber 
was  sent  out  f-ir  the  first  time  last  season,  aud  never  was  such 
a  demand  for  a  Cucumber  known  as  for  this  oue.  Little  need 
be  said  as  to  it*  qualities,  it  being  a  splendid  Cucumber,  quick 
orower,  length  fr<.m  24  to  23  inches,  and  a  most  abundant 
bearer.  Whotver  pui  chases  seed  of  this,  will  find  ail  they  want 
iu  a  Cucumber.  Sold  in  packets,  23.  Gd.,  or  a  packet  of  this, 
and  one  of  '  tiap'ivadnn,"  lor  (is.  For  further  paniculars,  see 
Gardeners'"  Chronicle,  for  January  3,  1852.  Also  other  older,  but 
good,  varieties  therein  prici^d  and  named. 

A  remittance  must  accoaipanv  the  order  from  unknown 
correspoodeut^,  either  by  post-office  order  or  penoy  postage 
stamps,  when  the  whole,  or  any  quantity  of  the  above,  as  tho 
cu-e  may  be,  "i  1  be  foiwarrJed  lo  any  part. 

Sold  by  Edward  Tilet,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  14, 
Abbey   Churchyard,  Bath. 

E.  T.  begs  to  re'uru  bt^  sincere  thanks  for  ihi3  numerous 
orders  and  many  complimentary  letters  he  has  received  this 
season  trom  his  numerous  friends  and  the  public. 


2—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


19 


NEW    KITCHEN    GARDEN    SEEDS.— See    our 
Advertisaaieut  in  this  Papor,  iuseiiad  last  Saturday,  iu 

Our  PRrcED  Catalogue  of  Seeds  ca7i  stiU  be  had  tn 
exchange  for  One  Pemiij  Stamp. 

WiLLiAU  E.  REHDLGaud  Co.,  Seed  MerchaatB,  Plymouth. 


GRKMAN  SEEr>S. 

MESSRS.  PLATZ  and  SON,  Seed  Growers, 
Erfarf,  Prus-i«,  inform  the  trade  tliat  their  (lAl'A.- 
LOGTIE  for  1S52  is  now  ready,  nod  may  ba  had  on  appliuatinu 
of  their  Agent,  Mr.  Robert  Kennedy.  ConBerviit.ries,  Coven: 
Garden,  Londoa.  The  universal  approval  wuich  their  Articl'3^ 
have  obtaiued,  induce  Messrs.  ^.  and  Son  to  solictc  a  trial  of 
the  present  year's  Stock,  which  includes  many  nsw  and  inte- 
restins  varieties.     All  charges  paid  to  London. 

Erfurt,  January  10. ] 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  wnich  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  iu'erested  in 
HARDY  ORMaM'.NTAL  PLAiVTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Trearise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
Plants."  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  sis  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiriog  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  Jan.  10, 

SUPERB  NEW  EARLY  PROLTFIO  MELO^, 
"  VICTORY  OF   BATH." 

GARAWAY,  MAYES,  and  Co.  having  purchased 
the  enure  Bt^ock  of  the  above  MELON,  be^  to  offer  it  to 
the  public  ar,  a  variety  unequalled  in  flivour  and  productive, 
ness.  It  obtainfd  a  Certifica'e  of  Mtrit  at  the  April  Shuiv,  in 
Baih  ;  First  Prize  at  Chiswick,  in  May ;  also  two  First  Prizes 
at  Bath,  in  May  and  June  last.  It  was  grown  n  pots  wuh 
Bromham  Rail,  under  precisely  the  same  treatment,  and  Ripe 
Frait  cat  full  sis  weeks  earlier.    The  whole  of  the  fruit  exhi- 


CtJCUMBERS. 

Per  Packet— s.  d. 


Lord  Kenyon's  Favourite  1 

Victory  of  Hath 1 

Roman  Emperor  ...         ...  1     u 

Hoim  Pierpoint  Wonder    1    0 
Kelway's  Victory  ...  1     0 

With  all  other  approved  sorts. 


bited  were  grown  in  pots. 
MBLO-JS. 

Per  Packet — s.  d. 

Victory  of  Bath 2    6 

Bromham  Hall    1    0 

Camerton  Court 1    0 

Trentham  Hybrid  Greeu 

Flesh       1    0 

Beechwood 1    0 

"With  ail  other  approved  sorts. 

G.,  M.,  and  Co.  also  beg  to  inform  their  friends  that  they 
are  now  prepared  to  send  out  their  well  selected  stock  of  Aeri- 
cnllural.  Kitchen,  and  Flower  Garden  Seeds,  the  lattei-  grown 
under  tieir  own  inspection.  Catalogues  to  be  had  on 
applicatioa.  G.,  M.,  and  Co.  can  with  coufidenca  recommend 
their  stock,  as  every  article  is  thoroughly  proved  before 
sent  out. — Durdham  Down  Nurseries,  Bristol,  Jan.  10. 

SEED    AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 
MENT, SUDBURY.  SUFFOLK. 
THE     BEST    EARLY    PEAS,     &e. 


Taylor's  New  Early  Prolific 
Early  Emperor 

Essex  Champion  [Dwarf 

New     Long.podded    Bishop's 

Also  the  best  new  later  sorts, 
20  fine  and  new  sorts  of  Peas,  1  quart  of  each,  for 

succession ...        ...        ...        ...        ...        ...        ...  £0  li    0 

A  complete  assortment  of  vegetables,  with  a  number 

of  very  choice  aud  new  kinds,  including  the  above    2  10    0 
An  assortment  containing  l2  quarts  of  Peas  in  12  sorts, 

and  other  seeds  equally  choice,  <tc 1  10     0 

An  assortment  equally  choice 10    0 

An  assortment  of  clioice  and  esteemed  sorts 0  10     6 

Tli-e  above  Collections  will  give  the  fullest  satisfaction. 
TIte  names  of  the  sorts  may  be  had  on  application^  and 
if  aray  are  not  wanted,  enlarged  qua/ntiiies  of  others  will 
6*  sent  to  malce  up  the  amount.  Our  Seeds  compi'ise 
the  very  finest  sorts^  whi^h  are  wnivej'sally  approved. 

The  priced  Seed  Catalojzue  will  be  sent  on  application.  Also 
"Wholesale  prices  to  the  trade. 

Goods  sent  can'iage  free  lo  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or 
any  statina  on  the  line. 

Poat-ofBce  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Brown,  or  to  Bass 
and  Bbown. 


Early  Grotto  Marrow 
Fairbeard's  Surprise 

,,      Champion  of  England 
Burbidge's  Eclipse 


SATURDAY,  JAJSTUAIIY  10,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOn  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Mft^T.»T.  Jan       l^J  Britlfih  Architecta    S  p.h. 

SJOSBAn         Jan.     u,  GeoirrRphical 8iP.M, 

(  Syro  Eicrptian  76^  u. 

To. «*».».  _       ix^^''"  Enicineers     8  p  M. 

ifasDATi  ^'^iMedicalandCWrarKicfll  SJp.m. 

(  S^ooloi;icfll 9  r.u. 

, Literary  Fund  ?,  p.m. 

■  Lirodon  Infltltatloa     7  p  m, 

w«,.„„,  -    »j^';Sf,<".^.",';;:::;;:;;:;;:;;:;|  ?:S; 

I  ^harnnceatlcal    Sjp.M. 

'-Etbrtolo;;ical SJr.U. 

TaPMD*T.       -       ijISSl",'"'*"    ^Z"- 

t  UiOyAl.  .«■*■».. ••■.•.■■••.«.,,....o}  P.M. 

S.TO.SAr,        —       17-Mcdlcal 8  P.M. 

Tub  apparent  impossibility  of  turning  the  putrid 
refuse  of  towns  to  a  profitable  nse  in  a  solid  form  is 
every  day  giving  a  greater  importance  to  questions 
connected  with  the  application  of  liquid  manuw!  to 
cultivation.  As  we  have  long  since  shown,  no  means 
exiHt  of  saving  the  manure  of  towns  in  a  dry  state, 
except  by  either  seriously  diminishing  its  intiinsic 
value,  or  by  preparing  it  at  a  cost  which  would  forbid 
its  use  in  general  gardening.  If  it  is  dried  by  simple 
evaporation,  (he  most  volatile  and  best  parts  are  lost, 
and  apeHtilence  is  generated  during  the  operation.  If 
it  is  solidified  by  abstracting  the  water,  whether  after 
precipitation  or  by  simple  draining,much  more  of  what 
is  wanted  is  lost,  and  the  residue  is  little  better  than  a 
caput  morluum.  If,  on  the  other  han-l,  it  is  deodorized 
by  preparations  of  charcoal,  or  by  similar  means,  the 
advantage  derivable  from  its  employment  is  not 
cpial  to  the  cost  of  the  material,  even  if  it  be  not 
spoiled  by  the  process.  Hence  the  public  is  driven 
to  the  alternative  of  continuing  to  waste  this  kind 
of  refuse,  or  of  employing  it  in  a  liquid  form. 

In  a  very  able  paper  just  issued  by  the  Hoard  of 
Health,  this  important  question — not  less  important 
in  a  Hocial  than  in  an  economical  point  of  view,  is 


fully  discussed.*  We  last  week  printed,  for  the  con- 
sideration of  our  agricultural  readers,  an  interesting 
document  contained  in  it  from  Mr.  Dudley  For- 
TESCUE,  and  we  must  now  proceed  to  examine  the 
paper  itself,  in  its  relation  to  the  interests  of  gar- 
deners. 

That  the  liquid  form  is  that  in  which  fertilising 
matters  are  best  presented  to  plants,  is  shown  by 
everything  that  physiology  has  taught  us.  In  no 
other  form,  unless  the  gaseous,  are  plants  capable  of 
receiving  their  food  at  all.  Although  charcoal 
is  the  basis  of  vegetation,  and  is  that  substance 
in  the  absence  of  which  no  growth  whatever  is 
possible,  yet  a  plant  would  derive  no  advantage 
from  remaining  in  contact  with  charcoal,  unless 
the  substance  was  presented  to  it  in  that  gaseous 
form  which  it  assumes  when  combined  with  oxygen. 
From  solid  charcoal,  even  though  it  should  be  reduced 
to  the  utmost  conceivable  degree  of  minute  division, 
plants  can  obtain  no  food  whatsoever.  Bat  in  the 
form  of  air,  or  of  air  dissolved  in  water,  they  feed 
upon  it  greedily.  And  thesameofallothersubstances. 
So  that  although  the  value  of  solid  manure  is  incon- 
testable, yet  it  only  begins  to  act  when  it  ceases 
to  be  solid,  and  becomes  either  fluid  or  gaseous. 
When  fertilising  substances  fall  on  the  ground  they 
throw  off  odours  perceptible  to  our  senses,  or  vapours 
that  we  are  not  sensible  of,  which  are  absorbed 
by  the  vegetation  they  are  dispersed  among,  or  are 
dissolved  in  rain  and  carried  to  the  roots  of  plants. 
In  like  manner  those  parts  of  fertilising  matter 
which  are  incapable  of  rising  into  tlie  air,  are 
partially  dissolved  by  dews  and  rains,  and  are 
washed  into  the  earth.  And  all  that  other  part 
which  can  neither  assume  the  state  of  vapour 
nor  dissolve  in  water,  is  matter  useless  to  plants, 
and  mere  waste.  There  is  only  one  reason,  in 
fact,  why  solid  manure  is  ever  artificially  em- 
ployed, and  that  is,  because  of  its  portability.  It 
requires  an  enormous  quantity  of  water  to  dissolve 
and  dilute  sufficiently  a  load  of  rotten  dung,  and  the 
labour  of  carrying  that  water,  in  addition  to  the 
dung,  although  the  latter  be  in  a  better  state,  deters 
men  from  the  use  of  fluid  manure.  Under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances, it  is  thought  to  be  cheaper  to  use  the 
inferior  material,  leaving  the  natural  rain-fall,  which 
costs  nothing,  to  prepare  the  manure  for  the  food  of 
plants. 

The  whole  question,  then,  is  one  of  cost.  There 
is  no  room  for  argument  about  which  is  the  better, 
liquid  or  solid  manure.  The  only  point  is,  which 
it  is  cheapest  to  employ,  taking  into  account  the 
result  obtained.  If  an  acre  of  garden  ground, 
manured  with  solid  matter,  at  the  cost  of  10^.  will 
yield  a  crop  worth  only  15^.,  it  may  be  more  profit- 
able than  to  gain  a  crop  worth  25?.,  by  manuring  the 
land  with  a  fluid  which  costs  'ill. 

There  are  two  elements,  then,  which  must  enter 
into  all  calculations  concerning  the  effect  of  town 
manure  ;  1,  the  cost  of  obtaining  it;  2,  the  cost  of 
applying  it.  In  private  establishments  where 
manure  is  collected  in  some  central  place,  the  first 
element  in  the  calculation  has  less  importance. 
But  when  liquid  manure  has  to  be  conveyed  for 
miles,  the  two  cannot  be  taken  separately.  This  has 
to  be  considered  seriously  in  all  cases  ;  but  most 
especially  by  gardeners  or  holders  of  small  spaces,  who 
could  not  expend  money  in  procuring  the  liquid, 
and  whose  returns  could  not  justify  much  expenditure 
on  that  head,  even  if  they  possessed  the  capital  re- 
quired for  such  a  purpose.  The  cost  of  applying 
manure  they  must  of  necessity  incur,  but  they  must 
have  it  brought  to  their  doors  at  a  moderate  price 
per  ton. 

Upon  a  rapid  perusal  of  the  document  which  has 
led  to  these  remarks,  we  imagine  that  the  cost  of 
distribution  does  not  present  any  serious  difiiculty ; 
but  we  are  not  sure  that  the  price  at  which  it  can 
be  obtained  for  distribution  is  as  satisfactorily 
declared.  We  shall,  however,  return  to  the  subject 
next  week. 

A  QUESTION  having  arisen  as  to  the  reason  why 
plants  which  perish  in  shallow  water  will  survive 
the  winter  in  deep  water,  a  correspondent  has 
favoured  us  with  the  following  explanation  of  that 
curious  fact. 

Plants  growing  entirely  under  water  are  to  some 
extent  protected  from  those  great  and  sudden  changes 
of  temperature  to  which  oidinary  land  plants  are 
frequently  exposed ;  at  the  same  time,  however, 
water  plants  are  very  often  injured  by  cold,  and  it 
not  unfrequently  happens,  that  on  a  cold  winter's 
night  plants  in  a  pond  will  be  greatly  injured,  or 
even  killed,  whilst  those  in  a  neighbouring  pond  will 
remain  quite  uninjured.  In  order  to  understand  the 
precise  cause  of  this  phenomenon,  we  must  examine 
the  conditions  nmlcr  which  water  plants  grow,   and 

*  Mhiur.. H  i>r  htloiiiiiKttfM  c><Mimm.i-(1  oii  th«  ii7t)iMi!atturi  <it' 
Hfjwor  watLT  anfl  tnwn  niiiMU'i'H  ro  iiL'rIi'Uirnriil  iirmliiutlitn. 
Orrtoreil  to  bfprJntcrtf'.p  iho  u.r;  of  I'miit  Il.mriUot  /lijfiltli,  niid 
tlu'ir  hUBveyor.  eiiKHKcd  Iti  Im  adinlrilatrutiun  fti  bbe  i'ublic 
n«iiUh  Aiit,  December,  lesi. 


the  peculiar  sources  of  injury  to  which  they  are  con- 
sequently  exposed.  There  are  three  perfectly  dis- 
tinct modes  in  which  the  surface  of  the  earth  be- 
comes cooled,  and  these  are  by  evaporation,  by  con- 
duction, and  by  radiaiion.  When  water  evaporates 
it  becomes  colder,  because,  in  the  formation  of 
vapour,  heat  is  always  absorbed.  This  simple  fact 
is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  life  of  both  plants 
and  animals.  When  plants  are  exposed  to  a  hot 
sunshine,  the  moisture  which  they  contain  gradually 
evaporates,  and  in  so  doing  absorbs  the  great  heat  of 
the  sun's  rays,  which  would  otherwise  injure  plants 
and  burn  them  up.  Evaporation  from  the  surface 
of  the  leaves  is  generally  in  proportion  to  the  direct 
heat  of  the  sun,  and  it  is  necessary  as  a  means  of 
keeping  the  plant  cool,  and  preventing  it  from  being 
scorched  ;  if  soil  is  dry,  so  that  the  plant  cannot 
obtain,  by  means  of  its  roots,  a  constant  supply  of 
moisture  to  keep  up  this  daily  evaporation  from  its 
leaves,  it  has  no  power  of  withstanding  the  heat  of 
the  sun,  and  it  withers  and  fades  the  first  hot  day. 
Whenever,  and  in  whatever  manner  we  check  the 
constant  evapora  ion  which  always  goes  on  in  the 
leaves  of  a  healthy  plant,  we  run  a  risk  of  killing  it 
hy  exposure  to  hot  sunshine.  The  common  expe- 
rience of  the  gardener  gives  plenty  of  examples  of 
the  truth  of  this ;  but  there  are  other  cases  in  which, 
though  the  same  effect  is  produced,  and  the  same 
principle  is  involved,  its  influence  is  not  so  self- 
evident.  When,  for  example,  a  plant  is  placed  in  a 
close  hothouse,  confined  in  a  hot  damp  air,  its  per- 
spiration is  checked,  because  the  air  being  already 
saturated  with  moisture,  it  has  little  power  of  carry- 
ing off  the  moisture  evaporated  by  the  leaves,  and 
consequently  the  plant  has  less  power  of  withstand- 
ing the  heating  influence  of  the  sun's  rays  than  it 
has  in  the  open  air,  or  in  a  state  of  nature. 

As  evaporation,  on  the  one  hand,  is  a  natural 
means  of  counteracting  the  excessive  heat  of  the  sun, 
so,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  the  chief  cooling  agent  in 
nature,  and  every  circumstance  tending  to  increase 
evaporation  from  the  surface  of  the  soil  tends  also 
to  cool  it.  As  a  moist  air  and  a  diminished  circula- 
tion are  most  unfavourable  to  evaporation,  so  a  dry 
air  and  free  circulation  greatly  facilitate  it.  The 
cooling  eifect  of  a  cold  dry  wind  is  familiar  to  every 
one  ;  its  influence  depends  on  the  fact,  that  dry  air 
readily  absorbs  moisture  from  any  surface  exposed 
to  it,  whilst  the  rapid  motion  of  the  wind,  by  car- 
rying away  the  moisture  as  fast  as  it  is  formed, 
insures  a  constant  supply  of  fresh  dry  air,  and  thus, 
by  aiding  in  the  formation  of  moisture,  rapidly  cools 
the  surface  on  which  it  blows. 

The  second  mode  in  which  plants  are  cooled  ia 
by  conduction,  or  by  the  mere  contact  of  cold  air ; 
and  this  is  quite  independent  of  the  cold  produced 
by  evaporation.  When  a  cold  wind  drives  along  the 
surface  of  the  ground  it  gradually  cools  it,  and,  of 
course,  likewise  the  plants  growing  on  it,  by  the 
simple  abstraction,  or  carrying  away  of  heat.  So 
long  as  the  surrounding  air  is  colder  than  the  plants 
it  will  tend  to  reduce  their  temperature  ;  and  if  the 
air  is  in  motion,  as  fresh  portions  of  cold  air  will 
continually  come  in  contact  with  the  plants,  they 
must  gradually  get  colder  and  colder,  even  though 
no  evaporation  takes  place,  till  they  are  as  cold  as 
the  air  itself. 

Radiation,  the  third  mode  in  which  plants  are 
influenced  by  cold,  depends  upon  the  curious  fact, 
that  when  two  substances  are  placed  opposite  to 
each  other  in  the  free  and  open  air,  if  the  one  is 
warmer  than  the  other,  it  will  immediately  begin  to 
give  out  its  heat,  which  will  be  received  by  the 
colder  substance.  The  difference  between  this  mode 
of  cooling  and  mere  conduction  is,  that  in  the  latter 
heat  travels  from  the  hot  to  the  colder  surface  by 
contact,  and  therefore  only  when  they  absolutely 
touch  each  other,  whilst  in  radiation,  the  two  sur- 
faces are  at  a  distance,  and  the  heat  passes  at  once 
through  the  air,  and  without  in  any  way  warming  it. 
The  heat  of  the  sun  is  radiant  heat — it  passes  through 
the  clear  air  without  communicating  any  warmth  to 
it,  though  it  warms  the  earth  below  ;  and  then  when 
the  sun's  rays  have  warmed  the  earth,  the  latter  in 
turn  begins  to  warm  the  surrounding  air — but  this 
effect  is  no  longer  one  of  radiation,  it  is  simply 
an  effect  of  conduction.  On  a  clear  night  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  may  be  exposed  to  all  three 
of  these  cooling  influences  at  once  ;  it  may  be 
cooled  by  evaporation,  by  contact  with  cold  air, 
and  by  radiation.  In  reali  y,  however,  it  is  very 
Kolilom  that  all  these  cooling  influences  are  in 
operation  at  the  same  time,  because  there  are 
several  counteracting  powers  at  work  tending  to 
keep  the  surface  of  the  soil  at  a  tolerably  uniform 
temperature  ;  aud  foremost  of  these  is  the  formation 
of  dew.  As  the  evaporation  of  water  is  a  cooling 
process,  heat  being  absorbed,  so  the  condensation 
of  moisture  is  a  warming  process,  an  equal  amount 
of  heat  being  given  out ;  consequently,  just  in 
proportion  as  the  surface  of  the  earth  after  sunset 


20 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Jan.  JO5 


is  cooled  by  radiation,  it  will  acquire  the  power  of 
condensing  the  moisture  in  the  air,  and  by  that 
very  act  will  gain  heat.  It  must  also  be  remembered 
that  radiation  only  takes  place  in  a  still  and  clear 
night ;  when  there  are  clouds  or  mist,  radiation  does 
not  occur. 

Water  may  be  cooled  either  by  evaporation,  or 
by  the  contact  of  cold  air,  but  it  differs  from  the 
soil  in  the  facility  with  which  it  is  moved,  and  the 
readiness  with  which  currents  are  formed  in  it. 
When  the  earth  is  exposed  to  cooling  influences,  the 
surface  soon  becomes  cold,  but  as  heat  travels  very 
slowly  through  the  porous  soil,  it  takes  a  very  long 
time  before  the  cold  penetrates,  or  rather  before  the 
heat  escapes,  from  any  depth  below  the  surface  ;  in 
the  case  of  water  it  is  quite  different,  because  when 
the  surface  is  in  any  way  cooled,  the  water  becomes 
heavier  or  denser,  and  a  kind  of  circulation  is  imme- 
diately established,  the  cold  water  descending,  and  the 
warmer  water  rising  to  its  surface.  In  this  manner, 
then,  so  long  as  the  cooling  influences  continue,  the 
water  goes  on  sinking  in  temperature,  the  whole 
body  of  it  getting  colder ;  this,  however,  does  not 
continue  after  it  has  arrived  at  a  temperature  of  40", 
or  about  S°  above  the  freezing  point ;  when  this  is 
the  case,  all  circulation  in  the  water  ceases,  because 
if  the  surface  water  is  then  cooled  still  lower,  it  no 
longer'continues  to  contract  and  become  denser,'  but  on 
the  contrary  expands,  so  that  it  then  remains  floating 
on  the  surface.  It  follows  from  this  very  interesting 
fact,  that  when  on  a  cold  winter's  night  the  surface 
of  a  pond  is  cooled,  the  whole  body  of  water  sinks 
in  temperature  to  40^,  after  that,  the  surface  only 
continues  to  get  colder,  and  a  film  of  ice  is  soon 
formed,  while  the  water  below  continues  at  a  tem- 
perature of  40*^.  In  consequence  of  this  kind  of 
circulation,  and  the  facility  with  which  it  is 
produced,  a  body  of  water  is  easily  cooled  down  to 
"within  8"  of  freezing,  but  when  once  it  has  arrived  at 
that  point  its  further  cooling  proceeds  very  slowly, 
even  though  the  cold  becomes  much  more  intense; 
for  the  water  below  is  in  fact  protected  from  contact 
with  the  cold  air  by  the  film  of  ice  at  the  surface, 
and  ice  is  so  bad  a  conductor  of  heat  that  the  freez- 
ing of  the  water  under  the  ice  goes  on  very  slowly  ; 
in  temperate  climates  ice  is  seldom  more  than  a  few 
inches  in  thickness,  and  the  water  in  deep  ponds 
not  only  never  freezes,  but,  indeed,  never  falls  in 
temperature  much  below  40°. 

Water  plants,  therefore,  are,  in  fact,  preserved 
from  cold  by  the  coating  of  ice  which  forms  over  the 
surface  of  the  pond  in  which  they  grow  ;  if  the 
water  is  deep  they  are  seldom  injured  ;  but  if  the 
water  is  shallow,  and  the  cold  long  continued,  the 
whole  depth  of  it  will  in  time  freeze,  and  the  plants 
will  be  more  or  less  injured.  Plants  growing  in 
water  thus  walled  over  with  ice  are  protected  from 
all  the  three  cooling  influences  to  which  we  have 
alluded  ;  but  there  are  some  circumstances  under 
which  water  plants  suffer  greatly,  and  from  a  very 
singular  cause,  but  one  which,  when  looked  into,  is 
sufliciently  simple  and  intelligible. 

The  surface  of  clear  water  does  not  become  cold 
from  radiation,  but  from  contact  with  cold  and  dry 
air,  consequently  in  a  fine  but  veiy  still  night  it  is 
much  less  rapidly  cooled  than  the  earth,  which,  in 
addition,  is  exposed  to  the  cooling  influence  of 
radiation.  Under  such  circumstances  it  sometimes 
happens  that  the  usual  order  of  things  is  reversed, 
the  bottom  of  the  pond  cooling  more  rapidly  than 
the  surface  ;  on  a  clear  still  cold  night  radiation 
sometimes  occurs  from  the  bottom  of  a  pond,  the 
plants  and  soil  in  which  they  are  growing  radiating 
towards  the  sky  just  as  if  the  water  were  not  above 
them,  and  the  consequence  is  that  they  become  very 
cold,  in  fact,  some  degrees  below  the  freezing  point, 
though  the  water  above  them  is  still  at  40°.  This 
effect  can  only  happen  in  clear  water,  and  on  a  night 
when  there  are  no  clouds,  for  the  same  circumstances 
which  prevent  radiation  from  the  surface  of  the 
ground  will  also  prevent  its  taking  place  from  the 
bottom  of  a  pond.  When  plants  under  water  are 
cooled  by  radiation,  they  soon  become  encased  in 
ice,  and  though  the  ice  thus  formed  generally  melts 
the  next  morning,  yet  at  the  time  of  its  formation 
the  plants  are  often  exposed  to  a  very  intense  cold. 

A  singular  effect,  somewhat  similar  in  nature, 
though  caused  in  a  very  different  manner,  is  some- 
times observed ;  as  clear  still  water  offers  no  obstruc- 
tion to  the  passage  of  radiant  heat,  it  occasionally 
happens  that  water  plants  are  injured  by  the  great 
heat  of  the  sun's  rays  ;  like  land  plants  they  receive 
abundance  of  radiant  heat  from  the  sun,  but,  unlike 
land  plants,  they  have  not  the  compensating  effect 
of  evaporation;  they  have  only  the  less  perfect 
cooling  influence  of  the  surrounding  water.  It 
therefore  occasionally  happens  that  plants  growing 
m  \%-ater,  and  surrounded  by  it,  are  burnt  and 
scorched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun's  rays  ;  the  radiant 
of  which   produces   no   effect    on  the   water 


heat 


through  which  it  passes,  any  more  than  it  does  in 


passing  through  the  air  ;  its  effects  only  become 
evident  when  its  rays  fall  upon  a  solid  substance, 
such  as  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  the  leaves  of 
a  plant, 

HERBS. 
No.  II. — Lavender. — About  Mitchara,  the  number 
of  acres  occupied  by  this  crop  alone  exceeds  200.  The 
soil  in  which  it  delights  is  a  light  sandy  loam.  About 
Mitcham  it  is  nearly  all  of  that  character,  and  it  is 
mostly  worked  by  the  plough  ;  but  had  they  to  pay  51. 
an  acre  for  it,  instead  of  3/.,  they  would  soon  betake 
themselves  to  the  spade  ;  then  a  disease,  to  which 
Lavender  has  been  subject  these  12  years,  would  pro- 
bably be  found  to  disappear.  I  consider  that  the  ground 
is  vei'y  much  worn  out,  having  been  under  this  crop 
for  hundreds  of  years  ;  dung  is  unsuitable  to  Lavender, 
so  that  when  a  new  plantation  is  about  to  be  formed 
they  generally  manure  heavily  and  plant  Potatoes,  and 
next  autumn  Lavender  is  put  in. 

In  the  proper  cultivation  of  this  crop,  as  soon  as 
the  Potatoes  are  off,  the  whole  of  the  land  ought  to  be 
spade  trenched,  but  plough  trenching  would  possibly 
do,  in  the  following  manner,  viz.  : — throw  out  a  trench 
two  spades  deep  along  each  side  ;  by  this  simple  plan 
the  workmen  could  plough  two  furrows  deep.  The 
plants  should  be  put  in  in  November,  some  plant  in 
March  ;  but  the  crop  put  in  then  never  succeeds  so 
well.  The  land  about  Mitcham  is  so  sandy,  warm,  and 
light,  that  when  the  slips  are  put  in  in  November  they 
make  fi'esh  roots  before  Christmas.  The  only  ad- 
vantage of  planting  in  Februai'y  13  that  diseased  shoots 
may  be  then  seen  and  avoided.  The  disease,  of  which 
I  have  just  spoken,  comes  upon  the  plant  very  rapidly, 
the  leaves  loolung  as  if  they  had  received  a  slight  scorch, 
and  very  soon  the  whole  plant  dies. 

Planting  is  performed  in  the  following  manner ; 
but,  in  the  first  place,  it  must  be  understood  that  single 
plants  are  never  employed  ;  properly  speaking,  each 
bush  is  composed  of  a  small  handful  of  slips — I  counted 
four  in  one  hole.  Tlie  ground  being  all  lined  out,  plants 
are  lifted  out  of  the  old  plantation  that  is  being 
destroyed,  and  split  into  as  many  pieces  as  possible. 
The  further  they  are  split  down,  so  as  to  have  roots  to 
them,  so  much  the  better  ;  for,  if  by  carelessness  a 
strong  slip  is  broken  off  high  up,  that  slip  is  almost  sure 
to  die  before  summer.  The  plants  are  inserted  at  least 
six  inches  deep,  leaving  only  about  three  inches  of  the 
head  above  ground,  aud  they  are  placed  two  feet  apart 
each  way.  The  first  year  they  yield  a  few  spikes  of 
blossoms,  but  the  second  is  always  considered  the  best, 
and  they  last  four  or  five  years,  depending,  of  course, 
upon  the  general  health  of  the  plants.  Nothing  is  done 
to  them  all  the  summer  except  hoeing  and  keeping  them 
free  from  weeds.  During  the  second  year  an  acre  will 
fetch  201.,  the  expenses  of  cultivation  being  about 
31  10s.;  cutting,  about  Ts.;  distilling,  nearly  U.  10s.; 
tithes,  a  trifle. 

The  proper  time  for  cutting  is  just  when  the  lower 
blooms  are  beginning  to  change  colour  to  a  darkish 
brown,  and  after  cutting  the  sooner  it  is  distilled  the 
better,  say  two  or  three  days,  as,  if  left  too  long,  the 
flowers  lose  much  of  their  fragrance.  Flowei'-stems 
and  blossoms  are  all  distilled  together,  and  the  first 
running  is  not  allowed  to  occupy  more  than  two  hours  ; 
this,  on  account  of  the  stalks,  is  to  get  all  the  clearest 
and  best ;  the  second  run  occupies  four  hours,  but  the 
last  is  generally  of  a  light  sherry  colour,  aud  is  rather 
stronger  and  rougher  in  its  odour  than  the  former. 
With  the  thousand-and-one  purposes  to  which  Lavender- 
water  is  applied  every  one  is  acquainted  ;  but  a  proper 
chemical  manure  for  this  useful  herb  is  still  a  deside- 
ratum.   James  OittkUl,  Camberwell,  London. 

Erbatdm.— In  No.  I.,  fifth  line  from  bottom,  for  "hot 
"  wet." 


*  read 


LUCULIA  GKATTSSIMA. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  most  deliciously 
fragrant  of  all  our  winter  flowering  plants.  With  a 
little  management,  it  may  be  had  in  blossom  from  Sep- 
tember to  March  ;  and,  with  the  exception  of  Pinceana, 
I  am  unacquainted  with  any  plant  which  flowers  at  this 
season,  and  requires  so  little  artificial  heat,  and  so  little 
care  generaUy  in  its  management,  which  is  equal  in 
respect  of  both  beauty  and  fragrance.  That  it  is  not 
more  generally  cultivated  is  owing,  I  beUeve  ,  to  a 
somewhat  prevalent,  but  mistaken  notion,  that  it 
is  difficult  to  manage.  I  must,  however,  admit  that 
it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  propagate,  as  cuttings, 
when  not  well  matured,  are  apt  to  damp  off  in 
bottom  heat ;  and  when  too  hard,  they  frequently 
take  so  long  to  root  that  they  exhaust  the  patience 
of  the  propagator ;  and  it  is  difficult,  if  not  absolutely 
impossible,  to  give  instructions  which  would  enable 
the  inexperienced  person  to  select  cuttings  in  the 
proper  stage  of  ripeness  ;  but  practice  and  careful  ob- 
servation will  overcome  this  difficulty,  and  the  Luculia 
will  be  found  to  root  in  bottom- heat  in  a  shorter  time 
than  is  required  by  many  of  our  favourite  plants.  Until 
this  is  the  case,  however,  adopt  the  following  method, 
which,  if  slow,  has  the  recommendation  of  being  sure. 

Select  cuttings  of  short-jointed  pieces  as  early  in  the 
season  as  they  can  be  had  in  a  rather  hard  state.  These 
may  be  obtained  in  May,  if  a  plant  is  left  without  being 
cut  down  after  flowering.  Slip  them  off  with  a  heel, 
and  use  the  knife  merely  to  remove  any  loose  bark 
which  may  extend  beyond  the  wood,  and  to  divest 
them  of  superfluous  leaves.  Insert  the  cuttings  thus 
prepared  in  small  thumb  pots  filled  with  sandy  peat, 
and  give  a  moderate   watering,  to  settle   the  soil,  &c. 


But  observe,  with  respect  to  the  soil,  that  it  shoirid 
be  in  a  rather  moist  state  when  used,  as  the  cut- 
tings are  impatient  of  damp,  which,  in  the  event  of 
repeated  waterings  being  necessary,  it  is  difficult  to  pre- 
vent. After  potting,  place  them  in  a  shady  situation  in 
a  house,  the  temperature  of  which  may  average  55°, 
and  cover  them  with  a  hand-glass.  The  only  farther 
attention  which  they  will  require,  will  be  an  occasional 
sprinkling  of  water  ;  this  should  be  applied  towards  the 
evening,  the  plants  left  uncovered  until  the  following 
morning,  and  in  cloudy  weather  it  may  be  necessary 
to  remove  the  hand-glass,  or  place  it  so  that  there  may 
be  a  circulation  of  air,  so  as  to  prevent  damp.  If  cuttings 
are  properly  attended  to  in  these  respects,  and  allowed 
to  remain  during  the  summer  in  some  quiet  corner, 
the  probability  is  that  nine-tenths  of  them  will  root. 
They  should  be  carefully  attended  to  during  the  winter, 
and  should  not  be  thrown  away,  even  if  after  having  been 
in  the  cutting-pots  the  whole  summer  they  should  not 
be  found  rooted,  give  them  the  farther  chance  of  a  little 
bottom  heat  during  next  January.  As  soon  as  they  are 
fairly  rooted,  they  will  grow  away  freely,  and  should  be 
shifted  into  a  size  larger  pots,  and  gradually  exposed  to 
a  freer  circulation  of  air.  No  advantage  will  be  gained 
by  keeping  them  in  a  temperature  exceeding  60*^,  as,  if 
they  are  kept  in  a  warmer  place,  they  will  grow  weaker, 
and  will  require  so  much  stopping  to  keep  them  bushy, 
that  the  loss  will  probably  exceed  the  profit.  As  the 
sun  becomes  powerful,  it  will  be  necessary  to  shade  at 
least  a  few  hours  during  the  middle  of  the  day,  for  this 
plant  is  exceedingly  liable  to  suffer  from  the  direct  rays 
of  the  sun  ;  and  I  have  never  been  able  to  do  any  good 
with  it,  except  when  I  could  protect  it  in  this  respect  ; 
and  I  have  also  found  that  sudden  exposure  to  drying 
cm-rents  of  air  injures  it  more  than  most  plants.  With 
attention  to  its  wants  in  these  respects,  and  if  allowed 
plenty  of  pot  room,  and  kept  free  from  insects,  the  plants 
will  form  nice  specimens  by  the  end  of  the  first  season, 
and  may  each  produce  flowers,but  this  will  greatly  depend 
upon  their  having  been  stopped  at  the  proper  season. 
The  weaker  plants  should  not  be  stopped  at  all,  and 
there  will  be  nothing  gained,  as  respects  the  pro- 
duction of  blossoms,  by  stopping  even  the  stronger 
plants  more  than  once,  and  none  should  be  stopped 
later  than  the  middle  of  July,  or  the  first  week  in 
August. 

As  soon  as  they  have  pretty  well  ripened  the  wood 
from  which  flowers  are  expected,  they  should  be  kept 
rather  cool,  or  they  may  be  removed  to  a  shady,  but 
airy  situation  in  the  greenhouse,  or  to  any  place  where 
they  can  be  assisted  to  harden  their  wood  by  a  cool, 
dry  atmosphere.  Such  of  the  plants  as  have  never 
been  stopped  will  probably  show  flower  towai'ds  the 
middle  or  end  of  September,  when  they  may  be  re- 
moved to  a  damper  atmosphere  and  kept  rather  moist, 
so  as  to  encourage  them  to  develope  their  beauty  and 
fragrance  ;  and  if  the  plants  are  removed  from  the 
greenhouse,  or  cool  situation  in  which  they  were 
placed  to  ripen  their  wood,  to  a  warmer  situation, 
at  intervals  of  about  a  fortnight,  they  will  afford  a  suc- 
cession of  flower  for  at  least  three  months.  While  in  blos- 
som they  will  be  found  to  require  a  rather  dry  atmosphere; 
and  unless  this  is  provided,  their  beauty  will  be  short 
lasted.  I  have  found  a  sitting  room  window  to  suit 
them  exceedingly  well  at  this  time,  but  situations  where 
the  temperature  will  average  from  40°  to  45",  and 
where  they  can  be  protected  from  damp,  is  all  that  they 
require. 

When  they  have  done  flowering,  the  plants  should  be 
rather  sparingly  supplied  with  water  for  a  fortnight, 
previous  to  their  being  cut  back,  and  they  may  be  stowed 
away  in  any  spare  eoi'ner  of  the  greenhouse  or  cold  pit, 
where  they  will  be  safe  from  their  great  enemy — damp. 
After  being  treated  rather  hard  for  a  fortnight,  they 
should  be  cut  back  sufficiently  to  secure  a  compact, 
bushy  growth,  and  now  is  the  time  when  they  can,  with 
least  trouble,  be  thoroughly  cleared  of  insects.  They 
are  especial  favourites  with  the  black  thrips,  as  most 
delicate  plants  are,  and  if  these  pests  have  a  residence 
about  the  place  at  all,  it  may  be  looked  for  upon 
the  Luculia,  and  they  should  now  be  carefully 
removed  at  any  expense  of  time  and  labour  ;  for 
if  they  are  permitted  to  establish  themselves  they 
will  do  much  injury  during  the  ensuing  season.  After 
the  plants  have  been  cut  back  and  cleaned,  a  portion 
may  be  encouraged  to  grow  early  in  the  season,  so  as  to 
come  into  flower  soon  in  the  autumn  ;  but  it  will  be 
advisable  to  introduce  them  into  heat  very  gradually, 
otherwise  they  will  break  their  uppermost  buds  only, 
and  will  consequently  become  naked  below.  If  the 
plants  can  be  kept  during  their  second  season's  growth 
in  a  moist  growing  atmosphere,  where  they  will  receive 
abundance  of  light  and  protection  from  the  direct  rays 
of  the  sun  during  the  summer  months,  and  also  guarded 
against  the  attacks  of  insects,  and  allowed  plenty  of  pot 
room,  they  will  form  handsome  specimens,  and  flower 
abundantly  during  the  dull  months  of  ^viuter. 

With  respect  to  soil,  the  Luculia  is  not  difficult  to 
accommodate.  For  its  pot  culture,  I  use  about  one-half 
turfy  peat,  and  one-half  light  turfy  loam,  adding  a  portion 
of  silver  sand,  more  or  less,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  other  materials. 

Those  who  have  room  for  the  Luculia  in  the  con- 
servatory border  will  find  it  a  most  eligible  plant  for 
such  a  situation.  But  it  succeeds  best,  shaded  from  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  from  the  beginning  of  May  to  the 
end  of  August ;  and  in  order  to  bloom  it  in  perfection, 
it  also  requires  to  have  the  house  kept  rather  close.  It 
will  not  thrive  in  a  temperature  under  40**  or  45"  ;  for 
where  the  temperature  does  not  average  this  the  flowers 


•1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


21 


are  liable  to  damp  off.  Planted  oub,  it  will  thrive 
perfectly  in  any  light  soil,  whether  peat  or  loam.  It  will 
be  fomid  to  require  some  attention,  in  order  to  keep  it 
clear  of  insects,  and  also  the  same  treatment,  with  regard 
to  stopping  and  cutting  back,  as  recommended  for 
young  plants  ;  but  as  it  cannot  receive  any  assistance  in 
the  way  of  heat  and  moisture,  never  stop  later  than  the 
middle  of  July.  Alpha. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
(Cage  Birds,  No.  44  ) 

No.  LXr. — We  have  now  entered  upon  a  month,  in 
which  there  is  little  observable  day  by  day  towards'  the 
return  of  spring.  Yet  do  we  mark  among  the  thrushes 
and  the  blac!;birds  an  increased  activity,  and  certain 
peculiarities  ia  their  approaches  towards  each  other, 
and  in  their  *  delicate  attentions,'  which  convince  us  they 
will  all  '  mate '  at  a  very  early  day. 

We  were  busy — musing,  at  the  remote  end  of  our 
garden  on  Sunday  last,  immediately  under  the  shade 
of  some  lofty  Firs,  and  in  the  close  proximity  of  the 
Holly  and  the  Laurel,  when  some  *  well-known  sounds  ' 
saluted  our  ears,  wliich  we  recognised  as  the  noteg 
of  dalliance. 

Several  pairs  of  thrushes  and  several  pairs  of  black- 
birds were  busily  agitating  the  brushwood,  and  flitting 
restlessly  along  the  whole  length  of  a  Holly-hedge — pur- 
suing each  other  as  these  birds  do  even  at  this  early 
season  of  the  year.  AH  this  gives  the  note  of  prepara- 
tion for  early  incubation. 

We  have  o'oserved,  too,  certain  incipient  signs  of  ap- 
proaching familiarity  between  cock-robin  and  his  intend- 
ing associate.  The  courtship  of  these  birds  is  completely 
sui  generis.  They  meet  en  avance,  and  as  quickly  retire 
en  devnere,—  repeating  these  preparatory  interviews 
from  morning  till  night.  They  then  separate  altogether. 
They  go  through  the  same  observances  on  the  morrow, 
and  the  day  following  ;  and  when  their  flirtations  are 
completely  over,  the  "proposal"  is  made,  the  "offer" 
considered,  and  the  happy  Redbreast  made  a  worthy 
husband  for  the  season.  His  trammels  are  then  thrown 
off — a  divorce  is  mutually  agreed  upon,  and  both  parties 
once  more  retire  to  '  Liberty  Hall.*  We  note  these 
little  episodes  as  we  go  on  ;  for  the  innocence  of  birds, 
and  their  winning  ways,  cannot  be  too  closely  scru- 
tinised and  admired. 

The  robins  and  the  blackbirds  are  among  the  very 
first  of  the  feathered  tribe  to  bestir  themselves  for  the 
provision  of  a  family.  Ere  the  trees  have  any  clothing, 
you  may  see,  in  a  private  garden,  nidification  com- 
mencing at  the  end  of  January  ! 

The  blackbird  of  last  year  arrives  at  maturity  in  the 
following  spring, — assuming,  with  the  change  of  season, 
a  jet-blaek,  glossy  livery,  and  a  bill  as  yellow  as  gold. 
The  orbs  of  the  eye,  too,  become  bright  yellow ;  and 
the  whole  figure  bold  and  dauntless.  The  hen  is  of  a 
dusky,  dark  brown  colour ;  and  her  eyes  less  brilliant 
than  those  of  the  male. 

The  instinct  of  the  blackbird  is  by  no  means  remark- 
able. There  are  very  few  birds,  indeed,  so  palpably 
obtuse;  for  they  build  their  nests  in  situations  which, 
for  the  most  part,  expose  them  to  certain  robbery  by 
idle  boys  and  iron-hearted  men.  Hence  the  quantities 
of  young  birds  exposed  for  sale  as  early  as  Februai'y  ! 
I  have  before  remarked,  en  passant^  that  as  this  bird  is 
very  prolific,  it  is  just  possible  Nature  might  have  given 
it  a  limited  instinct,  with  a  view  to  an  excess  of  numbers 
fcemg  thereby  prevented.  It  is  quite  certain,  that  if 
these  birds  were  not  thinned  in  some  way,  their  race 
would  multiply  to  an  alarming  extent.  They  suffer 
greatly  during  the  winter  by  the  *'  rough  practice"  of 
the  "  cockney  sportsman,"  who  contrives  to  wound 
many  hundreds,  whilst  perhaps  he  kills  only  one,  and 
that  by  the  merest  accident. 

With  all  the  slaughter,  however,  dealt  out  amongst 
them  during  the  winter  months,  we  always  find  plenty 
of  survivors  left  to  greet  us  from  the  top  of  the  highest 
tree,  at  the  earliest  dawn  of  spring.  We  can  already 
number  in  our  own  immediate  precincts  at  least  a  dozen, 
and  twice  that  number  of  thrushes  ;  with  wrens,  robins, 
and  tit-raice,  ad  libitum.  Sacred  is  our  rural  dwelling 
to  the  happiness  and  perfect  enjoyment  of  these  melo- 
dious rogues.  Secure  from  pursuit,  snug  in  the  bosom  of 
their  affectionate  families,  and  in  the  midst  of  plenty — 
with  me  «;/  the  feathered  tribes  are  in  safeguard.  Woe 
be^  to  him  who  levels  a  hollow  tube,  "  big  with  mis- 
chief," at  any  of  the  settlers  on  my  ground,  who  come  to 
share  the  rites  of  my  hospitality,— I  mean,  if  I  should 
catch  hirn  in  the  act  I  Once  or  twice  lately,  I  have 
/t«ar(Z  a  neighbour's  gun  in  active  "discharge"  of  its 
enjoined  duries,— but  I  tnist  that,  after  this  "notice," 
it  will  be  put  by  for  the  season.  "Cruelty"  is  inde- 
fenaible  under  any  pica. 

Whilst  the  blackbird  la  buBJly  rehearsing  his  vernal 
8ongf»,  juat  let  ua  tak-j  a  "  peep  "  at  the  construction  of 
hia  neat.  The  raatertala  uaed  are,  fibrous  roots,  green 
Dioaa,  and  similar  matters  ;  the  inHJdi;  being  plastered, 
or  cased,  with  damp  mould,  and  subaeqnently  lined  with 
dry  graaa.  TIk;  site  choaen  is,aoin"timf;H,  a  tliick  buah  ; 
aomctimes,  a  laurel  ;  and  occasionally  it  is  placed  on  the 
side  of  a  bank.  The  number  of  cgg«  laid  aeldom  oxceeda 
five.  These  are  covered  with  brown  apota  at  the  larger 
end.     The  period  of  incubation  ia  fourU.'on  daya. 

Kre  yet  another  aliort  week  ahull  have  gone  over  our 
hea/la,  wc  aliall  behold  a  wondroua  change  in  the  voices 
ofthft  blackbird  and  the  thi-uah.  They  rally  wonderfully 
(M  the  seaaon  for  breeding  approaches  ;  and,  while  hia 
cara  Aj^osf'/.  ia  aitting  aeduloualy  on  her  neat,  fondly  an- 
ticlDating  the  roanit  of  her  onoroua  task — loud  and 
metodJoii^  falU  the  note  upon  our  ear  of  her  "only 


love."  Seated  aloft,  he  seems  to  look  down  upon  all 
that  are  beneath  him  with  a  feeling  of  pity  ;  giving 
utterance  to  songs  of  melody  that  liberty  could  alone 
inspire. 

**0h!   blackbird,  ainijine  sometbinpr  well  ; 
"While  all  my  neighbours  shoot  thee  round, 
/keep  smooth  plots  of  fruitful  ground, 
Where  tliou  maj'at  warble,  eat,  aod  dvvell.'" 

So  sings  Tennvson,  and  we  echo  liis  chant.    William 
Kidd. 


SPIR.-EA  PRUNIFOLIA    FLORE  PLENO,  IN 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  observations  on  this  plant  by  J.  Saul, 
of  Washington,  D.C.,  were  published  in  the  last  Number 
of  the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  : — 

"  When  this  plant  first  made  its  appearance  in  Eng- 
land, and  in  some  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  it  was 
hailed  as  a  great  acquisition.  It  will  be  recollected  that 
Mr.  Fortune  sent  it  from  China  to  the  Horticultural 
Society's  garden  at  Chiswick,  and  that  Mr,  Van  Houtte 
had  it  from  Dr.  Van  Sieboldt.  It  was  let  out  from  Ghent 
at  a  high  price,  and  its  sale  I  presume  must  have  been 
extensive  ;  for  it  was  soon  scattered  over  England  in 
all  directions.  Nevertheless,  how  few  have  been  suc- 
cessful in  cultivating  it !  I  have  known  parties  in 
England  who  had  fine  plants  which  they  never  bloomed 
well !  Now  what  were  the  causes  of  failure  ?  Let  us  ex- 
amine how  such  subjects  had  been  managed,  and  we  shall 
probably  discover  something  like  a  cause.  The  plants  in 
England,  if  grown  in  pots,  were  probably  placed  in  a 
tolerably  shady  situation;  if  planted  in  the  open  ground,  a 
piece  of  well  prepared  soil  and  sheltered  situation  were 
chosen  for  them  ;  under  both  these  circumstances  they 
grew  well,  and  apparently  matured  their  wood  ;  I  say 
apparently,  for  when  blooming  time  came,  we  had  green 
abortions,  called  flowers.  Now,  if  we  inquire  into  the 
nature  of  the  native  climate  of  this  plant,  we  shall  soon 
perceive  the  cause  of  so  much  disappoitment  with  it  in 
England.  If  I  describe  the  climate  of  the  middle  States 
of  this  country,  I  shall,  I  apprehend,  very  nearly  repre- 
sent its  natural  conditions  ;  here  this  plant  is  perfectly 
hardy,  enduring  a  very  low  temperature.  The  springs 
are  warm,  followed  by  intense  summer  heat,  with  bright 
light,  autumn  is  also  bright  and  warm.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances the  wood  acquires  a  firmness  and  maturity 
which  it  never  attains  in  England.  In  the  latter  country, 
when  ripe,  it  has  at  best  a  greenish  hue,  very  different  from 
the  brown  rigid  appearance  which  it  acquires  in  America. 
Spring  comes,  and  with  it  a  profusion  of  bloom  of  snowy 
whiteness,  precisely  like  the  flowers  of  Ranunculus 
aconitifolius,  but  smaller  ;  it  is  in  no  way  particular  as 
to  soil,  bnt  rather  dry  than  moist  earth  appears  to  suit 
it  best.  From  its  success  here,  it  is  evident  that  in 
England  it  would  require  a  well-drained  soil  and  an 
open,  airy  situation,  where  it  would  receive  all  the  sun 
and  hght  which  the  climate  can  give,  so  as  to  get  the 
wood  thoroughly  and  perfectly  ripened  by  autumn  ;  this 
secured,  a  good  bloom  is  certain. 

'  For  forcing,  this  plant  is  invaluable  ;  for  this  purpose 
specimens  grown  in  pots  should  be  placed  in  a  sunny 
situation,  in  order  to  mature  their  wood  well ;  if  this  is 
not  attended  to,  failure  is  certain.  I  have  observed  in 
some  of  the  forcing-houses  in  this  country,  that  when 
the  plants  had  been  kept  too  warm,  in  too  dark  a  house, 
or  the  atmosphere  over  moist,  green  flowers  were  the 
result,  and  in  some  instances  no  flowers  at  all.  Now, 
if  this  will  happen  in  a  climate  like  that  of  the  middle 
States,  where  the  wood  had  been  well  ripened,  how 
much  more  likely  is  it  to  occur  in  England,  where  the 
wood  is  never  half  matured,  and  the  plants  in  that  state 
transferred  to  a  warm  dark  forcing-house,  at  a  season 
when  there  is  little  suu  !  There  are  few  plants  more 
deserving  of  care  or  attention  than  this,  whether  em- 
ployed in  ornamenting  the  shrubbery  in  spring,  or  the 
conservatory  and  greenhouse  at  an  early  season.  How 
very  necessary  it  is  that  we  should  know  the  latitudes 
from  whence  plants  come,  in  order  to  be  able  to  treat 
them  properly  !  How  frequently  is  every  method  but 
the  right  one  tried  !— soil,  situation,  frequently  too  much 
heat.  Had  more  of  the  beams  of  the  sun  been  permitted, 
all  would  have  been  well." 


Home  Correspondence. 

Botanical  Gardens. — Until  I  saw  the  Glasnevin  and 
Belfast  Gardens,  I  own  I  had  a  very  low  notion  of  the 
value  to  botany  or  horticulture  of  botanical  gardens, 
either  at  home  or  abroad  ;  no  disparagement  to  Kew, 
where  the  collections  both  in-doors  and  out,  are  extensive 
and  well  kept.  I,  however,  lately  read  a  proposal  of 
Professor  Henslow  in  some  newspaper,  to  form  a 
collection  of  types  of  natural  objects;  specimens,  &c., 
fitting  for  museums  of  natural  history ;  now  I  take 
it  that  if  this  plan  were  adopted  in  regard  to  botanical 
gardens,  with  much  more  completeness  and  care  than 
is  shown  at  present,  even  in  the  best  of  this  kind  of 
gardens,  it  would  render  them  far  more  useful  than  they 
now  are.  That  is,  if  attention  were  first  directed  to 
the  cultivation  of  types,  aay  of  each  genua,  and  of  all 
plants  especially  illustrative  of  particular  facts  in 
vegetable  economy,  and  as  far  as  climate  and  cultivation 
would  allow,  aystematically  arranged,  the  botanical 
student  would  find  much  more  to  induce  him  to  visit 
audi  collections  tlian  ho  has  at  present.  Of  courao  I 
ahould  not  confine  the  collection  to  such  typea  ;  there 
would  be  many  other  objects  illustrating  structure  and 
vegetable  physiology,  which  ahould  find  their  place  in  a 
garden  devoted  to  living  apocimnns  of  planta;  and  there 
uliould  bo  attached  to  it  a  muacnin  similar  to  that  at 
Paris,  and  since  commenced  at  Kew,  and  also  a  horba- 


riuni.  I  remember  a  few  years  ago  calling  your  at- 
tention to  the  subject  of  botanical  gardens,  and  you 
then  stated  your  intention  of  making  some  observations 
on  the  subject.  Dodman. 

Potato  Disease. — As  the  season  is  now  fast  approach- 
ing for  planting  Potatoes,  I  wish  to  state  that  whoever 
thoroughly  drains  Iiis  land,  and  thoroughly,  and  not 
imperfectly,  cultivates  it,  and  plants  early  kinds,  early, 
needs  not  fear  the  disease.  But,  should  he  not  follow 
this  advice,  no  folly  can  surpass  that  of  cutting  off'  the 
haulm,  or  pulling  it  up,  for  that  only  aggravates  the 
complaint,  or  stops  the  sound  part  of  the  crop  from 
growing  farther.  The  cause  of  the  evil  is  not  in  the 
atmosphere,  but  in  the  low  temperature  of  the  soil  ■  raise 
the  heat  of  the  soil,  therefore,  as  I  have  before  directed 
and  follow  my  advice,  and  there  will  be  no  disease  ;  but 
above  all,  as  I  have  already  said,  do  not,  under  any 
circumstances,  commit  the  egregious  folly  of  cutting  off, 
or  puUing  up,  the  haulm  ;  for  you  may  with  as  much 
reason  cut  off  men's  heads  to  cure  them  of  consumption. 
Cold  wet  land  engenders  the  disease  ;  dry  well  drained 
land  bids  defiance  to  it.  The  land  has  not  recovered 
from  the  wet  of  1845.  Geo.  WilJcinSf  Wice.  [We  trust 
that  no  one  will  identify  us  with  all  these  recommenda- 
tions.] 

Weeds  on  Lawns, — Since  my  article  was  written  on 
this  subject,  J  have  had  several  applications  respecting 
the  Daisey-diggr.  In  answer  to  these,  I 
think  that  the  most  efficient  explanation 
I  can  give  is  to  furnish  your  readers  with 
a  representation  of  it.  Any  blacksmith 
can  make  it,  and  I  know  no  one  who 
keeps  it  for  sale.  One  of  the  communica- 
tions made  to  me  states,  that  the  writer  is 
"much  pestered  with  them,''  {i.e.,  Daisies)  ; 
^*  and  had  them  taken  out  with  knives  last 
year,  as  deep  as  he  could  manage ;"  but, 
says  he,  "now  there  are  ten  to  one, 
which  is  evidently  from  the  remaining 
roots,  for  I  may  say  that  not  a  single 
one  was  allowed  to  seed."  I  claim  no  merit 
for  this  simple  invention,  which  I  copied 
from  a  friend,  now  no  more.  But  as  it 
does  not  seem  to  be  generally  known,  I 
have  pleasure  in  sending  you  such  informa- 
tion as  may  enable  others  to  derive 
benefit  from  its  use.  Henry  Bailey,  Nune- 
kam,  Oxfwd. 

The  use  and  pmyoses    of  Ammonia   in 
Vegetable  Economy. — The  importance  of  am- 
monia to  plants  is  almost  universally  acknow- 
ledged, even  by  those  who  demur  to  the 
necessity  of  providing  them  with  an  [artificial  supply  of 
it,  under  the   belief  that  they   derive  as  much  as  their 
healthful  condition  requires,  from  every  shower  of  rain 
that  falls.     But  the  particular  way  in  whieii  it  is  bene- 
ficial to  them,  or  the  special  purpose  which  it  is  intended 
to  serve  in  their  economy,  does  not  appear'to  have  been 
made  the  subject  of  very  exact  or  well  defined  views. 
If  a  general  assertion  might  be  hazarded  on  this  point, 
it  would  be  to  the  effect  that  the   furnishing  a  supply 
of  nitrogen  to  plants  seems  to  be  generally  considered 
the  chief  end  and  purpose  which  ammonia  is  designed 
to  answer.     I   dissent  from    this  view;    inasmuch   as, 
while  all  plants  are  observed  to  have  about  an   equal 
avidity  for  ammonia,  and  to  flourish  and  be  invigorated 
by  a  due  supply  of  it,  whether  through  the  medium  of 
rain,  or  from  other  sQurces,  the  assumed  end  of  this 
universal  predileciion   is  made  to   be  the  obtaining  a 
supply  of  nitrogenous  matter,  which  is  present  in  plants 
in  exceedingly  variable  quantities,  almost  inappreciable 
in  some,  and  chiefly  abounding  in  such  as  form  the  food 
of  man   and   other   animals.       There  is  a  remarkable 
discrepancy  between  the  universal  exigence  of  plants  for 
ammonia  and  their  partial  appropriation  of  nitrogen. 
It  is  too  much  at  variance  with  the  analogies  of  nature 
to    permit   us  to    explain    so  general  a  love  of  their 
healthful  growth  and  condition,  by  so  partial  and  insuffi- 
cient a  result.     The  inadequacy  of  the  nitrogen  appro- 
priated by  plants  to  explain  the  cause  of  their  appetence 
for   ammonia  obliges  us,   then,   to  look   to   the  other 
element  of  which  it  is  composed,  hydrogen,  for  the  true 
solution  of  the  problem  ;    and  I  apprehend  it  is  fully- 
competent   to  afford  it.    The  appetence  of  plants  for 
ammonia  is  not  a  more  general  fact  than   the  existence 
of  hydrogen,    or   hydro-carbonaceous  matter  in  their 
substance  ;    for  where   shall  we   find  a  plant  that  is 
not  inflammable,  or  capable  of  producing   flame  when 
ignited— indicating    the   presence  of   hydrogen   in   its 
substance  ?      And    the    only   source   whence  we  have 
any    proof  that  it  can  be  obtained  is    the    ammonia 
which    plants  imbibe    by  their    roots  ;    inasmuch    as 
there   is   no  evidence   that  they  decompose    water  to 
obtain  a  supply  of  hydrogen.     The    experiments  and 
researches  of  M.  Vilie,  commented  on   in   a  leading 
article  at  p.  739,  are  not  without  an  important  bearing 
on  this  subject.    These  experiments  establish  the  fact, 
that  plants  respire  or  give  out  nitrogen.     From  whence, 
then,  is   this  nitrogen  derived?     Not  from  the  atmo- 
sphere in  a  free  or  uncombined  state,  of  which  there  is 
no  proof;  and  indeed  itis  contrary  to  all  our  experience 
of  natural  operations,  in  which  there  is  nothing  done  in 
vain,  to  suppose  that  plants  inhale  nitrogen  fi'om^  the 
atmosphere  for  the  useless  purpose  of  merely  respiring 
it  again.     It  can  only  come,  then, from  the  ammonia, 
which  plants  imbibe  by  their  roots  ;  and  wo  have  thus 
a  proof  that  there  is  at  least  a  very  material  portion  of 
the  nitrogen  of  the  ammonia  an  absorbed  which  they  do 
not  appropriate,  which  thfyhaveno  use  for,  and  tliero- 
foro  respire  or  reject.     Ou  the  other  band,  again,  there 


no 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICL: 


[Jan.  10, 


is  ntj  uviUeuce  lUat  plauts  respire  or  reject  any  portion 
of  the  hjdrogeu  of  the  ammonia  which  they  absorb  ; 
and  the  reason  must  be  that  they  appropriate  it  entirely: 
they  recjuire  it  all  for  the  fabrication  of  their  own  sub- 
stance, and  huuce  their  avidity  for  the  ammonia  which 
supplies  it.  It  is  hot  for  the  element,  much  of  which  is 
respired  and  rejected,  and  at  best  only  appropriated  in 
limited  quantity  and  in  partial  instances,  but  for  that 
which  is  universally  and  entirely  appropriated,  and  con- 
verted to  structural  use,that  Nature  has  made  ammonia 
so  necessary  to  the  nutrition  and  well-being  of  plants. 
In  fine,  there  is  a  close  analogy  between  the  functions 
and  processes  performed  by  tlie  leaves  and  roots  of 
plants  in  building  up  their  substance  from  the  products 
of  animal  respiration  and  the  decomposition  of  animal 
refuse.  As  carbonic, acid,  derived  from  the  first  source, 
is  absorbed  by  their  leaves,  the  carbon  retained  and  the 
oxygen  respired ;  so  ammonia,  resulting  from  the 
second,  is  absorbed  by  the  roots,  and  the  hydrogen 
retained  and  the  nitrogen  respired,  except  so  much 
as  the  peculiar  organisation  and  wants  of  particular 
plants  may  enable  them  to  appi'opriate  and  utilise. 
The  carbon  and  hydrogen  unite  and  go  to  form 
the  substance  of  the  plant ;  and  the  oxygen  and 
nitrogen  are  restored  tothe  afmosphere.  As  we  justly 
regard  the  carbon  and  not  the  oxygen  as  the  essential 
element  of  vegetable  nutrition  in  the  one  process,  bo  I 
think  we  are  equally  entitled  to  regard  the  hydrogen, 
and  not  t!ie  nitro!j;en,  as  the  essential  element  in  the 
other.  J.  H.  U.,  Edlnhurgli. 

Po-opagation  of  Eels. — The  eel,  like  the  viper  question, 
is  a  very  curious  instance  of  the  firmness  with  which 
many  popular  opinions  ore  maintained,  although  when 
the  grounds  of  them  are  examined,  no  satisfactory  proof 
of  their  truth  can  be  produced.  In^this  view,  I  think 
the  discussion  of  both  these  points  in  your  paper  has 
been  very  useful — not  merely  as  an  inquiry  into  two 
very  curious  and  interesting  points  of  natural  history, 
but  as  a  caution  to  distuiguish  between  facts  and  appear- 
ances ;  in  short,  as  instruction  in  that  most  useful  lesson, 
"how  to  observe:" — the  event  of  which  leaves  us  still 
in  the  dark  respecting  a  more  interesting  animal — 
that  which  was  supposed  to  be  a  sea-serpent.  With 
respect  to  the  eel,  I  believe  the  first  person  who  treated 
the  subject  scientifically  was  Sir  H.  Davy;  who  has,  I 
believe,  exhausted  it,  as  far  as  negative  proof  goes.  For 
those  who  hold  that  eels  are  ever  bred  in  fresh  water, 
they  ought  to  be  able  to  prove — 1st,  that  eels  are  ever 
found  there  in  spawn~2nd,  that  such  spawn  has  ever 
been  hatched  there.  It  is  no  proof  to  say  that  small 
eels  have  been  found  in  ponds  having  no  communication 
with  rivers — the  proof  required  is  "  ab  ovo."  There  is 
also  room  for  inquiry  into  a  rather  curious  subject,  and 
that  is — do  eels,  after  having  gone  to  the  sea  for  spawn- 
ing, ever   return  to  fresh  water?  t. "  T.  G."  asks 

whether  I  have  caught  eels  the  size  of  crow's  quill.  AVe 
have  caught  them  the  size  of  a  common  tobacco-pipe, 
and  from  3  to  4  inches  in  length.  Our  surplus  water 
flows  indirectly  into  he  river  Nene,  from  our  sluice.  It 
supplies  some  stews  where  we  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
keeping  reserve  fish  ;  and,  passing  over  several  water- 
falls, it  enters  a  ditch,  which  is  about  3  quarters  of  a  mile 
long,  and  then  reaches  the  river  I  have  just  named.  The 
greatest  take  of  eels  I  have  had,  was  on  the  23d  of 
December  ;  but  the  time  of  year  is  of  little  consequence 
with  us,  provided  the  water  is  thick  and  muddy,  and  the 
weather  rather  wai'm,  which,  of  course,  only  occurs 
during  very  heavy  rains.  If  I  were,  to  draw  all  the  water 
out  of  the  pond  in  a  clear  state,  1  should  not  catch  a  fish. 
The  variety  is  the  siiver  eel.  Our  pond  is  upwards  of 
50  miles  from  where  the  river  Nene  flows  into  the  sea  ; 
therefore,  how  is  it  that  those  little  eels  had  got  no 
larger  during  their  long  journey,  interrupted  as  it  is  by 
nunaerous  and  almost  insurmountable  obstacles,  before 
they  could  reach  the  little  ditch  3  quarters  of  a  mile 
long,  that  would  conduct  them  to  our  pond  I  And,  last 
of  all,  after  this  long  and  tedious  journey,  within  100 
yards  of  their  destination,  they  would  have  to  climb  four 
waterfalls  and  a  perpendicular  sluice  board.  It  appears 
to  me  that  they  should  have  grown  much  larger  than  a 
common  tnbacco-pipe,  and  longer  than  from  3  to  4 
indies  during  that  time  ;  but  I  will  leave  this  point  for 
"  T.  G."  to  explain.  The  "  Naturalist's  Library," 
Vol.  II,,  p.  258,  speaking  of  the  silver  eel,  says,  that  it 
abounds  throughout  Europe,  except  in  the  Arctic  re- 
gions, and  is,  strictly  speaking,  a  fresh  water  fish  ;  can 
subsist  permanently  in  fresh  water,  and,  there  can  be 
little  doubt,  breeds  best  there.  G  H.,  Finedon  Hall. 

Koordiah  Method  of  Blanching  and  Hardening  Honey. 
—This  should  always  be  done  in  winter,  when  the  wea- 
ther is  frosty.  Put  60  or  70  lbs.  of  honey,  with  the 
comb,  in  a  cauldron,  over  a  slow  fire  ;  stir  in  about  a 
pint  of  cold  water,  and  let  the  whole  simmer,  but  not 
boil,  until  the  wax  be  quite  dissolved,  when  remove  from 
the  fire.  Skim  off  the  wax  and  impurities,  and  strain 
through  a  fine  sieve.  Then  pour  the  honey  into  a  con- 
venient vessel,  and  whip  it  for  an  hour  or  so  each  d;iy 
for  a  fortuiglit,  keeping  in  a  cold  place.  If  the  operation 
of  whipping  be  continued  for  a  longer  period,  so  much 
the  better,  as  the  honey  will  be  harder  and  whiter.  The 
honey  that  is  impo'-ted  from  Bitlis  to  Erzeroom  in  winter 
is  so  hard  aa  to  offer  some  resistance  to  a  knife.  It  is 
more  manageable  to  eat  in  this  form  than  iu  its  usual 
liquid  state,  and  is  much  more  convenient  for  transport. 
Never  having  seen  this  prepared  honey  in  summer,  I  am 
unable  to  say  whether  it  will  remain  solid  throughout 
the  hot  weather,  but  will  certainly  last  so  dui-ing  the 
winter,  if  kept  in  a  cool  place.  B.  H.  C,  Erzeroom° 

Bucket  Ropes  for  Wells.— \  suffer  from  the  serious 
misfortune  of  a  well  325  feet  deep.     It  is  worked  by  two  ' 


buckets,  and  a  chain,  which,  from  its  great  length,  is 
necessarily  very  heavy.  Would  a  wire  rope  (galvanised) 
answer  ?  This,  I  presume,  might  be  tight,  and  thin  ;  it 
would  have  to  carry,  at  each  end,  a  strong  and  heavy 
bucket,  holding  12  gallons.  The  rope  would  have  to 
work  over,  and,  I  presume,  once  quite  round,  a  wheel 
only  14  inches  in  diameter.  Would  any  of  yonr 
correspondents  have  the  charity  to  give  the  result  of 
any  actual  experience  of  light  wire  rope  ;  such  would  be 
of  value,  probably  to  others,  as  well  as  to  myself.  G.R.I). 
Rain. — The  quantity  which  fell  here  in  the  past  year 
is  as  follows  : — 


Inthes. 

Incliep. 

Janu.iry     ... 

2.06 

Augu.?t 

2.08 

Ft'bruaiy  ... 

0.80 

SeiJteuiber 

0.27 

March       ... 

4.3-1 

October     ... 

3.00 

April 

2.U 

November 

1.32 

May 

OOS 

December 

0  84 

June 

0  09 

Jnly 

1.92 

19.91 

Ilcnry  JDixooi,  Dorwards  Eall^   WiiJiam,   Essex,  Jan.  5. 

Bow  io  Crop  a  Small  Kitchen  Garden. — The  following 
is  the  plan  I  pursue  in  growing  Strawberries,  so  as  to 
obtain  a  great  weight  of  fruit  of  the  finest  quality,  and 
at  the  same  time  economise  space.  I  divide  a  south 
border  into  six  equal  parts,  and  plant  one  part  every 
year.  After  they  have  borne  three  years  they  are 
destroyed,  and  the  ground  is  cropped  with  vegetables. 
Tims  the  parts  come  in  regular  succession,  three  years 
SU'awberries — three  years  vegetables.  I  well  manure 
with  well  rotted  dung,  and  trench  two  spades  deep  about 
the  beginning  of  August,  and  plant  15  inches  apart 
each  way  the  following  year.  After  they  have  done 
bearing  I  take  out  every  alternate  row,  and  fork  in  a 
little  well  rotted  dung,  and  plant  a  row  of  Endive. 
After  they  have  borne  the  next  season  I  take  out  every 
alternate  plant,  and  again  crop  with  Endive.  After 
bearing  the  following  year  they  are  destroyed.  Thus  it 
will  be  seen  that  1  have  one  part  of  ray  border  under 
Strawberries  15  inches  apart ;  another  part,  30  inches 
row  fi'om  row,  and  15  inches  plant  from  plant  in  the 
rows  ;  a  third  part  30  inches  apart  each  way,  and  three 
parts  under  vegetables.  I  keep  all  runners  cut  away 
fiexcept  what  I  require  for  new  plantations),  and  all 
dead  leaves,  but  no  more.  As  many  of  your  readers, 
however,  may  not  possess  sufficient  border,  so  as  to  keep 
up  a  supply,  to  such  I  would  recommend  the  follow- 
ing plan.  Mark  out  one  or  more  beds  6  feet  wide 
(ranging  east  and  west)  ;  put  on  some  well  rotted  dung 
and  dig  them  ;  let  the  alleys  he  18  inches  wide  ;  take 
out  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  1  foot,  and  place  it  on  the 
beds,  observing  to  raise  the  north  side  8  inches  higlier 
than  the  south,  to  go  down  with  a  regular  slope,  plant 
at  the  same  distances,  and  manage  in  the  same  way  as 
recommended  above.  /.  Sleel,  ClUhcroc. 

The  Wenther. — The  mean  temperature  of  December 
has  been  nearly  2°  above  the  average  of  the  last  nine 
years.  The  most  remarkable  features  of  the  past  month 
have  been  the  continued  drought  and  the  absence  of 
any  gales  from  the  westward,  which  usually  occur 
when  the  temperature  of  the  month  exceeds  the  average. 
Upon  reference  to  the  records  of  the  fall  of  rain  since 
the  year  1727,  it  has  frequently  occurred  that  when 
November  has  been  very  dry,  December  has  been  wet, 
and  vice  versd  ;  but  the  following  are  the  only  instances 
of  continued  di'ought,  during  the  consecutive  montlis  of 
November  and  December,  throughout  this  long  period. 
Fall  of  Rain  in  Inches. 
1756,   1762.   1767.    1783.   1812.  1829.   ISM. 

N-cvember 97       .92       .92       .45       .18       .63      .81 

December 94       .23       .40       .89       .77       .66      .60 


1.91  1.15  1.32  1.34  .96  1.29  1.81 
January  1763  and  1813  were  also  very  dry  months  ; 
and,  if  from  the  records  of  the  past,  we  may  be  allowed 
to  judge  of  the  future,  the  drought  may  continue 
throughout  January,  1852.  The  scarcity  of  water  in 
this  district  has  now  become  a  very  serious  incon- 
venience, not  only  to  the  farmers  and  millers,  but  the 
supply  for  domestic  purposes  is  very  scanty,  and 
in  some  of  the  adjoining  villages  it  can  only  be 
purchased  by  the  pailful,  It  is  a  very  interesting 
subject  for  enquiry,  why  the  scarcity  of  water  should 
be  greater  in  1851  than  in  1847,  for  not  only  was  the 
latter  year  the  driest  in  the  present  century,  but  the  fall 
of  rain  in  each  of  the  years  1844, 1 845, 1846,  was  beloiv; 
and  in  the  years  1848, 1849, 1850,  w^s  above  the  average 
of  the  last  nine  years,  more  particularly  in  1848,  when 
the  quantity  of  rain  was  more  than  double  the  amount 
whichfell  in  1847.— Thefall  of  rain  inl847was,17.58in. ; 
in  1851,  24.36  in.  ;  the  average  of  9  years  being,  26.86  in. 
C.  Leeson  Prince,  UcJcJield,  Sussex,  Jan.  5. 

Ice  StacJcs. — Among  the  papers  which  have  recently 
appeared  on  this  mode  of  staclcing  ice,  I  consider  that 
by  j\lr.  Ingram  the  most  rational.  My  own  experience 
in  the  matter  is  this  :  1  began  it  several  years  ago,  with 
a  view  to  supplement  the  contents  of  our  old  ice-house, 
which  is,  as  most  old  ice-houses  are,  a,  deep  well  the 
shape  of  an  inverted  cone,  and  provided  with  space 
enough  to  receive  about  45  or  50  cart  loads  of  ice 
Previous  to  commeucing  the  stacking  system,  I  had 
never  seen  one  made  ;  but  there  being  in  the  vicinity  of 
our  ice-house,  a  deepish  "  gill  "  of  broken  ground  ter- 
minating in  a  point,  I  set  some  men  to  work  to  widen  a 
portion  at  the  point  and  raise  a  bank  or  darn  across, 
with  the  earth  they  removed,  and  thus  formed  a  sort  of 
irregular  parabolic  shaped  hole,  not  very  deep,  into 
which  I  put  70  cart  loads  of  ice,  when  the  frost  came, 
pounding  it  well,  and  raising  it  above  the  surface  in  the 
shape  of  a  blunt-pointed  irregular  cone.  This  was 
covered  over  about  a  foot  thiclc,  perhaps  a  little  more, 
with  litter — any  litter  we  happened  to  htive,  old  thatch 
frequently  from  the  barn-yard.     We  have  followed  this 


process  annually  ever  since  we  began  it.  Vvhen  it  was  firs* 
done,  all  my  hands  opined  it  might  last  till  Midsummer. 
Tlie  result  was  that  it  held  out  till  well  into  Septemberj 
although  attacked  daily  without  much  delicacy.  One 
season,  owhig  to  the  absence  of  the  family,  very  httlewas 
wanted  ;  the  old  ice-house,  though  well  filled,  was  never 
opened  at  all,  and  on  the  appioach  of  winter  I  sent 
some  men  to  clear  out  both,  preparatory  to  refilling. 
There  was  found  about  an  equal  quantity  of  ice  (about 
a  good  wdieelbarrowful)  in  each.  My  stack  or  pile  has 
uo  artificial  imderdrainage  whatever,  but  is  laid  on  the 
earth  bottom,  and  the  meltings  soak  oft'  as  they  best 
can.  The  situation  is  partially  shaded  with  large  trees. 
Before  concluding,  allow  me  to  say  that  were  I  to 
construct  a  new  ice-house,  I  would  by  no  means  adopt 
the  deep  well  plan.  I  remember  reading  in  your  pages 
a  description  of  a  Chinese  ice-house  sent  home  by  Mr. 
Fortune,  the  principle  of  which  1  much  approved,  and 
which,  with  perhaps  some  modification,  might  be 
advantageously  adopted  in  England.  After  all,  one 
grand  advantage  in  keeping  ice  is,  to  get  it  pure,  and  to 
put  plenty  of  it  together.  Quercus 

BUmlsfor  Glass  Bouses. — Your  late  leading  article  on 
"  the  burning  of  Vine-leaves,  &c.,"  was  admir,aljle,^  as 
also  your  remarks  concerning  the  covering  for  Vineries. 
Perhaps  you  will  allow  me  to  trouble  you  with  a  few 
remarks  on  that  subject.  The  plan  I  have  adopted  for 
the  last  three  years  for  covering  my  greenhouses,  con- 
servatories, forcing-pits,  and  cold-pits,  is  this  : — I  have 
had  a  canvas  covering  made  the  size  of  the  roof,  which 
is  dressed  over  with  a  composition  of  boiled  oil  and 
litharge  (one  covering  was  dressed  with  boiled  oil, 
litharge,  and  yellow  ochre)  ;  but  the  first  composition  is 
tlie  best,  I  find,  because  it  is  more  transparent ;  this  is 
nailed  on  to  the  rafters,  as  close  as  possible  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  roof  ;  the  other  end  of  the  canvas  is  nailed 
on  to  a  roller,  which  rests  on  the  lower  ends  of  the 
r.afters,  and  is  kept  in  its  proper  place  by  two  hooked 
irons  fixed  to  the  rafters.  At  one  end  of  the  roller  is  a 
wheel  fixed,  the  outside  diameter  about  14  inches,  with 
a  groove  for  the  cord  to  run  in,  about  1  ^  inch  wide  and 
the  same  in  depth ;  there  is  an  iron  pulley  fixed  in  the 
wall  above  the  roof,  exactly  iu  a  straight  line  with  the 
wheel,  and  about  6  inches  above  the  roof  ;  the  cord  is 
fixed  into  the  groove  of  the  wheel  by  a  nail,  just  slipped 
through  the  pulley  on  the  top  ;  and  thus  the  roller,  with 
the  covering  attached,  is  drawn  up  and  down  with  the 
greatest  ease.  To  prevent  the  wind  from  lifting  it  up, 
I  have  two  or  three  brass  knobs  fastened  into  tlie  sides 
of  the  roof,  about  4  feet  ap.art,  and  a  corresponding 
strip  of  leather  sew^ed  on  to  the  covering,  with  a  button- 
hole to  each.  Supposing  the  roof  to  be  too  high  to 
reach  from  the  ground,  to  button  these  strips,  you  have 
merely  to  use  a  short  ladder.  I  have  found  these 
coverings  to  answer  admirably,  and  without  any  trouble. 
When  you  wish  to  remove  them  in  the  spring,  you  have 
only  to  draw  out  the  nails  which  attach  the  covering  to 
the  rafters.  I  ought  to  h.ave  said,  that  when  the  cover- 
ing is  let  down,  the  roller,  as  a  matter  of  course,  rests 
on  the  irons  at  the  bottom  of  the  roof.  I  use  the  same 
sort  of  rollers  and  the  thinnest  calico  for  shailing 
tlie  conservatories,  &.C.,  in  summer.  The  upright 
fronts  and  sides  of  the  houses  are  so  easily  covered 
up,  that  it  is  not  worth  naming.  I  am  a  bad 
hand  at  describing  a  thing  of  this  kind,  but  I  hope 
you  will  be  able  to  understand  it;  and  unless  any 
other  correspondent  can  recommend  anything  more 
simple  and  better,  I  strongly  advise  a  trial  of  this  plan. 
I  remember  reading  somewhere,  that  Sir  William 
Burnett  had  patented  some  composition  for  preserving 
canvass,  &c.,  from  damp  and  mildew,  and  that  a  trial 
had  been  made  with  it  on  some  sails  belonging  to  the 
Navy.  The  sails  were  dipped  in  the  composition,  and 
were  afterwards  placed  in  some  damp  vaults  (I  think  of 
Somerset  House),  together  with  some  other  sails  that 
were  not  dipped.  There  they  remained  some  consider- 
able time,  and  when  taken  out,  the  undipped  sails  were 
quite  rotten,  but  the  others  were  quite  sound  and  un- 
injured, and  were  afterwards  usedin  the  Navy.  Could 
you  uifoi-m  me  wdiere  this  composition  is  to  be  obtained  ? 
I  fancy  it  is  the  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc.  J.  W., 
South  Pcrrolt,  near  Crewherne.  [It  is  what  you  suppose ; 
and  may  be  had  of  any  dealers  in  such  articles.^ 

Entomological,  Jam.  5. — J.  O.WESTW00D,Esq.,F.L,S. 
President,  in  the  chair.  Donations  of  lintomologica 
works  from  the  Natural  History  Societies  of  Moscow 
Munich,  Professors  Bohemann,  Roth,  and  Gemminger 
&.C.,  were  announced.  Mr.  A.White  exhibited  a  specimen 
of  Anarla  Richardson!,  of  Curtis,  a  motli  brought  from 
Baffin's  Bay  by  Mr.  Ede  ;  and,  also,  a  variety  of  rare 
Coleoptera  and  Lepidoptera  collected  in  Borneo  by  Mr. 
Low,  intended  for  the  Society's  collection  ;  many  of 
the  species  being  identical  with  those  of  Tenasserim 
Coast  and  Assam.  These  exhibitions  led  to  an  extended 
discussion  on  the  geographical  range  of  insects,  in  which 
Messrs.  White,  Curtis,  J.  E.  Gray,  and  the  President 
took  part.  Mr.  S.  Stevens  exhibited  a  beautiful  variety 
of  Argynnis  Paphia,  taken  at  Darenth  Wood  ;  tue  upper 
surface  of  the  wings  of  which  was  almost  suft'used  with 
black.  Mr.  Curtis  exhibited  a  beautiful  species  ol  Cicadaj 
which  he  believed  to  be  a  native  of  Central  America, 
but  which  he  had  captured  alive  in  one  of  the  hothouses 
at  the  Horticultural  Society's  gardens  at  Chiswiek,  in 
August  last,  where  it  had  probably  been  imported  with 
American  plants  ;  also,  the  nest  of  Kpeira  zebrata, 
a  beautiful  species  of  spider,  which  he  had  taken  at 
Nice,  in  spring.  It  was  globular,  and  about  an  inch  in 
diameter;  but  M.    Guerin  had  informed  him  that  it 


2— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


23 


was  sometimes  tliree  times  that  size.  He  lilvewise 
read  extracts  from  the  appeii'lix  to  Ross's  Voyage, 
relative  to  the  repeated  freezing  of  caterpillars 
of  Laria  Rossii,  alluded  to  at  tlie  last  meeting ; 
also  an  extract  from  the  Gardener's  Chronicle,  on 
the  destrnction  of  earwigs  by  the  devil's  coach-horse 
(Staphylinus  olens,  Linn).  He  also  suggested  that  a 
species  of  Culex,  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Evans  at  a  former 
meeting,  as  very  obnoxious  in  North  America  from  its 
bites,  was  identical  with  C.  Caspius,  which  so  greatly 
annoyed  tlie  persons  forming  Ross's  expedition  in  1030. 
He  also  e.xpressed  a  doubt  whether  Butalis  cerealella, 
a  small  moth  which  injures  the  corn  crops  in  France, 
sometimes  to  the  amount  of  40,  or  even  75,  per  cent.,  is 
a  native  of  this  country,  as  had  been  alleged  by 
Mr.  Douglas.  Mr.  Spence  read  an  extract  from  a 
letter  from  Mr.  Thwaites,  now  at  Ceylon,  stating, 
among  other  things,  his  belief  that  the  two  kmds 
of  workers  in  the  nests  of  the  white  ants  do  not 
undergo  any  further  development.  He  had  recently 
given  a  lecture  on  entomology  to  a  mixed  assembly  in 
Ceylon.  Mr.  Douglas  re.ad  tlie  completion  of  his 
memoir  on  Gelechia,  a  genus  of  Miero-lepidoptera, 
■which  contained  descriptions  of  99  British  species.  The 
president  read  an  extract  from  a  letter  from  Brigadier 
Hearsey,  at  Wnzeerabad,  giving  an  account  of  the  com- 
plete destruction  of  plants  of  several  American  species 
of  CEnothera,  which  lie  had  for  the  first  time  grown  in 
India,  by  ablue  beetle  of  the  genus  Galeruca,wliich  attacked 
it  in  myriads,  which  Mr.  W.  W.  .Saunders  stated  he  had 
also  met  with  in  like  swarms  iu  a  paddy  field  near  Calcutta. 
The  circumstance  of  these  insects  tlius  attacldng  a  plant 
entirely  new  to  the  country  was  commented  upon,  and 
Ml-.  Douglas  stated  the  somewhat  similar  fact,  that  a 
plant  of  Buddlea  globosa  in  this  country  had  been 
destroyed  by  the  caterpiUars  of  Cucullia  Verbasci. 
The  President  also  read  a  note  from  Albert  Way,  Esq., 
F.A.S.,  giving  an  account  of  the  development  of  great 
numbers  of  Obrium  minutum  in  the  twigs  of  a  wicker 
basket.  A  similar  fact  had  been  also  noticed,  both  by 
Mr.  S.  Stevens  and  Mr.  J.  E.  Gray.  Mr.  F.  Smitii 
tad  repeatedly  reared  the  insect  from  dried  bramble 
sticlcs,  and  Mr.  Stephens  had  taken  it  at  large  near 
Ripley  ;  thus  confirmmg  its  claim  to  be  considered  a 
British  species,  which  Mr.  Curtis  had  been  induced  to 
doubt,  riie  first  part  of  the  '••  Insecta  Britannica" 
containing  a  portion  of  the  Diptera,  described  by  Mr. 
Walker,  was  placed  upon  the  table. 
.  130TAX1CAL,  OP  London,  N'jv.  o.— A.  Henfrey,  Esq., 
m  the  chair.  Vanous  donations  were  announced.  The 
Chairman  e.xliibited  German  specimens  of  Equisetum 
inundatam  (Lasch),  considered  by  German  botanists  as 
a  hybrnl  between  E.  limosuin  and  E.  arvense.  Mr.  J. 
T.  Syme  read  a  notice  of  Sparganium  nataus  (L  Fr.)' 
which  he  considered  distinct  from  S.  muiium,  "  Banh  " 
ir.,  the  plant  commonly  called  by  the  former  name. 
He  remarked  tliat  Mr.  Babington's  descriptions  of  tliese 
tn-9  plants, in  the  third  edition  of  tlie  "Manual  of  British 
iiotany,"  p„mted  out  the  distinctive  characters  of  each 
so  clearly  tliat  tliere  was  nothing  of  importance  left  to 
notice.  He  stated  that  he  bad  seen  the  plant  growin<'  in 
several  places  m  Braemar,  in  tlie  Loch  of  Drum,  Aljer- 
deenslnre,and  near  the Spittal  of  Glenshee.in  Perthshire; 
^  had  also  seen  specimens,  collected  by  Mr.  H.  C. 
Watson,  in  Inverness-shire,  and  on  Purbright-common, 
burrey ;  and  some  dated  1808,  which  had  been  gathered 
by  the  Rev.  D.  Fleming,  in  Featholand  Lake,  North 
Mavine,  m  the  mainland  of  Zetland.  Mr.  Syme  pre- 
sented a  set  of  specimens  of  the  plant  to  the  herbarium 
01  the  Society. 

^otires  of  ^oofes* 

A  Realise  on  Investments;  heing  a  popular  exposition 
qf  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  each  kind  of 
mvestment,  and  ofi(s  liahility  to  depreciation  and  loss. 
By  Robert  Aithur  Ward,  Solicitor.  Wilson,  12mo, 
pp.  17G.  'J 

TuE  object  of  tliis  little  work  is,  in  the  words  of 
the  mtroduction,  «to  give  to  capitalistssuch  information 
01  the  advaritaj,'es  and  disadvantages  of  each  kind  of 
invcatinent,  as  will  enable  them  to  place  out  their  money 
m  the  manncT  they  may  deem  most  desirable.  Many 
persons  prefer  eccurity  of  capital  to  a  largo  annual 
retuni  for  their  investment ;  to  such,  the  following 
pages  will.  It  IS  hoped,  show  what  kind  of  investment 
they  miwtBeek,  and  what  avoid:  with  others,  the  chief 
Object  18  the  power  of  turning  their  investment  into 
cash  w.rhout  delay  ;  this  work  is  intended  to  show  them 
Where  U*  place  their  capital :  others,  again,  may  desire 
to  invent  their  money,  so  as  Uy  return  a  greater  annual 
rate  oi  intt-rcfit  tlian  that  UBuuily  nai.l  on  fii-st-ratc 
Bccurities  witbout  wishing  to  enU-r  into  wild  speculations  ; 
to  8uch,  the«e  pages  will,  it  is  hoped,  convey  an  idea  of 
thc_ risks  to  winch  all  inveBtments  offering  a  large  rate 
of  interest  are  subject." 

The  first  cliapter  treats  of  investments  generally 
and  cfintams  some  good  remarks  upon  the  value  of 
gecuntifcs  and  the  circumstances  upon  which  it  d.-pcnds. 
The  Hecotid  cl.ap  ep  «  on  the  purchase  of  property"  is 
divided  into  seven  sections,  lica^led  respectively,  "of 
persfjiiH  iiicapubk  of  purchasing  ;  of  conditions  of  snlo  ; 
of  purebanes  by  private  contract  ;  on  the  liability  of 
an  invcBtinrnt  in  land  to  loss  or  depreciation,  and  tlie 
protection  affoi-dc-d  by  covenants  for  tiile  ;  on  the  rate 
of  interuht  obuiiicd  by  inveflitng  in  the  piirclpMo  of  land 
or  houHes;  on  the  facility  with  which  an  invesiTnent 
in  the  purchase  of  land  can  be  turned  into  money, 
and  on  the  facility  with  whieli  rent  can  bo  recovered." 
Xhitt  cliapter  and  the  next,  "On  investing  in  the  pur- 


chase of  copyhold  property,'*  are  useful  and  carefully 
written.  The  author  might,  perhaps,  without  lessening 
their  value,  have  omitted  certain  portions  not  very  in- 
teresting to  the  public  at  large,  and  well  known  to  every 
professional  pex'son,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  remarks 
upon  aliens  and  others, and  the  opinions  of  legal  writers 
upon  the  propriety  of  having  but  one  solicitor,  the  agent 
as  well  of  the  seller  as  of  the  purchasei',  in  a  sale  of 
land.  The  remarks  on  the  expenses  attending  a  transfer 
of  land,  though  short,  are  especially  worthy  of  atten- 
tion. The  succeeding  chapters  on  "Life  Estates,  Re- 
versionary Interests,  Leasehold  Property,  Ground  Rents, 
Lordships  of  Manors,  Tithes,  Advowsons,  and  next  Pre- 
sentations, and  Redemption  of  Land-tax,"  are  short 
and  to  the  point,  and  that  on  advowsons  and  next 
presentations  will  be  found  to  convey  correct  infor- 
mation upon  a  subject  of  considerable  interest  to  a 
large  portion  of  the  community. 

In  that  portion  oi  tlie  work  before  us  which  treats  of 
partnerships,  joint-stoclc  undertakings,  stocks,  and 
public  funds,  the  author  is  at  times  too  short,  and  at 
times  too  long  for  those  who  desire  general  information 
only  ;  if  he  had  here,  as  in  other  places,  confined  him- 
self to  general  and  important  facts,  and  had  omitted  the 
"cases"  introduced,  he  would  have  rendered  his  work 
more  readable,  and  would  have  omitted  nothing  of 
public  interest.  The  first  part  of  the  work  is  ended  by 
a  chapter  ''^ou  mortgages,"  and  one  "on  judgment 
bonds  and  other  inferior  securities,"  both  of  which  we 
recommend  to  the  attention  of  our  readers. 

The  second  part  of  the  work  contains  some  direc- 
tions for  ascertaining  the  money  value  of  certain  secu- 
rities, and,  being  furnished  with  tables,  the  use  of  which 
is  explained,  will  be  by  some  considered  as  the  most 
valuable  part  of  the  whole. 


To  the  author  of  Domestic  Medicine  and  HoitseJiold 
Surgery  (Groombridge)  we  would  say  that  a  man  may 
as  well  be  his  own  lawyer  as  his  own  doctor;  the  chances 
are  that,  if  he  is  either  one  or  the  other,  he  will  dearly 
rue  it.  We  are  bound,  however,  to  add  that  this  work  of 
Dr.  Thomson's  does  all  that  it  is  safe  to  do  in  such 
works  ;  and  if  used  for  reference,  and  not  for  practice, 
deserves  the  public  favour. 


Sinclaw's  Beauties  of  Nature  (Houlston  and  Stone- 
man),  a  poem,  is  intended  by  the  author  to  "  introduce 
a  new  era  in  the  art  of  landscape  gardening."  We 
cannot  but  distrust  the  judgment  of  one  who  spends  his 
time  so  unprofitably  as  the  author  of  this  most  imliappy 
attempt  at  winning  fame. 

FLORICULTURE. 

Roses  for,  Exhibition,  in  a  Cut  State,  in  June  or 
July. —The  following  descriptive  list  of  Roses  has  been 
recommended  for  this  purpose  by  the  several  eminent 
growers  whose  names  will  be  found  attaclied  to  them. 
They  are  intended  to  be  shown  in  collections  ou  single 
stems,  and  on  boards,  as  used  for  the  exhibition  of 
Dahlias.  Provins  Jioses. — Adrienne  de  Cardoville : 
Dark  rose,  fine  and  distinct,  large  and  full — Paul. 
Cabbage,  or  Common  :  Rose,  globular,  large  and 
good — Lane.  Royal  :  Blush,  globular  and  large, 
very  fine — Lane.  Superb  Striped  Unique  :  White, 
with  crimson  stripes  ;  constant — Bircham.  The  Roses 
of  this  class  are  popular  for  their  fine  globular  forms 
and  delicious  fragrance :  to  grow  them  iu  the  highest  state 
of  beauty  they  should  have  a  rich  soil  and  be  pruned 
tolerably  close — Paul.  Hybrid  Provins. — Blanchflem*  : 
Delicate  creamy  or  pinkish  white — an  old  but  most 
desirable  Rose,  always  beautiful — Rivers ;  French  white, 
perfect  form — Wilkinson.  Coratesse  de  Segur  :  Pale 
fiesh,  finely  cupped — Appleby  ;  pale  flesh,  singularly 
perfect  and  beautiful  in  shape — Rivers  ;  creamy  white, 
buff  centre,  of  exquisite  shape — Wood.  La  Volupte  : 
Crimson  often  veined  with  red,  fine  form  — Bircham  ; 
bright  rose,  petals  exquisitely  arranged,  large  and  full — 
Paul.  Pashot :  Light  crimson,  a  superb  rose — Bircham. 
Princess  Clementine  :  Pure  white,  large  and  fine — 
Appleby  ;  pure  white,  one  of  the  finest  Roses — Bircliam; 
pure  white,  large  and  perfect — Wilkinson  ;  pure  white, 
perliaps  one  of  t\ie  finest  white  Roses — Wood.  Rose 
Devigne  :  Delicate  pink,  finely  shaped  and  always  beau- 
tiful— Rivers.  This  class  is  intermediate  between  the 
Provins  and  French  ((tallica)  Roses,  and  will  thrive 
mider  ordinary  cultivation.  They  should  be  pruned 
rather  freely -Wood.  Moss  Poses. — Celiua  :  Brightest 
crimson — Foster.  Crested  :  Rose,  fringed — Foster  ; 
bright  rose,  beautiful  crested  buds  —  Francis;  large, 
with  beautiful  [crested  buds— Lane  ;  buds  curiously 
fringed — Wilkinson.  Laneii  :  Beautiful  shaded  car- 
mine, cupped,  ai'ge,  and  double — Lane.  Pi'incesse 
Royale  ;  Rosy  blusii,  large  and  double,  a  really 
fine  Rose — Wood.  Moss  Roses,  like  the  Provins, 
require  high  cultivation,  and  their  increased  beauty 
amply  repays  whatever  additional  attention  tliey  may 
receive — Paul.  French  or  Oallica.—  \iou\a.cie  Naiiteuil : 
CriniHon  purple,  very  large — Appleby  ;  crimson  purple, 
a  splendid  old  rose — Bircham  ;  dark  purple  crinisun, 
large  :  quite  the  finest  of  dark  summer  Roses — Curtis  ; 
K'irge  purplisli  crimson,  superb— Francis  j  a  large 
double  and  very  fine  rose — Jtivers  ;  quite  the 
finest  of  dark  summer  Roses  —  Wilkinson  ;  one 
of  our  finest  uliow  Roses — Wood.  Cynthie  :  Pale 
roue,  light  m.'irgin,  boaulifni  form — Bircham  ;  lilac 
bluhli,  vi-ry  buautiful  in  sliuju; — Liinc.  D'AgncBHCHu  ; 
Ci'iniHon,  finely  ^h  ped,  and  beautiful — Bircham  ;  bril- 
liant eriniHon,  finely /.li:ipt;d,  and  beautiful  — Rivers ;  a 
first-rate  show  ^(o^o — Wood.  Gloiro  do  Colnmr  :  Rich 
velvety  crinihou,  sbadcd,  one  of  the  fiaobt  show  Roues- 


Wood.  Grandissuua  :  light  crimson,  brilliant,  a  supe- 
rior show  Rose— Bircham  ;  purplish  rose,  superb,  very 
largeand  full— Paul.  Kean  (alias  Shakspeare  with  some)  : 

Scarlet  crimson,  sometimes  tmged  with  purple,  fine 

Bircham;briniantscarlet—Francis;shaded deep  crimson, 
quite  superb — Lane  ;  rich  velvety  purple,  centre  scarlet, 
beautiful,  large,  and  full— Paul  ;  scarlet- crimson,  an 
old  and  justly  esteemed  variety— Rivers;  dark  scarlet 
crimson,  superb— Wilkinson  ;  briUiant  crimson,  perfect 
shape,  a  very  splendid  Rose  —  Wood.  Latour 
d'Auvergne  :  Rosy  crimson,  often  purplish,  centre 
vivid,  superb,  large,  and  full  —  Paul ;  crimson, 
large,  and  very  beautiful — Rivers.  La  Circassienne  : 
Deep  pink,  distinct,  aud  beautiful — Bircham.  Letitia  : 
Veined  deep  rose,  perfect  —  Appleby  ;  superb 
dark  rose,  veined — Francis  ;  mottled  crimson,  very 
beautiful — Lane  ;  rose,  often  veined  with  red,  pei-fect 
in  shape  —  Rivers.  Marjolin  :  Slate,  very  large  and 
distinct — Bircham.  Mazeppa  :  Bright  red,  edged  and 
marbled  with  white,  a  superb  Rose  —  Wood.  Ohl : 
Dark  crimson  and  scarlet  shaded,  large  and  very  double 
— Paul  ;  deep  inch  crimson,  one  of  the  finest  Roses  in 
this  group  —  Rivers;  deep  rich  crimson — Wilkinson. 
Randolph  :  Lively  pink,  often  tinged  with  blush,  superb, 
very  large  and  full — Paul.  Reine  d'Angleterre  :  Rosy 
blush,  very  large  aud  double,  a  very  fine  new  Rose  — 
Wood.  Schonbrunn  :  Light  crimson,  of  fine  form  and 
unvarying  beauty — Rivers,  Triomphe  de  Jausseno  : 
Brilliant  crimson,  superb  —  Appleby;  shaded  purple 
crimson,  distinct  and  fine — Bii-cham  ;  bright  crimson, 
good  shape — Lane  ;  shaded  purplish  crimson,  a  very 
distinct  and  fine  variety,  and  a  most  luxuriant  grower — . 
Rivers  ;  deep  purplish  crimson,  a  really  magnificent 
Rose — Wood.  Trauson  Gombault :  Bright  rose,  very 
large  and  superb — Wood.  From  this  family  may  be 
sslected  some  of  the  very  finest  show  Roses — Appleby  ; 
they  are  well  adapted  for  show  Roses — Francis  ;  these 
Roses  grow  anywhere,  but  become  of  greatly  increased 
beauty  under  good  cultivation :  as  show  Hoses  they 
rank  high — Paul ;  to  the  amateur  and  those  who  culti- 
vate for  exhibition,  they  are  altogether  indispensable — 
Wood. 

(To  be  continued.) 

National  FLOEiCDLTuftAL  Society,  Jan.  8. — Mr.  Stains  ia 
the  chair.  The  only  obji-Ct  of  inrerest  submitteii  at  this  meet- 
ius;  was  an  Epacris  IVum  Mr.  G.  Davies,  Green-lane  Nursery, 
near  Liverpool ;  this  ia  an  improvement  in  sizi.*  on  its  parent, 
E.  iiivalia.  Mr.  Newton,  Mr.  Macbi3e,  aud  Mr.  Vuux  were 
nominated  candidates  furelecdon  at  the  next  monthly  meeting. 


CATALocnE  of  Dahlias,  Pinks,  and  Fuchsias,  received  from  Mr. 
Kcjnes,  Salisbury.  J.  E. 

Cineharias  :  J  C.  There  is  but  onf  opinion;  repot  up  to  a 
certain  lime  as  ofren  as  the  roots  show  through  the  old  ball, 
8-incbpots;  in  soQie  societies  that  eiz*;  is  imperaiive.  J'jS,— 
J  C  G.  A  pretty  aud  distinctly-markt-d  flower,  below  the 
averaiie  size  ;  the  white  or  ground-colour  ia  remarkably  pure. 
We  have  no  doubt  it  can  be  grown  larger,  when  we  ahould 
be  glad  to  see  it  again.  "^ 

Dahlia:  Scarlet  King.  This  variety  was  noliced  in  this  Paper 
in  Septeoiber  last.  J.  E. 

Flowek  Pjiops  ;  W  C,  Jan.  No  time  better  than  the  present 
for  communications  on  such  Eubjects.  We  shall  ha  glad  to 
receive  them.  J.  E. 

FocHsiAB  :  C.  Having  some  heat  at  command,  you  may  start 
yuur  old  plants  into  growth,  for  the  purpose  of  making  out- 
tings  of  the  young  shoots  ;  they  will  sirike  freely,  and  by 
August  make  fine  plants.  J.  E. 

PiNK3  :  J  R  L.  Keep  your  plants  where  they  now  are.  Wo 
shall  have  something  to  say  on  the  subject  sliortly.  J.  E. 

PoLYANTHDSJEs  :  L.  Few  have  been  &U(  ccbsful  witli  them  near 
London:  they,  however,  blend  admirably  with  Auriculas; 
no  Buburbiin  garden  should  be  without  tbeni,  the  early  --easoii. 
at- which  they  flower  makes  themcaarmiugobjt-cis  ;  they  are 
the  reverse  of  eipensive ;  try  to  cultivate  them  by  ail 
means.  J  E. 


Miscellaneous- 

Fairy  Pings. — The  following  observations  by  Dr. 
Lantzius  Beninga,  are  contained  in  the  "  Botanische 
Zeitung,"  for  Dec.  5, 1851, and  give  avery  good  account 
of  one  theory  respecting  these  ciu'ious  phenomena, 
"The  question  as  to  the  cause  of  fairy  rings  has  often 
been  discussed  in  the  'Botanische  Zt;itung.'  Without 
contradicting  or  questioning  the  explanations  which 
have  been  given  by  other  botanists,  I  will  only  remark 
that,  according  to  my  own  observations,  they  depend 
upon  the  more  or  less  perfect  development  of  the 
mycelium  of  the  fungi,  by  which  they  are  produced. 
The  mycelium,  which  is  the  vegetative  organ  of  the 
fungus,  grows  amongst  or  upon  fallen  trees,  decayed 
wood,  or  according  to  the  nature  of  the  species,  on  other 
decomposing  organic  substances.  If  tlie  necessary  con- 
ditions exist  on  all  sides  ;  that  is,if  the  requisite  decaying 
matters  are  sufficiently  widely  diffused,and  no  mechanical 
obstructions,  as  stones,  trees,  &c.,are  interposed,  the  my- 
celium spreads  equally  on  all  sides  from  the  original  point 
of  development.  This,  except  in  its  greater  delicacy  and 
fugitiveness,  is  perfectly  analogous  to  the  thallus  of 
most  lichens.  The  more  delicate  it  is  the  quicker  it 
grows,  and  the  nnu'c  easily  the  older  portions  perish; 
and  while  the  circumference  is  in  the  greatest  vigour 
the  central  parts  are  dead,  or  more  or  less  entirely 
evanescent,  so  that  it  then  grows  in  the  form  of  an 
always  increasing  circle.  When  the  time  for  the 
formation  of  spores  arrives,  many  pilei  spring  from  it  in 
the  form  of  a  circle  or  ring,  or,  in  other  words,  the 
fairy  ring  is  perfect.  Most  lichens  agree  with  this,  not 
only  in  the  growth  of  their  thallus,  but  also  in  the 
position  of  their  fruit  or  apotheeia  ;  and  it  is  evident  in 
thoHo  H|)ecios  wh(m(!  growth  and  decay  are  the  most 
sluggish,  as  in  some  /'//r/j;(//«',or  more  ehpcciully  in  some 
PcUigirca,  that  they  still  vegetato  and  Iructify  perfectly 
towards  the  uuirgin  oi  tlie  ihallns,  while  tlie  centre  is 
entirely  decayed,  li  the  thallus  iaofa  very  iiersistent  nature, 
still  the  progress  of  vegclution  nnd  Iruetificatiou  from 
the  centre  to  the  circunilerenco  is  distinctly  visible*     In 


24 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Jan.  10, 


old  specinieua  tlie  centre  is  usually  tree  from  apothecia 
(unless  where  a  new  superincumbent  thallus  has  been 
formed,  after  the  decay  of  the  old)  ;  then  succeeds  a  ring 
of  large  perfect  apothecia,  and  then  near  the  margin  of 
the  thallusacircleofyoung apothecia,  which  are  younger 
in  proportion  as  they  are  nearer  to  the  margin.  A 
large  fairy  ring,  formed  apparently  from  many  individuals 
of  one  species  of  fungus  disposed  in  a  circle,  really  exhibits 
the  organs  of  fructification  of  a  single  individual  only, 
and  the  matter  of  surprise  is,  that  such  perfect 
specimens  are  comparatively  so  rare.  The  reason 
isj  however,  to  be  found  in  the  fact,  that  there  are  so 
many  obstructions  to  the  perfect  development  of  a  spe- 
cies, such  as  the  interference  of  blocks  of  stone,  and 
stems  of  trees,  the  depredations  of  insects,  unfavourable 
weather,  but  more  especially,  the  partial  absence  of  the 
peculiar  conditions  necessary  to  the  free  development  of 
the  mycelium.  In  the  environs  of  (jottingen,  fairy  rings 
are  very  rare  in  the  Beech-woods,  on  account  of  the  con- 
stant collection  of  the  leaves  and  fallen  branches  ;  while 
in  the  Firwoods,  wliich  are  comparatively  undisturbed, 
they  occur  frequently.  The  mycelium  spreads  equally 
on  all  sides  amongst  the  leaves  and  twigs  which  accu- 
mulate year  by  year.  It  is,  besides,  very  probable,  that 
many  differences  exist  in  different  species  of  Hymcnomy- 
cefcs,  as  regards  the  earlier  or  later  development  of  pilei, 
that  is,  of  fruit  from  the  mycelium  ;  so  that  in  some 
cases,  fruit  appears  very  rapidly  after  the  formation  of 
the  mycelium,  while,  in  other  instances,  no  fruit  is  pro- 
duced till  the  mycelium  has  acquh'ed  a  wide  expansion. 
A  beautiful  fairy  ring  occurred  here  some  years  since, 
which  was  formed  by  Clavaria  Botr?/lis  ;  it  was  20  feet 
in  diameter,  and  the  tufts  of  fruit-bearing  branches,  of 
which  it  was  composed,  were  distant  only  1  or  2  inches 
from  each  other." 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weeJc.J 

GENERAL  REMARKS. 

During  the  present  open  weather,  a  number  of 
operations  maybe  proceeded  witli,  generally  deferred 
till  the  spring.  Any  part  of  the  grounds,  or  garden, 
■requiring  draining,  should  now  have  attention,  bearing 
in"  mind,  that  on  ground  carrying  fruit  trees,  or  vege- 
tables, the  drains  should  not  be  less  than  4  feet  deep  ; 
the  width  apart  must  be  regulated  by  the  nature  of  the 
ground.  The  preparation  of  ground  intended  for 
planting  in  the  spring,  either  with  fi-uit  or  ornamental 
tx'ees,  may  now  be  forwarded— as  may  the  levelling  and 
returfing  such  parts  of  the  lawns  as  have  become 
unsightly  ;  using  turf  obtained  from  dry  upland  pastures, 
or  other  elevated  ground,  such  having  generally  a 
less  quantity  of  the  coarser  kinds  of  Grass  in  them. 
As  in  most  gardens  the  leaves  of  forest  trees  are  in 
great  request  for  a  variety  of  purposes  ;  take  steps  to 
procure  a  sufficient  stock  for  the  season's  supply — two 
or  three  stacks  may  be  made  in  the  most  unfrequented 
places — thatched,  and  a  temporary  fence  placed  round 
them,  to  prevent  litter;  they  are  always  useful.  Wiiere 
new  gravel  walks  are  about  being  made,  material  for 
that  pui'pose  should  be  prepared  in  readiness ;  gravel  is 
much  the  better  for  being  left  some  time  to  dry. 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

When  such  plants  as  Aphelandras,  Justicias,  Poin- 
settias,  and  other  winter-flowering  stove  plants  have 
done  blooming,  they  should  be  removed  to  a  dryer  house  ; 
and  water  gradually  withheld,  to  effect  the  proper  riper ing 
of  their  wood.  Use  as  little  moisture  inthe^stove  at 
this  season  as  possible,  and  do  not  aim  at  high  tempera- 
tures ;  the  colour  and  durability  of  flowers  will  show  how 
injurious  both  are  in  excess  at  tiiis  period.  Where  Orchids 
have.had  a  long  rest,  some  will  now  be  commencing  their 
growth,  and  should  be  set  to  work  ;  well  soak  them  in 
tepid  water,  and  after  removing  all  the  loose  and  decayed 
material  from  the  roots,  let  them  be  repacked  in  fresh 
baskets  or  pots.  Those  growing  on  logs  of  wood  will 
requure  more  care  in  preserving  their  roots  from  injury. 
As  a  general  rule,  it  is  too  early  to  begin  with  the 
principal  stock.  Examine  frequently  Heaths  and  other 
plants  which  suffer  from  damp  at  this  season.  It  is  often 
requisite  to  keep  a  little  air  in  at  night,  and  allow  a 
slight  fire  where  such  is' the  case  ;  this,  with  Epps's 
sulphurator,  will  keep  your  plants  free  from  disease. 
Shift  all  greenhouse  plants  fi'equently  (to  prevent  their 
growing  one-sided),  and  see  that  no  decayed  leaves  are 
allowed  to  rsniain  on  them.  The  conservatory  should  not 
be  allowed  to  fall  below  40°.  Keep  up  a  succession  of 
blooming  plants  from  the  reserve  houses.  In  the  arrange- 
ment of  plants  in  show  houses,  strive  to  produce  as  much 
effect,  by  a  judicious  contrast  of  colour,  as  by  grouping 
plants  of  a  particular  habit  together,  and  again  con- 
trasting such  by  introducing  a  plant  here  and  there,  of 
a  widely  different  family.  For  such  purposes,  the  larger 
kinds  of  Fern,  and  some  dwarf  Palms,  have  a  good  effect, 
among  the  more  common  forced  flowers. 
forcinOt  department. 
Vinery.— The  bright  sun  and  comparatively  open 
weather  we  are  now  enjoying  will  prove  of  much 
advantage  to  Vines  now  breaking,  and  should  be  made 
the  most  of.  The  temperature  at  such  times  may  be 
permitted  toi-ise  two  or  three  degrees  higher.  A  suc- 
cession-house will  now  most  likely  require  starting-  • 
where  appearances  are  no  object,  a  quantity  of  ifot 
stable  dung  introduced  into  the  body  of  the  house  will 
be  found  a  most  desirable  mode  of  breaking  the  Vines. 
If  fire  heat  can  only  be  applied,  a  moderately  moist 
atmosphere,  not  exceeding  45"^  by  niglit.  should  be  kept 
up,  the  Vines  being  syringed  with  tepid  water  twice  or 
thi'ice  daily.     The  outside  border  should  be  covered  tw 


feet  thick  with  dry  leaves  previous  to  applying  fire 
heat.  Our  rule  is  to  cover  these  borders  in  the 
autumn,  and  thatch  them.  Peach  Houses. — The  early 
house  will  require  a  mild,  steady  heat,  and  a  moderate 
but  constant  supply  of  air. — Strawberries,  if  plunged, 
must  be  watched,  to  guard  against  too  great  a  bottom 
heat,  which  would  defeat  the  end  in  view  ;  their  pro- 
gress should  be  steady,  and  sudden  transitions  of 
temperature,  and  extremes  of  drought  and  wetness  at 
their  roots  avoided.  To  get  a  good  crop  of  Melons  ripe 
atthebeginning  of  May  is  a  difficult  task.  Hot- water  pipes 
have,  however,  in  some  measure,  simplified  the  business. 
To  enable  you  to  produce  early  fruit,  it  is  requisite  the 
young  plants  for  that  purpose  should  be  strong  and 
healthy  ;  keep  them  plunged  in  a  mild  bottom  heat  near 
the  glass.  If  you  fruit  them  in  common  dung  beds, 
such  should  immediately  be  made,  to  allow  the  heat 
to  moderate  before  planting  out.  But  the  trouble 
of  dung  pits,  or  frames,  at  this  season,  is  scarcely 
compensated  for  by  the  crop  ;  with  a  light  house  and 
hot-water  pipes,  these  difficulties  vanisli.  Provide  a' 
stock  of  dry  loam  for  planting  out  the  crop.  Cucum- 
bers will,  for  the  present,  require  the  same  manage- 
ment ;  those  in  bearing,  if  intended  to  continue,  will 
be  benefited  by  a  surfacing  of  turfy  soil,  and  waterings 
of  liquid  manure,  of  which  that  made  with  pigeons' 
or  fowls'  dung,  will  be  most  suitable. 

'FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Wherever  there  is  a  large  extent  of  mixed  shrubbery, 
some  care  is  necessary  to  prevent  the  stronger  growing 
kinds  from  out-growing  the  weaker.  And  it  will  be 
found  better,  every  few  years,  to  lift  and  replant  the 
former,  than  to  prune  them  severely,  which  prevents 
(by  inducing  the  growth  of  luxuriant  wood),  the  habit  of 
blooming  pro  usely.  Never  allow  a  margin  of  bare  earth 
to  intervene  betwixt  the  Grass  and  the  plants  ;  such 
should  be  covered  with  low  growing  plants,  as  the  St. 
John's  Wort,  Periwinkles,  and  plants  of  a  similar  habit ; 
and  the  plants  over  the  remaining  space  should  be  made 
to  cover  as  much  of  the  border  as  possible.  The  pruning 
of  the  more  common  kinds  of  Roses  may  now  be  done ; 
should,  however,  a  part  of  the  Provins,  Moss,  and  others 
of  the  summer  flowering  kinds,  be  required  to  bloom 
late,  reserve  a  portion  till  April,  for  that  purpose. 
The  thinning  and  pruning  of  orchard  trees  should  be 
proceeded  with,  and  liberal  dressings  of  manure  given  to 
exhausted  soils,  which  may  be  pronged  in  ;  but  never 
allow  the  spade  near  fruit  trees,  if  you  can  avoid  it. 
Prune  and  remove  the  suckers  from  Filberts,  which 
rarely  (except  in  Kent)  get  the  management  they  re- 
quire. Young  planted  orchard  trees  should  be  securely 
staked,  using  a  little  hay  or  moss  at  the  tie,  to  preserve 
the  bar];.  The  making  of  fruit  tree  borders,  particu- 
larly for  the  finer  kinds  against  walls,  requires  the  use 
of  fresh  turfy  loam,  and  very  little  besides  ;  if  such 
are  intended  for  planting  this  spring,  the  soil  should  be 
got  in,  presuming  you  have  (if  your  subsoil  is  at  all  cold 
and  wet),  a  substratum  of  dry  rubble  some  2  feet  deep 
below  ;  and  that  for  no  purpose  need  your  border  be 
more  tlian  2  feet  deep.  The  only  mixture  we  would  use 
in  addition  would  be  road  scrapings,  or  something 
similar,  where  the  loam  was  heavy,  for  the  Peach  and 
Apricot  ;  the  loam  itself  for  Chen-ies  and  Plums  ;  and 
a  small  quantity  of  rotten  cow-dung  for  Pears,  but  not 
if  the  loam  is  rich.  Dust  over,  on  damp  mornings,  witli 
soot  and  lime.  Gooseberries,  &c.,  which  are  attacked  by 
birds  ;  we  have  found  two  or  three  dressings  sufficient 
to  preserve  the  buds  of  these  useful  fruits.  Raspberries 
may  have  the  old  wood  removed,  and  the  present  front 
shoots  thinned  ;  leave  the  shortening  of  them  for  the 
present.  Let  the  fruit  room  be  looked  over,  and  every- 
thing showing  decay  removed;  slight  fires  must  occa- 
sionally be  used. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 

Dahlia  growers  should  immediately  put  in  their  roots 
to  work  on  a  gentle  bottom  beat.  We  would  advise 
Auricula  growers  to  look  after  a  stock  of  sheep  manure  ; 
it  is  easily  obtained  at  this  time  of  the  year,  and  we  know 
of  no  better  application  than  a  thick  liquid  manure, 
applied  when  the  plants  commence  growing.  Carnations 
and  Picotees  suffering  from  mildew  should  be  imme- 
diately I'emoved  from  the  healthy  stock. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Ground  should  at  all  opportunities  have  the  neces- 
sary turnings,  to  bring  it  to  a  friable  state  by  the  time 
the  spring  crops  will  require  planting.  Not  much  in 
that  way  should  be  attempted  at  present ;  but  make  a 
sowing  of  some  early  Pea,  as  the  Prince  Albert  or 
Emperor,  in  pots,  to  turn  out,  should  those  sown  in  the 
open  garden  fail.  A  crop  of  the  Mazagan  Bean  may  be 
treated  in  the  same  manner.  Cauliflowers,  Lettuce,  and 
all  kinds  of  eaidy  vegetables,  wintering  in  frames,  must 
have  abundance  of  air  daily,  and  kept  free  from  damp. 
The  spare  frames  will  be  filled  with  Endive,  Sorrel, 
Parsley,  and  other  things  required  for  daily  use,  should 
severe  weather  occur.  So  likewise  Broccofi,  now  turning 
in,  should  be  placed  under  some  sort  of  protection  for 
the  same  purpose.  A  few  years  back  it  was  difficult  to 
get  a  supply  of  Broccoli  through  the  winter,  but  Snow's 
invaluable  Broccoli  enables  it  to  be  done  now  with  ease. 
Take  every  opportunity,  on  dry  days,  to  hoe  and  stir 
the  soil  between  growing  crops.  Fresh  supplies  of 
Rhubarb,  Kale,  and  Asparagus  must  be  forwarded  as 
wanted.  Make  a  sowing  in  60  sized  pots  of  the  Fulmer's 
or  Mohawk  French  Bean  ;  as  the  days  lengthen,  this, 
which  is  the  best  forced  vegetable  we  have,  will  thrive  in 
the  Pine  stove  or  eai'ly  Vinery,  near  the  glass.  Fresh 
plantations  of  Horse-radish  and  Jerusalem  Artichoke 
may  now  be  madec. 


S 

TBMPlBATOa. 

Jan. 

"i 

s 

10 

Of  the  Air. 

OftheEartli. 

Wind. 

a 

« 

Mm. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Friday,. 

o 

29.f.91 

29  63? 

41 

76 

33.5 

37 

.38 

SW. 

.02 

Satur. .. 

H 

n 

29.7)6 

29.512 

43,5 

.33 

331 

S.w. 

10 

Sundar. 

4 

ij 

30.122 

29.539 

44 

20 

32.0 

39 

39^ 

NW 

.(Kl 

Mouday 

b 

la 

30.I9S 

30.064 

45 

29 

37.0 

33 

33 

S.W. 

.00 

Tuea.   .. 

ti 

14 

29.919 

29.787 

49 

35 

42.0 

37» 

33 

s. 

.011 

Wed.    ., 

7 

29.805 

29.503 

49 

27 

33  0 

39 

39 

s.w. 

.(16 

Thura... 

8 

lb 

29.363 

29.131 

49 

32 

4i'a> 

39 

39 

s.w. 

.09 

Aceraice  ... 

29.906  !  29.004 

46.5 

29.5 

38.0 

38.2 

38,6 

.27 

C-Overeast;  partially  overcaat  aud  fine;  elightraiu. 
3— FoKey  ;  veiy  fine  ;  cloudy  ;  boiateioua  al  niEht. 
4— Very  clear;  remarkobly  fine;  clear  and  frosty. 
D— Frosty  ;  veryfioe;  oliKiitly  clouded. 
fi— ClpHr  and  very  flue ;  cloudy  at  night. 
7-Rain;  clejr  ;   fine;  sliubt  frost. 
8— Fine;  cloudy;  clear;  boiaterouB,  with  rain  at  niglit. 
Ueaa  temperature  d1  the  week,  2^  deg.  above  the  average. 


State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  durloR;  the  last  26  years,  for  the 
eaauine  week, ending  Jan.  17,ltia2. 


III 

la 

No.  of 
Years  Id 
which  it 

Bained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Ealn. 

Prevailing  Winds 

Jan. 

2 

4 
4 
3 

1 

~t   3    1 

6  3   2 
3'  3   2 
4'  4    3 
4   3   2 

7  a  - 
6    2   3 

5  7 

6  7 

3   4 

1 

3 
1 
4 
3 

Sunday  11 
Uon.     1-: 
Tuea.     13 
Wed.      14 
Thura.  IS 
Friday  16 
Satur.   i; 

40.4 
40.9 
42.!! 
4'.S 
40.8 
40.0 
42  2 

30.8 
30A 
333 
30.8 
30.6 
31.2 
30.6 

35.6 
3&7 
37  8 
36.4 
35.7 
36.1 
36.4 

14 
12 
14 
13 

3 
13 

9 

0.33  in. 
0.76 

0.29 
030 
0.54 
0..-14 

0.48 

The  hisheat  temperature  during  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  16th 
1311,  and  14th,  181S— therm.  66  deg. ;  aad  the  loweat  ou  the  Uth,  1838— 
therm.  4  deg.  


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Birds  :  Maria  E.  If  yotz^eraise  in  keeping  your  noisy  parrota 
in  the  same  room  with  your  soog-bird-,  or  even  nitbla  hear- 
ing,— you  deserve  to  suffer  damage.  No  wonder  your  birds 
degenerate  in  eong  !  They  will  soon  be  semi-parrots!  — 
William  T.  Purchase  the  bird  immediately.  He  will  not  go 
off  Bong  now.  Do  not  Iiandle  him,  but  pay  a  "  deposit"  on 
the  cage,  and  remove  him  in  it. — Eliza  C.  The  feathers  will 
resume  their  flossy  appearance  in  less  than  a  month.  Keep 
the  birds  warm. — George  T.  No.  It  is  fai  too  cold,  even 
when  the  sun  shines,  for  any  birds  to  be  bung  ourelde  the 
house  at  this  season. — Sn&aii  B.  As  a  "companion"  in  your 
Bolitufte,  we  advise  you  to  "  adopt"  a  Canary.  These  birds 
sing  day  and  night.— Mnetfa.  Hemp-seed,  if  administered, 
must  be  in  Hmall  quantities,  and  on  rare  occasionB. — 
Elizabeth  J  Yes  ;  and  they  iire  so  good-tempered  withal,  that 
it  must  be  yoxir  own  fault,  if  any  "  coolness"  arises. —  Olivia^ 
Never  re*ire  to  rest  without  leaving  a  fire  in  the  room. 
Danger  may  be  prevented  by  affixing  a  wire  guard  to  the 
front  of  the  stove. — John  P,  Nightingales  are  now  *'  stout" 
in  song,  and  blackcaps  also. — De-oo^iiensis.  We  cannot  agree 
with  you.  It  is  the  woodlark,  beyond  all  question — Aliqida. 
Its  death  has  arisen  from  "cramp."  Ton  kept  the  sand 
too  wet,  and  placed  the  water  inside  the  cage.  You 
have  yourself  accounted  correctly  for  the  misfortune.  It  is 
*'  experience,"  perhaps  cheaply  purchased. — Oeorgiana  S, 
Nothing  better  than  sweet  sponge-cake,  and  a  little  hard- 
boiled  yolk  of  egg.  This  change  of  diet  works  wonders. — 
Inquirer.  Hang  them  in  a  cheerful  situation.  The  sun  is 
already  bestowing  on  us  the  rays  of  his  much-loved,  Emiling 
face  ;  and  birds  rejoice  in  beholding  them  quite  as  much  as 
we  do.~Frank  P.  His  fate  is  *'  sealed."  Ere  you  read  this, 
your  little  friend's  funeral  will  be  In  a  forward  state  of  pre- 
paration. The  symptoms  you  describe  warrant  us  in  speak- 
ing  '*  oracularly."— ^nj7eiijia.  Raw  beef,  scraped ;  and  yolfe 
of  egg.  boiled  hard.  Moisten  with  cold  water,  and  give  the 
invalids  a  very  little  twice  a  day.  In  less  than  a  week,  they 
will  recover  and  sing  as  merrily  as  ever.  W.  K. 

CoNiFEag  :  A  B.  All  fine  trees,  with  the  exception  of  Cupreasua 
Ooveniana  and  Juniperus  religiosa,  which  are  bushes.  J 

CDCUMBEBa  :  Sub.  A  toot  from  the  glass  will  do.  A  third  of 
peat  charcoal  will  be  ample.— J -ff.  Cuthill'a  Black  Spinets 
one  of  the  very  best  for  general  purposes.  X 

Eaeth  Chestnut:  Scoto  cuU.  We  don't  know  what  you  mean 
by  this  name.    It  is  not  one  of  ours. 

Ferns  :  E  C  L.  If  you  will  do  us  the  favour  to  refer  to  p.  823 
of  our  volume  for  the  past  year,  you  will  see  that  we  recom- 
mend "  Moore's  Popular  History  of  British  Ferns,"  and  why 
wedo  so,  

Gdaoo  :  Me?srs  Weeks  and  Co.  Whether  Mikania  guaco  is 
really  efficacious  as  an  antidote  to  the  bite  of  serpents,  and 
against  poisons  generally,  remains  to  be  ascertained  by  exact 
experiment.    Such  is  its  reputation. 

Insects  :  A  R.  The  insects  which  destroy  your  preserved  birds* 
e"-gs  are  the  larva  of  a  small  beetle,  Attagenus  pellio, 
belonging  to  the  family  Dermestidae.  Weshoul-I  recommend 
washing  the  inside  of  the  eggs  with  the  arseciacal  soap  liquid 
used  ior  preserving  bird  sldns.   W. 

Names  of  Fruits  :  A  B.  Your  Apple  is  the  Burr-knot.H 

New  Zealand  :  E  B  H.  You  will  hardly  succeed  in  preserving 
fruit  trees  and  Tines  to  take  to  New  Zealand,  except  by  plant- 
ing them  in  a  Ward's  case.  Much  better  send  out  the 
seeds.  Sometimes  fruit  trees  make  the  passage  if  rammed 
tight  in  a  wooden  case  in  damp  bog-moss,  but  the  chances 
sire  against  success. 

Oaks  :  J  T.  They  should  always  be  grafted,  with  2-year.old 
wooil,  and  earthed  np  above  the  clay  until  examination  shows 
that  they  have  taken.  April  is  the  season.  But  American 
Oaks  are  raised  more  cheaply  and  better  from  the  acorns^ 
which  may  uHually  be  purchased  of  seedsmen, 

Roses:  O  T.  You  will  find  the  information  you  seek  for  in 
another  pige  of  to-day's  paper  t 

Spruce  Fibs:  F  H  S.  The  appearance  in  question  is  owing  to 
an  attempt  at  forming  cones,  which  attempt  not  being  suc- 
cessful, owing  to  some  disturbing  cause,  the  centre  of  what 
was  intended  for  a  cone  has  grown  onwards  into  a  branch. 
Such  appearances  are  very  common  on  the  Larch,  arise  from 
some  temporary  derangement  of  the  constitution,  and  are 
usually  of  no  importance.  Such  a  case  in  the  Spruce  is 
figuretl  in  Lindley's  "School  Botany,"  p.  125, 

Son  DIALS  :  A'.  You  will  find  directions  for  setting  these  at 
p.  312  of  our  Vol.  for  1849.     We  never  recommend  dealers.}: 

The  Pampas  Grass:  B  M.  We  regret  that  we  cannot  become 
the  medium  of  exchange  or  purchase.  We  have  no  access  to 
",D."     The  plant  may  be  probably  had  through  the  trade. 

Timber  -.RAH.  We  fear  that  creosoted  timber  will  be  inap- 
plicable tj  any  other  than  rough  out-door  purposes.  But  you 
can  learn  all  the  facts  about  it  upon  application  to  the 
patentee  at  Parliament-street,  Westminster.  We  believe 
Mr.  Llewellyn's  plan  of  discharging  steam  among  a  mass  of 
stones  to  have  answered  all  his  expectations.  See  our 
columns  for  1851,  p  403. 

Vines:  Blanda.  Since  you  are  about  to  remake  your  border, 
we  would  advise  you  rather  to  plant  young  Vines  at  once, 
than  to  root-prune  or  otherwise  endeavour  to  lenovate  the 
old  ones.}— A'ovict;.  They  may  be  grafted  just  after  the  buds 
b9vc  begun  tn  push  into  leaf.t 

White  Blackbehrt:  G  T.  Much  obliged,  but  we  don't  want 
it.    Is  a  Blackberry  supposed  at  Kelso  to  be  a  Currant  ? 


2— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


25 


PERUVIAN  GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORIjERS  OF   PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmera  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  tbe  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
■of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  10  tbat  puint,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SUNS  think  it 
well  to  remind  b  ijers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  i^nce  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  dunng  the  last  two  years  is 
3i.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2.^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  cHem,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  beg  to 
offer  FbRUVIAN  GUANO,  warranted  periectly  g-.nuine  ; 
Superphosphate  ot  Lime,  Wheat  Manure,  Coucentrated  Urate, 
Irish  Peat  Charcoal,  Gypsum,  Nitrate  ot  Suda,  and  every  arti- 
ficial ilanure,  on  the  best  terms.  Also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  Agricultural  Purposes,  at  a  low  ra^e.  English  and 
Foreign  Linseed  Cake,  Rape  Cake,  i5:c. 

E D WARD  PpRSEa,  Secretary ,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriais. 

MANURES. — The    following    Manures   are    manu- 
taciured  at  Mr.  LAWsa'a  Factory,  Bepttord  Cr^ek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

SupKrphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes  6    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  rt'iiii am- street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contaiu  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  H}s.  per  ton ;    and  fur  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  ot  ammonia,  iS£C. 


i'OtiSlL  BONtJS  AND  PSbUiJO-COPKOLlTES 
(FROM  THE   SDFFjLE   CRAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerlul  Machmery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  PhoBphatic  Nodules  to  a  hue  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  cality  of  wheie  they  are  found,  are  uo-v  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  (economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Gruund,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  coeapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  niauuracturing  Superphu^phuce 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  done. 

Prices  and  every  infjrniatioa  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  applicatiou  to  I^d^abd  Pace.asd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipawicb,  Sultolk. 

FARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
the  NEW  and  VaLUAULE  MAN  UHE,  PE  Al  CHARCOAL, 
impreguaied  by  pressure  with  tbe  fertilising  matter  of  ihe 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Puosphates,  and  Fseces  being 
absorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  bridge,  i'ulhani.  Middle- 
sei,  at  6us.  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  Ctl.  per  htilf  cwt. 


STEPHENSON  and  Co.,  61,  (Jracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwartt,  Inventora 
and  Mauulacturers  of  tbe  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CYLINDRICAL  tiOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
scientitlc  Uorciculturists  to  their  much  Improved  method  oi 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses, 
dtc.,  by  nhich  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  Dottom  heac  is 
secured  to  any  required  degree,  without  the  aid  ot  pipes  or  flues, 
S.  and  Co.  have  also  to  state  that  at  tlie  request  ot  numerous 
friends  they  are  now  making  their  Boilers  of  Iron,  as  well  as 
Copper,  by  whica  the  cost  is  reduced.  These  lioders,  which 
are  now  &o  well  known,  scarcely  require  debcription  ;  but  to 
those  who  have  not  seeu  them  iu  operation,  prospectuses  will 
be  forwarded,  aa  well  as  references  of  the  highest  authority  ;  or 
they  miiy  bt;  seen  at  most  of  the  Nobility's  seats  and  principal 
Karserics  throughout  tbe  Kingdum. 

8.  and  Co.  beg  lo  iutorm  the  Trade  that  at  their  Manufactory, 
17,  New  Park-sireet,  every  article  required  for  the  construction 
of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  ^vell  as  for  heating  them,  may 
be  obtained  upon  tue  most  advantageous  leruis. 

Conservatories,  &,c.,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
omamen:al  dehigns.    Balconies,  Palisading,  Field  and  Garden 

Fences,  Wire-work.  <bc. 

APRIZEMEDALFOR  SUPERIOR  LOCKS  WAS  AWaRDEU 

TO  J.  H.  BOObBYER,  AT    THE  GREAT  EXHIBITION 

OF  1351 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 
Draining,  and  uther  Garden  Toolu.  Mole  Traps,  63,  per 
dozen.  Carpenters  and  Smiths'  Tools,  &,c.  Ladies'  Garden 
Tools,  73.  9d.  a  set.  Sword-scrapera  for  Gardens,  Is.  'id.  each. 
Patent  Futnigators  for  destroying  insec'S  on  plants,  in  green- 
houses, tkc. :  at  Messrs.  J.  U.  Boobbieb  and  Co.'n  (late 
SroacH  and  Boobbyeb),  Ironmongery,  Brass-toundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-street,  Clare  market, 
London.  Establiabea  nearly  200  years  for  the  sale  of  goods 
from  the  beet  Mauufactories  at  the  lowest  prices.  Goods  for- 
warded  to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  10,  1852. 

HEETINOS  I'OK  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
W.DMB.D.t,  Jan.  H-Hlghlsnd  .Dil  &Krl.  Si)ci«tr. 
Tut-.BDAT,       —      15-Atcnculiur.l  Imp.  Suc.ol  IrelaDd. 
T.D.apAT,       —      22-iKricuIniral  Imp.  Socoflreiand. 

We  have  to  beg  the  attention  of  our  readers  to 
tV.e  interesting  annual  statement,  in  another  column, 
of  his  agricultural  experience,  with  which  the  Hon. 
and  Rev.  L.  Veknon  H.micourt  has  again  favoured 
n«.  After  all,  it  is,  we  believe,  the  case,  that  truth 
asserted  positively  is  more  influential  in  the  long 
run,  than  when  a.s3erted  controversially.  It  is 
better  when  stated  for  the  purpose  of  adding  to  an 
extending  knowledge  than  when  stated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  overthrowing  error.  The  latter  of  its  offices 
will  be  efficiently  performed  on  those  who  receive  it 
without  any  effort  on  the  part  of  those  who  offer  it ; 
it  will,  indeed,  be  >«or«  efficiently  performed  when 
the  truth,  once  fairly  presented,  is  left  to  its  own 
natural  influence,  than  when  it  is  pressed  ho  as 
to  arouse  ill-feeling  and  prejudice  against  it. 
And  thus  it  is  that  we  look  upon  the  quiet 
but  most  substantial  annual  reports  of  our  valued 
correspondent,  Mr.  \j,  V.  rUnoouitT,  as  of  at  least 
equal  importance  to  agricultural  progress  and  im- 
provement, with  the  noisy  discussions  and  angry 
disputes  which  have  arisen  out  of  the  energy  and 
enthniiiaMn  of   the  owner  of  Tiptreo  Hull.      The 


former  will  present  to  readers  a  standing  record  of 
facts  ascertained,  under  specified  circumstances,  in 
reference  to  cultivation,  manures,  sowing,  and  plants, 
to  which  reference  will  be  made  for  agricultural 
guidance  many  years  to  come.  And  whether  all 
may  acquiesce  in  the  conclusions  to  which  the  author 
of  these  statements  has  been  led  by  them  or  not,  we 
are  sure  that  all  must  unite  in  thanking  him  for  the 
patient  and  continual  industry  which  has  supplied 
us  all  with  so  large  a  store  of  agricultural  data. 

There  are  others  besides  the  Celt  of  Ireland  and 
the  Celt  of  Scotland  who  will  improve  their  condi- 
tion by  emigrating.  The  Saxon  labourer  of  England 
or  of  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland,  in  every  district  in 
which  two  men  are  looking  for  one  master,  may  find 
in  the  British  colonies,  if  they  are  steady  and  in- 
dustrious, that  comfort  and  independence  which 
they  can  rarely  attain  at  home.  In  a  new  country, 
with  large  tracts  of  unoccupied  land,  they  will  find 
two  masters  looking  for  one  man,  and  the  rate  of 
wages  such,  that  after  a  few  years  of  service,  they 
will  have  saved  money  enough  to  buy  and  stock 
farms  of  their  own  ;  and  to  establish  every  child  they 
may  have,  however  numerous,  in  the  same  inde- 
pendent circumstances. 

To  the  working  farmer  with  a  large  family,  strug- 
gling vainly  at  home,  with  insufficient  capital,  and 
with  skill  unequal  to  the  exigencies  of  the  times,  to 
pay  high  rents  with  low  prices,  North  America 
holds  out  similar  prospects  of  comfort  and  indepen- 
dence. We  said,  in  a  former  article,  that  to  both 
these  classes,  desirous  of  improving  their  condition, 
without  dissolving  their  British  connection,  our  own 
North  American  colonies  offered  a  field  of  enter- 
prise, at  least  equal  to  the  United  States.  In  proof 
of  this,  we  will  now  cite  from  Professor  Johnston's 
"  Notes  on  North  America,"  a  few  cases  of  settlers 
in  New  Brunswick,  both  Anglo-Saxon  and  Celtic. 

Near  Frederickton  he  visited  the  Harvey  Settle- 
ment, founded  in  1837  by  emigrants  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Wooler,  in  Northumberland.  Twenty- 
three  families,  consisting  of  about  200individuals,had 
come  out  for  the  purpose  of  settling  on  the  lands  of 
theNovaScotiaand  New  BrunswickLand  Company; 
but  no  preparation  having  been  made  for  their  recep- 
tion, they  were  thrown  entirely  on  their  own 
resources,  and  being  poor,  and  few  of  them  able  at 
that  time  to  obtain  employment,  they  became 
involved  in  great  difficulties.  The  Colonial  Legisla- 
ture, however,  assigned  them  land,  and  supplied 
them  with  provisions  for  the  first  year.  Though 
they  endured  great  hardships  during  their  first 
winter,  which  settlers  in  their  vicinity  would  not 
now  be  exposed  to,  only  two  deaths  occurred  in  six 
years,  against  33  births.  There  are  now  53  families, 
comprising  between  300  and  400  individuals,  each 
family  possessing  from  three  to  five  cows,  and  100 
acres  of  land  at  least. 

Neither  our  own  colonies  nor  the  United  States, 
however,  are  the  place  for  idlers.  "  A  man,"  said  one 
of  these  settlers,  "  must  work  as  hard  as  at  home,  and 
longer  hours.  He  must  build  his  own  house,  make  the 
shoes  of  his  family,  and  do  many  other  things ;  and 
yet,"  he  added,  "  if  apiece  of  good  land  was  to  be 
found  handj/,  many  of  their  friends  and  relations 
from  home  would  join  them." 

Professor  Johnston,  on  his  return,  made  a  tour 
on  that  well  farmed  district  on  both  sides  of  the 
Scottish  border,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cheviots,  whence 
these  people  came,  and  learned  from  the  report  of 
the  parish  minister,  that  in  the  small  village  of 
Yetholm  there  were  30  able-bodied  men,  accus- 
tomed to  work  for  the  neighbouring  farmers,  who 
were  unable  to  obtain  a  day's  work.  "  Alarmed," 
he  says,  "  by  the  fall  of  prices,  very  foolishly,  I  think, 
in  the  case  of  a  half  pastoral  district  like  that, 
the  holders  of  the  land  had  ceased  to  employ 
a  single  labourer  they  could  dispense  with.  *  «  *  * 
Had  1  known  of  a  bit  of  good  land  handy  to  that 
settlement,  I  could  have  felt  it  in  my  heart  to  urge 
these  labourers  to  make  up  a  party  among  them- 
selves, with  a  view  of  going  there,  and  to  offer  my 
aid  to  them  in  their  views.  How  it  would  have 
turned  the  tables  if  these  30  families  had  emigrated! 
The  history  of  two  of  the  Harvey  settlers  speaks 
volumes.  Mr.  Grievfs  was  a  shepherd  at  Whitting- 
ham  on  the  Border.  He  landed  at  Frederickton  in 
1837,  with  a  family  of  ten,  and  only  7-s.  Gd.  in  his 
pocket.  Having  obtained  his  parcel  of  land,  he 
hired  himself  as  a  farm  servant  with  Col.  Shore  at 
Frederickton,  ,at  30/.  a  year  (that  is,  with  board), 
and  such  of  his  children  as  were  able  to  work,  he 
hired  out  too.  Whenever  he  could  spare  a  pound, 
he  got  an  acre  of  his  land  cleared.  After  seven 
years  of  service,  he  .settled  on  his  land  himself, 
building  a  house  for  his  family  rirjlit  away,  that  is, 
without  the  previous  erection  of  a  log  house,  '*  and  a 
very  good  house  he  njipoared  to  have."  He  has 
now  700  acres  of  lantl  in  diff'eront  lots,  and  has 
clearings   of   20   acres,   on   each    of   thiec   or   four 


of  these  lots,  intended  for  his  sons.  His 
success  has  been  above  the  average,  which 
he  attributes  to  his  having  had  a  very  good 
master ;  and  when  Professor  Johnston  after- 
wards met  that  master,  he  found  him  equally 
grateful  for  the  warm  attachment  and  zealous 
services  of  so  good  a  hind.  "  Had  I  my  life  to  begin 
again,"  said  Mr.  Grieves,  "  1  would  come  out  here; 
for,  though  I  might  have  been  more  comfortable  my- 
self, there  is  the  satisfaction  of  providing  well  for 
my  family." 

Another  of  these  settlers,  Mr.  Pass,  afi^ords  an  in- 
stance of  the  success  of  a  small  capitalist.  He  had 
been  the  manager  of  a  chemical  work  in  one  of  the 
Midland  counties,  and  had  saved  150/.  He  brought 
up  his  only  son  a  carpenter,  and  settled  at  Harvey. 
"  He  had  done  well,"  he  said,  "  through  hard  work  ; 
and  all  who  have  done  well  say  the  same."  He 
considered  himself  better  off  than  he  would  have 
been  at  home,  and  was  of  opinion  that  no  climate 
could  be  better  than  that  of  his  new  country.  He 
considered  it  also  to  be  especially  the  place  for  the 
labouring  man  ;  he  cannot  worsen  himself,  and,  if  he 
is  industrious,  is  always  getting  better. 

On  the  Napan  river  in  Northumberland  county 
are  many  thriving  settlers  from  Dumfriesshire,  cele- 
brated as  the  best  farmers,  and  their  sons  as  the  best 
ploughmen,  in  the  province.  One  of  these  settlers 
M'Lean,  by  name,  commenced  in  1822  with  a 
capital  of  51.,  besides  three  carts  and  a  year's 
provisions.  He  has  250  acres,  of  which  150  are 
cleared.  He  cleared  all  himself  without  hired 
labour,  and- has  brought  up  11  children.  He  works 
his  farm  with  the  aid  of  three  sons,  two  daughters, 
and  three  horses,  keeps  11  cows,  eight  or  nine  young 
cattle,  and  a  few  sheep.  Four  of  his  sons  are  settled 
on  farms  of  their  own,  having  worked  as  carpenters 
till  they  had  saved  money  enough  to  buy  land. 
Many  others,  who  came  out  with  him  have  stuck  to 
their  farms,  and  kept  clear  of  the  lumber  trade, 
have -done  as  well  as  himself.  He  considers  that  a 
man  would  do  well  anywhere  in  that  district,  who 
came  out  with  501.  He  would  do  better  with 
100/.,  but  ought  not  to  have  too  much  if  he  is  to 
labour  contentedly  and  to  prosper.  Mr.  Nixon,  on 
the  Petitcodiac  river,  settled  18  years  ago  on  a 
farm  of  275  acres,  for  which  he  paid  50/.,  and  has 
100  acres  cleared.  He  and  his  two  brothers  had 
only  60/.  between  them  after  paying  for  their  land. 
At  the  end  of  10  years  the  farm  and  stock  were 
valued  at  1000/.,  and  he  bought  his  brother's  out. 
The  land  and  buildings  in  a  period  of  depression 
are  now  worth  800/.  He  considers  America  a  good 
poor  man's  country.  Those  who  are  comfortable  at 
home,  said  another  settler,  would  better  stay  there. 

On  the  river  Restryouche,  near  Campbelton,  the 
settlers  are  chiefly  from  the  Scotch  Isle  of  Arran. 
They  are  all  thriving,  not  laying  up  money, 
but  independent,  and  bringing  up  families,  which  are 
usually  large,  in  comfort  and  plenty.  There  are 
some  Irish  settlers  among  them  who  appear  in 
general  to  be  doing  well. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  travels.  Professor  John- 
ston visited  an  Irish  settlement  between  the 
Aroostook  River  and  the  Grand  Falls.  He  describes 
them  as  industry  personified  ;  one  of  them  had  been 
four  years  in  the  country,  had  11  children,  and  a 
farm  of  200  acres,  60  of  which  were  cleared,  which 
he  valued  at  100/.  An  emigrant,  he  said,  who  had 
20/.  in  his  pocket  after  paying  for  his  land,  would 
be  easy,  only  requiring  a  little  to  carry  him  on  till 
his  first  crops  were  gathered.  Another  had  been 
three  years  ;  a  third  only  one  year.  All  were 
happy,  and  had  an  excellent  crop,  with  new  chop- 
ped land  ready  for  burning  next  year.  This  was 
the  most  favourable  specimen  of  an  Irish  settle- 
ment he  met  with. 

Six  miles  from  the  Harvey  settlement,  where  the 
borderers  from  Northumberland  were  thriving,  was 
a  settlement  composed  entirely  of  Cork  men,  who 
have  not  prospered  as  yet.  Many  of  them  had 
gone  into  Maine,  thinking  to  better  themselves,  but 
had  found  out  their  mistake,  and  had  come  back 
woise  than  they  went-  The  descendants  of  Scot- 
tish and  English  settlers,  and  of  the  old  loyalists, 
allege  that  disaffection  to  England  is  mainly  im- 
ported from  Ireland.  Mr.  Pass,  before  mentioned, 
considered  the  south-country  Irish  the  poorest  that 
came  out,  the  least  prosperous,  and  the  least  con- 
tented, depending,  as  at  home,  on  grants  and  charity, 
where  they  can  get  it,  more  than  upon  their  own 
industry. 

"  The  management  of  the  Irish,"  says  Professor 
Johnston,  "  is  still  a  problem,  when  unmixed  with 
other  population,  in  whatever  county  they  are  *  *  * 
As  at  home,  they  get  together  in  junketing  and 
merry  making,  and  estimate  the  happiness  of  a 
spree  far  above  the  every  day  comforts  of  clean, 
well  furnished  liouses,  and  plentiful  meals  all  the 
days  of  the  week.  But  mingle  these  same  men  in 
twos  and  threes,  among  a  great  preponderance  of  a 


26 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  10, 


steadier  race,  and  the  constraint  and  influence  of  |  one,  "  but  you  didn't  value  the  manure  from  food  pur- 
new  example  makes  the  children  steadier  men  than    chased  in  1850,  whieli    of  course  was  as  much  as  in 


their  fathers,  and  more  reasonable  and  contented 
citizens." 

This  dispersion  of  the  Irish,  who  go  into  the 
interior  of  the  United  States,  we  believe  to  be  the 
secret  of  their  success  there.  The  communities  of 
Irish  who  congregate  in  the  great  towns  of  the  sea 
coast  of  the  States,  constitute  a  population  not  in  the 
highest  estimation  among  their  adopted  countrymen. 

We  shall  conclude  by  commending  the  facts  above 
enumerated,  on  such  high  authority  as  that  of  Pro- 
fessor Johnston,  to  the  serious  consideration  of  our 
friends,  Mr.  Goodiff  and  Mr.  Cabkoll. 


TITHE  COMMUTATION. 
Aa  your  agricultural  as  well  as  clerical  readers  may 
feel  anxious  to  know  the  result  of  the  coru  .averages  for 
tlie    seveu    years  to  Christmas  last,  published  iu   the 
London  Gazette  of  this  evening,  viz.  : — 

Wheat       Gs.  2id.  per  imperial  buBhel, 

Barley        3  KlJ  ,, 

Oa-s  2    74  „ 

I  beg  to  state  for  their  information  that  each  lOOZ.' of 
rentchargewillfortheyear  1852  amount  to  93i.l6i.  UjcJ., 
or  vei'y  nearly  2;]-  per  ceut.  less  than  last  year.  The 
following  statement  from  my  "  Anuual  Tithe  Commuta- 
tion Tables  "  will  show  the  worth  of  lOOi.  of  rent  cliarge 
for  each  ye.arsince  the  passing  of  the  Tithe  Commutation 
Act,  viz. : — 


For  the  year 

1837 

1838 

188'J 

1840 

lB+1 

1812 

1813 

1811 

1816 

isie 

1617 

184i 

1819 

185(> 

18nl 

186a 

£ 

s. 

d. 

9S 

in 

Si- 

07 

7 

ll 

95 

7 

9 

98 

15 

!),i 

102 

12 

5* 

lOS 

a 

2^ 

11)3 

12 

n 

104 

3 

i>i 

108 

17 

lU 

lUi 

17 

8jf 

99 

18 

l"+ 

102 

1 

0 

luo 

3 

T', 

9H 

IG 

111 

9S 

11 

4f 

93 

16 

"i 

lliuG 

5 

lOf 

100 

7 

io.i 

General  averagefor  16  years 

Charles  M.  Willich)  26,  ^■uffolk-street,  Pall  Mall  East, 
Jxin.2,  1852. 


ME.  MECHI'S  REFLECTIONS  UPON  TEE  OB- 
JECIIONS  TO  HIS  FARMING  BALANCE 
SHEET. 

What  a  storm  has  burst  upon  my  poor  devoted  head ! 
and  how  various  its  ingredients  !  Political  rancour, 
personal  insult,  friendly  pity,  serious  censure,  malicious 
imputatiou  !  Surely,  I  may  say  with  Yorick,  "  No 
crown  of  fame  can  ever  fit  it  !  " 

I  do  confess  that  I  am  an  agi-icuUural  sinner— that  I 
have  deviated  from  the  beaten  track— that  I  pulled  down 
rotten  buildings  and  substituted  O-inch  walls  and  slated 
roofs — that  I  Jiave  made  tanks  and  erected  steam  power 
—that  I  have  well  di-ained  and  subsoded-  that  I  have 
removed  trees  aud  fences— that  I  have  made  good  roads 
—that  I  have  employed  much  labour— made  much,  but 
wasted  littie,manui'e— that  I  have  made  no  long  fallows— 
that  I  have  cropped  half  my  land  every  year  with  Wheat 
—and  that  I  have  greatly  and  permanently  increased  its 
fertility  ! 

All  this  is  bad  enough,  but  it  was  infinitely  worse  to 
let  the  world  know  it ;  aud,  above  all  {wretch  that  1  am  !) 
to  express  an  opinion  that  such  operations  might  possibly 
ultimately  prove  remunerative.  I  am  clearly  pa;,  ing  the 
penalty  of  my  indiscretion,  and  can  never  again  hope  to 
recovtr  from  my  disgrace,  and  look  practical  agricultm-e 
full  in  the  face  !  Even  Fmich  says,  I  am  *'  Dun-up,"  so 
I  must  hide  myself  carefully  in  the  deepest  recesses  of 
agricultural  consolation. 

Amid  the  general  gloom,  an  occasional  ray  fi'om 
philosophical  intelligence  (thanks  to  Mr.  Hill's  penny 
postage)  lights  my  dreary  path,  and  supports  my  falter- 
ing steps.  How  delightful  is  this  consolation  from 
WTicomnion  minds  !  It  compensates  for  whole  volumes 
of  vulgar  abuse. 

Well,  let  us  veil  the  disagreeables  and  proceed  to 
business  ;  for,  after  all,  it  is  a  simple  matter  of  fact  and 
figures,  quite  independent  of  politics,  passion,  or  preju- 
Oice.  I  am  not  at  all  disappointed  that  even  my  showing 
an  apparent  loss  has  not  pleased  everybody,  although  1 
am  quite  sure  that,  had  circumstances  permitted  (which 
they  will  some  day),  a  very  large  profit— much  greater 
would  have  been  the  discontent  and  disbelief.  There  is 
really  a  mama  for  agricultural  ruin  just  now. 

Before  1  proceed  to  the  question  at  issue,  permit  me 
to  correct  a  lew  of  the  erroneous  assumptions  and 
Statements  that  sometimes  beset  me.  First,  then,  my 
land  is  all  perfectly  drained,  and  has  not  been  re-drained  ; 
secondly,  my  buildings  have  not  been  pulled  down  and 
re-built,  although  I  have  added  to  them  ;  thirdly  (and  I 
say  It  without  vauity),  I  am  not  a  bad  manager  of  stock, 
lor  It  is  the  opinion  of  my  immediate  practical 
neighbours  aud  labourers  that  I  do  make  as  much  meat 
out  ot  a  given  quantity  of  food  as  most  people.  I  readily 
admit  that  our  Essex  stock  is  generally  hardly  so  well- 
bred  as  m  more  favoured  districts,  excepting  always  our 
pigs,  which  formed  a  material  feature  of  my  stock.  In 
my  balance-sheet  there  was  an  apparent  loss  of  about 
600i.  upon  1600;.  of  purchased  food,  which  I  said  is 
compensated  for  by  the    extra  manure.     « Oh,"  says 


1851."  I  reply,  of  course  it  was  not  as  much,  nor  half 
as  much.  In  fact,  it  was  only  durhig  the  last  four  years 
that  I  saw  the  advantage  of  feedmg  with  purchased 
food,  aud  I  remember  when  first  I  commenced  farming 
being  considerably  abused  and  laughed  at  about  my 
*' solitary  pig,"  which  was  all  the  live  stock  the  critic 
then  happened  to  see  in  the  yards.  There  is  one 
important  fact  that  some  of  my  objectors  and 
even  my  friends  appear  to  have  most  unaccountably 
overlooked,  and  it  is  that  the  re-valuation  of  the  land 
for  a  new  rental  was  made  on  the  30th  Oct.,  1850, 
and  instead  of  being  fixed  at  l'2s.,  the  then  value 
of  similar  unimproved  lands  in  the  neighbourhood,  it 
it  was  raised  to  365.  per  acre,  thus,  in  fact,  tripling  the 
fee  simple.  Why  was  it  so  raised  I  Not  because  it 
was  poorer,  but  because  by  buildings,  drainage,  and 
improvements,  and  by  the  greatly  increased  fertility  aud 
improved  condition  of  the  soil  itself,  it  was  more  prolific, 
although  it  had  been  cropped  alternate  years  with 
Wheat.  The  benefits  of  former  manures  were  partially 
the  causes  of  that  increased  valuation,  and  you  will  see 
that  I  have  charged  this  greatly  increased  rent  in  my 
accoimts.  "  Oh,"  but  says  another  critic,  "because  you 
have  expended  1600?.  in  1851  in  purchased  food,  of 
course  you  will  continue  to  do  so,  and  thus  lose  600Z. 
annually." 

Now,  a  reasonable^  person  would  infer  that,  having 
bought  so  unusual  a  quantity,  and  thus  brought  my 
land  into  such  a  state  of  fertility,  I  should  not  require 
to  buy  any  more  artificial  food  or  manures  ;  and,  in  fact, 
it  is  my  present  impression  that  my  outlay  in  food  and 
manures  will  seldom  exceed  150?.  per  annum,  or  205. 
per  acre  ;  and  still  I  shall  be  able  to  keep  plenty  of 
stock  from  the  produce  of  half  my  farm,  it  being  now  in 
a  thriving  condition,  well  filled  with  manure. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  600Z.  is  too  great  a  loss  on 
the  consumption  of  1600/.  purchased  food,  and  that  one- 
third  of  the  cost  is  too  great  a  sum  for  the  value  of  the 
manure.  Now,  as  this  is  the  great  question  of  agri- 
culture, with  every  deference  I  beg  to  state  that  no 
animal  will  pay  for  feeding  on  purchased  food,  if  you 
leave  out  of  view  the  value  of  the  manure. 

It  matters  not  whether  it  be  hay,  Turnips,  com,  straw, 
or  oil-cake  ;  and,  further,  if  you  deduct  attendance, 
labour,  &c.,  in  connection  with  the  extra  manure  made, 
also  allow  for  casualties  to  stock,  one-third  loss  on  the 
purchased  food  will  be  a  fair  and  safe  calculation. 

You  cannot  buy  Tm-nips  or  Mangold  Wurzel,  for 
removal,  under  12s.  to  15s.  per  ton,  aud  certainly  the 
stock  will  not  pay  more  than  6s.  for  them.  If  you  pay 
30s.  a  ton  for  straw,  or  31.  for  hay,  the  animals  will  not 
return  above  half  the  cost.  I  am  not  agreed  with  the 
able  and  intelligent  editor  of  an  excellent  agricultural 
publication,  that  I  have  over- valued  my  Mangold  Wurzel 
at  6s.,  and  my  Swedes  at  5s.  6d.  per  ton,  consuming  price. 

If  it  takes  160  lbs.  of  Turnips  to  malie  1  lb.,  net 
weight,  of  meat,  a  ton  would  make  14  lbs.  at  5cZ.    ... 

SCO  Ib-i.  of  fine  s iraw-chuif,  consumed  witli  the  ton  of 
Turnips,  90  lbs.  of  straw  to  make  1  lb.  of  meat, 
is  S  lbs.  at  5rf.         


case,  and  may  in  others,  under  the  same  circumstances. 
No  doubt,  many  will  be  horrified  at  the  idea  of  an 
overwhelming  supply  of  bread  and  beef  ;  but  if  their 
principle  is  worth  anything,  the  less  we  produce  the 
happier  we  shall  be.  I  do  not  envy  such  people  their 
logic  or  their  feelings.  I  shall  go  on  unflinchingly,  so 
long  as  it  pleases  God  to  spare  me,  iu  what  I  believe  to 
be  the  path  of  agricultm-al  profit  and  truth.  I.  J.  Mcchi, 
Tiptree  Sail,  Kelvedon,  Essex,  Jan.  1. 


ON  CORN  RENTS. 

The  desire  universally  prevalent  among  the  agricul- 
tural interest  for  the  adoption  of  a  new  rental,  on  a 
more  equitable  and  satisfactory  basis,  as  between  land- 
lord and  tenant,  is  a  natural  consequence  of  the  great 
depression  in  the  price  of  agricultural  produce  ;  and 
amid  the  difficulties  which  present  themselves,  owing  to 
the  fluctuation  in  the  present,  as  well  as  the  uncertainty 
of  future  prices,  no  method  is  calculated  to  inspire 
greater  confidence  in  airiving  at  a  readjustment  of 
rents  than  by  the  substitution  of  a  corn-rent  in  lieu  of 
a  fixed  money  rent,  the  nature  of  which  I  shall 
endeavour  to  explain. 

A  corn  rent,  or  rather  a  corn  and  money  rent,  may 
be  defined  as  a  money  paj'ment  of  the  value  of  a  certain 
number  of  bushels  of  Wheat,  Barley,  and  Oats,  ascer- 
tained by  the  average  prices  of  such  grain  during  a 
given  period  ;  and  it  will  be  conceded  that  rents  which 
are  determined  by  the  price  of  corn,  are  likely  to  pre- 
serve their  true  value  better  than  money  rents,  and 
that  this  is  clearly  the  preferable  mode  as  under  the 
system  of  a  corn  rent  ;  if  in  consequence  of  the  large- 
ness of  the  crop,  the  price  is  low,  the  corresponding 
average  value  with  the  increased  quantity  makes  up  in 
some  degree  to  the  tenant  for  the  diminution  of  pricCy 
while  the  landowner  derives  an  advantage  in  the  im- 
proved condition  of  the  soil. 

But  to  illustrate  the  mode  of  ascertaining  a  corn-rent 
by  the  average  prices  of  Wheat,  Barley,  and  Oats,  as 
published  by  the  Inland  Revenue  Inspector,  from  the 
returns  of  the  market  town  where  the  principal  part  of 
the  produce  is  sold. 

■Supp'ise,  with  Wheat  averaging  at  75.,  Eailey  at  43,, 
and  Oats  at  3s.  per  bualiei,  before  the  prohibitioa 
of  protective  duties,  the  original  rent,  escluaive 
of  Tithe  rent-charge,  to  bo  305.  per  acre,  or  as 
a  fixed  nioney-rent  for  a  taim  of  200  acres, 
per  annum  £300    0    0 

If,  at  a  com-rentpartly,  and  a  fixed  rent  partly,  as 
in  the  case  of  a  Stock  Farm,  then  oue-third  of  the 
oiiginal  rent  always  at  a  fixtd  sum  or  money- 
payment  £100    0    0 

The  remaining  amount  of  rent,  200Z.,  being  divide^ 
into  three  parts,  and  converted,  one-third  into  bushels  of 
Wheat  at  75.,  one-third  into  bushels  of  Barley  at  45., 
and  one-third  into  bushels  of  Oats  at  Ss.,  thus  :  — 

'G?.  per  qr.      ^66  105.  Od. 
iis.  per  qr.  66     0     0 

2-l.«.  per  qr.  67  10     0 


53.  IU. 


Gd. 


190  bush.  "Wheat,  at  7.'.  per  busb., 
33U  bush.  Burley,  at  4s.  per  busb., 
450  busb.  Oats,      at  3^,  ptr  bush., 

£300    0    0 
The  value  of  which,  by  the   average   prices  for  the 
half  year  ending  Lady-day,  1851,  is  as  follows  : — 


Total      8s.    id. 

This  I  consider  the  value  of  the  ton  of  roots  with  the 
straw  (minus  attendance,  &.C.).  Of  course,  if  you  used 
as  an  auxiliary  purchased  food,  the  loss  on  the  pur- 
chased food  would  absorb  much  of  the  value  of  your 
Turnips.  It  is  well  to  have  a  proper  understanding  on 
this  important  question,  both  as  to  the  loss  ou 
the  purchase  of  food,  and  of  the  benefit  derived  in  the 
manure,  which  are  about  equivalent.  The  principle 
is  the  same  whether  it  be  \l.  or  lOOOZ.  I,  therefore, 
insist  on  this  truth,  that  all  purchased  food  (Rape- 
cake,  perhaps,  excepted),  must  leave  a  loss  or  charge 
for  the  manm'e  resulting  from  it.  Still  it  is  clearly 
shown  to  be  a  cheaper  way  of  restoring  fertility  than 
purchased  manure.  A  wise  farmer,  therefore,  having 
his  land  in  a  state  of  fertility,  will  endeavour  to 
maintain  it  by  deep  and  ample  cultivation,  and  by 
the  consumption  of  one-half  its  produce  with  the  straw 
of  the  other  half.  I  predict  tlie  time  to  be  coming  when 
the  boarded-floor  system  will  be  generally  adopted  for 
animals,  and  straw  will  be  deemed  far  too  precious  to 
be  trampled  under  foot — it  will  be  used  as  food. 

Before  I  conclude  these  remarks,  let  me  en  treat  those 
who  have  capital  to  consider  the  poor  unemployed 
labourer,  at  this  dull  season  of  the  year.  L  have  40 
extra  men  now  employed  digging  the  land  10  inches 
deep,  and  throwing  it  up  on  ridges  at  2d.  per 
rod  of  5\  yards  square,  or  \l.  6s,  tJcZ.  per  acre.  It 
is  a  labour  test,  combining,  in  my  opinion,  charity 
with  profit.  It  is  true  they  can  earn  but  about  Is. 
per  day,  but  I  offer  it  to  all  the  odd  men  and  strong 
j'ouths  who  can  get  nothing  else  to  do,  and  who  must 
otherwise  starve,  go  into  the  detested  union,  or  involve 
themselves  in  debt.  This  operation  is  cheaper  and 
infinitely  better  than  ploughing,  and  the  eagerness  with 
which  it  is  availed  of,  impresses  me  with  a  very  high 
sentiment  of  respect  for  the  industry  of  our  rural  popu- 
lation, and  their  dL-itaste  for  idleness.  Of  course  I  sup- 
ply them  with  steel  spades  and  furUs,  made  in  Birming- 
ham, which  are  far  superior  in  ease,  effect,  and  price,  to 
the  ordinary  bungling  utensils  of  most  agricultural 
localities.  A  great  reform  is  required  in  this  matter  of 
tools. 

In  conclusion,  I  repeat,  that  my  transaction  has  been, 
on  the  whole,  profitable  ;  and  we  may  easily  imagine 
what  would  be  the  effect  of  tripling  (by  the  application 
of  skill  and  capital)  the  rentals  and  fee-simples  of  the 
poor  lands  of  this  kingdom.     It  has  been  done  in  my 


190  bushels  Wheat,  at  41s.  Q^d.  per  quarter 
330  bu^-hels  Bailey,  at 23s.  Cjd.        ,, 
450  bushels  Oat-,  at  lus.  Mid.          „ 
Fixed  money  payment  


£30  13 

10 

60  17 

S 

5t  10 

2 

lOU    0 

0 

.  £19  lls.M. 

48  11  11 
.  41  17  8 
.100    0    0 

213    0    S 


Total  half  jearly  rent  £121  10    1 
And  by  the  average  prices  for  the  h.ilf  year  ending 
MichaelmaSj  1851. 

190  bushels  Wheat,  at  42s.  S\d.  per  quarter 

330  busht'la  Barley,  at  24s.  8c;.  „        

450  bushels  Oats,  at  I9s.  OW.  , 

Fixed  money  paj  ment  

25G  10    6 
Total  halfjearly  rent  £128    5    3 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  iirst  half-year's  corn  rent  is 
equal  to  an  abatement  or  reduction  of  20  per  cent,  off 
the  original  rent  ;  which  strengthens  the  opinion  I  have 
entertained  that  from  the  commencement  of  free-trade 
rents  should  have  been  reduced  full  20  i^er  cent.  The 
second  half-year,  owing  to  the  excess  in  the  average 
prices,  especially  of  Oats  dm'ing  that  period,  is  equal  to 
a  reduction  of  only  15  per  cent.  J.  Halton,  Btiiyhfield. 

NEW^DIGGING  FORK. 
At  this  period  of  the  year  it  is  my  custom,  ou  the 
principle  of  profit  and  charity  combined,  to  offer  to 
the  odd  or  unemployed  men  of  my  neighbourhood 
the  option  of  digging  a  field  10  inches  deep,  and 
throwing  the  earth  up  in  ridges,  at  'Id.  per  rod,  or 
11.  6s.  Sd.  per  acre.  This  is  a  low  price,  but  it  is  c 
labour  test,  and  does  not  interfere  in  any  way  with  my 
regular  workmen.  I  have  hitherto  used  Dr.  Yelloley's 
forks,  and  latterly  Lyndon's  14-inch  long  grafting-tools, 
which  are  a  most  improved,  light,  and  yet  strong  descrip- 
tion of  spade  ;  but  all  these  are  in  every  respect  entirely 
eclipsed  by  a  new  steel  fork,  made  by  Mr.  Harry  Winton, 
of  Birmingham,  called  Parlces'  patent.  These  first  caught 
my  attention  at  the  Great  Exhibition,  aud  I  brought 
three  down  to  the  farm,  where  my  men  looked  upon 
them  as  pretty  playthings,  or  just  fit  to  throw  duiig 
into  a  cart;  "but  now,  tliat  they  have  tried  them  in 
diggin'T  against  the  superior  tools  I  have  mentioned, 
the  three  men  who  use  them  are  the  envy  of  the  rest, 
who  are  in  a  most  anxious  condition  for  a  supply,  seeing 
tliat  it  facilitates  the  labourer  quite  20  per  cent.,  and 
does  the  worl;  infinitely  better  and  easier.  They  are 
employed  on  land  that  had  been  previously  subsoiled 
(four  years  since),  of  a  hard,  black,  sandy  nature,  with 
much   iron   pan,  hard  gravel,   &c.,  and,   until  deeply 


2—1852.] 


THE     1A.GRICULTURAL     GAZETlTE. 


27 


drainedj  full   of  springs.     The   fine,  but  elastic,  steel 
prongs  insert  tliemselves  amongst  this  miserably  rocky 
Stuffj°and  bring  it  to  the  surface  with  ease,  whilst  the 
spade  is  repelled  by  the  resisting  masa,  and  it  certainly 
appears  not  very  possible  to  break  them  ;  in  fact,  some 
of  the  meu  think  they  are  nearly  equal  to  the  pickaxe. 
They  have  five  steel  prongs,  tapering  to  a  point.     The 
fork  weiiihs  5  11)3.,  is  13  inches  long,  8^  wide,  and  costs 
6s.  6d.  ve^tail.     I  hear  they  are  by  some  patent  process 
cut  out,  or  stamped  out,  of  a  solid  plate  of  steel,  and 
then  hardened  and  tempered.     I  have  18  additional  ones 
coming.     It  was  thought  they  would  not  be  so  useful  on 
our  very  heavy  clays  ;  but  this  was  a  mistake,  for  they 
answer  admirably,  raising  and  breaking  and  admixing 
the  soil  in  au  extraordinary  manner.     If  during  the  dull 
months  we  can  employ  the  casual  population  in  this  way, 
I  am  sure  it  will  pay  better  than  subsoiling  ;  for  although 
this  laud  had  been  subsoiled  by  four  horses  following 
the  first  plough,  the  single  forking  exhausts  all  this,  aud 
brings  up  some  fresh  soil.     I  shall  use  the  fork  in  the 
valley  or  furrow  between  the  two  ridges  bringing  up 
pai'tof  the  bottom-soil  and  throwing  it  on  the  ridge. 
It  is  interesting  to  see  obstinate  old  Thistles  and  other 
vi^Torous  deep  rooted    weeds  thus  drawn  out  of  their 
hiJmg  places,  many  of  them  showing  signs  of  having 
been  decapitated  by  the  plough,  but  in  revenge  sending 
forth  several  shoots  from  the  parent  stem  for  exhibition 
next  summer.     A  good  able  workman,  aided  by  his  boy, 
will  earn  about   IO5.  to  1"25.  per  week  at  this  worli,  or 
for  himself  about  75.  to  Qs.     It  is  admirable  exercise 
for  youths   aspiring  to  manhood,   who   are   too  often 
thrown  out  of  work  at  this  season,  "  because  they  have 
no  family  to  support."     It  is  just  the  ago  when  they  are 
in  the  greatest  danger  from  idleness.     I  am  daily  con- 
vinced we  must  depend  more  on  deep   cultivation,  and 
a  more  effective  mixing  and  aerating  of  our  soils  than 
the  plough  gives  us,  more  especially  for  our  x'oot  crops, 
which  require  to  find  their  food  in  a  dry  summer,  at 
least  12  itiches  to   18  inches  below  the  surface.     Our 
growers   of  Giant   Rhubarb  often   bury  their  manure 
3  feet  deep  in  gardens.     I  have  the  greatest  possible 
contempt    for    the    plough    as    a   deep    cultivator   of 
the    soil.      To-day    a    pair    of  my    strongest    horses 
•were  ploughing    some    strong    clay  land,    and    could 
not  possibly   exceed  4^    inches    (measured    from   the 
solid  ground),  to   get  through  their  limited  allowance 
of   one  acre  per  day.     I  discussed  with  my  man    the 
propriety  of  using  six  horses,  either  together,  or  three 
in  the  first  and  three  in  the  second  plough  to  follow, 
and  we  both  felt  assured  that  10  to  11  inches  (from  the 
solid  gi'ound)  would  be  the  utmost  obtainable  depth  ;  of 
course  we  must  employ   horses  wdien  we  have  them, 
but   it   is    evident   that   digging   or  rather   forking   at 
2c?.  per  rod   is  the  cheapest  operation,  combining  the 
plough  with  fork  cultivation.     I  shall  subsoil  between 
the  deep  ridges  thrown  up  by  the  diggers,  and  also,  as 
- 1  make  manure,  digsome  into  the  valleys  or  furrows,  on 
the  same  principle   and  plan  as   that  of  the  reverend 
author  of  the  *'  Word  in  Season.'*     I  manure  all  my 
root    land    before   it    is    dug,    so    that    it    gets    well 
mixed  in  the  ridge.     A  second  manuring  in  the  furrow, 
well  dug  in,  will  carry  out  the  crop  wlieu  it  approaches 
maturity.     The  land  in  the  spring  will  be  pulled  fiat  by 
the  scarifiers  before  drilling,  and  well  horse  hoed  with 
Garrett's  during  the  summer.     In  our  dry  climate  of 
Essex,  root  crops  may  well  mildew  when  they  have  such 
miserably  shallow  cultivation  as  the  ordinary  ploughiugs 
afford.     Those  who  may  visit  my  farm  next  year  will  be 
able  to  judge  of  the  effects  of  this  operation  on  the  root 
crops.     I  have  already  proved  it  this  year.     It  is  only 
when  you   begin  the  operation  that  you  find   out   how 
many  are  wiilmg  to  earn  bread  rather  than  endure  idle- 
ness, or  enter  the  detested  union  house.     I  only  know  a 
couple  of  lazy  poachers  who  refuse  this  labour  test.     It 
speaks  well  lor  human  nature.     A  strong  youth  or  man 
will   dig  a  rod  of  ground  (5^  yards  by  5^-  yards),  with 
these  forks  in  one  hour  and  a  quarter  to  one  hour  and  a 
half.     Of  course  in  mellow  garden  soil  more  could  be 
done.     Whilst  watching  the  diggings  and  ploughings  of 
my  now  improved  soil,  I  am  delighted  to  find  a  whole 
army  of  newly  come  assistant  drainers  and  cultivators — 
I  mean  earth  worms — ■which  liave  bored  and  rebored 
every  clod,  and  brought  much  fine  enrth   to  the  surlace. 
Still  thin  never  takes  place  in  undrained  soil,  for  worms 
abhor  stagnated  water,  which  instinct  tells  them  is  their 
destraption.      Tiie    size    of  the   holes,   and    the    bold 
rotundity  of  my  new  Iriends,  are  comfortable  assurances 
of  fat  and  dry  land.     They  form  a  strange  contrast  to 
those  long  and  attenuated  specimens  occasionally  seen 
in  poor  wet  soils.     P.S.  We  are  now  digging  in  a  very 
tenacions  srtil,  In  which  the  men  cannot  earn  so  mucii  as 
in  the  lluhtor  Hclds,  J,  J,  AhcUl,  TipiTce  Jfail,  Dec.  30. 

Janv/inj  8.  — Wo  liave  just  completed  21  acres.     The 
forks  work  admirably. 

EXIMilUMKNT.S  WITH  MANURES. 
With  respect  to  the  improvement  of  cultiv.ation, 
it  IB  extremely  difficult  to  ascertiiin  tho  best  mcthod.s  of 
obtaining  from  the  «oil  tho  greatest  return  that  it  is 
capable  of  yi<;tdii)g  ;  for  tho  Hcience  of  agriculturti  is  liko 
that  of  mt-'dicine,  not  an  exa-it,  but  an  empirical  science; 
in  both  the  br<«wl  rules  of  practicL-  are  plain  enough,  and 
known  U;  thousands  by  education  ;  ijiit  as  tliere  arc 
idiosyiicracicK  in  the  human  coii'^tilution,  wliicli  dcfiiat 
the  calculaiionH  of  tho  physician,  ho  Ihi.nj  aro  idiu- 
Syilcra<;i<'H  in  ih'i  componition  of  the  Hoi!  which  perplex 
and  dJMippoint  the  agricuUnrist.  If  there  were  no  diver- 
sitiefi  ill  the  ori;aiiitiaiion  of  tho  human  body,  sometiinos 
affecting;  the  nervouH  Hystcrn,  soinctimOH  tho  circulation, 
WnwtimeH   tho   digestion,  or    the    action  of  tlie  otlicr 


viscera,  the  diagnosis  of  disease  would  bo  easy,  and  the 
art  of  healing  would  be  reduced  to  the  condition  of  an 
exact  science  ;  and  so,  if  the  elements  of  fertility  were 
constant  quantities,    governed   by  known   and   certain 
laws,  the  attainment  of  the  maxinmm  would  be  resolved 
into  a  question  of  expense  ;  an  expense,  however,  in 
many  cases  so  serious,  that  no  man  of  common  sense 
would  embark  his  capital  in  a  speculation  from  which 
no  success  could  obtain  a  profit;  thus,  for  instance,  the 
three  principal  earths  which  compose  the  most  fertile 
soils — alumina,  silica,  and  carbonate  of  lime,  are  found 
to  vary  in  their  respective  quantities  to  the  amount  of 
20  or  30  per  cent.  ;  now,  supposing  it  were  ascertained 
in  what  one  proportion  these  should  be  combined,iu  order 
to  produce  the  largest  possible  crops,  it  might  be  neces- 
sary to  remove  hundreds  of  tons  of  that  which  is  in 
excess,  and  to  bring,  perhaps,  from  very  great  distances, 
hundreds  of  tons  of  those  which  are  deficient  ;  any  one 
may  easily  judge  that  this  would  not  be  profitable  farming. 
There  are  faults  in  the  composition  of  soils,  easily  discerned 
though  not  easily  corrected  ;  but  there  are  other  very 
necessary  ingredients,   less  visible  and  palpable,  which 
can  only  be  detected  by  the  long  processes  of  an  intri- 
cate analysis.     These  minute  quantities  may  vary   in 
every  field,  and  in  different  parts  of  the  same  field  ;  for 
the   inequality  with  which  manure  is  distributed  neces- 
sarily  produces   this  inequality  of  ingredients.       And, 
since  so  small  a  quantity  as  the  ten- thousandth  part  of 
some  bodies  materially  modifies   the   character  of  the 
compound,  some  things  may  escape  notice  which   yet 
ai'e  indispensable  to  vegetable  growth,  for  homoeopatliy 
has  taught  us  how  much  may  sometimes  be  effected  by 
infinitesimal  doses  ;  or  the  ingredients  may  exist  under 
different  forms  from  that  in  which  they  appear  to  the 
inquirer  ;  for  the  operations  in  the  laboratory  of  Nature 
are  not  tied  down  to  the  laws  which  govern  the  labora- 
tory of  the  chemist,  and  many  subtle  agencies  are  quite 
beyond  our  control — heat  and  light  and  electricity,  aud, 
above  all,  the  ms  vitcs.     For  these  reasons,  though  che- 
mistry has  shed  a  valuable  light  upon  our  path,  yet  it  is 
a  mere  delusion  to  imagine  that  science  can  lay  down 
any  certain  rules  lor  the  progress  of  agricultural  pro- 
duction, of  which  we  have  a  notable  instance  in  the 
complete  failure  of  the  manure  recommended  by  Liebig. 
I  repeat,  therefore,  that  the  art  of  agriculture  is  entirely 
an  einpii'ical  art  ;  and  as  no  physician  ai'rtves  at  any 
great  p- oficiency  in  the  healing  art  who  is  not  guided 
first  by  the  experience  of  others,  and  then  by  his  own, 
so  the  agriculturist  should  attend  to  the  evidence  of  facts 
reported   by   others,   to  improve   his  own  knowledge. 
And,   since  few   are   disposed  to  take  the  trouble   of 
making   accurate  experiments,  it  is  the  more  incum- 
bent upon  those  who  do,  to  record  the  results  of  them 
for  the  benefit  of  their  fellow  labourers. 

It  may  appear  to  some  that  there  is  too  much  same- 
ness in  this  annual  report  of  my  experiment  ;  but 
that  sameness  is  the  test  of  truth  ;  for  if  year  after 
year  the  results  ai'e  the  same,  a  valuable  truth 
has  been  more  and  more  established  beyond  dis- 
pute. On  the  other  hand,  \  if  they  vary,  it  is  very 
interesting  and  instructive  to  investigate  the  causes  of 
that  variety — for  that  too  tends  to  the  establishment  of 
truth,  even  though  it  may  sometimes  be  only  a  doubt- 
ful approximation  to  it.  In  the  first  class  I  may  reckon 
the  full  effect  of  ammoniacal  manures  upon  Grass.  In 
17    experiments   of   this  description  a  profit  appeared 


^  cwt.  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  was  added  to  1  cwt.  oi' 
guano,  although  it  costs  a  little  more,  yet  the  profit 
amounted  to  21.  As.  \(id.  per  acre. 

But  there  is  a  certain  limit  in  all  soils,  beyond  which 
nature  refuses  to  answer  your  demands  upon  her- 
and  though  you  may  in  some  small  degree  stimulate 
her  jaded  energies  by  whip  and  spui*,  yet  such  feeble 
efforts  are  not  sufticient  to  gam  the  prize  of  remu- 
neration. Thus  in  a  field  of  yellow  Trefoil  four  different 
manures  were  employed,  except  on  four  portions  re- 
served for  comparison,  very  moderate  proportions 
were  employed,  not  above  1  cwt.,  in  order  to  avoid 
the  rifck  of  doing  harm ;  as  to  the  phosphate  and 
muriate  of  ammonia,  each  of  them  undoubtedly  added 
several  cwt.  to  the  bulk  of  tho  natural  hay  ;  but  that 
bulk  being  from  3  to  6  cwt.  above  2  tons,  and  the  ex- 
pense of  both  being  high,  the  loss  on  the  two  taken 
together  amounted  to  H.  ;  but  where  a  cwt.  of  Peruvian 
guano  was  used,  no  increase  followed,  and  ^  of  a  cwt.  of 
sulphate  of  ammonia  seemed  to  diminish  the  quantity  of 
hay  by  almost  5  cwt.  It  is  certainly  not  unlikely  that 
the  seed  may  have  accidentally  failed  on  this  portion  of 
the  field  ;  but  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  an 
increase  of  the  manure  would  have  remedied  the  evil — . 
for  in  another  instance,  the  same  quantity  of  sulphate 
of  ammonia  applied  to  Grass  produced  a  clear  profit  of 
\l.  145.  Orf.  ;  and  so  far  from  that  sum  being  increased 
by  an  increase  of  the  manure,  it  is  an  example  of  profit^ 
observmg,  though  somewhat  irregularly,  an  inverse  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  of  manure — that  is.tosayjthe 
more  the  manure  the  less  the  profit. 

J  cwt.  produced  £114    9  profit. 

1    cwt.        „  0  li    0      „ 

licwfc.        „  ^  ...  ^     0     18      „ 

Muriate  of  ammonia  furnishes  a  similar  series  ; 

1  cwt.  produced  £1  12    0  profit. 

\\  cwt.        „  0  lo    6      „ 

2  cwt.         „  0     3     7       „ 

Not  SO,  however,  in  the  case  of  the  Irish  peat  charcoal 
mixed  with  nightsoil ;  for  of  the  latter  ingredient  so 
small  a  quantity  is  present,  compared  with  the  bulk,  that 
a  large  dose  is  required  to  produce  any  effect,  and  that 
sort  which  professes  to  contain  none  has  been  found 
utterly  useless  as  a  top  dressing  ;  in  one  instance  2  cwfc. 
did  notrepay  its  expense, though  that  only  amounted  to  5s.  5 
but  the  addition  of  ^  cwt.  made  a  difference  of  12?, 
profit.  In  another  instance,  3  cwt.  was  a  loss,  but  4  cwt. 
gave  a  profit  of  7s.  Qd.  But  when  applied  to  the  growth, 
of  corn,  even  a  single  cwt.  of  the  simple  peat  charcoal 
proved  beneficial,  by  adding  1;^  bush,  to  the  corn,  and 
four  trusses  to  the  straw.  I  am  aware  that  this  might 
arise  from  some  accident  of  the  soil,  and  the  great  in- 
equalities which  sometimes  exist  will  be  apparent  from 
the  tables  which  I  am  about  to  subjoin  ;  but  it  seems 
that  there  is  some  peculiar  suitableness  in  the  peat  char- 
coal to  the  soil  for  the  purpose  of  growing  Wheat,  which 
it  is  not  very  easy  to  explain  ;  for  the  whole  of  one  field 
having  been  manured  with  15  loads  of  dung  the  addition 
to  it  by  so  much  night-soil  as  6Q  lbs.  of  charcoal  could 
imbibe  would  be  too  small  a  quantity  to  make  much 
difference  ;  and  though  it  absorbs  heat,  which  chalk 
does  not,  yet  again  the  quantity  was  too  trifling  to 
modify  the  warmth  of  the  soil  materially  ;  yet  it  was  the 
only  application  wliich  increased  the  produce  of  corn  so 
much  as  to  yield  a  profit.  In  making  this  estimate^ 
Wheat  is  supposed  to  be  worth  5s.  a  bushel,  and  straw 
8rf.  a  truss,  which  is  the  cost  here  when  bought. 


1  cwt.  of  Peruvian  Guano         

Without  it  

81  lbs.  of  Ditto      

Without  it  

56  lbs.  of  Ditto      

Without  it 
1  cwt.  of  Muriate  of  Ammonia 

Without  it  

Sllbs.  of  Ditto       

Without  it  

56  lbs.  of  Ditto       

Without  it  

1  cwt.  of  Phnsphate  of  Ammonia 

Without  it 
84  Iba.  of  Ditto      

Wiihout  it  

56  lbs.  of  Ditto       

Wlthiiutit  

1  cwt.  of  Sulphate  of  Ammonia 

Without  it  

8Ub8.  of  Ditto      

Withoutit  

51  lbs.  of  Ditto 

Wiihout  it  

1  cwt.  of  Peat  Charcoal  with  Night-Boil 

Without  it  

84  lbs.  of  Ditto       

With.iut  it  

50  Iba.  of  Ditto      

Withoutit  

But  4  cwt.  of  Ditto  produced 

Wi.hn.if  ir  


Bush 

Galls. 

i'i 

4 

41 

3 

41 

3 

41 

2 

40 

6 

4(1 

n 

40 

0 

4S 

1 

43 

6 

43 

1 

Vi 

4 

42 

a^ 

50 

0 

4T 

7 

41 

7 

40 

5 

41 

2 

50 

5 

40 

0 

40 

0 

40 

0 

40 

0 

40 

0 

40 

0 

45 

0 

40 

0 

41 

2 

40 

0 

40 

0 

37 

4 

45 

0 

41) 

0 

Profit. 
&    s.  it. 


1  2   a 

0    i'  4J 

0  lb"  3 
0  15"  0 


Loss, 
£0    3s.  sa. 

0    7"  4 

0    6"  6£- 

0  12"  71 

0  13"  44 

0    9"  5i 

0   5"  e 

0  7"  3 

0  610  J 

0  lo"  0 

0  12"  0 

0  s"  0 


Truss 

lbs 

163 

S2 

141 

4 

153 

82 

141 

4 

160 

0 

137 

28 

177 

28 

160 

0 

173 

12 

160 

0 

168 

24 

151 

23 

168 

32 

160 

(1 

l.iS 

12 

H4 

16 

153 

12 

144 

16 

210 

0 

128 

32 

H4 

16 

123 

32 

130 

24 

120 

0 

160 

0 

153 

,12 

160 

0 

140 

0 

137 

23 

123 

32 

126 

24 

107 

28 

Profit. 
£0  18s.  M. 

0  11    6 

0    3    6 

one 

0  12"  0 

0    6    0 

0    5    6 

0    C    0 

0    6    0 

2  14    8 

0  lb'  6 

0    9    C 

0    4    8 

0  13    4 

0    6    0 

0  12    B 

Loss. 

£  s.  a. 


per  acre,  after  deducting  the  cost  of  the  manure,  more 
or  leas  in  cacli  case,  but  altogetlier  amounting  to  about 
I'dl.f  and  the  only  Hct-ofi' against  tliis  was  one  solitary 
experiment  with  guano,  where  tho  value  of  tho  in- 
creased produce  of  hay  fell  short  by  8.f.  2(/.  of  the  '2  cwt. 
bestowed  upon  the  land  ;  but  perhaps  it  would  have  been 
uureasonalile  to  expect  more,  since  that  part  which  was 
left  uninainu'cd,  tor  the  salco  of  comparison,  gave  no 
lusa  than  2  tons,  *J  cwt.  77  lbs.  of  hay  ;  this  iiowcver 
must  not  bo  supposed  to  bo  the  usual  average  of  its 
natural  produce,  which  is  in  general  not  much  uIkivo 
or  belf)W  a  ton  and  a  half  ;  and  in  that  easo  a  smaller 
'(uantity  of  gnano  has  been  eminently  ui^efnl  ;  in  ono 
instance  l^cwt.gavoa  clear  profit  of  W.  :i».  2d.  per  aero, 
Bupposing  tho  price  of  hay  to  be  HI,  per  ton  ;  and  where 


Now,  the  first  tiling  that  strikes  the  eye  as  it  runs 
over  these  tables  is,  that  ill  every  case  there  was 
a  valuable  increase  of  straw  from  the  application  of 
Iho  various  manures  ;  but  that  in  all,  except  that: 
of  the  peat  charcoal,  tho  quantity  of  grain  was 
either  not  iuercased  at  all,  or  not  much.  Not 
enough  to  justify  tlio  expenditure,  so  far  as  tho  pro- 
ihiction  of  huiiian  food  is  the  only  object  in  view  ;  and 
yet  these  aro  the  manures  which  bill  the  fairest  for  suc- 
cess on  tliooretical  principles,  especially  tho  phosphate  o£ 
aininoiiia  ;  for  it  contains  the  two  ingredients  most 
esseniial  to  the  growth  of  corn,  and  the  most  iikolyto 
bo  defective.  There  is  no  laelt  of  lime,  and  magnesia, 
and  potash,  and  soda,  and  silica,  and  iron  in  tho  soil  ; 
they  aro  naturally  present;  but  tho  phosphoric  acid 


28 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  10, 


Tequirea  may  be  exliaUdCed,  aud  ammonia  mudt  be  sup- 
plied. It  appears,  however,  to  be  a  great  mistake  to 
suppose  that  every  addition  of  5  lbs.  of  ammonia  to 
the  crop  will  produce  the  addition  of  a  bushel  of  Wheat  ; 
and  it  further  appears  that  there  is  a  limit  to  the  corn- 
producing  powers  of  the  soil — varying,  no  doubt,  much 
■with  the  texture  of  the  soil  itself — but  still  there  is  a 
limit  beyond  whitih  they  cannot  be  forced  by  art.  Even 
manufacturing  power  will  not  bear  to  be  tasked  beyond 
the  strength  of  its  materials  ;  and  a  high-pressure 
engine,  over-weighted,  will  not  do  more  work,  but  will 
burst.  When,  therefore,  some  persons  condemn  the 
agriculturist  for  not  extracting  more  from  the  soil  by 
high  farming,  and  consider  that  the  panacea  for  all  their 
losses,  it  is  evident,  that  even  if  there  were  no  such 
things  as  bad  seasons,  which  in  vai-ious  ways  disap- 
point the  utmost  efforts  of  skill  and  of  expense,  they 
censure  us  ignorantly  and  unreasonably  ;  for  they 
require  what  in  many  cases  is  from  the  very  nature  of 
things  impracticable  ;  and  this  view  of  the  matter  re- 
ceives great  confirmation  from  another  fact  which  is 
now  to  be  noticed :  in  every  instance  where  the  px'o- 
duce  was  much  increased,  the  quality  of  the  corn  was 
inferior.  The  only  manures  which  can  claim  to  be 
eKceptions  to  this  rule  are  the  phosphate  of  ammonia 
and  the  charcoal ;  but  the  former  was  not  very  influ 
ential  in  any  way,  and  where  the  latter  was  most  suc- 
cessful there  was  a  loss  of  6  oz.  per  bushel  in  the 
■weight  of  the  corn.  The  action  of  this  manure  is  very 
remarkable  ;  the  quantity  of  inorganic  ingredients  in 
the  night-soil  which  it  could  take  up  must  be  very 
trifling ;  and  of  the  organic,  carbon  alone  seemed 
to  produce  no  effect,  and  ammonia  not  much  in 
any  of  its  combinations.  The  effect,  therefore, 
must  be  referred  to  the  carbonic  acid,  which 
being  combined  with  ammonia  was  absorbed  by  the 
charcoal,  and  preserved  from  the  loss  to  which  it  is 
subjected  by  its  volatility.  This,  however,  being  the  first 
year  of  experimenting  with  chai'coal  so  prepared,  it  may 
be  wiser  to  wait  for  further  evidence  of  its  efficacy 
before  we  endeavour  to  account  for  it ;  but  whatever 
that  normal  efficacy  may  be,  it  is  evident  that  it  has 
reached  its  highest  limit  when  it  begins  to  injure  the 
weight,  and  consequently  the  value  of  the  grain  ;  on  this 
point  the  humidity  of  our  climate  condemns  us  to  an 
iiyi:eraediable  inferiority.  And  what  matters  it  to  the 
English  farmer  that  by  skilful  cultivation  he  can  raise 
tv;ice  as  much  Wheat  from  an  acre  of  land  as  the 
farmers  of  France  or  North  America,  if,  while  he 
thinks  himself  well  off,  when  it  weighs  63  or  64  lbs.  per 
bushel  ;  in  their  drier  climates,  without  any  application 
of  skill  or  expense,  it  reaches  the  weight  of  68  or  more  \ 
The  millers  will  not  buy  an  inferior  article  as  long  as 
they  can  get  abetter,  or  if  they  do,  it  will  ouly  be  at  a 
great  reduction  of  price,  which  will  be  increased  by  the 
forced  sale  of  a  more  abundant  market  (the  greatest 
part  of  it,  indeed,  comes  in  as  flour  ;  but  that  comes  to 
the  same  thing,  except  to  the  miller).  Now,  if  it  can  be 
proved  that  this  natural  inferiority  is  increased  by  any 
great  effort  to  increase  the  quantity,  the  English  culti- 
vator will  be  reduced  to  this  alternative— he  must  either 
submit  to  the  debasement  of  his  grain,  and  a  depression 
in  the  market,  or  else  he  must  abandon  the  attempt  to 
grow  larger  crops.  He  is  in  the  condition  of  the  dairy 
farmer,  who  must  choose  whether  he  will  have  much 
milk  or  rich  milk  ;  for  he  knows  that  no  breed  of  cows 
wiil  give  him  both,  either  quantity  or  quality  must  be 
sacrifiecd.  This  is  a  grievous  discouragement  to  high 
farming  ;  and  the  President  of  the  United  States,  who 
considers  it  a  reproach  to  their  Governments,  that  they 
have  never  given  any  encouragement  to  agriculture, 
would,  if  he  presided  over  the  destinies  of  this 
country,  show  some  practical  sympathy  for  those  who 
are  driven  into  such  a  dilemma  by  recent  legislation. 
It  must  be  granted,  however,  that  this  argument  affects 
only  those  farms  which  are  already  in  the  best  condition, 
and  that  a  large  proportion  are  very  capable  of 
improvement  ;  there  are  those,  therefore,  for 
whom  all  methods  of  improvement  must  have  some 
interest,  and  to  whom,  therefore,  it  may  be  useful  to 
show  what  can  be  effected  by  the  application  of  chemical 
manures  alone,  assisted,  at  least,  only  by  frequent  hoeing 
and  burning  those  weeds  which  the  hoe  cannot  extir- 
pate, but  without  a  particle  of  farm-yard  manure,  and 
■without  any  variation  in  the  application  of  the  salts. 
The  results  of  my  experiments  in  garden  ground  present 
so  many  anomalies,  that  X  shall  not  trouble  you  with  the 
details,  though  it  is  not  difficult  to  account  for  them, 
since  the  discovery  of  the  power  of  the  soil  to  retain  the 
alkalies,  which  makes  it  impossible  to  rely  upon  the 
effect  of  any  particular  quantities  applied  in  any  one 
year  ;  but  they  present  also  two  or  three  general  facts 
which  are  worthy  of  notice  ;  the  first  is,  tliat  deducting 
,  a  portion  which  was  entirely  unmanured  for  the  sake  of 
comparison,  and  wliich  has  become  deteriorated  in  the 
proportion  of  19  to  25,  the  total  produce  of  corn  is 
nearly  equal  to  what  it  was  seven  years  ago,  but  the 
quality  is  better,  and  the  straw  more  abundant.  The 
rate  of  yield  is  little  less  than  25  bushels  per  acre  ;  the 
manures  used  have  been  sulphate  and  muriate  of  am- 
Boonia,  sulphate  and  phosphate  of  soda,  and  nitrate  and, 
till  this  year,  phosphate  of  potash.  Second,  the  seed, 
which  was  steeped  in  muriate  of  ammonia  and  afterwai'ds 
watered  with  it,  suffered,  probably,  from  the  strength  of 
the  solution,  and  very  little  of  it  came  up.  The  roots  of 
the  plants  wliich  grew  were  divided  and  transplanted, 
but  were  not  quite  enough  to  occupy  the  whole  of  the 
vacant  space  ;  nevertheless,  the  quantity  of  grain  pro- 
duced was  quite  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  straw. 
Lastly,  the  refuse  corn  or  tailing  Wheat,  which  was  in  a 


much  smaller  degree  treated  in  tne  same  way,  and 
watered,  when  it  began  to  grow,  with  sulphate  of  am- 
monia, produced  more  grain  than  the  good  plump  seed, 
in  the  proportion  of  58  to  50,  and  more  straw,  in  the 
proportion  of  140  to  129.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  if 
you  only  take  cai'e  to  provide  the  plant  with  sufficient 
aliment  at  the  time  when  it  most  requires  it,  you  may 
remedy  the  defect  of  the  seed  at  little  expence,  and 
obtain  from  corn  not  fit  to  be  sent  to  market  a  better 
crop  than  if  you  had  sown  that  which  you  can  sell.  If 
the  system  of  thin  seeding  is  good,  because  your  sacks 
are  less  robbed  by  the  soil,  a  fortiori  that  system  must 
be  better  by  which  they  are  not  robbed  at  all.  L.  Vernon 
HarcouTt. 


Home  Correspondence. 

TJic  Mercantile  Relation. — The  peace  and  happiness 
of  mankind  ought  to  be  the  first  care  of  mankind. 
Property  is  subsidiary  to  life  ;  aud  whatever  mode  of 
managing  property  is  inimical  to  the  peaceful  enjoyment 
of  life  must,  in  course  of  time,  be  discarded.  Such  a 
violent  remedy  as  10,000  farmers  leaving  their  farms 
in  order  to  convince  their  landlords  that  their  land  is 
too  high  rented,  would  communicate  a  violent  shock  to 
the  peace  and  security  of  society.  But  would  it  have 
the  effect  proposed  ?  It  would  not.  For  the  landlord 
who  waited  for  such  evidence  would  be  convinced 
"against  his  will,"  and  we  know  that  he  would  be  of 
the  "same  opinion  still."  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
wealth  of  our  towns  is  capable  of  sending  forth  gentle 
shepherds  enough  to  supply  the  place  of  so  many  farmers. 
And  after  this  second  company  of  faithful  conscripts  has 
been  cut  down,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  wealth  and  rural 
longings  of  our  city  populations  are  still  unexhausted. 
When  you  say  that  the  "  mercantile  relation  is  the  only 
one  which  can  be  assumed  to  exist  between  the  parties 
to  a  business  transaction,"  you  ignore  the  fact  that  no 
such  relation  is  recognised  by  the  law  as  existing  in 
British  society.  If  our  landholders  are  desirous  of  be- 
coming merchants,  let  them  stand  out  to  the  view  of 
society  in  their  proper  character  ;  let  them  declare 
themselves  merchants,  let  them  get  quit  of  their  present 
designations,  which  tell  us  that  the  majority  of  them  are 
princes  and  nobles,  whose  business  it  is  to  maintain 
honour  ;  and  lastly,  let  them  change  the  character  of 
our  laws  ;  for  if  they  are  merchants,  English  laws  are 
unjust,  and  hold  a  lie  iu  their  right  hand.  The  post  to 
which  both  you  and  society  call  our  landholders  is  a 
post  of  honour  and  power.  Their  own  tastes  induce 
them  to  exchange  this  for  the  gains  of  the  merchant, 
and  to  become  annuitants  upon  their  own  properties  on 
the  first  morning  of  the  year.  I  will  not  tell  you  my 
opinion  of  their  tastes,  although  I  should  not  lose  my 
head  if  I  did.  But  the  great  mischief  lies  in  this — that 
some  one  else^  under  some  undefinable  character,  steps 
into  the  place  which  they  have  left  vacant.  This  man, 
whose  mind  embraces  no  higher  responsibilities  than  the 
responsibilities  of  a  servant  to  his  master,  may  yet  avail 
himself  of  the  advantages  of  his  position  to  give  impetus 
to  his  own  resentments.  There  is  nothing  iu  nature 
capable  of  giving  us  an  idea  of  a  mercantile  relation.  The 
air  embraces  the  water  and  the  water  embraces  the 
earth.  All  the  parts  of  a  plant  mutually  sustain  and 
embrace  each  other.  There  is  the  relation  of  individual 
stones  in  a  building  to  the  edifice  itself.  But  we  know 
that  if  anything  of  the  nature  of  a  mercantile  relation 
were  to  exist  among  them,  the  edifice  would  very  soon 
be  levelled  with  the  ground.  When  I  hire  a  servant,  I 
do  not  engage  in  a  mercantile  transaction.  [Indeed 
you  do  !  You  exchange  a  certain  sum  of  money  for  so 
many  days'  work  of  a  man  !]  When  a  merchant  hires 
a  servant,  he  does  not  consider  that  he  is  engaged 
in  a  mercantile  transaction.  Before  a  just  mercan- 
tile transaction  can  take  place,  the  contracting  par- 
ties must  be  upon  a  footing  of  perfect  equality.  But 
we  have  seen  that  the  law  recognises  the  majority  of 
our  landholders  as  possessing  honour  and  power.  Now 
ask  the  savage  who  holds  a  sword  amongst  a  company 
of  other  unarmed  savages,  for  what  purpose  the  sword 
was  given  to  him,  and  he  will  tell  you  that  power  is  given 
to  him  in  order  that  he  may  preserve  peace.  At  the 
present  time,  when  we  hear  so  much  of  revolutions, 
what  is  that  which  renders  society  in  France  troubled  as 
the  foam  of  the  ocean,  and  more  shifting  than  its  sands  ? 
It  is  the  want  of  a  nobility  who  are  capable  of  allying 
love  and  truth  with  power.  If  we  go  back  into  the 
history  of  the  world  2500  years,  and  ask  the  Princes  and 
Grandees  of  the  Persian  Empire, for  what  purpose  power 
was  given  to  them,  they  will  answer  that  unto  all  people, 
nations,  and  languages  that  dwell  in  all  the  earth  peace 
might  be  multiplied.  John  Russell. 

Einigration. — Mr.  Goodiff  has  attempted  an  answer 
to  your  articles  in  favour  of  emigration,  as  the  means  of 
improving  the  condition  of  the  labourer  and  the  small 
farmer,  by  increasing  the  demand  for  labour,  and 
diminishing  competition  for  land.  He  has  not,  how- 
ever, answered  them.  In  his  view  all  the  misery  of 
Ireland  arises  from  bad  government.  You  contend  that 
it  has  been  caused  by  the  excessive  use  of  the  Potato  ; 
by  the  bad  system  of  cultivation  which  it  has  engen- 
!  dered  ;  the  false  position  in  which  it  has  placed  land- 
j  lords  and  tenants  ;  the  indolence  which  it  caused  among 
the  latter  ;  the  extravagant  habits  among  the  former. 
j  You  contend  that  these  evils,  bad  enough  in  the  flourish- 
I  ing  state  of  that  root,  have  been  brought  to  their  climax 
I  by  its  chronic  disease  ;  by  the  breaking  up  of  a  social 
I  system  which  had  no  other  foundation  than  the  Potato, 
and  by  the  pertinacity  with  which  Irishmen,  and  Mr. 
,  GoodifF  among  the  number,  still  cling  to  it  as  the  only 
*  anchor  which  can  save  Ireland,  and,  as  we  are  now  told, 


tlie  British  empire.  In  reply  to  his  chai'ge  of  misgovern' 
ment  you  called  on  him  to  descend  to  particulars,  and  to 
point  out  the  laws  affecting  agriculture  which  he  wished 
repealed  or  would  have  enacted.  Instead  of  this  he  has 
again  had  recourse  to  declamation  about  bad  legislation, 
the  decline  of  the  British  empire  through  emigration, 
and  the  evils  which  will  befall  us  hereafter,  if  we  do  not 
keep  up  a  population  larger  than  is  sufficient,  with  the 
aid  of  machinery,  for  the  ordinary  pm-poses  of  pro- 
duction, in  order  that  we  may  have  a  reserve  of  fighting 
men,  against  the  time  when  republican  or  despotic 
Europe,  or  both,  shall  be  leagued  against  us.  If  this  is 
to  be  our  policy,  I  should  wish  to  be  informed  by  Mr. 
Goodiff,  how  this  surplus  population,  which  is  to  be 
kept  up  against  a  contingent  war,  can  be  prevented  from 
affecting  the  remuneration  of  labour  by  competition  for 
employment  during  peace.  He  says,  again,  that  Ireland 
has  been  prostrated  by  the  hand  of  heaven,  and  is 
helpless  of  her  own  hand  (why  I  would  ask  but  because 
she  will  be  helpless  V)  —she  has  therefore  a  claim  on  the 
sympathies  of  mankind,  and  those  Irishmen  who  blame 
their  governors,  for  the  distress  with  which  heaven  has 
visited  their  country,  are  not  to  be  reminded  of  the 
many  contradictory  crotchets  which  have  been  demanded 
since  1846,  in  the  name  of  Ireland,  by  different  sectioiis 
of  Irishmen,  who  complain  that  nobody  understands 
their  country  but  themselves.  He  does  not  want  a  pull 
at  the  Treasury  ;  though  he  thinks  a  good  round  sum 
therefrom  would  be  no  bad  thing  ;  and  would  be  well 
laid  cut  in  making  Ireland  a  "glorious  angel  by  the  side 
of  England."  It  would,  indeed,  be  well  laid  out  if  it 
would  have  that  effect  ;  but  ha^ving  seen  something  of 
the  manner  in  which  th^  millions  of  the  public  money 
were  misappropriated  through  Irish  local  jobbing  during 
the  famine  of  1836-7,  I  greatly  doubt  its  efficacy  to- 
wards the  end  proposed.  He  wants  no  pull  at  the 
Treasury  to  increase  the  capital  of  Irish  cultivators — in 
which  case  he  is  an  Irish  Phoenix — but  he  thinks  the 
intelligence  of  the  Legislature  should  be  taxed  to  frame 
a  law  which  should  give  security  to  borrowed  capital  so 
employed.  By  all  means,  if  it  will  do  any  good.  Will 
Mr.  Goodiff  descend  to  particulars,  and,  as  a  practical 
man,  who  knows  Ireland  so  well,  favour  your  readers 
with  the  heads  of  such  a  bill  ?  For  my  part,  I 
think  no  means  could  be  devised  more  effectual  for 
invigorating  Irish  agriculture,  and  raising  up  a  real 
yeomanry,  a  race  of  cultivating  proprietors,  than 
the  Encumbered  Estates  Act.  Such  an  act  would  be 
no  small  boon  to  English  agriculture.  Farmers,  whether 
in  England  or  Ireland,  who  cannot  command  a  greater 
capital  than  M.  an  acre,  would  better  give  up  farming, 
and  if  they  cannot  find  other  employment  at  home,  they 
would  do  better  to  emigrate.  At  all  events,  they  will 
not  improve  their  condition  by  borrowing  money,  to 
plant  so  precarious  a  crop  as  the  Potato,  on  6-acre 
farms.  Mr.  Goodiff  wishes  also  that  the  Belgian  system 
of  cultivation  had  long  ago  been  established  in  Ireland, 
I  repeat  your  questions  why  was  it  not  established  ? 
Who  can  establish  it  but  the  landlords  and  tenants  of 
Ireland  \  There  are,  however,  it  seems,  impediments 
in  the  ignorance  of  the  Irish  of  the  Belgian  system,  and 
the  want  of  capital  to  carry  on  even  6-acre  farms.  The 
visitation  of  heaven,  he  says,  not  only  cut  off  a  crop 
hich  sustained  three-fourths  of  the  people,  but  laid 
prostrate  every  employer  in  the  country.  If  this  was 
so,  I  would  ask,  by  the  way,  what  bad  legislation  had  to 
do  with  the  calamity.  Be  this  as  it  may,  Mr.  Goodifi" 
will  remedy  the  first  want,  by  means  of  parochial  model 
farms  of  6  acres  each,  and  by  the  diffusion  of  agricultural 
education.  Then  why,  I  would  ask,  has  not  Ireland  had 
these  blessings  ?  Surely  a  model  farm  of  6  acres  in 
each  parish  is  not  such  a  vast  undertaking  as  to 
require  a  Government  grant  or  a  rate  for  its  sup- 
port. If  beyond  the  means  of  individual  landowners 
why  were  they  not  established  by  subscription  ?  As 
to  industrial  education,  that,  as  another  of  your  Irish 
correspondents  says,  is  a  ticklish  subject.  When  the 
Government,  in  their  efforts  to  promote  education  in 
Ireland,  are  accused  by  bigots  on  both  sides  of  attempt- 
ing to  poison  the  springs  of  knowledge^  it  is  rather  hard 
that  they  should  be  blamed  for  not  having  done  more  in 
that  direction.  After  all,  however,  if  the  Potato  disease, 
which  has  now  endured  six  yeai'S,  is  to  endure  a  few 
years  longer,  and  if  it  be  true,  as  Mr,  Goodiff  originally 
contended,  that  nothing  but  the  Potato  can  save  the 
country,  where  would  be  the  use  of  model  farms  and  of 
agricultural  education — to  teach  a  system  in  wliich  the 
Potato  is  not  to  be  the  sheet  anchor  ?  T> 


Farm  Memoranda- 

The  Duke  of  Bedford's  Farming  Operations  at 
WoBURN. — On  an  estate  of  such  magnitude  as  that  of 
the  Duke  of  Bedford,  where  the  duties  as  well  as  the 
rights  of  property  are  so  fully  recognised,  there  being 
constantly  new  sets  of  farm  buildings  and  cottages  in 
progress,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  erect  a  complete 
set  of  workshops  for  the  consti'uction  of  every  article 
required  on  the  estate.  In  the  yard  at  the  Park  farm 
appropriated  to  this  pui-pose,  100  workmen  are  con- 
stantly employed,  chiefly  skilled  mechanics,  under  the 
superintendence  of  a  resident  engineer.  This  is  con- 
ducted with  all  the  method  of  a  private  speculation,  the 
workmen  attending  throughout  the  year  from  6  a.m. 
till  half-past  5,  with  intervals  of  half  an  hour  to  breakfast 
and  one  hour  for  dinner.  The  premises  are  lighted, 
when  necessary,  with  gas,  and  an  equal  temperature  is 
maintained  by  steam  pipes  in  the  different  workshops. 
These  comprise  a  wood  yard,  with  sawing  sheds  for 
cutting  up  into  all  requisite  sizes  either  foreign  or  home 
timber,  the  refuse  of  which  is  split  into  faggots  for  the 


2—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


29 


use  of  the  Abbey.  Next  a  foundry  for  all  manner  of  i 
casting's  ;  then  a  smithy,  then  an  extensive  carpenter's  | 
shop,  then  a  plumber,  glazier,  and  pamter's  several 
apartments.  A  25-horse  power  steam  engine  saws  the 
wood,  blows  the  smithy  fires,  gives  motion  to  the  lathes 
in  the  carpenter's  shop,  and  to  planing  and  other 
machines,  while  the  waste  steam  from  the  boiler  dries 
the  sawn  wood  in  the  drying  shed,  warms  the  workshops, 
and  heats  an  oven  where  the  men  may  cook  their  dinners. 
Every  kind  of  work  is  thus  done  on  the  premises, 
and  fitted  and  put  together  before  being  sent  out.  The 
windows,  doors,  and  stairs  of  farm  buildings  and  cot- 
tages being  made  of  certain  dimensions  and  of  certain 
uniform  sizes,  are  constructed  in  sets  more  economically 
and  substantially  than  they  could  be  made  by  country 
tradesmen.  During  the  winter  the  different  articles 
are  prepared  in-doors,  and  in  the  summer  the  car- 
penters and  other  workmen  are  sent  to  put  them  up 
where  they  are  required.  Not  the  least  interesting 
department  of  this  establishment  is  that  where  troughs 
for  water,  slabs  with  the  ducal  crest  or  cypher,  and 
ornamental  parts  of  architecture,  are  formed  of  con- 
crete, possessing  all  the  hardness  and  durability  of  stone. 
Adjoining  these  buildings  are  the  extensive  (arm  pre- 
mises of  the  duke's  home  farm.  Here  another  powerful 
steam  engines  give  motion  to  every  variety  of  machinery 
used  in  working  up  the  crop  on  the  farm.  Many 
interesting  experiments  in  the  feeding  and  manage- 
ment of  cattle  are  here  being  carried  on,  the  data  and 
results  being  carefully  registered  for  the  instruction 
of  the  agricultural  public  and  the  duke's  own  tenantry. 
Comparative  trials  are  being  made  of  the  respective 
advantages  of  box  and  stall  feeding,  of  the  advan- 
tages or  otherwise  of  feeding  with  corn  and  Linseed  as 
against  oilcake,  and  of  the  effects  of  certain  chemical 
applications  in  fixing  the  ammonia  in  the  manure  of  the 
box-fed  cattle.  All  the  cattle  in  the  feeding  houses  were 
in  the  primest  condition,  so  that  a  spectator  could  form 
no  opinion  as  to  the  merits  of  the  different  modes  of 
feeduig  ;  but  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  box-fed  cattle 
■were  all  under  one  roof,  not  exposed  with  an  open  side 
to  the  air,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  but  in  every  way  as 
warm  as  those  in  the  stalls.  The  quality  of  the  dung 
from  the  box-fed  cattle  was  said  to  have  proved  itself  far 
superirr  to  that  from  the  stall-fed,  but  on  more  minutely 
inquiring  iuto  this  we  found  that  the  dung  of  the  stall- 
fed  cattle  had  been  thrown  into  an  open  yard  and  mixed 
with  that  of  the  lean  cattle,  and  in  this  state  tried 
against  the  box-fed  cattle  manure  taken  directly  from 
the  boxes.  Such  an  experiment  proved  nothing,  and  it 
just  sliows  how  guardedly  we  must  watch  every  parti- 
cular of  detail  before  accepting  conclusions  as  fully 
proved.  The  fattening  cattle  are  being  fed,  one  part 
with  5  lbs.  of  Barley,  Beaus,  aud  Linseed,  and  the 
other  with  5  lbs.  of  oilcake  to  each  animal,  boiled 
aud  poured  over  14  lbs.  of  cut  Clover  hay,  and 
45  lbs.  of  cut  Swedes  in  layers,  in  lai'ge  boxes, 
■wfiicli  are  covered  up  and  left  for  24  hours,  and  the 
mixture  is  then  given  in  three  feeds.  The  cattle  get  no 
other  food,  and  no  water.  The  milch  cows,  when 
they  calve,  receive  cut  hay  and  1  lb.  of  oilcake  daily. 
On  this  they  do  extremely  well  till  the  Grass  is  ready, 
better  than  on  Mangold  Wurzel,  aud  Swedes  are  never 
given,  as  they  taste  iu  the  milk.  The  year-olds  receive 
cut  liay  with  1  lb.  of  meal  sprinkled  over  it,  and  one 
peck  of  cut  Swedes  daily.  A  very  fine  herd  of  Hereford 
stock  is  kept,  aud  a  first-rate  crass  for  quality  of  meat 
is  got  from  an  Ayrshire  cow  by  a  Hereford  bull.  We 
must  not  omit  mention  of  the  pig  department^  with  its 
ample  aud  unusually  elegant  feeding-house,  and  the 
various  contrivances  for  cooking  and  conveying  the  food 
to  the  animals  without  disturbing  them.  The  liquid 
from  the  different  cattle  houses  and  yards  is  conveyed 
to  a  covered  tank,  over  which  a  woodeu  house  is 
erected,  where  ashes,  night-soil,  wood  ashes,  and  other 
dry  refape  are  stored,  and  also  the  solid  droppings  from 
the  feerling  staUs.  The  liquid  is  pumped  over  the  ashes, 
and  the  whole  turned  and  mixed  together  dry,  in  which 
state  it  is  drilled  in  as  manure  with  the  Turnip  seed. 
Times  Commissioner.     From  the  Cornwall  Gazette. 


quite  clear  that  the  general  capital  is  totally  inadequate 
to  similar  proceedings  ;  but,  remember,  that  with  our 
large  national  annual  accumulation  of  profits,  estimated 
at  50  millions,  something  must  be  done  to  absorb  it, 
and  thinking  minds  will  reflect  with  pleasure  on  the 
multiiudinous  national  advantages  resulting  from  such 
operations  as  mine." 

TIPTREE-HALL  FARM, 

Dr. 

To  Valuation,  30th  Oclober.  1850  :—  £    a.  d.        £     a.  d. 

Horsep,  eight      80     0     0 

Sheep       1G9    0    0 

Bullocks,  cowB,  and  calves 473    0    0 

Pig«  _ 296  19    G 

Implements,  including  12  iron  stack 

frames,  iron  hurdles,  djc.  ...         ...  394  17     6 

Tillaies,  hay,  and  manure  (the  til- 
lages include  the  cost  of  the  ua- 
consumed  root  crops)         557 


A  Her/md  Paper  on  British  A gricuUure,  tulth  an  Account 
of  his  own  Operations  at  Tiptree-hall  Farm.  Read 
before  the  Society  of  Arts.  Manufactures,  and  Com- 
merce, by  Mr.  I.  .J.  Mechi,  December,  II,  1851. 
The  following  is  Mr.  Mechi's  balance  sheet.  He  in- 
troduces it  by  saying,  «  1  hope  to  be  able  to  prove  to  you 
that,  although  there  appears  a  large  deficiency,  there- 
suits  of  my  operations,  on  the  whole,  arc  profitable.  I 
have  nr/ hewitatioii  in  admitting  that,  in  the  hands  of  a 
practical  fanner,  much  more  I'avourable  results  might 
be  eJiown.  The  numerous  puV^lic  and  private  duties 
devolving  on  me  will  not  permit  that  close  attendance  at 
mark'Hs,  and  rigidly  vigilant  observance  of  fractionalitirs 
and  details,  so  necessary  to  agricultural  success.  A 
dcHln;  not  to  remove  old  faces  has  caused  me  to  retain 
on  the  farm  the  old  original  bailiff,  who  was  not  versed 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stock  ;  his  time  is  much 
and  frequently  occupied  in  exhibiting  the  farm  to  the 
numerou-*  vJHitorH.  [  permit  this  on  public  grounds,  hut 
it  by  no  means  conduces  Ui  my  pecuniary  advantage. 
What  ia  called  *  a  gentleman  farmer,'  in  a  poor  neigh- 
bourliood,  had  need  look  rather  sliarply  into  matt'-rrf, 
for  ho  is  connidercd  *  fair  prey*  by  jobbcTs,  dealerH, 
butchers,  and  others  with  wliom  he  deals.  I  have  aho 
niore  implements  than  are  absolutely  ncccBsary  ;  iiiunj 
having  been  prew*:nted  to  mo,  and  others  purchased  ex- 
perirnejitally.  I  do  not  hold  np  my  farm  as  an  example 
I'.'r  the  ordinary  clasa  of  landlords  and  farmers,  for  it  is 


To  labour  (ordinary  farm)  240    5 

Ditto  (treble  trenching,  and  removing 

rocks  from  16  acres  of  land)  90    0 

Ditto  in  connection  with  the  live  stock 

in  yards,  &c 150    0 


1971    2    7 


re)  of  myi 

icre,  witb  f 
.ts  on  it...  J 


501 


To  rent  on  125  acres  (landlord's  measure)  of  my 

own  land,  at  36s.  per  acre 
Ditto,  on  45  acres  I  rent,  at  20s.  per  acre, 

5s.  which  1  add  for  my  improvements  o 
Tithes,     poor-rates,    church,    police,    and    Bur- 

veyor's  rate,  property  tai,  &lc    ... 
Tradesmen's    billa,    including    purchase    of    a 

Bentall's  broadshare  

Coals  for  steam-engine  

Repairs  to  engine 

Miscellaneous  payments         

Man's  wages,  acting  as  engineer,  miller,  and 

stoker  to  engine        

Seed  corn,  &c.  

Live  stock  bought        

Oilcake  and  corn,  bought  as  food  for  stock  ...  1558  17 
Interest  on  farm  capita),  27O0J.,  at  3^  per  cent....  94  10 
Guano,    superphosphate    of   lime,    and    cbalk, 

bought  as  manure 135    7 


281 


58  18     5} 

104     4  lOJ 

55  15     0 

20     0     0 

6     4     4 


39 
48 
710  12 


8  11 
0 
0 

6A 
0 


Cr, 

By  valuation,  80th  October,  1851:  £  s. 

Horses,  five         55  0 

Sheep        167  8 

Bullocks,  cows,  and  calves 479  0 

Piga 278  3 

Implements        367  5 

Tillages  and  manure 499  8 


150    0 

0 

2181    0 

4 

80  17 

2 

60  10 

0 

17    9 

9 

By  "Wheat  crop,  72  acres;  average  (including  one 
field  injured  by  blisht),  36  bush,  of  marke-able 
Wheat  per  acre,  ia  2592  busheU,  at  5j.  per 
bushel 

27i  acres  of  Potatoen,  only  half  a  crop,  having 
been  injured  by  drought;  quality  of  Folates 
good,  selling  at  an  average  of  Is.  to  Is.  2d!,  per 
bushel;  4000  bushels  in  all,  the  small  ones  for 
seed  and  consumption  by  stock 

Meat  and  live  stock  sold        

Wool  sold  

Butter,  tfec,  produce  of  eight  cows 

Miscellaneous  receipts  

£4935  1  6 
By  apparent  deSciency  to  balance,  arising  entirely 
frutn  the  large  quantity  of  food  purchased  for 
feeding  stock,  as  per  account  annexed,  and  901. 
labour  in  treble  trenching  and  removing  rocka 
— a  permanent  improvement.  This  apparent 
deficiency  is  amply  compensated  by  the  addi- 
tional manure  obtained     653  18    4 

£5588  19  10 
Mem. — The  wear  and  tear  of  implements,  depreciation  on 
horses,  <fec.,  are  all  considered  in  valuation.  Ho  seed  Potatoes 
charged  fof,  or  taken  credit  for.  The  farm  would  be  fairly 
entitled  to  a  considerable  sum  for  ftiod  consumed  by  visitors' 
horses,  aud  occasi  nally  by  my  own  private  horses,  dogs,  (fee, 
but  no  credit  has  been  taken  for  this.  The  cr-  dit  price  for 
Wheatis  taken  at  40s.  per  qr.,  because  already  above  100  qrs. 
of  this  year's  crop  have  been  sold  to  average  as  near  that  price 
a9  possible.  No  account  is  taken  of  the  straw  on  either  side  ; 
the  custom  of  valuation  in  this  county  being  to  allow  it  to  the 
it?-eoming  tenant  grutis,  as  a  set-off  against  threshing  and 
marketing  the  crop.  The  root  crops  are  all  valued  at  their 
actual  cost,  both  at  in-comiug  and  out-going.  The  charge  for 
labour  includes  the  bailiS'a  salary.  In  addition  to  the  72  acres 
of  Wheat  and  27^  acres  of  Potatoes,  I  have  20  acres  of  Man- 
gold Wui  ze),  30  tons  per  acre  ;  G  acres  of  Swedes,  18  tons  per 
acre;  13^  acres  of  red  Clover,  consumed;  12  acres  of  GJreen- 
top  Turnips,  after  Tares.  Although  by  landlord's  measure 
I  have  17u  ucres  of  land,  the  actual  available  land  ie  only 
155  acres,  and  't  acres  of  lawn,  garden,  &c.,  buildings,  stack- 
yard, »5ic.,  occupying  thereat.  So  that,  although  I  did  away 
with  4^  miles  of  useless  fencing,  there  is  still  a  considerable 
degree  of  waste.  It  is  necessary  to  remark,  with  reference  to 
my  statement  of  last  year,  that  on  receipt  of  the  valuation  for 
rent  I  found  it  to  be  365.  per  acre,  including  the  5s.  for 
machinery. 

Mr.  Mechi  adds,  "  A  summary  of  my  accounts  will 
show  that  there  was  lOZ.  worth  of  meat  made,  and  bl, 
worth  of  corn  produced  for  every  acre  oa  the  farm. 
Compare  this  with  the  down  farming,  as  described  in 
Mr.  Farncomb's  prize  essay  '  On  the  Farming  of 
Sussex  '  (Society's  Journal,  vol.  xi.,  p.  78),  where  the 
gross  annual  return  is  only  from  V2$.  to  17s.  per  acre  ! 
Consider  the  effects  on  the  country  at  large.  The  land 
ia  certainly  as  good  aud  improvable  as  my  own.  At  all 
events,  the  Yorkshire  and  LincolnHhire  wolds  and  Nor- 
folk heaths,  with,  their  bountiful  productions,  should 
shame  the  proprietors  of  our  southern  and  other  downs, 
into  a  more  improved  system  than  mere  natural  pro- 
duction. On  downs  similar  to  these,  the  Rev.  A.  liux- 
table  (to  his  lasting  honour  be  it  said)  is  paying  'M.  per 
jicro  in  laljour  alone,  and  making  abundant  retiu'iis  oi 
meat  and  corn," 

While,  however,  we  are  perfectly  disposed  to  admit 
that  aljundant  produce  is  good  for  the  country,  and  that 
largo  outlay  in  labour  is  the  best  stylo  of  cliarify  ;  yet, 
after  all,  the  true  tcBt  of  permanent  merit  is  the  proiit- 
ablcnesH  of  tho  produce  and  of  the  outlay. 

Now,  it  does  not  appear  that  Mr.  Mcciii's  proct  edings 
lave  boon  profitable,  ilo  Hays,  indeed,  "  tho  Lincohi- 
abiro  and  Norfolk  farmer  who  gives  his  fattening  bullocks 
iVoni  JO  to  iiO  lbs.  of  Linseed  cake  per  day  (and  there 


are  plenty  who  do  this),  knows  full  well  that  a  great 
immediate  loss  attends  this  system  ;  but  so  thoroughly 
is  this  principle  admitted,  understood,  and  acted  upon, 
in  the  best  farmed  district  of  Lincolnshire,  that  an  out- 
going tenant  would  receive  from  his  successor,  by  custom, 
one-third  the  cost  of  purchased  food  consumed,  in  addition 
to  the  ordinary  value  of  the  farmyard  manure.  On  this  prin- 
ciple, I  should  beallowed  between  500Z.  and  600/.  on  account 
of  ray  purchased  food,  besides  a  proportion  of  the 
bones,  cbalk,  &c.,  used  this  year,  and  also  a  portion  of 
the  permanent  improvement  by  treble  trenching.  This 
would  have  converted  any  apparent  deficiency  into  a 
real  profit.  Unfortunately  for  the  appearance  of  my 
balance-sheet,  no  such  allowances  are  made  in  Essex 
where  a  man  -may  expend  a  fortune  as  tenant-farmer  in 
drainage,  chalking,  marling,  bonmg,  &c.,  without  ro- 
ceiving  a  shilling  allowance — a  pretty  premium  this  to 
bad  or  low  farming." 

But  it  is  only  as  between  in-coming  and  out-going 
tenants  that  the  contrast  between  Lincolnshire  and 
Kssex  has  any  effect.  So  long  as  a  tenant  remains  on 
the  land,  and  farms  alike  from  one  year  to  another,  the 
difference  between  the  modes  of  practice  in  these  two 
districts  will  not  affect  his  year's  account  in  the  least. 
He  treats  himself  at  the  end  of  the  year  as  he  did  at 
the  beginning.  If  he  adopt  the  Lincolnshire  plan  he 
has  to  charge  himself  at  the  beginning  with  the  cost  of 
all  the  improvement  by  manure,  high  feeding,  &c.,  of 
the  previous  season,  just  as  much  as  at  the  close  of  the 
year  he  has  to  take  credit  for  similar  outlay  during  the 
current  season  ;  and  though  he  be  forced  to  adopt  the 
Essex  style  of  it,  the  balance  of  the  year  will  not  be 
affected ;  for  if  the  inventory  at  the  close  of  the 
season  to  his  credit  be  smaller,  the  inventory  at 
the  beginning  of  the  season  will  be  smaller  also.  But 
Mr.  Mechi,  as  our  correspondent  in  another  column 
states,  has  had  his  last  year's  inventory  of  tenant  right 
capitalised,  so  to  speak  ;  it  was  considered  in  the  rent. 
The  land  in  its  then  condition  was  valued  as  worth  so 
much  to  rent,  and  that  rent  has  been  charged  on  this 
year's  produce,  and  therefore  he  can  justly  claim  the 
usual  Lincolnshire  allowances  on  the  current  year's 
expenditure,  although  he  did  not  charge  them  in  his 
account  as  liaviug  been  paid  to  his  predecessor.  We 
can  only  say  that  to  make  this  sound  reasoning, 
the  land  ought  to  be  increasing  very  rapidly  in  value  ; 
and  it  is  sound  reasoning  if  Mr.  Mechi  finds  that 
this  6002.  on  accouut  of  pm'chased  food,  for  which 
under  his  ordinary  farm  management  he  makes  this 
claim,  really  is  being  capitalised,  and  not,  as  we  consider 
most  of  it  to  be,  lost.  If  the  farm  is  increasing  in  value 
to  rent  at  the  rate  of  30/.  a-year,  then  Mr.  Mechi's 
reasoning  is  sound — if  it  is  not,  then  he  is  mistaken.  It 
isj  however,  only  fair  to  add,  that  we  are  informed  so 
large  an  outlay  in  cattle  food  will  not  be  considered  an 
annual  necessity,  owing  to  the  increased,  and,  as  it  is 
believed,  permanent  fertility  which  the  extraordinary 
outlay  of  the  last  few  years  has  produced. 

While  believing,  however,  that  Mr.  Mechi  has  failed 
to  show  that  his  farming  has  been  profitable,  we  are 
sure  that  we  speak  the  mind  of  a  very  large  section  of 
the  agricultural  world,  when  we  thank  him  for  the 
public  spirit  which  has  induced  him  during  the  last  few 
years  to  lay  his  experience  and  his  practice  open  to 
public  inspection,  and  now  to  publish  an  annual  state- 
ment of  the  money  results.  He  may  be  sure  that  it  is  a 
very  small  minority  of  the  intelligent  farmers  of  tha 
country,  indeed,  that  approve  of  the  style — a  specimen 
of  which  we  gave  in  the  last  Number  of  our  last  year's 
volume — in  which  his  publication  has  been  received  by 
some  of  our  contemporaries  and  their  correspondents. 

The  above  review  was  in  type  early  last  week,  and  was 
accidentally  omitted  in  our  last  publication.  It  is  only 
fair  to  add,  that  we  beg  the  attention  of  our  readers  to 
Mr.  Mechi's  own  critique  of  his  performance,  and  of  the 
notices  it  has  called  forth,  which  has  been  placed  in  our 
hands  just  as  this  was  going  to  press. 

Miscellaneous. 

Water  MiVs  Impede  Drainage. — The  vast  extent  of 
fertile  land  injured  by  stagnant  water,  and  impeded  in 
its  drainage  by  mill-dams,  calls  loudly  for  reform.  In 
former  times,  when  steam  was  unknown,  and  the  feed- 
ing of  the  liege  subjects  of  this  realm  depended  on  wind 
and  water,  the  legislative  and  judicial  tribunals  might 
well  be  jealous  of  any  appearance  of  encroachment  on 
this  important  trade  ;  but  now  the  case  is  altogether 
altered,  and  it  becomes  a  vital  question  whether  the 
injuries  inflicted  are  not  very  far  greater  than  the  bene- 
fits derived.  Of  course,  vested  rights  must  be  paid  for, 
but  they  should  not  be  permitted  to  interfere  with  the 
national  weal.  I  was  forcibly  struck  with  these  facts  the 
other  day  when  examining  a  highly  improved  estate  on 
tlie  banks  of  a  river,  where  perfect  drainage  had  been 
effected  and  irrigation  partially  applied  ;  but  its  deve- 
lopment was  impeded  by  a  threat  of  legal  process  from 
an  adjacent  miller.  On  examining  the  navigation  flood- 
gates, more  water  was  constantly  escaping,  by  their  im- 
perfect condition,  than  would  have  been  required  for 
the  irrigation  of  the  land  in  question.  We  must  all  be 
familiar  with  numerous  instances  where  the  dread  of 
legal  process  permits  the  miller  to  use  not  only  the  river 
but  much  of  the  land  on  its  banks,  and  most  of  the  back 
ilitches  as  reservoirs  for  his  mill,  Mr,  Mechi^s  Second 
Paper.  

Notices  to  Oorrespondents. 

Aoiiujultdhal  (iuF.sTioNP  :  Agricola.  junior.  Tho  answers  to 
jour  quoHtlonH  would  Hll  u  volume,  lu  tho  meantime  wo 
recommend  you  to  purclmso  Mr.  Mllburn's  little  book  oa 
"Tho  Cow,"  one  of  ItlcUurdeon's  Kural  Uandbouka,  pub- 


30 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  10, 


lished  by  W.  S.  Orr  and  Co.  ;  and  your  other  questions  shall 
be  answered  shortlv. 

Change  or  Seed  ;  JVM.  The  purchase  of  seed  corn  from  a 
distiiiice  is  one  of  those  practices  on  the  advantane  of  which 
practical  men  are  gen..TaUy  agreed,  without  aKreein?  on  the 
cause  of  ir.  Probably  it  has  arisen  out  of  the  influence  of 
climate  on  plants.  Sted  from  the  south  will  probably  ripen 
earlier— seed  from  the  nor'h  will  probably  be  hardier— Por  a 
roui^h  mode  of  analyi-is  whioh  farmers  (nay  undertake  thoiiRh 
they  be  not  chemists,  see  Mr.  Rham's  paper  in  tha  first  vol. 
of  the  English  Agricultural  Journal. 

Milch  C.)Wb:  A  Constant  Headcf.  Mr.  Milbarn's  "  Cow,"  one  of 
Bichardson'8  Rural  Haudbuoks,  W.  S.  Orr  and  Co.  About 
the  taste  of  milk  and  batter  arising  from  Sivedea,  see  a  recipe 
by  •'  T.  '*.,  Cii'heroe,"  in  a  lu'e  number  of  this   Paper. 

Mills  :  B  T  asks,  "  Can  jou  or  any  ot  your  readt-rs  rectify  as 
tothemerirs  of  Wool's  tirinding  and  crushing  mills  ?"  [We 
do  not  know  tliem      Perhaps*  some  reader  will  say.] 

Mb.  Mechi's  Pdblications  :  H-  We  di>  not  kno.w  if  Mr.  Meehi's 
*'  Let-ers  im  .\gricaltu<at  Improvement"  are  S'ill  in  print, 

PEEM4NENT  PASTDBE  :  J  Jumes.  If  all  your  land  is  draiued, 
you  may  sow  one  mix'uie  over  all  the  laud,  nlthouih 
naturally  parts  were  dry  and  part<i  were  wet;  and  the 
following  mixture  will  suit  you: — AloiJecurus  pratensis, 
Ijlb. ;  Dactylis  giomerata,  2  ;  Festuca  duriuscula,  3;  F. 
heter.>pViylla,  1;  F.  loli^icea,  1;  F.  prateo^is.  2;  Lolium 
italicum,  3 ;  L.  perenoe,  5 ;  Phleum  pratensis,  1 ;  Poa 
nemoralis,  3;  P.  triviiiUs,  1  ;  Trifolium  pratensis pe»emje,  3; 
T.  repeiifl,  4  ;  tital,  aoj  lbs,  per  aero,  with  a  crop  of  Barley. 

Foultrt;  :  P  C  B  The  comb  has  nothing  whatever  to  do  wiih 
the  purity  of  a  Dtirking  fowl.  Ic  may  be  duubie  or  single. 
Boih  are  commoulv  prodacdi  from  the  same  stock  ;  indeed 
in  the  same  brond.— /i'miii/.  Probably  the  hen  wants  to  set. 
If  she  does  n  .t,  the  omy  way  will  be  to  cover  up  the  ne^E  for 
a  few  nights,  and  thun  compRl  her  to  find  a  more  suitable 
roosting-tilace.  J.  Baity,  113,  Mount-street. 

Potato  Culture  :  A  B.  Piaudug  is  going  on  in  our  neighbour- 
hood now.  Thus  :  the  smaller  size  of  marketable  Potatoes 
of  an  early  sort  is  choseo  fnr  sets,  and  they  are  planted 
whole.  The  land  was  ploaghed  and  cleaned,  and  manured  in 
early  autumn.  The  Potatoes  are  now  planted  by  spade; 
a  trench  is  made  5  or  6  inches  deep,  and  the  sots  are  placed 

1  foot  apart  in  it ;  another  trench  of  equal  depth  is  made 

2  feet  from  the  former,  and  the  earth  moved  in  mnking  it  is 
thrown  into  the  first,  and  so  ihe  first  row  of  sera  is  covered 
and  a  place  made  for  the  second.  Three  men  will  do  more 
thin  halt  an  acre  per  day.  and  a  boy  will  plant  fjr  them. 

Tee  Hop  Doty:  A''.  "  In  1710,  by  an  act  of  Qa.  eu  Anne,  i  duty 
oiZd  per  lb.  was  levied  on  all  Hops  imported  into  England, 
heavy  tinea  being  inflicted  in  cases  of  fraui ;  and  by  7  Geo. 
II.,  in  1734,  a  duty  of  \d  per  lb.  was  imposed  on  all  Hops 
grown  in  England;  and  afterwards  three' 5  per  cents,,  or' 
32-20th3  of  a  farthing,  were  added,  deducting  10  per  cetit. 
allowance  on  the  whole  for  the  tare  of  cloth.  Thie  is  what  is 
is  now  termed  the  old  duty.  It  is  also  known  as  the  betting 
duty,  the  calculations  of  ihe  growth  per  acre  being  marte 
irom  it.  In  1302,  aa  a^dditional  duty  of  \\^^d.  per  pound  was 
levied,  but  which  was  reduced,  in  1805,  to  i-^d.  per  pound, 
making  a  gross  charge  upon  the  grower  of  'Id  per  lb  ;  upon 
this  duty,  too,  10  percent,  allowance  for  cloth  is  made.  This 
ia  denominated  the  new  duty.  In  1840,  by  3  Vict ,  c.  17,  a 
farther  duty  of  five  per  cent,  (in  common  with  other  arti-los 
of  Excise)  was  imposed  upon  the  whole  previous  cliart;e.  The 
actual  amount  of  duty  now  fixed  for  Hops  grown  in  England 
is  17s.  l^d.  '72  per  cwt.  The  duty  now  paid  on  imp  irted  Hops, 
i82?.  5s  per  cwt.  Before  the  alterati^m  of  the  tariff,  in  1846, 
it  was  41.  53.,  having,  a  few  years  previously,  been  8i,  3s  p^r 
■cwt.,  which,  in  practice,  was  tantamount  to  a  prohibitory 
duty."  As  to  the  collection  of  tnis  duty,  you  must  give  noice 
to  the  inland  revenue  ofiScers  of  the  district.  About  .Saffron, 
jjeeapaper  at  page  671  in  the  Gardeners'  Ckrordole  for  1848. 


COTENT  OARDEN,  Jan.  10. 
Eoglish  Pine-apples  and  Grapes  are  pretty  well  supplied,  con- 
Gideringthe  season.  Afew  foreign  Pearsarestillfurnished.  The 
hest  English  kinds  fetch  good  prices.  They  consist  of  GloutMor- 
ceau.  Winter  Nelis,  Beurre  Ranee,  and  Chaumontelle.  Orangee 
are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  thesiime  as  last  quoted. 
Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  (Sic,  are  BuflScientfor  the  demand. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
Baladiog  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are  still 
dear.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Migno- 
nette, Stephaiiotis,  Bignonia  venusta.  Chrysanthemums,  Ca- 
mellias,  and  Roses* 

FRUIT, 


Whitecbapel,  Jan.  8 


Eine-npplea,  per  lb.,  3s  to  Ss 
Grapes,hothouse,p.lb.,  4f-  to  7s 

—  Lisbon,  pevlb.,  9d  to  Is 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  28 

to  39  (>d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2s  to  Gs 
Lemons,  per  doz..  Is  to    2s 
"VValnutsj  per  bush.,  12a  to  21s 

VEGETABLES, 
Cabbages,  per  doz,,  8dto  Is         Shallots,  per  lb.,  GdtoSd 
CauUHowers,  p.  doz. ,2s  to  4b         ^      •-  ..       , . 

Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  80s 

—  percwt.,28  to  5s 

—  per  bush..  Is  6d  to  28  6d 
Turnips,  p.  bunch,  id  to  2d' 
Cucumbers^  each,  Is  to  Ss 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  iJd  to  la 

—  Turnip,  p.  doz.,  9d  to  Is 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  Cd  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  Gd 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

IsGdto  2s 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  tolsGd 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  id  to  od 

—  Spanish,  p. doz,,ls6d  to  Ss 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  2s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
IioeUs,  per  bunch.  Id  to  "^d 

COAL  MARKET.— FbidAT,  Jan.  9. 

Buddie's  West  Hartley,  lia. ;  Howard's  VVest  Hartley,  Ids. ; 
Townley.  Us.    6d.  ;  Eden  Main  Walleend,   iGs.  6d. ;   Wallsend 
Braddyil'6l7s.;  Wallsend  Hetton,  17s.  Gd.;  Wallsend  Stewart's, 
173.  6d.  ;  Wallsend  Tees,  i7t.  Gd.—Shtpa  at  market.  76. 
POTATOES.— SouTHWARK,  MoNDAT,  Jan.  5. 

The  committee  report  that  there  have  b.  en  large  arrivals 
coastwise,  and  a  good  supply  by  rail.  Trade  very  heavy,  at 
the  followmg  quotations  :-rorkshiro  Reg*.nts.  60s.  to  808.- 
Scotch  ditto,  608  .oG5s.;  Cups.  50s.  to  60s. ;  Kent  and  Essex 
Kegents,  608.  to  759. ;  Wiabeach,  558.  to  70s. ;  French,  GOs. 
HAY.--Per  Load  of  36  Trusses. 

, _        SMiTapiELD,  Jan.  8. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  728  to  788  i  Clover     . 

Ihferiorditto 63        TO      2dcut 

gowen    ,..    GO        G3      Straw      .".*    „\ 

New  Hay       —        | 

The  supply  short. 
_  .        ,_  Cdubebland  BrlAnKKT,  Jan.  8. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  TGstoSOs  i  Interior 

Enferiorditto 55        78      New  Clover    .., 

^.^"'ifay        -        -      Straw      


^Imonds,  per  peck,  Gs 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  83 
Oranges,  per  don.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
.   —    per  100,  6s  to  10a  ■ 
Nuts, Barcelona,  p.  bsb,20sto228 

—  Brazil,  p,  bsh,,  128  to  14s 
Filberts,  per  iOOlbs.,  70s  to  90s 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  perhf, 

sieve,  5d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  per  score,  3d  to  Is 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn.,2dto3d 
HorseRadisb, p.  bundle,  iBto48 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot..  Is  to  28  Gd 

—  per  bushtl,  7s  to  10s 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  Gd  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  buuch,  2d  to  3d 
.J'hyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley, per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  38 
Mint,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Basil,  p.  bunch,  3dto4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercress,  per  doz,  bunches, 
'    4dto6d 


Fine  Old  Hay 

,.     723  to  75s 

Old  Clover     ... 

...    8l3to8Ss 

•^e^1  H.iv 

..65         72 

Inferior  ditto 

...    ™        — 

Ittferior  diito... 

..     50         60 

Now  Clover    ... 

...    76        84 

Straw       

..     211         'i 

Inferior  ditto... 

...    65        70 

HOPS,  — baiDAT,  Jan.  9 
Messrs,    Fatterden  anil    Smith  re;»ort  that  there  is   an  in- 
creased demand   fur  midiiling  and  fine  samples,  which  cannot 
hi  bouglit  on  so  goo'l  terms  as  last  week.     Currency  : 

Mid  lb  East  Kents  140f»  to  2528  I  Sussex       112s  to  ISOs 

Weald  Kents      ...  120-*  to  147s  |  Yearlings      95s  to  110s 

SMITHFIELD,  Monday,  Jan  5. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  g'lod,  and  alihough  'rade  is  not  very 
brisk,  prices  are  pre'ty  well  supported.  The  weaiher  is  favour- 
able for  >'laugh'eriug,  and  no  doubt  everyriiing  will  be  soid. 
The  number  of  Shfop  is  tmall  to-dav  for  ihe  season.  Prices 
are  not  better,  but  trade  is  cheerful  at  late  quotations. 
Calves  are  in  demanil,  and  reali-^e  fully  late  ra'es. — 
From  ITclland  anil  Germany  there  are  453  U^nsts,  1770  Sheep, 
and  139  Calves;  from  Spain,  20  Sheep;  Irom  Scoland,  300 
Beasts;  from  Norfolk  and  Sufifolk,  9J0 ;  and  1000  from  the 
northern  and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— e 

d      s 

d 

Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— s 

d      8 

d 

Best  Scots,  Here- 

Best  Lonc-woote  .  3 

10  to  4 

2 

fords.  &c,        ...  8 

8  to  4 

0 

Ditto  Shorn 

Best  Sliort-horns   3 

6  —  3 

11) 

Rwes  di  2d  quality  3 

4-3 

8 

2d  quality  Beasts  3 

0  —  3 

4 

Ditto  Shorn 

Best  Downs   and 

Lambs      0 

0  —  0 

0 

Half-breds       ,..  t 

4  —  4 

6 

Calves      2 

8—4 

0 

nitto  Shorn 

Pie"          3 

4  —  4 

4 

Beasts,  35G2  j  Sbeep  andlLambs.22,190 ;  Calves,  208  ;  Pige,  255. 
Friday,  Jan.  9. 
Although  the  weather  is  very  good,  and  the  supply  of  Beasts 
by  no  means  large,  trade  is  exceedingly  dull.  It  is  only  in  few 
cases  that  our  top  quotations  are  realised.  The  nu'iibc-r  of 
■^heep  is  larger  and  tht-  demand  small;  trade  is  coosequenlly 
slow  atbirely  MuU'iay'a  rates.  Calves  are  making  about  the 
same  as  of  late.  From  Germany  and  Holland  we  have  216 
Beasts,  850  c^heep,  and  191  Calves;  from  France,  6  Calves; 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  HlO  Boasts  ;  25ii  from  the  northern 
and  midland,  and  110  Milch  Cnws  from  the  home  counties. 

MARK  LANE. 
MoNDAT,  Jan.  5. — The  supply  of  English  Wheat  by  laud 
carriage  samples  to  this  morning's  mariiet  was  unusually 
small,  and  cleared  at  an  advance  ot  Is.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices 
of  this  day  se'iinight.  Fureign  was  held  for  a  similar  ailvance, 
which  was' obtained  in  many  instances:  but  ousmess  was  in 
some  dctjrpe  limiiel  by  the  firmness  of  holders.  The  top  price 
of  town-ra;\de  Flour  has  been  adva'iced  3s.  per  sack.  Foreign 
is  heH  at  higher  rates  than  last  week. — There  is  a  good  de- 
maod  for  the  finest  descriptions  of  malting  Barley,  at  la,  per 
qr.  advance.  lu  olht  r  quaiities  no  alteration. —  Beans  and 
M;iple  Peas  are  the  turn  cheaper;  whue  remain  as  last 
quoted. — We  have  a  fair  supply  of  Oats,  and  the  trade  is  the 
same  as  last  week. 

Pee  Imperial  Quahtee. 


Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  Je  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —      fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —      Talavera 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York. ..White 

—  Foreign 

Barley, grind. is  distil,,  25s  to2Gfl...Chev. 

—  Foreign.,,  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Ltncolushire, ..Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 248  to  278 Tick 

—  Pigeon 27    —32...  Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler-- 

—  Maple 26s  to  2a8 Grey 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suft'olk  ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 


40—43 
43-46 
48 
36-40 
34— 5)  J 
28—32 
22—26 
lS-19 
20—23 
18—21 
18—21 
28-3 . 

25—30 
30-31 
22—30 
^2—34 
24—26 

35—40 
2G— 32 
lo— 22 


Red 
lied 


^Talting  . 
Malting  . 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign  . 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
Yellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


Aerivals  in  the  Port  of  London  last  Week. 


Wheat. 

Barlej. 

Malt. 

Oats. 

Beane. 

Qrs. 

Ql-P. 

Qrs. 

Qra. 

Qrs. 

2993 

4597 

3994 

3.'i4 

531 



— 

80 

10981 

^- 

6470 

Gfi70 

— 

65G7 

— 

37-39 
S9-42 


19—21 
17—10 
16—19 


25—30 
24-26 
23—25 
33-35 
27-34 


26—32 
28—83 

Peaa. 
ftrs. 
i34 

618 


...  753  to  876 
...  05  72 
...    i2        25 

J.  COOPEE. 


66s  to  74b 


Old  CioTor 


73        86 


24 


23 


JoauDA  Bakee, 


Floar,  SllSOsks 

—      3769brls 

English   

Irish 

Foreign  

Fbidat,  Jan.  9. — Tha  arrivals  of  grain  since  Monday  have 
been  good  for  the  season  of  the  year  ;  those  of  foreign  Wheat 
and  Barley,  however,  are  chieily  from  the  Mediterranean. 
To-day's  market  was  thinly  attended,  and  a  limited  buBin ess 
only  transacted.  Wheat  and  Flour  are  held  very  firmly  ; 
the  latter  (foreign)  for  some  advance,  which  readers  the  sale 
difficult.  Spring  citrn  of  all  kinds  meets  a  ready  sale  at  Mon- 
day's quotations. — Polish  Odessa  Wheat  afloat  must  be  quoted 
at  34s.  to  365. ;  Gbirka,  333,  In  Galatz  some  business  has 
been  done  at  31s.  to  333. 


Wheat. 

Baelet. 

Oatb. 

Rye. 

Beanb. 

37!  2d 

27s  Id 

ISs  8d 

25s  7d 

SOS  5d 

37    6 

27     0 

18    2 

27    6 

30    6 

87    6 

20     8 

18    6 

27    2 

30    2 

37    7 

26     6 

18    3 

■27    4 

39     9 

37    2 

26     3 

18    3 

28    I 

39    2 

37    2 

26     7 

17    9 

26  11 

28  7 

29  9 

87    4 

26    7 

18    3 

27    1 

1     0 

1    0 

1    0 

1     0 

1      0 

Peas, 


iMPEEIAL 

Aveeaoes, 

Nov.  29 

Dec.     6 

—  13 

—  20 

—  27 

Jan,    3 

Aggreg.  Aver. 
Duties  on  Fo- 
reign  Grain 

Fluctuations  in  the  last  sis  weeks'  Averages, 
Peioes.  Nov.  29.  Deo.    6.  Dec.  13.  Dec.  20.  Deo.  27.   JAS.  3. 


•283l0ii 
6 
0 
6 
0 
4 


37s  Td 
37    6 

6 

2  — 


ill 


87 
37 
37 
37 

LivEEPOOL,  ToEBDAY.  Jan.  6.  —  There  was  a  numerous 
attendance  of  town  and  country  millers  at  our  market  this 
morning,  and  upon  all  descriptions  of  British  and  fnreigo 
Wheat  the  foregning  advance  was  fully  esthblished ;  it  was, 
however,  less  freely  complieri  with  on  the  piirt  of  buyers,  and 
the  operations,  although  to  a  fair  amoui't,  were  consequently 
not  quite  so  active  as  before.  States,  Ciinadian,  aod  French 
Flour  also  maintained  the  preceding  improvement,  but  some 
choice  brands  being  held  on  still  higher  terms,  served  rather 
to  check  any  extensive  demand  to-day.  Prime  maltinn  Barley 
and  Malt  were  in  request,  at  an  amendment  of  Is.  per  qr.  each. 
Grinding  Barley  remained  unvaried.  Beana  and  Peas  moved 
filowiy  at  late  prices  Fine  mealing  Oars,  upon  a  moderate  de- 
mand,  were  steady  in  value,  inferior  kinds  hardly  supporting 

previous  rates.    Oatmeal  saleable,  and  the  turn  dearer 

Feidat,  Jan  2. —  The  Corn  Exchange  this  morning  was  well 
attended  by  buyers  from  wide  and  distant  points,  and  a  good 
bupiness  was  transacted  in  Wheat  and  Flour,  at  an  advance 
since  Tuesday  of  Id.  to  2d.  per  bushel  on  all  deBcriptions  of 
Wheat,  and  6d.  per  sack  and  Is.  per  boiTel  on  Flour.  Some 
parcels  of  the  former  chanjtd  bauds  on  speculation.  There 
was  less  doing  in  Indian  Curn  to-day,  and  the  price  wiis  a  shade 
easier.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  brought  fully  Tuesday's  rates. 
Nothing  of  importance  stii'ring  in  Barley,  Boans,  or  Peas. 


OLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIRS.  &c. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  v;irying  from  2d!,  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  t>f  which  are  kept  ready  packed  tor  iuimediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwnriifd  nn  appication,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PL.\TE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WAT  ER-PIP  K -;,  PROl*\GATING 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  ami  Co.,  35,  Soho-sqnare,  Loudon. 
See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturda>  in  each  monthj 


OLASS. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manutaoture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.     In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 

6  inches  by  4  and    6i  by  4^     13s.  Od, 

7  „  5  and    7^  by  5i      15     0 

8  ,,  Sand    8    by  aj      15     0 

8  „         6  and    8iby6i     17    6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  S        20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  D        20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thickaeases. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200.  and  SOO  feet,  at 
21s.  per  lOi)  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  iu.  thick,  best  manufactured, 

In  sizes  under  15  inches  (id.  per  foot, 

„  „       35      ,,       8d.       „ 

„  „       50      „       9hd.     „ 

„         „     .75      „       lid.      „ 

Milk  Fans,  2s.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Handframes,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glabs  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  llailway.— 
Escablished  100  years. 


O.REEN  AND  HOTHOUSE   BUILDER.  —  Green 

^^  and  Hothouses  made  by  Machinery,  sent  to  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  These  Horticultural  Buildings  are 
warr^nied  to  be  made  of  the  best  mattrials,  and  the  cheapest 
in  England.  Lists-  of  prices  post  free.  1^  in.  greenhouse 
lights,  i'.Jd. ;  IJ  in.  ditto,  3rf. ;  2  in.  ditto,  3jd.  per  foot;  i, 
glazed  with  IG  oz.  sheet-glrss  of  a  larger  size,  4 i.  per  foot  extraf 
J.  Lewis,  Horticultural  Works,    Stamford-hill,  MifidlcEex. 


nORTU;ULTURAL  BUILDING  AND  HEATING  BY  HOT 
WATER,  AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  OON-ISTENT 
WITH  GOOD  MATJ5RIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


Ffci^fa-t^. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers- street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction iif  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terras. 

G.  As  Co.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  Hot  by  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING  AND  HEATING  BY 

HOT  WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King'b-road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horricultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  "oT-^ater  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kinp's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hochouses,  Gremhonses,  Conner- 
vatorie«,  Pits,  Sec.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  randern  improvements,  eo  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  erery  required 
purpose, 

THEHOT.WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  wonhy  of  attention,  and  are 
erecfed  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  ttc,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Gretnhonse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  enrts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticulfural  Buildings-; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &.Q.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J,  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-ro^d,  Chelsea,  London. 

WARMINiTaND  VENTILATING. 

DAND  E.  BAILEY,  272,  Holborn,  having  had  many 
•  years'  experience  in  warming  buildin^^s  bi  Hot  M'ater, 
continue  to  erect  Hot  Water  Apparatus  on  the  moi-t  approved 
principles.for  Mansions,  Warehouses, Conservatories,  and  other 
Horticultural  Buildings,  and  they  beg  to  introduce  to  the 
public  a  BOILER  of  their  invention,  which  has  been  used  with 
great  success,  and  has  this  season  been  put  up  in  the  gardens 
of  the  Horticultural  Society,  Chiswick,  and  is  noticed  and  com- 
mended in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  oi  Saturday ,  Sept.  20,  1851, 
page  593.  Dr.  Arnott's  Ventilating  Valves,  upon  the  best 
construction,  many  having  been  made  under  the  kind  supei'in- 
tendence  of  Dr.  Arnott  himself.  Also  a  very  complete,  cheap, 
and  eflacient  Portable  Cooking  Apparatus  or  Cottagers'  Stove. 


2—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


31 


HOTHOUSES  AND  CONSERVATORIRS. 

JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Clarehont- 
Placf.  old  Kent-b-ad.  has  2i)0  CUCUM13EU  and 
MELON  BOX  PS  au^l  LIGHTS  of  all  sizts,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  m;ide  of  well  seasoned  materials,  packed  and  seat  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom, 


HOTHOUSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
coinplete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  tlie  Traiie,  io'  moat  of  the  counties  of  Englaud. 


MILK.  CHEESE,  AND  BUTTER. 

HENRY  BAKER,  Optician,  90,  Hatton  Garden, 
London,  advices  any  one  who  keeps  Cows  to  send  two 
postage  stamps,  andobtaiQ  a  description  of  his  LACTOIIETER, 
with  its  uses,  and  tiie  results  of  esperiments  iriih  it  upon  dif- 
ferent Mil-'ta.  Lucti-meters,  complete,  in  a  mahogany  bos, 
10s.  Gd,  ;  Do.,  with  ciieapsr  fi'.tiugs,  7s.  dd.  and  5s.  ;  Hydro- 
meters for  testing  su]i*h'jric  acid,  5s.,  7s  ,  and  10s.  No  con- 
emnerof  acid  fihould  be  without  one,  as  it  is  often  sold  highly 
dilated.  Sacchar.uoeters  for  brewing,  with  tables,  5s.,  7s.,  and 
10s.  Pediment  Baromeiers,  from  11.  each.  Wiieel  Barome 
ters,  from  li.  Is.  each.  Packed  carefully  for  the  country,  there 
being  nothitiir  to  fear  of  them  getting  out  of  order,  as  they  are 
warranted  to  be  properly  made  and  good  iastruraents. 

THE  BRITISH  HEATING  AND  VENTILATING 
COMPANY.  Offices,  U.  Liucoln's-'no-fields,  London. 
Under  Hazerd'ri  Patent. — The  Gorapany  has  now  been  au  jces  i- 
fnllv  emploed  io  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  in  PUBLIC  and 
PRI'TATE  RUILDINGS,  CHURCHKS,  CONSERYaTORIES, 
FACTORIES.  DRYING-HOUSSS,  &c.,  where  a  genial  and 
healthy  atoiosphere  is  required. — Particulars  and  testimonials 
can  be  obrained  by  applying  at  the  Company's  Office. 

Parties  about  to  build,  or  those  who  suffer  inconvenience 
from  presen:  arran;^emeat3,  will  save  espenwe  by  consulting 
the  Patentee,  Mr.  ilazerd,  who  has  made  ventilation  and 
warming  a  pecuiar  study  for  years. 


REDUCTION  IN  THE  PRICE  OP  BOILERS. 


T>URBIDGE  AND  HEALY  beg  respectfully  to  inform 
-^  their  Friends,  in  consequence  of  the  present  reduced 
price  of  Iron,  they  are  enabled  to  make  a  considerable  redue- 
tioa  in  the  price  of  their  Boilers.  The  price  will  be,  now  : 
10  in.  will  warm  50  ft.  4  in.  pipe  ... 
75  it.  i  in.  do.  ... 
100  ft.  4  in.  do.  ... 
150  ft.  4  in.  do.  ... 
250  ft.  4  in.  do,  ... 
350  ft.  4  in.  do.  ... 
450  ft.  4  in.  do.  ... 
New  Pattern  Boilebs. 
27  in.  will  warm  GuO  ft.  4  in.  pipe 
30  in.        do.  800  ft.  4  in.  do. 

86  in.        do.        1500  fr.  4  in.  do. 
All  Boilers  with  double  arms,  up  to  18  in.,  5s.  extra  ;    to  24 
in..  Ids.  extra  ;  all  above,  the  same  price. 

BoBorDOE  and   Healt's  prei^ent  price  of  Hot-water  Pipe, 
2  in.,  Is.  Gd. ;  3  in.,  23.  2d.  ;  4  in.,  23,  8d.  per  yard.     Estimates 
given  for  Warmiug  Conservatorice,   Hothouses,  Pits,  ifcc,  on 
application,  or  forwarded  per  post. 
180,  Flcet-Btreer,  London,  Jan.  10,  1852. 


12  m. 

do. 

14  in. 

do, 

16  in. 

do. 

18  in. 

do. 

21  in. 

do, 

2iin. 

do. 

...£1  15 

0 

...    2    5 

(1 

...    2  16 

0 

...    3  10 

0 

...    4  10 

0 

...    5  10 

0 

...    7    0 

0 

...  11  10 

0 

...  15  15 

0 

...  25    0 

0 

LIST    OF    ARTICLES    manufactured     in    ARTI- 
FICIAL SIONEbj  J.  Seelet,  Noiv-i-oiid,  Regeut's-ijark. 
Bor.ler-edj^ing. 
Oiithie  Funis  and  Screens. 
Balnatradiiig. 
Crests   and     other    Heraldic 

OrnamentB. 
Gothic    Windows,    Fidnacles, 

&(7. 

Enriched    Capitals     for    Co- 

luDlDS. 

Elizabethan  Chimney-tops. 


PODVTAIX^  Fna  PLAYING  SCENTED  WATERS. 
pURE  WATER  raised  to  any  iieight 
-*"    from  a  ^mall  stream,  where  a  fall  can 
be  obtainLd,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 

IMPROVED     RAM; 

Deep.well  Pomjis,  Water-wheels,  B.tths,  IXot. 
water  Apparatus,  and  Founiam9.  Towns 
aopplied  with  Gas  or  water.  Drawings  and 
£»timale«  ma>)e. 

PaEEMA!.  lU.t,  ITydraulic  and  Gas  EnRi. 
peer,  ii),  STaod,  London  ;  and  flriiigeBeld,  Wandsworth. 


Cw,?f,^^,-,?■■'?.^'''''''-^''■"-''0■^Sl!  PLOWRU-POTSII! 
^HAKLtS    PHILUP.S'S   Flower-Pots   were   dis- 
-.  is'-',"'";'''"'  '•'"";'=  1''  "'ber.  8h.,wnat  the  Ro.al  Exhibition 
oi       ,.;  >"  ■■'■'"'I'""!  "  "■""onrable  Mention"  by  the  Jury, 

OlM.  .'7;  and  wrrc  doomed  by  the  vailons  competent  per.  on» 
who  examined  tliom  Io  bo  superior  lo  any  nubmittcd  lor  the 
world  <lt„pPc.lon  at  the  Ory.tal  I'ulace.  Thoy  are  p-.troni-ed 
at  the  ll'.yal  Gardtns.  both  at  Wind«or  and  l£ow,  and  by  thf 
Ijlndpal  .Sur«.:rjm-n  thr.UKhout  the  Western,  Soutlurn  .ind 
Midland  Counted  of  Eugluwi ;  arc  extensively  u»ed  In  Inland 
.-ind  WnlM,  and  may  bo  «e«n  at  almost  ofcry  Nnrsory  between 
Fljmoaih  and  London. 

All  otiier*  (or  tho  above  Ooofls  will  bo  promptly  forwarded 
CAlaiAot  Pile,  io  any  Kaiiway  Htntlun  within  I5l)  miles  of  the 
Ujoafart'  ry^  titlier  In  dozt-ns.  ca.t«,  hundreds,  or  ihnusands. 

C.  P.'.  P.,t(i  aro  warranted  to  retain  thfir  colour  I'jnger  than 
ony  olher  mauuJacti;rrd. 

CbEAn  IliSiOS  DIAUXTEB. 


'0, 

In. 

Ko. 

In. 

No. 

In 

No. 

In. 

1 

f  1 

■1 

11 

..        8S 

10 

IS 

2 

,  ^ 

n 

12 

..      o] 

17 

ID 

2 

18 

c, 

12 

..      )1 

lU 

18 

g 

0 

7 

•I4- 

..      12) 

19 

20 

4 

JO 

H 

15 

..      U 

20 

22 

Fountain  Basins, 

Statues. 

Tiiwee. 

Sun-dial  Pedestal?. 

BaeketB. 

Sht'llB  and  rusticated  facing 

to  wals. 
Figures  of  Animals  and  Birds. 
Flower  Buses. 
Garden  Seats. 


%"  All  the  Work  executed  in  this  Manufactory  being  Water- 
proof is  warranted  to  stand  the  severest  weaiher. 

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Ganlens  dur'n?  the  wint'T  ninnrhs  shouM  con- 
struct their  Walks  of  POUTLAND  CRMIi^NT  CO.VCRETE, 
wliich  are  fitrined  thus  : — Scieen  rhe  uravel  ofwhicli  the  path 
is' at  present  matle  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  wiih  if;,  and 
toevery  part  of  clean  gravel  addoneof  sharp  river  sand.  To  five 
parts  of  Buch  L-quil  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement,  and 
incorporate  the  whide  well  io  the  dry  state  bafore  applying  the 
water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spreud  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spado, 
and  in  iS  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost. 

V  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not  soak  through  ii-,  to  give  a 
fa'l  from  the  middle  ot  the  path  towards  the  sides. 

ManufdCturers  of  the  uement,  J,  B.  Wnire  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bank-Btreet,  Westminater. 


Ertrjr  d<;^crIpMcn  of  Urd    Wurc.   Hnworauo   Piptnflr,  Clinut 
PAni,  'M;r,nc}.;iOt«,  Land  lirm'->n.  PitnB,  Meakole-uots,  Vui.c«, 

rnif.Lin'f  (•ri':c  M«t  find  Wc»ton-aupcr-Moro  Almanac  and 
Oui'if;  u.r  Kf'J,  fr.rwttrrfed  to  any  party  wlio  may  di-«iro  it,  on 
rtci;i!  t  of  >i  pokfo^o  fttamp. 
Mai.ufi.clyiy,  Loclilnx  itood,  WiMton-Hopcr-Mnre,  Boacriict. 


liiuiiiiiliii] 


U 


ROBERT  SORBY  and  SONS,  Caiver  Sti'eet, 
Sheffield,  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  AgricnUuvists  to 
to  their  KEGli^TERED  STEEL-POINTED  PATENT  SCYTHE 
and  REAPING  IIOOK,  which  possfisses  the  advantnges  so 
long  wanting  to  make  the  old  Patent  Scythe  universally  ap- 
proved. A  single  trial  must  establish  their  decided  superiority. 
To  be  had  of  all  Hardware  Dealers  and  Seedsmen.  Every 
Scythe  is  ivarranted.- 

No.  1  cut  shows  the  point  of  the  iron  back  to  be  rivetted  to 
the  steel  blade. 

2,  the  point  of  the  steel  blade  dndee  which  the  iron  back  is 
rivetted. 

3,  the  finished  Registered  Scythe. 

4,  the  Old  Patent,  the  back  rivetted  on  the  plate,  then  filled 
up  with  lead,  which,  if  torn  off,  exposes  the  point  of  back  to 
catch  the  straw,  tohich  is  impossible  in  R.  and  Sons^  RegUtered 
Scijthe. 


f^  ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME      NETTING.- 


Ijr 


7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


r\- 


Galvan- 

Japanned 

ised. 

Iron. 

7cl.  per  yd. 

5d.  peryd. 

9        ,. 

G4      ,. 

12        „ 

9        ., 

8 

6        ,, 

10       ,, 

8        „ 

1* 

11 

2-ineh  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide 

2.inch      ,,       strong  ,, 

2. inch     ,,      extra  strong  ,, 
Ig-inch      ,,       light  ,, 

Ig-inch     ,,      strong  ,, 

Ig-inch     ,,      extra  strong   ,,  ...  i*        ,,  u,        ^^ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-pruof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3cf.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  hyBAliNAIlD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


j  >  AKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  Kind's- 

'  J*    road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Maich'\  ^m 
II.  R.  H,   Prio.;e    41r.ert  — OHN AMENTAL     WaTKU     FOWL 


consisting  ot  black  and  white  swans,  Egyptian,  Oarrada   Chi 
barnacle,   brent,    and  laughing    geese,    shieldrakL-e     ' 
■"idgfcou.     summer    and     winter     teal,     gadwall 


und 
WL, 


FnMt.PonTE. 

LAWRENCE  AND  CO., 
No.  55,  Pnr'lamr'nt-street, 
Wo'tdiilnator  ;  and  No.  10,  York- 
placi.',  Liiinb'^th,  Zinc  Dealehb 
and  .MANopACTOBBas, 

Chimney  Shufcs,  Od.  per  loot ; 
ViirlouB  CiiwlH  niid  Topi  for 
Chlriineyd;  I'orforateil  Zinc,  3iti. 
pi-r  foot;  Drawn  lloll  Tube,  die, 
:iid.  pirib. ;  Huln  l'l|)n,  'A  [nchc-ti, 
id,  pitrfuot ;  2  Inehoit,  'id,  por  loot ; 
MltjllKhtt  Mild  WtndiiWH,  Drawn 
ftay,  Cottrif(<\  and  Church  Lights, 
miilo  to  order  and  pi  m  ;  IJraiB 
iinrl  Zii'C  I'lutcK  otigriivrd  iind 
llx'^d  ua  Olusa;  Sheet  Zltio,  Mulh 
prkoH. 


rABBAQE  OF  SmOKK, 

and  Spcltori  at  markot 


P'ntail, 

flhoveliers.  gold-eyed  and  dun  divers'.  Caro'lina  duck8'^''jic^! 
domeriticated  and.  pinioned ;  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China 
Malay.  Poland.  S.rrey,  and  Dorking  fowls  ;  white,  Japan  pied 
and  corarauQ  pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  pigs;  and  at  3  Half- 
moon-passagej  Gracechurch-street,  London.  * 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


KOYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


PWING'S    PATENT    GLASS    WALLS. 

Lj  —One  of  the  greatest  defects  in  British  gardening  has 
hitherto  hi;en  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  cn)p  ot  fruit  on 
common  brick  or  stone  walls,  owiog  to  the  variableness  and 
humidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  -ubntituting 
hollow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  nut  only  will  the 
young  wood  in  autumn  be  fully  matured,  but  the  blussoms 
will  be  completely  procected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  Bpri;ig,  and  a  climate  secured  equal  to  that  of  southern 
Europe. 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,  and 
the  finer  norts  of  Pears  and  Plums,  producing;  Iruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expense  than  usually 
attending  trees  upon  a  common  Etone  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  place  of  brick 
and  stone  walls,  but  will,  in  a  great  measure,  supersede  the 
present  m^de  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapness  at 
first  cost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heacin^  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  fur  climbing 
Exotics,  ano  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  auchoritiea  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expiessed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindley,  a-id  tor  whoso 
opitiinu  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leadins  columns  of  the 
Oardeners' Chronicle  ot  Decumhev  6  ;  also  of  Robert  ?i1arnock, 
Esq..  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Rvgent'M-park, 
Loudon,  in  the  leading  columns  i"if  the  Oardeners' and  Farmers* 
JouT^ial,  of  Deceinb.-r  20.  Ihe  patentee  having  made  arrange- 
menta  with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-foundero  in  the 
liiugdoLU,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  extensive  British 
Glass  manufacturers  ;  and  from  the  well-known  reepectabiiity 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agtn's,  feels  citnfident 
that  he  furnishes  a  sufficient  guarantee  that  all  orders  io  con- 
nection with  the  Glass  Walls  will  b^  promptly  and  effii;iently 
carried  out  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Ageais,  and  with  whom 
drawinijs  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  priced,  &,c.,  obtained  on  application  : — Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine-apple-place,  Edgvvarcroad,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley 
and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  Fulham,  London;  Mr.  Glendinning, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiswick,  Loudon; 
Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter;  Messrs.  F,  aua 
J.  DicUsun,  Nurserymen,  &;c.,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawsuo  and 
Son,  Edinburgh,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  'l  urnbull, 
Nurserjratn,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.P.S.,  F.ii.S.S.A., 
author  of  tlie  '*  Practical  Gardener,"  *'  Book  of  the  Garden," 
&c.,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of  his  Mije-.ty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  "f  Buc- 
cltucb,  at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Head  Gardener,  &c.,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentham,  Staffordshire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  &c.,  Bodorgan, 
Anglesea  ;  Messrs.  Pilkington,  Crown,  SQeet,  and  Plate  Glass 
Works,  St.  Hrlen's,  Lancashire. 

%*  Prices  f^r  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Walls  with  glass 
and  iron  will  be  niven  on  application. 


A  LLSOPP*S    EAST   INDIA  PALE  and  OTHER 

-^  BURTON  ALES.— The  public  is  reepectfully  informed 
the  Ai.ES  of  this  season's  Brewings  are  now  ready  for  delivery, 
and  may  bo  obtained  Genuine  in  Casks  ot  18  Gallons  and 
upwards,  either  singly  or  in  any  quantity,  at  their  ret-pe  tive 
Stores,  as  under,  where  also  a  list  ol  the  Bottlers  may  be  had: — 
The  Brewery,  Burton-on-Trent ;  Gl,  King  William- street. 
City,  London;  Cook-street,  Liverpool;  High-street,  Biiming- 
ham ;  The  Exchange,  Mancheater;  Royal  Brewery,  Dudley, 
and  33,  Virginia-street,  Glasgowi 


FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS.— "The  Great 
Exhibi'ion  has  iiroducod  a  multitude  of  novelties  which 
have  alternately  delighted  and  astonished  the  world.  How 
many  of  these  will  survive  for  any  practical  purpose  is  a 
question.  It  is  another  question  if  any  one  of  them  will  bring 
half  the  practical  comfort  of  a  good  shirt.  Mr.  FoEd,  of  the 
Strand,  has  an  invention  of  this  kind,  which  is  a  material 
improvement  upon  the  old  plans,  and  for  poaitive  enjoyment  ia 
worth  ninetcen-twentieths  of  the  marvels  of  the  huge  building 
in  Hjde-paik." — Atlas. 

FORD'S  EUREKA  SaiRTS  are  not  sold  by  any  Hosiers  or 
Drapers,  and  can,  therefore,  be  obtained  only  at  185,  Strand. 
They  are  made  in  two  qualities,  the  first  of  which  is  40s.  the 
half  dozen,  and  the  second  quality  30s.  the  halt  dozen.  List  of 
Prices,  containing  an  illustration,  with  directions  for  eelf- 
meaeurement,  sent  per  post  free. — Richabd  Fobd,  185,  Strand. 


/^LOSE  OF  HOLIDAYS.— Now  that  the  season  of 

V^'  annual  festivity  is  about  to  terminate,  and  the  respictivo 
Boavdintj-schools  reinstated  by  the  busy  thronif  of  youthful 
aspirants,  their  personal  comfort  and  attraction-i  become 
naiu"allv  an  object  of  great  solicitude  with  friends  and  rela- 
tives. Now  it  ia  thiit  ROWLANDS*  MACASSAlt  OIL,  tor 
accoleruting  the  growth,  and  for  improving  and  beautifviug  tho 
hair;  ROWLANDS'  IvALYDOR,  tor  improving  tuo  t^kin  and 
complexirn.  and  removing  cutaneous  eruptions  ;  and 
ROWLANDS'  ODONTO,  for  beautifying  the  teeth  and  pre- 
serving the  gumfi,  must  be  universnlly  considered  iu'Mspetmable. 
The  august  Miti-onago  conceded  by  all  the  Sovereii  ns  "f  Europe 
to  Ihese  crcutive  and  rcnovuting  epecifice,  and  t'le  ciiutirma- 
tion  by  expurion'-o,  of  their  intalliblo  efflcacy,  have  chnracter- 
ised'thim  as  perlciit,  and  given  them  a  cc'ebrlty  unpiralleled. 
Bewaur  op  spimious  Imitations.— The  only  i^onuinL'  M-tca^sar 
Oil,  Kulydor,  and  Odonto.  are  "  Rowlands'  ;"  and  tlio  wrapper 
or  label  of  cuch  bears  the  name  of  "  RowLANflfi'"  preceding 
that  of  thn  (irtlelo,— SoM  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  ^0,  Haifcau 
Garden,  Loudon;  and  by  all  rtspeclablo  ChemistB  and  Per- 
fumers. 

TToLLO  WAY'S  PILLS  TIIE  VERY  BEST 
1.1  [IBMKDY  FOll  BILJi,  INDIOfSTION,  AND  WKAK 
STOMACHS.— Extract  of  a  letter  from  Mr.  RIchurd  Abel, 
Plcoiidllly,  Manchester.  "  To  Professor  IIolloway.— Slr,~Tho 
gratltudo  t  owe  to  you  is  great  for  the  ex'raonlinary  euro  I 
liave  derived  by  tnkiiig  your  wonderful  Pills.  I  am  01  yeiirs 
of  ai^e,  and  for  more  tliJin  4ft  I  liavo  suffHrcd  ho  severely  from 
Bile  and  IndlgontlOn  lh.it  life  was  a  complete  biirllion  to  mo; 
I  rcciilvud  the  host  medical  advice  at  all  times,  but  could  got 
no  permatioiit  rollot.  At  length  I  tried  your  PjIIh,  and  they 
have  HO  invli:or«iori  my  conHtliuilon  that  I  am  restored  to  iho 
moMt  ruhuHt  hcnlrh."— Hold  by  all  Druggists  ;  and  at  Professor 
IloiiLoWAX's  Estubllshment,  UJl,  Strand,  London, 


32 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.        [Jan.  10. 


EPPS'  NEW  SEEDLING  FDCHSIA. 

WJ.  EPPS  begs  to  state  that  he  purposes  sending 
•  out,  tally  in  April,  the  two  following  FUCHSIAS, 
■which  he  has  no  hfsitation  in  warranting  will  give  the  highest 
eatiBfactioii  possible  ;  ihey  were  bjth  submitted  late  in  the 
season  to  Mr.  Glenny  and  the  Oardenera'  Chrouicle,  and  merited 
their  high  approval  See  Gardener^  Chroniclu,  and  Glenny's 
"  Garden  Almanack  for  185"i," 

STANDARD  OF  PERFECTION,— Tube  and  Bepals  bright, 
Tvaiy,  coral  red;  a  dense  violet  blue  corolla,  slightly  veined 
with  purple  ;  sep'ils  reflexed  ;  blooms  very  etout,  and  as  large 
as  Don  Giovanni ;  habit  robunt  and  t-lagant. 

NOVELTY. — This  is  an  exceedingly  pretty  fluwer,  and  very 
Btriking.  Tube  and  sepals  lively  red,  and  waxy  ;  corolla  large 
and  very  double,  of  a  beau'ifui  den  e  violet  colour  ;  sepals  very 
mucb  reflexed,  and  a  protuite  bluomer. 

Price,  10s.  6d.  each. 

The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade  when  three  plants  of  each 
are  taken. 

Agents  :  Hurst  and  McMullen,  LeadenhaU-street,  London. 

Bower  Nurserie-i,  Maidstone,  Jan.  10. - 


POTATOES— '•  LOVEGROVE'S    SEEDLING"   (tede). 

JOHN  DOBSON  begs  to  say  that  he  is  in  possession 
of  a  large  quantity  ol  Sets  of  ibis  very  fine  POTATO,  true 
to  name.  It  has  tieen  proved  a  great  favourite  for  early  forcing 
and  'general  crop;  altogether  it  is  one  of  the  best  and  must 
useful,  '2s.  per  ptck  ;  Ash-ltaved  Kidney,  23.  per  ditto;  and 
Jackson's  Kidney,  2s.  per  dit  o — bags  included  in  the  price. 
All  orders  above  lOs.  carriage  free  lo  London.  The  above  can 
be  warranted  to  name;  anil  J.  D.,  having  a  large  quantity  of 
them,  is  enabled  to  offer  thorn  at  a  low  price. 

J.  D.'s  Catalogue  of  Sckct  Ki;chen  Garden  Seeds  may  be 
had  in  exchange  for  one  stamp  ;  it  contains  nothing  but  the 
best  and  must  approved  sorts,  and  at  the  lowest  possible  prices; 
and  J.  D.  feels  iissured  that  the  Seeds  will  give  great  satisfac- 
tion to  those  who  may  favour  him  with  their  orders, 

Woudlands  Nursery,  leleworth,  near  London. 

AGRICULTURAL   ftND  SCIKNTIFIO  EDUCATION. 

MESSRS.  NfiSBlT'S  ACADEMY;,  38,  Kennington- 
lane,  Lambeth,  near  London.  • 

"  For  my  own  part,  I  do  not  scruple  to  avow  the  conviction  that 
ere  long  a  knowledge  of  th«  principal  truths  of  chemistry 
will  be  expected  in  every  educated  nian  ;  and  that  it  will  be 
as  necessary  to  tlie  stateeman  and  political  economist,  and 
practical  ngriculmrist,  as  it  is  already  indispensable  to  the 
physician  and  ihe  manufacturer." — Liebig. 
In  thii  SCHOOL,  in  addition  to  the  general  routine  studies, 
which  include  the  Claseics,  Mathematics,  and  French  and  Ger- 
man languages,  every  facility  is  afforded  for  the  acquisition  of  a 
sound  knowledge  of  CHEMISTRY.     The  pupils  are  practically 
taught  in  the  laboratories,  which  are  fitted  up  with  everything 
essential  fur  the  most  extensive  chemical  investigations. 

Thepiinciples  of  Geology,  IJotaay,  and  the  ocher  departments 
of  Natural  Philusopliy,  are  clearly  elucidated  and  explained. 
Eminent  Proiesaors  of  the  Me. ropolis  lecture  regularly  to  the 
pupils  ou  subjtcts  of  literary  and  scientific  interest. 

The  students  have  likewise  access  to  a  large  and  well-assorted 
Library,  comprising  the  most  recent  works  on  science  and 
literature  ;  to  a  valuable  collection  of  Minerals  and  Geological 
specimens  from  variou.H  parts  of  the  globe  ;  and  to  an  extensive 
suite  of  Mathemaiiciil  and  Pbilust-'phicallnstruments.  | 

The  course  ot  study  likewise  comprises  every  essential  for  the' 
Railway  Engineer,  Architect,  and  Practical  Surveyor. 

Ttie  Terms  of  ttie  School,  with  further  particulars,  may  be 
bad  ou  application,  either  persuiially  or  by  letter. 

Mr.  Nesbit's  Works  on  Land  Surveying,  Mensuration, 
Gauging,  Arithmetic,  bngUsh  Parsing,  Education,  &c.,  may  bu 
had  cf  all  bookseliers. 

References.— Dr.  D.  B.  Reid,  F.R.S.E.,  &c.,  Author  of 
"Elements  of  Practical  Chemibtry,"  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Ventilation,"  .tc.,  Houses  of  Parliament,  Westmiaster  ;  J. 
Gardner,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Author  of  "  The  Great  Physician,"  die, 
Editor  of  "  Liebig'a  Letters,"  diC,  Mortimer-street,  Portland- 
place,  London  ;  John  Shitiler,  Esq.,  VVimborne,  Dorset ;  Thos. 
Saunders,  Esq.,  VVatercombe,  near  Dorchester ;  J.  Gater,  Esq., 
West  End,  near  Southampton  ;  and  \V.  S.  aw,  Esq.,  Editor  of 
the  Mark  Lane  Express,  Lundon. 


This  day  is  published,  neatly  bound  in  cloth,  price  Ss.  Gd  , 
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table  cf  dated),  THE   PIRST  VOLUilE  OP 

A  CHILD'S  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND.  By 
Charles  Dickens.  With  a  Frontispiece  from  a  drawing 
by  F.  W.  ToPHAM.  The  His-ory  wilt  be  completed  in  Three 
Volumes  of  the  same  size  and  price. 

Beadboht  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. 


HOUSEHOLD  NARRATIVE.—Tbis  da>  is  published,  price  2d., 
the  December  Number  (coraplMting  the  Volume)  of 

THE  HOUSEHOLD  NARRATIVE  of  CURRENT 
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mucb  improved.  A  Number  is  published  at  the  end  of  each 
month. 

The  SECOND  VOLUME,  being  a  Narrative  of  the  Public 
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G  LENNY'S  GARDEN  ALMANAC  FOR  1852.— 
Cuntaining  Calendar  of  Operations  for  every  month  in  the 
year,  Lists  of  the  best  Flowers,  Fruits,  Plants,  and  Vegetables, 
valuable  Hints  to  Lady  Gardeners,  and  other  useful  informa- 
tion.    Price  la.    Post  free,  18  stamps. 

London:  C.  Cox,  V2,  King  WUliam-atreet,  Strand. 


This  day  is  published,  price  3s.  Gd,  in  clotfa,  the  Second 
Edition  of 

THE  LIFE  AND  DEATH  OF  LITTLE  RED 
RIDIN(i  HOOD.  A  Tragedy,  adapted  fromibe  German  of 
Ludwig  Tieck.  l>y  Jane  Browning  Smith,  with  Seven 
lUustratioDB  by  John  Mulreadt. 

London  :  GhOoaiBBiDGE  aud  Sons,  Paternoster-row. 

MR.  "DL^KAELi'S  NEW   WORK. 

Second  Edition,  now  ready,  in  1  vol.,  15s.  bound, 

LORD    GEORGE    BENTINCK.      A   POLITICAL 
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ie  as  graceful  and  touching  as  it  is  accurate  and  impartial." — 
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sion Irom  Darjiling  to  Torglo ;  by  Dr.  Hooker.  Mode  of 
Heating  adopted  at  Porthgwiddea,  near  Truro;  by 'be  Rev. 
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MARY  HOWITT'S  NEW  WORK, 

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Athenaam, 

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q^HE      EDINBURGH     REVIEW,     No.     CXCIII. 
J-  wiU  be  published  on  THURSDAY  NEIT. 

CONTENTS. 

L  GENIUS  AND  WRITINGS  OF  DESCARTES, 
II.  BISHOP  PHILP0TT3. 
IIL  RECENT  PROGRESS  OF  LEGISLATION, 
IV.  CHURCH  MUSIC.  i 

V.INTERNATIONAL  COPYRIGHT, 
VL  PaLGRaVE'S     HISTORY     OF     NORMANDY     AND 
ENGLAND. 
Vn.  ORDNANCE  MAP  OF  SCOTLAND. 
VIIL  THE  EXPECTED  REFORM  BILL. 
London  :  Lonquan  and  Co.    Edinburgh  :  A.  and  C.  Black. 


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with  a  separate  Index,  printed  in  double  columns  (equal  in 
quan'i'y  to  30  ordinary  volumes),  price  only  '21-  2s.  bound, 

OURKE'S      LANDED      GENTRY      FOR      1852, 

D    With  NUMEROUS  ADDITIONS  and  CORRECTIONS, 

AudaSEPARATK  INDEX,  GRATIS, 
Containing  references  to  the  Names  of  every  person  (upwards 
of  100.000)  mentioned. 
This  important  National  Work  comprises  a  Genealogical  and 
Heraldic  History  of  ^e  whole  of  the  Landed  Gentry  of  Great 
Britain  and  Irel^ndiflrith  particulars  of  100,000  persons  con- 
nected with  them,  foraiing 

A  NECESSARY  COMPANION  TO  ALL  PEERAGES. 
Colbdbn  aud  Co.,  Publishers,  13,  Great  Marlborough-street. 


Just  published.  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is, ;  or  by 
post,  for  Is.  Gd. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for :  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Self-Management ;  together  with  Instructions  for  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  health.    By  a  Phtstcian. 

Also,  by  ihe  same  Author,  priee  2s  Gd.  ;  by  nost,  3s.  6d., 

A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON  "  NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  reuulc  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  tbe  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  tbe  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London  :  James  Gilbert,  49,  Paternoster-row  ;  Hannat,  63, 
Oxford- street;  Mann,  39,  Cornhill ;  and  all  Booksellers. 


PRICE  ONE  SHILLING. 

-yURNER'S  (late  Beck's)  FLORIST,  FRUITIST, 

■*-  AND  GARDEN  MISCELLANY,— A  Monthly  Illustrated 
work,  containing  Original  Articles  by  the  principal  Growers — 
amateur  and  professional. 

The  Number  for  January  has  coloured  Illustrations  of 
FosTEa'a  beautiful  Pelargonium  *'  Optimdm  ;  *'  a  new  Pink  and 
Verbena. 

London  :  Chapman  and  Hall,  193,  Piccadilly  ;  and  sold  by  all 
Booksellers. 


Free  hv  post  for  13  Postage  stamps. 

'l^HE  TREATISE  ON    THE  CULTIVATION  OF 

X  THE  CHRYSaNTHEMU.VI  so  favourably  nociced  and 
highly  recomii. ended  by  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle 
(see  No.  47,  November  22(.  To  be  had  ot  the  author,  William 
Ivoav,  gardener  to  the  Rev.  George  Chetwode,  Chilton  House, 
Thame,  Oxford  flate  of  Tring  Park). 


Early  in  Januarv  will  be  published,  in  1  vol.  8vo, 

ENGLISH  AGRICULTURE  in  1850  and  1851; 
lis  Condition  and  Prospects.  With  Descriptions  in 
detail  of  the  best  modes  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nearly 
every  county  of  England.  By  James  Caihd,  Agricultural 
Commissioner  of  T/ie  Times,  Author  of  "Hi^b  Farming  under 
Liberal  Covenants." 

London  :  Longman,  Bbown,  Greek,  and  Longmans. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  <fcc.  ?  — CRINILENE  has  been  pronounced 
by  thousands  to  be  the  only  prepar.ition  that  can  be  relied 
upon  fur  tbe  restoration  of  the  hair  in  baldness  from  any 
cause,  preventiog  the  hair  falling  otf,  strengthening  weak  hair, 
and  checking  grejness,  and  for  the  Production  of  Whiskers, 
Moustacliios,  Eyebrows,  tfec,  in  a  few  weeUs  with  certainty.  It 
is  elegantly  scented,  and  buflicient  for  three  months'  use  ;  will 
be  sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  24  postage  stamps,  by  Miss 
Dean,  43,  Liverpool-street,  King's  Cross,  London,  Testimo- 
nial :  Dr.  Thompson  says—"  It  is  a  beautiful  preparation,  and 
the  only  one  I  can  recommend." 


ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK.— 
The  UHAN  UTAN,  presented  by  the  Govtrnor  of  Singa- 
pore; the  HIPPOPOTAMUS,  presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy 
of  Egypt;  tiie  ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  many  recent  additions, 
are  exhibited  daily.     Admission,  Is. ;  on  Mondays,  Gd. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYR^fA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  impnrtant  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  tbe  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— Is.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  usual  time,  and  incapable  of  injuring  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian bristles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Spon^^e,  with  its  preserved 
valuable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  tbe 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNQLET,  and  Co.'s,  Sole  Establishment,  130  b,  Oxfoid-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street. 

METCAbFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  per  box. 

Cadtion.  —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  Metcalfe'3," 
adopted  by  some  houses. 


HARDY  CONIFERS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auctioa,  at  bis 
Great  Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, 2]st  J;inu«rv,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  without  reserve, 
2100  HARDY  CONIFERS,  in  pots,  handsome  well-growa 
Plants,  and  worthy  the  attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentlemea 
enrichini:  their  Parks  and  Grounds  ;  they  consist  of  300  Arau- 
caria  imbricata,  splendid  specimens,  2  feet;  200  ditto,  1  to 
lij  foot ;  51)0  Cedrus  Deodara,  U  to  2  feet ;  1000  ditto,  1  foot  ; 
100  Pinus  excetsa,  1^  to  2  feet.  May  be  viewed  on  the  morning 
of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

FREE  TRADE  IN  SEEDS. 
TO  SEEDSMEN'.  CORN-DEALERS  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  respectfully 
announce  they  will  conduct  SALES  of  SEEDS  of  first- 
rate  STOCKS,  and  all  crop  1851,  every  Wednesday  and  Friday 
during  the  Seed  season.  The  first  sale  will  take  place  next 
FRIDAY,  16th  inst.,  at  12  o'clock,  at  the  Auc  ion  Mart, 
Bar'holomew-lane.  Amoni^  the  Seed')  will  he  found  2  cwt. 
Oiiion  of  sorts,  8  bueb.  Radish  of  sorts,  28  lbs.  Lettuce  of 
sorts,  28  lbs.  of  CauUfliwer.  56  lbs.  of  London  Market 
Cabbage,  56  lbs.  of  MitcbelPs  Dark  Savoy,  56  lbs.  of 
Myatt's  Parsley,  1  cwt.  of  Mignonette,  100  qts.  of  mixed 
Sweet  Peas,  100  qts  of  Nasturtium,  56  lbs.  of  Nemo- 
pbila  insignia,  20  lbs.  of  German  Maryguld,  20  lbs.  of  Germaa 
Larkspur,  23  lbs.  of  CoHinsia  bicolor,  28  lbs.  of  Nemophila 
raaculata,  28  lbs.  of  Purple  Cape  Brot;coli,  5G  lbs.  of  Cbappel'fl 
Cream  ditto,  Tibs,  of  Dewshury  Pink  Celery,  20  oz.  of  New 
Ridge  Cucumber.  CoUecti'ms  of  German  Stocks  and  Asters, 
with  100  varieties  of  New  Flower  Seeds.  AJso  colledtlons  of 
Vegetable  seeds,  to  suit  Amateur  Gardeners, 

May  he  viewed  the  mornmg  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  at 
the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  50,  Hoxton-square,  and 
Ebenez^r  Nurserv,  Shacklewell,  Lundun. 

FARM  TO  LET,  oa  very  advantageous  terms on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  oi  Ciav  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  good  market, 
aud  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low ;  no  pressure  of  poor ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Laud  might  be  added  if  desired. 

Persons  desirous  of  treating  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  letter  to  tbe  Editor  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,    at   the  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 

LanOon. 

ROSE  HILL  NURSERY,  NEAR  YARM,  IN  THE  NORTH 
RIDING  OF    THE  COUNTY  OF  YORK. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  the  Valuable  NURSERY  STOCK 
and  GOODWILL  of  a  BUSINESS  established  Forty 
Years  (by  the  late  Mr.  Hedley  and  his  successors),  at  Rose-hiU 
Nursery.  The  Nursery  Gr.mnd  contains  10  acres  of  tbe  best 
Land,  well  stocked  with  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Shrubs, 
Garden  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  JBc.,  in  great  variety.  The 
Land  is  peculiarly  suited  to  the  growth  of  Roses  and  Dahlia?, 
of  I  oth  which  there  is  a  large  stock.  The  S  ockton  and 
Darlington  Railway  passes  close  ty  Yarm,  and  the  Leeds 
Northern  Railway  which  goes  through  the  town  will  be  opened 
in  May  uext.  No  situation  can  be  tnore  desirable  for  carrying 
on  an  extensive  trade.  Mr.  Robert  Hedley  is  now  in  attendance 
at  Rose-hill  to  receive  orders  and  transact  business.  Any 
person  desirous  uf  becoming  a  tenant  of  the  Nursery,  to  wbicb 
are  attached  14  acriS  of  tirst-rate  Grass  Laud,  or  aaxious  to 
buy  the  Stock,  must  apply  to  Mr.  Johw  Habeisow,  Grange 
Kursery,  near  DiirHngton  ;  or  to  Messrs.  MEwnoaN,  Hotchin- 
SON,  and  Mewbdhn,  :iulicitorp,  Darlin^jton.— Darlington,  Jan.  10 . 


WANTED,  to  purchase,  or  hire  on  lease,  from 
THREE  to  FIVE  ACRES  of  FREEHOLU  LAND, 
within  10  miles  ot  Charing  Cross. — Addi  'as  Mc.  John  Elliott, 
Cadogau  TeiraLe,  Chelsea,  London. 


HOUSE  FURNISHING  AND  INTERIOR 
DECORATIVE  ESTABLISHMENT,  451,  OxFOBD- 
Stkeet,  London. — Cabinet  Furniture  of  every  description  at 
marked  prices — Brussels  Carpet,  2s.  Gd.  per  yard. — Damaafc 
Curtains,  lOd.  per  jard  and  upwards;  Ditto,  in  Silk  and 
Worsted  (French  fabric),  uoarly  two  yards  wide,  at  Ss.  per 
yard. — The  best  Floor  Cloths  that  can  be  made,  cut  to  any 
dimensions,  25.  'Sd.  per  yard.  The  largest  Manuiactory  in 
Loudon  for  Paper  Hangings,  English  and  French  Decorations, 
adapted  either  to  the  Cottage  or  the  Mansion,  fitted  up,  showing 
the  side  of  a  room  finished  for  occupation. 


C'RIGI  DOMO. — A   perfect    protector  against  frost, 

-^  a  non-conductor  of  heat  or  cold,  and  cheaper  in  price  than 
bass  matting.  A  canvas  made  of  prepared  hair  and  wool, 
adapted  to  many  horticultural  and  floricuUural  purposes,  for 
c  'vering  up,  where  a  fixed  temperature  is  requirtd.  It  ie- 
'2^  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length  at  Is.  id.  per  yard 
run. — Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  Aechee,  Carpet  Manufac- 
turer, 451,  Oxford-street,  London. 


BERDOE'S  SUPERIOR  OVERCOATS,  and  BOYS' 
CLOTHES.— Quality  the  irue  test  of  Cheapness.— A  very 
large  stock  ot  first-class  garments  of  every  description,  reduced 
to  the  lowest  possible  scale  of  cbarges.  Also  ot  OVEltCOATS 
tor  BOYS  of  all  ages  (at  from  25s,  to  355.)  kept  fur  selection, 
or  made  to  order  a.i  same  charge,  at  a  da^'s  notice.  All  are 
guirauteed  to  resist  any  amount  of  raio,  and  possess  every 
quality  essential  to  a  really  respectable  and  permanent'y  satis- 
taciory  anicle.  A  SUIT  of  extra  Superfine  Cloth  for  a  Boy 
eight  years  old,  Two  Guineas;  Ss.  extra  for  each  additional 
year.  W.  BEHDOE,  Tailoe,  96,  New  Bowd  Stbeet,  end  0£>, 
CoENBiLL,  only. 

L~ONL»ON  TO  DUBLIN  {vid  HOLYHEAD)  in 
THIRTEEN  HOURS  and  a  HALF. 

Three  communications  daily  on  week  days  ;  two  on  Sundays. 
Sea  pasnage  Four  Hours  and  a  Half.  First  class,  31. ;  second,  21. 
Return  tickets  (available  for  a  fortnight),  first  class,  i2.  IO5.  ; 
second,  3£.    Children  under  twelve,  half-price. 

For  full  particulars  of  tbe  bnokiog-through  system  between 
England  and  Ireland,  see  "Bradsoaw's  Uuide,"  page  122; 
"Walsh's  liish  Guide,"  page  20;  "Fisher's  Irish  Guide," 
page  2. 


RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED    witbodt  A  TRUSS* 

DR.  BARKER  continues  to  supply  the  afflicted 
with  bis  Celebrated  Remedy  for  this  aUrming  complaint, 
the  great  success  of  which,  foi-  many  years  past,  readers  any 
furtber  comment  unnecessary.  It  is  easy  and  painless  id  use, 
causing  no  inconvenience  or  confinement,  and  is  applicublo  to 
every  variety  of  single  and  double  Rupture,  however  bad  or 
long  standing,  in  male  or  female,  of  any  age.  The  remedy, 
with  full  instructions  for  use,  will  be  sent  post-free,  to  any  part 
ot  the  Kmgdom,  ou  receipt  of  7s.  in  posta^ie  stamps,  or  i'ost- 
office  Order,  by  Dr.  Alfeed  Baekeb,  48,  Liverpool-street, 
King's  Cross,  London,  where  he  may  be  Consulted  Daily  from 
10  till  3  o'clock  (Sundays  excepted). 


Printed  by  William  BBADBuaT.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place,  in. 
the  parisa  ol  &t.  Pancrae,  and  FussBaicK  Mullktt  Eva>b,  oI  No,  7> 
Church  row.  Stoke  Newmglou,  boiti  in  the  County  ol  Middlesex,  PrinterB, 
fit  ttieir  Offline  Id  LoiobarJ-fttreei,  m  tbe  Preclnci  ol  WbitelriarB,  In  the 
City  ol  London;  and  publiflbed  by  ihem  at  tlie  Office,  No.  0,  Cbarlee 
Btreei,  in  the  paristi  01  St.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  In  the  »aid  County, 
where  all  Advertlsesientsaod  CninmumcatiooB  are  to  be  ADoaEbBBD  tv/ 
TUB  Editob,— SAToanAi,  January  10,  19^2. 


IJlil    IxAHJJJii^lill^"  IJJl 


AND 


ItLJi 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


&  stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Profenor  Lindley. 

No.  3—1853.]  .  SATURDAY,  JANUARY  17.  ~ [Price  Qd. 


AgtL  Sodety.Bsth 46  a 

Ale,  bitter 4^  a 

BirdB.  British  iodic 27  a 

Blackberries  are  Curraats  ......  33  a 

Blinds  for  class  hOQses  ........  37  c 

Batter  makiDEr 43  e 

Caleadar,  Horticultural 40  a 

Ciocr&ria,  bardiues*  of  39  c 

Cireucester  Colteee.... 42  a 

College,  Cirencester 42  a 

Conifers,  hardy 40  c 

CryptoKami.  HofmeliteroD,  rev.  3S  c 
Corrauts  are  BlackberrlcB    ....  33  a 

DraiDBge 45  a 

Bels.iiropaKatioa  of............  3/    e 

Elv&stou  Cascte 33   e 

Fire  Annibilator.  Phillips's  ....  3S  b 

Foreti  trees,  to  prune    ,.  37  6 

Garden  GleaQtuGra,  foreij^i 30  6 

GardeDiaradicaaB, 36  c 

Glasaevio  Botanical  Gaidflu....  33  6 

Glass  walls 37  b 

Glaas  homes,  blinds  for 37  c 

Gleanings, forelgD  Kardea     ....  36  b 

Grassland,  to  lime 44  e 

Gnauo  frauds,  to  detect 41  c 

Hestinsr.Falinaiee    36  b 

H«rbi 36  a 

Hyacinth     bolb,    experimentB 

with   ..,.*. 39  c 

Iceitacking 35  b 

Ireland,  coadicioa  of, 44  6 


Insects,  Clarke'e  preparation  for 

kilHug  31 

Kitchen  garden,  to  crop 3! 

Labourers'  balance  sheet     ..,,  4 

Liquorice 3 

Maaurff  of  towns 3 

—  liquid 3: 

—  for  Turnips 4 

—  Sewaze,  tract  on,  rev 4 

Mechi'sfUr.)  balance  sheet . I. .  4 

Millt 4 

Orauge  tubs 3 

Plants,  aesnal  organs  of; 3 

—  ifreea  matter  of ^ 

Folmaiie  heatiog 3 

Potato  disease. Z 

Poultry,  artificial  halchinfi;  of  ..  4 

Rflin  at  CailesgiU 3 

Rope,  wire 3 

Roses  for  exhibition 3 

Saltsburia  adianclfotia 3 

Scorpion,  stiiifT,  cure  for 3 

Soap,  snow  4 

Tomatoes,  late    3 

Trees,  forest,  to  prune 3 

Turnipa,  ammonia  for 4 


Ventilation,  perpetual 

Walls  kIbss 

Well  ropes 

Wheat,  short  strawed  . 
Wire  rope 


NOTICE.  —  The  Partnership  existing  between 
JOSEPH  AND  STEPHEN  SHILLING,  Ndesektmen, 
North  Waraborongh,  Dear  Odiham,  Hants,  faas  this  day  been 
dii80lTed  by  matual  conseat.  It  is  hereby  requested  that  all 
accounts  owiog  to  the  ahove  firm  be. paid  to  the  said  Stephen 
SeiLtisG  ;  also  all  debts  contracted  by  the  said  firm  be  for- 
warded to  the  aforesaid  Stgp^n  Sbtllino,  who  has  under- 
taken to  discharge  the  same.  (Signed)  Joseph  Shilling. 
*ry  Stephen  Shilling. 

KuTMry,  North  Warnhorougb^near  Odiham,  Hants, 

Jannaryjt^;  1352.     ^ 


NURSERY,    NORTH    WARNBOROUGH,    NEAR 
ODIHAM,    HANTS. 

STEPHEN  SHILLING  begs  to  inform  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Public  in  general,  that  the  Partnership  which 
existed  between  himself  and  brother  in  the  Nursery  and  Seed 
BusinesB,  has  been  mutually  dissolved.  He  begs  to  return 
thanks  for  all  past  patronage,  and  to  gire  notice  that  he  now 
carries^n  solely  the  old-established  concern  at  North  Warn- 
boroM^>near  Odiham,  and  any  orders  he  may  be  favoured 
with^wl  meet  with  strict  and  prompt  execution  ;  and  be  begs 
also  to  inform  all  those  who  have  hitherto  been  supplied  with 
Trees,  Seeds,  &c.,  from  the  North  Warnborough  Nursery,  that 
they  will  be  able  to  procure,  as  formerly,  every  article  they 
may  require ;  and  by  a  careful  selection  of  the  different  Borts, 
he  is  determined  each  shall  be  worthy  of  approbation. 

Orders  received,  and  Seeds  supplied,  as  usual,  at  Win- 
chester, Basingstoke,  and  Alton,  at  which  places  bo  will  attend 
forthat  purpose. — January  17. 


PELARGONIUMS. 

CHARLES  TURNER'S  Plants  of  all  the  leading 
varieties  are  unusually  strong  and  healthy.  Purchasers 
Bhoald  lose  no  time  io  making  their  selections,  as  the  plants 
iboold  now  receive  their  final  shift.  Catalogues  on  application. 

ROTAL    NOBSEBT,    SlODGH. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  alinounce  that  he  has 
published  a  ;new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Roses,  Conifers,  'be,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described;  thus  porchasers  are  afiorded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 


EPPS'  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS.— No.  1,   containing  2i   quarts    of   the  £  8.  d. 

newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers      ...  2  10    0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quantities 110    0 

No.  3,  ditto  Qitto  1    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12    6 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Ite^criptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  &c.,  Sac. 

The  highest  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.    Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

W.  J.  Epps  begs  to  remark,  that  in  consequence  of  his  being 
one  of  the  largest  Seed  Growers  in  the  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion 10  supply  the  above  very  satisfactory. 

Ulitb'Street  and  Boner  Nurseries,  Maidstone. — Jan,  17. 


TO  NOBLEMEN  AND  GENTLEMEN  PLANTING, 
T"'HOMAS  JACKSON  and  SON  respectfuUy  solicit 
-*-  attention  to,  and  an  inspection  of,  their  very  healthy  and 
exteniive  Stock  of  frequently  transplanted  TREES  and 
HUKUBS,  amongit  whfcd  will  be  found  Araucaria"!,  4  feet 
high;  Deodar  Ctdars,  12  feet;  Cedars  of  Lebaoon,  9  feet; 
PlQOS  exceliB,  r,  feet;  Dit'.o  patula,  6  feet;  Ditto  insignis, 
4  feet ;  Ditto  cephslonica,  C  feet ;  Ditto  moriocla,  5  feet ;  Ditto 
Oordonlana,  2  feet;  Iriih  Yews,  12  feet;  English  ditto,  G  feet; 
Pyramid  ditto,  &  feet ;  Taxodium  sempervlrcns,  8  feet ;  Cryp- 
tomeriajBpooica, .'',  feet;  Chinchc  Junipers,  fj  feet ;  Irish  ditto, 
4  feet;  Ou(jre«BUH  toraloius,  C  feet;  Ditto  Goveniana,  5  feet ; 
Ditto  Uhdian*, /)  feet ;  iJitUi  acmpervirene,  8  feet;  Green  and 
Variegated  Uollie«,  7  feet;  Broad-leaved  ditto,  r,  feet;  Weeping 
ditto,  fi  feet;  Arbofu*  procera  aod  uoedo,  1  feet;  Magnolia 
graodiHora,  Exmouth,  1  feet;  Ditto  acuminata,  8  feet ;  Pau- 
lownia  impcrialiB,  7  feet  ;  Weeping  WIIIowb,  lo  feot;  Weeping 
Anb,  16  feet-  Large  Aucubat,  Common  and  I'ortugal  Laurels, 
ChiueM  and  Americnn  Arbor-vitai,  Tree  I'jftnnlts.  Daphnes' 
LaarestinaK,  hnr\)*;rin,  Red  Cedars,  Rhodod«ndron«,  Aralcas' 
Kalmiat,  Por»ythiap,  Wel((elia»,  Evergreen  Oaks,  and  all  the 
other  favourite  Trees  and  Shrub»  (covering  upwards  of  20 
acres  of  nar«ry  ground)  ;  also  Fruit  and  Forent  Tre*?8  of 
various  size*  In  great  rjuaiitity,  and  about  a  million  of  f^ulck 
fit  for  making  or  mending  f«nce»,  irom  'is.  to  Vi».  per  KjOO, 

l'ricc<i,  which  are  vtrry  low,  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

All  ordem  of  two  pounds  or  upward*  delivered  at  any  of  the 
carricrr's  offices  in  London,  or  by  our  own  cartn  within  12  miles 
of  tbeHtursvry,— Norsery,  Klogstoa,  Surrey,  Jan.  17. 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
Seed,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Rosea  grandi- 
fiora,  Delicata,  Comet,  Model  of  Per/ection,  Elegans,  Formosa, 
Gem,  Belladonna,  Uicolor,  Qaeen,  Fireball,  Aurantia,  Rosea 
alb9,  and  Sulpburea  perfecta.  A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in 
packets,  containing  200  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded,  post  free, 
upon  the  receipt  of  23.  Gd.  worth  of  postai^e  stamps,  by  R.  B. 
BiBCHAM,  Hedenham  Rosary,  Bungay,  Suffolk. 


ROSES. 

WILLIAM  "WOOD  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  a  choice 
assortment  of  ROSES  at  the  under-named  prices,  the 
selection  of  sorts  being  left  to  themselves.  s.  d. 

Extra  fine  picked  tall  Standards,  from  6  to  8  feet,  budded 
with  8  to  6  best  varieties  of  Climbing  and  Perpetual 
Roses  iu  each  stem,  suitable  for  training  iu  the  form  of 
domes  (these  plants  are  partictilarly  fine),  each,  3s.  6d.  to    5    0 

Superior  selected  Standards        Per  doz.  ISs.  to  24    0 

Fine  Dwarfs  and  Dwarf  Standards      ...        „         IO5.  to  18    0 
Fine  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  two  of  a  sort        ,,  ...    6    0 

Tea-scented  Roses,  in  pots,  very  fine    ...        ,,         12s.  to  18    0 
Best  varietiesfor  Forcing,  established  in  G-inch  pots,  p.doz.  20    0 

Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  without  names,  per  100    30    0 

N.B.— Additional  plants  presented  with  each  order,  with  a 
view  to  lessen  the  expense  ot  carriage. 

Catalogues  may  be  bad  Gbatis  on  application. 
Woodlands  Nursery,  Maresfield,  near  Uckti eld,  Sussex. 


SUTTON'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS, 
CARRIAGE  FREE.— The  advantages  of  purchasing  these 
"  Collections  of  Seeds"  are  threefold,  viz.,  superiority  of  sorts, 
superior  germinating  quality,  and  great  economy  in  the  cost. 
Our  sorts  of  Seeds  are  not  all  in  the  possession  of  other  Seeds- 
men, and  we  feel  confident  that  our  C^jUections  are  far  superior 
to  others,  both  in  quality  and  in  quantity. 

A  Cleegyman,  whom  wo  have  had  the  honour  of  supplying 
many  years,   writes  us,   "/  liave  much  satisfaction  in  recQin~ 
tn5ndi«j7  your  Seeds  to  various  /rttfiirfs,  as  /  ^nd  th^  are  much 
pleased  with  them;"  and  another  purchaser   says,   "/  never 
received  so  numerous  a  Collection,  so  good  in  efiialiti/,  from  any 
hottse"     We  therefore  confidently   recommend   those    gentle- 
men who  are  not  themselves  acquainted  with  the  best  sorts  of 
vegetables,  to  order  immediately  (while  we  have  a  large  Stock), 
one  of  the  undermentioned  complete  Collections  : —        £  3,  d. 
No.  1.— A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION  OF  GARDEN 
SEEDS,  FOR  ONE  TEAR'S  SUPPLY  OF  A  LARGE 
GARDEN  ;  including  the  best  sorts  for  succession  of 
Peas,  Bean-*,  Broccoli,  Cucumbers,  Melons,  Lettuces, 
Cauliflowers,  and  every  other  sort  of  Vegetable  re- 
quired, in  full  quantities 2  10    0 

No.  2.— A  COMPLETE   COLLECTION,  in  quantities 

proportionately  reduced 110    0 

No.  3.-A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION,  equally  choice 

sorts     1    1    0 

No.  4.— A  SMALL   AND   VERY   CHOICE   ASSORT- 
MENT ...   _ ; ...  0  12   6 

Jf  SO"'."-  l-mds  of  Seeds  are  already  poisessed^purcJiasers 
are  requested  to  name  them,  that  increased  qua/ntlties  of 
others  may  he  sent  in  lieu  of  tliem. 

N.B.— The  above  Collections  will  be  sent  Caeetaoe  Feeb,  as 
see  our  Advertisement  on  2d  page  of  last  week's  Chronicle. 

\*  A  List  of  the  quantities  contained  in  each  CoUeciionmay 
be  bad  post  free  in  return  for  One  Fenny  Stamp,  addressed 
JoHM  SoTToN  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  45. 
per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selected  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment, at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Printed  regulations  for  treatment  sent ;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par:na5an  Cheeses. 


JOHN    KERNAN   begs  to    state  that  he  has  now 
completed  his  usual  selection  of  every  choice  and  new 
VEGETABLE  AND  FLOWER  SEEDS  recently  introduced  or 
worthy  of  cultivation.    Catalogues  may  be  had  on  apphcation. 
4,  Great  Russell-street,  Covent  Garden. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  which  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue,  with  the  Treatise  on  the  "  Cultivation  of  American 
Plants,"  can  still  he  had,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  Jan.  17. 


BEST  LANCASHIRE   GOOSEBERRIES,  named, 
at  155.  per  100. 
Also,    APPLES,    PEARS,    CURRANTS.    RHUBARB,  &c., 
in  all  the  best  varieties,  and  at  equally  moderate  prices. 
Carefully  packed,  to  carry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation, 
H.  BioLAND  and  Co.,  Manchester. 


GREAT    SALE    OF    NURSERY   PLANTS. 

PETER  BOOTH,  Nurseryman,  Falkirk,  is  selling  off, 
at  very  cheap  prices,  at  his  extensive  Nursery  Grounds,  a 
very  large  stock  of  transplanted  LARCH,  SCOTCH,  and 
SPRUCE  FIR  PLANTS,  of  strong  and  smaller  sizes,  including 
seedlings,  with  a  great  variety  ot  many  of  the  other  kinds  of 
Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees,  generally  grown  In  large  nur- 
series ;  also  Fruit  Trees,  Gooseberry,  Currant,  and  Raspberry 
Bushes,  d£c. 

A  largo  stock  and  great  variety  of  very  fino,  strong,  healthy 
Evergreen  and  Flowering  Ornamental  Shrubs. 

A  very  fine  stock  of  S:andard,  Half  Htandard,  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  many  of  them  of  the  now  kindB,  and  also  of  the 
approved  and  most,  beautiful  Sfirts. 

N.B. —As  the  Advertiser  wishes  to  retire  frnm  business,  a 
Lease  of  ail  his  Nursery  Grounds,  which  belong  to  htinsuK, 
and  every  enciiurdgefneiit  would  be  given  to  a  purchiiHor  of  the 
uhovc  Ht»cU,  and  the  good-will  of  tho  buslncsp,  which  has  been 
earned  on  by  his  relation?  for  more  than  70  yearn  past,  and 
with  great  huccosh. 

Should  a  purchaser  not  be  found,  a  partner  with  cnpitul,  and 
a  good  koowiodge  of  tho  business,  would  bo  ugrood  with. 


DOUBLE  LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY,— In  answer 
to  numerous  inquiries  for  the  above,  and  the'great  satis- 
faction given  by  the  plants  sent  out  in  former  seaso'os  by  J,  R., 
he  beers  to  state  he  has  thitt  year  a  few  strong  roots  to  dispose 
of.  The  graceful  habit,  delicate  appearance,  and  delicious 
perfume  which  the  flower  pof-sesses,  render  it  equally  suitabla 
for  the  lady's  posey  or  the  drawing-room  bouquet.  By  encloBing 
31)  postage  stamps,  12  strong  roots  will  be  sent  free  to  any  part 
of  the  Doited  Kingdom.— J.  Reid,  Monktoo  Nursery,  Rvde 
Isle  of  Wight.  •'     ' 

SILVER     FIRS. 

THOMAS  IMRIE  and   SONS,   Nurserymen,  Ayr, 
have  on  sale  upward'^  of  200, OOlt  SILVER  FI US,  of  various 
sizes,  all  healihy,  fine,  well-topped  plants. 

12  to  15  inches,  153.  p-^.  '.00(J ;  15  10  24  inches,  20a.  ditto ;  18 
to  30  inches,  25s.  ditto. 

Trains  by  the  Glasp        and  South-Western  Railway  from 
Ayr  daily. 


SUPERB  NEV      ARLY  PROLIFIC  MELON, 
"VIC      RY   OF    BATH." 

GARAWAY,  MA.  SS,  and  Co.  having  purchased 
the  entire  stock  (>■  '..le  above  MELON,  bejc  to  offer  it  to 
the  public  as  a  variety  unequalled  in  flavour  and  productive- 
ness. It  obtained  a  CertiScate  of  Merit  at  the  April  Show,  in 
Bath  ;  First  Prize  at  Chiswick,  in  May ;  also  two  First  Frizes 
at  Bath,  in  May  and  June  last.  It  was  grown  in  pots  with 
Bromham  Hall,  under  precisely  the  same  treatment,  and  Ripe 
Fruit  cut  full  sis  weeks  earlier.    The  whole  of  the  fruit  exhi- 


bited were  grown  in  pots, 
MELONS. 

Per  Packet— 5.  d. 

Victory  of  Bath 2    6 

Bromham  Hall    1    0 

Camerton  Court 1    0 

Trentham  Hybrid  Green 

Flesh       1    0 

Beechwood...        1    0 

With  all  other  approved  sorts. 

G,,  M,,  and  Co.  also  beg  to  inform  their  friends  that  they 
are  now  prepared  to  send  out  their  well  selected  stock  of  Agri- 
cultural, Eitchen,  and  Flower  Garden  Seeds,  the  latter  grown 
under  their  own  inspection.  Catalogues  to  be  had  on 
application.  G.,  M.,  and  Co.  can  with  confidence  recommend 
their  stock,  as  every  article  is  thoroughly  proved  before 
sent  out, — Durdham  Down  Nurseries,  Bristol,  Jan.  17. 


CUCUMBERS. 

Per  Packet— 3.  d. 
Lord  Kenyon's  Favourite  1    0 

Victory  of  Bath 1     0 

Roman  Emperor 1    0. 

Holm  Pierpoint  Wonder    1    0 
Kelway's  Victory  ...  1    0 

With  all  other  approved  sorts. 


CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

E  MERRY  AND  SON,  having  devoted  their  atten- 
"  tion  entirely  to  the  cultivation  of  this  desirable  Au- 
tumnal Flower,  and  being  sncceBStul  exhibitors  at  Stoke  New- 
ington  and  North  Loodtin  Societies  iu  1851,  can  'vith  confidence 
recommend  their  selection  as  suitable  either  tor  exhibitional 
purposes  or  for  general  cultivation.  The  stocL  is  of  the  most 
tsteemed  varieties,  including  the  following  selection,  at  the 
moderate  price  of  125,  per  dozen,  package  included : — Anaxo, 
Arc-en-ceil.  Guillaume  Tell,  L'Admirable,  Madame  Audry, 
Madame  Corbay,  Miss  Kate,  Monge,  Marshal  Ney,  Plutus, 
Ne  plus  Ultra,  Racine,  Rosa  Mystica,  Fio  Nooo. 

They  have  also  a  quantity  of  the  beat  old  varieties  as  follows, 
at  9s.  per  dozen :— Beauty,  Campestronii,  Cyclops,  Defiance, 
Dupont  de  I'Eure,  Gem,  Goliah,  Duke,  King,  Lysias,  Princess 
Marie,  Salter's  Phydias,  Sydenham,  Queen  of  England,  Ve&ta. 

Early  orders  solicited  to  secure  the  stronger  plants.  A 
remittance  is  requested  from  unknown  correspondents,  or 
reference  to  a  respectable  House  in  London.— Direct  to  B. 
Mekky  and  Son,  Florists,  «bc.,  Stamford-hill,  Stoke  New- 
ington,  Middlesex ;  or  to  their  Agent,  W.  Clabk,  Seedsman, 
&c.,  25,  Bisbopsgate-street  Within,  London. 


SEED  POTATOES.— The  importance  of  cultivating 
those  sorts  of  Potatoes  which,  from  their  vigorous  babit  of 
growth  and  early  maturity,  are  least  subject  to  disease,  has 
induced  us  for  several  years  (ever  since  the  first  general 
development  of  the  disease),  to  make  many  experiments  as  to 
the  sorts  most  desirable,  aod  the  cultivation  most  suitab'e. 
Our  New  Seed  List  contains  the  names  and  pricss  of  thu 
principal  kinds,  and  will  be  sent  post  free  on  receipt  of  Ooe 
Penny  Stamp. — Address,  John  Sctton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers, 
Reading,  Berks. 

QUPERB     NAMED     AND     MIXED    ASSORT- 

O  MENTS  OF  ANEMONES,  RANUNCULI,  GLADIOLI. 
TULIPS,  IRIS,  CROCUS,  LILIUM,  IMPORTED  DUTCU 
HYACINTHS,  &c.,  with  a  large  Collection  of  other  Roots,— 
For  BASS  AND  BROWN'S  Priced  Advertisement  of  the  above, 
see  Gardeners*  Chronicle  of  Nov.  Sth  and  22ij,  or  Catalogues 
sent  free  on  application. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


r\VERSTOCK  AT  THE  NURSERIES,  FORRES, 

V-'  —The  Subscribers  beg  10  offer  the  under-noted  Plants, 
which  are  well  topped,  fibrous  rooted,  and  of  the  finest  quality, 
at  the  following  wholesale  prices  :— 1  and  2-year  transplanted 
Larch,  from  1  to  3  feet  high,  4s,  Cd.  to  123.  per  lOUO  ;  true^nalive 
Highland  Scotch  Pine,  1  and  2  years  transplanted,  2s.  Sd.  to 
IO3,  per  1000,  according  to  their  size;  trimsplanccd  Pinus 
excolsa,  1  to  2  feet,  BO5.  perlOO;  fine  Cedrus  Deodara,  speoi- 
men  plants,  2  to  3  feet,  23.  Gd.  each.  If  orders  are  forwarded 
early,  these  prices  will  ini  lude  payment  of  freluht  to  London.  ^ 
John  Griqor  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Forres,  N,B.  ^^ 


SANGSTER'S    NEW   EARLY   NO.  1  PEA. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  in  submitting  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  the  greatest  cuTilidonce,  as  the  largest  podded  aod  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  Hrst-rato  quality;  height,  2  feat, 
Prlcu  2fl.  (it/,  per  quurt. 

York  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  Gs.  per  bush, 
Oumhridge  Rudicul  do.  (a  tlrat-rato  second  early)  63.  do. 
AtiioricQii  Natlvo,  10a,  Gd.  do.  Early  Manloy,  lOa.  Gd,  do. 
Early  AHh-Itat'  Kidney,  His.  Gd.  do. 

For  Ti'fltinMnlalH,  sue  Oardcnera'  Clironiclc,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

I'.iHt-oIllco  <}rdi;rB  to  bo  made  piiyublu  at  tho  Borough  Pust- 
oni<TO  to  Hay,  Sanohtkr,  and  Co.,  Nursery  aod  Seudstnon, 
Nowlogton  Butts,  London.  Oiie-bushul  hampers  and  booUing, 
U,  Gd. ;  two.busbol,  '2g.  Gd.    Sacks,  2^.  Qd,  ouch, 


TO    PURCHASERS    OF   SEEDS. 
rpHIRTY  OR  FIFTY  jter   Cent,  may  he  saved,  and 

-L  Seeds  of  superior  quality  obtained  bi/  procuring  Seeds  direct 
from  the  Qroivers,  John  Sdttjn  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers, 
Reading,  Berks,  whoae  Priced  Lists  are  now  published,  and 
may  be  had  grade,  p08t-paid,  on  remittance  of  two  Postage 
Stamps. 

EPPS'    NEW   SEEDLING    FUCHSIA. 

WJ.  EPPS  begs  to  state  that  he  purposes  sending 
•  out,  early  in  April,  the  two  f<*llowing  FaCHSlAS, 
■which  he  has  no  hesitation  in  warranting  will  ^ivG  the  highest 
satisfactioQ  posaible ;  they  were  b  ith  submitted  late  in  the 
season  to  Mr.  GJlenny  and  the  Gardeners^  Chrouicte,  and  merited 
their  high  approval.  See  Gardeners'  Chroniclti,  and  Glenny's 
"  Garden  Alnmnack  for  1852." 

STANDARD  OF  PERFECTION.— Tube  and  sepals  bright, 
waxy,  cofHl  red  ;  a  dense  violet  blue  corolla,  slightly  veined 
wiih  purple  ;  sepals  reflexed  ;  blooms  very  stoat,  and  as  large 
as  Don  ftiovanui ;  habit  robust  and  cl'tgant. 

NOVEL  ry. — This  is  an  excee'lini,'ly  pretty  flower,  ami  very 
stiiUing.  Tube  and  sepals  lively  red,  and  waxy  ;  corolla  large 
and  very  double,  of  a  beautiful  den^e  violet  colour  ;  sepals  very 
much  refiexed,  and  a  protuse  bloomer. 

Price,  lOs-  Gd.  each. 

The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade  when  thVee  plants  of  each 
are  taken. 

Agents:  Hurst  and  McMullen.  Leidenhall-3treet,  London. 

Bower  Nuraerie*,  Maidstone,  Jan.  17. 


RANDALL'S.  PROLIFIC  RHUBARB. —  In  sub- 
mitting the  above  to  the  public,  E.  R.  begs  to  state  that 
while  possessing  all  the  qualities  of  Myatt's  Linumua,  it  is  nine 
days  earlier,  of  superior  flivour,  upright  in  grow,h,  and  pro- 
ducing large  stems,  all  of  equal  size.  Roots  2s.  Gd.  each,  to  be 
obtained  at  the  princip:il  Seed-liousea  in  London,  and  of 
EdwAED  Randall,  Loughborough  Gardens,  Brixton,  Surrey. 
Orders  nccompaaied  with  a  remittance  will  be  promptly 
attended  to. 

N.B.  The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 


GEORGE  BAKER*S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIPERvE. 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  (fee,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps. —  VVindlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


P OTA TO        GERM       EXTRACTOR, 

L  And  TUNICATUS  POWOER,  to  Preserve  the  Germs, 
This  Patented  inveniion  readily  txlraeta  the  eyes  without  in- 
juring the  Potato.  The  germs  or  eyes  are  effective  seed,  and  the 
Potatoeifrom  which  they  have  been  extracted  can  be  sivedfor 
cnn»umplion.  100  lbs.  in  germs  will  sow  an  acre,  and  save 
1500  lbs.  of  Potato  flesh.  These  germs,  placed  in  the  "  Tuaicatus 
Powder,"  on  being  extracted  will  keep  fresh  and  uoinjured  for 
•iix  months.  Germs  sown  on  the  13'h  May,  and  taken  up  the 
9  th  October,  produced  an  average  weight  ot  45  lbs.  to  20  plants. 

The  Germ  Extractors,  Gs.  each. 
TunicatuB  or  Ami-  Putre-^cent  Powder,  33.  per  package  of  G  lbs., 

sufficient  for  20,000  Germs. 
STEWART  and  Co,,   Patentees,   22,  Charing  Cross,  London. 
Further  particulars  sent  post  free.      To  be   had  of  all  seeds- 
men and  ironmongers  throughout  the  Uaited  Kingdom. 


HAMILTON'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE  of 
FLOWER  and  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had  on  appHcaHon. 

Address— William  Hamilton,  Seedsman,  &c.,  ISe,  Cheap, 
side,  London. 

W.  H.  takes  this  opportunity  of  stating,  that  those  who  are 
kind  enough  to  favour  him  witli  thtir  orders  for  seeds  this 
season  may  rely  upon  having  them  of  extra  quality,  as  he  has 
bestowed  more  than  usual  care  iu  the  seleciion  of  hie  stock. 


jyTlTCHELL'S  MATCHLESS  WINTER* 
-LtJ-  PARSLEY.— J.  11.  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen.  Is.  Zd.  per  lb.  • 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  be  charged  Sa.  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order, 
made  payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder's-end,  Enfield 
Middlesex.  * 

nnoBAcco  paper  for  smoking  green- 

J-  HOUSES,  &c.— CLARKE  and  Co.,  Gardeners,  Seedsmen, 
and  Florists,  Percy  Cross  Nursery,  Walham  Green,  Fulhara, 
can  supply  any  quantity  of  this  article  ;  price  given  on  applica- 
tion.— The  trade  supplied. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


c 


KOYAL LETTERS 
PATENT. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  Jjc,  for 
the  ennuing  Autumn,  is  just  published,  and  may  be  had  on 
application,  enclosing  two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr,  Hosea 
Watekeb,  Knap  Hill  Nursery,  Woking,  Surrey. 


ELPHINSTONE'S    PROLIFIC    BLACK    SPINE 
CUCUMBER,  a  fine  variety  for  Forcing.  Is.  6d.  per  packet. 
Superb  solid  late  Dwarf  WHITE  CELERY,  reco-nmended 
for  i's  flavour,  and  warranted  n^it  to  run,  Is.  the  packet. 
To  be  had  of  Chables  Tcenee,  Royal  Nursery,  olough. 


ROYAL  NURSERY,  Cirencester,  Gloucestershire.— 
The  Public  is  mist  respectfully  invited  to  an  inspection 
■of  the  remaining  portions  of  the  STOCK  of  this  Nursery,  which 
are  now  being  soid  at  very  reduced  prices,  in  consequence  of 
the  Land  bemg  about  to  be  given  up  ;  a  rare  opportunity  is 
thus  :ifforded  for  purchasing  unrivalled  bargains.  The  Stock, 
Tvhich  i-i  of  a  very  general  description,  consists,  amongst 
numerous  oilier  articles,  of  Standard  Apples,  Peare,  Plums, 
Ctierries,  and  Medlars  ;  Dwarf  Maiden  Apples,  Pears,  and 
Cherries;  Dwarf  Trained  Apples,  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries; 
Tines  from  eyes,  in  pots;  Figs,  Raspberries,  Gooseberries, 
Currants,  Strawberries,  a  large  quantity  of  fine  Seakale  roots, 
Khubarb,  Globe  and  Jerusalem  Artichokes,  exteu'-ive  collec- 
tiooB  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Ornamental  Thorns, 
Beech,  Oaks,  Ash,  Chestnuti,  Irish  and  Common  Yews, 
Standard  Cytisus  ;  Common,  Variegated,  and  all  other  kinds 
of  Holly  ;  Box  of  sorts,  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  fine 
Dwarf  for  edging;  Sweet  Bays,  Mahonias,  Kuonymus,  Red 
-  Cedars,  Cypress,  Laurestinus,  Double  and  Irish  Furze,  Chinese 
and  other  Privets;  American,  Chinese,  Siberian,  and  other 
Arbur-Vitse ;  Aucubas,  Phillyreas,  Lucombe  and  Evergreen 
Oaks  ;  Cedrus  Libanl,  Africanus,  D-^odara,  and  Deodara 
viridis ;  Pinus  insignis,  Laricio,  Cembra,  taurica,  excalsa, 
Gerardiana,  austriaca,  Mughua,  BanUsiana,  Picea,  Pinaster, 
halepensis,  and  pjrenaica;  Picea  nobilis,  Nordmanniana, 
Piosapo,  cephalonica,  Webbiana,  Pindrow,  iaxifolia,  Prazerii, 
and  Hudsonii ;  Abies  Menziesii,  moriuda,  nigra,  alba,  Doug- 
lasii,  cauaflenbis,  balsamea,  and  recurva  ;  Araucaria  im- 
bricata,  Crjptomeria  japonica;  Juniperus  excelsa,  Bed- 
fordiana,  virginiana  pendula,  oblonga,  oblonga  pendula, 
ainensls,  sinensis  etricta,  fragrans,  oxycedrus,  canadensis,  Sabi- 
niana.  Sabiniana  tamariscifolia,  Sabiniaua  prostrata,  Schotti, 
cracovia,  recurva,  Lasdeliana,  serlllocarpu,  r,jligiosa,  phoe. 
,  nicea,  species  from  Himalaya,  Hermannii,  glauca,  Gosain- 
tbanea,  mucrocarpa,  Barbadensis,  flagelliformis,  tetragona, 
thurifera.  Mexicana,  lycia,  occidentalis,  and  sqaamata  ;  Cu- 
pi'essus  macrocarpa,  sempervirtns  thuja^formis,  sempervirena 
fol.  var.,  sempervirens  nana,  funebris,  and  Goveniana  ;  Libo- 
cedrus  cbilen»is,  and  Doniana;  Biota  glauca,  pendula,  stricta, 
incurvata,  asplenifolia,  and  aurea ;  Glyptustrobus  pendulus, 
and  heterophjllus  ;  Thuja  plicata,  dolobrata,  juniperoides, 
intermedia,  and  occidentalis  ibl.  var. ;  Weeping  and  Drooping 
Larch,  Sequoia  sempervirens,  Cephalocaxus  peduocuLita, 
and  drupacea ;  Podocarpus  totara ;  Taxus  baccata  fructu- 
luteo,  fol.  aur.  var.  fol.  argent  var.  anduiina,  Taxus  Dovastoni, 
adpressa,  elegantissimum  fol.  var.  Hibermca,  fol.  argent  var. 
■with  all  other  species  and  varieties  of  Conifers  not  enume- 
Tated,  prices  of  which  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  Mr, 
GREOoaT,  at  the  Nursery. 


GREENHOUSE    PLANTS. 

TO  BE  SOLD  by  Private  Contract,  at  a  reasonable 
rate,  a  tew  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  consisting  princi- 
pally of  Acacias,  Pimeleas,  Kennedyas,  Chorozeman,  Boronias, 
CorrEeas,  and  Camellias  ;  they  are  mostly  large  sized,  compact, 
and  healthy  plants,  and  will  make  good  specimens.  The  person 
parting  wiih  them  having  duplicate  plants,  is  desirous  of  their 
room. — Direct  by  letter,  addressed  to  J.  R.  S.,  7,  Highbury- 
grange,  Islington,  or  they  may  be  seen  b;-  application  at  the 
above  adilress,  any  Monday,  Wednesday,  or  Friday. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
—One  of  the  greatest  defects  in  British  gardening  has 
hitherto  been  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  on 
common  brick  or  stone  walls,  owing  to  the  variableness  and 
humidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  substituting 
hollow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  not  only  will  the 
young  wood  in  autumn  be  fully  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
will  be  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  spring,  and  a  climate  secured  equal  to  that  of  southern 
Europe. 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,  and 
the  finer  sorts  of  Pears  and  Plums,  producing  fruit  equal  to 
that  of  Franco  or  Italy  at  no  more  expense  than  usually 
attending  trees  upon  a  common  stone  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  place  of  brick 
and  stone  walls,  but  will, 'in  a  great  measure,  sapersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapness  at 
first  cost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exotics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  authorities  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindlet,  and  for  whos6 
opinion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leading  columns  of  the 
Gardeners' Chronicle  o(  Decemher  G  ;  also  of  Robert  Marnock, 
Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park, 
London,  in  the  leading  columns  of  the  Gardeners'  and  Farmers' 
Journal,  of  December  20.  The  patentee  having  made  arrange- 
ments with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-founders  in  the 
kingdom,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  extensive  British 
Glass  manufacturers ;  and  from  the  well-known  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agents,  feels  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  suffi-nent  guarantee  that  all  orders  in  con- 
nection with  tho  Glass  Walls  will  bo  promptly  and  efficiently 
carried  out  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Agents,  and  with  whom 
drawings  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  prices,  &c.,  obtained  on  application  : — Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea  ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine- apple-place,  Edgware-road,  London;  Messrs.  Whitley 
and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  Fulham,  London;  Mr.  Glendinnlng, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiswick,  London  ; 
Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter;  Messrs.  F.  and 
J.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  tfcc,  Chester  ;  Messrs.  Lawsou  and 
Son,  Edinburgh,  Nucseryraen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turnbull, 
Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.P.S.,  F.R.S.S.A., 
author  of  tho  "  Practical  Gardener,"  "Book  of  the  Garden," 
&c.,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of  his  Majesty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buc- 
cleuch,  at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Head  Gardener,  Ac,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentham,  Siaff'ordsihire ;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  die,  Bodorgan, 
Angleeea  ;  Messrs.  Pilkington,  Crown,  Sheet,  and  Plate  Glass 
Works,  St.  Helen's,  Lancashire. 

%*■  Prices  for  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Walls  with  glaa' 
and  iron  will  be  given  on  application. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  IG-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d,  to  3d. 
ner  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPelS,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  3-5,  Soho-square,  London. 
See  Gardeners'  Chi-onicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


GLASS. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6iby4i      13s.  Od. 

7  „         5  and    7i  by  5A     15    ©■ 

8  „  Sand    8    by  SJ      15     0 

8  „         Sand   SJ  by 64     17    6 

9  „  7  audio    by  8        20     0 

12        „       10  and  13    by  9       20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thickneseeB, 
Cases  containing  large  SheetB,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 

ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  iu.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches  6d.  per  foot. 

,)  M       35       8d.        „ 

M  »       50      „        g.Hd.      „ 

„  „        75      „        l->d.       „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand. frames.  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway.— 
Established  100  years. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J. 


WEEKS      AND      CO.,      King*s-road,     Chelsea, 

Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  tlot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  li-ing's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatories.  Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly'worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  dtc,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  i  the  Stoves, 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stoveand  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
In  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  rery  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  f of  Horticultural  Baildings  ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. — J,  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London, 


HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE   GLASS,  FOR  RIDGE  AND  FURROW  ROOFS,    GREEN- 
HOUSES,   RAILWAY    STATIONS,    ENGINE   SHEDS,    MILLS,    MARKET-HALLS,    and  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS 
GENERALLY.  ' 


For  Conservatories,  Public  Baildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c.  &c. 

Jthincb 
thick. 

3-1 6th 
inch 
thick. 

linch 
thick. 

Packed  iw  Cbates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  aa  Manufactured  :— 

30  inches  wide  and  from  4U  to  50  long        I 

Or20           „              „           50to70    , ,        ...        ; 

s.  d. 
0    6 

0    8 

s.  d. 
0  10 

In  Sqdaees,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Under    8  by    6     

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8     

10  by    8        „           14  by  10     ',\\       Z        "[        \"        \\[ 

libylO         „           l^eet  super,,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches          ] 

1^  feet  sup.  „           3          „           or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  Ion" 

3     „    „      4      „         „      20       „       80    „      ";;;    

4          „        ,.           6           „                   „           30             „             85 

6     ..    ..      6      ..         ..      35      „       40    „      ;;;    'z    z.    '.'.'. 

6          „        ,1            8           „                   „           40             „             45 

3          „        „          10           „                   „           45             „             65                                 

10     „    „     12      „         „      65       „       70    „       ;;;    z. 

12          .,        »          15           „                  „            70             „             85        „ 

0    4 
0    44 
0    5 
0    5i 
0    6 
0    GJ 
0    7 
0    7J 
0    8 
0    84 
0    9 

0    6 
0    7 
0    7 
0    7 
0    8 
0    8 
0    84 
0    9 
0     94 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 

0    7 
0    8 
0    9 
0    9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 

0  104 

on 

1  0 

1  1 

1    2 

TO    NURSERYMEN   AND   GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  by  private  contract,  an  old  established 
NURSERY,  in  tne  midland  counties,  containing  a  well, 
selected  and  valuable  stock,  in  excellent  order  ;  may  be  entered 
upon  immediately.  The  stock,  if  wished,  may  be  taken  at  a 
valuatit)n,  and  a  portion  of  the  purchase  money  may  remain  on 
security  ot  the  premises. — Apply  to  Mr.  Wm.  Hdmt,  Solicitor, 
2,  Field  Court,  Gray's  Inn,  Loudon. 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,   ETC. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  a  small  but  very  advan- 
tajjenui  NURSKRY,  moat  admirably  situated  ne;ir  the 
Regent's  Paik,  Ironting  a  main  ruad,  in  a  highly  respectable 
neighboui  hoid,  with  Dwelling-rooms,  G-retnhouse,  Show- 
house.  Forcing.house,  convenient  Sheds,  itc,  with  connection 
and  immediiite  possession.  Lease  20  yeai-s  ;  rent  Gl.  per  annum. 
Premium  moderate.  Apply  at  35,  Morning  ton-place,  Hamp- 
Stead-road. 


Packed  in  boxes  of  BOfeeteacIu 
Ins.    Ins.        Ins.    Ins.  s.    d. 

6  by  4  and  Gh  by  4^  10     6 

7  by  5     „     7i  by  5^  12     0 

8  by  6     „     Si  by  6^  13     0 

9  by  7     „    9i  by  7i  and  10  by  8  15    0 

Note. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  the  superficial  con- 
tents, except  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Bending. — l-Sth,  6d.  ;  3-16f7ts,  9d.;  ^  incJi^  Is.  ^cr 
foot,  net. 

*^*  Irregular  sliapes  are  charged  as  squares. 

When  Crates  are  ordeyed,  the  SO-inch  icidths  will  he 
sent,  unless  otlienoise  specified. 


THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  exteneiveand  increasing  consumption* 
It  is  universally  admitted  to  he  the  best  and  most  suit- 
able Glass  for  Ridge  and  Furroio  Roofs,  Greenhouses, 
Factories,  WorJcskops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strength,  arid  cost  {being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Cflazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  -no 
scorching  occurs. 

Where  still  greater  strength  is  required  the  3-16ths  and  J  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.    Samples  will  be  iorwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 


•^  AMES  PHILLIPS  &  CO..  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STRBET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


J-^  Nutt'g  Cbampinn  Celery  ;  Hunter's  Prolific  and  Lord 
Ivfuyon'a  Favourite  Cucumber  ;  Garriiw»j'8  VictDi-y  of  Baih 
JleloQ;  Sanuster'a  Number  Ooe  Pea;  Sdtton's  Superb  Cua 
Lettuce;  Sutton's  Imperial  Cabbage  ;  Hair*8  Dwarf  Mammoth 
Pea;  G-regory'a  Early  Hangdown  Bean;  "Bishop's  Last  and 
Bett"  Pea  ;  and  all  other  now  kinds. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons  have  received  the  ahove  direct 
from  the  parties  who  introduced  theiiiy  and  can^  supply, 
them,  at  their  cun^cnt  prices,  which  will  le  seen  in  their 
New  Priced  Seed  Catalogue  just  published;  and  which 
may  he  had  post  free  for  one  penny  stamp.  ,     ,. 

Also  a  List  of  the  CootentS  of  "  SUTTU-rS  COin*LETE 
COLLECTION  OF  SEEDS"  for  one  penny  stamp; 


A  LARGE  QUANTITY  OF  ONE  AND  TWOYEAR 

SEEDLING    LARCH    FIR; 

Also  AcAciAa,  H'jbnbeam,  Beech,  SrcAMORE,  Scotch  Fie, 

AND    OTHER    FoaEST    TrEE    SEEDLING". 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  respectfully  invite  attention 
to  their  large  Stock  of  the  abovfe  ;  also  the  undernamed 
Forest  Trees,  wtiich  will  be  sold  at  temptiop  prices,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  ground  being  required  for  Itoses,  viz  :  Asb, 
Alder.  Birch,  Chea'nuts,  Larch,  and  Spruce  Fir ;  Oaks,  Qiicks, 
and  Willows,  &c.,  heights  and  prices  of  which  will  be  given  on 
application.  Catalogues  of  Evergreen,  American,  and  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Ornamental  and  Fruit  Tress,  Herbaceous  Planta, 
&c.,  may  also  be  had  gratis. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Maresfield,  near  Uckfield,  Sussex. 


NEW  CUCUMBER,  «CAPTIVATION."~This  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  perfect  Cucumbers  ever  yet 
grown,  both  for  its  length,  prolific  bearing,  and  superiority 
over  all  other  Cucumbers.  It  ia  confidently  asserted  that  who- 
ever grows  this  Cucumber  once,  will  ever  continue  to  do  so. 
Sold  in  packets  of  three  seeds,  5s.  ;  or  five  seeds,  7s.  6d. 

TILET'S  "PHENOMENA"  CUCUMBER.— This  Cucumber 
was  sent  out  for  the  first  time  last  season,  and  never  was  such 
a  demand  for  a  Cucumber  known  as  for  this  one.  Little  need 
be  said  as  to  its  qualities,  it  being  a  splendid  Cucun\ber,  qu'ck 
grower,  length  from  24  to  28  inches,  and  a  most  abundant 
bearer.  Whofcver  purchasea  seed  of  this,  will  find  all  they  want 
in  a  Cucumber.  Sold  in  packets,  23.  Gd.,  or  a  packet  of  this, 
and  one  of  '*  Captivaiion,"  for  Gs.  For  further  particulars,  see 
Oai-deners'  Chronide,  for  January  8, 1852.  Also  other  older,  but 
good,  varieties  therein  priced  and  named. 

A  remittance  must  accompany  the  order  from  unknown 
correspondents,  either  by  post-office  order  or  penny  postage 
stamps,  when  the  whole,  or  any  quantity  of  the  abuve,  as  the 
case  may  be,  will  be  forwarded  to  any  part. 

Sold  by  Edwabd  Tiley,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  14, 
Abbey  Churcbjard,  Bath. 

E.  T.  beifs  to  return  his  sincere  thanks  for  the  numerous 
orders  and  many  complimentary  letters  he  ha's  received  this 
season  from  his  numerous  friends  and  the  public. 


SEED     AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 
JTENT.  SUDBUltY,  SUFFOLK. 
THE     BEST     EARLY     PEAS,     &c'. 


Early  G-rotto  Marrow 
Fairbeard's  Surprise 

,,      Champion  of  England 
Burbidge's  Eclipse 


Taylor's  New  Early  Prolific 
Early  Emperor 

Esses  Champion  (Dwarf 

New     Long-podded     Bishop's 

Also  the  best  new  later  sorts. 
20  fine  and  new  sorts  of  Peas,  1  quart  of  each,  for 

succession £0  14    0 

A  complete  assortment  of  vegetables,  with  a  number 

of  very  choice  and  ney^  kinds,  ihcluding  the  above    2  10    0 
An  assortment  containing  12  quarts  of  Peas  in  12  sorts^ 

and  other  seeds  equally  choice,  &c 1  10    0 

An  assortment  equally  choice 10    0 

An  assortment  of  choice  and  esteemed  Botts 0  10    6 

T/te  ahove  Collections  will  give  the  fullest  satisfaction. 
The  names  of  the  sorts  Tuay  he  had  on  application^  and 
if  any  are  not  wanted,  ertJarged  quantities  of  others  will 
5e  sent  to  mal-e  up  the  amount.  Our  Seeds  comprise 
the  voy  finest  sods,  which  are  universally  approved. 

The  priced  Seed  Catillogue  will  be  sent  on  application.  Also 
Wholesale  prices  to  the  trade. 

Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or 
any  station  on  the  line. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Brown,  or  to  Bass 
and  BflowN. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  17,  1852. 

ITEETIKGS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEIK. 

Bo,.»T.    jau.  ingix5?i,::;::::::::::::;;:::::lJ:^; 

(  BortimJtural  i s  p.u. 

Tn.-n.T  _       ™,;LiDneftn  8  p.m. 

TOUDIT.  -       3I^CmlEiir[ineer»     Sim. 

(Pathological S  f.h. 

Tv-n-.-n*T     —       oi  J  Society  Of  Art. 3  p.m. 

iV.DHHoiT,    -       -1  i  Otoloelcal 81p.m. 

I  Rojal  Soc.of  LlteraturA 4  p.u. 

TaoisBIiiT,  -       22.' ^""''"S'''   l'-"- 

*  jAntlquaiiaD   8  p.u. 

(  Royal 8JP.M. 

Pbtoay  —       c^^yPhiloloeical    8  p.m. 

TEIDAT,  -^  (.  Royal  Institution Sjp.M. 

Savdpd&t  —       O.J  Medical 8p.m. 

BIIOEDIT,  -       -JiKoyalBolBljlc 35p.m. 

We  do  not  find  that  the  Board  of  Health  gives 
any  information  as  to  the  cost  at  which  liquid 
.MAKOBE  can  be  delivered  by  towns  to  the  sur- 
rounding districts.  Perhaps  it  is  impossible  to  do 
iio  ;  for  no  board  can  tell  the  shape  which  local  cu'- 
cnrastances  may  compel  such  an  operation  as  the 
removal  of  the  fluid  pollution.?  of  towns  to  assume. 
The  Hoard  says,  indeed,  that  it  is  preferable  to  incur 
(he  total  loss  as  manure,  of  ordure  and  urine,  or  of 
animal  and  vegetable  refuse  in  towns,  than  to  allow 
it  to  be  retained  for  occasional  removal,  and,  during 
the  intervals  of  removal,  to  putrefy  and  create 
noxious  gaseous  impurities,  amidst  or  near  dwellings  ; 
from  which  we  may  infer  that  the  Hoard  of  Health 
is  of  opinion  that  the  removal  of  impurities  being  an 
indispensable  operation,  upon  mere  sanitary  grounds, 
the  inhabitants  are  bound  to  remove  it,  wholly  irre- 
spective of  converting  it  to  a  purpose  beneficial  to  the 
towns  in  a  peeoniary  sense  ;  and  that  whatever  the 
sale  of  it  may  produce,  is  so  much  saved  from  the 
loss  that  must  be  inevitably  incurred.  We  observe, 
too,  that  the  IJoard  of  Health  is  of  opinion  that  in  all 
ca-feu  it  would  be  good  policy  on  the  part  of  ihe 


consumers,  and  to  postpone  the  determination  of 
pecuniary  returns  until  the  fertilising  powers  of  the 
manure,  and  the  convenience  of  the  distribution, 
which  they  will  probably  have  had  no  opportunity 
of  witnessing,  have  been  demonstrated  to  them  by 
actual  results. 

That  being  so,  the  question  is  nearly  reduced  to 
the  expense  of  distribution  ;  at'least,  it  will  be  for 
the  consumer  to  consider  what  he  can  afford  to  give  for 
town  refuse,  after  providing  the  distributory  apparatus. 
Upon  the  last  point,  the  information  collected  by 
the  Board  of  Health  is  valuable.  A  considerable 
number  of  cases  in  which  the  actual  outlay  for 
distribution  has  been  ascertained,  are  given  as  a 
guide  to  persons  willing  to  employ  the  sewerage  of 
towns ;  and  on  this  head  the  "  Minutes  of  Infor- 
mation "  have  great  practical  value.  In  one  case, 
by  the  outlay  of  1000/.,  the  cost  per  acre  is  found 
to  be  21.  10s.  for  apparatus  capable  of  applying 
4800  gallons  per  acre  by  a  man  and  boy,  who  can 
cover  10  acres  in  an  ordinary  day's  work.  In 
another  instance,  the  outlay  being  210/.  for  40  acres, 
the  annual  expenditure  of  distributing  19,000 
gallons  per  day  of  10  hours,  at  the  rate  of  5000 
gallons  per  acre  at  each  application,  is  stated  to  be 
iSs.  4J(?.  per  acre.  It  would  be  useless  to  multiply 
such  cases,  which  can  indeed  be  only  studied  advan- 
tageously by  the  "  Minutes  "  thferaselves,  and  the 
plans  they  contain  being  placed  before  the  reader. 

If  we  were  looking  at  this  matter  in  reference 
to  its  application  to  agriculture,  we  should  consider 
the  evidence  perfectly  satisfactory.  But  gardens 
and  gardeners  are  generally  placed  in  quite  a 
different  position  from  farmers.  In  a  vast 
majority  of  cases  gardeners  are  small  holders,  with 
small  capital ;  and  they  are  incapable  of  spend- 
ing 500/.  upon  an  apparatus  for  distributing  liquid 
manure,  even  if  the  apparatus  should  reduce  the 
cost  of  distribution  to  10s.  an  acre  on  a  large  scale. 
It  is  obvious  that  in  small  holdings  steam  engines, 
with  the  buildings,  &c.,  belonging  to  them,  can 
never  be  made  to  pay ;  because  a  very  large  sum 
mhst  be  spent  to  acquire  a  power  which  in  a  small 
place  has  nothing  on  which  to  expend  itself.  To 
garden  with  a  steam  engine  is  in  most  cases  like 
drawing  a  wheelbarrow  by  an  elephant.  If  gar- 
deners are  to  use  town  manure  in  a  liquid  form,  it 
must  not  only  be  brought  to  them,  but  the  power 
must  also  be  provided  by  means  of  which  it  may  be 
forced  through  a  simple,  inexpensive  distributing 
apparatus.  Will  towns  do  that  ?  And  if  they  do, 
will  gardeners  use  liquid  manure  1  To  some  extent 
they  no  doubt  would ;  but  it  must  never  be  forgotten 
that  horses  are  required  by  a  gardener  to  drag  his 
produce  to  market ;  and  it  may  be  more  profitable  to 
bring  back  a  load  of  solid  manure,  than  for  the  carts  to 
return  empty  for  the  sake  of  obtaining  town  manure  at 
thedoor.  What  shall  be  most  profitable  may,  however, 
be  safely  left  to  time  for  its  discovery,  and  we  need, 
therefore,  pursue  this  part  of  the  question  no  further; 
but  in  a  succeeding  article  confine  ourselves  to  some 
of  the  practical  points  involved  in  the  employment 
of  liquid  manure,  to  which  we  think  sufficient 
attention  has  not  yet  been  paid. 


either  left  entirely  hollow  or  packed  with  sawdust, 
to  prevent  any  heat  being  abstracted  from  below. 
Another  advantage  is  this, — they  are  always  above 
ground,  and  are  thus  exposed  in  summer  to  all  the 
heat  of  their  climate,  and  yet  they  keep  ice,  with 
but  very  little  loss,  through  the  season. 

One  of  their  modes  of  applying  ice  (and  which 
we  believe  is  patented),  is  to  produce  a  cold  room 
or  cellar,  to  induce  the  rapid  cooling  or  setting  of 
butchers'  meat  immediately  after  being  slaughtered. 
It  is  well  known  that  in  close  and  warm  weather 
fresli  slaughtered  meat  never  becomes  sufliciently 
cool  to  set,  and  when  such  is  the  case  decomposition 
commences,  and  the  meat  becomes  tainted.  To 
remedy  this  they  form  a  kind  of  ice  loft ;  a  room 
having  the  cellar  in  which  the  meat  intended  for 
cooling  is  below — the  floor  above  which,  and  on 
which  the  ice  rests,  is  of  metal,  to  transmit  the  cold 
from  above  more  effectually.  The  roof  over  the  ice 
is  thatched,  and  the  hollow  wall  all  round  is  packed 
with  sawrdust  in  a  similar  manner  to  this  shed, 
except,  when  the  building  is  brick,  a  cavity  is  formed 
inside,  with  boards,  for  the  packing ;  by  these  means 
a  very  cold  temperature  is  formed  below,  and  the 
newly  slaughtered  carcases  are  soon  cooled,  even  ia 
the  hottest  weather,  either  for  cutting  up  or  salting. 

We  are  acquainted  with  a  large  bacon  factor, 
who  is  having  a  shed  erected  for  a  similar  purpose, 
and  which  he  doubts  not  will  prove  a  most  profitable 
undertaking  for  him  ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  this  practice  will  soon  become  general,  as  the 
annual  loss  from  tainted  meat  must  be  great. 
We  imagine  that  such  erections  would  be  advan- 
tageous near  the  new  projected  abattoirs.  In  fact, 
could  we  keep  ice  in  larger  quantities,  the  ways  in 
which  it  might  assist  us  in  the  daily  economy  of  food 
are  numerous. ,  And  one  way  of  keeping  it  would 
be,  to  give  up  our  present  expensive  plan  of  erecting 
ice-houses,  and  adopt  one  more  rational,  far  more 
cheap,  and  which  would  enable  us  (we  have  no 
doubt)  to  keep  ice  much  better  than  we  now  do, 
and  that  in  larger  quantities. 

We  may,  perhaps,  be  permitted  to  ask  if  any  of 
our  readers  have  ever  tried'  putting  thin  ice  in  the 
house  without  breaking  it  ?  It  strikes  us  that  we 
are  wrong  on  this  point  as  well ;  and  we  feel  sure 
that,  when  ice  can  be  procured  upwards  of  one  inch 
thick,  it  will  keep  better  closely  packed,  but  not 
pounded.  S. 

We  understand  that  Elvaston  is  at  last  accessible 
to  visitors.  Orders  having  been  given  by  the  noble 
proprietor  that  some  of  the  magnificent  duplicate 
plants  should  be  sold,  those  who  are  desirous  of 
becoming  purchasers  are  admitted  to  view  the 
grounds.  We  believe  that  among  the  duplicates  are 
some  noble  Araucarias,  one  of  which,  13  feet  highj 
was  parted  with  the  other  day. 


As  our  correspondent  "  Quercus"  has  alluded  to 
the  cheap  mode  of  stacking  ice,  which  he  has  suc- 
cessfully followed  for  some  time,  it  may  perhaps 
prove  of  some  interest  to  our  readers  to  learn  how 
much  in  advance  of  us  our  cousins  in  America  are, 
both  in  the  construction  of  their  ice  sheds  and  in 
the  application  of  ice  to  a  variety  of  purposes,  which 
we  think  might  be  usefully  and  profitably  followed 
in  this  country. 

Perhaps  of  all  the  plans  of  keeping  ice  ever  in- 
vented, none  are  so  perfectly  in  opposition  to  the 
laws  of  conduction  and  radiation  as  our  inverted 
cones  of  ice-houses  made  with  a  single  wall.  Such 
are  generally  buried  underground,  and  have  no 
means  of  access  except  by  a  door  situated  towards 
the  top ;  and  the  straw,  &c.,  with  [which  the  space 
between  the  ice  and  the  roof  is  filled,  has  to  be 
removed  each  time  the  house  is  opened.  We  need 
not  enter  into  particulars  why,  in  9  cases  out  of  10, 
ice  rarely  ever  keeps  longer  than  Midsummer  in 
such  houses — that  fact  is  well  established — and  the 
reason  is  apparent  to  all  who  have  paid  attention  to 
the  laws  which  govern  the  conduction  of  heat  from 
one  body  to  another,  and  which  is  explained  in  the 
sequel  to  our  leading  article  of  last  week. 

Our  present  object  however,  is  to  show  that  the 
American  system  of  keeping  ice  is  a  great  improve- 
ment on  our  own  ;  and  more  in  accordance  with 
scientific  principles.  Their  houses,  or  rather  .sheds, 
are  built  of  wood,  generally  of  sawn  boards,  one 
inch  thick,  and  which  are  nailed  on  each  side  to  the 
upright  posts  supporting  the  roof.  A  hollow  space 
is  thu.s  left,  about  D  or  10  inches  in  width,  and  this 
is  carefully  packed  with  dry  saw-dust,  the  best 
non-conductor  they  can  employ.  The  roof  is  thatched 


GARDENIA  RADIO ANS. 

If  the  value  of  a  plant  consists  in  the  beauty  and 
fragrance  of  its  flowers,  the  abundance  in  wliich  these 
are  produced,  the  little  trouble  requisite  for  its  suc- 
cessful cultivation,  and  its  facility  for  blooming  at  any 
season  of  the  year  whenits  flowei*s  may  be  most  wanted — 
and  if  plants  were  cultivated  more  or  less  extensively, 
according  to  their  merits — it  would  not  have  to  be  said 
of  this  Gardenia,  and  that  after  it  has  been  common  in 
collections  for  nearly  lialf  a  century,  that  it  is  oftener 
met  with  in  a  neglected  condition  than  affording  evidence 
of  having  received  the  attention  which  it  so  well  de- 
serves. The  following  hints  will,  it  is  hoped,  serve  to 
induce  a  better  state  of  things. 

The  propagation  of  this  Gardenia  is  neither  tedious 
nor  uncertain.  Plants  which  have  been  grown  in  heat 
will  furnish  cuttings  in  abundance  ;  and  if  the  stronger 
pieces  of  the  young  wood,  in  a  rather  firm  state,  are 
selected  for  the  purpose,  the  pots  plunged  in  a  gentle 
bottom  heat,  and  treated  in  the  usual  way,  they  will 
probably  be  sufficiently  rooted  in  six  or  eight  weeks  to 
allow  of  their  being  potted  singly  in  4-inch  pots.  Foi' 
this  potting,  use  fibrous  peat,  and  a  sufficient  portion  of 
silver  sand  to  ensure  porosity  after  the  fibre  of  the  peat  has 
become  decayed.  The  plants  should  be  replaced  in  bottom 
heat,  and  kept  warm  and  moist  until  they  are  fully 
established  in  their  pots.  As  this.  Mice  most  hard- 
wooded  plants  of  dwarf  habit,  grows  slowly,  it  will  be  ■ 
necessary,  in  order  to  secure  plants  sufficiently  large  to 
be  worth  attention  as  fiowering  specimens  by  the  end  of 
the  second  season,  to  keep  them  growing  as  freely  as 
possible.  If  they  can  bo  accommodated  in  a  dung  or 
t.ank  pit,  and  allowed  plenty  of  pot  room,  they  wiU 
make  rapid  growth.  At  the  end  of  the  second 
season  they  should  ho  nice  compact  specimens 
in    !3-iuch    pots,    and    may    be    treated   as    flowering 

plants  ;    ."lud     if     properly     managed,     will     i'urniHh  i 

some  50   blossoms.     The    flowers  are   produced  upon)  ^^r^ 
the  young  wood  ;  and,  in  order  to  have  them  in  abun- 1     ^ 
dunce,  this  must  be    thoroughly  ripened.     In  this  the  I 
whole  secret,  if  such  it  may  be  called,  of  the  successful' 
nuiimgement  of  this  Gardenia  consists.    If  the  plants  ' 
are  kept  in  a  moist,  warm  place  after  they  have  com- 
pleted^ their  growth,  thoy  will  push  a  second  time,  and 


tnia  witnout  any  lurtiier  aitempi  ai  nowermg  luau  sei- 
ting  a  number  of  buds,  and  perhaps  perfecting  during 
the  course  of  their  second  growth  a  few  flowers  ;  on  the 
other  hand,  if  they  are  removed  to  a  cool  place  before 
their  growth  is  completed,  and  their  flower-buds  formed, 
their  flowering  will  altogether  depend  upon  their 
future  treatment.  Plants  from  which  an  abundant 
supply  of  blossoms  is  expected  should  be  grown 
in  heat,  and  allowed  to  remaiu  there  xmtil  their 
flower-buds  are  formed.  They  should  then  be  moved 
to  a  cooler  place,  and  gradually  inured  to  a  free 
circulation  of  air  and  full  exposure  to  the  sun's  rays. 
After  remaining  in  this  situation  for  a  month  or  six 
weeks,  their  tendency  to  growth  will  be  checked,  and 
they  may  be  replaced  in  heat,  to  encom-age  the  speedy 
development  of  the  blossoms  ;  or  if  these  are  not  wanted 
for  some  time,  they  may  be  kept  in  a  cool  house,  re- 
moved to  the  shade  of  a  north  wall,  or  placed  wherever 
they  will  be  safe  from  drenching  rains.  In  this  way 
their  flowering  may  be  retarded  for  months,  and  they 
will  be  ready,  with  the  aid  of  a  little  excitement,  to 
burst  into  full  blossom  whenever  they  may  be  wanted. 

In  order  to  secure  a  constant  supply  of  flowers  it  is 
only  necessary  to  provide  a  sufficient  stock  of  plants, 
and  to  introduce  a  portion  of  them  into  heat,  treating 
them  as  already  described.  If  the  first  lot  of  plants  is 
placed  in  their  growing  quarters  in  March,  and  a 
second  in  May,  and  so  on,  until  September,  there  will 
be  little  difficulty  in  having  flowers  at  any  time  when 
such  may  be  required.  In  these  operations  it  may  be 
necessary  to  exercise  a  little  forethought  at  first,  but  a 
season's  practice  and  careful  observation  will  furnish 
more  information  on  this  part  of  the  subject  than  can 
be  obtained  by  any  other  means. 

As  a  plant  for  winter  forcing,  this  will  be  found  to 
surpass  most  of  the  usual  subjects  for  that  purpose; 
plants  which  were  grown  early  in  the  season,  and 
whose  flowering  has  been  retarded  by  having  been  kept 
in  a  cool  shady  situation  during  the  summer  and  autumn, 
will  come  into  bloom  at  almost  any  time,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  a  few  weeks  of  a  warm  pit.  This  Gardenia  is 
of  little  use,  however,  for  flowering  during  the  winter,  ex- 
cept when  it  can  be  kept  in  a  warm  place ;  for  if  removed 
from  the  forcing  pit  to  the  conservatory  or  greenhouse 
its  flowers  soon  decay,  and  the  ordinary  temperature  of 
these  houses  is  not  sufficient  to  induce  the  development 
of  other  blossoms.  Nevertheless,  kept  in  a  warm  pit,  it 
will  be  invaluable  to  those  who  have  to  supply  large 
quantities  of  cut  flowers,  which  are  sure  to  be  liighly 
esteemed  for  bouquets  during  the  winter. 

As  regards  soil,  I  use  fibrous'  peat,  to  which  I  add 
about  one-fourth  of  light  turfy  loam  and  a  portion  of 
charcoal,  with  plenty  of  silver  sand.  I  pot  my  plants 
previous  to  placing  them  in  their  growing  quarters,  but 
I  usually  shift  established  plants  only  every  other  year. 
This  plant  is  not  a  strong  grower,  and  therefore  it  does 
not  require  so  much  pot  room  as  most  plants  do.  A 
little  clear  liquid  manure-water  applied  during  the 
growing  season,  and  when  the  plants  are  flowering,  will 
greatly  assist  such  as  may  be  in  rather  small  pots. 
Alpha, 

HERBS. 

No.  III.— r-LiQUORiCE. — The  cultivation  of  this  plant  is 
but  little  understood  in  this  country  ;  it  is  grown  in  but 
few  districts  round  London.  The  first  field  of  it  I  ever 
saw  was  at  New-cross,  nearly  where  the  station  of  the 
Brighton  Railway  now  stands.  That  was  23  years  ago. 
The  locality  is  called  the  Jerusalem-level,  and  before 
the  Thames  was  banked  in,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
at  high  water  the  river  flowed  over  this  gi'ound  for 
some  eight  miles,  covering  many  hundreds  of  acres, 
each  tide  depositing  mud.  This  deposit  is  4  and  5  feet 
deep,  rather  sandy,  but  quite  free  from  stones;  and  this 
is  the  kind  of  soil  to  grow  Liquorice  in.  All  ground 
for  this  crop  must  be  clear  of  stones,  which  would  cause 
the  roots  to  be  forked  and  crooked,  and  thereby  diminish 
their  value.  The  subsoil  ought  to  be  sand  or  gravel,  in 
order  that  no  stagnant  water  might  lodge  about  the 
roots  during  winter.  To  prepare  Liquorice  ground  well, 
it  should  be  dunged  to  the  amount  of  from  40  to  50  tons 
an  acre — -depending,  of  course,  upon  the  previous  rich- 
ness of  the  soil — and  spade  trenched  to  the  depth  of  4  or 
S  feet,  and  laid  up  in  ridges  till  the  spring.  In  March 
the  ridges  can  be  levelled  down,  and  prepared  fcr 
plantiug. 

The  largest  growers  of  Liquorice  now  round  London 
are  at  Mitcham,  and  if  anyone  is  desirous  of  culti- 
vating this  plant,  he  could  not  do  better  than  apply 
there  for  stock.  The  underground  stems  or  rhizomes 
are  what  should  be  planted.  These  grow  horizontally 
about  an  inch  below  the  surface,  and  never  descend 
nor  come  up.  They  sometimes  push  3  and  4  feet  in  a 
year.  They  are  furnished  with  eyes  every  2  inches, 
which  grow  well  the  first  year  after  planting.  Every 
November  these  underground  stems  must  be  forked  up, 
cut  close  off  by  the  neck  of  the  roots,  and,  if  fresh  plan- 
tations are  wanted,  they  are  cut  into  lengths  of  two  eyes 
each,  and  wintered  in  heaps  out  of  doors,  covered  over 
with  straw  and  mould,  like  Potatoes  ;  but,  if  not  required 
foi-  planting,  they  are  sold  at  once  for  some  of  the  inferior 
purposes  of  sweetening,  as,  for  instance,  for  beer.  These 
underground  stems  are  pithy,  and  not  half  so  sweet  as 
the  roots.  They  are  generally  the  size  of  a  quill,  and 
if  they  are  not  removed  every  eye  grows  along  their 
whole  length,  and  fills  the  ground  with  worthless 
Liquorice,  completely  choking  the  main  crop. 

A  Liquorice  plantation  looks  something  like  so  many 
sapling  Ash  trees,  about  from  3  to  4  feet  high,   but 


4  or  5  inches.  The  stems  are  as  thick  as  a  middling- 
sized  Willow,  hard  and  woody.  They  are  used  for  thatch- 
ing sheds  and  lighting  fires  with. 

The  proper  time  for  cutting  the  stems  down  level  with 
the  ground  is  November,  when  the  sap  has  descended, 
and  the  tops  appear  yellow.  Those  who  have  saved  their 
underground  stems  for  planting,  should  put  them 
in,  in  March,  in  rows  18  inches  apart,  and  9  inches  dis- 
tant in  the  row,  something  after  the  fashion  of  Willow 
slips,  or  Currant  or  Gooseberry  cuttings,  only  both  eyes 
are  left  on.  They  are  planted  nearly  level,  say  an  inch 
below  the  surface.  Nothing  more  is  required  except 
keeping  the  ground  clean,  and,  as  I  have  said,  removing 
the  under-ground  stems  every  November  for  three  or 
four  years,  until  the  main  crop  is  lifted. 

Ground  at  Mitcham  costs  from  3^.  to  U.  per  acre. 
An  acre  of  three-year-old  plants  will  produce  between 
4  and  5  tons  of  good  roots,  and  the  price  for  the  largest 
and  best  roots,  as  I  was  told,  is  from  60i.  to  70?.  per 
ton  ;  smaller  roots  much  less.  A  good  Liquorice-stick 
is  about  the  size  of  a  well-grown  Horse- Radish,  although 
some  are  as  thick  as  small  Parsnips,  and  3  or  4  feet  in 
length. 

In  taking  up  the  crop,  a  trench  is  taken  out  to  the 
depth  of  3,  4,  or  5  feet,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
former  ftrenching  ;  a  rope  is  tlien  tied  round  the  top, 
and  it  takes  all  the  strength  a  man  has  got  to  pull  the 
plant  up.  The  root  generally  breaks  off,  say  a  foot  or 
so  below  the  trenching  ;  but,  having  no  eyes,  it  never 
sprouts  again.  I  have  been  informed  that  home-grown 
Liquorice  is  better  than  foreign  ;  and  if  the  acreage 
given  above  be  correct,  it  must  be  a  paying  crop.  James 
CtUhillf  Camhei'weU. 


PERPETUAL  VENTILATION. 

In  your  interesting  article,  at  p.  819,  1851,  respecting 
"  Burning  of  Vine  Leaves  in  Winter,"  it  is  stated  that  "as 
regards  the  means  of  securing  perpetual  ventilation,  we 
are  very  nearly  as  ignorant  as  we  were  a  century  ago," 
This  is  a  very  serious  allegation.  Can  no  one  come 
forward  and  throw  some  light  on  so  important  a  subject  ? 
Where  are  the  advocates  of  Polmaise  now,  who  at  one 
time  contended  so  warmly  for  the  principle  of  perpetual 
ventilation  ?  Some  are  in  the  grave,  others  may  be 
dormant.  But  the  seed  sown  has  germinated,  and  only 
wants  the  persevering  hand  of  practical  science  to  secure 
a  perfect  development.  When  I  was  in  the  noble  conser- 
vatory at  Kew  some  time  ago,  and  beheld  all  the  costly, 
complicated  hot  water  apparatus  below,  I  thought  with 
what  ifacility  ithe  same  thing  might  have  been  accom- 
plished by  the  cheap  and  simple  construction  of  a 
Polmaise  stove  or  two,  with  the  additional  advantage  of 
a  humid  atmosphere  and  perpetual  ventilation.  I 
certainly  should  not  speak  so  favourably  of  Polmaise  if 
I  had  not  proved  its  superiority  in  a  pit  which  I  erected 
some  years  ago.  I  have  known  the  thermometer  to 
stand  at  60*^  when  the  cold  without  was  18**  below 
freezing.  At  that  time  the  external  air  was  rushing  in, 
passing  over  the  stove,  diffusing  itself  beneath  the  bed 
where  fruiting  Pines  were  growing,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  the  top  sashes  were  let  down  nearly  an  inch,  with 
a  view  to  insure  "perpetual  ventilation." 


The  accompanying  woodcut  represents  a  section  of  an 
intended  plant  stove,  40  feet  by  20  feet,  which  is  to  be 
erected  here,  and  heated  by  Polmaise.  It  differs  little 
from  houses  of  the  same  kind,  except  in  the  perpetual 
ventilation  at  the  top.  The  paths  and  bottom  of  the  pit 
will  consist  of  flags,  resting  on  sleepers  of  Oak  (or  iron), 
supported  by  9-inch  brick  pillars.  There  will  be  cast- 
iron  gratings  in  the  paths,  to  allow  the  heated  air,  made 
humid  by  passing  over  the  steaming  tank  behind  the 
stove,  to  ascend.  The  stove  will  be  built  with  fire-bricks, 
and  covered  with  a  large  strong  flag  of  the  same 
material.  The  smoke  flue  will  be  carried  round  the 
house,  below  the  ground  level,  so  that  no  heat  may  be 
lost.  There  are  many  other  items  which  curiosity  might 
wish  to  see  specified,  but  I  trust  the  above  may  suffice. 
W,  Fltzshnony  Hornby  Castle^  Cattericlc. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

I  SEND  you  a  few  notes,  made  this  autumn,  on  the 
foreign  gardens  of  Germany,  particularly  with  reference 
to  collections  of  Orchidacese.  Throughout  Germany 
there  prevails  a  taste  for  window  flower  gardening  and 
nosegays ;  and  yet, compared  with  floriculture  in  England, 
all  the  plants,  or  nearly  all,  as  far  as  I  could  judge,  are, 
with  few  exceptions,  ill  grown  and  produce  few  flowers  : 
but  beginning  in  the  Low  Countries  and  all  along  the 
Rhine,  at  all  the  smaller  towns  there  are  flowers  in 
pots  in  nearly  every  window. 

At  Frankfort,  where  there  are  some  fine  gardens  of 


fruit,  are  common  and  poor.  As  regards  fruita 
however,  the  season  has  been  so  ungenial,  that  even  the 
Apples  of  the  Rhine,  nay  more,  even  of  the  Bergstrasse 
have  failed,  or  nearly  so,  and  not  a  buncli  of  Grapes  was 
to  be  seen  on  the  Vine-covered  hills  ;  and  it  was 
not  until  we  got  into  the  more  genial  climate 
of  Wurtemhurg,  that  we  saw  the  Apple  and  Plum  trees 
by  the  wayside  laden  with  fruit.  The  sorts  appear 
those  which  are  hardy  and  fit  only  to  undergo  the 
process  of  edulcoration  by  heat,  either  in  the  pot  or 
oven  ;  of  the  different  kinds  I  tried,  it  was  rare  to  find 
one  eatable  in  a  raw  state. 

At  Stuttgard,  the  court  gardens  are  well  laid  out,  and 
there  are  about  100  gigantic  Orange  trees,  rivalling, 
as  it  appeared  to  me,  those  of  Versailles.  The  Botanic 
Garden  was,  as  is  usual  with  all  such  collections,  dull 
and  useless  ;  large  half  lighted  greenhouses,  filled  with 
great  straggling  Australian  and  other  such  like  plants, 
which  were  already  taking  up  their  winter  crepuscular 
quarters,  again  to  be  brought  out  in  May.  There 
appeared,  however,  to  be  a  larger  stock  than  usual  of 
plants  for  bedding  out,  and  hence  I  suppose  that  the 
Royal  Gardens  here  are  more  carefully  decorated  than  5s 
usual  in  such  places  ;  possibly  this  maybe  the  remains 
of  the  taste  of  the  good  old  Queen  of  Wurtemhurg, 
who  is  understood  to  have  carried  from  Frogmore  her 
love  of  gardens,  and  to  have  found  solace  in  this  taste, 
for  the  many  miseries  of  her  dreary  life.  I  should 
mention  that  a  very  gruff  gentleman  who  was  pointed 
out  as  the  Hoffgartner,  was  superintending  this  winter 
housing,  and  was  anything  but  civil  in  communication. 
I  ought  to  state  that  there  are,  I  understand,  a  better 
collection  |of  plants,  and  a  house  of  Orchids,  at  the 
summer  residence  of  the  Court. 

After  Stuttggard,  there  was  the  Municli  Botanical 
Garden,  and  a  more  dreary  one  I  never  saw.  It  beats 
the  Stuttgard  one  hollow.  A  few  large  beds  of  out-door 
plants,  an*anged  according  to  the  Linnsean  order  ;  the 
same  dismal  houses  of  greenhouse  plants,  and  a  large 
hothouse  crammed  witli  a  mixture  of  old  stove  plants 
stifling  each  other.  These,  however,  very  much  called 
to  my  mind  what  I  had  seen  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow 
last  year,  only  they  were  25  per  cent,  worse. 

Why  is  it  that  these  ghosts  of  old,  and  useless  gaff- 
dens  are  not  given  up  ?  All  the  curators  complain,  and 
account  for  the  state  of  them,  that  there  is  no  money 
afforded  for  their  support.  And  why  should  this  be  ? 
What  in  the  present  day  is  the  use  of  a  botanical  gar- 
den, unless,  indeed,  it  is  connected  with  a  professorship 
and  lectures  on  botany  and  vegetable  physiology,  eo  as  to 
afford  opportunities  of  clinical  study  and  clinical  lectures  % 
Why,  even  our  Kew  is  but  a  large  flower  garden  :  it  is 
no  school  for  botanists  ;  no  lectures  are  given,  and  no 
public  herbarium,  the  one  in  London  not  being  con- 
nected with  our  great  public  garden.  So  far,  therefore, 
as  science  is  concerned,  Kew  might  be  a  tea-garden,  ex- 
cept as  far  as  Sir  W.  Hooker  makes  known  through 
his  publications  the  treasures  which  the  collection 
contains. 

At  Munich  I  saw  M.  Weinkauff,  the  head  gardener, 
who  was  very  intelligent  and  desirous  of  showing  what 
was  to  be  seen  ;  and  it  is  clear  that  it  is  not  from  want 
of  will  or  capacity  on  his  part  that  the  garden  is  not 
in  a  better  state.  There  was  a  small  collection  of 
plants  of  Orchids  ;  nothing  rare,  and  nothing  particular 
as  to  their  cultivation.  Slanting  from  the  back  of  a 
lean-to  house  there  was  a  large  boarded  screen,  and  t« 
this  most  of  the  best  specimens  were  either  nailed  in 
moss,  or  were  grown  in  pots  suspended  by  wires  leaning 
against  the  screen  ;  and  the  plants  were  healthy,  but  not 
what  we  in  this  country  should  call  well  grown.  How- 
ever, it  struck  me  that  this  arrangement  for  small 
specimens  is  good.  Only  one  plant  (Trichopilia  tortilis) 
was  in  flower. 

After  Munich  came  Dresden,  and  there  the  garden 
was  even  more  unimportant  than  those  I-  have 
mentioned— starved  for  want  of  funds.  The  collec- 
tion of  Mesembryanthemums  was  good  and  ex- 
tensive, and  I  saw  some  two  or  three  Oaks  in  pot& 
which  I  believe  are  not  in  collections  in  England.. 
There  are  two  nurserymen  at  Dresden,  who  have 
each  houses  for  the  cultivation  of  Orchids,  viz.,. 
M.  Wontsuch  and  M.  Seidel.  The  collection  of 
the  latter  is  the  largest,  but  I  think  the  former  is  the 
best  cultivator.  M.  Seidel  principally  grows  his  on 
blocks  ;  neither  collection,  as  compared  with  those  ia 
England,  of  RoUisson  and  Veitch,  and  even  Henderson,, 
were  of  importance  ;  but  though  the  plants  were 
small,  yet  it  seems  that  more  flower  than  we  should 
expect,  M.  Wontsuch  cultivates  his  in  a  small  house 
well  adapted  to  growing  these  plants,  and  on  the  whole 
I  think  his  are  the  best,  as  regards  cultivation,  which 
I  have  seen  ;  but  in  all  the  collections  here  and  at 
Tetchen  the  plants  do  not  appear  well  drained,  and 
when  not  grown  on  blocks,  they  are  grown  in  a  fat  peat 
without  fibre  or  sand  in  it.  The  chief  specimens  of  all  the 
German  collections,  I  observed,  are  from  South  America. 
From  India  few  plants  appear,  either  of  Dendrobiums, 
Aerides,  Saccolabiums,Vandas,  &c.  The  largest  collection 
in  South  Germany  is,  I  believe,  to  be  found  in  the  gardens 
of  Count  Thun,  at  Tetchen,  in  Bohemia,  between  Prague 
and  Dresden,  These  I  visited.  The  head  gardener 
Mr,  Jost,  who  had  studied  in  England,  both  at  Mr. 
RoUisson's,  at  Tooting,  and  at  Chatsworth,  I  found  a 
very  intelligent  person ;  he  has  written  a  work  on 
Orchids,  which,  however,  I  have  not  seen.  His  col- 
lection was  in  very  good  order ;  many  of  the  specimens 
large  and  well  grown,  and  several  were  in  flower  ; 
the    house,    however,    I    suspect    is     too    high,    s  -) 


-1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


37 


aa  to  render  it  difficult  to  manage  as  to  temper- 
ature, moisture,  and  light ;  and  here,  as  in  all  other 
collections,  there  is  only  one  house  for  all  kinds.  It 
seems  that  in  the  collections  I  have  mentioned, 
and  also  in  that  at  Berlin,  little  air  is  given  ;  and  the 
reason  assigned  is,  that  the  air  not  being  so  moist 
(as  from  the  nearness  to  the  sea  it  is  in  England), 
the  plants  suffer  from  its  admission — but  I  suspect  this 
is  an  error ;  and  the  want  of  good  drainage,  of  currents 
of  air,  and  especially  the  want  of  a  difference  of  tempe- 
rature during  the  time  of  growth  and  of  rest,  and  also 
of  the  affording  a  long  rest,  are  the  principal  causes  of 
the  plants  not  being  well  grown,  and  not  flowering  like 
tiiose  which  one  sees  produced  at  Chiswick,  from  the 
gardens  of  our  principal  cultivators.  At  Tetchen,  the 
Orchids  were  beautifully  arranged  on  stands  and  blocks, 
and  on  the  whole  had  a  very  pictur^que  and  stately 
appearance.  The  gardens  generally  were  very  well 
laid  out,  and  well  kept,  and  are  sho^vn  with  the  greatest 
liberality.  Here,  as  in  other  great  German  gardens,  a 
certain  sum  ia  allowed  for  their  support,  and  the  gar- 
dener is  allowed  to  sell  duplicates,  &c.  ;  and  Mr.  Jost 
publishes  annually  a  catalogue  of  such  specimens  as  are 
to  be  disposed  of ;  and  this  catalogue  is  very  creditable 
as  showing  the  extent  of  the  general  collection.  I  heard, 
after  I  had  passed  through  Leipsic,  that  there  was  a  col- 
lection which  I  should  have  seen,  where  the  plants  are 
large  and  well  grown.  I  have  since  received  the  cata- 
logue, which  contains  a  list  merely  of  those  which  are 
more  generally  found  in  our  ordinary  collections. 

At  Berlin,  the  Botanic  Garden  is  large  and  well 
arranged,  the  Orchid-house  weU  filled,  and  many  of 
the  specimens  good,  especially  three  large  plants  of 
Chysis  bractescens,  but  not  much  that  was  rare  or  new  ; 
here  were,  however,  crowds  of  plants  uninteresting  to 
the  floriculturist,  though  interesting  to  the  botanist. 
The  specimens  of  Palms  were  very  fine,  and  suffering 
much  from  want  of  a  larger  house.  The  director  of  the 
garden  was  lamenting  that  the  Prussian  State  was  not  as 
rich  as  England,  so  that  a  house  rivalling  our  Palm-house 
at.Kew  might  be  built,  in  which  to  lodge  these  fine  plants. 
Attached  to  the  garden  was  a  large,  and  as  I  was 
informed,  very  valuable  Herbarium,  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Dr.  Klotzch,  and  which  is  consulted  by 
J}otanical  students  from  all  parts  of  Europe.  Two  young 
French  botanists  were  there  at  the  time  of  my  visit, 
studying  the  Gramiuese.  Being  a  cultivator  of  Orchids  I 
remarked  that,  in  all  the  collections  I  saw,  the  plants 
were  very  clean  and  free  from  scale  and  other  insects 
so  pernicious  and  troublesome  to  our  growers  in  this 
country,  Dodman* 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
(Gaoe  Birds,  No.  45.) 

No.  LXII. — We  were  not  wrong  in  anticipating  that 
a  single  week  would  work  a  great  change  in  the  birds 
of  early  spring.  They  are  abeady  "  up  and  doing  ; " 
and  making  preparations  for  early  nidification. 

The  blackburds  in  our  immediate  neighbourhood  are 
full  of  life  and  energy  ;  and  we  can  ever  and  anon  catch 
the  harmony  (still  low)  of  their  sweet  voices.  Their 
love  ia  already  declared  ;  their  suit  has  been  pressed, 
their  "acceptance"  made  sure,  theur  "happiness" 
perfected.  With  such  a  mutual  compact  formed — how 
faithfully  and  religiously  will  it  be  kept !  We  may 
speedily  expect  the  vernal  melody  to  commence  in  earnest. 

There  is  much  diversity  of  opinion  about  the  cause  of 
birds  flinging.  Why  there  should  be  more  than  one 
opinion,  we  know  not.  Birds  sing,  as  we  sing — because 
they  are  happy.  We  never  "  smg  "  surely,  when  our 
mind  ia  ill  at  ease  !  Some  may  ;  but  we  do  not.  In 
this,  truly,  we  "  measure  our  neighbour's  com  in  our 
•own  bushel." 

Macgillivrat,  a  writer  with  whom  we  are  by  no 
meana  altogether  pleased  (for  he  recommends  the  in- 
discriminate, murderous  slaughter,  on  certain  occasions, 
of  our  small  harmless  choristers),  has  drawn  a  pretty 
and  correct  sketch  of  the  blackbird.  He  has  regarded 
him  in  the  light  of  a  happy  parent  in  esse,  or  in  expect- 
ancy,— for  he  ainga  in  both  cases  equally  well.  A  right 
joyous  fellow  is  he, — we  love  him  dearly.  But  now  for 
a  poetical  description  of  his  abandon  to  the  inspiration 
of  his  muse. 

"It  is  not,"  remarks  Maggillitbat,  «  in  the  wild 
valley,  flanked  with  birchen  slopes,  and  stretching  far 
away  among  the  craggy  hills,  that  the  music  of  the 
blackbird  floats  upon  the  evening  breeze.  There  you 
may  listen  delighted  to  the  gentle  song  of  the  mavis  ; 
but  here,  in  this  plain,  covered  with  corn-fields,  and 
flkirted  with  gardens,  sit  thee  down  on  the  green  turf  by 
the  gliding  brook,  and  mark  the  little  black  speck,  stuck 
M  it  were  upon  the  top  twig  of  that  taU  poplar.  It  is  a 
bUckbird  ;  for  now  the  sweet  strain,  loud,  but  mellowed 
by  distance,  comes  upon  the  ear,  inspiring  pleasant 
thoughts,  and  baniahing  care  and  sorrow.  The  bird  has 
evidently  learned  his  part  by  long  practice,  for  he  sits 
sedately  and  in  full  consciousneaa  of  superiority. 

"Ceafling  at  intervals,  ho  renews  the  strain,  varying 
it  so  that,  although  you  can  trace  an  occanional  repe- 
tition of  notes,  th*j  staves  are  nevor  precisely  the  same. 
You  may  sit  an  hour  or  longer,  and  yet  the  song  will  bo 
continued  ;  and,  in  the  neighbouring  gardens,  many 
riral  songsters  will  sometime  raise  their  voices  at  once, 
or  delight  you  with  alternate  strains. 

^  And  now  what  is  the  pur{jose  of  all  this  melody  ? 
Wo  can  only  conjecture  that  i(  ti  tJu  cxprcundn  of  (lu: 
ptrfect  liappijuua  whkk  the  creature  it  enjf/i/inf/^  when, 
nncarked  by  care,  conscious  of  security,  and  aware  of 
the  presence  of  his  mate,  he  instinctively  pours  forth 


his  soul  in  joy^  and  gratitude,  and  love.  He  does  not 
sing  to  amuse  his  mate,  as  many  have  supposed,  for  he 
often  sings  in  winter,  when  he  is  not  yet  mated  ;  nor 
does  he  sing  to  beguile  his  solitude,  for  now  he  is  not 
soUtary  ;  but  he  sings  because  all  his  wants  are  satisfied, 
his  whole  frame  glowing  with  health,  and  because  his 
Maker  has  gifted  him  with  the  power  of  uttering  sweet 
sounds." 

There  are  very  few  of  us  indeed,  who  know  how  to 
enjoy  the  charms  of  a  country  life,  that  can  help  antici- 
pating the  vernal  treats  so  ready  to  burst  upon  ua  at  an 
early  day.     Nor  do  we  envy  those,  who — 

"  In  populous  cities  pent," 
can  say  they  are  happy,  and  want  for  nothing.  Smoke 
and  dirt,  dust  and  noise,  barter  and  anxiety,  speculation 
and  uneasiness — may  sit  easily  on  some  shoulders.  We 
have  known  much  of  such  "  enjoyments"  ourselves  ;  but 
now, — books  and  flowers,  birds  and  pure  air,  are  the  only 
solace  in  which  we  care  to  take  refuge.  If  ever  happi- 
ness may  be  lawfully  sought,  it  is  in  the  fields  or  gardens, 
on  a  fine  morning  in  spring.  There  we  listen  to  our 
hero,  singing  his  early  matins  ;  and  we  exclaim,  with  one 
of  our  modern  poets, — Adams, 

Metbinks,  methinks,  a  liappy  ll/e  is  thine, 

Bird  of  the  jetty  wing  and  gnlden  bill! 
Up  In  the  clear  fresh  morning's  dewy  shine 

Art  thou,  and  singing  at  thine  own  sweet  will  : 

Thy  mellow  voice  floats  over  vale  and  bill. 
Rich  and  metlifluous  to  the  ear  as  wine 

Unto  the  taste  ;  at  noon  we  hear  thee  still ; 
And  when  grey  shadows  tell  of  Sol'e  decline  ; 
Thou  bast  thy  matin  and  thy  vesper  song, 

Thou  hadt  thy  noontide  canticle  of  praise, 
For  Him  who  faibiooed  thee  to  dwell  among 

The  orcbard-groundB,  and  'mid  the  pleasant  ways, 
Where  blooming  hedge-rows  screen  the  rustic  throng  : 
Thy  life's  a  ceaseless  prayer,  thy  days  all  sabbaOi  days. 

In  our  last,  we  spoke  of  the  small  modicum  of  <  in- 
stinct* inherent  in  the  blackbird.  When  we  were  boys, 
we  used  (boy-like,  naturally  "  cruel !  ")  to  "  draw  "  the 
nests  of  these  birds.  When  we  found  four  eggs,  we 
removed  three.  To  the  odd  one,  the  poor  hen  blackbird 
would  lay  another.  This  we  again  removed ;  and  so  on, 
for  a  number  of  days,  until,  Nature  exhausted,  the  ill- 
fated  bird  would  die  on  its  nest !  Oh,  that  we  could 
write  with  a  pen  of  iron,  on  the  heart  of  every  thought- 
less youngster,  the  wickedness,  the  cruelty,  of  such  a 
wanton  act !  How  often  have  we  shuddered,  whilst  con- 
templating these  indefensible  acts  of  ours  in  early  child- 
hood !  We  record  it  with  shame,  hoping  that  it  will  fall 
with  a  salutary  effect  on  the  conscience  of  others,  who 
may  even  now  be  contemplating  some  similar  act  of 
early  spoliation. 

We  need  hardly  add,  that  most  birds,  when  they  find 
their  locus  in  quo  is  discovered,  immediately  decamp  to 
other  quarters.  The  genua  "  school-boy"  Uketh  them 
not.   William  Kidd, 


Home  Correspondence. 

Glass  Walls. — Leather,  says  the  cufrier,  is  stronger 
than  stone,  Mr.  Rivers^  has  invented  a  rough  sort 
of  place,  which  he  calls  an  orchard-house,  and  which 
he  finds  so  cheap  and  useful,  that  in  his  opinion  it 
renders  glass  walls  superfluous — being  more  com- 
modious, more  cheap,  more  good-looking.  I  think 
issue  might  be  joined  with  him  upon  every  one  of 
these  points.  At  all  events,  I  know  that  the  orchard- 
house  is  very  ugly,  and  I  believe  that  the  glass  walls 
will  be  of  great  beauty.  I  also  know  that  I  cannot 
get  an  orchard  house  built  at  any  such  price  as  Mr. 
Rivers  talks  about — nor  near  it :  and  I  also  know 
that  when  put  together,  in  the  most  economical 
manner,  it  is  but  a  rickety  aflair,  about  as  durable 
as  a  cow-shed.  Not  that  I  would  undervalue  it  on 
that  account ;  no  doubt  it  is  useful,  and  so  is  a  cow- 
shed :  perhaps  it  will  last  long  enough  to  pay  for  the 
outlay — which,  however,  I  gi'eatly  doubt.  But  what 
I  wish  to  know  is,  what  all  this  has  to  do  with  Swing's 
glass  walls  ?  To  me  it  seems  about  as  reasonable  to  com- 
pare a  glass  wall  and  an  orchard  house  as  an  American 

clipper  and  a  Thames  lighter.  A   Hertsman. In  a 

letter  accompanying  a  plan  of  his  orchard  house,  Mr. 
Rivers,  alluding  to  the  patent  *'  glass  walls,"  says,  "  as 
well  might  Sir  Joseph  Paxton  have  patented  his  ridge 
and  furrow  roofing."  Perhaps  it  is  not  generally  known 
that  the  ridge  and  gutters  of  the  Crystal  Palace  were 
patented  by  that  gentleman  in  one  of  the  early  months 
of  last  year,  and  I  believe  at  the  express  desire  of  Mr. 
R.  Stephenson,  the  celebrated  engineer.  By  a  reference 
to  the  "  Patent  Law  Journal"  or  "  Mechanic's  Magazine," 
the  specification  may  be  seen.  I  merely  take  the  liberty 
to  name  this,  in  order  to  put  Mr.  Rivers  right.  A 
Correspondent, 

Salishuria  adiantifolia  (Maiden  hair  tree,  or  Gingko). 
— The  following  are  the  dimensions  of  one  growing  at 
Whitfield,  in  Herefordshire  -.—Height,  49  ft.  ;  circum- 
ference of  stem  at  1  ft.  from  the  ground,  7  ft.  3  in. ; 
circumference  at  6  ft.  6  in.,  where  it  begins  to  branch 
out,  6  ft.  ;  circumference  of  the  branches,  40  yards.  It 
was  planted  about  the  year   1770,  A.  CUve. 

Pruning  Forest  2^rcc;».— I  should  not  seek  to  prolong 
the  discuBsion  of  this  subject,  but  that  one  most  impor- 
tant question  seems  to  have  been  overlooked,  viz,,  what 
ought  to  bo  done  with  the  dead  and  rotting  boughs^ 
with  which  all  woods  abound  ?  Would  your  correspond- 
ent, "  QuercuB,"  in  this  case  also  carry  out  the  let- 
alone  syHtom  1  The  small  dead  boughs  will,  no  doubt, 
mostly  drop  off,  with  Httle  damage  to  thu  timber  ;  but 
with  the  larger  boughs  the  caso  is  very  diiferent— tlioy 
remain  on  the  tree  till  thoroughly  rottoii,  when  they 
also  drop  off ;   but  they  leave  a  hollow,  through  which 


rain-water,  and  its  sure  follower,  rottenness,  are  intro- 
duced into  the  very  heai-t  of  the  tree.  In  order  to 
remedy  this  evil,  I  must  maintain  that  the  only  cure  is 
to  saw  off  the  dead  boughs  close — a  process  which 
scarcely  ever  fails  of  success,  unless  when  the  boughs 
are  of  a  very  unusual  size.  I  am  convinced  that  a  very 
few  pounds  laid  out  in  this  way  would,  in  all  woods,  save 
an  immense  quantity  of  timber  from  premature  decay. 
Expertus.  [No  doubt.] 

Night  Protection  for  Olo^s  Houses. — Mats  appear  to  me 
to  be  very  objectionable  ;  cost,  weight,  and  their  untidy 
appearance  render  them  unsuited  for  this  purpose.  Now, 
in  my  way  of  thinking,  oiled  calico  is  very  likely  to 
answer.  I  would  therefore  suggest,  supposing  we  were 
about  to  cover  a  common  lean-to  house,  that  a  light 
frame-work,  the  length  and  width  of  the  lights,  should 
be  made  of  wood,  say  2  inches  deep  and  I5  wide;  over 
this  I  would  tack  some  good  stout  unbleached  calico, 
and  with  a  common  brush  paint  it  with  linseed  oil,  so  as  to 
thoroughly  saturate  it.  I  would  then  nail  on  to  the  rafters 
of  the  house  a  small  fillet  in  the  form  of  a  groove,  into 
which  these  frames  when  required  should  be  slidden. 
I  merely  suggest  this  as  a  principle  which  is  capable  of 
being  carried  out  in  various  ways ;  for  instance,  instead  of 
calico,  patent  felt  might  be  used,  which  would  last  a  life- 
time, with  proper  care  and  attention.  Then,  again,  in 
small  houses,  a  number  of  breadths  of  calico  (oiled  of 
course)  might  be  sown  together  and  made  to  wind  upon 
a  wooden  roller,  similar  to  the  white  blinds  in  a  dwell- 
ing-house, with  a  few  rings,  &c.,  to  keep  it  in  its  place 
when  in  use,  and  a  wooden  cover  to  protect  it  from  the 
weather  when  rolled  up  ;  this,  if  properly  constructed, 
might  be  the  least  troublesome.  Either  of  the  above 
plans  could  be  made  to  suit  span-roofed  houses,  as  well 
as  "  lean-to's,"  my  object  being  simply  to  call  attention 
to  the  subject.  By-the-bye,  there  is  a  thin  sheet  gutta 
percha  manufactured  about  the  substance  of  writing- 
paper,  the  cost  of  which  is  &d.  per  square  yard  ;  could 
this  be  used  on  the  canvas  instead  of  oil,  or  in  any  other 
way  ?  N.  Burgess,  Hachrtcy. 

Koordish  Remedy  for  the  Sting  of  a  Scorpion. — Apply 
a  poultice  of  sour  paste  to  the  part  affected.  JI.  If.  C, 
Ei'seroom. 

Poxes  and  Tubs  for  Orange  Trees,  &c.  —  It  may 
possibly  be  of  service  to  raise  a  discussion  upon  the 
materials  best  adapted  for  constructing  portable  boxes 
or  tubs  for  Orange  trees  and  plants  of  that  kind.  The 
contest  will  most  likely  rest  between  wood  and  slate. 
Each  will,  I  trust,  receive  its  recommendations,  or  vice 
versa,  according  to  its  merits,  in  the  various  purposes 
which  the  plants  are  destined  to  serve.  "  Economy 
with  suitability  "  must  constitute  the  basis  upon  which 
the  plans  are  recommended  ;  "  economy  and  dura- 
bility" being  synonyms  in  the  case.  For  in-door  pur- 
poses most  people  will  prefer  slate ;  but  being  a 
good  conductor  of  heat,  it  is  not  so  suitable  for  out-of^ 
doors,  where  changes  of  temperature  are  sudden  and 
varied,  being  exposed  to  the  full  effects  of  a  burning 
sun  by  day,  and  a  temperature  occasionally  approaching 
freezing  at  night.  Both  of  these  extremes  are  produced 
by  slate  with  a  rapidity  contrary  to  the  gently  varying  tem- 
perature of  the  earth,  and  are  well  known  to  cause  ill 
effects  upon  plants,  on  account  of  the  sudden  changes  that 
take  place  at  the  roots.  These  evils  may  be  mitigated,  if 
not  obviated,  by  using  a  double  casing,  thereby  securing  a 
vacuum,  which  would  prove  beneficial  in-doors  and  out ; 
or  a  substitute  might  be  found  in  a  neat  casing  of  wicker- 
work  to  inclose  the  tub  when  removedout-of-doors.  With- 
out these  or  other  precautionary  measures,  "  wood  '*  will 
generally  prove  the  most  suitable  material  to  use.  I 
would  also  direct  attention  to  the  size  of  the  tub  or  box, 
which  all  will  agree  should  be  proportionate  to  the  size  of 
the  plant.  This  will  answer  in  the  case  of  large  trees  where 
wood  is  used,  but  with  slate,  a  large  size  must,  I  fear, 
prove  a  serious  objection,  particularly  above  26  or  30 
inches  across  the  square,  on  account  of  its  weight.  It 
is  a  question — what  the  largest  size  is  we  dare  prudently 
use  in  the  case  of  slate,  in  order  that  the  tree  may  re- 
main undisturbed,  as  it  necessarily  should  do,  for  years  I 
Experience  proves  that  they  will  thrive  best  in  a  tub, 
too  small  rather  than  too  large.  Wooden  boxes  are  made 
with  two  moveable  sides,  in  order  to  afibrd  the  means  of 
examining  the  state  of  the  soil,  roots,  &c.  I  have  not 
seen  slate  fashioned  in  this  way.  I  have  used  pitch  as 
a  "preservative"  for  the  inside  of  wooden  boxes,  but  I 
do  not  think  it  preferable  to  a  slight  charring.    W.  C.  E, 

Propagation  ofEels.—Umy  thanks  to  «  G.  H."  (p.  22) 
for  his  second  letter  on  this  subject.  It  appears  to 
me  that  we  think  very  much  alike  about  eels.  He  says 
« that  his  pond  is  50  miles  from  where  the  river  None 
flows  into  the  sea  ;  therefore  how  is  it  that  these  little 
eels  get  no  larger  in  their  long  and  tedious  journey, 
interrupted  as  it  is  by  numerous  and  almost  insm*- 
mountable  obstacles  before  they  could  reach  the  little 
ditch  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long,  which  would  conduct 
them  to  our  pond  ;  and  last  of  all,  after  this  long  and 
tedious  journey,  within  100  yards  of  their  destination, 
they  would  have  to  climb  four  waterfalls  and  a  perpen- 
dicular sluice-board.  It  appears  to  me  that  they  should 
have  grown  much  larger  than  a  common  tobacco-pipe 
during  thai;  time  ;  but  I  will  leave  this  point  to  *  H.  G.' 
to  explain."  This  is  so  fairly  put,  that  I  will  toll  what  I 
havo  seen,  hoping  that  this  will  be  a  sufficient  expla- 
nation. In  June,  1JI50,  I  happened  to  go  down  to  the 
bank  of  the  river  Ribble,  and  there  I  saw  a  column 
of  small  eels  steadily  making  their  way  up  the 
stream.  I  should  suppose  there  might  be  about 
50  in  every  lineal  yard  (for  they  kept  pretty  close 
to  the  'bank,  apparently  because  they  met  with 
less    resistance  from  the    stream),  and   without    pre- 


38 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Jan.  17, 


tending  to  accuracy  I  supposed  they  travelled  at  the 
rate  of  a  mile  per  hour.  This  was  about  5  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon,  and  I  went  to  look  at  them  again  about  9 
in  the  evening.  They  were  still  going  in  one  unbroken 
column.  How  long  they  Jiad  been  going  when  I  first 
saw  them,  and  how  long  they  continued  to  go  after 
my  second  visit  I  don't  know,  but  many  thousands, 
perhaps  millions,  must  have  passed  on  that  day. 
At  this  rate,  they  would  have  required  little  more 
than  two  days  to  reach  "  G-.  H.'s"  pond,  50  miles  from 
the  sea  ;  but  he  says  they  had  to  pass  over  three 
or  four  waterfalls,  and  a  perpendicular  sluice-board.  If 
these  waterfalls  and  the  sluice-board  were  covered  with 
mosSj  they  would  climb  them  as  readily  as  a  cat  does  a 
ladder.  I  have  seen  them  in  swarms  at  a  perpendicular 
weir  here,  winding  their  way  through  the  damp  moss, 
■with  which  the  stones  are  covered  ;  but  this  was  not  all. 
Where  there  was  no  moss,  the  little  things  seemed  to 
have  the  power  of  adhering  to  the  perpendicular  face  of 
the  stones,  like  so  many  snails.  I  must  not  omit  to 
remark  that,  although  they  seemed  to  choose  the  margin 
of  the  stream  for  the  sake  of  easier  travelling,  yet  they 
took  care  to  keep  in  the  stream,  as  I  had  a  nice  oppor- 
tunity of  remarking  ;  at  the  point  where  I  first  observed 
them,  the  tail  grit  of  a  water-wheel  had  its  junction  with 
the  river,  but  being  Sunday  there  was  no  current  there. 
Not  a  single  eel  took  its  course  up  the  tail  grit,  although 
the  water  was  deeper  there  than  where  they  went.  The 
water  being  low  and  perfectly  clear,  I  could  trace  their 
course,both  above  and  below  the  place  where  I  stood,  with- 
out any  difficulty.  If  we  allow  that  they  travelled  amile  in 
the  hour,  and  that  the  obstruction  of  the  waterfalls  and 
sluice-board  required  as  long  to  get  over  as  all  the 
I'emainder  of  the  journey,  this  would  enable  them  to 
reach  "  G.  H.'s  "  pond  in  four  days  from  the  sea  ;  and 
from  what  I  have  seen  of  their  ability  to  surmount  such 
obstructions,  I  am  quite  convinced  that  they  would 
travel  that  distance  in  the  time  ;  but  say  they  were 
a  week  ;  they  would  not  grow  much  in  that  time, 
particularly  if  they  had  been  travelling  without 
food  the  whole  of  the  time,  and  that  they  must 
have  done  so  is  proved  to  my  mind  by  their  keep- 
ing in  column  ;  for  if  they  had  dispersed  to  seek  for 
food,  by  what  contrivance  were  they  marshalled  into 
line  again  to  enable  them  to  proceed  ?  Now,  the  place 
where  I  saw  them  is  40  miles  from  the  sea,  although 
perhaps  not  quite  that  distance  from  salt-w^ter,  "  t." 
says  that  it  is  no  proof  that  eels  are  bred  in  fresh 
water,  because  they  may  be  found  in  ponds  having  no 
commxmication  with  a  river.  The  proof  required  is 
ab  mo.  If  he  waits  for  this  proof,  I  fear  he  will  have 
to  wait  some  time  ;  for  I  fancy  no  one  but  Mr.  Boccius 
ever  saw  the  ova  of  eels,  and  he  will  not  condescend  to 
enlighten  us  on  the  subject  ;  but  at  the  time  time  I 
admit,  that  finding  them  there  is  no  proof  that  they 
were  fared  there,  inasmuch  as  I  have  myself  stocked 
such  ponds  for  my  friends  ;  and  what  I  have  done  may 
be  done  fay  others.  "  t."  says  further,  "  There  is  also 
room  for  inquiry  into  a  rather  curious  subject— Do  eels 
after  having  gone  to  the  sea  for  spawning  (?)  ever 
return  to  fresh  water  ?  "  lu  reply  to  this  I  can  only 
say  that  no  trace  of  such  a  migration  is  ever  se^n 
here  ;  and  I  think,  if  it  existed  at  all,  I  should  have 
observed  it, for  the  following  reasons  : — TheRibble  here 
supplies  a  large  mill,  the  water  wheels  of  which  are  150 
horse  power,  therefore  when  they  are  at  work  in  the 
daytime  the  whole  force  of  the  river  is  frequently 
passmg  through  the  mill  lead  (grit),  and  the  bed  of 
the  river  between  the  tail  grit  and  the  weir  (two- 
tliirds  of  a  mile)  is  suddenly  left  dry,  except  a  few  pools; 
if  there  was  a  shoal  of  eels  between  these  two  points 
it  would  have  been  seen  at  one  time  or  another,  and  this 
has  never  happened  so  far  as  I  know  ;  it  may  be  said 
that  they  migrate  singly;  but  they  don't  do. so  in  their 
first  migration,  and  so  far  as  I  am  aware  it  is  not  the 
habit  of  any  animal  to  do  so.  Herrings,  pilchards, 
smelts,  flounders,  sturgeon,  bisons,  antelopes,  wood- 
cocks, swallows,  fieldfares,  locusts,  and  even  butterflies, 
congregate  together  previous  to  migration.  T.  Q.,  Clitlicroc. 
Clarke's  Preparation  for  Vdliwj  Mealy  Bag,  ^-c— I 
have  tried  this  mixture,  and  can  confidently  declai*e 
that  far  more  plants  were  destroyed  by  it  than  bugs. 
The  only  really  efficacious  ingredient  in  it  is  the  tur- 
pentine, which  certainly  destroys  the  insects  and  the 
plants  also.  Anii-Hiimhug. 

Currants  are  Blackhernes. — In  your  Notices  to  Coi*- 
respondents  of  last  week,  you  ask  "  G.  T."  if  a  Black- 
berry is  supposed  at  Kelso  to  be  a' Currant  %  I  beg  to 
inform  you  that  it  is  generally  known  at  Kelso  by  that 
name,  and  at  the  same  time  known  and  advertised  under 
that  designation  in  every  nursery  throughout  Great 
Britain.  George  Taylor.  [This  is  a  piece  of  news  which 
our  friends  in  the  south  will  be  rather  amazed  at.] 

Tomatoes  (see  page  5).  — Your  correspondent,  W. 
Brown,  asks  for  Jinformation  respecting  an  early  supply 
of  this  most  useful  vegetable.  If  he  will  pardon  the 
Hibernian  character  of  my  answer,  it  may  be  of  some 
service  to  those  of  your  readers  who  live  so  far  north 
as  I  do  (on  the  banks  of  the  Humber),  to  know  how 
they  may  procure  a  late  one,  for  it  is  both  more  savoury 
and  more  safe  tlian  the  Mushroom.  This  year  ouly 
one  fruit  ripened  with  me  upon  the  plant,  yet  the  fresh 
fruit  has  been  used  in  my  kitchen  for  these  three  months 
or  nearly  so.  Having  a  large  surplus  of  plants  in  May, 
instead  of  consigning  them  to  the  dunghill,  I  planted 
them  in  rows  2  feet  apart  on  a  vacant  piece  of  ground. 
When  they  became  too  high  to  support  their  weight 
they  were  staked,  and  nothing  more  was  done  to  them 
imtil   appearances   threatened   an    October    frost   that 


were  pulled  up,  and  the  green  fruit  was  stripped 
and  hung  up  in  festoons  over  the  whole  ceiKng  of  the 
kitchen,  where  they  have  gradually  ripened,  and  suppHed 
the  table  abundantly,  almost  without  the  failure  of  one, 
however  small.  Generally,  however,  I  do  not  obtain 
more  than  two-thirds  of  those  so  treated  ;  but  this  year, 
though  they  were  more  than  usually  backward,  the  plan 
was  more  successful  than  ever.  And  there  is  still  re- 
maining another  week's  supply.  I  use  no  seed  but  what 
I  save  myself,  for  I  once  lost  my  crop  by  depending  on 
what  I  bought.  The  last  I  saved  was  in  1846,  from  a 
singlefruit,  weighing  above  half  a  pound  ;and  every  seed  I 
sowed  in  1851  germinated  ;  the  cause  of  which  I  take  to 
be,  that  they  wex'e  dried  in  the  natural  juice  of  their 
own  pulp,  which  forms  a  thin  film  over  them,  sufficient 
to  exclude  the  air.  And  it  is  thus  I  always  dry  the 
seeds  of  Melons,  for  the  same  reason,  lota. 

Phillips's  Fire  Annihilaior. — It  is  extraordinary  how 
strong  public  prejudice  is  against  new  inventions. 
People  are  always  ready  to  "  Pooh-pooh  !'*  first  experi- 
ments, which  often  lead  to  most  important  results.  A 
week  or  two  ago  I  was  glad  to  see  that  you  had  brought 
forward  the  case  of  Phillips's  fire  annihilator,  as  I  have 
long  been  anxious  to  know  whether  it  is  a  mere 
interesting  toy  or  an  invaluable  discovery.  What 
I  want  to  see  is  a  practical  proof  of  its  powers 
in  some  one  of  the  accidental  fii'es  which  the 
newspapers  of  late  have  too  frequently  recorded. 
Some  months  back,  among  several  large  fires,  with 
small  beginnings,  there  was  one  at  Alderman  Hum- 
phrey's new  warehouses,  near  St.  Saviour's  Church, 
Southwark  ;  and  according  to  Mr.  Humphrey,  jun.'s, 
testimony,  a  very  little  power,  j  udiciously  applied,  would 
have  arrested  it.  But  some  time  was  required  to  get 
the  engines,  and  then  to  get  the  hose  to  the  river,  and 
all  this  time  the  fire  raging  on  until  it  became  a  mass  of 
flame  little  affected  by  the  immense  volume  of  water 
thrown  upon  it.  I  spoke  about  the  annihilator  to  the 
firemen  ;  they  laughed  at  it,  and  I  went  to  the  annihi- 
lator office,  but  they  said  "they  were  not  allowed  to 
interfere  with  the  firemen."  Can  this  he  right  %  per- 
haps human  life  sacrificed  for  some  piece  of  prescrip- 
tive right !  But  they  say,  two  or  three  powerful 
annihilators  would,  if  on  the  spot  (say  at  all  police 
stations),  have  smothered  the  flames  in  the  first  instance. 
We  read  of  numbers  of  tar  and  combustible-filled  model 
houses  and  ships,  with  roaring  flames,  speedily  sub- 
dued fay  these  apparatuses,  but  one  application  of  them 
to  a  real  house  on  fire,  would  do  more  to  test  its  merits 
than  a  thousand  exhibitions.  In  the  late  frightful  loss 
of  the  noble  new  steam-ship  Amazon,  with  her  immense 
sacrifice  of  life  and  property,  would  two  or  three  of 
these  apparatuses  have  (if  applied  when  the  fire  was 
first  discovered)  overcome  the  horrible  enemy  ?  Was  it 
not  worth  a  trial?  Asbestos.  [Does  our  correspondent 
think  that  insurance  companies  desire  the  public  to 
believe  that  fires  can  be  effectually  prevented  in  five 
cases  out  of  six.  If  that  were  shown  to  be  so,  where- 
abouts in  the  market  would  the  shares  of  companies  be 
found  ?] 

Rain. — The  following  fell  during  the  past  year  at 
Carlesgill,  parish  of  Weaterkirk,  Dumfriesshire  : 

Wet         Average  fall  for  the  lastoioe 
yearn,  57.50. 

Greatest  fall  in  one  year 
(1S46),  68.71. 

Leftst  (I8ii).  41.04. 

Greatest  fall  in  one  day  (in 
1851),  25  Sept.,  when  2.40  fell 
in  little  more  than  12  hours. 

June  4,  ice  and  inow  on  the 
distant  hille. 

July  4,  Potato  tope  and 
Bracken  (Ferns)  blackened  by 
froet. 

April  21,,  Rw^Uows  seen  and 
cuckoo  heard. 

April  28,  cornraick  heard. 
/.  LiitUy  Jan.  ?. 

Wire  Rope  (see  p.  22). — I  certainly  cannot  recommend 
wire  rope  when  it  is  required  to  work  round  a  sheave, 
unless  the  diameter  of  the  sheave  or  drum  is  at  least  3  feet. 
One  broke  with  me  in  a  very  few  weeks,  though  only  10 
feet  long,  and  the  weight  at  the  end  only  70  lbs.,  being 
worn  and  broken  where  it  worked  over  the  sheave. 
C.L.C. 

Qlasnevln  Botanic  Garden.  —  The  following  is  an 
extract  from  a  Dublin  coi-respondent  relating  to  this 
garden,  and  I  am  glad  to  see  that  what  has  been  said 
in  the  Chronicle  has  had  the  effect  of  calling  the 
attention  of  an  intelligent  friend  of  mine  to  this  useful 
institution,  and  who,  it  seems,  till  he  read  of  Glasnevin 
in  your  pages,  had  not  taken  the  trouble  to  pay  a  visit  to 
these  gardens.  Dodman.  "  By  the  mention  of  Glasnevin 
Gardens  in  the  Chronicle,  more  than  once,  you  have 
certainly  enlisted  me  on  your  side,  I  own,  though  I  had 
heard  that  hothouses  had  been  built,  I  had  never  (since  I 
came  to  reside  here)  been  induced  to  make  a  visit  to 
these  gardens.  After  reading  your  notes  about  a  year  ago 
I  went,and, having  been  once,  I  soon  repeated  my  visit.  I 
own  that  you  in  nowise  exaggerated  their  merits  or  their 
utility  ;  and  the  skilland  attention  of  the  curator,  &c.  The 
plants  are  in  admirable  health,  and  well  arranged.  The 
collection  both  of  in-door  and  out-door  plants  very  good, 
though  of  course  not  complete.  Seeing  that  there  are, 
it  may  be  said,  scarcely  any  funds  for  its  increase,  the 
wonder  is  how  so  many  interesting  and  rare  specimens 
have  been  gathered  together.  Some  people  are  all  the 
better  for  a  spare  diet,  especially  if  they  be  of  a  plethoric 
habit  ;  but  a  botanical  garden,  I  should  think,  flourishes 
only  when  there  is  sufficient  income  for  its  due  support. 
I  own  1  was  not  over-pleased  when  you  seemed  to  assume 


1851. 

lUB. 

Daj 

January  ... 

10.72     .. 

...    26 

February  .. 

4.71     .. 

...    11 

iTarch 

l.S.I     ., 

...    22 

April 

2.86     .. 

...    19 

May    

88     .. 

...    22 

June 

6.50     .. 

...    16 

July    

6.G0     .. 

...    21 

Aueust 

6.15     .. 

...    20 

September 

2.90     .. 

...     12 

October     .. 

e.88     .. 

....    21 

November.. 

1.6!     .. 

...    11 

December.. 

2.70     .. 

..;     10 

51.48     .. 

...  217 

would  have  destroyed  them,  on  the  eve  of  which  they  |  that  our  botanical  establishments  were  the  only  ones 


honestly  conducted,  and  which  were  free  from  jobbery. 
There  may  be  some  flagrant  instances  of  malversation 
here  and  in  other  parts  of  Ireland,  but  I  think  these  are 
the  exceptions,  and  not  the  rule.  I  am  willing  to  admit 
that  though  knowing  many  of  the  public  gardens  in 
Europe,  I  do  not  think  there  is  one  better  conducted,  or 
more  useful  to  the  students  and  those  engaged  in  scien- 
tific pm'suits;  and  yet,  I  believe,  there  are  fewer  gardens, 
even  in  the  small  German  states,  with  such  small  means; 
and  one  cannot  but  own  that  it  is  no  great  encourage- 
ment to  be  honest  and  zealous,  to  be  thus  starved  and 
pinched.  I  have  heard  that  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
takes  much  interest  in  the  success  of  tliis  esta- 
blishment, where  lectures  are  given,  and  the  School 
of  Design,  and,  I  beheve,  some  pharmaceutical  lectures- 
are  supplied  with  specimens  ;  and  there  is  a  decent 
establishment  for  the  instruction  of  the  young  men  em- 
ployed as  gardeners,  who,  however,  carry  on  their  studies 
in  a  dreary  back  lean-to.  Why  are  not  these  gai-dens 
put  immediately  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Office 
of  Woods,  in  the  same  manner  as  is  the  case  with  the 
gardens  at  Kew  %  I  understand  application  has  been 
made  by  the  governing  body  of  this  garden  for  a  fair 
share  of  the  plants,  seeds,  and  specimens  collected  at 
public  coat,  and  I  do  not  see  why  we  should  not  have  a 
museum  as  well  as  that  of  Kew,  or  why  a  herbarium  for 
botanical  students  should  not  be  commenced  ;  it  is  pos- 
sible that  many  duplicates  from  Kew  and  other  places 
might  be  obtained.  One  is  delighted  to  find  some  one 
point  in  this  place  on  which  there  can  be  discussion  with- 
out there  being  any  rehgious  or  political  bias  to  poison 
the  whole  matter.  I  may  mention,  that  in  addition  tp 
the  general  collection,  that  relating  to  specimens  of  agri- 
cultural produce  is  interesting,  and  I  really  beheve 
useful.  Do  not  forget  us.  The  Chronich  is  read  by 
many  here."  "*■-''"' ' 

How  to  Crop  a  Small  Kitchen  Garden. — When  the 
Strawberries  have  done  bearing  the  third  year,  clear 
them  away,  well  manure  and  dig  the  ground,  and  plant 
Early  York  Cabbage  at  20  inches  row  from  row,  .and. 
1  foot  plant  from  plant.  'Ihey  will  come  m  for  use- 
during  the  autumn  and  early  winter  months.  About 
the  beginning  of  October,  plant  a  row  of  August  sown 
Cabbage  between  each  row,  at  1  foot  apart  in  the  rows. 
Keep  the  earth  well  stiiTed,  either  with  the  fork  or 
broad  hoe,  and  draw  it  well  up  to  the  stems  of  those  last 
planted  ;  the  following  spring  take  out  every  alternate 
plant  for  use  as  Greens,  leaving  the  remainder  to  Cab- 
bage. Let  the  Parsnips  that  remain  in  the  ground  be 
taken  up  in  February,  and  the  ground  manured  and  dug. 
Plant  one  or  more  rows  of  red  Dutch  Cabbage,  accord- 
ing to  the  demand,  placmg  them  2  feet  apai-t,  and  the- 
remainder  plant  with  white  Cabbage,  20  inches  apart 
each  way.  In  last  week's  article,  hne  12  from  the  be- 
ginning, place  the  full  stop  at  the  end  of  "  way,"  instead 
of  "  year."  As  it  is  printed,  it  would  appear  that  I 
trenched  one  year,  and  did  not  plant  till  the  following. 
/  Steel,  Clithcroe. 

Potato  Disease.— It  is  said  that  the  disease  commences 
in  the  haulm  ;  then  how  does  it  happen  that  in  many 
cases  on  the  same  patch,  where  the  top  was  quite  dead, 
the  tubers  were  free  from  taint,  and  where  the  haulm  was 
greenest,  the  Potatoes  were  very  much  affected  i  Then 
again,  in  all  the  tubers  showing  the  signs  of  the  dis?ASe 
the  skin  is  unbroken,  proving  the  fungus  to  be 
generated  in  the  Potato  itself.  This  extraordinary 
phenomenon,  which  has  visited  us  this  year  severely, 
appears  to  be  produced  in  the  tubers,  they,  from  some 
hidden,  cause,  being  predisposed  to  the  disease.  If  we 
bruise  an  Apple,  without  breaking  the  outer  skin,  decay 
takes  place,  and  will  destroy  it  in  a  short  time  ;  the 
injury  having  made  the  pulp  a  proper  receptacle  for  a 
particular  malady.  It  may  be  said,  if  one  Potato  suffers, 
why  should  not  all,  if  the  cause  is  contained  withm  the 
tuber  ?  For  the  same  reason  that  every  man,  woman, 
and  child,  did  not  fall  under  the  influence  of  the  cholera, 
when  devastatmg  our  island.  Under  Providence  their 
constitutions  were  proof  against  tlie  contagion.  It  is 
scarcely  right  to  compare  human  and  vegetable  visita- 
tions, they  may  not, he  considered  analogous,  yet  it  ipay 
be  permitted  as  an  illustratioti.  Remedies  to  prevent 
the  rot  are  futile.  Much  may  be  done  to  mitigate  the- 
evil,  by  carefully  savmg  seed,  early  planting  in  soil  not 
too  rich,  with  other  precautions  to  strengthen  the  root. 
The  following  circumstance  maybe  worth  noticing,  that 
Potatoes  set  in  stiff  wet  ground,  where  the  workm.en 
pronounced  they  would  be  a  failure,  turned  pHt  the 
heaviest  and  best  crops!  Potatoes  after  been  houssd 
without  a  speck  upon  them,  have  in  the  course,  of  ;three 
weeks  become  bad.  The  evil  has  puzzled,  ^nd  will 
continue  to  puzzle  us  all  ;  there  ,is  no  use  attempting  to 
treat  the  effect,  should  the  approaching  winter  prove 
severe.  Falcon, 

Vcrgleioliende  Untersuchvmgen  der  Eelmwng,  Entfaltimg 

und  FrucrdbUdtmg    hiherer    Cnjptogamen    imd    der 

SamenhUdimg  der  Goniferen.     Von  W.  Hofmeister. 

Leipzig,  1851.     Pp.  viii.  &  179  ;  tab.  sen.  33. 

The   existence   of  male  organs  has   been  estabhshed 

beyond  all  reasonable  doubt,  in  far  the  greater  number 

of  families  which  constitute  the  great  group  of  plants 

commonly   known   under    the    name    of  Cryptogams. 

Some  advance  has  been  made  towards  their  discovery 

amongst    the    Lichens,   and   there  are  indications  of 

something   of  the  kmd  even    amongst    Fungi.       The 

investigations  of  Thm-et  and  of  Derbes.and  SoUer  haye 

made  known  the  existence  of  Spermatozoids  in  so  large 


3— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


39 


a  portion  of  Algoa,  that  we  may  regai'd  their  presence  aa 
oniversal ;  but  the  conditions  of  the  female  organs 
previous  to,  and  after  impregnation,  have  not  been 
ascertained  at  present  so  clearly  as  to  enable  us  to 
make  any  satisfactory  comparison  with  what  takes  place 
amongst  Phjenogams,  or,  indeed,  the  higher  Cryptogams 
under  similar  circumstances.  As  regards  these  latter, 
a  glance  at  the  beautiful  plates,  containing  many  hun- 
dred figures,  which  accompany  the  admii'able  work  be- 
fore us,  and  in  fact  form  a  most  important  part  of  it,  is 
sufficient  to  show  that  the  phenomena  of  impregnation 
have  been  so  far  ascertained  as  not  only  to  afford  much 
matter  for  comparison,  but  at  once  to  call  for  it.  The 
shghtfist  inspection  forces  a  conviction  that  the  formation 
of  the  embryo,  whether  the  ultimate  production  be  a 
spore-bearing  theca,  as  in  Mosses  and  JunucnnannicE, 
and  other  Liverworts,  or  a  frond,  or  frond-bearing  stem, 
destined  at  a  later  period,  sometimes  after  the  lapse  of 
years,  to  produce  fructifying  organs,  as  in  Ferns,  taken 
in  their  widest  sense,  commences  with  a  single  cell,  which, 
if  impregnation  does  not  take  place,  is  altogether  abor- 
tive. It  is  quite  curious  to  observe  witii  what  similarity 
this  is  effected,  though  the  cellular  body  which  contains 
the  embryo  sac  is  sometimes  naked,  as  in  Mosses,  or 
completely  immersed,  as  in  Lycopodia,  In  all  the 
higher  Cryptogams,*  there  is  always  what  may  be  called 
a  pro-embryonic  or  prothalloid  state;  but  with  this  great 
diflference,  that  in  Mosses  and  the  more  nearly  related 
families,  the  spores  first  give  out  coufervoid  threads, 
which,  by  repeated  multiplication  of  their  cellular  tissue, 
give  rise  either  to  discoid  more  or  less  lobed  fronds, 
from  which  the  archegonia,  or  mother  sacs  of  the  embryo, 
spring  at  once,  or  else  form  creeping  or  ascending  shoots 
of  greater  or  less  thickness,  clothed  with  leaf-like  expan- 
sions of  cellular  tissue,  often  of  great  regularity,  from 
certain  points  of  which  the  archegonia  spring,  produc- 
ing in  either  case  after  impregnation  an  organ  which, 
by  a  metamorphosis  of  a  particular  portion  of  its  tissue, 
gives  birth  to  reproductive  spores  ready  to  go  through  the 
same  series  of  phenomena.  In  Ferns,  however,  Equiseta, 
Rhizocarps,  and  Club  Mosses,  a  diifereut  series  exists. 
The  spore  first  gives  rise  to  a  cellular  expansion,  which 
is  sometimes  very  small,  and  confined  to  its  apex  or 
even  almost  inclosed  within  its  ruptured  coat;  sometimes 
to  a  foliaceous  lamina  like  that  of  some  Liverworts,  as 
in  the  true  Ferns  ;  or  sometimes,  again,  to  a  body  which 
calls  to  mind  the  earlier  stages  of  the  growth  of  Mosses 
just  when  the  leaves  appear,  as  in  Equiseta,  though  in 
reality  not  bearing  any  very  close  resemblance.  On  the 
substance  of  this  expansion  in  the  one  instance,  or  on 
the  surface  in  the  other,  archegonia  are  produced  as  in 
the  former  group  ;  but  in  this  case  it  is  not  simply 
he  organ  of  fnictification  which  is  the  immediate  end 
of  impregnation  ;  nor  yet  is  it  the  formation  of  a  seed, 
as  in  Phsenogaras  ;  but  of  the  plant  itself,  imder  many 
varying  forms,  which  is  intended  ultimately  by  a  trans- 
formation of  certain  tissue,  similar  to  what  takes  place 
in  the  theca  of  a  Moss  or  Jungermannia,  to  give  birth 
as  before  to  reproductive  spores.  It  is  evident  that  the 
object  in  view  is  far  more  similar  in  this  division  of  the 
higher  Cryptogams  to  that  which  is  involved  in  the  act 
of  impregnation  in  Phsenogams  ;  the  main  difierence 
consisting  in  the  fact  that  in  PhEenogams  the  young 
plant  or  embryo  exists  for  a  greater  or  less  time  in  a 
state  of  rest,  while  in  the  others  the  development  is 
constantly  proceeding,  the  reproductive  bodies,  being 
generated  without  any  furtlier  act  of  impregnation.  It 
is  amongst  these  higher  Cryptogams,  then,  that  we 
may  expect  the  nearest  approach  to  the  phenomena 
exliibited  by  Phanogams,  though,  as  said  above,  there 
is  a  wonderful  accordance  in  the  growth  of  the  embryo 
after  impregnation  amongst  the  whole  body  of  Cryp- 
togams. 

The  conifers,  includmg  the  Taxads,  which  together 
fonn  so  singular  a  group,  present  the  greatest  similarity  ; 
and  it  is  with  these,  accordingly,  that  our  author  insti- 
tutes a  comparison.  Like  the  original  mother  cell  of 
the  spores  of  Rhizocarps  and  Club-mosses,  the  embryo- 
8ac  is  one  of  the  axillary  cells,  which  there  is  changed 
mto  a  sporangium,  here  into  an  ovule.  In  both  alike 
the  embryo-sac  soon  loses  its  mechanical  connection 
with  the  surrounding  tissue.  These  points,  indeed,  are 
common  to  the  Coniferie,  with  other  Phtenogams.  But 
further,  the  albuminous  cells,  with  which  the  embryo 
aac  of  Conifers  is  filled  before  impregnation,  together 
with  the  corposcula  at  its  apex,  which  communicate  by 
a  narrow  channel  with  the  surrounding  air,  bear  the 
most  striking  resemblnnce  to  the  bodies  formed  at  the 
apex  of  the  germinating  spore  of  a  Club-moss,  with  their 
archegonia.  Aa  in  the  Club-moss  many  of  the  arclic- 
gonia  arc  eU-nle,  so  ia  it  with  the  corpuscula,  where  no 
pollen  tube  IiaH  entered  the  channel.  The  most  striking 
difference  if*  that  the  corpuHcles  of  Conifers  are  filled 
with  fioatmg  cells  or  groups  of  cells,  wheroas  there  is 
but  a  Mngle  cell  at  the  base  of  the  embryo-sac  of  the 
archegoniura,  or  entirely  filling  its  cavity.  This  differ- 
ence, however,  in  great  measure  vanisiiea  when  it  is 
considcrefl  that  the  only  cell  which  gives  riec  to  the 
embryo  is  that  which  ia  presKcd  to  tlie  buse  of  the  cor- 
piwcle,  the  others  doubtless  affording  sustenance  to  the 
young  embryo.  The  Bubsequent  diviwion  of  the  body, 
formed  after  impregnation  into  a  biindh:  of  auHpcnBorH 
of  «o  many  tmbryoH,  i^  a  fact  entirely  aai  tjnicrWj  which 
ia  without  parallel  in  other  portions  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

In  the  neighbouring  family  of  Cycads  mattera  Hcem 
alraoHt  revcTHcd,  tlic  nuHpenHor  being  divided  above  and 
terminating  in    a   number   of  aacH,  which  a   hllglit    in- 

•  The  K«roilnfttion  unr]  lu)i(rt(((itttlon  of  Churadii  buB  not  at 
prcftDt  ttcQ  luOicUntly  Btudtcd. 


spection  might  confound  with  the  corpuscula.  Not  the 
slightest  confirmation  of  the  conversion  of  the  sperma- 
tozoa into  embryos,  as  indicated  in  Ferns  by  Leszczy- 
Suminski,  in  accordance  with  the  theories  of  the 
Pollinists,  is  afforded  by  the  multitudinous  observations 
of  our  author. 

The  investigation  of  the  growth  of  the  embryo  under 
such  differing  circumstances,  would  of  course  give 
occasion  to  observe  the  mode  of  increase  of  cellular  plants. 
IS'iigeli  has  already  paid  great  attention  to  this  point;  and 
Hotmeister  confirms  some  of  his  views,  but  not  all. 

He  informs  us  in  the  Summary  of  vObservations  with 
which  his  work  concludes,  that  he  believes  that  "  the 
hope  must  be  abandoned  of  deriving  from  the  mode  of 
the  multiplication  of  cells,  a  generally  available  dis- 
tinction between  axis  and  appendage.  The  differences 
of  the  development  of  leaf  and  stem  are  only  quanti- 
tative not  qualitative. 

"  The  distinction  which  Nageli  proposed  in  his  acute 
treatise  on  the  difference  of  leaf  and  stem  are  proved  to 
be  untenable.  The  leaf  indeed  arises  immediately  below 
the  point  of  vegetation,  before  the  completion  of  the 
formation  of  the  cells  at  the  point  from  whence  it  springs. 
But  under  like  circumstances  hairs  often  arise,  as  in 
Polytrichum,  Piagiocli'da  asplenloides,  Pellia,  Aneura, 
Plhdaria.  A  new  stem  originates  in  the  interior  of  the 
cellular  tissue  of  the  mother  axis,  when  an  adventitious 
shoot  is  formed  ;  in  all  other  cases  on  the  surface,  and 
befox'e  the  shoot  has  arrived  at  its  full  diameter. 
The  modes  of  the  multipUcation  of  cells  are  not 
by  far  so  various  as  the  many  different  forms  of 
perfect  organs  would  lead  one  to  suppose.  For 
instance,^  the  rule  of  the  multiplication  of  cells  iu 
the  stem  of  Selaginella^  Aneicra,  and  Mctzgeria  is 
essentially  the  same.  The  multiplication  of  cells  in 
many  leaves  agrees  with  that  of  the  elaters  of  Mar- 
chantiwj  &c.  The  cylindrical  stems  of  all  Mosses  and 
Ferns,  as  also  the  axis  of  the  embryo  of  Conifers,  grow 
by  a  continued  multiplication  of  one  apical  cell  through 
alternate  walls,  inclined  to  the  right  and  left ;  so  far 
my  investigations  confirm  one  of  Nageli's  dicta.  The 
extension  of  that  position,  however,  to  Phieuogams  in 
general,  I  consider  as  entirely  incorrect.  In  only  a  few 
cases,  mostly  of  Monocotyledons,  could  I  convince  my- 
self of  such  a  growth  of  the  end  of  the  stem.  In  other 
cases,  for  instance  in  Vi^cwn  album  and  Lythrum  sali- 
caria,  I  think  I  am  not  wrong  iu  the  assumption  that 
the  repeated  simultaneous  division  of  many  terminal 
cells  produces  the  elongation  of  the  stem." 

In  consequence  of  the  great  importance  and  interest 
of  the  memoir,  we  have  extended  our  remarks  far  be- 
yond oui'  usual  limits.  We  must  content  ourselves,  in 
conclusion,  with  stating  that  it  is  a  work  which  is  indis- 
pensable to  every  student  who  wishes  to  take  some- 
thing more  than  a  superficial  glance,  or  to  know  merely 
the  names  and  forms  of  the  plants  in  question.  The 
plates  are  everything  that  can  be  desired  in  point  of 
clearness,  and  the  descriptions  which  accompany  them 
sufficiently  full  and  precise  ;  the  only  drawback  to  their 
easy  study  being  an  unnecessary  confusion  in  the  num- 
bering of  the  figures,  arising  from  a  want  of  system  in 
the  arrangement ;  a  fault  which  too  often  is  charge- 
able to  complicated  figures  where  the  labour  of  hunting 
amongst  30  or  40  illustrations  for  the  next  in  succession 
is  tedious  and  vexatious. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Roses  for.  Exhibition,  in  a  Cut  State,  in  June 
OR  July.  {Continued  from  p.  23.) — Ilyhrid  China. — 
Brennus  :  Deep  carmine,  superb,  very  large  and  full — 
Paul.  Charles  Foucquier :  Deep  pink,  beautiful,  large  and 
full — Paul.  Chenedole  :  Lai'ge,  vivid  crimson,  splendid 
— Francis  ;  vivid  crimson,  flowers  very  large,  forms  a 
magnificent  standard — Rivers.  Comtesse  de  Lacepcde  : 
Silvery  pale  blush,  beautiful — Bircham  ;  silvery  blush — 
Foster.  General  Jacqueminot :  Purplish  red,  a  large 
and  fine  rose  of  excellent  shape — Bircham  ;  fine  purple 
crimson,  large  and  double — Francis  ;  purplish  crimson, 
large  and  full — Paid ;  purplish  red,  a  large  and  fine 
Rose,  of  the  most  perfect  shape — Rivers.  General 
Lamoriciere  :  Bright  pink,  beautiful — Appleby  ;  bright 
rose,  very  beautiful  in  shape,  frequently  giving  autumnal 
flowers — Curtis.  Hypocrate  :  Deep  crimson  lilac,  large 
and  very  double — Bircham.  Jeno  :  Delicate  rose,  large, 
double  and  splendid — Francis.  Lady  Stewart :  Silvery 
blush,  fine  form,  superb,  lai'ge  and  full — Paul.  Tri- 
omphe  de  Laqueue  :  Lilac  crimson,  a  fine  outline,  large 
— Bircham  ;  purplish  rose,  large  and  splendid^ — ^Lane. 
These  Roses  thrive  in  almost  any  soil,  and  should  be 
very  sparingly'pruned,  merely  thinning  out  the  old  wood 
that  has  produced  bloom,  and  slightly  shortening  the 
slioots  that  are  retained — Wood.  Hybrid  Bourhon.— 
Charles  Duval  :  Rose,  very  large  and  double,  superb — 
Francis;  deep  pink,  beautiful,  large  and  full — Paul; 
bright  rose,  a  large  and  fine  flower,  justly  esteemed — 
Rivers.     Comte  Boubert :  Deep  rose,  large  and  superb 

—  Curtis.  Comtesse  Mole  :  Dark  rose,  large  and  fine — 
Francis  ;  delicate  rosy  pinic,  beautiful — Lane.  Coupe 
d'llubt;  :  Delicate  briglit  rose,  superb — Appleby  ;  deli- 
cate glossy  pink,  exquisite  iu  aluvpc — Curtis  ;  very  largo 
briglit  pink,  splendid — Franeia  ;  bright  fleshy  pinlt, 
Hplcndid — Lane  ;  rich  deep  pinlt,  large  and  very  double 

—  Paul  ;  delicate  gloHsy  pink,  one  ol'  the  most  perfect  and 
beautiful  of  Rosea — Rivera  ;  globular,  very  largo  and 
double,  one  of  the  finest  Roses  grown— Wood.  Frede- 
rick the  Sfccond  :  Dark  crimson,  very  large — Wilkinaon. 
Garibalfli  :  Li^^ht  crimson,  a  very  rich  and  pcrl'eiit  now 
RoHc — Wootl.  Gloricux  :  Silvery  bluah,  pcrri;ct  Hlinpo — 
Wood.     Laa  Cases  ;  Bright  red,  a  good  old  Rose,  of  fine 


fox-m — Bircham;  immensely  large,  one  of  our  finest  show 
Roses — Wood.  Paul  Perras :  Brilliant  shaded  rose 
superb— Curtis.  Paul  lUcaut:  Crimson  and  scarlet, 
large  and  full,  splendid— Appleby  ;  brilliant  and  distinct 
crimson, superb  — Curtis  ;  bright  crimson, large  andfull, 
one  of  the  finest  Roses  grown— Francis  ;  deep  carmine, 
globular,  and  very  beautiful— Lane  ;  bright  rosy  crim- 
son, large  and  full— Paul  ;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  ia 
this  group— Rivers  ;  very  lar^e  and  double,  certainly 
one  of  the  most  beautiful — Wood.  The  same  rules 
may  be  observed  in  this  class,  as  with  the  Hybrid 
Chinas— Francis.  The  foliage  and  blooms  of  these 
are  quite  superb — Lane  ;  these  are  all  good  Roses, 
readily  known  by  their  broad  stout  foliage — Paul  ;  they 
require  the  same  treatment  as  is  recommended  for  the 
Hybrid  Chinas,  but  they  should  be  rather  more  closely 
pruned — Wood.  Alba, — Madame  Audiot:  Creamy  white, 
blush  centre,  beautiful — Lane ;  pale  flesh,  beautiful,  large 
and  full— Paul.  This  class  of  Roses  is  a  valuableand  popular 
one — Paul ;  the  i'ragrance  of  this  class  is  equal  to  that 
of  theProvins — Lane.  Damash  :  La  VilledeBruxelles: 
Light  rose  with  blush  margin — Bircham  ;  light  rose, 
margin  blush,  large  and  full — Paul.  Madame  Hardy  : 
Pure  white— Foster  ;  white,  beautiful,  large,  and  full 
— Paul.  Madame  Zoutman  :  Creamy  white — a  most 
splendid  Rose  —  Bircham.  The  shoots  aud  leaves 
of  Damask  Roses  are  of  a  very  light  green,  on  account 
of  which  they  pi'eseut  a  striking  contrast  when  intro- 
duced among  other  Roses  ;  otherwise  they  may  readily 
be  distinguished  by  their  rough  spinous  shoots  and 
coriaceous  leaves  ;  the  Damask  Roses  are  perfectly 
hardy,  and  should  have  a  place  in  every  collection — 
Paul,  In  this  and  the  preceding  list  of  summer  Roses, 
we  have  closely  followed  the  popular  classifications  of 
the  trade  catalogues.  Selections  from  the  autumnal 
divisions  will  be  given  in  our  next.  J.  E. 

Hardiness  of  the  Cineraria. — I  observed  some  time 
back  in  your  paper  an  observation  common  in  all 
gardening  books,  but  repeated,  to  my  surprize,  by  Mr. 
E.  G.  Henderson,  on  the  constitution  of  the  Cineraria, 
that  "  it  will  stand  no  frost."  I  suppose  he  is  too  good 
a  cultivator  of  them  to  have  ever  run  the  risk  of 
knowing  how  much  they  will  stand.  But  this  I  know, 
that  a  plant  I  had  from  him  endured  m  November,  1850, 
12°  of  frost,  and  yet  in  June,  1851,  had  on  two  stems 
120  full  grown  blossoms.  I  was  again  caught  unprepared 
this  last  November,  and  all  my  stock  was  frozen  hard 
and  stiff,  yet  I  never  saw  them  looking  more  promising 
than  they  do  now.  They  were,  of  com'se,  thawed  in  the 
dark,  and  gradually  ;  aud  if  the  foliage  be  moist  when 
frost  first  seizes  it,  it  appears  to  perish  ;  but  even  then 
the  plant  does  not  die.  And  I  am  disposed  to  think  that  in 
a  north  aspect  it  would  survive  our  ordinary  >vinters 
out  of  doors  ;  at  least,  that  its  danger  would  not  be 
the  cold  of  winter,  but  from  the  refreezing  of  half- 
melted  snows  in  the  spring,  lota. 


TDI.1P9  :  J H.  Raiu  doeB  not  harm  them  in  their  preeent  stato 
80  much  ns  fruet.  J.  E. 

Pinks  :  J  E.  Althounh  Fern  \&  so  generally  recommended,  we 
have  never  seen  it  in  uae  ;  one  of  the  best  winter  protections 
is  to  have  the  bed  well  raised  above  the  a,lieje — say  1  foot, 
and  even  then  so  rounded  that  water  may  readily  pass  off. 
We  have  seldom  seen  Pink  beds  thorouf^bly  well  made.  J.  E, 


Miscellaneous- 


On  the  Ch-een  Colouring  Matter  of  Plants.— -.Ai  the 
Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  Dec.  22,  M.  Dumas  pre- 
sented a  communication  from  M.  Verdeil,  containing 
his  researches  on  this  subject,  which  he  signahses  as 
presenting  a  great  analogy  with  the  red  colouring  matter 
of  the  blood  of  animals.  The  green  colouring  matter 
which  may  be  extracted  from  most  plants  by  means  of 
alcohol  or  ether,  has  been  considered  to  be  an  organic 
substance,  but  little  homogeneous  in  its  composition  ;  it 
is  called  chlorophyle,  or  the  green  resin  of  plants.  M. 
Verdeil  states,  that  he  has  proved  that  this  green  resin 
is  a  mixture  of  a  colourless,  fatty  substance,  capable  of 
crystallising,  and  a  colouring  principle,  presenting  the 
greatest  analogies  with  the  red  colouring  principle  of 
the  blood,  which,  by  the  way,  has  never  yet  been 
obtained  in  a  state  of  complete  purity.  The  colouring 
matter  of  vegetables  like  that  of  blood,  contains  a 
large  quantity  of  iron.  To  isolate  it,  it  is  precipitated 
from  a  boiling  solution  of  chlorophyle  in  alcohol,  by 
means  of  milk  of  lime.  The  solution  becomes  colourless, 
the  alcohol  retains  the  fatty  substance,  whilst  the  lime 
throws  down  the  whole  of  the  colouring  matter.  This 
is  separated  from  the  lime  by  means  of  hydrochloric 
acid  and  ether,  which  dissolves  the  green  matter,  leaving 
a  coloured  layer  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  liquid.  On 
evaporating  the  ether,  the  colouring  matter  of  plants  is 
obtained  in  a  perfect  state  of  purity.  The  colouring 
principle  of  the  blood  of  animals  is  thus  analogous  to 
the  colouring  principle  of  vegetables.  Both  contain  a 
large  quantity  of  iron  ;  "  Let  us  hope,"  says  M.  Verdeil, 
"  that  wo  may  soon  understand  the  relations  which  exist 
between  the  presence  of  iron  in  certain  colouring 
matters,  and  the  decompositions  which  the  gases 
constituting  tho  air  of  the  atmosphere  are  found  to 
undergo."  From  an  ocxaHonal  Corrvn'pondaU . 

J^'xperivwnfs  with  a  Hyacinth  bulb,  by  Dr.  Gocxt'pcrt. — 
If  the  bulb  of  a  Hyacinth  is  placed  in  an  inverted  posi- 
tion in  a  common  Hyacinth-glass  filled  witli  water,  tho 
leaves  and  llovver-stcm  grow  into  tho  water,  the  bloesoras 
unfold,  though  no  roots  arc  developed,  aud  tho  stem  aud 
leaves,  by  a  slight  curvature,  as  far  as  the  narrow 
dimcnsiona  of  tho  vessel  allow,  show  that  this  tendency 
upwards  is  not  extinguished.  This  becomes  more  evi- 
dent if  a  wider  ghiHs  is  uned.  The  leaves  and  flower- 
atems  arc  then  btrongly  curved,  and  evidently  strive  to 


40 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


[Jan.  17, 


invert  the  bulb.  This  upward  tendency  is  so  powerful, 
that  if  any  insuperable  impediment,  as  a  weight,  inter- 
venes, which  they  cannot  push  aside,  and  which  pre- 
vents their  growing  either  to  the  right  or  left,  the  leaves 
are  broken.  A  blue  Hyacinth,  which  had  been  treated 
in  this  way  from  the  20th  of  November  to  the  17th  of 
January,  was  placed  on  the  day  last  mentioned  with  the 
leaves  and  stem  curved  as  above,  in  a  wide  vessel,  hori- 
zontally on  the  water,  so  that  the  base  of  the  bulb  was  in 
its  natural  position  in  the  water.  The  curved  leaves  and 
■  stem,  notwithstanding  the  horizontal  position,  extended 
themselves  immediately,  and  roots  were  developed  from 
the  bulb  up  to  the  2d  of  February.  Oji  the  7th  of  Feb- 
ruai-y  the  plant  was  again  taken  out  of  the  water 
and  placed  upright  in  a  common  Hyacinth-glass, 
so  that  only  the  roots  reached  the  water.  The  leaves 
and  blossoms,  as  stated  above,  were  completely  deve- 
loped, but  without  any  odour  in  the  latter,  although 
they  exhibited  their  proper  olour  ;  they  had,  however, 
so  completely  assumed  the  character  of  an  aquatic  plant 
that,  first  the  blossoms,  and  then  the  upper  portions  of 
the  flower-stems  and  of  the  leaves  faded,  and  were 
quickly  parched  up.  Without  making  any  inferences  at 
present  from  this  experiment,  I  would  merely  remark 
that  the  upper  part  of  the  bulb,  or,  after  the  bud  has 
protruded,  only  the  bud  itself,  must  be  iu  contact  with 
the  water,  or  decay  will  soon  take  place.  If  the  bulb  be 
placed  in  a  common  garden  pot,  filled  with  earth,  so 
that  the  bud  may  grow  through  the  aperture  at  the 
bottom  of  the  pot  into  the  water,  the  growth  is  more 
vigorous,  hecause  the  roots  are  developed  ;  but  the 
above-mentioned  mode  of  experimenting  is  of  more 
physiological  interest.  If,  in  the  same  pot,  a  bulb  is 
allowed  at  the  same  time  to  grow  in  the  ordinary  way, 
the  contrast  between  the  two  is  very  striking.  Bot. 
Zeitv/nffjNov,  21,  1851. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weelcj 

GENERAL  REMARKS. 

Theee  are  not  pei'haps  two  places  in  the  kingdom 
•where  the  same  directions  require  to  be  carried  out  in 
a  similar  manner — difference  of  soil,  locality,  and  the 
•■various  demands  of  establishments,  will  require  considera- 
'  tion  ;  and,  iu  dealing  with  the  multifarious  branches  of 
:  gardening,  much,  after  all,  must  be  left  to  the  gardener 
'  himself,  as  regards  details.  Hence,  our  remarks  must 
be  taken  as  general  ones,  and  varied  agreeably  to  the 
specialities  of  particular  places  and  districts.  The 
present  heavy  rains  will,  in  many  places,  put  a  stop  to 
further  progress  with  ground  work  for  the  present. 
Where  such  is  the  case,  every  thing  that  can  be  done 
under  cover  should  be  proceeded  with,  stakes  pointed, 
sticking  wood  cut  and  tied  up,  and  various  other  things 
forwarded,  which  will  save  time  hereafter.  See  that 
the  stock  of  pots  is  ready  for  the  general  potting  next 
month.  We  may  add  that  but  very  few  places  have 
shed  room  to  employ  fully  the  hands  in  foul  weather,  at 
once  a  loss  to  their  employers  and  frequently  the  cause 
of  ill  health  to  the  men  employed.  If  the  ice-house  is 
not  already  filled,  have  every  thing  ready  to  begin 
when  the  first  frost  comes. 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

Although  it  is  not  desirable  to  shift  the  general  stock 
of  stove  and  greenhouse  plants,  for  a  few  weeks  to  come, 
yet,  under  some  circumstances,  a  part  may  require  being 
fresh  potted  at  this  time.  When  such  is  the  case,  room 
must  be  made  to  keep  them  apart  from  the  general 
■-  Btock,  for  a  short  time  afterwards,  as  their  treatment 
will  be  somewhat  different.  Most  soft-wooded  plants 
Require  heading  back,  or  pruning,  at  this  season  ;  and 
this  should  always  be  performed  a  sufficient  time  before 
the  plant  is  repotted,  to  enable  it  to  make  a  fresh  growth. 
It  is  often,  too,  necessary,  with  this  class  of  plants,  to 
-disroot  them  (in  some  measure)  at  this  potting  ;  and 
this  is  an  additional  inducement  to  defer  this  till  the 

■  plant  has  made  sufficient  growth,  say  young  shoots  an 
inch  long,  to  enable  it  to   bear  the  operation  without 

'  injury.  Stove  plants  of  this  habit  will  be  much  bene- 
fitted by  bottom-heat  and  a  moist  temperature,  till 
-active  growth  commences.    Thin  and  tie  out  the  shoots 

■  as  they  advance,  to  form  them  into  the  desired  speci- 
"metis,  and  guard  against  injuring  the  foliage.     Much  of 

'  the  beauty  of  plants  consists  in  their  having  clean, 
"beSilthy  leaves.  Dry  roots  of  Gloriosa,  and  a  por- 
tion of  the  stock  of  Gesneras,  Gloxinias,  Achimenes, 
and  other  herbaceous  stove  plants,  may  now  be  plunged  in 
bottom  heat,  to  start  them  previously  to  potting.  Attend 
to  the  training  of  plants  on  wires,  and  trellises.  Fast 
growing  plants,  such  as  Tropeeolums,  will  require  looking 
to  frequently.  Cinerarias  will  now  require  some  assist- 
ance in  the  shape  of  weak  mauure-water  ;  watch  for 
green  fly,  to  which  this  plant  is  much  liable.  As  the 
principal  kinds  of  Begonias  will  now  be  showing  bloom, 
they  may  be  advantageously  removed  to  the  conserva- 
tory, previously  staking  them  carefully,  to  preserve  theii* 
fine  foliage  from  being  damaged. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
ViNERT. — Gradually  reduce  the  moistm-e  of  the  early 
Vinery,  as  the  Vines  come  into  bloom.     A  compara- 
tively dry  heat  at  this  season  is  essential  to  the  disper- 
sion of  the  pollen,  and  consequent  impregnation  of  the 
,    berries.     The  temperature  at  the  time  of  blooming  may 
be  65**  by  night.     Some  kinds  of  Grapes,  as  the  Sweet- 
water and  Muscat,  require  70°  ;    an  advance  of  10° 
may  be  allowed  by  day.     Well  protect  from  heavy  rain 
-   and  snow  the  borders  of  Vineries  at  work.      Where 
the    houses   containing  late  Grapes  are  required    for 
other  purposes,  the  Grapes  may  now  be  cut,  with  the 


spur  attached,  and  hung  in  a  dry,  dark  room  ;  in  which  , 
they  will  keep  fresh  and  plump  for  a  long  time.  Peach- 
house. — Here  the  early  crop  will  be  coming  into  bloom, 
and  if  their  previous  treatment  has  been  steady  and 
progressive,  the  bloom  will  be  fine,  and  the  chancfcs  of 
a  crop  increased  to  nearly  a  certainty.  When  in  bloom, 
suspend  the  syringe,  and  allow  only  a  slight  wetting  to 
be  given  to  the  pipes  or  flues  once  or  twice  daily, 
according  to  the  weather.  Allow  a  slight  circulation  of 
air  at  all  times,  gradually  increased  as  the  day  advances, 
and  withdrawn  early  in  the  afternoon.  Artificial  im- 
pregnation may  be  effected,  by  gently  touching  the  blooms 
on  fine  days  with  a  feather  or  camel-hair  brush.  The 
night  temperature  may  still  remain  at  from  45°  to  48^,  and 
the  outside  borders  should  be  well  protected  from  wet 
and  atmospheric  changes.  If  Figs  have  been  com- 
menced, the  forcing  must  be  gentle  and  steady  ;  sudden 
changes  of  temperature  often  proving  fatal  to  the  em- 
bryo fruit,  forming  the  first  crop  ;  55°  may  be  the 
maximum  night  temperature  ;  syringe  frequently  on 
bright  days.  Cherries,  if  began,  should  be  frequently 
damped  ;  make  slight  fires  on  dull  days,  but,  for  the 
present,  let  them  remain  without  artificial  heat  by  night, 
except  in  severe  frost.  Mind  the  glass  is  clean  washed 
in  every  description  of  forcing-house.  The  days  at  this 
season  are  dark  enough,  without  the  addition  of  dirty 
glass  to  make  the  inmates  of  forcing  and  plant  houses 
feel  the  bad  effects  of  a  short  allowance ;  of  this, 
no  plant  is  more  susceptible  than  the  Strawberry ; 
hence  give  them  as  liberal  a  portion  as  circumstances 
permit,  with  a  gentle  steady  heat. 

FLOWER  WARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERT. 

The  stock  of  bedding  out  plants  should  now  be  looked 
over  ;  where  anything  is  short,  remove  a  portion  of  the 
stock  into  a  warm  house  to  produce  cuttings  for  pro- 
pagation. It  is  often  difficult  to  procure  sufficient 
plants  in  the  autumn  of  some  kinds  ;  and  cuttings  struck 
in  this  and  the  next  month  of  ail  the  more  soft  wooded 
plants,  and  properly  hardened  off,  will  bloom  equally 
well  with  those  struck  the  previous  autumn.  It  is, 
however,  advisable  that  bedding  out  Geraniums,  and 
other  woody  plants,  which  require  to  be  of  a  certain 
age,  and  size,  before  they  are  transplanted  to  the  open 
borders,  should  have  been  struck  and  well  established 
before  winter,  as  fresh  struck  plants  of  such  are  apt  to 
grow  too  fast  to  produce  a  fine  show  of  blooms.  Be  on 
the  safe  side  as  regards  numbers  ;  there  is  rarely  an 
over  stock  at  planting  time.  In  all  large  places, 
some  odd  corner  is  set  apart  for  growing  such 
shrubs  and  plants  as  are  most  commonly  required 
to  fill  up  vacancies,  or  ornament  cottage  gardens  ; 
where  such  is  the  case,  cuttings  of  the  more 
comttton  ornamental  shrubs,  &c.,  may  now  be  put 
in,  mth  Honeysuckles,  Koses,  &c.,  and  every  other 
description  of  plant  used  for  the  above  purposes 
should  be  propagated,  of  which  the  more  showy 
herbaceous  plants  should  always  form  a  part.  The 
stock  of  evergi'eens  for  this  purpose  should  be  frequently 
lifted,  that  their  final  removal  may  be  effected  at  any 
season  without  risk. 

Eeeatdm. — In  last  weeVs  Calendar,  under  this  bead,  five 
lines  from  bottom  of  article,  for  "  and  the  present  front  shoots 
thinned,"  read  "  and  the  present  year's  shoots  thinned,"  &c, 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 

We  were  in  the  garden  of  an  amateur  the  other  day, 
and  had  our  attention  directed  to  a  bed  of  Pinks,  con- 
sisting of  most  of  the  best  sorts  in  cultivation,  which  had 
been  eaten  down  to  the  stumps  by  rabbits.  Many  florists' 
gardens  are  exposed  to  this  serious  disaster.  We  recom- 
mend our  friend  iu  future  to  protect  his  bed  with  gal- 
vanised wire  netting,  by  placing  some  Larch  stakes, 
2  feet  out  of  the  ground,  at  short  intervals,  round  the 
bed,  to-jwhich  the  wire  should  be  fastened  ;  the  depre- 
dations of  rabbits  would  thus  be  effectually  prevented  ; 
and  we  know  of  nothing  better,  even  wei*e  there  none  of 
these  vermin  in  the  vicinity,  than  a  close-meshed  wire 
net  as  a  protection  to  beds  of  Pansies,  Carnations, 
Tulips,  &c.,  which  ai-e  often  more  injured  in  spring 
from  cold  cutting  winds  than  by  frost.  The  Ranun- 
culus bed  should  have  attention ;  give  it  a  slight 
forking  over,  throwing  it  up  into  little  ridges  ;  these 
can  at  any  time  be  levelled  down  previous  to  plant- 
ing. Look  over  the  collection  of  roots,  separate  the 
offsets  from  those  which  are  large  enough  to  bloom 
for  planting  on  the  reserve  bed,  these  will  flower 
spendidly  the  succeeding  season  j  it  is  for  want  of  this, 
that  we  often  see  large  spaces  iu  the  amateur's  Kanun- 
culus  bed  without  a  bloom.  Hollyhocks  appear  to  be 
coming  fast  into  favour,  not  only  as  a  beautiful  border 
plant,  but  also  as  a  florist's  flower  for  exhibition.  Those 
planted  in  the  border  are  extremely  liable  to  the  attacks 
of  slugs,  which  greedily  feed  on  the  fleshy  shoots  ;  a 
dusting  of  soot  occasionally  will  make  them,  however, 
less  palatable.  Those  which  are  wintered  in  pots  must 
have  the  decayed  leaves  carefully  removed,  as  few  hardy 
plants  suffer  so  much  from  these. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Not  much  can  be  done  in  this  department  at  present ; 
the  heavy  rains  will  have  I'endered  the  ground  quite 
unfit  for  working  for  some  time.  Set  traps  for  mice, 
and  destroy  all  vermin.  Look  after  the  crops  of  Peas  and 
Beans  in  the  ground,  and  keep  from  drench  the  stock 
of  Lettuce  and  Cauliflower  in  frames.  See  to  the 
manure  heaps,  prepare  road  scrapings,  the  sweeping  of 
towns,  charred  refuse,  mix  the  rubbish  wheeled  from 
the  vegetable  grounds  with  salt — this  will  form  a  valu- 
able manure  for  any  land.  If  possible,  do  not  employ 
the  same  description  of  manure  twice  together  on  the 
same  land,  a  change  will  produce  the  greatest  results. 


Stateof  the  Wefttber  near  London, for  the  ^eekendintr  3&a.  15,  ISSf, 
as  obeerred  at  the  Horticultural  Garden,  Chlowick. 


^ 

TBMPBHAIOai. 

< 

Jao. 

1 

a 

17 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

Wind. 

Max. 

MId. 

«"■ 

Min. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday..    0 

29.4  SO 

29  113 

2fi 

32.5 

40 

39 

SW, 

.00 

29.714 

^9.663 

50 

37.i> 

■M 

3a 

Sundaj  .  U 

29.310 

29.022 

51 

43 

47.0 

33 

.»; 

29.32e 

29.151 

hi 

S6 

45.0 

41 

41 

29.333 

29.H3 

50 

39 

44.5 

AV. 

Wed.    ..  11 

iJ 

29.739 

29701 

&l 

39 

45.0 

424 

4! 

Thura...  l& 

-ja 

29.002 

29.455 

56 

44 

50.11 

43i 

42 

Arerage,... 

39.512 

29.3C9 

50.1  1  36.0 

43.0 

40.7 

J9.a 

1.4S 

()-GlearaDd  fiae;  eloudr  at  oitcht. 
10— Clear  and  froBty;  fine;  rain  at  nigbt, 
U— HaiD  ;  overcaBt;  denacly  clou<Ied, 
12— Rain  ;  conatant  rain  ihrou(thout. 
13— Foggy,  with  rain  ;  drizzly;  densely  overcaat, 
U  -Fo^gy;  ovCrcufit;  rain  at  night. 
15— Densely  clouded;  rain;  fine;  rain  atniprnt. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  7  deg.  abo?e  the  averane. 


State  of  the  Weather  at  Chlswlck,  during  the  last  25  yearB,for  Uw 
eaBulan;  week, ending  Jan.  24,  m52. 


Jao. 

Hi 

III 

II 

Ko.  of 
Years  In 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

Pre»aUinB  Wlnda. 

"4 
4 

2 

1 

1 

4 
3 
3 

1 
4 
4 
4 
I 

S 

1 
3 

1 
1 
5 
3 
I 

4 
4 
4 
6 
3 
4 
3 

6'  b 

4:  2 
^  4 
81  2 
S|  2 
9    5 

Sunday  18 
Mod.     19 
Tuea.     20 
Wed.     21 
Tbura.  22 
Friday  23 
Satur.  24 

41.9 
42.0 
40.7 
42.a 
43.6 
44.3 
43.1 

3o!2 
30.5 
33.0 
31.1 
33.7 
32.7 

36.8 
3S.1 
35  6 
37-9 
.•18  3 
33.9 
37.9 

n 

U 
5 

14 
18 
12 

18 

0,^5  in. 

0.S3 
0.65 
0.48 
0.57 
0.27 
0.51 

3 

2 

1 

2 
t 
4 

1 

The  highest  temperature  durinir  the  abore  period  occurred  on  the  19th 
1828— therm.  60  deg. ;  and  the  loweit  ou  the  19th,  ISSS-therm.  4i  deg. 
below  zero. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BiEDS  -ST.  Thb  Robim,  &c.  ;  about  which,  and  other  "preaa- 
ina:  matters  "  you  ask  '  advice,'  has  received  all  due  con- 
sideration at  our  hands,  and  a  long  letter  awaits  you ;  your 
address,  however,  was  -not  enclosed  on  a  'slip  of  paper;* 
consequently  we  feel  sure  that  the  simple  address  of  *'  New- 
caatle-upon-Tyne*  could  never  find  you.  No  doubt  the 
'address'  fell  out  of  the  letter.  Please  write  at  once,  as 
your  case  is  a  trying  one,  and  these  columns  cannot  admit 
of  lengthy  discussions.— George  S.  It  is  a  hm  blackbird  ;  let 
it  fly  in  a  fortnight,  not  sooner. — Bebecoa  Z.  We  prefer  the 
German  canaries,  if  they  are  properly  "instructed." — 
Eliza  P.  He  has  'moulted'  badly,  in  consequence  of  not 
having  been  kept  warm.  He  will  be  ragged  now  until  next 
autumn. — Winni/red,  Discontinue  the  Hemp-seed  immedi- 
ately, and  keep  to  Flai,  Canary,  and  Rape  only. — JDUSaffiTia, 
It  is  the  *'  husk,"  Boiled  milk  for  two  days,  instead  of  water, 
will  soon  remove  it.— J'red.  C.  Fifteen  shillings  is  quite  suf- 
tjcient ;  and  we  advise  you  not  to  Rive  more.  The  dealer 
sees  you  want  the  bird.  Keep  away  for  a  week  !—X>oroiftfla.. 
There  is  nothing  better  than  a  enail,  or  three  or  four  meal- 
wormB.  He  will  rally  directly. — Maria  L.  Soak  his  feet  in 
warm  water.  Handle  him  gently,  and  the  "  pellets  "  of  dirt 
will  come  off  readily.— J" .7.  Hang  him  higher,  or  ho  will 
never  breakout  in  Bong.— Andrew  P.  Tou  may  expect  bim 
to 'open'  before  the  present  month  expires.  His  "liveli- 
nesa  "  gives  full  assurance  of  ihis.—  W  Cole.  If  you  purchase 
your  hen  canaries  now,  be  sura  and  keep  them  in  a  room  by 
themselves.- Jd>ie  W.  You  can  do  so,  if  you  think  proper; 
but  the  valv^  of  your  bird  will  be  sacrificed  by  the  act. — £  P. 
Those  bred  in  Yorkshhe  are  by  far  the  stoutest, — WUton, 
Early  in  March ;  but  the  weather  has  much  to  do  with  it, 
Tou  must  use  sound  judgment  in  the  matter*— 'JF  Jf. 
Your  bird  is  "husky,"  from  having  taken  cold.  Feed  him 
on  raw  beef,  scraped,  and  yolk  of  egg  (boiled  hard),  moistened 
with  water  ;  administer  this  quite  fresh,  twice  daily  ;  and  on 
the  third  day  he  will  most  probably  resume  his  song.  W,  iE", 
Books  :  KmningtQn.  We  presume  your  inquiry  applies  to 
British  plants,  in  which  case  procure  "  Babl'ngton's  Manual," 
or  "Hooker  and  Arnott's  British  Flora."  Of  course  they 
are  on  the  Natural  System.  None  but  children  (old  and 
young)  use  the  Linnean  now-a-days. 
CoNiFEBB :  Derwent.  The  following  will  possibly  answer  your 
purpose: — Finus  insignis,  auatriaca,  Laricio,  Flnsapo,  ex- 
celsa,  and  the  Douglas  Fir.+ 
Cbeosoteb-  Timbee  :  A  M.  You  had  best  apply  to  the  patentee. 

See  last  week'u  Number,  p.  22.^ 
DEN:>aoBiDU  mobile:   iV  S.  Since  your  plant  has  began  to 
push,  you  may  commence  watering  it  now,  sparingly  at  first ; 
but  increasing  the  supply  as  it  advances  in  growth,  f 
Gabdbn  Walls  :  Bagnals  Town.    The  best  thing  you  can  do 
with  your  old  walls  is  to  "grout"   them    with    cement. 
Nothing  is  equal  to  Portland  cement  for  this  purpose,  if  it  is 
properly  applied,  and  allowed  to  become  hard  before  it  is 
used.     But  any  kind  of  Roman  cement  wUl  answer  the 
purpose. 
Gbapes  :  O  Fry,  Your  Grapes,  taken  from  3  house  from  which 
examples  were  exhibited  in  Regent.street  in  October  last, 
and  which  have  been  cured  of  mildew  that  had  attacked 
them  both  in  1850  and  1351,  are  in  every  respect  admirable. 
Names  of  Fbuits  :  JM,  1,  Oatillac  Pear ;  1,  Golden  Reinette  ; 
2,  18,  Wheeler's  Russet ;  5,  Cornish  Gillyflower  ;  15,  Golden 
Harvey  ;  22,  Wyken  Pippin,  23,   "Veiny  Pippin ;  24,  French 
Russet;   25,  Lemon  Pippin;  27,  Minchall  Orab.ll— .S  3  T., 
Manchester  :  The  Pear  was  decayed  ;  it  is  probably  the  same 
as  one  called  Knight's  Monarch,  but  not  the  true  one.  [j 
Names  of  Plants  :    C  L  C.    The  botanical  name  of  the  pale 
yellow  Nelumbium,  found  in  North  America,  is  N.  lutenm. — 
JM,  It  is  not  possible  to  name  seedling  plants,  unless  they 
are  very  common. 
Obanqb  Tbees  :  Sub.  Any  respectable  nurseryman  can  either 
supply  you  with  them  himself  or  tell  you  where  you  can  get 
them.     We  never  recommend  dealers.} 
Peaches  and    Nectabines  :   A  Subscriber.    The  Mountaineer 
Peach  aud  the  Stanwick  Nectarine  are  good  sorts,  that  have 
been  raised  from  seed  within  a  recent  period.      The  Yioletta 
Hutive  Nectarine  is  considered  a  much  older  variety  than  the 
Elruge,  and  several  others  iu  cultivation.il 
Seaeale  :  OF.  Your  seedling  does  not  appear  to  differ  from 
ordinary  Seakale  in  any  particular  worth  attention.    It  is 
whiter  than  the  old  head  sent ;  but  slight  variations  of  colour. 
between  purple  and  white  may  always  be  picked  oat  of  every 
seed  bed.  :(  , 

Snow  Soap  :  Saponaria  asks  for  a  receipt  for  making  snow- 
soap,  "as  used  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  In  the  life  of  Bishop 
Shirley,  published  18i9,  he  mentions  having  used  this  soap 
in  the  house  of  a  clergyman,  and  says  the  ingredients  are, 
kitchen  soap,  3J  lbs. ;  snow  24  lbs. ;  add  two  table- 
spoonfuld  of  salt  and  it  will  make  27  lbs.,  but  nothing  is  said 
as  ta  the  mode  of  preparation."  "  Saponaria  "  is  anxious  to 
procure  the  receipt  before  winter  is  gone. 
Timbee  i  G  B.  We  are  obliged  to  adhere  to  our  rule  of  not 
recommending  dealers.  The  substance  is  chloride  of  zinc, 
which  may  be  had  of  any  wholesale  dealer  in  chemicals.  It 
does  not  discolour  timber  at  all. 
Water  Pipe?:  Caradoc.  The  best  pipe  you  can  use  is  of  ({lass. 
The  mode  of  jointing  is  now  understood  by  any  iatelligenc 
plumber. 


3— 1852.  J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


41 


SUTTON'S        GRASS        SEEDS, 
FOR    PERMANENT    PASTURE.    Jic. 

There  are  now  hiU  few  counties  in  England  wherein 
pastures  may  not  he  seen  which  have  been  foiined  with  our 
Mixtures  of  Grass  Seeds  ;  it  may  therefore  appear  super- 
fluous that  we  should  publish  anything  in  the  way  of 
testimonial. 

We  will,  howeyer,  quote  the  following,  from  among  many 
other  letters  now  before  us  : — 

From  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Agrieultural  Society. 
^"ME9sa9.  Sdtton, — I  wan  particularly  pleased  with  your 
Grass  Seed,  which  I  employed  by  itself,  for  laying  down  some 
fresh  broken-up  Laud.  It  became  a  close  fine  sward  by  August. 
I  have  now  about  30  acres  of  land  to  sow  immediately,  inc., 
&c.,  and  shall  be  glad  of  your  advice  for  the  purpo*e." 

From  Mr.  Frestoe,  the  Land  Steward  at  Kempshot  Park,  war 
Basingstoke.— "  A.H  the  klnda  of  Graiflea  «owu  separately,  grow 
admirably ;  and  the  20  acres  of  Park  laid  down  with  your 
Jtfu:tur«  last  spriug  is  most  excellent.  We  are  anticipating  a 
large  crop  of  hay,  and  I  can  sea  by  the  various  habits  and 
SDccessiooal  growths  of  the  several  kinds,  that  we  shall  always 
have  a  fresh  growing  bite  for  the  cattle  after  the  hay  is  cut. 
The  Clorers,  too,  I  see,  are  plentiful." 

We  can  supply  every  Jcind  of  natural  aud  artificial 
Grass  Seed,  at  the  lowest  market  prices,  either  separate  w 
mixed,  ea:pres3ly  to  suit  the  soil. 

Also  our  superior 

RENOVATING  MIXT ORE  FOK  IMPROVING   OLD 

PASTURES, 

Many  old  Upland  Pastures,  Parka,  and  Meadows  are  nearly 
destitute  of  Clovers,  and  the  finer  and  more  nutritious  sorts  of 
Grasies,  in  which  case  we  are  in  tbe  practice  of  furnisbiDi; 
auoh  sorts  only  as  are  wanting  ;  if  these  Seeds  are  sown  early 
VI  the  Season,  the  improvement  in  the  Pasture  will  be  very  con- 
siderable, and  at  a  small  expense.  Quantity  of  Seed  required, 
6^j.  to  8  lbs.  per  acre.     Price  reduced  to  lOd  per  pound. 

A  Pnced  List  of  Gi'osses,  with  instructions,  may  he 
had,  post  free,  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 
Address,  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading-,  Bt  rks. 


PERUVIAN     GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
2IANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OP  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

boy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  ftom  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  Ann  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that— 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  dunng  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  05.  per  ^071,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  tbem,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 
|\/1  ANURES. — The  following  Manures  are  manu- 
-'-'-^  factured  at  Mr,  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    o    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  *.      7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolitea  ...        ...     5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  fVilliam-street^  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91,  lOs.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  Ac. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  beg  to 
oflfer  PERUVIAN  GUANO,  warranted  perfectly  genuine  ; 
Superphosphate  of  Lime,  Wheat  Manure,  Concentrated  Urate, 
Irish  Feat  Charcoal,  Gypsum,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  and  every  arti- 
ficial  Manure,  on  the  beat  terms.  Also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  Agricultural  Purposes,  at  a  low  rale.  English  and 
Foreign  Linseed  Cake,  Rape  Cake,  &c. 

Edwabd  Pdbbeb,  Secretary,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriara. 

FOSSIL   BONES    AND   PSEUDOCOPROUTES 

(JEOM  THE   8DFF0I.K   CaAO). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  AND  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  iu 
the  immediate  locality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  ihem  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
-of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
«rftrded  on  application  to  Edwaed  Paceakd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Hanure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


FARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
the  NEW  aud  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL 
Unpregoated  by  pressure  with  the  fertUising  matter  of  the 
LOHDOH  Sewaoe,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Pieces  being 
•bsorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
*w^t  COf.  per  ton.  U.  per  cwt.,  and  '2s.  Gd.  per  half  cwt. 

CTEPHENSON  and  Co.,  61,  tiracechurch-street, 
^  London,  aud  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Inventors 
«,  ,»""''*'^'^*'"'^'  *'^^  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CTLINUllICAL  BOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
,°  I  HonlcultoriBts  to  their  much  Improved  method  of 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses 
Ac,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  bottom  heat  is 
secured  to  any  required  degree,  without  the  aid  of  pipes  or  fl 


9.  and  Co,  bftve  ulto 


to  Btate  that  at  the  request  of  Dumerous 


J-™  !  ht'^hf  S""  '"•'''''I!  """l'  Boiler,  of  Iron,  as  well  a. 
copper,  oj  Which  the  coit  U  reduced.  These  Boilers,  which 
TK^.r  _h„  I,  .  linown,  icarcelj  recjulro  description  ;  but  to 
£i.™,?i.t,  ni'  "««n  them  in  operation,  prospectuses  will 
M  lorwaraeo,  »,  „ell  at  references  of  the  hlghestaulhorlty  •  or 

K„*«X'.  !  '"\"  '°°."'  "J.  ""^  Nohlllt,-.  seat,  and  principal 
Nanonet  ibroughoul  the  Kiondom. 

B.  and  Co.  ben  to  Inform  the  Trade  that  at  their  Mannfaotory 
17,  Hew  Park.sireel.  ererj  article  required  for  the  construction 
of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  well  as  for  heating  them  may 
b«  obtained  up<>n  the  most  adrantafreous  terms.  ' 

Conserratories,  &c.,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
ornamental  designs.  Balconies,  Palisading,  Field  and  Qarden 
Vences,  Wlre-worlt,  dec. 


Efit  ^srtcultural  (Bajette, 

HATUIUJAY,  JANUARY  17,  18.02. 

HKETINOI  FOE  TBK  TWO  POLLOWIHG  WKKKS. 
T.C«io*f.  Ju.  W-A«ncolrar*l  Imp.  Hoc.of  I»rl«nd. 
T.UkaoAf,       —      39-ArTlrullu/.l  Imp.  Hoc.  of  Ireland. 


PiRiiAni  one  of  the  greatest  diHcrepanciea  at  the 
preient  moment,  hetwccn  the  "  ncience  "  and 
"  practice  "  of  agriculture  in  found  in  the  theoretical 


assertion  that  an  agricultural  crop  of  Turnips 
can  dispense  with  ammonia  as  a  manure.  No  less 
an  authority  than  Dr.  Daubeny  has  given  counte- 
nance to  this  opinion  in  his  late  elegant  and  well- 
timed  lecture,  where  he  says — "  Turnips,  which 
contain  more  nitrogen  in  proportion  than  the 
Grasses  (?),  can  dispense  with  ammoniacal  manures, 
provided  only  sufficient  superphosphate  be  ad- 
ministered to  them  in  an  early  stage  of  their  growth." 
He  thus,  so  far,  coincides  with  Mr.  Lawes,  and  refers 
this  supposed  property  in  the  Turnips,  to  a  ditference 
in  their  "  organisation"  from  the  Grasses.  But  we 
maintain  that  it  arises  chiefly  from  the  totally 
opposite  conditions  in  which  they  are  grown.  For 
if  Dr.  Daubeny  would  only  view  the  atmospheric 
conditions  under  which  Wheat  and  Turnips  are 
grown  in  our  agricultural  rotations,  and  compare  the 
"vivifying  influences"  of  early  spring,  when  the 
Wheat  developes  its  primary  organs,  with  those 
which  exist  when  the  Turnip  unfolds  and  expands 
its  leaves,  he  would  at  once  perceive  that  this  is 
the  principal  cause  of  difference,  for  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  superphosphate  is  almost  as  useless  a 
manure  for  Turnips  growing  iu  the  early  vernal 
months  as  it  is  for  Wheat. 

Were  we  to  put  a  literal  interpretation  on  the 
valuable  experiments  made  at  Rothamstead,  in  re- 
gard to  the  quantity  of  ammonia  that  it  requires  to 
raise  a  given  quantity  of  Wheat  and  Turnips,  we 
should  arrive  at  strange  results  indeed.  In  the  first 
place,  if  we  agree  with  BoussiNOAULxand  Mr.  Lawes, 
that  the  Wheat  plant  cannot  absorb  any  of  its 
nitrogen  from  the  atmosphere ;  and  further,  with  the 
latter,  that  every  bushel  of  Wheat  requires  5  lbs.  of 
ammonia  to  raise  it,  it  must  then  be  obvious  that 
the  yearly  or  natural  produce  of  17  bushels  must 
have  required  85  lbs.  of  ammonia.  This  quantity 
of  ammonia  should  have  produced  17  tons  of  Tur- 
nips, although  they  had  got  no  more  of  their  nitrogen 
from  the  atmosphere  than  that  contained  in  their 
leaves  ;  but  the  yearly  yield  of  Turnips  was  only 
8f  tons,  containing  about  45  lbs.  of  ammonia.  It 
would,  surely,  be  a  deduction  at  variance  with  all 
our  notions  and  principles  of  agriculture,  to 
suppose  that  the  Turnip  had  wasted  in  its  growth 
nearly  one-half  of  the  available  quantity  of 
nitrogen  in  the  soil.  Still  this  large  unaccounted 
difference  between  the  natural  and  our  artificial 
results  should  have  a  tendency  to  shake  our  confi- 
dence in  the  dicta,that  Wheat  and  the  other  cereals 
must  necessarily  have  so  large  a  quantity  of  am^ 
monia  as  6  lbs.  in  the  manure  to  raise  every  bushel 
of  grain  ;  we  ought  rather  to  look  to  the  imperfec- 
tions in  our  art  of  culture,  and  endeavour  to  dis- 
cover the  causes  which  demand  so  large  an  expendi 
ture  of  means  for  the  attainment  of  such  insignificant 
results.  The  theory  of  thin-seeding  is  really  worthy 
of  discussion,  but  we  are  compelled  to  proceed. 

But,  then,  if  the  Turnips  at  Rothamstead  had  been 
allowed  to  remain  on  the  same  ground  till  July,  five 
months  of  extra  growth  would  have  been  gained, 
and  very  probably  a  considerable  quantity  of  nitro- 
gen would  have  disappeared  in  the  flowering  and 
seeding.  There  is,  no  doubt,  a  large  quantity  of 
nitrogen  given  off  in  the  aromatic  principle  of  the 
flower,  as  well  as  in  the  transformation  of  the  succu- 
lent matters  of  the  leaves  and  bulbs  into  seed.  It 
must  be  altogether  out  of  place  to  compare  the 
seeded  produce  of  any  plant  with  the  succulent  pro- 
ducts of  another  in  regard  to  the  quantity  of  nitro- 
gen they  contain.  Turnips  and  Rape  are  quite  as 
exhausting  crops  as  the  cereals,  when  they  are 
seeded,  and  the  latter  are  diametrically  opposite  in 
this  respect  with  the  fine  Grasses  of  our  pastures, 
though  they  belong  to  the  same  class. 

Turnips,  as  we  formerly  pointed  out,  require  a 
very  large  amount  of  ammoniacal  manures  when 
sown  in  the  early  part  of  March ;  superphosphate 
has  then  no  virtue  in  it,  for  it  is  quite  powerless  at 
that  season.  But  under  the  "  vivifying  influences  " 
of  the  month  of  .Tune  it  works  wonders;  and  its 
effects  in  promoting  the  growth  of  Turnips  at  this 
season  are  quite  magical,  and  hence  it  has  been 
called  their  "  essential  "  manure.  The  atmospheric 
conditions,  it  will  be  perceived,  are  quite  as  essen- 
tial as  the  manure  for  producing  rapidity  of  growth 
with  this  mineral  substance.  The  same  quantity  of 
ammoniacal  manure  which  would  be  required  to 
produce  a  given  weight  of  Turnips  at  one  season 
would  be  deleterious  at  another. 

It  is  a  singular  fact,  but  which  seems  to  have 
almost  escaped  observation,  that  the  principle  just 
noticed,  which  is  so  broadly  .and  beautifully  seen  in 
the  Turnip,  can  be  very  distinctly  recognised  in  the 
(,'reater  number  of  our  cultivated  plants.  One  is  thus 
led  almost  to  believe  that  there  is  some  analogy  in 
the  requirements  of  animals  and  plants  in  regard  to 
food.  In  the  animals,  warmth  is  equivalent  to  a 
certain  amount  of  food.  In  the  pinnt  we  cm  as 
diiitinclly  see  that  heat  and  moistitrr,  in  the  atmo- 
sphem    are    equivalent    to    a    certain    amount    of 


ammonia  in  the  manure  ;  here,  however,  the  prin- 
ciple is  modified  by,  as  well  as  subordinate  to,  an 
almost  endless  variety  of  conditions  arising  from 
the  arrangements  of  heat  and  moisture,  and  the 
physiological  structure  of  the  plants.  In  many  plants 
this  functional  resource  can  be  turned  to  good  account, 
while  in  others  it  cannot.  At  present  we  shall 
merely  point  out  this  principle  in  a  few  of  our 
agricultural  plants,  without  going  into  details. 

Rye,  like  the  Turnip,  seems  to  acquire  a  second 
nature  when  sown  in  summer.  This  property  is 
very  marked  in  some  of  its  varieties  ;  but  all  are  well 
known  to  develope  an  enormous  quantity  of  forage, 
when  sown  in  summer,  when  compared  with  what 
they  yield  in  early  spring.  "The  Rye,"  says  Colman, 
"  which  I  described  as  the  St  .John's  Day  Rye,  is 
well  known  in  France,  as  the  multicaulis,  or  many- 
stalked  Rye.  It  is  sown  in  June,  and  will  bear 
cutting  two  or  three  times  for  green  forage,  and  yet 
yield  a  good  crop.  It  has  the  property  of  tillering 
from  the  root  very  abundantly,  though  it  is  main- 
tained that  other  kinds  of  Rye,  managed  in  the  same 
way,  would  show  the  same  properties.  The  multi- 
caulis Rye  sown  late  in  the  autumn  loses  this  pro- 
perly." Thus  we  see  the  Rye  is  less  exhaustive  of 
the  soil  at  one  season  than  another,  to  produce  a 
given  amount  of  forage. 

The  Wheat  plant  is  affected  by  the  same  influences, 
varying,  however,  from  its  congeners,  the  cereals, 
in  many  special  qualities  ;  as  much  so  as  the  capa- 
city of  different  kinds  of  metals  for  heat,  or  as  other 
substances  differ,  in  regard  to  their  hygroscopic 
properties ;  still  the  common  principle  is  as 
distinctly  recognised.  When  Wheat  is  sown  in 
Scotland  about  the  1st  of  June,  in  richly  manured 
land,  it  has  little  or  no  tendency  to  run 
to  seed.  We  believe  the  Wheat  plant  possesses 
similar  qualities  in  France,  at  a  certain  period 
in  spring.  When  it  is  sown  at  the  same  time 
in  Lower  and  Upper  Canada,  in  the  former  it 
will  mature  its  seeds  in  autumn,  like  the  other 
spring  crops ;  but  in  the  latter  it  will  not  do  so 
until  the  succeeding  year.  (Sheriff.)  The  influence 
of  season  may  thus,  in  combination  with  a  certain 
amount  of  manure  in  the  soil,  so  overpower  the 
plant  with  superabundance  of  the  elements  of  growth, 
as  to  cause  it  to  grow  like  the  Grasses  in  a  watered 
meadow. 

In  France,  neither  Oats  nor  Barley  are  capable  of 
developing  much  forage  when  sown  in  June;  in  this 
respect  they  differ  from  the  Rye.  Barley,  however, 
possesses  the  property,  in  many  of  the  western  and 
northern  parts  of  Britain,  though  committed  to  the 
soil  in  the  end  of  May,  of  ripening  its  seeds  in 
autumn .  The  quantity  of  nitrogenous  manure  which 
would  be  necessary  to  raise  40  bushels  of  Barley 
when  sown  on  the  1st  March  would  be  positively 
destructive  to  the  crop,  when  sown  at  the  former 
mentioned  season.  The  analogy  between  Turnips 
and  Barley,  in  regard  to  season  and  manure, 
is  very  close.  Superphosphate  of  lime  would 
almost  have  as  little  effect  on  the  Turnip  crop 
as  on  the  Barley,  if  both  were  sown  on  the  1st  of 
March  in  Scotland  ;  it  would  appear  that,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  slowness  of  growth  in  the  ungenial 
weather  of  spring,  the  plants  can  obtain  the  phos- 
phates from  the  soil  as  rapidly  as  the  development 
of  the  plants  requires.  But  on  the  very  same  soils, 
where  you  would  not  increase  autumn-sown  Wheat, 
or  even  March-sown  Barley,  a  single  bushel,  by  ap- 
plying superphosphate,  you  will,  with  a  favourable 
season,  often  gain  many  bushels  of  Barley  by  an 
application  of  the  same  manure  when  it  is  sown  m 
the  end  of  May.  Viewing, then.orratherin the  mean- 
time granting,  these  facts,  can  any  one  be  at  a  loss 
to  understand  the  philosophy  of  Barley  jjeing  less 
exhausting  or  more  independent  of  nitrogenous 
manures  than  the  Wheat  (or  Barley)  which  is  grown 
through  the  cold,  ungenial  months  of  spring  f  We 
should  think  not.  But  we  trust  that  we  will  by-and- 
bye  be  able  to  convince  the  most  sceptical  on  this 
point.  We  would,  however,  be  as  little  inclined  to  ad- 
vocate that  system  which  reliesuponincreasing  theOat 
or  Barley  crops  with  inorg.inic  manures,  as  we  would 
to  rely  upon  the  phosphates  unassociated  with 
ammoniacal  manures  for  growing  Turnips.  But  the 
property  which  both  Oats  and  Barley  possess  ot 
growing  in  many  districts  with  much  less  expen- 
diture of  nitrogen  in  the  manure,  has  exercised  a 
most  important  influence  in  the  development  anil 
progress  of  their  agriculture. 


THE  METHODS  OF  DETECTING  ADULTERA- 
TIONS IN  GUANO. 

[We  have  received  the  following  from  Mr.  Ncsbit. 
His  mutliods  were  detjiiled  a  week  or  two  ago  at  a  coun 
cil  mooting  of  the  Eiigliuh  Agricultural  Society.] 

I'rocuro  from  any  druggist  a  common  wide-mouthed 
hottln,  with  a  solid  glaHs  stopper.  One  known  as  a  wide- 
nioutliod  fi-oz.  bottle  will  do  very  well.  Lot  this  bottle 
bu  filled  with  ordinary  water,  tlio  stopper  inserted  aai 


42 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Jan.  17, 


the  exterior  well  dried.  The  scales  to  be  used  ought 
to  turn  well  with  a  couple  of  grains.  In  one  pan  of  the 
scales  place  the  bottle,  and  exactly  counterpoise  it  in  the 
other  by  shot,  sand,  or  gravel.  Remove  the  bottle  from 
the  scale,  pour  out  two-thirds  of  the  water,  and  put  in 
4  oz.  avoirdupois  of  the  guano  to  be  tested.  Agitate 
the  bottle,  adding  now  and  then  a  little  more  water  ;  let 
it  rest  a  couple  of  minutes,  and  fill  with  water  so  that 
all  the  froth  escapes  from  the  bottle.  Insert  the  stopper 
carefully,  wipe  dry,  and  place  the  bottle  in  the  same 
scale  from  which  it  was  taken.  Add  now  to  the  counter- 
poised scale  1  i^  oz.  avoirdupois,  and  a  fourpenny  piece  ; 
and  if  the  bottle  prove  the  heavier,  the  guano  is  in  all 
probability  adulterated.  Add  in  addition  a  threepenny 
piece  to  the  counterpoise ;  and  if  the  bottle  and  guano 
prove  the  heavier,  the  guano  may  be  considered  as 
adulterated. 

By  this  simple  experiment  a  very  small  admixture 
of  sand,  marl,  &e.,  is  distinctly  shown. 

From  many  experiments  it  appears  that  the  amount 
of  inorganic  matter,  or  ash,  is  from  30  to  35  per  cent. 
This  aftords  another  method  of  detecting  adulteration. 
A  small  pair  of  scales,  a  little  platinum  capsule,  a  pair 
of  Uttle  tongs  or  pincers,  and  a  spirit  lamp,  are  all  that 
are  required. 

Ten  grains  of  the  guano  are  placed  in  the  platinum 
capsule,  which  is  held  by  the  tongs  in  the  flame  of  the 
spirit  lamp  for  several  minutes,  until  the  greater  part  of 
the  organic  matter  is  burnt  away.  It  is  allowed  to  cool 
for  a  short  time,  and  a  few  di'ops  of  a  strong  solution  of 
nitrate  of  ammonia  is  added,  to  assist  in  consuming  the 
.parbon  in  the  residue.  The  capsule  is  again  gently 
.heated  (taking  care  to  prevent  its  boiling  over  or  losing 
„any  of  the  ash),  until  the  moisture  is  quite  evaporated. 
A  full  red  heat  must  then  be  given  it,  when,  if  the 
guano  be  pure,  the  ash  will  be  peax'ly  white,  and  will 
not  exceed  3^  grains  in  weight.  If  adulterated  with 
sand,  marl,  &c.,  the  ash  will  always  be  coloured,  and 
will  weigh  more  than  3^  grains. 

If  the  adulteration  be  made  with  light  or  fiocculent 
matters  they  may  be  detected  easily,  as  follows  : — 

Dissolve  in  a  quart  of  water  as  much  common  salt  as 
it  will  take  up,  and  strain  the  solution.  Pour  a  quantity 
of  it  into  a  saucer  or  basin,  and  sprinlde  on  the  surface 
the  guano  to  be  tested.  Good  guano  sinks  almost 
immediately,  leaving  only  a  very  slight  scum.  The 
adulterated  leaves  the  light  materials  floating  on  the 
water. 

If  chalk  or  ground  limestone  be  used,  it  may  be 
shown  by  pouring  strong  vinegar  over  a  tea-spoonful 
of  the  sample  placed  in  a  wine-glass.  On  stirring, 
effervescence  shows  its  presence.  Genuine  guano, 
under  the  same  circumstances,  merely  allows  the  escape 
of  a  few  air  bubbles. 

If  farmers  could  be  prevailed  upon  to  spend  a  small 
portion  of  their  time  in  trying  the  foregoing  experi- 
Ipents  on  the  samples  of  guano  they  use,  the  fraternity 
of  rogues  would  certainly  have  far  less  chance  than  they 
at  present  possess  for  pursuing  their  calling  with  profit. 

Still  these  simple  operations  are  only  offered  to  the 
farmer  as  a  means  of  detecting  the  grosser  adulteration 
of  guano.  Minor  ones  may  still  be  practised,  and  men 
of  real  intelligence  and  business  habits  will  regularly 
call  to  then-  assistance  the  aid  of  the  analytical  chemist. 

Summing  up   the   experiments,  the   following  facts 
would  appear : 
1st.  If  4  oz.  of  guauo  weighed  with  bottle  and  water,  as 

previously  directed,  take  more  than  1 4-oz.  and  1  four- 

penny  piece  to  re-counterpoise  it,  its  purity  is  doubt- 
ful.    If  an  additional  threepenny  piece  is  required, 

the  guano  may  be  considered  as  adulterated,  and  the 

sample  should  be  immediately  analysed, 
2d.  If  the  ash  is  coloured  in  any  way,  and  not  of  a  pearl 

white,  the  guano  is  bad. 
3d.    If  the  ash  of  10  grains  weigh  more  than '3^^  grains, 

or  less  than  3  grains,  the  genuineness  of  the  sample  is 

doubtful. 
4th.  If  strong  vinegar  cause  a  considerable  effervescence 

when  mixed  with  the  sample,  the  latter  is  adulterated. 
5tli.  If  the  guano  float  when  sprinkled  on  strong  salt 

and  water,  it  is  not  genuine. 
-— /.  C.  Ncsbit,  F.O.S.,  F,C.S.,.<i:c.,  Prmclpal  of  h,e4gn- 
,_  cfidiihral  and  Sdentijic  Academy,  Kennington. 


HOYAL  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

EXAMINATION  PAPER. 

Sessional  Examination,  and  answers  to  the  questions, 

in   such  matters  of   Practical   Agricultm*e  as  have 

been  brought  before  the  attention  of   the  Students 

since  the  middle  of  August. 
1. — Describe  the  acts  of  husbandry  during  the  present 
Session,  in  Nos.  1,  8,  9,  12,  27,  29.     In  what  sort  of 
tilth  was  No.  8  when  ploughed,  and  what  circumstance 
of  weather  produced  a  chauge  in  this  ? 

The  acts  of  husbandry  in  field  No.  1  have  been 
consuming  the  second  crop  of  Clover  by  fattening  sheep ; 
ploughmg  up  afterwai-ds,  and  drillmg  with  Wheat.  The 
slieep  were  allowed  corn  during  the  consumption  of  the 
Clover,  for  the  twofold  purpose  of  improving  them  and 
enriching  the  land.  This  field  was  ploughed  a  month 
before  being  sown,  to  give  the  land  time  to  settle  down 
m  a  consolidated  form,  which  is  reckoned  so  essential 
S^i  nl'^^*'  porous,  calcareous  soils  of  the  Cotswold 
hills.  Mechanical  means  are  often  had  recourse  to  for 
compressing  these  light  soils  after  the  Wheat  is  sown. 
Crosskill's  roll  is  frequently  used.  Sometimes  store  sheep 
are  marched  over  and  over  the  land  for  treadin^  it 


firm  ;  and  occasionally  sheep  are  folded  all  night  upon 
such  soils  when  the  weather  permits. 

Field  No.  y  was  in  part  Potatoes,  part  early  Turnips, 
and  part  Mangold  Wurzel.  The  Potatoes  were  raised 
in  September  ;  the  sound  ones  were  kept  by  themselves, 
and  the  diseased  were  consumed  by  pigs.  The  early 
Turnips  were  consumed  by  fattening  lambs  in  October  ; 
the  Mangolds  were  stored  in  November,  and  the  land 
was  ploughed  up  immediately  afterwards  for  Wheat, 
but  turned  up  in  places  so  stiff  and  unkindly,  that  it 
required  the  ameliorating  action  of  a  frost  to  reduce  the 
obdurate  fm-rows  into  proper  tilth  for  working.  A  few 
slight  frosts  in  the  end  of  November  did  all  that  was 
necessary  ;  the  land  was  afterwards  drilled  with  Spalding 
Wheat  at  the  rate  of  2^  bushels  per  acre. 

Field  No.  9  contained  6  acres  of  Flax,  and  ]  4  acres 
of  Oats.  The  Oats  cost  2s.  per  acre  for  mowing ;  the 
Flax  cost  12s.  per  acre  for  pulling,  tying  up,  and  stack- 
ing. The  Flax  was  estimated  as  wortli  8Z.  per  acre-,  the 
Oats  6Z.  10s.  per  acre,  For  seed  and  cultivation  the 
Flax  cost  but  a  few  shillings  more  per  acre  than  the 
Oats.  After  the  crops  were  harvested,  this  field  was 
manured  at  the  rate  of  12  tons  per  acre.  About 
14  acres  were  drilled  with  Racer  Tares  in  October  ;  the 
rest  of  the  field  is  left  for  Potatoes. 

Field  No.  12  was  black  Tartarian  Oats,  harvested  in 
September.  A  few  conchy  spots  were  ploughed  up  and 
cleaned  ;  the  whole  of  this  field  was  then  dunged  at  the 
rate  of  15  tons  per  acre,  and  ploughed  in  ready  for 
Mangold  Wurzel  next  spring. 

Field  No.  27,  17  acres,  was  Scotch  yellow  and  hybrid 
Turnips — a  very  good  crop  ;  they  lasted  330  sheep  for 
about  six  weeks.  About  half  a  pound  of  corn  was 
allowed  each  sheep  per  day,  and  also  some  cut  Clover 
and  straw  chaff  in  addition  to  the  Turnips.  After  the 
sheep  were  removed,  this  field  was  ploughed  up  ready 
for  Barley. 

No.  29  was  French  Tick  Beans,  harvested  in  Septem- 
ber. After  the  pigs  had  the  run  of  the  field  for  a  time 
it  was  ploughed  up,  and  is  now  fallow  for  Turnips. 

2. — Give  a  statement  of  the  present  condition  of  each 
field  on  tlie  farm  ;  naming  the  crop,  if  it  be  in  crop, 
placing  the  word  fallow,  seeds,  SainfoiUj  &c.,  after  the 
number,  as  the  fact  may  be. 

No,  1,  20  acres,  Wheat :  promising  well  at  present ; 
drilled  at  thp  rate  of  6  pecks  per  acre,  in  rows  9  inches 
apart. 

No.  2,  21  acres,  Wheat :  looking  well ;  drilled  at  the 
rate  of  neai-Iy  7  pecks  per  acre.  Part  of  this  field  has 
been  top-dressed  with  "  sliotty,"  the  refuse  of  the  blue 
cloth  manufactories.  About  10  cwt.  was  applied  per 
acre. 

Nos.  3  and  5,  30  acres,  one  field:  18  acres  drilled 
with  winter  Beans  ;  12  acres  of  same  field  left  for  Flax 
and  Carrots. 

No.  4,  14  acres,  white  Turnips  :  just  being  consumed 
by  breeding  ewes.     This  field  requires  draining. 

Nos.  6  and  10,  45  acres,  one  field  :  seeds,  after  Barley. 
This  field  is  in  good  condition,  and  lies  well  for  easy 
cultivation. 

No.  7,  17  acres,  Swedish  Turnips,  which  are  being 
consumed  by  beasts  in  yards.  Pai't  of  this  field  was 
Carrots  ;  the  whole  is  intended  for  Barley  next  spring. 

No.  8,  16  acres,  Wheat :  has  not  been  long  up  ;  the 
gi'ound  is  in  good  condition  as  regards  manure,  but  is 
very  loose  at  present. 

No.  9,  Vetches  :  looking  well ;  better  after  the  Flax 
than  the  Oats. 

No.  11,  24  acres,  Wheat  stubble:  ploughed  up  for 
Turnips.  Part  of  this  field  was  dunged  previous  to 
being  ploughed. 

No.  12,  10  acres,  Oat  stubble  fallow :  manured  and 
ploughed  J  ready  for  "  Mangolds." 

No,  13,  8  acres,  Wheat,  Scotch  white  :  looking  very 
well. 

No.  14,  13  acres,  seeds,  after  Oats  :  promising. 

No.  15,  site  of  buildings. 

No.  16,  8  acres,  green  round  Turnips,  after  Vetches  : 
a  fair  crop. 

No.  1 7,  .8  acres,  ploughed  up  after  Turnips  for  Barley  : 
this  is  in  high  condition. 

No.  18,  20  acres,  Wheat:  looking  remarkably  well. 
This  was  drilled  at  the  rate  of  6  pecks  per  acre  early  in 
October.  The  previous  crop  of  Clover  was  nearly  all 
consumed  upon  the  ground  by  sheep.  Where  the 
Clover  was  carried  away,  the  land  was  dressed  with 
soot,  salt,  and  sliotty  at  a  cost  of  about  125.  per  acre. 

No.  19,  14  acres.  Wheat,  after  Clover:  looking  very 
well. 

No.  20,  38  acres,  permanent  pasture  :  not  very  good ; 
late  in  producing  Grass. 

No.  21,  site  of  College. 

No.  22,  24  acres.  Sainfoin  :  looking  well  after  Barley. 
The  Sainfoin  was  sown  with  the  Barley  last  spring.  Tiiis 
field  is  clean,  and  in  pretty  good  condition. 

No,  23,  Botanic  Garden  :  contains  some  hundred 
specimens  of  plants  immediately  connected  with 
agriculture. 

No.  24,  5  acres,  permanent.pastm'e  :  in  good  condition. 

No.  25,  7  acres,  old  ley  :  not  good. 

No.  26,  17  acres,  old  ley  :  moderate. 

No.  27,  17  acres,  ploughed  up  for  Barley:  in  high 
condition. 

No.  28,  11  acres.  Sainfoin,  after  Barley. 

No.  29,  1 1  acres,  fallow,  for  green  crops. 

Nos.  30  and  31,  19  acres,  one  field,  fallow  after 
Wheat,  for  green  crops.  Part  of  this  field  requii'es 
di'aining. 

No.  32, 15  acres,  permanent  pasture  :  not  good. 


No.  33,  24  acres,  seeds,  after  Barley :  promising. 
This  field  is  in  good  condition. 

No.  34,  1 6  acres.  Clover  after  Barley  :  not  very  good. 
This  field  is  poor. 

No.  35,  27  acres,  Swedish  Turnips :  a  good  crop 
grown  hy  artificial  manure,  on  poor  land. 

No.  36,  small  field,  permanent  pasture. 

No.  37,  45  acres,  old  Sainfoin  :  rather  poor. 

No.  38,  30  acres,  fallow  after  Wheat :  poor  and  dirty. 

No.  39,  38  acres,  Tui'nips,  sown  very  late  j  pretty 
good,  on  the  whole. 

No.  40,  39  acres.  Turnips  :  not  good.  This  field  is 
poor,  but  is  being  improved  now. 

3. — Take  any  field  on  the  farm,  and  make  a  two- 
years'  Dr.  and  Cr.  account  of  it,  placing  on  the  one  side 
all  that  you  believe  to  have  been,  or  that  will  have  to 
be,  expended  on  it ;  and  on  the  other  side  all  that  you 
believe  likely  to  have  been,  or  to  be,  realised  from  it, 
and  strike  a  balance.  In  this,  correctness  cannot  be 
expected,  but  merely  an  approximation  to  what  is 
probable. 

To  make  a  two  years'  Dr.  and  Cr.  account  of  a  field 
on  the  farm,  the'  fairest  method  might  perhaps  be  to 
take  one  crop,  the  most  expensive  of  production,  and 
another  which  would  cost  about  an  average  expense  of 
the  farm.  To  take  a  Clover  and  Wheat  crop  would  not 
be  a  fair  average,  as  the  crops  are  obtained  at  the  least 
expense.  We  shall  then  take  an  average  Turnip  crop, 
and  a  white  crop  after  it.  For  instance,  field  No.  35 
Swedes — per  acre.  Dr.  to  rent  and  taxes,  30s. ;  autumn 
ploughing,  8s.  ;  mowingiu  spring,  7s.  6tZ.  ;  scuffling,  2s. ; 
rolling,  Qd. ;  two  harrowiogs.  Is.  ;  picking  and  bm'ning 
Couch,  35.  ;  spreading  ashes,  Ad. ;  3d  ploughing,  73. ; 
harrowing  and  rolling.  Is.  2d.  ;  drag-harrowing,  lOtZ. ; 
artificial  manure,  SOs.  ;  spreading  ditto,  ^d.  ;  harrowing 
in  ditto,  6c?, ;  ridging,  25.  Qd.  ;  picking  weeds  off  ridges, 
lOrf. ;  4  lbs.  of  seed,  25.  ;  drilling  ditto.  Is,  ;  rolling 
ridges.  Is.  ;  singling  Turnips  1st  time,  3s.  Qd. ;  2d  hoe- 
ing, 2s.  Qd. ;  horse-hoeing  between  drills.  Is.  Gd. ; 
strong  crop,  5s, ;  total,  51.  12s.  7d.  The  Turnip  crop 
we  may  estimate  at  il.  per  acre,  presuming  that  one 
acre  would  keep  sheep  at  4d.  per  head  per  week,  until 
the  4:1.  was  realised.  There  is  a  loss  of  \l.  12s.  7d.  the 
first  year  by  the  Turnip  crop,  according  to  these  calcu- 
lations. We  come  next  to  the  Barley  crop  ;  the  cost  of 
production  per  acre,  and  probable  yield,  may  reasonably 
be  estimated  at  the  cost  of  the  crop,  and  the  actual 
yield  in  an  adjoining  field  grown  and  sold  this  year. 
Barley  per  acre.  Dr.  to  rent  and  taxes,  30s. ;  ploughing, 
75.  6d. ;  harrowing  before  drill,  Gd.  ;  rolling  6d.  ;  3 
bushels  of  seed  at  3s.  3fZ.,  9s.  9d.  ;  drilling,  2s.  ;  harrow- 
ing after  drill,  6d. ;  rolling,  6d. ;  Grass  seeds,  9s. ;  mow- 
ing Barley,  2s.  ;  loading,  turning,  and  hauling,  &c., 
5s.  Id.  ;  thatching,  Is.  ;  taking  in  and  threshing  4  qrs. 
and  6  bushels  at  Is.  6c?.  per  qr.,  Ts,  l\d. ;  winnowing 
ditto.  Is.  ;  marketing,  taking  to  mai'ket,  sacks,  &.C., 
covered  by  offal ;  but  to  meet  sundries,  say  3s.  The 
cost  of  the  Barley  crop  will  then  be  41.  Os.  S^d.  per  acre. 
Credit,  4  qrs.  6  bush.  Barley  at  255.,  51. 18s.  9d. ;  leaving 
the  Barley-straw  for  the  use  of  the  farm  :  the  apparent 
gain  would  be  M.  18s.  4}^d.  But  as  there  was  a  loss  of  "• 
1/.  12s.  7c/.  per  acre  on  the  Turnip  crop,  the  difference 
in  favour  of  the  two  crops  amounts  to  but  5s.  Old. 
These  instances  may  be  assumed  as  a  pretty  near 
approximation  to  the  truth  as  far  as  they  go,  but  are  by 
no  means  a  rule,  as  the  cost  of  production,  the  varia- 
tion of  crops,  and  their  marketable  value,  are  continually 
changing. 

4. — Describe  a  plough,  with  its  various  parts,  and  the- 
uses  of  them.  State  the  difference  in  principle  between 
the  plough  in  use  on  the  College  Farm,  and  (1)  the 
plough  generally  used  in  this  neighbourhood,  and  (2) 
the  swing  plough. 

A  plough  is  a  wedge,  the  point  of  which  is  called  a 
share  ;  the  side  next  to  the|pIoughed  land  has  a  mould- 
board  for  turning  over  the  furrows  ;  the  other  side  and 
bottom  has  a  side  plate  and  sole  shoe.  To  this  edge  a 
beam  is  fixed  in  front,  to  [which  the  motive  power  is 
attached.  Behind  the  wedge  handles  are  attached, 
wherewith  to  guide  the  plough,  which  is  composed  of 
these  parts.  There  is  also  a  coulter  for  cutting  the 
fmTow  slice[ vertically, and  wheels  to  regulate  the  Ureadth 
and  depth  of  the  furrow.  The  ploughs  used  on  the 
College  farm  are  made  of  iron.  Many  ploughs  around 
have  wooden  beams  and  handles,  and  turn  furrows,  ajid 
go  with  one  wheel ;  a  swing  plough  has  no  wheels. 

5. — Give  a  statement  of  the  expense  of  an  acre  of 
Wheat,  including  harvesting,and  preparation  for  mai'ket; 
rent  and  taxes,  21.  per  acre.  Describe  some  different 
sorts  of  Wheat,  with  any  peculiarities  which  you  can 
remember. 

The  expense  of  an  acre  of  Wheat  grown  after  Clover- 
ley — as  Wheat  now  generally  is — the  rent  and  taxes,  at 
2?,  per  acre,  will  amount  to  nearly  51.  per  acre — thus  : 
an  acre  of  Wheat,  Dr.  to  rent  and  taxes,  2Z.  ;  one 
ploughing,  8s.  Gd. ;  harrowing  three  times  before 
drilling.  Is.  Gd.-  two  bushels  of  seed,  dressed  with 
viti'iol,  10s.  ;  drilling,  2s. ;  harrowing  twice  after  being 
drilled.  Is.  ;  rolling  with  heavy  roll.  Is,  Sd.  ;  one  horse- 
hoeing,  Is.  ;  one  hand-hoeing,  2s.  Gd. ;  bird  keeping, Is.; 
mowing,  binding,  &c.,  8s.  ;  leading,  hauling,  and  stack- 
ing, 4s.  \hd.  ;  hauling  to  machine  and  threshing  four 
qrs.,  at  2s.  Gd.,  10s.;  winnowing.  Is.;  thatching,  Is.; 
marketing  and  sundries,  2s. ;  total,  4^.  1  Gs.  1  ^^d. 
Credit,  one  acre  at  4  qrs.,  at  32s.,  Gl.  Ss.  ;  apparent 
gain,  nils.  lO-ld, 

6 What    are    the    advantages    of    manuring    the 

stubbles  before  winter  ?     In  what  state  must  the  land 
be  to  permit  such  an  operation  ? 

The  advantages  of  manuring  the  stubbles^befpre  wmi- 


3—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


ter  are  considerable  ;  1st.  There  is  a  saving  of  expense 
in  avoiding  the  carriage  of  manure  into  a  dung-hill,  a 
saving  of  a  turning  and  one  filling,  and  of  any  loss  by 
fermentation.  2d.  The  dung  has  sufficient  time  to  de- 
compose in  the  soil,  and  to  become  completely  incor- 
porated with  it,  so  that  every  portion  has  the  means  of 
aflfording  uourishment  to  the  roots  of  plants  in.  the 
spring.  3d.  Moisture  is  retained  in  the  soil,  as  land 
dunged  in  winter  seldom  requii'es  more  than  once  stir- 
ring in  the  spring.  This  is  of  the  greatest  advantage  on 
all  the  ordinary  Turnip  soils  of  the  kingdom.  Horse 
labour  is  generally  less  wanted  in  winter  than  in  the 
busy  months  of  spring.  Foul  or  wet  land  could  not  be 
manured  in  the  autumn  to  advantage.  The  manure 
would  feed  the  weeds  in  the  first  place,  and  if  very  wet, 
some  of  the  manure  would  be  lost  also. 

7. — From  .what  indications  would  you  judge  that  a 
field  required  draining  ?  When  you  had  determined  on 
draining  it,  what  would  be  yom*  first  consideration  ? 

TheJ  principal  indications  which  point  out  that  land 
requires  draining,  are,  pools  of  water  standing  on  the 
surface  sometime  after  rain.  If  in  pasture,  the  herbage 
is  usually  coarse  ;  aquatic  plants  thrive  ;  Rushes,  Reeds, 
and  bunches  of  whitey-brown  Grasses  are  prominent. 
Youngjcorn  on  wet  land  has  always  a  variegated  leaf, 
or  plant,  composed  of  green,  blue,  and  brown.  Healthy 
vegetation  is  generally  a  livid  green,  or  approximating 
to  a  light,  blue.  The  first  consideration  after  deter- 
mining to  drain,  would  be  to  look  for  an  outlet  for  the 
water, 

8. — The  soil  on  the  College  Farm  is  not  of  a  nature  to 
require  liming  ;  what  kinds  of  soil  do  require  it  1 

The  soils  which  require  liming  most  are,  of  course, 
those  which  naturally  contain  little  of  it.  These  are 
the  soils  of  the  old  and  new  red  sandstone  formations, 
peaty  soils,  and  some  kinds  of  stiff  plastic  clays.  Quick 
lime  is  frequently  applied  to  soils  of  various  kinds  to 
stimulate  inert  matter  iuto  the  food  of  plants.  Q,uick 
lime  may  frequently  be  applied  as  a  top  dressing  to 
destroy  coarse  herbage. 

9. — What  are  the  two  chief  objects  of  subsoiling  ? 

The  two  chief  objects  of  subsoiling  are  to  increase  the 
depth  of  useful  soil,  and  frequently  it  is  an  object  to 
break  up  a  hard  stratum  of  concrete,  or  clay,  to  allow 
the  surface  water  to  pass  to  drains. 

10. — Describe  the  sowing  of  winter  Beans,  as  prac- 
tised on  the  College  Farm.  What  is  the  advantage  of 
sowing  them  before  winter  ? 

The  winter  Beans  on  the  College  Farm  were  drilled  at 
the  rate  of  3  bushels  per  acre  in  rows  22  inches  apart. 
The  advantage  of  winter  Beans,  are  considered  to  be 
that  they  are  less  liable  to  blight  than  spring  ones. 
The  sowing  before  winter  divides  the  labour  of  the 
season,  and  forwards  other  operations  in  the  spring. 

11- — Describe  the  various  methods  of  cutting  corn. 
What  are  the  supposed  advantages  of  each  I  What  are 
the  supposed  advantages  of  using  carts  instead  of  wag- 
gons ?  What  can  be  said  in  favour  of  large  and  of  small 
ricks  ?  What  in  favour  of  thrashing  by  machine  or  by 
hand? 

The  various  methods  of  cutting  com  are  by  sickle, 
scythe,  hook,  and  reaping  machine.  The  advantages  of 
cutting  by  sickle  are  said  to  be  neatness  in  the  operation, 
leaving  any  weeds  in  the  stubbles,  if  there  are  any  ; 
securing  the  best  sample  of  com  for  market,  economy 
of  carriage  in  the  busy  days  of  harvest — less  stacking, 
less  thatching,  less  taking  into  barn,  less  threshing,  than 
T?hen  the  com  is  cut  close  by  the  ground.  The  advo- 
cates of  the  bagging  hook  say  the  corn  is  cut  and  gathered 
np  cleaner  than  by  the  sickle  or  the  scythe  ;  that  the 
Btubble  is  all  got  at  one  operation,  and,  thereby  a  first 
saving  of  expense  is  effected.  Here  the  argument  gene- 
rally ends.  The  advantages  of  cutting  by  the  scythe 
are  that  the  same  number  of  hands  will  cut  down,  tie  up, 
and  shock  more  than  a  similar  number  would  with 
sickles  or  hooks.  All  tlie  straw  is  got  at  one  operation, 
and  thus  another  advantage  is  gained  ;  there  is  nothing 
more  to  be  said  in  favour  of  mowing.  The  advantages 
of  the  reaping  machine  upon  corn  farms  suited  to 
ita  requirements  are,  that  if  it  does  all  that  is  said 
of  it,  a  greater  saving  of  expense  will  be  effected 
by  it  in  cutting  down  the  corn  than  by  any  other  means. 
By  the  "  reaper  "  it  is  supposed  that  10  men  and  two 
horses  would  cut  down,  tie  up,  and  shock  as  many  acres 
as  20  men  by  any  other  means.  Leaving  out  of  account 
the  prime  cost  of  the  machine,  which  would  not  amount 
to  much  over  a  number  of  years,  and  the  labour  of  the 
horses,  which  is  of  little  value  on  most  corn  farms 
during  harvest,  the  advantage  of  tbc  reaper  would  be 
both  directly  and  indirectly  of  immense  importance. 
There  has  been  no  surplus  of  labour  in  harvest  for  some 
years  past ;  so  that  the  reaper  by  effecting  a  saving  in 
cutting  down  the  corn,  «;c.,  would  allow  more  hands  to 
be  applied  to  the  proper  cultivation  of  green  crops  which 
have  often  been  neglected  in  harvest,  thereby  causing  a 
great  lose  in  the  very  foundation  of  all  good  arable 
farming.  Tho-se  who  say  the  reaper  would  throw 
labourers  out  of  employment  must  either  bo  very  young 
or  but  moderately  informed  in  the  hintory  of  machinery. 
The  advantages  of  uwing  carts  instead  of  waggons  has 
been  shown  in  nunierou.s  cases  of  reported  trials. 
Economy  of  labour  is  the  leading  point  ;  the  next  is,  a 
farm  can  !^e  stocked  at  a  leas  cost  with  carts,  which  arc 
sufficient  for  every  kind  of  work,  than  it  can  hd  with 
waggon.i  and  carts.  Wa^'gons  are  not  wholly  Hufliciiint 
of  themselves.  The  carnage  of  dung,  TumipH,  and  the 
like,  is  both  clumsy  and  expensive  hy  waggons. 
Stacks  are  usually  considered  of  the  best  size  whenthcy 
can  be  taken  into  a  bam  in  a  day;  that  is,  ho  far  as 
sheafed  com  la  concerned,  as  a  stack  of  sheaves  cut 


causes  waste.  Loose  corn  may  be  built  in  stacks  of 
any  size.  Tho  larger  the  stacks  the  less  expense  there 
is  in  building,  thatching,  and  trimming.  Very  small 
stacks  are  expensive  iu  many  ways.  The  climate  of 
course  regulates  the  size  of  stacks  in  some  places.  By 
a  good  thrashing-machine  corn  can  be  threshed  cheaper 
than  by  hand.  There  is  the  advantage  of  being  able  to 
thresh  out  a  large  quantity  in  a  short  time.  The  sti'ength 
of  the  farm  is  concentrated,  and,  when  not  threshing, 
can  be  concentrated  at  some  other  kind  of  labour.  The 
advantages  of  threshing  by  hand  are,  that  the  straw  is 
generally  taken  good  care  of,  and  the  casings  also.  This 
is  the  reverse  when  the  thrashing-machine  gets  through 
a  great  quantity.  The  straw  is  often  thrown  out  of 
doors,  aud  the  casings[also — and  are,  therefore,  frequently 
much  damaged. 

12. — Describe  the  treatment  of  the  cattle  in  the  boxes 
during  the  present  session  :  state  their  respective  breeds, 
the  food  they  have  received,  aud  their  increase  in  weight, 
as  far  as  you  know. 

The  treatment  of  the  cattle  in  the  boxes  was,  that 
when  the  green  Clover  was  done,  they  began  to  get 
Turnips  along  with  meal  and  dry  chaff.  At  first  each 
beast  was  allowed  5  lbs.  of  meat  per  day,  and  afterwards 
that  quantity  was  increased  periodically  till  8  lbs.  of 
meal  was  allowed  per  day.  The  average  quantity  of 
food  each  consumed  was  7  lbs.  of  meal  per  day,  20  lbs. 
of  chaff,  and  70  lbs.  of  Turnips.  Straw  chaff  was  used 
in  part  along  with  hay.  The  beasts  were  weighed  alive 
every  month — some  gained  60  lbs.  a  month,  some  others 
did  not  gain  30  lbs.  The  average  was  about  48  lbs.  per 
month.  The  average  cost,  5s.  id.  per  week.  The 
average  return  when  the  beasts  were  sold,  including 
everything,  about  balanced  the  account.  Some  of  the 
beasts  in  the  boxes  were  Hereford,  some  short-horn, 
and  some  Angus  Scots.  The  short-horns  increased 
rather  faster  in  weight  than  either  the  Herefords  or 
Scots.  The  last  two  breeds"  run  very  much  the  same. 
One  Scot  always  did  badly^  however,  and  so  did  one 
small  Hereford. 

1 3. — Describe  the  system  of  box-feeding.  How  many 
tons  of  dung  do  the  boxes  on  the  College  Farm  produce 
when  emptied  ? 

Has  been  partly  answered  iu  the  above.  The  College 
boxes,  when  emptied,  contained  6  tons  each.  One  beast 
filled  a  box  in  22  weeks.  There  are  1 2  boxes  on  the 
College  farm. 

14. — What  is  the  best  time  of  year  for  young  calves 
to  be  dropped  ?  How  would  you  feed  and  shelter  (1)  a 
calf  intended  for  breeding  from,  (2)  a  calf  intended  for 
the  butcher  at  two  or  three  years  old  1 

The  best  time  for  dropping  calves  intended  for  the 
first  Grass  of  spring  is  in  April ;  the  calf  may  then  re- 
main in  the  house  for  a  time,  and  be  nursed  with  its 
mother's  milk.  A  calf  intended  for  breeding  from 
should  nobi  be  fattened  when  young.  It  would  be  a 
waste  of  food  of  no  service  for  producmg  a  healthy 
offspring  stock  intended  for  breeding,  require  both 
plenty  of  fresh  air  and  exercise.  A  calf  intended  for 
the  butcher  at  an  early  age  should  of  course  be  liberally 
fed  and  well  housed,  and  kept  continually  going  on. 
Fat  at  best  being  but  a  shape  of  disease,  the  more  the 
disease  is  encouraged  the  better,  by  any  means.  It  is 
now  a  settled  point  that  fattening  animals,  like  growing 
vegetables,  thrive  best  on  a  mixture  of  food.  That  is, 
a  beast  will  thrive  better  with  Turnips  and  hay,  at  a 
less  cost,  than  if  fed  on  either  hay  or  Turnips  alone, 
That  it  will  thrive  better  still  on  Turnips,  hay,  aud 
meal,  and  best  of  all  upon  "a  mixture  of  several  kinds 
of  corn,  than  if  fed  upon  one  kind  only,  along  with  hay 
and  Turnips.  A  3-year-old  ox  will  consume  21  bushels 
of  Turnips  in  a  week,  which,  at  4d.  only  per  bushel, 
amounts  to  7^.  The  same  ox  would  consume  from 
2  to  3  cwt.  of  hay  per  week,  if  fed  on  hay  alone  ;  at 
present  prices  that  would  amount  to  7s.  per  week.  The 
ox  would  certainly  thrive  much  better,  however,  had  he 
half  the  Turnips  and  half  the;  hay.  We  have  seen 
beasts  consume  16  lbs.  of  cake  per  day,  and  the  matter 
of  1 5  lbs.  of  hay.  Animals  will  thrive  well  upon  this  food, 
but  it  costs  too  much.  In  short,  a  fattening  animal 
requires  a  variety  of  food  to  sustain  the  growth  of  all  his 
parts,  at  the  smallest  cost.  If  fed  upon  one  kind  of  food 
thei*e  is  too  much  of  one  thing  and  too  little  of  others  ; 
so  that  an  excess  of  what  is  useless  is  passed  away  in 
the  excrements,  and  is  a  palpable  loss. 

16, — How  would  you  feed  dairy  cows  through  the 
year  on  an  arable  farm  ?  How  many  calves  does  a  cow 
usually  breed  ? 

The  cheapest  way  of  keeping  dairy  cows  on  an  arable 
farm  where  , there  is  Grass  in  summer,  is  doubtless  to 
graze  generally.  There  arc  times,  however,  in  very 
hot,  weathex*,  when  they  might  be  advantageously  soiled 
ill  tho  house,  to  prevent  their  running  about,  and  losing 
milk.  This  plan  we  have  seen  carried  out  to  advantage 
at  intervals.  In  winter,  white  Turnips,  Mangold  Wurzel, 
or  Carrots,  along  with  some  hay,  straw,  and  casings, 
makes  very  good  food  for  dairy  cows.  As  with 
fattening  beasts,  so  in  a  measure  with  milch  cows,  the 
greater  the  variety  of  rich  succulent  food,  the  better  and 
tho  cheaper  the  food.  A  number  of  old  milch  cows 
living  entirety  on  hay,  consume  an  enormous  quantity 
during  tho  six  winter  months.  Tho  feeding  of  milch 
cows  must  always,  however,  depend  very  much  upon 
what  tho  dairy  is— whether  for  millt  oidy,  for  butter, 
or  for  cheese.  Cows,  on  an  average,  breed  about  half  a 
dozen  calves — some  itrc  said  to  havo  reared  16  calves — 
but  many  have  fewer  than  six.  It  is  a  matter  deserving 
of  notice  how  many  calves  may  bo  bred  from  one  cow. 
High   priced  cows  frequently  yield  but  few  calves. 

I  <i — What  has  been  tho  treatment  of  Iho  fatting  lambs 


or  tegs  since  they  were  first  placed  on  Turnips  ?  How 
was  their  treatment  altered  when  they  were  ^removed 
from  No,  27  to  No.  40  ? 

The"  lambs  had  the  run  of  the  stubbles  after  ^larvest, 
until  they  were  put  upon  Turnips  early  iu  0(-tober  ; 
when  put  upon  Turnips,  they  were  allowed  ^  lb.  of  corn 
each  per  day  for  a  time,  with  Clover  and  straw-chaff 
mixed.  Field  No.  27  was  such  a  good  crop  of  Turnips 
that  the  consumption  of  them  alone  would  have  been  a 
sufficient  dressing.  When  the  tegg  moved  to  No.  40, 
which  is  a  poor  field,  and  bears  but  a  poor  crop  of  Tur^ 
nips,  the  quantity  of  corn  was  increased  to  1  lb.  per  day- 
each,  with  plenty  of  corn-chaff,  without  any  mixture  of 
straw.  This  is,  of  course,  intended  to  enrich  the  land 
and  force  the  sheep  on. 

17. — How  have  the  breeding  ewes  been  treated  dm'ing 
this  session  ? 

The  breeding  ewes  Uved  till  lately  upon  the  pastures. 
Some  of  them  have  followed  the  fattening  sheep,  pick^ 
ing  up  the  odds  and  ends  ;  they  have  had  a  little  hay^. 
but  have  chiefly  had  straw,  upon  which  they  thrive  very 
well.  The  great  bulk  of  the  ewes  now  receive  some 
Turnips  daily  and  straw  ;  any  wet  day  they  are  moved 
upon  pasture. 

18. — How  is  Flax  harvested  ? 

The  harvesting  of  Flax  is  simple.  When  the  seed 
and  fibre  together  are  most  valuable,  the  seed  in  the 
capsules  looks  brown,  and  the  fibre  or  straw  has  a 
yellow  golden  hue.  The  Flax  is  pulled  by  hand,  at  rates 
varying  from  10s.  to  155.  per  acre.  To  pull  it  well  and 
straight,  a  dozen  handfuls  at  least  are  required  to  maker 
a  sheaf.  Three  or  four  handfuls. are  first  put  together, 
then  three  or  four  more,  and  so  on,  laid  side  by  side,  or 
crossed.  When  the  Flax  gets  dry  enough  for  tying  up, 
as  many  handfuls  are  put  together  as  make  a  sheaf  ;  the 
sheaves  are  then  set  up  in  the  usual  way  until  quite  dry 
for  stacking.  When  Flax  is  grown  for  the  fibre  only,  it 
requires  to  be  pulled  earlier  than  when  grown  for  the 
seed.  The  usual  price  paid  for  threshing  ont  the  seed 
and  dressing  is  from  Gd.  to  8rf.  per  bushel. 

1 9, — What  is  the  weight  of  a  truss  of  old  hay  ?  Of  a 
truss  of  a  new  hay  ?  Of  a  truss  of  straw  ?  Of  a  tod  of 
wool  ?  What  is  the  average  weight  per  bushel  of 
Wheat,  Barley, Oats,  Beans,  Peas,  Vetches,  Turnips? 

A  truss  of  old  hay  is  56  lbs.  ;  new  hay,  60  lbs.  ;  a 
truss  of  straw,  36  lbs.  ;  a  tod  of  wool,  28  lbs.  The 
average  weight  of  corn  per  bushel  may  this  season  be. 
Wheat,  62  lbs.  ;  Barley,  54  lbs. ;  Oats,  39  lbs. ;  Beans,. 
62  lbs.  ;  Peas,  62  lbs.  ;  Vetches,  63  lbs  ;  Turnips,  50  Ibe. 

20. — Describe  the  journal,  ledger,  cash-book,  and 
balance-sheet  of  a  farm. 

The  journal  should  contain  an  account  of  every 
transaction.  All  purchases  and  sales,  with  full  particu- 
lars, and  reference  figures  to  the  ledger  and  cash  book- 
The  ledger  should  contain  separate  accounts  of  dealings 
between  man  and  man  ;  a  Dr.  and  Cr.  account.  Also 
classified  Dr.  and  Cr.  accounts  of  every  kind  of  stock 
upon  the  farm,  comprising  both  live  and  dead  stock, 
corn,  &c.  The  ledger,  in  short,  is  that  book  which  may 
contain  10,000  distinct  accounts.  From  the  journal 
accounts  the  ledger  is  formed.  If  for  instance  10 
different  beasts  were  sold  to  10  different  persons,  each 
of  these  persons  must  have  an  account  for  himself.  At 
same  time  the  sales  of  the  10  beasts  would  be  collected 
into  a  general  Dr.  and  Cr.  stock  account ;  and  so  on 
with  all  other  transactions.  The  cash  book  is  supposed 
to  contain  no  entry,  but  honajide  receipts  and  payments, 
with  references  to  the  ledger  and  journal.  The  balance- 
sheet  should  contain  a  collection  of  all  the  principal 
accounts  of  the  ledger  arranged  imder  Dr.  and 
Cr,  headings.  A  farm  balance-sheet  usually  con- 
tains from  12  to  20  headings,  composed  of  the 
various  kinds  of  live  stock  bought  and  sold,  the 
amount  of  corn  of  each  kind  bought  and  sold,  seeds 
bought,  artificial  manure,  tradesmens'  bills,  rent,  taxes, 
rates,  labour,  &c.  The  balance-sheet  should  also  show 
all  that  the  farmer  is  owing,  or  that  is  owing  to  him. 
The  valuation  of  the  stock  at  the  year's  end  must. also 
be  put  against  the  stock  at  the  beginning.  The  respective 
sides  added  up,  at  once  show  the  nature  of  the  year's 
transactions. 

Cwencester,  j9ec.  13. 

Dec.  18. — At  the  sessional  examination  at  the  Royal 
Agricultural  College,  the  following  students  were  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  classes  in  the  various  depai-tments. 
Practical  Agriculture  :  Thomas  W.  Peile,  of  Repton 
Priory,  Derbyshire.  —  Chemistry :  George  Maw,  of 
Worcester.— Natural  History  :  George  Maw,— Veteri- 
nary Medicine  and  Surgery  :  George  Maw.— Surveying, 
Civil  Engineering,  aud  Mathematics :  Richard  L.  Fell, 
of  Ulverstouj  Lancashire. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Butter •]\lalcin(i. — Shall  I  add  to  what  your  correspond- 
ents, *'  Clitheroe"  and  "  T.  B."  have  written  on  butter- 
making  ?  If  Turnips  be  given  fresh  to  the  cows  as  they 
aro  jndlcd  up,  the  butter  will  taste  very  little  of  the 
Turnips,  or  turnipy,  as  it  is  called  ;  but  if  thoy  aro 
clamped  or  suffered  to  lie  long,  in  large  heaps  after 
buing  pulled,  I  think  thoro  is  no  urfc  yet  known 
that  will  prevent  the  butter  from  having  tho  strong 
unpleasant  flavour  of  the  Turnips,  Tho  Devonshiro 
plan  of  butter-making  produces  about  16  per  cent, 
moro  butter  than  tho  common  plan  of  making  it 
\)y  tho  churn  does,  Tho  difference  of  quantity  is 
caused  by  there  being  incorporated  in  the  butter,  by  the 
Devonshiro  plan  of  making  it,  about  one  pound  of 
casein,  or  tho  curd  of  milk,  in  every  five  pounds  of 


44 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  17, 


oleaginous  matter,  called  butter.  This,  however,  does 
not  affect  the  flavour  of  the  butter  when  used  for 
commQn  purposes,  except  when  the  butter  is  melted,  or 
made  into  melted  butter  ;  but  when  so  used,  the  casein  is, 
to  most  persons,  unpleasant,  as  it  gives  the  melted  butter 
theflavourof  toasted  cheese.  Should  any  lady  or  gentleman 
like  to  adopt  the  Devonshire  plan,  which  makes  most 
delicious  butter,  for  all  common  purposes,  it  is  easy 
to  buy  a  little  churned  butter  for  melting  ;  or  if  health 
be  studied,  it  would  be  better  to  have  no  melted  butter 
at  all  in  either  case.  The  Devonshire  butter  tastes 
equally  as  rich  as  the  other  kinds  do,  and  it  contains 
more  real  nutriment,  as  the  casein  it  contains  is  anala- 
gous  to  the  fibrin  of  flesh,  and,  of  course,  is  more 
nutritious  than  the  mere  oleaginous  matter  called 
butter.  Geo.  Wilkiiis. 

Milk. — I  have  not  read  the  "  Mysteries  of  London." 
I  wonder  if  the  author  included  in  his  category  that 
most  mysterious  article  milk.  Simple  as  country  people, 
in  their  simplicity,  deem  it,  milk,  as  vended  in  London, 
is  enveloped  in  a  cloud — I  beg  pardon,  in  a  fog — of 
mysteries.  First,  is  the  mystery  of  its  manufacture. 
I  think  I  read,  some  years  ago,  in  your  journal,  a  paper 
reflecting  on  the  supineness  of  the  agriculturists  in  not 
availing  themselves  of  the  cheap  and  rapid  communi- 
cation with  the  metropolis,  afforded  by  railways  for  the 
conveyance  of  milk.  Here  we  have  a  station  on  the 
South  Western  line,  and  all  the  farmers  for  miles 
around  it  do  send,  or  have  sent  milk  to  London,  pure  good 
milk,  the  produce  of  cows  fed  entirely  on  the  produce  of 
■their  farms.  At  the  London  terminus  then  there  is  every 
morning  and  every  evening  a  supply  of  real  milk.  So 
far  all  is  simple  enough — now  begins  the  mystery.  The 
cans  containing  this  milk  are  spirited  away  by  the  myr- 
midons of  the  mysteriarchs,  who,  under  the  name  of 
milkmen,  and  milk-salesmen,  supply  the  breakfast  and 
tea-tables  of  the  great  metropolis  with  what  they  still 
facetiously  call  milk.  It  certainly  is  not  the  milk  of 
human  kmduess-'-it  is  the  milk  of  human  selfishness. 
What  process  or  processes  the  genuine  article  undergoes 
in  the  laboratories  of  these  lacteal  magicians  I  do  not 
presume  to  say,  but  the  mention  of  them  leads  one  to 
the  second  mystery.  It  is  this  :  every  person  appears 
to  be  fully  aware  that  the  mysterious  mixture  used  is 
not  milk  ;  yet  all  persist  in  calling  it  milk,  and  in 
swallowing  it.  Lwidoners,  more  particularly,  whenever 
the  subject  is  mentioned,  launch  out  into  a  sea  of  con- 
jecture as  to  the  origin  and  constituents  of  the  thing. 
Each  will  produce  his  cargo  of  ingredients  and  anec- 
dotes, amongst  the  former  of  which  you  are  sure  to  find 
brains  prominently  brought  forward.  Londoners  are 
considered  to  be  an  acute  race.  Has  this  curious 
preparation  of  brains  swallowed  daily,  one  generation 
after  another,  had  the  effect  of  enlarging  and  invigorating 
the  brain  of  the  consumer  1  Some  powerful  temptation 
must  lurk  about  it,  or  the  next  mystery  I  shall  mention 
would  be  dissipated.  The  farmers  here  receive  for  their 
milk,  after  paying  the  expense  of  carriage,  three-half- 
pence a  quart.  Some  of  the  London  men  have  actually 
desired  to  have  milk  for  that  sum,  the  cowkeeper  still 
paying  the  cost  of  sending  it.  The  salesman  keeps  this 
mUk  at  this  time  of  the  year  24  hours,  and  complains  if 
it  will  not  keep  so  long.  He  then  takes  off  the  cream, 
and  complains  if  it  is  not  thick.  After  that  the  skim 
milk  is  carried  into  the  laboratory,  and  issues  like  the 
Phoenix,  a  new  bird,  milk  new  from  the  cow.  My  third 
mystery  is  that  the  purchaser  should  be  willing  to 
.  pay  4d.  a  quart  for  the  dregs  of  a  liquid  which, 
before  the  essence,  the  most  valuable  portion,  was 
«xtracted,  cost  but  twopence.  This  is  the  age  of 
chemistry  ;  and  the  milk  chemists  are  alchemists.  I 
began  this  article  because  yours  is  pre-eminently  an 
agricultural  journal.  I  should  withdraw  it,  but  I  reflect 
that  it  is  also  open  to  those  who  write  on  the  mysterious 
products  of  ckemistry,  one  of  which  is  milk.  Will  any 
one  who  has  been  engaged  in  the  abstruse  science  draw 
the  curtain  1  W.  R.  Carter,  Eel-Moor  Farm,  Cove, 
Bagshot,  January  5. 

Artificial  ffatching  Apparatus, — Being  in  London  at 
this  time  of  year,  and,  Uke  the  rest  of  folks,  fond  of 
seeing  the  various  amusements,  &c.,  I  paid  my  second 
visit  to  the  hatching  apparatus  in  Leicestei'-square. 
Belonging  to  the  class  of  small  farmers,  and  believing  it 
as  of  no  use  crying  "  help,  help,'*  as  too  many  do,  I  pre- 
fer the  maxim  of  "God  helps  them  who  help  them- 
selves '*  and  am  on  the  qui  vive,  as  to  any  benefit  which 
may  be  derived  from  any  improvement  of  our  old 
methods.  With  this  view  I  paid  my  second  visit,  and 
bought  a  pamphlet,  with  which  I  must  say  I  am  much 
interested  ;  as,  if  the  calculations  therein  set  out  are 
only  one-half  true,  I  do  not  think  we  have  much 
reason  to  be  afraid  of  injury  by  free  trade.  I  take,  for 
instance,  the  following  estimate  of  cost  and  profits  of  a 
one-tray  incubator,  briefly  thus  : — 
^  3,  d 


Incubator 
Eggs  ... 
Pood  ... 
Charcoal 


2t  0 
7  10 

46  0 
4  10 


BECEIPX8. 

For  Fowl   

Yalue  incubator 


Expenses 
Profit 


£  8.  d. 
135  0  0 
19     0     0 


164 

78 


76     0    0 

That  is,  76Z.  or  78^.  left  to  pay  rent,  &c.  ;  and  the 
estimate  of  profit  on  a  five-tray  mcubator  is  stated  at 
3892.  &c.,  which  I  need  not  recapitulate,  as  I  dare  say 
you  have  the  pamphlet,  or  at  least  have  read  it.  Now, 
Mr,  Editor,  if,  as  I  said  before,  this  estimate  be  only 
double  the  amount,  which  may  reasonably  be  expected, 
how  is  it  that  it  is  not  more  generally  practised  ?  There 
must,  methinks,  be  some  practical  difficulty  not  men- 
tioned  in  ;the  said  pamphlet ;  and  although  I  feel  in- 


clined to  solve  the  problem  myself,  yet,  as  I  remember 
reading  in  your  excellent  Paper,  nearly  four  years  ago, 
many  able  articles  on  the  subject,  not  then  having  a 
"  notion "  to  take  up  with  the  project,  I  did  not  pay 
that  attention  to  it  I  should  do  now.  But  as  those  papers 
are  not  now  in  my  possession,  you  would  greatly  oblige 
me,  if  you  would,  in  your  answers  to  correspondents, 
give  me  your  opinion  as  to  the  practicability  of  the 
scheme,  and  the  reason  why  you  think  it  has  not  become 
more  adopted  by  the  public.  A  hint  or  two  of  this 
kind  will  prove  most  acceptable,  as  by  them  I  may  judge 
on  the  probability  of  success.  Poultry  (of  all  kinds)  is 
certainly  looking  up,  as  you  may  now  find  hundreds  kept 
where  (when  I  was  a  boy)  they  were  considered  almost 
a  pest;  they  cannot,  therefore,  now  be  thought  so  un- 
profitable. Still  for  all  that,  I  should  like  to  know  the 
data  against  Cantelo's  (the  pros  he  states  himself) 
hatching,  which  it  appears  must  exist  or  it  would  have 
been  by  this  time  of  much  more  frequent  use.  There  is 
no  question  but  that  he  can  hatch  them  ;  what  I  want 
to  know  is,  can  it  be  followed  out  at  a  profit  ?  I  do  not 
require  a  more  lengthy  answer  than  convenient,  though 
I  don't  care  how  explicit.  The  fact  is,  I  have  an  in- 
clination to  pfli'chase  a  four  or  five-tray  one,  and  should 
like  your  unprejudiced  practical  opinion  on  its  merits 
first.  John  Mii-rray,  BocHe^  near  Dover.  [To  hatch 
poultry  is  an  easy  art ;  to  rear  them  artificially  is 
exceedingly  difficult.] 

Ireland. — No  country  under' the  sun  has  been  more 
favoured  by  Nature  than  Ireland,  but  man  has  taken 
little  advantage  of  the  kindness  of  Providence.  It  may 
weary  the  mind  to  repeat  the  oft-told  tale  o£  a  produc- 
tive soil,  minerals  in  abundance,  and  prodigious  water 
power,  comparatively  neglected.  A  dog  in  the  manger 
system  is  pursued.  "  We  will  not  improve  om'  own 
condition,  neither  will  we  allow  the  kindly  disposed  to 
assist  us."  Strange  infatuation  !  There  must  be  some 
hidden  cause  for  the  destruction  of  the  best  men,  more 
powerful  than  ignorance.  The  introduction  of  capital  into 
Ireland  is  the  only  means  of  regenerating  the  country  ; 
but  how  can  individuals  be  expected  to  risk  both  money 
and  life  where  a  secret  society  of  assassins  can  perpe- 
trate deeds  of  horror,  in  broad  daylight ;  not  only  on 
unoffending  persons,  but  upon  those  who  are  acknow- 
ledged to  be  most  active  in  contributing  to  the  wants  of 
the  industrious,  and  promoting  the  welfare  of  their 
neighbours  ?  Maltreating  an  enemy  in  a  cowardly 
manner  is  characteristic  of  a  want  of  principle  and 
honour ;  but  cruelly  to  destroy  or  wound  a  friend, 
indicates  the  lowest  grade  of  depravity.  In  our 
sister  country  there  must  be  an  extraordinary 
misapprehension  as  to  the  value  of  property,  to  account 
for  the  idea  that  men  who  have  consented  to  pay  rent 
for  land  (a  sufficient  acknowledgment  that  it  does  not 
belong  to  them),  should  imagine,  because  they  have  pos- 
session they  may  retain  it,  and  break  the  conditions 
originally  agreed  on.  If  a  person  enters  a  shop  and 
selects  goods,  he  is  expected  to  satisfy  the  demands  of 
the^,  tradesman,  and  generally  with  ready  money. 
Another  rents  land  ;  and  because  he  is  given  credit  for 
12  months,  declines  paying  his  landlord;  whose  agent 
insisting  upon  either  the  rent  or  the  resignation  of  the 
holding,  is  murdered  in  cold  blood.  Was  Ireland  a 
colony  far  away  from  the  mother  country,  the  distance 
might  be  used  as  a  bad  reason  for  mis-government  and 
ill-managed  property  ;  but  when  London  is  only  a  12 
hours'  journey  from  Dublin,  what  is  there  to  prevent  the 
prosperity  of  one  country  being  equal  to  the  other  \ 
What  is  driving  the  population  away,  not  to  settle  in 
the  Canadas  or  Australia,  but  to  throw  themselves  into 
the  United  States  ?  It  cannot  be  that  their  treatment 
amongst  the  Yankees  is  more  humane  than  among  their 
own  countrymen.  The  evil  is  deep  seated.  Every 
calamity  that  has  befallen  Ireland  of  late  years 
is  attributed  to  the  Union  ;  mi  event  which  should 
naturally  have  been  a  blessing  to  both  countries.  A 
landed  proprietor  is  as  much  bound  to  attend  to  the 
interests  of  his  tenants  as  he  is  to  his  own  household, 
and  should  not  delegate  essential  duties  to  an  agent.  It 
has  been  too  much  the  fashion  in  England  and  Ireland 
to  consider  business  habits  as  beneath  the  notice  of  a 
man  of  fortune  ;  thus  causing  the  ruin  of  thousands. 
Spending  an  income  without  knowing  from  whence  it  is 
derived  is  followed  by  its  own  punishment  to  the  indi- 
vidual, and  draws  many  others  into  the  same  scrape 
who  little  deserve  it.  The  sale  of  encumbered  estates 
speaks  volumes.  Mortgage  follows  mortgage  to  satisfy 
extravagance,  till  the  bi'oad  acres  dissolve  into  parch- 
ment, leaving  the  original  owner  penniless.  There  is 
one  important  point  which  never  seems  to  trouble  the 
improvident.  Does  he  ever  ask  himself  the  question — 
"  Am  I  answerable  for  the  talents  entrusted  to  me, 
whether  they  be  of  intellect  or  gold,  or  both  1 "  The 
continued  emigration  from  Ireland  is  no  subject  of  con- 
gratulation, although  not  to  be  wondered  at,  considering 
the  unsettled  state  of  society.  Men  who  have  lived  for 
years  without  intercourse  with  their  landlords,  paying 
heavy  rents  during  the  season  of  abundance  and 
protection,  content  to  exist  on  Potatoes,  not  caring  suf- 
ficiently for  common  comforts  to  use  exertion  to  obtain 
them  ;  these  men  are  at  sea  without  a  rudder  when 
adversity  overtakes  them,  unprepared  with  the  savings 
of  former  years  against  a  rainy  day,  and  without  know- 
ledge or  perseverance  to  follow  a  better  course  of  agri- 
culture. If  a  child  grows  up  to  manhood,  innocent  of 
the  rudiments  of  education,  who  is  to  blame  for  his 
ignorance  \  His  parents  must  be  answerable  for  such 
neglect.  In  the  case  of  labourers  and  small  farmers, 
whose  notions  of  tillage  extend  to  the  rudest  system  of 
planting  Potatoes,  and  sprinkling  a  few  grains  of  Wheat 


on  an  ill  cultivated  but  generous  soil,  to  whom  should 
they  look  for  advice  and  instruction,  under  difficulties, 
to  enable  them  to  keep  pace  with  other  countries,  and 
to  bear  up  against  the  disastrous  famine  caused  by  the 
Potato  blight  ?  Unfortunately  the  poorer  Irish  were 
left  to  their  own  invention,  and  remained  unconscious 
of  the  resources  of  their  magnificent  country,  pursuing 
the  same  mistaken  plan,  involving  themselves  in  misery. 
Emigration  may  be  termed  voluntary,  but  under  the 
circumstances  it  is  compulsory.  The  best  men  are 
crossing  the  sea  when  there  is  plenty  of  room  for  them 
at  home,  under  skilful  guidance.  Their  sinewy  arms 
may  be  wanted  ere  long  !  Falcon. 

Mr.  Mecki's  Dr.  and  Cr.  Accounthas  caused  no  small 
sensation  in  the  agricultural  world,  but  more  parti- 
cularly amongst  the  auti-high-farming  party.  Has  a 
correct  view  been  taken  of  the  document  ?  Mr.  Mechi 
is  an  enthusiastic  and  extravagant  experimentalist,  and 
fax'mers  should  be  much  obliged  to  him  for  spending  his 
money,  in  order  to  show  them  what  quicksands  and 
rocks  they  should  avoid.  Mr.  Mechi  may  have  been 
mistaken  in  his  speculations,  as  many  practical  men 
supposed  he  would  be  ;  but  because  he  has  been  too 
sanguine  as  to  his  profits,  there  is  no  justice  in  con- 
demning a  judicious  outlay  on  land.  Some  distinction 
should  be  made  between  reckless  and  high  farming  ;  the 
latter  term  does  not  appear  to  be  understood.  It  means 
laying  out  cash  in  draining,  manuring,  and  improving 
land,  for  which  a  larger  return  will  be  received  than  if 
the  farm  was  left  half-tilled  and  full  of  weeds.  Common 
sense  high  farming  is  cultivating  the  soU  to  the  extent 
that  will  remunerate  the  tenant  for  capital  laid  out  (not 
an  extravagant  expenditure  for  one  year)  the  result 
to  be  shown  in  the  course  of  three  or  four  years' 
cropping.  If  Mr.  Mechi  is  given  time,  he  may  not 
prove  so  far  wrong  as  many  people  imagine.  If 
high  farming  will  not  pay — that  is,  feeding  the  soil 
according  to  its  production — low  farming,  that  is, 
scratching  undrained  land  to  enable  the  weeds  to 
flourish,  making  it  a  puddle  in  winter,  and  a  turnpike 
road  in  summer,  will  never  answer.  If  a  man  succeeds 
in  an  undertaking,  contrary  to  the  usual  practice,  he  is 
lauded  up  to  the  skies  ;  should  he  fail,  no  abuse  is  too 
severe  to  shower  down  upon  his  devoted  head.  It  is  in 
vain  to  censure  and  ridicule  high  farming  with  the  hope 
of  returning  to  protection.  Whatever  relief  may  be 
bestowed  upon  land,  in  the  shape  of  removing  some  of 
the  burthens  now  weighing  heavily  upon  tenants  and 
landlords,  a  large  duty  upon  the  importation  of  foreign 
grain  into  this  country  can  never  again  exist.  Rents 
must  be  based  on  the  price  of  bread  and  meat,  and 
lowered  accordingly,  and  leases  granted  to  men  with 
money  in  their  pockets.  Shopkeepers  do  not  make  the 
same  profits  they  used  to  do,  neither  can  farmers  hope 
to  live  without  increased  energy.  Falcon. 

On  the  Application  of  Lime  to  Ch^ass  La/nd. — When 
we  consider  the  vast  quantity  of  lime  that  is  removed 
by  a  crop  of  Grass,  it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
some  means  ought  to  be  taken  to  restore  that  element 
to  the  soil,  if  the  soil  does  not  already  contain  a  sufficient 
amount.  Two  [tons  of  red  Clover  will  carry  off  130  lbs. 
of  lime — two  tons  of  Rye-grass  33  lbs.  This  is  from  an 
analysis  by  Professor  Johnston,  whose  high  authority 
cannot  be  doubted  ;  and  from  analysis  we  find  all 
Grasses  to  contain  lime  in  large  proportions,  especially 
Clovers  and  Lucerne.  Although  this  quantity  of  lime 
appears  a  great  deal,  carried  off  by  these  crops,  yet  very 
small  when  compared  with  the  weight  of  the  soil,  as 
one  cubic  foot  weighs  about  80  lbs.  ;  and  the  presence 
of  a  much  greater  quantity  of  lime  is  necessary  to  be 
present  in  the  soil  than  what  is  actually  required  by  the 
various  crops,  as  the  roots  or  feeding  organs  do  not 
come  in  contact  with  the  hundredth  part  of  the  soil.  The 
clear,  glassy  part  of  the  stems  of  Grass  is  composed  of  a 
silicate  of  potash  or  a  silicate  of  soda  ;  and,  in  the 
absence  of  either  of  these  substances,  lime  in  contact 
with  sand  or  fiint  will  render  it  sufficiently  soluble  to 
enter  into  the  organism  of  plants,  and  will  also  set  at 
liberty  matters  that  have  been  taken  up  in  the  soil,  and 
quite  unfit  in  that  state  for  the  food  of  plants.  If  Grass 
is  not  carried  away  in  the  shape  of  a  crop  of  hay,  but  is 
used  as  a  pasture  for  milk  cows  or  growing  stock,  still 
a  great  amount  of  lime  is  removed  by  those  animals  ; 
100  lbs.  of  bones  contain  above  57  lbs.  of  lime.  Milk, 
too,  carries  off  carbonate  and  phosphate  of  lime  in  great 
abundance.  Yet  it  must  be  remembered  that  there  is 
a  marked  difference  between  the  full  grown  animal  and 
a  young  or  growing  one  ;  the  former  excretes  carbonate 
and  phosphate  of  lime  in  its  liquid  and  solid  excrements, 
whereas[_Nature  has  so  organised  the  young  animal  that 
the  greater  part  of  the  lime  eaten  in  its  food  is  assimi- 
lated for  the  growth  and  extension  of  its  bones  ;  if  such 
was  not  the  fact,  how  could  bones  possess  the  immense 
quantity  01  lime  in  their  composition?  So,  even  by  this 
means,  the  soil  becomes  deficient  of  lime,  if  all  the 
excrements  of  such  young  animals  was  returned  to  it ; 
if  such  soil  did  not  contain  a  sufficiency  of  lime,  which 
there  is  much  reason  to  doubt,  as  crop  after  crop 
removed  lime,  and  seldom  lime  is  applied  as  a  dressing 
for  Grass  land  ;  and  certain  it  is  that  we  cannot  arrive 
at  anything  like  accuracy  in  the  absence  of  analysis  ; 
and  practical  experimenters  and  fai-mers  will  do  well  to 
consider  this.  I  do  not  wish  to  mislead  them,  neither 
should  they  be  led  away  by  any  wild  theory,  but  first 
prove  on  a  few  square  yards  if  the  result  is  satisfactory, 
then  extend  to  as  many  square  acres,  I  am  spealdug 
from  practical  application  of  lime  to  Grass  land.  Science 
dictated  this  to  me,  and  its  appHcation  was  attended 
with  the  most  beneficial  results.  I  have  written  this  on 
the  suggestion  of  a  gentleman  whom  I  recommended  to 


Grass.  The  season  I  should  recommend  to  apply  lime 
is  now,  01-  as  early  as  possible  after,  as  in  the  winter 
months  lime  exercises  its  most  beneficial  influence  on 
the  soil.  I  should  apply  three  tons  to  the  acre.  There 
is  much  diHerence  in  the  quality  of  lime  ;  whichever 
contains  the  greatest  amount  of  pure  carbonate  of 
lime  is  the  best  for  agricultural  purposes.  The 
lime  I  should  recommend  to  be  slaked,  spread  on  in 
as  quick  a  state  as  possible,  and  immediately  brushed 
in  both  lengthways  and  across  ;  red  and  white 
Clover  will  appear  in  much  greater  abundance  tlian 
for  years  previous  to  the  use  of  lime.  Lime  is  by  no 
means  so  extensively  employed  as  it  ought  to  be  ;  it 
ou^ht  to  be  used'  and  regulated  to  the  kind  of  crop. 
Potatoes  are  much  benefited  by  its  use  ;  9  tons,  with 
their  tops,  will  take  from  the  soil  270  lbs.  of  lime — 45 
tons  of  Turnips,  with  their  tops,  will  carry  off  1 40  lbs. 
of  lime  ;  hence  the  benefit  arising  to  Turnip  crops 
from  the  use  of  bones,  from  the  fact  of  their  supplying 
lime,  in  addition  to  the  organic  constituents.  Q.  Grey 
Watson,  Ribston,  Wetherly. 

Zand  Draining. — In  the  midst  of  numerous  floating 
conflicting  opinions,  I  am  not  now  desirous  to  add 
to  the  long  list  of  counsellors  ;  but  as  one  who  has 
thought  deeply,  written  much,  and  practised  extensively 
on  nearly  every  variety  of  soil  and  subsoil  in  one  or 
other  of  the  counties  of  Durham,  York  (the  three 
ridings),  Nottingham,  Lmcoln,  Leicester,  Bedford,  and 
Hertford,  I  wish,  by  your  favour,  to  record  that  I  have 
never  failed,  under  the  most  unfavourable  circumstances, 
to  produce  the  best  results  by  means  of  drains  3  feet 
deep,  and  18  feet  apart,  in  direction  of  the  greatest 
descent,  making  provision  for  a  free  circulation  of  pure 
atmospheric  air  through  each  and  all  the  drains.  In  a 
few  particular  cases,  I  had  recourse  to  the  aid  of  boring 
at  tlie  bottom  of  the  drains,  at  short  intervals,  and  thus 
afi'orded,  at  a  very  trifling  cost,  free  and  effectual  vent 
to  deeper  lying  waters.  In  stating  the  above,  allow  me 
to  observe  that  the  professors  of  very  deep  draining  are 
one  and  all  silently  abandoning  in  practice  their  pet  and 
concomitant  theory  of  distant  drams,  and  I  will  venture 
to  opine  that  expense  will  speedily  remove  the  film 
from  the  other  eye  also.  Simon  HuicMmon,  Manihm'pe 
2jod;/c,  Orantham,  Lincolnshire. 

Htcipe  for  Brewing  Unfei^mented  Bluer  Ale. — Boil 
your  copperful  of  water  (mine  holds  three  quarters  of 
a  hogshead)  ;  when  boiUng,  remove  it  to  the  mash-tub  ; 
there  let  it  remain  sufficiently  clear  to  see  your  face  in 
it ;  then  add  two  bushels  of  malt ;  stir  it  well  up,  and 
cover  it  over  with  \  bags,  to  keep  in  the  steam  ;  let  it 
stand  three  hours,  draw  it  off,  put  it  into  the  copper, 
and  add  to  it  2  lbs.  of  the  best  Farnham  Hops  ;  boil  it 
one  hour  very  gently,  and  then  turn  it  off  boiling  hot, 
Hops  and  all,  into  your  cask  (a  half  hogshead  I  use).  Do 
not  fill  the  cask  quite'  full,  but  let  it  be  about  3  inches 
lower  than  the  bung-hole,  to  allow  it  to  form  a  head. 
Upon  no  account  break  this  head,  nor  disturb  it  in  any 
way.  Do  not  ^bring  it  down  until  it  is  quite  cold — the 
time  varies  from  three  to  six  weeks  according  to  the 
weather,  the  temperature  of  the  cellar,  or  the  [size  of 
the  cask.  It  is  fit  to  drink  in  about  four  or  six  months, 
when  it  will  be  as  bright  as  amber.  Upon  no  account 
use  any  yeast,  as  it  must  not  ferment.  I  always  brew 
in  this  way,  and  have  never  had  a  failure.  Many  of 
my  friends  (from  having  tasted  my  beer)  have  askedme 
for  the  recipe,  and  have  brewed  in  this  way,  and  one 
public  ;brewer  follows  the  same  plan,  and  has  a 
very  great  and  increasing  demand  for  it.  With  my 
small  copper,  I  always  brew  two  hogsheads  in  a  day. 
Strong  ^beer  brewed  in  this  way  does  not  come  to 
drinking  for  1 2  to  15  months.  I  must  add,  that  it  will 
never  turn  sonr,  and  is  as  good  at  the  end  of  the  barrel 
as  at  the  beginning,  /.  W. 

Skorl-slrawtd  Wheal.  —  Your  correspondent  "Clitheroe" 
enquires  for  the  "  shortest  strawed  Wheat."  The 
Golden  Drop  is  the  most  dwarfy  variety  known  here, 
and  is  as  heavy  as  any  produced.  A  parcel  under  our 
notice  was  shipped  here  of  late  weighing  65 1  lbs.  per 
bushel ;  enclosed  is  a  sample,  which  appears  tolerably 
true  to  its  kind — sometimes  it  exceeds  68  lbs.  It  is  a 
correct  idea  to  select  the  shortest  strawed  kinds  for  high 
cultivation,  as  the  tall  kinds  get  lodged  and  deteriorated 
in  quality  and  quantity  by  heavy  rains,  which  indeed  is 
much  to  be  deplored.  The  best  alternatives  we  know  of 
to  obviate  this  evil,  are  selecting  stocks  of  the  dwarfest 
growths,  sowing  moderately  thin,  with  precision,  say 
3  pecks  to  1  bushel  per  acre,  and  treading  light  land 
crops  with  eheep  in  early  spring.  Short-strawed  Wheat 
is  also  not  so  subject  to  be  mildewed  as  tall.  The 
"  Goldin  Drop  "  i»  shorter  in  the  straw  than  "  Piper's 
Tliickset."  Eighty  bushels  per  acre,  however,  is  too 
great  an  extreme  calculation  for  "Clitheroe"  to  presume 
he  can  grow  under  any  circumstances  ;  though  high 
cultivation  may  go  very  far  to  effect  it.  Hardy  and  >%n, 
Maldon,  Essex. 


TvxESiDE.— /Jcn//^  of  Science  to  Ai/ricullurc—Mv 
Grey,  of  DiUton,  Raid,  lie  had  been  rejoiced  to  Iicar  the 
forcible  remarks  of  the  chairman,  as  to  the  importance 
of  combining  science  witli  practice.  In  Bocictien  of  tlii« 
kind  they  were  too  much  occupied  in  bandyinj;  compli- 
mentH  to  eaeli  other  ;  but  if  gentlemen  would  lay  them- 
selveH  out  to  explain  the  principIcB  [on  wliich  the  im- 
provement of  agriculture  depended,  these  HocIetieH  would 
have  something  of  the  character  of  educational  iiiatitu- 


they  were  too  busy  to  take  advantage  of  them  ;  but  in 
institutions  of  this  kind,  if  every  man  who  had  expe- 
rience would  give  the  result  of  it,  great  benefit  would 
ensue.  Education,  in  the  common  accoptance  of  the 
term,  meant  the  mechanical  act  of  reading  and  writing  ; 
but  these  things,  important  as  they  were,  were  but  the 
first  steps  in  a  ladder,  the  top  of  which  they  were  unable 
to  reach  in  a  life-time.  Theii"  education  went  on  from 
day  to  day,  if  they  only  used  ordinary  application. 
Their  farmers'  clubs  more  especially  had  a  tendency  to 
bring  forth  the  experience  of  those  who  attended  them 
— to  give  the  farmers  a  stimulus  in  teaching  them  to 
think  for  themselves,  and  in  breaking  down  that 
lethargic  state  of  mind  which  usually  belonged  to  those 
who  merely  followed  in  the  beaten  track  of  their 
forefathers.  He  was  the  more  espocially  glad  to 
hear  the  compliment  which  his  friend  had  paid 
to  science  on  this  occasion,  because  he  recollected, 
at  a  very  important  meeting  of  this  county,  the 
value  of  science  was  spoken  of  in  somewhat  of  a  sneering 
and  disparaging  style.  If  the  question  was  asked  what 
science  had  done  for  agriculture,  the  answer  was  a  very 
simple  one.  He  would  look  back  50  years,  in  one  par- 
ticular case,  when  they  had  no  other  instrument  than  a 
flail  to  thresh  out  theii'  corn,  and  when  corn  was  laid 
a  fortnight  together  in  a  state  very  unfit  for  grinding. 
There  was  no  comparison  between  tliis  slow  process  and 
the  expedition  of  their  threshing  machines — whether 
driven  by  steam,  water,  or  horses — with  which  they 
could  thresh  their  stack  and  have  it  ready  for  market  in 
a  very  few  hours.  He  would  ask  if^  in  this  instance, 
mechanical  science  had  done  no  good  to  agriculture  ? 
Then  look  at  the  whole  round  of  their  improved  im 
plements,  fitted  to  perfect  and  cheapen  cultivation. 
Let  them  look  at  the  prospect  of  having  a  machine 
introduced,  that  would  cut  down  their  harvests  with 
much  greater  expedition  than  hitherto,  and  then  say 
whether  science  was  doing  nothing  for  agriculture.  The 
Chairman  had  touched  upon  chemical  science,  which 
was  more  intricate  in  its  operation.  That  science  was 
now  doing  for  agriculture  what  the  railroads  had  done 
for  commercial  men.  It  was  carrying  them  from  the 
point  at  which  they  stood,  to  the  point  to  which  they 
would  ascend,  in  a  speedy  and  certain  manner.  Had  it 
not  taught  them  what  was  the  component  parts  of  their 
soils,  and  in  what  respect  any  of  them  were  deficient  ?  It 
had  taught  them  to  apply  certain  manures  for  the  raising 
of  certain  crops — that  manures  having  a  considerable 
portion  of  nitrogen  were  beneficial  for  Wheat— that 
those  possessing  alkalies  were  best  fitted  for  leguminous 
crops — and  that  for  promoting  luxuriant  root  crops, 
they  should  resort  to  the  phosphates  and  phosphoric 
acid — whilst,  if  they  applied  these  things  indiscriminately, 
they  would  have  given  their  money  in  vain.  It  had 
been  his  endeavour,  in  connexion  with  this  Society  and 
the  Hexham  Farmers'  Club,  to  make  them  the  en 
couragers  of  inquiry  and  knowledge.  If  he  had  been 
the  means  of  rousing  any  mind  to  think  for  iteelf,  he 
should  think  he  had  not  laboured  in  vain. 


Ohsenations  upon  the  Nature,  Properties,  and  Value  of 
the  Patent  Solid  Sewage  Manure,  with  a  DescHption 
of  Wicksteed's  Patent  Process  for  its  Manufacture,  d:c. 
London  :  John  Weale,  59,  High  Holbom. 
The  subject  of  this  tract  ought  not  to  be  permitted  that 
comparative  neglect  which,  during  the  past  few  months, 
it  has  received.  The  relative  merits  of  the  two  plans 
for  the  disposal  of  sewage  manure — that  which  sends 
the  whole  in  the  liquid  form  to  the  land,  and  that  which 
precipitates  the  principal  ingredients  in  a  solid  form 
for  carriage  as  ordinary  manure — will  hinge  mainly 
upon  the  question  of  economical  conveyance,  which  has 
hitiierto  received  an  answer  in  favour  of  the  liquid 
sewage.  The  extreme  dilution,  however,  of  sewage 
water  renders  the  matter  doubtful  ;  and  we  accordingly 
present  our  readers  with  the  following  extracts  from 
this  tract  on  the  other  side  of  jthe  question. 

"  Hitherto,  the  chief  difficulty  to  be  overcome  has 
arisen  from  the  extreme  state  of  dilution  in  which  the 
water  is  delivered  from  the  sewers.  From  an  analysis 
made  by  Professor  Aikin,  of  Onyx's  Hospital,  and  Mr. 
Nash,  in  the  year  1845,  of  the  sewage-water  from  five  of 
the  metropolitan  sewers,  it  was  found  that  560  tons  of 
sewer-water  contained  only  one  ton  of  fertilising  matter, 
suspended  or  dissolved,  and  therefore,  for  the  purpose 
of  rendering  that  single  ton  available  as  a  manure,  the 
enormous  amount  of  560  tons  must  be,  by  some  means 
or  other,  distributed  over  the  land  ;  and  just  in  pro- 
portion as  the  use  of  water  for  sanitary  and  manufac- 
turing purposes  is  extended,  will  this  difficulty  increase, 
"Among  the  successful  cases  of  the  application  of 
sewage,  in  its  liquid  state,  that  of  Edinburgh  has  been 
most  commonly  referred-to.;  but  it  cannot  be  taken  as 
an  example  of  the  value  of  sewage-water  unless  applied 
in  similarly-circumstanced  localities  ;  for,  although  the 
application  of  it  to  the  meadow  lands  near  that  city  has 
proved  to  be  a  source  of  very  large  profit  to  the  land- 
holder, this  successful  result  has  arisen  from  a  rare 
combination  of  favourable  circumstances,  viz,,  proximity 
of  the  locality  of  demand  to  that  of  supply,  and  the 
capability  of  the  transmission  of  water  by  natural 
channc'lH,  instead  of  by  exponnive  artificial  means. 

"But  taking  it  for  granted  that  the  sewer- water  can 
be  elicaply  sujiplied  to  tho  land,  it  must  not  be  assumed 
that  from  every  500  tons  of  sewer-water  conveyed  in 


case,  it  is  certain  that  a  large  proportion,  varyin^wi^i 
the  nature  of  the  soil  and  seasons,  must  How  off  the  land 
or  through  the  underground  drains,  to  the  natural 
water-courses  of  the  district ;  for  it  appears  from  an 
analysis  made  by  the  late  Professor  Phillips,  the  Govem- 
inent  chemist,  of  the  Edinburgh  water,  before  and  after 
it  had  flowed  over  the  meadows,  that  out  of  52  grains 
of  solid  matter  in  suspension,  in  a  gallon,  37  grains  had 
been  deposited  ;  and  out  of  87  grains  held  in  solution, 
only  4yJj  grains  ;  or,  taking  the  matters  held  in  suspen- 
sion, 71  per  cent,  of  the  fertilising  matter  had  been  em- 
ployed, but  only  5  per  cent,  of  matters  held  in  solution, 
which  are  well  known  to  be  far  superior  to  those  held 
in  suspension  j  therefore,  so  far  as  the  water  flowing 
off  the  land  is  concerned,  great  expense  in  transmission 
must  be  incurred  to  produce  a  very  inadequate  result, 
unless  the  locality  renders  a  recourse  to  artificial  means 
unnecessary — a  circumstance  rarely  to  be  expected. 

"  The  want  of  success  of  the  once  favourite  scheme  of 
supplying  liquid  manure,  *  by  means  of  pumping-engines 
and  pipes,  analogous  to  that  of  the  great  water  compa- 
nies,' will  not  appear  surprising  to  any  one  who  is 
aware  of  the  power  required  to  overcome  the  fi'iction 
created  in  its  passage  through  long  lines  of  pipes,  and 
the  extravagant  outlay  necessary  to  provide  pipes  and 
machinery  for  the  distribution  of  the  liquid  manure 
over  an  area  sufficiently  large  to  utilise  the  whole  supply 
of  sewage  from  a  large  town.  If  the  cost  of  supplying 
a  town  with  water  be  great,  owing  chiefly  to  the  extent 
of  pipage  required,  although  the  houses  adjoin  each 
other— how  enormous  must  it  be  when  the  supply  is  to 
be  transmitted  to  distant  farms,  instead  of  houses  ;  in 
fact,  to  counties  instead  of  towns. 

"  For  these  and  other  reasons  (and  after  having,  in 
1845,  tested  the  pipe  scheme  by  calculations  and  detailed 
estimates),  my  own  opinion  was  decidedly  averse  to  this 
mode  of  distribution  of  sewage-water  ;  not  that  it  was 
physically  impossible,  but  because  it  was  commercially 
unprofitable. 

*'  The  next  step  in  my  examination  was,  to  ascertain 
whether  the  manure  held  in  suspension  in  sewer-water 
could  be  collected  and  prepared  for  transmission  at  a 
remunerative  price  ;  and  having  found  that,  owing  to 
the:  little  value  as  a  fertiliser  of  this  portion  of  the 
sewage  water,  as  compared  with  that  held  in  solution,  it 
would  not  yield  a  profit ;  and  having  also  considered 
that  the  supernatant  liquor  that  would  flow  away  afte? 
the  manure  had  been  deposited,  would  contain  the  most 
valuable  of  the  fertilising  salts,  and,  moreover,  that  if  it 
had  not  been  deodorised,  then,  on  account  of  the 
necessity  of  exposing  it  in  extensive  depositing 
reservoirs,  it  would  become  a  greater  nuisance  that 
when  flowing  direct  into  the  streams, — I  therefore 
abandoned  this  scheme  also. 

*'  At  that  period,  however,  the  impression  made  upon 
the  public  mind  by  the  advocates  of  the  liquid  manure 
scheme  was  exceedingly  favourable  to  their  mode  of 
distribution.  They  not  only  urged  the  instance  of  the 
Edinburgh  meadows,  and  a  few  other  experiments  on  a 
smaller  scale,  but  contended  that  the  fact  of  its  being  in 
the  liquid  instead  of  the  solid  form,  was  an  essential 
element  in  the  value  of  the  liquid  sewage.  At  the  same 
time  the  general  feeling  was  hostile  to  &~  solid  manure 
scheme,  inasmuch  as  the  popular  Jiotion  of  the  solid 
manure  was,  that  it  consisted  only  of  the  matters 
mechanically  suspended,  and  that  these  could  not  be 
combined  with  the  solids  held  in  solution. 

**  Upon  considering  and  reflecting  upon  this  popular 
notion,  I  was  led  to  the  following  conclusions : — 

"  1st.  That  although,  for  certain  crops,  liquid  manure 
might  be  preferable  to  solid  manure,  and  that,  in  fact, 
guano  was  frequently  diluted  and  applied  in  a  liquid 
form,  yet  it  was  as  frequently  applied  with  great  advan- 
tage in  its  dry  state,  its  strength  being  first  reduced  by 
an  admixture  with  dry  ashes. 

"  2nd.  That  it  appeared  to  me  that  the  question  of 
the  advantage  of  using  manure  in  a  solid  or  liquid  form, 
was  perfectly  independent  of  the  value  of  the  fertilising 
matter  contained  in  it,  so  long  as  it  was  not  too  much 
diluted. 

"3rd.  That  river  water,  of  itself,  used  in  irrigation* 
was  more  or  less  valuable  in  proportion  to  its  muddinesSj 
its  value  as  an  irrigant  being  dependent  not  only  upon 
the  quantity  of  salts  originally  contained  in  it,  but  also 
upon  the  additional  salts  and  organic  matter  washed 
down  by  floods  passing  over  arable  lands  ;  at  the  same 
time,  the  chemical  nature  of  the  earth  passed  over 
would  affect  its  value. 

"  4th.  That  all  sewage,  when  towns  are  abundantly 
supplied  with  water,  would  be  too  much  diluted  j  ii, 
therefore,  it  could  be  concentrated  to  that  state  of 
strength  which  the  farmer  has  found  to  be  most  advan- 
tageous, when  he  dilutes  either  guano  or  the  liquid  farm- 
yard manure  (collected  in  tanks),  the  application  of  itto> 
the  land  would  be  more  economical,  as  there  would  then 
be  no  necessity  to  carry  more  water  than  was  absolutely- 
required  for  the  purpose. 

"  5th.  That  it  would  bo  better,  therefore,  if  the 
fertilising  matter  could  be  separated  from  the  excess  of 
water,  or  obtained  in  a  dry  state  like  guano  ;  as  it  would ' 
enable  the  farmer  to  apply  it  in  the  solid  or  liquid  state, 
whichever  ho  found  most  suitable  to  the  land,  the  crop, 
or  tho  season. 

"  With  thcso  views  I  applied  to  Professor  Aiken  in 
in45,  who,  after  considcx'ation,  recommended  that  lime 
should  bo  mixed  with  thesewage  water;  notin  such  large 
proportion  as  would  drive  off  any   ammonia   which   it 


strenTO  of  the  London  sewer  water  of  that  year). 
The  effect  of  this  application  was  immediate  and  extra- 
ordinary— first,  in  depriving  the  water  of  all  smell  ; 
secondly,  in  precipitating  the  most  valuable  salts  and 
or<Tanic  matter  held  in  solution,  as  also  the  lime  used  in 
the  process.  After  settling,  the  supernatant  water  was 
clear  and  limpid  ;  and  inasmuch  as,  in  the  process,  most 
of  the  salts  of  lime  originally  contained  in  the  water 
before  it  entered  the  sewers  were  also  precipitated,  it  had 
becoraesofterthanitoriginallywas;  audits beingtasteless, 
inodorous,  and  freer  from  salts  and  organic  matter  than 
it  was  before  its  admixture  with  the  sewage,  seems  to 
be  a  conclusive  argument  that  the  constituents  which 
were  valuable  as  manure  had  been  separated.  This 
product,  consisting  of  an  admixture  of — first,  the  solids 
hold  in  suspension  ;  second,  those  dissolved  in  the  water ; 
and  third,  the  lime  used  in  the  process  (being  itself  a 
manure),  constitutes  the  description  of  solid  manure,  the 
manufacture  of  which  I  have  advocated  for  years  past." 


l^iscellaneous. 


Bath  and  West  of  England  Agnculhcral  Society  : 
Proposed  Exhibition  of  Implements  and  Stock  in  the  West 
of  England. — A  Society,  under  the  above  denomination, 
has  been  recently  established  in  the  West  of  England  ; 
and  from  the  spirit  with  which  it  has  been  received,  and 
the  great  encouragement  given  to  it,  we  have  every 
reason  to  believe  that  it  will  be  most  eminently  success- 
ful. The  chief  promoter  of  the  Society  was,  we  learn, 
T.  D;  Acland,  Esq.,  son  of  the  much-respected  member 
for  North  Devon,  to  whom  much  credit  is  due  for  his 
seal  and  exertions.  The  subscription  list  already  presents 
a  goodly  appearance,  many  of  the  first  persons  in  the 
western-  counties  having  added  their  names  to  it ;  and 
we  have  no  doubt,  when  it  is  more  fully  known,  it  will 
receive  general  encouragement.  A  preliminary  meeting 
of  the  subscribers  and  friends  to  this  very  laudable 
undertaking  was  held  at  the  Globe  Hotel,  Exeter,  on 
Friday,  the  12th- inst.,  "for  the  pm'pose  of  electing  a 
committee  of  selection,  to  whom  the  nomination  of  12 
members,  to  act  on  the  first  council  of  the  Society,  will 
be  confided.  The  meeting  was  well  attended.  Sir 
Thomas  Acland,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  unanimously  called  to 
the  chair,  and  briefly  opened  the  business  of  the  meeting 
by  speaking  of  the  great  benefit  likely  to  arise  from  the 
Society.  Sir  John  Kennaway,  Bart.,  after  some  pertinent 
observations  in  favour  of  such  institutions,  proposed  tlie 
committee  of  selection.  Mr.  W.  E.  Rendle,  of  Plymouth, 
said  that  about  a  month  since,  not  having  any  knowledge 
of  this  excellent  Society,  he  had  wxntten  his  views  on  the 
subject  of  having  an  exhibition  of  implements  and  stock 
at  Plymouth,  to  the  lion,  and  much  respected  member 
for  South  Devon,  Sir  Ralph  Lopes,  Bart.,  to  which  letter 
Sir  Ralph  replied,  recommending  him  to  wait  and  first 
see  the  prospectus  of  the  Society.  He  would  observe 
that  tile  inhabitants  of  Plymouth,  Stonehouse,  and 
Devonport  exceeded  100,000,  in  addition  to  the  popula- 
tion of  the  surrounding  towns  and  villages  ;  and  there 
could  be  no  doubt  that  such  an  exhibition  would  be 
attended  by  many  thousands,  as  it  could  not  fail  to 
attract  large  bodies  of  persons  from  the  east  of  Cornwall, 
the  south  and  north  of  Devon,  &;c.,  thus  giving  an 
opportunity  to  a  great  number  of  persons  of  seeing  an 
exliibition,  of  which  they  had  only  up  to  that  time  heard 
by  name. — It  is  generally  understood  that  the  exhibition 
of  1852  vnW  be  held  at  Bridgewater  or  Taunton,  and  it  is 
not  improbable  that  the  one  for  1853  may  beheld  in 
Plymouth — a  circumstance  of  no  mean  consideration  to 
the  town.  Plymouth  Heralds 

The  Labortrer^s  Balance  Sheet — As  we  are  talking  of 
balance  sheets,  permit  me  to  lay  before  you  the 
labourer's  balance  sheet.  As  there  are  many  in  our 
towns  and  cities  with  tolerably  good  wages,  who  don't 
know  how  to  live — it  may  be  useful. 


£    s. 
48  weeksMabour  at  83.,..  19    4 
4  week3'harve8t,at21s.6d.  4    6 
Extra  wages,  earned  occa- 
sionally by  hoeing,  dib- 

blinp,  &c 1    0 

Wife'e  earnings  at  glean- 
ing, weeding.  &c 2  10 

4  bushels  of  Wheat  in  the 
garden,  at  55,   „ 1    0 

£28    0 


Analysia  of  Labourer's  Expen- 
diture ;  average  of  family. — 
man,  wife,  and  0  children. 
a.  d. 

9  41b.  loaves,  at  5d 3  9 

li  lb.  of  the  fat  of  pork, 
at6d 0  9 

1  lb.  of  cbeeao  0  7 

i  lb.  of  Gutter  0  6 

2  ozs.  oftea 0  6 

lib.  of  soft  Bugar 0  4 

^  lb.  of  soap  0  3 

4  lb.  of  candles 0  2J 

Coals  and  firing  0  8 

BootB  ior  the  man  0  4| 

Boots  and  shoes  for  bis 

family 0  4i 

Clothing  for  man 0  7 

Clothing  for  woman  and 

family 0  9 

FIcB,    needles,      thread, 

worsted,  tfcc 0  1 

Confinements,    (doctor's 

fee,  &c.) 0  4 

General  medical  attend- 
ance; by  5s,  annual 
olubpaymentB 0  1 

10  IJ 

52  weeks  at  lQa.l^a:,yj25    7  7 
Rent 3  10  0 


^^9  17  7 

From  the  above  statement,  which  I  believe  to  be  strictly 
accurate,  it  is  quite  clear  that  unless  the  wife  earns 
more  than  the  sum  I  have  stated  they  cannot  have  the 
comforts  I  have  described. — Mr,  Mechi's  Second  Paper. 


has  furnished  an  account  of  butter-makiog,  which  I  mean  to 
adopt;  but  will  he  be  so  kind  as  to  say  what  sort  of  milk- 
pans  he  uses  ;  if  they  be  of  the  common  red  earthenware  or 
glazed  ware,  as  it  will  require  a  body  of  some  substance  to 
withstand  the  beat  of  a  hot  plate.  And  will  cream,  set  aside 
for  a  few  days,  du  for  churning  by  this  process  1" 

Caitle,  tbc.  :  Vicfis.  "Farming  for  Ladies"  is  a  good  book 
for  your  purpose.  An  Alderney  cow;  Berkshire  pigs; 
Spanish  fowls  ;  Aylesbury  ducks. 

Daisy  Management  :  Agricola,  jim.  Road  Mr.  Milburn's 
little  book  '*  The  Cow  "  for  information  about  the  profits  of 
dairy  management.  Lime  is  best  applied  in  compost  with 
vpgetable  mould.  The  guillotine  ch^ff-cutter  is  as  neat  and 
efficient  an  instrument  as  you  can  employ.  On  farm  book- 
keeping,  read  the  article  "  Accounts  "  in  Blackie's  "Cyclo- 
pedia of  Agriculture." 

Eahlt  Potatoes  :  A  SmaU  Farmer.  If  you  have  good  stable 
dung,  you  need  not  buyRuanoor  sulphate  of  ammonia,  or 
any  uther  artificial  manure, 

Me.  Mecdi:  W Grant.  You  would  see  that  the  review  was 
accidentally  delayed. 

Reaping  IIacqines  :  W  T.  Mr.  Slight,  of  Edinburgh,  knows 
more  about  reaping  machines  than  any  other  miin.  See  hia 
paper  in  the  new  number  of  the  Edinburgh  (iaarterly  Journal 
of  AirricuUnre.  We  do  not  know  of  any  such  apparatus  of 
circular  saws  having  ever  been  used  as  a  reaping  machine, 
and  think  you  are  mistaken.  Your  wish  about  John  Bull's 
honour  in  this  matter  will  be  gratified  by  an  extract  from 
Mr.  Sliebt's  paper  next  week. 

SnEEP  :  n  B.  The  sheep  should  be  penned  upon  the  Clover,  and 
feed  it  down  ;  eight  to  ten  sheep  per  acre,  for  four  or  five 
mnnths,  will  be  kept  by  one  acre  of  good  Clover. 

Smithfield  :  A  R.  The  reports  are  the  judcment  of  the 
reporter,  and  not  a  statement  of  fact.  The  beasts  are  sold 
at  so  mnch  a  head— the  reporter  judges  them  to  weigh  so 
many  stone  {8  ibi.),  and  reports  the  price  per  stone  ac- 
cordingly. 

TnaNiPs :  2*  i.  The  common  white  Stone  Turnip  is  one  of  the 
earliest  sorts  you  can  sow.  Whether  it  will  stand  your 
early  spring  froBis,  however,  we  doubt.  Sow  in  the  end  of 
April,  to  be  ready  in  AuEust. 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Jan.  17. 
English  Pine-apples  are  pretty  well  supplied,  considering  the 
season.  Hothouse  Grapefl  are  nearly  over.  A  few  foreign  Pears 
are  still  furnished.  The  best  EngUah  kinds  fetch  good  prices. 
They  consist  of  Glout  Morceau,  Beurr6  Ranee,  and  Easter 
Beurre.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and  pood.  Nuts  are  nearly  the 
same  as  last  quoted.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  dsc,  are 
sufficient  for  tbe  demand.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in 
quality.  Lettuces  and  other  aalading  are  sufficient  for  the 
demand.  Mushrooms  are  still  dear.  Cut  flowers  consist  of 
Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Mignonette,  Stephanotis,  Bignonia 
venusta,  Camelliis,  and  Roces. 

FRtJIT. 


PIne-npples,  per  lb.,  3b  to  6s 
GrapeB,hothouse,p.  lb.,  4s  to  78 

—    Lisbon,  perlb.,  9d  to  Is 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  28 

to  33  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2e  to  63 
Lemons,  per  doz..  Is  to   2h 
Walnuts,  per  bush.,  123  to  2<s 

VEGETABLES. 


Almonds,  per  peck,  6s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  83 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  6s  tolOs 
Nut8,Barcelona,p.bsh,20sto22s 

—  Brazil,  p,  hsh.,  123  to  lis 
Filberts,  per  lOOlbs.,  _70s  to  90s 


Cabbages,  per  doz,,  8d  to  Is 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  43  to  6s 
Seakale.  per  basket,  Is  to  2s 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Potatoes, per  ton,  45s  to  60b 

—  p6rcwt,,2s  to  5s 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  23  6d 
Turnips,  p.  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  Ss 
Radishes, per  doz.,  9d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  p.  doz.,  9d  to  Is 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  fid  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  fid 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  fid  to  2s 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  Id  to  5d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,ls6d  to  3s 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  28 
Beet,  per  doz.,  6d  to  I3 


Parsnips,  per  dot.,  fid  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  fid  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  fid  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  perbf. 

sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score,  4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  per  score,  3d  to  Is 
Small  Sdlada,  p.  punn.,2d  to  8d 
Hor9eRftdish,p.  bundle.  Is  to  4b 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  2s  6d 

—  per  bushel,  78  to  10s 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Basil,  p. bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3dto4d 
Watercre83,p.l2bunch3.4dto6d 


WOOL. 

Bbadfobd,  Wednesdat  Evenino,  Jan.  14. —  There  is  no 
material  change  to  report  in  the  state  of  the  wool  market ;  the 
inquiry  for  the  best  clnas  of  borted  and  fleece  wool  continues 
active,  and  the  turn  of  prices  in  fivour  of  the  seller.  In  middle 
class  wools  theie  is  not  quite  so  brisk  a  demand,  as  tbe  supply 
of  them  IB  relatively  greater,  but  prices  are  quito  firm.  The 
utter  impossibility  of  replacing  from  the  country  at  prices  in 
any  degree  commensurate  with  those  current  in  this  market 
renders  staplers  indiflerent  regarding  sales,  unless  increased 
prices  can  be  obtained.  Short  wool  is  rather  more  inquired 
for  at  late  rates. 

Thoesdat. — There  is  a  quietness  in  tbe  purchase  of  wools, 
especially  of  the  middle  and  lower  classes.  The  prices  sought 
lately  totally  preclude  any  business  being  done  except  on  the 
narrowest  scale  possible.       « 

COAL  MAttKET.— Friday.  Jani  IC. 

Wallseud  Hetton,  17sw  3d.;   Edon   Main,  Ifis.  Cd. ;  Russell's 
HettOD,  173.  3d.  ;  Belmont,  ifis.  9d. — Ships  at  market.  34. 
POTATOES.— SouTHWAEK,  MoNDAT,  Jan.  12, 

The  committee  report  that  the  trade  during  the  past  week 
has  been  very  heavy,  and  lower  prices  for  some  sorts  have  been 
submitted  to.  The  weather  has  been  very  mild  for  the  season. 
The  following  are  this  day's  quotations  : — Yorkshire  Regents, 
60s.  to  80s.;  Scotch  ditto,  das.  to  6ds. ;  Cups,  50s.  to  60s.; 
Kent  and  Essex  Regents,  60s,  to  75s. ;  Wisbeach,  50s,  to  65s.; 
French,  GOs, 

HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusfles. 
Smitbfield,  Jan.  15. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  72a  to  778    Clover     

Inferiordltto 63        68      2d  cut      

Rowen    60        fi3      Straw     

New  Hay       —        — 

CuMBEHLAND  Mareet,  Jan,  15. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  753  to  80s 

loferioT  ditto 60        70 

New  Hay       —        — 

Old  Clover    78 


Interior  . 
New  Clover 
Straw 


703toS5s 
67  75 
21        26 

.  COOPEE. 

65a  to  75b 


Fine  Old  Hay 
N"ew  Hay 
Inferior  dicto... 
gtraw     


Whitechapel,  Jan.  15. 


JOSBUA  Baeeb. 


723  to  76s 
68        72 
50        68 
20        24 


Old  Clover    ... 
Inferiordltto 
New  Clover    ... 
Inferiordltto,., 


75 
60 


HOPS.— Friday,  Jan.  16. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and   Smith  report  that  there  continues 
a  good  demand  for  all  descriptions  of  Hops,  and  the  late  ad- 
vance is  fully  811  (.ported.     Cunency  : 

Mid  Jj  East  Keats  HOs  to  2528  |  Sussex      112s  to  ISOs 

WealdKents     ...  120*tol503|  Yearlings 95stollOa 

Very  choice  higher. 


v*"  ^"^  "»"<=  '»  u^i'  ueariy  bo  gooa,  owing  to  large  arrivals  at 
the  dead  markets,  and  the  unfavourable  change  in  the  weather 
Prices  are  about  2d.  per  8  lbs.  lower,  except  for  a  few  choice' 
Scots,  which  do  not  suffer  quite  so  large  a  reduction.  Sheep 
are  rather  more  numerous,  and  there  is  a  considerable  increase 
in  weight.  Trade  is  very  slow,  at  a  reduction  of  fully  2d.  per 
8  lbs.  A  brisk  demand  for  Calves,  the  supply  being  short,  and 
in  a  few  instances  high.^r  rates  are  realised.  From  Holland 
and  Germany  there  are  28  Beasts,  ISO  Sheep,  and  74  Calves  • 
trom  Scotland,  340  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1200  - 
and  800  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties.  * 


Per  St.  ot  6  lbs.— s 
BeatLoDg-woole  .  3 
Ditto  Shorn 
Ewes  <b  2d  quality  8 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs     0 

Calves      3 

PIgfl  2 


-3     6 


0-0 
0—4 


Per  8t.  of  8  lbs.— 8    d     s    d        Per  st.  ot  6  lbs.— a    d     s    d 
Best  Scot^  Here-  BeatLong-woola  .3    8  to  4    0 

fords,  die.        ...  3    8  to  3  10     ~' 

Best  Short-horns  3  6  —  3  8 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3  2 
Best  Downs   and 

Half-bredB      ,..4    0  —  4    4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Beasts,  35G5  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 24,"7S0  ;  Calves,  114  ;  Pigs,  360. 
Feidat,  Jan.  16. 

We  have  a  large  supply  of  Beasts  and  a  small  demand  ; 
consequently  it  is  difficult  to  realise  Monday's  quotations,  ex- 
cept for  choicest  kinds.  Although  the  number  of  Sheep  is  not 
very  large,  trade  is  so  depressed  thsy  can  scarcely  be  disposed 
of.  The  small  amount  of  business  done  is  at  rather  lower 
rates.  We  have  a  large  supply  of  Calves,  but  chiefly  foreign. 
The  few  good  English  Calves  on  sale  make  as  nluch  as  of  late ; 
inferior  kinds  are  lower.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  550 
Beasts,  1590  Sheep,  and  242  Calves.  The  number  of  Milch 
Oows  is  115, 


Best  Scots,  Here- 

fords,  &c.  ...  3  G  to  3  10 
Best  Short-horns  3  4  —  38 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  8  —  30 
Best  Downs    and 

Half-breds  ,.,4  0  —  4  4 
Ditto  Shorn 


Best  Long-wools  .3  6  —  3  10 
Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  i^  2d  quality  2  10  —  3    4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0  0  —  0    0 

Calves      2  8  —  4    0 

Pigs          2  8-2 


Beasts,  1030;  Sheep  and  Lambs.  8600  :  Calves,  292;  Pigs,  320. 

MARK  LANE. 
MoNDAT.  Jan.  12. — This  morning's  market  was  but  mode- 
rately supplici  with  English  Wheat  from  E.'«5ex  and  Kent,  the 
condition,  partiv:ularly  of  the  latter,  having  suffered  consider, 
ably,  the  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight  were  readily  accepted. 
Foreign  met  a  slightly  increased  inquiry,  but  the  sales  were 
not  extensive,  nor  did  we  observe  any  alteration  in  its  value. 
— Flour  is  a  tolerably  fair  sale  at  a  trifle  over  last  week's 
rates. — There  is  a  good  demand  for  Barley,  and  fine  malting 
must  be  quoted  Is.  per  qr.  dearer.— The  value  of  Beans  and 
Peds  remains  unaltered. — Oats  meet  a  fair  inquiry  at  the  rates 
of  last  week. 

Per  Imperial  QoAttTEE, 
Wheat,  Esses,  Kent,  &  Suffolk.. .White  40—48  Red  37—89 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  43 — 46  Red  39—42 

—  —      Talavera 46—48 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York., .White  36-40 

—  Foreign 34-5(1 

Barley.grind.A;  distil.,  25s  to268...Chev.  28—32  Malting 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling  22—26  Malting 
Oats,  Esses  and  Suffolk  18—19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  20—23  Feed 19—21 

—  Irish  Potato  18—21  Feed 17—19 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew  18—21  Feed 16—19 

Rye 28— 3j  Foreign  . 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24b  to  27s Tick 

—  pigeon 27    —32,..  Winda 

—  Foreign Small  22—30 

Peas,  white,  Esaexand  Kent Boiler>*  h2— 34 

—  Maple 26s  to  2»b Grey  24—26 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  35 — 40 

—  Suffolk ditto  26—32  Norfolk  .  26—32 

—  Foreign per  barrel  15—22  Per  sack  28— Si 

Fridat,    Jan.   16.— Excepting  9170  barrels  of  Flour,    the 

arrivals  of  breadstuff  have  been  small  this  week.  To-day's 
market  was  fairly  attended  by  buyers,  and  the  business  trans- 
acted in  Wheat  although  less  extensive,  was  on  fully  as  good 
terms  as  on  Wednesday,  being  in  many  instances  la.  per  qr. 
over  Monday's  prices.  Flour  being  held  for  an  advance  of  Is, 
per  sack  and  barrel,  causes  the  sale  to  be  limited,  but  at  late 
prices  a  considerable  clearance  might  be  effected. — Barley  is 
scarce,  but  the  finest  qualities  are  the  turn  dearer. — Beans 
and  Peas  remain  aa  lasi  quoted.— The  Oat  trade  is  slow  at 
Monday's  prices.— Owners  of  floating  cargoes  of  Wheat  and 
Maize  are  holding  for  an  advance. 

ARKivALs  THI8  Week, 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egvptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign , 
Yellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


25—30 
24—26 
23—25 
33—35 
27—34 


English  .. 

Irish    

Foreign  .. 
lUPEEIAL 
AVEEAQES. 
Dec.     6 

—  13  

—  20 

—  27 

Jan,    3 

—  10; 


Wheat. 
Qrs. 
2330 


Barley, 
Qrs. 
1660 


Oats, 
Qrs. 
870 
2180 
2140 


Flour, 
SOdOsacks 


Wheat. 

BASLET. 

Oats. 

Rte. 

Beans. 

Feas. 

373  M 
37    8 
87    7 
37    2 
87    2 
87    4 

27s  M 
26    8 
26    6 
26    3 
26    7 
26    5 

183  2i 
18    6 
18    8 
18    8 
17    9 
17  10 

27s  Sd 
27     2 

27  4 

28  1 
26  11 
30     1 

3O3  6d 
30    2 
33     9 
39    2 
28     7 
28    9 

29s  M 
30    0 
29    6 
J9    0 
28    4 
23    1 

87    4 

26    6 

18    2 

27  10 

29    6 

29    1 

1    0 

1    0 

1    0 

1     0 

1      0 

I    D 

Aggreg.  Aver. 
Duties  on  Fo- 
reign  Grain         _     .  _        . 

Fluctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages, 
P  BICES.  Deo.    6,  Dec.  18.  Dbc.  20,  Dec.  27.   Jan.  3.  Jaw,  19, 


37s  Id 
37    6  . 


I 


LiVEEPooi,,  T0E8DAT,  Jan.  13.— At  our  market  this  morn- 
ing, all  descriptions  of  English,  Irish,  and  foreign  Wheat  and 
Flour  assumed  a  more  languid  tone  than  of  late,  and  the  trans- 
actions on  the  whole  being  more  limited  than  usual,  any 
further  advance  in  the  various  qualities  of  each  was  unattain- 
able, and  holders  were  not  disposed  to  recede  from  the  currency 
of  this  day  se'nnight.  Barley  and  malt,  upon  a  fair  demand, 
was  held  firmlj,  and  somewhat  higher  prices  were  required, 
Egyptian  Beans  were  rather  cheaper ;  all  other  kinds,  as  well 
as  Peas,  remaining  unaltered  in  value,  Oats,  being  scarce, 
advanced  Id.  per  45  lbs.,  and  Oatmeal  improved  6d.  per  load 
over  the  rates  of  this  day  week.    Indian  Corn  on  the  epot 

brought  an  advance  of  Is.  per  qr. Fbidat,  Jan,  9. — Upon 

a  slender  attendance  of  country  millers  at  our  Corn  Exchange 
to-day,  and  our  local  dealers  buyinp  less  freely,  the  demand 
for  either  English  or  foreign  Wheat  was  but  moderate,  and  the 
sales  effected  were  at  the  fuU  rates  of  Tuesday  last.  Barley 
and  Malt  continue  wiihout  alteration,  and  in  Beans  or  Peas 
Jirtle  or  no  change  was  apparent.  G-ood  mealing  Oats,  being 
scarce,  were  the  turn  dearer,  and  Oatmeal  improved  3d.  per 
load.  Witb  rather  more  inquiry  for  Indian  Curu  on  the  spot, ' 
a  few  parcels  wer6  taken  to-day  on  slightly  higher  terms,  and 
in  the  course  of  the  week  several  floating  cargoes  changed 
bands  at  extreme  rates. 


r  T    K  £j  Ji  iN         A  L\  JJ       IIU   1    il  U    U    U  Ll'ijy- -^ 

vjr  Machinery,  at  J.  Lf,wi9'  Horticultural  Wnrks,  StHinford 
ITU!  Miiidlesex.  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England,— A  List  ot  Trices  sent  by  enclosing  two  poitage 
Btampa.  - 


HCRflCULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER^ 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
London,  havinj^  had  considerablo  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  ■workmansbip,  combined  with 
economy  and  prartical  adaptation,  cnnnot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

6.  is  Co.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
conBdence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientiQc  prinriplei,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  Hot  by  Water  can  be  made  available. 


ho:tho.uses,  greenhouses,   etc. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  KiNO's-RiAD,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parca  of 
the  Unired  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  B.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothoupes,  witn  excellent  gla'ss  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sa^ih  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Sration,  at  1$.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IS  ft.  G  ins.  long.  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  'JSi.  Gs.  Sd. ; 
24  fc.  G  io9.  lone.,  do.  do..  526  ft.,  SOMSa.  8tf.  ;  28  fc.  Gins, 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4li.  10s,  Sd.  Healing  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 


THERM  OMETERS. 

HENRY  BAKER'S  (90,  Hatton  Garden,  London), 
List  of  Prices.  Every  instrument  maiie  by  him  warraoteti 
accurate.— Vertical  self-registering  THERMOMETER,  for  heat 
and  cold,  of  the  beat  construction,  and  not  liable  to  get  out  of 
order,  14  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  1^  53. ;  in  japan  case, 
IE.  1«,,  and  li  ;  10  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  11,  2s. ;  in  japan 
case,  18s.  Horizontal  Thermometers  for  registering  the  ex.- 
treme  of  co'/i  only,  43.  6d. ;  Hot-bed  Thermometers,  in  oak 
frames,  11.  Is.  ;  copper  frames,  II.  53.  Thermometers  for 
Brewing,  Batha,  <tc.,  in  copper  cases,  14  inches,  7s.  Gd.  • 
10  inches,  53,  fid. ;  8  incbep,  43.  6d. ;  in  japan  cases,  14  inches,  5s.; 
10  inches,  33,  6d  ;  8  inches,  23.  Gd.  Dr.  Mason's  Hygrometer, 
or  wet  bulb  Thermometer,  for  showing  the  humidity  of  the  air, 
with  table?,  ivory  scale,  11. ;  wood,  15s  An  invaluable  instru- 
ment in  Hothouses,  Sick  Chambers,  &c.  Wheel  Barometers 
from  11.  Is.  each,  sent,  securely  packed,  without  fear  of  getting 
out  of  order. 

FOUNTAINS   FOR  PLAYING   SCENTED  WATERS. 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  stream,  where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 

IMPROVED    RAM; 


Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wbeeia,  Baths,  Hot- 
water  Apparatus,  Fountains,  and  Fire 
Fompa.  Towns  supplied  with  Gas  or  water. 
Drawings  and  Estimates  made. 

FaEzuAFf  Roe,  Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engi- 
neer, 70,  Strand,  London  ;  and  BridgeBeld,  Wandsworth. 


A   PRIZE   MEDAL   FOR   SUPERIOR    LOCKS 

WAS  AWARDED    TO  J.  H,  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 

J-  Draln-OK,  and  other  Garden  Tools,  Mole  Traps,  Gs.  per 
dozen.  CarpeoterA  and  Smiths'  Tools,  <fec.  Ladies'  Garden 
TooN,  7j.  'J'I.  a  »«.  Sword-scrapera  fur  Gardens,  Is.  •2d.  each. 
Patent  PumlgatorB  for  destroying  insects  on  plants,  in  green- 
house!, <tc,  :  at  M«Kiir4.  .1.  H.  Boobbyeb  and  Go.'h  (late 
Btdich  and  BoomiTBu),  Ironmongery,  Brass-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  warehouM.  U.  Stanhope-street,  Clare-market, 
London,  EntabHihe'l  nearly  200  years  for  the  sale  of  goods 
from  the  bett  Mar.tjr«ctori««  at  the  loweit  prices.  Goods  for- 
warded to  <iny  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 

rirATERPROOF  PATIIS—Thoflewhowould^y 

»▼  their  Gftrden?  during  the  wlotir  mtinths  should  con- 
ItrtJct  their  Walk<i  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCKETE 
which  ire  formed  thru  ;— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
Is  atpreicnt  made  from  the  loam  which  Is  mixed  wilh  It.  and 
to  eTery  partof  clean  (fravol  add  oneof  sharp  river  nand.  To  Hve 
parts  of  nuch  equil  mixture  add  ono  of  Portland  Cement,  and 
Incorp'irnte  the  wh'ili  w«ll  In  the  dry  ittate  before  applyinj^  the 
water.  It  may  tlien  bo  laid  on  2  inchc«  thick.  Any  lahnuror 
can  mix  and  ■pread  it.  No  tool  U  required  beyond  the  ftprnU., 
and  In  4H  hour*  It  becomes  an  hard  as  a  rork.  Vi;;^etfiilriti 
cftnootfrrow  through  or  opin  it,  and  it  resists  the  actlun  of  the 
te»erett  rro<tt. 

I',  i%  neceifary,  ni  watflr  dofi«  not  stak  through  it,  to  give  a 
fall  from  the  nii'ldl^of  the  i>ath  towards  tlic  bldti, 

Manur^cttireri  of  the  OomeDt,  J,  IJ.  Wditb  and  Sons,   MUl- 
baolcitreot,  Wentmlneter. 


JL  and  BUILDINGS  of  all  ki'.ds  the  new  Kegisl 
H0R1XONTA.L  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  ica  optTAtion, 
free  ir- m  eiiiell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order,  Pri^'o  Sits. — 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Somhwurk  Bridge 
road,  London. 


CHEAP    AND    DURABLE    ROOFING. 


BY  HER 


ROYAL    LETTERS 


MAJESTY'S  *3P^^^*1^('^^  PATENT. 

F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
•   row,  London,  the   Manufacturerw  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 

Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Sbeddinpr,  Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost, 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited    and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
PfliZES,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Forests, 

HoNODttABLE   BOABD  OF  ORDNANCE, 

Honourable  East  India  Cojipant, 
Honourable  Coimmibsioners  of  Customs, 
Her  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park, 

And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukea  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut 
land,  Newcastle,  Northumbei'lund,  Buccleuch  {at  Richmond) 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry 
and  at  the  Rotal  Aqbicultdral  Society's  House,  Hanover- 
sq'Jare. 

It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  oonstruction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  per  Square  Foot. 

**•  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executed, 

(S^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  VVorks  in  London 
r  Great  Britain  where  the  above  RooHng  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-bitildings,    Eunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Pelt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Cliancellor's  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West- 
minster Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Feltabout 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A.  Ilcr  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
so  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Quantity  altogether  used,  24,C0fl  feet. 

Note.  —  Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  leng-ths  best  suited  to  their  Roofs,  ao  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Felt. 


GALVANISED      WIRE     GAME      NETTING.- 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


5^-incTi  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide  , 


Galran-  Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

.    7'f.  peryd.  5d.  peryd, 

■     9        ,.  6i      „ 

.  12        „  9        „ 


...  10        ,,  8        ,, 

„.  14        „  11        „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth,  Galvaniocd  sparvow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
Zd.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Mal-ket-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


2-inch     , 

,      strong             , 

2.inch     , 

,      extra  strong  , 

H-inch      , 

.      liffht                  , 

Ig-inch     , 

strong             , 

I|-inch     , 

extra  strong   , 

WIRE  NETTING  ONE  PENNY  PER  SQUARE  FOOT: 


GALVANISED  WIRE  NETTING,  TWO-PENCE 
PER  SQUARE  FOOT.— This  article  requires  no  paint- 
ing,  the  atmosphere  not  having  the  sliKhtest  action  on  it.  It 
was  exhibited  at  the  late  Metropolitan  Cattle  Show,  and  was 
highly  eulogised  both  for  its  utility  and  pretty  appearance,  and 
acknowledged  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  articleeverproduced. 
It  forms  a  light  and  durable  fence  against  the  depredations  of 
bores,  rabbits,  and  cats,  and  Is  peculiarly  adapted  for  Aviaries, 
Pheasantries,  and  to  secure  poultry;  and  by  tho  galvanised 
requiring  no  paint,  it  answers  admirably  for  trainiHg  all  kinds 
of  creeping  plants.  Large  quantities  always  kept  in  stock,  of 
IS,  24,  3fi,  and  48  inches  wide  ;  it  can,  however,  bo  mndo  to  any 
dimeoalooe  desired.  Patterns  forwarded  I'rco  of  expeneo. 
12  IncheB  wide  3d.  per  yard.  1  30  inches  wide  "/id.  per  yard, 
18         „  „       44d.         ,,  3G        „         „       Od.  „ 

14         >•  ..      ft/.  „  I  48        „        „       l3.  „ 

Galvanised  do..  Id.  par  foot  extra. 
Extra  strong  Imperhil  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  8  feet.  Is.  Gd.  per 
running  yard;  if  galvanised,  2ff.  Also  every  description  of 
Wire  Nursery  and  Fireguards.  Wire  House-lanterns  and 
Shades,  Fly-proof  Dish  CovorB,  Mt:at  Safes,  &c.  ;  Window 
BUndft,  Is,  Kid.  per  squiire  foot,  with  bolte  comploto,  in  muho- 
(tany  framoH  ;  O.tlhlc  Garden  Bordering,  Cd.  per  running  foot ; 
Klowwr  Trainers,  from  JJd.  onoh  ;  Garden  Arches,  20s.  each. 
PtowerS'andt,  (rom  35.  Od.  oaoh  ;  Galviinlflod  Tying  Wire  for 
Plant*  (ind  trees.  Dahllii  Rods,  and  every  descrliitlon  of  Wire- 
work  ;  Weaving,  for  tho  une  of  paper-rnnlicrc,  milk-rfl,  &c.— At 
ihu  Manufactory  of  Thomas  Henry  Fox,  44,  ttliiooor-stroet/ 
Hnow-hlll,  LondoQ. 


injury  to  tho  plants, 

Clarke  and  Co.,  Gardeners,  SsedRmen,  and  Florists  Percv 
cross  Nursery,  Walham-grepn,  Pulhum,  continue  to  send  out 
to  all  parts  (on  receipt  of  53.  in  stamps  or  otherwibcl  this 
invaluable  article,  in  small  aealcd  stone  bottles.  For  'test! 
mony  of  its  excellence,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  pace  82l" 
1851  ;  and  pace  3, 1852.  Printed  directions,  bow  to  aoolv  it' 
sent  with  each  bottle.  ^  '     ' 

Poat-office  Orders,  payable  at  Brompton.  to  Chableb  CtABKE. 

WARMING    AND   VENTILATING,  ~~ 

Y\   AND  E,  BAILEY,  272,  Holborn,  having  had  many 

M-^  •  years'  experience  in  warming  buildings  by  Hot  Water 
continue  to  erect  Hot  Water  Apparatus  on  the  most  approved 
principles. for  Mansions, Warebou^-es, Conservatories  and  other 
Horticultural  Buildings,  and  they  beg  to  introduce  to  the 
public  a  BOILER  of  their  invention,  which  has  been  used  with 
great  success,  and  has  this  season  been  put  up  in  the  gardens 
of  the  Horticultural  Society.  ChiswicU,  and  is  noticed  and  com- 
mended in  tlie  Gardeners'  Cftfonicle  of  Saturday,  Sept,  20  1851* 
page  598.  Dr.  Arnott'd  Ventilating  Valves,  upon  the'  best 
construction,  many  havintr  been  made  under  tho  kind  superin- 
tendence of  Dr.  Arnott  himself.  Aleo  a  very  cumplete,  cheap' 
and  efficient  P.irtable  Co'iking  Ap^iaratus  or  Cottagers''  Stove' 

WICKHAM-MARKET  SCHOOL,  for  GENERAL 
and  ROIKNTIFIC  EDUCATION,  especially  with  regard 
to  AGRICULTURE.  Patron,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Rendle- 
6HAM,  I\I.P.  At  thi"  Establishment  a  eouod  and  libera!  Edu- 
cation may  be  obtained  on  moderate  and  inclusive  terms,  A 
vacancy  for  an  articled  Pupil,  who  will  enjoy  unu<^ual  advan- 
tages. —  For  Prospectuses  apply  to  Mr.  Downes,  Wicliham- 
Market,  SufFolk. 

AGRICULTURAL  AND    SCIENTIFIC  EDUCATION. 

MESSRS.  NESBIT'S  ACADEMY,  38,  Kennlngton- 
lane,  Lambeth,  near  London. 
"  For  my  own  part,  I  do  not  scruple  to  avow  the  conviction  that 
ere  long  a  knowledge  of  the  principal  truths  of  chemistry 
will  be  expected  in  every  educated  raan  ;  and  that  it  will  be 
as  necessary  to  tho  statesman  and  political  economist,  and 
practical  agricullurlst,  as  it  is  already  indispensable  to  the 
physician  and  the  manufacturer," — Liebig. 

In  this  SCHOtlL,  in  addition  to  the  general  routine  studies, 
which  include  the  Classics,  Mathematics,  and  French  and  Ger- 
man languages,  evf?ry  facility  is  afforded  for  the  acquisition  of  a 
sound  knowledge  of  CHEMISTRY.  The  pupils  are  practically 
taught  in  the  laboratories,  which  are  fitted  up  with  everything 
essential  for  the  most  extensive  chemical  investigitions. 

The  principles  of  Geology,  Botany,  and  the  o^her  departments 
oF  Natural  Philosophy,  are  clearly  elucidated  and  explained. 
Eminent  Professors  of  the  Metr.ipoUs  lecture  regularly  to  the 
pupiU  on  Kubjects  of  literary  and  scientific  interest. 

The  students  have  likewise  access  to  a  large  and  well-assorted 
Library,  comprising  the  most  recent  works  on  science  and 
literature  ;  to  a  valuable  collection  of  Minerals  and  Geological 
specimens  from  variou'3  parts  of  the  globe  ;  and  to  an  extensive 
suite  of  Mathematical  and  Philosophical  instruments. 

The  course  of  study  likewise  comprises  every  essential  for  the 
Railway  Engineer,  Architect,  and  Practical  Surveyor. 

The  Terms  of  the  School,  with  further  particulars,  may  be 
had  on  application,  either  personally  or  by  letter. 

Mr.  Nesbit's  Works  on  Land  Surveying,  Mensuration, 
Gauging,  Arithmetic,  English  Parsing,  Education,  &c.,  may  be 
bad  of  all  booksellers. 

References.— Dr.  D,  B.  Reid,  F.R.S.E,.  &c..  Author  of 
"Elements  of  Practical  Chemistry,"  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Vi-ntilation,"  »tc..  Houses  of  Parliament,  Westminster  ;  J, 
Gardner,  Esq..  M.D..  Author  of  "  The  Great  Physician,"  &;c., 
Editor  of  "  Liebig'fl  Letters,"  .tc.,  Mortimer-street,  Portland- 
place.  London  ;  John  Shittler,  Esq,,  Wimborne,  Dorset;  Thoa, 
Saunders,  Esq.,  Watercombe,  near  Dorchester ;  J,  Gater,  Esq., 
West  End,  near  Southampton  ;  and  W.  Sbaw,  Esq.,  Editor  of 
the  Mark  Lane  Exp^-css,  London. 


ROBERT  SORBY  and  SONS,  Carver  Street, 
Sheffield,  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to 
their  REGISTEIIKD  STEEL-POINTED  PATENT  SCYTHE 
and  REAPING  HOOK,  rfhich  possesses  the  advantages  so 
long  wanting  to  make  the  old  Patent  Scythe  universally  ap- 
proved. A  single  trial  must  establish  their  decided  superiority. 
To  be  had  of  all  Hardware  Dealers  and  Seedsmen.  Every 
Scythe  is  warranted. 

Fig.  4  represents  the  point  of  the  ordinary  scythe.  The  back 
is  made  of  wroughtiron,  and  the  blade  of  cast  steel,  which  are 
rivetted  together.  The  back  does  not  extend  the  whole  length 
of  the  blade,  and  the  vacancy  is  filled  in  with  lead,  which 
being  liable  to  tear  off  in  use,  leaves  the  point  of  the  back  ex- 
posed, which  never  fails  to  catch  in  the  crop,  and  ao  impede 
operations.  This  objection  is  neatly  obviated  by  thus  lapping 
the  steel  point  over  the  end  ol^  the  back,  so  that  an  uniform 
steel  hack  is  presented  for  a  short  distance  from  the  point. 
Fig.  1  shows  the  back  to  be  rivetted  under  the  steel  blade. 
Fig,  2,  which,  when  finished,  presents  the  appearance  shown 
in  Fig.  3,  where  the  iron  back  is  completely  protected  by  the 
steel  at  tho  wearing  point, 


HUSSEY'S   "CHAMPION"   REAPER,    PRICE   £18. 

WCROSSKILL  (Sole  Maker  for  Messrs.  Dray 
•  and  Co,,  the  London  Proprietors),  begs  to  inform  the 
Agricultural  Public  that  full  particulars  of  the  Cleveland 
Chiillengo  Trial,  and  an  Illustrated  description  of  Hussey's 
Reaper,  may  bo  had  gratis  on  application  per  post.  Hussey's 
Reaper  will  cut  about  an  acre  and  a  half  of  Corn  per  hour  ; 
and  W.  C.  will  wnrrunt  it  to  cut  "standing"  or"l(iid"  Corn, 
by  sending  (if  ncoeHsary)  his  own  man  to  start  the  Reaper,  tho 
purchaser  paying  the  man's  expenses,  and  W".  C.  the  man's 
time.  VV.  C.  cannot  guarantee  to  deliver  RoiiperH  in  time  for 
Harvest,  unless  orders  afo  given  immediately  f>)r  delivery  in 
May  next.     Plpnee  Address,  —  Wr.  Ckosskill,  ttoverley. 


LOSS    OF    THE    AMAZON. — Alarming    Loss   of 
J,IFE    AND    PnoPEUTY.      lOO    LiVES  AND    lll',l)O0i.     LoST  fof 

want  of  one  of  FUEltlMAN'ROE'S  FIIIE  PUMl'S.  Thte  Pump 
<i  etmiilo  In  oonHtructlon  ;.  is  uditptt'd  for  Giirdi;n  and  domestic 
iuses,  iir  a<i  a  Bilge  Pump;  and,  wlihout  alteration.  Is  a 
powerful  Fire  Engine.— Address,  l''aLEMftN  Roe,  70,  Strand, 
London;  or  Url'igvtii'M,  Wandsworth,  Surrey. 

IIYURAUHC  RAM3,  FOUNTAINS,  &c. 


I 


_  JOURNAL  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  AND  POPULAR 
SCIENCE :  A  Family  Paper  of  Peofitable  Amusement  akd 
PtEABiNO  iHBTRnoTioN.  Weekly,  price  l^d.  ;  also  in  Monthly 
Ports,  price  7d.    No6.  I.  to  IV.  now  ready  ;  also,  Part  I. 

Geo.  Behoer,  Publisher,  19,  Holywell-Btreet,  Strand;  and 
sold  by  every  Bookbeller  and  Newavender  in  the  Kingdom. 

"  Mr.  KlDD,  of  SammerBmith,"  says  the  Doncaster  Gazette, 
"  well  known  aa  one  of  our  cleverest  writers  on  Natural  History 
and  other  matters  of  popular  science,  has  just  launched  a  new, 
cheap,  and  very  elegantly-printed  weekly  periodical,  which, 
judging  Irom  the  rare  excellence  and  great  variety  of  its  con- 
tents, pr  itnises  to  be  a  rival  of  no  mean  character  to  some 
of  those  which  are  already  established." 

N.B. "  Kidd's  London  Jodrnal"  id  published  to  the  Trade 

very  early  evert  Wednesday  Morning. 


Price  One  ShiUinc  and  Sixpence,  bound  in  cloth, 

THE  FLOWER, FRUIT,AND  KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
— Containing  380  pages  of  all  that  can  be  required  for  the 
Garden,  including  full  dii-ections  Jo:*  the  Hothouse,  the  Green- 
house,  and  every  briinch  of  Frait,  Flower,  and  VeKClable 
Culture;  by  practical  Gardeners  and  Florista.  Illustra-ed 
with  numerous  Engravings. 
Published  by  E.  Lloxd,  12,  Saliflbury-equare,  Fleet-street. 

NEW     MEDICAL    JOURNAL. 

This  Day  Is  tmblished,  No.  I.  of 

THE  MEDICAL  CIRCULAR,  AND  GENERAL 
MEDICAL  ADVERTISER,  price  3d.,  stamped  id.,  in 
connection  with  the  Medical  Directories  for  England,  Ireland, 
and  Scotland.  A  Record  of  the  Sayings  and  Doings  of  the 
Medical  ProfessioD,  Biographical,  Bibliographical,  and  General. 
Less  than  half  the  price  ot  any  existing  Medical  Journal ;  ne- 
vertheless, the  Mirror  of  all,  and  of  every  passing  Medical 
event. — Orders  and  communications  to  be  sent  (pro  tern.)  to  the 
Editor,  4,  Adam-street,  Adelphi.  ^_^_^__ 


PRICE    A    PENNY    A    MONTH— A    SHILLING   A   YEAR. 

rpHE  FAMILY  ECONOMIST  (Fifth  Year  of  Pub- 
-A  lication). — The  objecta  and  charatter  of  this  work  are 
such  as  to  commend  it  to  universal  notice.  It  relates  to  the 
domestic  economy  of  the  industrious  classes — to  all  that  in- 
creases the  comfort&  and  enhances  the  attractions  of  HQME 
— Income  and  Expenditure — Food  and  Cookery — Clothes  and 
Clothing— Houses  and  HouGe  Furniture— Children  and  Home 
Education — Family  Secrets — Self-culture  and  Advancement — 
Hints  on  Gardening,  &c.,  form  the  staple  of  the  work. 
Although  dwelling  much  upon  material  affairs,  it  is  no  sordid 
or  one-sided  economy  that  it  inculcates,  but  a  wise  and  improv- 
ing regard  to  all  the  duiies  of  Domestic  Life. 

"I  think,"  sajs  a  popular  writer,  "that  the  FAMILY 
ECONOMIST  is  so  well  conducted,  and  so  unflaggingly  keeps 
up  its  character,  that  one  mnst  be  very  hypercritical  to  wish 
to  find  any  fault  in  it,  or  to  be  able  to  do  so,  and  very  pre 
sumptuous  to  offer  any  suggestions  for  its  improvement.  It  is 
strictly  what  it  professes  to  be,  and  what  it  professes  to  do  it 
dees  well." 

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p  HRYS  ANTHEMUMS.— Now  ready,  a  TREATISE 
V^  on  the  CULTIVATION  of  the  CHRYS  AN  fHEMUM,  for  the 
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Enumeration  of  the  best  Varieties,  founded  on  the  Experience 
of  G.  Tavlor  ;  to  which  is  added  a  List  of  the  best  Sorts  of 
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a  St^lection  of  Pompon  and  Anemone  Varieties. 

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ENGLISH  AGRICULTURE  in  1850  and  1851  ; 
Its  Condition  and  Prospects.  With  Descriptions  iu 
detail  of  the  best  modes  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nearly  every 
County  of  England.  By  James  Caird,  Agricultural  Com- 
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sketch  of  the  principal  discoveries  which  have  recently  been 
made  in  Chemistry;  and  wishing  that  her  pupils  should  ob- 
tain some  knowledge  of  the  progress  which  has  taken  place  in 
Agriculture,  resulting  from  its  connexion  with  Chemistry,  she 
has  found  it  necessary  to  add  a  Conversation  upon  this 
subject." — Extract  from  Pre/ace. 

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ELIZA   ACTON'S    MODERN     COOKERY, 
reduced  to  a  System  of  Easy  Practice  :    with  Directions 
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%"  Both  the  quantity  of  every  article  necessary  for  the 
preparation  of  each  recipe,  and  the  time  required  for  its  pre- 
paration, are  minutely  stated. 

"The  whole  of  Mies  Acton's  recipes,  'with  a  few  trifling 
exceptions,  which  are  ecrupulouely  specified,  are  confined  to 
such  as  may  be  perfectly  depended  on  from  haviag  been  proved 
beneath  our  own  roof,  and  under  our  own  personal  inspection.' 
We  add,  moreover,  that  the  recipes  are  all  reasonable,  and 
never  in  any  instance  extravagant.  They  do  not  bid  us  sacrifice 
ten  pounds  of  excellent  meat,  that  we  may  get  a  couple  of 
quarts  of  gravy  from  it ;  nor  do  they  deal  with  butter  and  eggs 
as  if  they  cost  nothing.  Miss  Acton's  book  is  a  good  book  la 
every  way ;  there  is  right-mindedness  in  every  page  of  it,  as 
well  as  thorough  knowledge  and  experience  of  the  subjects  she 
handles." — MedicaZ  Gazette. 

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the  same  time,  in  giving  to  his  labours  that  extension  of  detail 
which  the  recent  progress  of  medicine  had  rendered  necessary. 
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KEITH    ON    THE   GLOBES. 

IMPROVED  BY  TAYLOR,  LE  UEbDRIER,  AND  MIDDLETOH. 

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or,  a  Philosophical  View  of  the  Earth  and  Heavens.  New 
Edition,  greatly  improved  by  Alfred  Taylor,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry,  Ao.,  in  Guy's  Hospital ;  R.  A.  Le 
Mesdrier,  B.A.,  Scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford;  and 
J.  Middleton,  EEq,,  Professor  of  Astronomy. 

KEY.   Adapted  to  the  New  Edition,  by  Professor  Middleton. 
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THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for :  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Self-Management ;  together  with  Instructions  for  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  health.    By  a  Physician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  Gd., 
A      MEDICAL      TREATISE     ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This^work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  gjmptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London  :  James  Gilbert,  49,  Paternoster-row  ;  Hannay,  63, 
Oxford-street ;  Mann,  39,  Cornhill ;  and  all  Booksellers. 


MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SeU  by  Auction,  at  hid 
Great  Room,  38,  Kiug-street,  Covenc  Garden,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, 2l8t  January,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  without  reserve, 
2100  HARDY  CONIFERS,  in  pots,  handaome  well-grown 
Plants,  and  worthy  the  attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen 
enriching  their  Parks  and  Grounds ;  they  consist  of  300  Araii- 
caria  imbricata,  splendid  specimen*,  2  feet;  200  ditto,  1  to 
lijfoot;  duo  CedruB  Deodars,  U  to 2  feet;  1000  ditto,  I  foot ; 
100  Pinus  excelsa,  I4  to  2  feet,  liay  be  viewed  ou  the  morning 
of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


P'ARM  TO  LET,   on  very  advantageous  terms— on 

-*-  lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  ot  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  good  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  Ofiices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low ;  no  pressure  of  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right ;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  If  desired. 

Persons  desirous  of  ireatiug  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  letter  to  the  Editor  of  the  Gardeners^ 
Chronicle,  at  the  ufiice,  5,  Upper  WeUiugton-street,  Strand, 
London. 

FARM  TO  LET,  on  LEASE,  for  a  term  of  14  or 
21  years,  in  Ni^rth  Wilts,  containing  about  200  acres  of 
Meadow,  and  114  acres  of  Arable  Land  of  superior  quality,  the 
thorough  druiuage  of  which  has  just  been  completed.  Tithe 
free,  and  Kates  very  low. — Apply  to  Messrs,  Lawrence, 
Cirencester. 


FARMS    IN    SURREY. 

TO  BE  LET,  several  FARMS  of  arable  and  meadow- 
land,  varying  from  100  to  3U0  acres,  with  DwelUng-houses 
and  Faroi-buildrngs,  and  extensive  Rights  of  Down  pasture 
f  r  Sbet;p,  Lhe  Lands  are  light,  fertile,  and  easy  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  the  terms  of  entry  moderate.  The  Goiushall  station 
of  the  London,  Reigate,  and  Reading  Railway  is  in  the  centre 
of  the  Farms,  abuut  half- way  between  Dorking  and  Guildford, 
and  25  milt:B  Irom  London. — Mr.  R&usat,  at  Netley  farm, 
Shere,  will  show  the  Faims  and  furaiab  particulars.  Imme- 
diate pussessiou  may  be  had. 


ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK.— 
The  CHAN  tJTAN,  presented  by  the  Governor  of  Singa- 
pore; the  HIPPOPOTAMUS,  presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy 
of  Egvpt;  the  ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  many  recent  additions, 
are  exhibited  dailj-.    Admission,  Is. ;  on  Mondays,  Gd. 


ROSE    HILL   NURSERY,    NEAR   YARM, 

IN  THE    NURTH    RIDING  OF    THE  COUNTY  OF  YORK. 

'VO   BE   SOLD,  the  Valuable   NURSERY   STOCK 

X  and  GOODWILL  of  a  BUSINESS  established  Forty 
Years  (by  the  lace  Mr.  Hedley  and  his  successors),  at  Rose-hill 
Nursery.  Ttie  Nursery  Ground  contains  10  acres  of  the  best 
Land,  well  stocked  with  Fruit  Trets,  Ornamental  Shrubs, 
Garden  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  tbc,  in  great  variety.  The 
Land  is  peculiarly  suited  to  the  growth  of  Roses  and  Dahlias, 
of  Loth  which  there  is  a  large  stock.  The  S.ockton  and  Dar- 
lington Railway  passes  close  dy  Yarm,  and  the  Leeds  Northern 
Railway,  which  goes  through  the  town,  will  be  opened  in  May 
next.  A  great  deal  of  contract  planting  work  has  been  done  ac 
this  Nursery.  No  situation  can  be  more  debirable  for  carrying 
on  an  extensive  trade.  Mr.  Robert  Hedley  is  now  in  attendance- 
at  Rose-bill  to  receive  orders  and  transact  business.  Any 
person  desirous  of  becoming  a  tenant  of  the  Nursery,  to  whicn 
are  attached  H  acr.  s  of  hrst-rate  Grass  Land,  or  anxious  ta 
buy  the  Stock,  must  apply  to  Mr.  John  Harrison,  Grange 
Nursery,  near  Darlington  ;  or  to  Messrs.  Mewbden,  Hdtchxn- 
60N,  and  Mewbcjun,  Suliciturs,Darltn)jtoa.— Darlington,  Jan.  17* 


PARTNERSHIP. 

WANTED,  an  active  PARTNER,  one  who  is. 
thoroughly  qualified,  and  of  persevering  dabics,  to  join  in 
an  extensive  hrtst-rate  London  Nursery  of  high  standing. 
Capital  required  Irom  6u0i.  to  lOOOJ,— Address,  V.  R.  W.  L., 
Posuoffice,  tirompton,  near  London. 


YORKSHIRE  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
PRIZE  SHEETS  for  the  SHEFFIELD  MEETING,  Aug.  5, 
1852,  are  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  of  M.  M.  Milbdjih, 
Secretary,  Thirsk,  Yorkshire. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHUKK 
makes  butter  in  lu  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetings  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever 
produced.  2O00  have  been  sold  in  one  year. — Bdboess  and 
Ket,  1U3,  Newgate-sireet,  London. 


BUTCHERS'  CHARITABLE  INSTITUTION.— 
The  Twenty-third  Annual  Meeting  of  this  lustitution  was 
held  at  the  Freemasons'  Tavern  on  Tuursday  evening,  the- 
8th  ittst.  John  Sbabp,  Esq.,  the  President  of  the  Institution, 
in  the  chair,  supported  by  several  excellent  friends  of  the 
Charity,  The  Annual  Report  was  read  by  the  Secretary,  by 
which  it  appeared  tbatthe  large  somof  12iJl.  iVs.  Gd.  had  been 
paid  in  Pensions  during  the  past  year ;  that  12  new  Pensioners 
had  been  admitted  to  the  benefits  of  the  Charity  at  the 
election  in  October  last ;  also  that  three  Widows  of  Pen- 
sioners had  been  placed  on  the  Ponds  ;  and  that  there  were 
now  73  Pensioners  receiving  aid  from  the  Institution— 
viz.,  30  malea  and  37  females.  The  Annual  Subscrip. 
tiuns  received  during  the  past  year  amounted  to  14321.  is.,  tbo 
largest  amount  evtr  yet  received  iu  one  year  for  subscrip- 
tions. The  Treasurer's  account,  duly  audited,  was  also  read, 
which  stated  that  the  Trustees  have  13,0761. 19s.  Bd.  invested 
in  the  8  per  Cent.  Consols.  During  the  past  year  the  four  new 
Almshouses  commenced  in  the  year  1850  have  been  completed, 
and,  with  those  previously  erected,  are  all  occupied  by  the  pen- 
sioners of  the  Cnarity,  who  are  thus  in  their  declining  years 
provided  with  a  comfortable  Asylum,  John  Sharp,  Esq.,  was 
unanimously  re-elected  President,  and  Francis  Healey,  Esq., 
Treasurer  ;  the  vacancies  in  the  Committee  were  also  tilled  up. 
Douations  and  subscriptions,  in  aid  ot  this  impoi  tant  Charity, 
one  of  the  oldest  of  the  kind  iu  the  metropolis,  will  be  thankfully 
received  by  the  Collectors— Mr.  Benjamin  Hill,  7,  Oxtord* 
marker,  Oxford-street ;  and  Mr.  Geoboe  Butlek,  19,  St.  John- 
street,  Clerkenwell ;  or  by  the  Secretary,  C.  T.  Jewkinson,  29, 
Lombard-street. 


FREEDOM  FROM  COUGH  IN  TEN  MINUTES 
AFTER  USE,  is  insured  by  De.  LOCOCK'S  PULMONIC 
WAFERS.— From  the  Rev,  Cyril  Curteie,  Rectory  House, 
Seven  Oaks,  Kent. — "Dear  Sir,— I  have  the  greatest  pleasure 
in  recommending  your  Wafers.  On  Sunday  last  I  was  suffering 
from  a  cold,  when  I  tried  them  with  the  moat  perfect  success," 
Dr,  LocoCK's  Pulmunic  Waters  give  instant  relief,  and  a  rapid 
cure  of  Asthma,  Coughs,  and  all  disorders  of  the  breath  and 
lungs.  To  singers  and  public  speakers  they  are  invaluable  for 
clearing  and  ttrengihening  the  Voice.  They  have  a  pleasant 
taste.  Price  Is.  l^d,,  2s.  ad.,  and  lis.  per  box.  Sold  by  all 
Druggists.  Also,  Db.  LOCOCK'S  ANTIBILIOUS  WAFERS, 
a  miid  and  gcntlu  aperient  medicine,  having  a  most  agreeable 
taste,  and  of  great  efficacy  for  regulating  the  secretions  and 
correcting  the  action  uf  Che  stomach  and  liver. 

printed  by  William  BaADBomt,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place,  Id 
the  puiHb  01  St.  l^ancraB,  and  FaHDBaica  Uullhtt  Etans,  oi  No.  7> 
CburcL  row.  Stoke  NewiagtoD,  both  in  tiit:  CouQtj'  01  Middlesex.  I'nniere, 
at  taeir  OHice  Id  Loinbard.Btreet,  la  the  Precliici  ol  VVbitelri&rb,  in  ilie 
City  ol  LgodoQi  aud  published  by  them  at  the  Office,  No.  o,  Cbarlea 
Btreei,  in.  (be  parisb  ot  St.  Paul's,  Covent-Karden,  ia  the  aaid  Couaty, 
where  all  AdvertlBemeDtBand  CommuolcstioDs  are  to  be  abdubbsid  10 
TUB  Editob..— Satubbat.  January  17.  18&2 


THE 


ICLE 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  r3"ews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley, 


-^o.  4—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  U. 


[Price  Qd, 


AericaUural  societleB 

Asphalte   

Barley.  Cbevalier 

Birds.  BritiRtt  aooz 

Blackberries    

Books  recsived  

Botanical  Girden,  Dublin 

Better    

Calendar,  Horticultural 

Celery  leaf,  roots  on  a 

ChrrsanthemuniB,  Mr.  Taylor's 

book  on 

Cluirsaoihcmual  Society 

Ci^rodeadron  pquamatum 

CUftoa's  (Mr.)  eeute 

Cimate,  ic^'jeuce  of  

Conifere,  Bale  of 

Cotareat,,.,,....,. 

Cream 

DrsioKi^enf  clay  

tlels,  |ir«[)a7Atiaa  of 

Farmmgia  LabcanhiTe  

Firs,  faltc  cones  of  -.   ...,,,,.. 
Girdea  Gteanmgs,  foreign...... 

Glass  walls 

Gleaninics  farei<^  garden     .... 

Gold,  indaence  of  cheap    

Grape  miidew    


Herbs, 52  ' 

Hlcbland  Asri.  Society fit)  ■ 

Honicuku^al  Society i>'>  i 

Ice,  to  stack ^-t  < 

Kiteben  uarden,  to  crop 5:i  i 

Land,  Inundated    , HO  t 

Letsea 


p  EORGE 


BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OP  AMERICAN  PL\NTS,  CONIFERS. 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS.  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &c.,  maj'  be  had  on  applicjition,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps, — Windlebhnni  Nuvsory,  Baesbot-,  Surrey. 


lioosity  of  ptanta 51 

Msft'v  buK   54 

Mpchi'8(^r,)  balance  Bheet....  51 

Mildew,  Grape   55 

Mill.  Wood's  crnahing fill 

Oran^t).  Ma'darln...., 51 

Orchard  houses 51  i 

Peppermint   ■ 52 

PliLuta.  luminouf! 51 

—    inSuence  of  climate  on    ..  5F1  . 

Rain  At  Cireucesicr 54 

Reaping;  machine •■••.  59 

Rem,  corn    (0 

Roots,  origin  of 51 

[toses.  ftU'utnnul    55 

Boval  Bot.  Soc.  Schedule 65 

Shrubs,  winter  fruitins   S'i  . 

Strawberry  forcini;  52  < 

Trefis,  winter  fiuiting S'A  i 

Walls  elass 54 

Window  (garden 53  ' 


ELPHINSTONE'3    PROLIFIC    BLACK    SPINE 
CUCDMBER,  a  HnerarietyforForcing.  Is.  Gd.  perpactet. 
Superb  8oU  late  Pwarf  WHITE    CELERY,    recornmended 
for  its  fiarour,  and  warrdnted  not  to  rua.  Is.  the  packet. 
To  be  bad  of  Chaeles  Tdrneb,  Royal  Nursery,  alougb. 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
Sead,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Roses  grandi- 
fiora,  Delicata,  Comet,  Model  of  Perfeccion,  Elepans,  Formosa, 
Gem,  Belladonna,  Bicolor,  Qaeeo,  Fireball,  Auruntia,  Rosea 
albs,  and  Sulphurea  perfecta.  A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in 
packets,  containing  200  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded,  post  free, 
upon  the  receipt  of  2s.  6<i.  worth  of  postage  stamps,  by  R.  B. 
BiBCBAM,  Hedeoham  Rosary,  Bungay,  Suffolk. 


_WESTERN     ROSE    NURSERY,    EALING. 

CG.' WILKINSON,  late  of  the  West  of  England 
•  Rosaries,  near  Bristol,  begs  to  state  that  ia  consequence 
of  tlie  liberal  support  he  has  received  this  season,  many  of  the 
varieties  publisacd  in  his  Catalogue  are  greatly  reduced,  hut 
be  csn  still  supply  strong  healthy  plants  of  the  best  PER- 
PETUALS,  of  which  an  abridged  List  will  be  forivarded  on 
application.  s.   d 

20  Plants,  arranged  for  a  circular  bed        -23    0 

Geanc  des  Batailles,  DevoniensiB,  &e.,  ic,  per  dozen, 

24a.,  18j.,  and 15    0 

Extra  strong  Red  Moss,  is.  Gd.  per  doz.,  or,  per  100        ,,.  32    0 
Deliveries  in  London, between Oxford-str.-ttandtbeBank, free. 


EPPS'    NEW   SEEDLING    FUCHSIA.    ■ 

WJ.  EPPS  begs  to  state  that  he  purposes  sendlDg 
•  out,  early  in  April,  the  two  following  FUCHSIAS, 
which  he  has  no  hesitation  in  warranting  will  pive  the  highest 
aatisfactioa  possible  ;  they  were  both  submitted  late  in  the 
season  to  Mr.  Glenny  and  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle,  and  merited 
their  high  approval.  See  Gardeners'  Chro^iicle,  and  Glenny'e 
••  Garden  Almanack  for  1852." 

STANDARD  OF  PERFECTION.— Tube  and  sepals  bright. 
waxy,  coral  red  ;  a  dense  violet  blue  corolla,  slightly  veined 
with  purple  ;  sepals  refiexed  ;  blooms  very  stout,  and  as  large 
Bi  Don  Giovanni ;  habit  robust  and  elegant. 

NOVELTY.— This  is  an  exceedingly  pretty  flower,  and  very 
Btriklng.  Tube  and  sepals  lively  red,  and  waxy  ;  corolla  large 
aad  very  double,  of  a  beautiful  dense  violet  colour  ;  sepals  very 
much  reflexed,  and  a  profuse  bloomer. 

Price,  10s.  6d.  each. 

The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade  when  three  plants  of  each 
are  taken. 

Agents  I  Hurst  and  McMuUen,  Leadenhall-street,  London. 

Bower  Nurserie;,  Maidstone,  Jan.  24. 


EARLY  ALBION  KIDNEY  POTATO. 

EDWARD  MITCHELL,  having  a  surplus  stock  of 
SEED  POTATORS  of  this  tirst-rate  early  varirty,  beg^ 
most  respectfully  to  offer  them  to  the  public,  iind  the  trade 
generally,  as  being  ono  of  the  very  best  and  earliest  varietitis 
grown,  it  beini;  full  three  weeks  earlier  ihau  the  Ash-leaf  or 
Walnu'-'eaf  Kidney  Potatoes  ;  also  a  j^rcater  cropper,  and  far 
superior  in  flavour,  than  nny  other  variety  groivu.  Price,  per 
bu-*hel'  9s.,  with  the  usual  discount  to  tho  trade. 

Fosl-office  orders  are  expected  from  unknown  corrcBpondentg. 

Bristol  Gardens,  Kemp-town  ;  aud  ^5,  Marine  Piirude, 
Briirhton. 


FLORISTS'   FLOWERS  AT   REDUCED   PRICES. 

C^REY  TYSO,  Florist,  &c.,  Wallingford,  Berks, 
begs  to  state  that  in  malcing  up  the  undermentioned 
assortments  of  Floivcrs,  quality  is  particularly  regarded, 
and  a  great  reduction  is  made  in  tlie  price  of  each  variety. 
"RANUiVCULUSES,  mo  splendid  nuuied  sorts,  21.  to  £i     Os.  Ori. 
Ditto  100  hue  mixed  ...     Sa.,  165..  and    10     0 

^Ditto  50  choice  Seedfings,  named     ...     3  15     0 

ANEMOSES.  50  splendid  double  varieties,  Us.  Cd.  to  1     0     0 

PaNSIES,  25  excellent  varieties  15s.  to  1     5     0 

TREATISE  on  RANUNCULUS,  6d. ;  post  free,  U.  Ditto 
on  ANEMONE,  Zd.  ;  post  free,  4d. 

ChoicH  IlauunculuB,  Anemone,  Pansy,  and  Sweet  Williara 
Seeds,  23.  Qd.  per  packet.  Imported  German  Seeds  of  best 
quality.     Catalogues  sent  for  two  labels. 

*  These  assortmeu^s  sent  post  free.  Anemones  charged  Gd. 
per  dozen  for  poatage  and  box. 


DAHLIA   ROOTS,   CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  ETC, 
""I  ^HOMAS  BARNES  has  a  stock  of  sound  roots  og 

-*  his  superb  yellow  Dahlia,  GEORGE  GLEN  NY,  at  the 
following:  prices,  viz.: — larijo  roots,  10s.  Gd.  \  smaller  ditto, 
7s.  6rf. ;  pot  ditto.  5s.  each,  or  30s.  per  dozen,  with  .nil  the 
leading  sorts  of  last  and  former  years.  -  Priced  list  on  applica- 
tion. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  best  ia  each  class,  now  rea^Jy,  12s. 
per  dozen. 

MAHONIA  AQUIFOLIA.  — The  best  plant  for  forming 
covers  in  strong  hu?hy  transplanted  plautb,  ffOa.  per  1000.  Where 
5000  and  upwards  taken;  50s.  per  1000. 

Dane  Croft  Nurseries.  Stuwmurket,  Jan.  24, 


a   pure  white, 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S     DWARF      MAMMOTH     KNIGHT'S, 
acUnowledKed  the  best  out,  2s.  Gd.  per  quart. 
RT^HOP'S  LONG-PODDED.  Is.  per  quart.  "^,^ 

BURBIDGE'S  ECLIPSE,  Is.  perquart. 

The  above  Peas  have  befn  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  establishments  in  the  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  evtry  respect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER   SEEDS.  o»«sr-  , 

ESCHSCHOLTZI.\    CALIFORNICA    ALBA, 

very  trood.  (id.  per  packet:.  _ 

IPOMCEA  BURRIDQII.  splendid  hardv creeper.  Od.'per  packet^ 
SAPONARIA  CALABRICA.  var.  MULTIFLORA,  one  of  th& 

best  bidding  plan's  <Mir,  0  /   per  packet. 
TUOP^OLUM  COOClNEUNf.  handsome,  6d.  per  packet. 
EUCIINIDSA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy,. 

Gd.  piir  packet. 
GAUHA    LINDIIEIMANII,    fine  herba-ceous  plant,  Gd.  per 

packet. 

DoNCAM    Haies    offers  to  the  ga*""        g  world  the  above 
small  selection,  as  being  deserved! 
tion.     Catalogues  of  Garden,   Ap 
foiwarded  on  appliciLtion. 

SL-edsman    and    Florist,    Whoit. 
Martin's- lane,  London. 


p  of  universal  atten- 
I,  ^il,  and  Flower  Seeds 

and   Rotail,    109,    St. 


J 


PELARGONIUMS. 
OHN   DOBSON  is  now  sending  out   Plants  of  all 


SUPERB  RANUNCULT,GLADIOLI,ANEMONES 
&c.,  (be. 

RANUNCULU  S-prepaid  by  post. 

100  rooli,  in  100  varieties,  superb  seedling  and  other  s.  d. 

bett  torts 70  0 

50  rooti,  la  50  Tarn.,  37j.  Gd. ;  25,  in  25  vara "  2U  0 

100  rooli,  Iq  loo  Tarn.,  very  fine         35  o 

50  root*,  In  50  varR.,  ISs,  ;  25,  in  25  vara 10  0 

liixed,  extra,  per  loO,  l«a. ;  very  fine,  10«,  ;  fine  border.'.*.*     5  0 
liercules,  White  Turban,  hs.  per  dozen,  and  others. 

GLADIOLI. 

12  foperb  Iftte  varietiei  (lUmoaua  habit) 

£reocbleyenlti,  brlliiant  rich  icarlet,  each 
Oklidavr^niiiii,  euch,  id.  ;  extra  large  ..'.         .'. 

G»odaven»li!  uplcndtnii.  very  tuperb,  each  .'.'.        ".. 
lulgoli,  It.  Cd.  per  dor. ;  IMitacinuM,  per  dcz,    ...        ...    i    c 

ANEMONES. 

100  Tftrs,,  beautiful  and  diaiinct,  named,  double  ...        ,     24    0 

59  Tftfi.,  do,.  12*,  *W, ;  25  varif.,  do.  ...  '"    -j     q 

Mixed,  floeit  double,  p«r  100,  I'Ji.  Od, ;  very  fine  ...        ,,'    7    c 

LlliQm  lanclfollum,  and  a  variety  of  other  choice  rootB  see 
CfttnloKU*,  MDt  free,  on  uppllcallon.  ' 

Bcmittance  required  from  unknown  correipondontn.    Car- 
riue  free  to  London,  and  on  Ip%w  ch,  liury,  and  Norwich  line 

.fiAit  aod  BftowM,  Seed  and  Horticultural  EstablUhment 
gndbory,  BofT'dk,  ' 


,  21 
,  3 
.     0 


OVERSTOCK  AT  THE  NURSERIES,  FORRES- 
— The  Bubscriber<i  betf  to  offer  the  undcr.noled  I'luntk* 
wblch  «rc  well  U)^\>e.<\,  tibrous  rooted,  and  of  the  /IneMt  quulltji 
«t  the  foIl'>wlng  wholennl'- price*  :—l  and  ^-yirar  traniplauttd 
Larch,  from  1  to  Ji  feet  high,  i».*^d.  to  lit.  per  lO'JO  ;  IruH.n'tllvr- 
JU^hWnd  .Sc  >t<;h    Pine,  land  2  yearn  trunMpUnted,  '2ti'.  Gd.  t-> 
I'll,   per   IOi;0.    according   to   their  nizi ;    truiiipliinicd    I'lriiJ"* 
«c«lia,  1  to  2  feet,  COi,  |icr  100 ;    fine  Cedruft  Deodiiru,  ttpi-cl 
men  plant*,  2  tii'A  fcot,  2j.  Gd.  each.     If  orden  nru  forwar<Ii;<l  ( 
•»rly,  tbeu  priceH  will  indude  paymont  of  frelffht  to  London. 
Joiu  Oeiooa  and  Co.,  JSarierlei,  Forrei,  N.B. 


CHOICE    FLOWERING    PLANTS    FOR    THE 
PRESENT    SEASON. 

YOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
desirous  of  decoratinc  tUei;  Greeu'iou^c  or  Conservatory 
at  this  period,  to  the  following,  in  fine  bushy  plants  : — 

CAMELLIAS,  very  superior  kinds,  beamiluUy  furnished 
with  bloom-buds,  30s.  per  doz. 

EPACRIS,  in  20  -af  the  handsomest  varieticB,  abundantly  set 
for  flower,  ds.  per  doz. 

ERICAS,  fine  bu?hy  and  bloomings  plants,  9s.  per  doz, 

CORR^A  speciosa  msjor,  Cooperii,  bicolor,  and  other  fine 
varieties,  now  coming  into  bloom,  9s.  per  doz. 

CINERARIAS,  new  aud  extra  fioe  sorts,  6s.  to  9s.  per  doz. 

12  very  select  Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants,  l&s. 

25        do.  do.  do.  30a. 

50        do.  do.  do.  50s. 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIDM  ALBUM,  flowering  bulbs,  Gs.  to 
9s.  per  doz. 

LILIDM  LANCIFOLIUM  RUBRTJM  andROSEUM,  flower- 
ing  bulbs,  12s,  per  doz. 

LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY,  strong  for  forcing,  &c.,  5s.  per  100. 

NEW  FRENCH  AND  BELGIAN  DAISIES,  in  50  best  sorts, 
93,  per  doz. 


CHOICE     FRUITS. 

yOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
gentlemen  now  about  planting  or  repleuisbing  their  Fruit 
and  Kitchen  Gardens  to  the  following  choice  articles  : 
TRUE  FASTOLFF  RASPBERRY. 
Y.  and  Co.  beg  to  announce  they  are  now  executing  orders 
for  the  above  in  fine  strong  Canee  of  the  same  stock  as  they  had 
the  bonour  of  supplying  her  Maje&ty's  Gardens  and  most  of  the 
Nobility.    15s.  per  100. 

Fine  large  WHITE  RASPBERRY.  Ss.  per  doz. 
PEACHES,  NECTARINES,  and  APRICOTS,  4year8  trained 
and  forward  for  boarine*,  6s.  each, 
CHERRIES  and  PLUMS.  4  vcars  trained,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
PEARS  and  APPLES,  fine  espalier.  243.  per  doz. 
The  abovo  are  of  the  most  select  kinds,  and  worked  from  the 
Stock  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London,  and  are  war. 
runted  correct  to  their  sorts. 

SIUR.MER  AND  ANGLESEA  PIPPIN,  fioe  Espalier,  243. 
per  diiz. ;  Standards,  Is.  Gd.,  Dwarfd,  Is.  each. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  ia  3G  of  the  best  kinds,  selected  for  size 
and  flavour.  '63.  Gd.  per  doz, 
CURRANTS,  improved  large  White  Dutch,  4s.  per  doz, 
„  Black  Naples,  45.  per  doz. 

„  Large  Red  Grape,  2j.  Od.  per  doz.. 

„  Victoria  or  Ilaby  Cuatle,  48.  per  doz, 

„  Knight's  Large  Red,  5s.  per  doz. 

,.  ,,        Sweet  Red,  5s.  por  doz. 

RtlUBATlB,  fine  roots,  Ht  for  forcing,  <bc.,  comprising 
Mitchell's  Royal  Albert,  9s.  pt-r  doz.  ;  Myutt'u  LinnojUH,  'Ja  pur 
do/,. ;  Myiitt'rt  Victoria  (tho  largest),  !Js.  per  doz. ;  Toholult, 
'is.  p<!r  doz. 

ASPARAGUS,   Giant  (strong),  2   and  ;;  years,   2a.  Ct/.  and 
■it.  fid.  iM^r  lOfi. 
BEAK  ALE  (ntrong).  Is  O.e,  por  doz. 

JtO.SEB,  Stantlardi)  and  Hnlf-Ktondurds,  of  the  very  bout  sorts 
In  cultivation,  ]2fl.  to  ICs.  por  doz. 

EVEROREEN  PRIVET,  2*  to  4  fcot,  Btrong,  35fl.  por  1000, 
or  -ir..  per  100.  .  bt  i 

A /I  ordr.vH  of  21.  (md  upwards  delivered  free  to  any 
RnM.miy  .Station  within  \hii  milat  of  the  N%irse)^j. 
Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth. 


pots,  and  requiring  an  immediate  shifc  into  G.inch  pota.  No 
charge  fur  hamper  or  puckagi?,  and  carriitge  paid  to  London. 
The  Seedlings  of  IS-jO  raised  by  Mr.  E.  Bi!ck  are  in  very  fioe 
heaUh,  and  can  be  stroniily  recommended.  A  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  ilr.  Beck's  Seedlings  of  1849  and  1850  maybe 
h;id  upi'n  application. 

Twelve  of  the  loliowing  fine  Show  varieties  for  42s.,  hamper, 
package,  and  carriage  to  London  included  in  the  price,  and 
plants  v'iven  to  compensate  for  long  carriage  :—Cbloe  (new), 
Constancy  (new),  Purpurea  (new),  Con.--taQce,  Cujp.  Dorcas, 
Emily,  Pet,  Ruby,  Rosalind,  Painter,  Sarah,  Governor,  Love- 
liness, Magiiificeot,  aud  Field  Marshal. 

Twolve  of  the  following  goo'l  and  distinct  varieties  for  21s., 
hamper,  &:c.,  included  in  the  price: — Star,  Alonzo,  Emelia, 
Guliehna,  Ondine,  Rosamund,  Centurion,  Lalla  Rookh, 
Bljiiicho,  Moot  Bianc,  Delieaiissima,  Guttavus,  and  Crusader. 

Twelve  of  the  followinir  good  and  distinct  Seedling  ANTIR- 
RHINUMS, which  have  been,  greatly  admired  for  their  fine 
colours  and  freedum  of  blooui^  and  ivarranted  to  give  satisfac- 
tion, for  15s. : — Brilliant,  Sjlfihr©uzz!e.  Dazzle  Superb.  Adonis, 
White  Perfection,  Gem,  Achlllefi,  Purity,  Grandis,  Pictuvat.n, 
Rosalind,  Delicara,  Esteeni,  Beauty  Supreme,  liufua,  Albii 
Striata,  and  Youngii. 

ANTIRRHINUM  SEED  saved  from  ib«  above  varieties,  iu 
packets,  forwarded  pc.f.t  frte,  tor  eiglit  postage  stamps. 

HOLLYHOCK  SEED  stii-i^d  trom  Rosea  grandiflora.  Queen, 
Mulberry  Superb,  Model  of  Perfection,  Conspicua,  and  other 
hue  varieties,  in  packets  of  100  seeds,  sent;  in  exchange  fjr  13 
poHtat^e  stamps. 

J.  D.'s  General  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  all  the  leading 
varieties  of  Beck's,  Foster's,  Hoylc'fl,  and  other  rais>*r8*  Pelar- 
eoniums;  Story's  new  Seedling  Fuchsias;  also  Verbenas, 
Pnloxcs,  Cinerarias,  &c,,  may  be  had  in  exchange  for  one 
poi^tage  stamp. 

John  Dobson  begs  to  inform  the  numerous  enquirers  that 
his  PRACTICAL  OBSERVATIONS  on  the  CULI'IVATION 
OF  THE  PELARGONIUM,  for  the  Home  Stage  or  for  Exhi- 
bition, is  in  the  hands  of  the  Printer,  and  will  shortly  be  ready 

LOVE  GROVE 'S~SEEDLING~POT  AT  0  (T.RDE). 

John  Dobson  having  a  large  quantity  of  this  very  fine 
Potato,  which  has  been  provtd  to  be  one  of  the  best  Potatoes 
out  for  early  forcing  and  general  crop,  offers  them  at  2^.  per 
peck,  bag  included.  Also  Ash-leaved  Ividney,  Jackson'a 
Kidney,  Shaw,  and  every  other  approved  sort,  at  the  lowest 
prices. 

A  Catalozuc  of  Kitchen  Garden  Seeds,  containing  all  the 
most  approved  sorts  of  Vegetable  Seeds,  at  the  lowest  prices, 
may  be  had  in  exchange  tor  one  postage  stamp.  The  Seeds 
are  very  fine,  and  warranted  true  to  name. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  iBieworth,  Middlesex. 


QUTTON'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS, 

^  CARRIAGE  FREE.— The  advantages  of  purchasing  these 
"Collections  of  Seed8"are  threefold,  viz.,  superiority  of  sorts, 
superior  germinating  quality,  and  great  economy  in  the  cost. 
Our  601  ta  of  Seeds  are  not  all  in  the  pjsseBeion  of  other  Seeds- 
men, and  we  feel  confident  that  our  Collections  are  far  superior 
to  others,  both  in  quality  and  in  quantity. 

A  Cleboiman,  whom  wo  have  had  the  honour  of  supplying; 
many  years,    writes  un,    "/  have  runcU  satisfaction  in  recom- 
moiding  your  Seeds  to  various  friends,  as  I  find  they  are  muak 
pleased  with  them;"  and  nnother  purchaser    Buys.    "/  never 
received  10  nxtmerous  a  CoUection,  so  good  in  qtiality,  from  any 
house."     We  therefore   confidently    recommend   those    gentle- 
men who  are  not  themselves  acquainted  with  the  best  sorta  of 
vegetables,  to  order  Immediately  (while  we  huvo  a  largo  Stock), 
one  of  tho  undermentioned  Ci>mi>ieto  Collections  :—        £  3.  d. 
No   1.— A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION  OF  GARDEN 
SEEDS,  FOR  ONE  YEAR'S  SUPPLY  OF  A  LARGE 
GARDEN  ;  Including  tlio  heat  sorts  for  Buccesslon  of 
Po;iB.  BeauH,  Broccoli,  CucurnborH,  Melons,  Lottucea, 
Cauliflowers,  and  every  other  sort  of  Vegetable  re- 
quired, in  full  quiintltiis 2  10     0 

No.  2,— A  COMPLETI-:    COLLECTION,  in  quantities 

proportionately  reduced 1  10     0 

No.  8.-A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION,  equally  choice 

BOrtd      ...  ■■>  .■.  ..>  1     1     0 

No.  4.— A  SMALL   AND   VERY   CHOICE  ASSORT- 
MENT ...    _ 0  12    6 

J f  some  lands  of  >Sceds  arc  already  possessed, purchasers 
arc  requested  to  name  them,  thfit  increased  quantities  of 
others  may  be  sent  in  lieu  of  them, 

N. it,— The  above  CoiIociioiiH  will  bo  sent  CAimrAoE  Pure,  ns 
BOO  our  AdvuriiMcment  on  2d  \m\av  of  tho  Chronicle  of  tho  10th, 

'■"o*  A  Lint  of  the  quantltk-H  cuntriiiicd  iu  each  Colloelion  may 
bo  hud  post  free  In  return  foe  One  Punny  Stiimp>  iiddreetcd 
JouN  tfuTTON  and  Sonh,  Scid  QruweiB,  Reading,  Builit:. 


50 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Jan.  24, 


SEED  POTATOES.— The  importance  of  cultivating 
ihose  sorts  of  Potatoes  which,  from  their  vigorous  ^abit  ot 
;;ro-v[h  and  ta  ly  maturity,  are  least  subject  to  diuease,  hii9 
inriiicfd  Us  for  several  years  (ever  since  the  firftc  geueral 
devul.ipment  of  thf  diaeaae),  t'l  make  many  experimentu  aa  to 
th^  sort^  most  desirable,  and  the  cultivation  most  euitab'e. 
Our  Nev  Seed  List  contains  the  names  and  prices  of  the 
priocipal  kinds,  and  will  be  sent  post  tree  on  receipt  of  One 
Penny  Stamp.— Address,  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  SeedGrotvers, 
Re^i'^iajr,  Berks. 


]V:  EW    SEEDS,    TRUE    TO    THEIR    KINDS.— 

-L^  Nutt's  Cbampion  Celery ;  Hunter's  PmUfic  and  Lord 
Kniyou's  Favourite  Cucumber;  Garraway's  Victnry  of  Bath 
Melon;  Sancster'j  Number  One  Pea;  Sutton'b  Superb  Cos 
LetiucQ;  Sutton's  Imperial  Cabhag>? ;  Hairs' Dwarf  Mammoth 
Pea;  Gregory's  Early  Hangdou'ii  Bean;  Bishop's  "  Lait  and 
ijest"  Pea  ;  and  all  other  new  kinds. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons  have  received  the  above  direct 
from  the  parties  who  introdxiced  theniy  and  can  supply 
them  at  their  current  prices,  which  will  he  seen  in  their 
New  Priced  Seed  Catalogue  just  published,  and  which 
inay  he  had  post  free  for  one  -penny  stamp. 

Also  a  List  of  the  Contents  of  "  SUTTON'S  COMPLETE 
COLLECTION  OF  SEEDS"  for  one  penny  stamp. 


TO  NOBLEMEN  AND  GENTLEMEN  PLANTING. 
nUiOMAS  JACKSON  and  SON  respectfully  solicit 

-»L  attention  to,  and  an  inspection  of,  their  very  healthy  and 
exti'nsive  Stock  of  frequently  transplanted  TREES  and 
SIHIUBS,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Araucariai,  4  feet 
high;  Deodar  Cedars,  12  fset;  Cedar*  of  Lf;banon,  9  feet; 
Piiius  excelsa,  ti  feet;  Dito  patula,  6  feet;  Ditto  insignis, 
4  feet ;  Ditto  cephalonica,  5  feet ;  Diito  moriuda,  5  feet ;  Ditio 
Gordoniana,  2  feet  ;  Irish  Tens,  12  fett ;  English  ditto,  6  feet; 
Pyramid  ditto,  5  feet ;  Taxodium  senipervirens,  8  feet ;  Cryp- 
tomeria  japonica,  5  feet ;  Chinese  Junipers,  6  feet ;  Irish  ditto, 
4  feet ;  Cupressus  torulo^us,  6  feet;  Ditto  Goveniana,  5  feet ; 
Ditto  Uhdiaiia,  5  feet ;  Ditto  sempervirens,  8  feet;  Green  and 
Vaiiegated  Hollies,  7  feet;  Broad-leaved  ditto  5  feet;  Weeping 
ditto.  6  feet;  Arbutus  procera  and  uuedo,  4  feet;  Magnolia 
eraiidiflora,  Exmouih,  5  feet ;  Ditto  acuminata,  8  feet ;  Pau- 
iowoia  imperialie,  7  feet ;  Weeping  Willows,  It)  feet;  Weeping 
Ash,  16  feet ;  Large  Auoubas,  Common  and  Portugal  Laurels, 
Chinese  and  American  Arbor-vitas,  Tree  Pa3<mies,  Daphnes, 
Laurestinus,  Berberis,  lit-d  Cedars,  RUododendrons,  Azaleas, 
Kalmias,  Forsythias,  Weie;elias,  Evergreen  Oaks,  and  all  the 
other  favourite  Trees  and  Shiubs  (covering  upwards  of  20 
acres  of  nursery  ground)  ;  also  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees  of 
various  sizes  in  greaf  qtiantity,  and  about  a  millioQ  of  Qjick 
4it  for  mailing  or  menduig  fences,  from  2s.  to  lbs.  per  lUOO. 

Prices,  wbich  are  very  low,  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

AU  orders  of  two  pounds  or  upwards  delivered  at  any  of  the 
carrier's  offices  in  London,  or  by  our  own  carts  withiu  12  miles 
of  the  Nursery. — Nursery,  Kingston,  Surrey,  Jan.  24. 


TRANSPLANTED  THORN  QUICKS,  at  half  price, 
for  ready  cash.— SELLl.VG  OFF,  afew  hundred  thousand 
of  the  stock  of  Transplanted  Thorn  Quicks,  the  property  of  the 
late  Mr,  John  M'Craith,  Nurseryman,  of  Kilkenny_{a8  advertised 
in  the  Chronicle  of  lastmonth),  still  remain  undisposed  of;  and, 
as  the  whole  must  be  cleared  off  this  season,  they  are  offered  at 
the  following  greatly  reduced  prices.  Two  years  old  trans, 
planted  Thorns,  ll  t<i  13  itiches  in  length  ;  circumference,  3-8ths 
to  7-l(iths,  Sd.  per  lOOl).  Three  years  old,  transplanted  ;  length, 
17  to  24  inches  ;  circumference,  half  an  inch  to  5-Sths,  Is.  'Sd. 
per  10(tO;  lOO.OUO  of  the  former,  or  50,000  of  the  latter  size 
delivered  carriage  free  on  board  steamer  at  Dublin  or  Water- 
ford.  —  Apply  to  Mrs.  .Susanna  M'Cbaith,  High-street 
Kilkenny,  Ireland. ^_ 

"pOBERT    M.    STARK,    Nursery    and   Seedsman, 

J-^  Edinburgh,  begs  to  intimate  that  his  DESCRIPTIVB 
LI3T  OF  SELECT  GAltDKN  AND  FLOWER  SEEDS  for  the 
-Seison  Is  now  ready,  and  m^y  be  had  on  application.  The 
Editor  of  the  Nortk Brititk  AgriculturUt  ha.^  described  it  as  "  all 
that  could  be  desired  ai  a  Garden  Seed  List,"  and  that  he  has 
"  rarely  seen  one  in  which  more  tibte  and  care  have  been  dis- 
played, even  in  the  uiiRutest  details."  fie  "can  therefore  re- 
coumcnd  it  with  conSdeuce." 

Furchastirs  of  Seeds  may  have  a  condensed  Garden  Calendar 
gratis. 

Priced  Lists  may  also  be  had  of  Forest,  Ornamental,  and  Fruit 
Trees.  Shrubs,  Koses,  Greenhouse,  Herbacenu?,  and  Alpine 
or  UocIl  Plants,  Hardy  Ferns,  and  Aquatics,  &c. 

1,  Hope-street,  and  fidgehill  Nursery,  Jan.  24. 

-SUPERB  NEW  PINK  GERANIUM-"  LADY  HOMESDALE;" 

ANTIRRHINUM— "NOVELTY;"  AND 

CALCEOLARIA-"  BEAUTY    OF    MONTREAL." 

WILLIAM  F.  SMITH  begs  to  offer  the  following 
new  varieties  of  the  present  season,  and  which  he  can 
with  confidence  recommend  to  all  admirers,  as  a  very  great 
acquisition  in  each  of  their  respective  classes,  viz. — 

QERANIDM,  "LADY  HOMESDALE"  (Smith).  —  A  beau- 
tiful deep  rosy  pink,  with  clear  white  centre,  large  globe  trui^s, 
fine  compact  habit,  and  profuse  bloomer.  Highly  valuable 
either  for  bedding  or  pot  culture.  Strong  plants  in  May, 
55.  each. 

ANTIRRHINUM,  "NOVELTY  "  (Smith).— Dark  rose  tube, 
upper  lip  pure  white,  very  distinct  and  attractive.  Strong 
Tiiants  in  May,  Zs.  Gd.  each. 

CALCEOLARIA,  "BEAUTY  OF  MONTREAL "  (Smith). 
— A  fine  bright  crimson,  dwarf  habit,  and  a  very  free  bloomer. 
A  valuable  and  distinct  variety  for  bedding.  Extra  fine  strong 
ptanta  in  M^y,  'is  Gd.  each. 

iJSt"  Usual  discount  to  the  trade  when  three  are  taken. 

A  large  assortment  of  bedding  plants  in  April  and  May,  at 
very  moderate  prices,  including  Heliotropes,  Scarlet  and  other 
<3eraniums,  Verbenas  in  varieties,  Cupbeas,  Lobelias,  Phloxes, 
Petunias,  Pentstemons,  &c.,  iic.  Catalogues  of  which  may  be 
bad  on  application  :  also  of  Garden  aid  Flower  Seeds. 

Kiverhead  Nurseries,  near  Sevenoaks,  Jan.  24. 


QAMUEL    FINNEY    and    Co.   beg   respectfully   to 

'^  inform  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  new 
rt'RICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  1852  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postaf^e  free,  on  apolication.  It  contains  a  list  of 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
together  with  a  very  choice  selection  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  which  are  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  of 
sowing,  and  whether  hardy,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  informa- 
tion. The  Collections  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplied  in  former 
years,  having  given  such  general  satisfaction,  they  are  again 
induced  to  offer  them  as  under : — 

No.  1.  A  complete  collection  of  Vegetable  Seeds  for  £    5.  d. 

one  year's  supply  of  a,  Jarge  gurden  ...2     5     0 

No  2.  Do.  do.        in  smaller  quinlities         ...  1  10     0 

No.  y.  D.I.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1     1     0 

No.  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  0  12     6 

The  kinds  and  quantities    contained  in  each  Collection  are 

stated  in  the  Catalogue. 

Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  on  the  following  Railways  :— 

Newcastle,    York,    and    Berwiclt  ;    North    Briiish,  Leeds     and 

Thirsk  ;  York  and  Scarborough,  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 

Lancaster  and  Liverpool.— Gateshead  Nursery,  Jan.  21. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROJ>ES,  <fcc.,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  HosEA  Wateeek,  Knap  Hill 
Nursery,  Woking.  Surrey. 


SANGSTER'S    NEW    EARLY    NO.  1  PEA. 
OAY,    SANGSTER,   and    CO.,  in  submitting   the 

iA  above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  the  greate.-t  confidence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  tiiot-rate  quahty ;  height,  2  feet, 
Price  2s.  Gd.  per  quart. 

York  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  63.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Radical,  (ia.  do.  A  fiiai-rate  second  early,  Cs,  do. 
American  ^ative,  6s,  do.  White  Blossom  Kidney,  Ga.  do. 
Brighton  Piult  Kidney,  C^.  do. 

For  Testimonials,  see  (Jardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov.  8,.  p.  705. 

PList-othce  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  (ho  Borough  Post- 
ottice  to  Hat,  Sanqsteb,  and  Co.,  Ntirsery  and  Seedsmeo, 
Newmgtcn  Butts,  London.  Oue-buahel  hampers  and  booking. 
Is.bd.;  two-bushel,  :J3.  (id.    Sacks,  2s.  Gd.  each. 


QTANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 

^  will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  iu  uvery 
iMonih,  to  winch  chey  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Treatise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
Plants,"  can  etill  be  had,  by  enclosing  sis  stamps  for  postage. 

<aentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 

Bag  shot,  Surrey.  Jan.  24. 


jVriTC  HELL'S     MATCHLESS     WINTER 

-*-  PARSLEY. — J.  M.  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price,  Wnolesalo,  to  seedsmen,  Is.  3d.  per  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  be  charged  23.  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-offlce  order, 
made  payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder's-end,  Enfield, 
iliddlesex. 

TROUBLE    ITALIAN    TUBEROSE    ROOTS,    4s. 

AV  per  dozen.— The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selected  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment,  at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-malL 
N,B.  Printed  regulations  lor  treatment  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par:Tiasan  Cheeses. 


;EED     AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 

'  MENT.  SUDBURY.  SUFFOLK. 

THE    BEST.  EARLY  .PEAS,    ETC. 


Taylor's  New  Early  Prolific 
Early  Emperor 

Essex  Champion  [Dwarf 

New     Long.podded     Bishop's 

Also  the  best  new  later  sorts, 
20  fine  and  new  sorts  of  Peas,  1  quart  of  each,  for 

succession £0  14 

A  complete  assorttnent  of  vegetables,  with  a  number 

of  very  choice  and  new  kinds,  includmg  the  above    2  10 
An  assortment  containing  l2  quarts  of  Peas  in  12  sorts, 

and  other  seeds  equally  choice,  itc 110 

An  assortment  equally  choice         1     0 

An  assortment  of  choice  and  esteemed  sorts   ...        ...    0  10 


Early   Groiio  Marrow 
Fttirbeard's  Surprise 

,,      Champion  of  England 
Burbidge's  Eclipse  : 


The  ahove  Collections  will  give  the  fullest  satisfaction. 
The  names  of  the  sorts  may  be  had  on  application^  and 
if  any  are  not  wanted,  enlarged  quantities  of  others  will 
he  sent  to  make  up  the  amount.  Our  Seeds  comprise 
the  very  fiiiest  sorts,  which  are  universally  approved. 

The  priced  Seed  Cataloi;ue  will  be  sent  on  application.  Also 
Wholesale  prices  to  the  trade. 

Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or 
any  station  on  the  line. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Bbown,  or  to  Bass 
and  BanwN. 


SUPERB  NEW  EARLY  PROLIFIC  MELON, 

"VICTORY   OF    BATH." 

GARAWAY,  MAYES,  and  Co.  having  purchased 
the  entire  stock  of  the  above  MELON,  beg  to  offer  it  to 
the  public  as  a  variety  unequalled  in  flavour  and  productive- 
ness. It  obtained  a  Certificate  of  Merit  at  the  April  Show,  in 
Bath  ;  First  Prize  at  Chiswick,  in  May;  also  two  First  Prizes 
at  Bath,  in  May  and  June  last.  It  was  grown  in  pots  with 
Bromham  Hall,  under  precisely  the  same  treatment,  and  Ripe 
Fruit  cut  full  six  weeks  earlier.  The  whole  of  the  fruit  exhi- 
bited  were  grown  in  pots. 
MELONS. 

Per  Packet— s.  d. 

Victory  of  Bath 2    6 

Bromham  Hall     1     0 

Camerton  Court  ...         ...  1     0 

Trentham  Hybrid  Green 

Flesh       1    0 

Beechwood 1     0 


CUCUMBERS. 

Per  Packet— s.  d. 


Lord  Kenyon's  Favourite  1 

Victory  of  Bath 1 

Roman  Emperor  ...         ...  1     0 

Holm  Pierpoint  Wonder    1    0 
Kelway's  Victory  ...  1    0 

With  all  other  approved  sorts. 


With  all  other  approved  sorts. 

G.,  M.,  and  Co.  also  beg  to  inform  their  friends  that  they 
are  now  prepared  to  send  out  their  well  selected  stock  of  Agri- 
cultural, Kitchen,  and  Flower  Garden  Seeds,  the  latter  grown 
under  their  own  inspection.  Catalogues  to  be  had  on 
application.  G.,  U.,  and  Co.  can  with  confidence  recommend 
their  stock,  as  every  article  is  thoroughly  proved  before 
sent  out, — Durdham  Down  Nurseries,  Bristol,  Jan.  24. 


PPPS' COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 

-L^     SEEDS.— No.  1,    containing   24    quarts    of    the  £   a.   d. 

newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers      ...  2  10    0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quantities 110    0 

No.  3,  ditto  aitto  110 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12     6 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Lescriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  &c.,  &c. 

The  highest  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.     Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London, 

W.  J.  Epps  begs  to  remark,  thut  in  constquonce  of  his  being 
one  of  the  largest  Seed  Growers  in  the  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  satisfactory. 

High-street  ^nd  Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone.— Jan.  24. 

RANDALL'S  PROLIFIC  RHUBARB.  — In  sub- 
mitting the  above  to  the  public,  E.  11.  begs  to  state  that 
while  possessing  all  the  qualities  of  Myatt's  Linuseus,  it  is  nine 
days  earlier,  of  superior  flavour,  upright  in  grovv.h,  and  pro- 
ducing  large  stems,  all  of  equal  size.  Roots  2s.  Gd.  each,  to  be 
obtained  at  the  principal  Seed-houses  in  London,  and  of 
Edwabd  Randall,  Loughborough  Gardens,  hrixton,  Surrey. 
Orders  accompaaied  with  a  remittance  wUl  be  promptly 
attended  to. 

N.B.  The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 


rpOBACCO    PAPER    FOR    SMOKING    GREEN- 

X.    HOUJiES,  (fee- CLARKE  AND  Co.,  Gardeners,  S.edsmen, 
and  Florists,   Percy  Cross  Nursery,  Walham  Green,  Fulham, 
an    supply  any  quantity  of  this  article  ;  price  given  on  applica-  ' 
tion. — The  trade  supplied.  I 


TT'ITCHEN  GARDEN  AND  FLOWER  SEEDS.— 

A^  SEEDS  of  the  best  quality,  and  at  moderate  prices,  may 
be  had  of  Chandleb  and  Sons,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Wandsworth-road,  Surrey. 

CAMELLIAS,  with  iiower-buds,  SOs.  and  42a.  per  dozen. 

Also    a  great  variety  of  Greenhouse   Plants,  viz.,  Epacris 
Chorozemas,  Corrceas,  Acacias.  «tc.,  12s.  and  I83.  per  doz. 
Post-office  Orders  payable  at  Keoniugton-cross, 


"[SJEW  CUCUMBER,  «  CAPXIVATION."— This  is 
-L^  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  perfect  Cucumbers  ever  yet 
grown,  both  for  its  length,  prolific  bearing,  and  superiority 
over  all  other  Cucumbers.  It  is  confidently  asserted  that  who- 
ever grows  this  Cucumber  once,  will  ever  continue  to  do  so. 
Sold  in  iisckets  of  three  seeds.  5s. ;  or  five  seeds,  73.  Gd. 

TILEY'o  "PHENOMENA"  CDCUMBE.^.— This  Cucumber 
was  sent  out  for  the  first  time  last  season,  and  never  was  such, 
a  demand  for  a  Cucumber  known  as  for  tnis  one.  Little  need 
be  said  as  to  its  qualities,  it  being  a  splendid  Cucumber,  quick 
grower,  length  from  24  to  28  inches,  and  a  most  abundant 
bearer.  Whoever  purchases  seed  of  this,  will  find  all  they  want 
in  a  Cucumber.  Sold  in  packets,  2s,  Gd.,  or  a  packet  of  this, 
and  one  of  "  Capiivation,"  for  6s.  For  further  particulars,  see 
Oardeners'  Chronic'.c,  for  January  3,  1852.  Also  other  older,  but 
good,  varieties  therein  priced  and  named. 

A  remittance  must  accorupany  the  order  Jrom  unknown 
correapoadents,  either  by  post-office  order  or  penny  postage 
stamps,  when  the  whole,  or  any  quantity  of  the  above,  as  the 
case  may  be,  will  be  iorwarded  to  any  part. 

Sold  by  Edwabd  Tilet,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  l4, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath. 

E.  T.  bees  to  return  bis  sincere  thanks  for  the  numerous 
orders  ami  many  complimentary  letters  he  has  received  this 
seas'm  from  his  numerous  friends  and  the  public. 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 
GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    ETC. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS  a>t>  CO.  beg  to  hand  in  their 
prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes  not  Packed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 
above  40  inches  long. 

16  ozs 3d.    to34d. 

21  do 3.id.  to5(i. 

2*i  do 5d,    toUd, 

In  Crates  of  300  fc,  16  ozs. 
to  the  toot,  2^d.  per  foot. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  86  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  38s.,  40s.,  to  42s.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  2s.  to  6s.  each.  Propagating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoy'ii  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Giasp,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Without. 


each. 

£.  s. 

4. 

6bj4,  0ibj41     . 

..     0  13 

0 

7  by  5,  n  by  Si     . 

..     0  15 

0 

8  by  5,  8    by  il    _    u  iO 

0 

8  by  6,  8i  by  o 

..     0  17 

R 

9  by  7,  lu  by  8 

..     1     0 

0 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  and  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  tbouaand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  tor  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLA^iSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 
See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  Is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 
einchesby  4  and    6i  by  4^     13s.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    7^  by  5l      15     0 

8  „  Sand    8    by  5^ 15    0 

8  „         6  and   SJbyei     17    6 

9  „         7  and  10    by  8        20    0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  SOO  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet, 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  beat  manufactured 

In  sizes  under  15  inches  ^..  6d.  per  foot. 

,.  „       35      „       8d.       „ 

„  „       50       ,,        dhd.     „ 

„  „       75       „        Ud.       „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand-framea,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Gla&e  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
gtreet  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Kailway.— 
Established  100  years. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis*  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  iu 
England.- A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. 

FOR,  WARMING  GREENHOUSES 
and  BUILDINGS  of  all  kinds,  the  new  Registered 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  operation, 
free  from  smell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Price  SOs.— 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Souihwurk  Bridge- 
road,  London.  


THE  BRITISH  HEATING  AND  VENTILATING 
COMPANY.  Offices,  14,  Lin  col  n's-inn-fi  elds,  London. 
Under  Hazerd's  Patent. — The  Company  has  now  been  Buccess- 
fully  employed  in  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  in  PUBLIC  and 
PRIVATE  BUILDINGS,  CHURCHES,  CONSERVATORIES, 
FACTORIES,  DRYING-HOUSES.  &c.,  where  a  genial  and 
healthy  atmosphere  is  required. — Particulars  and  testimonials 
can  be  obtained  by  applying  at  the  Company's  Office. 

Parties  about  to  build,  or  those  who  suflFer  inconvenienca 
from  present  arrangements,  will  save  expense  by  consulting 
the  Patentee,  Mr.  Hazerd,  who  has  made  ventilation  and 
warming  a  peculiar  study  for  years.  

a^HE  PRIZE  MEDAL,  with  "HONOURABLE 
MENTION,"  has  been  awarded  for  the  GLENFIELD 
PATENT  STARCH,  by  the  Jurors  of  the  Exhibition  of  all 
Nations,  and  is  now  used  in  the  Royal  Laundry.  Being  thus 
doubly  noticed  for  its  "general  superiority"  (a  mark  of  dis- 
tinction conferred  on  no  other),  by  the  Royal  Commissioners 
and  Jury,  from  amongst  30  or  40  Jixhibitora,  sets  it  far  above 
every  other  of  its  Competitors. 

Sold  Wholesale  in  London  by  Messrs.  Pantin  and  Turner; 
Hooper  Brothers;  Batty  and  Feast;  Croft  and  Innocent; 
Petty,  Wood,  and  Co.;  Twelvetrees  Brothers;  R.  Letchford 
and  Co.  ;  John  Yates  and  Co.  ;  Yates,  Walton,  and  Turner ; 
Clayton,  Bland,  and  Co.;  Field,  Robert?,  and  Barber;  A. 
Braden  and  Co.;  Hicks  Brothers;  C.  B.  Williams  and  Co.; 
Steiry,  Sti^rry,  and  Co.  ;  Thomas  Snelling ;  Juhn  Brewer ;  ana 
Retail,  by  all  Sb?pUeepers.  London  Depot,  Wotherepoon, 
Mackay,  and  Co.,  40,  Kmg  William-street,  City.  Agents 
wanted;  apply  to  Mr.  R.  Wotheespoon,  40,  Dunlop-street, 
Glasgow, 


4—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


51 


PELARGONIUMS. 
.rf^HAKLES  TURNER'S  Plants   of  all   the  leading 

V-^   varieties  are  unusually  stronp:  and  lipalthy.     Purchfisers 

eJio  lid  lose  no  time  in  raakinu  their  selection*),  as  the  plants 

should  now  receive  their  final  shift.  Catalogues  on  application. 

RoTAt  Ndbseet,  Slodqh. 


Hanunculuses,  Anemones,  Auriculas,  Pelar- 
goniums, and  Lilium  Lancifolium. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London,  by 
appoin'raent  Floeist  to  nzE  Majestt  the  Qdeen,  and 
TO  HIS  Majestt  the  King  of  Saxony,  begs  to  recommend  tho 
above  Flowere,  which  he  can  supply,  of  the  best  quality,  £  s.  d. 
100  Ranunculuses,  in  100  superfine  sorts,  named         ...  2  10     0 

Superfine  mixtures,  per  100,  from  bs.  to  0  10     G 

100  ADemoues,  in  50  superfine  sorts,  named      ...         .,,  1  10     0 
Superfine  mix'urea  (double),  per  100,  from  Gs.  to     ...  0  10     G 

25  Auriculas,  in  25  superfine  sorts,  named        3     3    0 

25  Pelargoniums,  in  25  superfine  sorts,  named  ...  3     3     0 

Fine  named  varieties,  per  dozen,  from  12s,  to  ...  0  18     0 

Xilium  lancifolium  album,  per  dozen,  from  93.  to        ,..  0  18    0 

,,  „  pucctatum,  each,  trom  25.  6d.  to  ...  0    7    G 

„  rubram  true,  or  speciosum,  do., 

3s.  6d.  to         1     1     0 

J,  ,,  roseum,  do.,  23.  GtZ.  to  0    7    6 

J,  ,,  cruentum,  do.,  53.  to  0  10     6 

A  new  collection  of  Hjbr  id  Seedling  T.ilies.  6  soris  named,  for  ISs. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,    SURREY. 
JOHN    WATERER    begs    to    announce  that  he  has 
'J    published  a  new  CAT ALOQUii;  of  Hartly  Rhodoflendrons, 
Azaleas,  Roues,  Conifers,  tc,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclofiinp  two  postapo  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 


'M  ^Kxtitmx^'  Clirontcle, 

SATURDAY,  JANUARY  ii,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

(  EnloDioloirical  (AnDiverBary) .,.,S  p.m. 
KoNDAT,         Jau.     2f><  Ijrilish  Architects   8  p.u. 

( GeoKTHphical aJp-M. 

rCivDEneineera     8  p.m. 

Tdbbdat.  —       27 ^  Mfiftical and  ChiruPBlcal  .... 

(  Znoloeipf' 


TuwnBDAY, 

FainAT, 

Saturs&Ti 


)4p.m. 

3  P.M. 

..8  P.M. 

...SP.M 

..(.r  Antiquat' 

-■^  iRnyal «,...„.. 

.?l1-Roy«l  Institution SJp.m. 

ill  —Medical 8  P.M. 


no  r  M icrOBCopical 

-^(  .Society  of  Arts 


NEW    KITCHEN    GARDEN    SEEDS. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Plymouth,  Iiave 
muc^i  pleasure  ia  stating  that  their  new  PiilCED 
CATALOGUE  OP  KITCHEN  SARDEN  AND  FLOWER 
SEEDS  is  NOW  EEADr,  and  can  be  had  in  exchange  for  One 
Penny  Stamp 

Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  Seed  Department  of  their 
J}U$ines&f  every  sort  hedng  carefully  proved  before  being 
sent  out.  They  grow  many  of  tJie  choicest  sorts  themselves, 
and  procure  the  remainder  from  seed  growers  on  whom 
ih^y  can  place  the  fullest  reliance  for  supplying  articles 
of  the  best  and  most  gemdne  quality.  They  can  give 
reference  to  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  in  almost  every 
county  in  Ch'cat  Bntain  and  Ireland,  who  have  procured 
the  supplies  from  them — and  herewith  tahe  the  liberty  of 
pvhlishin^  some  unsolicited  testimonials  now  before  them, 
oeing  a  fern  selected  from  several  hundreds  of  a  similar 
character. 

From  a  Gentleman  in  Yorkshire. — I  find  your  seeds  so  gene. 
rally  good  acd  cheap,  it  quite  answers  my  purpose  to  have  to 
send  to  such  a  distance.  I  have  grown  some  fine  Cucumbers 
from  your  seed  this  season.    I  never  saw  handsomer  or  finer, 

and  the  best  at  a  recent  show  at  were  poor  in  com. 

pari^on. 

From  a  Clergyman  in  Cheshire. —  Tour  seeds  are  very  good 
and  I  will  not  tail  to  state,  whenever  an  opportunity  occurs, 
that  I  have  found  them  always  of  excellent  quality. 

From  a  Gentlemen  In  Lincolnshire. — All  your  annuals  are  well 
up.  and  growing  fast.  The  vegetables,  too,  have  done  admir- 
ably ;  so  much  so,  that  I  know  three  or  four  gentlemen  who 
Tvili  take  their  collection  from  you  another  season. 

From  a  Clergyman  in  Dorutshire. — I  was  much  pleased  with 
my  last  year's  seeds,  particularly  the  Cabbage,  which  proved 
to  he  very  good.    My  Parsnips  are  also  most  splendid. 

From  a  Gentleman  in  Wiltshire.  —The  seeds  gave  great  satis, 
faction. 

Front  a  Clergyman  in  Ireland. — I  have  much  pleasure  in 
telling  yon  that  all  the  seeds  grew  well,  and  gave  great  satis, 
faction. 

From  another  Gentleman  in  Lincolnshire. — My  garden  teems 
with  gaiety  from  your  sepds,  and  the  vegetables  have  been,  and 
.are,  most  excellent.  I  have  tried  all  tbe  sons  now,  and  th'  y 
are  all  excellent.  My  brother,  who  hag  a  large  and  mo£t  beau- 
tiful garden,  intends  now,  after  seeing  mine,  to  have  all  his 
annuel  and  vegetable  seeds  from  you  in  future. 

From  a  Colonel  resvlent  in  Ireland.— 1  have  seen  some  very 
fine  Broccoli  plants,  the  seeds  of  which  were  got  from  you  by 

the  Honourable ,  named  Rendle'a   Willcove.    I  should  be 

obl'ged  by  your  sending  me  3  oz.,  ifcc. 

From  a  Barrister  in  Devonshire. — Tour  seeds  have  answered 
so  well  that  I  have  recommended  my  brother-in-law  to  procure 
what  he  requi.-es  from  you. 

From  a  CUrgyman  in  Herefordthire. — I  approved  very  much  of 
your  seeds  last  year,  all  of  which  were  excellent. 

From  a  Gentletnan  resident  near  London. — I  have  found  this 
jear,  asbefore,  that  your  seeds  always  come  up  true,  and  pro- 
duce a  better  plant,  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  sown,  than 
those  obtaincl  from  others. 

From  Mr.  J.  C.  ifoore,'' Gardener  to  the  Most  Noble  the  ilarquis  of 
Vownthire. — I  beg  leave  to  return  you  my  most  sincere  ihanks 
■for  your  very  iateresting  and  good  work  called  the  "Price 
Current  and  Garden  Directory,"  which  is  the  most  useful  guide 
to  the  gardener  I  have  yet  seen. 

From  the  Journal  of  Vie  London  Horticnltural  Society. — Pakslet, 
IIe>di.e'8  Noble  Garnishing,  from  Mr.  Rendle  :  This  is  stronger 
mowing  than  the  preceding,  and  beautifully  curled.  An  excel- 
lent variety. 

They  coiddjill  the  columrcs  of  this  Pajper  with  extracts 
■of  letters  and  opinions  of  the  Press,  if  it  were  requisite 
io  do  so;  but  the  above  will,  they  trust,  be  sufficient  to 
prove  tlie  general  exrxllency  of  tlieir  Seeds.  In  fact,  it  is 
OtAir  interest  to  send  out  only  what  is  good ;  they  would 
he  only  injuring  tliemselves  vjcre  they  to  do  otJierwise. 

They  would  particularly  direct  attention  to  their  Collections 
of  Vcgetflble  and  Flower  Seeds,  which  they  have  the  fullest 
cottHdence  in  recommending,  from  tiie  universal  satisfaction 
they  have  given  to  their  numerous  customers. 

COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS. 
Ko.  1.  — C'jrni/lete  Collection  of  Garden  Seeds,  to 
■nppiy  a  large  garden  for  one  year— comiirising 
20  <)uarts  of  the  neweit  and  best  Peas— for  suc- 
CMsional  crops  ;  the  best  BroccoUes,  CabbHges, 
L«tuco»,  Caullriower,  Celery,  Cucumbers,  Tur- 
nip",   and    full  quantities  of    every  vegetable 

required  in  the  year £2  jo    0 

"iJo.  2.— CoroploiB  Collection,  but  la  redijcedqiiantities   1  10    0 
>■"•  3.—,  Ditto  ditto  10    0 

J,...  <.—  Ditto  ditto  0  ].2     6 

The  QuAHTiTiES  for  each  Collection  are  stated  in  fdll  in 
their  "iVice  Current  and  Garden  Directory,"  so  that  pur- 
-ciiasers  may  see  for  thetnselve*  what  they  aro  buying. 

All  orders  for  Seeds  above  21.  (ttzcepting  heavy  articles  such 
-»•  Oraln,  Tares,  Clover,  Aic),  will    be    delivered    FREE  OF 
•  AllRIAfiR  to  any  Station  on  the  follftwing  Railways: 
<ire-it  Westjtrn.  I  Bristol  wild  Exeter. 

-liriiUil  and  Birmingham,  South  Westcru. 

h/uthanipton  and  Dorchester.  |  South  Devon. 

Or  to  any  Market  Town  in  Devon  and  CornwcU, 

Or  to 

CORK,  DUBLIN,  and  BELFAST,  by  Steamer. 

For  CatHlnfnifts  and  X'rico  Currents  aplily  to   VVilliax  E. 

RpuhLf.  and  Co.,  Heed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 

J'Ulahlished  more,  than  flfi.lf  a  Centtiry. 
Pntl-ofjlcc  Orders  are   not   required  from,   Noblemen, 
''''"rgyncn,  or  Ikdimt  Gentkram,  or  Ihcir  Gardeners. 


Thkre  is  nothing  like  Fact.  Conjecture  is  a 
useful  acquaintance,  and  every  now  and  then  does 
a  man  a  service  ;  it  leads,  as  they  say,  to  "  highly 
suggestive"  speculations,  which  we  have  no  thought 
of  undervaluing.  But  Fact  is  a  friend  who  never 
changes  with  circumstances  ;  happen  what  may,  it 
is  true  to  its  destiny,  and  no  one  can  go  wrong  who 
relies  upon  it — rationally.  Unfortunately  the  com- 
parison we  have  here  ventured  upon  making  may 
be  carried  further  ;  for  conjectures  are  as  plentiful 
as  acquaintances,  as  easy  to  have,  and  as  ready  to 
be  lost;  while  facts  are  as  scarce  as  friends,  with 
this  merit,  that  if  they  are  hard  to  come  by,  they  are  1 
as  unwilling  to  leave  us.  I 

Among  the  matters  that  a  gardener  most  wants  1 
information  about  is  the  origin  of  roots  ;  he  wishes  j 
to  produce  them  artificially  ;  it  is  almost  a  daily 
necessity.  Byhap-hazardhe  often  succeeds,  but  every  ' 
now  and  then  he  wholly  fails  ;  and  this,  it  may  be 
assumed,  from  not  knowing  what  their  true  origin  is. 
If  he  looks  into  the  books  to  which  he  naturally  turns 
for  information,  he  finds  little  help.  "  Roots  are 
produced  by  leaves,"  says  one  writer  ;  "  roots  are 
not  produced  by  leaves,"  says  another;  that  "  roots 
are  produced  by  bark,"  we  are  assured  by  one 
author  of  no  small  eminence,  while  another  declares 
that  the  root  "  is  invariably  an  extension  of  the 
longitudinal  or  fibro-vascular  system,  except  when  it 
is  first  born  in  the  embryo."  But  what  is  the  truth 
among  all  this  1  Perhaps  the  following  little  fact 
may  assist  the  inquiry. 

A  young  gardener,  Mr.  William  Ford,  sent  us 
the  other  day,  from  Lord  Rodney's  residence,  at 
Berrington,  a  piece  of  Celery,  of  which  the  annexed 
sketch  is  a  representation  : 


rises  up  a  line  of  young  roots,  which  ate,  in  fact,  a 
direct  continuation  of  the  woody  veins  that  lie  just 
beneath  tlie  lower  (outer)  surface  of  the  stalk  of 
the  Celery  leaf.  They  appear  no  where  else.  Ex- 
mined  with  the  microscope,  it  is  found  that  the 
veins  themselves  consist  of  bundles  of  long  dotted 
tubes,  lying  over,  or  encasing,  spiral  vessels  of  con- 
sideraljle  size — the  customary  structure  of  the  veins 
of  leaves.  These  bundles  were  broken  through  when 
the  leaf  was  fractured.  The  microscope  further 
shows,  that  from  the  end  of  every  one  of  the  veins 
proceeds  a  bundle  of  dotted  tubes,  without  spiral 
vessels,  which  tubes,  being  clothed  externally  by 
the  cellular  matter  extending  from  the  "  callus," 
have  become  roots. 

In  this  instance,  then,  it  is  perfectly  clear,  that 
the  origin  of  the  Celery  roots  is  in  the  fibro-vascular 
tissue  of  the  veins,  and  that  no  other  kind  of  tissue 
contributes  to  the  structure  of  the  rools,  except  a 
thin  layer  of  that  cellular  matter  which  pervades  all 
organs  whatsover.  This  is  a  fact,  which  no  one 
can  gainsay. 

May  we  not  assume,  then,  that  roots  are  extensions 
of  the  woody  bundles  which  constitute  the  tough 
elastic  fabric  of  a  plant  %  That  consequently  no 
roots  will  come  unless  a  sufficient  quantity  of  such 
bundles  in  a  fully  organised  state  is  present  %  That 
for  this  reason  all  cuttings  or  layers  which  are  to 
form  new  roots  must  have  their  wood  fully  formed, 
although  young,  or  they  cannot  produce  roots  %  And 
that  finally  attempts  to  strike  cuttings  which  are  so 
young  and  tender,  that  they  have  no  sound  wood  in 
them,  must  be  failures  %  These  are  conjectures 
which  experience  will  confirm  or  otherwise  dispose  of. 


"  This  leaf  of  Celery,"  he  writes,  "  is  one  from 
amongst  many  others  that  have  come  under  my 
notice  within  the  last  fev/  days,  with  numerous  roots 
formed  upon  them,  with  a  general  resemblance  to 
the  enclosed.  In  the  first  instance  the  leaves  were 
broken  by  the  branches  of  an  Apple  tree  falling  upon 
them  ;  in  a  few  days  after  the  accident  occurred, 
the  Celery  was  earthed  up,  and  the  broken  leaves 
were  jilaced  once  more  in  an  erect  position.  1  now 
find,  wlicn  digging  for  use,  that  the  broken  leaves 
,have  emitted  roots  tjuite  freely." 

It  will  be  oliserved,  that  at  the  fractured  part  of 
this  specimen  there  has  been  formed  a  "  callus," 
or  swelling  of  polygonal  cellular  matter,  by  which 
the  wound  has  been  healed.     From  near  tlie  outside 


There  has  always  been  some  degree  of  doubt 
about  the  luminous  appearances  exhibited  by  the 
flowers  of  certain  phenogams,  though  it  is  difficult  to 
resist  the  number  of  authorities  of  greater  or  less 
credit,  on  whose  evidence  the  matter  rests.  There 
has  also  been  some  scepticism,  especially  amongst 
German  writers,  respecting  the  phosphorescent  light 
emitted  by  certain  fungi,  or  by  wood  in  a  peculiar 
state  of  decomposition.  M.  Tulasne  has,  however, 
set  this  matter  at  rest,  by  his  excellent  paper  on 
Agaricus  olcarius,  and  other  luminous  fungi,  pub- 
lished in  the  "Annates  des  Sciences  Naturelles" 
for  1848,  in  which  he  has  most  carefully  described 
the  phenomena,  not  only  in  the  fungi  themselves,  but 
in  dead  Oak  leaves,  and  in  branchlets  of  the  same 
tree.  Kiitzing  has,  however,  in  the  first  part  of  his 
"  Introduction  to  Botany,"  lately  published,  called 
the  subject  in  question  again,  possibly  not  having 
seen  M.  Tulasne's  Memoir,  though  contained  in  a 
journal  which  perhaps  has  a  wider  circulation  than 
any  other  of  the  kind,  and  of  which  an  abstract  was 
given  in  the  "  Botanische  Zeitung,"  for  1849.  But, 
unfortunately,  too  many  German  botanists  of  the 
present  day  do  not  give  either  the  credit  or  attention 
to  memoirs  written  by  botanists  of  other  countries, 
to  which  they  are  entitled.  It  is  evident,  that  if 
this  carelessness  or  superciliousness  were  general 
with  naturalists  of  all  countries,  science  must  at 
length  become  a  mass  of  almost  inextricable  con- 
fusion. 

Our  attention  lias  been  more  especially  called  to 
the  subject  by  the  communication  of  a  piece  of 
luminous  mycelium  by  Mr.  Baeington.  All  phos- 
phorescence, indeed,  had  vanished  when  it  reached 
us,  a  fortnight  after  it  was  observed,  and  all  efforts 
,io  renew  the  growth  of  the  mycelium  proved  vain. 
Mr.  Babington's  account  is  this :  '"  A  Fir  tree  which 
had  just  been  cut  down  was  so  phosphorescent  as  to 
attract  the  notice  of  some  friends  passing  by,  who 
cut  some  of  it  away,  and  I  saw  the  light  myself  in 
a  dark  room  the  same  evening.  I  next  day 
examined  the  Scotch  Fir,  and  found  that  a  fungus 
was  the  agent  of  the  phenomenon.  It  is  not 
possible  to  say  to  what  species  the  mycelium 
belongs,  but  it  is  a  fact  added  to  the  mass  of 
evidence  which  exists  on  the  subject." 

KiiTziNG  is  inclined  to  resolve  all  such  pheno- 
mena into  mere  cases  of  spectral  illusion,  a  notion 
which  may  at  once  be  pronounced  unwarranted,  at 
least  as  regards  fungi,  if  due  attention  be  paid  to 
the  reports  of  botanists  capable  at  once  of  correct 
observation  and  worthy  of  credit.  The  analogous 
phenomena  in  Phajnogams  are  somewhat  different, 
and  admit  perhaps  of  question.  Link  said  many 
years  ago  that  they  who  see  them  are  persons  who 
see  spectres,  and  Kutzing  reports  a  passage  from 
Gotiie  in  support  of  this  view.  "On  the  19th  of 
June,  1799,  late  in  the  evening,  when  the  twilight 
was  passing  into  a  clear  night,  as  I  was  walking  up 
and  (Jown  with  a  friend  in  the  garden,  we  remarked 
very  plainly  about  the  lluwers  of  the  Oriental  Poppy, 
whicii  were  distinguishable  above  everylhing  else 
by  their  brilliant  red,  something  like  flame.  We 
placed  ourselves  before  the  plant,  and  looked  stead- 
fastly at  it,  but  could  not  see  tlie  flash  again  till  we 
chanced,  in  passing  and  repassing,  to  look  at  it  ob- 


-rrr- 


TTTT^i    uAiijji^rNjjiita      ^JnJtiUi^lUlJl^J, 


I  Jan.  24, 


liquely,  and  we  could  then  repeat  the  phenomenon 
at  pleasure.  It  appeared  to  be  an  optical  illusion, 
and  that  the  apparent  flash  of  light  was  merely  the 
spectral  representation  of  theblossomofablue  green." 
This  is  ingenious  enough,  and  is  at  least  worthy 
of  attention,  as  regards  the  phenomena  mentioned 
by  GoTHE,  but  it  has  no  bearing  upon  the  instances 
of  luminous  phenomena  recorded  by  TulasnEj  or  that 
communicated  by  Mr.  Babington.  These  are  no 
cases  of  any  possible  subjective  process,  but  if  there 
is  anything  objective  in  the  world,  these  must  be  so. 
It  would  be  as  reasonable  to  call  the  light  of  a  glow- 
worm subjective,  as  the  equally  certain,  though  more 
rare  phenomena,  exhibited  by  subterranean  Rhizo- 
morphae,  and  other  luminous  fungi,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  undoubted  luminosity  of  the  plant  mentioned 
in  our  columns  for  1845,  p.  383. 


STRAWBERRY  FORCING. 

When  we  consider  the  number  of  parts  which  com- 
pose the  flower  of  a  Strawberry,  and  that  the  rudiment 
of  each  part  is  contained  in  the  bud,  even  when  it  is  so 
small  as  scarcely  to  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  we  may 
infer  that  great  caution  is  required  to  bring  forth  those 
minute  objects  in  a  perfect  state  of  development,  by 
artificial  means. 

When  the  bud  of  a  Strawberry  flower  has  attained 
the  size  of  a  pin's  head,  let  a  cross  section  be  examined 
through  a  lens  or  microscope  ;  this  section  will  be  found 
to  comprise  a  certain  number  of  rings  or  circles;  these 
consist  of,  first,  the  calyx  ;  second,  the  corolla;  third,  the 
male  organs  ;  fourth,  or  centre  point,  the  female  organs. 
These  must  be  produced  in  a  perfect  state  ;  each  organ 
must  be  capable  of  performing  the  office  assigned  it  by 
nature,  otherwise  the  act  of  fertilising,  or  setting  the 
fruit  cannot  be  accomplished. 

Over  excitement  in  any  degree  whilst  the  flowers  ai-e 
in  the  bud-state,  will  derange  their  structure  ;  one  part 
■will  grow  into  another,  and  the  result  will  be  abortive 
flowers,  which  will  wither  away  soon  after  they  expand; 
being  incapable  of  performing  their  functions,  they  are 
of  no  further  use. 

Nature  is  our  best  guide.  We  ought  not  to  "  force" 
our  Strawberry  plants  into  flower,  but  move  them  gently 
on  in  a  temperature  very  little  above  that  to  which  they 
are  subjected  in  the  open  ground  during  tiie  season 
when  they  are  in  the  same  stage  of  growth.  This 
cannot  be  done  effectually  unless  a  house  or  a  pit  is 
specially  appropriated  for  them.  A  Strawberry  pit 
(with  perfect  control  over  the  internal  atmosphere,  as 
far  as  regards  heat  and  aii*),  wherein  the  plants  are  to 
flower  and  set  their  fruit,  is  almost  indispensable  to  any 
establishment  where  forced  Sti-awberries  are  wanted. 
After  the  fruit  is  fairly  set  the  plants  may  be  removed 
to  sunny  situations,  near  the  source  of  ventilation,  in 
Pineries  or  Vineries  ;  it  is  then  that  this  delicious  fruit 
will  endure  forcing. 

We  sometimes  see  the  above  plan  followed,  but  a  more 
common  practice  is  to  remove  the  Strawberry  plants 
from  a  cold  pit  to  a  Vinery,  where  forcing  is  about  to 
commence.  At  the  end  of  one  month  the  temperature 
in  this  case  must  of  necessity  be  either  too  low  for  the 
Vines  or  too  high  for  the  Strawberries.  The  produce  of 
the  former  beiug  the  most  valuable,  of  course  the  Vines 
demand  primary  consideration.  Fruit,  indeed,  is  ob- 
tained from  Strawberries  under  this  treatment,  but  it  is 
usually  deformed,  which  shows  that  the  ovules  have 
been  imperfectly  fertilised.  Two-thirds  of  the  flowers 
usually  die  off",  and  are  said  to  have  "  damped." 

The  meteorological  state  of  the  atmosphere  surround- 
ing the  plants  during  the  time  they  are  in  flower,  is 
also  an  important  consideration.  That  a  certain  degree 
of  dryness  in  the  air  is  necessary  to  insure  fertilisation, 
is  a  well-known  fact,  but  it  is  often  greatly  overrated. 
It  is  not  absolutely  necessary  that  the  atmosphere  of  the 
honse  should  be  kept  continually  in  a  dry  state  during 
the  whole  time  the  plants  are  in  flower ;  it  is  only  requi- 
site that  a  comparative  degree  of  dryness  be  maintained 
for  a  few  hours  each  day,  which  (if  the  fructifying  organs 
are  in  proper  condition),  will  be  sufficient  to  cause  the 
sides  of  the  anthers  to  shrink  and  liberate  the  pollen, 
which  immediately  comes  in  contact  with  the  stigma, 
and  the  operation  is  soon  completed.  Syringing  must 
be  withheld.  It  is  my  opinion  that  an  over  dry  atmo- 
sphere is  frequently  a  source  of  mischief,  even  to  the 
setting  of  fruit :  it  impedes,  or  partially  destroys,  the 
vital  energies  of  plants,  and,  of  course,  also  the  vital 
actions  of  their  flowers.  Q.  BuchXtn,  Trentkam. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
(Cage  Birds,  No.  46.) 

No.  LXIII.  —  We  were  true  prophets,  whilst  an- 
nouncing in  our  last  Chapter  that  a  single  week  would 
make  a  remarkable  difference  in  the  voices  of  the  black- 
bird and  the  thrush.  It  has  done  so — so  remarkable  a 
change  as  to  be  deserving  of  comment. 

As  we  make  a  point  of  rising  betimes — bearing  in 
mind  the  dictum  "  caned  into  us"  by  the  worthy  peda- 
gogue who  took  charge  of  us  in  boyhood, 

"  Diluculo  Burgere  saluberrimum  eat—" 
no  one  better  than  ourselves  could  tell  of  the  birds' 
early  movements.     At  6  a.m.,  we  spring  from  our  nest ; 
and  by  so  doing,  hear  the  very  first  voice  that  is  audible 
in  the  garden,  and  in  Ravenscourt  Park. 

Since  the  recent  heavy  rains — so  plentiful  in  quantity, 
and  so  acceptable  for  theii*  services,  the  voices  of  the 


birds  seem  to  have  recovered  their  original  quality  and 
tone.  We  now  hear  the  blackbird  at  the  first  streak  of 
dawn,  quite  melodiously  discoursing;  iand  half  an  hour 
after  him,  the  thrush  "piping"  moat  merrily  and 
joyously.  In  both  instances,  we  perceive  that 
the  birds  are  all  either  "mated,"  or  making  offers 
of  themselves  "for  acceptance."  It  is  right  pleasing  to 
listen  to  these  harmless,  eloquent  tales  of  love  and 
affection, — so  unresistingly  urged,  so  unconditionally 
accepted  ;  nor  can  we  help  saying,  after  our  own  fashion 
of  plain-speaking,  that  we  wish  things  were  as  well 
"ordered"  amongst  ourselves.  It  would  be  better  for 
us,  and  for  society  too.  Full  many  a  time  have  we 
wished — positively  wished,  in  our  early  days,  that  we 
were  a  sky-lark  ! 

But  now  we  must  imagine — a  distressing  thing  for  our 
imagination  to  dwell  on! — that  our  readers  have  a  black- 
bird, and  are  going  to  keep  him.  The  first  thing  then 
to  consider,  under  such  cii-cumstances,  is  a  proper  cage, 

Formerly,  %oicker  cages  were  in  great  vogue  ;  but  they 
are  horrible  dwellings  for  a  joyous  bird  to  inhabit ;  and 
we  are  glad  to  observe  they  are  nearly  obsolete.  In 
their  stead,  we  have  been  largely  the  means  of  intro- 
ducing proper-sized  wooden  cages  ;  wide,  deep,  and  tall, 
thereby  affording  the  tenant  room  to  be  "  comfortable.'' 
It  is  marvellous  to  think,  that  until  the  present  moment 
— and  even  now  we  are  "fools"  in  the  matter  of  bird- 
cages, no  attempt  whatever  has  been  put  forth  to 
build  a  handsome,  appropriate,  or  becoming  cage  for 
animals,  in  whom  some  people's  very  existence  has  been 
bound  up  !  We  repeat,  we  never  have  seen, — never  do 
see,  any  cage  that  is  at  all  adapted  either  for  the  well- 
being  of  the  prisoner  or  for  the  ornament  of  a  drawing- 
room.  Hence,  in  many  cases,  the  confiding  of  a  "  pet" 
canary  to  the  tender  mercies  of  a  servant-maid,  and 
consequently,  to  the  somewhat  less  ^tender  mercies  of 
a  pampered  cat.  All  this  is  in  bad  taste  ;  and  we  hope 
in  our  life-time  to  see  it  altered.  Surely  we  have 
amongst  us  men  sufficiently  clever  to  make  a  bird-cage 
"to  order!"  And  is  our  taste  so  utterly  depraved, 
that  we  can  originate  no  improvement  \  Sui'ely  not, 
let  us  hope. 

The  fittings-up  of  the  cage  must  be  well  looked  to. 
One  side  must  be  entirely  boarded  ;  and  the  other  half 
boarded,  from  the  bottom  upwards.  This  will  prevent 
draughts  sweeping  through  the  cage.  The  top  must 
also  be  of  wood,  shelving  down  on  either  side.  The 
receptacles  for  food  and  water  must  be  outside,  always. 
They  should  be  of  white  delph, — deep,  and  fitted  into 
wooden  boxes.  By  this  means,  the  food  will  be 
kept  from  being  scattered,  and  the  trough  of  the  cage 
from  being  wetted.  These  are  two  grand  considerations. 
There  should  be  three  perches  in  every  cage.  One 
lofty  perch  across  the  cage,and  two  lower  ones  to  enable 
the  bird  to  get  at  his  food  and  water.  These  should  be 
of  deal,  painted ;  and  square.  Round  perches  are 
altogether  objectionable.  The  front  of  the  cage  should 
be  of  rounded,  "  wooden  wires,"  rather  close  together,  as 
these  birds  like  retirement  ;  and  they  should  be 
suspended  from  some  window  where  the  aspect  is  mild. 

In  early  spring,  they  should  face  the  sun.  When  His 
Mightiness  shows  the  first  indication  of  his  glorious 
presence  being  about  to  appear,  do  you  be  in  readiness 
to  spring  from  your  couch.  There  is  a  treat  even  now 
preparing  for  us — which  we  who  rise  so  very  early 
already  luxuriate  in,  one  that  makes  us  laugh  at  the 
roughness  of  "Sturdy  old  Winter."  He  may  do  us 
some  little  mischief,  it  is  true,  but  we  shall  rise  superior 
to  it  all,  and  join  at  an  early  day,  with  all  our  little 
friends,  in  bidding  him  adieu  for  a  long  season. 

Few  can  know, — none  indeed  save  those  who  live  in 
the  country,  how  delightful  it  is  to  hear  once  again  the 
song  of  this  glossy,  happy,  noble  rogue  : — 

— 'Tis  lODg,  'tis  very  long — 

Since,  standing  at  our  garden  window, 

The  blackbird  sung  ua  forth  ;  from  yonder  bough 

That  hid  the  arbour— loud  and  full  at  first. 

Warbling  his  invitations. 

Yet  do  we  recognise  his  voice,  and  joy  in  the  thought 
of  again  living  in  his  presence.  Our  lawn  shall  yield 
him,  as  of  old,  his  breakfast, — our  fruit-trees  his  dessert ; 
our  foliage  his  protection  ;  and  our  garden  shall  be  his 
home.     It  is  a  bargain.    William  Kidd, 


CLERODENDRON  SQUAMATUM. 

The  large  panicles  of  bright  scarlet  flowers,  and  the 
handsome  foliage  of  this  Clerodendron,  constitute  it  one 
of  the  most  striking  and  attractive  of  summer  flowering 
plants.  During  its  growing  season  it  requires  to  be  kept 
in  a  moist  and  warm  atmosphere  ;  but  after  it  begins  to 
produce  its  flowers,  it  will  submit  to  be  placed  in  a 
cooler  situation,  and  may  be  removed  to  a  conservatory 
or  greenhouse,  where  it  will  continue  to  produce  a  suc- 
cession of  blooms  from  May  to  September.  Although 
it  will  thrive  and  flower,  however,  in  a  conservatory 
during  summer,  I  do  not  mean  to  state  that  this  is  its 
proper  situation  ;  few  ladies  visit  the  stove,  and  they 
cannot  derive  any  pleasure  from  the  finest  specimens 
it  may  contain ;  it,  therefore,  becomes  desirable  to 
remove  all  plants  which  will  submit  to  this  treat- 
ment to  a  cooler  atmosphere.  Those  who  choose  to  grow 
this  as  a  stove  plant,  have  but  to  allow  it  plenty  of  pot 
room,  and  supply  it  liberally  with  manure  water,  during 
its  growing  season,  and  keep  it  clear  of  insects,  to  secure 
large  specimens  loaded  with  blossoms  from  May  to 
November.  I  grow  it,  however,  for  the  decoration  or 
the  conservatory  exclusively  ;  and  as  I  imagine  that  in 
most  cases  it  will  be  more  desirable  there,  in  the  shape 
of  moderately  large  specimens,  than  in  considerably  finer 


examples  of  cultivation,  ina  comparatively  unfrequented 
house,  I  will  confine  the  following  remarks  to  its 
treatment,  so  as  to  pr^are  it  for  the  decoration  of  the 
conservatory. 

I  seldom  keep  plants  which  have  flowered  over  the 
winter,  hence  I  require  to  propagate  a  new  stock  every 
season.  I  procure  cuttings  as  early  as  they  can  be  had, 
without  injuring  my  plants,  and  they  are  readily  obtained 
from  weakly  shoots,  which  have  been  out-grown  by 
others,  and  which  are  useless  upon  the  plants.  As 
soon  as  the  wood  of  these  is  moderately  firm,  they 
are  slipped  off  with  a  heel,  trimmed  and  planted 
in  sandy  peat,  and  covered  with  a  bell  glass.  The 
pots  are  plunged  in  a  mild  bottom  heat,  and  at- 
tended with  water  and  shade,  as  may  be  necessary, 
Tliey  soon  emit  roots,  when  they  should  be  potted 
singly,  in  5-inch  pots,  and  treated  rather  kindly  until 
they  become  established.  It  is  not  necessary  to  en- 
courage them  to  make  rapid  growth  this  season,  nor  to 
aim  at  attaining  large  specimens  ;  the  object  should  be 
rather  to  secure  dwarf  hardy  plants,  with  thoroughly 
ripened  wood.  To  secure  this,  I  avoid  sliifting  above 
once  during  the  summer,  when  they  receive  7-inch 
pots;  if  these  become  full  of  roots,  and  the  plants 
appear  to  suffer  for  want  of  pot  room,  I  supply  them 
occasionally  with  a  little  weak  liquid  manure  water. 
They  should  occupy  a  situation  near  the  glass  ;  a  cold 
frame,  kept  rather  close,  will  suit  them  perfectly  during 
summer.  On  the  approach  of  cloudy,  damp  weather, 
they  must  be  removed  to  a  pit  or  house  where  they  can 
receive  a  little  artificial  heat,  just  sufficient  to  prevent 
their  being  injured  by  damp.  Their  proper  situation 
during  the  winter  is  a  pit,  where  the  temperatm*e  may 
average  about  50",  and  where  they  can  be  placed  nea? 
the  glass. 

As  early  in  January  as  possible  they  should  be  placed 
in  a  moist,  growing  atmosphere,  and,  if  necessary,  every 
leaf  must  be  carefully  washed  with  a  sponge  and  soapy 
water,  so  as  to  perfectly  clear  them  of  insects.  If  the 
drainage  of  any  of  the  pots  appears  defective,  this  should 
be  examined  and  repaired.  When  they  have  started 
into  growth,  any  of  the  plants  which  incline  to  be  leggy 
should  be  stopped  ;  but  as  plants  with  single  stems  form 
the  handsomest  specimens,  endeavour,  by  growing  them 
slowly  during  the  first  season,  to  avoid  the  necessity 
for  stopping.  As  soon  as  they  have  fairly  started,  shift 
into  10-incli  pots,  using  soil  composed  of  equal  portions 
of  sandy  loam,  turfy  peat,  and  thoroughly  decomposed 
cow  diing,  to  which  add  a  sufficient  quantity  of  silver- 
sand  to  keep  the  compost  porous.  Water  sparingly 
until  the  roots  strike  into  the  fresh  soil  ;  but  syringe 
mornuig  and  evening,  and  maintain  a  moist  atmosphere. 
The  plants  should  be  placed  near  the  glass,  and  if  the 
temperature  can  be  maintained  at  about  80'?  during  the 
day,  and  65'^  at  night,  they  will  grow  away  very  freely,. 
With  proper  treatment  they  will  be  ready  for  their  final 
shift  about  the  middle  of  April.  I  use  13-inch  pots,  and 
soil  as  for  last  shift.  I  continue  to  maintain  a  moist  warm 
atmospiiere,  and  syringe  liberally.  If  a  place  can  be 
found  for  them  in  a  pit  where  the  heat  is  supplied  by- 
means  of  dung-linings,  and  where  they  can  be  kept  warm 
and  moist,  they  will  grow  rapidly,  and  soon  begin  t& 
develope  their  flo^v^ers.  When  a  plant  produces  some 
half-dozen  branches  tipped  with  flowers,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  fair  specimen,  and  should  be  removed  to  a  place 
where  it  can  be  gradually  accustomed  to  a  freer  circu- 
lation of  air  and  a  lower  temperature.  This  must,  how- 
ever, be  done  very  gradually  and  carefully,  otherwise  it 
will  receive  a  severe  check,  A  slight  shade  during  brigbi 
sunshine  will  be  necessary  after  removal  to  a  dry  atmo- 
sphere. 

The  plants  should  be  ready  for  removal  to  the  con- 
servatory about  the  end  of  May,  or  early  in  June.  Pre- 
vious to  being  placed  there,  they  should  receive  any 
necessary  attention  that  maybe  required  to  render  them 
perfectly  free  from  insects.  This  plant  is  not  peeuUarly 
liable  to  their  attacks,  but  red  spider  and  thrips  wiU 
sometimes  gain  a  footing  upon  it,  if  not  prevented... 
They  must  not  be  placed  in  a  situation  in  the  conserva- 
tory where  they  will  be  exposed  to  currents  of  drying 
air,  but  should  occupy  a  sheltered  place,  at  least  for  a 
time.  If  the  conservatory  is  kept  moderately  close,  this 
Clerodendron  will  grow  and  flower  until  the  middle  of' 
September.  It  will  be  advisable  to  supply  it  freely  with. 
manure-water,  particularly  after  the  pots  become  fidl  o£i 
roots. 

After  the  weather  has  become  too  cold  for  its  being: 
farther  useful  in  the  conservatory,  it  may  either  be^ 
thrown  to  the  rubbish  heap,  or  placed  in  the  stove,  where- 
it  will  continue  to  flower  for  some  time  longer.  In  case 
the  stock  of  young  plants  is  deficient,  those  that  have 
done  flowering  may  be  turned  out  of  their  pots,  their  balls 
reduced  ;  cut  back,  repotted  in  small  pots,  and  placed 
in  a  moderately  warm  situation,  to  induce  them  to  grow 
a  little.  Such  plants  may  be  made  to  form  very  large 
specimens  next  season.  Alpha. 


HERBS. 

No.  IV.— Greek  Peppermint.— It  is  very  easy  to 
have  this  all  the  winter.  Mr.  Chapman,  of  Vauxhall, 
grows  whole  pitfula  of  it,  but,  like  other  things,  it  thrives 
best  in  winter  with  a  little  bottom  heat.  Before  plant- 
ing the  roots,  about  2  feet  of  dung  or  tan  are  put  in,  then 
mould,  in  which  the  roots  are  inserted,  covering  them 
slightly.  For  successional  supply,  shoots  can  easily  be 
pulled  up  and  planted  in  a  second  bed,  4  inches  apart. 
Gardeners  in  a  small  way  might  place  a  little  dung  on 
faf'o-ots,  then  on  that  some  mould,  and  on  that  the  roots  ; 
by  putting  hot  dung  all  round,  vegetation  would  com- 


4— 1S52.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


53 


mence  immediately.  I  have  often  followed  this  plan  in 
private  families. 

Peppermint  is  very  largely  grow-n  round  Mitcham  ; 
not  less  than  300  acres  are  occupied  with  it  for  distilla- 
tion, Peppermint-water  being  much  used  in  medicine. 
For  new  plantations  the  ground  is  dunged  and  ploughed 
by  April,  and  as  soon  as  the  shoots  grow  4  inches  in 
length  they  are  pulled  up,  with  roots  attached,  and 
planted  in  rows  1  foot  apart  and  6  inches  distant  in  the 
row.  If  the  head  is  cut  off  in  planting,  the  lower  eyes 
all  grow  and  make  a  good  crop  tho  first  year.  Pepper- 
mint, like  Couch-grass,  sends  up  shoots  at  every  joint, 
and  after  a  couple  of  seasons  or  so  the  shoots  get  so 
crowded  that  they  become  weak,  the  leaves  small  and 
hard,  the  biossom  poor.  In  this  state  it  is  not  half 
so  good  for  distillation.  About  Mitcham,  however, 
much  attention  is  paid  to  its  after  cultivation.  They 
manure  the  ground  the  second  yeai*,  and  dig  out  fur- 
rows half  a  rod  apart,  throwing  the  mould  over  the 
beds.  If  new  crops  are  wanted  from  these  beds,  plants 
are  selected  for  the  purpose,  as  described  above.  The 
third  year  the  Mint  is  aU  ploughed  down  in  November, 
a  judicious  practice,  when  we  consider  the  sort  of  plant 
we  have  to  deal  with.  In  this  way  the  destruction  of 
■fell  weeds  and  seed  weeds  is  effected,  as  well  as  the 
manuring  of  the  land  if  required.  In  spring  the  Mint 
«omes  up  thick,  strong,  and  healthy,  producing  an 
enormous.-  herbage  and  amount  of  flower.  It  is  cut 
down  when  just  going  out  of  bloom,  and  can-ied  to  the 
drying  houses  ;  for  the  more  its  watery  juices  are  evapo- 
rated the  finer  the  extract  is. 

It  is  not  only  extensively  grown  at  Mitcham,  but  I 
-am  informed  that  in  the  adjoining  parishes  there  are  at 
ieast  300  acres  of  Peppermint  cultivated  every  yeai\ 
Spearmint  is  not  grown,  as  it  does  not  yield  much  juice. 
James  Cutldll,  CamberwelL 


AUTUMN  AND  WINTER  FRUIT-BEARING 
TREES  AND  SHRUBS. 

PyriLS  aiicuparia  canadensis.  —  This  small  tree  re- 
sembles the  well  known  Mountain  Ash.  \t  grows  from 
i2  to  29  feet  in  height,  is  of  neat,  erect,  branching 
habit,  with  dark  green,  winged,  Ash-like  leaves  ;  the 
opposite  leaflets  are  seated  upon  a  central  crimson  leaf- 
stalk. In  summer  it  is  conspicuous,  on  account  of 
its  ample  corymb-like  bunches  of  small  creamy-white 
blossoms,  which,  in  the  early  part  of  autumn,  are  suc- 
ceeded by  large  terminal  and  pendent  clusters  of  bright 
or  crimson  berries.  During  this  period  it  forms 
a  very  picturesque  object  for  back-ground  effect  in 
fiower-garden  shrubberies. 

Pt/vils  microcarpa. —  This  is  somewhat  smaller  in 
^owth  than  the  preceding,  but  it  is  similar  to  it  in 
habit ;  it  has  a  lighter  green  aspect,  expanding  its  bloom 
&  httle  earlier  ;  its  opposite  twin  leaflets  are  attached 
to  a  still  richer  crimson  central  column  than  in  P,  cana- 
densis ;  it  yields  apparently  equally  large  and  gracefully 
pendent  corymbs  of  bright  ruby  or  coral-red  berries. 

Cotoneasitr  frigida  is  a  highly  ornamental  smaU  tree, 
T^hich  grows  from  10  to  20  feet  in  height ;  it  has  a  neat 
erect  growth,  appearing  in  mild  seasons  as  an  evergreen 
until  the  opening  of  the  new  year.  It  has  oval  lanceo- 
late leaves,  purplish  grey  stems ;  in  summer  garlanded 
with  a  profusion  of  snow-white  Hawthorn-like  blossoms, 
which  are  succeeded  by  multitudes  of  conspicuous 
rich  crimson- coloured  fruit,  which,  being  retained  upon 
the  plant  in  mid-winter,  render  it  very  gay. 

Cotoneaster  ajnnis. — This  is  a  much  more  robust  sub- 
evergreen  tree  than  the  preceding  ;  it  attains  a  height  of 
from  6  to  15  feet,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  much  more 
diffuse  branching  habit,  broader  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate 
dark  green  leaves,  which  are  well  contrasted  in 
smnmer  by  a  profusion  of  densely  crowded  clusters 
of  creamy  white  heavily  scented  blossoms,  and  suc- 
eeeded  by  equally  dense  and  numerous  clusters  of 
bright  crimson  fruit,  which  are  larger  and  more  brilliant 
hi  effect  than  in  the  last-described  species.  Two  speci- 
mens in  the  arboretum  here  form  fine  objects  of  diverse 
outhne.  The  largest  is  branched  from  its  base,  and, 
though  not  exceeding  10  or  12  feet  in  height,  it  has  a 
circumference  of  nearly  80  feet.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  divergent  outline  of  its  main  branches ;  and  being 
less  prolific  in  the  smaller  growth,  its  entire  habit  is 
singularly  adapted  for  the  display  of  its  ample  dark- 
green  leaves  and  erect  bunches  of  gay-coloured  fruit. 
For  an  extensive  park-hke  lawn,  plants  of  the  habit 
now  described  would  form  a  very  beautiful  and  valuable 
feature.  The  second  specimen  adverted  to  is  a  stand- 
ard, having  a  stem  about  10  feet  high,  which  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  head  clothed  with  clusters  of  crimson 
haws,  which  in  autumn  have  a  very  pretty  effect. 

Cr(ximfjvA  tanaciti/olia  is  an  ornamental  tree-like 
Khrub,  which  grows  from  6  to  12  feot  in  height,  and  has 
hoary,  cut,  or  divided  leaves,  fragrant  white  blossoms, 
and  beautiful  large  yellow  Applc-Iiko  berries  in  autumn. 
Cratfr{ju4  odoratUdma. — Thia  is  a  neat,  small  tree,  for 
single  effect,  with  small  divided  hoary  leaves,  and  highly 
fragrant  flowcn*,  which  are  succeeded  by  numerous 
dusters  of  rich  red  fruit. 

Cr<itafjua  arfmia.  —  A  tree-liko  flhrub,  which  grows 
from  10  to  20  feet  in  height,  and  ia  well  adapted  for 
fiowcr  garden  or  park  lawns,  Grass  spaces,  &.c.  ;  it  lias 
deeply  lobcd  leaves,  snow-white  bloHSora,  and  numerous 
large,  rich,  Apricot  coloured  fruit, 

(JratcBfjm  oricn'oiis. — An  ornamental  small  tree,  form- 

kigft  cloaecompacthead,  with  small  downy  divided  lenveH, 

and  large  Hnow-whit/j  fragrant  vernal  flowers  whioli  are 

•ucceed^d  by  clusters  of  dark  purpliHli-criniHon  fruit. 

CrcUceyiu    fitUrophjlla.   ii  a  small,   spring-flowering, 


hardy^  tree,  possessing  a  dense  pyramidal  head,  with 
small  shining  lanceolate,  wedge-shaped  leaves,  and  a 
profusion  of  snow-white  blossoms.  Fruit  crimson. 
WlUiani  Woody  Fishergate  Nurseries,  Yorlc. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 
Both  at  Dresden  and  at  Berlin,  the  taste  for  window 
gardening  prevails  to  a  great  extent :  but  at  neither 
place  were  the  flowers  in  great  variety,  or  well  grown. 
The  commonest  Geraniums,  Lantanas,  Dahlias,  Ver- 
benas, &c.,  &c.  The  practice  of  double  windows  at 
Dresden  appears  to  be  universal,  and  the  space  between 
the  sashes  is  admirably  adapted  for  window  gardening, 
making  a  kind  of  Ward's  case,  keeping  the  plants  free 
from  dust ;  and  nearly  every  house  had  in  this  space  a 
few  favourite  plants  lodged  there  in  pots,  bo.xes,  or 
baskets.  The  favourite  fashion  now  appears  the  gi'owing 
Ivy  and  other  trailing  plants,  either  in  wreaths  \  or 
against  little  ornamental  trellises.  I  think  much  might 
be  done  in  England  in  this  kind  of  decoration  for  tables, 
&c.  ;  though,  perhaps,  already  our  bazaars  have  im- 
ported these  pretty  trellises  of  varnished  wood.  The 
following  is  a  sketch  of  a  table  with  Ferns  and  Ivy  which 
I  saw  in  a  draper's  shop  at  Augsburg  ;  but  this  is  only 
one  of  an  endless  variety  of  similar  ornaments,  all 
equally  pretty.  I  should  observe  that  the  cut  does  not 
show  that  the  back  (A)  is  a  looking  glass.  Whilst  I  have 
spoken  of  the  want  of  good  common  flowers,  and  the 
universal  love  of  them,  I  ought  to  except  the  beautiful 
wreaths  of  Dahlias  and  Oak  or  Ivy  leaves  and  other 
flowers,  which  are  made  and  bought  by  nearly  all 
Nothing  can  be  more  dexterous  or  elegant  than  the 


ferent  plants  cultivated  lor  this  purpose,  tlie  Ficus  elas- 
ticus  appears  to  be  a  favourite  ;  the  Canna  indica,  C.  dis- 
color, and  especially  the  New  Zealand  Flax,  which  is  also 
grown  in  large  quantities  in  vases  on  many  of  the  archi- 
tectural terraces  ;  and  though  less  formal  than  the  Aloe, 
its  leaf  is  very  picturesque  and  ornamental.  There  is  a 
large  Calladium  much  used  in  these  parterres,  Arundo 
Donax,  the  Palma  Christi,  and  Maranta  zebrina  from 
the  stove  appears  to  stand  out  for  the  summer,  and 
many  other  plants  of  varied  and  beautiful  foliage  ;and 
oven  the  fine  leaves  of  the  red  and  yellow  Beet,  the 
Cardoon,  Artichoke,  and  Rhubarb,  were  not  dis- 
dained in  the  borders  at  Charlottenburgh  and  Pots- 
dam, where  great  attention  "appears  to  have  been 
bestowed  on  this  kind  of  leaf  gardening.  I  have  a  few 
more  observations  on  the  gardens  at  Potsdam,  which 
I  will  send  at  a  future  time.  Dodman. 


way  in  which  tho  flower-women  weave  their  wreaths. 
At  Leipsic,  Dresden,  and  Berlin,  the  markets  were 
filled  with  these  weavers  of  wreaths,  and  wo  found 
them  stationed  at  almost  every  comer  of  the  streets  ; 
they  are  sold  either  to  ornament  graves  with  (and 
when  put  to  this  purpose,  Amaranthus,  and  other  like 
flowers,  are  more  generally  used),  or  they  are  given  on 
name  and  other  fOto  days  as  presents;  and  nothing  can 
bo  prettier  than  the  crowds  of  tho  poorer  or  middling 
clasHes,  returning  from  tho  fruit  and  vegetable  market, 
each  bearing  either  a  wreath  or  a  bunch  of  flowers. 

One  thing  struck  mo  in  tho  gardening  of  Germany, 
which  is  tho  Idve  of  fine  foliage  ;  and  whole  parterres 
and  clumps  are  planted  solely  to  exhibit  specimens  of 
foliage,  I  think  much  might  bo  done  in  this  country  with 
tho  Bumo  object.  And  1  should  recommend  this  to  tho 
conhidcration  of  Mr.  Beaton,  who  appears  to  do  so,  and 
writo  much,  ou  parterre  gardening.  _  Amongst  tho  dif- 


Home    Correspondence. 

Stacking  Ice. — According  to  your  invitation  at  p.  35, 
I  send  you  the  result  of  two  trials  respecting  the 
keeping  of  ice,  which  although  not  extending  over  a  long 
period  of  time,  are  not  on  that  account  the  less  con- 
clusive. In  the  beginning  of  December  last  a  load  of 
ice,  1  inch  thick,  was  obtained,  pounded  fine,  and  put 
into  the  passage  of  an  ice-house,  filling  the  passage  with 
straw,  and  taking  every  precaution  to  exclude  the  air. 
It  being  intended  for  use  at  Christmas,  no  further 
trouble  was  taken  with  it ;  however,  at  that  time,  it  was 
found  to  have  nearly  all  disappeared,  not  more  than  two 
pailsful  being  left.  Early  in  January  another  load  was 
obtained,  about  half  an  inch  thick,  which  was  stacked 
without  pounding,  in  the 
centre  of  a  barn  floor, 
merely  laying  6  inches  of 
straw  at  the  bottom  and  on. 
the  top.  At  the  presen 
time,  January  20  th,  I  caa 
safely  assert  that  two  pails- 
ful have  not  disappeared  ; 
and  I  would  not  mind  ven- 
turing a  wager  that  ice 
could  still  be  found  here  at 
midsummer.  /.  W.  J. 

How  to  Crop  a  small 
Kitchen  Garden.  —  As, 
doubtlessly,  many  of  yom' 
readers  have  no  walla 
against  which  they  can 
grow  Tomatoes,  and,  as 
the  many  more  may  not 
have  space  enough  be- 
tween the  trees  to  produce 
fiufificient  for  the  demands 
of  the  establishment,  the 
following  plan,  which  is 
extensively  practised  by 
the  market  gardeners 
round  London,  may  be  of 
service.  As  the  mode  of 
sowing,  potting,  and  ge- 
neral management  till 
planting-out  time  prac- 
tised by  them  is,  I  pre- 
sume, the  same  as  that 
foUowed  by  every  culti- 
vator, I  shall  confine  my 
remarks  to  the  mode  of 
preparing  the  ground  for 
their  reception,  and  to 
their  culture  from  thetime 
they  are  planted  out  where 
they  are  finally  to  grow. 
Let  a  piece  of  gi'ound  be 
chosen  that  lies  well  to  the 
sun  ;  part  of  a  south 
border  will  do  very  well, 
Mark  out  one  or  more 
spaces  (in  length  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of 
plants)  4  feet  wide,  run- 
ning east  and  west,  draw 
a  line  down  the  centre  and 
chop  it  out  ;  take  the 
earth  out  from  one  side  of 
the  mark  to  the  depth  of 
a  foot  or  rather  better, 
and  place  it  on  the  other 
side  of  the  mark,  placing 
it  in  form  of  a  V  inverted. 
If  more  than  one  bank 
is  required,  let  the  next  extend  to  the  edge  of  the  first 
trench,  so  as  to  leave  the  trench  its  full  width,  2  feet ; 
make  the  surface  of  the  bank  quite  smooth  with  tho 
back  of  the  spade.  Dig  in  some  well-rotted  dung,  then 
proceed  to  put  out  the  plants ;  open  a  hole  with  a 
trowel  close  to  tho  bottom  of  the  bank,  turn  the  plant 
out  of  tho  pot,  place  it  in  the  hole,  and  close  the  earth 
well  about  its  roots  ;  go  18  inches,  then  plant  another, 
and  so  proceed  till  all  are  planted.  Give  a  little  water 
to  settle  tho  earth  about  their  roots,  and  mulch  the 
gi'ound  with  rotten  dung  ;  observe  to  supply  them  well 
with  water  in  dry  weather,  and  they  are  very  fond  of  a 
gntid  doso  of  liquid  manure  once  or  twice  a  week.  When 
they  commence  growing  break  out  all  their  shoots 
but  three  ;  when  they  require  support,  cover  the 
bank  with  stable  litter,  and  peg  the  shoots  down 
with  wooden  pegs,  training  the  centre  one  in  an  upright 
pobition,  the  other  two  in  a  sloping  direction  at  equal 


54 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Jan.  24, 


distances  from  it  ;  when  each  shoot  shows  two  bunches 
of  blosson],  stop  thera  one  joint  beyond  the  flowers  ; 
keep  all  shoots  cleared  away  as  fast  as  they  make  their 
appearance,  and  remove  a  leaf  or  part  of  one  where  it 
overshadows  the  fruit  ;  and,  above  all,  keep  them  well 
supplied  with  water,  and  they  will  grow  an  immense 
size.  Should  the  season  prove  unkind,  so  that  they  do 
not  ripen  well,  cut  them  when  full  grown,  and  lay  ihera 
on  some  hay  in  a  frame,  giving  a  little  air  when  the  sun 
shines,  and  they  will  ripen  very  well.  By  following  the 
above  mode  of  culture,  I  have  been  enabled  to  grow  and 
ripen  sufficient  for  the  demands  here  in  this  wet,  uortliern 
locality.  /.  Steel,  Clitkeroe. 

Blachhcrrles. — What  are  Blackberries  supposed  at 
London  to  be  I  Black  Currants  are  universally  so 
designated  in  Scotland.  I  am  told  that  in  England  the 
term  Blackberry  is  applied  to  the  Bramble,  and  I  see 
in  Lindley's  "  Vegetable  Kingdom,"  that  both  Rasp- 
berry and  Blackberry  are  brought  under  the  term 
Rubus — so  I  suppose  we  must  bold  the  English  prac- 
tice to  be  the  correct  one ;  though  I  do  not  see  why  the 
name  Blackberry  should  be  appropriated  rather  to  the 
Rubus  than  to  the  Ribes.  Is  not  the  fruit  of  the  Rubus 
an'Etrcrio,  or  collection  of  drupes?  and  that  of  Ribes 
a  proper  berry  or  bacca  ?  If  so,  is  it  not  more  proper 
to  call  a  black  Currant  a  Blackberry,  than  to  call  a 
Bramble  by  that  name  ?  Had  the  botanical  name 
Rubus  been  made  use  of,  your  Kelso  correspondent 
would  not  have  made  the  mistake  he  did,   and  saved 

himself    from    a    sneer.      Edincnsis. In    Scotland 

black  Currants  are  called  "  Blacliberries  ; "  and  the 
fruit  of  Kubus  fruticosus  is  called  "  Bramble- 
berries  ;■"  in  this  part  of  the  country  every  one  knows 
the  latter  by  the  term  "  Blackberries  ;"  but  in  speaking 
of  Blackberries  about  Kelso,  black  Currants  are  under- 
stood. In  some  parts  of  the  north  of  England,  Black- 
berries are  not  known.  They  are  there  called 
"  Bumble-skites,"  and  in  some  places  "  Bow-wow-arts," 
strange  names,  it  must  be  owned,  but  the  lower  class 
of  people  does  not  know  what  a  Blackberry  is.  Your 
correspondent, Mr.  Taylor,has  misunderstuodyou.  J.L.M. 

Mandarin  Orange, — The  Mandarin  Orange,  lately 
noticed  in  your  columns,  is  not,  I  believe,  the  small 
aromatic  sweet  fruit  now  so  common  in  the  Loudon 
shops,  but  a  larger  fruit.  The  Orange  usually  sold  in 
London  is  imported  from  Lisbon,  and  is  there  called  the 
Tangerine  ;  and  there  are  two  varieties  of  this  kind 
grown,  as  noticed  in  your  account  of  the  Mandarin. 
They  soon  lose  their  flavour,  and  in  Lisbon  are  only 
eaten  when  quite  fresh,  and  are  usually  brought  to  table 
attached  to  a  portion  of  the  branch  on  which  they  grew. 
The  variety  called  Tangerine  in  Lisbon  is  considered 
more  tender,  and  more  susceptible  of  injury  from  frost 
and  wet,  than  the  ordinary  Orange-tree.  I  suppose 
both  the  varieties  I  have  noticed  are  figured  in  Risso's 
fine  work,  but  I  have  not  the  means  of  referring  to  it, 
Dodman.  [There  are  two  kmds  of  Mandarin  Orange, 
the  large  and  the  small,  both  of  which  have  the  pecu- 
liarity of  the  rind  separating  spontaneously  from  the 
pulp,  so  that  the  latter  is  loose  within  the  former.] 

Orchard  Homes, — • 

With  head  of  brick,  and  brain  of  clay, 
"  A  Hertsmaa"  slowly  plods  his  way. 

Some  of  your  distant  readers  may  not  be  acquainted 
with  Hertfordshire  ;  let  me  therefore  tell  them 
that  it  is  an  agricultural  county,  and,  of  course 
slow,  as  are  many  Hertsmen,  or  more  properly,  Hert- 
fordshire men.  We  have  no  coal,  no  iron,  no  stone, 
nothing  useful  as  durable  building  materials  but  chalk 
and  clay,  of  the  former  we  make  mortar,  of  the  latter, 
bricks ;  therefore  "  A  Hertsman  "  thinks  that  bricks  and 
mortar  only  ought  to  be  eraployedin  building  green  houses 
or  forcing  houses.  I  atone  time,  like  our  friend  named 
above,  was  also  slow,  and  I  built  10  houses  for  forcing 
and  other  purposes  with  bricks  and  mortar,  the  roofs 
with  sliding  sashes,  tenons,  and  mortices,  and  all  the  old 
and  expensive  paraphernalia  ;  but  when  cheap  glass  and 
cheap  Swedish  timber  came,  I  found  I  was  not  fast 
enough.  I  wanted  more  ground  covered  with  glass  for 
the  same  money,  and  so  I  have  built  12  houses  without 
a  brick  or  a  bit  of  mortar  in  them,  and  I  may  add, 
without  mortices,  or  tenons,  or  sliding  sashes  ;  the  roofs 
are  all  fixed,  the  rafters  being  20  inches  asunder,  and 
as  I  have  progressed  I  have  improved.  My  timber  and 
glass  house,  No.  1,  is  a  Vinery  ;  this  was  my  first  ex- 
periment j  it  was  built  roughly,  but  last  season  it  gave 
me  a  fine  crop  of  Grapes,  free  from  mildew,  and,  in- 
deed, has  alwajs  done  so.  No.  12,  my  last,  is  a  span- 
roofed  house,  60  feet  long  and  20  feet  wide,  cer- 
tainly not  rickety  or  cowhouse-liUe,  but  light  and  neat, 
and  eligible  for  the  pm-pose  it  is  built  for.  No.  13 
will,  I  trust,  soon  be  finished.  Your  readers  must 
come  and  see  and  judge  for  themselves  of  the  eligi- 
bility of  these  structures.  I  recognise  in  "  A  Herts- 
man,"  one  who  is  very  full  of  prejudice,  which,  with  a 
touch  of  envy,  must  and  will  make  him,  like  many  other 
Hertsmen,  slow.  He  impugns  my  veracity  in  saying 
that  orchard  houses  cannot  be  built  "at  the  price  I  talk 
about."  My  builder  lives  in  the  village  of  Sawbridge- 
worth  ;  if  he  will  apply  to  me,  I  will  give  him  his  name, 
and  guarantee  that  he  will  do  air  at  the  price  I  talk 
about.  Thomas  lihers. 

Mealy  Bwj. — I  received  a  basket  of  stove  plants  in 
October  last,  and  among  them  were  examples  of  Gar- 
denia Fortuui,  infested  with  this  pest.  A  strong  solution 
of  tobacco-water  was  prepared,  and  three  applications 
perfectly  eradicated  it.  This  simple  and  safe  remedy 
will  be  found  quite  eflficacious  ;  if  applied  at  the  heat  of 
120°,  so  much  the  better.  The  testimony  respecting 
Messrs.  Clarke's  mixture  is  conflicting — at  Chiswick  it 


is  effectual — my  friend,  Mr.  Kidd,  at  Garnstone,  pro- 
nounces it  worthless  and  harmless  ;  while  a  third  party  I 
startles  us  with  the  intelligence  that  it  effectually 
destroys  both  bugs  and  plants.  Who  is  right-?-  Richard 
Robertson,  Stolcc  Edith  Parlc^  Jlereford,  Jan.  21. 

False  Cones  on  the  Spruce  Fir. — In  Notices  to  Corre- 
spondents, p.  24,  these  are  stated  to  be  unsuci:essful 
attempts  to  form  cones.  This  is  an  erroneous  view  of 
the  matter,  for  these  false  cones  are  in  reality  caused 
by  an  insect,  usually  supposed  to  be  a  species  of  aphis, 
but  belonging  I  believe  to  a  different  genus.  The 
apparent  cone-scales  are  leaves  altered  by  the  attacks  of 
this  little  creature,  and  caused  thereby  to  take  the  form 
of  little  cups.  Early  in  the  year  these  cups  are  closed, 
and  tiien  a  number  of  the  iiuects  may  be  found  within 
each  of  them.  Perhaps  Mr.  Westwood,  or  some  other 
entomological  correspondent,  will  inform  us  of  the  name 
of  the  insect,  Avhich  belongs,  I  believe,  to  a  tribe  con- 
cerning which  very  little  information  is  accessible.  The 
many  curious  changes  caused  in  plants  by  the  action  of 
the  different  species  of  aphis  upon  them  would  form  an 
interesting  subject  for  a  series  of  papers.  In  your 
columns  for  1843,  p.  661,  is  an  explanation  similar  to 
the  above,  from  Prof.  Henslow,  Charles  C  Bahinrjion. 

Trinity  College  Garden,  Dublin. —  Presuming  from  a 
notice  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  the  10th  inst., 
signed  "  Dodman,"  that  you  are  likely  to  give  your 
readers  a  sketch  of  the  different  botanic  gardens,  I  beg 
to  hand  you  the  accompanying  note,  which  gives  the 
exact  state  of  this  place.  The  trees  and  shrubs  are 
an-anged  according  to  the  Liunsean  system,  with  the 
Linnsean  class  and  order,  and  natural  order,  marked  on 
a  label  to  the  most  conspicuous  species  of  each  genus ; 
the  English  or  local  name,  with  the  country,  is  also 
lettered  on  every  label,  so  as  to  afford  every  desirable 
information.  At  the  commencement  of  this  arrange- 
ment a  large  label  directs  attention  to  the  two  systems, 
showing  that  a  line  is  drawn  between  them  in  every 
case,  to  prevent  the  slightest  confusion.  In  the 
British  and  general  arrangements  of  herbaceous  plants, 
the  system  of  Decandolle  is  adopted,  because  his 
highly^useful  "  Prodromus"  is  the  work  chiefly  used  here 
in  the  description  of  genera  and  species,  and  also  be- 
cause Dr.  Mackay's  "  Flora  Hibernica  "  is  so  arranged. 
These  two  arrangements  have  the  orders  attached  to 
the  name  of  the  first  plant  in  each  order,  with  larger 
labels  for  the  divisions.  The  medicinal  plants  are  ar- 
ranged according  to  Jussieu's]  "  Genera  Plantarum," 
with  the  classes  and  orders  distinctly  marked,  as  in  the 
other  compartments  ;  in  this  one,  however,  the  English 
or  local  names  are  fully  given,  as  in  the  case  of  the  trees 
and  shrubs.  The  ornamental  parts,  including  borders, 
lawns,  walls,  &c.,  afford  the  fullest  information  in  the 
style  of  labelling,  with  the  exception  of  the  use  of  the 
Linncean  system,  which  is  dispensed  with.  In  every 
compartment  a  large  label  is  placed  to  indicate  the 
mode  of  arrangement,  and  every  plant  is  labelled, 
so  as  to  give  as  much  instruction  as  we  usually  meet 
with  in  catalogues.  The  in-door  collections,  which 
are  extensive,  are  also  arranged,  as  far  as  practic- 
able, in  natm'al  orders,  with  every  available  informa- 
tion added  to  the  name  of  every  plant.  Thus,  your 
readers  will  perceive  that  a  student  or  visitor  can  have 
no  difficulty  in  finding  out  any  particular  plant,  nor  can 
he  be  astray  as  to  the  systems  adopted.  Trees  and 
shrubs  planted  originally,  according  to  the  Linnrean 
system,  could  not  well  be  altered,  otherwise  Dr.  Mackay 
would  be  likely  to  ai*range  the  entire  garden  on  the  plan 
of  "  The  Vegetable  Kingdom."  This  remark  also 
applies  to  the  medicinal  plants  which  were  arranged 
many  years  ago,  and  are  now  very  much  grown.  As 
far  as  the  gardening  part  is  concerned,  it  is  not 
my  place  to  speak  ;  but  I  would  be  glad  to  show 
it  to  any  competent  judge  just  now.  When  I  re- 
mind you  that  our  good  friend,  Dr.  Harvey,  keeper 
of  the  College  Herbarium  and  Botanical  Museum,  kindly 
affords  every  information  required  in  this  department, 
I  think  it  will  not  be  denied  that  "  Dodman  "  would 
realize  his  best  hopes  in  a  closer  inspection  on  his  next 
visit  to  Dublin.  As  you  have  seen  our  garden,  and 
having  now  given  a  brief  statement  of  its  botany,  I  need 
only  say  that,  being  the  person  employed  to  carry  out 
Dr.  Mackay's  instructions  iu  the  management  of  the 
garden,  I  feel  I  should  be  wrong  in  remaining  silent  ; 
for,  in  any  general  sketch  of  botanical  gardens,  it  is  only 
fair  that  the  real  state  of  each  of  them  should  be  fully 
understood,  especially  by  such  of  your  readers  as  have 
not  visited  Dublin.  John  Bain,  Unlver&lty  Botanic 
Garden,  Dublin. 

Rain  at  Cirencester  in  1851  : — 


January 

4.05 

AuKUst 

2.90 

Fobrnary       ... 

O.SS 

September    ... 

0.50 

March 

4.fiO 

October 

2.67 

April 

1.13 

November     ... 

0.64 

May     

lis 

December     ... 

1.65 

June 

2.G3 



July    

2.74 

, 

25.81 

42  is  the  average  of  the  last  seven  years, 
Thomas  C.  Brown. 

Propagation  of  Eels. — About  seven  or  eight  years  ago 
Mr.  Stebbing^  of  Easthall,  iu  the  parish  of  Paglesham, 
employed  sawyers  to  saw  some  timber  for  wheelwrights' 
purposes,  under  the  direction  of  F.  Burham,  the  wheel- 
wright employed  on  the  farm.  After  the  timber  was 
cut  or  sawn  it  was  thrown  into  a  small  pond,  where 
great  numbers  of  small  eels  bad  been  known  to  be  every 
year.  When  the  timber  had  been  in  the  pond  for  some 
length  of  time  the  wheelwright  took  it  out,  and  in  doing 
this  he  discovered  something  slimy  in  its  nature 
between  several  of  the  pieces.  Cm'iosity  led  him  to 
examine  it,  and  he  found  young  eels  of  the  smallest  size 
imaginable.     He  first  showed  them  to  Mr,  Stebbing  ; 


he  then  gathered  some  leaves  that  grew  by  the  side- 
of  the  pond,  and  brought  some  of  the  slime  to 
me  at  Canewdon,  which  is  the  adjoining  parish 
to  Paglesham.  This  slime,  as  I  call  it,  appeared 
to  be  full  of  small  eels  from  one-third  of  an  inch  iu 
length  to  an  inch,  the  smallest  resembling  fine  short 
hair  ;  the  next  size  consisted  of  eels  perfectly  formed, 
but  white  all  over  ;  the  next  had  a  dark  or  black  mark 
from  head  to  tail  ;  and  the  largest  exhibited  the  same 
shape  and  colour  as  young  eels  in  a  brook  or  running 
stream  may  frequently  be  seen  to  possess,  although 
hardly  an  inch  long.  /.  W.  Potton,  Miller^  Canewdon, 
near  Rochford,  Essex. — —I  caught  an  eel  left  by  the 

tide   in    a    small    pool    on    the    sands    near    B 1, 

and  for  a  boyish  whim  carried  it  home  alive,  and 
placed  it  in  a  very  small  tank  of  salt  water.  The  next 
morning,  to  my  surprise,  I  found  two  small  eels,  one  in 
the  act  of  leaving  the  mother.  Now  I  have  not  a  doubt 
but  that  this  fact  may  be  questioned  ;  yet  I  must  beheve 
what  I  saw.  Observator. — Having  noticed  the  communi- 
cations on  this  subject  which  have  recently  appeared 
in  your  columns,  I  am  desirous  of  mentioning  a  fact 
which  appears  to  me  to  throw  some  h^ht  upon  the  loca- 
lities in  which  eels  are  bred,  though  it  leaves  the  ques- 
tion of  the  mode  of  generation  precisely  where  it  stood 
before.  Like  your  coiTespondent  "  T.  G.,"  I  have  many 
times  seen  columns  of  small  eels,  three  or  four  inches 
long,  ascending  the  Kibble  and  other  rivers,  in  the 
months  of  May  and  June,  at  considerable  distances  from, 
the  sea  ;  but  only  on  one  occasion  have  I  seen  them 
under  circumstances  which  evidently  brought  them  near 
the  place  of  their  nativity.  I  happened  to  be  attending 
the  Lancaster  Spring  Assizes  in  the  month  of  March,  iu 
(I  believe)  the  year  1 826,  and  learning  that  there  was  a 
remarliably  high  tide  in  the  estuary  ot  the  Lune,  Iwalked 
down  to  the  river  side  about  high-water,  and  found  that 
the  tide  had  covered  the  Grass  in  many  places  ;  and,  as  it 
began  to  ebb,  I  observed  something  moving  in  every  small 
hollow  which  had  been  overflowed,  and  iu  which  a  little 
water  had  been  left  behind.  On  examination,  I  found 
that  the  moving  bodies  were  exceedingly  diminutive 
eels,  rather  less,  to  the  best  of  my  recollection,  than 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  very  light  coloured,  and 
almost  transparent,  but  exhibiting  iu  every  respect  the 
true  form  of  the  mature  eel.  They  had  evidently 
followed  the  water  to  its  extreme  verge,  where  it  could 
uot  have  been  more  than  an  inch  deep  ;  and  that  they 
must  have  been  very  numerous  was  clear  from  the  large 
numbers  which  were  left  behind  and  perished  ;  for  that 
they  did  perish  I  found  on  the  following  day,  when  they 
were  lying  dead  by  hundreds  on  the  Grass.  Probably 
some  c  f  your  correspondents,  who  reside  in  localities- 
favourable  for  making  observations  on  this  subject,  may 
be  induced  to  pay  a  little  attention  to  it.  If  tlie  young 
eels  make  their  appearance  in  the  same  manner  every 
year,  by  the  use  of  a  fine  muslin  net,  the  exact  period 
of  their  first  appearance  may  be  ascertained,  with  pro- 
bably other  facts  calculated  to  throw  light  on  the 
obscure  question  of  their  generation.  /.  G.,  Manchester. 
Glass  Walls.  —  I  was  glad  to  see  that  another  step  is 
taken  for  the  increase  of  the  use  of  cheap  glass;  I  have 
only  wondered  that  the  progress  has  been  so  slow.  I 
believe  that  Mr.  Rivers  and  myself  were  amongst  the 
first,  if  uot  the  first,  to  follow  your  advice,  and  apply  the 
use  of  cheap  glass  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit.  Although 
I  am  glad  to  see  the  experiment  of  glass  walls  will  be 
tried,  I  own  I  do  not  expect  any  very  good  result  from 
the  proposed  upright  double  walls  of  glass.  In  the  first 
place,  you  will,  in  a  double  wall  of  glass  applied  to  the 
growth  of  an  espalier,  use  as  much  or  more  glass  than 
would  be  needed  for  glass  and  sashes  sufficient  to  make 
an  orchard  house  18  to  20  feet  wide,  which  could  be 
filled  with  trained  plants,  and  also  different  fruit  trees 
and  Sti'a wherries.  Salads,  &c.,  in  pots  and  boxes;  and 
where  a  body  of  warm  air  can  be  better  preserved 
than  in  a  mere  shallow  upright  glass  box  ;  in  fact, 
one  of  Mr,  Rivers'  orchard  houses  could  be  made 
for  less  money,  and  hold  at  least  ten  times  the 
number  of  plants.  As  in  tlie  glass  walls  there 
must  be  very  strong  sashes,  to  form  and  sustain  tliese 
upright  walls  ;  and  moreover,  the  mode  of  ventilating,. 
i.  e.j  by  opening  the  sashes  at  right  angles  with  the 
wall,  will  not  only  shade  a  portion,  but  will  be  per- 
petually liable  to  breakage,  and  to  be  blown  back  by 
the  wind,  and  render  the  border  useless.  Again,  the 
glass  being  placed  upright,  the  sun's  rays  will  always,, 
or  nearly  always,  pass  diagonally  through  the  glass  ;. 
and  I  think,  as  regards  Peaches  and  Nectarines,  it  is 
not  likely  that  either  the  fruit  or  wood  of  these  would, 
without  the  warmth  of  a  wall,  be  able  to  ripen.  Two 
9  feet  sides,  and  allowing  2  feet  for  tlie  top,  will  make  20 
feet  depth  of  sash  ;  now  if  this  be  used  so  as  to  make 
one  of  Mr.  Rivers'  buildings,  you  will,  without  the  cost 
of  moveable  sashes  or  the  iron  frame-work  to  hold 
them,  have  an  orchard-house  18  feet  wide  by  the  mere 
addition  of  a  few  half-incli  boards  and  Larch  poles. 
And  as  to  the  saving  of  ground  which  you  mention,  how- 
can  the  ground  be  better  employed  than  being  covered 
with  a  protection  of  glass  ?  I  have,  I  think,  improved 
on  the  plan  of  Mr.  Rivers'  orchai'd-houses,  and  1  pro- 
pose to  send  you  the  details  of  this  in  a  short  time. 
[The  following  has  been  received  since  the  above  was 
in  type]  :  Although  Mr.  Rivers's  observations  were,  in 
the  main,  very  similar  to  those  I  sent  you,  yet  I  hope 
you  will  insert  the  remarks  I  furnished,  as  I  think  the 
principal  objections  to  the  glass  walls  are  not  noticed  by 
Mr.  Rivei-s,  viz.,  the  difficulty  there  will  be  in  opening 
and  shutting  the  windows,  the  chance  of  breaking, 
&c.,  and  the  impossibility  of  keeping  the  small 
narrow  frame,  wall,  or  glass   box  cool  m  hot,  and 


4— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


55 


warm  in  cold  weather.  We  all  kuow  how  difficult 
it  is  to  preserve  an  equal  temperature  in  a  small 
room.  Again,  if  the  trees  are  always  to  be  backed 
and  faced  with  the  glass  casings,  frequent  syringing  will 
be  absolutely  necessary,  or  red  spider  will  be  a  certain 
infliction  ;  and  I  do  not  see  how  this  operation  is  to 
be  performed  without  opening  all  the  windows  on  both 
sides.  I  need  not  say  the  quantity  of  broken  squares 
incident  to  opening  and  shutting  of  sashes.  If,  in  the 
summer,  all  the  sashes,  or  at  least  those  in  front,  are  to 
be  removed,  and  stored  away,  this  will  be  a  very 
inconvenient  operation,  and  the  chances  of  fracture  con- 
siderable ;  however,  we  have  all  the  same  object,  namely, 
to  advance  "  the  use  of  cheap  glass  in  the  best  and  most 
economical  mode,"  and  therefore  I  am  glad  that  this  new 
plan  is  to  be  tried.  As  I  think  my  plan  of  ventilation  is 
somewhat  more  complete  than  that  described  by  Mr. 
Rivers,  I  propose  to  send  you  a  drawing  of  an  orchard 
house  1  am  now  putting  up.  It  is,  however,  possible 
that  the  patentees  of  the  glass  walls  will  be  able  to  show 
that  my  objections  do  not  apply  to  these  new  structures. 
AsregardsthegrowingPeach  and  Nectariue  trees,  trained 
near  the  ground,  and  protected  by  lights,  which  have  been 
more  than  once  described  in  the  Clironicle.  I  should 
observe  that  this  season  the  wood  has  ripened  completely 
under  the  glass  trellis,  and  quite  as  well  as  that  of  trees 
trained  on  our  ordinary  garden  walls.  Dodman.  [Yes  ; 
but  the  fruit  did  not  ripen.  We  cannot  but  think  the 
speculations-,  about  glass  walls  altogether  premature  ; 
they  are  certainly  not  liable  to  some  of  the  accidents 
anticipated  in  this  eommmiication.j 


HoRTiCTTLTCRAL,  Jan.  20. — C.  Barclat,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair-  Mr.  Franklin,  gi\  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  sent  a  nice 
collection  of  Orchids  and  other  plants,  for  which  a 
Banksian  Medal  was  awarded.  It  consisted  of  Dendro- 
bium  formosum,  the  vai'iety  of  Zygopetalura  criuitum 
called  casruleum,  a  good  example  of  Ccelogyne  cris- 
tata  ;  the  scarce  Warrea  Lindeniana,  with  two  graceful 
spikes  of  pendulous  brown  and  white  flowers  ;  and  two 
masses  of  Heliconia  brasilieusis,  exhibiting  the  real 
appearance  such  plants  present  in  their  native  country. 
— Messrs.  Loddiges  furnished  a  promising  new  purple- 
flowered  Dendrobe,  obtained  from  the  north-west 
coast  of  New  Holland,  and  a  white  variety  of  Barkeria 
Skinneri.  —  Mr.  Chapman,  gardener  to  J.  B.  Glegg, 
Esq.,  sent  a  handsome  smooth-leaved  Cayenne  Pine 
Apple,  for  which  a  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded. 
It  weighed  7  lbs.  8  oz.  —  From  ilr.  Davis,  of  Oak 
*  Hill,  East  Barnet,  came  a  small  example  of  the 
Blood  Pine  Apple,  and  a  dish  of  Oldaker's  West's  St. 
Peter's  Grapes,  plump  and  fine,  and  beautifully  covered 
with  bloom.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  for 
the  latter, —  24  sorts  of  Seedling  Potatoes  were  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Newton,  of  Brewer-street,  Golden-square. — Mr. 
Spencer,  gr.  to  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  at  Bowood, 
Bent  a  model  of  a  moveable  span-roofed  glass  house,  which 
he  considers  preferable  in  several  particulars  to  Mr. 
Ewing's  glass  walls.  It  is  intended  to  represent 
a  house  some  10  feet  high  and  8  feet  wide  at 
bottom,  with  a  walk  up  the  middle,  and  trees 
trained  to  a  wire  treUis  below  each  inchuation 
of  the  roof.  It  is  to  stand  north  and  soutb,  and  is 
to  he  so  constructed  that  it  can  be  taken  down  and 
put  up  again  when  and  wherever  it  is  wanted,  the 
glass'  being  laid  level  on  strips  of  vulcanised  india- 
rubber,  and  kept  in  its  place  by  wooden  headings 
screwed  down  to  the  rafters.  A  material  point  connected 
with  it  is,  that  it  is  well  ventilated  both  at  top  and 
bottom — at  top  by  means  of  ventilators  moving  by  their 
middle  under  a  raised  coping,  and  at  bottom  by  the 
same  contrivances  hinged  at  top,  and  opening  outwards 
siraultaneouely  by  means  of  a  wheel  with  three  or  four 
cogs,  and  a  pulley  or  two.  It  was  observed  that  such  a 
house  would,  no  doubt,  be  found  useful  for  many  garden- 
ing purposes  ;  but,  that  it  could  not  be  compared  with 
glass  walls,  on  account  of  the  dissimilarity  of  the  pur- 
poses they  were  severally  intended  to  answer. — Mr. 
LawTence,  of  Parliament-street,  sent  a  flower-stand. — 
from  the  Garden  of  the  Society  came  the  useful 
winter-flowering  Selago  distans  ;  Echeveria  retnsa,  a 
hardy  greenhouse  succulent,  which  would  make  a  good 
window  plant ;  Corrtea  Goodii ;  the  Winter  Heath 
(E.hiernalis),  Muraltia  Heisteria,  three  kinds  of  Epacris, 
the  large  variety  of  Snowdrop  called  Galanthus  phcatus, 
and  bloasoma  of  Chimonanthus  fragrans,  and  its  larger 
variety,  which  flower  profusely  every  winter  on  a  con- 
servative wall  In^the  garden.  The  same  establishment 
alsfj  furnished  cxjimples  of  B<;urrc:  Kance  Pears,  five 
varieties  of  the  better  known  kinds  of  Apples,  and  two 
sorts  of  Cardoon,  an  esculent  which  does  not  generally 
receivethcattentionwhichitdcserves.  Thelatterconsisted 
of,  Jst, Cordon  kcotes rouges — a  new  varicty,who8e  leaves 
arc  destitute  of  the  usual  sharp  npines  or  prickles,  with 
which  some  otttera  are  furnished.  The  stalkH  have  a 
reddish  tinge  ;  but  Ihey  blanch  whiter  than  those  of  any 
other  kind  ;  2d,Cardon  de  Tours — leaves  prickly,  stalks 
large  and  solid  ;  a  vigorous-growing  sort,  and  not  so 
apt  Ut  run  to  flower  as  the  old  SpaniBli  Cardoon  is  in 
dry  summorH.  These  had  been  grown  in  tretiches,  liko 
Celery;  but  it  was  stated  that  they  require  to  have  at 
least  Tj  inchefl  deep  of  cow-dnng  in  the  bottom  of  the 
trenches.  Tlie  plantH  W(;re  wound  uji  witli  straw  bands 
in  Oct/^er,  and  well  banked  up  witli  (;art:li,  notwith- 
Hlanding  which  they  were  considerably  chf--cl<f;d  liy  the 
frefjuent  nharp  frostn  which  occurred  last  Novf;mhfrr. — 
The  alt/;ration  in  the  Bye- taws,  printed  at  p.  771j  Ui'OI, 
was  read  a  second  time. 


Wif/hi^s  lUusiratlans  of  Incl'um  Botany  (Vol.  2, 
Part  3). — This  completes  the  second  volume,  and  ex- 
tends as  far  as  Salvador  ace  eg.  It  contains  35  very 
useful  coloured  plates,  and  an  abundance  of  highly 
instructive  letter  press,  which  Indian  botanists  will  not 
be  slow  to  appreciate. 

The  Mystery  of  the  Damthe,  by  D.  Urquhart,  Esq. 
(Bradbui-y  and  Evans). — A  political  pamphlet. 

The  Portrait  Gallery  of  Distlngidshcd  Poets,  ttc,  with 
Biographies.  Parti  (large  8vo,  Orr  and  Co.). — A  book 
beautifully  got  up. 

Chamhers's  Pochet  Miscellany.  Vol,  1  (small  12mo). 
— One  of  the  admirable  series  by  which  Messrs.  Cham- 
bers are  endeavouring  to  civilise  the  poorest  classes. 

The  Cottage  Gardeners^  Dictionary,  by  G.  W.  Johnson 
(8vo,  Orr  and  Co.). — A  closely  printed  volume,  con- 
taining a  great  quantity  (927  pages)  of  matter  fairly 
compiled,  and  not  calling  for  criticism  in  this  place. 

Pictures  of  Travel  in  the  South  of  France^  illustrated. 
By  A.  Dumas  (12mo,  with  numerous  woodcuts)  — A 
translation  of  oue  of  this  popular  author's  attempts  at 
blending  truth  and  fiction,  in  which  we  do  not  thinii 
him  by  any  means  so  happy  as  in  his  novels.  The 
illustrations  are  in  the  form  of  vignettes,  which  strike 
us  as  having  been  printed  from  casts  much  worn,  or 
originally  very  inferior  to  those  which  English  eii- 
gravers  would  have  produced. 

Ireland:  Observations  on  the  People,the  Land,  and 
the  Law  in  1851,  with  especial  reference  to  the  Policy  and 
Practice  of  the  Encmnhered  Estates  Court  (2d  edition, 
8vo,  Hodges  and  Smith),  is  a  pamphlet  full  of,  we  trust 
well  founded,  hopes  of  Ireland's  future  prosperity  ;  for 
ourselves,  we  own  that  we  are  not  sanguine  as  to  the 
advance  of  any  country  that  allows  itself  to  become  the 
arena  for  ceaseless  religious  and  political  agitation. 

Sharp's  Neio  Gazetteer  (2d  vol.,  8vo,  Longmans),  con- 
sists of  two  closely  printed  8vo  volumes,  each  con- 
taining above  1000  pages,  filled  full  of  statistical,  local, 
and  antiquarian  details,  condensed  into  the  smallest 
possible  space.  It  is  confined  to  the  British  islands  and 
narrow  seas,  and  includes  notices  of  above  60,000  places, 
among  which  we  have  failed  to  discover  omissions,  even 
by  trying  for  the  most  obscure  hamlets  and  out  of  the 
way  little  known  islets.  The  Appendix  contains  the 
census  of  185i,  a  short  but  good  chronological  table, 
and  other  very  important  matters,  ^s  a  work  of  re 
ference,  this  is  indispensable  to  those  who  are  interested 
in  the  local  statistics  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  Journal  of  the  Jtoyal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England,  Vol.  12,  Part  2  (Bvo,  Murray). 

]Valpers,  Aomafes BotanicesSystematiccejYol.  ],Fasc.  1 
(8vo,  Leipsic,  Hofmeister). 

Prltzel,  Thesaurus  Literatitrm  Boianicce,  Fasc.  7,  and 
last  (4to,  Leipsic,  Brockhaus). 

Ledebourj  Flora  Rossica,  Fasc.  11  (Svo,  Stuttgart, 
Schweizerbart). — This  is  wholly  occupied  by  the  Rus- 
sian Chenopods. 

Bonorden.,  Eandhuch,  der  Allgemeinen  Mylcologie  (8vo, 
Schweizerbart,  Stuttgai't),  a  volume  introductory  to  the 
study  of  Fungi,  with  12  neat4to  plates  of  the  minute 
species. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Roses  for  Exhibition,  in  a  Cut  State,  in  June  or 
July  (continued  from  p.  39). — BamasJc  Perpetual. — 
Magadoi- :  Rich  crimson,  shaded  with  purple,  very 
double,  superb  — Wilkinson.  Hyhricl  Perpetuah. — 
Amandine :  Outer  petals  light  blush,  with  deeper 
centre,  beautiful  —  Curtis;  ditto,  ditto — Wilkinson. 
Aubernon :  Deep  rose  colour,  perfect,  superb — 
Wilkinson.  Augustine  Mie :  Delicate  pink,  of  fine 
form,  with  stiff  glossy  petals — Curtis  ;  rosy  blush,  large, 
globular,  and  beautiful — Lane.  Augustine  Mouchelet : 
Pale  outer  petals,  with  rich  deep  crimson  centre,  superb, 
and  very  fragrant — Curtis  ;  deep  rose,  crimson  centre 
— Foster.  Baronne  Prevost :  Bright  rose,  very  large 
— Appleby  ;  brilliant  rose,  very  large,  vigorous  grower 
— Bircham  ;  bright  rose,  immensely  large  and  magnifi- 
cent  Curtis  ;  largest  rose — Foster  ;  large  fine  rose — 

Francis  ;  most  beautiful — Lane  ;  one  of  the  best — 
Wood.  Baronne  Hallez  :  Light  crimson,  exquisite, 
shape  splendid — Appleby  ;  crimson,  large  and  fine — 
Lane ;  a  finely  sha.ped  and  beautiful  new  rose — 
Rivers.  Beranger  :  I)eep  rosy  pink,  transparent,  very 
large  and  double,  a  fine  new  Rose — Wood.  Caroline  de 
Sausal  :  The  palest  fiesh  colour,  finely  shaped  and  beau- 
tiful— Appleby  ;  a  "blush  Baronne  Prevost" — Cm-tis; 
cupped,  large,  and  very  double — Lane  ;  very  large  and 
full— Paul  ;  ditto— Wood.  Dr.  Marx  :  Rich  cai-mine, 
perfect,  and  highly  fragrant — Curtis  ;  deep  rosy  car- 
mine—  Foster  ;  rosy  carmine  shaded,  splendid — Francis. 
Duchesse  de  Montpensier  :  Rosy  blush,  perfect  shape — 
Appleby  ;  shaded  blush,  shape  exquisite,  a  distinct  and 
striking  variety — Rivers;  delicate  glossy  pink,  satin- 
like,  of  exquisite  shape,  and  deliciously  scented — 
Wilkinson.  Duchess  of  Sutherland :  Deep  pink,  of 
beautiful  form,  and  highly  fragrant — Curtis;  bright 
rfJBC,  rod  edge — Foster;  deep  pink,  of  beautiful 
form  and  higlily  fragrant— Wilkinson  ;  ono  (ff  the 
bcpt — ^Wood.  G(:ant  des  Batailles  :  Most  glowing 
orimson  —  l''oHter ;  very  fine  deep  ruby  crimson, 
largo,  compact,  cupped,  and  doul)lc  ;  a  'vi:ry  superb  and 
Hplendid  flower — Francis  ;  vivid,  Hcarloty  crimson,  of 
beautiful  haljit.  A  beii  of  tliis  variety  IwiM  a  Hjdcndid 
clfcct- WillcinHon.  fJeneral  Urea:  liriglit  rcddiKh 
crimson,  globular  and  beautiful — ^  Lane  ;  a  finely 
gliapcd,  free  blooming,  and  excellent  Rose  —  Rivers, 


General  Nej^rier  :  Light  rose,  ol  ijaiitly  shaped  — 
Appleby  ;  sliape  exquisite,  habit  ratlier  dwarf  and  com- 
pact—liivers.  Lady  Alice  Peel:  BeautWul  deep  pink, 
dwarf— Appleby;  very  beautiful, often  delicately  veined 
with  carmine— Curtis;  a  charming  variety — Vliveis.  La 
Reine  :  Brilliant  glossy  rose,  one  of  the  largest  :mi  most 
beautiful— Bircham  ;  large  and  double,  sometimes  deli- 
cately veined  in  autumn — Curtis  ;  very  large — Foster  ; 
superb— Francis;  very  large  and  full- Paul  ;  dito — 
Wilkinson ;magnificent — Wood.  Louise Peyronny:  Clear 
brilliant  pink  petals,  very  large,  globular,  a  free  opening 
"La  Heine"— Curtis;  rosy  pink,  globular,  large  and 
double — Lane  ;  silvery  rose,  very  large  and  full — Paul. 
Lucie  de  Barante  :  Brilliant  rose,  a  most  perfect  and 
beautiful  new  variety,  with  the  perfume  of  the  Cab- 
bage Rose — Rivers.  Madame  GuiUot :  Deep  pink, 
large  and  perfect — Appleby.  Madame  Laffay  :  Bril- 
liant rosy  crimson,  a  good  pillar  Rose —  Wilkinson. 
Madame  Lamoriciere  :  Bright  pink,  new  and  distinct, 
shape  exquisite — Appleby.  One  of  the  most  heautiful 
new  Roses — Wood.  Mrs.  Elliot ;  Light  hlac  crimson, 
of  erect  growth,  a  good  pillar  Rose  —  Wilkinson, 
Noemi :  Rosy  pink,  a  beautifully  shaped  new  variety — 
Appleby  ;  glossy  rosy  pink,  fine  shape — Lane.  Prince 
Albert  :  Rich  crimson  purple,  very  double — Wilkinson, 
Queen  Victoria  :  White,  shaded  with  peach,  colour  of 
the  old  Celestial  Rose,  large  and  full — Paul.  Reine  des 
Flenrs :  Light  pink,  superb — Appleby  ;  rosy  pink, 
delicatelyshaded,veryfine,of  erectgrowth — Curtis;  pink, 
tinted  with  lilac,  shape  exquisite,  habit  dwarf  and  compact 
. — Rivers;  rosy  pink,  delicately  shaded,  very  fine — Wilkin- 
son. Robin  Hood  :  Rosy  carmine,  gi-aceful  habit,  blooms 
in  clusters — Bircham  ;  lilac  rosy  pink,  splendid  shape — 
Lane.  Soleil  d'Austerlitz ;  Bright  crimson,  very  beautiful, 
of  medium  growth,  very  fragrant — Curtis.  Standard  of 
Marengo  :  glowing  crimson,  firm  petals  —  Francis. 
William  Griffiths  :  Bright  lilac  rose,  a  new  variety, 
with  stiff  petals  and  most  perfect  and  elegant  shape — 
iRivers.  William  Jesse  :  Crimson,  back  of  the  petals 
pale  lilac,  immensely  large,  of  the  most  perfect  shape, 
highly  fragrant  and  magnificent,  a  good  pillar  Rose — 
Curtis  ;  light  crimson — Foster  ;  crimson  tinged  hlac, 
beautiful — Francis  ;  highly  fragrant  and  magnificent,  a 
good  pillar  Rose — Wilkinson;  one  of  the  finest — 
Wood.  The  above  splendid  class  of  Roses  gives  a 
constant  succession  of  flowers  from  June  to  No- 
vember ;  they  require  a  rich  soil  and  close  pruning 
— Appleby.  Some  Jew  are  of  so  luxuriant  a  growth 
as  not  to  give  autumnal  blooms  in  abundance — in  short, 
they  want  summer  pruning  ;  to  effect  this  most  easily, 
the  cultivator  should  shorten  some  of  the  longest  shoots 
in  July  to  about  half  their  length — Curtis.  For  fra- 
grance and  beauty,  the  Roses  of  this  division  are  un- 
equalled— Lane.  They  thrive  best  in  a  rich  soil,  with 
close  pruning,  regulated  a  little  by  the  rate  of  growth — 
Paul.  All  the  Roses  of  this  group  are  fragrant  and  per- 
fectly hardy  :  in  short,  no  Roses  are  so  well  worthy  the 
attteution  of  the  lovers  of  flowers — Rivers.  To  the 
cultivator,  for  exhibition,  they  are  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance— Wood.  /.  E. 

( To  he  conduced  m  our  next.) 

RoTAL  Botanic  Society's  Scuedule  or  Prizes  for 
1852. — The  Exhibition  days  are  to  be  Wednesdays, 
May  19th,  June  9th,  and  30th.  Upon  a  hurried  glance 
through  this  Schedule,  which  is  just  to  hand,  our  atten- 
tion was  naturally  first  fixed  on  Class  IV.,  in  which 
Carnations,  Picotees,  Pinks,  Pansies,  &e.,  are  invited. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  we  complained  of  an  evil 
that  existed  in  these  schedules  in  former  years,  for 
which  we  suggested  a  remedy  ;  and  we  are  happy  to 
find  that  our  suggestion  has  brought  about  the  desired 
change.  Classes  are  now  formed  for  private  growers 
and  for  dealers,  givmg  the  private  grower,  however, 
every  chance  of  also  competing  with  the  dealer  with  the 
subjects  above  enumeriited.  /.  K 

The  Chrysanthemum.  —  We  have  just  received  a 
shilling  treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  this  flower  for  the 
production  of  specimen  blooms,  by  Mr.  Taylor,  of  Stoke 
Newington,  concerning  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  s.<iy 
more  than  that  its  author  is  one  of  the  most  successful 
growers  and  exhibitors  of  the  flower  in  question.  His 
instructions  are  therefore  well  worth  attention  ;  and  we 
heartily  commend  them  to  the  notice  of  our  floral  friends, 
trusting  that  the  wislies  of  the  author,  as  expressed  in 
the  preface,  may  be  fully  realised.  J.  E. 

Stoke  Newikgton  OaRYsiNTnEMDM  SticiExr.—  We  under 
stand  that  at  tho  fortbcominK  aiiiilverBarj  mooting,  on  the  29(Ii 
inut,  several  Important  tojjics  aro  to  bodiscusBed.  The  officers 
for  the  3  ear  are  to  be  chosen,  and  some  rules  revised,  to  meet 
certain   changes   which  experience  has  pointed  out   to   be 

necessary.  J.  E.      ^ 

Catalogue  of  Dahlias  and  Geraniums  received  from  Mr.  C. 

Kimberley,  Piinloy,  near  Coventry.  J.  E. 
Pelaegosiiims,  seedlings  of  18.^1.  These  are  the  produce  of 
seeds  ripened  and  sown  in  1850,  and  which  have  bloomed  iii 
1851  for  the  first  time  ;  such  us  may  then  liave  exhibited 
promising  quulifioations  are  "  cut  down,"  and  treated  in  the 
nsnal  way.  Tliey  will  form  subjects  of  exhibition  in  1802, 
J.  E.  -==::=::= 

Miscellaneous. 

Grape  Mildew.- — Tlio  Journal  des  Dihats  of  the  24th 
of  September,  11)61,  contains  a  fcuiUetou,  by  Monsieur 
Lion  Foucault,  on  tho  occurrence  of  this  disease  in 
France.  It  seems  to  have  spread  universally  from  the 
stoves  to  the  Vines  in  the  open  air,  and  to  yield  to  none 
of  the  prescribed  remedies.  M.Gut'riu  MiSnevillo  found 
in  September,  18.50,  in  the  south  of  France,  a  similar, 
if  not  tho  same,  Otdinm  on  Sainfoin,  though  tho  sur- 
rounding Vineyards  were  unattackcd.  The  sarao 
Oidium  occurred  also  in  tlio  courso  of  the  same  year 


56 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Jan.  24, 


oil  Ciuvt:r,  ;ib  well  in  iui:aiiuiis  \\ Here  the  Vines  were 
affected,  as  where  they  were  free  from  disease.  Pro- 
fessor Crevelli,  of  Milan,  has  found  tlie  Oidimn  on 
Ve7'hascum,^  Ranunculus  acr'is,  and  other  weeds,  and 
has  figured  the  spores  of  every  variety,  and  believes 
that  all  are  referable  to  one  and,  the  same  species.  He 
has  also  found,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Gap,  on  Willows, 
a  mould  not  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  Vines  ;  and 
at  Paris,  Clover  and  Groundsel  have  been  gathered 
covered  with  Oidium.  Monsieur  Robineau  believes 
that  the  true  enemy  of  the  Vine  is  a  species  of  Acarus, 
which  occupies  the  larger  veins  of  the  leaves  or  the 
point  where  the  leaf  is  given  off  from  the  stem,  and 
which  extracts  its  juice  with  its  proboscis.  Linnaeus 
had  observed  these  insects  on  exotic  plants  in  stoves. 
They  have  at  first  six  and  then  ten  feet.  Monsieur 
Robineau  refers  the  Potato  disease  to  similar  mites  which 
suddenly  spread  over  whole  fields,  and  derange  the 
process  of  nutrition.  Botanischc  Zeltung,  Nov.  21. 

Sale  of  Conifers. — Plants  of  Araucaria  imbricata,  the 
Deodar,  and  ]?inus  excelsa,  varying  from  1  foot  to 
2  feet  in  height,  were  sold  by  Mr.  Stevens  on  Wednes- 
day last.  They  fetched  respectively  from  5s.  Gd.  to  1/. 
per  lot,  of  from  6  to  25  plants. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weeh.) 
GENERAL  REMARKS. 
The  difficulty  of  obtaining  a  crop  of  wall-fruit  has  of 
late  years  brought  several  plans  into  notice,  to  counter- 
act the  inclemency  of  our  spring  months,  by  affording 
shelter  to  trees  while  in  bloom.  Whatever  means  are 
employed  should  now  be  got  into  working  order  ;  for 
the  sooner  protection  is  now  given — not  exactly  from 
cold,  but  from  the  effects  of  briglit  sun,  following  upon 
sharp  frosts — the  better  will  it  be  for  the  trees,  by  pre- 
venting, on  the  one  hand,  extreme  atmospheric  changes, 
which  more  particularly  prove  fatal  to  the  Apricot  and' 
Peach  ;  and  inducing  a  later  bloom,  on  the  other,  when 
the  chances  of  preserving  it  are  increased.  We  there- 
fore advise  canvas  screens,  netting,  and  other  protecting 
materials,  to  be  in  readiness,  should  bright  sunny  days 
occur  ;  to  place  before  south  walls  especially — east  and 
west  walls,  not  being  so  liable  to  extreme  solar  heat  at 
this  season,  may  remain  some  time  longer  uncovered. _ 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

Camellias  will  now  be  approaching  their  full  beauty, 
and  will  be  benefited  by  occasional  waterings  with  weak 
manure  water  ;  be  careful  when  the  bloom  is  expanded 
not  to  wet  them,  or  they  soon  become  spotted,  and  lose 
their  beauty.  Chinese  Azaleas,  when  opening  their 
blooms,  are  improved  by  assistance  with  liquid  manure. 
There  is  scarcely  a  class  of  plants  so  serviceable  as  these ; 
as,  by  management,  they  may  be  had  in  bloom  from 
December  to  July.  Those  intended  for  forcing  next 
season  should  now  be  started  into  growth  by  heat  and 
gentle  syringing  ;  when  the  buds  are  formed,  they  may 
be  potted,  which  is  the  best  time  for  plants  of  this  habit. 
Heaths,  Epacris,  and  New  Holland  plants,  in  general, 
will  now  require  a  general  look  over  ;  the  surface  of  the 
pots  sliould  be  cleaned,  the  pots  themselves  washed,  and 
the  plants  so  placed  as  to  have  all  the  advantages  of  \\"\\t 
and  air  the  house  will  afford  them.  As  the  young  gi-owth 
in  some  kinds  will  now  be  commencing,  more  room 
must  be  allowed,  to  avoid  anything  like  a  weak  habit  ; 
frequently  turn  the  plants  round,  and  let  cleanliness 
and  a  pure  well  ventilated  atmosphere  be  the  oxeat 
object  of  the  cultivator,  with  this  class  at  all  times. 
Conservatory. — Still  continue  to  bring  from  the  forcing- 
houses  or  pits  Roses,  Lilacs,  Honeysuckles,  Thorns,  and 
other  forced  plants,  and  bulbs  ;  to  replace  such  as  are 
going  out  of  bloom.  Much  care  will  be  required  to 
maintain  the  requisite  show  of  bloom,  and  not  to  exceed 
the  required  temperature.  Stove  plants  introduced  here 
will  require  a  day  or  two  in  an  intermediate  house,  to 
prepare  them  for  a  lower  temperature.  Hybrid  Rhodo- 
dendrons, and  the  best  kinds  of  hardy  Azaleas,  will  re- 
quire large  supplies  of  water  as  they  progress  into 
bloom  ;  standard  Rhododendrons  ai*e  magnificent  plants 
for  forcing  purposes  ;  a  very  gay  plant,  too,  for  this  pur- 
pose is  the  Daphne  Cneorum,  but  it  will  not  stand  much 
heat.  Attend  to  the  routine  of  plant  culture  in  the 
other  plant-houses  ;  the  present  damp,  dark  weather 
will  require  slight  fii'es  and  an  abundance  of  air.  Pelar- 
GONiUHS  AND  FucHSiAS. — The  former  will  now  soon  re- 
quire a  shift,  unless  for  early  blooming  ;  those  required 
for  late  flowering  should  now  be  stopped,  and  a  portion 
more  next  month.  Fuchsias,  for  early  blooming,  will 
require  starting  a  short  time  before  they  get  a  shift. 
FORCINO  DEPARTMENT. 

Pinery. — When  the  early  crop  is  showing  bloom 
some  care  must  be  taken  to  ensure  the  perfect 
development  of  the  flowers,  or  misshapen  fruit  will  be 
the  result.  For  this  purpose  the  air  of  the  house  should 
be  dry,  and  a  slight  additional  temperature  allowed, 
especially  on  bright  days.  Whether  grown  in  pots  or 
in  an  open  bed,  the  bottom  heat  should  be  kept  steady, 
between  80'*  and  90°.  We  never  advise  moving  fi-uiting 
Pines  after  they  have  shown  fruit,  and  when  additional 
bottom  heat  is  necessary  the  leaves  or  tan  between  the 
pots  should  be  carefully  removed  and  fresh  material 
introduced,  to  give  the  required  warmth.  With  Pines 
growing  over  hot  water  pipes,  this  trouble  is  avoided. 
At  this  season  the  fruitmg  stock  may  require  water  ■  we 
have  never  found  anything  better  than  clear  soot  water 
for  Pines,  but  at  this  season,  when  the  growth  is  not  very 

*  Authentic  ppeciniene,  gathered  at  MiJan,  of  the  Oidium  en 
TerbaBcum,  receiveti  from  Dr.  Montagne,  exhibit  a  verv  differont 
species  from  O,  Tttchori,  ^ 


active,  stimulants  should  be  applied  with  caution.  Mind 
the  young  stock  do  not  suffer  from  damp  at  this  season, 
which  they  are  very  liable  to  do  if  grown  in  dung  pits. 
Air  must  be  given  sufficient  to  produce  a  free  circula- 
tion, and  the  top  heat  kept  up  to  60°  or  Qo^,  either  by 
liningsof  dung,  orby  the  aid  of  pipes.  Remove  intoashed, 
ifnotdone  before  winter,astock  of  loam  for  spring  potting. 
Melons  and  CucU^hbers,  now  up,  require  great  atten- 
tion ;  they  must  be  near  the  glass,  should  have  bottom 
heat,  and  will  require  air  each  fine  day  j  a  temperature 
of  from  65°  to  70  should  be  aimed  at.  Cucumbers  in 
bearing  will  now  be  subject  to  mildew,  and  for  this  your 
remedy,  sulphui',  must  be  promptly  applied  ;  and  the 
anti-mildew  treatment  closely  followed,  i.  e.,  a  rather 
dry,  well  aerated  atmosphere,  varying  from  65°  to  80°, 
by  which  much  trouble  with  this  pest  of  damp,  bad 
ventilated  houses  is  saved.  Strawberries. — Some  of  the 
forwardest  may  now  be  placed  in  a  house  to  bloom  ; 
many  growers  place  them  in  feeders,  which,  at  this 
season,  we  consider  a  bad  plan.  A  thick  piece  of  tm-f, 
which  allows  the  waste  water  to  escape,  and  at  the  same 
time,  feeds  the  roots,  is  better  ;  a  still  better  way,  if 
extra  fine  fruit  is  wished  for,  is  to  procure  pots  a  size 
larger  than  what  the  Strawberries  are  in  ;  fill  them  about 
one-third  with  turfy  loam,  and  place  the  pot  with  the 
growing  plant  in  this  ;  the  roots  will  find  ample  food  in 
the  loam  below,  and  the  outer  pot  will  protect  the  roots 
of  the  Strawberry  from  the  direct  action  of  the  sun  later 
in  the  season  ;  and,  moreover,  they  can  be  moved  from 
one  house  to  another  without  sustaining  injury. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

As  soon  as  the  weather  will  permit,  the  beds  and 
borders  in  the  flower  garden  should  be  looked  over  ; 
and  whatever  fresh  material  is  required,  should  now  be 
added.  Of  course  the  plants  intended  for  each  bed  are 
known,  and,  with  this  understanding,  the  beds  should  be 
prepared  accordingly.  Immediately  the  Roses  in  beds 
are  pruned  (let  the  edgings  be  pared),  fork  them  over, 
so  as  to  have  them  in  a  neat  form  ;  and  the  same  should 
be  done  in  succession  to  every  description  of  bed  or 
border,as  flnished.  Prune  and  nail  or  tie  creepers  against 
walls  and  trellising.  Guard  spring-flowering  bulbs 
against  mice  and  game,  which  are  often  destructive  to 
such.  Anemones,  and  some  sorts  of  Tulips,  may  now 
be  planted  for  successional  blooming,  and  make  fresh 
plantations  of  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  similar 
plants,  which  come  in  for  a  variety  of  purposes. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 

Auriculas  will  now  be  on  the  stir,  consequently  they 
will  require  more  attention,  not  only  with  regard  to 
watering,  but  also  a  very  watchful  eye  must  be  kept  on 
insects  The  green  fly  is  a  sad  pest ;  perhaps  the  best 
way  of  getting  rid  of  them  is  to  take  a  large  sized  camel- 
hair  brush  and  sweep  round  the  heart  and  amongst  the 
leaves  ;  a  large  collection  may  thus  be  gone  over  in  a 
very  short  period.  Seedlings  will  often  bloom  now.  As 
they  flower,  if  they  exhibit  any  good  properties,  take 
a  small  piece  of  deal,  rub  it  with  white-lead,  on  which 
designate  the  character  of  tlie  flower,  whether  grey, 
grey  or  white  edge,  or  self  ;  after  being  thus  marked, 
the  flowers  should  be  plucked,  to  strengthen  the  plant. 
Tulips. — Let  these  be  carefully  protected  ;  excessive 
wet  is  very  prejudicial,  and  a  little  care  will  be  trouble 
well  bestowed.  Carnations  and  Picotees.  —  By  all 
means  get  the  soil  intended  for  potting  under  cover  ; 
here  it  can  be  well  attended  to  in  all  weathers  ;  it  will 
lose  nothing  by  turning  and  intermixture  ;  and  a  bright 
look-out  must  be  kept  for  that  inveterate  foe  *'  the  wire- 
worm  ;"  as  far  as  our  experience  goes,  every  one  caught 
is  worth  a  shilling. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN- 

As  soon  as  the  ground  becomes  sufp.ciently  dry  to 
work,  begin  to  prepare  the  quarters  for  the  general 
spring  crops,  by  frequent  tui'nings,  determined  by  the 
condition  and  property  of  the  soil.  As  a  general  rule 
all  vegetable  ground  should  be  worked  to  a  fine  tilth, 
and  to  a  considerable  depth,  if  the  nature  of  the  ground 
will  allow  it.  Another  rule  should  be,  never  to  crop 
ground  whilst  it  is  wet ;  and  a  third  should  be,  never  to 
sow  or  plant  too  thick,  unless  special  reasons  exist  for 
the  contrary.  A  second  crop  of  Peas  and  Beans  may 
now  be  planted,  as  every  locality,  and  nearly  every  gar- 
dener, have  their  favourite  kinds  of  vegetables.  It  is 
useless  giving  names  ;  to  those,  however,  not  acquainted 
with  these  matters,  we  may  add,  useful  lists  of  all  the 
distinct  vegetables  are  to  be  found  in  the  back  Numbers 
of  the  Oardcjiei'S*  Chronicle,  Spawn  Mushroom  beds 
when  the  heat  has  declined  to  80'',  and  cover  up  with  1^ 
inch  of  dry  turfy  loam,  beating  the  whole  firm  and  solid. 
Should  the  heat  further  decline,  cover  with  dry  hay,  or 
short  straw,  to  increase  the  heat.  Prepare  fresh  mate- 
rials for  beds — we  use  fresh  droppings,  turn  over  till 
they  are  quite  dry,  and  a  small  proportion  of  fresh  dry 
loam,  Beds  in  bearing,  when  dry,  should  be  sprinkled 
occasionally  with  tepid  water.  The  temperature  of  the 
house  should  be  from  55^  to  58",  kept  moist  by  evapo- 
rating troughs  over  the  heating  apparatus. 

[^Xil  St&teof  the  We&ther near  London,  Tor  the  week  ending  Jan.  2?,  1362, 
BB  observed  at  the  Horticultural  Garden,  Cliiswick, 


w 

Tbufbuatubb. 

Jan. 

1 

3 

24 

or  tbe  Air. 

OftheEfcrth 

Wind. 

Max. 

MiQ. 

Max. 

Mln. 

UCBD 

I  foot 
deep. 

2  feel 
deep. 

Friday..  16 

29.SJ0 

29  rot 

52 

37 

4«,S 

15 

43 

SW, 

Satur.  ..  17 

30.241 

•jg-iiii 

■17 

:4 

35.5 

4( 

42 

W. 

Sunday  .  19 

3fl.32fi 

30.-27fi 

44 

33.0 

Jl* 

41 

S.W. 

Mond&y    1? 

30.141 

47 

23 

37.5 

;«H 

40 

S. 

Tues.   ..  2C 

29.76^ 

49 

23 

3S.S 

40 

Wed.    ..  21 

tt 

29.9n7 

29.3r7 

53 

3S 

45.5 

41 

40.) 

SW 

ThufB...  22 

1 

29J96 

29.2fi3 

47 

.1 

39.0 

421 

40{ 

S.W. 

i— — 

2*>aS4 

21.74^ 

48.4 

29  7 

39.0 

4t.8 

410 

Ifi—Dpnsely  and uniformlr overcast;  fine;  overcBet;  rain. 

17— Clear;  very  fine;  clear:  fmB'y. 

IS— Hour  froEt;  very  fine  ;  l\azy  at  night. 

19— Fine;  very  fine;  bazy, 

2(1— Clouily;  dPneely  clouded  ;  ovprcaet ;  rain. 

21— Fine;  overcn«t;  boisteroua,  wilh  rain  at  nijthL 

22— Clenr;  veryfiue;  overcast;  slight  shower;  clear. 

Mean  temperature  of  tbe  week,  2  (leg.  above  tlie  averase. 


State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  during  thela«t  26  years,  for  the 
enoulnK  week, ending  Jan.  31, 1^52. 


Hi 

5  ^ 

39 

7,t  °l   «'»<"' 

Pref  aUing  \f  inda 

Jan. 

which  it 
Hained. 

Quantity 
or  Baia. 

2; 

~ 

1 

1 

2 
3 
2 
2 

■z, 

3 
4 
3 
3 
A 

4 

1 1 

3- 

i\ 

1    2 

41 
l!  8 
3  11 

I'i 

3   6 

1 

4 

6 
1 

s 

K 

Sunday  2'> 
Mon.      26 
Tuea.     27 
Wed.     2- 
Tbura.  2'J 
Friday  30 
Satur.   31 

44.11 
44.3 
43.8 
44.9 
45.3 
43.8 
43  8 

33.S 
323 
32.3 
32.0 
31.5 
31.S 
31.6 

31.9 
3S.6 
.33.1 
3S.4 
3S,4 
37.8 
37.7 

13 
12 
11 
15 
10 
11 
13 

0.90  in. 

0.34 

0.43 

0.17 

0.32 

CIS 

0.32 

3 

3 

"l 
4 
1 
4 

The  hizbeat  temperature  durinp  th»  above  period  occiirrpd  on  the  2Sth, 
1834.  and  1310— therm.  56  dac  ;  and  the  loweat  ou  the  26lh,  1327— thena* 
\i>  de^. 


Notices  to  Correspondents, 

BiBDB  :  A.  We  think  it  moat  likely  that  your  view  ia  correct, 
and  that  the  death  of  the  parrot  was  caused  by  tbe  circum- 
Btaoce  you  mention.  It  is  a  grievouB  loss,  truly,  after  so  lon^ 
an  attachment. — John  T.  Flax  and  Canary  oi^y. — Maria  E, 
The  cage  is  infested  with  vermin.  Destroy  it,  and  procuro 
another  immediately.— I?ef(a.  If  three  years  old,  all  the  more 
desirable;  and  of  course  the  more  yalaable. — ./ane  Z>.  Sugar 
\*  bad  under  any  circumataDceB.  Discontinue  its  use  at 
QTxaQ.— Arabella.  M,  The  colour  is  of  no  consequence,  if  the  sonp 
be  fine.  The  two  seldom  go  together,— WiWiam.  Draw  the 
stumps  of  the  feathers  gently  from  the  tail,  one  by  one ;  tbey 
will  be  replaced  by  others  in  lens  than  a  month. — EH.  Not 
mora  than  35.,  certainly. — Georgianrta.  Letit  be  open  in  front 
ovly.  This  keeps  away  all  draught. — Penelope.  In  the  middle  of 
April,  if  the  weather  be  not  very  boiateroug.— iViji«((a.  Not 
the  first  year,  certainly  ;  as  this  bird  is  naturally  shy, — Letiiia, 
It  is  a  "  Bweet  Bong"  linnet,  and  worth  the  price  aaked  for 
it. — Mary  B.  Not  till  the  end  of  March,  as  the  climate  is  co 
very  variable. — ^aria  W.  Soap  and  water.  A  soft  sponge 
is  preferable  to  flannel.— ^Sara A  J.  It  proceeis  from  dirt. 
Neglect  causes  tbe  nails  of  many  birds  to  drop  off.  Be  care- 
ful how  you  handle  so  tender  a  subject  whilst  cleansing  his 
feet. — J  J,  Fig-dust  is  most  improper  food.  It  renders  the 
cage  unwholesome,  and  injures  tbe  bird.  German  paste  is 
preferable. — C  W.  We  will  write  you  fully  by  post,  and  tell 
you  how  to  act  when  your  bird  is  visited  with  these  diatiesg- 
ing"fit8." — JB.  Wo  advise  the  immediate  discontinuance 
of  the  Cayenne,  and  also  recommend  that  the  nightingales 
should  be  kept  each  in  a  separate  room,  and  not  moved 
oftener  than  is  neceesary.  These  birds  have  "odd"  tempers, 
Tbey  know  their  own  value,  and  make  you  know  it  also  < 
We  shall  be  happy  to  receive  the  'sketch'  you  allude  to. — 
E  T.  Your  suggestion  is  a  good  one,  and  shall  have  our  best 
attention.  It  possesses  much  interest  for  all  lovers  of 
Ijirda. — L  O  W.  To  answer  the  questions  you  have  put  to  OB, 
would  occupy  a  whole  column  of  this  paper.  Send  your 
name  and  addresB,  and  we  will  write  you  by  post, — <?  W, 
Many  thanks.  We  will  attend  to  your  wishes  at  the  earliest 
possible  moment.  W.  K. 

Books:  <?.  Probably  Lawson's  *'New  Catalogue,"  yhlch  we 
shall  notice  shortly,  contains  the  best  short  account  of 
Coniferous  plants.  There  is  a  long  and  very  useful  account 
of  them  in  Loudon's  *•  Arborotom,"  with  numerous  woodcuts. 
Lambert's  "  Pinus  "  contains  coloured  figures  of  tbe  greater 
part  of  the  old  sorts.  All  these  books  can  be  bad  through 
the  trade. 

CoNiFEEs  :  R  A  S.  Cupressus  Qoveniana  ia  in  growth  pyra- 
midal, like  most  of  the  tribe,  but  it  is  said  not  to  be  more  than 
a  "  bu5h"(15ft.  high).  It  would  fitly  take  a  place  in  a  forma 
parterre,  where  Cjpress  form,  but  not  height,  is  required. 
Tour  P.uellia  salicifolia  probably  has  the  points  of  Its  leaves 
burned,  in  consequence  of  the  air  bting  too  dry  ;  unless  cold 
currents  of  a'r  have  passed  over  them. 

Gabden  Allotments  :  NOP.  See  pages  737  and  738  of  otir 
volume  for  l'S47.t 

Heatino  :  Clericiis.  Smoke  flues  will  answer;  but  you  should 
ntit  make  them  dip,  if  you  can  prevent  it :  they  are  apt  to 
choke  with  soot  ac  the  dip.  The  house  is  very  awkwardly 
contrived  for  any  kind  of  heating.  Probably  your  best  plan 
will  be  to  carry  a  fiue  from  the  stoke-hole  to  the  right  under 
the  floor,  as  far  as  the  left  hand  corner  of  the  door  ;  then  to 
let  it  rise  above  the  floor  and  pass  along  the  inside  ot  tbe 
walk  till  it  reaches  the  dwelling  house,  where  it  might  enter 
a  chimney  to  be  built  for  tbe  purpose.  If  you  cannot  do 
this  we  do  not  see  what  you  can  do,  except  employ  hot-water 
pipes,  which  will  be  costly.  Should  the  latter  be  necessary, 
you  cannot  do  better  than  consult  some  of  the  very  respect- 
able firms  whose  advertisements  you  so  often  see  in  our 
columns. 

Japan  Lilies  :  S.  You  had  better  not  disturb  them  at  present. 
We  are  unable  to  understand  your  question  about  Cauli- 
flowers.  X—C  B.  They  have  proved  hardy  about  London.  J 

MooEE's  British  Feuns  :  EC.  You  will  find  all  tbe  informa- 
tion that  we  can  give  you  in  the  review  of  the  work  pub- 
lished at  p.  S-23,  1831.     We  cannot  recommend  dealers.^ 

Names  of  Plants  :  J  L.  Ilex  balearica,  Quercus  austriaca, 
and  apparently  Juniperus  flaccida. — Amateur.  An  indeter- 
minable bit  of  some  Juniper.  The  Cape  Gooseberry  Is 
Pbysalis  edulis. — J  P.  2  looks  like  a  bit  of  Pyrus  coronaria  ; 
4,  Cacaliaarticulafa;  1,  Cassinialeptophjlla  ;  3,  Poarigida. 

Palm  Tree:  )V  M.  "The"  Palm  tree?  What  Palm  tree? 
There  are  several  hundred  species.  If  you  mean  the  Date 
Palm  used  in  religious  processions,  you  may  raise  it  from 
seed  by  sowing  Bate  stones  in  a  hotbed,  or  may  purchase  it 
of  a  nurseryman,  for  all  can  procure  it,  although  all  do  not 
keep  it.    You  can  keep  it  alive  in  a  Vinery. 

Plan  Bbawino:  B  J.  You  had  better  take  lessons  from  lomo 
person  capable  of  giving  instructions  in  such  matters.  It  ia 
not  to  be  learned  from  bookn.t 

Seeds  i  L  B  S.  Sow  your  seeds  in  a  hotbed  in  the  beginning  ot 
March,  in  the  same  way  as  tender  annuals.  If  they  will  not 
grow  under  such  treatment  thoy  will  not  be  enabled  by  gal- 
vanism, which  has  no  known  influence  upon  vegetation.  All 
the  electrical  speculations  have  been  proved  experimentally 
to  be  delusions, 

TEMPEEATUaE  i  EC.  We  are  unable  to  explain  the  discrepancy. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  about  the  accuracy  of  the  Chiswick 
obeerratione.t 

The  Mackintosh  Testimonial:  Aberdoniensia.  This  has  been 
advertised  in  our  columns  ;  to  wbich  we  must  refer  you  and 
others  interested  in  tbe  matter. 

Timber  Hacking:  NM.  Thanks;  it  is  an  instructive  illustra- 
tion of  the  mischief  an  ignorant  woodman  must  do. 

Misc  :  A  H.  You  should  consult  an  engineer  respecting  the 
subject  of  your  inquiry  about  heating  ;  but  it  will  be  useless 
to  do  so  unless  you  furnish  him  with  more  data  than  you 
have  sent  us.  Three-inch  pipes  should  only  be  used  for  very 
peculiar  purposes.  The  Moss  that  comes  on  garden  pots 
grows  from  seeds,  deposited  on  the  sides  of  the  pots  by  wind, 
or  carried  in  the  water  employed  by  gardeners. — J R  G.  The 
Scarlet  Runner  or  French  Bean  is  not  an  annual,  like  tbe 
common  Pea  or  Bean,  but  a  fleshy-rooted  perennial.— Cyntro. 
You  can  have  tbe  Number. 


4—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


57 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURIST  S— 
It  bein;?  notorious  that  extensive   adulterutiona  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carrie'l  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  aiiain  to  recommend  Farmera  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  OQ  their  Ruard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  fronnvhom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTOiNY  GIBBS  AMD  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Tfte  loioest  wholesale  price  at  loJiich  sound  Peruvian 
Qiuino  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  t07i,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  beg  to 
oflfer  PEROTIAN  GUANO,  warranted  perfectly  genuine  ; 
Superphosphate  of  Lime,  Wheat  Manure,  Concentrated  Urate, 
Irish,  Peat  Charcoal,  Gypsunr,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  and  every  arti- 
ficial Manure.  OD  the  best  terms.  Also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  Agricultural  Purposes,  at  a  low  rate.  English  and 
Foreign  Linseed  Cake,  Rape  Cake,  &c. 

Edwabd  Pdbseb,  Secretary,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars, 

MANURES.— The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

OfBce,  69,  King  IVilliam-street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  IG  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  XQs.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  92.  bs.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia.  &c. 


FOSSIL   BONES    AND   PSEUDOCOPROLITES 

(FBHM   THE   SDFFOLK    CEAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  bein^  in 
the  immediate  1  >oality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  "Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  SuperphoBphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Paccaed  and  Co.,  Artificial 
JVTanure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Sulfolk. 


f^ARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
X  the  NEW  and  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregnated  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Fjeces  being 
absorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewaee  Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
sex, at  60s.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt.,  and  25.  Gd.  per  half  cwt. 


AGRICULTURAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  EDUCATION. 

MESSRS.  NESBIT'S  ACADEMY,  38,  Kennington- 
lane,  Lambeth,  near  London. 
**  For  my  own  part,  I  do  not  scruple  to  avow  the  conviction  that 
ere  long  a  knowledge  of  the  principal  truths  of  chemistry 
will  be  expected  in  e-very  educated  man  ;  and  that  it  will  be 
as  necessary  to  the  statesman  and  political  etonomist,  and 
practical  agriculturist,  as  it  is  already  indispensable  to  the 
physician  and  the  manufacturer." — Liebig. 

In  this  SCHOOL,  in  addition  to  the  general  routine  studies, 
whicli  include  the  Classics.  Mathematics,  and  French  and  Ger- 
man languages,  every  facility  is  afforded  for  the  acquisition  of  a 
sound  knowled;,'c  of  CHEMISTRY.  The  pupils  are  practically 
taught  in  the  laboratories,  which  are  fitted  up  with  everything 
essential  for  the  most  extensive  chemical  investigations. 

The  principles  of  Geology,  Botany,  and  the  other  departments 
of  Natural  Philosophy,  are  clearly  elucidated  and  explained. 
Eminent  Professors  of  the  Metropolis  le<^ture  regularly  to  the 
pupils  on  subjects  of  literary  and  scientific  interest. 

The  students  have  likewise  access  to  a  lariie  and  well-assorted 
Library,  comprising  the  most  recent  works  on  science  and 
literature  ;  to  a  valuable  collection  of  Minerals  and  Geological 
specimens  from  various  parts  of  the  globe  ;  and  to  an  extensive 
Boite  of  Mathematical  and  Philosophical  Instruments.        n 

The  course  of  study  likewise  comprises  every  essential  for  the 
Railway  Engineer,  Architect,  and  Praetical  Surveyor. 

The  Terms  of  the  School,  with  further  particulars,  may  be 
■faad  on  application,  either  personally  or  by  letter. 

Mr.  Nesbit's  Works  on  Land  Surveying,  Mensuration, 
Gauging,  Arithmetic,  English  Parsing,  Education,  &c.,  may  be 
liad  of  all  hookseliers. 

Refebences.— Dr.  D.  B.  Reid,  F.R.S.E.,  &c..  Author  of 
•'Elements  of  Practical  Chemistry,"  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Ventilation,"  ic,  Houses  of  Parliament,  Westminster  ;  J. 
Gardner,  Esq.,  M.D..  Author  of  "  The  Great  Physician,"  &c.. 
Editor  of  "  Liebig'a  Letters,"  ic,  Mortimer-street,  Portland. 
place,  London  ;  John  Shittler,  Esq..  Wimborne,  Dorset ;  Thos. 
"Saunders,  Esq.,  Watercombe,  near  Dorchester  ;  J.  Gater,  Esq., 
Weit  End,  near  Southampton  ;  and  W.  Shaw,  Esq.,  Editor  of 
^a^^ark  Lane  Expreta.  Lond" - 


GTEPHENSON    and    Co.,    61,    Gracechurch-street, 

•^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Inventors 
and  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CTLINDiaCAL  BOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
flcientltlc  Horticulturists  to  their  mucli  Improved  method  of 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses, 
Ac,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  bottom  heat  is 
lecnred  to  any  required  degree,  without  the  aid  of  pipes  or  flues. 
a,  and  Co.  have  alio  to  state  that  at  the  request  of  numerous 
friend!  they  are  now  making  their  Boilers  of  Iron,  an  well  as 
Copper,  by  which  the  cost  is  reduced.  These  JJoilers,  which 
aro  now  «o  well  known,  scarcely  require  description;  but  to 
thoie  who  have  not  sflen  them  in  operation,  proBpcctuses  will 
beforwartled,  ai  well  as  references  of  the  highest  authority  ■  or 
«)oy  may  be  seen  at  most  of  the  NobilUj'g  seats  and  principal 
Hursent*  throughout  the  Kingdom. 

i,®«"'^o '^■,^^'^  ^  '"^'■"^"  ^''^^  '^'■^•'''  ^^f^t  «t  t^-iir  Manufactory, 
VS'^Z  P"»«-"'''«t- ''.^ery  article  required  for  the  construction 
■of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  well  ua  for  healing  them,  may 
ba obtained  upon  the  mott  advantajnoun  tcrma 

Con>erv;itoric«,  ic,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
wnamental  designs.  Balconies,  Palifadlng,  Field  and  Garden 
Fence*,  Wire-work,  «S;c, 


A   PRIZE    MEDAL  FOR    SUPERIOR    LOCKS 

WA.S  AWARDED    TO  J.  H.  UOOnJiYKn,  AT  THE  GREAT 

fcXHIBrTION  OF  \m\ 
PATENT  SPADKS,  DAISY  KAKKS,  SCYTHES 

-*-  Draining,  and  other  Garden  Tooln.  .SIo]«  Tropd,  fljt.  por 
dozen.  Carpenter*  and  t^mitbh'  To(d«,  <tc.  Ludi«»'  Garden 
Toola,  7«.  -id.  a  «et.  Swonl-fccrapcr*  for  Gardenti,  Ii.  'Id.  each. 
Patent  Futnlgaton  for  destroying  Innecii  on  plnntft.  In  grcen- 
homei,  4kc. :  at  MtMr*.  J.  II.  Boobutrr  and  Co.'h  (lat.- 
STOftCU  and  UooiiBisa),  Ironmongery,  Brasn-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  H,  Htanhope-itrcot,  Claro-murlcct. 
London.  E«itabHihed  nearly  'IW  jciirn  for  Iho  aalo  of  goods 
from  the  beit  Manufactoriei  at  tho  lowodt  prices.  Goods  for- 
warded to  aoy  part  oo  the  receipt  of  remlttaooo. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  duruiu  the  winter  iiinutlis  nhould  cun- 
Btruct  their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCIIETE, 
which  are  formed  thus  : — Screen  the  tcravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  marie  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with^t.  and 
toevery  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  Band.  To  fivt' 
parts  of  buch  equil  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement,  aud 
incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying  the 
water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost. 

It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not  soak  through  it,  to  give  a 
fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 

Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bank'Street,  Westminster. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQ,U1D  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDEN  PUUP03BS,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gutta  Percha.  It  is  exclusivo'y  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Governmont  Public  Works,  eiving  great 
9 atinf action.  Also,  KASE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lons per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price,  5J.  IO3.  ;  ou  wheels  and  stand,  11.  Is. 
BcttOESs  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


NEW  CAST  STEEL  DIGGING-FORK.  The 
FORK  alluded  to  by  Me.  MECHI  in  this  Paper  of  the 
10th.  This  light  and  effective  Instrument  only  5  lbs.  weight, 
5  prongs,  quite  elastic,  is  cdpable  of  digging  all  sorts  of  soil, 
from  stiff  clay  to  the  hardest  gravel;  never  bending,  strain- 
ing or  breaking  in  their  work,  keeping  sharp  points,  and 
requiring  no  repairs;  uted by  all  the  London  Gardeners. 

All  kinds  of  Forks  in  the  same  material,  (cast  steel).  Spades 
Shovels,  Graftinp  and  Draining  Tools,  ic,  made  only  by 
WiNTON  AND  Sons,  Dove  Mills,  13irmiogtiam. 


NEW    AGRICULTURAL    PEA. 

BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST,  285.  per  bushel, 
7s.  6d.  per  peck  (bags  included). — This  PEa  was  raised 
by  Mr.  Bishop,  the  r.)iser  of  the  garden  variety  known  as 
Bishop's  LoDs.podded  (of  established  reputation),  and  was  pre- 
sented by  him  to  some  of  bis  relatives  in  Perthshire,  in  which 
northern  climate  it  has  answered  exceedingly  weil ;  its  early 
habitu  ensuring  a  crop  where  later  varieties  fail.  Its  merits' 
consist  in  being  remarkably  early,  and  certainly  much  better 
cropper  than  any  out ;  as  many  as  60  and  more  pods  have  been 
counted  ou  one  plant.  It  grows  but  two  feet  high,  of  remark, 
ably  robust  habit,  and  always  branches  into  two  and  some- 
times three  or  more  stems,  Mr.  Charles  Smai't,  of  Rainhaiu, 
Kent,  upon  whose  farm  the  Peas  offered  were  grown,  allows 
the  Subscriber  to  state  that  a  better  or  more  likely  useful  Pea 
never  came  under  his  notice.  —  Ddmcan  Hairs,  Seedsman, 
Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St.  Martin's-lane,  London, 
Catalogues  of  Agricultural  Seeds  sent  free. 


MCCORMICK'S  AMERICAN  REAPER.— 
Bdegess  and  Ket,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 
— Extract  from  Mr.  Pusej's  Report  on  the  Agricultural  Imple- 
ment Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  "Mr.  M'CoBaiicK.'s 
Reaper,  in  this  .trial,  worked  as  it  has  since  worked  at  Ciren- 
cester College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admiration  of  practiciil 
farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council  Medal,  ilr.  Hussey's 
sometimes  became  clogged,  as  ia  the  former  trial  at  Tiptree, 
and  therefore  could  not  poflsibly  obtain  that  distinction." — 
Price  of  Reaper,  25^ 


"lie  ^grtcisltitrsl  Ss^ette. 

SATURDAY,  JANUARY  ^i,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOK  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
TuuasDAl,  Jan.  29— Agnciiliural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 
TuUBSDAi,    Feb.     o—AKiicullural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 


The  gold  derived  from  California  during  1850  is 
estimated  at  12,000,000?.,  and  it  is  thought  that 
the  value  of  the  yield  for  1851  will  not  be  less  than 
15,000,000?.  These  are  certainly  large  amounts ; 
more  than  the  most  sanguine  anticipated,  even 
taking  into  consideration  the  energies  of  the  people 
employed  in  collecting  it.  The  question  is,  how 
long  can  the  present  rate  of  supply  be  maintained  ? 
That  the  auriferous  region  of  California  is  richer 
than  the  average  does  not  admit  of  a  doubt.  There 
are,  however,  many  reasons  (statistical  as  well  as 
geological),  into  which  we  cannot  now  enter,  to  pre- 
clude the  expectation  that  the  united  golden  produce 
of  Siberia,  California,  and  Australia  will  produce 
any  considerable  effect  on  the  money  value  of  com- 
modities, beyond  checking  that  downward  tendency 
which  has  prevailed  for  the  last  40  years,  and  which 
may  be  attributed,  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  dimi- 
nished productiveness  of  the  mines  of  the  precious 
metals  in  JMexico  and  Peru.  This,  however,  is  not 
the  prevalent  opinion  ;  and  some  are  looking  with 
hope,  and  some  with  dismay,  to  the  prospect  of  such 
an  alteration  in  prices  as  took  place  in  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries,  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of 
the  American  mines.  Now  that  all  chance  of 
a  revival  of  the  protective  system  has  vanished, 
landowners  and  leasehold  tenants  are  dreaming  of 
the  return  of  the  golden  age,  when  Astr^ea  shall 
revisit  the  earth,  with  her  scales  so  readjusted  that 
Wheat  shall  once  more  sell  for  120s.  the  quarter. 
On  the  other  hand,  annuitants  and  other  recipients 
of  fixed  incomes  are  dreading  the  diminished  com- 
mand over  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life,  to 
which  they  .shall  be  obliged  to  submit.  Admitting 
such  a  change  to  be  possible — an  admission,  how- 
ever, which  we  are  by  no  means  disposed  to  make — 
it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  inquire  what  its 
effects  would  be  on  the  industrial  classes  in  general, 
and  on  the  agricultural  class  in  particular,  including 
the  farmer,  the  labourer,  and  the  landowner. 

It  is  unquestionable  that  an  advance  in  the  money 
value  of  commodities  stimulates  industry  while  it  is 
in  progress.  Producers  seeing  the  articles  whicli 
they  produce  continually  exchanging  for  a  greater 


quantity  of  the  precious  metals,  are  induced  to  pre- 
pare more  of  them  for  market.  Their  profits  are 
increased  by  the  advance  in  the  price  of  the  raw- 
material  while  the  manufacture  is  in  progress  ; 
and  the  profits  of  the  speculator  are  thus 
added  to  the  ordinary  profits  of  their  trade. 
Most  producers,  moreover,  are  working  more  or 
less  with  borrowed  capital,  and  by  a  rise  of  prices 
they  are  able  to  discharge  their  obligations  with  a 
smaller  quantity  of  produce  than  they  bargained  for 
when  the  debt  was  contracted  ;  they  thus  gain  an 
advantage  at  the  expense  of  the  capitalist.  A  whole 
community  can  be  benefited  by  an  increase  in  the 
stock  of  the  precious  metals  only  through  the 
stimulus  thus  given  to  production  ;  for  its  metallic 
wealth  will  always  bear  a  very  small  proportion  to 
its  material  wealth,  and  the  value  of  commodities  in 
exchange  for  one  another  will  remain  the  same 
during  a  general  rise  of  prices,  caused  by  the  increase 
of  gold  and  silver,  except  in  the  case  of  particular 
commodities,  whose  relative  value  may  be  changed 
by  local  and  temporary  causes.  Producers  will 
benefit  at  the  expense  of  consumers  ;  they  who 
produce  more  than  they  consume  will  find  their 
wealth,  measured  by  money,  to  have  increased  in  a 
given  time.  They  who  consume  more  than  they 
produce  will  find  theirs  diminished.  That  class, 
probably  the  largest,  who  are  both  consumers  and 
producers,  will  find  their  condition  scarcely  altered, 
except  by  the  excess  or  diminution  of  their  pro- 
duction over  their  consumption,  which,  in  most  cases, 
will  be  but  small. 

A  rise  of  prices,  however,  caused  by  an  increased 
production  of  the  precious  metals,  only  stimulates 
industry  so  long  as  it  is  in  progress.  When  prices 
again  become  stationary,  and  all  classes  are  again 
placed  in  the  same  relative  position,  its  effects  cease ; 
and,  taking  into  consideration  the  derangement  of 
the  existing  condition  of  society  which  accompanies 
it,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  increase  of  industry- 
produced  by  it,  at  particular  periods,  has  not  been 
counterbalanced  by  the  misery  which  that  derange- 
ment occasioned. 

There  are  probably  few  periods  in  our  history 
when  complaints  of  distress  were  louder  and  moro 
general  than  during  that  influx  of  the  precious 
metals  by  which  prices  were  gradually  quintupled 
during  the  sixteenth  century.  The  effect  during 
that  was  greater  than  during  subsequent  centuries, 
when  the  absolute  quantity  of  gold  and  silver  pro- 
duced was  much  greater,  but  bore  a  much  smaller 
proportion  to  the  quantity  previously  in  existence. 
The  manner  in  which  the  different  classes  of  society 
were  affected  by  the  change  may  be  read  in  the 
sermons  of  Bishop  Latimer  ;  his  complaints  that 
everything  -was  "of  too  much;"  his  invectives 
against  forestallers  and  regraters,  graziers,  inclosers, 
step-lords,  and  rent  raisers.  It  may  be  read  also  in 
the  legislation  of  the  period  which  vainly  endea- 
voured to  counteract  the  unseen  and  unsuspected 
cause  of  the  evil,  and  to  produce  artificial  cheapness, 
by  acts  to  prohibit  forestalling,  regrating,  and  inclo- 
sures,  and  to  compel  the  rearing  of  calves.  In  a 
work  published  in  1581,  under  the  title  of  a  "  Briefe 
Concerte,  touching  the  Commonwealeof  this  Realme 
of  England,"  the  particular  grievances  of  each  class 
are  detailed  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between  a 
knight  or  landowner,  who  had  served  in  Parliament, 
a  husbandman,  his  tenant,  a  merchant  or  shop- 
keeper in  a  large  town,  a  manufacturer  of  caps  or 
hats,  and  a  doctor  of  divinity.  It  will  surprise  some 
of  our  readers  to  learn  that  a  period  duiing  which 
the  price  of  agricultural  produce  quintupled  was  a 
period  of  agricultural  distress.     Yet,  so  it  was. 

The  farmer  grumbles  with  the  air  of  a  man  who 
feels  it  his  duty,  as  well  as  his  interest,  to  grumble. 
He  complains  of  the  rise  of  rents,  though,  if  he  held 
his  land  under  an  old  lease,  he  was  probably  making 
money  enough  to  purchase  it  in  fee.  "  These  in- 
closures,"  he  says,  "  undo  us  all ;  for  they  make  us 
pay  dearer  for  our  land  that  we  occupy,  and  cause 
that  we  can  have  no  land,  in  manner,  for  our  money, 
to  put  to  tillage.  All  is  taken  up  for  pasture,  either 
for  sheepe,  or  for  grazing  ofcattel."  He  vouches  for 
a  fact  which  modern  witnesses  before  Agricultural 
Distress  Committees  have  only  been  able  to  predict, 
declaring  that  he  had  known  a  dozen  ploughs  laid 
down  during  the  preceding  seven  years,  within  a 
a  compass  of  six  miles,  so  that  where  threescore 
persons  and  upwards  had  their  livings,  now  one  man 
with  his  cattel  hath  all.  He  commiserates  the  con- 
dition of  the  agricultural  labourers  deprived  of  the 
means  of  subsistence,  and  unable,  when  employed, 
to  live  by  their  wages,  all  things  being  so  dear. 
"  These  sheep,"  he  adds,  "are  the  cause  of  all  these 
mischieves,  for  they  havedriven  husbandry  out  of  the 
country,  by  the  which  was  increased  before  all  kind 
of  victuals,  and  now  altogether  sheepe,  theepe, 
sheepe." 

For  once  the  agricultural  and  manufacturing  in- 
terests sympathised  with  one  another.    The  latter 


58 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Jan.  24, 


vith  the  farmer,  and  confirms  his  lamenta- 
tions by  his  own  experience,  declaring  that  though 
he  gave  his  workmen  Zcl.  a  day  more  than  here- 
tofore, they  were  unable  to  live  on  their  wages ; 
while  by  reason  of  this  dearness  of  everything,  and 


imparted  to  the  Barley  through  the  atmospheiic  con- 
ditions of  the  month  of  May  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
No  doubt  the  increase  of  a  crop  by  the  application 
of  phosphates,  when  the  soil  is  not  deficient  in  theNe 
essential  matters,    is    pre-eminently    seen   in    the 


the  consequent  inability  of  artificers  to  keep  so  many  j  Turnips,  but  this  is  chiefly  m  consequence  of  the 
apprentices  as  they  had  been  wont,  many  cities,  \  smallness  of  its  seed  and  rapidity  of  its  growth, 
wealthy  and  well  inhabited  as  heretofore,  were ,  The  seeds  of  cereals  contain  a  much  larger  amount 
fallen  to  poverty  and  desolation  ;  adding,  "  it  was '  of  phosphates  in  proportion  to  the  absolute  quantity 
never  merry  with  poor  craftsmen  since  gentlemen   they   require  than  Turnips,  and  they  are  thus  more 

ecame  graziers.       He  paints  in  dismal  colours,  not 
only  the  decay  of  cities,  but  of  bridges  and  roads. 


because  men  of  his  occupation  no  longer  dying  rich, 
were  unable  to  leave  bequests  for  their  maintenance. 
The  merchant  corroborates  the  complaints  of  the 
manufacturer,  and  describes  poverty  as  reigning  in 
all  towns  except  London,  their  houses,  streets,  walls, 
hedges  and  roads  fast  hastening  to  decay  ;  he 
bewails  the  dearness  of  all  things,  such  as  there  had 
not  been  the  like  for  the  last  20  or  30  years.  This 
dearth,  as  he  calls  it,  was  not  confined  to  the  pro- 
duce of  our  own  soil,  but  extended  to  merchandise 
from  beyond  sea,  of  which  he  details  a  long  cata- 
logue, enumerating  among  our  imports  not  a  few 
articles  which  now  figure  among  our  staple  exports. 
"These  cost  more,"  he  says,  "by  the  third  part 
than  they  did  a  few  years  before  ;  and  all  'vitagle 
is  as  deer  or  deerer  again,  and  no  cause  of  God's 
part  thereof,  as  far  as  I  can  perceave,  for  I  never 
saw  more  plenty  of  corne,  Grasse,  and  cattel  of  all 
Borte  than  we  have  had  this  present  and  have  had 
(as  ye  know)  all  these  20  years  passed  continually, 
thanked  be  our  Lord  God.' "  The  extension  of  this 
dearth  to  imported  articles  rather  staggers  his  faith 
in  the  cause  assigned  for  it  by  popular  opinion, 
namely,  the  sheepe  ;  and  he  very  prudently  con- 
cludes, that  if  they  were  the  cause  thereof,  or  any- 
thing else,  it  were  pity  but  they  might  be  removed. 
The  landowner  alleges  that  the  commercial  and 
manufacturing  classes  had  it  in  their  power  to 
raise  the  price  of  their  commodities  as  the  price 
of  food  and  other  necessaries  rose  ;  which  the  land- 
owners had  not,  in  consequence  of  the  greater 
portion  of  their  estates  being  let  on  leases,  which 
would  not  expii'e  in  the  lifetime  of  a  generation  ; 
"  and  by  reason  thereof  many  of  us,  as  you  know,  that 
have  depai'ted  out  of  the  country  of  late,  have  been 
driven  to  give  over  our  households,  and  to  keep 
eyther  a  chamber  in  London,  or  to  wayte  on  the 
court  uncalled,  with  a  man  and  lackey  after  him 
where  he  was  wont  to  keepe  half  a  score  of  clean 
men  in  his  house  and  twenty  or  twenty-five  other 
persons  beside  every  day  in  the  weeke  ;  and  such  of 
ns  as  do  abyde  in  the  country  still,  cannot,  with  two 
hundredth  a  year,  keepe  that  we  might  have  done 
with  two  hundred  marks,  sixteen  years  ago." 
Hence  it  was  that  gentlemen  turned  graziers,  being 
enforced  to  stock  such  portions  of  their  land  as  fell 
in  with  sheep  and  cattle,  as  to  hire  land  of  others 
for  the  same  purpose,  "  to  helpe  to  make  up  the 
decaye  of  our  revenewes,  and  to  maintain  our  old 
estate  withal,  and  yet  all  is  little  enough." 

Who  will  venture  to  compare  this  picture  of  dis- 
tress arising  from  high  prices  with  that  produced  by 
low  prices  in  our  day  ?  Amxi  the  general  complaints 
of  all  classes  beneath  the  pitiless  pelting  of  the 
golden  shower,  one  thing  is  certain,  namely,  that 
the  labouring  classes  were  the  chief  sufterers, 
because  the  advance  in  the  price  of  the  necessaries 
of  life  constantly  preceded  the  advance  of  their  wages. 

We  return  to  the  Influence  of  Climate  on  the 
necessities  and  produce  of  plants — the  subject  of  our 
last  week's  leading  article. 

We  think  that  Dr.  Daubeny  slightly  reverses  the 
principles  upon  which  the  action  of  superphosphate 
is  hinged,  fie  says  :  "  It  might  require  a  certain 
vigour  in  the  plant  to  extract  the  requisite  amount 
of  phosphate  and  alkali  from  the  soil.  By  the 
application  of  ammoniacal  manures,  this  increased 
vigour  may,  as  it  would  appear,  be  imparted  to  the 
cereal  crops,  but  not  to  the  Turnips."  In  our 
opinion  it  is  the  existence  of  vigorous  and  rapidly- 
growing  climatic  conditions  which  demand  a  ready 
supply  of  the  essential  element  phosphorus.  For  it  is 
seen  that  phosphoric  manures  are  most  marked  in 
these  circumstances,  inasmuch  as  the  slowly  grow- 
ing and  less  vigorous  Turnips  and  Bailey  crops  of 
early  spring  are  not  much  benefited  by  the  applica- 
tion of  phosphoric  manures,  but  under  the  more 
genial  conditions  of  May  and  June  these  substances 
tend  to  put  the  plants  in  full  possession  of  the  soil, 
by  promoting  the  rapid  development  of  primary 
organs,  and  they  are  thus  enabled  to  turn  the  riches 
of  nature  to  the  best  account.  The  Wheat  at  Ko- 
thamstead  grows  slowly  and  obtains  its  phosphates 
and  alkalies  as  fast  as  it  requires  them  ;  but  under 
he  exuberant  heat  and  moisture  of  the  Delta  of  the 
Nile  the  ashes  of  burnt  excrements,  when  applied  to 
the  Wheat  plant,  may  then  be  required,  owing  to  the 
same  circumstances  of  rapidity  of  growth  which  are 


independent  of  an  artificial  supply  than  the  latter 
in  their  incipient  stages  of  growth.  In  the 
same  way  the  increase  of  crop  is  much  less 
in  the  Potato  through  the  application  of  phos- 
phates— the  larger  the  sets  the  smaller  the  increase. 
Those  plants  which  are  in  full  possession  of  the  soil 
— such  as  Clover  or  Grass,  are  not  benefited  by  phos- 
phates, unless  the  soil  is  deficient  of  them,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  pastures  of  Cheshire. 

We  before  pointed  out  that  late  sown  Turnips 
might  be  decreased  in  the  weight  of  bulbs  if  large 
doses  of  nitrogenous  manures  were  applied.  But  as 
Swedes  had  to  be  sown  comparatively  early  in 
Scotland  they  required  to  be  liberally  dressed 
with  manures  yielding  ammonia,  and  there  was  no 
danger  of  applying  too  much  of  this  element  if  the 
crop  was  sown  in  time ;  it  may  be  confidently 
stated  that  phosphates  alone  are  seldom  or  never 
relied  upon  to  raise  this  crop  in  the  north.  In  the 
common  Turnips,  however,  which  were  late  sown, 
phosphatic  manures,  without  any  other  substances, 
could  often  be  most  beneficially  eniployeii.  In 
England,  Mangold  supplies  the  place  of  the  Swede 
in  regard  to  early  culture  ;  but  it  must  also  have  a 
large  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  manure  ;  there  is 
no  rislc  of  over-dosing  it,  for  it  will  produce 
coarse  bulbs  on  those  situations  where  the  richest 
dung-hills  have  just  been  removed.  Green  crops 
thus  require  nitrogenous  manuies  to  be  added  in 
great  excess  to  produce  satisfactory  results.  When 
the  crop  is  drawn  from  the  ground,  they  no  doubt 
withdraw  a  great  quantity  of  nitrogen,  but  they 
leave  their  succulent  and  unexhausted  roots,  which  in 
their  turn  yield  food  for  the  cereals,  which  extract 
the  juices  of  their  roots  in  the  seeding  process.  It  is 
to  this  principle  that  we  must  look  for  the  univer- 
sally recognised  exhausting  properties  of  grain.  It 
is  totally  different  with  our  fine  Grasses,  for  they 
maintain  their  vegetative  povifers  which  are  dis- 
played in  the  increase  of  leaf,  at  the  very  moment 
they  may  be  ripening  their  feathery  seeds  ;  and  what 
a  small  amount  of  substance  is  transformed  in  their 
case  in  comparison  to  that  of  the  cereals.  The  suc- 
culent roots  of  Grasses  remain  in  the  land  and 
become  the  rich  pabulum  for  grain  crops. 

In  the  case  of  the  Bean  and  some  other  plants,  a 
different  set  of  principles  come  into  play.  There  is 
no  crop  grown  in  our  rotation  which  is  more  de- 
pendent on  a  supply  of  nitrogenous,  and  probably 
carbonaceous  manures,  during  the  first  stages  of  its 
growth,  than  the  common  spring-sown  Bean.  If 
manure  be  not  liberally  applied,  its  produce  is  en- 
tirely dependent  on  the  seasons,  except  on  the 
very  richest  soils.  "  It  apparently  requires  the 
manure  to  develope  its  foliage,  and  when  the  season 
becomes  more  genial,  it  can  then  rely  more  upon 
the  atmosphere  for  its  nitrogen,  and  its  vegetative 
powers  coexist  with  its  flowering  and  seed-forming 
processes,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Grasses.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  it  may  take  abundantly  from  the  soil  at 
one  stage  of  its  growth,  and  add  at  another,  through 
the  large  quantit}-  of  roots  which  it  leaves  in  the 
ground.  The  Bean,  however,  is  a  very  exhausting 
plant  on  light  land,  or  in  shallow  soils  ;  as  the 
deficiencies  in  physical  properties,  or  atmospheric 
conditions,  require  more  manure  to  afford  a  com- 
pensation." 

Lucerne  must  just  be  regarded  to  stand  in  the 
same  relation  in  dry  and  warm  countries  as  the 
Grasses  in  those  of  an  opposite  character.  Tull 
describes  this  as  a  plant  of  a  "  nature  nearly  ap- 
proaching to  that  of  a  shrub ;  it  has  a  tap  root  that 
penetrates  deeper  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth  than 
any  other  vegetable  she  produces."  Although 
Lucerne  can  thrive  upon  a  bare  soil,  where 
the  Grasses  could  not  exist,  and  may  be  seen  grow- 
ing with  as  much  ease  as  the  Broom  or  Furze  in 
the  calcareous  shingle  of  a  railway  cutting  under 
the  clear  skies  of  France ;  yet  the  irrigation  of  water 
and  a  fertile  soil  adds  much  to  its  productive  powers. 
If  the  roots  of  this  plant  did  not  penetrate  deeper 
than  the  Grasses,  it  would  very  probably  be  ruled 
by  the  same  atmospheric  conditions.  The  Orange 
trees  in  Paris,  where  the  roots  are  confined  to  a 
limited  area,  require  to  be  richly  manured;  but 
where  their  roots  are  allowed  to  range  the  soil  at 
pleasure,  as  in  the  groves  of  Seville — water  is  all 
the  food  they  need— we  think  there  is  little  doubt 
that  the  deeper  and  freer  range  which  all  plants 
have  in  the  soil,  enable  them  not  only  to  obtain 
more  manure,  but  to  economise  what  they  actually 


absorb.  There  is  much  analogy  in  the  characters 
of  Lucerne,  Sainfoin,  and  Clover ;  it  will  be  seen 
that  they  tiansl'orm  a  very  small  proportion  of  their 
nutritive  matter  into  seed,  and  th'ey  do  not  exhaust 
their  roots  in  this  process,  as  is  the  case  with  the 
cereals,  Turnips,  &c.,  which  are  most  exhausting 
crops. 

We  think  it  will  now  be  evident  that  the  division 
of  plants  into  classes,  which  are  supposed  to  rely 
more  upon  the  atmosphere  for  their  nitrogen  in  one 
than  in  another,  is  much  too  wide  for  practical 
purposes  ;  for  if  we  really  examine  into  the  matter, 
it  will  appear,  as  Mr.  Goodiff  has  so  happily  said  on 
another  subject,  that  we  are  merely  disputing  about 
the  "  colours  of  the  Chameleon."  In  Italy  irrigation 
maintains  continuous  growth  in  the  Grasses  ;  but  in 
Britain,  where  they  are  watered  by  the  rains  of 
heaven,  they  possess  this  quality  natorally.  In  the 
latter  case,  this  seems  to  be  owing  to  temperature  rela- 
tive to  the  amount  of  vapour  of  water  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, which  seems  to  act  as  a  sort  of  aerial  irriga- 
tion. It  is  to  the  varieties  of  this  arrangement 
within  the  British  islands,  to  which  we  must  now 
look  for  a  solution  of  some  of  the  propositions  stated 
above.  R. 


DRAINAGE  OF  CLAY  SOILS. 
A  WORK  ot  interest  to  landowners  and  farmers,  as 
affording  them  a  test  of  the  power  of  4  feet  drains  in  clay 
soils  to  lay  the  land  dry ;  and  to  the  public,  as  a  commence- 
ment of  drainage,  with  a  view  to  the  healthiness  and 
enjoyment  of  a  district,  is  now  in  progress  in  a  situation 
open  to  the  observation  of  many  of  your  readers  in  their 
visits  to  London.  I  refer  to  the  drainage  of  the 
Regent's-park  and  Zoological  Gardens,  which  is  being 
effected  by  tile  drains  of  4  feet  and  upwards  deep,  and  at 
intervals  of  241  feet  (the  Zoological  Gardens  at  ISJ  feet). 
As  the  subsoil  is  clay,  as  strong  and  impervious  as  any 
in  the  kiugdom,  the  working  of  these  drains  will  offer 
a  severe  test  of  the  use  of  deep  drains  in  such  soils.  The 
question  as  to  the  use  of  shallow  drains  in  this  soil  has 
already  been  practically  answered  by  their  failure  to  lay 
this  ground  dry.  Its  drainage  has  several  times  beea 
attempted,  with  wood  and  tile  drains,  at  depths  varying 
from  1 8  inches  to  30  inches  deep  ;  and  it  is  intersected 
by  them  at  narrow  intervals  and  in  all  directions,  but 
it  still  continues  cold,  and  a  somee  of  fog  and  damp  to 
the  neiglibourhood,  the  consequence  of  its  subsoil  lying 
water-soddeu  in  the  winter,  to  within  a  foot  or  two  of  the 
surface. 

The  pernicious  consequences  of  having  an  under  stra- 
tum of  water  so  near  to  the  surface  have  long  affected  this 
neighbourhood.  The  wettest  parts  of  the  park  have 
become  known  to  the  inhabitants  by  tlie  fog  they  see 
issuing  from  them  on  autumn  evenings  ;  and  in  the 
Zoological  Gardens  the  animals  have  suffered  severely 
from  the  cold  generated  by  the  damp  soil  on  which  they 
are  kept.  This  rise  of  fog  from  wet  spots  has  often 
reminded  me  of  the  description  in  the  Arabian  Nights  of 
the  issuing  forth  of  the  Evil  Genie  on  being  released 
from  a  vase  in  which  he  had  been  shut  up  ;  he  is  said 
to  have  risen  like  a  pillar  of  smoke  and  gradually  to 
have  spread  out  and  covered  the  ground.  Indeed  my 
imagination  has  embodied  the  rolling  vapour  we  see 
rising  off  marshes  and  damp  ground,  and  it  requires  no 
great  stretch  of  fancy  when  we  coneider  the  colds  and 
fevers  it  generates,  to  accompany  the  fisherman  and  give 
form  to  what  has  so  much  power  of  mischief,  and  we 
have  learnt  so  much  to  dread. 

By  the  communications  to  your  Paper  on  draining^ 
it  is  evident  there  is  much  to  be  learnt  by  an 
examination  of  the  cuttings  in  the  Regent's  Park.  I 
would  point  out  to  those  who  have  a  difficulty  in  believing 
the  possibility  of  drains  of  4  feet  di-awing  down  the 
surface  water — that  wherever  the  drains  approach  to 
within  about  25  feet  of  the  lakes  or  ponds— the  water 
finds  its  way  into  the  drains.  The  season  has  been 
singularly  di'y,  and  from  the  long  absence  of  rain  the 
subsoil  everywhere,  except  at  this  distance  from  stand- 
ing water,  is  as  dry  and  hard  as  in  the  height  of 
summer.  Now  let  me  ask  those  doubters  of  the 
possibility  of  surface  water  reaching  4  feet  drains  in. 
clay — How  is  it  the  water  from  the  lakes  and  ponds  finds 
its  w.ay  into  the  drains  at  25  feet  distance  ?  and  if 
water  will  penetrate  Laterally  through  banks  of  clay  of 
25  feet,  must  not  its  perpendicular  descent  4  feet  be 
much  easier  ? 

The  imperfection  of  any  other  form  of  tile  tlian 
that  of  the  pipe  for  draining  is  also  shown  in  the 
condition  in  which  most  of  the  old  drains  are  found 
—  these  were  laid  with  horse-shoe  tiles,  and  are  generally 
choked  by  the  soil  having  become  pressed  up  into 
them,  and  not  as  many  have  supposed  by  the  tiles 
having  been  squeezed  in  the  ground.  This  squeezing 
up  of  clay  into  the  cavities  of  drains  has  hitherto  been 
a  serious  cause  of  their  obstruction.  I  have  taken  up 
drains  formed  of  wood,  brick,  challc,  and  stone,  and  laid 
carefully,  into  which  the  soil  m  the  course  of  a  few 
years  has  been  pressed  as  tight  and  as  hard  as  is  the 
adjoining  unbroken  ground.  The  changes  clay  under- 
goes at  different  seasons — its  expansion  by  water,  and 
softened  condition  in  winter,  and  when  the  heavy  pres- 
sure it  is  under  at  3  or  4  feet  from  the  surface  at  once 
explains  how  it  is  forced  up  into  all  cavities. 

Although  there  can  be  no  question  the  improve- 
ment in  the  pasturage  will  pay  fur  tl  e  expenditm'e,  and 
that  the  public  will  have  greater  enjoyment  of  their 
beautiful  airing  ground,  from    its  being   made  di-ier. 


4—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


Still  it  is  probable  the  Government  have  rather  had  in 
view,  iu  decidinj;  on  doing  this  draining,  the  im- 
portance to  the  health  of  the  metropolis,  of  laying 
the  land  around  it  as  dry  as  possible.  The  Board 
of  Healtli  made  some  enquiries  last  year,  with  a  view 
to  ascertain,  the  effect  that  has  already  been  produced 
by  draining,  and  the  answers  showed  the  diminution  of 
fever  and  ague,  in  districts  wherever  extensive  drainage 
had  been  carried  out  ;  and  when  we  bear  in  mind  the 
extensive  tracts  of  marshes  and  uudrained  land  in 
tlie  neighbourhood  of  the  metropolis,  and  that  fevers 
and  agues  arise  within  tlie  metropolis  itself,  at  certain 
seasons  during  the  prevalence  of  winds  coming  off  the 
marshes,  the  drainage  of  tlie  Kegeut's  Park,  it  is  to 
be  hoped,  will  be  an  example  for  landowners  to  consider 
the  importance  of  draining  their  estates,  with  a  view  to 
health,  and  at  least  to  lay  the  land  around  tlieir  houses 
dry  ;  for  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  houses  of  many 
of  our  wealthiest  landowners  are  surrounded  by  large 
tracts  of  undrained  land  ;  and  many  of  their  parks  would 
be  considered  plague  spots  if  standing  in  the  centre  of 
towns.  Hewitt  Davis,  3,  Frederick s-place.  Old  Jewry, 
Dec.  23. 


THE  REAPING  MACHINE. 

[From  a  paper  by  Mr.  Slight,  of  Edinburgh,  in  the 
current  volume  of  the  Highland  Society's  Tj-ansactions, 
we  extract  the  following  passage  on  the  origin  of  the 
American  reaper.  The  whole  paper  is  a  complete  and 
most  interesting  historical  report  on  reaping  machines.] 

The  year  1826  may  be  held  as  an  era  in  the  history 
of  this  machine,  by  the  invention,  and  the  perfecting  as 
well,  of  a  really  effective  mechanical  reaper.  This 
invention  is  due  to  the  Rev.  Patrick  Bell,  now  minister 
of  the  parish  of  Carmyhe,  in  Forfarshii-e.  The  prin- 
ciple on  which  its  cutting  operation  acts  is  that  of  a 
series  of  clipping  shears.  Wkeu  the  machine  had  been 
completed,  ilr.  Bell  brought  it  before  the  Highland  and 
Agricultural  Society,  who  appointed  a  committee  of  its 
members  ^to  inspect  its  operation  in  the  field,  and  to 
report.  The  trials  and  the  report  being  favourable,  the 
Society  awarded  the  sum  of  501.  to  Mr.  Bell  for  his 
invention,  and  a  correct  working  model  of  the  machine 
was  subsequently  placed  in  tlie  Society's  Museum.  The 
invention  shortly  worked  its  way  to  a  considerable 
extent  in  Forfarshire  ;  and  in  tlie  hai-vest  of  1834,  the 
writer,  in  a  short  tour  through  that  county,  saw  several 
of  these  machines  in  operation,  which  did  their  work  in 
a  very  satisfactory  manner.  Dundee  appears  to  have 
been  tlie  principal  seat  of  their  manufacture,  and  from 
thence  they  were  sent  to  various  parts  of  the  country. 
It  is  known,  also,  that  four  of  the  machines  were  seat 
to  the  United  States  of  America,  and  this  circumstance 
renders  it  liighly  probable  that  they  became  the  models 
from  which  the  numerous  so-called  inventions  of  the 
Amei'ican  reapers  have  since  sprung.  At  the  great 
fair  or  exhibition  held  at  New  York  in  1851,  not  fewer 
tliaa  six  reapers  were  exhibited,  all  by  different  hands, 
and  each  claiming  to  be  a  special  invention  ;  yet  in  all 
of  them  the  principal  featm'e — the  cutting  apparatus- 
bears  the  strongest  evidence  of  having  been  copied 
from  Bell's  machine.  There  are  slight  variations, 
as  might  naturally  be  expected,  in  the  cutters, 
but  the  original  type  is  evident  throughout.  It 
is  remarkable,  too,  that  in  Hussey's  reaper,  which, 
by  the  American  reports  of  the  fair*,  appears  to  have 
been  the  first  of  the  kind  brought  out  in  the  Union, 
there  is  the  closest  possible  resemblance  to  Bell's,  the 
original ;  but,  as  we  shall  have  occasion  hereafter  to 
notice,  it  is  but  an  imperfect  though  cheap  imitation. 

Notwithstanding  the  perfection  of  Bell's  reaper,  it  has 
rather  unaccountably  been  allowed  by  our  agriculturists 
to  fall  into  disuse,  and  only  in  a  few  cases  have  its 
operations  been  kept  up  to  the  present  time.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  of  these  is  that  of  Mr.  J.  Bell,  of 
Inch-Micliael,  in  the  Carse  of  Cowrie,  a  brother  of  the 
inventor.  Mr.  Bell  has  a  strong  natural  bias  towards 
mechanics,  and  during  U  years,  in  which  he  has 
regularly  worked  his  reaper,  he  lias  taken  a  particular 
pleasure  in  seeing  it  put  in  proper  working  order  at  the 
commencement  of  the  harvest  ;  so  prepared,  it  is  then 
managed  with  perfect  success  by  any  ploughman  of 
ordinary  intelligence.  By  these  simple  precautions, 
Mr.  Bell  lias  been  enabled  in  the  most  satisfactory 
manner  to  reap  on  an  average  four-fifths  of  all  his  grain 
crops  every  year  ;  the  remaining  fifth,  more  or  Jess, 
according  to  the  season,  being  too  much  laid  for  the 
machme,  has  been  reaped  fay  the  scythe— no  sickle 
hAving  been  ueed  on  hia  farm  during  all  this  period. 
The  expense  of  machine-reaping  has,  in  this  case,  been 
found  not  Uy  ex<«;ed  :u.  (Id.  per  imperial  acre.  Under 
thcae  favourable  views  of  the  efficiency  and  economy 
of  Bell's  reapor,  a  question  naturally  arises,  Wiiat  has 
been  the  cause  of  sucli  a  machine  falling  bo  much  into 
dinue  ?  One  obvious  reason  is,  that  all  tho  best  ruaping- 
macliuies  heroin  rofciTed  to  may  very  appropriately  bu 
said  to  liave  appeared  before  tlieir  time— that  iH  to  Hay, 
before  the  aubjoct  on  which  tlu-y  wore  to  act  Iiad  been 
prepared  for  their  reception.  In  the  first  qiiartt-r  of  the 
present  century,  furrow-draining,  levelling  high  ridges, 
and  filling  up  tho  old  deep  int«,Tvuning  furrows,  were 
only  I>eginning  ia  assume  their  due  prominence  in  tho 
practice  of  agriculture  ;  and  [so  long  us  these  imjirove- 
mentH  remained  in  abeyance,  the  Hurface  of  the  land 
was  very  ill  auiUid  for  Huch  fiporations  as  that  of  a  reai>- 
ing-machiiie.  Hence  serious  obstacles  were  prcBtnted 
U*  iUi  application  ;  but  as  these  are  fast  being  removed, 
Uiero  iii  a  proHpect  of  a  more  HuccesHful  application  of 
machinery,  of  whatever  kind,  being  now  brought  to  bear 
upon  the  field  operations  of  the  farm. 


"Whatever  be  the  causes  that  may  have  operated 
against  the  extension  of  Bell's  machine,  we  have  seen 
that,  iu  the  hands  of  a  good  manager,  one  of  them 
has  served  well  dm'ing  a  period  of  1 4  years,  and  it  seems 
capable  of  serving  at  least  14  more,  thus  holding  out  a 
strong  recommendation  to  the  re-adoption  of  it,  or  some 
other  equally  good  or  better,  if  such  may  be  found. 

In  the  process  of  working  this  machine,  Mr.  Bell's 
practice  is  to  employ  one  man  driving  and  conducting 
the  machine  ;  eight  women  are  required  to  collect  the 
cut  corn  into  sheaves,  and  to  make  bauds  for  these 
sheaves  ;  four  men  to  close  and  bind  the  sheaves,  and 
two  men  to  set  them  up  in  stocks — being  in  all  14  pair 
of  hands,  besides  the  driver  of  the  horses,  whose  time 
reckons  along  with  them  ;  and  the  work  performed 
averages  12  imperial  aci'es  per  day.  These,  data  have 
been  obtained  from  14  years'  experience  of  the  machine, 
and  have  therefore  astrongclaim  upon  the  consideration 
of  the  farmer.  The  expense  in  money  for  reaping  by 
such  a  machine  will  of  course  vary  a  little  with  the  rate 
of  wages  ;  but,  on  an  average,  it  may  be  taken  at  35.  6rf. 
an  acre,  including  the  expense  of  food  to  the  workers. 
This,  in  round  numbers,  may  be  taken  at  a  saving  of 
one-half  the  usual  expense  of  reaping  by  hand,  at  the 
lowest  calculation  ;  and  the  saving  on  a  farm  where 
there  might  be  100  acres  of  cereal  and  leguminous  crop 
would  do  more  than  cover  the  price  of  a  maclune  of  the 
best  quality  in  two  years. 

The ;  importation  of  two  reaping-machines  from 
America  has  already  been  adverted  to,  as  also  their 
resemblance  in  principle  to  that  of  Bell's,  leading, 
when  coupled  with  other  circumstances,  to  the  conclusion, 
that  not  only  those  two  imported,  but  all  the  reaping- 
machines  now  used  in  the  Union,  are  based  upon  the 
same  principle,  which  is  the  leading  feature— the  cutter 
■ — in  Bell's.  In  the  American  machine,  the  framework 
is  so  constructed  and  arranged  that  the  horses  draw  the 
machine,  walking  by  the  side  of  the  standing  corn,  as 
in  Mann's  and  others  already  referred  to  ;  but  that 
change  in  the  application  of  the  power,  as  well  as  the 
construction  of  tlie  whole  framework,  are  mere  matters 
of  detail,  without  at  all  touching  the  principles  recognised 
by  the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society  in  the  award 
given  in  favour  of  Mr.  Bell's  machine.  It  must  be 
observed,  too,  that  the  oldest  of  the  American  reapers — 
Hussey's — contains  nothing  beyond  the  cutters,  and 
that  is  essentially  Bell's,  with  this  very  unimportant 
difference,  that  the  cutting-blades,  instead  of  acting  from 
centre  bolts,  are  fixed  dead  upon  a  vibrating  bar, 
corresponding  to  the  bar  so  named  in  the  description  of 
Bell's,  and  of  course  move  along  with  that  bar,  producing 
that  everyday  form  of  shears — the  parallel  motion  shears. 
The  maker  has  stopped  short  at  that  point  where  all 
inventors  in  this  field  of  mechanics  have  found  their 
gi-eatest  difKculty  —  the  collecting  and  delivering  the 
corn  after  being  cut  ;  for  in  all  attempts  at  machine- 
reaping,  the  cutting  process  seems  to  Iiave  presented 
little  if  any  difficulty  ;  but  it  was  not  until  Bell's  and 
Mann's  machines  came  upon  the  field  that  anything 
appeared  deserving  the  name  of  a  collecting  and  deliver- 
ing apparatus.  Mr.  Hussey,  it  would  appear,  had  met 
the  same  difficulty,  but  taking  a  short  method  of  obviating 
it,  he  gives  forth  his  machine  with  the  cutter  only,  leavii]g 
all  the  after-details  to  be  performed  by  manipulation.  By 
thus  leaving  the  machine  in  a  half-completed  state,  he 
is  obliged  in  most  cases,  it  is  understood,  to  employ 
beside  the  driver  two  men  upon  the  machine,  to  collect 
and  deliver.  In  consequence  of  these  half-measm'es  of 
construction,  the  framework  and  gearing  of  this  and  all 
the  other  American  reapers  are  very  simple,  and,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  very  similar  to  the  original,  e.xcepting 
such  changes  as  are  required  to  let  the  horse  walk  in 
front  by  the  side  of  the  standing  corn. 

M'Corniick's  machine,  which,  on  its  first  appearance 
in  England,  had  the  cutters  nearly  identical  with  the 
one  above  described,  has  latterly  been  fitted  with  one 
long  straight-edged  and  fiuely-serrated  cutter,  giving 
apparently  a  new  character  to  the  machine,  though  in 
fact  it  is  no  more  than  engrafting  a  new  idea  upon  the 
original — Bell's.  Mr.  M'Cormick  has  also  gone  a  step 
beyond  his  neighbour,  Mr.  Hussey,  by  taking  from  our 
original  also  the  revolving  vanes  in  front  for  collecting 
and  holding  the  corn  to  the  cutter.  By  these  means 
the  machine  is  made  more  effective,  and  operates  with 
the  assistance  of  one  man  upon  the  machine  besides 
the  driver.  In  all  other  respects  it  is  not  sensibly 
different  from  the  other.  Of  the  other  reapers  inci- 
dentally alluded  to  as  of  American  construction,  and 
judging  from  the  published  figures  of  each,  they  stand- 
two  witii  the  revolving  vanes,  like  M'Cormick*s,  and 
two  without,  like  Hussey's.  Of  the  actual  performance 
of  the  two  Transatlantic  visitors  little  can  yet  be  said, 
neither  of  them  having  yet  performed  a  day's  work  in 
this  country — and  by  that  alone  can  their  proper  value 
be  determined.  Tho  first  is  given  out  as  capable  of 
cutting  15  acres  a-day,  with  two  horses  walking  at  tlie 
rate  of  2;j  miles  an  hour.  The  second  is  warranted  to 
the  eame  extent,  with  the  same  power  walking  at  the 
same  rate.  But  tlieso  results,  so  far  as  this  country  is 
concerned,  can  only  bo  of  necessity  the  result  of  cal- 
culation, seeing  they  have  not  done  a  day's  work  ;  and 
as  we  have  seen  that  Mr.  Bell's  well-te.stcd  niacliino 
uliould,  by  calcuhition,  cut  18  acres  a-day,  with  two 
iiorscs  walking  24  miles  an  hour,  whereas  in  practice 
it  can  only  accomplish  12  acres,  it  is  not  unri'iLSonablo 
to  suppose  a  liko  Hhorlconiing  between  calculation  and 
practico,  bringing  tlio  rcHultK,  in  tho  cano  of  the  Amon- 
c;ina,  down  t»  10  acroH,  or  even  Icbh,  as  few  farin- 
horBCH  will  bo  found  to  contiiiuo  tr)  walk  even  at 
2^  miles  an  liour.     The  price  of  Husaey'u  machiuo  is 


quoted  by  the  makei*s  at  21/.;  that  of  M*Cormick  at 
30/.  It  is  difficult  to  see  how  such  a  difference  of  value 
can  exist  in  two  machines  dtfl'ering  so  little  from  each 
other  in  their  general  btructure  and  performance. 

A  sketch  has  here  been  given  of  the  progress,  through 
half  a  century,  of  the  attempts  to  establish  an  effective 
reaping-machine  by  British  mairhinists  ;  and  it  has  been 
shown  that  the  latest  and  most  successful  of  them, 
though  sanctioned  and  rewarded  by  the  Highland  and 
Agricultural  Society,  yet  has,  from  some  undefined 
cause,  been  suffered  to  be  almost  neglected  by  both 
agriculturists  and  machinists  ;  fortunately,  however  a 
successful  practice  of  14  years  has  amply  established  its 
true  and  valuable  character.  In  this  interim  our 
American  brethren  have  been,  in  the  usual  Western 
phrase,  going  ahead  ;  and,  amongst  many  subjects,  with- 
that  also  of  the  reaping-machine.  Two  of  them,  sent 
to  the  Exhibition,  stirred  up  the  whole  agricultural  body 
of  Britain — aided  greatly,  no  doubt,  by  the  universal 
excitement  under  which  the  entire  community  then 
laboured.  But  however  meritorious  these  reapers  may 
have  been,  they  still  are  but  copies,  and  imperfect  cues, 
of  that  machine  which  had  previously  acquired  the 
highest  degree  of  merit  in  this  country.  This  claim  i& 
made,  not^with  any  view  to  disparage  the  exertions  of 
the  Americans,  or  to  undervalue  their  mechanical  pro- 
ductions-— the  importance  of  which,  in  all  departments 
of  the  arts,  is  already  known  over  tlie  civilised  world, 
but  simply  with  the  view  of  establishing  a  fact,'  and 
attributing  priority  of  invention  to  the  true  author — a 
circumstance  too  often  overlooked,  especially  in  matters 
mechanical,  where  the  original  has  not  been  covered  by 
a  patent. 

Time  alone  can  decide  the  question  of  ultimate  success 
in  this  country.  We  have,  on  the  one  hand,  the  original- 
form  of  our  own  countryman's  invention  satisfactorily 
surviving  the  test  of  14  years'  practical  operation  ;  and,,, 
on  the  other,  the  general  success  which  has  attended  the 
introduction  of  its  imitation  into  the  United  States  ;  but 
we  cannot  doubt  that  the  operation  of  another  harvesfc 
will  go  far  to  solve  the  point. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Butter. — You  have  an  article  on  the  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford's farming  operations,  in  which  it  is  stated  that  his 
cows  never  have  Swedes,  ^'^as  they  taste  in  the  milk."" 
I  send  you  some  butter  made  from  cows  fed  entirely  on 
Swedes,  and  you  may  judge  yourself  whether  or  no 
they  spoil  the  milk.  A  Constant  Reader.  [The  butter 
Jias  no  taste  ;  certainly  that  of  Swedes  has  gone.  Will  yoifc 
still  further  oblige  us  by  stating  your  way  of  making  it  ?J 

Mr.  Mechi  has  puhlishcd  hu  Balance  Sheet,  and  the 
result  in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view  is  far  from  being 
satisfactory  ;  a  farm  of  170  acres  showing  under  his- 
management  an  annual  loss  of  653/.  185.  4rf,  ;  but,  then, 
he  cannot  devote  "  that  close  attention  at  markets,  and 
rigidly  vigilant  observance  of  fractionalities,  and  details 
so  necessary  to  agricultural  success,"  or  to  insure  a 
profitable  result  in  any  business  which  man  may  under- 
take. The  farmers  of  this  country  have  often  been 
twitted  with  want  of  skill,  laxity  in  their  arrangements,, 
unmethodical  in  their  operations,  and  with  tardiness 
to  adopt  every  new-fangled  novelty  which  any  cynic 
may  find  it  his  interest  to  trumpet  forth  as  the  realisa- 
tion of  his  own  ideas.  While  they  state  their  case  in 
grumbling  at  low  prices,  the  cost  of  guano,  and  being 
altogether  unprosperous — to  find  a  remedy  for  these 
complaints,  and  to  dispel  this  despondency,  is  no  doubt 
the  earnest  wish  and  intention  of  many  writers  of  om"' 
agricultural  literature  ;  and  to  show  that  it  is  gi'oundless, 
is  evidently  the  intention  of  those  spirited  capitalists  who- 
so bounteously  devote  their  funds  to  bring  the  soil  into 
a  state  of  perfect  fertility,  and  unite  therewith  a  zealous 
endeavour  to  devise  the  best  and  most  suitable  ap- 
pliances and  means  to  manufacture  this  raw  material  to- 
the  greatest  advantage  ;  but  it  is  painful  to  witness  tli& 
carping,  misanthropical  language  often  made  use  ofj, 
which  invariably  creates  mistrust,  and  utterly  annihilates 
every  prospect  of  the  intended  reformation  bemg  effected. 
Come  along  with  me,  my  lads,  has  saved  many  a  ship 
when  destruction  seemed  inevitable,  and  in  every  case 
where  trial  and  vicissitude  perplex  and  cause  anxiety  ; 
encouragement  and  example  will  always  be  found  to  suc- 
ceed, but  vituperous  scurrility  will  only  lead  to  dogged 
indifference,  and  the  preacher  of  it  will  ultimately 
have  to  content  himself  with  exclaiming  (as  is  the  case 
with  some  writers  and  speakers  on  farming  matters), 
"Get  along  you  lubbers."  In  every  business,  tho 
object  of  which  is  profit,  there  will  be  found  some  pros- 
perous and  others  the  contrary — one  man  making  a 
fortune,  and  his  neighbour  selling  tho  same  articles  on 
the  verge  of  ruin— and  why  'i  simply,  because  tlie  former 
superintends  his  own  affairs,  and  is  characterised  by 
good  management,  and  the  latter  by  ovorythiBg  besides.. 
Farming,  with  present  prices,  will  not  admit  of  any 
levity  ;  but  untiring  perseverance  and  assiduity  must 
be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  whole  management,  and 
yoked  on  to  every  operation  ;  but  it  is  unreasonable  to 
expect  that  tho  stringent  observance  of  nice  points  can 
bo  at  once  carried  out  by  those  who  have  hitherto  been 
acciLstoniod  to  a  good  deal  of  freedom  in  thoir  arrange- 
ments :  this  can  only  be  accomplished  by  fully  dis- 
closing a  good  example  in  tlie  profitable  result  of 
energetic  and  well-directed  farming.  I^ctus  turn  to  Mr. 
M'Culioch,  at  AuchnoHH,  whose  results  have  withstood  a 
tornado  of  criticinm  witliotitany  remarkable  holes  having 
biion  picked  in  them,  notwithstanding  that  thoy  have 
been  harrowed  beneath  the  teeth  of  diacord  by  a  writer 
wlioao  feelings  must  havo  been  analogous  to  those  of  a 


60 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


[Jan.  24, 


toad,  under  the  implement  of  his  own  choice.     Compare 
them  per  acre  with  the  experience  of  Mr.  Mechi :  — 


M'CuUoch. 

Mechi. 

Difference. 

^  s.  d. 

£   s.  d. 

f   s.  d. 

Kent         

10    2 

1  13    1 

0  12  11 

Labourers'  and  trades- 

men's wagea  and  bills, 

l  2    6  10 

4    G    3 

2    0    5 

Sundries,  &c 

Seeds       

0    1  11 

0    5    3 

0    3    9 

Taxes 

0    130 

0    7    0 

0    5    2 

S'ood  for  cattle 

1    9  11 

3    3    5 

7  13    6 
10  15    9 

llanures 

1    5    S 

0  10    0 

0    9    6 

6    5    1 

16  U    5 

flO    6    4 
\    excess. 

Proai 

2  15    3 

Loss 

3  17    0 

■Wheat     ._        

33  bunhels 

3G  busbols 

This  discloses  a  wide  disparity  in  management.  Mr. 
McCullocli  expends  61.  5s.  Id.  per  acre,  wliere  Mr. 
Meclil  lays  out  161.  lis.  5d.,  and  has  a  profit  of 
21.  15s.  3d.  per  acre  ;  the  latter  shows  a  loss  of  3^  17s., 
while  this  saving  of  expense  and  better  management 
procure  from  the  soil  a  greater  amount  of  produce, 
which  can  only  be  accounted  for  because  Mr.  McCul- 
loch's  head  is  not  situated  on  Mr.  Mechi*s  shoulders. 
As  said  by  yourself,  Mr.  Mechi'a  gi'eatest  error  lies  in 
his  adoption  of  a  system  of  cattle  feeding  which  must  be 
unprofitable,  whereas  the  practice  of  Mr.  M'CuUoch 
will  always  give  the  best  possible  result,  so  far  as  the 
manufacture  of  meat  is  concerned,  and  with  a  view  to 
benefit  Mr.  M.  in  particular  and  cattle  feeders  in  gene- 
ral, I  would  submit  to  them  a  consideration  of  this 
system.  The  cattle  are  fed  twice  a  day,  morning  and 
afternoon,  on  cut  Swedish  Turnips,  every  animal 
receiving  about  75  lbs.  at  each  feed,  or  150  lbs.  a  day. 
In  the  middle  of  the  day  they  get  a  supply  of  boiled 
food,  which  is  prepared  in  the  following  manner  ; — A 
boiler,  200  gallons  in  capacity,  is  filled  about  three- 
fourths  with  water,  into  which,  when  at  the  boiling  point, 
is  stirred  the  requisite  quantity  of  bruised  Oats,  Bean- 
meal  or  Linseed,  at  the  rate  of  from  3  lbs.  to  4  lbs.  to 
each  animal  ;  this  is  stirred  in  the  boiling  water  for 
20  minutes,  after  which  the  boiler  is  filled  up  with  chaff 
or  cut  straw,  and  the  whole  mass  commingled  and  left 
simmering,  the  fire  being  allowed  to  die  out.  This  is 
done  in  the  afternoon  ;  the  mixture  is  left  in  the  boiler 
during  the  night,  removed  into  a  large  cooler  next 
morning,  and  given  to  the  cattle  in  the  middle  of  the 
day.  Some  time  since  Mr.  Mechi  was  reported  to  have 
Baid  that  he  had  been  informed  by  a  leading  agriculturist 
that  he  could  never  make  a  beast  pay  for  more  than 
4  or  5  lbs.  of  purchased  food  a  day,  and  that  he  intended 
to  adopt  it.  I  hope  for  his  own  sake,  that  upon  the 
appearance  of  his  next  balance-sheet  he  will  show  that 
he  practises  what  he  preaches,  and  not  allow  himself  to 
be  classed  among  those  unworfchies  who  exclaim — don't 
dojas  I  do,  but  do  as  I  tell  you.  J/. 

Leases  and  Agreements. — I  beg  to  call  your  attention 
to  a  subject  interesting  to  many  of  your  readers.  It  is 
the  practice  of  many  persons  to  draw  their  own  agree- 
ments, with  a  view  to  save  expense — but  it  is  not  gene- 
rally known  by  landlords  as  well  as  tenants  that  all 
lettings  beyond  three  years  ai'e  now  required  to  be 
imder  seal  (by  deed,  in  other  words),  and  that  numbers 
of  then-  present  agreements  are,  in  law,  leases,  and 
as  such  void  (see  8  and  9  Victoria  c.  106).  Several 
«ases  of  the  kind  have  come  under  my  notice,  and  either 
.party  can  put  an  end  to  such  contracts  by  giving  six 
months'  notice  in  writing  previous  to  the  termination  of 
any  current  year — being  merely  yearly  tenants,  subject 
of  course  to  the  terms  of  their  agreements.  I  am  not 
prepared  to  say  that  a  court  of  equity  would  not  afford 
leliet  (in  case  of  either  party  throwing  up  such  agree- 
ment) in  some  cases,  but  few  would  hazard  an  appeal  to 
a.  court  where  the  expenses  are  ruinous  and  the  delays 
interminable.  The  safest  way  is  to  have  either  an 
agreement  for  a  lease,  or  still  better  a  lease  at  once,  if 
the  period  is  to  extend  beyond  three  years  ;  both  parties 
then  secure  their  tenure.  M.  P. 

Chevalier  Barley. — I  have  grown  for  many  years  in 
the  county  of  Essex,  on  the  border  of  Herts,  the  variety 
of  Barley  called  "  chevalier,"  and  till  within  the  last  few 
years,  the  grain  grown  by  myself  and  others  in  my 
neighbourhood  was  superior  to  that  of  any  other  kind  of 
Barley,  and  brought  the  highest  price  in  the  market ; 
still  the  straw  was  always  weaker  than  that  of  other 
Mnds  in  previous  use,  and  generally  became  lodged  at 
an  early  period,  bnt  that  disadvantage  I  always  observed 
to  be  in  a  great  degree  counteracted  by  an  after  tendency 
in  the  ear  to  become  erect,  and  thus  enable  it  to  obtain 
nourishment  to  feed  and  mature  the  grains.  The  latter 
pecuharity  has  of  late  ceaaed,  and  the  straw  and  ear, 
when  lodged,  which  generally  happens  before  the  ear  is 
filled,  now  remain  prostrate  ;  and  the  consequence  is, 
that  the  produce  becomes  thin,  of  dark  colour,  and  bad 
maltuig  quality,  of  which  I  hear  most  farmers  now  com- 
plaining. This  is  a  serious  disadvantage  to  the  Barley- 
grower,  and  I  shall  be  glad  to  learn  from  any  of  your 
correspondents  whether  these  defects  are  to  be  attributed 
to  natural  decay  of  the  particular  species,  or  to  want  of 
proper  management  in  the  selection  of  seed,  or  to  any 
other  circumstance  over  which  the  farmer  has  any  con- 
trol ;  and  if  the  opinion  should  be  that  the  variety  is 
worn  out,  I  shall  feel  much  obliged  for  any  information 
which  will  enable  myself  and  others  to  substitute  another 
sort  free  from  the_  objections  which  I  have  stated.  A 
Constant  Reader. 

Inundated  Land. — I  have  read  many  of  the  articles  in 
the  Gazette  with  interest,  and  residing  near  the  coast 


where  much  arable  land  has  been  unfortunately  over- 
flown with  sea-water,  and  such  land  is  well  known  to 
become  absolutely  sterile  for  many  years,  producing  no 
kind  of  herbage  or  corn  whatever.  No  doubt  the  same 
occurrence  has  happened  in  many  other  parts  of  the 
kingdom  with  the  same  detrimental  effects  ;  yet,  not- 
withstanding the  many  nostrums  and  I'idiculous  theories 
and  practices  which  have  been  forced  upon  the  public 
notice  for  many  years  past,  I  have  never  met  with  any 
observations  or  suggestions  for  reclaiming  land  over- 
flown with  sea-water.  The  effect  on  arable  land  over- 
flown by  w.iter  direct  from  the  German  Ocean  is  vastly 
more  pernicious  than  from  the  Thames  ;  the  latter,  no 
doubt,  being  much  diluted  by  the  large  and  constant  flow 
of  fresh  water  into  it,  so  much  so,  that  I  well  recollect  a 
gentleman  of  experience  residing  by  the  side  of  the 
Thames,  who,  having  been  called  upon  to  arbitrate 
respecting  the  damage  occasioned  by  the  accidental 
influx  of  sea-water  from  the  river  Crouch,  giving  it  as 
his  opinion  that  the  damage  occasioned  but  little  per- 
manent injury  to  the  land,  and  that  in  a  few  years  its 
effects  would  not  be  perceived;  but  though  this  hap- 
pened 10  or  12  years  since,  the  effects  are  still  visi- 
ble and  severely  felt ;  and  the  general  observation 
respecting  such  land  is,  that  it  requires  from  20  to  30 
years  before  the  land  becomes  restored,  even  so  as  to 
produce  a  tolerable  crop,  and  much  of  it  requires  many 
years  longer.  I  will  not  presume  to  prescribe  the 
remedy,  but  in  the  managing  such  land,  I  cannot  think 
the  practice  of  frequent  ploughing  can  be  so  beneficial  as 
has  been  generally  thought.  It  seems  to  me  and  to 
others  experienced  in  such  matters,  that  the  salts  found 
in  sea  water  can  only  be  got  out  by  time,  and  that,  owing 
to  the  gravity  of  water  charged  with  such  salts,  they 
have  a  tendency  to  sink  in  the  land,  and  the  water,  or 
part  of  it,  evaporates  and  leaves  the  salts  in  the  land  ; 
and  if  so,  the  turning  it  over  by  the  plough  must  have 
the  effect  of  turning  the  salts  up  and  causing  them  again 
to  be  washed  through  the  soil  they  had  just  left.  What 
the  effect  of  keeping  the  land  well  laid  up,  with  a  free 
draught  for  all  water  to  get  away,  and  keeping  the  sur- 
face of  the  land  simply  stirred  up,  so  as  to  admit  rain 
and  dews,  without  turning  it  over  with  a  plough,  may 
do,  and  whether  the  most  adviseable  course  to  be  pur- 
sued, I  will  not  undertake  to  say  ;  bnt  I  should  much 
wish  to  know  the  views  and  sentiments  of  others.  It 
may  be  that  chemistry  may  assist ;  for  if  the  same  effect 
be  produced  as  arises  by  the  mixture  of  salt  and  lime, 
it  would  seem  that  by  strongly  liming  such  land  and 
turning  the  lime  in,  and  so  leaving  it  for  a  considerable 
time,  it  would  unite  with  some,  if  not  all  the  salts  in 
the  soil,  and  neutralise  their  deleterious  effects,  .and  so 
prove  not  [only  beneficial,  hut  help  to  restore  to  early 
fertility.  I  have  had  my  attention  frequently  drawn  to 
a  large  tract  of  land  in  this  neighbourhood  overflown  a 
few  years  since  by  sea  water.  The  last  autumn  appears 
to  have  been  particularly  favourable  for  such  land,  being 
dry,  and  has  enabled  the  owner  to  bring  it,  to  the  eye,  to 
a  fine  state  of  cultivation  ;  but  I  have  no  doubt,  as  has 
happened  many  times  before,  the  first  heavy  rain  will 
cause  the  whole  to  run  together  ;  it  then  assumes  a 
glassy  clammy  appearance,  and  becomes  altogether  im- 
pervious to  air  and  water,  and  destructive  to  all  vegeta- 
tion. I  hope  I  may  be  excused  troubhng  yon  and  your 
readers  with  so  long  a  communication,  but  I  am  sure 
the  importance  of  the  subject  to  many  suffering  agricul- 
tural friends  will  plead  my  justification.  George  Wood, 
Rochford,  Essex,  Jan.  10. 

Asphalte.  —  Would  you  request  some  of  your  cor- 
respondents to  inform  me  of  the  value  of  asphalte 
as  a  material  for  the  floors  of  stables,  pigsties,  bul- 
lock-boxes, and  other  buildings,  where  it  is  brought 
in  contact  with  the  dung  and  urine,  and  their  action  upon 
it  (if  any),  strengthened,  fperhaps,  by  the  heat  of  the 
animals.  I  have  made  enquii'ies  of  two  parties,  and 
each  of  them  has  told  me  of  a  failure  in  his  neighbom-- 
hood,  but  not  on  his  own  premises  ;  and  one  of  them 
describes  the  floor  that  once  was  asphalte,  as  being  now 
no  better  than  mud.  But  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn 
whether  the  asphalte  was  properly  laid,  or  of  a  proper 
thickness  ;  or  whether  it  is  now  mixed  up  with  the  mud, 
as  I  conceive  would  be  the  case,  if  made  with  nnfit 
ingredients  :  or  comminuted  and  mechanically  incor- 
porated with  it,  as  would  probably  be  the  result  of  a 
deficiency  of  thickness,  always  supposingthatthe  asphalte 
would  stand  if  laid  of  proper  ingredients  and  thickness  : 
which  is  the  question  on  which  I  wish  the  best  informa- 
tion of  yoni'  correspondents.  Regedonuni.  [In  past 
volumes  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  the  trustworthi- 
ness of  a  properly  made  asphalte  floor.] 

Agricultural  Slatislics. — It  is  a  subject  of  general 
regret,  that  there  does  not  exist  in  this  country  any 
statistics  at  all  worthy  of  confidence,  as  to  the  quantity 
of  land  uuder  cultivation  for  agricultural  purposes  ;  the 
actual  produce  can  only  be  determined  with  accuracy 
when  the  corn  is  threshed;  and  a  system  professing  to 
obtain  such  a  return  would  be  so  difficult  to  work  out, 
that  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  complete  it.  As  a 
contribution  to  the  suggestions  hitherto  made,  I  venture 
a  proposition  by  which  the  actual  quantity  of  land  under 
cultivation  could  be  ascertained,  at  an  amount  of  trouble 
which  would  be  little,  compared  with  the  importance  of 
the  subject.  Place  the  whole  matter  under  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Poor  Law  Board,  who  should,  in  the  month 
of  October  in  each  year,  issue  to  the  overseers  of  the 
poor  in  each  parish  in  England  and  Wales,  schedules 
to  be  filled  up  by  every  occupier  of  land  in  the  parish, 
setting  forth,  in  columns,  the  total  quantity  of  acres  of 
Wheat,  Barley,  Oats,  Beans,  Peas,  pasture,  &c.,  making 
a  total  corresponding  to  the  number  of  acres  as  entered 


in  the  poor  rate;  and  if  desirable,  the  farmer  should  also 
give  an  estimate  of  the  crop  per  acre,  which  would 
probably  be  nearer  truth  than  anything  we  have  at 
present.  The  day  is  past  for  occupiers  of  land  to  decline 
giving  information — their  position  is  such  as  to  court 
inquiry — to  them,  perhaps,  more  than  any  class,is  correct 
information  needed ;  and  a  small  penalty  for  non- 
compliance would  remove  any  difficulty  in  getting  the 
form  properly  filled  up,  which,  after  all,  would  not  be  so 
difficult  as  filling  up  the  property  or  assessed  taxes 
return.  Such  a  mass  of  figures,  in  the  hands  of  an  able 
digester,  would  be  highly  beneficial  and  useful  ;  com- 
parisons between  one  county  and  another  could  be  easily 
made,  and  would  go  a  great  way  to  remove  that  which 
has  been  so  long  a  matter  ,of  reproach,  namely,  our 
complete  darkness  on  so  important  a  subject.   W.  H. 

Corn  Sent. — In  your  Number  of  the  10th  of  January, 
I  find  a  statement  of  corn-rent  by  Mr.  J.  Hatton,  of 
Burghfield,  which  I  think  far  too  complex.  I  would 
submit  one  far  more  simple,  which  would  answer  the 
same  end.  I  began  business  for  myself  in  1804,  and 
continued  farming  and  grazing  till  1837.  I  farmed  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Huntingdon,  and  in  the  neighbour- 
ing counties  I  would  reckon  four  grades  of  quality  in 
large  farms,  say  from  200  to  800  acres,  and  these  four 
grades  of  quality  should  submit  to  a  corn  rent  of 
24  bushels  of  Wheat,  3  bushels,  3.^  or  4  bnsheb  per 
acre  ;  aud  this  may  be  done  by  the  landlord  or  his 
agent  accompanying  the  tenant  to  the  nearest  market  at 
Michaelmas  or  Lady-day,  immediately  before  each  rent 
day,  to  the  miller,  who  was  a  man  of  business  and 
reckoned  to  buy  the  most  Wheat,  and  give  them  the 
best  price  for  that  day.  James  Hull,  Chorlton-upon- 
Medlock,  Manchester,  Jan.  13.' 

Cream. — Having  had  a  dairy  farm  for  some  years,  I 
have  been  much  vexed  by  my  milk  going  wrong  in  a 
very  unusual  way  ;  at  times  it  is  as  good  as  could  be 
wished  ;  at  other  times  the  cream  it  "  casts  up  "  is  of  a 
slimy  tough  nature,  so  much  so  that  it  will  come  off  the 
milk  almost  entire,  without  breaking  at  all,  and  nearly 
as  tough  as  the  skin  that  gathers  on  the  surface  of  a 
pot  of  oil  paint  after  it  (the  oil  paint)  has  stood  some 
days.  I  have  kept  each  cow's  milk  separate,  but  find 
that  all  are  alike  at  particular  times.  I  have  also  (when 
I  knew  it  to  be  bad),  had  the  milk  carried  from  the  cow- 
house immediately  after  it  was  milked  to  a  distance  of 
two  miles,  and  kept  in  another  dairy,  and  found  it  went 
wrong  in  the  same  manner  there  ;  and  to  satisfy  myself 
that  it  was  not  in  the  food  that  the  cows  got,  I  have  had 
them  fed  for  a  considerable  time  on  the  produce  of  a 
farm  at  a  distance  from  my  own,  and  still  it  went  wrong. 
I  have  also  sold  the  produce  of  my  own  farm  to  other 
cowfeeders,  whose  milk  it  did  not  in  any  way  affect. 
And  when  my  cows  were  eating  pasture  on  another 
farm,  where  nothing  of  the  kind  ever  happened,  still 
their  milk  went  wrong.  It  happens  both  in  summer  and 
winter,  both  when  their  food  is  Grass,  and  when  it  is 
Tm-nips  ;  sometimes  it  continues  for  10  days,  and  sud- 
denly disappears  ;  at  other  times  I  am  not  troubled  with 
it  for  more  than  two  or  three  days  at  a  time  ;  and  the 
only  time  that  I  can  calculate  with  any  certainty  on 
being  exempt  from  it  is,  either  when  the  weather  is 
clear  and  frosty,  or  when  very  dry  and  hard.  The  cows 
are  all  in  good  health,  and  generally  thrive  well.  Yon 
will  greatly  obUge  me,  if  you  will  state  whether  anything 
of  the  kind  ever  came  under  your  notice,  what  can  be  the 
cause  of  it,  and  what  will  be  a  remedy  for  it.  P.S.  The 
taste  of  the  milk  or  butter  is  not  perceptibly  affected  by  it, 
but  the  appearance  of  the  cream  completely  spoils  the 
sale  of  it.  A  Constant  Reader,  Aberdeen. 

Wood's  Crushing  ^;^7^.— Observing  in  your  number  of 
Jan.  10,  a  correspondent  "  E.  T.'s  "  enquiries,  respects 
ing  Wood's  crushing  mills,— as  a  subscriber  to  your 
publication  for  the  last  six  years,  and  belonging  to  the 
firm  who  originally  introduced  these  mills,  I  venture  to 
enclose  you  our  printed  papers  relating  to  them.  This 
description  of  implement  was  introduced  by  us  many 
years  since,  one  variety  of  which  has  of  late  been  copied 
by  various  firms.   Walton  Turnei;  Ipswich. 


^ontties. 

HIGHLAND  AND  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY 
OF  SCOTLAND. 

Jan.  10. The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  members 

of  the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society  of  Scotland 
was  held  in  the  Society's-hall,  Albyn-place.  His  Grace 
the  Duke  of  Roxburghe,  President  of  the  Society, 
occupied  the  chair;  61  gentlemen,  31  of  whom  were 
tenant-farmers,  were  admitted  as  members. 

The  Show  at  Perth. — Mr.  Horne,  of  Laugwell,  the 
Chairman  of  the  General  Show  Committee,  said  he 
had  the  honour  of  reporting  that  the  arrangements 
with  regard  to  the  Society's  Show  at  Perth,  which  was 
to  take  place  early  in  August,  had  proceeded  to  the 
entire  satisfaction  of  the  Directors,  who  were  led  con- 
fidently to  anticipate  a  most  important  and  suc- 
cessful Show. 

Monthly  Meetings.— Sir  John  Stuart  Forbes  said 
it  was  now  his  duty  to  bring  under  their  notice  the 
subject  of  the  monthly  meetings.  It  was  with  great 
satisfaction  that  he  did  so,  because  he  felt  strongly  that 
this  was  one  of  the  most  important  subjects  that  the 
Society  had  under  its  charge.  It  was  now  10  years 
since  these  meetings  had  been  commenced  ;  and  he 
was  glad  to  say  that  every;  year  they  were  progressing 
in  importance  and  popularity.  During  the  last  season, 
in  particular,  they  made  a  manifest  advance  ;  and  they 
had  also  obtained  a  greater  degree  of  support  than  had 
ever,  at  any  former  period,  been  awarded  to  them. 


4— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


61 


The  system  adopted  by  the  Directors  of  requesting  the 
attendance  of  gentlemen  from  different  districts  of  the 
country  had,  in  addition  to  the  benefit  derived  from  the 
ideas  of  different  minds,  been  of  great  advantage  in 
putting  the  Society  in  possession  of  valuable  obser- 
vations connected  with  the  operations  adopted  in  dis- 
tricts differently  situated,  having  different  sorts  of 
climate,  and  following  various  modes  of  management. 

CHE5IICAL  Department. —  Dr.  Anderson,  Chemical 
Professor  to  the  Society,  reported  verbally  on  this  de- 
partment of  their  operations,  and  said  that,  during  the 
past  year,  the  work  of  the  laboratory  had  been  carried  on 
with  great  satisfaction.  Tliere  was  scarcely  any  kind  of 
analysis  that  could  properly  fall  under  the  consideration 
of  the  chemist  to  which  they  had  not  had  occasion  more 
or  less  during  the  past  year  to  execute.  Among  the 
investigations  in  which  they  had  been  engaged  there  was 
the  investigation  of  the  composition  and  comparative 
nutritive  value  of  Turnips  grown  under  different  cir- 
cumstances ;  and  on  the  results  of  that  investigation  he 
had  published  a  very  extensive  paper  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Society.  He  had  also  published  a  consider- 
able number  of  communications  during  the  year  in  the 
Transactions,  iucluding  a  review  of  the  comparative 
economy  of  the  different  sorts  of  manure  extensively 
employed  in  agriculture.  They  were  at  present  engaged 
on  several  investigations,  which  were  rapidly  approach- 
ing completion,  one  of  which  related  to  the  subject  of 
"  Finger-and-toe  "  in  Turnips,  and  which  had  arisen,  to 
some  extent,  out  of  the  investigation  connected  with  the 
Turnip  crop.  The  botanical  part  of  that  investigation 
was  under  the  charge  of  Professor  Balfour,  and  the 
chemical  part  was  under  his  (Dr.  Anderson's)  own 
superuitendence.  It  was  a  very  extensive  investigation  ; 
but  he  was  gratified  to  be  able  to  mention  that  they 
would  be  able,  in  a  short  time,  to  make  the  whole  of  the 
results  of  the  investigation  public.  Another  subject 
which  had  occupied  their  attention  for  the  last  two 
yeai-s,  and  which  would  now  be  rapidly  proceeded  with 
since  the  investigation  in  connection  with  the  Turnip 
crop  had  been  finished  —  namely,  the  comparative 
feeding  value  of  different  sorts  of  crops  for  the  feeding 
of  cattle.  There  were  several  other  matters  of  minor 
importance  now  under  investigation,  on  which  he  hoped 
shortly  to  be  able  to  report. 

Agricultural  Statistics.  —  The  Secretary  then 
read  a  memorial,  which  it  was  proposed  to  send  to  the 
Right  Hon.  Hem-y  Labouchere,  the  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  on  the  subject  of  Agricultural 
Statistics. 

Mr.  Milne,  of  Milnegraden,  said  he  could  not  con- 
ceive any  object  of  gi'eater  importance  than  agricultviral 
statistics,  especially  in  a  country  that  embraced  so  vast 
an  amount  of  property  belonging  to  agriculturists. 
Whilst  other  countries,  where  the  agricultural  interest 
was  of  less  importance  than  here,  have  returns  made 
annually  of  the  state  and  value  of  the  different  crops, 
and  the  amount  of  land  under  cultivation,  there  is 
nothing  of  the  kind  in  this  country.  The  matter 
hitherto  had  been  left  either  to  mere  guess-work  or  to 
accident  to  ascertain  what  was  the  amount  of  the 
different  crops  ;  so  that  every  writer  on  agriculture 
had  to  lament  that  there  were  no  means  of  arriving  at 
the  exact  and  absolute  amount  of  the  produce  raised  in 
the  coxmtry,  and  of  comparing  its  progress  from  one 
year  to  another.  In  the  United  States  of  America 
there  were  returns  in  reference  to  the  whole  country,  as 
well  as  in  reference  to  each  particular  State  of  that 
great  Republic  ;  and  these  returns  related  not  only  to 
the  usual  description  of  crops,  but  to  the  crops  of  cotton 
and  Indian  corn.  They  also  found  that  in  France,  and 
other  of  the  Continental  nations,  something  of  the  same 
kind  was  published  from  time  to  time  ;  and  they  knew 
also  that  the  thing  had  been  attempted,  and  successfully 
attempted,  in  our  own  country  ;  so  that  there  could  be 
no  difficulty  whatever  urged  in  the  way  of  carrying  it 
into  effect  He  earnestly  trusted  that  the  appeal  that 
was  now  about  to  be  made  by  the  Society  to  Govern- 
ment, would  be  effectual  in  inducing  them  to  institute 
some  such  machinery  ;  and,  if  they  did  so,  he  had  no 
doubt  of  its  success. 

Geological  Museum. — The  Secretary  then  read  a 
memorial  which  had  been  tx*ansmitted  to  the  Lords  of 
the  Treasury  by  the  Directors,  on  the  subject  of  esta- 
blishing a  Musemn  of  Economic  Geology  and  Chemistry 
in  Scotland. 

Hbpohtsof  Expehiuekts,  &c. — Mr.  Makgill,  of  Kem- 
back,  made  a  statement  on  the  part  of  the  Committee 
on  Report*  in  Competition  for  Premiums.  The  reports 
were  unusually  numerous  and  important.  The  pre- 
miums were  aa  follow  :^Gold  Medals  have  been 
awarded  to,  J.  Andrew  Douie,  Blair-Adam,  Kinross,  for 
a  very  excellent  paper  on  Draining  ;  2.  Richard  Hodg- 
son, of  Carham-Iiall,  Nortliumberland,  for  a  Report  on 
tlie  Cultivation  of  Fiax  ;  3.  Walter  Reid,  Drem,  East 
Lothian,  ditt'i ;  4.  James  FarquharBon,  Craig-house, 
Kincardineshire,  ditto.  [In  connection  with  the  culti- 
Tation  of  Flax,  Mr.  Makgill  remarked  that  tliis  im- 
ptiTt&nt  subject  had  not  been  overlooked  by  the  Direc- 
tors, though  it  had  been  supponed  by  some  tliat  they 
were  indifferent  with  regard  to  it.  It  was  true  that 
they  had  bcf-n  obliged  to  proceed  with  circumBpection, 
and  that  evt-n  yet  they  were  not  in  a  position  to  offer 
tny  dcf  i  U  d  recommendation  or  advice,  but  they  desired 
to  rnxirk  their  fcnso  of  the  importance  of  the  Hubjcct,  as 
well  M  of  the  merits  of  the  paper.i  in  competition  by  con- 
ferring tie  t'old  medal  on  the  author  of  each.]  !i.  John 
Blarforth,  Edinburgh,  for  tho  best  I'ian  of  a  Farm 
Steading  ;  <i.  Itohert  lioyle,  tilo  manufacturer,  Ayr,  for 
A  very  comprehensive  iUport  on  the  diifereat  Draiu-tilp 


and  Pipe  Machines  brought  out  within  the  last  14  years. 
Medium  Gold  Medals  have  been  awarded  to,  1.  George 
\V.  Hay,  of  Whiterigg,  Melrose,  for  a  Report  on  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  Barley  ;  2.  James  Fulton,  late 
Jameston,  Ayrshire,  for  a  Report  on  the  cultivation  and 
uses  of  Chicory  ;  3.  James  Ritchie,  C.E.,  Storuoway, 
for  a  Report  on  Tussae  Grass  grown  in  the  Lewis  ; 
4.  Peter  Mackenzie,  West  Plean,  Stirlingshire,  for  a 
Report  of  planting  on  Peat  Moss  ;  5.  David  Gorrie, 
Annat  Cottage,  Errol,  for  a  Report  on  the  Cottage 
Accommodation  of  the  Carse  of  Gowrie.  Two  Reports 
have  been  received  of  improvements  of  waste  land — one 
from  a  proprietor,  Mr.  Alexander,  of  Springhill,  Peter- 
head ;  the  other  from  a  tenant,  Mr.  John  Stephens, 
Cross-roads  of  Keig,  Aberdeenshire.  They  are  not  in 
strict  compliance  with  the  Society's  requirements,  but 
as  both  indicate  much  energy,  a  medium  gold  medal  has 
been  awarded  to  the  proprietor,  and  5^.  to  the  farmer. 
6.  Robert  Milne,  C.E.,  Aberdeen,  for  a  Report  on  the 
application  of  special  manures.  The  author  of  a  paper 
on  the  Nutritive  Value  of  Turnips,  marked  "  Investi- 
gator,'* is  recommended  to  continue  his  experiments, 
with  the  view  of  afterwards  reporting.  The  authors 
also  of  two  papers  (the  one  on  the  varieties  of  the 
Potato,  marked  "  Enterprise  brings  us  many  comforts  ;" 
the  other  on  field  Cabbage,  marked  **  Justitia"),  are 
recommended  to  continue  and  extend  their  experiments, 
with  a  view  of  reporting  more  extended  results  and  in  a 
more  complete  form. 


Farm  Memoranda- 

Mr.  Clifton's  Estate,  Lttham,  Lancashire. — Near 
Lythara,  with  its  mild  climate  and  fertile  soil,  the 
valuable  estates  of  Mr.  Clifton  are  happily  situated, 
consisting  of  20,000  acres.  About  12  years  ago,  the 
owner,*  contemplating  extensive  improvements,  engaged 
his  as  agent  Mr.  Fair,  a  gentleman  of  extensive  practical 
knowledge,  and  who  has  been  eminently  successful, 
through  the  spirit  and  enterprise  of  tlie  liberal  pro- 
prietor, in  increasing  the  productiveness  and  value  of 
the  property,  by  means  of  new  roads,  drainage,  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil,  farm  buildings,  &c.  Having  known  the 
estate  many  years,  and  having  had  the  opportunity  of 
inspecting  it  from  time  to  time,  I  can  bear  witness  to 
the  various  improvements  that  have  been  successfully 
made.  On  recently  going  over  the  district,  I  observed 
that  where  the  main  drains  for  receiving  the  branch 
drains  were  formerly  only  2  feet  deep,  they  are  now  G 
and  8  feet.  The  main  drain  and  its  branches  are  upwards 
of  10  miles  in  length,  and  have  been  the  means  of  pro- 
viding under-drainage  for  more  than  6000  acres,  a  large 
portion  of  which  was  formerly  deprived  of  this  advan- 
tage, and  nearly  half  the  quantity  was  liable  to  inunda- 
tion. A  great  extent  of  tile  drainage  has  been  done  at 
at  a  cost  of  from  '61.  to  51.  per  acre  ;  the  tiles  be;ng  made 
on  the  estate,  the  cutting,  3  feet  3  inches  deep,  costs  about 
5^d.  The  annual  value  of  that  part  of  the  property  thus 
improved  by  drainage  is  already  increased  by  10s.  per 
acre.  A  progressive  improvement  is  further  materially 
adding  to  the  rental.  Within  the  last  eight  years,  nearly 
20  miles  of  new  roads  have  been  made,  and  other 
improvements  executed.  A  considerable  extent  of  new 
thorn  hedges  has  been  planted,  which  are  in  a  thriving 
condition  ;  the  cost  in  labour,  exclusive  of  railing,  in 
strong  soils,  is  5d.  per  8  yards,  and  id.  in  those 
that  are  lighter,  by  which  a  man  will  earn  from  2s.  to 
2s.  id.  per  day.  On  these  and  other  operations  160 
labourers  are  employed,  their  wages  being  '2s.  per  day  ; 
the  poor's  rates  are  consequently  diminished,  being  now 
only  Is.  id.  in  the  pound,  and  none  but  the  aged  and 
infirm  need  seek  parish  relief.  When  Mr,  Fair  first 
came  to  the  Fylde,  Turnips  were  seen  only  in  the 
gardens  ;  at  present  1000  acres  at  least  are  grown  in 
the  fields  :  18  to  20  tons  per  acre  are  considered  a  fair 
crop,  but  30  tons  are  occasionally  produced.  On  the 
farm  occupied  by  Mr.  Begbie,  consisting  of  450  acres,  I 
observed  sheep  folded  on  Turnips,  by  nets  and  stakes. 
Great  improvements  have  been  introduced  by  Mr.  Beg- 
bie and  other  Scotch  farmers,  who  obtained  leases  of  19 
and  21  years.  Mr.  Begbie  practises  the  beneficial 
practice  of.  drilling  grain  to  a  considerable  extent,  and 
hisGrassseeds  under  the  drill  culture  are  most  luxuriant. 
He  also  succeeds  with  drilled  Beans  as  a  preparation  for 
Wheat.  The  drill  machine  used  by  him  cost  10^.,  is 
drawn  by  one  horse,  and  sows  six  rows  at  a  time.  Of 
Wheat,  he  sows  from  4  to  7  peeks,  according  to  the 
season  ;  of  Oats,  from  10  to  12  pecks  ;  and  Barley, 
about  10  pecks.  Besides  implements  common  in  the 
district,  cultivators  of  different  descriptions,  clod 
crushers,  scarifiei*s,  grubbers  of  varions  kinds,  and  drill 
machines  for  Beans  and  for  all  kinds  of  grain,  are  in  use 
on  the  estate.  Mr.  Begbie,  in  the  autumn,  ploughs  his 
land  intended  for  Beans  or  green  crops  10  to  12  inches 
deep,  with  three  horses  yoked  abreast ;  the  horses  are 
attached  to  the  draught  by  equalising  swingle-trees.Jby 
which  each  horse  must  take  his  share  of  tho  draught ; 
ho  considers  that  three  horses  yoked  in  this  manner 
have  as  much  power  and  work  with  more  ease  than  four 
lioraes  yoked  in  pairs,  one  pair  before  the  other.  When 
I  visited  Mr.  Begbie,  a  year  or  two  ago,  he  had  between 
50"  and  CO"  cattle,  pi'incipally  bullocks,  feeding  on 
Turnips  and  straw,  and  a  sort  of  cake  composed  of 
linseed  meal  and  bruised  grain  (eitiicr  Beans,  Barley,  or 
lu'lian  corn,  wliicliover  may  bo  tho  cheapest  or  mo!-t 
convenient.)     The  cattio  are  fed  in  courts,  10  to  13  in 


each  court,  and  when  first  put  up  get  what  Turnips  and 
straw  they  choose  to  take ;  as  soon  as  they  have  befniu 
to  improve   upon   this  food,  he  gives  the  compound  in 
place  ot  linseed  cake  or  bruised  corn.     The  compound, 
say  for  53  cattle,  is  prepared  as  follows  :— Thirty  pounds 
of  crushed  linseed  are  gradually  mixed  with   about  30 
gallons  of  boiling  water  in  a  boiler,  after  which  1.50  lbs. 
of  meal  or  bruised  grain  are  added,  with  a  handful  of 
salt  ;  and  the  mixture,  after  being  stirred  into  a  con- 
sistency of  thick  porridge,  is  cast  into  wooden  moulds 
containing  9  lbs.  each  ;  the  above  quantities  make  about 
53  cakes  ;  each  beast  is  allowed  one  cake  a  day.  He  was 
first  induced  to  try  this  compound  from  having  seen  a 
recommendation  of  it  in  the  Mark  Lane  Express^  when 
the  price  of  English-made  linseed  cake  was  very  hi"h. 
He  estimates  it,  pound   for  pound,  equal  to  linseed  cake 
for  feeding  purposes,  that  is,  3  lbs.  of  the  raw  material 
of  the  mixture  will  go  as  far  as  the  same  quantity  of 
cake  ;  and   if  so,  it  must  have  been  more  economical, 
as  good  cake  was  not  to  be  had  at  that  time  under  a  l|d. 
to  \^d.  per  pound,  while  the  same  weight  of  the  raw 
material  of  the  mixture  costs  only  about  three  farthings. 
Horses  are  very  fond  of  tliis  compound,  and  by  giving 
them  daily,  in  addition  to  their  other  food,  one  of  these 
cakes,  they  are  kept  in  excellent  condition  ;  they  are 
also  very  beneficial  to  young  horses  when  put  to  hard 
work.     Mr.  Begbie  informs  me  that  he  now  uses  linseed 
cake  in  preference,  as  he  considers  it  quite  as  cheap  and 
attended  with  less  trouble.     The  price  of  linseed  cake, 
when  he  used  the  mixture,  was  13^.  per  ton  ;  this  year, 
home-made  cake  costs  him  at  Liverpool  only  11.     Mr. 
Begbie  has  on  his  farm  a  steam-engine  of  eight-horse- 
power, erected  by  the   proprietor  at  a   cost  of  240?., 
exclusive  of  chimney.    Air.  Begbie  pays  10  per  cent,  on 
tlie  cost,  and  has  the  benefit  of  threshing  corn  for  the 
neighbouring  farmers.     Farm  buildings  and  cottages  for 
labourers  have  lately  been   erected,  on   an   improved 
principle  and  on  an  extensive  scale,  both  on  Mr.  Begbie'a 
farm  and  on  several  others  (a  plan  of  Mr.  Begbie's  is 
annexed).  These  buildings,  though  extremely  commo- 
dious and  occupying  a  large  extent  of  ground,  are  by  no 
means  expensive,  the  walls  all  being  low  and  there  being 
no   lofts  or  floors  to    support.     The   scantling  of  the 
timber  is  light,  hence  the  expense  is  far  less  formidable 
than  many  imagine  ;  it  would  be  difficult  to  state  the 
cost,  as  a  considerable  part  of  old  material  on  the  spot 
was  made  use  of.     Mr.  Clifton  has  been  the  means  of 
improving  the  live  stock  of  the  country  by  introducing; 
well  bred  sliort-horned  bulls,  and  by  making  presents  of 
calves  to  his^  tenantry.     Some  of  the  farmers  on  the- 
higher  ground  make  excellent  cheese.  In  some  instances,. 
4  cwt.,  of  120  lbs.,  per  cow  is  produced  ;  the  average 
may  be  from  3  to  3^  cwt.,  which  sells  at  the  present' 
time  from  i7s.  to  52s.  per  cwt.  As  dairying  is  a  favourite 
system,  some  few  fields  in  each  farm  are  selected  for 
permanent  pasture  ;  the  remainder  are  managed  on  a 
six  or  seven  course  shift,  namely,— first,  Oats   out   of 
Grass ;  second,  green  crops  ;  third.  Wheat  or  Barley, 
sown  with  seeds,  which  remain  two  or  tliree  years  in 
pasture  ;  or  in  the  seven  course  rotation  :  first,  Oats  or 
Beans  ;  second,  Beans  or  Oats  ;  third  green  crop  ;  fourth,^ 
Wheat    or    Barley,   with    seeds,  mostly    three    years 
pastured.     On  some  light  sandy  or  moss  soils  an  excep- 
tion may  be  made,  as  they  are  not  always  calculated  to 
graze  profitably  three  years  in  succession.  Where  Beans 
are  drilled  and  properly  manured  and  cleaned,  an  excep-- 
tion  may  also  be  made  in  this  respect,  as  that  crop  so- 
managed  is  considered  to  be  the  best  preparation  for 
Wheat;  but  Wheat    after    broad-cast    Beans    is    not 
allowed,  nor  is  taking  two  white  or  grain  crops  in  succes- 
sion ;  though  in  breaking  up  an  old  rushy  field,  of  which 
too  many  are  to  be  found  in  the  Fylde,  no  objection  is 
made  to  takingtwo  successive  crops  of  Oats,  todecompose  • 
the  roots  of  Rushes  and  tough  Grass  sward.  The  tenants- 
grow  as  many  Turnips  as  will  convert  their  straiv  into 
manure,  and  keep   their  stock  in  thriving  condition. 
Fixed  money  rents  are  in  use,  though  a  wish  has  for 
some  time  prevailed  for  the  adoption  of  a  rental  varying, 
with  the  price  of  produce  ;  but  the  difiiculty  has  been, 
to  commence  on  a  basis  operating  equitably  between 
landlord  and  tenant.     No  general  reduction  has  been 
made  on  Mr.  Clifton's  estate,  as  the  farms  were  mostly- 
let    on    terms  advantageous    to   the  tenant,  and   the; 
outlay  is    taken   into    consideration,  compensating   in. 
many  instances  for  diminished  prices  of  produce.    la 
Lytham  and  Warton  there  are  well  endowed  schools  ; 
but  in  other  districts  not  so  fortunately  situated,  wdiere 
Mr.  Clifton  has  property,  he  lias  built  schools,  and  is  a 
liberal    contributor    towards    education.    The  tenants 
contribute  according  to  the  extent  and  value  of  their 
holdings.     The  beneficial  effect  already  arising  from  the 
establishment   of  these  schools  is    most   striking   and 
remarkable.  Notes  on  Laiicashirc  Agriculture. 


"  Hlnt-u  tljU  report  \va«  wrliton,  wo  liuvu  to  lanicnt  the  duitlti 
of  tho  lute  (jfcilmublo  owner,  a  Kuntli-uiaii  tndctiiliffnbly  devoted 
to  tho  Iniprovttncnt  of  tlio  couotry  and  tho  cuiiiiyyincnt  uiiO 
t:ouilurtB  uf  the  paur. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BoiLTiiE:  T  E.  Wo  cnn  euggest  nothlDg  better  than  scouring.. 
Is  it  copper  or  iron  1 

Chemical  NoMENCLAinnE  :  TGCLN.  Chlorate  of  potafih  is 
u  compound  of  chloric  aold  and  potash,  the  ono  n  compound 
of  chlorlno  nnd  fivo  cquivolonta  of  oxyRen,  and  the  other  the 
oxidc3  uf  tho  motal  potaBnlum.  And  chloride  of  potasaium  ib 
u  compound  of  ohlorlno  and  potaBsium.  But  your  quostioa 
Ih  altoj^cthor  nilsatatod  or  miiconcelvod.  There  in  a  hydro- 
chlorato  or  murialo  of  potaah.  Do  you  rofor  lu  any  way  to 
it?  ItiH  cot  lllicly  that  you  should  bo  mixing  chlorideD  of 
liotnnHium  with  bones  and  sulohurlc  ncld. 

Cow-I'EED:  y.:  V N.  Good  Iiuy,  at  U,  a  ton,  Ih  n  groat  deal 
cliobper  than  Swedes  at  17fl.  a  ton,  A  (i((W  ivMl  out  1^  owt. 
of  Svvcd<!H,  with  straw  ad  lib. ;  and  tt  vlll  oit  20  Ibe.  of  hoy. 
It  would  thilvo  on  much  less  hay  thim  wUh  straw  mixed 
with  It. 

Linhlld:  a  N.  Wo  hhouhl  i)rffer  tlio  Llnneed  wholn  at  4?(?,  a 
quarUT,  with  pollard  or  bran,  to  Lln-eed  calio  at  lOi.  ft  tt  n. 


62 


THE     A  GRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


LccEHNE :  B  R.    Tup    Ure&s  with  3  cwt.  ot  guaao  per   acre, 

Diingled  with  three  or  four  times  its  bulk  of  loam. 
PoOLTEY  :  S  H.  Spanish  fowls  must  have  white  faces,  without 
tliem  they  are  not  Spanish,  but  merely  black  fowls,  Thia 
Tule  applies  to  both  cocke  and  hens.  They  never  have 
feathered  legs,— J  Y.  The  fowla  exhibited  succes^fally  at 
Birmingham  as  *'  Sbanghae,"  were  classed  with  "  new 
and  dietioct  varieties,"  and  rewarded  aa  such.  I  do 
■nut  apprehend  it  matters  where  the  birds  come  from, 
provided  they  possetis  the  admitted  characteristics  of  the 
breed,  as  shown  in  this  country.  I  saw  last  week  Pome  ex- 
cellent birds  from  the  south  of  France,  and  some  very  bad 
ones  imported  drect  from  Chioa,  There  are  divers  breeds 
■there  as  here,  and  unless  the  par'y  employed  to  bring  them 
oi'i?r  is  himself  a  juiige  of  the  bird,  he  is  a?  likely  to  bring 
■one  breed  as  ano'her.  It  is  essential  to  bear  in  mind,  the 
competition  in  Cochin  China  fowls  does  not  include  every 
breed  known  in  that  country,  or  every  kind  brought  from  it, 
but  it  is  confined  to  one  particular  sort,  known  here  as  the 
Ct^chin  China  Fowl,  The  white  were  imported  as  a  distinct 
breed,  and  I  am  disposed  to  consider  them  as  such,  aeeint^ 
they  produce  none  but  white  chickens,  and  are  consequently 
becoming  common.  Were  they  an  accidental  variety  they 
■would  show  it  by  varying  in  colour,  and  above  all  by  re- 
turning to  the  ori;rinal  dark  shade. — ANew  Sub.  Go'den  and 
Silver  Poland  fowls  should  have  blue  legs  without  feather, 
well  shaped  bodies,  and  cheerful  carriage  ;  the  gold  and 
silver  ground  colour  of  the  varieties  well  spangled  with 
black;  top  knots  full,  formed  In  the  hen  of  Hat  feathers 
.growing  out,  and  turning  inwards  towards  the  top,  each 
leather  having  a  alight  curl  that  way;  in  the  cock  it  is 
forined  of  strai.,'ht  Ion?  feathers,  similar  to  hackles,  and 
.growing  downwarda. — Epicure.  You  must  ba  guided  by  cir- 
cuui'-tancea  in  selecting  the  proper  time  for  liilliog  your 
poultry.  It  is  advisable  that,  after  death,  it  should  get  cold, 
to  enable  it  to  keep  long  enough  fur  the  rigidity  to  dieappsar, 
and  to  ensure  tenderness.  It  does  not  therefore  siguity  at 
■what  time  it  is  killed  in  the  winter  ;  but,  in  the  summer,  kill 
in  the  evening,  that  you  may  have  the  freshness  of  the  night, 
J.  Baily,  113,  Mount- street. 

■SlooFS  :  J  E  O.  A  good  slate  roof— timber  and  all— will  cos'  at 
least  SOs.  a  square  of  100  square  feet ;  the  rsfters  should  be 
one  foot  from  centre  to  centre.  About  corrugated  iron,  apply 
to  Mr.  Porter,  late  of  Southwark,  now  of  Birmingham.  But 
a  slate  roof  is  probably  the  best  in  the  long  run. 

Sheep  :  T  F.  You  may  charge  51.  or  6d.  a  head  for  sheep  on 
Turnips,  and  4d.  a  head  for  lambs  or  tegs.  If  they  have 
hay  beside,  full  Gd.  may  be  charged. 

Xawka:  J  E  Q,  'Ihe  bricks  should  be  laid  in  mortar  and 
puddled  behind  ;  12  feet  by  3  feet,  and  10  feet  deep,  will 
hold  about  22,000  gallons.  It  must  be  puddled  and  bricked 
below  as  well  as  at  the  sides;  9  inch  work  is  thick  enough. 
A  circular  tank  10  feet  deep  and  4^  feet  in  diameter,  will 
hold  about  22.000  gallons. 


[Jan.  24, 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Jan.  24. 
The  market  ia  somewhat  over  supplied  with  the  coarser  kinds 
of  vegetables  and  trade  not  only  for  these  but  also  fur  everything 
-slsy  is  dull.  English  Pine-apples  are  plentiful,  considering  the 
season.  Hothouse  Grapes  are  nearly  over.  A  few  foreign  Pears 
are  still  furnished.  The  best  English  kinds  fetch  good  prices. 
They  consist  of  Glout  Morceau,  Beurr^  Ranee,  and  Easter 
Seurre.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the 
same  as  last  quoted.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are 
sutiiKient  for  the  demand.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  ia 
quality.  Lettuces  and  other  aalading  are  sufficient  for  the 
demand.  Mushrooms  are  still  dear.  Cut  flowers  consist  of 
Heaths,  Epacrlses,  Mignonette,  Stephanotis,  Bignonia  ve- 
nusta,  Camellias,  and  Roses. 

FRUIT, 


Pineapples,  per  lb.,  43  to  8a 
■Grapes, hothouse.p. lb.,  4b  to  7b 

—    Lisbon,  perlb.,  9d  to  Is 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2s 

to  3s  t}d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  Ss  to  6s 
BemouH,  per  doz..  Is  to   2s 
Walnuts,  per  bush.,  12s  to  24  b 

VEGETABLES, 


Almonds,  per  peck,  6s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  33 
Oranges,  per  dox..  Is  tola  6d 

~    per  100,  6s  to  10a 
MutB, Barcelona,  p.b8h,208to228 

—  Brazil,  p,  bdh.,  12s  to  148 
Filberts,  per  lOOlbs.,  708  to  90d 


Cabbafies,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  43  to  6a 
'Seakale,  per  basket.  Is  to  2a 
-Khubarb,  p.  bundle.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  SOs 

—  percwt,,2s  to  5s 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  26  fid 
Turnips,  p.  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
-Cucumbers,  each.  Is  to  Ss 
Uadi6hes,per  doz.,  9d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  p.  doz.,  9d  to  Is 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
'Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

la6d  to  Zs6d 
Bptnach.per  sieve,  Is  tola 6d 
Onionrt,  p.  bunch,  Id  to  5d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,l86d  to  3s 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  2s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 


Parsnips,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  6dto8d 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  Sd  to  la 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score,  4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  per  score,  3d  to  1b 
Small  Salada,  p.  punn.,2d  to  8d 
E^torseRadish.p.  bundle,  la  to  48 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to2B6d 

—  per  bushel,  7s  to  lOs 
Sorrel,  per  bf.  sieve,  6d  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  26  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Basil,  p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Wat6rcre8s,p.l2bunch3.4dto6a 


WOOL. 

Bbadpobd,  Tbdbsday,  January  22.— There  is  a  spiritless 
-action  in  the  wool  trade,  both  here  and  in  the  couniry,  and 
at  the  present  prices  there  ia  no  prospect  of  any  improvement ; 
A*or  t'le  spinners  complaia  that  they  cannot  realise  coat  on 
cheaper  bought  wools,  and  to  give  the  advance  sought  on  the 
■early  part  of  December  prices,  would  only  be  making  bad 
<vorse. 


COAL  MARKET.— Feidai,  Jan.  23. 

"Holywell,  16s.  6d. ;  Townley,  ISa.  Gd.  ;  Tanfield  Moor, 
lU:!.  3d.;  Ravensworth  West  Hartley,  149.;  Wallsend  Harton, 
153.  9d. ;  Wallsend  Haswell,  l78.  9d. ;  Wallsend  Braddyl, 
17e.  3d. ;  Wallsend  Ripier  Grange,  iSs.  fld. ;  Wallsend  Tees, 
Us.  3d. — Ships  at  market.  85. 

POTATOES.— SooTHWAEE,  Monday,  Jan.  19. 

The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  there  have 
'oeen  few  arrivals  coastwise;  still  there  are  quite  enough  tor 
the  demand,  which  continues  very  limited  ;  aud  no  alteration 
'in  price  can  yet  be  quoted.  The  following  are  this  day's  quota- 
•tions :— Yorkshire  Regents.  608.  to  80s.;  Scotch  ditto,  608.  to 
•■e5s. ;  iCupa,  50s.  to  60s. ;  Kent  and  Essex  Regents,  60s.  to  753.; 
'Lincolnshire,  Jic,  SOs.  to  65s. 

HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Xrusses. 
Smithfield.  Jan.  22, 

'Prime  Meadow  Hay  728  to  789  |  Clover     

Slufariorditto 65        70    I  2d  cut       

Rowen     60        65       Straw      

New  Hay        —        —    | 

Cdmbeeland  Market,  Jan.  22. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  74sto783 

Ini'erior  ditto 60        70 

Hew  Hay 


Old  Clover 


73         84 


Interior  ,. 
New  Clover 
Straw 


75s  to  85s 
66        76 
22         25 
.  COOPEB. 

65s  to  75s 
28 


24 


JOBHDA  BAEEB. 


HOPS.- Feidat,  Jan.  23. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  trade  is  good 
a:id  prices  firm.     Currency: 

Mill  Ji  East  Keots  140,s  to  252s  1  Sussex      112s  to  1303 

Weald  Kcnta      ...  I2O3  to  HTs  |  Yearlings 953  to  llOg 


SMITHFIELD,  Monday,  Jan.  19. 
We  have  a  fair  average  supply  of  Beasts  ;  the  weather  being 
more  favourable  there  is  a  cheerful  trade,  and  in  some  in- 
stances prices  are  ra'.her  higher  than  on  Monday  last ;  but  tbe.-e 
is  scarcely  advance  enoagh  tu  w.irrant  our  quoting  more.  The 
supply  of  Sheep  ia  small,  fully  adequate,  however,  to  the  de- 
mand. The  dead  trade  having  been  exceedingly  bad  during 
the  past  week,  the  batchers  buy  very  sparinj^ly  to-day,  and, 
consequently,  on  the  average  prices  are  no  better.  Good 
Calves  are  not  plentiful ;  these  are  rather  dearer,  bat  middling 
ones  are  still  low.  From  riclland  and  Germany  there  are  5iJ4 
Beasts,  1910  Sheep,  and  134  Oalvea  ;  trom  Scotland,  300  Beasts  ; 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1300  ;  and  700  from  the  northern 
and  midland  counties- 

Per  at.of  8  lbs.  — a  d  3 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  3  8  to  E 
Best  Short-horns  3  6  —  l 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3 
Best  Downs    and 

Ilalf-bredB      ,„  4     0  —  4 
Ditto  Shorn        ,,, 
Beasts,  3683 ;  Sneep  and  Lambs,22,270 ;  Calves,  174  ;  Pigs,  380l 

Friday,  Jan.  23. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  s-nall;  trade  is  cheerful  for  good 
qualities  at  fully  late  rate?,  bat  very  dall  for  inferior  kinds, 
the  number  of  Shgep  is  very  smiU,  bat  ihe  demand  is  so 
limited  that  it  is  with  dilBcu'ty  M'inday'iS  prices  are  realised. 
There  ia  an  advance  of  fully  4d.  per  8  lbs.  in  Calves,  o\viQg  to 
shortness  of  supp'y.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  213 
Beasts,  430  Sheep,  and  94  Calves.  The  number  of  Milch 
Cows  on  sale  is  110. 


d 

Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— a 

d      s 

d 

BestLoni;.woo]e  .  3 

8  to  4 

0 

10 

Ditto  Shorn 

8 

Ewes*  2d  quality  8 

0  -3 

6 

y 

Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0 

0-0 

0 

4 

Calves      3 

0  —  4 

2 

FicB          2 

8  —  4 

0 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.       ...  8    8  to  3  10 

B,Bt  Snort-horns    3    0  —  38 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3    2 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds      ...  4    0  —  4    4 

Ditto  Shorn 


-4    0 


Best  Long-wools .  3 

Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  5'.  2d  quality  3    0  —  3 

Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      ...         ...  0 

Calves       S 

PiRs  3 


0  —  0 
4  —  4 
0. 


Red 
Red 


Red 


Beasts,  750;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2790  ;  Calves,  148;  Pigs,   310. 

MARK  LANE. 
MoHD  AT,  Jan.  19.— The  supply  of  Wheat  this  morning  from 
Essex  was  small,  but  moderate  from  Kent ;  the  whole  meta 
free  sale,  at  an  aiivance  of  Is.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices  of  this 
day  se'uu't^ht.  Foreign  was  in  fair  request,  particularly  the 
best  qualities,  and  must  be  written  Is.  per  qr,  dearer. — The 
sale  of  foreiizn  Flour  is  checked  by  the  advanced  rates  at  which 
it  is  beld  ;  fine  barrels  realised  23s.  ;  best  French,  343.  Gd.  to 
35s.  per  sack. — For  Barley  there  is  a  good  demand,  at  an  ad- 
vance of  Is.  per  qr.  — Beans  and  Peas  are  the  turn  dearer.^ 
There  is  a  fair  trade  for  0  its,  at  an  improvement  of  6d.  per  qr. 

Pee  Impebial  Qdarteh. 
Wheat,  EBsei,  Kent,  4  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —      Talavera  , 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  i  York. ..White 

—  Foreign : 

Barley,grind.&  distil.,  25s  to278...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  aud  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Sufl'olk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire,. .Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal, foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24s  to  27s Tick 

—  Pigeon 27   —  32...  Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 263  to  298 Grey 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Feidat,  Jan.  23. — The  supplies  of  grain  and  Flour  this  week 
have  been  moderate.  To-day's  market  was  fairly  attended, 
and  we  experienced  a  good  demand  for  English  and  foreign 
white  Wheat,  at  an  improvement  of  Is.  per  qr.  on  Monday's 
prices,  but  this  does  not  apply  to  red.  Business  was  much 
curtailed  by  the  high  prices  insisted  on.  The  inquiry  continues 
good  for  floating  cargoes  of  Wheat  and  Indian  Corn. — The 
finest  descriptions  of  Barley  bring  an  advance  of  Is.  per  qr., 
inferior  qualities  Is.  to  2s.  per  qr. — Beans  and  Peas  sell  readily 
at  Monday's  prices. — There  is  a  good  trade  for  Oats,  at  an 
enhancement  ofOd.  perqr. 


41—44 
44—47 
16—48 
37-42 
34—62 
80—84 
23—27 
18-20 
20—21 
18-22 
18-21 


25—30 
30-31 
22—30 
12-34 
24-27 

35—40 
27—32 
16—23 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed. 
Peed. 
Feed. 
Foreign  . 


Harrow . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk,,. 
Foreign  . 
Yellow... 

Morfplk  . 
Per  'sack 


38-40 
10-42 


18-29 


19—21 
17-20 
17—20 


25—30 
24—26 
23—25 
33—35 
27—34 


■27-32 
30—34 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreign  . 

IMPEBIAL 
AVEBAGES. 

Dec.  13 

—  20 , 

—  27 

Jan.    3 

—  10 

—  17 


Wheat. 
Qrs. 
3210 


Abeivals  this  Week. 


Barley. 
Qrs. 
3850 
600 
7300 


Oats. 
Qrs. 
1040 
2960 
680 


Flour. 
1650  sacks 
940  sacks 


Aggreg.  Aver. 
Duties  on  Fo- 
reign Grain 


Wheat. 

Baelet. 

Oats. 

a 

Rte. 

Beaks. 

Peas. 

373  hd 

26s 

ed 

18»  6d 

27s  id 

30s  2,1 

aoj  od 

87    7 

26 

6 

18    3 

27    4 

89     9 

29    6 

87    2 

26 

3 

18    3 

28    1 

39    2 

n  0 

37    2 

26 

7 

17    9 

26  11 

28     7 

.'8    4 

37    4 

26 

6 

17  10 

30    1 

28     9 

28     1 

88    3 

27 

1 

18    1    27    6 

27  11 

28  10 

87    6 

26 

6 

18    1    27  10 

29    1 

28  11 

1    0 

1 

0 

1    0 

1    0 

1      0 

1    0 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY   HOT    WATER. 
WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


T        WEEKS      AND      CO.,      King's-road,     Chelsea, 

*J  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildingB,  or  fix  Hot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kine's-road,  Chelaea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatorie''.  Pit?,  &c.,  erected,  and  ia  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvementa,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
eelect  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

T[IEHOT.WATER  APPARATUSES  {which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  die,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  i  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stoveand  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  higheBt  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  ia  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  enrts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildin-'e  - 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vine^.  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's.roid,  Chelsea,  London, 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Clielsea, 
London,  having  bad  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  <b  Co.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Notility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  ia  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  Hot  by  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


28  11      TAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Bn 
^      Place,    Old    Kent-road,    has    2 


PBICES. 


Fluctaations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages. 


385  3d 
37  7j 
87 
87  4 
37  2 
87     2 


Dec.  13.  Dbo.  20.  Dec  27. 


L_::iJ 


Jan.  3. 


Jan.  10.  Jav.  17. 


Ltvebpool,  Toesdat,  Jan.  20.— The  arrivals  from  Ireland 
include  a  moderate  quantity  of  Oats  and  a  liberal  supply  of 
Oatmeal,  but  nothing  worth  naming  coastwise.  Upon  a  good 
attendance  of  country  millers  at  our  Corn  Exchange  this 
morning.  Wheat  was  taken  to  a  fair  extent  for  inland  con- 
sumption, which,  together  with  further  sales  on  speculation, 
increased  our  quotations  again  to-day  fully  2d.  per  70  lbs.  above 
the  currency  of  this  day  week,  upon  all  descriptions  ot  English 
and  foreign.  Malting  and  grindins;  Barley  were  saleable  at 
an  advance  of  la.  per  qr.  Malt  was  '2a.  dearer,  Oats  main- 
tained the  advance  of  Friday,  and  fiue  mealinr;  qualities  were 
held  on  still  higher  terms.  Oatmeal  also  improved  again  to- 
day, and  advanced  is.  per  load.     Beana  and  Peas  moved  slowly 

at  late  rates. Fbiday,  Jan.  16. — At  our  market  to-day  millers 

bought  rather  ppiringly  ;  for  investment,  however,  consider- 
able transactions  h,ive  taken  place  this  morning,  and  in  some 
instances  brought  an  advance  of  Id.  per  70  lbs.  on  Tuesday's 
rates.  Barley  and  Malt  were  Is.  per  qr.  dearer.  Beans  and 
Peas  ruled  the  same  as  last  noted.  Oats,  in  the  absence  of  any 
fresh  supply  of  moment,  improved  Id.  per  45  lbs.  over  the  ad- 
vance of  Tuesday  ;  and  Oatmeal  was  fid.  higher  again  to-day. 
ludian  Corn  in  warehouse  here  was  Cd,  per  qr.  dearer. 


IIILDER,  ClaREHONT- 
Old  Kent-road,  has  2uo  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  all  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  made  of  well  seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  A-c,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  NobiUty, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  England. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  KiNG's-nriAD,  Chelsea.— The  superi.ir  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  prove  1  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  tibliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  compeiition. 
Patent  Huthouses.  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Kailway  Station,  at  Is.  2(i.  per  foot  super,,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  m;>king  a 
GreeuhouselSft.  G  ins.  long.  12  ft.  ratter,  4nO  ft.,  '^Zl.ds.Hd  \ 
24  ft.  Gins,  long.,  do.  do..  526  ft.,  30t.  I3s.  8t?. ;  28  ft.  Cine, 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hor-water  on 
lt.6  most  appro?ed  and  economical  principles. 


-1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


63 


FLOWER  POTS!  FLOWER  POTS!  FLOWER  POTS! 
/'CHARLES    PHILLIPS'S    Flower-Pots   were   dis- 

^^  tinguished  ab  jve  all  others  shuwn  at  the  R'lvnl  Exlnbi'ion 
of  1351.  They  rGceivcd  "  Honourable  Mention"  by  the  Jui-y, 
Class  27;  and  were  deemed  by  the  various  competent  persons 
who  esamioed  them  lo  be  superi^ir  to  any  submuted  Cop  the 
world's  inspecii'^in  at  the  Crystal  Pal  ice.  They  are  p  itrooi^ed 
at  the  Royal  G-^irdeno,  both  at  Wind-ior  and  Kew,  and  by  th^ 
priucipal  Nurserymen  thr  lUi^hou';  the  Western,  Souther*,  and 
j^plidland  Counties  of  England  ;  are  extensively  u^ed  in  Ireland 
find  Wales,  and  may  be  seen  at  aloiost  every  Nursery  between 
Plymouth  and  London. 

All  orders  for  the  a'^ove  Gools  will  be  promptly  forwarded, 

CAsaiAGE  Free,  to  any  Railway  Stition  within  15')  miles  of  the 

ilaoufuctory,  either  in  dozens,  casts,  hundreds,  or  tlMuiands. 

■C.  P.'s  PiJts  are  warranted  to  retain  their  colour  1  joger  than 

any  other  manutactured. 

CLEAE  INSIDE  DIAMETEE, 

In. 
15 

18 

2:) 

n 

Every  description  of  Red  Ware,  S 'werarre  Pipinfj,  Closet 
Pans,  ChimneT-pots,  Land  Drain  Pipts,  Seakale-pots,  Vate*, 
Til-s,Br;ck^  ic. 

Phillips's  Price  T.ist  and  Weston-Super-Mare  Almanac  and 
Guide  for  l'>52,  forwarJed  to  any  party  wtio  may  desire  it,  ou 
receipt  of  a  postage  fetamp. 
Maaufactory,  Locbinj  Itoad.  We-ton-Super.Marp.  Somerset. 


Bo. 

In. 

No. 

In. 

No. 

In, 

Xo. 

1      .. 

.        1* 

6 

.    n 

11 

..        8} 

IS 

2 

n 

T 

.        5J 

12 

■•        91 

17 

3      .. 

^ 

8 

■         St 

13 

..      11 

IS 

*      .. 

3t 

9 

7 

1-4 

..      12.1 

19 

6      .. 

i 

10 

8 

15 

..      U 

20 

p  ALVANISED 


WIRE     GAME      NETTING.- 


Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


¥-^^f^ 


■^'^.^SnWWW*'"^ 


f^  LARKE'S  PREPARATION  for  destroying  White 

vy  Mealy  Bu?,  Scale,  Thrip,  and  all  other  lu&ects,  without 
injnrj-  to  the  plants. 

CciSKE  and  (Jo.,  Gardeners,  Seedsmen,  ard  Plovi.sts,  Percy- 
«ross  Nnr^sery,  Walham-green,  Fulham,  continue  to  send  out 
lo  all  parts  (on  receipt  of  53.  in  stamps  or  ocberwise),  this 
inv^iaable  article,  in  small  sealed  stone  bottles.  F  jr  testi- 
mony of  its  excellence,  see  Qardeners'  Chronicle,  paje  821, 
IfilL;  and  page  3,  1852,  Printed  directions,  how  to  apply  it, 
sent  with  each  bottle. 

Pos^office  Orders,  payable  at  Bromptun,  to  Charles  Claake. 


BY  HER 

■MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— One  of  the  greatest  defects  in  British  {gardening  has 
hitherto  been  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  on 
-comnaon  brick  or  stone  walls,  owing  to  the  variableness  and 
liuinidity  of  tlie  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  substituting 
iwUow  Glass  Walls,  hy  means  of  which  not  only  will  the 
youag  wood  in  autumn  he  fully  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
will  oe  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
oi  spring,  and  a  climate  secured  equal  to  that  of  southern 
Europe. 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,  and 
thu  lioer  sorts  of  Fears  and  Piums,  producing  fruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expense  than  usually 
attending  trees  upon  a  common  stone  or  brick  wall. 

liiass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  place  of  brick 
and  stone  walla,  but  will,  in  a  great  measure,  supersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapness  at 
tirstcost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  tbey  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exntics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  authorixies  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
■designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindley,  and  for  wh036 
opinion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leading  columns  of  the 
Gardeners'  C/ironic?e  of  December  6  ;  also  of  Robert  Marnock, 
JEsij.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent'a-park, 
Liitidon,  in  the  leading  columns  of  the  Gardeners'  and  Farmers' 
■Journal,  of  December  20.  The  patentee  having  made  arrange. 
Dientu  with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-founders  in  the 
kingdom,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  extensive  British 
Oiass  manufacturers  ;  and  from  the  weli-known  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agents,  feels  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  suffijient  guarantee  that  all  orders  in  con- 
nection with  the  Glass  Walla  will  b^  promptly  and  efBciently 
cartifed  out  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Agents,  and  with  whom 
drawings  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  he  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  prices,  ic,  obtained  on  application  : — Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine-apple-place,  Edgware-road,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley 
anl  Oshorn,  Nurserymen,  Fulham,  London;  Mr.  Glendinning, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiswick,  London  ; 
Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Eieter ;  Messrs.  F.  and 
J.  Dick&cin,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Son,  Edinburgh,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  oF  Scotland  ;  Messra.  Dickson  and  Turnbull, 
Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.E.P.S.,  F.R.S.S.A., 
author  of  the  'Practical  Gardener,"  "Book  of  the  Garden," 
^c.,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of  his  Majesty  the 
Ainif  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  *>t  Buc- 
clr^ucb,  at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland;  Mr.  Fleming,  F. U.S., 
Heid  Gardener,  (tc,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
u  i  cntbam,  titafford^hlre  ;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  die,  Bodorgan, 
Ar.gle«a  ;  Messrs.  Pilkingtou,  Crown,  Sheet,  and  Plate  Glass 
\."„    ■  !*'•  I*»^'«n'".  Lancaahtre. 

',''  Prices  for  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Walls  with  glaa 
iina  iron  will  be  given  on  appUcation . 


Galvan-  Japanned 

ised.  Iron. 

7d.  per  yd.  5d.  peryd. 

12        ,,  9 

8        ,,  6 

10        ,,  8 

U        ,,  11 


v2-incb  mesh ,  light,  24  inches  wide 

2-ioeh      ,,       strong  ,, 

2-inch      ,,       extra  strong  ,, 
Is-inch      ,,      light  „ 

Ig-inch      ,,       strong '  ,, 

l|-inch      ,,       extra  strong    ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  priecs, 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-placB; 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter, 
boioueh.  Hull,  or  Npwcastle. 


OBERT     SORBY     and     SONS,     Carver    Street, 

Sheffield,  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to 
their  REGtSTERKD  STEEL-POINTED  PATENT  SCYTHE 
and  REAPING  HOOK,  which  nossesses  the  advant;iges  so 
long  wanting  to  make  the  old  Patent  Scythe  universally  ap- 
proved, A  single  trial  must  establish  their  decided  superiority. 
To  be  had  of  all  Hardware  Dealers  and  Seedsmen.  Every 
Scythe  is  warranted. 


V 


w  \ 


llii  ill'''i"iliiiJMil^lllili!||jiifcJj^ 

*  8  2  1 

Fig.  4  represents  the  point;  of  the  ordinary  scythe.  The  back 
is  made  of  wroughtiron,  and  the  blade  of  cast  steel,  which  are 
rivetted  together.  The  back  does  not  extend  the  whole  length 
of  the  blade,  and  the  vacancy  is  filled  in  with  lead,  which 
being  liable  to  tear  off  in  use,  leaves  the  point  of  the  hack  ex- 
posed,  which  never  fails  to  catch  in  the  crop,  and  so  impede 
operations.  This  objection  is  neatly  obviated  by  thus  lapping 
the  steel  point  ouer  the  end  of  the  back,  so  that  an  uniform 
steel  back  is  presented  for  a  short  distance  from  the  point. 
Fig.  1  shows  the  back  to  be  rivetted  under  the  steel  blade. 
Fig.  2,  which,  when  finished,  presents  the  appearance  shown 
in  Fig.  3,  where  the  iron  back  is  completely  protected  by  the 
steel  ac  the  wearing  point.   


BARONNE   HALLE2,   QUEEN   VICTORIA    ETC 

tine  Culoured  Group,  of  the  sibove,  witi  Four  o'ber  Superb 

V:,neti,.s,  figure  1  in  No.  VIII.  &  IX.  {double  Number)  of 

pURTIS'S     BEAUTIES    OF     THE    ROSE  t 

VV  with  Descriptive  Letterpress  on  the  Cultivation.  Oricin 
&c„  of  each  Rose.  Volume  L  is  now  ready,  handsomely 
bound  in  cloth,  riU  edges,  price  18d.,  and  contains  faithful  and 
well  coloured  portraits  of 


The  TEi-acENTED, 
Devooiensis 
Eiiz^  Suuvage 
Eugene  De3grch»s 
Goubalt 
Satrano 
Viscomtesse  Cases. 


Tea  Noisette. 
Cloth  of  Gold. 

Hybrid  Peepetuals. 
Amandine 
Dr.  Marx 

Duchess  of  Sutherland 
Duches'.e  de  Montpensier 
Gsiint  dea  Battailea 
LaReine 
Prudence  Raeser 
Reiue  dea  Pleurs 
Pompone  de  St.  Radigonde 
Standard  of  Marengo 
CURTIS'S  BEAUTIES  OF   THE  ROSE  is  continued  Quar 

terly,  price  2s.  6d. 

London:  GRooMBnipnE  and  Sons,  5,  Paternoster-row- 

Bristol;  Lavaes  ;  and  all  Booksellers.  ' 


The  China. 
Archduke  Charles. 

BoDEDON. 

Margot  Jeune 
Armusa. 


nPHE  ARAB  HORSE.— A  letter  on  the  qualities  and 

J-  management  of  the  Arab  Horse,  by  the  celebrated 
Abd-el-Kader,  now  in  captivity  in  France,  appears  in  the 
FARMER'S  MAGAZINE  for  January,  which  contains  two 
beautiful  Steel  and  It  Wood  Engravings  on  Agriculture  — 
RoGEEsoN  and  Co.,  24i>,  Strand. — Price  2s, 


^rHE  REAPING  MACHINE  A  BRITISH  INVEN- 

-fi-  TION.— An  account  of  the  various  Reaping  Machines, 
eight  in  number,  constructed  in  England  and  Scotland  before 
the  iatrofiuction  of  the  American  Machines,  appears  in  the 
FARMER'S  MAGAZINE  for  January,  which  contains  two 
beautiful  Steel  and  14  Wood  Engravings,  and  numerous  valu- 
able articles.— RoQEESON  and  Co.,  2i6,  Strand.— Price  2s. 


LORD    BYRON'S     LIFE    AND    WORKS. 

■With  Portrait  and  Vignette,  royal  Svo,  12s. 

THE     COMPLETE     POETICAL     WORKS 
LORD   BYRON,   with  Notes  and  Illustrations 
Volume. 

Also,  the  following  Editions  : 
LIFE  AND  LETTERS.     One  Volume.     Royal  Sro. 

6  vols.  Fcap.  Svo.     18s. 

POETICAL  WORKS.     10  vols.  Fcap.  Svo.     303. 
CHILDE  HAROLD.     24mo.     23.  6d. 

ILLUSTRATED.    Svo.    21s. 


OF 

in  One 


TALES  AND  POEMS.     2  vols.  24ino. 
DRAMAS.     2  vols.  24mo,     53. 
MISCELLANIES.     3vols.  24mo.     Is.Gd. 
DON  JUAN.     2vols.  24mo.     5s. 

%■*  Ai  Mr.  Mobbat  is  the  sole  Proprietor  of  the  Copy- 
right of  Lord  Byrou's  Works,  no  Edition  is  complete  except 
it  be  publiahed  by  him  : — The  Public  are  therefore  cautioned 
against  the  spurious  Copies  exposed  for  sale. 

London:  John  Mdbeay,  Albemarie-street. 


A, 


FOR  SALE  OR 
LING     BULLS. 


HOME    EMIGRATION. 
'yO  BE  SOLD  OR  LET,  very  cheaply,  SEVERAL 

\.  ^^'^*^^  HOUSES,  each  standing  In  its  own  groundn, 
with  LA  NO,  partly  in  cultivation,  partly  waste  (hut  easily 
brought  into  tiJlagej  ;  witnin  an  easy  distance  by  Railway  of 
Oie  London  Market,  and  only  half  a  mile  from  a  btation. 
Pdrtiei  who  contempla*e  emigrating  to  distant  countrien,  with 
a  Koiall  capital,  cniKht  hereliod  employment  for  ir,  to  far  more 
certain  advunCBge,  without  taking  leave  lor  over  oftho  com- 
fort* oT  Krtgland.— For  partlcuUra  apply  (free)  to  hW  May 
Kitftte  Agent  and  Surveyor,  DO,  LeadenhalUtreet,  London        ' 


ADULTERATION    OF    FOOD. 
XJENRV    BAKER,  OrnciAr^,  .00,  llatton  Garden, 

^  *■  London,  beifti  it*  call  attention  to  hla  ACHROMATIC 
MICR0:iC01'EH  (warranted  g'Ujd)  which  wll'  be  exchanged  if 
tiutappr'ivfjd  of.  Thtise  Instrurnentft  will  define  the  Circulation 
of  the  Blood  in  the  Proif'H  Foot,  the  Saw  In  the  Siiiig  of  the 

V/a«p,  the  Comb  In  the  HpidcHs  Foot,  the  beautiful  (orm  and 
varietio*  of  Pollen  In  Flowers  and  their  Structure,  the  Hculeii 
«»f  tbft  lin'.\t-Ti\y'n  Wing,  and  altto  In  many  ln«itancc«  Adulteru- 
ti'in  of  Fu'id.  It  U  a  very  loteronMng  crimpanlon,  and  will  paan 
"wajr  u«efully  rnnny  a  l«i«ttrfi  hour,  tho  fund  fur  ohKcrvn'lon 
h-log  ln/,-xhriui»'.lbl(),  IVico  for  No,  1,  U.  Ue.  ;  No.  2,  W,  ISa.  ; 
-■'o.  3,  fjf,  lOi,  A  d'-Hcrlptlvo  Book,  rnrnt  pout  free,  or.  r(;ceiptol 
ii'r«e  pottiflge  itamp*.  Prepared  objects,  12$,;  injected  do., 
'j''i  per  fi'jzcn. 


HIRE— SHORT-HORN  YEAR- 
LORD  VaLENTINR,  roan,  calved 
December  23,  1850  ;  got  by  Sir  Walter  Sod  (10831),  dam  (Lady 
Valentine)  by  Bnckineham  (-255  i).  (For  further  pedigree,  see 
"Herd  Book,"  Voi.  IX.,  p.  436.)  BBRRINGTUN  BOY,  roan, 
calved  April,  1 851 ;  got  hs  Juniper  (10367),  dam  Brawith  Lass. 
(H.  B.,  Vol.  VIII.  p.  291.)  OLIVE  TREE,  roan,  calved  Sept., 
1851;  got  by  Juniper  (10347),  dam  (Olive  Leaf)  by  0 routes 
(4623).  (H.  B.,  Vol.  IS  ,  p.  507.)— For  further  particulars, 
apply  to  Mr.  Hill,  Bernngton,  Shitwsbury.  Also,  some  Cows 
and  Heifers  for  sale. 

BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's- 
road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty  and 
H.R.H.  Prince  Albert.— ORNAMENTAL  WATER  FOWL, 
consisting  of  black  and  white  swans,  Egyptian,  Canada,  China, 
barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  geese,  shieldrakes,  pintail, 
widgeon,  summer  and  winter  teal,  gadwall,  Labrador, 
shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  divers,  Carolina  ducks,  itc, 
domesticated  and  pinioned ;  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China, 
Malay,  Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied 
and  common  pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  pigs  ;  and  at  3,  Half- 
moon-passage,  Gracechurch-street,  London, 


SIR   CHARLES    LYELL'S   WORKS. 

This  day.  Fourth  Sdition,  revised,  with  an  additional  Chapter, 

and  520  Woodcuts.    Svo,  12s. 

MANUAL    OF    ELEMENTARY    GEOLOGY  ; 

or.  the  ANCIENT  CHANGES  of  the  EARTH  and  its 
INHABITANTS,  a^  illustrated  by  its  Geological  Monuments. 
By  Sir  CaARLES  Ltell,  F.R.S. 

***  The  additional  Chapter  may  be  procured  separately. 
Price  6d. 
Latelv  published.    By  the  same. 
PRINCIPLES  OF  GEOLOGY.    Eighth  Edition.    "Woodcuts. 
Svo,  18s. 

TRAVELS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  1841-2.    Map  and  plates, 
2  vols,  post  8vo,  2ls. 

SECOND    VISIT     TO    THE    UNITED    STATES,    1815-6. 
Second  Edition.     2  vols,  post  Svo,  ISs. 

London  :  John  Mdeeat.  Albemarie-street. 


CLOSE  OF  HOLIDAYS.— Now  that  the  season  of 
annual  festivity  is  about  to  terminate,  and  the  respective 
Boarding-schools  reinstated  by  the  busy  throng  of  youthful 
aspirants,  their  personal  comfort  and  attraction?  become 
naturally  an  object  of  great  soliciiude  with  friends  and  rela- 
tives. Now  it  ia  that  ROWLANDS'  MACASSAR  OIL,  for 
accelerating  the  growth,  and  for  imprDving  and  beautifying  the 
hair;  ROWLANDS'  KALYDOR,  tor  improving  the  skin  and 
complexion,  and  removing  cutaneous  eruptions  ;  and 
ROWL^NDS'  ODONTO,  for  beautifying  the  teeth  and  pre- 
serving the  gums,  must  be  universally  considered  indispen'sable. 
The  august  patronage  conceded  by  ail  the  Sovereigns  of  Europe 
to  these  creative  and  renovating  specifics,  and  the  confirma- 
tion, by  experience,  of  their  iatallible  efficacy,  have  character- 
ised them  as  perfect,  and  given  them  a  ce'obrity  unparalleled. 
Bewahe  of  Spoeiocs  Imitations. — The  only  genuine  Macassar 
01',  Kalydor,  and  Odonto,  are  "Rowlands';"  and  the  wrapper 
or  label  of  eack  bears  the  name  of  "  Rowlands'"  preceding 
that  of  the  ariicle.— Sol  I  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  20,  Hatton 
Garden,  Loudon;  and  by  all  respectable  Chemists  and  Per- 
fumers. 


q^HE  THIRTEEN  HOUR  ROUTE  TO  DUBLIN. 

JL  — On  and  after  the  2d  of  February,  S'jcond  Class  Pas- 
eongers  will  beronveyed  by  the  9'3il  a.m.  Express  Train  between 
London  anil  Dublin,  and  by  the  Up  Express  Train  in  connection 
with  the  O'O  a.m.  Expresn  Boat  from  Kingstown. 

i^'ureft. — Fii'St  ClahB,  3t.  ;  second,  21.  Returri  Tickets  (avail- 
able for  a  fortnight),  firat  class,  U.  lOs, ;  second,  3i.  Children 
under  12,  half-fares. 

Equally  low  Single  and  Rolurn  Tickets  to  and  from  Cork 
Liinirlck,  Belfast,  Gulway,  &.C.     See  Bniii»^liaw'H  GuUki,  p.  120| 

A  LLSOPP'S    EAST    INDIA  PALE  and   OTHER 

-^A  BURTON  ALES.— The  public  is  rHcjioctfully  Informed 
iho  A  LEB  of  this  Bcanon'ti  Brewings  are  now  ready  for  delivery, 
and  may  bo  obtained  Genuino  In  Casks  ot  18  Gallons  >)ind 
upwardu,  cither  singly  or  in  any  quantity,  nt  their  roRpective 
SlorcH,  an  under,  whercftlfloa  list  oJ  the  IIottlernrnuy  bo  had  ;  — 
The  Brewery,  Burton. on-TriMit;  CI,  King  Wllliam-stroot, 
City,  London;  Cook.fttrect,  Liverpool ;  lllgh-Htrcct,  lilrinlng;  i 
ham  ;  Tho  Kxclmngc,  ManchoHter;  Royul  Brewery,  Du'lley 
and  33,  Virglnla-Htreut,  Olupgow.  ' 


Just  published, 

LA  "VICTORIA  REGIA  au  point  de  vue  horti- 
oole  et  hotanique,  avec  das  Observations  sur  la  Structure 
et  les  Afl&niies  des  Nympbeacees,  Par  J.  E.  Planchon  and  L. 
van  IIodtte.  Ouvrage  in  4*  de  52  pages,  orne  de  planches 
coloriees.  lithograijhieesec  gravels,  rtpresentant  la  VICTORIA 
REGiA  dans  les  diverses  phases  de  sa  fli^raison,  des  planches 
d'analyses,  la  vue  inieiieure  de  la  serre  Victoria  dans  Peta- 
bliseeuient  van  Houtte,  la  coupe  de  la  dite  serre,  son  appareii 
special  de  cbauffage,  et  diverses  vues  du  Jardin  van  Houtte. 
Price  9  shillinga. — London:  Dulau  and  Co.,  37.  Soho-square. 
Juat  published,  in  post  Svo,  price  2s.  Gd  cloth,  the  First  Series  of 

NOTES,  THOUGHTS,  AND  INQUIRIES. 
By  Charles  Chalmers.  Part  I.  Notes  on  Social 
Economy,  in  order  to  a  right  and  permanent  adjustment 
between  the  Population  and  the  Food  of  the  Population.  Part 
II.  Thoughts  and  loquiries  bearing  directly  or  indirectly  on 
Man's  Social  Well-being. 

London:  John  Chdechill,  Princes-etreet,  Soho. 

In  fcap..  8vo,  price  5s.  cloth,  third  edition, 
TREATISE    on    an    IMPROVED    MODE     of 

CULTIVATING  the  CUCUMBER  and  MELON. 

By  George  AIills,  F.H.S. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  uniform  in  size  and  price, 

ON  THE  CULTURE  OF  THE  PINE  APPLE. 

London  :  Wm.  S.  Orr  and  Co.,  Amen  Corner. ^ 

With  many  Woodcuts,  Is.  6d,  each. 
OOK        OF        ANIMALS. 
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London:  Jonw  W.  Parker  and  Son,  West  Strand. 


A 


B 


Free  by  post  for  13  postage  stamps, 
TPHE  TREATISE  ON    THE    CULTIVATION  OF 

1~  THE  CHRYSANTHEMUM  so  favourably  noticed  and 
highly  recommended  by  the  editor  of  the  Oardcners'  Chronicle 
[see  No.  47,  November  22).  To  bo  had  of  tlie  author,  William 
Ivory,  gardener  to  the  Rev.  Qeorgo  Chetwode,  Chilton  House, 
Thame,  Oxford  (intoof  Tring  Park.) 

Just  published,  price  (id., 

A    REPLY  TO  LORD  WHARNCLIFFE'S  LETTER 

XX  ON  DRAINING,  In  the  Rfiyal  Agricultural  Society's 
Journal.  No.  I,,  1811.  By  Hewitt  Davis,  Land  Agent  and 
'^urvi^or  under  the  Drainage  Act ;  Author  of  the  Effect  of  the 
Importatlonof  Whonton  the  Property  *.f  Fiirmora  ;  tiio  Injury 
and  Waste  of  Corn  from  the  prcHent  Pruciice  of  too  Thickly 
Mowing  ;  Farmors'  RoHourcos  for  Meeting  Reduced  I'rlces  ;  and 
Farming  BRHays,  fii'st  iind  Hocond  series. 

L 'ndnn  :  A.  Rbdfoiid  and  Son.  London  Rond,  Soulhwark  ; 
Jameh  Ridowav,  Picciidllly ;  Simtrin,  MaesualLj  and  Oo,i 
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64 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.        [Jan.  24. 


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4.  In    5  vols.,  royal  8vo,  cloth 2  10     fl 

A.  and  C.  Black,  Edinburgh;  Hodletoh  and  Stoneman, 
London. 


FLORE  DES  SERRES  ET  DES  JARDINS  DE 
L'EUROPE. — The  four  first  Numbers  ofthe  Seventh  volume 
are  published,  and  to  be  had  at  Mesers.  Ddlau  and  Co.,  37, 
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THE  SCHOLAR'S  SPELLING  ASSISTANT, 
wherein  the  Words  are  arranged  according  to  their  Prin- 
ciples of  Accentuation.  By  Thomas  Caepentee.  New  Edition, 
corrected  throughout. 

London  :  Lomqman,  BEowt*,  Green,  and  Lonquahs  ; 

and  Whittaker  and  Co^ 

ACTONS   COOKERY    BOOK. 

Eleventh  Edition,  in  One  Volume,  fcp.  8vo,  price  7s.  Gd. 

ELIZA   ACTON'S    MODERN     COOKERY, 
reduced  to  a  System  of  Easy  Practice  :    with  Directions 
for  Carving. 

%•  Both  the  qiiantitf/  of  every  article  necessary  for  tho 
preparation  of  each  recipe,  and  the  time  required  for  its  pre- 
paration, are  minutely  etaied. 

•'"Che  whole  of  Miss  Acton's  recipes,  '  with  a  few  trifling 
exceptions,  which  are  scrupulously  specified,  are  confined  to 
such  as  may  be  perfectly  depended  on  from  having  been  proved 
beneath  our  own  roof,  and  under  our  own  personal  inspection.' 
We  add,  moreover,  that  the  recipes  are  all  reasonable,  and 
never  in  any  instance  extravagant.  They  do  not  bid  us  sacrifice 
ten  pounds  of  excellent  mea:,  that  we  may  get  a  couple  of 
quarts  of  gravy  from  it ;  nor  do  they  deal  with  butter  and  eggs 
as  if  tbey  cost  nothing.  Mi'^s  Acton's  book  is  a  good  book  in 
every  way ;  there  is  riKht.mindedness  in  every  page  of  it,  as 
well  as  thorough  knowledge  and  experience  of  the  subjects  she 
handles." — Medical  Gazette. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 

Just  published,  in  1  vol.  8vo,  price  14s.  cloth, 

ENGLISH  AGRICULTURE  in  1850  and  1851  ; 
its  Condition  and  Prospecs.  With  Descriptions  in 
detail  of  the  best  modes  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nearly  every 
County  of  England.  Py  James  Caied,  of  Baldoon,  Agricul- 
tural Commissioner  of  The  Times;  Author  of  "  High  Farming 
under  Liberal  Covenanta." 

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BUTLER'S  ATLASES   AND   GEOGRAPHY: 

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bound. 

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NEW  UNIVERSAL  FRENCH  GRAMMAR  ; 
being  an  accurate  System  of  French  Accidence  and 
Syntax,  on  a  Methodical  Plan.  By  N.  Hamel,  Graduate  in 
the  University  of  Caen,  and  Rector  of  the  Town  of  L'Aigle,  in 
Normandy.     12rao,  price  43.  bound. 

EXERCISES  on  Hamel's  Grammar,  4s.— KEY,  8s. 
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HORNsIy'S   WORKS. 

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rpHE  PRONOUNCING  EXPOSITOR;  or,  a  New 

J~-    Spelling  Buck  ;  in  which  the  divisible  words  are  divided 
agreeably  to  ihe  plan  recommended  by  Drs.   Lowth  and  Ash, 
and  pronounced  and  explained  according  to  the  best  and  most 
recent  authorities.    By  John  Hornbet. 
By  the  same  Author, 
THE  CHILD'S  MONITOR.     12mo,  4*. 
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ORTHOGRAPHICAL  EXERCISES.     ISmo.     Is. 
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THE  FLOWER,FEUIT,AND  KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
— Containing  380  pages  of  all  that  can  be  required  for  the 
Garden,  including  full  directions  (or  the  Huthouse,  the  Green- 
house, and  every  branch  of  Fruit,  Flower,  and  Vegetable 
Culture;  by  practicil  Gardeners  and  Florists.  Illustrated 
with  numerous  Engravings. 
Published  by  E.  Llotd,  12,  Salisbury- square,  Fleet-street. 


/  ^  HRYS  ANTHEMUMS.— Now  ready,  a  TREATISE 

V^on  the  CULTIVATION  of  the  CHRYS  AN  IMEMUM,  for  the 
Production  of  Specimen  Eiooius  fur  Competition,  with  an 
Enumeration  ofthe  best  Varieties,  founded  on  tbe  Experience 
of  G.  TA.YLOE  ;  to  which  is  added  a  List  of  the  beat  Sorts  of 
those  let  out  in  1861,  with  Cultural  Hints,  and  Descriptions  of 
a  Selection  of  Pompon  and  Anemone  Varieties. 

Price  Is.  ;  or  free  by  Post  by  forwarding  14  Postage  Stamps 
to  the  Author,  Purk-street,  Stoke  Newington,  Middlesex. 

PRICE  A  PENNY  A  MONTH— A  SHILLING~A^ YEAR. 
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-*  lication). — The  objects  and  character  of  this  work  are 
such  as  to  commend  it  to  universal  notice.  It  relates  to  the 
domestic  economy  of  the  industrious  classes — to  all  that  in- 
creases the  comforts  and  enhances  the  attractions  of  HOME 
— Income  and  Expenditure — Food  and  Cookery — Clothes  and 
Clothing — Houses  and  House  Furniture— Children  aul  Home 
Education — Family  Secrets — Self-culture  and  Advancement — 
Hints  on  Gardening,  die,  form  the  staple  of  the  work. 
Although  dwelling  much  upon  material  nfifairs,  it  is  no  sordid 
or  one-sided  economy  that  it  inculcates,  but  a  wise  and  improv- 
ing regard  to  all  the  duties  of  Domestic  Life. 

"I  think,"  says  a  popular  writer,  "that  the  FAMILY 
ECONOMIST  is  so  well  conducted,  and  so  unflaggingly  keeps 
up  its  character,  that  one  must  be  very  hypercritical  to  wish 
to  find  any  Jault  in  it,  or  to  be  able  to  do  so,  and  very  pre- 
sumptuous to  offer  any  suggestions  for  its  improvement.  It  is 
strictly  what  itp  rofesses  to  ba,  and  what  it  professes  to  do  it 
dees  well." 

The  Fo0a  Volumes  already  published  form  a  Treasury  of 
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Is.  Gd.  per  volume,  half-bound  ;  Is.  paper  cover. 

London :    Gkoombridge   and   Sons,    Pater noater-row. 
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PRACTICAL    tjHORSEM  A  NSHIP  . 
By   Habrt  Hieovee.     With  Two   Plates— One"  "  Going 
like  Workmen  ;"  the  other  *•  Going  like  Muffd," 

By  the  same  Author,  uniform  with  the  above. 
The  HUNTING  FIELD.     With  Two  Plates— One,  •'  The  Right 

Sort ;"  the  other,  '"  The  Wrong  Sort."     Price  5^. 
The  POCKET  and  the  STUD.     Second  Edition,  price  5s. 
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THE    "PET"    OF    THE    PERIODICALS. 

Birds,  Animals,  Flowers,  Gardens,  Insects,  &c. 

a    journal    of    natural    nistort,    popular    science,    and    pleisinfi    amusement. 

Commenced  January  3,  1852. 


Now piiblishing,  in  Weekly  Numbers,  price  \\d. ;  also  in  Monthly  Parts,  price  Id., 

KIDD'S    LONDON   JOURNAL. 


■  ,:-■?,.  ^ 


Conducted  by  Mr.  WILLIAM  KIDD,  of  Hammersmith. 


The  nature  of  this  Periodical  may  be  seen  by  a  perusal  of  tho  following  Extracts,  selected,  for  tbeir  brevity, 
•-  ,    .  from  nearly  One  Hundred  others  : — 

Feom  the 


Fkom  the  "Globe."  December  20, 1S51. 
"Mr.  Kidd's  admirers— whose  names  are  'Legion* — will 
rejoice  to  hear  that  tbeir  favourite  Writer  has  just  come  among 
them  with  a' Cheap  Weekly  Paper  of  his  own— called  after 
his  own  'name — '  Kidd's  London  Jodbnal.'  In  tbi-,  not  only 
will  be  given  many  interesting  matters  of  Natural  History,  but 
•we  are  promi  ed  a  fundof  Instrdctive  Mibcellaneods  Enter- 
tainment perfectly  delightful  to  anticipate.  Jlr.  Kidd's  ready 
pen,  and  peculiarly  happy  method  of  expressing  his  thoughts  on 
paper,  augur  well  for  an  extended  popularity.  The  subjects  be 
proposes  introducing  are  indeed  of  dnivebbAL  interest.  May 
his  eflForts  to  please  be  crowned  with  triumphant  success  !  " 

London :  Published  every  Wednesday  Morning  for  William  Kidd,  by  Geoege  Beeqee,  19,  Holywell-street,  Strand ;  and 
procurable,  by  order,  of  every  Bookseller  and  Newsvender  in  the  Kingdom, 


LiVEBPOOL  Times,"  Januaht  15, 1852. 
This  is  a  most  promising  Weekly  Periodical,  containing  a 
great  variety  of  Original  Articles  and  Communications  on 
Natural  History — a  science  into  which  the  Editor  has  entered 
cotiamore.  Mr.  Kidd  has  long  been  favourably  known  to  the 
public  by  his  very  interesting  Papera  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  and  many  other  journals ;  which  have  been  copied 
far  and  near.  We  direct  special  attention  to  the  article, — 
'  ThoughtH  on  the  New  Year,  with  a  Glance  at  Town  and 
Country  Life.*  All  the  matter,  however,  is  full  of  interest, 
and  the  Essays  aee  excellently-well  wbitten." 


TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,   the  last   4   years  of  the 
GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE.— Apply  at  Mr.  Eveeett's 
Advertising  Agency  Office.  I,  Bouverie-street.  Fleet-st.,  City. 


SHARP'S  BRITISH  GAZETTEER. 

Just  published,  uniform  with  Johnston's  New  General  Gazetteer 
of  the  World,  in  2  vols.,  8vo,  price  2f.  I6s.  cloth  ;  and  to 
appear  in  Monthly  Parts,  price  half-a-crown  each, 

ANEW  GAZETTEER,  or  TOPOGRAPHICAL 
DICTIONARY  of  the  BRITliiiH  ISLANDS  AMD  NAR- 
ROW SEAS:  Comprising  concise  DfcscriiiiU.ire  of  about  6i>,(100 
Places,  Seats,  Natural  Featuren,  and  Objpcia  of  note,  f<»unded 
on  the  best  authorities ;  with  a  reference  under  every  name  to 
the  sheet  of  the  Ordnance  Siirvey,  as  far  as  completed  ;  and  an 
Appendix,  containing  a  General  View  of  the  Resources  ofthe 
United  Kingdom,  a  short  Cbionology,  and  an  Abstract  of  cer- 
tiiiu  Results  of  the  Census  of  1851.     By  James  A.  Shabp,  Esq. 

%*    "Sharp's  British  Gazetteer"  will  be  issued  in  Monthly 
Parts,  price  half-a-rrown  each,  the  first  of  which  will  appear 
on  Saturday,  Janua  y  31st. 
^^.  'London:  Longb-an,  Bbown,  Greek,  and  Longmans. 


Just  published,  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is. ; 
or  by  post,  for  Is.  Gd. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE ;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for :  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Self-Management ;  together  with  Instructions  for  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  health.    By  a  Phtsiclan. 

Also,  bv  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  Gd., 
A      MEDICAL      TREATISE     ON     NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  protession,  tho  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  claFses  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  h'i  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London:  James  Gilbert,  49,  Paternoster-row;  Hannay,  63, 
Oxford-street;  J^ann,  39^  Cornbili;  and  all  Booksellers. 


UPPER  CLAPTON. 
TO   GENTLEMEN,    BROKERS,   AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  amd  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  tbe  admioistrator  of  the  late  Mr.  JauBb 
Curry,  to  sell  by  Auction  on  the  premises.  Brook-street, 
Upper  Clapton,  on  Tl  ESDAY,  February  8d.  1852,  at  11  o'clock, 
the  genuine  HOUSEHOLD  FURNITURE  and  Effects,  com- 
prising Brussels  Carpets,  Chairs.  Bedsteads,  Feather  Beds  and 
Bedding,  Chests  of  Drawers,  Mahotrany,  Dining,  and  other 
Tables,  a  capital  Mahogany  Sofa,  a  Dutch  Clock,  Time  Piece, 
three  excellent  Watches,  a  Barometer,  Thermometers,  Oil 
Paintings  and  Prints,  Books,  China,  Glass,  Wine  and  Spirits, 
and  Kitchen  requisites  ;  aleo  a  handsome  Grey  Mare,  a  covered 
4-wheeled  Spring  Vnn,  Cart,  seven  capital  Ladders,  eight  Wine 
Pipes,  a  patent  Chaff-cutting  Machine,  a  Pair  ot  Globes,  a 
capital  Gun,  60  handles  7  feet  Stakes,  sis  dozen  Oak  Hurdles, 
three  excellent  Garden  Rollers,  Iron  Stakes,  and  Garden  Tools  ; 
together  with  the  Nursery  Stock,  (fcc.  May  be  viewed  one  day 
prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be  had  on  the  premises  ; 
and  ofthe  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leylonstooe,  Essex. 


IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  VALUABLEINURSERY 
STOCK, 

IN    CONSEQUENCE   OF    A   PORTION   OF    THE    LAND 
BEING  REQUIRED  FOR  BUILDING. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  have  re- 
ceived  instructions  from  Mr.  John  Adams  to  sell  by 
Auction,  on  MONDAY,  Feb.  9,  1852,  and  fivo  following  days, 
at  11  o'clock,  on  the  premises.  Kensington-road  {opposite  the- 
west  end  of  the  Great  Exhibition),  the  whole  of  that  valuable 
and  extensive  stock  of  large  Evergreens,  Ornaoieotal  Trees- 
and  Shrubs,  (fcc,  con -listingof  fine  large  Magnolias,  Rhododen- 
drons, Azaleas,  Philtyrea.'i,  Alaternus,  Laurestinus,  Arborvitae, 
green  and  striped  HoUits  ;  Irish,  common,  and  fa n- shaped  Yews^ 
Heailock  Spruce,  Common  and  Portugal  Laurels,  Evergreen 
Oak,  Mahonia;Co  i.moo,  Siberian,  and  Persian  Lilac; Green  and 
Variegated  Box,  &c.  Also  aline  stock  of  large  Cedarof  Lebanon, 
and  Deodara,  Araucaria,  Finns,  Abies,  and  other  valuable 
Coniferous  Piants.  Together  with  a  valuable  stock  of  Tiues 
and  other  Fruits.  The  whole  to  be  sold  without  reserve- 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale,  Catalogues  (Is.  each,  return- 
able to  purchasers),  may  be  had  on  the  premises;  of  the 
principal   Seedsmen  ;    and  of    the  Auctioneers,    50,  Hoxton- 

square.  and  Ehenezer  Nur'tery,  Shickleweli. ^.^ 

FULHAM    ROAD. 
IMPORTANT    SALE    OF    NURSERY    STOCK, 
WIRE    WORKS,    ETC. 
[y/TR.  D.    A,   RAMSAY    will   sell   by  Auction,   on 
-*-'-lL  the  Premises,  Brompton  Nursery,  Fulham-road,  Bromp- 
ton,   in  February,    a    large    assortment    of    ORNAMENTAL 
TREES,  comprising  Laburnums,   Worked  Ash,  Chestnuts  and 
Robinias,  of  sorts,  Thorns.  Elms,  &c.    Fine  Evergreens,  con- 
sistmgof  Hollies,   Arbor- Vitic,   Cypress,  Eoonymu-:,  M^honia, 
Privet,    Laurels,    <tc. ;  American    Plants,    Flowering    Shrubs, 
Fruit  Trees,  &c. ;  also  a  large  Conservatory  Stage,    Alcove, 
Arcbes  for  Garden  Walks,  Flower  Stands,  Trainers,  and  other 
Ornamental  Wire  Works.    May  be  viewed  prior  to  Sale,  and 
Catalogues  had  us  above. 


KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA. 
FINAL    CLEARANCE    SALE. 

MR.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  has  received  instructions  from; 
Messrs.  Dennis  and  Co.,  to  submit  to  public  competition, 
on  the  premises,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  at  the  latter  end  of 
February,  the  whole  of  the  remaining  NURSERY  STOCK, 
comprising  some  extra  large  aud  many  smaller  Mulberry  and 
other  Fruit  Trees,  fine  Green  Hollies,  Aueuba,  Box,  and  other 
Evergreens,  GrccnhoU'*e  Plants  in  variety,  and  a  quantity  of 
useful  Miscellaneous  Stoclt,  of  which  further  particulars  will 
be  announced  in  future  Advertisements, 


ROSE   HILL   NURSERY,    NEAR   YARM, 
IN  THE    NORTH   RIDING  OF  THE  COUNTY  OF  YORK. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  the  Valuable  NURSERY  STOCK 
and  GOODWILL  of  a  BUSINESS  established  Forty 
Years  (by  the  late  Mr.  Hedley  and  his  successors),  at  Rose-hill 
Nursery.  The  Nursery  Ground  contains  10  acres  of  the  best 
Land,  well  stocked  with  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Shrubs, 
Garden  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  &c.,  in  great  variety.  The 
Land  is  peculiarly  suited  to  the  growth  of  Roses  and  Dahlias^ 
of  both  which  there  is  a  large  stock.  The  Stockton  and  Dar- 
lington Railway  passes  close  by  Yarm,  and  the  Leeds  Northerly 
Railway,  which  goes  through  the  town,  will  be  opened  in  May 
next.  A  great  deal  of  contract  planting  work  has  been  done  at 
this  Nursery.  No  situation  can  be  more  desirable  for  carrying 
on  an  extensive  trade.  Mr.  Robert  Hedley  is  now  in  attendance 
at  Rose-hill  to  receive  orders  and  transact  business.  Any 
person  desirous  of  becoming  a  tenant  of  the  Nursery,  to  which 
are  attached  H  acres  of  first-rate  Grass  Land,  or  anxious  to 
buy  the  Stock,  must  apply  to  Mr,  John  Harrison,  Grange 
Nursery,  near  Darlington  ;  or  to  Messrs.  Mewborn,  Hdtchin- 
soN,  and  Mewborn,  Solicitors,  Darlin.^ton. — Darlington,  Jan.  24, 

FARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms— on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  good  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low ;  no  pressure  of  poor ;. 
Tithe  free  ;  Rone  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  desired. 

Persons  desirous  of  treating  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  letter  to  the  Editor  ofthe  Gardener^ 
Chronicle,    at  the  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strandj,. 

London.  _^___ 

FARM     IN     ESSEX,  "~ 

Fourteen  miles  from  London,  within  easy  access  of  the  beat 

country  market'*,  and  of  London  by  river ;  a  manure  wbarT 

being  within  1^  mile,  along  a  good  road. 

TO  BE  LET,  with  liberal  covenants,  tithe  free,  and 
the  main  repairs  to  be  done  by  the  landlord,  WeoningtoiL 
Hall,  with  immediate  possession,  comprising  27t  acres  adapted 
to  Stock  Farming  or  Market  Gardcninjr.  TbeFarm  includes  a 
large  tract  of  fine  Grazing  Marsh,  well  watered,  some  Arable- 
Marshes  of  unsurpassed  fertility,  the  residue  is  a  friable  loam. 
The  House  and  premises  are  new,  and,  with  the  Land,  are 
adapted  to  the  moat  improved  cultivation.  A  Railway,  with  a^ 
Station  on  the  Farm,  will  be  before  Parliament  this  year. 
The  rates  are  very  moderate. — Application  to  be  made  to  Mr.. 
Edward  Sage,  Furze  House,  Dagenbam,  Essex.        ^^_^_^_ 


BRENTFORD  END. MARKET  GARDEN. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  immediate  possession, 
the  well-knowQ  MARKET  GARDEN  GROUND,  for  many 
years  occupied  by  Mr.  Chapman  ;  consisting  of  65  acres  and 
M  pwards  of  most  productive  LAND,  with  large  Forciog  Pits, 
.lied  with  hea'ing  apparatus,  and  all  other  convenience?. 
There  is  a  Houee,  and  the  requisite  Buildings.— May  be  viewed 
on  appLcdtion  on  the  Premises,  and  further  particulars 
obtained  from  Mr.  Wahteb,  1,  Carey-street,  Lincoln's-Inn, 
Loudon.  


Pfiiited  by  WiiLiAM  Bradbobt.  o(  No.  13,  Urp.-i  rrobu...-.:ace,  io 
the  parish  ot  St.  Pancraa,  and  Fbedbbick  Mullbtt  Etaks,  of  No.  7( 
ULutcn  row.  Stoke  Newin^tOQ,  both  io  tbe  County  ot  Middlesex,  Prlntere, 
at  their  Oifice  la  Loinbard-Bireec,  in  the  Preciuei  of  Whltefriars,  la  the 
City  of  London;  and  published  by  them  nt  the  Office,  No.  S.  Charlea 
Etreet,  in  (he  parish  ol  St,  Paul's,  Covent-irarden,  iu  the  Eaid  Couaty, 
where  all  Advertiveniente  and  Cnmniunlnnriona  are  to  be  ASiJUfiaskU  to 
TUB  Editor.— Satdriiat,  January  i:4,  13.i2 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Llndley. 


No.  5—1352.] 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  31. 


[Price  6rf. 


.  74  0 


AErlcaltare,  experiments  iu.. 

^    iat^retttQc  qae-tlonsin 

Americaa  b  igbt    

Beer    

Beet,  saear 

Birds.  Britioh  •om 

BirmiTi'jbitai  Cat'l*  Shon*,  Iste  77  * 
Bot&Dicak     Soc;etr    of     Edio* 

b'lruli 7f  c 

Brewin; ti  b 

Caleadar.  HorUcultarsl 7- « 

Chamoinile    > 69  h 

DAiry  TD^D^ement ,,  77  a 

Draloaite 7^  <^ 

Dublin  BoCBuicGardea 69  c 

Educaiion    77  o 

Farmia^cia  Wig'oa.hi'C 73  c 

—    exi>erTneats  In Jb  b 

Fir  cooei,  falift 70  c 

For^yfliiaTi'idiekiina G9  a 

FowL  Uue  Spauisb 77  e 

Oardeo.  lutcaen,  to  crop 70  a 

GlUB  w&lU .'. 70  a 

Herbs 69  b 

Kitchen  ^srdeo,  to  crop 7o  « 


INDEX. 

Kutzine**  latroductloD   to  Bo- 

tattr,  rev 71. o 

Lion-Hn  SociftfT    70  c 

Maouri*,  artifitial 74   e 

—  Bolia 'ewsKC    77  a 

Milk   Liadoa 7'>  c 

Mistle'oe,  to  propagate 7'  c 

Orcliid«.8aleof    .     fiS  A 

—  hinta  to  importers  of  ....  70  b 

Plaala.  props  for 7^  '^ 

Flnueh  and  spade 77  ^ 

Quentioll^  luterestiog   agiical- 

turul    77  b 

Rantv,  orfein  of Ii9  c 

RnB^».  fnrexbibition    /I  h 

Sawflv.  beclilie 6S  6 

Seed  tmite 67  c— 76  6 

Slie-p,  l^meneBs  in 77  c 

Stoke    Nen-ln^toa   Chryaaothe- 

inutD  Society  Jl   c 

Strawberries,  to  force P9  e 

Sugar.  Bcel 74  a 

TotnacocB 70  ft 

Trelllies  glazed "0  a 

Walls,  gUa* 70  a 


NATIONAL  TULIPEXHIBITION. 
Offices:  28.  Bennett's  Hill,  Bisminoham. 
la  accordance  with  »he  expressed  wish  of  the  Dirpcfors  at  the 
Great  National  Tulip  Meeting  at  Derby,  ihat  the  E5  HIBITION 
FOR  18-i2  should  be  held  in  BirminKham,  we  ben  leave  to  call 
attention  to  the  Gabjoined  Resolutiona  of  a  Meeting  held  for 
the  purpose  of  considering  the  proposition,  and  to  invite  the 
cooperation  and  support  of  all  nho  may  be  desirous  of  pro- 
motlBg  tha  parpoae  f-T  which  they  were  traiuerl. 

CHARLIES  JAMBS  FERRT.l  „        ^ 
JOB  COLE,  J  Hon.  Sees. 


NATIONAL    TUUP    SOCIETY. 

At  a  Meeting  held  in  the  Comoaittee  Room  of  the  Towo  Hall, 
on  Tuesday,  Aucust  19th  Mr.  ALDEauAN  Lawden,  in  the 
Chair,  the  f  llowing  Resolutions  were  uua.nimoU8ly  passed  : — 

*'  That  this  Mee-ing  regards  with  much  satisfaction  the 
expressed  desire  of  the  National  Tulip  Society  to  hold  its 
Exhibition  for  1852  in  this  Towo,  and  pledges  itself  to  use  its 
toest  effjrts  for  the  successful  carrying  oat  of  that  object, 

*'  Thit  a  Comtnittee  be  now  appointed  to  matee  the  necespary 
arrani^emeQts,   and   that  such   Comtnitteo   do  consist  of  the 
following  gentlemen,  with  power  to  add  to  their  number; —  . 
Uenet  Elwell,  Esq.,  President  and  Treasurer. 
C.  Lawden,  JGsq.,  Vice-President. 


RENDLE'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  NEW  KITCHEN 
GARDEN  SERDS 

Have  given  U7iivcr$al  satisfaction  to  all  who  have  had 
them.  For  particulars^  refer  to  our  Adve}'tisement  hi  this 
Neiospapev,  Jan.  24^7i,  1852,  pa*7c  51. 

CaURIAGE  free  to  any  station  on  the  principal 
Railways  in  the  south  of  England,  see  page  51. 

RENDLE'S  SEED  CATALOGUE,  containing  Prices  of 
every  article,  can  still  be  had  iu  eschaoge  for  One  Penny  Stamp, 
CD  application  to 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  llEfiCBANTS, 
Plytnouth. 

ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


QUTTON'S      HORTICULTURAL      CALENDAR, 

O  and  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OF  SEEDS  ANO 
PLANTS. — This  is  the  most  useful  List  yet  published,  con. 
taining  much  useful  information,  in  40  pages  8fo,  with  News- 
paper  stamp.  It  will  be  spnt  free  on  receipt  of  six  penny 
etamup,  which  charge  will  he  deducted  fTOtn  oU  orders. 

Sdtton's  CoHec'ions  of  Home.  Grown  Seeds,  rbe  best  and 
cheapest  yet  offered  to  the  public,  are  sent  carriage  free,  as 
see  their  advertisement  in  the  second  paee  of  this  Paper. 
Lists  of  the  sorts  and  quantities  contained  in  these  CoUeclions  ujiU 
be  foricardcd  post  free  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Address,  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 


A.  Kenrifk,  E-q. 
J.  Willmore.  Esq. 
Jonathan  Harlow,  Esq. 
T.  8.  Wright.  Esq. 

B.  Bower,  Esq. 
J.  Arnold,  Esq. 
George  Pcrton,  Esq. 
J.  A.  Ratter.  Esq. 
J.  H^ineg,  Esq. 
J.  HaKUod,  E«q. 


E.  Sheldon.  Esq. 
Mr.  C.  H,  Catling. 
Mr.  G.  Moore. 
Mr.  A.  Pope. 
Mr.  J.  Marsden. 
ilr.  S.  Bunh. 
Mr.  FT.  Pope. 
Mr.  S-  Moratoo. 
Mr.  R.  P   Tye. 
.  VJ^udrey. 


■*  That    a   Sab-criptinn  be   entered   into   for   defraying  the 
expense  wbich  will  be  thereby  incurred. 

"That  Mr.  Cole  and  Mr.  Perry  be  requested  to  undertake 
fite  duties  of  Honorary  Secretaries." 
C.  Lawden,  Chairman. 


COUNTY  OF  GLOUCESTER  AND  CHEL- 
TENHAM HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY;— The  Three 
Shows  ot  the  above  S^wiety  will  be  beld  ai:  CHELTENHAM,  on 
TBDa^DAT.  Mat  13;  Tdesdat,  Jdne  15  ;  Thorsdat,  Aug.  26. 

Jud„'es— Mr  John  Spencer,  Mr.  Ivison,  Mr,  Edwards,  Mr. 
George  MiIIf,  Mr.  H.  St^otc,  and  Mr.  Turn-r. 

The  Schedule  is  now  ready,  and  contains  Prizrs  to  thp.  amount 
of  8701.  (to  be  compp'ed  for  at  the  three  Shows),  and  may  be 
kad  on  application  to  the  Hon.  Secretary.  The  Great  Weaiern 
and  Midland  Railway  Companies  will  convey  plants,  &c., 
intended  for  the  Show,  at  a  single  Fare. 

J.  H.  Williams,  Hon.  Sec. 
Ootntnittee  Room.  332,  High-street.  Cheltenham. 


/OVERSTOCK  OF  LARCH.— About  400,000,  U  to 

^-^  4  feet,  well  topped,  fibrous  rooted,  and  of  the  hnest:  quality, 
ft«n)ple«  And  price  sent  on  application  to  Joh-i  Scholet, 
-^Wjm«o,  &c  ,  Pijntt^fract. — Pontefract  Nursery,  Jun.  31. 


P     G.     HENPERSON     and     SON,     Wellington 

a:_i.  NiTM'KT,  >t.  John's  Wood,  Lond.u,  beg  le-dve  respect- 
fally  to  tDDOttQce  t^iey  are  now  prepared  to  send  out  strong 
vpiJ^p"«?a'**'h''^'^  P'^"'"  °^  ^^^  newest  and  best  French 
^£K»k:vA!3,  of  lost  year's  growth,  so  as  to  euable  prpsent 
purchajiert  to  propagate  and  acquire  a  sufficient  stock,  ready  lor 
thB  bedding  out  season,  price  Ij.  to  2s.  each. 

MeMrs.  H  beg  aUo  to  Ktate  that  their  New  Vegetable  and 
PJowcr  Seed  List  is  now  published,  and  will  be  forwarded 
rrati*.  on  application. 

JUPERB  NEW  PINK  GERANIUM^  LADY  HOMESDALE-"' 

ANTIRRHINUM--"  NOVELTY;"  AND 

CALCEOLARIA-"  BEAUTY    OF    MONTREAL." 

llflLLIA.M  F.  SMITH  hrgs  to  offer  the  fullowin" 

-I^  ln«^^»arieiie*  of  .be  preMmt  si-aj-m.  and  which  he  can 
*llh  confldonce  rpcnmrntn-l  to  all  udmlrcis,  w  a  v.;rv  ureut 
■Mlii'ton  In  each  of  their  ro.p<.<:t|ve  cI«b«o*    viz  — 

dERASilCM,  "LADY  HOMESDaLE"  (si.Tni.  _  a  beau- 
UUdMp  ro«y  pink,  with  clear  white  centre,  large  globe  tru-n 
«»  eompact  habi'.  and  profuse  boomer.  HlKhlv  valuablo 
Mbw  for  bedding  or  pot  cultare.      Btrong  plants  in  May, 

ANTIRaniNUM,  "NOVELTY"  (flMiT»).-D«rk  ros«  tube 

pper  up  pare  white,  very  dittlncc  and  uttracilre.      Stronii 

Uotf  In  H«y,  Zi.  Gd.  cnch,  * 

fALCKOLAKlA.  "IjEAUTY    OF    MONTREAL "  (Smitu). 

*  fine  hrtghf.  crErnflon,  dwarf  habit,  at.d  a  v«r>  fre-;  bhiointir. 

T-tl'iabIc  HQ'J  dli  Inct  variety  for  bedding,  extra  fitie.    ttiroDK 

-  1/1  Miy,  2i  P,d.  each.  * 

l'«usMi«count  to  ihr  trade  when  three  of  each  nro  taken. 

4'X«  KSSortfTK^nt  or  b«>ddlng  plants  In   April  and  Miy.  at 

n  .d-r-fe  [*rice»,  Including  lletiorropnn,  Bcarlut  a-d  o'hcr 

'•Kinm    Vf-rbcoa-.  In  vnricilts,  Cuphen*,  Lob.:Ii.ih,  Phloxed, 

'<<,  P«;nt«teiiions,  &c..  4£c  ,  Catalogues  of  which  muy  be 

»  ippilcatlon  :  also  of  Garden  iw^J  Flower  .Sends. 

"rheid  Mar»«rie«,  near  Sevcnoaki,  J^n.  31. 


nnHE     NEW     EARLY     SWEET     KERNELLED 

-L  KAISHA  APRICOT  FROM  SYRIA.— Fruit  ripens  early 
in  July,  juicy,  sweet,  and  luscious,  of  hardy  character,  and 
g')od  bearer  ;  for  further  description  see  former  advertisemen'e, 
andt.e  Londou  "Horticultural  Society's  Journal"  for  July, 
1819. 

Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son  are  now  offering  good  Trees  of  the 
above  valuable  Apricot,  at  the  following  prtcei,  package 
included,  with  the  usual  discount  to  the  trade,  viz.  :  — 

Dwarf  Maiden  Trees,  and  1  year  cut  back 10s.  Qd. 

Ditto  1  year  trained  15*.  Od. 

Ditto  or  Standards,  2  years  trained    ...      21s.  Od. 

Dwarf  round  heads  iu  pots        2l5.  Otf, 

Exeter,  January  31,  1852. 


^^RANSPLANTED  THORN  QUICKS.at  half  price 

-JL  forready  cash.- SELLING  OFP,  afew  hundred  thou-;ind 
of  thestock  of  Transplanted  Thorn  Quicks,  the  property  of  the 
late  Mr.  John  M'Crsiith,  Nurseryman,  of  Kilkenny  (as  advtsrtihed 
in  the  Chronicle  of  lastmonthl,  ttill  remain uudispoi^ed  of;  and, 
as  the  w.^o^e  must  be  cleared  tif?  this  season,  they  are  offv:red  at 
the  following  >:reatly  reduced  prices.  Two  years  old  trans- 
planted Thorns,  It  to  IS  inches  in  length;  circumference,  3-Sths 
to  7-IGths.  9(i.  per  iflOO  Three  years  old,  transplanted  ;  length. 
17  to  24  inches  ;  circumference,  half  an  inch  to  .^-Sths,  Is.  8fi., 
per  lOUO;  100,000  of  the  former,  or  50,000  o^'  the.  latter  size 
deliver*"!  carriage  free  on  board  steamer  at  Dublin  or  Water- 
ford.  —  Apply  to  hlrs.  Susanna  M'Ceaivu,  High-street 
Kilkenny.  Ireland. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 
JOHN    WATERER   begs  to   announce  that  he  has 
J    published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendroua, 
Azaleas,  Ro«es,  Conifers,  tc,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  alt  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described ;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
Seed,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Rosen  grandi- 
fiora,  Delicara,  Comet,  Model  of  Perleciion,  Elegans,  Formosa, 
Gem,  Belladonna,  Bicolor,  Qaeen,  Fireball,  Aurantia,  Rosea 
aibi,  and  Sulpbur^^a  perfecta,  A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in 
packets,  cnntaioing  200  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded,  post  free 
upon  the  receipt  of  2^.  Gd.  worth  of  postage  stamps,  by  H.  B. 
BiacBAU,  Hedenham  Rosary,  Bungay,  Suffolk. 


FLORISTS'  FLOWERS  AT   REDUCED  PRICES. 

CAREY  TYSO,  Florist,  &c.,  WaUingford,  Berks, 
begs  to  state  that  in  majcing  up  the  undermentioned 
assortments  of  FloiverSy  quality  is  particularly  Tegarded^ 
and  a  great  reduction  is  made  in  the  price  oj  each  vai'icty. 


■- Od. 


"KANUNCOLUSES,  100  splendid  named  sorts.  21.  to  £4 

Ditto  JOO  line  mixed  ...     83.,  153.,  and    1     u     0 

''Ditto  50  choice  Seedlings,  named     ...    3  10    0 

ANEMONES.  50  splendid  double  varieiies,  125.  6d.  to  I     0     0 

I'ANSIES,  25  excellent  varieties  ISs.  to  1     5     0 

TREATISE  on  RANUNCULUS,  Gd. ;  post  free,  8d.  Ditto 
on  ANEMONE,  3d. ;  pon  free,  id. 

Choice  Itanuncnlus,  Anemone,  Pan^y,  and  Sweet  William 
-■^eede,  2a.  6d.  per  packet.  Imported  German  Seeds  of  best 
quality.     C^tulogues  seat  ftr  two  labc-ls. 

•  These  asMortmcn's  sent  po^-t  I'rte.  Anemones  charged  Gd 
pi;r  dozen  for  pontage  and  box. 


GREAT    SALE    OF    NURSERY    PLANTS. 

FiTER  BOOTH,  Nurseryman,  Falkirk,  is  selling  off, 
at  vccy  cheap  prices,  at  hitt  cxtoiisivc  Nursery  Grounds,  a 
VL-ry  larce  s'ocit  of  transplanted  LAHCII,  SCOTCH,  and 
•SPRUCE  FIR  PLANTS,  of  htrong  and  bmaller  sizo-,  includiu): 
►ct-dliijgfi,  Willi  a  great  variety  ol  many  of  the  other  idiids  nf 
Forest  a-id  Ornariiennil  Trees,  genernlly  grown  in  large  niir- 
►  oriug;  alio  Fruit  Trtcj,  GooHcburiy,  Currant,  and  Rawpberry 
liu>lieH,  .t;c. 

A  lai-t;i!  stock  and  great  variety  oF  very  fine,  strong,  healthy 
lU'cTurten  ttoiJ  Flowering  OrniinR'iital  Shrubs. 

A  very  fine  stock  of  Standard,  Half  Standard,  and  Dtvorf 
llijieK.  many  of  them  of  the  new  kinds,  and  a'so  of  thu 
approved  mid  niont  beau'iful  sorif. 

N.U. — Aft  the  Advertiser  wishofl  to  retire  from  bu^inosa,  a 
Lease  of  all  his  Nuniory  Grounds,  which  belong  to  liirnnclf, 
tiid  pvery  rnenurngcnient  wouhl  bo  given  to  a  pinvliucor'  ol  the 
ibitvo  S'oi'k.  and  tlio  uood.will  of  the  bOninehs,  whian  has  bei 

rrlid  on  b'    "  ' 


SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to 
in'brm  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  ne'? 
PRICED  SRED  CATALOGUE  FOR  185J  is  now  ready,  ah^ 
may  be  had,  postage  free,  on  apnlication.  It  contains  a  list  o 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
toge'her  wi'h  a  very  choice  seleotlnn  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  which  are  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  of 
sowing,  and  whether  hardv,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  inform.i- 
tion.  The  Collections  of  SeeHs,  which  they  supplied  in  former 
years,  having  given  such  general  satisfaction,  they  are  agaiu 
induced  to  offer  them  as  under  :— 
No.  1.  A  complete  collection  of  Vegetable  Seeds  for  £  a.  d. 
one  year's  supply  of  a  !arge  garden  ...  3    5    0 

No.  2.  Do.  do.        in  smnller  quantities         ...  1  10    0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1    1    0 

No.  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do,  ...  0  12    6 

The  kinds  and  quantities  contained  in  each  Collection  are 
stated  in  the  Catalogue. 
Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  on  the  following  Railways  :— 
Newcastle,  York,  and  Berwick  ;  North  Briiish,  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  ;  York  and  Scarborough.  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 
Lancsster  nnd  Liverpool. — Gateshead  Nursery,  Jan,  81. 


( 1 0LLECTIONS  OF  SEEDS,   suitably  selected  for 

V-^  Gardens  of  various  sizes,  for  on*>  year's  supply,  at  the 
following  prices  :—2i.  103.,  U.Us.Gd..  11.  5s  ,  12s  Sd.,  and  5*. 
The  Seeda  are  of  excellent  quality,  many  of  which  are  direct 
fr^m  the  growers.  Particulars  of  sorts  and  quantities  of  each 
Collection  may  be  had,  if  required,  on  app'ication. 

Also,  Collections  of  FLOWER  SEEDS,  chiefly  Annuals, 
with  a  few  cood  Biennials  and  Perenniah,  100  varieties, 
lOj.  Cd.  ;  50  do  ,  5s.  Gd. ;  25  selected  do.,  Ss.Gd. ;  12  do.,  2s. 

WiLLTAU  Den¥eb,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  Battle, 
Sussex. 


f^  UCUMBER 
Vy  Melon. 


Snow's  Hybrid. 

Fleming's  Hybrid. 

Beechwood 

Sweet  Melon  of  Ispahan. 

Munroe's  Hybrid. 

Darll. 

Cabul. 


AND    MELON    SEEDS, 

I  Cdcoubeb. 

*Model  of  Perfection. 
Cutbill's  White  Spine. 
Eastwood. 
Kenyon  (true). 


•  The  best  Cucumber  grown. 


A  packet  of  any  of  the  above  will  he  sent  post  free,  on  the 
receipt  of  12  Postnge  Stamps.  Caialngueaof  Seeds,  dec,  are 
now  published,  and  may  bd  had  oa  application  to  Joseph 
Keff  bd.  Seedsman  and  Florist,  22i,  Market-street,  Chorley, 
LiincHSliire, 


y  hU  riiatloiio  (or  moro  than  7U  years  past, 
with  great  buccohb. 

Shou  <l  apurco«».Tnnt  bofound,  a  partner  wiih  capital,  and  I  Houfii'iots,  SoihIh,  iljo. 
0  good  knowicdgc  ')f  the  buniu-B",  would  be  i.grcd  with.  |  Qtucn's  Orapuries  i-nl  Nui'R?ry  Ground,  P-irk-srcot,  l!ii,li' 


pATTELL'S  KITCHEN  GARDEN  and  FLOWER 
V^     SKEDS,  of  genernlly  acbnnwledged  tirsc-rate  quality- 

DesGripiivu  Priced  Ca  alogues  of  the  above  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  i>n  receipt  of  a  penny  stamp  for  each,  addressed  to 
Jonv  Cattell,  Weaterham,  Kent  The  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SL-ED3  are  saved  from  his  owa  selected  y*ock9.  Among  the 
BeetM,  Kales,  Broccolics,  CauliflowerK,  Cabbages,  Celeries, 
Cucumbers,  Endives,  Lettuces,  Parsleys,  &c.,  are  enumerated 
kinds  which  every  gardener  would  had  worth  his  trial  and 
attention. 

Orders  for  Seeds  amounting  to  10s.  and  upwards  will  be  for- 
warded carriage  free  to  London,  and  to  every  station  on  th& 
South-Eastprn,  Bii^hton,  and  South-Coast  Railways. 

Any  of  the  VEGETABLlil  and  FL'rWER  SEEDS  may  be 
had  by  post  at  the  Catalogue  prices,  wi:h  the  additiousi  postage 
charges. 

J  C.  has  also  to  offer  fine  plnnts  of  the  Cedar  of  Lebanon, 
6  to  7  feet  biu'h,  in  large  po's,  l-''s.  each,  or  71.  10s.  per  doz.  ; 
5  feet,  very  fine,  10a.  Gd.  each,  or  51.  5s.  per  doz.  ;  and  smaller 
in  proportion. 

ROSES,  strong,  in  8-inch  pots,  fittingfor  immediate  forcing. 
Mo-fs,  Coiiimun,  and  Scarlet,  18s.  pe-'  doz.  ;  Provence,  White 
or  Unique,  Spoogs  and  common  Cabbage,  hybrid  Perpetuals, 
of  the  finest  forcing  varieties,  18s.  to  21s  per  doz.  ;  Geant  des 
Battaiile-,  fine^  on  their  own  roots,  iu  5-inch  pots,  24s.  per  doz. 

A  very  large  stock  of  the  following  splendid  Hardy  Herba- 
ceous Plants,  grown  in  the  open  ground  -Delphinium  Barlowii* 
U.  grandiflorum  maximum,  and  (Enothera  macrocarpa,  each 
at  85.  per  doz.,  or  50s.  per  100  ;  Lily  of  the  Valley,  single,  fla. 
per  lOo;  ditto  double,  as.  per  doz  ;  25  varieties  of  Van  Houtte's 
new  Belgian  double  Daisies,  a  good  plaui  of  each,  7s.  fid. 

Tlie  fo  loninir  Catalogues  for  the  present  seat-on  may  be  had 
on  prepaid  applicaiiou,  enclosing  stamps  as  numed  : 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Roses,  coutaininir  all  the  leading 
kinds;  the  Ruses  grown  here  are  acknowIedg(.'d  by  the  trade 
and  others  who  have  seen  thum  noc  to  be  surpassed  by  any 
other  grower.     One  penny  stamp. 

A  Catalogue  of  tiardy  Trees  and  Shrubs,  American  Plants 
(of  wliich  a  large  culiection  ie  grown,  and  are  particularly 
line).  Coniferie,  and  hardy  Climbers  ;  two  penny  stamps. 

A  Catalogue  of  Fruit  Trees,  Strawberries,  »bc. ;  one  penny 
stamp. 

Seed  Catalogues  as  above. 

Remittances  to  accompany  all  orders  from  unknown  cor- 
respondents.        ___^ 

NEW    DAHLIAS. 
SPARY  begs  to  announce  to  his  Florlcultura! 

Friends,  both  English  and  Foreign,  that  ho  intends 
sending  out,  the  first  week  iu  Mny,  1852  the  below  named 
DA  II  LI  AS,  which  E.  S.  can  confidently  recommend  as  constant; 
and  dcHirable  show  flowers. 

AKSOLAM  (Spaby's). —Clear  amber,  first-rate  form,  and 
punils  very  constant  (an  acquisition  in  Ita  colour).  Height, 
I  r-t ;  pl:int«,  loa,  (id. 

VICTORIA  (C  toit's).— Pule  primrose,  lipped  with  lilac  ; 
excjuiHi'o  l(irm,  and  good  centre.  To  exhibitors  will  prove  a 
dc8l.j.hle  lijfht  (lower.      Height,  4  feot ;  lOs.  Gd. 

JOIl.N  DAVIKS  (Cook's).— Crimsun,  occ-islonnlly  shaded 
Willi  puce;  eymmutrical  lino  I'o'm;  potnN  hiuh  in  centre. 
Ahva^H  to  he  dupendud  on.     Height,  4  fuut;  Ts.  Cd 

A  D.-scripUve  CatiiIo;tuo  of  jelcct  Oew  and  oid  varieties  of 
Dihlliit  Is  ni>w  ready.  C'lmellias,  Geraniums,  Fuch><ii(s, 
ilinerarhiH,  Vfi'bonat",  and  a  variety  of  other  plants  ;  I(ambur({h 
Vmi-,  nrid  '^tluT  sorts  (in  pots),  from  E.  .S.'s  celebrated  atocit  ; 


E. 


H 


w 


ROSES. 

"ILLTAM  WOOD  and  SON  beg  to  offer  a  choice 

.   .      assonment  of  ROSES  at  the  under-uamed  prices,   the 
flel^ction  of  worts  Vteing  left  to  them-^elves.  s.  d. 

E^tra  6ne  pickeii  tall  Standards,  from  6  to  8  feet,  budded 
vith  3  to  6  bist  varieties  of  Climbing  and  Perpetual 
Roses  in  each  stem,  suitable  for  traininf^  in  the  form  of 
domes  {theFiO  plants  are  particularly  tiDe),  each,  Ss.Sd.  to     5 

Superior  selected  Standards         Per  doz.  ISs.  to  24 

Fine  Dwarfs  ai'd  Dwarf  Standards      ...        „         10s.  to  18 
Fine  D'varfs,  on  own  roots,  two  of  a  sort        ,,  ...    6 

Tea-scen'ed  Roses,  in  pots,  verv  fine    ...         ,,  12s.  to  38 

Best  vari 'tieB  for  Forcing, estabtishod  in  G-irch  pots.p.doz.  20 
Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  without  names,  per  100       ...         ...  30 

N.B — Additional  plants  presented  with  each  order,  with  a 
view  to  lessen  the  expense  of  carriaee. 

CatuloEues  may  be  had,  Geatis,  on  application. 
Woodlands  Nursery/Maresfie'd.  near  UckH.-lii.  Sussex 

"PINUS    AUSTRIACA," 
THE    BLACK    AUSTRIAN    PINE. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  Co.,  have  now  on  Sale  a 
large  B'ock  of  very  liue  stronyr  he:il'hy  Plants  of  this  truly 
desirable  PINB,  from  *9  inclie^  io  2  feet  hluh,  which,  bavins 
been  frequent  y  transplanted,  are  very  well  rooted,  and  conse- 
quently quite  safe  to  remove  to  any  disiaoce,  and  are  of  a 
superior  qiialiiy,  ffreat  attention  having  been  paid  to  their  cul- 
tivation ;  price  from  20s.,  ifis.,  to  50s.  per  1000.  They  have  also 
some  of  iHTger  sizes,  from  3  to  G  feet  ''ligh,  equally  safe  to  move 
(owins  to  proper  attention  haviufj;  been  paiil  to  their  roots),  at 
propor'ionately  higher  prices.  This  nnble  and  most  service- 
able PINE  thrives  in  ble:ik  exp>8i-d  situations  (even  in  poor 
soils),  growing  rapidly,  and  producing  dense  shelter  in  places 
■where  other  trees  will  not  grow.  It  also  succeeds  admirably 
close  to  the  sea,  resisting  there  the  spray  and  rougheBt  winds. 
Exetr^r  Nurserv,  near  Kxefer   Jan.  31. 


FINEST  LANCASHIRE  GOOSEBERRIES.— 
Carriage  paid  for  all  ord.  rs  above  5£  to  London.  Liver- 
pool, &Ci  The  others,  in  100  choice  sorts,  named,  per  1000,  41.; 
or  Ifls.  per  101.  io  50  sorts. 

CURRANTS. —Mat's  Victoria  or  Raby  Castle,  red,  the 
finest,  larjest,  and  best  known,  ought  to  be  io  every  garden, 
25s.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  doz.  ;  Red  Grape  and  Champagne,  fiae, 
per  100,  Ifla. ;  or  per  doz,,  23. 

Securely  packed  to  carry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation. 

Address  John  Mat,  Hope  Nurserie3,  Leeming-lane,  near 
Bedule,  Yorkshire. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  is 
respectfully  requested. 


GRASS  SEEDS,  SEPARATE  OR  MIXED. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  having  for  many  years  pi 
especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  Lnnd  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soi's  of  roost 
parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  Natural  Grasses  most 
suitable  fnr  each  locality. 

S.  and  Sons  being  also  connected  with  the  principal  collectors 
of  Grass  Seeds  on  the  continent,  as  well  as  those  in  Scotland 
and  the  North  of  England,  can  supply  every  kind  of  Natur-il 
and  Artificial  Grasses,  either  separate  or  mixed,  at  lowest 
market  prices,  as  they  always  have  a  large  stock  of  every  kind 
in  their  Warehouses,  Reading,  BerUs, 


VERY  SUPERIOR  VEGETABLE  SEEDS 

OFFERED  BT 

WILLIAM    E.    RENDLE   and    CO.,    Seed    Mer- 
chants.   PlTM'<UTH, 

The  following  are  very  superior  so7'ts,  and  should  he 
grown  in  evo'y  garden — small  or  large.  The  whole  are 
either  saved  by  ourselves  or  by  jirst-rate  growers,  on  whom 
vje  can  place  the  fullest  conjidence. 

%'  THR  WHOLE  WILL  BE  SENT  FREE  BY  POST  AT 
THE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

Some  of  the  sorts  are  very  scarce  ;  orders  shoxdd  there- 
fore be  sent  as  soon  as  convenient. 

PAaSLBY,  RENDLE'S  TRBBLE  GARNISHING,  proved 
by  the  London  Horticultural  Suciety,  and  described  in  their 
Journal  as  being  "heautifally  curled,  and  an  excellent  ■variety." 

BROCCOLI,  RENDLE'd  SUPEHB  WILLCOVG.-This  is 
acknowledged  by  all  the  leading  Horticultural  writers  and 
growers  to  be  by  far  the  best  Spring  Broccoli  in  cultivation. 
Six  Heads  were  exhibited  in  London  in  May  last,  neighing 
more  than  80  lbs.    Is.  per  packet 

BROCCOLI.  REMDLE'3  EARLY  PENZANCE  WHITE.— 
This  is  the  earliest  of  all  the  Spring  Broccolies,  and  is  well 
known  to  b'j  so  in  Covent  Garden  iSdarket,  as  the  whole  of  the 
early  Broccolies  come  from  the  ntigbbourhood  of  Penzance. 
On  the  17th  of  Februaby,  1851,  ihey  forwarded  two  Heads  to 
one  of  the  monihly  meetings  of  the  Lo-  don  Hor  icultural 
Society.  The  following  is  fiom  the  Oardeners'  Chronicle,  for 
February  22 ■!  :  — "  Two  very  fine  Heads  of  '  Penzance  Bruccoli' 
■were  shown  by  Slesars.  Rendle  and  Co  ,  of  Plymouth,  wno 
stated  that  one  of  the  Heads  weighed  SJlb-i.,  and  wai  2  f<  ei 
10  inches  in  circumference.  The  other  weighed  Silbs  ,  and 
2  feet  in  circumference.  These  weights  and  measuiements  are 
without  the  leaves."  They  have  but  a  very  small  supply  of  the 
seed,  it  bei"e  very  scarce.     Is,  per  packet. 

PARSLEY,  MITCHELL'S  WINTER  MATCHLESS,  a  very 
superior  curled  and  har'lv  variety.     Gd   per  packet. 

CELERY,  TUKNEK,'S'SUPERB  SOLID  DWARF  WHITE, 
direct  from  Mr.  Turner,  Slough,     Is.  per  packtt. 

CUCUMBER,  CUTtilLL'S  BLACK  SPINE,  saved  by  Mr. 
Cuthill.     Is.  per  packet. 

CUCUMBER.  ELPHINSTONE'3  PROLIFIC  BLACK 
SPINE,  frum  Mr.  Turner,  Slou^jb.  (See  his  Advertisement.) 
Is.  Gd.  per  i>ai;ket. 

CAULIFLOWER.  NEW  EARLY,  saved  by  Messrs.  Fitch, 
the  great  mirket  purdeners  at  Fulham.     Is.  per  packet. 

BROCCOLI,  TaUE  WALCHEHEN,  saved  by  Messrs.  Myatt, 
the  great  maiket  gardeners  at  Oeptford.     Is  per  packet. 

PARSLEY,  MYATT'S  FINE  IRBBLE  CURLED,  saved  by 
Messrs.  Mya't.     Gd.  per  packet. 

MELON,  CUTHILL'S  SCARLET  FLESH,  direct  from  Mr. 
Cuthill.     Is.  per  packet. 

MELON.  TRUE  CASSABAR,  presented  by  the  Pacha  of 
Egypt  to  Lieut.  Tancock,  H.  M.  ship  Hindostan,  a  splendid 
variety.     2s.  Gd.  per  packet.     (OoW  a  few  piicUets  remain.) 

LETTUCK,  NEW  CRYSTAL  COS,  a  most  excellent  variety. 
6d.  per  itaiket. 

CABBA'JB,  RENDLE'S  EARLY  ADMIRABLE,  one  of  the 
best  early  Cabbages.     Gd.  per  picket. 

CABBAGE,  ENFIELD  MARKET,  celebrated  as  being  the 
best  tn  existence.     Gd.  per  pHcker. 

CELEKY,  SEYMOUR'S  CtiAMPION  WHITE,  superior  to 
the  old  variety.     Is.  per  nacket. 

CARROT,  TRUE  DUTCH  HORN,  a  most  valuable  sort 
for  forciot:.     Gd.  per  packet. 

CABBAGE,  MirCHELL'S  PRINCE  ALBERT,  a  superior 
new  and  early  variHty.     Gd  per  paiket. 

All  Other  neto  Seeds,  either  advertised  in  this  Paper  or 
sent  out  by  other  dealers,  can  he  had  of  the  subscnbers  at 
live  regular  printed  prices. 

A  Genern)  Priced  t'atulimue  of  Seed- can  be  bad  on  application 
to  WiLLUM  i-..  Kendle  and  Co  ,  Seed  M^rchanfi    I'lun  'Utb. 
ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY 


SEED    AND 


HOUTICULTURAL    ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,     SUFFOLK. 


BASS  AND   BROWN'S   SEED  AND  PLANT  LIST  FOR   1852, 

OR  DESCRIPTIVE  PRICED  CATALOGUE  (STAMPED  TO  GO  FREE  BY  POST),  IS  NOW  COMPLETE. 
AND  MAY  BE  HAD  ON  APPLICATION. 


WE  have  the  pleasure,  as  above,  of  offering  our  2lsT  ANNUAL  SEED  CATALOGUE,  combined  with  our 
usuiil  choice  LISTS  OF  PLANTS.  Oar  Seeds,  which  are  harvested  and  collected  with  much  care,  will  be  found,  we 
believe,  as  select  a  co'lection  of  choice  varieties  and  kinds  as  can  be  produced.  From  the  great  number  of  communications 
from  persons  in  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom  to  whom  our  goods  have  been  sent,  expressing  their  high  approval  of  the  articles 
6upplifd  ;  ;ind  from  our  habitual  aim  to  ob'ain  those  of  the  very  best  description,  we  can  offer  them  with  the  ful'cst  confidence. 

The  following,  of  our  own  selection,  we  wish  particularly  io  recommend.     TJtey  consist  of  varieties  and  Icinds 
vjhich  cannot  fail  to  afford  the  most  complete  satisfaction. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS    IN    ASSORTMENTS. 

We  beg  to  offer  the  following  Collections  of  the  choicest  and  most  approved,  embracing  superior  new  sorts  in  proportionate 

quantities  of  each : —  ■  £,  s.  d. 
No.  1.— COLLECTION  FOR  A  LARGE  GARDEN,  containing  20  quirts  of  Peas,  in  20  beet  sorts  for  succession; 

11)  best  sorts  of  Broccoli ;  8  Hitto  of  Lettuce,  with  all  ofber  Veffctahles  in  proportion       2  10     0 

No.  2.— THE  BEST  NilW  AND  OTHER  SORTS.  IN  SMALLER  QUANTITIES      110     0 

No.  3—                                DITTO                                DITTO                                                         10    0 

No.  4.— A  COLLECTION  OF  ESTEEMED  KINDS  FOR  A  SMALL  GARDEN          0  10     G 

***  j4  complete  List  of  the  sorts  and  quantities  of  the  No.  1,  2,  and  3  Collectio)is  are  this  year  furnished  in  the 
Catalogue.     If  any  sorts  are  not  wished  f 07;  &>darged  (juantities  of  other's  will  he  sent  to  majce  up  the  amount. 

FLOWER    SEEDS-FIRST    ASSORTMENTS. 

These  may  be  had,  prepaid  by  post,  at  the  prices  affixed.     Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  Seeds  will 
bft  Bont  with  each  lot. 
100  Varieties  select  showy  Annuals,  including  very  splendid  German  Asters,  Stocks,  Larkspurs,  Jacobraas,  Zinnia 


d. 


elejans,  aho  Lobelia  ramo&us  and  tlie  three  new  varieties  ramosus  major,  rosea,  and  propinqua  ;  the  new  marbled 
Calliop^is,  Menulia  violacea,   Nemesia  versicolor,  Gramanthus  geniianoides,  Cenia  turbinatu,  Cenia  turbinata 

alba,  and  other  newest  an1  best  sorts 0  15 

50  Varieties,  including  the  same,  8s.  Gd. ;  30  varieties  ditto,  53.  Gd. ;  20  varieties  ditto  0     4 

20  Varieties  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  in  large  packets,  for  fiUi'g  beds  on  lawns      0     7 

12  Varieties  ditto  ditto  dirto  0    5 

20  Varieties  choice  Greenhouse  Annuals,  including  very  line  Balsahi,  Cockscomb,  Mesambryanthemum,  Matynia, 
Phlox  Drummondii,  and  the  two  new  varietie-*,  Leopoldiana  and  alba  oculata ;  new  varieties  of  Portulacca, 

Rhodanthe  Manglesii,  Thunbt-rgia,  New  Yellow  SalpiglossuB,  (tc 0     7 

12  Varieties  ditto  ditto  ditto      0    6 

2ii  V,.rietieB  choice  Greenhouse  Perennials,  including  very  fine  and  new  varieties  of  Calceolaria,  Cineraria,  Fuchsia, 

Pe'unia,  Verbena,  Kennerlyae,  Calendrinia  umbellata,  iSiC. 0  10 

12  Varieties  dirto  ditto  0    7 

20  Varieties  Rar-iy  Biennials  and  Perennial",  including  the  new  white  E6ch^ll^zia,  very  choice  Antirrhinum,  Gladioli, 

Heartsease,  Mimulus,  Polyanthus,  Dianihus,  Brompton  and  Emperoi  Stocks,  Ac,  7s.  Gd,  ;  12  varieties        0     5 

FLOWER    SEEDS-SECOND    ASSORTMENTS. 

j^OO  Varieties,  select  and  well  assorted  Showy  Annuals 

50  Varieties  ditto  ditto 

30  Varietiis  ditto  ditto,  3s.  Grf. ;  20  ditto 

2U  Varieties  Hardy  Bitennials  and  Perennials,  4s.  ;  12  va'ieties       

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.    Post-office  Orders  payable  to  Bass -and  Beown,  or  to  Stephen  Beown, 
Goods  sent  Carriage  Free  to  Loudon,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or  any  other  Station  on  the  liue. 

Stamped  Copies  of  our  Aiitumn  Catalogue  may  still  be  had,  which  contains  our  Desc7-ipti/ve  Lists  of  Roses, 
Herbaceous  Plants,  Select  Evergreens  and  Flowering  Shridjs,  Hardy  Climbers,  Prize  Oooschen^ries,  Gladioli,  and 
various  Bulbs  and  Moots. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTTJUY. 


0  10  6 

0    5  6 

0    2  6 

0    2  6 


GREAT  WESTERN,  GREAT  NORTHERN,  SOUTH-WESTERN, 

SEED    ESTABLISH]!: 


FOB  SUPPLTINS  SUITON'S  EOME-UROWN  SEEDS  TO  AIL  PAET3  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


AND  SOUTH-EASTERN 

BERKS, 


THE  GARDEN  SEEDS  grown  in  Berkshire  and  the  Southern  Counties  liaving  obtained  great  celebrity, 
and  our  tow  prices  for  Seeds  of  superior  quaii-y  bavins;  g  linrd  us  a  very  extensive  connec'ion  in  almost  every  County  in 
the  United  Kiniidom,  we  have  made  such  arrangements  with  Messbs.  PICKFORD  and  CO.  (who  have  Offices  on  most  of  the 
great  lines  of  Railways,  a3  will  enable  us  to  DBIilVBSl   OU3S  GOOSS  FRBE  OP   CA3SRIAG3H!,  as  under:— 

Packaeee  ot  not  Ipss  than  Ten  Shillinus  vnlue  are  delivered  free  of  carria^ie  to  any  Office  in  London,  Bristol,  Southampton 
Por'smouth,  Dover,  Oxford,  Banburv,  Gloucester,  Hungerfiird,  and  all  Sfations  on  the  Great  Western,  South- We^iterD,  and 
South-Easter.i  Railwayi ;  and  all  Packatjes  of  Seeds,  uot  less  than  21.  value.  Carriage  Free  to  the  Ports  of  Ireland,  Scotland 
and  Wales;  or  to  Birmingham,  Liverpool,  Manoh'-.'^'er,  Lynn,  York.  IIul!, 

And  any  Station  on  the  Great  Northern  Railway. 

SUTTON'S    COLLECTIONS    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS. 

No.  1.— A  COMPLKTE  OOl.LECTIO^  OP  GARDEN  SEEDS,  FOR  ONK  TEAR'S  SUPPLY  or  A  LARGE  &ARDEN 

NO.  2 —A  nOMPLETR  COLLECTION,  IN  QOaNTITIKS  PROPORTIONATELY  REDOOED 

NO  3— A  COHPLETE  COLLECTION.  EQUALLY  CHOICE  SORTS 

NO.  4.— A  SMALL  AND  VERY  CHOICE  ASSORTMENT 

If  some  lands  of  Seeds  arc  already  possessed  purchasers  are  7'equested  to  name  (hem,  that  increased  quantities  of 
others  may  be  sent  in  lieu  of  them, 

A  List  oftlte  sorts  and  quantities  may  he  had  in  vetv/rnfor  (hie  Penny  Stamp. 

N.B. — We  are  also  grower.s  ot  Manffld,  Turnip,  and  other  Agricu  tural  Seedb,  which  are  liktwise  deiiveved  carriage  free. 

Address,  JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


£  s.  d. 
2  10  0 
1  10  0 
1  1  0 
0  12    6 


c 


APITAL     POTATOES      FOR 

100  Sacks  of  EAULY  ASFORD,  1st  size. 
2d  size. 


SALE. 


do.  d. 

BATH  KIDfJEY,    l^tfiize. 
do.  do.  2d  size. 

ASH. LEAP  KIDNEY  RED. 
FORTY-FOLD,  lat  size, 
do.  2d  size. 

Growers  or  coripumers  wishing  to  possess  some  of  the  best 
sorts  of  POTATOES,  may  obtain  the  above  on  application  to 
Mr.  RiCHAED  Webb,  Calcot  Farm,  Readin?  ;  who  can  alsp 
supply  some  of  the  be- 1  Purple-topped  Swede  Seed,  all  saved 
from  one  bulb  ;  and  1.^  ton  of  Belgium  Carrot  Seed. 


lUO 

do. 

2(i0 

do. 

2{10 

do. 

i>0 

do. 

600 

do. 

500 

do. 

NURSERY,       NORTH       WA  R  N  BO  RO  U  G  H, 
NEAR    ODIHAM,    HANTS. 

STEPHEN  SHILLING  begs  to  thank  his  numerous 
Cu-i'oiriera  and  Frieu  B  for  their  i^Uiiport,  bi»  h  but'ore  and 
since  ihK  dii^aolution  of  Parfnerchip  with  liis  brother  and  as 
all  Liabilities  as  well  as  the  Business  now  devolves  solely  upon 
him,   3.  S.  frolicita  the  continuance  of  their  custom 

Oiders  received  for  Trees,  tfec,  and  f-upplied  as  usual  at 
W'DChester,  Baaingstoke,  and  Alton,  al  wtiicb  places  be  attends 
on  market  day. 

Cd'al'tRueg  forwarded  post  free  on  application. 


IMPORTANT   TO   ALL   WHO    HAVE   A   GARDEN. 
I      CHAKTRES    and    Co.,  Wholesale  and  Retail 

*'  •  Seed  Mcrc  iants,  74,  Kmg  Willi  mi-ntrtet,  Ciiy,  Liuduu. 
betrs  toiirf  irm  >heir  Fiit-nils.  and  Purchasers  of  Seedti  tfi-'ne- 
rully,  ihit  toey  iiave  a  large  and  very  helect  Stock,  chiefl> 
grown  under  their  own  itiBp"Cti'>n  ;  and,  to  meet  the  timts, 
are  deiui  mined  to  hell  at  tn*^  lowest  reiiiuncruCHi;;  piice^^. 

Oruera  ah  ive  U.  forwarded,  cirriij^e  paid,  tu  any  p'nt  of  the 
ICinndiim,  per  it-iil.    A  Catalogue  may  be  had  on  application. 
.     January  31. 


MESSRS.     KNIGHT    and     PERRY    respectfully 
in'orm  those  interested  in  hardy  TREES  and  SHRDBS. 
that  their  New  List  is  just  published,  anil  may  be  bad  on 
application  to  them. 
Exotic  Nursery,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 


T  ARGE  WHITE  AYLESBURY  DUCKS,  BLACK 

JL-^  BOVaNY  BiVY  DUCKS,  BLACK  NOKPOLK  TUR- 
KEYS.—-The  ADVERTISER  has  for  sale  a  few  fines pecimens  of 
the  above,  of  th>»  purest  stock,  fit  for  breeding,  at  the  following 
prices  : — .4yle^bllry  Ducks,  7s.,  Draltes,  3s.  Gd.  ench  ;  Black 
Botany  Bay  DuL-ks,  2l.s.  per  couple  ;  Black  Norfolk  Turkoye,| 
24s.  ditto,  packHi;e  inc^ludLd,— Orders,  accomp.mied  by  Post- 
office  order,  or  reference,  addressed  to  Isaac  Bbdnnikg,  North 
End,  Great  Yarmouth,  will  be  faithfully  executed. 

A  HOTHOUSE  AND  GREENHOUSE  TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF 

WILLIAM  YOUNG  begs  to  inform  Noblemen 
Geo'lemen,  Nuiserymen,  and  others,  that  he  has  h 
dispose  ot,  for  a  Genrleman,  a  good  and  substantial  Hothousi- 
50  feet  in  lenjjth  by  13  feet  in  width,  nearly  ae  good  as  iiev. 
wiih  hot  water  pipea  complete.  Likewise  a  Greenhousi 
34  feet  long  by  1'2  wide,  with  stage  for  plants  complete,  whicl 
will  be  s  Id  a  bargain. 

For  farther  particulars  apply  to  William  Young,  Milfon 
Nurserici,  Gndalming.  , 


BELGIAN  SHEET  GLASS.— The  above  beautifi, 
Gla-d  16-U2.  to  the  foot,  so  strongly  recommended  10 
Horticutrural  purposes,  c^in  be  procured  at  the  Snho  Crowi 
^beet,  and  OiOHmental  Glass  Wareliouse,  26,  Soho  square,  upo 
the  fuHowinir  ("^ash  term«.  Single  cases  containing  200  fci 
each,  case  inula  led,  '21.  2s.  ;  in  parcr-la  of  5  casus  at  i'^s.  ;  i 
p;trcel9  of  io  cases,  3Ss.  per  casej  or  cut  to  any  given  size  at  3( 
yer  foot. 


^— I852.J 


1  JtlJ^i      Ijr  A  K  U  li.  i\  iii  K  b CTTirTTTTTTTTnrr 


T7 


RENDLE'S    SELECT    GRASSES. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants. 
Pltmodto, 
Have  of  late  iiears  paid  much  atloition  to  their  sehction 
of  Gkasses  for  Permanent  Pastuues,  etc.  They  sup- 
polled  Mixtures,  last  season^  for  several  thousand  acres, 
and  liave  not  had  a  failure  or  single  complaint  ;  proving , 
in  tlie  tnost  satisfactory  manner,  that  their  selections  have 
given  the  greatest  satisfaction. 

A  Descriptive  List  will  he  found  io  our  "Price  Current," 
copies  of  wiiich  can  be  had  la  exchange  for  Six  Penny  Stamps. 

The  West  of  England  is  famous  fur  the  PERMANENT 
QUALITY  of  its  RED  CLOTEll,  or  COW  GRASS,  tons  of 
the  Seed  being  dispatched  to  every  part  of  Great  Britain  every 
year.  We  have  this  season  contrac'ed  for  a  large  stock,  and  can 
supply  ANT  QUANTITY,  either  Wholesale  or  Retail,  at  the  lowest 
market  prioeB. 

For  Catalogues  and  furthe.  po-.iculars,  apply  to 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  MEacHANTs, 
Flyuouto. 

ESTABLISHED  178S. 

SURPLUS     STOCK. 

FOR   CHEAPNESS,   UTILITY,   and    DISPLAY, 
the  foltowiag  are  strongly  recommeaded,  CAaaiACE  Paid 
(see  below)  :  — 

SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  X  ALPINES. 

100  in  50  choice  sorts,  oar  selection    ...  ■       3i)». 

100  iQ  100  chdioe  sorts,  our  own  or  purcbaser'd  selection  .,,     423, 
FLOWERING  AND  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  ORNAMENTAL 

TREES,  ETC. 
Purchaser's,  or  our  choice,  per  100,  in  100  kinds        ...    £2  105. 

Our  own  choice,  in  50  kindc,  fine £1  10s. 

To  gentlemen  forming  Arboretums,  this  is  a  fine  opportunity. 

COMilOM  LAURELS,  li  to  2  feet,  per  1000,  4t.,  or  lOa.  per 
100;  2  to  3  feet,  bushy,  per  1000,  61 ,  or  125.  6d.  per  100. 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  li  to  2  feet,  20s,  per  100,  3s.  per 
doz. ;  2  t(»  3  feet,  extra  fine,  303.  per  100,  6s.  per  doz. 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  3  feat,  per  lOOO,  4.0a., 
per  100.  5s. 

LIMES,  per  100,  30s.,  4  to  5  feet,  fine  Avenue  Trees. 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  5  to  6  feet,  30s.  per  100  ;  10  to  12  feet, 
50s.  per  1 00 

ROSES,  50  splendid  sorts,  standards,  per  100,  51.,  or  18s.  per 
doz.,  fine,  our  own  selection;  10  i  superb  sorts,  Dwirf  Roses. 
50s.,  or  9s.  per  doz.,  our  own  choice ;  mixed  do.,  30s.  par  100, 
or  6s.  per  doz. 

GREENHOUSE     PLANTS. 

50  first-rate  sorts,  own  selection,  21,  10s.,  or  l5s,  per  doz. 

50  ditto,  purchaser's  choice,  31.,  or  18s.  per  doz. 

ERICAS,  50  finest  sorts,  our  choice,  21.  10s.,  or  153.  per  doz,  ; 
purchaser's  choice,  31.,  or  18s.  per  doz. 

CHINESE  AZALEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,   our  choice,  2l5., 
or  153.  per  doz   ;  purchaser's  choice  25s.,  or  18s.  per  doz. 
A  splendid  opportunity  for  specimen  growers. 

HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  warranted  to  produce  75  in  100  double, 
Is.  6d.  pei-  packet. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  per  1000,  il.,  in 
100  sorts,  named,  or  lOs.  per  100,  in  50  sorts. 

CURRANTS— Maj's  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  is  the 
largest  and  best  sort  known,  and  ought  to  be  in  every  garden. 
253.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  dozen  ;  Red  Grape  and  Champagne,  fine, 
10s.  per  100,  or  23.  per  doz. 

APPLES  AND  PEARS,  fine  clean  standarls,  10s.  par  doz., 
or  70s.  per  100,  choice  of  sorts  left  to  us,  very  select. 

PLUMS  AND  CflERRIES,  finest  sorts,  standards,  18s.  per 
doz.,  our  choice;  Dwarf  Trained,  3s.  Gd.  each,  or  '^Gs.  per  doz. 

APRICOTS,  PEACHES,  AND  NECTARINES,  fine  three 
years'  ^r^ined,  of  best  sorts,  own  choice,  5s.  each,  nrSOs.  p.  dnz. 

RASPBEaRIES,  Red  Antwerp,  2s.  per  doz.,  or  I2s  per  100; 
Monthly  or  Diiubte  Bearing,  I2s  p^r  100,  or  2s.  per  doz. 

STRAWBERRIftlS,  early  and  late  kinds,  25  fine  sorts  of 
merit,  33.  Gd.  per  100. 

Address  a'l  communieationa  to  John  Mat,  the  Hope  Nur- 
series,  Leeming-lane,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 

All  orders  above  51.  can-iage  paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Birmingham,  OMd  Edinburgh,  and  all  tlie  intermediate 
Stations  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

N.B.  A  fine  stock  of  Larch,  Spruce,  Oak,  &c. ;  sizes  and 
price  on  applicatioa. 

Ornamental  grounds  designed,  executed,  and  furnished  on 
liberal  terms.    Forest  Planting  by  estimate. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  is 
respectfully  requested. 

"THE  GOLDEN    BALL," 
UNEQUALLED  NEW  YELLOW  MELON. 

EDWARD  TILEY  respectfully  informs  Melon 
growers  and  others  generally,  that  he  has  been  successful 
in  procuring  the  whole  stock  of  seed  of  the  above  beauiifui 
and  unequalled  Melor>,  "The  Golden  Ball,"  which  has  been 
thoroughly  proved  by  an  eminent  Melon  grower,  and  ac- 
kn'.>w;edged  by  all  who  saw  and  tested  the  same,  to  be  one  of 
the  finc-t  flavoured  yellow  Melons  ever  known  ;  its  qualities 
are  as  follows :  fruit,  very  handsome  ;  colour,  when  ripe,  deep 
orange;  shape,  perfectly  round;  hollow  crown,  very  thin 
skin  ;  fie'b,  firm  and  very  solid,  and  of  superior  melting  flavour  ; 
free  setter  and  prolific  bearer;  wei>iht  from  3  to  4  lbs.  The 
contraat;  of  ihis  jeiJoiv  Melon  when  set  on  a  table  with  a  greeo- 
ilesh  Melon  has  a  mo«t  strikine  effect,  and  every  parson  who 
(frows  the  Bromham  Hall  should  also  cultivate  this  one  as  its 
CDmpinioo,  for  Its  shape  and  perfectiun  in  flavour,  which  has 
proved  to  be  unequalled.  It  can  be  ohtaiued  in  packets  of 
three  aeed*  at  23  C'i  ,  or  seven  seede,  5.f;  or  a  packet  of  this 
•■na  of  the  Bromham  Hall,  and  one  of  any  other  under- 
Tii-'ntioned,  forfis.  E,  T.  feeU  confident  the  ab  .ve  Melon  will 
K»ra  as  great  satinfaction  a*  the  following  other  varioliea 
lormerly  «ent  out  by  him:— Tilej'o  Bromham  Hall  Melon 
frue),  la.  perpacket;  Tlley's  Queen  Melon.  Is.  ditto;  Tllf-y's 
JJowood,  U  ditto;  aUo,  Beechwood  Melon  seed,  Is.  ditto; 
■'.ind»or  Prize,  Is.  ditto;  Emperor,  l.i.  ditto;  Fleming's 
Irtnthftm  Hybril  Persian,  Ij.  ditto;  Duncan's  Green  Flesh, 
Is  ditto;  (Umplon  Cuurt,  In.  ditto;  Egyptian  (Improved),  la. 
■litto;  Blackh-ill'd  Orte;i  Flech,  1«.  ditto;  Biilcv's  Green 
Fle»h,  lit,  dit-o  ;  CanierUm  Court,  It.  ditto, 

TILElf'S  NKW  CUCUMBER  "  OAPTIVATION,"  three 
seeds,  Tjs.,  or  five  leeds  7b.  Gd.;  also  "  Phcnnnienon,"  bIx 
seed*,  2«.  W;  or  this  and  onoof  Captlra-ion,  for  fJa  ;  also  Cham- 
berlaln's  Eft**-*  Hero,  four  Hoods,  Za.  lid;  Hun'ei'a  Prolific, 
three  «e«d«,  2/.  Q4.,  or  hfven  fceedii.  5j ;  L'ird  Kcynon's  Fa- 
•/(.arit«.  Is.  per  p!icket ;  Vtcf  )ry  of  Bath,  Ii,  ditto;  Oordtm'a 
White  Spine,  Is.  ditto;  Ilumllton'rt  Black  Spine,  U,  ditto- 
Conqueror  of  tho  West,  Gd.  ditto;  But^heHH  Srrmford-upon- 
A»on,  G(t.  ditto;  and  num'Tou*  otfier  older  virluiim,  at  Gd. 
•Jl'to.  For  further  particulurji  of  ttie  above  Cucumbers,  bou 
f}ixrdtr\e,ra'  Chronide  of  .Tanuiiry  3,  1852. 

N.B,  A  packet  or  "  The  Golden  Bull'  Mnlnn  nnd  a  packet 
of  Captivtttlon  Cucumber,  can  be  neat  for  (it.  A  remlttanco 
niu»t  accompany  iho  order  from  unknown  Correnpondents, 
(■ilher  by  Po»t-iifflce  order  or  penny  po<t'ige  f,U\\ny%,  when 
tliC  wbolt!  or  any  rjuanilty  of  the  nbove,  bh  tljc  catio  may  bo, 
V.J  I  (tiifin-'dla'cly  be  forwarddd  it^^  to  any  part, 

KftwAHO  IxukH,  NijrAer>man,  Scediimtto,  and  FlorUt,  H, 
nbbjy    burchyird,  Bith,  Houierect. 


SANGSTER'S    NEW    EARLY   NO.  1  PEA. 

'"■^AY,    SANGSTER,   and    CO.,  in  submitting   the 

X  above  viilunbtB  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  the  great.e-t  confidence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  besti 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  tirat-rate  quality;  height,  2  feet, 
Price  2s   Gd,  per  quart. 

York  Regpnt  Poratoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  G&.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Radicdl,  63.  do,  A  firnt-rato  second  early,  Cs,  do. 
American  Native,  fSs.  do.  White  Blossom  Kidney,  Gs,  do. 
Brighton  Pink  Kidney,  Gi.  dn. 

For  Teetim'inials,  see  Qardcncrs'  Chronicle,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

Post-ofBce  orders  to  be  made  pMyable  at  the  Borough  Post- 
office  to  Hay,  Sangsteb,  and  Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newiqgtcn  Butts,  London,  Oue-bushet  hampers  and  booking, 
\s.Gd  ;  twn.hushel    '2s.  Gd.     Sacks,  23.  6dl.  BMch. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLACST3,  CONIFjbiRS,  ROiES,  &.C..  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  00  application,  enclos'Og 
two  postage  stumps,  to  Mr.  Hosea  Watbreb,  Knap  Hill 
Nurpery,  Woking,  Surrey. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  wfiich  they  Invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  0RNaM«;NTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Treatise  on  tUo  "  Cultivation  of  American 
Plants,"  can  still  be  had.  by  enclosing  eiii  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Uardeaer, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  Jan.  31. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIPRR^, 
ROSES,  OaNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &.C.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps. —  Wiodlesham  Nursery,  Baeshnt,  Surrey. 


MITCHELL'S  MATCHLESS  WINTER 
PARSLEY. — J,  M  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  c:in  off"er  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen,  Is.  od.  per  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  bs  charged  'is.  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-officp  order, 
made  payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Pooder's-end,  Eufield, 
Mid'lleses, 

DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s. 
per  dozen, — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  seleced  Bu'bs  may  be  obtained,  without  dtsap. 
pointment,  at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  WarehuUde,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Primed  regulations  tor  treatment  seat;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par  Tiasan  Cheeses, 


SUPERB  NEW  EARLY  PROLIFIC  MELON, 

"VICTORY   OF    BATH." 

GARAWAY,  MAYES,  and  Co,  having  purchased 
the  entire  stock  of  the  above  MELON,  beg  to  off^r  it  to 
the  public  as  a  variety  unequalled  in  flavour  and  productive- 
ness.  It  obtained  a  Certificate  of  Merit  at  the  April  Show,  in 
Ba'h  ;  First  Prize  at  Chiswick,  in  May  ;  also  two  First  Prizes 
at  Bath,  in  May  and  June  last.  It  was  grown  in  pots  with 
Bromham  Hall,  under  precisely  the  same  ti  eatinent,  and  Ripe 
Fruit  cut  full  six  weeks  earlier.  The  whole  of  the  fruit  exhi- 
bited were  crown  in  pots. 
MELO-JS. 

Per  Packet — s.  d. 


Victory  of  Bath 2  6 

Bromham  Hall     1  0 

Camerton  Court  ...         ...  1  0 

Trentham  Hybrid  Oreen 

Flesh       1  0 

Beechwood 1  0 


CUCUMBERS. 

Per  Packet— s.  d. 


Lord  Kenyon's  Favourite  1    0 

Victory  of  Bath 1     0 

Roman  Emperor 1     0 

H'Hm  Pierpoint  Wonder     1     0 
Kulway's  Victory  ...  1    0 

With  all  other  approved  sorts. 


With  all  other  approved  sorts. 

G.,  M.,  and  Co.  also  beg  to  inform  their  friends  that  they 
are  now  prepared  to  send  out  their  well  selected  stock  of  Agri- 
cultural.  Kitchen,  and  Flower  Garden  Seeds,  the  latter  grown 
under  their  own  inspection.  Catalogues  to  be  had  on 
application.  6.,  M.,  and  Co,  can  with  cimtidence  recommend 
their  stock,  a*  every  article  is  thoroughly  proved  before 
sent  out. — Durdhara  Down  Nurseries,  Bristol,  Jan.  31. 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S     DWARF      MAMMOTH     KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  2s.  Gd,  per  quart. 
BI'^HOP'S  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  quart. 
BURBIDGE'8  ECLIPSE,   Is,  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  bepn  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  cstabliobments  in  ihe  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  respect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER   SEEDS. 
ESCHSCHOLTZIA   CALIFURNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

vevv  trood,  Gd.  per  packet, 
IPOM(E\  BUllltlDGII.  splendid  hardverepper,6d.  per  packet. 
SaPONARIA  CALABRICA,   var.  MULTIFLORa,  one  of  the 

beet  h'-ddiog  plan's  out,  Gd   per  packet. 
TROPiEOLU.vl  COCCINEUM,  handsome,  C^.  per  par^.ket, 
EUCIINIDBA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

Gd.  par  packet. 
GAUitA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous  plant,   Gd.   per 

packet. 

Ddncan  Hairs  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
pmall  selection,  as  being  deservedly  worthy  of  universal  atten- 
tion. Catalogues  of  G'.irden,  Agricultural,  and  Flower  Seeds 
forwarded  on  application, 

Stedsman  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St. 
Martin's-lane,  London. 


TO   NOBLEMEN  AND  GENTLEMEN    PLANTING. 
•^rHOMAS  JACKSON  and  SON  respectfully  solicit 

-L  attention  to,  and  an  inspectiim  of,  their  very  healthy  and 
extensive  Stock  of  frequently  transplanted  TRBES  and 
SHRUBS,  among-t  whicti  will  bo  found  Araucariat,  4  feet 
high;  Deodar  Cedars,  12  feet;  Cedars  of  Lebanon,  9  feet; 
Plnua  excelsB,  6  feet;  Dit'O  p^itula,  6  fetit ;  Ditto  insignin, 
4  feet;  Ditio  eephalotiica,  5  feet;  Di'to  morinda,  5  feet;  Uitio 
Gordoniona,  2  feet;  Irish  Yews,  12  feet;  EnitUwh  rtiito,  G  (eet; 
Pyramid  ditto,  5  fei^t ;  Tuxortium  Hempervlrons,  8  feet ;  Cryp- 
tomeria  JHponit-a,  5  feet ;  Chiuo-e  Junipers,  C  feet ;  Irish  dittt), 
4  feel ;  Cuj^rofisuH  tuiulosus,  G  feet;  Ditto  Goveniana,  6  feet ; 
Ditto  Ubdian'i,  5  feat  ;  Ditto  scmpervirenfl.  8  feot ;  Green  and 
VaricKated  Hollies,  7  feet;  Broarl-leavod  ditto  5  feet;  Weeping 
ditto.  G  feet;  Arbutus  iirocera  and  unedo,  4  ft;c't ;  Magnolia 
Kraiididora,  Exmouth,  5  feet;  Dl'to  acuminata,  8  feet ;  P.iu- 
lt)wnla  im(teriali»t,  7  feet  ;  Weepiog  Willows,  10  feet;  Weepion 
Ash,  IGfeet*  Largo  Aucuban,  Common  and  Por'ugal  Laurels, 
ChliieBe  una  Amerlciin  Arbor-vitu),  Tree  I'ffi  'Uies.  Daphnes, 
Laurestlnufl,  Burberis,  Red  Cudun.,  IHiododendrons,  Azjtioiis, 
KalmlaM,  Foi'fjthiuH,  WelKelian,  Everureen  Oaks,  and  »11  the 
other  fuvouriio  Trees  and  Shruhs  (covoring  upwaids  of  20 
acres  of  nursery  ground)  ;  also  Fruit  nnd  Foi-eMt  1rv<\  of 
varloux  atzwH  In  gri'U'  qunntity,  and  about  11  nilllion  ofQjlcU 
fit  for  malting  or  ttiendmg  feiiuefl,  from  2a.  to  10*   pur  llUJO 

I'riccH,  which  arc  vi-ry  low,  may  be  ^tbttilnod  on  application. 

All  orderfi  of  two  pounds  or  npwardB  dollvcl^■d  at  any  of  the 
carrier'^  i,nii.,»  in  Lmulon,  or  l.y  our  own  eann  wifhio  12  DiUvil 
of  thoNuruery,— Nuraery,  Klngmcrti,  Sutrcy,  Juii.  31. 


a  UPKRBRANUNCULI,GLADIOLI,  ANEMONES, 

^  'V-C.     (fee. 

RANUNGULU  S— prepaid  by  post, 
Wih  prin-ed  iiiatruccions  for  planting  and  culture, 

100  roo'B.  In  100  varieties,   superb  seedling   and  other  s.  d. 

best  sorts     .__        ___        _  _                   _  _                    _^  70  Q 

50  roots,  in  50  vara.,  37a.  Gd.  ■  25,  in  25  vara,       ...         '.''.  20  0 

110  roots,  io  100  vara,,  very  fioe         35  0 

511  roote,  in  50  vars.,  J8s  ;  25,  in  25  vara 10  0 

Mixed,  extra,  per  lOO,  ISa.  ;  very  fine,  lOs  ;  fine  border...     5  0 
Hercules,  White  Turban,  Oa.  per  dozen,  and  others. 

GLADIOLI, 

I'i  superb  late  varieties  (Ramosua  habit) 21     0 

Brenchleyenic,  brilliant  rich  seariet.  each  ...         .'.'.         ...     3     0 
Gandavensis,  each,  id.  ;  extra  large  ...         '.['.         '".     0     6 

Gandavensis  spiendens,  very  superb,  each ',    2    G 

lusignis,  73,  6d.  per  doz.  ;  Poitiacinm,  per  doz.    '.'.'.        ,.',    1    Q 
ANEMONES. 

lf)0  vars.,  beautiful  and  d'siiact,  named,  double 2t    0 

51)  vars.,  do,,  1?3.  Ci. ;  25  varH.,  do.  '     7     q 

Mixed,  finest  double,  per  100,  I'la.  Gd. ;  very  fine  ,,.         ...     7     G 

Lilium  lancifolium,  and  a  variety  of  other  choice  roots,  see 
Catalok'ue,  sent  free,  on  applicatioa. 

Remittance  required  frotn  unknown  eorrespoo'^entfi,     Car- 
riaiie  free  to  London,  and  00  Ipaw'ch,  Bury,  and  Norwich  line. 

Bass  and  Brown,  Seed  and  Horticultural   Establishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


^!ie  (SarUenerjS'  Cfirontcle* 

SATURDAY,  JANUARY  31,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Mo»-.T,    Feb.   2{i;sr';:^':;:::::;::::::::::»;:S; 

CLiDneau   8  p.m. 

Ti^EBUAXi  ^         3<  Civil  GQ(j;iDeerB     8  F.u. 

^Pathological 3  p.m. 

TO______,.      _         .[Society  of  Arts S  p.m. 

W.DniBolT.    -         -l  1  Geological 8JP.M. 

fZonlOKical 3  cm. 

Tff,Tnfln*T        —         ,^  J  intiquarlau    8  p.m. 

f  National  Floricultural 2  p.m. 

{  Botanical 8  p.m. 

Fkidat,  —         C<  Philolozlcal    8  p.m. 

tHojal  lastitiition SiP.tu. 

That  there  is  something  rotten  in  the  sekb  trade 
can  no  longer  be  denied.  The  increasing  complaints 
of  our  correspondents,  who  declare  that  they  are 
supplied  worse  and  worse  every  year,  furnish  so 
lamentable  a  proof  of  the  deterioration  of  English 
seeds,  that  our  duty  as  public  journalists  compels  us 
to  advert  to  the  subject ;  and  the  more  so,  because 
the  remedy  lies  with  the  public  itself,  and  can  be 
readily  applied  by  the  public,  although  by  no  other 
party. 

Among  our  agricultural  letters  of  this  week,  will 
be  found  a  communication  signed  "  A.  L.,"  in  which 
the  writer  exposes,  with  an  evident  knowledge  of  the 
arcana  of  seed  dealing,some  of  theevils  of  our  present 
system.  He  says  that  the  farmer  sows  twice  as  much 
Clover  seed  as  is  necessary,  because  he  buys  bad 
seed  ;  he  asserts  that  this  is  equally  the  case  with 
Turnip  seed  ;  and  he  adds,  that  enquiry  into  the 
trade  in  garden  seed  would  reveal  some  equally 
startling  facts.  "  There  are  persons"  (we  print  a 
part  of  "  A.  L.'s"  letter  exclusively  in  this  place), 
"who  could  tell  of  buying  at  prices  two  or 
three  times  greater  than  the  article  is  sold  for. 
I  have  known  23s.  a  bushel  given  for  seed  by 
parties  whose  own  lists  quoted  it  at  18s.  the 
same  season,  both  before  and  after  the  pur- 
chase. Others  could  tell  of  seeds  being  gi'own  with- 
out any  intention  on  the  part  of  the  raisers  to  sell 
them  by  their  proper  names,  but  to  be  killed  and 
mixed  with  other  seeds  of  like  appearance.  The 
men  must  be  mad  who  do  these  things  !  not  at  all, 
competition  is  so  great,  and  the  public  so  determined 
to  have  a  cheap  article,  that  they  can  do  no  other 
than  do  as  others  do,  or  give  up  the  trade.  Now, 
is  not  this  a  serious  subject  to  all  the  parties  con- 
cerned 1  It  must  be  to  the  purchaser,  who  not  only 
gets  an  inferior  kind,  but  has  to  sow  so  much 
thicker,  that  he  saves  nothing  even  in  the  first  cost 
of  seeds.  It  must  be  to  the  retail  dealer,  who,  with- 
out any  fault  of  his  own,  loses  the  respect  of  his 
customers  by  selling  a  bad  article,  though  the  best 
he  can  procure  (it  is  impossible  any  man,  whatever 
the  extent  of  his  occupation,  can  grow  every  descrip- 
tion of  seeds),  and  often  suffers  the  loss  of  his  best 
customers  in  consequence,  besides  paying  heavy 
damages  in  some  cases.  It  is  equally  certain  to 
injure  in  the  long  ruu  the  wholesale  business,  as 
every  retail  dealer  will  do  his  best  to  render  himself 
independent  of  the  trade,  by  purchasing  directly  of 
the  grower  what  he  cannot  produce  himself." 

These  assertions  we  know  to  be  true ;  and  no  man, 
aware  of  the  facts,  dares  contradict  them  publicly. 
It  is  true  that  worthless  seed.s  are  killed — expressly 
for  mixing  ;  it  is  true  that  old  seeds  unable  to  vege- 
tate are  sold  for  the  same  purpose  ;  it  is  undeni- 
able moreover  that  the  greatest  rubbish,  although 
slill  alive,  goes  enormously  into  the  market,  either 
by  itself,  or  mixed  off  with  seed  of  better  quality ; 
and,  finally,  as  we  have  long  ago  shown  to  be  the 
case,  half  a  dozen  different  names  are  often  sold  at 
half  a  dozen  different  prices,  pri'tending  to  be  of 
half  a  dozen  different  kinds,  although  they  all  come 
out  of  the  saino  bag.  And  this  is  so  true  that  no 
honest  man  can  be  found  to  deny  it,  unless  he  is  a 
.fimijlelon  utterly  ignorant  of  tlio  devices  of  dealers. 

Hut  what  is  tlio  remedy  for  such  a  stale  of  things? 

It  is  suggested  that  we  should  follow  the  example 


68 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[Jan.  31, 


of  the  "  Lancet,"  and  buy  up  samples  of  Peas,  and 
other  seeds,  as  that  Paper  bought  up  samples  of 
tea,  sugar,  &c.,  and  publish  the  results,  thus  ex- 
posing the  fraudulent  and  establishing  the  character 
of  the  fair  dealers.  And  if  it  were  possible 
to  tell,  by  simple  inspection,  whether  a  sample 
of  seeds  is  adulterated,  as  is  the  case  with 
articles  of  food,  we  would  readily  undertake 
the  office.  But  the  nature  of  the  objects  to  be 
examined  renders  the  trial  of  seeds,  for  any  useful 
purpose,  a  very  difficult  operation ;  they  must  be 
sown,  grown,  carried  up  to  the  state  in  which  they 
are  fit  for  use,  and  then,  and  not  earlier,  reported 
npon — a  very  different  process  from  studying  a 
sample  under  a  microscope.  Give  a  man  of  science 
a  pinch  of  ground  Pepper,  and  in  an  hour  he  will 
tell  you  that  it  is  made  up  of  Capsicum  husks,  brown 
Mustard  skins,  flour  of  Mustard,  Sago  flour,  Rice 
flour.  Potato  flour.  Ginger  dust,  and  so  on.  But  a 
pinch  of  Cabbage  seed  cannot  be  so  examined  ;  it 
may  consist  of  Turnip  seed,  Rape  seed,  red  Cab- 
1)age,  bastard  Broccoli,  runaway  Savoys,  or  any  such 
nibbish  ;  but  this  can  be  ascertained  only  after  many 
weeks  or  months.  In  the  case  of  Grass  seeds,  fraud 
vronld  be  difficult  to  prove  legally  by  any  process 
•whatever  ;  for  if  it  appears  that  the  worthless  annual 
Poa  comes  up  instead  of,  or  among,  the  perennial 
Poa  seed,  although  there  may  be  a  moral  convic- 
tion that  fraud  has  been  practised,  nevertheless,  there 
is  so  much  possibility  of  error,  from  natural  acci- 
dents, that  it  would  be  next  to  impossible  to  make 
out  a  clear  case  of  dishonest  dealing.  Yet  we 
entertain  no  doubt  that  this  very  kind  of  falsi- 
fication, that  is  to  say,  selling  worthless  annual  for 
valuable  perennial  Grasses,  is  of  common  occurrence. 

Then  it  has  been  suggested  that  everybody  should 
be  his  own  seed-grower.  To  us  it  seems  as  reason- 
able to  advise  that  everybody  should  be  his  own 
sugar-broker,  or  his  own  tea-broker,  or  that  every  one 
should  weave  his  own  linen,  so  that  he  may  be  sure 
that  linen  is  linen,  and  not  cotton  in  disguise.  In 
the  actual  state  of  society  such  propositions  cannot 
e  seriously  entertained  ;  we  will  even  add  that  in 
no  state  of  society  can  a  man  be  advantageously  his 
own  seed-grower,  except  on  the  most  confined  scale. 
A  gardener  may  have  a  very  fine  sort  of  Cabbage, 
and  if  he  allows  no  other  Cabbage  or  Cabbage-like 
plant  to  flower  near  him,  he  may  perhaps  succeed 
in  obtaining  some  genuine  seed  ;  but  if  any 
other  kind  of  Cabbage  flowers  in  his  own  or  his 
neighbour's  garden,  he  will  only  reap  a  crop  of 
mules  and  monsters.  And  so  of  other  things.  Seed- 
saving  must  therefore  be  a  special  occupation,  con- 
ducted under  special  circumstances.  Crops  must 
be  so  cut  off  from  all  other  crops  of  the  same  or  a 
similar  kind,  as  to  render  mixture  by  muling 
iinpossible ;  and  private  individuals  are  not  in  a 
position  to  undertake  any  such  task. 

The  public  therefore  must  seek  another  remedy, 
and  that  remedy  is  to  pay  tradesmen  a  fair  price 
for  what  they  sell.  If  a  man  cannot  live  by  his 
trade  and  be  honest,  he  will  abandon  it ;  we  need 
not  state  the  converse  of  the  proposition.  If  the 
public  will  persevere  in  the  present  ruinous  race 
after  impossible  cheapness,  the  public  must  be 
content  to  suffer ;  and  the  public  richly  deserves  it. 
The  public  deserves  more  ;  for  it  renders  itself  an 
accomplice  in  fraud,  and  is  the  great  tempter  who 
leads  weak  or  low-principled  men  to  the  commission 
of  offences  they  would  not  have  thought  of.  If  a 
baker  loses  a  loaf  of  bread,  and  it  is  shown  that  he  so 
placed  it  in  his  window  as  to  tempt  the  poor  wretch 
who  stole  it,  that  baker  loses  his  remedy ;  if  a 
mercer,  suspecting  a  customer  of  shoplifting,  can 
be  shown  to  have  intentionally  placed  goods  in 
the  way  of  the  person  suspected,  so  as  to  tempt  him 
to  the  commission  of  the  offence,  that  tradesman 
finds  it  difficult  to  obtain  a  conviction,  and  in  the 
opinion  of  all  right-minded  men,  ought  to  be  placed 
in  the  dock,  by  the  side  of  the  criminal  himself 

But  what  is  the  difference  between  the  baker  and 
the  mercer  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  public  on  the 
other  1  Both  are  alike  tempters  to  fraud  ;  the  first 
put  their  goods  in  the  way  of  people  whose  necessity 
overcomes  their  sense  of  right ;  the  second  insists 
upon  having  goods  at  a  price  at  which  they  cannot 
be  sold  without  fraud.  In  the  one  case  the  dealer 
tempts  his  customers  to  dishonesty  ;  in  the  other 
case,  the  customer  tempts  the  dealer. 

Does  any  one  believe  that  the  poor  grocer  who 
incurs  the  risk  of  an  excise  prosecution,  and  of  a 
fine  of  100/.,  by  selling  a  half-penny  worth  of  adul- 
terated pepper,  would  do  so  it  he  could  live  other- 
wise 1  But  this  man  is  required  by  his  customers 
to  sell  for  Id.  what  would  cost  him  ^d.  if  it  were 
genuine  ;  to  avoid  ruin,  he  commits  a  fraud  by 
which  he  gains  \d.  instead  of  losing  one. 

The  world  does  not  see  the  analogy  between  all 
these  cases  ;  it  is  the  more  fitting  that  it  should  be 
pointed  out.  The  curse  of  our  age  is  the  eagerness 
with  which  everybody  attempts  to  knock  down 


prices  beyond  what  they  can  bear,  if  commerce  is 
to  remain  honest.  The  economist's  maxim,  "  to 
buy  in  the  cheapest  market,"  is  wretchedly  misap- 
plied; and  Great  Britain  is  the  victim.  Low  prices 
must  end  in  low  position.  Of  this,  at  least,  we 
may  be  sure,  that,  so  long  as  men  pray  not  to  be  led 
into  temptation  themselves,  and  at  the  same  time 
fix  their  whole  thoughts  upon  leading  others  into 
temptation,  fraud  will  be  triumphant,  and  gardeners 
must  suffer  like  other  people. 


An  arrival  of  Orchids,  via  Panama  and  Chagres, 
by  the  Clyde  (after  a  rapid  passage  of  39  days  from 
Guayaquil),  from  Mr.  Warcszewicz,  collected  on  the 
Cordillera  of  the  Andes  at  Quindios,  is  advertised  by 
Mr.  Stevens  for  sale  next  week.  From  what  we 
learn,  and  observe  by  the  drawings  and  specimens 
of  some,  they  appear  to  consist  of  Cattleyas, 
Odontoglots,  Oncids,  and  many  other  genera. 
But  as  Mr.  Skinner,  to  whose  charge  Mr.  W.,  as 
usual,  has  sent  them,  has  not  been  able,  in  his  pre- 
sent family  affliction,  to  attend  to  them,  the  cata- 
logues will  describe  them  fully  when  issued  early 
in  the  week.  We  would  only  add  that  the  very 
limited  means  at  Mr.  Waucszevvicz's  disposal  renders 
it  desirable  that  gentlemen  who  are  interested  in 
his  pursuits  should  do  something  on  this  occasion  to 
assist  him.  He  has  been  robbed  in  Guayaquil  of 
100  dollars  in  cash,  as  well  as  his  collections,  and  has 
now  proceeded  to  La  Paz,  in  Bolivia,  without  pecu- 
niary resources. 


ENTOiUOLOGY. 
Tbe  Bee-liee  Sawflt. 
During    the  winter  months,  when   the  hedges  are 
bared  of  their  foliage,  information  has  often   been  re- 
quired   of   us  respecting    certain   brown,   oval-shaped 
bodies  sticking  upon  the  twigs  of  the  Whitethorn  bushes. 


These  cocoons,  for  such  in  fact  they  are,  are  of  a  very 
strong  leathery  texture,  and  are  generally  placed  at  the 
base  of  the  autumn  shoot  of  the  preceding  year.  On 
opening  them  throughout  the  winter  months,  each  is 
generallyfound  to  containalargegreen  caterpillar  bent  up, 
its  head  and  tail  being  brought  almost  into  contact  ;  but, 
about  tlie  end  of  April,  the  insect  assumes  its  pupa  form, 
in  which  it  is  greatly  reduced  in  its  length,  and  exliibits 
all  the  parts  of  the  perfect  insect,  the  antennre  and  legs 
lying  upon  the  breast,  each  inclosed  in  a  distinct  mem- 
branous case,  and  the  wings  of  a  small  size  encased  in 
oval  sheaths  at  the  sides  of  the  body.  It  is  represented  in 
this  state  in  the  left-hand  part  of  the  accompanying 
woodcut,  and  it  will  at  once  be  seen,  on  comparing  this 
pupa  with  the  chrysalis  of  any  species  of  moth,  that 
that  there  is  a  complete  difference — not  only  in  the  way 
in  whicli  the  limbs  are  enclosed  under  a  general  cover- 
ing in  the  moths,  whilst  each  has  a  distinct  covering  in 
the  pupa  before  us,  enabling  the  insect  to  move  each 
limb  separately  wlien  ready  to  assume  the  perfect 
state  ;  but  also  that  the  head  of  the  pupa  of  the  White- 
thorn cocoon  is  also  distinct  and  furnished  witli  a 
pair  of  long  jaws,  in  both  which  respects  it  also  differs 
from  the  pupa  of  the  moth.  It  is  therefore  evident 
from  these  particulars  that  the  pupa  before  us  cannot 
be  that  of  a  moth,  although  the  cocoon  itself  is  almost 
precisely  identical  in  its  form  and  texture  with  the 
cocoons  of  those  moths  which  are  called  eggers,  from 
the  cocoons  resembling  the  eggs  of  birds.  The  jaws 
are  of  the  greatest  use  to  the  insect,  as  it  is  by  their 
aid  that  it  is  enabled  to  make  its  escape  out  of  its 
cocoon  ;  the  moths  without  such  jaws  are  indeed  able  to 
effect  this  by  emitting  a  peculiar  fluid,  which  softens  the 
threads  of  the  cocoon,  and  allows  their  escape,  but  the 
present  insect  is  provided  with  no  such  fluid,  and  is 
obliged  to  pierce  the  cocoon  with  the  point  of  one  of  its 
jaws,  near  one  of  the  ends,  after  which  it  works  them 
conjointly,  like  a  pair  of  scissors,  and  so  cuts  off  a  small 
circular  cap  at  the  end  of  the  cocoon,  and  thus  effects  its 
escape,  which  it  does  immediately  after  assuming  the 
winged  state,  the  wings  extending  to  their  full  size  on 
the  insect  gaining  its  liberty.  It  is  now  discovered  to  be 
a  large  Hymenopterous  insect,  bearing  somewhat  of  a 
resemblance  to  a  bee,  but  with  the  body  and  legs  rather 
more  elongated,  and  the  antennse  terminated  by  a  short 
knob  ;  the  abdomen  is  also  found  to  be  attached  by  its 
whole  breadth  to  the  hind  part  of  the  thorax,  and  the 
body  of  the  female  is  furnished  on  the  underside,  near 
the  extremity,  with  a  double  instrument,  like  a  pair  of 


saws,  with  which  it  is  able  to  make  incisions  in  the- 
stems  or  twigs  of  the  tree,  in  which  it  deposits  its  eggs.. 
These  two  characters,  the  junction  of  the  thorax  and 
abdomen,  and  the  saw-lik<  apparatus  of  the  female, 
enable  us  to  determine  thf '  the  insect  belongs  to  that 
section  of  the  Hymenoptera  called  Terebrantia  sessili- 
ventres,  and  to  the  family  Tenthredinidre,  or  sawflies. 
The  antennoe  are  8-jointed,  terminated  by  a  small  club, 
formed  of  the  last  three  joints ;  the  body  is  rather  thickly 
clothed  with  hairs,  the  abdomen  in  the  males  is  cyUn- 
drical  and  elongate,  but  more  oval  and  depressed  in  the 
females,  the  fom-  hind  thighs  are  thickened  and  toothed, 
beneath  in  the  male,  and  the  tarsi  are  simple, — by  all  of 
which  characters  the  insect  is  ascertained  to  belong  to 
the  sub-genus  Triohiosoma,  of  Leach,  in  the  sub-lamily 
Cimbicides  ;  it  is  the  Tenthredo  lucorum  of  Linnceus, 
being  of  a  blackish  colour,  clothed  with  ashy  orange 
coloured  hairs  on  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  those  on  the- 
head  being  of  a  black  colour,  the  thighs  black,  the  tibise 
and  tarsi  reddish  brown,  the  wings  slightly  stained  with 
yellowish  brown,  the  fore-edge  darker,  with  a  black, 
stigma,  and  the  extremity  with  clouds  of  brown  :  the 
jaws  of  the  males  are  long,  and  very  acute  at  the 
tip,  with  two  small  teeth  in  the  middle  within  ;  the 
two  basal  joints  of  the  antennse  are  very  short  and  thick,, 
the  third  long  and  slender,  the  fourth  and  fifth  shorter,, 
and  of  equal  length,  the  remainder  forming  an  elongate 
ovate  knob.  The  upper  lip  of  the  male  is  large  and 
rounded,  and  that  of  the  female  small.  It  varies  from- 
half  to  five-sixths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  from  l'|- 
to  14  inch  in  the  expansion  of  the  fore  wings.  The. 
insect  represented  by  De  Geer  in  his  "  Memoires," 
ii.,  pi.  33,  figs.  17 — 23,  has  been  given  as  the  Tenthredo- 
amerinae  of  Linnseus,  which  forms  Leach's  subgenus 
Clavellaria  ;  but  the  structure  of  the  antennae  (fig.  22), 
and  the  solid  structure  of  the  cocoon  (fig.  19)  at  once 
prove  that  De  Geer's  insect  is  a  variety  of  Tenthredo- 
lucorum,  or  one  of  the  (perhaps  too  closely)  allied 
species.  His  larva  was  found,  however,  upon  the- 
Sallow,  whilst  the  Whitethorn  appears  to  be  the 
ordinary  food  of  the  larva  of  T.  lucorum.  The  large 
mandibles  of  the  males  are,  doubtless,  formidable  instrir- 
ments  ;  indeed,  on  one  occasion  I  observed  two  indi:. 
viduals  in  fierce  encounter,  fighting  furiously  with  the. 
legs,  and  biting  each  other  with  their  jaws,  which'were 
often  locked  in  each  other. 

By  means  of  their  curious  saw-like  apparatus  the 
females  form  small  channels  in  the  tender  branches,, 
where  they  deposit  their  eggs,  from  which  the  larvse 
are  hatched,  which  are  to  be  met  with  on  the  White- 
thorn at  the  beginning  of  August.  They  are  of  a  pale 
dull  green  colour,  covered  entirely  with  minute  white 
tubercles,  which  gives  them  a  whiter  appearance.  In 
their  general  form  they  resemble  the  caterpillai-s  of 
moths,  but  they  possess  a  greater  number  of  membra- 
nous feet — namely,  seven  pairs,  and  three  pairs  of 
jointed  legs.  The  head  is  of  a  pale  straw  colour,  more 
orange  on  the  crown,  and  with  a  small  black  spot  on 
each  side,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  single  eyelets 
When  alarmed,  they  discharge  a  clear  greenish  watery 
fluid  from  tbe  lateral  pores,  placed  above  the  spiracles, 
to  a  considerable  distance.  This  only  occurs  when  the . 
insects  are  in  a  state  of  nature,  and  is  exhausted  after 
seven  or  eight  discharges.  Its  object  is  evidently  to> 
drive  off  parasitic  enemies,  in  which,  however,  it  is  often, 
unsuccessful,  as  it  is  very  common  to  find  the  interior 
of  the  cocoon  filled  with  the  smaller  cocoons  of  Ichneu- 
mon parasites,  which  have  lived  within  the  body  of  the 
larva,  of  which  the  shrivelled  remains  are  to  be  seen 
lying  at  one  end  of  the  cocoon.  I  have,  in  fact,  obtained' 
two  distinct  species  of  Ichneumonidse  from  one  cocoon  of 
Tenthredo  lucorum  ;  and  from  another  cocoon  1  have 
obtained  specimens  both  of  an  Ichneumon  and  a  Ptero- 
malus. 

The  woodcut  represents  the  full-grown  larva,  a  cocoon, 
opened  to  show  the  pupa  inclosed,  another  cocoon  opened 
showing  the  cocoons  of  tbe  parasitic  ichneumons,  and  a 
male  of  the  Tenthredo  (Trichiosoma)  lucorum.  J.  0.  IF.. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
CCaqe  Bisss,  No.  47.) 

No.  LXIV. — As  the  days  gradually  lengthen, — so  do. 
we  perceive  hourly  signs  of  renewed  life  in  vegetation^ 
and  symptoms  of  bustling  activity  among  the  feathered 
tribes. 

We  get  a  morning,  noon,  and  evening  visit  from  the 
little  rogue  in  scarlet  livery,  who  has  made  our  garden 
his  home  through  the  early  winter.  Nor  does  he  come 
unaccompanied.  No !  He  has  changed  his  state.  A 
bachelor  no  longer,  he  seems  aware  of  his  importance  ; 
and  his  lady-love  has  been  duly  presented  to  us  at  the 
window.  A  pretty  creatiu:e  is  she, — most  truly  so. 
"  Sure  such  a  pair  were  never  seen  ! " 

The  thrushes,  too,  are  now  "single"  no  longer.  Each 
has  paid  his  vows,  and  at  the  shrine  of  affection  he  has, 
resigned  his  heart.  The  same  protestations  have  been 
gone  through  with  the  blackbirds  ;  and  with  the  same 
kindly  results.  "  Dickey  Dunnock "  also,  with  such  an 
example  before  him,  has  gone  and  done  likewise  ;  and 
the  wren,  with  his  tiny  spouse,  is  not  found  wanting. 
Our's,  now,  is  a  "  garden  of  dehghts,"  We  look  daily  for 
nests  ;  then  for  eggs;  then  for  young,  "  happy  families.-' 
They  are  all  "  at  home  "  with  us.     We  love  it  to  be  so. 

The  fair  moon  is  now  ten  days  old  ;  and  though  the 
season  is  yet  chilly,  we  fail  not  occasionally  to  take  a 
bracing  evening  walk,  to  enjoy  her  light,  which  aids  us 
in  many  a  reflection.  January  has  not  passed  over 
without  leaving  much  to  be  pleasantly  remembered. 

But  now  to  our  weekly  task.     In  the  matter  of  a 


5—1852. 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


69 


lilackbird,  mucb  is  left  to  opinion.  Some  like  a  very 
tame,  others  a  very  wild  bird.  In  the  former  ease,  the 
song  is  seldom  so  good ;  in  the  latter,  the  bird  is  gene- 
rally possessed  of  his  natural  note. 

These  bu:ds  are  imitative, — so  much  so,  that  it  is 
■difficult  to  procure  a* young  bird  that  does  not  "talk 
^bberish.-*  If  he  hears  a  whistle,  he  will  try  to  imitate 
it ;  if  a  noise,  he  will  try  and  copy  it.  This  will  ever  be 
the  case,  where  they  are  kept  within  hearing  of  such 
Annoyances,  The  best  birds  are,  beyond  all  question, 
tliose  called  "bat-folded,*' — that  is,  caught  wild,  at  night, 
in  a  net. 

These  birds'will  sometimes  take  kindly  to  a  cage  at 
once,  and  sing  sweetly  in  a  week  ;  others,  again,  refuse 
to  be  comforted,  sulk,  and  only  volunteer  a  song  when 
tiiey  are  quite  alone.  They  like  too  to  he  suspended  at 
some  considerable  height.  They  should  be  procured  in 
the  autumn  season  ;  if  taken  now,  they  would  fall  sick 
and  die.  Their  troth  is  pledged,  their  plans  are  laid, 
And  all  arrangements  made  for  the  season.  Let  us 
place  ourselves  in  a  similar  position,  by  hypothesis  ; 
and  ask  if  we  could  be  happy  and  sing,  if  we  were 
separated  from  all  we  held  dear  i  The  case  is  analagous. 
There  is  no  difficulty  in  procuring  these  bat-folded 
birds  ;  but  it  will  be  desirable  to  hear  them  sing,  before 
you  become  a  purchaser  ;  and  to  take  them  away  in  the 
-same  cage. 

There  will  be  plenty  of  young  blackbirds  in  the 
London  markets  in  another  month.  They  are  usually 
brought  from  the  country  in  nests,  containing  four  and 
five  young  birds.  One  of  these  nests  you  may  procure 
for  about  eighteen-pence  ;  and  if  you  rear  the  birds 
yourself,  you  may  chance  to  get  two  fine  ones  from  the 
number. 

Directly  you  get  them,  place  them  In  a  long  cage  with 
A  wii'e  front,  so  that  they  may  have  a  long  run.  Cover 
the  bottom  with  fine  red  dry  gravel,  and  place  the  cage 
in  the  sun.  Feed  them  with  bruised  Hemp  seed,  and 
crumb  of  bread  (stale),  scalded.  Administer  this,  at 
the  end  of  a  short  skewer,  every  quarter  of  an  hour 
when  your  birds  are  very  young — afterwards,  every 
half-hour.  Coax  your  birds  to  help  themselves,  from 
the  end  of  the  skewer,  as  early  as  you  can.  They  are 
ready  scholars,  and  soon  find  the  way  to  their  mouths. 
d/ost  other  animals  do  the  same  ! 

Be  constant  in  supplying  them  with  cold,  fresh  water  ; 
this  may  easily  be  done  by  dipping  your  little  finger 
into  a  basin  or  cup,  and  allowing  the  water  to  drip  from 
it  into  the  bird's  open  mouth.  Young  birds'  mouths  are 
Always  open  !  Of  course,  you  will  see  that  lovj  perches 
are  fixed  across  the  cage.  On  these  they  will  presently 
hop,  and  soon  show  signs  of  maturity.  They  will 
"record"  their  song,  ere  yet  they  are  five  weeks  old. 

I  have  already  dwelt  at  considerable  length  on  the 
great  importance  of  bringing  up  birds  under  "an  eminent 
master."  Uyouwilllmve  "good birds," m  no  other loay 
can  you  ohiain  such.  I  have  myself  just  been  educating 
some  young  German  canaries,  and  my  success  with  them 
has  been  surpassingly  great.  I  am  entertained  every 
evening,  after  the  fatigues  of  the  day,  with  music  that 
might  well  be  supposed  to  have  emanated  from  a  night- 
ingale in  the  grove.  This  really  repays  one  for  one's 
trouble  ;  ^ndsuch  music  must  be  seasonable  at  all  times. 
I  name  this  emphatically,  to  encourage  all  my  readers 
to  persevere.     Nothing  is  "impossible.'* 

In  our  next  chapter,  we  will  speak  of  the  proper  food 
for  blackbirds,  and  treat  of  several  important  matters 
connected  with  their  health  and  happiness.  Tliey  are 
easily  tamed,  very  affectionate,  very  observant  ;  and 
tnow  well  who  appreciates  their  excellencies.  A  loving 
mistress  or  a  kind  master  need  never  be  in  want  of  a 
melodious  song.  Where  the  heart  is  held  captive,  all 
the  affections  flow  out  spoqtaneously. 

As  for  tiie  blackbirds  on  our  garden  lawn, — even  now 
they  show  themselves  in  all  their  glory.  The  rising  sun 
gilds  their  plumage,  and  the  fresh  air  gladdens  their 
hearts.  Perched  aloft,  we  leave  them  happy,  aiid  we 
seldom  depart  without  a  song.  This  is  pleasant,  as  the 
year  ia  young. 

"  As  yet  the  tremblia?  year  is  nnconflrm'd, 
And  Wioter  otc  at  eve  reautnes  the  breeze  ; 
Chills  the  pale  mom,  and  bids  hia  driving  sleets 
Ueform  the  day  delightlesi." 

But  the  day  is  even  now  at  our  doors,  when  Spring, 
with  all  its  enchanting  beauties,*will  burst  upon  us.  For 
this,  let  us  patiently  wait.   William  Kidd. 


FORSYTHIA  VIRIDISSIMA. 

The  following  observations  on  this  plant  by  J.  Saul, 
of  Washington,  D.C.,  were  published  in  the  last  Number 
of  the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society. 

"The  value  and  exquisite  beauty  of  this  plant  are  not, 
I  fear,  sufficiently  known  in  England,  where  by  many  it 
is  only  considered  a  second-rate  subject.  When  Mr. 
Fortune  introduced  it  to  the  Garden  of  the  Horticultural 
Swiety  from  China,  hfj  spoke  in  high  terms  of  its 
beauty,  and  I  question  much  whether  anything  more 
liaodsome  can  be  found  among  all  his  introductions,  not 
excepting  even  the  lovely  Weigcla  roHca.  It  hfts 
qualities  which  the  latter  does  not  pOHseas,  and  which 
must  ever  render  it  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  hardy 
plants.  From  specimens  which  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
inspecting  in  England,*  I  entertained  a  doubt  ul  opinion 
ofits  merilH.  What  was  my  surprise  last  March,  how- 
ever, wliL-n  I  beheld  a  magnificoiit  buMli  of  it  in  the 
nursery   of   A.   Saul  and   Co.,  Newburgh,   Now   York, 

•  Some  perioni  may  hi4V«  been  •uccei-ful  In  cultlTftiluK  It 
thtre,  bat  no  really  floe  plaats  ever  oamo  uDdar  mj  nutibo  in 
that  country. 


covered  with  myriads  of  its  deep  yellow  blossoms.  The 
nursery  in  question  is  situated  in  the  highlands  of  the 
Hudson,  with  that  noble  river  flowing  by  tlieir  base, 
and  open  to  a  cold  breeze  from  the  north,  especially  in 
winter,  during  which  time  the  constitutional  hardiness  of 
plants  can  be  well  tested.  The  soil  in  which  it  grows  is 
a  gravelly  loam  ;  the  plant  is  about  5  feet  higli,  very 
bushy,  and  it  appears  to  have  been  planted  two  or  three 
years.  During  the  summer  of  IBoO  it  made  shoots  from 
3  to  4  feet  long,  which,  though  strong  and  gross, 
were  well  ripened  in  the  autumn.  The  bright  light 
and  burning  heat  of  an  American  sun  consolidate 
the  wood  as  it  elongates  during  summer  ;  autumn 
arrives,  fully  as  warm  as  an  English  summer,  and  much 
drier.  This  perfects  what  i-emains  of  the  ripening  pro- 
cess, and  enables  the  plant  to  endure  the  winter  unpro- 
tected, through  a  degree  of  cold  which  has  no  parallel 
in  Britain.  About  the  middle  of  March  it  commences 
opening  its  blooms,  which  had  been  thickly  set  over  the 
wood  of  the  previous  year,  and  by  the  end  of  the  same 
month  it  is  one  complete  mass  of  deep  yellow.  Its 
season  of  flowering,  will,  of  course,  depend  on  the  lati- 
tude in  which  it  is  grown  ;  here,  it  commenced  opening 
its  blooms  on  the  first  approach  of  fair  weather,  and 
while  the  snow  still  lay  thickly  on  the  ground.  Compared 
with  other  early  flowering  plants,  it  was  decidedly  ahead 
of  all  of  them.  Even  the  early  Pyrus  (Cydonia)  japo- 
nica  had  scarcely  commenced  expanding  its  flowers 
when  the  Forsythia  was  in  full  beauty.  In  the  1st  vol. 
of  the  *  Gardener's  Magazine  of  Botany,'  p.  249,  occurs 
the  following  passage  : — *  Unfortunately,  the  flowers  are 
too  delicate  in  texture  to  bear  exposure  to  rough  wind, 
as  they  are  readily  bruised,  and  soon  show  the  effects  of 
rough  treatment  ;  but  planted  and  trained  against  a  wall, 
or  in  a  very  sheltered  situation,  it  will  be  found  a  useful 
and  excellent  plant.'  So  far  is  this  from  being  correct, 
that  I  know  of  no  plant  whose  blooms  will  bear  an  equal 
amount  of  'rough  treatment'  uninjured.  The  subject 
of  my  remarks  here  was  fully  three  weeks  in  bloom, 
during  which  time  it  encountered  one  or  two  falls  of 
snow,  and  much  wet  weather,  yet  the  blooms  did  not 
appear  discoloui'ed  in  the  least,  up  to  thetime  they  dropped 
off",  and  the  ground  was  literally  covered  with  them.  The 
plant  was  in  an  open,  exposed  situation.  In  order  to 
grow  this  plant  well  in  England,  we  must  examine  the 
causes  to  which  success  is  to  be  attributed  in  the  case 
just  cited.  It  was  not  soil  ;  for  that  in  which  the  plant 
was  placed  was  rather  of  a  poor  description,  and  I  ob- 
served other  plants  in  the  same  nursery  growing  vigor- 
ously in  earth  of  the  poorest  kind.  Bright  light  and 
intense  heat  are  the  conditions  to  which  success  was 
owing  ;  for  the  plants  were  luxuriant  and  happy,  such 
as  we  might  expect  to  have  seen  them  in  their  Eastern 
home.  In  England,  no  doubt,  the  best  situation  for  it 
would  be  against  a  south  wall,  where  it  would  receive 
all  the  sunhght  possible  ;  so  circumstanced,  it  would 
ripen  its  wood  well  and  yield  abundance  of  flowers  in 
early  spring,  or  more  probably,  in  the  mild  climate  of 
England,  it  would  bloom  like  the  Cydonia  japonica  or 
Chimonanthua  fragi'ans,  the  greater  part  of  the  winter. 
Planted  out  as  a  bush,  an  open,  airy  situation  should  be 
chosen,  where  it  would  I'eceive  the  direct  rays  of  the 
sun  all  day  ;  in  all  cases  it  should  be  guarded  against 
overmuch  moisture  at  the  root ;  let  the  soil  in  which  it 
grows  be  dry  rather  than  otherwise.  In  this  way  the 
wood  would  ripen  well  in  autumn,  and  would  be  followed 
by  an  abundant  bloom.  The  work  from  which  I  have 
already  extracted  considers  it  a  very  useful  plant  for 
winter  and  spring  forcing,  an  opinion  in  which  I  entirely 
concur. 

*'  la  order  to  grow  this  plant  for  winter  blooming  in 
the  conservatory  or  greenhouse,  take  strong  young 
plants  in  the  spring  ;  shift  them  liberally,  using  any 
good  compost ;  stop  the  plant,  to  cause  it  to  break  into 
several  shoots — as  it  is  rather  inclined  to  throw  one  or 
two  strong  branches.  As  the  plants  progress  in  growth 
they  should  be  shifted  occasionally,  and  frequently 
stopped ;  the  best  way  of  effecting  this  is,  as  soon  as 
any  shoots  are  observed  to  grow  longer  than  the  others, 
to  pinch  out  the  extreme  points  ;  they  will  soon  break" 
freely  :  whereas  if  left  till  the  wood  becomes  firm  and 
then  .shortened,  they  take  a  longer  time  to  break,  and 
they  never  do  it  so  freely.  When  the  plants  have  com- 
pleted their  growth,  let  them  be  placed  in  an  open, 
sunny  situation, — they  cannot  possibly  be  too  much  in 
the  blaze  of  the  sun  :  here  they  should  remain  until 
autumn  arrives,  when  they  may  be  plunged  in  any 
convenient  situation.  As  the  plants  are  required  to 
bloom  they  may  be  introduced  into  the  fcrcing-house, 
or  what  in  my  opinion  is  better  and  quite  sufficient 
for  the  purpose,  a  warm  greenhouse,  placing  them  in 
the  most  sunny  part  of  it.  In  a  house  of  tliis  descrip- 
tion the  blooms  would  come  deeper  in  colour  ;  it  is 
well  known  how  pale  and  washy  such  colours  are  out 
of  tlio  confined  atmosphere  of  a  forcing-house.  Whether 
used  for  the  latter  purpose,  or  grown  in  the  open 
border,  as  I  have  already  stated,  I  consider  this  plant 
one  of  the  most  valuable  of  Mr.  Fortune's  introduc- 
tions. The  Weigela,  though  extremely  beautiful,  blooms 
at  a  season  wlien.  many  other  things  are  in  flower, 
whilst  the  Forsythia  blossoms  when  every  stray  floret  is 
welcome." 


best  time  lor  the  operation  is  November,  as  the  plantf* 
have  time  to  make  roots  during  the  winter ;  by  hoeing 
and  attending  to  it,  the  following  spring,  they  soon  cover 
the  ground.  The  flowers  are  gathered  in  July  and 
August.  Chamomile  bitter  is  much  esteemed  as  an  ex- 
cellent tonic,  and  it  is  also  used  in  beer,  &c.  ;  one  plan- 
tation should  never  be  permitted  to  stand  more  than  a 
year.  Clean  land,  the  great  distance  the  plants  are 
apart,  and  never  allowing  them  to  stand  more  than  one 
year,  form  all  that  can  be  said  respecting  its  cultivation. 

The  flowers  are  dried  iu  houses  prepared  for  the  pur- 
pose, with  flues  running  through  them  ;  the  flowers  are 
spread  on  canvas  fi-araes,  but  such  as  Hyssop,  Hors- 
hound,  and  other  cut  herbs,  are  hung  upon  lines  in 
sheds,  through  which  plenty  of  air  circulates.  Most  of 
the  more  succulent  roots  and  juicy  herbs,  however,  are 
artificially  dried  in  stove-houses,  never  in  the  sun. 

In  my  last  week's  article  on  Herbs,  at  p.  52,  the  first 
paragraph  relates  to  green  Spearmint,  and  not  to  green 
Peppermint,  as  is  there  stated.  The  rest  of  the  article 
relates  to  Peppermint.  James  Cuthill^  Camha-well. 


HERBS. 
No.  V. — CirAvoMii.E. — A  good  many  acres  of  tins  plant 
arc  grown  round  Mitcham,  for  the  sake  of  the  blooms. 
The  mode  of  culture  is  as  follows  : — The  ground  m 
manurc-d  and  dug,  or  plougJied,  and  tlien  harrowed  ;  old 
plantH  are  lifted,  divided  into  tuftw,  and  planted  in  rows 
2  foot  apart,  and  1  foot  G  inches  distant  in  the  row.   The 


Home  Correspondence. 

Origin  of  Roots, — Your  interesting  remarks  on  this 
subject  give  rise  to  many  "  conjectures,"  and  to  one  of 
them  I  wish  to  direct  the  attention  of  observing  propa- 
gators. Tiie  roots  of  the  Celery  plant  to  which  you 
refer  appear  to  have  been  emitted  from  the  fracture  of 
a  half  broken  leaf.  These  productive  fractm-es  are 
worthy  of  close  investigation.  If  a  hedger  cuts  a  stiff 
branch  from  a  healthy  Thorn,  and  plants  it  on  the  spot, 
the  chance  is  it  will  not  grow  ;  but  if  he  plashes  the 
hedge,  and  lays  it  as  a  good  workman  knows  how, 
shoots  which,  if  under  earth  would  be  roots,  are  almost 
the  invariable  result.  Now  his  "  plashing  *'  is  fracturing 
the  woody  fibre,  but  not  severing  it  from  the  parent  stem- 
It  is  a  common  remark  that  old  cottage  dames  can  propa- 
gate Wallflowers  better  than  gardeners.  I  have  watched 
their  simple  method  often.  They  strip  off"  a  well  ripened 
slip  or  side  branch,  give  it  a  twist  with  the  thumb  and 
forefinger,  and  then  put  it  by  for  some  hours,  or  till  the 
next  day,  and  then  plant  it.  Such  slips  almost  inva- 
riably "strike  root."  Striking  Carnations,  and  the 
general  practice  of  layering,  is,  as  it  seems  to  me,  all  on 
tlie  same  principle  of  fracturing.  I  would  suggest  to 
propagators  to  try  the  experiment  of  fracturing  a 
cutting  ;  that  is,  when  a  cutting  is  duly  prepared  for  the 
pot  or  ground,  half  break  it  half  an  inch  or  more  above  the 
bottom  intended  for  the  cicatrix,  and  then  observe  from 
which  of  the  two  parts  the  roots  come  first.  The  frac- 
ture, I  suppose,  should  take  place  at  a  joint  or  bud. 

/.  C.  M.,  Livei-pool. Your  remarks  as  to  the  cause  of 

and  propagation  of  roots  may  be  in  some  degree  correct, 
but  not  your  deduction  that  the  attempt  to  strike 
cuttings,  young  and  tender,  must  consequently  be  a 
failure.  I  have  to  state  that  a  few  days  ago  my  gar- 
dener, after  cutting  a  Cucumber  not  immediately 
wanted,  put  the  foot-stalk  into  a  pan  ■with  a  little  water, 
by  way  of  keeping  the  fi-uit  fresh,  and  found,  in  the 
course  of  a  day  or  two,  that  the  small  piece  of  stem  cut 
from  the  plant,  and  left  on  the  fruit,  had  thrown  out 
roots.  Whether  this  is  an  uncommon  occurrence  or 
not,  I  leave  to  the  decision  of  persons  better  acquainted 
than  I  am  with  the  subject  of  producing  roots.  S.  E., 
Evfield.  [We  do  not  see  how  this  experiment  in  any 
degree  invalidates  those  of  our  statements  to  which  it 

applies.] Mr.  Smith,  gardener,of  this  place,  produced 

to  me  this  morning  (Jan.  26)  a  fragment  of  a  Celery 
leaf  which  had  two  crops  of  roots  upon  it,  similar  to 
those  described  at  page  51.  In  this  instance  the  leaf 
had  evidently  been  cut  by  the  spade  in  earthing  up. 
C.  Pocklington,  Boston. 

Trinity  College  GardeUy  Dublin. — I  have  read  Mr. 
Bain*s  letter,  and  I  hope  he  does  not  think  I  meant  to 
undervalue  the  merits  and  beauty  of  the  Dublin  Trinity 
College  Gardens.  I  saw  them  in  the  autumn  of  1850. 
At  the  same  time  I  visited  Glasnevin  and  Belfast,  and  if 
I  am  not  mistaken,  I  gave  a  short  account  in  the 
Chronicle  of  my  visit  to  the  college  gardens,  and  stated 
how  much  obliged  I  was  both  to  Dr.  Mackay  and  Mr. 
Bain  for  their  civilities  and  attention,  and  how  satisfied 
I  was  at  the  excellent  arrangement  of  the  plants  both 
iu  the  garden  and  in  the  houses.  Dodman. 

Straiobcrry  Forcing.— At  p.  52,  Mr.  Buchan  states, 
that  a  pit  must  be  specially  appropriated  to  Strawberries 
for  forcing,  in  order  to  eff'ect  a  proper  temperature,  I 
force  about  1300  plants  here,  and  I  have  nothing  but 
"Vineries  for  them.  In  1850  and  1851,  my  early  Straw- 
berries were  sent  to  London,  principally  for  presents  ; 
early  in  May,  my  employer  arrived  from  the  great 
metropolis,  and  his  first  words  to  me  were,  "Your 
Strawberries  were  the  finest  I  have  seen  in  London.  I 
took  particular  notice  at  dinner  parties,  where  I  at- 
tended." They  wei-e  produced  in  Vineries,  and  in  tho 
following  simple  way  :  1  had  the  runners  placed  on  small 
pots  filled  with  soil  ;  when  well  rooted,  tliey  were  put  in 
tho  fruiting  pots,  and  placed  in  asuimy  situation,  where 
they  remained,  until  the  pots  were  likely  to  get  broken 
by  frost.  They  were  then  laid  on  their  sides,  to  prevent 
wot  from  getting  to  tho  roots,  and  the  pots  were  covered 
with  ashes  ;  in  severe  weather,  some  light  litter  was 
thrown  over  the  whole.  Shortly  after  this,  the  Vinery 
which  was  to  receive  them  was  well  cleaned,  and  the 
Strawbeny  shelves  hung  up  to  the  rafters,  when  the 
plants  were  got  ready  and  placed  on  them.  Tliey  re- 
mained there  till  tho  Vines  were  started  ;  for  the  first 
three  wneks  after  this  takes  place,  tho  temperature  is 
not  allowed  to  rise  above  62",  unless  by  sun  lieat  ;  after 
thiu,  I   gradually  raise  the  heat,  as  the   days  become 


70 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Jan.  31, 


■warmer.  When  the  plants  are  in  flower,  water  is  par- 
tially withdrawn  from  the  roots,  and  syringing  is  discon- 
tinued. This  being  attended  to,  with  a  temperature 
suiting  the  Vines,  more  Strawberries  than  should 
remain  on  the  plants  will  perfectly  form  themselves. 
A  day  or  two  after  this,  the  plants  may  be  copiously 
watered  with  liquid  manure  occasionally.  The  plants 
should  not  be  fumigated  when  they  are  inflowei*.  Fragaria. 

"  Nature," sajs  Mr.  Buchan,"  is  our  best  guide  ;  we 

ought  not  to  'force'  our  Strawberry  plants  into  flower.'' 
Now,  in  gardening,  as  in  every  thing  else,  there  are 
many  things  which  ought  not  to  be  done,  more  especially 
in  the  forcing  department,  arising  often  from  the  limited 
space  allotted  to  gardeners  for  that  purpose.  There 
are  very  few  places  where  a  "pit"  or  any  other 
structure  is  especially  appropriated  for  Strawberries. 
Gardeners  have  to  battle  with  difficulties.  If  Straw- 
berries were  required  of  your  correspondent,  and  he 
had  no  such  convenience  as  he  speaks  of,  would  h'e 
despair  of  ju'oducing  them  X  I  trust  not.  I  have  seen 
as  tine  fruit  gathered  from  a  Vinery  as  ever  graced  a 
gentleman's  table.  I  have  had  them  as  early  as  January, 
but  in'  February  and  March  they  have  been  first- 
rate,  and  that  from  plants  which  had  been  removed  at 
once  from  a  cold  pit  to  the  Vinery  in  all  its  stages,  for  I 
had  no  other  place  to  bring  them  forward  in,  although 
I  forced,  5000  pots  every  season  ;  it  was  a  general  rule 
with  us  to  thin  out  the  fruit,  so  well  did  it  set. 
As  regards  the  failure  of  the  forced  Strawberry,  I  am 
of  opinion  that  it  oftener  happens  from  want  of  well 
established  plants,  plants  well  matured  and  capable  of 
sending  up  a  strong  truss  of  flowers,  perfectly  organised 
in  all  their  parts,  than  from  the  reasons  adduced  by 
your  correspondent.  /.  T.  [  We  suspect  that  the  point  of 
this  argument  is  not  clearly  seen  by  our  correspondents.] 
Qlass  Walls. — I  did  not  mean  to  undervalue  the  glass 
walls.  Of  course  the  parties  who  have  patented  these 
are  satisfied  as  to  their  value ;  but  I  thought  it  but  fair 
to  state  some  objections  which  appeared  to  me  obvious. 
I  am  glad  however  that  this  invention  is,  as  you  state, 
not  liable  to  some  of  what  appeared  to  me  at  first  sight 
to  be  obstacles.  No  one  of  your  readers  will  be  more 
glad  than  myself  to  see  another  new  mode  of  applying 
glass  to  the  culture  of  fruit  than  myself ;  and  1  assure 
you  that  any  objections  stated  were  merely  put  forth  for 
the  purpose  of  leading  to  discussion  ;  and  I  shall  be  glad 
to  learn  that  the  cases  can  be  opened  or  shut  without 
risk  of  breakage,  and  so  ventilated  as  to  avoid  fear  of 
red  spider,  at  no  great  increase  of  labour,  and  moreover 
that  the  space  in  which  the  trees  are  to  be  encased  will 
be  neither  too  hot  at  one  time  nor  too  cold  at  another. 
Dodman. 

ffoiv  to  Crop  a  Small  Kitchen  Om-dcn, — Besides  those 

1  have  previously  mentioned,  there  are  many  important 
crops  which  should  be  grown  in  every  kitchen  garden, 
such  as  Asparagus,  Artichokes,  Seakale,  and  Rhubarb  ; 
but  being  permanent,  they  require  no  system  of  rotation. 
This  list  also  includes  Parsley  and  Chervil,  which  should 
be  grown  as  edgings  to  paths,  Shallots,  Rampion,  Vege- 
table Marrow,  Corn  Salad,  Horse-radish,  Herbs,  &c.,  all 
which,  requiring  but  little  space,  can  be  grown  on  the 
east  and  west  borders ;  as  I  consider  my  mode  of  growing 
them,  however,  in  no  way  diff'erent  from  that  practised 
by  othei's,  I  shall  not  occupy  space  by  describing  it. 
The  following,  which  I  omitted  when  treating  on  the 
culture  of  Lettuces  and  Carrots,  may,  however,  be  of 
service.  In  order  to  obtain  some  very  early  Paris  Cos 
Lettuces,  sow  about  the  middle  of  August ;  thin  out  to 

2  inclies  apart  ;  let  them  remain  in  th&seed  bed  till  the 
middle  of  October  ;  then  prick  into  a  frame,  and  treat 
them  during  the  winter  tlie  same  as  those  sown 
with  Carrots  ;  plant  out  in  March,  and  they  will  be  fit 
for  table  three  weeks  before  those  sown  in  October.  In 
conclusion,  I  would  beg  to  remind  your  readers  of  the 
necessity  there  exists  for  punctuality.  If  they  wish  to 
adopt  my  mode  of  cropping  with  success,  never  defer  till 
to-morrow  what  can  be  done  to-day,  for  delays  are 
dangerous.  Clear  away  all  Pea  sticks,  stalks,  &c.,  as 
soon  as  the  produce  is  all  used,  so  as  to  give  the  inter- 
vening crop  the  benefit  of  light  and  air  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible. Also  strictly  observe  times  and  seasons,  so  as  to 
sow  and  plant  at  the  right  period,  and  never  permit  weeds 
to  draw  that  nutriment  from  the  soil  which  cultivated 
plants  ought  to  obtain,  but  destroy  them  in  their  infancy, 
to  effect  which,  keep  the  soil  well  stirred  with  afork,  which 
is  far  before  the  hoe  ;  and  above  all,  avoid  that  slovenly 
way  of  leaving  vacant  ground  undug  till  spring.  Malce 
it  a  rule  to  manure,  if  required,  and  ridge  trench  all 
ground  as  soon  as  the  crops  are  off  in  the  autumn  or 
wmter.  This  not  only  benefits  the  soil,  but  it  looks 
neater.  If  the  garden  is  fenced  in  with  a  wall,  keep  the 
trees  well  nailed  and  all  foreright  shoots  rubbed  off  as 
fast  as  they  make  their  appearance,  and  train  those 
that  are  retained  for  a  supply  of  bearing  wood  in  a  straight 
and  regular  manner,  removing  all  spurs  that  project  too 
far,so  as  to  give  the  trees  a  neat  and  orderly  appearance. 
When  a  job  is  begun,  let  it  be  finished  before  another  is 
commenced,  and  keep  the  walks  well  rolled  and  swept. 
By  observing  these  rules,  the  kitchen  garden  may  be  made 
to  wear  as  neat  an  appearance  as  the  pleasure  grounds,  ' 
and  fit  for  the  family  or  their  friends  to  look  at,  at  any 
time,  which  is  what  we  but  seldom  see  in  small  establish- 
ments. John  Steel,  Gardeiur,  Bolton  Hall,  ClWieroe. 

Glaze'lTrellkcs, — In  observingon  my  statement,  that  the 
wood ofmy  Peach  treesundertheglazedtrellishad ripened 
perfectly  this  year,  you  state,  *'  Yes.  but  the  fruit  did  not 
ripen."  This  year  I  left  home  before  the  wall  fruit  was 
ripe,  and  I  did  not  come  back  till  the  season  was  past  ; 
but  my  gardener  on  my  return  told  me,  and  now 
assures  me,  that  the   fruit,  though  the  crop  was  sn  a'i 


was  well  ripened,  and  of  good  colour  and  flavour,  and  was 
seen  by  Mr,  AVilliams  (gardener  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.). 
What  can  have  induced  you  to  make  the  assertion  just 
quoted  I  cannot  understand.  The  season  before  last 
(1850),  I  sent  you  a  remarkable  specimen  of  the  fruit 
ripened  under  the  glazed  trellis,  and  it  was  praised  in  the 
Chronicle.  The  year  before  (I  believe),  at  the  Hertford 
show,  my  gardener  had  a  prize  for  Peaches,  half  of 
which  had  been  ripened  on  a  trellis,  and  which  could 
not  be  distinguished  from  those  ripened  on  trees  trained 
against  a  south  wall.  I  may  mention,  that  Mr.  Rivers 
saw  the  crop  either  two  or  three  years  ago,  I  forget 
which,  and  described  the  fruit  as  being  excellent,  well 
ripened,  and  a  full  crop.  This  was  either  stated  in  the 
Chrohicle  or  in  his  work  on  dwarf  trees,  I  do  not 
recollect  which.  X  dare  say  he  will  repeat  it  if 
he  sees  this.  It  has  occurred  to  me,  that  the  \\  riter 
of  the  note,  as  to  the  fruit  not  ripening,  may 
have  reasoned  from  ihe  experiment  made  in  the 
Horticultural  Society's  Garden.  If  so,  he  has  done 
me  injustice.  God  he'pme  !  I  should,  indeed,  be  sorry 
to  have  the  merits  of  any  plan  of  mine  judged  of  by  its 
repetition  in  the  Society 's  garden.  I  have  seen  the  way 
in  which  the  trellis  was  put  up,  and  the  manner  in  which 
the  trees  are  managed,  and  I  should  be  surprised  if  any 
fruit  had  ripened.  Dodman.  [We  think  our  correspond- 
ent should  explain  himself  more  fully.  The  trellis  was 
constructed  exactly  as  its  authors  directed,  and  not  as 
those  who  managed  it  might  have  wished  ;  the  result  has 
been  fruit  ripe  on  one  side,  and  raw  on  the  other.  Some 
changes  have  now  been  made  in  the  arrangements,  which 
are  no  longer  those  recommended  by  the  authors,  and 
the  succeeding  season  will  show  the  effect  of  them.  We 
must  repeat,  however,  that  the  plan  pursued,  up  to  the 
beginning  of  last  year,  is  believed  to  have  been  what  was 
originally  proposed,  with  all  its  merits  and  aU  its  de- 
merits.] 

Hint  to  importers  of  Orchids. — Your  columns  have 
recently  teemed  with  advertisements  of  Orchids  imported 
via  the  Red  Sea,  from  India,  and  I  see  the  last  mail 
to  Soutliampton  brings  seven  boxes.  Have  our  Indian 
friends  forgotten  that  there  is  usually  frost  in  England 
in  winter,  and  that  their  plants,  if  not  killed  in  the 
Channel,  would  probably  be  killed  either  between 
Southampton  and  London,  or  in  Mr.  Stevens'  auction- 
room,  before  they  can  be  brought  to  sale.  It  is  true 
this  most  extraordinary  January  may  give  tliem 
immunity — but  such  a  season  is  not  to  be  reckoned  on 
once  in  25  years.  Having  experienced  the  disappoint- 
ment ot  imported  plants  killed  on  arrival  in  England, 
both  from  the  East  and  AVest  Indies,  more  than  once,  I 
sound  a  note  of  caution  to  importers.  It  is  unsafe  for 
tropical  plants  to  arrive  in  England  between  November 
and  April.  I,  for  one,  would  not  run  the  risk  of  buying 
plants  imported  at  that  season.  I  write  principally  for 
the  sake  of  our  Indian  friends,  that  they  may  time  their 
importations  better.  Warcsewicz's  plants  were  all  killed 
in  April  in  England,  and  even  December  is  an  unsafe 
month  ;  all  between  are  most  hazardous.  /.  R, 

The  Tomato.— 1  have  found  the  following  plan  to 
succeed  well  in  regard  to  the  cultivation  of  this  fruit. 
Having  got  plants  as  early  and  strong  as  possible,  they 
are  planted  (in  this  late  situation  it  is  not  safe  to  plant 
till  the  end  of  May  or  the  beginning  of  June)  in  a  dry 
south  aspect,  once  well  watered,  and  then  kept  dry,  to 
prevent  a  too  luxuriant  growth  at  first,  which  makes 
them  flower  earlier.  When  they  are  faix-ly  in  blossom, 
and  the  fruit  beginning  to  set,  they  receive  liberal  treat- 
ment, and  are  regularly  trained  and  kept  thin.  By  this 
plan  I  have  had  them  ripen  some  years  in  perfection  on 
the  walls  ;  and  in  unfavourable  seasons  I  have  always 
had  a  supply  of  good-sized  green  fruit,  which  may  be 
ripened  as  recommended  at  page  38,  or  in  any  warm 
dry  place  in-doors  ;  but  they  are  not  equal  to  those 
ripened  on  the  open  wall.  Spare  Cucumber  lights  have 
been  placed  over  them  against  the  wall,  but  without 
any  apparent  advantage,  probably  owing  to  draughts  of 
cold  air  passing  between  the  lights  and  the  wall.  I  have 
some  autumn-sown  plants,  which  I  intend  to  plant  with 
the  spring  raised  ones,  in  order  to  prove  which  will  be 

the  earliest.  Thomas  Dowell,Arnington  Hall. Living 

not  very  far  distant  from  Manchester,  I  cannof  boast 
of  having  the  largest  share  of  sunny  days,  but  for  fog 
and  smoke  I  believe  we  can  vie  with  any  district  in  the 
kingdom.  Nevertheless  I  generally  succeed  in  getting 
a  good  supply  of  Tomatoes  well  ripened  before  autumn 
frosts  set  in.  I  propagate  by  cuttings,  putting  them  in 
about  the  beginning  of  September.  I  need  scarcely 
state  that  the  lateral  shoots  are  preferable  to  the  leading 
ones.  They  strike  readily  either  singly  in  small  pots, 
or  two  or  three  together  in  larger  ones  ;  but  I  prefer 
the  former  method,  as  their  roots  are  not  so  liable  to 
get  injured  in  potting.  As  soon  as  the  plants  are  well 
rooted,  they  ai-e  shifted  into  5-inch  pots,  in  which  they 
remain  till  about  the  beginning  of  February,  when  they 
are  repotted,  giving  them  a  decent  shift  ;  nothing  more 
is  required  except  attention,  &c.,  till  planting  out  time. 
The  tops  may  at  this  time  be  taken  off  and  struck  ;  they 
make  excellent  plants,  fully  the  best,  by  the  middle  of 
May.  The  only  objection  to  this  system  is  the  difficulty 
of  keeping  them  over  winter  ;  but  if  one  half  of  the 
plants  only  lives,  the  certainty  of  a  crop  will  amply 
repay  the  trouble.  The  temperature  of  an  intermediate 
house  suits  them  best,  which  I  have  not,  and  this 
partially  accounts  for  their  dying  off  so  at  this  season. 
My  plants  are  at  present  in  an  early  Vinery  in  far  too 
high  a  temperature,  yet  most  of  them  are  looking  pretty 
healthy  ;  one  plant  has  a  fruit  on  it  about  the  size  of  a 
Green-gage  Plum.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  some  of 
them  in  bloom  long  before  they  are  turned  out  j  how 


over,  as  soon  as  the  Peach- house  is  far  enough  advanced 
for  their  reception,  I  will  have  them  moved  into  it. 
Not  only  do  plants  raised  in  this  way  bear  and  ripen 
sooner  than  those  produced  from  seed,  but  the  fruit  is 
both  larger  and  there  is  more  of  it.  If  any  of  your 
readers  have  a  small  corner  of  a  Peach- house  trellis  not 
filled  up,  it  might  be  worse  occupied  than  with  a  Tomato 
plant.  I  had  one  so  planted  last  year,  and  the  quantity  of 
fruit  it  had  on  it  would  scarcely  be  credited.  J.B.,  Stretford, 

1  read  the  statement  of  your  correspondent  about 

picking  his  Tomatoes  green  and  ripening  them  in  his 
kitchen,  or  leaving  them  on  the  shelves  of  a  hothouse. 
It  is  true,  a  reddish  fruit  will  be  produced  by  these- 
means,  and  it  is  the  mode  refortsd  to  by  most  gardeners 
who  have  not  been  able  to  lipen  their  fruit  well  before 
gathering  it  ;  and  it  makes  a  reddish,  sour  sauce,  but 
without  any,  or  at  least  with  very  little,  of  the  true 
flavour,  not  much  better  than  very  sour  Apple-sauce. 
Since  I  have  lived  on  a  clay  soil  I  have  rarely  had  a 
really  well-ripened  Tomato  ;  they  grow  too  luxuriantly,, 
and  are  never  sufficiently  checked  and  thrown  early 
into  bloom.  I  mean  to  try  this  year.  I  had  kept  a  few 
starved  plants  in  pots,  to  plant  out  early,  but  they  have 
been  lost,  or  allowed  to  be  killed  by  the  frost.  I  believe 
fine  ripe  Tomatoes  are  imported  early  in  the  season  from 
Lisbon  ;  at  least,  I  see  them  as  early  as  June  in  the 
shops  in  Covent-garden.  I  believe,  at  Dalkeith-gardensj 
these  plants  are  kept  through  the  winter,  the  crops 
being  grown  in  frames  heated  by  warm  water ;  at  least, 
such  was  my  impression  during  a  short  visit  I  paid  some 
time  ago  to  those  beautiful  gardens.  Dodman.  [We 
believe  that  the  beautifid  Tomatoes  now  seen  in  Covent- 
garden,  early  in  the  season,  come  from  Marseilles.  The 
Tomato,  like  the  Aubergine,  seldom  ripens  well,  even  in 
the  best  of  our  English  summers.  As  for  winter-red- 
dened fruit,  we  can  only  say,  we  should  be  very  sorry  to 
swallow  any  part  of  it.J 

The  False  Cones  on  the  Spruce  Fir  allifded  to  in  your 
Notices  to  Correspondents  are  produced  by  an  insect, 
somewhat  allied  to  the  Aphides,  but  partaking  in  a  few 
points  of  the  nature  of  the  Coccidse — it  has  been  named 
Adelges  Abietis  by  Vaillot,  but  is  described  by  Kalten- 
bach  under  that  of  Chermes  Abietis.  The  habits  of 
these  insects  are  very  peculiar,  and  a  further  account  of 
them  might,  perhaps,  be  acceptable.  Oswald  Mos 
Rolleston  Hall. 


^uitXim. 


LiNNEAN,  Jan.  20. — R.  Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  ehaii*. 
A  collection  of  plants  from  Balmain,  New  South  Walep, 
was  presented  by  E.  Wakefield,  Esq.  A  communica- 
tion was  read  from  Mi'.  Yarrell,  giving  an  account 
of  a  Cedar  now  growing  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Johns^ 
at  Bishop's  Stortford.  It  was  planted  in  1823,  and 
is  now  51  feet  in  height,  and  the  trunk  is  2^  feet 
from  the  ground  to  the  first  branches.  A  paper 
was  read  by  Dr.  Hooker  on  a  species  of  Nostoc,  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Sutherland,  surgeon  to  the  late  expe- 
dition in  search  of  Sir  James  Franklin  conducted  by 
Captain  Penny,  with  remarks  by  tlie  Rev.  M.  S^ 
Berkeley.  This  plant,  looking  like  a  floating  scum,  wfis 
found  in  great  abundance  over  the  whole  surface  of  the 
ocean.  It  gave  shelter  to  small  Crustacea  and  many 
insects.  Dr.  Sutherland  had  eaten  some,  and  pro- 
nounced it  pleasant,  and  believes  it  to  be  mor&nutritious 
than  the  tripe  de  roche.  Dr.  Hooker  had  found  a  Nostoc 
with  characters  similar  to  the  one  described,  in  lakes 
in  Thibet,  at  a  height  of  17,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Mr.  Berkeley  had  examined  the  Nostoc  from 
the  north  seas,  and,  although  it  resembled  the  Nostoc 
commune  of  botanists,  it  had  a  persistent  gelatinous- 
covering  around  its  spores,  which  induced  him  to  refer- 
it  to  tlie  genus  Hormosiphon,  and  he  proposed  for 
it  the  provisional  name  of  Hormosiphon  arcticus,. 
Dr.  -  Hooker  referred  to  a  Nostoc  which  grew  in 
the  streams  and  rivers  of  Tartary,  and  which  was 
used  extensively  as  an  article  of  diet  by  the  Chinese  : 
this  was  called  Nostoc  edule,  but  he  did  not  think  it 
differed  from  N.  commune.  In  the  specimens  examined 
by  Mr.  Berkeley,  he  found  no  nitrogenous  compound, 
except  in  the  sporules.  The  compound  most  abundant 
was  bassorin, — A  communication  was  read  from  Mr. 
Joseph  Woods,  being  observations  made  during  a 
botanical  tour  in  France  in  1851,  in  a  letter  addressed 
to  the  President  of  the  Society. 


Botanical,  of  Edinburgh,  Jan.  8. — The  President  ia 
the  chair.  Several  donations  were  announced.  The 
following  papers  were  read: — 1.  Description  of  Rubi. 
By  Charles  C.  Babington,  M.A.  2.  On  the  growth  of 
various  kinds  of  mould  in  syrup.  By  Professor  Balfom*. 
3.  Professor  Simpson  communicated  the  results  of  some 
experiments  made  by  himself  and  Mr.  Stewart,  relative 
tothegrowtli  of  Alpine  plants,  after  having  been  kept 
artificially  covered  with  snow  in  an  ice-liouse  for  many 
months.  Seeds  and  plants  when  kept  in  this  way  during 
winter,  and  then  brought  into  the  warm  air  of  summex*, 
germinate  and  grow  with  great  rapidity.  Mr.  Stewart  had 
also  made  experiments  with  animals,and  he  found  that  the 
chrysalis  so  treated  produced  a  moth  in  11  days,  after 
being  brought  into  the  atmosphere,  while  other  chrysalids 
of  the  same  moth,  did  not  do  so  for  three  or  four  months 
after.  In  Arctic  regions,  the  rapid  growth  of  plants 
during  the  short  summer  was  well  known.  Professor 
Simpson  alluded  to  the  importance  of  similar  ex- 
periments being  made  on  the  different  kinds  of  grain. 
He  referred  to  the  rapidity  of  harvest  in  Canada  and 
other  countries,  where  the  cold  lasted  for  many  months,, 
and  he  was  disposed  to  think,  that  if  grain  was  kept  in 


5—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


71 


ice-houses  during  the  winter,  and  sown  in  spring,  there 
might  be  an  acceleration  of  the  harvest.  He  considered 
the-subject  deserving  of  the  attention  of  agriculturists,  for 
a  saving  of  a  few  weeks  in  the  ripening  ( f  tlie  crops 
would  be  of  vast  consequence  in  Britain.  Moreover, 
there  might  be  less  necessity  for  exposing  the  crops  to 
the  variable  springs  of  this  country,  for  the  sowing  might 
be  retarded.  4.  Notice  of  plants  found  near  London. 
By  Mr.  G.  Lawson.  5.  Notice  of  the  abnormal  structure 
of  a  Tui'uip,  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Davis.  The  author  of  this 
paper,  after  defining  the  nature  of  the  root  of  the 
Turnip,  giving  some  observations  on  tap-roots  in  general, 
and  showing  their  relation  to  those  of  a  fibrous  nature, 
proceeded  to  remark  that  all  roots  are  subject  to 
variation,  as  well  from  non-development  as  from  in- 
creased growth.  He  exhibited  a  monstrous  Turnip, 
having  the  appearance  of  tw^o  bulbs  joined  in  the  form 
of  an  hour-glass;  this  he  conceived  to  have  been  caused 
by  some  injury  to  the  root,  arresting  the  expansion  of 
the  superior  or  first  formed  bulb.  He  likewise  ex- 
hibited another  specimen  presenting  two  bulbs 
united  at  the  neck,  the  union  extending  to  a  third 
of  their  cii'cumference.  Mr.  Davis  did  not  believe 
that  such  montrosities  as  this  resulted  from  the 
chemical  condition  of  the  soil,  or  from  the  opposition  of 
any  external  body  in  the  soil ;  but  that  one,  instead  of  two, 
taproots  were  originally  produced  of  equal  dimensions. 
This  conclusion  he  had  arrived  at,  from  an  examination  \ 
of  their  internal  structure,  having  traced  a  mass  of  the 
small  cells  resembling  those  found  towards  the  exterior 
of  the  bulb,  rising  to  a  considerable  height  through  the 
root,  thus  forming  an  apparent  wall  between  the  two 
bulbs.  He  had  likewise  found,  in  tracing  the  course  of 
the  fibres,  that  two  great  masses  arose  from  the  crown, 
and  proceeded  in  separate  courses,  one  to  each  bulb. 
As  a  remedy  for  the  disease,  Mr.  Davies  recommended 
the  raising  of  seed  from  transplanted  roots.  Dr.  Bal- 
four read  a  letter  from  Dr.  Meyer,  of  Konigsberg,  inti- 
mating the  transmission  of  a  collection  of  interesting 
plants  from  M.  Patze,  who  has  paid  particular  attention 
to  the  species  of  Willow.  "  As  regards  the  Willows," 
Dr.  Meyer  remarks,  *'  which  constitute  Mr.  Patze's 
delight,  I  can  assure  you,  that  each  specimen  in  leaf  is 
taken  from  the  same  plant  as  those  which  are  in  flower, 
whether  male  or  female.  As  to  the  liybrid  forms  of 
the  genus  Salix,  which  have  caused  such  confusion  in 
our  systems,  there  is  not  one  of  them  which  has  not  been 
observed  by  M.  Patze  for  several  years,  and  found 
almost  always  sterile,  and  in  small  quantity  among  the 
two  common  species,  which  he  suspects  to  be  the 
parents."     Three  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows. 


^otiKS  of  33oofe0, 

Grundzuge  der  PhilosopliiscJien  Botanih.     Von  Dr.  F.  T. 

Kutzing.     Leipzig,    1851.     8vo,    pp.  xx.  and    336, 

tab.  18. 
If  nothing  more  were'  expected  from  an  introduction 
to  Botany  than  a  mere  repetition  or  new  arrangement 
of  what  has  been  perhaps  better  said  a  hundred  times 
before,  a  work  like  that  before  us  might  well  be  thrown 
aside,  and  left  to  the  mere  circle  of  friends  or  pupils, 
with  whom  the  author  is  more  immediately  connected. 
It  is,  however,  favourite  practice  with  professors  to  em- 
body their  own  notions  in  this  form,  perhaps,  for  one 
reason,  because  in  such  a  shape  they  are  sure  to  com- 
mand a  certain  sale  ;  and  as  these  treatises  are  often 
accompanied  with  a  valuable  mass  of  original  illustra- 
tion, it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  those  who  wish  for  the 
most  receut  information,  to  have  recourse  to  what  might 
at  the  first  glance  be  considered  merely  elementary  books. 

Whatever  other  fault  may  be  found  with  Dr.  Kut- 
2ing*'s  volume,  which  is,  however,  only  the  commence- 
ment of  the  work,  there  is  no  want  of  oi'iginal  matter  ; 
and  the  figures,  drawn  and  engraved  by  himself,  have 
all  the  merit  which  those  in  his  other  more  ostentatious 
works  confessedly  possess.  | 

As  regards  what  may  be  called  the  philosophical  direc- 
tion of  the  work,  on  whicli  the  author  lays  great  stress, 
it  is  not  our  intention  to  offer  any  observation.  It  is 
by  no  means  in  consonance  with  English  tastes,  is  as 
fanciful  as  mof-t  other  attempts  of  the  kind,  and  is  little 
calculated,  as  we  conceive,  to  strengthen  or  excite  any 
religioufl  convictions. 

It  is  in  its  details,  we  think,  that  the  work  is  valuable, 
as  affording  much  matter  for  reflection  and  giving  the 
result  of  many  careful  observations  ;  but,  as  in  all  the 
works  of  the  author,  there  is  a  certain  confusion,  or  rather 
a  want  of  any  general  sound  views,  which  is  fi-equently 
very  perplexing.  The  chemical  portion,  for  instance, 
contains  much  that  Ib  valuable  and  new,  but  the  nomen- 
clature is  80  confuficd  that  it  is  often  extremely  difticult 
to  know  what  the  author  means  ;  aud  yet  there  are  some 
things,  Hucli  as  the  accountwhich  he  gives  of  the  change 
of  chemical  condition  which  takes  place  in  the  ccIIh  and 
cell-walls  of  certain  Algte,  as  indicated  by  change  of 
colour,  through  various  shades,  which  cannot  fail 
to  command  thefattcntion  of  alt  interested  in  the  sub- 
ject, however  little  we  may  be  diHpoHfd  to  agree  in  his 
peculiar  notionH  or  inferenccH.  The  whole  of  his  accouut 
of  the  cell- walls  of  Algn;  isfull  of  int«rcHt  ;  and  wo  truKt 
that  some  chemiht  of  comprchennivc  viows,  like  Mulder, 
will  submit  itt*j  that  strict  comparative  analyHis  which 
can  alone  rend/:r  it  available  for  (general  scientific  use. 

There  is  the  greater  need  for  this,  because  our  autiior 
seems  Ui  us  to  lay  greater  Btn-ss  on  jihyHica!  agents 
than  appears  to  be  cither  safe  or  rational.  Taju;,  for 
instance,  the  following  a<:count  of  the  mode  of  growth 
of  the  common  white  Cabbage  ruflt,  which  Bcems  to  uh 
to  border  very  closely  on  materialism  : — 


"  The  normal  cells  of  the  epidermal  stratum  are  filled 
with  chlorophyl-grains-  These  consist  of  chlorophyl, 
wax,  and  a  protein  substance  which  is  mixed  with 
Bassorin.  The  chlorophyl-grains  lose  their  green  colour 
and  break  up  into  much  smaller  pale  granules,  which 
are  either  dispersed  or  collected  by  apposition  or  con- 
fluence into  amass.  From  this  confluent  substance,  in 
which  iodine  exhibits  some  very  fine  protein  molecules, 
one  or  more  globular  or  elongated  masses  separate, 
which  become  clothed  externally  with  a  very  fine  coat 
of  Bassorin.  While  this  is  going  on  the  membrane  of 
the  cells,  composed  of  cellulose  (Gelin),  in  which  these 
first  vegetative  processes  took  place,  dissolves.  The 
dissolved  mass  reacts  on  the  Bassorin  and  surrounds  the 
young  fungal  cells  as  nutriment,  by  means  of  which 
they  become  enlarged,  increase  more  or  less  in  length, 
and  then,  by  the  aggregation  of  protein  molecules  at 
the  end,  assume  a  globular  form  which,  by  means  of  the 
secretion  of  a  membrane  of  Bassorin,  repeats  the  above- 
described  formation  of  cells  as  long  as  the  requisite 
matter  is  supplied.  In  this  manner  chains  of  cells 
arise,  whose  articulations  are,  however,  very  loosely 
connected,  since  the  coat  of  the  primary  cell  which  at 
first  unites  them,  at  last  deliquesces.  Other  cells  are 
elongated  and  branched." 

That  the  membrane  of  these  cells  consists  of  cellulose 
and  not  Bassorin,  a  moment's  examination  with  the 
proper  chemical  re-agents  shows  most  clearly,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  views  of  Mulder,  Payen,  and  the  best 
organic  chemists.  That  cellusose  is  easily  convertible 
into  Bassorin,  appears  quite  certain.  Our  author,  in 
accordance  with  Jlitscherlich,  makes  the  principal  fea- 
ture in  the  Potato- murrain  to  consist  of  a  conversion  of 
the  cellulose  of  the  walls  into  Bassorin  ;  like  other 
points,  however,  in  the  disease,  this  is  by  no  means  uni- 
versal. Other  changes,  certainly,  take  place  quite  as 
frequently,  and  even  in  highly  diseased  Potatoes,  the 
original  cellulose  is  often  plainly  discernible^  from  its 
pale  violet  hue,  when  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
iodine.  Dr.  Kutzing,  however,  seems  to  lay  great  theo- 
retic stress  on  the  matter,  arising,  probably,  from  the 
fact  that  yeast-cells,  unlike  other  cells,  do  not  consist  of 
cellulose  ;  from  which  arises,  perhaps,  his  notion  of  the 
important  part  performed  by  Bassorin,  in  the  origina- 
tion of  fungi.  Tlie  elongated  branched  cells  (mentioned 
at  the  close  of  the  paragraph),  are  those  of  Botrytis 
parasitica,  a  fact  which  we  are  surprised  that  Dr.  Kiit- 
zing  was  not  aware  of,  as  we  are  also  that  he  detected 
the  mycelium  neither  of  the  Cystopus  nor  Botrytis. 
These,  however,  are  minor  points.  What  concerns  us 
at  present  is  the  cool  way  in  which  the  Professor  pre- 
sides, as  it  were,  over  the  work  of  creation,  in  which  he 
seems  to  find  little  difficulty.  We  might  quote  other 
examples  to  the  same  effect.  But  even  in  these  cases, 
though  we  may  not  like  the  general  tone,  there  is  always 
something  in  the  details  to  attract  attention  ;  as,  for  in- 
stance, in  the  origination  of  oil-cells  in  Lavandula  spica, 
by  means  of  little  cavities  (vacuoles),  with  which  Dujar- 
din's  account  of  the  formation  of  such  cavities  in  certain 
Infusoria  should  be  carel'uUy  compared.  We  may  refer 
also  to  what  he  says  about  the  pubescence  of  Salvia. 
One  of  Dr.  KUtzing's  peculiar  notions  is,  that  Gum  Tra- 
gacanth  is  a  species  of  fungus,  resembling  Nemaspora. 
We  suppose  that  he  cannot  have  been  much  in  the  habit 
of  examining  fungi,  or  he  could  scarcely  have  formed 
such  an  idea,  the  structure  being  totally  different.  He 
must  have  deceived  himself  with  external  analogy  only, 
than  which  nothing  in  science  is  more  fallacious. 

We  have  already  extended  our  remarks  beyond  the 
space  which  we  can  usually  afford  for  such  notices, 
though  there  are  many  matters  to  which  we  should  have 
liked  to  call  attention  ;  we  must,  therefore,  content  our- 
selves with  assuring  readers  of  German,  that  the  book 
will  certainly  repay  a  careful  perusal. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Roses  for  Exhibition  in  a  Cut  State,  in  June  or 
July  {C<y)icluded  from  p.  55). —  Bov/rbon, — Acidalie  : 
White,  large,  very  double — Appleby  ;  white,  with  a 
rosy  tinge — Foster.  Dupetit  Thouai's  :  Beautiful  bright 
crimson  —  Francis.  George  Cuvier  :  Brilliant  rosy 
carmine  —  Appleby.  Le  Gracieuse  :  Rose,  perfect, 
beautiful  —  Appleby.  Le  Marechal  du  Palais:  Deli- 
cate rose,  beautiful- — Appleby.  Paul  Joseph  :  rich 
purple  crimson — Foster.  Proserpine  :  Brilliant  crim- 
son and  purple  — Appleby.  Souvenir  de  la  Mulmaison  : 
Pale  flesh,  tinted  with  fawn,  large  and  splendid — 
Appleby  ;  creamy  flesh  blush,  with  magnificent  foliage, 
very  large  and  distinct;  a  superb  Rose — Curtis;  pale  flesh, 
beautiful — Foster;  large  and  superb — Francis  ;  magnifi- 
cent— Lane  ;  beautii'ul,  very  large  and  full — Paul  ;  mag- 
nificent in  foliage,  very  large  and  distinct;  a  superb  Rose 
— Wilkinson  ;  perhaps  tho  best  of  its  section — Wood  ; 
a  charming  family  of  autumn  blooming  Roses — A  ppleby ; 
constantly  in  blossom  (rum  June  to  November — Curtis  ; 
tliiw  splendid  class  blooms  very  freely,  but  cannot  boast 
much  of  fragrance — Lane  ;  this  section  contains  some 
of  the  most  beautiful  Uoses  of  autumn ;  with  them, 
especially, it  maybe  Haid,  that  it  is  nota  vigorous  growth 
which  produces  the  best  and  most  perfect  flowers.  'J'hcy 
are  very  iiardy,  and  of  free  growth — Paul  ;  the  vigoroun 
kiudH  n-quiro  moderate,  and  thoso  of  compact  habit, 
cloHo  pruning— Wood.  ChivaJioscJt. — Archduke  Charles: 
KoHO,  large  —  Foster.  Marjoiin  ;  Deep  criiuHon  — 
Foster.  Mth,  lioHanquot :  Pale  fh-'sii —  Fontci'.  7Va 
JtoscH.—  C.ouilQ  dc  I'ariH  :  Deep  flrwli  coloured,  ltlunli, 
globular  and  pendulous,  very  large  and  bnauliful,  hardy 
—  Curtis  ;  roMy  flcHh  colour,  large,  perfect — FranciH  ; 
deep     flcHh     coloured,     bluBli,      globular,     and    pen- 


dulous ;  very  large  and  beautiful  ;  hardy— Wilkinsoii. 
Devoniensis  :  Creamy  white  centre,  changing  to  pale 
straw  colour  tinted  with  pink,  petals  thick  and  Camellia- 
like, very  large  and  most  powerfully  scented,  one  of  the 
hardiest  of  its  class— Curtis ;  large  delicate  pale  sulphur, 
superb— Francis.  Elise  Sauvage  :  Fine  yellow,  bufi' 
centre — Francis.  Eugene  Desgaches  :  Light  rose,  very 
double— Foster.  Moiret :  Pale  yellow,  shaded  with 
fawn  and  rose,  superb,  very  large  and  full— Paul. 
Souvenir  d'un  Ami :  Salmon  and  rose  shaded,  large  and 
full,  fine— Paul.  The  Tea  Roses  are  celtbrated  for 
their  extreme  delicacy  of  colouring  and  delicious 
fragrance  ;  they  are  rather  tender.  The  chief  thing 
necessary  for  their  successful  cultivation  is  a  soil  well 
drained.  A  light  rich  soil  is  preferable,  and  a  slight 
protection  against  frost  suffices — Paul.  Noisette. — Aimee 
Vibert :  Pure  white— Foster.  Cloth  of  Gold  :  Outer 
petals  pale  yellow  with  golden  centre,  globular,  large, 
aud  magnificent,  rather  a  shy  bloomer,  but  of  the  most 
luxuriant  growth — Curt  s  ;  deep  yellow,  wants  a  wall — 
Foster  ;  globular,  large,  and  magnificent,  rather  a  shy 
bloomer,  but  of  the  most  luxuriant  growth— Wilkinson. 
Lamarque  :  Pale  straw  —  Foster  ;  bright  lemon  — 
Francis.  Pourpre  de  Tyre  :  Crimson  pul-ple — Foster. 
Solfaterre  :  Bright  straw  with  deep  sulphur  centre, 
habit  of  Lamarque,  rather  tender,  splendid  for  a  wall — 
Curtis  ;  large  bright  sulphur,  superb — Francis  ;  bright 
straw  with  deep  sulphur  centre,  rather  tender,  splendid 
for  a  wall — Wilkinson.  Noisettes  certainly  contain  some 
of  the  very  surest  autumnal  bloomers — Wilkinson.  J.B. 
Inco.nspjcuods  Props  foe,  Plants.  —  Pinks,  Carna- 
tions, and  many  other  things  which  require  to  be 
supported  by  props,  frequently  present  the  appearance, 
when  in  beds,  of  a  grove  of  sticks  with  plants  tied  to 
them,  instead  of  an  orderly  mass  of  well-shaped  plants, 
whicli  may  be  found  on  examination  to  owe  their  neat- 
ness to  props  wdiich,  without  a  search,  could  hai-dly 
have  been  discovered.  The  absurdity,  where  it  is 
avoidable,  of  having  props  as  conspicuous,  or  more  so, 
than  the  plants  which  they  support,  is  little  recognised 
by  gardeners  or  amateurs,  but  it  is  constantly  pointed 
at  by  people  of  taste,  who  are  not  cultivators,  and  par- 
ticularly by  the  ladies.  Plant  growers  have  a 
kind  of  necessary  respect  for  props,  from  know- 
ing their  value;  but  it  seems  to  me  this  respect 
for  their  utility  sometimes  degenerates  into  an 
admiration  of  their  appearance,  wdiich  leads  to 
their  being  made  much  more  conspicuous  than 
they  ought  to  be.  Be  this  as  it  may,  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  the  true  idea  of  their  being  allies^ 
which  should  be  kept  as  much  out  of  sight  as 
possible,  is  too  much  overlooked.  The  best  re- 
medy which  I  have  discovered  for  the  evils 
alluded  to,  is  the  use  of  well-painted,  straight- 
ened wires  of  various  lengths  and  thicknesses. 
For  Pinks,  I  last  year  used  24-inch  lengths  of 
No.  1 1  wire,  which,  with  two  coats  of  greeu  paint, 
were  almost  invisible,  and  proved  perfectly  finn 
and  efficient  as  supports.  For  Carnations,  I 
employed  with  equal  success  and  satisfaction 
36-inch  lengths  of  No.  6  wire  (about  3-l-6ths  of 
an  inch  thick) ;  but  wire  of  this  weight  would 
soon  have  become  loose  in  the  ground,  its  small 
diameter  presenting  little  resistance  to  motion, 
and  to  avoid  this  I  employed  tapering  wooden 
shods  or  sockets,  about  an  inch  thick  at  the 
upper  end,  and  7  inches  long.  These  were 
drilled  throughout  their  length,  so  as  tightly  to 
fit  the  wires,  the  ends  of  which  were  passed  through 
them  and  projected  about  an  inch  beyond  the  small 
ends  which  were  thus  pointed.  The  sockets  were 
then  dipped  in  boiling  tar,  and  when  this  had  hardened 
the  wires  received  two  coats  of  green  paint.  The  firm- 
ness and  efficiency  of  these  props  is  most  satisfactory, 
and  equally  so  is  their  non-appearance.  With  an 
annual  coat  of  paint,  when  out  of  use,  they  will  last  for 
years,  and  their  first  cost  is  trifling.  Wires  made 
quite  straight  by  a  wire-worker  cost  me  4d.  per  lb., 
which,  for  small  sizes,  comes  very  cheap  per  100.  The 
wooden  sockets  were  made  for  me  by  a  bobbin- turner, 
at  2s.  dd.  per  gross.  When  painting  the  wires  I  put 
a  spoonful  of  paint  into  a  woollen  cloth  laid  in  the 
hollow  of  the  left  hand,  and  draw  them  through  it,  a 
plan  I  find  as  good,  and  much  more  expeditious,  than 
using  a  brush.  Above  will  be  found  a  sketch  in  outline 
of  the  socketed  prop.  The  shoulder  at  the  thick  end 
of  the  socket  is  for  laying  hold  of  when  pressing  it  into 
the  ground.   W.  C.,j%m.,  Glasgow. 

The  Stoke  Newington  CuavBANTnEiwnM  Society  held  it3 
general  aniuversarj  meetinR  on  the  2!ith  inut  The  President 
in  the  chair.  The  auditors*  report  for  the  past  year  was  road, 
und  offictrs  elected  (or  tho  preatnt  year.  Soaie  in.pnrtaut 
chaDRCB  were  made  in  the  rules,  one  of  «liich  was  thai  uuifnim 
fltunds  be  ulone  tolerated  at  the  exhibilioDS,  tlio  Metropolitau 
Dahlia  ntandB  heinj,'  tlie  ineafluremont  adopted.  Tho  day 
appointed  tor  the  annual  txhibitinn  of  1852  ie  Tl  ursda>, 
Nuvembir  18lh.  Fil'ireii  new  menihorB  were  added  to  tlio  liht, 
which.  ti)t!Other  with  htveral  vnluiihki  eMra  prizes  to  bo  cflored. 
closed  the  mottinK.— An  amiilRamation  of  the  SliacltUwell  and 
3  1 1(0  NewiuKt""  t)"hlia  f^ocieti«8  hu«  been  dei*rmiiied  on, 
whereby  an  extended  IntorcHt  will  bo  Becurod,  and  tho  worUiuj; 
cxpensuB  muterinlly  leflseued.  Ilaclinoy  is  also  to  be  fully 
n  pruHPiitod,  tliuB  Heoiirlng  a  wldo  liold  for  support.  Tho  shoic 
day  ifl  iiiced  for  WoUnoHday,  Bepteniber  Ist.  J.  E, 

CATALfioHE  received   from  Mr,   Smith,    Tollington    Nursery, 

liornBoy.road.  J.  E. 
ExniniTioH  Dayb  I-ixed,    South  London:  April  22,  May  2f), 

Judo  '23,  July  21,  Sept.  8.    C'heUonhdm  :  May  24,  June  22, 

AiiKUnt  21.      llinhnaio;    Pcpt.  14.      Camberwcll :   Spt.  15. 

Caledfiniiin  :   March  I,  May  8,   June  3,  August  7,  Sept.  2, 

Uec.  2    J.  IC. 
I'uiiuouLTuiiAi,  llF.viF.w,    NoH.  1  find  2,    frtvm   Mr.  Slater, 

Cheuiham  Mill,  near  Mi-nchehter.  ./,  E. 
Lahelh:  E  0.  Wo  uHo  airipB  oi  z\m,  in  which  ie  punched  a 


72 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Jan.  31, 


,i..j      ,      ,,'    .1-    .iiv    ot-L...n;U    ill    llii:l>     puiJillOUS    u^     iSu.  Xc>    nHe. 

Dinsdait's  luk  Las  reiuaiued  legible  Jor  jearu    J.  E. 
Roses  :  JR.  Next  week.— 5i('',  J/*,  Mary,  and  others.  A  list  of 

contmuoas  bloomers  has  already  been  given  ia  our  columita. 

J.E. 
Tulips  :  J  C.  Tour  request  shall  be  attoaded  to.  J.  E. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  week. J 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

In  pi'uning  and  training  the  climbers  in  plant  houses, 
some  regard  must  be  paid  to  the  time  when  it  is  desir- 
able the  plants  should  bloom.  Thus  with  stove  climbers, 
not  required  to  bloom  before  the  autumn,  pruning  may 
be  deferred  for  some  time  yet,  which  for  an  earlier 
show  should  be  done  at  once.  Passion-flowers,  Bignonias, 
and  similar  plants,  which  make  long  annual  shoots,  should 
only  have  their  wood  thinned  and  slightl}'  shortened, 
while  some  others,  as  Combretura,  Beaumoutia,  &c.,  may 
be  spurred  in.  Much  depends  on  the  space  allowed  for 
their  growth.  In  the  conservatory,  Kennedyas,  &e.,will 
be  showing  bloom,  and  what  training  they  require  should 
be  done  at  once,  but  the  pruning  of  these  should  not 
take  place  till  after  blooming.  Where  Orange  trees  are 
grown  to  decorate  the  flower  garden  during  summer, 
care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  their  beginning  to  grow 
previous  to  their  removal  to  the  open  air,  and  more 
especially  if  the  trees  are  wintered  in  a  dark  roofed 
house.  Where  such  happens,  we  have  always  found  the 
young  leaves  thin  and  Habby,  and  turn  brown  the  first 
bright  weather  when  set  out  ;  whereas,  if  growth  is 
prevented  till  the  plant  is  in  the  open  air,  the  leaves  will 
bear  any  amount  of  sunshine,  and  will  cany  that  dark 
glossy  hue  so  essential  to  their  beauty. 

FORCING  BEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — Considerable  care  will  be  necessary  here  ; 
the  young  shoots  will  require  stopping  at  one  or  two 
joints  above  the  fruit.  Where  the  Vines  are  old  and  the 
leayes  small  two  joints  should  be  left  to  give  a  suffi- 
ciency of  foliage  ;  whereas,  when  the  Vines  ai-e  young 
and  vigorous,  one  will  suffice.  The  ventilation  of  the 
early  house,  this  damp  and  dark  weather,  must  be  kept 
up,  by  making  slight  additional  fires  during  the  day,  for 
this  purpose  ;  tie  in  the  shoots,  that  each  leaf  may  have 
its  due  share  of  light.  The  outside  borders  must  have 
^the  fermenting  material  kept  from  heavy  rains,  or  they 
■will  soon  lose  their  heat,  and  a  check  to  the  now  grow- 
ing roots  will  produce  much  mischief.  In  fact,  it  would 
be  preferable  not  to  apply  artificial  heat  to  borders  at 
all,  than,  after  having  excited  the  roots  to  commence 
active  growth,  allow  the  heat  to  decline.  And  it  is 
scarcely  safe  to  remove  the  covering  before  the  crop  is 
xipe.  The  necessary  supply,  therefore,  of  fermenting 
material  should  have  been  ascertained  previous  to  com- 
mencing forcing.  When  protection  from  frost  is  only 
aimed  at  the  case  is  di£(erent,and  such  maybe  removed 
towards  the  end  of  March  or  beginning  of  April,  when 
the  sun's  rays  begin  to  have  an  influence  on  the  borders. 
As  the  second  Vinery  will  now  be  breaking,  the  tem- 
perature may  gradually  advance  to  35"  by  night,  and  may 
reach  70**  during  bright  days  ;  the  moisture  must  be 
regulated  in  some  degree  by  the  weather.  Young 
strong  Vines  are  sometimes  difficult  to  break,  especially 
when  grown  on  the  rod  system,  and  some  ingenuity  will 
be  required  in  binding  them,  so  as  to  cause  the  lower 
buds  to  break  at  the  same  time  as  those  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  shoot.  Dress  and  prepare  successive 
Vineries,  that  they  may  be  brought  into  work  as 
required  ;  everything  necessary  to  be  done  in  the  shape 
of  painting  and  repairing  the  roofs  should  be  effected  at 
once.  Peach-house.- — You  cannot  hurry  Peaches  at 
this  stage,  and  it  will  be  better  to  keep  them  very 
steady  and  comparatively  cool,  than  attempt  to  make 
up  for  light  and  sun  by  fire-heat;  dust  the  flowers 
frequently,  and  keep  what  circulation  you  can  in  the 
house,  the  health  and  vigour  of  the  blooms  will  depend 
mainly  on  the  supply  of  air  they  get ;  bring  on  the 
second  house  gently,  making  fires  chiefly  by  day  ;  the 
temperature  at  night  may  be  45**  this  mild  weather, 
and  this  may  be  maintained  without  fire-heat.  Figs 
may  have  their  temperature  gradually  raised,  as  the 
leaves  advance,  1**  weekly  should  however  not  be 
exceeded  ;  syringe  frequently.  Cherries  will  require 
caution  and  tlieir  progress  should  be  slow,  fires  will 
only  be  necessary  by  day,  and  even  then  the  lieat 
should  not  rise  higher  than  55°,  to  which  point  it 
should  be  kept,  by  free  admission  of  air. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Wherever  the  soil  is  found  to  be  at  all  poor,  Roses 
should  be  frequently  lifted,  and  have  a  fresh  supply 
of  compost.  November  is  the  best  time  for  this  opera- 
tion, the  next  best  the  present ;  take  each  plant  up 
carefully,  and  remove  the  contiguous  earth,  and  replace 
it  by  a  compost  of  strong  loam  and  well  rotted 
manure,  when  the  plant,  after  a  moderate  root  pruning, 
should  be  replaced  in  its  place ;  all  Roses  are  benefited 
by  this  practice  every  three  or  four  years,  but  in  poor 
soils  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  insure  a  fine  bloom. 
Proceed  with  the  thinning  out  and  pruning  of  such  trees 
and  shrubs  as  require  it,  and  the  planting  of  hardy 
trees  and  shrubs  may  be  carried  on,  especially  those  of 
adecidnous  habit 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 

Dahlias  should  now  be  in  active  operation.  The  best 
way  of  propagation  is  to  place  the  roots  in  sand  and 
leaf  mould  over  a  hot-water  tank,  which  occupies  three 
sides'of  a  small  pit,  having  a  passage  in  the  centre.  We 
place  the  large  roots  on  the  side  nearest  the  back  of 
the  house,  reserving  the  front  bed  for  the  culture  when 
,  taken  off.     As  soon  aa  the  shoots  are  2  inches  long  we 


remove  tliem,  cutting  theiu  close  under  a  joint.  Tiiey 
are  then  inserted  round  the  side  of  a  small  pot  in  sand, 
tlie  pot  being  plunged  to  the  rim  in  the  front  bed  before 
alluded  to.  We  do  not  cover  them  with  hand-glasses, 
finding  that  by  keeping  a  brisk  heat  they  root  extremely 
well  without.  The  grower  of  Ranunculuses  should 
have  all  ready  for  planting  his  bed  in  such  a  state  tliat 
it  may  be  raked  down  at  any  time,  and  the  roots  put  in 
the  first  favourable  opportunity.  As  Tulips  tlirow  their 
spikes  above  ground,  in  the  best  managed  and  best  pro- 
tected beds  there  will  be  some  that  will  suffer  from 
canker.  When  this  is  perceived,  remove  the  soil  below 
the  part  affected,  and  cut  away  with  a  sharp  penknife. 
Allow  it  to  remain  exposed  to  the  air,  but  sheltered  from 
wet,  by  placing  a  small  handglass  over  it,  raised  from  the 
ground  with  some  small  pieces  of  tile. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

See  our  remarks  last  week  on  covering  wall  trees. 
Should  frosty  weather  occur,  everything  should  be  in 
readiness.  Stout  canvass  sci'eens  on  rollers  are,  per- 
haps, the  best  things  after  glass,  but  they  are  expensive; 
and  we  doubt  not  moveable  glass  frames  will  soon  come 
into  general  use  for  all  the  finer  descriptions  of  wall  fruit, 
by  which  means  we  shall  be  able  to  rival  our  continental 
neighbours  in  this  branch  of  gardening.  The  pruning, 
nailing,  and  tying  of  wall  trees  should  now  be  followed 
closely.  As  studs  driven  into  the  walls,  either  with  an 
eye  or  round  head,  to  secure  the  bass  in  tying  the 
shoots,  are  much  preferable  to  the  yearly  driving  of 
nails,  we  strongly  recommend  the  plan.  Although  the 
first  cost  is  higher,  it  will  be  found  much  less  injury 
arises  to  the  trees,  and  the  walls  are  preserved  at  the 
same  time.  Apples,  Pears,  and  the  smaller  description 
of  fruit  trees,  should  not  have  their  necessary  pruniug. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

The  land  for  the  general  ci*op  of  Potatoes  shoidd  be 
got  into  planting  order  immediately  the  state  of  tlie  soil 
will  permit  its  being  moved.  We  do  not  advise  the 
planting  of  the  general  crop  in  the  autumn,  feeling  sure 
no  advantage  is  gained  by  the  plan  ;  and  as  to  its 
exempting  the  crop  from  disease,  our  own  experience, 
in  a  large  Potato  district,  leads  to  no  such  result.  We 
would,  however,  advise  planting  in  March,  on  dry,  open 
soils.  Avoid  fresh  and  rank  manure  ;  soot,  peat-ashes, 
and  other  dry  absorbent  manures,  are  preferable  ;  and 
the  more  so,  on  damp  and  heavy  lands.  Prepare  ground 
for  the  main  crops  of  Parsnips  (a  favourite  root  in  the 
West  of  England),  Carrots,  Beets,  and  other  roots 
requiring  a  deep,  good,  pulverised  soil.  A  few  Early 
Horn  Carrots  with  a  mixture  of  Short-top  Radish  may  be 
sown  on  a  south  border  ;  cover  over  with  straw  or  loose 
branches  till  the  plants  are  well  out  of  the  ground. 
Take  every  opportunity  to  clear  the  vegetable  quarters 
of  rubbish,  which  only  afford  a  harbour  for  slugs  ;  bring 
on  successional  crops  of  forced  vegetables,  as  Asparagus, 
Kale,  Rhubarb,  &.c.  Except  for  the  early  crop  of 
RhuljaA,  we  prefer  forcing  the  two  latter  vegetables 
where  they  grow  ;  and  we  know  of  no  better  or  cheaper 
way  of  forcing  Asparagus  early,  than  taking  up  the  roots 
and  placing  them  on  bottom  heat  in  a  pit  heated  by  liot 
water  pipes.  ^Later  in  the  season,  beds  made  per- 
manently, and  heated  either  by  dung  linings  or  pipes, 
may  be  adopted.  Keep  up  the  supply  of  French  Beans 
by  making  a  sowing  every  10  days  in  small  pots  ;  attend 
to  this  vegetable  in  the  forcing  house  by  daily  syringing, 
to  keep  down  red  spider.  Put  a  little  brushwood  in 
each  pot  to  support  the  plants  ;  and  pass  a  strand  of 
matting  round  to  keep  them  together.  In  some  places 
Lettuces  are  required  early  in  i  April,  and  for  this  pur- 
pose require  forcing.  Make  up  a  bed  of  leaves  and 
dung,  for  a  slight  bottom  heat,  on  which  place  a  shallow 
frame.  The  plants  (the  Cabbage  Lettuces  are  the  best 
for  this  purpose),  which  should  have  been  sown  early 
in  autumn  may  now  be  planted  in  the  frame,  in  light 
rich  soil,  7  or  3  inches  thick  ;  place  them  near  the 
glass,  1  foot  apart  each  way.  In  giving  air  they  will 
require  care  the  first  fortnight,  to  prevent  their 
damping  off ;  and  if  the  heat  keeps  steady,  they  will 
grow  fast]  and  form  fine  close  heads  by  April.  We 
prefer  for  ourselves  that  called  the  Dutch  Dwarf  Forcing. 


state  of  the  Weather  near  London,  for  die  week  ending 

Jnn.2 

t).  185::, 

as 

obHPrred  at  the  Horticultural  Garden.  Chiswiclt. 

& 

TE1IP8H4T0I11. 

Jan. 

e 
o 
o 
£ 

Of  the  Air. 

Orthe  Earth. 

I  foot  2  feet 
deep.  ,(leep. 

Wind. 

« 

Max. 

Min. 

Uax. 

Mln. 

Mean 

29.829 

C9  423 

4fi 

?t 

3S.5 

41 

4ft 

SW, 

.00 

29.831 

29.559 

41.0 

40^ 

40 

S.W 

.10 

Sunday  .  2b 

29.945 

29.775 

50 

38.b 

40* 

40 

H  W 

.Ih 

Monday    25 

30.(175 

29.90.1 

51 

41 

-16.0      40 

40 

S.W. 

.00 

Tuea.   ..   -7 

29.b83 

29.4r.7 

4fi 

29 

37.5      411 

40 

Wed.    ..  2^ 

29.883 

29.730 

*.!1 

S30      40 

40 

.00 

Thura. ..  ^ 

;> 

30.090 

29.924 

46 

34 

40.0      39 

■m 

S.W. 

.04 

Avpi-at'" 

29i<9l    1  29.f83 

47-4   ■  307 

391      40.1 

40  1 

-6S 

23— Pine;  very  fine;  clear  at  night. 

24-Lliilitly  oveicast;  rain. 

25— Clear;  exceedingW  fine:  clear;  alight (fost;  rain. 

2r>— Cleiir;  very  fine;  overcaat, 

27— Fine;  rain  tbroughout. 

2S-Foi:i:y;  flne-.clear;  rlmrp  frost. 

2'J— Frosty,  wuh  foff;  very  fine;  ovftrcast. 

Ueaa  temperature  of  the  week,  1^  deg.  aliove  the  averaee. 


State  of  the  Weather 

It  Chiawick.duri 

BT  thel«9t 

:fi 

year?,  for  the 

eDBUloit  week,  endioK 

■Vb  7-  ISO-;. 

^ 

No,  of 
leara  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

PreiailiDst  Wioda. 

m 

5  B- 

3S 

Greatent 
Qusntity 
of  Uain. 

Feb. 

2 

2i  6    4 

Z 

Sunday 

1 

42.9 

31.7 

37-3 

10 

0.75  la. 

?. 

Mod 

43.9 

31.2 

3,.b 

2    fi    4 

Tues. 

3 

44.7 

31.3 

3S0 

n 

2;  3:  3    1    2  10    3 

Wed. 

•] 

44.4 

32.S 

3,Sh 

12 

OJil 

3:  4    3—    6    G    4 

Thura. 

44.5 

32.2 

3M3 

10 

0.14 

S    3    2    I    3    6|  4 

Friday 

n 

4i.6 

33.5 

39.6 

13 

0.39 

2    1    3    3    4    &!  6 

Sator. 

7!     46.4 

33.2        39.8 

14 

2    1    3—    3    9    6l  2 

The  hlKhest  reraperature  daring  the  above  period   occurred   on  the  3d, 
1950— therm.  57  dejc.  ;uid  the  lowest  ou  the  8th,  IS47— therm.  5  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Apple  Teees  :  J  P.  They  are  attacked  by  American  blight. 
Wash  the  branches  with  spirits  of  tar,  applied  wilb  a 
paintei'rt  brush. 

BiaDs :  Ropier/.  To  save  your  birds,  you  must  instantaneously 
remove  them  into  New  Mahogany  cages  ;  and  hum  'he  old 
ones  at  once.  The  "red  spider"  you  spealt  so  innocently 
about,  has  been  fattening  on  the  life's  blood  of  your  birds  for 
many  weeks  past.  Examine  your  birds  carefully  before  put- 
ting  them  iuio  their  new  dwelling ;  and  with  the  extreme  eud 
of  a  flue  needle,  remove  every  one  of  the  vermin  which  aie 
pa'pable  to  the  eye,  We  much  fear  jou  do  not  read  our 
"  Weekly  Advice"  with  due  attention.  We  have  ransacked 
the  dictionary  for  words  aufliciently  strong  to  denounce 
thefe  vermin.  With  respect  to  yuur  parrote,  they  care  little 
about  water  at  this  season.  In  the  summer  ihey  like  to 
bathe  tlitir  heads.— i^  G  W,  We  have  j{iven  the  subject  all 
due  connideration,  and  you  shall  Itnow  the  result  at  the 
earliest  posnlble  mfineni.— .liina  A'ai-ia.  Your  bird  is  over- 
fed. Be  more  spuriiig  in  the  "  extras."— ^oftn  P.  There  is 
nothing  better  at  this  season  than  a  tnail.  They  are  now 
most  plentiful.  —  Sxisanna  J.  Moist  sugar,  mixed  with  a 
little  boiled  milk,  with  bread  soaked  in  ir,  will  do  *'  nicely. 
It  will  ofter  a  temptation  too  powerful  to  be  resisted.— 
E.  M'Grath.  If  the  bird  be  as  representtd,  two  guineaB  is  by 
no  meaos  an  overcharge. — Ptbecca  P.  Two  years  old,  at 
least.  If  younger,  disappointment  ia  the  Ubual  result,— 
and  the  loss  of  temper;  two  things  to  be  specially 
avoided. —  iriWiam  J.  It  is  the  advance  of  the  season  that 
induces  the  budden  change.  We  are  all  equally  afftctett 
by  it. — Jacques.  Its  voice  is  hardly  "  mtlaiictioly."  '  l:*laiu- 
tive'  it  may  truly  be  called,— but  then  how  sweet l—*^)';?^'^*"^' 
We  ere  indeed  "hflppy"  to  know  that  we  have  saved  your 
"pel's"  life.  We  h.ive  lately  worked  many  other  similar 
"extraordinary  cures;"  and  it  is  only  humane  to  let  us  he 
told  of  xbem.—  TabUha.  It  is  simply  because  your  birdb  mre 
Busptnded  in  such  a  manner  as  to  see  each  other.  The 
"excitement"  thereby  produced  militates  against  so')ig* 
Reform  this.— Jnieiia  IK.  It  has  taken  cold.  Bulled  milk,  in 
litu  of  water,  will  remove  the  husk;  but  you  nmstreu-ove 
him  to  a  close  cage.  We  are  weary  ot  so  often  enforcing 
this.— Geoi-ge  P.  His  feathers  will  be  replaced  witb  the 
return  of  spring-,  and  bis  plumage  will  be  finer  than  ever. — 
Ninetta,  Do  not  give  your  nightingale  too  many  mealworms  ; 
they  take  them  off  their  regular  food.  One  morning  and 
evening,  is  amply  sulBcieni.- Jacol*  T.  You  bought  it  jn  the 
street,— did  you  ?  You  did  wrong.  "  It  does  not  sing,"  you 
say.  It  never  will.  You  were  told  it  was  a  cock,— were  you  ? 
And  you  believed  it  ?  Wrong  again,— very.  There  never 
was  a  cock-bird  sold  in  the  streets  of  London  since  the 
building  of  that  great  city  ;  and  there  never  will  &e.  Tour 
shilling  therefore  must  be  sacrificed  at  the  shrine  of  expe- 
rieuQe.— Josephine.  The  first  week  in  May  will  be  quite  early 
enoughto(Au<fcaboutit.— jl/aria.Yourp3rrotwiU,wefear,never 
reform.  Herhabitshavebecome"fixed."  Alijoucan  dois-to 
rub  bitter  aloes  over  the  breast  and  other  bare  parts,  and  if  this 
lail,  to  reduce  her  proportions  exactly  by— a  head.—/'  G—n. 
We  have  your  name,  truly  ;  but  again,  no  address  !  Uow  is 
it  possible  for  us  to  answer  all  your  questions  by  post,  not 
knowing  where  you  reside?  1  fie  "  Worcester"  post  mark 
on  your  letter  is  at  present  our  only  guide!  Write 
again.  W.  K. 

Bleeding  :  P  S.  We  cannot  advise  you  what  to  do  with  your 
tree,  unless  we  know  what  has  led  to  its  blecdinjr,  and  iu 
what  state  the  tree  now  is.  The  leaf  belongs  to  some  Cassia, 
and  probably  to  C.  eorymbosa. 

Books  :  W  Ward.  No  such  book  either  has  been  or  ever  will 
printed.  Do  you  know  that  the  number  of  ditferent  species 
of  plants  is  estimated  at  100.000,  exclufaive  of  varieties  % 

Diseased  Leaves  :  B  Fielder.  You  will  find  leaves  like  your 
own  tigured  at  p.  595  of  our  volume  for  1849.  The  holes  are 
probably  produced  by  drops  of  some  acrid  vapour  falling 
upon  them.  Are  you  near  any  chemical  works  ?  If  you  are 
you  may  look  to  them  for  the  cause  of  the  mischief,  and  yo 
may  expect  all  your  trees  to  be  killed, 

Gbapes  :  Cartmei.  We  would  advise  you  to  give  your  Josling's 
St.  Alban's  a  further  trial  before  you  replace  it  with  another 
sort.  The  fruit  certainly  has  a  tendency  to  split  or  crack 
before  it  is  ripe  ;  but  that  may  be  prevented  by  beeping  the 
border  in  a  uniform  state.  If  the  latter  is  permitted  to  be- 
come too  dry,  and  suddenly  saturated  with  water,  the  fruit 
is  sure  to  split ;  but,  with  care  to  prevent  this,  sound  Grapes 
maybe  obtained,  and  when  had  in  perfection,  few  varieties 
are  more  esteemed. { 

Heaitnq  :  E  B  E.  You  cannot  heat  such  a  small  place  with 
hot  water.  If  you  dislike  dung  why  not  employ  leaves, 
which  do  just  as  well  ?  Sometimes  gas  stoves  have  been  used 
for  such  places,  but  with  indifferent  success.  It  is  very  diffi. 
cult  to  apply  hot  water  to  small  places  like  yours,  without 
incurring  an  expense  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  result. 

Ibish  Botanic  Gardens:  EC,  We  fear  we  shall  be  unable  to 
find  room.  Your  letter  is  very  long,  and  does  not  add  any- 
thing material  to  the/acts  already  published. 

MibTLETOE  :  ED  S.  When  ripe  insert  ihe  glutinous  seeds  into  a  .y 
slit  or  cleft  on  the  under  side  of  a  branch.  The  reason  why  ij 
you  fail  is  no  doubt  that  birds  eat  the  seed  before  it  germi.  U 
nates  ;  they  cannot  get  at  it  if  on  the  underside.  A 

NAMES  OF  Frdits:  J  E.  1,  "Old  Man"  Apple;  2,  Norfolk  ^ 
Paradise ;  2,  Northern  Greening  ;  4  and  5,  not  known— pro- 
bably local  varieties;  quality  indifferent.  6,  Wood's  Seed- 
ling—it is  too  acid.  \l  —  JP  Wall.  Your  Pear  is  the 
Easter  Bearre.  With  regard  to  its  merits,  it  is  some- 
times buttery  and  excellent;  but  occasionally  it  is,  like 
the  specimen  received,  rather  mealy.l|—£  JF  S.  1,  Holland, 
bury  2,  Buir  Knot;  3,  Northern  Greening;  i,  perhaps 
Minchall  Crab,  but  the  specimen  was  imperfect ;  5,  some 
wild  sort. II— iV  N,  Your  seedling  Apple  has  very  sweet, 
tender  flesh,  such  as  would  be  preferred  by  some.jl 

Names  of  Plants  :  J  T.  Young  men  who  know  nothing  of 
science,  andleaetofallof  systematical  science,  shouldhave  dif- 
fidence'enough  to  refrain  from  assuming  the  office  of  critics. 
Our  correspondent  at  p.  53  is  perfectly  correct  in  his  descrip- 
tion  of  the  three  Cratseguses  called  orientalis,  odoratisalma, 
and  tanacetifolia ;  and  you  are  entirely  wrong.  As  to 
whether  a  plant  is  a  jmaU  tree  or  not,  such  terms  of  com- 
parison are  not  open  to  criticism  when  employed  as  by  the 
correspondent  in  questiou.  Perhaps  you  do  not  know  that 
Loudon's  "Arboretum,"  although  a  useful  and  instruc- 
tive work,  is  the  very  last  to  %vhich  reference  can  he  made  aa 
an  authority  for  names.— .H  P.  Cleome  speciosa,— J,  A, 
Acacia  lophantba. 

Pampas  Grass:  i>.  We  never  recommend  dealers.  Tour 
nearest  nurseryman  can,  perhap?,  obtain  it  for  you.J 

Potatoes:  Hand  Co.  You  mubt  be  so  good  as  substantiate 
your  statement  by  the  testimony  of  some  analytical  chemist 
of  acknowledged  skill.  Common  chemists  are  unable  to 
make  such  analyses  in  a  manner  that  is  satisfactory  to  the 
public. 

Rabbit-gdard  :  J  C  S,  We  would  prefer  3  feet.  Rabbits  will 
easily  leap  the  height  of  18  inches.   IT. 

Walls  ;  G  P.  They  may  be  pointed  as  soon  as  all  danger  from 
frost  is  over.t 

Misc  :  MB.  Cycas  revoluta  is  not  a  very  rare  plant.  It  is 
seldom  cultivated,  because  it  does  not  produce  gay  flowers  ; 
of  course  it  flowers— all  cultivated  plants  do.  Tillandsia 
dianthoides  is  a  Bromeliad,  not  an  Oichid. —  Un  Jouvenceaii 
had  better  apply  to  M.  Tilmorin,  Quai  de  la  Megisserie, 
Paris ;  the  plant  he  mentions  is  not  that  we  know  of  iu 
England.  We  cannot  become  agents.  Nothing  is  sold 
from  Kew. 


5—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  ndulterationa  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carrie-l  on. 

ANToNT  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

OXLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

b\if  t3  be  carefully  on  their  Ruard. 

The  character  of  the  paities  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
■of  course  he  the  heat  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  4NT0«Y  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  lohich  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
-91.  5s.  per  toiij  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  "dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
«ither  leave  a  loss  tu  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adnltprafed. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  beg  to 
offer  PERUVIAN  GUANO,  warranted  perfectly  genuine  ; 
Soperpbospbate  of  Lime,  Wheat  Manure,  Concentrated  Urate, 
Irish  Peat  Charcoal,  Gypsum-,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  and  every  arti- 
ficial Manure,  on  the  best  terms.  Also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  Agricultural  Purposes,  at  a  low  rate.  Engliah  and 
foreign  T.inseed  Cake,  Rape  Cake,  &c. 

Edw4BD  Pcbsee,  Secretary,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriara. 

MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    raanu- 
factured  at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  WlUiam-street,  City,  London. 

N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  gua^an^eed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 

Ammonia,  91,  IDs.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  5s,  per 

ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia.  &c. 


FOSSIL  BONES  AND   PSEUDOCOPROLITES 

(FBOM   TOE   SDFFoLK    CSAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  AND  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  i  .cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre. 
pared  to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphopphate 
■of  Lime  in  conjunctioa  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwabd  Packabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Mqnufactnrers.  Ipawich,  Suff.ilk. 


FARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
the  NEWaod  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 

impregna'ed  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Faeces  bein^ 
absorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
sei,  at  6Qj.  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  and  25.  6d.  per  half  cwt. 

AGRICULTURAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC  EDUCATION. 

MESSRS.  NESBIT'S  ACADEMY,  38,  Kennington- 
lane,  Lambeth,  near  London. 
•  For  my  own  part,  I  do  not  scruple  to  avow  the  conviction  that 
ere  long  a  knowledge  of  the  principal  truths  of  chemistry 
will  be  expected  in  every  educated  man  ;  and  that  it  will  be 
as  necessary  to  the  stiitesman  and  political  economist,  and 
practical  agriculturist,  as  it  is  already  indispensable  to  the 
physician  and  the  manufacturer." — Liebig. 

In  this  SCHOitL,  in  addition  to  the  general  routine  studies, 
which  include  the  Claasics.  Mathematics,  and  French  and  Ger- 
man lani^uages,  every  facility  is  ifforded  fnrtbfi  acquisition  of  a 
sound  knowledge  of  CHEMISTRY.  The  pupils  are  practicalK 
taught  in  the  laboratories,  which  are  fitted  up  with  everything 
essential  for  the  most  extensive  chemical  investigationu. 

The  principles  of  Geology,  Botany,  and  the  other  departments 
^f  Natural  Philosophy,  are  clearly  elucidated  and  explained. 
Eminent  Professors  of  the  Metropolis  lecture  regularly  to  the 
pupil?  on  subjects  of  literary  and  scientific  interest. 

The  dtudente  have  likewise  access  to  a  larye  and  well-assorted 
Library,  comprising  the  most  recent  works  on  science  and 
literature  ;  to  a  valuable  collection  of  Minerals  and  Geological 
■specimens  from  various  parts  nf  the  globe  ;  and  to  an  extensive 
ftoiie  of  Mathematical  and  Pbilosi'phicallofltruments. 

The  course  of  study  likewise  comprises  every  essential  for  the 
Railway  Engineer,  Architect,  and  Practical  Surveyor. 

The  Terms  of  the  School,  with  further  particulars,  may  be 
had  on  application,  either  personally  or  by  letter. 

Mr.  Nesbit's  Works  on  Land  Surveying,  Mensuration, 
Gauging,  Arithmetic,  English  Parsing,  Edacation,  &c.,  may  be 
had  of  all  bookdeliers. 

R»FEBENCE9.— Dr.  D.  B.  Reid,  F.R.S.E.,  &e..  Author  of 
"Elements  of  Practical  Chemistry,"  "  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Ventilation,"  Ac,  Houges  of  Parliament,  Westmin-tter  ;  J. 
■Gardner,  E«q..  M.D.,  Author  of  "  The  Great  Physician,"  .fee. 
Editor  of  "Liebig'g  Lettero,"  Ac,  Mortimer-street,  Portland- 
plac«,  London  ;  John  Shittler,  Esq.,  Wimborne,  Dorset ;  ThoB. 
^unders.  Esq.,  Watercomhe,  near  Dorchester;  J.  Gater,  Esq.. 
West  End,  near  Southampton  ;  and  W.  Shaw,  Esq.,  Editor  of 
the  Mark  Lane  Express,  London. 


A   PfiIZE    MEDAL  FOR    SUPERIOR    LOCKS 

WAS  AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
.^^     ^  EXHTBITION  OF  1851 

pATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 

■^  Draining,  and  other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  6s.  per 
doren.  Carpenters  and  Smiths'  ToMs.  (tc.  Ladies'  Garden 
TooN,  It.  Hd.  a  iet.  Sword-ncraperA  for  Gardens,  la,  id.  each. 
Patent  Fumlgators  for  destroying  inseca  on  plants,  in  green- 
Joa»ei,  Ac.:  at  M^ssra,  J.  tl.  Boobbtee  and  Co.'h  (late 
Stdbch  and  Boobbteb),  Ironmongery,  Brass-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  atanhope-ntreet,  Claremarket, 
London.  E«tahll»he(l  nearly  200  years  for  the  sale  of  goods 
from  the  beit  Manufactoriei  at  the  lowest  prices.  Goods  for- 
^V?-?"  *1  ^"l^P?'^  '^n  thorarelpt  nfremlttincA, 


CTEPHEN.SON    and    Co.,    61,    Grace  church-street, 

*^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-ntrect.  Roiithwark,  TnventnrH 
and  Mwnufartureraof  the  Improved  CONICA  L  and  DOUBLE 
<;YLlNrJKK;AL  boilers,  rpsp^ctfuiw  nolfcit  the  attention  of 
■clentlflc  fTorticulturi»l»  to  their  much  Tmprovtjd  method  of 
applying  thn  Tank  System  Vt  Pineries,  Propngating  Ilousen, 
4ec.,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  a*  well  n«  bottom  heat  Is 
iteured  to  any  required  degree,  withoot  ihnal.I  of  pipei  or  flueH, 
S.  and  Co.  hare  aUo  to  ntqte  that  at  the  request  of  numerous 
friendt  they  are  now  maUIng  their  rjoilers  of  Iron,  as  well  tm 
Copper,  by  which  the  coit !«  r<!du(;«;d.  These  BoUirs,  which 
ar«  aow  »o  well  known,  ncnrcely  re<)ulro  deicHptlon  ;  but  to 
thote  who  hare  not  «een  them  in  operation.  prn«pectu»»iii  will 
be  forwarded,  ai  well  aa  rcferpncen  f»t' the  higlicdtaa'horlty  ;  or 
ihey  mny  b«  te^n  at  mont  of  the  Nobllltj'a  neat*  and  principal 
Xnr»erlr«  tbrooghoat  the  KIngdnm. 

S.  and  Co  beg  to  inform  the  Trade  that  at  thpir  Mannfnctory, 
17,  lf»w  Parlc-i'reet,  cvpry  article  requlri-d  for  thn  i;on>itriiction 
of  flortloiltural  Building*,  nn  whII  an  for  briattng  th«rn,  may 
be  ohtnlned  opon  the  mott  ndvnnttigi'Ou*  tcrni»i, 

Coniervatoripi,  <bc.,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  mnut 
omkmvn'al  deolgns,  Batconlea.  Fallvading,  Flold  and  Qarden 
Fencei,  Wire-work,  Ac. 


CHEAP    AND    DURABLE    ROOFING. 


MAJESTY'S 


nOYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


FM'NEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunliill- 
•   row,  London,  the   Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTt-D  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  andforGarden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  tho  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited   and  obtained  two  Silveh  Medal 
Pbizes,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majestt's  Woods  and  Forests, 

HONOCBABLE  BOABD  OF  OhDNANCE, 

HoNocBABLE  East  India  Compant, 
HoNOUBABLE  CoMMiaSlONEBS  OF  COSTOMS, 

Hee  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  op  Wight, 
RoTAL  Botanic  Gardens,  Heqent'b  Pabk, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukea  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  mo&t  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Botal  Aqbicoltdbal  Societt's  Hodse,  Hanover- 
square. 

It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  ot  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

PniCE  One  Penny  peb  Squabe  Foot. 

*♦•  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years*  experience,  with  reterences  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Archf(ectP,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executed. 

$^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  the  above  RooHng  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-buildings,    Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor's  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West- 
minster  Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'NEiLLand  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  sitice,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A.  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
so  eatisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Kooma  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.    Quantity  altogether  used,  24,000  feet. 

Note.  — Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied  in  lengths  best  suited  to  their  Roofs,  so  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Felt. 


I  RELAN  D. 

MR.  CORNELIUS  LUNDIE,  Land-agent,  Agri- 
coLTCBAL  Engineer  and  AitciiiTF.cr,  and  Consdltino 
Agbicdltobist  (a  native  ot  Roxburghshire — lately  from  Lin- 
colnshire], offers  his  services  to  Purchasers  and  intending 
Purchasers  of  Land  in  Ireland. 

And  having  many  Farms  to  let  in  all  parts,  will  be  happy 
fwithout  fee)  to  furnish  information  to  Tenants,  who  are  re- 
minded that  the  usual  time  of  entry  in  Ireland  is  the  25th 
of  March. 

Also  on  the  Liffey,  near  Dublin,  a  Miller  or  Manufacturing 
Company  may  secure  the  Lease  tor  80  years  of  a  Vast  WATER 
POWER,  with  a  large  Building  and  Water-Wheel,  originally 
a  Flour  Mill,  lately  a  l^aper  Mill. 

Also,  in  various  localities,  are  offered  to  be  Sold  or  Let 
GRINDING  and  FLAX-DRESSING  MILLS,  and  premises 
applicable  to  Spinning,  ic,  with  good  Houses  and  snug 
Farms. 

Also  for  Sale,  Properties  of  45  acres  and  432  acres  of  prime 
LAND,  well  circumstanced,  at  about  Twelve  Yearn'  PnrchaHe. 

Land  Improvement  Office,  21.  Bacheloe's-walk,  Ddblin. 


NEW    AGRICULTURAL    PEA. 

BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST,  20s.  per  bushel, 
73.  6rf,  per  peck  (bags  included)  —This  PEA  was  raised 
by  Mr.  Bishop,  tlie  raii-er  of  the  garden  variety  known  as 
Bishop's  Lod<;- podded  (of  established  reputatian),  and  was  pre- 
sented by  him  to  some  of  his  relatives  in  Perthshire,  in  which 
northern  climate  it  has  answered  exceedingly  well ;  its  early 
habiti*  ensuring  a  crop  where  later  varieties  fail.  Its  merits 
consist  in  being  remarkably  early,  and  certainly  much  better 
cropper  than  any  out ;  as  many  an  GO  and  more  pods  have  been 
counted  on  one  plant.  It  grows  bat  two  feet  high,  of  remark- 
ably robust  habit,  and  always  branches  into  two  and  some- 
times three  or  more  stems.  Mr,  Charles  Smai't,  of  Rainham, 
Kent,  upon  whose  farm  the  Peas  offered  were  grown,  allows 
the  Subsiriber  to  state  that  a  better  or  more  likelj  useful  Pea 
never  came  under  his  notice. —  Duncan  Haibs,  Seedsman, 
Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St.  Martin's-lane,  London. 
Catalogues  of  Agriculfural  Seeds  sent  free. 


MILK,  CHEESE,  AND  BUTTER. 

HENRY  BAKER,  Optician,  90,  Hatton  Garden, 
London,  advises  anyone  who  keeps  Cows  to  send  two 
postage  stamps,  and  obtain  a  description  of  his  LACTOMETER, 
with  its  uses,  and  the  results  of  experiments  with  it  upon  dif- 
ferent Milks.  Lactometers,  complete,  in  a  mahogany  box, 
10s.  Gd, ;  Do.,  with  cheiipur  fittings,  7a.  Gd.  and  53.  ;  Hydro- 
meters for  testing  sulphuric  acid,  5s.,  Is  ,  and  lOa.  No  con- 
sumerof  acid  should  he  without  one,  as  it  is  oiten  sold  highly 
diluted.  Saccharometers  for  Hmwing,  with  tables,  5s.,  7a.,  and 
10a.  Pediment  Barometers,  from  U.  each.  Wheel  Baromi - 
ters,  from  li.  la.  each.  Packed  carclully  for  the  country,  there 
huing  nothing  to  fear  of  them  getilng  out  of  order,  as  they  are 
warranted  to  be  properly  made  nnd  coid  instrumen'H. 


FLAX    SEED    FOR    SOWING. 

J  CROW,  Agent  to  Thomas  Beale  Browne,  Esq., 
•  begs  to  inform  Flax  growors  that  he  has  some  very  tine 
SEED  once  sown  from  Rii;a,  and  grown  by  Mr.  Browne, 
which  is  the  best  seed  f'^r  sowing  in  this  country.  It  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  Flax  urowers  to  have  clean  and  proper 
seed,  that  the  Flax  may  be  of  good  quality.  Sent  in  any 
quantify,  not  less  than  2;)-  bushels,  which  Is  sufficient  for  an 
Engliph  acre  of  ground  ;  with  instructions  for  sowing. — Direct 
to  J.  Clt"w,  llanipen,  AtiilovcrBrord,  Gl'>iic''R'orshire. 


WATEUPKOOF  PATILS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  wiulor  months  should  cnn- 
struct  their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus  : — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  tho  path 
Is  at  prefont  made  trom  the  loam  which  Ih  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  shaip  river  sand.  To 
five  piirts  of  such  equal  mixiuro  add  nne  of  Portland  Cumont, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  ittatu  before  appljlng 
the  WBter.  It  may  then  bo  laid  on  'I  inches  thick.  Any  labnurer 
Clin  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
find  In  4S  liours  it  becomoH  as  hard  as  a  rn^k.  Vugetiitlon 
cimnot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  It  resists  tho  action  of  thv 
scveroHt  frost,  II  Is  necesnary,  as  water  does  not  soak  through 
Ir,  to  give  a  fall  liom  tho  nilddlo  of  thii  path  towardi  tho  sides. 
Maiiufuulurers  ot  tho  Cumont,  J,  B,  Wiiitk  and  Sons,  Mill- 
brink. uti-m^t,  WcHtmlnntpr,  


/  tOCIllN    CHINA    t'OWLS.— All    Amateur,    who 

V-^  ohtHJncd  Two  I'rlzoH  for  thirt  Hplcndid  breed  at  the  la  »' 
great  Poultry  Show  at  IJIrniliigham,  \\ni  it  few  fhlr,  hut  late 
hafijliud,  iMItCKENS  to  lilBpose  of  at  \l.  U,  per  pair  ;  u'ho 
[:>GUrl  at  If.  1«.  per  doxeii.— Apply  (Inclortlng  uddreHm  d  en- 
Tctope)  to  JoHtpft  Lkmok,  I'obUoIHco,  Handbaub,  Cheshire, 


M'CORMICK'S  AMERICAN    REAPER. 
OURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 

1-'  London.— Extract  from  Mr,  Pusoy's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  '*  Mr. 
M'Co«mick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  posalbly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  'lol, 

ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  butter  In  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  everyone  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetings  at  wtiich  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever 
produced.  2000  have  been  sold  in  one  year. — Bdeqess  and 
Ket,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 

THE  PRIZE  MEDAL,  with  "HONOURABLE 
MENTION."  has  been  awarded  for  the  GLENFIELD 
PATENT  STARCH,  by  the  Jurors  of  the  Exhibi  ion  of  all 
Nations,  and  is  now  used  in  the  Royal  Laundry.  Being  thus 
doubly  noticed  for  its  "general  superioritj"  (a  mark  of  dis- 
tinction conferred  on  no  other),  by  the  Royal  Commissioners 
and  Jury,  from  amongst  30  or  40  Exhibitors,  sets  it  far  above 
every  other  of  its  Compeitora. 

Sold  Wholecale  in  Lo'ndon  by  Messrs.  Pantin  and  Turner  ; 
Hooper  Brothers  ;  Batty  jind  Feast ;  Croft  and  Innocent ; 
Petty,  Wood,  and  Co.;  Twclvetrees  Brother^* ;  R.  Letchford 
and  Co.  ;  John  Yates  and  Co.  ;  Yates,  Walton,  and  Turner  ; 
Clayton,  Bland,  and  Co.  ;  Field,  Roberts,  and  Barber ;  A. 
Kraden  and  Co.;  Hicks  Brothers;  C.  B.  Williams  and  Co.; 
Sterry,  Sterry,  and  Co.;  Thomas  Snelling;  JnhnRrewer;  and 
Retail,  by  all  Shopkeepers.  London  Depot,  WotherepooD, 
Mackay,  and  Co.,  40,  King  William-streef,  City.  Agents 
wanted  ;  apply  to  Mr.  It.  Wotheespoon,  40,  Dunlop-street, 
Glasgow. 


TVTEWINGTON'S     "PRIZE"     IMPLEMENTS— 

-L^  The  Cultivators,  Dibbles,  Drills,  and  Manure  Distri- 
butors can  be  seen  at  Mr.  GiBEiEL's.  24.  Arundel-streer,  Strand, 
Loudon.  Orders  for  tho  "Prize"  Maimre  Distributor  are 
requested  to  be  sent  early  (the  latter  implement  ie  now  made 
with  a  single  wheel,  and  can  be  adjusted  to  a  cart).  Illus- 
trated Catalogues  sent  on  application  to  the  above  Office. 

MOVEABLE  COVERED  SHEEP-FOLD,  made 
in  pieces  6  ft.  by  4  ft.,  forming  a  fold  any  required 
length,  8  ft.  wide.  A  firm  article,  put  togtther  with  strap 
bolts  and  nuts,  and  covered  with  tarpauhng  roof.  Easily 
erected  or  removed.  Price  of  a  fold,  24  ft.  by  8  ft.,  6i. ;  or  5^. 
per  foot  run. 

SUBSTANTIAL  POULTRY  HOUSE,  to  fix  against 

a  wall,  0  ft.  bj'  4  ft.  6  ins.,  with  wire  panels  in  front  and  sides, 
and  tarpauliug  roof.  Price  503.  each.  Any  ordinary  labourer 
can  erect  them  in  two  hours. 

WIRE  SHEEP  PEN  ON  WHEELS,  6  ft.  square, 
to  feed  off  a  lawn  by  a  sheep.    Price  2i. 

WIRE  RABBIT  CAGE  AND  BREEDING  BOX 

ON  WHEELS,  to  liave  rabbits  on  a  lawn.     Price  21.  14s.  each. 

One  of  each  kind  kept  erected  for  inepectiou,  and  drawings 
sent  on  application. 

Robert  Richakdson,  21,  Tonhridge-place,  corner  of  Judd- 
street,  New-road,  London. 

N.B.  Maker  of  Houses  and  Tents  for  Emigrants,  drawings 
and  prices  sent. 


Clie  ^sttcttltural  (gazette* 

SATURDAY,  JANUARY  31,  1852. 


MEETINGS  POE  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wedn.boat,    Feb.    4-Agricultur8l  Society  of  Enjiland. 
TuUHBoAl,        —       5 -AKrieulturnI  Imp.  5»c.  of  Ireland. 
Wbdhisseat,     —     II— Ajtricultura!  Societv  of  Euelaiid. 
TunsSDAT,        —     12— Agricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 


If  any  of  our  readers  \W11  turn  to  our  volumes  for 
1846, 1847,  and  1848,  they  will  see  under  the  head 
"  Calendar  of  Operations,"  periodical  notices  of  the 
cultivation  of  what  is  sometimes  designated  as  a  Gal- 
loway, and  sometimes  as  a  South  Wigtonshire  farm  : 
and  at  p.  13,  1846,  they  will  find  a  description  of 
this  occupation.  It  consists  of  600  acres,  of  which 
400  are  strong  alluvial  land  all  drained,  and  200  are 
dry  Turnip  land :  of  these,  100  acres  around  the 
farm-buildings  are  reserved  in  permanent  pasture 
for  stock,  and  the  remainder  is  cultivated  in  10 
divisions,  viz.,  seven  clay  land  pieces  of  50  acres  each 
in  fallow.  Wheat,  Beans,  Wheat,  Barley,  Clover, 
and  Oats  respectively  ;  and  three  Turnip  land  piece 
of  50  acres  each  in  Turnips,  Potatoes,  and  Wheat  or 
Barley  respectively.  Part  of  the  fallow  break,  it 
should  be  stated,  is  sown  with  Vetclies  and  Rape, 
both  cut  for  forage  ;  the  Wheat  stubble  is  manured 
for  the  Beans,  and  it  is  dug  deeply  for  the  Barley  ; 
the  Clovers  are  manured  for  Wheat ;  the  Turnip 
crop  is  manured  with  not  less  than  6  cwt.  of  guano 
and  20  bushels  of  bones  per  acre  :  the  buildings 
include  threshing  barn,  straw-houses,  granaries, 
stalls  and  byres  for  120  cattle — dairy,  cheese-house, 
and  dairyman's  house  ;  they  include  a  dung-couit, 
where  the  cleanings  of  stables  and  byres  are  daily 
carried  and  mixed,  and  where  the  contents  of  the 
urine  tanks  are  spread  weekly.  The  threshing-mill 
is  driven  by  waterwheel,  and  attached  to  it  is 
machinery  for  cutting  straw  and  bruising  corn,  and 
close  by  is  a  cooking  house,  where  Turnips,  chaif, 
and  Linseed  are  steamed  for  the  cattle.  The  produce 
of  the  farm  is  beef,  mutton,  pork,  with  the  cheese 
and  butter  of  a  dairy  of  100  cows,  and  Wheat, 
Jiean.s,  and  Bailey  :  the  extent  of  the  farm  is  suffi- 
cient fully  to  employ  the  large  capital,  the  intelli- 
gence, and  the  energy  which  have  for  many  years 
been  spent  upon  its  cultivation  ;  the  farmer,  not 
more  as  the  tenant  of  one  of  the  best  appointed 
occupations  in  his  district,  than  as  being  in  himself 
well-fitted  both  by  practical  skill  and  experience. 


74 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  31, 


and  by  general  intelligence,  to  do  justice  to  the 
position  he  occupies,  naturally  holds  a  high  station 
among  the  agriculturists  of  the  district ;  and  taking 
into  account  his  original  qualifications  and  his  long 
successful  prosecution  of  a  business  involving  so 
many  agricultural  processes  and  products,  we  may 
safely  say  that  no  man  is  better  qualified,  whether 
by  experience  or  intelligence,  to  give  a  sound  opinion 
on  an  agricultural  subject. 

Well,  the  tenant  of  this  farm  lately  gave  to  the 
•world  his  opinion  of  a  successful  experiment  in  the 
growth  of  cattle  food  at  Auchness,  in  Wigtonshire  ; 
and,  in  his  pamphlet  on  this  subject,  he  pointed  oat 
the  expediency  of  high  farming  to  tenants,  and  of 
liberal  covenants  to  landlords,  as  the  best  substitute 
for  "protection,"  doctrines  which  might  be  safely 
argued  a  priori,  but  which  were  conclusively  de- 
monstrated by  his  own  experience  and  that  of  his 
neighbours  ;  and  yet,  except  in  his  own  neighbour- 
hood, where  he  was  already  well  known,  he  was 
immediately  set  down  as  a  speculative  enthusiast 
and  a  party  politician.  No  one  knows  better  than 
Mr.  Caird,  of  Baldoon,  the  virulence  of  party  poli- 
tical feeling  ;  nor  the  powers  of  the  English  language 
in  satire  and  invective.  Since  this  first  storm  which 
he  had  to  weather  he  has  been  employed,  as  our 
readers  know,  by  the  Times  newspaper,  on  a  com- 
mission to  enquire  and  report  on  the  condition  of 
agriculture  in  England  ;  and  it  is  to  introduce  the 
volume  ol  his  collected  reports,  lately  published  by 
Longman  and  Co.,*  that  we  have  thus  referred  to 
their  author.  It  is  needless  to  attempt  the  detailed 
criticism  of  this  work  in  a  single  article — to  portions 
of  it  we  shall  hereafter  call  the  attention  of  our 
readers.  Many  of  them  are  already  well  acquainted 
with  the  performance  as  it  appeared  piecemeal  in 
the  Times :  and  it  will  be  almost  universally 
admitted  that  it  presented  a  series  of  interesting  and 
instiTictive  pictures  of  local  agriculture.  No  doubt 
the  hurried  character  of  the  investigation  impressed 
npon  its  product  the  character  of  a  skeleton  or  out- 
line, rather  than  that  of  a  full  bodied  and  minutely 
detailed  statement;  but  it  will  be  found  that  the 
points  demanding  notice  have  been  skilfully  selected 
and  ably  commented  upon  ;  and  that  the  general 
results  to  which  the  whole  investigation  conducts 
are  fully  and  impartially  exhibited. 


Thk  time  is  rapidly  approaching  when  the  Beet- 
sugar  Question  will   be  set   at   rest  by  the  Irish 
Sugar-Beet  Company.     It  will  then  be  seen  whether 
the  views  maintained  by  Professor  Hancock  and  by 
this  journal,  or  those  adopted   by  Mr.   Sullivan, 
were  the  most  correct.     All  we  can  say  at  present, 
repeating  our  wishes  for  the  success  of  the  under- 
taking,  is,  that   if  the   speculation  shall  turn  out 
profitable,  it  must  be  from  different  data  than  those 
given  in  Mr.  Sullivan's  calculations.     With  Beet 
at  15s.  the  ton,  and  sugar  at  28s.  the  cwt.,  and  the 
expenses  of  the  manufacture  those  of  Hamoir  and 
Co.,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Sullivan,  it  is  impossible  that 
there  can  be  any  profit.     We  observed,  in  a  former 
article,  that  the  best  hope  of  success  lay  in  the  fact 
that  the  manufacture  of  Beet-sugar  in  France  had 
increased  under  the  equalisation  of  duty  on  native 
and  imported  sugar.     To  this  may  be  added  another 
fact,  of  which  we  have  been  informed  by  a  private 
communication,  from  a  source  on  which  reliance  can 
be   placed,   viz.,  that  Beet-sugar  from  France  and 
Belgium    is   now    selling   in    Dublin   at    a    lower 
rate  than  Cane-sugar.      The  prospects  of  success, 
however,  opened  by  these  two  facts  are  not  with- 
out   some    modification.       The    French    manufac- 
ture has   advanced  chiefly  by  means  of  improved 
processes  suggested  by  chemical  science,  to  which 
the  manufacturers   have   been   compelled   to   have 
recourse,    in   order   to    meet    the    competition    of 
tropical  sugar.     When  these  shall  be  adopted,  as 
adopted  they  will  be  sooner  or  later,  by  the  grower 
of  Cane-sugar,  the  advantage  which  the  Beet-sugar 
maker  derives  from  them  will  be  neutralised.     The 
fact, again,  that  Beet-sugar  is  sold  at  a  lower  rate  than 
Cane-sugar,  does  not  prove  that  it  was  at  that  price 
manufactured  with  a  profit ;  and  it  appears  rather 
extraordinary  that  the  French  sugar-makers  should 
have  passed  the  nearer  and  better  English  market, 
for  the  more  distant  and  inferior  Irish  market.     We 
have  also   received  private  information   as  to  the 
flourishing  state  of  the  sugar  Beet  crops  in  Ireland, 
■which  is  adduced  as  another  ground  of  hope.     Mr. 
Sullivan's  calculations,  it  is  said,  are  based  on  15s. 
the  ton  as  the  price  of  Beet ;  but  the  crops  are  so 
luxuriant  that  it  will  pay  the  farmer  to  raise  it  at 
10s.  the  ton.     Small  portions  of  the  crop  have  been 
weighed,  from  which  an  average  yield  of  20  or  30 
tons  is  deduced,  instead  of  the  15  tons  on  which 
Mr.  Sullivan  calculated.     We  cannot  admit  these 
facts   as   corroborating    the   hopeful   view    of    the 
question.     There  is   not  the   slightest   doubt   that 


such  crops  may  be  raised  ;  but  so  far  from  being  an 
open  question,  whether  they  will  yield  as  much 
sugar  per  ton  as  smaller  crops,  it  is  well  known  that 
they  will  not.  We  have  more  than  once  alluded  to 
the  statement  of  Sir  R.  Kane  to  this  effect.  Since, 
however,  those  who  are  so  sanguine  of  the  success 
of  the  Beet-sugar  manufacture  appear  to  shut  their 
eyes  to  it,  we  repeat  it  in  his  own  words.  "  I  have 
seen,"  he  says,  "estimates  of  the  Beet-sugar  manu- 
facture, in  which  the  produce  per  acre  is  often  taken 
at  20  or  40  tons,  as  may  be  readily  obtained  ;  but 
in  such  case  there  is  little  or  no  sugar.  It  has  been 
used  in  foiming  the  woody  matter  of  the  roots,  and 
hence  the  light  crop  above  described  is  finally  the 
most  productive."  Beet,  therefore,  at  10s.  the  ton, 
may  be  dearer  to  the  sugar  maker  than  Beet  at  15s. 
In  case  our  predictions  respecting  the  unsucessful 
issue  of  the  Beet-sugar  experiment  should  be  realised, 
is  there  nothing  else  to  which  they  who  are 
desirous  of  superseding  tropical  by  home  grown 
sugar  can  turn  their  attention  ?  What  say  they  to 
Maple  sugar?  Professor  Jchnston,  in  his  "Notes 
on  North  America,"  bears  testimony  to  its  excel- 
lence ;  and  it  has  long  formed  a  considerable 
item  of  rural  industry  in  Canada  and  the  northern 
states  of  the  Union.  It  there  affords  valuable 
aid  to  the  poorer  class  of  settlers,  by  supplying 
them  with  an  article  readily  converted  at  the 
nearest  store  into  money,  which  settlers  of  this 
class  require  for  the  purchase  of  necessaries 
before  they  can  be  produced  from  their  own 
land.  AVhere  Maple  trees  abound,  they  plunge 
into  the  woods,  in  the  sugar  season,  and  a  family 
will  thus  make,  in  a  few  weeks,  1000  lbs.  of  sugar, 
worth  from  3d.  to  dd.  the  pound.  In  1848,  more 
than  4,000,000  lbs.  of  this  sugar  w-ere  made  in 
Canada  West,  or  nearly  6  lbs.  for  each  inhabitant. 
In  1844,theproduce  of  Canada  East  was  2,250,000  lbs. 
The  two  provinces  may  be  fairly  supposed  to  yield 
some  7,000,000  lbs.,  or  one-fourth  of  their  total 
consumption  of  sugar ;  the  total  quantity  imported 
from  the  West  Indies  amounting  to  20,000,000  lbs. 
As  regards  the  United  States,  the  Report  of  the 
Patent-ofiice  for  1847  estimated  the  Maple-sugar 
crop  of  New  Hampshire,  for  that  year,  at 
2,250,000  lbs. ;  Vermont,  10,000,000  lbs.  ;  New 
York,  12,000,000  lbs. ;  but  as  it  also  estimated  that 
of  Michigan  at  3,250,000  lbs.,  which  is  known  not 
to  have  exceeded  1,774,368  lbs.,  in  1848,  a  veiy 
good  sugar  year,  it  would  appear  that  the  estimates 
of  that  office  are  not  much  to  be  relied  on.  The 
sugar  is  obtained  by  making  an  incision  in  the  tree 
and  collecting  the  sap.  The  first  sap  that  flows,  in 
April,  is  clear,  colourless,  and  tasteless ;  but 
becomes  sweet  after  standing  a  day  or  two.  A 
^w  days  after  the  tree  has  begun  to  run,  the  sap 
flows  sweet.  The  last  sap  that  flows  makes 
an  inferior  sugar.  The  manufacturing  process  con- 
sists in  boiling  the  sap  in  earthen  glazed  pots,  when 
it  produces,  at  once,  a  beautifully  white  sugar, 
particularly  if  drained  in  moulds,  and  clayed  like 
common  loaf  sugar :  in  which  state  it  cannot  be 
distinguished  from  Cane-sugar.  It  is,  however, 
generally  preferred  brown,  anil  the  darker  the  better, 
because  of  the  rich  maple  flavour  which,  though 
novel  to  the  stranger,  is  soon  relished. 

The  manufacture  of  Maple-sugar  does  n  ot,  however, 
merely  consist  in  collecting  the  natural  produce  of 
the  woods.  Provident  settlers  in  North  America 
preserve  the  sugar  Maple  in  clearing  their  lands, 
Professor  Johnston  found  on  the  estate  of  Major 
Campbell,  in  Lower  Canada,  12,000  trees,  yielding, 
on  an  average,  a  pound  of  sugar  each.  Some  trees 
being  large  and  strong,  bear  tapping  in  several  places, 
and  yield  as  much  as  three  or  four  pounds.  Some 
seasons,  again,  are  more  favourable  than  others  ;  but 
one  pound  per  tree  is  a  fair  average.  The  sugar 
makers  rent  these  trees  at  the  rate  of  one-fifth  of  the 
produce,  or  one  pound  of  sugar  for  every  five  trees. 
At  an  average  price  of  id.  the  pound,  Major 
Campbell's  fifth  would  therefore  amount  to  about 
40/.  In  some  of  the  townships  of  the  Eastern 
counties  of  Canada,  Maple  groves  are  now  planted 
for  the  production  of  sugar ;  and  it  is  expected 
that  they  will  yield  a  greater  profit  than 
can  be  obtained  by  any  other  application  of  the 
land  ;  as  an  excellent  pasture  springs  up  beneath 
the  trees.  If  it  will  pay  to  form  plantations 
of  sugar  Maple  in  Canada,  it  may  be  asked  why  it 
should  not  be  equally  profitable  to  do  the  same  in 
England  1  Before  this  question  can  be  answered, 
information  is  requested  on  the  following  points  : — 
Whether  the  sugar  Maple,  Acer  saecharinmn,  will 
be  as  productive  of  sugar  here  as  in  America?  How 
many  trees  of  suflicient  size  to  yield  a  pound  of 
sugar  each  will  stand  on  an  acre  ?  And  the  kind  of 
land  on  which  the  tree  will  flourish  ?  With  respect 
to  the  first  question,  it  appears  that  even  in  the 
country  in  which  the  sugar  Maple  is  indigenous, 


and  the  greatest  produce  is  obtained  when  a  hard 
frost  during  the  night  is  followed  by  a  hot  sun 
during  the  day.  In  Upper  Canada,  from  its  proxi- 
mity probably  to  the  lakes,  the  weather  is  more 
variable  in  the  sugar  season,  and  the  crop  is  less 
ceitain  than  in  Lower  Canada.  In  New  Brunswick, 
where  the  Maple  is  not  much  attended  to  by  the 
English  settlers,  it  is  said  to  be  a  well-ascertained 
fact,  that  the  flow  of  sap  is  influenced  by  the 
direction  of  the  wind.  After  a  frosty  night  in 
April,  the  snow  being  still  on  the  ground,  the  sap 
will  flow  freely  after  sunrise  if  the  wind  be  W., 
N.W.,  or  N. ;  but  only  sparingly  with  the  wind 
blowing  from  the  south.  If,  while  it  is  flowing 
freely,  the  wind  changes  to  south,  the  flow  of  sap 
will  gradually  diminish,  and  finally  cease. 

With  respect  to  the  number  of  trees  capable  of 
yielding  a  pound  of  sugar  each,  which  will  stand  on 
an  acre,  we  have  no  precise  information  beyond 
what  can  be  inferred  from  their  size  and  habit  of 
growth,  as  detailed  in  Hunt's  "  Hand-book  of  the 
Great  Exhibition,"  under  the  head  of  Vegetable 
Produce  ;  the  authority  for  which  may  be  presumed 
to  be  Prof.  Forbes.  A  young  tree  is  there  said  to 
be  more  productive  than  an  old  one,  and  is  stated  to 
be  fit  for  sugar  making  when  the  base  of  the  trunk 
is  about  a  foot  in  diameter.  It  is  stated  also  the 
trees  attain  a  great  height,  and  are  crowned  by  a 
dense  mass  of  foliage.  If  trees  possessing  these  con- 
ditions would  stand  five  yards  asunder,  we  should 
have  154  trees  to  the  acre  ;  if  they  would  require 
intervals  of  10  yards,  there  would  be  no  more  than 
48.  Taking  id.  as  the  average  price  of  the  sugar, 
the  rent  of  one-fifth  would  be  in  the  former  case  10s. 
per  acre,  in  the  latter,  3s.  With  regard  to  soil, 
the  Maple  is  one  of  those  hard  woods  which  in 
America  are  considered  indicative  of  good  land  ; 
Professor  Johnston  found  it  flourishing  on  the 
Niagara  and  other  limestones  ;  but  he  does  not 
think  that  it  particularly  affects  calcareous  soils. 
We  may  expect  it  to  tlwive  here  on  those  soils  upon 
the  chalk  and  other  strata,  which  are  extensively 
under  coppice,  and  on  which  the  common  Maple 
is  indigenous.  The  length  of  time  which  must 
elapse  before  a  plantation  of  Sugar-maple  would 
come  into  bearing,  precludes  the  probability  of  the 
establishment  of  a  Maple-sugar  Company,  as  a  rival 
to  the  Beet-sugar  Company  of  Ireland  ;  but  it  need 
not  deter  any  landowner  from  making  a  plantation, 
who  is  satisfied  that  it  would  eventually  be  remune- 
rative. The  trees  might  be  planted  in  coppices  at 
the  distances  at  which  it  was  intended  that  they 
should  stand  when  arrived  at  maturity.  In  the 
interim,  they  would  not  interfere  with  the  periodical 
cutting  of  the  underwood.  When  the  Maple  began 
to  yield  sugar,  the  coppice  might  be  grubbed,  and 
the  land  laid  down  to  Grass ;  wdiich  would  be 
improved  by  the  dropping  of  the  leaves.  The 
piincipal  question,  therefore,  is,  will  the  Acer 
saecharinmn  yield  as  much  sugar  in  our  climate 
as  in  North  America  ?  There  must  surely  be  in  this 
country  a  sufficient  number  of  trees  of  this  species, 
large  enough  to  furnish  experimentally  a  definite 
answer  to  this  question. 


*  "Engli'h  Agriculture  in  1850  and  1S51  ;"  by  James  Caud, 
Esq.,  the  Times  ConjmiSbiouer,    Longman  and  Co. 


BEST   MODE   OF  APPLYING  ARTIFICIAL 
MANURES. 

In  reply  to  the  queries  put  to  me,  in  a  late  Number 
by  your  correspondent,  Mr.  Campbell  (page  811 
1831),  relative  to  the  mode  of -application  of  the  sub- 
stances used  as  artificial  manures,  recommended  by  me 
for  Potatoes,  in  page  778,  I  have  much  pleasure  in 
communicating,  for  his  information,  so  far  as  my  humble 
experience  will  avail  him,  tlie  following  particulars. 
I  have  found  from  experience  that  artificial  manures, 
whatever  they  may  be,  do  not  exercise  so  beneficial  an 
effect,  if  mixed  with  the  dung,  as  when  the  latter  is  first 
allowed  to  become  thoroughly  incorporated  with  the 
soih  After  sufficient  time  has  elapsed  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  this,  the  former,  if  of  a  caustic  naturcj. 
being  previously  blended  with  twice  or  thrice  its  bulk 
of  some  less  exciting  substance,  such  as  burnt  clayy 
road  scrapings,  charcoal,  or  common  earth,  may  either 
be  deposited  along  the  drills  with  the  seed,  or  used  as  a 
top  dressing,  upon  the  appearance  of  the  plants  above 
ground,  according  to  the  description  of  the  land  they 
are  grown  in — the  former  plan  being  preferred  by  me 
in  stiff  soils,  and  the  latter  if  of  a  light,  porous  textui'e. 
By  such  process  I,  in  the  first  instance,  bring  the  land 
into  an  improved  condition,  and  afterwards  feed  the 
plants  with  the  artificial  application.  Whatever  may 
be  the  crop  cultivated,  I  think  it  better  to  adopt°this 
method,  and  the  additional  trouble  will  be  found  amply 
repaid  by  the  increase  of  produce  generally  obtained. 

Your  correspondent  states,  that  the  compositions 
employed  by  him  of  guano,  sulphates,  &c.,  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  his  Potatoes,  were  mixed  with  dung,  but 
without  mentioning  what  quantities  of  either  were  ap- 
plied, or  the  nature  of  the  soil  itself;  and  therefore  I 
can  here  only  form  a  conjecture  as  to  the  cause  of  the 
failure  in  the  result  he  derived,  which  may  have  arisen 
from  his  having    afforded   to    the   crop   an    excess  of 


climate  has  a  considerable  influence  on  the  yield  of  nourishment.     In  this  respect  agriculturists,  in  many 
sugar.     The  trees  are  tapped  in  March  and  April, '  instances,  undoubtedly  err  j    1  mean,  by  fancying  that 


5—1852. 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


the  more  "  muck  "  they  put  on,  the  more  '*  crist  "  will 
it  produce,  because  the  constitution  of  plants  with 
regard  to  food  is  precisely  similar  to  tliat  of  animals  ; 
they  can  take  in  only  a  certain  quantity,  wliich  allow- 
ance proves  beneliciftl,  whereas  a  surfeit  only  acts  pre- 
judicially to  both.  A  practical  illustration  of  the  truth 
of  this  remark  I  shall  narrate.  At  the  time  of  my 
making  the  experimenfs  adduced  in  No.  4;J  of  your 
Paper,  a  neighbouring  farmer,  who  ridiculed  the  idea  of 
the  "  new-fangled  manures,"  as  he  called  thera,  being 
capable  of  surpassing  in  their  effects, "  the  old-fashioned 
sort"  that  he  and  his  father  before  him  had  used,  deter- 
mined, he  said,  "  to  takelhe  shine  out  of  me  ;"  and  with 
such  intention,  added  to  a  piece  of  his  land  planted 
with  Potatoes,  at  the  rate  of  at  least  50  good  loads  per 
aci'e^  of  rich  dung.  The  consequence  was,  that  the 
haulm  grew  rank  and  long  ;  and  on  lifting  the  crop, 
the  principal  part,  the  tubers,  were  not  only  woefully 
deficient,  but  about  two-thirds  in  a  state  of  corruption. 
This,  I  was  perfectly  satisfied  before-hand,  would 
happen  ;  but  it  was  in  vain  my  endeavouring  then  to 
convince  him  of  it.  The  circumstance,  however,  tended 
more  forcibly  to  strengthen  the  opinion  I  have  long 
entertained,  namely,  that  this  esculent  requires  for  its 
healthy  cultivation  a  much  less  quantity  of  nitrogenous 
matter  than  most  of  our  other  usually  grown  crops.  I 
have  not  myself  had  any  of  the  products  of  our  fields 
submitted  to  analysis,  but  in  the  very  clever  and  useful 
little  work  published  by  Mr.  Solly,  entitled  « Rural 
Chemistry,"  which  every  agriculturist  will  act  wisely  in 
studying,  and  I  have  read  with  a  great  deal  of  inte- 
rest as  well  as  profit,  it  is  shown  that  in  1000 
parts  of  di-y  Potato  there  are  15  of  nitrogen,  while  in 
the  same  proportion  of  Wheat  are  found  23  ;  and  in 
100,000  parts  of  the  tuber  and  haulm  of  the  former, 
1429  of  potash,  while  but  245  appear  in  the  straw  ami 
grain  of  tlie  latter,  which  proves  that  ammoniacal 
manures  must  be  more  suitable  for  Wheat,  and  those  in 
which  potash  abounds  for  Potatoes.  Professor  John- 
ston, also,  in  his  truly  able  and  scientific  publication, 
"Lectures  on  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Geology," 
2d  edition,  page  642,  in  giving  a  detail  of  special 
manures  for  each  crop,  adds  a  much  larger  proportion 
of  potash  to  that  for  Potatoes  than  to  those  for  any 
of  the  other  crops.  He  further  states  in  the  same  work, 
page  366  : — "  If  the  produce  of  a  field  be  at  the  rate  of 
25  bushels  of  Wheat  per  imperial  acre,  weighing  60  lbs. 
a  bushel,  and  if  the  straw  average  twice  the  weight  of 
the  grain  (it  is  often  3  and  even  34  times  as  much),  then 
the  quantity  of  inorganic  matter  cari'ied  off  the  soil  by 
the  crop  will  be  per  acre  :-~ 

In  1500  ibs,  of  grain,  at  2  percent,  of  ash 30  lbs. 

In  3000  lbs.  of  straw,  at  6  per  cent     180    „ 

Total *  210  lbs. 

And  the  composition  of  the  matter  thus  carried  off 
(according  to  the  means  of  an  analysis  before  given)  will 
be  : — 


Grain. 

Straw. 

Total. 

Potash 

Iba. 
7.15 
2.73 
0.85 
3  63 
0.21) 
15.02 
0.07 

0.'35 

lbs. 

22  44 
0.29 

12.09 
6.89 
2.35 
5.54 

10.49 

1.97 

117.94 

lbs. 

Lime 

1''  94 

Magnesia 

10  52 

Oxide  of  iron 

2  55 

Fhosphoric  acid    

SuJphuric  acid  

Chlorine  

Silica    

20.56 
1066 
1.97 

30 

180 

210 

And,  again,  with  regard  to  Potatoes,  page  387,  it  is 
demonstrated  : — "  Eight  tons  of  Potatoes  contain  two 
tons  of  dry  matter,  which  leave,  when  burned,  from  8  to 
10  per  cent,  of  ash,  or  in  all  400  lbs.  The  tops  of  the 
Potato,  weighing  4  or  .5  tons  green,  contain  1000  lbs.  of 
dry  matter,  leaving  If!  per  cent  of  ash, or,  in  all,  180  lbs. 
Thns  the  crop  carnes  off  altogether ; — 

In  the  tubers 400  lbs. 

In  the  tops        „       ...    igo   „ 

Total 580  lbs. 

Or  about  70  lbs.  less  than  is  carried  off  by  a  Turnip  crop 
of  20  tons.  But  these  proportions  are,  as  you  know, 
very  variable.  The  yield  of  bulbs  and  tubers  by  tlieae 
two  crops  is  often  very  much  more  than  I  have  taken  for 
the  above  calculation.  In  some  districts  the  crop  aver- 
ages one-half  more,  and  the  proportion  of  tops,  in  both 
the  Tomip  and  the  Potato,  often  bears  a  much  larger 
proportion  to  the  weights  of  the  roots  than  I  have 
assumed.  These  circumstances  must,  of  course,  be  taken 
into  consideration  in  estimating  the  effect  which  any  given 
crop,  or  any  succession  of  crops  of  these  roots,  is  likely 
to  produce  upon  a  given  soil. 

The  relative  proportions  of  the  several  substances 
extracted  from  the  soil  by  the  above  crop  of  Potatoes, 
WM  nearly  as  follows ; — 


TobcTS. 

Top.. 

Total. 

Potash  

Ih*. 
222.51 
7.41 
8,2+ 
2I.IJ8 
208 

eo.2o 

S4.48 
17.04 
10.83 

400 

Ibi. 
to.  44 
2(1,27 
30  42 
12.70 

1.89 
13.72 
12.118 
22  19 

«.l»3 

181) 

ib«. 

273  no 
36  71 

HmJ« 

38  tg 

Osi'Je  of  iron 

a  07 

Pho»phorio  acid   

6H  02 

Chlorine  

Silica    

3D.23 
23.81 

S80 

inorganic  substances  ought  to  be  introduced  into  a 
manure  for  Wheat  than  for  Potatoes  ;  and  the  same 
observation  will  apply  respectively  with  regard  to 
every  other  crop.  But  let  tliese  artificial  applications 
be  prepared  with  ever  so  great  a  degree  of  accuracy,  it 
cannot  be  expected  that  they  will  act  similarly  on  all 
occasions.  Soil,  climate,  and  locality  must  of  course 
exercise  influences  productive  of  very  diff"erent  results  ; 
and  hence,  in  a  great  meaaure,  arise  the  discrepancies 
that  we  so  frequently  hear  of  being  experienced  in  the 
use  of  these  manures.  Nor,  as  every  farmer  knows, 
does  the  common  manure  always  yield  the  same  result  ; 
for  its  efficacy,  in  like  manner,  depends  upon  circum- 
stances ;  and  as  much  attention  is  necessary  to  be 
bestowed,  I  aver,  upon  the  preparation  of  it  properly, 
as  in  the  other  case. 

But  I  have  considerably  digressed  from  the  topic 
which  ought  to  have  constituted  the  chief  subject  of  my 
present  communication,  and  therefore  shall  return  to 
the  inquiries  made  by  your  correspondent.  To  answer 
these  more  satisfactorily  than  has  already  been  done,  I 
must  beg  the  favour  of  his  furnishing  mo  with  more 
minute  data  to  guide  me  than  he  has  afforded  ;  for 
instance — How  were  the  crops  of  his  neighbours  cul- 
tivated ?  Was  the  soil  as  well  as  the  dung  used  of  the 
same  quality  in  his  case  as  in  theirs  ?  Was  there  any 
drainage  to  the  land  in  either  or  both  cases  ?  What 
were  the  crops  previously  grown  in  each  ?  Did  he  take 
the  precaution  to  satisfy  himself  that  the  artificial  sub- 
stances used  were  really  such  as  had  been  represented  to 
him  by  the  vendor  ?  The  neglect  of  the  measure  men- 
tioned in  the  last  interrogatory,  as  fully  detailed  in  my 
"Hints  to  Purchasers  of  Manures,"  that  appeared  in 
last  year's  Volume,  page  810,  to  which  I  beg  to  refer 
him,  I  have  no  doubt  accounts  for  the  disappointment 
met  with  in  the  majority  of  cases  where  these  manures 
are  tried.  Previous  to  their  application,  also,  I  con- 
sider the  land  being  in  a  fit  state  of  fertility  of  the 
most  vital  importance  ;  and  moreover,  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind,  that  they  cannot  in  any  way  alter  its  textiire — 
I  mean,  are  incapable  of  rendering  a  stiff  soil  porous, 
or  adding  stability  to  a  light  one.  Such  qualifications 
must  be  effected  through  other  mediums.    W.  D.  S. 


By  comparing  these   analyBes,  therefore,  it  will  be  j 
getn  tliat  a  y<:ry  different  proj.ortion  of  tlio  mineral  or  | 


EXPERIMENTS  JN  AGRICULTURE. 

If  every  landowner  were  to  devote  an  acre  or  two  to 
agricultural  experiments — judiciously  varied,  repeated, 
and  recorded  year  after  year — it  is,  I  think,  extremely 
probable  that  the  condition  of  agriculture  would  soon  be 
different  from  what  it  now  is  ;  there  would  notthen  be 
a  rule  of  thumb,  a  blind  adhei'ence  to  antiquated  prac- 
tices, a  strong  prejudice  against  all  innovation,  and  a 
violent  hostility  to  all  attempts  made  to  introduce  new 
methods  of  farming. 

I  am  induced  to  make  these  remarks  by  observing  in 
your  Paper*  of  the  10th  inst.  (p.  27),  an  account  of  a 
series  of  experiments  with  vai-ious  manures,  which  are 
recorded  by  Mr,  Vernon  Harcourt,  who  is  another 
proof  of  the  advantages  conferred  on  agriculture  by 
clergymen  devoting  their  leisure  to  its  improvement. 
A  born  vassal  of  the  Archbishop  of  York  (of  which  see 
my  family  have  been  tenants  for  many  generations),  I 
feel  a  profound  veneration  for  the  name  of  Harcourt, 
which  I  may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  express,  seeing  that 
personally  I  have  no  favour  to  ask,  and  am  not  con- 
nected with  either  Church  leases  or  Church  lands. 

Will  Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt,  when  he  next  writes,  be 
kind  enough  to  say  at  what  season  these  manures  were 
applied  ?  inasmuch  as  the  application  of  the  same  sort 
of  manure  at  different  seasons  (at  least  in  Lancashire), 
makes  all  the  difference  between  producing  a  very  good 
or  a  very  injurious  effect ;  for  instance,  if  night-soil  or 
any  other  ammoniacal  manure  is  applied  to  Wheat  in 
the  spring,  say  in  April  (with  exceptions  to  be  here- 
after mentioned),  it,  for  a  time,  seems  to  be  of  extra- 
ordinary benefit — the  blade  becomes  much  darker  and 
more  luxuriant,  and  grows  away  at  a  famous  rate  ;  but 
after  it  begins  to  shoot,  the  blade  becomes  yellow,  and 
the  straw  discoloured,  and  the  Wheat  is  always  a  bad 
sample  and  an  indifferent  yield.  This  I  have  repeated 
so  frequently,  and  with  the  same  results,  that  I  am 
satisfied  of  its  truth  ;  whereas,  if  the  field  is  manured 
with  night-soil  previous  to  the  sowing  of  the  seed,  the 
effect  is  extremely  beneficial  ;  this  manure  producing 
(so  far  as  my  experiments  have  gone)  better  and  moi'e 
Wheat,  and  better  straw,  tlian  any  other  I  know. 
1  have  found  the  use  of  stable  manure  for  Wheat  (even 
when  used  in  autumn),  produce  the  same  morbid  action 
in  the  blade,  the  same  discoloration  in  the  straw,  and 
the  same  inferiority  of  sample  in  the  sack  which  the  use 
of  guano,  nitrate  of  soda,  or  night-soil  produced  when 
used  in  the  spring.  Are  these  injurious  effects  pro- 
duced in  the  south  1  The  warmer  climate  and  drier 
atmosphere  may  make  a  great  difference  in  this  respect- 

I  have  also  found  heavy  clay  land  derive  extraordi- 
nary benefit  from  an  abundant  supply  of  sand  and  gravel 
from  the  bed  of  the  river.  Some  years  ago  a  small 
church  was  built  here,  and  the  year  after  I  observed 
in  the  corner  of  the  field  where  the  grit  stones  wei'e 
strewed  that  the  Wheat  was  ripe  10  days  earlier  than  in 
any  other  part  of  the  field.  Profiting  by  this  hint,  I  had 
a  poi'tion  of  it  covered  with  gravel  at  the  rats  of  100 
cart-loads  to  the  acre  ;  another  portion  with  half  that 
quantity,  and  tho  remainder  left  without  any.  Every 
crop  bincc  that  time  (Wheat,  TurnipH,  and  TotutocH), 
hiiH  ahown  tlio  great  benefit  derived  from  llin  applica- 
tion,'aiid  I  Imvo  now  covered  tho  whole  fn'Irl,  which, 
after  thorough  draining  -I  feet  deep  and  Kiibnoiling,  bus 
now  itH  third  crop  of  Wheat  in  HucccHHion,  which  no  far 
Ifl  very  luxuriant,  and  of  great  promlHo. 


The  land  occupied  is  too  limited  to  make  it  desirable 
to  get  all  the  best  implements,  or  to  keep  a  staff  of  agri- 
cultural labourers  ;  and  therefore  it  is  necessary  to  sow 
thick,  to  keep  down  Chickweed  and  Groundsel,  which 
seem  to  be  stimulated  to  an  extraordinaiy  degi-oe  of 
luxuriance  by  the  night-soil.  I  find  one  ploughing 
of  12  inches  deep  quite  sufficient  to  produce  a  good  seed 
bed,  after  the  clods  have  been  broken  d'^wn  by  the  Nor- 
wegian harrow  ;  and  considering  that  we  have  h^& 
probably  tho  worst  climate  in  the  kingdom  for  Wheat. 
(50  to  60  inches  of  rain  falling  in  the  north  of  Lanca- 
shire), I  think  the  result  of  my  experiments  worth 
recording,  seeing  that  my  Wheat  last  year  was  ripe  ott 
the  12th  of  August,  and  the  produce  50  bushels  to 
the  acre. 

Mr,  Vernon  Harcourt  says,  "There  is  a  certain  limit 
in  all  soils  beyond  which  Nature  refuses  to  answer  your 
demands  upon  her."  No  doubt  there  is  ;  but  has  it 
been  reached  yet  ?  A  field  in  Norfolk  of  five  acres 
produced  90  bushels  of  Wheat  to  the  acre  in  1844  ; 
cannot  scientific  agriculture  come  up  to  this  standard  ? 
which,  so  far  as  I  remember,  was  the  result  of  accident. 
I  mean  that  there  did  not  appear  to  have  been  any  ex- 
traordinary appliances  to  produce  this  crop,  which  had 
followed  a  crop  of  Peas.  What  is  wanted  is  a  Wheat  of 
good  quality,  with  a  straw  so  short  that  It  will  not  lodge 
when  highly  manured  ;  the  best  I  have  found  is  Piper's 
Thickset,  but  it  is  coarse  and  thick  skinned.  Where  is 
there  a  variety  shorter  in  the  straw  producing  Wheat  of 
good  quality  ?  It  may  be  that  our  wretched  climate  ig 
the  cause  of  this  coarseness,  for  there  has  never  been  a 
a  season  since  1846  which  has  been  favoui-able  for 
Wheat  here.  I  have  obtained  a  Wheat  from  Chili  which 
is  shorter  in  the  straw  than  even  Piper's  ;  but  hitherto 
(after  two  sowings)  it  has  not  become  acclimatised, 
although  much  better  the  second  season  than  the  first. 
The  original  sample  was  a  beautiful  white  Wheat,  plump 
and  thin  skinned  ;  the  produce  is  shrivelled  and  coarse, 
more  like  Rye  than  Wheat,  Mr.  V.  Harcourt  says  it 
is  extremely  difficult  to  ascertain  "  the  best  methods  of 
obtaining  from  the  soil  the  greatest  return  that  it  is 
capable  of  yielding;  *  »  *  that  as  there  are 
idiosyncracies  in  the  human  constitution  which  defeat 
the  calculaiions  of  the  physician,  so  are  there  those  in 
the  soil  which  perplex  and  disappoint  the  agriculturist." 
No  doubt  there  is  great  truth  in  this  ;  but  has  not  the 
mechanical  condition  of  the  soil  almost  as  much  to  do 
with  fertility  as  its  chemical  composition  1  witness  the? 
experiments  of  Mr.  Smith.  In  my  own  little  attemptSj 
the  Wheat  grown  in  that  portion  of  the  land  which  was 
most  profusely  covered  with  sand  and  gravel  was  earlier, 
brighter  in  the  straw,  and  a  better  sample  than  the 
other.  I  can  hardly  suppose  that  this  was  owing  to  any- 
thing obtained  from  that  sand  and  gravel  (it  is  true  the 
gravel  was  principally  limestone  pebbles,  the  sand  mostly 
quartz),  because  the  same  effect  had  been  previously 
produced  by  the  fragments  of  sandstone  from  the  stones 
of  which  the  church  was  built,  and  there  was  previously 
plenty  of  lime  in  the  land. 

Let  not  Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt  despair  of  the  progress- 
of  chemistry  as  applied  to  agriculture,  because  Liebig 
has  made  a  mistake  iu  the  composition  of  a  manure  ;  he 
is  not  a  practical  agriculturist  but  a  chemist,  and 
chemistry,  as  applied  to  agriculture,  is  but  in  its  infancy  *: 
but  if  it  be  applied  as  perseveringly  to  agriculture  as  to 
some  manufactures,  and  all  the  combinations  of  timcj. 
soil,  proportion  of  ingredients,  &c.,  be  carefully  and 
regularly  noted,  as  he  has  done,  we  shall  surely  arrive 
at  some  practical  results.  In  1844  I  grew  50  bushels 
of  Wheat  on  an  acre,  and  all  the  manure  applied  (except 
about  5  cwt.  of  lime)  to  1|  acre,  was  taken  at  once  in 
a  wheelbarrow  !  and  this  was  the  fom'th  white  crop- 
grown  in  four  successive  years. 

I  had  written  thus  far,  when  your  Paper,  of  the 
17th  January,  came  to  hand  ;  and  I  am  pleased  to- 
observe,  in  your  Leading  article,  a  confirmation  of  my 
ideas,  namely,  that  a  manure  which  may  be  exceedingly 
valuable  for  a  particular  crop,  if  apphed  at  one  season 
is  comparatively  worthless  at  another,  and  that  crops 
sowed  at  one  season  have  a  tendency  to  ripen  their  seeds,, 
when,  if  sowed  at  another,  there  is  no  such  tendency. 
To  the  examples  mentioned  by  you  may  be  added 
Turnips  and  Cabbages,  the  proper  time  to  sow  the  latter 
(if  we  are  to  trust  the  gardeners)  being  limited  to  a  few 
days.  Peas  also  are  so  different  a  crop,  and  so  inferior 
in  quality  and  produce,  when  sowed  late,  that  here  they 
are  almost  worthless  if  sowed  after  April.  I  am  aware 
that  some  ascribe  the  mildew  by  which  late  Peas  are 
so  frequently  attacked  to  the  drought  to  which  they  are 
exposed  ;  but  they  suffer  as  much  from  this  mildew  in 
Lancashire,  as  elsewhere,  although  it  is  certainly  not  for 
lack  of  moisture. 

At  the  risk  of  being  thought  desultory  and  uncon- 
nected, I  may  as  well  notice  what  you  say  about  Barley,, 
or  rather  request  you  will  notice  what  I  said  about 
Wheat  night  ripening,  by  being  sowed  after  Barley. 
This  latter  crop  may  take  less  nitrogen  from  tho  land, 
but  does  It  not  absti'act  a  much  larger  quantity  of 
soluble  silica — tlie  importance  of  whicli  in  the  growth 
of  grain  crops  has,  in  my  opinion,  never  been  suiliciently 
estimated.  Jn  a  former  part  of  this  Paper  I  have  said 
that,  with  exceptions  to  bo  afterwards  mentioned,  I  had 
always  found  ammoniacal  manures  injurious  to  grain 
crops  when  applied  in  tho  spring.  Those  exceptions 
to  the  usual  rt'sulta  were  produced  by  combining  the 
ainmonincal  manure  (nitrate  of  soda)  with  silicate  of 
Hoda  and  sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  applying  tho  mixture 
aa  a  top-drcHsing  after  rain  in  April.  This  produced, 
as  1  have  before  stated,  50  bushels  of  , Wheat  to  tho 
acre  in  184'!,  tho  third  year  of  tho  experiment.    But 


7Q 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Jan.  31, 


that  same  lUttiiure,  applied  a  inoiitli  Jater  and  in  dvy 
weather,  produced  a  very  injurious  effect.  This  was 
not  apparent  until  rain  fell,  when  the  Wheat  began  to 
tiller  from  the  root,  and  when  the  rest  of  the  field  was 
cut  this  portion  was  only  just  out  of  flower. 

Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son  say  80  bushels  per  acre  is 
too  great  a  calculation  for  "  Clitheroe "  to  presume  he 
can  grow  under  any  circumstances  ;  but  if  Mr.  Smith 
can  grow  41  bushels  on  half  the  land,  and  without 
manure,  is  it  too  much  to  suppose  that  twice  that 
quantity  can  be  grown  on  the  whole  breadth  more, 
particularly  when  manured  heavily.  It  is  true  that, 
circumstanced  as  I  am  without  implements,  and  com- 
pelled to  sow  quite  too  thick  for  a  crop  for  the  want 
of  them,  and  of  skilled  agricultural  labourers,  1  do  not 
expect  to  produce  that  quantity  ;  but  when  I  get  the 
Golden  Drop  Wheat,  of  which  they  speak,  I  will  make  a 
strong  effort  to  come  near  it. 

I  experience  the  same  fate  as  all  innovators  on  agri- 
cultural routine.  If  my  experiments  fail,  the  remark 
is,  "  I  thought  so  !  What  does  he  know  about  farming?" 
If  I  succeed  it  is,  "  I  reckon  nought  of  that,  his 
manure  will  grow  anything."  My  neighbours  are  like 
the  soldier  who  got  whipped  ;  the  drummer  could  hit 
him  nowhere  to  please  him.  The  climax  of  derision 
was  reached  when  they  saw  me  applying  sand  and 
gravel  from  the  river  to  this  field  ;  and  even  now, 
when  they  see  the  effect  has  not  been  injurious,  they 
are  very  incredulous  about  its  advantages,  which  would 
perhaps  have  been  problematical  if  the  distance  it  was 
carted  had  been  three  miles  instead  of  300  yards. 

Mr  Vernon  Harcourt  speaks  of  the  advantage  derived 
from  the  use  of  as  much  night-soil  as  SQ  lbs.  of  peat 
charcoal  could  imbibe  ;  but  I  have  not  applied  it  in 
such  homoeopathic  doses  ;  but  at  the  rate  of  20  tons 
to  the  acre  (night-soil  and  coal  ashes  from  cottages), 
and  ploughed  it  in  as  soon  as  the  preceding  crop  was  off 
the  land  ;  it  is  not  always  to  be  obtained  in  many  locali- 
ties in  such  quantities,  but  here  it  is  the  removal  of  a 
nuisance,  and  is  not  highly  valued.  Nevertheless,  applied 
at  that  season,  the  straw  is  bright  and  the  grain  well  fed, 
being  a  better  sample  than  I  can  produce  by  any  other 
manure  ;  yet  this  same  manure  applied  from  a  water- 
cart  in  a  liquid  statein  thespring,  gave  me  as  wretchedly 
discoloured  straw,  and  coarse  shrivelled  grain,  as  I  have 
ever  grown,  barring  perhaps  some  Chilian  Wheat,  which, 
as  I  had  no  room  available,  I  got  one  of  my  neighbours 
,  to  sow  for  me  ;  and  as  his  land  was  poor,  I  sent  him 
some  nitrate  of  soda  and  guano  to  sow  upon  it  in  the 
spring,  and  the  result  was  that  it  was  difiicult  to  find  a 
grain  of  Wheat  in  the  whole  crop  (perhaps  1 00  square 
yards)  ;  my  own  opinion  is,  that  the  advantage  which 
Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt  derived  from  the  use  of  charcoal 
and  night-soil  would  be  in  a  great  measure  due  to  the 
latter  ;  at  all  events,  I  have  seen  no  favourable  results 
from  the  former  alone,  though  I  have  seen  many  from 
the  use  of  tiie  latter. 

Jt  is  not  the  true  method  of  proceeding  to  manure 
land  for  a  Wheat  crop  (presuming  it  has  been  previously 
pretty  well  exhausted),  to  assume  that  it  contains  none 
of  the  elements  of  fertility,  and  then  apply  them  all  : 
for  if  Wheat  derives  some  90  to  Q6  per  cent,  of  its  bulk 
from  the  carbon  it  contains,  and  derives  that  from  the 
atmosphere,  would  not  the  remaining  5  to  10  per  cent. 
be  economically  supplied  by  inorganic  manures  ?  it  is 
true  these  would  require  to  be  supplied  in  the  first 
instance  in  much  greater  quantity  than  is  abstracted  by 
the  crop,  because  it  is  not  probable  that  the  whole  of 
these  inorganic  manures  would  be  taken  up  by  the  crop, 
and  therefore  much  would  remain  in  the  land,  but  the 
land  would  increase  in  fertility  ;  thus,  when  I  began  my 
experiments  with  inorganic  manures  on  an  exhausted 
soil,  the  produce  of  that  portion  of  the  field  which  I  left 
unraanured,  for  the  sake  of  comparison,  was  only  19 
bushels  per  acre  (1842  wasagood  Wheat  year),  whereas 
that  portion  of  the  field  which  was  left  unmanured  in 
1844  produced  41  bushels  to  the  acre,  showing  a  great 
increase  in  fertility  ;  with  a  worse  season,  so  far  as  this 
part  of  the  country  may  be  taken  for  comparison. 
The  diflFerence  in  either  climate  or  latitude  must  pro- 
duce very  great  differences  in  result ;  otherwise,  I  cannot 
account  for  the  frequent  use  of  stable  dung  in  the  south 
as  a  manure  for  Wheat.  Here,  the  effect,  so  far  as  I 
have  observed  it,  is  injurious  ;  the  straw  being  disco- 
loured and  the  sample  coarse.  This  cannot  be  the 
general  effect,  or  the  use  of  stable  manure  would  be 
confined  to  green  crops.  Another  fact,  in  which  theory 
and  practice  do  not  exactly  square  with  each  other,  is  in 
the  use  of  lime  and  farm-yard  manure,  for  the  same 
crop.  According  to  theory,  the  effect  of  such  a  combi- 
nation ought  to  be  the  waste  of  a  great  portion  of  the 
ammonia  of  the  farm-yard  dung.  Whereas,  if  you  ask 
the  Potato  growers  in  this  part  of  the  country,  they 
will  tell  you  that  they  cannot  grow  a  good  crop  of  Pota- 
toes, unless  they  combine  lime  with  their  dung,  when 
that  crop  is  grown  ;  the  usual  course  being  to  lime  the 
land,  plough  in  the  lime,  and  harrow  it  down,  then  draw 
the  furrows  for  the  receipt  of  the  dung.  May  not  this 
discrepancy  between  theory  and  practice  be  explained, 
by  supposing,  in  clay  lands  particularly,  that  the 
liberated  ammonia  combines  with  the  clay  of  the  soil 
(with  which  the  manure  is  covered  up),  and  is  thus  more 
readilj  laid  hold  of  by  the  plant  when  it  vegetates. 

The  agricultural  mind  was  agitated  some  years  ago, 
by  the  assertion  of  a  foreigner  (I  forget  his  name),  that 
he  had  discovered  a  something  in  which,  if  the  seed  was 
steeped,  an  excellent  crop  of  grain  might  be  grown  with- 
out manure  ;  this  scheme  died  away,  and  we  now  hear 
nothiug  of  it.  But  is  it  quite  certain  that  a  something 
may  not  be  discovered  which  will  increase  the  vitality  of 


tlie  plant  in  sucli  an  exti'aordiuary  manner,  as  may 
dispense  with  a  portion  of  the  manure,  at  least  ?  I  sub- 
mit the  following  facts  to  your  readers,  of  which  I  should 
be  glad  of  an  explanation,  supposing  them  not  to  coincide 
in  ray  views  : — 

Many  years  ago,  the  seeds  of  an  American  Mallow 
(T  cannot  give  the  species),  were  sowed  in  my  father's 
garden,  and  the  plants  which  sprung  up  grew  to  the 
height  of  12  to  15  feet.  These  ripened  their  seeds,  but 
tlie  plants  from  these  seeds  did  not  grow  above  3  or 
4  feet  high  in  the  same  garden.  How  is  this  to 
be  explained,  except  by  supposing  that  the  vital  energy 
communicated  to  the  seeds  by  the  hot  American 
summer  was  so  much  gi'eater  than  that  derived  from 
our  own,  as  to  force  up  the  plants  to  five  times  the  size 
in  the  same  soil  ? 

Again,  what  is  it  which  makes  Flax  growers  so  par- 
ticular about  their  seed,  and  which  makes  them  attach 
so  nmch  importance  to  its  having  being  once  or  twice 
sowed  in  this  country  before  they  can  obtain  fine  Flax 
from  it  ?  I  am  not  now  alluding  to  the  care  taken  to 
avoid  seed  infected  with  Dodder,  but  to  that  particular 
organism  which  is  communicated  to  the  plant  by  seed 
which  has  been  sown  the  "proper  number  of  times  in 
the  country — not  knowing  anything  of  the  cultivation 
of  Flax,  I  take  this  latter  fact  for  granted,  by  having 
seen  it  frequently  stated. 

In  conclusion,  I  fear  that  much  of  what  I  have 
written  may  be  thought  unworthy  of  publication  in  your 
columns  ;  but  as  great  consequences  sometimes  spring 
from  small  causes— for  instance,  galvanism,  with  all  its 
consequences  of  electric  telegraphs,  electro -metallurgy, 
&c.,  from  the  motion  of  a  frog's  leg — it  may  happen 
that  the  recording  of  an  accidental  circumstance  in 
agriculture  may  be  the  foundation  of  a  new  and  scien- 
tific system.  I  have  not  the  slightest  claim  to  the  name 
of  agriculturist,  further  than  the  making  a  few  experi- 
ments, as  a  relaxation  in  the  intervals  of  my  business, 
entitles  me  to  be  called  so  ;  indeed,  my  friends  laugh  at 
what  they  call  my  enthusiasm,  and  say,  "iVe  sutor"  Sec. 
T.  0.,  Clitheroe. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Seeds, — Some  time  ago  the  editor  of  the  Lancet  sent 
agents  to  the  dealers  in  Coffee,  Tea,  &c.,  to  purchase 
samples  to  be  tested,  and  afterwards  published  the 
names  of  the  parties  whose  goods  were  not  adulterated  ; 
I  have  been  thinking  that  if  the  editors  of  the  Gardeners^ 
Chronicle  were  to  adopt  the  same  course  with  regard 
to  seeds — how  many  of  our  wholesale  seedsmen  would 
figure  as  dealers  in  genuine  articles  of  first-rate  quality  ? 
My  own  conviction  is,  that  no  firm  could  sell  really 
good  seeds  at  the  prices  nsually  asked,  without  being 
uttei'ly  ruined.  That  this  in  the  end  must  destroy 
in  a  great  measure  the  trade  in  seeds,  is  beyond 
a  doubt  ;  we  can  hardly  suppose  farmers  to  be 
so  stupid  as  to  continue  to  pay  for  samples  not  only 
second-rate  in  qualit}',  but  of  which  '2b  or  30  per  cent, 
are  never  intended  to  gx'ow.  Take  Clover  seed,  for  in- 
stance. Can  it  really  be  necessary  to  sow  the  large  quan- 
tity per  acre  usually  sown,  if  the  seed  were  good  ;  ought 
we  not  to  expect  half  the  amount  to  produce  a  crop  ? 
Then,  with  regard  to  Turnip  seed,  perhaps  the  most  im- 
portant article  purchased  by  farmei*s,  it  is  impossible  to 
keep  a  first  rate  stock  up  to  the  mark  without  trans- 
planting every  year  ;  this  makes  it  a  two  years'  crop. 
The  Turnips  are  sacrificed,  and  also  the  Barley  crop 
afterwards.  The  expense  of  pulling  and  replanting  the 
Turnips  is  very  great ;  no  seed  is  more  expense,  pre- 
serving from  the  attacks  of  birds ;  the  straw  is  of 
no  value  as  manure.  Now  what  price  can  this  seed 
be  grown  for  \  As  a  large  grower,  I  can  speak  with 
confidence,  that  it  cannot  be  grown  for  less  than  205.  per 
bushel  ;  if  the  crop  is  a  bad  one,  it  often  costs  255.,  or 
even  30s.  Swede  Turnip  seed  has  been  offered  to  me 
by  some  of  the  largest  houses  in  the  trade  at  15s.,  12*., 
and  8s.  per  bushel ;  now,  how  is  this  done  without 
serious  1()3S  to  the  seller.  I  can  show  how  it  may  be 
brought  about  ;  in  the  first  place,  Turnip  seed  may  be 
sown  as  a  stubble  crop,  so  as  to  be  large  enough 
to  stand  the  winter,  though  not  sufficiently  large  to 
transplant ;  for  transplanting  is  of  no  use  if  the 
Turnips  are  not  of  sufficient  size  to  judge  of  their 
quality  ;  this  reduces  it  to  a  one  year's  crop,  then  seed 
may  be  purchased  in  any  quantity,  warranted  not 
to  grow,  which  may^  of  course  be  mixed  to  any  ex- 
tent. Perhaps  some  persons  may  not  believe  that  this 
is  generally  the  case  ;  let  them  prove  if  it  is  or  not  for 
themselves.  Every  seed  in  a  genuine  sample  of  Tur- 
nip, Cabbage,  or  similar  round  seed,  will  grow — nay, 
more,  a  great  part  of  the  small  seed  which  flies  before 
the  blast  of  the  winnowing  machine  will  vegetate  ;  if, 
therefore,  agiven  quantity,  say  25  or  30  seeds,  be  sown 
in  a  pot,  and  preserved  by  any  means  from  the  attacks  of 
birds,  the  fly,  &.C.,  every  seed  which  does  not  grow 
may  be  put  down  as  either  too  old  or  as  previously 
killed.  Now,  how  is  the  farmer  affected  by  this  state 
of  things  ?  It  requires  one  and  a  half  to  three  pounds 
of  seed  to  produce  an  acre  of  Turnips  ;  this  might 
be  sold,  one  year  with  another,  by  a  person  who  made 
it  his  whole  business  to  produce  the  best  sample  which 
could  be  grown,  at  9rf.  per  lb.,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see 
how  he  could  pay  the  necessai'y  expenses  of  sale,  give  the 
usual  credit,  and  live  by  his  business,  at  a  less  price ; 
the  cost  therefore  to  the  farmer  is  \s.  \\d,  to  2s.  Zd. 
per  acre  for  seed,  a  most  inconsiderable  sura  when  we 
take  into  account  how  much  depends  upon  it  in  the  value 
of  the  crop  produced.  He  had  better  pay  20s.  per  lb. 
for   good  seed    than  have   bad  for  nothing,  and  yet 


there  are  men  who  will  risk  a  crop  of  Tm*nips 
to  save  Zd.  or  Qd.  an  acre  in  the  price  of  the  seed. 
Many  persons  will  say,  why  not  grow  our  own  seed  \  A 
very  natural  question  ;  but  is  it  advisable  that  the 
division  of  labour  in  this  case  should  be  done  away  with  \ 
Is  it  advisable  that  each  farmer  should  breed  his  own 
rams  ?  or  that  all  should  be"  breeders  of  first-rate  bulls  ? 
Is  it  not  better  that  a  class  should  devote  their  time  and 
attention  exclusively  to  one  object  for  the  benefit  of 
others?  And  will  they  do  so  unless  by  it  their  own 
interest  is  served.  If  the  supply  were  dependent  on 
farmers  alone,  would  it  not  be  very  irregular  ?  When 
keep  for  sheep  and  other  stock  was  scarce,  there  is 
reason  to  believe  few  would  be  planted  for  seed,  as  it 
cannot  be  judged  as  in  the  case  of  corn  by  the  eye  ;  the 
farmer's  customers  would  be  his  neighbours,  and  if  he 
produced  more  than  they  required,  would  not  the  old 
seed  remain  on  his  hands,  and  in  time  reach  them  in 
place  of  new  ?  Is  it  to  be  supposed  that  a  small  grower 
would  generally  take  the  same  trouble  with  a  crop  of 
this  description,  as  a  man  who  made  it  his  sole  object, 
or  that  he  would  take  pains  to  produce  a  new  variety 
during  7  or  10  years,  as  a  man  in  a  large  business  will 
do  ?  It  cannot  be  expected ;  and  no  farmer  will  deny 
that  a  man  like  Mr.  Skirving,  of  Liverpool,  has  done 
good  in  raising  a  superior  Turnip.  In  addition  to  losing 
the  advantage  of  change  of  seed,  it  is  very  doubtful  if  it 
is  not  more  expensive  to  grow  than  to  pm'chase  a  small 
quantity.  A.  L. 

London  Mill: — In  the  AgAculhiral  Gazette,  of  the  17th 
inst.,  I  observed  a  communication  from  Mr.  B.  Carter, 
on  the  manufacture  of  milk  in  London.  That  gentleman 
has  also  the  modesty  to  request  more  information  on  the 
subject.  ■  I  happen  to  be  a  Londoner,  employed  in  the 
sale  of  milk, and  maybe  able  to  impart  some  information 
to  Mr.  C.  ;  not,  however,  [to  foster  his  imagination 
regarding  the  ingredients  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
milk,  but  to  tell  him  a  few  simple  facts,  which,  I  believe, 
will  be  worth  more  to  a  gentleman  of  his  attainments 
than  all  the  information  he  could  obtain  from  a  Davy 
or  a  Liebig.  During  part  of  last  summer  my  demand 
was  more  than  the  supply  obtained  from  my  cows ;  I 
had  milk  delivered  at  my  residence  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bagshot  at  2^^.  per  quart ;  I  beg  to  inform 
Mr.  C.  that  the  said  milk  was  supplied  to  my  cus- 
tomers in  the  state  in  which  I  received  it ;  if  it  was  pure 
when  it  left  Bagshot,  it  was  equally  so  when  it  went  to 
the  table  of  the  consumer,  so  far  as  I  was  concerned. 
I  may  also  say  to  Mr.  C,  that  no  one  who  is  con- 
versant with  the  peculiarities  of  milk  will  ever  expect  an 
abundant  cream  off  milk  sent  from  Bagshot  to  London, 
neither  do  I  think  that  any  one  in  this  part  of  London 
would  wish  to  try  the  experiment,  I  have  known  it 
turned  before  it  came  here,  and  is  liable  to  do  so  before 
it  can  be  used  all  the  summer  season,  hence  one  diffi- 
culty in  connection  with  country  milk.  I  can  scarcely 
let  myself  believe  that  Mr.  C.  is  serious  when  he  speaks 
about  mixing  extraneous  and  disgusting  matter  with 
milk.  I  believe  there  is  not  an  old  woman  in  the 
county  of  Surrey  who  could  not  tell  Mr.  C.  that  cleanli- 
ness is  indispensable  with  milk  intended  to  be  kept  from 
12  to  24  hours.  What  we  call  the  London  season  is 
just  the  most  difficult  season  to  keep  milk.  In  general 
we  have  served  the  most  of  our  customers  by  7  o'clock 
in  the  morning  ;  in  many  fattiilies  part  of  that  milk  is 
kept  until  the  afternoon,  and  often  in  a  hot  kitchen. 
Again  we  start  at  2  in  the  afternoon,  jolting  this  milk 
for  two  or  three  hours  in  the  streets  ;  and  in  the  case 
of  nursery  supply,  it  is  expected  to  keep  good  until  the 
following  morning  ;  should  it  not  do  so,  the  probable 
consequence  would  be  a  transfer  of  custom  to  some 
other.  Would  it  be  to  Mr,  C.'s  compound  %  From 
this  Mr.  0.  will  perceive  that  we  London  milkmen, 
even  if  we  have  no  better  quality  than  self  at 
stake,  have  in  that  a  sufficient  spur  to  keep  us 
near  the  mark.  I  may  just  remark,  the  London 
atmosphere,  which,  in  Mr.  C.'s  estimation,  is  so 
favourable  to  the  blossom  of  "  self,"  is  also  congenial  to 
the  development  of  self-respect  ;  but,  judging  from  the 
tone  of  Mr.  C.'s  communication,  the  Bagshot  breeze  can 
stimulate  the  former,  without  producing  a  luxuriant 
growth  of  the  latter.  I,  as  well  as  Mr.  C,  know  some- 
thing of  the  value  of  milk  in  Surrey.  Can  Mr.  C.  make 
as  much  of  his  milk  in  any  other  form?  I  think  not. 
I  also  think  the  producer  is  on  equal  terms  with  the 
dealer  and  consumer  ;  however,  I  trust  the  day  is  not 
far  distant  when  London  will  be  supplied  with  milk  from 
the  country.  This  is  a  most  important  subject ;  and, 
if  not  intruding  in  the  columns  of  the  Gazette,  I  may  at 
some  future  time  state  my  views,  how  it  might  be  pro- 
moted to  the  advantage  of  all  concerned.  [We  shall  be 
very  glad  to  hear  from  you.]  In  conclusion,  I  beg  to 
suggest  that  Mi\  C.  should  take  another  survey  of  his 
province  in  connexion  with  this  subject ;  and,  inclined, 
as  I  hope  ever  to  be,  to  view  the  deeds  of  human  frailty 
with  charity,  I  do  trust  that  Mr.  C.  will  find  himself  in 
the  same  position  as  Falstaff,  when  that  notable  perceived 
that  he  had  been  made  to  assume  the  character  of  a  very 
sagacious  animal,  sometimes  to  be  met  with  on  Bagshot- 
heath.  P.  Mitchell,  7,  Khinerton-street,  Bd grave -square. 

Drainage. — Upon  reading  the  article  of  "  Drainage  of 
Clay  Soils,"  I  feel  that  I  cannot  refrain  from  making  a 
few  remarks.  The  question  of  land  drainage  has  been 
very  much  canvassed,  and  I  suppose  up  to  the  present 
time  it  can  scarcely  be  pronounced  which  is  the  best 
system  ;  for  my  part,  I  consider  the  numerous  opposite 
systems  as  but  so  many  experiments.  The  plan  adopted 
by  your  correspondent  for  the  Regent's-park  is,  for  the 
drains  to  be  4  feet  deep,  and  at  intervals  of  24|  feet ; 
and  I  must  here  say,  that  I  have  carefully  watched  the 


5— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


operations  from  the  commencement,  and  cannot  feel 
persuaded  that  it  is  good  draining.  In  the  fii'st  place 
I  consider  the  drains  uselessly  deep,  and  in  the  second, 
the  tiles  are  not  well  secured.  I  know  by  practical  ex- 
perience that  the  clay  in  Regent's-park  is  very  strong 
aud  impervious,  aud  it  is  this  very  reason  why  I  should 
not  have  such  deep  draining.  Your  correspondent  goes 
en  to  say,  that  the  question  of  shallow  draining  has  been 
practically  answered  by  its  failure.  Has  then  the 
Kegent'spark  ever  been  before  drained  1  I  know  but  of 
two  or  three  parts,  which  are  in  possession  of  gentle- 
men, and  I  can  bear  testimony  to  the  efficiency  of 
shallow  draining  upon  13  or  14  acres  ;  had  tl^e  whole 
of  the  Regent's-park  been  drained  upon  the  same 
system,  it  would  stand  a  much  severer  test  than  the 
present  deep  drainage.  The  system  I  speak  of  is  to 
have  the  di-ains  30  to  36  inches  deep,  at  intervals  of  15 
feet,  the  main  drains  6  inches  lower  ;  lay  in  the  tiles, 
and  fill  in  3  or  4  inches  of  pickings  or  hard  cone  (which 
can  be  procured  from  the  dust-yards  at  a  very  cheap 
rate),  brick  rubbish,  or  any  such  material  will  answer 
as  well ;  then  let  the  cutting  be  half  filled  in  and  well 
rammed,  and  the  remainder  in  the  same  way  It  is 
my  firm  belief  that  this  is  the  most  effective  mode  of 
draining'  Regent's-park;  the  expense  would  be  but  little 
more,  but  there  would  be  the  gratification  of  its  being 
well  done.  I  think  it  is  of  very  little  consequence 
whether  the  tiles  are  shoe  and  sole,  or  pipe  ;  I  depend 
chiefly  upon  the  drainage  over  tlie  tiles  to  draw  tlie 
water  from  the  soil.  Your  correspondent  speaks  in 
flowery  language  of  the  fog  that  arises  from  the  ground 
upon  autumn  evenings.  That  the  park  is  very  damp, 
and  requires  thorough  draining  I  admit,  but  not  that  it 
is  the  sole  cause  of  such  fogs.  There  is  no  greater  evil 
genie  than  the  lake,  and  the  best  draining  that  can  be 
tested  will  never  eradicate  fogs  in  Regent's-park ; 
frequently  towards  evening  the  observer  may  see  the 
vapour  gradually  rising  from  the  water  until  it  becomes 
a  dense  fog,  I  have  said  that  I  consider  upon  the 
present  system  the  pipes  are  not  well  laid  in  ;  the  reason 
is,  because  they  are  laid  upon  the  clay,  and  no  precau- 
tion whatever  taken  with  the  joints,  and  the  earth  and 
clay  then  filled  in  and  left  ;  the  ground  being  allowed  to 
settle  by  time,  which  gives  anything  but  a  neat  finish. 
If  your  correspondent  can  explain  by  what  means  the 
soil  is  to  be  kept  from  going  in  the  joints  of  the  pipes 
with  tlie  water,  and  also  why  the  cuttings  of  4  feet 
deep  are  preferable  to  the  system  I  speak  of  (namely, 
30  to  36  inches  deep,  with  good  drainage),  to  my  satis- 
faction, I  shall  then  be  most  happy  to  become  a  convert 
to  deep  land  draining.  A  Constant  Reader  and  Gardeiiery 
Portland  Town. 

Wicksteed^s  Solid  Sewage  Manure. — In  page  45  is  Mr. 
Wicksteed's  method  of  preparing  his  solid  sewage 
manure,  by  the  simple  admixture  of  rr^Vo^^  '^f  Wvciq 
(slaked,  I  presume)  ;  whereby  the  grealter  part  of  the 
solid  matters,  dissolved  as  well  as  suspended,  are  preci- 
pitated, and  easily  collected.  I  wish,  not  merely  to  ex- 
press my  approbation  of  that  process,  and  hope  for  its 
practical  success  ;  but  to  point  out  an  omission,  and  its 
remedy,  which  may  considerably  improve  his  product. 
Lime  will  not  decompose  phosphate  of  soda,  of  which 
sewer  water  is  likely  to  contain  a  good  deal,  and  which 
will  thus  run  to  waste  in  the  liquor.  But  salts  of  mag- 
nesia wiil  ;  and  the  cheapest  of  these  is  the  bittern  or 
mother  liquor  of  the  common  salt  works.  A  small 
portion  of  this,  added  after  the  settlement  of  the  lime 
precipitate,  will,  with  the  aid  of  the  ammonia  set  free, 
separate  the  phosphoric  acid  from  the  phosphate  of 
soda,  and  carry  it  down  to  the  sediment.  If  added 
before,  or  with  the  lime,  more  or  less  of  it  would  be 
used  up  by  the  other  phosphoric  salts  ;  therefore  it  is 
best  economy  to  let  the  lime  first  precipitate  all  that  it 
will,  and  leave  only  the  soda  phosphate  for  the  bittern. 
The  proportion  must,  of  course,  be  determined  by  ex- 
periment. The  use  of  magnesian  lime  (from  the  mag- 
nesian  limestone  formation)  instead  of  common  lime, 
may  answer  the  purpose,  and  is  worth  the  trial ;  but  I 
should  not  feel  the  same  confidence  in  it  as  in  salt 
bittern,  until  its  efficacy  be  fully  proved  by  experiment. 
/.  Prldtauj:. 

Dairy  Mamtf/ement. — In  answer  to  your  correspondent 
"A.  B.,"  I  may  state  that  the  pans  I  use  for  scalding 
the  milk  are  of  common  earthenware,  glazed  inside,  and 
it  is  customary  to  boil  water  in  them  when  new  to  test 
their  soundness.  These  pans  measure  internally — 
diameter  at  top  14  inches  ;  ditto  at  bottom,  6  inches  ; 
deptii,  10  inches.  Brass  and  tin  pans  are  also  com- 
monly used.  In  answer  to  the  question  "  Will  cream 
8ct  a^ide  for  a  few  days  do  for  churning  by  this  process  ?'* 
I  do  not  quite  understand  "  A.  B."  By  this  process  the 
butter  is  not  churned.  The  cream  is  put  into  tlic 
butter  tub,  which,  at  this  time  of  the  year,  is  generally 
warmed  with  hot  watc-r  previoualy  ;  the  cream  is  tlic-n 
worked  with  the  flat  of  the  hand  ;  the  butter  usually 
"  comes"  in  four  or  five  minutes.  The  cream  may  be 
used  immediately  after  wkimming,  or  it  may  accunnila  o 
for  four  or  five  days  if  necessary.  From  tiic  experience 
I  have  had  I  cannot  concur  in  the  opinion  cxprcftaed  by 
your  corrcHpondent  tlio  Kev.  Geo.  WilkinH,  that  this 
butler  when  melted  lia^;  tho  flavour  of  t<)astcd  cliecBr-j 
f  do  not  remember  any  instance  of  thiw  occun*ing. 
although  I  have  no  other  butter  used  In  my  houBe.  T.  }}. 

£duc(Uion. — Few  people  wtU  have  the  hardihood,  at 
the  present  time,  U>  deny  tho  neccHHity  of  a  good  crluca- 
fion  to  the  rlHing  generation  ;  consequently  great  exer- 
tions arc  b&ing  ma^Je  to  obtain  that  desideratum.  And 
U  would  bfl  well  ii  a  little  more  attention  were  paid  to 
t.Nc<juality,  aft  wulJ  as  tho  quautity  ;  thert^  }h  not  huT- 
fic.'eat  .distinction  iw4':  between  jnopc  instnu-tton  and  i 


education.  To  instruct  is  to  put  in  ;  to  educate  is  to 
bring  out.  By  means  of  the  foi-mer  a  pupil  learns  to 
repeat,  like  a  parrot,  whatever  ne  has  been  taught  ;  by 
the  latter  he  learns  to  reason  about  it.  There  are 
numbei'S  of  farmers  who  wish  their  sons  to  receive  a 
good  education,  and  who  send  them  to  school  to  spend 
two  or  three  years  to  get  a  smattering  of  Latin,  i.e.  to 
be  instructedj  or  to  gain  a  knowledge  of  worda^  and  at 
the  same  time  they  are  totally  ignorant  of  things. 
Surely  it  would  e  better  for  them,  if  they  want  intel- 
lectual exercise  to  study  chemistry,  natural  history,  &c., 
things  which  bear  upon  their  every-day  pursuits.  J. 
Stollard,  Agi'icuUaral  School,  Ipsiones^  Staffordshire. 


The  Birmingham  Cattle  Show,  1851.  A  Letter  to  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Lyttelton^  the  President,  in  reply  to 
Captain  William  Inge.  By  the  Honorary  Secretary. 
Birmingham  :  74,  Newhall-street. 
It  appears  that  the"  pigs  sliown  by  Captain  Inge  were 
disqualified  by  the  judges,  at  the  late  Birmingliam  show, 
on  the  report  of  the  referee  that  their  age  liad  been 
wrongly  stated,  and  they  were,  therefore,  not  allowed 
to  compete  for  the  prizes  in  competition  for  which  they 
had  been  entered.  Captain  Inge  brings  forward,  as 
evidence  that  these  pigs  have  been  wrongfully  dis- 
qualified, the  declaration  of  Iiis  bailiff"  and  othsrs,  that 
their  age  was  stated  correctly.  The  judges  and  their 
referee  hold,  with  confidence,  to  their  method  of  judging 
of  the  age  of  the  animals,  and  the  managing  committee 
of  the  cattle  show  having  originally  placed  these  matters 
unreservedly  in  the  hands  of  the  judges  whom  they  had 
appointed,  Captain  Inge's  appeal  to  them  necessarily 
falls  to  the  ground.  Now,  whatever  be  the  e.\act  truth 
of  the  matter  in  dispute,  it  is  satisfactory  to  know  that 
the  stated  age  of  some  of  the  animals  shown  at  the  pig- 
show  at  Birnungham  has  been  matter  of  public  discus- 
sion. We  do  not  remember  being  so  particularly  struck 
by  the  animals  disqualified  as  with  others  that  we  could 
name.  However  excellent  the  method  of  the  referee 
may  be  for  determining  the  ages  of  pigs,  no  donbt  it 
is  liable  to  failure  ;  and  if,  as  it  would  appear  from 
the  confident  re-assertion  of  his  judgment  in  this  parti- 
cular case,  he  thinks  he  can  in  all  cases  tell  the  age  of 
pigs  correctly  by  the  teeth,  then  he  must  certainly  have 
passed  by  some  of  the  other  pens  without  turning  up  the 
lips  of  theii*  inmates.  • 


wiil  dispose  of  another  objection,*'  Wlierc  are  the  liands 
to  come  from  ?"  I  will  take  a  single  paribh  as  the 
average  of  many.  I  find,  then,  that  in  my  parish  of  2000 
acres  there  are  this  year  somewhat  above  200  acres  in 
Wheat ;  and  that,  without  including  the  necessary  attend- 
ants for  other  purposes  on  the  several  farms,  we  have  SO 
able-bodied  labourers  on  the  spot.  I  will  here  state  that, 
for  the  better  success  of  my  plan,  I  sow  my  Wiieat  early, 
as  near  the  2d  or  3d  week  in  September  as  possible  I 
do  this  that  it  may  tiller  fully  before  winter,  and  so  ripen 
evenly  at  harvest.  Before  the  end  of  the  month,  per- 
haps, the'*  thin  green  hues"  are  distinctly  visible,  and  I 
at  once  set  to  work  in  the  intervals.  Now,  if  it  take  one 
man  30  days  to  trench  an  acre,  it  will  take  50  men  a 
month  and  four  days  to  trench  50  acres  ;  and  four 
months  and  a  half  to  trench  200.  But,  only  the  half 
portion  of  these  acres  is  to  be  dug,  and  this  will  reduce 
the  extent  to  100  acres  ;  and  the  time  it  will  occupy  to 
two  months  and  eight  days.  So  that  beginning,  as  I  do,  the 
last  week  in  September,  I  complete  my  labours  the  first 
week  in  December  ;  with  nearly  five  montlis  in  hand  for 
the  casualties  of  frost,  snow,  and  sickness,  before  I  am 
shutout  by  the  growing  crop. — I  have  only  to  show  now 
by  my  fresh  balance  sheet,  how,  with  suitable  imple- 
ments, on  Wheat  land,  the  whole  scheme  I  propose  is 
couomical,  as  well  as  easy  and  expeditious. 

One  double-dipginp  in  autumn      £i  jg    o 

Three  stirrings  with  scarifier  at  spring  (U.)     0    S    0 

One    ditto,  with    &cariGer    and    harrow  implemeDt 

before  sowiop      0    10 

Two  peeks  of  seed  (55.  the  bushel)  0    2    fi 

Pressiug  and  drilling  0     10 

R*iugh  rollinK  0     0     6 

Four    hoeinffs   between  Wheat    with  borae-hoe  im. 

plement  t6d.)       ...         0    2    0 

Bird  keeping !    0    2    a 

A.11  the  operatioDS  from  reaping  to  marketing 12    0 

Rates,  taxes,  and  interest "_'    o  10     0 

Total  amount  of  outlay    ...  £3  U    ^ 

The  produce — supposing  it  equal  to  that  of  former 
years— in  round  numbers,  would  be: 

Four  quarters  and  two  bushels  of  f  Wheat  at  40s.) 
One  toa  and  12  cwt.of  atraw  (atSLthe  ton)    ... 


Miscellaneous. 

Interesting  Agricultural  Qu,estions. — There  are  many 
most  important  questions  now  developing  themselves  in 
agriculture,  to  which  time  will  merely  permit  me  to 
allude  :  I  mean  the  distribution  of  liquid  manui'e,  by 
underground  iron  pipes.  This  operation  has  proved 
itself  a  cheap  and  profitable  one,  affording  available 
nutriment  to  the  plant,  when  its  assimilating  powers 
are  fully  developed  by  heat  and  light.  Another  im- 
portant matter  is,  the  improvement  of  tenacious  clays, 
by  burning  or  carbonising — the  more  foul  and  neglected 
the  soil  the  more  grateful  for  the  operation.  I  have 
converted  our  concave  muddy  lanes  into  convex  dry 
ones,  by  burning  some  2000  cubic  yards  of  their  tena- 
cious yellow  clay  shoulders,  and  removing  it  as  brick- 
dust  to  our  fields,  at  a  cost  of  Is.  per  yard.  Professor 
Voelcker,  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  College,  has 
recently,  and  in  my  opinion  clearly  shown,  that  the 
great  liberation  of  alkalies,  &c.,  is  highly  advantageous. 
Practically,  I  find  it  pays  well,  and  is  available  on  all 
our  heavy  clays.  There  are  millions  of  stubby  pollards 
almost  praying  to  be  permitted  to  warm  our  cold  clays 
by  combustion,  Mr.  Mechi's  Second  Paper. 

The  Plough  and  the  Spade. — What  is  the  difference 
then,  in  point  of  expedition  and  expence,  between  the 
plough  and  the  spade  ?  Authority  is  much  in  these  mat- 
ters. "  It  will  take  a  good  labourer  3D  days  to  trench  an 
acre,  and  16  to  dig  it  well,"  says  that  most  useful  little 
work,  the  *^  Cottage  Farmer's  Assistant,'*  by  Cuthbert 
Johnson  (p.  17),  who  is  quoting  from  an  essay  on  farmin^ 
by  the  Society  for  the  Difl'usion  of  Useful  Knowledge. 
Again  :  "  With  proper  instruments  and  some  experi- 
ence, a  labourer  can  dig  an  acre  of  light  land,  18  inches 
deep  in  25  days,  and  even  2feet  deep  in  35  days."  (Sin^ 
clair's  "  Code  of  Agriculture,"  quoted  in  the  same  work, 
p.  29.)  Now,  at  the  commencement  of  my  trenchin 
field,  I  bring  up  only  so  much  of  the  subsoil  —  say 
4,  5,  or  6  inches — as  can  be  penetrated  by  the  atnio 
sphere,  and  prepared  for  use  by  the  one  year's  fallow, 
increasing  the  quantity  year  after  year,  till  the  staple 
has  become  two  good  spits  deep.  And,  when  all  has 
once  been  loosened  in  this  way,  and  lecome  light,  the 
calculations  I  have  quoted  may,  I  think,  be  considered 
cori'ect.  Taking,  then,  the  average  of  these  calculations, 
ind  commencing  with  12  or  13  inches,  inclusive  of  the 
ploughing,  the  first  year,  and  allowing  for  obstructions 
in  the  variety  of  soils  to  he  acted  on,  I  will  reckon  that 
one  man  at  the  outset  will  dig,  and  in  after  years  by 
degrees  will  double  dig, an  acre  in  30  days.  Kinployin^ 
as  I  do,  six  men  for  my  work,  I  thus  accomplish  a 
whole  acre  in  five  days  ;  which,  at  2s.  a  day  each  man, 
But  only  tho  hall'  jxirtion  of  the 
one  year's  crop,  and  this  will 
reduce  the  time  to  two  days  and  a  half,  and  the  expense 
to  30,v,  Say,  however,  that  the  time  and  tho  cxpcnso 
are  hero  underrated — that  the  time  occupied  will 
Ijo  tliree  dayH,  and  the  expouKO  'Mh:  the  acre  ;  and 
even  then,  in  point  of  economy  and  expedition,  the 
ploughing  and  tlie  trenching  will  Ijo  juHt  on  a  par_ 
Arjotlier  calculation  on  the  Hubject  of  thio  liand  labour^ 


would  amount  to  (iO, 
acre  is  to  be   dug  fo 


3    4 

0 
0 

11  14 
3  14 

0 
0 

Deduct  outlay 

Total  amount  of  profit  ..,£8  0  0 
If  I  were  one  of  those  who  are  bent  on  having  Wheat 
at  all  hazards  on  laud  which  isnot  Wheat  land — onland,, 
that  is,  not  possessing  within  itself  naturally  the  mineral 
substances  necessary  to  form  the  plant,  I  should  act 
thus  : — I  see  in  a  very  interesting  and  important  work 
conducted  by  Mr.  Morton — the  "Cyclopedia  of  Agricul- 
ture"— a  list  of  all  the  best  artificial  manures  for  every 
purpose  ;  with  their  composition,  use,  price,  and  higlr 
authorities  which  recommend  them.  Selecting  the 
manure  best  suited  to  my  wants— and  on  that  point  any' 
good  analyst  of  soils  would  assist  me — -I  shoulld  apply  it 
evenly  and  regularly  with  a  drill,  adjusted  for  the  pur- 
pose to  the  implement  frame  1  have  described  above. 

The  balance  sheet  would  then  stand  thus  : — 
■ft 

The  items  of  expense,  asbefore 

Artificial  inanu  e  for  the  half  portion  of  each  acre 
DrillinL' manure         ,. 


£3  14 

0 

1    0 

n. 

0    1 

U 

4  15 

0 

11  14 

(L 

4  15 

0 

Total  amount  of  outlay 

Tot-il  amount  of  produce 
DL.-duct  outlay 

Total  amount  of  pro6t  ...  £6  19  0 
Should  the  stout  yeoman  still  complain  that  all  this 
is  out  of  his  usual  course,  requiring  an  unwonted  ex- 
penditure of  head-work  as  well  as  handiwork,  to  carry 
it  out,  I  bid  him  look  to  the  results  ;  and  ask  him — 
or  rather  bid  him  ask  himself  and  his  own  shrewd  sense. 
— Is  it  not  worth  while  ?   A  Word  in  Season. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Beer:  JWU  aslied,  whether  in  the  recipe  for  brewing-,  which ' 
be  furniRhed  us  in  No.  3  of  our  journal,  he  alludes  to 
the  common  brewers'  hogshead  of  54  imperial  gallons,  or. 
the  large  cirier  cues  used  in  Herefordshire  and  other  partu,. 
which  measure  upwards  of  double  thut  qimntiiy?  Does- 
he  mean  thut  be  turns  the  Hops  along  with  thu  worts, 
looae,  iutu  bin  casks,  and  if  so,  bow  does  be  prevent  theii' 
coming  out  at  the  tHp  whenever  any  beer  is  drawn  ?  Small 
holes  in  tlie  f-'ud  of  the  cock  get  chukcd  up,  and  an  open  tap 
lets  the  Hopa  out.— JH  asks  join-  correopondent  "J.  W,," 
who  wroie  in  p!i;*e  45,  No.  3,  a  recipe  for  brewing  unferniented* 
bitter  ale,  to  be  so  kind  ub  to  state  the  quantity  of  water, 
in:ilt,  Hnd  Hope,  for  half  a  hogfihead  of  alt-.— .fl  Correspond' 
cut  will  find  in  Dr.  Larduer'rt  '•  Cabinet  Cjcloimdia  ot  Useful 
Arts,"  "  Domestic  Economy,"  Vol.  1.,  pages  207  and  208,  the 
mode  of  making  pale  ale  with  sugnr.  Its  iusenii.n  in  out* 
paper  would  occupy  too  much  opace. 

Bblwino;  Malt  sujs,  "A  corrcBpondent  of  the  Agricultural 
Gazette,  dated  Jni  17,  inft  rms  ub  of  his  peculiar  moOe  oi 
brewing  beer,  lie  punicularly  directs  that  tho  head  or  crust 
formed  on  che  bter,  aftur  it  has  beeu  put  Into  the  cahk,  uiust 
not  bo  broken  or  otherwise  diHCompOBed  ;  and  that  he  does- 
not  bung  down  the  citsk  till  tlie  beer  Is  quite  cold.  W  ill  he 
be  kind  enough  lo  tell  ub  how  the  temperature  of  the  beer  is 
to  be  aMctrtuun'd,  whether  by  finger,  thermuuio'or,  or  (ther- 
wise,  without  disturbing  the  head  or  crust  ?  Aitliou^lj  ytust 
or  other  ferment  U  not  used  in  this  mode  of  brewing,  no 
doubt  villous  fermentation  is  spontuncoutly  perfected  ;  and' 
therefore  those  who  liave  talton  the  pledge  must  ui't  HnMer 
tlioinBclvea  an  untornientod  beer  hue  ticfti  made  for  them." 

CosiMoN  Land  :  A'  IC.  There  ia  nothing  in  waslc  litnd  to  take  it 
cut  of  Die  ordinury  style  of  niaiuigemont  In  bn'Jilting  up 
pug'u'e.  11  tho  land  Ih  dry  plough  one  hnlfotit  now  and 
M)W  Oats,  and  give  thorn  a  dieeHlngof  guuno  towuun  i  he  end 
of  Ajiril,  if  till)  hind  in  poor.  Get  the  other  half  pared  and 
horned,  and  bow  Turnips  with  BUperphuHphatu  in  May  and 
June. 

LAMfcNKflB  IN  HiiEEr.— You  Cannot  do  better  than  touch  with  a 
cauniie  at  thut,  Huch  as  hydrocblotio  ucid,  and  afteriviirdK 
with  a  floliuluii,  ur  a  po»der  of  Hulpliato  of  copper,  wl>h  a 
liLtio  tnr  over  it.     DieBH  Ireiiuently,  and  lio  p  ckao.    IV C  S. 

Mn.  McUlir.Looii  ;  J  V  IS.  Ah'.  Ciilid'rt  puniphiot  on  •' IJiyO 
Funning"  ct>ntaiuK  ihe  derails  of  thlbgcntlenian'six.,ericutc. 


7« 


Itiih      ii.»jrKlUUljrUixAlj      UAZi  Jji  i    la. 


Jan.  31, 


SliVER  Embankuentb  :  TCC  would  feel  greatly  obliged  to 
a(iy  of  "Ur  readers  who  may  have  had  experience  on  river 
fenci'ip,  for  informHtion  applicable  to  a  cia^e  where  the  banks 
and  bottom  are  a  mixture  o'"  (»ravel  and  sand,  and  where  there 
JB  a  fall  of  abou' 1  f  >ot  in  6  chains.  [There  i'i  infoi'mation 
on  the  (general  subject  in  Bluckie's  'Cyclopedia  of  Agri- 
culture."] 

Sdlphate  of  Ammonia  :  An  Old  Suh.  Dissolve  li  cwt.  of  aul- 
pha'e  of  amni'inia  iii  the  quantity  of  wa'er  which.iour  water- 
cart  will  deliver  on  ihe  acre  at  the  ordinary  rate  of  motion 
ot  the  draui>;ht  horae,  and  spread  the  solution  by  that  means 
early  in  April. 

TheGrdbbee:  Constant  Header.  We  have  often  used  merely 
the  grubber  without  the  plough  after  Turnips  pulltd  for 
"Wheat  with  which  seeds  have  been  so  ^n  in  ep'in^  ;  and 
we  can  recommend  the  practice  when  thp  land  i'*  clean. 

The  Trde  Spanish  Fowl:  A  Learner,  Mo?l  Constant  Reader, 
■and  others.  Entirely  black  plumaKC,  blue  Ie(,'S  ;  larne,  red, 
single,  deeply-indented  omb,  and  white  face.  That  in  the 
Keneral  description  of  the  bird.  The  plumage  of  them, 
more  particularly  of  the  hen,  bas  a  rich  tjreen  g'oss  on  it; 
Ler  comb  always  falls  over  on  the  face,  and  if.  laruer  than  in 
■other  fowls  ;  a  perfect  cock  should  have  an  upright  one,  but 
this  cannot  always  be  obtained.  The  carriage  of  both  sexes 
ifi  cheerful,  the  tail  being  more  erect  than  in  otb^r  varieties. 
The  body  is  square  and  well  defined,  and  the  biek  tapers 
towards  the  insertion  of  the  tail.  The  difference  between  a 
Spanish  and  a  common  black  fowl  is  that  the  former  has 
a  while  face,  which  should  extend  froca  the  ear-lobe  to  the 
beak,  and  from  the  crown  to  the  wattle.  Such  are  diflScult 
to  get.  The  more  particular  parts  of  the  queries  will  be 
answered  by  saying  the  cock  gets  the  while  face  early,  having 
much  of  it  at  sis  months  and  all  at  twelve.  The  hen  does 
not  have  it  in  perfection  till  eighteen  months  old.  She  has 
a  lonir  skinny  face,  blueish  in  places  but  never  red,  for  the 
£rst  six  months,  and  then  gets  gradually  white.  Had  I  to 
choose  between  twii  cocks,  one  small  with  white  face  and 
one  large  without  it,  I  should  not  hesitate,  but  choose  the 
smaller.  I  should  breed  Spanish  from  him.  and  hack  fowls 
from  the  other.  I  do  not  consider  the  A>lesbury  dutks  more 
delicate  than  any  others,  if  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  they 
lay  much  earlier  than  their  fellows.  In  mild  weather  they 
lay  in  February,  and  their  younir.  ha'ched  in  March,  require 
more  care  thnn  if  they  appeared  in  May.  The  eggs  should 
be  set  under  bens,  as  the  ducks  are  notoriously  bad  mothers, 
and  the  young  should  be  kept  from  water  at  i«ast  a  fort- 
niebt  after  they  are  hatched.  J.  Bai'ey,  113,  Mo'int-strect. 

^HEAT  :  Cartmel  There  is  no  standard  weight  for  the  quarter 
of  Wheat  anywhere  that  we  are  aware.  Wheat  ia  either  sold 
by  measure  or  by  weight ;  the  bushel  or  the  70  lbs. 


iiiaikEls. 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Jan.  31 
The  market  is  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit ;  but 
■trade  for  everything  is  dull.  English  Pine-apples  are  plentiful, 
■considerioe  the  season,  A  few  hothouse  GrMpea  still  make 
their  appearance.  Foreign  Pears  are  still  furnished.  The 
best  English  kinds  fetch  good  prices.  They  consist  of 
Glout  Morceau,  Beurr^  Ranee,  Ne  Plus  Meuris,  and  Easter 
Benrre.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the 
same  as  last  quoted.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are 
aufQcient  for  the  demand.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in 
quality.  Lettuces  and  other  salading  aro  sufficient  for  the 
demand.  Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowecs  consist  of 
Heaths,  Epacrifiea,  Mignonette.  Camelliis,  Ro'^ea,  Acacias, 
Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hyacinths,  TuUps,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and 
other  forced  bulOs. 

FRUIT. 
Fine-apples,  per  lb.  ,43  to  8s 
Grapes, hothouse.p.  lb.,  46  to  7fl 

—  Lisbon,  perlb.,  9d  to  Is 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  23 

to  3s  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2a  to  6s 
Almonds,  per  peck,  &s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  39 
VEGETABLES, 


Lemons,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Ss 
Oranges,  per  dos..  Is  to  Is  Cd 

—  per  100,  3s  6d  ;o  lOfl 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3s 
L'^uts,  Barcelona,  p.  bsb,'2Usto'i2s 

—  Brazil,  p,  bsh.,  lis  to  148 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  SOs 


Savoys,  psr  doz.,  lOd  to  Is  3d 
Broccoli,  p.  buncb,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  43  to  Ts 
Seakale,  pel-  basket.  Is  to  2s 
Oreens,  per  doz,,  2s  to  3 
Ehubarb,  p.  bundle,  Sd  to  Is 
FotatooB,  per  ton,  45s  to  805 

—  percwt.,28to  58 

~-    per  bush., Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz,,  Ss  to  49 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  3s 
Celery,  p,  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Oarrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
jBrussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

ls6dto  23  6d 
Spinach, per  sieve,  la  tola 6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,ls<>d  to  3s 
Sndive,  per  score,  9d  to  2s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 


Parsnips,  per  doz.,  Sd  to  Is 
Leeka,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  BdtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  Sd  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score,  4d  to  Is 
Small  Salads,  p.  puou.,2dto  3d 
tlorseRadishfP.  bundle,  Is  to  4e 
Mushrooms,  p,  pot..  Is  tola  3d 

—     per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  26  to  33 
Mint,  per  buncb,  9d  to  Is 
Basil,  p.  bunch,  8d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercre8  9,p,12bunch3.  6dtols 


COAL  MARKET.— FaiDAT.Jao.  30. 

Cowper'g  Hartley,  ISs.   6d.  ;  Eden  Main,  ISs.    6d.  ;  Walls- 
end    Braddyl,  17s.   3d.;  Wallsend  Russell's    Httfon,  173.  3d.; 
Wallsend    Wbitwell,    15s.   9d, ;    Wallsend    Kelloe,     l7fl.    3d.; 
"Wallsend  Seymour  Lees.  153.  6d. — Ship-  at  market,  79. 
POTATOES.— SouTHWAKK,  Monday,  Jan.  26. 

The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  there  have 
been  reveral  arrivals  coastwise,  and  a  very  large  supply  by 
rail ;  the  trade  still  continues  very  heavy,  at  the  following  quota- 
tions :— Yorkhhire  Regents,  eus.  to  80a.;  Scotch  ditto,  60s.  to 
€6s. ;  Cups,  508.  to  GOs. ;  Rent  and  Essex  Regents,  COs.  to  75s.; 
Lincolnsbire  and  Wisbeach,  dec,  503.  to  65&, 


*!Prlme  Meadow 
Inferiorditto.., 

Rowen    

New  Hay 


Prime  Meadow 
inferlo-r  ditto... 
New  Hay 
Old  Clover    ... 

Fine  Old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferiorditto... 
Straw      


HAT— Per  Load  of  36  Trusaes, 

Smitbfield,  Jan.  29. 
Hay  72sto  778  i  Clover     

...     65        70      2dcut       

...    60        65      Straw     

Trade  brisk. 
CoMBEBLAND  Mabekt,  Jan.  29. 


..,  75sto85fi 
...  70  75 
...  i3  26 
J.  COOPEB. 


Hay  74b  CO  78s 
60        70 


Interior  . 
New  Clover 
Straw 
78        84 
Whitechapel,  Jan.  29. 


JOSHOA  Baeeb. 


723  to  76s 
68  72 
50  60 
22        2C 


Old  Clover    ... 
Inferiorditto 
New  Clover    ... 
Inferior  ditto... 


56 


HOPS.— Friday,  Jan.  3  i. 
Messrs.  Pattendeo  and  Smith  report  a  good  steady  demand 
for  all  choice  Hops  with  a  short  supply  on  offer. 

WOOL. 

Bradfobd,    Thdrsdat,   January  29.— The  supply   is    quite 

equal  to  the  limited  demand  of  the  consumers,  and  at  present 

prices  there  is  but  little  disposition  to  add  to  their  stocks. 

Noils  and  Brokea  are  without  change. 

SMITHFIELD,  Monday,  Jan.  2S. 

The  number  of  Beasts  is   large  ;    the  favourable  weather 

causes  a  considerable  demand,  and  we  are  enabled  to  retain 


latt  Monday's  quotations  in  mos:  coses.  Some  inferior  kinds 
remain  unsold  The  suiiply  of  Sheep  is  smill,  and  trade  more 
ch-erful,  but  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  higher  ratei.  Good 
Ctlves  are  scarce,  and  late  rates  are  fuliy  supported.  From 
Hrllaiid  ami  Germany  there  are  333  Boasts,  1010  Sheep,  and 
139  Calves;  irom  Spain,  50  Sheep  ;  from  Sco'land,  400  Beasts; 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1401;  and  8U0  from  the  northern 
and  midland  counties. 

Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— e  d  s  d 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  (fee.  ...  3  8  to  3  10 
Best  Short-horns  3  6  —  38 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  8  —  3  2 
Best    Downs    and 

Half-breds      .„  4     0  —  4     4 
Oftto  Shorn 

Beasts,  3852;  Sneep  and  Lambs, 2 1,250;  Calves,  171  ;  Pigs,  320. 
Friday,  Jan.  3 ', 
We  have  a  good  supply  of  Beasts  both  as  regards  number 
and  quality;  trade  is  slow,  and  Monday's  prices  cannot  be 
maintaintd,  escppt  for  a  few  choice  Scots.  The  number  of 
Sheep  is  exceedingly  small  ;  thero  is,  however,  coof^iderable 
difficulty  ia  disposing  of  them.  Pricea  are  about  the  same  as 
Monday  last.  The  supp  y  of  Calves  has  considerably  in- 
creased; prices  have,  confltqoently  fallen  fully  2d.  per  8  lbs. 
Oar  foreign  supply  consists  of  314  Beasts.  460  Sheep,  and  140 
Calves.       The  number  of  Milch  Uows  on  sale  is  105. 

-  4     0 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— a 

d     8 

A 

BeatLong-woola  .  3 

3  to! 

0 

Ditto  Shorn 

Bwe8  tb  2d  quality  3 

0  —  3 

4 

Ditto  Shorn 

Lamba      0 

0-0 

0 

Calvea      3 

1—4 

(! 

Pil!"           2 

8  —  3 

S 

HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT, 


Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &.C.        ...  3     6  to  3 

Best  Snort-horns    3     4  —  3 

2d  quality  Beasts  2     6  —  3 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breda       ,,.4     0  —  4 

Ditto  Shorn 


Best  Long-wools  .  8 
Ditto  Shorn 
Ewes  d'.  2d  quality  3 
Ditto  Shorn 
Lambs      .,.         ...  0 

Calves      3 

figs  2 


0-0 
0  —  4 


Beasts,  975;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2510  ;  Calves,  2 


;  Pigs,   295. 

MARK  LANE. 
Mokdat,  Jan.  26. — The  supply  of  Wheat  this  morning  from 
Essex  was  exceedingly  small,  but  moderate  from  Kent;  the 
whole  was  disposed  of  at  an  advance  of  23,  per  qr.  upon  the 
prices  ot  this  day  senn'ghc ;  the  improvement  realised  on 
foreign  is  nearly  confined  to  the  fineat  qualities,  and  does  not 
exceed  Is.  to  2fi.  per  qr  ,  but  being  generally  held  for  a  greater 
advance  business  in  the  saftie  was  restricted.— The  tup  price  of 
town  made  Flour  has  been  advanced  33.  per  sack,  viz.,  to  4  Is. 
Foreign  is  Is.  per  sack  and  bai-rel  dearer. — There  is  a  fair  de- 
mand for  Bark-y,  at  an  advance  of  Is,  to  2s.  per  qr. —  Beans  are 
fully  as  dear.  — Wiiite  Peas  are  unaltered  in  value,  Grey  are 
rather  dearer, — The  Oat  trade  is  firm.  We  raise  our  quota- 
tions Is.  per  qr. 

Per  iMPEBtAL  Qdahtee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —      fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —      Talavera 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York.. .White 

—  Foreign 

BarlBy,grind.  Js  distil.,  27s  to29s...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  , 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish  J, Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24s  to  27a Tick 

—  Pigeon 37   —32...  Wiudn 

—  Foreign  Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler'- 

—  Maple 27s  to  SOs Grey 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

FaiDAT,  Jan.   3^ — The   arrivals  of  grain  and  Flour  since 

Monday  have  been  small.  To-day's  market  was  thinly  attended, 
and  but  Itttle  business  transacted  ;  never  heless,  ia  the  sales 
effected  of  Wheat,  the  ex'reme  prices  of  that  day  were  ob- 
tained, and  th-i  same  applies  to  Flour. — In  the  value  of  Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peas  there  is  no  alteration.- — The  Oat  trade  is  firm 
atour  extreme  quotations. — Wheat  has  again  advanced  Is.  to 
23.  per  qr.  thoughout  the  kingdom  ;  but  the  amount  of  busi- 
ness transai^ted  this  week  bus  been  comparatively  limited. 
The  trade,  however,  continues  exceedingly  firm,  with  a  cur- 
rency  tending  upwards. 


44-46 

Red  

40-42 

46—48 

Red  

42-44 

16-52 

39-44 

Red  

_ 

37—53 

30— 3S 

Halting. 

28-32 

■il_28 

Malting  . 



19-21 

2  -24 

Feed 

20-22 

2(1—23 

Feed 

19—22 

19-22 

Feed 

18-21 

— 

Foreign  . 

— 

25—30 

Harrow  . 

25-30 

30-36 

Lonjpod 

24-30 

22-311 

Egyptian 

23-25 

(2-34 

-iuftolli... 

33—85 

26-28 

Foreign  . 

27-34 

— 

Yellow... 

— 

38-43 

29-34 

Norfolk  . 

29—84 

18—24 

Per  sack 

3!— 36 

P  DENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
J— ^  •  KiNo's-BOAD,  Cbelsea,  —The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respent  ot  thesu  Structures  having  been  proTed  in  all  parts  of 
tiie  Uni'ed  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect* 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  i<;rea':  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  H-Mhouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  '?*iarf 
or  Haihvay  S  atioo.  at  Is.  2d,  per  foot  super.,  complete  .jiving 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previoualy,  n  .dog  a 
Greenhouse  IS  ft.  6  ins.  long.  12  ft.  rafter,  4t)0  ft.,  23J.  6s  8d  • 
24  fc.  Gins,  l.mg.,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  30J,  13s.  8d. ;  28  ft.  6  ins' 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot-water  oa 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Wails,  die.,  Id.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


r^REEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
VJ  Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill.  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  ia 
England,— A  List  o£  Tricea  sent  bj  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. 


MAJESTY'S 


KOTAL  LBITEKS 

PATENT.       . 


Tmpeeial 
aveeaqes. 


Deo,  20., 

—  27.. 
Jan.    3., 

—  10. 

—  17., 

—  24  , 


Aegreir,  Aver. 


Wheat, 

Baklei. 

Oats, 

Eye. 

Beans. 

37j  Id 

26s  6d 

ISj  %d 

27s  id 

399  9(2 

37    2 

26    3 

IS    3 

28    1 

39    2 

37    2 

26    7 

17    9 

26  11 

28    7 

37    4 

26    5 

17    0 

20     1 

28    9 

38    3 

27    1 

18  11 

37    6 

27  11 

39    3 

27  10 

13    2 

27  10 

28    3 
28    9 

»7  10 

26    9 

18    1 

27  U 

V9s  id 
:9    0 
.'8     4 
29     1 
28  10 


Puiies  on  foreign  Grain,  Is,  per  quarter. 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages. 


Pbices,   Dec.  20.  Dec,  i7.  Jan.  3.  Jan,  10.  Jan.  17,  Jan.  24, 


393  Sd 
33    3 
37    7  — 
37     4 
37    2 
37    2 


:;;; 


AEEIVALS  THIS  WeEK. 


English  ... 

Irish    

Foreign  .. 


Qre. 
1240 


400 


Barley. 


Qps. 
1990 


Oats. 


Qra. 

820 
£590 

910 


2330  sacks 
200  sacks 


PWING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
L-i  —One  of  the  greatest  defects  in  British  gardening  has 
hitherto  been  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  oa 
common  brick  or  stone  walls,  owing  to  the  varidbleness  and 
humidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  mbstitutiog 
hollow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  not  only  will  the 
young  wood  in  autumn  be  fully  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
will  he  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  spring,  and  a  climate  secured  equal  to  that  of  southern 
Europe. 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,  and 
the  finer  sorts  of  Pears  and  Plums,  producioj;  fruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expt-nse  than  usually 
attending  trees  upon  a  common  stone  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  place  of  brick 
and  Btooe  walls,  but  will,  in  a  great  mea!>ure,  supersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapness  at 
first  cost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exotics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  authorities  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindley,  and  for  whosti 
opinion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leadmu  columns  of  the 
Gardeners'  C/iroiiic^e  of  December  6  ;  also  of  Robert  Marnock, 
Esq..  Curntor  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park' 
London,  in  the  leadins  columns  of  the  Gardener 3'  and  Farmers' 
Journal,  of  December  20.  The  patentee  havint;  made  arrange- 
ments with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-founders  in  the 
kingdom,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  extensive  British 
Glass  manufacturers  ;  and  from  the  well-known  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agents,  feels  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  suffi-^ient  guarantee  that  all  orders  in  con- 
nection with  the  Glass  Walls  will  ba  promptly  and  efficiently 
carried  our.  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Agents,  and  with  whom 
drawioifs  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  prices,  &c.,  obtained  on  application  : — Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Piiie-apple.placp,  Edgware-road,  London;  Messrs.  Whitley 
and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  Pulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinning, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiswick,  London  • 
Mcssrri.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter;  Messrs.  F.  and 
J.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chester;  Messrs,  Lawson  and 
Son,  Edinburgh.  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs.  Dickfon  and  TurubuU, 
Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.P.S.,  F.R.S.S.A,, 
author  of  the  *"  Practical  Gardener,"  "Book  of  the  Garden," 
&c.,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  tiardeus  of  bis  Majesty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  hie  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buc- 
cleuch.  at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Head  Gardener,  &c.,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentham,  S  t afford t-hire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  i:c.,  Bodorgan, 
Anclefiea  ;  Messrs.  Pilkington,  Crown,  Sheet,  aud  Plate  Glass 
Workf,  St.  Helen's,  Lancashire. 

%o  Prices  fiT  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Walla  with  glass 
andiron  wiU  be^jiven  on  application. 


TO   FORESTERS,   ETC. 

WANTED,  WILLOW  POLES,  fresh  cut,  9  feet  long, 
and  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter.  Offers,  wi^h  price  per  1«0 
or  loon,  laid  down  at  the  nearest  port,  to  be  addrtssed  to  J.  C, 
SoMMEES,  Esq.,  159,  Feochurch-street,  London. 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Liverpool,  Tdesdat,  Jan.  27  —Having  a  good  attendance 
of  home  and  country  millers  at  our  Corn  Exchange  this  morn- 
ing, a  fair  amount  of  b'lsiness  was  transacted  in  foreign 
Wheats,  at  a  further  advance  on  Friday's  rates,  making  thfi 
rise  on  the  currency  of  this  day  week  abt)ut  3d.  per  70  lb?..,  all 
qualities  or  English  commanding  a  sitnilar  amendment.  Flour 
advanced  Is.  pt>r  barrel  and  6d.  per  suck  over  the  rates  of 
Tuesday  last.  Prime  English  Malting  Barley  scarce,  and  '3. 
to  28.  per  qr.  higher.  Malt  also  improved  s.  per  qr.  The 
genera!  run  of  Beans,  though  not  readily  saleable,  were  steady 
in  value,  but  Egyptians  declined  3d.  per  qr.  Peas  unvaried. 
Oats,  being    in  limited  supply,  advanced    f.  per  45  Ib^. ;  but 

Oatmeal    hardly    sustained   our    late  qnolations.' FaiDAY, 

Jan.  23.— The  arrivals  from  Ireland  and  cdastwise  are  gene- 
rally small,  and,  except  a  fdir  quamity  of  Wheat  and  Beans, 
the  arrivals  irom  abroad  are  unimportant  At  our  marltet 
tn-d'iy  holders  lemained  firm,  at  an  iidvanca  of  Id.  to  2d.  per 
70  lbs.;  and  the  demand  m bating,  and  miileis  buying  cautiously, 
the  business  of  the  mnrninu  passed  ovtr  and  closed  rather 
quietly.  Barley,  Malt,  and  Peas  in  stead.v  demand  on  the 'ernis 
of  last  Tuesday.  Beans  are  the  turn  lower.  Oa's  ful'.v  support 
late  rates.  Indian  Corn  on  the  spot  hu»  been  taken  sparingly 
this  morning. 


Galvan- 

Japanned 

ised. 

IrOD. 

7ff.  per  yd. 

5d.  perjd. 

9        .. 

«4      .. 

12 

9        .1 

8 

e 

10 

8 

1*        .. 

11        ,. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide  . 

2-inch      ,,       strong  ,, 

2.inch     ,,      extra  strong  ,, 
If-inch      ,,      light  ,* 

Ig-inch      ,,       strong  ,, 

li-inch      ,,       extra  strong   ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices 
If  the  upper  hji'f  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  poRtfree. 

Munutactured  hy  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Noriviuh,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle, 


THOMAS    MILLINSTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  f;ir  superior  to  any  other  manutiicture,  as  u'tll 
as  cbe;iper.     In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delii-evy. 
*>  iuches  by  1  and    GJ  by  44      13s.  Oti. 

7  „  5  and    TibySJ      15    0 

8  „  Sand    8    by  SJ      15     0 

6         „  6  and    8i  by  6i      17     C 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8        20     0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9       20     0 

And  raaoy  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses, 
Cast:3  containing-  large  Sheets,  ia  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2ls.  per  100  feet, 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  ^  in.thicli,  best  manufactured 

In  sizes  under  15  ioches  6rf.  per  foot. 

„  „       85       „       8d.        ,, 

„  „       50      , Sid.      „ 

„  „        75       „        U'd.       „' 

Milk  Pans,  25.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand-frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propa'^atinp,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Piate  Glass,  at  87,  Bisbopsgate- 
atreet  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway, — 
Established  100  years. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 
X-TETLEY    AND   Co.  supply    16-oz.   Sheet   Glass    of 

-i-J-  British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3(f. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  uisual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  tor  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  applicatii  n,  fur 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATE5,  V/AT  ER-PH'K3,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlst  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 
See  Oardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  TEE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Appitratus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  I'ot-water  Appa- 
ratus,  will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kinu's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hotbouaes,  Grepnboiisea,  Conser- 
vatorici,  Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvementa,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
pu»'po3e. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
©reefed  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  die.  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  i  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  iu  pots 
irom  eyee,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  «te.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-rond,  Chelsea,  London. 

HORTTcU  LTU  RAr^BUrLDrNG~AN  D~H  EATI NG 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GLASS. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    GLASS    MERCHANTS, 


116,  BISHOPSGATE  STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON 


HAVE     THE     PLEASUBE     TO     HAND     THEIE 

HORTICULTURAL  CLASS, 
PacUed    ia     Crates    containiug     about 
300  feet,  and  in  sheets  about  40  ins. 
lung  bj  30  iii3.  wide. 

13  oz.  to  the  toot Os.2d, 

16  oz.       do.        0    2J 

HI  oz,       do 0    3| 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes. 
Not  exceeding  40  inches   long;  : 

IS  oz OS,  3d.  to  Off.  S.^ti. 

21  oz 0     4  0     6' 

2Goz 0     6  0     7 

Paclicd  in  boxi^s  containing  100  feet : 
6bj- 4  toBUiv  41  ins.  ..,     13s.  Od. 

7  by  5  to  7i  bv  .IJj  ins.  ...     1.5     0 

3  by  G  to  Sj  l)y  61  ins.  ,,.     17     6 

9  by  7  to  10  by  S"  ins.  ...     2  )     0 

Boxes  are  charged  2s.  each,  but  allowed 
for  win^n  returned. 

FOREIGIV!    SHEET   CLASS. 
Paclted  in  200  feet  Cases,  hizes  varying 
from  33  by  26  to  44  by  30,  at  33s,,  403 ,  to 
42s.  per  case  of  very  superior  quality. 


Besl: 

Seconds 

Thirds 

Fourths 

CO. 

Coarse  . 


WIIMDOW    CLASS. 
In  Crates  of  13  Tables. 

, 6  1.5    0     gt  ; 

6  17     -  '   •    " 

, 4  IG 


.  2  12 
2     C 


0 
0 

0 
0 


LIST  or  micES  on  glash 
POLISHED  PLATE  CLASS. 
Platen  under  1  ft.  super.  Is.  Od. 


1  foot  and  undei 

2 

d„. 

2    4 

2            do. 

3 

do. 

2    8 

3           do. 

4 

do. 

2  10 

i          do. 

G 

do. 

3    2 

6           do. 

3 

do. 

3    6 

8           do. 

10 

do. 

3    9 

10            do. 

12 

do. 

4    0 

U           do. 

14 

do. 

4    2 

ORNAMENTAL   OPAQUE    PLATE 
GLASS. 

PERFORATED    CLASS, 

FOE   VENTILATION. 

CLASS    SLATES   WITH    DRILLED 

HOLES. 

Bough  Plate. 


Size. 
Duchess  ...  24+12 
Small  Imperial  20+14 


■Sm^ll  Duehess 
Counfess 
Viscountess ... 
Large  Ladies 
Laflies 
DnuWes 


+  V! 
20+10  1  14 
18+10,1  1 
1G  +  I!)il  0 
1G+  8  0  10 
13+  7  0  R 


s.  d. 
0 
4  10 
4  8 
3  8 
3    4 


rKE,5ENT    MONTH,     ]?0B    CA 
CLASS    TILES. 

Sheet. 


Kough  Plato. 
.  ,  Each— s,  d. 
i  inch  thioli...  0  10 
3-lGth9  do.  do.  1  0 
i  inch  thick...  1  3 
I  inch  thick...   2    0 


50  Tiles, 


16  oz. 
21  oz.  . 
20  01,  , 
32  oz.  , 
i  of  an  inch  thick, 
a  case,  2t.  lOs. 


Eacb- 


s.  d. 

.    ...    0    G 

....0    8 

...    0  10 

....10 

packed  in 


QUAEET 


CLASS    FOR  CHURCHES,  CHAPELS 

SCHOOLS,  ETC.        ' 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT 

GLASS, 

In  various  lengths,  of  three  thicknesses- 
a  cheap  substitute  for  Lead  Lights. 

HARTLEY'S      PATENT      ROUGH 
PLATE  GLASS. 

i  inch  thick,  or  2  lbs.  to  the  foot  ; 
3-lGthB,  or  3  lbs. ;  and  i,  or  4  lbs.  to  the 
foot,  for  Ridge  and  Furrow,  Roofs,  Green- 
houses, Railway  Stations,  Engine  Sheds, 
Mills,  Market  Halls,  and  Public  Build 
ings  generally. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  FLUTED  AND 
CORRUGATED  GLASS, 

For    Dome  Lights,    Counting-house 
"Windows,  &c. 


Subject  to  the  usual  discount  fur  cash. 
Squares  cut  to  order. 

Milk  Pans,  Pnop-tGATinG  Glasses,  and  every  article  in  the  trade,  for  whieli  a  List  of  Prices,  and  every 
information,  may  be  had,  by  addressing 
JAmsS  PHZ^IiIPS  &.  CO.,  Glass  merchants,  116,  Blsbopsgate-street  'Witbout,  Xondqn. 

ROBERT  SORBY  and  SONS,  Carver  Street, 
Sheffield,  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to 
their  nEGI=!TBRED  STEEL-POINTED  PATENT  SCYTHE 
and  REAPING  HOOK,  which  possesses  the  advantitges  so 
long  wanting  to  make  the  old  Patent  Scythe  universally  ap- 
proved. A  single  trial  must  establish  their  decided  superiority. 
To  be  had  of  all  Hardware  Dealers  and  Seedsmen.  Every 
Scythe  is  warranted. 


Fig.  4  represents  the  point  of  the  ordinary  scythe.  The  back 
is  made  of  wroughtiron,  and  the  blade  of  cast  steel,  which  are 
rivetted  together.  The  back  does  not  extend  the  whole  length 
of  the  blade,  and  the  vacancy  is  tilled  iu  with  lead,  which 
beiu^'  liable  to  tear  off  in  use,  leaves  the  point  of  the  back  ex- 
posed, which  never  fails  to  catch  in  the  crop,  and  so  impede 
operations.  This  objectioa  is  neatly  obi'iated  by  thus  lapping 
the  steel  point  over  the  end  of  the  back,  so  that  an  uniform 
steel  back  ia  presented  for  a  sh.irt  distance  from  the  point. 
Pig.  1  shows  the  back  to  be  rivetced  under  tile  steel  blade. 
Fig.  2.  which,  when  finished,  preseats  the  appearance  shown 
in  Fig.  3,  where  the  iron  back  is  completely  protected  by  the 
steel  at  the  wearing  point. 


WIRE  NETTING  ONE  PENNY  PER  SQUARE  FOOT. 


Q.RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
^London,  bavins  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
strtictl.jn  (,f  Horticultural  Ereclions,  which,  lor  elegance  of 
deUgn,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
nnjthiDgofthe  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
*'a    J    ("  ""  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

O.ii  Co.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
•.entry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  10  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  thev  can  with  the  greatest 
conHd.nce  gi«  the  most  satirfaotory  references. 
^2^^1  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
appro.wl  and  scientific  printiple.,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  Hot  by  Water  can  bo  made  available. 

HOT  WATER  APPARATUS.ToR  WARMINC  CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC    BUILDINGS, 

HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 

■p     E.  WEliER  A>D  CO.,  JiiONP00NrjER.s,  Scotland 

.T".*,  ""  •  '-l"-'l"'ol,  Invhe  th»  nitcnthm  c,f  ih.,  public  to 
their  improved  Hot  Water  Appuratu«  for  Warminit  fjhurcbes 
Public  HuiMin„.,  Hothouse.;  and  Von,,^:,3U,,Z  iMjh^bl'r 
i»rj«  eipi-r  .  ncc  In  fnch  work  enables  them  to  rccommcn.l  ■ 
and  r,r  economy  of  foil,  durability,  and  frco-lom  from  nauseous 
•men,  i.  unsurpassed  by  any  '.llur  morle  ot  licnfinK. 

M^i.uf-c  urers  of  Steam  Engine.  CrBnea,  Kliclien  Rnnires 
Il«l»ler  Grate.,  8to»e»,  Bnlconie.,  Ver^indah.,  Unr^nce  Haios' 
Itallio;,  and  all  deacrlptlons  of  (Vrought  and  Cast  Iron  Oruol 
oi.ntftl  Work. 

P  0  R  W  A  Ji  M  I  N  G  ~g1u;'e  N  II  O  USES 
«,  „,',"''  ,!;'•'"-""'«»  "f  "11  kind.,  the  now  lUvlaiced 
JH>HI/,O.VT.\L  OAS  hTOVK  I,  perfect  In  it«  op.riiion, 
frru  Ir  m  .moll,  and  cannot  KCt  out  of  order.  Prl.e  3il«.- 
.",""  .■'"'  **"*'  Uorlingtou  Works,  Uouhwaik  Bihlitr. 
road,  London. 


GREAT  LONDON  DRAINAGE  COMPANY, 
for  the  con  traction  of  Tunnel  Sewer.*,  ond  for  securing 
and  converting  the  contents  of  the  Metropolitan  Sewers  into 
a  Guano,  An  Ac;  of  Incorporation  has  been  applie.l  for,  and 
will  be  proceeded  with  duiiog  the  present  Session.  Pro- 
epectu'es  may  be  had  at  20,  Throgmorton-atreet,  and  17, 
Dudyer-etreet,  London. 

LOSS  OF  THE  AMAZON.— Alarming  Loss  of 
Life  and  Pbitertt.  100  Lives  and  100  OOOi.  Lost  for 
want  of  one  of  FlieEMAN  ROE'S  TIRE  PUMPS.  This  Pump 
is  simple  in  consiruction  ;  ia  adapted  for  Garden  and  Domestic 
uses,  or  as  a.  Bilge  Pump ;  and.  without  alteration,  is  a 
powerful  Fire  Engine. — Address,  Feeeman  Roe,  70,  Strand, 
London  ;  or  Bridgefield,  Wandsworth,  Surrey- 
HYDR^UMC  R^MS,  FOUNTAINS.  &c. 

COKE  CHEAP.— This  economical  and  useful  Fuel, 
•■f  a  very  superior  qiialiiy,  to  be  had  in  quamities  of  five 
Chaldrons  au^i  uprparils.  cleared  in  aweek,  at7s  per  Chaldron, 
at  the  three  worUs  of  ih<3  PhoanixGap  Compimy,  viz  ,  Bankside, 
Roufiwark,  upper  Surrey  side  of  Vauxhall-britge  loot,  and 
Greenwich.  This  Coke  is  used  in  her  Majesty's  Conservatories 
as  wt.-ll  as  in  privaie  houses,  and  is  admirably  adapted  for 
steam  enginee  in  the  city  of  London,  where  no  smoke  is  now 
allowed. 

WATERPROOF  CAPES,  so  as  to  effectually 
protect  a  man  from  wet  while  etooping  down,  3s.  each, 
puitabli  for  Coachmen,  Gardeners,  Gamekeepers,  Watchers, 
Cirmen,  Horse-drivers,  Porters,  and  Agricultural  Labourers. 
Three  thniifland  London  Policemen's  second-hand  Cuprg,  re- 
dressed, 12s  ,  18s.,  and  lis.  per  dozen.  Waggon  and  Cart 
Covers,  Horses'  Loin  Clo'h-;,  Waterproof  Coats,  Driving  Apron 
for  Gigs,  Dug-carta,  and  Omnibuses,  &c.  —  R.  Ricbardson, 
21,  Tonbridge.plice,  corner  of  Judd-street,  New-road,  London. 
N.B,  — Transparent  Sheeting,  nearly  2  yards  wide,  I5.  per 
\ard.  One  thousand  yards  thick  Tarpauling,  second-haud, 
I3.  per  square  yiird,  made  up.     Soutb-Westers  is.  each. 


f^  ARDEN     NETS,     FISHING     NETS,     SHEEP 

^"5"  NETS.  &c  — Old  TANNED  FI3RING  NETS,  gd.  per 
yard,  sold  by  others  at  J^d.  ;  new  tanned  twine  Nets,  l^d.  • 
wors'eri  Garden  Nets,  2.^-^.  per  yard  ;  three-strand  tnread  Net, 
to  protect  bo^som,  and  the  ripe  fruit  afterwards  from  wasps 
and  flies.  Gd  per  square  yard.  This  article  has  been  approved 
by  ihe  Hnrticulmral  Society.  Samples  sent.  Fishing  Note, 
viz.,  drag;,  soiTie,  flue,  c.isting,  hoop  and  trammel  Nets,  atvery 
moderate  charges  ;  sheep  Nets  of  New  Zealand  cord  or  cocoa- 
nut  fibre,  lid.  p-r  jard,  nearly  4  feet  high  ;  cricket  Nets,  Nets 
to  cover  pheasantries,  <Sic.,  very  cheap. — R.  Richasdson,  21, 
Tonhrid^*e-lJlace,  corner  of  Judd-street,  New-road. 

N.  B.    Maker  of    the  patent  iron  wire  rahbit-pi'oof  fencing 
a^d    ppr  pqiiaro  vHi-rl,  in  anv  v^■id^h  from  6  feet  to  15  inches. 


GALVANISED  WIRE  NETTING,  TWO-PENCE 
PElt  SQL'ARE  FOOT.— This  article  requires  no  paint- 
ing,  the  atmosphere  not  having  the  sli^'htest  action  on  it.  It 
was  exhibited  at  the  late  Mcropolitan  Cattle  Show,  and  wslp 
highly  eulogised  both  for  its  utility  and  pretty  appearance,  and 
acknowledf^ed  to  he  the  clieiipest  and  hest  articleeverproduced. 
It  forms  a  light  and  durable  fence  against  the  depredationn  of 
hart'S,  rabbits,  and  cats,  and  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  Aviaries, 
Pheasantri<ii8,  and  t^j  secure  ptmUry  ;  and  by  the  gnlvaniRed 
requiring  no  paint,  it  aoswors  admirably  for  training  all  kinds 
ot  creeping  plants.  Large  quantities  always  kept  in  stock,  of 
19,  24,  <iG,  and  J8  inches  wide  ;  it  cun,  however,  be  made  to  any 
dimeuaion«.  deoired.  Pat.erns  forwarded  free  of  expenee. 
12  inches  wide  dd.  per  yard.  I  30  Inches  wide  Ti^d.  per  yard. 
18        „         „      Hd.         „  3G        „        „      9d.  „ 

U        „         „      Gd.  „         1  48        „        „      1b.  „ 

Galvanifled  do.,  \d.  per  font  extra. 
Kxtra  Btrona  Imperial  Wire  8hu«p  Netting,  3  feet,  Is.  Gd.  per 
running  jard;  if  gulvanthed,  1b.  Also  every  description  ol 
Wire  Nurspry  and  PireguardH.  Wire  H  luse-laoternH  and 
•^hwdifB,  Fly-proof  DUh  Covers,  M.tit  Safe-,  etc.;  Window 
BliiidH,  1*.  Xiid.  per  squure  foot,  with  bollB  complete,  In  mabo- 
\i»ny  fr.imfH  ;  Gothic  Oardeci  Hi.rderliig,  (id.  per  running  foot  ; 
I'MowiT  TrahinrB,  from  'Ad.  oaoli  ;  Giirdon  Arcll««,  20s  each. 
I'lowcr  S'nndH,  from  3h.  04.  eiicli  ;  GalvHnltnid  Tyiog  Wim  foi 
I'liintrt  iind  trfceH,  Diihll:.  Kodw,  and  every  description  of  Wlic- 
wiirli  ;  Weaving,  tor  tliu  UBe  of  paptjr-mnlutrs,  inillir^,  .Sio.— Ar 
he  ManufiKitnry  of  TiJoMAa  IIenuv  Fox,  41,  Akiuiior-btroct, 
tinuw-talll,  Loudon. 


C^LOSE  OF  HOLIDAYS.— Now  that  the  seasou  of 
J  Hnuual  ffstivi'y  ia  atiout  to  terminate,  and  the  respective 
Boarding-schools  reinstated  by  the  busy  throng  of  youthful 
aspirants,  th-  ir  per'-onal  comfort  and  attractions  become 
naturally  an  object  of  great  solicitude  with  frii-nds  and 
relativep.  Now  it  i-*  that  ROWLAND'S  MACASSAR  OIL,  for 
accelerating  ^h-  growth,  and  for  improving  and  bcautifjini;  the 
huir;  ROWLANDS'  Kf\LYDUR,  for  improving  the  t-kin  and 
complexion,  and  removing  cutaneous  eruptions;  and  ROW- 
LANDS' ODONTO,  lor  beautifying  the  teelh  and  preserving 
the  gums,  mutt  ha  universally  considered  indispensable. 
The  auju.^it  patrnnatfe  conceded  by  all  the  Sovereigns  of 
Eurofie  to  these  creative  and  renovating  epecitica,  and  the  con- 
firmation, hy  ixperience,  of  their  infallible  efficacy,  have 
chanicterised  th-m  ;i6  perfect,  and  given  them  a  celebrity 
uni'ar:.lbtied.  RpWAnn:  of  Spdriooh  Imitationp,  —  The  'tnly 
Uttnuioe  MrtcaHsiir  Oil.  K'llydor,  and  Odontu,  arc  "Rowlands';" 
and  t.ho  witiptMr  nr  lubifl  of  eacli  boars  the  name  of "  Kow- 
LANDa'"  preceding  that  of  the  article.— Sold  by  A.  Rowland 
tinri  Sons,  20,  Hii'ton  Garden,  London  ;  and  by  all  respectable 
ChemiMtaand  Perfumers. 


T.^  MPLOYMENT   FOR  EVERYBODY.  —  Mr. 

m2j  ai.LEN  WDtiD.  of  100,  tligh-Btroet,  Rochcaler,  continues 
to  Hi-nd  free  to  nil  parts  of  the  kingdom,  bis  12  valuuhio,  ensy. 
and  ready  nn'thijda  of  reallBing  U.  to  ■!(.  per  week,  by  either 
Hex  anoording  to  time  B|jont.  A,  W.  has  advertised  these 
inetiiodM  uhove  12  inoiiiliH,  vviih  the  invisiitor,  and  li'is  benefited 
hundri'dH.  A  pile  of  thiniUlul  luttcrs  prove  that  faut.  Send  a 
directt'd  ptHrriijO't  oni'tilope  and  12  pohl;ige  atamps,  and  they 
will  1)1)  loiwardud  by  rotuin  of  post.  Rely  it  Is  no  falmdiood; 
It  l4  It  cer'j.iiity,  111. d  wiihout  riak.— N.H.  Families  will  find 
MO 'DO  of  thi'iii  of  ni'Ldf.  value,  UH  a  large  Having  ia  positively 
derived  by  puaaenBlng  them. 


HOUSEHOLD   NARRATIVE,  A  SUPPLEMENT  TO 

HOUSEHOLD   WORDS. 

CONDUCTED  BY  CHARLES  DICKENS. 

This  day  is  publiphed,  price  2d.,  the  Number  for  January  (being 

the  First  Number  of  Volume  IIT.),  of 

THE  HOUSEHOLD  NARRATIVE  of  CURRENT 
EVENTS  ;  which  being  declared,  by  the  juilKment  of  the 
Court  of  Exchequer,  a  legal  publication  not  coming  withiu  tbe 
provisions  of  the  Stamp  Act,  will  be  re);ularly  continued  and 
much  improved.  A  Number  is  published  at  the  end  of  each 
month.  Vo'umpp  I.  and  II.,  for  1850  and  1851,  are  always  on 
sale,  price  3s.  each  in  cloth. 

PubHshed  at  tbe  Office  of  Household  Words,  No.  16,  Wei- 
linetoo-sfreet  North.     Pold  by  all  liooiisellers  .ind  Newsmen. 


This  day  is  published,  price  25.,  Numbers  IX.  and  X., 
(completing  tbe  Work),  of 

THE  COMIC  HISTORY  OF  ROME. 
By  the  Author  of  "  The  Comic  History  of  Eocland,"  illus- 
trated  with  Two  Ur^e  Coloured  Plates,  and  numerous  Wood 
Engravings,  by  JOHN  LEECH. 

%*  The  Volume  will  be  published  on  the  5th  February,  price 
lis.  in  clo*h. 

Bradbdht  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-ftreet. 

This  day  is  published,  price  Id.,  Part  XIV.  of  the  Collected 
Edition  of  the 

WRITINGS  OF  DOUGLAS  JERROLD. 
Volumee  I.  and  II.,  containing'  "  ST.  GILES  AND  ST, 
JAMES,"  and  "MEN  OF  CHARACTER,"  are  now  on  sale, 
price  is.  each,  in  cloth. 

Pdncb  Office,  8',  Fleet-street,  London. 

COLBURN    AND  CO.'S   NEW  WORKS. 

Now  Ready,  in  1  vol.  8vo,  15^.  bound, 

THIRD    EDITION    OF    MR.  DISRAELI'S 
POLITICAL       BIOGaAVHY      of      LORD      QEORSE 
BENTINCK. 

IT. 
LORD    PALMERSTON'S   OPINIONS    AND    POLICY    AS 
MINISTER,    DIPLOMATIST,    AND    STATESMAN,   during 
snore  than  40  jenra  of  Public  Life,  with  a  Memoir,  by  G.  H. 
f  BANCIs,  Eeq.,  1  vol.  with  Portraif,  123.  (immediately). 
III. 
MR.  WARBURTON'S  DARIBN ;   or,    THE   MERCHANT 
PRINCE.    3  vols. 

IV. 
SAM  SLICK'S  TRAITS  OF  AMERICAN  HUMOUR.  3  vols. 

AIho,  just  ready.  In  2  vols., 
THE   LITERATURE   AND  ROMANCE   OF    NORTHERN 
EUROPE.    By  William  and  Maet  Howitt. 

CoLBtiEN  and  Co.,  Publishers,  13,  Great  Marlborough-street. 


CHAM.BERS'S    SIXPENNY     MISCELLANY. 
Now  ready.  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  price  6d., 

CHAMBERS'S    POCKET   MISCELLANY: 
A  Literary  Companion  for  the  Rail,  the  Fireside,  and  the 
BuBh.     To  be  coniiaued  in  Monthly  Volumes. 
W.and  II.  CaAMBEaa,  Edinburgh  ;  Wm.  S.  OaaandCo.,  London 


GARDENING  FOR  FEBRUARY. 

Price  Ooe  Penny,  containing  32  closely-printed  pages, 

THE  FLOWER,  FRUIT,  and  KITCHEN  GAR- 
DEN, containing  full  directionn  for  the  cultivation  and 
managemeot  of  Flowers,  Fruit,  and  Veget'ible'",  for  each  weelt 
in  February,  with  Eugravinirs  of  the  STRAWBRRRY,  the 
AURICULA,  and  tbe  CINERARIA— a  List  of  Compost  for 
Plants— DiBPaso  in  Poultry— Formation  of  Pits— Vintage  in 
Tuscany— Culture  of  Cape  Bulbs,  &c.— Published  at  the  Office 
of  ZJ-oyd's  Weekly  London  Newspaper  {Threepence,  post  free), 
Salisbury -square,  London  ;  and  sold  by  all  booksellers. 


Just  published,  and  may  be  bad  gratis, 

MAY'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE,  Paifs  I. 
and  II,,  for  three  penny  postage  stamp.i,  to  pay  postage  ; 
or  Part  I.  for  one  penny  stamp,  or  Part  II.  for  two  penny 
stampii,  separate. 

Part  I.  containa  extensive  LIpIb  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Plants.  Partir.  contains  selef:t  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plunts, 
Roses,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flowering  Shruba,  Evergreens,  and 
Cotiiferaj.  All  described  in  height,  colour,  timii  of  flowering, 
with  prices  and  coudiiione,  and  much  other  uaeful  information. 
Warranted  to  contain  more  practical  details  than  any  o'her 
list  extant;  and  the  largest,  cheapest,  and  best  stock  of  plants 
ever  offered. 

Due  utiiice  will  be  given  of  Part  III.  When  ready,  it  will 
contain  choice  selections  of  various  sorts  of  Fruits,  fully 
described. 

Apply  to  JoBN  Mat,  Hope  Nurseries,  Leeming-laoe,  Bedale, 
Yorkshire. 

For  general  Advertisement  of  Surplus  Stock,  see  page  67 ; 
for  Gooseberries  and  Currants,  see  page  66  of  to-day's  Paper. 


Just  received, 

WIGHT  (Dr.  R.)  ICONES  PLANTARUM  INDI/E 
ORIENTALIS;  or,  Figures  ot  Indian  Plants.     Vol.  V., 
Part  1,  410,  with  HO  Plates.    Price  21. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author, 

PRODROMUS  FLOR^  PENINSULA  IN^DIiS  ORIENTA- 
LIS ;  containing  abridged  DescriptloDS  of  the  Hanie  found  in 
the  Peninsula  of  Rritish  India,  arranged  according  to  the 
Natural  Svsiera. 

CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  BOTANY  OF  INDIA. 

SPICILEGIUM  NEILGHERRENSE;  or,  a  Selection  Of 
Neilgberry  PJantfl. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  INDIAN  BOTANY;  or.  Figures 
Illustraiive  of  each  of  the  Natural  Orders  of  Indian  Plants. 

Detailed  Lt<4t9  may  behad  on  application. 

H.  Baillieke,  21^),  Regent- street,  London;  and  290,  Broad- 
way, New  York. 


PRIZE  REPORT  ON  THE  FARMING  OF 
LINCOLN.SHIRE;  IIS  SOILS,  DRAINAOE,  FARM 
MANAGEMENT,  He.  By  John  Algeenon  Clabee.  Price 
3s.  Cd. 

To  bo  liad  of  Ridowats,   169,  PicCidilly,  London ;  and  of 
all  Bookflelters. 


With  numeroui  lUuatrationB,  2s.  tjd,  each, 

USEFUL   ARTS   EMPLOYED    IN   THE   PRO- 
DUCTION OV  FOOD, 
USEFUL    ARTS   EMPLOYED    IN    THE    PRO- 
DUCTION OF  CLOTHING, 

USEFUL    ARTS    EMPLOYED    IN    THE    CON- 
STRUCTION OF  DWELLING  HOUSES. 

London:  John  W.  Pabker  and  Son,  West  Strand. 


Juiit  published,  in  1  vol.  8vo,  price  14e.  cloth, 
"PNGUSH    AGRICULTURE    in    1850  and    1851; 

-*-J  StB  Condition  and  Prospecfs.  AVith  Depcriptions  iu 
detail  of  the  best  modes  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nenrty  every 
Couotj-  of  England.  Py  James  Caird,  of  Baldoon,  Agricul- 
tural Commissioner  of  The  Times;  Author  of  "  High  Farming 
under  Lihei-al  l-'ovenanis," 

London:  Longman,  Bkoww,  Gseen,  and  Longmanp. 


FIFTH    DIVISION    OF    PROFITS. 

CLERICAL,  MEDICAL,  AND  GENERAL  LIFE 
ASSDRANCE  SOCIETY. 

REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTORS, 
Read  at  an  extraordinary  General  Meeting,  he'd  at  the  Society's 
Office,  on  the  Ist  day  of  January,  1852. 
In  accordance  with  the  Provisions  of  the  Deed  of  Constitu. 
tion,  the  Directors  have  called  tbe  present  Meeting  for  the 
purpose  of  laying  before  the  Proprietors  and  the  Assured  tbe 
result  of  an  investigation  of  the  Society's  affairs  for  the  five 
years  ending  June  30th,  1851. 

On  that  day  the  Society  had  been  in  existence  27  years  ;  and 
tbe  result  of  tbi.°,  the  fifth  inve  titfation,  affordf,  like  each 
preceding  one,  abundant  ground;*  of  congratulation  as  to  the 
past,  and  of  hope  for  the  future.  Tbla  will  be  evident  by  a 
consideration  of  the  following  facta  : — 

The  Incoine  of  the  Society,  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1846,  was  £116,300  ;  that  fjr  the  year  ending  June  30,  1851, 
£136,100;  being  an  increase,  since  the  last  Quinquennial 
Division,  of  £  19,800  P*r  annum. 

Tn  January,  1^47,  the  surplus  divided  was  £164,500. 
The  total  Assets  on  June  30th  last,  esclu- 
sive  of  the  Proprietors'  paid-up  Capital  of 

£50,000,  were £864,327  11     1 

The  total  Liabilities  up  to  the  same  date 
were         633,112    4    1 


Leaving  a  surplus  of £181,215    7    0 

Tbe  above  Surplus  of  £181,215  has  now  to  be  dealt  with  ; 
but  in  order  to  avoid  luconvtjuient  fractions,  the  Directors 
have  resolved  to  recommend  to  this  Meeting  to  divide  the  sum 
of  £180,000. 

In  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the  original  Deed  (which 
alone  regulates  the  present  Division),  one-sixth  part  of  the 
Profits  is  to  be  divided  among  tbe  Proprietors,  and  one-hilf 
among  the  Assured  for  Life.  This  will  apportion  to  the  Pro 
prietors  £30,000,  and  to  the  Assured  for  Life  £90,0(iO,  leaving 
one-third  of  the  said  Profits,  amounting  to  £60,00i),  to  be  laid 
by  as  a  Reserve  Fund.  The  Proprietors  will  thus  receive  a 
Bonus  of  £fi  per  Share,  and  the  Assured  a  pum  of  £131,125. 
being  tbe  equivalent  in  reversion  to  the  above  amount  of 
£90,000. 

This  Bum  of  £131,125  will  be  added  to  the  Policies,  and 
be  payable  at  the  deam  i.r  tbe  reHpective  parties,  and  will  form 
an  addition,  varying  with  the  different  ages,  from  24J  to  55 
per  Cent,  on  the  Premiums  received  during  the  last  five  years. 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  liabili  ies,  it  is  important  to 
observe  that  each  Po'icy  has  been  valued  separately  ;  that 
there  has  been  no  encroachment  on,  or  anticipation  of,  future 
profits  ;  and  that  a  mode  of  valuation  has  been  adopted, 
whereby  a  larger  sum  than  ib  usual  with  most  other  offices, 
has  been  retained  to  meet  such  claims  as  may  arise.  This  will 
appear  by  the  folloning  examples  : — 


Sums  tel  aside  as  the  Value 
of  a  Policy  for  ^lUOO. 


Effected  at  the  Age  of  1 
40,  after  10  years  ,..J 

Effected  at  the  Age  oft 
50,  after  10  years  ,.,J 

Effected  at  tbe  Age  of) 
60,  afipr  10  years  ...J 


By  Offices 
valuing  by  the 
NortbtDipton 
Threj  per  Cent. 

TiibleB. 


£    s.  d. 

152    3  7 

197  17  3 

282     7  5 


By  the  Wodn 
adopted  by  this 
Office. 


£  «.  d. 

158  S  fi 

215  2  0 

326  8  0 


Difference  in 

Psvour  of  this 

Office  at  future 

DiviaiouB. 


£     S.    d. 
6     4  10 

17    4     9 

43  15    7 


The  Proprietors  and  the  Assured  are  aware  that  hitherto  the 
Profits  at  each  division  could  only  be  appropriated  in  the  pro- 
portions of  ono-sixtli  to  the  Proprietors,  and  three-sixths  to  the 
AHsured,  while  the  remaining  two-sixths  vcei-e  thrown  back  into 
the  general  assets  of  the  Society,  and  formed  an  ever  accumu- 
lating Reserve  Fund. 

The  consequence  has  been,  that  the  Reserve  Fund,  vrMch  at 
the  Division  at  the  end  of  the  first 

Seven  years,  in  June 1831  was  only  £5,000 

Had  increasedin 1836        to  6,500 

„  18U        to         29,500 

„  :846        to        51,500 

And  in  June 1861        to        60,000 

The  continual  increase  of  tbta  Fund  has  up  to  this  time 
operated  to  the  di-^advantage  of  the  Assured,  and  has  tended 
materially  to  diminish  the  amount  of  the  Bonus,  which  would 
have  been  apportioned  to  them  bad  the  whole  Promts  been  dis- 
tributed at  each  quinquennial  period.  In  order  to  obtain  puwers 
to  alter  the  laooe  ol  Divleioa,  and  for  other  purposes,  the 
Directors,  with  the  consent  of  the  Proprietors,  applied  for  and 
obtained  an  Act  of  Parliament  in  1850. 

By  this  Act  the  Heserve  Fund  is  now  permanently  fixed  at 
50,0001. ;  and  the  Protits,  at  the  next  and  all  future  Divisions, 
are  to  be  distributed  in  the  projiortion  of  one-sixth  to  the  Pro- 
prietors, audjloc. sixths  among  the  Assured. 

The  efffct  of  ttiese  changi'S  will  be  to  give  to  the  Proprietors 
hereafter  a  tnuch  erpalli-'r  proportion  of  the  Profits ;  but,  from 
the  additlonwl  inducemenis  held  out  to  Asaurers,  the  Directors 
venture  to  hope  that  a  considerable  increase  of  business  will 
afford  some  compensation  for  this  s^icriQce. 

As  regards  ASSURERS,  whether  old  or  new,  it  is  clear  that 
the  recent  arrangement  will  prove  hii;hly  advantageous  to 
them.  The  diffifuUies  arising  from  the  augmentation  of  a 
coulinually  increasing  and  indivisible  Surplus  have  tbui  been 
removed;  and  ac  the  division  in  1857  the  Assured  will  p;irtici- 
pate  in  the  proportion  above  stated,  not  only  in  the  Profits 
regularly  accruing  from  the  general  business,  but  also  in  the 
five  years'  interest  derived  (rom  tbe  sum  of  60,00iil.  now  laid  by, 
together  with  lO.ooOI.,  being  part  of  the  Principal. 

It  is  contidently  auticipiited  that  the  interest  of  the  said  sum 
of  CO.OOdJ.,  together  with  the  10  000^.,  will  alone  produce  an 
amount  fully  equal  to  that  portion  of  the  Profits  to  which  the 
Proprietors  will  be  entitled  ;  bo  that,  upon  this  view,  the 
Assured  will  have  the  benefit  of  the  entire  jjco/ts  produced  by 
tbe  regular  business. 

The  Society,  therefore,  presents  all  (be  advantages  afforded 
by  Proprietary  OffiL^es,  and  more  than  all  those  offered  by  Mutual 
Offices,  since  in  this  estimate  no  account  is  cukcn  of  the  Profits 
which  may  be  realised  by  Policies  issued  on  the  Non-partici- 
pnting  Scale; — a  branch  of  business  which  Mutual  Offices  do 
not  usually  undertake. 

When  tbe  pruvision*  of  tbe  Act  came  into  operation  on  the 
Ist  July,  1851,  the  Directors  caused  an  entirely  new  Prospectus 
to  bepublisheii,  embodying  every  additional  fiicilily  for  Asiurers 
which  increased  experience  had  rendered  it  advisable  to  adopr. 
Policies  can  now  be  effected  eiiheron  a  participatiofr  or  a  non- 
participating  scale  ;  the  Assured  have  leave  to  reside  in  most 
[)arta  of  tbe  world  without  extra  c'large  ;  and  claims  will  iu 
luture  be  paid  at  the  end  of  Ihirty  days  alter  proof  of  Death, 
instead  of  three  or  six  months,  as  is  tne  general  rule. 

The  Directors,  therefore,  after  a  period  of  27  years  of  steady 
and  uninterrupted  prosperity,  are  enabled  contidently  to  invite 
the  attention  of  the  Public  to  the  great  advant'iges  offered  to 
Assurers  in  this  Society.  An  unusually  ainplo  sum  has  been 
retained  to  meet  futureclaims.  A  large  and  pcrmauentReserve 
Fund  has  now  reached  the  limit  assigned  by  Ac;  of  Parliament. 
The  expanses  of  management  are  smuH,  and  do  not  exceed 
3i  per  cent,  on  the  income.  And  all  persons  conversant  with 
the  details  ot  Life  Assurance,  will  at  once  perceive  the  favour- 
able position  of  the  Suctety. 

The  New  Prospectus  can  now  be  obtained  of  any  of  tbe 
Society's  Agents,  or  of  Geo.   IT.  I'inckard,  Secretary. 

99,  Great  It  us  sell- street,  Eloomsbury,  Loaduu, 


SALES  BY  AUCTION. 
UPPER  CLAPTON. 
TO  GENTLEMEN,  BROKERS,  AND  OTHERS 
\'IESSRS.  PROTHEROE  amd  MORRIS  are  in" 
^^^  structed  by  the  administrator  of  the  late  Mr.  Jamg^ 
CuaaT,  to  sell  by  Auction  on  the  premieeB,  Brook-street. 
Upper  Clapton,  on  Tf  ESDAT.  February  !id.  1852,  at  11  o'clock, 
the  genuine  HOUSEHOLD  FCRNITCRE  and  Effecrs,  com- 
prising Brussels  Carpets,  Chairs.  Bedsteads,  Feather  Beds  and 
Beddinjf,  Chests  of  Drawers.  Mahofrnny,  Dining,  and  other 
Tables,  a  capital  Mahogany  Sofa,  a  Dutch  Clook,  Time  Piece, 
three  excellent  Watches,  a  Barometer,  Tbermometers,  Oil 
Paintings  and  Prints,  Books,  Chin^,  Glass,  Wine  and  Spirits, 
and  Kitchei  requinltea  ;  also  a  handsome  Grey  Mare,  a  covered 
4-wheeled  Spring  Van.  Cart,  seven  capital  LaHdere,  eight  Wine 
Pipea,  a  patent  Chaff-eutti  .ig  Machine,  a  Pair  of  Globes,  a 
capital  Gun,  60  bundles  7  feet  Stakes,  six  dozen  Oak  Hurdles, 
three  excellent  Garden  Rollers,  Iron  Stakes,  and  Garden  Tools  ; 
together  with  the  Nursery  Stock,  A;c.  May  be  viewed  one  day 
prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be  had  on  the  premises  ;; 
and  of  the  Auc'ioneers.  American  NftirRery.  Leytonstone,  Essex.. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  VALUABLE  NURSERY 
STOCK, 

IN   CONSEQUENCE    OF    A    PORTION   OF   THE   LAND   BE1N6 
REQUIRED    FOR   BUILDING. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  have  re- 
ceived ins'ruct'one  from  Mr.  John  Adams  to  sell  by 
Auction,  on  MONDAY,  Fob.  9,  1852,  and  five  following  days, 
ftt  11  o'clock,  on  tbe  premises,  Kensington-road  (opposite  th«- 
west  end  of  the  Great  Erhibilion),  the  whole  of  that  vuluible 
and  extensive  stock  of  larne  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees 
and  Shrubs,  ibc,  cou'tisting  of  fine  large  Magnolias,  Rhododett- 
drons,  Azaleas,  Philtyreas,  Alaternus,  Laurcstinus,  Arbor-vitte, 
green  and  striped  HoUies  ;  Irish,  common,  and  fan-shaped  Yews, 
HcTilock  Spruce,  Common  and  Portugal  Laurels,  Evergreen 
Oak,  Mahooia ;  Co  ..mon,  Siberian,  and  Persian  Lilac ;  Green  and 
Variegated  Box,  die.  Also  a  fine  stock  of  large  Cedar  uf  Lebanon, 
and  Deodara,  Araucaria,  Pious,  Abies,  and  otber  valuable 
C-niferous  Piants.  Together  with  a  valuable  stock  of  Vines 
and  other  Fruits.  The  whole  to  be  sold  without  reserve. 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sate,  Catalogues  (Is.  each,  return- 
able to  putchaserH),  may  be  had  on  the  premises ;  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  tbe  Auctioneers,  60,  Hoxton- 
square,  and  Ebeuezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYMEN 
BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  have  re- 
ceived instructions  from  Mr.  Fisher  to  sell  by  public 
Auction,  on  the  premises.  Lower  Claremont  Nursery  (near  the 
Duchess  of  York),  Battersea-Selds,  on  THURSDAY,  Feb.  5,  ' 
at  11  o'clock,  iu  c  inseguence  of  the  Lease  expiring  at  Lady- 
day,  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  consisting 
of  fine  Evergreens,  Fruic  and  Forest  Trees,  Ornamental  and 
Flowering  Plants  and  Shrubs,  with  a  fine  collection  of  Roses, 
Pinks,  Lilies,  Ac— May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale.  Cata- 
logues may  be  had  on  tbe  premises  ;  of  tbe  orincipal  Seedsmen ; 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  50,  Hoztoa< square,  and  Ebeuezer 
Nureerv.  ShacUlewell 


IMPORTANT    CONSIGNMENT. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  submit 
to  public  competition  by  Auction,  at  tbe  Marc,  Bartho- 
lomow.lane,  on  WEDNESDAY  and  FRIDAY,  Feb.  4tb  and 
6th,  at  1^  o'clock,  about  300  STANDARD  AND  DWARF 
ROSES,  consisting  of  all  tbe  leiding  varieties  ;  aUo  a  fine 
collection  of  Couiferoua  and  other  Plautc,  comprising  very  tine 
Cedrus  Deodara  and  africanus,  Juniperus  virginiana  pendula, 
excelsa,  oblonga  pendula,  squamata,  and  sinensis;  Cupre^sus 
sempervirenfl  and  Thujujformis  ;  100  fine  Pinut  excelsa,  Biota 
pendula.  Thuja  plicata;  Picea  cephalonica  and  Wabbiaoa*, 
100  fine  Araucaria  imbricata,  a  number  of  large  Cryptomeria 
japonic^,  and  Magnolia  grandiflora ;  together  with  100  hand- 
some Irish  Yews,  50  Erica  meditcrraoea,  &.c. — May  be  viewed 
the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues  had  at  tbe  Mart ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  50,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery, 
ShucklewelL 


SOUTH    AMERICAN    ORCHIDS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  on 
FRIDAY  next,  Feb.  6,  at  12  for  1  o'clpck  precisely,  at 
his  Great  ■  Room,  38,  Kiog-street,  Covent-garden,  FOUR 
CASES  OF  ORCHIDS,  collected  by  Mr.  Warsewiez  on  the 
Cordillera  of  the  Andes  at  Quiadios,  and  just  received  in  3ft 
days  from  Guayaquil,  comprising  three  species  of  Ctittleya, 
new  ;  two  Coryanthe'?,  new  ;  Miltooia,  new  ;  Cypripedtum  flori- 
biiuflum,  Cjcnoches  (white).  Trichopi'ias  (three  speoiesf,  Pa- 
phinias,  A  nguloas,  &c. ;  and  the  beautiful  Masdevalia  coccioea. 
Catalogues  are  preparing,  and  wilt  be  forwarded  by  Tues- 
day*.* post. 


FARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms— on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Ciav  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  good  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  Tbe  Roads,  House,  and  Oifices  are  all  in 
excellent  couditioa.  Rates  very  luw ;  no  pressure  of  poor  ; 
Ttthe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right ;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  desired. 

Persons  desirou?  of  treating  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  letter  to  the  Editor  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  at  the  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
London. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  entered  on  at  Lady-Day  next,  a 
valuable  p  ece  ot  GARDEN  GROUND,  called  Sandy  Hill, 
containing  about  16  Acres,  situate  on  Barton  Hill,  in  tbeparisti 
ot  St.  Geurge,  Bristol,  'u  th.^  county  of  Gloucester,  near  and 
contii^'uous  Lo  the  Great  Western  Cotton  Works,  in  the  occupa- 
tion of  Mr.  Stephen  Bacbeloe.— Apply  to  Mr.  W.  Tannbr, 
Shannon  Court,  Bristol;  or  in  London,  to  C.  A.  G.,  at  Mr> 
Roshee's,  256,  Oxford-street. 

%■=■  The  Land  stands  well  for  building,  and  is  close  to,  but 
not  within,  the  City  bounds. 


HOUSEHOLD  ECONOMY.  —  Families,  Hotel- 
keeper-i,  Club-houses,  and  parties  about  to  Furoibh, 
will  efi'ecc  an  importiint  SAVING  by  adopting  the  use  of 
MECIirS  IMPROVED  ELECTRO-PLATED  SPOONS  and 
FORKa.  A  guarantee  will  be  given  for  their  durability  and 
silver-like  appearance  during  15  years'  constant  use.  Tbe 
following  table  of  prices  will  convince  tbe  most  sceptical  of  the 
advantages  derivable  from  tbe  use  of  theee  articles : — 
£   s.  d. 


Table  Spoons,  perdoz.  '2    4  0 

Table  Forks         „     ...  2     0  0 

Desaert  Spoons  „     ...  1  14  0 

Dessert  Forks     „     ...  1  10  0 

Tea  Spoons  „     ...  0  10  0 

Salt  Spoons         „      ...  0  18  0  I 


8.  d. 
Mustard  Spoons,  per  doz.  18    0 

Gravy  ditto      each    8    6 

Houp  Ladle  „     llj    6 

Sauce  ditto „       4    6 

Sugar  Tongs  „        4     G 


4,  Leadenh all-street,  London. 


Prluted  by  W11.1.IAM  Bbadbubt.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-plnce,  in 
ihe  parisu  ol  St.  Pancrao,  antl  Fbeobbick  Mullutt  EvAtia,  ot  No.  7» 
Cliurcli  row.  Stoke  NewmK[o>i,  boLb  id  ttie  Couoiy  ol  Miilillciex,  l^lnter<, 
at  tueir  Office  \a  Li>iabiir(t-Rtreei.  in  tbe  Precluci  ol  Whitelriarn,  in  the 
City  ol  London;  and  published  by  thftm  at  tbe  OfBce,  No.  a,  Cbarlre 
Btree'.  in  tbe  parlnt)  01  St.  PauI'b,  Covent-irflrden,  In  the  eaid  Couoiy, 
where  all  AdvertUeTnentB  and  CnitimunlCHttons  are  lo  be  ADuaasexs  tu 
Tus  EuiTOn.— SiTum'Ai,  JaiiuRry  'i\,  liJij2 


THE 


AND 


ONICLE 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  GSeneral  Hews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindlew. 


No.  6—1853.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  7. 


[Price  Qd. 


A^ticultare,  Calrd's.  rev.   ...... 

A'j;ricu1iura1  litaraturA  

Agricultural  Soc.  of  Emtland  ., 
—  —  Journal,  rev. 

Allamanda  Schott ii    

Amheistia  at  Eaiiag 

Beet,  to  BOW    r 

Birds,  Briti-'h  nony 

Blinds  for  class  housea  

Bricks.  hoMow  

Butler.  Turnipy 

Caird's  AKriculture.  rev 

Calendar.  Honieultural.,,,,,.. 

—     Aitricul  tur^  1      

Carlisle  Fdrmero' Club  

CamntioB  support 

Carrofa.  cukurt  of 90  a- 

Chicory,  to  sow 

Corawall,  Kardens  in  > 

Cranberry.  Araftrican 

Dairy,  DevonBhire  

EntomDlogicil  Society 

flax,  culture  of 

Game 

Gardens  in   'ornwall  

Glass  UouBes.  blinds  for 

Gold  and  industry 

Gourd  Bonp 


INDEX. 

Heatinc-,  Folmaise 
Herbs  . 


Hue's  Travels  in  China,  &c.,  rev. 

Land,  inundated 

L%wson'a  List ,,, 

Luminosity  ot  plants 

Manure,  liquid 

—  deodorisera 

Milk.  T.irnipy    

Peach  trees,  out  door 

Plants,  luminous 

Polm-tise  beatins 

Poultry,  Cochin  China    

Rain  ai  Goodaiuior 

Krispberry  case,  the 

Bases,  select    

—  to  prune    , 

Salmon,  the. 

Seed  trade 

Shflcp,  manai;eEaent  of 

Saup.courd , 

Strawbenies,  culture  of 

TarrftKon  . .    . .   

Trees,  cure  fur  bleeding 

Trelliaes.  glszcd 

Wheat,  todibbl*     - 

—  short  etrawed 

—  Urge  crop  of   


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
Seed,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Rosea  grandi- 
flora,  Belicata,  Comet,  Model  of  Perfection,  Ele^aas,  Formosa, 
Getn,  Belladonna,  Bicolor,  Qaeen,  Fireball,  Aurantia,  Rosea 
alba,  and  Sulphurea  perfecta.  A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in 
packets,  containing  2U0  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded,  post  free, 
upon  the  receipt  of  2s.  Gd.  worth  of  postaee  stampSj  by  R.  B. 
BiBcaAM,  Hedenham  Rosary,  Bunfray,  Suff.iik. 


G 


iAINES'  NEW  SEEDLING  FANCY  and  SHOW 
PELAR'SONIuaS  FOR  1853. 


Games'  Flameum    ...  1    1  0 

„  Adele  la  Parpart       11  G 

,,  Renown 2    2  0 

„  Purpurea  Perfecta  1    1  0 

.RGONIUWIS. 

Gaines' Andromeda ...  0    7  6 

„    Ellen      0  10  6 

,,    Lady      of      the 

Lake 0    7  6 

,,     Triumphant     ...  0  15  0 

GAINES'  NEW  SEEDLING    DAHLIAS   FOR  1852. 


£  s. 

d. 

Gaines' Ariadne       ...  0  15 

0 

„    Bruno    1    1 

(1 

„     Giantess            „.  1    1 

0 

„    Lady  Adelaide,, .  1    1 

0 

FANCY    P 

e;l 

Gaines' Augusta       ,,,  0  10 

6 

„     Counte&sDowager 

of  Craven     ...  0  10 

6 

„    Exquisite         ...  0  10 

H 

„     Muloerry           ...  0  10 

a 

Gaines'  Ne  Plus  Dltra, 

rosy  crimson    0  10 

„     Fire-brand,  orange 

scarlet  ...  0  10 

,,     Compacta,     Tcr- 

mi  ion  salmon  0  10 


Gaines'  Claude,  fancy 
variety,  purple- 
tipped  uhite  ...  0  10  6 
Rachel,  fancy 
Tariety,  ground 
roots      1    1    0 


A  Descriptive  List  of  all  the  new  and  iirst-rate  Fancy  Pelar- 
poniums.  Show  do. ;  also  Show  and  Fancy  Dahlias,  raised  by 
N.  G.,  and  other  cultivators,  is  now  published,  and  maybe 
had  by  applying  a^  the  Nur.-iery,  Surrey-lane,  Battersea. 


FINE      DOUBLE     TUBEROSES, 
4s.  per  dozen,  just  imported  by 

PAGE  AND  Co.,  Seed  Merchants  to  the  Agricul- 
TDEAL  AND    Hoai  ICULTOBAL  SoCIEXIES  OF  InDIA,   &,C.  &.C., 

SoulhariiptoD.      Priced   Lists  may  be  had  upon  application, 
contfiinin;::  only  selected  and  approved  varieties. 
PAGE'6  BLOOD   RED  BEET,  the  finest  crimson   and    s.    d. 
best  sort  in  cultivation,  per  packet  ..,         ...         ...     1     0 

KEW  ROYAL  CABBAGE  LETTUCE,  per  packet        ...     1     0 
PAGE'S     NEW      HARDY      WINTER      WHITE     CCS 

LETTUCE,  per  p.tcket         2    6 

RANDOLPH'S  GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE  (very  supe- 
rior), perpacket  1    0 

SILVElt  PICKLING  ONION  OF  NOCER  A,  per  packet    X    0 
NEW  EARLY  RICtI  SCARLET  FORCING   CARROT, 

per  [.acket  1     0 

NEW  RED  BELGIAN  CARROT,  perpacket     0    6 

BEDSSELS  SPROUTS,  warranted  true  imported,  and 

very  fine,  per  packet 1     0 

TejtimoDials  are  unnecessary,  as  wo  rely  upon  our  reputa- 
tion.— Gardeners  and  Land  Stewardb*  Registry  Offices,  37  and 
35,  Oxf  »rd.8Teet.  S'lUthampton, 

WESTERN    ROSE    NURSERY,    EALING. 

CG.  WILKINSON,  late  of  the  West  of  England 
•  Roftarieft,  near  Hriatol,  begs  to  state  that  in  consequence 
of  the  liberal  nupport  he  has  received  this  season,  many  of  ihe 
varieties  published  in  his  Cataloi,'ue  are  greatly  reduced,  but 
he  can  still  supply  strong  healthy  plants  of  the  bust  PER- 
PETUALS,  of  which  an  abridged  List  will  be  forwarded  on 
applicttion.  s.  d. 

2fj  PlantH,  arranged  for  a  circular  bed         28    0 

Geaut  dtB    Ba'uiileB,  Devonieneis,  itc,  &c.,  per  dozen, 

248.,  l«i.,  and 16     0 

Extra  strong  Ittd  Moss,  4j.  6J.  per  doz,,  or  per  100         ...  32    0 
Delivcneo  m  LonduD,  tjctwccnOxford-rttrtctund  ibo  Bank,  tree. 


DELPHINIUM  MAGNIFICA.  —  This  Bplcndi.l 
Perennial  Iltrbaceous  Plant,  figured  In  "  Paxton'b  Maira- 
zlne  of  Botany,"  and  let  out  by  rny^eli  in  the  spring  of  18';ll, 
has  proved  Itself  by  fur  the  mo't  beautiful  of  itu  tribe  ;  its 
brilliancy  of  colouring  and  general  liabit,  at  well  as  its  con- 
tinaouA  tloweHng,  dlntancing  all  competitors.  The  foll<twing 
il  from  the  "Midland  Flori«t"  of  the  present  month;  "  Lant 
jear  I  taw  D.  m-jgniHca  advertised  at  IOj.  *'»)..,  and  I  nt  once 
ordered  a  plant;  and  ahhough  tho  price  wan  'rattier  naut' 
(ftult),  OR  we  Htiy  in  Scotland,  I  do  not  grudge  It;  for  it  has 
turned  out  one  of  the  very  few  thingn  that  well  deserved  all  the 
character  given  it  by  the  advertiKt-r.  This  plant  commenced 
flowering  witb  mo  about  the  nilddio  of  June,  utid  contlnu'd 
an  object  of  wry  greut  attroction  for  a  long  tiuto  ;  and  now, 
Aug.  H,  in  In  all  iti  glory."  The  name  testimony  1h  aIno  given 
by  the  £dlu^r.  A  limited  number  of  pIiititB  can  he  furiiislicd 
bj  about  the  'i'Z<\  of  April  next,  at  Ua,  each,  for  cahli  only.— 
A.  OorfwiH,  Collicroft  Nuruery,  A»hbuurne. 

,f^  B.  flow  ready  lor  aeiiding  out,  good  plants  on  tiieir  own 
root*  In  potft,  of  Koiio  Udiui  <\as  Uatalllus,  Via.  per  d02e:i  ; 
ct.iyr  bt»t  Perpeiuali,  V)8.  yi-.T  dozen, 


FLOWER    SEEDS    FREE   BY   POST. 

FRESH    IMPORTED    GERMAN    STOCKS, 
ASTERS,  ZINNIAS.  LARKSPURS   BALSAMS,  HOLLY- 
HOCKS, and  other  CHOICE  FLOWER  SEEDS, 

Also'y  Hairs^  Dwarf  Mammoth  Pea,  FalrhcarcVs  Cham- 
pion of  England  Pea,  SitttOTi's  Earhj  Goliah  Pea,  ffcc.  t&c, 

at  lowest  prices,  as  per  Catalotjue,  which  may  b?  had  for  one 
penny  stamp. — Address  John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers, 
Reading,  Rerks, 


OEEDLING     POTATOES.— THE     STOCK     FOR 

O  SALE. — The  24  selected  and  distinct  varie  ies  shown  aod 
much  admired  by  the  members,  girddoers,  and  tr rowers 
present  at  the  Horticultural  Society's  Rooms,  on  the  20ch  ult.. 
are  for  sale,  by  tender,  at  per  bushel.  No  one  sort  exceeds  15 
nnr  is  less  than  2  bushels.  A  full  desicriptiou  of  the  varieties 
will  be  forwarded  on  rece'pt  of  one  pO'itage  stamp.  Samples  of 
each  son  mav  be  seen  at  Mr.  Lawrence's,  Scfrdsman,  itc,  18, 
Piccadilly  ;  Mr.  Sdaileb,  Nurseryman,  Battersea-lields.  and 
at  the  Grower's,  41,  Brewer- street.  Golden-square.  Certificatei 
of  their  several  qualities  may  be  see  i  from  Mr.  Ingeam,  Royal 
Gtirdenfl,  Frogmore  ;  Mr.  Malleson,  Royal  Gardens,  Cltire. 
mont ;  Mr.  Turner,  Eton  CoileKe  Gardens. 


RENDLE'S    SELECT    GRASSES. 

WILLIAM  E.RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Pltmocth, 
ffave  of  late  years  paid  much  attention  to  their  selection 
of  Grasses  for  Permanent  Pastures,  d:c.  They  sup- 
plied Mixtures,  last  season,  for  several  thousand  acres, 
and  have  not  had  a  failure  or  single  complaint ;  'proving, 
in  the  most  satisfactory  manner,  that  their  selections  have 
given  the  greatest  satisfaction. 

A  Descriptive  List  will  he  found  in  our  "Price  Current," 
copies  of  which  can  be  had  in  exchange  for  Six  Penny  Stamps, 

The  West  of  England  is  famous  for  the  PERMANENT 
QUALITY  of  its  RIOD  CLOVER,  or  COW  GRASS,  tons  of 
the  Seed  being  dispatched  to  every  part  of  Great  Britain  every 
year.  We  have  this  season  contraced  for  a  lar^e  stock,  and  can 
supply  ANY  QUANTITY,  either  Wholesale  or  Retail,  at  the  lowest 
market  prices. 

For  Catalogues  and  further  particulars,  apply  to 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Uerchants, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  1736. 


ISM 


T^HE     NEW     EARLY     SWEET     IvERNELLED 

-L  KAISHA.  APRICOT  FROM  SYR. A.— Fruit  ripens  early 
in  Julv,  juicy,  sweet,  and  luscious,  of  hardy  character,  and 
good  bearer;  for  further  description  see  former  advertisements, 
andtiie  London  "Horticultural  Society's  Journal  "  for  July, 
1819. 

Messrs.  Teitch  and  Son  are  now  offering  good  Trees  of  the 
above  valuable  Apricot,  at  the  following  prices,  package 
included,  with  the  usual  discount  to  the  trade,  viz, : — 

Dwarf  Maiden  Trees,  and  1  year  cut  back 10s.  Gd. 

Ditto  1  year  trained  ...         ...         ...       15.?.  Orf. 

Ditto  or  Standards,  2  years  trained    ...      21s.  Od. 

Dwarf  round  heads  in  pots         21s.  Od, 

Exeter,  February  7,  1852. 


MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN'S  New  Descriptive 
CATALoQt'E  OF  Plants.  &c.,  for  1852,  can  be  had  free 
for  six  postage  stamps.    They  also  offer  the  Ibilowing  American 

Plants,  Fruit  Trees,  &c, : —  s.  d. 
25    Azaleas,  new  hardy  Belgian  varieties,  on  their  own 

roots,  with  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort  by  name            ...  20  0 

25  Attierican  Azaleas,  do,  do 15  0 

■^5  Hardy  American  Plants,  one  of  a  sort  by  name  ...  10  6 
12  Rhododendrons,   including  scarlet,  white,   and  rose, 

hardy  varieties 12  0 

New  hardy  yfUow  Rhododendrous,  each,  7s.  6d,,  to        ...  10  6 

Fine  hardy  scarlet  Rh  idodetidrons,  2  feet,  per  dozen     ...  10  0 

Cedar  ot  Lebanon,  3  feet,  well  grown,  in  pots,  per  dozen  10  0 

6  Choice  Pinus,  one  of  a  sort,  in  pots         10  0 

Standard  and  half-standard,  per  dozen      ...        12s.  and  15  0 

Climbing  Roses,  choice  sorts,  in  pots,  per  dozen 6  0 

Standard  and  half-standard,  per  dozen       ...         12s.  and  15  0 

Wisteria  sinensiw,  extra  fine,  in  pots,  15  to  30  feet,  ench     3  C 

12  Greenhouse  Azaleas,  one  of  a  son-,  blooming  plants,..  25  (i 

12  choice  Caiuelliap,  by  name,  do,  do 30  0 

24  choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name liJ  0 

12  Orchidaceous  plants,  choice  species,  and  good  plants    30  0 

Cinerarias  and  Calceolarias,  choice  soils,  per  doz.  9j.  to  12  0 

Verbenas  and  Petunias,  newest  varieties,  per  dozen      ...     6  0 

G  Bulbs  of  Lilium  lancifoUum,  one  of  a  sort,  for          ,.,  12  0 

FRUTT  TREES. 
Fine  Dworf  and  Standard  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots, 
Plums,    Pears,    and    Cherries,      The    boat    and    moiit 
approved  sorts  of  these  renpective  kinds,  true  to  name, 

each,  23.  Gd.,  or,  per  dozen 24  0 

Untrained,  or  maiden  do.,  Is,  (id.  each,  or,  per  dozen   ...  15  0 

/\(iples,  dwarfs  and  Mtaiidiirda  ol  beat  surts,  per  dozen  ...  15  0 

Fine  Gooseberries,  Currants,  and  Haspberriefi,  per  dozen     3  0 

Fine  Fii:«,  Medlars,  Walnuts,  and  Mulberries,  each      ...     2  0 

■Strong  Viiicfl,  from  eyes  and  layoi  e,  in  pots,  per  dozen  ...  15  0 

Filb(.rt8,  now  thin  shelled  and  rtd  skinuLd,  per  dozen  ...     3  0 
Uhuljarb  roots,  Early  teed  Potatoes,  Sealtalu  and  Asparaguo 
plants  and  Oarilon  needs  of  all  kinds  HUpijlled. 

Albion  Nursery,  Stoke  NcwiligW)n,  Loudon,— Feb.  7. 


PRICED    RETAIL    SEED    LIST. 

ABRAHAM  HARDY  and  SON,  Sekd  growers 
and  Seedmmkn,  Mtildoii,  Esstx,  beg  to  thank  ihi-ir  t^up- 
portcrs  (or  past  fuvourw,  and  to  ofTer  again  their  Catalnguo  ol 
Agricultural,  Vegotuble,  and  Flower  SC'-dB  ;  also,  ol  unrJy 
Keiid  I'dtatoes,  froo  on  application  ;  or  with  a  paehet  ol 
Mlgnlonntte,  or  nuprrlor  Parsley,  fur  two  postage  stimiiiH, 
KcHpcctiuUy  soliciting  tilth'  kind  rccnmmiindiitory  lavourM  to 
ini|nlrtng  friendH  of  the  gcnuinonusa  of  Si-eds  received  from 
them  on  former  o;cuh[<mH. 

N.B.  Whok-aale  L'sts  anppliod  lo  tho  TrH'Io. 


FLOWER  SEEDS  SENT  FREE  BY  POST 

ROBERT  WESTMACOTT  begs  to  iuform  his  friends 
that  he  ha-*  Reh'ctt^d  withjireat  care  his  Stock  of  FLOWER 
and  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  for  the  present  season,  inclu'iiog 
every  variety  worthy  of  cultivation.  His  GEK.VIAN  SEEDS 
are  imported  from  thut  be'=t-  forei?;n  house,  and  are  as  pond  as 
can  be  procured.  His  PRlCi5D  DESOllIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 
will  be  sent  by  Post  on  re^^ei^it  of  One  Penny  Stamp,  or  may 
be  had  (gratis  at  the  NURSERY,  Stuuri's  Grove,  Fulham 
Road,  Chelsea,        ^^ 

COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  MOST  SHOWY  FLOWER  SEED 
FOR   LARGE   OR    SMALL   GARDENS. 

One  Packet  of  each. — s.   d. 

50  well  assorted  Annuals,  Biennials,  and  Perennials     ...  10     6 

25  Do.  Do.  Do.  ..5     6 

12  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     3     0 

Post-cffice  Orders  made  payable  at  Bromp'on. 

CAMELLIA  JAPONICA. 
/'I  HANDLER  and  SONS  beg  to  inform  the  Nobility 

vy   and  Gentry  that  their  CAMELLIAS  will  be  very  fine  thia 
season,     A  great  many  are  now  in  flower. 

N.B.  Cut  flowers  may  be  had. 
Nursery,  Wandsworth-road,  Loadoti, 

PINEST  LANCASHIRE  GOOSEBERRIES,  in  100 

-L     choice  sorts,  named,  per  1000,  4i, ;  or  1  Os.  per  l(tO,  in  30  horts. 

CURRANTS.— Mat's  Victoria  or  Raby  Castle,  red,  the 
finest,  largest,  and  best  known,  ought  to  be  in  every  garden, 
25s.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  doz.  ;  Red  Gr^pe  and  Champagne,  fine, 
per  loo,  lOs.  ;  or  per  doz.,  23. 

Seturely  packed  to  catry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation. 

A  remittance  or  reference  fiom  uilknown  correnpondents  is 
respectiully  requested. 

All  Or.lers  above  5t.  Curiage  'paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Birmintihain,  and  Edinburgh,  atid  to  any  Station  within  15j 
miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Our  Descriptive  Catalogue  is  just  published,  in  Three  Parts, 
and  may  b«  had  gratis  for  four  penny  postage  stamps  to  pay 
postage,  or  Parts  I.  and  III.  lor  one  penny  stamp  each  ;  Part  II. 
for  two  penny  stamjis  each,  sepHrate.  Part  I.  contains  exten- 
sive Li.stM  of  Stove  and  Gre'inhouss  Piants.  Part  IL  contains 
select  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Roses,  Ornamental  Trees, 
Flowering  Shrubs,  feivergreens,  and  Conifers.  All  described 
in  heigtit,  colour,  and  time  of  Howvritig.  Part  III  .  select  Lists 
of  Fruit  Trees  ot  every  useful  liesciipnon  fully  described,  with 
prices  and  coniiitionH,  and  much  utht-r  u^ieful  information. 
Warranted  to  conraiu  more  practical  details  than  any  other 
list  extant ;  and  ths  lar(jcst,  clieapat,  and  best  stock  of  I'lants 
ever  qff'a-ed. 

Apply  to  John  May,  Hope  Nurocries,  Leeming-lano,  Bedale, 
Yoiltshire,— For  getieral  Af^vertisement  of  Surplus  Stock,  seu 
page  67,  iu  last  week's  Puper. 


CHEAP    AND    SELECT    NURSERY    STOCK. 

T-^HE    SUBSCRIBERS   beg  to   offer  the  following 

-*-  Choice  Stock,  at  the  annexed  greatly  reduced  prices. 
Gcods  from  these  extensive  Nurseries  have  given  great  satis- 
faction through  ut  thti  Kingdom  for  many  years. 

12  best  Camellias,  with  flower  buds     

12  very  be>t  Ghent  Azaleas,  with  flower  buds 
12  Standard  Berberis  dulcis,  fine  heads 

12  Abies  DougUsii,  3  ft.,  fine,  in  pots. 

12  do.  Morinda,  true,  3  feet, 
12  new  Hardy  Yellow  Rhndodendrons 
12  Rhododeiidr.ms,  scarlet,  crimson,  purple,  white, 
and  all  shades  of  colours,  selected  from  their 
celebrated  coUe -tion  of  more  than  100  varieties 
100  Standard  Rhodod<.-n(lron",  of  various  colours 
100  Khododenttron  campanulitum  (from  seedJ.Gyears' 

old,  Biout  pliints,  escra  transplanted      

100  Cedir  of  Lebannii,  3  tt,,  well  rooted  

100  tpecies  and  varieties  of  Ornamental,  Flowering, 

and  Evergreen  Shrubs         

100  fine  double  prize  Hollyhocks,  strong,  4  years'  old 
100  D  ivarf  Roses,  splendid  prize  varieties,  t  ivo  of  a  sort 
50  Standard  Roses  do.  do,,  including  the  fine  Per- 
petualrt,  stroiiK  stems,  budded,  3A  ft. 
100  True  English  Elm,  6  lo  8  ft.,  for  Avenues 
1000  Laurels,  extra  transplanted,  fine,  2  to  3  fc, 

1000  Evergreen  l-'rivets,  stout,  2  It.  

A  few  Thousands  fine  English  Oaks,  suitable  for  Planting  in 
Woods,  will  bo  sold  cheap.  Prices  of  a  first-rate  Stock  of 
Fruit  Trees  on  application.  A  reference  or  remittance  is  respect- 
fully solicited  Irom  utdtnown  correspondents. 

WILLIAM  JACKSON  and  CO.,  Bedale,  YoiiKsniaE. 


£    s. 

1  10 

0  18 

2  0 
i    0 

1  0 

3  0 

d. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1  10 
20     0 

0 
0 

6    0 
i    0 

0 
0 

2    0 
1    0 
1  10 

0 

u 

0 

3     0 
1    0 
6    0 
1     0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

,  30     0 


ROSES. 

THOMAS  CRIPPS  having  still  on  hand  a  very  large 
stock  ot  ROSES,  both  Standards  and  Dwaif?*,  comprising 
every  known  variety  of  merit,  has  groat  pleasure  iu  offering 
them  to  the  notice  of  his  IrJends,  being  strong,  healthy,  and 
well  rooted  Plants.  s.   d. 

Extra  tall  picliid  Standards,  5  to  6  feet,  stout  stems, 

per  dozen  

Standard  Weeping  Roses,  beautiful  objicts  for  planting 

singly  on  Lawn»,  each,  its,  Cut,  ;  per  doz ou    v 

Standard-t,  very  choice,  per  doz.         ...  ISs.,  2J.i.,  and  30     0 

Standards  on  stiins,   viiryiug  In  height  from  2  ft.   to 

2  ft.  y  in*).,  per  doz 18s.  and  24     0 

Drtarfs,  finoHt  kinds,  one  of  a  sort,  per  doz.,  Ob.,  12s.,  and  18    0 

Dwarfs,  good  kinds,  do.  do.  C     0 

Dwarfs,        do.  without  names,  per  100  80    0 

Dwitrf  Tea-fcentcd  RofiOH,  budded  on  stems  from  8  ins. 

to  C  ins.  high,  very  strotig  plants,  per  doz,  ..,  128.  and  13  0 
Climbing  Uoncs,  by  naino,  per  doz Da.  and  12     0 

Do.  wlthou>  names,  per  loo  80     0 

Tliu  above  pricon  being  applicable  to  Rosea  whore  the  huIcc- 
linn  in  entirely  left  to  T.  0.,  none  but  tho  very  buflt  kindu  will 
bo  sent. 

I'lants  given  over  to  componsnte  for  carriage,  In  proportion 
lo  ixteiit  ot  orrlcr,  Tho  trade  supplied  on  liberal  terms. 
Ua'u  oguoH  mny  bti  bail  on  iijiplicuiion,  by  enclosing  two  B'''itnp8 

TuiibvUIg")  Wollu  Nuitery, 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


I  i'EB.    7, 


GREAT  WESTERN,  GKEAT  NORTHERN,  SOUTH-WESTERN,  AND  SOUTH-EASTERN 

SEEB    IBTABLISMMSMT,    REABIMG,    BERKS. 

FOR  SUPPLYING  SUTTON'S  HOME-GROTVN  SEED3  TO  ALL  PARTS  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

THE  GARDEN  SEEDS  grown  in  Berkshire  and  the  Southern  Counties  having  obtained  great  celebrity, 
and  our  low  prices  for  Seeda  of  Buperior  quLiliiy  havine  gained  U3  a  very  extensive  conoecMon  in  almost  every  County  in 
tVe  United  Kin 'dom,  we  have  made  such  arraupements  with  Meesrs.  PICKFOllD  and  CO.  {who  have  Offices  on  most  of  the 
g^-eat  lines  of  lUilways.  as  will  enable  ns  to  ©3E2.SVS3a  OUSi  GOODS   f  SIEB  OP  CARRIAGE,  as  under  :- 

Pnckatree  of  not  less  than  Ten  Shillinus  value  are  delivered  free  of  carria^je  to  any  OQice  in  London,  Enstol,  Southampton, 
Pnr  .^mouth  Dover  Oxford,  Banburv,  Gloucefl^er,  nangerford,  and  all  Stations  on  the  Great  Western,  South- Western,  and 
Soutli-Easte'rn  Railways  ;  and  all  PackaKes  of  Seeds,  not  less  than  21.  value,  Carriage  Free  to  the  Ports  of  Ireland,  Scotland, 
and  Wales  :  or  to  Birmingham,  Liverpool,  Manchpater,  Lynn,  York,  Hull, 

And  any  Station  on  the  Great  Nortkern  liailway. 
The  superior  quality  of  our  Seeds  is  plainly  testified  by  the  numerous  orders  we  are  daily  receiving  from  parties 
who  have  had  them  in  previous  seasons,  very  many  ofivhich  contain  remarhs  such  as  the  following  ;— 

EXTEACTS  PEOM  LeTTEES  NOW  BEFORE  03,  WHICQ  MAY  BE  SEEM  AT  ODE  COONTING-HOOSE. 

From  CiyenccUer, 
'I  never  received  euch  a  numerous  collection,  so  good  in 


BUTTON'S      HORTICULTURAL      CALENDAR, 

O  and  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OP  SEEDS  AND 
PLANTS.— This  is  the  most  useful  List  yet  published,  con- 
taining much  useful  information,  in  40  pages  Sfo,  with  News- 
paper stamp.  It  will  be  sent  free  ou  receipt  of  sis  penny 
■iXamps,  which  cliarge  iv'dl  be  deducted  f yarn  all  orders. 

Bottom's  Collections  of  Home-Grown  Seeds,  the  best  and, 
cheapest  yet  offered  to  the  public,  are  sent  carriage  free. 
Lists  of  the  sorts  and  quantities  contained  in  these  Collections  will 
be  forwarded  2303t  free  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Address,  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks, 


From  a  Clergyman,  near  Darlington. 
"The  best  kitchen  gacden  seeds  I  ever  had  wore  furmshed 
by  you,*' 

From  Doncraile.  Ireland. 
"  Lord  D.  would  be  glad  to  have,"  &c.,  &c.  "  The  seeds  seat 
last  year  were  excellent." 

From  another  Clevjyman,  at  Kinsale,  Ireland. 
"  Being  so  much  pleased  with  the  garden  and  flower  seeds 
sent  last  season,  induces  me  to  send  to  you  for  my  agricultural 
seeds  also." 


quality,  from  any  house." 

From  liipon,  Yoi'kshire. 

"At  one  of  the  Horticultural  Shows  at  Harrowgate,  my 

gardener  took  20  prizes,  most  of  th-^m  from  the  produce  of  your 

seed  ;  we  also  gained  several  prizes  at  oiher  meetings,  as  many 

as  13  at  one  of  them." 

From  Girvan,  N.B. 
*'Ihave  much  saliffuciion  in  recommending  your  seeds  to 
various  friends,  as  I  find  they  are  much  pleased  with  them." 


H 


ART 


AND    NICKLIN,  Florists,  Guildford,  offer 

dei-mentioned  GERANIUMS  :— Ros:i,Silk  Mercer, 
Major  Domo  (Beck'd),  May  Queen,  Flavia,  and  Ajax  ^Hoyle's), 
3os.  the  eeN 

Loveliness,  Christabel,  Rosalind,  Prince  of  Orange,  Magnifi- 
cent, Emily,  Constance,  Field  Llarshal,  Virgin  Qieen,  Alonza, 
Mount  Blanc,  and  Brilliant,  2('f.  the  set. 

FANCY  GERANIUMS.  — Prince  Albert,  Prima  Donna, 
Marian,  Reino  des  Fleurs,  Wintonia,  Exquisite,  Empress, 
Reine  des  Francais,  Jenny  Lind,  Alboni,  Sidouia,  and  Grace 
Darling. 

The  above  ara  offered,  strong  and  healthy.  No  charge  for 
hamper,  and  free  to  any  station  on  the  South-Eastern  or 
South- Western  Railways. 


SUTTON^S    COLLECTIONS    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS. 


£ 

3  10 
1  10 
1  1 
0  12 


No  1  —A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS,  FOR  ONE  YEAR'S  SUPPLY  OF  A  LARGE  GARDEN 

Ko' '-A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION,  IN  QUANTITIES  PROPORTIONATELY  KEDUOED 

No.'g.-A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION,  EQOALLY  CHOICE  SORTS      

Ko.  4,— A  SMALL  AND  VERY  CHOICE  ASSORTMENT 

//  some  Jcinds  of  Seeds  are  already  possessed  purchasers  are  requested  to  name  them,  iliat  iruireased  qwmtities  of 
others  may  be  seut  in  lieu  of  them. 

A  List  of  the  sorts  and  quantities  may  he  had,  in  return  for  One  Penny  Stamp. 

N.B.— TVe  are  also  groweia  of  Mangold,  Turnip,  and  other  Asricultural  Seeda,  which  are  likewise  delivered  carriage  free. 

Address,  JOHOT  SlTTTOEr  and  SOUS,  Seed  Srowers,  Steading-,  Series. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE,  NURSERYMEN, 

BAGSHOT,      SURREY, 

Solicit  attention  to  the  following  List  of  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS,  selected  from  their  general  Nursery  Stock.  The  greater 
portion  are  growing  in  the  open  quarters  ;  and,  from  being  periodically  transplanted,  their  safe  removal  may  be  relied  on. 
Every  Plant  sent  out  will  be  a  healthy,  robust  specimen;  the  heights  given  afford  but  a  slight  criterion  of  their  general 
character.  To  those  having  a  star  prefixed  they  invite  special  attention,  as  being  remarkably  fine,  and  fit  for  producing 
immediate  effect,     Gentlemen  about  to  plant  extensively  would  be  repaid  by  making  a  visit  to  the  Nursery. 

All  kinds  of  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs  supplied.  A  fine 
Collection  of  Roses  Bclected  with  reference  to  late  autumnal 
blooming.  Also  of  the  best  kinds  of  late-flowering  hardy  hybrid 
Hhododendrons,  to  the  cultivation  of  which  especial  attention 
is  given. 

*^*  Gentlemen  regidriny  assistance  in  laying  out  or 
improving  their  grovmds  may  procure  the  services  of  a 
competent  person  hy  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 

"With  the  exception  of  euch  names  as  are  printed  in  italics, 
the  whole  of  the  plants  in  this  list  are  perfectly  hardy. 

The  number  of  inches  named  refer  to  the  heights,  unless 
otherwise  stnted. 

ABIES  BRUNONIANA,  12  ins.,  25.  Gd.  ;  24  ins.,  5s.,  each. 
,,       JEZOENSIS,  one  year's  seedlings,  21s.  each. 

This  is  one  of  the  last  novelties  in  Conifers.    It 
forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in  height,  and  bf  very 
distinct  character. 
,,      DODGLASU,  20  to  36  ins.,  5s.  to  10s.  Gd.  each. 
ARAtJCABIA  IMBRICATA,  6  to  9  ins.,  Is. ;  12  ins.,  2s.  6d. ; 

18  ins.,  3s.  Cd.  ;  2-1  ins.,  5s.,  each. 
AZALEA,  "  Qlory  of  Sunning  H'dl,''  2s.  Gd.  to  5s.  each. 
The  best  double  variety  in  cultivation. 
,,      OVATA.  a  hardy  evergreen,  6  to  9  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
„       YITTATA,   a  specimen  of  this   unique  variety  was 
awarded  a  Knightian  medal,   when   exhibited  last 
April  at  the  rooms  of  the   Horticultural  Society. 
The  ground  colour  of  the  flowers  is  white,  which  is 
beautifully  striped  with  purple,  after  the  manner  of 
a  Carnation.     It  is  a  very  free  bloomer,    9  ins.,  21s. 
each. 
ABELIA  UNIFLORA,  new  and  distinct.    A  very  free  bloomer, 

lOs.  Gd.  each. 
BUXUS  sp,,  from  north  of  China,  round  leaved,  10s.  6d.  each. 

,,  ,,  ,,  long  leaved,  15s.  each. 

BERBERIS  FORTUNII,  Dins.,  Is.  Gd, ;  12  ins.,  25.;   18  Ins., 
3s.  ;  24  ins.,  5s.  each, 
„      DARWINII,  7s.  6d.  to  2is.  each. 

*  CEDRUS  AFRICANA,   18  Ins.,  2s.   Gd. ;    24    ins.,  3s.  6d.  ; 

30  ins.,  6s, ;  36  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  ;  43  ins.,  10s.  Gd.  each. 

'■^      „       DEODARA,  2  to  5  ft.,  2s.  Gd.  to  lOs.  6d.  each. 

■^  CRTPTOMERIA  JAPONICA,  seedlings,  very  robust  plants, 
will  require  no  support  from  stakes.  PJants  4  to 
5  ft,  high  have  stems  as  many  ioekea  in  circumfer- 
ence. 6  ins.,  63s.  per  100.  24  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;  30  ing., 
3s.  Gd. ;  48  ins.,  58. ;  60  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
„  JAPONICA  NANA,  seedlings  9  to  12  inches  through, 
10s.  Gd.  to  21s.  each. 

'CDPRESSUS  F0NEBRIS,  seedlings,  very  robustplants,  from 
the  open  border,  nearly  as  wide  as  high,  very  hand- 
some plants,  12  ins.,  5s. ;  18  ins,,  7s.  6d.;  24  ins.,  15s.; 
30  ins.,  21s.;  36  ins.,  31s.  6d.  eacb.  Cuttings,  G  to 
8  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

»  „  ELEGANS,  a  rapid  grower,  and  a  most  graceful  tree, 
12  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;  24  Ins.,  3s.  Gd.  ;  36  ins.,  5s. ;  48  ins., 
7s.  Gd.  each. 

*  „        GOVENIANA,— Thiflisoneofthemostbeautifulplan'.s 

of  its  class.  It  has  the  merit  of  preserving  its 
beautiful  green  colour  during  the  most  severe 
weather,  9  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;  12  ins.,  3s.  6d.  ;  18  in*?.,  5s. ; 
24  ins.,  7s.  €d. ;  30  ins,,  10s.  6d. ;  3G  ins.,  15s.; 
48  ins.,  21s.  each. 

*  „        LAMBERTIANA,  forms  a  noble  tree,  rivalling  even 

the  Cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  succeeds  well  in  very  ex- 
posed situations.  9  to  12  ins.,  Is.  Gd.  ;  18  ins., 
2s.  6d. ;  24  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 

Grafted  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil,  30  ins, 
2s.  ;  36 ins.,  2s.  Gd.  ;  42  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  :  48  ins.,  5s.  each. 
CEPHALOTAXUS  FORTUNII,  male  var.,  long  leaves,  seed- 
lings, 21s.  each. 
II  II    female  var,,  short   leaves,  seedlings, 

2l3,  each. 
CIIAM.ailR0P3,  sp.,  a  hardy  Palm  from  the  north  of  China,  a 
decided  acquisition  to  our  hardy  ornamental  ever- 
greens, 21s.  to  31s.  6d.  each, 
CLEnODENDRON  FCETIDUM.~The  only  species    of   this 
beautiful  genus  which  can  be  successfully  cultivated 
in  a  coo!  greenhouse,  a  situation  in  which  this  suc- 
ceeds admirably.    It  forms  its  large  heads  of  rosy 
lilac  flowers  in  great  profusion.    Strong  plants.  21s. 
each. 
CER  ASUS  ILLICIFOLIA,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
DAPHNE  JAPONICA,  12  ins.,  2s.  ^d.  each. 

HYBhlDUM,  12  ins.,  Is.  6d.  each. 
FORSYTHIA  VIRIDISSIMA.— This  plant  ia  not  sufficieatly 
knoTFn.  It  is  an  early  spring-flowering  plant,  produc- 
ing  Its  yellow  blosaoms  in  great  profusion.    But  it 


rarely  flowers,   or  but  scantily  when  young.    The 
plants  offered  are  well  set  with  flower-buds.   It  forces 
'     well.    Bushy  niants,  24  ins.,  Is.  Gd. ;  36  ins.,  2s.  Gd, ; 
48  ins,,  3s.  Cd.  ;  Standards,  10s.  Gd.  each. 
ILEX  DIPYRENA,  9  to  12  inches,  Zs.  Gd.  each, 
„      MICROCARPA,  21s.  each. 
„      LATIFOLIA,  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;   18  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  ;  2i  ins., 

5s.  each. 
„      FURCATA,  21s.  each. 
JUNIPERUS  ARGENTEA,  new  and  very  beautiful,  12  inches, 
5  s.  each. 
„        PH(ENICEA,  12  ins.,  Is.  Gd.  each. 
„         CIIINENSIS,  12  ins.,  Is.;  18  ins.,  Is.Gd.;  24  ins.,  25.  : 

30  ins.,  2s,  fid.  each. 
„        TAMARISCIPOLIA,  12  ins..  Is.  each. 
„        FLACCIDA,  12  ins.,  Is  Gd. ;  24  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
„         EXCELS  A,  12  ins.,  2s,  Gd.;  18  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
„         SQUAMATA,  12  ins..  Is.  ;  24  ins.,  2s,  Gd.  each, 
„        CRACOYIA,  12  ins.,  Is.  each. 
„         MACROCARPA.  12  ina.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
,,         REPANDENS,  19.  ins.,  9d.  ;  24  ins.,  Is.  Gd.  each. 
„         OBLONG  A  PENDULA,  6(0  8  ins.,  2s.  6d.  each. 
„        BEDPOHDIANA,  12ine.,ls.;  18 ins.,  Is. 6d. ;  24ins., 

JASMINUM  NUDIFLORUM,  strong  blooming  plants,  2s.  Gd. 

each. 
LIGUSTRU.vi  JAPONICUM,  9ins.,  Is.;  24ins„2s  each. 
LYCOPODIUM  WJLDENOVII,  5s.  each. 
LIBOCEDHUS  CIIILIENSI3,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
MITRARIA  COCCINEA,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

*PICEA  PINSAPO,  very  handsome  specimens,  30  ins.,  21s. 
each. 
„      NORDMANNIANA,  10s.  to  I5s.  each. 
„       OVATA,  10s.  Gd.  each. 
*PINtrSINSIGNIS,  12in3.,  2s.  6d.  ;  24in3„5s.;  SOins.,  7s.  Gd.  • 
36  to  42  ins.,  lOs.  Gd.  each. 
„      MURICATA,   9  ins.,  10s.  Gd. ;  18  ins,,   21s.;  24  ins., 

3ls.  Gd.  each, 
„      MONTEZUMA,  12  to  15  ins.,  10s,  Gd.  each. 
QUERCUS  SCLEROPHYLLA,  2Is.  to  425.  each. 

„       IN  VERSA.  21s.  to  42s.  each. 
ROSE,  "FORTUNE'S  YELLOW,"  dwarfs,  2s.  Gd.  to  5s.  each. 
,.  ,,  „        standards,  5s.  to  7y.  6d.  each. 

RHODODENDRONS.— Hardy  late  flowering  Hybrids,  varying 
in  colour  from  white  to  deep  crimson.  Dwarfs,  31s*.  Gd. 
to  6  guineas  per  dozen  ;  standards,  21s.  to  5  guineas 
each. 
„  COMMON  PONTICUM,  forcovers,  thricetransplanted, 
12  to  18  ins.  high,  very  bushy,  15s.  to  2Is.  per  100. 
SIKKIM  RHODODENDRONS.— We believfewemay state, with- 
out fear  of  contradiction,  that  we  possessi  the  largest 
plants  of  these  beautiful  Rhododendrons  in  the  trade. 
The  heights  of  those  we  are  offering  vary  from  2  to 
9  ins.  From  the  altitude  from  whence  many  of  them 
were  obtained,  there  is  great  probability  of  their 
proving  hardy  in  this  country.  Collections  of  24 
distinct  kinds  at  3,  5,  or  9  guineas, 
SPIRiEA  CALLOSA, — An  abundant  and  continued  bloomer, 
Ithashirge  corymbs  of  rosy  purple  blossoms,  andis  a 
handsome  addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants  ;  lOs.  6d, 

SALISBURIa'aDIANTIFOLIA  (seedlings),  12  ins,,  2s.  Gd. 
each. 

•TAXOmpM  SEMPERVIRENS.  This  and  Cryptomeria 
japonica  are  amongst  the  most  rapid-growing 
Conifers.  In  situations  where  such  are  required 
they  cannot  be  surpassed,  18  ins.  to  5  feet.  Is.  Gd. 
to  10s,  Gd.  each, 

TAXUS  DOVASTONII,  standards,  3  to  4  ft.,  7s.  Gd.  to  10s,  Gd. 
eacli. 
„      ADPRESSA,  12  ins.,  23, ;   24  ins.,  5 

oach. 
„      BACCATA     (yellow.berried  var.), 
24  ins.,  5s. ;  36  ins.,  7s.  Gd,  each. 
„        ,,  (golden-leaved  var  )  12  ins.,  Is.Gd. ;  18  ins.,  2s.  Gd.each. 

VIBURNUM  PLICATUM,  10s,  Gd.  to  21s.  each. 

*WEIGELA  ROSEA.— This  beautifulflowering  shrub  should  be 
grown  by  every  one.  It  forms  a  handsome  object 
in  the  open  borders  in  May.  It  also  forces  well. 
The  plants  here  offered  are  as  wide  as  high,  and 
will  flower  abundantly  in  the  spring.  18  ins.,  2s.  • 
24  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  ;  30  ins.,  8s.  Gd.  ;  3G  ins.,  5s,  each.  ' 
A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Hardy  Ornamental   Trees  and 

Shrubs  ;  to  which  is  prehsed  a  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of 

American  Plants,  may  be  had  free,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for 

postage. 


s,  ;   36  ins.,  10s.  Gd. 
12     ins.,     23.    Gd. ; 


PmZE     ASTER, 

JREID  begs  to  announce  to  all  those  interested  in 
•  the  beauty  of  their  flower  gardens,  that  he  is  now  sending 
out  his  Doubled  Qailled  GLOBE  ASTER.  This  beautiful 
variety  is  already  well  known,  having  been  exhibited  during 
the  last  two  yeais  at  all  the  leading  flower  shows  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  where  it  was  universally  admired,  and  was  awarded 
upwards  of  40  prizes.  From  the  numerous  testimonials  J.  R. 
has  received,  he  selects  the  following,  beiog  the  opinions  of  two 
first-rate  gardeners,  living  in  different  parte  of  the  kingdom : — 
Mr,  Tite,  Gardener,  Benson,  Walliogford,  has  been  in  the 
habit  of  importing  his  seeds  for  8  yeare,  and  during  that  time 
never  had  flowers  to  equal  them  sent  out  by  J.  U.  Mr.  Green- 
leea,  Gardener,  Bothwell-park,  N.  B.,  considers  it  so  superior 
to  the  old  varieties,  that  when  once  it  is  generally  known  it  will 
throw  them  out  of  cultivation. — A  packet  will  be  sent  post  free 
by  enclosing  12  penny  poatago  stamps  to  J.  Reid,  Monktoa 
Nursery,  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight. 

pATTELL'S  KITCHEN  GARDEN  and  FLOWER 

^<J     SEEDS,  of  generally  acknowledged  first-rate  quality. 

Descriptive  Priced  Catalogues  of  the  above  will  be  forwarded, 
post  free,  on  receipt  of  a  penny  stamp  for  each,  addressed  to 
John  Cattell,  Westerham,  Kent.  The  KITCUEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS  are  saved  from  his  own  selected  Stocks.  Among  the 
Beets,  Kales,  Broccoliea,  Cauliflowers,  Cabbages,  Celeries, 
Cucumbers,  Endives,  Lettuces,  Parsleys,  &c.,  are  enumerated 
kinds  which  every  gardener  would  find  worth  his  trial  and 
attention. 

Orders  for  Seeds  amounting  to  lOs.  and  upwards  will  be  for- 
warded, carriage  free,  to  London,  and  to  every  station  oa  the 
South-Eastern,  Biighton,  and  South-Coast  Railways. 

Any  of  the  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  may  be 
had  by  post  at  the  Catalogue  prices,  with  the  additional  postage 
charges. 

J.  C.  hag  also  to-offer  fine  plants  of  the  Cedar  of  Lebanon, 
G  to  7  feet  high,  in  large  pots,  153.  each,  or  11.  10s.  per  doz, ; 
5  feet,  very  fine,  10s,  6d.  each,  or  51.  bs.  per  doz, ;  and  smaller 
in  prop'vrtion. 

ROSES,  strong,  in  8.iQch  pots,  fitting  for  immediate  forcing. 
Moss,  Common,  and  Scarlet,  ISs.  per  doz.  ;  Province,  White 
or  Unique,  Spougs  and  common  Cabbage,  Hybrid  Perpetuals, 
of  the  finest  forcing  varieties,  ISs.  to  21s.  per  doz.  ;  Geant  des 
Battailles,  fine,  on  their  own  roots,  in  5.inch  pots,  24s.  per  doz. 
A  very  large  fitock  of  the  following  splendid  Hardy  Herba- 
ceous Plants,  grown  in  the  open  ground — Delphinium  Barlowii, 
D.  grandiflorum  maximum,  and  (Eoothera  raacrocarpa,  each 
at  8s.  per  doz.,  or  oOs.  per  1(j0  ;  Lily  of  the  Valley,  single,  5s. 
per  100  ;  ditto  double,  3s.  per  doz.  ;  25  varieties  of  Van  Houtfce's 
new  Belgian  double  Daisies,  a  good  plant  of  each,  7s.  6d. 

The  following  Catalogues  for  the  present  season  may  be  had 
on  prepaid  application,  enclosing  stamps  as  named  ; 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  RoBe3,  containiog  all  the  leading 
kinds  ;  the  Roses  grown  here  are  acknowledged  by  the  trade 
and  others  who  have  seen  them  not  to  be  surpassed  by  any 
other  grower.    One  penny  stamp. 

A  Catalogue  of  Hardy  Trees  and  Shrubs,  American  Plants 
(of  which  a  large  collection  is  grown,  and  are  particularly 
fine),  Coniferaj,  and  hardy  Ciimbars  ;  two  penny  stamps. 

A  Catalogue  of  Fruit  Trees,  Strawberries,  die, ;  one  penny 
stamp. 

Se3d  Catalogues  as  above. 
Remittances  to  accompany  all  orders  from  unknown  cor- 
respondents. 


NEW   KITCHEN    GARDEN    SEEDS, 
TrylLLIAM  E.  RENDLE,  and  CO.,  Plymouth,  hau 
^  •  much  pleasure  in  stating  that  their 

NEW    PRICED     CATALOGUE    OF     KITCHEN     GARDEN 

AND  FLOWER  SEEDS 
Can  still  he  had  in  exchange  fo)'  One  Penny  Stamp. 
RENDLE'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS  have 
given  universal  satisfaction,  and  the  Subscribers  have  the 
greatest  conadence  in  recommending  them.  The  quantities 
furnished  are  stated  in  fdll  in  the  "  Price  Current  and 
Garden  Directory^"  copies  of  which  can  still  be  obtained  in 
exchange  for  Sis  Penny  Stamps. 

They  can  give  reference  to' 'nolUmen,  clergymen,  and 
gentlemen  in  almost  every  comity  in  Great  BHtain  and 
Ireland,  who  have  procured  their  supplies  from  them  ; 
and  can  produce  hv/ndreds  of  unsolicited  testimonials  of 
the  higliest  character.  Tlie  followingj  just  received,  will 
suffice  for  the  present  occasion.  For  others  of  a  i' 
character,  see  our  Advertisement  in  this 
Jan  24,  }S52,page  51. 

From  Vie  Mon.  and  Ben.  ,  Ireland. 

JanunrySth,  1852. 
Gentlemen, — Enclosed  is  a  draft  for  the  amount  of  my 
account.  It  is  gratifjiog  to  have  again  to  express  the  satisfac- 
tion I  have  had  in  your  Seeds.  The  kinds  have  been  true, 
and  the  seeds  have  grown  well.  Yooa  Swedish  Turnip, 
especially,  has  yielded  a  crop  superior  to  anything  in  this  part 
of  the  country  ;  many  of  them  exceeded  12  lbs.  when  topped 
and  tailed.  Send  me  one  of  your  collections,  with  two  bushels 
of  your  Imperial  Purple-top  Swede  Turnip,  &,c. 

They  could  fill  the  colum'tis  of  thi^  Paper  with  extracts 
of  letters  a/nd  opinions  of  tlie  Press,  if  it  were  requisite  to 
do  so;  hut  the  ahove  will,  they  trust,  he  sufficient  to  prove 
tlie  general  excellency  of  their  Seeds.  In  fact,  it  is  their 
interest  to  send  out  only  what  is  good;  they  would  he  only 
injwing  themselves  were  they  to  do  othcnvise. 
For  Further  Information,  refer  to  page  51, 

Jan.  24,  1852. 
For  Price  CiuTents  and  Catalogue,  apply  to   WiLLiAU  E, 
Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  IN  THE  YEAR  1785. 


6_1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


83 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE   GROWERS. 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  hcing  extensive  Grotvevs 
of  Seeds,  can  supply  them  of  such  qitxlity  cts  to 
2^revent  the  disappointment  so  often  experienced  from 
Seeds  which  have  passed  through  many  hcmds  between 
the  grower  and  the  purchaser. 

As  Messra.  Sdtton  and  Sons  grow  expressly  for  their  retail 
trade,  tbcy  can  afford  to  pay  especial  attention  to  the  stocks  of 
their  Seeds,  both  Agricultui-al  and  Horticultaval,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  sell  at  the  lowest  remunerating  prices. 

For  Priced  Lists,  address  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed 
Growers,  Reading,  Berks,  enclosing  one  penny  stamp. 

VEGETABLE  AND  FLOWER  SEEDS  OF  GENUINE 

QUALITY, 

SENT    OUT   AS    RECEIVED    FROM    THE    MOST 

RKSPECTABLE    GROWERS. 

WM.  DENVER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  82,  Grace- 
church-street,  near  the  Spread  Eagle,  Li-ndun,  begs  to 
intimate  that  his  New  CATALOGUE  OF  SEEDS,  Ac,  for  the 
present  season,  is  now  ready,  in  ^vhich  will  be  lound  several 
KovcUics  well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  Amateur  and  Culti- 
Tator. 

"W,  D.  also  refers  with  confidence  to  bis  Collections  of  Asters, 
Stocks,  *tc.,  which  have  for  several  past  seasons  given  great 
satisfaction. 

Descriptive  priced  Lists  may  be  had  on  application. 


ROSES. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  a  choice 
assortment  of  ROSES  at  the  under-named  prices,  the 
selection  of  sorts  being  left  to  themselves.  s,  d. 

Extra  fine  picked  tall  Standard  Union  Roses,  from  6  to  S 
feet,  budded  with  3  to  6  best  varieties  of  Climbing  and 
Perpelual^Roses  in  each  stem,  suitable  for  training  in 
the  form  of  domes  (these.plants  are  particularly  tine), 

each,  35.  6(i.  to      5    0 

Superior  selected  Standards        Per  doz.  ISs.to  21    0 

Fine  Dwarfs  and  Dwarf  Standards      ...        ,,         10s.  to  18    0 
Fine  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  two  of  a  sort        ,,  ...    6    0 

Tea-scented  Roses,  in  pots,  very  fine    ...        ,,         125.  to  18    0 
Best  varieties  for  Forcing, established  in  G-inch  pots,p.doz,  20    0 

Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  without  names,  per  lOO      30    0 

N.B. — Additional  plants  presented  with  each  order,  with  a 
view  to  lessen  the  expense  of  carriage. 

Catalogues  may  be  had;  Geatis,  on  application. 
Woodlands  Nursery,  Maresfield,  near  Ucktield,  Sussex. 

AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,    SURREY. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  ahnounce  that  he  has 
published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Roses,  Conifers,  die,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described ;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 


Rammculuses,  'Anemones;  Auriculas,  Pelar- 
goniums, and  Lilium  Lancifolium. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London,  by 
appointment  Floelst  to  heu  Majestt  the  Qqeen,  and 
roHis  MiJEsxr  tbe  King  of  Saxont,  begs  to  recommend  the 
above  Flowers,  which  he  can  supply,  of  the  best  quality.  £  s.  d. 
100  Ranuoc'iluses,  in  100  superfine  sorts,  named        ...  2  10    0 

Superfine  mixtures,  per  100,  from  5s.  to  , 0  10    6 

lOft  Anemones,  in  50  superfine  sorts,  named      1  10    0 

Superfine  mixtures  (double),  per  100,  from  Gs.  to    ...  0  10    6 

25  Auriculas,  in  25  superfine  sorts,  named       3    3    0 

25  Pelargoniums,  in  25  superfine  sorts,  named  ...  3    3    0 

Fine  named  varieties,  per  dozen,  from  12s.  to  ...  0  18    0 

Lilium  lancifolium  album,  per  dozen,  from  Ss.  to        ...  0  18    0 

„  ,,  punctatum,  each,  Jrom  2s.  Gd.  to  ...  0    7    6 

„  „  rubrum  true,  or  speciosum,  do,, 

38.  Gei.  to         1     1     0 

,,  ,,  roseum,  do.,  23.  G(Z.  to  0    7    6 

„  ,,  cruentum,  do.,  5s.  to  0  10    6 

A  new  collection  of  Hybrid  Seedling  Lilies,  6  sorts  named,  for  15s, 


SEED  AHB  HORTICULTUEAL  ESTAELISHMEMT, 

SUDBURY,     SUFFOLK. 

BASS  AND   BROWN'S   SEED  AND  PLANT  LIST  FOR   1852, 

OR    DESCRIPTIVE    PRICED    CATALOGUE 
(STAMPED  TO  GO  FREE  BY  TOST),  13  KOW  COMPLETE,  AND  MAY  BE  HAD  ON  APPLICATIOK. 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S    DWARF     MAMMOTH    KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  2s.  Gd,  per  quart. 
BISHOP'S  LONG.PODDED,  Is.  per  quart. 
BURBID(3E"ri  ECLIPSE,  1^.  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  been  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  establishments  in  tbe  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  reBpect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER   SEEDS. 
ESCnscnOLTZIA   OALIFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

very  good,  C,d.  per  packet. 
IPOiKEA  BURRIDGII.  splendid  hardycreeper.ed.'per  packet. 
SAPOJJAUIA  CALABRICA,  var.  MULTIPLORA,  one  of  the 

best  bedding  plan's  out,  fi-i.  per  packet. 
TROP/EOLUM  COCCINEUM,  handsome,  G*i.  per  packet. 
EUCIINIDEA  BAHTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

Cd.  par  packet. 
GAUKA.    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous   plant,   Qd.  per 

packet. 

DcMCiK  IlAms  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
yraalt  ■election,  a«  hting  deservedly  worthy  of  universal  atten- 
tion. CaUloguci  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flowtr  Seeds 
^marded  on  a[^>pUcation. 

Scedtman  and  Ploriat,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  100,  St. 
Martin'a  lane,  London. 

TO  NOBLEMEN  AND  GENTLEMEN  PLANTING. 
'-rnO.MAS  JACKSON  AND  SON  rcBpectfulIy  solicit 
-L  attention  to,  and  an  inspection  of,  thtir  very  healthy  and 
cxtonsWc  Stock  of  frequently  transplanted  TREES  and 
HilRUBri,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Araucaria«,  4  feet 
high;  Deodar  Cedara,  1^  feet;  Cedars  of  Lebanon,  'J  feet; 
Finu*  excelnA,  G  feet;  Dlt'.o  patuU,  6  fout ;  Ditto  InRiKnis, 
4  feet;  Ditto  cephalonica,  5  feet;  Ditto  raorinUa,  5  f«ot ;  Ditto 
Oordontana,  2  feet ;  Iri^b  Yewti,  12  feet;  Enf^llah  ditto,  0  feet; 
Pyramid  ditto,  5  feet ;  Taxodium  Rcmpervlrena,  8  feet;  Gryp- 
tom>.'riajaponica,  5  feet ;  Chlnute  JunlpurH,  0  f«et '  Iriah  ditto, 
4  febt ;  CuDrcaeuH  toruloflus,  0  feet;  DUto  Ooveniana,  5  feet ; 
Ditto  Ubdiarii,  6  feet ;  l7ltto  sempervlreni,  H  feet;  Green  nnd 
VaricKated  Hollies,  7  feet;  Broad- leaved  dltlo.  fi  feet;  WocphiK 
ditto.  0  iee: ;  Arbutus  procora  and  uncdo,  '}  feet;  Magnolia 
erandlllora,  Exmoutli,  0  feet;  Ditto  acuTnioata,  8  feet ;  Ptiu- 
I'iwnia  irnperiftlis,  7  f«et  ;  Weeping  Wlllowd,  10  feet;  Weeiduc 
A»h,  in  feet:  Larf(e  Aucuba^,  Common  nnd  PuriuKuI  Lnurcls, 
CtilnesQ  and  American  Arbor.vitce,  Tree  IVjunicn,  i>a|jhnco, 
Laurt8tinu<(,  IJerberla,  lud  fJedam,  KhododendrouH,  AzaloiiH, 
Xftlmiaa,  Pomythlaii,  Welicolas,  Evergreen  Oakfi,  and  all  the 
other  favourite  Tree*  and  Hhrub»  (coverinj?  upwartU  of  '20 
•cr««  of  nursery  ({r<'un(l)  ;  alio  Fruit  and  Forest  Tr'U'H  of 
«ftrlriu«  alze«  In  fitetit  fjuautlty,  and  uhorjt  a  million  <;f  Quick 
At  for  ntftkiuK  or  mending  fences,  from  '2t.  to  K;«.  per  IIIOO. 

Pricct,  which  are  very  low,  may  be  obtained  on  appltratinii. 

All  OTtiem  of  two  pounds  or  upwards  delivered  at  any  of  t)io 
eWTior's  olll[:«B  In  L'>naon,  or  by  our  own  cart*  within  \2  mlltH 
of  the  2fur««ry, — Nursery,  Klngetoii,  Hurroy,  Feb.  7, 


IXyE  have  the  pleasure,  as  above,  of  ofFering  our  21st  ANNUAL  SEED  CATALOGUE,  combined  with  our 

»  »  usual  choice  LISTS  UF  PLA.NTS.  Our  Seed-j,  which  ar<;  harvesttd  and  collected  with  much  care,  will  be  fuund,  we 
believe,  as  select  a  collection  of  choice  varieties  and  kinds  as  can  be  produced.  From  thet'»*eat  number  of  communications  iVom 
persons  in  all  parts  of  tlie  Kingdom  to  whom  our  goods  have  been  sent,  expressinir  their  hiRh  approval  of  the  articles  supplied  ■ 
and  from  our  habitual  aim  to  obtain  ihose  of  the  very  beat  tlescriufioo,  we  can  oif-^r  them  with  the  fullest  conti-ience. 

The  follow inr/,  of  our  own  selection^  we  wish  particidarly  to  recommend.  They  consist  of  vaneties  and  hinds 
which  cannot  fail  to  afford  the  most  complete  satisfaction. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS    IN    ASSORTMENTS, 

"We  bag  to  offer  the  following  Collections  of  the  choicest  and  moat  approved,  embracing  superior  new  sorts  in  proportionate 
qaantities  of  each  ; —  £  g,  d, 

No.  1,— COLLECTION  FOR  A.  LARGE  GARDEN,  containing  20  tiiiarts  of  Peas,  in  20  best  Boris  for  BucoeBsion  ; 

10  best  sorts  of  Broccoli;  8  ditto  of  Lettuce,  with  all  other  Vegetables  in  proportion       2  10    0 

Mo.  2.— THE  BEST  NEW  AND  OTHER  SORTS.  IN  SMALLER  QtIANTITIE3    ...  1  10    0 

No.  3.—  DITTO  DITTO  ...    1    0    0 

No.  4,— A  COLLECTION  01?  ESTEEMED  KINDS  FOR  A  SMALL  GARDEN        0  10    6 

*,*  A  comphle  List  of  the  sorts  and  quantities  of  the  No.  1,  2,  and  3  Collections  are  this  year  furnished  in  the 
Catalogue.     If  any  sorts  are  not  wished  for,  enlarged  quantities  of  others  will  be  sent  to  make  up  the  amownt. 

FLOWER    SEEDS-FIRST    ASSORTMENTS. 

These  may  be  had,  prepaid  by  post,  at  tbe  prices  affixed.  Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising;  Seeds  will 
be  sent  with  each  lot.  £   s,    d, 

100  Varieties  select  showy  Annuals,  including  very  splendid  German  Asters,  Stocks,  Larkspurs,  Jacob33as,  Zinnia 
elciians,  also  Lobelia  ramosa  and  the  three  new  varieties  ramosa  major,  rosea,  and  propinqua  ;  the  new  marbled 
Calliopi^is,   Monulia  violacea,    Nemesia  versicolor,    Gramanthus  gentianoides,  Cenia  turbinatu,  Oenia  turbinata 

alba,  and  other  newest  an  I  best  sorts , 0  15    0 

50  Varieties,  including  the  same,  Sa.  6d. ;  30  varlaties  ditto,  6s.  6d.  ;  23  varieties  ditto  0     4    0 

20  Varieties  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  in  large  packets,  for  filling  beds  ou  lawns      0    7    6 

12  Varieties  ditto  ditto  ditto  ' 0    5    0 

20  Varieties  choice  Greenhouse  Annuals,  including  very  lino  Balsam,  CocUBComb,'Mesembryanthemum,"Martynia, 
Phlox  Drummondii,  and  tbe  two  new  varietie-*,   Leopoldiana  and  alba  oculata  ;  new  varieties  of  Portulacca, 

Rhodanthe  Manglesii,  Thunbergia,  New  Yl'IIow  Salpigiossus,  (fee , 0    7    6 

12  Varieties  ditto  ditto  ditto      0    5    o 

20  V;irietie8  choice  Greenhouse  Perennials,  including  very  fine  and  new  varieties  of  Calceolaria,  Cineraria,  Fuchsia, 

Peiunia,  Verbena,  Kennedyas,  Calendrinia  umbellata,  (fcc. 0  10    6 

12  Varieties  ditto  ditto  0    7    G 

20  Varieties  Kardy  Biennials  and  Perennlalo,  including  the  new  white  Escholtzia,  very  choice  Antirrhinum,  Gladioli, 

Heartsease,  Mimulua,  Polyanthus,  Dianthus,  Drompton  and  Emperoi  Stocks,  die,  7s.  Qd. ;  12  varieties       0    5    « 

FLOWER    SEEDS-SECOND    ASSORTMENTS. 

100  Varieties,  select  and  well  assorted  Showy  Annuals 0  10  C 

50  Varieties                   ditto                  ditto                      0    D  G 

30  Varieties                    ditto                    ditto,  3s.  Orf. ;  20  ditto 0     2  6 

20  Varieties  Hardy  Biennials  and  Perennials,  4s, ;  12  varieties        0    2  6 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.    Post-office  Orders  payable  to  Bass  and  Brown^,  or  to  Stephen  Beotvn. 
Goods  sent  Carriage  Free  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or  any  other  Station  on  the  line. 

Stamped  Copies  of  our  Axdumn  Catalogue  may  still  he  had,  which  contains  our  Descriptive  Lists  of  RoseSf 
Herhaceous  Plants,  Select  Evergreens  and  Flowering  Shrubs,  Hardy  Climhers,  Prize  Gooseberries,  Qladioli,  mid 
various  Bulbs  cmd  Roots. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALP  A  CEIi[TUB,Y. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  ot 
AMERICAN  PL.\NTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  &c.,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosing 
two    postage    stamps,    to    Mr.   Hosea.    Watebee,.  Knap  Hill 

Nursery.  Woking.  Surrey. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFKRiE. 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  dec,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps.— Windlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


MITCHELL'S  MATCHLESS  WINTER 
PARSLEY.— J.  M.  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  tbe  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen.  Is.  ^d.  per  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  be  charged  2s.  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order, 
payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder'e-end,  Enfield,  Middlesex. 

DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  45. 
per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selected  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment, at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  WarehoUdO,  18,  Fall-mall. 
N.B.  Printed  regulations  for  treatment  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par.Tiasan  Cheeses, 


SANGSTER'S    NEW    EARLY    NO.  I   PEA. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  in  submitting  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  tbe  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  the  greatest  conQdence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  firat-cate  quality ;  height,  2  feet, 
Price  2s.  Gti.  per  quart. 

York  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  65.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Radical,  6s.  do.  A  first-rato  second  early,  6s.  do. 
American  Native,  6s.  do.  White  Blossom  Kidney,  Gs.  do. 
Brighton  Pink  Kidney,  Gs.  do. 

For  Testimonials,  sec  Qardenera*  Clironicle,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

Poet-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Post- 
office  to  Hat,  Sangbteb,  and  Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newington  Butts,  London.  One-bushel  hampers  and  booking. 
Is.  Gd.  ;  two-buabel,  2s.  Gd.    Sacks,  23.  Cd.  each. ^^ 


SUPERB  NEW  EARLY  PROLIFIC  MELON, 

"VICTORY   OF    BATH." 

GARAWAY,  MAYES,  and  Co.  having  purcliasod 
the  entire  stock  of  the  above  MELON,  beg  to  offer  it  to 
tbe  public  an  a  variety  unequalled  in  llavour  and  productive- 
noHB.  It  obtained  a  Certificate  of  Merit  at  the  April  Shtiw,  in 
Bath  ;  First  Prize  at  ChiHwick,  in  May;  also  two  First  Prizes 
at  Bath,  in  May  and  Juno  last.  It  was  grown  in  pots  with 
Urombura  Hall,  under  prcclHoly  the  same  treatment,  and  Ripe 
Fruit  cut  full  six  weeks  earlier.    The  whole  of  the  fralt  exhi- 


bited were  Kfown  in  pots. 
MELONS. 

Per  Packet — s.  d, 

Victory  of  Hath 2    G 

Hromham  JIall     1     0 

Oamerton  Court 1     0 

Trentham  Hybrid  Groon 

I'luBh       1    0 

fleechwood 1    0 

With  all  other  approved  Borts. 

O.,  M,,  and  Co.  aUo  he;;  to 


CUCUMBERS. 

Per  Packet— B.  d. 

Lord  Konyon'a  Favourite  1  0 

Victory  of  Hath 1  0 

Roman  Emperor 1  0 

llt)liii  Plcrpoint  Wonder    1  0 

Kclway'ti  Victory             ...  3  0 


With  all  other  approved  sorts. 

,       ,  _,„  ,.    nform  their  friends  that  they 

are  now  prepared  to  flend  out  their  well  uuleotod  stock  of  Ak^'I- 
cultural,  Kltclicn,  and  Flower  Uardun  Seeds,  the  latter  grown 
under  their  own  InHpectlon.  CataIoKi»"»  to  bo  had  on 
application.  O.,  M,,  and  Co.  can  with  conlidoncu  recommend 
their  fttock,  a«  every  article  Is  thoroughly  pnived  before 
sunt  out.— IJurdhuin  Down  NuracriuB,  llrlatol,  Feb.?. 


POLYANTHUS    SEED. 

TO    THE    LOVEllS   OF    THAT    BEAUTIFUL    EARLY 

SPRIN&  FLOWER,  THE  POLYANTHUS. 

JAMES  WOODS  has  again  this  year  a  quantity  of 
POLYANTHUS  SEED,  which  he  can  recommend  with 
confidence,  saved  from  none  but  named  and  good  laced  flowers. 
Price  Is.  per  pricket,  or  sent  free  onreceipt  ot  13 postage  stamps, 
to  James  Woods,  Florist,  Harwich,  Essex. 


OVERSTOCK  OF  LARCH.— About  400,000,  U  to 
4  feet,  well  topped,  fibrous  rooted,  and  of  the  finest  quality. 
Samples  and  price  sent  on  application  to  Johm  ScaoLEr, 
Nurseryman,  &c.,  Pontefract.— Pontefract  Nursery,  Feb.  7. 


COLLECTIONS  OF  SEEDS,  suitably  selected  for 
v-^  Gardens  of  various  sizes,  for  one  year's  supply,  at  the 
following  prices  :— 2i.  lOs.,  11. 17s.  Gd.,  11.  5s.,  12s  Gd.,  and  53. 
The  Seeds  are  of  excellent  quality,  many  of  which  are  direct 
frnm  the  growers.  Particulars  of  sorts  and  quantities  of  each 
Collection  may  be  had,  if  required,  on  application. 

Also,  Collections   of  FLOWER    SEEDS,    chiefly    Annuals, 
with    a  few  good  Biennials    and    Perenniali,    100    varieties, 
lOs.  Gd.  ;  50  do  ,  5s,  Gd. ;  25  selected  do.,  35.  Gd. ;  12  do.,  2s. 
William:  Denxee,  Nurseryman  &;  Seedsman,  Battle,  SusseK, 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  1,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOU  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

„  Tj  V         n  f  Britiah  Arcliltecla   8  p.a^, 

MoaolT,         Ftb.       9[Geoer«plilcRl 8i».r  , 

1  Syro  liityptian  7ir.»' 

,„)  Civil  KnKincera      S  P.»> 

(  Zf)olo)j;iciil 9  P.u. 

^LltcniryEund  3  P.M. 

LoiiUou  InatUutlon    7  p>u* 

_  ,,!  Graphic   8  p.m. 

Wedmbsdat,    —       IM  Society  of  Arts S  p.m. 

Etbnoioi^icnl  a^p.u. 

'-Piiannicouticiil    > Sjp.M. 

(RoyBl  Soc.ot' Literature 4  p.u. 

TuonBDAT,       —        12^,  Anllquurlun    ^,'''"' 

ntoyai SiP.M. 

,..  r  Aiitronoralcn]  ( Amvlvi3r6nry)  ...,3  p.m. 
FfllDAT,  —        '■' tuoyul  InNtitullou SiP.a. 

TiiF.RK  is  nothing  in  the  able  Report  of  the  Board 
of  Health  of  more  horticultural  importance  than  the 
evidence  collected  upon  the  mode  of  applying  liquid 
jiANunE.  Not  that  it  contains  anything  new  upon 
the  subject,  but  because  what  it  does  contain  is  well 
put  and  ably  illustrated.  Our  own  coluinna  bear 
ample  testimony  to  the  difficulty  of  impressing  upon 
the  minds  of  gardeners  the  extreme  importance  of 
employing  such  Iluids  in  a  state  of  great  dilution ; 
for,  notwitlistanding  our  repeated  warnings,  and  the 
wise  practice  of  their  neighbours,  men  are  still  to 
be  found  so  unintelligent  as  to  insist  upon  using 
strong  liquid  manure.  "  How  strong  may  I  make 
it  V'  n"y»  "'"=  correspondent.  "  Of  what  use  is  it,  if 
it  bo  weakr'  writes  another.  "  VVliy  can't  I  put 
on  ijlenty  at  once,  instead  of  being  always  at  it?" 
demands  a  tliird.     In  vain  we  advise,  in  vain  point 


84 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  7, 


out  reasons  ;  we  find  the  same  class  of  questions 
incessantly  repeated.  Let  us  hope  that  the  fol- 
lowing quotation  from  the  Report  before  us  will 
assist  in  dispersing  the  mistiness  which  still  hovers 
over  some  portions  of  the  horticultural  mind  : 

"Sir  Joseph  Paxton  collects  at  Chatsworth  the 
manure  water  from  water-closets,  horse-dung  linings, 
and  various  other  sources,  into  large  covered  tanks  ; 
the  waste  also  from  a  small  bath  is  emptied  into 
one  of  these,  by  which  means  the  solution  becomes 
very  thin.  The  liquid  so  collected  passes  almost 
immediately  into  a  state  of  incipient  or  partial 
decomposition,  and  thus  becomes  fit  for  the  food  of 
vegetation  ;  when  drawn  off  for  use,  it  is  always 
greatli/  diluted  with  loater,  and  never  supplied  except 
when  the  plants  are  in  a  state  of  activitj/  and 
growth  ;  otherwise  he  considers  the  effects  would 
in  many  cases  be  prejudicial,  rather  than  otherwise. 
It  is  used  by  him  liberally  to  Vine-borders,  Peach 
trees,  Melons,  Cucumbers,  Pines,  and  other  fruits, 
with  the  most  powerful  and  satisfactory  results ;  in 
fact,  the  use  of  plant  food  in  a  liquid  state,  if  pro- 
perly pre;.'ared  and  administered,  supersedes  in  a 
great  degree  the  necessity  for  manure  in  a  solid 
form  ;  and  the  produce  in  favour  of  the  liquid 
greatly  preponderates,  being  both  larger  in  quantity 
and  weight,  richer  in  colour,  and  superior  in 
flavour. 

"  These  advantages,  however,  could  not  be  secured 
with  certainty,  unless  the  solution  were  so  prepared 
as  to  suit  the  habits  and  requirements  of  the  various 
plants  to  which  it  is  supplied.  This  preparation  is 
of  two  kinds :  —  First,  by  diluting  the  liquid 
saffieiently  with  loater  to  prevent  the  spongioles  of 
loots  becoming  glutted  with  too  great  a  supply  of 
food  ;  and,  secondly,  rendering  it  of  a  proper  tempe- 
rature by  the  addition  of  hot  water.  Pines  require 
the  liquid  at  about  a  heat  of  80''  Fahr.,  and  other 
plants  in  proportion  ;  fruit  trees,  and  other  open 
air  products,  however,  do  not  necessarily  require  the 
addition  of  hot  water  to  the  same  extent  as  in-door 
produce,  but  are,  notwithstanding,  much  benefited 
by  receiving  it  in  a  moderately  warm  state.  Where^ 
ever  a  steam-engine  is  employed.  Sir  Joseph 
Paxton's  practice  of  artificially  warming  the  liquid 
manure  might  be  easily  adopted,  by  allowing  some 
of  the  waste  steam  to  blow  through  the  tank  or  pipe 
Experience  has,  however,  amply  shown  that  for 
ordinary  crops,  sewerage  in  its  usual  state  is  the 
most  valuable  manure  that  has  yet  been  introduced. 

"  By  attention  chiefly  to  the  proper  administration 
of  liquid  food,  and  other  suitable  appliances,  the 
Pine-apple,  a  plant  formerly  considered  of  so  slow 
.  a  growth  as  to  require  three  years  before  it  could 
produce  full  sized  fruit,  has  by  Sir  Joseph  been  so 
hastened  in  its  growth,  as  to  yield,  within  an  average 
of  15  months,  a  far  greater  supply  of  finer  fruit 
than  was  formerly  produced  by  three  years'  expense 
and  labour.  From  every  day's  expeiience,  an 
instance  or  two  out  of  a  multitude  might  be  cited 
by  way  of  illustrating  that  even  a  much  shorter 
period  than  15  months  is  not  unfrequently  sufficient 
to  accomplish  all  that  could  be  desired.  An 
ordinary  sucker  of  a  Providence  Pine  was  detached 
from  the  old  stock  during  the  month  of  March,  and 
was  planted  out  in  a  prepared  bed  of  soil  in  a  pit, 
and  in  the  following  August  it  produced  a  ripe  well- 
grown  fruit,  weighing  8  lbs.  Two  suckers  also  of  a 
Cayenne  Pine  were  separated  and  planted  out  in 
April,  and  in  the  following  September,  one  of  them 
produced  a  fruit  weighing  1\  lbs.,  and  the  other  one 
8  lbs.  A  large  pit  of  Cayenne  suckers  of  various 
sizes  were  planted  out  in  a  pit  last  spring,  and  in  the 
autumn  the  fruit  when  ripened  gave  an  average  of 
one  pound  in  weight  for  every  month  the  plants  had 
grown.  These  were  not  isolated  or  extraordinary 
instances  of  early  production,  but  the  common  and 
natural  result  of  this  system  of  culture,  which 
stimulates  to  extraordinary  growth,  and  the  most 
perfect  developeraent.  The  effects  of  liquid  manure, 
when  applied  to  the  roots  of  Vines  in  pots,  and  on 
ratters,  and  to  Cucumbers  and  Melons,  are  equally 
apparent ;  the  leaves  assume  a  rich  deep  colour, 
become  large  and  spreading,  the  growth  is  rapid  and 
healthy,  and  the  produce  is  invariably  fine,  plump, 
and  becomes  quickly  matured." 

In  all  this  statement  there  is  nothing  except  what 
every  intelligent  gardener  can  confirm  ;  especially 
those  parts  printed  in  italics.  The  whole  art  of 
liquid  manuring  is,  in  fact,  comprehended  in  the 
foregoing  extract. 

Let  the  manure  be  extremely  weal ;  it  is  idle  to 
ask  how  weak ;  liquid  manure  owes  its  value  to 
matters  that  may  be  applied  with  considerable 
latitude ;  for  they  are  not  absolute  poisons,  like 
arsenic  and  corrosive  sublimate,  but  only  become 
dangerous  when  in  a  state  of  concentration.  Gas- 
water  illustrates  this  sufficiently  well ;  pour  it  over  a 
plant  in  the  caustic  state  in  which  it  comes  from 
gas  works,  and  it  takes  off  every  leaf,  if  nothing 
worse  ensues.      Mix  it  with  half  water — still  it 


burns  ;  double  the  quantity  once  more — it  may 
still  burn,  or  discolour  foliage  somewhat ;  and  if 
it  does  not,  much  "of  what  falls  upon  a  plant  is 
necessarily  lost.  But  add  a  tumbler  of  gas-water  to 
a  bucketful  of  pure  water,  no  injury  whatever 
ensues ;  add  two  tumblers  full,  and  still  the  effect 
is  salabrious,  not  injurious.  Hence  it  appears  to  be 
immaterial  whether  the  proportion  is  the  hundredth  or 
the  two-hundredth  of  the  fertilising  material.  Manur- 
ing is,  in  fact,  a  rude  operation,  in  which  considerable 
latitude  is  allowable.  The  danger  of  error  lies  on  the 
side  of  strength,  not  of  weakness.  To  use  liquid 
manure  very  weak  and  very  often,  is,  in  fact,  to  imitate 
nature,  than  whom  we  cannot  take  a  safer  guide. 
This  is  shown  by  the  carbonate  of  ammonia  carried 
to  plants  in  rain,  which  is  not  understood  to  contain, 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  more  than  one  grain 
of  ammonia  in  1  lb.  of  water ;  so  that  in  order  to 
form  a  liquid  manure  of  the  strength  of  rain-water, 
1  lb.  of  carbonate  of  ammonia  would  have  to  be 
diluted  with  about  7000  lbs.  weight  of  water,  or 
more  than  3  tons.  Let  us  not  be  misunderstood. 
We  do  not  mean  to  say  that  any  such  dilution  as  this 
is  absolutely  necessary  ;  we  would  only  point  to  the 
very  significant  fact,  that  in  the  operations  of  nature, 
dilution  is  enormously  beyond  what  cultivators 
usually  dream  of. 

Let  such  manure  be  applied  only  when  plants  are 
in  a  groioing  state.  In  addition  to  Sir  Joseph 
Paxton's  evidence,  and  to  the  general  notoriety  of 
this  rule,  may  be  usefully  added  a  statement  made 
by  Mr.  Mitchell,  Lord  Ellesmeee's  gardener,  and 
quoted  by  the  Board  of  Health.  This  experienced 
cultivator  says — 

"  That  he  has  never  seen  any  manure  produce  so 
good  a  crop  of  Strawberries  as  the  liquid  («.  e.  town 
or  sewer  manure),  has  this  year  done  at  the  Worsley 
Hall  gardens.  Manure,'  he  adds,  '  often  causes  a 
crop  of  Strawberries  to  be  lost,  by  forcing  the 
growth  of  leaves.  Liquid  may  be  applied  j»s<  w/ic« 
the  plants  are  forming  their  flower  buds,  and  the 
strength  of  the  manure  is  spent  in  producing  fruit, 
not  leaves.  When  the  plants  were  bearing,  it  could 
be  seen  to  a  plant  how  far  the  irrigation  had 
extended.' "  j 

Indeed  it  should  be  obvious  that  since  liquid 
manure  owes  its  value  to  its  being  in  the  state  in  i 
which  plants  can  immediately  consume  it,  to 
administer  it  when  they  are  incapable  of  consuming 
it,  that  is  to  say  when  they  are  not  growing,  is  most  i 
absurd.  Thisis,  however,  a  point  concerning  which 
more  requires  to  be  said  than  we  can  to-day  find 
room  for. 


ALLAMANDA  SCHOTTIl. 

This  beautiful  plant,  coming  from  Brazil,  requires  for 
its  successful  cultivation  a  warm  and  humid  atmosphere, 
and  except  where  this  can  be  obtained,  it  is  useless  to 
grow  it.  I  have  little  accommodation  for  tropical  sub- 
jects in  winter,  and  as  young  plants  occupy  less  room 
and  form  equally  as  fine  specimens  as  old  plants,  I  pro- 
vide fresh  stock  every  year.  I  select  cuttings  of  short 
jointed  pieces  as  early  in  spring  as  they  can  be  obtained 
in  a  sufficiently  ripe  state,  and  insert  them  in  sandy  peat, 
covering  with  a  bell-glass,  and  plunging  the  pot  in  a 
smart  bottom  heat.  As  soon  as  the  cuttings  are  rooted, 
they  are  potted  singly  in  small  pots,  replaced  in  the 
propagating  pit,  and  encouraged  with  bottom  heat  and 
a  warm  moist  temperature,  until  they  become  established 
in  their  pots.  When  tiny  appear  to  have  made  plenty 
of  roots  they  are  shifted  into  7-inch  pots,  in  light,  sandy 
soil,  and  kept  warm  and  moist  for  a  time. 

If  it  is  desirable  to  secure  large  specimens  for  flower- 
ing early  ue.\t  spring,  they  must  be  encouraged  to  make 
wood,  and  should  occupy  9-inch  pots  before  they  have 
finished  the  present  season's  growth.  It  will,  of  course, 
be  necessary  to  equalize  the  growth  by  stopping  the 
stronger  shoots  ;  but  this  should  be  done  carefully,  as 
such  branches,  when  removed  while  soft,  are  apt  to  bleed 
excessively',  and  seldom  break  again  strongly.  Gross 
shoots  should  be  broken  and  bent  down,  so  as  to  check 
their  over  luxuriance,  and  they  may  be  removed  after 
the  buds  behind  the  fracture  have  begun  to  push.  What- 
ever size  the  plants  may  be  induced  to  attain  this  season, 
especial  care  should  be  paid  to  get  the  wood  thoroughly 
ripened.  Small  plants,  with  well-matured  wood,  will  be 
found  greatly  preferable  to  larger  examples  with  soft 
ill  ripened  shoots,  and  they  will  speedily  outgrow  them 
when  subjected  to  heat  and  moistureiu  spring.  The  plants 
should  be  freely  exposed  to  light  and  air  during  the 
autumn  months,  and  if  they  can  occupy  a  situation  in  a 
house  where  the  atmosphere  is  kept  rather  warm  and 
dry,  it  will  greatly  assist  to  mature  the  wood.  A  pit, 
the  temperature  of  which  averages  about  50^*,  will  be  a 
suitable  place  for  them  during  winter  ;  and  they  should 
receive  but  little  water,  just  sufficient  to  prevent  the 
soil  from  becoming  quite  dry. 

As  early  in  spring  as  possible  place  them  in  a  moist, 
warm  atmosphere,  and  encourage  them  to  start  into 
growth  by  frequent  sprinklings  with  the  syringe,  and  a 
close,  warm  temperature.  When  they  coramencegi'owing, 
examine  the  state  of  their  roots,  and,  if  necessary,  shift 
into  larger  pots,  using  soil  composed  of  one-third  turfy 
loam,  one-third  peat,  and  one-third  well  decomposed  cow- 
dung,  with  a  sufficient  proportion  of  silver-sand  to  render 


the  compost  porous.  A  quantity  of  broken  bones  or 
charcoal  may  be  .added  with  advantage,  especially  if  the 
loam  is  of  an  adhesive  character  ;  water  with  care  after 
potting,  until  the  roots  penetrate  into  the  fresh  soil.  As 
the  plants  advance  in  growth  they  will  require  attention, 
in  order  to  form  them  into  compact  bushy  specimens  ; 
but  bear  in  mind  what  has  been  stated  above,  respecting 
this  operation.  I  do  not  stop  until  the  plants  have 
pushed  considerably,  and  then  I  stop  every  shoot  at  once  ; 
this  induces  a  finer  mass  of  bloom,  as  all  the  shoots 
produce  flower  at  nearly  the  same  time.  With  the 
increase  of  light  which  the  advance  of  the  season  affords, 
I  increase  the  temperature,  allowing  it  to  rise  during 
bright  days  as  high  as  90°  or  ^b"^  ',  shutting  up  early, 
and  keeping  the  atmosphere  as  damp  as  possible.  The 
plants  should  be  sufficiently  forward  by  the  middle  of 
April  to  require  their  final  shift.  I  use  13-inch  pots, 
and  to  the  more  promising  plants  I  give  15-inch  pots, 
with  an  extra  stopping,  so  as  to  bring  them  in  for  late 
flowering.  When  the  plants  have  commenced  to  grow 
vigorously,  after  their  final  stopping,  they  should  be 
sufficiently  staked  to  prevent  injury  from  accidents,  and 
they  should  be  placed  as  near  the  glass  as  possible, 
which  will  assist  to  keep  them  dwarf,  and  hasten  their 
flowering.  If  any  shoots  exhibit  a  disposition  to  outgrow 
the  others,  these  should  be  checked  by  being  nicked,  or 
broken  down,  which  may  be  done  without  farther  injury 
than  retarding  their  growth  for  a  week  or  so. 

As  soon  as  I  discover  that  the  plants  have  filled  their- 
pots  with  roots,  I  water  with  clear  manure-water.  A& 
they  approach  the  flowering  state  they  are  neatly 
trained,  using  as  few  stakes  as  possible,  but  as  many  aa 
may  be  necessary  to  support  the  shoots  iu  such,  a 
position  as  to  secure  a  well  formed  specimen.  When 
they  commence  flowering,  they  may  be  removed  to  a 
cooler  and  drier  atmosphere,  but  they  should  not  be 
subjected  to  sudden  change.  With  proper  management 
they  will  be  in  flower  early  in  June,  and  may  then  be 
removed  to  the  conservatory,  where  they  will  remain  in 
great  beauty  during  most  of  the  summer  season  ;  that 
is,  if  the  conservatory  is  kept  rather  close,  and  they  are 
furnished  with  a  place  in  the  warmest  corner  of  it.  I 
avoid  giving  air  opposite  to  my  specimens  of  Alla- 
mauda,  and  I  keep  them  as  warm  as  is  consistent  with 
the  general  management  of  the  house. 

When  their  flowering  season  is  over,  the  plants  are 
thrown  to  the  rubbish-heap  ;  but  if  they  can  be  kept 
over  winter,  they  form  large  specimens  for  early 
blooming  next  season.  If  they  are  to  be  win-, 
tered,  care  must  be  taken  to  secure  the  perfect 
ripening  of  the  wood,  and  such  plants  h.ad  better  not  be 
allowed  to  remain  iu  the  conservatox-y  until  late  in 
autumn,  as  in  that  case  they  sometimes  drop  off  at  once. 
They  should  be  removed  to  the  stove,  or  some  other 
place  where  the  temperature  will  assist  their*  ripening, 
and  they  should  receive  very  little  water.  They  will 
amply  repay  those  who  can  give  them  a  warm  house,  as 
they  will  grow  and  flower  continuously  from  April  to- 
December.  Alpha. 

THE   SALMON.— No.  I. 

I  HAVE  been  disappointed  that  no  one  has  responded 
to  my  remarks  about  salmon,  particularly  those  on  the 
desirableness  of  some  changes  in  the  laws  respecting 
them.  I  hoped  that  the  subject  was  of  such  imporlance 
and  of  so  much  interest  that  some  abler  pen  than  my 
own  would  have  been  enlisted  in  the  cause — if  my 
opinions  were  mistaken  ones  that  they  would  have  been 
confuted — if  correct,  that  au  obscm'e  individual  would 
have  been  assisted  iu  his  attempt  to  call  the  attention  of 
the  public  to  the  defects  and  anomalies  of  the  law  on 
the  subject.  Is  the  matter  deserving  no  attention  from 
the  gentlemen  of  this  country  ?  are  they  so  apathetic 
that  they  will  stand  calmly  by  until  this  monarch  of  the 
stream  has  become  extinct ;  until  Irish  salmon — like 
Irish  elks — are  no  more  seen  in  the  flesh,and  only  serve 
to  furnish  discussion  for  antiquarian  instead  of  civic 
meetings  1 

Since  my  former  letter  I  have  seen  an  article  on  the 
salmon  and  sea  fisheries  of  Ireland,  in  the  "  Dublin  Uni- 
versity Magazine,"  the  ^vx-iter  of  which  proposes  various 
remedies  for  what  he  admits  to  be  an  alarming  evil — 
one  which  he  thinks  threatens  the  total  destruction  of  the 
breed  of  salmon  ;  but  his  i-emedies,  in  my  opinion,  do 
not  go  to  the  root  of  the  matter.  I  will  touch  on  them 
as  I  go  on,  and  give  reasons  why  I  think  they  would 
prove  insufficient,  in  the  hope  that  some  one  whose 
name  and  influence  will  ensure  him  a  favourable  hear- 
ing, may  be  induced  to  take  up  the  matter. 

The  writer  in   the  "  Dublin  University  Magazine  " 
seems  to  think  that  one  great  cause  why  the  salmon  ar&  . 
growing  so  scarce  is  the  legahsing  of  stake-nets.     He  J 
admits  that  the  fish  wliich  are  caught  in  these  nets  are  I 
in  the  highest  condition,  but  he  thinks  that  too  large  a  ] 
proportion  of  the  whole  breed  is  caught  iu  this  way. 
Perhaps  there  may  be  some  truth  in  this,  if  he  means  to  I 
say  that  the  stake-nets  get  more  than  their  share  ;  but  it  f 
seems  a  pity  that,  if  the  fish  are  to  be   caught,   they 
should  not  be  taken  in  the  best  condition.     I  have  never 
seen  a  stake-net,  but  I  do  not  understand  that  by  them 
the  fish  are  prevented  from  ascending  the  rivers  if  they 
wish  to  do  so  ;  and  a  great  many  of  those  so  caught 
might  never  be  caught  at  all,  except  by  grampuses  and 
seals  ;  besides,  if  the  spawning  fish  were  efficiently  pro- 
tected, there  would  be  plenty  of  salmon  for  everybody. 

Some  years  ago  I  had  a  large  female  salmon  brought 
to  me  full  of  roe,  and  I  had  the  curiosity  to  ascertain 
how  many  ova  there  were  in  the  ovaria  ;  I  therefore 
cai'cfully  freed  them  from  the  membranes  in  which  they 
were  wr.apped  up,  and  then  weighed  them  ;  they  weighed 


G— 1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


85 


5  lbs.  I  t'ouud  that  50  of  these  ova  weighed  70  grains  ; 
consequently  5000  weighed  7000  grains  =  lib.  avoir- 
dupois, and  5  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  25,000  ova.  Now,  if 
we  allow  that  trout  and  bullheads,  loaches  and  aquatic 
insects  and  larvte,  as  well  as  other  enemies  of  which 
we  know  nothing,  destroy  on  the  average  99  in  every 
100,  we  should  still  have  250  salmon  produced  from  one 
fish;  and  if  100  salmon  spawned  in  a  river,  this  wouid 
give  a  progeny  of  25,000  salmon — an  ample  stock  for  a 
moderately-sized  stream.  It  is  true,  the  fisli  I  have  been 
speaking  of  was  a  large  one  ;  but  we  can  afford  to  reduce 
them  by  one-half,  and  still  have  something  to  look  at. 

It  may  be  said  that  estimates  like  the  above  are  too 
loose  to  be  of  any  value,  and  of  course  I  can  say  nothing 
of  the  destniction  of  salmon  in  the  sea ;  but,  judging 
from  what  I  can  leam  of  the  number  of  salmon  spawn- 
iflg  in  the  upper  streams  of  the  Ribble,  and  of  the  quan- 
tity of  salmon  and  smelts  which  make  their  appearance 
m  the  pools  of  the  river  in  a  droughty  May,  I  think  that 
a  considerably  larger  proportion  than  one  in  100  goes 
down  to  the  sea  as  salmon  fry. 

I  have  spoken  above  of  the  abundance  of  salmon,  pro- 
Wded  the  fish  could  be  efficiently  protected  whilst 
spawning  ;  but  this  is  more  easily  said  than  done.  In  a 
paragraph  I  saw,  a  few  days  ago,  copied  from  the 
Scotsman^  it  was  stated  that  the  destruction  of  salmon 
in  the  Tweed,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Peebles,  was 
going  on  to  an  extent  that  threatened  to  annihilate  the 
breed  ;  that  large  bands  of  men  were  out  every  night  iu 
defiance  of  watchers  and  water-bailiffs,  and  that  the 
threats  and  intimidation  resorted  to  by  these  black- 
fishers  (poachers)  had  produced  such  au  effect  that  the 
gentlemen  in  the  neighbourhood  refused  to  give  the 
bailiffs  any  assistance,  and  that  a  nobleman  had  even 
warned  them  off*  his  land.  This  bodes  no  good  to  the 
breed  of  salmon,  but  I  will  repeat  a  question  which  I 
have  asked  before— how  can  the  proprietors  of  the 
fisheries  expect  that  the  heritors  and  tenants  in  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Tweed,  and  its  tributaries,  will  lend 
any  cordial  assistance  in  protecting  the  spawning  fish 
when  they  are  seldom  allowed*  to  see  them  when  in 
season  ?  Are  they  to  furnish  gamekeepers  and  helpers, 
at  great  expense  and  personal  risk,  for  the  sake  of 
improving  the  revenues  of  the  owners  of  the  fisheries 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  or  their  tacksmen  1  These 
latter  may  expect  that  this  will  be  done  ;  but,  in  my 
opinion,  it  is  absurd  to  think  so — what  is  the  induce- 
ment ?  Certainly  not  the  profit,  for  they  are  expected 
(at  least  in  this  neighbourhood)  to  take  all  the  trouble 
and  be  at  all  the  expense  of  protection,  and  receive  no 
return  for  it.  It  is  not  the  pleasure,  for  they  are 
annoyed  by  threats  and  injuries  to  deter  them  from 
interfering  with  the  poachers  ;  it  may  be  the  honour  ! 
the  honour  which  Mr.  A.  B.,  at  Peebles,  or  Mr.  C.  D., 
at  Whitewell,  or  Mr.  E.  F.,  in  the  Welch  mountains,  or 
Mr.  T.  G.,  at  Clitheroe,  will  derive  from  protecting  the 
salmon  whilst  spawning  in  the  Tweed,  the  Hodder,  the 
Severn,  or  the  Ribble,  that  the  owners  of  the  fisheries 
at  the  mouths  of  these  rivers  (except  the  Hodder),  may 
let  them  at  an  increased  rent.  I  repeat,  as  earnestly  as 
I  know  how,  that  until  the  upper  proprietors  have  an 
interest  in  the  preservation  of  the  fish,  it  will  be  un- 
reasonable to  expect  that  they  should  take  great  pains 
to  preserve  them. 

Now  the  only  way  to  give  them  an  interest  in  the 
preservation  of  the  fish  is  to  allow  them  to  have  some 
when  they  are  worth  catching,  and  this  can  only  be 
accomplished  by  a  change  of  the  law  ;  for  it  is  not 
probable  that  the  owners  of  fisheries  will  voluntarily 
abandon  their  rights  of  fishing  night  and  day  for  the 
sake  of  the  future  improvement  of  the  fishery.  The 
right  to  fish  through  the  night  ought  to  be  abolished, 
and  the  fish  ought  to  have  a  free  run  from  6  o'clock  at 
night  to  G  o'clock  in  the  morning.  The  fisheries  at  the 
mouths  of  rivers  would  derive  more  benefit  from  this 
than  any  other  parties,  for  if  the  quantity  of  salmon 
increased  they  would  have  the  first  chance  of  catching 
them;  and  that  this  increase  would  take  place  is  pro- 
bable, because  it  would  then  be  the  interest  of  all  the 
upper  proprietors  to  protect  them.  All  this  I  have  said 
before,  but  I  think  the  matter  is  sufficiently  important 
to  deserve  a  repetition;  certain  I  am  that  a  continuance 
of  the  present  apathy  on  the  subject  will  ensure  the 
destruction  of  the  fiah  at  least  in  this  neighbourhood. 
I  C'lUheroe, 


esteemed  by  the  higher  classes  in 
Cuihillj  CamherwelL 


BLINDS  FOR  GLASS  HOUSES. 

I  BEG  to  submit  to  you  the  annexed  sketch  of  a  plan 
for  working  the  blinds  for  covering  a  greenhouse,  to 
prevent  radiation  during  the  night.  For  tliat  purpose, 
perhaps,  woollen  cloth  might  be  desired  ;  but  if  coarse 
linen  would  be  sufficient,  it  would  afford  the  convenience 
of  a  shading  during  the  day.  The  apparatus  would,  in 
some  respects,  be  more  easily  adapted  to  a  span  roof,  only 
that  an  additional  pulley  would  be  necessary  to  carry  the 
weight  to  the  back  wall.  The  linen  blind  should  be  tanned, 
to  increase  its  durability. 

In  relation  to  the  scorching  of  leaves  from  dryness  of 
the  air  by  condensation,  I  would  observe  that  the 
Polmaise  plan  of  heating  possesses  a  great  advantage 
over  flues  or  hot  water,  from  the  facility  it  gives  of 
maintaining  a  moist  air  and  restoring  the  moisture  as 
fast  as  it  is  condensed.  My  house  is  on  a  modified 
Polmaise  plan,  and  works  most  satisfactorily,  the 
temperature  equal  throughout,  the  consumption  of  fuel 
small,  and  noxious  insects  entirely  absent. 


i 

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1     1     1 

Jill 

1       11 

S\       1       1 

1      1      1 

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T.  a. 


HERBS. 
No.  Vr.— Tarragon. —The  late  Mr.  Chapman,  of 
Vauxhall,  may  he  reckoned  among  the  earliest  growers 
of  this  UKcfuI  hr-rb.  He  was  the  first  to  cultivate  it  on 
a  large  Hcale  for  Covent  Garden  market,  and  at  that 
time  he  bad  his  own  price  for  it.  This  was  about 
40  years  ago.  Mr.  C.'a  soil  just  suitg  it,  being  a  rich 
deposit  of  mud  and  Hand,  reclaimed  from  the  Thames 
very  many  years  ago,  Tliia  8oil  is  4  feet  deep,  on  red 
Band  and  gravel.  Tarragon  is  generally  propagated  by 
dividing  the  roots  and  crowns  ;  it  is  ea.sily  made  into 
cuttings,  and  strikes  freely.  April  is  tiie  best  time  to 
lift  plants  for  dividing  and  potting  for  next  year's 
forcing.  BcHides  borders  in  front  of  his  houses,  Mr. 
Chapman  ha.s  generally  1000  B-ineh  not'i  furninhed  with 
80me  five  and  six  roots  in  each  pot.  Those  contiinio  in 
use  until  that  out  of  doors  pushes  in  March  or  April. 
Tarragon  is  sold  in  small  bunches,  about  G  or  fl  inches 
long,  it  will  thrive  in  a  mixture  of  old  tan  and  mould, 
bttt  it  dislikes  a  atrong  clayey  soil,     'j'iiis  herb  is  much 

*  The  Iftfr  at  prcBOfit,  accorfllnff  to  an  opt  fjuotatiori  I  lidvo 
Jmt  met  with  on  tlio  dul.j'-ct,  malioi  the  uppor  horltorn  a  nort 
f/f  clucklnK  hen«  to  hatch  tho  fish  that  the  i»foplo  bolow  them 
are  t*^  catch  and  eat. 


A,  the  blind,  fixed  upon  upon  B,  the  roller,  the  pivots 
of  which  run  on  iron  supports  fixed  to  the  rafters.  It 
is  worked  by  the  grooved  pulley  C,  5  or  (>  inches  in 
diameter.  The  cord  D  D,  one  end  of  which  is  fixed  to 
tlie  pulley,  passes  5  or  G  times  round  it,  and  then  descends 
through  an  opening  made  at  the  upper  corner  of  the 
adjoining  sash,  to  the  pulley  E,  2^  or  3  inches  in 
diameter,  from  which  is  suspended  the  moving  power, 
the  weight  F,  and  then  returning  upwards  is  hung  on  the 
hook  G.  By  this  arrangement,  the  pulley  C  does  not 
interfere  with  the  blind  covering  the  whole  width  of  the 
sash.  The  blind,  in  the  lower  end  of  which  is  inserted 
a  wooden  rod,  with  a  cord  attached  to  its  middle  or  to 
each  end,  for  drawing  it  down,  passes  under  the  rod  H 
(which,  to  avoid  friction,  may  be  a  roller),  to  bring  it 
down  to  the  sash,  across  which  several  wires  may  be 
stretched,  to  prevent  its  contact  with  the  glass,  so  as  to 
promote  radiation  ;  while,  if  necessary,  a  longitudinal 
wire  at  each  side,  4  or  5  inches  from  the  rafter,  will 
prevent  the  rod  from  striking  the  glass.  The  blind  being 
drawn  down  {the  weight  F  at  the  same  time  ascending 
more  slowly),  is  fixed  by  a  looped  cord  at  each  end  of 
the  rod  to  hooks  in  the  fore  frame,  1 1,  when  the  pressure 
of  the  weight  F  keeps  it  stretched  and  prevents  the  action 
of  the  wind  on  it,  in  which  it  is  aided  by  the  shelter  of 
the  rafter.  The  escape  of  warm  air  at  the  orifice  for  the 
cord  may  be  prevented  by  making  it  pass  through  a 
wooden  or  metal  tube,  12  or  18  inches  long,  as  shown  by 
the  dotted  lines.  When  the  blind  is  to  be  removed,  it  is 
only  necessary  to  unhook  the  loops,  when  the  weight  will 
descend  and  draw  up  the  blind.  Over  this  apparatus  a 
light  roof  of  zinc  or  galvanised  iron,  K,  supported  on  iron 
brackets,  batted  into  the  cope  of  the  wall,  ought  to  run 
the  whole  length  of  the  house. 

In  the  foregoing  description,  it  should  have  been  noticed 
that  the  placing  the  pulley  of  the  blind  over  the  adjacent 
sash,  may  render  it, necessary  to  place  the  rollers  alter- 
nately, 3  inches  higher  and  lower  upon  the  rafter.  But 
if  the  breadth  of  the  side  piece  (or  stile)  of  the  sash  be 
sufficient  for  that  of  the  pulley,  then  each  cord  may 
descend  in  its  own  sash.  I  may  also  remark  that  tho 
reason  for  the  duplication  of  tho  pulley  cord  is,  that  the 
available  sjjace  for  the  ascent  and  descent  of  tho  weiglit  is 
usually  less  than  the  length  of  the  roof  to  be  covered. 
But  if  pits  were  made  in  the  floor  for  the  reception  of 
the  weight,  to  allow  it  to  descend  just  far  enough  to  roll 
up  the  blind,  it  might  be  hung  directly  from  the  pulley, 
and  act  with  greater  power  and  leas  friction.  A  lighter 
weiglit  and  a  smaller  cord  would  then  be  suIHeient,  and 
fewer  convolutions  of  the  cord  upon  tho  pulley. 
/.  Stewart  I/epOurjif  Colquhah'ut,  new  Crieff. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 

((Jaoe  UihDi.   No.  "18  ) 


all  countries.  Jwmes  blackbira  suspended  m  muLc  aituauuu  out  ui  ouors  ! 
This  is  done,  with  a  view  to  "  harden  "  the  birds !  We 
might  just  as  reasonably  turn  one  of  our  dear,  innocent 
children  out,  without  an  over-coat,  and  let  him  sit  the 
entire  day  on  the  top  of  a  high  pole,  in  a  public  street. 
The  "air  "  would  do  him  r/ood— at  this  season  ! 

It-were  vain  for  us  to  wield  our  pen  on  such  a  subject. 
Song-birds  are  « doomed "  to  be  martyrs  to  this  ad- 
herence to  an  old  custom.  Hence  the  wiriness  of  their 
voice,  the  unsightliness  of  their  persons,  and  the  "  un- 
known tongue"  in  which,  for  the  most  part,  we  are 
saluted  as  we  pass  under,  or  within  sight  of  tlieir  caf^es. 
The  force  of  our  remark,  and  its  naked  truth,  can  be 
abundantly  verified  by  any  one  passing  from  Parliament- 
street  over  Westminster  Bridge.  At  the  extreme 
corner  of  the  last  avenue,  leading  to  the  bridge,  there 
we  see  expomd  durlnrj  all  seasons^  with  no  sides  to  their 
cages  to  stem  the  draughts — sky-larks,  robins,  &c.,  &c,, 
in  every  variety.     They  tremble  in  the  wind  ! 

"  Unhappy  creatures';  worthy  of  a  better  fate  !  "  have 
we  often  mentally  ejaculated,  as  we  passed  through  this 
public  thoi'oughfare.  These  birds  have  been  "  fine  "  birds 
— well  chosen  in  the  first  instance  ;  but  our  ear  has 

ne^■er  failed  to  de- 
tect their  degene- 
racy in  song,  from 
tine  to  time.  Husky, 
wiry,  inharmonious, 
slirill, and  "painful" 
have  been  their 
musical  efforts  ;  nor 
would  we  care  to  call 
any  one  of  them— 
our's.  Neglect  such 
as  this,  may  proceed 
from  ignorance ;  but 
iu  the  present  case, 
ignorance  cannot  be 
called  "  bliss  ; "  so 
far  at  least  as  the 
poor  birds  are  con- 
cerned. Let  us, 
tlurefore,  take  it 
u[ion  us,  to  make 
tluir  master  "wise." 
In  setting  /am.  right, 
we  preach  a  prac- 
tical  lesson  to   all 

OTHERS. 

The    proper  food 
of  a  blackbird  is — 
German  paste,  stale 
bun,  and  hard-boiled 
egg.  They  will  thrive 
■^^ell  on  this,  as  general  food.    A  morsel  of  cheese,  bread 
and  butter,  a  snail,  an  ear-wig,  or  a  spider,  varied  with  a 
few  meal-worms — will  keep  them  hearty  for  very  many 
years.     Always  bear  in  mind  that  your  birds  should  be 
rendered  tame,  and  familiar  ;  if   possible.     Attend  to 
them  yourself,  and  let  them  see  that  you  are  interested 
in  their  welfare.     Careful  observers  are  they  of  all  per- 
sonal attention,  and  never  slow  to  reciprocate  the  feeling. 
We  hold  it  as  a  doctrine,  sound  to  the  letter,  that  "WE 
can  tame  anything  ;  aye,  anybody.     Why  not  ?      The 
"law  of  kindness"  was  never  yet  known  to  fail,  in  our 
memory,   in    any  one   instance   where  the   heart    was 
thrown  into  the  endeavour  to  please.     We  must  all  fall 
before  it.     Try  it. 

The  reason  wdiy  many  blackbirds  fall  sick,  and 
become  subject  to  "cramp,"  is — the  carelessness  shown 
with  regard  to  cleanliness.  Their  sand  is  allowed  to 
remain  unchanged — perhaps  a  week.  It  is  naturally 
damp  from  causes  sufficiently  obvious  ;  but  when  we 
consider  that  ,  tliese  birds  are  [  fond  of  washing  and 
splashing,  and  that  this  operation  saturates  their  sand 
witli  water,  how  needful  does  it  become  for  us  to  give 
them  dry  gravelly  saud,  every  morning}  We  always 
try  to  reason  with  people  who  love  birds — or  say  they 
do — by  placing  them  in  loco  parentis  towards  them. 
We  say — "  If  your  bird  was  your  child,  how  would  you 
treat  it?  Would  you  neglect  it— pass  by  without 
noticing  it — or  cease  to  think  of  it  on  every  constant 
opportunity  ?  Would  you  not  rather  study  its  happi- 
ness, by  the  anticipation  of  what  you  know  it  is  fond 
of?  and*  win 'its  affections  by  every  act  of  Icindness 
and  endearment?"  Surely  you  would.  Well,  then, 
the  cases  are  parallel  ;  for,  we  repeat,  kindness  and 
assiduous  attention  will  win  over  anything  and  every- 
thing. We  shall  "die  happy"  iu  this  firm  faith  ;  and 
leave  posterity  to  find  out  what  now  they  are  so  slow 
to  believe. 

We  have  said  that  bat-folded  birds  are  the  best. 
They  are  so;  because  their  "wild"  note  will  never 
change.  Young  birds  are  very  imitative  ;  and  if  kept 
within  the  hearing  of  parrots,  and  other  such  hideous 
monstrosities,  the  sooner  their  necks  are  wrung,  or  their 
liberty  given  them,  the  better.  Wo  once  hud  a  nestling 
blackbird,  of  whom  wc  were  very  fond  ;  and  ho  gave 
early  proof  of  the  "fact"  on  which  we  are  now  in- 
sisting :  nor  wus  he  the  otdy  witness  for  na.  A  second, 
an  etpially  favourite  bird  of  our's,  shall  be  brought 
upon  tho  iajiis.  The  first,  rejoicing  in  the  name  of 
"  Mush  "  (he  so  christened  himself),  made  friends  with  - 
a  neighbouring  pot-boy,  wlio  taught  him  to  salute  me, 
whenever  1  called  him  to  task,  with — "Oh,  Cm — key!!" 
and  tho  second  picked  iin  acquaintance  with  an  itinerant 
it:ilk-carrier,  whose  instruction  perfected  his  pupil  in 
the  musical  enunciation  of  "  LiU-li-C'te  /  "     Tho  name 


No.  LXV. — Wo  can  scarcely  pass  throvigh  any  of  tho  I  of  the  performer  lust  alluded  to,  was  "  Clinkey."     Ho 
BtrcctH  of  London,  at  tliia  season,  without  observing  a  |  also  improvised  hia  own  christian  name.   ^ 


86 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  7, 


Tor  SONG,  then,  it  has  become  clear  that  none  but 
bat-folded  birds  can  be  depended  upon.  Nestlings  will 
sing  loud — aye,  raise  a  whole  village  at  4  o'clock  in  the 
morning  ;  but  the  "  wild  "  note  forms  but  a  small  portion 
of  their  song.  Any  grinding  organs,  any  dogs  thrit  may 
barkj  or  any  cats  that  may  "  moll-row  " — these  and  other 
drawbacks  are  fatal  to  the  "  Blackbird's  Song."  If  you 
are  possessed  of  a  good  old  bird,  and  can  bring  "  nest- 
lings" up  under  him,  in  a  quiet  room, — then  will  you 
succeed  bravely.  We  have  done  so,  and  found  the  plan 
answer.  In  tenui  labor.  No  one  thing,  however 
trifling,  can  be  well  done,  without  taking  sufficient  pains 
with  it.     Oh,  that  people  would  bear  this  in  mind  ! 

We  have  now  done  our  bsst  to  procure  this  king  of 
birds  all  proper  attention.  He  is  not  suited  to  a  cage, — 
certainly  not.  His  proper  position  is  on  the  summit  of 
a  towering  tree.  Here,  his  soul, '  full  to  o'erflowing,'  can 
unbosom  its  thoughts  ;  and  while  we  listen  to  them  dis- 
tilling on  our  ear,  we  sigli  to  think  of  the  many  cruelties 
we  all  thoughtlessly  practise  at  this  season,  in  placing 
SUCH  choristers  in  prisons  of  wire  and  wood  !  We 
mean  it  kindly  ;  but  could  we  read  the  private  thoughts 
of  our  prisoners,  how  would  our  hearts  yearn  to  let  them 
be  "free  !" 

Before  taking  leave  of  the  blackbird, — let  us  make 
one  more  effort  to  prevent  his  being  caught  and  caged 
at  this  season.  Will  our  kind  readers  rise  betimes,  on 
some  fine  morning,  and  go  abroad  to  hear  the  black- 
bird's "  Matins  ?"  If  after  hearing  his  Morning  Hymn, 
they  still  seek  to  make  him  prisoner—  then  indeed  will 
WE  relinquish  all  hopes  of  ever  becoming  an  eminent 
special  pleader.   William  Kidd. 


Home    CorreEspondence. 

Lurfiinous  Plants. —  The  phenomenon  of  phosphores- 
cent dead  wood  is  of  very  frequent  occm'rence  in  some 
parts  of  the  humid  mountainous  provinces  of  India,  and 
I  am  perfectly  familiar  with  it.  At  Darjiling,  in  the 
Sikkim  Himalayah,  during  the  damp  warm  summer 
months  (May  to  October),  at  elevations  of  5—8000  feet, 
it  may  be  witnessed  every  night  by  walking  a  few  yards 
in  the  forest — at  least  it  was  so  in  1848  and  1849  ;  and 
during  my  stay  there  billets  of  decayed  wood  were 
repeatedly  sent  me  by  residents,  with  inquiries  as 
to  the  cause  of  their  luminosity.  It  is  no  exag- 
geration to  say  that  one  does  not  need  to  remove 
from  the  fire-side  to  see  this  phenomenon,  for  if 
there  is  a  log  of  partially  decayed  wood  amongst  the 
fire-wood,  it  is  almost  sure  to  glow  with  a  pale 
phosphoi'ic  light,  if  the  candles  be  removed  and  the  fire 
low.  A  stack  of  fire-wood  collected  near  my  host's 
(Mr.  Hodgson)  cottage,  at  7400  feet  elevation,  presented 
a  beautiful  spectacle  for  two  months,  and  on  passing  it 
at  night,  I  had  always  to  quiet  my  pony,  who  strongly 
objected  to  it.  The  phenomenon  invariably  accom- 
panies decay,  and  is  common  on  Oak,  Laurel  (Tetran- 
thera).  Birch,  and  probably  other  timbers ;  it  equally 
appears  on  cut  wood  and  on  stumps,  but  is  most  frequent 
on  branches  lying  close  to  the  ground  in  the  wet 
forests.  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  it  spreads  with 
great  rapidity  from  old  surfaces  to  fresh  cut  ones.  That 
it  is  a  vital  phenomenon  and  due  to  the  mycelium  of 
a  fungus,  I  do  not  in  the  least  doubt,  for  I  have  ob- 
served it  occasionally  circumscribed  by  those  black  lines 
which  are  often  seen  to  bound  mycelia  on  dead  wood, 
and  to  precede  a  more  rapid  decay.  I  have  often  tried, 
but  always  in  vain,  to  coax  these  mycelia  into  develop- 
ing some  fungus,  by  placing  them  in  damp  rooms,  &c. 
When  camping  in  the  mountains  I  have  caused  the 
natives  to  bring  phosphorescent  wood  into  my  tent,  for 
the  pleasure  of  watching  its  soft  undulating  light,  which 
appears  to  pale  and  glow  with  every  motion  of  the 
atmosphere  ;  but,  except  in  this  difference  of  intensity, 
it  presents  no  change  in  appearance  night  after  night. 
Alcohol,  he.at,and  dryness  soon  dissipate  it ;  electricity  I 
never  tried.  It  has  no  odour,  and  my  dog,  who  had  a 
fine  sense  of  smell,  paid  no  heed  when  it  was  laid 
under  his  nose.  As  far  as  my  observations  go,  this 
phenomenon  of  light  is  confined  to  the  lower  orders  of 
vegetable  life,  to  the  fungi  alone,  and  is  not  dependent 
on  irritability.  I  have  never  seen  luminous  flowers  or 
roots,  nor  do  I  know  of  any  authenticated  instance, 
such  namely  as  may  not  be  explained  by  the  presence 
of  mycelium  or  of  animal  life.  In  the  animal  kingdom 
luminosity  is  confined  1  believe  to  the  Invertebrata,  and 
is  especially  common  amongst  the  Radiataaud  MoUusca; 
it  is  also  frequent  in  the  Entomostracous  Crustacea, 
and  in  various  genera  of  most  orders  of  insects.  In 
all  these,  even  in  the  Sertularire,  I  have  invariably 
observed  the  light  to  be  increased  by  irritation,  in 
which  respect  the  luminosity  of  animal  life  differs  from 
that  of  the  vegetable.  /.  D.  H. 

The  Raspberry  Ccmc— I  have  just  seen  in  your  number 
for  the  30th  of  August  last  (p.449).  Dr.  Smith's  corrobora- 
tion of  the  facts  of  this  case,  and  I  cannot  resist  the 
temptation  of  informing  you  that  I  also  was  acquainted 
with  the  late  Mr,  Maclean  before  his  death  ;  that  he  was 
a  man  of  unimpeachable  veracity  and  credit ;  and  that  I 
have  BO  doubt  the  statement  made  by  him  was  in  all 
respects  true.  John  Garland,  Solicitor,  Dorcliestei: 

"  There  is  something  Rotten  in  the  Seed  Trade."— Such 
is  the  commencing  remark  of  your  leader  at  p.  67,  and 
thousands  there  are  who  to  their  cost  can  testify  to  its 
truth.  Some  years  ago  I  laid  down  a  lawn  of  more 
than  an  acre  in  extent  ;  I  dug  and  levelled  with  great 
care  and  accuracy,  intending  it  for  a  family  archery- 
gromid  and  bowliug-green  :  it  was  a  long  oval  with  a 
carriage  drive  round  it.  I  ordered  a  quantity  of  the  best 
lawn  Grass  seeds  from  a  well-known  house  in  London, 


and  I  think  the  charge  was  .about  30s.  The  seeds  were 
sown  by  a  skilful  hand,  and  so  carefully  rolled  and 
finished,  that  it  might  almost  have  been  tried  by  a  spirit- 
level.  The  seeds  or  something  else  came  up,  but  instead 
of  fine  lawn  Grass,  there  came  up  such  a  crop  of  coarse 
rubbish,  that  I  had  no  alternative  but  to  pare  the  surface 
and  lay  it  down  with  fine  turf  ;  this  of  course  was  ex- 
pensive, but  the  vexation  was  worse.  Now  for  the 
remedy.  Some  time  since  you  rendered  the  public 
deeply  indebted  to  yon  for  your  persevering  disclo- 
sures of  the  nefarious  practices  respecting  guano, 
and  pointed  out  to  the  purchasers  one  or  two  houses 
upon  whose  honour  and  integrity  they  might  rely. 
As  far  as  my  knowledge  extends  you  were  quite 
correct ;  and  if  any  mercantile  house  in  the  king- 
dom m.ay  be  relied  upon,  I  believe  they  may.  And  in 
connexion  with  this  subject,  permit  me  to  mention  a 
fact  that  took  place  here  not  long  since.  In  passing 
down  to  the  landing  stage,  which  in  fine  weather  I  am 
in  the  habit  of  visiting  for  recreation,  I  pass  the  end  of 
St.  George's  Dock,  where  shipping  or  unloading  is  con- 
stantly going  on  ;  one  day  on  passing  by,  I  observed  a 
small  schooner  unloading,  and  from  the  smell  she  ap- 
peared to  be  landing  guano  ;  I  stopped  to  see  what  was 
going  on,  a  large  pile  of  guano  bags  was  close  to  the 
unloading  cargo,  and  men  were  engaged  in  filling  these 
bags,  I  asked  "  What  are  you  putting  into  these  bags  ? " 
"  They  call  it '  ganua,'  Sir."  I  took  up  an  empty  bag,  and 
it  was  so  saturated  with  the  smell  of  genuine  guano,  that 
it  was  almost  overpowering  ;  I  then  went  to  the  substance 
which  was  being  landed  in  heaps  on  the  quay;  I  took  up 
a  handful,  and  instead  of  guano,  I  found  it  to  be  an 
ochreous  earth,  very  like  guano  in  appearance,  hut  too 
fine  and  crumbly,  too  much  like  yellow  sandy  loam, 
which  I  did  not  doubt  it  was,  but  put  into  genuine  guano 
bags,  w^ould  soon  imbibe  the  smell,  and  would  easily 
deceive  those  who  are  not  accustomed  to  handle  guano. 
But  I  have  diverged  from  the  main  subject,  though 
perhaps  not  uselessly  —  the  remedy  to  the  "  seed 
deception."  You  seem  to  think  it  rests  with  the  public. 
I  think  so  too,  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  not  entirely ; 
why  not,  as  in  the  case  of  guano,  may  not  some  few 
first-rate  houses  of  intelligence  and  capital  come  forward 
and  say,  we  will  do  our  utmost  to  obtain  from  growers 
genuine  seeds,  and  we  pledge  ourselves  to  sell  to  you,  the 
public,  seeds  as  genuine  as  we  can  possibly  procure  ;  we 
require  no  exorbitant  prices,  but  having  exerted  our- 
selves to  procure  for  you  pure  seed  at  as '  reasonable  a 
cost  as  will  induce  the  grower  to  grow  them,  we  ask 
from  you  a  price  that  will  remunerate  us  for  our 
knowledge,  our  time,  and  our  capital ;  but  let  it  be 
distinctly  understood  that  we  wish  the  credit  and 
confidence  in  our  house  to  rest  entirely  on  the  purity  of 
the  seeds  that  we  send  out !  I  cannot  but  think  that 
if  a  few  really  soimd  houses  would  come  forward  on 
this  principle  they"would  quickly  receive  the  confidence 
of  the  public,  and  would  give  a  higher  "  tone"  to  the 
minor  dealers.  /.  C.  M.,  Liverpool.  [We  think  so  too]. 

Gardens  in  Cornwall. — From  the  remarks  under  this 
head  at  page  821  of  the  Qardenersi  Chronicle  for  last 
year,  one  would  imagine  that  your  correspondent  *'  C,  B., 
Chichester,"  was  incUnedto  doubt  the  correctness  of  the 
statements  that  have  appeared  from  time  to  time  respect- 
ing the  mildness  of  the  climate  of  Cornwall,  and  the 
supposed  hardiness  of  various  trees  and  plants  that 
flourish  there,  but  which  are  found  too  tender  to  live  in 
the  open  air  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom.  I  can  assure 
your  correspondent  and  those  who  may  be  unacquainted 
with  the  "  far  west,"  that  the  accounts  have  not  been 
exaggerated;  and  as  a  remarkable  instance  in  proof  of 
this,  I  beg  to  mention  that  there  is  now  at  this  place  a 
plant  of  Ehododendron  Rollissoni — a  species  from 
Ceylon — in  flower  in  the  open  garden,  with  no  other 
protection  than  the  top  of  a  hand-glass  over  it,  to  prevent 
its  beautiful  trusses  of  deep  scarlet  blossoms  from  being 
injured  by  the  heavy  rains.  Another  is  also  worthy  of 
being  recorded,  which  I  think  will  be  interesting  to  the 
admirers  of  Conifer^e.  It  is  that  of  the  Araucaria 
Brasiliensis,  of  which  there  are  a  number  of  fine  speci- 
mens from  14  to  18  feet  high,  that  have  been  exposed 
for  the  last  12  years,  and  are  now  as  strong  and  healthy 
in  appeariince  as  if  they  were  growing  on  their  native 
hills.  As  your  correspondent  has  expressed  a  wish  for 
more  information  on  this  subject,  I  hope  soon  to  be  able 
to  furnish  him  with  some  details  respecting  a  few  of  the 
most  remark.able  hardy  exotics  here,  which  will  better 
enable  him  to  judge  of  the  great  difference  that  exists 
between  the  climate  of  Sussex  and  Cornwall.  William 
Beattie  Booth,  Carclew. 

Rain  at  Goodamoor,  Devon.  —  The  following  fell 
during  the  year  1851,  as  measured  by  Howard's  rain 
gauge 


Jan. 

Feb.  . 

March  . 

April  . 

May  . 

June  . 
July 


Inches. 
.    9  93    on    29  dajB 


i.se 

9.32 
2.72 
2.71 
3.31 
4.9S 


10 
26 
15 
14 
13 
17 


Inches. 

Aug 3  7G  on 

Sept 2.12    ... 

Oct 4.74    ... 

Nov 2.55     ... 

Dec 4  61     ... 


15  days 

7  ... 
24  ... 
20  ... 
14     ... 


Inches,  5i.'.Gl  on  204  days 
Henry  H.  Trehy. 

Polmaise  Seating. — The  letter  of  Mr.  W.  Fifzsimon, 
at  p.  36,  respecting  this  system  of  heating,  brings  all 
that  passed  in  1846-47  vividly  to  mind.  True,  its  most 
able  advocate,  the  late  Mr.  Meek,  is,  alas,  *'  in  the 
grave  1 "  truly  "  others  are  dormant,"  as  is  evident 
from  the  state  of  your  columns  of  late  years.  It  is 
almost  in  vain  to  run  one's  eye  down  your  weekly  Index 
for  "  Heating,  Polmaise,"  or  "  Polmaise  Heating,"  as  I, 
and  I  daresay  others,  still  do,  with  anxious  pertinacity. 
But  are  the  gardening  pubhc  contented  to  consign  to 
oblivion  such  facts  as  were  then  brought  before  them  ? 


Is  it  as  disagreeable  to  them  to  be  "frightened  "  (see 

1846,  page  164  c)  by  Grapes  a  la  Polniaise,  as  an 
humble  club  of  "  practicals,"  near  London,  felt  it  to  be, 
in  February,  1847,  who,  when  a  Petunia  was  sho^vn  to 
them  by  some  member  or  visitoi',  which  Mr.  Meek  had 
brought  up  from  Nuffield  (as  compact,  vigorous,  and 
healthy  as  if  growing  in  open  ground  in  June  or  July), 
were  so  offended,  that  they  magnanimously  "  voted  it 
out  of  the  room."  Yes  ;  these  were  words  uttered  to 
Mr.  Meek  in  my  hearing.  "  Others  are  dormant ;" 
but  that  they  exist  in  considerable  numbers  I  have  not 
the  least  doubt.  The  principle  is  unassailable,  and  I  no 
more  question  the  soundness  of  Mr.  Meek's  axioms, 
than  I  do  such  topics  of  the  day  as  the  nitrogenous  pro- 
perties of  r.ain,  or  the  affinity  of  clay  for  ammonia. 
Wherever,  therefore,  the  principle  has  been  judiciously 
developed,  there  do  I  feel  sure  that  the  happy  man,  like 
Mr.  Murray,  has  pursued  the  even  and  contented  tenor 
of  his  way  ;  although  the  pubhc  may  hear,  now,  but 
little  about  it.  As  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  my 
lamented  and  talented  brother-in-law,  I  am  induced  to 
ask  you  to  bring  the  subject  again  prominently  before 
your  readers  ;  those  who  would  (as  1  have  done)  heat 
their  dwellings  successfully,  and  those  who  would  put  in 
motion  the  air  of  their  horticultural  buildings,  as  bene- 
ficially to  their  plants  as  Mr.  Murray  and  Mr.  Meek. 
When  it  is  remembered  that  Mr.  Murray  simply  ap- 
plied to  his  Vinery  (adding  merely  the  tank  or  "  wet 
blanket")  the  same  principle  by  which,  with  Haden's 
excellent  stove,  the  parish  chm'ch  had  been  heated,  I 
may  surely  speak  of  it  without  having  reference  merely 
to  horticulture.  To  revert,  then,  to  the  principle — 
I  have  a  private  letter,  from  which  I  extract  words 
which  I  would  were  printed  in  letters  of  gold,  if  such 
type  could  bring  them  before  every  one.  "  You 
cannot,"  said  Mr.  M.,  in  writing  to  me,  "  heat  a  room 
30  feet  by  20  feet  by  any  fire-place  in  the  Avorld  ;  I 
mean  heat  it  comfortably  ;  of  course  you  can  roast  part 
and  leave  part  to  freeze.  You  will  find,  therefore,  that 
the  Minutes  of  Council  recommend  'the  school-room" 
to  be  heated  by  a  stove  ;  that  is,  a  mitigated  form  of 
the  evil,  unless  it  is  Polmaised  ;  in  other  words,  hooded 
or  surrounded  by  a  chamber  (which  may  be  regarded 
as  an  air  boiler),  through  wdiich  the  air  of  the  room  is 
incessantly  passing,  together  with  as  much  fresh  air  as. 
you  please .  to  allow,  and  which  should  be  regu- 
lated by  circumstances,  such  as  weather,  number 
of  children,  &c."  In  these  true,  these  pithy  words- 
words  unpremeditated,  and  not  intended  for  the  public 
eye— iscontained  the  theory  of  absolutely  uniform  heating  ; 
and  when  put  in  practice  the  result  is  a  delightful  kind 
of  heat,  whether  in  the  school-room  or  church,  made 
pleasant  by  the  absence  of  all  oppression,  or,  in  the  hot- 
house rendered  doubly  attractive  by  the  balmy  May- 
morning  feeling  which  pervades  it.  Neither  in  Mr. 
Fitzsimon's  late  plan,  nor  in  one  published  by  him  in 

1847,  p.  717,  is  it  clear  tliat  he  allows  the  ".air  of  the 
building  itself"  to  circulate.  If  he  does  not,  his  house 
is  in  the  condition  of  the  second  diagram  in  your  Lead- 
ing Article,  1846,  p.  3.  I  am  dehghted  to  see  that  in 
both  he  takes  the  air  to  a  cavity  below  the  ash-pit ;  this, 
which  was  Mr.  Meek's  improved  plan,  insures  successful 
action  ;  but  he  will  lose  heat  by  his  Stonrbridge-burr 
covering,  unless  he  regains  it  from  along  length  of  smoke 
chimney  or  flue.  Mr.  Meek  has  said  in  your  columns, 
that  2  inches  of  sand  spread  all  over  the  top  of  his  iron 
plate,  lowered  the  house  10?  ;  and  I  have  discarded 
a  similar  clay  top,  2  feet  square  (which,  by-the-bye,  was 
faulty  and  cracked),  for  the  improved  iron  plate.  Has 
any  one  found  that  plate  (described  August  28,  1847, 
shortly  before  his  death)  to  faU  1  I  will  venture  to 
follow  Mr.  F.  into  the  noble  house  at  Kew  next  week. 
Make  a  hot  chamber,  and  surely  its  whole  contents  may 
be  put  in  motion  without  any  fresh  stove.  I  have  other 
memoranda  of  my  late  relative's  on  the  subject,  and  I  am 
anxious  to  remind  the  public  of  a  few  points  insisted  on 
by  him  and  by  yourself,  adding  one  or  two  remarks,  the 
result  of  my  own  experience.  May  I  ask  any  corre- 
spondent inclmed  to  object,  kindly  to  await  the  conclu- 
sion of  my  remarks, which  I  will  offer  to  younextweek.. 
G.  W.,  Jan.  31. 

Gonrd  Soup.—Yov  a  long  time  past  I  have  been  using 
with  great  satisfaction  the'Potiron  jaune  Gourd  for  soup. 
It  is  still  excellent,  if  slightly  flavom-ed  with  Carrot  and 
Api)le.  U, 

Glazed  FrelUscs.—The  following  is  Mr.  Rivers'  state- 
ment in  regard  to  his  success  in  growing  Peaches  on 
glazed  trellises.  You  will  glean  from  his  remarks  that 
his  Peaches  (though  he  had  a  bad  crop)  ripened  well 
last  autumn.  Hodman.— "I  had  but  a  poor  crop  of 
Peaches  on  ray  trellis  last  autumn.  The  trees  blossomed 
abundantly,  but,  owing  to  the  long  continuance  of  damp 
cold  weather  in  March,  the  flowers  dropped  off.  la 
this  neighbourhood  this  was  universal,  even  to  the  pro- 
tected, trees  against  walls  and  in  houses  without  fire- 
heat.  1  had  on  my  treUis  a  few  Peaches  which  were 
the  largest  and  finest  I  ever  saw,  and  their  flavour 
perfect.  They  ripened  early  in  September,  rather  ta 
my  sm'prise  ;  for,  owing  to  a  sfight  attack  of  red 
spider,  I  took  off  the  Ughtsin  the  middle  of  June,  as  the 
weather  was  moist,  and  kept  them  off  for  a  month  ; 
this  cured  the  spider,  and  yet  did  not  seem  to  retard 
the  ripening  of  the  Peaches.  It  was,  I  think,  in  the 
autumn  of  1850,  that  I  s!iw  on  your  trellis  some  very 
fine  Peaches,  which  where  ripe  ;  it  was  then  the  middle 
of  September,  and  yet  you  told  me  the  lights  had  been 
off  for  a  long  period  to  retard  them  ;  their  flavour  was 
remarkably  good.  My  trees  (which  I  have  just 
pruned)  are  in  a  most  fruitfiil  state,  their  growth  last 
season  was  unchecked  by  the  curl  or  any  other  disease. 


6—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


87 


As  far  as  my  experience  has  gone  it  seems  that  Peaches 
on  trellises  under  glass  will  ripen,  unless  the  late 
October  Peaches  are  planted." 

Strawhen'ie.s. — A  friend  of  mine,  the  soil  of  whose 
garden  consists  of  a  light  sandj'  alluvium,  containing  no 
clay  or  loam,  had  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  grow 
Strawberries  for  many  years  ;  the  plants  would  scarcely 
live  more  than  twelvemonths,  and  if  he  stimulated  them 
^vith  manure,  they  ran  all  to  leaves.  After  many 
attempts,  he  was  induced  to  try  the  following  plan,  whicli 
has  succeeded  perfectly  : — He  planted  in  the  spring  his 
rows  of  Strawberry  plants  anywhere  where  he  had  room, 
occasionally  between  the  rows  of  early  Potatoes,  and 
when  the  Potatoes  were  dug,  and  the  Strawberry  plants 
began  to  throw  out  runners,  he  destroyed  them  all  but 
two  on  each  plant,  one  on  each  side,  these  he  allowed  to 
root  at  a  foot  from  the  parent  plant  ;  he  had  thus  three 
rows,  a  foot  distant  from  each  other,  and  the  wdiole 
strength  of  the  parent  was  absorbed  by  the  two  younger 
ones,  which,  as  he  never  cut  away  the  runners,  were 
suckled  by  the  old  one  so  long  as  nutriment  could  pass 
from  one  to  the  other  ;  this  gave  him  such  robust  young 
plants,  that  the  year  after  he  had  the  most  amazing  crop 
ever  seen  in  the  neighbourhood.  I  an  afraid  to  say  in 
how  few  square  yards  he  grew  a  bushel  of  Strawberries, 
for  fear  of  apparent  exaggeration ;  but  he,  though  a  good 
and  experienced  horticulturist,  had  previously  seen 
nothing  like  it  j  the  sort  was  Hooper's  Seedhng.  T.  G., 
Clitheroc, 


^ocietitg* 


Entomological,  Jan.  26.— J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq., 
F.L.S.,  President,  in  the  chaii*.  This  being  the  anni- 
versary meeting,  the  business  was  confined  to  the  election 
of  officers,  those  of  the  past  year  being  re-elected.  The 
President  also  delivered  an  address  on  the  state  and 
prospects  of  the  Society,  and  on  the  progress  of  Ento- 
mology during  the  past  year. 

Feb.  2.— J.O.  Westwood,  Esq.,  in  the  chair.  Amongst 
the  donations  were  some  interesting  insects,  collected  by 
Miss  Hornby  during  her  voyages,  in  company  with  her 
father,  Admiral  Hornby  ;  also  an  extensive  and  very 
valuable  collection  of  insects  from  Shanghai,  presented 
to  the  Society  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Carpenter. 
The  President  nominated  Jlessrs.  Curtis,  Stephens,  and 
Stainton  to  be  Vice-Presidents.  Mr.  Bowring  exhibited 
a  curiously  carved  Ohinese'vase,  formed  of  Bamboo,  the 
inner  substance  of  which  had  been  gnawed  to  pieces  by 
specimens  of  a  small  beetle,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Apate  ;  the  circumstance,  as  Mr.  Curtis  observed,  was 
of  considerable  practical  interest,  as  Bamboo  was  now 
extensively  employed  in  this  country  for  palings,  from 
being  supposed  not  to  be"  subject  to  the  attacks  of 
insects.  Mr.  Gregson,  of  Liverpool,  exliibited  a  beauti- 
ful drawing  of  the  new  British  lappet  moth — 
Gastropacha  ilicifoha.  BIr.  Stainton  exhibited  some 
beautiful  specimens  of  the  minute  motli  Lithocolletes 
Carpinicolella,  reared  during  the  past  month  from  the 
leaves  of  the  Hornbeam,  which  had  been  found  in  Octo- 
bertocontainminingIarv£e,andwhich, having  been  placed 
in  a  warm  room,  had  produced  the  perfect  insects  many 
weeks  before  the  proper  period  ;  this  plan  of  obtaining 
.these  minute  moths  was  recommended  for  its  facility. 
Mr.  A.  AVhite  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Hooker,  a  number  of  insects  of  different  orders,  which 
he  had  collected  in  the  Sikkim  Himalayas.  The  speci- 
;  mens  bore  great  resemblance  to  those  from  Bootan  and 
I  Assam,  and  fully  confirmed  Mr.  Hope's  views  of  the 
i  geographical  character  of  Indian  entomology,  published 
I  in  Dr.  Royle's  work  on  the  Himalayas.  Mi\  Dallas 
iread  a  memoir,  containing  descriptions  of  some  new 
lexotic  Hemiptera, chieiiy  ScuteUeridce  and  Peutatomidce. 
■Mr.  F.  Smitli  exhibited  some  Oak  spangles,  in- 
closing the  pupce  of  Cynips  longipeunis,  the  inha- 
Ibitants  having  passed  to  this  state  within  the  past 
ifortnight.  Ho  also  read  a  note  on  the  Triungu- 
linus  Melittie,  which  he  had  found  upon  wild  bees 
(AnthophoraHaworthana),  on  digging  them  out  of  their 
ncats  in  the  spring;  hence  Mr.  Smith  is  disincHned  to 
regard  the  parasite  as  the  larva  of  a  Coleopterous 
insect  allied  to  Meloe,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Newport;  but 
rather  tliought  it  an  animal  belonging  to  the  family 
Acarida;,  as  flupposcd  by  Mr.  Kirby  and  others.  Mr. 
Curtis  read  a  memoir  on  the  nomenclature  of  the 
British  species  of  Acanthosoma,  a  genus  of  I'entatomidan 
Hemiptc-i-a;  and  Mr.  VVcBtwood  read  a  paper  on  the 
Mgular  Neuropterous  genus  Mantispa,  of  which  he 
described  a  number  of  new  oxotic  species  from  the 
collections  of  MoHsra.  Hope  and  Saunders,  the  British 
Masc'om,  and  his  own  cabinet. 

:  ITtK'it  TmvfU  in  Tartar^/,  ThilMy  and  China.  A  part 
of  the  Travollci*'»  Library.  (Longman  nnrl  Co.)  Abetter 
choice  of  a  book  for  translation  could  Bcarcely  Iiave 
been  made,  or  a  better  tran»lator  found  tiian  Mrs,  Percy 
Sinnett.  The  original  formn  two  good-nized  octavos  ; 
it  ia  here  abridged  into  two  Hmall  duodccimon  ;  the 
rcwlcr  must  therefore  be  prepared  to  find  much  con- 
densation and  much  omisKion.  Opinions  will  nece«Rarily 
differ  m  to  wliat  constitutes  tho  most  interesting  part 
of  Huch  a  work  ;  wo  are,  therefore,  not  HurpriHcd  to 
find  »w>me  thingw  curtjulcd  wliich  wo  flhould  have 
given  fully  ;  nor  8bould  wo  be  jufltified  in  complaining 
of  it.  Tiio  general  reader  will  bo  HatiHticd  with  what  he 
finil«;  and  tho  Bpecial  reader  will  of  couruo  conhult  ti)C 
original.  In  theflo  dayH  of  Kold-findiufj,  it  may  be 
mtcTeoting  to  give  one  extract  from  M,  IIuc'h  hook, 
'leacribing  the  exiotence  of  tho  precious  metalH  in  Tartary. 


*'  We  were  two  days  longer  crossing  the  kingdom  of 
Gechekten,  and  everywhere  we  had  occasion  to  remark 
the  poverty  and  wretchedness  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
country  is  nevertheless  astonishingly  rich  in  gold  and 
silver,  but  these  very  treasures  have  been  often  the 
cause  of  i(s  greatest  calamities.  Though  there  exists 
a  severe  prohibition  against  working  the  mines,  it  often 
happens  that  great  troops  of  armed  Chinese  banditti 
come  and  search  for  gold  ;  and  it  is  said  they  have  a 
remarkable  capacity  for  discovering  it,  from  the  shape 
of  the  mountains,  and  the  kind  of  plants  produced  on 
them.  But  such  a  discovery  does  but  bring  desolation 
on  the  country  where  it  is  made,  for  it  attracts  towards 
it  thousands  of  vagabonds,  some  of  whom  employ  them- 
selves in  robbing  tlie  inhabitants,  while  the  rest  dig  for 
gold  and  silver.  In  1841  the  kingdom  of  Ouniot  became 
the  prey  of  a  multitude  of  these  rufhans,  who  continued 
in  occupation  of  it  for  two  years,  and  were  not  reduced 
till  the  king  had  assembled  all  his  banners  and  marched 
against  them.  Being  in  such  numbers,  they  made  a 
desperate  resistance  ;  but  at  length,  a  great  number  of 
them  retreated  into  the  mine,  and  the  Mongols,  per- 
ceiving it,  stopped  up  the  entrance  with  great  stones. 
For  days  together  the  cries  of  tliese  unfortunate  men 
were  heard,  but  there  was  no  pity  for  them,  and  they 
were  left  to  perish  of  this  frightful  death.  The  few  who 
escaped  were  taken  to  the  king,  who  had  their  eyes  put 
out,  and  then  let  them  go." 

In  the  original  this  is  stated  far  more  strongly.  M. 
Hue  really  says  that  "  a  hill  (moniar/ne)  full  of  gold  was 
discovered  by  a  Chinese  goldfinder  ;  that  it  was  worked 
for  two  years,  nearly  the  entire  hill  passing  through  the 
crucible  ;  and  that  the  quantity  of  gold  thus  obtained  was 
so  great  as  suddenly  to  lower  the  jprice  of  gold  in  China 
by  o-ne-half.^' 

Gold  and  silver  must  have  been  found  in  ancient 
times  abundantly  in  the  mountains  of  Assyria  ;  the 
Russians  find  it  in  the  chain  of  Ural,  the  Chinese  in 
Eastern  Tartary.  Why  then  should  it  not  occur  in  the 
intervening  countries  ? 

Lists  of  Seeds  and  Plants,  c&c,  sold  by  Peter  Lawson 
and  Son.  Square  4to.  Lawson,  Edinburgh. — No  other 
country  than  Great  Britain  could  have  produced  such  a 
work  as  this.  A  trade  list  of  seeds  and  plants,  filling 
400  quarto  pages,  beautifully  printed  at  the  authors'  pri- 
vate  press,  is  a  phenomenon  worthy  of  the  Annus 
Mirabilis  just  passed  by,  in  which,  by  the  way,  Messrs. 
Lawson  and  Co.  played  no  inconspicuous  part.  The 
book,  for  it  is  in  fact  a  library  book,  is  accompanied  by 
copious  descriptions  of  fruit  trees,  and  by  a  most  useful 
descriptive  catalogue  of  Coniferous  plants,  \vhich  alone 
occupies  ^5  pages.  The  latter  is  as  indispensable  to 
collectors  as  any  systematical  work  to  the  mere  botanist. 

Enr/lish  Agriculture  in  18.50-51,  by  James  Caird  (8vo, 
Longmans),  is  a  reprint  of  the  valuable  articles  on 
this  subject  which  have  from  time  to  time  appeared  in 
the  Times  Newspaper,  from  the  pen  of  the  author  and  of 
Mr.  M'Donald.  Documents  of  such  solid  worth  should 
not  be  swamped  in  the  files  of  a  daily  political  jom'nal ; 
and  we  rejoice  to  see  them  thus  collected  and  avowed, 
and  rendered  easy  to  consult  by  a  good  index. 


Garden  Ef  emoranda. 

Mrs.  Lawrence's,  Ealtng  Park. — The  grand  col- 
lection of  plants  here — world-wide  in  its  celebrity — is 
at  the  present  time  in  the  best  possible  condition.  In- 
deed at  no  former  pei'iod  has  it  ever  presented  so  favour- 
able an  aspect,  and  at  the  coming  exhibitions  will, 
doubtless,  command  unusual  attention.  Our  object  at 
present,  however,  is  to  notice  the  magnificent  Amherstia 
NobiUs  which  it  contains,  a  plant  which  few  cultivators 
have  found  easy  in  its  management  ;  but  at  Ealing  Park 
it  appears  to  grow  with  a  luxuriance  with  which  the 
Laurel  can  hardly  compete.  The  plants  we  have  seen 
in  various  collections  have  generally  had  their  leaves 
diseased  or  apparently  burned  at  their  points,  thus  pre- 
senting anything  but  a  healthy  appearance.  The  speci- 
men at  Ealing  Park,  which  is  planted  out  in  the  large 
stove,  has  every  leaf  green  and  perfect,  producing  at 
present  a  very  striking  effect,  loaded  as  it  is  with  long 
panicles  of  scarlet  flowers,  tipped  with  bright  yellow. 
It  is  certainly  a  glorious  example  of  tropical  vegetation^ 


FLORICULTURE. 

Roses. — The  following  are  a  few  practical  hints  for 
those  who  intend  tocultivateandexhibitroses,  on  the  plan 
recommended  at  p.  7:  — 1st.  Select  plants  with  stems 
under  3  feet  in  height,  as  they  produce  finer  blooms  than 
taller  standards.  *2d.  Grow  at  least  two  plants  of 
each  sort ;  prune  one  early  in  autumn,  the  other  late 
in  si)ring,  as  tiny  will  prolong  the  blooming  season 
at  least  a  month,  ;id.  Of  the  &G  summer  Roses 
recommended  for  high  cultivation,  there  aro  some 
which  will  occasionally  produce  monstrous  flowers, 
with  hard  cores  or  green  centres,  whiclj  will  sometimes 
continue  throughout  tho  season  ;  and  there  are  others 
which  will  at  first  proflnco  a  few  malformctl  blooms,  but 
whoHc  succeeding  ones  will  be  perfect  and  beautiful. 
Tho  varieties  most  Bubjoct  to  tlirso  imporfcctiona  aro 
Adrienno  do  C'frdouviile,  OhI,  GrandiHsiina,  Latour 
d'Auvergiio,  D'AgnewHcau,  Gloricux,  Madunio  Hardy, 
nnd  Priiic'j  Albert  (II.  Per.)  4.  The  following  will 
g*:ncra!Iy  produce  perfect  blooms,  and  one  plant  may  bo 
depondud  on,  wIkmi  it  is  inconveniont  to  grow  more  ; 
La  Volupte,  or  L(*titia,  iVliot,  J'lincc-HH  Ck-mcntino, 
CrcHted  Moh«  (u  I'roviiiH),  Houla  do  Nniituuil,  La  Cir- 
caHsicnne,  Sclionbrnn,  Trionipho  do  JaushinH,  Mar- 
joIin(Gallrca),  Paul  Porraw,  CharlcH  Foucquier,  ComtcsHO 
do  Lacopede,  General  Jacqueminot,  Ilypocrate,  Triompho 


de  Laqueue,  Las  Casas,  Paul  Ricaut,  La  Viile  de 
Bruxelles,  Madame  Zonteman,  and  Brennus.  5.  The 
beautiful  "Coup  d'Hebe,"  although  so  highly"  recom- 
mended, will  not  be  found  eligible  for  this  mode  of 
exhibition.  The  cup  will  be  large,  but  the  centre  will 
not  be  proportionally  filled  ;  the  same  remark  applies 
to  Chencdole,  for  the  larger  the  flower  the  less  it  fills 
up.  Lady  Stewart  will  not  grow  vigorously  on  the  Dog 
Rose  in  all  situations.  This  variety,  Charles  Duval, 
Madame  Audiot,  and  Rose  Devigne,  will  produce  beau- 
tifully formed  flowers  ;  but  unless  the  blooming  buds  be 
very  much  thinned,  they  will  not  be  of  sufficient  size  to 
group  well  with  those  before  named.  Ohl,  Pope, 
Vaudael,  and  Queen  Adelaide,  will  in  some  seasons 
bloom  very  [finely,  and  be  valuable  for  exhibition  as 
rich  dark  flowers  ;  and  Princess  Clementine,  Comtesse 
de  Lacepede,  Blanchefleur,  and  Madame  Zonteman,  are 
the  best  light  ones ;  but  the  latter  two  require  much 
thinning.  Marjolin  (Gallica)  which  seems  to  have 
but  two  growers  to  recommend  it,  is  certainly  one 
of  the  best  show  flowers,  being  very  distinct,  and 
ought  to  be  in  a  stand  of  twelve.  I  consider  Superb 
Striped  Unique  the  only  striped  Rose  large  enough  to  be 
placed  in  a  stand  of  first-class  show  Roses  ;  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  the  centre  sufficiently  full  and  regular  ; 
but  when  a  fine  bloom  can  be  obtained,  the  flower  fully, 
deserves  its  name,  and  is  most  valuable  in  a  stand  o£ 
twenty-four.  6.  In  the  class  Hybrid  Perpetuals  are 
some  splendid  flowers  suitable  for  exhibition  as  single 
specimens,  but  a  few  of  them  are  too  much  alike  in 
colour  to  appear  in  the  same  stand  as  dissimilar  flowers. 
Of  the  30  kinds  recommended  to  be  grown,  select 
about  one-half,  viz.,  those  which  are  the  most  double, 
best  formed,  and  of  the  largest  size,  as  Augustine 
Mouchelet,  Baronne  Prevost,  Caroline  de  Sausal,  Dr. 
Marx,  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  Lady  Alice  Peel, 
La  Reine,  Reine  de  Fleurs,  and  Robin  Hood,  &c. 
Such  as  these  will  not  disappoint  ;  but  very  I'ich  soilj 
close  pruning,  and  thimiing  out  of  flower-buds,  will  be 
useless  to  such  Roses  as  William  Jesse,  Mrs.  Elliott, 
Standard  of  Marengo,  or  Soleil  de  Austerlitz,  &c.  The 
buds  will  be  large,  and  the  petals  of  fine  form  and 
colour  ;  but  the  flowers  will  be  thin  and  deficient  in  the 
centre,  and  would  condemn  a  stand  of  first-rate  double 
flowers.  7.  Bourbon,  China,  and  Noisette  Roses,  are 
most  valuable  as  autumnal  bloommg,  and  a  stand  filled 
exclusively  from  these  classes  would  be  beautiful,  in 
point  of  colour  ;  but  the  flowers  generally  want 
substance,  and  will  not  show  to  advantage  when  mixed 
with  summer  Roses,  except,  perhaps,  Acidalie,  Le  Mer- 
ehail  du  Palaise,  Proserpine,  and  the  lovely  Souvenir 
de  la  Malraaison  j  this  latter  Rose  produces  its  flowers 
more  perfect  when  grown  upon  its  own  roots  than  when 
worked  upon  the  Dog  Rose.  During  the  last  three 
seasons,  prizes  have  been  offered  by  the  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Society  for  stands  of  Roses  (single  specimens 
exhibited  as  Dahlias)  ;  this  has  caused  a  spirited  com- 
petition amongst  those  gentlemen  in  the  country  who 
possess  first-rate  collections,  and  it  is  from  the  experience 
acquired  by  these  exhibitions  that  the  foregoing  sug- 
gestions are  offered.  i2.  B.  Birchamj  Medenham  MoserJ/f 
Bungay. 
Support  for  Carnations. — I  observe  at  p,  71  a 
method  of  using  wire  props  by  a. 
correspondent.  I  am  not  sure  if  I 
understand  his  plan  properly,  but 
I  do  not  think  it  so  good  as  the 
props  I  have  in  use  for  the  sup- 
port of  Carnations,  although  I  con- 
sider it  to  be  cheaper.  The  an- 
nexed sketch  I'epresents  a  prop  of 
the  form  I  allude  to.  The  centre 
stalk  is  ^  rods,  the  two  side  shoots 
-\  diameter,  the  length  of  the  prongs 
9  in.,  width  7  in.;  the  height  of  the 
rod  above  the  ground  is  3G  in,  and 
20  in.  The  form  I  think  is  of  ad- 
vantage, and  enables  the  grower 
to  separate  the  shoots,  and  so  to 
prevent  the  b'ooms  from  destroy- 
ing each  other.  The  cost  of  the 
above  I  believe  to  be  about  7s.  per 
dozen,  finished.  The  price  is,  no 
doubt,  a  consideration ;  but  these 
rods,  with  ordinary  caro,  do  not 
require  to  be  renewed  in  a  life- 
time. There  are  advantages  with 
the  double  prong;  they  are  not 
easily  disturbed,  and  they  are  wide  enough  to  be  quite 
free  of  the  roots.  /.  M.y  Aberdeen. 

PnoNiNa  Roses:  J  Hodolph.  Iloaea  luny  bo  pruned  at  two 
Beaatms— aayNovurabur  and  tha Qiidof  Mttvcli.  In  tho  formcc 
nionlh  wo  should  hnvo  rccoinineiidud  the  outtin«  out  of  auch 
old  wood  nnd  crnns  hboota  ns  may  have  cruwded  tho  centro 
of  tho  tree,  or  in  nny  "iiy  interfered  with  io  proper  develop- 
nient,  dofervinK  uriiil  Miirch  tho  hhorteniiij:;  of  those  brunches 
that  nro  icl.niiii'd,  ivliloh  ahould  uhvays  be  cut  to  an  outer 
bufi.  Wo  Huy  that  thin  1h  hoHt  doiio  In  tiprinR',  uh  the  now 
wood  oportitid  on.  ht-inK  pithy,  ftbsorba  much  niointuro,  and. 
ia  thi'roforo  roiidlly  injurod  by  IroBtH,  ao  muoh  ko,  th^t  iC 
In  no  uncoramon  ocourrencu  fur  euoli  f.hoota  to  bo  Iiillodback 
ono  or  nioro  »ije«  ;  under  Buoh  clrcumrilancos  tho  cultivator 
liiift  t'»  K<>  tNrouKh  hia  work  a  second  timo.  Pefor  tho 
Hhorttnhiff  procofia  until  tho  ohancoa  of  flevoro  froat  are  pnat; 
buE  tblu  out  at  onuc.  J.  E, 


IVIisceUaneouB. 

Jfollov)  JirkTcs. — "  There  is  notliing  new  under  tlie 
Hun,"  was  tho  observation  of  Solomon.  If  you  remember, 
it  was  stated  that  it  was  intenduil  ])y  tho  Uoy  to  send 
over  BpccimeiiH  (jf  liollow  hrickn,  at  the  present  timo  in 
constant  rufjuiHition  in  Tunin,  for  the  Great  Exhibition; 
but  the  interest  of  such  a  contribution  was  at  tho  last 


88 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Fee.  7, 


ji.uiii'.-iic  acuiaeiiuiiij  overiuui».t;a.  in  ilie  iMubeum  ol 
the  Bath  Scientific  Institution,  specimens  of  hollow 
bricks  used  by  the  jRomans,  and  dug  up  within  a  short 
dista.nce  of  the  spot  where  they  are  now  deposited,  may 
be  seen  by  any  party  interested.  They  are  double  the 
size  of  those  used  by  Messrs.  Bazely  and  Co.,  and  are 
cemented  together  by  genuine  Roman  cement.  And, 
no  doubtj  a  macliine  like  our  modern  ones  for  making 
them  was  also  used  by  the  Romans.  It  would  be  in- 
teresting to  test  the  strength  of  these  bricks,  and  of  the 
cement  that  unites  them,  as  compared  with  the  modern 
manufacture.  In  Bengal,  the  floors  of  Bungalows  are 
usually  constructed  with  earthenware  pots,  commonly 
called  "Kedgeree  pots,"  turned  over,  with  their  orifices 
oil  the  ground.  Chai'coal  is  filled  between  the  interstices, 
and  a  coat  of  brick  concrete  is  laid  on  the  top,  thus 
forming  a  perfectly  dry  floor.  What  a  comfort  would 
floors  of  hollow  brick  prove  to  the  kitchens  or  cellars  in 
some  of  our  damp  localities.  Builder. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  ivceJc.J 
PLANT  HOUSES. 

As  the  general  potting  season  is  approaching,  have 
everything  in  readiness  to  commence  operations,  when- 
ever time  and  the  state  of  the  plants  enable  you  to 
begin.  As  a  matter  of  course,  wliere  valuable  plants  are 
kept,  a  stock  of  the  various  kinds  of  loams  and  peat 
ia  always  kept  in  readiness.  For  all  potting  purposes 
a  soft  sandy  yellow  loam  is  much  to  be  preferred  ;  such 
should  have  been  dug,  not  more  than  G  inches  deep,  with 
the  turf,  and  after  being  stacked  long  enough  for  the 
Grass  to  decay,  may  be  considered  fit  for  use.  Silver 
sand,  rotten  tree  leaves,  and  dry  well  rotted  cow-dung, 
are  all  necessary  ingredients,  in  one  form  of  compost  or 
other.  The  best  peats  for  growing  Heaths,  &c.,  are 
those  of  Wimbledon  and  Shirley,  while  some  peats  from 
the  vicinity  of  Exeier  are  much  prized  for  growing 
Orchids  ;  with  these  general  hints  the  cultivator  must 
select  such  soils  as  are  most  readily  attainable  in  his 
locality.  Clean  dry  pots,  crocks  in  various  sizes,  and 
dry  moss,  will  enable  you  to  proceed  without  inter- 
ruption in  this  important  part  of  plant  groTving. 
It  has  of  late  years  become  a  feature  in  gardening  to  de- 
corate the  principal  rooms  of  country  mansions  with 
plants  in  bloom  ;  and  as  such  are  required  more  gene- 
rally in  the  autumn,  some  of  the  stove  and  greenhouse 
plants  required  for  this  purpose  sliould  now  be  pro- 
pagated. Plants  for  room  decoration  should  be  selected 
%vhich  keep  a  considerable  time  in  bloom,  and  (if  possible) 
are  both  showy  and  fragrant.  As  the  plants  for  this 
purpose  are  chiefly  wanted  in  small  pots,  to  enable  them 
to  be  turned  into  vases,  baskets,  &c.,  a  yearly  supply  will  be 
needed,  and  now  will  be  a  good  time  to  put  in  cuttings  of 
everything  likely  to  be  useful,  or  which  are  most  in 
request.  We  will  give  a  list  next  week  of  some  suitable 
plants  for  the  purpose. 

FORCING  DKPARTMENT. 

Pinery. — By  all  means,  now  the  fruiting  plants  ai'e 
fairly  started,  keep  the  bottom-heat  at  that  steady  point 
which  will  insure  a  regular  progressive  root  action. 
Nothing  tends  so  much  to  produce  ill-shapen,  half-swelled 
fruits,  as  sudden  changes  of  temperature  at  their  roots, 
As  the  fruit  advances  in  growth,  the  plant's  system  is 
largely  drawn  upon  to  support  it  ;  and  if  the  roots  are 
prevented,  by  sudden  checks,  from  supplj'ing  the  demand 
made  upon  them,  the  above  results  are  sure  to  follow. 
The  chief  advantage  of  gi'owing  Pines  on  the  open  bed 
system,  is  the  regularity  with  which  they  can  be  supplied 
with  bottom-heat  by  hot-water  pipes.  Where  the  old 
pot  system  is  followed,  timely  additions  of  leaves  or  tan 
should  be  made  (without  disturbing  the  pots),  to  main- 
tain the  required  heat.  Keep  a  ratlier  dry  atmosphere, 
until  the  plants  are  out  of  bloom,  and  mind  no  water  is 
allowed  to  stand  in  the  hearts  of  plants  whose  fruit  are 
now  forming.  Night  temperature  60°,  increased  to  80° 
by  day  in  sunshine.  Avoid  cold  draughts  of  air  ;but  in 
other  respects  aim  at  a  constant  '^upply  of  that  necessary 
element.  Succession  Pines,  and  those  intended  for 
fruiting  later  in  the  season,  should  be  kept  steadily 
growing.  On  this  account,  if  the  bottom-heat  is  de- 
clining, the  plants  should  be  lifted,  and  the  bed  turned, 
■with  tlie  addition  of  fresh  tan  or  leaves.  This  will  stimu- 
late the  roots  into  action,  and  the  plants  will  be  in  much 
better  order  for  potting  next  month,  than  when  their 
roots  are  in  a  dormant  state.  Night  temperature  55*^  to 
58°  ;  day,  70*  to  75**.  Guard  against  damp  ;  see  that  the 
fruiters  are  kept  moderately  moist.  Plants  in  pits  and 
frames  will  hardly  require  water  for  some  time  to  come. 
Vinery. —  Proceed  steadily  with  yourmanagement ;  make 
use  of  every  hour  of  sunshine,  and  endeavour  to  keep  the 
air  regularly  in  motion  in  every  part  of  the  house.  We 
suppose  Polmaise  is  given  up  as  a  failure,  and  yet  the 
principle  was  as  correct  as  nature  itself.  Peach-house. — 
Follow  the  directions  of  previous  weeks,  till  you  have  the 
fruit  set  Strawberries  may  have  a  trifling  advance  in 
temperature  ;  the  truss  of  bloom  will  now  be  showing 
and  a  slight  increase  of  heat  will  help  to  bring  them  up 
above  the  foilage.  If  hot-beds  for  Melons  were  made 
some  time  back,  the  bottom  heat  will  now  be  getting 
steady  enough  to  put  in  a  ridge  of  rather  dry  turfy  loam  ; 
raise  this  to  within  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches  from  the 
glass  ;  make  it  rather  firm  than  otherwise,  and  when  the 
ridge  attains  a  heat  of  80"  you  may  plant  out  the  crop  ; 
the  temperature  ot  the  frame  should  be  kept  rather  dry, 
and  should  not  fall  below  70'^,  while  air  should  be  ad- 
mitted more  or  less  at  all  times  ;  but  much  the  easiest 
and  cheapest  way  to  grow  early  Melons  is  to  plant  them 
in  hot  water  pits,  and  having  pipes  running  under  the 


bed  lor  supplyuig  bottom  lieat.  You  liave  the  advantage 
of  heat,  light,  and  moisture  entirely  under  control,  and 
all  the  uncertainty  of  the  pit  and  frame  management 
vanish. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Wherever  a  high  degree  of  keeping  is  insisted  on  in  the 
pleasure  grounds,  nothing  tends  so  much  to  their  beauty 
as  a  close,  velvety  lawn.  It  often,  however,  requires 
considerable  trouble  to  effect  this  desideratum.  On  rich 
soils  the  coarser  Grasses  prevail,  and  are  difficult  to 
eradicate  or  keep  under  ;  while  on  soils  naturally  poor, 
and  which  have  been  for  some  time  under  the  scythe, 
the  different  kinds  of  mosses  are  found  to  increase  in  a 
manner  prejudicial  to  the  better  sorts  of  lawn  Grasses. 
As  the  present  is  the  season  when  the  mosses  attain 
their  greatest  perfection,  it  will  be  found  the  best  time 
to  eradicate  them  also  ;  a  sharp-toothed  iron  rake,  or 
light  drag,  will  be  the  best  implement  for  this  purpose, 
worked  sufficiently  to  bring  up  the  moss,  which  should 
be  cleared  off",  and  the  lawn  left  for  some  time,  when  a 
second  operation  may  perhaps  be  necessary.  In  March, 
sow  thickly  Sheep's  Fescue  Grass  and  Crested  Dog's-tail, 
and  apply  a  dressing  of  sifted  lime  rubbish  and  fresh 
soil,  or  the  latter  and  fine  bone-dust  ;  which,  with  occa- 
sional rollings  to  keep  the  land  firm,  will  soon  produce  a 
good  sward.  Where  herbaceous  plants  ai'e  grown  as 
border  flowers,  a  fresh  arrangement  of  them  is  necessary 
each  season,  to  prevent  them  exceeding  their  proper 
limits.  Plants  with  the  habit  of  Phloxes,  Delphiniums, 
Asters,  Solidago,  and  other  strong  growers  should  be 
lifted,  and  a  spade  full  of  fresh  soil  or  dung  placed  under 
each  ;  this  will  prolong  the  period  of  blooming,  and 
increase  the  quantity  of  bloom. 

fLOHISTS'  FLOWERS. 
The  weather  lately  has  been  anything  but  favourable 
to  fioricultural  operations  out  of  doors,  so  that  ama- 
teurs have  had  plenty  of  opportunity  to  do  various  small 
matters  which  possibly  may  have  been  overlooked  or 
forgotten.  We  would  recommend  something  like  the 
following  to  be  attended  to.  The  Carnation  pegs  to  be 
repainted  when  required  ;  the  metallic  wire  with  which 
they  have  been  fastened,  sorted,  and  tied  together  ;  the 
leaden  layering  pegs  washed  and  straightened— if  a 
deficiency,  a  quantity  more  cast ;  leaden  tallies  should 
also  be  prepared;  hand-glasses  of  all  descriptions  should 
be  made  right,  so  that  anything  required  by  the  amateur 
may  be  ready  to  his  hand  when  wanted.  Particularly 
see  to  the  soil  for  potting  Carnations  ;  we  like  this 
operation  to  be  attended  to  early,  and  the  sooner  so 
essential  a  matter  as  compost  can  be  reported  free  from 
vermin  the  better.  Look  well  to  "  frame  drips,"  both  in 
those  of  Auriculas  and  Carnations.  All  air  possible, 
except  when  it  rains  or  blows  a  gale  of  wind.  Towards 
the  latter  end  of  the  month,  gentle  mild  rain  for  a  short 
period  would  be  of  service  to  them,  but  not  now.  Take 
care  that  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  are  shut  down 
close  when  wet. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Besides  the  general  preparation  for  the  spring  crop 
of  annual  vegetables,  there  is  a  class  of  a  more  perma- 
nent character,  which  will  require  some  attention  at 
this  period  ;  of  which  we  may  mention  Rhubarb,  Horse- 
radish, Seakale,  Artichokes,  and  Asparagus  ;  wherever 
fresh  plantations  of  the  above  are  required,  the  ground 
should  at  once  be  got  in  hand.  In  preparing  ground 
for  vegetables  intended  to  remain  on  the  same  ground 
for  several  years,  it  will  be  obvious  more  care  should 
be  bestowed  ou  its  culture  previous  to  planting — deep 
trenching  and  manuring  are  essential.  For  Rhubarb, 
the  ground  can  scarcely  be  ever  too  rich  ;  for  the  succu- 
lence and  crispness  of  this  vegetable  depend  on  its  rapid 
growth.  Horse-radish  requires  a  deep,  damp,  sandy 
soil  ;  trench  2  feet  deep,  and  dig  in  the  bottom  of  the 
trench  some  good  rotten  dung  ;  when  the  ground  is 
levelled,  make  holes  with  an  iron  bar  1  foot  apart,  2  feet 
deep,  and  2  feet  between  the  rows.  Select  crowns  with 
a  single  head,  and  drop  one  in  each  hole,  which  should 
be  large  enough  to  allow  it  to  fall  to  the  bottom  ;  rake 
the  ground  over,  and  a  slight  crop  may  be  sown,  to 
come  off  before  the  Horse-radish  comes  up. 


ending  Feb.  5 

,  1352, 

er  near  London,  for  the  week 

aBobnervetiatthe  Horticuliural  GdrJen,  Chi»\ 

V)C\i. 

» 

TBMPBBATDaa 

< 

Jan. 

Of  the  Air.        JOftheEarth 

Wind, 

•3 

c 
o 

9 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Max. 

MiD. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Friday.. 

.10 

29.9r9 

£9  62( 

53 

29 

41,0 

39 

40 

W. 

,11 

SRiur.  .. 

■.a 

III 

29.910 

29.510 

f,-i 

;-w 

4-,.'. 

38 

38  i 

S. 

14 

Sunday  . 

1 

11 

29.99C 

29.717 

57 

:i'» 

4S0 

42 

404 

s.w. 

04 

Monday 

i2 

30.()U3 

29.8.0 

.S3 

H5 

44.0 

4;( 

42 

sw. 

.(14 

Tuea.   .. 

:i 

i-A 

30.142 

20.0  ir. 

51 

34 

42.5 

44 

42 

s.w. 

.0(1 

Wed.    .. 

4 

14 

.■^O.'.Sl 

29.310 

55 

49.5 

42 

4J^ 

sw 

\:i 

Tbura... 

b 

29.739 

29.6J] 

t.5 

43        49.11 

■tli 

424 

s.w. 

.23 

Avprnce     . 

29.995 

29.7S8 

45.6 

37  5      45.C 

41.8 

410 

.69 

an.      :fU  — Ram;  heavy  c;ou(J8;  cldir  Rt  nigUt. 

—  31— DeDbcly  and  uniformly  overcast ;  constant  rain ;  overcast. 
Eb,        1  — Ruin  J  tiue;  clear  at  ni^b'. 

—  2— Rain;  cloudy  and  mild;  densely  overcast. 

—  3-Clear;  veryflne;  clear  »i  nif^ht. 

—  4-DpT)Bt-ly  and  uniformly  overcast ;  rain  ;  cloudy. 

—  6  — DeDsely  clouded  ;  rain,  and  mild  at  nisht. 

Uean  temperature  otthe  wpek,7i  de^r.  above  tbe  averace. 
State  of  the  Weather  at  Cbiswick,  durinir  the  last  2G  years,  for  the 
ensuins;  week, ending  Feb.  14, 1!>52. 


Sunday  8 
Mon 
Tuea.     ] 
Wed.     ] 
Thura.  1 
Friday  1 


a)*i 

No.  of 
years  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

PrevallinE  Winds 

III 

Greatest 
Quantily 
of  Rain. 

z 

"■^•'S 

45.7 

33.3 

39.5 

15 

0.67  In. 

1 

3'  2  — 

4  101  4 

•y 

45.9 

32.3 

39.1 

7 

0.30 

4;  1|  Ii  Uli  5 

45.1 

31.0 

38  1 

9 

0.52 

2 

4|  2,  2!  4    71  3 

44.8 

30.9 

37.9 

13 

0.34 

5 

3    1-15   6    2 

4 

45.2 

30.2 

■■i-.7 

n 

0.23 

3    2-1  —  1  4    9'  6 

•/ 

42.3 

31.2 

36  7 

11 

0.30 

12    115    9    5 

:i 

4G.4 

33.0 

39.7 

8 

0,50 

1   3    t 

4    8    7 

The  highest  temperature  durinfi;  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  lOtb, 
1331— therm.  65  deg. ;  aad  the  lowest  ou  the  lltb,  ISlS-thetm.  3  detf.  below 
zero. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Acacia  Wood:  Con.  Sub.  TnetimberofRobinia Pseud-acacia  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable  we  cultivate.  Uee  it  wherever 
great  strength  and  great  durability  are  required. 

Bahk  :  Vicinus.  It  is  customary  in  the  Londou  markets  to 
allow  45  cwt.  to  the  load,  both  lor  tiiaaber  and  coppice.  The 
price  quoted  relates  to  the  load  of  45  cwt.  S. 

Birds  :  Repley.  We  have  written  you  by  post,  as  requested. — 
adfiressed  "  to  the  Post-office,  Aliesford,  Hants,"— (K  C.  Tou 
have  done  wisely  to  con-Jult  us,  before  purchasinE  your  cage. 
Biass  cages  are  not  only  oljectionable,  but  fatal  to  most 
bird^.  as  those  who  persist  iu  using  them,  after  our  repeated 
cautions,  are  finding  out  daily.  It  is  de-iiable,  as  a  rule,  to 
have  your  cajes  of  mahogavy,  with  wire  fronts  only.  You 
thus  avoid  all  draught,  and  your  birds  live  "well"  and, 
"  hapi^'y."— J\''oi)ciii<^.  All  in  good  timo.  It  will  be  six  weeks 
before  we  can  help  you,  practically.  We  shall  then  be 
entering  spiritedly  into  what  you  now  wish  toknuw.  Nothing 
is  so  palatable  to  the  goldfiach  as  Groundsel  and  ripe  Plan- 
tain. The.'*e  birds  if  carefully  attended  to  live  many  years. 
— Invalid.  Tlie  CHse  you  state  is  an  aiHiciing  one, — to  none 
more  than  to  the  sufferer,  although  "humanity"  must  make 
its  friends  grieve  that  they  can  render  little  efficient  aid. 
These  "tits  "  are  too  "confirmed"  to  be  altogether  removed  ; 
but  if  tbe  poor  bird  has  his  liberty  in  a  large  quiet  room,  and 
is  allowed  tbe  bei^efit  of  cheerful  society — we  all  pine  for  | 
want  of  thi.o,  sometimes— there  is  a  good  chance  of  his  health  I 
being  renewed;  and  of  his  attacks  btiog  le^s  frequent, — 
loss  severe.  But,  pray  keep  him  warm,  and  vary  his  food. 
A  little  bruised  Kemp-seed  will  be  very  gralefui  to  him,  and 
some  Watercress.— Jane  W.  Tou  will  find  it,  byrefeiring  to  i 
Article  No.  LVI. —  ]Vdliam  P.  Yes;  if  you  always  feed  it 
yourself.  Not  otherwise.— i?ara?t  £.  Let  it  go  immediately, 
or  jour  conscience  will  be  ill  at  ease  for  the  remainder  of  the 
year.- ./amcs  L.  Watercress  is  preferable  to  Groundsel,  just  j 
now.— JVi)if((a.  We  rarely  administer  Ilempseed;  and  no  f 
birds  can  thrive  better,  nor  look  better  than  do  ours. — ! 
Elizabeth  F.  Try  some  grocers'  Currants,  soaked  in  cold  I 
water  fur  about  an  hour.  They  are  very  fond  of  these. — 
Annette.  His  "  fidgettiness"  arises  from  your  having  given, 
him  a  round,  narrow  perch.  Perches  for  these  large-sized  I 
birds  should  be  square,  and  more  substantial. — Bebecca.  It 
depends  upoo  what  value  you  set  on  him.  If  bis  song  be 
firtt-ra'e,  purchase  auot/ier  bird  to  breed  from.  He  should 
be  in  his  second  year.— JidiajiJia.  About  the  middle  of  May. 
Even  then  it  is  oftentimes  co\d,— Sophie.  It  is  more  cuiious 
than  valuable.  We  hardly  care  for  these  so-called  rarities. 
They  posse.ia  only  an  ideal  value,  and  their  song  is  never 
first-rate. —  G  W.  We  have  addressed  you  as  requested  ;  and 
sh.iH  be  glad  to  hear  if  our  "  advice"  has  produced  any  bene- 
ficial change.  It  is  only  right  we  should  be  itiformed  of  our 
success,  particularly  in  so  afflicting  a  case  as  yours  is.  _We 
never  yet  knew  the  remedy  to  isL\\.—Ai\thor>y.  It  has  arisen 
from  his  having  been  left  in  a  room  without  a  fire.  The  cold 
has  seized  him  internally,  and  his  head  finding  its  way 
behind  his  wing  is  no  good  sign.  Prepare  for  the  worst,  and 
grow  wise  for  the  tuture.  W.  K, 

Books:  A  B.  There  is  neither  a  Pauna  nor  Flora  of  New 
Zealand  ;  but  Dr.  Hooker  has  the  latter  in  hand.-  W  Ward. 
Sweet's  "Hortus  Suburbiensis  Londinensis"  may  perhaps 
answer  your  purpose. 

Ceanbebbies.  Z.  You  may  buy  the  American  Cranberry  of  any 
respectable  nurseryman.  Grow  it  in  a  bed  of  peat  earth  in 
a  rather  damp  part  of  your  garden  ;  it  is  not  eager  for  water, 
but  it  dislikes  drought, 

Kew  Gaedens:  Br,  Norwich,  We  cannot  explain  the  history 
of  the  article  in  the  "  Quarterly,"  on  which  it  certainly  does 
not  shed  much  lustre.  The  author  seems  to  be  more  familiar 
with  ancient  fables  than  with  modern  facts.  It  is  not  true 
that  Sir  William  Hooker's  herbarium,  or  any  other  herba- 
rium contains  150,000  species  of  plants,  the  highest  rational 
estimate  of  all  existing  species  not  going  hipher  than  from 
90  000  to  lUO.OOO.  Pinus  occidentalis  is  a  botanical  puzzle  ; 
there  is  liitle  doubt  that  it  exists  in  gardens  under  some 
more  modern  name.  The  Cuba  plant  is  certainly  in  culti- 
vation. The  mule  Laburnum  is  the  well-known  C.  Adami, 
a  supposed  cross  between  C.  purpureus  (not  nigricans)  and 
a  Laburnum.  To  say  thatthe  nurseryinen  have  putl00,0001, 
into  their  pocktts  by  aid  of  the  old  Kew  Moutan  ig 
simply  absurd.  The  flowers  of  Hibiscus  Kosa  sinensis  are 
used  in  China  to  stain  ladies'  eyebrows,  not  "to  blacken 
their  shoes."     And  so  on. 

Melon  Fkames  :  CMS.  We  can  scarcely  doubt  that  your 
border  is  ruined  by  the  Melon  beds  being  placed  upon  ie. 
Bouts  of  fruit  trees  require  exposure  to  an-,  aud  the  sun's 
warmth,  and  cannot  bear  to  be  annually  smoihered  by  a 
heap  of  hot  dung.  As  to  liquid  manure,  we  refer  you  to  a 
leading  article  in  another  column. 

Melons:  Clencus.  We  regret  to  say  we  have  no  information 
whatever  concerning  Dr.  Hull's  experiments,  except  what  has 
been  published.  Of  course,  the  substances  he  emplojs  should 
be  used  in  very  smaU  quantities,  or  your  plants  will  be 
killed  as  they  would  be  by  over-doses  of  any  kind  of  manure. 
Pentstemuncjananthusis  totally  different  from  P.  azureus, 
and  much  handsomer. 

Names  of  Plants  :  CMS.  It  is  a  Hakea  of  some  sort, 
not  a  coniferous  plant.— P  5.  Apparency  a  leaf  of  Cassia 
lievigata.— J  W.  Zygopetalum  crinitum. 

Netting:  A  C  E.   We  never  recommend  dealers.  J 

Peach  Trees  to  Plant  out  of  Doors  :  -S  C.  Grosse  MignonnPij 
Noblesse,  Royal  George,  Bellegarde,  Barriugton,  Late  Ad-j 
mirable.    These  will  afford  a  succession. || 

Pine  Apples:  AM.  You  have  been  keeping  your  Pines  in  too 
high  a  temperature.  Lower  the  heat  of  your  house  to  58"  bj 
night  and  70^  by  day.  Admit  plenty  of  air,  and  do  notallow 
the  bottom  heat  to  exceed  So'*,  Follow  this  for  five  or  six 
weeks,  and  keep  them  rather  dry  at  the  root.  Afterwards, 
by  raising  the  heat  of  the  house  gradually,  and,  by  a  slight 
increase  of  bottom  heat,  with  moderate  waterings,  your  plant; 
will  show  fruit.     Earthing  up  will  assist  thtm.  S. 

Rhubarb  Wine:  ^  i^acii/ will  find  a  good  receipt  in  our  volumt 
for  1846,  p.  461.  The  stalks  and  leaves  are  the  part  used; 
and  one  kind  of  Rhubarb  is  as  suitable  as  another.  ^ 

The  Seed  Trade:  We  have  numerous,  communications  upor^ 
this  tubject;  but  we  defer  using  them  till  another  week! 
In  the  meanwhile  we  find  it  necessary  to  observe,  tha 
although  we  are  glad  of  any  and  every /aci  that  can  be  com 
municattd  respecting  the  sale  and  lalsihcation  of  seeds 
yet  that  we  do  not  want  mere  gossip  or  surmise,  aud  tha 
pereooalities  are  hiyhly  objectionable.  We  have  no  righi 
to  question  men's  motives  or  to  inquire  into  their  privat) 
acts,  except  in  so  far  as  they  are  intimately  connected  witt 
publ'ic  transactions  ;  and  we  shall  be  obliged  by  our  corre 
sponden-e  bearing  this  in  mind, 

Teifolium  MINDS  ;  Qiiffl.  It  bears  yellow  flowers.  Itigsuitabb| 
for  mixing  with  fine  seeds  for  lawns,  where  the  soil  is  ligh 
and  exposed  to  drought  in  summer.  In  such  situations  it  ii 
quite  at  home. J  1 

Tdlip  Tree:  PS.  In  all  probability  the  bleeding  you  speak  0  ' 
will  cease  as  soon  as  the  tree  gets  into  leaf.  At  that  timtj 
dry  the  wound  by  wiping  it  and  scattering  wood  ashes  ovei  1 
it.  Then  apply  the  iollowing  mixture:  to  four  parts  0:  j 
scraped  cheese,  add  one  part  of  calcined  oyster  shells  ;  mil 
them  thoroughly,  and  squeeze  them  torciblj  upon  the  bleedinj 
wound  ;  if  the  first  attempt  fails,  try  again. 

Misc:  A  Sub.  Two  of  the  Numbers,  viz.,  37  for  1846,  and  85  fa 
184S  are  out  of  print ;  the  others  may  be  had. — Hosa.  Cydonii 
japonica  is  sometimes  grown  as  a  standard  ;  for  this  purpose 
work  it  on  the  Quince  stock,  All  the  ornamental  Cratreg 
will  succ<  ed  as  standards.}: 


I  ^'1! 


6— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


89 


SUTTON'S  RENOVATING  GRASS  SEEDS  FOR 
IMPROVING  OLD  PASTUilES.— Mnny  Old  Upland  Pas- 
turea,  Park=,  and  Meadows  are  nearly  destiiute  of  Clovers,  and 
the  finer  and  more  nutritious  sorts  of  Grasses,  in  whicb  case 
we  are  in  the  practice  o(  furnishing  such  sorts  only  aa  are 
wantiug;  if  these  seeds  are  sown  early  in  Ihe  Season,  the  im- 
provement in  the  Pasture  will  be  very  cousiderabie,  and  at  a 
small  essence.  Quantity  of  Seed  required,  S  Ibs.jnr  Acre.  Price 
J^edticed  to  IVd.  per  pound.  Carriage  free,  as  see  our  Adver- 
tisement in  page  32  of  this  Paper. 

lostructioos  on  Sowing  Grass  Seeds,  &;c.,  may  be  had  in 
return  for  one  penny  stamp — Address  Jobn  Sdtton  and  Sons, 
Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks, 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURIST  S.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

_  ONLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  loivest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Penman 
Quano  has  been  sold  by  them,  during  the  la^st  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2i  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES.— The   foUowiEg    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  60,  King  ffilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  concain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  dl.  lOs.  per  ton  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  53.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  dtc. 


FOSSIL  BONES  AND  PSEUDO  COPROLITES. 

{FBOM  THE  BDFFOLK   CKAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  icality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  noT  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conj  unction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  applicatiou  to  Edwaed  Packabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suttblk. 


rpHE  LONDON  ^MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*-  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine  :— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gjpsum,  Fiahery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricuUurai  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs, 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons  at  91.  Ids.  per  ton,  or  lor  5  tons  and  upwards, 
91. 5s.  in  Dock.— 40,  New  Bridge-street.  Blackfriars. 

Edward  Pobseb,  Sec. 


FARJIERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
the  NEW  and  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregnated  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
LoHDoN  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Fseces  being 
absorbed,  ar.d  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Biidge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
sex, at  C0«.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  Gd.  per  half  cwt. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  Garden  purposes,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Guttapercha.  It  is  exclusive'y  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  Riving  yreat 
satiafaction.  Also.  KASE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP- 
which  is  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lons per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
oat  of  order.  Price,  ol.  10s. ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  71.  7s, 
Bdegess  and  Key,  1(J3,  Newgate- street,  London. 


FOR  WARMING  GREENHOUSES 
and  BUILDINGS  of  all  kinds,  the  new  Registered 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  operation, 
free  fn  m  smell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Prit-e  SUa,— 
Stbvens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Southwark  Bridge- 
road,  London. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.—  A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES- 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  KingVroad,  Chelsea 
•  Horticultural  ArchitcctB,  Hothnuse  IJuHderB,  and  Hut- 
water  Appuratut  MiinufactarerH.  Tlio  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  llorticuitural  bulldlng«,  or  fix  Mot-water  Appa- 
ratan,  will  find  at  our  Hothouie  Works,  K\iiu'n-rna<l,  Chelhcn, 
an  extensive  variety  of  HothoUBRw,  Orei'iihonsea,  Conm^r- 
TatoricB,  Pit»,  &c.,  erected,  and  In  full  oiieratlon,  combining 
all  modem  ImprovfmenH,  bo  that  a.  lady  nr  Kcntlcman  cnn 
select  the  description  ot  Houne  bc^t  adapted  for  every  required 
porpoao. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  'which  nro  offlctont 
and  economical),  arc  particularly  wor'hy  of  iittenllcm,  and  art 
erected  In  nil  th«  Iloustn,  PltH,  Ac,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  In  constant  opt-ratlon  in  the  Ntovew. 

The  •plendld  collection  of  Stf»vo  and  Grccnhnuflo  Plants  are 
in  thf!  hlKhftdt  ntatn  of  cultivation,  ond  for  nalc  at  very  low 
prlccfl,  aUo  a  fine  colJcctloD  of  «tron(f  Orapo  VlncB  lu  potn 
from  eyft«,  alt  the  ho»it  n'.rt". 

Plan<i,  Modijld,  and  E«tlmate»i  of  Horticultural  Rull'llnKB  ; 
alio  Catalojfucx  of  Plants,  Viiiflii.  BccdA,  JUc,  forwarded  on 
appUcatioD.-~J,  Wekxs  and  Co.,  Klog't-roid,  Cbelsea,  LoodoD. 


•^HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danveis  street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

Q.  dc  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientiGc  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  Hot  by  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kinq's-eoad,  Chelsea.  —The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parte  of 
tho  United  Kingdom,  has  cauaed  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  tbiiged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  compeiition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  la.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  ins.  long,  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  231.  Gs.  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  Gins,  long.,  do.  do..  526  ft.,  30i.  13s.  8d. ;  28  ft.  Gins, 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashe3  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d,  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Biiildek,  Claeemont 
Place,  Old  Kent-road,  has  200  CDCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  all  sizes,  ready  for  in)mediate 
use.  made  of  well  seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHODSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  England. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  la  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    la  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    C4by44     ISs.  0(i, 

7  „         6  and    7.i  by  5J     1.5    0 

8  „         5  and    S    by  5j     15    0 

8  „         6  and    SJ  by  6i     17    6 

9  „         7  and  10    by  8       20    0 

12         ,,       10  and  13    by  9       20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  ia  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
BOUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  best  manufactured 

In  sizes  under  15  inches  6rf.  per  foot. 

„  „       35      , 8il,       „ 

„  „       50      , OJd.     „ 

„  „       75      , VJa.       „ 

Milk  Pans,  2(r,  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand-frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  aide  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  101)  yeors^ 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES 
GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    ETC. 

JAMES    I'HILLII'S  and  CO.  I)efi  to  hand  in  their 
priccJ*r  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Packed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


nch. 

£.  s. 

rf. 

Oby4,  (t*hy4»   . 

..     0  13 

0 

7  by  0,  7A  hy  5*   . 

..  0  16 

0 

8  hy  5,  8  bv  JJ  , 

„    V  lb 

0 

8  by  «,  8*  by  o 

.     0  17 

11 

9  by  7,  10  by  8 

..  1  0 

0 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes    not 
above  40  inches  long. 

I«uZH 'M.    toSJe?. 

21  do a^d.  tofKi. 

2«  do fjd.    to  7Vi. 

In  Crates  of  :)00  ft.,  IG  o/.«. 
to  the  loot,  '2-ld.  per  foot. 

FOKIOION  SIIKET  GTiASS.  of  very'i-uporlor  quality,  packed 
In  cafc.cR  of  2(j0  feet,  and  in  nizcH  vnrying  from  8U  by  2G  to  44  by 
;j<l  UwAtt'n,  ar.  IIHfl,   -lO*  ,  to  42a.  per  cfiHO. 

HARTLKY'S  PATCNT  QUAUUY  GLASS. 

Milk  I'ann,  from  2ii.  to  Oc  each,  I'roppiKatiiig  and  Hco  OInHBOB, 
Cucinribiir  Tub»i«,  LrictonuittrH,  Lord  Camoy'a  Mttk  HjifhoiiH, 
T11(;h  and  Hlato«,  Whhp  TrapH,  Platr;,  Crowu,  and  Ornamorital 
(iiiihp,  HIiadfH  for  OrnunieiitH,  I'crn  ShiidcB,  and  ovory  article 
III  thriTradn. 

irORTiCULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  11«,  Dishopo- 
gato-Btreet  Without, 


OELGtAN  SHEET  GLASS.— The  above  beautiful 

-L-'  Glass,  IC-os,  to  the  foot,  so  strongly  recommtnded  for 
Horticultural  puiTJoses,  can  be  procured  at  the  Snbo  Crown, 
Sheet,  and  Ornamental  Glass  WarehoURe,  26.  Soho  equare,  upon 
the  following?  Cash  terms.  Single  cases  containing  '200  feet 
each,  case  included,  21.  2a.  ;  in  parcels  of  5  cases  at  4"3.  ;  in 
parcels  of  10  Cases,  33s.  per  caao  •  orcut  to  any  given  size  at  Bd. 
per  foot. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT    FRAMES,    ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  IG-oz.  Sheet  Glass, 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  iu  biTxe^*,  coiitaiuiug  100 
square  feet  each,  atthefollowing  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes. —  Inches.  Inches.        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under     6   by   4      at       \^d.  is  £0  12     6 
From     6    by    *        „  7     ,,     5      „       2d.       „     0  16     8 

7  „     5         „  8     „     6       „       2}id,     „     0  18     9 

8  ,,     6         ,,         10     ,,     8       ,,       2/id.     „     1     0  10 
10     „     8        „         12     ,,     9       „       2id.    „     12     11 

Larger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  Inches  long. 
IG  oz.  from  3d.  to  3^d,  per  square  foot,  according  to  Bize, 
21  oz.     ,,     Z\d.  to5d.  „  ,,  ,, 

2(;oz.     „     Zkl.  to  7Ul.  ,,  ,,  ,, 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  for  H-irticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass. 

PATENT  PLATE  GLA^S.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  sash  is  required. 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  tor  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Prices,  since  the  removal  of  the  excise  duty,  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  Jaues  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
London. ^^_ 


FOUNTAINS   FOR  PLAYING   SCENTED  WATERS, 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  tmall  stream,  where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S  ^^^ -m 

IMPROVED     RAM;  mil,:-M 


Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wheels,  Bathti,  Hot- 
water  Apparatus,  Fountains,  and  Fire 
Pumps.  Towns  supplied  ffith  Gas  or  water. 
Drawings  and  Estimates  made. 

Freeman  Roe,  Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engi- 
neer, 70,  Strand,  London  ;  and  BridgeBeld,  Wandsworth. 


THERMOMETERS. 

HENRY  BAKER'S  (90,  Hatton  Garden,  London), 
List  of  Prices.  Every  i  n  si  rumen  t  maiie  bv  him  warranted 
accurate.— Vertical  Felf-registtring  THERMOMETER,  for  heat 
and  cold,  of  the  best  construction,  and  not  liable  to  get  out  of 
order,  14  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  11.  5s.  ;  in  japan  case, 
U.  Is.,  and  11  ;  10  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  11.  2s.  ■  in  japan 
case,  18s.  Horizontal  Thermometers  for  registering  the  ex- 
treme of  cold  only,  4s.  Gd. ;  Hot-bed  Thermometers,  in  oak 
frames,  11.  Is.  ;  copper  frames,  11-  5s,  Thermometers  for 
Brewing,  Baths,  «tc.,  in  copper  cases,  14  inches,  7s.  Gd.  ; 
10  inches,  5s.  fid. ;  8  inches,  4s.  tid. ;  in  japan  cases,  14  inches,  5s.; 
10  inches,  3s.  Gd.  ;  8  inches,  2s.  Gd.  Dr.  iMason's  Hygrometer, 
or  wet  bulb  Thermometer,  for  showing  the  humidity  of  the  air, 
with  tables,  ivory  scale,  11. ;  wood,  15s.  An  invaluable  instru- 
ment in  Hothouses,  Sick  Chambers,  A;c.  Wheel  Barometers 
from  li.  Is.  each,  sent,  securely  packed,  without  fear  of  gettinfj 
out  of  order. 


:m  ^gricultttrsl  @a?ette. 

SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  7,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOB  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wedkmbuat,    Feb.  ll-Aericaltural  Society  of  litiKlaad. 
THUiiaDAT.        —      12— ARriculiurHl  linp.  Soc.  nl  Ireland. 
Wbdnbeeat,     —      18— Auricmturai  Society  ofEuirlai  d. 
Thdussat,         —      19— ARricultura!  Imp.  Soc.ol  Ireland. 


The  plain  English  farmer  is  not  generally  sup- 
posed to  be  fond  of  figures — no  matter  whether  the 
term  be  understood  of  book-keepinf;  or  of  rhetoric. 
As  to  the  former,  it  is  commonly  believed  that  he  is 
far  less  diligent  than  the  tradesman  and  manu- 
facturer in  accurately  recording  and  balancing  his 
money-matters,  notwithstanding  his  predilection  for 
facts  and  dry  details  ;  in  short,  that  he  pays  less 
attention  to  farm  accounts  than  to  accounts  of  farms, 
such  as  he  reads  during  the  long  evenings  in  the 
newspapers.  As  to  the  latter,  together  with  what 
belongs  to  it,  the  farmer's  papers  and  periodicals 
usually  take  for  granted  that  their  readers  will  be 
better  pleased  with  an  endless  succession  of  dull 
particulars  of  tillage,  cropping,  feeding,  slaughtering, 
drain-piping,  double-digging,  &c.,  than  with  the  same 
items  now  and  then  embodied  in  language  tbat  shall 
be  attractive  to  the  general  reader.  And,  accord- 
ingly, these  particulars  are  seldom  accompanied  by 
elucidations  of  the  principles  from  which  the  facts 
derive  their  merit,  and  by  which  they  attract  the 
attention  of  the  educated  classes.  To  write  matter 
in  such  a  way  as  to  be  entertaining  and  instructive 
to  all  classes — landowners,  agents,  private  gentle- 
men, large  farmers,  small  plot  cultivators,  labourers, 
artisans,  &c.,  must,  of  course,  be  diflicult ;  but  muchj 
may  be  done  towards  accomplishing  the  task;  and 
much  is  already  done  when  once  the  desir-I 
ability  of  the  object  is  felt  and  acknowledged. 
With  articles  of  tlie  character  we  have  pointed  out, 
occatiionally  interspersed  among  the  scientific  essaysi 
and  farming  controversies,  whicli  occupy  a  large| 
part  of  our  agricultural  journals  and  magazines, 
our  literature  would  gain  credit  among  populai 
readers  who  now  discard  it  for  its  technicalities  am' 
its  inflexible  business  style  and  matter  ;  and  otherl 


90 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Feb.  7, 


minds  being  thus  interested  in  agricultural  specu- 
lations and  discoveries,  the  farmers'  difficulties  and 
success  would  be  better  understood  by  townspeople 
and  manufacturers,  there  would  be  both  a  justerand 
higher  appreciation  of  the  agricultural  class,  and  a 
more  general  sympathy  felt  for  them  and  their 
interests.  But  the  principal  advantage  of  such 
contributions  would  be  that  Ihey  would  greatly 
assist  in  the  work  of  agricultural  education. 
For  we  understand  by  that  term  something  more 
than  the  process  by -which  a  nian^  naturally  skilful 
in  the  art  of  eating  and  drinking  for  his  own  sup- 
port, shall  be  artificially  indoctrinated  with  the 
methods  of  preparing  meat  and  drink  for  the 
support  of  others. 

We  think  that  this  ought  to  be  kept  in  view  by 
journalists  and  authors  who  feed  the  agricultural 
mind  with  information  and  instruction.  Why  should 
not  a  space  be  allotted  among  the  columns  of 
valuable  and  indispensable  market  statistics,  farm 
memoranda,  general  correspondence,  &c.,  to  articles 
written  in  a  freer  and  more  discursive  temper,  which, 
while  treating  of  agricultural  topics,  should  branch 
out  also  into  more  general  remark  ?  Such  papers, 
of  course,  ought  not  to  trench  with  undue  propor- 
tion upon  the  scientific  essays,  balance-sheet  debates, 
agriculturaland  commercial  reports,  and  thethousand- 
fold  matters  of  consequence  belonging  to  the  theory, 
art,  and  business  of  farming,  and  to  rural  life  and 
economy  in  general ;  but  we  say  that  an  occasional 
paper  of  the  sort  we  are  advocating,  would  do 
much  to  break  our  minds  away  from  the  supreme 
love  of  treatise  and  estimate,  tough  argument,  and 
still  more  stoutly-pretentious  opinion,  and  attract  a 
larger  number  of  busy  and  inquiring  intellects 
to  the  study  of  our  especial  line  of  pursuits. 

Has  the  Agricultural  Gazette  accomplished  no 
good  result,  let  us  ask,  by  the  publication  of  the 
"Chronicles  of  a  Clay  Farm?"  wherein  not  only 
the  burrowings  and  pulverations  of  "  Talpa  "  (cun- 
ning mole!)  in  the  to-other-kind-of-workers,  incor- 
rigible subsoil,  are  most  engagingly  set  forth ;  but 
the  principles  of  all  the  greater  branches  of  hus- 
bandry are  strikingly  enunciated,  and  made  to  illus- 
trate great  general  truths  in  the  natural,  mental,  and 
moral  worlds  ?  And  what  of  the  lively  "leaders"  by  I 
"C,  W.  H."  and  other  writers,  dancing  and  playing, 
perhaps  crosswise  on  the  highway,  with  hind-leg  over 
the  trace,  to  the  amusement  and  enspiriting,  rather 
than  displacency,  of  the  coach  passengers  and  by- 
standers, and  not  at  all  betraying  any  incapacity  or 
unwillingness  for  drawing  the  vehicle  gaily  onward 
when  the  frolic  is  over  ?  It  is  true  that  some  farmers, 
who  seemingly  think  that  ideas  have  nothing  to  do 
with  newspapers,  that  facts  are  alone  required,  and 
that  every  agricultural  editor  ought  to  scare  away  in- 
truders with  the  notification,  "  no  information  ad- 
mitted except  on  hisiness" — have  declared  that  such 
articles,  in  their  opinion,  contain  very  little  useful 
or  really  new  information,  and  that  they  only 
take  up  room  which  might  be  better  occupied. 
But  the  great  majority  value  such  compositions  as 
successful  attempts  to  popularise  some  of  the  most 
important  and  fundamental  principles  of  agriculture, 
and  to  put  the  various  lessons  required  in  such  a 
forcible  way  as  to  command  the  attention  and  assent, 
and  indelibly  impress  the  memory  of  all  classes  of 
readers.  Now,  without  attempting  any  imitation  of 
these  various  papers,  we  intend  to  venture  upon  the 
pathway  thus  indicated.  We  shall  not  aim  at 
effecting  all  the  objects  we  have  pointed  out;  per- 
haps one  pen  could  scarcely  equal  the  task.  Nor 
shall  we  dare  to-  undertake  the  teaching  of  the 
higher  and  grander  doctrines  we  have  alluded  to  ; 
that  would  be  both  alFectation  and  presumption  on 
our  part.  But  we  wish  to  support  our  proper  share 
in  the  enterprise  ;  and  our  performance,  humble 
though  it  will  be,  must  be  upon  a  stage  to  which  we 
are  accustomed,  in  a  character  with  which  we  are 
„  familiar,  and  before  an  audience  in  whose  presence 
'j  we  feel  at  home.  L  A.  G. 


ON  THE  CULTIVATION  OF  CARROTS. 

[We  have  received  from  Mr.  Blundell  the  following 
paper  on  this  subject,  read  before  the  Botley  Farmers' 
Club.] 

My  object  in  bringing  before  your  notice  the  subject 

'  of  Carrot  culture  is— because  I  believe  it  to  be  one  of 
the  utmost  importance,  in  connection  with  our  system 

;  of  root  culture,  which  for  many  years  has  been  increasing 
to  a  great  extent,  and  will  no  doubt  continue  to  increase 
in  a  still  greater  ratio,  whilst  corn  continues  at  a  low 

,  and  unremunerating  price  ;  and,  I  think  I  shall  be  able 
to  show  you  that  the  Carrot  crop  is  likely  to  take  a 
prominent  position  in  root  culture  on  many  of  our  best 
soils,  because  of  their  great  value  for  feeduig  purposes 
and  certainty  of  the  crop,  whereas  the  Turnip  has 
become  more  hazardous  and  uncertain,  arising  from 
causes  over  which  we  have  little  or  no  control ;  and 

:  where  they  have  been  cultivated  for  many  years,  good 
■cropsof  Turnips  cannot  be  produced,  except  at  a  great 
expense  in  manure, — in  proof  of  which  I  take  my  own 


farm  as  an  instance  ;  for,  although  it  is  greatly  increased 
in  its  general  fertility,  yet  I  could  grow  as  good  crops 
of  Swedish  Turnips  20  years  ago  without  manure  as  I 
can  at  the  present  time  by  an  outlay  of  40s.  per  acre  iu 
arti,ficial  manures.  I  think  I  shall  be  able  to  state  my 
subject  most  advantageously  by  speaking  of  it  in  separate 
divisions  ;  I  therefore  propose, 

1.  Soil.  The  best  soil  for  Carrots  is  a  rich  deep  sand, 
yet  I  have  known  good  crops  raised  on  very  poor  sands, 
and  they  may  be  also  successfully  cultivated  on  all  dry 
soils  usually  appropriated  to  the  growth  of  Tm'nips, 
except  thin  clialk  and  shallow  gravelly  land  ;  clay  soils 
are  not  considered  well  adapted  for  the  growth  of  this 
root,  chiefly  because  it  is  difficult  to  get  them  into  good 
tilth  ;  yet  I  have  obtained  upon  some  of  the  clay 
portions  of  my  land  very  good  Carrots,  for  although  the 
roots  grew  more  out  of  ground  and  were  ill-shaped,  they 
have  proved  a  heavy  and  valuable  produce. 

2.  Rotation  of  Crops. — Like  all  other  root  crops  it  is 
of  great  importance  which  place  in  the  rotation  shall  be 
assigned  to  it.  I  have  had  excellent  crops  grown  after 
Turnips  fed  off  by  sheep,  too  late  for  sowing  Barley  ;  and 
when  a  few  acres  are  required  to  be  drawn  from  the 
land,  this  is  a  good  course  for  the  crop ;  but  the  kindest 
and  best  course  is — first  Turnips  fed  off,  sowu  to  Barley, 
after  which  to  be  autumn  tilled.  The  next  rotation  to 
which  I  must  allude,  is  the  only  one  by  which  Carrots 
can  ever  be  extensively  cultivated  without  deranging 
the  usual  fom'-com'se  system,  that  is,  by  substituting  the 
Carrot  for  the  Turnip  crop,  viz.,  Wheat,  Carrots,  Barley 
or  Oats,  Clover.  I  would  further  observe  that  this  crop 
may,  if  required,  be  grown  successively  on  the  same 
land  with  greater  advantage  than  any  other  root  crop. 

3.  Tillage. — The  finest  possible  tilth,  extended  to  the 
greatest  depth  practicable,  and  entirely  free  from  the 
roots  of  Grass  and  weeds,  is  the  most  advantageous  state 
of  the  soil  for  this  root ;  the  actual  amount  of  tillage, 
&c,,  required  will  of  course  depend  upon  the  state  of  the 
land  and  the  preceding  crop  ;  for  instance,  when  the 
Carrot  crop  is  intended  to  follow  that  of  the  Turnip  fed 
off,  the  amount  of  tillage  required  will  be  comparatively 
trifling,  the  land  having  been  previously  well  tilled  for 
the  Turnips,  one  ploughing  and  subsoiling  will  gene- 
rally prove  sufficient,  with  immediate  harrowing,  rolling, 
&c.,  which  will  give  a  fine  surface,  and  retain  sufficient 
moisture  to  vegetate  the  seed.  But  in  both  the  other 
com'ses  of  crops  alluded  to,  uamely,lCarrots  after  Barley 
or  Wheat,  autumn  tillage  is  all  importa.nt,  and  the  land 
being  generally  clean  where  the  Barley  crop  has  suc- 
ceeded the  Turnips — T  recommend  that  as  soon  as 
possible  after  harvest  the  land  should  be  ploughed  as 
deep  as  the  furrow  can  be  turned,  the  subsoil  plough 
following,  stirring  the  land  to  a  good  depth  ;  then  to  be 
harrowed  and  rolled  until  quite  fine,  and  if  the  season 
permit,  plough  and  subsoil  as  before,  crossways,  remain- 
ing in  that  state  during  the  winter  until  the  month  of 
March,  when  it  should  be  harrowed  fine,  and  ploughed 
into  ridges  of  such  size  as  the  nature  of  the  soil  may 
require,  but  the  more  level  the  land  lies  the  better,  and 
as  soon  as  the  weeds  make  their  appearance  destroy 
them  by  the  scarifier  and  harrows;  the  {, land  should 
not  be  ploughed  again  on  any  account,  but  use  the 
scarifier  and  harro^vs  a  day  or  two  before  the  time 
appointed  for  sowing.  In  case  of  the  crop  following 
that  of  Wheat,  it  often  happens  that  the  land  is  partially 
infested  with  Couch  Gx'ass  and  root  weeds,  which  should 
be  destroyed  by  the  use  of  the  scarifier  and  burnt, 
previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  course  of  tillage 
before  named. 

4.  Manure. — In  all  soils  congenial  to  the  growth  of 
Carrots,  where  a  liberal  course  of  cultivation  has  been 
pursued  for  some  years  previous,  it  may  be  said  that  the 
Carrot  does  not  require  any  manure,  a  large  and  heavy 
produce  being  almost  certain  ;  yet  I  have  found  it  do 
well  to  drill  with  the  seed  about  2  cwt.  of  superphosphate 
with  a  few  ashes,  for  the  purpose  of  forwarding  the 
young  plant  earlier  to  the  hoe,  and  in  advance  of  the 
weeds,  I  cannot  advise  the  use  of  farm-yard  manure 
for  this  crop  :  however,  in  case  of  land  being  out  of 
cultivation,  or  not  well  suited  for  its  culture,  I  would 
apply  some  artificial  manure  ;  I  think  the  best  for  the 
purpose  is  Peruvian  guano,  to  be  applied  broadcast, 
previous  to  the  last  ploughing,  as  I  have  found,  when 
harrowed  in  on  the  surface,  it  encourages  the  growth 
of  weeds,  and  causes  the  Carrot  plant  to  throw  out  an 
unusual  number  of  small  surface  roots,  which  are 
detrimental  to  its  most  profitable  growth. 

5.  Seed  and  time  of  Solving. — The  seed  should  be  quite 
new,  and  the  quantity  required  will  be  about  seven 
pounds  per  acre,  which  should  be  hand  rubbed  and 
entirely  free  from  burr  ;  it  may  then  be  drilled  by  an 
ordinary  Turnip  drill  with  the  greatest  regularity.  The 
best  time  for  sowing,  I  have  found  to  be  the  last  week 
in  April,  or  the  first  week  in  May,  at  which  time  in 
ordinary  seasons  the  seed  will  vegetate  immediately, 
which  is  essential  in  advancing  the  ptJint  out  of  the  way 
of  the  weeds,  whereas  iu  sowing  earlier,  as  formerly, 
about  the  25th  of  March,  the  weeds  grow  and  gain  the 
ascendancy  over  the  young  plants  to  such  an  extent, 
as  to  endanger  the  crop  in  wet  seasons,  and  at  all  times 
to  greatly  increase  the  cost  of  hoeing  ;  a  further  advan- 
tage of  late  sowing  will  be  found  in  the  opportunity 
aff'orded  for  completing  the  tillage,  and  the  destruction 
of  weeds. 

6.  Drilling  and  Hoeing. — Upon  shallow  soils,  the  land 
should  be  stitched  into  ridges  two  feet  apart  (drilling  a 
single  row  on  each  ridge),  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a 
greater  depth  of  soil  for  the  plauts  to  root  in,  and  in 
extreme  cases  where  land  is  unusually  subject  to  weeds, 
it  will  allow  of  the  free  use  of  the  horse-hoe.     But  upon 


all  Carrot  soils  well  tilled,  the  best  mode  I  have  found 
is  to  drill  upon  the  fiat  at  14  or  16  inches  apart,  for 
althouglx  the  horse- hoe  cannot  so  I'eadily  be  used  at  this 
distance,  because  the  weeds  should  be  hoed  out  earlyj. 
and  before  the  plant  is  large  enough  to  bear  the  horse- 
hoe,  yet  the  hand-hoe  will  be  more  effectual  at  the  nar- 
row distance,  because  the  plants  meet  across  the  di'ills 
quickly,  and  permanently  check  the  gi'owth  of  weeds 
during  the  remainder  of  the  season  ;  whereas  in  the 
wide  distance,  although  the  horse-hoe  may  be  con- 
tinually employed,  yet  there  will  be  sure  to  be  a  constant 
succession  of  weeds  springing  up,  by  reason  of  the 
Carrot  greens  not  being  able  to  meet  across  the  space,, 
until  a  late  period  in  the  season.  The  flat  hoeing  should 
be  commenced  between  the  rows  as  soon  as  the  lines  can 
be  distinctly  seen,  and  after  the  plants  have  attained  the 
height  of  five  or  six  inches,  then  use  a  four-inch  hand- 
hoe,  and  cut  the  plants  out  into  little  bunches  four  inches 
apart,  then  let  women  or  boys  follow,  and  single  out  .the 
bunches,  leaving  the  strongest  plant  ;  only  one  more 
hoeing  will  then  be  required  if  the  season  has  been 
favourable  ;  a  few  tall  weeds  may  arise  during  the 
summer,  which,  with  the  plants  that  may  have  run  up 
for  seed,  should  be  hand  pulled.  I  estimate  the  cost  of 
these  operations  as  follow  : — First  hoeing  65.  per  acre, 
singling7s.  do., last  hoeing 55.  do.,  and  weediug2s.  per  acre. 
7.  Talcing  up  and  StoHng. — The  usual  time  of  taking 
up  the  crop  is  during  the  months  of  October  and  No- 
vember, but  in  case  of  growing  them  to  any  considerable 
extent,  it  w^onld  answer  the  pm-pose  to  commence  some- 
what earlier,  for  although  the  root  might  be  in  a  growing 
state,  yet  such  is  the  value  of  the  Greens  whilst  in  fuli 
growth,  that  a  portion  of  the  root  might  be  sacrificed 
in  order  that  a  heavy  crop  of  Greens  may  be  used  for 
feeding  at  an  earlier  period.  The  lifting  the  crop^liould 
be  performed  with  a  strong  three  grained  prong,  inserted 
at  the  side  of  the  plant,  pressing  the  prong  obliquely 
with  one  hand,  and  pulling  the  Greens  perpendicu- 
larly with  the  other.  The  mode  of  storing  the  roots 
must  in  a  great  measure  depend  upon  the  use  to  be 
made  of  them  ;  when  required  for  the  feeding  of  horses, 
cows,  pigs,  ^c,  they  may  be  well  kept  by  placing  in  a 
continuous  heap,  about  4  feet  wide  at  bottom,  carried 
up  to  a  point,  and  thatched  with  straw,  with  a  little 
covering  of  earth,  leaving  a  small  portion  of  thatch 
bare  at  the  top  to  prevent  heating  ;  for  although  frost; 
will  not  rot  them  like  Mangold  Wurzel  or  Potatoes,  yet 
they  lose  a  portion  of  their  nutrition  after  being  frozen  ; 
in  case  of  storing  for  sheep  in  open  field  feeding,  the 
best  plan  would  be  to  pit  them  upon  the  land,  in  the 
same  manner  as  is  often  adopted  with  the  Swedish 
Turnip  ;  but  in  this  crop  this  mode  is  especially  re- 
quired, because  hares  and  rabbits  are  so  remarkably 
fond  of  this  root,  that  great  depredation  would  be  com- 
mitted if  notcovered  with  earth.  Whenrequu'ed  tobekept 
until  late  in  the  spring,  let  the  heaps  be  carefully  tm*ned 
over,  and  the  sprouted  Greens  rubbed  off;  in  this  w&y 
they  may  be  preserved  for  use  full  of  nutrition,  until  an 
advanced  period  of  the  season. 

8.  The  Application  of  the  Crop. —In  my  own  experi- 
ence I  have  found  them  very  valuable  food  for  fatting 
early  lambs,  and  my  two  years'  experiments  upon  it 
form  the  subject  of  an  essay,  for  which  I  received  a 
premium  at  the  Fareham  agricultural  meeting  in 
September  last,  wherein  I  have  shown  a  saving  of  one- 
half  the  cost  of  oil-cake  and  corn,  by  the  use  of  the 
white  Carrot,  as  compared  with  former  seasons  whilst 
feeding  on  Swedish  Turnips.  I  hvive  found  during  two 
seasons,  that  cows,  wdiilst  feeding  on  Carrots,  did  not 
make  so  good  butter  as  when  feeding  on  Swedish 
Turnip,  that  made  from  the  Carrot  being  pale  in  coloui' 
and  insipid  in  flavour.  I  have  not  used  Carrots  for 
feeding  farm  horses  to  such  a  sufficient  extent  as  to  speak 
positively  upon  the  subject,  but  I  have  noticed  well 
authenticated  facts  of  their  having  been  used  for  this 
purpose  in  several  counties,  Suffolk  in  particular,  as  fai' 
back  as  the  year  1775,  where  Carrots  formed  a  part  of 
the  regular  weekly  allowance  upon  some  farms,  five 
bushels  or  2.',  cwt.  being  substituted  for  one  bushel  of 
Oats,  more, recent  experience  shows  about  the  same 
proportionate  value,  and  it  is  also  found  by  some  a 
most  excelled  food  for  young  colts  whilst  kept  in  yard 
during  the  winter  months.  As  a  food  for  fattening 
oxeUj  they  are  said  to  be  very  good,  as  also  for  fatting 
sheep;  in  order  to  decide  this  point,  I  am  now  ex- 
perimenting upon  it  ;  and  in  feeding  store  pigs,  I  have 
found  them  the  most  desirable  root,  having  used  them 
for  four  years  past. 

9th.  The  Comparative  Value  of  the  Crop. — I  will  now 
endeavour  to  make  a  comparative  estimate  of  the  cost  of 
production  and  value  between  this  root  and  the  Swedish 
Turnip,  believing  that  if  it  fail  to  give  an  increased 
value  in  produce  above  that  root  its  cultivation  will  not 
extend  materially  ;  supposing  the  laud  to  be  clean,  I 
propose  as  the  tillage  for- 

1  Acre  of  Swedes. 

4  ploughing?,  93 £1  16 

G  drafigintis.  Od 0     4 

6  roUin-E.  9d 0    4 


12  harrowings,  bd.  ...  0     5  0 

SeeaSlbs  ,  Is 0     3  0 

Miinure,  2J  cwt.  su- 
perphosphate      0  17  6 

1  qr.  boneB,  fine    0  18  0 

25  bu&h.  asheB,  cart- 
ing, &,c 0     6  0 

Drilling  0     2  0 

2  hoeings    0    9  0 

Horse-hoeing    0     3  0 

Palling,  stacliiog,  &c  0    9  0 

£5  17  6 


1  Acre  of  Carrots. 

2ploughings £1  0 

2  subBoil  ditto,  10s....  1  0 

6  draggingg,  9d 0  4 

SroUings,  9d 0  4 

12  harruwings,  5ti.  ...  0  ^^5 

1  scaritjing,  ■,..  :0  4 

Manure,  2  cwt.  super- 

phoBpbate .,  0  14 

20  bush,  ashen,  cart- 
ing, &,G 0  4 

7  setd,  2s 0  7 

Drilling 0  2 

Hoeing  and  wee'ding  1  0 

Lifting  and  pitting  ...  1  G 


6  11    D 
5  17     6- 


6—1852. 1 


rTHE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


91 


The  above  estimate  shows  the  entire  cost  of  protluc- 
tion,  and  storing  for  use,  tlie  balance  in  favour  of  the 
Swedes,  }$s.  6d.^  and  I  estimate  the  feeding  value  on 
the  land  of  a  good  crop  of  Swedes  and  Carrots  as  under — 

Produce  of  1  Ao-e  of  Swedes. 
20  tons,  at  Gs,  per  ton  £G     0     0 
24  tons  tops,  at  23.  ...    0    5    0 
Balance    in  cost    ot 

prod  action  brought 

forward 0  13    6 


Produce  of  I  Acre  of  Carrots. 
25  tons,  at  7s.  per  toQ  £8  15    0 
G  tons  tops,  at  33 0  IS    0 

9  13     0 
G  18     6 

Balance  in  favour  of 

Carrots   £2  U     G 


£Q  IS     6 

The  balance  in  favoiu'  of  Carrots,  21.  I -is.  Gd.  per  acre, 
for  feeding  sheep  on  the  land,  I  consider  fair,  my 
estimate  of  the  feeding  value  being  on  one-sixth  in 
favour  of  Carrots,  it  is  therefore  not  at  all  in  unison  with 
the  chemical  analysis  given  by  Professor  Johnston, 
which  gives  rather  more  than  one-third  in  favour  of 
Carrots,  stating  the  per  centage  of  solid  or  nutritions 
matter,  at  20  in  Carrots,  and  at  12  in  the  Swede,  but  I 
am  of  opinion  that  a  correct  estimate  cannot  be  found 
of  their  relative  value  until  further  experiraeuts  in 
feeding  have  been  gone  into.  I  believe,  however,  there 
is  a  further  value  by  improvement  of  the  land,  first  by 
deepening  the  soil,  in  cultivating  and  digging  the  crop, 
and  also  an  extra  value  left  in  the  land,  by  consuming 
a  crop  in  excess  of  the  Swedish  Turnips.  In  conclusion, 
it  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  importiince  of  this  crop, 
which,  after  paying  for  deep  tillage  and  clean  cultivation, 
yields  a  large  amount  of  produce  for  the  consumption 
of  live  stock,  and  returning^a  great  quantity  of  the  best 
manure,  entitles  it  to  be  considered  superior  to  most 
other  root  production  with  which  we  are  acquainted  ; 
and  the  circumstance  of  being  able  to  feed  or  fatten  all 
the  live  stock  of  the  farm,  with  a  crop  which  requires 
only  a  limited  outlay  for  manure,  is  at  once  pecuhar  and 
decisive,  and  is  calculated  to  excite  some  degree  of 
wonder  that  the  cultivation  has  not  been  more  extensive, 
for  although  its  use  has  been  known  for  many  years,  yet 
its  cultivation  has  been  confined  to  a  few  particular 
districts.  /.  Blimdell. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Cochin  China  Fowls. — Observing,  in  a  late  Number, 
some  remarks  by  Mr.  Baily,  of  Mount-street,  relative  to 
Cochin  China  fowls,  he  will,  I  hope,  permit  me  to 
correct  what  I  conceive  to  be  a  misstatement  respecting 
the  white  variety  of  that  breed.  He  says  : — "  The 
white  were  imported  as  a  distinct  breed,  and  I  am  disposed 
to  consider  them  as  such,  seeing  that  they  produce 
none  but  white  chickens."  Mi*.  Baily'couldnot,  I  think, 
have  noticed  a  letter  some  months  ago  of  mine  on  this 
subject,  wherein  I  stated  that  the  large  stock  of  white 
Cochin  China  of  Mr.  E.  Herbert  were  bred  from  a  cock 
and  hen  of  dark  colom's,  and  what  I  dwelt  upon  in  that 
communication  as  singular  and  uncommon,  compared 
with  other  breeds,  was,  that  they  should  retain  their 
pure  white  colour,  though  intermixed  with  dark  fowls 
exactly  bred  alike,  and  it  would  be  an  interesting  fact 
to  ascertain,  as  Mr.  Herbert  sold  a  cock  of  the  pure 
white  at  the  Birmingham  show  to  a  successful  breeder 
of  the  other  most  esteemed  variety — the  cinnamon 
colour — whether  by  an  admixture  with  them,  a  plumage 
blended  with  white  would  be  obtained  in  the  progeny — 
that  not  having  been  the  result  in  Mr.  Herbert's  expe- 
rience. E.  F.  W. 

Ar/ricidture. — How  is  it  to  be  accounted  for  that  men 
are  now  enquiring  after  knowledge  like  babes,  and 
disputing  like  boy.s,aboutcnltivatingtheground?  Perhaps 
because  new  men  are  always  coming  forth,  trusting  more 
to  their  own  than  experience  of  others.  I  remember 
before  I  left  Norfolk,  more  than  30  years  ago,  working 
amongst  farmers  when  a  boy,  that  a  Mr.  Garrard  planted 
three  acres  of  Wheat,  side  by  side,  one  sown  and  the 
other  ^drilled,  the  third  hand  dibbled.  The  last  of  the 
three  was  most  most  prolific  and  abundant.  My  father, 
who  had  nearly  an  acre  of  land,  was  accustomed  to  sow 
part  with  Hemp,  as  affording  employment  in  the  winter 
for  spinners,  and  he  showed  me  one  time  how  strong 
and  healthy  it  was  ;  he  added  he  had  put  the  night 
manure  upon  it.  Hints  like  these  may  be  instructive. 
But  is  there  not  in  tliat  old-fashioned  book  which  declares 
that  One  made  the  earth  and  all  things  that  grow  upon 
it,  the  most  important  information,  even  on  agriculture, 
of  any  book  under  the  sun,  and  is  it  not  there  said  that 
Isaac  sowed  in  that  land,  and  received  in  the  same  year 
a  hundred-fold,  and  the  Lord  blessed  him.  "  Honour 
the  Lord  God,  so  shall  thy  barns  be  filled  with  plenty, 
and  thy  presses  burst  out  with  new  wine."  0.  T. 

S/toH  .StravKft  WhmL—A.  passage  in  your  paper  of  the 
17th  inst.  says  •— "The  Golden  Drop  is  shorter  in  the 
straw  than  Pipcr'H  Thickset,"  I  reply  to  your  Maldon 
correspondent, that  Piper'sThickset  Ih  from  0  to  1 2  inches 
shorter  in  the  straw  than  the  Goldt-n  Drop — if  by  that 
name  ho  means  tho  same  sort  that  1  do.  i  have  never 
seen  a  shorter  sort  than  Piper's  Thickset.  J.  D.  Fiper. 
[Not  have  we,] 

Devomhir^,  Dairy  Mamf-fjcmmL — As  I  sco  in  the  Oar- 
dentrs'  Chrf/nick  that  one  of  your  readers  requests  in- 
formation with  regard  to  the  Devonshire  system  of 
dairy  keeping,  I  am  willing  to  afford  tho  benefit  of  many 
years'  experience  for  his  advantage,  having  myself  intro- 
duced it  into  this  part  of  tho  country.  As  a  marketable 
produce,  1  feci  convhiccd  It  would  never  succeed  in  tho 
north,  as  the  farmers  do  not  see  enough  for  their  money, 
aa  the  bulk  in  appearance  is  considerably  diniiniMlied  by 
its  solidity.  With  rowpect  to  the  apjjaratUH,  tin  veHnels 
answer  tlio  best  for  scalding  the  milk  ;  they  iorni  a 
better  reHiHtniice  than  pottery  to  tlie  lieat  of  the  slove. 
Tho  scalding  must   at   least  be  continued  for   three- 


quarters  of  au  hour,  till  yon  cau  no  longer  bear  your  1 
finger  in  it,  and  rapping  the  vessels  with  the  knuckles 
will  produce  a  dull  heavy  sound  ;  it  is  then  ready  for 
removal.  After  remaining  12  hours  in  the  dairy  to  cool, 
the  cream  may  be  collected  by  a  skimmer,  and  kept  for 
several  days,  or  in  winter  for  a  weelt,  without  turning 
sour  ;  it  must  be  then  well  flapped  (as  the  dairy-maid 
calls  it),  for  about  10  minutes — sometimes  five  are  suf- 
ficient— of  course  depending  upon  the  weather,  in  a 
small  wooden  tub.  1  have  four  cows,  only  one  of  which 
is  in  full  milk";  and  by  this  process  the  dairy  maid,  after 
supplying  my  family  of  17  with  abundance  of  milk  and 
cream,  can  make  17  lbs.  of  butter  every  week.  She  says 
it  is  an  immense  saving  both  in  time  and  labour  ;  the 
butter  is  much  richer,  and  keeps  longer  without  turning 
sour  than  any  other  kind.  I  shall  be  glad  to  answer 
any  further  questions  that  may  be  given  in  your  paper 
on  this  subject,  and  hope  that  these  few  directions  may 
prove  useful.  I  find  that  I  have  not  mentioned  that 
the  more  shallow  the  vessels  are  in  which  the  mill;  is 
scalded,  the  better  and  the  more  the  cream  will  rise  ; 
eight  quarts  is  abundantly  sufficient  to  each  pan,  spread 
over  as  large  a  surface]  hs  the  stove  or  hot  hearth  will 
allow,  admitting  of  the  depth  of  from  3  to  4  inches. 
Sarah  H.,  Westmoreland. 

The  Cidtivation  of  the  Carrot. — The  irregularity  and 
patchiness  of  crops  of  Carrots  and  Mangold  appeared  to 
me  to  be  very  general  ;  I  had  heard  this  variously  ac- 
counted .  for,  but  I  suspected  the  main  cause  to  be  an 
irregular  distribution  of  seed,  either  superficially  or  in 
depth  in  the  soil.  As  seed  time  is  approaching,  it  may 
interest  some  of  your  readers  to  learn  the  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding we  adopted  last  season,  and  the  result.  We 
obtained  Carrot  seed  sufficient  to  sow  four  acres,  and 
mixed  it  with  a  liberal  supply  of  turf  ashes  until  the 
seeds  were  well  separated,  when  the  mass  was  freely 
sprinkled  with  water  and  turned  over.  The  turning  and 
mixing  was  repeated  daily  for  a  week,  with  a  slight 
watering  on  the  second  and  fourth  days  ;  the  seeds  were 
thus  thoroughly  separated,  and  in  a  state  to  run  freely 
and  regularly  through  the  drill.  The  land  was  then 
made  firm  by  rolling,  in  order  that  the  seed  should  be 
deposited  as  nearly  as  possible  at  an  equal  depth,  and  also 
near  the  surface.  The  seed^was  drilled  in  rows  18  inches 
apart,  and  there  followed  an  abundant  and  very  regular 
plant  over  the  entire  surface.  After  horse-hoeing,  the  crop 
was  hand-weeded,  with  the  intention  of  leaving  the  plants 
four  inches  apart  in  the  rows  at  maturity  ;  but  the 
ground  being  at  the  time  rather  too  dry  to  admit  of  the 
roots  coming  up  freely,  the  tr  p  only  was  pulled  off  in 
many  cases,  leaving  the  root  in  the  ground,  which  formed 
a  new  head,  and  the  root  consequently  continued  grow- 
ing, wdiich  we  did  not  discover  till  we  commenced  dig- 
ging, when  the  roots  were  much  closer  than  we  had 
intended,  over  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  ground. 
Before  the  end  of  August  the  rows  were  nearly  oblite- 
rated, and  in  September  the  four  acres  presented  one 
dense  mass  of  dark  green  foliage,  without  an  uncovered 
spot,  wliich  continued  to  the  harvesting  of  the  crop  in 
October.  Having  harvested  our  Carrot  crop,  which 
was  a  fair  one  the  preceding  year,  at  15,"!.  per  acre,  we 
offered  20s.  this  season,  seeing  the  crop  was  a  heavy 
one.  It  was  soon  apparent  that  good  men  could  hardly 
earn  a  shilling  a  day  at  thatrate,  and  we  increased  the  price 
to  3I5.  6rf. ;  and  I  am  satisfied  the  men  did  not  earn  at  that 
rate  more  than  \s.  6d.  a  day,  the  roots  were  so  much  more 
numerous  than  usual,  from  the  cause  I  have  mentioned. 
The  roots  when  topped  were  all  hauled  home — the  number 
of  loads  set  down,  which  were  as  uniform  as  they  could 
be  made.  Seven  loads  were  at  different  times  led  to  the 
weighing  machinCj  and  the  entire  weight  of  the  seven 
loads  were  divided  by  seven  to  get  at  an  average  weight 
of  the  loads,  and  the  result  was  a  total  weight  of  31 
tons  1  cwt.  per  acre  of  roots,  and  8  i  tons  of  tops.  The 
latter  were  left  in  heaps,  and  were  not  carried  for  a  long 
time  after  they  were  cut,  and  consequently  had  lost 
weight  considerably.*^  The  Mangold  Wurzel  seed  was 
treated  to  some  extent  in  the  same  way,  but  not  with  so 
much  manipulation  and  care  ;  nor  was  the  soil  in  so 
favourable  a  condition  for  the  reception  of  the  seed. 
This,  and  long  continued  dry  weather,  which  is  un- 
favourable to  sprouted  seed,  kept  the  seed  so  long  in 
the  ground  that  we  considei-ed  it  must  have  perished  ; 
and  we  provided  fresh  seed,  and  were  about  to  sow  the 
ground  again,  when,  on  a  close  inspection,  on  removing 
the  earth  in  various  places,  the  seed  was  discovered  to 
be  in  a  state  of  vegetation.  It  was  not  fully  up  under 
eight  weeks  from  the  time  of  sowing,  which  was,  no 
doubt,  attributable  to  its  being  deposited  too  deep  in 
consequence  of  the  weather  not  having  permitted  suffi- 
cient consolidation  of  the  soil  before  sowing.  The  plant, 
however,  was  as  abundant  and  regular  as  the  Carrots, 
witli  the  exception  of  two  or  three  rows  which  had  been 
missed  altogether  by  tlie  driver.  The  enrly  check  was 
never  recovered  ;  and  though  the  crop  was  entire,  tho 
yield  ofroots  over  1  i  acres  averaged  only  21  tons  per  acre 
when  led  from  tho  land.  These  results  clearly  indicate 
the  advantage  of  careful  preparation  of  the  seed  in  tho 
mode  suggested — consolidation  of  tho  ground  sufiiciently 
to  secure  its  deposit  at  equal  depths,  and  very  near  the 
surface,  whicli  are  further  secured  by  removing  all  tho 
weights  off  the  levers  of  tho  drill.  We  adopted  tlio 
same  mode  of  sowing  our  Swedes  and  Turnips  last 
season,  witli  tho  exception  of  tho  mixing  and  wetting 
tho  seed,  with  similar  success,  6'.  Lawrciicc. 

AnEfftiCtuat  Mc(li/jd  ioprcvmi  MUklaHllnf/  of  Turnips. 
— As  soon  OS  tlio  milk  is  brought  into  tho  dairy  (warm 


•  Tho  land  flown  with  CarrotH  hud  boon  nmimrod  tho  pro- 
tIuijpi  fiiitumti  tvlth  10  onu-hornp  carts  of  fvcah  dunfft  'prcnd 
and  plouijhcd  In  hiiinvdiutcly. 


from  the  cows),  pour  into  it,  in  the  proportion  of  half  a 
pint  of  boiling  water,  to  a  gallon  of  milk  ;  cover  it  over 
with  a  cloth,  four  times  doidiled,  for  half  an  hour  ;  then 
strain  and  pour  it  into  milk  dishes  to  stand  for  cream, 
N.B.  I  have  never  known  this  receipt  fail,  unless  tho 
dairy-maid  put  a  wooden  cover  over  the  milk-pail  in- 
stead of  a  cloth,  which  absorbs  the  steam,  and  entirely 
removes  any  unpleasant  taste,  even  when  the  cows  are 
fed  on  yellow  Turnips  and  straw,  which  makes  the  butter 
require  no  colouring  of  Carrot,  and  have  the  appear- 
ance of  summer  butter.  B. 

Inundated  Land,  —  In  your  last  week*s  Gazette  a 
correspondent  invites  suggestions  as  to  the  beet  and 
quickest  mode  of  getting  rid  of  the  injurious  effects  o£ 
salt  on  land  that  has  been  inundated  by  the  sea.  Residing 
very  near  the  sea,  I  have  had  several  practical  and 
unpleasant  proofs  that  the  soil  is  incapable  of  retaining 
salt  from  water  passing  through  it,  in  the  fact  that  two 
of  my  wells,  situated  near  the  sea,  become  impregnated 
with  salt  water  several  times  every  year,  when  the  tides 
become  unusually  high.  The  fact,  too,  has  also  been 
well  shown  by  Professor  Way's  experiments.  Allow 
me,  therefore,  to  suggest  as  a  pretty  certaui  method  of 
uusalting  laud,  to  uuderdrain  the  same  in  such  mannei* 
that  the  rain-water  shall  be  compelled  to  pass  through 
it  and  escape  by  the  drains.  It  is  evident  that  the  soil 
nearest  the  surface  will  first  receive  the  benefit,  and  the 
process  would  be  assisted  by  the  land  being  laid  down 
to  pasture  for  some  years,  as  this  would  prevent  the 
necessity  of  ploughing,  to  which  your  correspondent 
very  properly  objects  ;  and  also  in  the  state  of  pasture- 
the  land  could  readily  imbibe  all  the  rain  that  may  fall,, 
without  the  necessity  of  allowing  any  to  escape  by 
surface  draining.   W.  C.  S. 

Gold  and  Indmiry. — How  far  an  influx  of  gold  would 
affect  prices,  and  to  what  extent  such  influx  may  be 
anticipated  to  result  from  the  discovery  and  exploration 
of  the  gold  fields  in  California  and  Australia,  must  to 
some  extent,  at  least,  be  a  matter  of  speculation  for  the 
present.  In  your  leader  of  a  late  week,  you  incline  to  the- 
opinion  that  gold  will  not  be  found  in  quantity  sufficient 
to  induce  higher  prices,  and  that  is  not  desirable  for  the 
interest  of  the  industrial  classes  of  the  country  that  it 
should  be  so.  Perhaps  you  will  permit  an  old  subscriber 
to  join  issue  with  you  on  these  points.  The  prediction& 
of  the  most  learned  geologists  as  to  the  strata  in  which 
alone  gold  would  be  found,  and  also  'jn  reference  to  its 
general  scarcity,  have  already  been  falsified  by  facts 
now  well  authenticated.  And  if  ],5,000,00cV.  of  gold 
were  found  in  California  in  1 851,  under  the  rude  system 
hitherto  in  operation  in  that  region,  surely  now  thafi 
Australia  is  found  to  be  equally  rich  in  the  precious 
metal,  and  the  energy  and  science  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race 
will  be  brought  to  bear  on  the  several  fields  of  mineral 
wealth,  for  the  first  time  in  the  world's  history,  disclosed 
to  human  enterprise,  it  is  not  too  much  to  assert  that 
30,000,OOOZ.  per  annum  will  be  the  yield  of  gold  foi' 
some  years  to  come.  I  will  not  for  the  present  argue 
the  question,  how  far  a  general  rise  of  prices  might 
operate  advantageously  or  otherwise  on  the  ordinary 
relations  in  agriculture  and  commerce,  but  shall  confine 
myself  to  its  efiect  as  between  the  industrial  classea 
and  the  public  creditor.  The  fact,  that  the  industry 
of  the  country  has  somewhere  about  27,000,000/.  per 
annum  dead  weight  on  its  shoulders,  must  not  be  losti 
sight  of.  We  have  fulfilled  our  obligations  to  the 
national  creditor  under  circumstances  of  great  difficultyj, 
and  God  forbid  that  the  time  should  ever  come  when 
we  are  unable  or  unwilling  to  do  so.  A  greater  cata- 
strophe could  not  occur  in  a  commercial  country  than 
a  national  bankruptcy  :  yet  many  intelligent  and  ex- 
perienced men  have  thought  such  an  event  more  than 
probable  under  a  continued  range  of  low  prices.  Yon 
say  some  dreamers  in  their  distempered  fancy,  and 
under  the  influence  of  golden  visions,  picture  to  them- 
selves Wheat  at  120s.  a  quarter  once  again  ;  and  as 
protection  is  not  now  the  charm,  but  gold,  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  that  the  rise  in  the  price  of  Wheat,  if 
it  should  occur,  may  be  expected  to  accompany  a  gene- 
ral rise  in  the  various  productions  of  industry,  and  in 
the  price  of  labour,  the  raw  material  itself.  To  illus- 
trate the  matter,  therefore,  let  us  pay  the  interest  of  the 
national  debt  in  Wheat  at  40s.  per  quarter,  the  public 
creditor  will  receive  the  exchangeable  value  of  13,500,000 
quarters  of  Wheat ;  but  let  Wiieat  be  at  120s.  pel? 
quarter,  and  4,500,000  quarters  of  Wheat  will  realise 
the  interest  of  the  debt.  The  fundholder  must  remem- 
ber that  the  standard  of  value  has  been  fixed  in  gold,, 
and  tho  currency  restricted  for  his  protection  at  a  time 
when  gold  was  scarce  and  year  by  year  increasing  in 
scarcity.  The  bargain  was  struck  and  has  been  ob- 
served by  the  nation, — and  this,  notwithstanding  tho 
depreciation  in  the  value  of  the  products  of  industry 
attendant  on  free  trade,  a  legislative  act ;  and  should 
gold,  from  natural  causes,  become  depreciated  in  value, 
and  fall  even  to  the  worth  of  silver,  ounce  per  ounce, 
tho  fundholder  must  bo  content  with  his  bond.  Other 
great  interests  iu  the  country  have  suffered  by  unfore- 
seen events,  and  the  fundholder  cannot  bo  exempted 
from  the  common  lot  of  humanity.  11.  F.  W. 

Liquid  Manure  Deodorisers. — In  reply  to  the  query 
of  your  correspondent  "Ammonia,"  ,in  a  late  number 
of  tho  A  (jrlcuttural  Qazcttc,  there  are  various  substances 
that  will  remove  tho  oft'ensivo  odour  complained  of  by 
him,  such  as  sulphate  of  iron,  nitrate  of  zinc,  chloride  of 
limo,  iScc,  which,  by  being  dissolved  in  water  and  stirred 
in  with  tho  contonts  of  tho  well,  will  not  at  all  interfere 
with  tho  pumping  out  of  tho  liquid  ;  and,  if  not  used  ha 
too  largo  a  quantity,  which  must  bo  regulated  according 
to  circumslances,  and  may,  in  a  groat  measure, be  deter- 


92 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


Feb.  7, 


mined  by  the  test  of  the  nasal  faculty,  do  little  or  no 
hai'in  to  the  manure  when  applied  to  the  land,  while 
they  possess  the  advantage  of  fixing  the  ammonia 
tlierein.  But  should  a  doubt  be  entertained  as  to  the 
correctness  of  such  really  proving  unhurtful,  a  piece  of 
board,  with  a  good  allowance  of  dry  chloride  of  lime,  in 
proportion  to  the  dimensions  of  the  well,  spread  upon  it, 
and  suspended  therein,  close  to  the  surface  of  the  liquid 
from  a  bar  fixed  across  the  orifice,  and  the  atmospheric 
air  kept  excluded  by  a  covering,  for  a  few  days  previous 
to  pumping,  the  objectionable  effluvia  will,  if  not 
entirely  destroyed,  at  all  events  be  found  to  occasion 
little  annoyance,  and  no  injury  whatever  be  produced  to 
the  manure.  This  is  the  plan  I  myself  adopt,  and  find 
it  most  satisfactory.  If,  however,  the  liquid  has  remained 
long  in  the  well,  it  may  be  necessary  to  repeat  the 
operation  ;  that  is  to  say,  put  a  fresh  supply  of  the 
chloride  of  lime  on  the  board,  several  times,  at  intervals 
of  three  or  four  days  for  instance,  befoz'e  the  desired 
effect  can  be  obtained.  In  France,  sulphate  of  iron  is 
employed  very  extensively  in  the  preparation  of 
"  poudrette,"  as  well  as  other  artificial  manures  con- 
taining animal  matter,  and  is  there  considered  to  be 
beneficial  instead  of  injurious  to  vegetation,  and  from  the 
few  practical  trials  I  have  made  with  it,  I  am  inclined 
to  be  of  the  same  opinion,  particularly  in  regard  to 
Potatoes  and  Grass,  applied  in  the  form  of  a  weak 
solution.  But  I  mean  to  put  its  effects  to  a  further 
proof  next  season  before  I  form  a  definite  opinion  of  its 
merits.  Nitrate  of  zinc,  I  should  imagine,  must  be 
detrimental,  but  chloride  of  lime,  used  in  moderate 
quantity,  has  been  proved  by  various  agriculturists  to  be 
attended  with  advantage.    W.  D-  S. 

An  Account  of  a  Large  Crop  of  Wheat — -A  two-acre 
field  of  glebe  in  my  occupation  was  drilled  with  Wheat 
at  the  rate  of  six  pecks  of  seed  per  acre,  in  October, 
1850.  Immediately  before  sowing,  two  chaldrons  of 
Ume,  and  one  ton  of  salt,  which  had  been  mixed  together 
two  months  previously,  were  harrowed  in.  The  rows  were 
8  inches  apart.  The  land  was  thrice  hoed  in  the  spring 
of  1851,  with  Dr.  Newington's  hand-row  cultivator. 
Up  to  the  middle  of  July  the  Wheat  looked  remarkably 
promising  ;  but  about  that  time,  some  high  winds,  with 
heavy  rain,  laid  half  the  field  quite  flat,  and  the  birds 
destroyed  a  great  deal.  I  have  just  threshed  the  crop, 
and  the  produce  is  as  follows: — 12  quarters  of  best 
Wheat  ;  2  quarters  of  small,  weighing  59^  lbs.  per 
bushel  ;  and  3  bushels  of  offal,  or  115  bushels  in  all.  I 
Uave  sold  tho 


12  quarterfl,  at  185.  Gd.  per  coomb 

2  quarter3  of  amall  

3  bushels  of  offal 


Total  value  of  crop      £25  11    6 

J.  L.  5.,  Edlngthorpe  Rectory,  Norfolh. 

Tiirnijyy  Butter. — The  simplest  and  most  convenient 
preventative  against  this  taint,  and  one  to  the  efficacy 
of  which  I  can  speak  from  daily  experience,  is  to  let 
your  cows  have  their  feed  of  Turnips  immediately  after 
being  milked,  and  at  no  other  time.  B.  B.  B. 

Cultivation  of  Flax  in  Britain Enhanced  importance 

has  been  attached  to  this  subject  by  the  articles  upon  it 
in  the  Journal  of  the  English  Agricultural  Society  ;  to 
the  one  particularly,  which  is  found  in  No.  27,  lately 
published,  commencing  page  235,  on  "Clausfsen's  Flax 
Culture."  In  taking  a  cm-sory  glance  at  its  prominent 
features,  there  will  be  no  attempt  made  to  describe  the 
modes  of  culture — those  belong  to  practical  agriculture  ; 
but  there  are  several  points,  purely  theoretical,  which 
appear  to  require  serious  investigation.  However  de- 
sirable it  may  be  to  produce  Flax  at  home,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  vastly  increased  demand  for  cotton, 
amounting  at  the  present  time  to  "770  millions  of 
pounds,  or  upwards  of  1000  tons  per  day  ;"  especially, 
as  by  the  process  hereafter  to  be  described,  the  Flax 
fibre  attains  not  only  the  texture  but  the  pure  white 
colour  of  cotton  j  yet  "  among  agriculturists  there  exists 
very  generally  a  strong  prejudice  against  the  cultivation 
of  the  crop,  founded  mainly  upon  the  opinion  of  its 
exhaustive  character,  and  the  great  difficulty  of  bringing 
the  Flax  into  a  suitable  condition  for  the  market."  Tliis 
difficulty  has  been  met  and  obviated  by  the  discoveries 
of  the  Chevalier  Claussen,  and  therefore  we  pass  it  by 
for  the  present  ;  but  a  few  words  upon  the  former  objec- 
tion will  not  be  irrelevant.  By  the  exhaustion  of  land  is 
implied  a  condition  so  altered  by  the  too  frequent  repe- 
tition of  any  individual  crop,  as  to  render  it  incapable  of 
producing  that  crop  in  any  degree  of  perfection.  Wiiile 
we  admit  the  factas  undeniable,  that  soil  of  any  descrip- 
tion may  by  such  cropping  be  rendered  as  it  were  ste- 
rile, the  following  questions  are  suggested  :  How  and  in 
what  sense  is  it  exhausted,  and  has  it  sustained  any  loss 
of  weight  or  substance?  or,  has  any  material  change 
in  its  mineral  ingredients  been  effected,  either  as  respects 
quantity  or  quality  ?  As  to  the  former,  it  stands  upon 
ti'ustworthy  record  that  a  Willow  tree  was  grown  in  an 
earthen  vessel  in  the  same  soil,  watered  with  distilled  or 
rain  water  only,  without  any  manuring  matter,  or  the 
accession  of  a  particle  of  fresh  earth,  and  yet,  at  the  end 
of  five  years,  when  the  Willow  was  taken  up,  its  weight, 
together  with  that  of  the  leaves,  was  found  to  have  in- 
creased 119^1bs.,  while  that  of  the  earth  was  decreased 
only  to  the  extent  of  two  ounces.  Cliemical  analysis  of 
soils,J  conducted  upon  the  modern  and  most  refined 
prmciples,  will  neither  throw  much  light  upon  the  tlieory 
of  exhaustion  nor  will  they  seriously  impugn  the  authority 
of  Van  Helmont  or  that  of  his  experiment  just  alluded  to. 
It  does  not  appear  from  any  trustworthy  evidence  that 
the  inorganic  mineral  elements  of  the  soil  are  much 
affected  by  cultivation,  therefore  we  may  conclude  that 


little  benefit  can  be  derived  from  the  artificial  intro- 
duction of  such  substances  as  the  silicates  of  lime, 
alumina,  or  potassa  ;  but  the  case  is  very  different 
when  decomposable  putrescent  manures  are  employed, 
iience  the  efficiency  of  that  best  of  all  fertilisers,  farm 
and  fold  manure.  Chemistry  must  fail  to  detect  those 
invisible  elements  which  operate  the  conversion  of 
organic  substances  into  vital  sap,  and  cause  its  intro- 
susception  by  the  absorbent  vessels  of  plants.  If  such 
be  the  fact,  then,  chemistry  is  perfectly  incapable  to 
impugn  a  theory,  which,  for  a  time  was  believed  to 
interpret  the  doctrine  of  rotation  of  crops.  Fecal 
exudation  from  the  roots  cannot  be  doubted,  the  odour 
of  the  soil  during  the  growth  of  Peas,  Beans,  and 
Brassicas,  proves  the  fact ;  and  thus  in  every  case  of 
specific  individual  faihire  of  crop,  we  are  justified  in 
believing  that  the  ground  is  not  only  exhausted  of  its 
store  of  decomposable  organic  elements,  but  poisoned 
and  degraded  by  excrementitious  matter  ejected  by  the 
roots  of  the  plants.  As  to  Flax  in  particular,  admitting 
the  necessity  of  caution,  I  conclude  this  paper  by 
quoting  the  following  paragraph  from  the  article  in  the 
journal,  page  267  : — "  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  enter 
into  any  arguments  to  prove  that  the  soil  and  climate 
of  the  United  Kingdom  are  well  adapted  for  the 
cultivation  of  Flax.  It  has  been  grown  to  some  extent 
in  almost  every  part  of  the  country,  it  has  been  culti- 
vated with  success  upon  a  newly  reclaimed  Irish  bog, 
in  the  fen  districts  of  England,  on  the  summit  of  the 
Wicklow  mountains,  by  Mr.  Warnes  upon  the  Beacon 
Hill  cf  Norfolk,  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  in  the 
midland  counties  of  England,  by  Sir  Richard  A. 
O'Donnell  on  the  western  shores  of  Galway  and  Mayo, 
upon  rich  and  poor,  clayey  and  gravelly,  alluvial,  and 
indeed  upon  almost  every  variety  of  soil."  /.  T. 

Game. — I  have  read  Mr.  Cuthill's  late  communication, 
but  I  do  not  think  he  has  been  more  fortunate  in  his 
arguments  than  before.  No  one  denies  that  some  gen- 
tlemen do  overdo  the  thing  considerably,  but  is  that  any 
reason  why  we  should  not  have  any  more  game  at  all  \ 
He  might  as  well  say  that  because  some  people  over-eat 
themselves  and  die  of  a  surfeit,  therefore  the  rest  of  the 
world  must  give  up  eating  dinner.  But  let  me  ask  him 
one  simple  question  :  Why  have  I  not  as  perfect  a  right 
to  breed  partridges  as  poultry  on  my  estate  if  I  please? 
And  what  right  have  the  "nightly  bandits,"  as  he  vei'y 
justly  calls  them,  to  steal  one  more  than  the  other  %  If 
he  pleads  the  temptation  and  the  facility  of  the  robbery, 
may  not  the  same  argument  affect  the  keeping  of 
sheep  or  anything  else  that  is  left  exposed  all  night 
in  the  open  fields  ?  But  I  firmly  believe  that  the 
poacher  would  not  become  a  bit  more  honest,  if  there 
were  no  game  ;  but  in  default  of  one  object  of.depreda- 
tion,  would  taice  to  stealing  sometliing  else.  The  idea 
that  they  would  become  honest  workmen  is  all  fudge. 
And  I  am  the  more  confirmed  in  my  opinion,  because  it 
has  been  proved,  in  numberless  instances,  that  they  have 
not  been  driven  to  it  through  want  ;  indeed,  any  such 
plea  is  the  exception,  not  the  rule.  As  to  Mr.  Cuthill's 
story  of  the  gentleman  at  Farnham,  I  cannot  at  all  un- 
derstand it.  I  have  yet  to  learn  by  what  means  any  one 
can  prevent  their  pheasants  from  flying  into  their  neigh- 
bour's fields,  as  well  as  the  law  which  could  prevent  the 
said  neighbour  from  killing  the  said  pheasants,  if  he 
chose.  It  would  be  rather  a  curious  process  which  would 
enable  any  one  to  distinguish  their  own  from  their  friend's 
pheasants,  when  on  the  wing,  even  if  it  were  necessary 
to  do  so,  or  else  give  up  shooting  altogether.  As  to  the 
uncultivated  headlands,  &c.,  I  have  partly  disposed  of 
that  question,  so  I  shall  say  no  more  about  it  here. 
He  then  talks  about  the  "  best  of  land  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  metropolis  being  only  let  at  5s.  and  7s.  Qd. 
an  acre,  all  through  game,'*  I  should  like  to  know 
where  that  land  is  ;  at  present,  I  must  beg  leave  to 
doubt  the  fact,  with  all  courtesy,  as  well  as  his  assertion 
that,  "  when  the  Game-laws  are  done  away  with,  land 
will  rise  in  price  in  every  acre."  That  it  may  here  and 
there  is  very  likely,  indeed  most  probable ;  but  that  any 
such  general  result  will  arise,  I  cannot  think  that  even 
Mr.  Cuthill  himself  seriously  believes.  As  to  his  con- 
cluding remarks  about  the  price  of  game,  and  his  joke 
about  cats  doing  instead  of  rabbits,  I  have  only  to  repeat 
what  I  have  before  said,  that  no  good  reason  has  yet 
been  adduced  for  doing  away  with  what  is  unquestionably 
a  very  abundant,  and,  among  certain  classes,  a  very 
common  kind  of  food.  If  abuses  do  sometimes  attend 
the  preservation  of  game,  let  tliem  by  all  means  be 
remedied  ;  but  do  not  let  us  burn  down  the  house 
because  some  of  the  timbers  need  repair.^  17.  F.  G.  F. 


^ori'etifg. 

ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCISrT  OP  ENGLAND. 

A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House, 
in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  4th  inst. : 
present — The  Earl  of  Bucie,  President,  in  the  chair  ; 
Duke  of  Richmond,  Earl  of  Chichester,  Viscount  Hill, 
Lord  Berners,  Lord  Portman,  Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  Robert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Colonel 
Austen,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr,  Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  S. 
Bennett,  Mr.  Bramston,  M.P.,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr. 
Evelyn  Denison,  M.P.,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr,  Garrett,  Mr. 
Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Grantham,  Mr.  Hamond,  Mi'. 
Fisher  Ilobbs,  Mr.  Law  Hodges,  M.P.,  Mr.  Hudson 
(Castleacre),  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr,  Kinder,VMr.  Langston, 
M.P.,  Mr,  Miles,  M.P.,  Mr.  Milhvard,  Mr.  Peudarves, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Pusey,  M.P.,  Mr.  Shaw  (London),  Mr. 
Shelley,  Prof.  Simonds,  Mr.  Thompson  (Moat-hall),  Mr. 
C.  Hampden  Turner,  Prof.  Way,  Mr.  Jonas  Webb,  and 
Mr.  Wilson  (Stowlangloft), 


The'following  new  Members  were  elected  : — 
Brutt'on,  Charles,  Northernhay,  Ese'er 
ThoTiaB,  Rev.  W.  Jones,  Caer  Howel),  Montgomery 
Thomas,  Evan,  Ffynonau,  Brecon 
Martin,  William.  Kilchoan,  LochKilphead,  ArejU 
Cole,  Capt,  Win.  Willoughby,  Auchanri<rh,  Lochpilphead 
Whiteway,   Wm,  R.,    Kingsbridee  House,  AehburtoD,   Devon 
Beaumont.  Wentworth  BlacUett,  Bywell.hall,  Newc.-OD-Tjne 
Martin,  John,  Terristown,  Truro,  Cornwall 
Thompson,  Georce  A.,    Kirk  House.  Brampton,  Cumberland 
Brune,  Lewii  Knight,  Keston,  Bromley,  Kpnt 
Mncdon^ld.  Major  J.  IL,  Dancer's-htU  House,  Barnet,  Herts 
Roper,  J,,  Nascott  House,  Watford,  Herts 
Mace,  John  Ellim,  Ashford-road,  Tenterdnn,  Kent 
Galea,  Richard  Norman,  H'llland  Farm,  Keos^ingtoa 
Simpson.  Edward,  PigweU  Farm  Dairy,  Dalton 
Fraser,  James  B.,  Reelick,  Inverness 

Russell,  John,  The  Wyelande,  Chep^itow,  Monmonthshire 
Hemminc:,  H.  K.,  Lisinore  Castle.  Waterfnrd,  Ireland 
Deane,  Wm.  A.,  Glen  Cottage,  Great  TorriTijiton,  Devon 
Leeds,  Robert,  WestLexham,  Lifcham,  Norfolk 
Ackworth,  Nat.  Brindley,  The  Hook,  Pot'ei's  Bar,  Middlesex 
Squire,  William,  Barton-place,  Bar-on  Mills.  Suffolk 
Dickson,  William,  East  Wickhqm,  We'linir.  Kent.J 

The  names  of  32  candidates  for  election  at  the  next 
monthly  meeting  were  then  read. 

Finances. — Mr,  Ray:\iond  Barkeu,  chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council  the  report 
on  the  accounts  of  the  Society  to  the  end  of  the  previous 
month  ;  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  current  cash- 
balance  in  the  hands  of  the  bankers  was  349U.  He  also 
laid  before  the  members  the  quarterly  statement  of  in- 
come and  expenditure,.andof  funded  capital  and|liabilities. 

Prize  Essays. — Mr.  Pusey,  M.P.,  Chairman  of  the 
Journal  Committee,  reported  to  the  council  the  following 
adjudicationsby  the  Judges  of  Prize  Essays  and  Reports, 
since  the  last  meeting,  namely  : — 

I.  To  William  Bearn,  of  Handley  Farm,  near  Towcester  ; 
the  prizeofSOl.,  for  the  best  ReportOQ  the  Farming  of  North- 
ampton sshire. 

II.  To  Thomas  Rowlandson,  of  Bromp^on.  Middlesex;  the 
prize  of  lOL,  for  the  best  Essay  on  the  Production  of  Butter. 

Anivals  Exhibited. —  On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Miles, 
M.P.,  seconded  by  Mr.  S.  Bennett,  Mr.  Barnett's 
motion  :  "  To  take  into  consideration  the  number  of 
animals,  or  in  the  case  of  sheep  or  pigs  the  number  of 
pens  of  the  same  denominations,  to  be  shown  in  each 
class  by  the  same  person  :  with  a  view  to  restricting  the 
number,"  was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  the 
past  and  present  Stewards  of  the  Cattle-yard,  including 
the  mover  and  seconder  of  this  resolution. 

Appointment  of  Judges. — Lord  Portman  brought 
under  the  consideration  of  the  Council  the  whole  of  the 
important  question  of  the  future  selection  of  Judges  for 
the  Country  Meetings  of  the  Society.  The  Council 
adopted  the  preliminary  propositions  of  his  Lordship, 
reserving  the  remaining  propositions  for  consideration 
and  final  decision  at  their  next  Monthly  Meeting. 

Veterinary  Inspection. — On  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Thompson,  seconded  by  Mr.  Shelley,  the  whole  ques- 
tion of  the  veterinary  inspection  of  animals  exhibited 
at  the  country  meetings  of  the  Society  was  referred  to,a 
committee,  consisting  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  Lord 
Portman,  Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Miles, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Shaw  (London),  Mr.  Shelley, 
and  Mr.  Thompson. 

Steward  or  Cattle.  — On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Mil- 
ward,  seconded  by  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  Mr,  Barnett, 
of  Stratton  Park,  Bedfordshire,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
Stewards  of  the  Cattle-yard  at  the  Country  Meetings  of 
the  Society,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Stokers,  who  retires 
this  year  by  rotation. — The  Council  then  adjourned  to 
their  weekly  meeting  for  practical  communication  and 
discussion  on  Wednesday  next  at  12  o'clock,  when  all 
members  of  the  Society  would,  as  usual,  have  the 
privilege  of  attending. 

Tlie  Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England. 
Volume  12,  Part  2.  John  Murray,  Albemarle-street. 
For  the  sake  of  those  of  our  readers  who  are  members  of 
the  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  we  refer  to  the  con- 
tents of  this  Tolume  of  its  journal.  The  current  number 
contains  the  remainder  of  Mr.  Clarlie's  full  and  inte- 
resting report  on  the  agriculture  of  Lincolnshire  ;  a  very 
instructive  and  detailed  report  on  the  comparative 
fattening  qualities  of  different  breeds  of  sheep  by  Mr. 
Lawes  ;  a  paper  on  the  agricultural  geology  of  England 
and  Wales,  by  Mr.  Trimmer,  than  whom  no  one  has 
more  closely  studied  the  superficial  deposits  through 
which  almost  alone  agriculture  is  influenced  by  geology; 
a  statement  of  the  causes  of  the  efficacy  of  burnt  clay,  by 
Dr.  Augustus  Voelcker,to  which  we  shall  hereafter  call  the 
attention  of  our  readers;  articles  on  the  mismanagement 
of  farm  horses ;  the  chemical  and  agricultural  character 
of  the  chalk  formation  ;  the  diseases  occurring  after 
parturition  in  cows  and  sheep  ;  the  cultivation  of  Man- 
gold and  Carrots  jointly  at  Badminton  ;  the  points  of 
Jersey  cattle  ;  on  dried  blood  as  manure ;  and  a  long 
report  to  H.R.H.  the  President  of  the  commission  for 
the  Exhibition  of  the  Works  of  Industry  of  All  Nations, 
on  agricultural  implements,  by  Ph.  Pusey,  M.P.  The 
periodical  fully  maintains  the  high  standing  at  which  Mr. 
Pusey's  able  editorship  has  maintained  it ;  and  we  know 
of  no  work  which  has  done  more  both  to  increase  and 
diffuse  agricultural  information  than  the  Journal  of  the 
English  Agricultural  Society  of  England. 

Farmers'  Clubs. 

CAniiSLE  District,  Jan.  S  :  The  fiheep,  its  Manaye- 
ment  and  Vtility. — Mr.  Bell,  of  Highberries,  read  a 
paper  on  this  subject,  from  which  the  Ibllowing  are 
extracts  : — 

By  a  tabular  statement,  made  a  few  years  ago,  of  the  popu- 
lation and  number  of  sbeep  computed  to  be  kept  in  tbe  dif- 
ferent states  of  Europe,  tbat  of  Spain  stands  highest.  With  a 
population  of  13,600,000,  she  has  18,700,000  sheep,  or  1385  sheep 


6—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


93 


*o  every  thMusaud  in 'abituncs.  Great  Britain  and  Irtlaiid, 
with  a  population  of  24,5ilO,000,  have  32,000,000  sheep,  or  liuG 
for  every  thuusami  luhabitaats.  Now  as  Irelaad,  with  seven  or 
eight  millioos  of  inhabi'anta,  is  computed  to  possess  nut  more 
than  two  millions  of  sbeep,  Great  Britain,  indepenilent  of 
Ireland,  mu>t  stand  considerably  higher  than  any  otber 
country  in  Europe  in  cnmp  iring  the  number  of  6hei*p  kept  in 
the  country  with  ihe  inhabitants  ;  more  especially  if  wj  com 
pare  the  weight  of  mutton  and  the  weight  of  w  *ol  produced  in 
the  respective  counries.  The  foIloivinR  diffjreot  breeds  of 
sheep  are  to  be  f"und  in  Great  Britain :— The  Teeawater 
braed,  the  Lincolnshire  breel,  ihe  Disliley  or  Leicester  breed, 
the  Cotswold  breed,  the  Romiiey-marsh  breed,  tne  Devonshire 
breed,  the  Rnsa  or  Ryeland  breed,  the  Wiltshire  breed,  the 
Berkshire  bre<  d,  the  Dorsetshire  breed,  the  Norfolk  breed,  the 
DuQ-faced  breed,  lbs  Souttidown  breed,  the  Cheviot  breed, 
the  Black.faced  breed,  the  Herdwick  breed,  the  Welsh  breed, 
the  Shetland  br^'ed,  and  the  Merino  or  Spanish  breed.  Some 
of  the  above  varieties  will  be  found  to  6Uit  one  localty  better 
than  another,  and  some  will  certainly  prove  more  profitable  in 
any  situation  than  some  of  the  others,  yet  all  of  them  have 
their  adv-cates.  The  bre-*da  most  commonly  kept  in  this  dis- 
trict  are  the  Dishley  or  Leicester,  the  Southdown,  the  Cheviot, 
the  Blackfaiied,  ihe  Herdwick,  and  animals  bred  becwetn  these 
varieiies.  The  Leicestera  are  the  only  sheep,  or  nearly  so, 
that  are  kept  in  this  disiriet,  permanently,  on  arable  f^irms  ; 
and  when  very  fa"^  mutton  is  in  de  nand  they  are  undoubtedly 
the  most  profitable  ;  but  as  it  la,  the  rams  of  this  variety  Bre 
put  to  ewes  of  all  the  other  varieties.  They  are  a  valuable 
stock  for  crossing,  as  their  produce  generally  unite  more  of 
good  size,  and  propensity  to  fatten,  on  good  keep,  than  that 
from  any  other  variety  of  sheep.  As  this  is  the  variety  of  sheep 
with  which  I  am  most  intimately  acquainted,  it  may  perhaps 
not  be  improper  to  eive  my  experience  in  bretding  this  sort  of 
Bbeep.  My  tirst  object  has  been  to  get  a  "good  stock  of  ewes, 
of  good  frame  and  symmetry,  moderately  largi?,  and  well 
covered  with  wool  of  j^ood  quality.  Having  done  so,  ray  next 
consideration  has  been  to  get  a  rara  of  as  good  quality  as  pos- 
sible, and  remote  from  my  own  stock  in  con«anguinitv.  And 
when  I  have  sesn  any  defect  in  my  ewes,  my  rule  has  beeti 
to  select  a  ram  that  seemed  to  possess  in  the  highest  degree 
those  good  qualities  of  which  my  ewes  havi)  seemed  deScient ; 
and  more  especially  to  have  him  of  sound  and  robust  constitu- 
tion. I  generally  put  my  ewes  to  the  tup  about  the  middle  of 
October,  and  about  this  time,  or  as  soon  after  as  convenient. 
I  generally  have  them  smeared  with  tar  and  butter  mixed  with 
a  little  arsenic,  and  not  dipped,  as  has  of  late  become  the 
fashion.  Having  put  my  ewes  to  tup.  I  generally  mark  down 
the  date  at  which  the  first  ewe  is  tupped,  which  I  know  by 
having  the  tup's  breast  well  rubbed  with  red  paint,  wbich  he 
imparts  to  the  ewe  ;  aud  if  she  break  not,  which  geueralU 
happens,  if  at  all,  at  the  end  of  17  days.  I  look  for  hec  to  lamb 
at  the  end  of  five  mouths,  which  generally  happens  nithiu  a 
few  days  over  or  under  t'le  time.  I  pursue  the  same  course 
with  all  the  rest  of  my  ewes.  Up  till  Christmas,  except  in  very 
hard  win'erp,  I  nt- ver  give  my  sheep  anything  but  Grass  ;  after 
that  time  I  generally  place  troughs  where  m,**  ewes  go,  and 
give  them  about  half  a  pint  of  Oats  each  in  the  day  ;|and,  when 
Grass  gets  scarce,  I  give  them  a  scanty  allowance  of  Tui  n'ps 
daily;  and  in  stormy  weather  an  allowance  of  hay — taking 
care  to  have  a  jdece  of  rock  salt  placed  in  the  end  of  each 
trough,  which  they  soon  learn  to  lick,  and  which  is  held  to  be 
most  efficacious  in  preventing  rot.  When  lambing  time 
arrives,  which  generally  commences  about  the  latter  end  of 
iMarch,  I  make  it  a  rule  to  bouse  them  at  night  as  they  fall  in, 
and  thus  prevent  the  loss  of  Iambs  that  would  frequently 
happen  if  suffered  to  lamb  out  of  doors  at  that  cold  season  of 
the  year.  After  my  ewes  have  lambed,  I  generally  put  them 
on  the  best  Grass,  reserved  for  them,  or,  failing  Grass,  I 
Eer?e  them  more  liberally  with  Turnips,  continuing  their 
allowance  of  O  its  till  Grass  becomes  more  plentiful.  Shortly 
after  the  Grass  becomes  plentiful,  during  May,  it  becomes 
necessary  to  lighten  the  sheep  of  its  fleece,  which  is  an  opera- 
tion tjo  well  liuown  to  require  any  observation  from  me.  There 
is  one  thing  I  would  caution  every  farmer  against,  and  that  is. 
against  keeping  more  sheep  than  he  can  well  maintain  ;  and 
in  winter,  a-*  well  as  summer,  to  remove  them  from  nue  field  to 
another,  as  much  as  possible,  so  that  they  may  not  b^  compelled 
to  eat  the  rank  Grass  that  springs  from  their  own  dung,  as 
nothing,  I  believe,  acta  more  detrimentally  on  the  constitution 
of  the  sheep  than  being  compelled,  from  want,  to  eat  such 
Grass.  By  pursuing  this  conr^e  I  have  bad  very  few  deaths 
amongst  luy  eheep,  and  have  otherwise  .been  [as  successful  as 
most  of  my  neighbours  in  breeding.  As  Leice'sters  or  Dishleje 
are  the  most  sjmmetrical  of  all  the  sheep  kinJ,  it  may  not  be 
out '.of  (place  to  describe  the  good  qualities  a  ehet^p  of  this 
sort  ought  to  possess.  It  ou^,'ht  to  be  distinguished  by  i's  mild- 
ness and  meekness  of  countenance,  and  instinctive  docility.  It 
ought  to  p066e-s  length  and  cleanness  of  head,  being  mode- 
rately wide  between  ibe  eyes,  with  fine  ears  of  moderate  length, 
having  both  be,id  and  ears  covered  with  very  short  hair.  The 
neck  ought  to  bo  full  up  to  the  head,  and  not  falling  below,  but 
straight  between  the  Lead  and  top  of  the  shoulder,  and  esp  md- 
Ing  deeper  and  broadar  towards  the  breast  and  sides.  Its  back 
ought  to  bi  straight  from  the  shoulder  to  the  loins,  with  good 
hind  quarter  and  fuH  rump.  It  should  poasess  a  wide  breast 
projecting  well  forward,  capacious  chest  with  substantial 
width  of  carcase  and  iulness  of  form,  depth  and  compass 
of  twist;  legs  well  apart,  of  fine  clean  bone,  and  moderate 
length  ;  a  coat  of  motJerately  fine  wool,  down  to  the  knees 
and  boughs,  of  moderate  length.  Nor  are  these  all  the  quali- 
ties it  ought  to  possess.  It  ought  also  to  be  mellow  to  the 
touch,  not  loo'e  and  flabby,  nor  hard  and  harsb,  but  soft  with 
firmness,  aa  deootiag  go&d  quality  of  mutton,  and  propensity 
to  fatten.  Tbifl  is  a  highly  cultivated  race,  and  universally 
diffate-l  over  the  lowland  districts  of  the  kingdom,  Cumberland 
possfcising  a  fair  prnpurtioo.  The  Southdowns  are  a  valuable 
race  of  Bheep,  that  take  thtir  name  from  an  extensive  range  of 
dry  chalky  hills  in  the  county  of  Sussex,  and  were  originally  a 
mountain  brei.d,  but  have  been  much  cultivated  by  eminent 
breeders  all  fjver  the  kingdom;  and  are  now  in  very  hi"h  repute 
for  their  supetiT  mutton  and  wool.  "  Prime  Old  Uovns"  arc 
■Ml  q'iot«d  at  the  hiKh.fKt  price  in  Smithbeld  marltet.  There 
area  few  hero  and  there.  InterHpersed  thr«ugh  Cumberland, 
principally  in  the  handnof  gentltm-jn.  Tho  Chtviotn  are  a  race 
Of  sheep  in  high  eMliimibjn  as  a  mountain  breed  and  tike  their 
name  from  iho«o  bc-.utiful  green  hills  that  form  the  north. 
ca«t«rn  b  ;undary  of  England.  Their  mutton  !»  highly  cHteemed 
and  thtir  wool  U  of  the  finer  description,  and  applied  to  nninv 
tticful  purposes.  Thoy  arc  considered  hardkr  than  the  Souh- 
down*,  and  brtter  fitted  for  a  humid  climate.  They  arcwilcly 
■pread  over  the  green  liUln  of  SuotUnd,  and  have  iuperMuded 
the  Blackfaced  sheep  in  many  of  the  leas  heuihy  dlttrictti  In 
Eagiand,  too,  they  are  cxteiinivoly  cullivatcd  ;  and  latterly 
([real  namhers  have  Lvtn  cxporttid  to  Ireland.  In  CumUrliind 
Ihcy  principally  o^'cupy  the  lands  adlolnlng  the  north-cahtern 
boundary.  1  ho  iJlackfaced  or  Heutfi  breed  are  u  hur.ly  and 
healthy  racp,  tliut  hvo  and  thrive  on  tlio  moftt  ruKgod  luid 
barren  mountalnK,  tvhcre  n  »  other  raco  of  sheep  cuuld  Bub»il<.t, 
UcocG  they  are  a  most  valuable  stock  of  animals.  Their  mutton 
Ib  of  the  very  bfist  und  most  savoury  description,  fully  hoirlng 
out  the  rcmiirk  of  tho  great  Lord  JJacon,  "that  thu  (l.-hh  of 
thoahcepln  loiter  totted  where  they  feed  upon  wild  and  whole. 
•^000  Jicbs,"  Their  wooJ,  though  course,  when  madu  into 
ctotbln;;,  .iffords  ro/il  comfort  to  ifio  poorer  cla-iscK,  Thry  uro 
principally  cultivated  on  Ihe  most  monntainouw  and  heathy 
dU'rlct*,  all  over  Scotland  and  tho  north  of  EnKldnd,  In 
Cumberland  ihcy  ar*:  principally  fgund  In  the  Alston  dlntrlct, 
on  the  Bouih-i  ii.tcrti  confines  of  tho  county.  Tho  ik-rdwick  la 
tatcemcd  a  niou  valuable  mountain  breed,  and  hhown  rnoro 
docility  than  most  of  the  mountain  varletlon  of  slicep  In  Uichd 
i'lan'ib.    I  am  informed  by  a  f.l-jnU  of  mine,  v,ho  rcoidta  In 


the  Lake  diutricc,  that  it  is  a  truly  ni'eresting  scene  to  see  the 
shepherd  with  provender  on  his  buck,  culling  through  the 
mountains,  with  his  fleecy  change  gatherioic  around  him,  or 
fvillowini:  him  in  file,  sei-king  tlie  eb^-ltered  receiia  from  ttie 
inclemency  of  the  winter's  storm.  Tht;ir  mutton  is  highly 
esteemed,  and  their  wool  a  nhade  finer  than  that  of  the  Black- 
faced  or  Heath  breed.  This  variety  is  found  nowhere  that  I 
am  aware  of  but  ia  the  Luke  district  in  Cumberland  and  the 
adjoining  counties.  All  tlie  Viirie'ies  of  sheep  I  have  named 
are  bred,  more  or  less,  ia  their  purity  in  their  native  walks  ; 
yet  a  great  many,  nay,  all  tho  oUier  varieties  are  crossed  by 
the  Leicester,  and  very  nse'ul  stocks  are  the  pr.jduce,  Tlie 
Leicester  and  Southdown  cross  p'oduces  a  valuable  animal,  as 
I  witnes<ed  on  the  farm  of  my  friend  Mr.  S>me,  of  lledkirk,  in 
the  summer  of  1850.  Tlie  Half-bred,  between  the  Leicester 
and  Cheviot,  are  too  well  known  and  hiehly  esteemed  to  require 
any  coaimendatiou  from  me.  Betwixt  the  Leicester  and  Black- 
faced  18  also  a  valuable  breed.  The  Leicester  and  Herdwick 
also  ni'ike  a  valuable  cross.  Those  I  have  uientioned  are  the 
principal  breeds  arising  from  stocks  kept  in  this  district  or 
coun'y,  yet  there  are  other  crosses  introduced  annually  into 
this  neighbourhood  as  a  moving  stock ;  ihat  is,  only  to  keep  for 
one  year,  maUe  fat,  pass  avvuy,  and  give  place  to  others  This 
is  generally  the  case  where  the  land  is  not  well  drained  or 
sufficiently  dry  by  nature  to  warrant  the  farmer  in  keeping  a 
permanent  stock.  The  custom  mowt  generally  practised,  and 
lertainly  mo^t  prudent,  is  for  the  farmers  to  buy  iu  lambd  in 
autumu,  keep  them  well  during  winter,  either  on  Grass  or 
Turnips,  or  both,  and  having  them  forward  in  condition  in  the 
sprin:f,  either  to  sell  ihem  or  teed  them  out  themselves.  It  is 
very  important  that  this  kind  of  stock,  and  indeed  all  others, 
be  kept  in  as  dry  and  healthy  situations  as  p  'ssible,  and  not 
allowed  to  stroll  over  swampy  ground  and  Btagoaiit  meadows 
in  open  winters,  neither  to  eat  the  tath  that  springs  from  tho 
dung  of  the  horse  till  after  a  severe  frost,  a^  such  meat  has  a 
tendency  to  produce  rot,  the  most  danner^ns  and  destructive 
of  all  diseases  to  the  sheep.  When  lamb,*,  or  aa  they  are  uf  er 
Martinmas,  in  the  year  of  tli  ir  birth,  calli*d  hogs,  are  pur  upon 
Turnips,  it  frequently  happens  that  they  go  on  well  and  thriviug 
for  a  time,  and  then  all  of  a  suddi.-n  take  to  dying,  and  die  very 
fast,  sometimes  two  or  three  in  a  dny.  As  an  antidoie  to  this, 
the  strewing  of  Fir  branches  has  had  the  most  salutary  effect ; 
as  the  resinous  nature  of  the  Fir,  wbone  leaves  and  bark  they 
eat  with  avidity,  counteracts  that  tendency  to  scouiiog  in  the 
bowels  which  is  likely  to  arise  from  long  feeding  on  furnips. 
Hay  given  to  Tuinip-sheep  duiing  winter  has  had  the  happiest 
efli'ect  in  preventing  Turnip-disease,  as  it  supplies  the  stomach 
wich  a  sufficiency  of  carbon,  which  is  rvanting  in  Turnips,  and 
thereby  prevents  disease.  There  are  many  tanners  who  keep 
not  a  permanent  stock,  bat  who  buy  in  ewcs,  eiiher  Cneviot  or 
Blackfaced,  and  put  them  to  a  Leicester  tup,  and  sell  the  lambs 
fat  about  the  months  of  June  or  July.  Many  of  them  are  very 
indiffdrent  as  to  what  di^^cription  of  tup  is  put  to  such  ewe;:, 
andJojk  to  size  more  than  quality.  Now  this,  I  think,  is  a 
great  mistake,  as  it  is  generaUy  allowed  that  no  animal  takes 
more  to  its  male  parent  than  the  sheep.  Then  I  say  it  is  of  the 
very  first  importance  to  have  a  tup  with  ao  many  good  qualities 
as  pos:ible,  mure  especially  of  those  wanting  in  the  ewe.  Some 
are  in  the  habit  of  putting  such  breeding  ewes  ou  Turnips 
during  the  winter,  even  up  to  tho  time  of  lambing,  but  this  I 
strongly  condemn,  as  I  have  seen  the  worsf;  results  arise  there- 
from. The  ewes  get  into  too  high  condition,  and  the  lambs 
also,  and  when  the  time  of  ges  ation  is  complete,  they  are 
often  too  large  to  be  feparated  from  their  dams.  Hence  a  few 
Turnips  given  daily,  rather  sparingly,  is  much  better  and  safer 
for  limbing  ewes  than  placing  them  upon  Turnips  altogether. 
Whiin  they  have  lambed,  a  generous  supply  of  food  becomes 
an  absolute  necessary.  I  wish  here  to  observe,  that  when  ewes 
take  lambing,  they  ought  to  be  narrowly  watched  ;  and  if  they 
do  not  bring  forth  in  a  reasonable  time,  they  should  be  closely 
examined;  and  if  the  lamb  oas  made  its  appearance,  ia  any 
shape,  some  skilful  and  delicate  hand  ought  to  be  introduced, 
to  feel  that  it  be  in  its  proper  position  ;  and  if  it  be  not,  it 
ought  to  be  adjusted  without  delay,  and  nature  assisted  in 
effecting  the  birth,  as  a  great  many  lambs  are  lost  by  the  birth 
being  too  long  delayed.  After  their  blri.h  lambs  are  sometimes 
subject  to  costiveness,  especially  if  their  dauis  are  kept  upon 
food  not  sufficiently  succulent,  or  of  too  stringent  a  nature. 
And  this  they  show  by  standing  and  straining  as  wishing  to 
avoid  their  excrement.  A  sm'all  dose  of  castor-oil,  aa^iited  by 
an  injection,  has  generally  the  efl■^^ct  of  rectifying  the  bowels. 
Lambs  are  also  subject  to  scouring  during  the  summer  months 
and  also  at  other  seasons.  This  I  have  frequently  counteracted 
by  giving  a  tablespoooful,  more  or  less,  to  each,  of  a  medicine 
prescribe  1  in  the  Farmers'  Almanack  fur  the  scnurio''  in 
calves,  repeating  it  till  the  scouring  ceases.  Having  given  you 
my  experience  in  the  breeding  and  rearing  of  hhei;p,  I  may 
perhaps  be  allowed  to  say  that  the  sheep  is  the  most  profitable 
stock  that  comes  upon  a  farm;  for  nhiie  it  distributes  its 
manure  more  equally  tlian  any  other  over  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  thertby  rendering  fruitful  c  imparatively  barren  land, 
its  mutton  sells  for  the  beet  prices  in  the  marker,  and  pays  the 
farmer  as  well  as  beef,  independent  of  the  great  annual  return 
in  the  shape  of  wool  which  he  receives.  The  extent-ion  of  sheep 
stock,  and  the  cultivation  of  Flax,  have  reccn'.iy  been  held  out 
by  some  landlords,  as  a  panacea  for  the  difficulties  ot  the  British 
farmer  in  these  times  of  severe  a-riLultural  depr  e-sion.  ttf 
Flax  I  shall  say  nothing  ;  but  this  I  will  say,  within  my  recol- 
lei-tion  the  number  of  sheep  kept  in  this  district  on  arable  land 
has  more  than  quadrupitd,  and  yet  mutton  and  wool  command 
remunerating  prices  ;  and  if  we  take  ihe  experience  of  the  past 
as  a  guarantee  for  the  future,  we  may  eafely  say  that  the 
extension  of  aheep  ttock  ia  the  most  likely  means  of  improving 
our  condition. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

FEBRUARY. 
DoESET  Farm,  Feb.  2,— Thie  ia  a  time  of  the  year  when  there 
is  little  to  report  upon.  Toe  work  ia  chitfly  ploughing  when 
tht)  weather  permits,  and  carting  dung  for  the  Turnip  crop 
^ih.;n  it  ie  wet.  And  throuiili  all  the  past  month  it  has  been 
very  wet,  but  yet  mild,  and  Gi'ass  is  plentiful  and  now  ^reen, 
especially  the  water  meadows  ;  they  reaped  a  rich  dressing  by 
the  heavy  rains  that  we  had,  which  brought  down  the  accu- 
mulation  of  the  whole  season,  and  we  have  now  the  prospect 
of  Bomogood  spring  feed  lor  our  owes  and  Iambs.  The  greater 
part  of  our  Iambs  are  now  dn.ppod  and  nre  doin;;  pretty  wtdl. 
The  flock  after  lambing  cat  Turnlpw,  and  In  addition  to  the 
Grass  (which  they  arc  upon  part  oJ  the  day,  and  if  tho  weather 
is  bad  by  ni-ht  too)  thoy  havo  what  liay  they  cliooee.  Our 
fatting  sheep  are  fud  in  tho  fiuldH  on  cut  Sweden  and  buy, 
and  when  they  aro  nearly  fit  to  kill  are  taken  to  tho  hourto 
andtk'dup,  getting  then  a  Itttlo  com  beflidea.  Wo  find  that 
th'-y  th  ivo  rapidly  in  tho  houaj  for  six  or  eight  wct;U*',  but 
alter  that  thoy  make  no  progrewH  ;  long  confinoinent  aecina  to 
impair  thoir  health.  IVrliaps  this  arises  from  the  vapours  of 
thtir  house,  un<l  aluo  from  their  feet  getting  out  of  order. 
Our  work,  which  has  l-een  driving  dung  and  ineniling  loadt, 
will  now  ho  ploughing  after  tho  Turnips  f..r  Oats  and  Burk-y  ; 
moHt  of  our  fallow  ground  la  now  ploughed  a  Hccond  timo. 
Work  in  well  udvoucod,  and  wo  bhall  have  an  early  so.iHoii 
nnlouH  wo  meet  with  nomo  t'v<<H':,  which  will  do  harm  to  the 
young  Oraa».  Tho  Whout  crop  looUn  proiniHlng,  goncnilly 
t'dck  in  tho  ground.  The  namo  rcmuik  uiudiea  to  Votchu.-i, 
which  aro  far  advanced.  O.  S. 


NoticoB  to  Oorrespondonts. 

BoiLRB  veriua  8TBAMi:n:  Cc'lhus.  Wo  prcfcf  tho  Iiitlor  na  ehcuiH  r 
and  lostt  wuBtuIul  of  iucl,    JJut  wc  uao  botli. 


Burned  Clay  :  Johannes.  It  is  a  first-rate  lmprov*iiiient  on  al 
clay  soils,  especially  in  the  case  of  alkaline  days,  as  Dr. 
Voelclier  telln  ua  in  the  current  number  of  the  "  English 
Agricultural  Journal,"  an  abstract  of  whoso  paper  we  will 
shorilv  give.you. 

Cake:  R  Barviciiton.  From  a  slight  microscopic  examination, 
we  should  place  them  in.the  order  of  quality,  thus  :  American 
Cessina,  New  Orleans.  But  a  chemical  examination,  which 
of  coui  Sd  we  caunot  give  them,  ia  the  only  true  test  of  their 
relative  merit. 

CAETa  :  \V  Bracher.  We  have  no  hesitation  in  expressing  our 
detrided  preference  of  carts  for  all  harvest  or  other  strictly 
farm  carriage.  In  conveying  heavy  loads  to  market  over 
good  roads,  waggons  probdbly  have  the  advantage 

Chigort  and  Beet  :  DaHmooi:  We  have  to  apologise  for 
the  delay  of  this  answer.  The  former  may  be  sown 
thus:— Tho  land  must  be  got  into  good  tilth,  and  well 
manured  before  the  end  of  April.  Let  it  lie  till  the  firat  or 
second  week  in  May;  it  will  become  finer  in  consequence  of 
the  delay.  The  hoe  may  then  bo  employed  to  draw  shallov/ 
drills  a  foot  apart,  and  a  child  may  drop  a  few  seeds  every 
G  inches  in  tho  drill,  and  a  woman  with  a  rake  will  then 
cover  the  seed.  The  ground  may  be  got  over  very  rapidly  in 
this  way.  The  seed  will  come  up  in  bunches,  and  should  bo 
singled  a?i  soon  as  2  or  :i  inches  high,  and  hoeinga  during  the 
summer  months,  followed  by  harvesting  (digging  by  fork)  in 
November,  complete  the  process.  The  roots  when  dug  may 
he  pitted,  and  cleaned  and  washed  at  leisure  during  winter. 
They  are  to  be  cut  up  in  pieces  the  size  of  a  Walnut,  and 
dried  on  a  kiln.  Beet  ia  dibbled  in  rows  2  feet  apart, 
and  14  or  IG  inches  apart  in  the  rows,  the  land  being  culti- 
vated precisely  as  for  Turnips,  and  its  subsequent  culti- 
vatiou  the  same  as  that  of  the  Turnip.  For  full  details  jou 
may  see  Blacliio's  *'  Cyclopedia  of  Agriculture." 

Drainage  :  Regidonum  may  be  assured  that  the  loclosure 
Commissioner**  will  consent  to  such  depth  of  drains  as  aro 
real  y  right  and  proper  under  the  circumstances  of  each 
case  ;  but  we  bdieve  the  money  at  their  disposal  is  all  but 
gone;  bo  that  if  "  Regidonum  "  wants  any  of  it  he  must  make 
haste  We  cannot  at  all  agree  with  Mr.  Hutchinson  that 
people  are  getting  tired  of  4  feet  drains.  We  know  the  con- 
trary to  be  the  fact  over  a  great  part  of  England  at  least. 

GoRSi:;  Cromer.  On  very  poor  land  it  will  pay.  But  laud  that 
will  grow  Turnips  and  Barley  had  better  not  be  sown  to  Goiso. 

Relative  Value  of  Food  :  T  D.  For  every  lb.  of  hay  you 
give  your  caLtle,  jou  will  probably  reduce  your  consumption 
of  Swedes  by  5  or  Gib:".,  and  the  effect  of  the  substitution  of  a  . 
porlioQ  of  Kood  hay  for  a  portion  of  the  Swedes  is  advan- 
tageous—that is,  the  animal  is  more  nourished  by  the  I  lb.  oS 
hay  thin  by  the  5  lbs.  of  Swedes.  Old  meadow  hay,  well 
made,  is  better  than  Clover  hay. 

Shall  Farming  :  Veclis.  Wo  regret  that  we  have  no  record  of 
your  former  question  ;  but  supposing  it  to  have  referred  to 
books  on  the  general  management  of  a  small  farm,  probably 
Mr.  Blacker's  essay  on  "  The  Improvement  of  Small 
Farmi,"  would  suit  your  purpose  ;  or,  "  Hints  on  AKricuUural 
Economy,  as  the  remedy  of  Agricultural  Distress,"  by  0.  0, 
Roberts. 

Erratdm:  Ellen.  Many  thanks  for  your  correction.  Th2 
second  tank  named  in  pa^e  62  should  have  been  stated  to 
hold  barely  lOOO  instead  of  22,u00  gallons.  The  information, 
was  Carelessly  extracted  from  a  table  we  calculated  many 
jeare  ago,  and  publiahed  in  page  12i,  ISl-t. 

COrENT  GARDEN,  Feb.  7. 
The  market  continues  to  be  well  supplied  with  vegetablesand 
fruit ;  but  trade  is  still  dull.  English  fine-apples  are  plentiful, 
considering  the  Reason.  A  few  hothouse  Grapes  still  make  their 
appearance.  Foreign  Pears  have  nearly  disappeared.  The 
beat  Eiiglibh  kinds  fetch  good  prices.  They  consist  of 
Glout  Murceau,  Beurrd  Ranee,  Ne  Plus  Meuria,  and  Eastei: 
Beurre.  Oraugea  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the 
same  as  last  quoted.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  <fcc.,  are 
sufficient  for  tne  demand.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in 
quality.  Lettuces  and  otber  oalading  are  eufficient  for  the 
demand.  Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of 
Heaths,  EpacriKes,  Mignonette.  Camellias,  Rosen,  Acaciaff^ 
Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Talley,  and 
other  forced  bulbs. 


FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to 
Grapes,nor,liouse,p.lb.,  4b  to  7s 

—  Lisbon,  perlb.,  yd  to  Is 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  28 

CO  3.-,  Gd 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2s  to  68 
Almonds,  per  peck,  Ss 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2h  to  3j> 
VEGETABLES, 


Lemons,  per  doz.,  Is  to   2a 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  Cd 

—  per  100,  Ss  6d  io  10a 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  33 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  p.  b»h,'2Usto22'» 

—  Brazil,  p,  bsh.,  lis  to  lla 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  803 


Savoys,  psr  doz.,  lOd  to  la  3d 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  4a  to  78 
SeaUalo,  per  basket,  Is  to  2$ 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  to  3 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  9d  to  Is 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  tiOs 

—  per  cwt.,  23  to  Ss 

—  per  buslu.ls  6d  to  23  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz.,  2s  to  4» 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  Ss 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  Gd  to  2s  Gd 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  ad  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p, doz.,lsGd  to  Ss 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  2b 
Beot,  per  doz,,  Is  to  29 


Parsnips,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  tolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  Sd  lo  la 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  3core,4d  to  Is 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun n., 2d  to  3d 
IIorseRadisfajp.  bundle,  1b  to  4b 
Muehrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  tola  3d 

—    per  puimet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  Gd  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  Sd 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3J 
Parsley, per  doz.  bun.,  2e  to  2^ 
Mint,  por  bunch,  3d  to  Is 
(Jasil,  p.  bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Wat6rcro88.i>.12buuch8. 6dtol6 


COAL  &IAUK1:;T.— FfliDAi,  Feb.  G. 
Carr'g  Hartley,   13a.   Gd.  ;  Eden  Main,  ICs.    9d.  ;  Wallscnd 
Russell's  Iletton,  ICs.  Gd.;  Wallsend  Lambton,  IGs.  Od.;  Walls- 
eud  Stewarts,  IGs.  Gd.— 8hipH  at  mnrkel..  91. 

POTATOES.— SotiTUWAUK,  Monday,  Fob.  2. 
The  committee  report  that  iliero  has  been  a  very  limited 
supply  coastwise,  but  a  considerable  quantity  by  rail;  tlie 
weather  keeps  mild  and  open  for  tho  season,  which  curtails  the 
conauinpiioo,  but  a  slight  improvement  has  taken  place  for 
some  toitt".  The  lollowing  wore  the  quotations  :—Yorkhhira 
Regents,  G5a.  to  KOs. ;  Scotcli  ditto,  G5b.  lo  7(ib.  ;  Cups,  55s.  to 
6()s. ;  Kent  and  Ebmox  Rogunts,  GUs.  to  80s.;  Cambridge  and 
Wisbcacli,  itc,  COa.  to  70s. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  30  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Fob.  5. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  728  to  7Ga    Clover     

[nfcriordltto 65        70      2d  cut       

llortcn     00         OD       Straw      

New  Hay       —        — 

CUHBKRLAND  MAHKKT,  Fob.  C. 


Prlmo  Meadow  Hay  70m  to  80a 

lufurloT  ditto CO        70 

Now  lluy        —        — 

Old  Clover    ...     ...    78        84 


Inferior  . 
New  Clover 
Straw 


eOatoSIra 
70        75 
■a        20 

.  COOPEB. 

70b  to  74s 
24        2d 


JOSUDA  BAK£U, 


HOPS.— FutDAY,  Feb.  0. 
VoiBra.  Pattondcn  nod   Smith  report  that  there  is  a  firm 
nnd  &tr;atly  trade  for  nil  soria,  and  tho  aupply  of  tho  Susbcx 
gcovi'ih  In  very  limited.    Currency  : 

M  d  &.  Kuni  KoiitB  M0.1  to  2.'50h  I  Suafiox      II63  to  130^ 

WoaldKci.ts     ...  UOsto  l&7d  1  Yuurlinga 958  to  11  Og 


94 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Feb.  7, 


WOOL. 
Bradford,  Wednesday,  Feb.  l.-Oar  wodI  market:  during 
thE  week  has  not  sh  )WQ  any  indications  of  increasing  fldtuesa, 
but  on  the  coatrary  the  traugaoliong  h  ivo  been  on  rather  a 
larfrer  scale  than  the  preceding  tbree  weeks.  Prices  h;ivi  not 
varied  materially,  au'i  may  ba  considered  as  very  firm  for  the 
fiaest  sorts.  wUli  a  slightly  upward  tendency.  Midilo  and  in- 
ferior cla^^ses  of  deep-grown  wool  are  mora  plentiful  in  stock, 
and  the  tuin  of  prices  is  evideatly  in  favour  of  buyers.  Growera 
are  firm  in  their  demaods  for  the  little  wool  sMll  remaining  in 
the  country,  and  tlie  consequence  is  anab^eacs  of  transactioos. 
Short  Wools  and  Noils  are  uoaltered  in  either  inquiry  or  price  . 


SMITHFIELD,  Monday,  Feb.  2. 

The  number  of  Beasts  being  very  large,  aud  the  dead 
markets  over  supplied,  our  trade  ia  exceedingly  heavy,  and 
prices  are  about  2d.  per  8  lb',  lower.  They  cinaot  all  be  sold, 
even  at  this  reduction.  We  have  but  a  small  sapply  of  Sheep  ; 
the  demand,  however,  is  so  limited,  that  it  is  only  in  a  few 
iDstanC'?a  that  higher  prices  are  obtaiued.  Goad  Calvea  ard 
stiil  scarce;  trade  is  brisk  at  Friday's  quotatioris.  From 
Holland  and  Germany  there  are  5T7  Beasts,  820  Sheep,  and 
138  Calves  ;  irom  Spain,  fiO  Sheep  ;  from  Scotland,  i50  Beasts  ; 
from  Norfolk  and  Suiiblk,  ISO*) ;  atid  5!)U  from  the  northern 
aud  midland  counties. 

Per  St.  of  S  lbs.— 8  d  s  d  Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— a  dad 
Best  Scots,  Here-  BestLontj-wools  .3    8  to  4    0 

fords,  &e.        ...3    6  to  3    8     Ditto  Shorn 
Best  Short-horns    3     4  —  36     Ewes  i;  2d  quality  3     0  —  3     4 
2d  quality  Beasts  2    6  —  80     Ditto  Shorn 
Best  Downs    and  Lamba      0    0  —  0    0 

Hatf-bredB      ,,.4    0  —  4    4  i  Calves      3    0—4    4 

Ditto  Shorn         ...  ...  '  Pig"  2     8  —  3     8 

Beasts,  417C  ;  Sheep  and  Lamh3,18,990  ;  Calves,  161 ;  Pigs,  280. 
Fbiday,  Feb.  6. 

The  supply  of  Beasts  is  small,  but  there  i9  a  slow  trade  for 
them.  Purchasesrs  are  unusually  scarce.  The  little  business 
tran=i;icted  is  at  a  reduction  of  about  2d.  per  8  lbs.  The 
number  of  S'leep  ia  also  small,  but  quite  equal  to  the  demand. 
Monday's  quotations  are  realised  in  mo^t  instances.  We  have 
but  foiv  Calves  on  offer,  several  cspecfed  fruoi  Holland  not 
having  arrived.  Good  qualities  are  readily  d  sposed  of  at 
advance  a  prices.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  118  Beasts, 
210  Sheep,  and  4G  Calves,      The  number  of  Milch  Cows   on 

J-  4    0 


sale  is  125. 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  3 
BestSiiort-horns  8 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs   and 

Half-breds       ...  4 
Ditto  Shorn 


4  to  3 

2. 


4— 2  10 
0  —  4     4 


Best  Long-wools  .  3 
DtttoShorn 
Ewes  &;  2d  quality  3 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0 

Calves      3 

I'igs  3 


0  —  0 
4  —  4 
0-4 


Beasts,  660;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2G10  ;  Calves.  138;  Pigs,   310. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Feb.  2. — The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  small,  and  the  condition  wretched;  it 
met  a  tolerably  quick  sale  at  the  full  prices  of  Monday  last. 
For  foreign,  the  demand,  which  at  first  was  very  slow,  im- 
proved towards  the  close,  but  no  advance  upon  late  prices  could 
be  established. — The  business  doing  in  Flour  is  limited  ;  prices 
remain  unaltered. — The  supplies  of  Barley  continue  small,  and 
the  trade  is  firm  at  an  advance  of  Is.  per  qr. — Beans  aud  Peas 
remain  a5  last  quoted.— The  Oat  trade  is  firm,  and  Monday's 
prices  are  fully  maintained. 

P£ft  Imperial  Qdaetee,              s.      b.  g.      s. 

Vf  heat,  Esses,  Kent,  &  Suffolk... White  44—46  Red  40-42 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  46— 48  Red  12—44 

—  —      Talavera 16—52 

—  Norfolk,Lincoln,&York,.. White  39-44  Red  

—  Foreign -37—53 

Ba.rley,grind.&  distil.,  278  to3i}a...Chev.  32— S7  Waiting, 

—  Foreign...  grinding  aud  distilling  23—29  Malting 
Oats,  Esses  and  Sufiolk  19-21 

—  Scotch  andLlncolnshire... Potato  2'— 24  Feed 20—22 

„    Irish  Potato  20—23  Feed 19—22 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  19—22  Feed 18—21 

Rye —      Foreign 

Rye-meal, foreign per  ton      — 

Beans,  Mazagan 24a  to  273 Tick  25—30  Harrow.  25—80 

—  pigeon 27    —  32...  Winds  30— 36  Longpod    24—30 

—  Foreign Small  22—30  Egyptian  23—25 

Peas,  white,  Essexaud  Kent Boileri^  12—34  Suffolk...  33—85 

_    Maple 27s  to  308 Grey  26—28  Foreign  .  27—34 

Maize White      —      Yellow... 

E'lour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  38—43 

—  Suffolk ditto  29-34  .'forfolk  .  -29- S4 

—  Foreign per  barrel|l8— 24  Per  sack  32—36 

Fbidat,  Feb.  6.— There  has  been  a  fair  arrival  of  foreign 

Wheat  for  the  season  since  Monday,  but  small  of  all  oiher 
■descriptions  of  grain.  To-day's  market  was  thinly  attended,  and 
the  value  of  all  articles  fully  maintained,  but  the  business 
doing  is  limited. — Floating  cargoes  of  Wheat  and  Maiae  are 
-held  for  former  prices,  with  but  little  doing. 


Imperiai. 

avebaqes. 


Dee,  27.. 
Jan.    8.., 

—  10.., 

—  17.. 

—  24.. 

—  31.. 


Aggreg,  Aver, 


Wheat. 

BABIEI. 

Oats. 

Eye. 

Beaks. 

373  2d 
37    2 
87    4 
S3    3 
89     8 
39  11 

263  3d 
2G    7 

26  6 

27  1 

27  10 

28  6 

185  3d 
17    9 

17  0 

18  11 
18    2 
18    2 

28s  W 

26  U 
20    1 
37    6 

27  10 
27    6 

39s  2* 
28    7 
28    9 

27  11 

28  8 
23  11 

88    2 

27    1 

18    1 

28     0 

28    7 

Peas. 


•Ids  Od 
•28    4 
28     1 
28  10 
•28     8 

■;8    4 


Duties  on  foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qviarter. 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages. 


Prices.   Dec,  27.  Jan.  3.  JAH.  10.  Jan.  17.  Jan.  24  Jan.  31 


SSjlOtJ 
B9  3 
88  3 
ST  4 
S7  2  - 
37     2 


FLOWER  POTS!  FLOWER  POTS!  FLOWERPOTS! 

CHARLES  PHILLIPS'S  Flower- Pois  were  dis- 
tinguished abuve  all  ottiers  sliuwn  at  the  Ro\alE<liibition 
of  1851.  They  received  "  Honourable  Mention"  by  the  Jury, 
Class  27  ;  and  were  deemed  by  the  various  competent  persons 
who  examined  them  to  be  superior  to  any  submitted  for  the 
world's  inspeclion  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  They  iire  pitronised 
at  the  Royal  Garden?,  both  at  Windsor  and  Kew,  and  by  the 
principal  Nurserymen  thrnughout  the  Western,  Southern,  and 
Midland  Counties  of  England;  are  extensively  u^ed  in  Ireland 
and  Wales,  and  maybe  seen  at  almost  every  Nursery  between 
Plymouth  and  London. 

All  orders  for  the  above  Goods  will  be  promptly  forwarded, 
Caeriage  Free,  to  any  Itailway  Station  within  15  J  miles  of  the 
ilaoufaetory,  either  in  dozens,  casts,  hundreds,  or  thousands. 

C  P.'fl  Pots  are  warranted  to  retain  their  colour  longer  than 
any  other  manufactured. 

CLEAR  INSIDE  DIAMETEEi 


No. 

1 

2 
3 

i 
e 


In, 
1} 
2i 
2J 
3i 
4 


In. 

No. 

4f 

11 

ti 

12 

lit 

13 

•; 

14 

8 

15 

In. 

No. 

8f 

IG 

9J 

IV 

II 

18 

12.t 

19 

14 

20 

In. 
15 
iG 
18 
20 
22 


Every  description  of  Red  Ware.  Sewerage  Piping,  Closet 
Pans,  Chimney-pots,  Land  Drain  Pipes,  Seakale-pots,  Vases, 
Tiles,  Bricks,  dsc. 

Phillips's  Price  List  and  Weston-Super-lIare  Almanac  and 
Guide  for  1S52,  forwarded  to  any  party  who  may  desire  it,  on 
receipt  of  a  postage  stamp. 
Manufactory,  Locliins  Road.  Weston. Super-Mare,  Somerset. 


BAKER'S  PHEA.SA.NTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's- 
road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty  and 
H.R.H.  Prince  Albert,— ORNAMENTAL  WATER  FOWL, 
consisting  of  black  and  white  swans,  Egyptian,  Canada,  China, 
barnacle,  brent,  and  laugliing  geese,  shieldrakes,  pintail, 
widgeon,  summer  and  winter  teal,  gadwall,  Labrador, 
shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  divers,  Carolina  ducks.  &,c., 
domesticated  and  pinioned  ;  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China, 
Malay,  Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied 
and  common  pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  pigs  ;  and  at  3,  Half- 
moon-passage,  Qracechurch-street,  London. 


Liverpool,  Tdebdat,  Feb.  3,— There  was  a  limited  attend- 
ance of  buyers  at  our  Corn  Exchange  this  morning.  The 
eales  of  Wheat  were  moderate,  at  much  the  same  prices  as  on 
Tuesday  last.  Flour  was  very  little  dealt  in,  and  the  price 
was  considered  slightly  easier  for  barrels.  French  sack  Flour 
■was  fully  as  dear.  Indian  Corn  was  without  change.  Fine 
mealing  Oats  were  scarce,  and  brought  full  prices.  Barley 
was  2d.  per  bushel  dearer.  Beans  and  Peas  were  unaltered 
in  value.— The  Wheat  plant  is  reported  to  be  looking  remark- 
ably well,  and  the  seasoD,  so  far,  has  been  highly  favourable 

•for  it. FaiDAT,  Jan.  31.— Exclusive  of  3335  qrs.  of  Wheat 

and  5576  barrels  of  Flour  from  America,  the  arrivals  from 
abroad,  as  well  as  those  from  Ireland  since  Monday  last,  are 
perfectly  insignificant,  and  we  have  none  whatever  coastwise. 
-Our  market  today  assumed  an  extremely  dull  aspect  relative 
to  Wheat  and  Flour,  and  sales  were  altogether  unimportant; 
^notwithstanding,  holders  were  as  firm  aa  before,  and  adhered 
-steadily  to  the  rates  of  Tuesday.  Malting  and  grinding  Barley 
■heins  in  limited  supply,  and  Malt  not  plentiful,  were  each  Is. 
.jper  qr.  dearer.  Beans  and  Peas  barely  sustained  late  rates. 
■Good  mealing  Oats  may  be  noted  Id.  per  45  lbs.  higher  ;  the 
value  of  other  kinds,  ae  well  as  Oatmeal,  remaining  unvaried, 
Indian  Corn  met  with  little  atteutiouj  but  was  not  cheaper. 


BANTAMS.-SIR  JOHN  SEBRIGHT  BANTAMS 
(Gold  Spangled).  A  few  very  fine  birds  of  the  above 
breed,  hatched  in  1851.  to  bu  Sold  ;  also  a  few  Gold  Pheasants 
(cocks),  hatched  1851.— Apply,  p'lst  paid,  to  David  Bailie, 
Gardener,  Lon^rrofts  llall,  Lichfield. 

COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS.— About  40  young  birds, 
nearly  full  grown,  of  the  purest  blood  in  this  country, 
bred  from  stock  imported  by  the  Advertiaer,  21s.  per  couple  ; 
single  Cocks  at  12s.  tid.— Apply  by  post  office  order,  or  direct 
to  George  Wakeliko,  62,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 

'^^^    BUDDING'S    LAWN    MOWERS. 

MR,  SAMUELSON,  Britannia  Iron  Works,  Banbury, 
Oson  (Buccessor  to  tbe  late  James  Gardner),  to  avoid  the 
disappointment  experienced  last  season,  as  regards  their 
delivery,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  the  above  machines, 
and  for  GARDEN  ROLLERS  being  given  as  early  as  possible. 
Delivery  free  to  all  places  on  tbe  London  andNorth- Western, 
and  Great  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 
Drawings  and  price  lists  forwarded  on  application  as  above. 


MR,  SEELEY  begs  leave  to  remind  gentlemen 
intending  to  lay  down  fountains  during  the  approaching 
spring,  that  the  work  will  be  better  prepared  at  the  present 
time  than  if  delayed  to  a  later  season.  He  has  the  means  of 
supplying  a  considerable  variety  of  designs,  but  for  want  of 
premises  sufficiently  extensive  to  keep  already  manufactured,  at 
least  two  months  is  usually  required  to  prepare  a  fountain.  He 
therefore  respectfulUEsoh'itP.eirlv  ordt.r6. 
New-road,  Reeent'a  rark    Feb   7 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


M'CORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 
OURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-sti-eet, 

l-^  London, — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
culrural  Implement  Department,  Great  Extiibition.  —  "Mr. 
M'CoiiMicit's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr,  Husaey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
farmer  trial  at  Ti^jtree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  <1istinction." — Price  of  Roaner,  25i. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— One  of  tbe  greatest  defects  in  British  gardening  has 
hitherto  been  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  on 
common  brick  or  stone  walls,  owing  to  the  variableness  and 
humidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  substituting 
boUow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  not  only  will  the 
young  wood  in  autumn  be  fully  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
will  be  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  spring,  and  a  climate  secured  equal  to  that  of  southern 
Europe. 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,,  and 
the  finer  sorts  of  Fears  and  Plums,  producing  fruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expense  than  usually 
attending  trees  upon  a  common  etooe  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  tbe  place  of  brick 
and  stone  walls,  but  will,  in  a  great  measure,  supersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapnees  at 
first  cost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exotics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  authorities  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindlet,  and  for  whosG 
opinion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leading  columns  of  the 
Oardeners'  C/ii'onicftj  of  December  G  ;  also  of  Robert  Marnock, 
Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park, 
London,  in  the  leading  columns  of  the  Gardeners'  and  Farmers' 
Journal,  of  Decembi-r  20.  The  patentee  having  made  arrange- 
mentB  with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-founders  in  the 
kingdom,  and  also  with  one  of  the  moat  extensive  British 
Glass  manufacturers  ;  and  from  the  well-known  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agents,  feels  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  sufficient  guarantee  that  all  orders  in  con- 
nection with  the  Glass  Walls  will  be  promptly  and  efficiently 
carried  out  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Agents,  and  with  whom 
drawings  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  prices,  &c.,  obtained  on  application  : — Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine-apple-place,  Edgware-road,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley 
and  Oshorn,  Nurserymen,  Fulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinning, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiawick,  London  ; 
Messrs.  Teitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter;  Messrs.  F.  and 
J.Dickson,  Nurserymen,  &.C.,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawsou  and 
Son,  Edinburgh,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs,  Dickson  and  Turnbull, 
Nurserymen,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.P.S,,  F.U.S.S.A., 
author  of  the  "  Practical  Gardener,"  "Book  of  the  Garden," 
&c.,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of  his  Majesty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buc 
cleucb,  at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Head  Gardener,  &c.,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentham,  St  afford  t.bire ;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  die,  Bodorgan, 
Anglesea  ;  Messrs.  Pilkington,  Crown,  Sheet,  and  Plate  Giass 
Works,  St,  Helen's,  Lancashire. 

%*  Prices  for  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Walls  with  glass 
andiron  will  be  given  on  application. 


FLAX    SEED    FOR    SOWING. 

J  CROW,  Agent  to  Tho:iias  Beale  BrowxEj  Esq., 
•  begs  to  inform  Flaxgro^ere  that  he  has  some  very  fine 
SEED  once  sown  from  Riga,  and  grown  by  Mr.  Beowne, 
which  ia  the  beat  seed  for  sowing  in  this  country.  It  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  Flax  growers  to  have  clean  and  proper 
seed,  that  the  Flax  may  be  of  pood  quality.  Sent  in  any 
quantity,  not  less  than  2.}  bushels,  which  is  sufificient  for  an 
English  acre  of  ground  ;  with  instructions  for  sowing. — Direct 
to  J.  Cnow,  ITampen,  Andoversford,  Gloucestershire. 

NEW    AGRICULTURAL    PEA. 

BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST,  28s.  per  bushelj 
7s.  Gd.  per  peck  (bags  included),— This  PEA  was  raised 
by  Mr,  Bishop,  the  reiser  of  the  garden  variety  known  as 
Bishop's  Lon^-podded  (of  established  reputationi,  and  was  pre- 
sented by  him  to  some  of  hia  relatives  ia  Perthshire,  in  which 
northern  climate  it'has  answered  exceedingly  well ;  its  early 
habits  ensuring  a  crop  where  later  varieties  fail.  Its  merits 
consist  in  being  remarkably  early,  and  certainly  much  better 
cropper  than  any  out ;  as  many  as  GO  and  more  pods  have  been 
counted  on  one  plant.  It  grows  but  two  (eet  high,  of  remai'k- 
ably  robast  habit,  and  always  branches  into  two  and  some- 
tiiiies  tbree  or  more  stems.  Mr.  Charles  Smart,  of  Rainham, 
Keut,  upon  whose  farm  the  Peas  offered  were  grown,  allows 
the  Subscriber  to  state  that  a  better  or  more  likely  useful  Pea 
never  came  under  his  notice.  —  Duncan  Haies,  Seedsman, 
Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St.  Martin's-lane,  London. 
Catalogues  of  Agricultural  Seeds  sent  free. 


QTEPHENSON  and  Co,,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Inventors 
and  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CYLINDRICAL  BOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
scientific  Horticulturists  to  their  much  Improved  method  of 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses, 
(fee,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  bottom  heat  is 
secured  to  any  required  degree,  without  the  aid  of  pipes  or  flues. 
S.  and  Co.  have  also  to  state  that  at  the  request  of  numerous 
friends  they  are  now  making  their  Boilers  of  Iron,  as  well  aa 
Copper,  by  which  the  cost  is  reduced.  These  Boilers,  which 
are  now  so  well  known,  scarcely  require  description;  but  to 
those  who  have  not  seen  them  iu  operation,  prospectuses  will 
be  forwarded,  as  well  as  references  of  the  highest  authority  ;  or 
they  may  be  seen  at  most  of  the  Nobility's  seats  and  principal 
Nurseries  throughout  the  Kingdom. 

S,  and  Co.  beg  to  inform  the  Trade  that  at  their  Manufactory, 
17,  New  Park-street,  every  article  required  for  the  construction 
of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  well  as  for  heating  them,  may 
be  obtained  upon  the  most  advantageous  terms, 

Coservatories,  &.C.,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
ornamental  designs.  Balconies,  Palisading,  Field  and  Garden 
Fences,  Wire-work,  &o. 

FOREIGN  CORN  TRADE.  — The  Emperor  o^ 
Russia,  it  is  apprehended,  willjirohibit  the  export  of  Grain 
from  his  dominions  ;  and  the  demand  for  Wheat  upon  the 
Continent  must  produce  an  exciting  effect,  and  increase  the 
vast  importance  of  sound  information,  which,  for  upwards  of 
20  years  has  always  been  found  in  the  MARK  LANE  EXPRESS 
—the  authority  of  the  Corn  Trade,  both  Home  and  Foreign. — 
Office,  24G,  Strand,  London. 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
7d  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-      Japanned 
ised.  Iron, 

2-inchmesh,light,  24  inches  wide  ...    7(?.  peryd,    Srf.perjd. 
2.inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ..,9        ,,  6^      ,, 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong  ,,  ...  12        ,,  9        ,, 

l§-inch     ,,      light  ,,  ...    8        ,,  G        ,, 

IS-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10   '    ,,  8        ,, 

If.inch     ,,      extra  strong   ,,  ...  H        ,,  11        ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Fheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  postfree. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Feter- 
borouEh,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTRY 
NETTING    5d  per  running  yard  ; 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7c?.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised, 

2i  in.  wide,  2  in,  mesh.  Id,  per  yard.        ...        5d.  per  yard. 
30  in.    „      2  in.    „        Qd.        „  ...        ejd.        „ 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ...        7id.        „ 

48  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is,  2d.    „  ...      lOd.         „ 

SpaiTow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high. 
Is.  Gd.  and  2s.  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalogues  of  Patterns  forrrarded,  post 
Iree,  on  application  to  T.  H.  FoX,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  G  and  8, 
I  Snow-hlllj  London, 


-1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


95 


GREAT  LONDON  DRAINAGE  COMPANY, 
for  the  consti-Qction  of  Tunnel  Sewers,  and  for  s>:cunnj; 
and  convertiD,?  the  crmients  of  the  Metr  piliian  Sower.*  iato  a 
Guano,  Ad  Act  of  Incorporation  has  been  applied  for,  and 
Tvill  hi  proceeded  with  during  tha  presen';  S.s^'on.  Pro- 
spectuses  may  be  had  at  20,  Throgiiorton-street,  and  17, 
Fluilyor-street,  LoQdi>n^ 


A   PRIZE   MEDAL  FOR   SUPERIOR    LOCKS 

"WAS  AWARDED    TO  J.  H.  BOO  BBY  ER,    AT  TUB    GREAT 
RXHTBITION  OF  1S51. 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 
Draiu-n-j,  and  .ither  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps^,  Gs,  per 
dozen.  Carpenters  and  Smiths'  Tools,  die.  Ladies'  Garden 
Tools,  7s.  Od,  a  set.  Sivord-scrapers  for  Gardens,  1$.  2d.  each. 
Patent  Fumigators  for  destroying  insects  on  plants,  in  green- 
liou';e3,  &:c.  :  at  Messrs.  J."  II.  Boobbi-ee  and  Co.'h  (late 
Stukch  and  Boobbteb),  Ironmongflry,  Brass-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stauhope-street;,  Ciare-market, 
Loudon.  Established  nearly  200  j ears  for  the  sale  of  goods 
from  the  best  ilauufactories  at  the  lowest  pi'ices.  Goods  for- 
warded to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 


ITTATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 

*  »  their  Gardens  dnriDp:  the  \TinteL'  months  simuld  con- 
struct their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMEMT  COJICRETE, 
■which  are  formed  thus  : — Screen  the  ciravel  of  which  tlie  path 
is  at  present  made  :rom  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  i%  and 
to  every  part  o'clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
fire  parts  of  euch  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
snd  iacorpovate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  appl>  ing 
the.  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on '2  inclies  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mil  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  ri^quired  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  4S  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  throui^h  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  a3  water  diAes  not  soak  through 
it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  toward'i  the  sides. 
Manufacturers  ot  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bauk-strect,  Westminster. 


A   BIBLE    DICTIONARY    FOR   THE    PEOPLE. 

By  JOHN  KITTO,  D.D.,  F.'^.A..  .tc,  Editor  of  the  "Pictorial 

Hible." 

In  a  beautifully  piiuted  volume,  Svo,  price  10s.  Gd., 

Illustrated  by  33ij  En^'ravingfi  on  Wood, 

A  CYCLOPEDIA  of  BIBLICAL  LITERATURE 
FOR  THE  PEOPLE. 
By  John  Kitto,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  &c.  &c.  &.C. 
This  Work  is  ntudiou^ly  accommodated  to  the  wants  of  the 
great  body  of  the  religious  public.  To  Parents,  t>  Sunday 
Schonl  I'e'jcher-',  to  Missionaries,  and  to  all  engaged,  either 
st^itodly  or  O'-casionally,  in  the  important  business  of  Biblical 
Education,  tha  vo'ume  is  conlidently  recommended  as  at  once 
the  most  valuable  and  the  cheapast  cotnpendlum  of  Bible 
Knowledge  for  the  People  which  has  ever  appeared  in  this 
country. 

ADAM  and  Charles  Blace^  Edinburgh ;   and  sold  by  all 
Book-sellers.- 


GARDEN  ENGINES,  SYRINGES,  &c.— 
GAUTIOX.— The  well  kn  >wn  reputation  of  REaD'3 
Bngines,  :Machinea,  and  Syringes,  his  led  to  the  nefarious 
practice  of  placing  Cards  in  Shop  Windows,  wich  the  words 
^'Read's  Patent."  over  Syringes  of  the  very  commonest  de- 
Ecriptioo.  R.  Read  begs  to  Caution  the  Public  against  being 
deceived  by  such  false  representations,  as  many  of  these 
Instrumenis,  upon  trial,  will  be  found  defec'ive  and  u<;eless. 
Read's  Syringes  may  be  known  by  the  Royal  Arms,  and  the 
words  "  Rkad's  Patent."  Manufactured  only  at  35,  Regent 
Circus,  Piccadilly,  London. 
*tr  A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  Seedsmen,  Florists,  &c. 


ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK.— 
The  HIPPOPOTAMUS,  presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy 
of  Egypt;  the  ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  many  recent  additions, 
are  exhibited  daily.    Admission,  Is. ;  on  Mondays,  Gd. 


FRUIT  TREES.  SEED  BEDS,  ETC. 
T^EW  TWINE  NETTING,  to  protect  the  bloom  of 
-Lt  Peach,  Nectarine,  Apricot,  and  other  tree's;  flower  and 
seed  beds  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds  ;  or  as  a  fence  against 
fowls,  cats,  tfcc,  at  Fifty  per  Cen\  cheaper  than  at  any  other 
Manufactory!  New  Twine  Netting,  one  yard  wide,  l\d.  per 
yard;  two  yards  wide,  Sd.  per  yard  ;  half  inch  mesh  do.  two 
yards  wide,  5d.  per  yard.  Worsted  Netting,  two  yards  wide, 
id.  per  yard.  Sheep-folding  Net,  of  superior  quality,  four  feet 
high,  id.  per  yard.  The  Repaired  Tanned  Fishing  Netting, 
two  or  three  yards  wide,  IJJ.  per  yard  ;  four  or  six  yards  wide, 
3d.  per  yard, — exactly  the  samo  as  advertised  by  others  at 
double  the  above  prices. — The  trade  supplied  at  W.'CULLING- 
FORD'3,  1,  Straihmore  terrace,  Shadtvell.  Orders  by  post 
pun-itually  attended  to. 


ONE  TO  FOUR  POUNDS  PER  WEEK  with 
certainty  REALISED.— Mr.  ALLEN  WOOD,  who  for 
■23  years  superintended  an  establishment  emplojing  upivards 
of  200  persons  in  various  branches,  will  fonvard,  by  return  of 
post,  12  highly  respectable  and  easy  modes  of  obtaining,  by 
either  t ex,  a  certain  income  of  II.  toil,  per  weeii,  with  or- 
dinary industry,  without  the  outlay  of  a  sovereign  or  a 
shilling  risk. 

Address,  Mr.  A.  Wood,  160,  High-Btreet,  Rochester,  enclosing 
3  directed  envelope,  and  13  Posiage  Stamps.  Up  to  this  day 
(December  30)  above  SO  teatimonialB  have  been  received,  all 
espreasing  the  greatest  satisfaction.  Ruly  this  is  n  j  falsehood, 
bat  a  certainty,>nd  wit'iout  risk. 


HEAL  AND  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 
OF  BEDSTEADS,  sent  free  by  pns^  contains  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  One  Rund&ed  different  Bedsteads,  in 
Iron,  Brass,  ja^Janned  Wood,  polished  iiirch,  ^ilahogany,  Rose- 
wood, and  Walnu':  tree  Woods  ;  also  their  priced  List  of 
Bedding,  and  their  new  warerooms  enable  them  lo  keep  one  of 
each  design  fixed  for  inspection.  They  have  also,  in  addition 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  designs  of 
PARISIAN  BEDSTEADS,  both  in  wood  and  iron,  which  they 
bave  just  imported.  Hb*l  and  Son,  Bedstead  and  Bedding 
ManufactnrerB,  193  (opposite  the  Chapelj,  Tottenham  Court 
Boad,  London. 

LLSOPP'S  EAST  INDIA  PALE  and  OTHER 
BURTON  ALES.— The  public  is  respectfully  informed 
the  ALES  of  thla  seasoo'd  Brewings  are  now  ready  for  delivery, 
ocd  may  be  obtained  Genuine  in  Casks  of  18  Gallons  and 
Q[»«rarda,  either  singly  or  in  any  quantity,  at  their  respective 
Stores,  aB  under,  wberealaoalist  ol  the  Bottlers  may  be  had  : — 
The  brewery,  ■  Burton-oD-Trent ;  61,  King  William-street, 
City,  London;  Cook-street,  Liverpool ;  Iligh-street,  Eirming; 
ham -.The  Exchonj{e,  Manchester;  Royal  Brewery,  Dudley 
and  33,  VlrginiA-street,  Glasgow^ 


In  a  handsoaje  volume,  strongly  hall-bound  in  morocco, 
with  gilt  leaves,  price  it.  16s., 

BLACK'S  GENERAL  ATLAS  of  the  WORLD. 
New  Edition,  revised  and  corrected  throughout,  with 
numerous  additional  Maps,  and  an  Index  of  Sixty  Thousand 
Names. 

Ttie  Work  is  in  every  reppect  accommodated  to  the  preseiat 
advanced  st.ate  of  geographical  research  ;  and,  whether  on  the 
ground  of  accuracy,  beaii'y  of  execution,  or  cheapness,  the 
Publishers  invite  a  comparison  with  any  work  of  its  class. 

"  We  are  now  in  possession  of  an  Atlas  which  comprehends 
every  discovery  of  which  the  present  century  can  boast.  It 
ought  at  once  to  supercede  every  other  work  of  the  kind;  and 
no  one,  either  in  pursuit  of  truth  on  his  own  account,  or 
attempting  to  direct  the  inquiries  of  others,  will  hereafter  have 
any  e.'icuie  for  going  astriiy." — United  Set-vice  Qaseite. 

Adam  and  Chahles  Blace,  Edin*)ursh;  and  ail  Booksellers. 


HOUSE  FURNISHING  AND  INTERIOR 
UECORATIVE  _  ESTABLISHMENT,  451,  OxFoaD- 
Stbcct,  LortDoH. — Cabioet  Furniture  of  every  description  at 
marked  prlc«a— IJniSBcis  Carpet,  '2».  Cd.  per  yard.— Damaak 
Curtains,  JOd.  per  jard  and  upwards;  Ditto,  In  Silk  and 
WoFBted  (French  fabric),  nearly  two  yards  wide,  at  Ha.  per 
yard. — The  beat  Floor  Cloth*  that  can  be  made,  cut  to  any 
dlmcodons.  2$.  3d,  per  yard.  The  larffeHt  Maoulnctory  in 
LoDdonfor  Paper  Hangings,  EngliHh  and  French  Decoratlonfi, 
adapted  either  to  the  Cottage  or  the  .Mansion,  fitted  np,  nhowing 
the  nida  of  a  room  fitjinhed  for  ocnnpatlon. 


FKIGI  DOMO. — A  perfect  protector  against  fro.st, 
a  non-conductor  of  heat  or  cold,  and  cheaper  In  prlco  thun 
batR  matting.  A  canvaH  midu  of  prepared  liuir  and  wool, 
adapted  to  m^ny  horticultural  and  llorlcuUurat  purpohUH,  for 
c^iTerinff  up,  wh«re  a  fixed  tem|icraluro  \n  r^'()iiirvd.  It  in 
'■H  jiT'in  wid^,  and  of  any  required  length  ut  \i.  id.  per  yard 
rao.— Miinnfiioiured  oaly  by  H,  T.  AaciiCB,  Carpet  Munutac- 
torer,  4'>i.  *')«ford-<nreet,  I/>nilon. 


COKE  CHEAP. — Tliia  econoinicfil  and  uweful  I'uel, 
of  a  very  auporlor  'jnulUy,  to  h't  had  in  quuntlticH  of  five 
Chaldronn  and  upwards,  cleared  In  uwcek,  nila  jiorOhaldrori, 
At  the  ihrce  worhKof  tliti  E'hwilx  Ga*  Company,  viz.,  linukhidtf, 
Uout^Wiirk,  upper  Hurrcy  aide  of  Vauihalf-brMgo  loot,  nrul 
Oroenw.ch.  Tliln  Coke  U  u^cd  In  hor  Majciity'i)  Gi^iiHcrvutorhjA 
as  Wfcll  an  In  private  hou4os,  and  i»  admirably  adapted  ftr 
at«am  engtnoi  la  the  cUy  of  London,  where  n/  smuUu  ifi  now 
fillowcd. 


A    NEW    EDITION    OF 

THE  POETICAL  WORKS  OF  SIR  WALTER 
SCOTT,  including  "  The  Lord  of  the  Isles,"  and  a  variety 
of  other  Copyright  Poetry,  contained  in  no  other  Pocket 
Edition,  With  a  Life  of  Scott,  and  Illustrations  on  Wood  and 
Steel.  Fcap,  8vo,  handsomely  bound  in  cloth,  gilt  edges,  5s.  ; 
or  crown  Svo,  with  additional  Engravings,  Gs.  Gd, 

"A  brilliant  volume  without,  and  a  rich  one  within — rich 
both  in  poetry- and  engraviage." — Church  and  State  Gasette, 

Adasi  and  Charles  Black,  Edinburgh;  Hodlston  and 
Stonebian,  London. 


la  a  handsome  volume,  post  8vo,  price  63.,  with  an  Engraving 
of  the  "Sic  Sedebat"  Statue  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 

THE  POETRY  AND  POETS  OF  BRITAIN, 
FROM  CHAUCER  TO  TENNYSON. 
With  Biographical  Sketches,  and  a  rapid  View  of  the  Charac- 
teristic Attributes  of  each.  By  Daniel  Scrtsigeodb.  Pre- 
ceded by  an  Introductory  Essay  on  the  Origin  and  Progress  of 
English  Poetical  Literature. 

*'  His  acquaintance  with  literature  is  exact  and  estensive,  and 
he  has  shown  a  fine  taste  and  a  sound  judgment  in  criticism." 
Prof.  John  Wilson. 

*■  The  best  and  compactest  view  of  the  subject  we  have  seen." 
Spectator. 

Adam  and  Charles  Black,  Edinburgh ;  and  sold  by  all  Book- 
sellers. 


This  day,  in  Two  Volumes,  price  18s., 

WALLACE ;  or,  The  Days  of  Scotland's  Thraldom. 
A  ROMANCE. 
Adam  and  Charles  ^Black,  Edinburgh;  Lonoiian  and  Co., 
London. 


DISEASES    OF    THE   CHEST. 

N'o'v  ready,  fourth  edition,  5s.  Gd.,  illustrated  with  cases, 

AFFECTIONS  OF  the  LUNGS,  AIR   PASSAGES, 
and  THROAT,  SUCCESSFULLY  TREATED. 
By  Alfred  B.  Maddock,  M.D. 
"It   is    impossible    not   to  believe  that    the    treatment  is 
peculiarly  applicable  in  these  cisea." — Litsrarj  Gazette. 

"The  treatment  is  at  once  Bimijld,  iag>_'nious,  aad  natural, 
and  the  evidence  adduced  of  its  edicacy  aad  success  incon- 
trovertible." — Hampshire   Telegrapih. 

SiirPKiN  and  Maeshall,  Paxraoster-row;  Baillieee,  119, 
Regent-street. 


BROWN'S  STAMPED  REGISTER  OF  BOOKS, 
marked  at  greatly  reduced  prices,  will  beready  Feb.  20th, 
gratis  and  post  free,  to  any  part  of  the  world,  and  will  contain 
books  on  Gardening,  Botanv,  Agricoltube,  Chemistry, 
Natural  History,  Medicine,  Surgery,  &c. 

London  :   VVilliaoi  Bbown,  130  and  131,  Old-street. 


TO  BE  SOLD,  the  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE, 
from  1812  to  1851  (without  the  Newspaper),  perfectly  clean 
price  51. — Apply    to   Mr.   Thomas,   3,    Crauford    Road,     CoL 
Arbour  Lane.  Cambarwell. 


'X'HE  COVERED  HOMESTALL  IN  THE  EXHI- 

-»-  BITION,  andaGALLOWAY  SCOT,  engraved  by  Hacker, 
after  Davis,  illustrate  tbe  FARMER'S  MAGAZINE  for  Feb- 
ruary. Contents — Liquid  M  mure  Irrigation ;  byC.  W.Johnson. 
The  Proper  Cultivation  of  Barley.  Hodges  and  Farm  Fences. 
Improvement  of  the  Labourer.  Law  of  Hypothec.  Corn  Rents 
u.  Money  Rent'^.  Riiapiug  Machines ;  by  Slight.  Breeding, 
Rearing,  and  Fattening  Stock.  Weulock  and  Hadlelgh  Far- 
mera'  Clubs.  The  Hessian  Fly.  Nature  of  Manures  ;  by  J.  C. 
Nesbit.  Agriculture — its  Progress.  Cultivation  of  the  lurnip. 
Wheat  Growmg.  Smithfield  Club.  The  Potato  Disease. 
Tiptrue  Hall  Farm.  Corn  Averages.  Tithe  Commutation. 
Legal  Intelligence.  Glass  Walls.  Farm  Buildings.  Game 
and  Rabbits,  London  Farmers'  Club.  Chicory.  Worcester 
Agricultural  Society.  Annual  Reports  of  tlie  Wool,  Seed,  and 
Oil  Trades.  Botu'd  of  Guardians.  Clovor  Sicltnoss.  Meteor- 
ological Diary.  Calendar  of  Horticulture.  Agricultural  Re- 
ports.  Review  of  the  Corn  and  Cattle  Trades.  Currency. 
Averages,  S'jcds,  Hops,  Potatoes,  Wool,  dsc. — Price  2s. — Roger- 
Bou  and  Co,  'li*<,  Strand.  London. 


A  New  Edition  of 
riT  II  E      BOOK       OF       THE       FARM 
-L  Jiy  Henry  Stephens,  F.R.Si.E. 

Enliroly  rewritten,  and  embracing  every  rocout  application 
of  Science  to  Agriculture.  Illustrated  with  Portraits  of  Ani- 
mnU  pulnted  fr<fm  the  Life,  engraved  on  steel  by  Thosias 
LanD'^elb  and  othern;  and  with  OOU  engravings  on  wood  by 
Uranstun,  In  Two  Volumea,  royal  octavo,  handsomely  Imlf- 
buund,  price  St. 

'•  Thy  b'jflt  practical  book  I  have  ovor  mot  v/iih. "—Profcesor 
•Mtntton. 

"  Thoro  arc  few  book?  of  ao  high  a  character,  orso  eminently 
uneful  ati  thlB." — 7'hc  Mayncl. 

"A  work,  the  cxcolloDtju  of  which  la  too  woU  kaown  to  need 
any  remark  fiUi\XT»."— I-'aiiiicro'  Magazine. 

*'  Wc  know  of  no  hinglo  agricultural  work  to  bo  compared 
with  thi»."— /JcW'fl  Ll/c. 

"  Onrj  of  the  comj)lctc»it  workB  on  ngrlculturo  of  which  our 
llturaturc  can  bimtt."~AyricuUuraC  GazMc. 

William  Ulackwood  and  Wowb,  Edinburgh  and  Loudon, 


GARDENING. 

NEW    AND    CHEAP    EDITION. 

•yHE  FRUIT,  FLOWER,  &  KITCHEN  GARDEN 

^  liy  PATaicK  Neill,  LLD.,  F.RS.E.,  Secretary  to  the 
Culedouian  Horucul'.ural  Society.  Fourth  Bditioo,  revised 
and  improved,  illustrated  with  upwards  of  GO  woodcut-. 
Price  3s,  Gd, 

"One  of  the  best  modern  books  on  Gardening  extant." 
Loudon's  Gardeners  Mof/azlne. 

"  Practical  gai-deners  and  amuteurs  owe  a  debt  of  gi-atltude 
to  him  for  his  excellent  work  on  Horticulture,  which  is  now 
one  of  the  ata-jdird  works  on  the  branch  of  science  of  which 
ittreats."-/'ro/s.-5orX'i(nbar'5  S^eec/i  in  ths  Caledonian  Horti- 
caltural  SooLety. 

Adabi  and  Chaeles  Black,  Edinburgh ;  and  sold  bv  all 
Bookaellers.  ' 


Price  4s.  Gif,,  with  a  Map,  a  Second  Edition  of 
■yiEWS  OF  CANADA   AND  THE    COLONISTS, 

V  embracing  the  experience  of  an  Eight  Years'  Residence- 
Views  of  the  Present  State,  Progress,  and  Prospects  of  the 
Colony  ;  with  detailed  and  practical  information  for  intending 
Emigrants.  By  Jahes  B.  Brown.  Corrected  tbroughout  and 
greatly  enlarged. 

"No  person  intending  to  emigrate  to  Canada  should  be 
without  this  singularly  well-written  emigrant's  manual."— 
John  BuU.   ' 

*'  A  work  of  little  pretension,  but  of  genuine  merit."— 
Cliambers's  Journal. 

"  An  instructive,  sagacious,  and,  we  believe,  honest  adviser." 
Critic. 

"  The  intelligence  conveyed  is  not  only  abundant,  but  of 
great  value." — Church  and  State  Gazelle. 

Adam  and  Charles  Black,  Edinburgh;  Longman  and  Co., 
Loudon, 


WAVERLEY        NOVELS. 
Various  Editions. 

1.  In  12  vols,  super-royal  8 vo,  with  2000  illustrations,  £10    0    0 

2.  In  iS  vols.,  foolscap  SvOj  cloth 7    i    0 

3.  In  25  vols.,  foolscap  8vo,  cloth 5     0     0 

i.  In  5  vols  ,  royal  8vo,  cloth         2  10     0 

A.  &  C.  Black,  Edinburgh  ;  Hodlston  «fc  Stoneeian,  London. 


Free  by  post  for  13  postage  stamps. 

THE  TREATISE  ON  THE  CULTIVATION  OF 
THE  CHRYSANTHEMUM  so  favourably  noticed  and 
highly  recommended  by  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle 
(see  No.  47,  November  23).  To  be  had  of  tbc  author,  William 
Ivory,  gardener  to  the  Rev.  George  Chetwode,  Chilton  House, 
Thame,  Oxford  (late  of  Tring  Park). 


pHARLES    DIMMICK    begs    to    recommend    the 

V^  following  superb  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
which  will  be  sent  free  by  post,  on  the  rei:eipt  of  a  Post-office 
order  or  postage  stamps  to  the  amount  charged. 

Four  leading  kiads  of  BllOOCOLI,  a  packet  of  each  for  3^,, 
viz.,  Walcheren,  Grange's  Early  White,  EUetson's  Mammoth, 
and  Wiiicove. 

Four  leading  sorts  of  CABBAGE  for  2s.,  via.,  Mitchell's 
Prince  Albert  (new),  Atkln's  Matchless  (new).  Nonpareil,  and 
Sharp-top  or  Portsmouth. 

Five  leading  sorts  of  LETTUCE  for  2s.  6rf.,  viz.,  Crystal 
Cos  (new),  Paris  Cos,  Snow's  Matchless  Cos,  Bath  Cos  (black 
seed),  and  Drumhead. 

Three  fine  sorts  of  CUCUMBER  for  2s.  Gd.,  viz.,  Latter*s 
Victory  of  England,  The  Doctor,  and  fine  Long  Ridge  for  open 
air  culture. 

The  lollowing  new  and  first-rate  VEGETABLES,  a  packet 
of  each  for  2s.  Gd. — new  Cabbaging  BorecolCj  new  French 
CurledEndive,  Mitchell's  Matchless  Parsley,  Victoria  Vegetable 
Marrow,  and  Orache  Spinach,  a  very  valuable  summer  sort. 

The  following  new  and  first-rate  HARDY  ANNQALS  for 
2s.  Gd. — ClarUia  neriflora  (double  rose),  Escholtzia  alba  (new 
white),  Hibiscus  caliaurus  (new),  Lupiuus  Morilzianua  (new), 
and  Nemophila  maculata. 

The  following  euperb  HALF-HARDY  ANNUALS  for  236^?, 
—Zinnia  (12  vars.  mixed).  Aster  (24  vara,  mixed),  Ger  an 
Stock  (24  vars.  mixed),  Thunbergia  (3  vars.  mixed;,  and  Plox 
Drummondii. 

The  following  BIENNIAL  and  PERENNIAL  FLOWER 
SEEDS  for  2s.  6d.  —  SweetwilUam  (extra  fine).  Polyanthus 
(e:itra  fine  border),  German  Scabious,  Hollyhock  (from  24  fine 
vars.),  and  Antirrhinum  {from  fine  named  flowers). 

Collections  of  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  sent  free  of 
carriage  to  any  station  on  the  South- Western  or  South  Coast 
Railways : — 

No.  1  collection,  containing  20  quarts  of  tbe  best  sorts  of 
Peas  for  successional  sowing,  5  pecks  of  the  best  Early 
Potatoes,  with  the  best  sorts  of  Broccolis,  Cabbage,  Lettuce, 
Cucumber,  Celery,  and  Radish;  with  other  Vegetables  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  to  supply  a  large  garden  for  a  year,  31. 

No.  2  collection,  equally  choice,  but  in  reduced  quantities,  2Z 

No.  3  do.  do.  do.  11. 

No,  4  do.  do.  do.  10s. 

The  No.  4  collection  will  contain  6  pints  of  the  best  Peae, 
3  gallons  of  Early  Potatoes,  and  a  small  quantity  of  the  best 
Vegetables,  suitable  to  supply  a  small  garden  for  a  year, 

FLOWER     SEEDS. 

100  varieties  of  the  best  and  most  showy  Annuals  and  s.   d. 

Biennials     15    0 

CO  do.  do.  do 7    G 

25  do.  do.  do.  4    0 

The  Seeds  at  this  Establishment  are  selected  from  the  best 
stocks  in  the  country,  and  the  growing  quaUties  of  every  article 
is  tested  ae  soon  as  received,  and  C,  D.  have  much  pleasure  in 
stating  that  he  has  the  highest  testimony  of  their  genuineness 
from  his  regular  customers,  both  gentlemen  and  market  gar- 
deners, to  whom  they  give  general  satisfaction.  Priced  Cata- 
logues may  be  had  on  application. 
113,  High-street  Ryde,  I«le  of  Wight,  Feb.  7. 


CHOICE     CUCUIVIBER     SEED. 

HENRl^  GREEN  begs  to  inform  his  Friends  and 
the  Public  in  general  iliat  he  has  in  his  sole  poanesslon 
tho  whole  Btouk  of  Walker's  I'ea-grccn  Cucumbrr,  purchased 
of  Mr.  Newman,  gardener  to  tho  Earl  of  Detamcre,  wbich  II.  G. 
is  now  Ecndiiig  out  post  froo,  in  packets  of  six  seeds,  at  2s.  Gd, 
each,  or  on  tho  receipt  of  «0  pofitago  utamps. 

This  splundid  Cucumber  is  dechired  by  tho  judges  of  the 
dilVcrent  cxhibitlonu  to  lo  tho  BEST  EARLY  SORT  in  culti- 
vution  ;  it  id  also  more  productive  and  quicker  in  growth  with 
LESS  HEAT  than  any  otlior  variety.  It  has  taken,  during  the 
laHt  two  yours,  nil  tlie  firat  and  second  Prizes  in  Cambridge 
and  Huntingdonshire,— Cambridge  Nursery,  Fob.  7. 


EARLY   ALBION    KIDNEY   POTATO, 

EDWARD  MITCHELL,  liaviiig  a  aiirplug  stock  of 
SKEI)  POTATOES  of  this  llrst-rato  early  variety,  begs 
most  rosi»ccifully  to  oH'or  thctu  to  tho  public,  and  the  trade 
gonurally,  as  bulng  one  of  tho  very  best  and  earliest  varieties 
grown,  it  buing  full  three  wooks  earlier  than  tho  Aiih-lcaf  or 
Walnut-Iouf  Kidney  Potatoos  ;  also  a  greater  crofipor,  and  far 
Hujiurlor  In  llavour,  than  any  other  variety  k'*owu.  Price,  per 
huHhcl,  8fl.,  with  tho  ufluiil  discount  to  the  trade. 
PoBt-olllco  orders  arc  cxpectod  irom  unknown  correspondents, 
Bristol  Onrdcns,  Kump-towu ;  and  05,  Mnrlno  Tarade, 
Brighton. 


96 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GlZETrE.         PFeb.  7. 


c 


APITAL      POTATOES      FOR      SALE. 

100  aucks  of  EALtLT  AXFORD,  1st  Bize. 
d'>.  d'l.  2d  size. 

BATH  KIDNEY,    1st  size, 
d'l.  di).  2d  size. 

ASH-LEAP  KIDNEY  RED, 
FORTY-FOLD,  lat  size, 
do.  2d  size. 

I  'Growerri  or  consumers  wishing  to  ptjs&esa  some  of  the  best 
sorts  of  POT  aTOES,  may  obtain  the  above  on  application  to 
Mr.  RicUAED  Webb,  Cstlcot  Farm,  Readinf;  ;  who  can  also 
supply  Bi>me  of  the  beit  Purple-tupped  Swede  Seed,  all  saved 
from  one  buib  ;  and  1^  ton  of  Belgian  Currut  Seed. 


nil) 

do. 

200 

di). 

200 

do. 

so 

do. 

BOO 

do. 

600 

do. 

ifPPS'  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GAKDEN 
-^    Sl.EDS.— No     1,    containiug    24    quarts   of  the  £  s.   d. 

newest  and  beat  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers       ...  2  10     0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quantitiee 1  10     0 

No.  3,  ditto  ditto  1    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12    6 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  &.c,  iic. 

The  highest  reference  can  he  givt-n  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.     Caniage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

"W.  J,  Epps  lie^B  to  remark,  that  io  consequence  of  his  being 
one  of  the  lar^jertt  Seed  Growers  in  ihe  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  satisfactory. 

High-sfteet  and  Mower  Nurserie-;,  Maidtttone. — Feb.  7. 


FLORISTS'  FLOWERS  AT  REDUCED   PRICES. 

CAREY  TYSO,  Florist,  &c.,  Walling  ford,  Berks, 
beys  to  state  that  in  making  i(,p  the  undermentioned 
assortments  of  Flowers^  qitaliti/  is  pctrticuXarly  regarded, 
and  a  great  reduction  is  made  in  tlie  price  of  each  variety. 

^RANUNCULUSES,  ino  splendid  nauaed'sorts,  2i.  to  £i     Os.  (Id, 

Ditto  100  6iie  mixed  ...     85,,  155.,  and     10     0 

*Dit':o  50  choice  Seedlings,  named      ...     3  15     0 

ANEMOMES.  50  splendid  double  varieties,  I2s.  M,  to  1     0     0 

PaNSIES,  25  excellent  varieties  ...         ...    15s.  to  1     5     0 

TREATISK  on  RANDNCULUS.  6d. ;  post  free,  M,  Ditto 
on  ANEMONE,  Zd.  ;  post  free,  id. 

Choice  ISauunculus,  Aoemone,  Pansy,  and  Sweet  William 
Sceilfi,  2s.Gd.  per  packet.  Imported  German  Seeds  of  best 
quality.     Catalogues  sent  for  two  labels. 

•  These  assortments  sent  post  free.  Anemones  charged  &d, 
per  dozen  for  poatage  and  box. 


SALES  BY  AUCTION, 


SUPERB  RANUNCULI,GLADIOLI,ANEMONES, 
<t.c.,  itc. 

RANUNCULU  S-prepaid  by  post, 

"Wiih  piloted  instructions  for  planting  and  culture. 

100  roots,  in  100  varieties,   superb  seedling   and  other  s.    d. 

best  sorrs 70     0 

50  roots,  in  50  vars.,  37s.  Gd.  ;  25,  in  25  vara.       ...         ...  20     0 

100  roots,  in  100  vara.,  very  fine         35     0 

50  roots,  ill  50  vara.,  ISs.  ;  25,  in  25  vara 

Mixed,  extra,  per  loO,  IS3.  ;  very  fine,  IO3  ;  fine  border... 
Hercules,  White  Turban,  5s.  per  dozen,  and  others, 

GLADIOLI, 

12  superb  late  varieties  {Ramos lib  habit)    ,., 

Breochleyenis,  brilliant  rich  scariet,  each 

Gandavensis,  each,  id.  ;  extra  large  

Gatidaveneia  spleiidens,  very  superb,  each  ... 

Insignia,  Is,  6d.  per  doz.  ;  Poitlacinns,  per  dcz 

ANEMONES. 

100  vars.,  beautiful  and  distinct,  named,  double 

50  vars.,  do.,  lis.  Gd. ;  25  vars.,  do,  

ilixed,  finest  double,  per  100,  Ids.  Gd.  ;  very  fine 

Lilium  lancifolium,  and  a  variety  of  other  choice  roots,  see 
Catalogue,  sent  free,  on  application. 

Remittance  required  from  unknown   correspondents.     Car- 
liaite  free  to  Lonilou,  and  on  Ipaw  eh,  Bury,  and  Norwich  line. 

Bass  and  Br^wn,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


10 

0 

5 

0 

21 

0 

3 

0 

(1 

fi 

2 

a 

1 

6 

24 

0 

■1 

0 

7 

6 

SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to 
intorm  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  new 
PRICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  185i  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postage  free,  on  aptdication.  It  contains  a  list  of 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
together  wi'h  a  very  choice  selection  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  which  are  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  ot 
sowing,  and  whethi-r  hardy,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  itifurma- 
tion.  The  CoUectiuos  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplied  in  former 
years,  ha^inir  given  such  general  satiafaction,  they  arc  again 
induced  to  offer  them  as  under  : — 

No.  1.  A  complete  Collection  of  Vegetable  Seeds  for  £    s.  d. 

one  year's  supply  of  a  large  garden  ...2    5    0 

No.  2.  Do.  do.        in  smaller  quantitiea        ...  1  10    0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1     1     0 

No,  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  0  1>    G 

The  kiudd  and  quantities    contained  in  each   Collection  arc 

stated  in  the  Catalogue. 

Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  on  the  following  Railways  :— 

Newcastle,   York,   and   Berwick  ;   North    BriiisU,  Leeds    and 

TLirsk  ;  York  and  Scarboroujih,  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 

Lancaster  and  Liverpool. — Gateshead  Nursery,  Feb.  7. 


GRASS  SEEDS,1SEPARATE  OR  MIXED. 
CUTTON  AND  SONS  having  for  many  years  paid 
^  especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  Land  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soils  of  moat 
parts  of  the  Unitfd  Kingdom,  and  the  Natural  Grasses  most 
fiui'able  for  eac'i  1  cality. 

Sutton  and  Sons  being  also  connected  with  the  prin- 
cipal collectors  of  Grass  Seeds  on  the  contment,  as  %-ell  as 
those  in  Scotland  and  the  North  of  Mingland,  can  supply 
every  hind  of  Natural  and  Artificial  Grasses  cither 
separate  or  mixed,  at  the  lowest  marhet  prices,  as  they 
always  have  a  larye  stoclc  of  evei'y  kind  in  their  Ware- 
houses,  Heading,  Bevies. 


MACKIE  AND  STEWART  beg 'respectfully  to 
apprii-e  their  numerous  pi'rons  and  friends,  that  they 
are  now  sending  out  their  CHOICE  GARDEN  AND  FLOWER 
SEEDS,  which  have  been,  selected  with  the  most  scrupulous 
care  as  to  quality  and  genuineness. 

COLLECTIONS    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS, 
Containing  all  the  Choicest  Sorts,  may  be  had  at  the  following 

prices; — 
A  complete  coReelion,  consisting  of  20  quarts  of  the 
best  kinds  of  Peas  and  Beans,  and  all  other  Seeds  in 
proportiou,  of  the  best  varieties,  sufficient  for  one 

year's  cropping  of  a  parden        ...        ^£2    2    0 

Ditto,  ditto,  in  atualkr  quantities,  but  equally  choice 
inquallty       1     " 


Ditto,  ditto,  for  a  small  garden    ... 

See  patje  2  of  our  Descriptive  Catologue. 


0  10 


.£1    0 

0 

.  0  U 

0 

,  0  7 

fi 

.  0  4 

0 

.  0  2 

(i 

.  0  9 

0 

COLLECTIONS    OF    FLOWER    SEEDS. 

All  Flof'.er  Scids  will  be  forwarded  free  by  post. 
100  packets  choice  s  jrts,  including  all  the  best  hardy, 

half-hardy,  and  Greenhouse  Annuals 
100  ditto,  very  choice  and  showy  Hardy  Annuals 

50  „  ditto  

25  „  ditto  

12  ,,  ditto  

50  ,,  Half-hardy  Annuals      

The  above  collections  are  selected  with  the  utmost  care,  and 
all  the  most  showy  varieties  are  included. 

See  page  24  of  our  Descriptive  Catalogue. 

Inquiries  being  frequently  made  by  Amateurs  and  others, 
■who  roauaga  their  own  gardens,  respecting  time  of  sowing, 
quantities  required,  ,tc  ,  M.  and  S.  have  just  published  a 
Descriptive  Price  Current  of  their  Garden  and  Flower  Scede, 
and  Cuhniiry  Plants,  with  their  general  treatment  and  various 
uses,  &c.,  stamped  (as  a  newspaper),  to  go  free  by  post,  which 
wilt  be  franked  to  any  nddrees  uijon  application.  A  Descrip- 
tive Label  will  be  attached  to  each  parcel. 
-   Norwich  Nurseries,  and  10  aad  11,  Exchange-street,  Norwich 

Pebruary  7, 


"THE   GOLDEN    BALL," 

UNEQUALLED  NEW  YELLOW  MELON. 

EDWARD  TILEY  respectfully  informs  Melon 
growers  and  others  generally,  that  he  has  been  successful 
in  procuring  the  whole  stock  of  seed  of  the  above  beautiful 
and  unequalled  Melon,  "The  Golden  Ball,"  whicb  has  been 
thorouj^hly  proved  by  an  eminent  Melon  grower,  and  ac- 
kn^.wledged  by  all  who  saw  and  tested  the  same,  to  be  one  of 
the  finest  flavoured  yellow  Melons  ever  known;  its  qualities 
are  as  follows  :  fruit,  very  handsome  ;  colour,  when  ripe,  deep 
oran^TG ;  shape,  perfectly  round ;  hollow  crown,  very  thin 
skin  ;  fle?h,  firm  and  very  solid,  and  of  superior  melting  flavour  ; 
free  setter  and  prolific  bearer;  wei^'ht  from  3  to  i  lbs.  The 
contrast  of  this  yellow  Melon  wlien  set  on  a  table  with  a  green- 
flesh  Melon  has  a  most  eti-ikine  effect,  and  every  person  who - 
grows  the  Bromham  Hall  should  also  cultivate  this  ono  as  its 
companion,  for  its  shape  and  perfection  in  flavour,  which  has 
proved  to  be  unequalled.  It  ciu  be  obtained  in  packets  of 
three  seeds  at  2s  Gd  ,  or  seven  seeds,  5s;  or  a  packet  of  this 
one  of  the  Bromham  Hall,  and  one  of  any  other  under- 
mentioned, for  6s.  E.  T.  feels  confident  the  above  Melon  will 
give  as  great  satisfaction  as  the  following  other  varieties 
formerly  sent  out  by  him:— Tiley's  Bromham  Hall  Melon 
(true),  Is.  per  packet ;  Tiley's  Queen  Melon.  \$.  ditto;  Tiley's 
Bowood,  Is.  ditto;  also,  Beechwood  Melon  seed,  Is.  ditto; 
Windsor  Prize,  Is.  ditto :  Emperor,  Is.  ditto ;  Fleming's 
Trentham  Hybrid  Persian,'  Is.  ditto  ;  Duncan's  Green  Flesh, 
Is  ditto  ;  Hampton  Court,  Is.  ditto  ;  Egyptian  (Improved),  Is. 
ditto ;  Blackhall's  Green  Flesh,  Is.  ditto ;  B-iiley's  Green 
Flesh.  Is.  do.  ;  Camerton  Court.  Is. ;  Victory  of  Bath,  23.  Gd.  do. 

TILET'S  NEW  CUCUMBER  "  CAPTIVATION,"  three 
seeds,  6s.,  or  five  seeds,  7s.  Gd.  ;  also  "Phenomenon,"  six 
peeds,  2s.  Gd  ;  or  this  and  one  of  Captivation,  for  6s  ;  also  Cham- 
berlain's  Essex  Hero,  four  seeds,  3s.  Gd;  Hunter'a  Prolific, 
three  seeds,  2s.  Gd.,  or  spven  seeds,  5s  ;  Lord  Keynon's  Fa- 
vourite, Is.  per  packet;  Victory  of  Bath,  Is.  ditto;  Gordon's 
White  Spine,  Is,  ditto;  Hamilton's  Black  Spine,  Is.  ditto; 
Conqueror  of  the  West,  Gd.  ditto;  Butcher's  Stratford-upon- 
Avitn,  Gd.  ditto  ;  and  numerous  other  older  varieties,  at  Gd. 
ditto.  For  further  particulars  of  the  above  Cucumbers,  see 
Gardeners*  Chronicle  of  January  3,  1852. 

N.B.  A  packet  of  "  The  Golden  Ball"  Melon  and  a  packet 
of  Captivation  Cucumber,  can  he  sent  for  6s.  A  remittance 
must  accompany  the  order  fmm  unknown  Correspondents, 
either  by  Post-office  order  or  penny  postage  stamps,  when 
the  whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above,  as  the  case  may  be, 
wi  I  immediately  be  forwarded  free  to  any  part. 

Edward  Tiles',  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbt-y  Churchyard,  B.ith.  Somerset. 


IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  VALUABLE  NURSERY 
STOCK, 

IN   CONSEQUENCE   OP   A    PORTION   OF   THE   LAXD    BEING 
REQUIRED   FOR   BUILDING. 

jV/TESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  have  re- 
LVX  ceivod  instructions  from  Mr.  John  Adams  to  sell  by 
Auction,  on  MONDAY,  Feb.  0,  1852,  and  five  fo  do  wing  days, 
at  II  o'clock,  on  the  premises,  Kensington-road  (opposite  the 
west  end  of  the  Great  Exhibition),  the  whole  of  that  valuable 
and  extensive  stock  of  large  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees 
and  Shrubs,  d:c.,  con  ■listing  of  fine  large  Magnolias,  Rhododen- 
drons, Azaleas,  Phillyreas,  Alaternus,  Laurestinus,  Arbor-vitae, 
green  and  striped  HoUies  ;  Irish,  common,  and  fan-shaped  Yews, 
Hemlock  Spruce,  Common  and  Portugal  Laurels,  Evergreen 
Oak,  Mahonia;Co  .^mon,  Siberian,  and  Persian  Lilac;  Green  and 
Variegated  Box,  &.c.  Also  afine  stock  of  large  Cedar  of  Lebanon, 
and  Deodara,  Araucaria,  Pinus,  Abies,  and  other  valuable 
Coniferous  Plants.  Together  with  a  valuable  stock  of  Vines 
and  other  Fruits.  The  wQole  to  be  sold  without  reserve. 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale,  Catalogues  (Is.  each,  return- 
able to  purchaserdl,  may  bo  had  on  the  premises;  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  tho  Auctioneers,  50,  Hoxtou- 
square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell. 


QEED  POTATOES  FOR  SALE  ;-carefuIly  selected 

^  and  true.  Early  Higham  Shaws,  il.  per  ton  ;  Forty-folds, 
il.  lOs.  per  ton  ;  delivered  in  London  io  quantities  of  not  less 
than  10  cwt.  — Apply  to  W.  BridqlanD,  Bromley,  Kent. 


HOT  WATER  APPARATUS.  FOR  WARMING  CHURCHES, 
PUBLIC  BUILDINGS, 
HOTHOUSES  AND  CONSERVATORIES. 
p  E.  WEBER  AND  CO.,  Ironfounders,  Scotland 
*~  •  Road,  Liverpool,  invite  the  aiteotion  of  the  public  to 
their  improved  Hot  Water  Apparatus  for  Warming  Churches, 
Public  Buildines,  Hothouses,  and  Conservatories,  which  their 
large  experience  in  such  work  enables  them  to  recommend  ; 
and  f'tr  economy  of  futd,  durability,  and  freeiom  from  nauseous 
smell,  is  unsurpast^ed  by  any  other  mode  of  heating. 

Ma^ufac^urers  of  Steam  Engines  Cranes,  Kitchen  Ranges, 
Register  Grates,  Stoves,  Balconies.  Verandahs,  EnUvtnce  Gates, 
Railing,  and  all  descriptions  of  Wrought  and  Cast  Iron  Orna- 
mental Work. 


BISHOP  MIDDLEHAM,    NEAR    FERRY  HILL    STATION^ 

IN    THE    COUNTT   OF   DDEHAM. 

VERY  IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  PURE  BRED 
SHORT  HORNS. 
Il/TR.  WETHERELL  has  received  instructious  from 
^*^-L  G.  D.  TaoTTER.  Esq.,  of  Bishop  Middleham,  to  sell  by 
auction  on  TUESDAY,  the  llth  of  May  next,  wi'hout  reserve, 
his  entire  HERD  OF  SHORT  HORNS,  consisting  of  7a  lots. 
In  offering  this  herd  for  unreserved  public  competition,  Mr. 
Wetherell  begs  to  reu.ark  that  Mr.  Trotter  has  been  a  very 
snccessful  competitor  at  the  meetings  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England,  and  other  agricultural  societies,  and 
amoDgdt  them  many  first  class  prize  animals  are  to  be  found, 
from  a  recent  inspection,  he  can  with  confidence  say  they  are- 
an  .extraord^iary  good  herd,  of  first-rato  quality,  Mr.  Trotter 
having  had  for  the  Inst  15  years,  the  unrestricted  privilege  of 
using  all  the  bulls  of  the  late  Mr.  Bates.  The  young  stock  are 
by  the  3rd  Duke  of  York  (10166),  and  most  of  the  cows  and 
heifers  are  in  calf  to  the  same  bull,  and  are  sold  in  consequence- 
of  Mr.  Trotter  having  entered  into  engagements  which  entirely 
preclude  his  giving  ihat  attention  to  the  herd  which  he  findt 
requisiie. 

N.B.— THE  HERD  MAY  BE  SEEN  AT  ANY  TIME. 
Catalogues  'are  in    preparation,  and  early  in  March  will  b^ 
ready,  when  further  particulars  will  be  given. — Durham,  Feb.  7, 


C^ARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms — on 

-L  lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  connty,  near  a  t^ood  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Ri>ads,  House,  and  Offioes  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  verv  low  ;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  niigtit  be  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  treaing  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  lutter  to  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  at  the  Oflice,  5,  Upper  jWelliogton-street,  Strand, 
London. 


SURREY.-FARMS  TO    LET. 
^0  BE  LET,  at  Michaelmas  next,  GUILES  HILL 

-^  FARM,  in  ihe  parish  of  Oi^kham,  formerly  in  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  proprietor,  couFisting  of  2C2  acres,  of  which  I9lJ  are 
Meadow  and  Pasture,  and  the  rest  Arable.  The  latter  has 
been  drained,  and  is  unincutnbired  with  hedges  vr  timber. 
The  homestead,  erected  chiefly  within  the  last  few  ypara,  is 
capacious  and  substantial,  and  comprises,  beside  the  dwelling- 
house,  several  cottages  for  labnurers,  and  ample  accommo- 
dation for  Dairying,  or  fur  Rearing  or  Fatting  Stock.  The 
incoming  valuation  is  very  light.  The  ttnaut  will  have  the 
privilege  of  sporting  over  his  occupation. 

Als'i  in  the  adjniniug  parish  of  Wjsley,  the  MANOR  FARM, 
nf  212  Acres,  of  which  101  are  Arable,  the  rest  Meadow  and 
Pasture.  The  Meadow  land  can  ba  watered  in  the  driest 
season.  The  tenant  will  have  the  privilege  of  sporting  over  hi  s 
occupation.— For  paniculars,  apply  to  Mr.  W.  Kate,  East 
Hor^ley,  Ripley,  Surrey. 


BRENTFORD    END.-MARKET   GARDEN. 

TO  BE  LET,  ON  LEASE,  with  immediate  possess- 
sioQ,    most  productive    MARKET    GARDEN    GROUND, 


NURSERY,  NEWARK,  NOTTS. 

IMPORTANT     AND      UNRESERVED      SALE      OF 

NURSERY   STOCK. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN, 

AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  WOOD  will  submit  to  public  compe- 
tition by  Auc'i'.n,  on  MONDAY  and  TUESDAY,  the  23(i 
and  24th  days  of  February  1352,  the  whole  of  the  Valuable 
Stock  on  a  part  of  the  Nursery  Grounds  in  the  occupation  of 
Mr.  John  Hall  Girion  (lane  G.  and  T.  Withers),  in  consequence 
of  the  expiration  of  the  lease  at  Lady  Day  next,  consisting  of 
70,000Oali8,  2  to  10  feet;  20,000  Beech,  2  to  9  feet ;  12,000  Birch, 
2  to  14  feet;  40,000  grafted  and  other  Elms,  2  to  12  feet;. 
1000  Limep,  5  to  8  ftet ;  40.000  Ash,  1  to  3  feet ;  7000  Sycamore, 
I  to  7  feet;  3000  Uombejims,  5  to  10  feet;  SOitO  Poplars  of 
sorts,  2  to  20  feet;  3000  Horse  and  Spanish  Chestnuts,  2  to. 
12  feet;  100,000  Lifch,  1  to  5  feet;  50,000  Spruce  Firs,  1  to 
8  feet;  25.0D0  Scotch  Firs,  1  to  5  feet;  2000  Balm  of  Gilead 
Firs,  2  to  4  feet;  3'jOO  Weymouth  and  other  Pines,  1  to 
5  feet,  6lc. 

Also  a  quantity  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Fruit  Trees  of  sorts  ; 
Evergreen  and  Flowering  Shrubs  in  great  variety;  with  a 
general  assortment  of  Ornair-ental  Trees,  including  Arau- 
carias.  Deodars,  Pinus,  and  other  Coniferce.  The  whole  of  the 
stock  will  be  sold  in  lots  to  suit  every  class  of  purchasers,  and 
may  be  viewed,  upon  application,  at  the  Nursery. 

Catalogues  are  in  course  of  preparation,  and  will  be  issued 
at  the  earlieat  possible  period  prior  to  the  sale.  To  he  had. 
upon  the  premises  ;  at  the  principal  iuue  in  the  neighbourhood  ; 
at  Mr.  'I  omlmsou's  printing-office,  Newark ;  and  at  the. 
Auctioneer's  Office,  Grantham. 

KING'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA. 

FINAL     CLEARANCE     SALES     OF     NURSERY 
STOCK,    ETC. 

MR.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  tha 
premises,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  on  TUESDAY,  Feb.  24, 
and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  without  reserve,  by  order  of 
Mtssrs.  Dennis  and  Co.  (the  lease  having  expired).  Fine  Ever- 
greens, of  sorts,  viz.,  Aucuba,  Hollies,  Box,  Irish  Yews,  Cedar 
of  Lebanon,  Yuci-as,  of  sorts.  The  remaining  extra  large  and 
many  smaller  Mul  berry  Trees,  choice  prize  Gooseberry,  and  other 
Fruit  Trees,  Str-wberry  Plants,  (fee,,  Jessamines,  extra  large- 
Iviee,  and  other  Climbers,  in  pots.  Also  a  quantity  of  useful 
Building  Mut^-rials,  &c.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  sale.— Cata- 
logues to  be  had  on  the  premise?,  and  of  the  Auciioneer, 
Brompton  Nursery,  Fulhamroad,  Brompton. 

FULHAM  ROAD,  BROMPTON. 

TO    PERSONS    ENGAGED    IN    PLANTING. 
R.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 

Premises.  Broai|»ton  Nursery,  Fulham-road,  BroJipton, 
OQ  TUESDAY,  March  9,  1852,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock, 
a  large  qaantity  of  Ornamental  Trees,  comprising  Laburnums, 
Acacia, Gleditschia,  Thorns,  Elms,  Che3tnut,&c.;  an  assortment 
of  Evergreens,  viz.,  Arbor-viia;,  Laurels,  Prive*.,  Box,  Holly, 
Yews,  Laurestiu'is,  ■tc.  A  large  Conservatory  Stage,  Alcove 
Arches  for  Walks,  Flower  Stands,  Trainers,  and  oiher  well- 
made  Wire-worlis. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had  of  the  Auctioneer,  Brompton  Nursery,  Fulham- 
road,  Brompton. ^ 


M^ 


BUILDING  MATERIALS. 
TO    GARDENERS    AND    OTHERS. 

MR.  CAIN  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  Premises, 
St.  Margareis.  Isleworth,  on  FKIDAY.  tho  13th  of 
February.  1852,  at  11  for  12  precisely,  by  order  of  the  Pro. 
prietor,  without  reserve,  the  fittings  of  Stabling  anil  Coach- 


containing  55  acres,  With  two  excellent  residences.  A  large  ,  I  \  quantity'  of  Clinker  Paving;  the  entire  fiaings  of 
House,  and  three  Cottages,  two  capital  Vmenes  large  forcing  j^^^^J  ^„d  two  Conservatories,  with  glazed  roofs;  French 
^•^''    and    all  other  conveniences,  and  requisite  buildings.—    ^J**"""'-''  *^  - „  .  .         .        , 


May  be  viewed,  and  particulars  obtained  from  Mr.  Wabteu, 
Carey-street,  Lincoln's-inn,  London. 


h  I 


T^O  BE  LET,  IG  Acres  of  LAND,  situated  in  Wood- 

J-  lane,  Shepherd's  Bush.  It  has  been  drained,  and  is  now 
adapted  for  Market  Gardeners,  and  particularly  fur  thegrt^wth 
of  Strawberries.  For  parlicolars  enquire  at  Messrs.  Lact  and 
BmDQfs.  19.  Kinc^  Arms  Yard,  Cok'niiin-btreet.  Cily,  London. 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  iuimediate  possession, 
a  SMALL  NURSERY,  eligibly  situated  in  one  of  the  moat 
fahhionahle  Watering-places  in  the  Connty  of  Devon. 

For  further  particulars,  apply  to  Messrs.  NoTTiKo  and  Sons, 
Seedsmen,  46,  Cheapside,  London, 


Laundry,  and ,  „.        ,   „  .  ,-       ,        , 

Duors,  Heating  Apparatus,  and  120,000  ot  stock  Bricks,  u  lazed 
Sashes,  Slatei^.  Piiiin  and  Painted  Roof--,  capital  Rooting  and. 
Rafters  3  pair  of  excellent  Coach-house  Doors,  about  lOLO  of 
excellent  lion  Hurdles,  a  quantity  of  Fencing  lor  Shrubberies, 
with  Gates,  &c.  To  be  viewed  three  days  previous  and  moro- 
iDgof  Sale.  Catalogues  to  be  had  at  the  principal  inns  ;  and 
at  the  Auctioneer's  Offices,  Xing-street,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


Priuted  by  William  Bhadbubt.  of  Mo.  13,  Upper  Woburn-p  ace,  io 
the  narmh  ol  St.  Pancrus,  and  Fiiederick  Mtjllktt  Evans,  o(  fto.  ,, 
Cliurch  rnv  Slot-' INewmnton,  botli  in  tbe  County  ol  MiddledPX,  FnateiB, 
at  tiieir  OflJ-e  In  Lorabar.t.etreet,  In  the  Preciuci  ol  Wbiteinais,  in  the 
City  of  London;  and  publishe.l  by  them  at  tbe  Office,  No.  5.  Cliarlea 
Etree'  in  ibe  parisb  ol  St,  Paul's.  Covent-Rarden,  In  tbe  eaid  County, 
wbere'  all  AdvertisernentB  and  Com  mun  lest  ions  are  to  be  ADiiaaaaHD  lO 
THii  Eniioa.— Smdki>at,  February  7.  13i>2. 


tlrj    ij 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley^ 


No.  7—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  14. 


[Price  6d, 


Afrrlcalturfd  Soe  of  England.. 

—  Improvement    Society  of 

Irelaad 105  c— 

BbbU,  tweet  

Beeoaia  FuchB'oides 

Berlio,  sardena  at     

Birds,  Brititli  touz 

Bioks  received  

BoCatiical  Garden,  Sydney .... 

Brewing  beer 

CaJeodar,  Horticultural  

—  Aifriculturol 

Cattle,  to  hoi.tse  leed 

Cinerariai,  effect  of  liquid  ma- 
nure oa    

CliniBte,  influeoce  of 

Draliia<e 

Farmipg,  ioflueuce  of  climate 

Ports '!!!!!!!!!!!!!."  iiliojc- 

Funn.  Inmiaoui 

Girden  GleaniiiTa,  foreisn  .... 
llailBtonn,  remarkable    


103 

a 

m^ 

f. 

101 

r 

11111 

ft 

101 

loi 

ft 

io;{ 

ft 

KM 

un 

ft 

104 

lll'l 

ft 

lus 

c 

101 

r 

inn 

107 

c 

ICfi 

-lOH 

«  1 

10,! 

101 

10:]  b  I 

Heatinir,  Polmaise 

Herbs 

Husbandry,  fork 10? 

Icicles 

Ireland,  emigratioa  from,... 

Irrigation  

Liarjeiu  Society 

Luraiaosity  In  funci 

Manure,  liquid,  effect  of  .... 

Milk,  LondjQ    •■•.. 

Uaahrooois,  culture  of 

Orchard  houses    

Orchids,  sale  of 

Pea,  cliicby    

Pears.  lo  sraft 

Plants,  hlut  to  Indian   

Plant  props,  inconspicuaus, , 

PolraaUe  heating    

Salmon,  the  

Seed  trade 90 

Timber,  cause  of  dry  rot  .... 

Verbenas,  to  show 

Water  pipes,  new 


101    c 

,  107  c 
,  10^  6 
,   102  ft 


.  lOli  c 
,  102  c 
,  100  c 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
Seed,  warraDted  to  be  saved  exclusiveIy;from  Rosea  grandi- 
fl:ira,  Delicata,  Comet,  Modyl  of  Perfection,  Elegans,  Formosa, 
Getn,  Belladonna,  Bicolor,  Qieen,  Fireball,  A'lrantia,  Rosea 
alba,  and  Sutphurea  perfecta.  A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in 
pickets,  containing-  200  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded,  post  free, 
upon  the  receipt  of  2s.  Gd.  worth  of  poatasje  stapapa,  by  R.  B. 
£iacHA.M,  Hedeahatn  Rjsary,  Bungay,  Suffolk, 


CAPITAL      POTATOES      FOR      SALE. 
100  Sacks  of  EARLY  AXFORD,  Ist  size. 
100         do.  do.  do.  2d  size, 

200        do.        BATH  KID^^EY,    1st  size. 
2n0        do.  do.  do.  2d  size. 

50         do.        ASH-LEAF  KIDNEY  RED. 
500         do.        FORTY-FOLD,  1st  size. 
500        do.  do.  2d  size. 

Growers  or  consumiirs  wishing  to  poosess  some  of  the  best 
gnrts  of  POTATOES,  may  obtain  the  above  on  application  to 
Mr.  RicHASD  'Webb,  Calcot  Farm,  Readini,'  ;  who  can  also 
supply  some  of  the  be-t  Purple-topped  Swede  Seed,  all  saved 
from  one  bulb  ;  and  1.^  ton  of  Belgian  Carrot  Seed. 


PRICED    RETAIL    SEED    LIST. 

ABRAHAM  HARDY  and  SON,  Seed  growers 
and  Seedsmen,  M  lidon,  Esses,  be^  to  inank  their  sup- 
porters for  past  favours,  and  to  offer  again  their  Catalogue  of 
Agricultural,  Vegetable,  and  Flower  Seeds  ;  also,  of  early 
Seed  Potatoes,  free  on  application  ;  or  with  a  packet  of 
Mignionette,  or  superior  Parsley,  for  two  poslage  stamps. 
Respectlully  soliciting  their  kind  recommendatory  favours  to 
inquiring  friends  of  the  genuineness  of  Seeds  received  from 
them  on  former  occasions. 

N.B.  Wholesale  Lists  supplied  lo  the  Trade. 


FINE      DOUBLE     TUBEROSES, 
43.  per  dozen,  just  imported  by 

PAGE  AND  Co.,  Seed  Merchants  to  the  Agricul- 
TUEAL  AND   HoEIlCDLTOttAL  SOCIETIES  OF  InDIA,  &C.  (fcc, 
Soathamptoo.      Priced    Lists   may  ha   had  upon  application, 
containing  uoly  selected  and  approved  varieties. 
PAGE'S  BLOOD  RED  BEET,  the  finest  crimaon  and  3.   d. 

best  sort  in  cultivation,  per  packet  1    0 

NEW  ROYAL  CABBAGE  LETTUCE,  perpacket        ...     1     0 
PAGE'S     NEW      HARDY      WINTER      WHITE     CCS 

LETTUCE,  per  packet         2    6 

RANDOLPH'S  GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE  (very  supe- 
rior), perpacket  1    0 

SILVER  PICKLING  ONION  OF  NOCER  A,  per  packet    1    0 
KEW  EARLY  RICH  SCARLET  FORCING    CARROT, 

perpacket         1    0 

FEW  RED  BELGIAN  CARROT,  perpacket     0    6 

BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  warranted  true  imported,  aud 

Tery  fine,  per  packet 1     0 

TcitimoniaU  are  uineccssary,  as  wo  rely  upon  our  reputa- 
tion.—Gardenera  and  Land  Stewards'  Registry  OHices,  'd7  and 
88,  Oxf  .rd-»'reet,  Southamptoo. 


CHEAP    AND    SELECT    NURSERY    STOCK. 

THE  SUBSCRIBER.^  beg  to  offer  tlie  following 
Choice  Stock,  at  the  annexed  greatly  reduced  pricew. 
Goods  from  the'ie  extensive  Narscrios  have  given  great  satis- 
faction through  .ut  the  Kingdom  for  many  years.  £,    s.   d 

12  beit  Cimelliaa,  with  tlowcr  buds 1  10    0 

I'i  very  bctt  Ghent  Azaleas,  with  flower  buds         ...    0  18    0 

12  Standard  B>:rberis  dtilcU,  fin*;  heads        2    0    0 

llf  Abies  Douglasii,  S  ft..  6ne,  In  pots 4    0    0 

12  do.  Morindtt.  true,  3  feet        10     0 

12  new  Hardy  Yellow  RhododendroDf  3    0    0 

12  Uhododtiddront,  scarlet,  crimiioo,  purple,  white, 
and  all  sliaden  of  coloiim,  neU-citd  from  their 
celebrated  colic  tion  of  more  than  100  varieties     1  10     0 
1'''0  Standard  Rhododendron",  of  various  colours    ...  20    0    0 
lO'jUhododen'IroncnmpanuUlum  (from  seedJ.Cyearft' 

old,  stout  pinntfl,  txtra  trnntplaiitcd      COO 

100  CeU-ir  of  f^«b«n'in.  3  ft,,  well  rooted  4     0     0 

lOO  >peclcii  and  varicMcs  of  OrnanKntal,  Flowering', 

and  Evhrgre<-n  SlirubH         2    0    0 

100  fine  double  (.rizo  Hollyhocks,  stronif,  4  ycriri'  old  10  0 
lOd  Uwarf  HoiKii.,  splendid  prizo vt!rl('tle«,  t-vo  ofn  Hort  110  0 
60  Utaodard  Uoivo  do.  d-t.,  iicludlDK  the  fliic  Per- 

petaali,  slrotii;  Htenm,  budded,  '^  ft 3     0     0 

100  Trno  LhKlUb  Elm,  C  Ui  B  ft,,  for  AvcnueH  ...     1     0     0 

1000  Laarels,  extra  trni.splantcd,  iinc,  2  to  Z  fi.         ...     0    0     0 

lOOO  Evergreen  Prlvc's,  iit<jut,  2  (t 10    0 

A  few  Thou«andii  hno  Kn(;lish  Oaks,  suitable  for  Planting  In 
Woods.  wi>l  bo  ftold  ch<;ap.  Prices  of  a  flrnt-rfttc  Stock  of 
FrtiltTre«sonnppticatloD,  A  rcft;r»nceorreriiittiince  li  respect- 
fully  •nllcltrd  from  iioknowo  correR|)oiid«ntB. 

WILLIAM  JAOKrJON   AND   CO,,   LlValw,    Y'jRKMimE. 


RENDLE'S  SELECT  GRASSES. 

WILLIAM  E.RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth, 
JJave  of  late  years  paid  much  attention  to  their  selection 
of  Grasses  for  Permanent  Pastures,  <£;c.  They  sup- 
plied  Mixtures,  last  seasont  for  several  thousand  acreSj 
and  liave  not  had  a  failure  or  single  complaint  j  proving ^ 
in  the  most  satisfactoiy  manner,  that  their  selections  have 
given  the  greatest  satisfaction, 

A  Descriptive  List  will  he  found  in  our  "Price  Current," 
copies  of  which  can  be  had  in  exchange  for  Six  Penny  Stamps. 

The  West  of  England  is  famous  for  the  PERMANENT 
QUALITY  of  its  RED  CLOVER,  or  COW  GRASS,  tons  of 
the  Seed  being  dispatched  to  every  part  of  Great  Britain  every 
year.  We  have  this  season  contrac'ed  for  a  largo  stock,  and  can 
supply  ANT  QQAMTiTY,  either  Wholesale  or  Retail,  at  the  lowest 
market  prices. 

For  Catalogues  and  further  particulars,  apply  to 

WILLIAM  E,  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Meechants, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  17SS. 


DV\/ARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S     DWARF      MAMMOTH     KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  25.  6d.  per  quart. 
BISHOP'S  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  quart. 
BURBIDGF/S  ECLIPSE,  1^.  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  bepn  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  establishments  in  ihe  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  respect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER    SEEDS. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA    CALIFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure   white, 

verv  eood,  Gd.  per  packet. 
IPOMCEA  BURRIDGII.  splendid  hardy  creeper.  6rf. "per  packet. 
SAFONARIA  CALABRICA.  var.  MULTIFLORa,  one  of  the 

best  bedding  plan's  ouf,  Gd  per  packet. 
TROP^OLDM  COCC[NEUM,  handsome,  6d.  per  packet. 
EUCIINIDEA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

Gd.  per  packet. 
GAUKA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous  plant,   Gd.   per 

packet. 

Ddncan  Haies  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
email  selection,  as  being  deservedly  worthy  of  universal  atten- 
tion. Catalogues  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Fli'Wi  r  Seeds 
foiwarded  on  application. 

Sredsman  aud  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  lOD,  St, 
Martin's-lane,  London. 


CHOICE    FLOWERING    PLANTS    FOR    THE 
PRESENT    SEASON. 

YOUELL  AND  GO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
deoir.jus  of  decorating  their  Greenhouse  or  Conservatory 
at  this  period,  to  the  following,  in  fine  bushy  plants. 

CAMELLIAS,  very  superior  kinds,  beautifully  furnished 
with  bl-inm-buds,  30s.  per  doz. 

EPaCRIS,  in  20  of  the  handsomest  varieties,  abundantly  set 
for  flower,  9d,  per  di>z. 

ERICAS,  fine  bushy  and  blooraing  plants,  93.  per  doz. 

CORRjEA  speciosa  major.  Cooperii,  bicolor,  and  other  fine 
varietiee,  now  coming  into  bloom,  95.  per  doz. 

CINERARIAS,  new  and  extra  fine  sorte,  6s.  to  95.  per  doz. 

12  very  select  Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants,  I83. 

25        do.  do.  do,  80s. 

50        do.  do.  do.  50s. 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  ALBUM,  flowering  bulba,  Gs.  to 
93.  per  ddz. 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  RUBRUM  and  ROSEUM,  flower- 
ing bulbs,  123.  per  duz. 

LILY  OP  THE  Valley,  strong  for  forcing,  (fcc,  Ss.  per  100. 

NEW  FRENCH  AND  BELGIAN  DAISIES,  in  50  best  sorts, 
9s.  per  doz. 

CHOICE     FRUITS. 

YOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  those 
gentlemen  now  about  plantiogor  replenishing  iheir  Fiuit 
and  Kitchen  Gardens  to  the  following  choice  articles  :— 
TRUE     FASTOLFF     RASPBERRY. 
Y.  and  Co.  beg  to  announce  they  are  now  executing  orders 
for  the  above  in  fineptroog  Canes  of  the  name  stoclt  aa  they  h'^d 
the  honour  of  supplying  her  Mojestj's  Gardens  and  most  of  the 
Nobility.     IDs  per  100. 
Fine  largo  WHITE  RASPBERRY.  3.t.  per  dnz. 
PE  .\C  11  ES,  NECTARINES,  and  APRICO  I'S,  -i  years  trained, 
iind  forward  for  benring,  53.  each. 
CIIERltlES  and  PLUMS.  4  years  troincd,  3/.  Gd.  each. 
PEARS  and  APPLES,  fine  cepalier.  24a.  per  d^z. 
The  above  are  of  tbe  moat  flclect  kinds,  and  worked  from  the 
S'ock  of  the   Horticultural  Society  of  London,  and  are  wur- 
ritntpd  correct  to  their  Horts, 

STURMER  AND  ANGLESEA  PIPPIN,  fine  lEspalUr,  2-l3 
per  dor.. ;  standardn,  la.  C>d  ,  Dwarfs,  1*.  ench, 

GOOSEBERRIES,  in  3G  of  the  best  kinds,  Bulocted  for  size 
and  fliiV'.ur,  ^g.Gd.  per  doz. 
CURRANTS,  improved  largo  White  Dutch,  A3,  per  doz. 
,,  Black  Naples,  la.  per  dnz, 

„  Largo  Red  Grape,  2s.  Gd.  per  doz. 

,,  Vlctoiiu  orKab.vCa«ilf,  very  fin  ^  rod,  43.  p.  doz 

RHUBARB,  fine  rooti  fit  for  Forcii.g,  <bc.,  coniprisiDg 
MItc'liel-V  Ro.tal  AlhL*rt,  Oa  per  d(tz. ;  M^utt's  LinniouM.  9s.  per 
'ioz  ;  M>att'8  Victoiia  (the  largealj,  Os.  per  doz.;  TobuUU, 
i)8.  per  do7. 

ASPARAGUS,   Giant   (Htionfj),  2  and  3  joare,  2a.  (itZ.   und 

''U.  (\d.  PIT  100. 

SKAKaLK,  Is.  per  doz. 

UOrtKS,  HtandardH  iinl  ilnHUtandflrdii,  of  the  very  bent  florts 
n  i-iilr|v)i'|(iM.  \'2s.  to  ITin    p<'r  d<i/. 

'    J5VBR0REEN  PRIVET,  24  to  4  foot,  Blrong,  SBs,  pcrlUOO,  or 
la,  pi-r  11)0, 

All  orders  of  11.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any 
Railway  Station  within  LOO  milca  of  the  Nwscry. 

R'jjul  NurBOry,  Ortiit  YnTinoutli. 


OVERSTOCK  OF  LARCH.— About  400,000,  M  to 
i  feet,  well  topped,  fibrous  rooted,  and  of  the  finest  quality. 
Samples  and  price-  sent  on  application  to  Joh^i  Scholit, 
Nurseryman,  &c-,  Pontefract. — Pontefract  Nursery,  Feb.  14. 


FLOWER  SEEDS  SENT  FREE  BY  POST. 

ROBERT  WESTMACOTT  begs  to  inform  his  friends 
that  he  ha^  selected  with  great  care  his  Stock  of  FLO  WER 
AND  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  for  the  present  spaRon,  includinff 
every  variety  worthy  of  cultivation.  His  GERMAN  SEEDS 
are  imported  from  the  best  for^iirn  house,  and  are  as  good  as 
can  be  procured.  His  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 
will  be  sent  by  post  on  rercipt  of  One  Penny  Stamp,  or  may 
be  had  gratis  at  the  NURSERY,  Stuart's  Grove,  Pulham 
Road,  Chelsea. 

COLLECTIONS   OF  THE   MOST   SHOWY  FLOWER  SEED 
FOR    LARGE    OR    SMALL    GARDENS. 

One  Packet  of  each. — 3.    d. 

50  well  assorted  Annuals,  Biennials,  and  Perennials     ...  lU    6 

25  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     5     6 

12  .      Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     3     0 

Post-office  Orders  made  payable  at  Brompton. 


CAMELLIAS. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  Co.,  respectfully  inform 
tbo  public,  that  the  CAMELLIAS  in  their  celebrated 
large  House  are  rapidly  coming  into  flower,  and  will  soon  be 
in  greater  perfection  than  they  have  ever  been.  For  the  infor- 
mation of  those  who  have  never  seen  their  display  of  these 
noble  plants,  they  may  briefly  state  that  this  House  is.  200  feet 
long,  and  ia  filled  with  splendid  specimens  of  tbe  finest 
varieties;  and  they  are  warranted  in  sajing  is  altogether 
unrivalled,  for  it  has  attracted  every  season  for  many  years 
i-ueh  a  concourse  of  admiring  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  as  clearly  proves  this  to  be  the  case  ;  indeed  there 
have  frequently  been  more  than  2ii,000  flowers  open  at  one 
time.  Cut  flowers  of  these  are  carefully  packed  and  sent  to 
all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  recherche  bouquets  of  Viirious 
flowers  for  weddingB,  balls,  &,c.  &c  ,  can  be  had  at  the  shortest 
notice.  In  addition  to  the  attraction  of  tbe  Camellia  House, 
L.  P.  and  Co.  beg  leave  to  say  that  their  New  Show  House, 
125  feet  long,  leading  to  the  above,  ie  filled  with  an  extensive 
and  well  assorted  collection  of  fine  plants,  and  will  highly 
gratify  those  who  honour  their  Nursery  with  a  visit,  for  it  is 
now  and  will  continue  to  be  exci^edingly  brilliant  with  all  the 
gayest  spring  and  other  flowers. 

N.B. — The  Ese:cr  Nursery  w-is  established  in  1720,  is  Pitu- 
ated  in  the  valley  of  the  Exp,  contiguous  to  the  St.  Thomas's 
Station  of  the  South  Devon  Kail,  and  at  an,  easy  distance  from 
the  centre  of  the  ancient  city  of  Eset-^r. 

Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  February  14. 


ESCHOLTZIA    ALBA. 

JOSEPH  EVANS  has  great  pleasure  in  oflfering  the 
above  new  Annual,  which  he  has  flowered  the  three  last 
season?,  and  which  has  been  greatly  admired,  and  given 
general  satisfaction  where  stnt  last  season.  Packets  Is.  each, 
post  free.  The  usual  discount  to  tbe  trade,  when  three  or 
more  packets  are  taken, 

A  remittance  is  respectfully  requePted  from  unknown  corre- 
apondents.— Rosina  Garden,  London-road,  Cheltenham. 


s 


UTTON'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  SEEDS.— THE 
SUPERIOR  QUALITY  of  our  Seeds  is  fully  testified  by 
the  numevoue  orders  we  receive  throUL'h  the  reeommendfition 
of  our  repu'ar  custooiers.  Our  sorts  of  Seeds  are  not  all  in 
the  possession  of  otlier  Seedsmen,  and  we  believe  tbo  quantities 
wa  five  for  21  10s.,  11.  IDs ,  11.  Is.,  and  12s.  6ii.  are  greater 
tban  others  offer.  ■  ■,      • 

Our  attention  has  leal  called  to  an  artiele  m  the 
Gardeners'  and  Farmers'  Journal  of  Jamtarij  17 th, 
joritten  hy  Mr.  Joseph  Newton,  gardener  to  J.  Harvey, 
Esq.,  of  iclwellhury  Eov-se,  near  Biggleswade,  who  has 
had  our  No.  1  collection  for  several  years  successively. 

Tbe  whole  article,  headed  •■  Hortieultural  Eiperimonts,"  at 
page  35,  is  highly  interesting,  but;  for  economy  of  spnco  we 
malieonly  the  following  extract  ;-  .,.,,,  ^ 

"  No.  1  was  begun  in  tbo  autumn.  18W,  and  ended  February, 
1851  Iron  bottom,  Isitchcn  garden,  north  quaiter,  belonging 
to  John  llarvpy,  Esq.,  lokwellbury,  Bedlordsbire.  Notice  of 
the  crops;  ground  planted  Oct.  1319,  with  Soitons'  (of 
Reading)  Impebial  Cabhaqe,  which  was  sown  July  20tli  of  the 
s.im»  year— li,.')20  plants  per  acre;  sold  all  as  Cabbage  by 
May  lOtb  for  3;i[.  63.  I  tried  20  of  the  best  old  and  now  kinds, 
which  we're  treated  a'l  in  the  fame  way,  in  order  to  sco  which 
was  tbo  best.  I  did  not  find  ove  i:i  a  hundred  i-mi  to  seed.  The 
seed  was  sown  in  tbo  middle  of  July.  Suttons'  Imperial  was 
the  Best  Cabbage  to  cat  early :  it  is  large,  mild  In  flavour,  and  if 
l..ft  will  cut  a  L'Ood  Bocoud  crop  in  siimnu-r.— The  ground  was 
got'reudy  for  Celery  bv  May  U'h,  18.50  ;  the  crop  of  this  was 
sold  bv  February,  18!J1,  for  281.  Gs.  8tl. ;  tho  Celery  ndgos 
nlaot-d  May  15r.li  to  Htb,  1861,  with  SuTTONS'  WniTE  Cos 
LUTTOCE  that  had  been  sown  in  the  open  ground  JIaroh  1, 
18.50  ■  the  crop  sold  bv  Jnl.V  28,  lor  2iil.  17s.  Old-  To'al  produce 
fur  lb  moiilhs  8M.  Oi.  liid..  Sutton's  White  Cos  Leitvce  is  the 
belt  I  have  teen  ;  it  wasfit'for  table  ten  dai/s  (in  Juts')  before  Adi/'a 
Cos  Paris  Cos,  old  Drumhead  or  Hath  Cos.  All  had  the  saiuo 
euro  It  grows  upright,  wants  no  tying,  and  will  grow  a  close 
UuhboEO  without  ortillclal  old.  Sin  Lettuces  wore  grown  m 
Ihe  siiace  ol  0110  yard,  and  weighed,  on  the  avirago,  3  lbs.  each 
after  tbo  room  were  cut  and  tbo  waste  leaves  lulion  ulf;  with 
'ho  roois  and  leaves,  they  weighed  l  lbs.  each,  after  tho  roots 
wore  washod.  Tho  roots  and  leaves  wore  left  on  tho  ground, 
which  at  18  lbs.  per  jnrd,  prortuced  38  tons  17  owt.  8  qtn, 
22  lbs.  per  acre  :  and  bad  all  tho  ground  been  Lettuce,  m  lu 
weeks  from  the  time  It  was  planted  It  would  have  boon  worth 
•101.  Cs.Bd.nt'W.  per  dozen.  Joseph  Newton, 

Oardcnor  to  J.  Ilarvoy,  Lsq..  Ickwellbury, 
lllggloHwade,  Hods." 
N.II.  The  Lettuces  and  Cabbages  above  all  tided  to  arc 
inolnded  (with  all  other  Kiteheu  Garden  Seeds  equally 
(lootl)  in  each  of  ow  CollectioiiH. 
JuuN  Sutt.jN  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Heading,  Bcrlts. 


■^---*^v.^;v 


98 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Feb.   14, 


CEDRUS  DEODARA  &  ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA. 

WE  beg  respectfully  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility 
and  Planters  of  Ornamental  Trees  to  our  extensive, 
hoiiUliy,  and  well  ;rrown  Stock,  in  pots,  of  the  above,  which 
we  are  eoab'ed  lo  (ifF<;r  at  the  followlnur  prices  : —  s.   d. 

CEDRUd  DEODARA,  1  loot,  fine  and  bushy,  per  doz.  ...     9     0 
Do.  do.        li  to  2  feet        do.  do.      ...  18    0 

Do.  do.,  fine  selected  apecimenp,  3  feet,  very 

handsome,  each         7     6 

ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  1  foot,  per  doz 18    0 

Do.  do.,  1^  to  2  fc'jt,      do.  42     0 

Do.  do,  fine  selected  specimens,  3  fie*^, 

very  handsome,  each  21    0 

Carriage  paid  on  all  m-ders  of  '21.  and  upwards  to  London 
and  Hull,  or  to  any  Railway  Scatiou  within  150  miles  of  the 
Kursery. 
YooELL  and  Co.'s  Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yfirraouth,  Norfolk. 


VERY  SUPERIOR  VEGETABLE  SEEDS 

OFFERED  BY 

WILLIAM    E.    RENDLE   and    CO.,    Seed    Mer- 
chants,   PLTMMUTn. 

The  following  are  very  superior  sorts,  and  should  he 
groxvn  in  every  garden — small  or  large.  TJie  whole  are 
either  saved  by  oii^rselves  or  hy  first-rate  gro2oers,  on  whom 
we  can  place  the  fullest  confidence. 

%"  THE  WHOLK  WILL.  BE  SENT  FREE  BY  TOST  AT 
THE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

Some  of  the  sorts  are  very  scarce;  orders  shoidd  there- 
fore he  sent  as  soon  as  convenient. 

TARSLCY,  RENDLE'S  TREBLE  GARNISHTNO,  proved 
by  the  London  Horticu'tiiral  Society,  and  described  in  their 
Jou'-nal  as  being  "beautiftiUi/  curled,  and  an  excellent  variety." 

BROCCOLI.  RENDLE'S  SUPERB  AVILLCOVE.-This  is 
ark'iowledged  by  all  the  leading  Horticultural  writers  and 
prowers  to  be  by  far  the  best  Spring  Broccoli  in  cultivation. 
Six  Heads  were  exhibited  in  London  in  May  last,  weighing 
more  than  SOlbs.     Is.  per  packet 

BROCCOLI.  RENDLE'S  EARLY  PENZ  \NCE  WHITE.— 
Thifi  i^  the  eirlieRt  of  all  the  Spring  BrocLO'ies,  and  is  well 
liUDWD  to  bo  fio  in  Cuvent  Garden  M  arket,  as  the  whole  of  the 
early  Brocco'iea  come  from  the  tieiphbourhood  of  Penzance. 
Oo  the  17th  of  Febbuahy,  1851,  they  forwarded  two  Heads  to 
one  of  the  monthly  meetiugg  of  the  Lo'  don  Hor  icultuval 
So(:iety.  The  following  is  from  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  fur 
February  22(1  :— "  Two  very  fine  Heads  of  '  Penzance  Broccoli* 
were  shown  by  MeS'^rs.  Rendle  and  Co  ,  oF  Plymouth,  who 
at.'it  d  that  one  of  the  Heads  weighed  3J  lbs.,  and  was  2  f- et 
10  inches  in  circumference.  The  other  weii/hed  SJlba  ,  and 
2  feet  in  circumferen'-e.  Tliese  weights  and  measurements  are 
without  the  lejives."  They  have  but  a  very  small  supply  of  the 
seed,  it  heinj^  very  scarce.     Is,  per  packet. 

PARSLEY,  MITOHELL'S  WINTER  MATCHLESS,  a  very 
surifiior  curled  and  hardy  variety.     Gd   per  packet. 

CELERY,  TURNER'S  SUPERB  SOLID  DWARF  WHITE, 
dire.-":  from  Mr.  Turner,  Slough,     Is.  per  packtt, 

CCCUMBEH,  CUTHILL'S  BLACK  SPINE,  saved  by  Mr. 
CuUiid.     Is.  Tier  packet. 

CUCUMBER.  ELPHINSTONE'3  PROLIFIC  BL\CK 
SPINE,  from  Mr.  Turner,  Slouch.  (Sje  his  Advertisement.) 
l5.  6d.  per  packet. 

CAULIFLOWER,  NEW  EARLY,  saved  by  Messrs.  Fitch, 
the  Krcat  m.irUet  pjirdeners  at  Fulh;im.     I5.  per  packtt. 

BROCCOLI.  TRUE  WALCHEREN,  saved  by  Messrs.  Myatt, 
the  cvf  at  msi  ket  gardeners  at  Deptford.     Is.  per  packet. 

PARSLEY,  MYATT'S  FINE  TREBLE  CURLED,  saved  by 
DleESrs    Myaft.     6ri.  per  packet. 

MELON,  CUTHILL'S  SCARLET  FLESH,  direct  from  Mr. 
Cutbill.     Is.  ppr  packet. 

ME.'.ON.  TRUE  OASSABAU,  presented  by  the  Pacha  of 
Egypt  to  Lieut.  Tancock,  H.M.  ship  Hindostan,  a  splendid 
vat  letv.     2s.  Gd.  per  packet.     (Onlv  a  few  piickets  remain.) 

LF/iTUCE,  NEW  CRYSTAL  COS,  a  most  excellent  variety. 
6((.  p'-r  natket. 

GaBBA'^E,  HENDLE'S  EARLY  ADMIRABLE,  one  of  the 
bsst  early  Cahbigep.     Gd   per  p  icket. 

CABBAGE,  ENFIELD  MARKET,  celebrated  as  being  the 
bes"  tn  exi'^tence.     Gd.  per  packet. 

CE  .ERY,  SEYMOUR'S  CHAMPION  WHITE,  superior  to 
the  old  variety.     Is.  per  packet. 

CARROT,  TRUE  DUTCH  HORN,  a  most  valuable  sort 
for  forein;;.     Gl.  per  packet. 

CABBAGE,  MIICHELL'S  PRINCE  ALBERT,  a  superior 
new  and  early  variety.     Cd  per  packet. 

A II  other  new  Seeds,  either  advertised  in  this  Paper  or 
sent  out  by  other  dealers,  can  be  had  of  the  subscribers  at 
the  regular  printed  prices. 

A  Geiieml  pRiCED|Oatalof;ueQf  Seed^  can  be  had  on  application  to 
William  IO.  Rendle  and  Co  ,  Seed  Merchant^.  Plymouth. 
ESTABLISHED  MORE    THAN  HALF   A  CENTURY. 


CHOICE    CINERARIAS,    CHRYSANTHEMUMS,    ETC. 

WM.  RUMLEY  AND  SONS  can  supply  the  following 
first-rate  CINERARIAS,  in  extra  strong  plants,  for 
bloom'ng  immediately,  20  lor  Hs.,  12  for  9s.,  or  6  for  5s.,  or 
sm'il'er  plants  Gs.  per  dozen,  hamper  and  package  included, 
viz.,  Adcla  ViilitTB,  Azurea  Multiflora,  Annie,  British  Qaeen, 
lieauty  of  Uttoxeter,  Crim.-.on  Perfectioi,  Clim;i.t,  Cyru-', 
Cerito,  Hector,  Incomparable  Jenny  Liod,  Jlariima.  New- 
ington  Beauty,  Unique,  Picturata,  Res[iteuden=-,  Vu'can, 
Clara,  Indispensable,  Alboni,  Beauty  of  Eccles,  djc.  Each 
dczeuof  the  above  will  include  a  p'ant  of  the  splendid  new 
Seedling  Cineraria  Attractive,  now  Stfnding  out  at  2^.  Gd.  each. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  from  40  extra  fine  varieties,  6s. 
per  doziiK 

Our  new  Descvip'ive  Catalogue  of  choice  Fuchsias,  Ver. 
bcnas,  Geranium^,  Dahlias.  Pansies,  Cinerarias,  Petunias, 
Ctrjsan  bemums,  &.c.,  may  be  had  an  application. 

Gillinir.  Richmond,  Yoikohire 


THE  RUSSIAN  SUPERB.— It  is  now  three  years 
since  the  proiluction  of  this  eplendid  VIuLET  ;  eince 
which,  plams  of  ihem  have  been  supplied  extensively  to  all 
jiarts  <;f  the  kingdi'm,  and  are  found,  everywhere,  eaf-y  to 
cultivate.  The  aovantrtges  of  this  Violet  are,  that  it  blooms 
far  more  p'ofu-ely,  produces  a  larger  blossom,  and  is  longer 
ill  the  sttm  than  any  o  Iier  sort;  and  it  is  fully  equal  in 
iragrancB  to  the  Neapolit;in, 

K,  SnicSELLhas  been  honoured  with  the  following  gratify- 
ing no'ice  of  a  bouquet  of  these  llotvers,  which  he  had  the 
honour  topretent  to  her  Majesty  the  Qaoen. 

"  Windsor  Castle,  Oct.  25,  18-1!). 

"  Sir,— I  have  received  the  commands  of  the  Qaeeu  to  inform 
you  that  louv  letter  of  the  23d  inst.,  trgetber  wiLh  a  plant  and 
b(-uquet  ot  Violets,  have  been  received,  and  that  her  Majesty 
has  b?en  graciously  plea-^ed  to  accept  them.  I  am  directtsd  to 
<:onvty  to  you  her  Majesty's  thanks  for  your  attention. 

"  1  am,  sir,  your  obedient  seivant, 

"Mr.  Fhackell.  •■  c.  B.  Phipps." 

Opinions  or  ibe  Press,  and  other  testimonials  ol  high  approval 
maybi^  obiained.  by  application,  to  R,  Shackell,  by  whom 
these  Violets  are  supplied  at  Gs.  per  d.'z.?n  lor  strong  plants, 
packaL'e  tree,  or  is.  per  dozen  for  smaller  plants,  which,  in 
quaoiir.ies  <.f  not  les^s  than  a  dozen,  will  be  supplied  throu^ih 
the  pott,  free  ol  postage.  Am.iunts  ftr  1  dozen  may  be  trans- 
mitted by  postage  ■  tnmps  ;  for  larger  quaniiiies  by"  Post-office 
order.— Direct  to  Robeut  Shaceell,  Lockebrook  Nursery,  Bath. 


OEEDLING    POTATOES.  ~  THE    STOCK    POR- 

^  SALE  — The  2l  S''lected  and  distinct  varieties  shown  an'' 
much  admired  by  the  membern,  gardeners,  and  grower *< 
present  at  the  Horticultural  Society's  Rooms,  on  tiie  20th  ult.. 
are  for  sale,  by  tender,  ac  per  bushel.  No  one  sort  exceeds  15 
nor  is  leS'*  than  2  busheh.  A  full  description  of  the  varieties 
wi,l  he  forwarded  on  receipt  of  one  postage  stamp.  Samples  of 
e-Hch  sort  may  bo  seen  at  Mr  Lawrence's,  Seedsman,  ifcc,  IS, 
Piccadilly  ;  Mr.  Shailee,  Nurseryman,  Bntfersea-fieUls,  and 
at  the  Grower's,  Mr.  W.  J.  Newton,  41,  Brewer-stie^t,  Golden- 
'qu'tre.  Certificates  of  their  several  qualiLies  may  bo  seen 
from  Mr,  Ingram,  Royal  Gardens,  Frogmore  ;  Mr.  Malleson, 
Royal  Gardens,  Claremont ;  Mr.  TtraNEE,  Eton  College 
Gardens. 


,v 


OHN  HENCHMAN  invites  the  attention  of  Amateurs 

and  the  Trade  to  his  well  known  and  extensive  Stock  of 
Choice  SEEDLING  CALCEOLARIA^.  He  is  now  sending 
out  sumt  healthy  Plants  in  small  po's,  at  63,  per  dozen. 

Dito  from  the  choicest  seed,  including  a  new  and  superior 
Sbrubt>y  breed,  lis.  per  dozen. 

STODfj;  plants  in  48  pots  for  early  blooming  and  specimen 
plants,  l2s.  per  dozen  ;  best  varieties,  I83,  per  dozen. 

Choice  named  PANSIES,  healthy  plants  wintered  in  pots, 
63.,  9s.,  and  12s.  per  dozen. 

Choice  Seedling  CINERARIAS,  fine  plants,  in  43  pots,  just 
showing  colour,  9a.  to  Tig.  per  dozen. 

GENISTA  PRAGRANS  (best  variety)  full  of  bloom,  in  43 
pots,  6s  and  S.f.  yer  dozen  ;  in  40  and  32  pots,  2  feet  high  and 
bushy,  123.  to  I83.  per  dozen. 

Choice  CALCKOLaRIA  Seed,  23  Gd.  per  packet. 

HOLLYHOCK  Seed,  Irom  Chater'u  best  named  sorts,  23.  Gd. 
per  packet. 

Choice  LEMON  and  ORANGE  AFRICAN  and  DWARF 
FREN'CH  MARYGOLD,  at  Si.  per  packet. 

^^  Po8t-offi^;e  orders  are  requ'^sted  from  unknown  corre- 
spondents.—  Edmonton,  near  London,  Feb.  14. 


CAMELLIA    JAPONICA. 

CHANDLER    and     SONS     beg     to     inform    the 
nobility  and  gentry  that  their  CAVIELLIAS  will  be  very 
fine  this  seaaoa.      A  great  many  are  now  in  flower. 
N.B.  Cut  flowers  m^iy  ba  had. 
Ndrsery,    Wandswohth  Road,    Londos. 


SUPERB  RANUNCULIjGLADIOLI,  ANEMONES, 
Ac,  &c. 
RANUNCULU  S-prepaid  by  post. 
With  piloted  instructions  for  planting  and  culture. 
100  roots,  in  100  varieties,   superb  seedling  and  other 

best  sorts     ...         

50  roots,  in  50  vars.,  37s.  Gd. ;  25,  in  25  vara 

100  roots,  in  100  vars.,  very  fine 

50  roo''?,  in  50  var.i.,  18s.  ;  25,  in  25  vars 

Mixed,  extra,  per  lOO,  IBs. ;  very  fine,  10s.  ;  fine  border.,, 
Hercules,  White  Turban,  5s.  per  dozen,  and  others, 

GLADIOLI. 

12  superb  late  varieties  (Ramosus  habit) 

Brenchleyenis,  brilliant  rich  scarlet,  each 

Gandavensis,  each,  id.  ;  extra  large  

Gandavensis  splendens,  very  superb,  each 2    G 

losignis,  7s,  Gd,  per  doz.  ;  Paittacinus,  per  doz 1    6 

ANEMONES. 

100  vars.,  beautiful  and  distinct,  named,  double 24    0 

50  vara.,  do.,  12s.  6i.;  25  varp.,  do.  7     0 

Mixed,  finest  double,  per  100,  His  Gd. ;  very  fine 7    6 

Lilium  lancifoliura,  and  a  variety  of  other  choice  roots,  see 
Cata!o;rue,  sent  free,  on  application. 

Remittance  required  from  unknown  correspondents.     Car- 
riatre  free  to  London,  and  on  Ipswch,  Bury,  and  Norwich  line. 

Bass  and  BaowN,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Eetablishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


s. 

d. 

70 

(1 

W 

0 

as 

n 

in 

n 

5 

0 

21 

0 

3 

0 

0 

6 

SURPLUS     STOCK. 

FOR   CHEAPNESS,   UTILITY,  and    DISPLAY, 
the  following  are  strongly  recommended,  Careiage  Paid 
(see  below)  :  — 

SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  X  ALPINES. 

100  in  50  choice  sorts,  our  selection 30s. 

100  in  100  chtdce  sorts,  our  own  or  purchaser's  selection  ...     42s. 
FLOWERING  AND  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  ORNAMENTAL 

TREES,  ETC. 
PurobflserV,  or  our  choice,  per  300,  in  100  kinds        ...     £2  10s, 

Our  own  choice,  in  50  kind«,  fine £1  10s. 

To  nentlemen  forming  Arhoretums,  this  is  a  fine  opportunity." 

COMMON  LAURELS,  1^  to  2  feet,  per  1000,4!.,  or  10s.  per 
100  ;  2  to  3  feet,  bushy,  per  1000,  bl ,  or  12s.  Gd.  per  100. 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  lij  to  2  feet,  20s.  per  100,  3s.  per 
doz. ;  2  to  3  feet,  extr^i  fine,  SOs.  per  100.  Gs.  per  doz, 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  3  feet,  per  1030,  40s., 
per  100.  53. 

LIME>!,  per  100,  30s.,  4  to  5  feet,  fine  Avenue  Trees. 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  5  to  6  feet,  30s.  per  100  ;  10  to  12  feet, 
50s.  per  100 

ROSES,  50  splendid  sorts,  standards,  per  100,  51.,  or  18s.  per 
doz.,  fine,  our  own  selection;  10  1  superb  sorts,  Dw^rf  Rosesj 
5  Is.,  or  9s.  per  doz.,  our  own  choice;  mixed  do.,  30s.  por  100^ 
or  Gs.  per  doz. 

GREENHOUSE     PLANTS. 

50  first-rate  sorts,  own  selection,  21.  10s.,  or  I5s.  per  doz, 

50  ditto,  purchaser's  choice,  Zl.,  or  ISs.  per  doz. 

ERICAS.  50  finest  sorts,  ourchoice,  2i.  10s.,  or  15s.  per  doz.  ; 
purch;iRer'8  choice,  31.,  or  I83  per  doz. 

CHINESE   AZALEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,   our  choice,  21s., 
or  153.  per  doz  ;  purchaser's  choice  25s.,  or  18s.  per  doz. 
A  splendid  opportunity  for  .'■pecimen  growers. 

HOLLY  HOCK  SEED,  warranted  to  produce  75  in  100  double. 
Is.  Gd,  per  packet. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  per  1000,  it.,  in 
100  sorts,  named,  or  lOs.  per  100,  in  50  sorts. 

CURRANTS— Maj'ri  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  is  the 
largest  find  best  sort  known,  and  ought  to  be  in  every  garden. 
253.  per  100,  or  is.  p(r  dozen  ;  Red  Grape  and  Champigne,  fine, 
10s.  per  100,  or  2s.  per  doz. 

APPLES  AND  PEARS,  fine  clean  standards,  10s.  par  doz., 
or  70,?.  per  100,  choice  of  sorts  left  to  us,  very  sflect. 

PLUMS  AND  CHERRIES,  finest  sorts,  standards,  18s.  per 
doz..  our  choice;  Dwarf  Trained,  3s.  Gd.  each,  or  ^Gs.  per  doz, 

APRICOTS,  PEACHES,  AND  NECTARINES,  fine  three 
years'  Ir-iined,  of  be^t  sortF,  o-^n  choice.  53.  each,  or  50s.  p.  doz. 

RASPBERRIES,  Red  Antnevp,  2s.  per  doz.,  or  I2<.  per  100; 
Monthly  or  Double  Bearing,  I2s  per  100,  or  23.  per  doz. 

STItAWBERRIES,  early  and  la^e  kinds,  25  fine  sorts  cf 
merit,  33   6d.  per  100. 

Adnres=i  a'l  communications  to  John  Mat,  the  Hope  Nur- 
eeiicB,  Leeming-lane,  Bedale.  Yorkshire. 

All  orders  above  51.  carriagepaid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Birmingham,  and  Edinburgh,  and  all  the  intermediate 
Stations  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

N.B.  A  fine  stock  of  Larch,  Spruce,  Oak,  &.C.;  sizes  and 
price  on  application. 

Ornamental  grounds  designed,  executed,  and  furnished  on 
liberal  terms.     Forest  Planting  by  estimate. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspoadeuta  is 
respectfully  requested. 


SUPERB    CEDARS    OF    LEBANON    AND    OTHER 

CHOICE   CONIFER/E. 
T  UCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.,  have  some  remarkably 

^-i  fine  CEDARS  OF  LEBANON,  fit  to  remove  with  safety  to 
any  distance,  which  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention  ; 
also  fine  specimens  of 

Taxodium  sempervirens 
Irish  Yews  {these  are  extraor* 

dinarily  fine  plants) 
Quercua  f  urdii 
Qiiereus  Lucombeana 
Purple  Beech 

Standard     Portupal     Laurels 
{with  fine  shape'y  heads) 
Exmou'h),  stronif  transplanted 


Pinus  insignis 

Cedrus  Deoiara 

Abies  Douglasii 

Abies  Douglasii  taxifolia 

Araucaria  imbricata 

Juniperus  escelsa 

Juuiperus  recurva,  as   Stand- 
ards 
Magnolia  grandiflora   (var. 

plants   of  Mahonia   aqaifolium — suitable  for  uuderwood  and 

various  other  purposes,  from  Zl.  to  41,  per  1000. 
For  particulars  of  sizes  and  prices  of  the  above  apply  to  the 

Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter, 

"THE   GOLDEN    BALL," 
UNEQUALLED  NEW  YELLOW  MELON. 

EDWARD  TILEY  respectfully  informs  Melon 
growers  and  others  generally,  that  he  has  been  successful 
in  procuring  the  whole  stock  of  seed  of  tlie  above  beautiful 
and  unequalled  Melo:?,  "The  Golden  Ball,"  which  has  been 
thoroughly  proved  by  au  eminent  Melon  grower,  and  ac- 
ku'iwledged  by  all  who  saw  and  tested  the  same,  to  be  one  of 
the  finest  flavoured  yellow  Melons  ever  known;  its  qualities 
are  as  follows  :  fruit,  very  handsome;  colour,  when  ripe,  deep 
orauL^e ;  shape,  perfectly  round ;  hollow  crown,  very  thin 
skin  ;  fle-h,  firm  and  very  solid,  and  of  superior  melting  flavour  ; 
free  setter  and  prolific  bearer;  weight  from  3  to  4  lbs.  The 
contrast  of  this  yellOTp  Melon  wben  set  on  a  table  with  a  green- 
flesh  Melon  has  a  most  striking  efl'ect,  and  every  person  who 
grows  the  Brombam  Hall  should  also  cultivate  this  one  as  its 
corap:inion,  for  its  shape  and  perfection  in  flavour,  which  has 
proved  to  be  unequalled.  It  can  be  obtained  in  packets  of 
three  seeds  at  23  Gd  ,  or  seven  seeds,  5s;  or  a  packet  of  this 
one  of  the  Brombam  Hall,  and  one  of  any  other  under- 
mentioned, for  63.  E.  T.  feels  confident  the  above  Melon  will 
give  as  great  satisfaction  as  the  following  other  varieties 
formerly  sent  out  by  him  ;  —  Tiley's  Bromham  Hall  Melon 
(f.rue),  Is.  per  packet ;  Tiley's  Queeu  Melon,  Is.  ditto;  Tiley's 
Bowood,  Is.  ditto;  also,  Beechwood  Melon  seed,  Is.  ditto; 
Windsor  Prize,  Is.  ditto:  Emperor,  Is.  ditto;  Fleming's 
Trentham  Hybri  1  Persian,'  Is.  ditto;  Duncan's  Green  Flesh, 
Is  ditto;  Hampton  Court,  Is.  ditto ;  Egyptian  (Improved),  Is. 
ditto;  Blackhall's  Green  Flesh,  1,?.  ditto;  Biiley's  Green 
Flesh,  Is.  do.  ;  Camerton  Court,  Is. ;  Victory  of  Bath,  2s.  Gd.  do. 

TILET'S  NEW  CUCUMBER  "  CAPTIVaTION,"  three 
seeds,  5s.,  or  five  seeds,  7s.  Gd.  •  also  *'  Phenomenon,"  six 
seeds,  2s.  Gd  ;  or  this  and  one  of  Captivation,  f.^r  Gs  ;  also  Cham- 
berlain's Essex  Hero,  four  seeds,  33.  Gd;  Hunter's  Prolific, 
three  seeds,  2s.  Gd.,  or  seven  seeds,  5s;  Lord  Keynon's  Fa- 
vourite, Is.  per  packet;  Victory  of  Bath,  la,  ditto;  Gordon's 
White  Spine,  Is.  ditto;  Hamilton's  Black  Spine.  Is.  ditto; 
Conqueror  of  the  West,  Gd.  ditto;  Batcher's  S'-ratford-upon- 
Avon,  Gd,  ditto  ;  and  numprous  other  older  varieties,  at  Gd. 
ditto.  For  further  particulars  of  the  above  Cucuuibers,  see 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  January  3,  1852. 

N.B.  A  packet  of  "  The  Golden  Ball''  Melon  and  a  packet 
of  Captivation  Cucumber,  can  be  sent  for  63.  A  remittance 
must  accompany  the  order  from  unknown  Correspondents, 
either  by  Post-office  order  or  penny  postage  stamps,  when 
the  whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above,  as  the  case  may  be, 
wil  immediately  be  forwarded  free  to  any  part. 

Edward  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Somerset. 


GRASS   SEEDS,    SEPARATE   OR   MIXED. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  having  for  many  years  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  Land  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soils  of  most 
parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  Natural  Grasses  moat 
suitable  for  each  locality. 

S.  and  Sons  being  also  connected  with  the  principal  collectors 
of  Grass  Seeds  on  the  Continent,  as  well  as  tht)SB  in  Scotland 
and  the  North  of  England,  can  supply  every  kind  of  Natural 
aod  Artificial  Grasses,  either  separate  or  mixed,  at  lowest 
market  prices,  as  they  always  have  a  large  stock  of  every  kind 
in  their  Warehouses,  Reading,  Berks. 

Carriage  Free  to  any  Station  on  the  Great  Northei'n, 
Great  Western, SoxUh-Wesiern,  or  So%dh- Eastern  Railways. 


CHOICE     CUCUMBER     SEED. 

HENRY  GREEN  begs  to  inform  his  Friends  and 
the  Public  in  general  that  he  has  io  his  sole  possession 
the  whole  stock  of  Walker's  Pea-green  Cucumber,  purchased  of 
Mr,  Newman,  gardener  to  the  Earl  of  De  La  Warr,  which  H.  G, 
is  now  sending  out  post  frep,  in  packets  of  six  seeds,  at  2s.  Gd. 
each,  or  on  the  receipt  ot  30  pott  ige  stamps. 

This  splend'd  Cucumber  is  decbired  by  the  judges  of  the 
difFtii-ent  exhibitions  to  te  the  BEST  EARLY  SORT  in  culti- 
vation ;  it  ia  also  more  productive  and  quicker  in  growth  with 
LESS  HEAT  than  any  other  variety.  It  has  taken,  during  the 
last  two  years,  all  the  first  and  second  Prizes  in  Cambridge 
and  Huntingdonshire. — Cambridge  Nursery,  Feb.  14. 


IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  FRUITING  AND  SUC- 

J-  CESSION  PINES,  the  Property  of  a  Lady  declining  the 
cultivation  of  Pines  ;  consisting  of  about  60  Fruiting  Plants 
in  No,  8  size  pots,  principally  Queens,  and  a  few  Black 
Jamaica,  in  the  best  possible  health,  vigorous,  and  perfectly 
c'ean  ;  SO  strong  Succession  Plants,  equally  healthy  and  good  ; 
170  fine  young  Succession  Plants — aliogetber  as  fine  a  lot  as 
ever  were  crown. — For  particulars  as  to  pvic?,  &c,,  apply  to 
Mr.  Jos.  Fairbairn,  Nurseries,  CUpham. — Feb.  14. 


COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS'  EGGS  FOR  HATCH- 
ING. — Fresh  E/gs  fr.m  these  esteemed  birds  sent  to  any 
part  of  the  country,  securely  packed,  trom  birds  weighing  from 
17  to  19  lbs.  the  couple,  at  9s.  sitting  of  13  •'ggs,  and  Is.  box.  A 
few  young  Co  k  Birds  to  dispose  of,  10s.  Gd  each,  —  Apply  to  Mr. 
H.  Copland,  Chelmsford.    Orders  attended  to  as  first  received. 


IMPORTANT    TO    POULTRY    FANCIERS. 
pOCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS'  EGGS  for  SALE,  from 

V>'  imported  stock,  which  are  of  great  beauty,  very  large,  well 
feathered  on  the  legs,  and  produce  extraordinary  rich  egcs. 
This  breed  of  fowl  is  most  prolific,  and  abound  with  all  the 
qualities  requisite  iu  poultry.  Price  of  Eggs,  6s.  per  dozen ; 
box.  Is.  extra. 

Apply  to  Mr.  O.  Steed,  Grove  House,  Baldnck,  Herts. 


TT'XQUISITE    COCHIN    CHINA    FC 

J— ^    PuHetP,  15s.   each  ;     Cockerells  10s.  each,  of 


FOWLS.— 

the  purest 

breed.     Fresh  \:  ggs,  5s.  per  doz  'o. 

Addres?,  Delta,  Post-office,  Ashby.de-la-Zoucb. 


NEW    VARIETY    OF    SHANGHAI    FOWLS. 

W  TURNER  being  the  breeder  of  those  splendid 
•  Birds  which  were  awarded  a  prize  at  Birmingbam  as 
a  new  and  distinct;  breed,  wiD  part  with  a  few  Eirtrs,  if  applied 
for  early,  at  13s.  per  dozen;  Cochin  China,  fine  and  true, 
Gs,  per  dozen  ;  White- la'-ed  Spanish,  12j.  psr  dozen,  and  Is.  for 
box,     A  tew  Spanish  Birds  for  sale. 

W.  Tdeneb,  Tufnell  Park  Road,  HoUoway,  London. 


7—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


99 


SEEDS  DIRECT  FROM  THE  GROWERS,  CARRIAGE  FREE. 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  heing  extensive  Growers 
of  Seeds,  can  supply  them,  of  such  qwjLlUy  as  to 
prevent  the  disappointment  so  often  experienced  from 
Seeds  lohich  have  passed  through  many  hands  hctween 
iks  grower  and  the  purchase); 

As  Messra.  Sdtton  and  Sons  grow  expressly  for  their  retail 
trade,  they  can  afford  to  pay  especial  attention  to  the  stocks  of 
their  Seeds,  both  AgricuUural  and  Horticultural,  and  at  the 
-same  time  to  sell  it  the  lowest  remaneratin<j  prices. 

And  it  is  gratifying  to  find  by  the  numerous  orders  daily 
received  (especially  since  the  remarhs  which  have  recently 
appeared  in  Uiis  Paper  on  "  the  Seed  Trade  "),  that  tJie 
public  fidlfj  appreciate  the  advantages  of  procuring 
"Seeds  direct  from  tlie  GrowerSy'^  a^  the  surest  remedy 
for  the  evils  alluded  to. 

For  Priced  Liais.  address  John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed 
Growers,  Reading,  Berlis,  enclosing  one  penny  stamp. 


"DENDLE'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  iNEW  KITCHEN 

JLV  GARDEN  SEEDS 

Wave  given  universal  satisfaction  to  all  who  have  had 
them.  For  particulars f  refer  to  our  Advertise-ment  in  this 
Journal,  Jan.  2-ith,  1352,  page  51 . 

CARRIAQB  FREE  TO  ANV  STATION"  on  the  principal 
Railways  in  the  sou'h  of  England,  see  page  51. 

RENDLE'S  SEED  CATALOGUE,  coiuaioing  PaicEs  of 
every  article,  can  still  be  had  in  exchange  for  Que  Penny 
Stamp,  on  application  to 

WILLIAM:  E.  RBNDLB  AND  Co.,  Seed  1Ieec3ANts, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISSED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


"ESSEX    HERO"   CUCUMBER. 

J  CHAMBERLAIN  having  thoroughly  proved  this 
•  excellent  GUCU  vlBER,  can  with  contidenca  recommend 
it  to  all  growers  as  being  the  very  best  ever  sent  out;  its 
length,  beauty,  and  quality  have  never  yet  been  equalled.  It 
is  a  free  bearer — a  single  plant  last  Bummer  had  ItJ  fruit  on  it 
at  one  time,  the  shortest  of  which  was  23  inches  and  the 
largest  30^  inches,  possessing  every  quality  that  could  be  de- 
sired in  CucuiTibers,  It  has  taken  seven  first  prizes  at  Col- 
chester, Ipswich,  and  ChelmsFord,  when  shown  with  the  best 
sorts  in  cultivation  exhibited  by  some  of  the  best  growers  in 
Sngland. 

A  Fruit  of  the  above  superb  variety  was  sent  to  the  Editor  of 
thB  Gnrdeners'  Chronicle  last  May  ;  his  answer  was — '■'JG.  A 
Tery  handsome  BUuli  Spine,  measuring  2G  inches  in  length." 
See  Gardenen'  Chronicle,  1851,  No.  19,  page  29G. 

Sold  in  packets  of  four  seeds,  3s.  Qd.  ;  eight  seeds,  5s. ;  or 
good  Btronj  plants  33.  each  pot,  55.  the  pair,  or  24s.  the  dozen. 

J.  C.  continues  to  supply  the  Cucumber  and  Melon  Seeds  and 
.plants  as  advertised  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov.  22,  1851. 

Plants  securely  packed  in  b  txes  to  ail  parts  for  Xs.  each 
order  extra,  and  all  orders  of  \l.  and  upwards  will  be  packed 
free,  and  carnage  paid  to  London,  Norwich,  or  any  interme- 
diate stations. 

A  remittance  must  accompany  orders  from  unknown  cor- 
respondents. 

John  Cha,ubeela.in,  Great  Horkesley,  Colch.ester,  Essex. 


ROSES 

THOMAS  CRIPPS  having  still  on  hand  a  very  large 
stock  of  ROSES,  both  Standards  and  Dwarfs,  comprising 
every  known  variety  of  merit,  has  great  pleasure  in  offering 
them  to  the  notice  of  his  friends,  being  strong,  healthy,  and 
well  rooted  Plants.  s.  d. 

Extra  tall  picked  Standards,  5  to  6  feet,  stout  stem?, 

per  dozen  30    0 

Stindard  Weepin?  Rosea,  beautiful  objects  for  planting 

singly  on  Lawns,  eacb,  3s,  fid.  ;  per  doz 36    0 

Standard?,  very  choice,  per  doz.  ...  \^s.,  lis.,  and  30  0 
"Standards  on  stems,   vai'ying  in  height  from  2  ft.   to 

2  ft.  Oino.,  per  doz 18s.  and  2-t     0 

Dwarfs,  finest  kinds,  one  of  a  sort,  per  doz.,  95.,  12s.,  and  18    0 

Dwarfa,  goad  kinds,  do.  do.  6    0 

Dwarfs,        do.  without  names,  per  100  30    0 

Dwarf  Tea-acented  Roses,  budded  on  stems  from  Sins. 

to  6ina.  high,  very  strong  plants,  per  doz.  ...  123.  and  18  0 
Climbing  Roses,  by  name,  per  doz Da.  and  12    0 

Do.  wittiout  n'imes.  per  100  30     0 

The  above  prices  being  applicable  to  Roses  where  the  selec- 
tion is  entirely  left  to  T,  C,  none  but  the  very  bjst  kinds  will 
be  sent. 

Plants  given  over  to  compensate  for  carriage,  in  proportion 
to  extent  ot  order.  The  trade  aopplied  on  liberal  terms. 
■Cataogues  may  be  had  on  app'iicati6a,  by  enclosiog  two  stamps 

Tanbridge  Wells  Nursery. 


ROSES 
TT/'ILLIAM  WOOD  and  SON  beg  to  offer  a  choice 
'  '     assortment  of  ROSES  at  the  under-named  prices,  the 
selection  of  "orta  he-ng  left  to  them«elves.  3,  d. 

Extra  floe  picked  tall  Standard  Union  Roses,  from  6  to  8 
feet,  budded  with  3  to  G  beet  varieties  of  Climbing  and 
PtirpQtual  Roses  In  eacb  stem,  suitable  for  training  in 
the  form  of  domes  (these  planta  are  particularly  fine). 

each.  3s.  r,a.  to      ,        ...        .„        ...        ...  .5    0 

finptrt'jrfelecte'!  Standards        ...        ...  Per  doz,  iss.to  24:    0 

Pia«  r)irarf«  ard  Dwarf  Standard*       ...         ,,  lOa.  to  18     0 

I'lne  D*arf%  OQ  own  roots,  tw.>of  a  sort        ,,  ...    6    0 

To»-8cen'ed  Itoscs.  in  pot«,  very  fine    ...        ,,         I2a.  to  18    0 
Be<t  varl-tied  for  Forcing. establiflhod  in  G-lnch  pots,p.doz,  20     0 

Dwfi,  on  own  r  K.ts,  »i-.hout  names,  per  100       30     0 

N.U.— -Vdditional  plants  presented  with  each  order,  with  a 
V  ow  to  les^eo  the  expenne  of  carriaee, 

Catalotcue<t  may  be  had.  GavTrs,  on  applica'ion. 
WoQiJIandi  Vur^ery,  MnrenHe'd.  tiijar  UckN^^ld,  Huisex 


POLYANTHUS    SEED. 

TO    THE    L0VEK3   OF    THAT    BEAUTTFUL    EARLY 

8PRI.V(?  FLOWER,  THE  POLYANTHUS. 

JAMES  WOODS  has  again  this  year  a  quantity  of 
POLYANTHU.S  HEED,  which  ho  can  r.-eoriun«nd  with 
CJilfldence,  sived  from  none  but  named  and  g.tod  luctd  ILjwers. 
PriM  1«.  perptckrt.or  Kent  free  on  rcctJpt  oi  13  uoHaxoBtamns' 
to  Jamxi  Wood*,  Klorbit,  Harfricb,  E«s«x.  '   * 


P'^PPS*  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHKN  GARDEN 
-*^   SBEOft,— No    i,   conlainioff    'i\    quarts  of  th«  £  a.  d. 

newest  aod  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  f,eud»  In 

proportion,  iiiclntlre  of  Mcloni)  and  Cacumbcrs       .„  2  10    0 

Tf".  2.  Id  proi«iriionat«  quantitiee 1  lf>    o 

T^t.Z,  AMUi  diit'i  ...         1     1     0 

2*o  »,  diiio  ditto  0  12     6 

A  list  of  the  qarintlty  in  each  collection  may  ho  had  on  appIJ- 
ca'kin.  aUo  a  lirs<;rlp'-ivo  Cotalo(fuo  of  iin«ds   dtc,  Aic, 

Thi!  ))l({)i-Mt  rtjfdreocr  con  b'j  given  in  all  pariH  of  the  United 
Kinrdfmj.     CMrrtAKe  p,.l,J  to  any  Railway  J*[»itloo  In  L'-ndon. 

w.  i.  EPM  te^s  to  rtttnark,  that  in  confpquenco  ofhU  b'Ing 
*ni«  of  the  \ii.vjH%i  Hood  (irow^rs  In  the  marM^t,  he  Is  In  a  posl. 
llofi  to  snpply  the  oli'»r«  very  miUtuctorf. 

ing;fa.ttrcet  And  Uowcr  Nursoriot,  Malditon'..— Feb.  11. 


THE  NEW  EARLY  SWEET  KER-NELLED 
K\ISHA.  APRICOT  FROM  SYaiA.— Fruit  ripens  early 
in  July,  juicy,  sweet,  and  luscious,  of  hardy  character,  and 
gaod  bearer  ;  for  further  desoription  see  former  advertiBemen':a, 
and  t'le  London  "Horticultural  Society's  Journal  "  for  July, 
1819. 

Messra.  Teitch  and  Son  are  now  ofiering  good  Trees  of  the 
above  valuable  Apricot,  at  the  following  prices,  package 
included,  with  ihe  usual  discount  to  the  trade,  viz.  :  — 

Dwarf  Maiden  Trees,  and  1  year  cut  back 105.  Qd. 

Ditto  1  year  trained  15s.  Oti, 

Ditto  or  Stand  irds,  2  years  traioed    ...      2I5.  Od. 

Dwarf  round  heads  in  pots         ...         ...         ,.,         ,.,       215.  Od. 

Exeter,  February  14,  1852. 

COLLECTIONS  OF  SEEDS,    suitably  selected  for 

v-V  Gardens  of  various  sizes,  fur  one  year's  supply,  at  the 
following  prices  :—2i.  103.,  \l.\ls.Qd..  \l.bs-,  \1s  Sti.',  and  53. 
The  Seeds  are  of  excellent  quality,  many  of  which  are  direct 
from  the  growers.  Particulars  of  sorts  and  quantities  of  each 
Collection  may  be  had,  if  required,  on  application. 

Also,  Collections  of  FL©WER  SEEDS,  chiefly  Annuals, 
with  a  few  KOid  Kiennials  and  Perennials,  100  varieties, 
IOj.  6d.  ;  50  do  ,  5,s\  Gd.  ;  25  selected  do..  3s.  6d.  ;  12  do.,  25. 

William  Denieb,  Nurseryman  (fc  S'.'edsm;in,  Battle,  SusseX: 


CHARLES  DIMMICK  begs  to  recommend  the 
following  superb  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
which  will  be  sent  free  by  post,  on  the  rer.eipt  of  a  Post-oflace 
order  or  postage  stamps  to  the  amount  charged. 

Four  leading  kitids  of  BROCCOLI,  a  packet  of  each  for  35., 
viz.,  Walcheren,  Grange's  Early  White,  EUetsoa's  Mammoth, 
and  Willcove. 

Pour  leading  sorts  of  CABBAGE  for  2*.,  viz.,  MitcheH'e 
Prince  Albert  (new),  Atkln's  Matchless  (new).  Nonpareil,  and 
Sharp-top  or  Portsmouth. 

Five  leading  sorts  of  LETTUCE  for  25.  6ci..  viz.,  Crystal 
Cos  (new),  Paris  Cos.  Snow's  Matchless  Cos,  Bath  Cos  (black 
seed),  and  Drumhead. 

Three  fine  sorts  of  CUCUMBER  for  2s.  6d.,  viz.,  Latter's 
Victory  of  England,  The  Doctor,  and  fine  Long  Ridge  for  open 
air  culture. 

The  lollowing  new  and  first-rate  VEGETABLES,  a  packet 
of  ea-h  for  2s.  Gd. — new  Cabbaging  Btreeole,  new  French 
(Jarled  Endive,  Mitchell's  Matchless  Parsley,  Victoria  Vegetable 
Marrow,  and  Orache  Spinach,  a  very  vaiu-ible  summer  sort. 

The  followin;,'  new  and  fiiat-rate  HARDY  ANNUALS  for 
2s.  G'i. — ClarUia  neriiflora  (double  rose),  Escholtzia  alba  (new 
white).  Hibiscus  calisuru'i  (new),  Lupinus  Moriizianus  (uew), 
and  Nemiip)iiia  maculata. 

The  following  superb  HALF-HARDY  ANNUALS  for  2s6<i. 
— Zinnia  (12  vars.  mixed).  Aster  {21  vara,  mixed),  G-ar  an 
Stock  (24  vars.  mixed),  Thunbergia  (3  vars.  mixed),  and  Plos 
Drummindii. 

The  following  BIENNIAL  and  PERENNIAL  FLOWER 
SEEDS  for  2s.  Gd. —  Sweetwilliam  (extra  fine).  Polyanthus 
(extra  fine  border),  G-erman  Scabious,  Hollyhock  ffrom  21  fine 
vars.),  and  Antirrhinum  (from  fine  named  flowers). 

Collections  of  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  sent  free  of 
carriage  to  any  station  on  the  South- Western  or  South  Coast 
Railways  ;— 

No.  1  collection,  containing  20  quarts  of  the  best  sorts  of 
Peas  for  Buccessional  sowing,  5  pecks  of  the  be-t  Early 
Potatoes,  with  the  best  sorts  of  Broccoli,  Cabbage,  Lettuce, 
Cucumber,  Celery,  and  Radish  ;  with  other  Vegetables  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  to  supply  a  large  garden  for  a  year.  3i. 

No.  2  collection,  equally  choice,  but  in  reduced  quantities,  2J 

No.  3  do.  do.  do.  11. 

No.  4  do.  do.  do.  105. 

The  No.  4  collection  will  contain  6  pints  of  the  best  Peas, 
3  gallons  of  Early  Potatoes,  and  a  small  quantity  of  the  best 
Vegetables,  suitable  to  supply  a  small  garden  for  a  year. 

FLOWER     SEEDS. 

100  varieties  of  the  best  and  most  showy  Annuals  and.  5    d. 

Biennials      15    0 

50  do.  do.  do.  7    6 

25  do.  do.  do 4     0 

The  Seeds  at  this  Establishment  are  selected  from  the  best 
stocks  in  the  country,  and  the  growing  qualities  of  every  article 
is  tested  as  s  >on  as  received,  and  C.  D.  bave  much  pleasure  in 
stating  that  he  has  the  highest  testimony  of  their  genuineness 
from  his  regular  customers,  both  gentlemen  and  market  gar- 
deners, to  whom  they  give  general  satisfaction.  Priced  Cata- 
logues may  be  had  on  application. 
113,  Iligh-street  Ryde,  I=le  of  Wi;jht,  Feb.  14. 


FINEST  LANCASHIRE  GOOSEBERRIES,  in  100 
choice  sorts,  named,  per  1000,  4L  ;  or  10s.  per  lUO,  in  50  sorts. 

CURRANTS.— Mat's  Victoria  or  Raby  Castle,  red,  the 
finest,  largest,  and  best  known,  ought  to  be  in  every  garden, 
255.  per  100,  or  -is.  per  doz.  ;  Red  Grape  and  Champagne,  fine, 
per  100,  lOs.  ;  or  per  doz.,  25. 

Securely  packed  to  carry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  is 
respectfully  requested. 

All  Orlers  above  51.  Carriage  "paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Birminnham,  and  Edinburgh,  and  to  any  Station  within  15) 
miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Our  DeRcriptivo  Citalogue  is  just  published,  in  Three  Parts, 
and  may  be  had  gratis  for  (our  penny  postage  stamps  to  pay 
postage,  or  Parts  I.  and  III.  for  one  penny  stump  each  ;  Part  11, 
for  two  penny  stamps  each,  sepirate.  Part  I.  contains  exten- 
sive ListB  of  Stove  and  Grenihouse  Plants.  Part  II.  contains 
select  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Roses,  Ornamental  Trees, 
Flowering  Shrubs,  Evergreens,  and  Coniferse.  All  described 
in  height,  colour,  and  time  of  flowfriog.  Part  III,,  select  Lists 
of  Fruit  Trees  et  every  useful  desei  iptlon  fnlly  described,  with 
prices  and  conditions,  and  much  othi^r  uneful  information. 
Warranted  to  contain  more  practical  details  than  any  other 
list  extant ;  and  llie  largest,  cheapest,  and  best  stock  of  Plants 
ever  offered. 

Apply  to  John  Mat,  Hope  Nurseries,  Leeming-lano.  Bedale, 
Yorkshire.  — For  general  Advertisement  of  Surp'us  Stock,  see 
page  67,  iu  last  week's  Pnper, 


SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to 
in'orm  thoir  Friends  and  the  Public  that  thoir  now 
PRICED  SRtJD  CATALOGUE  FOR  18&J  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  poitiiKe  free,  on  apoliuation.  It  contains  a  liht  of 
all  the  moHt  approved  kind«  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
toRoihor  wl'li  a  very  cholco  selection  of  Qerrnan  and  other 
Fhtwer  Seeds,  whIcJi  are  all  fully  describe'd,  Rtating  tho  tlntc  of 
Howiog,  and  whuthiir  hardv,  half-hardy,  or  tender ;  the  hei(<ht, 
colour,  and  tlnio  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  liifoiuia- 
tlon.  Tho  Collections  of  Sco'Ih,  which  tlioy  nuppli'.d  In  fomiLT 
years,  havini;  given  nw:\x  general  saUufitction,  they  are  ugaln 
Induced  to  offer  them  n«  under  : — 
No.  J.  A  complete  c<illc(itiaii  of  Vegetable  Socdfl  for  £  e.  d. 
one  year's  supply  of  a  large  gnrdon  ,,,2    C    0 

No,  2,  Do.  do.        In  smHller  qu'inlUies        ...110    0 

No.  :j.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1    1    0 

No.  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ..,  0  12    H 

The  kinds  and  quhntltles  contained  In  each  Collection  are 
Htatcd  In  tlio  Ciitn'oguo. 
DoHvored,  free,  at  any  Ktatlon  on  the  following  RiiIIwajB  :  — 
NewcnmlH,  York,  and  Berwick  ;  North  lit\.iHl>,  LimiiIh  and 
ThlrsU  ;  York  iind  Scarborouiih,  NcwcaHtIo  ami  CarilHlo,  and 
Line  iBter  luid  Liverpool.— (Jatusheud  Nuriicry,  Feb.  H. 


I_j  OSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
■  AVICRICaN    PL\.nTS,    CONIFERS.    ROSES,    <fcc.,  is 

just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  appHcaiion.  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hosea  Watereb,  ICuop  Hill 
Nursery,  Woking.  Surrey. 


SANGSTER'S    NEW   EARLY   NO.  1  PEA. 
XT  AY,    SANGSTER,  and    CO.,  in  submitting  the 

-l-A  above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  the  groatent  conhdence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  first-rate  quality  height  2  feet 
Price  23-  Gd.  per  quart.  i         o     >  t 

York  R.^gent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings.  63.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Riidicai,  6s.  do.  A  first-rate  second  early  63.  do. 
American  Native,  6s.  do.  White  Blossom  Kidney  '  65.'  do! 
Brighton  Pink  Kidney,  Gs.  do.  ' 

For  Testim  inials,  see  Gardeners'  Clironicle,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

Pust-ofiire  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Post- 
olfice  to  Hat,  Sanosteii,  and  Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newingtcn  Butts,  London.  Ooe-bushel  hampers  anJ  booking' 
Is.  Gd  ;  two-bushel.  25.  Gd.     Sacks.  25.  Gd.  e;ich 

AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 
TOIIN    WATERER    begs   to   announce  that  he  has 

^  published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Ro^es,  Conifers,  <Jic.,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  t«o  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  splections. 

STANDISH  iND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  which  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue,  with  the  Treatise  on  tho  "Cultivation  ot  American 
Plants,"  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
call  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  Feb.  14. 

GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGOE  OP  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONlFERiE, 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &c.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps. —  Windlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 

MITCH  ELL'S  MATCHL Es"s~'\V  INTER 
PARSLEY. — J.  M,  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen,  I3.  3d.  per  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  undei'  10  lbs.  will  be  charged  2s,  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order 
payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder's-end.  Enfield,  Middlesex^ 

DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s. 
per  dozen, — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  boeu  received,  and 
large  and  well  selec'ed  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointmen"-,  at  A.  C'iDbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B,  Primed  regulations  tor  trp-atmeut  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Parnasan  Cheeses. 


'Alt  Sartrewer^'  Clitoittcle* 

SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  14,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  VVEIK. 

ILT..V....  Tf„i.       ,K  J  Clietnical     fi  p.m. 

MoKDlT,         Feb       16(s;,[i,t|5j,   8  p.m. 

1  Hortirultural  2  F.u. 

Tn.Rii.T  _       ..^iLinnemi   8  P.M. 

117BB1HT.  —       IT'JuiviiEiii.iiieera     8  p. in 

{  Putholotjical s  P.M. 

w.n.fBqt>«-r      _       lo  J  Micri.i:opic-.I  { Anniversary)  ... .7  P.M. 

,., ,Q  f  Antiquarian    Sp.m. 

(  Geolo!;icaI  (Annivcraary)    1  p.m. 

FaiDAT,  —       20  <  PhiloloKical    8  p.m. 

(  Rnyrti  Institution SicM. 

Satubdat,        —       21-Mcdical 8  p.u. 


That  the  state  of  the  Seed  Trade  was  not  painted 
by  us  in  a  blacker  colour  than  it  deserves,  is  proved 
by  the  communications  that  daily  reach  us,  from  all 
parts  of  the  country,  and  from  all  manner  of  persons. 
Everybody  complains  ;  the  old  mercantile  houses, 
whose  integrity  is  unimpeachable,  the  rift'-raff  who 
swindle  their  customers  by  selling  for  Gd.  what,  if 
genuine,  must  have  cost  them  9d. ;  the  gardener 
who  pays  price  without  question,  and  he  whose 
stingy  master  drives  him  into  the  shop  of  Dodge, 
Shuffle,  and  Co. ;  even  the  grower,  whose  credit  is 
ruined  by  the  way  iu  which  his  pure  aud  excellent 
seed  is  treated  when  it  falls  into  the  iiands  of  a 
"  rogue  in  grain,"  all,  except  the  well-known  firm 
just  mentioned,  protest  that  if  things  are  to  go  on 
as  they  now  are,  not  an  honest  man  can  remain  in 
the  trade. 

As  we  have  said,  there  is  no  remedy  for  this  except 
to  refuse  to  deal  with  people  who  notoriously  under- 
sell their  neighbours.  Buyers  must  make  up  their 
minds  to  lliis,  or  they  must  submit  to  be  wronged. 
We  are  no  gieat  friends  to  combination,  as  a  general 
rule  in  the  affairs  of  life,  but  cases  may  arise  in 
which  it  becomes  necessary  for  self-protection  ;  and 
that  before  us  is  one.  Let  gardeners  and  farmers 
in  every  part  of  the  country  le;igue  together,  and 
refuse  all  dealings  witli  the  low-priced  houses  who 
have  cheated  them  or  their  acquaintances  ;  let  them 
inquire  which  are  the  firms  of  undoubted  integrity 
on  whom  they  can  rely  with  confidence,  firstly,  that 
the  seeds  shall  be  as  Igood  as  it  may  be  [possible  to 
procure,  and,  next,  that  they  will  not  be  charged 
a  higher  price  than  ought  to  be  demanded  as  a 
I'easonable  and  fair  remuneration  for  capital  and 
skill.  There  is  no  difliculty  iu  knowing  where 
Messrs.  DouoE,  SiiuFFr.n,  and  Co.  reside  ;  their 
shops  may  be  found  in  a  great  many  places,  and  a 
man  must  have  few  actpiaintances  not  to  be  able  to 
learn  their  whereabouts. 

We  are  not,  however,  .so  sanguine  as  to  imagine 
that  tbo  mere  payment  of  fair  prices  will  secure 
good  articles.     DonoEand  Co.  will,  no  doubt,  receive 


100 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


Feb.  14, 


■with  alacrity  a  shilling  instead  of  sixpence  for  the 
rubbish  they  sell,  and  fools  will  continue  to  give  it 
them ;  for  weeds  are  natural  to  all  soils,  and  will 
continue  to  appear,  in  the  face  of  the  most  careful 
tillage.  But  what  we  contend  for  is  this  ;  that  by 
paying  fair  prices,  buyers  will  then  be  able  to  pro- 
cure good  articles,  while  the  race  after  cheapness 
renders  them  now  unattainable ;  we  also  contend, 
that  the  public  would  thus  cease  to  be  the  wrong- 
doer, or,  at  least,  a  particeps  criminis,  which  it  most 
undoubtedly  is,  as  matters  stand. 

Having  said  thus  much  of  buyers,  we  shall  not  be 
doing  our  duty  if  we  do  not  also  address  ourselves 
to  the  sellers  themselves,  who  appear  to  require 
advice  quite  as  much  as  their  customers.  We  say, 
then,  to  those  who  have  a  character  to  sustain,  do 
not  enter  into  ruinous  competition  ;  refrain  from 
doing  what  your  consciences  tell  you  is  wrong, 
merely  for  the  sate  of  catching  a  customer,  or 
maintaining  a  losing  trade  ;  have  firmness  enough, 
when  the  prices  of  Dodge,  Shuffle,  and  Co,  are 
quoted,  to  refuse  to  transact  business  upon  any  such 
terms ;  sell  nothing  but  what  you  know  to  be 
genuine,  and  let  your  customers  go  to  that  respect- 
able firm,  and  buy  the  experience  which  alone  can 
teach  them  wisdom.  Finally,  be  true  to  yourselves." 
Do  not  call  a  man  a  vagabond  when  you  find  that 
he  has  cheated  you,  and  then  proceed  to  deal  with 
him  again. 

We  confidently  ask  the  "  trade  "  itself,  whether 
this  advice  is  uncalled-for  or  not.  Unfortunately, 
we  have  too  many  proofs  of  its  necessity.  Let  us 
give  an  example  or  two.  "  Do  you  know,"  said  one 
great  seedsman  to  another,  "  that  fellow  has  sold 
me  as  Altringham  Carrot  seed  all  sorts  of  rubbish, 
orange,  white,  purple,  short,  long,  early  and  late, 
and  all  my  customers  have  sown  it.  What  on  earth 
shall  I  do  ?"  "Do  !  why  it  served  you  right,  and 
you  richly  deserve  the  consequences."  "But  the 
price  was  so  tempting,  and  your's  is  so  high.  Had 
not  I  better  bring  an  action  against  him?"  "Do 
as  you  like,  but  do  not  deal  with  him."  "  That  I 
will  not,  you  may  depend  upon  it."  And  what 
does  this  very  man  do,  although  he  had  been  thus 
swindled,  and  all  his  customers  hadlost their  crop, but, 
the  very  next  season,  go  to  the  same  person,  because 
his  prices  are  so  low,  and  because  something  or  other 
had  been  pretty  good  (a  tub  to  the  whale),  although 
the  Carrot  seed  was  rubbish.  This  is  fact,  not  imagin- 
ation. Mr.  Skirving,  of  Liverpool,  is  well  known  to 
be  one  of  our  most  careful  and  successful  growers  of 
Turnip  and  other  seeds  ;  his  reputation  is  European, 
and  deservedly  so.  Yet  what  are  called  Skirving's 
seeds,  are  not  uncommonly  found  to  be  mere  mixtures 
of  good  and  bad  ;  Eape  comes  up,  or  one-half  does 
not  grow.  And  how  can  it  be  otherwise,  when  it  is 
another  fact  that  unprincipled  dealers  actually  sell 
his  seed  at  from  6s.  to  iOs.  per  bushel  less  than 
they  pay  him.  In  Scotland  the  system  of  mixing 
seeds  had  arrived  at  such  a  point,  that  about  three 
years  ago  there  was  a  meeting  in  Glasgow  of  the 
Scotch  seedsmen  to  consider  this  very  practice,  and 
to  devise  means  to  put  a  stop  to  such  scandalous 
tricks.  A  society  called  the  North  British  Seeds- 
men's Association  was  even  formed,  but  some  of  the 
most  powerful  houses  in  the  trade  withheld,  or 
withdrew,  their  names,  and  the  association,  we 
believe,  came  to  nothing.  Fortunately  such  practices 
sometimes  bring  their  own  punishment ;  unfortunately 
punishment  is  so  rare  that  the  dealer  can  aiford  to 
pay  the  penalty.  The  following  case,  which  is  one  no 
doubt  of  common  occurrence,  illustrates  the  system. 
A  Scot  ch  seedsman,  an  honest  dealer,  a  member  of  this 
very  North  British  Seedsmen's  Association,  in  the 
springof  1849,had  purchased  from  arespectable  house 
a  quantity  of  Swedish  Turnip  seed  ;  this  he  retailed 
to  a  farmer  in  his  neighbourhood.  The  farmer  re- 
solved to  save  the  seed  of  some  of  his  bulbs,  and,  in 
the  autumn  of  1850,  sold  the  produce  to  the  seeds- 
man from  whom  he  had  bought  the  seed  ;  who, 
knowing  that  the  original  seed  had  come  out  of  his 
own  establishment,  bought  it  with  confidence.  This 
seed  was  sent  out  in  1851,  and  produced  a  crop  of 
Turnips  mixed  with  Rape.  The  farmers  of  1851 
were  of  course  indignant,  and  claimed  heavy  damages 
from  the  seedsman,  who  had  to  pay  them.  Now, 
how  was  this  1  The  original  seed,  bought  in  1849, 
had  been  mixed  with  killed  Rape,  the  vitality  of 
some  of  which  had  not  been  thoroughly  destroyed  ; 
it  grew,  remained  unnoticed,  and  in  1850  produced 
a  profusion  of  seed,  and  by  hybridisation  destroyed 
the  genuine  nature  of  the  very  Turnip  itself. 

Thus  it  is,  that  a  nefarious  system  drags  along  in 
its  current,  irresistibly,  the  very  men  who  may  be 
most  anxious  to  strive  against  it. 

The  shape  which  seed-frauds  assume,  and  with 
which  the  trade  is  familiar,  would  astonish  the  un- 
initiated, who  cannot  detect  them,  except  bv  painful 
experience ;  and  who,  even  then,  are  bamboozled  by 
the  dexterous  "  traveller,"  who  is  a  perfect  adept 
at  explanations,  excuses,  and  asseverations.     A  man 


buys  cheap  Lucerne  seed,  and  gets  a  crop  of  black 
Medick  ;  he  is  indignant,  produces  his  proofs,  and 
threatens  an  action  ;  but  he  is  persuaded  that  the 
mixture  of  Lucerne  and  black  Medick  is  impossible, 
that  the  Medick  is  natural  to  the  land,  and  comes 
by  chance  ;  and  that  the  Lucerne  was,  no  doubt, 
eaten  ofi'  by  the  fly.  Another  person  is  tempted  by  a 
beautiful  sample  of  Clover,  not  a  seed  of  which  comes 
up.  He  does  not  suspect  the  seed:  but  lays  the 
blame  upon  his  land,  "  which  will  not  carry  Clover," 
little  thinking  that  his  beautiful  seed  had  been  in 
the  hands  of  dexterous  chemists  who  had  made  it 
the  very  thing  best  calculated  to  sell,  though  not 
to  grow.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  pounds  have 
been  lost  in  this  way  by  simple-minded  farmers, 
whose  wrongs  are  infinitely  greater  than  those  of 
gardeners.  Bat  with  seeds,  as  with  guano,  price 
tempts  them,  they  cannot  see  that  price  may  be  the 
last  point  to  consider,  and  for  the  sake  of  a  shilling 
they  are  ready  to  sacrifice  an  acre.  Since,  however, 
in  guano,  frauds  have  become  more  difficult  in  conse- 
quence of  the  relentless  exposures  of  its  adulteration, 
so  let  us  hope  that  seed  cheating  will  be  diminished 
by  a  similar  process. 

■ — "':3^ 

.".'•■•         BEGONIA  FUCHSIOIDES. 

Among  the  many  favourites  of  recent  introduction 
in  our  plant  houses,  few  are  more  deserving  of  attention 
than  the  Fuchsia-like  Begonia.  Its  graceful  habit,  the 
brilliant  colour  of  the  flowers,  the  short  time  required 
to  have  plants  in  a  blooming  state,  and  the  abuudance 
with  which  jts^blossoms  are  produced,  render  it  worthy 
of  universal  cultivation.  To  those  with  whom  winter- 
floweriug  plants  'are  in  demand,  this  Begonia  will  be 
found  indispensable,  and  when  well  grown  and  bloomed 
it  cannot  fail  to  be  generally  esteemed. 

The  plant  being  a  favourite  with  me,  I  aim  to  have  it 
in  flower  the  whole,  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  the 
year,  and  to  secure  this,  it  is  necessary  to  propagate  at 
two  different  seasons.  In  the  first  instance,  cuttings  are 
obtained  in  the  beginning  of  February,  selecting  young 
healthy  pieces,  such  as  are  not  over  full  of  sap,  and 
which  are  ratherifirm;;|tbese  strike  freely,  inserted  rather 
thickly  around  the  sides  of  5-inch  pots,  and  plunged 
in  a  close  warm  frame  where  the  bottom  heat  is  about 
75^  or  80^.  Any  light  sandy  soil  will  answer.  I 
generally  use  equal  parts^of  silver  sand  andleaf  mould, the 
latter  passed  through  a  fine  sieve  and  thoi'oughly  mixed 
with  the  sand.  When  the  cuttings  are  well  rooted, 
which  will  be  the  case  in  the  course  of  a  month,  they 
should  be  potted  singly  in  5-inch  pots,  and  re- 
placed in  the  propagating  fr.ame,  and  if  they  can 
have  the  assistance  of  a  gentle  bottom  heat  all  the  better. 
When  the  pots  become  filled  with  roots,  shift  into  8-inch 
ones,  and  place  the  plants  in  a  shady  corner  of  the  stove, 
or  wherever  it  may  be  convenient,  provided  a  tempe- 
rature of  from  60°  to  65°  is  maintained,  and  a  moist 
atmosphere  kept  up  ;  but  unless  they  ^occupy  a  shady 
situation,  it  will  be  necessary  to  screen  them  from  the 
midday  sun,  as  this  species  is  rather  impatient  of  bright 
sunshine,  and  if  thus  exposed,  it  loses  that  fine  glossy 
appearance  which  the  foliage  presents  when  in  vigorous 
health.  When  the  pots  become  filled  with  roots,  a  little 
clear  mairare-water  will  be  beneficial  ;  and  they  should 
be  syringed  with  pure  water,  morning  and  evening. 
By  the  middle  of  June,  they  will  require  a  final  shift 
into  13-inch  pots,  and  should  be  encouraged  to  make 
vigorous  growth.  With  regard  to  stopping,  they  merely 
require  to  have  any  over-luxuriant  shoot  stopped,  when 
it  has  attained  the  desired  height,  so  as  to  regulate  the 
flow  of  the  sap,  and  induce  the  formation  of  lateral 
branches,  upon  which  tile  flowers  are  produced.  The 
stronger  shoots  should  be  supported  by  neat  stakes,  and 
tied  out,  so  as  to  accommodate  the  side  shoots  whicli  are 
to  produce  the  flowers.  Managed  in  this  way  they  form 
fine  bushy  plants,  commence  blooming  in  October,  and 
continue  in  flower  till  March,  or  even  later,  if  kept  in  a 
temperature  of  50*^  or  55^, 

A  second  lot  of  cuttings  should  be  got  in  about  the 
beginning  of  July,  and  treated  .as  the  first,  except  that 
after  the  second  shift,  which  they  should  receive  in 
September,  they  may  remain  in  8-inch  pots  till  February. 
During  the  winter  they  should  occupy  a  situation  near 
the  glass,  where  the  temperature  may  average  from  50° 
to  60**.  Karly  in  February  a  portion  of  the  plants  may 
be  shifted  into  1 .3-inch  pots,  after  which  a  slight  increase 
of  heat  will  be  essential  to  their  well  doing,  but  when 
subjected  to  a  high  temperature  at  this  eai-ly  season, 
they  should  receive  all  the  light  that  it  is  possible  to  give 
them.  As  the  plants  progress  in  growth,  they  must 
receive  attention  in  the  way  of  stopping  and  tying,  and 
when  the  pots  become  full  of  roots  they  should  be 
watered  frequently  with  clear  manure.  The  remainder 
of  the  plants,  if  allowed  to  remain  in  their  winter  pots, 
and  encouraged  with  a  slight  increase  of  temperature, 
will  flower  at  an  earlier  period  than  those  which  occupy 
larger  pots,  or  they  may  be  left  in  a  cool  place  until  the 
middle  of  March,  and  then  shifted  to  form  a  succession 
to  those  shifted  in  February. 

This  Begonia  may  be  removed  to  a  conservatory,  when 
in  flower,  where  it  will  continue  to  produce  a  constant 
succession  of  blossoms  during  several  months;  but  unless 
the  conservatory  is  treated  something  like  an  inter- 
mediate house,  it  will  be  necessary  to  place  the  plants 
in  the  warmest  corner,  and  where  they  will  not  be 
exposed  to  currents  of  cold  air  ;  a  situation  where  they 
can  receive  abundance  of  light,  without  being  exposed 


to  the  direct  rays  of  the  midday  sun  will  be  necessary, 
in  order  to  have  the  flowers  well  coloured.  After  the 
blooming  season  is  over,  the  old  specimens  may  be 
thrown  away,  to  afford  space  for  young  plants,  whicli 
bloom  more  freely  and  produce  finer  trusses. 

The  soil  best  suited  for  this  Begonia  in  all  its  stages 
is  equal  parts  turfy  loam,  peat,  and  well  decomposed 
cow  or  horse  manure.  The  peat  and  loam  should  be 
carefully  broken,  and  used  in  as  rough  a  state  as  the 
size  of  the  shift  will  allow  ;  the  dung  should  be  care- 
fully mixed  with  sharp  sand  previous  to  being  mixed 
with  the  peat  and  loam,  this  tends  to  thoroughly 
separate  any  lumps,  which  otherwise  would  be  sure  to 
form  a  harbour  for  worms  ;  the  quantity  of  sand  should 
be  I'egulated  according  to  the  nature  of  the  loam  and 
peat,  enough  being  added  to  secm-e  perfect  drainage, 
as  this  Begonia  is  somewhat  impatient  of  stagnant 
moisture  about  its  roots.  Alpha. 


THE  SALMON.— No.  II. 

Another  recommendation  of  the  writer  in  the  maga- 
zine, is  that  close  time  should  commence  in  August , 
instead  of  this  I  would  recommend  that  it  should  begin 
when  it  now  does  (15th  September),  and  be  extended 
to  the  middle  of  April,  for  the  following  reasons. 
There  are  many  good  fish  running  in  the  flrst  and 
second  week  of  September,  if  the  water  is  in  favourable 
condition  ;  and  why  should  not  they  be  caught  ?  At  a>l 
events,  angling  ought  to  be  tolerated  for  a  time  after 
netting  is  prohibited.  On  the  other  hand,  the  propor- 
tion of  kelts  (spawned  fish),  and  fish  yet  unspawned,  is 
even  in  March  very  much  greater  than  the  clean  fish. 
In  the  evidence  given  before  the  House  of  Commons 
in  1 825,  it  was  stated  by  one  of  the  fishermen  from  the 
Tweed  (I  quote  from  memory,  and  may  therefore  quote 
incorrectly),  that  for  one  good  fish  caught  up  to  the 
middle  of  March,  10  were  caught  as  kelts  of  unspawned 
fish  ;  and  in  the  Ribble,  where  there  used  to  be  some 
salmon,  I  have  seen  a  shoal  of  20  kipper  (kelt)  fish  m 
the  middle  of  April.  I  have  even  seen  some  as  late  as 
May.  It  may  be  said  that  this  is  of  no  consequence,  as 
the  fishermen  cannot  legally  take  these  unclean  fish  ; 
but  does  any  fisherman  allow  one  to  escape  1  Few 
fish  are  allowed  to  spawn  here,  and  few  of  those 
that  do  spawn  ever  get  back  to  the  sea.  If  they 
were  systematically  allowed  to  do  so  they  would 
in  another  year  furnish  a  supply  of  the  largest 
and  best  fish;  and  therefore  my  opinion  is,  that 
close  time  ought  to  be  extended  to  the  middle  of  AprD, 
by  which  time  the  kelts  would  mostly  have  returned  to 
the  sea.  There  is  one  anomaly  in  the  natural  history 
of  the  salmon,  which  I  have  never  seen  explained. 
The  best  fish  are  said  to  be  found  in  some  rivers  froKi 
October  to  January — the  Severn,  the  Ness,  and  the 
Lee,  are  said  to  produce  their  best  fish,  when  in  the 
generality  of  rivers  they  are  uneatable  ;  and  a  friend 
of  mine  who  was  in  London  a  few  days  ago,  told  me 
that  he  saw  there  as  fine  fish  from  the  Severn  as  ever 
he  saw  in  his  life.  The  evidence  of  the  fishermen  from 
these  rivers  is  too  decisive  to  doubt,  that  many  good 
fish  are  taken  in  those  rivers  at  a  time  when  none  are 
seen  in  other  rivers.  But  those  fishermen  did  not  tell 
us  (for  I  don't  remember  that  they  were  asked  the 
question)  that  in  catching  these  good  fish  they  destroyed 
10  unclean  fish  for  one  good  one  ;  it  is  exceedingly 
probable  that  such  fish  are  caught,  because  first — it  is 
very  unlikely  that  fish  in  one  river  spawn  at  a  different 
period  to  others  ;  that  they  don't  do  so  in  the  Severn,  is, 
I  think,  proved  by  the  fact,  that  the  kelts  are  found  at 
the  same  season  as  in  other  rivers,  and  the  smelts 
(salmon  fry)  also  migrate  in  May  as  they  do  elsewhere  ; 
this  being  so,  how  is  it  tBat  clean  fish  are  found  there 
when  they  are  not  met  with  elsewhere — what  is  there 
in  the  water  of  this  river  which  induces  these  clean 
fish  to  run,  at  a  time  when  they  don't  do  so  in  other 
rivers  ?  This  I  can't  explain  ;  it  may  be  that  these 
rivers  flow  over  strata  which  are  not  so  liable  to  foul 
the  water — in  short,  I  don't  know  anything  of  the 
reason,  but  it  may  be  said,  how  does  it  happen  there  are 
clean  fish  at  all  in  this  season  ?  I  reply,  because  I  don't 
think  the  salmon  spawns  annually  ;  in  April,  when  the 
kelts  go  down,  there  is  not,  so  far  as  I  have  observed, 
a  trace  of  spawn  to  be  found  in  them,  and  yet  the  clean 
fish  which  run  in  January  and  February  have  the 
ovaria  perfectly  developed,  and  the  roe  at  that  time 
almost  as  large  as  mustard  seed,  and  yet  there  is  no 
reason  to  think  that  these  fish,  supposing  them  to 
stop  in  the  river  the  whole  time,  woidd  spawn  before 
the  September  or  October  following. 

When  I  lived  on  the  banks  of  the  Wharfe,  the 
fishermen  used  to  catch  trout  all  through  the  winter, 
with  night-lines  and  worms,  in  the  highest  condition — 
the  roe  distinctly  visible,  but  very  minute.  A  first-rate 
angler  used  to  remark  to  me,  that  the  dishes  of  trout 
he  caught  in  January  were  in  better  condition  than 
those  he  caught  in  April,  which  he  accounted  for  in  this 
way  ;  he  said  only  the  clean  fish  were  rising  in  January, 
whereas  the  spawned  fish  had  begun  to  feed  freely  in 
April  ;  and  there  was  a  larger  proportion  of  these  kelt 
fish  among  those  caught  at  that  time.  If  salmon  spawn 
biennially  and  not  annually,  we  can  understand  why 
there  are  clean  fish,  whilst  so  large  a  proportion  are 
foul ;  but  we  do  not  yet  know  why  clean  fish  enter  the 
rivers  at  all,  I  am  aware  that  it  is  said  that  this  is  for 
the  purpose  of  cleaning  themselves  of  the  sea-lice  that 
infest  them  in  salt  water  ;  but  that  this  is  a  mere  con- 
jecture is,  I  think,  proved  by  the  fact,  that  they  do  not 
attempt  to  go  dOwn  into  the  sea  again  when  they  are 
rid  of  these  pests.     A  day  or  two  in  fresh  water  frees 


7—1852. 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


101 


them  from  the  lice  ;  and  yet,  fish  that  can  come  up  in 
May,  and  which,  if  unmolested  would  not  spawn  hefore 
Octoher,  never  (so  far  as  I  have  observed  or  can  learn) 
show  the  slightest  inclination  to  return  to  salt  water 
before  spawning  ;  what  then  is  the  cause  of  their  ascend- 
in"'  the  river  ? — not  to  find  food  ;  for  a  salmon  in  fresh 
water  is  rarely  found  with  food  in  it — not  merely  to  free 
themselves  from  vermin,  for  one  would  suppose  that 
when  this  was  accomplished  they  would  return  again  to 
the  sea  ;  is  it  that  they  may  serve  as  food  for  man,  who, 
unless  impelled  by  this  instinct,  would  never  see  them 
in  an  eatable  condition  ? 

It  may  be  said  that  the  roe  would  not  probably  be 
matnred  unless  the  fish  remained  some  time  in  fresh 
water  previous  to  spawning  ;  but  neither  can  this  be 
true,  for,  in  October  and  November,  fish  are  frequently 
caught  on  the  spawning  beds,  newly  run,  as  is  evident 
from  the  brightness  of  their  scales  ;  for  fish  that  have 
been  a  few  days  in  the  river,  particularly  in  the  autumn, 
change  colour  very  rapidly,  the  males  becoming  red,  the 
females  (black)  dark-coloured. 

[I  find  that  an  error  has  crept  into  my  last  article  on 
salmon,  either  from  my  own  carelessness  or  that  of  the 
corrector  of  the  press.  At  p.  85  a,  and  line  18  from  the 
top,  I  ara  made  to  say  "  the  quantity  of  Salmon  and 
smelts  which  make  their  appearance  in  the  pools  of  the 
river  in  a  droughty  May,  &c.,  &c."  This  is  not  what  I 
intended  to  say,  nor  is  it  true.  No  salmon  make  their 
appearance  in  the  river  under  such  cu'cumstances.  I 
meant  to  state  that  the  quantity  of  smelts,  &c.,  and  I 
may  have  said  Salmon-smelts j  by  which  name  salmon- 
fry  are  often  called,  to  distinguish  them  from  sparlings, 
which  are  also  called  smelts.]  T.  C,  Clitleroe. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Berlin. — Taste  for  horticulture  is  certainly  much 
more  general  in  Berlin  than  in  Paris,  as  is  clearly 
shown  by  the  universal  desire  of  the  citizens  of  the 
former  city  to  make  their  houses  gay  with  flowers.  Not- 
withstanding this,  Berlin  must  be  said  to  possess,  com- 
paratively speaking,  fewer  horticultural  establishments 
than  Paris,  and  a  large  proportion  of  their  floral  riches 
has  been  contributed  by  our  own  countrymen,  who  have 
been  greatly  instrumental  in  spreading  and  making 
popular  the  taste  for  flowers,  now  so  general  in  the 
Prussian  capital. 

The  establishment  which  struck  us  as  the  most  re- 
markable, especially  for  new  plants,  was  that  of  M. 
Mathieu.  Here  may  be  found  many  rare  annuals  and 
weU-selected  perennial  and  hothouse  plants.  One  house 
contains  a  remarkable  collection  of  Bromeliads  and 
some  enoiinous  Tillandsias.  The  Dahlias  are  of  the 
first  class,  and  are  25  per  cent,  dearer  than  with  us. 
Bulbous  plants  from  Haai-lem,  seeds  of  ornamental  trees, 
finiit  trees,  vegetables,  and  flowering  plants,  are  articles 
of  considerable  commerce. 

In  this  same  garden  are  two  specimens  of  Yucca 
variegata,  probably  the  largest  in  Europe  ;  they  are 
6  yai-ds  high,  and  no  less  than  '661.  has  been  offered  for 
them  and  refused.  There  are  also  some  fine  plants  of 
Laurus  nobilis. 

The  patronage  of  the  Prussian  amateurs  is  distributed 
amongst  eight  gardeners  of  the  name  of  Bouche.  M. 
Fred.  Bouche'a  establishment,  which  we  visited,  is, 
though  of  small  extent,  a  perfect  horticultural  museum, 
and  contains  evei'ythingthat  can  be  reasonably  expected. 
The  most  common  plants  there  are  40  varieties  or 
species  of  Canna,  succulent  plants,  Gesnera,  Achi- 
menes.  Gloxinia,  and  Amaryllis.  The  collection  of 
Acacias  is  very  rich,  both  as  regards  species  and 
varieties  ;  Azaleas,  Rhododendrons,  and  Camellias  are 
by  no  means  neglected  :  of  the  latter  especially  there 
were  at  the  time  of  our  visit  some  fine  pyramids.  There 
are  specimens  of  Epacris,  and  thousands  of  Ericas  of 
diflerent  species,  in  number  500.  Here  too  are  to  be 
found  Fuchsias,  JPelargoniums,  Magnolias,  small  plants 
for  rooms,  shrubs  for  the  open  air,  and  all  sorts  of 
annuals,  and  bulbous  plants. 

M.  F.  Bouche  supplies  flowers  for  ball-rooms,  soirees, 
ficc,  in  the  winter  time,  and  makes  a  considerable  sum 
of  money  in  that  way.  The  plant  most  used  for  this 
purpose  is  our  common  Fig,  grown  in  pots,  and  with  its 
vegetation  so  kept  back  that  it  does  not  leaf  until  the 
winter.     Its  price  is  about  21.  1  Os.  or  Zl. 

Pomegranates,  cultivated  in  the  same  way,  have  the 
double  advantage  of  adding  to  the  beauty  of  bouquets  by 
the  brilliancy  of  their  flowers,  and  of  being  procurable 
when  bouquets  are  scarce  and  dear.  We  noticed  here 
the  douhh;  white  and  yellow  flowered  varieties,  which  are 
rare  in  France,  Rose  Laurele,  middling  Orange  trees, 
more  than  40  Hpccics  or  varieties  of  Citrus,  largo 
European  Olive  trees, from  four  to  five  yards  high,  and 
valued  fit  25  cr  30  flhiUinga  ;  Tamarix  gallica,  which 
is  grown  in  pots  andforced  iu  wintcr,8eIl8for2^.or2M0if., 
and  Magnolias. 

M.  David  Bouchi',  nephew  of  tlie  lawt,  confincH  bin 
attention  more  eflpccially  to  the  cultivation  of  ATniirylliH, 
of  which  he  haa  more  than  100  «pecieH,  and  amongnt  them 
tho  following  :  Phajoicea,  regime,  conHi)icua,  elogana, 
Johnsoni  major,  ignca,  crocata,  pallida,  verwicolor, 
coropressiuHCuIa,  larnpi-ophyila,  undulata,  ornata,  croceo- 
vitcllina,  amabilis,  amo;na  roBca,  loiigiflora,  ii(ii»erialin, 
Davidiana  ;  these  are  moHt  cultivated,  but  tho  otherH 
are  hy  no  meanfj  neglected  ;  their  prlco  varies  from 
\Ud.  to  1*.  fi(/.,  and  in  Homctimca  liiglier. 

Of  all  the  gurd(;nH  out  of  tlic  town  that  of  M.  TJnppe, 
formerly  travelling  gardener  to  the  iving,  which  in 
Bituato  near  Cliarlottenbourg,  in  the  moHt  worthy  of 
notice.     Tills  garden,  bituato  ob  it  ifl  on  the  banku  of  a 


rivulet  with  a  very  gradual  fall,  is  very  well  suited  to 
those  plants  whicii  demand  a  damp  atmosphere.  On 
a  long  piece  of  elevated  ground  on  the  north  of  the 
enclosure,  and  which  serves  to  protect  it  from  currents 
of  air  and  to  prevent  too  rapid  an  evaporation,  we  saw 
an  enormous  Briar  with  double  white  flowers,  a  curious 
specimen  found  by  M.  Deppe,  in  one  of  his  numerous 
travels.  This  gentleman  enjoys  a  well  merited  repu- 
tation for  his  long-stemmed  Roses.  They  are  grown  in 
pots  sunk  in  lines  in  the  open  air  in  the  'summer,  but 
the  delicate  ones  are  in  the  winter  time  replaced 
in  houses. 

M.  Deppe,  who  corresponds  with  the  house  of  Verdier, 
in  France,  is  always  well  acquainted  with  what  is  going 
on  in  the  latter  country.  Wild  Briar  Roses  are  not  so 
good  as  our  own,  and  they  are  cleft  grafted :  this 
process,  which  is  liable  to  continual  failure,  is  far  inferior 
to  budding,  as  we  convinced  ourselves  during  our  stay 
in  Prussia.  We  were  much  struck  with  the  collection 
of  climbing  Roses  which,  from  being  almost  always 
green,  bears  the  name  of  an  American  prairie.  We  were 
much  pleased  with  some  beautiful  Camellias,  Azaleas, 
plants  in  the  open  air  and  rai-e  shrubs,  and  some  Preonies 
grown  in  pots  in  a  good  alluvial  soil,  where  they  had 
acquired  a  considerable  size.  The  Dahlias,  which  are 
numerous,  are  divided  into  four  classes,  according  to 
their  age  and  price.  Several  species  of  Oxalis,  one  of 
which  is  named  after  M.  Deppe,  form  the  borders  of  a 
small  garden.  This  same  skilful  gentleman  pointed  out 
to  us  a  specimen  of  Gunnera  scabra,  whicli  had  passed 
through  several  winters,  had  been  exposed  to  S**  C.  of 
cold,  and  was  yet  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Massoii's 
Report, 

BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
(Cage  Birds,  No.  -30). 
No.  LXVI. — It  has  been  a  "  wise  saw  "  with  many, 
that  this  day.  Februauy  14,  ushers  in  with  it  the  "  pair- 
ing of  birds."  We  imagine  this  fond  idea  may  have 
originated  in  a  multitude  of  causes, — amongst  which,  the 
increasing  warmth  of  the  sun,  and  its  consequent  effect 
upon  the  physique  of  the  feathered  tribe,  is  not  the  least 
"likely"  of  the  whole. 

It  is  a  "pretty  idea  "to  have  it  so  laid  down;  and 
that  the  honour  of  the  day  should  be  accorded  to  the 
good  Saint,  "  Valentine,"  none,  we  imagine,  will  talce 
upon  themselves  to  dispute.  We  shall  not.  Certain  is 
it,  that  from  this  date,  a  "  change  comes  o'er  the  spirit " 
of  all  Nature.  The  mornings  get  lighter  ;  the  weather 
more  genial;  the  days  longer;  and  our  thoughts  become 
more  socially  enlarged  one  towards  the  other.  We  have 
often  thought,  what  would  this  lower  woidd  of  our's  be, 
if  deprived  of  the  cheerful  light  and  genial  warmth  of 
the  mighty  Sol  !  "  Clouds  and  sunshine  "  wisely  alter- 
nate amongst  us,  and  give  variety  to  the  passing  scenes 
of  life. 

The  gigantic  strength  of  mother  earth  is  now  becoming 
daily  visible.  Samson  like,  she  may  be  held  spell-bound 
for  a  season,  but  her  latent  energies  cannot  be  long  kept 
down  : — 

"  Already  now  the  Saowdrop  dares  appear. 
The  first  pale  blotssom  of  th'  uuripened  year  ; 
A»  Flora's  breath,  by  some  traasformiog  power. 
Had  changed  an  icicle  iuto  a  flower  ! 
Its  umne  and  hue  the  scentless  plaut  retains, 
Though  winter  lingers  in  its  icy  veins." 
The  Alder  trees,  too,  are  putting  forth  their  buds, 
energetically,    and    the    progress    of    vegetation    has 
universally  commenced  in  right  earnest.     Be  it  our's,  to 
watch  its  progress  from  day  to  day  ! 

We  come  now  to  discuss  the  merits  of  The  Thrush, 
— one  of  our  very  earliest  birds  of  song.  This  is  a  bold, 
saucy  rogue, — one  who  will  not  be  daunted  or  put  down 
by  any  one.  He  fears  no  enemy, — not  he  !  And  deter- 
mined if  possible  to  have  no  enemies,  he  sings  to  all 
alike.  We  observe  that  he  pays  due  deference  to  the 
Blackbikd,  with  whose  '^  Matins '  he  rarely  interferes  ; 
but  no  sooner  are  the  devotions  of  the  latter  over,  than 
the  welkin  rings  out  witli  the  most  ravishing  strains  of 
joy.  No  "  suppressed  notes"  have  we  here.  Our  hero's 
heart  is  full  to  the  brim,  and  we  must  hear  what  he  has 
to  say, — both  to  his  mate  and  ta  us.  So  rapid  too  is  his 
utterance,  so  long  his"Uttle  story  "of  love  and  happiness, 
— that "  variety  "  appears  in  every  second  note  he  utters. 
The  one  great  business  of  his  life  appears  to  be 
devotion  to  his  ladye-love,  affection  to  his  numei'ous 
offspring,  gratitude  to  his  Malier,  and  fondness  for  the 
society  of  Man.  He  is  rarely  silent  throughout  the  day ; 
and  at  the  close  of  evening,  he  whistles  so  long  as  a 
streak  of  light  is  visible.  His  "  vespei's,"  even  now, 
rejoice  our  Iieart.  The  park  resounds  far  and  near  with 
his  outpourings  of  joyous  melody. 

We  are  now  singing,  be  it  known,  of  tho  Musical 
Thrush,  Tardus  Musicus— uot  the  Missel  Tuitusn.  Tho 
latter  is  a  much  larger  bird  than  the  former  ;  and  docs 
not  sing  nearly  so  well,  nor  so  much.  A  handsome 
bird  he  is,  truly  ;  and  an  ornament  to  a  garden  lawn  ; 
but  as  a  cage-bird,  or  a  vernal  chorister,  he  must  not 
rank  "  high."  The  Musical  Tnuuaii  is  the  more  taper, 
and  elegantly-formed  bird  of  tho  two.  When  he  stands 
erect,  he  ia  a  most  loveable  object.  His  fine  intelligent 
eye  npealis  eloquontly  for  him  ;  nor  need  ho  fear 
exhibiting  Inn  cerebral  development.  Ili«  "  head"  in  a 
noble  Mtudy  ;  Imving  oidy  one  "organ"  in  it  — the  organ 
of  "  nniHic."  //ow  ho  "  discourseH"  thia,  all  of  us  who 
live  in  the  country  Itnow  to  our  infinite  delight. 

The  time  for  "  pairing  "  depends  much  on  tho  weather. 
When  the  early  part  of  the  year  is  mild,  and  tlio  enn 
viHiblo  at  inttTvalH,  wliieh  has  been  the  case  thi.H  year, 
early  pairing  and  early  incubation  arc  tho  consequeneo. 
I  Nests  aro  already  formed;  and  marriages,  of  courBo,  havo 


long  since  been  contracted.  Hence  the  song  of  the 
birds  is  "  sweet."  We  may  remark  here,  that  never  do 
birds  sing  more  sweetly  than  when  first  united;  all  their 
best  endeavours  to  please  their  spouses,  and  render  their 
lives  "happy,"  being  exercised  to  the  full.  Nor  do 
these  good  oflices  "cease  and  determine"  until  tho 
compact  can  be  "  lawfully"  rescinded  with  the  termma- 
tion  of  the  season.  Such  is  "  birds'  law."  Being 
"moralists"  in  our  way,  we  do  wish  these  remarks  of 
ours  to  extend '•  below  the  surface;"  for,  as  we  have 
often  said,  we  may  learn  a  profitable  lesson  every  day, 
even  by  a  consideration  of  dumb  animals.  They  shame 
us,'  in  almost  every  branch  of  their  domestic  economy. 

The  nest  of  a  thrush,  like  that  of  a  blackbird,  is  not 
very  artfully  concealed,  consequently  the  school-boy  and 
the  villainous  bird-catcher  make  sad  havoc  with  their 
eggs  and  offspring.  How  often  have  we  heard  the 
parents  bemoaning  the  loss  of  their  infant  progeny  !  in 
tones  which  would  have  melted  any  heart,  save  only  those 
above  mentioned,  which  are  notoriously  made  of  iron, 
and  therefore  impenetrable.  There  is,  however,  mucli 
sound  sense  in  these  noble  birds.  They  grieve, — truly 
grieve  for  their  loss  ;  but  they  "  sorrow  not  as  those 
without  hope."  Making  the  best  of  matters,  again  do 
they  go  through  the  heavy  duties  of  nidification,  incuba- 
tion, and  hatching ;  and  a  second  brood  sometimes 
escapes  the  murdei'ous  scrutiny  of  the  robber's  eye. 

On  sneh  occasions  how  joyous  must  be  the  feelings  of 
the  "happy  pair  !"  How  excessive  their  fondness  for 
each  other,  and  for  their  children !  And  with  what  de- 
light must  they  bring  them  out  to  see  the  world,  and 
teach  them  to  provide  for  their  own  wants  ! 

Nature,  provident  always,  yet  shines  trauscendently 
in  her  operations  here.  A  few  shout  weeks  see  her 
children  grown  up,  and  instructed  in  all  the  ways  of 
"^  theu'  ancestors  ;"  and  ere  winter  arrives,  every  mem- 
ber of  her  family  has  a  bountiful  provision  made  for 
them,  which  enables  them  to  defy  all  their  enemies. 
This  is  the  same  liberal  hand  that  supplies  all  our  wants. 
Let  us  be  equally  thankful  for  it  !   William  Kidd* 


HERBS. 

No.  VII.—Sweet  Basil.— This,  like  Tarragon  and 
other  such  herbs,  is  largely  grown  by  Mr.  Chapman, 
who  sows  it  on  bottom-heat  in  low  span-roofed  houses  in 
February  and  March.  In  such  places  he  has  full  com- 
mand of  hot-water  pipes  ;  and  as  Basil,  like  Cucumber 
or  Balsam  plants,  is  very  liable  to  damp  off,  great  care 
is  necessary  to  keep  it  healthy  at  that  early  period  of 
the  year.  When  up,  the  plants  are  either  potted  off  in 
3-inch  pots,  or  pricked  out  thickly  in  boxes,  &c.  They 
are  again  potted  singly  into  5-iuch  pots,  and  hardened 
off  for  planting  out  for  summer  use.  Lai'ge  quantities 
of  it  are  pulled  up  in  autumn,  and  hung  up  in  sheds 
for  winter. 

Chervil  is  sown  monthly  dm-ing  summer  and  sent  to 
market  in  punnets.  For  winter  use,  it  is  sown  out  of 
doors  in  August,  and  in  pits  in  September. 

Knotted  Marjoram  is  generally  sown  in  low,  span- 
roofed  houses  or  pits,  on  bottom  heat,  arising^  from 
either  dung  or  tan,  and  covered  over  with  about  4  inches 
of  mould,  in  which  the  seeds  are  sown,and  covered  lightly. 
The  best  time  for  sowing  is  February  and  March  ; 
when  up  it  is  potted,  and  gradually  hardened  off  for  out- 
door planting,  or  forced  on  for  early  use.  What  is  left 
in  the  bed  is  cut  when  fit,  and  sent  to  market  ;  but  as 
this  herb  is  wanted  in  winter,  in  a  green  state,  the  crop 
planted  out  is  cut  down  in  autumn  ;  and  when  the  plants 
begin  to  grow  they  are  taken  up,  potted  into  fJ-incli 
pots,  and  put  in  apit  or  house  to  cut  as  green  Marjoram. 
For  this  purpose  the  plants  should  not  be  allowed  to 
ripen  seed  before  they  are  cut  down  in  autumn.  James 
Cuthill,  Camherwell. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Effect  of  Liquid  Manure  on  Cine)  wias.—Yom-  Leading 
Article  on  the  use  of  liquid  manure  at  page  83,  has 
induced  me  to  send  you  a  leaf  taken  from  a  Cineraria 
which  has  been  grown  to  its  present  size  almost  en- 
tirely by  the  use  of  weak  liquid  manure.  I  have  30  pots 
(0-inch)  of  seedling  Cinerarias,  three  plants  in  a  pot, 
and  most  of  them  measure  2  feet,  and  some  2  feet 
G  inches  in  height,  from  the  top  of  the  pots  ;  the  leaf 
which  ffaccompanies  this  is  a  fair  sample  of  then- 
lower  foliage,  and  from  it  you  will  bo  able  to  form 
some  idea  of  the  appearance  they  present.  The 
soil,  or  rather  I  ought  to  say  sand,  in  which  they 
aro  grown,  was  taken  from  the  surface  of  a  sandy 
lane  last  spring,  and  was  mixed,  when  usi.'d,  with 
about  one-third  leaf-mould.  In  tho  bottoms  of  the  pots, 
above  the  drainage,  I  put  some  clay  and  burnt  earth 
to  act  as  absorbents  ;  and  since  tho  plants  havo  been 
placed  in  the  U-inch  pots,  I  have  watered  them  constantly 
with  liquid  manure  collected  from  the  farm-yard,  and 
used  at  about  tho  rate  of  one  gallon  of  liquid  to  20 
gidlons  of  water.  Tliey  aro  just  now  allowing  flower, 
and  projniso  to  form  objects  of  beauty  in  the  conserva- 
tory for  some  tinjo  to  como.  1  also  scud  a  foot-stalk  frora 
ono  of  tho  lower  leaves  of  u  plant  upon  which  1  was 
trying  tho  efVocts  of  strong  doses  of  liquid  manure, 
i.e.,"  half-and-half  ;"  tho  ibot-atalks  became  shrivelled 
and  blotched,  the  leaf  turned  '*  flabby"  as  if  it  bad 
been  auirering  from  want  of  water;  and  it  eventually 
died  oir  from  no  otlier  cause,  apparently,  than  the  use 
of  over  strong  liquid  manure.  To  plants  grown  ior 
tho  sake  of  their  yeeds  or  fruit,  apply  liquid  manure 
from  the  time  when  they  aro  in  flower,  until  the  seeds 
,  or  fruit  begin  to  ripen  ;  and  to  plants  grown  for  their 


102 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  14, 


leaves  or  roots  from  tlie  comiiieucemeiit  of  tlleir  growth 
S.  M.  [The  two  leaves  wliicli  accompanied  this  com- 
munication measured  7  inches  in  lengtli,  9  inches  in 
breadth,  and  26  inches  in  circumference.  They  were 
deep  green,  and  in  admirable  heaUh,  with  footstalks 
C  inches  long,  and  |  of  an  inch  round]. 

Itumhwus  Fungi. — As  I  was  returning  home,  on  foot, 
late  in  the  evening  in  October  last,  I  saw  a  light  before 
me  in  a  part  of  the  road,  which  an  avenue  of  thick 
overhanging  trees  made  particularly  dark  ;  I  took  it  at 
first  to  be  a  lantern,  hung  up  against  the  side  of  a  cart 
or  waggon  ;  but,  on  going  up  to  the  spot,  I  found  that 
the  light  came  from  a  piece  of  half-decayed  bark 
attached  to  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  that  was  lying  there  on 
a  timber  carriage,  that  had  been  left  for  the  night  by 
the  road-side.  The  brightness  was  sufficient  to  have 
attracted  my  attention  from  a  considerable  distance. 
Some  few  days  after  this,  my  children,  near  the  same 
spot,  found  a  piece  of  luminous  (inner)  bark,  which 
they  brought  home,  and  exhibited  it  in  a  dark  corner 
of  a  room.  The  piece  of  bark  was  2  or  3  feet  long 
by  some  10  inches  in  breadth,  and  from  its  whole 
surface  a  bright  phospliorescent  light  was  emitted.  The 
appearance  was  very  striking  and  beautiful.  Many  saw 
it,  and  all  were  equally  struck  with  the  phenomenon. 
It  had  a  very  strong  fungus-like  smell.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  days  the  moisture  dried  away,  and,  with  it,  the 
peculiar  smell  and  light  disappeared.  I  have  put  some 
pieces  of  it  into  a  Mushroom-house,'  with  a  hope  of 
again  exciting  the  growth  of  the,  luminous  fungi.  /.  D. 
Llewelyn. 

New  description  of  Water-pipes. — I  have  occasionally 
seen  replies  to  correspondents,  which  makes  me  suppose 
you  are  consulted  about  the  best  material  for  water- 
pipes.  As  I  see  you  recommend  glass  ones,  allow  me 
to  inform  you,  that  the  days  of  tin  pipes,  glass  pipes,  iron 
pipes,  lead  pipes,  and  pot  pipes,  are  gone  by,  and  that  a 
new  material  has  come  into  use,  which  is  likely  to  super- 
sede them  all.  An  engineer  was  dining  with  me  last 
week,  and  the  conversation  turning  on  water, he  said,  "I 
am  a  shareliolder  in  a  company  which  coats  iron  pipes 
inside  and  out  with  flint  glass  ;  they  are  so  strong  that 
they  will  bear  400  lbs.  pressing  on  the  square  inch  ;  so 
cheap,  that  for  sizes  between  3.^  to  6  inches  bore  they 
will  be  as  cheap  as  cast  iron  (this  his  partner  doubts  at 
present),  and  for  smaller  bores  as  cheap  as  lead  ;  and 
in  addition  to  these  pipes,  we  malie  all  sorts  of  stew 
pans,  baking  dishes,  i'rying  pans,  chemical  utensils, 
plates,  dishes,  &c,,  and  it  resists  all  acids  (except  fluoric). 
You  may  make  the  utensils  red  hot,  and  then  suddenly 
quench  them  in  cold  water  without  injury,  and  you  may 
throw  them  down  and  kick  them  about  the  floor  without 
the  glass  splintering  or  giving  way  in  any  part."  Tlie 
workhouse  at  Manchester  (or  one  near  Manchester), 
has  already  got  a  supply  of  plates  for  the  in-door  poor 
of  the  establishment.  The  material  has  been  applied  to 
greenhouses,  window-frames,  baths,  &c.,  and  new  appli- 
cations are  making  of  it  every  day.  Now  this  is  no 
vision,  like  the  flying  machine  or  the  perpetual  motion, 
but  a  tangible  reality.  I  have  already  specimens  of  it 
in  the  shape  of  stew-pans,  plates,  wash-hand  basins, 
water-pipes,  &c.  I  intend  to  have,  if  not  a  whole  series 
of  the  articles  made,  at  least  a  good  many  of  them  ; 
their  strength,  cleanliness,  and  economy,  will  recom- 
mend them  everywhere.  The  plates  they  make  are  in 
two  or  three  colours,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  able  to 
print  patterns  upon  them.  Mine  are  like  light-blue  or 
lavender- coloured  China  plates,  really  very  respectable 
in  appearance,  nay,  even  handsome.  I  am  informed 
that  the  corporation  of  Manchester  have  consulted  this 
company  about  the  desirableness  of  applying  their  pipes 
for  private  taps  instead  of  lead  ;  and  our  corporation 
being  about  to  supply  the  town  of  Clitheroe  with  water, 
I  invited  the  company  to  send  us  tenders  for  the  supply 
of  the  main  pipes.  I  had  almost  forgotten  to  enumerate 
pumps  ;  and  this  material,  particularly  for  deep  wells, 
is  much  cheaper  than  lead,  to  say  nothing  of  commu- 
nicating no  unwdiolesome  taint  to  the  water.  T,  G.j 
Clitheroe. 

Graftinrf  Pears  on  Quince  Stocls. — Could  you  favour 
me  with  a  little  advice  as  to  this  process.  I  have  been 
very  unfortunate  in  my  attempts,  repeated  annually,  for 
the  last  four  or  five  years  ;  though  1  have  worked  from 
10  to  15  healthy  Quince  stocks  every  season  with  varieties 
of  Pear  (named  as  suitable  for  Quince  stocks),  I  cannot 
report  more  than  four  successful  cases.  I  have  tried 
"  working  "  a  foot  or  18  inches  above  ground,  and  close 
to  the  ground,  and  by  earthing  up  the  stock  over  the 
insertion  of  the  scion.  I  am  so  successful  in  grafting 
generally  that  I  cannot  but  suspect  there  is  some 
"dodge"  or  "  wrinkle  "  I  am  not  up  to,  as  to  Pears  on 
Quinces.  IF.  M.  S.,  Bishoji's  Castle.  [It  appears  that 
you  have  taken  due  precaution  as  to  working  close  to 
the  ground  and  earthing  up  the  graft ;  but  you  do  not 
state  at  what  period  of  the  season  you  headed  down  the 
stocks.  Although  the  operation  of  grafting  may  not  be 
performed  till  Mai'ch,  yet  the  Quince  stocks  ought  to 
be  headed  back  nearly  to  the  ground  early  in  January. 
This  is  the  most  important  point  to  be  attended  to.||] 

Mint  to  Indian  Planters. — I  do  not  remember  ever 
to  have  seen  that  any  steps  have  been  taken  to  introduce 
to  the  West  and  East  Indies  three  trees  that  would  be 
of  invaluable  service  to  the  inhabitants,  viz.,  the  Palo 
di  Vaca  (Cow  Tree),  to  be  met  with  on  the  Cordilleras, 
on  the  coast  of  the  nortliern  part  of  South  America ;  and 
on  the  northern  coasis  of  Barbiiry,  the  Rhamnus  Lotus, 
producing  a  yellow  berry  of  fine  flavour,  and,  when 
pressed,  eating  like  Gingerbread,  and  keeping  for  a  long 
time  ;  the  other,  the  Shea  Tree,  resembles  the  Ameri- 
can Oak,  the  fruit  bemg  very  Uke  the  Spanish  Olive. 


Butter  is  made  from  the  kernel,  keeping  the  whole 
year  without  salt,  and  is  very  rich  in  flavour,  like  the 
finest  butter  made  from  cream.  It  is  a  reflection  on  us 
that  these  have  not  been  introduced  both  into  the  East 
and  West  Indies  and  New  South  Wales.  P.  [We  much 
doubt  whether  these  plants  are  worth  the  trouble  of 
experimenting  upon.     Cui  lono  ?] 

Remorhahle  Bail-storm. — On  the  25th  ult.  this  neigh- 
bourhood was  visited  by  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
hail-storms  I  ever  saw  or  heard  of.  The  forenoon  was 
clear,  with  bright  sunshine,  which  continued  until  about 
2  o'clock,  p.m.,  when  the  sky  suddenly  became  overcast, 
and  foretold  the  approach  of  a  heavy  storm  from  the 
south  west.  In  a  short  time  some  vivid  lightning  was 
observed,  accompanied  with  thunder,  and  followed  by 
heavy  rain.  By  degrees  the  rain  changed  to  hail,  until 
about  3  o'clock,  when  the  storm  ended  in  a  shower  of 
icicles,  of  the  most  irregular  and  grotesque  form.  The 
annexed  outline  of  a  few  I  laid  on  paper  and  traced  im- 
mediately after  they  fell,  will  convey  some  idea  of  their 
singular  appearance.  I  expected  the  whole  of  the 
glass  in  our  hothouses  and  frames  would  have  been 
totally  destroyed  ;  but,  strange  to  say,  between  30  and 
40  panes  are  all  the  damage  that  was  done.     Not  so 


much  as  a  single  pane  of  sheet  glass,  or  of  Hartley's 
patent  rough  plate  was  injured  in  the  least  degree.  I 
attribute  our  fortunate  escape  to  the  brisk  under- 
current which  was  blowing  at  the  time,  and  in  all  pro- 
bability caused  the  pieces  of  ice  to  strike  the  glass  in  an 
oblique  direction.  Had  it  been  otherwise,  it  seems 
scarcely  possible  that  any  of  the  kinds  of  glass  com- 
monly used  in  hothouses  could  have  withstood  such  a 
severe  test.    Wm.  B.  Booth,  Carclew. 

Orchard  Houses. — I  am  not  surprised  that  Mr.  Hivers 
should  have  shown  more  spleen  than  candoiu'  in  his 
remarks  upon  orcli.ard  houses  at  p.  54,  of  your  widely- 
spread  Journal.  Instead  of  talking  about  heads  and 
brains,  he  would  have  done  better  to  disprove  my 
assertion,  that  I  cannot  get  work  done  at  the  price  whicli 
he  names.  Perhaps  he  will  condescend  to  give  on 
of  the  "  slow  "  ones  a  plain  answer  to  this  plain  question. 
He  says,  at  page  10  of  his  book  on  "  Orchard  Houses," 
that  a  house  21  feet  long,  can  be  built  for  17?.  8s.  i)d. 
It  is  to  be  tarred  with  Stockholm  tar,  coated  with 
Asphalte  felt,  which  is  to  be  payed  twice  or  thrice  with 
coal  tar  and  lime,  and  moreover  the  inside  is  to  be 
painted  with  Carson's  anti-corrosion  paint.  But  no  trace 
is  to  be  found  of  these  expenses  in  the  particulars  show- 
ing, at  page  10,  how  the  17/.  8s.  9rf.  aforesaid  arise. 
Wlien  this  is  explained,  it  is  possible  that  you  may  be 
requested  to  give  insertion  to  another  enquij'y  from 
A  Hertsman. 

Cultivation  of  Mnshrooms 

"  Poole  rush  in  where  aogels  fear  to  tread."— Pope. 
But  hark  ;  I  have  just  slipped  on  my  patent  pumps, 
therefore  shall  tread  softly,  to  wdiisper  a  few  questions 
in  your  Calendar  writer's  ear.  He  says  at  page  56,  for 
Mushrooms,  "  prepare  fresh  material  for  beds.  We  use 
fresh  droppings  turned  over  till  quite  dry."  He  further 
recommends  the  house  to  be  kept  moist  by  evaporating 
troughs  over  the  heating  apparatus.  Where  does  he 
get  all  his  fresh  droppings,  and  what  success  attends  his 
system  ?  Moisture  is  to  be  obtained  by  evaporating 
troughs.    I  am  ever  anxious  to  expel  what  he  wishes 


to  generate,  and  for  that  purpose  I  kindle  a  fir& 
once,  sometimes  twice  a  week.  Half  a  bushel  of  cinders 
is  consumed  each  time.  I  have  six  beds  3  feet  deep, 
with  a  walk  in  the  centre,  each  bed  being  20  feet  long 
by  3  feet  wide.  I  have  gathered  4  bushels  per  week 
for  the  last  six  weeks.  1  expect  to  do  the  same  for  Ut© 
next  10  weeks.  I  have  a  little  more  to  say  about  the 
matter,  but  for  the  present  I  will  lay  on  my  oars,  and 
listen  to  what  the  gentleman  in  "  luds"  has  to  offer. 
Along  with  this  you  will  receive  a  fair  sample  of  my 
Mushroon^s.  Are  they  good?  Cauliie. [Our  f- drop- 
pings "  are  shaken  out  of  each  day's  stable  litter,  rantil 
sufficient  is  obtained  to  make  a  bed.  These  are  kept 
under  cover,  and  turned  over  daily,  till  they  become 
dry,  or  nearly  so.  When  forming  the  beds,  we  mix 
about  one-third  of  dry  loam  with  the  droppings,  beating 
the  whole  firm  together.  Our  object  in  drying  the 
droppings,  and  mixing  them  with  loam,  is  to  prevent  a 
too  rapid  fermentation  in  the  bed,  which  would  be  at 
the  expense  of  the  future  crop — our  success  is  com- 
plete. Mushrooms  thrive  best  in  a  somewhat  moist 
atmosphere,  which  may  be  efi'ected  by  various  means  ; 
we  named  one,  only.  Much  depends  on  the  form  of 
house  and  mode  of  heating.  When  grown  in  low  sunk 
houses,  or  damp  cellar.",  badly  ventilated,  a  little  dry  fire- 
heat  may  occasionally  be  necessary  to  prevent  damping 
off.  "Caultie's"  success  appears  to  us  no  way  re- 
m.arkable.  The  Writer  of  the  Calendar.] 

The  Seed  Trade. — I  agree  with  you  that  the  remedy 
for  the  numerous  complaints  that  are  made  respecting 
bad  seeds  rests  with  the  public  ;  but  your  correspondent, 
"  J.  C.  M.,"  seems  to  think  otherwise  ;  and  he  says, 
"  Why,  as  in  the  case  of  guano,  may  not  some  first-rate 
houses  of  intelligence  and  capital  come  forwai'd  and  say, 
we  will  do  our  utmost  to  obtain  from  growers  genuine 
seeds,  and  we  pledge  ourselves  to  sell  to  you,  the  pubhc, 
seeds  as  genuine  as  we  can  procure."'  Now,  as  in  guano 
so  in  the  seed  trade,  there  are  houses  of  "  intelligence 
and  capital,"  who  sell  seeds  as  genuine  as  they  can 
possibly  procure  them,  and  that,  too  at  the  lowest  prices 
compatible  with  reasonable  and  fair  remuneration.  That 
the  public  can  get  genuine  seeds  at  the  prices  they  are 
so  frequently  advertised  at,  I  do  not  believe  ;  yet  it  will- 
buy  cheap  rubbish,  instead  of  the  genuine  article.  I 
have  myself  heard  many  complain  at  the  quality  of  their 
seed,  and  when  I  have  said,  "  Give  your  orders  next 
time  to  such  a  firm,  I  have  the  greatest  confidence  in 
their  integrity,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  they  will  supply 
you  with  seeds  as  genuine  as  can  be  had,"  the  answer  I 
get  is,  "  Why,  Mr.  S.,  you  do  not  wish  me  to  be  rumed  ;. 
really,  the  prices  charged  for  seeds  by  the  firm  you  re- 
commend, are  most  exorbitant,  I  must  try  some  house 
where  I  can  get  them  cheaper."  Such,  in  general,  is 
the  conduct  of  the  public  ;  and  in  this  manner  it  be- 
comes an  "accomphce  in  fraud,  to  the  injury  of  the- 
honest  and  fair  dealing  tradesman."  Farmers  who  are 
notorious  for  selling  in  the  dearest  market,  are  equally 
so  for  buying  their  seeds,  such  as  Clover,  Turnips,  &c.^ 
in  the  cheapest  market.  I  get  my  seeds  from  a  London 
firm,  in  whose  integrity  I  put  the  greatest  reliance,  and 
I  find  them  invariably  good,  and  true  to  name ;  but  for 
these  genuine  seeds,  I  pay  prices  as  low  as  is  compatible- 
with  reasonable  and  fair  remuneration.  If  the  public 
prefer  to  buy  seeds  merely  because  they  are  cheap,, 
knowing  that  good  seeds  cannot  be  had  at  such  low 
prices,  then  it  must  be  content  to  sufi'er,  as  it  richly 
deserves.  3f.  Saul,  Gardener  to  the  Riykt  Son.  Lord 
Stourton,  Alkrton  Pari,  Yorkshire. 

Polmaise  Heating.— Coatiaaing  my  remarks  on  thiS;^ 
the  simple  radio-thermal  system,  let  me  recal  to  mind 
that  in  suggesting  a  cheap  stove  for  its  development,_the 
late  Mr.  Meek  carefully  cautioned  his  readers  agamst 
the  error  of  connecting  the  principles  with  his,  or  with 
any  other  form  of  stove  ;  indeed  all  the  merit  he  laid 
claim  to,  was,  the  having  shown  to  the  world  that  the- 
stove  in  the  house  at  Polmaise  was  of  secondary  con. 
sideration,  but  that  a  grand  natm-al  law  was  beautifully- 
developed  ;  that  the  smallest  and  commonest  stove  (in 
other  words,  any  heated  chamber  or  air-boiler)  could  be 
made  to  evidence  this  system.  Be  it  then  remembered 
that  the  form  of  stove,  or  the  source  of  heat,  is  imma- 
terial, as  far  as  the  principle  is  concerned.  Your 
readers  should  reflect  that  they  may  circulate  the  air  in 
any  house,  by  such  "  contrivance"  as  will  best  suit  it  J 
and  I  can  scarcely  imagine  a  more  interesting  employ- 
ment than  this  would  prove.  As  Mr.  M.  has  said  to  me, 
"  they  may  Polmaise  their  hot-water  pipes  ; "  and  why 
not  1  Case  any  portion  of  them  in  a  house  so  heated  ;  or 
case,  if  practicable,  the  water-boiler  itself ;  or  get  a 
hot  chamber  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall  ;  bring  air  to 
the  bottom  of  the  interior  of  that  case  or  chamber,  ex- 
clusively from  a  short  drain  under  the  floor  of  the  house,, 
having  a  grating  in  the  pavement  of  the  house  (which 
drain  may  also  communicate,  or  not,  with  the  external 
air),  and  the  air  of  the  house  must— I  say  must— be  put 
into  action,  not  with  the  rapidity  of  air  made  to  pass 
through  a  hotter  chamber,  but  nevertheless  iu  constant 
agitation.  In  a  house  heated  by  brick  flues,  let  the 
owner  contrive  to  place  over  that  end  of  the  flue  which' 
is  nearest  to  or  sm-rounding  the  fire,  a  case  made  of 
thin  sheet  iron,  leaving  a  small  interval ;  abundance  of 
air  may  be  made  to  rush  through  this.  In  a  house 
heated  by  any  ordinary  iron  stove,  it  is  superfluous  to 
say  that  it  may  be  Polmaised  with  very  little  tax  upon 
the  owner's  ingenuity.  Aud  now  may  I  not  assume 
that  the  great  Palm  house  at  Kew  may  be  so 
benefited  ?  Surely  there  is  some  spot  "  below " 
where  the  system  of  pipes,  or  the  boiler  itself,  would 
admit  of  a  "large  beating  surface"  being  encased  ;  and 
a  comparatively  short  and  small  drain  from  the  floor  o 


7— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


103 


the  liouse  would  be  sufficient  to  set  all  the  air  tx'avelUng. 
For  instance,  a  2  feet  cold  air  drain,  which  might  drop 
suddenly  and  not  cause  much  disturbance  of  the  nearest 
alley,  carried  to  the  very  hottom  of  such  a  hot  room  as 
I  recommend,  two  6  inch  pipes  connecting  this  drain 
with  the  external  air,  the  ends  to  open  or  close  at 
pleasure,  a  4  or  5  feet  circular  opening  to  let  out  the 
hot  ail',  close  fenced  to  the  height  of  3  feet  from  the 
floor;  and  I  cannot  conceive  any  possible  cause  of 
failure.  If  there  be  any  exposed  surface  of  boiling  water, 
might  not  the  air  have  egi'ess  over  that  with  excellent 
tropical  effect  ?  It  may  be  gathered  from  what  I  have 
said,  that  no  one  need  be  deterred  from  Polmaising  his 
BOUse  by  an  idea  that  he  must  disturb  his  whole  floor 
for  the  sake  of  drains.  1  am  indebted  to  Sir.  lladen,  of 
Trowbridge,  the  erector  of  the  stove  at  Polmaise,  and  of 
many  similar  in  this  neighbourhood  (a  stove  cheaper 
than  hot-water  pipes,  though  beyond  the  means  of  many 
amatem's  and  of  small  gardeners),  for  the  confirmation 
of  what  one  of  your  correspondents  has  stated,  that  there 
is  no  occasion  to  carry  the  cold-air  drain  all  along  the 
house.  I  have  found  5  feet  as  effectual  as  30.  Mr. 
Meek  himself  says  (p.  36  Z»,  1847),  that  on  the  question 
of  drains  ''  it  may  prove  that  the  form  of  matter  we  are 
employing  is  so  extremely  rapid  in  its  movements  that  it 
requires  no  assistance  at  our  hands,"  &c.;  and  the  Hon. 
JLr.  Grey  has  stated  in  your  columns  that  he  did  not 
provide  any  drain,  but  simply  made  an  aperture  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  Polmaised  stove  outside  his  corridor, 
and  another  at  the  upper  pai'L  However,  even  after 
this,  Jlr.  Week  told  me  he  would,  as  a  rule,  re- 
commend some  drain,  so  as  to  have  an  un''oubted 
"  circle "  of  air  in  action.  Indeed,  if  only  for 
the  benefit  of  taking  the  air  to  a  space  below 
the  hot  chamber,  it  is  well  worth  retaining.  In  the  only 
case  of  decided  failure  as  to  amount  of  heat,  with  which 
I  am  acquainted,  this  was  not  done.  I  should  say  that, 
under  some  circumstances,  Mr.  Meek's  first  plan  of 
stove  (page  o6'6,  1846)  may  not  act  well  ;  his  second 
plan  (page  573,  1847)  must  succeed,  if  free  vent  be 
given  to  the  air  when  heated.  I  wish  it  to  be  borne  in 
roind  (as  has  been  already  recorded),  that  there  is  no 
perceptible  draught  within  the  house  of  air  in  its  descent 
to  the  cold  air  grating,  and  that  at  4  feet  from  the  hot- 
air  aperture  the  thermometer  indicates  only  the  average 
temperature  of  the  building,  so  subtle  is  the  fluid  with 
which  we  have  to  deal.  Reverting  for  a  moment  to 
the  supposed  case  of  a  house  now  heated  by  hot-water 
pipes,  in  which  an  internal  aeration  has  been  success- 
fully accomplished,  it  would  follow  that  if  cleverly  done 
there  must  be  such  an  accession  of  spare  warmth 
as  to  admit  of  one  or  more  ventilators  in  the  roof  being 
freely  opened.  I  do  not,  however,  quite  like  the  mere 
letting  down  of  sashes  ;  there  must,  sm'ely,  be  a  double 
current  at  work  at  such  openings.  Why  not,  in  my 
supposed  case,  try  Arnott's  valves,  or  perforated  zinc,  so 
as  to  let  out  the  inside  air  only,  receiving  fresh  air 
(through  the  hot  chamber)  from  the  cold  air  drain.  I 
find  that  I  am  trespassing  on  your  columns  ;  but  if  I 
shall  now  ask  you  to  record  instances  of  my  own  success, 
it  is  simply  from  an  earnest  impulse  which  I  feel  to 
honour  the  memory  of  a  benefactor  to  his  kind,  who  was 
removed  from  this  world  before  the  practical  results  of 
his  labours  had  been  satisfactorily  brought  home  to  the 
minds  of  the  community.  Plates  cracking  here,  and 
there ;  outer  brick-walls  absorbing  the  heat  of  non- 
isolated stoves ;  an  insufficient  temperature  complained 
of,  where  the  hot  air  had  egress  by  a  mere  con- 
cealed sht  behind  a  pedestal,  and  other  such  causes, 
brought  his  favourite  "  Polmaise  "  into  disrepute  ;  but  I 
confidently  predict  the  growth  of  that  seed  which  Mr. 
Fitzsimon  says  has  already  germinated,  till  the  day 
when  every  building  will  be  considered  in  an  unsatis- 
factory state,  unless  its  air  be  in  perpetual  motion, 
according  to  the  simple  radio-thermal  system.  O.  IF., 
Feb.  6. 


LiNXEAN,  7^e6.  3 — R.  Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 
The  deaths  of  Professor  Ledebom-,  Professor  Wahlen- 
berg,  and  M.  Savigny  having  occasioned  three  vacancies 
in  the  list  of  foreign  Fellows,  tlie  President  proposed 
the  following  in  their  stead  :  F.  Unger,  M.D.,  Professor 
of  Botany  at  Vienna  ;  A.  Retzius,  Professor  of  Anatomy 
at  Stockholm  ;  A.  Braun,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Berlin. 
Mr.  B.  Botfield,  grandson  of  Dr.  Withering,  author  of 
the  "  Botanical  Arrangf^ment  of  British  Plants,"  has 
presented  the  herbarium  of  his  grandfather  to  the  Society. 
Baron  MUller,  J.  D.  Salmon,  Esq.,  and  Wm.  Wing,  Esq  , 
were  elected  Fellows. — A  paper  by  Mr.  Newport, 
entitled  "  Further  Observations  on  the  genua  Antho- 
phorabia,  Newp.,"  was  read.  The  author  stated  that 
having  in  September  last  obtained  specimens  of  this 
genus  Chalcidida;  at  Gravcsend,  he  ).-)  now  enabled  to 
prove,  that  although  the  male  of  this  geims  lias  been 
repeatedly  denied  to  posscssany  oyen  at  all,  yet  that  the 
description  he  originally  gave  of  it,  in  tluH  rewpect,  in 
bin  paper  re;ul  to  the  Linnean  Society  on  iho  20  th  of 
March,  UiU^,  was  con*cct.  It  possOHSCs,  as  ho  then 
showed,  a  single  stcmmatous  eye  on  each  side  of  tho 
head,  and  three  stemmata  on  the  vertex  ;  and  lie 
remarked  tluit,  having  specimens  of  the  perfect  insect 
to  refer  to,  p«rliaim  we  may  now  be  permitted  to  believe 
that  it  really  does  poHse«3  eyes  ;  and  more,  even,  than 
those  who  have  affirmed  it  hfts  none.  lie  then  showed 
tlmt  the  awM.-rted  identity  of  AntliojihoralHu,  with  aiiotliei- 
parasite,  .Meltttohia,  cannot  be  a  fiiet,  if  the  latter  liaH 
been  dcHcribed  correctly  ;  and  referring  to  the  descrip- 
tion given  of  this  io  tho  Qwrtkncr^  OhronicU  of  May  1 2, 


1849,  pointed  out  that  the  two  ditter,  both  in  regai'd  to 
the  eyes  and  to  the  structure  of  the  antennae.  The 
autlior  then  revised  some  details  of  minor  importance  in 
part  of  the  generic  characters  formerly  given  ;  and  alter 
stating  that  the  specimens  now  obtained  present  some 
specific  characters  which  he  did  not  observe  in  the  spe- 
cimens formerly  procured  at  Richborough,  he  proposed 
to  name  the  insect  which  he  now  possesses,  provisionally, 
in  the  event  of  its  proving  to  be  distinct,  Anthophorabia 
fasciata.  Some  account  was  then  given  of  the  habits  of 
the  males  and  females,  and  also  of  the  larva,  which  was 
shown  to  be  an  external  feeder,  attached  to  the  surface 
of  the  bee-larva  upon  which  it  subsists.  Specimens  of 
both  sexes  of  the  insect  were  exhibited  to  the  Fellows  at 
the  meeting. 


Books,  $!;.t.,  Eccei&etf, 

M'urraifs  Modem  Ooolcery  (small  8vo,  Murray,  pp. 
675). — This  is  a  new  and  better  edition  of  the  well-known 
work  of  Mrs.  Rundell,  with  numerous  additions  and 
improvements.  It  and  Mrs.  Acton's  book  on  the  same 
subject  not  only  stand  at  tlie  head  of  English  works  on 
the^^culinary  art,  which  is  not  indeed  saying  much  in.tlieir 
favour,  but  are  really  of  very  great  intrinsic  excellence, 
and,  if  they  were  enriched  with  directions  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  more  of  the  continental  vegetable  dishes,  would 
be  complete.  We  fear,  however,  we  must  despair  of  seeing 
good  cookery  in  the  houses  of  the  middle  classes  of  this 
country,  until  the  charitable  persons  who  undertake  the 
education  of  the  poor  shall  perceive  the  necessity  of 
giving  servants  that  are  to  be,  some  notion,  at  least,  of 
their  househDld  duties  when  they  become  servant?. 
Reading  and  writing  and  cyphering  are  excellent 
branches  of  knowledge,  but  they  neither  make  cooks  nor 
housemaids. 

Notes,  ThougJits,and  Inquiries.  By  Charles  Chalmers 
(8vo,  London;  Churchill,  pp.  103). — The  author  proposes 
that  the  soil  of  every  country  should  belong  to  the  state  ; 
that  a  portion  of  public  revenue  should  be  annually  set 
apart  for  the  purchase  of  the  soil  ;  and  that  by  degrees 
the  whole  land  should  be  broken  up  into  allotments, 
**  adequate,  when  cultivated,  to  the  ample  supply  of 
food  for  a  single  family."  He  would  have  the  extension 
of  towns  arrested,  and  the  towns  themselves  gradually 
demolished.  Then,  having  broken  Great  Britain  up 
into  allotments,  he  would  have  lectures  on  science  given, 
"  the  courses  of  instruction  to  be  such  as  are  taught  in 
our  Universities,  but  cast  into  a  more  popular  form." 
The  courses  are,  however,  to  be  given  in  the  towns,  an 
ai'rangement  which  strikes  us  as  incompatible  with  the 
other  plau  of  demolishing  the  towns.  Should  the  reader 
care  to  know  how  Mr.  Chalmers  supports  these  rather 
startling  propositions,  he  will  of  course  procure  the 
work  for  himself. 

Noies  on  the  Organisation  of  an  Industrial  College  for 
Artisans.  By  T.  Twining,  Esq.  (Privately  circu- 
lated.)— A  pamphlet  on  the  best  means  of  promoting 
the  education  of  the  working  classes,  well  deserving  the 
attention  of  the  philanthropist,  the  propositions  made  in 
it  being  both  rational  and  practicable.  Mr.  Twining 
understands  education  as  we  do,  namely,  as  the  training 
of  men  to  a  better  knowledge  of  that  particular  business 
which  they  are  intended  to  follow.  Over-education  is, 
perhaps,  more  disastrous  to  poor  men  than  under-edu- 
cation,  wasting  their  best  time,  and  rendering  them  dis- 
contented with  the  state  to  which  it  has  pleased  God  to 
call  them. 

Linncea.  Vol.  24,  Part  5,  Halle,  chiefly  occupied 
by  Lang\s  account  of  North  European  Carices,  which  is 
now  completed. 

The  Mystery  of  the  Damtbe.  By  D.Urquhart,  Esq  ,M.P, 
(Bradbury  and  Evans).  3vo. — Apolitical  pamphlet, show- 
ing how,  in  the  opinion  of  the  honourable  gentleman, 
Lord  Palmerston  has  closed  the  Danube,  arrested  ex- 
portation i'rom  Turkey,  and  prevented  the  reopening  of 
the  isthmus  of  Suez  ! 

The  Comic  History  of  Home.  (Bradbury  and  Evans.) 
— This,  perhaps  the  best  of  the  admirable  serio-comic 
volumes  by  Ma*.  Gilbert  A'Beckett,  is  now  completed. 
The  "  Comic  Blackstone  "  and  ''  Comic  History  of  Eng- 
land," are  volumes  pregnant  with  truth  and  wisdom, 
whatever  formalists  may  say  to  the  contrary. 

Mr.  Sponge's  Sj^oHing  Tour,  Part  II.  (Bradbury  and 
Evans),  will  be  the  delight  of  sporting  men.  Leech's 
illustrations  are,  we  think,  better  thau  ever,  if  they  can 
be  better. 

Collected  Edition  of  the  Writings  of  Douglas  Jcirold. 
The  Story  of  a  Feather.     Part  I.     (Punch  Office.) 

The  Garden  Companion  and  Florists*  Guide,  Part  I. 
(4  to.  Orr  and  Co.),  contains  an  intei'esting  account  of 
Mr.  Warrington's  parlour  aquarium,  and  two  good 
plates  of  hybrid  Heaths  and  Pompon  ChryRanthemums. 

Wul/jera,  Annates  Botanices Systtmaiiccc.  Vol.  U.fasc.2. 

Hat f -hours  of  English  Hibtory.  Knight.  Part  IX. — 
KnighCa  Pictorial  Shakspere.  '  Part  XXX. — Chamhcrs's 
PocbiL  MtHcellany.  Vol.  II.— Knight's  Half-hours  with 
the  Ji est  Authors ;  are-issuc,  under  the  name  of  Knight"n 
"Conifianion  Liijrary."  Part  I.  —  KnighCs  Curiosities 
of  Jndmtry.  Part  V.  Printing,  and  Cotton  and  Flux. 
— Of  the  latit  five  worJts,  we  can  only  say  that  they  give 
to  tho  lower  ordorn  a  lit(;rature  of  whicli  no  otlier 
couiil ry  can  boast  tho  like  for  good  purposes  and  real 
instruction. 

7''urn<:r'H  Florist,  No.  2  (Chapman  and  Ilall),  has 
a  coloured  figui*e  of  tlireo  varleLies  of  EjjacriH,  in 
addition  to  tlio  usual  kind  of  matter  for  which  this 
[leriodical  is  widl  known. 

Fpi/ndica  IJolauici/}.  By  C.  B.  I'resl  ;  Aio,  pp.  264, 
with  ]!>  plates  (Praguoj  Haan).— A  treatise  in  Latin,  of 


which  the  hrst  192  pages,  and  all  the  plates,  relate  to 
Ferns.  The  remainder  is  occupied  by  descriptions  of 
supposed  new  genera  and  species  of  plants  preserved  in 
the  herbaria  to  which  the  author  has  access,  among 
which  are  many  of  Cummg's  Philhppine  collection. 

FLORICULTURE, 

Showing  Verbenas.— Much  diversity  of  opinion  has 
always  existed  as  to  the  best  method  of  showing 
Verbenas  ;  and  we  are  not  sure  but  that  to  this  circum- 
stance alone  may  be  attributed  the  apparent  disrepute 
into  which  this  flower  has  fallen  with  our  leading 
societies.  This  is  the  more  to  be  regretted,  as  few 
plants  possess  in  its  way  so  many  valuable  qualifi- 
cations as  the  Pansy,  not  the  least  of  which  is  useful- 
ness for  decorative  purposes  ;  while  for  brilliancy  and 
variety  of  colours,  it  has  few  equals.  Let  us  hope  that 
in  future  more  attention  may  be  paid  to  it.  The  prm- 
cipal  value  of  the  flower  lies  in  its  bedding  properties  ; 
but  we  trust' that  it  will  yet  form  a  conspicuous  and  natural 
feature  at  all  our  great  flower  shows.  This  will  not  be 
effected,  however,  by  an  exhibition  of  "  1 2  or  24  varietiesj 
in  bunches"  as  is  often  required  ;  or  by  "12  or  24  distinct 
varieties,  in  single  trusses."  The  only  means  of  show- 
ing the  habit  is  to  exhibit  perfect  plants  ;  and  then 
arises  the  question,  how  is  that  to  be  best  done  ?  We 
answer,  in  any  way  that  displays  its  natural  style  of 
growth  ;  this  cannot  be  accomplished  m  pots,  by  erect 
training;  hence  the  necessity  for  some  trellis,  which 
will  best  exhibit  the  trailing  and  natural  habit  of  the 
plant,  and,  at  the  same  time,  display  the  largest 
amount  of  bloom.  All  formahty  must  be  avoided^ 
and  as  little  restraint  apparent  as  possible.  This  is  the 
objection  to  flat  trellises,  with  which  our  metropolitan 
friends  are  familiar  ;  let  us  suggest  a  trellis  that  shall 
in  some  degree  meet  the  difficulties  to  which  we  have 
thus  cursorily  alluded  ;  instead  of  a  perfectly  flatsui'face, 
the  desired  end  would  be  better  attained  by  one  in  the 
form  of  a  parasol,  and  so  arranged,  that  by  overhanging 
the  pot,  the  growth  may  "run  riot"  with  perfect 
freedom  ;  a  wire  trellis  shaped  like  a  parasol,  with  its 
handle  or  support  not  quite  in  the  centre,  would  give 
us  just  the  form  best  suited  to  meet  the  wants  of  the 
case  ;  such  a  trellis  should  be  made  to  sit  firmly  on  the 
rim  of  the  pot,  and  should  then  gracefully  fall  around 
it  until  the  pot  is  nearly  hid  from  view.  The  size  of 
course  must  be  optional,  and  is  perhaps  best  left  to  the 
taste  of  the  cultivator.  We  are  happy  to  state  that  the 
exhibition  of  this  flower  will  be  warmly  encouraged 
during  the  coming  season,  there  being  a  few  growers 
determined  to  try  their  skill  with  it  ;  the  highest  award 
is  a  silver  cup,  but  let  ua  hope  there  will  be  other  prizes 
graduating  in  value,  so  thatmany,  if  not  all,may  win  who 
venture  ;  12  distinct  varieties  "  well  done,"  make  a  pretty 
show,  but  as  with  the  Dahlia,  so  with  the  Verbena,  uniform 
stands  should  be  enforced.  To  grovj  well  is  a  de- 
sideratum, but  to  shoio  well,  equally  so  :  we  could 
instance  exhibitors  whose  collections  are  distinguished 
as  umch  for  the  finish  that  belongs  to  them  as  for  their 
excellence  in  other  respects.  Such  growers  are  seldom 
far  from  the  head  of  the  classes  in  which  they  show.  J.  B, 
Inconspicuous  Props  for  Plants  (see  page  71). — 
I  am  glad  to  see  that  the  '■  Inconspicuous  Props"  have 
found  an  advocate  ;  but  I  should  have  admired  the 
candour  of  the  writer  of  the  recommendatiou  for  their 
use  more,  if,  instead  of  saying  "  the  best  remedy  which 
I  have  discovered,"  he  had  given  the  source  from 
whence  he  got  the  hint.  The  fact  is,  such  a  mode  of 
superseding  the  common  use  of  sticks,  has  been  well 
known  and  practised  hereabouts  for  a  length  of  time. 
I  send  you  herewith  a  copy  of  the  North  British  Agricul- 
turist for  Nov.  iy49,  in  wdiich  you  will  see  to  whom  the 
credit  (if  any)  is  due  for  first  bringing  them  into  notice. 
Since  that  time  it  has  been  by  no  meaus  uncommon  to 
see  plants  supported  in  the  manner  pointed  out.  In 
1830  plants  were  exhibited  at  the  shows  about  Edin- 
bm-gh  with  "well  painted  straightened  wires  of  various 
thicknesses.''  Pinks  were  supported  "  with  wire,  which, 
with  two  coats  of  green  paint,  were  almost  invisible,  and 
proved  perfectly  firm  and  ellicient  as  supports."  Not 
only  was  this  the  case,  but  frequent  favourable  mention 
was  made  of  this  plan  at  periods  subsequent  to  timt  of 
the  first  notice  in  the  North  British  Agriculturist. 
I  should  have  left  this  without  notice,  had  it  not  been 
that  I  thought  if  the  plan  was  to  be  advocated  at  all,  it 
might  as  well  be  so  in  its  integrity.  Tho  use  of  tho 
single  wu-e  is  only  part  of  the  good  which  it  is  designed 
to  effect.  You  will  see  from  the  notice  in  the  Nortit, 
British  AgHculturisi,  that  wires  can  be  fixed  in  tho 
socket,  in  number  to  suit  the  requirements  of  tho  plant 
to  be  supported,  one  hole  only  being  made  in  the  ball 
of  the  plant,  which  will  supply  as  many  8up])orts  as  may 
be  necessary  ;  in  fact,  a  sort  of  wire  frame  may  bo  mailo 
to  suit  any  form.  I  have  used  them  for  Carnations  for 
the  last  two  or  three  years  ;  if  three  plants  are  in  a  pot, 
it  is  used  with  three  arms  ;  for  Pinks,  Sec,  according  to 
tiie  number  of  stc-m.H,  and  1  lind  (as  well  as  your  eorre- 
Hpondent  "  W.  C")  that  tho  plan  is  decidedly  preferable 
to  that  of  stakes.  But  I  think  it  right  that  tho  origina- 
lity should  be  assigned  to  tho  riglit  person,  which  he 
neglects  to  attend  to.  Cuif/uc  Saum.  [We  learn  by  the 
uxtnict  from  the  paper  alluded  to,  that  tho  originator  of 
the  projiH  in  question  is  C  K.  Slvcwright,  Esq.,  of  Car- 
gilliekl,  near  Edinburgh,] 

J!;xiiiiiiT[[)N  Dath  l''ixLD.—  HHinJBWi'rtli  find  Lnzollfl :  Aiiiil 
'2b,  Juuu  T.),  July  27,  AiiKu^t  'U  ;  South  llovon  :  May  IS,  July 
13,  HL'iitinilKT  i; ;  ijL'xliiim;  S.  pUmbor  Ifi  aiul  10;  (ixlnrd- 
hhlre:  April  '29,  May  ^fi,  Juno  '2ii,  Jpjly  '20,  SipUinbtr  23; 
National  l''ltn-lt!ultuial:  Wiirch  4  oud  SiD,  April  8  uaU '22,  May, 
13  and  27,  Juno  a  ui  d  17,  Ju'y  1  uiid  i!!),  Aiiguat  G  and  '2ii , 


104 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Feb.  14, 


Septtmber  y  and  T.i,  Octobtr  7,  November  ]S,  December  2; 
London  Ploricultural :  March  9,  April  13  and  27,  May  11  ani 
25,  June  8  and  '22,  July  13  and  27,  AuRuat  10  and  24,  Suptembre 
li  and  23,  October  12,  November  9  and  23,  December  14.  J.  E. 

Dahlias:  Old  Suh.  We  should  think  that  the  nurseryman  first 
mentioned  in  your  letter  could  furnish  you  with  what  you 
want.    "VVe  cannot  openly  recommend  dealers.  J.  E, 


Miscellaneous- 

Tlie  Botanic  Garden,  Sydney. — We  are  glad  to  see 
that  justice,  although  most  tardy,  has  at  leiigtli  been 
done  to  Mr.  Charles  Moore,  and  that  his  salary  is  finally 
settled  at  300^.  a-year.  Tlie  appointments  of  super- 
intendents of  botanic  gardens  are  vested  in  the  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies,  and  most  properly,  if  such 
places  are  to  be  anything  better  than  colonial  jobs. 
Nevertheless,  on  the  last  occurrence  of  a  vacancy  at 
Sydney,  some  busy-bodies  in  the  local  government  took 
upon  themselves,  without  any  authority,  to  confer  the 
office  upon  a  gentleman  then  resident  in  the  colony. 
When,  therefore,  the  superintendent,  appointed  in 
England,  reached  Sydney,  he  found  his  place  already 
occupied.  Flagrant  usurpation  like  that  of  the  local 
government  could  not,  however,  be  sanctioned,  and  Mr. 
Sloore,  of  course,  assumed  his  office.  The  clique  in  the 
local  government,  who  had  just  voted  that  300^.  a-year 
was  a  proper  salary  for  their  own  man,  decided  that  200Z. 
a-year  was  enough  for  a  superintendent  sent  out  from 
England,  legally  appointed,  and  at  least  as  competent  to 
fill  the  office  advantageously  as  the  gentleman  illegally 
appointed.  At  last  the  legislative  council  has  redressed 
the  wrong,  notwithstanding  the  attempt  of  half-a-dozen 
members  of  the  council  to  secure  its  contmuance.  We 
regret  our  inability  to  give  the  names  of  the  minority. 
The  most  conspicuous  was  a  Mr.  Wentworth,  who,  after 
assuring  the  council  of  his  profound  ignorance,  an 
assertion  we  should  have  tliought  uncalled  for,  acquainted 
the  House  that  among  the  members  of  the  botanic 
garden  committee  were  "  the  best  botanists,  perhaps,  in 
the  whole  world  !"  a  piece  of  information  which  con- 
clusively shows  the  value  of  the  opinion  of  this  minority 
as  to  what  is  or  is  not  right  in  the  management  of  a 
botanic  gai'den.  See  Sidney  Herald^Nov.  7,  1851. 

Sale  of  Orchids. — A  small  consignment,  collected  by 
Mr.  Uarcszewicz  on  the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes  at 
Quiudios,  was  sold  the  other  day  by  Mr.  Stevens  at  the 
following  prices,  viz. : — A  new  Cattleya,  bearing  from 
10  to  15  flowers  on  a  stem  and  as  brilliant  in  colour  as 
C.  Skinneri,  from  3^.  55.  to  5L  I5s.  ;  a  new  Coryauthes, 
\l.  Is. ;  a  white-lipped  Cattleya,  with  yellow  and  carmine 
spots,  from  U.  Is.  to  4:1.  5s.;  a  rosy  spotted  white 
Anguloa,  from  2Z.  4s.  to  2Z.  15s.  ;  a  new  Oncidium,  from 
\l.  Is.  to2^  Qs.  ;  Cypripedium floribundum,  from  1/.  18s. 
to  21.  Other  lots,  of  which  there  were  in  all  74,  fetched 
from  \l.  to  11.  each. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weelc.j 

PLANT  HOUSES. 

To  give  as  gi'eat  variety  as  possible  to  the  conserva- 
tory, a  different  arrangement  of  the  plants  in  pots  may 
be  made  whenever  a  fresh  supply  from  the  forcing 
houses  is  brought  in.  At  this  season  it  will  be  proper 
to  examine  any  plants  which  may  be  growing  in  the 
open  borders  of  the  house  ;  and  where  any  are  found 
growing  too  vigorous,  either  a  complete  lifting  or  partial 
disrooting  will  be  requisite.  The  great  thing  to  guard 
against  with  plants  growing  in  the  open  borders  of  con- 
servatories and  other  houses,  is  to  prevent  the  free 
growing  kinds  from  crowding  the  more  delicate  ones  ; 
and  which  can  only  be  done  effectively  by  the  frequent 
transplanting  or  root-pruning  of  the  strong  growers. 
The  delicate  and  slow-growing  kinds  should  at  this 
time  be  examined,  and  any  dry  and  worn-out  soil 
changed  for  fresh  compost ;  such  plants  as  Brugmansias, 
Hibiscus,  and  other  free  growing  genera,  should  be 
taken  up,  and  have  fresh  compost  to  grow  in  every 
second  year.  The  former  would  be  benefited  by  this 
treatment  annually.  When  conservatory  borders  are 
being  constructed  or  rearranged,  we  suggest  their  being 
divided  by  4|  inch  walls  into  squares,  the  size  of  which 
may  be  regulated  by  the  height  the  plants  ^vill  ultimately 
attain  ;  by  this,  each  plant  will  be  prevented  from 
encroaching  on  its  neighbour,  and  the  desired  compost 
for  each  can  be  given  it  without  difficulty  ;  while  for 
late  purposes  this  plan  presents  manifold  advan- 
tages. The  walls  should  be  carried  up  to  within  2 
or  3  inches  of  the  top,  to  allow  for  that  depth  of 
compost  over  them,  that  the  surface  of  the  border 
may  present  a  uniform  appearance  when  finished. 
Fires  in  this  department  will  be  more  needed  to  dry  up 
damp  and  to  enable  you  to  ventilate  freely,  than  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  the  temperature  —  Ab°  may  be  the 
maximum  heiglit  of  temperature.  As  many  kinds  of 
Orchids  will  now  be  showing  their  new  growtli,  the 
shifting  of  such  may  be  proceeded  with.  For  this 
purpose,  logs  of  wood  (good  elbow  pieces),  dry  fibrous 
peat,  and  sphagnum,  will  be  required  ;  whatever  mode 
of  growing  them  is  adopted,  it  is  important  that  they 
should  be  well  secured  with  copper  wire  ;  those  requiring 
baskets,  as  the  Stanhopeas,  &c.,  should  be  well  packed 
with  the  compost,  and  made  somewhat  firm.  Copper- 
wire  baskets  are  good— will  some  one  make  a  trial  of 
India-rubber  ones,  for  suspending  them  in  ?  Bletias, 
Cyrtopodiums,  and  other  terrestrial  Orchids,  thrive  best 
in  pots,  and  should  have  a  portion  of  fibrous  yellow 
loam  in  their  compost ;  tliese  may  be  set  to  work  im- 
mediately, if  early  bloom  is  wanted,  and  a  few^  of  the 
freer-growing  Deudrobes  may  be  started  for  the  same 


pui'pose.  Attend  to  the  wants  of  each  description  of 
plant,  now  on  the  move.  The  most  vigilant  care  will 
be  necessary  where  growth  has  commenced,  to  prevent 
drawing.  Bring  on  successions  of  Roses,  Chinese 
Azaleas,  and  every  description  of  forcing  stuff,  for  the 
conservatory,  quickly,  as  its  own  inmates  will  soon  be 
in  bloom,  and  less  auxiliary  aid  will  be  needed,  when 
such  is  the  case.  Camellias,  now  fast  approaching  their 
beauty,  should  be  frequently  watered  with  weak  manure 
water — see  former  directions. 

FORCING  DRPARTMENT. 

Late  Vineries. — When  it  is  desirable  to  have  Grapes 
fresh andplumpafterChristmas,ahouse  should  bedevoted 
to  the  purpose  ;  and  if  the  kinds  selected  are  the  true 
variety  of  St.  Peter's  and  the  Barbarossa  as  black 
Grapes,  and  the  White  Muscat  and  Charlesworth's 
Tokay  for  white  ones,  you  may  be  satisfied  that  the  de- 
sired end  is  easily  to  be  attained.  Numerous  \vriters  on 
this  point  assert  that  Grapes  should  ripen  in  September 
to  keep  well  ;  we  have,  however,  found  it  very  difficult  to 
to  keep  Grapes  ripening  at  that  time  fresh  through 
January.  As  our  Vinery  is  very  steep,  we  may 
perhaps  obtain  more  light  in  November  than  some 
others  ;  but,  certainly,  we  have  ripened  Grapes  in  that 
month  of  the  above  varieties  (excepting  the  Barbarossa), 
which  liave  been  equally  well  coloured  and  flavoured  as 
those  ripened  at  a  much  earlier  period  ;  and  we  managed 
to  keep  the  leaves  green  and  fresh  through  the  greater 
part  of  January,  by  simply  covering  the  borders  with 
warm  litter,  to  preserve  the  roots  in  action.  We  name 
this,  as  fresh  Grapes  and  green  leaves  are  a  boon  at  that 
period.  To  obtain  the  above,  we  shade  the  Vines,  to 
prevent  their  breaking  before  May.  Bring  on  the  suc- 
cessional  forcing  houses,  and  pay  every  attention  to  the 
regulation  of  fire  heat  and  admission  of  air.  The 
bunches  in  the  early  house  will  now  require  thinning, 
which  should  take  place  directly  the  berries  are 
discernible;  aim  at  doing  the  work  principally  at  the  first 
operation  ;  do  not  handle  the  bunches  with  dii'ty  hands, 
nor  allow  anything  greasy  to  touch  them.  Keep  the 
house  in  a  moderately  moist  state,  by  steaming  the 
heating  apparatus  twice  or  oftener,  daily,  but  not  during 
sunshine.  Peach  House. — Go  over  the  newly  set  fruit, 
and  give  them  a  slight  thinning. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

The  demand  for  bedding  out  plauts  (in  the  spring) 
is  frequently  greater  than  the  room  devoted  for  their 
wintering  can  supply.  It  will  in  this  case  be  necessary 
to  commence  propagating  to  make  good  the  deficiencies. 
For  all  the  soft  wooded  and  free  growing  plants  a 
common  dung  frame,  having  a  slight  bottom-heat,  will 
suffice;  fill  up  to  within  12  inches  of  the  glass,  upon 
which  place  4  inches  of  dry  sandy  soil,  in  which  the 
cuttings  may  be  put  directly  you  can  procure  a  young 
growth  for  the  purpose.  As  the  display  of  flowers 
during  the  early  summer  months  depends  mainly  on  the 
health  of  the  stock  at  planting  time,  it  will  save  labour 
and  increase  the  size  and  healthiness  of  the  plants  by 
tm'ning  them  out  of  their  pots  or  cutting  pans,  into  low 
pits  or  frames  ;  any  light  sandy  compost  will  serve  for 
them  to  grow  in,  and  if  6  inches  of  this  is  placed  over  a 
very  slight  bottom-heat,  the  plants  will  soon  make 
rapid  growth  ;  and  you  will  have  the  advantage  of  an 
abundance  of  cuttings  for  propagation,  if  wanted.  Cal- 
ceolarias, Petunias,  Verbenas,  and  such  things,  answer 
best  for  this ;  but  where  time  and  pot  room  are  objects, 
scarlet  Geraniums,  and  nearly  every  variety  of  bedding 
out  stuff,  may  be  managed  on  the  above  plan.  Before 
planting  time  the  plants  should  be  checked  by  raising 
them  once  or  twice  with  a  spade.  Put  in  root  cuttings 
in  a  brisk  bottom-heat,  of  Bouvardias,  and  some  kinds 
of  Geraniums  difficult  to  strike  in  the  ordinary  waj,  or 
of  which  cuttings  are  scarce  to  be  got.  Sow  in  small 
pots  Maurandyas,  Lophospermums,  and  other  climbing 
annuals,  to  get  strong  by  May.  Keep  the  pleasure- 
grounds  swept  and  rolled  frequently,  to  keep  down  moss. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GAKDEN. 

The  Strawberry  plantations  will  now  require  going 
over  ;  for  the  present,  however,  allow  the  leaves  of  last 
year's  growth  to  remain,  as  a  protection  to  the  crowns  ; 
the  beds  should  be  cleared  of  weeds,  and  a  dressing  of 
good  rotten  dung  spread  between  the  rows.  We  by  no 
means  advise  a  digging  between  them,  but  if  the  ground 
is  firm,  a  slight  pronging  will  do  good,  but  only  to  break 
the  crust.  As  soon  as  the  pruning  of  espaliers  and 
dwarf  fruit  trees  is  completed,  let  the  ground,  if  poor, 
have  a  surfacing  of  manure,  and  be  slightly  forked  over, 
leaving  it  rough  for  the  winds  of  March  to  dry  the  sui*- 
face,  when  it  may  afterwards  be  raked  smooth.  Pruning 
of  all  kinds  should  now  be  brought  to  a  close,  except  Figs, 
which  may  yet  remain.  When  Filberts  are  closely 
pruned,  a  deficiency  of  male  blossoms  sometimes  occurs ; 
in  which  case,  stick  some  branches  of  the  common  Hazel, 
having  a  crop  of  catkins  on,  about  the  bushes,  to  ferti- 
lise the  female  flowers.  Before  Peaches  are  tied  to  the 
walls,  they  should  be  dressed  with  a  composition,  con- 
sisting of  soft  soap,  tobacco-water,  sulphur,  to  which 
add  quick  lime,  to  give  it  consistence.  Whenever  any 
appearance  of  scale  is  found  on  other  wall-fruits,  they 
should  be  dressed  during  winter  with  the  above  com- 
position. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

We  fear  the  getting  in  of  spring  crops  on  all  heavy 
soils  will  be  late  this  season.  The  lands  in  this  neighbour- 
hood are  satm'ated  to  excess,  and  some  time  must 
elapse  before  anything  can  be  done  with  the  stronger 
soils.  Whenever  practicable,  however,  no  [time  should 
be  lost  in  turning  and  working  the  ground  for  sowing, 
immediately  it  gets  in  a  flt  state.  When  a  supply  of 
Peas,  Beans,  &c.,  are  required  regularly  through  the 
season,  we  make  it  a  rule  to  sow^a  crop  whenever  the 


one  sown  previously  is  out  of  the  ground.  By  sowing 
two  kinds,  each  sowing  differing  slightly  in  their  time 
of  coming  to  perfection,  no  difficulty  will  be  found  in. 
keeping  a  regular  supply.  See  to  Cauliflowers  under 
glasses,  or  this  mild  weather  will  make  them  button  ; 
the  glasses  should  be  entirely  removed  each  fine  day  for 
some  weeks  yet.  When  the  critical  time  is  over,  they 
may  be  kept  rather  closer.  Pot  off  a  portion  of  Cauli- 
flowers now  wintering  in  frames  into  8-iiichh-pots  ; 
when  well  established  and  turned  out,  these  often  beat 
those  under  glasses  in  coming  in. 


Stateof  the  WeMher  near  London. for  the  week 

2, 1S52, 

as 

observed  at  the  Horticultural  Garden,  Cbiawick. 

fr 

TEUFBUATUaB, 

Feb. 

1 

Of  the  Air. 

Ofthe  Earth 

Wind. 

ri 

Max. 

MiD. 

Uax. 

Min. 

Mean 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep. jdeep. 

Friday.. 

6 

16 

30.098 

29,618 

49 

27 

.ss,n 

4S 

43 

N.W. 

.01 

Satur.  .. 

ao.iB5 

29.994 

50 

41 

4S.5 

4H 

42 

.«« 

N 

18 

30.173 

29.-)6a 

53 

36 

44.5 

43 

42 

s.w. 

.HK 

Monday 

" 

1<I 

29.4G1 

29.111 

?-i 

35.0 

44 

43 

s.w. 

.05 

HI 

30.0aG 

29.631 

',;5 

35.(1 

41 

41 

N. 

.w. 

Wed.    .. 

11 

■AQXm 

29.998 

44 

17 

30  ft 

39^ 

40 

N. 

,01) 

Thura... 

Vi 

(I 

29.914 

29.6C4 

43 

34.0 

3S 

39i 

S. 

Avcraee  ... 

29.991 

29.644 

47.0  1  23.0 

37.5 

42.0 

41.5 

.43 

—Clear,  very  flee;  shower;  clear  at  niRht. 

—  7— Clear;  flae;  auilo'mly  overcast;  rain. 

—  8— lioiBteroQS  with  rain  ;  overcael ;  rain  at  night. 

—  9-rioe  ;  cloudy  j  ehowery,  with  bud  at  intervals;  clear;  frosty. 

—  IC— Snow-flfibeB  partial  ly  whitenicR  the  ground ;  cloudy  j  ulear. 

—  11— Clear  and  frosty  ;  fine;  sharp  froat  at  night. 

—  12— Frosty  and  foggy ;  very  fine:  clear. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  14  deg.  below  the  averase. 

State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswicb,  durint^  the  last  26  years,  for  the 
ensuing  week,  ending  Ft;b.  21,  V6h'2. 


lit 

53^ 

la 

No.  of 
Years  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

Prevailing  Winds. 

Feb. 

a 

2 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
1 

a 

a 
1 
1 

3 

i 

2 
3 
3 
3 
3 

4^i 

-1-!!! 
-:  5  c 

3-   ■ 
31  3!  6 
14  7 
4    1    9 
4!  1    S 
4   2   5 

6 

8 
C 
3 
3 
5 

2; 

Suuday 15 
Mon.      J6 
Tuea.     17 
Wed.     18 
Tliurs.  19 
Friday  20 
Satur.    21 

47.2 
46.2 
4(5.4 
45.3 
45.8 
45.9 
47.3 

32.1 
30.9 
32.4 
33.0 
32.5 
32.7 
33.4 

39.6 
33.5 
39.4 
39.2 
39.1 
39.3 
40.5 

11 
4 
9 
11 
13 
16 
14 

0.25  in. 

0.23 

0.32 

0.30 

0.C4 

0.51 

0,20 

2 
3 
I 
1 

The  highest  temperature  durini;  the  above  period  occurred 
1SI7— therm.  57  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  ou  the  19th,  1SJ3— therm.  16 


on  the  ] 
"deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BooEs :  A  Z.  You  must  not  expect  to  find  separate  books  upon 
every  point  that  jou  may  desire  to  investigate.  The  bistorj 
of  fungi,  in  their  relation  to  timber,  is  to  be  found  in  works 
on  timber,  on  general  botany,  and  on  fungi  geiieriiUy,  and 
very  much  in  our  ovm  columns.  We  cannot  answer  legal 
questions  ;  that  which  you  put  should  go  to  a  solicitor.  As 
to  the  cause  of  dry  rot,  it  is  undoubtedly  owing  to  damp 
acting  OQ  wood  in  unveiitilated  places.  Under  euch  circum- 
stances the  seeds  of  the  dry  rot  fungi  germinate,  and  the 
plants  spread  with  great  rapidity. 

Damp  Houses:  ake  they  Tenantable  at  Law?  A  liiddkr. 
We  suppose  not;  but  we  are  not  lawyers,  and  cannot  give 
legal  opinions.  Of  course  you  remember  the  case  of  the  late 
Sir  Thomas  Marrable,  who  refused  to  occupy  rooms  at 
Brighton,  b:cause  they  were  rendered  uninhabitable  by  bugs. 
The  judges  decided  thiit  he  was  right  ;  and  we  presume  that 
if  you  can  prove  that  your  house  is  uninhabitable,  because  of 
dampness,  you  are  in  the  same  position  as  Sir  T.  Marrable. 

HoKTicuLTDBAL  SOCIETY'S  SCHEDULE :  Nuw  Siib.  Apply  to  the 
secretary,  '21,  Regent-street.  Your  question  about  Lucerne 
will  be  answered  in  the  agricultural  side  of  our  Paper  next 
week,  t 

Iron  Obe  :  Albert.  Apply  to  the  officers  of  the  Museum  of 
OEconomic  Geology,  in  Jermyn-street,  who  will  inform  you 
what  the  usual  fee  ia  for  such  an  investigation  aa  jou  desire 
to  have  made. 

Luminosity.  Received,  a  communication  from  Mr.  R.  Dowden, 
which  shall  have  early  attention. 

Names  of  Fbuits  :  W  B  H  H,  1,  Winter  Crassane  ;  1,  Court 
pendu  plat ;  2,  Blenheim  Pippin ;  3,  appears  to  be  ihe  Cockle 
Pippin.ll— -4  J"/),  Your  Pear  is  the  Glout  Morceau.ll— ff  5  S 
states  that  "hard  flesh  is  the  besetting  sin  of  the  best 
English  Apples  ;  Ribston  and  Golden  Harvey  are  both  bard. 
The  flesh  of  the  one  sent  for  a  name  is  tender  for  weak 
teeth."    It  is  the  Golden  Re-nette.U 

Names  of  Plants  :  A  M.  Photinia  glabra. 

Nemophila  :  Old  Suh.  It  should  be  pronounced  Nemophlla  not 
Nemophlla. 

Obchids  :  J  T.  They  are  not  [sold,  nor  likely  to  be,  that  we 
know  of.     At  leaBt  we  sincerely  hope  not. 

Pea  CnicHT  :  Lord  C.  This  is  the  Pols  chiche  of  the  French, 
and  the  Garbanzos  of  the  Spaniards.  It  is  produced  by  an 
annual  called  Cicer  arietinum.  The  Peas  seldom  ripen  in 
Great  Britain,  but  may  be  bought  of  the  Paris  seedsmen. 
They  are  said  to  form  the  best  of  all  puree. 

Phillips'  Fire  Annidilatoe:  Vox.  We  really  cannot  go  into 
the  reasons  which  induce  persons  not  to  use  this  invention 
so  extensively  as  its  merits  appear  to  deserve. 

Seed  Lists  amd  Catalogues  of  Plants.  We  have  to  acknow- 
ledge the  receipt  of  M'aitG's  Seed  Catalogue  for  1852,  Sutton 
and  Son's  Plant  List  in  5  parts,  Knight  and  Ferry's  List  of 
Hardy  Trees  and  Shrubs,  and  Carter's  Sctd  Catalogue;  in  the 
latter  we  observe  a  name  before  unknown  to  ua,  LuBania 
calycina,  concerning  which  information  ia  needed.  Mr. 
Carter's  is  no  doubt  the  largest  trade  collection  of  flower 
seeds  known  in  Europe. 

Tea:  L^V.  We  see  no  reason  to  doubt  thejleaves  being  genuine. 
At  the  same  time  we  must  observe  that  questions  of  adultera- 
tion are  very  difBcult  to  answer,  and  consume  more  time 
than  it  is  possible  to  give  to  any  one  correspondent.  To 
reply  to  this  enquiry  with  absolute  certainty  would,  for 
example,  consume  three  'or  four  hours. 

Wall  Teees  :  Aline.  There  is  nothing  peculiar  in  the  manage- 
ment of  fruit  trees  against  a  wall,  when  covered  with  move- 
able glass  frames.  The  point  is,  to  take  the  glass  off  as 
much  as  posf-ible,  using  it  only  for  protection  at  night,  or 
against  hail  and  sleet,  or  very  cold  rain,  or  frosts  that  con- 
tinue after  sunrise.  It  will  not  do  to  leave  glass  coverings 
upon  walls  if  they  in  any  way  interfere  with  natural  venti- 
lation. 

Mtsc:  W  R.  Our  agent  will  supply  you  for  26s.,  if  paid  in 
advance.— C  .^/ 5.  Hakea  is  a  well  known  genus;  but  not  to 
he  found  in  such  antiquated  books  aa  "  MilleHs  Dictionary." 
It  13  a  Protead  from  New  Holland,  and  may  be  seen  in 
every  modern  general  catalogue.  As  to  the  Melon  beds,  it 
is  of  course  impossible  to  say  whether  they  do  or  do  not  pro- 
duce the  mischief;  but  if  they  are  within  G  or  8  feet  ot  the 
wall,  it  is  probable  that  they  do;  tor  it  is  just  thereabouts 
that  the  absorbing  part  of  the  roots  of  the  trees  may  he  ex- 
pected to  be  found.  Keep  the  liquid  manure  till  plants  do 
begin  to  grow;  it  is  of  no  use  to  give  it  while  they  are 
dormant.  Perhaps  you  have  a  Grass  field  beginning  to 
move,  and  to  which  it  might  be  applied,  if  you  want  to  get 
rid  of  it ;  or  you  may  have  Cinerarias,  Chinese  Primroses, 
and  the  like,  now  in  need  of  it.  But  it  will  be  the  butter  for 
keeping. 


7— 1S52.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


105 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  udulterationa  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

AXTONT  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvijin   Government  and 

to  the  Public  ajjain  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  coarse  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTOiSY  GIBBS  ahd  SONS  think  it 
Trell  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  loholesah  price  at  ivhich  sound  Peruvian 
Quano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ion,  less  24  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  bo  a'luUprate'l. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COAIFANV  offer  the 
following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Liuseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs, 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons  at  9i.  10s.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
Si.  5s.  in  Dock.  EcwAaD  Pohser,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars. 


MANURES.— The   following    Manures   are    manu^ 
factured  at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

.Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  ft'ilUam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  10s.  per  ton ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  5s,  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  itc. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND   PSEUDOGOPROLITES. 

(FBOM   THE   SUFFOLK    CRAG). 

"PDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
-Lj  erected  very  powerful  Machinery  lor  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  Lcality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  ihe  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Liuie  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufactuiing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwabd  Packard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


FARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
the  NEW  and  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregnated  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Faeces  being 
absorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bi  idge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
flex,  at  6O3.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  Gd.  per  half  cwt. 


OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  21.  53.  per  ton  in  bulk, — The  ferti  idin;^  properties  of  this 
Manure  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmarlt,  where 
it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricult'jral  purposes,  as  no 
less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffuaible  as  bones,  and  (he  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  liberal  Commission  alloived  to  Dealers  or 
Agents,  Por  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun> 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  13  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
zt  least  3  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  *'  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomab  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.    The  price,  in  London,  uf  this 

Eowerful  Manure,   is  71,  per  ton,   cash,   or  Banker's  Bill  on 
ondoQ. 


K  O  P  R  O  S, 

A  PATENT  MANURE  FOR  CORN  AND  OTHER  PLANTS, 

MANOFACTDBED  BT   TUE  PATENTEE, 

JM.  BLASHFIELD,  Mill-wall,  Poplar;  and  also 
•  soidatNo.l  Wharf,  Praed-street,  Paddinj,'tun-basiQ,— The 
mineral  ingredients  contained  in  this  MANURE  are  in  the  most 
perfect  soluble  form  for  incorporation  with  the  soil,  and  fur 
con tinuouo  action;  and  theligbtnessof  the  bulk,  when  compared 
with  other  ilanures,  is  in  the  cost  for  carriage  greatly  in  its 
favour.  For  the  past  two  years  it  has  b^  en  applied  to  various 
soils  and  plants  with  very  general  success.  Since  then  im- 
provements have  been  maie  in  concentrating  its  most  im- 
portant  elements,  and  in  otherwise  rendering  it  a  very  efficient 
artificial  minure,  rich  in  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  silicates. 
Price  of  Patent  Koproa  for  Corn  Plants,  8i.  per  ton  ;  for 
Turnips,  Swedes,  dtc,  fil.  per  ton. 

Superphosphate   of  Lime,    for    Turnips,   Swedes,   Mangold 
Wurzel,  and  other  Hoot  Crops. 


NEW  AGRICULTURAL  P.EA. 
T>ISIIOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST,  285.  per  bushel, 
J-'  7s.G'i.  per  peck  fbagu  Includedj— This  PEA  was  raised 
by  Mr,  Binhop,  the  raUer  of  the  garden  variety  known  as 
BUbop's  Lon-f-podded  (of  eBtabliihed  reputatiimi,  and  was  pre- 
■cnted  by  him  to  some  of  hl»  relatives  in  Perthhhire,  in  which 
nortbero  climate  It  has  answered  exceedingly  well ;  its  early 
habits  ensuring  a  crop  where  Inter  varieties  fall.  Its  merits 
consist  in  being  remarkably  early,  and  certainly  much  better 
cropper  than  any  out ;  as  many  an  fjfj  and  mitre  pods  huvo  been 
counted  on  one  plant.  It  grows  but  two  feet  high,  of  remark- 
ably robust  habit,  and  always  branches  into  two  and  some- 
times three  or  more  stems.  Mr.  Cbarlen  Smai-t,  of  italnhani, 
Kent,  upon  whose  farm  the  Peas  offered  wwro  kpowh,  allows 
the  8ub8(;ribcr  to  state  that  a  better  or  more  Iiltilj  HHelul  Pea 
oerer  came  under  his  notice. —  Duncan  IfAias,  Heudsman, 
Wholesale  and  Retail,  10^,  8t,  Mnrtln'H.lane,  London. 
Catalogues  of  Agrlcil'ural  Sofdn  went  frio^ 


NEWINGTON'S  « PRIZE "  IMPLEMENTS.— 
The  Cultivators,  Dibbles,  Drills,  and  Manure  Distri- 
butors can  be  seen  at  Mr.  Gabriel's,  24.  Arundel-street,  Strand, 
London.  Orders  for  the  "Prize"  Manure  Distributor  are 
requested  to  be  sent  early  (tlie  latter  implement  ie  now  made 
with  a  single  wheel,  and  can  be  adjusted  to  a  cart). 


DRAINIIMG  TILE  MACHINES,  &  CLAY  GRINDING  MILLS. 

MR.  SAMUELSON,  Britannia  Iron  Works, 
Banbury  (Successor  to  the  late  James  Gardner),  to 
avoid  the  disappointment  experienced  last  year  as  regards  the 
delivery  of  his  IMPROVED  DOUBLE  SPEEDED  TILE 
MACHINES,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  this  season  being 
given  as  early  as  possitde. 

Price  of  the  small  Machine  to  deliver  4000  1^  inch,  or  3000 
2  inch  pipes  in  10  hours,  IK, 

Delivery  free  to  all  places  on  the  London  and  North  "Western, 
and  the  Great  Western  Railways. 

Drawings  may  be  obtained  on  application  as  above. 


THE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mv.  Milton,  for  his 
Improved  (straw)  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE,  price  lOs.  Gd.  ;  it  is 
of  simple  construction,  ornamental,  and  easily  managed  ; 
enabling  the  possessor  to  obtain  a  large  quantity  of  pure 
honey  without  killing  the  bees.  Also  may  be  had  *' Milton's 
Praciical  Bee-keeper,"  new  edition,  price  2s,  ;  ditto,  with 
Designs  of  Hives,  &c.,  2s.  Gd. ;  ditto.  Sheet  of  Illustrations, 
free  by  post,  8d. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  Warehouse,  10,  Great  Marjlehone- 
street,  Wimpole-street.  Post-ofBceorders  to  be  made  payable 
at  the  PoBt-otlice,  Old  Cavendihh-street,  London. 


CHEAP    AND    DURABLE    ROOFING. 


M'CORIVllCK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 

T>URGKSS  ANn  KEY,  Agents,  lO.'i,  Ncwgato-btreet, 
'  London.  -Extract  from  Mr,  ('u-ey*B  Itf^jmrt  on  the  Agrl- 
cultural  Implement  Department,  Great  fJshtbitlon.  —  "  Mr. 
U'CoamcK's  Ueapor,  in  this  trial,  worked  ii«  It  hai  slncu 
worked  at  Cirencester  CoUcife,  and  elHcwhtri',  to  the  (nimlra- 
llon  of  pra(.tical  furmer<,  and  theroforu  r'Toived  a  C"uiicil 
Medal.  Mr,  fliiiicy's  sometimes  became  cloggr>d,  us  In  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  notpoasibJy  obtain 
that  distinction."— Price  of  Iteapcr,  '2rd. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL   LETTERS 
PATENT. 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Buuliill- 
•   row,  London,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  andforGarden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Sh^iwa,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
Frizes,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  Woods  and  FoBEaxs, 
honoobable  boaed  of  ordnance, 
Honourable  East  India  Company, 
Honourable  CuiiMissioNERS  of  Cdstoms, 
Hee  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic  Gakdens,  Regent's  Pabe, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Royal  Aoricultdeal  Society's  Hodse,  Hanover- 
square. 

It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  pee  Square  Foot. 
•#*  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executed. 

{J^T^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  the  above  Roofing  is  made,  are 

P.  M'NEILL  and  CO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-buildings,    Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor's  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West- 
minster Hall,  were  roofed  with  P.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A.  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
so  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Quaulity  altogether  used,  '24,000  teet. 

Note.  — Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plitd  in  lengths  best  suited  to  their  Roofs,  so  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Felt. 


STEPHENSON  and  Co.,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Inventors 
and  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CYLINDRICAL  BOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
scientific  Horticulturists  to  their  muclii  Improved  method  of 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses, 
ibc,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  bottom  heat  is 
secured  to  anyrequired  degree,  without  the  aid  of  pipes  or  flues. 
S.  and  Co.  have  also  to  state  that  at  the  request  of  numerous 
friends  they  are  now  making  their  Boilers  of  Iron,  as  well  as 
Copper,  by  which  the  cost  is  reduced.  These  Boilers,  which 
are  bow  bo  well  known,  scarcely  require  description  ;  but  to 
those  who  have  not  seen  them  in  operation,  prospectuses  will 
be  forwarded,  as  well  as  references  of  the  highest  authority  ;  or 
they  m:iy  be  seen  at  most  of  the  Nobility's  seats  and  principal 
Nurseries  throughout  the  Kingdom, 

S.  and  Co.  beg  to  inform  the  Trade  that  at  their  Manufactory, 
17,  New  Park-sireet,  every  article  required  for  the  construction 
of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  well  as  for  heating  them,  may 
be  obtained  upon  the  most  advantageous  terms. 

Coservatories,  ibc,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
ornamental  designs.  Balconies,  Palisading,  Field  and  Garden 
Fences,  Wire-work,  &c. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


NETTING.- 


2-lnch  mesh,  light,  21  Inches  wide  . 

2-liich      ,,       strong  ,, 

2.inch      ,,      extra  strong  ,, 
Ifi-fnch      ,,      light  ,,  ...     8        ,,  6        ,, 

16-Inch     ,,      fctrong  ,,  ...  if)        ,,  8        ,, 

l&-lnch     ,,      extra  strong   ,,  ...  \\        ,,  H        >. 

All  the  above  can  bo  imido  any  width  at  projiortlotinto  prices 
If  the  upper  half  Ib  a  coarHO  mesh.  It  ivill  rntluco  the  prices 
one-fourth.  GalvanlHcd  Hiiarrow-pntofnottlng  for  PhuasantrlcH, 
A'l.  per  square  foot,     I'attern'i  forwiirdrd  poHt  frei-. 

Manufocturcd  byllAJtNAKU  and  MI.SHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwicli,  and  dcllvrtrod  free  of  uxpenso  in  London,  I'cter> 
borouith,  Mull,  or  Newcoitlc, 


QUTTON'S  RENOVATING  GRASS  SEEDS  FOR 

^  IMPROVING  OLD  PASTURES.— Many  Old  Upland  Pas- 
tures.  Parks,  and  Meadows  are  nearly  destitute  of  Clovcre,  and 
the  finer  and  more  nutritious  sorts  of  Grasses,  in  which  case 
we  are  in  the  practice  of  furnishing  such  sorts  only  as  are 
wanting  ;  if  these  Seeds  are  sown  earli/  in  the  Season,  the  im- 
provement in  the  Pasiure  will  be  very  considerable,  and  at  a 
smaU  expense.  Quantity  of  Seed  required,  8  lbs.2}er  Acre.  Price 
Reduced  toldd.per  pound.  Carriage  free,  as  see  our  Adver- 
tisement in  page  82  of  this  Paper. 

Instructions  on  Sowing  Grass  Seeds,  djc,  may  be  had  in 
return  for  one  penny  stamp.— Address  John  Sutton  and  Sows, 
Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
—One  of  the  greatest  defects  in  British  gardening  has 
hitherto  been  the  uncertainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  on 
common  brick  or  stone  walls,  owing  to  the  variableness  and 
liumidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  substituting 
hollow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  not  only  will  tho 
young  wood  in  autumn  be  fully  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
will  be  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  spring,  and  a  climate  secured  equal  to  that  of  southern 
Europe. 

These  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grapes,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  Oranges,  Lemons,  and 
the  finer  sorts  of  Pears  and  Plums,  producing  Iruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expense  than  usually 
attending  trees  upon  a  common  stone  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  place  of  brick 
and  stone  walls,  but  will,  in  a  great  measure,  eupersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapness  at 
first  cost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  also  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exotics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

The  highest  authorities  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindlet,  and  for  whos6 
opinion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leading  columns  of  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  Decemhev  6  ;  also  of  Robert  Marnock, 
Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park, 
London,  in  the  leading  columns  of  the  Gardeners'  ayid  Farmers' 
Journal,  of  December  20.  The  patentee  having  made  arrange- 
ments with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-founders  in  the 
kingdom,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  extensive  British 
Glass  manufacturers  ;  and  from  the  well-known  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agents,  feels  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  sulficieut  guarantee  that  all  orders  in  con- 
uection  with  the  Glass  Walls  will  bu  promptly  and  efficiently 
carried  out  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 

The  following  are  the  accredited  Agents,  and  with  whom 
drawings  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
as  to  prices,  die,  obtained  on  application  : — Messrs.  Knight 
and  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea;  Messrs,  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine-apple-place,  Edgware-road,  London;  Messrs.  Whitley 
and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  Fulham,  London  ;  Mr,  Glendinning, 
Nurseryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Chiswick,  Loudon  ; 
Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter;  Messrs,  F.  and 
J.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  &.C.,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Son,  Edinburgh,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turnbull, 
Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.P.S.,  F.R.S.S.A., 
author  of  the  "  Practical  Gardener,"  "  Book  of  the  Garden,** 
djc,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of  his  Majesty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  i.t  Buc- 
cleuch, at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Head  Gardener,  &c,,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentham,  Staffordshire  ;  Mr,  Ewing,  Gardener,  die,  Bodorgan, 
Anglesea  ;  Messrs.  Pilkington,  Crown,  Sheet,  and  Plate  Glass 
Works,  St.  Helen's,  Lancashire. 

%*  Prices  for  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Walls  with  glass 
andiron  will  be  given  on  application. 


THE  PRIZE  MEDAL,  with  "HONOURABLE 
MENTION,"  has  been  awarded  for  the  GLENFIELD 
PATENT  STARCH,  by  the  Jurors  of  the  Exhibiiion  of  all 
Nations,  and  is  now  used  in  the  Royal  Laundry.  Being  thus 
doubly  noticed  for  its  "general  superiority"  (a  mark  of  dis- 
tinction conferred  on  no  other),  by  the  Royal  Commissioners 
and  Jury,  from  amongst  30  or  40  Exhibitors,  sets  it  far  above 
every  other  of  its  Compe'itors. 

Sold  Wholef  ale  in  London  by  Messrs.  Pantin  and  Turner; 
Hooper  Brothers;  Batty  and  Feast  ;  Croft  and  Innocent; 
Petty,  Wood,  and  Co,;  Twelvetrees  Brothers;  R.  Letchford 
and  Co.  ;  John  Yates  and  Co.  ;  Yates,  Walton,  and  Turner  ; 
Clayton,  Bland,  and  Co.;  Field,  Roberts,  and  Barber;  A. 
Braden  and  Co.;  HicUs  Brothers;  C.  B.  Williams  and  Co.; 
Storry,  Sterry,  andCo.;  Thomas  Snelling;  John  Brewer;  and 
Retail,  by  all  Shopkeepers.  Agents  wanted  ;  apply  to  Mr, 
R.  WoTHEESPOON,  40.  Duulop-strcet,  Glasgow. 

London  Depot,  Wotheespoon,  Mackay,  and  Co,,  40,  King 
William-street,  City. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  14,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOB  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
TVednbbuat,   Feb.  IS-Anricullural  Society  "fEiiKlHrrt. 
TuuiiaRAt,       —     I'J-AKricuUural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 
WBDNRSDiV,     —      Cft-AKricultural  Society  of  Eniflaud. 
TuuusDAT,         —     26— Auriciillural  Imp.  Soc.of  Ireiand. 


Wk  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the 
abridged  report,  in  another  column,  of  the  pro- 
ceedings at  a  monthly  meeting  of  the  Agricultural 
Improvement  Society  of  Ireland,  before  which  Mr. 
Harkness,  their  intelligent  secretary,  read  a  valuable 
paper  on  cattle  feeding,  in  which  was  detailed  the 
experience  of  many  farmers  in  different  districts  of 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.  The  system  of 
monthly  discussions  before  the  Highland  Society, 
which  has  been  among  the  most  valuable  lesults  of 
Mr.  Maxwell's  energetic  secretaryship,  is,  we 
hope  and  believe,  about  to  be  efficiently 
adopted  and  carried  out  by  the  Irish  Agricultural 
Society.  Nothing  will  be  moi'e  certain  either  to 
maintain  it  in  vigoious  life  and  usefulness,  or  to 
awalten  throughout  the  country  a  sense  of  its  value, 
and  of  the  duly  of  supporting  it  as  an  institution 
of  real  national  iniporlance.  It  possesses  this 
sympathy  and  support  in  a  less  degi'ee,  we  believe, 
than  its  oldei'  and  more  powerful  sister  societies.  A 
succession  of  such  discussional  meetings  as  that  of 


106 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Feb.   14, 


which  we  speak  will,  however,  we  have  no  doubt, 
awaken  the  agricultural  interest  of  Ireland  to  a  sense 
of  the  usefulness  and  power  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Improvement  Society. 


It  is  not  our  intention,  at  present,  to  theorise, 
but  rather  to  grapple  with  matters  of  practical  im- 
portance. There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  fact  (which 
has  been  distinctly  pointed  out  by  Humboldt  in 
other  words),  that  heat  and  moisture  in  the  atmo- 
sphere act  as  a  substitute  or  compensation  for 
ammonia  in  the  manure.  The  whole  vegetable 
kingdom,  in  short,  proclaims  the  truth  of  this  prin- 
ciple in  the  greater  or  less  intensity  of  vegetation 
over  the  earth's  surface.  An  infinite  variety  of  cir- 
cumstances, however,  modify  this  principle,  so  that 
at  first  sight  many  facts  often  apparently  stand  in 
contradiction  to  it.  Our  present  design  is  to  trace 
the  circumstances  which  determine  the  growth  of 
cereals  and  Grasses,  with  special  reference  to  the 
practices  of  British  agriculture. 

Why  is  Rye-grass  so  valuable  a  nitrogen-collect- 
ing plant  in  some  arable  districts  in  Britain,  while 
it  is  not  so  in  others,  although  in  both  cases  the 
mean  summer  temperatures,  and  also  the  amount 
of  rain  which  falls,  may  be  the  same  1  It  may  be 
asserted  as  a  general  law,  that  the  wider  the  diver- 
gence of  the  day  and  nigbt  temperatures,  which  im- 
plies a  dry,  evaporating  atmosphere,  the  more  un- 
favourable are  the  conditions  for  the  Grasses  relying 
on  the  atmosphere  for  their  nitrogen.  The  month 
of  July  {Agricultural  Gazette,  No.  44,  1851)  having 
68°  and  54°  of  temperature  for  its  daily  extremes 
in  the  west  of  England,  or  66°  and  50°  in  Scot- 
land, maintains  summer  growth  of  Rye-grass, 
■while  in  Kent,  with  extremes  of  74°  and  54°, 
the  Rye-grass  is  suspended  in  its  growth  during 
summer,  and  it  is  there  reckoned  a  "weed."  In 
the  north  and  west  the  succulent  and  vegetative 
powers  prevail  over  its  seed-forming  or  exhausting 
qualities.  At  Xalapa,  in  Mexico,  where  the  Wheat 
merely  produces  foliage,  the  temperature  is  not 
so  high  as  at  some  other  stations  at  a  lower  ele- 
vation, where  the  Wheat  plant  ripens  its  seeds  in 
perfection  ;  but  it  is  the  great  quantity  of  moisture 
contained  in  the  atmosphere,  in  proportion  to  the 
temperature,  which  totally  overpowers  the  seed- 
producing  tendencies  of  the  Wheat  plant ;  for  the 
thei-mometer  varies  only  a  few  degrees  in  that  region 
throughou  t  the  year. 

AVilhin  certain  limits,  the  growth  of  all  cereals 
in  Britain  obeys  the  same  law  as  the  Rye-grass,  in 
so  far  as  the  conditions  which  favour  the  growth  of 
the  latter  also  promote  the  incipient  development 
of  the  former.  In  all  those  districts  in  Britain 
where  the  Oat  is  the  principal  cereal  in  the  rotation, 
the  lower  day  temperature,  with  the  shorter  range 
of  the  thermometer,  extends  its  period  of  growth 
throughout  the  summer  months.  Here  a  similar  prin- 
ciple comes  into  play  to  that  which  holds  in  mechanics, 
viz.,  that  what  is  gained  in  time  is  lost  in  power, 
and  mce  iiersct.  In  the  eastern  counties  of  Eng- 
land the  Turnip  cannot  be  cultivated  for  its  roots 
over  so  many  months  as  in  Scotland ;  neither  can 
the  Oat  be  grown  for  its  seeds  for  so  long  a  period 
(with  as  high  a  mean  temperature)  in  the  south, 
where  the  seed-forming  propensities  are  much 
greater.  With  a  given  amount  of  manure  in  the 
soil,  the  Oat  in  Scotland,  by  this  means,  can  assimi- 
late a  much  larger  quantity  of  nitrogenous  matter 
in  its  seeds  than  in  the  dry,  evaporating  atmosphere 
of  the  south-eastern  counties,  which  has  a  great  ten- 
dency to  propel  the  plants  to  ran  on  to  seed  in  the 
early  part  of  summer. 

If  the  common  varieties  of  Wheat  did  not  admit 
of  being  sown  in  autumn,  which  allows  it  to  gain 
possession  of  the  ground,  and  to  accommodate  itself 
to  the  dry  atmosphere  of  Kent  or  France  during  the 
spring  and  early  summer  months,  then  the  plant 
would  be  in  a  great  measure  favoured  by  the  same 
atmospheric  conditions  which  promote  the  growth 
of  Oats,  if  these  did  not  interfere  with  the  ripen- 
ing of  its  seeds.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that 
Wheat  cannot  be  so  successfully  cultivated  in  the 
dry  eastern  counties  of  England,  in  the  spring 
months,  as  it  can  be  in  the  west  of  England  or  in 
Scotland,  where  the  development  of  the  plant  is 
maintained  and  promoted  by  less  exciting  conditions. 

Barley  will  ripen  in  a  much  shorter  period  than 
the  Oat,  and  the  influence  of  meteorological  con- 
ditions are  beautifully  seen  in  this  cereal.  Wherever 
there  is  a  necessity  felt  to  have  Barley  sown  early  in 
spring,  it  may  be  presumed  that  it  is  much  more 
exhausting  than  where  there  is  a  tendency  amongst 
the  cultivators  to  rely  on  late  sowing  ;  but  to  make 
this  plain,  we  will  take  one  or  two  practical 
examples  by  way  of  illustration.  At  the  last  meet- 
ing of  the  "  Trafalgar  Society  "  in  Fife,  the  members 
unanimously  declared  that  the  practice  of  "  taking 
Barley  after  Wheat  could  not  be  considered  bad 
farming."     This  may  no  doubt  be  true,  for  no  system 


can  be  considered  "bad  farming"  which  enables 
those  who  cultivate  the  land  to  realise  tbe  greatest 
returns  from  the  soil  without  impairing  or  reducing 
its  fertility  below  a  certain  standard..  There  are 
some  conditions,  however,  which  must  be  observed 
where  this  rotation  is  followed,  and  there  place  the 
very  opposite  requirements  of  Wheat  and  Barley  in 
regard  to  manure,  under  certain  circumstances,  in 
the  clearest  light.  We  should  imagine  that  a  know- 
ledge of  these  conditions  would  go  far  to  convince 
even  Mr.  Huxtadle  of  the  untenableness  of  the 
ground  he  has  taken  up  in  regard  to  all  the  cereals 
being  necessarily  such  great  spendthrifts  of  ammonia. 
The  Scotch,  in  their  superlative  wisdom,  forbid  the 
growth  of  too  great  an  extent  of  Wheat  on  the  land, 
but  they  allow  Barley  to  be  taken  after  this  crop, 
on  the  mistaken  idea  of  its  being  less  exhausting. 
And  no  doubt  it  is  so  in  the  sense  that  it  requires 
less  manure  to  grow  it ;  but  it  is  more  exhausting  in 
another  view,  as  it  can  subsist  on  the  refuse  of  what 
the  Wheat  has  left,  and  tlirough  its  means  the  cup 
of  the  soil's  fertility  can  be  more  thoroughly  drained 
to  the  dregs.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  if  Barley  was 
sown  after  Wheat  in  Scotland  on  the  1st  of  March, 
as  few  bushels  of  Barley  would  be  obtained  as  in 
that  of  another  crop  of  Wheat,  but  when  it  is  sown 
in  the  end  of  May,  the  number  of  bushels  would  be 
more  than  doubled.  Where  this  system  of  two 
white  crops  in  succession  is  practised  in  the  north, 
there  is  no  such  thing  as  sowing  the  Barley  until 
Jlay,  when  it  obtains  the  aid  of  the  Turnip-grow- 
ing conditions  of  atmosphere  to  supplement  the 
deficiencies  of  soil. 

We  shall  now  turn  for  a  moment  to  an  opposite 
view  of  the  case  in  the  dry  climate  of  the  south  of 
England.  The  reporter  in  our  Calendar  of  Farm 
Operations  for  South  Hants,  on  the  15th  April,  1850, 
writes :  "  We  have  finished  our  Barley  for  some 
little  time,  and  the  remaining  portion  of  our  land 
after  Turnips  we  prefer  sowing  with  a  mixture  of 
Oats  and  Bailey,  intended  for  horse  feed,  as  we 
have  invariably  found  we  cannot  grow  a  good  sample 
of  Barley  later  than  the  middle  of  April."  Unless 
the  Barley  is  well  rooted  in  plants  before  the  heat 
and  drought  of  July  and  August,  it  cannot  maintan 
a  healthy  growth,  and  it  ripens  prematurely.  If  the 
month  of  June  in  Scotland  had  day  and  night  tem- 
peratures of  72°  and  49°,  instead  of  64°  and  48°,  and 
July  heats  to  correspond,  it  would  abolish  the 
practice  of  taking  AVheat  and  Barley  in  succession. 
One  would  expect,  a  priori,  that  the  spring 
or  rather  summer  sown  cereals,  would  be  much 
less  exhausting  in  the  west  of  England  and  Ireland, 
where  there  is  so  much  similaiity  in  the  atmospheric 
conditions  to  those  in  Scotland,  than  in  the  east  of 
England,  where  there  is  a  greater  necessity  for 
sowing  early.  This  we  will  inquire  into  very  shortly. 

The  practice  of  relying  upon  late  sowings  of 
spring  crops  in  Scotland  was  at  one  time  universal ; 
but  then  the  resources  of  agriculture  were  limited, 
and  there  is  no  better  indication  that  can  be  pointed 
out  of  its  modern  development  and  progress  than 
the  more  general  adoption  of  early  sowing,  which 
points  to  a  better  manured  soil,  rendering  the 
cultivation  of  the  cereals  much  more  certain  and 
profitable.  The  practice  of  taking  Barley  after 
\Vlieat  has  long  been  discontinued  in  the  Lothians, 
and  Barley  after  green  crop  is  every  where  sown 
early,  which  not  only  secures  as  great  a  quantity, 
but  the  quality  of  the  grain  is  much  improved. 

The  facility  with  which  late  sown  Barley  could 
have  been  grown  with  lime  or  ashes  in  Scotland 
under  the  old  regime,  has  transmitted  the  notion 
that  it  was  much  less  exhausting  than  Wheat,  which 
had  to  develope  its  leaves  in  the  cold  ungenial 
months  of  spring ;  even  Sir  J.  Sinclair,  who  had  no 
perception  of  the  principles  involved,  gave  credit  to 
some  of  his  correspondents,  who  argued  that  Bere 
or  Bigg,  which  admitted  of  being  grown  even  much 
later  than  the  Barley,  did  scarcely  exhaust  the  soil 
at  all.  The  Chevalier  variety  of  Barley  must  be 
sown  early  in  Scotland ;  and  when  the  soil  is  in  the 
condition  to  grow  this  crop  it  is  then  up  to  the 
Wheat  growing  pitch. 

Certain  courses  of  cropping,  which  are  followed 
in  the  West  of  England,  have  lately  attracted  con- 
siderable attention  and  discussion.  Great  results 
are  attained  through  the  most  primitive  means  and 
appliances.  The  superior  farming  in  the  north  would 
have  readily  accounted  for  the  whole  phenomena, 
but  the  mystery  is,  that  it  is  Welch  farming  that  is 
accomplishing  such  wonders,  which  puzzles  both 
our  practical  and  scientific  men.  Mr.  Pusey,  in  his 
admirable  review,  writes, — "  Even  the  interval  of  a 
year  between  two  white  crops  must  suffer  exception, 
since,  for  some  imknoion  reason,  in  many  places,  as 
in  parts  of  Sussex  and  of  Lancashire,  Barley  seems 
to  answer  best  after  Wheat,  and  there,  consequently, 
you  must  take  two  white  crops  and  two  (?)  green 
crops  together.  In  South  Wales,  I  find  by  the  most 
recent  and  comprehensive  authority  on  the  subject, 


WiNSGROvE  Cook,  the  farmers  do  not  like  any  con- 
ditions more  stringent  than  this,  that  they  should 
not  grow  more  than  four  white  crops  in  succession. 
One  hardly  sees,  indeed,  how  they  could." 

-  The  practice  of  taking  two  white  crops  in  succes 
sion  is  now  almost  entirely  discontinued  in  the  best 
cultivated  districts  in  the  East  of  England  ;  it  still 
lingers  in  a  few  counties,  where  miserable  returns 
are  got.  In  the  West,  however.  Barley  can  be  grown 
with  much  less  manure  than  in  the  East,  and  there- 
fore it  succeeds  well  after  Wheat,  in  the  same  way 
as  it  does  in  Scotland.  But  we  refer  to  Mr.  Reid's 
report  of  the  farming  of  South  Wales,  which  to  our 
mind  fully  explains  "the  unknown  reason."  "  Itap- 
pears  curious  that,  with  a  climate  particularly  adapted 
for  green  crops,  so  few  Turnips  should  be  grown. 
It  is  always  considered  abominable  farming  to  take 
two  white  straw  crops  in  succession.  Still,  with 
moderately  high  farming,  on  good  soils,  that  abomi- 
nation may  be  successfully  practised.  Experience 
has  proved  that  on  the  better  lands  Barley,  after  a 
draion  crop  of  Turnips,  will  frequently  lodge.  Even 
Mr.  Morgan,  in  his  Prize  Essay  on  the  Cropping  of 
Pembroke,  admits  '  Barley  on  some  soils  is  not  a  saf 
crop  alter  Turnips.' " 

In  the  able  lecture  delivered  by  Professor  Way, 
on  lime,  before  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  he 
seems  to  have  been  quite  as  much  perplexed  with 
the  Welch  farming  as  some  of  his  audience.  With 
all  due  deference  to  one  who  has  done  great  service 
in  extending  the  boundaries  of  that  knowledge  which 
deeply  concerns  our  art,  we  Avould  suggest,  that  he 
might  find  a  solution  of  some  of  the  residual  pheno- 
mena of  the  chemistry  of  vegetation  in  our  theory  of 
aerial  irrigation  ;  we  give  the  discussion  on  this  point. 

Professor  Way:  "  In  South  Wales  liming  took 
place  every  season,  and  is  so  essential  a  part  in  their 
manuring,  that  comparativelj/  little  care  is  taken  of 
ordinary  animal  or  vegetable  refuse.  To  such  an 
extent  is  the  conveyance  of  lime  carried,  that  the 
Rebecca  riots  in  that  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
had  their  origin  in  disputes  connected  with  tolls 
levied  on  lime  carts.  It  is  a  question  what  the 
peculiar  success  of  the  Welch  system  of  liming 
arises  from.  Local  customs  were  generally  correct, 
more  or  less."  Sir  John  Johnsto.n  :  "  It  would  be 
well  worth  enquiry,  whether  the  rocks  of  South  Wales 
were  of  such  a  nature  as  to  render  little  animal  or 
vegetable  matter  requisite  in  the  soils  which  cover 
them  ;  and  also  whether  in  the  Welsh  course  of 
cropping  any  deterioration  was  found  to  take  place 
. — the  lime  probably  set  free  potash  or  some  other 
substance."  Dr.  Calvert  :  "  With  regard  to  the 
Welch  soil,  he  thought  there  were  some  circum- 
stances peculiary  favourable  to  vegetation,  as  in  the 
plains  of  Catania,  in  Sicily,  wheie  white  Wheat 
was  grown  in  successive  years.  The  fineness  of  the 
silica  (in  the  burnt  lime),  might  probably  in  some 
measure  account  for  the  eft'ect  on  Wheat." 

Taking  these  opinions  altogether,  one  is  led  to 
think  that  this  looks  very  like  a  revival  of  the 
mineral  theory  in  high  places ;  whatever  standard  of 
results  we  are  satisfied  with,  we  believe  it  will  be 
found  that  less  ammonia  in  the  manure  -will  serve 
for  the  growth  of  Cereals  in  Wales  than  in  Norfolk. 
We  need  hardly  say  that  there  is  no  growing  of 
Wheat  in  successive  years  by  the  Welch  farmers,  it 
is  merely  summer  Oats  and  Barley,  and  no  great 
results  are  obtained,  after  all.  Our  space  does  not 
permit  us  to  go  into  the  subject  of  liming  in  moist 
climates  ;  but  the  parallel  of  Welch  farming,  even  on 
a  broader  scale,  will  be  found  much  nearer  home  than 
Catania.  Where  shall  we  find  a  closer  analogy  in 
the  style  and  modes  of  farming,  than  in  comparing 
the  Rebecca  farming  of  South  Wales  with  the 
old  Paddy  farming  of  the  Emerald  Isle  ?  Arthur 
Young's  notions  concerning  proper  rotations  and 
other  farm  practices,  were  sadly  shocked  when  he 
made  his  tour  through  Ireland  in  1776-7-8,  and 
no  wonder,  for  the  whole  precepts  of  the  Norfolk 
school  were  grossly  outraged  ;  for  the  only  manures 
that  were  sought  after  were  lime-stone  gravel, 
burnt  lime,  calcareous  marls  from  the  bogs,  or  shell 
sand  from  the  sea  coasts  ;  but  hear  him. 

"  They  never  sow  Barley  till  April  and  often 
May.  No  such  thing  as  Turnips  among  the  common 
farmers,  though  they  have  an  excellent  Turnip  soil. 
The  farmers  burn  their  straw,  for  which  they 
deserve  to  be  hanged.  The  burning  of  straw,  I 
foigot  to  remark,  I  found  very  common,  where 
there  is  no  turf — a  most  pernicious  custom.  It  is, 
in  fact,  what  I  have  often  heard  literally  reported, 
that  they  burn  their  dunghills  in  Ireland.  The 
courses  are — 1,  Oats;    2,  Oats;  3,  Oats;  4,  Oats; 

5,  Oats ;  6,  Oats  ;  they  leave  it  to  graze  for  three 
or  four  years.  This  on  good  strong  land — 1,  Marl 
for  Oats  ;  2,  Bere ;   3,  Bere  ;  4,  Wheat ;  5,  Oats ; 

6,  Oats  ;  7,  Oats  ;  8,  Oats  ;  9,  Oats ;  10,  Oats. 
The  number  of  these  crops  proportioned  to  the 
quantity  of  Marl  laid  on.  With  gentlemen  it  is — 1, 
Potatoes ;  2,  ditto  ;  3,  Wheat ;  4,  Oats,  or  English 


7_1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


107 


Barley;  5,  Oats ;  left  smooth  to  Grass  itself.  Shame 
to  them  for  being  as  bad  farmers  as  the  Paddies ! 
Again,  at  Adare,  when  they  break  upland  they  sow 
first  Oats  and  get  40  barrels  an  acre,  and  do  not 
reckon  that  an  extra  crop;  they  take  10  or  12  in 
succession,  and  then  they  sow  one  of  Horse-Beans, 
■which  refreshes  the  land  enough  to  take  10  crops  of 
Oats  more.  Were  such  barbarians  ever  heard  of?  " 
This  is  only  a  fair  sample  of  the  cargo  of  Irish 
rotations  which  were  followed  on  the  better  descrip- 
tions of  land  at  that  date.  It  has  always  occurred 
to  us  that  Sir  H.  Davy  must  have  grounded  his 
belief  that  cereals  were  less  exhausting  on  moist 
than  on  dry  climates  on  a  perusal  of  "  Young's 
Tour  in  Ireland."  We  wonder  how  any  one  could 
miss  the  idea,  after  reading  through  the  diy  but 
invaluable  statistics  of  the  laborious  editor  of  the 
"  Annals  of  Agriculture."  There  is  no  subject  which 
has  afforded  more  discussion  than  the  respective 
merits  of  the  different  systems  of  farming  within  the 
British  islands.  We  must  surely  be  conversant 
with  the  chief  elements  of  the  subject  before  the 
lessons  or  experiences  of  one  system  can  be  engrafted 
on  the  other,  or  the  true  bearings  and  tendencies 
of  any  appreciated.  If  there  is  any  truth  in  the 
principles  which  we  have  endeavoured  to  trace  and 
explain,  it  must  follow  that  the  fertility  of  arable 
land  should  be  much  easier  maintained  in  the  north 
and  west  parts  of  Great  Britain,  when  compared 
with  the  dry  and  arid  climate  of  the  eastern  counties. 
Might  this  element  not  help  to  explain  and  account 
for  arable  land  of  equal  quality  bringing  as  much 
rental  in  Aberdeenshire  as  in  Suffolk,  or  in  Somerset- 
shire as  in  Kent  1  We  shall  take  a  rapid  review  of 
this  subject.  R. 


EMIGRATION  AND  THE  POTATO. 

A  GLOSS  has  very  ingeniously  been  thrown  upon  some 
late  papers  of  mine  on  emigration,  and  the  vahie  of  the 
Potato  crop,  which  candour  will  duly  appreciate. 

Of  the  Potato,  whoever  will  attentively  and  houestly 
follow  my  reasonings  will  find  that  it  was  from  the 
absence  of  other  more  providential  measures  that  I 
inferred  the  Potato  had  become  the  only  hope  of  our 
futm.'e  prosperity,  and  its  successful  culture  the  only 
check  to  the  destructive  course  of  emigration.  An 
equally  attentive  and  honest  reading  would  not  infer 
that  I  attribute  all  the  misery  of  Ireland  to  bad  govern- 
ment. But  I  believe  the  prosperity  of  a  state  is  the 
strongest  proof  of  good  government. 

The  decrease  in  population  before  from  starvation  and 
now  from  emigration  is  not  with  me  an  Irish  question  ; 
it  is  an  imperial  one,  not  alone  affecting  our  prosperity 
but  om*  independence  as  a  nation,  and  our  liberties  as  a 
people. 

It  has  been  shown  by  a  wiser  head  than  mine,  and 
one  who  was  not  long  since  referred  to  in  a  Leading 
Article  of  this  journal,  that  in  Ireland  there  is  a  wide 
field  open  to  the  people.  Let  the  greatest  energies  of 
the  Government  be  directed  to  this  end,  let  no  source  of 
national  wealth  in  this  island  be  neglected,  no  puerile 
offences  given,  and  tiien  you  put  arras  into  every  man's 
hand,  and  he  will  Iiave  a  country  worth  fighting  for ;  and 
it  may  come  to  that. 

But  why  lay  out  money  in  Ireland  ?  We  have  "  seen 
something  of  the  manner  in  which  the  millions  of  the 
pubhc  money  were  misappropriated  through  Irish  local 
jobbing  during  the  famine,  13-16-47."  Yes,  seven  or 
eight  milHona  were  miserably  misappropriated,  not- 
withstanding every  remonstrance  of  tlie  local  jobbers; 
miserably  misappropriated  by  the  British  Government 
in  unprofitable  labours,  while  poor  wretches  were  em- 
ployed on  them  at  such  wages  as  barely  sufficed  to  keep 
for  a  while  a  lingering  spark  of  life  within  their  bodies, 
til],  after  unheard-of  sufferings,  it  died  out.  The  British 
people  may  not  perhaps  be  aware  how  and  under  whose 
authority  and  superviBion  these  seven  or  eight  millions 
were  misappropriated  ;  the  Government  appointed  its 
surveyors,  treasurers,  paymasters,  &c,,  and  partici- 
pating in  the  vulgar  and  illiberal  feeling  that  at  first  was 
common  among  the  ill-judging  and  ill-informed  vulgar, 
who  were  jealous  of  any  private  advantage  being  derived 
from  the  outlay  of  public  money,  would  not  permit  any 
part  of  it  to  be  l^id  out  in  productive  employment, 
though  repeatedly  supplicated  to  do  so  by  the  local 
jobbers — the  nobles  and  the  educated  classes  of  society, 
men  of  KngliHli  origin.  The  consequences  were,  mucii 
useless  destruction  of  roads,  and  of  fine  land  laid  out 
for  roads,  wliicli  Imvc  never  been  made  passable,  the 
unfortunate  and  starving  faiToers  beiiiK  taken  from  the 
tillage  of  tlieir  ground  to  tliose  worfle  than  unproHtable 
labours  c&u&cd  a  deteriorated  liarvest  in  the  following 
year,  from  tlie  neglected  fields,  and  tliuf*  a  powerful  ini- 
puliK:  given  to  the  natural  causcB  that  were  operating 
our  ruin. 

Had  the  recommendations  of  the  local  jobljors  been 
attended  to  in  the  application  of  tlieflo  misappropriated 
millions,  the  poor  fanncra  would  have  been  Hupported 
while  they  laboured  their  fields  under  intelligent  direc- 
tion, abundant  harvests  would  have  bleBsed  the  Hoil,  and 
mach  of  pre»ent  Huflering  and  future  wretehedncHH 
Would  have  been  avoided;  a  dawn  of  prosperity  would 
have  broken  on  our  horizon,  and  wc  hIiouM  not  now 
have  to  (Mimplain  of  exccHHivo  depopulation.  And  why 
Was  all  thin?  Lest  a  few  thousandH  might  be  deviated 
by  tho  cupidity  of  some  necessitous  creatures.    Pshaw  1 


one  half  of  the  money  expended  in  the  payment  of 
miuions  to  carry  on  these  dead  works  would  have  suf- 
ficed to  prevent  fraudulent  outlay  had  any  living  faith 
been  reposed  in  those  who  who  were  most  interested  iu 
the  beneficial  results  of  the  expenditure. 

Ireland  will  be  helpless  ;— God  bless  you,  how  much 
you  know  of  Ireland.  Where  is  the  will  expressed  ? 
Is  it  because,  like  the  drowning,  she  catches  at  straws  ? 
Is  it  because  she  did  not  demand  vigorously  self-govern- 
ment, that  slie  might  have  a  public  treasury  of  her  own 
to  supply  herpublic  wants  and  help  her  public  weal  I  Is 
it  because  the  strength  of  England  appropriated  her 
lands  and  gave  her  absentee  landlords  ?  Is  it  because 
she  submits  to  be  reviled  aud  taunted  l  Give  her  the 
means  to  raise  herself  and  she  will  have  the  energy  and 
the  industry  to  do  it  ;  her  long  and  energetic  struggle 
for  unattainable  political  objects — for  matters  of  moon- 
shine if  you  please— proclaims  this.  The  abandon- 
ment of  home  and  all  that  is  dear  to  man  to  seek  in 
another  hemisphere  the  employment  that  apathy  denies 
him  here,  proves  it.  Her  efforts  at  this  moment  of  her 
great  depression  to  extend  the  growth  of  Flax,  to  pro- 
duce sugar  from  Beet,  and  to  manufacture  coal  from 
her  peat-bogs  show  this  ;  and  did  we  want  proof  that, 
with  the  means,  Irishmen  will  work  on  to  success,  the 
editor  'of  this  Paper  has  supplied  it  by  drawing  Mr. 
Carroll's  and  ray  attention  to  "  an  Irish  settlement  be- 
tween the  Arvostook  river  and  the  great  falls  as  indus- 
try personified,"  This  is  given  as  fact,  other  state- 
ments are  made  as  opinions,  and  how  far  opinion  may 
be  relied  on,  even  in  very  high  authority,  we  have  only 
to  ask  Dr.  Johnson's  (not  Johnston)  on  "Scotland." 
We  know  here,  that  though  there  are  some  rollicking 
young  fellows  in  Ireland,  who  give  characters  to  our 
plays  and  romances,  yet  the  staid  people  by  far  more 
abound,  and  I  really  believe  there  is  not  so  much  or  so 
general  junketting  and  merry-making  in  our  now  sad 
Ireland  as  iu  merry  England.  We  all  know  that  the 
Irish  are  naturally  a  lively  and  excitable  people.  We 
also  know  that  the  French  are  much  more  so,  yet  has 
this  rendered  their  dispersion  necessary  to  their 
prosperity  ? 

But  Ireland  will  be  helpless  ;  because  Irishmen  will 
cling  to  the  Potato,  that  is,  because  they  prefer  eating 
Potatoes  to  Turnips,  or  growing  their  own  food  to 
importing  food  from  America.  Or  because,  as  an  agri- 
cultural country,  having  no  other  immediate  available 
sources  of  wealth,  the  wish  to  reacquire  that  surplus  of 
produce  which  before  enabled  them  to  export  so  largely 
by  the  same  means. 

There  are  men  capable  of  deep  thought,  and  in  most 
cases  equal  to  trace  the  finest  lines  between  cause  and 
effect  ;  who  yet,  in  some  instances,  allow  themselves  to 
be  so  blinded  by  their  prejudices,  that  they  form  the 
most  incongruous  connections.  So,  because  poverty  and 
Potato  tillage  have  been  for  many  years  co-existent  in 
Ireland,  they  have  so  connected  them  together  that 
they  have  brought  themselves  to  believe  the  one  is 
dependent  on  the  other  ;  and  with  a  Cobbett-like  an- 
tipathy to  the  poor  Potato,  they  have  fixed  upon  it  the 
odium  of  being  the  cause  of  poverty.  Might  they  not 
with  as  much  reason  reverse  the  ca-e  ? 

But  the  use  of  the  Potato  has  engendered  our  bad 
system  of  cultivation.  How  has  the  cultivation  of  the 
Potato  for  human  food  prevented  the  growth  of  either 
roots  or  plants  for  cattle  food  i  What  is  there  incom- 
patible in  the  Potato  culture  to  the  introduction  of  a 
Clover  crop  between  two  grain  crops  ?  Does  a  Potato 
crop  involve  a  necessity  for  successive  crops  of  Oats,  or 
for  leaving  out  land  without  seeds  1  Is  the  tillage  of 
Potatoes  in  beds,  the  common  tillage  of  them  in  Ireland, 
a  bad  tillage  1  No  crop  in  raising  can  leave  the  ground 
in  finer  tilth  than  the  minute  division  of  every  sod  by 
the  spade  in  lifting  the  Potatoes  does  ;  no  labour  of  any 
other  crop  during  growth  can  exceed  it  in  the  exposure 
of  the  soil  to  atmospheric  faction,  by  the  throwing  up 
successive  layers  of  clay  in  the  moulding  of  the  Potatoes, 
and  also  in  the  exposure  for  several  months  of  the  un- 
covered subsoil  in  the  trenches ;  while  the  dung  spread 
and  minutely  divided  in  a  thin  layer  between  two  sur- 
faces of  clay  acts  upon  a  much  greater  number  of 
inorganic  particles  than  when  lieaped  together  iu  drills. 
Indeed  it  is  this  tillage  more  probably  than  any  supe- 
riority of  soil  that  has  enabled  ua  to  alternate  Potatoes 
and  Wheat  for  many  years  together. 

"  Falcon  "  is  worth  a  hundred  Potato  cavillers  in 
fathoming  the  bottom  of  our  evils — neglect,  neglect, 
and  I  say  with  him  again,  neglect.  /.  M.  Ooodif. 

[This  subject  has,  we  think,  been  now  sufficiently 
discussed  in  these  columns.  The  writer  of  the  Leading 
Article  referred  to  by  Mr.  Goodiff  was  himself  an 
Inspector  of  Relief  Committees  during  the  famine,  and 
could  speak  from  experience  ;  and  we  submit  that  all 
the  evils  Mr.  Goodiff  refers  to  in  the  administration  of 
relief  during  that  period  are  oidy  so  many  proofs  of  the 
incompetency  of  Government  as  the  means  of  direct  or 
permanent  assistance.  Let  every  one  act  the  part  of  a 
sensible  man,  and  do  the  best  he  can  for  himself  and 
family.  If  emigration — the  result — bo  injurious  to  the 
interest  of  the  country,  that,  more  than  any  wriling  on 
the  subject,  will  call  tlic  attention  of  Government  to 
those  evils  that  aro  within  its  power  to  remove. J 


Home    Correspondence. 

/orKw'/.— Having  foi-lted  1!  I  acres  10  incIicH  deep,  and 
placed  the  land  in  ridgeH,  having  a  Imnin  of  almut  'I  feet, 
at  1/.  ]/(.  V>fl.  [ler  acre,  1  buve  Hince  lorl-ed  tbo  ftuTOWH 
10  inchcB  dee]>er,  throwing  it  on  the  ridg(;H,  at  least  as 
much  oa  will  remain  there.    Tho  coBt  of  thin^  Id.^cv 


rod,  or  13s.  4d.  per  acre  ;  so  that  halt"  my  land  is  dug 
20  inches  deep,  and  the  remainder  10  inches.  The 
forks  continue  to  give  great  satisfaction,  my  men  stating 
that  if  put  in  straight  and  level  they  will  resist  their  full 
« prying  "  powers,  as  they  call  them.  I  wonder  the 
makers  of  these  forks  do  not  advertise  them  in  your 
columns,  saying  the  price  and  where  to  be  had  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  and  in  London.  It  would  save  me 
an  immense  deal  of  trouble  and  writing.  Some  of  my 
correspondents  say,  «  We  can't  get  the  forking  done  so 
cheap."  Let  them  try  it ;  unfortunately  I  cannot  em- 
ploy half  the  applicants  I  have  for  work  at  this  price. 
/.  /.  Mechi,  Feb,  4. 

Drainarje. — Feb.  4,  raining  heavily  all  day.  The 
land  having  been  saturated  by  previous  rains,  all  the 
drains  were  discharging  abundantly — say  those  at  5  feet 
deep  and  50  feet  apart,  4  feet  deep  and  "28  feet  apart, 
5  feet  deep  and  40  ieet  apart — all  the  foregoing  drained 
with  1  inch  pipe  ;  2  feet  8  inches  deep,  and  12  feet  apart,, 
with  stones  under  the  pipe.  All  these  drains  are  in 
tenacious  plastic  clay.  Although  all  the  under  drains 
were  discharging  abundantly,  still  on  the  Wheat  lands 
water  was  flowing  from  the  surface,  both  where  the  land 
was  drained  deep  and  wide  and  close  and  shallow. 
Less  surface  water  passed  off"  the  deep  and  wide  drained. 
It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  the  first  discharged  waters 
from  clays  will  run  clear  and  transparent.  They  will  do 
so  occasionally  after  the  first  day.  The  water  was,  I 
think,  rather  less  muddy  from  the  deep  drains  than  the 
shallow.  On  the  24  acres  deeply  trenched,  forked,  and 
ridged,  no  water  appeared  on  the  surface,  showing  that 
there  had  been  much  more  evaporation  than  from  the- 
close  surface  of  the  Wheat  lands.  The  drains  were, 
however,  discharging.  All  these  lands  have  a  smart 
natural  incline.  One  of  the  most  important  benefits  of 
very  deep  cultivation  appears  to  be  the  filtration  of  all 
the  heavenly  rains.  It  is  quite  clear  that  when  the- 
sponge  is  fully  charged  the  power  of  filtration  or  per- 
colation is  not  always  equal  to  the  descending  rain,, 
which  on  an  incline  will  not  await  its  turn  to  descend. 
In  this  case  auxiliary  furrows,  or  a  supplementary 
shallow  drain  (as  cited  by  Lord  Wharncliffe),  would 
come  iu  aid.  I  know  from  experience  that  two  drains^, 
one  at  2  feet  6  inches  and  the  other  under  it  at  5  feetj- 
will  both  discharge  abundantly  during  continued  rains^ 
and  of  course  empty  the  land  or  cask  quicker  than  a 
single  drain  whether  it  is  worth  the  cost  is  another 
question.  The  expansion  of  particles  and  roots  by  heavy 
rains  in  strong  aluminous  clays  evidently  renders  filtra- 
tion sometimes  very  graduak  Deep  drainage  mustj, 
however,  be  our  basis,  for  it  gives  our  plants  a  much 
deeper  range  for  food,  and  greater  safety  in  a  dry 
season,  /.  /.  Mechi,  Tiptree  Hall. 

Irrigation  by  Suhterronean  Iron  Pipes,  with  QiUtco 
Perclta  Hose  and  Jet. — Have  you  or  your  correspondents 
read  "  Minutes  of  Information  collected  by  the  General 
Board  of  Health  on  the  Practical  Application  of  Sewer 
Water  and  Town  Manures  to  Agricultural  Production  V 
If  not,  I  pray  you  to  do  so  forthwith,  for  it  is  a- 
most  vital  document  to  agriculture.  It  contains  the 
Hon.  D.  Fortescue's  communication,  as  recently  inserted 
in  your  columns,  and,  in  addition,  a  most  succinct  and 
detailed  account  of  the  cost  of  and  return  for  the  opera-^ 
tion.  I  am  sinking  an  additional  covered  tank,  and  have 
ordered  two  force  pumps,  54  by  20  inches,  to  attach  to 
my  engine.  I  have  also  ordered  15  tons  of  3-inch  iron 
proved  pipes,  in  yard  lengths.  These  will  be  delivered 
to  me  in  the  Thames  from  Glasgow,  at  4/.  15s.  per  ton, 
about  half  the  price  of  best  oilcake,  I  hope  to  have  all 
at  work  in  about  six  weeks.  I  shall  make  arrangements 
for  irrigating  the  whole  of  my  farm  when  required. 
Strange,  is  it  not,  that  the  collected  evidence  proves  that 
this  method  of  irrigation  is  far  cheaper  than  the  open 
gutter  or  catch  meadow  system  j  the  annual  charge  for 
six  or  eight  dressings  of  20  tons  each  being  about  1  \s.  to 
135.  per  acre,  including  7^  percent,  on  all  the  pipes  and 
machinery,  and  all  the  labour.  It  appears  a  man  and 
boy  will  put  on  in  one  day  a  quantity  equal  to  about  200- 
of  Crosskiirs  carts,  and  they  hold  200  gallons.  Last 
year  a  couple  of  good  drenchings  at  M.  each  per  acr& 
on  my  Potatoes  would  have  saved  me  11.  or  8^.  per  acre* 
I  hope  you  will  give  your  readers  ample  details.  I  fear 
my  Protectionist  i'riends  will  now  consider  me  most  de- 
cidedly a  fit  subject  for  a  lunatic  asylum.  Fortunately^ 
my  tanks,  engine,  &c.,  are  all  well  adapted  for  the  opera- 
tion, and  the  jet  will  wash  the  solid  manure  from  under 
the  boards.  My  spring  drain  (30,000  gallons  per  diem}^ 
will  be  truly  useful.  /.  /.  Mcchl,  Tipircc  HcJl,  Feb,  4. 

London  Millc. — The  cynic  will  never  be  in  want  of  an 
excuse  for  his  snarl  at  poor  human  nature  so  long  as 
men  clothe  their  thoughts  iu  printed  words.  Amid  all 
our  absurdities,  where  is  there  one  more  glaring  than 
this  ?  The  moment  one  man  grasps  a  pen  to  reply  to 
another,  in  print,  ho  becomes  a  porcupine,  and  attempts 
with  bis  quill  to  woun<l  his  opponent,  entirely  neglectingj 
it  may  be,  tho  real  object  of  controversy.  Your 
correspondent,  Mr.  P.  Mitchell,  reads  my  letter  in  your 
jiaper  of  tho  17th,  ami  instead  of  cndeavoui'ing  to  throw 
light  upon  what  ho  admits  to  be  an  important  subjectj, 
ho  claps  down  his  milk  pail,  and  begins  to  square  at 
me  with  the  ferocity  of  a  cabman.  To  save  your  time 
and  pa|ier,  lot  me  suggest  to  Mr.  Mitchell  that,  having 
my  atldresH,  if  ho  writo  again  it  would  bo  better  to 
write  to  mo  than  at  mc.  Let  him  write  two  letters — 
Olio  upon  tho  Huliject  of  milk,  to  be  inserted  in  your 
paper,  tho  othur  to  contain  all  the  personal  matter,  to 
be  directed  and  po.sled  to  mc.  Kvcn  to  himself  the 
advantiigos  of  Mich  a  plan  are  manifold,  lie  would  not 
need  to  confine  himself  to  the  limited  charge  permitted 
to  a  man^  who  fires  from  behind  a  printing  press  ;  ho 


108 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Feb.  14, 


might  charge  his  piece  to  the  muzzle,  and  tire  point  i  them  a  paper  on  the  subject.     The  Chairman  thanked  , 


blank  ;  he  need  not  fear  that  I  should  return  his  fire  ; 
he  ^shall  have  it  all  to  himself,  and  if  he  kill  me  my 
representatives  shall  duly  inform  him  of  the  gratifying 
result.  He  would  save  time  too  ;  his  philippic  might 
reach  me  on  Monday  instead  of  waiting  for  your 
publishing  day.  And  pray,  says  Mr.  Mitchell,  do  you 
suppose  the  public  will  quietly  submit  to  be  thus  deprived 
of  the  piquancy  of  my  satires  ?  I  therefore  promise  that 
whenever  the  public  calls  for  his  personalities,  I  will 

have  thera  printed  at  ray  own  expense.  Return  we  to 
our  mutton.  When  I  found  the  writer  was  in  tlie  trade 
I  hoped  to  learn  something  ;  but  instead  of  a  prompter 
I  fomid  a  scene  shifter,  for  after  telling  us  he  was  able 
to  impart  information,  and  that  he  would  tell  us  a  few 
simple  facts,  those  facts  turn  out  to  relate  chiefly  to 
the  times  of  harnessing  hishorse  to  deliver  his  commodity. 
One  fact  does  drop  out.  Bagshot  milk  does  not  yield 
f^^an  abundant  cream."  How  was  this  ascertained  ?  I 
am  a  cautious  man,  and  did  not  advance  a  single  state- 
ment that  I  could  not  justify.  I  did  not  say  that 
disgusting  ingredients  were  mixed  in  London  milk.  I 
only  said  that  Londoners  themselves  generally  said  so. 
I  am  no  more  the  author  of  that  assertion  than  of  the 
joke  that  was  played  upon  a  cowkeeper  in  London 
during  the  season  of  last  year.  In  the  dead  of  the  night 
some  of  his  neighbours  called  him  from  his  bed  with  the 
painful  intelligence  that  his  best  cow  had  a  Turnip  fast 
in  her  throat,  and  was  choldng.  Down  came  the 
unfortunate  owner,  nearly  in  the  state  in  which  he  first 
made  his  appearance  on  this  mortal  stage,  and  found 
to  his  horror  that  a  large  Tm-nip  was  tightly  screwed 
into  the  throat  of — his  pump.  One  fact  Mr.  Mitchell 
himself  cannot  deny.  London  milk  appears  to  be  some- 
thing essentially  different  from  country  milk  ;  there  is 
an  opacity  in  the  one  which  is  never  seen  in  the  other  ; 
Xiondon  milk  looks  thicker,  and  has  the  appearance  of 
scalded  milk.  Well  may  this  be  called  an  important 
subject.  Fathers  and  mothers,  read  Mr.  MitcheiPs 
words  !  "  Jolting  this  milk  for  two  or  three  hours  in 
the  streets  ; "  "  in  the  case  of  nursery  supply."  Oh 
dear  !  Mr.  Mitchell  says  self  is  a  Bagshot  blossom. 
Here  is  a  fact  that  proves  it,  or  turns  the  tables.  Few, 
if  any,  of  my  neighbours  have  escaped  robbery  by  the 
London  milkmen.  One  gentleman  lost  160Z.  by  one 
man,  and  only  last  week  was  sued  in  the  county  court  at 
Farnliam  by  a  neighbour,  who  had  sent  milk  in  the  same 
cans,  for  payment  of  his  proportion,  I  know  many  who 
have  never  been  paid  for  milk  they  sent  to  London. 
What  selfishness  !  When  they  are  paid,  the  price  is 
not  2^d.  but  2d.  a  quart.  After  the  carriage  is  paid,  it 
is  reduced  to  l^d.  Yet,  as  I  have  said,  this  small  sum 
is  very  often  unpaid,  and  I  could  fill  one  of  your  columns 
ivith  an  account  of  the  systematic  trickery  resorted  to 
to  cheat  the  ^farmer.    W.  Ji.   Carter,  Eel  Moor  Farm^ 

*  Cove  Bagshot. 

Forks. — I  must  beg  of  you  to  correct  an  error  into 
which  Mr.  Mechi  has  led  the  public  by  his  letter  to  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  the  10th  ult.,  wherein  he  speaks 
very  highly  of  a  new  steel  fork,  manufactm'ed  by  Mr. 
Harry  Hinton,  of  Birmingham,  called  "  Parkes'  Patent," 
and  which  he  has  been  told  is  cut  out  of  a  solid  piece 
of  steel  by  some  patent  process,  and  then  hardened  and 
tempered.  In  the  first  place  there  is  no  manufacturer 
of  forks  in  Birmingham,  or  elsewhere,  named  Harry 
Hinton  ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  there  is  no  person 
named  Parkes,  who  has  taken  out  a  patent  for  forks, 
nor  is  there  any  patent  existing  in  this  country  for 
forks  at  all  ;  but  the  article  he  has  called  attention  to  is 
copied  from  the  Americans,  and  anyone  may  make  them 
who  pleases.  Had  Mr.  M.  examined  the  forks  shown  by 
Messrs.  Allen  and  Co.,  of  New  York,  in  the  Exhibition, 
be  would  there  have  seen  the  identical  fork  manufac- 
tured in  America,  which,  as  a  specimen  of  workmanship, 
was  far  superior  to  anything  else  of  the  kind  shown.  In 
justice,  therefore,  to  myself  and  other  large  manufacturers 
of  forks,  I  beg  that  you  will,  through  the  same  medium, 
83t  the  public  right,  by  informing  them  that  they  can 
purchase  the  American  pattern  fork,  for  which  there  is 
no  patent,  from  any  manufacturer  or  blacksmith  who 
pleases  to  make  them.  R.  A.  Lyndon,  Birmingham. 
{We  publish  this  letter,  originally  addressed  to  Mr. 
Mechi,  with  that  gentleman's  consent,  and  with  it  the  fol- 
lowing memorandum  :  "  I  can  only  say  that  the  forks 
supplied  to  me  by  Messrs.  Harry  Winton  and  Sons,  of 
Birmingham,  ai-e  a  first-rate  article,  having  18  of  them 
now  in  constant  use.  The  labourers  say  that  they  in- 
crease their  eaniings  and  diminish  their  labour  most 
materially.  A  digging-spade  I  received  from  the  same 
firm  is  a  superior  tool.  Probably  this  discussion  may 
benefit  Birmingham  and  agriculture,  by  drawing  atten- 
tion to  its  superior  manufacture.  /.  J,  Mechi." 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  ENGLAND. 
A  "Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House, 
in  Hanover  Square,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  11th  of 
February  ;  present,  Colonel  Challoner,  Trustee,  in  the 
chair  ;  Sir  Kobert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Raymond 
Barker,  Mr.  Henry  Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Batley,  Mr. 
D.  Barton,  Mr.  Dyer,  Mr.  Foley,  M.P.,  Mr.  'Fuller, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Majendie,  Mr.  Rowland- 
son,  Mr.  Shaw  (Loudon),  Mr.  Shelley,  Prof.  Simouds, 
Mr.  Sianey,  M,P.,  and  Prof.  M'ay. 

Steam  Plocgh.— Mr.  Batley  (of  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
Hodge  and  Batley,  engineers,  Adelphi),  submitted  to 
the  inspection  of  the  Council  the  model  of  a  steam 
plough,  invented  by  Messrs.  Callaway  and  Perkiss,  of 
Putney,  the  construction  and  peculiarities  of  which 
be  explajned  to    the  members  present,  hyl  reading  [to 


Mr.  Batley  for  the  trouble  he  had  kindly  taken  in 
bringing  this  invention  under  their  notice  ;  but  at  the 
same  time  wished  him  to  understand  distinctly  that  the 
Council,  as  a  body,  never  expressed  any  opinion  on  the 
merits  or  otherwise  of  objects  thus  introduced  from 
time  to  time  to  their  notice.  At  the  country  meetings 
of  the  Society  the  implements  or  machines  entered  for 
exhibition  liad  the  opportunity  of  being  tested  by  actual 
trial  in  the  yard  or  the  field,  and  of  having  an  -opinion 
expressed  on  their  performances  by  the  judges  of  the 
Society. 

Dhain  Pavement. — Sir  John  Stuart  Fohbes,  Bart, 
having  called  the  attention  of  the  Society,  as  one  of  its 
members,  to  the  advantages  of  the  bricks  manufactured 
at  Newark  Works,  in  Aberdeenshire,  for  constructing 
floors,  into  the  grooved  channels  of  which  liquid  matter 
would  be  received  and  carried  off  by  a  transverse  gutter  i 
at  the  lower  end,  Mr.  Forbes,  their  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer, attended  this  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
plaining the  peculiarities  of  these  bricks,  and  the  con- 
stniction  of  the  flooring  of  cattle  stalls,  pig-styes,  wash- 
houses,  breweries,  or  other  places  where  much  liquid  was 
received  and  had  to  be  conveyed  away.  The  bricks  had 
each  a  longitudinal  cylindric  groove  through  their  centres, 
which  communicated  with  the  upper  sides  by  means 
of  an  open  slit,  half  an  inch  wide  ;  through  this  groove 
the  liquid  was  received  from  the  pavement,  and  con- 
veyed to  the  transverse  gutter  at  the  bottom,  and  car- 
ried away.  The  grooves  were  kept  clear  of  accumula- 
tion, by  means  of  an  iron  claw  which  passed  into  thera 
through  the  open  slit,  and  drew  the  obstructing  sub- 
stances along  with  it,  to  the  lower  end  of  the  pavement. 
Mr.  Forbes  cited  dryness  and  comfort  to  the  animals, 
economy  of  construction,  and  in  the  saving  of  litter,  and 
durability  of  wear,  as  the  advantages  of  this  pavement 
over  flooring  of  the  ordmary  kinds  in  use  in  farm  build- 
ings. The  chairman  referred  to  the  coarse  red  material 
of  which  the  bricks  now  before  the  Council  were  made, 
and  which  he  thought  might  advantageously  be  super- 
seded by  clay  of  a  better  quality  ;  he  also  referred 
to  the  economy  with  which  the  York  stone  could  be 
laid  down  for  flooring. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  had  found 
that  pigs  did  not  do  well  on  red  earthen  flooring.' — 
Professor  Way  thought  the  cross-gutter,  receiving 
the  liquid  should  be  lower  than  the  pavement. — Mr. 
Sianey,  M.P.,  hoped  that  in  the  manufacture  of  these 
bricks  such  reduction  would  eventually  be  made  in  the 
price  at  which  they  could  be  supplied  to  farmers  as 
had  been  made  in  tiles  for  draining  and  in  other  similar 
articles,  a  reduction,  he  remarked,  that  he  believed  from 
improved  means  of  manufacture  and  the  greater  demand, 
had  always  been  found  as  advantageous  to  the  manu- 
facturer as  to  the  customer. — The  Chairman  thanked 
Mr.  Forbes  for  the  trouble  he  had  taken  in  bringing 
this  subject  before  the  members. 

American  Barrow. — Mr.  Slaney,  M.P.,  having  seen 
in  the  Great  Exhibition  last  year,  in  the  American  de- 
partment, a  cheap  and  simple  contrivance  for  easily 
removing  earth  from  one  part  of  a  field  to  another,  or 
from  ditch  bottoms,  old  hedges  and  headlands,  for  the 
purpose  of  filling  up  hollow  places,  he  had  purchased  the 
article  in  question,  in  order  that  he  might  submit  it  to 
the  Council,  and  if  found  efficient  that  it  might  prove 
useful  to  the  members.  He  hoped  this  might  be  the 
case,  for  in  a  conversation  he  had  held  with  a  practical 
American  farmer  from  Kentucky,  he  found  that  a  similar 
contrivance  had  been  frequently  used  by  him  with  great 
advantage,  both  in  gardening  and  farming  operations. 
Though  the  same  in  its  object,  this  implement  differed 
in  some  respects  from  the  Flemish  Mollebart,  of  which 
the  late  Rev.  Mr.  Rham  bad  given  the  following  account 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Society  (Vol.  II.,  p.  61)  : 

The  Mollebart,  the  use  of  wnith  in  the  levelling  of  newly- 
trenched  land  lias  been  before  meDlioiied,  is  an  instrument 
peculiarly  Flemish  or  Dutch.  It  is  simply  a  very  large  wooden 
shovel,  in  form  like  the  tin  dustpans  used  by  housemaids,  with 
a  stout  long  handle.  The  bottom,  which  is  convex,  is  covered 
all  over  with  thin  iron  plates;  and  a  stronger  piece  of  iron 
forms  the  edge.  The  handle  is  6  or  7  feet  Ion?,  firmly  fixed 
to  the  shovel,  andsoplactd  that,  when  the  end  is  raised  5  oi 
6  feet  high,  the  only  part  of  the  instrument  which  touches  the 
ground  iB  the  edge.  When  it  is  held  3  feet  from  the  ground  the 
shovel  rests  on  the  convex  bottom,  with  the  edge  rising  a  few 
inches  above  the  ground  ;  and  when  it  is  pushed  quite  down, 
and  it  drags  on  the  ground,  the  instrument  rests  on  the  hinder 
part  of  the  bottom.  The  wiilth  of  this  shovel  is  about  3  feet,  and 
the  length  from  the  insertion  of  the  handle  to  the  sharp  edye 
is  nearly  the  parae.  Someimes  it  is  wider  than  it  is  long.  In 
the  middle  of  the  border  on  each  side  are  strong  iron  hooks, 
which  are  connected  with  the  iron  on  the  bottom.  It  is  drawn 
by  chains  fised  to  these  hooks  and  unittd  into  a  large  link  a 
little  before  the  edge  of  the  instrument.  To  this  link  are 
attached  a  common  whipple-tree  and  bars,  to  which  two  horses 
are  yoked  abreast-.  Attached  to  the  end  of  the  bundle  is  a 
strong  rope  of  the  size  of  a  man's  little  finger,  14  or  16  feet 
long.  This  the  driver  hoUis  coiled  in  the  same  hand  which 
holds  he  handle,  the  reins  being  in  the  other.  It  is  now  ready 
to  begin  its  operations.  The  man  depresses  the  handle  so  that 
the  edge  of  the 'shovel  rises  upwards,  and  directs  the  horses 
towards  a  heap  or  an  emintnce  to  be  removed.  As  soon  as 
tbey  reach  it  the  handle  is  raistd,  the  edge  of  the  instrument 
enters  the  ground  or  the  bottom  of  the  heap,  and  it  is  soon 
filled  with  loose  earth.  The  handle  is  immediately  depressed, 
and  the  whole  load  slides  on  the  bottom  of  the  shovel  over  the 
sandy  surface,  until  it  arrives  at  the  hoUnw  which  is  to  be 
filled.  The  handle  is  then  raised  suddenly  as  high  as  the 
man  can  reach  ;  the  edge  catches  the  ground,  and  the  whole 
machine  is  overturned  forwards,  the  handle  striking  on  the 
whipple-tree  :  the  load  is  thus  left  behind.  The  i  ope,  ot  which 
the  woi-km;in  kept  the  end  fast  in  bis  hand,  now  comes  into 
use,  and  by  pulling  it  the  instrument  is  again  reversed,  and 
proceeds  empty  for  a  fresh  load.  All  this  is  done  without  the 
horses  being  stopped  for  a  moment.  A  skilful  peison  will 
spread  the  earth  at  the  same  time  that  he  deposits  it :  this  is 
done  by  holding  the  rope  so  that  the  handle  shall  not  fall  over 
at  once,  but  remain  for  a  short  time  in  an  erect  position.  The 
earth  is  thus  delivered  gradually,  and  laid  level  by  the  edge  ol 
the  instrument  scraping  Offer  it.  It  is  astoniohing  how  much 
labour  and  time  are  saved  by  using  this  instrument  instead  of 
carts.     It  takes  up  about  5cwt.  or  more  of  earth  each  timDj 


and  this  load  slides  along  with  the  greatest  ease  to  the  horses  : 
in  returning  they  generally  trot.  Alore  complex  instruments 
have  bei-n  invented  to  answer  the  same  purpose,  some  of  which 
are  extremely  ingenious,  but  the  simplicity  of  this,  and  the 
small  expense  at  which  it  may  he  made  by  any  c  mmon 
wheelwright  or  carpenter,  or  even  by  the  larmer  himself, 
ttroogly  recommend  it ;  and  we  do  not  hesitate  to  assert  that, 
with  a  very  little  practice,  any  commtm  lab'urer  who  can 
manage  horses  wi.Il  do  as  much  work  with  this  simple  instru- 
ment as  he  would  with  the  more  perfect  and  ingeni-'us  machine 
which  obtained  a  prize  from  the  Highland  Society  some 
years  ago. 

It  consisted  of  a  strong  iron  shovel  about  one  yard 
square  (sharply  bevilled  at  its  front  edge,  and  furnished 
with  a  strong  ix-on-rod  draught-handle  attached  to  its 
sides),  mounted  with  a  pair  of  strong  oaken  handles  ; 
the  whole  forming  a  hand-barrow  without  wheels,  to  be 
drawn  along  the  ground  on  its  bottom  surface  like  a 
sledge.  It  was  chiefly  used  in  America  as  a  road- 
scraper.  Various  modifications  had  been  proposed  of 
this  implement :  some  having  reference  to  convenience 
in  tilting  up  the  load  of  earth  and  regaining  the  handles 
without  stopping  the  horses,  by  adjustment  of  the  line 
of  draught  or  contrivances  to  effect  the  object  by  com- 
plicated mechanical  appendage;  others,  as  adopted 
in  Norfolk,  he  believed,  by  Mr.  Hamond,  to  re- 
duction of  friction  in  the  transport  by  means  of 
two  very  small  wheels  under  the  shovel  ;  and 
one  which  he,  Mr.  Sianey  himself,  thought  might 
perhaps  be  worthy  of  consideration,  namely,  the  escape 
of  manure,  in  rows,  through  regulated  longitudinal 
apertures  in  the  barrow,  on  the  sm'face  of  land,  ac- 
cording to  any  particular  object  in  view.  —  Colonel 
Challoner  had  employed  a  similar  implement  for  20  years, 
with  great  advantage,  in  clearing  out  old  hedge-rows, 
and  taking  off  the  top  surface  from  soil.  It  was  made 
of  wood,  and  was  larger  than  the  American  bai'row  then 
exhibited,  had  longer  handles,  and  was  drawn  by  horses 
attached  to  strong  whipple-trees  at  the  side  ;  the  load 
being  pitched  over  while  the  horses  were  going  on. — Mr. 
Rowlandson  remarked  that  a  similar  implement  'had 
been  long  in  use  in  Lincolnshire. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs 
had  found  great  advantage  in  the  use  of  a  tip-shovel, 
similar  to  the  one  used  for  removing  earth  on  railways. 
It  was  simple,  and  worked  on  a  pivot,  and  was  capable 
of  holding  nearly  a  cubic  yard  of  earth,  which  was  tilted 
out  by  lifting  the  handles,  while  the  horses  went  on. 
He  had  found  it  a  great  saving,  in  clearing  headlands, 
and  filling  up  ponds  or  hollow  ways.  With  one  man,  a 
boy,  and  a  pair  of  horses,  as  much  clearance  might  be 
effected  as  with  three  carts,  three  horses,  and  men. — 
The  Chairman  expressed  his  thanks  to  Mr.  Sianey  for 
the  kind  trouble  he  had  taken  in  bringing  this  subject 
before  the  Council. 

CoMiviUNiCATiGNs  wcro  received  :  from  Mr.  Nesbit, 
giving  further  details  of  his  mode  of  estimating  the 
market  value  of  guano  ;  from  Mr.  Gregory  Watkins, 
on  "  the  necessity  of  trying  to  encourage  the  invention 
of  simple  and  portable  machines  for  crushing  and 
breaking  Flax-straw  without  any  previous  preparation ; 
and  so  reducing  its  weight  and  bulk  that  it  may  be 
sent  to  distant  retteries  at  a  small  cost  of  carriage  ; 
the  refuse,  by  such  process,  being  left  on  the  farm  as 
food  for  cattle,  or  for  manure  ;  Flax,  in  his  opinion, 
provided  the  seed  is  also  consumed,  thus  becoming, 
under  a  good  rotation,  an  improver  and  fertiliser  of 
the  soil,  instead  of  an  impoverisher  of  it ;"  from  Mr. 
Nolan,  of  Dublin,  on  recently  imported  specimens  of 
Cochin-China  fowls  ;  from  Mr.  Dolbell,  on  preservation 
of  Potatoes  ;  and  from  Mr.  Harris,  on  suggestions  of 
agricultural  improvements ;  for  which  the  Council 
ordered  their  usual  acknowledgments. 

The  Council  then  adjourned  to  Wednesday  next. 


Agricultural  Improvement  of  Ireland,  Feb.  3. — 
Earl  of  Clancarty,  in  the  chair. 

The  Chairman,  in  opening  the  business  of  the  meeting,  said, 
that,  as  announced  in  the  printed  circular,  sent  to  the  members 
of  council  the  subject  for  discussion  was,  the  best  method  of 
feeding  and  housing  cattle.  &c.,  on  which  Mr.  Harkness,  the 
secretary,  had  been  directed  to  address  this  meeting. 
—Mr.  Harkness  commenced  his  paper  by  stating,  that  the 
siibject  he  had  selected  was  one  of  great  importance  to  agri- 
culturists  generally,  and  ought  to  be  more  so  to  the  farmers 
of  Ireland,  the  physical  capabilities  of  whose  soil  are  bo  great 
for  the  production  of  heavy  crops  of  Grass,  Oats  Rye,  Beans, 
Linseed  and  green  crops  required  for  feeding.  That  questitn 
was— "The  most  advantageous  method  of  feeding  and  housing 
farm  stock  ;  and  whether  such  should  be  fed  partly  with,  or 
altogether  without,  cooked  food."  Mr.  Harkness  remarked, 
that  a  recent  author,  who  published  last  year  a  useful  work 
on  live  stock,  said,  when  treating  of  the  fattening  of  cattle, 
that  "  as  the  art  of  feeding  is  bo  well  understood,  any  further, 
remarks  on  this  point  will  be  superfluous,"  he  giving  no 
directions  as  to  any  mode  of  feeding.  Such  a  sentiment, 
however,  evidently  begets  a  false  security  in  erroneous  and 
uneconomical  modes  of  feeding,  which  were  most  numerous 
and  antas;onistical  throughout  the  three  kingdoms,  and  which 
proved  the  cause  of  much  personal  and  national  loss  ;  and 
this  again  resulted  from  the  lamentable  destitution  of  well- 
ascertained  statistics,  which  pervaded  every  department  of 
British  agriculture.  The  fact  is,  no  branch  of  husbandry 
furnished  a  stronger  illustration  of  confusion  of  opmions  and 
practice  among  agriculturists,  than  that  of  feeding  farm  stock 
to  fat,  and  this  equally  applied  to  eminent  writers  as  to  what 
are  denominated  practical  farmers— for  example.  Lord  Kaimes, 
an  eminent  Scotch  agriculturist  and  improver,  gave  his  steward 
directions  to  give  his  cattle  as  much  food  as  they  could  con- 
sume, while  Sir  John  Sinclair,  an  eminent  writer  on  such 
subjects,  cautioned  ftedtrs  not  to  overload  animals' stomachs 
with  food  which  couldproduce  loathing.  Dr.  Coventry,  too,  con- 
sidered "  it  wasteful"  to  give  rich  food  to  young  cattle  ;  while 
Cully  and  Cline  say,  *'  abundant  nourishment  is  necessary  from 
the  earliest  period  of  existence  until  its  (the  animal's)  growth  is 
complete."  Arthur  Young  and  Mr.  Loudon,  too,  are  quite  at 
the  antipodes  in  their  opinion  as  to  the  quantity  and  richness 
of  food  for  cattle.  So  much  for  the  diversity  of  opinion  among 
writers  on  agriculture.  But  the  diversities  or  contrarieties  in 
practice  are  still  more  prominent,  While  by  the  practice  of 
Yorkshire,  Suffolk,  Scotland,  and  of  some  parts  in  Ireland, 
only  80  lbs.  of  Turnips  are  used  in  feeding  animals  60  or  70  Ibe, 
weight,  in  some  parts  of  the  same  countries  no  less  than  from. 
150  to  24U  lbs.  are  used  to  accomplish  the  same  object.  Such 
1  discrepancies  in  rural  economy  evidently  arise  from  the  want 


7—1852. 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


109 


of  6tatisiic9,    auil  of  the    interchange   of  sound    intVirmation 
among  the  farming  classes— a  matter  much  to  he  rcRretted,  and 
now  the  more  necessary  to  be  reme  Ued  as  far  aa  practicable. 
Mr,  Harkness  then  went  on  to  say  that,  impressed  with  such  a 
conviction,  he  had  recently  issued  a  variety  of  printed  queries, 
upon  which  be  had  obtained  a  great  mass  of  valuable  informa- 
tion, that  portion  of  which,  be:iring  on  feeding,  he  would  now 
summarise  and  submit  for  the  consideration  of  the  meeting. 
He  would  tirst  address  himself  to  the  matter  of  fact  or  practical 
part  of  tha  subject  of  feeding  ;  after  which,  ia  a  future  paper, 
the  physiological  and  chemical  branch  of  the  general  question 
could  be  treated.     He  then  proceeded  to  classify  the  reports 
wliich  he  had  got  upon  the  quantities  of  food,  and  the  mode  of 
feeding  of  various  agriculturists  of  long  experience,  whether 
cooked  or  raw,  or  partly  cooked  and  partly  r.iw.     t.'LiSS  1. — 
Let  us  take  the  details  on  feeding  partly  cooked  and  paniy  uu- 
cztoked  food.     1.  The  Mldl<ind    Counties  of  England. — The   late 
Mr.  Hillyard,  an  extensive  and  intelligent  feeder,  had  used  food 
partly    cooked  —  bruised    Linseed,     boiled   into   jelly,     and 
given    with    cut  straw.      He  had    used    it  raw    also ;    but, 
in    his     well-known    work    on     "  Practical    Farming,"    he 
speaks    in    terms    of    commeadation    of   Linseed    meal    so 
used   instead  of    oil-cake,   affirming,   as   a.  fact,   that  "One 
stone   of  Linseed,    in    a    mixture    of    other    foods,    will    do 
as  much  towards  feeding  aa  two  stones  of  oil-ca^e,"    And, 
further,  speaking  of  compound  food,  he  says:  "I  never  had 
beasts  that  became  be'ter  meat"  than  upon  it,  and  he  foutid  it 
a  cheaper  plan.     2.  Yorkshire. — Mr.  H.  went  at  considerable 
length  into  the  details   of  the  modes  of   feeding  of  Messrs. 
Marshall,  Huttou,  and  others,  all  of  whom  had  formerly  fed 
upon  oil-calte,    large  quantities  of  Turnip  cut,  and  straw,  or 
hay  ;  but  who  gave  up  the  old  and  adopted  the  cooked  system, 
which  was  as  follows  :   Each  animal  got  two  feeds  per  day  ot 
food  thus  prepared— 10  lbs.  of  straw,  5  lbs.  of  Bean  or  grain 
meal,  2  lbs.  of  Linseed  ;  the  cut  straw  is  laid  upon  a  clean  floor, 
the  meal  mixed  well  up  with  it,  and  the  boiled  Linseea  jelly  is 
then  poured  over  the  straw,  and  shovelled  up  thoroughly,  and 
the  whole  left  to  cool  and  absorb  the  nutritious  ingredients. 
Such  quantities  divide  into   two  feeds  ;   and  80  lbs.  only  of 
Turnip  is  given  in  two  feeds,  with  a  little  nncut  hay.    This 
feeding  was   proved,   by   Messrs.   Hutton,   Marshall,    &c.,  to 
be  equally   effective,    at  the  same  expense,    with    a   saving 
of   a  month,   at  least,   in  bringing    the    beast    to    market, 
and    at    least    one    half    of    the     Turnip    formerly    used. 
Mr.  Hutton,    in    reply    to    Mr.    Harkness's  queries,    says  — 
"  I    have    now    62    bullocks    tied     up,    feeding    entirely   on 
prepared    food    (as  above),   many    ot    them    from    6*)  to  70 
stone  weight.     I   have   never   had   one    ill   since   I   tried  it, 
and    with    my  food    not    more   than  from    70    to    80  lbs.  of 
Turnip  should    be   given   to    any  beast;    and    what    I  have 
seen  of  this  system  convinces  ma  that  certainly  double  the 
quantity  of  stock  can  be  maintained  with  the   same  quan- 
tity of  Turuip."     Siifolk  and  Hampshire. — Mr.  Harkness  quoted 
the  authority  of  ilr.  Riynbird,  who  wrote  an  excellent  report 
on  the  aeritulture  of  Suffolk,  in  the  "  Royal  English  Society's 
Journal."    In  these  counties  cooked  food  is  also  used,  either 
ai  above  described,  or  in  the  form   of  jelly  pudding,  made  with 
gi-ain,  Bean,  and  Linseed-meal,  boiled  up,  allowed  to  stand 
and  cool,  when  it  can  be  cut  up  and  given  to  cattle,  weight  for 
weight,  equal  to  oilcake,  and  not  half  the  expense,  though  as 
good  for  tattening — only  70  or  SO  tons  of  Turnips  given.     The 
Cormuall  Bome-rnade  Liiiseed-cake. — It  is  boiled  as  above,  and 
then  poured  into  tin  moulds  of  7  lbs.    This  was  proved  to  be 
cheaper  and  as  good  as  oilcake,  and  only  60  Ibd.  of  Turnips 
given.     Gloucestershire. — Mr.  Morton,  Lord  Ducie's  manager  of 
Bis  example  farm,  has  followed  the  same  method,  as  that  prac- 
tised in  Torlisbire,  to  his  entire  satisfaction.    Nor/oik — This 
county,  too,  has  followed  the  examples  shown  in  those  other 
c  jUQties,  using  cooked  food  both  summer  and  winter,  with  a 
great  saving  of  green  food  and  straw.    Durhavi. — The  report 
Jroratbis  cuunty  is  to  the  same  effect.    John  Gibson,  Esq., 
Factor  to  Lord  Londonderry,  having  a  very  large  number  of 
farm  stock,  fed  upon  his  lordship's  home  farm,  on  conked  food, 
similar  to    that   of    Mr.    Thompson,    Moat    Hall,    Yorkshire. 
Berkshire. — Sir  John  Conroy,  Bart.,  of  Arbourfleld,  also  feeds 
with  mixed  food,  chiefly  in  cold  water,  extensively.    Mr.  H. 
t'len  went  on  to  give  similar  examples  from  the  counties  of 
Northumberland,  Devon,  Meatb,  Dumfries,  Wigtonshire,  and 
Ayr,  all  confirmatory  of  the  practice  of  Yorkshire  and  Suffolk  ; 
also  from  Tipperary  and  Galway,  and  the  Glasnevin    Model 
Agricultural    School.      A  large    body  of   evidence    was    ad- 
duced under  this  head,   the  full    details    of   which    we    r'- 
gret  our  space  does   not  admit  of  our   publishing ;    but    it 
araountp,     in    effect,    to    what    Mr.    H.  .explained    of    the 
Tcrkshire  feeding — a  great    saving    of   Turnip,    and    more 
Epeedy  and  economical  feeding  to  fat.    Let  us  glance  now  at 
Class  II.,  or  the  system  of  feeding  with  food  altogether  raw. 
— The  foUowinz  notes  (pa'd  ifr.  H.)  are  taken  from  the  reports 
of  most  experienced  agriculturists,  feeders  who  have  seni^  great 
uomberss  of  cattle,  in  the  best  condition,  to  the  fat  market,  by 
means  of  uncuoked  food.     We  will  arrange  them,  as  nearly  as 
possible,  accordin;.'  to  the  weight  of  Turnips  and  straw  used  by 
the  feeders  :— Mr.  J.  Robb,  Kiltaman,  Tulla,  Clare.    He  allows 
to  fattening  cattle — of  Turnip,  18  stone  weight  (that  is,  252  lbs, 
a  day)  ;  four  pounds  of  Bean  meal,  steeped;  and  uncut  hay 
without   any   limitation.     Turnips   given   thrice    a   day.     Mr. 
ilurray,  f ^rm  steward  to  the  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  allows  as  many 
cat  Turnips  as  the  cattle  can  eat  (probably  nearly  the  same 
amount  as  Mr.  Robb),  with  as  much  chaffed  hay  or  straw,  also, 
as  they  can  eat ;  and,  after  being  fed  for  two  months,  six  or 
eight  pound?  of  oilcako  per  day,    Mr.  James  Rutherford,  farm 
steward  to  the  Earl  of  Durham,  gives  as  many  Turnifjs,  and  as 
much  bay  as  cattle  can  eat,  with  about  nine  pounls  of  Bean 
meal  and  oUcaUe  per  day.     The  Earl  of  Derby,  Knowsley  Hall, 
Lancashire.     Mr.  Crisp,  his  lordship's  farm    steward,  makes 
m  limilar  itatement  as  to   feeding.     Mr.    Thomas    Gillihon, 
cattle    8a)c-<man    and    farmer,    Liverpool,    gives    a    aimlar 
report  as   to  the  general   method    of  feuding   in  Lancashire. 
Mr.  Stereason,  Turnatones,  Ueiham,  Northumberland,  gives 
180  lb*,   of   Turnip,    in    three    feeds,    and    4  lbs.    of    cake. 
or  4  Ibi.  of  comirf)ond  food  made  of  Linseed  and  different  kinds 
of  meal,  iirawoncut,  and  in  unlimited  quantity.    Mr.  Elliot, 
<t  Ilard^rave,  fJomfrie-fihire,  feeds  In  a  similar  way  to  the 
lost ;  bu!  a  mixture  of  oll-ciike  and  bruised  grains,  amounting 
ioHlhu.  i.erdoy-    Mr.  Luwrii,  Rigfoot,  Dumfries,  give-  limited 
Turnip,  150  H>n.-  uncut  straw,  unlimited  in  quantity  ;  hay  and 
oil-cake,  4  ^;  7  lb§.     Mr.    Andersin,    Wefitbiiveo,    Forfurahirp, 
Lord   Talbot  de  Malahide.  tbo   lion.   Captain   Grey,   llowich 
Orange,  Northumberland,  Mr.  Gibnon,  Straffjin,  Celbrldge,  and 
rariouft  others,  had  reported  similar  metnods  of  feeding  with 
mixed  raw  food  and  Turnip,  about  112  to  130  lbs.  per  daj. 
'I  bCM  nerc  the  Instance?  adduced  by  Mr.  U.  of  the  system  of 
feediog  callle  with  raw  food.     What  was  to  be  deducud  Irom 
kacb  ttatiiitical  data  ?     What  practical  lesson  on  husbandry 
wo*  taught  by  them?     Did  ihey  solve  the  question  us  to  the 
*ligtblllty  of  (iftrt  cooUtd   food  or  altogether  mw  ?     From  u 
carefu!  analysU  of  tlie  variouH  reports  in  CIahh  I.  and  1[.,  Mr. 
If.  raid  the  m-al  and   Linnccd  In  Claas   I.  (7  lb>.),  mtKht  he 
fa'rly  net  off  a/aiast  the  oll-cakcand  meal  in  Cla«H  II.,  (imotint. 
in^  to  8  Ibi.     But  an  to  chaff  and  hay,  there  wan  a  balnnco  nf 
h  lb«,,  or  rjc«r  20  p^r  cent,,  Jn  favour  of  the  partly. cooked  food 
»yit«m  ;  and  ttiially,  an  regards  tho  consumption  of  Turnip, 
there  w«»  a  bnlanco  In  favour  of  tbo  cooked  food  ayitcm  of  70 
to  &0  p*r  cent.    Tho  result  thus  arrived  at  corrcupotidn,  hh  near 
u*  may  br^',  with  the  f-xpvrioacc  and  lo»tlmony  of  Mr,  Thomp- 
ion,    Mr,    Hutton,    -Mr.   Marshall,    of    Yorkshire,    ttc.      Iht-lr 
cattif,  from  fi'i  to  70  ntone  weight,  were  of  flrnt-nitc  qunlliy, 
Mnd  brought  tho  hlgtiett  price.     Thcui]  gentlemen,   and  many 
iitber*,  liad  long  purnutd  tlie  nw  lood  rdan — gave  It  u|i  upon  a 
fair  IriNi— adopted  the  new  Ryiitein,  and  continue,  a(ti;r  suv-  ral 
jean,  to  pursue  It  with  sucrcan  and  profit,  first  an  biding  cconrr. 
inlcal  io  tbo  itraw  ;  tecoodly,  because  It  lavett  almost  ouc.hair 


of  the  Turn'p  crop  ;  thirdly,  because  by  sjch  system  the 
bulloeks  prove  paying  customers  for  aU  small  grain.  Beans, 
Linseed,  and  Rapeseed  grown  on  the  farm  ;  lastly,  because  the 
bullocks,  by  such  eytitem,  fatten  at  k-ast  a  month  sooner,  thus 
savins  between  keep.  Turnips,  and  hay,  from  3i.  to  4i.  a  head. 
And  (said  Mr.  H.)  if  such  feeding  and  treatment  of  cattle  will 
pay  in  England  and  Scotland,  where  rents  are  higher  and 
the  ground  inferior  io  quality  to  that  of  Ireland,  how  superior 
would  be  the  result  in  this  country  where  the  very  bogs  would 
i;row  luxuriant  crops  of  Ra^e.  Mangold  Wurzel,  and  Rye  ;  and 
the  hard  lands.  Linseed,  Turnips,  and  Oats,  wherewith 
chiefly  to  feed  tho  fino  cattle  and  sheep  of  this  country  ? 
Should  such  circumstances,  thus  imperfectly  hinted  at,  not 
induce  Irish  agriculturists  gravely  to  consider  and  adopt  im- 
proved systems  of  feeding,  shelter,  and  management  of  their 
farm  stock,  for  the  accomplishment  of  which  the  soils  and 
climate  are  so  favourable  %  These  facts,  or  modes  of  feeding, 
form  purely  and  practically  matter  of  every-day  husbandry,  or 
that  which  should  be  so.  Every  farmer,  of  the  most  simple 
education,  can  comprehend  them  and  put  them  into  practice, 
so  as  to  test  their  truth.  Let  this  be  done,  and  the  result  will 
prove  satisfactory.  Abridged  from  the  Irish  Farmers^  Qazette. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

FEBRUARY. 
West  SostPiRSExsniRE,  Feb.X.  —  The  weather  has  been 
unusually  mild  and  we:  for  the  time  of  year,  and  tliere  promises 
to  be  as  little  winter  as  we  had  last  year ;  for,  with  tlie  excep- 
tion of  a  fortnight's  frotft  in  November,  we  have  really  had  no 
winter;  but  there  will  probably  be  some  sharper  weather  later 
in  spring,  as  has  been  the  case  of  late  years,  in  which,  as  in  last 
year,  frosts  occurred  in  May,  damaging  the  fruit  trees,  which 
up  till  then  had  been  promising.  The  abundance  of  rain  has 
made  the  Wheats,  winter  Vetches,  and  Rje,  very  forward,  and 
has  even  occasioned  Grass  to  spring,  as  if  it  was  April.  The 
land  has  been  thus  rendered  late  for  working  for  the  spring 
crops,  particularly  where  the  sheep  have  been  folding  off 
Turnips,  preparatory  to  sowing  with  Barley  and  spring  Wheat, 
so  that  it  has  not  been  ploughed  up  so  soon  as  could  be  wished, 
and  as  it  ought  to  be  directly  sheep  are  off,  to  enable  the  soil  to 
have  the  immfidiate  benefit  of  the  fold.  Lambing  is  beginning 
slowly;  farther  down  the  country  near  Taunton,  however, 
where  many  of  the  horned  Dorsets  are  kept,  they  have  begun 
about  a  month  ago.  The  continual  wet  has  been  against  the 
fatting  wethers  on  Turnips,  which  have  looked  thin,  though 
otherwise  healthy  ;  with  a  chani,'e  of  weather  they  will  soon 
mend;  no  doubt  if  buildings  admitted  of  it,  sheep  would  be 
better  under  cover,  at  least  in  wet  weather.  I  was  lately  in 
Hampshire,  where  I  visited  a  kind  of  model  farm  (near  South- 
ampton)  managed  by  a  Scotch  bailiff.  I  saw  there  about  150 
sheep  under  shed,  with  a  passage  parting  them  down  the 
middle,  and  nothing  could  be  better  than  their  condition.  The 
plan  pursued  was  to  keep  them  on  straw  to  accumulate  under 
them  into  manure,  cleaned  out  about  once  a  month,  or  less,  aa 
necessary.  This  system  I  do  not  however  like  so  well  as  the 
tank  plan  of  Huxtable's,  which  is  cleaner  and  healthier  for 
them  one  would  think.  There  was  a  tixed  s*eam-engine  there, 
which  did  everything,  as  they  say,  and  rather  more  than  most 
of  the  kind.  The  land,  gravelly  and  challiy,  was  worked  in 
the^four  course  ;  there  were  besides  some  poorer  sheep,  folded, 
for  the  sake  of  consolidating  the  soil,  and  a  few  breeding 
ewes.  On  the  subject  "f  ma  hinery  I  may  mention  that  while 
reading  an  old  "  Annual  Register  "  {for  the  year  18n4j,  which 
is  a  useful  work  for  reference  on  agricuk-ure  as  well  as  other 
subjects,  I  came  upon  a  paragraph  describing  the  invention  of 
a  reapinif-machine,  which,  as  that  article  has  just  cume  into 
use,  and  exhibited  this  year,  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to 
enclose.  Extract  from  the  Chronicle,  or  newspaper  portion  of 
the  "Annual  Register"  for  September,  1804 :—"  A  curious 
reaping-machine  has  been  invented  by  two  Americans,  of  the 
names  of  Dawson  and  Cui.  It  is  adapted  to  be  either  moved 
by  men  or  drawn  by  horses  ;  it  cuts  off  and  collects  the  heads 
of  Wheat,  Barley,  and  all  other  yrain-beaving  plants  as  they 
grow  in  the  field,  without  any  loss  of  the  grain,  and  with  a 
wonderful  abbreviation  of  lab  ur."  I  should  be  curious  to 
know  whether,  as  this  one  now  in  use  is  an  American  inven- 
tion, it  was  suggested  by  the  above-named  one  of  so  many 
years  back.  I  conclude  it  was,  and  that  it  had  not  then  reached 
perfection  sufficiently  to  be  brought  into  use.  H.  E. 


or  ovtr  the  tiist  year's  Grass.  It  would  receive  a  Rreater 
mixture  with  the  soil  in  this  way,  and  it  would  be  present 
in  the  land,  along  with  a  more  than  ordinary  quantity  of 
voeetab'e  matter,  in  connection  with  which  it  is  always  most 
efficient  as  a  fertiliser.  You  must  not  apply  lime  along  witb 
any  ammoniacal  manure. 

Load  fob  a  Pont  :  Anon.  A  good  cob  pony,  13  hands  3  inches, 
will  draw  15  cwt.  iu  a  spring  cart  26  miles  on  a  moderately 
good  road. 

Pabkes'  Patent  Steel  Fork  :  Cottager.  I  do  not  know  if 
they  have  an  agent  in  London,  but  a  note  addressed  "  Harry 
Wintonanl  Sons,  Birmingham,"  would  bring  the  desired 
information.  J.  J.  Mcchi.  [See  "  Home  Correspondence."] 

Potatoes  :  Anon.  We  have  nothing  to  add  to  what  has  been 
already  said.  If  the  land  is  already  in  good  tilth  and  in  good 
heart,  they  can  be  put  in  with  the  plough  now  4  or  5  inches 
deep,  every  third  furrow,  i. «.,  24  to  26  inches  apart,  and  a 
foot  apart  in  the  rows.  ChooPe  aa  early  a  sort  as  vou  can 
get,  and  plant  in  as  early  a  situation  as  you  can  obtain. 

Phices,  (fcc:  W S.  Swedes  will  pay  to  grow  at  133.  a  ton. 
Pipei's  thickset  ia  the  shortest  etrawed  Wheat  we  know  ■ 
But  Talavera  or  April  Wheat  is  the  best  Wheat  to  choose 
at  this  season  of  the  year. 

Rape  Cake  :  X".  It  may  ultimately  be  uaed  just  as  oilcake,  only 
it  is  by  slow  steps  that  you  can  'get  the  cattle  to  take  it. 
Grind  it  up  with  oilcake,  and  get  it  gradually  mixed  in  larger 
proportion,  un  il  it  is  the  whole  of  the  daily  ration  of  4  lbs. 

SpaiNG  Food  :  JY.  The  earliest  spring  food  is  Rye. 

Sdbsoiling:  A'.  You  had  better  preserve  the  present  relative 
position  of  soil  and  subsoil  iu  your  first  subsoiling  with  the 
spade. 

Swede  Tubnips  for  Cows:  An  Original  Sttbseribcr  says  :— la 
the  late  numbers  of  your  valuable  Journal  I  observe  several 
commuoicatioas  regarding  the  use  of  Swede  Turnips  for 
milking  cows.  I  have  for  three  winters  given  Swedes  to  our 
cows  without  imparting  the  least  unpleasant  taste  either  to 
the  cream  or  butter.  In  preparing  the  Turnips  for  use,  a 
hoy  cuts  off  the  crown,  which  is  put  aside  for  the  yearlings, 
and  the  r<i:niainder  is  given  (uncooked)  to  the  cows  ;  I  con- 
clude therefore  that  it  is  the  crown  only  which  imparts  the 
disagreeable  taste  to  the  milk,  <tc. 

Wheat,  Flode,  Bean,  and  Bread  :  X.  A  bushel  of  good  Wheat 
will  yield  48  to  50  lbs.  of  flour  and  10  to  12  lbs.  of  bran  ;  and 
about  6G  to  tiS  lbs.  of  good  bread  may  be  made  from  the  flour. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Ageicultdkal  Seeds:  AL.  The  article  appeared,  as  you 
would  see. 

Bad  Ceeam  :  A  Constant  Reader,  Aherdce7i,  w'lahes  to 'kno^whsit 
makes  hirt  cream  go  slimy  and  tough.  My  wife  managed  a 
dairy  for  many  years,  and  she  informs  me  tliat  it  is  nothing 
but  the  wind  that  occasions  it  to  be  so.    TF".  C.  Eobbi>igt:yn, 

Bablet  :  JC.  In  boggy  exposed  ground  try  common  Bere — the 
Hordeum  hexastichuna. 

Beans  as  a  Fiest  Ceop  :  A  SinaU  Farmer  says  :— In  your  Paper 
of  January  31,  under  thtj  bea'J  "  Common  Land,"  you  recom- 
mend Oats  as  a  crop  on  newly  broken-up  common  or  pasture 
land.  I  have  seen  a  Bean  crop  succeed  very  well  where  Oats 
have  failed.  The  subsoil  was  a  rather  stiff  clay  ;  and  the 
crop  amounted  to  near  five  quarters  per  acre. 

Chicoet  :  -Y.  See  last  week's  Notices. 

Devonshire  Daihy  Management:  Annie  says,  "I  shall  be 
much  obliged  if  Sarah  H.,  Westmoreland,  will  inform  me 
how  much  butter  she  makes  at  one  time  in  her  small 
wooden  tub,  and  what  is  the  circumference  and  depth  of  the 
tub.  She  states  that  17  Iba,  are  mado  weekly,  but  does  not 
say  how  much  sbe  makes  at  one  time.  I  have  followed  her 
directions,  and  highly  approve  of  the  plan,  but  I  cannot  turn 
the  cream  into  butter  under  half  or  three  quarters  of  an 
hour.  I  use  an  oblong  tub,  which  is  washed  wi^h  hot  water 
before  it  is  used,  and  make  12  lbs.  of  butter  twice  a  weelt. 
The  butter  U  excellent,  both  in  taste  and  colnur,  although 
the  cowB  are  feo  on  Swedes  three  times  a  day." 

Deainage:  Rusticus.  You  must  ascertain  the  difference  of 
level  at  jour  outfall  and  at  the  head  of  your  drain  by  a  pro- 
cess of  Itvelling,  for  which  you  will  need  a  levelling  instru- 
ment  and  rod. 

Dbaininq  :  X.  We  do  not  believe  it  would  be  of  any  benefit  to 
stop  the  drainage  of  a  lield  just  before  dry  weather. 

Food  FOB  Cattle  AND  SnEEP;  X.  Straw  cut  into  chaff,  with 
linseed  Boup  poured  over  it,  requires  to  be  pupplemcnted  with 
gretn  food,  in  oi  dor  to  be  good  food  for  milking  cows. 

Food  foe  Cattle:  Comtant  Reader.  Beans  niuy  be  glv*  n 
soaked  and  crushed,  as  well  as  if  they  Mere  groimd  imo 
meal.  Dr.  Newington'rt  hand  dibble  ia  an  excellent  imph- 
ment— the  bc«i  of  iix  clrlS^. 

Ibon  Boileb  :  T E.  If.  Is  a  simple  case  of  iron-mould.  Your 
water  niutt  be  a  HOlvent  in  poiiiu  dcgi-ei.'  of  tho  iron  ;  and  tho 
suit  of  iron  on  and  in  the  clothes  rcbulta  in  thtdr  saturatiou 
(-r  staining  wiili  tin?  peroxide. 

Gipsum:  EC.  Wc  should  have  little  doubt  of  It*  being  useful 
an  an  applicatbtn  to  Luienic,  but  (tlmul'i  have  even  gream 
contideiico  in  itn  usefulness  on  a  sandy  than  on  a  caloareoui 
soil. 
LiM.':  :  Tyro.  Many  fiiBOfl  of  rfpntod  Injury  by  ovcr-liiiiing  hnvo 
turned  out  on  unaliHls  to  i  xhlhii  a.  dijicitnc!/  of  lime  in  tho 
Boil  :  und  tho  fen  ilo  chalk  soils  of  ICnglaiid  Huom  ttt  kIiow  tlmt 
over-liming,  strictly  spun  Idiig,  isantrnpot-slbllity.  Uuttliougli, 
directly,  ovfrllmliig  may  not  have  bouii  injurloun,  it  Is  juiB-i- 
blc  that  Indirectly,  and  by  lr«  Inllucncu  on  thu  toxturo  of  iho 
noiljlnftrtillty  inny  hfivc  arisen.  Wo  hIiouUI  bo  dlapORed,  It 
Iinilfig  wcro  rc'olvtd  on  111  your  oao,  to  oi)ply  it  in  t'urth> 
Compoat,  un  u  topdrcstlng  In  the  autumn  of  cither  tho  third 
or  fourth  yt  ar  ol  tho  rotation,  that  la,  over  the  young  socd^j 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Feb.  U 

The  market  continues  to  be  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and 
fruit ;  but  trade  is  still  dull.  English  Pine-apples  are  plentiful, 
considering  the  season.  Hothouse  Grapes  are  over,  and 
foreign  Fears  have  nearly  disappeared.  The  best  English 
kinds  fetch  good  prices.  They  still  consist  of  Beurre  Rance^ 
Ne  Plus  Meuris,  and  Easter  Beurre.  Oranges  are  plentiful 
and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Carrots, 
Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Po- 
tatoes are  generally  good  iu  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
aaladiog  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacrises,  Migno- 
nette, Camellias,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hya- 
cinths, Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  43  to  8s 
Grapes,  Lisbon,  per  lb.,  Sdtols 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2s 

to  3s  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  28  to  68 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5b 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  Sa 
Lemons,  per  do2..  Is  to  2h 

VEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  33  6d  to  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  38 
Nute,  Barcelona,  p.  bushel,  20& 

to  22b 

—  Brazil, p.bsh. ,12s  to  Us 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  80s 


Savoys,  per  doz.,  lOd  to  Is  3d 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  4s  to  7s 
Seakale,  per  basket,  Is  to  2s 
Greene,  per  doz.,  2s  to  3 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  9d  to  Is 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  80s 

—  per  cwt,, 2s  to  58 

—  per  bush,, Is  6d  to  2b  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz,,  2s  toia 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  3s 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  Sd 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve. 

Is  Gdto  2s  6d 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  tols  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,lsGd  toSs 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  28 
beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  2g 


Parsnips,  per  dor.,  6d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  SdtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  1  s 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn,,2d  to  3d 
SorseRadishfp.  bundle.  Is  to  1  s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot..  Is  to  Is  3d 

—    per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  od 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  3a 
Mint,  per  bunch,  9d  to  Is 
Basil,  p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
WatercreBs,p.l2bunchs.  6dtols 


COAL  MARKET.— Fbidat.  Feb.  13, 
HollFwell,  ISs.  6d.  ;  Eden  Main,  15fl.  3d.  ;  Hastings  Hartley, 
ISs.  •  Tanfield  Moor, '28. ;  Wallsend  Riddell,  lis.  3d.;  Walls- 
end 'Haswell,   163.   tid. ;   vVallaend  Lambton,  I63. ;   Wallsend 
Stewarts,  IGs.  3J.;  Wallsend  Tees,  IGs.— Ships  at  market,  2G5, 
POTATOES.— Soutbwabk,  Monday,  Feb.  9. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  ihe  arrivals 
coastwise  have   been  very  limited,  but  the  supply  by  rail  has 
been  very  considerable.     In  consequence  of  the  mildness  of 
the  weather,  and  the  small  consumption,  we  cannot  quote  imy 
improvement  in  prices.     The  following  are  this    daj'sratee  :— 
York  Regfcnts,70s.to80s.;  Scotch  do., 653.  to  708.;  Cups,  559.  to 
ti5s. ;   Kent  and  Essex    Regents,  608.  to  80s.;  Cambridge  and. 

Wisbeach,  <fcc.,  60a.  to  7Qs. 

HAY.— Per  Load  of  S6  TruasoB, 
Smitbfield,  Feb.  12. 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  72fl  to  763  1  Clover     ... 

Inferiorditto 65        70      2d  cut       .. 

Rowen    G\i        65    [Straw     ... 

Mew  Hay 


CtJMDEBLAND  MABKRT,  Fflb.  12. 


Prime  Meadow  Ilay  75sto808 


InferioTditto.. 

New  Hay 

Hd  Clover    ... 

Fine  Old  Hay 
Mew  Hay 
inferiorditto... 
Straw      


60 


70 


Inferior  . 
Now  Clover 
Straw 


80s  to  859 
70        75 
24         27 
, Coopeb, 

G5ito72B 


,     78        8G 
WniTEOHAPEL,  Fob.  12, 


JOQUDA  BaEEB. 


728  to  768 
CO  74 
60  CO 
22        25 


Old  Clover    ... 
Inferiorditto 
New  Clover   ... 
Inferiorditto... 


75 
CO 


84 
7J 


HOPS.— Fkidat,  Feb.  18. 

Mossra.  Pattonden  and  Smith  report  that  the  demand  foir 
Hope  coilliiiues  the  same  as  for  some  time  past. 
— ~'^(50L.^^ 

BBADroBD,  TnonsDAT,  Feb.  12.-To-dny  littlo  has  been  don& 
in  this  branch  of  our  ti  udo  ;  the  doimant  state  of  tho  yarn  trade 
(J  iiiROs  sptnncra  to  act  with  cuution.  In  low  sorts,  pncts  have 
11  downward  tendency.  Noils  and  Urokes  are  in  demand,  and 
owing  to  tho  Hiiiall  quantity,  prices  aro  firm.— Although  thu 
trannnction*  In  our  wool  market  during  the  prccedirg  w^^ek 
have  only  been  of  a  Uniltod  character,  the  tone  of  firmness  in 
■  lie  prices  of  tbo  better  claHScs  of  Knglidh  wool  continues  uu- 
dl'ninlNbtid.  StaplorH  finding  their  stocks  of  them  reducing, 
ar '  unwilling  flollors,  unh'ss  at  an  improved  price,  and  in  ihs 
r.  eoiutlnn  Iheyuro  cunlirniod  by  tlio  impossibility  of  riplairiiig 
at  similar  rates  from  tho  country.  Stocks  in  tho  bands  of 
Hjlnucra  uioby  no  nu'iniH  heavy,  and  although  in  the  present 
piBlUon  of  the  trade  they  are  reluctant  to  buy  wo  I  at  cumnt 


110 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[FfiB.H, 


rated,  tbey  are  yet  UQdiT  the  necea-ity  of  buyia  ,'  with  a  eortaia 
degree  of  retiuiarity  for  immediate  consumption— a  circum- 
stance whicli  tends  loucli  to  preserve  armnesa  of  prices. 

SlIITHFIELD,  MONDAT,  Feb.  9. 
We  have  a  large  supply  of  Beasts,  and  although  the  weather 
is  favourable  trade  U  exeeedingly  slow.  Prices  on  the  average 
are  about  the  same  as  on  Monday  last.  Several  rem  \in  unsold. 
The  number  of  Sheep  is  larger,  and  the  avera,'0  quality  much 
better  than  of  late.  The  trade  is  scarcely  so  brisk,  but  prices 
remain  unaltered.  We  have  a  large  number  of  foreign  Cilves 
on  offer,  which  meet  with  a  dull  s.ile,  but  choice  qualities  are 
not  much  lower.  From  IToiland  an  1  Germany  there  are  495 
Beasts,  1280  Sheep,  and  239  Calves  ;  irom  Scotland,  500  Beasts  ; 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2200  ;  and  500  from  the  northern 
and  midland  counties. 


Tcr  St.  of  8  lbs. —a 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &o.  ...  3 
BastShort-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best   Downs   and 

Ilalf-breda      „.  4 
Ditto  Shorn 


d     s  d 

6  to  3  8 

4  —  3  6 

C  — 3  0 


0  —  4    4 


Per  St.  of  S  Iba.— s 
Best  Long-woola  .  3 
Ditto  Shorn 
Ewes  J:  2d  quality  3 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lamba      0 

Calvea      3 

Pigs 


d     8 
8  to  4 


0-0 
4—4 
0—4 


Beasts,  4173;  Sheep  and  Lamb8,22, 130;  Calvea,  331;  Pigs,  320. 
Feidat,  Feb.  13. 
The  number  of  Beasts  fresh  up  from  our  own  grazing  dis- 
tricts is  very  smali,  the  supply  chiefly  consisting  of  foreign  and 
thor^e  left  over  from  Monday  last.  Trade  is  dull,  and  sales  are 
with  d'ffieulty  effected  at  our  quotations.  There  are  a  few 
more  Sheep  ;  the  demand  is,  however,  brisk,  and  Monday's 
prices  are  freely  given.  GoO(i  Calvea  are  scarce,  and  conse- 
.quently  make  nearly  as  mn^h  as  of  late,  but  trade  is  heavy  for 
zniddlirig  ones  at  lower  rates.  Our  foreign  supply  consisia  of 
127  l::east3.  950  Sheep,  and  144  Calves.  The  number  of  Milch 
COivs  is  130. 


MARK  LANE. 
MoND.vT,  Feb.  9.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  by  land 
■carri;ige  Bamples  to  thia  raorninfi's  market  was  small,  and 
^lisposed  of  at  previous  rates.  The  demand  ftr  foreign  con- 
tinues limited,  but  its  late  value  is  tully  supported.  The  same 
applies  to  Flour. — In  the  value  of  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  we 
obt^erve  no  alteration  from  this  day  week. — The  supply  of  Oats 
.ja  small,  and  the  trade  is  unaltered. 
Peb  Impeeial  Quartee, 


Wheat,  Bases,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —     Talavera 

--    Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York.. .White 

—  Foreign 

Barley, griud.Jr  distil,,  27b  to33s...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal, foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Haiagan 24a  to-27a Tick 

—  Pigeon 27    —  32...  Winda 

—  Foreign ..Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler>( 

—  Maple 27a  to  308 Grey 

Maize : White 

Flour,  beat  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign  per  barrel 


44—46 
46—48 
*C— 52 
39-44 
37—68 
82—87 
23-29 
19-21 
2  —24 
20—23 
19-22 


:!5— 30 
30—36 
22—30 
12—34 
■2G-28 

38-43 
29-34 


Red 
Red 


Xfalting 
Malting 


Feed 

Peed 

Feed 

Foreign 


Harrow  . 
I.ongpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk.., 
Foreign  . 
Yellow... 

.■Norfolk  . 
18— 24'Per  sack 


40  -42 
12-44 


20—22 
19-22 
18-21 


25—30 

21-30 

23-25 

33- 

27—34 


Aeeivals  in  the  Poet  of  London  last  Week. 


■FIour,11130-ka 

—     5315  brls 

English   .... 

Irish 

Foreign   .... 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
2630 


7025 


Barley.  1  Malt.    Oats. 


Qra.  Qrs.  Qrs. 

2124  6749  1846 

66S  44  24tl 

800  I     —  1  2171 


Beana 


Qrs. 

253 


3305 


Qrs. 

367 


FflioAV,  Feb,  13, — The  arrivals  of  foreign  grain  this  week 
are  small,  but  we  are  fairly  suppii'  d  withEuglish  corn.  Wheat 
has  undergone  no  alteration,  and  business  is  quiet  at  Monday's 
prices.  The  same  will  apply  to  Flour.- The  Barley  trade  is 
5low,  and  prices  the  turn  lower.- The  late  quJtations  of  Peas 
and  Beans  ara  fully  maintained. — Oats  are  dull,  and  rather 
-cheaper. 


IMI>EEIAL 
AVEBAGES. 

Jitm.    8 

—  10  

—  17 

—  21 

—  31 

Fab.    7 

Aggreif.  Aver. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

RIE. 

Beans. 

S7s  2d 
37    4 

88  3 
39     3 

89  10 
41    2 

2es  7d 

26  5 

27  1 

27  10 

28  6 

29  8 

27    7 

17.1  dd 

17  0 

18  11 
18    2 
18    2 
18  11 

26snti 
20    1 
37    5 
27  10 
27     6 
29    7 

28s  Id 
23     9 

27  11 

28  3 
23  11 

29  0 

23     7 

fS  10 

18    2 

28    3 

Peas. 


Us  id 
8     1 
8     0 


l>utiea  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  quarter. 
Areivalb  this  Week. 


English  .. 

Irian     

Foreign  ,. 


■  Qrs. 

3630 


Qrs. 
5910 


Qrs. 
10420 


2750  sack£ 
1900  brrls. 


Fluctuations  in  the  last  alx  weeks'  Averages. 


Prices.    Jan.  3,   Jan.  19.  Jan.  17.  Jan.  24,  Jan.  31. 'Feb.    7. 


41  s  5ci 
SS  10 
39  3 
S8  3 
S7  4 
87    2  - 


LJ 


:-iJ 


LivEKPuoL,  Tdesdat,  Feb.  10.  — At  our  Corn  Exchange 
tlu=t  morniDg  we  experienced  a  slow  limited  sale  for  English 
auvl  foreign  Wheat  of  all  descriptioof,  and  in  the  absence  of 
sre-iulative  buyers,  a  decline  of  Id.  per  70  lbs.  from  the  prices 
ot  Tuesday  last  wa3  Buhmitted  to.  Flour  was  very  littlt;  called 
■for,  but  continued  to  support  the  reduced  rates  last  noted. 
Barley  and  Malt  were  in  fair  request,  and  each  l3.  per  qr. 
dcirer.  Bearis  and  Peas  mo\'e  slowly,  on  the  terms  of  last 
■"^cek.  Oats  meeting  little  ioquiry,  declined  ^d.  per  45  lbs.,  and 
Oa'meal  hardly  maintained  late  prices.  Indian  Corn,  being 
more  difficult  of  disposal,  parcels  on  the  spot  receded  6d.  per 

Qi'.,  and  in  floating  cargoes  no  sales  transpired,' Friday, 

i^eb.  6.  — Upon  a  slender  attendance  of  country'  buvera  at  our 
Corn  Exchange  to-day,  Wheat  of  all  descriptions  met  an 
e^icessively  dull  sale  for  consuming  purposes,  which  appeared 
to  produce  a  depressirg  efpL'ct  wpon  the  trade  ;  several  turther 
j)fiice'8  ot  forei'.in  had  been  taken,  hat  holders  generally  were 
lio:  disposed  to  accept  lower  terms.  Maltiui  and  grinding 
Barley,  upon  a  fair  demand,  fully  supported  Tuebdaj'n  rates, 
an  i  Malt  continaed  to  improve  in  value.  Beans  and  Peas  re- 
n.iAined  unvaried.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  barely  Ku<itained  Tues- 
day's prices.  Indian  Corn  was  taken  more  freely  tbia  morning, 
and  Tuesday's  rates  were  maintained. 


HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE   GLASS,  FOR  RIDGE  AND  FURROW  ROOFS     GREEN- 
HOUSES,   RAILWAY    STATION'S,    ENGINE   SHEDS,    MILLS,    MAUKET-HALLS,    and   PUBLIC   BUILDINGS 
QKNE  R  A.LLY. 


For  GoDservatoriQSj.PabUc  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c.  &c. 

^<h  inch 
thick. 

8-16th 
inch 
thick. 

iinch 
thick. 

Packed  in  CaATEs,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  :— 

3ii  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long        ) 

Or  20             „                „             50  to  70     „              ...         ) 

s.  d. 
0    G 

s.  d. 

0    8 

s.  d. 
0  10 

In  Sqdaees,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Under    8  by    6     

8  by   G  and  under  10  by   8     , „        ...                  

10  by    8         „           14  by  10     '       ',        "]       " 

U  by  10         „           li  feet  super.,  if  the  length  doesilot  exceed  20  inches"        *.'.'.        

li  feet  sup.  ,,           3          ,,           or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  lone- 

8          „        ,,           4           „                   „            20             „              80        ,,           "^ 

4          „        „            6           ,,                   „            30             ,,              35                       

6           ,,         „             6            „                    ,,             35              ,,               40                         

G           „         „             8            ,,                     ,,             40              ,,               45         ,                

8           ,,         „           10            ,,                     „             45               ,,               55         ,,               

10           „         „           12            „                     ,,       ■      55              „               70                         

12          „        „          15           ,,                   „            70             „             85        "             

0    4 
0    H 
0    5 
0    64 
0    6 
0    6.1 
0    7 
0    7* 
0    8 
0    Si 
0    9 

0    e 
0    7 
0    7 
0    7 
0     8 
0     8 

0    84 

0     9 
0     9i 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 

0    7 
0    8 
0    9 
0    9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 

0  lOi 
Oil 

1  0 
1    1 
1    2 

boxes  of  50  feet  each. 


Paclced 
Ins.    Ins.       Ins.    Ii 

6  by  4  and  CJ  by  4i  10     6 

7  by  5     „    7i  by  5;^  12    0 

8  by  G     „     8i  by  6i  13     0 

9  by  7     „    9i  by  l\  and  10  by  8  15    0 

Note. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  the  superficial  con- 
tents, except  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Bending. — l-8i7tj  Qd. ;  3-16i/iS,  Bd.;  -inclij  Is.  per 
foot,  net. 

*;j(*  Irrcgit-^ar  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 

When  Crates  are  ordered^  the  BO-inch  widtlis 
sent,  unless  otlie^'wise  specified. 


le 


THE    PATENT   ROUGH   PLATE,    one-eichth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  extensive  and  increasing  consumption. 
It  is  universally  admitted  to  he  the  hest  and  most  suit- 
able Glass  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Greenhouses, 
Factorie 


And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  eflBcient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  Ja  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strength,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds  ; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occurs, 

Where  still  greater  strength  is  required  the  S-lGths  and  \  inch 
thick  will  ba  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.   Samples  will  be  lorwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 
JAMRS  PHILLIPS  &  CO  ,  UORTICULTTTRAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BIS HOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT.  LONDON- 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2rf.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  Eizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  Itept  ready  packed  tor  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimnte.s  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  nnd  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Sobo-square,  London. 
See  Qardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


15 

0 

15 

0 

17 

6 

20 

(1 

20 

0 

GLASS. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes;  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6ibv44     135.  Od. 

7  „  Sand    74  by  SJ      

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  6^      

8  „  6  and    81  by  6i      

9  „         7  and  10    by  8       

12         ,,       10  and  13    by  9       

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  ^  in.  thick,  best  manufactured 

In  sizes  under  15  inches  6d.  per  foot. 

„  „       35      „       8d.       „ 

„  ,,       50      ,,       did.     „ 

„       75       „        12d.       „ 

Milk  Pans,  25.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand.frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Gla&e  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


BELGIAN  SHEET  GLASS.— The  above  beautiful 
Glass,  16-oz.  to  the  foot,  so  strongly  recommended  for 
Horticultural  purposes,  can  be  procured  at  the  Soho  Crown, 
Sheet,  and  Ornamental  Glass  Warehouse,  26,  Soho  square,  upon 
the  following  Cash  terms.  Single  cases  containing  200  feet 
each,  case  included,  2i.  2s.  ;  in  parcels  of  5  cases  at  40s.  ;  in 
parcels  of  10  cases,  38s.  per  case;  or  cut  to  any  given  size  a.t3d. 
per  foot.  


G 


■1REEN     AND    HOTHOUSES,    made    by 

Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. —  A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. 

HOT  WATER  APPARATUS,  FOR  WARMIIMG  CHURCHES, 

PUBLIC    BUILDINGS, 

HOTHOUSES    AMD    CONSERVATORIES. 

PE.  WEBER  AND  CO.,  Ironfounders,  Scotland 
•  Road,  Liverpool,  invite  the  a'tentinn  of  the  public  to 
their  improved  Hot  Water  Apparatus  for  Warming  Churches, 
Public  buildings,  Hothouses,  and  Conservatories,  which  their 
large  experience  in  such  work  enables  them  to  recommend; 
and  f  )r  economy  of  fuel,  durability,  and  freeiom  from  nauseous 
smell,  is  unsurpassed  by  any  other  mde  of  heating. 

Manufacturers  of  Steam  En'.,'ine^,  Cranes,  Kitchen  Ranges, 
Register  Grates,  Stoves,  Balconies,  Verandahs,  Entrance  Gates, 
Railing,  and  all  descriptions  of  Wrought  and  Cast  Iron  Orna- 
mental Work.    ' 

HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 

PATENT. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  Klng's-road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot. 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
afcont  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King'a-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatorioa,  Pits,  &c..  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  IIOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  eflScient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &;c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  arc 
in  the  highest  Bta*e  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  line  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vioes  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

PJans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  »S:c.,  forwarded  on 
application. — J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


FOR  WARMING  GREENHOUSES 
and  BUILDINGS  of  all  hinds,  the  new  Registered 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  operation, 
free  Jr.  ra  smell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Price  30s.— 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Southwark  Bridge- 
road,  LondoD. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kinq's-koad,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parte  of 
th©  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  <  bliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IS  ft.  6  ins.  long,  12  ft,  ratter,  400  ft.,  231.  Cs.  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  lone.,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  30i.  13s.  8d. ;  28  ft,  6  ins. 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4U.  lOs.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  6d.  per 
foot,  super, 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  &;  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  tbey 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  iha 
application  of  Heating  Hot  by  Water  can  be  made  available. 


7—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


111 


Saks  fiu  Auction. 


RLArKHEATET, 
TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN  MOTHERS. 

MESSES.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  iii- 
struceil  by  fllr.  Hallt  to  sell  by  public  Auction,  on  tho 
p-emises,  adjiioing  ilis  Riilway  Station.  BlacUboath,  on 
MONDAY  March  I,  an  1  following  day,  at  11  o'clock  each  dav, 
the  valuable  NUHSERY  STOCK,  comp>isinif  a  .selected 
assortment  of  Evergreens,  OrnairditiU  Trees,  PI  nvei-iug 
Shrubs,  and  Amerieaa  PLiTta,  am-m^t  wbiuti  wi'll  be  found 
fine  specimens  of  Cedrus  Di^oiara,  CfyjitH'meria  jap>nicn, 
Silver  Ctdarg,  Taxodlum  sempervireas,  Scar'et  llbo  ioileul  tons, 
&c.,  together  witb  a  choice  cv)Ueciiuu  of  GreeiiboJse  PDn's, 
which  will  include  about  30O  Cam?ni:is,  con'^istiau:  of  ab  the 
approved  kimls,  beautifully  fur  ni- hod  with  bloom- duds, 
Ep  icris.  Azalea  iadica,  Geraniums,  Ac, — M  ly  be  vievvet  one 
week,  prior  to  the  sale,  and  Cataluyues  hart,  6d  each  (reuni- 
ab)-*  to  purchasers),  on  tho  premises  ;  of  the  principal  Seeds- 
men in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery, 
Le  tOQGtone,  Essex. 

TO     GENTLEMEN,     NURSERYMEN,     FLORISTS, 
AND    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  RAWLING3  and  GIBSON  will  submit 
to  public  cumpetition,  at  the  A>;c'ion  Mart.  Barlh-lomew. 
line,  on  WEDNESDAY  and  FRIDAY.  Feb.  IS  b  and  20  h,  at 
1-2  «.V-lock,  a  first-riLte  c  dlection,  *.f  HiiRBAChlOUS  PLANTS, 
the  property  of  a  Gentleman  declining  ihe  fancy;  also  lOJO 
fine  Standard  Rosos,  comprising  all  the  .'eadiug  varieties,  an 
assortment  of  Orua  nental  Trties  and  Shrubs,  &,c — May  be 
vieivtd  the  morning  of  sale,  and,  Catilo^'uys  had  at  the  Mart; 
and  of  the  Auc:ioneers,  50,  Hoxton-squire,  and  Ebenezer 
ITurKery.,  Shacklewell,  London. 


STANHOPE     NURSERY,     GLOUCESTER-ROAD, 
OLD    BROMPTON. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  sell  by 
public  Auction,  without  reserve,  on  MONDAY.  Feb;.  23J, 
andfjHowing  day,  at  11  o'clock  (by  or'er  of  Mr.  W.  SiggL-rs, 
ia  cosiseqaeoce  of  the  Leo  e  expirtu!;  at  Lidy-d  ly),  the  whole 
of  the  valuable  NURSEKY  STO:~^K.  congisting  of  fine  Ever- 
greens and  Shrubs.  Frnv.  and  Forest  Trees;  also  a  choice 
ctllec'imof  Greenhouse  Piajts,  four  excellent  Greenhouses, 
390  fee'  of  Hot-Wnter  Pipe,  BotlLTs,  Furnaces,  Brickwork, 
Horses,  Vans,  Mahogany  Couateis,  Desks.  Seed  Drawer^, 
Sl'-trkec  Baskets,  Sun  Blinds,  and  numerous  other  effrcis. — 
Jluy  be  viewed  prior  to  the  salei,  and  Catalogues  had,  on  the 
premises;  of  the  principal  Seed-men;  and  of  the  Auc- 
tioneer-i,  50,  Hoston-sqaare,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery,  Shackle- 
weH,  London. 


COTTAM      AND      HALLE  N, 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


A  PPLICATION    is    requested    for    tlieii-     NEW    HORTICULTUEAL     LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 


/X 


Description,  and  Prices  of 


EDMONTON. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  sell  by 
public  Auction,  without  reserve,  on  the  premises. 
Language  Nursery,  White  Horse-lane,  Edmonton,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, February  25th,  1852,  and  following  day,  at  11  o'clock 
{by  order  of  the  proprietor,  to  clear  the  ground  for  great 
alteraiions)-  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NUilSERY  STOCK, 
consisting  of  very  fine  Evergreens,  of  sorts  ;  a  large  quantity  of 
bandsome  Standard  and  Dwarf  Fruit  Trees;  also  an  assort- 
ment  of  Ornamental  Shrubs,  Stand;ird  Roses,  £lc. — May  be 
viewed  prior  to  the  sa'e,  and  Cata'ogaee  had  on  the  premises  ; 
of  the  principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  tlie  Auctioneers,  50,  Hoxton- 
squnre,  and  Khenezer  Nursery,  Sliackleweil,  London. 

WANDSWORTH    COMMON. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  respectfully 
announce  that  on  .\IOND.\Y,  March  1,  and  following 
days,  thevaluable  NURSERY  STOCK,  growing  on  that  portion 
of  the  ground  belonging  to  Mr,  Robert  N- al,  which  was  not 
offered  at  the  Autumn  Sale,  will  be  Sold  by  Public  Auction, 
Wilhou'.  leeerve.  Further  particulars  will  be  announced  in 
next  advertisement. —  50,  lloxton-square.  L  'ndon,  Feb.  14 

/[  ESSRS.     RAWLINGS    and    GIBSON    beg     to 

A  announce  than  Catalogues  ot  iheir  Sales  may  always  be 
obtained,  postage  free,  on  application  to  them,  50,  lloscon- 
eqiiare,  London. 


Conservatories 
Creenh  use^ 
Hnt  Water  Apparatu9 
Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Syiiugea 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Lnbels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c., 


Hand-glass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hurdles 

Garden  Chnirs'' 
And  Tools  and  Machines  ;0f  all  kinds  for  Gardens,  &c. 

XROSJ  HURBXSS,  STRAZfiTSS  TSSTIRi:  TEl!^ClNa,  GAME  XTSTTIIffG,  &.C. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,    CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITION  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


STANDARD   AND    DWARF    ROSES. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  the  Sale  at 
his  Great  Room,  33,  King-slreet,  Covent-Garden,  on 
FRIDAY  next,  20  h  February,  at  3  o'clock  precisely,  600 
STANDARD  AND  DWARF  JiQSKS,  of  the  best  corts  of 
Bourbon.  Hjbrid  Perperua!,  and  Noi?elle. 

TO  GENTLEMEN.  NURSERYMEN7aND  OTHERS. 

MR,  ilARKS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the  Sun  Inn, 
Hitthin,  on  THURSDAY  March  4,  at  1 1  for  12  o'clock 
preciaely,  a  newly-built  GREENHOUSE,  with  Forcing  House 
Qdjoining.  in  th<j  garden  atciched  tn  the  lato  residence  of 
William  Curling.  E.-q.,  Bancrof^-='treet.  Hitchin,  Herts.  The 
Creenbouae  occupies  a  Bi'e  of  .15  feet  in  length  and  IS  feet  in 
breadth,  and  thK  Fftrc:n(j  House  about  28  feet  in  length  and 
iO  feet  in  bre&d  h  ;  also  the  Brick  Foundations,  euperior  stone 
Floor,  Stage,  Pomp,  Stove,  and  Hot-watar  Apparatus.  The 
bouses  are  constructed  of  the  best  materials  and  workmanship, 
Ann  »re  put  logeth-r  with  screw  bnlta  and  nuts,  with  the 
view  of  rcmovnl,  and  are  in  a  condition  equal  to  new;  tlie 
Jlot-water  Apparatus  beTng  by  Siephennon.  Also  a  BRICK 
PIT,  recently  and  aubstantiuPy  botir,  hnving  eight  Eliding 
SaihM,  and  being  27  (cet  lon^  and  8  feet  broad,  wi'h  lattice 
shelve*  on  Bl.jut  bearers,  and  S^ove  connected  with  it.  The 
Pit  will  be  iold  in  another  Lot ;  by  and  uiidLT  such  conditions 
aanillbe  produced  at  the  sale. — The  whole  may  be  viewud, 
sod  I'u  tbtr  particnlarii  had,  at  anv  time  prior  to  the  sale,  on 
gppllc  itlon  In  tlo-  Auctioneer,  H'tc'in.  HtIh. 


TO   NURSERYMEN.  GARDENERS,  AND  OTHERS. 

LOUT  II. 

MR.  T.  JACKSON  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
King**  H.-ad  Hotel.  Louth,  on  MONDAY,  the  'jSrl  if 
Frbruftrj,  a*.  7  o'clock  In  the  tvoning,  Bubject  to  condinons  of 
«a)e  t  >  b«  Ihi-n  and  there  produced,  xll  thsit  old-chtabllshed  :ind 
well  accu^om'd  KUIISBRY  and  GARDEN,  t-itu'ite  nt  «r  tho 
llirtT-htinl,  in  L'jiith,  In  the  county  i.f  Lincoln,  cunfaitong  Six 
Acre*  finore  <r  leu-),  «ith  a  Fiuktable  Dfft■lli^g-hou^c  und  other 
Baildink:!!  iit.in<Ilng  there  n;  uUo  an  rxtenhlvu  Glnfl->  Fram  i 
and  oUier  cnveclerces,  for  the  raltiug  and  protection  of 
Piaut^.  A  Tfry  eitciinlvo  buslnt-tii  ha»  been  t-Jirried  on  upnn 
Ch«  abnve  prciiii«-jii  for  upwards  ol  For  y  jo^ini,  ond  tlit-lr 
proxtralty  t«  tt-e  E.i«t  Lloco'nshiro  KalUn)  rejidtm  the  ►Itnii- 
ti'in  eic(re''i['gly  adv'in*agi:om  fur  a  NurF.t.'rjnipn  aKcndhig 
the  murkeipi  ol  the  nt-lKlitouring  town*.  —  For  lurihirr  pxrtlcu- 
l»Ttf  apply  nt  the  Ofll  :e  vt  Moi>r«,  Coe  and  Wilbuk,  SollcitorH, 
I^Hifh.— P»b    M. 

IVOR     la'liLlC'    SALE,     at    the     NEW     CORN 

*-  >i''HAN(,K  TAVKK.'J,  MARK  LANE,  on  MOMMY, 
Fcbroar)  !<;.  Ift'i  t.-n^  ot  OU  aNO,  in  bulk,  hi  lotn  ol  Ultimo 
««ch,  per  C'ttopatra  Irom  EaKJ»-'»  Hock-,  Houth  l^cim.— Cn*n. 
k>(a*4,  ttl'ti  »niri|ile  mid  AtmI)*!*,  mih>  be  hnd  nn  oppHcntion 
tvCDABLifl  !'urnrBt*'«D  and  Co.,  HmkcrB.  '2i,  M'"i''" '■ '^'_'^;_ 

M'O  BE  LET,  IR  Acrenof  LAND,  mtuatcd  in  Wood- 

■^     l*ne,  i*-\nf\,httd'n  Ilu*b.     It  li  m    b-i  ii  ilrjihivd,  find  to  now 

r>'Upt«<)  U.r  \Liikfc*  Oirdcmrrn,  nii'l  particularly  for  tho  vr  .wth 

>^trkwb*vri'«.     Fur  panic  ilarii  «iii|uire  nt  tAt»*rm.  Lact  mid 

AvaiL$,  10,  King*  Arms  Vurd,  CuLiiinau-stnutf  Cl^y,  London. 


FARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms — on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
thorouj^hly  drained,  in  a  midland  connty,  near  a  i,'ood  market, 
and  a  good  raUway,  The  Roads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
cxce'lent  condition.  Rates  very  low  ;  no  pressure  ol  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  tree  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  Abous  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  trea'ing  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  lotter  to  the  editor  of  tho  Qardeno-s' 
Chronicle,  at  the  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
London. 

"^^^         SURREY.-FARMS   TO    LET. 

q^O  BE  LET,  at  Michaelmas  next,  GUILES  HILL 

■*-  Farm,  in  ihe  parish  of  Ockham.  formerly  in  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  proprietor,  conpiating  of  262  acres,  of  which  195  are 
Meadovv  and  Pasture,  and  the  rest  Arable.  The  latter  has 
been  drained,  and  is  unfncumbt-red  witti  hedges  or  timber. 
The  homestead,  erected  chiefly  within  the  last  few  years,  is 
capacious  and  substHntial,  and  comprises,  beside  the  dwelling- 
house,  several  cottages  for  labjurers,  and  ample  accommo- 
dation for  Dairying,  or  for  Rearing  or  Fatting  Stock.  The 
incoming  valuation  is  very  light.  The  ttnant  will  have  the 
privilege  of  sporting  over  his  ocuupation. 

Als  .in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Wisley,  the  MANOR  FARM, 
of  212  Acres,  of  which  101  are  Arable,  the  rest  Meadow  and 
Pasture.  The  Meadow  land  can  bi  watered  in  the  driest 
season.  The  tenant  will  have  the  privilege  of  sporting  over  h's 
octupauoo. — For  pariiculars,  apply  to  Mr.  W.  Kaye,  East 
Hor^ley,  Ripley,  Snirey.  ^^_^^____ 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  immediate  possession, 
a  SAIALL  NURSERY,  eligibly  eituated  in  oue  of  the  most 
.'a  hiouable  Wa;ering-places  in  the  County  of  Devon. 

For  further  particulars,  apply  to  Messrs.  Ndttino  and  Sons, 
Seedsmen,  46.  Oheapside,  London. 


TO   MARKET   GARDENERS,   NURSERYMEN, 
AND    OTHERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  entered  on  immediately,  about 
2500  Feet  of  GLASS,  well  stocked  with  choice  and  supe- 
rior joung  Vines,  and  a  good  collecuon  of  Greenhouse  uud 
Hardy  Plants,  tit  for  immediate  sale,  with  a  neat  COTTAGE, 
and  one,  two,  cr  more  Acres  of  Land,  to  meet  the  convenieni;e 
of  tbe  person  taking  the  same,  situated  in  a  most  shelered 
and  picturesque  spot,  about  three  mi  es  Irom  the  increasingly 
populous  towM  of  Southampton,  which  communicates  by  Rail- 
way with  the  Metropolis  and  all  othur  parts  of  Eiij^iaiid.  Some 
of  the  Soil  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  a  Nursery  ot  American 
Plants.  Tlie  Stuck  to  bo  lakeu  at  a  valuation. — For  particulars 
appiy_toJfAME3  Tee,  Aldermoor,   near  Sliirl.'y,  Soutltanipton. 


G^  REENHOUSES,  GLAZED  WITHOUP  PUTTY, 
"^  no  Leakugf,  aimjile  and  easy  of  repair,  cheaper  than  any 
other  ayeteni,  and  much  more  durable.  Lists  of  prices  of 
diflcreiit-siztd  houses  forwarded,  on  application  to  the  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  Alfred  Kent,  Chichester,  A  Gieeuhouse 
glazed  upon  this  ejstem  can  be  ai  en  at  tho  grounds  of  the 
Koyal  Dutanical  Society,  Rtgi.-nL'B  Park,  London. 

~A   PRIZE    MEDAL  F0R~SUPER10R    LOCKS 

WAS  AWARDED    TO  J.  H.  BOOliUYER,  AT  T  tIE  GREAT 
EXilIIirriON    OF  1851. 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES. 

-»-  Draining,  and  othi;r  Garden  TooU.  Molo  Traps,  Gs.  per 
dozen,  C;irpenterH  and  Smiths'  Tools,  die.  Ladies'  Garden 
Tools,  Is.  9d.  a  het.  Sword-scrapera  for  Gardens,  la.  'id.  each. 
Patent  Funilgatnrs  for  destroying  insecia  on  plants,  in  green- 
hiu-ics,  &ic.:  at  Mcsura.  J.  H.  Boobbyee  and  Co.'t  (lato 
Hruucir  and  I'-ooinn  Eii),  Ironnioiigury,  IJrass-fouiidry,  Nail 
and  'I'oot  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-Htreet,  Clare- market, 
Lni.don.  EMlahU,huil  nearly  200  years  for  tho  salu  of  goodfl 
from  the  be»t  Manufuctorics  at  tho  lowost  prices.  Goods  for- 
wiiidtd  to  any  part  on  tbe  receipt  of  remittance. 

A  NTHONY^S  'pATKNT~AMErTcAN     CHURN 

^^  iiialu-«  butter  In  10  minutes.  U  obi'inicd  the  a^wlrd  of 
thu  Oreat  EththiUon  M«dal,  mid  also  a  piite  at  wv^ry  one  of 
the  iiuiiii;rou4  Agricultural  inectlnga  at  wLluo  It  has  been 
nhown.  It  In  now  ftcknoivledgcd  to  bo  tho  best  Cluirn  ever 
prnducod.  201)0  have  b'u-n  s  .Id  in  one  year.  — lUmatus  and 
Kkv,  Hf'l.  NcwjriiKi.Rrri-ct.  London. 


AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS. 
TI/'     DRUMMOND  and  SONS,  Seedsmen,  Stirling, 

»  '  ■  Scotland,  are  now  prepired  to  execu-e  orders  for  the 
above,  from  a  stock  that  has  been  selected  with  every  possible 
car'.  They  beg  to  call  special  a.t'eution  t,i  their  various  sorts 
of  TURNIf.  ITALIAN  and  PERENNIAL  RYE-QllASS  and 
NATURAL  GRASSES  for  Permanent  Pasture,  the  prices  for 
which  are  as  low  as  really  genuine  Seeds  can  be  reared  for. 
Crttiilogues,  with  prices  and  other  details,  may  ba  had  free  on 
application. 

N.B.— The  Carriage  of  Seeds  will  be  pre-paid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  Stations  and  Shippini:  Ports  throughout 
the  Kingdom.— Agricultural  Museum.  Stirling,  N.B. 


W7ATERPR00F  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
VV  their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  shou'd  con- 
struct their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus  :— Screen  tbe  gravei  ot  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  in  mix-d  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
6ve  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  he  la-d  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  necessarv,  as  water  doas  not  soak  through 
it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 
Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
ban'^. street,  Westminster. 


JUST     PUBLISHED. 

CUTTON'S       HORTICULTURAL       CALENDAR 

O   AND  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  LIST    OF    SEEDS    AND 
PLANTS,  is  thus  noticed  by  the 

Editor  of  the  Gardenei's'  and  Fami&rs*  Jownal,  on  3Is^ 
Januat^j : — 

"  This  is  certainly  one  of  the  best  H^ts  in  circulation,  con- 
taining a  vast  store  of  information  relating  to  seeds  and 
plants.  We  strongly  recommend  all  our  fcieiids  and  profes- 
sional readers  to  procure  if,  as  we  are  satisfi'.'d  it  will  come  up 
to  their  expecta-.ions  and  wishes.  We  shu'l  take  an  early 
opportunif.y  of  noticing  its  principal  features." 

The  Editor  also  compliments  us  with  the  foUoicinf/ 
remarl's  on  the  7th  Fehruary  : — 

••  NoBSFRY  Catalogdes  :  SuUon  and  Sons*  Seed  and  Plant 
Lht—lz  U  not  often  we  have  much  to  say  under  this  head, 
but  there  are  occasional  Instances  of  trade  catalogues  being 
issued  more  in  the  form  of  books  than  mere  lists  of  names. 
The  catalogue  before  us  comes  within  such  a  category.  We 
have  already  Klven  it  our  commendation,  and  a  further  perusal 
has  confirmed  the  favourable  opinion  we  expressed  in  our 
number  of  the  Bl^t  ult.  We,  of  course,  canno-:  dwoR  at  any 
length  on  its  merits,  but  we  shall  extract  ouo  or  two  passages 
which  wo  think  deserve  the  notice  of  our  roadera  at  a  tiruo 
when  so  much  is  heard  respecting  the  had  quality  of  seeds," 

After  malcing  several  extracts^  including  our  "  Remarhs 
on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Potato^'  the  Editor  further 
says — 

"  There  la  next  a  sta'-cment  of  the  qunntitioa  of  seed  to  the 
acre  and  some  very  useful  hints  on  sowing  Grass  seeds,  and 
improving  old  pastures.  Of  H  iwer  seods  there  is  an  cxlensivo 
assortment,  and  many  us'-ful  directions  are  given  in  this  part. 
At  tho  end  is  a  lloriicu'tural  Calendar  for  everv  month  in  the 
year,  and  a  List  of  Bookw  recommended  by  Sir  J'lseph  Paxton. 
From  ihLir  experience  of  seed  growing,  thu  opinion  of  Measre. 
Sutton  is  entitled  to  respi^ct."  , 

The  ahovc  rcmarlcs  hy  the  Editor  sliolo  that  much  vmiahlc  infor- 
mation may  bo  obUiincd  for  tho  trilling  cliargo  of  Six  Penny 
.Stamps,  which  charge  is  deducted  from  all  orders. 

Address  Joun  Sdi'ton  and  Sons,  Scud  Growers,  Rending, 
BerkH. 


y  OULOfJiCAL'UAJiDENS,'  REGENT'S  PAKK.— 

/-J  Thr  iril'poi'OlAAIU.S,  p.cHcntid  by  II. H.  tli.^  Vli  i  roy 
of  Kgyi't ;  Ihi!  ELi;i'IIAN  f  Calf,  and  many  recent  additions, 
uio  ixblbitcd  dally,     AdmlKtiunj  it. ;  on  Mondayh,  Gc/. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  iic,  ?— MiflH  Ellln  Giiauam,  U,  Haod- 
court,  llolborn,  London,  will  Hcnd  lont-fi  ce.  on  receipt  of  2-4 
postage  Htainpi,  her  celebrated  NIOUKRliNE  (elegantly 
Hconted,  and  Bulllclent  for  throe  months'  uhc),  for  reproducing 
tho  hair  in  baldiiosH,  from  whuiovcr  cauHC,  proveiitliig  the  hair 
falling  oil',  fltrcngthunlcg  weak  hair,  and  ohecliinf  grojiieas. 
d:c.  It  la  also  gunriintted  to  produce  wliiskorH,  inoua'-achlop, 
Alc,  In  three  or  four  weeks,  with  tlio  utmost  CLMtiittiiy. — "My 
hair  hiiH  become  tllick(  rand  darker  by  uning  .v)ur  Ntnukrcno'* 
—  Mr.  Merry,  Eton.  "My  hair  now  curN  hiautilully,  and 
looks  very  glossy."— Minn  Mivin.  "I  liavo  now  u  full  puh'  of 
wblaltors.    Smd  mo  nuothor  pot."— Major  Ilulton. 


112 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GrVZETIE.        ^^Feb.   14. 


K  E 


A   N, 


IN   OFFEUING   TO    HIS   FRIKNDS   AND   THE   PUBLIC   THE   ANNEXED 


4,  Great  Russell  Street, 
Co  VENT  Garden,  1852. 


■WHICH  INCLDBEfl  EVEEY  NOVELTY  INTEODUCED  UP  TO  THE  PEISENT  fiEASON, 


BEGS  to  say,  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  customers  and  himself,  that  he  feels  confident  he  never  had  SEEDS  so  well  matured  and  so  likely  to  give  general 
eatiafaotioo,  ae  those  so  thoroughly  ripened  by  th«  fine  weather  of  last  autumn;  for,  notwithscandiog  every  exertion  against  unfavourable  weather  heretofore,  many  Seeds  have  not 
TCffetutcd  to  the  expectation  of  parti'.fs  having  them.  It  Ib,  and  always  has  been,  J.  KERNAN'S  sole  endeavour  to  do  everything  that  lays  in  hig  power,  and  would  prefer  to  do  that  for  his 
custom-  rs  at  a  leea  profit  to  their  saiiefaction,  than  a  larger  one,  with  a  knowledge  of  their  having  a  just  reason  to  complain  ;  for  by  such  conduct  every  man  ought  to  know  he  defeats  his 
own  object  •  hence  the  reduction  in  the  present  List,  which  iu  from  the  same  cauflo  a  verity  of  the  abundance  to  which  the  reduction  is  attributable. 


PEAS.    Ferqt.~s.d. 

Prince  Albert        0  9 

Early  Emperor 0  9 

Shilliou'8  new  early  GrottoO  9 

Bishop's  new  long-podded  0  9 
Fairbeard's  Champion  of 

England            1  0 

British  Queen      1  0 

Knight'B  dwarf  green  and 

tall          0  9 

Soimetar 0  9 

"Woodford  or  Nonsuch  ...  0  9 

Victoria  Marrow 0  8 

Burbidge's  Eclipao         ...  0  8 

Dwarf  green  Mammoth  \  2  6 
Tall  white  do.  )  each. 
Two  of  the  finest  Peas  in 

cijltivatioQ. 

"With  all  other  varieties 

worth  cultivating. 

BEANS.         Perqt. 

Early  Mazagan 0  ti 

Sword  Longpod 0  6 

Hnngdowii            0  6 

Taylor'a  Windsor           ...  0  8 

Johnson's  Wonderful    ...  0  8 

Green  Genoa        0  8 

New  Sion   Uouse   dwarf 

Frenuh 1  0 

Cream  coloured 1  0 

Liver  coloured     1  0 

New  Long-pi)dded  Negro    1  0 

Scarlet  Runners 1  0 

Painted  Lady  do.           ...  1  0 

Per  oz. 

Beet,  fine  London  Red  ...  0  G 

,,      Silver,   or    Seakale  0  6 
„      Whyte's  black,  per 

packet     0  6 

Borecole,    new    he  iding, 

per  paper 0  6 

„     red  ami  white,  vari- 
egated, forgarnish- 

iiig 0  6 

,,     dwarf curled.peroz.  0  6 
Brussels  Sprouts  (foreign 

seed,  fine),  per  oz.  0  9 

„    EiiRlish,            do.      0  6 

Kohl  Rtkbi,  per  paper    ...  0  6 

Savoj,greeu  curied,per  oz.  0  G 

BROCCOLI.    Peroz. 


Myatt'a  Early  Purple  Cape  1 

Miller's  Dwarf     1 

Chappell'e  Cream  ...  1 

Dancer's  Early  White    ...  1 
Somner's  Late  "White     ...  1 
"Willcove  White,  late      ...  1 
Grange's  Early  White,— 
from  the  oi  igioal  raiser  1 

Invisib'e  White 1 

Purple  Sprouting  ...  1 

"Walchercn  ...        ...  1 

Imperial  Winter            ...  1 
Dwarf  Sibeiian 1 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
...  1     0 


0 

6 

(1 

6 

0 

(i 

0 

C 

0 

(i 

1) 

(> 

0 

G 

Purple  Syrian 

CABBAGE.     Peroz. 

Nonpareil 0    C 

Sbilling'ti  New  Queen,  fine  0    6 
Atkin's  Matchless 

Etirly  Venus  

Knight's  Early  Dwarf  ... 

Early  York  

Large  Yorlc  

Early  Battersea 

True  Cornish        

Couve     Tronchuda,    per 

paper       0    6 

And  all  other  kinds  in 
cultivation. 

CARROT.      Peroz. 

Early  Scarlet  Horn        ...  0  3 

Long  Orange         0  3 

Fine  Surrey          0  8 

Altrintihian,  per  lb.        ...1  0 
White  (lor  Aijriculture), 

per  lb 1  0 

Parsnip,  n'>llow  Crown 


per  oz. 


0     3 


CAULIFLOWER.  Peroz. 

Mercer's  hue  Nearly       ...  1  0 

London  Particular          ...  1  0 

Large  Asiatic        1  0 

Walcheren            1  0 

PARSLEY. 
Plain,  for  feeding  early 

lambs. 

Extra  Curled,  pcroz.     ...  0  3 


CRESS. 

Plain,  per  pint     0  6 

Curled        1  f> 

American,  per  oz.  ...  0  3 

Water,  per  paper  ...  0  G 

Mustard,  per  pint  ...  0  6 

CELERY.    Per  paper. 
Cole'd  Superb  Red  ...  0     6 

Seymour's  Superb  White  0    6 

„     Superb  Red  ...  0    G 

New  Rose,  solid 0     G 

New  Giant  0    6 

CUCUIVIBER.    Perpaper. 
Victory  of  Bath    ... 
Acme  of  Perfection 
Syon  House 
Weedon's  Free  Bearer 
Early  Frame 
Kerrison's 
Walker's  Rambler 
Windfor  Prize     ... 
Early  Ilandijlasa 
Early  Ridge 

MELONS. 
Seymour's  Golden  Perfec- 
tion   0    6 

True  Syon  House  ...  0    6 

Snow's  Hybrid  Green-fleshO    6 

Beechwood  0    6 

And  all  the  better  sorts 
grown  for  this  market. 

ENDIVE. 

New  Imperial,  per  packet  0  G 

Batavian,  per  oz.  ...0  6 

Green  curled         0  G 

White  curled       0  6 


Herbs,  all  the  kinds,  per 
packet      0 

LETTUCE. 

Brighton  Cos,  per  oz.    ...  0 

Imperial  Cos         ...         ...  0 

Victoria  Cabbage  ...  0 

Green  Paris  Cos 0 

While  Summer  Cabbage  0 
Fine  London  White  Cos  0 

Paris  Cos 0 

Ady'n  Cos 0 

Drumhead  0 

Bath  Cos,  and  others  ...  0 
Per  0 
...  0 
...  0 
...  0 
...  0 
.,.  0 
...  0 
...  0 
...  0 
0 


ONION. 
Jamef.'fl  Long  Keeping  ,., 
Fine  White  Spanish 

Globe  

Strasburgh  

Deptford     

Silver.ekin  

Tripoli         

Blood-red 

Two-bladed,  for  pickling 

RADISH. 

New  Scarlet  Olive-shaped, 
a  delicious  new  variety, 
peroz 

Newroae     

Early  Frame,  per  pint  ... 

Long  Scarlet         

Rea  and  White  Turnip  ... 

Black  Si)anibb,  pfcvoz.  ... 

SPINACH. 
New  Flanders,  per  pint... 
Kuund,  or  Summer 
Lettuoe-leaved  (new),     ... 
New  Zealand,  per  oz.     ... 


TURNIPS.       Pt:roz. 

Early  Snowball 0  3 

Red  American  Stone     ...  0  3 

Teltow,  for  stewing         ...  0  3 

Early  Dutch          0  3 

Yellow  Maltese    0  3 

„      Stone        0  3 

Early  Snowball,  per  lb..,.  1  6 
Early     Dutch     (earliest)^ 

true  imported 3  C 

AGRICULTURAL  TURNIPS. 


Yellow  BuUock    per  Ib.- 

Skirving'a  Swede.. 

Laing's  ditto 

Ashcrofc  ditto 

Dale's  Hybrid 

Red  Round 

While  Round 

White  Globe 

Oxheart      


,  0 

,  0 

...  0 

...  0 


Drumhead  Cabbage 
Thousand  Headed 


...  0  G 

...  0  G 

...  0  6 

...  0  G 
per  lb. 

...  1  0 

...  1  0 


Furze,  p^r  lb.,  Qd. ;  Broom,  per  lb,,  Gd. 

Coarse  Grasses  for  Game  Covers,  65.  per  bushel. 

Long  Red  and  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel,  per  lb  ,  Gd. 

White  Sileaian,  or  Sugar  Beet,  per  lb.,  Is.  Gd. 

Chevalier  Barley ;  Hopetoun,  Tartarian,  Sandy,  and  other  Oats. 

Flux,  from  Riga  eeetl,  one  year  grown  in  this  country. 

A  fine    collection    of  all    the  best   permnnent  Grasses  (hand 

picked),  separate  or  mixed  ;  if  mixed,  per  basliel,  8s. 
Sweet  Vfrnal,  tho  e^irliesc  and  modt  suitable  Grass  for  early 

Lambs,  23.  per  lb. 
White  ami  tied  Clover,  Sd  ;  Lucerne,  Od.  ;  and  Trefoil,  6(Z.  per  lb. 
Kohl  Kabi,  for  Agriculture,  per  lb,,  2s. 
Italian  Rye  Graas.  Spring  and  Winter  Tares. 

A  few  of  the  very  finest  Grasses  for  Lawns,  per  lb.,  Is.  Gd, 
Myatt's  line  new  Strawberries. 

Asparagus  plants,  according  to  age,  per  100,  23.  Gd.  to  63. 
Seakale  do.  do.  do.       5a.  to  10s. 

DuUey's  Early  Scarlet  Admirable  Rhubarb,  per  root.  Is. 


Myatt'8  Victoria  do,  (the  largest  in  cultivation).  Is. 
Mushroom  Spawn,  per  bushel,  5s. 
Cornwell's  Victoria  Raspberry,  per  dozen,  2s.  Gd. 
All  the  fine  new  Raspberries,  23.  Gd.  to  3s.  per  dozen. 
Seeds  of  all  the  new  Strawberries,  Raspberries,  Gooseberries, 
and  Currants,  per  paper,  Gd. 


POTATOES. 
Per  bushel— 3.  d. 


Forty-fold  . 
Early  Hen's  Nest... 
Early  Shaw 
Prince  Regent's    ... 
Kentish  Mignon  ... 
Flour-ball 


Per  bushel— s.  d. 


...  6 
...  4 


Soden'fl  Early  Oxford  ...6  0 
Barnard's  Early  Frame...  6  0 
Shilling's  Early  Prolific...  6  0 
Kirke'a  True  Ash-leaved 

Kidney 7    0 

WalnuMeaved  Kidney  ...  7    0 
Ash-leaved  Kidney        ...  7    0 
And  many  other  most  productive  late  kinds  ;  also  seed  saved 
from  the  best  varieties,  6d.  per  packet. 

Garlic,  per  lb.,  Gd.  Sbalots,  per  lb.,  Gd. 

Budding  and  Pruning  Knives. 

Russia  Mats,  Is.  Gd.  each  Cuba  Bass,  per  lb.,  2s.  Gd. 

Buckwheat,  Indian  Corn,  Rape,  Hemp,  &c.,  for  Aviaries. 
The  trade  supplied  on  moderate  terms,  with  every  article  true 
to  its  kind.    Catalogues  may  be  had  en  application. 

FLOWER   SEEDS. 
Asters,  24:  distinct  German  varieties,  in  sealed  packets,  suitable 

for  exhibition,  the  collection  10s. 
A  mixture,  including  all  the  colours  of  the  above,  per  paper,  Gd. 
Do.  in  12  distinct  colours,  the  collection,  4s. 
A  mixture  of  the  bast  varieties  of  late  Asters,  6d. 
Superb  German  and  Prussian  Stocks,  24  distinct  varieties,  for 

exhibition,  the  collection  10s 
12  varieties  of  do.,  distinct  in  colours,  4s. 
12  autumn  flowering  do.,  in  distinct  colours,  4s. 
A  mixture  of  all  the  finest  varieties  of  Ten-week,  per  paper,  Gd. 
l2  varieties  Brompton  Stocks,  4s. 
A  mixiure  of  Brompton  do,,  per  packet,  Gd. 
12  named  varieties  of  Hollyhocks,  3s. 


Per  packet— 3,  d. 
Achimenes,  seeds  &.  bulbs 

of  all  the  varieties. 
Anagallis  Phiilipsii   and 

others      ,, 0  6 

Amethystea  cferulea      ...  0  G 

Anemone,  fine  mixed     ...  0  G 
Antirrhinum  (all  the  new 

kindO      0  3 

Argemone  grandiflora    ...  0  3 

,,          Barclayana  ...  0  3 

epeciosa         0  3 

Aquilegia  glandulosa    ...  1  0 
„         Skinnerii         ...  1  0 
,,         fine  mixed  Ger- 
man varieties  0  G 
Auricula,  from  fine  named 

flowe.-s         ...  1  0 

,,        alpine 0  6 

Brachycomeiberidifolia  ,  0  G 

,,              alba,  new  ...  0  G 
Balsams,  12  very  fine  dis- 
tinct colours, 

all  double     ...  5  0 

„      mixture  of  above  0  6 

Bartonia  aurea    0  3 

Blumenbachia  insignis  ...  0  6 
Browallia,  of  3ort3          ...  0  6 
Calceolarias,  from  a  col- 
lection of  named  shrub- 
by kinda            1  0 

Calceolarias,    from  Her- 
baceous do 1  0 

Caleudrinia  discolor      ...  0  3 

,,            grandiflora...  0  3 

,,  umbellata  — 

(new),  fine  for  rocltwork  0  G 

,,       nova  sp.,  fine  red  1  0 

Campanula  puicherriuia.  0  3 

,,              Loreii,     blue  0  3 

„                    „    white  0  3 

„             stricta         ...  0  3 

,,              sylvatica     ...  0  6 

Catananclie  bicolor        ...  0  3 

Cistu?  guttatus,  verydwf.  0  G 

Olintonia  pulchella 0  6 

,,         elegans 0  3 

Cockscomb,  Dwarf  Scar- 
let  0  G 

Cuphea  viscosissima      ...  0  G 

,,        silenoides           ...  0  G 

„       platycentra(new)  0  6 

,,        miniata 0  G 

Cineraria,  selected  from 

the  latest  new  kinds  ...  1  0 

Commelina  alba 0  3 

„           coe'estis        ...  0  3 
Carnation,  from    named 

flowers 1  0 

Clarkias,  all  the  varieties  0  3 

Coreopsis,  new  marbled.  0  G 

,,          tin<;toria       ...  0  3 

,,          Drummondii .  0  3 

,,          nigra  (new) ...  0  G 

Candytuft,  new  crimson  ,  0  3 

,,           purple           .,.  0  3 

,,          white 0  3 

,,         sweer-3centcd  0  3 

Convolvulus  mvijor         ...  0  3 

,,            minor         ...  0  3 

,,             do  new  dark  0  3 

,,            minor.siripedO  3 

CLIMBERS.^. 

Cobma  scandens  ...        .,.0  G 

Calampelis  scaber          ...  0  6 
Lophospermum     eriibes- 

cens         0  6 

„           Hendersonii  0  6 

Loasa  aurantiaca           ...  0  G 

MaurandyaBarclayana...  0  6 

,,           new  scarlet...  0  6 


Per  packet— 3.  d. 

Tropxolum  peregrinum  .  0  6 

,,        pentaphyllum  0  G 
,,        tricolorum 

grandiflorum  1  0 
„      trimaculatum, 

new          ...  1  0 
,,      minor         coc- 

cioeum    ...  0  6 

,,        Bracbyneras...  1  0 

Ipomcea  rubra  CEerulea...  0  6 

„        punctata         ,.,0  G 

„        nil         0  G 

,,        ro9ea    0  6 

,,         striata  im  others  0  G 

Thunbergia  alata           ...  0  G 

„            „           alba  0  6 


au'-antiaca.. 
Pryerii 
new  yellow.. 


Collinsia  grandiflora    ...  0  3 

„        bicolor 0  3 

,,  „    new  dwarf  0  3 

Dahlia  scabigera   (dwarf 

lilac)        0  6 

„       fine  mixed         ...  0  G 

Daturafastuosa,purple...  0  6 

„  ,,  white  ...  0  6 

Delphinium  orLarkapurs, 

distinct  or  mixed        ...0  3 
Ditto,  biennial  and  peren- 
nial varieties     0  3 

Digitalis  or  Foxglove     ...  0  3 
Dianthus,   double    white 

Indian  pink  0  6 
„            Knight's  new 

hybrid     ...  0  G 

„  double  Indian  0  3 

,,  latifolia       ...  0  3 

„  Cherii  ...  0  6 

And  others. 

Didiicus  cajLuleus  ..0  6 

Eucharidium    grandiflo- 

rum  0  3 

Eutoca  viscida    0  3 

Egg  plant,  white 0  3 

,,         purple  ...  0  3 

,,  new,  striped    0  C 

Eschscholtzia,  3  sorts    ...  0  3 

,,  new,  white  0  6 

Erysimum  Perofekianura  0  3 

Fuchsias    from     named 

sorts        1  0 

Gaillardia  picta 0  S 

,,  bicolor  ...  0  3 

„  Richardsonii  .  0  3 

„  aristata  ...  0  3 

Globe    Amaranthus,    of 

sorts        0  3 

Goum  splendens 0  6 

„       Wicei         0  G 

Geranium,  from  fine  sorts  1  0 

Gruhrtmia  aromatica     ...  0  6 
Gramnanthes       gantian- 

oide.-*,  new  0  G 

Godetia,  all  the  new  sorts  0  3 
Heartsease,     from     firsr- 

rtite  prize  flowers        ...  0  G 

Humea  elegans 0  6 

Helichrysuin  macranlhuin  0  G 

,,     bracteatum  album  0  3 

Heliotropium  Peruvianum  0  6 

,,  Voltaireanum  0  6 

Hibiscus,  of  sorts  ...  0  3 

Heliophila  araboides      ...  0  3 
H.  lianthemum  (RockCis- 

tu9  0  3 

Hollyhock,  Chinese        ...  0  6 

,,  fine  mixed     ...  0  3 

Ipomcea  Burridgii  ...  0  G 

,,      quamoclit         ...  0  6 


Per  packet—*,  d. 
Ipomcea  hybrida   Kerme- 

sina      0  G 

And  others       ...  0  G 

Ipomopsis  elegans 0  6 

Isotoma  axillaris             ...  0  G 

Jacobsea,  double  crimson  0  3 

t,             ,,         purple...  0  3 

,,         new  lilac        ...     0  3 

KaulfuBsia  amelloides,for 

edging 0  3 

HANDSOME  ORNAMENTAL 

GRASSES. 
Lagurus  ovatus  (Hare's- 

tail  Grass)          0  6 

Agrostis  pulchella          ...  0  6 

Briza  gracilis       0  6 

,,    maxima      0  6 

Stipa  pinnata       0  G 


Larkspur3,12  distinct  Qer- 
man  vars.  4. 
„  mixed  dwarf 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


Rocket 

LeptoBiphon  densiflores  . 

,,  androsaceus . 

Loasa  aurantiaca 

Linum  moaogynum,  fine 

„       grandiflorum      ... 

,,      perenne 

,,      album      

Lymnanthus  grandiflora  0 
,,  Douglasii...  0 

Lobelia  heterophylla  ma- 
jor, tine  ..,  0 

„      bicolor     0 

,,      gracilis,  for  edging  0 

„      ramosus 0 

„  ,,      rosea      .,,  0 

„      erinoides 0 

And  many  other  biennial 

and  perennial  varieties. 

Li'ianthus  Rus?ellianus, 

in  plants  (seed  does  not 

vegetate  well). 

L'jtus  JacobEeus 

,,     nova  sp 

Lupious  Hartwegii 

,,         nanus 
,,        Cruikshankii   ... 
,,         affinis,  new 
,,        hlrsutissima     .. 
And  many  others. 
Lychnis  speciosa,  new   .. 
„         flo3  Jovis 
,,         coali-rosea 
,,         prostrata  .. 

,,         scarlet 

Malope  grandiflora 

Mallow,  new  zebra 

Malvaminiata     

Marvel  of  Peru,  6  distinct 

colours,  each    0 

Marigold,    dwarf    pigmy 
French    ...         ...         ...  0 

Other  varieties     0 

Mesembryanthemum  tri- 
color         0 

Mignonette,  per  oz.        ...  0 
,,         Reseda  odorata 
grandiflora, 
I)er  paper  ...  0 
Mimosa    sensttiva    (Sen- 
sitive plant)  per  packet  0 
Mimulus,  from  12  distiuct 
named  varieties  ...  0 

,,        moschatus      ...  0 
Marty nia fragrans         ...  0 
Nasturtiums,  all  the  sorts  0 
Nemesia  florlbundus     ...  0 
„       versicolor,  new  .  0 
Nemoph' la  insignis  major  0 
,,      insignis  alba  (new)  0 
„      discoidalis  ...  0 

,,      maculata  (new)   ...  0 
Neirembergia  splendens .  0 
,,  violacea  ...  0 

„  fine  mixed  0 

Nolana  atriplicifolia      ...  0 
,,        paradoxa  ...  0 

Nycterlnia  salaginoides 


6 
6 
3 
6 
0  3 
6 
3 


Per  packet— s.  d, 

OilnotheraSellowil         ...0  8 

„          Drummondli  .  0  6 

„           densiflora      ...  0  6 

„          macrocarpa  ...  0  6 

And  others         .,,           ...  0  3 

Papaver  marcelli 0  3 

,,         nudicaulis       ...  0  3 

Poppy,  carnation,  mixed  0  3 
Peas,  sweet,  aH  the  colours 

separate  or  mixed       ...0  3 
Pentstemon,  of  sorts    ...  0  G 
Phlox  Drummondii,  vari- 
ous shades    ...  0  6 
Drummondii,  white  0  6 


,,     Leopoldii  (new)   ...  1 
„      new,  scarlet         ...  0 

,,      ooulata       0 

Picotee,      from      named 

flowers 1 

Platystemon  californica  .  0 
Potentilla  Garnieriana...  0 
„  Russelliana...  0 

„  insignis,    fine 

new         ...  0 

Polyanthus,  fine  mixed...  0 

Portulacca  splendens    ...  0 

„         Thellusonii...  0 

,,         grandiflora ...  0 

„         striata  alba...  0 

.,         Gilliesii        ...  0 

„         yellow  .,.  0 

Primula  dinensis   (white 

fringed)      ...  1 

„         lilac     1 

,,         cortusoides    ,.,  0 

Rhodanthe  Manglesii    ...  0 

Salpigloasla,  fine  mixed...  0 

,,  new  yellow  .  0 

Salvia,  of  sorts     0 

Sanvitalia  procumbens...  0 

Saponaria,  calabrica     ...  0 

,,  ocymoides  ...  0 

Schizanthus  Hookerii  ...  0 

„        Grahamii    ...  0 

„        retusus    alba  1 

(new)       ...  1 

),        humilis     and 

others     ...  0 
„        Priesiit        ...  0 
,,        venustus      ...  0 
Schizopetalon    Walkerii, 

very  sweet        0 

Sphsenogyne  speciosa    ...  0 
Streptocarpus  Rexii       ...  0 

Silene  Schafca    0 

„     compacta 0 

Stock,  white  pyramidal...  0 
„    Buck's     Intermedi- 
ate, 16  out  of  2) 
will  come  double  0 
„    Chapman's   Scarlet 

Ten-week  ...  0 

„     Shepherd's  White  .  0 
,,  „  Purple    0 

Sedum     cceruleum,     for 

rock- work         0 

Sultan,  yellow     0 

,,      white  and  purple  0 

Tagetes  signata 0 

„      lucida    0 

Thunbergia  (see  Climbers). 
Tropaeolum  (sec  Climbers). 

Viscaria  oculata 0 

„       new  dwarf       ...  0 

,,       white     0 

Violet,     Russian     (ever- 
flowering)         0 

Verbena,  a  mixture  of  6 

best  sorts  0 

Wallflower,  blood  red  ...0 
„      Double  German, 

of  sorts  ...  0 

,,       changeable      ...  0 
,,8    vars.    of  Im- 
proved German  2 
Zinnia  elegans  cocciuea  .  0 

„      purpurea 0 

,,      anrea       0 

„      mixed  from  20  se- 
parate varieties  0 


S 


0 

Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs  of  all  descriptions. 

Cedrus  Deodara,  "| 

Cryptomeria  japonica,  >  2s.  Gd.  to  lOs.  Gd.  each. 

Taxjdium  sempervirens,         J 

Named  Double  Anemones  and  Ranunculuses  ;  Gladiolus  ra- 
mosus and  floribundus  ;  Tigridia  pavonla  and  concbiiflora  ; 
with  many  other  fl  iwering  Bulbs  and  Herbaceous  Plants, 
which  may  be  planted  out  tilt  the  middle  of  May. 

Carnations,  Picotees.  aud  Pinks,  per  pair,  from  Is.  to  3s.  Gd. 

All  the  better  named  Heartease  fro'n  Gs.  to  3Us.  per  dozen. 

Fine  named  Dahlias,  per  dozen,  12s 

,,  Chrysanihem'ims,  new  kinds,  12s. 

Standard  Dwarf  and  Climbing  Roses,  Is.  to  23.  Gd.  each. 

Kivers'  Miniature  Fruit  Garden,  with  directions  for  culture 
and  root-pruning,  2s.  Rivera's  Orchard  Hou«e,  2s.  Gd, 

Rivera'  new  edition  of  the  "Rose  Amateur's  Guide,"  Gs. 

Rivers' new  Fruit  Catalogue.  Gd. 

Rivers'  Catalogue  of  Trees  and  Shrubs,  Gd. 

Paxton's  "  Cottagers'  Calendar,"  3d.,  which  ladles  and  gentle- 
men should  distribute  to  cottagers. 

Colleciioa  of  24  Animals,  mixed,  recommended  by  Dr.  Lindley 
as  suitable  tor  Shrubberies,  53. 

Seeds  for  distribuuon  by  Gentlemen  to  their  Tenants  and 
Cottagers  on  the  most  liberal  terms. 

24  papers  of  Hardy  Annuals,  5s. 

Se-^ds  selected  and  carefully  packed  for  North  and  South 
America,  India,  New  Zealand,  and  Australia,  in  the 
most  secure  way  to  arrive  safe  at  any  of  the  above  places. 
A  most  beneficial  thing  to  be  taken  by  emigrants  is  "  Otiioa 
seed." 


Priuted    by  William    BRAOBoaT.   of   No.   13.    Upper    Woburn-plact.   In  the  parinii  ol   St.  PancrRB,  and  PaEDEaicn  Muilhtt  Evamb.  of    No.  7.  Churcli.ro\v.  Stoke  NewioRton.  both  In  the  County  of  Mid^^^^^^ 

tbelr  Office  in  Lorabara-aireet.  In  the  Preciuci  ol  Whltefriare,  in  the  City   of  London;    and  published   by  luem  at  the  Ottlce,  No.  5,  CliarleE-street,  in  the  pariEsh  of   St.  Paul  a,    Coveat-gRrden,  la   the  said  County,  where 
&11  AdvertieementE  and  CominucicatLonB  are  to  be  Ann&KatiBD  to  tub  Editob.— Satubdai.  February  14,  lSFi2. 


AND 


XICLE 
URAL    GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  Creneral  Wews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  8—1853.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  21. 


[Price  Qd, 


INDEX. 


AgriCnlturein  the  Weald 123  6 

AcrlOuUural  Soc.of  Eoj£land..   ICa  a 

App'es,  double 117  f 

Apricattree   120  a 

£arley,  B^inleas 133   c 

Beer,  Bus;ar 123  c 

—    brewing 125  b 

BerliD,  gardeDS  at 117  a 

Birds, Briti-h  eoae IIG  c 

Books  reviewed  119  a 

Calendar.  Horticultural   120  a 

.—    Asricullural     123  a 

Chelteaham  Hnrt.  Society  ....  119  c 

Climate,  remarks  on 113  c 

Cookery 120  c 

Dahlias,  colours  of 119  c 

Srainaze  io  Rescent's  Park   ..  124  6 

Earth,  Physica  of,  rev US  c 

£pacrls,the  116  b 

Fern  caeeB,,,.. IIS  a 

Gard3n  GleaniQi^s,  foreign  ....  117  o 

Guano,  to  apply .'. .  124  a 

Handsworth  Sort.  Society H'J  c 

Herbs,  dried  ... .     11/6 

Horticultural  Society'flraeetin?  113  b 

—  —        garden  119  a 

Inventors,  rights  of 115  e 


Kew  Gardens    US  a 

Land,  fn  lime 124  a 

Law  of  parents 115   c 

Limini;  land  1-4  a 

Luminosity  in  plants It?  c 

Manure  of  towns. 121  r 

Milk  and  Swedes    124  6 

Oaks,  evergreen IIS  a 

Orchard  houses USA 

Patents,  law  of  ..: .,.•..  115  c 

PhyeicB  of  the  Earth,  rev IIS  c 

PluntB,  luminous 117  c 

Poultry  house    ...-. 123  fl 

Ramplon..   120  c 

Salads,  winter  ..,.'. 113  A 

Salsify 120  c 

Scorzonera     120  c 

Seed  trade  124  c 

Shrubs  in  Cornwall 118  a 

Soap,  snow , 118  a 

South  Devon  Hort.  Soc 119   c 

Storms,  action  of 122  6 

Sugar  beer , 123  c 

Swans,  disease  in    - 124   e 

Trees  in  CorowHll   113  a 

Tropicolnm  Lobbianum    117  c 

Vetches,  to  guauo 124  a 


NEW   SEEDLING    POTATO, 

FROM  THE  tJSJO  MOUNT Aiy,  NEAR  THE  CITY  OF 

MEXICO. 

THOMAS  EARL,  SEEDsniiN,  Thames  Ditton,  Surrey, 
haa  a  few  bushels  of  this  uorivalled  POTATO  to  dispone 
ofat2i.  lOs.  per  bushel,  delivered  free  to  any  railway  station 
ia  London.  All  orders,  with  a  remittance,  punctually 
attended  to. 


CUCUMBERS  AND  POTATOES. 

JAMES  LAKE,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  Bridge  water, 
Somerset,  be  s  aaaia  to  offer  to  the  public  his  Seedling 
FIFTY-FOLD -KIDNEY  POTATO,  six  tubers  of  which  was 
sent  to  Dr.  Lindley  (April  29,  1850J,  and  produced  312  ;  quality 
very  good.  Many  other  satisfactory  references  since  then  can 
he  given. — Price  2s.  Gd.  per  peck,  or  85.  per  bushel. 

J.  S.,  having  grown  from  15  to  20  liu'hts  of  ABAN'S  "  CON^- 
QUEROR  OF  THE  WEST"  CUCUMBER  very  succeasfully 
for  four  year.q,  can  with  confidence  recommend  it  as  one  of  the 
"best  kinds  in  culiivatio".  —  Packets,  containing  35  seeds, 
la.  each.     The  Tra  e  supplied. 


FROM  THE  INCUMBENT  OF  GRAZELY 
PARSONAGE. 
To  Messrs.  Sutton, 
^17*3, —  Whenyou  are  pas  sivg  through  (^raztly,  I  wish  you  looiild 
call  in  and  sec  my  Garden  Lawn,  Pasture,  and  Churchyard,  which 
I  sowed  last  spring  with  your  Seeds,  and  which  this  time  last  year 
was  only  a  Bean  field  but  now  a  beautiful  close  Green  Sward,  and 
lam  happy  to  say  free  from  weeds;  many  gentlemen  have  been 
quite  surprised  to  see  in  so  shan't  a  time  so  good  a  pasture.  ai>d  I 
hope  it  will  continue  the  same,  as  I  have  invariably  Jieard  tJiat  your 
Grass  Seeds  are  good  and  permanent. 

lam,  Sirs,  yours  obediently,  T.  S 

Qrasely  Parsonage,  Feb  13. 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  having  been  honoured  with  the 
above,  with  permissiOQ  to  publish  it,  have  much  pleasure' 
in  doing  so,  and  havo  also  the  satisfaction  of  staling  that  they 
are  almost  daily  receiving  similar  communications.  In  a  letter 
ju-it  received  from  a  Gen'leman  at  Weston-super-Mare  is  the 
following  passage  : — "  The  field  Ilaid  down  last  spring  with  your 
Grass  Seeds  gave  me  great  satisfaction,  and  no  little  surprise  to  my 
neighbours  the  farmers.  The  purchai^er  of  the  property  was  also 
sitrprised  at  the  result."  In  another  letter  dated  Emanuel 
Rectorv,  LouiJhborouj.'h,  Jan.  28.  the  Rector  says  : — "  The  four 
acres  which!  sowed  ivith  Grass  Seeds  from  your  Establishment  last 
■pring  present  a  very  satisfjctory  appearance,  the  ground  being 
equally  covered  with  Grass  of  regular  and  uniform  height." 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  having  for  many  years  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  land  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soils  of  ihe 
United  Kingdom,  and  can  supply  the  sorts  of  Grasses  and  Clovers 
most  suitable  for  any  specified  soil  at  28s.  per  acre,  with  Instruc- 
tions for  sowing. 

Also  the  best  CLOVERS  and  RYE-GRASS  for  alternate 
husbandry  or  to  lay  down  for  two  years,  at  Itjs,  per  acre  ;  and 
SoTTON'3  Renovating  Mixture  of  Perennial  CLOVERS  and 
Finest  GRASSES  lor  improving  Old  Meadows  and  Pastures, 
lOd.  per  pound,  8  to  13    bs.  per  acre  being  suSScient. 

Also,  Finest  LAWN  GRASSES  for  Gardens,  la.  Zd.  per 
pound,  or  3s  perj^allon. 

N.B. — Mangold   Wurzel,    Belgian  Carrot,    Turnip,   and  all 
other  Agricultural  Seeds  of  superior  quality. 
JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seed  Gbowebs,  Reading,  Berks, 


FLOWER    SEEDS    SENT'  i-REE    BY    POST. 

I>  OBERT  WESTM  ACOTT  begs  to  inform  his  friends 
^  that  he  has  selected  with  great  care  his  Stock  of  FLOWER 
AND  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  for  the  present  season,  including 
every  variety  worihv  of  cultivation.  His  GERMAN  SEEDS 
are  imported  from  the  best  fort-iu'n  house,  and  are  as  good  as 
can  be  procured.  His  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 
will  be  sent  by  post  on  receipt  of  One  Penny  Stamp,  or  may 
be  had  gratia  at  the  NURSERY,  Stuart's  Grove,  Fulham 
3.oad,  Chelsea. 

COLLECTIONS    OF  THE    MOST   SHOWY  FLOWER  SEED 
FOR    LARGE    OR    SMALL    GARDENS. 

One  Paciiet  of  each. — s.    d. 

50  well  assorted  Annuals,  Biennials,  and  Perennials     ...  10    6 

25  Do.  Do.  Do.  ..,     5     6 

12  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...    3    0 

Post-office  Orders  made  payable  at  Erompton, 


TMPORTANT  SALE  OF  FRUITING  AND  SUG- 

J-  CESalUN  PINES,  the  Property  of  a  Lady  declining  the 
cultivation  of  Pines  ;  consisting  of  about  (JO  Fruiting  Plants 
in  No.  8  size  pots,  principally  Queens,  and  a  lew  Black 
Jamaica,  in  the  best  possible  health,  vigorous,  and  perfectly 
clean  ;  80  strong  Succession  Plants,  equally  healthy  and  good 
170  fine  young  Succeision  Plants — altogether  as  tine  a  lot  as 
ever  were  L'rown. — For  particulars  as  to  prici*.  &c.,  apply  to 
Mr.  Jos.  FAiaBAiaN,  Nurseries,  Claphum.— Feb.  21. 


MACKIE  AND  STEWART  beg  respectfully  to 
appriee  their  numerous  pi'rons  and  friemls,  that  they 
are  now  sending  out  their  CHOICE  GARDEN  AND  FLOWER 
SEEDS,  which  have  been  selected  with  the  moat  scrupulous 
care  as  to  quality  and  genuineness. 

COLLECTIONS    OF    GARDEN    SEEDS, 
CoDtaining  all  the  Choiceet  Sorts,  may  be  had  at  the  following 

prices ; — ■ 
A  complete  collection,  conaiBtiog  of  20  quarts  of  tho 
best  kinds  of  Peas  and  Beans,  and  all  other  Seeds  in 
proportion,  of  the  best  varieties,  sufficient  for  one 

year*;*  cropping  of  a  garden         ^2     2     0 

Ditto,  ditto,  in  BmalUr  quantities,  but  equally  choice 

in  quality        110 

Dlit'j,  ditto,  for  a  Bm-ill  garden *    0  10    G 

See  pui(e  2  of  our  Descriptive  Cotologuo. 

COLLECTIONS  OF  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
All  Flower  Set  dt  will  be  forwarded  free  by  post. 
100  packets  choice  s'lrts,  Inclurjlng  all  the  best  hardy. 


...sei  0 

0  14 
0  7 
0  4 
0     2 

0    y 


hitlf-hardy,  and  GrLCiihousc  Annuals 
300  ditto,  very  choice  and  showy  Hardy  Annuals 

50  „  ditto  

•ir^  „  ditto         

\2  „  ditto  

•jO  „  Ilalf-hardyAnnaaU     

The  above  coIlecilonH  arc  Delected  with  tho  otmoBt  caro,  and 
all  the  most  showy  varieties  arc  included. 

See  page  21  of  our  Descriptive  Catalogue. 
Inqnlries  being  frcfjucntJy  made  by  AmntiufH  and  othrrn, 
w)io  (oannge  thtflr  own  gardens,  ronpe«Uiig  time  of  sowing, 
0'i(irttit[«>i  required,  <tc.,  M.  and  K.  huvu  Ju^t  publlnlicd  a 
ij^icrlpllvc  Price  Current  of  their  Garden  and  Flower  H« cdd, 
and  Cuiinury  I'luniM,  with  their  general  trea'rncnt  and  various 
iisc^,  Ail;.,  stamped  (as  a  newspaper;,  to  gr>  freii  by  post,  whicrh 
will  be  frnnktd  U}  ni>y  nddru»s  upon  application.  A  DcKCrlp- 
tlre  Isabel  will  be  nttuched  to  coch  parcel. 


CHEAP   AND    SELECT    NURSERY    STOCK. 

THE  SUBSCRIBERS  beg  to  refer  all  interested  in 
ORNAMENTAL  PLANTINti  to  tbeir  Advertiaeruent,  in 
the  tirat  pai^e  of  the  Gardeners'  Chrc^.\.%  of  the  I4th  inst. 
Wm.  JaCKSON  and  CO.,  NoKsEriYfiiEN,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


JH^PPS'  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 

-L^    SlOEDS.— No     1,    containing    24    quarts   of  the  £  s.   d. 

newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers       ...  2  10    0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quantities 1  10    0 

No.  3,  ditto  ditto  1    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12    C 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  ha  had  on  appli- 
cation,  also  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  <tc.,  ^c. 

The  htghf  at  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  Uoited 
Kingdom.     Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

W,  J.  Efps  be^s  to  remark,  that  in  consequence  of  his  being 
one  of  the  largest  Seed  Growers  in  the  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  Sittisfactorj', 

High-Bireet  and  Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone. — Feb.  21. 


JOHN  HENCHMAN  invites  tbeattention  of  Amateurs 
and  the  Trade  to  his  wtU  known  and  estensive  Siocli  of 
Choice  SEEDLING  CALCEOLARIAS.  He  is  now  sending 
out  stout  healthy  Plants  in  small  pots,  at  Gs.  per  dozen. 

Dit'O  from  the  choicest  seed,  including  a  new  and  superior 
Shrubby  breed,  12b.  per  doztn. 

Strong  plants  in  48  pots  for  early  blooming  and  specimen 
plants,  12s.  per  dozen  ;  best  varieties,  18s,  per  dozen. 

Choice  named  PANSIES,  healthy  plants  wintered  in  pots, 
Gs.,  9s.,  and  l2s.  per  dozen. 

Choice  Seedlinji  CINERARIAS,  fine  plants,  in  48  pots,  just 
showing  colour,  93.  to  I23.  per  dozen. 

GENISTA  FRAGRANS  (best  variety)  fall  of  bloom,  in  48 
pots,  Gs-  and  83.  per  dozen  ;  in  40  and  32  pots,  2  feet  high  and 
bushy,  12s.  to  I83.  per  dozen. 

Choice  CALOKOLaRIA  Seed,  23.  Gd.  per  packet. 

HOLLYHOCK  Seed,  from  Chater's  best  named  sorts,  2s.  Gd. 
per  packet. 

Choice  LEMON  and  ORANGE  AFRICAN  and  DWARF 
FRENCH  MARYQOLD,  at  Gd.  per  packet. 

"a"  Post-office  orders  are  requested  from  unknown  corre- 
fipoodents. — Edmonton,  near  London,  F>.b.  21. 


THE  RUSSIAN  SUPERB.— It  is  now  three  year.5 
since  tho  production  of  this  splendid  VIuLET  ;  aince 
which,  plants  of  them  have  been  supplied  extensively  to  all 
parts  of  the  king<lom,  and  are  fuund,  everywhere,  cany  to 
cultivate.  Tho  advantrtgea  of  this  Violet  are,  that  it  blooms 
far  more  pi ofuboly,  produces  a  larger  blossom,  and  is  lonyoi' 
in  the  stem  than  any  oihor  sort;  and  It  is  fully  equal  in 
fragrance  to  the  Ncapolituu. 

R.  SnACEELLhas  been  honoured  with  tho  following  gratify- 
ing noiiuu  of  a  bounuot  of  ihesc  ilowors,  which  ho  liad  the 
honour  toprcuent  to  her  iliijCMty  the  Quoeo, 

*'  WindHor  Castle,  Oct.  25,  1840. 
"Sir,— I  have  received  tbo  commundH  of  tbotjuoeu  to  Inform 
you  that  your  letter  of  the  2'M  inst.,  together  with  a  plant  and 
Douquetof  Violets,  have  been  received,  and  that  her  MigoHty 
huo  boen  graciously  picancd  to  accept  them.  I  itm  directed  to 
convey  to  you  her  AlajuHty's  thanlis  for  your  attention. 

*'  1  um,  sir,  your  obedient  Bcivnnt, 

"  Mr,  SlIACKELL,  "  0.  H.  VlfM'VB." 

Opinions  of  the  Press,  and  other  tofttimonliils  of  high  approvnl 
may  be  obtained,  by  apjillcalion,  to  K.  Shaciikll,  by  whom 
tlicfto  VloietH  are  supplied  at  (fji,  per  dozen  (or  siruiig  |itJint.H, 
pMcka«o  Crce,  or  43,  jier  dozen  for  snialler  plants,  wliich,  li: 
fjiiantitles  of  not  Ief<H  ilian  a  dozen,  will  bu  supplied  tliroii.jl: 
the  post,  tree  oi  posiiigc.     Amounts  for  1  dozen  wny  he  triins. 


Norwich  Nurseries,  andlOandll,  ISxcbangc-fltrcct,  Norwich,    mitted  by  postiigo  htumps;  for  larger  quiintUles  hy  I'uHt-ofllce 
Pebraary  21.  [  order.— DlrvcttuUouBaTtJiiACRKLi.,  Lucliibrook  Nursery,  Huth, 


FINEST  LANCASHIRE  GOOSEBERRIES,  iu  100 
choice  sorts,  named,  per  1000,  4i.  ;  orlOs.  per  100,  in50  f-orts, 

CURRANTS.  — Mai's  Victoria  or  Raby  Castle,  red,  the 
finest,  largest,  and  best  known,  ought  to  be  in  every  garden, 
25s.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  doz.  ;  Red  Grape  and  Champagne,  fine, 
per  100,  lOs.  ;  or  per  doz.,  23. 

SeL'urely  packed  to  cat  ry  any  distance,  or  for  exportation. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correapondeota  is 
respectfully  requested. 

All  Oriers  above  51.  C.irriage  "paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
B'rniiot^bam,  and  Edinburgh,  and  to  any  Station  within  15t> 
miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Our  De.'^criptive  Catalogue  is  just  published,  in  Three  Parts, 
and  may  be  had  gratis  for  four  penny  postage  stamps  to  pay 
postage,  or  Parts  I.  and  HI.  for  one  penny  stump  each  ;  Part  II. 
for  two  penny  stamps  each,  sep:irate.  Part  I.  coniains  exten- 
sive Lisca  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants.  Part  II.  contains 
select  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Roses,  Ornamental  Trees, 
Flowering  Shrubs,  Evergreirns,  and  Coniferce.  All  described 
in  height,  colour,  and  time  of  llowi  ring.  Part  III  ,  select  Lists 
of  Fruit  Trees  ot  every  useful  description  fully  deecribbd,  with 
prices  and  condiiiona,  and  much  other  useful  information. 
Warranted  to  contain  more  practical  details  than  any  other 
list  extant;  and  the  largest,  cheapest,  and  best  stock  of  Plants 
ever  ojfered. 

Apply  to  John  Mat,  Hope  Nurseries,  Leeming-lano,  Bedale, 
Yorkshire.  — For  iieneral  Advertisement  of  Surp'us  Stock,  see 
pa^e  98,  in  last  week's  P^iper. 

CHARLES  DIMMICK  begs  to  recommend  the 
following  superb  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
which  will  be  sent  free  by  pose,  on  the  re  -eipt  of  a  Post-office 
order  or  postage  stamps  to  the  «moutii  charged. 

Four  leading  kinds  of  BROCCOLI,  a  packet  of  each  for  3s., 
viz.,  Walcheren,  Grange's  Early  White,  EUetson's  Mammoth, 
and  Witlcove. 

Four  leading  sorts  of  CABBAGE   for  2s.,   viz.,    Mitchell'e  ■ 
Prince  Albert  (new),  Atkin's  Mutchless  (new).  Nonpareil,  and 
Sharp-top  or  Portsmouth. 

;  Five  leading  eorte  of  LETTUCE  for  2s.  Qd.,  viz..  Crystal 
Cos  (new)  Paris  Cos,  Snow's  Matchless  Cos,  Bath  Cos  (black 
seed),  and  Drumhead. 

Three  fine  sorts  of  CUCUMBER  for  2s.  Gd.,  viz.,  L attar's   - 
Victory  of  England,  The  Doctor,  and  fin©  Long  Ridge  for  open 
air  culture. 

The  JoUowing  new  and  first-rate  VEGETABLES,  a  packet 
of  each  for  23.  Gd. — new  Cabbaging  Borecole,  new  French 
Curled  Endive,  Mitchell's  Matchless  Parsley,  Victoria  Vegetable 
"Marrow,  and  Oracbe  Spinach,  .i  very  valuable  summer  sort. 

The  following  new  and  li.st-rate  IIAKDY  ANNUALS  for 
2s.  Gci.  — Clarkia  neriiflora  (double  rose),  Eseholtzia  alba  (new 
white).  Hibiscus  cdlieuru^  (new),  Lupinus  Moriizianus  (new), 
and  Nemop',ila  maculaia. 

The  following  superb  HALF-HARDY  ANNUALS  for  2s.  Gfi. 
— Zinnia  (12  vars.  mixed).  Aster  (21  vars,  mixed),  German 
Stock  (24  vars.  mixed),  Thunbergia  (3  vars.  mixed;,  and  Phlos 
Drummondii. 

The  following  BIENNIAL  and  PERENNIAL  FLOWER 
SEEDS  for  23.  6d.  —  Swcetwilliam  (extra  fine),  Polyanthus 
(extra  fine  border),  German  Scabious',  Hollyhock  (from  2±  fine 
vars.),  and  Antirrhinum  (from  fine  named  flowers). 

Collections  of  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  sent  free  of 
carriage  to  any  station  on  the  South-Weatern  or  South  Coast 
Railways  ; — 

No.  1  collection,  containing  20  quarts  of  the  best  sorts  of 
Peas  for  successional  sowing,  5  pecks  of  the  ber^t  Early 
Potatoes,  with  the  best  sorts  of  Broccoli,  Cabbage,  Lettuce, 
Cucumber,  Celery,  and  Radish ;  with  other  Vegetables  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  to  supply  a  large  garden  for  a  year,  31. 

No.  2  collection,  equally  choice,  but  in  reduced  quantities,  21 

No.  3  do.  do.  do.  11. 

No.  4  do.  do.  do.  10s. 

The  No.  4  collection  will  contain  G  pints  of  the  best  Peas, 
3  gallons  of  Early  Potatoes,  and  a  small  quantity  of  the  beat 
Vegetables,  suitable  to  supply  a  small  garden  for  a  year. 

FLOWER     SEEDS. 
100  varieties  of  the  best  and  most  showy  Annuals  and  s.   d. 

Biennials      ^^    0 

50  do.  do.  do.  7     G 

25  do.  do.  do *    0 

The  Seeds  at  this  Establishment  are  selec'ed  from  the  best 
stocks  in  the  country,  and  the  growing  qualities  of  every  article 
is  tested  as  soon  as  received,  and  C.  D.  have  much  pleaburo  in 
stating  that  he  has  the  highest  testimony  of  their  genuineness 
from  liis  regular  customers,  both  gentlemen  and  market  gar- 
deners, to  whom  they  give  gCTieral  Batisfactiou.  Priced  Cata- 
logues may  be  had  on  application. 

It3,  High-street  Ryde,  Me  of  Wit{ht,  Feb.  21. 

J  AS.  DICKSON  AND  SONS,  Nurseuy,  Seedsmen 
J  and  Flobis'is,  32,  South  llMuover-street,  Edinburgh,  in 
returning  thanks  to  iheir  numerous  customers  for  their  long- 
continued  llberul  GHiipott,  take  this  opportunity  of  intimating 
that  Mr,  Jas.  Dodds,  who,  for  tho  lust  14  years  was  Head 
Gardener  to  the  Eail  ot  Mansfield,  at  Scone  Palace,  Perthshire, 
has  joined  their  firm. 

J.  D.  and  Sons  aluo  beg  leave  to  acquaint  Noblemen,  Gen 
tlenien,  and  the  Public  in  general,  that  Mr.  Dodds  will  at  all 
tiiuep  be  ready  to  givo  desiRns  lor  and  advice  on  tho  erection  of 
Horticultural  Building-^,  Luyhig  out  of  Gardens,  PlouBuro 
OroundH,  Plantatlim-',  <tc. 

J.  D.  and  Sons  huvo  much  pleasure  in  recommending  the 
under  noted  firHt-ruto  Ifedding  PANSIES,  raised  by  Mr. 
(Jowanloi  k,  the  succesbful  riilHur  of  the  much  admired  Pansy 
tho  "  Duku  of  Perth,"  of  which  tlioy  have  purchoHcd  tho  entire 
Htucks.  Ah  they  aro  doeided  novultiirs,  and  Urst-chiSB  cliow- 
ilowors  thoy  cannot  full  in  giving  eatlafactlon  to  all  Punay 
growirH.  Good  plants  will  bo  hont  out  ou  tho  1st  of  March,  at 
Ids.  ()(/  tho  set,  or  5s.  if  taken  singly.  As  tho  stuck  Is  limited 
eui  ly  ordiTH  aro  lequesie'l, 

DDOIIEHS  OF  I'EKTII,  pure  wiilto  ground,  deep  purple 
nnirgln,  illstlnct  dstrk  blotch,  with  rich  yellow  arched  eye, 
j)utuls  well  proportioned,  i'nrni  perfect,  and  aubntaneeBood, 

Hilt  JOSEl'lI  PAXTON,  palo  yellow  ground  with  rich 
nijirf^ln  ;  fine  velvety  Nultstance,  and  perfect  form. 

KOHSUTll,  blaek  self,  the  darkest  wo  have  seen,  of  rich 
velvety  texture,  and  good  form 

Tho  usual  discount  to  the  trade. 


114 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Feb.  21, 


SAilUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to 
inform  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  thtir  new 
PRICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  185i  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postajje  free,  on  apDlieatiou.  It  cootahis  a  list  of 
all  ibe  moat  Approved  kinds  of  Venetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
.tfflgelJher  wiiQi  a  vtrj  choice  selection  of  G-ermiin  and  otber 
3F.lo«rer  Seed;*,  wbicti  aroallfully  descri'bed,  stating  the  time  dX 
sowing,  and  whether  hardy,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  informa- 
tion. The  Collections  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplied  In  former 
years,  havinir  given  such  pentral  Batisfaction,  they  are  again 
induced  to  oft"ar  them  as  under  : — 

Ko.  1.  A  com\plefe  collection  (.f  Vegetable  Seeds  for  £  £.  d. 
one  year's  8upi>ly  of  a 'ari^e  garden  ...2     5     0 

No.  2,  Do.  do.        in  smaller  quiintilies         ...  ll'O     0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1    1    0 

No.  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...0  12    6 

The  kiod3  and  quantities  contained  in  each  Gollectioa  are 
Btated  in  the  Catalogue. 
Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  on  the  following  Railways  : — 
Newoaslle,  York,  ami  Berwick  ;  North  Briiisla,  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  ;  York  and  ScarborouKh,  Newcaetle  and  Carlisle,  and 
Lancasterand  Liverpool. — Gateshead  Nursery,  Feb.  21. 

Banunculuses,  Anemones,  Auriculas,  Pelar- 
g*oniums,  and  Lilium  Lancifolium. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London,  by 
ap!Join'ment  Flohist  to  her  MflJE6Tr  the  Qdeen,  and 
TO  HIS  Majesty  THE  Kino  of  j^axont,  begs  to  recommend  the 
above  Flowers,  which  he  can  supply,  of  the  best  quality,  £  s.  d. 
100  RanunculuseB,  in  100  supeifioe  sorte,  named         ...  2  10     0 

Superhneinixtures,  per  100,  from  5s.  to  0  10     G 

100  Anemones,  in  50  sup'Tfine  sorts,  named      1  10     0 

Superfine  mix-ures  (double),  per  100,  Irom  Gs.  to     ...  0  10     6 

25  Auricula*,  in  35  superfine  aortt.,  named        3     3     0 

25  PelargOQiume,  in  '25  buperfine  sorts,  named  ...  3     3     0 

Fine  named  varieties,  per  dozen,  from  12s.  to  ...  0  18     0 

LHlum  lancifolium  album,  per  dozen,  from  9s.  to         ...  0  18     0 

,,  .,,  punctatuni,  each,  irom  2s.  Gd.  to  ...  0     7     G 

„  „  rubrum  true,  or  speciosum,  do., 

3s.  6d.  to        1    1    0 

„  ,,  roseum,  do.,  2s.  Gd.  to  0    7    6 

,,  ,,  cruentum,  do.,  5s.  to  0  10     G 

A  new  collection  of  Hybrid  Seedling  Lilies,  6  sor's  named,  for  153. 


CHARLES  HOWDEN,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman, 
53.  High-street,  Belfast,  to  clear  ground  for  other  crops, 
;at  his  Nurseries,  Malone,  offers  for  sale,  and  will  ship  free  on 
board,  at  this  port :—  Per  1000.— s.   d. 

5  year-old  TKORNS,  Ir.inFplanted.  strong 5     0 

S^vear-.-ild  BP>E  :il,  ASH,  OAK,  HAZLE,  SYCAMORE, 

*and  PRIVET,  transplanted 12     6 

4  year-old  COMMON  LAUREL,  do 40     0 

Orders,  with  remittance  or  satisfactory  reference,  will  meet 
with  prompt  and  caP'-ful  attention.  —  Belfast.  Feb.  21. 


QUTTON'S    COLLECTIONS    OF  HOME-GROWN 

O  SEEDS,  CARRIAGE  FREE. 

A  Clehqtbun,  whom  we  have  had  the  honour  of  supplying 
many  years,    writes  ua,    "T  have  mvck  satUfaclion  in  re'ccnn. 
mending  yovr   Seeds  to  various  friends,  as  T Jind  they  are  much 
pleased  with  them;"  and  another  purchaser  says,    " I  never 
received  so  immeroits  a  Collection,  zo  good  in  qnaXity,from  any 
Jiouse."     We   tberefivre   contideiitly    recommend   those   gentle- 
men who  are  not  themselves  acquainted  with  the  best  sort^  of 
vfgetables,  to  order  immediately  (while  we  have  a  large  Stock), 
one  uf  the  iiiidermeniioned  comple'e  Collections  : —        £   s.   d. 
.No.  1.— A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION  OF  GARDEN 
SEEDS,  FOE  ONE  YEAR'S  SUPPLY  OF  A  LARGE 
GARDEN  ;  including  the  be«t  f-orts  for  succession  of 
Peas,  Be;'ns,  Broccoli,  Cucumbers.  Melnn=,  Lettuces, 
Cauliflowers,  and  every  other  sort  of  Vegetable  re- 
quired, in  full  quantities    ...         2  10     0 

1*Jo.  2.— A   COMPLETE   COLLECTION,  in  quantities 

proportionately  reduced     1  10     0 

Ko.  3.— A  COMPLETE  COLLECTION,  equally  choice 

sorts      1    1    0 

■3?o.  4.— A   SMALL  AND  VERY   CHOICE   ASSORT- 
MENT   0  12    G 

If  some  hinds  of  Seeds  are  already  possessed^puToliasers 
are  requested  to  name  thcvii  that  increased  quantities  of 
others  may  he  sent  in  Ucu  of  them. 

Sdtton's  Superb  Lettuce,  Sdtton's  Imperial  Cabbage,  and 
Sutton's  Solid  White  and  Pink  Celery  are  included  in  each  of 
the  above  Collections. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


DWARF     TRAINED     TREES    of     PEACHES, 
MOOR  PAKK  APKIC0T5.  and  GREENGAGE  PLUMS, 
200  handsome  plant-*  of  each  sort  to  spare. 

BEKBERIS     AQUIFOLIDM    and    BERBERIS    DULCIS, 
.500,000  planfs  to  spare. 

PRINCE  ALBERT  RHUBARB,  BOs.  per  IfiO  ;  1000  for  151. 
Fifty  superb  varietips  of  HOhLYHOCKS  for  42s. 
EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  10Ll,000  to  spare. 

Jeteb  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Northampton. 


A    COMPLETE  ARBORETUM. 
/'^     LODDIGES  AND  SONS    beg  to  state  that   they 

'^' •  are  now  supplying  the  above,  comprising  upwards  of 
3200  epecies  of  TREES  and  SHRDB>5,  correctly  named,  for 
-50i.,  cash  on  delivery  ;  and  as  tueir  collection  of  hardy  plants 
■will  have  to  be  disperstd  this  season,  in  conRequence  of  the 
land  being  let  for  building,  they  most  respectfully  eugeest  that 
all  persons  contemplating  the  formation  of  a  COMPLETE 
ARBORETUM  should  malte  early  application,  as  the  stock  of 
some  species  is  very  limited. — Hackney,  Feb.  21. 

C  A  M  E  L  L  I  A  S. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  Co.  respectfully  announce 
that  the  CAMELLIAS  in  their  Celebrated  Large  House 
are  rapidly  coming  into  Flower,  and  will  soon  be  in  greater 
perfeciitm  ihun  they  have  ever  beei'.  In  addition  to  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  Camelfia  House,  L,,  P.,  and  Co.  beg  leave  to  say 
that  their  New  Show  House,  leading  to  the  above,  is  tilled  with 
an  extensive  and  well-assorted  collection  of  fine  Plants,  which 
will  highly  gratify  those  who  honour  their  Nursery  with  a  visit, 
for  it  is  now  and  will  continue  to  be  exceedingly  brilliant  with 
all  the  gayeHt  Spring  and  other  Flowers.  For  the  particulars, 
see  their  Adverii-ement  in  last  week's  Chronicle. 

EXETER    NURSERY,    EXETER,  FtL.  20. 
(Established  in  17-20.) 


OCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
^■-^  EMl'EROR  STOCK,  a  perennial  epecies,  and  hardy; 
.1400  seeds.  Is.  f  .  j  , 

CIKERAKIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
ofPlaniB,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  the 
tinest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former  and  500  of 
the  latter,  Is.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTIS  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  very  beautiful  ;  2(i0  seeds.  Is. 

CALENDRINIA  UMBELLATa.  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
andmost  brilliant  flowering  of  all  beddinji  plums;  1500  seeds,  Is. 

SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  1 0,01)0  seeds,  Is. 

Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamys. 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 


SEED  AMD  HOSTICULTUEAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,     SUFFOLK. 

BASS  AND   BUOWN'S   SEED  AND  PLANT  LIST  FOR   1852, 

OR    DESCRIPTIVE    PRICED    CATALOGUE 

(STAMPED  TO  GO  FREE  BY  POST),  IS  NOW  COMPLirTE,  AND  MAT  BE  HAD  ON  APPLICATION. 


WE  have  the  pleasure,  as  above,  of  offering  our  21st  ANNUAL  SEED  CATALOGUE,  combined  with  our 
usual  choice  LISTS  OF  PLANTS.  Our  Seed^,  which  are  harvested  and  collected  with  much  care,  will  be  found,  we 
believe,  as  select  a  collection  of  choice  varieties  and  kind*  as  can  be  produced.  From  the  great  number  of  communications  from 
persons  in -all  parts  of  the  Kingdom  to  whom  our  goods  have  been  sent,  expreasinff  their  high  approval  of  the  ariicles  supplied  ; 
and  from  r-ur  habitual  aim  to  obtain  those  of  the  very  beat  rtescrinrion,  we  can  offrir  them  with  the  fuUeat  eonfi  ^ence. 

The  following,  of  our  owoi  selection,  we  loish  particularly  to  recommend.     Tliey  consist  of  vaneties  <md  Jcinds 
which  cannot  faM  to  afford  the  most  com/pletc  satisfaction. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS    IN    ASSORTMENTS. 

We  beg  to  offer  the  followicg  CoUectioQg  of  the  choicest  and  most  approved,  embracing  superior  new  sorts  ia  proporljoiiaie 

quantities  (»f  each  : —  £  s.  d. 
Mo.  1.— COLLECTION  FOR  A  LARGE  GARDEN,  containing  20  quarts  of  Peas,  in  20  best  sorts  for  succession; 

10  best  sorts  of  Brorco'i ;  8  ditto  of  Lettuce,  with  all  other  Vegetables  in  proportion       ...        ...        ...        ...  2  10    0 

No.  2.— THE  BEST  NEW  AND  OTHER  SORTS,  IV  SMALLER  QUANTITIES 1  10    0 

No.  3.—                              DITTO                              DITTO                                                     10    0 

No.  1— A  COLLECTION  OF  ESTEEMED  KINDS  FOR  A  SMALL  GARDEN        0  10    6 

*.»*  A  complete  List  of  the  sorts  and  quantities  of  the  No.  1,  2,  and  3  Collections  arc  this  year  fwrnished  in  (lie 
Catalogue,     If  any  sorts  are  not  wished  for,  enlarged  quantities  of  others  will  he  sent  toniake  up  tlie  amoimt. 


FLOWER    SEEDS- 


FIRST    ASSORTMENTS. 

Useful  printed  instmctions  for  sowing 


0  15 


7    6 
5    0 

6 


These  may  te  had,  prepaid  by  post,  at  the  prices  aEQsed.  Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  Seeds  wU 
be  sent  with  each  lot.  £   s,    d 

100  Varieties  select  shnwy  Annuals,  including  very  splendid  German  Asters,  Stocks,  Larkspurs,  Jacobssas,  Zinnia 
elei^ans,  alwo  Lobelia  ramosaandthe  three  new  varieties  ramosa  major,  rosea,  and  propinqua;  the  new  marbled 
Calliop'-is,  Menulia  violacea,  Nemesia  versicolor,  Gramanthus  gentianoides,  Cenia  turbinata,  Cenia  turbinata 
alba,  and  other  newest  an  i  best  sorts  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ,..         .,,         ...         „. 

60  Varieties,  including  the  same,  8s.  6d. ;  80  varisties  ditto,  5s.  6d.  ;  20  varieties  ditto  

20  Varieties  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  in  large  packets,  for  filling  beds  on  lawns      

12  Vai'ieties  ditto  ditto  diito  ...        ...        

30  Varieties  choice  Greinhouse  Annuals,  including  very  tine  Balaam,  Cockscomb,"Mesembryanthemum,*Martynia, 
Phlox  Drammondii,  and  the  two  new  varietieiJ,  Leopoldiana  and  alba  oculata ;  new  varieties  of  Portulacca, 
Rhodaothe  Manglesii,  Thunbergia,  New  Yellow  SalpigiosBus,  djc , 

12  Varieties  ditto  diito  ditto      

2it  Varieties  choice  Greenhouse  Perennials,  including  very  fine  and  new  Tarietres  of  Calceolaria,  'Cineraria,  Eudisiaj 
Peiunia,  Verbena,  Kennedyas,  Calendrinia  umbellata,  (kc.  

12  Varieties  ditto  ditto  .... 

20  Varieties  Harrly  Biennials  and  Perennials,  including  the  new  white  Escholtzia,  very  choice  Antirrhinum,  GlaSiolij 
Heartsease,  Mimnlua,  Polyanthus,  Dianthus,  Brompton  and  Emperoi  Stocks,  &c.,  7s.  Gd.  ;  12  varieties 

FLOWER    SEEDS-SECOND    ASSORTMENTS. 

j^OO  Varieties,  eelect  and  well  assorted  Showy  Annuals 0  10    G 

50  Varieties  ditto  ditto  0    5     6 

30  Varieties  ditto  ditto,  3s.  Gd. ;  20  ditto  ., 0     2     6 

2U  Varieties  Hardy  Biennials  and  Perennials,  4s.  ;  12  varieties        ...        ...        ...        , ...    0    2    6 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.    Post-office  Orders  payable  to  Bass  and  Bhown,  or  to  Stephen  BeowNi 
Goods  sent  Carriage  Free  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or  aiiy  other  Station  on  the  line. 

Stamped  Cojnes  of  our  Autumn  Catalogue  may  still  he  had,  which  contains  our  Descriptive  Lists  of  Roses, 
Jlcrhaceous  Plants,  Select  Evergreens  and  Flowering  Shrubs,  Hardy  Glinibers,  Prize  Oooseberries,  Gladioli,  omd 
various  Bulbs  mid  -Roots. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTTTEY. 


0  10 
0  .7 


0     5 


ORNAMENTAL     PLANTING. 

C  LODDIGES  AND  SONS  most  respectfully  'call 
•  the  attention  of  N.>blemen,  Gentlemen,  and  Public  Com- 
panies,engaged  in  Ornamental  Planting.to  the  nndermentroned 
List  of  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  are  enabled  to 
oifer  at  an  extraordinary  reduction  in  price  (f.ii-  cash  only), 
the  land  upon  which  their  arboretum  is  planted  being  required 
for  building. 

Fine  trees,  from  4  to  10  feet  high,  of  the  following  genera, 
comprising  a  great  numher  of  species  :  Acer,  .^sculus,  Alnus, 
Amygda'us,    Betula.   Cornus,    Corylus,    Cotoneaster,  Cra'segas, 
CytisuB,  Fraxinus,  Mespilus,  Poputus,    Prunus,    Pyrus,    Ribes, 
riubinia,  Sails,  Sorbus,  Spiraea,   Tilia,  Uhnus,  4s.   per  dozen, 
named,  or  a  selection  from  the  above,  25s.  per  100,  unnamed, 
and  highly  recommended  for  rough  planting. 
Americun  Oaks  in  great  variety,  10s.  per  dozen. 
AMERICAW     PLArsiTS. 
Azalea  pontics,  fine  bushy  plants  well  ^et  wiih  bloom,  10s.  p.  doz. 

,,      Ghent  and  other  varieties  namt'd,  18s   per  doz. 
Rhododendron  pontieum  and  varieties  (very  tine).  lOj,  per  doz. 
„      catnpanulatnm,  2  to  4  ft.  diameter,  lO."*.  6d.  to  42s.  each. 
Andromedas  in  collections,  18s.  per  doz.  ;  Vacciniums  ditto, 
12s.  per  doz. 

N.B.  Packing  will  be  charged  as  low  as  possible.     Post-ofBce 
orders  oa^de  payable-at  Hackney. — Hackney.  Peb,  21. 


CUCUMBER    PLANTS. 
r^UTHILL'S    BLACK    SPINE   CUCUMBER 

^-^  PLANTS  are  now  ready.  Cucumber  and  Melon  Seed,  Is. 
per  packet  ;  Lisianthus,  Is.  ;  the  bust  sorts  of  Strawberry 
Seed,  per  packet,  2s.  td.  Outhill's  Pamphlet  on  tlio  Potato 
(5S  pages),  23.  ;  or  by  post,  2s.  id.  AUo  on  Market  Gardening 
Round  London,  Is.  6d.  ;  or  by  post,  Is.  3d.  Post-office  ordors 
on  Camberwell.green. 

James  Ccthill,  Camberwell,  London. 


PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITHE^of  Eastling,  Faversham, 
Kent,  informs  the  public  ihat  his  mixtures  of  thu 
NATURAL  GRASSES  AND  SMALL  CLOVERS,  gathered  prin- 
cipally under  his  superintendence,  including  every  sort  neces- 
sary to  form  a  Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soii,  &.c. 
(which  should  be  pirticularly  stated),  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  by  Railway  to  any  Station  in  England,  Carriage  Free, 
at  23s.  per  acre,  allowinc  3  bu?;hel8  per  ;icre. 

MlSTDREd  FOR  LAWNS,  <tc. 
Any  information  on  the  nature  and  properiies  of  the  Grasses, 
the  Advertiser  wouM  be  pleased  to  give. 


GREAT   SALE  OF    NURSERY   PLANTS. 

PETER  BOOTH,  Nuesertman,  Falkirk,  is  selling 
off,  at  very  cheap  prices,  at  his  extensive  Nursery  Grounds, 
a  very  large  stock  of  transplanted  LARCH,  SCOTCH,  and 
SPRLCE  FIR  PLANTS,  of  strong  and  smaller  siy.es,  including 
seedlings,  with  a  great  variety  of  many  of  the  other  kinds  oi 
Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees,  generally  grown  in  lar^^e  nur- 
series ;  also  Fruit  Trees,  Gooseberry,  Currant,  and  Raspberry 
Bushes,  (fee. 

A  large  stock  and  great  variety  of  very  fine,  strong,  healthy 
Evergreen  and  Flowering  Ornnmental  Shrubs. 

Avery  fine  stock  of  &raudard,  Half  Standard,  and  Dwarf 
Roeeg,  many  of  ihem  of  the  new  kinds,  and  also  of  the  ap- 
proved and  most  beautiful  sorts. 

N.B.  —  As  the  Advertiser  wishes  to  retire  from  busines'^,  a 
Lease  of  all  his  Nursery  Grounds,  whith  belong  to  himaelf, 
and  every  encouragement  would  be  given  to  a  purchaser  of  the 
above  stock,  and  the  good-wi  1  of  the  business,  which  has  been 
carried  on  b>  bis  relations  for  more  than  70  years  past,  and 
with  great  success. 

Siiuuld  a  purchaser  not  be  found,  a. partner  wifh  cnpital,  and 
a  good  knowledge  of  the  business  would  be  agreed  nith. 


NEW   KITCHEN    GARDEN    SEEDS. 
TyiLLIAM  £.  RENDLE,  and  CO.,  Plymouth,  have 

'  *  much  pleasurein  stating  that  their 

NEW     PRICED    CATALOGUE     OF     KITCHEN     GARDEN 

AND    FLOWER    SEEDS 
Can  still  he  had  in  exchange  fw  One  Penny  Stamp. 

RENDLE'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS  have 
given  universal  satisfaction,  and  the  Subscribers  have  the 
greatest  conSdence  in  recommending  them.  The  quantities 
furnished  are  stated  in  fdll  in  the  "  Price  Current  and 
Garden  Directory,"  copies  of  which  can  still  be  obtained  in 
exchange  for  Six  Penny  Stamps. 

They  can  give  ref&i'ence  to  noblemen,  clm'gymen,  and 
gentlemen  in  almost  evei^  county  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  loho  have  pj'ocured  their  supplies  from  them,\; 
and  can  produce  hundreds  of  vnsoIjXCiteb  testimonials  of 
the  highest  character.  The  following,  just  received,  will 
suffice  for  the  present  occasion.  For  others  of  a  similar 
charactei',  see  our  Advei'tisemcnt  in  tMs  Newspaper, 
Jan  24:,  }^b2,pageB\. 

From  the  £Coni.andBev.  — ,  Irela^ul. 

January  8th,  1852. 

Gentlemen,  — Enclosed  is. a  draft  for  the  amount  of  my 
account.  It  is  gratifjiog  to  have  again  to  express  the  satisfac- 
tion I  have  had  in  your  Seeds.  The  kind-*  have  been  true, 
and  the  seeds  have  grown  well.  Yodb  Swedish  Turnip, 
espei^ially,  has  yielded  a  crop  superior  to  anything  io  this  part 
of  the  country  ;  muny  of  them  exceeded  12  lbs.  when  topped 
and  tailed.  Send  me  one  of  your  colkctions,  with  two  bushels 
of  your  Imperial  Purple-top  Swede  Tumip,  &,c. 

They  could  fill  the  columns  of  this  Paper  with  extracts 
oj  letters  and  opinions  of  the  Press,  if  it  were  requisite  to 
do  so  ;  hut  the  above  will,,  they  trust,  be  sufficient  to  prove 
the  general  excellency  of  their  Seeds.  In  fact,  it  is  their 
interest  to  send  out  only  what  is  good ,-  they  would  he  only 
injunng  themselves  were  they  to  do  otherwise. 

For  Further  Information,  refer  to  page  SI, 
Jan.  24, 18S2. 

For  Price|''urrent3  and  Catalogue,  apply   to   William  E. 
Rendle  and'Co.,  8eed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 
ESTABLISHED  IN  THE  YEAR  1786. 

pREENHOUSES  GLAZED  WITHOUT  PUTTY, 

^^  no  Leakage,  simple  and  easy  of  rermir,  cheaper  than  any 
other  system,  and  much  more  durable.  Lists  of  prices  of 
different-sized  houses  forwarded,  on  application  to  the  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  Alfred  Kent,  Chichester.  A  Greenhouse 
glazed  upon  this  system  can  be  seen  at  the  grounds  of  the 
R'tvai  Boranical  Society.  Regent's  Park.  London. 


pOCHIN  CHINA,  MALAY,  AND  SPANISH 
V^  FOWLS  FOR  SALE. — Sir  J.  Sebright's  lace- feathered 
gold  and  silver  Bantams  ;  Carrier.  Atm^md  Tumbler,  and  other 
fa-icy  Pigeons,  tbc.  Cjchin  China  Fowls' Eg?s,  for  Hatching, 
Cd.  each,  forwarded,  caretuliy  pueUed,  on  receipt  of  Post-office 
Order  on  Chief  Office,  London,  with  Is.  for  Bi)X,  die.  Eggs  of 
other  laury  Fowls  fihortly.— Apply  to  Tjat>THY  Mason,  King's 
Cottage.  North  End.  Fulham,London.— Letters  to  enclose  stamp. 


pOCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS'  EGGS  FOR  HATCH- 

V_y  ING.— Fresh  eggs  from  these  esteemed  birds  sent  to  any 
pnrt  of  the  country,  eecurply  paclied,  from  birds  weighing  from 
17  to  19  lbs.  the  couple,  at  95.  sitting  of  13  eggs,  and  Is.  box.  A 
few  yiung  Cock  Birds  to  dispose  of,  lOs.  Gd.  each. — Apply  to  Mr. 
H.  Copland,  Chelmsford.    Orders  attended  to  as  first  received. 


8 — U 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


115 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,   BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
■published  a  new  CATALOSDEof  Hardy  RhododendronB, 
Azaleas,  Ro«e9.  Conifers,  fcc.,  and  which  miy  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rbododendrona  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described ;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections^ 


CARNATIONS,  PICOTEES,  PINKS.  AND  PANSIES. 

JOHN  HOLLAND,  Bradsbaw  Gardens,  Middleton, 
near  ilanchcRter,  haviail  a  very  large  collection  of  the 
above  beautifal  Flon-ei-s,  oflFers  them  at  the  following  low 
prices,  package,  &c.,  iac'uded: 

25  pairs  of  Show  Carnatioas,  ia  25  ^different  varieties  .  £  I    0    0 
25  pairs  of  Show  Picotees,  ia  25  different  varieties    ...100 

25  pairs  of  Pinks        0    8    0 

25  Show  Panaies,  in  25  different  varieties  0  10     0 

Auriculas,  Alpines,  Folyanihuses,  &>o. 
Catalogues  on  application.    FosUofflce   Orders   to  be  made 
payable  at  Middleton,  Lancashire^ 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Pescriptire  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  KOSES,  dsc,  is 
jast  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosinp; 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hosea.  Wateeeb,  Knap  Hill 
Nursery,  Woking,  Surrey. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  wbich  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HAHDT  ORNAMKNTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Treatise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
plants,"  can  etill  be  had,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagzhot,  Surrey,  Feb.  21. 


SANGSTER'S    NEW    EARLY    NO.  1   PEA. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  iii  submitting  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
vrith  the  greate-it  confidence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  lirst-rate  quality;  height,  2  feet, 
Price  25.  Gd.  per  quart. 

YorU  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  63.  per  bush. 
Canibridfje  Radical,  6s.  do.  A  firat-rate  second  early,  63.  do. 
American  Native,  63.  do.  White  Blossom  Kidney,  6s.  do. 
Brigbtiin  Pink  Kidney,  Gs.  do. 

For  Testimonials,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov,  8,  p.  705. 

P.'St-ofBce  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Po9t- 
offico  to  Hay,  Sanqster,  and  Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newingtcn  Butts,  London.  One-bushel  hampers  and  booking, 
Is.&d.  ;  two-bushel.  2s.  Gd.     Sacks,  23.  fid.  euch. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFKRiE, 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &c.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps. — Windlesham  Nursery,  Batrshtir.  StiT-rey. 

(^  OLLECTIONS  OF  SEEDS,  suitably  selected  lor 
v->  Gardens  of  various  sizes,  for  ona  year's  supply,  at  the 
following  prices  :—2i.  10s.,  U.  17s.  Gd.  IJ.  5a,,  123  6d.,  and  5s. 
The  Seeds  are  of  excellent  quality,  many  of  which  are  direct 
frnm  the  growers.  Particulars  of  sorts  and  quantities  of  each 
Collection  may  bo  had,  if  required,  on  app'ication. 

Also,  Collections  of  FLOWER  SEEDS,  chiefly  Annuals, 
with  a  few  eood  Biennials  and  Perennials,  100  varieties, 
lOs.  Gd.  ;  50  do  ,  5fi.  Gd. ;  25  selected  do.,  3s.  Gd. ;  12  do.,  2s. 

William  Denver.  Nurseryman  &  S^edsmin,  Battle,  Sussex 


MITCHELL?S  MATCHLESS  WINTER 
PARSLEY.— J.  M.  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
imueh  reduced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen,  Is.  3d.  per  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs,  will  be  charged  23.  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order, 
payable  to  John  Mitchell,  Ponder's-end,  Enfield,  Middlesex. 

DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s. 
per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  aeleced  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment,  at  A,  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Printed  regulations  ior  treatment  sent;  alsOj  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par^aasan  Cheeses. 

UPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  — Well  ripened 
Seed,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively^from  Rosea  grandi- 
£ora,  Delicaca,  Comet,  -Model  of  Perfection,  Elegans,  Formosa, 
Gem,  Belladonna,  Bicolor,  Queen,  Fireball,  Aurautia,  Rosea 
alba,  and  Suipburea  perfecta.  A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in 
packets,  containing  200  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded,  post  free, 
npon  the  receipt  of  23.  Gd.  worth  of  postage  stamps,  by  R.  B. 
BiacHAU,  Hedenham  Rosary,  Bungay,  Suffolk. 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S    DWARF     MAMMOTH    KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  2s.  fid.  per  quart, 
BISHOP'S  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  quart. 
BUEBIDGE'S  ECLIPSE,  Is.  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  been  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  establishments  in  the  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  respect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER   SEEDS. 
BSCHSCHOLTZIA   CALIFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

very  eood,  6d.  per  packet. 
IPOM(EA  BURRIDGIL  splendid  hardy  creeper,  6d.  per  packet 
BAPONARIA  CALABRICA,  var.  MULTIFLORi^,  one  of  the 

best  b-^dding  plans  out,  6d.  per  packet. 
TROP.a:OLUM  COCCINETJM,  handsome,  Gd.  per  packet 
EtrcnNIDGA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

Gd.  per  packet, 
GAUKA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous  plant,   Gd.  per 

packet. 

DcMCiN  Haihs  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
small  Belection,  as  being  deservedly  worthy  of  universal  atten- 
tion. Catalogues  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flower  Seeds 
forwarded  on  application. 

Seedsman  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  109  St. 
£fartin*B-lane,  London.  ' 


"THE  GOLDEN    BALL," 
UNEQUALLED  NEW  YELLOW  MELON. 

EDWARD  TILEY  respectfully  informs  Melon 
growers  and  others  generally,  that  he  has  been  successful 
in  procuriBg  the  whole  stock  of  seed  of  the  above  beautiful 
amd  oneqnalled  Melo->,  "The  Golden  Ball,"  which  has  been 
thoroQghiy  proved  by  an  eminent  Melon  grower,  and  ac- 
Itn  -w'edged  by  all  who  saw  and  tested  the  same,  to  be  one  of 
■th-;  finest  flavoured  yellow  Melons  ever  known;  its  qualities 
»rc  as  follows :  froit,  very  handsome  ;  colour,  when  ripe,  deep 
oraa^* ;  shape,  perfectly  rounrl ;  hoUow  crown,  very'  thin 
nkin  ;  fle*h,  6rm  and  very  solid,  and  of  superiormelting  flavour  • 
-free  setter  and  prolific  bearer;  weiuht  from  3  to  i  lbs.  The 
rontram  of  thin  yello*  Melon  when  set  on  a  table  with  a  "green- 
■ftM'i  Melon  ha«  a  miwt  •trikine  effect,  and  every  perooii  who 
^rowB  the  Bromham  Hall  «hould  also  cultivate  this  one  as  its 
«;oropinion,  for  Its  shape  and  perfection  in  flavour,  which  has 
irroved  to  be  one/paalled.  It  can  be  obtained  in  packets  of 
three  •eed«  at  2..  Gd.,  or  .even  seeds,  5s;  or  a  packet  of  this 
one  of  the  Bromb«n  lUU,  and  one  of  any  other  under- 
Tnentloned,  for  Cj.  E.  T.  feels  confident  the  above  Melon  will 
jrive  as  gri-at  nalinfacilnn  m  the  following  other  varieties 
formerly  •ent  out  by  him:  — TiJey'a  Bromham  flail  Melon 
<uw).  1*.  i*r  packat ;  TiUj'b  Qaeen  Melon,  Is,  ditto-  Tiley's 
I!owood.  Is.  ditto;  alio,  Beechwood  Melon  seed  Is  ditto- 
T\'lnd-or  I'/''^  I»-  **»"o;  ^"iporor,  U.  ditto ;' Fleming's 
Trrnttoam  Tlybrll  PerntaD,  Is.  ditto  ;  Onncan'n  Green  i'lesh  i 
Ij  ditto;  lUmptonO.mrt,  Is.  ditto  ;  Egyptian  (Improved).  Is'.  , 
«U'.ty;  Blackhallti  Orten  1- jenb,  In.  ditto;  Ryiloy'n  Green 
Fleth.  Ij.  do,  ;  Camtrton  Court.  1». ;  Victory  of  Bath  25  fid  do 
TILEYM  NEW  CUCUMHER  ^'CAPTIVATION"  t^re^ 
«c«4i,  fis..  (fT  fivfi  Mcdf,,  7/.  C..J.;  ftUo  "  Phonmnenon,"  hIx 
•aedi,  2*.  e-i  ;  or  thl»  and  one  of  Ca)ftlvatf  00,  for  f.ji ;  also  Chain- 
llerlaln'*  K«b»-x  Hero,  four  need*),  3s.  (id;  Iluntet'ii  Prolillc 
three  ieeds,  '2t.  fA.,  or  »pvcii  sccdn.  5s  ;  Lord  Kf^yoon'ii  Fa- 
vourite, Is.  per  pkcket;  Vict^iry  of  BoUi,  Is.  ditto;  Gordon's 
WlrtU)  »»Ao«.  Is,  ditf»;  lUmllton'ji  Black  Spiiic,  \e.  ditto - 
Cauqueror  of  the  Wcit.  Gd.  ditto;  linuhar'f^  Hrratford-upon- 
Avon.  Gd.  ditto  ;  and  nnmTOu*  other  older  v-irlclioi',  nt  Od. 
mrto.  For  farther  partlculnrs  of  thn  above  Cucumbers,  «eo 
^tofrfCTiers*  ChronirJj!  of  January  3,  Ifl02. 

M.B.  A  packet  of  "The  Golden  Ball'  Melon  and  a  packet 
Of  CaptWation  Cucumber,  crin  bo  Hoot  for  Gt.  A  icmlttrince 
mn*t  accompany  the  rrrder  from  unknown  Corre»p(mtioiit«, 
•liber  hy  Pont-fifTloo  order  or  penny  i>o*tttge  itariipH,  wlioii 
♦hi  whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above,  an  trie  caie  may  be, 
*i  I  Intmcdla'cty  b«  /rirwerdod  free  Ut  any  part. 

Edward  Tir.rr,  N'lraer^ra-in,  8ccd»imun,  and  FIorl»t,  It, 
Abbry  Cbtirchyard,  B»tb,  Hvmeriiet. 


FIRST  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
DAHLIAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUIVIS,  CINERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,     PICOTEES,     AND     CARNATIONS 

GEORGE  SMITH'S  SELECT  CATALOGUE  is 
now  ready,  containing  Priced  Lists  of  all  the  leading 
kinds  of  both  Show  and  Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 
classes. 

G.  S.'s  Seedling  Verbanas,  Fuchsias.  &c.,  are  of  great  merit, 
having  take  1  numerous  First-clasa  Certificates,  and  haviog 
been  highly  recommended  by  the  Press.  For  description  see 
Catalogues,  which  will  he  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  one 
postage  stamp. 

N.B.  Taylor's  excellent  *' Treatise  on  the  Chrysanthemum," 
Is. ;  free  by  post.  Is.  2d. 

Tollington  Nursery,  Uorn«ey-road,  Islington,  London. 


CHOICE    CUCUMBER     SEED. 

HENRY  GREEN  begs  to  inform  his  Friends  and 
the  Public  in  general  that  he  has  in  his  sole  possession 
the  whole  stock  of  Walker's  Pea-green  Cucumber,  purchased  of 
Mr.  Newman,  gardener  to  the  Earl  of  De  La  Warr,  which  H.  G. 
is  now  sending  out  post  free,  in  packets  of  six  seeds,  at  2s.  Gd. 
each,  or  ou  the  receipt  of  80  postage  stamps. 

This  splendid  Cucumber  is  declared  by  the  judges  of  the 
diff^irent  exhibitions  to  te  the  BEST  EARLY  SORT  in  culti- 
vaiion  ;  it  ia  also  more  productive  and  quicker  in  gro^vth  with 
LEES  HEAT  than  any  other  variety.  It  has  taken,  during  the 
last  two  years,  all  the  first  and  second  Prizes  in  Cambridge 
and  Huntingdonshire. — Cambridge  Nursery,  Feb.  21. 


ROSES. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  a  choice 
assortment  of  ROSES  at  the  under-named  prices,  the 
selection  of  sorts  being  left  to  themselves.  s.  d. 

Extra  fine  picked  tall  Standard  Union  Roses,  from  6  to  8 
feet,  budded  with  3  to  6  best  varieties  of  Climbing  and 
Perpetual  Roses  in  each  stem,  suitable  for  training  in 
the  form  of  domes  (theseplants  are  particularly  fine), 

each.  33,  Gd.  to      5    0 

Superior  selected  Standards        Per  doz.  13s.  to  24    0 

Pine  Dwarfs  and  Dwarf  Standards       ...         ,,  IO3.  to  18     0 

Fine  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  twoof  a  sort        ,,  ...    6    0 

Tea-scented  Roses,  in  pots,  very  fine    ...         ,,  12s.  to  18     0 

Best  varieties  for  Forcing.establisbed  in  G-inch  pot9,p.doz.  20     0 

Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  without  names,  per  100      30    0 

N.B. — Additional  plants  presented  with  each  order,  with  a 
view  to  lessen  the  expense  of  carriace. 

Catalogues  may  be  had.  Gratis,  on  application. 
Woodlands  Nursery,  Maresfield.  near  Ucktield,  Sussex. 


NEW     ROSES. 

HLANE  AND  SON,  Great  Berkharapstead,  Herts, 
•  have  the  pleasure  to  offer  the  undermentioned  ROSES, 
good  Dwarf  Plants,  as  per  prices  affixed  : 
AugusteMie      ...  '"  '^''  n-^-'^  »^i'.=i 


ApoUon   

BaronneHallez 
Caroline  de  Sauaal 

Chateaubriand... 

Chereau 

G€>xnt  de  Battailles 


General  Negrier 

Genie  de  Chateaubriand  1 

Madame  deLamoriciere  3 

Pius  the  Ninth 2 

Princess  Beljiojoso      ...  1 
Standard  of  Marengo...  2 

Hybrid  Bourbon,  Paun2 

Ricaut  j 

Mosa  Laneli      1 


3    6 


7s.  Gd,  Rosy  blush,  large,  globular,  and 
beautiful. 
Cherry  red,  very  lively  colour. 
Crimson,  lar^e  and  very  fine. 
Blush, beautifullyeupped,  large, 

and  very  double. 
Beautiful  delicate  pink,  large 

and  distinct. 
Rose,  very  large  and  douhle. 
Vermilion,  compact,  and  beau- 
tiful. 
Rosy  blu'h,  very  double,  large 

and  beautiful. 
Shaded    lake,    expanded,    and 

very  large. 
Bright  rosy  pink,  very  distinct 

and  good. 
Crimson  lake,  compactand  fine. 
Rose,  globular  and  fine. 
Crimson      lake,      hirge      aJid 

splendid. 
Deep  carmine,   globular,    and 

very  beautiful. 
Beautiful  shaded  carmioc, 
cuppe't,  large  and  dnuble. 
Thoy  also  have  a  very  large  stock  of  EYliRQREEN  TREES 
and  SHRUBS,  suitable  for  immediate  effect  in  makiug  mw 
Plantations,  Avenues,  «bc,,  every  plant  forming  a  specimen; 
and,  as  a  more  ready  Kui'lB;  buvo  neltcted  the  following,  the 
dillerent  varieties  of  which  wil'  be  fountl  under  tbolr  respective 
beads  in  Catalogue  of  Trees  and  Shrubs, 


ueauo  111  wai.ut«3« 

Feer. 

Feet. 

2  to  8 

Pinus  Cembra 

2  to  ^ 

Arbutus              

3  to  6 

,,    cxcelaa  (fine) ... 

3  to  4 

Aruucarla  i  nbricata 

'2  to  31 

,,     insignia 

2  to  84 

2  to  0 

„     Pinaster 

2  to  3 

,,     LibanuH 

2  to  6 

,,     Weymouth 

3  to  0 

Cryptoiuerla  jnponica 

2  to  8 

AbicB  Duu^lusli 

3  to  7 

l^yprcaa          

2  to  6 

„     Hemlock  Spruce 

6  to  7 

Holly,  green 

2  to  4 

,,    Kutrow 

2  to  8 

„    variegated 

2  to  4 

„    Morlnda 

8  to  4 

Juniper           

2  to  C 

„    Menzlesii 

S  to  4 

„    Vlrglnianor  Red 

,,    S|.rucc* 

3  to  C 

Ceiliir,  fipkndid 

Rhododendrons 

pInntH 

8  to  G 

Taxodium      Bcmpcr- 

Knlmlu  latlfulia      ... 

U 

VtrLHK           

2  to  5 

Laurel,  coriuiion 

3  to  6 

Yew,  common 

4  to  0 

,,     Porlug'il  (fine). 

;j  to  5 

,1     Irihh     

a  to  7 

Phllijroa  Illli.'ifoUfi,,. 

3  to  5 

FINE      DOUBLE     TUBEROSES, 

4s.  per  dozen,  just  imported  by 

OAGE  AND  Co.,  Seed  Merchants  to  the  Agtiictjl- 

*-        TUBAL  AND    HoailCCLTUH AL  SoCIETtE^*  OF   IhDIA,   &C.  &.C.. 

Southampton.      Priced    Libts  mny  be    had  up  m  application. 

containing  only  selected  and  approved  varietits 

PAGE'S  BLOOD   RED  BEET,  the  finest  crimson   and  a.    d. 

best  sort  in  cultivation,  per  packet  i     o 

NEW   ROYAL  CABBAGE  LETTUCE    peVpacket       ""     1    0 
PAGE'S     NEW      HARDY      WINTER      WHITE     CCS 

L^^TTUCE.  perpiicket  ...  o     a 

RANDOLPH'S  GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE  (ve'r^  supel 

rior),  perpacket  ...         .  10 

SILVER  PICKLING  ONION  OF  NOCERA,  per  packet     1     0 
NEW  EARLY  RICEI  SCARLET  FORCING    CARROT, 

pRT  packet  ...         ..,         ...         ...         1     0 

NEW  RED   BELGIAN  CARROT,  perpacket      ...         "."     0     6 
BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  warranted  true  imported,  and 

very  fine,  per  packet    ...         ,  .         ...         ...     1     0 

Testimonials  are  unnecessary,  as  w=i  rely  upon  our  reputa- 
tion.— Gardeners  and  Land  Stewards*  Regi^itry  Offices,  37  and 
33,  Oxf.n-d-STeet.  Southampton. 


PELARGONIUMS. 
TOHN     DOBSON'S     GENERAL    DESCRIPTIVE 

«^  CATALOGUE  of  all  the  leading  varn-ties  of  Beck's, 
Foster's,  Hoyle's.  and  other  raisers'  Pelargoniums  ;  Story's 
new  Seedling  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Phli-xes,  Antirrhinums, 
&c.  ifec,  may  be  had  in  exchange  for  one  p  stage  stamp, 

12  fine  show  vai  ieties  of  Pelargoniums  for  42s  ,  bumper  and 
carriage  to  London  included  in  the  price;  also  12  good  and 
distinct  varieties  for  21s.,  hamper,  <fec.,  included.  The  plants 
are  strong  and  bealtby,  and  no  time  should  be  lost  by  pur- 
chasers in  making  their  selections. 

Hollyhock  Seed  saved  from  all  the  leadintr  varieties  in 
packets  of  100  seeds  for  18  postage  stamps,  A'uirrbinum  Seed 
saved  from  the  most  disiin:t  varieties,  in  packets,  forwarded 
in  exchange  foi  eight  postage  stamps.  The  seed,  if  sown  in 
gentle  warmth  this  month,  or  beginning  of  March,  will  flower 
well  during  the  summer  and  autumn. 

A  Catalogna  of  Kitchen  Garden  Sepds,  containing  all  the 
best  sorts  in  cultivation,  may  ba  bad  in  excnaoge  for  one 
stamp.  Lovegrove's  Seedling  Shaw,  Jackson's  Kidney,  and 
other  approved  sorts  of  Pota'oes  for  planting,  at  the  lowest 
prices. —  Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth- 


QEEDS  DIRECT  FROM  THE  GROWERS  THE 

O  MOST  CERTAIN  MEANS  OP  PREVENTING  DIS- 
APPOINTMENT. 

Although  we  would  on  no  account  join  in  the  accusations 
made  against  a  certain  class  of  Seedsmen,  we  have  great  con- 
fidence in  stating,  that  if  such  frauds  are  practised  as  are 
descnhed  in  several  articles  in  the  recent  Knmbers  of  Tlte 
Chronicle,  the  public  may  certainly  avoid  all  such  impositions 
an  1  accidents  by  procurin?  their  Seedt  direct  from  us  ; 

Aiid  it  is  gratifying  to  find  hy  the  numerous  orders  daily 
received  {especiaUt/  since  the  remarks  which  have  appeared 
on  'nhe  Seed  Trade  ^')j  that  the  puUic  fully  appreciate 
the  advantages  of  procuring  Seeds  direct  from  the  OrowerSj 
as  the  surest  remedy  for  the  evils  alluded  to. 

The  Garden  Seeds  grown  in  Berkebire  and  the  Southern 
Counties  having  obtained  grea^:  celebrity,  we  have  made  such 
arrangements  with  Messrs.  Pickfikd  nnd  Co.  (who  have  Offices 
on  most  of  the  great  lines  of  Riiiiway),  as  will  enable  us  to 
DELIVER  OUR  GOODS  FREE  OF  CARRIAGE  to  most 
parts  uf  the  United  Kini;d>m.  Particulars  may  be  obtained  by 
post,  on  application  to  us,  addressed  John  Sdtton  and  Sons, 
Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 

SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  21,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOE  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

.p  I,       p,  I  BritiBh  irchitecta   *.8  pjB. 

HoiTDAT,         rcb.     -3 ; Q|,^„jjp^,^^, 8j,„_ 

(Civil  EnKineerfl S  p.u. 

21^  llpilicaland  ChirurRical  Sir.a, 

(Zi>o)o?icai 0  r.u, 

£5-Geoloclcal S.Jr.M. 

1  Royai  Soc.of  Literature 4  p.m. 

,,(-1  Numismatic   7  P.M. 

"  i  Antiquarian    6  p.m. 

(Royai 84P.U. 

27  -  Royai  Institution 8iP.M. 

na  r  Royai  Botanic ..._.. 

.<*  I  AtDHi..Ql 


TOEBDAT.  — 

WaDMasDAT,    — 
ThdbsdaIi       — 


FaiDAT, 
SaTDBDAT, 


''t&letiical.. 


,.8  P.M. 


'llicio,  the  ciiininon  Siirtic)  Fir,  In  two  THrlotlpB,  tho  whUo 
and  bl lick,  iiroai>l>;liilliJ|<liitita.  bualiy,  at;oi>i'(31nK  to  tliuii- lltitHlit, 
CfitftKiKUfB  miiy  bo  liuil  on  iijiiilicutloii,  hy  cncJOHhig  two 
[ioalujfo  atttinim, 


Some  time  ago  (Gardeners'  Chronicle  for  1850, 
p.  803)  we  took  an  opportunity  of  drawing  our 
readers'  attention  to  the  rights  of  inventors,  as  at 
present  recognised  by  the  laws  of  our  country  ;  and 
we  referred  those  who  might  wish  for  further 
information  upon  the  subject,  to  a  report  then 
lately  published  by  the  Society  of  Arts.  Since  the 
appearance  of  that  report,  two  others  have  issued 
from  the  "  Committee  on  Legislative  Kecognition  of 
the  Rights  of  Inventors,"  appointed  by  the 
council  of  the  same  society.  The  subject  is  impor- 
tant, not  only  to  manufacturers,  but  also  to  that 
large  body  of  ingenious  persons  who  occupy  them- 
selves with  improving  the  implements  at  present  in 
use,  and  to  whom  the  art  of  cultivation  is  so  deeply 
indebted. 

Not  a  few  persons  decry  all  patent  laws  whatever, 
and,  maintaining  that  all  monopolies  are  bad,  assert 
that  rights  of  invention  fall  within  the  proposition 
and  ought  not  to  be  recognised  at  all  by  the  Govern- 
ments of  modei-n  civilised  nations.  We  suspect 
that  some  who  hold  this  opinion,  and  from  whom 
we,  with  all  respect,  differ,  are  led  astray  by  the 
ambiguous  meaning  of  the  word  monopoly.  By  a 
monopoly,  we  understand  an  exclusive  right  granted 
to  a  person,  or  limited  set  of  pei'sons,  to  do  some- 
thing which  would,  were  it  not  for  such  grant,  be 
lawful  for  others  to  do  ;  and  looking  at  matters  aa 
they  aie,  a  patent  is  no  donlit  a  monopoly,  in  this 
Ben.se  of  the  word  ;  but  looking  at  matteis  as  they 
ought  to  be,  a  patent  right  is  no  more  a  monopoly 
than  aiiy  other  exclusive  riglit ;  fur  example,  a  right 
of  ownci-ship  in  land  or  goods,  which  is  founded 
upon  what  are  called  tho  law.s  of  nature.  All  rights 
ouglit  to  be  the  consetiuences  of  laws  liased  upon  the 
gieat  principle  of  utility,  so   prominently  brought 


116 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  21, 


forward  by  Bentham,  and  expounded  and  corrected 
by  Austin.  Using  that  principle  as  a  test,  the  laws 
which  secure  to -certain  individuals  the  exclusive 
enjoyment  of  land  or  goods  are  pronounced  good  ; 
and,  tested  by  the  very  same  principle,  laws  which 
should  secure  to  an  author  or  inventor  the  exclusive 
enjoyment  of  the  produce  of  his  brain  would  also 
be  pronounced  good.  As  tried  by  this  test,  laws  of 
the  latter  class  are  no  more  bad,  as  tending  to  create 
monopolies,  than  are  laws  of  the  farmer  class,  which 
are  closely  analogous. 

In  the  report  lately  published  by  the  Society  of 
Arts,  rights  of  inventors  are  not  denounced  as  tend- 
ing to  create  monopolies,  but  still  we  think  that  the 
word  lingers  in  and  secretly  influences  the  thoughts 
of  the  committee,  and  has  produced  at  least  one 
■  result  not  easily  attributable  to  any  other  cause. 
A  person  who,  having  hit  upon  an  invention,  wishes 
exclusively  to  enjoy  it,  cannot  at  present  do  so  for 
longer  than  a  certain  number  of  years  upon  any 
conditions  or  terms  whatever ;  the  utmost  he  can 
obtain  is  a  right  of  exclusive  enjoyment  for  a  limited 
number  of  years  ;  and  in  order  to  acquire  this  right, 
so  as  to  make  it  available  through  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland,  a  sum  of  nearly  300/.  has  to  be  paid  ; 
that  is  to  say,  an  inventor  is  either  robbed  of  his 
invention  or  fined  300/.  for  his  ingenuity.  Now, 
the  committee  of  the  Society  of  Arts  do  not,  and 
there  perhaps  they  are  right,  propose  that  an  in- 
ventor should  possess  the  exclusive  right  of  enjoy- 
ing his  invention  for  ever,  but  they  still  propose 
to  fine  him  to  the  possible  extent  of  85/. ;  upon 
■what  "principle  of  jurisprudence  which  should 
regulate  the  recognition  of  the  rights  of  inventors  " 
this  fine  is  imposed,  we  confess  ourselves  at  a  loss 
to  conceive.  We  take  registration  of  the  thing 
invented  to  be  indispensable  to  the  working  of  any 
patent  or  copyright  laws  whatever  ;  but  it  such 
laws  are,  as  we  hold  they  are,  beneficial  to  the 
public  at  large,  why  should  not  the  public  pay 
whatever  expenses  are  necessarily  incident  to  the 
benefit  enjoyed  1  in  other  words,  why  should  not 
the  registration  office  be  a  Government  office,  and 
why  should  not  the  officers  who  have  to  manage  it 
be  paid  by  the  Government  in  the  usual  way  1  or, 
if  it  should  be  determined  to  pay  thos%  officers  by 
the  bad  and  universally  condemned  system  of  fees, 
still  let  the  inventor  be  taxed  only  so  far  as  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  office. 
The  system  of  fining  an  inventor,  whether  to  the 
amount  of  300/.  in  a  lump,  or  to  the  amount  of  85/. 
in  four  instalments,  seems  to  us  to  be  radically 
wrong,  and  to  result  from  the  constant  habit,  so 
difficult  to  shake  off,  of  considering  the  rights  of 
invention  as  monopolies,  as  privileges  granted  to  a 
few  to  the  detriment  of  the  many,  whilst  in  truth, 
and  in  fact,  such  rights  would,  if  placed  on  a 
proper  basis,  be  no  less  beneficial  to  the  public  at 
large,  than  are  the  other  exclusive  rights  at  present 
enjoyed. 

The  principle  of  fining  an  inventor  to  the  extent 
of  85/.  by  four  instalments,  (viz.,  the  1st,  5/., 
payable  at  the  time  of  registration,  and  by  which  a 
right  of  exclusive  enjoyment  for  one  year  is  to  be 
obtained ;  the  2d,  10/.,  to  continue  such  right  for 
five  years  ;  the  3d,  20/.,  to  continue  it  for  five 
years  more;  and  the  4lh,  50/.,  to  continue  it  for 
five  years  longer),  "is  proposed  as  a  means  of  testing 
whether  an  invention  is  in  use,  and  of  removing 
useless  inventive  rights  that  might  otherwise  be 
obstructive  of  improvements."  Now,  in  the  first 
place,  by  this  method  the  greater  the  ingenuity  of 
the  inventor,  the  more  beneficial  the  invention  to 
the  public,  the  heavier  is  the  fine  imposed  ;  a  person 
whose  invention,  though  perhaps  ingenious,  is  of  no 
use,  would  pay  6/.,  and  very  likely  no  more  ;  but  a 
person  whose  invention  was  of  use,  must,  to  enjoy 
the  benefits  of  it,  pay  10/.,  20/.,  50/.,  alto- 
gether 80/,  more  than  the  other !  In  the 
next  place  such  a  method  seems  'to  us  not 
to  be  required  to  attain  the  end  in  view ;  it 
would  be  very  easy  to  say  that  no  invention  should 
confer  any  rights  at  all,  unless  registered  in  the  first 
instance,  and  that  such  rights  should  last  only  a 
certain  number,  say  five  years  after  the  first  regis- 
tration ;  but  that  those  rights  should  be  kept  alive  for 
another  five  years  by  registering  before  the  first  five 
years  had  expired, notice  being  given  to  that  efl^ect,and 
so  on  for  as  many  periods  of  five  years  as  might  be 
thought  desirable.  The  etfect  of  this  would  be  that 
no  infringement  occurring  at  any  period  after  the 
expiration  of  five  years  from  the  date  of  the  original 
registration,  or  of  the  last  registered  notice  of  renewal, 
could  be  complained  of  as  a  legal  injury.  We  do 
not  see  any  necessity  for  levying  a  fine  at  each 
renewal ;  and  we  cannot  help  thinking,  as  we  have 
already  observed,  that  the  proposal  proceeds  from  a 
lingering  confusion  produced  by  the  term  monopoly, 
notwithstanding  the  explicit  reference  made  to  that 
word  by  the  committee  in  their  first  report.  Until 
the  rights  of  inventors  and  authors  are  recognised 


gratis,  like  other  rights,  proceeding,  like  themselves, 
from  laws  based  upon  the  principle  of  general  utility, 
we  are  convinced  that  the  public  will  not  rest  con- 
tented ;  and  unless  the  gentlemen  who  have  taken 
the  matter  in  hand  can  accomplish  this,  they  will 
leave  undone  that  which  it  is  most  important  should 
be  done. 

If  indeed  by  the  payment  of  the  300/.  at  present 
necessary,  or  of  the  85/.  proposed  by  the  Society  of 
Arts,  the  fact  of  registration  should  be  conclusive 
evidence  of  the  title  of  the  registering  person  to  his 
invention  as  against  all  the  world,  there  would  be 
little,  if  any,  reason  to  complain  ;  but  that  is  not  so 
now,  nor  is  it  proposed  to  be  the  case.  In  order 
that  registration  should  confer  such  a  title,  it  would 
be  necessary  to  have  a  court  of  examiners  composed 
of  legal  and  scientific  persons,  whose  business  it 
would  be  to  examine  every  invention  brought  before 
them,  and  to  pronounce  whether  it  were  a  bona  fide 
new  invention  or  not,  and  to  refuse  or  allow  regis- 
tration accordingly.  Such  a  course  the  Society  of 
Arts  thinks  (and  in  our  opinion  they  are  right),  im- 
practicable ;  but  then,  in  the  absence  of  such  an 
inquiry,  what  does  the  registered  inventor  get  by 
registration  ?  Under  the  present  system,  as  under 
that  proposed  by  the  Society  of  Aits,  he  merely 
gets  the  power  of  sustaining  his  invention  if 
he  can.  If  he  thinks  his  invention  has  been, 
or  is  being  pirated,  he  can  either  bring  an  action 
for  damages  in  a  court  of  law,  or  he  can  apply 
to  the  Court  of  Chancery  for  an  injunction  ;  but 
in  either  case  the  burthen  of  proving  the  inven- 
tion to  be  new  may  be  thrown  upon  the  plaintiff, 
and  in  that  event  the  production  of  the  letters  patent 
is  not  even  primd  facie  evidence  of  novelty,  and 
that  alone  will  not  throw  upon  the  defendant  the 
onus  of  showing  that  the  invention  is  not  new. 
Without  registration  an  inventor  can  do  nothing  ; 
he  has  no  locus  standi  with  it ;  under  the  present,  as 
under  the  proposed  system,  he  is  allowed  to  do 
what  he  can  ;  but  for  such  permission  300/.  or  85/., 
or  any  other  sum  not  indispensably  necessary  to 
defray  the  cost  of  registration,  is  in  our  opinion 
excessive,  and  not  warranted  by  any  principle 
whatsoever. 


THE  BPACRIS. 

For  the  decoration  of  the  greenhouse  and  conservatory 
during  winter,  and  for  furnishing  a  supply  of  cut 
flowers  at  a  season  when  they  are  most  esteemed,  the 
different  varieties  of  Epacris  are  indispensable,  and 
should  be  grown  to  the  exclusion  of  many  plants  now 
used  for  early  flowering,  and  known  by  the  term  "forcing 
plants."  The  sooner  many  of  these  are  sent  to  their 
proper  situation  (the  shrubbery  border)  and  their  places 
supplied  by  pLants  which  require  no  stimulus  to  induce 
them  to  flower  in  winter  (and  which  are  generally  more 
beautiful)  the  better  for  the  credit  of  the  cultivator  and 
the  satisfaction  of  all  concerned. 

The  Epacris  is  not  difficult  to  propagate,  but  like  most 
hard-wooded  plants,  it  strikes  tardily  ;  and  as  established 
plants,  in  first-rate  condition,  may  be  purchased  for  a 
trifle,  perhaps  the  best  advice  I  can  give  is — leave  its 
propagation  to  nurserymen. 

In  purchasing  plants  at  this  season,  choose  young, 
dwarf,  bushy  specimens,  in  5-inch  pots.  As  early  in  March 
as  convenient,  carefully  turn  them  out  of  their  pots, 
and  if  the  roots  are  .active,  shift  into  two  sizes  larger 
than  those  in  which  the  plants  have  been  growing. 
After  potting,  the  plants  should  be  placed  in  the 
warmest  end  of  the  greenhouse,  where  they  can  be  kept 
rather  close,  and  encouraged  to  make  free  growth. 
They  should  also  be  nicely  tied  out,  bringing  the  shoots 
down  to  the  edge  of  the  pot,  so  as  to  induce  bushy 
specimens  ;  and  any  very  strong  shoots  should  be 
pinched  back,  in  order  to  insure  their  breaking  regu- 
larly. Water  should  be  carefully  apphed  until  the 
roots  have  laid  hold  of  the  fresh  soil ;  but  the  plants 
should  be  moistened  over  head  night  and  morning,  espe- 
cially if  the  weather  happens  to  be  clear  and  sunny. 
Treated  thus,  the  plants  will  soon  start  into  vigorous 
growth,  and  should  then  receive  more  air,  and  a  liberal 
supply  of  water  at  the  roots.  If  the  object  in  view  be 
large  specimens  in  the  shortest  possible  time,  the  plants 
should  be  placed  where  the  temperature  will  average 
from  50°  to  65°  at  night,  allowing  it  to  rise  10"  or  15° 
with  sun  heat,  and  the  atmosphere  should  be  kept 
rather  moist,  but  air  must  be  freely  admitted  to  prevent 
weakly  growth.  It  will  be  necessary  as  the  plants  pro- 
gress to  stop  any  shoots  which  may  incline  to  out- 
grow the  others,  and  to  stop  as  frequently  as  may  be 
requisite  to  secure  compact  specimens. 

The  best  situation  for  the  plants  during  summer  is 
in  a  cold  frame,  where  they  can  be  shaded  from  the 
mid-day  sun,  kept  moist,  and  freely  supplied  with  air. 
In  the  case  of  the  stronger  growing  varieties,  a  second 
shift  will  probably  be  necessary,  and  some  of  the  more 
weakly  growers  may  also  need  more  pot-room  ;  but 
unless  this  is  the  case  previous  to  the  middle  of  August, 
it  will  be  better  to  defer  shifting  till  the  following  spring. 
The  plants  should  be  considered  to  have  completed  their 
season's  growth  by  the  beginning  of  September,  and 
after  that  time  they  will  require  attention,  in  order  to 
ripen  the  young  wood,  and  prepare  them  for  winter. 
This  will  be  best  effected  by  gradually  inuring 
them  to  a  dry  atmosphere,  and  full  exposure  to  the 


sun's  rays.  It  drenching  rains  occur,  remove  them  to 
a  light  airy  situation  in  the  greenhouse.  Water  must 
be  carefully  applied  during  winter.  Never  water  except 
when  the  soil  is  dry,  and  then  .give  it  liberally.  The 
flowering  will  altogether  depend  upon  the  shoots  having 
been  properly  ripened.  Plants  that  were  stopped  late 
in  summer  will  probably  bloom  but  sparingly,  while 
those  that  were  not  stopped  after  the  middle  of  June 
will  flower  abundantly.  After  flowering  allow  them  a 
period  of  comparative  rest,  to  enable  them  to  recruit 
their  energies,  previous  to  cutting  back,  and  entering 
upon  the  second  year's  campaign  ;  but  this  need  not 
exceed  a  few  weeks,  and  during  that  time  they  should 
be  kept  in  a  cold  part  of  the  greenhouse,  and  be  very 
carefully  watered. 

Now  is  the  time  to  provide  for  having  a  succession  of 
flowering  plants  during  the  coming  winter  and  follow- 
ing spring.  Select  plants  which  have  been  longest 
rested  ;  cut  these  back,  leaving  only  a  few  eyes  of  last 
growth,  and  place  them  in  a  moist  growing  temperature 
of  50°  ;  if  treated  according  to  the  following  direc- 
tions, these  will  flower  about  the  middle  of  November, 
and  if  a  second  lot  of  plants  is  treated  as  above  and 
encouraged  to  start  into  growth  early  in  April,  and  a 
third  batch  in  May,  leaving  a  few  to  be  cut  back 
about  the  middle  or  end  of  May,  and  to  start 
into  growth  without  any  farther  assistance  than  the 
ordinary  greenhouse  temperature,  there  will  be  a  contd- 
nuous  supply  of  blossom  from  November  to  June. 
Wlien  the  plants  have  just  commenced  growing,  shift 
into  pots,  3  inches  larger  than  those  they  occupy,  and 
observe  the  same  caution  in  watering,  &c,,  as  directed 
for  last  year.  Replace  any  decayed  stakes,  and  take 
care  to  spread  out  the  branches  as  wide  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  form  a  handsome  specimen.  As  soon  as  the 
young  shoots  have  made  an  inch  or  two  of  growth,  the 
plants  should  receive  more  air,  and  may  be  gradually 
removed  to  the  greenhouse,  to  prepare  them  for  being 
placed  out  of  doors  ;  but  great  caution  must  be  observed 
in  removing,  for  if  the  plants  receive  any  sudden  check 
at  this  stage,  the  season's  growth  will  probably  be  greatly 
injured,  and  they  will  not  flower  at  the  time  for  which 
they  are  being  prepared.  About  the  middle  of  May, 
if  the  weather  proves  mild,  the  earliest  lot  may  be 
removed  to  a  sheltered  shady  situation  out  of  doors, 
where  they  will  be  protected  from  the  mid-day  sun  j 
and,  to  guard  them  against  the  ingress  of  worms,  the 
pots  should  be  placed  upon  a  bed  of  coal  ashes,  three  or 
four  inches  deep.  The  same  caution  must  be  observed 
in  removing  the  successional  lots  of  plants  from  the 
shelter  of  glass  and  a  damp  atmosphere.  The  only 
attention  necessary  during  tiie  summer  will  be  to  keep 
them  properly  supplied  with  water,  and  during  dry 
weather  to  water  the  bed  of  coal  ashes,  which  will  assist 
in  keeping  the  atmosphere  moist.  The  same  precau- 
tions for  ripening  the  wood,  as  recommended  above, 
must  be  adopted,  except  that  the  purposed  floral  succes- 
sion should  be  attended  to. 

The  best  soil  for  the  Epacris  is  rich  turfy  peat,  such 
as  is  obtained  from  Wimbledon  Common.  This  should 
be  procured  some  12  months  previous  to  its  being 
wanted  for  use.  When  required  for  potting,  it  should 
be  carefully  divested  of  all  inert  soil  and  coarse  surface 
litter,  and  broken  up  by  the  hand  into  pieces  hardly 
larger  than  a  Filbert.  It  is  also  of  great  importance  to 
select  such  pieces  only  as  are  in  a  moist,  but  not  sodden 
condition.  To  the  peat  thus  prepared,  add  a  quantity 
of  clean  potsherds,  broken  small,  and  a  liberal  allowance 
of  silver  sand  ;  but  the  proper  proportion  of  the  latter 
depends  of  course  upon  the  nature  of  the  peat,  and  it 
must  be  regulated  accordingly.  AlpJia. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
(Cage  BiaDS,  No.  50). 

No.  LXVII. — A  few  days  since,  by  the  violence  of  the 
wind,  a  large  and  lofty  Fir  tree  in  Ravenscourt  Park  was 
snapped  asunder  at  its  centre  ;  and  falhng  with  its  full 
weight  across  one  of  our  poultry-houses  built  under  the 
park  p.aliugs,  the  whole  was  prostrated,  and  the  gold 
spangled  inmates  thereby  set  at  liberty — fortunataly 
without  injury  to  themselves.  It  was  an  interesting 
sight  to  see  them  all  in  the  consciousness  of  their  liberty, 
traversing  the  garden,  and  ostentatiously  enjoying  the 
delights  of  freedom.  The  gales  have  done  more  mis- 
chief than  this  in  our  parts  ;  and  the  birds  who  had  com- 
menced nidification  have,  in  many  instances,  to  repent 
all  their  toilsome  preparations.  The  robins  that  have 
built  in  the  Ivy  bushes,  appear  to  have  escaped  scot 
free  ;  it  is  the  larger  birds  that  have  suffered. 

The  nest  of  the  thrush  is  constructed  with  much 
ingenuity.  Its  interior  resembles  a  large  circular  cup, 
both  in  form  and  size.  It  is  quite  smooth  to  the  touch, 
though  not  polished.  To  receive  this,  a  substratum  of 
tufted  moss  is  formed.  As  the  structure  advances,  the 
tufts  of  moss  are  brought  into  a  rounded  wall,  by  means 
of  stems  of  Grass,  Wheat,  straw,  or  roots.  These  are 
twined  with  it,  and  with  one  another,  up  to  the  brim  of 
the  cup,  where  a  thicker  band  of  the  same  material  is 
hooped  round  like  the  month  of  a  basket. 

When  any  of  the  straws,  or  other  materials,  will  not 
readily  conform  to  this  required  gauge,  they  are  carefully 
glued  into  their  proper  places  by  means  of  saliva — this 
is  a  fact  wdiich  a  sceptic  may  realise  by  the  careful  in- 
spection of  any  nest.  It  is  worthy  of  examination  ;  and 
a  beautiful  contrivance  to  gaze  upon. 

When  the  "  shell,"  as  it  may  be  termed,  is  completed, 
in  the  manner  we  have  described,  the  happy  pair  begin 
tbe  interior  masonry  by  spreading  pellets  of  horse  or 
cow-dung  on  the  basket-work  of  moss  and  straw — begin- 


8—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


117 


ning  at  tlie  bottom,  which  is  intended  to  be  the  thickest, 
and  proceeding  gradually  from  the  central  point.  Tliis 
material,  however,  is  too  dry  to  adhere  of  itself  with 
sufficient  firmness  to  the  moss,  and  on  this  account  it 
is  always  laid  on  with  the  saliva  of  the  bird  as  a  cement. 
How  must  the  patience  of  the  little  architect  be  taxed  to 
lay  this  on  so  very  smoothly,  having  no  other  implement 
than  its  narrow-pointed  beak  ! 

No  human  architect  could  produce  any  similar  effect 
with  such  a  tool  as  this,  seeing  that  the  whole  sarface  is 
of  one  uniform  smoothness  ;  but  from  the  frame  being 
nicely  prepared,  and  by  using  only  small  pellets  at  a 
time,  which  are  spread  out  with  the  upper  part  of  the 
bili,  the  work  is  rendered  easier. 

Some  writers  assert,  that  thrushes  prefer  the  dung  of 
cows  for  lining  their  nests  with  ;  but  experience  proves 
the  contrary.  Horse-dung  is  selected  as  being  the  more 
eligible  for  the  purpose.  This  may  be  ascertained  by 
comparing  a  piece  of  the  dry  droppings  found  in  pas- 
tures, with  the  inner  wall  of  the  nest.  Dry  horse-dung 
vetaiins  no  smell ;  whereas  cow-dung,  though  exposed  to 
the  heat  of  the  sun  for  many  montlis,  always  retains  a 
musky  smell,  resembling  Indian  ink. 

On  this  wall  being  finished,  the  birds  use  for  an  inner 
coating  little  short  slips  of  rotten  wood,  chiefly  that  of 
the  Willow  ;  and  these  are  firmly  glued  on  with  the  same 
salivary  cement,  while  they  are  bruised  flat  at  the  same 
time,  so  asto  correspond  with  the  smoothness  of  the 
surface  over  which  they  are  laid.  This  final  coating, 
however,  is  seldom  extended  quite  so  high  as  the  first, 
and  neither  of  them  are  carried  quite  to  the  brim  of  the 
nest ;  the  birds  thinking  it  enough  to  bring  their 
masonry  near  to  the  twisted  band  of  Grass  which  forms 
the  mouth. 

The  whole  wall,  when  finished,  is  not  much  thicker 
than  pasteboard  ;  and  though  hard,  tough,  and  water- 
tight, is  more  warm  and  comfortable  than  might,  on 
a  first  view,  appear,  and  admia-ably  calculated  for  pro- 
tecting the  eggs  or  young  from  the  bleak  winds  which 
prevail  in  the  early  part  of  the  spring,  when  the  song- 
thrush  breeds.  We  are  so  great  admirers  of  the  in- 
genuity' of  these  birds,  that  we  have  deemed  it  right  to 
be  minutely  particular  in  describing  the  manner  of  their 
forming  their  nests.  Some  find  fault  with  the  nests  for 
being  water-tight  from  within,  —  thereby,  they  say, 
admitting  rain  to  spoil  their  eggs  ;  but  this  is  ridiculous, 
as  one  of  the  parent  birds  invariably  remains  "  on  the 
premises"  to  prevent  any  such  calamity  in  time  of  rain. 
William  Kidd. 

'[PosTSCEiPT. — As  the  season  for  pairing  and  breeding 
Cage  Birds  is  fast  approaching,  Mr.  Kidd  feels  anxious 
that  the  articles  which  have  appeared  in  the  Qardeners' 
Chronicle  from  his  pen,  on  these  and  other  subjects, 
should  be  re-printed.  With  this  view,  he  has  obtained 
permission  to  re-print  them  in  his  Weekly  "  Journal 
of  Natural  History  " — (of  which,  see  Advertisement  on 
the  back  page  of  this  day's  Chronicle.) 

Mr.  Kidd's  acquisition  of  the  .proprietors'  interest, 
extends  only  to  the  first  59  chapters,  inclusive.  The 
inquiries  for  these  Articles  in  a  more  easily  accessible 
form,  have  been  so  numerous,  that  Mr.  Kidd  considers 
the  above  announcement  will  give  general  satisfaction — 
the  articles  themselves  having  long  since  been  out  of 
print.] 

FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Berlin  (continued). — The  Royal  Horticultural  Insti- 
tute, under  the  direction  of  MM.  Bouche  and  Son,  and 
superintended  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  is 
situate  in  the  faubourg  of  Schenberg.  When  we  first 
visited  this  establishment,  in  the  spring,  there  was 
nothing  very  remarliable,  except  a  collection  of  Hya- 
cinths raised  from  bulbs  and  seeds,  some  Tulips,  and  a 
magnificent  collection  of  more  than  60  varieties  of  Ama- 
ryUis  cultivated  for  the  most  part  under  glass. 

The  second  time  we  saw  the  gardens,  in  August,  we 
liad  greater  opportunities  of  forming  a  satisfactory 
opinion  on  them.  The  gardens  are  divided  into  four 
sections  ;  of  these  the  first  is  entirely  occupied  by  vege- 
tables, but  there  was  not  much  there  worthy  of  notice, 
except  a  collection  of  150  varieties  of  Potatoes  growing 
in  a  burning  aand  (such  is  the  soil  of  the  whole  garden) ; 
the  walls  are  covered  by  some  very  fine  fruit  trees. 
The  second  division,  comprising  perennial  flower- 
ing plants,  contained  at  the  time  of  our  visit  200 
species  of  Pinks  in  full  flower,  and  also  eighty 
first-rate  varieties  of  Wallflower.  The  third  division 
or  hothouse  department  contains  nothing  very  remark- 
able ;  here  we  saw  a  fine  collection  of  more  than  GO 
species  of  Canna,  the  finest  we  ever  saw,  and  which, 
being  well  buitcd  to  the  place,  formed  a  magnificent 
ro&ss,  in  which  tlic  flowers  and  foliage  contrasted  beauti- 
fully, the  one  with  the  other.  The  fourth  or  last  divi- 
sion, the  English  garden,  possesses  some  good  trees  ; 
here  it  is  that  pupils  IH  or  20  years  of  age  pass  two 
years  in  learning  the  art  of  gardening.  Each  of  these 
young  men  poseeHScH,  moreover,  an  herbarium:  1,  of 
economical  plants;  2,  of  hothouse  plants;  and  .'J,  of 
epGcimon  plants. 

The  botanic  garden,  situate  not  far  from  the  Horticul- 
tural Institute,  is  under  tlie  management  of  M.  Bouchi;, 
who  succeeded  M.  Otto.  This  garden  in  worthy  of  notice, 
for  more  reasons  than  one.  Jt  is  remarkably  rich  in  rare 
ptanU  of  all  sorts  ;  largo  glass-houses  and  the  butaniciil 
school  occupy  tho  great<;r  part  of  it.  In  this  same 
school  the  natural  veg';table  productions  arc  clrwHificd 
according  to  their  natural  affinities  ;  and  from  it 
there  is  a  cliamiing  view  produced  by  two  isolated  zones 
of  herbaceous  and  frutescent  plants.     The  rest  of  tho 


garden,  planted  irregularly,  contains  a  few  rustic  trees 
of  rare  size  and  vigour  ;  here,  too,  are  all  those  hot- 
house plants  which  will  in  summer  bear  exposure  in  the 
open  air.  Each  group  has  a  peculiar  appearance,  owin_ 
as  much  to  the  plants  composing  it  as  to  the  manner  iu 
which  they  are  arranged.  Thus  those  plants  which 
require  moisture  are  placed  on  the  banks  of  a  winding 
brook  ;  those  which  are  entirely  aquatic  are  in  its  bed. 
Little  valleys,  caused  by  the  undulating  ground,  serve 
to  protect  the  Palms,  whilst  a  hill  of  stone  exposes  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun  specimens  of  Agave,  Aloe,  Yucca, 
CereuSj  Pilocereus,  and  other  succulent  plants.  This 
arrangement,  which  is  not  uncommon  in  the  botanic 
and  other  gardens  of  the  north,  produced  botli  a  general 
good  effect  and  also  pleasing  isolated  groups,  &c.  The 
Coniferous  group  especially  attracted  attention  by  mag- 
nificent specimens  of  Arauearia. 

The  hothouses  are  as  perfect  as  possible.  Each  plant 
is  placed  in  the  cii-cum stances  most  suitable  to  it.  One 
of  the  houses  is  completely  filled  by  a  fine  collection  of 
Mimosa,  in  the  midst  of  which  is  a  large  bush  of 
pulchella.  In  those  which  contain  New  Holland  and 
New  Zealand  plants,  there  are  some  rare  specimens.  In 
the  small  greenhouses,  there  are  many  uncommon  and 
curious  plants, which  do  notyetformarticlesof  commerce. 
In  the  large  houses  are  some  remarkable  specimens  of 
Eugenia,  Tristania  in  flower,  Diosma,  Dryandra  nervosa, 
Banksia  integrifolia  6  or  7  yards  high,  some  Metrosideros, 
Hakea,  Eucalyptus  obliqua,  and  a  quantity  of  other  large 
plants,  which  represent  tolerably  well  the  young  trees 
left  for  timber  in  our  forests. 

The  smaller  hothouses  which  contain  flowering  plants 
deserve  to  be  mentioned.  They  contain,  amongst  others, 
four  vai'ieties  of  Tropseolum,  viz.,  the  blue,  yellow, 
white,  and  tricolor  varieties,  which,  being  grown  in 
different  shapes,  produce  a  very  fine  effect.  Amongst 
tlie  Bromeliads  there  is  a  magnificent  Tillandsia 
hurailis,  and  although  the  succulent  plants  are  not  largely 
represented,  there  are  some  fine  specimens  of  Echino- 
cactus  Forbesii,  Kensii,  and  formosus. 

The  Orchidaceous  house  contained  some  remarkable 
plants  in  flower,  and  a  fine  specimen  of  Vanilla  with 
ripe  fruit.  We  were  even  shown  a  Vanilla,  called 
pompona  by  gardeners,  which  has  the  great  advantage 
of  yielding  every  year  ripe  fruit  which  is  not  less 
beautiful,  longer,  and  larger,  than  that  of  the  aromatica  ; 
we  do  not  say  this  on  our  own  authority,  but  on  that  of 
our  informants. 

We  may  mention  besides,  Cattleya  Forbesii,  Oncidium 
sanguineum  in  flower  ;  but  what  most  surprised  us  was 
a  remarkable  Asplenium  nidus.  There  is  a  good  collec- 
tion of  exotic  Ferns  in  a  house  specially  set  apart  for 
them.  The  large  plants  grown  in  a  hothouse  are  Coffea 
arabica,  forming  a  pyramid  6  yai'ds  high,  a  Carica 
Papaya,  a  Cecropia  peltata,  some  large  Cai'olineas,  and 
Bomhax,  8  to  10  yards  in  height. 

A  hothouse  of  an  ancient  construction  encloses  some 
plants  worthy  of  notice.  The  tropical  plants  are  culti- 
vated in  boxes,  pots,  and  some  are  placed  on  pedestals, 
in  order  to  prevent  blancliing.  This  house  resembles  the 
cold  one  in  the  Garden  of  Plants  at  Paris.  The  highest 
plants  there  are,  Strelitzia  angusta  19  yards,  Latania 
borbonica  19  yards,  Cocos  reflexa  13  yards,  Cycas 
glauca,  Elais  guineensis  ;  the  last  plant,  which  yields 
oil,  nearly  reaches  the  roof;  Corypha  australis  17 
yards,  Phoenix  farinifera  reaching  to  the  top  of  the 
building  ;  Pandanus  odoratissimus,  latifolius,  and  reflexus 
are  of  large  dimensions  ;  Pothos  is  here  placed  in  the 
circumstances  suitable  to  it. 

To  the  above  list  we  may  add  the  names  of  some 
plants  which  are  still  rare  with  us,  and  which  were  in 
flower  in  the  month  of  August ;  they  are — Oxalis  lasi- 
andra,  fit  for  borders,  Hibiscus  lilacinus,  a  pretty  little 
plant;  Mahonia  triangularis,  Spircea  venusta,  with  red 
flowers,  a  new  Bocconia,  and  an  enormous  Pentstemon 
perfoliatum,  which  would  be  a  great  addition  to  our 
ornamental  plants.  We  shall  speak  of  Nelumbium  here- 
after. In  short,  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Berlin  is  perhaps 
superior  to  that  at  Paris  in  some  respects,  as  in  new 
plants,  large  specimens,  and  picturesque  arrangement ; 
but  inferior  to  it  in  neatness,  management,  cultivation, 
and  that  indescribable  something  which  gives  such  a 
charm  to  the  gardens  at  Paris.  Masson's  Report. 


HERBS. 

No  VIII.  Duted  Herds. — Dried  herbs  are  important 
both  for  home  purposes  and  those  of  shipping.  They 
may  be  either  dried  in  sheds,  compressed,  or  bottled. 
The  common  plan  of  drying  and  keeping  herbs  has  many 
objections.  They  are  usually  pulled  up  by  the  roots  or 
cut  off,  and  hung  up  in  bunches  in  sheds  ;  and  being 
left  open  to  all  changes  of  weather  they  lose  their  fine 
aromatic  flavour,  and  become  musty.  Mr.  Lindsay,  who 
was  once  head  gardener  at  Cliiflwick  House,  showed  me 
his  plan  of  preserving  herbs  in  Hi34,  After  drying 
them  in  screens  before  the  fire,  he  had  them  rubbed, 
through  a  sieve,  and  then  put  into  paper  or  linen  bags, 
compressed  and  put  away  in  drawers  in  a  dry  room, 
where  they  wore  kept  iu  a  dry  state,  and  where  the 
flavour  could  not  escape.  Mr,  Dickenson,  a  steward 
and  cook  at  one  of  the  Cambridge  Universities,  told  me 
that  this  plan  of  keeping  herbs  anawei'ed  famously,  and 
that  by  drying  them  off  quickly  they  were  as  green  as 
could  bo.  About  Mitcham  they  are  dried  in  the  flucd 
drying  houHes. 

(Jooks  may  perhaps  object  to  herbs  being  ground,  on 
account  of  not  wiMliing  them  to  mix  with  soup,  but  in 
that  case  it  is  easy  to  put  them  into  hags.  Another  way 
consists  in  rubbing  tho    herbs    through   a  aieve  and 


bottling  them.  The  following  dried  bottle  herbs  may  be 
purchased  in  Covent  Garden  Marl;et,  viz.  knotted 
Marjoram,  Parsley,  Thyme,  Mint,  Basil,  Lemon  Thyme, 
Soup  herbs  of  many  sorts  mixed,  Savory,  Sage,  Penny- 
royal, Celery  seed  for  soup,  Tarragon,  mixed  herbs  for 
stufling;  powdered  Shallot,  Mushrooms,  and  GarHc  ; 
and  why  not  Onions,  for  long  voyages  \  Herbs  bottled 
and  sealed  over  keep  a  long  time. 

Dried  herbs  are  looked  upon  by  many  as  not  wortli 
notice  ;  and  unless  a  better  plan  of  saving  them  during 
winter  is  followed  out,  it  is  hardly  worth  while  growing 
them  ;  but  if  the  drying  system  were  adopted,  then  they 
could  be  dried  off-hand  in  autumn,  and  at  once  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  cook,  where  they  would  at  all  times 
be  ready  for  use.  James  Cuthillj  Camherwell. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Tropceolum  Lohhianum. — This  beautiful  Tropceolum  is 
worthy  of  a  place  in  every  collection  where  plants  are 
required  for  winter  flowering.  Out  of  all  our  collection 
of  creepers,  this  is  by  far  the  most  showy  at  this  season 
of  the  year.  I  have  10  fine  specimen  plants  of  it,  which 
have  been  a  complete  mass  of  flowers  ever  since  the 
middle  of  October  last.  As  it  does  not  produce  seeds 
freely,  it  is  advisable  to  propagate  it  by  cuttings,  which 
should  be  selected  in  June  or  early  in  July.  I  always 
place  single  cuttings  in  small  pots  filled  with  sand,  and 
plunge  them  in  a  little  bottom  heat.  As  soon  as  they 
are  well  rooted,  I  pot  them  into  6-inch  pots,  and  place 
them  in  the  greenhouse.  With  proper  treatment,  they 
will  be  ready  to  receive  their  final  shift  into  12-incli  pota 
about  the  end  of  August,  using  soil  composed  of  equal  por- 
tions of  sandy  loam  and  peat  with  thoroughly  decomposed 
horse  manure  and  a  quantity  of  good  sharp  sand  to  keep 
the  compost  porous.  After  this  final  shift,  I  place  a  wire 
trellis  to  each  plant,  firmly  securing  it  to  the  pot.  They 
are  then  placed  in  the  stove,  and,  as  soon  as  the  plants 
commence  rapid  growth,  every  shoot  is  carefully  trained 
so  as  to  cover  the  trellis  regularly  over.  By  the  end  of 
September  this  is  complete,  and  the  plants  will  be  show- 
ing hundreds  of  bright  orange  flowers.  As  soon  as  the 
blossoms  fully  expand,  the  plants  may  be  removed  to  the 
conservatory  or  greenhouse,  where  they  will  continue  to 
produce  a  succession  of  flowers  for  a  long  time.  *S'.  T., 
Lichfield. 

Double  Ap2^lcs. — I  have  sent  you  an  Apple  of  a  very 
curious  shape,  being  one  of  three  I  had  of  the  same 
sort  last  season.  The  only  difference  between  them  and 
the  one  sent  is  that  the  stalks  on  which  they  hung  were 
attached  to  qpe  end.  instead  of  being  in  the  usual  posi- 
tion. I  had  a  Peach  of  a  similar  shape  which  resembled 
two.  The  side  next  the  wall  grew  to  the  ordinary  size 
of  a  middle-sized  Peach,  but  the  other  end  was  not 
much  more  than  two-thirds  its  size.  Both  ends  had  a 
kernel  in  them.  It  had  only  one  stalk.  Stopman.  [Such 
cases  are  by  no  means  uncommon.  Double  Apples  are 
produced  by  the  natural  junction  of  two  fruits  when 
very  young]. 

Zicminous  Plants.— Althovi^h  doubt  may  perhaps  be 
justly  attached  to  the  reality  of  the  luminous  appear- 
ances in  the  flowers  of  Ph^enogams,  unless  there  be 
tinith  in  the  odylic  light  described  by  Von  Reichenbach, 
as  emitted  by  flowers,  among  other  things,  and  only 
visible  to  somnambulists  and  healthy  persons,  who  from 
their  peculiar  perceptive  powers  he  calls  "  sensitives," 
I  can  vouch  that  the  occasional  phenomenon  of  lumino- 
sity in  dead  wood,  when  observable,  can  be  seen  by  all 
persons  possessed  of  ordinary  vision.  In  evidence  of 
this  I  may  mention  that,  when  a  boy  at  school  in 
Dumfrieshire,  I  remember  when  going  through  a 
shrubbery  in  the  dark  with  several  companions,  stumbling 
over  and  breaking  down  a  rotten  stump,  which  gave 
out  so  much  light  at  the  fracture  as  to  excite  the  imme- 
diate attention  of  all  present.  The  wood  was  so  much 
decayed  that  it  could  be  crumbled  in  the  hands,  and  so 
luminous  that  the  features  of  a  monstrous  human  face, 
traced  with  the  crumbled  fragments  on  the  floor  of  the 
room  where  I  slept,  kept  the  inmates  amused  and  awake 
during  half  the  night.  The  light  was  of  that  wavy, 
smoky  kind,  exhibited  by  traces  of  phosphorus,  and  fre- 
quently exemplified  in  a  common  way,  where  one  has 
made  an  abortive  attempt  to  ignite  a  lucifer  match. 
W.  C,  jmi.,  Glasgow,  Feb.  12. The  curious  phe- 
nomenon of  phosphorescent  decaying  wood,  which,  ac- 
cording to  Dr,  Hooker,  is  of  a  common  occurrence  in  the 
damp,  humid  woods  of  Sikkim  Himalaya,  is  also  ob- 
servable occasionally  in  Ireland.  I  have  seen  it  several 
times,  and  have  been  led  by  analogy  of  reasoning  to  at- 
tribute the  cause  to  the  mycelia  of  ,  fungi,  which  I 
never  could  detect  after  patient  investigation.  During 
November,  1 850,  one  of  my  old  pupils  wrote  fromCarrick- 
on-Shannon,and  informed  me  that  whilst  thinning  timber 
which  grew  on  a  boggy  situation,  where  it  was  much 
decayed,  he  had  occasion  to  pass  the  place  along  with 
some  of  his  workmen  after  dark,  when  they  observed 
several  luminous  spots  which  they  were  unable  to 
account  for.  Marks  were  placed,  which  he  examined 
next  day,  and  found  in  each  case  pieces  of  decaying 
timber  lying  on  tho  surface  of  the  ground  where  the 
marks  were  set.  Those  ho  carried  to  hia  residence  and 
had  them  put  in  a  damp  place,  when  the  luminosity  was 
as  intense  as  when  the  timbor  was  lying  on  the  bog. 
At  my  request,  ho  forwarded  apiece  of  the  wood  to 
Glasneviii,  tho  phosphorcacent  properties  of  which 
wure  not  impaired  from  transmission,  though  shut  up 
two  ilays  in  a  dry  box.  Tho  phenomenon  was  very 
brilliant  on  the  first  two  evenings  after  the  piece  of  wood 
arrived,  but  tho  luminosity  became  gradually  weaker, 
and  was  not  observable  after  the  fourth  day.      No 


118 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  21, 


mycelia  cuuld  be  louud  developed  with  a  good  micro- 
scope of  high  power.  D.  Moore* 

Siww  Soap. — The  foUowiDg  memorandum  of  some 
ill-experience  in  this  matter  was  pubhshed  in  part  of  an 
article  in  the  Dublin  Advocate,  headed  "  Botany  in  the 
.Bohereens,  or  Walks  after  Wild  Flowers."  It  cannot 
however  claim  to  be  a  full  answer  to  your  correspondent's 
inquiry,  made  at  p  40,  as  it  has  been  written  more  than  a 
month,and  had  tlieii  no  reference  to  the  rpiery  in  question. 
R.D.,Corh  "During  the  high  prices  of  soap  oils,  in  l!i20, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  increase  the  amount  of  soap,  by 
blending  it  with  snow.  This  was  so  much  of  a  '  flatter- 
ing tale,'  that  the  phrase,  '  How  are  you  off  for  soap  \ ' 
was  justly  applied,  in  banter,  to  its  believers.  Every 
age  places  its  own  iviprimatn/i'  on  extravagant  belief  or 
unbelief,  and  a  little  chemistry  was  imagined  into  the 
snow-soap  theory,  in  its  day.  It  was  said  that  the  small 
quantity  of  ammonia  traced  iu  some  snow  became  great 
in  the  soap,  arid  our  few  Irish  snow-falls  were  to  become 
masses  of  wealth  to  the  previously  unwashed  ;  but,  alas  ! 
for  the  latter,  who  had  no  better  material — the  water 
carried  off,  and  thus  wasted,  the  alkali  in  the  bruised-up 
soap,  and  the  '  may  it  not  ? '  of  hypothetical  soap-raakers 
became  a  soap  bubble,  with  its  slight  beauty,  a  froth  and 
a  failure.  And  so  ends  what  we  have  to  say  of  *  snow- 
soap-making.'  " 

Trees  cmd  Shrubs  in  Cornwall.— Mr.  Booth's  article, 
at  p.  86,  reminds  me  of  my  intention  to  forward  some 
account  of  the  trees  and  shrubs  growing  here  ;  and  in 
pursuance  of  my  promise,  I  will  begin  with  the  dimen- 
sions of  evergreen  Oaks.  No.  1  measures  56  feet  in 
height;  the  circumference  of  the  stem,  at  3  feet  from  the 
ground,  is  13  feet  6  inches.  No.  2,  lieight  80  feet,  cir- 
cumference of  stem,  at  3  feet  from  the  ground,  11  feet 
9  inches.  No.  3,  height  69  feet,  circumference  of  stem, 
at  4  feet  from  the  ground,  9  feet  7  inches  ;  and  we  have 
dozens  here  ranging  between  30  and  60  feet  in  height. 
Our  highest  Liriodendron  Tulipifera  measures  77  feet, 
and  the  stem,  at  3  feet  from  the  ground,  is  14  feet 
9  inches;  Taxodium  distichum  is  6G  feet  high,  and  well 
furnished  with  branches  from  bottom  to  top.  Finns 
halepensis,  which  is  not  quite  hardy  in  some  parts  of 
England,  appears  to  be  thoroughly  so  here,  as  is  also 
P.  teocote.  Picea  religiosa  seems  to  enjoy  its  situation, 
as  do  also  P.  nobilis  and  P.  amabilis,  which  are  much 
hardier.  Magnolias  bloom  with  us  very  freely  eight 
months  out  of  the  12.  The  highest  of  those  on  a  wall 
measure  30  feet ;  standards,  25  feet.  I  have  a  trained 
Myrtle  25  feet,  covered  with  black  oval  berries,  which 
are  as  beautiful  as  the  summer  blossoms.  Veronica 
salicifolia,  V.  Lindleyana,  V.  speciosa,  Coronilla  glauca, 
Pittosporum  Tobira,  and  Buddlea  Lindleyana,  all  grow 
luxuriantly  out  of  doors  here,  and  many  other  things 
equally  tender.  Rhododendron  caucasicum,  Noble- 
anum,  and  Smithli  are  now  in  flower.  A  variety  of 
shrubs  stand  our  winters  that  require  shelter  in  other 
parts,  but  I  am  anxious  to  know  whether  cur  ever- 
green Oaks  are  larger  or  not  than  those  of  om*  neigh- 
bours. B,.  Lynch,  Port  Eliot,  Cormoall. 

Management  of  Fern  Cases. — A  short  time  since  I  tried 
the  following  treatment  on  some  plants  of  Adiantum 
Capillas- Veneris.  I  placed  them  in  pots,  in  a  mixture 
of  bog-earth  and  silver-sand,  the  lower  half  of  each  pot 
being  filled  with  pieces  of  broken  brick.  I  then  plunged 
the  pots  in  boxes  of  garden  mould  drained  in  the  same 
way,  and  covered  them  closely  with  bell-glasses,  about 
4  inches  wider  than  the  pots,  but  resting  on  the  earth 
in  the  boxes,  thus  forming  a  kind  of  Wai*dian  case.  I 
Itept  these  in  a  cool  room,  with  a  fire  part  of  each  day. 
I  am  much  disappointed  at  finding  the  young  fronds, 
before  they  are  half  unrolled,  withering  off  and  becoming 
covered  with  a  long  growth  of  fur  ;  .the  old  fronds  are 
partially  suffering  in  the  same  way,  and  the  surface  of 
the  soil  is  likewise,  in  places,  showing  a  plentiful  crop. 
Can  you  tell  me  the  cause  of  my  failure  \  L.  N.R.  [We 
presume  that  the  water  of  condensation  passes  Into  the 
mould,  and  is  evaporated  on  the  outside  of  the  bell- 
glass.] 

Kew  Gardens. — The  last  number  of  the  "  Quarterly 
Review"  contains  an  Interesting  and  amusing  article 
respecting  these  beautiful  gardens,  and  the  rarities  to 
be  seen  there.  No  more  than  justice  Is  done  to  the 
admirable  mode  In  which  everything  Is  arranged,  and 
the  liberal  manner  In  which  the  public  are  admitted  to 
the  gardens,  stoves,  &c.  What  a  contrast  to  the  "good 
old  times"  within  my  own  memory,  when  a  special  appli- 
cation to  be  admitted  to  the  penetralia  was  necessary  ; 
but  there  is  nothing  pei'fect  under  the  sun,  and  every 
fountain  has  its  bitter  something,  mixing  with  its  sweet 
waters.  Even  the  "  Quarterly"  finds  fault  with  the  rules, 
which  prevent  the  harmless  cockney,  who  has  had  a 
hot  journey  by  rail  or  steam-boat,  adding  to  the  pleasure 
of  his  summer's  holiday,  by  sitting  under  the  shade  of 
some  fine  old  tree,  and  discussing  a  paper  of  sandwiches, 
&c.  Why  is  this  refused  ?  Does  this  rule  prevail  at  the 
Jardin  des  Plan tes,at  the  Luxembourg,  or  at  Schcenbrun  ? 
I  believe  not.  And  why  should  It  \  Wliat  harm  would 
arise  ;  so  that  the  pleasure-parties  did  not  make  a 
coffee-room  of  the  museum,  or  the  stoves,  or  green- 
houses ?  I  believe  It  Is  only  to  call  attention  to  this 
rule  to  have  it  reconsidered.  It  would  be  well  if  you 
were  to  print  the  rules  in  extenso,  and  also  to  print  the 
annual  reports  of  the  curator.  There  has  been  much 
reform  as  to  admission  to  the  Royal  parks,  and,  I  believe, 
persons  carrying  bundles  and  servants  in  livery  are  now 
no  longer  refused  admission.  There  is  another  rule  at 
Kew  which  is  ratlier  stringent,  and  in  some  degree 
offensive  ;  on  the  way  to  the  gardens  I  had  called  at 
Knight  and  Perry's  Nursery,  and  one  or  two  flowers 
were  given  to  a  member  of  my  family  who  accompanied 


me,  which  she  carried  in  her  hand  ;  the  porter  refused 
her  admission,  unless  the  flowers  were  left  In  his  chai'ge 
or  thrown  away  ;  at  first  I  did  not  see  the  reason  for 
this  singular  order,  but  It  was  explained  that  the 
attendants  would  not  be  able  to  judge  whether  or  not 
the  flowers  had  been  picked  in  the  garden  (i.e.  stolen). 
As  it  was  the  rule,  the  flowers  were  thrown  away  before 
entering,  1  observing,  that  persons  having  stolen  the 
flowers  were  not  likely  to  leave  the  garden  with  them 
in  their  hands.  Why,  even  at  the  Custom-house,  ladies' 
words  are  taken,  as  regards  what  they  cai'ry  in  their 
work-baskets.  Dodman.  [We  take  the  liberty  of  ex- 
pressing an  opinion  that  the  rules  complained  of  in  the 
not  very  decent  or  accurate  article  in  the  "  Quarterly,'* 
are  not  only  proper  but  necessary  :  and  so  we  think  Is 
that  about  flowers.] 

Crchard  Mouses. — At  p.  102,  your  coi'respondent 
"  A  Hertsman  "  questions  the  accm'acy  of  Mr.  Rivers's 
estimate  for  the  construction  of  an  orchard  house  21  feet 
long  by  12  feet  6  inches  wide.  He  has  not  read  Mr. 
Rivers's  book  with  sufficient  attenlion.  The  estimate 
does  not  profess  to  be  for  a  house  "  tarred  with  Stock- 
holm tai',"  and  "  coated  with  asphalte  felt."  Mr.  Rivers 
first  describes  his  orchard  house  at  page  6-  At  page  8 
he  expressly  states  that  he  writes  of  houses  "  in  which 
no  fire  heat  Is  used  ;"  but  he  goes  on  to  say  that  "  a 
forcing  orchai'd  house"  may  be  constructed  after  the 
same  plan,  and  It  is  In  this  case  only  that  the  tar  and 
asphalte  are  applicable.  I  have  this  very  day  completed 
an  orchard  house  according  to  the  plan  laid  down  by 
Mr.  Rivers  at  page  10  ;  though  I  have  used  21  oz.  glass 
instead  of  16  oz.,  and  built  it  of  the  best  materials,  it 
has  cost  me  exactly  14^.  3s.  Instead  of  17/.  8s.  9d.f  as 
estimated  by  him.  Instead  of  boarding  up  the  sides  of 
the  sunken  path  with  1-inch  deal,  I  have  used  4,^-inch 
brickwork,  which  is  better  ;  and  instead  of  putting  in 
panes  20  by  15  inches,  which  do  not  look  well,  I  have 
had  my  glass  cut  28  by  20  inches,  a  size  which  exactly 
suits  a  14  feet  rafter.  If  your  correspondent  wishes  to 
build  an  orchard  house,  I  shall  be  happy  to  tell  him  how 
he  may  do  it  at  the  prices  I  have  named.  The  parti- 
culars are  shortly  these  : 

52  cube  feet  of  timber  (Pine),  cut  to  sizes,  at  Is.  6(2....  £3  IS    0 

Labour— two  men  bls  days,  at  23.  6d 1  10    0 

Nails  and  hinges         0  10     0 

280  feet  of  glass,  at  Ud.  1  f., 

Putiintrin,  Ud.  j   '" 

Brick  and  labour  for  path 


Total 


...7    0    0 
...    15    0 

£U    3    0 


IF".  P.  P.,  Gloucester. Allow  me  to  state,  fi'om  my 

own  experience,  that  Mr.  Rivers'  orchard  house  answers 
perfectly,  and  is  as  cheap,  making  allowances  for  the 
different  prices  at  which  timber  can  be  bought  in 
different  localities,  as  he  describes  it.  The  felt,  the  tar, 
and  the  heating  apparatus,  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
orchard  house,  unless  you  wish  to  convert  it  into  a 
forcing-house,  and  then  of  course  extra  expense  must  be 
incurred.  Will  you  also  allow  me  to  add  that,  in  glazing 
an  orchard  house  which  I  have  just  completed,  I  have 
availed  myself  of  the  services  of  Mr.  Alfred  Kent,  of 
Chichester,  who  has  invented  a  method  of  glazing 
without  the  use  of  putty  or  any  other  adhesive 
material.  The  advantages  of  his  plan  are  simply 
these  ;  1st,  that  there  is  no  leakage  or  drip  from 
the  sash  bars  ;  2dly,  that  glass  If  broken  can  be  replaced 
in  two  minutes  by  any  person  who  has  the  free  use  of 
his  finger  and  thumb  ;  and,  3dly,  that  when  the  house 
needs  painting  all  the  glass  can  beremoveti^andcleaned, 
and  the  wood-work  painted  with  the  grea'test  facility. 
The  appearance  is  very  light  and  elegant,  and  the  saving 
about  one-third.  Believe  me,  I  am  a  decided  enemy  of 
Messrs.  Dodge,  Shufiie,  and  Co. ;  but  I  like  to  encourage 
whatever  is  calculated  to  assist  the  lover  of  fruit  or 
flowers  in  their  successful  cultivation  ;  and  I  know  of 
no  invention,  which  has  lately  been  made  public,  more 
likely  to  do  this  than  Mr.  Kent's.  When  generally 
known,  it  must  entirely  supersede  the  old  plan.  A 
Constant  Reader,  Farnham,  Surrey.  [This  plan  has 
been  explained  In  our  volume  for  1851,  at  p.  499.] 

Salads. — The  following  is  the  composition  of  a  salad 
which  may  be  easily  obtained  at  this  time  of  the  year. 
An  old  friend  who  died  at  the  age  of  93,  a  few  years 
ago,  told  me  that,  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
French  people  used  to  stand  in  Leicester- square  with 
little  baskets  of  salad  collected  in  the  fields,  the  ingre- 
dients of  which  were — 1,  Dandelion  leaves;  2,  Burnet; 
3,  Groundsel  tops  (quite  young)  ;  4,  Lambs'  Lettuce  ; 
and  I  think  5,  Chives,  or  some  plant  of  that  nature. 
This  forms  an  excellent  spring  salad.  The  Dandelion 
Is  a  fine  aromatic  bitter,  the  Groundsel  sweet,  and  the 
Burnet,  as  is  well  known,  has  the  flavour  of  Cucumber. 
The  same  lady  taught  me  the  use  of  the  "Fat  Hen" 
(Chenopodlum  album,  I  believe)  as  Spmach,  which  it 
excels,  in  my  opinion.  Hants. 


^oci'ctieei* 

Houticultural,  Feb.  17.  —  J.  R.  Gowen,  Esq., 
treasurer,  in  the  chair.  Mrs.  Villebois,  H.  D.  Davis, 
Esq.,  J.  P.  Jones, Esq.,  G.Burns,  Esq.,and  Mr.  T.B.Law- 
rence, were  elected  Fellows.  Mr.  FranlcHn,  gr.  to  Mi-s. 
Lawrence,  of  Eahng  Park,received  a  Kniglitian  Medal  for 
a  nice  collection  of  Orchids,  consisting  of  Zygopetalum 
rostratum,  Oncidium  Cavendishii,  and  the  handsome 
O.  unguiculatum,  a  well-coloured  variety  of  Lycaste 
Skinneri,  and  L,  tetragona  (?),  a  good  example  of  Ansellia 
africana,  Cyrtochilum  maculatum,  and  cut  flower  spikes 
of  the  charming  Amherstia  nobilis,  some  account  of 
which  will  be  found  at  p.  87. — Mr.  Wooley,  gr.    to 


H.  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  contributed  a  well  cultivated  Cy- 
pripedium  insigne,  bearing  some  15  or  16  blossoms. 
A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  it.  —  Messrs. 
Henderson,  of  Pine  Apple-place,  sent  Araucaria 
Cookii,  even  a  handsomer  species  than,  the  Norfolk 
Island  Pine  itself ;  a  pretty  hybrid  Begonia,  and 
Franciscea  confertiflora  and  eximia,  —  The  Rev. 
Mr.  Beadon,  of  Northstonham,  furnished  a  boxful  of 
striped  Camellia  flowers,  gathered  from  a  south  wall, 
where  they  had  received  no  artificial  protection  what- 
ever, in  order  to  show  what  kind  of  weather  is  ex- 
perienced in  Hampshire.  The  blossoms  were  exceedingly 
fine,  without  speck  or  blemish. — The  Hon.  W.  F.  Strang- 
w.ays  also  sent  examples  of  the  mildness  of  the  climate- 
of  Dorsetshire,  in  the  shape  of  an  exceedingly  interesting 
collection  of  cut  specimens  of  flowering  shrubs  and  herb- 
aceous plants,  all  grown  out  of  doors  at  Abbotsbury. 
Among  them  were  Hellebores,  purple  Rhododeiidrons,. 
Azara  integrifolia,  with  very  pretty  tufts  of  yellow 
flowers  ;  Fuchsia  splendens,  finely  in  blossom  ;  Pulmo- 
narias,  red  and  blue,  Saxifraga  ciliosa,  the  rare  and 
beautiful  Scorpion  Iris  (I.  alata),  the  pretty  Lithosper- 
mum  rosmarinifolium,  whichis  worth  gro\ving,  even  under 
glass,  on  account  of  its  beautiful  bright  blue  blossoms^, 
and  several  other  plants,  all  finely  in  flower.  It  was 
mentioned,  with  reference  to  the  Scorpion  Iris,  that  it 
refused  to  flower  until  it  was  planted  within  reach  of  the- 
spray  of  the  sea.  Although  it  grew  satisfactorily  in  a 
more  inland  situation,  yet  it  would  not  blossom. — Mr= 
Epps,  of  Maidstone,  sent  a  small  bit  of  the  wliite- 
flowered  Cereus  anguliger,  and  flowers  of  the  very 
fragrant  Edgworthia  clirysantha. — Mr.  Fleming,  gr.  to- 
the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  at  Trentham,  received  a  Bank- 
si.an  Medal  for  a  Black  Prince  Pine-apple,  weighing 
5.4  lbs,,  and  an  Enville,  weighing  4  lbs.  13  oas.  Along 
with  them  were  also  three  examples  of  one  of  the 
smaller  kmds  of  Mandarin  Orange.  A  Banksian  Medal 
was  also  awarded  to  Mr.  Butcher,  gr.  to  W.  Leaf,  Esq., 
of  Streatham,  for  magnificent  Cannon  Hall  Muscat  Grapes. 
They  were  just  beginning  to  shrivel,  and  were  distin- 
guished by  that  fine  violet  tinge  wliich  is  peculiar  to  this 
variety  when  produced  in  perfection.  Along  with  them 
were  some  Easter  Beurre  Pears,  in  good  condition. — 
Mr.  Smith,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Wray,  of  Wanstead,  sent  a  model 
of  a  eonlrivauce  for  protecting  and  accelerating  the 
growth  of  early  Peas,  &c.  It  consisted  of  a  long  glazed 
frame,  with  a  span  roof,  whose  two  sides  were  hinged 
at  top  so  as  to  lift  up  and  down  in  order  to  afford  the 
means  of  ventilation.  The  ends  were  moveable,  so 
that,  if  necessary,  other  frames  might  be  added,  with  a. 
view  to  increase  the  length  of  the  protection. — W. 
Everett,  Esq  ,  of  Chase-side  House,  Enfield,  contributed, 
examples  of  a  mode  of  glazing  without  putty.  In  these 
the  glass  was  laid  flat  in  grooves  between  strata  of 
cork  ;  thin  pieces  of  cork  were  then  placed  between  the 
edges  of  the  glass,  the  latter  being  pressed  from  the- 
bottom  upwards  with  sufficient  force  to  indent  its  edges 
into  the  cork,  which  is  then  shaved  neatly  oS',  and  the 
whole  is  secured  firmly  in  its  position  ;  this  has 
been  proved  to  be  perfectly  water-tight  and  efficient. 
This  plan  of  glazing  was  stated  to  be  as  suitable  for 
windows  as  for  gai-den  purposes,  and  in  addition  to 
others  it  has  this  advantage,  the  panes  can  at  any  time 
be  moved,  or  when  broken,  new  ones  put  in  without 
trouble  or  inconvenieuee.^A  patent  garden-drill  was 
shown  by  Mr.  Hall,  of  Munster  Nursery,  Munster- 
square. — From  the  Garden  of  the  Society  came  Angrse- 
cum  virens,  which  it  is  thought  will  turn  out  to  be  iden- 
tical with  A.  eburneum,  Ccelogyne  cristata,  an  easily 
managed  and  showy  Orchid  at  this  season  of  the  year  ;. 
Brassavola  cordata,  six  hybrid  Epacrises,  the  winter- 
flowering  Selago  distans,  Corrrea  Goodii,  three  Cape 
Heaths,  and  the  following  Apples  : — Lamb  Abbey  Pear- 
main,  Sweeny  Nonpareil,  Federal  Pearmain,  and  Ord 
Apple.  Cuttings  of  the  following  Pears  and  Cherries - 
were  distributed  ; — Josephine  de  Malines,  said  to  be  a 
middle-sized  excellent  Pear,  but  it  has  not  yet  been 
fruited  in  the  Garden  ;  Beurre  d'Amaulis,  a  well  known 
variety  ;  Bigarreau  d'Esperen,  reported  to  be  a  prolific 
Cherry,  with  large  p."ile  fruit,  red  next  the  sun,  and  of 
first-rate  quality;  and  Bigarreau  d'Oetobre — this 
viiriety  is  only  recommended  for  its  lateness,  coming 
into  use,  as  it  does,  when  no  other  sweet  Cherry  is  to  be 
had.  The  proposed  alteration  in  the  bye-laws,,  which 
was  read  at  two  previous  meetings,  was  on  this  occasion 
read  a  third  time,  balloted  for,  and-  carried  all  but 
unanimously.  It  has  therefore  passed  into  a  law  of  the 
Society. 


Ecijkixis*. 


FawMiar  Letters  on  the  Physics  of  tlie  Earth.  "By  Henry 
Buff,  edited  by  A.  VV.  Hoffinan.    Taylor>  Walton,  and 
Maberly.    12mo,  273  pages. 
This  small  but  admirable  work  is  a  translation,  from  the 
German,  of  1 6  letters  on  subjects  relating  to  physical 
geography.      The   letters  are  addressed  to    a    person 
supposed  to  have   no  more  knowledge  of   a  scientific 
character  than  is  usually  possessed   by  those  of  ord:-  ' 
nary  education,  and  are  written  in  language  which  is  at 
once   clear   and  comprehensive.      The   facts   relating 
to    climate,  will,  perhaps,  be  most  interesting  to  the 
generality   of  our  readere,  and   we  have   accordingly 
selected  a  passage  from  the  11th  letter,  *' on   the  tem- 
perature of  the   waters,    and   on  their    influence    on 
climate,"  which  will  give  some  idea  of  the  excellent 
manner  in  which  the  author  treats  the  questions  touched 
upon  by  him,  as  well  as  of  the  style  of  the  translation. 
"  The  great  difference  of  the  extreme  limits  of  teiil<f>^" 


8— 1852.  j 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


1!9 


peratiu'e,  as  well  as  that  of  the  temperatures  of  winter 
and  summer  at  different  places,  according  as  they  are 
more  or  less  distant  from  the  ocea?],  has  led  to  a  dis- 
tiuetion  being  drawn  between  the  continental  or  inland 
climate,  and  the  island  and  coast  climate.  The  tempera- 
ture of  an  island  must,  by  means  of  the  air,  be  brouf^ht 
to  agree  the  more  nearly  with  that  of  the  sui'rounding 
sea,  the  less  its  circumference  is,  and  the  further  it  lies 
from  the  mainland.  If,  for  instance,  you  compare  the 
difference  of  the  mean  winter  and  summer  temperatures 
of  Teneriffe  with  that  of  Cairo  ;  that  of  the  Faroe 
Isles  with  tliat  of  Kdnigsberg  or  of  Moscow  ;  that  of 
Iceland  or  of  the  North  Cape  with  that  of  Irkutsk  ;  that 
of  Dublin  with  that  of  Prague,  and  so  on  ;  you  will 
readily  perceive  that  the  inland  climate  becomes  the 
more  marked  the  further  the  places  lie  towards  the  in- 
terior of  the  continent.  You  will  observe,  howeverj 
that  the  western  coasts  of  the  continents  partake  of  the 
island  climate  more  than  do  the  eastern.  These  cha- 
racters at  least  are  distinct  in  the  northern  parts  as  well 
of  the  old  continent  as  of  the  new. 

"  It  is  only  by  the  knowdedge  of  the  mean  summer  and 
winter  temperature  of  a  country  that  you  will  be 
enabled  to  form  a  correct  judgment  of  its  fitness  for 
being  inhabited  or  cultivated,  as  well  as  of  its  entire  cha- 
racter. At  Bombay,  Pondicherry,  and  on  the  whole 
Coromandel  coast,  and  on  the  Island  of  Ceylon,  districts 
of  such  uncommon  fertility,  and  so  well  known  for  the 
luxuriaiice  of  their  vegetation,  and  shown  by  their  mean 
annual  temperature  of  27°  C.  (80°.6  F.),  to  be  among 
the  warmest  on  the  globe,  are,  nevertheless,  no  hotter, 
but  even  generally  more  temperate,  than  the  north  of 
India,  than  Central  Egypt,  or  than  Louisiana,  where, 
however,  the  mean  temperature  is  lower.  It  is  these 
high  summer  temperatures  that  enable  us  to  grow 
cotton  —  a  plant  which  is  a  native  of  the  torrid 
zone  —  with  advantage,  at  many  places  far  beyond 
the  tropics  ;  as,  for  instance,  in  the  southern  states 
of  North  America,  in  Egypt,  in  Asia  Minor,  and 
even  on  the  southern  coasts  of  Europe.  On  the 
southern  coast  of  Iceland,  the  yearly  mean  of  tem- 
perature is  not  lower  than  at  Petersburg,  and  the  winter 
hut  little  colder  than  at  Odessa.  However  the  peasants 
of  this  island,  on  account  of  the  coolness  of  the  summer 
months,  can  do  little  farming  beyond  the  breeding  of 
cattle,  and  the  so-called  forests  there  consist  of  nothing 
but  stunted  Birch.  In  the  Fai'oe  Islands,  wliere  in 
winter  it  is  warmer  than  at  Milan,  on  the  island  of 
Sitkha  on  the  coast  of  Russian  America,  and  on  the 
Falkland  Isles,  tlie  same  mean  temperature  is  found  as 
at  DaDzig,and  a  higher  temperature  than  at  Kouigsberg. 
But  while  the  eastern  provinces  of  Prussia  are  pretty 
thickly  occupied  by  an  active  agricultural  population, 
on  these  islands  the  only  corn  produced  is  a  poor 
Barley,  which  however  can  ripen  with  a  mean  summer 
temperature  no  higher  than  8^  G.  (46^.4  F.).  It  is 
true  that  their  winters  ai'e  not  very  severe,  but  the 
summer  fails  to  supply  the  warmth  requisite  for  the 
usual  cultivated  crops.  At  the  North  Cape  even  Barley 
can  no  longer  be  cultivated,  and  the  Birch,  wliich  a 
little  farther  south,  under  76"  north  latitude,  is  still  met 
with,  here  disappears.  On  the  same  isotherm  in  the 
countrj'-  about  the  Cumberland-house  Factory,  and  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  in  the  interior  of 
North  America,  the  ground  is,  as  we  are  assured  by 
travellers,  covered  with  forests,  and  is  fruitful,  and  well 
fitted  for  the  growth  of  corn.  Even  at  Yakutsk,  with  a 
mean  temperature  for  the  year  of — D°.7  C.  (14^.54  F.), 
and  for  the  winter  months  — 4-2°.5  C.  (— 44*'.o  F.),  forest 
trees,  and  all  plants  which,  like  Wheat  and  Rye,  only 
need  a  sliort  but  hot  summer,  grow  well,  because  the 
mean  summer  teraperatm*e,  notwithstanding  the  ever- 
fipozen  subsoil  at  3  feet  depth,  is  as  high  as  IG'^  C. 
60?. 8  F.),  and  is  thus  equal  to  that  of  Stockholm  and 
of  Konigsberg,  In  Nova  Zembla  the  year  gives  the 
mean  temperature  as  at  Yakutsk.  Nevertheless  this 
island  is  quite  uninhabitable,  and  devoid  of  vegetation, 
because  the  mean  summer  temperature  does  not  rise 
above  2".5  C.  (ZG^.B  F.).  The  warmest  day  in  the  year 
gets  but  ir-'.OC.  (53^.42  P.).  On  the  west  coast, 
and  on  the  still  colder  east  coast,  only  7°.6  C. 
(45?C3  F.)." 

To  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  great 
processes  by  which  the  earth  on  which  we  dwell  has 
been  made  and  is  kept  fit  fur  the  habitation  of  man, 
these  letters  will  afford  general  information  which  caimot 
bo  easily  elsewhere  obtained;  and  to  those  already 
somewhat  acquainted  with  such  raatterw,  the  present 
work  will  be  found  no  less  acceptable,  inasmuch  as  it 
represents  well,  and  in  a  small  compass,  the  results  of  the 
latest  and  motjt  trustworthy  observations  which  have  been 
made  in  this  great  department  of  Natural  Philosophy. 


« 

The  French  in  Enrjland  ;  or,  hoth  sides  of  t?t^  fjueetion 
on  hoth  aides  of  the  (Jhmvnel.  JJeinr/  the  ntory  of  the  Emperor 
NapoUoTCs  'projected  imvaaion.  (Bradbui*y  and  Evans.) 
—A  pamphlet. 

Memorial  rerfardin/f  Amendments  in  the  Scottish  Pom'- 
Law.  By  W.  P.  Alison,  M.D.  (Blackwood.)  —  A 
pamphlet. 

Garden  rVTemoranda. 

HORTICL-LTIIUAI,  SoCIKTV's  GaRWEN,  TiJRNIIAM  Grkr\. 

— Some  of  our  readers  will  be  intcrcHted  in  knowing  that 
the  fine  Bpcciinen  of  LieliabuperbienH,  in  the  lur^^c  Htuve, 
ii  now  in  full  bloorn.  Seven  wpikcH  ar«  now  in  perfec- 
tion, each  averaging  about  10  llowera  to  a  headland 


four  more  spikes  have  yet  to  expand.  It  is  certainly  a 
glorious  sight,  well  worth  travelling  a  considerable  dis- 
tance to  see, 

A  Rose  house  has  j  ust  been  put  up  in  the  experimental 
ground  near  the  east  end  of  the  ranges  of  frames  which 
occupy  that  part  of  the  garden.  It  is  erected  on  the 
plan  of  Mr.  Rivers'  orchard  houses,  i.  e.,  with  boarded 
sides  and  a  fixed  glared  I'oof.  It  is  56  feet  long,  23  feet 
wide,  and  8  feet  6  inches  high  in  the  middle.  Tlie  sides 
measure  4  feet  from  the  ground  to  the  spring  of  the 
roof.  The  top  is  glazed  with  sheet  glass ;  and  the 
ventilation  is  effected  in  the  sides,  just  under  the  si),  by 
letting  fall  a  hinged  board  all  round,  a  foot  wide.  It 
has  been  painted  by  way  of  trial,  with  white  zinc  paint, 
which  is  free  from  smell  and  more  healthy  to  work  with 
than  white-lead.  The  inside  is  divided  into  a  centre 
bed  8  feet  wide,  and  a  border  round  the  wall  about 
4  feet  wide,  by  means  of  a  3i  feet  path,  edged  with  inch- 
thick  deal,  which  keeps  the  soil  in  its  place.  The  beds 
are  slightly  raised,  more  especially  the  centre  one,  and 
quite  ready  for  the  Roses,  which  are  to  be  contribxited, 
we  believe,  by  Messrs.  Rivers,  Paul,  and  Lane.  If 
neatly  arranged,  they  cannot  fail  when  in  bloom  to  be 
highly  attractive,  and  the  house  itself  helps  to  "  set  off " 
this  part  of  the  garden. 

The  shrubberies  on  each  side  of  the  broad  walk,  lead- 
ing from  the  conservatory  to  the  new  flower-garden, 
have  been  relieved  and  improved  in  appearance  by 
removing  tha  row  of  large  Sycamore  trees  on  the 
side  next  the  kitchen-garden,  and  thinning  out  the 
shrubs  where  they  had  become  too  thick.  On  the  other 
side,  a  Grass  edging  has  been  laid  down,  and  the  ground 
levelled  and  prepared  for  Grass  seeds,  which  are  to  be 
sown  as  far  back  into  the  border  as  the  Pinuses  extend. 
This  will  cause  the  latter  to  stand  on  Grass,  and  render 
their  appearance  much  more  striking  than  it  hitherto 
has  been.  The  new  flower  garden  itself  has  been  lately 
replanted.  This  was  necessary  in  consequence  of 
Messrs.  Waterer  having  removed  the  fine  Rhododen- 
drons, which  were  placed  there  for  exhibition  last  year, 
to  Knap-hill.  It  is  still,  however,  chiefly  occupied  by 
Rhododendrons,  some  of  which  have  been  kindly  pre- 
sented to  the  Society  by  Messrs.  Veitch,  and  Lucombe, 
Fince,  and  Co.,  of  Exeter.  Mr.  Fortune's  Poeoaies, 
too,  which  formerly  grew  near  the  council  room,  have 
been  brought  here,  as  well  as  numbers  of  all  the  finer 
kinds  of  shrubs  from  different  parts  of  the  garden  from 
which  they  could  bo  conveniently  spared. 

The  underwood  of  the  ''Birch  cluiTtp,"  in  the  arbo- 
retum has  been  cleared  away,  and  the  ground  has  been 
turfed.  Other  clumps  where  they  required -it  have  also 
been  lessened  in  size,  and  altered,  so  as  to  improve  and 
lighten  the  appearance  of  the  arboretum,  which  had 
become  too  much  timber  loaded.  The  small  Irish 
Yews  on  the  east  side  have  also  been  lifted,  and  their 
places  filled  with  Araucarias,  Deodars,  and  other 
Conifers,  whose  habits  and  appearances  difl'er  suffi- 
ciently Irom  each  other  to  furnish  variety.  The  re- 
moval of  the  Hornbeam  hedge  that  divided  the  Rose 
border  from  the  Rhododendron  border,  between  the 
side  of  the  council-room  and  the  west  end  of  the 
conservatory,  and  the  widening  of  the  narrow  walk  and 
setting  back  the  Rhododendrons  in  that  part  of  the 
garden,  is  a  great  improvement,  and  altogether  the 
garden  is  being  much  altered  for  the  better. 

The  usual  preparations  for  the  coming  exhibitions 
are  already  beginning  to  exhibit  themselves.  The 
borders  and  clumps  are  being  dug.  The  lawn  in  the 
ai'boretum  is  already  in  beautiful  order,  with  hardly  a 
stray  leaf  to  be  seen,  and  the  walks  in  the  orchard  are 
being  levelled  and  gravelled.  While  in  this  department 
we  may  mention  that  the  young  Peach  trees  on  the  wall 
are  exceedingly  clean  and  healthy,  and  showing  well  for 
fruit.  The  Pears  and  Apples,  too,  in  consequence  of 
being  rested  last  year  (the  crop  being  cut  oft'  in  early 
spring),  are  full  of  blossom  buds,  and  evei'ything. gives 
promise  of  a  plentiful  fruit  season. 

The  flat  tanks  put  up  by  Messrs.  Burbidge  and  Healy 
(and  now  abandoned  by  that  firm  for  round  pipes)  in 
the  early  Vinery,  after  eight  years*  operation,  have  had 
their  tops  removed,  when  it  was  found  that  a  considerable 
sediment,  chiefly  oxide  of  iron,  had  collected  in  them. 
The  leaden  connections  between  the  tanks  and  the 
boiler  had  also  given  way,  and  ai'e  being  replaced  by 
iron  ones.  They  may,  therefore,  now  be  expected  to 
work  well  for  years  yet ;  but  in  order  to  inspect  tliem  the 
more  readily, in  case  of  any  derangement, the  tops  will  not 
be  fastened  down  in  future,  but  merely  laid  on. 

In  consequence  of  its  having  been  found  impossible 
to  i*ipen  Peaches  on  the  protected  trellis  (put  up  near 
this  Vinery),  as  recommended  by  Mr.  Rivers  and  Mr. 
Bellenden  Ker,  considerable  alterations  have  been  made 
in  the  condition  of  the  trellis,  with  a  view  to  effect  better 
that  object.  The  ends  of  the  trellis  have  been  closed  up  ; 
the  back  has  been  banked  up  with  earth,  all  except  about 
4  inches  all  along  the  top,  which  have  been  left  for  perma- 
nent ventilation,  while  the  front  opcninghas been  furnished 
with  a  perforated  zinc  screen  to  pre  vent  cutting  winds  from 
sweeping  through  the  I'rame.  The  inside,  too,  has  been 
briclicd  up  to  within  an  inch  or  so  of  the  trees,  which, 
under  these  conditions,  are  to  have  another  year's  trial, 
the  result  of  which  will  no  doubt  bo  faithfully  reported. 
The  trees  look  as  if  they  would  I)ear  well. 

Some  of  the  gIanH  houses  are  already  gay  with 
BegoniiiH,  Juaticias,  Genncra  zobrina,  the  bhio  Eranthc- 
mum  pulchcllum,  and  other  plants  which  flower  about 
•his  time.  'J'ho  Camellias  in  the  largo  conservatory  will 
Hoon  be  quite  a  niawH  of  bloHHom.  Tlio  Luculia  is 
bL-ginning  to  expand  its  highly  fragrant  Howitm,  iind  wo 
noticed  here  a  bcautii'ul  plaut  in  a  pot  of  tlic  lino  iier- 


beris  Nepalensia,  with  a  head  of  seven  spikes  oi  yellow 
flowers  just  ready  to  open.  It  promises  to  be  very  fine. 
Some  of  the  large  Polygalas  and  Abutilons  have  been 
pruned^in  quite  close  and  cleaned  ;  in  this  way,  they  are 
brought  within  manageable  bounds,  and  when  they  have 
made  then:  growth  they  flower  well. 


FLORICULTURE. 
-* 

Dahlias  in  Cl.vsses.— Among  the  many  subjects  to 
which  early  attention  has  been  solicited,  that  of  a  classi- 
fication of  colours  for  Dahlias  is  not  the  least  impor- 
tant. The  task  is  difficult,  we  admit,  as  the  different 
illustrations  which  have  fallen  under  our  notice  fully 
testify  ;  but  we  are  anxious  to  offer  (such  as  they  are) 
our  experience  and  opinion  in  a  matter  which  abounds 
vnth  interest,  and  atfects  a  most  numerous  class  of 
growers.  We  are  aware  that  catalogues  of  Dahlias  in 
a  classified  form  have  their  objections  as  well  as  their 
recommendations  ;  and  we  do  not  wish  it  to  be  under- 
stood that  the  classifying  system  is  the  only  and  correct 
one,  but  we  argue  that  such  a  form  will  benefit  the 
grower,  and  increase  the  interest  of,  and  create  a 
further  love  for  the  flower,  as  well  as  simplify  the  test 
for  the  detection  of  the  best  sorts  in  their  respective 
classes.  Let  us  examine  these  suppositions.  The  grower 
should  be  benefited  by  such  a  mode,  inasmuch  as  he 
need  only  occupy  his  ground  with  good  tenants ;  and 
thus  the  love  of  the  flower  will  be  increased  by  reducing; 
the  number  of  casualties  which  florieultm-e  is  heirs 
to.  We  will  leave  the  pro  contra  in  other  hands. 
We  may  state,  however,  that  this  division  of  colour  or 
formation  of  groups,  is  by  no  means  new  ;  we  remember 
that  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Girling  adopted  it  one 
season,  and  now  we  find  that  Mr.  Keynes,  of  Salisbury, 
has  embraced  the  plan.  In  our  divisions  it  will  be 
apparent,  that  we  differ  materially  from  many  in  the 
classification  of  colours,  and  in  our  estimate  of  certain 
colours,  to  which  pecuhar  var'ieties  are  referred.  In 
the  selection  made  to  illustrate  each  class,  we  have, 
however,  been  mainly  guided  by  the  desire  of  providing 
a  home  for  the  many  popular  sorts  that  exist,  rather 
than  for  the  select  few.  Nevertheless,  in  this  particular^ 
we  trust  we  have  not  made  any  great  sacrifice  to  the 
important  ingredient  quality  ;  with  these  preHminary 
remarks,  we  shall  proceed  to  give  the  several  hea(£ 
or  classes,  and  so  start  with — Class  I.,  White  Selfs  :, 
Antagonist,  Ariel,  Blanchfleur,  Queen  of  Whites,  Una, 
Class  II.,  Blush  Selfs  :  Defiance,  Marchioness  of  Corn- 
waUis,  Mrs.  C.  Bacon,  Queen  of  the  East.  Class  III., 
Wliite,  and  light  grounds,  tipped  :  Barmaid,  Beauty  of 
Kent,  Charles  Turner,  Doctor  Frampton,  Delight,  Gem, 
Lady  Cathcart,  Lizzy,  Malvina,Miss  Chaplin,  Miss  Vyse, 
Mrs.  Wentworth,  Princess  Radzivill,  Queen  of 
Beauties.  Class  IV.,  other  grounds,  tipped  :  Albert, 
Andromeda,  Conspicua,  Douglas  Jerrold,  Honourable 
Mr,  Herbert,  Privateer.  Class  V.,  Mottled  and 
Shaded  :  Fairy  Queen,  General  Faucher,  Magnificent, 
Class  VI.,  Peaches  and  Pale  Lilac  Selfs;  Alice,  Antici- 
pation, Compacta,  Queen  of  Dahlias.  Class  VII.,  Lilac 
Selfs  :  Admiral,  Duke  of  Cambridge,  Elizabeth,  Fear- 
less, Mrs.  Anderson,  Queen  of  Beauty,  Queen  of  Lilacs,. 
Sir  F.  Thesiger.  Class  VIIL,  Purple  Selfs  :  Beauty  of 
Versailles,  Frederick  Jerome,  Imbricata,  Jullien,  Mr. 
Seldoa,  Pm'ple  Standard,  Summit  of  Perfection,  Violet 
Perfection.  Class  IX.,  Scarlet  and  Red  Selfs  :  Boxj, 
Carmina,  John  Edward,  Nil  Desperandum,  Nonpareil, 
Shylock,  Sir  C.  Napier,  Sir  R.  Peel,  Scarlet  King,  Scar- 
let Gem,  Tom.  Class  X.,  Crimson  Selfs  :  Beeswing,. 
Captain  Warner,  Edmund  Foster,  Grenadier,  King  of 
Dahlias,  Louis  Philippe,  Mynn,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Sir  R, 
AVhittingtou,  Standard  of  Perfection,  Thames  Bank 
Hero,  Triumphant,  Utillis.  Class  XL,  Maroon  and 
dark  Crimson  Selfs  :  Admiral  Stopford,  Ambassador, 
Black  Prince,  Doctor  Sandford,  Essex  Triumph,  Gem 
of  the  Grove,  John  Davis,  Miss  Spears,  Negro,, 
Nepaulese  Prince,  Richard  Cobden.  Class  XII.,  Yellow 
Selfs,  Cloth  of  Gold,  Crocus,  George  Glenny,  Louisa 
Glenny,  Mrs.  Seldon,  Yellow  Standard,  Yellow  Superb.. 
Class  XIII.,  Orange,  Buff,  and  Bronze  Selfs  :  Aurora, 
Baltic,  Globe,  Goliah,  Leda,  Model,  Mr,  Palmer,  Phan- 
tom, Princess  Louisa,  Roundhead,  Seraph,  Toison  d'Or. 
Class  XIV.,  Orange-scarlet  Selfs :  Bob,  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, Earl  Claren«J»n,  Morning  Star,  Sparkler.  /.  K 

South  Divon  Botanical  and  IIohticdltuhal  Society. — 
At  the  late  annual  nieet.ing  of  this  Society  the  Treasurer  read 
a  financial  Btatement,  from  uhich  it  appeared  that  the  receipts 
for  the  year  had  amuunted  to  ITiOi.  73.  Urf.,  aud  that  it  exceeded 
the  income  by  '2H.,  but  that  eix  subscribora  of  the  6rst  class 
had  not  yet  paid,  and  therefore  the  real  deticit-ncy  would  be 
about  ICK.  The  Biict-ess  of  the  Society  was,  in  a  preat  measure, 
attributed  to  Mr.  Rendle'n  bavin?  permitted  it  to  hold  ifiw 
flower  Bhowfl  in  hia  Botanic  Garden  at  Plymouth.  At  hia 
suggestion  the  days  for  holding  (ho  ExhibitiouH  for  the  current 
year  have  been  alccrtd  from  May  US,  July  liJ,  and  Sept.  6,  to 
Moy  18,  July  11)   arid  Sept,  0.  ./.  E. 

llANDBWORXn  F1.0HAL  AND  HORTICDLTDEAL  SOCIETT. — Wo 
arc  plnd  to  learn  from  the  Uirmivgham.  and  Midland  Counties 
Herald,  that  it  waa  found  at  the  late  annual  meeting  tliat  this 
Soeiety  ia  in  a  fliinriHhin{5  condition,  and  that  it  in  proposed 
to  oiler  Mr.  C.  J.  I'cny  bohib  mark  of  reapcct  tor  his  Borvices 
as  Hon.  Stc.  diuiiif,'  tlio  weven  ycarb'  oxlbtmce  of  the  Society, 
and  that  ita  pieheiunlion  1h  dotcrmiiied  on  at  ihe  forthcoming 
mooting  of  the  National  TuDp  Hocleiy'rt  iilxhibitioD,  which  io 
to  bo  held  In  Ulrniingbam  on  either  the  '2(itb,  '^7tb,  or  23th  o£ 
May.  J.  E. 

The  Schedule  of  the  county  of  Qloucestor  and  Cheltenham 
Iloiticulturul  Society  for  l^U'l  in  before  uB,nnd  wo  are  gratified 
tu  see  that  Uberiil  oncourageiiient  is  oQ'ert^d  to  intending 
oxhlhitorH.  With  such  inducerrientfl  Knnid  displaye  may  be 
anticipated.  1'hu  days  ot  txhibiiion  fixed  are 'I'liursday,  May 
l;i  ;  TucHdny,  Juno  1ft  ;  and  Thurfidiiy,  August 'iU.  ^.  ^'. 

Catalooueb  Mi-c.VAV V.D  from  Mr.  C.  Turner,  Uoynl  Nursery, 
Hlou^h,  and  horn  Mcsere,  Sfhotield  and  Son,  Kuo&throp ^ 
uuur  LcodB. 


120 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Feb.  21, 


Miscellaneous. 

Remai'haUe  Apricot  Tree. — There  is  now  growing  at 
Cherson  at  Apricot  tree  planted  by  the  Empress  Catha- 
•  rine,  witli  her  own  imperial  hand,  on  the  12th  May, 
1787.  The  tree  is  36  leet  6  inches  high,  4  feet  7  inches 
in  girtli,  and  bears  annually  between  4  and  5  cwt.  of 
fruit.  Neue  Preuss.  Zeit.,  1851,  No.  256. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weeJc.J 
PLANT  HOUSES. 
As  some  portion  of  the  present  occupants  of  the 
conservatory  and  greenhouse  will  be  placed  out  of  doors 
for  tliree  or  four  of  the  summer  months,  provision 
must  be  made  to  supply  their  places,  by  growing  a 
selection  of  plants  to  bloom  at  that  period  ;  for  this 
purpose  all  the  kinds  of  Japan  Lilies  are  admirably 
adapted  ;  and  as  these,  and  the  next  named,  require 
only  the  shelter  of  a  deep  pit  to  grow  in,  except  while 
in  bloom,  the  expenses  attending  their  cultivation  are 
not  great — the  different  varieties  of  Gladiolus  are  very 
uselul  in  this  way,  and  will  be  found  equally  easy  to 
grow;  should,  therefore,  any  of  the  above  remain  unpotted, 
lose  no  time  in  doing  it  before  active  growth  begins  ; 
equal  parts  of  yellow  turfy  loam,  and  fibrous  peat, 
with  another  portion  of  decayed  leaves,  nearly  rotten 
and  sand,  will  grow  them  to  your  satisfaction  ; 
the  roots  of  the  Lilies  and  those  kinds  of 
Gladioli  which  do  not  form  perfect  bulbs,  should 
not  be  much  disturbed  in  potting,  or  they  never 
bloom  so  freely  ;  the  removal  of  the  dry  exhausted 
soil  ia  all  that  should  be  attempted.  After  potting, 
plunge  in  sawdust,  or  other  dry  material,  in  a  pit, 
and  do  not  give  water  in  any  quantity  till  they  begin 
to  grow.  Another  tribe  (  Alstrcemerias)  may  be  managed 
the  same  way,  although  they  do  not  bear  pot-culture  so 
well.  Araaryllids  are  a  fine  tribe  of  plants  for  this  pur- 
pose ;  their  culture  is  much  the  same,  except  they 
require  bottom-heat  to  grow  them  well,  and  peat  may 
be  dispensed  with  in  potting.  To  assist  in  furnishing 
the  houses  at  the  above  time,  as  well  as  for  planting  out, 
get  a  stock  of  Tuberoses  potted  and  plunge  them  in  a 
very  gentle  heat.  The  above,  with  a  few  of  the  more 
large  growing  showy  annuals,  hardy  stove  plants, 
Fuchsias,  Scarlet  Geraniums,  Kalosanthes,  &e.,  will  be 
requisite  at  that  time  to  keep  up  the  succession  of 
flowering  plants.  If,  therefore,  the  stock  of  Fuchsias 
was  placed  in  a  little  heat  when  we  advised,  they 
will  be  started  sufficiently  to  obtain  cuttings,  which 
many  prefer,  for  growing  into  specimens,  to  old 
plants.  If  cultivators  of  this  showy  tribe  would, 
however,  be  content  with  growing  their  plants 
into  specimens  the  first  year,  and  with  little  or  no 
pruning  allow  them  to  bloom  the  second,  they  would 
be  rewarded  with  more  bloom  and  less  foliage  than  we 
now  see  even  on  the  best  managed  plants.  To  grow 
them  from  cuttings,  a  steady  moist  heat  is  required,  and 
a  large  amount  of  light  obtained  by  keeping  them 
near  the  glass.  Syringe  frequently,  and  on  no  account 
allow  thera  to  get  a  check  till  they  are  grown  to  the 
desired  size.  Select  young  healthy  plants  of  the  best 
kinds  of  scarlet  Geraniums,  and  shift  them  to  grow  into 
specimens.  Kalosanthes  will  now  require  a  liberal  shift, 
using  rich  light  soil  ;  these  will  do  well  with  Fuchsias, 
abundance  of  light  and  a  slight  heat  being  essential. 
A  constant  watch  must  now  be  kept  for  green  fly,  which, 
by  timely  destroying,  by  fumigating,  at  this  period,  will 
save  much  after  trouble.  The  washing  and  cleansing 
of  all  plants  infested  with  insects  should  precede  their 
new  growth,  as  they  can  then  be  more  easily  eradicated, 
and  with  less  injury  to  the  plants.  Set  traps  for  beetles 
and  woodlice  infesting  Orchid-houses  ;  these  troublesome 
vermin  require  close  looking  after.  Where  the 
weather  is  mild,  abundant  ventilation  may  be  given 
to  plant-houses,  and  this  liberal  supply  will  pro- 
duce the  best  effects  on  plants,  by  inducing  a  short- 
jointed  sturdy  habit  and  healthy  leaves.  The  most 
valuable  feature  in  plant  growing — quantity  and  quality 
of  bloom— depends  mainly  on  these  points. 

FORCING  DRPAUTMENT. 
Vinery. — In  the  early  house  proceed  with  thinning 
the  bunches,  having  previously  fixed  on  the  number  to 
remain,  in  which  the  strength  and  capabilities  of  the 
Vines  must  be  carefully  considered  ;  as  a  general  rule 
it  ia  much  the  safer,  and  more  satisfactory  plan,  to  have 
too  few,  than  too  many.  Aim  at  procuring  close  com- 
pact bunches,  in  preference  to  large  loose  ones.  Now 
the  fruit  is  set,  a  little  more  moisture  may  be  allowed, 
■which  may  be  accomplished  by  frequently  sprinkling 
the  interior  walls  and  floor  of  the  house  ;  and  on  fine 
days  at  closing  time,  let  every  part  of  the  house  (except 
the  Vines  themselves)  get  a  good  syringing  ;  a  liberal 
allowance  of  air  must  be  given,  and  advantage  may  be 
taken  of  sunny  weather  to  increase  the  day  temperature  ; 
the  night  maximum  beat  should  not  exceed  G^'^.  Thin 
out  and  train  the  shoots  in  the  succession  houses,  the 
heat  of  which  may  gradually  be  raised  as  the  amount 
of  solar  heat  and  light  increases  ;  wlien  dull,  dark 
weather  intervenes,  lower  your  heat  standard  accord- 
ingly. ^  Houses  just  now  starting  will  require  frequent 
syringing  and  a  genial  growing  heat  maintaining,  till  all 
the  buds  are  fairly  on  the  move.  Peach  Housk. — The 
stopping,  disbudding,  and  thinning  of  Peaches  will 
require  daily  attendance— it  would  prove  most  injurious 
to  deprive  the  plant  too  suddenly  of  all  the  shoots  which 


will  ultimately  have  to  be  taken  off — a  few,  therefore, 
should  be  removed  daily,  pLnching  out  the  points  of 
those  not  required  for  next  season's  wood,  when  they  have 
advanced  three  or  four  joints,  leaving  two  or  three  leaves 
on  each.  Afterwards,  if  the  wood  is  too  crowded,  some 
of  these  may  be  taken  clean  out.  The  remainder  form 
useful  spurs,  which  in  some  kinds  of  Peaches  are 
valuable.  Thin  out  the  young  fruit,  like  the  shoots,  by 
degrees— having  an  eye,  however,  to  those  which  will 
be  required  to  remain  for  the  crop,  and  which 
should  he  regularly  distributed  over  the  tree. 
This  house  will  now  be  benefited  by  a  syringing 
every  fine  morning,  taking  care  to  wash  off"  the 
faded  petals,  and  anything  which  may  have  lodged 
on  the  trees  whilst  they  have  been  in  bloom.  The  night 
temperature  should  still  not  exceed  50",  allowing  a  rise 
of  15"  by  day,  and  even  20*^  during  bright  sunshine. 
Air  at  all  times  will  be  requisite,  in  giving  which  be 
guided  by  the  state  of  the  weather.  The  second  house 
advancing  into  bloom  should  be  brought  on  gradually, 
so  that  the  blooms  may  come  strong,  and  the  syringe 
may  be  used  until  the  flowers  open.  Night  tempera- 
ture, 40"  ;  60"  to  65"^  by  day.  If  Cherries  were  com- 
menced early  they  will  now  soon  be  iu  bloom,  and 
of  all  our  forced  fruits  none  are  so  fickle  in  their  results 
as  this.  Should  bright  sun  occur,  after  some  days  of 
dark  weather,  the  petals  will  often  drop  before  impreg- 
nation of  the  embryo  fruit  has  taken  place  ;  hence  it 
will  be  advisable  to  break  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  by 
a  slight  shading.  A  very  liberal  allowance  of  air  from 
the  commencement  of  forcing  is  of  the  utmost  import- 
ance, which  should  be  diminished,  but  not  discontinued 
thi'ough  the  night.  When  in  bloom  tlie  temperature 
may  rise  to  60"  or  SB*^.  Thin  the  blooms  (where  too 
thickly  set)  before  they  open,  and  keep  a  look-out  for  a 
small  grub  which  frequently  coils  itself  upon  the  foliage. 
Figs. — Syringe  frequently,  and  keep  a  temperature  free 
from  sudden  changes  after  they  have  formed  full-sized 
leaves.  The  night  maximum  may  he  60^,  advancing  \5° 
in  bright  weather.  If  the  roots  are  confined  in  pots  or 
tubs,  frequent  waterings  will  be  necessary,  of  which  each 
alternate  one  should  be  with  liquid  manure.  Straw- 
berries will  require  attention  ;  the  green  fly  should  be 
stopped  at  once,  and  as  they  get  into  bloom  suspend  the 
syringe  and  promote  by  every  means  their  perfect 
developement, 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
The  great  drawback  to  the  generality  of  English  land- 
scapes is  that  want  of  tone  or  warmth  of  colour  so 
essential  in  giving  expression  to  scenery.  Much,  how- 
ever, may  be  done  in  relieving  this  dull  monotony  of 
green  by  the  judicious  hitroduction  of  groups  formed  of 
trees,  the  colour  of  whose  leaves  (particularly  in  the 
autumn),  will  have  the  desired  effect,  by  affording  various 
grades  of  colour,  from  a  dull  red  to  a  rich  crimson.  At 
the  head  of  these  stands  the  Liquidambar,  which  we 
regret  is  not  more  frequently  planted.  Again,  the 
different  species  of  Sumach,  especially  Rhus  venenata, 
die  off  in  the  autumn  to  various  shades  of  red  and 
scarlet.  The  scarlet  and  sugar  Maples  are  valuable  in 
this  way,  as  is  the  newly-introduced  Acer  circinatum, 
a  tree  of  great  beauty  in  the  autumn.  Q,uercus  rubra 
and  coccinea  give  a  duller  red,  while  if  a  wai'm  brown 
colour  is  desired,  the  deciduous  Cypress  is  one  of  the 
best,  keeping  its  leaves  on  for  a  long  period.  For  under- 
wood, nothing  is  better  than  the  common  red  Dogwood, 
the  red  shoots  of  which,  after  the  leaves  are  gone,  are 
conspicuous  at  a  long  distance.  We  might  name  more 
of  this  class,  but  hope  this  short  notice  may  direct  atten- 
tion to  the  subject. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
In  forming  beds  for  Asparagus,  a  sandy  soil  should 
be  prepared,  on  which  trench  in  2  feet  deep  sufficient 
well-rotted  manure  to  raise  the  ground  a  foot  above  the 
usual  level.  The  manure  should  be  well  mixed  with  the 
soil,  and  the  ground  may  remain  till  the  young  plauts 
(one  year's  seedling),  have  grown  a  couple  of  inches, 
which  will  be  the  best  time  for  planting  them.  We 
make  our  plantation  in  one  plot,  forming  the  I'ows  2  feet 
apart,  and  18  inches  between  the  plants.  After  plant- 
ing, the  ground  is  covered  (when  the  plauts  are  up), 
with  the  sweepings  from  the  lawn.  The  second  year 
after  planting,  every  third  row  is  taken  up  (for  forcing), 
which  forms  the  path,  and  leaves  only  two  rows  in  each 
bed.  The  ground  for  Seakale  should  be  similarly 
treated,  but  the  plants  should  be  3  feet  between  the  rows, 
and  2  feet  apart.  Sow  the  first  crop  of  Celery  on  a 
slight  hotbed,  and  small  successional  sowings  of  Cauli- 
flower, Lettuce,  Brussels  Sprouts,  and  Radishes,  may 
still  be  made  on  a  gentle  heat  ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  a 
few  may  be  tried  on  a  wann  south  border,  to  be  pro- 
tected with  mats.  Plants  wintering  under  glass,  for 
planting  out  ne.xt  month,  should  be  hardened  off,  by 
exposing  them  on  all  occasions,  when  the  weather  is  open. 
The  early  crop  of  Peas  and  Beans  will  now  require  some 
earth  drawn  to  the  drills,  to  protect  them,  in  some  mea- 
sure, from  cutting  winds.  After  which,  the  former  may 
be  protected,  by  striking  the  spray  of  evergreens  on  that 
side  of  them  most  exposed  to  cold  winds  ;  hoe  between 
autumn-planted  crops,  whenever  the  ground  is  dry,  and 
take  every  opportunity  of  forwarding  the  preparation  of 
ground  for  the  general  spring  crops.  Where  a  conti- 
nual supply  of  forced  Asparagus,  Kale,  &.c.,  is  required, 
a  succession  must  be  brought  forward.  Plant  on  slight 
bottom-heat,  in  pits  or  frames.  Potatoes,  to  succeed  the 
more  early  ones.  French  Beans  should  be  forwarded  in 
pots,  to  fill  up  vacancies  in  any  house  at  work  ;  place 
them  near  the  glass,  and  supply  them  liberally  with 


liquid    manure.      Shallots,    Garlic,    and    underground 
Onions  may  be  planted,  if  not  already  done. 


Erkatum. — In  last  week's  Calendar  oct-ura  ".  mistake,  viz,, 
under  the  head  "  Plant  Houses,"  24  lines  from  bottom,  for 
"  Jate  purposes  "  read  for  "  cultural  purpoEes,  &c.'* 


eof  theWeath 

endmK-Fcb.19.1852 

Stat 

rnearLondon.for  the  week 

as  observed  at  the  Horticultural  Garden.  Cbiswick. 

TBMPaBATDaB 

Feb. 

■2:1 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth 

1  foot! 2  feet 
deep.    deep. 

Wind. 

§ 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

Friday.. 

13 

29524 

29  584 

42 

30 

3G.0 

37      1  33 

S. 

.00 

14 

■J-1 

30.206 

30.003 

43 

22 

32.5 

33  i        33 

M 

Sunday 

I,i 

':.i 

ao.191 

30.100 

40 

33 

41.0 

3S 

38 

Mi 

Monday 

Hi 

■jfi 

30.17C 

29.777 

13 

48.0 

40 

39 

Mi 

Tuea.   .. 

17 

■i7 

29.838 

29.558 

37 

4S„S 

42 

41 

Wed.    .. 

l^ 

•in 

29.7:<7 

3(i  .S 

42 

41 

Thura. .. 

19 

2'J 

30.018 

29.783 

39 

23 

31.(1 

40 

40 

N.W. 

Average     . . 

30.0(11    i  29.772 

46.8  !  30-7  '  33.8 

39  6    ^  39  3 

.07 

13— Densely  and  uniformly  oveicael;  fine;  overcaBt. 

14-Hazy;  uniformly  cvercnst;  clear  and  frosty 

15— PartiMlly  overcast;  uniformly  overcaai  ihrounhout;  ratn. 

16-Fine;  overcast;  densftly  overcafst;  rrt'n  ;  bolBteroua. 

17-Cloudy;  flne,  deoBely  overciat ;  bo  Bteroua  at  ninht. 

IS— Low  white  clouds;  fine;  froary  at  ni^ht. 

19— Clear  and  frosty  ;  cold  wind  ;  clear  and  frosty. 

temperature  of  the  week,  equal  to  the  averttRe. 


M' 


State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  durina:  the  last  2G  years,  for  the 
eQBuiag  week) ending  Fi;b.  23,185". 


Feb. 

Hi 

3  <^ 

No.  Of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Itained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

P 

1 

Suuday  22 

45.4 

34.2 

40.3 

11 

0.29  In. 

Mon       23 

47.3 

33.5 

39.9 

4 

Tuea.     24 

47-0 

34.7 

40.3 

10 

0.32 

3 

Wed.     25 

33.7 

41.0 

11 

OJO 

33.8 

40.6 

13 

0.64 

4 

Friday  27 

43,0 

34.9 

41.5 

16 

0.51 

1 

Satur.    23 

43  3 

35.2 

42.0 

14 

PrevailiDB  Winds. 


^■'     '">]     :ot 


1    4l   l|  4    C    6 


The  hiKhest  temperature  during  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  2Sth, 
1316— therm,  f  4  deg.;  and  the  loweat  ou  lhe22d,  1314-tlieim.  19deff. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Apple  Tbee  :  JP.  If  jou  will  refer  to  p.  72  of  the  current  year's 
volume,  you  will  find  that  your  question  has  been  answered.  J 

BoTANl  :  G  B.  Before  attempting  to  avail  youreelf  of  any 
botanical  garden,  you  should  make  yourself  somewhat 
acquainted  with  the  subject,  especially  since  yuu  cannot  be 
permitted  to  gather  specimens  in  such  places.  Begin  by 
making  yourself  inasfer  of  "  Lindley's  School  liotany."  That 
done  we  will  advise  you  further.  You  may  dry  your  speci- 
mens between  sheets  of  brown  paper,  or,  which  is  better, 
Bentall's  paper,  wellpressed  down.  In  a  week  or  two  we  will 
give  you  a  plan  of  a  capital  plant  press.  Keep  your  speci- 
mens, when  dried,  each  species  in  a  separate  sheet  of  paper, 
as  Continental  botanists  do,  or  upon  a  separate  half  sheet, 
as  is  the  case  in  Enjjland.  Arrange  the  species  in  genera  in 
the  order  observed  in  the  book  you  are  studying. 

Cactus  Seed  :  MJ.  We  have  examined  your  seed  and  find  it 
to  be  perfect.  Wash  it  out  of  the  seed  vessels  and  sow  it  at 
once  in  shallow  pans  in  light  rather  dry  soil,  covering  but 
slightly.  Place  the  pans  in  a  gentle  bottom  heat,  or  oa  a 
shelf  in  the  stove.     It  must  be  watered  sparingly.  J 

CooKEET  :  X.  Rampion  is  not  cooked,  but  eaten  like  Radishes. 
Salsify  and  Scorzouera  should  be  scrap-'d  gently,  ho  as  to 
strip  them  only  of  the  outside  peel.  '1  hen  cut  ihem  into 
pieces  of  an  equal  size,  and  throw  them  into  water,  with  a 
little  vinegar,  or  lemon  juice,  to  prevent  their  getting  black. 
When  you  have  scraped  a  sufficient  quantity,  boil  them  ia 
water  enough  to  swim  with  ease,  with  a  little  salt,  and  a  bit 
of  butter.  They  will  generally  be  done  in  three  quarters  of 
an  hour.  Drain  ihem,  and  send  them  up  with  white  sauce. 
There  are  many  other  ways  ;  the  sauce  common  in  France  ia 
yellow  and  savoury.  Thej  are  also  tried  after  boiling,  and 
so  on,  as  you  will  learn  in  any  French  cookery  book. 

Heating  :  Five  Years.  We  see  no  reaeoa  why  Vines  should  not 
he  grown  in  your  house  in  pots.  It  is  a  mere  matter  of  con- 
venience whether  you  train  them  on  trellises,  or  up  the 
rafters.  As  to  the  size  of  the  pots,  the  larger  the  better  ;  a 
9-inch  one  is  sufficient,  if  you  use  liquid  manure,  now  and 
then,  with  skill. 

HoRTicoLTDRAL  SOCIETY  :  Alpha.  The  next  meeting  in  Regent- 
Btreet  will  take  pUce  on  the  2d  of  March,  at  3  o'clock.  All 
objects  intended  tur  exhibition  must  be  in  the  room  at  least 
two  clear  hours  before  the  time  of  meeting.  The  party  to 
whom  the  plants,  or  other  articles  exhibited,  belong  is  ad- 
mitted to  the  meeting. t 

Lawns  :  InqnUitivc.  They  should  be  mown  all  the  year  round, 
unless  fr.im  wear  and  tear,  they  are  worn  bare  ;  in  which 
case,  a  winter's  rest  is  useful  to  them.  The  best  lawns  are 
mown  incessantly. 

Lilt  of  the  Yallet  :  MJ.  It  is  not  too  late  to  make  a  bed 
now.  The  plant  likes  very  light  soil  composed  chiefly  of 
decayed  leaves  and  sand. J 

Names  of  Plants:  G  E.  It  looks  like  Prunus  Puddum  ;  but  the 
absence  of  leaves,  «bc.,  makes  it  impossible  to  identify  it  with 
certainty. 

Seed  Lists  and  Cataloqd£5  of  Plants.  We  have  to  acknow- 
ledge the  receipt  of  Mackie  and  Stewart's  Descriptive  Price 
Current  of  Garden  Seeds  and  Culinary  Plants  ;  May's  General 
Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Plants,  in  three  parts;  Lane  and 
Son's  Catalogues  of  Roses,  and  Trees  and  Srubs  ;  and  Charl 
wood  and  Cummins',  and  Hardy  and  Son's  Seed  Lists  for 
1852, 

Skeleton  Leaves  :  M'Nac.  There  is  no  other  way  of  preparing 
them  than  by  soaking  them  in  water  until  they  have  become 
rotten,  and  then  removing  the  soft  portions  with  a  pin  or 
camel-haT  pencil.  1 

The  Odla  Plant  :  J  W  M.  As  M.  Hue's  book  consists  of  two 
8vo  volumes,  without  index,  we  must  beg  you  to  give  us  the 
vol.  and  page  in  which  this  plant  is  mencioned.  We  will 
then  say  whether  it  is  possible  or  not  to  recognise  it. 

Mi=c  :  Bianda.  You  have  possibly  kept  your  Musa  too  dry.  It 
likes  plenty  of  water  at  the  roots  while  growing  (prgyided 
the  drainageis  good),  and  in  hotweatberit  should  be  syrmged 
overhead.  It  will  succeed  in  a  temperature  of  65;^  by  day  and 
50°  at  niffht.  The  best  soil  for  it  is  good  turfy  loam  mixed 
with  well-rotted  dung.  Your  Orange  trees  will  be  all  the 
better  for  the  assistance  of  a  little  heat  in  spring  ;  care  must, 
however,  be  taken  not  to  move  them  out  ot  doors  aiterwards, 
until  they  have  been  sufficiently  hardened  to  withstand  the 
weather.J— i?  Dlzon.  You  can  have  the  Number.  Please 
send  six  stamps.  ^^ 

'■■'  *  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 

"late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 

inquiries  can  be  made.    We  must  also  beg  for  the  indulgence 

of  those  numerous  correspondents,  the  insertion  of  whose 

interesting  contributioos  is  still  delayed. 


-1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


121 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 
/CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 

^-^   It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  airain  to  recommend  Farmeru  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guird. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  S0N3  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  zoholcsale  price  at  ivhich  sound  Peruvian 
Otiano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  nduUerated. 


MANURES.— The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr,  Lawes's  Factory^  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £1    0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  6     0     0 

Office,  G9,  King  William-street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  »fcc. 


rpHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  ofFer  the 

-*-^  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine  :— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
liime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs, 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons  at  9i.  10s.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9i.5s.  in  Dock.  EDWAao  PoasER,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge.street,  Blackfriars. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND   PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

(FHoai   THE   SUFFOLK    CEAQ). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  'Cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
forna  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwaed  Packaed  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 

ARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 

theNEW  and  YALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregna'-ed  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Faeces  being 
absorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Btidge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
sex, at  GOs.  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  Gd.  per  half  cwt. 


OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  21.  OS.  per  ton  in  bulk. — The  ferti  ising  properties  of  this 
Manure  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark,  where 
it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as  no 
less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  loiv  price  at  which  it 
can  he  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  Wieral  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co..  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  oescription,  containing  at  leaat  13  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phospha'eof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 

OSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 

or  GARDEN  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gotta  Percha.  It  is  exclusive'y  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  ereat 
eatiefaction.  Also.  KASE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  moat  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lens  per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price,  6i.  lOa. ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  11.  Is. 
BoBOEsa  and  Key,  1u3,  Newgate- street,  London. 


K  O  P  R  O  S, 
ATENT  MANURE  FOR  CORN  AND  OTHER  PLANTS, 

MANDFACTDEED  ET  THE  PATENTEE, 

JM.  BLASHFIELD,  Mill-wall,  Poplar  ;  and  also 
•  sold  at  No.l  Wharf,  Praed-street,  Paddint'ton-basin,— The 
mineral  ingredients cnntalned  in  this  MANURE  are  in  the  most 
perfect  floluhlf;  fitrm  for  incorporation  with  the  soil,  and  for 
oontinuoa*  action;  and  thelijfhtnessof  the  bulk,  when  compared 
with  other  Manures,  la  in  the  coat  for  carriage  (treatly  in  its 
fATOur.  For  the  past  two  years  It  haa  b^'cn  applied  to  various 
toll*  and  plaotn  with  very  general  sncceap.  Since  then  im- 
proTements  have  been  made  in  concentrating  its  mo-'t  im- 
portant elementJi,  and  in  otherwise  rendering  it  a  very  efficient 
artificial  m<inure,  rich  In  ammonia,  phoflphates,  and  silicates. 
Price  of  Piitcnt  Kopron  for  Corn  Planis,  HI.  per  ton  ;  for 
Turnip*,  .Sweden,  Ac,  f>L  per  ton. 

Suptrphosphato   of  Lime,    for    Turnips,   Swedes,   Mangold 
Wor7<;l,  nnd  other  Hoot  Cn.pn. 


NEW    AGRICULTURAL    PEA. 
"DISHOP'S    LAST    AND    BEST,    20s.    per   bushel, 

-■-'  li.fid.  per  peck  (bags  included) —Thii  PBA  wan  railed 
by  Mr.  Oldhop,  the  r.iNer  of  the  unrih-n  vnrlrty  known  as 
BUhoii**  Lonj;. podded  (of  eatahlinhco  reputatlonj,  and  wan  pre- 
»«nted  by  him  to  aome  of  hii  rolallvea  In  I'dthfihlre,  In  which 
Dorlherri  climate  It  hna  nn«wcro(I  ex'-eedlngly  well ;  Itn  early 
habltd  ensuring  a  cnip  whore  Inter  varietloip  fail.  Ita  m«ritt( 
coniiat  In  being  remarkably  early,  and  ci.Tlninly  much  better 
cropper  than  any  out ;  oa  many  an  fiO  and  more  pods  have  been 
connted  on  one  plant.  It  grow?  but  two  fent  high,  of  remark- 
•bij  robijBt  habit,  and  olfrayB  hranchca  into  two  »nd  anme- 
tlm«a  three  or  more  atom*.  Mr,  Cluirlcs  Hnu\,-t,  of  Ralnhan), 
Kent,  npon  whoao  farm  the  V'snn  'ifT'ercd  were  ^''''Wn,  ntlowa 
the  Huba.  rilwr  Ut  state  that  a  better  or  morn  likwlj  iinofiil  Pea 
never  came  ufidur  his  notlcw.  —  DtJNCAW  IlAina,  Hcodiman, 
Wholesale  and  Uetall,  lOU,  8t.  MartlnVlnno,  London. 
I,  CntaloifucB  of  Agrlooltura!  H(»eds  lent  free. 


MCORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 

F>URGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate- street, 
-'  London. — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Report  on  the  Apri- 
culiural  Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  "Mr 
M'Coiimick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worlced  aa  it  has  sinci 
worked  a,t  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira 
tion  of  practical  fiirmera,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  aa  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


FORBES'    REGISTERED    DRAIN    PAVEMENT, 

rTTY^ryirf^iryTr-p> 


{■Figs,  1  and  2.  Sections  of  Pavement  and  Quiler. — Fig,  3.  Floor). 
FOR  FLOORING  FOR  AGRICULTURAL  STOCK. 

THIS  PAVEMENT  is  found  to  be  the  best,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  the  cheapeaf.  flooring  for  <^attle  Stalls,  Boxes, 
Stables,  Pig-houses,  or  other  floors  where  much  liquid  is  spilt, 
and  dryness  required.  The  right  to  manufacture  these  bricks 
is  to  be  disposed  of,  for  all  England,  or  for  such  district  as  may 
be  agreed  on.  Brick  and  tile  makers  intending  to  make,  may 
do  80  immediately  ;  and  Drawings  will  be  sent,  by  applying 
to  the  inventor,  William  FoBBES,  Newark  Brick-work,  Ellon, 
Aberdeenshiie. — Parties  wiehing  a  personal  interview  maybe 
wiiited  Upon  by  the  undersigned,  who  is  au'horised  to  conclmie 
an  agreement,  and  at  present  in  London.  James  Forbes, 
No.  6,  Upper  Ranelagh-sireet,  Pimlico. 


STEPHENSON  and  Co.,  Ql,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Inventors 
and  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  CONICAL  and  DOUBLE 
CYLINDRICAL  BOILERS,  respectfully  solicit  the  attention  of 
Bcieniitic  Horticulturists  to  their  much  Improved  method  of 
applying  the  Tank  System  to  Pineries,  Propagating  Houses, 
ibc.,  by  which  atmospheric  heat  as  well  as  bottom  heat  is 
secured  to  any  required  degree,  without  the  aid  of  pipes  or  flues. 
S.  and  Co.  have  also  to  state  that  at  the  request  of  numerous 
friends  they  are  now  making  their  Boilers  of  Iron,  as  well  as 
Copper,  by  which  the  cost  is  reduced.  These  Boilers,  which 
are  now  so  well  know.n,  scarcely  require  description  ;  but  to 
those  who  have  not  seen  them  in  operation,  prospectuses  will 
be  forwarded,  as  well  as  references  of  the  highest  authority  ;  or 
they  miiy  be  seen  at  most  of  the  Nobility's  seats  and  principal 
Nurseries  throughout  the  Kinndom. 

S,  and  Co.  beg  to  inform  the  Trade  that  at  their  Manufactory, 
17,  New  Park-street,  every  article  required  for  the  construction 
of  Horticultural  Buildings,  as  well  as  for  heating  them,  may 
be  obtained  upon  the  most  advantageous  terras. 

Conservatories,  (Sic,  of  Iron  or  Wood,  erected  on  the  most 
ornamental  debigns.  Balconies,  Palisading,  Field  and  Garden 
Fences,  Wire-work,  &,c. 


A  PRIZE   MEDAL  FOR    SUPERIOR    LOCKS 

WAS  AWABDBD   TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 

EXHIBITION  OF  1851, 

PATENT  SPADKS,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 
Draining,  and  other  Garden  Tools,  Mole  Traps,  G$.  per 
dozen.  Carpenters  and  Smiths'  Tools,  &c.  Ladies'  Garden 
Tools,  7s.  !)d.  a  set.  Sword-scrapers  for  Gardens,  la.  2d.  each. 
Patent  Fumigators  for  destroying  insects  on  plants,  in  green- 
houses, &c.  :  at  Messrs,  J.  H.  Boobbyeb  and  Co.'s  (late 
Stdbch  and  Boobbiek),  Ironmongery,  Brass-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-street,  Clare-market, 
London.  Established  nearly  200  years  for  the  sale  of  goods 
from  the  beet  Manufactoriee  at  the  lowest  prices.  Goods  for- 
warded to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance.. 


FOUNTAINS  FOR   PLAYING   SCENTED  WATERS. 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  stream,  where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 
IMPROVED     RAM; 


Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wheels,  Baths,  Hot- 
water  Apparatus,  Fountain?,  and  Fire 
Pumps.  Towns  flupplied  with  Gas  or  water. 
Drawings  and  Estimates  made. 

Freeman  Roe,   Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engi- 
neer, 7U,  Strand,  London  ;  and  Bridgefield,  Wandsworth. 


AGRICULTURAL     SEEDS. 

WDRUMMOND  and  SONS,  Seedsmen,  Stirling, 
•  Scotland,  are  now  prepared  to  execute  orders  for  the 
above,  from  a  etock  that  ban  been  selected  with  every  possible 
car".  They  bee  to  call  opecial  at'ention  to  their  various  sorts 
of  TURNIP.  ITALIAN  and  PERENNIAL  RYE-GRASS  and 
NATURAL  GRASSES  for  Permanent  Pasture,  the  prices  for 
which  are  as  low  as  really  genuine  Seeds  can  be  reared  for. 
Catiiloftue^,  with  prices  and  other  details,  may  be  had  free  on 
application. 

N.B,— The  Carriage  of  Seeds  will  be  pre-paid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  Stations  and  Shipping  Ports  throughout 
the  Ktntfdom. —Agricultural  Museum,  Stirling,  N.B. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS,— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  monfhs  ehou'd  con- 
fltrnct  their  WaIkH  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thufi  : — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
it  at  prefl<3iit  made  from  the  lonm  which  In  mixi'd  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  arid  one  of  sharo  river  sand.  To 
five  partH  of  nuch  etjual  mixture  udd  one  of  Portland  Cornont, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  wirll  in  the  dry  state  befuro  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  bn  litid  on  'i  inches  thick.  Any  liiliounr 
can  mix  nml  Hpread  It,  No  tool  )h  required  beyond  tho  ftpnde, 
and  in  IS  IiourH  It  becomes  an  hard  qh  a  rock.  Vt-gotation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  rewlHts  tho  action  of  the 
•lovereBt  front.  It  Is  neceHcarv.  us  water  rloos  not  soali  through 
it,  to  give  a  full  from  the  middle  of  tho  path  townrdn  the  hideH. 
Manufaoturem  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  Wuixa  and  Bono,  Mlll- 
burili.Btroet,  WentmlnBter. 


nniiE     PRIZE      MEDAL     OF      THE      GREAT 

-L  EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Milton,  for  his 
Improved  (Straw)  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE,  price  l(Js.  Gd.  •  it  is 
of  eimplo  construction,  ornamental,  and  easily  managed; 
enabling  the  possessor  to  obtain  a  large  quantitv  of  pure 
honey  without  killing  the  bees.  Also  may  be  had  "Milton's 
Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new  edition,  price  25  ;  ditto,  with 
Designs  of  Hives,  dtc,  2s.  Gd. ;  ditto,  Sheet  of  Illustrations, 
free  by  post,  od. 

At  MiLTON'a  Beehive  Warehouse,  10,  Great  Marjlebone- 
strcet,  Wimpole-street.  Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable 
at  the  Post-office,  Old  Cavendish-street,  London. 

BUDDING'S    LAWN    MOWERS. 

MR.  SAMUELSON,  Britannia  Iron  Works,  Banbury, 
Oxon  (successor  to  the  late  James  Gardner),  to  avoid  the 
disappointment  experienced  last  season,  as  regards  their 
delivery,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  the  above  machines, 
and  for  QAKDEN  ROLLERS,  being  given  as  early  as  possible. 
Delivery  free  to  all  places  on  the  London  and  North- Western, 
and  Great  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 
Drawings  and  price  lists  forivarded  on  application  as  above. 

BO.YD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE, 


Appboved  bt  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and  Univekballt  Recom- 
mended BY  PBACTICAL  and  SCIENTIFIC  MeN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  io  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thus  rendering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  &,g.,  in  the 
Kingdom;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Deay  and  Co.'s 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
lane,  London  Bridge. — A  liberal  discount  allowedto  the  Trade. 


Eixt  ^grtcttlttttal  iBnnitt* 

SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  21, 1852. 

MEETINGS  FOK  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
TnURaoAi,      Feb.    26— ARricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 
Wednbseat.  Marcli  3-ABricultbral  Society  of  England. 
Thubsdai,        —       4— Ai(rlcullural  Imp.  Soc.  01  Ireland, 


"The  minutes  of  information  collected  by  the 
officers  of  the  General  Board  of  Health,  on  the  appli- 
cation of  sewer  water  and  town  manures  to  agri- 
cultural production,"  to  which  the  readers  of  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  have  lately  had  their  atten- 
tion directed,  is  by  no  means  a  first  book  on  its 
subject.  A  very  large  mass  of  facts  had  already 
been  determined,  and  an  already  bulky  literature 
existed  in  connection  with  this  subject,  before  its 
publication.  The  laws  which  regulate  the  opera- 
tion of  sewage  manure,  whether  as  a  nuisance  or 
otherwise,  had  already  been  fully  ascertained,  and 
the  object  of  this  work,  therefore,  was  not  to  deter- 
mine those  laws,  but,  making  use  of  them  as  a  guide 
in  further  research,  to  select  from  the  many  known 
instances  of  their  operation  the  most  striking  illus- 
trations of  their  social  and  their  agricultural 
importance. 

Accordingly  these  laws  are  the  propositions  with 
which  the  reader  commences  his  task,  and  not  the 
conclusions  to  which,  after  long  detail  of  the  facts 
on  which  they  are  based,  the  work  ultimately  con- 
ducts him.  The  process  of  induction  —  thanks  to 
the  energy  of  the  General  Board  of  Health  and 
the  industry  of  its  officers — had  already  been  per- 
formed upon  a  sufficiently  wide  basis  of  facts:  and 
every  one  knows  the  conclusions  to  which  it  has 
led  us. 

"  In  towns,  all  offensive  results  from  the  decom- 
position of  animal  and  vegetable  matter  indicate  the 
generation  and  presence  of  the  causes  of  insalubrity 
and  of  preventible  disease,  at  the  same  time  that 
they  prove  defective  local  administration."  "  In 
rural  districts,  all  continuous  offensive  smells 
from  animal  and  vegetable  decomposition  indicate 
preventible  loss  of  fertilising  matter,  loss  of  money, 
and  bad  husbandry."  These  are  the  well  known 
conclusions  of  an  already  lengthened  research ;  an 
it  is  to  urge,  by  well  selected  instances,  then-  great 
practical  importance,  that  the  present  work  has 
been  published.  Jlr.  Mecih  might  well  call  it  "  a 
most  vital  document  to  agriculture."  It  not  onl 
enunciates  sound  principles  on  the  most  important 
part  of  cultivation  ;  viz.,  the  application  of  manure 
—principles  whicli  intelligent  men  will  be  able  to 
develope  in  their  practice,  under  whatever  circum- 
stances tliey  may  be  placed  ;  but  it  describes  all  the 
most  important  cases  of  successful  development  in 
practice,  wliicli  these  principles  have  hitherto  re- 
ceived, giving  that  full  detail  of  method,  expense, 
and  result,  wliich  loaves  positively  nothing  to  be 
desired.  If,  therefore,  we  enter  into  any  detail  on 
the  contents  of  Ihe  volume  before  us,  and  on  the  im- 
portant lessons  which  it  teaches,  it  is  not  for  the 
purpose  of  dispensing  with  the  necessity  which,  we 


122 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Feb.  21, 


hope,  our  readers  will  feel,  of  procuring  the  work, 
and  studying  it  for  themselves. 

Of  course,  it  is  only  to  the  agricultural  illustrations 
which  the  work  coniains,  that  we  shall  allude  ;  and 
perhaps  the  best  way  of  doing  this,  may  be  to  enu- 
merate the  cases  adduced,  specifying  the  points  which 
they  severally  illustrate.  The  description  of  the 
Edinburgh  water-meadows,  of  the  distillery  farm 
near  Glasgow,  of  Mr.  Kennedy's  farm  at  Myer 
Mill,  in  Ayrshire,  and.Mr.  Telfer's  farm,  near  Ayr, 
have  already  been  extracted  from  the  volume,  and 
published  in  our  first  number  for  this  year.  The 
other  appendices  include  the  experience  of  Mr. 
HuxTABLE,  who  has  used  clay  pipes  for  the  subter- 
ranean conveyance  and  surface  distribution  of 
liquid  manure,  over  60  acres  ;  a  description  of 
the  irrigation  with  sewer-water  from  Milan,  in 
a  letter  from  the  Count  Arrivabene,  to  _E. 
Chadwtck,  Esq.,  C.B. ;  a  long  and  interesting 
report  by  William  Lee,  Esq.,  on  the  application 
of  sewerage  water  and  liquid  manures  to  irrigation 
and  agriculture  in  15  different  localities  ;  a  plan 
and  estimate,  by  T.  W.  Rammell,  Esq.,  C.  E.,  of  a 
distributaiy  apparatus  by  fixed  pipes  and  hydrants  ; 
a  minute  on  hill-side  irrigation  near  town,  with  pipes 
instead  of  catch  water  meadows  ;  a  statement  of 
experiments  on  the  distribution  and  use  of  sewer- 
water  by  steam-power  to  agriculture,  near  Clitheroe, 
by  H.  Thomson,  Esq. ;  a  trial  of  the  application  of 
sewer  manure  from  a  single  house,  communicated 
by  Cuthbert  W.  Johnson,  Esq. ;  a  similar  state- 
ment by  John  Roe,  Esq.,  C.E.  ;  statements  of 
foreign  practice  in  reference  to  the  use  of  liquid 
manure,  and  records  of  experiments  on  friction 
through  hose  pipes  of  various  dimensions.  The 
■whole  of  these  documents  furnish  ample  material 
for  the  formation  of  a  safe  opinion  on  the  practica- 
bility and  economy  of  the  liquid  mode  of  distributing 
manure.  The  conclusions  to  which  the  compiler  of 
these  "minutes"  is  led,  are  as  follows  : 

"  1.  That  the  appH cations  of  a  considerable  proportion 
of  the  manures  of  towns  in  the  liquid  form,  that  is  to 
say,  as  sewer  water,  have  produced  heavier  crops  than 
any  other  known  description  of  manure  ;  and  that  the 
superiority  of  a  fourfold  production  of  Grass  above  the 
ordinary  growth  on  similar  soils  has  been  maintained 
for  upwards  of  half  a  centm-y  by  means  of  the 
application  of  the  sewer  manure  near  Edinburgh  and 
Milan. 

''  2.  That  the  like  increase  of  fertility  has  been  ob- 
tained by  a  similar  application  of  thC'  common  farm 
manm'es,  in  the  liquid  form. 

"  3.  That  the  great  increase  of  the  fertilising  power  of 
manures  by  their  proper  appUcation  in  the  liquid  form 
has  been  displayed  on  various  descriptions  of  soil,  on 
sands,  as  well  as  on  clays  and  loams,  laid  down  with 
various  descriptions  of  arable  cultivation,  but  more 
particularly  with  green  crops,  and  that  the  quality  as 
well  as  the  quantity  of  the  produce  have  been  im- 
proved. 

"  4.  That  the  ordinary  augmentation  of  produce  by 
the  full  appHcation  of  the  fertilising  powers  of  liquified 
or  liquid  manures  on  Grass  land  lias  been  fom*  and  five 
fold  above  the  ordinary  amount  of  production  in  this 
country, 

"  5.  That  the"  chief  advantage  of  the  application  of 
manure  in  the  liquid  form  consists  in  the  economy  of 
the  manure,  in  the  promptitude  of  its  action,  in  the  pre- 
vention of  the  loss  which  occurs  by  its  drying  when 
appUed  in  the  solid  form,  in  the  like  prevention  of 
injurious  emanations  while  it  is  preserved  in  solution  in 
water,  and  in  its  being  better  fitted  for  quick  absorption, 
and  more  readily  carried  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil 
to  the  roots  of  plants. 

*'  6.  That  the  method  of  distribution  of  liquid  manure 
by  steam  power  through  fixed  and  flexible  pipes,  by 
jets  or  by  shedding,  is  cheaper  and  more  effectual 
than  any  other  yet  practised,  particularly  for  dis- 
tribution on  an  extensive  scale  and_  at  considerable 
distances.  ^  ■-^, 

"  7.  That  this  mode  of  distribution  has  great  ad- 
vantage over  the  ancient  method  of  irrigation  by  means 
of  water-meadows :— in  requiring  less  original  out- 
lay than  the  particular  method  usually  available, — 
in  requiring  less  water,  and  applying  the  manure  with 
less  waste  and  with  less  danger  to  the  public  health, — 
in  not  impeding  pasturage, — in  not  confining  the  land 
to  one  description  of  cultivation,  and  in  being  appli- 
cable alike  to  arable  and  to  Grass  lands. 

*'  8.  That  the  apparatus  for  the  distribution  of  liquid 
manure  by  means  of  steam  or  other  power  through 
fixed  and  flexible  pipes  will  be  equally  applicable  to  the 
distribution  of  water  on  a  large  scale  at  a  cheaper  rate 
than  by  any  other  method  yet  known  of  supplying 
water  to  plants. 

"9.  That  by  the  provision  of  the  apparatus  for  the 
distribution  of  the  manures  of  towns  on  a  large  scale  in 
the  liquid  form  the  necessity  will  be  avoided  of  any 
considerable  outlay  for  machinery  or  fixed  capital  on 
the  pai't  of  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  laud,  pre- 
viously to  the  adoption  of  the  improved  methods  of 
culture  consequent  on  the  use  of  sewer  manures. 

"10.  That  whilst  the  proper  drainage  of  the  laud 
diminishes  the  losses  arising  from  an  excess  of  moisture, 
from  continued  rain  or  excessive  floods,  the  apparatus 
of  under-ground  pipes,  and  the  sm-face  apparatus  for 


the  removal  and  application  of  sewer  water  or  hquitied 
substances  as  manure,  will  equally  serve  for  the  appli- 
cation of  simple  water,  and  for  the  prevention  or 
diminution  of  the  losses  and  inconveniences  which  are 
occasioned  to  the  agriculturist  by  irregular  falls  of  rain 
and  long-continued  droughts, 

"  The  chief  economical  results  of  high  cultivation,  as 
in  the  examples  cited,  to  the  extent  of  a  four  or  five 
fold  produce,  appear  to  be  almost  as  if,  for  the  pay- 
ment of  Gs,  per  acre  of  new  annual  charges  for  pipes, 
the  fertility  of  three  or  four  additional  i'arms  were  put 
upon  one  ;  and  also  as  if,  at  the  same  time,  the  fences 
and  gates,  and  length  of  roads  to  be  maintained,  and 
the  distance  for  the  transport  of  materials  and  produce 
in  the  farm,  aud  for  other  purposes,  were  reduced  to 
one-foui'th  or  to  oue-fifth  of  the  ordinary  proportions." 

AVe  shall  return  to  the  volume  for  the  purpose  of 
laying  before  our  readers  so  much  of  the  information 
it  contains  as  will  illustrate  the  cost,  the  methods, 
and  the  effects  of  this  mode  of  mannriugland.  Mean- 
while, we  may  say  that  the  result  of  calculations  long 
since  made  is  so  perfectly  confirmed  by  some  of  the 
cases  here  announced,  that  we  may  safely  express 
the  belief  that  in  many  parts  of  this  island,  and 
especially  in  Ireland,  where  the  climate  is  more 
suitable  for  green  crop  cultivation,  land  might  be 
profitably  farmed  at  the  present  prices  of  its  produce, 
were  it  to  be  devoted  wholly  to  the  cultivation  of 
cattle  food — and  beef  alone  to  be  produced — fertility 
being  maintained,  and,  no  doubt,  very  rapidly  in- 
creased, by  the  application  of  all  the  manure  in  the 
liquid  form  in  the  manner  above  recoromended. 


ACTION  OF  STORMS. 
In  August,  1850, 1  read  a  paper  on  storms  before  the 
British  Association  at  Edinburgh,  and  being  requested 
by  Professor  Phillips  to  continue  ray  observations  on 
the  subject  I  had  thus  opened  up,  I  did  so  ;  and  in 
July,  1851,  I  forwarded  another  paper  containing  a 
further  contribution  of  facts  to  the  meeting  at  Ipawicli. 
In  both  of  these  communications  I  merely  pointed  out 
the  phenomena  which  occurred  before  and  during  storms. 
I  confined  my  remarks  entirely  to  facts,  as  I  intended 
to  discuss  the  theoretical  part  of  the  subject  in  a  future 
paper  to  the  Association  ;  as,  at  the  present  time,  how- 
ever, the  law  of  storms  is  exciting  much  general  atten- 
tion, and  as  the  subject  is  particularly  interesting  to 
agriculturists,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  offer 
a  few  remarks  on  this  complicated  meteorological 
problem. 

The  theory  of  the  action  of  storms  which  is  most 
generally  received  amongst  scientific  men,  is  that  of  the 
whirlwind  or  rotary  principle,  Mr.  Redfield  was  the 
first  to  look  upon  storms  as  whirlwinds,  which  set  ex- 
tended portions  of  the  atmosphere  into  a  state  of  rapid 
revolution,  and  which  had  the  effect  of  diminishing  the 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere  over  a  portion  of  the 
earth's  surface,  by  centrifugal  force — the  minimum  de- 
pression of  the  barometer  corresponding  to  the  centre 
of  the  gigantic  whirlwind.  In  fact,  this  rapid  rotation 
is  conceived  to  heap  up  the  air  on  the  outside  of  the 
circle,  in  the  same  manner  as  when  a  tumbler  half  filled 
with  water  is  put  into  rapid  revolution,  the  surface  of 
the  water  will  then  be  depressed  in  the  centre  of  the 
whirl.  This  well  known  effect  is  supposed  to  illustrate 
a  whirlwind  gale,  and  show  how  the  barometer  begins 
to  fall  as  the  storm  sets  in,  and  how  it  continues  to  fall 
until  the  centre  has  passed,  and  afterwards  x'ises  and 
resumes  its  former  level.  This  hypothesis  has  been 
adopted  by  Colonel  Reid,  and  not  only  applied  to  the 
hurricanes  within  the  tropics,  but,  considered  as  affording 
a  satisfactory  solution  of  those  constant  changes  of  tem- 
perature to  which  all  extra-tropical  climates  are  subject. 
For  some  years  I  have  attentively  watched  the  progress 
of  storms  as  they  pass  over  the  British  islands,  but  I  am 
every  day  more  and  more  convinced  that  the  rotary 
theory  cannot  account  for  the  phenomena. 

I  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  galea  of  wind 
having  an  actual  gyration  of  the  elements  of  the  storm, 
and  translation  over  a  given  tract,  never  occur  in  the 
latitude  of  the  British  Islands.  If  you  apply  this 
theory  to  one  storm  you  must  also  apply  it  to  every 
breeze  that  blows,  the  analogy  being  so  close  and 
striking  between  the  action  of  the  winds  in  our  ordinary 
weather  and  that  of  the  most  violent  gales.  I  look 
for  the  solution  of  many  of  the  most  important  pheno 
menainsomeof  the  more  simple  aud  well  understood 
principles  in  meteorology.  I  cannot  enter  upon  this 
task  at  present ;  my  object  is  merely  to  protest  against 
the  universal  application  of  the  rotary  theory  of  storms, 
which  only  gives  ns  a  plausible  explanation  of  the 
veering  of  the  wind,  but  involves  us  in  much  greater 
ditficnlties. 

In  the  paper  which  I  read  before  the  physical  section 
of  the  British  Association  at  Edinburgh,  I  stated  that 
there  were  ostensibly  two  classes  of  storms  which  toolc 
place  in  Britain.  The  one  form  was  generally  accom- 
panied with  heavy  and  often  widely  extended  falls  of 
rain  ;  while  the  other  was  more  commonly  character- 
ised by  violent  wind,  but  with  comparatively  little  de- 
position of  moisture,  unless  when  rain  was  precipitated 
through  local  causes.  At  tliat  time,  I  confined  my 
remarks  to  the  first  class  of  storms,  and  gave  as  an 
illustration  the  weather  during  the  first  half  of  October, 
1849,  which  afforded  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  slow 
progress  that  moist  weather  sometimes  makes  in  ad- 
vancing from   the  southern   to   the  northern,  parts  of 


Britain.  In  Scotland  it  is  a  somewhat  common  opinion 
that  rain  or  snow  will  generally  fall  there  in  the  couree- 
of  a  week  or  1 0  days  alter  it  has  begun  in  the  south  of 
England.  This  is  not  without  some  foundation,  but  it 
only  occurs  under  certain  states  and  conditions  of  the 
two  great  opposing  currents  from  the  equator  aud  the 
poles.  The  weather  of  October  1849,  in  Scotland, 
furnished  a  very  striking  example,  which  shows 
that  the  current  belief  has  been  founded  upon 
similar  instances,  which  are  by  no  means  rare. 
A  great  quantity  of  rain  had  fallen  over  the  south  of 
England  and  the  greater  part  of  Ireland,  up  to  the 
middle  of  that  month,  but  the  weather  was  remai-kably 
bright  and  dry  to  the  north  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  in 
Scotland.  It  even  rained  two  days,  with  little  intermis- 
sion, on  the  Northuraberlaud  coast,  and  neai-ly  a  whole 
day-  in  Edrnburgh,  ivith  a  N.E.  wind ;  but  scarcely  a  drop 
fell  in  the  north  of  Fifeshire,  which  was  the  boundary 
line  of  a  deluge  of  rain  in  one  direction,  and  bright  clear 
weather  on  the  other.  While  I  was  actually  reading 
my  paper  at  Edinburgh,  a  precisely  similar  storm  was  in 
action.  Tu  the  end  of  July  (1850),  the  equatorial  cur- 
rents were  precipitating  their  moisture  over  the  aoutlL 
of  England,  and  seriously  damaging  the  Wheat  crops 
in  mau3'  of  the  counties,  while  there  was  fine  dry  weather 
in  Scotland.  The  Tweed  was  in  flood  one  day,  but  tli& 
rain  clouds  were  evaporated  by  the  dry  northerly  winds, 
aud  the  Firth  of  Forth  was  again  the  most  northerly 
point  which  the  rain  reached.  The  bad  hai'vest  weather 
in  England,  of  1848,  had  a  remarkable  contrast  in  Scot- 
land, where  this  important  period  was  quite  of  the- 
opposite  character.  In  these  raiuy  forms  of  storms,  the 
direction  in  which  they  are  moving  is  from  S.W.  to 
N.E.  It  is  only  in  this  class  of  storms  that  the  wind, 
at  the  surface  of  the  earth,  blows  from  different  points 
of  the  compass  within  the  limits  of  the  British  Islands-^ 
These  variations  of  the  wind  will  often  correspond  very 
nearly  to  what  they  would  do  if  a  gigantic  whirlwind  were- 
crossing  the  island  from  S.  W.  to  N.E.  This  fact,  which 
has  been  often  observed,  has  given  rise  to  the  application 
of  the  rotary  theory  of  storms.  There  is  abundance  of 
evidence,  however,  to  show  that  what  is  taken  for  there- 
curving  of  the  wind  in  the  northera  portion  of  the  supposed 
circle  of  the  revolving  mass  of  air,  is  as  often  a  modiiica- 
tionof  the  northwindasof  the  south-west.  The  advocates 
of  the  rotary  hypothesis  have  not  attempted  to  explain  in 
what  manner  the  air  which  is  in  front  of  the  revolving 
gale  is  disposed  of,  which  is  well  known  to  be  often  in  a 
state  of  stagnation  before  the  most  violent  hm*ricanes. 
Tlie  fact  has  never  been  brought  out  with  sufficient 
prominency,  that  a  S.W.  wind  invariably  overlies  this 
class  of  storms.  I  am  satisfied  that  little  or  no  pro- 
gress will  be  made  in  developing  the  true  theory  0^ 
storms,  until  the  direction  of  the  Avinds,  in  the  upper 
strata  of  the  atmosphere  are  attended  to  aud  registered. 
A  stormy  or  boisterous  east  wind  rarely  occurs  on  the 
British  Islands,  except  a  S.W.  wind  is  prevailing  above. 
It  is  then  that  an  east  wind  becomes  rainy,  with  a  low 
barometer  ;  for  it  is  a  vulgar  error  that  east  winds  bring 
the  rain  to  tlie  east  coast  of  Britain  from  the  German- 
Ocean,  they  only  precipitate  it  from  the  S.W.  wind  pre- 
vailing above,  wliich  has  derived  its  moistm-e  from  the: 
great  Atlantic  fountain. 

The  other  class  of  storms  is  commonly  attended  with 
violent  gales  of  wind  from  the  S.W,  aud  West,  and  to^ 
which  the  rotary  theory  of  storms  cannot  be  appUed*. 
The  violent  winds  of  August,  1850,  which  caused  a  vast 
amount  of  loss  from  shaking  out  the  grain  of  the 
uncut  fields  in  the  north  of  England  and  over  all  the 
arable  districts  of  Scotland,  afforded  a  good  type  of  this 
form.  In  the  paper  I  read  at  Ipswich  this  storm  was 
selected  to  illustrate  this  particular  class.  In  Scotland 
the  15th  of  August  was  the  finest  day  of  summer,  a. 
bright  clear  atmosphere,  with  the  thermometer  at  81° 
in  the  shade,  gave  promise  of.  a  tract  of  auspicious, 
harvest  weather.  On  the  afternoon,  however,  of  the 
17th,  the  wind  set  in  from  theS.  W.,  which  loaded  the  air 
with  moisture,  this  seems  to  have  taken  place  much 
about  the  same  time  over  the  whole  west  coast  of 
Britain  *     For  some  days  previous  the  wind  had  been 


®  Mr.  David  Tennant.  of  Danino,  who  has  long  paid  attention 
to  atmosphei'ic  phenomena,  writee  me  :  "  I  have  often  seea  the 
finest  summer  ^eatlier  broken  in  upon  about  the  15th  to  the 
2l8t  AuRuat  by  stormy  andungenial  weather,  and  cold  currents 
of  air,"  The  storm  of  August,  1817,  affords  an  Instance,  and 
it  would  have  been  as  debtructive  to  the  crops  as  that  of  1S50, 
but  in  the  former  the  greater  part  of  the  crop  was  cut  dowii. 
The  crops  in  ihe  north  uf  England  and  Scutlaod  suft'ered  to  a 
great  extent  from  a  storm  in  1790 — the  description  of  it  is  givea 
by  Mr.  CuUey,  Feuton,  in  the  "  Annals  of  Agriculture"  of  that 
date.  In  truih,  a  mure  correct  deficription  of  the  storm  of 
Aueust,  1S5'),  nnd  its  etlectf,  could  scarcely  have  baen  written. 
"The  rains  m  Northumberland  have  Dot  teen  heavy,  in  general 
thouK-ht  pretiy  conbtaut  through  the  summer ;  our  Wheatwould 
probably  h:ive  given  or  yielded  well  to  the  built,  if  it  had  not 
been  tor  the  dreadful  wind  which  began  on  the  morning  of  the 
23-1  August,  ant  continued  to  blow,  with  unrtmitt]ns  violence^ 
until  the  evei.ing  of  the  24th,  From  the  examination  of  my 
own  farm,  and  the  best  information  I  have  been  able  to  gain,  t 
am  afraid  not  less  than  one  quarter  and  a  half  per  acre  is 
wasted  over  this  country,  and  a  conKiderable  way  into  Scotland, 
especially  near  the  sea,  which  is  the  principal  Wheat  countiy, 
both  in  Northumberland  and  Scotland;  and  Barley,  at  least 
two  quarcers  per  acre;  the  Oats  of  the  earlier  kinds  wero 
mostly  got  down,  and  the  Scotch  or  later  kinds  too  far  back  to 
be  much  damaged,  Nothing  equal  to  the  damage  done  by  this 
hurricane  ever  happened  in  my  memory  before  ;  nor  could  it 
have  happened  at  a  more  unfortunate  time,  because  our  Wheai 
and  BarJey,  though  nearly  fit,  was  very  little  ot  it  cut,  none  of 
the  grains  being  lodged,  gave  the  wind  so  ujuch  advantage. 
What  is  very  extraordinary,  lam  told  that  among  the  hills  they 
hare  Fufleied  very  little.  As  a  proof  of  the  violence  of  the  wind, 
the  Wheat  and  Barley  that  wanted  a  fortnight  or  three  ■weeks 
of  beingr  ripe,  suffered  nearly  as  much  by  the  wind  as  that 
which  was  near  ripe,  and  w  hen  it  faced  the  south-west,  which 
was  the  point  the  wind  came  from,  scarce  a  head  or  ear  ta& 
eecaped." 


8—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


123 


North-westerly,  and  although  the  wind  had  changed  at 
the  siu'face  of  the  earth,  au  upper  current  still  prevailed 
from  the  N.W.  Tiiis  relation  of  winds  in  the  upper 
and  lower  strata  of  the  atmosphere  is  one  of  the  most 
regularly  recurring  phenomena  in  the  meteorology  of 
our  variable  climate.  It  often  happens  this  relation  is 
never  overturned  in  the  most  violent  storms.  In 
Fifeshire,  the  barometer  at  half-past  8  a  m.,  of  the  18th, 
had  fallen  about  .'25  inch  in  the  preceding  12  hours, 
and  continued  to  fall  until  the  morning  of  the  19th, 
when  the  wind  veered  to  the  West.  Durinj;  this  time 
^It'^sry  heavy  gale  swept  over  the  whole  island  from 
the  S.W.,  but  its  force  increased  with  the  latitude  as 
well  as  the  oscillations  of  tlie  mercurial  column.  In 
exposed  districts  in  the  low  country  the  damage  done  to 
the  grain  crops  was  enormous.  It  \'ery  often  happens 
that  the  higher  districts  do  not  suft'er  so  much  in  these 
S.W.  winds,  because  while  the  wind  continues  from  this 
quarter  it  is  moist,  and  slight  precipitations  are  taking 
place  on  the  hills  while  this  does  not  occur  on  the  low 
grounds.  A  degree  or  two  of  dryness  on  the  ther- 
mometrical  scale  of  these  winds  dries  the  grain,  which 
becomes  more  elastic,  and  the  shedding  thus  becomes 
more  profuse.  Th^  was  particularly  observed  in  1850. 
Amongst  the  numerous  peculiarities  which  distinguish 
this  class  of  storms  from  the  other  which  I  have 
alluded  to  above,  there  is  a  prominent  one,  viz.,  that  the 
barometer  rarely  gives  warning  of  their  approach.  But 
in  the  rainy  form  of  storms  the  barometer  will 
frequently  give  warning  of  a  change  of  weather 
some  days  before  it'  takes  place.  In  the  latter 
class  the  change  is  taking  place  in  the  higher  strata 
of  the  atmosphere,  while  the  barometer  does  not 
■fall  before  the  storm  in  the  former,  because  the  change 
takes' place  at  the  surface  of  the  earth.  After  the 
fall  of  a  N.W.  wind  cirro-stratus  cloud  is  often 
observed  to  make  its  appearance  in  the  west.  This 
cloud  gives  intimation  that  a  S.W.  wind  is  about  to  set 
in  before  the  barometer  is  affected,  or  even  while  it 
is  actually  on  the  rise.  So  far  as  my  observations 
extend,  this  peculiar  form  of  cloud,  which  first  appears 
on  the  western  horizon  in  parallel  bands,  only  occurs 
under  the  condition  of  a  S.W.  wind  at  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  penetrating  a  N.W.  current,  which 
continues  to  flow  above.  In  fact,  it  is  evident  that 
it  is  the  S.W.  wind  which  supplies  the  moisture  for 
the  formation  of  this  cloud,  which  in  its  tm'u  reveals  to 
us  that  entirely  opposite  hygroraetrieal  and  thermome- 
trical  conditions  prevail  above.  This  cold  current 
above  acts  the  part  of  a  condenser  of  the  moisture 
of  the  S.W.  wind  below,  and  sometimes  throws 
down  a  considerable  quantity  of  rain,  particularly  on 
the  west  coasts  where  the  high  grounds  have  the  effect 
of  projecting  the  one  cm-rent  into  the  other.  To 
me  it  is  very  evident  that  the  natural  action  of  these 
two  currents  assist  most  materially  as  a  propelling 
power,  and  that  all  storms  will  come  to  be  regai-ded 
more  in  the  light  of  a  continuation  of  local  effects 
than  they  have  hitherto  been.  Unlike  the  other 
class  of  storms,  when  the  wind  at  the  surface  of  the 
groxmd  may  be  blowing  at  a  given  time  from  very 
opposite  points  of  tl^e  compass  over  Britain,  in  this  class 
the  S.W.  wind  generally  flows  in  one  broad  stream 
across  the  island  from  Cornwall  to  Caithness.  The 
rotary  theory  might  explain  the  veering  of  the  wind 
from  S.W.  to  W.  and  N.W.,  but  we  would  require  to 
look  for  a  centre  many  degrees  of  latitude  to  the  north 
of  the  Orkney  Islands,  and  at  the  same  time  stultify 
many  of  the  best  established  principles  in  the  science 
of  meteorology.  One  instance  of  this  particular 
form  of  disturbances  of  the  atmosphere  seldom  occurs. 
On  the  contrary,  it  frequently  happens  that  several 
take  place  at  certain  intervals  which  vary  very  con- 
siderably as  to  time.  In  .tlie  more  violent  manifesta- 
tions one  will  succeed  another  in  the  course  of  six  or 
seven  days.  Indeed,  it  will  often  be  observed  that  the 
wind  will  continue  to  prevail  above  from  the  N.W.  for 
weeks,  while  it  will  vary  to  many  points  of  the  compass 
below.  The  S.W.  wind  will  set  in  and  bring  mois- 
ture which  obscures  the  sky  with  clouds,  but  as  soon  as 
the  wind  regains  the  N.W.  the  air  becomes  transparent 
and  dry.  In  the  dreadful  gales  of  the  18th  and  19th 
August  the  upper  strata  of  the  atmosphere  become 
intensely  cold.  On  the  20th,  21st,  22d,  and  23d 
of  that  month,  hail  showers  with  electric  cumuli  were 
more  or  less  prevalent  over  Britain  and  Ireland  ; 
hail-atorms  devastated  the  corn  fields  in  Forfar- 
shire and  Morayshire.  On  the  2-2d,  Ben  Lomond 
and  part  of  the  Grampians  were  covered  with  snow. 
Cold  weather  very  frequently  succeeds  this  class  of 
storms,  whc-n  they  rage  with  great  intensity.  It  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  on  the  l«th  and  lOtli  August, 
when  tho  barometer  indicated  bucIi  a  small  amount  of 
atmospheric  prc«miro  in  Cornwall,  Cumberland,  Not- 
tingham, MorayHhire,  and  Fifeshire— the  north  of 
France  and  Belgium  were  deluged  with  rain,  and  a  great 
extent  of  thew;  law  countries  was  under  flood.  Although 
we  can  anticipate  the  coutkc  which  this  particular  class 
of  htorrns  will  take  wltli  a  greater  amount  of  certainty 
than  in  the  other  form  which  wo  imperfectly  «ltetchcd 
out  in  tho  first  part  of  this  communication,  still  their 
mode  of  action  ifj  much  moro  complicated.  If 
leisure  pcrraittt,  I  intend  to  Hketcii  out  at  next  meeting 
of  thc^Britlnh  AHsocialion  a  few  of  the  metcorologira! 
principlf;H  which  appear  to  mc  to  afford  a  clue  in  explain- 
ing many  of  tiie  observed  phenomena  which  occur  in  tiic 
dUturbances  of  tho  atmoaphere.  U.  Jiugnelt,  Kilwlms, 
Fi/e^drc. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Poultry  House. — Since  writing  you  a  few  months  back 
on  "  Diseases  of  Poultry,"  I  have  received  several 
enquiries  as  to  the  best  plan  of  building  a  poultry  house. 
I  cannot,  perhaps,  do  better  than  state  the  modus 
operandi  I  have  proceeded  op.  First  of  all,  then,  it  should 
be  a  '■^  sine  qud  non  "  with  the  amateur  that  the  house 
should  be  built  with  a  southern  aspect,  and  the  yard 
gravelled,  wifh  a  proper  fall  to  let  the  water  run  freely 
off.  For  a  stock  of  1 6  to  20  fowls,  a  house  9  ft.  by  12  ft. 
in  the  clear  will  be  sufficiently  large,  built  of  94nch 
brickwork,  the  walls  about  7  ft.  high,  if  a  span  roof  ;  but 
if  a  lean-to  roof,  which  I  rather  prefer,  then  the  back 
wall  should  be  10  ft.  and  the  front  one  6  ft.  high,  leaving 
two  apertures  near  the  top  of  the  back  wall  2  ft.,  long 
by  9  in.  wide,  to  be  covered  with  perforated  zinc,  to  act 
as  ventilators.  Let  the  roof  be  slated,  and  fill  up  betwixt 
the  joists  with  straw  ;  a  few  laths  nailed  at  intervals  of 
G  in.  will  prevent  its  falling  down,  and  there  will  be  tliis 
advantage  gained  :  in  the  winter  the  house  will  be  kept 
warm,  and  in  the  summer  the  radiation  of  heat  from 
the  slates  will  be  prevented.  Let  there  be  two  strong 
perches,  one  about  3  ft.  and  the  other  4  ft.  from  the 
ground,  so  placed  as  to  avoid  the  droppings  soiling  those 
birds  roosting  on  the  lower  perch.  Then  as  to  the  nests, 
I  would  advise  their  being  made  the  whole  lengtli  of  the 
back  wall  ;  two  tiers  built  of  4J,--inch  brickwork,  2  ft. 
deep  by  18  in.  wide,  and  2  ft.  high  each  ;  the  lower  ones 
to  be  separated  from  the  upper  by  flat  boards  covered 
with  mortar,  and  let  the  top  of  all  be  covered  with 
boards,  on  a  very  steep  incline  ;  this  will  prevent  the 
birds  roosting  on  them  at  night,  and  keep  them  quite 
clean.  There  should  also  be  a  brick  on  edge  in  front  of 
the  nests,  to  prevent  the  straw  and  eggs  from  falling  out. 
The  floor  I  have  paved  with  bncks,  and  on  an  inchne, 
with  a  gutter  ;  it  can  thus  be  easily  washed  out  at  any 
time,  and,  by  scattering  a  little  unslacked  lime  on  the 
bricks,  they  are  dry  directly.  Keep  straw  on  the  floor, 
and  it  will  make  the  best  of  manure.  The  entrance  for 
the  birds  should  not  be  made  in  the  door  but  at  the 
side  of  it ;  with  a  slide  and  button  inside,  which  will 
prevent  its  being  opened  from  the  exterior.  I  have  two 
doors  hung  on  the  same  frame  ;  the  outside  one  a  good 
strong  panelled  door  with  lock  and  iron  bar  and  padlock ; 
the  inner  one  made  in  the  same  way,  but  with  the 
panels  left  out,  and  their  place  supplied  with  iron  bars 
placed  pretty  close  ;  this  door  is  also  locked.  The  ad- 
vantages of  two  doors  are  these ;  in  the  day-time  the 
outer  door  is  left  open,  and  you  have  a  thorough 
ventilation  all  day,  and  in  the  summer  it  may  be  left 
open  all  niglit,  while  in  the  winter,  by  shutting  the  outer 
door  you  keep  all  snug  and  warm,  and  escape  the  depre- 
dations of  the  hen  stealers,  who  at  that  season  of  the 
year  ai'e  more  especially  on  the  "qui  vive."  There 
should  also  be  a  shed  in  the  yard  for  the  birds  in  wet 
weather.  I  have  two,  one  quite  open  on  two  sides,  the 
other  rather  long,  about  4  ft.  wide,  with  a  low  wall  and 
trellis  work  in  front,  which  does  well  for  dry  rubbish,  as 
the  wall  prevents  its  being  scattered  about  the  yard. 
The  yard  should  be  surrounded  with  a  light  fence,  and 
where  Cochin  China  poultry  ai*e  kept  it  may  be  not 
higher  than  4  or  5  ft.,  as,  from  the  peculiar  shape  of  the 
wing  of  this  bird,  they  are  by  no  means  adapted  for 
flying,  besides  being  extremely  tame.  By  all  means 
give  the  birds  a  run  of  Grass  wherever  practicable.  I 
frequently  give  mine  the  run  of  the  kitchen  garden, 
where  they  do  no  injury  when  the  plants  are  not  very 
small.  I  will  conclude  by  stating  a  few  of  the  advantages 
resulting  from  following  the  directions  I  have  here 
given.  By  having  a  southern  aspect  your  birds  have 
the  full  benefit  of  the  sun,  which  is  greatly  liked  by 
them.  By  a  low  trellised  fence  they  have  free  circulation 
of  air.  The  lowness  of  the  perches  prevents  the  fowls 
injuring  themselves  when  descending,  and  the  places  for 
the  nests  beiug  made  of  brickwork,  are  easily  cleaned  ; 
there  is  no  harbour  for  insects,  and  when  dirty  a  little 
hot  lime  being  poured  in  sets  them  all  right  again,  and 
then,  by  having  the  nests  large  and  roomy,  there  is  plenty 
of  space  for  the  birds,  completely  separated  from  others 
by  the  brick  partition  ;  and  with  hens  from  8  lbs.  to  9  lbs. 
in  weight,  which  some  of  these  birds  weigh,  they  require  a 
good  lai'ge  family  apartment.  Henry  Cop/and,  Chelmsforff. 

Agriculiurc  in  the  Weald. — As  there  are  certain  well 
meaning  but  wrong-headed  people  who  honestly  believe 
that  our  national  agriculture  is  perfection  itself,  and  as 
such  good  folks  are  too  apt  to  "  snub"  us  innovators 
who  are  constantly  advocating  progression  by  agricul- 
tural education,  enlightenment,  and  science,  I  am 
tempted  to  extract  from  my  thousand  and  one  agricul- 
tural communications  a  letter  I  received  yesterday  from 
"  a  subtle  scientific,"  as  he  would  be  called  in  the  Mark 
L(me  Express.  I  was  agreeably  surprised  to  find  my 
old  nautical  friend  (whom  I  had  lost  sight  of  for  some 
years),  coming  out  very  strong  as  a  4  feet  drainer  in 
wealden  clays.  He  evidently  does  not  like  the  system 
of  four  fat  horses  in  a  line,  wiili  long  whips  and  a  brace 
of  stout  attendants  ;  and  altogether  he  seems  pretty  con- 
Hiderably  astounded  at  the  immoveable  stolidity  of  agri- 
cultural rurality.  Ho  is  evidently  attempting  to  intro- 
duce commercial  principles  as  concomitants  to  his 
pecuniary  and  most  beneficial  expenditure.  How  far 
lie  bus  hucccedod  your  readers  may  judge.  I  own  that 
I  felt  immcnnely  ainuwed  by  Iiis  pungent  and  graphic 
dcHcriptioriH.  /.  ./.  Michi,  Tiptree  Hall,  Kelvedon, 
F'Ji.  10.  Tho  following  is  tlie  letter  alluded  to  :  — 
"Tho  object  of  the  prencnt  in  neither  to  ccnsuro  nor 
praiKC  your  *  IJalnnce-Hheet,'  but  to  ask  you  to  do  mo  tlici 
favour  to  recommend  me  a  good  ploughinnn,  if  any  such 
man  is  out  of  employ  in  your  vicinity.    The  wages  are ; 


10a-.  the  week,  a  good  cottage  and  garden  rent  free,  and 
'-05.  extra  for  the  liarvest  month  ;  the  man  must  under- 
stand the  drill  husbandry  and  the  use  of  the  horse-hoe. 
Bentall's  ploughs  are  used  here  ;  they  are  becoming 
general  m  this  Weald  clay.  As  mine  is  a  common' 
name,  you  may  not  know  me  unless  I  add  tite  '  captain  '■ 
to  It.  You  may  ask, '  Why,  captain,  what  in  the  name- 
of  the  mtended  French  invasion  could  induce  you  to 
become  farmer  ? '  For  the  present,  I  will  only  answer^ 
so  It  13.  I  have  been  at  farming  more  than  four  years  ; 
in  that  time  I  have  deep  drained  nearly  500  acres  tf 
clay  land ;  summer  draining  1  like  best,  for  many  reasons. 
When  I  came  here  first,  whatever  field  I  went  into,  I 
could  not  see  beyond  it ;  now  1  have  an  uninterrupted 
view  of  350  acres  of  my  own,  besides  seeing  the  lauds  of- 
my  neighbours;  the  pai-ish  church  is  now  to  be  seen^ 
although,  from  the  bad  state  of  the  roads,  not  come- 
at-able  in  the  winter.  I  find,  on  the  whole,  that  the  life 
of  a  fai-mer  is  a  much  easier  one  than  that  of  a  sailor  ;, 
and  if  my  neighbours  would  only  let  me  alone,  I  mitrht 
pass  my  time  pleasantly  enough,  but  they  go  out  of  their 
way  to  find  fault  with  everything  I  do;  they  even  threat- 
ened to  drink  all  the  water  that  came  out  of  my  4-feet 
drains,  but,  since  they  have  seen  that  enough  came  out 
to  drown  every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  parish,, 
they  have  twitted  me  no  more  on  that  subject.  The 
convertible  system  of  fai*ming,  they  say,  will  not  do  fop 
this  countiy  ;  I  mean  to  try  it,  however,  at  the  risk  of 
displeasing  them.  Yet,  I  often  think  it  is  cruel  in  me  to 
be  so  continually  making  those  people  unhappy.  I  do- 
not  do  so  willingly,  but  some  way  or  other  I  am  always- 
doing  so  ;  when  they  contended  with  me  that  the  seeds- 
of  Thistles  would  not  grow,  and  I  convinced  them  that 
they  did,  by  sowing  some  seed  in  as  many  garden-potsj 
aud  showed  them  the  fine  plants,  I  made  them  unhappy,. 
When  I  told  the  rector's  churchwarden  that  church  was 
not  written 'curch,'  I  thought  I  was  doing  the  man  a 
kindness,  he  took  it  the  reverse ;  when  I  found  that,  out 
of  30  of  my  own  workmen,  only  two  could  read  ai  ^ 
write,  and  recommended  them  to  teach  their  children  to 
do  so,  they  took  it  rather  as  an  impertinent  interference 
in  their  family  afiairs  than  a  kindness.  How  to  please  I 
know  not,  and  latterly  have  left  off  trying.  For  the^ur- 
pose  of  keeping  me  quiet,  the  rate-payers  have  one  and 
all  voted  me  into  the  office  of  poor-law  guardian 
for  the  parish.  Here  I  am  again,  among  the  officers  of 
the  Union,  found  as  miscliievous  as  a  bull  in  a  china^ 
shop,  because  I  ask  for  a  '  full,  fair,  and  clear  financial 
statement  of  accounts,'  agreeable  to  the  fonu  of  the- 
'  poor-law  board' in  their  general  orders  for  accounts^ 
No.  17,  instead  of  an  'extract  of  the  statistical  and 
financial/  as  heretofore  given.  I  further  ask  for  a  '  list 
of  the  in-door  paupers  of  the  pai'isb,'  made  out  and 
signed  by  the  master ;  a  '  list  of  the  out-door  paupere/ 
made  out  aud  signed  by  the  relieving  officer,  stating 
what  relief  given,  where  the  persons  reside,  ^c.  ;  also  a 
['financial  statement'  for  the  parish,  showing  what 
money  has  been  paid  in  by  the  overseers — how  it  has 
I  been  expended,  what  the  parish  is  in  debt,  or  in  advance- 
to  the  union  (No  19,  «).  Now,  all  this  is  agreeable  to 
the  rules  laid  down  in  the  •  general  orders  for  accounts/ 
in  a  book  published  by  Knight,  90,  Fleet-street,  for  the 
'  poor-law  board.'  Ifj'oucan  procure  me  one  of  youF~ 
'  union '  half-yearly  statements,  you  will  further  oblige- 
me.  Had  I  not  been  laid  on  my  'beam-ends,'  I  could' 
not  have  spared  time  for  this  long  epistle  ;  had  I  the- 
pen  of  a  ready  writer,  I  could  give  you  some  funny 
stories  about  the  farming  and  farmers  of  this  districL 
The  Times  'commissioner'  could  not  find  his  way  here, 
although  only  35  miles  from  London  ;  if  he  bad,  I  could 
have  pointed  out  to  him  good  laud,  that  is  now  in  the- 
same  state  that  it  was  I  believe  in  the  time  of  WiUiana- 
the  First." 

Skinless  BarlcTi. — As  I  have  not  observed  in  youF 
columns  any  statements  respecting  the  recently  intro- 
duced Peruvian  skinless  Barley,  I  send  you  the  result  of 
my  own  experience.  The  year  before  last,  I  purchased- 
one  peck  of  the  seed  ;  I  saved  of  the  produce  sufficient 
to  sow  last  spring  three  acres,  and  my  yield  is  Q\  quar- 
ters to  the  acre,  weighing  upwards  of  60  lbs.  per  bushels 
The  great  weight  and  very  superior  quality  of  the  meal- 
(having  scarcely  any  bi*an),  are  strong  recommenda- 
tions, sufficient,  I  think,  to  induce  a  more  extensive  trial 
of  its  qualities.  /.  .S'.  Whittcm,  Cozmdon,  near  Covcnti'^if. 

Sugar  Beer. — I  regret  that  absence  fx'om  home  ha& 
prevented  my  answering  "G-.  P.'s"  queries  in  your- 
Journal  of  the  29th  November,  respecting  sugar  beer. 
When  it  does  not  fine  itself,  I  draw  off  about  one 
gallon,  and  dissolve  in  it  one-qunrter  of  an  ounce  of  the- 
best  isinglass,  stirring  it  now  and  then  ;  it  will  be  fit  for 
use  in  a  few  days.  To  mix  the  solution  well,  the  best 
plan  is  to  roll  the  baiTel  backwards  and  forwards  a  few 
times.  Mr.  Black,  in  his  "  Treatise  on  Brewing,"  says, 
the  price  of  isinglass  varies  from  la.  6d.  to  16*.  per  lb. 
"  Many  persons,"  says  Br.  Paris,  in  his  excellent 
"  Pharmacologia  "  (useful  not  only  to  the  medical  maDj 
but  to  every  educated  person),  "  gain  their  livelihood 
in  London  by  adulterating  it."  Mr.  Black  recomraonda 
dissolving  it  in  vinegar,  which  I  think  should  be 
avoided  ;  the  new  beer,  as  I  know  from  experience,, 
does  well.  I  imagine  this  process  will  also  fine  cider,  to- 
jirevent  its  acidification.  Having  only  tried  this  plan' 
for  a  10  gallon  casli,  I  cannot  say  how  it  will  answer 
on  a  liirgcr  scale.  1  think  beer  bottled  only  a  few 
weeks,  in  every  flcnse,  superior  to  old  bottled  ;  as  the 
expression  is,  "it  is  then  creaming" — excess  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas  is  no  advantage,  but  the  reverse.  Wiring 
ill  tluH  case  will  not  bo  required.  Br.  Paris- 
Btatcs  in  his  worlc  on  "  Biet,"  "  that  vegetables  are- 
seldom  boiled  enough."    From  experience,  1  know  that- 


124 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Feb.  21, 


Parsnips  and  Carrots,  in  fact  all  vegetables,  well  done, 
are  nutritious  and  wholesome  ;  but  very  bad  of  diges 
tion,  if  under-done.  The  monks  of  Mont  St.  Bernard, 
who,  with  their  noble  dogs,  are  so  devoted  to  the  relief 
of  suffering  humanity,  suffer  much  from  their  elevated 
situation,  preventing  their  doing  their  vegetables  suffi- 
ciently. Tliis  would  be  easily  remedied  by  the  use  of  a 
"  Papin's  digester,"  which,  in  many  respects,  is  so  useful. 
Some  infirmities  have  been  attributed  to  the  use  of 
snow-water — I  suspect  falsely,  as  it  is  pure  ;  it  rather 
should  have  been  to  improperly  cooked  victuals.  Agri- 
cola  Ccesariensis. 

Directions  for  Guanoing  Vetches,  or  other  Orotuing 
Crop,  in  Spring — 1.  Apply  it  at  once,  twice  or  three 
times,  according  as  the  whole  quantity  allowed  may 
vary  from  1  to  4  or  5  cwt.  to  the  acre,  in  doses  of  not 
leas  than  1,  or  more  than  1^  to  2  cwt.  at  a  time. — 
2.  Let  the  first  application  be  made,  if  two  or  three  are 
intended,  quite  early  in  spring,  probably  some  time  in 
February,  upon  the  first  appearance  of  "  growing " 
weather,  but  before  the  crop  has,  unassisted,  made  any 
decided  start ;  and  the  others  at  intervals  of  from 
three  to  six  weeks,  so  that  the  last  shall  occur  before 
the  crop  exceeds  8  or  1 0  inches  in  height.  If  one  only 
is  intended,  it  had  better,  perhaps,  not  be  made  until 
somewhat  later  than  the  former  period  —but  this  must 
be  quite  subject  to  the  following. — 3.  Always  choose 
still,  damp,  and,  if  possible,  showery  weather  for  its 
application,  but  not  when  the  leaves  are  actually  wet, 
nor  when  the  ground  is  soaked  with  water,  and  by  no 
means  when  the  wind  is  east  or  north  ;  but,  if  there  be 
any,  it  should  be  from  the  south  or  south-west. — 4.  Any 
knobs  in  it  should  be  beaten  fine  with  a  spade  and 
sifted,  and  then  beaten  over  again  until  all  is  fine  ;  it 
may  then  be  sown  alone,  but  had  better  be  mixed  with 
once  or  twice  its  bulk  of  dry  powdered  loam  or  burnt 
clay  (not  marl),  or  ashes  ;  but  if  the  latter,  they  must 
on  no  account  be  wet,  or  if  at  all  damp,  even,  it  should 
be  sown  directly  it  is  mixed,  or  loss  will  ensue.  Some 
mixture  of  this  sort,  which  should  be  carefully  made  by 
repeated  and  regular  turning  of  the  heap,  makes  it 
more  handleable,  and  facilitates  the  sowing  of  it  with 
greater  regularity,  to  ensure  which,  if  only  one  dose 
be  given,  and  that  not  by  a  very  expert  hand,  it  is 
desirable  to  make  the  compost  somewhat  more 
bulky,  say,  three  or  four  times  that  of  the  guano 
it  contains,  and  sow  it  at  twice,  forwards  and 
backwards  ;  but  otherwise  this  is  scarcely  requisite. 
In  sound  dry  ground,  yet  not  too  light,  it  would  appear 
from  the  researches  of  Prof.  Way,  beautifully  corro- 
borated by  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Lawes,  that  it  would 
be  quite  as  well,  if  not  better,  to  make  the  first  applica- 
tion, and  possibly  tliat  of  the  whole  quantity  intended, 
at  the  time  of  sowing  the  seed  ;  but  then  care  should  be 
taken  in  doing  so  not  to  bury  the  manure  too  deeply, 
and  to  dilute  it  considerably,  either  with  other  matters 
in  the  form  of  compost  or  by  well  mixing  it  with  the 
surface  soil  (by  very  Ughtly  harrowing  it),  after  having 
sown  the  guano  broadcast,  immediately  after  drilling  or 
otherwise  sowing  tlie  seed  ;  but  drilling  is  preferable  for 
Vetches,  quite  as  much  as  for  other  crops.  In  the  par- 
ticular case  referred  to  above,  the  guano  was  applied  at 
the  rate  of  only  1  cwt.  to  the  acre,  mixed  with  its  own 
bulk  of  good  turf-ashes,  on  one  part,  and  at  double  that 
rate,  alone,  upon  another  portion  of  the  field  of  winter 
"Vetches,  when  just  beguming  to  cover  the  ground  last 
spring.  The  land  was  a  stiff  loam,  undrained,  and 
much  out  of  condition  (having  borne  a  crop  of  Oats  the 
year  before,  preceded  by  a  somewhat  thin  crop  of 
Wheat,  no  manure  having  been  used  with  either  of  these 
crops  previously),  and  yet  the  Vetches  where  the  guano 
had  been  applied  very  soon  became  so  tall,  compact,  and 
strong,  that  on  thrusting  a  3feet  walking-stick  upright 
into  them,  in  many  places  on  the  middle  of  the  ridges, 
it  stood  of  itself  and  was  almost  hiddfen  by  the  crop, 
although  not  pressed  into  the  ground  at  all  ;  whilst 
upon  the  remainder  of  the  field  there  was  but  a 
very  indifferent  crop,  indeed.  I  do  not  attribute 
quite  the  whole  of  this  diffex'ence  to  the  effect  of 
the  guano,  as  the  previous  crop  was  rather  better 
on  the  side  of  the  field  where  the  guano  was 
afterwards  applied  ;  but  still  the  sudden  inequality  in 
the  crop  along  the  line  to  which  the  latter  had  extended, 
was  very  marked  indeed.  The  difference  between  those 
portions  on  which  the  guano  had  been  applied  at 
different  rates  was  much  less  visible,  partly  owing  to 
its  having  been  somewhat  irregularly  sown,  and  possibly 
in  some  degree  also  to  the  effect  of  the  ashes  in  con- 
junction with  the  smaller  quantity.  W.  M.  H.,  Ba&hley. 
Salt  and  Lime  :  Chloride  of  Potassitttn  and  Bones. — 
In  reply  to  two  questions  in  your  last,  the  first  p.  60  5, 
respecting  the  addition  of  lime  to  land  salted  by  in- 
undation :  this  should  gradually  form  carbonate  of  soda 
and  muriate  ot  lime,  both  useful  manures  ;  as  in  this 
manner  the  natron  is  formed  (in  Egypt,  if  I  recollect 
right)  by  the  action  of  calcareous  sand  on  sea  water. 
And  for  this  purpose  the  earth  should  be  kept  loose  at 
the  sm-face,  for  absorption  of  moisture  ;  but  not  turned 
up  from  below,  to  bring  up  again  the  excess  of  salt  as  it 
gradually  sinks  down  by  the  rains.  The  other  is  in  the 
Notice  to  Cori-espondents,  p.  61  c,  respecting  the  mixture 
of  chloride  of  potassium  with  bones  and  sulphui-ic  acid. 
This,  in  small  proportions,  not  exceeding  one-lourth  of 
the  bone,  is  an  improvement  (except  where  the  land 
already  contains  plenty  of  potash  and  chlorine) ;  keeping 
the  Tm-nip  leaves  some  weeks  longer  green,  and  thus 
increasing  the  bulbs  ;  though  it  may  not  bring  out  the 
rough  leaf  quite  so  quickly  as  the  mere  superphosphate. 
Hydrochlorate  or  muriate  of  potash,  when  solid,  differs 
from  chloride  of  potassium  only  in    containing  a  little 


(casual)  water.  In  the  present  state  of  chemical  know- 
ledge and  nomenclature  they  may  be  regarded  as 
d'jiitical.  /.  Pridcaiix. 

The  Drainage  m  Begcnt^s  Parle. — I  was  induced,  after 
reading  the  communication  of  Mr.  Hewitt  Davis,  to 
pay  a  visit  to  the  draining  operations  in  the  Regent's 
Park,  and  from  vvhat  I  saw  can  bear  testimony  to  all 
that  gentleman  said  regarding  the  efficient  manner  in 
which  the  draining  is  being  executed  ;  also  the  entire 
uselessuess  of  the  previous  drainage  that  portion  of  the 
public  gi'ounds  had  been  subjected  to.  An  inspection 
of  those  operations  will  reward  anyone  who  is  interested 
in  the  improvement  of  the  soil,  unless  he  belong  to  that 
class  who  are  too  knowing  to  be  convinced,  or  too  little  to 
observe,  there  he  will  see  in  the  operations  in  progress 
an  instructive  fact,  as  well  as  a  beautiful  example  of  the 
riglit  application  of  science  to  practice ;  he  will  at  the 
same  time  see  in  the  original  drains  as  complete  a 
failure  ;  not  from  the  use  of  the  horse-shoe  tile,  as  Mr. 
Davis  supposes,  but  from  want  of  judgment  in  the 
operation  itself.  I  saw  part  of  an  old  drain  taken  up,  it 
was  formed  with  the  horse-shoe  tile,  without  a  sole ; 
and  ao  Mr.  Davies  said,  the  cavity  was  filled  with  soil, 
just  because  it  had  never  been  a  conduit  for  water.  It 
is,  however,  my  opinion,  based  on  the  experience  of  15 
years'  use  of  the  shoe  tile,  that  had  soles  been  used  for 
the  drains  in  the  Regent's  Park,  in  connection  with  a 
longitudinal  intersection  of  the  stratification,  the  present 
operation  would  not  have  been  necessary,  as  the  object 
sought,  a  complete  surface  drainage,  would  have  been 
obtained.  I  make  these  observations  for  the  informa- 
tion of  such  as  may  have  used  the  shoe  tile,  to  show 
there  is  no  need  of  apprehension  where  the  operation 
has  been  wisely  conducted,  as  such  might  be  inferred 
from  the  perusal  of  Mr,  Davies's  communication.  I 
am  free  to  confess  that  I  take  a  different  posi- 
tion in  this  question  from  your  correspondent  "  A 
Constant  Reader  and  Gardener  ;"  indeed  it  appears 
to  me  that  the  system  of  shallow  draining  has 
reached  its  utmost  development,  and  with  first-class 
cultivators  can  only  be  viewed  as  a  matter  of  history. 
I  could  point  to  an  instance  where  a  whole  estate  was 
drained  by  the  operation  of  a  colliery,  but  will  refrain 
at  present  in  case  of  alarm  in  these  exciting  times. 
There  is,  however,  another  point  where  I  believe  Mi*. 
Davis  to  be  in  error  in  his  reasoning  on  the  possibility 
of  water  reaching  4  feet  drains  in  a  perpendicular  line, 
he  states  an  example  of  it  reaching  25  feet  in  a  hori- 
zontal line  ;  he  has  also  shown  the  subsoil  was  all  but 
sealed  to  the  perpendicular  descent  of  the  water  in  the 
superincumbent  soil  of  the  Regent's  Park.  This  result 
could  not  be  the  want  of  moisture,  for  in  places  standing 
water  was  to  be  seen  on  the  surface.  What  then 
favoured  the  lateral  flow  to  25  feet,  and  obstructed  its 
perpendicular  descent  to  5  feet  %  My  own  impression 
is,  that  any  attempt  to  disunite  a  horizontal  percolation 
with  the  science  of  deep  draining,  would  destroy  that 
happy  relation  which  constitutes  the  principles  of  a 
uniform  subsoil  drainage.  The  theory  of  deep  drainage 
can  only  be  viewed  in  harmony  with  all  the  good 
destined  to  result  from  it  in  proportion  as  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  operation  is  associated  with  the  laws  which 
formed  and  govern  the  soil.  P.  Mitchell^  7,  Finnerton- 
street,  Belgrave-sqiiare. 

Disease  in  Swans. — Having  lost  several  swans  in  a 
peculiar  way,  I  send  you  the  particulars,  in  hopes  that 
some  one  may  be  able  to  offer  a  remedy.  A  bird  in 
full  plumage,  with  wings  erect,  comes  with  others  at 
feeding  time,  bends  his  neck,  takes  a  drink,  but  refuses 
to  receive  food.  This  conduct  is  repeated  for  two  or 
three  days.  He  then  shuns  society,  and  will  not  come 
near,  his  neck  being  generally  erect,  and  appearing  alto- 
gether less  comfortable.  Under  such  circumstances,  after 
afortnight,  apparently  without  food, death  ensued.  Several 
have  gone  at  various  times  much  in  the  same  way.  On 
opening  them  nothing  could  be  detected  which  was 
likely  to  have  caused  death,  except  that  the  stomach 
was  empty.  One  was  taken  and  fed  regularly  with  gruel 
by  force,  as  soon  as  he  was  observed  to  be  affected,  but 
still  he  would  not  eat  of  his  own  accord,  and  ultimately 
he  died  like  the  others.  There  are  two  lakes  here 
which  comprise  about  36  acres  of  water,  the  greater 
portion  of  which  is  44  feet  deep,  free  from  weeds,  and 
the  sides  are  pastured  with  deer.  Besides  swans,  there 
are  perhaps  200  ducks  and  15  Canada  geese  in  these 
lakes.  The  ducks  are  the  common  wild  kind  and  divers. 
G.  M.  Elliott,  Ripley  Castle,  Yorkshire. 

The  Seed  Trade. — That  "  there  is  something  rotten  in 
the  seed  trade  "  is  what  no  one  the  least  interested  in  it 
can  deny,  and  it  is  greatly  to  be  feared  that  nothing 
short  of  a  high  moral  principle  on  the  part  of  the  seed 
vendor,  and  a  greater  display  of  caution  and  common 
sense  on  the  part  of  the  purchaser,  will  effectually  cure 
the  evil.  But  are  there  nowhere  any  seedsmen  who  can 
reallyand  truly  be  ti'usted?  Your  correspondent"  J.  C.  M., 
Liverpool  "  (see  p.  86),  seems  to  think  not,  for  it  appears 
he  was  once  cheated,  "some  years  ago,"  with  Grass  seeds  ; 
therefore, according  to  him,  there  are  no  "first-rate  houses 
of  intelligence  and  capital "  in  the  kingdom,  and  lie 
earnestly  calls  on  some  such  to  start  into  existence,  he 
being  certain  they  would  "  quickly  receive  the  confi- 
dence of  the  public."  Alas  for  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  if  there  is  not  in  all  these  three  kingdoms  an 
honourable  and  intelligent  seedsman  !  To  "  J.  C.  M.," 
and  all  who  think  with  him,  I  would  respectfully  say, 
go  to  any  of  the  best  cultivated  fai*ms,  liaving  for  its 
occupant  a  skilful,  intelligent,  and  liberal-minded  man, 
and  ask  him  whether  he  has  reason  to  complain  of  the 
quality  of  the  seeds  he  purchases,  and  I  could  almost 
venture  to  say  that  his  answer  will  be  in  the  negative. 


Go,  again,  to  a  seedsman  of  the  same  stamp,  and  put 
the  same  question  to  him,  and  his  answer  will  be  of  a 
similar  kind  ;  thus  proving  that  there  are  already  first- 
rate  seedsmen,  possessing  both  capital  and  intelligence  ; 
and  it  is  the  business  of  the  public  to  seek  out  such 
establishments.  Doctor  Solomon,  of  "  Balm  of  Gilead  " 
notoriety,  who  waxed  rich  by  vending  that  said 
"soothing  and  life  reviving  cordial,"  when  once 
asked  by  a  confidential  friend  how  he  managed  to  gull 
the  public  to  such  an  enormous  extent  by  his  nostrums, 
very  honestly  replied,  by  saying,  "  Look,  sir,  to  that 
multitude  of  people  who  pass  and  repass  alctog  yon  busy 
thoroughfare.  Well,  I  tell  you  that  in  every  hundred 
of  them,  there  are  99  fools  and  only  one  wise  man  ; 
now,  the  fools  patronise  my  balm,  whereas  the  wise 
man  knows  better  than  do  anything  of  the  sort."  And 
so  it  is,  unfortunately,  with  the  "  public  "  in  reference 
to  the  article  of  seeds.  The  wise  man  knows  that,  to 
secure  a  genuine  article,  he  must  apply  to  a  genuine 
house  and  pay  a  fair  price  for  what  he  gets  ;  while  the 
"fool"  casts  his  common-sense  behind  his  back,  and 
presses  on  to  swallow  the  bait  held  out  for  him  in  the 
shape  of  a  "  saving  of  from  30  to  50  per  cent,  in  the 
price  of  seeds  ;"  the  said  seed  bait  being  artfully  dressed 
with  numerous  puffing  testimonials  that  HoUoway  him- 
self would  be  thankful  for.  What  pity  that  the  public 
should  be  gulled,  but  what  shame  to  those  who  so  gull 
them  !  The  time  was  when  the  seed  trade  was  in 
England  conducted  on  the  most  honourable  and  fair 
principles,  but  by  too  many  have  these  been  laid  aside, 
and  a  quackish-looking  system  adopted  in  their  stead. 
S.  S.  [We  have  omitted  a  part  of  this  communication, 
the  writer  being  evidently  unacquainted  with  the  opera- 
tion of  the  laws  of  libel.] 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House, 
in  Hanover-square ;  present,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker, 
Vice-President,  in  the  chair,  Mr.  D.  Burton,  Dr.  Cal- 
vert, Col.  Challoner,  Mr.  Dyer,  Mr.  Foley,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Fuller,  M.P.,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs, 
Mr.  Majendie,  Mr.  NicoU,  Mr.  M.  Paine,  Mr.  Parkins, 
Mr.  Pendarves,  M.P.,  Mr.  Chandos  Pole,  Mr.  Rowland- 
son,  Mr.  Sandbach,  Mr,  Shaw  (London),  Mr.  Shelley, 
Prof.  Simonds,  Mr.  Reynolds  Solly,  Mr.  Stansfield, 
M.P.,  Mr.  K.  Trench,  and  Prof.  Way. 

Mr.  Lister  Maw  communicated  the  results  of  his 
experience  in  the  cultivation  of  the  Potato  and  of  the 
white  Belgian  Carrot,  and  in  the  employment  of  means 
for  the  raising  and  distributing  of  liquids  in  operations 
of  draining,  irrigation,  and  manuring. — Mr.  Majendie 
presented  to  the  Council,  for  trial  by  its  members,  a 
supply  of  a  new  variety  of  Spanish  winter  Bean  for 
garden  purposes,  earlier  and  of  more  delicate  flavour 
than  the  Windsor  Bean. — Mr.  Digby,  Secretary  of  the 
Russian  Agency  in  London,  informed  the  Council  that 
the  imperial  Agricultural  Society  at  Moscow  had  trans- 
mitted, for  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
several  models  of  agricultural  machines,  as  well  as 
samples  of  farm  produce,  which  notf  awaited  the  in- 
structions of  the  Council  as  to  theii*  disposal. — Prof, 
Way  having,  last  year,  received  from  Mr.  Manning  a 
single  Potato  from  a  supply  transmitted  to  this  country 
from  Lima,  he  had  made  a  chemical  examination  of 
one-half  of  it,  and  reserved  the  other  half  for  planting 
in  his  garden.  The  plant  proved  to  be  of  unusual  size, 
and  the  tubers,  on  being  boiled,  were  found  to  yield  a 
large  quantity  of  light  mealy  substance  ;  he  would  bring 
to  the  next  Council  a  few  of  these  Potatoes  for 
distribution. 

The  Council  ordered  thanks  for  the  favour  of  these 
communications  ;  and  adjourned,  over  Ash- Wednesday, 
to  the  Monthly  Meeting  on  the  3d  of  March. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

FEBRUARY. 
Lammebmuie  Sheep  Farm.— The  management  of  Highland 
abeep  farms,  in  the  absence  of  snow  storms,  being  generally  of 
the  same  routine  character,  noticed  in  our  previous  eommuui- 
cation,  we  purpose,  at  present,  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  the 
important  subject  of  Shelter.  On  hiil  grazings,  this  consists  of 
two  kinds— natural  and  artificial— or  a  combiuauon  of  both. 
The  first  may  be  derived  from  various  sources;  as  ravines  of 
moderate  extent,  masses  of  rock,  natural  wood,  conical  hills, 
to  the  whole  of  which  the  same  flock  have  access,  &c.  Oa 
many  of  the  border  sheep-walks,  but  especially  in  the  north  of 
Scotland,  these,  in  different  lorms,  varying  with  the  geological 
nature  of  the  district,  constitute  the  principal  sources  of  shel- 
ter, not  only  during  snow,  but  also  from  storms  of  wind  and 
rain,  so  injurious  to  sheep  at  all  times,  but  so  frequently 
attended  with  heavy  loss  during  the  lambing  season.  In 
the  selection  of  suitable  localities,  the  shepherd  muat  be 
guided  by  experience  and  the  season  of  the  year;  many 
places,  such  as  very  steep  dry  banks,  though  admirably 
adapted  for  "  black  weather  storms,"  being,  if  possible, 
even  more  unsafe  than  the  open  moor,  during  heavy  falls  of 
soow,  from  the  danger  of  deep  wreaths  accumulated  at  the 
top  slipping  down,  and  burjiug  all  beneath  them.  During 
snow  storm?,  perhaps  no  kind  of  shelter  can  compete  with, 
natural  wood,  where  the  trees  are  neither  so  tall  nor  so  thickly 
planted  as  to  choke  vegetation  below.  On  our  border  bills 
such  coppices  are  principally  composed  of  Birch,  Mountain 
Ash,  and  several  species  of  dwarf  Willow,  and  appear  to  have 
been  very  numerous  uniil  a  comparatively  receni  date,  though, 
few  of  any  consequence  now  remain  ;  two  or  three  fallen  or 
haU  dead  trees  being  all  that  are  left  to  the  present  genera- 
tion, their  presence  only  causing  us  more  deeply  to  regret  their 
untimely  decay.  Indeed,  the  destruction  of  many  Highland 
woods  appears  to  date  from  the  more  general  introduction  of 
sheep  husbandry,  to  the  greater  exclusion  of  cattle  breeding 
anil  tillage,  and  to  be  caused  either  by  the  sheep  converting 
them  into  rubbing  posts,  or,  more  probably,  by  tHeir  barking 
them  during  the  privations  of  a  severe  winter.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  most  valuable  artificial  shelter 
is     that     afforded    by    judicioualy    placed    plantations,    of 


8—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


moderate  aiza,  well  fmiced,  uml  composed  of  hiuvly  (ever- 
greenl  trees.  We  think  that  in  extent  they  ehoiild  rarely 
exceed  10  acres,  or  be  less  thjin  B.  If  of  lartjer  dimenuious, 
stock  will  h;ive  considerable  difficalty  ia  fleeinK  to  the  leo  aide 
on  any  su'iden  chuoge  of  wind  ;  while  cluinpa  of  2  or  3  acres  — 
except  in  a  few  naturally  advantageous  sitaniions— are  rarely 
vigorous,  and  seldcn  attain  to  an  averaRo  height,  their  limited 
area  preventing  the  trees  from  sheltering  one  another.  Still, 
during  storms  o'"  wind  and  r;iin,  a  number  of  these  U'suer  sort 
■would  be  exceodiagly  valuable,  though  unsafe  during  winter, 
from  their  not  opposing  an  effectual  barrier  during  severe 
snowdrifts.  The  site  must,  of  course,  vary  according  to  cir- 
camstances,  but,  as  a  general  rule,  it  ought  to  be  placed  in  a 
central  position,  when  the  force  of  the  prevailing  winds  has 
been  broken  by  some  natural  obstruction  before  reaching  it  ; 
and  also,  when  there  is  plenty  of  rough  herbage,  easily  acces- 
sable  to  the  sheep  during  snow— the  Heather  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  being  generally  left  unburnt  for  this  purpose. 
Much  atteoiion  should  also  be  paid  to  the  quality  of  the 
soil,  that  it  be  audi  as  will  induce  the  vigorous  growth 
octrees,  and  not — as  is  sometimes  the  case— some  barren  spot 
eet  aside  for  this  purpose,  simply  because  it  is  worthless  for 
grazing,  and  therefore  considered  to  be  good  enough  for  plant- 
ing. We  have  seen  clumps  on  a  sheep  farm,  all  planted 
during  the  samo  season,  some  20  years  ago,  which  aff-rd  an 
instructive  eximple  of  this.  While  those  on  good  dry  soil  are 
now  aflfording  valuable  shelter,  others  planted  on  cold  wet 
clay  are  doitig  very  little,  the  Larches  and  Scotch  Firs  being 
nearly  extinct,  though  the  Spruces  may  stilt  come  to  be  of 
some  size,  unless  prevented  by  the  black  game— a  most 
destructive  foe  to  the  two  latter  trees,  picking  out  the  crowns 
to  such  an  evtent,  that  we  have  frequently  seen  a  young 
Spruce  divested  of  nearly  every  bud.  We  believe  that  this 
fact  is  not  generally  known  ;  but  to  proprietors  of  sheep 
grazing,  who  may  be  improving  such  estates  by  estenhive 
plantings,  it  is  one  which  ought  not  to  be  overlooked  ;  for 
they  may  rest  assured,  that  much  disappointment  and  loss 
will  be  avoided,  by  supplying  the  place  of  the  Spruce  by 
Bime  other  tree  less  piilatablo  to  this  otherwise  fine  bird. 
Where  suitable  materials  can  bo  procured,  stone  fences  are 
•  always  preferable  to  those  of  turf.  For,  though  more  expen- 
sive at  tirat;  yet,  as  they  require  little  repair  when  properly 
constructed,  rturin?  an  ordinary  lease  of  19  years,  they  will  bo 
found  to  be  the  cheapest  in  the  end,  the  latter  generally  re- 
quiring  to  be  twice  rebuilt  during  the  same  time.  The  coping 
should  always  be  made  of  stone  ;  and,  if  possible,  bedded 
and  painted  with  lime,  which  will  only  add  about  lid.  per  yard 
to  the  cost,  while  it  ensures  the  preservation  of  the  wall  for  a 
much  longer  period  than  would  otherwise  be  the  case.  Be.sidea 
those  noticed,  there  are  other  and  more  common  descriptions 
of  artificial  shijlter,  such  a^  dry  stone  walla  of  various  forms  ; 
but  we  have  a'rea^iy  occupied  too  much  space,  and  must  re- 
serve these  for  another  time.  Since  the  new  year,  the  weather 
his  been  unitormly  wee  and  bolatorous.  Indeed  we  do  not  re- 
member having  seen  our  hills  so  completely  soaked  as  they 
are  at  present ;  the  sheep  drains,  in  many  places,  being 
scarcely  sufficient  to  carry  olT  the  surface  water.  We  have  had 
ooly  slight  frosts,  and  very  little  snow;  having,  in  a  great 
measare,  escipei  the  destructive  storms  which  liave  prevailed 
of  late  in  the  north  of  the  island.  We  regret  to  say  that  the 
cantinued  rains  and  high  winds  have  told  on  the  sheep,  in 
their  bleached  look,  and  considerable  loss  of  condition.  A 
Lammermuir  Farmer,  Fvb.  9. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Beeb:  JWhegB  to  inform  our  correspondent  in  re  "Beer," 
that  the  hogshead  he  alludes  to  contains  54  imperial  gallons. 
He  always  "  tuna  off"  the  Hops  along  with  the  worts,  loo-ie 
into  the  cask,  and  he  begs  to  assure  our  "  Correspondent" 
that  the  small  holes  in  the  end  of  the  cock  never  get  choked 
up,  and  that  the  beer  is  as  clear  as  crystal,  even  to  the  last 
drop  {provided  always  that  the  cask  is  not  shaken),  the  Hops 
forming  a  thick,  strong  head  on  the  top  of  the  beer.— If 
"J.  H."  will  refer  to  the  recipe,  he  will  tind  it  there  stated 
that  I  uee,  for  my  own  drinking,  two  bushels  of  malt,  and  two 
pounds  of  Hups  ;  and  that  I  fill  my  copper,  which  holds  three 
quarters  of  a  hogshead  ;  this  makes  half  a  hogshead  of  beer. 
"J.  H."  must  remember  that  the  malt  soaks  up  a  portion 
of  the  water,  and  it  is  also  rather  diminished  in  boiling. — 
If  "J.  H."  wishes  a  more  potent  beverage,  he  may  increase 
his  malt  and  Hops  ad  libitum.  I  tasted  some  at  a  friend's 
house  last  week,  made  with  13  bushels  of  malt,  and  13  pounds 
of  Hops  to  the  hogshead,  and  rare,  good  "  stingo  '*  It  was.  I 
drankit  out  of  awioe-glass.  Thi?  verystrong  beer  was  brewed 
15  months  ago,  and  was  only  then  juat  tit  to  drink,  but  it 
was  a  bonne  houcJte  in  leed.— "  J.  W."  begs  to  inform  "  Malt" 
that  he  generally  ascertains  the  temperature  of  his  beer  by 
finger;  but  it  id  of  very  little  consequence  when  it  is  bunged 
down,  provided  it  is  quite  cold.  *'J.  \V."  places  a  piece  of  slate 
over  the  bunghole,  to  prevent  dust  or  flies  from  getting  in,  tor 
about  six  weeks ;  a  piece  of  brown  stiff  paper  then  pasted 
over  the  bunt^hole  would  be  ju^t  as  well  as  a  cork.  The 
"head"  which  is  formed  on  the  beer  prevents  any  air  from 
getting  to  the  beer  it-teK,  and  the  hottest  summer  weather, 
or  thunder,  will  not  in  the  slightest  degree  aff'ect  it.  Doubt- 
less  vinous  f-;rmentatioa  is  spontaneously  perfected;  but 
although  my  name  begins  with  a  J,  it  is  not  Jonadab,  neither 
have  I  ever  pitched  my  tent  with  any  of  the  family  of  Rechab  ; 
it  Is  not  therefore  on  that  account  that  I  drink  unfermented 
beer;  I  can,  however,  as^sure  your  readers  that  it  is  the 
only  beer  of  any  kind  that  I  can  drink  with  impunity,  J.  W. 

FosKs  :  J.  WUson,  gardener  to  the  Bev.  C.  Dickmore,  Coventry, 
opoQ  the  diflcuseion  about  forks  and  spades,  says,  that  "  Mr. 
Farkcs,  of  Sutton,  near  Birmingham,  makes  first-rate  spades." 

LlOE  OK  Sqeep  :  A  Siiui/.l  Farmer.  Tobacco  water,  or  Biggs's 
Bheep-dipplnij  composition  will  destroy  lice  on  sheep.  The 
rot  In  sheep  in  not  caused  by  any  Grata  or  other  plant, 
although  particular  Grasses  will  prevail  on  lands  that  will 
caaic  the  rf,t,    W  O.  3. 

LcczBNE :  New  Si^jicriOer.  Sow  Lucerne  ia  the  beginning  or 
middle  of  Aijrll. 

Otbt£B  SiicLLii:  X.  You  want  no  other  solvent  than  rain 
water,  «o  fir  a^  their  operation  as  a  manure  ie  concerned. 
Munatic  acid  will  dUsolvo  them. 

PocLTay  :  </wff/;.  The  fowl  drops  her  egg  from  the  perch,  be- 
caujo  she  in  not  in  health.  She  lias,  perhaps,  laid  for  a  long 
time,  or  frotn  other  cauges  Is  weak.  It  i^  an  accidental 
thing,  and  will,  no  doubt,  coano  when  the  bird  recoverH.  The 
CKg  may  O'lsily  be  pronervcd,  by  having  the  perch  low  and 
plenty  of  loosynand  laid  under  it — Wallers.  A  Cochin  China 
fowl  han  an  upright  Borratcd  comb,  very  little  tail,  yellow 
wcll-fcailicr«d  Icgn,  duublo  pendant  ear-lobe,  the  last  joint  of 
the  wing  "clipped  ;"f,  «.  doubled  up  under  the  middle  fea- 
ther»,  and  a  prolusion  of  "fiutly"  fcuthnfB  about  the  thighe 
and  hinfler  piirts.  The  Malay  it  a  long,  clean-logged  fowl, 
with  Bmall  nattcned  double  comb,  very  orcat  In  cnrrlaKe  ■  arjd 
although  a  uohlo  bird  In  appearance,  is  dellclont  in  ijody. 
The  le/t  should  bo  yellow,  and  first-rate  birds  Hhould  hiiv/i 
p«»rl  eytsn,  and  be  naked  below  the  lower  beak.  The  (.hapo 
of  the  body  narrow*  towiirds  the  tall,  and  the  feathers  ihoulil 
be  hard,  S'»that,  In  hand,  the  bird  would  sfjern  lo  have  but 
one  for  the  wh'Jo  covering.  Crodscs  arc  so  entirely  thln^H  of 
fancy,  no  doscrlpilr)n  of  thorn  can  be  given,  ns  few  are  nllko. 
Old  cfick-.rn  can  toll  the  sex  of  tholr  chickens  soon  aftur  thoy 
are  hatched,  but  they  are  sometlmoH  deceived.  It  U  dlfllcnlt 
to  lay  down  any  time  when  tho  sex  may  bo  dlNtitigulslmd,  im 
much  dcptnds  on  thij  health  and  condition  of  tho  chlcUcnN, 
and  filiio  on  the  tirne  of  year ;  tho  sex  will  hIiow  curllor  In 
tho  Aurnmcr  than  In  tho  winter.  Tho  rules  urc,  that  the 
cock*  havo  larger  heads,  aro  larger  honed  birds,  appoiir 
loDg'jr  In  tbo  Ick«,  and  closo  examination  will  show  a  dllfor- 


ence  in  tin;  conb,  These  things  are  plain  to  a  practical  eye, 
but  nothing  hut  practice  will  teiicb  it — Vcnioii.  There  is 
always  a  sale  for  good  fancy  fowls,  even  at  the  early  ago  you 
mention,  if  they  are  really  good.  IBut  unless  you  breed  from 
firs'-rate  stock,  you  would  not  find  a  retnunerating  price. 
Perhaps  the  bi-st  method  of  diiiposing  of  the^e  would  be  by 
advertising  them  as  fit  to  leave  the  hen,  and  inviting  pur- 
chasers to  see  the  stock  from  which  they  were  bred.  This  is 
necessary,  because  when  so  young,  excellences  and  points  are 
not  developed,  and  probable  hureditary  virtues  must  be 
looked  for. —Amateur.  Speckled  Dorking  fowls  should  be 
larj:e  and  wquare.  They  ifhouUl  have  live  toes  on  each  foot. 
The  absence  of  this  disiinguiahing  msirk  would  disqualify 
them.  A  whife  tail  ia  ni>  proof  of  purity  in  a  grey  or 
speckled  Dorking  cock,  nor  is  it  necessary  he  should  have 
one. — A  B.  It  ia  the  nature  of  the  Spanish  fowl  to  be  ragged, 
almost  naked  in  plumage  for  a  longer  period  than  any  other. 
As  chickens  they  grow  their  fuattiers  slowly,  and  as  adults 
they  lose  them  easily.  Tour  feeiling  is  very  good,  only  I 
would  substitute,  three  timea  per  week,  slaked  Oatmeal  for 
whole  Barley.  Let  their  enclosure  be  as  large  as  you  can, 
and  iuitead  of  burnt  oysfer  Bhelln  pounded,  give  them  chalk 
and  lime,  or  a  basketful  of  bricklayer's  rubbish  in  their 
pen.  As  they  have  no  doubt  a  covered  hou-;e  at  one  ex- 
tremity, let  them  always  have  a  heap  "f  wood-ashes  in  which 
they  can  dust  themselves.  Above  all  let  tliem  have  plenty 
of  clean  fresh  water  daily. — J  C.  It  is  hard  to  say  how  large 
your  walk  should  bo  for  12  fowls,  as  it  must  depend  on  your 
space  at  command,  but  the  larger  it  is,  the  better  it  will 
answer.  For  12  fowls  you  ought  to  allow  from  30  to  40  feet 
in  length,  and  no-,  less  than  from  12  to  13  feet  in  width.  If 
it  be  overgrown  with  weeds  and  shrubs,  hO  much  the  better  ; 
you  should  build  your  house  at  one  end,  having  a  S.  or 
S.W.  aspect.  It  may  be  6  feet  in  height,  12  feet  in  width, 
and  Gfeet  in  depth;  one-third  of  this  space  should  bu  parted  off 
for  a  laying  and  aetiing  house.  The  nests  should  be  on  the 
ground,  and  divided,  so  that  the  hens  cannot  see  each  other  ; 
each  nest  should  have  a  SEnull  liead  in  front,  to  prevent  eggs 
from  rolling  out.  The  roosting  hnuse  should  have  pi;rches, 
not  more  thin  3  feet  from  the  erouud,  running  across,  not 
along.  Glazed  windows  are  good,  and  should  be  made  to 
open  if  necesssry,  but  these  are  not  e-sential.  Of  course  all 
these  dimen-^ions  may  be  reduced,  if  apace  will  not  permit  of 
their  being  adopted.  The  floor  of  the  rO'istimj  and  lajing 
houses  should  be  of  hard  earth.  J.  Baili/.  113,  Mount-street. 
SoNDaiEs  :  W  B  H.  Apply  a  covering  ot  vetfetabte  mould,  burnt 
clay,  or  charcoal  dust  over  the  dung  heap — that  will  detain 
the  ammonia.  Mix  gypsum  with  it,  or  sprinkle  dilute  sul- 
phuric acid  over  it,  that  will  decompose  the  volatile  carbonate 
of  ammonia,  and  convert  it  into  the  fixed  sulphate. —  Mis 
guano  with  fine  mould  ftr  spreading;  this  Is  better  than 
ashes,  as,  if  ihey  are  caustic,  they  will,  as  soon  as  they 
become  moist,  decompose  all  fixed  ammoDia  salts,  and  set 
free  volatile  ammonia.  Mix  the  guano  with  tho  soil  by 
horse-hoeing  the  furrows  in  whieh  it  has  been  strewed,  before 
planting  the  Potato  sets.  Prefer  guano  to  superphosphate 
for  clay  land,  or  any  other,  if  you  merely  wish  to  raise  the 
standard  of  its  fertili:y,  without  reference  to  any  parti- 
cular crop. 


125 


fCOTENT  GARDEN,  Feb.  21. 
Notwithstanding  the  unfavourable  change  in  the  weather,  the 
market  continues  to  be  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit ; 
but  trade  is  still  dull.  English  Pine-apples  are  tjlcntiful,  con- 
sidering the  season.  English  Grapes  are  over,  but  foreign 
ones  may  still  be  obtained.  The  best  English  Pears 
fetch  good  prices.  They  still  consist  of  Beurre  Ranee,  Ne 
Pius  Meuris,  and  Easter  Beurre.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and 
good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Carrots, 
Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are  sufficient  for  tho  demand.  Po- 
tatoes aro  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  aud  other 
dalading  are  eutficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacrises,  Migno- 
nette, Camellias,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hya- 
cinths, Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb,,  4s  to  8s 
Gfrapes,  Lisbon,  per  lb.,  9d  tols 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2s 

to  3s  3d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  Ss  to  63 
Almonds,  per  peek,  5s 

—     sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  83 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  Is  to   2a 

VEGETABLES 


Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s  6d  :o10b 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  p.  bushel,  20s 

Co  228 

—  Brazil,  p,  bdh.,12s  to  lis 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  803 


Savoys,  per  doz.,  lOd  to  Is  3d 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  Is  3d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  4s  to  7s 
Seakale,  per  basket.  Is  to  23 
GrCens,  per  doz.,  2s  to  3 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  9d  to  Is 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  80s 

—  percwt.,2s  to  Ss 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz.,  2s  to  4s 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  3s 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  por  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve. 

Is  (id  to  2s  Gd 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  bd  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,lsCd  to  3s 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  28 
Beet,  per  doz,,  Is  to  23 


Parsnips,  per  doz,,  6d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8dtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  la 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn.,2d  to  Sd 
lIor3eRadisb,p.  bundle,  is  to  4  e 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  Is  Sd 

—     per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  9d 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun,,  28  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  9d  to  Is 
Basil,  p.  bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 

Watercress,  p.l  2  bunch  3.  fidtolg 

POTATOES.— SouTUWARK,  Monday,  Feb.  16. 
Tho  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  there  have 
been  very  large  arrivals  both  coastwise  and  by  lail,  and  trade 
is  extremely  dull,  at  a  decline  of  from  5a.  to  lOs.  per  ton.  The 
following  aro  this  day's  quotations  : — York  Regents,  60s.  to 
80s.;  Scotch  do.,  GOs  to  70s.;  Cups,  55s,  to  GOs.;  Kent  and  Essex 
Regents,  60fl,  to  758.  ;  Cambridge  and  Wisbeach,  60s,  to  66s, 

H AY.— Per  Load  of  80  Tius s oa. 
Smitdfield,  Feb.  13. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  72b  to  7G3    Clover     808  to  859 

Inforlordltto 65        70    I  2d  out       70        75 

Rowen     60        65       Straw      25        28 

New  Hay       —       —   |  J.  Coopeb. 

A  brisk  trade. 


HOPS.— l'  uiDAY,  Feb.  20. 
Messrs.  Pattondon  and  Smith  report  tiiiit  tho  demand  for 
Hope  continues  uriaiinted,  and  prlooH  fully  maintained, 

BaADFOBO,  TnunHDAT,  Fob,  19.— Thoro  io  no  material  alto- 
ratlon  to  r>  port  in  tho  state  of  our  English  wool  mnrltct. 
Tho  traniactions  of  the  preceding  week  have  been  conlinod  to 
a  Himpio  supplying  of  luimedtacu  wants  on  tho  part  of  con- 
HUiiiors,  and  an  entire  absence  of  speculation  oharactorlsuH  the 
(tpuraHons  of  tliu  trade  generally.  PrlcoH  fur  tho  host  sorts  iiro 
very  firm,  tho  qutmllty  oif.  ring  hi:Ing  mther  Ilmltt.d.  Tho 
stuck  of  middle  and  lower  wools  is  coniparatlvoly  heavy,  and 
prices  on  that  account  woakcr,  tho  turn  being  In  fnvour  of  tho 
buyers.— To-diiyltttIoh»H  been  done  in  this  br-tnch  of  our  trade; 
till)  (lotmsint  state  of  tlio  yiirn  trndo  oauf.eu  nplnnort  to  act  with 
greatouutlon.  In  low  Horts,  |irlce«  liuvu  aduivnward  tondoncy. 
Nolls  and  Jtrokcs  aru  In  demand,  und  owing  to  tho  small  quan- 
tity making',  [trlcco  uro  hrm. 


SilirilFIELD,  Monday,  Feb.  1G. 
The  number  ot"  Beasts  wa'i  sm^lie-,  and  trade  more  cheerful  - 
still  u  vviis  very  ditheult  to  advance  prl;a*.  In  a  few  l-^ta-icea 
choice  Seo  s  made  3s.  lOd..  but  too  seldom  to  quote.  The  supply 
of  Sheep  also  less  a.  to  nutnbers.  but  tho  quaiity  b^ing  ^Sod. 
there  was  a  considerable  weight  of  meat  at  market  •  hence 
pnces  were  not  much  hlt^ber.  However,  evervthin.-  cleared  off 
at  a  slight  advance  Very  few  Calves  on  ofiW.  couHeqaently 
ato  pries  were  fully  r.ali.ed.  From  Ikllaod  and  Genniny 
there  are42.  Ueasts,  G60  Sheep,  and  155  Calves  ;  from  Scotrand! 
nnrrhTn  Vn^'^'TH^'i""'   '^'^^   ^^^'^^'^'  1^*^''  '   ^"^  500  from  ?he 

northern  and  midland  countieg 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs. 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  <bo,        ...  3    6  to  3 

Best  Short-horns    3     4  —  3 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10—3 

Best   Downs   and 

Half-bredB      ...  4     0  —  4 

Ditto  Shorn 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— s  d  a 
BestLong-wools  .  3  10  to  4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3  0—3 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lamba      ...        .'"  o  0  —  0 

Calves      3  4  _  4, 

P'kb           3  0—4 


Beasts,  3724 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 20, 880 ;  Calves,  199  ;  Pigg  340, 
Friday,  Feb.  20. 
We  have  a  larger  supply  of  Beasts  than  on  Friday  last. 
Trade  is  not  brisk,  but  the  weather  being  favourable  there  is 
a  demand  for  good  quality,  at  nearly  as  much  as  of  late.  There 
is  an  average  number  of  Sheep.  Tr-ide  for  them  is  blow  at 
about  .Monday's  quotati  ms.  Owing  to  the  non-arrival  of  some 
foreign  boats,  the  number  of  Calves  on  offer  to-day  is  small 
and  consequently  meet  with  a  brisk  sale.  It  is  only  however* 
in  vory  few  instances  that  higher  prices  are  obtnined.  Our 
foreign  supply  consists  of  6S  Beasts,  270  Sheep,  and  32  Calves  * 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  350  Beasts  ;  and  135  Milch  Cows  from 
the  home  counties. 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  »tc.  ...  3  C  to  3  a 
Best  SiLort-horns  3  4  —  3  6 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  8  2 
Best    Downs    and 

Half-breds       ...  4     0  —  4     4 
Ditto  Shorn 


Beat  Long-woola  .  3 

8-.4 

0 

Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  <fc  2d  quality  3 

0-3 

4 

Ditto  Stiorn 

Lambs      0 

0  —  0 

0 

Calves      3 

4-4 

fl 

Pigs          3 

0  —  4 

U 

Red 
aed 


MARK  LANE. 
MonDAT,  Feb.  16.— The  supply  of  EoRliah  Wheat  by  land 
carriiige  Bamplee  to  this  morning's  market  was  unusually  small. 
White  met  a  slow  sale  on  the  terms  of  this  dav  se'nnight,  but 
red  must  be  written  Is.  per  qr.  cheaper.  Business  in  foieiga 
was  almost  nominal.— In  Flour  there  is  very  little  doinj?. — ■ 
There  was  a  large  supply  of  Barley  at  m:irliot,  the  greater 
part  ot  which  remained  unsold,  although  offered  at  a  reduc- 
tion of  29.  per  qr.— Peas  support  last  week's  rates.  — Beans  are 
dull — The  arrival  of  Oats  is  large,  and  the  trade  slow  at  a  de- 
cline of  *id.  per  qr. 

Pee  Impeeial  Qdaeteb. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  i  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —      Talavera 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,*  York. ..White 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.ib  distil, ,  268  to29s...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  aud  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suft'olk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 
.—    Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal, foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24s  to  27s Tick 

—  Pigeon 27    —  32...  Winds 

—  Foreign  Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilern 

—  Maplo 27s  to  30a Grey 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign  per  barrel 


44-46 

46—48 

46—52 

39-' 

37-1 

31—1 

22-28 

19-21 

2  —24 

20—23 

19-22 


25—30 
30-36 
22—30 
:12— 34 
26-'28 

38—43 
29-84 
18—24 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Peed 

Feed 

Foreign 


Harrow  . 

liOngpod 
Egvptian 
Suffolk.. 
Foreign  . 
Yellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


Arrivals  in  the  Port  of  London  last  Week. 


40-42 
12—41 


29—32 


20-22 
19-23 
18—21 


•25-30 
24-30 

23-25 
33—35 
27—84 


29-34 
:)2— 36 


FIour,11526sU» 
—    19  '4  brls 

Wheal. 

Barley. 

Malt. 

Oats. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Qrs. 

4677 

4370 

Qrs. 

6678 

90 

1176 

Qrs. 

13539 

20 

Qrs. 
3185 
1707 
14823 

Qrs. 
869 

262 

Qrs. 

Irish 

Foreign  

1610 

Friday,  Feb.  13. — The  arrival*  of  grain  of  all  kinds  this 
weeit  have  been  moderate.  To-day's  market  was  fairly 
attended,  and  we  experienced  an  improved  inquiry  for  Whoat, 
our  extreme  quotations  bi-ing  more  readily  complied  with. 
Flour  is  in  rather  more  demand,  but  the  sale  ia  still  slow. 
There  has  not  been  much  inquiry  for  floating  cargoes,  and 
they  continue  to  he  held  above  the  ideas  of  buyers.— The 
Barley  tradt^  is  very  firm,  and  prices  rather  in  favour  of  tho 
seller.— Beans  and  Teas  remain  as  last  quoted.— Oats  are- 
steady  at  Monday's  rates. 


Imperial 
Averages. 

WBEAT. 

Barley, 

Oats. 

Eye, 

Beanb. 

Peas. 

Jan.  10.. 

87 J  id 

88  3 
39    3 

89  10 

41  2 

42  8 

27s  id 

27  1 
V  10 

28  6 

29  8 

30  7 

17»10<J 
18  11 
13    2 
18    2 
18  11 
18    9 

30j  \d 
87    6 
27  10 
27     6 
29     7 
29  11 

28j  9ti 

27  11 

28  3 

28  11 

29  0 
29  10 

283  \d 

_    17 

28     0 

—    24 

■28  18 

—    81 

•!S    i 

Feb.    7 

—    It 

29    0 
n    1 

Aggrcg.  Aver. 

?9    9 

28    4 

18    4 

28     9 

28    9 

2»     9 

Duries  on  Foreign  Grain,  la.  per  quarter. 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  A  verages. 


Prices. 

Jan.  10. 

Jan.  17, 

JAN.  24 

Jan.  81. 
...    p 

Feb.    7. 

Feb.  11. 

42s  M 
41    2 
39  10 
39     3 
38    8 
87    4  - 

-J 

•'••'  r 

:::  p 

...    r 

:;■ 

Liviiiii'iioL.  'ItiEiDAY,  Fob.  17.— Uavlng  no  speculative  de- 
mand for  Wlieai  at  our  market  this  morning,  and  home  and 
country  millers  remaining  much  on  tho  reserve,  the  fialos  of 
foreign  wore  restricted  to  a  few  parcels  taken  for  IrUli  account, 
at  a  dcolino  idlully  Id.  per  70  lbs.  from  the  prices  of  Tuesday 
last.  Of  Engliwh  Wheat,  liowovor,  tho  supply  was  rather  loss 
ihnn  usual,  and  late  prices  wore  maintained.  Flour  was  also 
taken  rather  sparingly  to-day,  and  rect'dcd  Sil.  per  barrel. 
MaliiNg  Itarlcy,  meeting  loss  inquiry,  declined  Is.  per  qr.,  tho 
vnluu  nf  grinding  Itnrley  and  Malt  rcniiitniug  unvaried.  Hoans 
and  FeaH  Hupported  former  prices.  Oats  and  Oatmeal,  nttrunt- 
Ing  n  limited  degree  of  attention  only,  tho  fornjer  gave  way 
Id,  per  \T>  Ibu,,  and  tho  latter  itd.por  load.     Indian  Corn  on  the 

Hpnt   was  laUon   rather  freely  at  the  ndvnnco  of  Friday. 

FuiDAV,  Feb.  13. —An  ImproHfilon  moro  favourable  to  our  trado 
has  prevaili-d  In  HrunHwick-Htrcot  sliico  TuoHday,  iind  thcro 
hiiH  been  wnnio  Inquiry  for  Wheat,  Fhmr,  uud  Indiiin  Corn, 
This  fouling,  however,  has  been  rather  of  a  spvoula'ivo  cho- 
rnctiT,  on  tho  proHumptlon  that  mlllcrB  and  dcalois  niUHt,  fioni 
noroiHlty,  almrtly  mulio  up  a  demand.  At  thlH  morulnn'B 
mailietthu  b'lsltiess  was  again  limited  In  every  article  of  tho 
grain  trado,  an<l  TuuHdiiy'squotatiunfi  aru  cimtlnuorl,  anhDldcrO' 
noro  iiidlsiiosed  to  make  any  concession  of  conucqucncu. 


126 


TFIE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Feb,  2L 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE 

FOR    RIDSE    AND    FURROW    ROOFS,    GREESHOUSBS,    RAILWAY    STATIONS, 

MAKKET-UALLS,  AND   PUBLIC  DUILDINGS  GENERALLY, 


GLASS, 

ENGINE     SHEDS,    MILLS, 


Fob  CoNBERVATOBres,  Public  Boildings,  Mahufactoeies, 
Skylights,  ifcc,  ifcc. 


Packed  in  Cbates,  fur  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as 

3U  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long 
Or  20  „  „  60  to  70    „ 


Janufactured : — 


In  Squabes,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : 

Under    8  bj    6      

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8 


10  by 

H  by  10 

U  feet  sup, 
8  >, 

i         „ 
i  » 

6  ,. 

8  „ 

10  „ 

i2  ., 


14  by  10      

1^  feet  super,,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 
"  or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long... 

'.I  20  „ 


4 
5 
G 
8 
10 
13 
15 


SO 

35 

40 

45 

6S 

70 

s.    d. 

10     G 

12    0 

13     0 

15     0 

^th  inch 
thick. 


■  s,  d, 
0    G 


3.16th  inch 
thick. 


0  G 
0  7 
0  7 
0  7 
0  8 
0  8 
0  St 
0  9 
0  9, 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


i  inch 
thick. 


0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  lOJ 

0  11 

1  0 
1  1 
1     2 


Packed  in  Boxes  of  60  Feet  Each  : 
Ins.    Ins.        Ins.     Ins. 

6  by  4  and  6J  by  4i  

7  by  6     „    74  by  64  

8  by  6    „    8i  by  GJ  

9  by  7     „    84  by  71  and  10  by  8 
Note. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  the  superficial  ooo- 

■teuts,  except  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
,.<:on  tents. 

Bending.— \-Uli,  6d  ;  %-Wtlis,  Qd.;  I  inch,  Is.  per 
•^ODt,  net. 

*^  Irregular  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 
When  Crates  are  ordered,  Ac  30-inch  widtlis  will  he 
■Bent,  unless  otherwise  specijied. 


85      „ 

40        „ 

45        ,, 

55         „ 

70         ., 

S5        „ 

THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eijhth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  ot  very  exteneive  and  increasing  consumption. 
/(  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  lest  and  most  suit- 
able  Glass  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Hoofs,  Oi-ecnhouses, 
Factories,  Workshops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminiKhing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  Btreusth,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glaning  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds  ; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  jio 
scorching  ocmirs. 

Where  still  greater  strength  is  required  the  S-lGths  and  }  inch 
tbick  will  be  found  mucli  ctjeaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.    Samples  will  beforwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 


JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO., 

nORTICULTtTRAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISH0PS6ATE-STREET    WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


GLASS. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
G  inches  by  4  and    GJby44     18s.  Od. 

7  „         5  and    74  by  54     15    0 

3         ,,         Sand    8    by  5J     16    0 

8  „         Gand    81by64     17    G 

9  „         7  and  10    by  8       20    0 

12        „       10  and  13   by  9       20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thitjjnesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  SOO  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  best  m.inufactured 

hx  sizes  under  15  inches  Grf.  per  foot. 

,,  „       35      , Sd.       ,, 

„  „       60      „       nd.     „ 

„  „       75      , 12(1.       ,, 

Milk  Pans,  2s  to  6s,  each  ;  Metal  Hand  frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glat,s  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
Btreet  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  IC-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
■^eet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  f-ir 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TII.E3  and  SLATE5.  WATER-PIPB3,  PROPAGATI.N'G 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Sobo-square,  London. 

See  Oardencrs'  Chronkle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

BELGIAN  SHEET  GLASS.— The  above  beautiful 
Glass,  lG-02.  to  the  foot,  so  strongly  recommended  for 
"Horticultural  purposes,  can  be  procured  at  the  Soho  Crown, 
^heet,  and  Ornamental  Glass  Warehouse,  26,  Soho-square,  upon 
t;hc  following  Cash  terms.  Single  cases  containing  2oo  feet 
each,  case  included,  21.  2s,  ;  in  parcels  of  5  cases  at  40s.  ;  in 
parcels  of  10  cases,  38s.  per  case  ;  or  cut  to  any  given  size  at  3d. 
per  foot. 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
■Hill.  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. —  A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. 

;  HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  TEE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  ANB  WORKMANSHIP. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOTITEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


1  RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
>»„,„•■  °"?'„'""'!'''5  '""'  considerable  experience  in  tlie  con. 
5S  „  "f  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  eleeanee  of 
tZ^^J  A  ""'"■["'Is.  aid  workmanship  combined  with 
t^?,Z^  "nd  Prtlctical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kmd  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
■execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

<-entrv  and  lT,°„H'"""\i,'''"'""'™'j'  ^mP'oyed  hy  the  Nobility, 
Jlentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  thev 
ihave  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  witl/  the  g"  atest 
ronfldence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references.  B'"''^^' 

their  Hot. Water  App.aratus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principle.,  for  all  purposes  to  whfc"the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  aTailable 


WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  fl ot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
sn  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatories, Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
intbc  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  tlie  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vinos,  Seeds,  »fcc.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTEBS 
PATENT. 


LINSEED    AND    CORN-CRUSHING    MILLS. 

ER.  TURNER  AND  Co.,  Agricultural  Imple- 
•  MENT  Makers,  Ieon  fodndebs,  Millwbights,  and 
Enginefbs,  St.  Peter's  Foundry,  Ipswich,  beg  to  call  attention 
to  the  following  varieties  of  their  unrivalled  ROLLER 
(;RUsniNG  MILLS:—  £    s.  d. 

Roller  Mill,  No.  I.,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &c.  &c....  10  10    0 

Do.  No.ll 7    7    0 

Registered  Roller  Mill,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &c., 

and  for  breaking  Beans  and  Peas  ...        ...    9    9    0 

Do.        do.        large  size,  for  Horse  or  Steam  Power  13  13    0 

Small  Hand  Mill,  for  O  Its  and  Beans 5    5    0 

Farther  particulars  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Manu- 
facturers, hylwhom  references  can  be  given  to  gentlemen  having 
the  ab07e  Mills  in  use. 

INTON    PARKES'S    FORK   for  Digging,   Hay, 

Manure,    Bulb,  MaltiTig,  and  other  purposes. — Bdbqebs 
und  Key,  Agents,  103,  New,;ate-atreet,  London. 

FLOWERPOTS!    FLOWERPOTS!    FLOWERPOTS! 

CHARLES  PHILLIPS'S  Flower- Pots  were  dis- 
tinguisbed  above  all  others  shown  at  the  RovalExhibitioa 
of  1851.  They  received  "Honourable  MeDtion"by  the  Jury, 
ClaBH  27  ;  and  were  deemed  by  the  various  competent  persons 
who  examined  them  to  be  superior  lo  any  tiubmiUed  for  the 
world's  iuepection  at  the  Crystul  Palace.  They  are  patronised 
at  the  Hoyal  Garden^,  both  at  Windsor  and  ICew,  and  by  the 
principal  Nurserymen  throuffhout  the  Westeru,  Southern,  and 
Midland  Counties  of  England  ;  are  extensively  uied  in  Ireland 
and  Wales,  and  may  bo  seea  at  almost  every  Nursery  between 
Plymouth  and  London. 

All  orders  for  the  above  Goods  will  be  promptly  forwarded, 
Cahbiage  Free,  to  any  Railway  Station  within  150  miles  of  tha 
Manufactory,  either  in  ^3ozens,  casts,  hundreds,  or  thousands. 

C  P.'s  Pota  are  warranted  to  retain  their  colour  longer  than 
any  other  manufactured. 

CLEAE  INSIDE    DIAMETEE, 


E. 


No. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
6 


Ins. 
.  1} 
.  21 
.  2i 
.     34 


No. 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


Ins 
■  4} 
.  5i 
•  6} 
.     7 


No. 

11 

12 

13 

14 


Ins. 

6} 

A' 

124 
U 


15 
16 
18 

20 
22 


8  |I5 

Every  description  of  Red  Ware,  Sewerage  Piping,  Closet 
Pans,  Chimney-pots,  Land  Drain  Pipes,  Seakale-pots,  Tases, 
Tiles,  Bricks,  die. 

Phillips's  Price  List  and  Weston-Super-Mare  A'manac  and 
Guide  for  1852,  forwarded  to  any  party  who  may  desire  it,  on 
rectipt  of  a  postage  stamp. 

Manufactory,  Locking  Road,  Wes ton-Super-Mare,  Somerset, 


pATTLE  SHOW  OF    THE    HOYAL    AGRICUL- 

V^'  TTJHAL  IMPROVEMENT  SOCIETY  OF  IRELAND,— 
The  Annual  Meeting,  and  National  Cattlx  Show  of  this 
Society,  will  tai^e  place  this  year  at  GALWAY,  on  Wednes- 
day, the  18th  of  ADG08T,  and  following  days,  on  whicB  occa- 
sion One  Thousand  Pounds  and  upwards  (including  the 
Challenge  Cup  and  Medals  of  the  Society)  will  be  offered  in 
Premiums,  for  Cattle,  Horses,  Sheep.  Swine,  Poultry,  Dairy 
Produce,  Flax,  and  Agricultural  Implements,  the  particulars 
of  which,  together  with  Prize  Sheets  and  Blank  Forms  of 
Entry,  can  be  had  on  ap.>lictttion  to  the  Si?cretary  in  Dublin, 
or  the  Lical  Secretaries,  Galway  —  namely,  Richabd  A. 
KiRWAN  and  Edsiotid  O'Flahetrty,  Esqrs. 

Monday,  the  26th  of  July,  will  be  the  last  day  for  lodging 
Notices  of  Eairy  for  the  Show,  after  which  day  none  can  he 
received. 

Implements  will  be  received  in  the  Show  Yard,  on  Satarday, 
the  Uth,  and  Monday,  the  16th  August,  so  as  to  enable  the 
Judges  to  commence  their  inspection  on  Tuesday  morning 
early. 

All  etock  and  other  articles,  except  horeefi,  must  he  in  the 
fhow-yard  before  6  o'clock  on  Tuesday  evening,  the  17th 
AoeuBt,  when  the  gates  will  bo  doped. 

■Horses  and  Mares  will  be  admitted  only  between  the  hours 
of  7  and  8  o'clock  on  Wednesday  morning, 

ATiangements  arein  progress  for  the  conreyanca  to  Galway 
of  Stock  and  Implements,  duly  entered  for  exhibition,  by  steam 
boats  and  railways,  the  particoLiirs  of  which  arrangements  will 
be  communicated  on  application. 

Signed  by  order  Thomas  Haeknebs,  Sec. 

Society's  Rooms,  4  1,  Upper  Sackville- street,  Dublin. 


BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  "WORKS, 

King'b-boad,  Cbelsea,  —The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  hating  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
tht  United  lunRdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute  ;  he  hap  been  <ibliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothoupes,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  oneto  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Kailway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  G  ins.  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  231.  Gs.  8d.  • 
2ift.  G  ins.  long.,  do.  do.,  52G  ft.,  30£,  13a.  8d. ;  28  ft.  6  ins.' 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4U.  lOs.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &,c..  Id.  and  Bd.  per 
foot,  super. 


FOR 
and 


WARMING       GREENHOUSES 

d  BUILDINGS  of  all  kinds,  the  new  Registered 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  optration, 
free  M-i  ra  Bmell,  and  cannot  got  out  of  order.  Price  30s. — 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlingtou  Works,  Southwark  Bridge- 
road,  London. 


p  AKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  KingV 

*-'  road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty  and 
H,  R.  H.  Prince  Albert.— OKN  AM  liNTAL  WaTKU  POVYL, 
consisting  of  black  and  white  swans,  Egyptian,  Canada,  China', 
barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  geese,  shieldrokes,  pintail, 
widgeon,  Bummer  and  wiuter  teal,  gadwall,  Labrador, 
shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  divers,  Carolina  ducks.  <tc.! 
domesticated  and  pinioned  ;  also  Spanish,  Cochin  Chinal 
Malay,  Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied 
and  common  pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  pigs;  and  at  3,  Half- 
moon-passago,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 


THE  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 

made  feom  one  solid  piece  of  cast  bteel. 

THE    MOST    DURABLE   AND   ECONOMIC  FORK  ETER 

INVENTED. 

Great  Exhibiilon,  Class  9.  No.  259. 

W INTON  AND  SONS,  Manufacturers  of  "WIN- 
TON'S  PARKES'  IMPROVED  IJIGGING,  HAY, 
MANURE,  BULB,  MALTING,  and  other  FORKS  (manufac- 
tured  under  the  immediate  superintendence  of  Francis  Parkes). 
Agricu'turietF,  Gardeners,  and  others  interested  in  the  pro- 
fitable cultivation  of  poor  gravelly,  stony,  stiff  clay,  and  all 
other  lands,  by  easy  manual  and  juvenile  labour,  should  make 
trial  of  WINTON'S  PARKTES'  FORKS,  which  never  hend, 
Birarn,  or  break;  but  retain  their  sharp  points  to  the  last, 
requiring  no  repair.  For  field,  garden,  ^ard,  or  stable 
use  and  in  hop  and  cane  plantations,  vineyards,  &c.,  their 
utiliy  exceeds  the  most  eangume  erpectatiim.  The  nobleman 
to  the  labourer  concur  in  the  remarks  of  I.J.  Mechi,  Esq.,  of 
Tiptree-hall,  Essex,  as  stated  in  the  Qardeuers'  Chr<niiole  and 
Affncidiural  Gazette,  of  Jan.  10,  and  Fetx  14,  as  follows  ; — 
"  Th'y  answer  admirahlyiu  breakmg  up  our  heavy  clays,  and 
mixing  the  Boil  in  an  extraordinary  manner.  .  ,  .  Facilitate 
labour  quite  2  )  per  cent.  ...  It  appears  hardly  possible  to  break 
them.  .  ,  .  The  men  think  thenmearly  equal  to  th«  pick-axe.  .  .  • 
We  have  just  completed  21  acres — the  lorks  woi-k  admirably. 
The  labourers  who  have  them  are  the  envy  of  the  rest, 
inaFmuch  as  they  increase  earnings  and  diminish  labour," 

Kdwahd  G.  Tdceerman,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  our  opposing 
exhibitor,  remarks — *'  Your  Forks  and  Tools  are  not  only  the 
lightest,  but  peculiar  in  construction,  and  of  greater  utility 
thun  any  lever  saw." 

The  great  body  of  the  London  Gardeners  patronise  these 
Implecoents,  and  will  readily  testify  to  their  incomparable 
utiliiy. 

The  celebrated  C  fined  Digging  Fork  maybe  seen  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Royal  Polytechnic  lostitution,  Pantheon.  W.  and 
Suns,  in  juslica  to  the  public,  feel  themselves  bound  to  execute 
in  regular  succession,  -all  orders  with  Tihich  they  may  he 
honoured,  and  are  arranRing  new  Tvorks,  which  will  enable 
them  speedily  to  dispatch  all  future  orders,  as  well  as  the 
numerous  ones  now  on  hand,  and  have  fixed  the  retail  prices 
as  follows  : — 5-tined  Digging  Forks,  6s.  6d.  ;  6-tined  do.,  73.  6d. ; 
7-tined  do..  9s.  each.  3.tined  Dung  do  ,  4s.  to  4s.  Gd.  ;  2.tined 
Hay  do.,  25.  to  2s.  Gd.  each.  2-tined  Pitching  do.,  4s.  9^.; 
3-tined  do.,  do.,  6s.  each. 

All  warranted  tdo^s  will  in  future  have  the  brand,  Vi'ihtov'b 
Pabce's,  Birmingham;  to  imitate  which  is  forgery.  Beware 
of  spurious  and  inftirior  imitations,  which  are  already  being 
imposed  on  the  public. 

N.B. — All  kinds  of  Forks  in  the  same  (cast-steel)  material ; 
Spades,  Shovels,  Grafting  and  Draining  Tools,  ifcc,  of  superior 
material  and  construction.  To  be  had  ot  Merchants,  Factors, 
Shippers.  Ironmongers,  die. 

%"  See  our  reply  to  Mr.  Lyndon  in  nest  publication. 
Address— Haebt  Wimton  and  Sons,  Birmingham. 


8—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


127 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Ci^iuemont 
Placf,  Old  Kent-eoad,  has  2UU  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  all  eizes,  ready  for  inimediaCe 
usri,  made  of  well  seasoned  mattrizils,  packed  aiid  sent  «o  all 
partp  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUaE^,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  con5iderai>le  reductioB,  and  Garden  Lig'hts  of 
every  deecription.  References  may  he  had  to  ihe  NobiTiiy, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  inmost  of  the  poanties  of  EQciaod. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


^A 


^       ROYAL  LETTERS 
>  -iiy  PATENT. 


'P'WrN-G^S    PATENT    GLASS    WALLS. 

Lj  — One  of  the  ■gT6'r''e";t  d^ects  in  Britiah  p-ardenin^  has 
Litberto  been  the  nnceriainty  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit  oti 
common  bricU  or  stone  walls,  owing  to  the  vjri,ibleness  and 
humidity  of  the  climate.  This  is  now  remedied  by  i-uhstitutiag 
faoUow  Glass  Walls,  by  means  of  which  not  only  will  the 
youug  wood  jn  autumn  bd  fuUy  matured,  but  the  blossoms 
wUl  be  completely  protected  from  the  frosts  and  biting  winds 
of  spriag,  and  a  cllmiile  secured  equal  to  that  of  60utbi>rn 
Europe. 

Thestj  walls  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  growing  of 
Grape'9,  Peaches,  Nei-tarioes,  A|iiic(»td,  Oranges,  Lfmons,  and 
the  finer  f-orts  of  Tears  nnd  Piuma,  producio:;  fruit  equal  to 
that  of  France  or  Italy  at  no  more  expense  than  usually 
atteuding  trees  upon  a  common  stone  or  brick  wall. 

Glass  Walls  must  eventually  not  only  take  the  pl;ice  of  brick 
and  stODC  walls,  but  will,  in  a  great  measure,  supersede  the 
present  mode  of  erecting  hothouses,  from  their  cheapue!^8  at 
tirstcost,  the  great  economy  of  fuel  and  heating  apparatus, 
the  small  space  they  occupy,  and  their  peculiar  elegant 
appearance.  They  are  aUo  admirably  adapted  for  climbing 
Exotics,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

Tlie  highest  authorities  on  Horticultural  matters  in  this 
country  have  expressed  their  unqualified  approbation  of  these 
designs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  Dr.  Lindlet,  and  for  whoso 
opinion  the  public  are  referred  to  the  leading:  columns  of  the 
Oardeners'  CItronicle  of  Decemher  6  ;  niso  of  Robert  Marnock, 
Beq.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park, 
London,  in  the  leading  columns  of  the  Ga'rdeners'  and  Farmers^ 
Journal,  of  December  20.  The  patentee  having  made  arrange- 
ments with  some  of  the  largest  firms  of  iron-fonndere  in  the 
fcingdotn,  and  also  with  one  of  the  most  ex^enBive  EritiBh 
Glass  mariufacturers  ;  and  from  the  welUknown  respectability 
of  those  gentlemen  who  have  become  Agen's,  feel.s  confident 
that  he  furnishes  a  snffi'Ment  guarantee  that  all  orders  in  con- 
nection with  the  Glass  Walls  will  b^;  promptly  and  efficiently 
carried  out  in  any  part  of  England,  Scotland;  or  Ireland. 

The  foilowiog  are  the  accredited  Agents,  and  -with  whom 
■drawings  of  the  Glass  Walls  can  be  seen,  and  all  particulars 
H8  t'j  prices,  &e.,  obtained  on  application  ; — ileSRrs.  Kni-rht 
nnd  Perry,  Exotic  Nursery,  Chelsea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Co.,  Pine-apple-place,  Edgware-road,  London;  Messrs.  Whitley 
and  Ofiborn,  Nurserymen,  Fulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinuing, 
Nursf-ryman  and  Landscape  Gardener,  Ohinwick,  London  ; 
ilessr-j.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter  ;  Messrs.  F,  and 
■i.  liickflon,  N'jrserymen,  &>c.,  Chestier  ;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Son.  Edinburgh,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Societv  of  Scotland  ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  'lumbuUi 
Nurserymen,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.P.S.,  F.U.S.S.A., 
author  of  the  "  Practical  Gardener,"  "Book  of  the  Garden," 
i;c.,  late  Curator  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of  hia  M»jeflty  the 
King  of  the  Belgians,  and  now  to  his  Grace  the  DuUei>f'Buc- 
cltuch,  at  Dalkeith  Palace,  Scotland;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.II.S., 
Head  Gardener,  &c.,  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
Trentham,  Staffordshire  ;  ilr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Ac,  Bodorgau, 
Angleiiea  ;  Messrs,  Pilkinston,  Crown,  Sheet,  and  Plate  Glass 
Work-,  St.  Helen's,  Lancashire. 

",'  Prices  for  facing  existing  brick  or  stone  Wialla  with  glaaa 
andiron  will  be  given  on  application. 

CHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND      ^POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard; 


ti ALTAKI3ED  ditto,  7d.  per  rom^Dg  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
OalvaniiterJ.  Not  Galvanised. 

i*  in.  wWe,  2  in.  ine»b,  7d.  per  j«ril.        ...        Od.  per  yard. 
JM  In.     f,       2  in.     „        Qd.        „  did 

«;  in.     „       '2  In.     „       10^/i,       „  '"         i^a.        \l 

iH  in.    „      2  in.    „      ie. '2d.    „  ...      lod.  ,, 

fiporrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  St/,  per  ftquaro  foot» 
m  ide  »o  any  rizo  for  the  jrime  irt-oporttrmate  price.  TblH 
article  vran  dh'iwn  at  the  "  Greit  Krhibiiior.,"  wliere  it  wis  bo 
riiiich  Bimired  lor  it«  lljfht  and  duroV>li- nppeiirnnn-.  and  ac- 
kiiowlcd/i;d  tn  be  the  cheafieit  and  hont  article  (>f  the  kind 
nrer  ftBettii .  Ex'Tfi  ntrnnt^  Wire  hheep  NettiiiK,  -i  f*et  high, 
Jn  Gd.  and  '2»  Zd.  p«:r  yard.  Abo  (-very  di-McripMon  ol  Flower 
Trfflnf?r»,  DahlJa  Kod*.  Garden  Arth-a,  H«i-d<ring,  Flower 
ft'.UDdii,  Tjintr  Wh-c,  TrellU  Work.  Invisible  Wjrc  Fendng. 
H«jrll««,  iktid  frrcry  dencrlfjtion  at  Wirri  Work  for  Uorifcultorul 
|)iirpo*eii  — nia«trated  Cataliifuea  t-f  PnUnrnM  frirwiirdcd,  po4t 
Ittf.  oil  ftpi.lira'ion  to  T.  IJ.  Fox,  Ciry  of  L'.nHon  Wiro  Work 
tmnA  Iron   Ffuov  Manaetory,  44,  8kinner-«trcct,  and  0  and  B 

U7ILK.S'S  GOLbEN^TAPKSTllY  PATTKUNS— 
lUE  OcApe  Catti^rh,  thtt  latiiHt  udditlon  to  thU  aciIch. 
1«  jui*.  |tubh»h«d ;  (fi  In  square  cutbion,  mcriourlfig,  when 
•w»Tk*rd,  aijinit  af>  inctiM  ;  jwicc  Ig.  (id.,  nr  frte  for  K'J  -Stainpi. 
'Th»  innch-idtrdri'd  norlc,  In  wh'c  i  nil  the  ImpBrfirctlonH  of 
lite  Kcrlln  pitt^ATnH  are  Cumplvtidy  olifintcd,  now  cnmurltf.h 
•  itrpftM'  '2t.  C/J.  cacLi.  Bordein,  Btripi^ft,  All-oviTii,  UaiimBkH, 
.,  at  If,  the  hh*-et. 

\Vtlt.^'»  Warehouse,  \H(i,  ncgcnt-ntrcct,  London. 


GALVANISED      WIRE      GAME     NETTING.- 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


'^'^ii-^ 


.j^,i^^ 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide  ...    7d.  per  yd.    5d.  per  yd 
2-ineh      ,,       strong  ,,  ..-9        „  ^i      ji 

■2-inch      ,,       extra  strong  „  ...  12        ,,  9        ,, 

IS-inch      ,,      light  ,,  ...     8        ,,  G        ,, 

l^-incli      ,,       strong  ,,  ...  10        ,,  8        ,, 

If-inch      ,,       extra  strong    ,,  ...  U         ,,  11        ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reiluce  the  prices 
one-fouri/h.  Galvaniocd  sparrow-pmof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3W.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Ma-nufactured  by  BAltNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  yJeliverod  iree  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough,  Hull,  or  N«*rcastle. 


Safes  6u  Auction, 


BLAnKHEATJT. 
TO  IMOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN  &  OTHERS. 

MESSES.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
strucied  by  Mr.  Hallt  to  sell  by  public  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  adj' lining  th*}  Railway  Station,  Blackheath,  on 
MONDAY,  March  1,  and  foUowiotr  day,  at  11  o'clock  each  day, 
the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  comprising  a  Belected 
assortment  of  Evergreens,  Ornauieutal  Trees,  Flowering 
Shrubs,  and  American  Plants,  amongst  which  will  be  found 
fine  specimens  of  Cedrus  Dt^odara,  Cryptomeria  japonica, 
Silver  Cedars,  Taxodium  sempervirens.  Scarlet  Rhododendrons, 
ifcc,  together  with  a  choice  collection  of  Greenhouse  Plants, 
which  will  include  about  300  Camellias,  con^istinf;  of  all  the 
approved  kinds,  beautifully  furnished  with  bloom-bude, 
Epacris,  Azalea  iodica,  Geraniums,  &c. — Mriy  be  viewed  one 
week  prior  to  the  sale,  and  Catalogues  had,  6cZ  each  {return. 
able  to  purchasers),  on  thepremises;  of  the  principal  Seeds- 
men in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auciiuueera,  American  Nursery, 
Lejtonstone,  Essex. 

TO   GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  8c  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will 
pubmit  to 'public  competition  by  A  actio  u  at  the  Mart, 
Bartholomew  Lane,  on  THURSDAY,  March  4,  at  12  o'clock, 
about  2110  DOUBLE  CAMELLIAS  from  IS  inches  to  5  feet, 
comprising  all  the  approved  kinds,  beauti'ully  furnished  with 
bloom  bu'ifi  ;  2ti0  strong  C:imellia  Stocks,  also  a  selected 
assortment  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Raises,  a  fine  collection  of 
American  PJante,  comprising  fine  Jlybrid  Rhododendrons, 
Ghent,  and  other  Azaleas,  Andromeda  fl  tribunda,  Kalmias, 
MagDolas,  Lilium  lancifolium,  choice  Dahlias  in  dry  roots, 
&c.,  may  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale.  Ca'alogues  maybe 
had  at  the  Murt,  and  of  the  Auctionetrs,  American  Nursery, 
Leytons'one,  Essex. 

ABSOLUTE    SALE   OF  THE   BEST  COLLECTION 
OF  CARNATIONS  AND  PiCOTEES  EXTANT. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
directed  by  Mr.  Norman,  of  Woolwich,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Ba'^lbDlomew-hine,  the  whtde  of  his  Superb  Col- 
lection of  Carnations  and  Picntees,  in  consequence  of  discon- 
tinuing their  further  cultivntion.  The  first  p'lrtion  will  be 
submitted  to  public  competition  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Bartho- 
lomew-lane,  on  FRIDAY,  March  5t*i,  at  12  o'clock.  Catalogues 
maybe  obtained  of  Mr.  Norman,  Woolwich;  at  the  AucJon 
Mart ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone, 
Essex. 


VERY    IMPORTANT   SALE   OF    PURI!    BRED 
SHORT    HORNS. 

MR.  WETHERELL  has  received  instinictions  from 
G.  D.  Trottee,  Esq.,  of  Bishop  Middleham,  to  eell  by 
auction  on  TUESDAY,  the  llih  of  May  next,  wi'hout  reserve, 
his  entire  HERD  OF  SHORT  HORNS,  consistinn  of  7l)  lots. 
In  offering  this  iherd  for  unreserved  public  competition,  Mr, 
Wetherell  begs  to  ren.ark  that  Mr.  Trotter  has  been  a  very 
anccessful  competitor  at  the  meetings  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England,  and  other  agricultural  societiee,  and 
amongdt  them  many  first  class  prize  animals  are  to  be  found, 
from  a  recent  inspection,  he  cm  willi  confidence  say  they  are 
an  extraordinary  good  herd,  ot  first-rato  quality,  Mr.  Trotter 
having  had  for  the  lust  15  years,  the  unrehtricted  privilege  oi 
usine  all  the  bulls  of  the  latn  Mr.  Bates.  The  young  stock  are 
by  the  '3pd  Duke  of  York  (IDiOGj.  and  most  of  the  cows  and 
heifers  are  in  calf  to  the  eame  bull,  and  are  sold  in  consequence 
of  Mr.  Trotter  having  entered  into  engagements  which  entirely 
preclude  bis  giving  that  attention  to  the  herd  which  he  finds 
requisite. 

Cntalo.,'ue9 'are  in  preparation,  and  early  in  March  will  be 
ready,  when  fart  her  particulars  will  b^^  Riven. — Durham,  Feb.  21. 

Deficriptivu  priced  Lists  niay  be  had  on  application. 

STANHOPE       NURSERY,     GLOUCESTER-ROAD, 
OLD    BROMPTON. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  ViU  sell  by 
public  Auction,  without  reserve,  on  MONDAY,  Feb.  23d, 
and  following  day,  at  11  o'clock  (by  or<^er  of  Mr.  W.  Siggcrs, 
in  consequence  of  the  Leu  e  expirljiK  at  Ladv-day),  the  whole 
-of  the  valuable  JJURSEltY  STOCK,  consiflting  of  fine  Ever- 
greeuH  and  ^hrubs,  Fruit,  and  Forowt  Trees;  also  a  choice 
C'lUcc'ionof  Greenhouse  Plants,  four  excellent  Greenhouses, 
300  fte'.  fit'  llo'-W'iter  Pipe,  Boilers,  Furnaces,  Brickwork, 
llorscti,  Vans,  Mahogany  Counters,  Desks,  Seed  Drawers, 
M'lrkct  Bdskoifl,  Sun  Blinds,  and  numerous  other  cffL'Cts. — ■ 
May  be  viewed  jirior  to  the  sale,  and  Catalogues  had,  on  the 
premiHcs  ;  Ot  the  principal  Seed«raen ;  and  of  the  Auc- 
llonuerit,  M,  Hoxton-Bquure,  and  Ebonczur  Nursery,  Shacklo- 
wcll,  London. 


EDMONTON. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  wMl  soil  by 
puhli'i  Auction,  willmut  rCHcrvn,  on  llie  jfri'miHci, 
LanguaKM  KurBory,  Whitu  Jlornc-lunc,  Edmonton,  on  WMD- 
NEHUAV,  February  20th,  1802,  aud  following  doy,at  U  o'clock 
(hy  ordtr  of  the  proprietor,  to  fleur  ihn  ground  tor  unat 
alt.raiion»),  tli.i  whole  of  the  valuiiblo  NUItSHKY  STOCK, 
(roiiBlstltig  of  very  line  Evi  rgreonH,  of  H(»ri«  ;  ft  huge  quanilly  of 
h»nd«oriio  Htiindind  nod  Dwiirf  Fruit  TreoH  ;  ulho  iin  tiSHort. 
men',  of  Ornafiii-ntiil  Klirubt,  Ktandiird  Kohoh,  Jic  — May  tjc 
viewed  prior  to  tho  nalc,  uiui  CutalogueH  had  on  the  preiiiitei4 ; 
of  tho  pi  ln<rlptil  MecORmiMi  ;  atid  of  the  AudloneerH,  50,  Huxiuii- 
aquarc,  and  Jibcnozcr  Nutdory,  Bhuukluwud,  London, 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  AND  OTHERS 
M  1\- /'^^.^^^'^^  '''^"  ^^'*  ^'y  Auction,  at  the  Sun  Inn! 

1?JL  Ilitchin,  on  THURSDAY.  March  4,  at  11  fur  li  u'clock 
precisely,  a  newly-buUtGREKNHOUSE,  with  Forcing  House 
wl?r^l^^c  'r  ^'^^e-i-den  attached  to  the  late  rcKidence  of 
Wilham  CurUng,  E.q.,  Bancroft-«treet.  Hitchin,  Herts.  The 
Greenhouse  occupies  a  6i.e  of  35  feet  in  length  and  18  feet  in 
breadth,  and  the  Forcmg  HrniRe  about  28  feet  in  length  and 
IG  feet  in  bread  h  ;  also  the  Brick  Foundations,  .uperi^r  atone 
floor,   Stage,    Pump.  Stove,  and   llot-water  Apparatus      The 

houses  are  constructed  of  the  best  material,  and  workmanship 
and  are  put  together  with  screw  bolts  and  nuts,  witli  the 
view  of  removal,  and  are  in  a  condiiiun  equal  to  new  ■  tho 
Hot.water  Apparatus  being  by  StepheiiBon,  Also  a  BT^IPK 
PIT.  recently  and  substantially  built,  having  eiirht  Blidinp^ 
Sashes,  and  being  27  feet  loni:  and  8  feet  bro-.d,  with  lattSf 
shelves  on  Btnut  bearers,  and  Stove  connected  wich  it  The 
Pit  will  be  sold  in  another  Lot;  by  and  under  euch  conditions 
as  will  be  produced  at  the  Bale.— The  whole  may  be  viewed 
and  fu'ther  particulars  bad,  at  any  time  prior  to  the  sale  on. 
applic;itif>n  to  the  Auctioneer,  Hite'iin.  H-^rts.  * 

TO  NURSERYMEN,  GARDENERS,  AND  OTHERS  - 

LOUTH. 

lYI  R.  T.  JACKSON  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
J-TJL  King's  Head  Hotel,  Louth,  on  MONDAY,  the  23d  of 
February,  at  7  o'clock  in  the  evening,  subject  to  conditions  of 
sale  to  be  then  and  there  produced,  all  that  old-established  and 
well  flCcu=.tomed  NURSERY  and  GARDEN,  situate  near  the 
River-head,  in  Louth,  in  the  county  of  Lincoln,  cuntaining  Six 
Acres  (more  or  less),  with  a  suitable  Dwelling-house  and  other 
BuildioRS  standing- thereon ;  also  an  extensive  Glass  Frame 
and  other  conveoienees,  for  the  raising  and  protection  of 
Plants.  A  vei-y  extensive  business  ha,i  boon  carried  on  upon 
the  above  premises  for  upwards  of  Foriy  years,  and  their 
proximity  to  the  East  Lincolnshire  Railway  renders  the  eitua- 
lion  exceedingly  advantageous  for  a  Narserjman  attending 
the  markets  of  the  neighbouring  towns. — For  further  particu- 
lars, apply  at  the  Ofiaco  of  Messrs.  CoE  and  Wilson,  Solicitors 
Louth.— Feb.  21. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,   AMATEURS,   FLORISTS,  ETC 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  on 
TUESDAY,  February  24,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  at  the 
Auction  Mart,  near  the  Hank  of  England,  a  choice  collection 
of  named  RANUNCULUS,  compri.sing  the  leading  varieties 
raised  by  Lightbody,  Waterston.  Kilgour,  Neilsoa,  Andrews, 
Boyd,  Wjlie,  die.  ;  also  choice  Standard,  Divarf,  and  Climbing 
Roses;  finest  named  Pinks,  Hollihncka.  Iris  Germanicus, 
Carnations,  and  Pieotees  ; -the  vphoJe  are  of  the  finest  kinds, 
and  can  be  warranted  for  their  correctness.— May  be  viewed 
on  the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues  mav  be  had  at  the  Mart ; 
and  of  the  Auctioneer,  Shaolilewell,  London, 


WANDSWORTH     COMMON, 
^/r  ESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  submit 

lVJ.  to  public  competiiiun,  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Wandsworth  Common,  on  MONDAY,  March  Ist,  1852,  and 
Five  following  days,  -at  It  o'clock  (by  order  nf  Mr.  Robert 
Neal,  in  consequence  of  the  ground  being  immediaiely  required 
for  other  purposes),  that  por  ion  of  the  valuable  NURSERY 
STOCK  which  was  not  o&..-rdd  at  the  autumn  sale,  consisting 
of  very  fine  Evergreens  and  Shrubs,  inciudmg  a  considerable 
quantify  of  handsome  Standard  andDwan  Green  and  Varie- 
Kated  Hollies  ;  a  valuable  collection  of  American  Plants,  com- 
prising some  splendid  specimen  Scarlet  and  other  Rhododen- 
drons, (Sic  ;  Fruit  and  Foreat  Trees  ;  3000  tine  Standard  Roses  ; 
a  rif^b  assortment  of  Ruses  in  pots  ;  Jasminum,  Clematis,  Ivy, 
Wisteria,  Gnm  Gistus,  Carnations,  Picortes,  Pinlis,  »tc.  ;  also 
a  quantity  of  rich  Mou'ds,  Paving  and  Bnildiog  S-Ones,  Sundry 
Wood,  Garden  I'ots,  &c.— May  be  vieweil  prior  to  sale.  Cata- 
lo^^uea  (la.  each,  valuable  to  purchassrs),  may  be  had  on  the 
Premises;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers 
(free  of  postage),  50,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery, 
SlxackleweU,  J^ondon. 


KI>TG'S  ROAD,  CHELSEA. 
FINAL  CLEARANCE  SALES  OF  fSlURSERY  STOCK,  ETC. 
[yi  R.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 

IVjL  premises,  King's-ruad.  Chelsea,  on  TUESDAY,  Feb,  24, 
and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  without  reserve,  bv  order  of 
Messrs,  Dennis  and  Co.  (the  lea'^e  having  expired),  Fine  Ever- 
greens, of  sorts,  viz.,  Aucuba,  Hollies,  Box,  Irish  Vews,  Cedar 
uf  Lebanon,  Yuccas,  of  sors.  The  remaining  extra  targe  and 
nifinv  smaller  Mulberry  Trees,  choice  prize  Gouseberry.  and  other 
Fruit  Trees,  Sir  iwben-y  Plants,  die.  Jessamines,  extra  large 
Iviep,  and  other  Climbers,  in  pots.  AUo  a  quantity  of  useful 
Building  Mat'^rials,  &c.  Alay  be  viewed  prior  to  sale. — Cata- 
logues to  be  had  on  the  premises,  aud  of  the  Auctioneer, 
Brnmp'on  Nursery,  Folhnmroad,  Bromp'rn. 

FARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms — on 
leane  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  3UU  acres  of  Clay  Land' 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  connty,  near  a  nood  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House  aud  Ofljces  are  all  ia 
exce'lent  condition.  Rates  verv  low  ;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  riKht;  Game  not  stricly  preserved  About  GO  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  treaing  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  lutter  to  the  editor  of  the  Qardenevi' 
Chronicle,  at  tho  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
London. 

SURREY.-FARMS   TO    LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  at  Michaelmas  next,  GUILES  HILL 
FARM,  in  the  parish  ot  OnUhaui.  formerly  in  the  oor.upa- 
tion  of  tho  proprietor,  connisting  of  2G-I  aciue,  ol  which  106  are 
Meadow  and  Pasture,  and  the  rest  Arable.  The  latter  h«s 
been  drained,  and  is  unincuinbi  red  with  hedges  cv  timber. 
Tlio  homestead,  erected  chiefly  within  tho  lust  few  years,  is 
capacious  and  substiintial,  and  conipri'ies,  hoyide  the  dwelling- 
house,  sevei'al  cottages  for  labnurerp,  ttnd  auipla  accommo- 
dation for  Dairying,  or  for  Rearing  or  Fai.liut;  Stock.  The 
incoming  vuLuaiion  is  very  li^ht.  Tho  ttnant  will  have  the 
privilege  of  sporting  over  bin  occupation. 

Also  in  the  adjoining  pariah  of  VVisloy,  the  MA.NOa  FARM, 
<.f  212  Acres,  of  which  101  are  Arable,  the  rest  Meailow  and 
Pasture.  The  Meadow  land  can  bw  warurod  in  tho  driest 
Bcason.  Tho  tenant  will  have  thopriviliigo  of  bi)Oi  ling  over  h's 
ocrupaiion.— For  pariiculaTS,  apply  to  Mr.  W.  Kaee,  BasC 
lliir^ley,  RIplo.v.  Burroy. _^__ 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 
T'^O  BIJj  LI-'iT,  on   Leawo,  with  iniinudiatt;  possossioDj 
X     a  SMAr,L  NlIIlSlittY,  cllgilply  Hltuuied  in  ono  of  the  most 
fu-hioiiablo  Watcrlng-placuH  in  iho  County  ol  Devon. 

For  furthnr  particulars,  apply  to  MuHcrH,  NuxTtMO  and  SoNfl, 
SnMd>'mcn.  '111.  rhoiipHidK,  l.i.iul'on. 

'to   NURSERYMEN,   FLORISTS  AND   OTHERS. 

ilOLI.OWAV. 

''VO    BE  LET,  ft  ^j,  ACUK  FIELD,  situate  at  the 

1  buck  of  u  gfU'lfrniiD'-f  giirdi-ti,  ptirilcnhirly  euitoblo  for 
Hnrdi'iiiturul  pui|iotiOH.  A  J)  Hiall  Hijiblo,  2  Couch  Housiifl,  and 
it  Roniiin  ovt^r,  can  bo  had,  If  rcqulryd.— Address,  pre-paid,  to 
i\lr,  Kdwakd  l'ALMi;ii,  Auctioneer,  6io.,  20,  Change  Alloy, 
Curnhlll,  London, 


128 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [Feb.  21. 


READ'S    PATENT    GARDEl"    ENGINES,    MACHINES,    AMD    SYRINGES. 


^41 


■..vcPCi: 


m 


RREAD  begg  to  inform  Ladies,  Amateui'  aud  Practical  Gardeners,  and  the  Public  generally,  that  he  has  made  considerable  improvements  in  his  ENGINES 
•    MACHINES,  and  SYRINGES,  by  which   Water  may  be  dispersed  in  various  densities,  from  a  Poweeful   Stream  to  a  gentle  Shower   or  Dewfall,  and  may  be  applied  on    th 
choiceBt  Fruit  Trees,  Vines.  Pines,  «bc.,  «tc.,  without  the  slightest  daoger  of  injury. 

An  improved  ANGLE  BRANCH  may  be  applied  to  the  Syringe  for  cleanging  the  Under  surface  of  the  Leaves  of  Plants,  &c.,  &c.  (see  Engraving). —Manufactured  only  by 

RICHARDREAD3 

ISrSTHITMEK'T    MAKER    (BY    SPECIAL    APPOINTMENT)    TO    HER    MAJESTY, 

35,  REGENT  CIRCUS,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON. 

ij^  CAUTION  —As  Instruments  of  the  commonest  description  are  extensively  circulated  throughout'  the  Kingdom,  and  sold  as  Read'  s,  please  observe  that  none  are  genuine  except 
stamped  with  the  Hojal  Arms  and  "  READ'S  PATENT." 

V    A  LIBERAL  DISCOUNT  ALLOWED  TO  SEEDSMEM,  FLORISTS,  &c.,  &c. 


Mew  Serial  Work  by  Mr.  Charles  Bickens. 

On    the   28(A  of  Feiruary  will    be   puMished,  price   One  Shilling,  the   First   Monthly   Number  'of 

LEAK     HOUS 

BY    CHARLES    DIGKENS. 


WITH   ILLUSTRATIONS   BY   HABLOT   K.  BROWNE. 

To  be  completed  in  Twenty  Monthly  Numbers,  uniform  with  David  Copperfield,  ttc. 

BRADBURY  AND  EVANS,  11,  BOUVERIB  STREET. 


[Aftek  March  1,  Any  Four  Parts  of  this  Wore  will  be  Transmissible  by  Post,  for  Sixpence.] 

Domestic  Pets,  Song  Birds,  Family  Fancies,  Flowers,^  Insects,  &c.j  &c. 

A  JOURNAL  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY,  POPULAR  SCIENCE,  AND  PLEASING  AMUSEMENT. 
COMIVIENCED     JANUARY    3,    1852. 


Now  publishing,  in  Weekly  Numbers,  price  l^d.;  also  in  Monthly  Parts, price  7d.  (Nine  Numbers  are  already 

publisJied,  and  Two  Parts), 

KIDD'S    OWN  JOURNAL. 

Conducted  by  Mr.  WILLIAM  KIDD^  of  Hammersmith. 
^ 

The  nature  of  this  unique  Periodical  may  he  seen  by  a  perusal  of  the  following  extracts,  selected,  for  theii'  brevity, 

from  nearly  One  Hundred  others  :— 


From  THE  "  NATOEAtiST,"  February,  1852, 
"  A  very  amusing  and  instructive  Publication  ;  one  from  which 
■we  anticipate  mdcu  valuable  and  useful  information  on  the 
subject  of  'Domestic  Pets 'of  all  kinds.  These,  and  other 
family  matters,  are  qdite  identified  with  the  name  of  Kidd, 
and  are  treated  by  him  in  his  usual  light,  playful,  but  solid 
style,  which  cannot  fail  to  secure  him  hosts  of  supporters  ;  for 
who  is  there  that  has  not  some  fortunate  or  imfortunate  'pet,* 
the  happiness  of  which  may  he  increased  or  secured  by  follow- 
in*  the  advice  that  is  and  will  be  given  in  '  Kidd's  Own 
Journal?'  Many  highly  interesting  anecdotes  have  already 
appeared,  and  many  more  are  promised  in  this  •  Public  Journal 
of  Consultaiioa.' 

a  «  «  & 

The  healthy  and  peopee  tendency  of  Mr.  Kidd's  Writings  is 
well  known  ;  and  we  are  happy  in  being  able  to  say  that  his 
*  Journal 'is  a  SAFE  addition  to  our  Domestic  Literature— no 
mean  desideratum  now-a-days." 

Prom  **  Notes  and  Qderies,"  No.  118. 
*'  If  the  STDDY  of  Natural  History  he  one  which  may  with 
advantage  be  introduced  into  the  Family  Circle  (and  who  can 
doubt  it?)  we  know  no  better  medium  than  the  clever  and 
well-conduoted  weekly  Paper  which  has  just  been  commenced 
under  the  title  of  *  Kidd's  Jouenal;'  of  which  Parts  I.  and  II. 
are  now  before  us." 


From  the  "Globe,"  Jan.  l-t,  1852. 

"This  periodical  is  undersuch  able  conduct,  that  it  must 
speedily  find  its  way  to  the  table  of  every  respectable  family  in 
the  kiUKdotn.  The  energy,  good  taste,  and  extensive  knowledge 
evinced  by  the  Editor,  are  sufficient  to  ensdre  success  for  his 
bold  and  spirited  venture." 

From  the  **  Sdn,"  Jan.  16,  1852. 

"  '  Kidd's  Jodrnal  '  ia  a  work  loudly  called  for  by  the  public, 
and  one  which,  from  the  great  ability  with  which  its  numerous 
articles  are  written,  must  command  a  very  extensive  sale." 
From  the  "Morning  Advehtiser,"  Jan.  23,  1852. 

*'  If  mebit  can  command  success,  then  will  '  Kidd's  Journal  ' 
flourish  exceedingly.  It  displays  throughout  great  good  taste 
and  intinite  tact,  uor  is  it  surpassed  in  the  interest  of  its  con- 
tents by  any  one  of  its  contemporaries." 

From  the  "  Liverpool  Times,"  Jan.  15,  1852, 

'*  This  is  a  most  promising  Weekly  Periodical,  containing  a 
great  variety  of  Original  Articles  and  Communications  on 
Natural  History — a  science  into  which  the  Editor  has  entered 
con  nmore.  Mr,  Kidd  has  long  been  favourably  known  to  the 
public  by  his  very  interesting  Papers  in  the  Oardeiiers^  Chronicle, 
and  many  other  journals  ;  which  have  been  copied  far  and  near. 
We  dir-'Ct  special  attention  to  the  article,  '  Thoughts  on  the 
New  Year,  with  a  Glance  at  Town  and  Country  Life.'  All 
the  matter,  however,  is  full  of  interest,  and  the  Essays  are 

EXCELLENTLT-WELL  WRITTEN." 

i^P  Mr.  KIDD  HAVING  EFFECTED  THE  Pdechase  of  his  Popular  Articles  on  NATURAL  HI3T0RY,  including  "the 
Aviary,"  &c.,  and 

"BRITISH      SONG      BIRD  S," 

Which  have  appeared  In  the  Gardeners*  Cflironide,  they  will  be  immediately  RE-printed  in  his  "  Own  Journal."    Concurrently 
will  appear  a  Series  of  Weekly  Papers,  of  intense  interest,  with  Notes  and  Observations  by  the, Editor,  to  be  called 

PHRENOLOGY    FOR    THE     MILLION: 

"A    BEAUTIFUL    SCIENCE    IN    THE    HANDS    OF    A   CHRISTIAN   MAN." 

London  :  Published  every  Wednesday  Morning  for  William  Kidd,  by  George  Besoee,  19,  Holy  well- street,  Strand  ;  and 
procurable,  by  order,  of  every  Bookseller  and  Newavendor  in  the  Kingdom. 
1^5^  Parts  I.  and  II,,  by  Post,  will,  after  March  1,  cost  only  Sixpence  extra.     This  will  prevent  delay  in  their  reception. 


ACTON'S     COOKERY     BOOK. 

The  Eleventh  Edition,  in  One  Volume,  fcp.  8vo,  price  7s.  6d. 

ELIZA     ACTON'S     MODERN     COOKERY 
reduced  to  a  System  of  Easy  Practice  :  with  Directions 
for  Carving. 

%■*  Both  the  quantity  of  every  article  necessary  for  the 
preparation  of  each  recipe,  and  the  time  required  for  its  pre- 
paration, are  minutely  stattd. 

"The  whole  of  Miss  Acton's  recipes,  'with  a  few  trifling 
exceptions,  which  are  scrupulously  epecified,  are  confined  to 
such  as  may  be  perfectly  depended  on  from  having  been  proved 
beneath  our  own  roof,  and  under  our  own  personal  inspection.' 
We  add,  moreover,  that  the  recipes  are  all  reasonable,  and 
never  in  any  instancQ  extravagant.  They  do  not  bid  us  sacrifico 
10  pounds  of  excellent  meat,  that  we  may  get  a  couple  of  quarts 
of  gravy  from  it ;  nor  do  they  deal  with  butter  and  eggs  as  if 
they  cost  nothing.  Miss  Aeon's  book  is  a  good  hook  in  every 
way;  there  is  rJEht-mindedness  in  every  page  of  it.  as  well 
as  thorough  knowledge  and  experience  of  the  subjects  sho 
haxid\e A. "—Medical  Gazette. 

London  :  Longman.  Bkown,  Green,  and  Longsians. 


HARRY     HIEOVER'S    WORKS. 

In  Two  Volumes,  8vo,  with  Portrait,  price  24s.  cloth. 

STABLE  TALK  and  TABLE  TALK;  or,  Spectacle& 
for  Young  Sportsmen.    By  Harry  Hieover. 
"  An  arausioR  find  instructive  book,  which  will  be  read  with 
pleasure  by  the  old  sportsmas,  and  may  be  perused  with  profit 
by  the  young  one."— rimes. 

By  the  eame  Author,  fcp.  8vo,  price  5s,  each. 
The  POCKET  and  the  STUD.     Fcp.  8vo,  55. 
The  STUD  for  PRACTICAL  MEN.     Fcp.  8vo,  5s. 
PRACTICAL  HORSEMANSHIP,     Fcp.  Sro,  5s. 
The  HUNTING  FIP:LD.     Fcp.  8vo,  53. 
London:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


NEW   AND   CHEAPER    EDITIONS. 

Third  Edition,  revit-ed  and  enlarged,  in  fcp.  8vo,  price  3s., 

THE    MATERNAL    MANAGEMENT    of 
CHILDREN  in   HEALTH   and    DISEASE.    By  Thomas 
Bull,  M.D. 

By  the  same  Author,  6th  Edition,  in  fcp.  8vo,  price  6s., 
HINTS  to  MOTHERS  for  the  Management  of  their  Health 
during    PREGNANCY    and  in    the   LYING-IN  ROOM:   with 
Hints  on  Nursing,  ttc. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans, 


A  New  and  Cheaper  Edition,  in  fcap.  8vo,  price  5s., 

ROGERS'S  VEGETABLE  CULTIVATOR;  con- 
taining  a  plain  and  accurate  description  of  every  species 
and  variety  of  Culinary  Vegetables  :  with  the  most  approved 
Modes  of  Cultivating  and  Cooking  them. 

"A  complete  and  intelligeutmanual  for  thokitchen  garden." 
—  Spectator. 

"  We  recommend  this  useful  volume  to  all  persons  engaged 
in  the  process  of  forming  their  own  kitchen  gardens,  and  also 
to  all  those  engaged  in  the  culture  of  vegetables  as  a  business, 
as  well  as  to  amateurs  and  medical  men,  as  containing  much 
iuterestitig,  and  valuable,  and  well-arranged  inlormaiion." — 
Qlasgoio  Itefoifner's  Gazette. 

Londiiu  :  Longman,  Brown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


C^  ROOMBRIDGii'S      FARM      AND      GARDEN 
T  ESSAYS. 

Now  ready,  price  4d,  each  ;  post  free  for  eight  stamps. 

1.  THK  CULTIVATION  of  ARABLE  LAND. 

2.  THE  REARING  and  MANAGEMENT  OP  POULTRY. 

3.  ANNUALS  FOR  the  FLOWER  GARDEN, 

4.  A  TREATISE  on  THE  HORSE. 

5    FRUIT  TREES  and   PKUIT-BEARING  SHRUBS. 

6.  A  TREATISE  on  CATTLE. 

7.  THE  GARDEN    FRAME  ;    How   to  Conetnict,   How  to> 
Use.  and  How  to  Make  the  Most  of  it. 

%»    Order    GROOMBRIDQE'S     FARM    AND     GARDEN 
ESSAYS,  1  to  7,  of  anv  Bookseller  in  town  or  country. 
London  :  GEooMBRinoE  and  Sons,  6,  Paternoster-row, 

Priuted  by  William  Beadhubt.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wobum-place,  Id 
the  parinh  ol  St.  Pancrna,  and  Fbedsbick  Mdllbtt  Evans,  oI  Ho.",. 
Church-row.  Stokf  Newini;toii,  both  in  the  County  ot  Middlesex,  Printers 
at  their  Office  in  Loiubanl-atreei,  in  the  Preciuct  o(  WhltefriarB,  in  the 
City  of  London;  and  publisbe.)  by  them  at  the  Office,  No.  a,  Charlee- 
Btreef.  in  the  parish  ol  St.  Paul's.  Covent-jcarden,  la  tbe  said  County, 
Inhere  all  Advert iRe:nenti  and  OninniUTiicatloDs  are  to  be  Ai>i)BBaaBD  to 
TUB  Editob. — Satubdat,  February  21, 1352. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRON 

AND 

.  AGRICULTURAL    GAZET 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 

No.  9—1853.] 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  28. 


[Price  6^. 


Acacia  ilealbata   

Aerl-  Society'a  Journal    

AuiB,  to  kill 

B^coa,  to  Binoke 

Bee  flowers 

BerltQ,  ffnrdens  at 

Botacical     Society     of    Edin- 

burgli  

Batter,  to  make  , 

Calendar,  BorticuUaral 

Cinerariae,  .treatment  of  ...... 

Oliver.  Boktiara 

Cucumber  roniB  

Drainage  and  deepcullivacioa  . 

—  pavement    

Enii^^ration  lo  Canada 

Fajminp,  Fen  

—  word  in  season  on 

Fe»  farmioR 

Flowers  on  public  promeaades 

Forest  trees,  ts  prune 

Fork,  digging  , 

Gardens  in  CornwaU 

Garden  Rleanlnea,  foreign  .... 

He^tiuc.  Polm^ise 

Hollyhock  eeed  

Iiri^tion, lecture  on    , 


INDEX. 

Law     respectinf;    transfer 


133  b 

l-lO  6 

1-11    c 

141   c 

131  6 

132  c 

llil  6 

14U   b 

ins  c 

135    e 

134  6 

133    c 

Ml  b 

110  a 

140  6 

I. S3  c 

140  c 

138  c 

13:  h 

134  6 

HO  ft 

133  b 

132  t 

133  c 

135   c 

139   i 

of 


property _. 

Lmneaa  Society 

Mnclura  nurantiaca    

Maoure.  liquid 

—    inorganic    

Mrinurioi;  by  pipes 

Microscopical  Society 

Orchard  Uousea 

Orchids  lor  the  million 

Peaches  on  trelllBes 

Pesr  trees,  old,  to  prane 

Plants,  props  for 

Polmais"  heatiD^; .,, 

Rtiin  at  lichen  Abbas    

R-itiucculus.the 

Roots,  origin  of 

Royal  Nuraery,  Slou)th 

Salmon,  the   

Seed  trade  

Stewart  on  Law  Reform,  rev. .. 

Tom  I  toes    

Violet, tree 

Water  plants 

Wheat  growing,  word  in  season 


141  6 
134  6 
134  e 


135  a 
134  a 
134  6 
134  b 
13.^  c 
13o  c 

133  c 

134  b 

135  6 


Wheat,  price  of.. 


135  a 
i33  a 

140  a 

141  b 

134  a 
132  6 

135  c 

,  140  c 


"VTATIONAL      FLORICULTURAL       SOCIETY* 

-*-^  21,  Regent  Stbhet,  London, 

The  Anniversary  General  Meeting  of  the  NATIONAL 
FLORICULTUIIAL  SOCIETY,  will  be  held  at  ihe  Society's 
Rooms,  2l,  Regent-atreet,  on  Thdhsdat,  the  ■ith  day  of  March 
nest,  at  1  o'clock  precisely ;  for  the  Election  of  Offici.'rs  for  the 
ensuing  year,  and  on  other  businesss. 

By  order  John  Edwards,  Hoq.  Sec. 

P.S.  The  Members  of  the  Committee  are  requested  to  attend 
at  half-past  II  o'clock,  to  arrange  the  necessary  preliminaries 
for  such  Anniversary  General  Meeting. 

The  Exhibition  Davs  for  1S52  and  1853  are  March  25,  April  8 
and  22,  M^ty  1;^  and  27,  June  3  and  17,  July  I  and  29,  August  5 
and  26,' September  9  and  23,  October  7,  November  18,  Decem- 
ber2.     1853.  — January  13,  February  10,  March  3. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
EMPEROR    STUCK,   a  perennial    epecies,   and    hardy, 
liOO  seeds.  Is. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  personi  -vln*  saw  thtm,  the 
finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  ti.t:  fjriner  aud  5i)C  or 
the  latter,  la.  each  paper. 

ilTOSOTIS  AZORIC03,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  ia  very  beautiful  ;  2!i0  seeds,  la. 

CALENDRINIA  UMBELLATA.  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
and  moat  brilliant  flowering  ot  all  bedding  plants ;  1500  seeds.  Is. 
SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  lOO  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds.  Is. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

Jeies  and  Co.,  Nureriee.  Northampton. 


CARNATIONS.  PICOTEES,  PINKS,  AND  PANSIES. 
TOHN   HOLLAND,   Bradshaw    Gardens,  Middleton, 

*-^  near  Manche'^ttr,  havioii  a  very  large  collection  of  the 
above  beautiful  Flower?,  offers  them  at  the  following  low 
prices,  package,  <tc.,  included  ; 

25  pairs  of  Show  Ciiruations,  in  25  different  varieties  .  jEl  0  0 
'Jo  pairs  of  Show  Picotees,  in  25  different  varieties    ...10    0 

25  pairs  of  Pinks        0    8    0 

25  Show  Fansiep,  in  25  different  varieties         0  10    0 

Auriculas,  Alpiues,  Polyanthuses,  &c. 
Catalogues  on  application.    Post-office  Orders  to  be  made 
payable  at  Middleton,  Lancashire. 


FIRST  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
DAHLIAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  CIWERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,     PICOTEES,    AND     CARNATIONS 

riEORGE    SMITH'S    SELECT    CATALOGUE    is 

^^  now  ready,  containing  Priced  Lists  of  all  the  leading 
kinds  of  both  Show  and  Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 
claaaes. 

G.  S.'s  Seedling  Verbenas,  Fuchsias,  &c.,  are  of  great  merit, 
haviog  tnkei  numerous  First-cla'B  Certificates,  and  having 
b.en  highly  recommended  by  the  Press.  For  description  see 
CaialogucB,  which  will  be  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  one 
postage  stamp. 

N.B.  Tajlor's  excellent  "Treatise  on  the  Chrysanthemum," 
Ij. ;  free  by  pn«t,  Ij.  2ci. 

XoUington  Nursery, Homsey-road,  Islington,  London. 

FRUIT     TREES,     ETC. 
TT     BIGLAND  and  Co.,  Nuhserv.men  and    Seeds- 

Aa«  MtN,  ilanchentcr,  beg  to  offer  APPLE  and  PEAR 
TREES,  6ic.,  at  the  folIowlDg  very  low  pricew  :  — 

Standard  Apple  Trees  yj.  per  dozen. 

Do,  Pear  Trees  ]2s.         ,, 

Trained  do.         for  walla      ...  SOa.        ,, 

H.  B.  and  Co.  beg  alio  to  call  attention  to  their  complete 
CoUections  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWEH  SEEOS,  to  suit 
any  sized  Gftidciii",  which  they  keep  ready  put  up,  for  pai-ti- 
ctilars  of  which  see  their  printed  Catalogue,  which  may  bo  hud 
00  application. 

.N'.B.  Carriage  paid  on  all  orders  of  2C.  and  upwards. 


FLOWER    SEEDS    SENT    FREE    BY    POST. 

RODEUT  WKSTMACOTT  lefjs  to  inform  his 
Friendii  that  he  ha*  Rfetected  with  aretit  care  hla  Stock 
of  FLOWER  AKD  VEGETABLE  SEtlD-S  for  the  preinnt 
*ei*«on,  Includlnif  every  variety  worthy  of  cultlvotloii.  >ll» 
GKHMAN  BEKU.S  arc  imported  from  the  bcs'.  foreign  iii>u»to, 
und  nro  as  good  as  can  be  procured.  Thr-y  con-lint  of  .S(ock)<, 
Aitrri,  Larktpun,  liitUnms,  Ilolbhockfi,  double  Walinowort, 
l>i<intha«,  I'rppi-s,  Zu.i.ian,  Ac.  IIIh  PUICEO  LEiiCUU'TIVE 
CA'J  Ar,00i;K  muy  \,t:  had  on  ui>pli(;rttl';ii. 
COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  MOST  SHOWY  FLOWER  SEEDS 
FOR  LARGE  OR   SMALL  GARDENS. 

One  largo  [tufket  ot  cbcIi.— ii.  d. 
''t  well-aisorttd  Annaalp,  Pl'rnniaU,  and  I'l  ri:nnl(iU  ...  10  & 
1'".  D</.  Do.  Do.  ...    ti    a 

12  Do.  JJO.  Do.  ...     3     0 

The  oboTc  Flower  «ecds  may  bo  had  In  umal'cr  prickets  at 
haU  ihe  price.— Stnart's  Orove  >'ur8'.Ty,  f  ulham  Road,  ChclBCa. 


LARGE    SURPLUS    STOCK. 

WILLIAM    E.  RENDLB  and  Co.,  Plymouth,  are 
now  dispnsing  of  a  LARGE  SURPLUS  STOCK  of  the 
foUowitig,  which  are  offered  on  veri/  moderate  tci'ms  :  — 

PINUS  AII5TUIACA.— This  is  the  most  valunbie  Forest 
Pine  at  present  known,  being  remarkably  hurdy,  as  it  will 
stand  in  the  moat  t-xposed  situations.  Strong,  robust  eeed- 
lingR,  two  years  nld,  7$.  per  1000. 

SCOTCH  Fins.— Fuur  hundred  thousand  fiue  two  years 
old  scedliDji.     2s.  per  1000. 

TRANSPLANTED  SCOTCH  FIRS.  —  One  year  trans- 
plantid,  nice  young  stuff,  and  well  rooted,  at  5s,  per  1000, 

JDDD'S  GIaNT  asparagus.— An  immense  stock  of  fine 
roots.     Two  years,  la.  Gd.  per  100  ;    three  years,  2s.  Gd.  per  100, 

SEAKALE  ROOTS,  3s.  6d.  per  100  ;  stronger,  5s.  per  100, 

Apply  to  Willi  Ail  E,  Rendle  and  Cj.,  Nurserymen, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  IN  THE  TEAR  1736. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 
SUDBURY,    SUFFOLK. 

BASS  AND  BROWN'S  ANNUAL  SEED  AND 
PLANT  LIST  FOR.  185-2.  A  few  more  newspaper- 
stamped  copies  can  be  supplied  ;  also  stnmpt-d  copies  of  the 
Autumn  Catalogue,  which  -contains  tho  Roses,  Herbaceous 
Hardy  IMauf.'i,  a  few  select, and  ijew  Shrubs,  Hardy  Climbers, 
Prize  Goostberries,  &c. 

ASSORTMENTS  OF  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

For  more  detailed   statement,    see  Gardenci-s' Ckronidc  of 

Jan.  3l8t,  and  Feb,  7[,h  and  21st. 

No.  1  Collection  £2  10    0 

No.  2        do.  1  10    0 

No.  3        do.  10    0 

No.  4        do.  0  10    6 

FLOWER  SEEDS  FRElE   BY  POST. 

Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raisiuj;  seeds 

cent    with    each   order. 

Best  Assohtments. 

100  varieties  of  best  and  newest  Annuals  ^0  15  0 

50  varieties,  Ss.  Gd    ;  :'0  varieties,  6s.  Gd.;  20  varieties  0     4  0 
20  varieties   of  best  D  varf  Annuals,  larg.e  packets, 

for  fiUiiig  out  latya-'lieds,  &c.        ..." 0    7  6 

.12  vacie:ies.  do.        ...     .  .,.^  ■ :    ...     ■,-'>.. 0    5  0 

50  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhoiisi   /*  uDuals     ...  0     7  8 

12  varieties,  do 0     5  0 

20  varieties  of  choice  and  new  Greeuhouse  Perennials  0  10  G 

12  varieties,  do 0     7  6 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Biennials  and  Perennials  0    7  6 

12  varieties,  do 0    5  0 

CHOICE  IMPORTED  GERMAN  SEEDS. 

A  superb  collection  of  Stocks,  Asters.  Wallflower,  Lark- 
spur, Bal-am^,  Sentcio,  Zinnia,  Cockscomb,  Indian  Pink,  ifcc. 
See  Catalogue,  page  4. 

GRASS  SEEDS, 

Assorted  and  mised,  of  the  very  best  sorte,  for  the  purposes 
required. 

Mixtures  for  permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawns,  Bowling-greens,  &,c. ;  also  Mixturts 
to  suit  all  sails  and  eituiitions. 

For  Priced  List  of  Graeses,  see  our  Seed  and  Plant  List, 
page  H,  by  which  each  sort  may  be  had  sepaiately. 
TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE-GRASS,  ENGLISH  and  IMPORTED. 

i^=  Our  Mixtures  of  Grasses  have  giveu  the  highest  satis- 
faction. 

Remitiances  required  from  uaUnowo  correspondents.  Post- 
office  orders  to  be  made  pajable  to  Bass  and  Brown,  or  to 
Stephen  Brown.  Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich, 
Norwich,  or  acy  station  on  the  same  Hoe. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF   A  CENTURY. 


SEAKALE. 

HUGH  LOW  AND  CO.  have  to  offer  a  quantity  of  fine 
Roots  of  the  above,  at  from  5s.  to  73.  Cd,  per  luO. 
Clapton  Nursery,  Feb.  28. 


QEEDS  DIRECT    FROM   THE  GROWERS  THE 

O  MOST  CERTAIN  MEANS  OF  PREVENTING  DISAP- 
POINTMENT.—The  Garden  Seeds  grown  in  Kci-kshire  and 
the  Southern  Countii^s  havinpobtained  great  celebrity,  we  have 
made  such  arrangements  with  Messrs,  PiCKi''oaD  and  Co.  (who 
have  Offices  on  ni'ist  of  tho  great  lines  of  Railway),  as  will 
enable  UB  to  DELIVER  OUR  ROODS  FRl'.E  OF  CARRIAGE 
to  most  parts  of  the  United  Kiogdom.  Particuhirs  may  be 
obtained  by  post,  on  application  to  us,  addressed  John  Sutton 
and  Sons,  Seed  Qrowera,  Reading,  Berks, 


NEW    CALCEOLARIAS. 

MR.  HENRY  MAJOR,  Knosthorpe,  near  Leeds, 
begs  to  announce  that  a  Descriptive  List  of  his  spk'udid 
new  Shrubby  CALCK()LAHI AS  is  now  ready,  and  may  bo  had 
on  appHcutioo  as  above.  Letters  to  be  prepaid.  Very  seh  c 
Caicrrolarla  Seed,  '2a.  Gd.  per  packet;  very  select  Pansy  seed, 
2s.  Gd.  per  packet ;  first.rate  PaoHies,  from  \s.  to  28.  Cd.  each. 


DOWNIE  AND  LAIRD,  Seedsmkn  and  Florist-s, 
heg  to  intimate  ih-it  their  NEW  LIST  OF  FLURISTV 
FLOWERS  FOR  1852  ia  now  ready,  and  may  bo  had  on  appli- 
cation.—17,  South  Fredorick-Blroet,  Edinburgh,  Feb.  28. 


CHOICE    ANEMONES    AND    RANUNCULUSES 

HiioiiM)  i{|';  p!,ANTt:i)  wiriiour  iiioimv. 

pAUEY  TYSO,  Flouiht,  i^c,  Wnliingford,  Bcvkn, 

V-/   run  «tlll  Hiijjply  !iHK>riinciit.'<,  per  po-t.  In  largu  or  omuM 
fiuanfitW-rt,  to  suit  purchosfirs. 

ANEMONMH.  20  Ihio  named  variotlofl       la.  Cd.  to  H)a. 

RANUNCULUSES.  25  do Vis.  to  U. 

Tniporfcd  G^;(IMAN  STOCKS,  ASTKRS,  ZINNIAS,  BAL- 
KA.M^,  HALPIGLOS^LS,  &c,,  Is.  U.  and  -li.  Gd,  per  named 
a»wn  tm<*nt. 

OcnerfU  Peicrtptivc  Catalogue  of  FlorhW  FlowcrB,  also  of  Flower 
ib'ecUr,  wl'i  Oe  unt  on  receipt  of  two  label  \ 


WHITE    MULBERRY    TREES,   expressly    culti- 
va'ed  to  promote  the  tucces-ftil  rearing  ol' the  Silkworm 
in  Great  Britain,  at  the  follotviog  prices  ptr  hundred  :  — 
4  in.  I  G  in.  I  12  in,  I  18  in.  |  2  fr.  I  3  ft.  I  4  fr.  I  5  ft. 
5s.    I     Gs.    I    lOs.    I    12s.    I   153.  I   20a.  |   253.  |  30s. 
Cuttings  of  tha  Morus  muUicauHs,  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
4s.  per  hundred  ;   Silkworms'  E^'gs,  Is.  6./;  per  thousand,  best 
quality- — Ad'iress,  Mr.  Chaslw^iod,  Covent  Garden,  London  j 
or  Mr.  George  Balchin,  Godalming,  Surrey, 


THE     SUPERIOR     QUALITY    OF     SUTTONS' 
H0.\1E-GR0WN    SEEDS. 

Our  attention  has  been  called  to  an  article  in  tlie 
Gardeners  and  Farmers^  Journal  of  January  IJth, 
written  hy  Mr.  Joseph  Newton,  gardener  to  J.  Harvey^ 
Esq.,  of  Ichioellhiry  House,  near  Blt^gleswade,  who  has 
had  our  No.  I  coll eciion  for  several  years  successively. 

The  whole  article,  headed  "  Horicultural  Experiments,"  at 
page  35,   is  highly  interesting,  but  for  economy  of  space  we  ^ 
make  only  the  following  extract : — 

*'  No.  1  was  beRUQ  in  the  autumn,  1819,  and  ended  February, 
1851.  Iron  buttom,  kitchen  g;trden,  nor  h  quarter,  belonging 
to  John  Harvey,  Esq.,  Ickvpellbuiy,  Bedfordshire.  Notice  of 
the  crops  :  ground  planted  Oct.,  1819,  with  Sdttons'  (of 
Reading)  TiiPEarAL  Cabbage,  whifh  was  sown  July  20  h  of  the 
same  year — 14,520  plants  per  acre;  sold  all  as  Cabbage  by 
May  lOch,  for  3ni  5s.  I  tried  t^O  of  tho  best  old  and  new  kinds, 
which  were  treated  all  in  the  same  way,  in  order  to  see  which 
was  the  best.  I  did  not  find  one  in  a  hundred  run  to  seed.  The- 
seed  was  sown  in  the  middle  of  July.  Suttons' Impebial  loas 
the  Best  Cabbage  to  ctU  early  ;  it  is  large,  uiild  in  flavour,  and  if 
left,  will  cut  a  good  second  crop  in  summer.— The  gruund  was 
g5t  ready  fov  Celery  hv  May  14ih,  1350;  the  crop  of  this  was 
sold  by  FebriKtry,  1851.  for  201.  Gs.  Sd.  ;  the  Celery  ridges 
planted  May  lOtti  to  17th,  ISol,  with  Sdtions'  White  Cos 
Lettuce,  that  had  been  sown  in  the  opi-u  ground  March  1, 
1850  ;'  the  crop  sold  by  July  23,  for  201.  17s.  9)d.  Totil  produce 
for  16  montliH.  85/.  ds.  5ld.  Stitions'  White  Cos  Lettuce  is  the 
best  I  have  seen  ;  it  was  Jit  for  table  ten  days  {in  Jidy)  b'^fore  Ady's 
Cos,  Paris  Cos,  old  Driuahead  or  Bath  Cos.  All  had  the  same 
care.  It  grows  upright,  wants  no  tying,  and  will  grow  a  close 
Cabbage  without;  uitificial  aid.  Six  Lettuces  wtre  grown  in- 
tho  space  of  on«  yjird,  and  weif{bed.  on  (he  average,  3  lbs.  each, 
aft^r  the  roo  K  wei.' cue  and  the  wjis'e  lekv.  s  taken  ofl";  with 
tho  roots  and  leaves,  they  wei]ihed  -^  Ihs.  each,  after  the  roots 
were  washed.  The  roots  and  leaves  were  left  on  the  ground, 
which,  at  18  lbs.  per  yard,  produced  38  tons  17  cwt.  3  qrs, 
"22  lbs.  per  acre ;  and  had  all  tlie  ground  been  Lettuce,  in  10 
weeks  from  the  time  it  uas  ijlunted  it  would  have  been  worth 
Ifji.  Gs.  Sd.  at  id.  per  d-.zen.  JosbPH  Newton, 

Gardener  to  J.  Harvey,  Esq.,  IcUwellbury^ 
Biggleswade,  Ued-^." 

N.B.  Tlie  Lettuces  and  Cabbages  above  alluded  to  are 
included  {with  all  other  Kitchen  Garden  Seeds  equally 
good)  in  each  of  our  Collections:  price  "21.  IO5.,  1/.  lOs.j 
\l.  \s.,and  12s.  Qd.  ;  and  tJiey  may  also  he  had  separately, 
post  free,  in  good  sized  packets,  Is,  each,  to  be  prepaid 
for  in  postage  stamps. 

Address  John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growerd,  Reading»- 
Berka. 

NOTICE.— Tlie  following  New  and  Superh  varietico 
of  SEEDS  cau  be  Witrranted  to  give  saiisfacCi' n  to  all 
purchasers,  viz.  : 

HOLLYHOCK   SEED. 

This  beauliful  flower,  from  which  a  qunnti(y  of  good  sound 
seed  has  been  procured  from  a  gentleman  amateur  grower,  who 
has  one  of  the  most  t-uperb  and  choice  colleci  ions  in  cultivation  ; 
the  Seed  hiiving  hi-eu  selected  with  every  cnre  and  attintion,  it 
can  be  confideutly  recommended.    Sold  at  2s.  Gd.  per  packet,. 

GERMAN    ASTER    SEED. 

This  variety  ha",  wUliiu  the  I;i3t  iew  yearn,  been  awarded 
upwards  of  60  different  prizes,  and  which  s'ands  unrivalled  for 
its  superiority  ot  fl'wer,  the  shspe  uf  which  forms  half  a  globe, 
and  has  been  the  admiration  of  numberless  .■spectators.  There 
are  from  20  to  30  varieties.    Is.  per  packet. 

SWEET   WILLIAM    SEED. 

Saved  from  86  superb  varieties.  The  fliiwers  are  very  large, 
splendid  coliiu'H,  and  of  dwarf  habit.  They  were  much  ad- 
mired when  ill  bloiini  by  countless  spectntors,  and  the  seed 
numerously  otdcrt-d  by  them.     Is.  per  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM    SEED. 

This  has  been  selocti'd  with  tho  greatest  cure  fiom  some  of 

the  iiuoHt  and  most  superb  varieties  ever  grown,  both    as  to 

sbiipo,  colour,   and  hubit  of  plant.     There  are  more  than  50 

diatinct  and  d  lit; root  varioues,     la.  p(u*  packet. 

EXTRA     FINE     CIANT     SCARLET     BROMPTON 
STOCK     SEED. 

Unrivalled  for  its  f-upi'rior  cize  and  bright  flttarlet  colour, 
also  beauiifuHy  double  ;  length  of  the  spike  of  llowor  from  15 
to  20  inchcp.  Lurgo  (lacHots  Is.  tacii  ;  or,  if  preferred,  a 
packet  of  oueli  of  too  abovu  will  he  hcnt,  poatiige  and  package 
free,  for  Us. 
WulLhoron  Cauliflower  Broccoli  (as  imported)  Is.  per  packet. 

Tainwbnh  Broccoli  Is.  ,, 

Wilcove  iJro.  coll       la.  ,, 

Cole's  superb  Hoiid  Ctdery ...  Gd.         „ 

iJutli    Cos    Lei  luce    Seed,   true;    tho  best  nnil 

llnoHt  llnvouicd  Letiuco   Seed  in  cultivation  I3.  ,^ 

Vigetahlo  Murrow  St  cd,  of  very  superb  vuilety 

und  dellidoiib  fltivour        ...         .,,         ...         ..,  Gd.         ,, 

A  remittance  must  ttccompiiny  the  ordrr  from  nil  unknown 
( orrunpondentB,  eiilior  by  Pobt-offiio  ordL-r  or  poiiny  poctago 
HtiiinpH,  on  ruui.lpt  of  wiiii:h  the  Seodd  ifhull  be  unuiediotoly 
sent. 

Hold  hy  Rdwaud  Tjley,  Nurgci'iman,  Seedsman  and  Florist 
II,  Abb.y  Cuurchiuid.  Butb, 


130 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Feb.  21, 


NEW     ROSES. 
LANE  AND  SOW,  Great  Berkliampstead,  Herts, 
•  have  the  pleasure  to  offer  the  undermentioned  ROSE.S, 


H 

pood  Dwarf  Plants,  ay  per  prices  affixed  : 
Aususte  Mie      7s.  6d.lvO 


09y  btiish,  lar^^'o,  globular,  and 
beuuiifal. 
,  3     6      Cberrj  red,  very  lively  colour. 
,  3     6      Crimson,  large  and  very  fine, 
,  5     0      Blusli.beautidilly  cupped,  large, 

and  very  double. 
,  2    0'     Bv'aQtital  dwUcate  pinlc,   largo 

and  distinct, 
.  3     0      Rose,  Pery  large  and  double. 
.  1    6     Vermilion,  compact,  and  beau- 

tilul. 
.  3    6      Ko-y  blush,  very  double,  large 
and  beautiful. 
6      Sh  tded    luke,    expanded,    and 

very  large. 
0      Bright  rosy  pinlt,  very  distinct 

and  good, 
0     Crimson  bike,  compactand  fine. 
6      Rose,  globular  and  fine. 
G     Crimson      Like,      Imge      and 
splendid. 
Hybrid  Bourbon,  Paul)  2    gf  D^-'ep  carmine,   globular,    and 

llicaut  J  [      very  btautiful. 

M.EBLaneii      1    6     Beautiful      shaded      carmine, 

cuppeJ,  large  and  double. 

SELECTION  LEFT  TO  II.  LANE   AND  SON. 

Standards,  of  the  most  superior  ports,  per  dozen 18s. 

Tall  Standards,  6  to  8  feet  high,   Weeping  or  Fountain 

HoeeB,  per  dozen  ...         ...         ...         ...     5^s. 

Dwarfs,  of  the  most  puperior  sorts,  per  dozen        ...  10s.  to  I85. 
Dwarfs,  establiahed  in  large  pots,  for  immtdiato  forcing, 

per  dozen 2I3. 

They  also  have  a  very  large  stock  of  ETGRGREEN  TREES 
and  SHRUBS,  suitable  for  immediate  eifect  in  making  new 
Plantations,  Avenues,  *bc.,  every  plant  forming  a  specimen; 
and,  as  a  more  ready  puiie.  have  selt^cted  the  foUoTving,  the 
different  varieties  of  which  will  be  found  under  their  respective 
heads  in  Catalogue  of  Trees  and  Shrubs. 
Feet. 


Auguste  1 

ApoUon 

BironneHillez 
Caroline  de  Sausal 

Chateaubriand ... 

Chcreau 

Ge.iut  de  Battailles 


General  Negrier 

GerciedeOhateaubriand  1 

Madame  deLamoriciere  3 

Piu5  the  Ninth 2 

Princess  Bt-lj  ojoso      ...  1 
Standard  of  Marengo...  2 


Arbor. Vitaj 2  to  8 

Arbutus         3  to  5 

Araucaria  i  i.bricata     2  to  3^ 

Cedru-  Deodara       ...     2  to  6 

,,     Libanu^  ...     2  to  5 

Crypfomeriajiponica    2  to  8 

2  to  5 

2  to  4 

2  to  4 

2  to  G 


Pinus  Cembra 

„    excelsa  (Bne)  . 

,,     insignia 

,,     Pinaster 

,,     Weymouth 
Abies  Douglasii 


Feet. 

2  to  3| 

3  to  4 
2  to  3^ 

2  to  3 

3  to  6 
3  to  7 


HeiniocU Spruce   5  to  7 


Cypress 

Holly,  green 2  to  4  ,,     Kutrow            ...     2  to  3 

„     variegated       ...     2  to  4  „     Morinda           ...     3  to  4 

Jumper           2  to  G  ,,     Menziesii         ...     3  to  4 

)i    Virginian  or  Red  ,,     Spruce*            ...     3  to  5 

Cetiar,  Bplindid  Rhododendrons        ...     2  to  8 

plants 3  to  5  Taxodium       semper. 

Kalmia  latifolia      ...  3  virens  2  to  5 

Laurel,  common      ...     3  to  5  Tew,  common           ...     4  to  6 

„     Portugal  (fine).     3  to  5      '     ,,     Irish      3  to  7 

Phillyrea  illicifolia...    3  to  5 

*  These,  the  common  Spruce  Fir,  in  two  varieties,  the  white 
and  black,  are  splendid  plants,  busby,  according  to  their  height. 

CataJogues  may  be  had  on  app  licatiun,  by  enclosing   two 
postage  stamps. 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Wellington-road  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  vpill, 
on  and  affer  the  1st  of  May,  1852,  oomrnence  sending  out  the 
following  NEW  FUCHSIAS,  the  entire  stock  of  which  they  are 
the  sole  proprietors. 

FUCHSIA  SPLENDIDISSIMA.— Unrivalled  first-class  show 
flower,  for  exhibition  purposes  ;  the  flowers  of  large  size  and 
great  substance;  scpils  well  reflexed,  with  fine,  smooth, 
crimson  tube,  and  birge  vio'et-purp  e  corolla;  the  plant  of 
good  habit  and  free  flower;  altogether  this  is  a  very  superior 
variety.    li*s.  6d. 

F.  COMMODORE.— A  noble  and  very  distinct  bold  flower, 
of  great  sizM  and  substance,  with  exfra  broad  sepals  and  bright 
caiminetube;  a  uplendid  large  corolla,  of  rich  plum  colour, 
and  good  habit  of  growth  ;  a  first-rate  ahow  plant.     10s.  Grf. 

F.  GEM  OF  THE  SEASON.— Of  excellent  h. bit,  and  most 
profust'  flowerer,  in  large  spikes  of  very  full  ample  blooms  of 
great  size  and  subetanL-e,  glossy,  smoofh,  rich  crimson  tube, 
and  deep  purple  corolla  ;  a  most  desiiab'eshow  Fuchsia.  7s. Gd. 

F.  PENUULA.  —  A  middle-siz-id  flower,  tuba  and  sepals  of  rich 
crimson,  and  vio'et-purple  corolla  ;  habit  of  the  plant  pyra- 
midal, with  pendulous  branches,  unique  in  character  and  ap- 
pearance from  all  other  Fuchsias.     7s,  6d. 

F.  EXQUISITE.— The  very  acme  of  perfection  in  the  class 
of  reflexed  Fuchsias,  the  sepals  fall  so  Vtry  gracefully  back- 
wards, and  the  flowers  are  so  truly  proportioned,  that  it  is  per- 
fectly symmetrical  in  form  ;  flowers  of  middle  size,  with  bright 
pctrlet  tube,  and  violet-purple  corolla ;  aperfectmodelinahape. 
73.  6d. 

The  above  five  show  Fuchsias  for  i^s. 

F.  HENDERSONII.— A  novel,  distinct,  and  very  double 
variety;  tube  and  sepals  deep  crimson,  beautifully  reflexed- 
the  corolla  a  globular  mass  of  tine  purple  petals  ;  middle- 
sized  flower,  with  graceful  habit  of  growch  ;  the  semi-double 
varieties  at  present  in  cultivation  in  contrast  with  this  will 
bear  no  comparison.     155. 

The  above  six  new  Fuchsias  will  be  found  admirably  adapted 
for  exhibition  purposes,  and  will  be  found  very  superior  in 
quality  to  all  those  hitherto  grown  for  this  purpose,  We  pur- 
chased the  stock  as  follows  : — Three  of  the  above  kinds  from 
Mr.  Thomas  Whal  ey,  nur^er.vraan,  Liverpool,  and  raised  by  his 
manager,  Mr.  John  South;  and  the  other  tbree  from  a  cele- 
brated amateur  in  the  narth  of  England. 

BEDDING    CLASS    OF   FUCHSIAS   FOR   1852. 

F.  GLOBOS\  PKRFECTA.-A  p..-rtectglobe  in  shape,  with 
a  remarkable  small  slender  tube;  the  numerous  and  very 
bsautitui  blooms  hang  long  on  the  plant  before  it  expands, 
Tvith  a  dwarf,  bushy,  spreading  liabit,  which  renders  this  very 
attractive,  especially  when  covered  with  its  hundreds  of 
graceful  pendant;  balls  of  rich  crimson  with  deep  purple 
corolla.    7s  ^d. 

F.  Darling. — a  very  dwarf  cpreading  bushy  pl.int,  not 
exceeding  18  inches  in  height,  and  exceedingly  beautiful,  when 
the  plant  is  lirerally  covered  with  very  handsome  reflexed 
flowers  of  the  finest  shape;  tube  and  eepiils  bright  crimson, 
■with  violet-purple  corolla;  a  lovely  Fuchsia  in  miniature.  7s.  6d. 
on  ■ '  u^^- — *^'  ^  ^"®*  dwarf,  bushy  habit  of  growt'i,  18  to 
-0  inches  in  height,  profu=;ely  loa'ied  with  tine  reflexed  flowera 
Of  dark  crimson,  and  violet-purple  corolla.     7s.  Gd. 

The  above  three  Bedding  Fuchsias  for  205. 

This  new  clas^  has  Ion?  been  wanted  to  decorate  the  par- 
terre, from  the  extreme  dwarf,  tiracelul,  and  bushy  habit  of 
growth,  and  that  when  covered  with  mjriads  of  distinct  per- 
lect  shaped  flowers  in  miniature,  with  clear  well  defined 
colours,  will  undoubtedly  render  these  to  b«  universal  favourites 
atld  in  future  to  rank  equal  to  any  bedding  other  plant  in 
cultivation.  Thepe  were  al.o  purchased  from  the  same  parties 
as  we  received  the  show  kinds,  and  the  whole  of  the  above 
were  carelully  selected  from  up-vards  of  1800  hybridised 
seedlings.  •" 

A  continuation  of  other  new  plants  will  be  published  next 
Tveek. 


CHOICE      PLANTS. 

YO  U  E  L  L  AND  CO.  beg  to  call  attention  to  the 
following:  — 

CAMELLIAS,  in  very  superior  kinds,  vsith  flower-buds,  30s. 
per'.dozen. 

Vo^  fine  healthy  plants;  of  choice  and  new  varieties,  with- 
ou''  flo^ver-bud9,  21s.  per  dozen. 

EPACRIS,  fine  bu  by  plants,  Jn  largd  IS's  of  the  handsomest 
varieties,  full  of  flower,  ds.  per-doz^u. 

API1ELEX13,  in  six  best  sorts,  large  bushy  plants,  in  large 
43*B,  r.overed  with  flower-buds,  lis.  perdozon. 

ERICAS,  fine  busby  blooming  plants,  of  choice  varieties, 
principally  in  large  48  8,  Os.  per  dizen. 

COHR^  A  speciosa  major,  bicolor,  and  Cooperii,  fine  flower- 
ing piHUis,  9s.  per  dozen. 

ERYTHUINA  LAURIFOLIA,  strong  2-jear  plants,  12^. 
per  dozen. 

CINERARIAS,  new  and  extra  fine  sorts,  good  plants,  in 
large  43'Sr  9s  per  dozen. 

ESCALLONIA  MACRANTHA,  the  finest  perhaps  of  the 
new  Hardy  Shrubs,  strong  plants,  9s.  per  dozen. 

BERBERIS  DARWINII,  plants  well  eetablished,  18s. 
per  dozen. 

CaNTCA  DEPENDENS,  autumn  struck,  ISs.  perdozm. 

CALCeOLARlA  "SULTAN,"  splendid  daik  variety,  ds. 
per  dozpn. 

GLOXINIAS,  the  best  sorts,  large  flowering  bulbs,  9s, 
per  dozen. 

0XALI3  FLGRIBUN'DA,  one  of  our  handsomest  hardy 
herbaceous  plants,  1  xcellent  for  bedding,  6s.  per  dozen. 

DIRLTTRA  SPECTAR1LI3,  strong  plants,  5s.  per  dozen. 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUii  ALBUM,  good  flowering  bulbs, 
6s.  to  ds.  per  doz. 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  RUBRUM,  good  flowering  bulb3, 
12s.  per  doz, 

LILIUM  EXIMIUM  and  LONGIFLORUM,  good  flowering 
bulbs,  63.  per  dozen. 

LILT  OP  THE  VALLEY,  B^rong,  5s.  per  100. 

NEW  FRENCH  AND  BELGIAN  DAISIES,  in  50  best  sorts, 
9s<  per  dozen. 

CHOICE  FRUITS. 

TRUE  FASTOLFF  RASPBERRY. 

T.  and  Co.  beg  to  announce  they  are  now  executing  orders 
for  the  above  in  fine  Ftrong  Canes  of  the  name  stock  as  they  had 
the  honour  of  supplying  her  Majesty's  Gardens  and  most  of  the 
Nobility.     15s  per  100. 

Fine  large  WHITE  RASPBERRY.  3s.  per  doz. 

PEiCHES,  N  EOT  ARINES,  and  APRICO  IS,  4  years  trained, 
and  forward  for  bearing,  5s.  each. 

CHERRIES  and  PLUMs,  4  years  trained,  3/.  Gd.  each, 

PEARS  and  APPLES,  hn-i  espalier,  24s.  per  doz. 

Tlie  above  are  of  the  most  .-eiect  kinds,  and  worked  from  the 
S'ock  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London,  and  are  war- 
ranted correct  to  their  sorts. 

STURMER  AND  ANGLESEA  PIPPIN,  fine  Espalier,  24s. 
per  doz. ;  standardn.  Is.  Gd  ,  Dwarfs,  Is.  each, 

GOOSEBERRIES,  in  3G  of  the  best  kinds,  selected  for  size 
and  flavour,  3s.  fid.  per  doz. 

CURRANTS,  improved  large  White  Dutch,  4s.  per  doz. 
„  Black  Naples.  4s.  per  doz. 

„  Large  Red  Grape,  2s.  Gd.  per  doz. 

,,  Victoria  or  Rabv  Castle,  very  fin  ired,  4s.  p.  doz. 

RHUBARB,  fine  roots  fit  for  Forcing,  tbc.,  comprising 
MitcheL's  Royal  Albert,  95  per  doz, ;  Myatt's  Linnaaus,  9s.  per 
doz,  ;  Myatt's  Victoria  (the  largestj,  9s.  per  doz. ;  Tobolok, 
6s.  per  doz. 

ASPARAGUS,  Giant  (stiong),  2  and  3  years,  2s.  6d.  and 
3s.  Gd.  per  100. 

SEAliALE,  Is.  per  doz. 

KOriES,  Staodards  and  Half-standards,  of  the  very  best  BortB 
in  cultivation.  12s.  to  15s  ptr  doz. 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  2^  to  4  feet,  strong,  35s.  per  1000,  or 
-is.  per  100. 

All  orders  of  '21.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any 
Raihoay  Station  loitliin  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth, 


rjANDALL'S  PROLIFIC  RHUBARB.— lu  sub- 
J-V  mittiiig  the  above  to  the  public,  E.  R.  bej^s  to  state  that 
while  posses»ing  all  the  qualities  of  M>att*B  Linnsus,  it  ia  nine 
days  earlier,  ot  superior  flavour,  upright  in  growth,  and  pro- 
ducing large  stems,  all  of  equal  size.  Roots  2s.  Gd.  each,  to  be 
obtained  at  the  principal  Setd  houses  in  London,  and  of 
Edward  Randall,  Loughbarou^h  Gardens,  Brixton,  Surrey. 
Orders  accompanied  wiih  a  remitianca  will  be  promptly 
attended  to. 

N.B,  The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 


"THE   GOLDEN    BALL," 

UNEQUALLED  NEW  YELLuW  MELON. 

EDWARD  TILEY  respectfully  informs  Melon 
grower^  and  others  generally,  that  he  has  been  successful 
in  procuring  the  whole  stock  of  seed  of  the  above  beautiful 
and  unequalled  Melon,  "The  Golden  Ball,"  which  has  been 
thoroughly  proved  by  an  eminent  Melon  grower,  and  ac- 
knowledged by  all  who  saw  and  testtd  the  same,  to  b,'  one  of 
the  finest  flavoured  yellow  Melons  ever  known  ;  its  qualities 
are  as  follows  :  fruit,  very  handsome  ;  colour,  when  ripe,  deep 
orange ;  shape,  perfectly  round ;  hollow  crown,  very  thin 
skin  ;  flei^h,  firm  and  very  solid,  and  of  superior  melting  flavour  ; 
free  setter  and  prolific  bearer;  weit:ht  from  3  to  4  lbs.  The 
contrast  of  this  yeilow  Melon  wnen  set  on  a  table  with  a  green- 
flesh  Melon  has  a  most  striking  effect,  and  every  parson  who 
grows  the  Bromham  Hall  should  also  jcuUivate  this  one  as  its 
companion,  for  its  shape  and  perfection  in  flavour,  which  has 
proved  to  be  unequalled.  It  can  be  obtained  in  packets  of 
three  seeds  at  2s.  Gd.,  or  seveu  seeds,  5s;  or  a  packet  of  this, 
one  of  the  Bromham  Hall,  and  one  of  any  other  under- 
mentioned, for  6s.  B.  T.  feels  confident  the  above  Melon  will 
give  as  great  satisfaction  as  the  following  other  varieties 
formerly  sent  out  by  him:  —  Tiley's  Bromham  Hall  Melon 
(true),  Is.  per  packet ;  Tiley's  Qoeeu  Melon,  Is.  ditto;  Tiley's 
Eowood,  Is.  ditto;  also,  Beechwood  Melon  seed,  Is.  ditto; 
Wind-or  Prize,  Is.  ditto;  Emperor,  Is.  ditto;  Fleming's 
Trentham  Hybril  Persian,  Is.  ditto  ;  Duncan's  Green  Flesh, 
Is.  ditto  ;  Hampton  Court,  Is.  ditto  ;  Egyptian  (Improved),  Is. 
ditto;  Blackhall's  Green  Flesh,  Is.  ditto;  Btiiley's  Green 
Flesh,  Is.  do.  ;  Camerton  Court,  Is. ;  Victory  of  Bath,  2s.  Gd.  do. 

TILEY'S     NEW     CUCUMBER    **  CAPTIVATION,"    three: 
seeds,   5s,,  or  five  seedB,   7s.  Gd,  \   also   "Phenomenon,"  six] 
seed^,  2s.  fid  ;  or  this  and  one  of  Captiva'ion,  for  6s  ;  also  Cham- 
berlain's  E.>sex   Hero,   four  seeds,    3s     Gd;  Huntei's    Prolific, 
three  seeds,  25.  Gd.,  or  seven  seeds,   Ss  ;  Lord  Keynon's    Fa- 
vourite, Is,  per  packet;  Victory  of  Bath,   Is.  ditto;  Gordon's 
White  Spine,   Is.  ditto;    Hamilton's    Black    Spine,    Is.    ditto;' 
Conqueror  of  the  West,  Gd,  ditto;  Butcher's    Scratford-upon- ' 
Avon,  fid.  ditto;  and  oumi-rous  other  older  varieties,    at  Gd.  1 
ditto.    For  further  paraculars  of  the  above  Cucumbers,  see  I 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  January  3,  1852,  | 

N.B.  A  packet  ot  "  The  Golden  Ball"  Melon  and  a  packet  | 
of  Captivation  Cucumber,  can  be  sent  for  6s.  A  remittance  , 
must  accompany  ihe  order  from  unknown  Correspondents,  ' 
either  by  Post-office  order  or  penny  postage  stamps,  when  | 
the  whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above,  as  toe  case  may  be,  ' 
will  immediately  be  forwarded  free  to  any  part.  { 

Edward  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14,  ' 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Somerset.  | 


CUCUMBERS     AND     POTATOES. 
TAMES    LAKE,    Nurseryman,    &c.,     Bridgewater, 

*^  Somerset,  b-gfi  to  off.;r  to  thi  public  his  Seedling  FIFTY- 
FOLD  KIDNEY  POTATO,  six  tuher-t  of  whi'h  were  sent  to 
Dr.  Lindley  (April  29,  1850),  and  produced  312  ;  quality  very 
good.  M*ny  other  references  since  tlteo  can  be  given, — Price 
2s.  fid.  per  peck,  or  8s.  per  bushel,  — J.  L.  baring  grown  from 
15  to  20  lights  of  ABAN'S  "COf^QUEROR  OF  I'HE  WEST" 
CUCUMIiER  successfully  for  four  years,  can  with  confidence 
recommend  it  as  one  of  tbebast  kinds  in  cul  ivation. —Packets, 
containing  15  seids.  Is.  each.  The  Trade  suftphed.  London 
Agents,  HufisT  and  M'Mullen,  6,  Leadenhall-street. 

SPLEJSJDID    DOUBLE    HOLLYHOCK   AND    NEW 
FRENCH    QUILLED    ASTER. 

ARCHIBALD  WOOD,  in  submitting  the  above  to 
the  public,  pledges  h  mself  they  will  give  the  highest 
satisfaction.  The  Hollyhock  was  saved  trou  12  of  the 
CTCvrest"  and  beat  varieties  out.  The  Aster  is  truly  splendid, 
many  of  the  blooms  last  season  being  nearly  as  large  as  good 
sized  D;ihiia~. — Packets  of  each  free  by  post,  for  5s  ,  or  sepa- 
rately, 2s  Gd.,  or  the  amount  in  postage  stamps.  The  Btock  of 
seed  being  limited,  early  orders  are  solicited. 
Barbouroe  Nursery,  Worcester,  Feb.  23. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London, 
Flobist  by  appjIntment  to  HEa  Maje-tt  the  Queen, 
and  to  His  Majestt  the  King  of  S^xont,  begs  to  say 
ihit  bia  Spring  Catalogue  of  PELARGONIUMS  and  NEW 
PLANTS  is  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  b.v  post  on  application. 

GLADIOLUS    WELLINGTON. 

MESSRS.  COLE  AND  SHARP  liave  been  kindly 
favoured  by  J.  Willmore,  E^q.,  with  the  stock  of  the 
above  beautiful  SEEDLING,  which  they  now  ofl'er  to  the  public. 
WELLINGTON  was  exhibited  at  a  meetiog  of  the  National 
Floricultural  Society,  Sept.  4,  and  received  a  Certificate  of 
Meri',  with  the  following  description  : — Colour,  brilliant  orange 
scariet ;  form  fine  ;  eubsiance  good;  flowers  abundant;  also 
forming  the  subject  for  the  plate  for  the  February  Number  of 
"  The  Garden  Companion  and  Florist  Guide."  Strong  flower, 
ing  Bulbs,  10s.  Gd.  each.  CINERARIA  MISS  TALBOT,  the 
best  of  its  class;  pure  white  ground,  slightly  margined  with 
lilac  purple;  quite  distinct.  Strong  plants,  7s.  fid.  each; 
smaller  ditto,  5s  Liberal  allowance  to  the  Trade.  New  and 
beautitul  DAHLIA,  "  LIZZY."  Messrs.  C.  and  S.  also  begto 
state  that  they  have  purchased  the  entire  Stock  of  the  above, 
named  flower,  from  Mr.  J.  C.  Perry,  which  they  purpose  send- 
ing out  in  May  next.  Fur  description  and  character,  seefuture 
Advertisement. — Asfon-lane  Nursery,  Birch-ield,  Birmingham, 

IMPORTANT   SALE   OF    NURSERY    STOCK. 

WILLIAM  ANDERSON,  Nursert  and  SeedssiaNj 
Dundee,  in  consequence  of  the  currout  Lease  of  his 
present  Nursery  Ground  having  almost  expired,  has  commenced 
disposing  of  the  whole  of  bis  NURSERY  STOCK,  cmsisting  of 
Fruit  and  Forest  Trees,  Evergreen  and  Deciduous  Trees  and 
Shrubs,  splendid  Collection  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses, 
Pansies,  Carnations,  Finks,  Antirrhinums,  Hollyhocks,  Stage 
Auriculas,  Herbaceous  Plants,  Herbs,  &c.  Also  a  number  of 
Glass  Frames  ;  a  very  superior  Auricula  Stage,  will  hold  1000 
pots  of  the  usual  size  ;  a  powerful  Garden  Eugioe,  on  barrow  ; 
a  quantity  of  Paling,  a  large  Wooden  Shed,  Barrows,  Garden 
Implemeiits,&c.— Full  particulars  given  a'  the  Seed  Warehouse, 
32,  High-s  reec,  where  also  may  be  had  Descriptive  Catalogues 
for  the  current  season  of  Garden,  Flower,  and  Agricultural 
Seed-i,  Implements,  tkc. 

With  reference  to  the  above  notice,  ALEX.ANDEU  RICKARD, 
Auctioneer,  begs  to  intimate  that  he  has  received  instructions 
from  Mr,  andeeson  to  sell,  by  public  Roup,  on  the  Ground, 
Taii's-lane,  Hawkhill,  Dundee,  on  WEDNESDAY,  the  Sd  of 
March  next,  commencing  at  11  o'clock  forenoon  precisely,  aod 
following  day,  if  necessary,  the  WHOLE  STOCK  then  remain- 
ing unsold.— ^0.  2,  Bain-square,  Dundee,  Feb.  16. 
.(One  interest.) 

GERMAN  ASTER  AND  LARKSPUR  SEEDS,  ETC. 
'-PHOMAS  TAYLOR,  Nursery-Seedsman,  Weston- 

-*-  Super-Mare,  Soknerset,  respectfully  informs  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Tr.ide,  that  he  has  jusc  rec-ived  a  first-rate 
Stock  of  the  above  Seeds,  from  the  same  foreign  house  as  that 
procured  last  year,  for  the  quality  of  which  he  received  from 
his  numerous  customers  the  most  flattering  testimonials,  s.  d. 
12  Splendid  Varieties  Qiilied  Asters ...    2    6 

6  do.  do.  1    6 

12  Splendid  Globe-flowered  Asters 2    6 

6  do.  do.  1    6 

12  Splendid  new  Pyramidal  Asters 2    6 

C  do.  do.  1    6 

10  Fine  Selected  Double  Dwarf  Rocket  Larkspurs         ,.,    2    0 

5  do.  do.  do.  1    0 

N.B.  Orders  for  any  quantity  of  the  above  executed  and 
transmitted,  post  free,  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


BALSAM  SEED,  the  finest  in  the  world,  in  five 
classes  of  colours,  sealed  Packets,  with  direciioQS  for 
culture,  2s  fid.  the  five,  or  9J.  singly.  Mimulus  Gigantea, 
the  largest  in  cultivation.  Is.  to  5s.  per  plant.  DAHLIAS:  the 
Scarlet  King,  the  finest  of  its  class  ever  rd.iaed,  10s.  6d. ;  Sir  F. 
Thesiger,  Dr.  Fiampton,  Sir  Richard  Wnittmgton,  Rob,  and 
all  the  best  new  ones  at  catalogue  prices  ;  Ditto  old  favourites, 
3s.  to  9s  per  dozen.  Fuchsias,  Geraniums,  Cytisus,  Race- 
mosus.  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  generally,  bedding  out 
Scarlet  Geraniums,  23.  6d.  to  5s.  per  dozen. — Post-office  orders 
to  Charles  R.  Smallbore,  Dungannon  Nursery,  Fulham, 
payable  at  Putney,  promptly  attended  to. 


TRUE   BLUE   ORKNEY    KIDNEY    POTATOES, 

DlRtCT  FROM   ObKNET,   MAT   BE    HAD  FROM 

WILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Seedsman,    &c.,    156, 
CHEAPeiDE,  London,  price  2y.  6d.  per  peck;  they  are  a 
most  excellent  Potato,  and  well  adapted  for  any  soil.     Ash- 
leaf  Kidney  and  Flourball  Potatoes,  2s.  fid.  per  peck. 

W.  H.  begs  to  inform  those  who  may  favour  bim  with  their 
orders  for  KITCHEN  GARDEN  SEEDS,  that  he  will  eaeure 
their  being  supplied  of  the  best  quality. 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  wiUi  prices  may  he  had  on  application. 

The  loUowuig  Flower  Seeds,  done  up  in  packages   so  as  to 

he  easily   transmitlel  by  post,    are    strongly    recommended, 

having  for  several  yeavo  given  universal  satisfaction  : —      s,    d. 

25  vara.  SUPERIOR  IlAMBRO'    lO-WEEK   STOCKS     10     G 

The  same  in  smaller  packets  ...         ...         ,.,       5     6 

12      „      SUPERIOR    HAMBRO'    10-WEEK    STOCKS      3     6 

2*      „      EXTRA  FINE  GERMAN  ASTERS     5     G 

12     „  do.  do,  do.  3    6 

12      „      SPLEiSDID  ZINNIAS        2     6 

12      „      SUPERIOR  DOUBLE  ROCKET  LARKSPUR       2     9 
6      „      VERT  CHOICE  MOTTLED  BALSAMS        ...       2     6 

10  S 

5  6 

2  G 
7  0 

3  6 


SO  vara,  well-assorted  Hardy  Annuals 
25      „  do.  do. 

12  ,,  Beautiful  Hardy  Annuals  ... 
25  ,,  Perennials  (many  choice)  ... 
12      „  do.  do. 


The  above  Annuals  are  done  up  in  descriptive  labels,  giving 
the  proper  mode  of  cnltare. 

Herbaceous  and  Beddmg  Plants,  Shading  Canvass,  &c.  &c. 
— Address,  Williaii  Hamilton,  Seedsman,  <fcc.,  15G,  Cheap- 
side,'London, 


-9—1832.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


131 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 

JOHN  WATER-Eli  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hariy  Rhododendrons, 
Azileas,  Ro^es,  Conifera,  tc,  and  which  miy  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  tn-o  po'^tago  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  describi?d;  thus  purchasers  are  afftjrded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLA.NTS,  CONIFJiRS,  ROSES,  &.C.,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  applicauun,  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hosea  Wateeee,  Knap  Hill 
Nursery,  Woking.  Surrey. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appe  ir  m  this  Paper  on  the  tirst  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  wfiich  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  0RNAlIf5NTAL  PLANTS.  Tlieir  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue,  with  the  Treatise  on  the  "  Cultivation  of  American 
Plants,"  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 

Bagsbot.  Surrey.  Feb.  28. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA" 
L0(5UE  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFKRiE. 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &;o.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  BtampB, —  Windlesham  Nursery,  BaEsbot,  Surrey. 


MITCHELL'S  MATCHLESS  WINTER 
PARSLET. — J.  M.  having  saved  a  much  larger  quantity 
of  Seed  this  season  than  last,  can  offer  it  to  the  public  at  a 
much  reduced  price.  Wholesale,  to  seedsmen,  Is.  3d.  per  lb.  ; 
any  quantity  under  10  lbs.  will  be  charged  23,  per  lb.  Can  be 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  World,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-ofBce  order, 
payable  to  Juhn  Mitchell,  Ponder's-end,  Enfield,  Middlesex. 

OUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s. 
per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  frajrant  Flower  has  juat  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selected  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointmen^  at  A.  Cobbett*s  Foreign  Warehouse,  13,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Primed  regulations  for  treatmfiut  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  FarTiasap  Cheeses. 

DWARF     TRAINED     TREES     of     PEACHES, 
MOOR  PAilK  APRICOTS,  and  GREENGAGE  PLUMS, 
500  handsome  plant-'  of  each  sort  to  spare. 

BERBERIS     AQUIFOLIUM     and     BERBERIS     DULCIS, 
200,000  plants  to  spare. 

PRINCE  ALBERT  RHUBARB,  KOs.  perlftO  ;  1000  for  15Z. 
Fifcy  superb  varieties  of  HOLLYHOCKS  for  42s. 
EVERGREEN"  PRIVET,  100,000  to  spare. 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Northampton. 


EPPS'  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS.— No.   1,   containing    24    quarts   of  the  £  s.  d. 

newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers       ...  2  10    0 

S?o.  2,  in  proportionate  quantitiee 110    0 

Wo.  3,  ditto  ditto  I    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto        ^    ditto  0  12     6 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  itc.,  &e. 

The  highest  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.     Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

W.  J.  Efps  be^s  to  remark,  that  in  consequence  of  bis  being 
one  of  the  largest  Seed  Growers  in  the  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  satisfactory. 

High-fiireet  and  Rower  Nurseries.  Maidstone,  — Feb.  28. 


FINE      DOUBLE     TUBEROSES, 

43.  per  dozen,  just  imported  by 

PAGE  AND  Co.,  Seed  Merchants  to  the  Aguicul- 
TUEAL  AND    HOHIICDLTDRAL  SOCIETIES  OF  InDIA,  &C.  &.C., 
Southampton.      Priced    Lists  may  be   had  up  )n  application, 
containing  only  selected  and  approved  varieties. 
PAGE'S  BLOOD  RED  BEET,  the  finest  crimson  and  s.    d. 

be3t  sore  in  cultivation,  per  packet  1     0 

KEW  ROT\L  CABBAGE  LETTUCE,  perpacket        ...     1     0 
PAGE'S     NEW      HARDT      WINTER      WHITE     CCS 

LBTTUCii:,  per  packet  2     6 

RANDOLPH'S  GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE  (very  supe- 
rior), per  packet  1     0 

SILVER  PICKLING  ONION  OF  NOCER\,  per  packet    1     0 
NEW  EARLY  RICH  SCARLET  FORCINQ   CARROT, 

per  packet  1    0 

NEW  RED  BELGIAN  CARROT,  perpacket     0    6 

BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  warranted  true  imported,  and 

Tery  fine,  per  packet    ...         ,,,         ...         .  .         ...         ...     1     0 

Testimonials  are  unnecessary,  as  we  rely  upon  our  reputa- 
tion.— Gardeners  and  Land  Stewards*  Regibtry  Offices,  37  and 
28,  Oif  jrd-s  reet,  Southampton. 


SANGSTERS    NEW    EARLY   NO.  1  PEA. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  in  submitting  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  tb«  gr«a*e-t  confidence,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  iirst-rate  quality;  height,  2  feet, 
price  2s.  6/i.  por  quart. 

York  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  Gs.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Rndical,  Gs.  do.  A  first-rate  second  early,  Gs.  do. 
Aaieric;an  Native,  Gs.  do.  White  Bloseom  Kidney,  6fl.  do. 
Brig>jton  Pink  Kidney,  fin.  do. 

For  T'-ntlminialB,  see  Oardeners'  Cliromde,  Nov.  8,  p.  705. 

P.iBt-offiL'c  ordtTg  to  be  made  payable  ot  the  Borough  Post- 
office  to  Hat.  S*iio8TER,  and  Co.,  Nuriery  and  Seedsmen, 
Newirigtcn  Bntt«,  London.  One-buiihel  himpers  and  booking, 
It.  (id.  ;  twn.hushel,  'It.  Gd.    SaekR,  2s.  Gd.  ench. 


THE  RUSSIAN  SUPERB.— It  is  now  threo  years 
ulnce  the  production  ol  this  flplendld  VKjLRT  -  Hince 
whlcb,  plantfl  of  them  bare  been  nuppliid  cxtenttivcOy  to  all 
part*  of  llio  kingdom,  and  are  found,  ;verywtiere,  oany  to 
cntfivat«.  The  a'lvantrtg*;*  of  thig  Viol«t  nre,  that  it  blooms 
^ar  more  p»ofii-fly,  produces  a  larger  blcsnom,  and  Is  longer 
In  the  it^m  than  any  o'her  sort;  and  It  in  fully  equal  in 
fragrance  to  the  Ncapolitfin. 

li,  SnACKEtL  bnn  b'-cn  honoured  with  lie  following  gratify- 
ing notice  of  a  bouq-iet  of  these  lliwcri,  which  he  had  the 
boiWur  topreflcnt  to  ber  MuJo«ty  the  Quotn. 

"  Windsor  Cmtle,  Oct.  2S,  IfllO. 
*'  Sir,— T  hnve  received  the  commnndii  o'  the  Qooen  to  Inform 
▼on  that  your  letter  of  the  23'J  lnnt,,  togoiipr  with  a  pinnt  and 
Dooqaet  of  Vlrjletn,  have  bcftn  rt-fifllvcd,  aid  tliut  her  Mnjiiftty 
hoi  b9«n  Kmciounly  pleaded  to  nccipt  th<m.  I  nm  directed  to 
coDrey  Ui  you  her  MaJwityV  thnnkfi  tor  yoir  dttontHin. 

"  I  am,  «ir,  your  obdicut  nervnnt, 
*'  Mr.  BntTKRLL.  "  C.  H.  i'lnri-fl." 

Opinions  or  th'i  Preiin,  and  other  toitlmoiiiilH  of  hlgli  api.rovnl 
Tnty  bo  oh»nifi(rd,  by  nppllcnllon,  to  R.  UlArKRM.,  hy  whom 
tIi«»o  Vl'iUtu  am  Hupplled  ut  Gt.  pw  doZTi  (or  tttroiig  pliintd, 
pA<:kBge  free,  or  it.  per  dozon  for  MunU-r  pliintH,  which,  In 
qiiftntliie* 'if  not  liruB  than  a  dozen,  will  n-  (njpplb-d  through 
till  pott,  ffpc  of  po«trigp.  Amounts  for  1  lozf-n  may  hn  tr/in«- 
rnlttcd  bv  po«tng)' •t'lrnpt ;  for  larger  qumtlilei  by  Pt»Ht-nlllco 
order.— Direct  to  KoMEftTtJ/iAQKiLL,  LockftrookNurocry,  liatb. 


RENDLE'S    SELECT    GRASSES. 

WILLIAM  E.RENDLE  and  Co.,Seed  Merchants, 
Pltmocth, 
Have  of  late  years  paid  much  attention  to  tlieir  selection 
of  Grasses  for  Permanent  Pastures,  Sc.  They  sup- 
plied Mixtures,  last  season,  for  several  thousand  acres, 
and  have  not  had  a  failure  or  single  complaint  ;  proving, 
in  the  most  satisfactory  manner,  that  their  selections  have 
given  the  greatest  satisfaction. 

A  Descriptive  List  wiU  be  found  in  our  "Price  Current," 
copies  of  which  can  be  had  in  exchange  for  Six  Penny  Stamps. 

The  West  of  England  is  famous  for  the  PERMANENT 
QUALITY  of  its  RKD  CLOVER,  or  COW  GRASS,  tons  of 
ih«  Seed  being  dispatched  to  every  part  of  Great  Britain  every 
year,  Wt;  have  thiri  season  contrac'ed  for  a  large  stock,  and  can 
supply  ANT  qdantitt,  either  Wholesale  or  Retail,  at  the  lowest 
market  prices. 

For  Catalogues  and  further  particulars,  apply  to 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Meechants, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  1786. 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S     DWARF      MAMMOTH     KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  23.  Qd.  per  quart. 
BISHOP'S  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  quart. 
BURBIDGE'^  ECLIPSE,  I5.  perquart. 

The  above  Peas  have  bepn  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultiiral  ts'ablisbments  in  the  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  respect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER    SEEDS. 
ESCHSCHOLTZIA   CALIFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

verv  cood,  Gd.  per  packet. 
IPOMCEA  BURIIIDGIT.  splendid  bardycreeper.Gd.'per  packet. 
SaPONARTA  CALABRICA,  var.  MULTIFLORA,  one  of  the 

best  hi'dding  plan's  our,  Gii   per  packet. 
TROPiEOLU-Vl  COCCINRUM,  handsome.  Gt?.  per  packet, 
EUCilNIDEA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

Gd.  per  packet. 
GAUKA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous   plant,  Gd.  per 

packet. 

DoNCAN  Hairs  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
Fmakl  selection,  as  being  deservedly-worthy  of  universal  atten- 
tion.  Catalogues  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flower  Seeds 
forwarded  on  application. 

Soed^man  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St, 
Martin's  lane,  London. 


CAMELLIA     JAPONICA. 
r^ HANDLER  and  SONS  beg  to  invite  tlie  Nobility 

V-^    and  Genrt-y  to  an  inspecrion  of  .heir  CAVlELLI.\S,  which 
are  at  presint  in  bloom,  and  uonsuaDy  fine. 
Nurapry.  Wandsworth-rond.  L'mdon. 

/CHARLES  HOWDEN;Nurseryman  and  Seedsman, 

V-^*  53.  High-fltrept,  Belfast,  to  clear  ground  for  other  crops, 
at  hi«  Nurseries  Malone,  offers  for  sale,  and  will  ship  free  on 

board,  a*;  this  port  : —  Per  lOUO 5,  d. 

5  year-old  TMORNS,  transplanted,  strong  5     0 

5year-..ld  BEE  ;H,  ASH,  OAK,  HAZ  EL,'sYC  AMORE 

and  PRIVET,  transplante-l 12     G 

4  year-old  COMMON  LAUREL,  do "*         ""40    q 

Orders,  with  remittance  or  satisfactory  reference,  will  meet 
with  prompt  and  caridful  atten'ioa. — Belfast,  Feb.  '-!8, 

WHEELER'S     SEED     LIST. 
T     C.  WHEELER  and  SON'S  priced  List  of  Agri- 

**  *  culiuriil,  Gaidr;n,  and  Flower  Seeds  for  this  sea-ion,  is 
now  re^dy,  and  will  be  forwarded  free  to  any  address,  on  re- 
ceipt of  one  postage  stamp.  In  making  ou'-  this  list,  great  care 
has  been  taken  to  exclude  all  useless  vnrieties,  so  that  it  only 
corapriaen  the  names  of  the  best  Seeds  in  cultivation  — J.  C. 
Wheelee  and  Son,  Nurseiymer.  and  i^eedsmen  to  the  Glouces- 
tershire  Agricultural  Society,  99,  Northt,'att;-street,  Gloucester. 
Seeds  delivered,  carriage  fires,  to  most  parts  of  England  and 
South  Wales. 


SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to 
intbrm  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  new 
PRICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  185i  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postage  free,  on  application.  It  contains  a  list  of 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
together  wi'h  a  very  choice  selection  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  whicfi  are  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  of 
sowing,  and  whether  hardy,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  informa- 
tion. The  Collections  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplied  in  former 
years,  having  given  such  general  satisfaction,  they  are  again 
induced  to  offer  them  as  under  : — 
No.  1.  A  comple'c  collection  of  Vegetable  Seedsfor  £  5.  d. 
one  year's  supply  of  a  large  garden  ...2    5    0 

No.  2.  Do.  do.        in  smaller  quantities        ...  1  10    0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  l     l     0 

No.  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  0  12    6 

The  kinds  and  quantities  contained  in  each  Collection  are 
stated  in  the  Catalogue. 
Delivered,  free,  at  any  Rtation  on  the  following  Railways  : — 
Newcastle,  York,  and  Berwick  ;  North  Briasia,  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  ;  Tork  and  Scarboroui;h,  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 
Lancaster  and  Liverpool. — Gateshead  Nursery,  Feb.  28. 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  Z8,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

(  Medical  and  ChirurKlcal(iDniv.)  -1  p.h 
MoKDAT,       Marcli      1<  BnloTnoloa:lcal 3  f.u. 

(CLemical        ^  f.u. 

(  Hortirultural   3  P.M. 

TnuBn.T  _        .jjLinnean    S  p.m. 

TiuDiT.  -        .'jCivMEoelneftB     8  P.M. 

(  Pathnlu^ical S  p.u. 

Wedhegdat,    —         3 -Society  of  Arte S  p.ia, 

SZoolOGTical 3  P.M. 
Antiquarian    S  p.m. 

"'•'"'•"•■         -         'IRoial  Sfp.B. 

(  National  Floricultural  (Anniv.),.!  p.m. 

r  Botanical 8  P-M, 

FaiDAT,  —         5  { Pliilolottlcal    s  p.m. 

i  Roj-nl  Inatitiition SJp.m. 

c. ........  .;  J  Asiatic 2  P.M. 

SiTOBDiT,        -         «iMedical 8  P.M. 


SURPLUS     STOCK. 

FOR   CHEAPNESS,   UTILITY,   and    DISPLAY, 
the  fallowing  are  gtroQgly  recommeoded,  Caehiage  Paid 
{see  below)  :  — 

SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  X  ALPINES. 

100  in  50  choice  sortp,  our  selection 3fls. 

100  io  100  chi'ice  Borte,  our  own  or  purchaser'tj  selection  ...     425, 
FLOWERING  AND  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  ORNAMENTAL 

TREES,  ETC. 
Purchaser's,  or  our  choice,  per  I OO,  in  100  kinds        ...    £3  105. 

Oar  own  choice,  in  50  kind",  fine £1  105. 

To  pentlemen  forming  Arboretums,  this  is  a  fine  opportunity'.* 

CO^tMO^^  LADKELS,  IJ  to  2  feet,  per  1000,  41,,  or  10s.  per 
100 ;  2  to  3  feet,  bushy,  per  1000,  6! ,  or  125.  6<t.  per  100. 

PORTUGAL  LAORELS,  IJ  to  2  feet,  20s,  per  100,  Ss.  per 
doz.  ;  2  to  3  feet,  extri  Hne,  3lls.  per  100,  Gs.  per  doz. 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  3  feet,  per  lOOO,  403., 
per  100,  53. 

LIMES,  per  100,  SOs,,  4  to  5  feet,  fine  Avenue  Trees. 

HORSE  OHESTKUTS,  0  to  6  feet,  SOs.  per  100  ;  10  to  12  feet, 
SOs.  per  101). 

HOSES,  50  splendid  sorts,  stantiards,  per  100,  51.,  or  I83.  per 
doz.,  fine,  our  own  selection;  10  1  superb  sorts.  Dwarf  Roses^ 
513.,  or  93.  per  doz.,  our  own  choice;  mixed  do.,  SOs.  per  100, 
or  Gs.  per  doz, 

GREENHOUSE     PLANTS. 

50  first-rate  sorts,  own  selection,  %.  lOs.,  or  155.  per  doz. 

50  ditto,  purchaser*H  choice,  Zl.,  or  18s.  per  doz. 

ERIOA.S,  50  finest  sorts,  our  choice,  2i,  10s.,  or  155.  per  doz.  ; 
purchaser's  choice,  ,3t.,  or  18s  per  doz. 

CHINESE  AZALEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,  our  choice,  2l3., 
or  15s.  per  doz  ;  purchaser's  choice  2,53.,  or  18s.  per  doz, 
A  splendid  opportunity  for  specimen  growers. 

nOLLTIIOOK  SEED,  warranted  to  produce  75  in  100  double. 
Is.  (id.  per  packet. 

OOOSEUERRIES,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  per  1000,  4J.,  in 
lOtI  flortp,  natned,  or  10s.  per  100,  in  50  sorts. 

CUUUANT.-i— Maj's  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  is  the 
largest  and  best  sort  known,  and  ought  to  be  in  every  garden. 
2.',H.  per  100,  or  ia.  per  liozen  ;  Red  Grape  and  Champagne,  fine, 
10s,  per  100,  or  23.  per  doz.  * 

A1'PL1-;S  AND  PEARS,  fine  clean  standards,  10s.  per  doz., 
or  7'ls.  per  1 00,  choice  of  aorts  left  to  us,  very  select. 

ri.UMS  AND  OHEUHIES,  finest  sorts,  standards.  I83.  per 
doz..  fiur  choice;  Dwarf  Trained,  3fl.  Crf,  eaeh.  or  flfls.  per  doz, 

APRIOIIT.S,  I'EACIIUS,  AND  N  KC'I'ARINES,  fine  throe 
years'  Ir  lined,  of  bc-t  aortw,  own  choice,  58.  each,  fW^t^K,  p.  (ifZ. 

RASl'liElilllUS,  Red  Aiitivorp,  'la.  per  doz.,  or  12t.  per  100; 
Montltly  or  Douhl,!  Hearing,  I2s  per  100,  or  2s.  per  doz. 

HTIIAWIIEKRIKS,  early  and  late  kinds,  25  fine  sorts  of 
merit,  a«   r,il.  per  1(10. 

Ad'lri^ss  all  conuniinlcallons  to  .Tonw  May,  tho  IIopo  Nur. 
flOrloH,  T.oemlng-laoe,  llednle.  Yorkshire. 

A II  ovdcrs  above  hi.  cii,rnfi<jr.  paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Jllrminrjham,  and  Edinburgh,  and  all  the  intermediate 
Station)  within  150  miles  0/ the  Nuracry. 

N.H.  A  fine  stock  of  Larch,  Spruce,  Oak,  Ac;  fllzoB  and 
price  on  iipitlhtatloii. 

Orimmental  grounds  doNtgncd,  OEecutoil,  nn'l  furniahed  on 
liberal  terms.     Forest  PlanUng  by  estimate. 

A  remittancu  or  rofdrcncu  from  unlinowD  corrcapondontfj  is 
rcspectrully  rer|UeDted, 


The  great  importance  of  the  Liquid  Manure  ques- 
tion, and  the  numerous  inquiries  made  of  us  as  to  the 
application  of  this  fluid,  lead  us  once  more  to  resume 
the  suhject,  restricting  ourselves  on  the  present  occa- 
sion to  a  single  point,  namely,  the  period  in  the  growth 
i  of  a  plant  when  it  may  be  most  advantageously 
applied,  or  should  be  altogether  withheld. 

In  order  to  understand  this  part  of  the  question, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind — 1,  that  liquid  manure  is 
an  agent  read}/  for  immediate  use,  its  main  value 
depending  upon  th&t  quality  ;  2,  that  its  effect  is  lo 
produce  exuberant  growth  ;  and  3,  that  it  will  con- 
tinue to  do  so  as  long  as  the  temperature  and  light 
required  for  its  action  are  sufficient.  These  three 
propositions,  rightly  understood,  point  to  the  true 
principles  of  applying  it;  and,  it  they  are  kept  in 
view,  no  mistakes  can  well  be  made.  They  render 
it  evident  that  the  period  in  the  growth  of  a  plant, 
at  which  it  should  be  applied,  depends  entirely  upon 
the  nature  of  the  plant,  and  the  object  to  be  gained. 

If,  for  example,  wood  and  ieaves  are  all  that  the 
cultivator  desires  to  obtain,  it  will  be  evident  that 
liquid  manure  may  be  used  freely  from  the  time 
when  buds  first  break,  until  it  is  necessary  that  the 
process  of  ripening  the  wood  shall  begin.  Wood 
cannot  ripen  so  long  as  it  is  growing ;  wood  will  con- 
tinue to  grow  as  long  as  leaves  form,  and  its  rate  of 
growth  will  be  in  direct  proportion  to  their  rate  of 
development ;  therefore,  in  order  to  ripen  wood, 
growth  must  be  arrested.  But  the  growth  of  wood 
will  not  be  arrested  so  long  as  liquid  manure  con- 
tinues to  be  applied,  except  in  the  presence  of  a  tem- 
perature low  enough  to  injure  or  destroy  it.  Hence 
it  is  obvious  that  liquid  manure  must  be  withheld 
from  plants  grown  for  their  wood  and  leaves,  at  the 
latest,  by  the  time  when  two-thirds  of  the  season 
shall  have  elapsed.  To  administer  it  in  such  cases 
towards  the  end  of  the  year  would  be  to  produce  upoA 
it  an  effect  similar  to  that  caused  by  a  warm  wet 
autumn,  when  even  hardy  trees  are  damaged  by  the 
earliest  frost. 

In  the  case  of  flowers  it  is  to  be  remembered  . 
that  the  more  leaves  a  plant  forms  the  fewer  [i 
blossoms  in  that  season  ;  although  perhaps  the  more  ' 
in  a  succeeding  season,  provided  exuberance  is  then 
arrested.  The  application  of  liquid  manure  is  there- 
fore unfavourable  to  the  immediate  production-  of 
flowers.  It  is  furtlier  to  be  remarked  that  even 
although  flowers  shall  have  arrived  at  a  rudi- 
mentary state  at  a  time  when  this  fluid  is  applied, 
and  that  tlierofore  their  nunibercannot  be  diminished, 
yet  that  the  effect  of  exuberance  is  notoriously  to 
cause  deformity ;  petals  become  distorted,  the 
coloured  parts  become  green,  and  leaves  take  the 
plat:e  of  the  floral  organs,  as  we  so  often  see  with 
lloses  grown  with  strong  rank  manure.  In  improving 
the  quality  of  flowers,  liquid  manure  is  therefore  a 
dangerous  ingredient  ;  nevertheless  its  action  is  most  ,, 
important,  if  it  is  riglitly  given.  The  true  period  of 
applying  it,  with  a  view  to  heighten  the  beauty  of 
flowers,  is  undoubtedly  when  their  buds  are  large 
enough  to  show  that  the  elementary  organisation 
is  ciimplcted,  and,  therefore  beyond  tlie  reach 
of  derangement.     If  the  floral  apparatus  has  once 


132 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  2\, 


taken  upon  itself  the  natural  condition,  no  exuberance 
will  afterwards  affect  it;  the  parts  which  are  small 
•will  simply  grow  larger  and  acquire  brighter  colours  ; 
for  those  changes  in  flowers  which  cause  monstrous 
development,  appear  to  take  effect  only  when  the 
organs  are  in  a  nascent  state— at  the  very  moment  of 
their  birth .  Hence  it  is  clear,  that  in  order  to  affect 
flowers  advantageously  by  liquid  manure,  it  should 
be  given  to  plants  at  the  time  when  the  flower  bud 
is  formed  and  just  about  to  swell  more  rapidly. 

With  FRCiT  it  is  different ;  the  period  of  applica- 
tion should  there  be  when  the  fruit,  not  the  flowers, 
are  beginning  to  swell.  Nothing  is  gained  by  influ- 
encing the  size  or  colour  of  the  flower  of  a  fruit 
tree;  what  we  want  is  to  increase  the  size  or  the 
abundance  of  the  fruit.  If  liquid  manure  is  applied 
to  a  plant  when  the  flowers  are  growing,  the  vigour 
which  it  communicates  to  them  must  also  be  com- 
municated to  the  leaves  ;  but  when  leaves  are  grow- 
ing unusually  fast,  there  is  sometimes  a  danger  that 
they  may  rob  the  branches  of  the  sap  required  for 
the  nutrition  of  the  fruit ;  and  if  that  happens, 
the  latter  falls  off.  Here,  then,  is  a  source  of 
danger  which  must  not  be  lost  sight  of.  No  doubt, 
the  proper  time  for  using  liquid  manure  is  when 
the  fruit  is  beginning  to  swell,  and  has  acquired, 
by  means  of  its  own  green  surface,  a  power  of 
suction  capable  of  opposing  that  of  the  leaves.  At 
that  time,  liquid  manure  may  be  applied  freely,  and 
continued,  from  time  to  time,  as  long  as  the  fruit  is 
growing.  But,  at  the  first  sign  of  ripening,  or  even 
earlier,  it  should  be  wholly  withheld.  The  ripening 
process  consists  in  certain  changes  which  the  consti- 
tuents of  the  fruit  and  surrounding  leaves  undergo  ; 
it  is  a  new  elaboration,  which  can  only  be  interfered 
with  by  the  continual  introduction  of  crude  matters, 
such  as  liquid  manure  will  supply.  We  all  know  that 
when  ripening  has  once  begun,  even  water  spoils  the 
quality  of  fruit,  although  it  augments  the  size  ;  as  is 
sufficiently  shown  by  the  Strawberries  prepared  for 
the  London  market,  by  daily  irrigation.  Great 
additional  size  is  obtained,  but  it  is  at  the  expense 
of  flavour ;  and  any  injury  which  mere  water 
may  produce,  will  certainly  not  be  diminished  by 
water  holding  ammoniacal  and  saline  substances  in 
solution. 

EooT-cuops  stand  in  a  different  position  to  any 
of  the  foregoing.  They  are  most  analogous  to 
the  first  of  the  above  cases  ;  for  their  roots  may  be 
compared  to  wood,  of  which  they  are  equivalents. 
Kut  there  is  this  important  difference,  that  whereas 
the  quantity  of  wood  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the 
quantity  of  leaves,  the  reverse  is  the  case  with  root- 
crops.  The  Turnip  that  throws  up  an  enormous 
tuft  of  leaves  has  a  very  small  bulb  ;  and  so  of  the 
Carrot.  In  these  plants  the  root  is  formed  by  the 
leaves ;  but  only  when  they  themselves  cease  growiug 
vigorously.  The  true  object  is  to  obtain  plenty  of 
foliage  early  enough  to  afford  time  for  the  after 
formation  of  the  root.  This  is  what  happens  under 
ordinary  circumstances.  The  leaves  grow  rapidly 
during  the  warm  weather  of  early  autumn  ;  but 
when  the  temperature  falls,  their  own  development 
is  languid,  and  all  their  energy  is  expended  in 
augmenting  the  mass  below  them.  We  entertain 
little  doubt  that  by  the  constant  application  of  liquid 
manure  a  Turnip  might  be  absolutely  prevented 
from  forming  more  root  than  a  Cabbage.  In  root- 
crops  what  is  v.'anted  is  an  abundant  supply  of  liquid 
manure  when  the  leaves  are  forming,  so  as  to  secure 
early  a  large  and  vigorous  foliage ;  after  which  no 
liquid  manure  whatever  ought  to  be  applied.  This 
is  quite  consistent  with  the  evidence  collected  by 
Mr.  Dudley  Fortescue,  and  published  in  the 
Minutes  of  the  Board  of  Health,  to  which  we  have 
so  often  of  late  had  occasion  to  refer.  Speaking  of 
Mr.  Kennedy's  farm  in  Ayrshire,  this  gentleman 
says  :  "  Of  the  Turnips,  one  lot  of  Swedes  dressed 
with  10  tons  of  solid  farm  manure,  and  about  2000 
gallons  of  the  liquid,  having  6  bushels  of  dissolved 
bones  along  with  it,  was  read.!/  for  hoeing  10  or  12 
days  earlier  than  another  lot  dressed  with  double 
the  amount  of  solid  manure  without  the  liquid 
application,  and  Avere  fully  equal  to  those  in  a 
neighbour's  field  which  had  received  30  loads  of 
farm-yard  dung,  together  with  3  cwt.  of  guano  and 
16  bushels  of  bones  per  acre ;  the  yield  was  estimated 
at  40  tons  the  Scotch  acre,  and  their  great  luxuriance 
seemed  to  me  to  justify  the  expectation.  From  one 
field  of  White  Globe  Turnips  sown  later,  and 
■manured  soldi/  with  liquid,  from  40  to  50  tons  to 
the  Scotch  acre  was  expected.  A  field  of  Carrots 
treated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Swedes,  to  which 
a  second  application  of  liquid  was  given  just  before 
thinning, -promises  from  20  to  25  tons  the  acre." 

Such  we  believe  to  be  the  principles  that  should 
regulate  the  periods  of  growth  at  which  liquid 
manure  ought  to  be  given  to  plants.  Those  prin- 
ciples are  founded  upon  what  appear  to  be  the  natural 
requirements  of  vegetation — are  consistent  with  all 
at  present  known  of   the  subject ;   apd   seem   to 


account  satisfactorily  for  many  of  the  failures  that 
are  said  to  have  attended  the  application  of  this 
agent.  Let  us  add,  however,  that  they  are  fair 
subjects  of  discussion,  and  will  be  all  the  better 
understood  if  subjected  to  rational  criticism.  We 
should  therefore  be  happy  to  receive  the  opinions 
of  any  correspondents  whose  experience  enables 
them  to  coincide  with,  or  to  differ  from  us  in  this 
most  important  matter. 

A  LATE  Number  of  the  "Botanische  Zeitung  " 
contains  the  following  notice  :  "  Professor  Schultks 
expressed  his  astonishment  some  years  since,  in  an 
account  of  a  journey  through  Saxony,  published  in 
the  'Eegensburg  Flora,'  at  the  manner  in  which 
the  high  road  between  Weissenfels  and  Halle  was 
adorned  with  gardenesque  embellishments.  A  cus- 
tom has  lately  sprung  up  at  Breslau  of  depositing 
specimens  of  beautiful  flowering  plants,  such  as 
Lilium  tigi'inum,  Lilium  lancifolium,  Campanula 
pyramidalis,  &c.,  on  the  public  promenade.  These 
are  placed  there  by  private  individuals,  in  the 
assurance  that  they  will  not  be  injured,  and  with 
the  view  of  extending  as  widely  as  possible  the 
pleasuie  they  themselves  derive  from  their  floral 
treasures." 

This  paragraph  reminds  us  of  a  practice  which 
was  long  pursued  by  one  who  was  an  arde'nt  admirer 
and  cultivator  of  flowers,  and  who  loved  that  the 
pleasure  he  himself  derived  from  them  should  be 
shared  as  much  as  possible  by  his  neighbours,  of 
placing  all  his  best  specimens  in  a  window  looking 
out  on  the  public  street,  for  the  express  purpose  of 
allowing  others  to  enjoy  their  beauty  ;  a  privilege 
which  they  were  not  slow  to  appreciate,  and  for 
which,  in  various  ways,  they  often  expressed  their 
gratitude — a  quality,  be  it  observed  by  the  vi'ay, 
which' we  fully  agree  with  the  poet  is  far  more 
common  than  people  in  their  own  selfishness  are 
generally  apt  to  allow. 

"  IVe  hi?ar(l  of  hearts  unkind,  kind  deeds 
With  coldntsti  still  reJurnint; : 
Alap!  the  (gratitude  of  men. 
Hath  oftene,'  lelt  me  mourniDg." 

The  same  admirable  poet  may  be  quoted  also  as 
showing  how  consonant  such  kindly  diffusion  of 
pleasure  is  with  the  love  exhibited  in  the  material 
world : — 

"  Thus  pleasure  is  spread  thro'  the  earth 

In  stray  eitts  to  be  claimed  by  whoever  shall  tiad  ; 
Thus  a  rich  lovine  kindness  redundantly  kind 
Cloves  all  nature  to  gladness  and  mirth." 

It  may  not,  perhaps,  in  our  climate,  be  possible  to 
follow  the  people  of  Breslau  literally.  It  strikes  us, 
however,  that  an  opportunity  for  much  interchange 
of  good  feeling  and  general  gratification  of  this  kind 
may  be  aft'orded  on  a  very  extensive  scale,  and  one 
which  will  be  seized  with  eagerness  should  the 
Crystal  Palace  ultimately  be  retained.  A  large 
portion  of  the  public  is  necessarily  excluded  at  pre- 
sent from  the  horticultural  exhibitions,  which  afford, 
perhaps,  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  innocent 
opportunities  of  recreation  which  can  well  be  ima- 
gined. Those  who  have  notwitnessed  the  triumphs  of 
horticultural  art  collected  together  on  such  occasions, 
can  have  no  conception  of  what  has  been  effected 
by  the  well  directed  energies  of  modern  cultivators. 
Many  of  the  exhibitors,  we  are  convinced,  would, 
under  proper  regulations,  readily  embrace  an  oppor- 
tunity of  giving  the  same  privilege  of  enjoying  the 
sight  of  these  splendid  productions  to  tens  of 
thousands,  which  they  now  do  to  thousands  ;  and 
we  are  quite  sure  that  everything  like  sympathy  in 
the  higher  classes,  with  the  pleasures  and  feelings  of 
those  whom  Providence  has  placed  in  a  lower  but 
not  less  honourable  situation,  is  not  without  its 
reward  in  an  improved  tone  of  mutual  interest, 
which,  in  the  present  prospects  and  progress  of 
society,  is  perhaps  the  one  thing  most  to  be  desired. 
The  experience  of  the  late  Kxhibition  has  shown 
that  confidence  in  the  good  sense  and  natural  taste 
of  the  public  will  be  always  well  repaid  ;  and  it  is 
no  less  certain  that  every  refinement  of  public  taste 
will  be  rewarded  tenfold  in  moral  improvement. 
M.  J.  B. 


THE  TREE  VIOLET. 

While  several  varieties  of  double  Violets  are  gene- 
rally esteemed  and  extensively  cultivated,  the  real 
merits  of  the  tree  Violet  are  but  little  known.  It  is 
true  that,  under  ordinary  out-door  cultivation  it  does 
not  appear  to  possess  attractions  superior  to  other 
kinds  ;  it  even  assumes  a  more  prostrate  form,  and 
on  this  account  it  is  often  confounded  with  the  old 
double  blue  Violet,  from  which  it  differs  in  several  par- 
ticulars, the  principal  being  a  perpetual  habit  of  blooming, 
while  its  rival  produces  flowers  at  one  season  only.  It 
is,  therefore,  as  a  pot  plant,  that  the  tree  Violet  becomes 
more  especially  worthy  of  attention  ;  and  under  tliis 
kind  of  management,  its  profusion  of  flowers,  and 
delightful  fragrance,  render  it  worthy  of  extensive 
cultivation. 

The  plan  I  have  found  eminently  successftil  in  its  treat- 
ment is  to  take  young  rooted  layers  in  April,  and  plant 


tliem  iu  light  ricli  soil,  ou  a  border  having  an  eastern 
aspect.  During  the  summer  the  plants  are  liberally 
supplied  with  water,  and  as  they  progress  in  growth 
all  root-suckers  and  side  shoots  are  removed.  By  the 
middle  of  September  they  may  be  taken  up,  potted  into 
5-inch  pots,  and  placed  iu  a  cool  frame,  where  in  a  short 
time  they  will  commence  blooming.  As  autumn, 
advances  I  remove  them  to  a  light  and  airy  part  of  the 
greenhouse,  where  they  continue  to  flower  until  April  ; 
at  that  time  they  are  shifted  into  pots  a  size  larger  than 
those  they  occupy  and  again  receive  the  shelter  of  a 
frame.  1  prefer  this  season  for  the  subsequent  annual 
shifts.  About  the  middle  of  May  they  are  placed 
out  of  doors  under  a  north  wall,  care  being  taken, 
to  prevent  worms  from  getting  into  the  pots,  by 
placing  them  on  a  layer  of  coal  ashes ;  all  decayed  foliage 
and  suckers  are  removed,  and  if  large  plants  are  desired 
it  is  requisite  to  take  off  all  side  shoots  during  this 
season.  On  the  approach  of  autumn  frosts  the  plants 
should  be  conveyed  to  their  winter  quarters,  and 
treated  as  before.  If  due  attention  has  been  paid  to 
keeping  them  in  a  healthy  growiug  state,  they  will  now 
be  furnished  with  strong  stems,  4  or  5  inches  high,, 
surmounted  by  a  crown  of  large  fragrant  flowers  ;  if 
necessary,  the  plants  may  be  neatly  staked,  but  under- 
good  cultivation  supports  will  not  be  required. 

When  the  season  of  potting  again  arrives,  I  shift  into 
8-iuch  pots,  first  carefully  removing  any  unhealthy 
roots,  or  worn  out  stagnant  soil  ;  in  the  latter  case  it  is 
preferable  to  shake  away  the  whole  of  the  ball,  destroying 
as  few  fibres  as  possible ;  a  tier  of  side  shoots  may  now  be 
allowed  to  proceed  from  the  crown  of  the  plant,  these 
will  naturally  bend  downwards  to  the  edge  of  the  pot  j 
and  a  second  tier  being  afterwards  formed,  as  the  crowa 
advances  in  growth,  fine  pyramidal  specimens  from  12 
to  13  inches  in  height  will  be  obtained.  When  in  per- 
fection, these  will  be  studded  with  flowers  from  the 
edge  of  the  pot  upwards.  In  subsequent  shifts  the 
ball  should  be  carefully  reduced,  so  as  to  allow  repot- 
ting into  the  same  sized  pot  as  that  the  phants  was 
growing  in.  I  find  9  or  10-inch  pots  sufficient  for  the 
largest  size  ;  the  plants  may  be  annually  shifted  in  these- 
for- some  years  with  advantage. 

The  compost  which  I  find  most  suitable  for  this  plant 
consists  of  two  parts  good  turfy  lo.am  and  one  part  well 
decomposed  leaf  soil,  adding  a  sufficiency  of  sharp 
sand  to  render  the  material  porous  ;  during  the  more- 
active  season  of  growth,  an  occasional  watering 
with  clear  manure  water  will  be  beneficial,  and  a 
sprinkling  of  clean  water  over  head,  during  the  heat  of 
summer,  will  assist  in  keeping  down  red  spider  ;  should 
that  pest,  however,  make  its  appearance,  the  pots  should 
at  once  be  laid  on  their  sides,  and  the  plants  well 
syringed  on  the  under  part  of  the  leaves,  as  the  ultimate 
beauty  of  the  plant  depends  on  the  preservation  of  fine 
healthy  foliage  during  summer.  Al]/ha. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Berlin  (contimted). — It  only  remains  to  notice  the 
decorations  of  the  edifices  and  public  places  of  Berlin  j 
and  of  these  we  must  say  that  we  were  by  no  means 
struck  with  the  way  in  which  the  gardens  are  kept ;  we 
visited  them  several  times  and  in  different  seasons,  and 
we  were  always  surprised  no^to  see  that  succession  of 
well  chosen  flowering  plants  ^hich  renders  such  places 
attractive.  The  gardens  of  tl^  country  houses  in  the 
neighbourhood  are,  however,  very  pretty,  being  filled  in 
front  with  ornamental,  and  behind  with  useful,  plants. 

Botanic  Garden  at  Halle. — Small  as  is  the  garden 
belonging  to  the  University  at  Halle,  it  would  be  wrong 
not  to  notice  it  ;  it  contains  some  very  fine  collections, 
and  is  in  every  respect  worthy  of  the  celebrated  school 
to  which  it  belongs. 

Establishment  at  Erfurt. — The  most  remai'kable 
establishment  for  the  cultivation  of  annual  and  perennial' 
plants  is  that  of  M.  Appelius.  Every  novelty  is  here  ; 
from  this  garden  it  was  that  we  obtained  om*  beautiful 
collection^  of  white,  red,  yellow,  and  copper-coloured 
Xeranthemum,  but  by  far  the  best  cultivated  of  all  the 
plants  is  the  Stock,  of  which  there  are  more  than  ISO- 
choice  varieties.  The  seeds  are  first  sown  in  the  open 
earth,  and  are  then  potted  ;  but  as  soon  as  the  period 
for  fertilisation  arrives,  they  are  placed  under  sheds, 
that  they  may  not  le  injured  by  changes  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, which  would  materially  damage  the  plants,  either 
by  dispersing  or  by  washing  away  their  pollen.  At  the 
time  of  our  visit  tiers  were  50,000  pots  arranged  on 
shelves  and  under  sheds,  occupying  nearly  one-half  of 
the  whole  garden.  This  gentleman  trades  laa'gely  in 
seeds  and  indigenous  and  foreign  flowers. 

Erfurt  Botanic  Garden  is  of  middhng  size, 
situated  in  the  midst  of  the  town,  and  is  under  the 
superintendence  of  M.  Bernard.  The  school  contains 
some  pretty  plants  aid  a  small  nursery ;  in  other  respects 
tliere  is  little  differmce  between  it  and  similar  gardens, 
found  in  small  Prusdan  towns. 

M.  Fred.  AdoIphe  Haage's  Estaelishment  ax 
Erfurt. — This  splendid  establishment  deserves  notice 
as  much  on  account  of  the  fine  condition  of  the  plants 
as  of  the  great  skil  with  which  they  are  cultivated. 
Many  plants  rare  with  us  are  to  be  found  here  ; 
all  fine  hothouse  pimts  are  cultivated  here  on  a  large  ■ 
scale.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  Cycas  circinalis 
and  revoluta  in  prqjagatiou,  which  fill  a  small  bouse, 
and  of  which  several  are  ah*eady  a  yard  in  height ;  the 
price  was  about  15l  ;  edible  Dions  of  extraordiuai'y 
sizes  ;  more  than  10)  varieties  of  greenhouse  Acacias  ; 
a  splendid  coUectionof  Erica,  by  the  side  of  which  is  a 
quantity  of  Epacris,  n  pyramids  of  some  7  or  8  feet  in 


I 


9— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


133 


height  ;  a  group  of  large  specimens  of  rare  shrubs,  such 
as  Araucaria  excelsa  and  Brasiliensis,  Grevillea  robusta, 
Aralia  trifoliata,  Agnostiis  sinuata,  Dammara,  and 
Dacrydium.  It  is  too,  in  this  estabUshment,  that  there 
are  some  of  the  largest  plants  of  Erythrina  Crista-galli, 
behind  which  a  man  might  hide  himself  with  ease.  Nut 
to  mention  many  other  things  which  well  deserve  notice, 
we  cannot  omit  the  magnificent  collections  of  Mamil- 
larias,"Echinocaeti,  and  Melocacti  (of  which  there  are 
more  than  600  species  or  varieties,  and  some  thousand 
individuals).  The  latter  plants  are  arranged  in  the  fine 
season  on  an  enormous  rock,  covered  with  earth  to  tiie 
depth  of  a  few  inches,  and  which,  affording  all  requisite 
shelter,  allows  each  plant  to  be  placed  in  the  light  and 
heat  required  by  it. 

Market  Gardening  at  Erfurt.  —  Erfurt  appears 
to  be  the  oldest  market  gardening  town  in  Ger- 
many. Its  vegetables  have  a  great  reputation,  and 
nearly  all  Em'ope  ie  supplied  with  the  seeds  of  its 
Cauliflowers.  Red  Cabbages,  Onions,  Celery,  and 
Cucumbers  are  sold  in  great  quantities  ;  common  and 
black  Spanish  Radishes  and  all  other  sorts  of  vegetables 
abound.  The  ground  is  most  successfully  cultivated  on 
the  alternating  principle.  Numerous  streamlets  supply 
molstiu'e  in  summer  and  warmth  in  winter.  These 
watercourses  are  used  to  nourish  large  Cress  beds  which 
were  copied  first  at  Senlis,  then  at  St.  Gratien,  and 
Enghien-les- Montmorency,  and  of  which  we  must  say 
a  few  words. 

Almost  all  the  grounds  near  Erfurt  are  watered  by 
streams  flowing  from  springs  that  are  cool  in  summer 
and  warm  in  winter.  The  springs  are  divided  into  two 
parts,  upper  and  lower,  and  on  these  are  placed  boards 
of  different  widths.  The  first,  12  feet  wide,  are 
used  entirely  for  vegetables  ;  the  others,  only  9  feet 
wide,  and  15  inches  lower  down,  are  used  entirely  for 
the  cultivation  of  Cress.  All  these  planks  terminate  in 
a  little  stream,  so  that  by  means  of  a  sluice  the  lower 
ones  are  inundated  ;  a  second  sluice,  placed  at  the  other 
end,  allows  the  water  to  flow  into  another  stream,  which 
cuts  the  garden  in  two,  in  a  Hue  parallel  to  the  course 
of  the  first  stream.  In  this  way  a  considerable  quantity 
of  Cress  is  grown  and  cut  every  year ;  it  is  sold  at  a  high 
price  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Erfurt  and  even  in 
Berhn. 

The  soil'  of  the  gardens  near  Erfurt  is  deep,  very 
fertile,  and  of  a  blackish  colour  ;  it  is  admirably  suited 
to  the  growth  of  vegetables.  Masson's  Report. 


THE  SALMON.— No.  III. 
The  writer  in  the  "Dublin  University  Magazine  "  has 
one  very  good  suggestion,  namely  :  that  no  net  shall  be 
allowed  that  will  hold  a  fish  of  less  than  5  lbs.  weight ; 
this  would  supply  a  large  quantity  of  breeding  fish,  sup- 
posing that  these'fish  could  be  protected  when  spawning  ; 
but,  as  I  have  previously  remarked,  unless  the  upper 
proprietors  were  allowed  a  good  supply  of  10  lb.  fish 
the  o-pounders  would  not  have  much  chance  of  returning 
to  the  sea  again. 

Another  suggestion  is  to  prohibit  the  killing  of  salmon 
fry,  even  with  rod  and  line  j  but,  setting  aside  the  im- 
possibility of  enforcing  such  a  law,  I  see  no  more 
reason  for  prohibiting  the  catchmg  of  these  fish  (the 
most  delicate  eatiug  of  all  fish,  in  my  estimation)  because 
tliey  might,  if  they  lived,  become  salmon,  than  I  do  for 
prohibiting  the  eating  of  eggs,  because,  if  they  were  not 
eaten,  they  might  be  barn-door  fowls  some  day  or  other. 
Itisverydesirablethat  the  passage  of  salmon  over  weirs 
and  waterfalls  should  be  facilitated  by  every  means  which 
does  not  interfere  with  what  is  of  still  more  importance 
— tlie  efficiency  of  the  water-power  for  manufactures. 
On  this  subject  I  can  speak  with  great  confidence,  as  I 
have  studied  it  for  many  years,  and  I  have  no  hesitation 
in  saying  that  there  are  few  weirs  which  I  have  seen 
which  could  not  be  altered  so  as  to  greatly  facilitate  the 
passage  of  the  salmon  over  them,  and  that  without 
impairing  the  efficiency  of  the  water  power. 

Another  practice  which  ought  to  be  put  down  with 
great  eoyerity  is  that  of  fishing  with  salmon-roe  ;  it  is  so 
destructive  a  bait  for  trout,  when  properly  prepared, 
that  it  ia  in  great  request  by  all  pot-Zmnilng  fishermen, 
and  sells  as  high  as  S^.  per  lb.  With  it  a  man  may 
clear  a  pool  of  every  trout  it  contains.  A  young  friend 
of  mine,  who  had  heard  of  tlie  excellence  of  salmon-roe 
as  a  bait,  worried  me  when  lie  came  to  visit  me  to 
procure  some  for  him.  I  got  him  as  muchasawine- 
glftfifl  would  hold.  On  seeing  liim  a{;ain  some  time  after, 
I  asked  how  the  salmon-roe  had  saccceded.  He  said, 
"  Do  get  me  somo  more  ;  with  tlat  you  gavo  me  1 
killed  flO  trout  ;   each  grain  of  it  caught  a  fish." 

The  high  price  at  which  salmon-roe  sella  gives  a  great 
Htimulus  to  the  poachers  ;  the  roe  produced  by  a  large 
galmon  being  worth  three  or  four  times  the  vahio  of 
the  fish  ;  and  scarce  an  salmon  arrj  in  this  ncighbour- 
Iwod,  T  have  juat  heard  of  a  poiudnr,  who  haft,  or  had  a 
few  dayH  ago,  nine  or  ten  poun'lH  rf  this  potted  roe,  of 
itHclf  Bufficient,  if  duly  hatched,  to  itock  the  whole  river 
with  salmon. 

I  am  very' much  afraid  that  tlcro  will  bo  nothing 
effectually  done  to  remedy  thiw  sta'o  of  uffairH,  bccauHc 
the  parti(;8  who  int^ircst  themBolvw  to  obtain  a  change 
in  the  law  are  chiefly  the  propriotrcs  of  the  riHlicrlcH  nt 
the  mouthn  of  the  rivorH,  who,  likeSancIio  Canza,  when 
he  wan  ordered  to  whip  liimHtlf  '/»r  penance,  laid  on 
very  gently.  An  article  in  tlirj  Jol/}/  /Vnm,  of  ti  hhort 
time  ago,  seems  to  make  this  mificiently  apparent  ;  I 
quote  the  /Jaily  Ncwn  for  wliat  folbwB  : — 

"In  1819,  the  ilnnuft  of  Cfimmoni,  on  tlio  motion  of  Mr. 
Anstof,  fifjiolnted  fi  cominlttco  to  IrKpIrd  Into  tbo  xtato  of  tho 


Inland  tisberiea  of  Ireland  ;  rbe  obatrucciDim  wbiuli  liinder  tin 
enjoyment  of  the  same,  and  the  boat  mode  of  removiuR  the*;* 
obstructions.  The  committee,  after  a  laborious  investigation, 
presented  their  report  to  the  House  ;  in  that  report  the  state  of 
the  tisherles  is  described  to  be  most  languishing,  and  the 
causes  of  decline  are  pointed  out ;  it  is  shown  that  the  riRhta 
of  (isbing  have  everywhere  been  usurped  by  private  and  illpgal 
monopoly,  and  the  law  has  by  common  consent  been  eiift'cred 
to  fall  info  deiuetude;  that  the  proprietors  of  these  illegal 
fisheries  have  been  suffered  to  employ  illegal  engines  of  every 
kind  to  insure  the  largest  possible  amount  of  destruction; 
'vhilst  oa  the  other  hand,  the  ponr  debarred  of  their  common 
ii,'ht  have  prictised  i-eprisals  wherever  ihay  dit  red,  poaching  in 
the  upper  vpaters,  and  destroying  fish  in  season  and  out  of 
season,  and  by  every  de'^cripfion  of  device ;  and  in  these  mal- 
practices,  according  to  the  r e^orx,  they  are  generally  ahsttedhj 
the  magistrate?  of  the  upper  waters,  o  *'««•»*  it  only 
remains  to  be  added,  that  with  scircely  an  exception,  nr  ne  but 
Irish  members  sat  upon  this  commirtee. 

*' Thus  far  all  ia  clear  and  intelligible  enough;  Mr,  Anstey 
was  requested  to  prepare  a  bill  ;  the  session  came  ;  the  bill 
WAS  laid  on  the  table,  read  a  first  time,  and  printed  ;  but  when 
the  day  appointed  for  the  second  reading  came  round,  the 
member  far  Donegal,  Mr.  Conolly,  suppirted  by  a  majority  of 
those  very  Irish  members  who  had  voted  for  the  report,  induced 
the  House  to  reject  the  bill,  as  an  unconstitutional  invasion  of 
public  and  private  rights.  *  *  *  ♦  Another  bill  has  been 
[ireparod,  almost  word  for  word  like  the  rejected  one,  and  ttie 
member  who  has  charge  of  it  is  ilr.  Conolly  !  Truly,  the  Irish 
question  is  exceedingly  hard  to  be  underatood." 

I  fear  that  this  quotation,  although  much  abridged, 
will  be  too  long  for  the  patience  of  your  readers;  but, 
long  as  it  is,  it  is  too  short  to  do  justice  to  the  ability  of 
the  writer, — but  it  is,  I  think,  sufficient  to  show  that  if 
the  wolves  make  laws,  the  sheep  will  not  be  very  well 
protected.  I  trust  that  if  this  second  bill  comes  before 
the  House  of  Commons  next  session,  it  will  not  be  left 
to  the  guidance  and  management  of  Irish  members  :  but 
tliat  gentlemen  having  no  sinister  views  or  interests  to 
serve,  will  be  induced  to  interest  themselves  in  the 
question,  and  determine  on,  aud  pass  a  comprehensive 
and  well-digested  law,  which  shall  embrace  the  whole 
kingdom.  I  have  seen  it  stated  that  the  Duke  of  Suther- 
laud  had  given  a  jubilee  to  the  salmon  in  liis  rivers  in 
Sutherlandshire,  for  either  one  or  two  years,  and  I  have 
iieard  within  a  few  days  that  there  is  an  extraordinary 
increase  of  the  salmon,  in  consequence  of  this  judicious 
liberality  ;  can  his  Grace  be  induced  to  give  the  country 
the  benefit  of  his  experience,  by  requesting  his  factors 
to  publish  the  results  of  his  experiments  ? 

The  writer  in  the  "University  Magazine,"  winds  up 
his  paper  by  an  account  of  the  herring  fishery  in  Ireland, 
for  which  he  modestly  demands  a  grant  of  the  public 
money.  As  I  know  nothing  about  herring  fisheries,  I 
will  say  nothing  about  them, — bat  merely  remark,  that 
it  is  with  the  Irish,  give,  give,  give  !  as  if  England  had 
so  much  money  that  she  did  not  know  what  to  do  with 
it,  and  Ireland  was  entirely  destitute ;  if  an  experimental 
farm  is  to  be  established — a  grant  ;  the  establishment  of 
manufactures — English  capital  ;  the  forming  of  a  rail- 
road— a  loan  from  Government ;  and  yet  if  land  is  to  be 
sold,  there  is  plenty  of  Irish  capital  to  buy  it :  and  I  saw 
it  stated  in  the  papers  a  short  time  ago,  as  the  assertion 
of  an  Irish  official,  to  (I  think)  the  Irish  Freehold  Land 
Society,  that  he  knew  there  was  as  much  unemployed 
Irish  capital  as  would  buy  up  13  or  14  Irish  counties. 
I  should  be  digressing,  or  I  could  give  you  a  chapter 
(and  a  disastrous  one),  of  the  employment  of  English 
capital  in  Ireland;  and  then  they  scream  out  Ireland  for 
the  Irish  !  The  little  town  where  I  was  born,  with  less 
than  4000  inhabitants,  finds  work  and  shelter  for  more 
Irishmen  than  I  believe  the  whole  of  Ireland  (barring, 
perhaps,  the  province  of  Ulster),  does  Englishmen. 
Ireland  for  the  Irish!  shortly  it  will  be,  England  for  the 
Irish  also. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  urge  on  all  the  country  gentle- 
men to  consider  seriously  whether  they  will  allow  the 
breed  of  salmon  to  become  extinct  ;  when  a  judicious 
and  equitable  law  would  give  such  a  chance  for  the 
increase  and  due  protection  of  the  fish,  and  the  con- 
sequent increase  of  value  in  the  fisheries. 

I  may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  add,  that  this  'change  of 
the  law  would  not  be  of  the  slightest  pecuniary  benefit 
to  me  ;  the  only  advantages  which  I  should  derive  from 
it  would  be,  the  probability  there  would  be  of  excellent 
sport  for  me  as  an  angler,  and  the  health  and  enjoyment 
which  would  be  attained  in  the  pui'suit.  T.  6'.,  Clltheroc, 


Home  Correspondence. 

Acacia  dealbata. — Of  all  hardy  winter  blooming  planti 
with  which  I  am  acquainted,  this  is  by  far  the  best.  In 
order  to  give  some  idea  of  its  beauty,  I  may  state  that  it 
is  handsomer,  both  in  flower  and  foliage,  than  the  well 
known  Acacia  armata.  Tlie  plant  here  proves  that  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  London,  at  least,  it  ia  perfectly 
hardy  ;  it  has  been  jjlanted  20  years,  and  now  it  covers 
li{  Hquare  feet  of  wall  ;  it  is  literally  one  mass  of  bloom 
from  top  to  bottom,  and  is  so  consjiicuous  that  it  may 
be  seen  a  quarter  of  a  mile  off.  I  usually  take  the  pre- 
caution to  nail  it  close  to. the  wall  in  autumn,  and  in  case 
of  a  continuance  of  more  llian  15'^  of  frost,  a  woollen  not 
is  thrown  over  it  ;  its  bhtoming  this  year  is  not  an  ex- 
ception, for  it  has  only  minHed  flowering  two  years  since 
it  was  planted,  and  these  miMhaps  were  occanioned  by  tlie 
young  BhontH  being  cut  back  by  tlio  frost.  Every  one 
knowH  what  soil  Acacias  require  ;  but  remember, 
ground  for  them  must  bo  thoroughly  drained.  /.  Rusty 
fjimlcvcr  to  W.  J-Jvcrcll,  Eur/.,  Evfidd, 

(fardcns  in  Goi-nwall, —  1  luivo  not  been  without  good 
spccimenH  of  Cincrarinn  and  scarlet  SalviaH  in  the  open 
t,'ar'li-n  during  the  whole  wlnlii- ;  to-ilay  (I'Vb.  1.')),  I 
gathci'cd  a  beautiful  bouquet  of  them.  \vX  we  hiivo  had 
liard  froHt  Hcver/il  timca  during  the  hmt  four  nioritlm  ; 
indcer],  the  front  was  so  Hcvcn--,  that  I  found  it  inipoMsi- 
ble  to  penetrate  the  ground  with  a  spade.     It,  however, 


did  not  continue  longer  thuu  two  or  three  days  at  a  time. 
My  garden  is  rather  more  than  a  mile  from  the  sea, 
on  the  north  coast,  the  elevation  being  from  400  to  500 
feet  above  it.  O.  W.  M.,  St.  Jidiot  Parsonage,  Coi-nwall. 

Cucu7nher  Roots. — It  has  been  asked  if  it  is  a  common 
occurrence  for  the  stalks  of  Cucumbers  to  produce  roots, 
I  have  cut  Cucumbers  aud  laid  the  stalks  in  water,  by 
the  side  of  hot-water  pipes  in  a  Vinery,  and  they  have 
emitted  roots  freely.  In  this  way  I  have  kept  Cucum- 
bers in  good  condition  longer  than  by  any  other  method. 
Some  may  imagine  that  the  fruit  will  shrivel  ;  but  with, 
me  they  are  as  solid  as  if  they  were  growing  upon  the 
plant.  If,  for  want  ot  time,  or  gi'ound  not  being  ready, 
my  Brussels  Sprouts  or  Broccoli  get  too  long  in  the  leg, 
I  always  twist  the  stalk,  and  bring  the  root  upwards.  I 
find  they  root  freely  where  the  stalk  is  twisted,  and 
always  make  better  plants,  than  when  planted  in  the 
ordinary  way,  with  their  long  legs;  this  is  from  16 
years'  practice,  and  I  believe  it  to  be  a  good  plan  always 
to  twist  the  stalks  of  all  the  Brasica  tribe,  except  Cauli- 
flowers, when  they  are  planted  out.  They  make  about 
three  times  as  luany  roots  to  support  the  plant,  and 
tliose  extra  roots  are  near  the  surface,  where  they  are 
most  useful.  G.  T.,  Witkam. 

Old  Pear  Trees. — Five  years  ago,  I  leased  an  old 
mansion  with  extensive  gardens  ;  the  Jargonelle  Pear 
trees  were  very  large,  but  they  bore  only  a  few  fruit  on 
the  extreme  ends  of  the  branches.  My  gardener  said  it 
was  all  owing  to  bad  pruning,  and  he  would  make  them 
bear  in  a  year  or  two,  which  has  never  taken  place. 
About  18  months  ago  I  was  in  a  friend's  garden,  whose 
Pear  trees  had  been  in  the  same  condition  12  months 
before  I  was  there  ;  he  had  cut  off  with  a  sharp  chisel 
all  the  old  spurs,  which  had  got  cankered,  leaving  the 
branches  quite  bare,  and  when  I  saw  them  they  were 
making  strong  young  shoots  all  over  the  trees.  I  saw 
my  friend  the  other  day,  and  he  told  me  that  his  trees 
were  showing  one  mass  of  flower-buds  this  year.  He 
also  painted  his  trees  with  spirits  of  tar  (cost  25.  per 
gallon),  which  killed  all  green  moss  and  vermin.  On 
my  return  from  seeing  my  friend's  garden,  I  got  my 
carpenter,  and  commenced  at  one  of  the  trees,  cutting  off 
all  the  spurs,  except  the  bearing  ones  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  My  gardener  came  to  see  what  we  were 
about  ;  after  looking  for  some  time,  he  said  he 
had  seen  much,  but  he  had  never  seen  a  ti'ee  so 
thoroughly  spoiled,  and  turned  upon  his  heel.  I 
proceeded  with  my  experiment  on  some  of  the  trees  ; 
I  cut  off"  the  spurs  of  the  one  side,  leaving  the  other  to 
the  gardener.  All  the  tree,  and  the  parts  of  the  other 
trees  that  were  cleared  of  spurs,  sent  out  nice  strong 
shoots,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  in  another  year  they 
will  bear  well.  My  gardener  has  become  a  convert  to 
the  plan,  as  last  autumn  he  went  over  the  whole  of  the 
trees,  cutting  off  the  cankered  spui's  ;  he  has  also  gone 
over  the  espalier  Apple  trees,  and  cut  off  every  other 
spur,  which  I  think  will  make  tliem  bear  better,  as  they 
produced  little  else  than  leaves  ;  what  blossom  was  on 
them  was  much  eaten  with  vermin.  I  have  got  all  the 
trees  in  the  garden  painted  with  spirits  of  tar  ;  before 
doing  so,  all  the  trunks  were  scraped,  taking  off"  the 
loose  and  dead  bark.  The  painting  is  a  very  simple 
process  ;  the  person  has  only  to  take  care  not  to  touch 
the  buds  with  the  tar.  As  to  mealy  bugs,  I  had  one 
tree,  an  Irish  Pitcher,  covered  with  them,  aud  I 
intended  rooting  up  the  tree  ;  but  before  doing  so,  I 
thought  of  giving  it  a  thorough  good  painting  with  the 
spirit,  which  seems  to  have  had  the  effect  of  killing  the 
bugs.  Tyro,  Edinhurgh, 

Polmahe  Beating. — Greatly  interested  in  this  subject, 
I  have  entered  into  it  with  some  of  the  late  Mr.  Meelc's 
entliusiasro,  and  have  "  Polmaised  "  a  stove,  whenever 
I  had  the  power  ;  always  with  successful  action,  whether 
placed  high  or  low.  In  the  case  of  a  neighbouring 
ancient  church,  at  the  top  of  a  hill,  I  was  allowed  to  put 
a  little  stove,  holding  a  mere  hatful  of  coke,  into  an  old 
niche,  which  we  converted  into  a  hot  chamber,  adding 
a  long  length  of  common  iron  pipe  chimney  ;  we  brought 
air  from  the  centre  aisle,  uuder  a  short  pew,  then  carried 
up  a  trunk  perpendicularly,  to  the  bottom  of  the  niche  ; 
the  stove  was  troublesome  to  manage,  but  the  action  was 
perfect,  the  heat  from  so  much  iron  considerable  ;  and, 
from  the  loftiness  of  the  church,  the  volume  of  air  heated 
was  very  great  ;  and  yet  a  man  of  education  told  me 
the  cold  air  would  not  travel  up  the  perpendicular  drain  ! 
Again,  in  the  place  where  I  live,  a  schoolroom,  30  feet 
by  20  feet,  and  26  feet  high  to  the  apex,  is  heated  by 
another  square  iron  stove,  price  12s.  Grf.,  but  which  wo 
have  deepened  by  one  coiu'se  of  fire-bricks.  This  is 
fixed  in  the  fireplace  of  the  room,  walled  up  flush  witli 
the  face  of  the  stove  j  tlio  smoke  pipe  is  4-inch  gas-pipe, 
running  up  the  chimney,  whicli  is  stopped  at  about 
12  feet  high,  and  thus  we  got  a  long  funnel  of  .an  "  air 
chamber,"  from  wliich,  by  contrivance,  wo  admit  the 
hot  air  by  two  ventilators,  one  (to  avoid  waste  of  heat) 
just  above  tho  stove,  tho  otlier  at  tlio  top  of  the  funnel. 
The  floor  of  tho  room  is  laid  hollow,  there  are  three 
gratings  in  it,  and  four  small  external  gratings  below 
(ho  floor  lino.  This  lieais  tho  room  perfectly  ;  1  expect 
this  stovo  will  last' one  or  two  winters  longer,  before 
wo  need  put  in  a  periuanent  ono  ;  as  tho  iire  is  iu 
contact  with  bricks,  it  docs  not  require  any  excessive 
attention.  In  my  own  dwoUing-houso  I  have  adopted 
Mr.  Uivcrs'  idea  of  a  lirick  Arnott  stove  (see  page  5, 
IIMO),  which  I  iiavo  surrounded,  nearly  in  Mr.  Moek'fl 
manner,  with  a  hood  of  freestone,  but  I  havo  added 
a  tlilrd  ■  door,  to  dislodge  and  remove  clinkers 
from  tlio  bottom  of  the  furnace,  aud  to  stir  tho 
(ire.  I  insert  a  loose  brick  within  this  door  when  tlio 
fire   is   made   up  ;    I    do   not   let   it  go   out   once    u 


134 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Feb.  21, 


a  mouth,  and  tlie  attendance  it  rec|uires  is  a  very 
few  minutes  every  12  hours.  My  stove  is  larger  and 
deeper  than  Mr.  Rivers'",  and  has,  as  I  have  said  now, 
an  iron  plate  at  the  top  ;  it  consumes  only  from  five  to 
six  farthings-worth  of  coke  in  24  hours.  If  I  should 
relate  all  that  has  been  said  by  friends  and  inmates 
about  the  pleasant,  healthy,  uniform  heat  we  get,  it 
would  be  thought  fanciful.  The  stove,  much  to  the 
advantage  of  the  cook,  is  situated  in  a  scullery  on  a 
level  with  the  hall  ;  a  short  drain  from  the  hall  supply- 
ing cold  air  below  the  ashpit.  A  large  ventilator  in  the 
wall  gives  exit  to  the  heated  air  from  off  the  top  and 
sides  of  the  stove.  I  have  made  no  communication  with 
the  external  air,  as  the  hall  is  large,  30  feet  by  10  feet, 
and  for  two-thirds  of  its  length  it  is  as  much  as  20  feet 
high,  with  mauy  doors.  By  leaving  open  the  door  of 
any  room,  especially  if  we  close  the  register  flap  in  its 
chimney,  the  air  becomes  sensibly  interchanged  with 
that  of  the  warm  hall.  My  latest  expei-iraent  has  been 
in  our  union  workhouse,  where  a  freestone  partition  runs 
across  a  high  building,  now  to  be  used  for  schools.  A 
Phcenix  stove  is  on  the  girls'  side  ;  its  chimney  carried 
through  the  partition,  audup  30  feethigh  on  the  boys'  side. 
In  the  one  school  I  have  Folmaised  the  stove,  in  the 
other,  the  first  few  feet  of  the  chimney,  bringing  air 
up  direct  from  the  hollow  floors,  each  of  wliich  has  one 
internal  grating,  and  cxterual  communication.  The 
action  appears  perfect,  and  the  rooms  sweet.  Sufficieut 
has  now  been  said  to  show  how  easy  is  the  practical 
adaptation  of  Polmaise  wherever  there  is  "  a  will.'*  I 
may  add  that  a  gentleman,  one  of  Mr.  Meek's  most 
esteemed  correspondents,  in  writing  to  me  lately,  used 
these  ^^ords,  *' It  has  never  failed  with  me."  I  gather 
from  your  columns  that  want  of  power  has  been  a 
complaint  of  some  who  have  followed  Mr.  Meek's  plans, 
at  least  his  earlier  ones.  May  I  not  suggest  that  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten,  three  sides  of  the  hooded  stove 
might  be  built  without  inconvenience  within  the  area  of 
the  building,  whether  on  or  below  the  floor  line  ;  this 
would  give  immense  advantage,  and  if  the  fourth 
(i.e.  external)  side,  were  in  a  potting  or  working 
shed,  it  would  be  a  nice  arrangement.  Iron  conducts 
heat,  as  we  know,  almost  too  rapidly,  and  therefore 
cools  as  quickly ;  I  take  it,  however,  that  even 
9-inch  brickwork  retains  or  deadens  too  much  heat, 
and  therefore  I  think  Mr.  Meek's  suggestion  of  a 
14-inch  stove  (for  the  sake  of  a  large  heated  mass  of 
bricks),  would  not  have  been  a  step  in  the  right  direc. 
tion.  Mr.  Lewis,  of  Stamford-hill,  has  some  very  neat 
double-eased  (i.  e.  Polmaised)  iron  Arnotts  ;  but  pro- 
bably a  9-inch  brick  stove,  proportionate  in  size  to  the 
space  required  to  be  heated,  if  placed  "  within  the  area 
of  the  building,"  may  conduct,  in  all  cases,  sufficient 
heat,  combined  with  what  may  be  obtained  from  the 
chimney  pipe  or  flue.  Nothing  is  cleaner  than  an 
Arnott  stove,  nothing  more  simple,  or  more  under  the 
command  (as  to  degree  of  heat),  of  a  person  with 
common  intelligence,  though  not,  I  fear,  to  be  trusted 
to  female  management  (in  a  village  school,  for  instance). 
Mr.  Meek's  stove  is  quite  on  this  principle.  The  iron 
plate  may  be  a  course  or  two  higher  above  the  furnace 
than  in  his  plan,  and  therefore  less  liable  to  be  cracked. 
I  am  able  to  say  that  the  identical  plate  described  by 
Mr.  Meek  (28th  August,  1847)  is  now,  after  five  years' 
trial,  working  perfectly  well.  Let  me  point  out  that, 
wherever  it  is  strictly  copied,  the  four  thin  plates  of 
ii'on  (H),  must  rest  on  the  cast-iron  plate  (F),as  will  be 
evident  on  attentive  perusal  ;  in  the  engraving  they 
appear  to  be  asunder.  Let  attention  be  paid  to  Mr. 
Eivers'  fire-lump  (F),  which  is  excellent;  and  let  a 
clinker-door  (not  too  small)  be  adopted.  If  the  heat  at 
the  doors  be  not  wasted,  I  would  not  try  to  isolate  more 
than  the  three  inner  sides  of  the  stove,  which  will  give 
the  mason  a  great  advantage,  and  save  both  time  and 
expense.  I  have  never  been  annoyed  with  gas,  thanks 
to  your  hint  of  drilling  a  hole  in  the  fire-door  ;  not  one 
of  my  doors  is  latched.  To  sum  up  what  I  have  been 
saying,  I  cannot,  imagine  a  cheaper  way  of  going  to 
work  than  a  brick  Arnott,  an  iron  plate  for  the 
top,  exactly  answering  ]\Ir.  Meek's  description,  but 
of  any  size  required,  and  bars,  doors,  chimney 
pipe,  elbows,  and  soot  door  (with  damper,  if  for 
a  hothouse),  from  the  ntarest  foundry  or  large 
ironmonger's.  At  the  neighbouring  city  I  find  these 
are  always  to  be  had,  and  Stourbridge  bricks  and  burrs 
of  every  size,  so  that  the  expense  of  a  clever  mason  for 
a  few  days  is  all  that  is  needed,  beyond  some  inexpensive 
material.  In  conclusion,  I  must  apologise  for  the  length 
of  my  remarks,  which  I  hope  will  be  excused,  on 
account  of  the  earnest  interest  I  take  in  the  promulga- 
tion of  this  most  pleasing  subject.  0.  W.,  Fch.  9. 

Orchard  Houses. — If"  A  Hertsman"  will  spply  to  Mr. 
Bui'ton,  builder,  Sawbridgewovt^,,  who  furnished  me 
with  the  estimate  givep  in  my  little  pamphlet,  he  will 
build  him  as  mo '*./ houses  as  he  can  want  on  the  same 
terms.  ^y  employing  Larch,  from  5  to  6  inches  in 
l^Tneter,  once  cut  through  for  studs,  1  have  and  can 
build  them  at  a  considerably  less  cost  than  the  estimate. 
I  have  no  "spleen,"  but  1  will  confess  to  having  been 
amused  at  the  first  letter  of  «  A  Hertsman  ;"  his  last  I 
did  not  see  till  yesterday.  Thos.  Rivers,  Feb.  25. 

Tomatoes. — The  following  is  my  plan  of  ripening  them 
by  the  summer's  sun  in  this  northern  climate,  for  I  am 
situated  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  Although 
Tomatoes  are  in  great  request  here,  I  have  no  glass  to 
spare  for  such  plants.  I  sow  my  seed  early  in  February 
in  a  Cucumber  frame.  When  the  plants  are  fit  to  handle 
I  pot  them  into  5-ineh  pots,  and  encourage  their  growth 
in  a  warm  frame  until  they  are  a  good  size.  They  are 
then  placed  in  a  cold  frame  until  the  season  for  planting 


out  against  a  south  wall  has  arrived.  Their  growth  is 
encouraged  in  every  possible  way  until  the  plants  are 
two  or  more  feet  high,  either  with  one  or  two  stems. 
The  top  is  then  taken  off,  and  every  lateral  removed  as 
soon  as  it  appears.  Removing  the  laterals  is  essential 
to  the  early  production  of  flowers  and  fruit;  plants 
treated  in  this  way  will  produce  flowers  in  great 
abundance  at  every  point,  and  in  good  time  to  ripen 
fruit  by  means  of  suuheat.  Tomato, 

Peaches  on  Protected  Trellises. — It  is  remarked  that 
Peaches  on  the  trellis  in  the  garden  at  Chiswick  have 
failed  to  ripen  ;  this  must,  I  think, be  owing  to  its  standing 
in  an  exposed  situation  and  to  its  being  of  small  extent, 
so  that  the  draughts  at  the  back  and  at  each  end 
dissipate  the  heated  air  too  rapidly  ;  my  trellis  is  60  feet 
long  and  7  feet  wide.  I  had  but  few  Peaches  last  year, 
but  they  ripened  well,  and  were  some  of  the  largest  and 
finest  in  flavour  I  ever  tasted.  To  check  the  red  spider 
the  lights  were  taken  off  three  or  four  weeks  in  June 
and  July,  but  this  did  not  prevent  their  ripening  at 
the  usual  period  ;  they  are  mid-season  varieties,  z.  e., 
from  the  6th  to  the  10th  of  September.  The  trees 
made  fine  healthy  shoots,  and  are  now  in  a  most  promising 
state  ;  my  trellis  was  open  at  back  all  the  summer,  the 
lights  in  front  are  about  9  inches  from  the  ground.  Thos. 
Rivers^  Saivhridgeioorth. 

Orchids  for  the  Million, — Amongst  the  most  easy  of 
cultivation  is  the  Zygopetalon  Mackayii,  and  the  dif- 
ferent similar  species  and  varieties.  It  is  a  very  free 
fiowerer,  and  blooms  through  the  end  of  autumn  and 
winter,  and  is  very  handsome.  My  gardener  considers 
that  with  a  little  care  it  might  be  so  grown  as  to  flower 
twice  a  yeai*.  Dodman. 

Osage  Orange  {Madura  auraiiiiaca). — I  should  be 
glad  to  know  if  this  plant  is  generally  known  and  cul- 
tivated in  this  country.  In  1849  I  brought  some  seeds 
from  Ohio  ;  they  were  planted  and  have  grown  well, 
making  handsome  plants.  In  this  country,  and  in  all 
countries  North  of  Ohio,  I  find  they  are  deciduous  ;  but 
in  Arkansas  and  the  Southern  States  they  are  evergreen. 
I  may  observe,  that  my  plants  have  had  entirely  out-of- 
door  treatment,  and  that  they  are  very  healthy.  In- 
quisitor, Lee  Place,  Leiviiham,  [The  plant  is  not  uncom- 
mon, and  quite  hardy  ;  hut  it  never  has  flowered.] 

Rain  at  lichen  Abhas  {near  Winchester),  Hampshire. — 


Ins. 

Wet  davs. 

los. 

Wet  days 

January    ,, 

.     4  08 

...    20 

August      .. 

2.10 

...    12 

Februmy  ., 

.     1.-2S 

...    10 

September 

0.23 

...      4 

March 

.    4.33 

...    18 

October    .. 

3.51 

...    IS 

AlTil 

.    1.83 

...    14 

November.. 

0.48 

...     10 

May 

,    0.83 

...    12 

December.. 

1.61 

...      6 

Juno 

.    1.80 

...    13 



__ 

July 

.    2.34 

...    20 

Total.. 

24,40 

...  loo 

Averaging  2.04  inches  to  each  month,  or  nearly  0.16  to 
each  rainy  day.   W.  IF.  Spicer. 

Removing  Dead  Branches  from  Forest  Trees.  — 
"Expertus"  asks  (see  p.  37)  whether  I  would  suffer 
dead  and  rotten  boughs  to  remain  on  forest  trees  to  the 
injury  of  the  timber  ?  I  answer — decidedly  not ;  nor 
had  I  the  opportunity  would  I  suffer  them  to  exist  at  all, 
but  off  with  them  as  closely  as  possible.  Nevertheless 
this  is  an  exceptional  case  merely,  and  has  nothing  to  do 
with  systems  of  pruning.  A  late  correspondent  put  the 
question,  in  one  of  your  Numbers — "  What  is  Pruning  ? " 
and  proceeded  to  answer  it ;  but  as  far  as  my  recol- 
lection serves,  his  answer  referred  chiefly,  if  not  entirely, 
to  exceptional  cases,  in  most  of  which  1  felt  disposed  to 
concur.  Now,  it  is  easy  to  state  cases  in  which  pruning 
or  lopping  may  be  quite  necessary,  in  all  which  I  avowed 
myself  a  pruner  from  the  beginning  of  the  controversy, 
especially  in  giving  a  direction  to  trees  in  their  infancy. 
Afterwards  [to  prune  forests  or  plantations,  where  the 
design  is  to  accelerate  maturity  at  the  earliest  period  of 
time,  seems  to  me  to  be  a  piece  of  mistaken  economy, 
as  its  tendency  is  obviously  at  once  to  injure  the  quality 
of  timber  and  retard  its  growth.  I  allude  of  course  to 
systematic  pruning.  As  "Expertus"  does  not  wish  to 
prolong  the  subject,  I  hope  I  may  feel  assured  he  is 
convinced  of  the  impropriety  of  systematic  pruning, 
as  well  as  those  correspondents  who  formerly  opposed 
my  views  ;  I  should  greatly  prefer  such  a  feeling  to  any 
prolongation  of  the  subject.    Quercus. 

Bokhara  Clover  {MeUlotus  leucantha)  is  very  attrac- 
tive to  bees.  It  grows  6  or  7  feet  in  height,  and  bears 
numerous  wreaths  of  small  white  flowers.  When  the 
foliage  is  slightly  dried  it  becomes  extremely  sweet, 
smelling  like  new-mown  haj',  or  the  Tonquin  Bean,  A 
small  sprig  kept  in  the  pocket,  or  in  a  drawer  or  ward- 
robe, is  sure  to  discover  itself  by  its  agreeable  odour. 
Its  seed  should  be  sown  in  spring.  Hardy  and  Son 
Maldon. 


^mttit^* 


LiNNEAN,  Feb.  17. — R.  Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 
The  Secretary  announced  that  the  Palfeontographical 
Society  had  presented  a  complete  set  of  their  works. 
The  new  volume  of  the  Ray  Society's  publications,  being 
a  monograph  on  the  family  of  Cirripedes,  was  presented 
by  the  author,  C.  Darwin,  Esq.  A  continuation  of 
Mr.  Joseph  Wood's  notes  of  a  botanical  tour  in  France 
was  read.  Mr.  Curtis  made  a  communication  on  the 
fact  observed  by  M.  Lortet,  of  Lyons,  that  the  snow 
which  covers  Soldanella  alpina  forms  around  the  plant 
a  mould  or  case  produced  by  the  melting  of  the  snow. 
The  inference  drawn  from  this  fact  by  M,  Lortet  was, 
that  plants  gave  out  heat.  The  President  had  not 
lieard  this  fact  stated  before. 


Botanical  of  Edinburgh,  Fth.  12. — Professor  Bal- 
four in  the  chair.     Several  donations   to   the   library 


were  announced.  The  following  papers  were  read  : — - 
1.  On  the  uses  of  Stillingia  sebifera,  or  Tallow  Tree  of 
China,  being  the  substance  of  a  communication  made  to 
the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society  of  India  ^. 
by  D.  J.  Macgowan,  M.D.  2.  On  Victoria  iregia,  Lindl. 
By  Mr.  Otto,  Curator  of  the  Hamburg  Botanic  Garden, 
Communicated  by  Mr.  G.  Lawson.  This  communication 
consisted  of  an  account  of  the  mode  of  treatment 
adopted  by  Mr.  Otto,  in  the  successful  cultivation  of  the 
Victoria  in  the  Hamburg  Botanic  Garden,  accompanied 
by  observations  on  the  plant's  growth.  The  quickest 
development  he  observed  was  in  the  case  of  the  15th  leaf, 
from  the  19th  to  20th  August,  which  increased  about 
9  inches  in  24  hom's,  and  from  the  20th  to  21st  of  the 
same  month,  when  it  increased  11  inches  in  24  hours. 
The  leaf  stalks  only  extend  after  the  leaves  are  nearly  full 
grown.  After  giving  a  full  detail  of  the  progi'css  of  the 
plant,  and  the  development  of  flowers  and  fruit,  j\lr.  Otto 
enumerated  many  other  exotic  aquatics  which  he  had  suc- 
cessfully cultivatedinthesameAquarinm.  3.  Onthestruc- 
tui'e  and  reproduction  of  Volvox  Globator.  By  J.  Sibbald, 
Esq,  4.  On  the  development  of  the  Sporidia  and  Spores- 
of  Lecanora  tartarea.  By  W.  T.  C,  Thomson,  Esq.  The 
author  gave  a  sketch  of  the  structure  of  Lichens  in 
general  and  of  their  mode  of  nutrition  and  re-produc- 
tion. He  commenced  by  giving  a  definition  of  the  terms 
used.  He  considered  spores  as  being  the  ultimate;, 
germinating  cellules,  the  product  of  the  division  of  the 
compound  granular  cell  which  is  the  result  of  the  union, 
of  the  conjugating  cells  in  crjptogamic  plants;  sporidia 
as  the  compound  granular  cells,  the  product  of  the  union 
of  conjugating  cells  ;  protosporidia as  the  simple  cells  of 
Lichens  in  which  the  two  conjugating  cells  are  afterwards 
foi'med  ;  gonidia  as  free  cellules  derived  from  and  part 
of  the  cellular  tissue  of  the  parent  plant,  capable  of  con- 
tinuing to  a  certain  extent  their  development  when  free 
from  the  parent,  without  the  intervention  of  the  true 
generative  act  of  conjugation  (the  analogues  of  free  buds 
or  bulbils  in  Phanerogamete).  Mr.  Tiiomson  also  con- 
sidei'ed  the  proerabryo  in  Ferns  and  other  cryptogams 
as  the  cellular  expansion  formed  by  the  development  of 
the  gonidium,  and  containing  the  conjugating  cells. 
This  pro-embryo,  then,  corresponds  to  the  ordinary 
cellular  expansion  of  Lichens. — Dr.  Balfour  stated 
that  Mr.  Dick  had  analysed  the  leaf  of  Livistona 
chinensis,  Sabal  urn  brae  ulifera,  Chamcerops  humilis 
and  arborescens,  grown  in  the  Palm  House  of  the 
Royal  Botanic  Garden,  and  had  detected  a  very 
notable  quantity  of  manganese  in  their  GompositioDo 
He  exhibited  on  a  platiua  wire  an  opaque  bluish  green 
bead,  the  I'esult  of  fusing  the  ashes  with  carbonate  of 
soda  in  the  outer  flame,  so  as  to  produce  manganate 
of  soda  (soda  mineral  chameleon);  and  a  transparent 
violet  bead  obtained  by  heating  the  ashes  with  borax  aud 
a  trace  of  nitre,  so  as  to  produce  a  glass  coloured  like 
the  amethyst  by  oxide  of  manganese. — Mr.  Ji'Nab  read 
the  following  report  on  the  state  of  vegetation  in  the 
Edinburgh  Botanic  Garden, from  8th  Jan.  till  11th Feb,. 


Date  of  Fionerinff. 

Name. 

18S2. 

18SI.     , 
Jan.    2 

1S50. 

Rhododendron  atrovirena     ... 

Jan.  14 

(Jiirrjaelliptica 

„    20 

,.    14 

Dec.    24 

Rhododendron  Nobleanura  ... 

,.    23 

Feb.    2 

Geum  pyrenaicum        

„     23 

Jan.  20 

Uaich  22 

Erica  berbacea 

24  ' 

„    16 

CoryluB  Aveliana         

„     25 

„     IS 

Feb.   16 

Azara  dentata 

„     26 

Alnus  giutiuosa           

.,     27 

..     13 

Galanftius  nivalis         

..    28 

>.    17 

Feb.  .11 

Knappia  agrostidea 

,,     SI 

„    SS 

»      22 

Daphne  Mezereon        

»    31 

„    28 

.„      IS 

Eranthia  hyt  malis       

„    31 

„    16  ; 

„      1* 

C.jinus  mascula           

Feb.    2 

Feb.  14 

Sjniphytum  eaucasicum 

..      2 

Jau.  23 

ifarch  14 

Galanthub  pUcatus      

,,      3 

,.    28 

Feb.   14 

Crocus  Susianus          

»      3 

,.     26 

„      IS 

Helleborua  lividus 

„      3 

..     11 

March  19 

Sifljriuchiuni  grandlflorum  ... 

..      3 

»     27 

1.     12 

Potenilla  Frapaiiastrum     ... 

,.      5 

„    26 

Feb.      5 

Helieboru*  -  dorue        

..    10 

„  m  . 

.,     1* 

Mr.  M*Nab  also  laid  before  the  meeting  the  following 
Report  of  Temperatures  observed  at  the  Botanic  Gardeu 
from  the  8th  January  to  the  11th  February,  1852  : — 


Dnte. 
1852. 

Day. 

Lowest 

Day- 

Lowest 

9    P.M. 

light, 

during 

1852. 

9   P.M. 

light, 

during 

A.U, 

Deg. 

Night. 
Deg. 

A.M. 

Night. 

Jan. 

Deg. 

Jan. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

Deg. 

S 

39 

38 

35 

26 

38 

30 

23 

9 

34 

28 

28 

27 

35 

45 

2S 

10 

29 

83 

28 

28 

49 

39 

89 

II 

87 

87 

31 

29 

36 

37 

35 

12 

37 

32 

33 

30 

42 

39 

37 

13 

23    ' 

31 

21 

31 

38 

35 

35 

14 

40 

42 

37 

Veh. 

15 

42 

44     1 

87 

1 

40 

42 

40 

IG 

40 

40 

35 

;2 

4e 

43 

43 

17 

40 

40     ! 

83 

3 

45 

44 

42 

18 

42 

45      1 

38 

i 

43 

43 

48 

10 

45 

43     [ 

40 

6 

40 

41 

39 

20 

42 

4.3     1 

43 

e 

37 

S7 

37 

21 

43 

42     1 

36 

T 

43 

40 

40 

22 

40 

38    : 

40 

8 

40 

37 

37 

23 

42 

40 

S6 

9 

35 

36 

BO 

24 

41 

40 

36 

10 

35 

36 

2* 

25 

49 

48 

45 

11 

45 

45 

43 

Mr.  M'Nab  read  the  following  extract  from  a  letter- 
from  Dr.  G.  M'Nab,  Kingston,  Jamaica,  dated  I'Sth 
January,  1862:  "With  reference  to  your  iaqniries 
regarding  the  pape?  made  from  the  Spanish  Dagger 
Plant,  exhibited  at  llie  Botanical  Society  by  Mr.  Sawei's 
on  the  13th  Novenber  last,  I  have  to  state  that  the 
Spanish  Dagger  is  the  Yucca  aloefoha,  a  plant  very 
common  in  this  cmntry  for  making  fences  ;  the  .fine- 
paper-looliing  substince  is  got  by  breaking  the  loweK- 
part  of  the  leaf  alorg  the  midrib,  then  pulling  each  half 


■1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


135 


gently  from  the  cuticle  which  cover3  the  upper  sm-face. 
It  is  most  easily  got  frora  the  young  leaves,  as  iu  them 
only  it  separates  freely ;  it  cau  also  he  got  equally  well 
from  the  young  leaves  of  tlie  Yucca  gloriosa.  It  is  au 
excellent  article  for  making  artificial  flowers,  as  it  takes 
on  colours  freely." — A  communication  was  read  from 
Mr.  Keddie,  of  GLisgow,  in  which  he  stated  tliat  he  had 
found  vast  profusion  of  Batrachospermum  vagum  in  the 
pools  and  rivulets  immediately  under  the  upper  part  of 
Goatfell,  in  Arran,  about  tlie  place  where  the  granite 
comes  into  contact  with  the  schistose, rocks. — Two  new 
members  were  elected. 


Microscopical,  Jan.  28i/i. — Dr.  Arthur  Farre  in 
the  chair.  Mr.  W.  King,  of  Stepney,  and  I\lr.  H. 
Perigal  of  Chelsea,  were  elected  Fellows. — A  paper  was 
read  by  Mr.  Q,uekett,  on  the  structure  of  Raphides. 
The  author  commenced  by  staling  that  inorganic 
substances  were  found  in  plants  under  two  circumstances. 
First,  in  crystals,  as  in  the  case  of  phosphate 
and  oxalate  of  lime  ;  second,  as  a  portion  of 
the  tissue,  as  in  the  case  of  silica  in  the  bai'k  of 
Equisetaceous  and  Gramineous  plants.  The  crystals 
were  stellate  or  single,  from  the  -^^-^  to  the  -Yrhu  °^ 
an  inch  in  diameter.  Single  crystals  of  oxahite  of 
lime  were  acicular,  those  of  phosphate  of  lime  were 
rhomboidal.  Numerous  plants  were  referred  to,  in 
which  Raphides  were  found,  as  the  species  of  Cactus, 
the  Lime,  Rhubarb,  Elm,  Apple,  Onion,  and  other 
plants.  The  author  exhibited  drawings  of  artificial 
Raphides,  which  had  been  formed  in  the  tissue  of  Rice- 
paper,  by  the  late  Mr.  Edwin  Quekett,  by  immers- 
ing the  cells  first  in  lime-water  and  afterwards  in 
oxalic  acid.  In  conclusion,  the  author  gave  a  detailed 
account  of  some  stellate  Kapliides  he  had  found  in  great 
abundance  in  a  species  of  Cactus.  On  dissolving  np 
the  inorganic  matter  of  these  crystals,  b}'  means  of  hydro- 
chloric acid,  he  was  surprised  to  find  that  an  organic  base 
was  left,  perfectly  similar  in  form  to  that  of  the  crystal 
which  had  been  dissolved.  From  this  fact,  Mr.  Quekett 
inferred  that  all  these  crystals  were  deposited  with 
organic  matter.  He  referred  to  the  structure  of 
calculi  in  the  human  and  animal  body,  which  were 
always  deposited  upon  or  with  an  organic  base,  as  proof 
that  this  law  was  general,  and  that  the  deposition  of  in- 
organic salts  in  the  tissues  of  plants  and  animals  was 
always  connected  with  the  growth  of  organic  matter. 
Dr.  Lankester  referred  to  the  case  of  crystals  in  Chara 
upon  the  surface  of  the  plant,  which  seem  to  originate  in 
cells,  in  the  same  manner  as  hairs.  Dr.  Mantell  enquired 
as  to  the  mode  of  growth  of  the  crystals  in  the  interior 
of  the  cell. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

RoTAL  Nursery,  Slough. — Considerable  alterations 
for  the  better  have  been  effected  here  since  our  last 
visit.  One  or  two  new  glass  houses  have  been  put  up, 
and  others  remodelled  and  modernised.  In  one  of  the 
latter,  which  is  attached  to  Mr.  Tm'ner's  dwelling-house, 
was  a  small  bank  of  Camellias  coming  nicely  into 
bloora,  intermixed  with  Lilacs  and  shrubs  of  that  sort, 
which  submit  to  gentle  forcing.  Among  these  none  were 
more  interesting  than  the  Chinese  Jasminura  nudifiorum, 
whose  primrose  flowers,  set  off'  by  the  shining  deep  green 
leaves  of  the  Camellias,  had  a  cheerful  and  enlivening 
effect.  In  the  neighbom'hood  of  London  this  plant  is 
now  in  flower  on  the  open  wall,  where  it  is  very  orna- 
mental at  this  comparatively  dull  season.  Chinese 
Primulas,  Hyacinths,  early  Tulips,  and  other  forced 
bulbs,  completed  the  floral  decorations  of  this  house. 
We  may  mention  here  that  few  plants  are  better 
adapted  for  early  spring  flowering  than  Dielytra  specta- 
bilis.  The  value  of  tliis  Fumewort  for  the  purpose  is  not 
sufficiently  known.  A  few  strong  plants  with  from  three 
to  Bix  spikes  of  gracefully  pendant  rosy  flowers  in  full 
perfection  have  a  charming  effect.  They  should  be 
lifted  out  of  the  open  border,  and  placed  in  a  gentle 
heat  for  a  short  time,  until  they  have  got  well  esta- 
blished, and  as  they  come  into  flower  they  may  be  intro- 
duced to  a  cold  house,  where  tliey  will  continue  in 
beauty  for  a  considerable  time.  A  hand-glass  put  over 
those  in  the  open  ground  at  night  will  accelerate  their 
growth,  and  bring  them  earlier  into  flower.  Mr. 
Turner  liafi  ere<;ted  a  email  house  expressly  for  the 
growth  of  fancy  Pelargoniums,  which  like  a  little  more 
warmth  than  the  ordinary  kinds.  They  must  not,  liow- 
ever,  be  kept  tf»o  cloae,  or  the  wood  will  l>eeomo  drawn, 
and  the  flowers  will  be  deficient  in  colour.  At  Slough 
they  receive  plenty  of  airall  day  (if  the  weather  is  at  all 
itmtable),  even  if  a  lire  should  be  rifjuirod  to  maintain 
the  requiaite  U-mpcratui-e.  Great  attention  ia  paid  to 
watering,  and  the  brancliefl  are  well  tied  out,  as  much 
for  the  [iiirpofic  of  admitting  air  and  light  to  the  heart  of 
of  the  planU  as  to  give  them  hhapc.  Such  treatment 
in  well  repaid,  for  we  never  saw  more  ]>roiuitting  tpcci- 
mcns  than  at  present  exist  here.  ThiH  remark  also 
appljea  to  the  ordinary  kinds  whicli  arc  cultivated  here 
in  quantity,  both  for  exhibition  and  other  purpoHcs.  A 
large  and  commodious  liouac,  erectci  home  time  ago,  lias 
been  appropriuted  to  their  culture  ;  lure  tlicy  liave 
plenty  of  light  and  room,  and  wo  fxpect  it  wt/uld  be 
diflicult  to  find  elH«-where  plantH  in  mich  rolnist  liealth, 
and  exhibiting  so  much  hardincH.i  of  constitution.  The 
stage  in  this  house  \u\n  tho  same  inclination  an  the  roof, 
and  yet  it  ia  Hudieienlly  low  to  enablo  the  i)!atits  to  bo 
overlooked  and  closely  inspected  with  facility.  Tulips 
are  just  U-ginning  to  peep  throngh  the  uoil  ;  they 
arc  malted  ovtr  wln.nevor  the  weather  Is  so  severe 
M    to    bv    likely    to  injure    them.      The    quantity   of 


Carnations  at  this  nursery  is  immense  ;  and  we 
have  never  seen  plants  healthier  or  in  better  con- 
dition. A  discoloured  leaf  could  hardly  be  discovered 
on  the  whole  stock.  Up  to  the  present  time  they  have 
been  kept  nearly  perfectly  dry  ;  but  as  soon  as  the 
weather  sets  iu  more  geuial  they  will  be  permitted  to 
receive  gentle  showers,  Pansies  were  showing  their 
familiar  faces  both  in  the  open  air  and  in  pits.  It  is 
surprising  that  this  plant  is  not  more  sought  after 
than  it  is  for  early  spring  decoration,  for  it  will  bloom 
from  the  middle  of  January  onwards.  Mr.  Turner  has 
some  capital  examples  in  pots  for  the  forthcoming 
exhibition  at  Chiswick.  One  plant  occupies  an  8-inch 
pot,  and  the  leading  shoots  (from  four  to  seven  in 
number)  are  arranged  so  as  to  form  a  handsome  speci- 
men without  being  too  stiff.  The  latter  evil  belonged 
to  all  that  we  saw  exhibited  last  year.  He  recommends 
the  following  as  suitable  for  showing  in  pots.  Sdfs  of 
various  Shades :  Blanche,  Constanline,  Duke  of  Perth, 
Ibrahim  Pasha,  Lucy  Neal,Ophir,  Polyphemus,  Pompey, 
Rainbow,  and  Samba.  Vayktlcs  iviili  White  Grounds  : 
Aurora,  Alraanzor,  Caroline,  Climax,  Madame  Sontag, 
Miss  Thomson,  Mrs.  Beck,  Mrs.  Hamilton,  Penelope, 
Sir  R.  Peel,  and  Royal  Visit.  Varieties  ivith  different- 
Shades  of  Yellow  Ground:  Addison,  Constellation,  Duke 
of  Norfolic,  Diadem,  Elegant,  Euphemia,  France  Cycole, 
Iron  Duke,  Inventor,  Mr.  Beck,  Masterpiece,  Ophelia, 
Robert  Burns,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Supreme,  and  Zabdi. 
Dahhas  were  in  lieat,  and  pushing  freely. 


FLORICULTURE. 


The  Ranunculus  is  admitted  by  all  to  be  the  ne 
plus  uit7-a  of  floral  perfection,  and  yet  we  are  sorry  to 
say  its  cidture  is  all  but  neglected  by  florists  in  general. 
We  hope  that  its  present  limited  cultivation  may  be 
extended,  and  that  ere  long  all  will  be  more  familiar 
with  its  appearance  ;  few  flowers  can  be  grown  in  so 
limited  a  space  and  with  so  small  an  annual  cost.  Look 
at  the  Hollyhock,  the  Dahlia,  the  Pelargonium,  and  the 
Tulip,  they  each  require  '^an  establislmieut,"  and  they 
have  it  east,  west,  north,  and  south  ;  and  furtber,  every 
season  adds  to  the  list  of  cultivators.  Do  these  flowers 
possess  individually  greater  beauties  than  that  for  which 
we  plead  ?  Its  symmetry  is  recherche^  its  briUiancy  unsur- 
passed, and  for  variety  it  stands  alone  !  Among  southern 
growers  of  this  flower,  Messrs.  Tyso,  Costar,  Airzee, 
Reeves,  and  Hook,  stand  prominent  ;  but  these  are  not 
enough.  It  is  numbers  and  inci-eased  popularity  we 
require.  Our  midland  florists  seem  to  be  as  neglectful  of 
our  favourite  as  we  are  about  London ;  and  whatever  may 
be  the  doings  of  our  more  northern  brethren,  of  whom 
Mr.  Lightbody  is  the  acknowledged  head,  no  cheering 
reports  of  great  gatherings  or  of  national  demonstrations 
reach  us  ;  we  will,  however,  no  longer  indulge  in  re- 
proaches, but  trust  that  a  change  in  favour  of  the  subject 
of  our  present  remarks  may  soon  be  effected,  and  with 
a  view  to  accelerate  this  desideratum, we  talce  the  liberty 
of  pointing  out  the  best  methods  of  cultivation  ;  and 
which  are  to  be  found  in  Messrs.  Tyso's  little  treatise  on 
"  The  Ranunculus,"  which  is  the  result  of  many  years' 
experience.  No  one  intending  to  commence  growing  this 
flower  could  do  better  than  stmly  the  little  work  we 
j  have  just  named.  The  following  hints  as  to  soil,  for- 
I  mation  of  beds,  and  planting,  will  be  valuable  at  this 
season  of  the  year. 

"  The  foundation  of  all  good  culture  is  the  adaptation 
of  the  compost  to  the  natural  habitats  of  the  plant. 
Experience  teaches  that  the  Ranunculus  delights  in  a 
rich  hazelly  loam.  If  therefore  the  natural  soil  of  the 
':  garden  be  unfavourable,  procure  the  top  gpit  of  a 
I  pasture,  of  rather  heavy  and  tenacious  but  not  clayey 
qualities,  with  the  turf,  and  lay  it  in  a  ridge  some 
months,  and  turn  it  two  or  three  times  before  use. 

"  To  give  precise  and  accui'ate  directions  in  print  for 
selecting  a  suitable  soil  is  difficult,  but  it  is  deserving  Of 
remark,  that  a  pasture  abounding  with,  and  luxuriantly 
sustaining,  the  British  varieties  of  Ranunculus,  or 
Butter-cups,  as  they  are  usually  called,  has  also  been 
found  congenial  to  the  Asiatic  species. 

"  The  addition  of  fertilising  agents  to  maiden  soil  is 
of  paramovuit  importance.     Many  composts  havo  been 
recommended  to  the  amateui*,  the  proportionate  ingre- 
dients of  which  have  been  presci'ibed  with  the  precision 
of  a   phj'aician''s    formula.       The    secret    of    vigorous 
foliage  and  enormous  blooms  has  been  a  mixture   of 
powerful  chemical  stimulants,  or  a  substratum  of  cow- 
dung  a  foot  thick,  or   some   other   equally    unnatural 
,  process  !       Our  advice   is  to  avoid    quackery.     Many 
I  valuable  collections   have   been   ruined    by    excessive 
!  applications  of  Ruituble  manures,  or  the  use  of  such  as 
I  are  destructive  rather  than  nutritive. 
I      "  Decaj'ed  stable  and   cow-dung,  in  eqnal  quantities, 
constituting  together   about   onc-tlnrd,  added    to    two- 
I  thirds  of  loam,  will,  when  mixed  ami  thoroughly  iucor- 
'  poratcd,  j'urm  n  compoat  lor  the  main  depth  of  the  bed  ; 
reserving  a  portion  of  loam  sullicient  lo  make  a  top 
,  layer  of  Koil  two  inches  deep,  to  which  about  half  the 
above-stated   proiiorLitjiis  of  well    decomposed    nnmure 
!  may   bo  added.     It  is  of  importanco  that   tlio    tubers 
I  should  not  be  placed  in  contact  with  frets h   nntnure,  as 
,  it  engenders  diseiiae  in  the  roots,  and  consequent  injui-y 

to  the  plants. 

j      *'  Having  choHcn  an  open  but  not  expoKcd  part  of  tho 

garden,  which  will   admit  of  the  beds  being  laid  down 

about  Mist  and  west,  remove  the  earth  a  foot  deep,  ami 

j  from  ;j  feet  to  .'J  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  fill  tho  bed  with 

I  the  prepared  compoht,to  wiihiii  'J  inclioH  of  l.bcsmface  ; 

leave  it  thus  a  inonth,  and  then  add  the  rcBcrved  top 


soil.  These  operaLions  are  best  done  m  autumn,  that 
time  may  be  allowed  for  the  earth  to  settle.  Thti  sur- 
face of  the  beds  sliould  be  level,  and  nut  more  than  au 
inch  higher  than  the  paths,  in  order  that  the  roots  may 
be  kept  regularly  cool  and  moist ;  and  as  the  Ranun- 
culus thrives  on  a  firm  bottom,  the  compost  should  not; 
be  disturbed  at  the  time  of  planting,  more  than  is  just 
needful  for  that  operation.  During  winter  the  surface 
may  be  pointed  up  rough  to  take  the  benefit  of  frosts, 
but  in  no  case  should  this  be  done  more  than  2  inches 
deep.  The  beds  may  be  neatly  edged  with  inch  boards 
painted  lead  colour,  and  in  case  named  sorts  are 
planted,  should  be  numbered  with  white  pamt  to  cor- 
respond with  the  numbers  entered  in  tlie  amateur's 
list.  As  a  bed,  well  constructed  at  the  commencement 
will  admit  of  several  successive  plantings  with  an 
annual  addition  of  fertilising  materials,  it  is  worthy  of 
the  particular  care  of  the  cultivator,  though  the  pre- 
paration at  first  may  involve  some  httle  trouble  and 
expense. 

'*  The  best  season  for  general  planting  is  the  last 
fortnight  in  February— the  plants  have  not  then  to 
contend  with  the  severities  of  the  winter.  Iu  some 
favourable  seasons  roots  may  be  planted  with  advantage 
in  October  ;  they  will  have  more  time  to  vegetate,  and 
establish  themselves  ;  will  make  stronger  plants,  and 
will  bloom  more  vigorously,  and  about  a  fortnight 
earlier  than  if  planted  in  spring.  Considerable  hazard, 
however,  attends  autumn  planting,  and  it  is  not  recom- 
mended, except  by  way  of  experiment,  to  those  who 
possess  a  large  stock  and  can  aff'ord  to  risk  a  portion. 

"  In  fine  weather,  towards  the  close  of  February,  rako 
your  beds  perfectly  level,  and  divide  them  into  six 
longitudinal  rows  for  mixed  roots,  allowing  4  inches 
froni  the  outside  row  to  the  edge  ;  or  for  named  sorts, 
mark  your  rows  transversely  at  distances  of  5  inches 
asunder,  and  plant  six  roots  in  a  transverse  row. 
Draw  drills  one  inch  and  a  half  deep,  and  plant  the 
roots  with  the  claws  downwards,  with  a  gentle  pressure 
to  secure  them  in  the  soil,  so  as  to  be  one  inch  and  a 
half  from  the  crowns  to  the  surface.  When  planting 
on  a  small  scale  a  dibble. with  a  shoulder  at  the  precise 
depth  may  be  usetl,  but  in  large  quantities  it  is  au 
inconvenient  method,  and  planting  at  the  bottom  of  a 
drill  with  slight  pressure,  and  without  disturbing  the 
subsoil,  is  attended  with  similar  advantages  to  the  use 
of  a  dibble,  and  in  practice  will  be  found  to  have  some 
points  of  preference.  If  the  top  soil  is  light  after 
planting,  it  may  be  gently  beaten  with  the  back  of  a 
spade  ;  this  operation,  however,  must  be  only  done  in 
dry  weather.*'  J.  E. 

Inconspicuous  Props  Fon  Plants.— I  have  been  from 
home,  or  I  should  have  written  sooner,  to  disclaim  the 
plagiarism  attributed  to  me  by  a  correspondent,  at 
p.  103.  In  doing  so,  I  have  simply  to  state  that  I  was  un- 
conscious that  wii'e  and  props,  similar  to  those  described 
by  me  at  p.  71,  had  been  previously  noticed  elsewhere  ; 
and  further,  that  I  have  not  yet  had  the  gratification  of 
seeing  such  things  used  by  any  one  but  myself.  I  am 
quite  disposed  to  give  Mr.  Sivewright  all  the  merit 
claimed  for  him  as  oHgvnator  of  the  props  in  question  ; 
I  am  not,  however,  indebted  to  him  or  any  one  else  for 
a  hint  on  the  subject,  which  has  engaged  my  attention 
since  1830,  when  I  first  employed  painted  straightened 
wires  to  support  Hyacinths  in  pots.  The  plan  I  then 
adopted  for  these  plants  is  so  good  that  it  may  be  worth 
description,  as  it  secures  the  almost  total  concealment  of 
the  prop.  The  wire  is  bent  about  4  inches  from  the 
end  to  be  placed  in  ground  (which  end  is  inserted  in  a 
wooden  soclcet)  so  as  to  form  a  curve  over  the  bulb,  and 
in  this  way  the  supporting  portion  of  the  wire  rises  from 
the  centre  of  the  bulb  close  to  the  flower  stem,  and  is 
all  but  concealed  by  it.  In  conclusion,  I  thinlc  your 
correspondent  might  have  claimed  merit  for  Mr.  Sive- 
wright or  others  without  being  discourteous  to  me. 
IF.  C.,jun.j  Glasgow,  Fchruarj/2$. 

A^TlBIlHINOM8  :  CE,  These  were  invited  by  oiie  socie'y  last 
BtuHon,  but  with  so  short  a  notice,  that  thert  was  no  compe- 
tition. No  d(ubt  thi'j  can  be  Bhown  wtil  in  pi.t^.  The 
variety  in  question  iB  in  the  bnndfi  of  the  dealers.  J.  E. 

Catalogue  received  from  McPsrB.  Downie  and  Laird,  17,  South 
Fredericlt-sireet,  Eilinbuigh.  J.  E. 

C1NEFAEIA8:  T  S.  Ad  occasional  jqiplicalion  of  liquid  manure 
will  aBSiat  iheir  flowers.  To  every  3U  galloiiB  of  rain  writer 
add  one  pecU  of  either  bbeep  or  cow-dung  ;  in  tho  abs>c'nco  of 
thete  joumay  use  boree  dropiiinns,  and  after  well  mixing,  let 
the  whole  t-tarid  (or  at  least  I'i  hours,  when  it  will  be  fit  fur  use 
flitliout  diluting.  Ajiply  it  twicu  a  week  to  strong  growing 
Ifinriu,  but  let.8  iVcqut'ntly  ti>  the  more  dulicate  sorti*.  J.  E, — 
F  T,  Daoenlry.  A  liuwtr  of  full  avonige  s'zo  and  of  ((ood 
colour  {white  elrongly  tipped  with  dteplhb  purple).  Tho 
petals  aru  not  tr<ai  tnuuiih  to  form  a  iirst-iiite  flower 
of  BO  largo  a  efze,  and  the  indenture  at  tho  lip  of  eiich  wua 
an  othir»iBe  g'od  vaiioty.  Of  the  two  bloomu  sent,  ono  was 
much  diimJiKfd.  J.  /^'. 

IIoLLvuocK  Serd  :  Id  II.  Well.rlpmed  aecde.  If  sown  iu  tbo 
open  ground  in  drills,  between  Iho  prohent  time  and  the  end 
of  March,  \\'\\\  not  only  make  good  plantc,  but,  with  care, 
many  will  bhroni  in  Septi'mhcr.  Siirriog  the  tuifuce  of  tho 
fioil,  giving  liquid  manure,  mulching  in  the  hotteHt  weather 
and  the  JIke,  will  by  autumn  meet  with  oeilain  reward.  J.  E, 

Nnnr::  J  A'.  Wo  hiivo  had  no  oxperieneo  with  ir,  and  wo 
bilh'Vc  it  1h  not  u«ed  bj  any  uf  our  hebt  culiivatorH.  J.  E. 

Ti'J.irti  :  Z.  fajB,  "  My  bed  is  lalrly  up,  and  hiokiutf  promiainf? 
if  iiot  Will,"  So  many  {xcliiin|;i.'rt  of  vailetloH  hiiving  been 
ninilo  biHt  Boanon  between  the  south  and  nor'h  inulics  ua 
uiixlouu  for  thfi  iirrivat  of  tho  blooming  season.  J.  E, 

MiHo.  :  E  Ucnnctl:  I'utwich,  thall  not  bo  fort;otteii.  J.  E. — 
ir.  I'.  A.  To  iidopt  your  HUggt'Btlon  would  bo  to  create  oppo- 
BiLlon.  GlnhB  Rbowirig  legltunauly  bulongR  to  thorn  and  not 
to  UH  ;  we  say,  lot  well  ulouo  ;  time  will  toll  its  own  tale,  J,  E, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

( Por  (he  ensuing  wc<j/c.J 
I'bANI'   IUXJUIiH. 

In  carrying  out  tlio  potting  of  tho  general  stock  of 
plants  lit  this  scaHon,  ru'gard  niuyt  be  had  to  tho  object 


136 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


Feb.  21, 


lor  wlJicii  tUu  piHUCs  are  uitima'cly  intended;  to  grow 
for  exhibition  is  one  thing  and  for  the  general  purposes 
of  country  mansions  another  ;  we  do  not  mean  but  tliat 
the  plants  should  be  grown  equally  well  for  both  pur- 
poses, but  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  will  be  found  that 
for  the  embellishment  of  country  seats,  a  larger  number 
of  moderate-sized  specimens  is  preferable  to  a  small 
numbei'  of  large  ones  ;  while  for  decorating  roomsj  &c., 
we  have  previously  pointed  out  that  the  smaller-sized 
plants  are  the  most  useful.  Without  going  into  detail 
Iiow  every  class  of  plants  should  be  dealt  with  in 
potting,  we  may  observe,  that  for  strong-growing  plants, 
as  Clerodendrons,  &c.,  a  rich  compost  should  be  used. 
Ixoras  and  their  allies  thrive  best  in  equal  parts  of 
'  turfy  loam  and  peat ;  and  tlie  same  may  be  used  for 
most  soft-wooded  stove  and  greenhouse  plants — while 
compact,  fibrous  peat,  and  clean,  sharp,  gritty  sand  are 
indispensable  for  hard-wooded  plants,  both  stove  and 
greenhouse.  In  some  instances  (and  especially  where  a 
somewhat  large  shift  is  given),  broken  pieces  of  soft 
brick,  freestone,  or  brolten  cliarcoal  may  be  mixed  with 
the  ingredients  while  potting.  Shy-growing,  delicate 
rooted  plants  should  have  only  a  small  shift  at  a  time  ; 
in  this  respect,  however,  much  must  be  left  to  the  culti- 
vator. Previous  to  potting,  soak  the  balls  of  sucli  plants 
as  are  found  to  be  dry,  and  liberate  the  roots  slightly, 
that  they  may  speedily  take  hold  of  the  new  soil.  After 
potting  a  gentle  watering  should  be  given,  and  the  plants 
kept  a  trifle  closer  for  a  few  days.  During  very  bright 
days  the  conservatory  may  require  the  sliades  being  put 
over  the  roof  ;  this  will  keep  the  bloom  longer  on  the 
plants,  and  prevent  large  currents  of  cold  air  in  the 
house,  which  lowering  the  sashes  to  the  degree  otherwise 
requii'ed  would  necessarily  produce.  Keep  every  part 
clean,  and  fill  up  all  vacancies  by  supplies  from  the 
forcing  houses.  Pelargoniums  will  require  constant 
looking  after  ;  fumigate  on  the  first  appearance  of  green 
'fly.  This  class  of  plants  requires  a  light  place  in  the 
house,  and  should  be  sufficiently  near  the  glass  to 
prevent  drawing.  Those  intended  for  early  blooming 
should  he  placed  at  the  warm  end  of  the  house.  At 
this  season  an  occasional  watering  with  very  weak 
manure  water  may  be  given ;  tliis,  liowevez',  if  carried 
to  excess,  is  apt  to  cause  the  colours  to  run.  The  plants 
for  the  July  blooming  should  now  have  their  final  shift. 
They  will  previously  have  been  stopped,  and  the  young 
shoots  must  be  thinned  out  to  the  desired  number,  to 
form  a  specimen ;  a  slight  syringing  may  be  given  on 
the  afternoon  of  fine  days,  but  taking  care  the  leaves  get 
dry  before  night.  Fancy  Pelargoniums  require  a  lighter 
oil  and  a  trifle  more  heat.  Calceolarias  may  now  have 
their  last  shift ;  and,  with  Pelargoniums,  should  have  a 
night  temperature  of  not  less  than  45^, 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
Pinery. — The  general  shifting  of  the  young  stock  of 
Pines  will  take  place  next  month,  and  for  this  purpose  a 
stock  of  dry  loam  should  be  ready,  that  when  the 
favourable  time  arrives,  no  delay  may  take'place.  Where 
tan  is  used  as  a  means  of  giving  bottom  heat,  a  supply 
should  be  on  hand.  In  potting,  be  guided  by  the  state 
of  the  roots  and  general  health  of  the  plants.  To  get 
the  roots  into  action,  the  linings  should  now  be  kept  up, 
and  every  means  taken  to  start  them  into  growth, 
previous  to  their  being  potted.  Fruiting  plants,  when 
out  of  bloom,  may  have  a  slight  damping  occasionally, 
on  fine  afternoons,  with  tepid  water.  Tie  up  each  fruit 
to  one  or  two  stakes,  that  the  fruit  and  crown  may  be 
perfectly  upright.  In  giving  air  guard  against  currents, 
and  close  the  house  early ;  towards  evening,  a  slight 
admission  of  air  should  again  be  given,  not  sufficient  to 
lower  the  temperature  below  the  necessary  point,  but  to 
keep  the  internal  air  in  motion.  If  the  fruit  is  wanted 
quickly,  the  niglit  heat  may  be  raised  to  G5^  or  68"  ; 
and  as  light  and  heat  are  daily  increasing,  advantage 
should  be  taken  of  a  few  degrees  each  bright  day.  The 
increa.se  of  heat,  at  this  season,  will  require  the  water- 
ings to  be  more  frequent,  the  water  for  which  should 
not  be  less  than  80";  and  prefer  giving  less  at  a  time, 
aid  more  frequently,  than  large  gluts  at  once. 
A  change  of  cold  weather  having  taken  place,  the  out- 
side borders  of  forcing  houses  should  now  be  examined, 
and,  if  necessary,  additions  made  to  keep  up  a  certain 
amount  of  heat.  The  increased  fire  heat  in  forciu"' 
houses  which  this  will  entail  should  be  combined  with 
a  proportionate  amount  of  moisture,  more  particularly 
as  the  days  are  bright,  the  external  air  remarkably 
dry,  and  consequently  the  moisture  will  be  abstracted 
from  them  much  more  rapidly.  Strawberries  in  bloom 
should  be  kept  something  drier  ;  the  fertilisation  of  the 
bloom  depends  mainly  on  the  pollen  becoming  dry 
enough  to  detach  itself;  to  effect  this,  we  find  a  tem- 
perature in  the  day  of  68°  or  70^  necessary.  Air  should 
be  given  early,  but  the  plants  will  not  be  injured  by 
being  closed  up  for  two  or  three  hours  in  the 
after  part  of  the  day;  a  small  quantity,  however, 
should  be  left  on  at  night.  The  fruit  will  set  better  by  the 
plants  being  kept  rather  dry  than  damp  at  this  season; 
see  Calendar  No.  4,  respecting  placing  them  in  feeders. 
Melons,  in  frames,  when  sufKciently  advanced,  will 
require  stopping  (presuming  there  is  one  plant  to  each 
hght).  Select  four  of  the  strongest  shoots  ;  allow  these 
to  grow  nearly  to  the  sides  of  the  frame,  when  they 
should  be  again  stopped,  the  lateral  shoots  from  whicli 
will  show  the  young  fruit.  Remove  all  snperfluons 
shoots  and  male  blossoms  ;  and  throw  all  the  energies 
of  the  plant  into  the  fruit  bearing  shoots.  Pay  great 
attention,  that  none  of  the  principal  leaves  are  injured, 
AS  on  their  health,  and  entirety,  the  success  mainly 
depends.      Whether  in  frames   or  houses,  the  bottom 


.  lieat  should  be  kept  steady  at  85°  or  90^'  ;  to  which 
former  point  the  daily  temperature  may  rise,  allowing 

I  it  to  decline  to  70"  by  night  ;  admitting  a  regular  but 
cautious  supply  of  air  at  every  opportunity.  These 
general  remarks  will  serve  for  Cucumbers,  with  the 
exception,  that  the  latter  require  rather  moi'e  atmo- 
spheric moisture.  As  the  roots  of  the  plants  extend 
themselves  in  the  bed,  additions  must  be  made  to  the 
ridges,  by  adding,  at  two  or  three  times,  fresh  portions 
of  soil  till  the  bed  is  complete  ;  a  fresh,  somewhat 
strong,  turfy  loam,  suits  the  generality  of  Melons  best. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY- 
Move  into  pits,  and  other  shelters,  the  stock  of  bedding- 
out  plants,  WHitered  in  Vineries  and  other  houses, 
now  wanted  for  other  purposes.  Attend  to  the  pro- 
pagation of  such  plants  as  you  are  deficient  in.  If  some 
of  the  bedding  stuff  has  been  planted  out  in  frames,  as 
we  formerly  advised,  so  that  no  damping  occui's,  after 
they  begin  to  grow  the  danger  will  cease.  Scarlet 
Geraniums,  the  fancy  kinds  of  Pelargoniums,  and  the 
older  bedding  sorts,  as  Unique,  Lady  Mary  Fox,  &c., 
may  now  have  a  small  shift ;  stop  the  tendency  of  tlie 
latter  kinds  to  bloom  at  this  period,  by  pinching  out  the 
buds,  and  encourage  thera  into  bushy  plants,  before 
they  are  planted  out.  A  few  annuals,  for  select  pur- 
poses, may  now  be  sown,  as  Coboea  scandens,  Lophosper- 
mum,  Maurandya,  TropEeolum  aduncum,  and  the 
scarlet,  ten-week,  and  German  Stocks,  for  early  bloom- 
ing ;  all  the  above  will  require  sowing  in  small  pots  in 
a  slight  heat.  The  borders,  in  connection  with  the 
shrubbery,  should  now  he  finished  digging  or  forking 
for  the  present,  and  heavy  soils  should  be  left  rough, 
and  exposed  to  the  winds  of  March.  The  preparations 
of  beds  and  parterres,  for  summer  flowers,  should  now 
be  forwarded,  paying  due  regard  to  their  future  occu- 
pants, in  forming  the  compost  for  each.  After  the 
proper  additions  of  fresh  soil.  Sec,  have  been  made, 
the  beds  should  be  frequently  turned  over,  to  dry 
and  pulverise.  Herbaceous  plants,  as  soon  as  they  are 
above  ground,  should  be  forked  between ;  and  next 
month  will  be  a  good  time  to  form  fresh  beds  of  these 
beautiful  hardy  plants,  to  which  additional  novelties  are 
yearly  being  added.  Provide  some  kind  of  protective 
material  for  the  early  flowering  scarlet  Rhododendrons, 
and  a  few  other  things,  whose  beauty  is  often  cut  short 
by  spring  frosts. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Now  is  the  time  to  begin  with  protecting  the  bloom  of 
all  our  most  valuable  wall  fruits,  if  such  has  not  been 
already  done  with  some,  by  way  of  retarding  them. 
Canvas— old  fish  netting,  placed  loose  and  double,  or 
single  woollen  netting — should  be  brought  into  demand, 
according  to  circumstances.  The  spray  of  the  Spruce 
Fir  affords  a  cheap  and  useful  shelter  when  other  and 
better  things  cannot  be  had.  And  where  Beech  woods 
abound,  the  undergrowth,  with  the  dry  leaves  attached, 
is  certainly  very  little  inferior  to  some  of  the  more 
expensive  plans. 

PLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Amateurs  may  now  fairly  begin  their  pleasing  duties. 
One  of  the  first  things  that  claim  attention  will  be 
potting  Carnations  and  Picotees  ;  according  to  the  old 
system,  this  was  often  deferred  till  April,  even  till  the 
plants  had  began  to  spindle.  It  will  be  found  far  better 
to  begin  now  :  the  soil,  as  a  matter  of  course,  being  in  a 
fit  state  of  preparation.  If  florists  mean  to  excel,  they 
must  take  due  precaution,  and  it  would  hardly  be  wise 
to  remove  the  plants  from  a  frame,  and  plant  them  in 
the  blooming  pots,  without  some  protection  from  the 
rain,  frost,  and  sleet,  which  we  shall  yet  most  assuredly 
have.  Top-dress  Auriculas,  carefully  removing  the 
surface  soil,  and  fill  up  with  rich  compost  ;  look  well 
after  green  fly,  and  increase  the  quantity  of  water.  If 
Ranunculuses  arenot  already  planted,  level  down  the  bed 
the  first  fine  day,  and  get  them  in  ;  plant  in  drills 
4  inches  asunder,  and  1  inch  deep  ;  beat  the  bed  with 
the  back  of  a  spade,  so  that  the  bulbs  may  be  firmly 
fastened  ;  this  is  a  great  point  in  their  future  well-doing. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
The  present  dry  weather  will  act  most  seasonably  on 
soils  saturated  by  the  late  heavy  rains.  The  prepara- 
tion of  ground  intended  for  spring  cropping  should 
therefore  be  pushed  forward,  that  nothing  in  the  state 
of  the  ground  may  prevent  the  sowing  and  planting  of 
the  various  crops,  whenever  the  proper  time  arrives. 
In  kitchen  gardens  (and  generally  for  field  culture  as 
well),  it  will  be  found  the  most  desirable  to  sow  every- 
thing in  drills,  both  as  regards  appearance  and  the 
after  cultivation  of  the  crop.  And  this  plan,  where 
room  is  an  object,  affords  facilities  for  interlining  the 
m  '.in  crop  ;  either  \vith  others  of  a  shorter  duration,  or 
to  succeed  the  first  planted.  We  often  see  this  plan 
followed  by  the  London  market-gardeners— quite  a 
sufficient  plea  for  its  adoption,  wlienever  economy  of 
space  is  an  object.  We  have  before  remarked  that 
ground  for  vegetables  should  be  worked  deep  ;  there 
are  very  few  vegetables  whose  roots  will  not  penetrate 
to  a  considerable  depth  if  the  ground  is  open  enough  to 
receive  them.  The  autumn-sown  Onions  may  now 
be  planted  out  in  lines  1  foot  apart ;  and  a  few  very 
small  ones  of  the  last  year's  crop  may  be  added  to 
come  in  early.  In  dry  situations  a  sowing  may  be 
made  of  the  general  crop,  but  it  will  be  safer  to 
wait  for  a  week  or  two,  in  most  places.  Sow  on 
dry  sandy  loam  a  small  crop  of  Short-horn  Carrot, 
and    on    a    warm    border     Six-week    Turnip  ;     suc- 


cessional  sowings  of  small  salads  and  Radishes  may 
be  made  every  fortnight ;  and  in  the  same  way  keep  up 
regular  sowings  of  Peas  and  Beans.  Harden  off  every- 
thing in  frames  for  planting  next  month  ;  and  prick  off 
the  young  Cauliflowers  and  other  spring  raised  vege- 
tables, into  frames,  or  cutting  pans,  for  transplanting 
out  afterwards.  Sow  a  small  crop  of  round  Spinach. 
The  early  crop  of  Peas  may  now  be  stihick,  as  it  will 
give  them  more  shelter  ;  proceed  with  the  making  of 
plantations  of  Kale,  Rhubarb,  Sec. ;  protect  the  latter 
by  covering  the  crowns  during  frosty  weather.  When- 
ever the  state  of  the  ground  will  permit,  the  main 
crop  of  Potatoes  may  now  be  planted.  The  mode  of 
planting  matters  but  little,  provided  they  are  not 
buried  too  deep,  and  have  sufficient  room  between  the 
rows  to  allow  the  sun  and  air  to  act  freely  on  the 
foliage  ;  for  this  purpose  the  rows  should,  if  possible, 
run  north  and  south  ;  on  heavy  soils,  a  sprinkling  of  dry 
lime,  soot,  or  wood  ashes  over  the  seed  would  be  of 
benefit. 


eof  theWeath 

etidioc  Peb.  26. 1852 

Stat 

as  observed  at  the  Horticiiltural  GarJen.  Chiswick. 

BC 

TBMmU&TCBB. 

Feb. 

1 

Of  tbe  Air, 

Ofthc  Earth. 

Wind. 

P4 

Max. 

Min. 

M.X. 

Min.  1  Mud 

1  foot  2  tf.et 
deep.  !  deep. 

Friday.. 

SO 

& 

30.136 

30  117 

3S 

38 

N.W. 

m 

Satur.  .. 

2\ 

l|   30.36-2 

30.233 

42 

32 

37.0 

.16 

38 

W. 

.11] 

Suoday 

-■J 

2!    30.574 

30.423 

•IB 

22 

3<n 

37 

37 

N  K. 

.(III 

3'    30.(137 

30.57;: 

16 

'.3 

■MA 

3/ 

38 

N.K 

.(Id 

TueB.    .. 

114 

4    30.500 

30.3(52  1     43 

ai 

MA 

37 

37 

N.E. 

(III 

i!,i 

S'   30.333 

30.205  [     45 

m 

3;l) 

37* 

376 

K. 

.(III 

Thura- . . 

Ub 

" 

3U.334 

311.225  1     43 

33 

33.n 

38 

38 

M.iS. 

.01 

iveraee... 

30.118 

80.305  '   43.1   i  26  4 

31.8 

37.2 

37  6 

.02 

20— Clear  and  frosty,  with  cold  N.  W.  niod:  Bharpf  est  at  eight. 

21— Severe  froBt;  biighttua;  deus-ly  clouded;  slight  raiQ. 

22 -Overcast;  cloudy  aud  cold;  clear  aud  frosty. 

23-Fiue  but  cold;  densely  clouded ;  frosty. 

21— Clear  and  cold;  fine;  cloudy  and  cold. 

25  — Cloudy ;  clear  and  cold  ;  clear  with  Blight  froat  at  night. 

26-SUKht  ruin;  cloudy  atid  cold;  uuiformly  overcast. 

Meaa  temperature  of  the  week,  6  deg.  below  the  average. 


State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  during  the  last  26  years,  for  the 
ensuing  week,  ending  March  6,  ltj52. 


Feb.  and 
March. 

III 

as 

No.  Of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Kain. 

Prevailing  Winds 

~1 

3 

2 
3 

2 

1 

1 
4 

3 
3 
7 
5 
6 

3-:  2   9    5 

2    1    3    7'  6 
-1  3   2   5]  5 

3—14   Cl  4 
2    ll  2'  4!  4 

3 

2 

Sunday  29 
Mon.       1 
Tues.       2 
Wed.       3 
Tliurs.    4 
b'riday     5 
Satur.      G 

•J6.0 
47.* 
4'J.O 
49.8 
49.3 
48.2 
47.9 

36.0 
35.5 
37.7 
_34.7 

312 
32.5 

41.0 

41.4^ 
43.3 
42.2 

41.0 
40.2 
10.2 

10 
9 
12 

10 
8 
9 

0.23  in. 

0.23 

0.62 

0.45 

0.4S 

0.40 

0.25 

The  highest  teraperature  during  tht?  above  period  occurred  on  the  lat, 
2d,  and  3(1  of  March,  1346—therm.  10  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  ou  the  5th,  ISld— 
thetm.  13  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BiiiD3  ;  Sein2)er  auditor  tantum.  We  are  much  of  your  way  of 
thinking,  as  you  will  see  -with  a  little  patience  ;  not  that  we 
rej^ard  what  you  object  to  as  lying  beyond  the  scope  of  our 
jourual. 

Books  :  A  M.  Sanders'  practical  Treatise  on  the  Culture  of 
the  Viae,  reviewed  at  p.  327  of  our  last  year's  volume.} 

Cottage  Stoves:  Norilmood.  Much  ttie  bestcottage  stove  that 
we  have  seen  is  that  sold  by  Baileys,  of  Holborn.  It  is 
probably  what  you  saw  in  Prince  Alberfa  Model  Cottages, 
for  it  was  there.    We  use  it  ourselves. 

Gbape  E0RDEI15  :  Carimeh  Ad  excellent  covering  for  borders 
may  be  made  with  galvanised  iron  sheets,  as  represented  ia 
our  vol.  for  1551,  page  165.  Without  some  protection  of  the 
BOrt,  rain  will  soak  in — unless  the  drainage  is  very  much 
more  perfect  than  usual.  It  is  as  well  to  paint  the  sterna  of 
your  Vines  in  the  spring,  before  forcing  is  begun.  Use  one 
part  of  flowers  of  sulphur,  two  of  lime,  and  six  of  clay,  mixed 
well  together  in  water. 

Heating  :  Clericus,  We  believe  one  to  be  as  good  as  the  other  J 
boilers  owe  their  excellence  as  much  to  good  setting  as  to 
any  intrinsic  merit,  or  more.  The  charge's  are  reasonable  in 
either  case ;  but  take  care  to  know  what  is  exactly  meant  by 
"  man's  expenses."  Inlieu  of  that  you  had  better  pay  ajixed 
siitn. 

Leaf-rootinq  :  J  T,  Hertford.  Tour  Chrysanthemum  ia  nothing 
but  a  cutting  rooted  from  the  lawer  end.  What  has  that  to 
do  with  the  emission  of  roots  by  broken  leaves  ? 

Orchahd  Houses  :  F  S.  Apply  to  Mr.  Rivers,  Nurseryman, 
Sawbridgeworth,  Herts,  the  author  of  the  pamphlet  in  ques- 
tion, and  from  whom  it  may  be  procured. 

Peae  Teees  :  E  T.  They  are  covered  with  mussel  scale  (see 
p.  735,  1843).  The  beat  remedy  is  washing  well  with  water 
of  the  temperature  of  from  150*^,10  160°.} 

Peas  :  li  Mc  N.  If  your  seed  rote  or  splits,  your  land  must  be 
either  wet  and  heavy,  or  you  sow  too  late.  The  latter  evil,  of 
courae,  you  can  avoid,  but  the  former  is  not  so  easily  dealt 
with.  KidgiDg  the  ground,  and  sowing  on  the  faces  of  the 
ridges,  will,  however,  in  some  measure,  assist  in  giving  the 
the  seed  a  drier  bed.  If  this  fails,  then  all  you  can  do  is  to 
have  recourse  to  some  such  artificial  protection  as  that 
mentioned  iti  our  report  of  the  Horticultural  Society's  meeting 
in  last  week's  Number. } 

Sea-Coast:  Q  S  M.  If  you  apply  to  Messrs.  Lawson,  of 
Edinburgh,  jou  may  obtain  such  Grass  seeds  as  are  fit  for 
the  purpose.  You  will  find  little  among  trees  :  unless  it  be 
Sea  Buckthorn.  If  the  beach  were  dry  sand,  Pinasters  would 
soon  take  possession  of  it :  but  sale  mud  is  hardly  capable  of 
bearing  any  growth  even  of  copsewood. 

Seed  Lists  and  Catalogdes  of  Plants.  We  have  to  acknow- 
ledge  the  receipt  of  Lawson  and  Son's  Agricultural  Seed 
List  for  1852 ;  also  Wheeler  and  Son's  Catalogue  of  Plant 
and  Seeds  for  gardening  and  other  purposes. 

Watee  Plants:  F  H.  Add  Butomua  umbellatus,  TiUarsia 
nymphseoides,  Sagittaria,  any  hardy  species,  or  all ;  Myosotis 
paluatria,  Nuphar  advena  and  Kalmiana,  andllottoniapalus- 
tris.  Sink  the  roots  of  tbe  Nuphars  in  wooden  boxes  filled 
with  mud ;  plant  the  others  in  the  banks  below  the  water 
level,  and  leave  them  to  spread. 

Misc.:  WB.  Apply  to  the  agent  who  supplies  you  with  the 
Paper.— ^  GE.  The  charge  will be3s.,  whichcanberemitted 
by  Poat-pffice  order,  made  payable  to  James  Matthews, 


,*  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  also  beg  for  the  indulgence 
of  those  numerous  correspondents,  the  insertion  of  whose 
interesting  contributions  ia  still  delayed. 


9—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


137 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
ilANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  aijnin  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  otiiera  who 

■buy  to  be  carefully  oa  their  guard. 

-The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  vtill 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particuliir 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  tvhich  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  laat  two  years  is 
^91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2\  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  mast  therefore 
■either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine: — Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P^at  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Liu  seed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs, 
A,  Gibbs  and  Sous  at  91. 10s.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9i.  05.  in  Dock.  Edwaed  Pdksee,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridfre-street,  Blaclifriars. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

•-Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  dl.  10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  tfec. 


FARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
theNEW  and  VALUABLE  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregnated  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Fsecea  being 
absorbed,  and  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
sex, at  60j,  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  and  23.  Gd.  per  half  cwt. 

FOSSIL  BONES   AND   PSEUDOCOPROUTES. 

(FEOM   THE    SUFFOLK    CRAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  icality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Diegolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculi'irly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphoephate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Packard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Wannre  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


K  O  P  R  O  S, 

PATENT  MANURE  FOR  CORN  AND  OTHER  PLANTS, 

MANUFACTCTRED   BT    THE   PATENTEE, 

JM.  BLASHFIELD,  MiU-wall,  Poplar  ;  and  also 
•  Boldat  No. 1  Wharf,  Praed-street,  Paddintrton-basin,— The 
mineral  ingredients  contained  in  this  MANURE  are  in  the  moat 
perfect  soluble  form  for  incorporation  with  the  soil,  and  for 
continuoue  action;  and  the Hshtness  of  the  bulk,  when  compared 
wiih  other  Manures,  is  in  the  cost  for  carriage  greatly  in  its 
favour.  For  the  past  two  years  it  has  been  applied  to  various 
BOils  and  plants  with  very  general  success.  ,  Since  then  im- 
provements have  been  made  in  concentrating  its  most  im- 
portant elements,  and  in  otherwise  rendering  it  a  very  efficient 
artificial  m'duure,  rich  in  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  silicates. 
Price  of  Patent  Koproa  for  Corn  Plants,  81.  per  ton  ;  for 
Turnips,  Swedes,  &c.,  6E.  per  ton. 

Superphosphate   of  Lime,    for    Turnips,   Swedes,  Mangold 
Wurzel,  and  other  Root  Crops. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i,  53.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
MauritiUB,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  aa  proved  by  testi- 
monials from^the  planters.  The  powerful  fertiMsing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  2G,0IJ(J  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  uae,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  ia  equally  as 
portable  and  difi"u3ible  ae  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  alwaya  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  IWeral  Commifsion  aVmvcd  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  sampler,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co..  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J,  Owen  and  Co.  arc  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  beat  dencrlption,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  PhoBpha'eof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishinf; 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
Is  made  by  Professor  J,  TnoMAs  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.     The  price,  in  London,  of  this 

£owerful  Manure,  Is  71.  per  ton,   cash,   or  Banker's  Bill  on 
ondoa. 


TTOW  TO  KEEP  HORSES  FOR  LESS  THAN 
XX  ONE  SHILLING  per  DAY  each.— Do  you  bruise  your 
Oats  ?  No.  Then  you  lone  one  huahel  out  of  three.  A  firm 
In  London  U  t>HVing  2401.  ptr  annum  by  the  proccBf.  The 
articles  and  numerous  rftfor.;ncc»  may  be  etcn  nt  Maev 
Wedlake  and  Co.'s,  118,  Fcnc-hurch-fltreot,  London.  A 
pamphlet  on  the  above  may  be  had,  post  free,  U.  A  list,  with 
)07  lllustrotiodH,  post  free,  '"/■. 


NEW    AGRICULTURAL    PEA. 

BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  liEST,  2na.  per  bushel, 
7g.C,d.  per  peck  (bags  inctud'd^  — This  PKa  whs  raititd 
by  Mr.  Bishop,  the  r.iiier  of  the  ffnnlfin  vnrltty  known  as 
Bishop'ti  Lonj:.podded  (of 'StablinhiMl  roputatii>n»,  and  wan  pre- 
sented by  him  to  BOmc  of  hii  ri;latlvftM  in  I'ei  thHhlro,  In  which 
northern  cUmate  It  han  answered  oxrccdlngly  w<j1I  ;  Itfi  eiirty 
hablti  ensuring  a  crop  where  later  vnrlotloa  full.  Itk  mr-ritu 
con»ilt  In  being  remarkably  early,  (ind  ccrlulnly  much  hotter 
cropper  than  any  out ;  an  many  a^  O'j  nn'l  more  pods  httvrj  boon 
counted  on  ono  plant.  It  growi  but  two  feet  hl^h,  of  romark- 
ably  robust  liablt,  and  always  branches  Into  two  and  Komo- 
Hmei  three  or  more  stomx.  Mr.  ChiirleH  Hmn.-t,  of  Kalnlpiim, 
Kent,  upon  whoAO  farm  the  Tofis  ofl'crcd  were  grown,  nUt)wn 
the  Bubsc-ribcr  to  state  that  n  bcttfr  or  more  hkolj  UBoful  Pea 
noTsr  cam«  under  his  notice.— Dokoam  Hairs,  Hnediman, 
WboUtsle  nnd  ftotnil,  IDS,  St.  Mnrlin'n-lnno,  London. 
Cn'ftlogacs  of  Agricultural  Hordi  sen*,  fr'.o. 


A  PRIZE   MEDAL  FOR    SUPERIOR    LOCKS 

WAS  AWARDED    TO  J.  H.  BOOHBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 
Draining,  and  other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  Gs.  per 
dozen.  Carpenters  and  Smiths'  Tools,  <be.  Ladieb'  Garden 
Tools,  7s.  9(i.  a  set.  Sword-scrapera  for  Gardens,  Is.  Vd.  each. 
Patent  Fumigators  for  destroying  insects  on  plants,  in  green- 
houses,  (tc.  :  at  Messrs.  J.  II.  Boobbter  and  Co.'h  (late 
STORcn  and  Boorbieu),  Ironmongery,  Brass-foundry,  Nail 
and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-street,  Clare-market, 
London.  Establiahed  nearly  200  years  for  the  sale  of  goods 
from  the  beet  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices.  Goods  for- 
warded to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 


CHEAP    AND    DURABLE    ROOFING. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
■   row,  London,  the  ManuFacturera  and  only  Patentees  of 
.     THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  andfor  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
PmzEB,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  Woods  and  Fouests, 
Honodhable  Boabd  of  Ordnance, 
Honourable  East  India  Compant, 

HONODRABLE  COMMISSIONERS  OF  CdSTOMS, 

Her  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Pabk, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukea  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Royal  Agricultobal  Society's  Hodse,  Hanover- 
square. 

It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Peice  One  Penny  peb  Square  Foot. 

•*•  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Uae,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architecte,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executed. 

^?"  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  the  above  Rooting  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-buildings,    Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Pelt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor'a  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West- 
minster Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'a  Feltabout 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorthip  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A.  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
so  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Quantity  altogether  used,  24,000  feet. 

Note.— Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lengths  best  suited  to  their  Roofe,  go  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Felt.         


DRAINIISIC  TILE  MACHINES,  X  CLAY  CRIIMDIIMC  iVllLLS. 

MR.  SAMUELSON,  Bhitannia  Iron  Works, 
Banbdbv  (Successor  to  the  late  James  Gardner),  to 
avoid  the  disappointment  experienced  last  year  as  regards  ihe 
delivery  of  his  IMPROVED  DOUBLE  SPEEDED  TILE 
MACHINES,  will  feel  obliged  byordeis  for  this  season  being 
given  as  early  as  possible. 

Price  of  the  small  Machine  to  deliver  4000  li  inch,  or  30OO 
2  inch  pipes  in  10  hours,  HI. 

Delivery  free  to  all  places  on  the  London  and  North  Western, 
and  ibe  Great  Western  Railways. 

Drawings  may  be  obtained  on  application  as  above. 


rpHE      PRIZE      MEDAL      OF      THE      GREAT 

-fi-  EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Mtlton,  for  his 
Improved  (straw)  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE,  price  105.  Gd.  ;  it  is 
of  simple  construction,  ornamental,  and  easily  managed  ; 
enabling  the  possessor  to  obtain  a  large  quantity  of  pure 
honey  without  liilling  the  bees.  Also  may  be  had  "Milton's 
Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new  edition,  price  2s  ;  ditto,  with 
Designs  of  IliveSj  die,  2s.  Gd. ;  ditto,  Sheet  of  Illustrations, 
free  by  post,  8d. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  Warehouse,  10,  Great  Marjlebone- 
street,  Wimpole-street.  Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable 
at  the  Po9t-office,  Old  Cavendish-street,  London. 


LINSEED    AND    CORN-CRUSHING  MILLS. 

ER.  TURNER   AND    Co.,   Aghicultural  Imple- 
•       MENT     ilAKEES,     IfiON- FOUNDERS,     MlLLWRlQBTS,     and 

Engineers,  St,  Petur's  Foundry,  Ipswich,  beg  to  call  attention 
to  the  following  varieties  of  their  unrivalled  ROLLER 
(jRUallING  MILLS  :—  £     s.   d. 

Roller  Mill,  No.  I.,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &c.  &c....  10  10    0 

Do.  No.  II 7    7    0 

Registered  Roller  Mill,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &,o., 

and  for  breaking  Beans  and  Peas  9    9    0 

Do.  do.  liirge  size,  for  Horse  or  Steam  Power  13  13  0 
Small  Hand  Mill,  for  Oats  and  Beans 6    5    0 

Further  particulars  may  be  bad  on  application  to  the  Manu- 
facturers, by;whom  references  can  be  given  to  gentlemen  having 
the  above  Mills  in  use. 


M'CGRMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street^ 
London. — Extract  from  |Mr.  Puioy'e  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition. — "  Mr, 
M'Cormick's  Reaper,  in  thi^  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admirp- 
tion  of  practical  farmers,  and  thercloro  received  a  Council 
Medal,  Mr.  IIuBsey's  sometimeH  became  clogged,  ns  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptre  •,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  di-tinction."— Price  of^eaue^,  25t, 

ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  Butter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medul,  and  also  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numfirous  Agriculturul  mcetliij^B  at  which  it  has  been 
Hhoivn.  It  is  now  acknowledgfd  to  bo  the  best  Churn  ever 
produced.  2000  have  been  Bold  In  ono  year. — Bdroebs  and 
Kkt,  103,  Nowirntu.Blrcet,  London.  


AGRICULTURAL     SEEDS. 

WDRUMMOND  and  SONS,  Skp-d-smkn,  Stirling, 
•  Hcoiljind,  nro  now  prepared  to  execute  onlers  for  thu 
uht)Vo,  from  a  AtuL-k  tltJit  has  been  solcoted  with  ovcry  poMniblo 
enr-,  Tbcy  Xx-a  to  i-iill  ftpoclal  ftt'cntlon  to  Ihclr  vnri'iuH  Horts 
of  TURNIl',  ITALIAN  and  PERENNIAL  RYli-URASS  and 
NATURAL  ORAS^^I■:s  for  Permanent  PaHturo,  the  prlcoit  for 
which  are  oh  low  uh  really  goiiulni)  HeodJi  can  bti  reared  for. 
Catalogue;*,  with  (prices  and  oLli'jr  details,  may  bo  had  froo  on 
u|ipllfiritl<in, 

N,lt.— 'I'ho  Carrlngfl  oT  Soedfl  will  bn  pre-paid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  HlntlonH  nnd  Hhlpplnu  INirtH  throughout 
the  Kingdom.— Agricultural  Mimeuin.  .Slirlinjr,  ^.B, 


MILK,     CHEESE,     AN.D     BUTTER. 
TJENRY  BAKER,  Opiician,    90,  Hatton    Garden, 

iJ-  London,  advises  any  one  who  keeps  Cows  to  send  two 
postage  stamps,  and  obtain  a  descriptinn  of  his  LACTOMETER, 
with  iiB  uses,  and  the  results  of  experiments  with  it  upon  dif- 
(erent  Milks.  Lactometers,  complete,  in  a  mahogany  box, 
103.  Gd,;  Do.,  with  cheaper  fittings,  7a.  Gd.  and  5a.;  Hydro- 
meters for  testing  sulphuric  acid,  53.,  7s.,  and  lOs,  No  con- 
sumer of  acid  should  be  without  one,  as  it  is  ofien  sold  highly 
diluted.  Saccharometera  for  Brewing,  with  tables  53.,  73.,  and 
103.  Pedimt-nt  Barometerg,  from  U.  each.  Wheel  Barome- 
ters, from  11.  Is.  each.  Packed  carefully  for  the  country,  there 
being  nothing  to  fear  of  them  get'lng  out  of  order,  as  they  are 
warranted  to  be  properly  made  and  good  inetruments. 


FROM  THE  INCUMBENT  OF  GRAZELY 
PARSONAGE. 
To  Messes.  Sctton, 
Sirs, —  When  you  arc  passing  throuyh  Qrazehj,  FwiaUyou  tvould 
call  in  and  see  my  Oardcn  Lawn,  Pasture,  and  Churchyard,  lohich 
I  sowed  last  sprbip  wiih  your  Seeds,  and  which  this  time  last  year 
was  only  a  Bean  field,  but  now  a  'beautiful  close  Green  iSward,  and 
lam  happy  to  say  free  from  weeds  ;  many  gentlemen  have  been 
quite  surprised  to  see  in  so  sliort  a  time  so  good  a  pasture,  aiid  I 
hope  it  loUl  continue  the  same,  as  I  have  invariably  heard  that  your 
Grass  Seeds  are  good  and  permanent. 

lam,  Sirs,  yo'i'^rs  obediently, 

T.  S. 
Grazely  Parsonage,  Feb.  13. 

JOHN  HUT  ION  AfiD  SONS  having  been  honoured  with  the 
above,  with  permission  to  publish  it,  have  much  pleasure 
in  doing  so,  and  have  also  the  satisfaction  of  stating  that  they 
are  almost  daily  receiving  similar  communications.  In  a  letter 
just  received  from  a  Gentleman  at  Weston-super-Mare  Is  the 
following  passage  : — "  The  field  Ilaid  down  last  spring  tvith  your 
Grass  Seeds  gave  m.e  great  satisfaction,  and  no  little  surprise  to  my 
neighbours  the  farmers.  The  purchaser  of  the  property  was  also 
surprised  at  the  result."  In  another  letter  dated  Emanuel 
Rectory,  Loughborough,  Jan.  28,  the  Rector  says  : — "  The  four 
acres  which  I  sowed  with  Grass  Seeds  from  your  Establishment  last 
spring  present  a  very  satisfactory  appearance,  the  ground  being 
equally  covered  with  Grass  of  regular  and  uniform  height." 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  having  for  many  years  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  land  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soils  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  can  supiply  the  sorts  of  Grasses  and  Clovers 
most  suitable  for  any  specified  soil  at  28s.  per  acre,  with  Insti^ua- 
tions  for  sowing. 

Aluo  the  best  CLOVERS  and  RYE-GRASS  for  alternate 
husbandry  or  to  lay  down  for  two  years,  at  16s.  per  acre  ;  and 
Sutton's  Renovating  Mixture  of  Perennial  CLOVERS  and 
Finest  GRASSES  for  improving  Old  Meadows  and  Pastures, 
lOd.  per  pound,  8  to  12  lbs.  per  acre  being  sufficient. 

Also,  Finest  LAWN  GRASSES  for  Gardens,  Is.  3(?.  per 
pound,  or  3s.  per  gallon. 

N.B.— MauKold  Wurzel,  Belgian  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  all 
other  Agricultural  Seeds  of  superior  quality,  a  Pr'.ced  Catalogue 
of  which  may  be  had  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Address,  JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seed  Geowebs, 
Reading,  Berks. 


Eht  ^grtcttlttttal  ^mttu. 

SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  28,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wbdnesdat,  March   3— Agricultural  Society  of  Eniiland. 
TiiuRSDAT,         —       4— Auricultriral  Itnp.  Soc. 01  Ireland. 
We1)skbdat,     —      10— ABricultural  Society  of  EiJElaiid. 
TauaaDAT,         —      11— Agricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 


The  experience  of  comparatively  few  years  upon 
a  farm,  in  any  instance  wliere  the  observer  has 
exercised  ordinary  carefulness  and  industry,  suffices 
for  the  determination  of  a  number  of  useful  data, 
on  which  may  be  built  estimates  and  calculations, 
as  trustworthy  as  such  things  ever  are  in  connection 
with  agriculture.  Among  them  is  the  fact — for  so 
it  may  be  called — that  in  the  case  of  stock  of 
ordinary  quality  at  least  1  lb.  of  beef  or  mutton 
may  be  calculated  upon,  after  payment  of  all  ex- 
penses of  attendance,  as  free  for  every  200  lbs.  of  green 
food  consumed.  This  will  be  regarded  by  many  as 
indicating  a  return  below  the  truth ;  but  taking  it 
along  with  the  statements  of  the  ordinary  acreable 
produce  of  such  food  which  have  to  be  reduced  by 
the  amounts  lost  in  keeping  and  in  cleaning 
before  the  food  is  eaten,  it  is  more  likely  to  turn 
out  too  favourable  a  statement  for  the  farmer.  But  this 
is  where  green  food  only,  with  straw,  is  consumed ; 
where  grain  is  also  given,  a  smaller  quantity  cor- 
responds to  a  larger  net  return.  Let  us  therefore  in 
the  following  statement  assume  U  cwt.  of  green 
food  to  be  worth  6d.  in  meat,  besides  the  manure 
produced  by  its  consumption.  We  believe  that  100 
acres  of  suitable  land,  of  high  fertility,  worth,  say, 
1.1.  per  acre,  may  produce  3200  tons  of  green 
food  per  annum.  Suppose  the  rotation  to  l5e  as 
follows : — 1,  Common  Turnip  ;  2,  Italian  Rye- 
grass ;  3,  Mangold  Wurzel ;  4,  Cabbages  ;  5,  Vetches 
followed  by  Kape;  6,  Swedish  Turnips  and 
Carrots ;  and  it  would  only  need  that  the  Turnips 
yield  28  tons  per  acre,  the  Italian  Rye-grass  about 
40  tons,  the  Mangold  Wurzel  32  to  34  tons,  the 
Cabbages  about  40  tons,  the  Vetches  and  Rape 
12  tons  apiece,  and  the  Swede  and  Carrots  20  to 
22  tons  per  acre,  in  order  to  the  attainment  of  such 
a  result ;  and  these  crops  are  ordinary  results  under 
a  .suitable  climate,  and  with  the  manuring  we  shall 
give  them.  Now  3200  tons  at  !>d.  for  every  IJcwt., 
are  equal  to  nearly  OOOi!.,  or  '.)l.  per]  acre  over  the 
100  acres  in  question. 

To  produce  the  crops  referred  to  would  involve 
an  expenditure  of  40.s-.  in  rent,  and  probably  4?.  or 
more  in  seed  and  labour.  Tlie  capital  in  these 
roHpect.i  required  is  upwards  of  000/.  The  stock  . 
required  to  conHume  3200  tons  of  food  per  annum 
will  be  about  IfiO  cattle,  or  100  at  a  time,  supposing  • 


138 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Feb.  21, 


them  bought  and  sold  at  six  months  intervals,  and 
a  capital  of  1500/.  is  needed  here.  They  will  need 
about  4  lbs.  of  grain  a  day  apiece,  or  80  tons  a  year, 
corresponding  to  about  600/.  in  cattle  food  ;  a  sum 
which  is  repaid  by  the  growth  of  beef,  in  addition  to 
theS^Z.  for  every  1?^  cvpt.  made  upon  the  green  food 
eaten.  The  capital  in  rent,  labour,  seed,  cattle,  and 
cattle  food,  is  thus  2700/.,  against  which  as  yet  there 
appears  a  return  of  300/.  per  annum,  or  upwards  of 
11/.  105.  per  cent. 
Now  the  manuring  we  should  propose  would  be 


by  means  of  subterranean  pipes  and  hydrants  for  i  renewing,  stores  of  organic  matters  and  other  ferti- 
its  distribution  in  the  liquid  form.  The  cattle  lising  influences  of  the  atmosphere,  which  exert  pro- 
should  be  fed  on  boarded  floors,  or  at  least  without  bably  a  greater  energy  on  the  crude  inorganism  of 
the  use  of  straw  as  litter,  and  everything  should  |  the  soil  than  manures  do,  and  with  perhaps,  in  the 
pass  into  and  from  the  cistern  in  which  it  was  long  run,  less  expense  of  mechanical  power.  The 
properly  diluted,  after  the  manner  referred  to  in  same  object,  as  regards  fertilisation,  which  high 
the   "Minutes  of   Information,"  published  by  the    '       '         '         '    '    "        -n--- -  j  ^-:ii-— »  ;'         i  -■- 


Board  of  Health,  which  we  last  week  brought  under 
the  notice  of  our  readers.  Of  the  cost  of  this  mode 
of  applying  manure,  the  following  instances  referred 
to  in  these  "  Minutes  "  will  be  some  indication. 


Name  of  Place. 


Glasgow. 
Mr,  Harvej'e  farm 


Atesuiee. 
Myre  Mill  farm 


Canning  Park  farm  .. 
Leg  or  Dunduff  farm., 


Staffoedshiue. 

The  Duke  of   Sulher- 

land,  —  Hanchurch 

farm,     near     Tren. 

tham. 

LANCASniKE, 

Halewood  faim 


Gheshiee, 
Liscard  farm  .  . 


Glamohqanshiee, 
Forth  Kerrj  farm 


Mode  of  application. 


Co3t  of 
works,  and 
appa- 
ratus. 


Steam  engine,  pumpp, 
uoder.ground  iron  m^in 
pipes,  and  iron  distri- 
buting pipes. 

Steam  enaine,  pumps, 
under-ground  ironmains, 
_giitta  percha  Jiose,  and 
jet  pipe. 

Ditto 

Gravitation,  uncier-gronnd 
ironmains,  gutlaperchii 
hose,  and  jet  pipe. 

Steam  engine,  pumps, 
under-ground  ironmHinp, 
gutta  percha  h066,  and 
jet  pipes. 


£ 
1150 


GraTiiation,  under-ffround 
iron  mains,  gutta  percha 
hose,  and  jet  pi^io. 


Annual 
interest, 
&c..  atTJ, 
per  cent. 


£     s. 
103  15 


Annual 
working 
expenses. 


Totul 
annual 
char;^es 
per  En- 
glish acre. 


Observations. 


£   s. 
0  13 


0  10    Si 
0    7    Ij 


0  13    9J 


0    9    OJ 


0    8    85- 


10  feet  thick  of  Grass  cut 
from  an  acre  in  six 
months. 


70  tons  of  Grass  cut  from 
an  acre  in  six  months. 


UJ  feet  thick  of  Grass  cut 
in  seven  months. 

12  stacks  per  annum  pre- 
viously ;  80  stacks  last 
year. 

Tanks  constructed  suffi- 
cient for  300  acres. 


One  dressing  of  liquid, 
equal  to  25  to  30  tons  of 
farm-yard  manure  per 
acre. 

.\  fourth  crop  of  Grass 
being  weighed  wasfour.d 
equal  to  10  tons  per  acre. 
It  was  ihe  lightest  crop 
cut  off  the  same  land. 

Tanks  constructed  suffi- 
cient for  300  acres.  Be- 
tween 0  and  10  feet  of 
Grass  cut. 


Now  in  combining  these  figures  with  those 
expressing  above  the  probable  returns  from  the 
crops  so  manured,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
greater  portion  of  the  sum  spent  in  the  apparatus 
Deeded  for  this  mode  of  applying  manure,  is  pro- 
perly the  investment  of  the  landlord,  who  will  in 
many  instances  be  able  to  offer  land  thoroughly 
furnished  in  this  respect  -for  the  rent,  2/.,  which 
has  been  proposed ;  and  the  observations  in  the 
above  Table  will  also  indicate  how,  by  the  adoption 
of  the  Grasses  and  Clovers  as  the  source  of  the  green 
food  required  for  the  cattle,  the  acreable  produce 
may  be  greatly  increased,  and  the  expenses  of  culti- 
vation greatly  diminished,  beyond  the  amounts  at 
which  we  have  put  them.  Some  of  the  instances 
referred  to  in  this  Table  we  shall  hereafter  describe 
in  detail  in  another  section  of  our  Journal ;  mean- 
time we  may  express  our  confident  belief  that  the 
mode  of  applying  manure  here  recommended,  espe- 
cially to  green  crops,  will  hereafter  be  found  greatly 
to  cheapen  the  cost  and  increase  the  amount  of 
agricultural  produce. 


Is  IT  POSSIBLE  TO   EXHAUST   THE    SoU   OT  THE    InOK- 

GAisio  Constituents  of  Plants  1  We  certainly  do 
draw  the  inference  that  it  is  from  the  constant  use 
of  inorganic  manures.  But  is  this  conclusion 
either  founded  on  scientific  investigation  or  sustained 
by  practical  experience  1  "  Thousands  of  years," 
says  LiEEiG,  "  have  been  necessary  to  convert  stones 
and  rocks  into  the  soil  of  arable  land,  and  thousands 
of  years  more  will  be  requisite  for  their  perfect 
reduction,  that  is,  fcr  the  complete  exhaustion  of 
their  alkalies."  A  twelvemonth's  fallow,  practice 
tells  us,  of  land  that  has  been  in  tillage  from  time 
immemorial,  is  sufficient,  without  deepening  the 
soil,  to  restore  a  fertility  which  will  enable  this 
exhausted  land  to  yield  several  remunerative 
crops,  afi^ording  us  a  practical  proof  of  the  justice 
of  scientific  disclosure,  that  a  surface  of  the 
globe,  not,  perhaps,  exceeding  on  an  average 
six  inches  in  depth,  has  been  subjected  for  near  six 
thousand  years  to  atmospheric  action,  without  the 
exhaustion  of  its  alkalies  or  other  inorganic  con- 
stituents of  plants,  where  the  rocks,  from  whose 
disintegration  they  have  been  formed,  originally 
contained  them  in  proportions  requisite  for  general 
vegetation.  And  does  not  the  disintegration  of 
stones  and  rocks  keep  pace  with  the  demands  of 
vegetation  on  the  soil  ? 

Without  deepening  the  soil,  merely  exposing  the 
old  worked  surface  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere, 
TuLL  obtained  twelve  successive  crops  of  Wheat 
■without  any  apparent  deterioration.  The  Rev.  Mr. 
Smith  has  now  obtained  his  seventh  crop,  and  each 
successive  crop  improving,  by  only  working  half  the 
land  in  a  fallow  each  year,  but  each  time  bringing 
up  fresh  soil — perhaps  an  unnecessary  labour,  as  a 


fractional  part  of  an  inch  in  depth  would  probably 
furnish  sufficient  alkalies  for  a  crop. 

By  leaving  to  pasturage,  without  raising  any  fresh 
soil  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere,  we  restore  fer- 
tility to  exhausted  land,  not  by  adding  thereby  any 
of  these  constituents  to  it,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
taking  from  it  such  portions  of  them,  as,  having  be- 
come further  reduced,  or  rendered  soluble,  were 
taken  up  by  the  herbage  ;  for,  as  Liebig  says,  speak- 
ing of  the  country  round  Naples,  "  The  animals  fed 
on  these  fields"  (fields  left  out  to  pasturage,  after 
corn  bearing,  unmanured),  "  yield  nothing  to  these 
soils  which  they  did  not  formerly  possess.  The 
weeds  upon  which  they  live  spring  from  the  soil, 
and  that  which  they  return  to  it,  as  excrement, 
must  always  be  less  than  than  that  which 
they  extract.  The  fields,  therefore,  can  have 
gained  nothing  from  the  mere  feeding  of  cattle  upon 
them  ;  on  the  contrary,  the  soil  must  have  lost  some 
of  its  constituents;"  and  this  land  has,  he  says, 
borne  for  thousands  of  years  a  corn  crop  every  third 
year  without  a  particle  of  manure. 

If  in  6000  years  6  inches  of  the  surface  of  the 
gl«be  has  not  been  exhausted  of  its  inorganic  vege- 
table constituents,  what  reason  is  there  to  apprehend 
an  exhaustion  of  them  under  any  course  of  tillage, 
when  with  so  little  labour  we  may  subject  a  few 
inches  of  new  soil  to  the  direct  influences  of  the 
atmosphere  ;  when  "  a  single  cubic  foot  of  felspar 
is  sufficient  to  supply  a  wood  covering  a  surface  of 
26,910  feet  with  the  potash  required  for  five  years  1" 
These  remarks  are  called  forth  by  objections  to 
the  system  of  growing  successional  crops  of  grain 
without  manure,  in  rows  at  such  intervals  as  admit 
of  working  the  ground  between  them  during  the 
whole  period  of  their  growth,  that  it  will  annually 
deteriorate  the  land,  and,  in  the  long  run,  totally 
exhaust  it. 

Whatever  may  be  our  agricultural  systems,  we 
find  that  in  continual  tillage  our  crops  deteriorate, 
and  we  cry  out  the  land  is  exhausted  ;  this  is  so  far 
true  that  we  have  used  up  the  soluble  inorganic 
matters  which  a  too  sparing  exposure  of  the  soil  to 
atmospheric  action  has  limited,  but  it  is  false  as 
regards  the  land,  which  still  contains  an  inex- 
haustible store  of  inorganic  matters,  though  in  a  state 
not  immediately  fit  to  enter  into  the  vegetable 
organism.  There  are  two  ways  of  rendering  them 
so.  The  one  which,  und«r  the  name  of  high  farm- 
ing, introduces  into  the  soil  a  mass  of  matters  which, 
while  they  operate  on  the  crude  alkalies  of  the  soil, 
supply  it  also  with  organic  and  inorganic  constituents; 
a  plan  which  is  open  to  the  undoubted  objection  that 
it  requires  an  amount  of  capital  rarely  possessed  by 
farmers. 

The  other,  which  we  may  call  "  a  system  of  per- 
petual fallows,"  keeps  the  soil  continually  open  to 
the  reception  of  the  inexhaustible,  because  constantly 


farming  aims  at,  is  thus  attained  without  its  cost  in 
manures  ;  indeed,  without  the  same  necessity  of 
feeding  for  the  dunghill.  And  it  has  the  very  great 
advantage  of  adapting  itself  to  the  circumstances  of 
every  farmer,  for  the  poorest  may  thus  carry  on 
without  deteriorating  his  soil,  and  with  a  most  efl:ec- 
tual  destruction  of  weeds,  a  continuous  production 
of  grain  crops,  manuring  and  cultivating  only  such  a 
breadth  of  green  crops  as  he  can  highly  manure  and 
afford  to  consume,  while  from  the  perfect  tilth  and 
cleanliness  of  his  land  the  expense  in  the  preparation 
for  green  crops  will  be  much  diminished. 

Without  then  going  to  the  length  of  recommend- 
ing a  continuous  production  of  grain  crops,  may  we 
not  suggest  the  expediency  as  profitable  of  adding  a 
grain  fallow  to  the  other  fallow  crops  of  our  course  1 
Of  such  a  fallow  crop  being  a.s  remunerative  as  any 
broadcast  or  narrow-row  crop,  we  have  ample  proofs. 
We  do  not  wish  our  readers  to  draw  from  these 
remarks  the  inference  that  agriculture  ought  imme- 
diately to  resolve  itself  into  an  alternate,  but  co- 
existent system  of  fallow  and  corn  crop  over  the 
arable  land  of  this  country  :  but  we  think  that  they 
fairly  tend  to  prove  the  great  value  of  mere 
tillage  and  fallow  operations  performed  upon  the 
land  during  the  growth  of  our  crops,  whatever  they 
may  be.  G. 

DIGGINGS  BY  A  FEN  FARMER,— No.  I. 
During  the  last  few  years  the  English  press  has  put  forth 
strong  and  contioued  efforts  to  provide  the  public  with 
accurate  knowledge  concerning  the  state  and  prospects 
of  our  agricultural  districts.  Descriptions  of  every 
farming  county,  its  general  aspect,  soils,  division  of  pro- 
perty, size  of  holdings,  style  of  husbandry,  condition  of 
its  tenantry,  situation  of  its  labourers,  tic,  &c.,  have 
been  supplied.  And  descending  into  detail,  full  parti- 
culars of  f^ingle  farms,  the  mode  of  conducting  opera- 
tions, the  expenditure  and  returns,  have  been  ferreted 
out  and  put  in  print. 

A  mass  of  highly  valuable  jnfonnation  has  thus  been 
collected  and  made  known  ;  and  the  entire  community 
have  learnt  what  an  important  section,  hitherto  thrust 
too  unceremoniously  into  the  back-ground,  are  doing 
for  their  own  support  and  for  augmenting  the  wealth 
and  hapniness  of  the  kingdom.  Districts  whei-e  neglect, 
wastefulpess,  and  old-fashioned  incompetencj',  have  been 
keeping  back  agricultural  improvement,  and  scarcely 
increasing  their  production  while  the  population  multi- 
plied, have  been  shown  up  to  general  disapprobation  ; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  localities  in  which  advance- 
ment has  been  the  rule,  where  peculiar  skill  or  boldness 
have  been  put  forth  under'  untoward  circumstances, 
where  the  occupiers  have  kept  abreast  of  modern  dis- 
coveries, and  have  augmented  the  yield  from  the  soil 
in  a  large  and  satisfactory  ratio,  have  been  exhibited  to 
universal  applause  and  partial  emulation.  We  wish  in 
the  series  of  papers  we  are  now  commencing,  to  bring 
certain  of  such  successfully-farmed  tracts  still  more 
minutely  before  the  eye  of  British  agriculturists,  as 
containing  both  advice  audencouragement. 

But  then  our  observations  will  not  refer  simply  to 
the  recent  achievements  of  agriculture  ;  we  mean  to 
travel  back  into  past  ages,  and  see  what  was  then  the 
state  of  husbandry  and  of  the  rural  population.  We 
believe  there  is  very  great  advantage  iu  contrasting  om" 
own  times  with  those  of  bygone  centuries,  and  in  com- 
p.aring  our  present  tdlage  of  land,  breeding  of  live  stock, 
manufacture  of  implemeuts,  marketing  of  produce,  &c., 
with  the  agricultural  practices  of  our  forefathers.  We 
believe  there  is  very  much  to  be  learned  from  the  nar- 
rative of  the  means  by  which  we  have  been  enabled  to 
perceive  such  a  distinction  between  om*  past  and  present 
modes  of  industry,  much  to  be  gathered  for  .am- 
direction  and  encouragement  for  the  labours  that  lie- 
before  us. 

However,  as  we  lately  said,  we  see  no  reason  why 
we  should  always  be  tied  strictly  to  the  subject  of  pre- 
sent or  even  of  past  cultivation  ;  we  me.an,  therefore,  to 
touch  upon  other  topics  in  connection  with  these.  While 
treating  of  some  localities  which  have  well  acquitted 
themselves  from  all  charge  of  slothfuhiess  and  want  of 
progressive  spirit,  we  shall  enter  a  little  into  the  physical 
history  of  these  tracts — giving  an  account,  as  it  were,  of 
their  birth  and  parentage,  as  well  as  the  story  of  their 
education  and  after  life  ;  describing  their  origin  and  land 
preparation  for  the  use  of  man  and  for  the  conquest  of 
the  spade  and  plough.  Think  you  that  this  can  hardly 
be  a  profitable  exercise  for  your  thoughts  I  Consider 
what  Britain  is,  and  you  will  quickly  perceive  how  rich 
such  a  topic  as  that  we  have  selected  from  a  crowd  oi 
others  might  be  in  suggestiveness  to  your  powers  of 
reflection ;  you  will  see  how  vast  a  realm  of  in- 
terest and  wonder  now  troddcu  heedlessly  beneath 
thousands  of  farming  boots  and  hob-nailed  highlows, 
may  be  announced,  opened,  and  displayed  to  men  who 
may  not  even  have  learned  that  such  a  kingdom  lies  there- 
to be  explored.  We  do  not  speak  of  our  native  country 
commercially  or  politically  ;  we  do  not  ask  you  to  con- 
sider her  internal  trade,  her  trafhc  to  all  quarters  of  the 
globe,  her  wealth,  her  power,  her  spread  of  civilisation, 


9—1852."! 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


139 


morality,  and  religion  among  the  nations  ;  but  simply  to 
contemplate  her  with  the  eye  of  a  geographer  and  a 
naturalist. 

Look  at  the  wildest  scenes  of  our  land,  up  in  the  ex- 
treme north  of  Scotland  or  in  its  western  islands,  where 
the  very  bones  of  tiie  world  seem  to  show  themselves, 
protruding  through  the  skin.  Look  at  the  Grampians,' 
Che\'iots,  the  mountains  of  Cumberland  and  Wales,  the 
moorlands  of  Yorkshire  and  Derbyshire,  and  the  granitic 
wilds  of  Devon  and  Cornwall  ;  where  summits  naked  or; 
moss-covered  pierce  the  clouds,  and  attract  the  moisture 
which  foams  iu  torrents  and  cascades  down  their  mighty  ' 
slopes  and  precipices,  gathering  into  deep  lakes  at  their 
feet  ;  where  long  slopes  and  spreading  table-lands  have 
been  covered  with  trembling  quagmires  of  peat  and 
water  ;  where  deep  valleys,  once  overshadowed  with 
forests,  but  now  denuded  of  their  pristine  glory,  lie 
in  richly-green  meadowsj  naturally  irrigated  by  the 
bi'ooks,  whose  water-worn  banks  display  the  fertile 
mould  formed  from  the  wreck  of  those  woods  ;  where 
cotters  build  their  humble  homesteads  by  the  brink  of 
ri\'ulet  and  tarn,  mow  the  prolific  meadow-hay,  and  cut 
fuel  up  on  the  boggy  declivities  above  them  ;  where 
the  heathery  heights,  wet  with  perpetual  showers,  are 
ranged  by  black-faced  flocks  ;  and  enclosing  stone-walls, 
climbing  upon  the  steeps,  encroach  upon  the  elevated 
domain  of  the  grouse  and  black  cock  ;  where,  beautify- 
ing the  landscape,  hang  adventurous  cultivated  patches, 
the  far-seen  monuments  of  men's  undaunted  persever- 
ance. AH  these  mountains  and  moor-lands — whether 
still  in  native  grandeur,  defiant  of  man's  eff'orts  to 
subdue  and  change,  or  wrought  in  some  degree  into 
food-bearing,  and  clad  with  verdure  and  fruitfukiess  by 
his  hand — have  great  lessons  for  us.  Why  should  not 
the  mountaineer,  wdiilst  reading  every  day  ^rsublime  and 
mysterious  leaf  of  the  great  book  of  nature,  be  taught 
also  that  the  glittering  rock  he  treads  under  foot  was 
once  a  mass  of  molten  lava  shot  forth  from  the  earth^s 
inner  abysses  ;  that  far  down  are  now  resting,  upon 
liquid  fire,  the  roots  of  the  self-same  mountain  of 
stone,  high  up  on  which  he  is  seeking  his  scattered 
sheep  among  the  lichen-covered  storm-rent  crags  ? 
There  is  the  farmer  ploughing,  sowing,  and  harvest- 
ing, close  by  the  black  group  of  chimneys,  machinery, 
piles  of  buildings,  lines  of  rail  way- trucks,  whicii 
mark  the  mouth  of  a  coal-pit,  all  hemmed  round 
by  huge  mounds  of  cinereous  refuse.  His  tillage, 
his  carting,  his  draining,  are  a  mere  skimming  of  the 
thin  upper  surface  compared  with  the  great  excavations 
"which  are  burrowing  in  the  profound  depths  of  that 
mine.  Why  should  he  not  read  now  and  then  in  his 
newspaper  a  few  words  about  the  origin  of  those  thick 
seams  of  coal,  and  their  growth  and  decay  from  fossil 
wood  J  about  the  injection  of  those  exhaustless  metallic 
veins,  or  whatever  ore  may  chance  to  lie  beneath  him? 
Why  should  not  his  agricultural  magazine  resolve  some 
of  the  'conjectures  he  may  often  have  struck  out  as  to 
the  finding  of  such  strange  and  valuable  things  at  such 
a  depth  from  air  and  sunlight ;  as  to  the  wondrous 
upheaval  of  stone  layers  thousands  of  yards  thick,  so 
that  these  minerals  can  be  reached,  and  men  thus  be 
enabled  to  make  the  country,  hill  and  dale,  all  hollow 
in  their  searching  and  stealing  of  the  hidden  wealtli. 
Why  should  he  not  be  reminded  at  times  of  the  stupen- 
dous scale  upon  which  the  globe  is  built ;  and,  by  way 
of  reflection^  of  the  comparative  triviality  of  all  his 
efforts  at  cultivating,  breeding,  hay-making,  and 
manuring,  considered  with  respect  to  the  work  he  has 
to  perform  as  an  immortal  being.  We  believe  that 
occasional  allusions  to  even  such  moral  topics,  remote 
as  they  may  appear  from  the  business  of  farming,  ought 
to  be  sprinkled  upon  the  pages  of  our  agricultural  litera- 
ture, to  render  the  solid  food  they  may  contain  more 
fragrant  and  refreshing. 

Look,  again,  at  a  more  pleasant  order  of  landscape — 
the  rich  Lothiansof  Scotland,  the  green  hills  and  valleys 
of  central,  S'juthem,  and  eastern  England.  And  why 
should  not  the  farmer  and  his  men  be  told  how  the  fertile 
clays  they  are  underdraining  and  grain  cropping,  were 
changed  from  their  ancient  condition  of  wood  and 
tangled  copse,  where  Saxon  swine  were  herded,  where 
red  deer,  wolvefl,  and  badgers,  found  sport  ibr  monarchs, 
yeomen,  and  peasantry ;  or  from  swamps  and  river- 
flooded  morasseH,  into  a  cultivable  state  j  how  the  fine 
Turnip  and  Barley  lands  were  rescued  fi-om  the 
mischievous  dominion  of  Heath  and  Furze,  and  rabbits, 
and  from  the  utter  waste  and  ban-enness  of  naked 
flints  and  blowini;  tand,  to  be  enriched  and  clothed  with 
vegetable  food  for  men,  and  flocks,  and  herds  ? 

Or  go  to  the  sea  coast.  Stand  upon  the  granite  cliffs, 
againflt  whoHC  cubic  maaonry  the  huge  ocean-waves, 
unbroken  for  iiimdrcds  of  leagues,  hurl  themselves 
in  vain  ;  and,  ]a«hed  into  furious  foam  by  the  un- 
swerving stone,  fling  up  their  defiant  spray  to  the 
very  brow  of  the  hcothng  heights.  The  cultivator 
who  raises  a  scanty,  and  often  storm-blasted  produce 
in  tlie  salt  atmoHphero  of  that  wild  region,  and 
whose  cbiof  companiouB  are  the  gulls  and  cor- 
morants that  brea.Mt  the  dancing  Burge,  or  watch  their 
fish  from  the  dripping  cragw,  is  wont  to  ponder  on 
far  diflerent  mattorH  from  the  mere  routine  of  hit*  daily 
avocations,  ItcflcctionH,  spcculatloiiH,  Hprlng  up  within 
his  mind,  awe  and  gratitude  poshCfis  IiIh  heart,  aH  he 
beholdtt  tliat  vaxt  ftca  fl'-od — every  pint  wcighitig  a  pound 
— whicli  bwells  and  thunders  in  vain  againnt  tlic  un- 
yielding ground  beneath  his  feet,  And  when  wo  arc 
describing  the  agriculture  oT  such  a  place,  duglit  we  not 
to  toucli  upon  the  nature  oi'tlie  scenery  whieli  ho  power- 
fully influeticcHthe  thoughts  and  taftto  of  the  iidiabitantn, 
mciulding  their  cliaracter  and  iinprinting  peculiarilies 


upon  their  manners  ?  Visit  the  low  shore,  where, 
instead  of  the  abrupt  wall  of  rock  boldly  withstand- 
ing the  ocean,  the  shelving  sands  let  the  tidal  billows 
roll  and  exhaust  their  violence  upon  a  slope  ;  where  the 
sea,  grinding  material  from  one  line  of  coast,  piles  up 
the  shingle  beach  into  a  bai'rier  against  its  own  inroads  ; 
or  wdiere  the  loose  sand  blown  into  hillocks  and  matted 
and  bound  down  by  the  root  fibres  of  the  Sand-reed  and 
Sedge,  curb  the  advances  of  the  salt  flood.  When  speak- 
ing of  the  rural  condition  of  such  localities,  may  we  not 
advantageously  refer  to  these  battles  of  the  elements, 
and  the  principles  upon  which  they  perform  the  service 
of  defence  to  man  ?  What  reason  is  there  against  our 
mentioning  such  scenes  in  connection  with  the  agricul- 
tural description  of  the  neighboxirhood,  or  against  our 
offering  a  reflection  upon  them  ;  as,  for  instance,  in  the 
present  case,  quoting  those  words  of  the  prophet — 
"  Fear  ye  not  me  ?  saith  the  Lord  :  will  ye  not 
tremble  at  my  pi*esence,  which  have  placed  the 
sand  for  the  bound  of  the  sea  by  a  perpetual  decree, 
that  it  cannot  pass  it ;  and  though  the  waves  thereof 
toss  themselves,  yet  can  they  not  prevail ;  though  they 
roar,  yet  can  they  not  pass  over  it."  Or  look  at  other 
portions  of  our  long  encircling  coast-fine,  is  it  not 
admissible  in  agricultural  journals  to  observe  what  large 
areas  of  our  country  are  being  eaten  away  by  hungry 
Neptune ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  what  immeasurably 
broader  tracts  are  being  recovered  from  the  ocean. 
May  we  not  venture  to  remark  upon  the  changeless 
cliff",  the  natural  beach  that  repels  the  sea  and  protects 
low-lying  ground  from  overflow,  the  artificial  embank- 
ment raised  to  check  the  tidal  flow  and  make  dry  the 
slimy  flats  which  have  been  given  to  us  by  the  waters, 
— as  diff'erent  objects  of  interest  and  instruction  for  the 
tiller  of  the  soil.  But  we  would  not  limit  the  occasional 
digressions  of  our  journalists  and  their  correspondents 
to  topics  in  rural  history,  in  various  branches  of  natural 
science  or  moral  reflection.  We  see  no  objection  to 
allusions  to  other  industrial  occupations  than  those  of 
farmers,  graziers,  and  labourers.  Let  the  agriculturist 
be  told  how  creeks  and  rivers  have  had  their  muddy 
banks  built  over  with  pile-constructed  wharves,  until  at 
last  they  have  become  seaports  with  harbours  flanked 
by  miles  of  stone  piers,  and  docks  of  thousands  of  acres 
expanse  ;  so  that  where  once  the  ancient  vessel  traded 
for  grain,  wool,  or  metal,  the  pirate  crew  sheltered,  or 
the  fisherman  chose  his  dwelling  and  landing-place,  now 
floats  the  merchant  fleet  which  maintains  commerce  with 
every  nation  round  the  globe.  Let  him  be  taught  how  the 
factories  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  iron,  &g. — the  loams,  the 
hammers,  the  water-wheels,  and  steam-engines — have 
added  to  the  agricultural  resources  of  his  country,  the 
power  of  manufacture  and  mining  ;  all  which  combined 
have  made  Britain  greatest  in  the  world.  Let  him  be 
pointed  to  the  deep  railway  cutting  or  tunnel  through  a 
mountain ;  to  the  mighty  viaduct  whose  exalted  roadway 
is  supported,  as  it  were,  upon  the  tops  of  solid  steeples  ; 
to  the  marvellous  bridges,  to  the  long  canals  carried 
level  over  valleys  and  through  uplands, — to  the  great 
channels  of  rivers  turned  aside  in  their  course ;  and 
such  intimations  cannot  fail  to  give  him  a  larger,  clearer, 
and  juster  view  of  the  relative  importance  of  the  work 
of  cultivation,  and  expand  and  enlighten  his  appreciation 
of  the  labours  of  his  brethren  of  the  nation,  who  are  not 
following  his  especial  pursuit  :  by  such  a  view  he  will  be 
led  to  exclaim,  in  like  language  to  that  of  Job, — '^  Surely 
there  is  a  vein  for  the  silver,  and  a  place  for  the  gold 
where  they  flue  it.  Iron  is  taken  out  of  the  earth,  and 
brass  is  molten  out  of  the  stone.  Man  searclieth  out  all 
perfection  ;  the  stones  of  darkness,  and  the  shadow  of 
death.  As  for  the  earth,  out  of  it  cometh  bread  ;  and 
under  it  is  turned  up  as  it  were  fire.  He  putteth  forth 
his  hand  upon  the  rock  ;  he  overtumeth  the  mountains 
by  the  roots.  He  cutteth  out  rivers  among  the  rocks ; 
and  his  eye  seeth  every  precious  thing.  He  bindeth  the 
floods  from  overflowing  ;  and  the  thing  that  is  hid 
bringeth  he  forth  to  light." 

The  sura  of  our  remarks  is  that  we  wish  to  see  a  little 
more  freedom  of  treatment  occasionally  introduced  into 
communications  published  in  farmers'  magazines  and 
papers.  We  throw  out  the  hint,  that  such  districts  as 
we  have  alluded  to  might  form  the  subject  of  useful  and 
interesting  descriptions  ;  and  propose  ourselves  to  take 
up  those  parts  of  our  country  with  which  we  are  more 
especially  conversant  : — which,  though  of  considerable 
superficial  extent,  would  probably  be  overlooked  by  a 
general  descrlber  of  the  surface  of  our  island  ;  and 
which,  flanking  the  great  river  mouths,  and  spreading 
out  into  wide  flats,  iu  some  counties,  present  the  dullest 
prospect  to  the  spectator.  I.  A.  C. 


LECTURE     ON     IRRIGATION. 

By  J.  G.  B.  MAEsnALL,  B,A,,  C.E, 

By  irn'gation  is  meant  the  process  of  sending  a  small 
depth  of  water  over  a  tract  of  ground  for  a  short  time. 
Inundation  consists  in  letting  on  a  large  quantity  to 
stagnate  and  deposit  matter  which  acts  in  renovating 
and  fertifihing  the  soil.  The  latter  cannot  but  be 
considered  highly  advantageous  when  wo  recollect  its 
effects  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile,  Ganges,  Rhine,  &c.  It 
iH,  however,  only  where  largo  masses  of  water  can 
without  much  trouble  ho  allowed  to  flow  over  ground 
that  it  can  bo  practised.  Nature  fii'st  taught  its 
advaiitagCH,  and  the  fanner  will  not  fail  to  avail  himself 
of  Huch  a  source  of  manuring,  without  even  the  expense 
of  carriage,  when  it  \h  in  his  power  to  do  ho.  Thiw  will 
hajipcn  ttnt  Hohhtin.  Inundation  acts  by  direct  aildiUonH 
to  the  lanil,  hut  other  caiiHcs  niuBt  be  Bought  fur  the 
beneficial  clfcctyof  irrigation.     It  is  well  kiiowu  that 


even  pure  (distilled)water,  carefully  applied  in  irrigation 
would  act  most  advantageously.  Many  reasons^might 
be  assigned  for  this.  r«.,.>^^? 

Among  the  explanations  afforded  by  practice  and 
theory  on  this  subject,  three  may  mentioned  :— 1st. 
Water  is  never  absolutely  pure.  Hence  it  will  act  as  a 
liquid  manure.  2d,  It  will  by  its  abundance  dissolve, 
and  thus  make  available  to  plants  many  parts  of  the 
soil  which  were  not  before  suitable  for  their  support. 
3d.  If  the  principle  of  Macaire  be  ti*ue— that  plants 
reject  part  of  the  sap,  which  is  not  suitable  for  theii' 
growth  ;  thus  forming  a  deposit  about  their  roots  anala- 
gous  to  the  feeces  of  animals  ;  it  can  readily  be  imagined 
how  water  let  on  and  then  carefully  withdrawn  or  moved 
about,  would  act  as  a  purifier,  renovator,  and  feeder. 
The  latter  especially  concerns  us,  as  it  is  genei'ally  in 
Grass  laud  which  is  never  moved  by  tilling,  which  is 
subjected  to  irrigation,  a  purifier  is  especially  needed,  if 
such  a  thing  be  required  at  all. 

It  is  not,  however,  the  province  of  the  engineer  to 
use  arguments  for  adopting  the  practice  or  otherwise. 
He  only  pretends  to  point  out  how  it  should  be  done. 
Indeed  no  one  doubts  the  advantages  of  having  a  water 
meadow,  yet  still  we  commonly  see  this  cheap  fertiliser, 
this  high  road  which  itself  would  prepare  and  carry 
food  to  plants — despised  and  neglected — nay  left  to  ruin 
vegetation  when  the  caprice  of  the  weather  overswells 
its  waters.  But  the  day  approaches  when  proper 
restraints  will  be  applied  to  this  Leviathan  instrument 
of  costless  restoration  to  exhausted  soil,  when  it  shall 
be  as  universally  applied  as  it  is  found. 

Even  a  small  stream,  intermitting  streams,  or  accu- 
mulated rain  water  may  be  used  for  irrigation.  In  these 
cases  you  only  require  a  reservoir,  in  which  water  may 
be  collected  and  retained  till  the  proper  time  for  intro- 
ducing it.  These  must  be  formed  water  tight,  at  some 
higher  level  than  the  ground  which  is  to  be  watered. 
The  most  usual  case  of  irrigation,  is  where  a  river  flows 
through  some  low-lying  flat  grounds. 

You  must  have  the  means  of  making  the  water  flow 
on  the  ground  and  also  of  taking  it  off.  Hence  yon 
require  a  higher  level  and  a  lower  level  than  the 
ground.  The  stream  must  be  higher.  Much  laudmay, 
however*,  be  watered  by  a  stream  which  is  lower  thaji 
itself  at  the  nearest  point,  if  the  fall  be  rapid.  For  by 
proceeding  up  some  way,  and  gaining  a  higher  point,  a 
channel  may  be  cut  with  a  slight  slope,  whicli  will  reach 
the  field  at  a  high  enough  level  to  send  the  water  over 
it.  Another  channel  may  then  be  sought  or  formed  to 
convey  the  water  back  to  the  river,  after  it  has  performed 
its  office. 

The  rules  in  irrigation  are  to  supply  water  to  the 
plants  while  growing,  but  never  to  let  it  stagnate  about 
them,  in  which  case  it  would  produce  in  them  the 
characters  of  sub-aquatic  plants. 

The  first  process,  therefore,  is  to  find  the  relative 
levels  by  the  use  of  the  spirit  level,  or  some  other  meansj 
if  you  have  not  got  a  contour  map.  The  next  considera- 
tion is  the  size  and  shape  of  the  channel.  The  shape 
has  been  pointed  out. 

The  first  part  of  the  lecture,  which  has  been  omitted,  gives 
in  detail  the  mathematical  formula  for  the  determioation  o£ 
the  dimensions,  discharges,  &c.,  of  channels  stoog  which 
water  flows,  and  the  relations  which  inseparably  connect; 
themselves  with  certain  velocities  and  discharges.  The  follow- 
ing is  one  of  the  conclusions  arrived  at :— A  channel  should 
present  as  little  resistance  as  possible.  Hence  make  them  as 
large  as  possible  in  section,  and  as  small  as  possible  in  border. 
The  semicircle  would  be  the  most  suitable  form  of  border,  as 
may  on  these  priuciples  be  proved  geomttricallr.  Next  como 
the  regular  figures,  bemi-bex»gon,  semi-peutagon,  and  semi- 
square,  or  rectangle,  whose  depth  is  half  its  breadth.  This  is- 
the  most  habile  form,  but  now  come  into  consideration  the 
stability  of  the  materials.  To  prevent  the  banks  crumbling 
down,  a  certain  slope  must  be  adopted.  This  depends  on  the 
nature  of  the  clav,  but  iu  general  may  be  two  horizontal  to  ono 
vertic^il.  The  de^jth  tliould  be  one-half  of  the  average  breadths 
The  size  must  depend  on  the  quantity  you  can  obtain,  or  which 
you  winh  to  take.  A  dam  or  weir  is  sometimes  formed  across 
the  river  to  throw  a  larger  quantity  into  the  channel,  at  the 
time  when  it  is  proper  to  turn  it  on  the  land.  Flood-gates  ara 
also  formed  in  the  channel  to  regulate  the  intius  uf  the  stream^ 
You  see  from  the  formula  that  the  velocity,  and  therefore  tho- 
quantity,  depends  on  the  blope  or  rate  of  inclination.  It  is 
theretore  for  joa  to  determine  whether  you  prefer  a  largo 
quantity  lower  down  or  a  BHialler  at  a  higher  pomt,  lor  by  in- 
creasing the  fall  you  auRment  the  quantity.  When  the  water 
has  spread  over  the  land  to  some  distance  (say  15  or  20  fect)- 
below  the  feeder,  anoUier  channel  is  formed  to  convey  it  to 
another  portion,  and  bo  on  till  it  reaches  the  channel,  through 
which  it  eficapes.  "When  the  declivity  is  gentle  between  the 
channel  and  the  river,  and  the  supply  abundant,  a  series  of 
successive  tracks  may  be  cut,  and  ihe  water  may  thus  be  used 
over  and  over  again  in  successive  portions.  This  is  called 
catch  work  ■  but  it  is  found  in  practice,  whatever  may  be  the 
cau^e  that  water  when  thus  used  four  or  five  times  loses  its 
beneficial  efFectfl,  if  it  does  not  become  positively  lujurious.  It 
is  said  that  this  is  owing  to  its  having  taken  up  some  sub- 
stances  which  are  injurious  to  vegetation.  The  surface  of  thO' 
ground  should  be  made  as  level  ao  posaiblo,  and  a  means  must 
be  always  obtained  of  taking  away  the  water.  This  may  be 
done  by  contimilng  a  channel  some  way  down  the  river.  If 
the  land  is  stiff  and  retentive,  it  must  be  drained  and  mado 
porous,  when  it  will  act  like  a  lilter,  allowing  the  water  to  pass 
through  but  catciang  all  that  it  contains,  besides  being  mate- 
rially improved  by  it;  for  it  will  probably  form  passages  for 
the  air,  and  the  roots  of  plants  will  then  etrike  deeper.  Thcr& 
are  particular  times  when  water  should  be  put  on.  If  the 
meadow  Is  eoviTcd  with  some  water  during  frout,  the  tempera- 
ture will  never  get  below  the  ireexlng  point,  as  all  know  who 
arc  acquainted  with  the  subject  of  heat  as  a  science.  Hence 
the  plants!  continue  t'.  grow.  The  tlood-gateH  must  however 
be  closed  when  the  temperature  rlees,  else  the  effects  of  stag- 
nation ouHUe,  The  ueual  time  to  put  on  water  is  heforo 
Christmas  during  the  t  me  of  frosts.  In  mild  wtatber  it  may 
be  put  on  duiing  the  night  and  turr.cd  off  during  ihr  day,  while 
the  finfttliiatt.  ;  when  the  Orass  springB  Iho  water  is  let  on,  ami 
I  nftor  a  tihort  time  turned  uiX  uK»i"  till  the  ground  dries  ior  a 
few  diiyn,  ultenutling  the  vtoUing  and  dryinii.  The  warmer 
the  WL-mhor  is,  the  sliortcr  must  the  linio  l  c  diuinL'  which  tho 
'  wilier  Ih  Itft  on,  to  prevent  fermentatlnu.  When  tho  Grass  ia 
six  InehcH  loii^,  It  must  bo  turned  nH"  till  after  mowing.  In 
Huminer  the  IhiOilingH  must  bo  very  short— about  :'i  hours— but 
vor^  frcqueut.    Attention  to  thla  ia  mobt  requisite;  tUo  water 


140 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


I  Feb.  21, 


impress  upon  all  parties  desirous  of  assisting  or  1 
superintending  the  emigration  of  poor  persons,  particu-  1 
larly  females,  the  great  importance  of  securinii;  their  early 
arrival  in  this  counti'y  ;  they  should  not  land  here  later 
than  July.  All  those  who  arrived  here  early  in  the  seaso"!! 
were  immediately  provided  for  in  a  satisfactory  manner  ; 
and  Mr.  Hawke,  the  (Government  emigration)  agent  at 
Toronto  writes  that,  out  of  700  young  females  landed  at 
his  agency,  not  a  dozen  remained  unemployed  a  fort- 
night after,  and  he  has  no  doubt  but  an  equal  and  even 
greater  number  would  find  service  at  good  wages  if  sent 
out  in  1852,  Canada  never  offered  a  better  opening 
than  at  present  forallparties  seeking  employment ;  wages 
ai*e  unusually  high,  and  likely  to  continue  so  ;  labourers 
on  our  railroads  get  from  4s.  (Canada  currency  equal 
to  3s,  2^d,  British)  to  a  dollar  per  day,  and  the  con- 
struction of  the  line  from  this  city  to  Melbourne,  97 
miles,  will  go  into  full  operation  in  the  spring,  and  will 
afford  employment  to  those  who  may  not  have  the 
means  of  proceeding  up  the  country  immediately  on 
lauding  from  the  vessel.  I  cannot  furnish  you  with  the 
rates  of  transport  inland  for  next  season,  but  I  anticipate 
they  will  be  fully  as  low  as  those  of  last  season.  A  new 
line  of  first-class  steamers  will  run  from  this  city  to 
Hamilton,  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  without  tranship- 
ment. Emigrants  were  conveyed  this  distance,  570 
miles,  for  10s.  (Os. British) — 2dollars — lastseason,andon 
some  occasions  for  less,  but  a  fair  price  to  calculate  on 
is  155. — 3  dollars  ;  all  luggage  free  ;  time,  3  to  3^  days. 
You  will  see  from  my  report  that  one-fourth  of  our 
emigration  of  last  year  were  paupers,  and  many  of  these, 
particularly  the  Highlanders,  were  sent  out  here  in  a 
wretched  state.  Of  our  whole  pauper  emigration  about 
one-third  (3386),  lauded  here  in  September  and  October, 
at  a  season  altogether  too  late  to  admit  of  a  prospect  of 
their  being  able  to  secure  any  provisions  before  the 
winter  sets  in.  They  have  all,  however,  been  dispersed 
over  the  country  ;  and  although,  doubtless,  many  have 
been  exposed  to  suffering,  yet  no  cases  of  aggravated 
suffering  have  reached  me,  /  cannot  hid  feel  that  the  ■ 
parties  who  sent  these  'people  out  at  so  mifavourcible  a 
period  in  the  year  have  incurred  a  serious  responsihiUty. 
[The  italics  are  mine.  While  I  was  in  Canada  last 
September,  1950  highlanders  arrived,  shovelled  out  from 
the  estate  of  a  wealthy  gentleman,  scarcely  any  of 
them  speaking  English,  and  all  landed  without  a  penny, 
or  any  provision  being  made  by  that  gentleman  for 
their  support,  or  conveyance  up  the  country  to  where 
employment  might  be  had,  which,  as  Mr.  Buchanan 
states,  is,  at  so  late  a  season  of  the  year,  very  difficult 
to  be  found  so  far  north.  Vere  Foster.]  You  are  aware 
the  emigrant  tax  to  Canada  is  reduced  30  per  cent,  this 
year;  adults  now  pay  one  dollar;  children,5  to  15  years 
of  age,  75  cents.,  and  all  under  5  years  free. 

"Vere  Foster,  Esq.  A.  C.  Buchanan.''^ 

A  Word  in  Season. — My  attention  has  been  drawn  to 
the  following  letter,  which  has  appeared  in  the  North- 
ampton Heraldy  in  answer  to  one  signed  "  Cautious.'* 
I  do  not  as);  you  to  incumber  your  paper  with  ■ 
"Cautious"'  figures,  although  they  have  been  useful  in 
bringing  the  I'enly  ;  but  I  feel  certain  you  will  estimate 
Mr.  Smith's  answer  very  differently.  I  am  glad  to 
find  that  very  many  agriculturists  visited  Mr.  Smith 
last  yecir  ;  for  in  consequence  the  plan  is  being  tried 
very  generally.  I  can  truly  say  that  my  inspection  of 
his  crops  has  been  a  more  valuable  lesson  to  me  than 
any  I  ever  before  received.  Highly  as  I  have  seen 
reason  to  estimate  the  value  of  deep  and  finely  pul- 
verising cultivation,  I  was  not  prepared  to  see  such 
results,  unaided  by  manure,  and  in  opposition  to  all  my 
previous  conceptions  of  the  occasion  for  change  of 
cropping.  It  may  be  useless  to  ask  large  occupiers  to 
think  of  learning  from  the  cultivators  of  8  or  10  acres  ; 
but  small  holders  of  land  have  here  a  practice  they  can 
readily  adopt,  and  that  comes  recommended  by  a  return 
which  holds  out  the  greatest  inducement  to  give  it  a 
trial.  What  does  the  manure  cost  ?  is  a  question  I 
never  yet  knew  a  farmer  able  to  answer.  Market  gax"- 
deners  have  told  me  from  lOZ.  to  30Z.  per  acre  per 
annum.  But  this  I,  as  a  farmer^  do  know — that  to  gain 
this  manure,  two-thirds  of  the  produce  of  most  farms  is 
applied,  and  in  many  cases  without  much  other  retui'u. 
Htwiti  Davis j3,  Frederick" S'2>lace,  Old  Jewry.  "  Vicarage, 
Lois  Weedon,  Jan.  28,  1852.— Sir  :  The  following  is  a 
detailed  account  of  last  year's  outlay  and  profit  on  a 
4-acre  piece  of  Wheat,  at  Milthorpe,  iu  the  parish  of 
Lois  Weedon,  in  this  county,  being  the  first  year  of  my 
entrance  upon  that  land  :■ — 
Paid  for  plougbing,  the  half  portion  of  each  acre,  at     £    s.   d. 

12s.  peracre  14    0 

Harmwinsr,  levelling,  and  cleaning  the  foul  stubble, 

at  10s.  per  acre     2    0    0 

Pressing  the  channels  for  the  seed,  at  Is.  per  acre  ...     0     4     0 

Dropping  the  seed  by  hand,  at  53.  per  acre    10    0 

4  pecks  and  1  gallon  of  seed,  at  5s.  per  bushel  ...    0    5    7i 

Rolling,  at  6d.  per  acre      0    2    0 

Hoeing    between  the  rows,   at    Ss.,  scarifying  the 

intervals,  at  3s.,  bird-keeping,  at  is.  per  acre        ...    2    0    0 
Reaping,  9s.,  carrying  to  barn  and  unloading,  at  6 

per  acre      

Threshing  and  winnowing  20j  qrs.  at  2s.  Hid.  per 


may  be  left  on  in  winter,  even  to  inundation,  where  in  summer 
it  would  destroy  the  crop. 

There  is  another  method  of  irrigntion,  which  may  be  prac- 
tised with  advantage  in  some  places.  The  ground  is  laid  out 
in  plots,  by  lartje  parallel  channels,  and  then  small  tracks  are 
■  dug  or  formed  wiLh  the  plough  perpendicularly  from  the  one 
to  the  other.  The  water  flows  alone  these  latter,  thus  descend- 
ine  from  one  of  the  large  ones  to  the  other.  This  is  waterinu, 
but  not  properly  irrigation.  The  best  land  for  water  meadows 
appears  to  be  a  loose  gravel ;  such  are  those  on  the  Avan,  ia 
Wiltshire,  which  are  completely  composed  of  shingle  and 
pebbles.  It  appears  essential  to  good  water  meadows  that  the 
substratum  should  be  porous.  If  this  is  not  naturally  the  case, 
AS  in  clays,  drainage  is  indispensable.  A  peat-bog,  if  drained 
and  watered,  will  form  a  good  mead.  It  is  curious  too,  that 
•the  more  porous  the  soil,  the  less  water  is  required,  probably 
because  the  porous  soil  is  soon  soaked,  while  the  clay  will  keep 
-the  water  running  over  its  tiurface,  preventing  it  reaching  the 
roots  of  the  plants  for  some  time.  Clay  lands  therefore  require 
the  water  longer  than  gravel.  Sand  or  gravel  spread  over  clay 
meadows  espentially  improves  them;  it  should  merely  be  laid 
■over  the  surface  ;  it  acts  most  likely  in  retaining  the  water  on 
tbe  clay,  preventini;  evaporation.  Chnlk  is  also  an  excellent 
thing,  when  carefully  added.  It  is  deplorable  to  see  what 
-quantities  of  land,  lying  round  streams  of  all  sizes,  within  the 
reach  of  this  most  excellent  source  of  increa'^ed  vegetation,  still 
lack  its  judicious  application.  No  one  doubts  its  advantages, 
yet  thousands  neglect  to  avail  themselves  of  it.  In  many  cases 
thia  is  the  result  of  habit ;  their  fathers  did  it  not,  neither  will 
they  (rather  too  much  veneration  for  the  dead).  But  the 
majority  of  cases  arises  from  some  appropriation  of  water 
by  an  individual  to  his  own  purpose,  as  a  motive  power  or 
otherwise.  He  may  not  say  that  o'hers  have  no  right  to  U9e 
the  water  which  passes  through  their  land  in  common  to  them 
and  to  him  ;  but  he  prevents  their  applying  it  in  their  own 
manner  if  it  tends  to  impede  his  application  of  it.  He  may 
Tiave  some  justice  in  his  favnur,  but  millions  of  acras  are  not 
only  not  irrigated,  but  occasionally,  nay,  we  might  say  periodi- 
cally, drowned,  in  consequence  of  such  individual,  local,  and 
.partial  uses — abuses  they  were  better  termed.  In  nine  oases 
out  of  ten,  right  of  occupation  is  tue  only  claim  such  people 
have  to  make  such  injurious  uses  of  water,  which  is  just  what 
they  would  prevent  ottitrs  from  doing,  lest  they  should  suffer 
.from  their  neighbour^  those  injuries  which  they  themselves 
inflict  on  all  who  are  joint  owners  of  such  waters  in  common 
with  them.  Yet  such  occupation  constitutes  property  in  English 
law,  and  there  is  therefore  now  no  remedy,  except  the  usual 
one  in  such  cases  afforded  by  time — the  avenger,  the  vindicator 
of  'right,  and  the  potentate  who  sooner  or  later  wipes  ont 
injustice.  May  his  influence  soon  extend  to  this  case!  May 
we  see  it !  Mills  moved  by  water  are  the  most  usual  obstruc- 
tions. A  mill  keeps  the  water  at  a  certain  level  too  high  for 
drainage.  Millions  of  acres  are  thus  rendered  impracticable  to 
the  thorough  drainer  ;  millers  will  not  allow  the  adaptation  of 
Streams  to  irrigation,  lest  they  should  suffer  in  their  effective 
•power.  But  now  steam,  the  daughter  of  time's  descendants — 
-civilisation  and  science— comes  in  and  says:  here  is  a  power 
which  you  may  apply  at  your  own  convenience  as  to  time  and 
place,  without  submitting  to  the  caprice  of  rain  and  terrestrial 
nndulations.  Use  this  power  and  you  will  save  carriage  to  low 
and.  inconvenient  sites,  far  frocn  consuming  communities, 
besides  a  thousand  other  inconveniences.  These  obstructions 
injure  the  community  at  large  ;  it  is  therefore  not  beyond  the 
scope  of  a  legislative  enactment.  The  greatest  quantity  of  pro- 
duce, both  Grass  and  beef,  and  therefore  corn,  is  not  raised. 
We  are  importing  what  our  waters  would  supply  if  sUilfuUy 
treated  and  divested  of  local  and  individual  incumbrance.  It 
will  be  our  businetis  shortly  to  point  out  some  farther  griev- 
ances of  the  kind,  to  show  the  extent  of  them,  and  to  suggest 
a  remedy. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Drainage  Pavement. — "We  have  received  the  follow- 
ing note  from  the  inventor  and  advertiser  of  these 
bricks,  regarding  the  report  of  a  meeting  of  the  Royal 
-Agricultural  Society  of  England,  in  a  late  number  of  our 
paper  : — "  From  the  brevity  of  the  report,  I  see  the 
price  of  pavement  is  omitted  ;  aud  by  the  reference  of 
the  chairman  to  the  'economy  with  which  the  York 
stone  could  be  laid  down  for  flooring,'  the  impre3sion  is 
left  that  the  stone  is  the  cheapest  flooring  of  the  two, 
whereas  the  chairman  stated  the  price  of  the  stone 
to  be  8(Z.  per  square  foot,  which  is  just  three  times  the 
price  of  the  drain  pavement,  viz.,  2s.  per  square  yard. 
Should  you  think  the  matter  of  any  importance  to  the 
agricultural  world,  I  should  feel  obliged  by  your  letting 
this  fact  be  known.  James  Foj'bes,  6,  Upper  Ranelagh- 
■streetj  PinilicoJ" 

The  Seed  Trade, — The  articles  which  have  lately  ap- 
peared in  your  pages  respecting  the  seed  trade,  have 
-given  great  satisfaction  to  many  of  your  readers  iu  this 
country,  where  all  agree  that  sad  tricks  are  resorted  to 
in  London  in  order  to  sell  cheap  seeds.  The  evils  com- 
plained of  have  been  more  especially  pursued  since  the 
practice  of  sending  "travellers"  from  seed-houses  has 
come  into  fashion  ;  these  "  travellers"  leave  London, 
and  other  large  towns  in  England,  about  the  end  of 
May  or  beginning  of  June,  with  instructions  to  allow 
no  house  to  undersell  the  one  which  employs  them. 
Each  is  furnished  with  a  list  of  prices  and  abstracts  of 
accounts.  Some  customers  pay  when  called  upon,  but 
many  do  not.  These  "  travellers"  pursue  each  other 
-through  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  like  horses  at 
a  steeple-chase.  They  leave  their  priced  lists  every- 
where they  can,  reprfisenting  the  advantage  which  their 
•particular  house  offei-s  over  every  other.  Messrs. 
-Dodge  and  Co.'s  traveller  is  however  often  first,  and 
offers  a  leading  article  or  two  at  a  much  lower  price  than 
any  of  the  others.  He  sometimes,  as  in  Swedish  Turnip 
seed  for  instance,  makes  a  difference  of  as  much  as  3s. 
per  bushel.  Now,  how  is  this  low  price  to  be  met  ? 
The  traveller  may  reason  with  his  customers  after  this 
fashion — «  Our  house  purchases  for  cash  ;  we  have  the 
gi'eatest  confidence  in  our  growers,  they  have  never 
deceived  us;  and  our  prices  areas  low  as  it  is  possible 
I  ^  A^  *°  ^'^^^  them  ;  at  present  prices,  our  house  can 
■hardly  do  more  than  meet  its  expenses.  Messrs.  Dodge 
and  Co.  will  require  cash  when  they  ship  their  goods 
to  your  order."  Oh  no  !  is  the  reply  ;  they  wlV  take  off 
5  per  cent.,  or  give  12  months  credit  !  The  traveller 
communicates  with  his  employers,  no  doubt  advising 
them  to  meet  the  prices  of  Dodge  and  Co.,  who  sells  for 
less  money  than  they  pay  the  grower.  Now  observe 
'how  the  low  price  of  the  finn  just  mentioned  is  met  : 
the  first  thing  is  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  the  house 


possesses  any  trio  (old  seed  having  no  growing  power)  ; 
if  this  does  not  happen  to  exist  of  the  description  wanted, 
inquiry  is  made  in  the  trade  until  it  is  procured,  say  at 
Is.  6d.  or  25.  per  bushel.  When  talcen  liome,  it  is  well 
dusted,  and  shaken  backwards  and  forwards  in  a  sack, 
into  which  some  sweet  oil  has  been  introduced  to  give 
the  material  a  bright  colour,  which  lasts  for  some  time, 
if  the  shaking  process  is  well  performed,  and  by  this 
means  the  price  of  Swedish  Turnip,  or  anything  else,  is 
made  to  meet  Dodge  and  Co.  in  the  market.  Seedsmen 
(even  the  very  best  of  them)  have  a  great  deal  to 
answer  for.  Tliey  do  not  pay  tlie  grower  a  price  which 
sufficiently  remunerates  him,  or  enables  him  to  pay 
attention  enough  to  his  stock.  In  this  lies  the  chief 
cause  of  the  evil — what  remedy  has  the  public  ?  It 
may  go  to  a  respectable  house,  which  was  a  remedy  at 
one  period  ;  but  now  that  will  not  secure  it  against 
spurious  Turnip,  or  doctored  Clover  seed.  Trefoil, 
highly  coloured  by  the  use  of  indigo,  is  largely  imported 
into  tliis  country,  and  sold  for  good  English  Red  Clover. 
An  action  at  law,  for  the  disappointment  of  a  crop, 
either  by  failure,  or  by  its  not  being  true  in  character, 
would  certainly,  I  think,  do  much  to  bring  matters  into 
a  better  position.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  in  most 
cases  damages  would  be  obtained ;  and  I  trust  that 
farmers  and  gardeners  will  not  fail  to  take  some  such 
step  as  this  to  protect  themselves  against  the  tricks  of 
dishonest  seedsmen.    Ventas,  Dublin. 

The  New  Steel  Digging  Forh. — With  reference  to 
your  publication  of  the  14th  February,  containing  a 
letter  signed  *'^R.  A-  Lyndon,  Birmingham,"  under  the 
head  "forks,"  in  justice  to  my  esteemed  friend,  Mr. 
Harry  Winton,  whom  I  have  known  as  a  manufacturer, 
at  his  Dove  Mills,  Cleveland-street,  Birmingham,  for 
the  last  five  years,  I  beg  to  say  he  was  sole  exhibitor  of 
the  forks  and  tools  so  much  approved  of  by  J.  J,  Mechi, 
Esq.,  and  others  ;  and,  moreover,  Mr.  Winton  is  fully 
juitified  in  stating  manufacturer  of  "  Winton's  Parkes' 
Forks,"  which  stamp  or  brand  may  be  regarded  by  the 
public  as  a  warranty  of  their  superiority  and  genuine- 
ness. Mr.  Winton  has  recently  invented  several  other 
descriptions  of  forks,  which  are  made  under  my  super- 
intendence, and  are  likely  to  become  highly  serviceable 
to  the  public.  Franci.'i  Parlces,  Sutton  Coldjields,  Feb.  19. 

Mr.  Winton''s  Foj-Jcs. — Allow  me  to  contradict  Mr. 
Lyndon's  assertion  in  your  Paper  of  the  14th  instant, 
and  to  say  that  I  have  for  many  years  been  a  manufac- 
turer ;  and  the  public  may  depend  on  our  united  efforts 
to  continue  to  supply  them  with  those  agricultural  and 
horticultural  tools  of  that  superior  cast,  which,  up  to 
this  time,  they  continue  to  prize.  Harry  Winton  (for 
Winton  and  Sons),  Dove  Mills,  BirminghaTn. 

A  Voice  from  the  Diggings. — In  No.  6  of  your  journal, 
you  refer  to  the  last  report  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  Englano,.  with  a  commendable  endorsement, 
for  the  sake  of  your  readers  who  are  members  of  that 
society.  I  hope  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  will  perceive  the  pungency  of  your  remark.  You 
do  not  refer  to  the  report  for  the  sake  of  your  readers 
who  are  non-members,  as  the  price' of  the  publication 
renders  it  inacessible  to  them.  If  the  Society  exercised 
a  little  more  generosity,  and  offered  their  Journals  at  a 
price  which  made  but  a  small  appeal  to  the  pocket,  they 
would  be  rendering  a  service  to  a  class  of  men  who 
desire  to  initiate  agricultural  progress.  A.  B.  [We  need 
not  say  that  the  notice  referred  to  was  intended  for  those 
who  are  not  members  of  the  Society.] 

Butter. — In  answer  to,"  Annie's"  inquiries  respecting 
butter-making,  she  must  excuse  my  objecting  to  her 
oval  tub.  A  round  one,  of  10  in.  in  depth,  and  1  ft.  C  in, 
in  diameter,  will  make  from  10  lbs,  to  12  lbs.  at  a  time. 
Aud,  being  round,  is  more  entirely  subjected  to  the 
action  of  the  hand,  in  beating  the  cream,  than  the  oval 
shape  ;  and  even  as  small  a  quantity  as  a  pound  may 
be  made  at  one  time,  on  this  plan.  The  long  continued 
damp  weather  is  the  reason  why  the  butter  takes  longer 
than  usual  in  making,  as,  like  all  other  processes,  this 
system  is  affected  by  the  state  of  the  atmosphere  ;  the 
excess,  either  of  heat  or  cold,  is  preferable  to  damp, 
The  hand  must  be  scalded  as  well  as  the  tub,  and  the 
cows  should  not  be  allowed  Turnips  for,  at  least,  two 
hours  before  milking,  which  will  entirely  prevent  the 
taste  in  the  milk.  Sarah  H.,  Westmoreland. 

Emigration  to  Canada. — I  send  you  a  copy  of  a  letter 
which  I  have  received  from  the  Government  emigration 
agent  at  Quebec,  and  which,  as  the  season  is  opening 
for  emigration  to  Canada,  you  may  think  sufficiently 
interesting  to  tlie  public  to  deserve  being  published, 
entirely  or  partially,  in  the  Agricultural  Gazette,  Vere 
Foster,  6,  Whitehall-yard,  London,  Feb.  22. — "  (Copy) 
Quebec,  January  23,  1852.  —  My  dear  Sir:  I  this 
morning  received  your  note  of  the  25th°  ult.,  '^with 
a  copy  of  your  printed  circular,  which  I  have  read 
with  much  interest,  as  it  contains  a  great  deal  of  valuable 
information  and  most  useful  directions  to  intending 
emigrants.  I  do  not  see  that  I  can  add  anything  to  it, 
as  you  have  so  fully  enlarged  on  all  the  points  uecessary 
and  useful.  I  cannot  avoid  stating  that  I  think  you 
under-estimate  the  advantages  which  Canada  offers  for 
the  reception  of  the  surplus  poor,  but  able  bodied, 
labour  of  the  United  Kingdom.  In  the  first  place  it 
can  be  reached  at  a  less  cost  (?),  and  with  equal  comfort 
as  any  port  in  the  United  States  ;  the  advantages  and 
facilities  of  our  inland  transport  you  have  fully  set  forth 
in  your  paper.  I  have  never  been  able  to  ascertain  the 
extent  of  mortality  on  the  passage  to  New  York,  and 
therefore  cannot  give  any  comparison  between  it  and 
this  port,  but  the  inclosed  return  of  the  past  season's 
emigration  will  satisfy  you  as  to  the  healthy  condition 
of   the    emigi'ation   of    1851.     .     .     I    should   wish    to 


3    0    0 

3    o'    2i 


Rates  and  taxes,  43.  Sti.per  acre,  and  interest  on  20i. 
for  outlay,  implements,  &c.,  20s 118    S- 


Total  outlay 


20;^  qrs.  of  clean  Wheat,  exclusive  of  tail,  at  35s.     ...  35    0    0 
S  tons  of  straw,  at  405.  per  ton 16    0    0 


Gross  produce  " £51    0    0 

Deductoutlay 14  U    6 

Total  amount  of  profit  to  proprietor       ...  XJfi    S    6 

The  plan  upon  which  tliis  crop   was  grown  was  that 


9—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


141 


of  having  Wheat  in  ti-iple  rows,   1  foot  apart,  with  a 
fallow  interval  of  3  feet  between  each  triple  row.     So 
that   there   is  this  startling  peculiarity  of  result,  that 
these  20  5  qrs.  of  clean  grain  were,  in  reality,  the  pro- 
duce of  about  half  the  laud— of  two  acres,  instead  of 
four.      Not  only  so.     These  foui'  acres  were  what  is 
usually  deemed  exhausted.     They  had  never  known  a 
bare  fallow  iu  the  memory  of  man.     Fom'  years  before 
I  took  to  them  from  my  tenant  they  had  been  manured 
for  Swedes,  which  were  eaten  off  the  land.     They  had 
had  no  dressing  for  the  three  following  crops,  the  rota- 
tion ending  with  a  heavy  crop  of  Wheat,  sown  broad- 
cast.    Aud  in  this  state,  the  stubble  standing,  I  entered 
upon  them  in  October,  1850.     I  then  simply  ploughed 
the  land  an  inch  deeper  than  usual,  cleaned  and  levelled 
it,  and  so,  without  further  preparation,  got  in  my  seed. 
In  the  following  month,  when  the  plant  came  up,  I  sent 
in  my  spadesmen,  and  trenched  the  intervals  for  the 
succeeding  crop.     I  very  respectfully  ask  the  farmer's 
attention  to  these  facts — facts,  the  certainty  of  which  it 
lies  within  the  reach  of  any  Northamptonshire  man  to 
prove.      Here    we   have   Wheat    upon   Wheat,  upon 
exhausted  land,  with  no  manure,  with  little  more  than  a 
peck  of  seed  to  the  acre  ;  aud  yet  from  the  half  portion 
of  these  fom*  acres  we  have  a  yield  of  41  bushels.     I  ask 
him— How  is  this  1     There  is,  in  truth,  no  mystery  or 
magic  in  it  at  all.     For  when  I  said  I  had  no  manure 
for  my  'Wheat  I  spoke  incorrectly.     I  have  manure  in 
abundance ;  organic  and  inorganic  manure  for  an  endless 
succession  of  Wheat  crops  on  the  same  four  acres  of 
laud.     For,  what  is  manure  I     The  farmer  knows,  from 
experience,  that  manure   is   that   which,  somehow  or 
other,  restores  fertility  to  his  exhausted  land,  and  gives 
him  good  crops.     But,  did  he  ever  ask  himself  what 
there  was  in  the  straw  and  the  dung  to  do  this  ?     Let 
him  go  to  some  *  cunning  '  men,  able  and  willing  to  teach, 
and  he  will  learn  that  his  home-made  manure  contains, 
not  only  the  organic  food  for  the  plant,  but  a  variety  of 
mineral   or  inorganic    substances,  out   of  which,  after 
undergoing  certain  mysterious  combinations  in  the  soil, 
and  so  becoming  fitted  for  assimilation  by  the  plant,  the 
straw  and  the  grain  of  Wheat  are  made  up.     Let  him 
ask  fm'ther,  aud   the  same  clever  man  of  cultivated, 
common  sense  will  tell  him,  that  the  clay,  or  loamy  sub- 
soil of  his  Wheat  land  contains  the  very  same  mineral 
or  inorganic  bodies,  and  therefore  the  very  same  elements 
of  fertility,  with  that  manure  which  he  carries  from  his 
yard,  or  buys  in  the  market.    Here,  then,  is  the  cherished 
object  I  have  in  view  in  bringing  up  the  subsoil  to  the 
sai'face.     Buried  below,  out  of  the  reach  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, the  cold  clay  bottom,  and  the  hard-bouud  pan  of 
loamy  gravel,  are  worse  than  valueless.     But,  lay  bare 
a  few  inches  by  degrees.     To  do  more  than  that  at  the 
outset  would  be  a  wasteful  and  injurious  expense.  Begin 
with  two  shallow  spits  deep.     Raise,  in  short,  just  so 
rauch  of  the  subsoil  as  can  be  pierced  through  by  the 
winter's  frost  and  burnt  by  the  summer's  sun,  and  you 
open  a  mine  of  mineral  food  for  your  plant  that  is 
practically  inexhaustible.     When  Professor  Way  spoke 
of  the   cost   of   doing   this,  he  was  not  aware  of  the 
system    of  fallow   intervals.     'Allowing,'   said  he,   'a 
certain  and  considerable  yearly  diminution  of  the  mineral 
elements  of  fertility  in  the  land,  we  have  yet,  so  to  speak, 
an  almost  infinite  supply  of  these  bodies  iu  the  soil  itself, 
provided  we  knew  how  we  might  economically  avail  our- 
selves of  it.     This — the  item  of  expense — is,  after  all,  the 
turning  point.'     Had  he  known  of  a  plan  by  which  one 
moiety  of  an  acre  could  be  made  to  yield  a  produce  equal 
to  that  of  a  whole  acre,  he  would  not  have  wanted  a  solu- 
tion to  his  problem.     He  would  have  foimd  it  in  the 
fact,  that  for  this  moiety  of  an  acre  there  is,  of  course, 
only  half  the  labour  and  half  the  expense  of  an  entire 
acre  required  for   trenching.      Having  provided    this 
mineral  supply  of  food,  and  laid  open  the  intervals  for  a 
winter  and  summer  fallow,  the  organic  elements  of  fer- 
tility will  come  of  themselves.     For  '  fallowing,'  says 
Mr.  Nesbit, '  is,  in  fact,  a  system  of  manuring  from  the 
air.     And  when  the  Wheat  plant  follows  the  fallow,  the 
additional  materials  accumulated  from  the  air  increase 
the  crop,  perhaps,  by  two  or  three  quarters  per  acre.' 
Carbon  and  nitrogen  are  wanted,  and  the  atmosphere 
contains  them  both,  in  the  forms  of  ammonia  and  car- 
bonic acid ;    and   with   every   shower  of  rain,  every 
descent  of  the  dew,  and  every  fall  of  snow,  they  are 
brought  down  into  the  porous  soil  and  there  retained, 
either  for  future  use  or  to  be  taken  up  by  degrees  by 
the  growing  plant.    All  that  is  wanted  is,  to  give  to  each 
well-separated  plant  fair  play,  by  letting  in  upon  it  sun 
and  air  ;  to  afford  its  roots  width  and  depth  to  pasture 
in,  and  to  keep  the  ourfacc  of  the  soil  open  and  free 
from  weeds.     Do  tiiis,  and,  bo  assured,  Nature  will  do 
the  rest.     But,  if  I  use  no  yard-manure,  what  becomes 
of  the  straw  ?     I  do  not  sell  it.     No  good  farmer,  I  con- 
ceive, would  do  HO,  thougli  he  could  get  for  it  '21.  a  ton, 
because  ho  knows  that  its  intrinsic  value  ia  much  be- 
yond that.     1  have  jiurchascd  it  for  inany  years,  and 
never  could  get  it  under  40.<f.     But  when  it  is  turned 
into  manure  for  crops  that  require  forcing,  but  wiiicli 
Wheat  will  not  hear,  I  carry  it  to  my  lanM,  frchh  and 
unexhausted  of  its  richno«M,  and  bury  it  deep   in  the 
wcli-tillcd  and  retentive  clay.     With  what  rcwult  !     My 
winter  BeauH,  and  ail  rny  principal  root  crops,  are  planted 
in  fliDgle  rowH,  o  ftet  apart ;  and,  a  few  weeks  ago,  ( 
weighed  my  Swedes  taken  from  a  measured  rood  of 
ground,' and  the  amount    was  'J   tons    I.")  cwts.,  being 
upwards  of  27  tons  to  the  acre.     iJcfoi'o  the  SwcdcH 
wore  eown,  I  cut  from  the  spot  on  whicii   they  grew  a 
heavy  crop  of  early  itye.     From  the  intervals  bcjtwoen 
the  Swedes  1   drew  fjo   bushols  of  Potatoes.     And    in 
ih(i  linea  from  which  tlicy  were  taken  there  is  uow,  in 


vigorous  growth,  a  crop  of  winter  Bcaits.  In  another 
part  of  the  field  there  was  an  acre  of  winter  Beans, 
which  yielded  last  autumn  between  seven  aud  eight 
quarters  ;  and,  in  the  intervals,  Wurzel,  also  a  heavy 
crop.  I  value  my  straw  at  its  worth  to  myself  ;  and, 
with  such  results  as  these,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  charge 
it  in  my  balance-sheet  at  21.  a  ton.  One  word  more, 
and  I  have  doue.  At  the  opening  of  my  letter  I  have 
given  the  hondjlde  balance-sheet  of  the  operation  of  my 
system  on  four  acres  of  Wheat  land,  from  the  first 
ploughing  to  the  sale  of  the  last  sack.  The  account, 
it  appears,  is  not  satisfactory  to  your  correspondent  of 
last  week  ;  and  he  has  been  pleased  to  give  his  version 
of  how  my  account  should  stand.  I  cannot  accept  his 
version,  because  it  is  full  of  error  as  to  matters  of  fact ; 
aud  calculations  based  upon  error  are  utterly  worthless. 
It  is  in  error,  because  (1)  I  paid  12s.,  and  not  13s.,  for 
ploughing.  (*2)  I  did  not  dig  for  last  year's  crop  at  all. 
Each  crop  bears  its  own  expense,  from  the  first  tillage 
of  its  moiety  of  land  to  the  selling  of  the  grain.  (3)  1 
did  not  stack,  or  thatch,  or  take  in  the  crop,  but  carried 
it  at  once  to  the  barn.  (4)  The  average  price  of  the 
Wheat  per  quarter  was  35s.,  including  all  expenses. 
(o)  I  charged  nothing  for  tail- Wheat  or  chaff.  (6)  I 
had  eight  tons  of  straw,  not  four.  Nor  do  I  feel  dis- 
posed even  to  touch  upon  his  anticipated  balance-sheet 
of  my  crop  another  year,  for  the  yield  may  vary,  prices 
may  change,  expenses  may  alter  ;  and  I  think  it  will 
better  further  the  cause  of  truth  if  we  wait  till  the 
next  crop  be  carried,  and  the  produce  sold. — I  am,  Su*, 
your  obedient  servant,  S.  Smith." 

Drainage  and  Deep  Ctdtivation. — When  it  rains  very 
heavily,  you  will  find  me  walking  my  fields  and  ex- 
amining the  drains  and  water-com'ses.  We  had  heavy 
rains  from  the  11th  to  the  Uth  inst.  On  the  13th, 
14th,  and  15th,  drains  discharged  abundantly  from  all 
my  Wheat  lands  ;  whilst  on  similar  soils,  ridged  up  by 
the  fork,  and  on  other  land  ploughed  1 2  inches  deep 
with  six  horses,  not  a  drain  discharged,  nor  was  any 
water  seen  between  the  ridges.  The  remark  applied 
equally  to  land  drained  5  feet  deep,  28  feet  apart ;  and 
also  to  land  drained  12  feet  apart,  and  2  feet  8  inches 
deep.  No  drains  discharged  from  the  young  Clovers. 
Late  on  the  day  of  the  15tli  there  was  a  trifling  dis- 
charge from  both  the  young  Clovers  and  ploughed  and 
dug  lands.  The  whole  of  these  lands  were  alike  in 
quality,  a  tenacious  plastic  clay.  The  conclusions  I 
drew  from  the  apparent  discrepancy  was,  that  very 
deep  cultivation  permits  an  enormous  evaporation  even 
during  winter,  for  you  may  see  the  steaming  vapour 
as  it  rises  fi'om  the  fallowed  ground.  I  apprehend,  then, 
that  it  is  wise  to  deeply  ridge  up  our  heavy  land  before 
winter,  to  promote  evaporation  ;  and  that  in  the  spring 
we  should  keep  the  surface  fine,  to  retain  the  moisture. 
In  our  dry  eastern  couuties,  those  who  plough  their 
heavy  lands  often  in  the  spring  frequently  miss  their 
plants  of  roots.  A  gardener  who  digs  his  ground  deep 
before  winter,  does  not  redig  it  three  or  four  times  in 
the  spring.  The  young  Clovers  I  suppose  evaporate 
much  moisture  by  their  leaves,  and  are  thus  well  suited 
,  to  om'  heavy  lands.  Tares  do  the  same.  Thex-e  could 
be  Httle  evaporation  from  the  finely  harrowed  young 
Wheats,  or  the  drains  would  not  have  discharged  so 
immediately  and  abundantly.  I  am  a  confirmed  deep 
drainer.  As  I  pondered  over  the  steaming  drains  and 
flowing  ditches,  I  sorrowed  for  those  who,  from  want  of 
means  or  inclination,  were  deprived  of  these  benefits. 
Their  basin  will  be  full  to  the  brim,  and  Sol's  cheering 
beams  will,  instead  of  vivifying  mother  earth,  be  wasted 
in  converting  the  stagnant  water  into  steam.  /.  /.  Mechi, 
Tlptree  Hall,  Jan.  27. 


his  chief  present  difficulties,  and  of  enabling  this  countr 
to  go  on  for  the  future   with  greater  prosperity  than 
ever  to  all  classes." 

The  great  expense  caused  by  deeds  of  unnecessary 
length,  has  always  given  rise  to  just  complaints,  aud 
will  continue  so  to  do  so  long  as  deeds  are  paid  for, 
not  in  proportion  to  the  skill  or  amount  of  mental 
labour  bestowed  upon  them,  but  according  to  the 
quantity  of  words  which  may  be  crammed  into 
them.  The  object  of  a  purchaser  ia  to  secure  some 
evidence  of  his  title  to  the  land  he  buys,  and  the 
shorter  and  simpler  this  evidence  ia  the  more  satis- 
factory it  is  to  him  ;  but  in  the  very  same  propor- 
tion is  it  unprofitable  to  those  who  prepare  it  for  him^ 
and  who  are  paid  worse  for  a  plain,  short,  compressed 
instrument  (the  result,  perhaps,  of  much  consideration 
and  thought)  than  for  one  unintelligible,  long,  and  ver- 
bose, requii'ing  little  skill,  but  plenty  of  manual  labour. 
An  Act  of  Parliament  was  passed  a  few  years  ago 
(8  and  9  Vic.  c.  119)  with  the  express  object  of  remedy- 
ing this  abuse  ;  but  the  application  of  the  short  forms 
thereby  provided  was  left  to  the  discretion  of  private 
individuals,  and  although  by  the  adoption  of  those 
forms  deeds  may  be  shortened,  and  although  the  amount 
of  I'emuneration  to  those  preparing  them  does  not  de- 
pend upon  their  length,  the  Act  has  fallen  into  disuse* 
That  long  instruments  can  always  be  dispensed  with  is 
by  no  means  asserted  ;  in  intncate  family  settlements, 
-whether  by  deed  or  will,  lengthy  statements  cannot 
be  avoided  ;  but  that  is  no  reason  why  the  evidence 
of  the  title  of  a  common  pm'chaser,  or  of  the 
contract  Centered  into  between  a  [landlord  and  his 
tenant  should  not,  even  without  a  system  of  registration, 
be  much  more  short  and  simple  than  it  usually  is.  For 
our  own  part,  without  pretending  to  be  acquainted  with 
the  legal  difficulties  which  beset  the  subject,  we  do  not 
see  why  laud  should  not  be  as  easily  transferred  as 
money  in  the  funds.  That  for  this  purpose  great  changes 
would  have  to  be  introduced,  we  have  no  doubt ;  above 
all,  a  complete  system  of  registration  would  have  to  be 
established,  and  perhaps  also  a  parliamentary  title  to  start 
with.  Diflaculties,  impossibilities,  and  objections  of  all 
kinds,  are,  of  course,  stated  to  exist,  and  urged  by  all 
interested  in  maintaining  the  present  system.  The  law 
I'eformer,  like  any  other  person  introducing  a  change; 
must  expect  and  be  prepared  to  meet  considerable 
opposition  ;  but  in  the  end  he  will,  if  judicious,  prevail. 
The  other  subjects  touched  upon  by  Mr.  Stewart  are 
the  mode  of  professional  remuneration,  the  Court  of 
Chancery,  the  enfranchisement  of  copyholds,  which  we 
hope  to  see  made  compulsory  before  the  end  of  the 
present  session  of  Parliament,  and  the  consolidation  of 
the  law  in  general.  All  these  topics  are  of  great  in- 
terest and  importance,  but,  not  bearing  so  directly  upon 
the  subjects  discussed  in  this  journal  as  the  transfer  of 
property,  we  must  refer  our  readers  for  iuformation 
upon  them  to  the  work  itself.  The  reissue  of  these 
suggestions  at  the  present  moment  is  likely  to  keep 
alive  that  spirit  of  improvement  which,  if  it  may  be  said 
to  have  been  called  forth  by  Lord  Brougham's  cele- 
brated speech  on  law  reform,  has  been  in  no  small 
degree  nourished  and  made  fruitful  by  the  activity  of 
Mr.  Stewart. 


iaebierus. 


Suggestions  as  to  Reform  in  some  Branches  of  the  Law. 

By  James  Stewart,    Esq.      2d  Edit.      Stevens  and 

Norton.  8vo,  pp.  131. 
This  work  is  a  re-issue  of  some  suggestions  upon  tlie 
same  subject,  publislied  by  the  author  10  years  ago, 
with  additional  matter,  showing  what  has  been  done  in 
the  way  of  law  reform  since  that  time,  and  what  still 
remains  to  be  done. 

With  respect  to  facilitating  the  transfer  of  real 
property,  which  is  the  subject  of  the  second  chapter, 
and  that  in  which  our  readers  are  most  interested,  the 
author  says  : 

"  Within  the  last  ten  years  great  progress  has  been 
made,  not,  I  am  afraid,  in  facilitating  the  transfer  of 
land  in  this  country,  but  in  bringing  home  to  the 
public  mind  the  importance  of  this  subject.  This,  in 
fact,  cannot  bo  exaggerated.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  state 
my  conviction,  as  tlie  result  of  more  than  25  years' 
experience  as  a  conveyancer,  and  after  great  conside- 
ration of  the  subject,  that  the  present  law,  which 
impedes  the  free  transfer  of  land,  its  expense  and  delay, 
deprive  the  landowner  of  the  value  of  his  land  to  the 
extent  of  10  yeara'  purchase,  aud  that  the  fee-simple 
of  freeliold  land  should  bring 'in  tlio  niarkot,  on  the 
average,  '10  years'  instead  of  .30  years'  purchase.  1 
(iirtlier  believe,  tliat  a  few  judicious  alterations  in  the 
law  would  soon  enable  (lie  landowner  to  realise  thiw 
advance  in  price.  It  is  needless  to  point  out  the  vast 
eonserpicnce  of  this  to  the  landownex*,  more  CHpeeially 
at  the  jn-eHent  moment,  when  many  a  worthy  gentleman 
is  struf^'gling  to  livo  on  the  dinerenco  between  tho  rent 
payable  to  him  and  tlie  interest  payidtio  Ijij  him.  Faelli- 
tiert  for  the  transfer  of  land  should  now  bo  demamled 
by  all,  aa  the  means  of  x'olicving  tho  landowner  from 


Miscellaneous- 

Prices  of  Wheat. — "  It  is  now  ascertained,"  says  the- 
Paris  correspondent  of  the  Times,  of  Wednesday  last,, 
"  that  the  late  decline  in  the  price  of  floui-  in  the  Paris 
market  has  been  occasioned  by  over  speculation.  The 
buyers,  having  purchased  a  greater  stock  than  they  could 
conveniently  hold  over,  have  been  compelled  to  change 
their  position  and  become  sellers.  Prices,  however, 
have  remained  stationary  for  the  last  eight  days.  Flour 
of  superior  quality  brings  from  54  f.  to  56  f.,  good  quality 
from  52  f.  to  53  f.,  and  ordinary  samples  from  50  f.  to 
51  f.  the^sack  of  157  kilogrammes.  Aceoimts  from  the 
agricultural  districts  state  that  the  price  of  Wheat  has 
fallen  1  f.  per  100  kilogrammes,  in  LoiTaine.  In  the 
Vosges  the  fall  has  been  2  f.  the  100  kilogrammes.  At 
DijoQ  and  Grey  Ukewise  the  complete  cessation  of  all 
demand  for  Alsace  has  occasioned  a  backward  movement. 
Wheat  has  risen  in  the  Loire  from  1 7  f.  50  c.  to  1 8  f.  the 
50  kilogrammes,  in  consequence  of  a  brisk  demand  for 
the  north  of  France  and  Belgium.  Some  cargoes  of  flour 
shipped  at  Nantes  for  Algeria  have  met  a  ready  sale- 
there.  The  Minister  of  War  proposed  to  receive 
tenders  for  the  delivery  of  Wheat  at  Metz,  Thionville, 
and  Longwy,  but  the  prices  demanded  varying  from 
28  f.  to  30  f.  the  quintal,  exceeding  the  maximnm  fixed 
by  the  Minister,  no  adjudication  took  place.  The- 
country  cattle  markets  continue  to  be  well  supplied  with 
stock,  and  sales  are  easily  effected  at  a  remunerating 
price  to  the  graziers." 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Ants  :  AgnmlU>r.    now  aro  thuy  to  be  doatroyod  ?     We  can. 
hardly  aui^K'^'it  nn>tlun[f  beyond  ouctiiif;  opon  the  hillooks 
and  Bprcadtng  them  boforo  winter,  which  ia  ineiToctuul  naloas  . 
tho  weatlier  bo  acvoro.     Try  giia  water  over  tho  heaps,  in 
addition  to  cutting  thorn  o|ien, 

i3AC0N  :  C  I' B.  Tho  ftiuoliintf  is  performocl  by  hanging  tliom  in 
rooms,  not  as  in  ordinary  cnaos  hoatud  with  stovoa— but  in 
amoko  rooiria  whore  sawdn-t  ia  I'.ept  burninj^.  Perliapa  aome 
of  our  readers  wiii  (jivo  you  tho  details  of  tho  ttomerflet- 
fihlre  methiid. 

Uiiaucoal:  W Q H.  Tho  procosa  oan  bo  described,  but  tho 
Kinerai  tornia  onipKyud  would  nut  instruct  tlio  lobuurer  in, 
tho  duo  performaueo  of  tho  dotaila,  One  of  yoiir  men  will 
learn  more  from  a  day  or  two  will  tho  charciml  burners 
thcnisclves,  than  by  reading  unythlti)^  wo  could  any. 

Daiky  Oi'KUATloNS ;  SHbtcrihcr.  Wu  would  steam  tho  roots 
ujiart  from  tlio  hiiy,  aud  afterwards  mix,    In  all  probability 


142 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Fkb,  21. 


the  3i.e:imin;j  may  drive  otT'mucb  of  tfuit  ai-Ofui  to  n-liich  the 
taateof  butter  from  cows  fed  on  their  roois  is  derivefl.  We 
should  be  exceedin;?ly  glad  to  have  your  experimeats  oa  the 
relative  merits  nf  churns. 

Db'AINing  :  Rasticv.s.  Stephen's  biok,  extracted  fr,>m  bis 
"Book  of  the  Farm,"  19  full  of  useful  detail,  thi^ugh 
■whether  it  is  explicit  on  the  particular  subject  you  allude  lo 
we  cannot  say. 

EXTEAOEDiNAaT  Peoduce  OF  Wheat  :  Norseman.  "  T.  G."  was 
right — there  was  no  misprint.  The  field  he  alluded  to  is 
near  Stalham,  in  Norfolk.  In  1811  it  produced  11  quarters 
of  Wheat  per  acre.     We  do  not  know  Kase's  fopcs-pump. 

<3eas8  Land  :  Cartmd.  Drainage,  proper  manuring,  and  bush 
or  other  harrowing  will  maintain  a  pi'^ture  in  condition 
irithout  the  need  of  ploughing  up  and  relayia^'  it.  Lime 
alone  will  not  do,  but  that  and  theep  folding  on  land  that 
haa  been  drained  will  do. 

GoANO  Foa  Wbeat  :  An  Old  Subscriber.  Ton  cannot  do  wrong 
by  sowing  in  moist  weather  towards  the  end  of  March,  and 
hatroworhoe  it  in:  3  cwt.  per  acre  ia  generally  a  proper 
quantity. 

HoE  :  X.  A  common  horse-hoe  of  unusual  lightness  would  be 
perfectly  adapted  for  draught  and  use  by  a  pony.  Flax  can  be 
(frown  for  stalk  and  seed,  and  a  quarler  of  an  acre  will  yield 
S.bushels  of  seed,  if  pulled  before  ripe,  as  it  should  be  ;  an 
eighth  of  an  acre,  if  allowed  to  rip^n. 

■LiUE  AND  Salt  :  H  M.  We  would  slake  O  bushels  of  lime 
wiih  brine,  and  leave  it  exposed  to  the  air  in  a  dry  place  for 
some  weeksi  and  then  mix  it  with  an  equal  quantity  of 
vegetable  mould  and  spread  it  over  an  acre  of  your  pasture 
land.  Do  it  evenly,  notwithstanding  that  the  moss  occurs 
only  in  patches. 

Mangold  Wohzel:  MA.  Plant  the  roo's  immediately — they 
ought  to  have  been  planted  in  autumn,  2  feet  apart  in  rows 
a  yard  apart,  in  land  clean,  and  in  good  heart,  but  not 
recently  manured.  The  roots  will  shoot  forth  and  have  a 
Idte  crop  of  seeds. 

Mancee  foe  Todno  Gbasb:  Juxienis.  Mix  2  or  3  cwt.  of 
Peruvian  guano  with  several  times  its  bulk  of  loam,  and 
spread  it  evenly  over  an  acre,  early  in  March. 

MiLTi :  -X.  Apply  to  Dean  and  Dray,  London.— Oh'ch'aff-cutters, 
irtquire  of  any  iinplement  maker. 

"NiaHT  Ripening:"  T  G.  We  have  had  a"  far  more  extensive 
experience  of  this  subject  than  was  at  all  agreeable — not, 
however,  as  'he  result  of  growing  Wbeat  after  Barley.  You 
will  find  all  thit  13  known  of  the  subject  in  the  article 
"Blight"  in  Blackie's  Cyclopedia.  We  do  not  know  the 
cautie.  We  should  be  glad  to  have  your  opinion  and  that  of 
■other  correspondents  on  the  subject. 


rCOVENT  GARDEN",  Feb.  28. 
Although  the  weather  still  c^ntiauo8  cold,  the  market  is  well 
oupplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit ;  but  trade  is  dull.  English 
Pine-apples  are  plentiful,  considering  the  dsasoa.  English 
G-ra-pes  are  over,  and  foreign  ones  are  a  trifle  dearer.  The 
best  English  Pears  fetch  good  priceg.  They  still  consist  of 
Beurr6  Ranee,  Ne  Plus  Meuris,  and  Easter  Beurre.  Oranges 
are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last 
quoted.  Strawberries  in  small  quantities  have  just  made  their 
appearance.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  «fcc.,  are  sufficient 
for  the  demand,  and  tbere  is  some  fine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in 
the  market.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Let- 
tuces and  other  aalading  are  eufficieat  for  the  demand. 
Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cat  flowers  consist  of  Heaths, 
Epacriees,  Mignonette,  Camellias,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas, 
Primulas,  Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Li^y  of  the  Valley,  and  other 
forced  bulbs. 

FRUIT. 


Fine-applee,  per  lb,,  48  to  Ss 
Grape8,Li3bon,per  lb.,9dtols6d 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2a 

to  3s  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2a  to  Cs 
Almonds,  per  peck,  Ss 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  Ss  to  33 
Ijomons,  per  d02..  Is  to  28 

VEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  doz,,  Is  tots  6d 

—  perlOO,  3s  6d  tolOa 

—  Seville,  per  doz  ,  Is  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  p.  bu-ihel,  20s 

to  -228 

—  Brazil,  p,  bah.,  12s  to  14b 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  803  to  lOOs^ 


Savoys,  p^r  doz,,  lOd  to  le  3d 
French  Beans,  p.l00,2s6d  to  is 
Broccolij  p.  bunch,  5d  to  1b  3d 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparai;!;u9,  p.  bundle,  -Sg  to  5s 
SeaUale.p.  basket.ls  3d  to 23  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  23  to  3 
Kliubarb,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  la  3d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  percwt.,2s to  53 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Tufnipa,p.  doz..  isGd  to  28  6d 
Cucumbers,  each.  Is  6d  to  4a 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprftuts,  p.  half  sieve, 

l8 to  Is  6d 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  tols  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 

—  Spanish.p.doz.jlsedtoSs 
Endive,  per  score.  Is  to  28  6a 


Beet,  per  doz,,  Is  to  2g 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8dtol0d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Artichokes,  Jerusalenij  perhf. 

sieve,  9d  to  la 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, id  to  Is 
Small  Salada,  p.  punn.,2d  to  3d 
HorseRadish,p.  bundle,  la  to  4 
Muehrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  Is  3d 

—    per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.hf.sievcjlsSdto  IsSd 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley, per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Basil,  p. bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercre83,p.l2bunchs,6d  tola 


POTATOES.— SouTHWARK,  Monday,  Feb.  23. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  the  arrivals 
■ooastwiae  have  been  limited,  but  still  a  very  lar^'e  supply  by 
rail.  Triide  in  a  very  languid  state.  The  following  are  this 
daj'a  quotations :— York  Regents,  SSs.  to  803.;  Scotch  do, 
60s  to  7us.;  Perth  and  Forfarshire  Cups,  603.  to  65g,;  Fifeshire 
do.,  5S3.  to  60s.  ;  Kent  and  Eases  Regents,  603,  to  753.  ;  Cam. 
bridge  and  Wisbeach,  553.  to  65s, 

HAT.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusaea, 
Smithfield,  Feb.  26. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  72s  to  783    Clover     

Inforiorditto 65        70      2dcut       

Rowen    60       65      Straw     

Hew  Hay       —        — 

CcMBEBLAND  Maekkt,  Feb.  26. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  74s  to  78s 


Inferior  ditto., 
Kew  Hay 
Old  Clover    .., 

Fine  Old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferior  ditto... 
Straw      


70 


Inferior  .„ 

New  Clover 
Straw     ... 
78         84 
Whitechapel,  Feb,  26. 


...  753  to  85a 
...  68  75 
...    25        28 

J.  COOPEB. 

...    C53to  75s 


Joshua  Baeee, 


70s  to  768 
63  74 
50  63 
25        30 


Old  Clover    ... 
Inforiorditto 
New  Clover    ... 
Inferior  ditto.,. 


7S 
60 


COAL  MARKET.— PaiDAY,  Feb.  28. 
EdenMiin,  159.  3d.  ;  Hastings  Hartley,  13e.  3d. :  Wallsend 
Harton,  138.    9d.;    Wallsend    Haswell,   ISa.    3d.;    Wallsend 
Hetton,   163.  3J. ;   Wallsend  Stewarts,  IBs.:  Wallsend   Tees 
Z6s. — Shtpa  at  market.  Il9. 

__  HOPS.— Feiday,  Feb.  27. 

Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  demand  con- 
/uinues  good  at  late  prices. 

WOOL. 
Bradford,  Thubsdat,  Feb.  26.-Our  wool  market  has  con- 
tinued quiet  throughout  the  preceding  week,  almost  the  only 
class  of  wool  inquired  for  being  of  the  best  description,    and 
j,hi3,  trom  its  comparative  scarcity,  commands  a  good  price 


Lowi-r  c'asses  are  negtecfed,  and  can  only  he  sold  when  a  re- 
daction is  submitted  to.  This  is  rai'ely  and  most  reluctantly 
conceded  by  stnplers,  as  they  are  well  aware  of  the  impossi- 
bility ot  replacinif  tlieir  stocks  from  the  cmntry  to  affurd 
current  rates.  The  transactions  oF  the  pa-^t  week  mast  be  con- 
sidered below  the  av.'rage  even  of  this  season  of  the  year,  but 
the  st03li3  of  CTnsumers  are  fast  riiducing,  and  a  partial  return 
of  activity  seems  probable  at  no  distant  period.  Short  wool 
and  Noils  are  a  rather  slower  sale  at  previous  rates.  We 
cannot  report  any  d;cided  change  in  our  yarn  and  piece 
markets  since  last  week. 


SMITHFIELD.  Monday,  Feb.  23. 
We  have  a  larger  aupply  of  Beasts,  and  although  the  weather 
was  good,  and  the  demand  ra  her  extensive,  and  lower  prices 
on  the  average  submitted  to,  a  clearance  co'ild  not  be  effdi;ced. 
The  supply  of  Sheep  was  again  small;  the  ti"adrf  scarcely  so 
good  as  on  Monday  last.  There  wta  not,  however,  a  quotable 
difference.  There  were  a  few  more  Calves,  and  the  demand 
much  amaller ;  consequtintly,  prices  were  nearly  4d.  per 
stone  lower  than  on  Monday  last.  From  fTctland  au'i  Sunnany 
there  are 493  Baaats.  860  Sheep,  and  173  Oalvea  ;  from  Sp^in,  50 
Sheep  ;  Scotland.  450  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2400  ; 
and  400  from  the  northern  and  midland  coun'ies. 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs. — s     d      s 
Beat  Long-woolB  .  3  10  to  4 
DittoSborn 
Ewea  &  2d  quality  S 
DittoSborn 

Lambs      0 

Calves      3 

Pii 


d 
0 

3     4 


0-0 
0  —4 
0—4 


Per  St.  of  8  I 
Seat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  dsc,        ...  3     4  to  3     6 
Best  Short-horns    3     2  —  3    4 
2d  quality  Beasts  2    8  —  3     0 
Beat  Downs   and 

llalf-breds  ,„  4  2  —  4  4 
Ditto  Shorn  .., 
Beasts,  4094  •  Sheep  and  Lambs, 21, 470  ;  Calvea,  219  ;  Pigs,  320, 
Friday,  Feb,  27, 
The  number  of  Beasts  i^  small,  and  the  demand  equally  so. 
Trade  is  very  alow,  at  Monday's  quotations.  Altb  lugti  there 
are  very  few  Sheep  on  ofF«r,  they  c moot  all  be  sold,  notwith- 
standingtbere  is  a  disposition  to  take  lower  rates.  Calves  are 
more  plentiful,  and  the  dead  markets  are  now  pretty  well 
supplied  from  the  eastern  counties,  consequently  prices  here 
are  lower,  especiiUy  for  middling  qualities.  Our  foreign 
supply  consists  of  126  Beasts.  4 10  Sheep,  and  146  Calves;  from 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk  we  have  300  Beasts  ;  10  i  from  the  midland, 
and  135  Milch  Oowsfrom  the  home  counti 


Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  <fcc.        ...  3    4  to  3 

Best  Snort-horns    3     2—3 

2d  quality  Beasts  2    8  —  3 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds      ...  4    0—4 

Ditto  Shorn 


Best  Long-wools  .3  8—4  0 

DittoSborn 

Ewes  *fc  2d  quality  2  10  —  8  4 

DittoSborn 

Lambs      0  0  —  0  6 

Calves      2  8  —  4  2 

Piffs           3  0  —  4  0 


BeaBt8,749;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2870  :  Calpes,223;  Pigs,    340. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Feb.  23.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  moderate,  and  quickly  disposed  of  at  the 
extreme  rates  of  this  day  s'ennisht.  There  was  also  some  de- 
mand for  export.  Foreign  met  a  limited  inquiry,  but  in  the 
business  transacted  prices  were  well  suppo^-ted.  Some  demand 
was  experienced  for  II  >ating  cargoes  for  the  C  'ntinent. — There 
is  not  much  doinir  in  Flour,  and  its  value  ia  unaltered. — Barley 
was  sought  after,  at  rather  higher  prices.— In  the  valus  of 
Beana  and  Peas  there  is  no  alturation. — The  trade  for  Oita  is 
slow,  and  out  of  condition  parcels  are  the  turn  cheaper. 

Per  iMPEaiAL  Quaeter. 
Wheat,  Easex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...  White 

—  —     fine  selected  runs., .ditto 

—  —      Talavera 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  <b  York. ..White 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.is  distil.,  263  to293...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Llncoluahire.. .Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beana,  Mazagan 248to27a Tick 

—  Pigeon 27    —32...  Winds 

—  Foreign  Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boileri 

—  Maple 27s  to  30a Grey 

Maize White 

Flour  beat  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  1 

Friday,  Feb,  27. — The  arrivals  of  foreien  Wheat  this  week 

have  been  small,  but  good  of  other  grain.  Wheat  was  in 
better  demand  towards  the  close  of  to-day's  market,  having 
huyers  for  Ireland,  the  west  coast,  the  Continent,  and  on  specu- 
lation.— The  prices  of  Flour  are  well  maintained,  without  much 
doing.— The  valu^  of  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  remain  as  on 
Miinday. — There  is  a  large  supply  of  Oats  ;  the  trade  is  slow, 
but  prices  are  unaltered. 


44—46 

Red  

40-42 

46—43 

Red  

t2— 44 

46—62 

39-44 

Red  

_ 

37-63 

31—35 

Malting . 

29-82 

22-59 

Malting  . 

19-21 

2  —24 

Feed 

20-22 

20-28 

Peed 

19-22 

19-22 

Peed 

18-21 

— 

Foreign . 

26—30 

Harrow  , 

25—30 

30-36 

Long;pod 

24-30 

22—30 

Egyptian 

23-25 

S2— 34 

Suffolk... 

33—36 

26-28 

Foreign . 

27—34 

— 

Tellow... 



38-43 

29-34 

STorfolk  . 

29-34 

18—24 

Per  Back 

,t2— 36 

Imperial 
Averages. 


17 

24  

31 

Feb 

7 

14 

^„ 

21 

Aggreg.  Aver. 


vTheat. 

Bablbt, 

Oatb. 

RIE. 

Beans. 

88j  Si 
39     3 
89  10 

41  2 

42  8 
42    9 

27s  Id 

27  10 

28  6 

29  8 
80     7 
31    0 

18j  Id 
18    2 
18    2 
18  11 

18  9 

19  4 

27s  M 
27  10 
27    6 
29    7 

29  11 

30  6 

llsUd 
28    3 

28  11 

29  0 

29  10 

30  2 

40    8 

■29    1 

18    7 

28    9 

29    9 

Peas. 


288  Od 
28  18 

28  4 

29  0 
n  7 
JO    6 


29    2 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  quarter. 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages. 


Peicbb.  Jan.  17.  Jan.  24,  Jan.  81.  Feb.    7, 


..^Ll 


423  9J 

42     8 

41     2 

89  10 

39     3 

88     3 ' 


Feb,  14.  Fee.  21 


L<i vnKi-uoL,  lobfiDAt,  ir'eb.  24, — The  upward  tendency  in 
Mark-lane  yesterday  was  expected  to  have  produced  an  im- 
provement in  the  Wheat  trade  here  this  morning,  but  although 
we  had  a  good  attendance  of  home  and  country  millers,  they 
continued  lo  exercise  the  same  caution  as  of  late,  and  trana- 
actioDS  in  Wheats  were  limited  in  amount,  sellers  remaining 
firm  at  late  quotations.  Flour  slightly  exceeded  the  reduced 
ratea  of  Friday  ;  Malting  Barley  and  Malt  declined  Is.  per  qr. 
each  on  Friday  ;  grinding  Barley  was  2d.  per  GO  lbs,  dearer  to- 
day. Beans  were  held  on  rather  higfier  term^,  and  Peas  re- 
mained unvaried,  Oats  having  been  taken  sparingly,  receded 
id.  per  45  lbs.,  whilst  Oatmeal  was  less  easy  to  purchase,  and 

quite  as  dear  as  beftire. Feidat,  Feb.  20,— Upon  a  slender 

attendance  at  our  market  this  morning,  we  have  to  note  an 
extremely  dull  sale  for  all  descriptions  of  Wheat,  whether 
English  or  foreign  ;  holders,  nevertheless,  adhered  firmly  to  the 
reduced  rates  of  Tuesday,  which  remain  unvaried.  Malting 
Barley  and  Malt  receded  Is.  per  qr  each,  grinding  Barley  re- 
maining steady  at  late  prices.  Beans  and  Peas  in  slow  requei^t 
on  the  terms  last  noted.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  scarcely  main- 
tainod  their  previous  value.  Indian  Corn  was  in  tolerable  re- 
quest, at  late  quotations,  and  several  cargoes  now  calling  at 
porta  have  changed  hands. 


Paoted  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


eacli. 

£.  s. 

d. 

6  by  4 

6iby41     . 

.    0  13 

0 

7  by  6 

7iby5J-     . 

..    0  15 

0 

8  by  6 

8    bySJ    „ 

„    «  16 

n 

8  by  6 

SibyS       . 

..     0  17 

6 

9  by  7 

10  by  8 

..    1    0 

0 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 
GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    ETC. 
TAMES    PHILLIPS  ami  CO.  beg  to  hand  iu  their 
*-'  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes    not 
above  40  inches  long, 

16  I'Zs Zd.    to  3id. 

21  do 3id.  toSd. 

26  do 6(i.    to7id. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  ozs. 
to  the  toot,  2|d,  per  foot, 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quaUVy,  packed 
in  ca-ses  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  SSs..  40s  ,  to  42s,  per  case. 

HlRTLKY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  23.  to  6s.  each,  Propagating  and  Bee  Glagses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoy'd  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glasa,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bisbopa- 
gate-street  Without. 

■T^HOMAS    MILLINGTON'S 'foreign    SHEET 

-»-    G  L  ASS  ia  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 
6  inches  by  4  and    6iby4^     13j.  Od. 


12 


5  and    !{  by  5j 

6  and    8    by  6| 

6  and    SJ  by  6i 

7  and  10    by  8 
10  and  13    by  £ 


And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet, 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  fiat,  J  in.  thick,  best  manufactured 

In  sizes  under  15  inches  6fi.  per  foot, 

„  ,,       35      „       8rf,       ,, 

»  „       50      ,,       9td.     ,, 

„  „       75      „       12d,       „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  fis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand-frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  aame  side  aa  Eastern  Counties  Railway.— 
Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2(^.  to  3(J.  ■ 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  P/ices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATEtfT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 
See  Oardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month, 


BELGIAN  SHEET  GLASS.— The  above  beautiful 
Glass,  16-oz.  to  the  foot,  so  strongly  recommended  for 
Horticultural  purposes,  can  be  procured  at  the  Soho  Orovni, 
Sheet,  and  Ornamental  Glass  Warehouse,  26,  Soho-square,  upon 
the  following  Cash  terms.  Single  cases  containing  200  feet 
each,  case  included,  21.  2s.;  in  parcels  of  5  cases  at  40s, ;  iu 
parcels  of  10  cases,  38s.  per  case;  or  cut  to  any  given  size  at  Zd, 
per  foot. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


;i.^,i.^^^j^:i,i4i..^:^L,.  -,_ijLi^|Ml; 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
^  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatories, Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efEcient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  die,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  Jine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticnltural  Buildingcr; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  <bc.,  forwarded  on 
application. — J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  Kiog's-road,  Chelsea,  London , 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BT  HEE 
MAJESTY'S 


EOT AL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kinq's.boad,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  liaving  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
tbo  Uoited  Kinsdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  eieoute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  escellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
witb'pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  l3.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IG  ft.  6  ins.  long,  12  ft.  raftev,  400  ft.,  iU.  6s.  id.  • 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long.,  do.  do.,  626  ft.,  SOI.  ISs.  8d.  ;  28  ft.  6  ins. 
long,  16  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  411. 10s.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d,  and  8d,  per 
foot,  super. 


9— 1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


143 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATlN  G 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  TUB  LOWEST  PRICI5S  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATfiiUALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  haJ  considerable  experieuue  in  the  con- 
etruction  uf  ilorticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  eonibiued  with 
economy  and  practical  addf»tation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  ordera  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  <k  O. -have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Notility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
liave  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  moat  SJitisfactory  reierences. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constiucted  on  the  most 
approTed  and  scientific  principle-;,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


FOR  WARMING  GREENHOUSES 
and  BUILDINGS  of  all  kinds,  the  new  Re-isrered 
HORIZONTAL  GA3  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  optrjtion, 
free  frtm  emell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Pri-e  3(is.— 
Stevens  and  Son,  DarlingtoQ  Works,  Sou'.hwark  Bddge- 
road,  London, 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. —  A  List  of  Trices  sent  by  enclosing  two  postage 
E  tamps. 


rpERRA    COTTA    VASES,    TAZ2AS,    FLOWER 

J-  TltAYS,  HGCKES,  tbc,  manufactured  by  T.  M.  Rlash- 
riELD,  Mill  Wall,  Poplar,  and  sold  at  No.  1  Wharf,  Praed- 
street,  Paddington.  Ths-se  Vases,  SiC,  are  of  a  light  stone 
colour,  and  are  carefuMy  m<idelled  and  burn',  and  wairan  ed 
to  stand  heat  aud  frost ;  and  thig  Terra  Gotta  is  the  only  mate- 
rial for  such  works  which  does  not  .sustain  injury  from  smoke 
and  sulphurous  ga^es. 


PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITHE,of  Eastlmg,  Faversham, 
Kent,  informs  the  public,  ihat  his  mixtures  of  the 
NATURAL  GRASSES  and  SMALL  CLOVlURS,  ga-hered  priu- 
cipalJy  under  his  superintendence,  inclu'ling  every  sort  neces- 
sary to  form  a  Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  «tc. 
(which  should  be  pirticularly  statedj,  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  by  Railway  to  any  Station  in  England,  Carriage  Free, 
at  235.  per  acre,  allowing  3  bushels  per  acre. 

MIXTURES  FOR  LAWNS,  &c. 
Any  ioforooaiioa  on  the  nature  and  proper. ies  of  the  Graases, 
the  Adverdser  wou'd  be  pleased  to  give. 


PROTECTION     OF    WALL    FRUIT     FROM     FROST. 
'I^/'ILLIAM  EAST  begs  to  announce  for  Sale  several 

'  »  large  Wool  Nets  for  protec'.ing  Wall  Fiuit  from  Fr.ibt. 
VTool  and  T«in^  Nets  made  to  order,  and  to  any  size.  Ladies 
an^l  Gentlemen  who  may  be  pleased  to  favour  him  with  their 
OrJers,  may  rely  on  the  stricest  punctuali'y. 

^V.  E  48T,  5,  Bclvoir  Terrace,  Vauxhail  Bridge  Road,  Pimlico. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  lo 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  iolormauon  ob- 
tained: — Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  itc,  Chel- 
flea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurberimen,  Piue-apple- 
placf,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c., 
Fulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinnlng,  Nurseryman,  &,c.,  Chia- 
wick,  Loudon  ;  Messrs,  Veitch  and  Son,  Nuroerymen,  Exeter  - 
Meiers.  Dicks-^n,  Nurfierymen,  Chester  ;  ML-sers.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrfl.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bolL  Nur*er>mtn,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intoeh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Bucckuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentbam,  Stafford- 
fthlre;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea  ;  Messrs 
rilklogton  and  C  ..,  Plate,  Crown,  aud  Sheet  Glass  WorkH,  St. 
H>.'len'fi,  Lancashire, 

The^e  Walls  can,  when  deslrod,  be  mado  wile  enough  for  a 
pen'»a  to  ent«r,  oy  which  thfy  becom,i  ele;?ant  hothouses  on 
the  best  prlni-iple.     Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron, 


/^IDKEY'S     IMPROVED     PRUSSIAN     HOE.— 

VJ  Thi4  ticetdingly  useful  garden  implomuut,  ho  much  in 
demand,  AOd  which  ha»  obtained  the  firat  prize  at  several  of 
thef)r«t  horticul'ural  meetlngB,  a^  the  best  and  most  ubtiul 
ffardt:a  toot  extant;  aluo  tc-Urnonlals  from  the  principal 
hortlcallural  Journal!  and  leadinK  pracilcal  gardeners  Is  now 
ready  (or  delivery,  and  may  be  obtaloed  of  any  principal  ir-m- 
mooger,  and  SedBman,  orof  themaauiacturer,  J.  W  Oidnet 
Irorimunger.  £a%t  Dereham,  Norfolk.  Price  (ready  lor  me)' 
Bca-Iy  baadl^rd,  U  (W,  ;  of  whom  may  le  had  the  new  drill 
hot,  and  the  Norfolk  Blomflel'l  hoe.  Copies  of  testimonials 
■CDt  on  application  lo  the  maoufactirer, 

IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING,   ETC 
CTEPHENSON  asu  PEILL,  «J,  Graceclmrch-atreot, 

*-^  ].fjndon,  and  17,  N'cw  Purk-struot,  Boiithwark,  hi-g  to 
Inform  their  Irk-nd*  and  the  puhllo  gincrully  thoy  mo  now 
maa'jfaccarind  Iron  liurdlen.  ottho  foDowtiig  low  pricon  :— For 
thcep,  6  ft.  IrjnK  3  ft.  hlgb,  6  bari,  di.  'Id.  oaoh  ■  and  dtr  cattle 
C  f;.  Jong,  3  fi,  3  to.  bigb,  6  barn,  Zi.  Od.  each.  ' 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trtct  from  fronf,  hllHlit,  and  bird",  and  l.tr  tliii  ircrurify 
of  (reih-Bown  ne^-d*,  either  In  j^ardcT.n  or  ll'iidti,  iit  ]d.  per 
•qatrcyar'),  200yard4  f.jr  Ut.,  WO  yardt  for  '/.Os.,  HUH)  yards 
/or  .W*.  Hcrlin  cttiivan  for  wall  fruit,  netting  for  nhccp  folds  ■ 
a  coniii^ernbifl  navjnjt  of  Jii^iour,  ond  lenstxpcnse  thun  hurdles, 
han  blinds  in  ^rcaK  Vfirlotlfts,  rick  cloilm,  with  poN-s,  dtc 
Mar(|(ie«i,  l«nt*,  owning*,  and  temporary  room*,  with  honrded 
flo  r*.  cIPKantly  lined  and  llghttd  for  10  fn,  Ac,  on  hhIr  or 
nlrc,  (i^rriujft,  cirt,  and  tru':k  covers  Impi-rvlou*  to  rnld  ; 
cloths  for  the  cOTortoK  of  furniture  In  chaf'(f«  of  resldi-nr-c,  ,tc,' 
T«rr.=iijlin;rs  on  htro  for  b.nse*  under  ro|  «ir,  ut  THOMAS 
^iJplSO  I  05  &  Co.'i,  17,  KmUhfloId-bors,  and  Old  Kt-nuroad. 
M.B,  Order*  aod  loqulrlos  per  post  punctually  attondcd  to. 


N 


EW    SORTS    OF    AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS- 


BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST  PEA  (foi-  douUe 

cropping). 

NEW  SHORT  PARSNIP  (for  sltaUoio  or  heavy  soils). 

SKINLESS  CHEVALIER  BARLEY, 

TJie  sort  skoivn  hy  Messhs.  Sutton  at  the  Great  ExM- 

hition,  loeigldng  66  Ihs.  per  hushelf  and  of  which  "  honour- 

able  mention*'  was  made  in  the  Royal   Commissioners'' 

Report. 

A  Priced  Catalogue  of  tbe  above  valuable  articles,  and  of  all 
the  best  sorts  of  Mang'ldB,  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  other  Agricul- 
tural  Seeds  may  be  had  in  return  for  one  postage  stamp, 
addressed  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Sted  Growers,  Beading, 
BerU-hiro. 


SUTTON'S  RENOVATING  GRASS  SEEDS  FOR 
IVlPKOVIxG  OLD  PASTURES.— Many  Old  Upland  Pas. 
tures,  Parks,  and  Meadows  are  nearly  destitute  of  Clovers,  and 
the  finer  and  more  nuirltious  ports  of  Gr  isses,  in  which  case 
wo  are  in  the  pricticc  of  furnishing  su'^h  s^r  a  only  as  are 
wanting;  if  the  seeds  are  sown  crly  in  ilic  SeaFon,  the  im- 
provement in  the  Pastures  will  be  very  considerabk',  and  at  a 
small  expen'^e.  Quantity  of  Seed  required,  8  lbs.  per  Acre.  Price 
Reduced  to  lOd.  per  pound.  Carriage  free,  as  see  our  Adver- 
tisement in  page  8"i  of  this  Paper. 

Instructions  on  Sowing  Grass  Seeds,  &c.,  may  bo  had  in 
return  for  one  penny  stamp, — Address  John  SuttoN  and  Sons, 
Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


FlilCE  TEN  SHILLINGS  AND  UPWARDS. 


A  PORTABLE  INSTRUMENT  for  Fumigating  Greenhouses, 
Stoves,  and  Frames,  or  Shrubs  aod  Flowers,  in  the  open  air, 
more  tftVcluilly  in  conjunction  with  Sanqsier's  Flohdmbra, 
without  iujiirit]g  the  most  delicate  plant  ;  delivering  the  smoke 
cool,  in  a  dense  mass,  and  effecting  a  great  saving  of  Tobacco. 

Manufactured  and  supplied  to  the  Trade  by  Messrs.  Barber 
and  Groobi,  London  ;  and  may  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers, 
Si-edsmen,  and  Florists. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE, 


Appboved  bt  PRINCE  ALBERT,  A^D  Dniversallt  Recom- 
mended BY  PrACTECAL  and  SCIENTIFIC  MEN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  can  be  adjusted  lo  any  angle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  to  the  impleiuent),  without  the 
assistance  of  blaclismith  or  torge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  latiourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thusrenderioj^  Mowing  an  easy,  sate,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  in  the 
Kingdom  ;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wji.  Drat  and  Co.'s 
Agiicultuval  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan-, 
lane,  London  B'idge.  —  A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade 


GALVANISED      WIRE      GAME     NETTING.- 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan.       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-Incn  mcsb,  light,  24  incbea  wide  ...    7(7.  per  yd,    5rf.  peryd 
2-lnch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...    9        ,,  6^      ,, 

2-inch     ,,      extra  Btrong  ,,  ...12        ,,  9        ,, 

Ij-inch     ,,      light  ,,  ...    8        ,,  6        ,, 

IS-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10       ,,  8        ,, 

iS-lnch     ,,      ejtru  strong   ,,  ...  11        ,,  11        „ 

All  the  above  ciin  be  made  any  widtli  .at  proportlon.ito  prices, 
ir  the  upper  hall' is  a  coarfic  menh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  OalvnnlflOdH|)arrow-|n'i)of  netting  for  PhcasuntricH, 
3(1.  per  square  foot.     Paftcrns  forwarded  postfroe. 

Manufaetiired  hyliAllNAllU  and  IHBllOP,  Marltol-placo, 
Norwich,  and  deHv«red  free  of  uxponso  in  London,  I'eter- 
horouKh,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

ri  EALand  .SON'S  rLLU,STRATED  CATALOGUE 

*  *  OF  UEIJHfBAD.S,  sent  free  by  post,  contains  designs 
and  prlce<  of  upwards  of  One  IIijndiiH)  dlir.rent  Iledsteads, 
in  Iron,  Itrass,  Japanned  Wood.  poliBhcd'  lllroh,  Mnliogtiny, 
Hose-wood,  rind  Walnut  tree  Woods;  ujso  tlielr  priced  I.i<t(if 
Bedding,  and  their  Tlnw  wareroonis  enable  them  lo  keep  one  of 
each  design  llxed  for  iriNpeetlon.  Thoy  have  also,  In  udditi-.ii 
lo  their  usu'ii  sMek,  a  Kr.'at  variety  of  the  bout  designs  of 
I'.MIHIAN  IIKDIlmjJS,  both  In  wood  and  Iron,  which  thoy 
huvnjri.t  iinp.rted.  Ilr.«r.  and  H.M),  liodsioiid  and  lledding 
Mnnufaolurors,  11)0  (oppusite  Ihu  Chapel),  Totttuliimi  Court 
iload,  London, 


SIATIUM  llOAU  KUIt^ERY,  RED;|II,L,  UEIGITE 
BEAUTIFUL  VARIETIES  OF  THE  FOXGLOVE.'  ' 
/~1  MITCHELL  h.\ving  been  successlul  in  r'aisine 
V^  •  many  beauiiiul  varieties  of  the  above  plant,  has  n? 
hesitation  in  statmg  that  they  would  bo  an  arquisilion  and 
ornnment  o  any  lawn,  pleasure  sround,  or  BhruObery  Thev 
fl  mer  freely  in  various  soils  and  iocuhties,  and  are  as  hardvaB 
the  cnmmQU  variety.  ^ 

Notice  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronwl>i  of  July  19  1851' "Fox 

OLOVES:  C.Mitche'l  Beautiful  io  shape  and  marking 'and  well 
worth  prenerving,  ni.>r6  especially  the  ligiit  kiujj  so  fi„.i, 
spotted  in  ihe  Inside  with  pink."  ^ 

Small  Plants     Gs.  per  doz 

Strong  do 123.    do. 

„S';ed        2j.  6ii.  per  paoUet. 

C.  M.  will  trannmit  any  quantity  of  the  above,  oa  receipt  of  a 
Post-office  order  fur  the  amount. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS. -Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus:— Screen  the  gravel  ot  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mix'-d  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharu  river  sand.'  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
aud  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  stare  before  applying 
the  warer.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spread  ir.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  neceit^ary,  as  water  does  not  boak  through 
it,  tn  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  pa'h  towards  the  sides. 
ManufciCturera  of  the  Cement,  J,  B,  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
banli-street,  Westminster. 

FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY.    ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING  for  protecting 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  rigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  io  any 
qunntity  or  length,  from  John  King  Fahlow's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked-lane,  London  Bridge,  at 
IJd.  yard  wide,  M.  two  yards,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  above  20s.  accompanied  with  Poat-uffije  order,  stamps, 
or  L'-ndun  reference,  earriaee  free. 


BEES!     BEES'! 

WKING,  the  inventor  of  the  Safety  Hive  with 
•  Three  Drawer.?,  beg^  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
public  to  hi^  PATENT  SAFETY  HIYE  contaiamg  EIGHT 
DRAWERS,  and  several  oher  decided  improvements,  of  which 
a  full  description,  with  engraving  and  plain  directions  for 
management,  may  be  had,  post  free,  by  sending  three  postage 
stamps  to  the  proprietor. 
W.  Ki^G.  Li'tlehury  ,  Saffron  Waldon,  Essex. 


TO    GARDENERS    AND    FLORISTS. 

MR.  SEELEY,  preparatory  to  the  rearrangement  of 
bis  Show-yard  for  the  summer  season,  off-ra  a  portion  of 
tbe  old  stock  of  Garden  Ornaments  ('Uch  as  have  become 
stained  by  exposure  to  the  London  atmosphere)  at  a  consider- 
able!'■ductiOQ  of  price.  This  is  an  opportunity  deserving  the 
attention  of  the  trade.^  Arfficial  StoneWurks,  Nos,  1  to  4, 
Keppel  Row,  New-road,  Itegent's-park.  London. 

WHITE  AND  CINNAMON  COCHIN-CHINA 
FOWLS  for  SALE  ;  also  hr.e  black  Spanish  Fowls,  2.5s. 
per  cup'e  ;  Sebright  Bantams,  &c. ;  Cochiu-China  l''Kga,  G^-.per 
doz.,  from  birds  weighing  IS  to  2o  lbs.  per  couple.  White-faced 
Spanish  and  other  fancy  fowls' eL-gs,  12s  per  dozen,  A  remit- 
tance to  accompany  all  orders,  and  letters  to  enc  ose  a  stamp, 
William  ToENiE,  Fioris%  Tu'njiUpark,  Ilollowar,  London, 
P.S.  Java  Biintams  Wanted. 

POWLS    FOR    SALE.— A    Lady    who  has    some 

-»-  birds  from  the  same  stock  as  those  which  obtained  the  first 
prize  at  Birmingham,  can  part  with  a  lev  eggs  at  2s.  each,  or 
11.  the  dozen.  Also  sone  Spaninh,  from  pure  bred  birds,  at  6d. 
each.— Address  IT.  C,  Mr,  Pritcliard's,  33,  Brewer-street, 
Regent-Street,  London. 

FRUIT  TREES,    FLOWER    AMD    SEED    BEDS,    ETC. 

NEW  TWINE  NETTING,  to  protect  the  bloom  of 
Peach,  Nectarine,  Aprico^  and  other  trees  ;  Flower  and 
Seedbeds  from  frost,  blight,  and  afterwards  the  Kipe  Fruit  from 
birds  ;  or  as  a  fence  again  ?t  fowls,  pigeons,  cats,  &c.  New  Twine 
Netting',  1  yard  wide,  lid.  per  yard  ;  2  yards  wide,  3d.  per  yard; 
half-inch  mesh  ditto,  2  yards  wide,  5d  per  yard.  Worsted 
Netting,  2  yards  wide,  4.d.  per  yard.  Sheep-lolding  Net,  of 
superioi-  quality,  4  feet  higb,  4d.  per  yard.  The  Repaired 
Tanned  Fishing  Netting,  2  or  3  yards  wid'3,  l^J.  per  yard; 
i  or  6  yards  wide,  3d.  per  yard  ;  exactly  the  sa  ne  as  advertised 
by  others  at  double  the  above  prices.  Casting  Nets,  Is.  per 
yard  round,  complete.  Drag  Nets  for  ponds,  lake?,  and  rivers, 
with  purse  complete,  12  yards  long,  If.  53. ;  20  yards  long,  2i. 
Flue  Nets,  complete,  Is.  per  square  yard.  Rabbit  Nets,  on  cord, 
12  meshes  wide,  2d.  per  yard,  or  85.  per  50  yards.  Nets  made 
to  order,  and  the  trade  supplied,  at  Williah  Collinqford's, 
1,  Strathmore-terrace,  Shad  well,  London.  Orders  by  post 
punctually  attended  to.  Oiders  above  21.  will  bo  forwarded, 
carriage  paid,  to  any  Railway  Statiou  in  the  Kingdom, 
Caution. — Parties  are  advertising  Tanned  Net,  2  yard^  wide, 
3d.  per  yard,  wthout  stating  it  is  Old  Net. 

6'~Y0  U^wXn  T     LUXimrANT     HAIR, 

WHISKERS,  .lie  ?— CRINILENE  has  been  pronounced 
by  thousands  to  be  the  only  prepamtion  th^it  can  he  relied 
upon  for  iho  restiiration  of  the  hair  in  bnldnuss  from  any 
cause,  preventing  the  hair  (ailing  oft',  strengthening  weak  hair, 
iind  checking  greyness,  and  for  the  Production  of  Whiskers, 
MousinchioH,  Eyebrows,  &c.,  in  a  few  weoka  with  certainty. 
Ir,  is  elegantly  scented,  and  sufflulent  for  three  months*  use; 
will  bo  sent  post  free,  on  receipt  of  24  postage  stamps,  by  MiSB 
Dean,  48,  Liverpool-street,  King's  Cross,  London.  Testimo- 
nial ;  Dr.  Thompson  says—"  It  is  a  boauttful  preparation,  ond 
the  only  one  1  can  recommend." 


S  H  I  R  T  S 
PORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  "are  not  sold  hy  my 

-L  honiors  oi- drapers,  andean  be  obtained  only  at  185,  Strand. 
Gentlemen  in  the  country  or  abroad,  ordering  through  their 
agi'nlH,  (ire  rotjuostod  to  ohservo  on  the  interior  of  the  colhir- 
hiind  the  etaiiip-"  FORD'S  EUREKA  .SHIRTS,  iHf),  Strand," 
without  which  none  aro  genuine.  They  nro  made  in  two 
qualities—First  quality,  iOu.  the  lialfdoZ'-n  ;  Hecnnd  quality,  305. 
tho  half  diizoii.  Price  llsta  containing  dlri'ctiona  for  self 
nioahurcmont  and  ovcry  particular,  are  forwarded  post  free, 
and  tho  pattern  books  to  Bulcct  from,  of  tho  new  IteglHtoretl 
Coloured  Hhlriing,  on  receipt  of  six  stamps, 

RICHARD  FORD,  IHG,  STRAND,   LONDON. 


A  LLSOl'P'S    EAST    INDIA  PALE  and  OTHER 

-iA  UURTON  ALES.— Tho  publio  is  ru«pectl'uMy  infoi'i?iod 
till)  ALES  of  tilts  ecason's  Hrowitigs  uronow  ready  for  delivery, 
and  may  bo  obtained  Oenuinu  in  Casks  o\  18  Uiilloiis  and 
U|)wardH,  either  singly  or  in  any  quantity,  at  tliclr  rospootivo 
Stoics,  HH  unilor,  where  also  n  list  of  tho  iJottlora  iiniy  bo  liad  :— 
Tho  Itrowery,  Ilurton-on-Trcnt;  01,  King  Willlum-stroot, 
City,  London;  Oook-ntreet,  Llvcr|)Ool ;  Hlgli-strcot,  Binning; 
hiinijThe  Kxuliango,  Manchostor;  Iloyal  Brewery,  Dudley; 
ond  113,  Virgtula-Btroot,  Olnt^guw. 


144 


THE     G.\RDaNERS'     CHaONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [Feb.  2}. 


Hew  Serial  Work  by  Mr.  Charles  Dickens, 

TJds  day  is  published,  prke  One  Shillinrj,  the,  First  Monthltj  Nmnhcr  of 


BY    CHARLES     DICKENS. 


WITH   ILLUSTRATIONS   BY    HABLOT   K.  BROWNE. 

To  he  com;pleted  in  Twenty  Monthly  Numbers,  uniform  with  David  Coppeefield,  tC-c. 

BRADBURY  AND  EVANS.  11.  BOUVERIE  STREET. 


NEW  SPORTING  WORK,  WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS 

BY  JOHN    LEECH. 

This  day  is  Published,  the  Third  Number  (to  be  completed  in 

Twelve,  price  Is.  each),  of 

MR.  SPONGE'S  SPORTING  TOUR. 
By  the  Author  of  "  Handley  Cross,"  '■  Joirock'e  Jaunts," 
tfec.  IlluHtrated  with  One  Coloured  Engraving  and  numerous 
Woodcuts  by  John  Leecu. 

"  The  peculiarities  of  'Sponge's  Tour' rendi-'r  it  a  thoroughly 
sporting  novel,  produced  by  a  profouud  practitioner  in  the 
Imntin;;  field,  and  it  is  adaiirablv  illusti-ated  by  Leech. ' — Bell's 
Life.     London  :  Beadbdry  and  Evans,  11,  Bouveric-street. 


This  day  is  published,  price  Gd.  each,  or  bound  in  cloth, 
complete  in  One  Volume,  2s.  6d., 

HOW  TO    SEE  THE    BRITISH  MUSEUM.     In 
Four  Visits.     By  William  Blanchard  Jeheold. 
Bbadbory  and  Evans,  11,  Uouverie-street,  London. 


This  day  is  published,  price  Is.,  a  New  Edition,  EnUrged^and 

Improved, 
WHAT    SHALL   WE    HAVE    FOR    DINNER? 
*  •  By  Lady  Maria  Cldtterbdck. 

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Now  ready,  Part  III., price  Is.Gd  ,  with  Two  Coloured  Plates  and 
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rpHK    GARDEN    COMPANION    and  FLORISTS' 

-L  GUIDE  ;  or  Hiuts  on  General  Cultivation,  Floriculture, 
find  Hothouse  Maniigement,  with  a  Record  of  Botanical  Pro- 
j;resH.  Thomas  Moore,  F.  L,  S.,  Curator  of  the  Botanic 
Qardeua,  Chelsea,  Conductor. 

London  :  Wai.  S.  Orr  and  Co.,  Amen  Corner. 


In  ooe  thick  volume,  price  8s,  Gd.  cloth, 

THE  COTTAGE  GARDENERS'  DICTIONARY; 
describing  the  Plants,  Fruits,  aud  Vegetables  desirable 
foi;  the  G-!irden  ;  aud  explaining  the  Terms  and  Operations 
employed  iu  thoir  Cultivation.  Edited  by  G.  W.  JonNSoN.  Esq., 
Conductor  of  the  "  Cottage  Gardeoer,"  ifcc. ;  aided  by  Messrs. 
Beaton,  Erriogton,  Fish,  Appleby,  Barnes,  and  Weaver. 
London  :  W.  S.  Orr  aud  Co.,  Amen-corner. 

ART  Vin.  of   the  Re-Issue  of   the  HORTICUL- 

TURAL  MAGAZINE  will  be  ready  March  1.  Contents  :  — 
Passion  Flower,  with  Six  Wood  Engravings — Covered  Bilco- 
nies— Lists  of  Plants  for  Wardian  Cases— Planting  Tulip  Beds 
— Caianus  Bicolor,  ihe  Pigeon  Pea  —  Hints  for  the  Mana^emeat 
of  Geometrical  Flower  Gardens— Pine-apple,  and  disrooting — 
Advance  of  the  Petunia  and  Pink  ;  and  other  useful  iuforma> 
tion.    Price  Is.  ;  post  free  13  stamps. 

C.  Cox,  12,  King  William-street,  Strand, 


AMATEURS  AND  GARDENERS  SHOULD  ORDER 

THE  OUNAMENTAL  FLOWER   GARDEN 
AHB  SHRUBBERY. 

Published  Monthly,  price  only  Is.  Qd.  each  Number. 
The  cheapest  and  most  beautiful  Coloured  Periodical  of  the 
day,  comprising  the  Works  of  the  first  writers,  including  Pro- 
fessor Don,  R.  Sweet,  die. ;  also  all  the  most  recent  practical 
Hints  on  Culture,  Propagation,  »tc.,  by  the  Editor. 
Each  Number  contains 
FOUR  LARGE   AND   BEAUTIFULLY   COLOURED 
ENGRAVINGS. 
Nos.  12  and  13  now  Publishing.    It  is  the  determination  of 
the  publisher  to  produce  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  perma- 
nently valuuble  works  (if  the  kind  ever  offered  at  the  price. 
G.  WILLIS,  GREAT  PIAZZ.\,  COVENT  GARDEN,  LONDON. 
And  by  order  of  all  Booksellers. 

Just  publit^hed,  price  is., 

HOUSEHOLD    CHEMISTRY,  or  RUDIMENTS 
OF  THE  SCIENCE  APPLIED  TO  EVERY-DAY  LIFE. 
By  Albert  J,  Bernays,  F.C.S. 

London;  Sampson  Lo\¥',  1G9,  Fleet-street. 

.Just  published.  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  prico  Is. ; 
or  by  post  for  Is.  6d. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  oi-,  How  to  Live,  aud 
What  to  Live  for;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Hegimen, 
and  Self-Management ;  together  with  instructions  for  aeuuring 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  haiipiuess 
only  attaiQ.-'ble  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  heiilth.    By  aPHYSiciAN. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  6d. ;  by  post,  3s.  Qd., 
A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Piatep,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  tho  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suflur  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London :  James   Gilbert,   4!),   Paternoster-row;    HankAT, 
63,  Oxford-street ;  Mann,  39,  Cornhill ;  and  all  Booksellers, 

STABLE     ECONOMY. 
A     TREATISE    ON    THE    MANAGEMENT    OF 
-*^^  HORSES,   in  relation  to  Stabling,  |Grooming,    Feeding, 
Watering,  and  Working.   By  John  Stewart,  V.S.    The  fourth 
edition.    Price  Gs.  Gd. 

By  the  same  Author, 
ADVICE  TO  PURCHASERS  OF  HORSES.    A  new  edition. 
Price  2s.  6d. 

W.  Blackwocd  and  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London. 


Saleg  ftg  Auction* 


ABSOLUTE  SALE  OF  THE    BEST  COLLECTION 
OF  CARNATIONS  AND  PICOTEES  EXTANT. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
directed  by  Mr.  Norman,  of  Woolwich,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  the  whole  of  his  Superb  Col- 
lection of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  in  consequence  of  discon- 
tinuing their  further  cultivation.  The  first  portion  will  be 
submitted  to  public  competition  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Bartho- 
lomew-lane,  on  FRIDAY,  March  5th,  at  12  o'clock.  Catalogues 
maybe  obtained  of  Mr.  Norman,  Woolwich;  at  the  Auction 
Mart  ;^and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytoastone, 
Essex. 


BLACKHEATH. 
TO  NOBLEMEN, CEIMTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN  &  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  DIr.  Hallt  to  sell  by  public  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  ^ad joining  the  Railway  Station,  Blacliheath,  on 
MONDAY,  March  1,  and  following  day,  at  11  o'clock  each  dav, 
the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  comprising  a  selecte'd 
assortment  of  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees,  Flowering 
Shrubs,  and  American  Plants,  amongst  which  will  be  found 
fine  specimens  of  Cedrus  Deodara,  Cryptomeria  japf-nica, 
Silver  Cedars,  TaxodLum  sempervirens,  Scarlet  Rhododendrons, 
&c.,  together  with  a  choice  collection  of  Greeuhoute  Plants, 
which  will  include  about  300  Camellius,  consisung  of  all  the 
approved  kinds,  beautifully  furnii^  bed  with  bloom-  buds, 
Epacris,  Azalea  iudica,  Geraniums,  «fec. — May  be  viewed  one 
week  prior  to  the  sale,  and  Catalogues  had,  6tZ,  each  (rt'turo- 
ablo  to  purchasers),  on  the  premises  ;  of  the  principal  Seeds- 
men iu  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursex-y, 
Le\tonstone,  Es3ex. 


arO   GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  &  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit 
to  public  competition  bv  Auction  at  the  Mart.  Bartholomew 
Lane,  on  T  H  U  RS  D  A Y  and  F  RI  I)  AY,  M  arch  4  and  fi,  at  12  o'clock, 
about  200.  DOUBLE  CAMELLIAS  from  IS  inches  to  5  feet, 
comprising  all  the  approved  Uinds,  beautifully  furnished  with 
bloom  buds;  2oO  strong  Cimellia  Stocks,  also  a  tolected 
assortment  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Rises,  a  6ne  collection  ol 
American  Plants,  comprising  fins  Hybrid  Rhododeudrons_ 
Ghent,  and  other  Azaleas,  Andrnmeda  fi  ^rlbuuda,  Kalmias, 
Magnolas,  Lilium  lancifolium,  choice  Dahlias  ia  dry  roots, 
iSic,  may  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues  may  be 
had  at  the  Jlart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nuraery, 
Leytonsfone,  Esaex. 


WANDSWORTH     COIVIMON. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  submit 
to  public  competition,  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Wandsworth  Common,  on  MONDAY,  March  1st,  ia52,  and 
Five  following  days,  at  11  o'clock  (by  order  of  Mr.  Robert 
Neal,  in  consequence  of  the  ground  being  immediatelv  required 
far  other  purposes),  that  pon ion  of  the  valuable  NURSERY 
STOCK  which  was  not  offtred  at  the  autumn  sale,  cousisiiog 
of  very  fine  Evergreens  and  Shrubs,  including  a  considerable 
quantity  of  httndsome  Standird  and  Dwarf  Green  and  Varie- 
gated Hollies  ;  a  valuablii  collection  of  American  PJants,  com- 
prising some  splendid  specimen  Scarlet  and  other  Rhododen- 
drons, (fee. ;  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees  ;  3U0O  fine  Standard  Roses  ; 
a  rich  assortment  of  Ruses  iu  pote  ;  Jasmiuum,  Clematis,  Ivy, 
Wisteria,  Gum  Cistus,  Carnations,  Picotees,  Pinks,  &.c.  ;  a'so 
a  quantity  of  rich  Moulds,  Paving  and  Buildiug  Sionea,  Sundry 
Wood,  Garden  t'ots,  ttc— May  be  viewed  prior  to  sale.  Cata- 
logues (Is.  each,  valuable  to  purchasers),  may  be  had  on  ihe 
Premises;  of  thepiincipal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers 
(free  of  postage),  50,  Hoxton-squaro,  and  Ebenezer  Nuraery, 
Sbacklewell,  London. 


ORCHIDS. 

ESTABLISHED  PLANTS  IN  GOOD  HEALTH. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  iustructed  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  his  Great  Room,  33,  King-street,  Coveut-garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  l!th  March,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a  Collection  of 
ORCHIDS,  the  property  of  a  Baronet  deceased,  comprising 
established  Plania  in  good  health  of  moat  of  the  showy  and 
pof>u^^^  varieties.     Catalogues  are  preparing. 


TO    ORCHID    GROWERS. 

|\/J"  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  has  received  per  last  Overlaud 
■LvX  Mail  from  Calcutta,  several  boxes  of  the  beautiful 
Orchid,  VANDA  CJDllCLEA  (in  very  good  condition),  which 
he  will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  his  Great  Room,  33,  King-streef, 
Covi^nt  Garden,  on  TUESDAY  next,  2d  March,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely. — Catalogues  are  preparing,  and  will  be  forwarded 
as  u''ual. 


EVERY    MAN    HIS    OWN    BUTLER. 

Second  Edtiiun.  just,  published,  bound  in  cloth,  price  3s., 

UVERY  MAN  HIS  OWN  BUTLER.  By  Cyrus 
J-'  Redding,  Author  of  "The  History  aud  Deaciiption  of 
Modern  Wines." 

London:  William  Tegg  and  Co.,  85,  Queen-street,  Cheap- 
side,  London. 


HACKNEY    NURSERY. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  directed  by  Messrs. 
LoDDjQES  to  olftfr  for  unreserved  sale  on  their  premises, 
at  Hackney,  ou  TUESDAY,  March  16,  at  12  fori  o'clock,  about 
5013  CAMELLIAS,  most  of  which  are  well  set  with  fluwer  buds, 
and  of  very  handsome  form,  from  3  to  6  feet.  They  will 
comprise  fine  plants  of  the  double  white,  irabricata,  Doakelaari, 
candtdisstma,  auUcti,  Marchioness  of  Exeter,  aud  the  fiueet 
varieties.  Also  some  ex'.raordinary  beautiful  specimens  of 
Araucaria  excelea,  Cuuninghamii,  glauca,  and  the  rare  A. 
Bidwellii. — Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  application  one 
week  piinr  to  the  sale. 

FULHAM  ROAD,  BROMPTON. 

IMPORTANT    SALE    OF    NURSERY    STOCK,    ETC. 

I^/TK.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 

'L'J-  premise'',  BromptoQ  Nursery,  Fulhan:-road,  Brompton, 
on  TUESDAY,  March  9,  and  fullowinj  dav,  at  12  oVlock.  with- 
out reserve,  a  large  assortment  of  ORNAMENTAL  TREliS, 
comprising  Laburnums,  Acacia,  Thorns,  Glediiselia,  C.^estnuc, 
Kims,  &.Q.  Also  a  large  qiianlity  of  Evergreens,  in  choice 
VBrietiep,  a  Couservatory  Stage,  Alcove,  Arclie^  for  Garden 
Walks,  Flower  Stands,  Trainers,  and  OLher  weli  made  Wire 
Works,  &c. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  sale,  and  cacal<';.^ues  had 
of  the  Auctioneer,  Brompton  Nuraery,  Fulham-road,  Bromptoo, 
London. 


CRUYDOM,  SURH.EV, 

THE    STOCX    iOF     FOREST   fcTRlEES    OF 
A   NURSERYMAN. 

MESSRS.  BLAKE  are  directed  to  sell  by  Auct'on 
upon  the  cvourid-)  oppngite  the  Mail  Coach  Inn,  Croydon 
Commitn,  on  WEDNESDAY,  Mar<jh  10,  at  13  o'clock  (in  ctn- 
aequence  of  the  Land  being  required  for  Building  purposev), 
10,000  Larch  Firs,  from  2  lo  3  foet  hi;;h  ;  8000  Beddel  Spru(  o 
dit'o  ;  7OU0  Bedded  Oaks  ;  6(10u  Bedded  Ash.  Beech  and  Uazds  ; 
SHOO  Spanish  Cliestnuts  ;  300  Walnuts;  2000  Mountain  Ash, 
Weeping  Willows,  Ehns,  Turkey  Oaks,  Sycamores,  Acacias, 
and  Poplars;  7ii0  Hollies,  Lilacs,  and  Scotch  Firs;  8000  trans- 
planted strong  Quick.  May  be  viewed  at  the  sale,  and  cata- 
logues had  of  Mr.  Dean,  Nurseryman,  Croydon  Common  ;  at 
the  Inns  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  at  Garraway's  Coffee-house, 
Change-alley;  the  Artichoke  Inn,  Newington  Causeway;  and 
of  Messrs.  Blake,  Croydon. 


:TO  ;GENTLEMEN,   AMATEURS,    FLORISTS, 
AND    OTHERS.) 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mirt,  near  the  Bank  of  England,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
March  10,  at  1  precisely,  a  first-rate  Collection  of  CarnatiouB 
and  Picotee.i,  the  stock  of  Mr.  W.  Bragg,  of  Slough  ;  tbe^ 
comprise  all  the  newest  varieties  in  cultivation  ;  also  several 
entirely  new  kinds,  only  in  this  collection;  together  with  a 
choice  assortment  of  Dnhlia?  in  pot  rocits,  including  all  the 
latest  varieties  ;  fine  new  Hollyhocks,  Pinks,  Pansies,  Standard 
Roses,  miscellaneous  Plants,  tfcc.,  iSJc.  May  be  viewed  on  the 
morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  aud  on  applica- 
tion to  tho  Auctioneer  at  SiiacUlewell,  London. 

SALE   OF    RARE  AND  VALUABLE  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS. 

DALGLEISH  AND  FORREST  have  the  honoui-  to 
announce  that  they  have  received  instructions  to  sell  by 
auction  at  Rose  Park,  Trinity,  upon  WEDNESDAY,  the  lOth 
of   March,    aud    following   days,  the  far-famed    and   valuable 
collection  ofGUEENUOUSE  PLANTS  and  EXOTICS,  which 
belonged  to  the  late  Professor  Dunbar,  comprising — 
300  CAMELLIAS,  from  2  to  7  feet  high. 
200  HEATHS  and  EPACaiS.     50  AZ  ALE  fS  of  sorts, 
50  RHODODENDRONS.     ORANGE  TREES. 
STANDARD  RUSES.     CEDRUS  DEODaRA. 
AUR  AUG  ARIA  IMBRICATA,  from5  to  8  feet  high. 
32  PINES  of  the  finest  sorts. 
CEDARS  OF  LEBANON,  CACTI,  FUCHSIAS. 
With  a  very  large  assortment  of  Stove  and  other  Plants. 
Catalogues  will  be  ready  for  delivery,  and  the  whole  on  view^ 
by  ticket,  from  William  Wood,  Esq.,  St.  Andrew-street,  or  the 
Auctioneers,  a  week  btfore  the  sale. 

TO   GENTLEMEN,   tSlURSERYMEN,   AND   OTHERS. 
1/|  R.  MARKS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the  Sim  Inn^, 

i'-L  Hitchin,  on  THURSDAY,  March  4,  at  11  for  12  o'clock 
precisely,  a  newly-built  GREENHOUSE,  with  Forcing  House 
adjoining,  in  the  garden  attached  to  the  lute  residence  of" 
William  Curling,  Esq.,  Baucrofc-street,  Hitchin,  Herts,  The 
Greenhouse  occupies  a  site  of  35  feet  in  length  aud  18  feet  in 
breadth,  and  the  Forcing  House  about  28  feet  in  length  and 
Ili  foet  in  breadth  ;  also  the  Brick  Foundations,  superior  stone 
F  M>\;  Stage,  Pump,  Stove,  and  IXot-water  Apparatus.  The 
li<-:ises  are  constructed  of  the  best  materials  and  workmanship^ 
pud  are  put  together  with  screw  bolts  and  nuts,  with  the  view 
(.if  removal,  and  are  in  a  condition  equal  to  new ;  the  Hot-water 
A[jpuratua  beidg  by  Stephenson.  Also  a  BRICK  PIT,  recently 
and  subhtaotially  built,  having  eight  sliding  Sashes,  and  being 
27  feet  loug  and  8  feet  broad,  with  lat  ice  shelves  on  stout, 
bearers,  and  Stove  connected  with  it.  The  Pit  will  be  sold  ia 
another  Lot,  by  and  under  such  condiiions  as  will  be  produced- 
at  the  sale.— The  wholu  may  be  viewed,  and  further  particulars 
had,  at  any  time  prior  to  the  sale,  on  application  to  the. 
Auctioneer,  Hitchiu,  Herts. 

FARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms — odl. 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land* 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  conuty,  near  a  good  market,, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to- 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  irea.ing  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  lutter  to  the  editor  of  the  GardentrsT 
Chronicle,  at  the  OfficCj  S,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
London. 

"  SURREY.-FARMS   TO    LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  at  Michaelmas  next,  GUILES  HILL- 
FARM,  ill  ihe  parish  of  Ocltham,  formerly  in  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  proprietor,  coui'ltttinij  uf  262  acres,  of  which  196  are 
Meadow  and  Pasture,  and  the  rest  Arable.  The  latter  has 
been  drained,  and  is  unincumbt  red  with  hedges  (r  timber- 
The  homestead,  erected  chiefly  within  the  last  few  years,  is 
capacious  and  substantial,  and  comprises,  beside  the  dwelling- 
house,  several  cottages  for  labjurers,  and  ample  accommo- 
dation for  Dairying,  or  for  Rearing  or  Fatting  Stock.  The 
incoming  valuation  is  very  light.  The  tenant  will  have  the 
privilege  of  sporting  over  his  ocisupation. 

Also  in  the  adjuining  parish  of  Wisley,  the  MANOR  FARM,, 
(if  212  Acres,  of  which  101  are  Arable,  the  rest  Meadow  and 
Pasture.  The  Meadow  laud  can  be  watered  in  the  driest 
season.  The  tenant  will  have  the  privilege  of  sporting  over  his 
occupaiiou.— For  paniculars,  apply  to  Mr.  W.  Kaie,  East 
H(ir--ley,  Ripley,  Surrey^ 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 
^"^0  BE  LET,  ou  Lease,  with  immediate  possession,. 
-L    a  SMALL  NURSERY,  eligibly  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
fashionable  Watering-places  in  the  County  of  Devon. 

For  further  particulars,  apply  to  Messrs.  Ndttihg  aud  Sons, 
S<!edsmen,  46.  Oheapside,  London. 

TO  FARMERS  AND  LAND  AGENTS. 
T^O  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  OCCUPATION  op  i 
-L  FARM,  desirably  situate  50  miles  from  town,  in  a  good 
corn  dieti  ict,  comprising  a  capital  refiidence,  the  best  arranged 
Agricultural  buildings  in  the  county,  and  200  Acres  of  superior 
L^nd  in  a  hi)?h  state  of  cultivation,  together  with  the  business 
of  a  Corn  Mill,  and  the  whole  or  share  of  an  old  and  well- 
establiehed  Auctioneer's  and  Land  Agency  businesa.  To  a 
person  of  active  habits  the  above  offers  an  opportunity  seldom 
to  be  met  with.— Apply  to  Mr.  Booltee,  68,  Cbeapside,  London. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease  or  otherwise,  a  SMALL 
NURSERY,  with  Greeohonsep,  Pits,  and  Frames;  Green- 
house  Plants,  Shrubt:,  Roots,  &c,,  to  be  taken  at  valuation,  or 
otbvrwise,  at  a  small  rental,  with  or  without  the  Dwelling- 
liouse*^.— Apply  on  the  premises  to  W.  Lynn,  Park-street, 
Sou;ha"mpton-6treet,  Camberwell,  Surrey. 


Priuted  by  William  Bbadbubt.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place,  in 
iiin  ntir  nn  ol  M.  Paacraa,  aaJ  Fbedb&icci  Mullhtt  Ev\N3,  ol  .No.  7, 
(.hiircli  row,  Stoke  Newin.ijtou,  bolii  in  the  County  oi  Middlesex,  Priatero 
at  loeir  Ulfir.c  in  Loinbard-alreet,  in  tlie  Preciiici  nl  Wbitt^iriirs.  in  tl  e 
Citv  ul  London;  ami  publisLt;.!  by  tiieiii  at  the  OOice,  Nfl-  5.  Cbnrlef- 
Btreer.  in  tbe  parish  ol  St.  Paul's,  Covent-KKtden,  in  tbe  iiud  Conniy,, 
where  nil  iitveniaenientB  and  Gnmiimnin-tiioas  are  to  be  AiH>aBftBi:»Si> 
THE  liDiToa.— Saiukdat,  felKuarj  2S,  1352. 


AND 


A  Stamped  Mewspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  I*Tews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  10—185  2.] 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  6. 


[Price  6rf. 


INDEX. 


Azricultoral  experiments 

Ajirleultaral  Soc  of  England.. 

AntirrltiaumTi    

B  ijinonK  cliererc 

B-jokq  received      . 

BrowQica  zraodicepa 

Galendar.  Horticultural 

CuiuHtlia.  culture  of   .......... 

Chiilft  feeding  , 

Cbnnd'er's  Csmellias 

Chestnuts  earl;  leafing  of  ■■■■ 

Clim'it''8.  Contiaeutal 

U-ti  V  inanagieoieDt 

Deodir,  the    

Bversreeti8''to  transplant    . , . . 
Experimentn,  agricultural  ..,, 

Forest  trees,  to  prune 

lfumi^>»iion.  new  kind  of 

Garden  Rieanines,  foreign    .... 

Heatiiiz.  Polmaiae 

Hellehorus  nicer 

Horiiculiuial  Socifty    

Law   respecting   nurserymen's 

asaeasmeuls ,,,, 

Leafing,  early 


154  b 
156  h 
151  b 

152  e 

151  a 

151  fr 

152  a 

US  ft 

111? 

1-19   c 

lal    r 

155  b 

154  b 

150  b 
]50  a 
US  a 

!49  c 

152  c 

14S  c 

i-;9  c 

Luminndity    , ,, 

Milk  and  Swedea 

O.cblda,  saleof   

PauperiBin 

PiQfi  growing  at  Ch^tsworth  .. 

Plants,  action  of  frost  on 

—    vases  for 

PUnt  houses,  lo  fumiuate   .... 

P  ilmftiee  heat  ins 

Pon  1 B,  winter  temperature  of  . 

Pot -toes 

Poultry  exhibitions    

Pruniuit  forest  trees 

Ila'n  in  PembrokeBhire 

Ranunculus,  the 

Seeds,  vitality  of 

Seed  trade 149  6- 

Seedsmen'a  AHsociations,  N.  B. 
Stcplianotis  floribunda  ,,....,. 

Strawberries ,... 

Turnip  culture , ,, 

Vaes,  plants  for 

Vii![oria  Re;;ia ••■■t...... 

Vines  in  pots..., , 

Weather,  the .,, 


\i^  c 


THE  ROYAL  GARDENERS'  BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTIO.V.— Notice  is  hereby  given  that  au  Elec- 
tion of  Two  Pensioners  on  the  Fuadg  of  this  Society  will  take 
I'l  ace  in  June  next.  All  persona  desirous  of  becoming  candi- 
da^es  are  requested  to  apply  in  writing  to  the  Secretary  for  a 
form  of  application,  which  must  be  returned,  with  testimonials, 
ttc  ,  as  required  by  the  Rules,  on  or  before  the  31st  iast.,  after 
which  time  they  will  not  be  received.     By  Order 

Edwahd  Tl,  Cdtlee,   Secretary, 
97.  Farringdon  street,  London,  March  i. 

NEW    CALCEOLARIAS. 

MR.  HENRY  MAJOR,  Knosthorpe,  near  Leeds, 
begs  to  aiinouoce  that  a  Descriptive  List  of  his  splendid 
nGw  Shrubby  CALCEOLARIAS  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had 
on  app'icatioa  as  above.  Letters  to  be  prepaid.  Very  select 
Calceolaria  Seed,  2s.  Gd.  per  packet;  very  select  Pansy  seed, 
23.  Gd.  per  packet ;  first-rate  Panaies,  from  Is.  to  2s.  Gd,  each. 


HENRY    GROOM,  Clapham    Rise,    near  London, 
FLOaiST    BY   ArPjINTMENT  TO   HEB  MaJBsTT    THE   QuEEN, 

and  to  His  Majestt  the  King  of  Saxont,  begs  to  sav 
thit  his  Spring  Catalogue  of  PELARGONIUMS  and  NEW 
PL  AS  T3  is  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  by  post  on  application, 


QUTTON'S  COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN_SEEDS 

^--^  are  the  best  yet  offered, 

KITCHEN    GARDEN    SEEDS. 

No.  1.  A  complete  Collection  for  one  year's  supply  of 

a  large  Garden      £2  10     0 

No.  2.  A  complete  Collection,  in  rather  fmiiller  quan- 
tities   1  10 

No.  3,  Ditto  ditto  ditto  1    l 

No.  4,  Ditto  ditto  ditto  0  12 


0 
0 
6 

HARDY    AND    SHOWY    FLOWER     SEEDS, 

(POST    FREE), 

WTikh  may  he  sown  xohere  they  are  intended  to  bloom. 
No.  .5.  A  Collection  of  the  best  50  sorts  known  .,,     0  10     6 

No.  6.  A  CuUeciJon  of  the  beet  35  sorts  known  ..,'     0     7     6 

Ny.  7,   A  Collection  of  the  bcit  24  sorts  known  ...     0     5     0 

Ij'oehaba  Cloveh,  Bobaqe,  And  other  seeds  for  Bees. 
Tric'^d  Catalogues  may  be  had  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Also,  for  6  5iani;55,  "Sutton's  IlorticuUural  Calen- 
dar," xohich  is  pronovMoed  hy  the  Editors  to  he  the  most 
icsc/id  work  of  the  hind  extant. 

Address— Jijhn  Sotton  and  SoNS,  Seed-growera,  Readinir 
EgrUs.  '  *" 

CARNATIONS,    PICOTEES,    PINKS,   AND    PANSIES. 
"Y'^OUELL  AND  CO.  are  now  sending  out  beautiful 
-*-     seleciioDB  from  their  superb  and  extensive  collection  of 
the  libove,  in  remarkably  strong  and  healthy  plants,   at  the 
following  prices:—  £    g^  ^^ 

25  piiB  ofsnperb  varieties  of  Carnations  and  Picotees, 

by  name        

1^  do.  do.    do, 

12  do.,  very  fine  do. 

1-         _  do.  do.  do. 


do. 

do. 

do. 


3  0 
1  10 
1  IG 
0  18 
0  9 
0  12 
0  12 


Fine  miied  border  do. do.,  per  dozen  pairs 

True  o'd  CloTo  Carnation  „ 

12  pilr*  of  finest  Pitikfl,  by  namo 

Vfltnics  all  the  newe.t  and  very  best  show  flowerei 

perdoz 0  12    0 

D  »,     fine  ahowy  border  vjirieiies,  per  dozen  .,060 

All  Orders  of  U.  and  Uffwards  delivered  free  to  any  Railway 

S-ri'i  .n  wiihfn  150  milci  of  the  Nursery. 
Rf.Tfil  Nurs«rv,  Great  Yfirmouth. 


JiYBRID  PERPETUAL. 
Stdn.  Owfi) 


NEW     ROSES, 

WniCII    fITILt,    MAT    HE    HAD   OP 

'PHOMAS  CRIPr.S,  NuKftERy.MAN,  Tunbridgc  Wells, 

Heine  dc^  Flcura  ...  0  0  ...  2  0 
Stnndardof  MarengoK  (J      2  C 

DAMASK   PEftPETUAL. 
Now  white  Rose  du 

Kol        0  0  ...  3  0 

PERPETUAL  MOSS. 
Hermann  Kcryel  ...  6  o  ...  3  fl 

JJ  OUR  BON. 
Dcmnrdln    do    Bt. 

Piorro 3  0  ...  2  0 

C-im'cIJobringky  ...  3  C  ,,,  a  0 
2  (J  '  Paul    and    Virginia  fi  0  .„  0  0 
0  Oj             /lYBRID  CHINA. 
2  <:     PauIRIcaut     '.',  «  ,,,  2  0 

2  0  ,  Trlompho     do    IJa- 

3  0  I      JB14UX     2  C  ...  2  0 

CA'4loguen  dfBcriptlve  of  tho  above  moy  be  bad  on  appllco- 
tlor<,  b/  eDcloslog  two  postage  stampi, 


A  I'.Mjbte  MIo 0  0. 

iJdronne  Hiillcz  ...CO. 
<'arulino  do  Saosal  5  0  , 

Chcrcnu 8  0. 

Duclickfic  do  MonU 

ptnutftr 8  0, 

0£ai>t«  do*  Ilfit'iilleA  2  0  . 
Oetjoml  Cnvalgoac  t,  ()  , 
<jitieral  Ncgrlur  ...HO. 
O'-.r-fl  LccHmuN  ,.,  8  C  , 

Jwnn  d'Arc     3  C  , 

I.^'.norc  rt'Eii'e  ...  Z  d  . 
7Vi'liifn«  Outllot  ...  3  0  . 
.';  Imo.  Latiiorlct<)re  3  (J  , 


CAMELLIA    JAPONIGA. 

CHANDLER  and  SONS  beg  to  invite  the  nobility 
and  gfntry  to  an  inspection  of  tlieir  CAMELLIAS,  which 
are  at  present  in  bloorc,  and  unusua'ly  fine. 
Nursery,  ^7an'1swo^lh  Roail,  London. 


JOHN  D0B30N  begs  to  inform  the  admirers  of 
FUCHSIA  that  he  is  in  possession  of  the  entire  sto 


of  the 

oek  of 
fouf  new  and  distinct  .Seedlinfis.  raised  by  W.  II.  Story,  Esq., 
of  Whitthill,  Newton  Bushel.  The  success  uf  this  gentleman 
as  a  raiser  of  Soedlings  will  be  a  sufficient  f.'uarautce  that  the 
flowers  are  first-rate  ;  and  J.  D.  feels  no  hesitation  in  recom- 
mending them.  They  were  all  greatly  ailmired  and  pronounced 
by  excellent  judges,  who  saw  them  in  bloom,  to  be  first-rate  in 
every  respect.  Stronir  ptantu  in  April.  PackaKe  aud  carriage 
free   to  London.     Early  orders  will  insure  the  first  se'ections, 

Agnes  lOs.Gd     I     Aurora         lOs.  Gc?. 

Fantome     7s.  Gd.    \    Peculiarity...         ...    75,  Gd. 

A  DoRcriptive  Catalngae  of  Storj's  new  Seedling  Fuchsias; 
Beck's,  Foster's,  Hoyle's,  and  other  raisers' Pelargoniums,  &c, 
m.ty  be  had  in  eschunee  for  one  postage  stamp. 

J.  D.'s  Catalogue  of  all  the  best  sorts  of  Kitchen  Garden 
Seeds  may  be  had  for  one  postage  st^mp, 

A  large  stock  of  Bedding-ouc  Plants  in  April,  from  2s.  to  9s. 
per  dozen. 

THB  PELARGONIUM.— John  Dobson's  "Practical  Obser- 
vations  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Pelargonium"  is  now  ready, 
and  may  be  had  in  exchange  for  eight  postage  stamps,  upon 
application. —  Woodland  Nursery,  Isleworth, 


ly/TESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 

-i.>X   selected    PLANTS,   FRUIT     TRECS,    Ac,    which    they 
will  forward  to   any   part  of  the   kingdom;    also   their   new 


Descriptive  Priced  Catalogue  for  1852. 

25  Azaleas,  new  liardy   Belgian  varieties,  on  their  own 

roots,  wiih  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name        ...  20 

25  American  Aziileas,  do.  do.  ...         ..  ...         IS 

25  Hardy  AiiieriL^an  Plants,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name  ...  10 
12  Rhododeiidrone,  including  scarlet,  white,  and  rose, 

hardy  varieties  ...         ...         .,,         ...         ...         12 

New  hardy  yellow  Rhododendrons,  each,  73.  6d.  to  ...  10 
Fine  hardy  scarlet  Rhododendrons,  2  feet,  per  doz.  ...  10 
Ciidar  of  Lel)anon,  3  feet,  well  grown,  in  pots,  per  doz....  10 
Ail    the   choice   Pinus,    Araucarias,    Cryptomerias,    and 

Tasodiuuis,  of  various  sizes,  in  pots  ;   list  of  prices 

sent  by  post. 

Climb  ng  Roses,  choice  sorts,  in  pota,  per  dozen 6 

Standard  and  half  standard  Roses,  per  dozen  12s.  and  15 
Wisteria  sinensis,  extra  fine,  in  pots,  15  to  30  feet,  each...  3 
12  Greenhouse  Azuleas,  one  of  a  sort,  blooming  plants  ...  25 

12  choice  Camellias,  by  name,  do.  do.  ...        30 

2i  choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name  ...  ..,  ..,  16 
12  Oichidaceous  Plants,  choice  species,  and  good  plants  30 
Cinerarias  and  Calceolatia-,  choice  sorts,  per  doz.,  9s.  to  12 
Verbenas  and  Pi-tunias,  newest  varieties,  per  dozen  ...  6 
6  Bulbs  of  Lilium  lancifolium,  one  of  a  sort,  for 12 


FRUIT    TREES. 

Fine  Dwarf  and  Standard  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Aprico's, 
Plums,  Pears,  and  Cherries.  The  best  and  most  ap- 
proved sorts  of  these  respective  Kinds,   true  to  name, 

each  2s.  6rf.,  or,  per  dozen 24    0 

Untrained  or  maiden  do,,  Is.  6rf.  each,  or,  per  dozen  ...  ]5  0 
Apjiles,  dwarfs  and  standards  of  best  sorts,  per  dozen  ...  15  0 
Pine  Gooseberries,  Currants,  and  Raspberries,  per  dozen  3  0 
Fine  Figs,  Medlars,  Walnutri,  and  Mulberries,  each  ...  2  0 
Strong  Vines,  from  eyes  and  layers,  in  pots,  per  dozen  ...  15  0 
Filberts,  new  thin  shelled  and  red  skiuncd,  per  dozen  ...  3  0 
Rhubarb  Roots,  early  seed  Potatoes,  Sealiale  and  Asparagus 
plants,  and  Garden  Seeds  of  all  kindei ;  also  a  selection  of  the 
most  approved  Flower  Seeds,  18  piiperin,  53.  ;  3G  papers,  10s. 
sent  free  by  post. 

Albion  Nursery,  Stoke  Newington,  London,  March  6. 


NEW    ROSES    ON    THE    MANETTII    STOCK. 

WOODLANDS  NURSERY,  MARliSFIELD,  NEAR 
UCKFIELD,  SUSSIiX. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  much  pleasure  in  offer- 
ing fine  Dwarf  Plants  in  pots,  of  the   following  really 
good  new  Roses,  worked  on  the  Manettii  Stock. 

HYBRID     PERPETUAL.       Per  plant.— s.  (Z. 

*AugUHte  Mie,  glossy  pinli,  very  larj^^e,  superb      

"Baronno  Hallez.  bright  rosy  crimson 

Blanche  de  Beaulieu,  pale  flesh,  perfect  shape 

Caroline  de  Sansalles,  pale  blubh,  very  largo,  a  superb 

Rose        

Oriiziella,  rich  brilliant  pink,  very  beautiful        

"General  Cavaignac,  deep  fleiili,  a  "fins  Rose  

"Madame  Fremion,  brilliant  carmine,  perfect  shapo,  a 

first-r  tte  new  Roee 

'■Roeine  Margottin,  delicate  flesh       

Souvenir  du  Petit  Roi  de  Rome,  delicate  pink,  very 

beautiful  

"Standard  of  Miirengo,  rich  crimson,  very  bhowy 
William  Griffitl),  bright  lilac  Rose,  most  perfect  shape, 

one  of  the  Hiiest         0    u 

Ma'lamo  Linioricifire,  bright  pink,  superb  ...         ...     3     0 

Also    tho    following     well-known    favourites— MANETTII 
STOCKS  :  Perplant.-s.  d. 

Bourbon  Comto  B^brinplty 

*        —        DiipctitTbouiira       

IT>brid  Bourbon,  Paul  Rlcnut  

''China,  Mre,  BoHMnquet,  per  dozen,  IBa,,  or  

The  kindn  inarlo  d  thus  ",  may  aluo  bo  had  on  thoi; 
roots  at  the  same  price. 

ROSES  Lhi't  TO  W.  W.  AND  RON'S  RELBOl'ION: 
Fine  Bolcctcd  tall  ^tandurd  Union  Roaes,  (roiu  0  to  8  ft,, 

thcno  plant*  (im  purticularly  line,  ouch 8     fl 

Hupyrlor  Bclectod  Standurdrt        Per  doz,  18fl,  to  24     0 

Fine  Dwarfs  and  Dwarf  Standards       ...  ,,         10a.  lo  IS     0 

Fine  Divurf^,  on  own  motH,  two  of  a  port         „  ...     C,    0 

Tt!n.«ict!ntod  RoBfB,  In  pots,  very  fine    ...  ,,         12a.  to  18     0 

He'.tVHrloti')Hf..rForcinK,c«t»bliMhedlnri.lntihpotH,  p.'Ioz,  20     0 

UwiirlH,  on  own  rootH,  wiihout  nanuiH,  pur  100      30     0 

N.B.— Addliloniil  plantB  preaonted  with  cncli  order,  with  u 
view  to  hnntiti  tbo  oxpunso  cf  currhiK"- 

Catalogue!  nioy  bo  bud  Guatis,  on  application, 


2    0 

1  G 

2  C 
1    (i 

'  own 


GLADIOLUS    WELLINGTON. 

MESSRS.  COLE  AND  SHARP  have  been  kindly 
tsvoiired  by  J.  Wjlliuure,  E-q.,  with  the  stock  of  the 
above  beautiful  SEEDLING,  which  they  now  offer  to  the  public, 
WELLINGTON  was  exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the  National 
FloricuUural  Society,  Sept.  4,  and  received  a  Certificate  of 
iMerif,  wiih  the  following  dc'icription  : — Colour,  brilliant  orange.- 
scarlet ;  for  n  fine  ;  eub.itance  good;  flowers  abundant;  also 
foim  ng  the  subject  for  the  plate  for  tbo  February  Number  of 
"  The  Garden  Companion  and  Floriet  Guide."  Strong  flower- 
ing Biilb.^,  10s   Gd   each. 

CINERARIA  MISS  TALBOT,  the  best  of  its  class;  pur&- 
white  ground,  slightly  margined  with  lilac  puriile ;  quite 
distinct.  Strong  plants,  7s.  Gd.  each  ;  smaller  ditto,  5s  Liberal' 
allowance  to  the  Trade. 

New  and  beautiful  DAHLIA,  "LIZZY."  Messrs.  C.  and  S^ 
also  beg  to  stite  that  they  have  purchased  the  entire  Stock  of 
the  abovL'-named  flower,  from  Mr.  J.  C,  Perry,  which  they  pur- 
pose sending  nut  in  May  next.  For  descrlp'.ion  and  character^ 
see  future  Advertisement, 

Aston-Iane  Nursery,  Birch'^eld,  Birminzbam. 


DERBY 

EVAN  PAUL,  son  of  the  late  Adahi  Paul,  of  the  - 
Che-'hunt  Nurseries,  and  for  the  last  four  jears  witb 
Messrs.  J.  A.  Henderson  aad  Co.,  of  the  Pine-apple  Nurseries, 
London,  respectfully  informs  his  friends  and  the  public  that  he 
is  about  to  open  an  establishment  in  the  Nursery  and  Seed 
line  at  Derby.  It  will  be  his  constant  aim  to  obtain  every 
novelty  of  merit  among  Trees,  Plants,  and  Seeds  of  the  best 
quality  ami  purest  race,  which  bis  long  knowledge  of  the 
leading  members  of  the  profession  off'ers  him  facilities  of  doing. 
He  hopes  by  this  course,  and  a  caveful  attention  to  business, 
to  obtain  the  support  and  confidence  of  lovers  of  gardening,  . 
which  have  been  so  long  accorded  to  his  father  and  brothers  at- 
the  Cbeehunt  Nurseries. 

WHEELER'S    SEED     LIST. 
r    C.  WHEELER  and  SON'S  Priced  List  of  Agrl- 

*^  •  cultural.  Garden,  and  Floiver  Seeds  for  this  season,  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  free  to  anv  address,  on  re- 
ceipt of  one  postage  stamp,  lu  miking  out  this  list  great  care 
has  been  taken  to  exclude  ail  u.seless  varieties,  so  that  it  only 
comprises  tlie  names  of  the  best  Seeds  in  cultivation.— J.  C. 
Wheeler  and  Son,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Glouces- 
tershire Agricultural  Society,  99,  Northgate-screet,  Gloucester. 
Seeds  delivered,  carriage  free,  to  most  parts  of  England  and 
South  Walew. ,^ 

MOSS     ROSES. 
TXTILLliVM   MARTIN  and  SON   beg  to  offer  for 

VV  Sale  8(J0j  CRIMSON  MOSS  and  WHITE  t'ROVE>JCE 
ROSES,  good,  strong,  one  year  bedded  plants,  at  15s.  per  100. 
Posr-office  Orders,    on    Bren'.ford,    punc-Ually    attended    to. 

South -street,  Islew.nth. 

F^ '  INAITpLANTING  OF  THE  RANUNCULUS.— 
As  the  final  planting  oK  our  superb  Collection  is  ahout  to 
take  place,  we  beg  to  recommend  early  orders  from  persons 
desirous  to  plant. 

Selectmis,  in  strong  roots,  at  the  following  reasonable 
charges^  and  sent  free  hy  post,  with  printed  directions  for 

d. 
6 
0 
0 


planting  and  treatment : — 

5u  varietits,  superb  Seedling,  and  other  best  sorts 

50  varieties,  vcr}'  tine 

Mixed,  per  100,  extra,  18d.  ;  very  fine,  10s.  ;  fine  border 

ANEMONES. 

50  varieties,  finest  double,  12s.  Gd. ;  or  /ree  by  post       ...     14     I 

Mixed,  per  100,  finest,  I05.  ^d.  ;  very  fine 7     ( 

Remitiaiices  required  from  unknown  correspoodent9. 

Bass  and   BriWN,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment. 

Sudbury,  Suffolk.  ^ ^ 


ESTABLISHED    1777. 

MACKIE  AND  STEWART  beg  respectfully  to 
apprise  their  numerous  patrons  aud  friends  that  they. 
arenow  sending  out  their  CHOICE  GARDKN  AND  FLOWER 
SEEDS,  which  have  been  selected  with  the  most  scrupulous, 
care  as  to  quality  and  genuinohS, 

COLLECTIONS   OF   GARDEN    SEEDS, 
Contnininy  all  tho  Choicest  Sorts,  may  bi3  had  at  tiiu  following; 

prices  :— 
A  complete  collection,  consistiug  of  20  quarts  of  the 
best  kinds  of  Peas  and  Boans,  and  all  olher   Seeds 
in  prtiportion,   of   the  best  varieties,   sufliciont  for 

one  year'o  cropping  of  a  garden  £2    2    0 

Ditto,  ditto,  in  smaller  qiiuntlliea,  but  equally  choice 

in  quality 110 

Ditto,  ditto,  for  a  small  giirden      0  10     G- 

Seo  pai^e  2  of  our  Descriptive  Catalogue. 

COLLECTIONS    OF    FLOWER    SEEDS. 

All  Flower  Si;edy  will  bu  forwarded  free  by  poat. 
lOO^pacUets  choice  sorts,  inclu'ling  all  the  best  hardy, 

half-hardy,  and  Greenhouse  AnuuiiU 10     0 

100  ditto,  very  choice  and  showy  Hardy  Annuals       ...    0  14    0 

j:,0  ,,  ditto  0    7    0 

25  ,,  ditto  0     4     0 

12  „  ditto  0     2     0- 

DO  ,,  Half-hardy  Annuals     0    9    0  - 

The  above  collections  ore  selected  with  tho  utmost  care,  and- 
all  the  most  sli  iwy  viirietioH  aro  included. 

Sio  page  21  of  our  Dcscriiiiivo  Catalogue, 
Inqulrioi  being   frequently  iniido  by   Ainateurd  and  others, 
whii  uianugo  Hmir  own  gardens,  riispectlug  time  of  sowing, 
qunnHtloH   required,    «bc,,    M,    and   S.   have  jusi,  publiHliod    a 
Do'.crlptivu  Pi'leo  Ciirient  of  their  Garden  and  Flmvor  Seeds, 
aud  Culinary  I'lantH,  with  rlioir  general  treatment  and  various 
UHeM,  die,,  Hlanjped  (us  ii  nuwspiiper),  to  go  free  by  poiit,  which 
will  bt' fruiiki'd  to  any 'iddriiHs  upon  ap[)ll(;utlon,     A    Descrip- 
tive Labijl  will   bo  ut  aehod  to  ouch  puroul.    AIho  Deseriptivo 
Li»t  ot    FloM'ur  Heeds  now  lendy ;    wllii    ii  Treatiso  c)n  Kowiug^ 
till)  biirdy,  liuif-hurdy,  and  tender  rcbpcttvelj   stHnipuil  to  go 
froo  by  post. 
Norwich  Nurserioa,  and  10  andU,  Exchange-atreot,  Norwich, 
March  G. 


146 


HE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[March.  6, 


NEW  GARDEN    SEEDS. 

CLARKE  AND  Co.  Seedsme.v  .and  Florists,  86, 
Hi^-li-s'reef,  Borouir^,  be??  to  iiifjrm  their  frleoda  and 
the  public  lliat  tlioir  New  Catalogue,  ot  Garden  and  uthar 
S*sedR,  is  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  on 
apTitk-ahion.  ^^ 


J^nSS'riMONrAL  TO   Mr.  CHARLES  M'INTOSH, 

■M-  He.id  Gai'dener  to  i-he  Dakeof  Bucuieuch,  Author  of  "  The 
Practical  Gardentr."  &c.— As  the  Subscriptiuu  Lists  will  be 
closea  by  the  middle  of  Marcb,  Subscribiirs  are  respectfully 
requested  to  come  forfVai'd  «ifh  thtiv  sabscription3  aa  eatly  ae 
possible;  those  a-,  a  distance  reinittiQ^  the  amount  bj  post- 
oflue  order,  payable  to  the  Secretary. 

By  ordei-  of  the  Committee,  Isaac  AndBeson,  Secretary, 
Edinburgh,  41,  Yufb-pIaL-e,  I-'eb.  li,  1852^ 


QUTTON'S  RENOVATING  GRASS  SEEDS  FOR 

O  lilPKOVING  OLD  PAStURES.— Many  Old  Upland  Pas- 
tares,  Parks,  and  Meadows  are  nearly  destitute  of  Clovers,  and 
the  fiuer  and  more  dulritious  ports  of  Grasses,  iu  which  case 
we  are  in  the  practice  of  furnishiug  su'^h  sores  only  as  are 
waotin"- ;  if  the  seeds  are  eown  arli/  in  the  Season,  the  im- 
provement in  the  Pastures  will  be  very  considerable,  and  at  a 
small  expense.  Qiuintiti/ of  Seed  rcqaired,  8  ibs.  to  i2lbs.  per  Acre. 
Prias  Reducad  to  lOd.  per  pound.  Carriage  free,  as  see  our 
Advertiiremutit  in  pa:?e  Si  of  this  Paper. 

Instructions  ou  Sowing  Grass  Seedfi,  &c.,  may  pe  had  in 
return  far  one  penny  stamp.— Address  John  Sotxon  and  Sons, 
Seed  Growers,  Reiiding,  Berks. 

"FLOWERS  FOR   BEES." 

FROM 

ABRAHAM  HARDY  &  SON,  Seedgrowers  and 
Seedsmen,  Maldon,  Essex. 

"BOKHARA  CLOVER"  (Melilotds  ledcantha)  an  orna- 
mantal  hardy  perenni'il,  grows  6  to  7  feet  high,  with  numerous 
-tvieaths  of  white  tluwers.  This  is  very  attraciive  to  the  bees, 
Tvhi^h  cause  a  constant  "humming"  round  each  plant,  as  in 
an  apiary.  Is  foliage,  slightly  dried,  po.'sesses  the  most  agree- 
able  odorous  properties  imaginable  ;  and  if  kep»i  in  the  pocket, 
drawer,  or  wardrobe,  in  wiutcr,  discovers  iiseif  by  a  sweetness 
siu)ilar  to  new-mown  hay,  woodrcof,  or  tlie  Tonquin  bean. 
— Price  Cd.  per  packet, 

"TREE  MIGNONSTTE"  (Reseda  ghandifloea),  ahardy 
perennial,  suitable  to  grow  near  an  apiary.  Ic  attains  aheight 
of  from  2  to  i  feet,  producing  abundance  of  blossoma,  like 
sweet  mignonette.— Priee  Gd.  per  packet, 

"SWEET   MIGNONETTE"  (Reseda  ODOEATi),  8d,  per  oz, 

HiRDT  &  Son's  general  priced  Retail  Seed  Catalogue  on  ap- 
plication.    All  post  free. 


l^./f  AULE  AND  SONS  beg  to  offer  their  respectful 
-lAi-  thanks  to  the  Planters  of  HIMALAYA  CONIFEUA  of 
the  Uniced  Kingdom,  America,  and  on  the  Continent,  whi 
have  favoured  them  with  their  patronage,  more  particularly 
for  the  CEDRUS  DEODARA,  of  which  they  are  extensive 
growers  •,  and  as  the  applications  daily  are  numerous,  in  ordtr 
to  prevent  unnecessary  trouble,  tncy  publish  their  scale  of 
prices. 

CEDRUS  DEODARA. 
Height,  per  doz.  per  100.  per  1000, 

6  inches  to  9  inches 12s £3  15    0    aC'SS 

9  inches  to  1  foot I8s 5     0     0     40 

1  foot  to  1.4  foot 24s 7  10    0     70 

li  foot  to  2  feet 3i)s=    ......      10    0    0 

2"feet  to  24  feet 36s 12  10    0 

2.1,  feet  to  3  feet 42s 15     0     0 

3.Meetto  4feet 60s 23    0    0 

The  above  arc  all  grown  from  seed  in  suitable  sized  pote. 

3J  feet  to  4  feet 70s 25     0     0 

Grown  without  pots,  and  regularly  tranapianted. 
The  height  quoted  is  as  near  as  cnn  be  stated,  but  does  not 
convty  an  adequate  idea  of  the  quality  of  the  plants  offered,  as 
in  most  instances  they  measure  as  much  in  diameter  as  their 
quoted  height. 

As  the  season  for  planting  seedlings  in  the  nureeries  isnow 
arrived,  Madle  and  Sons  beg  to  inform  those  gentlemen  who 
may  wish  to  acclimatise  young  plants  of  the  Himalaya 
Conifera  to  any  particular  locality,  that  they  can  be  supplied 
■with  healthy  one-year  seedlings,  which  have  been  grown  in  the 
open  ground,  unprotected  to  the  present  time,  ac  the  following 
prices : — 


Abies  morinda  ...  per  100    8s. 

,,      Khutrow .,.      ,,  8s. 

,,       Smithiana.      ,,  83. 

CedruB  Deodara    .       ,,         40s. 

Stapleton  Road  Ruraeries,  Bristol, 


Pinus  excelsa per  100  10*. 

Picea  VVebbiana...      ,,        20s, 
,,     Pindrow  ...      ,,       20s. 


TV[  OTICE. — The  follawing  New  and  Superb  varieties 
-L^  of  SEEDS  can  be  warranted  to  give  satisfaction  to  all 
purchasers,  viz. : 

HOLLYHOCK  SEED. 

This  beautiful  flower,  from  which  a  quantity  of  good  sound 
seed  has  been  procured  from  a  aenlleraau  amateur  grower,  who 
has  one  of  the  must  superb  and  choice  collections  in  cultivation  ; 
the  &eed  having  been  selected  with  every  care  and  attention,  it 
can  be  confidently  recoaimended.    Sold  at  2s.  Gd.  per  packet. 

GERMAN    ASTER   SEED. 

This  variety  ha?,  within  the  last  (e^v  years,  been  awarded 
upwards  of  60  different  prize?,  and  which  stands  unrivalled  for 
its  superiority  of  flower,  the  shipe  of  which  forms  half  a  globe, 
and  has  been  the  admiration  of  numberless  spectators.  There 
are  from  20  to  30  varieties.    Is.  per  packet. 

SWEET   WILLIAM    SEED. 

Saved  from  36  superb  varieties.  The  flowers  are  very  large, 
splendid  colours,  and  of  dwarf  habit.  They  were  much  ad- 
mired when  in  bloom  by  couctless  spectators,  and  the  seed 
numerously  ordered  by  them.    Is.  per  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM    SEED. 
This  has  been  selected  with  the  greatest  care  from  some  of 
the  finest  and  moat  superb  varieties  ever  grown,  both   as  to 
shape,  ci-'lour,  and  habit  of  plant.     There  are  more  than  50 
•  distinct  and  diffureDt  varieties.    Is.  per  packet. 

EXTRA'    FINE    GIANT    SCARLET     BROMPTON 
STOCK    SEED. 

Unrivalled  for  its  superior  bizq  and  bright  searlet  colour, 
also  beautifully  double  ;  length  of  the  spike  of  flower  from  15 
to  20  inches.  Large  packets  Is.  each;  or^  if  preferred,  a 
packet  of  each  of  the  above  will  be  stut,  postage  and  package 
■free,  for  5s. 
Walcheren  Cauliflower  BroccoH  (as  imported)  Is.  per  pacbot, 

TamworLh  Broccoli  ...         ,. Is,  „ 

Wilcove  Broiicoli       Is.  ,, 

Cole*s  superb  solid  Celery 6d.         ,, 

Bath    Cos   Lstiuce    Seed,  true;    the  best  and 

finest  flavimied  Lettuce  Seed  in  cultivation  I5,  „ 

Vegetable  Marrow  Si:eJ,  of  very  superb  variety 

and  delicious  flavour       Gd, 

A  ren^ittaiica  must  accompany  the  ord^r  from  all  uhknbwti 
•correspondents,  either  by  Post-office  order  or  penny  postage 
stamps,  on  receipt  of  wnich  the  Seeds  ehail  bfe  immediately 
sent.  ^ 

Sold  by  Edwaed  Tiley,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman  and  Floiist, 
14,  Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath.  ' 


LARGE     SURPLUS     STOCK. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Plymouth,  are 
now  disposing  of  a  LARGE  SURPLUS  STOCK  of  the 
foUowinj.  which  are  offered  on  very  moderate  ternn  :  — 

SCOTCH  FIRS.— Four  hundred  thousand  fine  two  yeara 
old  flfeedling.     2,^!.  per  IflOO. 

TRANSPLANTED  SCOTCH  FIRS.— One  year  trjnsplan-ted,- 
nice  >oung  stuff',. and  well  rooted,  at  5s.  pei- 1000, 

JUDD'ti  GIANT  ASPAR4-GUS.— An  immense  stock  of  fine 
roots.     Two  years.  Is.  Gd.  pcfrl(K) ;  three  years,  2s.  Gd.  per  100. 

SEAKALE   ROOTS.  3s.  6d  per  100  ;  stron-er,  5s.  per  100. 

Apply  to  WiLLiASl  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Nnrsdrjtnen, 
Plymouth.  ESTABLISIJED   IfJ   THE  YEAR   1786. 


FINE  GRASS  LAWNS.— Tlie  importance  of  se- 
curing pure  and  fine  SUORT  WRASSES  for  OARD&N 
LAWNS  has  for  many  Tears  engaged  our  e.-^pecial  attention, 
and  we  believe  that  SUTTON'S  FINE  MIXED  LAWN  SEEDS 
ars  unrivalled.  We  have  the  sa'-isfaction  of  receiving  the 
thanks  and  commendations  of  m-iuy  profoisioual  Gardeners 
and  others,  who,  since  using  their  seeds,  have  discontinued 
the  expensive  practice  of  cutting  and  carting  old  green  sward 
to  form  new  lawns. 

The  fallowing  testimony  has  been  received;  and  is  only  simi- 
lar to  very  many  others  :  — 

From  ArUngt07i  Court,  near  Barnstaple,  Denon. 

*'  I  shall  always  in  future  send  to  you,  as  the  Grass  Seeds 
proved  entirely  to  my  sa'isfaction." 

From  Ediafj  Thorpe  Rectory,  North  Walsliam. 

"  The  Grass  Seed  you  sent  me  was  m  jst  excellent.  Three 
months  ago  I  bad  no  lawn  at  all ;  I  have  now  a  close,  short, 
verdant  lawn,  the  wonder  of  my  owiifhbours." 

These  Grass  Seeds  will  he  sent  carriage  free,  according  to  our 
former  Advertisements.  Prica  Is.  3rf.  per  lb.,  Ss.  per  gallon, 
21s.  per  bushel. 

Address— John  Sdttos  and  Sons,  Seed-growers,  Reading, 
Berks,  __^ 

DAKlTaS.-NEW  SORTS  AND  OTHER    KINDS. 
/CLARKE  AND  CO.,   Seedsmen  and  Florists,  86, 

Vy  High-street,  Borough,  beg  to  inform  their  friends  and 
the  public,  that  their  New  CATALOGUE  of  CHOICE  DAH. 
LIAS  is  now  ready,  and  will  ho  forwarded  (post  free)  on 
application. 


M^ 


LANDSCAPE     GARDENING. 

EXCLUSIVELY    PROFESSIONAL. 

MR,  THOROLD.  of  Norwich,  offers  his  services 
to  the  Nobihty  and  Gentry  as  a  LANDSCAPE  AND 
ORIifAMENTAL  GARDENER,  in  the  highest  style  of  the  Art, 
including  Decorations  around  a  House,  forming  Water,  Ap- 
■proaches.  Picturesque  Scenery,  Correcting  thre  Works  of  Ama- 
teurs, &c. 

PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITHE,of  Eastling,  Faversham, 
Kent,  informs  th^  public,  that  his  mixtures  of  the 
NATURAL  GRASSES  and  SMALL  CLOVERS,  gathered  prin- 
cipailly  under  his  euporintendence,  including  every  sort  neces- 
sary to  form  a  Permanent  Pai-ture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  djc. 
(which  should  be  p  irticularly  stated),  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  by  Railwiy  to  any  Station  in  England,  Carriage  Free, 
at  23s.  per  acre,  allowing  3  bushels  per  acre. 

MIXTURES  FOR  LAWNS,  &c. 
Any  information  on  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  Grasaes, 
the  Advertiser  would  be  pleased  to  give. 

FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY,    ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING  for  protectmg 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quahtity  or  length,  from  John  King  Faelow'S  Pishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked-lane,  London  Bridge,  at 
lid.  yard  wide,  Zd.  two  yards,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  above  20s.  accompanied  with  Post-offlce  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carriaye  free. 

BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's- 
road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty  and 
H.R.H.  Prince  Albert.— ORNAMENTAL  WATER  FOWL, 
consisting  of  black,  and  white  swans,  Egyptian,  Canada,  China, 
barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  geese,  shieldrakes,  pintail, 
widgeon,  summer  and  winter  teal,  gadwall,  Labrador, 
shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  divers.  Carolina  ducks.  &c., 
domesticated  and  pinioned ;  also  Spanish,  Cochin  Chine, 
Malay,  Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied 
and  common  pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  pigs;  and  at  8,  Half- 
moon-paseage,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE,  NURSERYMEN, 

BAG  SHOT,      SURREY, 

Solicit  attention  to  the  following  List  of  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS,  selected  from  their  general  Nursery  Stock.  The  greater 
portion  are  growing  in  the  open  quarters  ;  and,  from  being  periodically  transplanted,  their  safe  removal  may  be  relied  on. 
Every  Plant  sent  out  will  be  a  healthy,  robust  specimen  ;  the  heiifhts  given  afford  but  a  alight  criterion  of  their  general 
character.  To  those  having  a  star  prefixed  they  invite  special  attention,  as  being  remarkably  fine,  and  fit  for  producing 
immediate  efl'ect,     Gentlemen  about  to  plant  extensively  would  be  repaid  by  making  a  visit  to  the  Nursery. 


All  kinds  of  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs  supplied.  A  fine 
Collection  of  Roses  selected  with  reference  to  late  autumual 
blooming.  Also  of  the  best  kinds  of  late- flowering  hardy  hybrid 
llhododendrone,  to  the  cultivation  of  which  especial  attention 
ifl  given. 

*^*  Oentlemen  requiring  assistance  in  laying  out  or 
improving  their  grotmds  may  procure  the  sei'vices  of  a 
competent  person  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 

With  the  exception  of  euch  names  as  are  printed  in  italics, 
the  whole  of  the  plants  in  this  list  are  perfectly  hardy. 

The  number  of  inches  named  refer  to  the  heights,  unless 
otherwise  stated. 

ABIES  BRUNONI ANA,  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  ;  24  ins.,  5s.,  each. 
„       JEZOENSIS,  one  year's  seedlings,  21s.  each. 

This  is  one  of  the  last  novelties  in  Conifers.    It 
forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in  height,  and  of  very 
distinct  character. 
,,       DOUGLASIl.  20  to  36  ins.,  5s.  to  10s.  Gd.  each. 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  6  to  9  ins..  Is. ;  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd.; 

18  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  ;  24  ins.,  5s.,  each. 
AZALEA,  "Oloryof  Sunning  Hill,"  2s.  Gd-  to  5s.  each. 
The  best  double  variety  in  cultivation. 
,,      OVATA,  a  hardy  evergreen,  6  to  0  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
„        VITTATA,   a   specimen  of  this    unique  variety  was 
awarded  a  Knightian  medat,   when   exhibited  last 
April   at  the   rooms   of  the    Horticultural    Society. 
The  ground  colour  of  the  flowers  is  white,  which  is 
beautifully  striped  with  purple,  after  the  manner  of 
a  Carnation.     It  is  a  very  free  bloomer.    9  ins.,  21s. 
each. 
ABELIA  UNIFLORA,  new  and  distinct.    A  very  free  bloomer, 

lOs.  Gd.  each. 
BUXU3  sp.,  from  north  of  China,  round  leaved,  10s.  Gd.  each, 

,,  ,,  ,,  long  leaved,  15s.  each. 

BERBERIS  FORTUNIT,  9  ins.,  Is.Gd.;  12  ins,,  25.;   18  ins., 
3s.  ;  24  ins.,  5s.  each. 
„      DARWINH.  7s.  Gd.  to  2is.  each. 
*OEDRUS  AFRICANA,    18  ins.,    2s.    Gd. ;    24    ins.,   3s.   Gd.  ; 
30  ins.,  5s. ;  36  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  ;  48  Ins.,  10s.  Gd.  each. 

*  ,,       DEODARA,  2  to  5  ft.,  2s.  Gd.  to  10s.  Gd.  each. 

*  CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONICA,  seedlings,  very  robust  plants, 

will  require  no  support  from  stakes.  P!anis  4  to 
5  ft.  high  have  stems  as  many  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence. 6  ins.,  63s.  per  100.  24  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  ;  36  ins., 
3s.  Gd. ;  48  ins,,  5s. ;  60  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
„  JAPONICA  NANA,  seedlings  9  to  12  inches  through, 
10s.  Gd.  to  21s.  each. 
•CUPRESSUS  FUNEBRI3,  seedlings,  very  robustplants,  from 
the  open  border,  nearly  as  wide  as  high,  very  hand- 
some plants,  12  ins.,  5s.;  18  ins.,  7s.  Gd.;  24  ins.,  15s,; 
30  ins,,  2Is, ;  36  ins.,  31s.  Gd.  each.  Cuttings,  6  to 
8  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each, 

*  ,,        ELEGANS,  a  rapid  grower,  and  amost  graceful  tree, 

12  ins.,  2a.  Gd. ;  24  ins,,  3s.  Gd.  ;  36  ins,,  5s.  ;  48  ins., 
7s.  Gd.  each. 
^  ,,  GOVENI  AN  A.— This  isone  of  themost  beautiful  plania 
of  its  class.  It  has  the  merit  of  preserving  its 
beautiful  creen  colour  during  the  most  severe 
weather,  9  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;  12  ins.,  os.  Gd  ;  IS  iur.,5s. ; 
24  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  ;  30  ins.,  10s,  6rf. ;  36  ins.,  15s.; 
4Sin«.,  21s.  each. 
«  ,,  LAMBERTIANA,  forms  a  noble  tree,  rivalling  even 
the  Cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  succeeds  well  in  very  ex- 
posed situations.  9  to  12  ins.,  Is.  Gdi  ;  18  ins., 
2s.  Gd.  ;  24  ins,,  3s,  G1.  each. 

Grafted  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil,  30  ins, 
2s.  ;  36 ins.,  2s.  Gd   :  42  ins,,  3s.  Gd.  :  48  ins.,  5s.  each. 
CfiPHALOTAXUS  FORTUNII,  male  var.,  long  leaves,  seed- 
lings,  21s.  each. 
,,  „    female   var.,   short    leaves,   seedlings, 

21s.  each. 
CHAMJUROPS,  sp.,  a  hardy  Palm  from  the  north  of  China,  a 
decided  acquisition  to  our  hardy  ornamental  ever- 
greens, 21s.  to  31s.  Gd.  eacli. 
CLERODENDRON  FCETIDUM.—The  only  species  of  this 
beautiful  genus  which  can  be  successlully  cultivated 
in  a  cool  greenhouse,  a  situation  in  which  this  suc- 
ceeds admirably.  It  forms  its  large  heads  of  i-osy 
lilac  flowers  in  great  profusion.    Strong  plants,  21s, 

CERASUS  ILLICIPOLIA,  7s.  Gd.  each. 

DAPHNE  JAPONICA,  12  ins.,  2s.  Hd.  each. 
,,         HYBRIDOM,  12  ins..  Is.  Gd.  each. 

FOHSYTHIA  YIRIDI3SIMA.— This  plant  is  not  sufficicatly 
known.  It  is  an  early  spring-flowering  plant,  produc- 
ing its  yellow  blossoms  in  great  prolusion.    But  it 


rarely  flowers,   or  but  scantily  when  young.    The 
plantsoffered  are  well  set  withflower-buds.   It  forces 
well.     BUBhyulants,  24-in3.,  Is.  6d, ;    38  ins.,  2s.  6d. ; 
48 ins.,  ds.  Gd.';  Standards,  10s.  6d,  each. 
ILEX  DIPTRENA.  9  to  12  inches,  3s.  Gd.  each, . 
„      MICROCARPA,  2I3.  each, 
„      LATIPOLIA,  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;   18  ins.,  3s.  Gd. ;  24  ins, 

5s.  each. 
„       FURCATA,  21s.  each. 
JUNIPERUS  ARGENTEA,  new  and  very  beatitif\al,  12  inches, 
5s.  each. 
„        PIKENICEA,  12  ins..  Is.  Gd.  each. 
„        CIIINENSIS,  12  ins.,  Is.;  18  ins.,  U.Gd,;  24  ina.,  2j. 

30  ins.,  2s.  ^d.  each, 
„        TAMARISCIFOLIA,  12  ins..  Is.  each. 

FLACCIDA,  12  ins..  Is   6d,  ;  34  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
„         EXCELSA,  12  ins,,  2s.  Gd. ;  13  ins.,  83.  Gd.  each. 
,,        SQUAMATA,  12  Ins.,  Is,  ;  24  ins,,  25.  6d.  eflch, 
„         CRACOVIA,  12  ins..  Is.  each. 
„         MACROCARPA.  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
,,         REPANDENS.  12  ins.,  9d.  ;  24  ins,,  \$.  Gd.  each. 
,,         OiiLONQA  PENDULA,  6to  8  ins.,  2s.  6ti.  each. 
„        BEDFORDIANA,  12  ins.,  Is. ;  18 ins,,  ls.6d. ;  24 ins., 
2s.  each. 
JASMINUM  NUDIFLORUM,  strong  blooming  plants,  2s,  Gd. 

each. 
LIGUSTRUM  JAPONICUM.  9  ins.,  Is. ;  24  ins.,  25.  each. 
LYCOPODIUM  WILDENOVII,  5s.  each. 
LIBOCEDRUS  CHILIENSIS.  7s.  6d.  each, 
MTTRARIA  COCCINEA,  2s.  GcI.  each. 

*PICEA  PINSAPO,   very  handsome  specimens,  30  ins.,  2U. 
each. 
„      N'ORDMANNIANA,  10s.  to  15s,  each. 
„      OVATA,  10s.  Gd.  each, 
*PINUS  1NSIGNI3,  12  ins,,  23.  Gd.  ;  24in3,,55.-;  SOins.,  7s.  Gd. 
3G  to  42  ina.,  lOs.  Gd.  each. 
„      MURICATA,   9  ins.,  10s.  Gd. ;  18  ins.,  2l5. ;  24  ins., 

3ls.  Gd.  each, 
„      MONTEZUMiE,  12  to  15  ins.,  10a.  Gd.  each. 
QUERCUS  SCLEROPilYLLA,  21s.  to 426,  each. 

,,       INVERSA,  2Is.  to  42s.  each. 
ROSE,  "FORTUNE'S  YELLOW,"  dwarfs,  2s.  6d.  to  5s.  each. 
,,  ,,  ,,        standards,  5y.  to  7s.  Gd.  each. 

RHODODENDRONS.— Hardy  late  flowering  Hybrids,  varying 
in  colour  from  white  to  deep  crimson.  Dwarfs,  31s,  6d. 
to  6  guineas  per  dozen  ;  standards,  21s.  to  5  guineas 
each. 
„      COMMON  PONTICUM,  for  covers,  thrice  transplanted, 
12  to  IS  ins.  high,  very  bushy,  15s.  to  2Is.  per  100. 
SIKKIM  RHODODENDRONS.— We  believe  we  may  state,  with 
out  fear  of  contradiction,  that  we  posses?  the  largest 
plants  of  these  beautiful  Rhododendrons  iu  thetrade- 
The  heights  of  those  we  are  offering  vary  from  2  to 
9  ins.    From  the  altitude  from  whence  many  of  them 
were  obtained,  there  is  great  probability  of  their 
proving  hardy  in  this  country.     Collections  of  24 
distinct  kinds  at  3,  6,  or  9  guineas. 
SPXRiEA  CALLOSA. — An  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
It  has  large  corymbs  of  rosy  purple  blossoms,  andis  a 
handsome  addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants  ;  lOs,  Gd. 
each. 
SALISBURIA  ADIANTIFOLIA  (seedUngs),  12  ins.,  2s.   Gd. 

each. 
»TASODIUM    SEMPERYIRENS.       This    and    Cryptomeria 
japonica    are    amongst    the     most    rapid-growing 
Conifers.      In  situations    where   such  are  required 
they  cannot  be  surpassed.    IS  ins,  to  5  feet,  Is.  Gd. 
to  10s,  Gd.  each. 
TAXUS  DOVASTUNII,  standards,  3  to  4  ft.,  75.  Gd.  to  10s.  Gd. 
each. 
,,      ADPRESSA,  12  ins,,  25, ;  24  ins*,  Ss,  ;  36  ms,,  10s.  Gd. 

each, 
,,      EACCATA     (yellow-berried    var.),     12    ins.,     2s.    Gd.  ; 

24  ins.,  5s. ;  36  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  each, 
,,        ,,  (golden-leaved  var  )  12  ins,.  Is. 6d  ;  18  ins.,  2s.  Gd.each. 
VIBURNUM  PLICATUM,  10s,  Gd.  to  21s-.  each. 
*WEIGELA  ROSEA.— This  beautiful  flowering  shrub  should  be 
grown  by  every  one.    It  forms  a  handsome  object 
in  the  open  borders  in  RJay.     It  also  forces  well. 
The  plants  here  offered   are  as  wide  as  high,  and 
will  flower  abundantly  in  the  spring,     18  iDS.,  2s,  ; 
24  ins.,  2s.  6d.  ;  30  Ins.,  3s.  Gd.  ;  3C  ins.,  5fi.  each. 
A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Hardy  Ornamental  Trees  and 
Shrubs  ;  to  which  is  prehxtd  a  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of 
American  Plants,  may  be  had  free,  by  enclosing  sis.  stamps  for 
postage. 


10— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


147 


S  E  A  K  A  L  E. 
TJUGH  LOW  AND  CO.  have  to  offer  a  quantity  of  fine 
-^1       Roots  of  the  above,  at  from  5s.  to  7s,  iJd.  per  100. 

Clapton  Nursery,  Miiruh  6.  

HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  <bc.,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  ou  application,  euclosinR 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hosea  Wateheb,  Kaap  Hill 
Nursery,  Woking-,  Surrey. 

EORGE     BAKER'S     DESCRIPTIVE      CATA- 

LOQUE  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFRRJE, 
ROSES,  ORNAilENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &c.,  may  be  bad  on  application,  by  eaclosinj;  two 
postage  stamps. — Wlndleaham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


A    COMPLETE   ARBORETUM. 

CLODDIGES  AM)  SONS  beg  to  state  tliat  tliey 
•  are  njw  supplying  the  above,  comprising;  upwards  of 
1200  species  of  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  correctly  named,  for 
501.,  cash  on  delivery  ;  and  as  their  collection  of  hardy  plants 
"Will  have  to  be  dispersed  this  season,  in  cousequence  of  the 
land  being  let  for  building,  they  most  respectfully  suggest  that 
all  persons  contumplating  the  formation  of  a  COMPLETE 
ARBORETUil  should  make  early  application,  as  the  stock  of 
■some  speciesis  very  limited. — Hackney,  March  6. 

~  ~FRU  IT     TREES,     ETC. 

HBIGLAND  AND  Co.,  Nurservmen  and   Seeds- 
•  HEN,    Manchester,   beg  to  offer    APPLE   and    PEAR 
TREES,  &c.,  at  the  folio -viog  vei-y  low  prices  :  — 

Standard  Apple  Trees  93.  per  dozen. 

Do.         Pear  Trees  .,.        ...  125.        „ 

Trained  do.         for  w^ls      ...  30s.        ,, 

H,  B.  and  Co.  beg  also  to  call  attention  to  tbeir  complete 
Collections  of  \T;GETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  to  suit 
any  sized  Gaidens,  which  they  keep  ready  put  up,  for  parti- 
■culars  of  which  see  their  printed  Catologue,  which  may  be  had 
on  application. 

N.B.  Carriage  paid  on  all  orders  of  21.  and  upwards. 


FIRST  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
DAHLIAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  CINERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,     PICOTEES,    AND     CARNATIONS. 

GEORGE  SMITH'S  SELECT  CATALOGUE  is 
now  ready,  containing  Priced  Lists  of  all  the  leading 
kinds  of  both  Show  and  Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 
classes. 

6.  S.'s  Seedling  VerbenaB,  Fuchsias.  &o.,  are  of  great,  merit, 
having  takd  numerous  First-claes  Certificates,  and  having 
been  highly  recommended  by  the  Press.  For  description  see 
Catalogues,  which  will  be  forwarded  ou  the  receipt  of  one 
postage  stamp. 

N.B.  Taylor's  excellent  '•  Treatise,  on  the  Chrysanthemum," 
Is. ;  free  by  post,  Is.  2d. 

Toliington  Nursery, Homsey-road,  Islington,  London. 


DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  45. 
per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above>named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selected  Bulba  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment, at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Printed  regulations  for  treatment  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open.  Parmasan  Cheeses. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Roses,  Conifers,  -fee,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
■enclosing  tvro  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described ;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 


DWARF     TRAINED      TREES     of     PEACHES, 
MOOR  PARK  APRICOTS,  and  GREENGAGE  PLUMS, 
oOO  handsome  plants  of  each  sort  to  spare. 

BEKBEKIS     AQUIFOLIUM    and    BERBERIS    DULCIS, 
200,000  plants  to  spare. 

PRINCE  ALBERT  RHUBARB.  !503.  per  100  ;  1000  for  15!. 
Pifty  superb  varieties  of  HOLLYHOCKS  for  423. 
ETERGREEN  PRIVET,  100,000  to  spare. 
^^^^      Jeteb  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Northampton. 


ORNAMENTAL     PLANTtNG. 

CLODDIGES  AND  SONS  most  respectfully  call 
•  the  attention  of  Nublemen,  Gentlemen,  and  Public  Com- 
panies, engaged  tn  Ornameatal  Planting,  to  the  undermentioned 
List  of  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  are  enabled  to 
offer  at  an  extraordinary  reduction  in  price  (for  cash  only), 
the  land  upon  which  their  arboretum  is  planted  being  required 
for  buildidg. 

Fine  trees,  from  4  to  10  feet  high,  of  the  following  genera, 
comprising  a  great  number  of  species  :  Acer,  Jilsculus,  Alims, 
Amygdalus,  tietula,  Cornus,   Corylus,  Cotoneaster,  Cratsegus, 
■Cytisii,  Fraxinus,  Mespilus,  Popnius,  Prunus,   Pyrus,   Ilibes, 
Robinia,  Salix,  Surbui,  Spiraea,   Tilia,  Ulmus,  ia.   per  dozen, 
named,  or  a  selection  from  the  above,  2b9.  per  100,  unnamed, 
and  highly  recommended  for  rough  planting. 
American  Oaks  in  great  variety,  ZOs.  ptr  dozen. 
AMERICAN     PLANTS. 
Azalea prmtica,  fine  bu^by  plants  wtll  bet  ivith  bloom,  IQj.p,  doz. 

,,      Ghent  and  other  varieties  named,  18s.  per  doz. 
Ithododtndron  pontlcura  and  varieties  (very  fine),  lOtf,  per  doz. 
„       oanjpaiiulatum.  2  to  4=  ft,  diameter,   I'ls.  ^id.  to  i'}s.  each. 
AndromednB  in  collections,  l^a.  per  doz.  ;  Vacciaiums  ditto, 
12$.  per  doz. 

N.B.  Paoktag  wHl  be  charged  as  low  as  possible.  Post-ofHce 
orden  mude  payable  at  Hackney. — Hackney,  March  6. 

DWARF     PEAS^ 

HAIRS'S     DWARF      MAMMOTH     KNIGHT'S, 
ncknowlcdtr*'!  tbo  best  out,  23.  f,U.  per  quart. 
BT<*nOP'a  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  (ioart. 
BCRBIDGB'H  ECLIPSE.  U.  per  <juart. 

The  above  Peas  have  been  wjst  oxtODslvely  grown  in  the 
X>Hiioipal  horticnltural  tsiabllahmcntH  in  (ho  kingdom,  and 
proQounccd  hupurlur  in  every  respect  to  tbe  tull  growing 
'/ariertes. 

FLOWER   SEEDS. 
ESCHSCnOLTZIA   CAUFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

very  (rocJ,  *>/.  per  packet, 
TPOMCEA  BCUIUDGII.spIcndidhardycrotper.C/i. 'per  packet. 
HAPOSARIA  CALABUICA,  var.  MULTI/lOUA,  one  of  the 

best  hcihW:)^  plunks  our,  c,,i,  per  packet. 
TU0PA;0LI,;1  UOCCINKIjM.  baudiomc.  W.  per  packet. 
EUCilNIDEA  BAUTON'XOiDES,  splendid  yellow,  haif-hordy, 

C4.  per  packet, 
OAUllA    LI:<DHEIMANII,    fine  hcrbatuioua  plaut,  GU,  per 

pBcUct. 

DcHCiK  IlAias  offers  to  the  Kardeniaf;  world  the  above 
imaiU  selection,  at  bidtii(  deiiervcdiy  wt^rthy  of  uiiiv«rflal  utton- 
tlon.  Cat<i]>.gueA  of  Garden,  AjfrlouUurul,  and  I'lower  HcuUs 
forwarded  on  appHcatioa, 

Sckdimaii  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Kctall,  lOD,  tit. 
Martin's  taue,  London, 


SANGSTER'S    NEW    EARLY    NO.  1  PEA. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.,  ia  submittiug  the 
above  valuable  PEA  to  the  public,  can  recommend  it 
with  tlie  greatcht  conlidoiice,  as  the  largest  podded  and  best 
Early  Pea  known,  and  of  first-rate  quality;  height,  2  feet. 
Price  2s.  Gd.  per  quart. 

York  Regent  Potatoes,  from  prepared  cuttings,  Gs.  per  bush. 
Cambridge  Radical,  Gs.  do.  A  firat-rato  second  early,  Qs.  do. 
American  Native,  6s.  do.  White  Blossom  Kidney,  Gs.  do. 
Brighton  Pink  Kidney,  Gs,  do. 

Pop  Testimonials,  see  Qardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov.  8,  p.  705, 
Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Post- 
oflice  to    Hay,  Sangstek,    and    Co.,  Nursery  and    Seedsmen, 
Newingtcn  Butts,  London.    One-bushel  bampers  and  booking, 
la.  >id.  ;  twn-busbel.  23.  Gd.     Sacks,  23.  Gd.  each. 


CARNATIONS,  PICOTEES,  PINKS,  AND  PANSIES- 
JOHN  HOLLAND,  Bradshaw  Gardens,  Middleton* 
*J  near  Manchester,  having  a  very  large  coUeciion  of  the 
above  beautiful  Flowers,  offers  them  at  the  following  low 
prices,  package,  &c.,  included: 

■25  pairs  of  Show  Carnations,  in  25  different  varieties  .£100 
25  pairs  of  Show  Picotees,  iu  25  different  varieties    ...10    0 

'_'5  paira  of  Pinks         0     8     0 

25  Show  Pansies,  in  25  different  varieties  0  10     0 

Auriculas,  Alpines,  Polyanthuses,  &c. 
Catalogues  on  application.    Post-office   Orders  to  be  made 
payable  at  Middleton,  Lancashire. 


QCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
O  EMPEROR  STOCK,  a  perennial  species,  and  hardy, 
1400  seeds,  Is. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persona  who  saw  them  to 
bathe  finest  tbey  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former  and 
50O  of  the  latter,  Is.  each -paper. 

MYOSOTIS  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  very  beautiful  ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALENDRINIA  UMBELLATA,  one  of  rhe  neatest  growing 
*ad  most  brilliant  flowering  ot  all  bedding  plants ;  1500  seeds,  Is. 

SWEET  WILLIAM,  iu  100  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds,  Is. 

Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps, 

Jeies  and  Co.,  Nursenee,  Northampton. 


C  AMUEL    FINNEY    and    Co.    beg   respectfully  to 

^  in'orm  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  new 
PRICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  1852  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postage  free,  on  application.  It  contains  a  list  of 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
together  with  a  very  choice  selection  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  which  are  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  of 
sowing,  and  whether  hardy,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  informa- 
tion. The  Collections  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplitd  in  former 
years,  having  given  such  general  satisfaction,  they  are  again 
induced  to  offer  them  as  under  : — 
No.  1.  A  complete  collection  of  Vegetable  Seeds  for  £  s.  d. 
one  year's  supply  of  a  large  garden  ...2    5    0 

No.  2.  Do.  do.        in  smaller  quantities        ...  1  10    0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1    1    0 

No.  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  0  12     6 

The  kinds  and  quantities  contained  in  each  Collection  are 
stated  in  the  Catalogue. 
Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  ou  the  following  Railways  :— 
Newcastle,  York,  and  Berwick  ;  North  Briiisia,  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  ;  York  and  Scarborough,  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 
Lancaster  and  Liverpool. — Gateshead  Nursery,  March  6. 


FINE      DOUBLE      TUBEROSES, 

4s,  per  dozen,  just  imported  by 

PAGE  AND  Co.,  Seed  Merchants  to  the  Agricul- 
TUEAL  AND    IIoailCDLTDHAL  SOCIETIES  OF  InDIA,  &C.  &.C., 

Southampton.     Priced   Lists  may  be  had  up^n  application, 

containing  only  selected  and  approved  varieties, 

PAGE'S  BLOOD  RED  BEET,  the  finest  crimson  and  s.   d. 

best  sort  in  cultivation,  per  packet  ...         1     0 

NEW  ROYAL  CABBAGE  LETTUCE,  per  packet        ...     1     0 
PAGE'S     NEW      HARDY      WINTER      WHITE     CCS 

LETTUCE,  per  pflcket  2     6 

RANDOLPH'S  GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE  (very  supe- 
rior), per  packet  1     0 

SILVER  PICKLING  ONION  OF  NOCERA,  per  packet    1    0 
NEW  EARLY  RICH  SCARLET  FORCING   CARROT, 

per  packet  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     1     0 

NEW  RED  BELGIAN  CARROT,  per  packet      0     6 

BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  warranted  true  imported,  and 

very  fine,  per  packet 1     0 

Testimonials  are  unnecessary,  as  we  rely  upon  our  reputa- 
tion.—Gardeners  and  Land  Stewards'  Registry  Offices,  37  and 
38,  Oxford-sireet,  Southampton. 


EPPS*  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 
SEEDS. —  No.  1,   containing    21    quarts  of  the  £  s.  d. 

newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers       ...  2  10    0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quantities 1  10    0 

No.  3,  ditto  ditto  1    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12     6 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  &c.,  &o. 

The  highest  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.     Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

W.  J.  Epps  bcija  to  remark,  that  in  consequence  of  his  being' 
one  of  the  largest  Seed  Growers  in  the  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  satisfactovy. 

Higb-fitreet  and  Bower  Nurserle-i,  Maidstone.— March  6. 


FLOWER  SEEDS  SENT  FREE  BY  POST. 

ROBERT  WESTMACOTT  begs  to  iuform  his 
Friends  that  hei  baa  eolected  with  great  care  his  Stock 
of  FLOWER  AND  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  for  the  present 
season,  including  every  variety  worthy  of  cultivation.  His 
GERMAN  SEEDS  are  imported  from  the  best  foreign  house, 
and  are  an  good  as  can  be  procured.  They  consist  of  Stocks, 
Asters,  Larknpurs,  Balsams,  Uollybocks,  double  Wallflowers, 
Dianthufl,  Poppies,  Zinnias.  &.c.  His  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUE  may  be  hud  on  application. 
COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  MOST  SHOWY  FLOWER  SEEDS 
FOR  LARGE  OR   SMALL  GARDENS. 

One  largo  packet  of  each.— fl.  rf. 
50  woU-assortod  Annuals,  Biennials,  and  Pe-reunliils  ...  10  0 
25  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...    6    C 

12  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     3     0 

The  above  Flower  Seeds  may  bo  had  in  smaller  packets  at 
half  the  price.  — Stuart's  Grove  Nursory.  Fulham  Road,  Cholnea, 


CUCUMBERS     AND     POTATOES. 

JAMES  LAKE,  Nurservman,  &c.,  Bridgcwater, 
HoimrMut,  U-ks  to  <pflVr  to  tho  public  bin  Soodllng  FIFTV- 
FOLU  KIDNEY  l/OTATO,  six  tubcrw  of  whirli  were  Hent  to 
Or.  Llndioy  (April  •^'.t,  I8&0J,  and  produced  :>I2  ;  quality  very 
Kood.  Many  olliur  ruforuucus  shico  ibun  can  be  given.— Price 
y*.  «(/.  per  peek,  or  «a.  ptr  bu"bel.— J.  L.  having  grown  from 
15  tr»*.i01lghtrt.>f  AUAN'S  "CON(iUEllOU  OF  'I'UE  WEST" 
CUCUMIiEItsucccHsfuUy  for  fuur  yuarH,  can  with  conlidcncc 
rorominend  It  as  one  of  thobust  hinil-*  in  culilvaliori.— PackotB, 
coiituiniN«  15  Boofis,  U,  each.  The  Trade  suppUcd.  London 
Agontn,  IIuusx  and  M'Mull&n,  0,  Lcadunhall-otreut. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,    SUFFOLK. 
OASS    AND    BROWN'S    ANNUAL    SEED    AND 

L*  PLANT  LIST  FOli  1852.  A  few  more  newspaper- 
stamped  copies  can  be  supplied;  also  siamptd  opies  of  the 
Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  tho  Rosea,  lIert>aceous 
Hardy  Plants,  a  few  select  aud  new  Shrubs,  Hardy  Climbers, 
Prize  Gooseberries,  &,c. 

ASSORTMENTS  OF  VEGETABLE  SEEDS. 

For   more  detailed   statement,    see  Gardeners' Chronicle  Of 

Jan.  3l3t,  and  Feb.  7th  aud  21st. 

No.  1  Collection ...  £2  y.)    q 

No.  2     do.         ;;;  i  lo  o 

No,  3        do.  10    0 

No.  4        do.  "    0  10    0 

FLOWER   SEEDS    FREE    BY    POST. 

Uoeful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  seeds 

Ecnt    with    each   order. 

Best  Assoetments. 

100  varieties  of  best  and  newest  Annuals  ^o  15     0 

60  varieties,  8s,  Gd.  ;  20  varieties,  Gs.  Gd.;  20  varieties     0    4     0 
20    varieties  of  best  Dvarf  Annuals,  large  packets, 

for  filling  out  lawn  beds,  &.C 0    7    G 

12  varieties,  do 0    5    0 

20  varieties  choice  aud  new  Greenhouse  Annuals    ...0    7    6 
12  varieties,  do.         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     0     5     0 

20  varieties  of  choiceandnew  Greenhouse  Perennials    0  10    G 

12  varieties,  do 0     7     G 

20  varieties  choice  and  ccvv  Biennials  and  Perennials    0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 0    5    0 

CHOICE  IMPORTED  GERMAN  SEEDS. 
A    superb  collection  of    Stocks,    Asters;,    Waliflouer,    Lark- 
spur, Balianis,  Sentcio,  Zinnia,  Cockscomb,  Indian  Pink,  Jjc. 
See  Catalogue,  page  4. 

GRASS  SEEDS, 
Assorted  and  mixed,  of  the  very  best  sorts,  for  the  purposes 
required. 

Mixtures  for  permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawns,  Bowling-greens,  djc. ;  also  MLttures 
to  suit  all  soils  and  situations. 

For  Priced  List  of  Grasses,  see  our  Seed  and  Plant  List, 
page  14,  by  which  each  sort  may  be  had  stparalely. 
TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE-GRASS,  ENGLISH  and  IMPORTED. 
^'  Our  Mixtures  of  Grasses  have  given  the  highest  satis- 
faction. 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.  Post- 
office  orilers  to  be  .made  payable  to  Bass  and  BauwN,  or  to 
Stephen  Brown.  Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich, 
Norwicli,  or  any  station  on  the  same  line. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF   A  CEMTURY. 


TRUE   BLUE   ORKNEY    KIDNEY    POTATOES, 
Direct  yrom  Osknet,  mat  be  had  fwom 

WILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Seedsman,    &c.,    156, 
Cheapside,  London,  price  2s.  Gd.   per  peck  ;  they  are  a 
most  excellent  Potato,  and  well  adapted   for  any  soil.     Ash- 
leaf  Kidney  aud  Flourball  Potatoes,  23.  Gd.  per  peck. 

W.  II,  beffs  to  inform  those  who  may  favour  him  with  their 

orders  for  KITCHEN   GARDEN  SEEDS,  that  ho  will  ensure 

their  being  supplied  of  the  best  quality. 

A  Descnptice  Catalogue  with  prices  rttuy  he  had  oa  application. 

The  following  Flower  Seeds,  done  up  in  packages   so  as  to 

be  easily   trausmitted   by  post,    are    strongly    recommended, 

having  for  several  yearij  given  universal  satisfaction  : —      s,   d. 

2&  vars.  SUPERIOR  HAiMBRO'    10-WEEK   STOCKS    10     6 

7'he  same  in  smaller  packets  ...         ...         ...       5     6 

12      ,,      SUPERIOIt    HAMBRO'    lU-WEEK    STOCKS      3     C 

24      „      EXTRA  FINE  GERMAN  ASTERS     5     6 

12      ,,  do.  do.  do.  3     G 

12      ,,      SPLENDID  ZINNIAS        2     6 

12      „      SUPERIOR  DOUBLE  ROCKET  LARKSPUR       2     9 
G      ,,      VERY  CHOICE  MOTTLED  BALSAMS        ...       2     ti 


10  6 

5  6 

2  & 

7  0 


60  vars,  well-assorted  Hardy  Annuals 
25      „  do.  do. 

12  ,,  Beautiful  Hardy  Annuals  ,.. 
25  „  I'erennials  (many  choice)  ... 
12      ,,  do.  do. 

The  above  Annuals  are  done  up  in 
the  proper  mode  of  culture. 

Herbaceous  and  Bedding  Plants,  Shading  Canvass,  &c.  &c. 
Address,  William  Hauilton,  Seedsman,  &c.,  15G,  Cheap- 
side,  London. 


iscriptive  labels,  giving 


SATURDAY,  MAROS  6,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

(Medical  (AnoiverBaiy) 5  p.j 

MoMDAT,       Mardi     S^  British  Architects   8  f.t 

(  Geoifrftpliical Sir.i 

Syro  Eiryplian  74P.1 

Civil  Enjjineers     a  p.i 

Ueilical  BDtl  CbirurKlcal S^p.i 

Zoological 9  f-i 

, Literary  Fund  {inElver8ary)....2  p.n 
London  Institution     7  P- 


WBOnESoAT, 


Satusdat,        — 


Society  ol  Arts 


S  p.i 


1"<  Graphic 

Piiarmaceutical    8iP.t 

^GfiOlOKlCHl StP.i 

r  Koyal  Sue. of  Literature 4  e.i 

11<  AntlQuariftn    S  p.i 

(Royal 8)p.l 

. ,  r  Astrononiical    8  p.i 

'- 1  Royal  Institution 8iP.i 

...  I  Royal  Botanic 3lP.i 

I-'lUcOlcal    8  P.I 


On  the  4th  of  last  November  the  thermometer  fell 
to  22"  near  London,  with  little  or  no  notice.  Snow 
covered  the  midland  counties,  and  even  reached  the 
.straits  of  Calais  in  the  form  of  sharp  sleet ;  yet  gar- 
dens sustained  no  damage.  Ten  degrees  ot  frost  by 
Fahrenheit's  thermometer  failed  to  produce  any 
sensible  injury  ;  or,  if  the  cold  left  traces  behind,  it 
was  upon  tlie  young  leaves  of  such  hardy  shrubs  as 
the  Pontic  Khododendron.  Chinese  plants,  Austra- 
lasian plants,  Chilian  and  Patagonian  plants,  expe- 
rienced no  more  inconvenience  than  those  of  central 
liurope  ;  and  yet  we  have  seen  the  same  amount  of 
cold  lay  a  garden  as  utterly  waste  as  if  a  firebrand 
had  passed  over  it. 

The  reason  of  this  was,  we  apprehend,  two-fold. 
For  some  time  liefore  tho  4th  of  November,  scarcely 
any  rain  had  fallen,  and  the  whole  season  had 
been  singularly  dry.  The  temperature  too  had  been 
very  low,  varying  between  40"  and  55°,  with  only 
an  occasional  rise  to  00°  by  day,  and  generally 
ranging  from  28"  to  30"  by  niglit.      Under  these 


148 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


flVlARCH    6, 


CTucamstances  the  tissues  of  plants  were  almost 
etupty  of  fluid,  and  in  a  state  approaching  that  of 
wmter  torpor  ;  two  conditions  calculated  beyond  all 
others  to  enable  vegetation  to  resist  cold.  But  this 
was  not  all.  If,  as  often  happens,  the  night's  hard 
frost  had  been  succeeded  by  a  rapid  rise  of  tempera- 
tare  under  a  bright  sun,  it  is  probable  that  the 
dis-istrous  effects  of  an  early  and  excessive  fall  of 
autumnal  temperature  would  have  been  experienced. 
But  for  10  days  after  November  4th,  the  tempera- 
ture did  not  rise  by  day  higher  than  from  45°  to  47°, 
and  the  constitution  of  the  frozen  plants  was  thus 
subjected  to  no  violent  reaction. 

If  those  who  have  greenhouses  to  manage  will 
rightly  apply  this  fact  it  will  teach  them  a  valu- 
able lesson.  It  ought  to  show  them  how  un- 
important it  is  to  plants  skilfully  managed, 
whether  "  frost  gets  at  them"  or  not,  and  what  a 
serious  error  they  commit,  when,  for  the  sake  of  pre- 
serving their  plants  alive,  they  keep  up  incessant 
fires  by  night.  It  is  in  this  way  that  they 
rain  their  specimens,  forcing  them  into  a  spindling 
growth,  and  rendering  fine  and  abundant  bloom 
impossible.  The  business  of  a  good  gardener  is  not 
to  know  how  to  keep  his  greenhouse  plants  warm, 
for  any  noodle  can  do  that ;  but  how  to  enable  them 
to  bear  cold,  thus  consulting  his  master's  pocket, 
his  own  personal  convenience,  and  the  health  of  the 
plants  under  his  care.  If  anybody  doubts  the 
soundness  of  this  doctrine,  let  him  visit  the  garden 
of  the  Horticultural  Society  at  this  time,  and  there 
examine  the  state  of  the  reticulated  Camellia,  which 
has  lived  for  these  20  years  in  a  pit  with  4-inch 
walls,  where  it  is  sheltered  in  winter  from  nothing  but 
wet  and  a  bright  sun  succeeding  a  hard  frost.  No 
Laurel  bush  can  be  in  a  more  perfect  state  of  robust 
vigour. 

If,  from  the  frost  of  Nov. 4,  we  turn  our  attention  to 
the  present  spring,  and  observe  the  way  in  which 
fender  plants  have  endured  it,  we  shall  find  that 
facts  all  lead  to  the  same  conclusion,  as  that  which 
the  foregoing  observations  are  intended  to  support. 
In  all  directions,  we  find  so-called  tender  bushes, 
living  without  a  symptom  of  having  been  exposed  to 
cold.  Camellias,  and  the  evergreen  Beech  of  New 
Holland,  as  green  as  they  were  last  August ;  New 
Holland  Acacias  flowering  even  at  Enfield  ;  Fuchsias 
with  their  latest  wood  scarcely  injured  ;  little  Chilian 
shrubs  disregarding  all  our  cold.  And  yet,  in  this 
month  of  March,  in  the  environs  of  London,  the 
thermometer  falls  night  by  night  to  18"^,  17°,  16^, 
and  even  some  degrees  lower,  if  the  real  amount  of 
cold  is  taken  in  the  absence  of  radiant  heat.  But 
we  are  dry ;  no  rain  falls ;  the  wind  is  easterly, 
and  the  temperature  is  so  uniformly  low,  that 
BO  tender  plants  as  yet  show  a  sign  of  vegeta- 
tion in  the  open  air.  It  is  evident  then  that  the 
experience  of  the  spring  points  in  the  same 
direction  as  that  of  last  autumn ;  namely,  to  the 
small  efi^ect  of  English  cold  upon  exotic  plants,  pro- 
vided they  are  dry,  torpid,  and  well  sheltered — not, 
as  is  generally  thought  necessary,  from  the  north 
wind,  and  cold,  but  from  sun  and  warmth. 

These  considerations  lead  to  questions  of  the 
highest  interest  to  gardens,  irrespective  of  their 
obvious  connection  with  greenhouse  management ; 
and  we  shall  endeavour  to  find  an  early  oppor- 
tunity of  explaining  what  those  questions  are. 

Since  these  remarks  were  in  type,  the  radiating 
thermometer  has  fallen  (March  5),  to  8".  We 
shall  next  week  report  the  result. 


hig^h  chalk  rock,  is  a  remarkably  fine  object ;  and  Nature 
and  Art  are  so  blended  as  to  leave  no  room  for  criticism. 
There  is  a  railroad  to  the  foot  of  the  castle.  In  the 
garden  the  useful  and  agreeable  are  found  intermingled. 
The  hothouses  are  not,  however,  concealed  from  view, 
and  their  uncommoa  position  gives  them  rather  a 
pleasing  appearance.  The  enormous  chalk  rock  is 
covered  with  a  thick  turf,  constantly  moist  by  water 
which  flows  from  the  very  top,  to  which  the  visitor  is 
conducted  by  shaded  spiral  walks.  All  the  clumps 
which  bound  the  curves  in  the  walks,  or  which  form 
the  hedges,  are  of  a  single  species  ;  masses  of  Antirr- 
hinum occur  here  and  there,  and  produce  an  admirable 
contrast  with  the  surrounding  objects. 

The  forcing  and  other  hothouses  are  very  large. 
Pine  Apples  are  forced  in  considerable  quantities,  but 
their  languid  vegetation,  and  small  fruit,  showed  that 
their  cultivation  was  not  well  understood  :  the  flower 
garden  is  pretty,  but  contains  few  new  plants.  We 
were  not  a  little  surprised  to  find  the  gardener  dressed 
in  short  breeches,  white  stockings  ;  a  waistcoat  of  the 
time  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  shoes  with  enormous  buckles. 
Masson's  Report. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS, 
GoTHA. — It  is  some  time  now  since  this' town  first 
became  celebrated  for  its  fine  Orange  trees,  and  we  were 
therefore  very  sorry  not  to  be  able  to  examine  the 
gardea  in  detail.  AH  we  can  say  is,  that  of  all  the 
German  gardens  we  have  seen  that  of  Gotha  is  most 
remarkable  for  its  rich  and  well  arranged  collections  ; 
the  Orange  trees  are  by  no  means  inferior  to  those  in 
the  public  parks  of  France. 

Leipsig  Botanic  Garden  is  to  the  right  of  the  town, 
of  a  tolerable  size,  and  under  the  directions  of 
M.  Plachnik.  The  school  of  botany  occupies  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  garden,  and  is  as  complete  as 
usual.  Economical  plants  are  on  the  side  neai'est  the 
Elster,  and  its  waters,  which  often  overflow,  give  them 
a  remarkable  growth.  On  the  opposite  side  are  some 
rare  trees  and  bushes.  There  are  two  houses,  one 
heated,  the  other  not.  In  the  first  there  is  a  collection 
of  scarce  and  remarkably  well  grown  Ferns,  and  some 
Orange  trees  ;  in  the  second  there  is  nothing  worth 
mentioning. 

The  soil  of  Leipsig  is  very  fertile,  and  the  town  is 
surrounded  by  pleasure  gardens.  Fruit  trees  abound 
and  bear  well  ;  vegetables  are  plentiful,  and  of  the  best 
quaUty.  Although  when  there  the  season  was  not  far  ad- 
vanced, we  saw  Cherries,  Plums,  Gooseberries,  Peaches, 
and  particularly  Apricots.  Another  thing  worthy  of 
note  at  Leipsig  is  the  great  number  of  public  walks 
which  surround  the  town^  they  are  more  like  Eughsh 
gardens  than  promenades. 

Attenboui^g.— The  castle  of  Attenbourg,  placed  on  a 


CULTURE  OF  THE  CAMELLIA. 

Of  all  the  plants  to  be  found  in  British  gardens,  this 
is  perhaps  the  most  universally  esteemed  ;  and,  if  its 
glorious,  Eose-like  flowers  of  many  colours— its  finely- 
shaped,  coriaceous,  dark  green  leaves— and  the  season 
at  which  it  produces  its  blossoms  are  considered,  it 
would  probably  be  difficult  to  name  a  plant  more  de- 
serving of  favour.  It  is  about  as  hardy,  and  as  easily 
cultivated  as  the  common  Laurestinus,  and  if  once  fairly 
established  in  a  situation  out  of  doors,  not  exposed  to 
the  mid-day  sun,  it  will  withstand  the  severity  of  our 
modern  winters  without  the  slightest  protection.  I 
cannot  assert,  however,  that  it  will  flower  as  well  in 
such  a  situation,  as  it  does  when  treated  as  a  green- 
house plant ;  nevertheless,  I  can  safely  state,  that,  as  a 
hardy  evergreen  shrub,  it  is  deserving  of  more  attention 
than  has  hitherto  been  bestowed  upon  it.  Whatever  its 
value  for  out-of-door  purposes  may  be,  however,  at  pre- 
sent it  is  most  esteemed  for  the  decoration  of  our  plant- 
houses  during  the  dull  and  cheerless  months  of  winter, 
and  I  will  confine  the  following  remarks  to  its  proper 
culture  for  this  purpose. 

The  Camellia  may  be  propagated  by  cuttings,  but  the 
usual  nursery  practice  is  to  graft  or  inarch  on  stocks  of 
the  siugle  red  and  Middlemiss  red  varieties.  Cuttings 
of  these  root  freely,  provided  they  are  taken  off  in  a 
properly  ripened  state.  After  being  prepared,  and 
potted  in  very  sandy  soil  and  watered,  they  should  be 
placed  in  a  cold  frame  till  cicatrized,  and  then  introduced 
into  gentle  bottom  heat,  where  they  will  soon  form 
roots  ;  they  may  be  potted  singly  in  small  pots  early  in 
spring,  or  as  soon  as  they  are  rooted,  and  kept  close  and 
warns  until  they  have  completed  their  growth,  when 
they  should  be  gradually  hardened  off.  The  best  plants 
will  be  ready  to  be  used  for  stocks  at  the  proper  season, 
but  the  smaller  ones  will  require  another  year's  growth. 
Grafting  is  generally  performed  in  autumn,  and  the 
plants  should  be  kept  in  a  close  house  or  pit,  until  a 
union  is  effected.  The  best  time  for  inarching  is  just 
before  the  plants  begin  to  grow.  Although  the  above  is 
the  common  practice  as  regards  propagating  the 
Camellia,  those  who  prefer  saving  the  trouble  of  grafting 
or  inarching,  &c.,  may  do  so  by  striking  cuttings  of  the 
variety  which  they  desire  to  increase,  until  experience 
has  furnished  the  nice  judgment  requi:ite  in  selecting 
cuttings  in  a  proper  state  as  to  ripeness,  there  will 
doubtless  be  many  failures,  but  once  overcome  this 
difficulty,  which  must  be  done  to  ensure  success  with 
stocks,  and  it  will  be  found  that  one  variety  of  the 
Camellia  may  be  struck  almost  as  easily  and  certainly 
as  another. 

A  soil  consisting  of  about  equal  parts  light  turfy  loam 
and  fibiy  peat,  broken  up  by  the  hand  into  pieces  about 
the  size  of  a  Hazel  nut,  and  liberally  mixed  with  broken 
bones,  lumps  of  charcoal,  and  sharp  sand,  Avill  be  found 
to  suit  all  the  purposes  of  cultivation  perfectly.  Where 
peat  is  difficult  to  obtain,  a  small  quantity  of  leaf  soil 
may  be  substituted  for  it.  The  plants  will  grow  in  any 
light  soil  ;  but  when  placed  in  peaty  material  the  foliage 
is  darker  and  more  luxuriant  than  when  loam  only  is 
used.  In  potting,  care  must  be  observed  to  secure 
perfect  drainage,  as  stagnant  water  about  the  roots  is 
very  injurious.  It  will  be  found  good  practice  to  select 
some  of  the  most  fibry  pieces  of  the  peat,  and  to  cover 
the  draining  materials  with  them  ;  this,  mixed  with 
small  pieces  of  bone  or  charcoal,  is  more  congenial  to  the 
roots  than  moss,  and  they  also  last  longer.  The  proper 
time  for  potting  is,  in  my  opinion,  when  the  plants  are 
about  to  start  into  growth  ;  but  some  successful  growers 
prefer  potting  after  they  have  made  their  wood.  Water 
must  be  carefully  supplied  after  shifting,  until  the  roots 
get  hold  of  the  fresh  soil.  In  potting  hard-wooded  plants 
generally,  I  raise  the  fresh  soil  a  little  higher  than  the 
old  ball,  by  placing  a  rim  of  turfy  pieces  sufficiently 
above  it  to  prevent  the  water  from  escaping  at  the  sides  ; 
this  prevents  the  fresh  soil  from  becoming  sodden,  and 
causes  most  of  the  water  to  pass  through  the  ball  where 
the  roots  are. 

Any  person  possessing  a  sufficient  stock  of  plants,  and 
the  necessary  accommodation,  may  have  a  supply  of 
Camellia  blossoms  from  August  to  May.  To  secure 
this  it  will  be  necessary  to  place  a  portion  of  the  plants 
in  a  growing  temperature  of  60**  or  65**  in  January  or 
early  in  February,  and  others  at  intervals  of  a  month 
or  six  weeks,  leaving  the  latest  portion  to  make  their 


wood  and  set  their  flower-buds  in  a  cool  house  ;  it  may, 
however,  be  necessary  to  remove  the  late  plants  to  a 
higher  temperatm*e  to  induce  them  to  form  flower-buds  ; 
but  except  in  the  case  of  very  vigorous  young  plants 
this  will  hai'dly  be  required.  Tlie  Camellia  is  some- 
what easily  injured  by  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun 
while  in  a  growing  state  ;  it  enjoys  a  shady  situation, 
under  Vines.  The  plants  should  be  freely  supplied  with 
weak  manure  water  at  all  seasons,  and  especially  while 
growing,  and  tliey  will  be  benefited  by  frequent  syring- 
ings.  As  soon  as  they  have  made  their  wood  and 
formed  their  flower-buds,  they  must  be  removed  to  a 
cooler  situation,  and,  as  soon  as  the  weather  will  permit, 
may  be  placed  in  a  sheltered,  shady  place  out  of  doors. 
The  plants  which  were  placed  in  heat  in  January  or 
Februaiy  will  probably  be  in  flower  in  August  ;  but,  if 
not,  they  may  be  removed  to  a  warmer  atmosphere,  to 
encourage  them  to  develope  their  buds. 

When  they  have  done  flowering,  they  should  be 
allowed  a  season  of  comparative  rest,  and  must  not  be 
overwatered,  nor  excited  by  a  high  temperature  ;  from 
35"  to  45^  will  be  sufficient  at  that  time.  They  should 
also  receive  a  thorough  cleaning,  which  I  generally 
efFect  by  means  of  a  liberal  syringing  with  water,  at  a 
temperature  of  160° ;  but  if  they  are  infested  with  scale, 
or  thrips,  it  will  be  advisable  to  remove  these  pests  by 
means  of  a  dry  brush  previous  to  syringing.  It  is  also 
of  importance  to  select  for  early  growth  such  plants  as 
have  their  wood  buds  in  a  forward  state  ;  and  unless 
this  is  attended  to  the  plants  will  have  a  tendency  to 
become  naked,  as  unless  the  buds  are  in  such  a  state 
when  placed  in  heat,  those  on  the  points  of  the  shoots 
only  will  start  into  growth. 

I  do  not  believe  that  the  Camellia,  if  treated  as  I  have 
directed,  will  get  into  ill  health  ;  but  for  the  sake  of 
those  whose  plants  may  have  acquired  that  condition,  I 
will  state  that  sickly  plants  had  better  be  turned  out  of 
their  pots,  all  sour  soil  removed,  and  then  repotted  in 
the  smaller  pots  which  will  receive  the  ball,  using  sandy 
soil  ;  they  should  also  be  cut  back,  and  as  soon  as  con- 
venientplace  them  in  a  gentle  bottom  heat,  and  keep  them 
close  and  moist,  but  water  very  carefully  until  the  roots 
have  become  established.  When  they  have  done  growing,, 
gradually  harden  them  off,  and  remove  the  flower-buds. 
The  plants  will  probably  be  in  a  fit  state  for  a  moderate 
shift  at  the  beginning  of  next  year,  but  they  must  not 
be  allowed  to  bear  more  than  one  flower  to  a  shoot 
this  season.  Indeed,  I  suspect  that  sickness  is  fre- 
quently induced  by  allowing  the  plants  to  carry  more 
flowers  than  they  can  support  ;  two  upon  a  shoot 
are  as  many  as  ought  to  be  permitted  upon  healthy 
plants  ;  and,  if  they  are  weakly,  this  number  should  be, 
reduced.  Alpha. 


RATEABILITY     OF    A    NURSERYMAN'S 
STOCK     IN     TRADE. 


APPEAL. 
MESS£S.  LaNS  v.  PABIBH  of  6EBE.HAHP5TEAD. 

On  Tuesday,  2dinst.,  a  Court  of  Specidl  Session  was  held 
at  tbe  King's  Arms  Tavern,  Berkhampstead,  for  the  determi- 
nation of  appeals  for  this  district.  Sir  Astlet  Coopee,  Bart,, 
in  the  chair.  Present— T.  P.  Halsey,  Esq.,  M.P.  for  the 
county,  Smith  Dorrien,  Esq.,  Major-Gen.  Finch.  F,  J.  Moore, 
Esq,,  Rev.  Thomas  Bingham,  T.  F.  M.  Ealsey,  Esq.,  &c. 

Mr.  John  Day,  Solicitor,  supported  by  Mr.  T.  D.  PHiiie,  Sur- 
veyor, appeared  on  behalf  of  the  appellants;  Mr,  Franciif, ' 
Solicitor,  and  others,  represented  the  respondent  parish. 

Messrs.  Lane  are  extensive  nurserymen,  holding  a  very  con- 
siderabie  portion  of  land  or  nursery  grouod  within  Berkhamp- 
Btead  and  Northcburch  pirisbes,  exclusively  rppropriated  to 
horticultural  purposes  in  the  way  of  trade.  A  large  portion 
within  Berkhampstead  parish  is  covered  with  glass  or  green- 
houses,  which  are  thus  constituted  the  implements  or  u'ensils 
of  trade,  as  the  means  of  carryinii:  on  their  business.  The 
parish  officers  in  making  the  last  rate  affixed  an  additional 
value  to  these  premises  of  501.,  alleged  to  be  for  the  assess- 
m  eat  of  "  tenants' rights,"  or  "lights,"  against  which  charge 
Messrs.  Lane  instituted  this  appeal. 

Apart  from  the  trade  question  of  the  assessment  of  a  nur- 
seryman's stock  to  the  relief  of  the  poor,  in  no  other  in- 
stance  throughout  the  parish  were  the  fixtures  and 
fittings  of  trade,  boilers,  vats,  tallow  meltero'  coppers,  s'eam- 
enginep,  nor  plant  of  any  description  made  amenable  to 
the  rate  ;  therefore,  on  this  ground,  Messrs.  Lane  felt  them- 
selves justly  aggrieved,  and  gave  notice  of  their  appeal  against 
the  rate,  not  so  much  as  an  invidious  attack  upon  themselves 
as  that  iu  this  respect  the  rate  was  "unfair,  unjust,  and 
unequal." 

Ml-.  Lane  declared  his  intention,  if  redress  could  not  be 
obtained  at  the  Court  of  Special  Session,  to  carry  the  question 
to  the  next  General  Quarter  S  saion  at  Hertford  for  decision, 
in  order  to  obtain  a  case  to  be  referred  to  the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench  as  to  the  actual  point  at  issue,  viz,  whether  green  or 
hot  houses  are  liable  to  be  assessed  for  the  relief  of  the  poor  ; 
and  whether,  if  assessable,  are  they  properly  assessed  when 
assessed  separately,  or  in  respect  of  land  as  improved  by  their 
erection,  when  exclusively  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  trade, 
such  being  the  stock  in  trade  of  the  nurseryman,  and  therefore 
exempt  under  3  and  4  Victoria,  cap.  89. 

From  Mr.  Paine's  report  it  appeared  that  heretofore  Mr. 
Lane  had  been  assessed  to  the  parifh  in  the  rateable  value 
of6U.  per  annum,  exclusive  of  the  now  additional  charge  of 
50i.  for  "tenants'  rights,"  or  "lights"  sought  to  be  charged. 
Mr.  Paine's  opinion  was,  that  the  rateable  valuta  of  Mr.  Lane's 
occupation,  as  the  integral  holding,  was  only  iOl.  per  annum. 
This  statement  was  made  in  accor'iance  wi'h  the  Parochial 
Assessment  Act,  6  and  7  William  IV.,  cap.  96,  and  upon  the 
same  data  after  which  the  survey  and  valua'.ion  of  Isieworth, 
Chelsea,  and  other  parishes  had  been  prepared  by  him  ;  but 
more  particularly  in  relation  to  Isieworth,  which  contained 
glass  and  hot  and  greenhouses  to  a  larger  extent  than  almost 
any  other  parish.  The  assessment  of  Isieworth  had  a'ready 
been  confirmed  in  consequence  of  the  appeal  of  Messrs.  Fai-- 
nell,  brewers,  and  had  stood  the  test.  This  latter  appeal  was 
well  set  forth  when  described  as  the  appeal  of  the  produce  or 
profits  of  the  "Mash  Tun,"  which  are  rea',  definite,  and  ascer- 
tainable against  the  produce  of  the  "  soil,"  which,  at  all  times, 
is  fluctuating,  precarious,  and  vacillatinar. 

1  I  Mr.  Paine  contended  that  even  if  greenhouses  were  declared 
to  be  rateab!e,  they  could  only  be  assessed  for  the  nominal 
value  which  they  conferred  upon  the  soil,  and  ought  in  law 
never  to  be  separately  assessed;  since  such  an  occupation 
could  not  possibly  be  divided  from  the  land  itself,  or  even  if  to. 


10~1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


149 


possespion  never  could  be  cnjojtd  without  tre'ipass  on  tbe  , 
laud  adjaceor.  To  confirm  tliia  propositioo,  Mr.  Paine  quoted  I 
a  letter  of  iustruction  which  lie  had  received  from  the  Poor- 1 
Law  Board,  wherein  it  was  set  forth,  "  thatit  was  inexpedient 
:o  divide  entir-  otcupations  into  portions,  or  asse6S  such 
portions  in  fractional  parts,  even  though  ihe  integral  occu- 
pation beloDged  to  different  landlord?,  inaBmuch  as  the  several 
parts  may  combine  to  enhance  the  value  of  the  whole."  Mr. 
Paine  considered  the  actual  and  integral  value  of  the  beneficial 
occupation ;  adding,  that  the  "vesiita  quaes tio,"  whether 
greenhouses,  as  Block  in  trade,  could  be  brought  into  assesi- 
ment,  and  if  assessable,  not  being  separate  but  combined 
holdings,  alleged  to  confer  value  upon  land?  Can  they  be 
assessed  otherwise  than  as  laud  improved  thereby  ?  in  which 
i-atter  case,  those  deductions  allowed  by  6  and  7  Wm.  IV  , 
cap.  96,  from  the  annual  value,  being  the  cost  of  maintenance, 
repairs,  and  reinstalment  necessary  to  be  performed  to  com- 
mand such  value,  such  would  nearly  consume  the  sum  of  the 
actual  value  from  year  to  year,  and  leave  the  rateable 
value  of  hot  or  greenhouse  a  merely  nominal  impost. 
From  these  circumstances,  Mr.  Paine  deduced  the  impracti- 
cability of  the  assessment  of  greenhouses,  when  exclusively 
devoted  to  horticultural  purposes.  These  erections  are,  for  tbe 
most  part,  inexpensive,  and  only  temporary  in  their  construc- 
tion ;  hence  ihe  risk  which  necessarily  arises  from  accidental 
breaking  of  glass,  through  warping  of  sash  bars,  or  otherwise, 
from  the  constant  operation  of  opening  and  closing,  from  the 
difierence  of  temperature  required  to  be  sustained,  glass  being 
the  medium  between  the  internal  warmth  and  external 
frost  in  winter,  and  liability  to  almost  actual  demolition, 
through  hail  storms  in  summer.  Besides  which,  there  are 
many  repairs,  painting,  .fee,  included  in  the  charges  of  main- 
tenance and  re-production,  which,  if  recited,  would  exhibit 
fiuch  an  amount  as  would  absorb  and  swallow  up  any  reason- 
able  interest  on  original  cust,  which  might  be  considered  id  the 
light  of  yearly  rental,  so  that  the  respondent  parish,  even  if  the 
decision  had  been  in  their  favour,  would,  at  the  best,  have  only 
"gained  a  loss,"  had  the  award  of  the  Court  even  been  in  their 
favour. 

Hr.  Paine's  report  concluded  with  the  following  observations  : 
— '*  Should  such  a  precedent  ever  be  established  as  the  a-^sess- 
meat  of  'tenant's  rights,'  or  Mightp,'  it  would  be  difficult  to 
define  its  limits,  circumscribe  its  operation,  or  specify  voith  any 
degree  of  accuracy  he  real  signification,  or  estimate  the  rate- 
able value,  in  reference  to  a  term  so  arbitral y  in  its  application, 
and  so  aoibiguous,  vague,  and  indefinite  iu  its  purport ;  while 
it  may  be  sail  more  difficult  to  stale  on  whom  next  the  impost 
may  fall,  or  what  interest  may  not  be  subject  to  itd  operation." 
The  Court  ultimati-ly  decided  that  the  5<jI.  charge  for 
"  tenant's  ripbtB  "  or  "  lights  "  could  not  be  sustained,  that  the 
respondent  parish  should  bear  ihe  costs  of  the  appeal,  and 
that  the  premises  should  be  referred  to  the  two  surveyors,  Mr. 
Faine  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Lane,  who  was  appointed  to  meet  the 
parochial  surveyor  to  determine  the  future  value  of  Mr.  Lane's 
occupation  exclusive  of  "  tenant's  rights,"  and  the  expenses  of 
such  Eurvej  Tvere  to  be  born  by  the  parish. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Vines  in  Pots. — The  practice  of  fruiting  Vines  in  pots 
has^become  pretty  common  of  late  years  ;  and  if  we 
could  easily  overcome  the  preparatory  steps  to  insure  a 
crop,  it  would  become  still  more  general,  and  perhaps  be 
as  economical  as  the  ordinary  method.  Few,  however, 
except  Mr.  Rivers,  ax'e  so  sanguine  as  to  suppose  that 
the  same  plants  may  be  grown  for  a  series  of  years  in 
the  same  pots,  or  have  the  means  of  accomplishing  such 
feats  as  the  Messrs.  Elphinstone,  who,  in  the  course  of 
the  same  season,  from  single  eyes,  can  produce  good 
crops,  and  also  ripen  them.  That,  indeed  eclipses  tlie 
far-famed  Jlr.  Crawshay,  wlio,  some  years  ago,  under- 
took from  single  spurs  planted  in  a  prepared  border 
inside  a  Vinery,  to  furnish  its  roof  with  canes,  capable 
of  bearing  a  full  crop  the  following  season.  My  usual 
plan  of  preparing  pot  Vines,  is  to  strike  them  in  small 
pots  from  eyes  in  spring.  Sliift  them  once  or  twice 
during  the  summer,  and  endeavour  to  get  the  wood  well 
ripened.  The  following  spring  I  place  them  in  their 
frui ting-pots,  generally  shaking  away  all  or  most  of  the 
soil  from  their  roots,  and  sometimes  coiling  a  portion  of 
the  stem  an  inch  or  two  beneath  the  mould.  I  then 
plunge  them  in  a  gentle  hotbed,  and  when  the  shoots  are 
3  or  4  feet  iu  length,  I  remove  them  to  a  Vinery,  placing 
tliem  against  the  back  wall,  about  4  feet  from  the  roof ; 
and  as  the  Vine  grows,  I  train  it  in  a  circle,  by  which 
means,  at  the  end  of  the  season,  Ihe  lower  buds  are  as 
plump  as  those  at  the  upper  ends  of  the  shoots,  which  are 
sUjpped  when  they  are  7  or  8  feet  in  length,  and  are 
reduced  2  feet  more  when  they  receive  their  winter 
pruning.  Last  year  I  fruited  some,  which  were  struck 
the  previous  season,  that  were  equal  to  two-year-old 
plants  ;  but  then  they  had  been  carefully  attended  to, 
and  had  liad  a  pit  to  themselves,  where  they  were 
tramed  near  the  glass— the  grand  secret  of  success. 
I  am,  however,  puzzled  to  know  what  to  do  with  plants 
which  have  fruited.  I  generally  tlirowthem  away;  but 
I  am  informed  that  a  very  successful  grower  of  Vines 
m  pots  places  his  plants,  which  have  borne  fruit,  in  a 
strong  heat  the  following  season,  and  when  they  have 
developed  their  leaves,  cuts  them  down,  shakes  (even 
though  they  show  an  abundance  of  fruit  !)  all  the  soil 
from  them,  repots  in  fresh  material,  and  stimulates 
agam  to  make  a  new  rod  for  anotlicr  season.  Now, 
this  appears  to  me  to  be  wasting  the  energies  of  the  plants. 
It  13  hkc  making  a  labourer  walk  a  long  journey  before 
he  begins  work.  If  they  are  worth  keeping  at  all, 
would  It  not  bo  better  to  cut  them  down  before  exciting 
them,  in  order  that  the  jiiicen  stored  up  in  their  roots 
might  be  turned  to  uHcfuI  account  ?  J.  l\l. 

IHiic  Orowiiifj  at  OhaUvxn'tk. — I  observe  at  page  84, 
that  .Sir  Joseph  Paxton  has  produced  a  Providence  Pine- 
apple, weighing  J{  lbs,,  in  six  months  from  un  ordinary 
sucker,  i  have  Ixron  employed  wiiere  Pines  were  cul- 
tivated as  Bucccshfully  as  in  any  place  in  England,  viz,, 
atTrentham,  and  I  allow  that  good  i'irie-apples  can  be 
produced  in  i.5  months  ;  hut  huw  they  are  ripened  from 
ordinar/  suckers  in  puch  perfection  as  that  just  fjuoted 
m  six  months,  more  especially  Cayennes  and  I'rovidenco, 
lam  at  a  loss  to  guesH,  even  with  the  aid  of  all  the 
li'juid  manure  lliat  could  \><,m\\Ay  \>n  i.pplicd  to  IImmh. 
If  auucker  is  left  upon  the  old  stock  till  it  acrjuires  a 
large  size,  the  fruit  in  many  instances  will  be  formed  before 


it  is  removed  from  the  parent  plant.  Hence  such  cannot 
with  propriety  be  called  ordinary  sucl;ers,  nor  would  I  like 
to  depend  on  them  for  the  production  of  perfect  fruit ; 
but,  calculating  that  a  Pine  requires  five  months  from 
the  time  of  "showing"  before  it  ripens, — in  that  case, 
those  at  Chatsworth  only  had  one  month  for  growth, 
which  is  certainly  very  little  for  an  ordinary  Providence 
Pine  sucker.  I  had  always  considered  that  Providences, 
Cayennes,  and  Montserrats  required  longer  time  in 
ripening  than  Queens  ;  and  I  am  sure  that  if  Sir  J. 
Paxton  would  kindly  give  ycur  readers  some  account 
of  his  management  and  also  of  the  size  of  his  suckers,  he 
would  confer  a  favour  on  many.  J.  M.,  Donegal,  Ireland. 
[The  above  has  been  submitted  to  Sir  Joseph  Paxton, 
and  the  following  is  his  reply.  At  Chatsworth  the 
Pine  suckers  are  grown  on  the  parent  plants  until 
spring,  when  they  are  separated,  and  planted  out  at 
once  into  the  fruiting  beds.  The  three  suckers  alluded 
to  by  your  eorrespoi^dent  were  detached  and  planted  out 
in  March,  and  in  a  month  afterwards  they  showed  fruit, 
which  ripened  and  was  cut  at  tlie  end  of  A  ugust. 
Cayennes  grow  as  quickly  as  any  other  sort,  and  produce 
better  fruit,  superior  in  weight  to  any  other  kind  of  the 
same  age  ;  they  have  fruited  with  us  9^  lbs.,  and  are 
certainly  the  best  winter  Pines  which  can  be  grown. 
Small  plants  will  produce  at  that  season  fruit  weighing 
from  4  to  7  lbs. ;  but  some  persons  have  grown 
Havannahs  under  the  name  of  Cayenne,  and  the  dif- 
ference in  the  plants  is  not  very  perceptible  until  they 
fruit.  There  are  fewer  imperfect  fruit  from  good 
suckers  of  any  kind  than  from  old  plants,  provided  the 
suckers  show  fruit  whilst  the  roots  are  iu  an  active 
state,  for  the  size  depends  entirely  on  the  vigour  of  the 
roots  at  the  time  of  showing.  The  fruit  cut  at  Chats- 
worth during  the  summer  of  1851  is  as  follows.  We 
commenced  in  May  and  ended  in  September  : — 

No. 


1 .... 

lbs.  oz, 
....    9    8 

No.  28.... 

lbs. 
....     5 

oz. 

1-*  Cayenne 
8      Do. 

<> 

.      8  13 

„    29.... 
„     30  .  .. 

....     6 
....     6 

3  .... 

....    7  11 

0      Do. 

4  .... 

5  .... 

....    9    4 
....    7    0 
....    7    0 
....    8  12 

„    31.... 
.,     32  .... 

....    6 
....    6 

8      Do. 
7      Do. 

G  .... 

7  .... 

8  .... 

„    38  .... 
,,    34.... 
„    35.,.. 
„     3G  . 
,.     37  .... 
„     3S.... 

....    5 
....    8 

'.    7 
....     5 

....     4 

0      Do. 

8 

9  .... 
10  .... 
H  .... 

....     7    4  Cayenne 
....     8     0 
....     8    8 
7    0 

0  Antigua 
0  Trinidad 
0      Do. 

12 

„     39.... 
„     40  .... 
„     41  .... 

....    e 

....    B 
....    7 

8  Cayenne 
0      Do. 
0 

13.... 
11  .... 

....     8     0 
....    7  12 
....    7    8 
....    8    0 
....    7    4 
....    8  12 

15  .... 

16  .... 
17.... 
18  .... 

„    42  .... 
>,    -IS.... 
,.    44  .... 
.,    45.... 
,.     4S  .... 
i>    47.... 
„    48  . 

....  12 
....  10 
....     9 
....    8 
....    7 
....  11 
.    7 

0 
0 
0 
0 

19  .... 
20.... 
21  .... 

....    8    0 

....    6    8  Cayenne 
....    7    0        ... 
....    6    8  Cayenne 
...    7    8 

8 
0 
12 

22  .... 

23  .... 

„    49  .... 
„     50  .... 
..    51  .... 
»     52  .... 

....    5 
....    8 
....    8 
.    .    7 

0  Trinidad 
7 

24  .... 
25.... 

....    7  12 
....    6    0 
...58  Cayenne 

6 

0 

■^6  .... 

„     53.... 
.,     54.... 

....    6 
....    7 

8 

27  .... 

....    9  12       "... 

8        ...] 

The  Seed  Trade. —  Waite  v.  Swaine. — In  this  trial,  in 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  reported  at  p.  71  of  the 
news  part  of  your  paper,  I  think  the  Lord  Chief  Justice 
in  his  decision  has  established  a  bad  precedent,  and  one 
which  may  give  much  trouble.  According  to  the  evi- 
dence oi  the  defendant,  it  appeared  "that  the  seeds 
supplied, particularly  the  Potato  seeds,  were  of  a  different 
sort  to  those  ordered,  and  of  very  inferior  quality,"  In 
his  judgment,  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  said,  "  In  respect  to 
some  of  the  items  in  the  account,  the  seeds  having 
altogether  failed,  the  plaintiff  was  not  entitled  to  recover  ; 
but  as  regards  the  seed,  although  the  seed  was 
different  to  that  ordered,  the  defendant  had  received 
the  benefit  of  its  produce,  wliatever  it  was,  and  the 
plaintiff  was  entitled  to  recover  its  actual  value."  And 
thus  it  appears,  that,  let  a  seedsman  supply  whatever 
rubbish  he  may,  he  can  recover  its  value  in  a  court  of 
justice.  Now,  in  my  opinion,  this  is  wrong.  Supposing 
I,  tempted  by  the  low  prices  of  Dodge  and  Co.,  purchase 
sufficient  seed  of  Ash-leaved  Kidney  Potatoes  to  plant 
an  acre  of  ground,  my  intention  being  to  clear  them 
directly  they  are  ready  for  market,  and  plant  the 
ground  for  a  second  crop  with  Celery.  But  instead  of 
the  Potatoes  being  cleared  by  the  middle  of  July,  as 
would  be  the  case  with  Ash-leaves,  they  prove  to  be 
Chapman's  or  Cambridgeshire  Kidneys,  and  are  not  fit 
to  dig  until  October.  Then  the  crop,  instead  of  being 
worth,  say  \0s.  ^per  bushel,  only  realises  one-fourth  of 
that  sum,  and  I  lose  my  crop  of  Celery  also.  Now  in 
this  case,  instead  of  paying  Dodge  and  Co.  the  value  of 
their  seed,  I  contend  I  ought  to  recover  from  them  the 
difference  in  value  between  the  late  and  early  crop  of 
Potatoes,  and  also  the  value  of  the  acre  of  Celery  (less 
the  expenses  of  cultivation)  which  I  should  have  had, 
if  the  Potatoes  supplied  had  been  true  to  name.  What 
say  you  ?  W.  P.  A.,  Blaclchcath.  [We  say  that  you  are 
right  in  justice,  whatever  you  may  be  in  law.] 

Luminodty. —  Among  the  primitive  range  of  the 
Fichtelgfcbirge,  bo  named  from  its  Pine  forests,  in  tlie 
centre  of  Germany,  is  a  mountain  called  the  Luchsberg. 
It  appear.s  as  if  composed  of  huge  rounded  fragments  of 
granite  lying  piled  one  upon  another  in  various  direc- 
tions, leaving  deep  cavernous  interstices  between,  of 
great  extent  and  profound  darkness,  owing  not  less  to 
tim  overhanging  rocks,  than  to  the  tall  PincH  that  spring 
from  their  crevices.  In  tho  obscurer  parts  of  tliesc 
recesses,  there  is  seen  glimmering  upon  the  damp  soil, 
sometimes  in  considerable  tpiantity,  a  nuuiljcr  of  hinii- 
iKiUH  grains,  of  a  colour  reseniMing  tlio  griM-oihh  yellow 
of  till  chryKolitf!,  hut  sliining  wilh  a  HponlmiudiiH  !untro, 
somewhat  betweun  that  of  the  gein  and  of  gold.  Us 
light  varies  from  the  moon-like  eharucter  of  the  cat's 


eye,  or  tlie  glow-worm,  to  ilic  beiiii-meuiUic  Oriliiajicy  of 
boracite.  This  beautiful  phenomenon,  to  whatever  sub- 
stance it  may  be  attached,  accompanies  any  quantity  of 
the  moist  earth  of  the  cave,  that  may  be  gathered  up  in 
the  hand  ;  brought  to  the  light  of  day  it  disappears,  and 
the  eollector  is  left  with  a  lump  of  worthless  dirt,  in 
place  of  the  seeming  jewel.  Nor  will  its  beauty,  though 
it  return  for  a  while,  prove  of  long  duration,  even  when 
restored  to  its  original  darkness.  Tlie  mystery  ie  dis- 
pelled, the  charm  is  broken,  and,  its  hoUowness  once 
betrayed,  the  false  light  of  the  mouldering  earth  seems 
incapable  of  keeping  up  the  delusion.  The  mysteries 
of  mines  and  metals  liave,  in  Germany,  been  from 
old  times  associated  with  legendary  tales  of  the  su- 
pernatural power  of  gnomes  and  kobolds,  who  are 
supposed  to  guard  them,  and  to  punish  iu  various 
ways  the  trespasses  of  avaricious  man  into  their  subter- 
ranean empire.  What  more  mischievous,  and  at  the 
same  time  morally  appropriate  revenge  can  they  take 
upon  the  covetous  intruder,  than  to  entice  him  to  a 
laborious  search  after  gold  which,  with  an  irony  worthy 
of  Mephistopheles,  they  cause  to  turn  to  dust  in  the  very 
hands  that  have  gathei-ed  it  ?  Applied  to  avarice,  the 
lesson  is  the  same  as  that  taught  by  the  story  of  ihe 
Dead  Sea  Apple  as  applied  to  pleasure,  but  the  romantic 
humour  of  the  German  legend  gives  an  additional  zest 
to  the  truth  of  its  moral.  Luchsberg,  the  Lynx  moun- 
tain, has  an  evident  relation  to  the  phenomena  of  phos- 
phorescence ;  the  name  of  the  animal  itself  being  pri>- 
bably  derived  from  Lux,  in  allusion  to  the  brightness  of 
its  eye,  and  so  many  Latm  etymologies  are  discoverable 
among  the  languages  of  northern  Europe,  that  this  need 
not  seem  too  far  fetched.  After  all,  what  is  this  lumi- 
nosity"? Is  it  phosphorescent  Moss  or  minute  fungi,  or 
does  the  rotten  wood  itself  become  luminous,  like 
decayed  animal  matter,  without  the  intervention  of  a 
subsequently  developed  vegetation  ?  Is  not  the  light  of 
the  ignis  fatuous  the  spontaneous  produce  of  decompo- 
sition ?  Any  experiments  that  can  be  made  upon,  or 
researches  into  the  nature  of  any  sort  of  spontaneous 
light,  not  the  produce  of  combustion,  are  highly  inte- 
resting, and  may,  possibly,  be  eventually  of  great  utility, 
in  the  hope  of  discovering  the  means  of  producing  a  si^- 
ficiently  bright  light  for  useful  purposes  without  fire,  S. 

The  Deodar. — I  suspect  that  there  are  peculiarities 
connected  with  the  habit  of  this  tree,  which  have  not 
hitherto  been  noticed,  and  which,  if  well  founded,  -will 
reveal  some  interesting  features  relating  to  this  noble 
conifer.  Having  only  one  specimen  of  age  to  indicate 
its  true  character,  I  beg  to  ask :  ist,  is  it  generally 
known  that  the  lateral  branches  do  not  attain  the  hori- 
zontal position  until  they  are  tliree  years  old  ?  2nd,  that 
the  pendant  top  changing  its  direction  every  year  makes 
one  complete  revolution  in  three  years,  and  so  ascends 
like  a  screw  ?  Perhaps  some  of  youi*  readers  will  obli- 
gingly answer  these  questions.  Ebe?i. 

Early  Leafing  in  the  case  of  a  Horse  Chestnut. — I  have 
sent  you  a  leaf  taken  from  a  Horse  Chestnut  ■which  is 
growing  in  Huntsmore  Park.  The  tree  which  produced 
it  is  about  40  feet  high,  and  about  the  same  in  diametei:. 
For  a  good  many  years  past  it  has  never  failed  to  bring 
forth  fresh  leaves  about  the  1st  of  March,  and  this  year 
I  observed  some  buds  open  in  February.  The  frosty 
winds  of  spring  often  blacken  and  destroy  a  portion  of 
the  foliage,  but  in  some  seasons  it  escapes  unhurt ;  it 
blossoms  late,  and  has  small  flower  spikes.  It  makes 
very  little  growth,  and  hardly  ever  ripens  fruit,  and  it 
retains  its  leaves  in  autumn  after  other  trees  of  tho 
same  kind  are  quite  bare.  The  soil  of  the  park  is  a 
black  alluvial  deposit  on  loose  gi'avel,  and  is  very  wai-m 
and  dry.  A.  Dawson,  Iver,  Buchs,  March  2. 

Polmaise  Heating.— Yonr  correspondent  "  G.  W."  ap- 
pears to  think  that  by  adopting  my  arrangements  tlie  cir- 
culation may  be  found  to  be  deficient  ;  but  I  can  assure 
him,  that  if  the  heating  apparatus  be  kept  low  and 
well  under  the  house,  with  a  free  ingress  of  external 
air  passing  under  and  over  the  stove,  and  allowed  to 
ascend  into  the  house  and  escape  by  perpetual  venti- 
lation, there  will  be  no  deficiency  in  that  respect. 
With  regard  to  the  iron  plate  and  clay  covering,  tbe 
first  has  stood  the  fiery  ordeal  for  several  years 
without  flinching  ;  as  for  the  latter  it  might  answer 
better  than  a  brick  arch,  though  not  so  durable. 
Indeed  a  pit  or  house  might  be  Polmaised  without 
either,  by  a  common  flue,  provided  it  was  kept  well 
under  the  house  in  a  hot  chamber,  communicating  with 

the  external  air.    W.  Fiizsimon,  Catterlck. Having 

read  the  articles  in  your  late  numbers  relative  to  tliis 
system  of  heating  plant-houses,  I  think  it  due  to  the 
subject  to  mention,  that  after  visiting  the  late  Mr. 
Meek's  place,  and  studying  his  last  improved  plan  of 
stove,  I  employed  hia  builder  to  put  up  one  for  me  in  a 
conservatory,  and  subsequently  had  two  others  built  by 
our  village  workmen,  one  in  a  Vinery,  and  the  other  for 
a  hot  stove  house.  AH  these  stoves  have  been  iu  use 
ever  since,  that  ia,  three  or  four  entire  seasons,  and  with 
complete  success.  There  was  lately  a  slight  escape  of 
gas  in  the  stove  house,  proceeding  from  a  minute  crack  in 
the  iron  plates.  This  defect  was  easily  remedied  by 
placing  a  piece  of  flat  sheet  iron  over  the  crack  aud 
covering  it  with  fine  sand,  as  tho  edges  of  the  plate  are, 
ill  order  to  ]»revcnt  any  escape  of  gas  between  tho 
brick  work  and  tho  hot  plate.  This  liability  of  the  iron 
plato  to  crack,  is,  in  fact,  tlie  only  imperfect  part  of  the 
plan  ;  of  three  stoves  wliich  1  have  in  use,  that  of  the 
hoLliouHo,  which  has  been  in  a  heated  state  with  few  in- 
terniisaioiiH  for  somo  years,  is  the  only  ono  that  has 
cracked.  The  mischief  has  not  extended,  and  with 
proper  attention  in  maintaining  a  niodcrato  heat,  I 
hopo    it   will  not.  Suburban.  —  In   sympathising  with 


150 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[March  6, 


the  relative  of  the  late  talented  and  ingenious  Mr. 
Meek,  I  beg  to  say  that  the  Polmaise  stove  is  too 
cheap,  too  simple,  though  unerring,  according  to  the 
laws  of  nature,  ever  to  get  into  vogue.  Gentlemen 
will  not  judge  for  themselves,  when  manufacturers 
of  expensive  stoves  clamour  for  profit.  In  a  castle  in 
"Wales,  I  have  three  Polmaise  stoves,  the  one  in  the  hall 
is  lighted  inside,  the  other  two  outside  the  building.  I 
purpose  having  another  for  the  corridor.  In  one  the 
cold  air  is  admitted  through  a  channel,  immediately 
from  the  bottom,  which,  as  well  as  the  hot  air  chamber, 
faces  a  circular  staircase,  that  is  heated  at  the  same 
time  as  the  hall.  It  answers  well,  burning  screened 
cinders,  considered  by  servants  partly  I'efuse.  My  guide 
was  Mr.  Meek's  plan  in  1847,  p.  153.  The  circulating 
hot-water  apparatus  is  useless  for  private  houses, 
expensive  in  fuel  and  attendance,  and  suitable  only  for 
public  buildings,  where  no  insurance  can  replace  the 
contents,  and  where  expense,  trouble,  and  repairs  are 
no  annoyance.  I  had  two  of  them,  which  were  thrown 
away  and  repfaced  by  the  Polmaise  stoves,  wdiich,  after 
three  years'  trial,  have  exceeded  my  expectation,  and 
■will  please  all  who  admire  simplicity.  Ccesar's  Tribute. 

Victoria  Begia. — It  may  be  interesting  to  your  readers 
to  know,  that  the  plant  of  Victoria  regia,  at  Kew,  has 
again  commenced  ilowering,  this  being  the  third  season 
of  the  same  plant.  It  was  placed  in  the  tank  in  April, 
1050,  and  produced  its  first  flower  on  the  IGth  June, 
and  the  last  on  the  ■25th  Dec.  In  1851,  the  first  flower 
opened  on  the  21st  April,  and  the  last  on  the  1st  Jan. 
of  the  present  year.  During  these  two  periods  it  pro- 
duced, on  the  average,  three  flowers  weekly.  To-day 
(March  2),  it  has  opened  its  first  flower  for  the  season, 
and  the  second  and  third  flowers  are  seen  in  their  re- 
spective stages  ;  and,  from  appearance,  we  anticipate  a 
succession  of  blossoms  as  hitherto.  Amherstia  nobilis 
has  also  been  in  flower.  J .  Smith,  Royal  Botanic  Gar- 
den, Kew. 

Fruit  of  StepJianotis  florihunda. — A  magnificent  plant 
of  Stephanotis,  after  being  in  constant  flower  from  May 
to  November,  has  formed  both  double  and  single  speci- 
mens of  its  fruit,  which  have  been  forwarded  to  the 
Royal  Gardens  at  Kew.  At  Feniscowles,  where  the 
fruit  in  question  was  produced,  this  beautiful  climber 
has  reached  about  70  feet  in  length.  G.,  March  3. 

Fumigating  Plant- Houses.  —  The  use  of  Cayenne 
pepper  for  this  purpose,  was  stated  some  12  months 
back  in  a  contemporary  journal,  but  not  having  much 
faith  in  the  plan  I  never  tried  it.  A  short  time  back, 
however,  having  no  tobacco-paper,  and  not  liking  to 
give  4s.  Qd.  per  pound  for  tobacco,  I  made  an  experi- 
ment of  a  small  quantity  of  tobacco  and  Cayenne 
combined,  and  am  delighted  with  the  result.  Choosing 
a  damp  still  night,  about  two  Cjuarts  of  glowing  fire 
"was  placed  upon  a  wire  sieve,  and  that  was  elevated 
upon  three  bricks  in  the  pathway  of  the  centre  , 
house  (three  being  smoked  at  the  same  time)  to 
increase  the  draught.  Over  the  fire  some  nitre 
paper  torn  into  small  pieces  was  placed,  then 
a  handful  of  damp  stable  litter,  and  then  the 
tobacco,  which  had  been  damped  and  thoroughly  im- 
pregnated with  the  pepper.  The  quantity  used  was 
6  oz.  of  tobacco  and  2  oz.  of  Cayenne,  the  expense 
being  about  3s.  ;  and  the  houses  were  90  ft.  long,  \Q  ft. 
•wide,  and  tolerably  lofty.  One  hour  after  the  fire  was 
Out,  not  a  living  insect  could  be  found  ;  and  I  am  quite 
sure  the  tobacco  and  Cayenne  did  fully  as  much  execu- 
tion as  when  we  used  7  lbs.  of  tobacco-paper  at  an  ex- 
pence  j>f  10s.  6c?.  The  Cayenne  was  a  common  kind, 
■which  I  purchased  at  8rf.  per  ounce  ;  but  no  doubt 
common  Chillies  would  be  better  than  adulterated 
pepper,  and  these  I  intend  to  grow  for  my  own  use 
this  season.  Thus  you  see  "  fumigators  "  are  rendered 
useless  ;  a  very  small  quantify  of  tobacco  with  Cayenne 
is  suftieient,  and  what  is  still  better,  the  horrible  stench 
of  strong  tobacco  or  tobacco-paper  is  got  rid  of  ;  for 
"with  the  small  quantity  used,  the  smell  is  driven  -quite 
off  in  24  hom's.  Let  me,  however,  caution  the  reader 
that  the  tobacco  and  Cayenne,  in  addition  to  destroying 
msects,  are  an  excellent  recipe  to  "  catch  a  good  cold," 
for  myself,  my  foreman,  and  an  assistant,  had  each  to 
pay  that  penalty  for  our  knowledge,  I  fancy  the  pepper 
fumes  opened  the  pores  of  the  throat  and  chest  too 
much  ;  and  as,  after  inhaling  it  we  were  glad  to  suck  in 
large  volumes  of  cold  air  as  a  "  cooler,"  we  each  got 
chilled  in  the  same  way.  In  fact,  our  throats  were  so 
much  heated,  that  we  were  obliged  to  make  three  or 
four  attempts  to  drink  a  glass  of  cold  beer.  It  is  how- 
ever quite  unnecessary  to  enter  the  house  if  the  flre  is 
properly  lighted  at  the  first  start,  and  the  paper,  litter,and 
tobacco  are  damped  at  the  time  they  are  put  on.  If  tlie 
sieve  is  placed  near  the  door,  then  by  opening  it  a  little 
the  draught  is  increased,  and  the  necessity  for  entering 
the  ii-ouse  entirely  obviated.  Win.  P.  Ayres,  Brooldands 
Nursery,  Bladchcath. 

Vitality  of  Seeds. — Last  summer,  Miss  Ingllby  gave 
me  a  few  seeds  to  sow,  which,  after  a  considerable  time, 
came  up,  and  proved  to  be  the  Dracocephalum  canariense. 
They  had  been  gathered  by  Miss  Ingilby,  at  Brussels,  in 
1825,  and  have  been  kept  in  paper  ever  since,  without 
any  particular  care  being  taken  of  them.  (?.  M.  Elliott, 
Ripley  Castle. 

Ravi  in  Pembro'kesMre. — I  send  you  a  statement  of 
the  quantity  of  rain,  measured  in  two  gauges  at  this 
place  in  1851  (Pembroke  Dockyard),  one  on  the  top  of 
a  tower  42  ft.  6  in.  from  the  ground,  the  other  5  feet 
above  it,  both  equally  exposed.  During  the  year  1850, 
the  upper  gauge  received  almost  always  the  greatest 
quantity  of  rain,  contrary  to  the  received  oninion  and 
Mr,  Phillips' experience  with  gauges  on  the  top  and  at 


the  foot  of  York  Minster.  (Mr.  Williams'  results  in  the 
Lake  district  cannot  come  into  comparison.)  As  the 
upper  gauge  was  8  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  lower 
one  only  5  inches,  it  was  suggested  to  me  that  possibly 
the  larger  area  of  the  upper  gauge  was  the  cause  of  the 
greater  quantity  of  rain  caught  in  it ;  I  therefore  re- 
versed the  position  of  the  two  gauges  on  the  1st  of  April, 
and  the  result  is  still  that  the  8-inch  gauge  receives 
more  than  the  lower.  I  intend  on  the  1st  of  April 
next  to  place  them  both  side  by  side  at  the  lower  level. 


IS51. 
Januiiiy     ... 
FebruHi-y  ... 
Marcli     

April 

May 

June  

July 

September  . 

October 

NovembBr.., 
December... 

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days.         1 

It  will  be  seen  that  we  have  not  had  a  very  dry  year. 
223  days'  rain  was  found  in  one  or  both  of  my  gauges,  be- 
sides which,  on  15  days,  water  was  found  in  the  gauges  to 
the  amount  of  .059  inches  deposited  from  fog  or  dew 
condensed  on  the  sides  of  the  funnels.  It  will  be  seen, 
that  while  most  of  the  southern  and  eastern  and  midland 
counties  were  complaining  of  want  of  water,  Pem- 
brokeshii'c  has  had  a  larger  share  of  rain  in  1851 
than  in  1850.  In  the  latter  year  the  quantity  measured 
was  23.650  inches  ;  the  number  of  days  on  which  rain 
was  found  in  the  gauge  was  182,  being  7-506  inches,and 
41  wet  days  fewer  than  in  iBol.  It  is  singular,  also, 
that  this  year  the  very  rainy  climate  of  Windermere 
shows  a  curious  difference  in  the  number  of  wet  days 
compared  with  Pembrokeshire;  at  Bowness  in  1851 
60.239  inches  fell  in  only  179  days,  being  neai'ly  double 
our  quantity  in  44  fewer  days,  while  in  1850  at  Bowness 
64.284  inches  fell  in  217  days,  being  40.634  inches  more 
in  35  more  days  than  we  had  liei-e. 

Rain.  Wet  dars. 

1850.  1851.  1850.       1851. 

Pembrolte  Dockyard     ...     23.G50     ...     3l-l?6  ...     1S2     ...  223 

Bowness,  Windermere...     64.28i     ...     CO. 239  ...     217     ...  179* 

Difftrenco  4-   30.634       +  29.183         +  35     ...  —  44 

The  year  1851  has  been  colder  at  this  place  than  1850; 
but  the  mean  temperature  of  the  seasons  has  been  sin- 
gularly equable^ 

1850.  1851. 

Mean  temperature  of  Winter 41. 9«    ...    43  76<» 

,,  ,,  Spring 47  73     ...     46.5 

,,  ,,  Summer        59.76     ...     59  23 

,,  ,,  Autumn        51  S3     ...     49.G 


50.6 


49.G2 


22.7a 
17*! 


80°  June  30, 
23''  Feb.  26, 


19.4° 
15.47 

80* 
23° 


Tear       

December  1849  has  been  taken  to  find 

winter  temperature  for  1850,  and  of 

1350  for  1851. 
Difference  between  hottest  and  coldest 

months        

Ditto  between  summer  and  winter 

Maximum  tempfrature,  June  25 

Minimum  temperature,  Jan.  IG 

T.  S.  P. 

Pnmiiig  tli,c  Toung  Forest  Trees  in  Eijde  Pa/i'Tt  and 
Kensington  Gardens. — I  have  read  many  communications 
in  your  journal  on  the  subject  of  pruning  forest  trees. 
I  talie  much  interest  in  it,  and  I  have  had  some  little  expe- 
rience. May  I  request  any  of  your  readers,  who  aa-e 
fond  of  woodcraft,  and  who  are  advocates  for  or  against 
pininiug,  to  be  good  enougli  to  take  a  walk  in  Hyde-park 
and  Kensington-gardens,  to  examine  the  young  trees  in 
plantations  in  those  localities.  If  they  be  advocates  for 
pruning,  they  will  see  it  carried  out  to  the  wildest 
extent,  in  some  cases  to  the  lopping  away  of  almost  half 
the  tree,  and  in  most,  to  great  mutilation.  Whoever 
may  be  the  working  manager  of  this,  and  I  should  like 
to  know  his  name,  he  has  kindly  blackened  over  the 
various  cuttings  he  has  made,  not  to  offend  the  eyes  of 
those  who  walk  there  ;  as,  I  verily  believe,  in  many 
instances,  without  such  dressing,  we  should  see  trees 
with  more  gaping  wounds  than  bark.     I  trust  that  most 


*  In  ten  months,  the  number  in  June  and  July  not  having 
been  counted. 


of  your  readers  ai'c  much  younger  than  myself,  in  which 
case  they  will  now  have  the  question  about  pruning,  i.  e., 
wholesale  pruning,  practically  decided.  In  the  places  I 
have  named  the  good  or  the  mischief  is  done  :  either 
those  ti'ees,  mutilated  by  their  guardians,  cruel  only  to 
be  kind,  will  thrive  and  flourish  under  the  infliction,  or 
they  will  not.  I  abstain  from  giving  my  opinion,  as  it 
would  be  of  no  value  ;  but  I  should  very  much  lilce  to 
hear  your  opinion,  or  that  of  any  pi-actical  man,  after 
examining  the  ^plantations  I  have  mentioned.  /.  W, 
London. 

Strmoherries. — "  What  is  one  man's  meat  is  another's 
poison,"  seems  to  be  true  as  to  Strawberries  as  well  as 
many  other  things.  I  recollect  a  lady  who  used  to  say- 
that  three  Sti-awberries  would  poison  her  outright  ; 
that  if  she  even  eat  one  she  should  "  swell  as  big  as  a 
house."  She  did  try,  and  did  not  swell  quite  so  large  as 
she  promised,  but  yet  she  was  very  ill.  Now  the 
Marquise  de  Cre'quy  in  her  memoirs,  spealring  of 
Fontenelle,  says,  "il  avait  la  plus  grande  confiance  et'la 
plus  tendre  estime  pour  les  fraises."  That,  in  fact, 
he  always  had  a  fever  in  the  spring,  and  used  to  say  "If 
I  can  only  last  out  till  Strawberries  come  in,  1  shall  get 
well."  He  lived  to  the  age  of  99,  and  always  attributed 
his  longevity  to  a  good  course  of  Sti-awberries  ev«iy 
season.  This  reminds  one  of  the  old  monkish  riiym& 
in  favour  of  Sage — 

"  Cur  moritur  homo  cui  salvia  crescit  in  horto." 

Speaking  of  the  medicinal  virtue  -of  Strawberries,  I 
believe,  in  the  old  pharmacopoeias,  the  seeds  of  the 
wood  Strawberries  were  noticed  as  diuretics,  at  least  I 
have  seen  them  so  recommended  in  some  old  MS.  of 
domestic  medicine.  Recurring  to  Fontenelle,  I  assutne 
that  your  readers  are  aware  of  the  story  told  of  him 
by  Voltaire,  that  bemg  very  fond  of  Asparagus,  which 
he  liked  dressed  with  oil,  -n-hilst  a  particular  friend  of 
his  prefen-ed  them  plain  boiled;  and  having  invited  his 
friend  to  a  feast  of  "  the  Grass,"  he  had  very  honestly 
desired  that  half  should  be  plain  boiled  for  his  friend^ 
the  other  half  being  dressed  in  oil  for  himself.  Whilst 
they  were;  waitings  for  the  coming  of  dinner,  Fon- 
tenelle's  guest  dropped  down  in  an  apoplectic  fit,  on 
which  the  first  impulse  of  the  host  was  to  rush  to  the 
stairhead '  screaming  out  to  the  cook,  "  All  in  oil !  all  in 
oil !  "  Now  Madame  de  Crequy  rescues  the  fame  of 
Fontenelle,  and  shows  that  when  Voltaire  told  the  story 
of  him,'  iti  had  happened  to  some  .other  savant  or 
gourmand  some  50  years  before.  This  story  reminds- 
one  of  that  which  appeared  in  the  papers  of  a  celebrated 
doctor  now  dead,  who  left  his  friend  at  a  railway  station 
in  an  apoplectic  fit,  because  he  had  a  party  to  dinner- 
Dodman. 

North  British  Seedsmen's  Associidion. — I  am  desirous 
to  correct  a  statement  which  appeared  at  p.  100  -with 
reference  to  this  association.  From  the  terras  of  the 
article  referred  to,  it  might  be  implied  that  many  mem- 
bers of  this  association  had  withdrawn  frem  it,  and  that 
it  no  longer  exists.  AVill  you  allow  me  to  inform  yom- 
readers,  that  the  association  is  in  full  operation,  and  that 
not  one  of  the  members  has  withdrawn  from  it.  It  is 
proper,  however,  to  explain  that,  notwithstanding  the 
success  which  attended  the  association  at  and  for  some 
time  after  its  formation,  it  has  not  lately  met  with  the 
encouragement  which  "might  have  been  CKpected.  The 
principal  difficulty  arose  from  some  of  the  influential 
Scotch  honses  in  the  trade,  while  they  admitted  the 
necessity  for  such  an  association,  withholding  their- 
names  on  the  grouud  that  it  could  not  w-ork  unless 
the  London  seedsmen  -n-ould  conform.  And  altliough 
often  apprised  of  the  existence  and  objects  of  the 
association,  not  one  of  the  London  houses  has  joined, 
but  they  have  uniformly  declined  to  become  members,  for 
reasons  best  Iniown  to  themselves.  The  very  excellent 
articles  which  have  lately  appeared  in  your  Journal 
with  reference  to  seed  adulteration  must  have  made  the 
public  generally  aware  of  the  enormous  extent  to  which 
it  is  practised.  The  trade  unfortunately  have  been  too 
well  aw.are  of  the  practice  for  some  time.  It  was  to 
provide  a  remedy  for  this  state  of  things,  that  the 
"  North  British  Seedsmen's  Association  "  was  organised 
in  June  1849.  It  was  considered  advisable  for  the  in- 
terests of  the  trade,  that  the  persons  engaged  in  it 
should  unite  for  the  purposes  generally  of  affording 
assistance  and  protection  to  each  other,  in  all  questions 
of  commercial  and  legal  difficulty,  connected  with  theii- 
business,  and  particularly,  if  possible,  to  check  and  put 
an  end  to  tlie  nefarious  practice  of  adulterating  seeds 
for  sale.  In  the  pursuit  of  these  objects,  the  association 
has  been  successful  to  no  inconsiderable  extent ;  but  in 
order  to  realise  all  the  advantages  which  are  to  be  expected 
from  its  operation  and  influence,  it  is  necessary  that  it 
should  have  the  support  or  co-oper^ion,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, of  all  engaged  or  interested  in  the  trade.^  Mfich 
might  be  effected- if  every  buyer  of  seeds  made  it  a  sine 
qua  -non  that  the  party  who  supplies  him  with  this 
article  should,  beyond  the  ordinary  assurance  implied 
in  a  fair  price  for  a  fair  article,  give  further  asstirance 
of  his  sincerity  in  being  or  becoming  a  member  of 
such  an  association.  Were  tJiis  acted  upon  tlie  buyer 
would  not  only  be  attending  to  his  own  interest  as  a 
matter  of  private  policy,  but  forwarding  the  general 
interest  of  the  trade  and  the  public,  and  the  detestable 
practice  of  adulteration  so  prevalent  and  much  com- 
plained of  would  soon  cease  to  exist.  I  take  the  liberty 
of  enclosing,  for  your  infoi-raation,  a  copy  of  the  rules 
of  the  association,  and  will  be  glad  to  furnish  you  or 
any  of  your  readers  with  any  further  information  that 
may  be  desired  with  reference  to  it.  Geo.  Smith,  Secre- 
tary, S,  S.  Vincent  Place,  Glasgow. 


10—^1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


151 


^omtit^* 


HoRTictJLTgRAL,  Mcivch  2.— Sir  C.  Lemon,  Bart., 
M.P,,  ill  the  chair.  Lady  D.  Nevil  and  M.  Sneytl, 
•  Esq.,  were  elected  Fellows.  Of  subjects  of  exhibition, 
Messrs.  Rollissou  sent  a  small  but  curious  form  of 
Cycnoches,  which  was  apparently  new  to  gardens.  It 
was  stated  to  have  been  purchased  at  one  of  Mr. 
Linden's  sales. — Mr.  Blake,  gr.  to  J.  H.  Schroder,  Esq., 
contributed  a  nice  collection  of  Orchids,  consisting  of 
exceedingly  well  cultivated  plants  of  Ccelogyne  cristata, 
covered  with  flowers  ;  Ansellia  africana  ;  the  white- 
blossomed  Dendrobium  Heyneanum,  perhaps  in  better 
condition  than  it  had  ever  been  seen  in  before ; 
a  fine  plant  of  Epidendrum  odoratissimura,  and 
one  of  the  higher  coloured  varieties  of  Ly- 
caste  Skinneri.  A  Knightian  Medal  was  awarded. 
— Messrs.  Jackson  received  a  Banksian  Medal  for 
Maranta  sanguinea(?)  a  South  American  plant,  which 
they  have  succeeded  in  flowering  at  Kingston  for  the 
first  time  in  England.  It  requires  a  stove,  and  is 
valuable  for  its  handsome  foliage  and  the  beauty  of 
its  flowers. — Messrs.  Hayes,  of  Edmonton,  sent  two 
single  fringed  seedling  Chinese  Primulas.  Que 
had  handsome,  large,  bright  rosy  purple  flowers  ;  the 
Other  was  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  stifit"  dwarf  habit  and 
disposition  to  curl,  which  was  strikingly  observable  in  the 
leaves. — From  Messrs.  Veitch  came  a  flowering  branch 
of  Acacia  dealbata,  cut  from  a  standard  tree  20  feet 
high,  and  about  as  much  through,  which  is  now  blooming 
in  great  beauty  in  their  nursery.  It  stands  on  Grass  in 
their  private  ground,  and  is  statetl  to  be  perfectly  hardy  at 
Exeter. — Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble,  of  Bagshot,  fur- 
nished on  this  occasion  the  first  example  of  a  new 
Sikkim  Khododendron  in  flower.  It  was  named  R. 
ciliatum,  and  is  really  very  handsome,  the  flowei's  being 
blush,  shaded  on  the  outside  with  pink,  very  large  for 
the  size  of  the  plant  (which  was  scarcely  6  inches  high) 
and  well  formed.  The  leaves  were  small,  pale  green, 
and  covered  with  long  hairs.  It  was  mentioned  that, 
owing  to  its  dwarf  habit  and  large  blossoms,  it  would  be 
valuable  in  the  hands  of  the  hybridist  for  dwarfing  and 
giving  a  more  desirable  habit  to  some  of  our  already  ex- 
isting kinds.  The  specimen  sent  had  been  forced,  and 
therefore  under  out-door  culture,  if  it  should  prove  to  be 
hardy,  which  is  expected,  the  flowers  will  no  doubtbecome 
deeper  in  colour.  A  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded. — 
Mr.  Atkins,  of  Painswick,  Gloucestershire,  sent  a  very 
handsome  Cyclamen,  the  produce  of  a  cross  between 
C.  persicum  and  C.  Coura.  It  partook  very  much 
of  the  habit  of  the  latter,  while  the  flowers  aud 
leaves  had  the  colour  of  persicum.  A  Certificate  was 
awarded  it. — A  lUpley  Quetu  Pine-apple,  weighing 
3  lbs.  3  oz.,  was  communicated  by  Mr,  Jones,  gr,  to  Sir 
J.  Guest,  Bart. — Nice  bunches  of  Black  Hamburgh 
Grapes,  just  ripened,  for  which  a  Certificate  was 
awarded,  came  from  Mr.  Mitchell,  of  Brighton,  and  "new 
yellow  crowned"  Seakale,  from  Mr,  Prestoe,  gr,  to  E.  W. 
Blunt,  Esq.,  of  Kempshall  Park. — The  most  remarkable 
plant  exhibited,  by  far,  was  the  Nepal  Ash-leaved  Ber- 
berry (Berberis  nepalensis),  from  the  Society's  Gar- 
dens ;  the  main  stem,  in  this  instance,  terminated  in  a 
cluster  of  6  spikelets  (each  nearly  6  inches  long)  of  fine 
dark  yellow  flowers,  wliich,  if  it  should  fruit  in  this 
country,  will  be  succeeded  by  beautiful  purple  oblong 
berries.  The  leaves  are  of  a  yellowish  green,  large,  and 
very  handsome  ;  and  if  the  plant  lihould  prove  tobe.hardy, 
it  will  certainly  be  a  very  great  requisition  to  British 
gardens.  It  was  mentioned  that  Mr.  Fortune  had  met 
with  a  Berberry  (not  B.  japonica)  very  much  like  it  in 
China,  and  that  another  (the  Acanthus-leaved  Berberi'y) 
resembUng  it,  but  still  very  different,  and  probably 
handsomer,  was  to  be  found  in  the  country  about 
Ootacamund  in  the  Neilgherries.  The  latter,  which  has 
round  fruit  (not  oblong),  may,  however,  be  more  tender 
than  nepalensis,  which  comes  from  the  more  northern 
Himalayas. — The  other  plants  from  the  garden  consisted 
of  a  gaily  flowered  bush  of  Forsythia  viridissima, 
Echeveria  retusa,  four  kinds  of  Epacris,  three  Cape 
Heaths,  Corra^a  Goodii,  and  Styphelia  tubiflora, 
together  with  cuttings  of  the  following  fruit  trees  which 
were  diatribated  to  Fellows- — viz.  Ruine  Hortense 
Cherrj',  whose  fruit  is  described  to  be  large,  of  first- 
rate  quality,  and  to  ripen  Jn  July ;  Triomphe  de 
Jodoigne,  reported  to  be  a  good  melting  Pear,  fit  for  use 
in  December;  Claygato  Pcarmain  and  Fifi  Apples.  The 
latter  is  described  as  being  an  abundant  bearer,  and 
likely  to  prove  a  good  kitchen  Apple  ;  it  was  remarkable 
as  a  seedling  of  the  Ribston  Pippin,  without  a  trace  of 
the  colour,  form,  or  quality  of  that  variety. 

Murray/ s  Jlmdinf/for  the  liaU  :  Mtuiic,  and  the  Art.  of 
Jjran,  A  reprint  from  the  "  (Quarterly  Uoview"  of 
two  a/lmirable  articloa,  the  latter  of  wliich  both  sexes 
of  all  claJtsea  may  read  to  their  jirofit. 

Lonorauna  Ti'ivdhrn  Lihrurij :  JJohrofCH  McmoivH^ 
vtntUn  hy  hirattclf.  A  well  print';d  duodneimo  of  more 
than  300  pages,  full  of  anninf;riient  and  in»iriiction  for 
thoHe  wlio  wish  to  know  how  a  man  "cradled  in  poverty, 
with  no  education  »ave  what  he  could  pick  up  tor  hini- 
uelf  arflidBt  incewant  HtniggleB  for  bare  oxiMtence,"  at 
Ia«t  contrived  to  Uike  liis  place  among  the  moHt  dis- 
tingui«hed  writerH  of  his  ago.  Ilia  anecdotes  of  horses 
arc  among  the  bcHt  on  record. 

Tlvn  Farm/.r»^  aiul  O'jtiagcrH*  (hddc.  By  Alex.  Camp- 
bell. Fourth  edition,  reviHed  and  enlarged,  Groojn- 
bridgc.     (A  pamphlet.)     Although  chiefly  intended  for 


Ireland,  this  may  bo  advantageously  perused  by  the 
gardeners  of  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland. 

Keith  Johnson's  Physical  School  A  tlas.  The  same.  Gene- 
ral School  Atlas.  Blackwood.  Smallfolio. — It  is  impossible 
to  exaggerate  the  merits  of  Mr.  Keith  "Johnson's  works 
on  Geography.  They  stand  confessedly  at  the  head  of 
English  books  of  their  class.  The  two  handsome  and 
very  cheap  volumes  now  before  us  are  admirably  re- 
duced from  the  larger  worlis,  so  as  to  render  them 
adapted  to  the  purposes  of  schools.  The  maps  are 
admirable  specimens  of  drawing,  printing,  and  colouring 
— clear  and  distinct — with  no  superfluity  of  places,  nor 
any  deficiency  as  regards  those  with  which  young 
people  require  to  be  made  acquainted.  Let  us  add 
that  the  letter-press  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  typography  that  has  yet  issued  from  the  Scotch, 
press.  Every  gardener's  library  should  contain  both 
volumes,  or  at  least  the  fii'st. 

Home  Truths  for  Home  Peace ;  or  Muddle  defeated. 
Second  edition.  Effingham  Wilson.  ]2mo.,  pp.  176. — 
The  Muddles  form  a  large  family,  of  which  we  all 
ot  us  know  something,  and  some  a  great  deal.  Gardeners 
aud  farmers,  with  their  servants,  without  being  worse 
than  others,  abound  in  them.  "  Always  doing,  never 
done  ; "  working  like  asses,  struggling,  striving,groaning, 
moaning,  always  behindhand,  never  in  time,  too  late  for 
one  thing,  too  early  for  another  ;  Turnips  sown  so  early 
that  they  rot  or  run  to  seed,  Celery  so  late  that  it  has 
no  time  to  grow  ;  Grapes  cut  half  ripe.  Apples  left  to 
drop  from  the  trees  ;  everything  when  it  should  not  be, 
nothing  wlien  it  should  be  ;  tools  out  of  place,  or  unfit 
for  use  when  wanted  ;  weeds  overtopping  flower  beds, 
copsewood  overtopping  trees  ;  gates  without  hinges,  locks 
without  keys,  roads  never  mended  till  a  cart  is  upset 
and  a  horse  half-liilled, — such  are  a  few  of  the  symptoms 
by  which  horticultural  and  agricultural  Muddles  are  un- 
mistakeably  known.  We  recommend  this  little  book  to 
their  careful  perusal  ;  for  if  anything  can  render  them 
rational,  and  useful  to  those  among  whom  they  live  it  is 
it  that  will  do  so.  We  also  recommend  it  not  less 
strongly  to  those  who  experience  the  misery  of  muddling 
servants  ;  it  is  exactly  the  book  for  a  kitchen  library, 
where  there  is  such  a  thing. 

The  Solar  System.  By  J.  R.  Hind.  Orr  and  Co.  l2mo. 
pp.  140.  A  part  of  these  publishers'  "Headings  in 
Popular  Literature." 

The  Constitution  and  Functions  of  the  Goroner,  <tc. 
By  J.  Toulmin  Smith.  Trelawney  Saunders.  (A 
pamphlet.) 

Observations  mi  the  'Effect  of  the  Californian  and 
Australian  Gold,  &c.     Bumpus.     (A  pamphlet,) 

T/iOiiffhts  on  an  Income  Tax  and  on  a  Property  Tax. 
By  Thomas  Gisborne.     Murray.     (A  pamphlet.) 

Memorial  Regarding  Amendments  in  the  Scottish 
Poor-laWy  proposed  hy  Dr.  Alison,  &c.  Blackwood. 
(A  pamphlet.) 

Letters  to  John  Bull,  Esq,,  on  Affairs  connected  with  Ms 
Landed  Property,  and  the  Persons  who  live  thereon.  By 
Sir  E.  Bulwer  Lytton,  Bart.  Eleventh  edition.  Black- 
wood.    (A  pamphlet.) 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Belton  Gardens,  near  Grantham,  Lincolnshire. — 
There  is  at  present  in  flower  here  a  flne  plant  of  the 
Large-headed  Brownpea  (B.  grandiceps.)  It  is  a  native 
of  the  mountain  forests  of  Caraccas,  and  of  woods  near 
Cumana,  whence  it  was  sent  to  Europe  many  years 
ago.  The  plant  itself  is  not  uncommon  in  English 
gardens ;  but  it  is  seldom  met  with  in  flower.  It  is 
stated  to  have  been  a  very  shy  flowerer  at  Belton,  and 
it  would  be  desirable  to  know  the  best  mode  of  treat- 
ment for  securing  an  annual  show  of  bloom.  The 
blossoms  are  produced  in  a  short  spike,  tier  above  tier; 
every  day  witnessing  the  expansion  of  a  new  tier  above 
those  of  the  former  days,  till  at  last  the  whole  mass 
becomes  a  large  globe  of  crimson  flowers.  The  foliage, 
too,  is  very  handsome.  The  following  statement  re- 
specting the  cultivation  of  this  plant  is  extracted  from 
the  «  Botanical  Register  "  for  1841,  t.  30.  *'  It  should 
be  grown  in  a  damp  stove.  When  the  seeds  are  good  they 
are  easily  raised  if  sown  in  light  soil  and  plunged  in  a 
tan  pit  or  hotbed.  A  rich  free  soil  that  will  not  get 
hai'd  or  sour  is  the  best  for  its  after  growth.  It  is  only 
in  a  large  house  that  it  can  thrive  well  for  any  length  of 
time,  and  be  seen  in  its  greatest  beauty;  and  if  it 
is  planted  out  in  the  border,  or  in  a  large  tub,  with  suffi- 
cient room  for  its  leaves,  it  forms  a  magnificent  object." 

Mes-srs.  Chandler's  Nursery,  Vauxhall. — Lovers 
of  Camellias  will  be  glad  to  learn  that  the  extensive 
collection  of  this  favourite  flower,  for  which  this  nursery 
is  celebrated,  is  now  in  full  bloom.  When  we  state  that 
they  form  a  bank,  100  feet  in  length,  .and  some  H  or  10 
feet  deep,  some  idea  will  be  gatliered  of  the  kind  of 
entertainment  which  it  may  bo  expected  a  visit  to  so 
large  a  display  will  afford.  Red  kinds,  as  altheteflora, 
Cliundlcrii,  Woodsii,  imbricata,  iStc,  are  abundant  and 
fine,  and  tho  old  doulilo  whites  have  flowered  better 
this  year  than  usual,  few  of  the  buds  having  dropped,  a 
circumstance  perhaps  to  be  atti'ibuted  to  tho  mild 
winter  having  caused  less  fire  heat  to  be  employed,  nnd 
therefore  to  the  air  being  more  moist  and  congenial  to 
the  liealth  of  tho  plants.  The  wliole  collection  is  neatly 
arranged,  and  in  oxceUent  condition. 


FLORICULTURE. 

—  ♦- 

Thk  ANTjnniirNUM.— 'What  charactcrialicH  of  a  useful 
flower  does  tlio  SnajHlragon  not  jiohhchh  i  Has  it  not  a 
flrst-ratc  habit— ample  foliago,  and  bnlliant  aud  well- 


contrasted  colours  ?  aud  is  it  Jiot  capaljle  of  Ijeiug  culti- 
vated in  pots  ?  It  has  but  one  fault  ;  and  that  is  the 
freedom  of  seeding,  which  the  Antirrhinum  inherits 
beyond  control  ;  hence  the  little  advance  in  point  of 
form,  which  this  flower  has  made  for  years  ;  let  us 
see  whether  or  not  it  is  incapable  of  "improvement." 
The  flowers  are  prodmcd  on  spikes,  vaiyiug  from  say 
10  to  20  inches  in  length,  every  titr  of  blooms  decreasing 
in  size  as  they  approach  the  top,  and  the  buds  about  tUe 
summit  seldom  expanding  ;  yet,  on  all,  or  very  nearly 
all,  seed  is  formed^  and  from  a  single  spike  sufficient 
may  be  harvested  to  fill  many  villa  gardens  with  plants 
the  following  year,  for  if  sown  when  ripe,  they  raajce 
blooming  stock  by  Midsummer.  Theee  innjimierable 
seedlings  overpower  the  cultivator,  and  arrest  the  onward 
march  of  improvement.  Decapitate  even  but  a  few 
selected  spikes,  just  when  the  lower  blossoms  ai'e  showing 
colour,  and  then  allow  only  3,  4,  or  5  flowers  to  perfect 
themselves  on  each  spike  ;  this  will  give  you  a  crop  of 
enlarged  blossoms,  and  the  probable  result  will  be  a 
"  packet  of  good  seeds."  Mr.  Riley,  of  Hudder£.field, 
has  been  engaged  in  the  improvement  of  this  flower  ; 
Mr.  Pawsey  has  done,  and  is  doing,  much  in  regard  to 
it.  Mr.  DobsoD,  we  know,  "  likes  it,"  and  Mr.  Lochner 
*'  grows  a  few  examples  of  it ;"  and  we  are  sure  its  capa- 
bilities only  need  be  pointed  out  to  enlist  many  in  its 
cause.  The  requirements  necessary  to  render  it  a 
favourite  are  brilliancy  of  colours  ;  if  party-coloured, 
then  they  should  be  well  defined.  The  flowers  should 
he  smooth  on  the  surface  of  both  upper  and  lo^vfiT 
lips,  which  must  be  also  Avell  rounded,  of  good 
texture  and  size  ;  the  colour  of  the  tube,  for  the  sake 
of  contrast,  should  be  white.  Flowers  that  possess  i]j 
some  degree  these  properties  only  should  be  selected  for 
seed-bearing,  and  with  such  the  parents  will  soon  be 
eclipsed.  The  progress  will  be  the  more  certain  if  seed 
be  saved  from  the  best  bloom  that  can  be  founJ,  wdiich, 
when  chosen,  should  be  the  only  one  permitted  to  remain 
on  the  plant.    /.  E. 

The  Ranunculus. —  Perhaps  the  following  hints  res-- 
pecting  the  way  in  which  I  treat  and  successfully  flower 
the  scarlet  and  yellow  Turban  varieties  may  not  be 
unacceptable,  as  in  my  opinion  they  merit  a  prominent 
situation  in  every  flower  garden,  on  account  of  the  bril- 
liant display  they  create  at  a  season  when  such  is  most 
desirable ;  and  they  do  not  interfere  with  bedding  out 
half-hardy  plants.  In  preparing  the  bed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  roots,  I  remove  the  soil  entirely  to  the  depth 
of  1 8  iuclies,  replacing  it  by  a  few  inches  of  drainage, 
adding  about  1  foot  of  rotten  manure  ;  on  this  I  plac& 
about  G  inches  of  yellow  loam  (I  do  not  incorporate  the 
soil  with  the  manure),  I  then  rake  it  into  a  flat  surface, 
allowiug  the  bed  to  sink  lower,  if  anything,  than  its 
edging,  in  order  that  it  may  the  better  convey  water  to 
the  roots,  which  they  require  in  liberal  quantities  during 
a  dry  season.  I  plant  the  third  week  in  November,  in 
rows  4  inches  apart,  with  the  dibble,  inserting  the  roots 
with  their  prongs  downwards  ;  I  then  fill  up  the  cavity 
with  sand,  raking  the  ground  level,  and  gently  patting  it 
with  a  spade.  As  the  blooming  season  advances  I 
protect  them  at  night  by  placiug  hoops  across  the  bed, 
over  which  I  put  mats,  to  guard  against  sudden  changes, 
as  wind,  frost,  and  rain  ;  this  I  continue  till  they  have 
done  blooming,  but  iu  the  day  time  I  remove  the  tempo- 
rary covering,  unless  the  weather  should  prove  unfa- 
vourable. ,As  sudden  showers  are  likely  to  occur  at  this 
season,  the  cultivator  .should  be  on  the  alert,  or  his 
blooms  will  be  seriously  damaged.  In  order  to  prolong 
the  flowering  season,  I  shade  them  during  hot  sunshine  ; 
by  foUowiug  the  above  directions,  not  one  of  my  roots 
has  failed  to  bloom.  John  F.  M'Mroy,  Qardencr  to  W 
J.  Lancaster,  Esq.,  Stamford-hill. 


National  Flobicdltdral  Societt.  —  The  Anniversary 
meeting  of  this  Society  was  held  on  Thursday  last.  LuKt  year's 
officL-rs  were  all  re-tlected  except  Messrs.  Beclt,  Fatrbaini, 
Gray,  and  Neivhal',  who  retired  Irora  tho  Commiitee,  nnd  were 
replaced  by  Messrs.  Dobson,  Ivery,  Cook,  and  Soiii-h.  From  tho 
Auditor's  leport  (dated  Ft.b.  13),  it  .nppears  that  the  money  in 
the  bands  of  the  Treasurer  is  3t.  Qs.  HW. ;  and  tbat  on  January 
8th,  Eubecriptions  to  the  amount  of  3U.  1-Js,  were  etiU  unpaid. 

CATALOonE  received  from  N.  Gainea,  Surrey-lane,  Bnttereea  ; 
ahu  ihe  Schedule  ot  Prizes  for  155'^  of  ihe  Hull,  East  Hiding 
of  Yorkshiro,  and  Lincolnshire  United  Floral  and  Horticul- 
tural Socieiv.  J.  E. 

CiNEBABiAa  :  J U.  Bcllo  of  the  Villaffo  is  a  lively  purple  on  a 
white  ground  ;  Crusader,  deep  purple  self.  Both  posaese 
much  to  commeod,  hut  they  were  eo  "  bunched  up  "  in  the 
lucifer  box  that  wo  refrain  from  farther  partigulariui^g 
them  ;  the  light  variety  is  the  better  of  ihe  two.  J.  E. 

ExniurTioN  Days  FixtD.  Deiby:  May  2C,  Auguat  4;  Hull: 
May  -il,  June  ^'4,  Augiiat  4,  September  Hi.  J.  E. 

Misc.  \  J  B  F,  Not  worth  trial ;  li-t  them  flower,  and  then  wo 
shouhl  recommend  you  to  replace  them  with  frebh  phinfe 
from  your  ntighboiniuB  nm-Bciyman.  Camellias  may  ho 
retarded,  but  ther  (lowcra  would  be  little  OHte- nied  in  May.. 
Carnations  may  be  planted  from  tho  present  lime  till  April. 
Wo  are  now  potting  and  planting  100(1  pairs.  J,  E. 


Miscellaneous. 

Continental  Climates. — it  is  a  grand  miaiako  (o  believe 
that  any  of  onr  nciglibonry  aro  nmcli  bettor  than  our- 
selves in  that  respect.  If  they  be,  it  ia  more  in  the  fact, 
that  the  order  ol  tlio  scrtHonH  in  more  regular,  and  tlmt 
tho  pai'ticnlar  ch.iraetcv  of  Lho  time  has  fewer  variations 
than  in  Ii^iighind.  So  mnch  in  ihia  the  case,  that  we 
appveciato  perfectly  tho  distinction  a  foreigner  once 
made  to  im-tiiat  England  has  weather,  but  no  climatte 
— meaning  that  avury  imngiiuiblo  change  is  at  all  times 
poasiblo,  and  that  for  four  weeks  of  Juno  sun  and  wind, 
wo  often  aro  rc(piilcd  with  a  December  that  even  Nuploa 
might  envy.  It  may  bo  8ot  down  as  certain,  that  except 
in  a  few  favonred  sputa  along  the  bborcs  of  the  Mcditer- 


152 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[Mar.  G, 


Taneau  and  la  bicilj,  our  winters  are  milder  tluui  those  of 
the  Continent.  A  Paris  winter  is  a  vile  compound  of 
cold,  slush,  damp,  fog,  and  foul  smells.  A  Brussels  one 
IS  all  the  preceding,  plus  sleet  and  storm,  A  German 
winter  is  an  affair  of  stoves,  double  windows,  fur 
-mantles,  an.d  foot-warmers,  frozen  fountains,  and  no 
mail  every  second  or  third  day.  Italy  has  a  dozen 
climates.  i\lilanj  all  rain  and  wind.  Turin  botli,  in 
diminished  degree.  Florence  alternates  between  an 
Irish  January  and  a  West  Indian  tornado.  With  the 
Sirocco,  come  fog,  mud,  and  neuralgia  ;  with  the  Tra- 
montano  wind  you  have  falling  pottery  and  pleurisies. 
Rome  is  Ireland  with  a  Pontine  fever  ;  and  Naples  is 
-  all  that  sun  and  wind  can  make  it.  The  autumns  are 
uniformly  fine  abroad,  finer  and  less  changeable  than  in 
England.  As  for  spring,  it  only  exists  in  "  Tiiomson's 
Seasons."  The  continental  summers  are  almost  unex- 
>'ceptionably  good.  In  mountain  districts  tliere  are 
•  certain  periodical  rains,  but  they  rarely  last  long,  or 
cause  much  inconvenience.  An  English  invalid  lias  few 
valid  reasons  for  leaving  his  own  shores,  save  such  as 
the  change  of  scene  and  the  novelty  of  travel  suggest. 
Pisa,  it  is  true,  offers  some  advantages  to  the  weak 
chested  ;  but  then  the  whole  available  extent  of  Pisa  is 
the  quay  along  the  Arno,  Away  from  this,  you  en- 
eoimter  cutting  winds  and  cold  blasts,  and  all  the  rigours 
of  a  northern  winter.  There  are  a  few  secluded  uooks 
'along  the  IMediterranean,  such  as  Nestre  and  Spezzia, 
^.which  combine  the  advantages  of  sea-air  with  all  the 
luxuriance  of  a  tropical  vegetation.  Diclcens^s  Household 
Words. 

Orclbids. —  A  few  fine  plants  of  Vanda  caarulea  just 
imported  were  sold  hy  Mr.  Stevens  on  Tuesday  last. 
They  fetched  from  \l.  Is.  to  3^  15s.  per  lot,  each  con- 
-jisting  of  several  plants. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the   ensuing  weelc.) 

GENERAL  REMARKS. 

In  calTyrng  on  the  sevei-al  departments  of  gardening, 
whether  on  a  large  or  small  scale,  a  classification  of  the 
different  kinds  of  work  should   be  made,  and  a  corre- 
sponding number  of  hands  allotted  to  each  department. 
A  little  practice  will  soon   enable  a  workman  to  become 
expert  at  any  certain  description  of  work  ;  and,  couse- 
q[uently,  enable  him  to  do  more  than  if  employed  indis- 
■  criminately   at   various  things.      By  a  judicious   sub- 
■'  division   of    labour,   gardening,    like   other   businesses 
■  involving  various  kinds  of  work,  will  proceed,  even  in 
pressing  seasons  like  the  present,  with  regularity  and 
dispatch. 
^  PLANT-HOUSES. 

:  JLTi-ufti'ltion  to  the  plants  now  undergoing  potting,  a 
large  number  will  necessarily  be  left,  not  requiring  that 
operation  at  this  season  ;  it  will,  however,  be  requisite 
to  examine,  if  possible,  the  roots  of  such  plants  as  to 
their  drainage  and  general  conditions  ;  one  great  cause 
of  plants  dying  suddenly  is  owing  to  the  soil  in  which 
they  grow  becoming  impervious  to  water.  This  is  more 
frequently  the  case  witii  plants  grown  in  peat.  Care 
Should,  therefore,  be  taken  at  this  time  to  make  the 
balls  sufficiently  porous,  either  witli  a  small  iron  rod  or 
blunt  pointed  stick,  that  the  water  may  pass  freely 
through  them,  and  equally  moisten  the  whole  mass  of 
roots.  In  making  the  holes  be  careful  not  to  injure  the 
principal  roots.  After  this  the  pots  or  tubs  iA  which  the 
plants  are  growingmay  have  a  surfacing  of  fresh  compost; 
although  in  growing  most  plants  into  specimens,  pruning 
may  not  be  requii'ed  at  any  one  particular  season,  as 
the  plant's  growth  should  be  constantly  watched,  and 
coaxed  into  the  desired  shape,  yet,  a  number  of  things 
will  require  some  kind  of  annual  pruning,  and  which 
should  always  precede  the  new  growth. 

FORCING    DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — The  l\lusca,t,  Cannon  Hall,  and  one  or  two 
oilier  kinds  of    Grapes,   oftentimes  produce    irregular 
bunches,  through  imperfect  fertilisation  of  the  berry. 
The  pollen,  being  attached  by  a  viscous  secretion  to  the 
anther,  can -only  disengage  itself  when  the  atmosphere 
is   both   warm   and   dry  ;    the    flowers,   as    well,    are 
frequently  too  thick  on  the  bunches  to  expand  properly ; 
in  this  caee-a  partial  thinning  of  the  bloom-buds  before 
flowering  is  attended  with  benefit.  This,  with  a  dry  tem- 
perature of  not  less  than  70*^,  will  obtain  the  desired 
■'■    end,    especially    if    assisted   by   artificial   fertilisation. 
"tS  -Keep   up   a   steady   heat   in    the   early   house,    taking 
-■'advantage  of    sun   heat   by    closing   the   house   rather 
early,   and    keeping  the  necessary  internal  circulation 
vup    by    contrivances    independent    of    the  sashes  ;    as 
the    berries  will   now    be   swelling,    moderate     water- 
ing   should     be     given     to     the    borders    inside    the 
Jiouse  ;    if  these   borders  are  well  drained  and    in  an 
•exhausted  state,  very  liberal  quantities  of  manure-water, 
■weakened  by  the  addition  of  warm  water  to  bring  it  to 
about  yS*',  may  be  given  with  safetj.     The  inside  bor- 
ders of  Vineries  now  commencing  work,  should  have  a 
-similar  soaking,  leaving,  however,  the  principal  manure 
-waterings  to  the  time   when  more   i     ivt  growth  has 
.talcen  place.     The  second  house  will      ■squire  the  pre- 
cautions we  gave  in  former  calendars,  when  they  get 
into  bloom,   and  the    necessary  training   and  stopping 
bel^given  to  this  house,  and  those  which  are  a  stage 
■or  so  later.     The  shoots  of  Vines  after  this  time  (par- 
ticularly if  they  are  vigorous)  will  often  grow    them- 
selves off.     If  such  is  likely  to  occur,  the  shoots  should 
be  gently   bent    a   trifle    each    d.ay  into  their    proper 
form,  doing  it  when  the  sun  has   the  greatest  power, 
at    which     time     the    shoot     will     be      most     pliable. 
-^SEACii  H^usE. —  Proceed  gradually  with  thinning  the 


young  fruit  and  shoots.  It  U  |generally|  the  practice  to 
leave  the  final  thinning  of  Peach  trees  till  after  stoning, 
to  allow  for  some  dropping  off  at  that  critical  period  of 
forcing.  We  are  inclined  to  believe  that  this  having 
more  on  the  tree  than  Nature  can  cari*yon  to  perfection, 
is  the  principal  reason  why  so  many  frequently  fall  at 
that  time,  and  therefore  advise  only  a  few  more  to  be 
left  than  will  ultimately  be  required  for  the  crop. 
The  second  house  will  now  be  setting  the  fruit.  The 
early  house  should  be  well  syringed  in  the  afternoon  of 
each  fine  day.  Watch  for  green-fly  ;  and  keep  the  floors, 
&c.,  of  forcing  houses  of  all  kinds  damp,  particularly 
during  bright  days.  Strawberries  will  enjoy  this  bright 
weather.  Pay  attention  that  the  supply  of  water  is 
regular.  Whenever  a  sufficient  number  of  flowers  are 
set  to  form  a  crop,  take  off  the  remaining  blooms  ; 
this  will  both  quicken  the  period  of  ripening,  and  add 
materially  to  the  size  of  the  frnit.  In  the  numlier  to  be 
kept,  be  guided  by  the  sort  of  Strawberry  and  size  of 
the  pot.  Bring  on  regular  successions  of  plants  to 
succeed  those  now  swelling  of  their  fruit. 
FLOUISTS'  FLOWERS. 
We  would  advise  our  friends,  who  intend  to  try  the 
experiment  of  growing  Pinks  in  pots,  immediately  to  get 
their  plants  in  the  large  pots  for  blooming.  The  soil,  or 
compost,  should  be  rich,  rather  heavy  than  light  ;  being 
half-maiden  loam,  with  a  fourth  very  rotten  manure, 
and  a  fourth  leaf-^oil,  and  river  sand.  To  our  certain 
knowledge  they  are  well  grown  thus  in  the  vicinity  of 
Edinburgh  ;  and  for  the  last  two  years  the  prizes  given 
for  Pinks  by  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society  have 
been  gained  by  flowers  which  had  been  cultivated  in 
pots.  It  will  be  advisable  now  to  go  carefully  over  the 
Tulip  bed  ;  there  will  be  a  few  weeds  to  remove,  and 
the  soil  should  be  carefully  stirred,  so  that  cracks  may 
be  filled  up,  and  the  earth  made  moderately  fast  about 
the  neck  of  the  rising  plant.  Hollyhocks  should  now 
be  planted  out.  Strong  roots  of  last  year's  growth 
should  have  their  shoots  (which  are  now  apparent) 
reduced  to  three  ;  those  which  are  taken  off,  if  inserted 
in  small  pots,  in  sandy  loam,  and  placed  in  a  gentle 
bottom  heat,  will  soon  strike  root. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

As  frosty  nights  are  now  common,  the  protection  of 
wall  trees  will  require  great  cai'e.  Of  course,  if  canvass 
or  other  screens  are  used  on  rollers,  to  let  up  and  down, 
they  must  be  drawn  up  each  morning.  Nettings,  &.C., 
are  generally  fixed,  and  should  not  be  brought  nearer 
the  face  of  the  wall  than  2  feet,  except  towards  the  top  ; 
this  will  permit  the  air  freely  to  the  trees,  and  act 
equally  well  as  a  protection.  Where  the  trees  are  only 
covered  with  Evergreen  spray  or  branches  of  the  Beech, 
the  stems  of  Standard  Apricots,  Peaches,  dtc,  should  be 
protected  by  hay-bands  or  something  similar.  We  feel 
convinced  the  prevalence  of  the  Moor  Park  Apricot, 
and  some  others  of  o,ur  best  fruits,  to  lose  large  limbs, 
arises  in  some  measure  from  the  sudden  transition,  at 
this  season,  from  severe  frost  (at  night)  to  hot  sun 
during  the  day,  causing  a  disruption  of  some  portion  of 
the  vessels,  conveying  the  sap  upwards,  and  ending  in 
the  death  of  the  branch. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Premising  the  land  is  by  this  time  prepared,  the 
principal  crops  of  Onions,  Carrots,  Parsnips,  &c.,  may 
now  be  sown  ;  and  for  after-transplanting  Leeks,  Savoys, 
Walcheren  Broccoli,  and  Cauliflower,  in  a  somewhat 
sheltered  place.  Sow  Lettuce,  Radishes,  and  small 
salading  in  small  quantities,  every  fortnight  through  the 
season.  Provided  the  present  mild  weather  continues, 
the  Cauliflower  and  Lettuce  plants  wintered  in  frames 
may  be  planted,  selecting  (for  this)  a  warm  place,  or, 
where  this  cannot  be  obtained,  plant  them  in  drills  8  or 
9  inches  deep,  and  2  feet  apart;  the  ridges  between  the 
rows  will  aflbrd  them  shelter,  and  may  be  levelled 
down  as  the  plants  advance  ;  the  Lettuce  will  not 
need  the  same  depth  of  drill  or  distance  apart.  We 
generally  practise  this  plan  throughout  the  summer 
(for  the  facilities  it  affords  for  watering  the  plants), 
having  a  poor  and  dry  soil  to  contend  with.  Plant 
out  successional  crops  of  Cabbage,  including  some  red 
ones  for  pickling  ;  Cauliflower,  under  glasses,  will  re- 
quire surfacing  and  occasional  watez'iugs  in  dry  weather. 
Peas  and  Beans,  hoe  between,  and  sow  for  succession. 
Asparagus  beds  should  now  be  forked  over,  -working  the 
land  fine,  that  the  heads  may  come  up  straight.  If 
manure  was  laid  on  the  beds  in  the  autumn,  nothing 
more  at  this  time  will  be  I'equired  ;  if  not,  some  very 
rotten  dung  may  be  forked  in.  A  path  alone  between 
the  beds  is  necessary,  and  therefore  we  see  no  motive 
for  having  deep  alleys,  and  advise  their  being  filled  up 
with  good  compost,  which  will  assist  the  plants  ;  nor 
need  the  soil  cover  the  crowns  to  a  greater  depth  than 
6  inches  for  any  purpose.  A  number  of  things  in  this 
department  will  now  require  attention  ;  and,  in  sowing 
and  planting  out  the  various  crops,  a  knowledge  of  the 
demand  for  each,  and  the  season  when  it  is  most  re- 
quired, must  be  constantly  kept  in  view. 


Feb.  27— Unzv  clouds;  UDiformly  overcast  at  uight. 

—  2S— Slijrht  rain  ;  clouUy  ;  clear  at  nlgbt 

—  29— Clear  i  overcBBt  and  cold  ;  clear  and  froBly. 
March  I— Fine;  clou'ly  and  tine;  o-^ercaBt. 

—  2— OvercsBt;  floB;  clear  and  froBty, 

—  3— Sharp  froet ;  fine;  very  cold  in  nflernonn  ;  frosty, 

—  4— Shari)  tVuBt;  clear;  briitlitsua;  clefl' and  frosty. 
Meaa  teiuperature  ol  the  week,  C  deg.  below  tlie  average. 


State  of  the  Weather  at  ChiawicV,  during:  the  last  26 
ensuing  week. eadins  March  i3.,iaJ2. 

years,  for  the 

March. 

Hi 

lit 

Pn. 
2^ 

No.  Of 
I  ears  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain 

Prevailing  Winds. 

a 

3 

a 

3 

1 

4    3;   l'  4    G    3 
0    3-532 
322373 
-1  -;  3    3    5    ;i 

3    4    4    3    Sj  :: 
2    2    3:  2    7    4- 
2'  3:  3'  1    c'  7 

2; 

Sunday  7 
Mon         8 
Tues.      9 
Wed.      10 
Tburs.   jl 
Friday   12 
Saiiir.    13 

■19.0 
49,7 
S0.2 

^0-7 
50.3 
50.9 
50.G 

32.0 
3J.8 
32.2 
32.3 
33.0 
32.S 
34.8 

40.8 
41.2 
-11.2 
41.6 
-Il.C 
41.9 
12.7 

10 
9 
7 
11 
10 
12 
It 

0.10  la. 

0.17 

0.47 

n.no 

0.20 
0.23 
0.30 

_2 

4 
5 
2 
1 

4 

The  highest  temperature  during  the  above  perkd  occurred  on  tbs'  9ib, 
1S2G— therm.  CSdeg.;  aiid  the  toweet  ou  the  lOih,  1317— (heriu.7deg. 

State  of  the  WeM he 

r  near  liOnrfon,  for  the  week  e 

n^lDi;  M«ich  4.  1852. 

aeobserved  ai  the  HorticuUurRl  Garaei.s,  Cblswick. 

f. 

Thmpbhatobm. 

Feb. and 

'a 

0 
3! 

Of  the  Air. 

OrtbeEarlli 

Wind. 

S. 

Max. 

Mln- 

M.,. 

Min. 

Uean 

1  root 
deep. 

3  /eet 
deep. 

Friday..  27 

30.136 

29  9li3 

it, 

3a 

30.0 

38 

33 

N. 

01 

Salur.  ..  2S 

D:   29715 

2^.fi'.3  !     50 

Ml 

40.0 

3SJ 

3SJ 

N.W. 

01 

Sunday.  29,  9    29.872  '    29.739  ;     « 

24 

33  .i 

39 

3S 

N.W 

0.5 

Monday      I   10    29.303  1    29.710  .     49 

34 

41.5 

37» 

38.* 

W. 

Tiiep.    ..     2  II,    29.S50  1    29.749       49 

19 

31.0 

33 

39 

N.E 

Wed.    ,.     3!l2    30.203  '  2!l.957  \     4i 

IQ 

32.0 

37 

38 

N.K. 

.(>( 

Thura.,.    4 

.3 

30.538      311.312  ■     46 

16 

3.b 

3;      1  37 

N.E. 

.00 

Srprai^n 

l^n.Olfi      2<>.Sfi5      4fiS      217  '   3ii3 

37.S    '  38.1 

07 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 
AMAnTLLiDS,    djc.  :   J  T  A.    The  collection  about  which  you: 
inquire  was  sold  by  auction, J 

BiGNoNiA  cuEBEEE  :  R  A  M.  To  make  it  flower  it  must  be 
growD  with  plenty  of  bottum-heat,  such  as  a  tan  pic  ivill 
give,  and  have  a  good  deal  of  space  to  run  in.  The  name, 
pronounced  Ktrere,  is  that  which  it  ie  said  to  bear  iu 
Cayenne,  whence  it  comes. 

Birds  :  Franccsca.  Your  bird  is  suffering  from  asthma,  and  no 
doubt  caught  a  severe  cold  during  it3  last  moult.  Let  tlio 
regular  foud  be  Canaiy,  Flax,  and  Rape-seedB.  Discontintio 
the  Uempseed  immediately.  In  lieu  of  culd  water,  givy  hint 
for  two  daya  new  milk,  boiled.  By  all  means  keep  bim  in  a 
cage,  openatthefrontooly.  This  uill  secure  him  from  draught. 
At  the  end  of  a  week  administer  a  little  raw,  finely  ecruped 
rump  steak,  moistened  with  water;  once  daily,  for  three 
days.  This  will  work  a  cure,  and  your  little  friend  will  eoon 
rejj  ain  hi-  sprightiioess  and  song.  Do  not  give  him  too  much 
green  food. — Louisa  C  The  "  living  insects"  you  speak  of  ara 
the  cause  of  yuur  bird's  illueas.  I'loeure  him  a  new  maho- 
gany cage,  and  destroy  the  old  one  inimedtately.  Also  carelully 
remove  with  the  point  of  a  fine  ntedle  every  insect  you  cau 
detect  lurking  amongst  his  feathers  —it.  Use  canary  and 
flax,  only ;  and  discontinue  sugar  altugether.  It  id 
"trash"  that  causes  the  deaih  of  so  very  many  birds. — 
L  J  \V.  Tour  bird's  feet  have  been  iijured  bj  dirt.  Do  not 
attempt  to  pick  oif  the  "round  ball,"  without  previously 
soaking  the  feet  iu  warm  water.  After  this,  let  the  cage  and 
the  perches  be  kept  thoroughly  clean.  Do  not  put  your  buds 
up  for  breeding  till  the  middle  of  April.— Horoice  B.  Your 
kind  feelings  are  to  be  commended.  No  doubt,  the  bird  is  a 
hen,  and  if  it  be  set  free  in  a  fortnight's  time,  it  will  be  easily 
able  to  procure  its  living.  As  you  reside  in  the  country, 
there  can  be  no  d^ffieuliy  in  the  matter.  Y^our  favourite  will 
not  wander  far  away.  — /losa.  You  muat,  on  no  account, 
do  aa  you  propose.  The  bath,  at  this  season,  is  fatal  to 
these  biids, — bringing  ou  cramp  and  other  aiilments.  Tha 
food  you  are  iu  the  habit  of  usicg  is  qu'te  correct;  excepting 
the  Hempseed,  — which  difaeuuiinue.  If  juu  want  a  tirat-r-ite 
songster,  it  will  cost  you  three  guineas.  It  is  in  vain  for  yoa 
to  try  and  instruct  your  pupil.  You  must,  Bo  far  as  he  is 
concerned,  take  the  will  fur  the  deed.  In  a  very  few  weeks, 
wo  shall  go  fully  into  the  merits  of  these  really  valuable 
birds,  and  then  we  will  enlarge  upon  what  iu  this  place  is 
necessarily  iuudmissible.  Keep  your  biid  ©ut  of  the  reach 
of  alldrauiihtB.  W.  K. 

Books  i  Alpha.  Both  "  Ladies' Botany"  and  "  School  Botany." 

BonoNiA  sEBRDLATA  :  R  A  H.  It  13  evident  that your  plant  was 
transferred  unskilfully  to  a  large  pot,  after  its  roots  hud 
become  pot-buuud.  This  is  too  common  a  practice;  but  wo 
doubt  your  having  a  legal  reuaedy.  In  all  auch  cases  it  is 
advisable  to  turn  the  plants  out  of  thtir  pot&,  and  examine 
their  condition  when  first  bought.  The  state  of  the  ro^ts 
will,  however,  hardly  account  for  the  final  death  of  the 
plant. 

IIelleeords  NIGER  :  T  M.  It  is  a  dangerous  poison„  that  is  to 
say,  the  root  contains  one  ;  but  it  is  childish  to  be  aliaid  of 
its  hurting  jou.  Who  ever  heard  of  the  poor  CbriBtmas 
Rose,  the  glory  of  our  winters,  doing  any  haim  to-  those  who 
handle  it  I 

ilusHEooMs:  CavXtie,  We  could  not  suspect  your  name  to  be 
misread,  for  that  of  CausUe  is  not  in  any  way  applicable  to 
youi"  stjie.  But  if  your  language  is  not  caus^tic  it  is  oITeu- 
sive,  and  such  as  we  cannot  permit  you  to  apply  to  our  cor- 
respondents. The  writer  of  the  Calendar  is  one  of  the  most 
skilful  practical  men  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  be  would 
not  have  been  selected  for  so  difficult  a  task  ;  and  we  can- 
not permit  him  to  be  assailed  by  those  who  are  unacquainted 
with  the  commonest  amenities  of  civilised  society,  i^o  doubt 
Mushrooms  may  be  grown  well  in  manywa^s:  but  what 
then  ? 

Names  or  Frdits:  W Noakes,  1,  Fearn*s  Pippin;  2,  Scarlet 
Croftoo.ll— Z.  1,  Golden  Knob;  2,  probably  Beauty  of  Kent; 
3,  some  Apple  only  fit  for  cider  ;  4,  Fearn's  Pippin. || 

Names  of  Plants:  Alpha.  It  is  not  a  Juniper,  but  a  Cyprees 
— no  doubt  Cupressus  sempervirens. 

Onions:  Eardy  and  Son.  The  seeds  of  "transmuted  Onion* 
from  Shallots  "  grew  well  in  the  Society's  garden.  We  ob.^ 
served  that  the  produce  was  clustered,  of  various  shapes  anir 
colours,  but  mostly  tinged  with  led.  The  flavour  wcj& 
stronger  than  even  that  ot  the  Blood  Onion.  They  appear  tii 
be  good  keepers. y 

Obchabd  Hodses  :  J H.  The  house  is  not  in  Farnbam,  but  in 
a  village  near  the  town.  Who  suid  that  Dodjje,  Shuffle,  and 
Co.  have  a  shop  at  Farnham  1  It  is  a  good  rule  for  all  men 
never  to  defend  themselves  till  they  are  attacked. 

Seacale  :  Q  Q.  Fork  in  your  manure  between  the  rows  of 
stools  immediately  after  the  cuttiug  has  ceased.  The  ealfc 
should  be  applied  in  April, ^ 

Seeds  :  Clcncus  ntsticiw.  All  the  seeds  require  to  be  raised  in  a 
hotbed,  and  treated  as  (^Jid^;- annuals.  They  will  not  bear 
our  Eummers. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia:  J.  J.  Half  an  ounce  dissolved  in  a 
gallon  of  water  will  be  enough  for  Pelargoniums  before  they 
come  into  flower.}: 

Transplanting  Evergreens:  QQ.  Much  diversity  of  opinioti 
exists  as  to  the  best  time  for  performing  this  operation.  In 
England  we  have  found  the  best  monttis  for  transplanting 
them  to  be  September  and  October ;  but  in  Ij  eland,  owing  to 
the  dampness  ot  the  climate,  they  msiy  possibly  be  trana- 
planted  with  safety  in  spring'.  If  so,  they  should  be  removed 
just  when  their  buds  begin  to  swell-J 
Vases  -.RAH.  Add  Lysimachianemorum  (yellow),  and  Sedum 
Sieboldii  (rose-coloured).  If  you  cannot  keep  the  Ly&imathia 
damp,  then  you  might  substitute  the  common  Heliotrope,  or 
the  dark  purple  kind  called  Voltaireanum,  which  does  very 
well  in  the  summer. 
Misc.  :  A  Subscriber.  We  supply  the  trade  in  sheets  ;  there- 
fore can  only  recommend  you  to  apply  to  your  agent. 


V*  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  also  beg  for  the  indulgence 
of  those  numerous  correspondents,  the  insertion  of  whose 
intereetinjj  coatiibutiong  is  still  delajed. 


10—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


153 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  aduUerationa  ot'  this 
MANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  otliera  nho 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  suird. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  ihinlt  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Tlte  lowest  lokolcsah  price  at  wkicli  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2k  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND   PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

(FEOil  TBE  SUFFOLK   CBAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  tSae  Powder,  and  beici^  in 
the  immediate  1  -cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Grouud,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  iu  Acid.  Tliey 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  luauufactmiug  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  cunjunctiou  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwabd  Packabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


'yHE  LONDON   MANURE    COxMPANV  offer  the 

-*-  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genume  :— Peruvian  Guano,  Superpliosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  CoruwalJ,  also  a  coostant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Liuseed  and  Rape  Cake, 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuin^e  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  G-ibbs  and  Sous,  at  01. 10s.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
91.  5s.  in  Dock.  Edwabd  Pdsseb,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Depttord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    o    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  ft'illiam-street.  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  lOs.  per  ton ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c, 

ARMERS  AND  GARDENERS  are  invited  to  try 
theNEWaod  Valuable  MANURE,  PEAT  CHARCOAL, 
impregnated  by  pressure  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  the 
London  Sewage,  the  Ammonia,  Phosphates,  and  Faeces  being 
absorbed,  aud  the  water  left  bright  and  palatable.  Sold  at  the 
Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bi  idge,  Fulham,  Middle- 
Bex,  at  6Qg.  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  and  23.  Gd.  per  half  cwE. 

TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  21.  Ds.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  must  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growih  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials  frum  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferti  ibing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  lonj:  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricult'jral  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,0(10  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  lo  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  liberal  Com-oiiision  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  C')pie3  ot  tbe  testimonials  of  its  utiliiy  in  this  coun- 
tiy,  also  forsamplei,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  uf 
the  very  best  oescription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent.'  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phospha'eof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnisbiog 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ol  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  *'  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Aijncultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


K  O  P  R  O  S, 
PATENT  MANURE  FOR  CORN  AND  OTHER  PLANTS, 

MANCFACTCaED   BT    THE    PATF..VTEE 

T      M.  BLASHFIELD,  Mill-wall,  Poplar;  and  also 

"  •  JoldatNo.l  Whaif,  Praed-alrcet,  Paddint'tun-basin  -The 
mineral  lijitredient.conlained  in  this  MANURE  are  in  the  moBt 
perlcct  solutjU  form  for  iucorporation  with  the  ooil.  and  for 
contlnaoa.aolion;  and  theliRhtnesgofthe  bull!,  when  compared 
jrilh  other  Manures,  Is  in  the  oo«t  for  carriage  Kreallj  in  its 
riM°."^'„  I  r  .'  P-r" '""  ?=""■«  "  h^s  b,  on  applied  to  various 
toUl  Dnd  plants  with  very  general  success.  Since  then  im- 
prorements  hare  been   male  In  concentrating  its  most  ini 


Wnr,?a'':d';.''th?,Kl.^'cTi.["^^_^  '"°'"'  "^"^^'^ 

FOUNTAINS  FOR  PLAY1NG~SCEnTeD  WATERS. 
pUUK  WATEll  raised  to  any  height 
-*-     from  a  »mall  stream,  where  a  fall  can 
be  obtalotd,  hy 

FREEMAN  HOE'S 
IMI'ROVED     RAM; 

Deep.w6tl  Pomps,  Walcr-whcel*.  Hnth»,  ITot- 
nat«r  Apparatus,  PoOnlalns.  and  Firo 
Pumpi,  Towns  supplied  with  0ns  ornator. 
Drawings  and  Estimates  majo. 

FaElKiD  Roi,   njdraullc  ond  Oas  Fniti. 
OMT,  7U,  S'rand,  London  ;  and  lirldKcheld.  Wandsworth 


riOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENOINKH, 
•«-l  or  (J«HDEN  I'UIIPOSB.I,  made  of  Canrai,  lined  and 
coated  with  Outia  P«rcb.-i.  It  is  cxclusivny  ij.cd  by  agrlcul. 
lurlsls,  and  at  the  fJo»c-rnmfnt  Public  Works,  itlvlnit  itrial 
'Vi  L*f"""-  ''^'"''  «*■'"•''»  POnOE  and  SUCTION  I'l/MI-, 
Which  Is  'he  rnnst  simple  and  lOTiplclc  ;  It  will  throw  10  ki|. 
lona  jwr  minute,  40  feet  hl((h,  and  It  Is  not  at  all  llnbl..  to  K'  I 
out  of  order.  Price,  M  10..  ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  7;.  7s. 
Bci'.tss  and  Kir,  l'j3,  Newgatcslrret,  London. 


THERM  DIMETERS. 

HENRY  BAKER'S  (90,  Ilatton  Garden,  London), 
List  of  Prices.  Every  instrument  mnrle  by  him  war>  antttl 
accurate.  — Vertical  self-registeriDg  THERMOMETER,  for 
heat  aod  cold,  of  the  best  construction,  ami  not  linble  to  yet  out 
of  order,  14  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  li.  5s  ;  in  j  apan  case, 
U.  Is.,  and  li  ;  10  inches  hiRh,  in  copper  case,  U.  2s. ;  in  japaii 
case,  185.  Horizontal  Thermometers  for  registering  the  ex- 
treme of  cold  only,  is.  Gd.;  Hot-bed  Thermomeicrs,  in  oak 
frames,  U.  1?.  ;  copper  frames,  11.  5s.  Thernn>meters  for 
Brewing,  Baths,  *tc.,  in  copper  cases,  14  inches,  75.  Gd.; 
10  inches,  5s.  Gd.  ;  8  inches,  4s.  Gd. ;  in  japan  cases,  14  inclies,  5s. ; 
ll)  inches,  3s.  Gd.  ;  S  inches,  '2s.  Gd.  Dr.  Mason's  Iljgroraeier, 
or  wet  bulb  Thermometer,  for  showing  the  humidity  of  ihe  air, 
with  tables,  ivory  scale,  ]L.  ;  wood,  153.  An  invaluable  instru- 
ment in  Hothouses,  Sick  Chambers,  itc.  Wheel  BaromLterd 
from  11.  Is.  each,  sent,  securely  packed,  without  fi^ar  of  getting 
out  of  order. 


AGRICULTURAL     SEEDS. 

WDRUMMOND  and  SONS,  Seedsmen,  Stirling, 
•  Scodaud,  are  now  prepared  to  execute  orders  for  the 
above,  from  a  stock  that  has  been  selected  with  every  possible 
car''.  Tbey  beg  to  cull  bpeeial  attention  to  their  various  sorts 
of  TURNIP,  ITALIAN  and  PERENNIAL  RYE-GRASS  and 
NATURAL  GRASSES  for  Permanent  Pasture,  the  prices  for 
which  are  as  low  as  really  genuine  Seeds  can  be  reared  for. 
G-it;ilogue3,  with  prices  and  other  details,  may  be  had  free  on 
application, 

N.B. — The  Carriage  of  Seeds  will  be  pre-paid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  Stations  and  Shippinf;  Ports  throughout 
the  Kingdom.— Agricultural  Museum.  Stirling,  N.B. 

M'CORMICK'S    AlVIERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate- street, 
London. — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusej'e  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition. — "  Mr. 
M'CoHiiiCK's  Reaper,  in  thi'i  trinl,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewliere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  praclical  farmerf,  aud  therefore  received  a  Cnuocil 
Medal.  Mr.  Huasey's  sotuetimes  became  dogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptre%  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
thaf  di  t'Tict.inn." — Price  of  Rpaoer,  25i. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE, 


Approved  by  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and  DNivEitaALLT  P.£C0M- 

MENDED  BT  PbACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  MEN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  Ic  can  be  adjuHted  to  any  angle  iu  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  '.o  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  ftar  of  accident  or  injury, 
thus  rendering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  Jic,  in  the 
Kingdom;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  \Vm.  Dbay  and  Co.'s 
Agiicultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
lane.  Lomiun  Bi  idu'e.  —  A  liberal  riisKuunt  allowL-d  to  the  Tr-jde, 

L1NSEED~AND~C0RN~CRUSHING  MILLS. 

ER.  TURNER  AND  Co.,  Agricultural  Ihple- 
•  MENT  Makers,  Ihonfudndles,  Millwhights,  and 
ENGtNEEBS,  St.  Pettr's  Foundry,  Ipswich,  bi'g  lo  call  »ttentkin 
to  the  folioninn  varieties  of  their  unrivalled  ROLLER 
uRUSHING  MILLS:—  £     s.    d. 

Roller  Mill,  No.  I.,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &c.  &c....  10  10     0 

Do.  No.IE 7     7     0 

Registered  Roller  Mill,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &c., 

and  for  breaking  Beans  and  Peas  9     9     0 

Do.         do.         large  size,  for  Horse  or  Steam  Power  13  13     0 

Small  Hand  Mill,  for  Onts  and  Beans 5     5     0 

Further  parTiculars  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Manu- 
faciurers,  by  whomrelereucea  cau  be  given  to  gentlemen  having 
the  above  Mills  in  u^e. 


HUSSEYS  "CHAMPION"  REAPER.-PRICE  £18. 


WCROSSKILL  will  warrautHUSSEY'S  REAPER 
•  to  cut  "standing"  or  "laid"  Corn,  across  "ridge  and 
furrow  ;"  and  proposes  to  .■■end  his  man  to  start  ihe  Reaper,  at 
the  beginning  of  Harvest,  and  to  go  from  the  farm  of  one  pur- 
chaser to  another,  so  a>i  to  reduce  the  expenses  of  each  -tarting 
from  lOs  to  iiOj.  W.  C.  is  now  making  ibree  Reapers  a  day, 
for  purchasers  who  have  already  given  ordern  ;  but  cannot  gua- 
rantee to  deliver  fu'ure  onJers  iu  time  for  Harvest  unless  ijiven 
immediately.  Thefdlowing  calculation  is  made  by  a  Ynrk- 
shiro  Wold  Fnrmer,  who  used  Hussey's  Reaper  last  Harvest, 
"  The  cost  with  the  Reaper  for  labour  is  about  3s.  per  acre,  for 
cutting,  binding,  raking,  and  atooking.  This  does  not  include 
the  horse  labour,  but  it  must  bo  borno  in  mind  that  if  the 
horses  were  not  employed  Reaping,  ihey  would  in  all  proba- 
bill'y  be  idle." 
For  Man  to  work  the  Reaper,  and  Boy  to  drive  ...  £0    5    0 

„     Eliiht  GalherorH,  at  33.  G(7.  each  18     0 

„     Two  Stookera.  at  3a,  Gd.  each 0     7     0 

,,    Two  Itukera,  at  Is.  vach 0    8    0 

Sixteen  Acre  Field— Total  per  day £2    8    0 

Further  purticularH  ai.d  Report  of  the  Clevolnnd  Challtnge 
and  Trial,  may  ho  h»d  (.''■"tls  on  apiilicntinn  p-r  post. 

CROSSKILL'S  -'COUNCIL"  GKBAT  MEDAL  PATENT 
CLOD  CUL'SHERS  AND  WHEAT  ROLLERS,  for  Rolling 
Young  Wheu'H  In  the  aprlnif.  tkc.  At  iho  f^Jroat  Exhibition  llio 
higliest  award  of  the  Council  Prizi:  Great  Medal  was  nwarded 
to  CaoBcKiLii'M  I'litent  Serrated  Holler  and  Clod  Crurtlior,  with 
thU  C'dTinicndallnii — "  It  repays  itf*  cost  the  iirst  Hcabon  ot  itn 
u***!,"  &n:.     I'ednccd  pricon— ISf.  sizu  now  1 'li.  ciifth, 

CROSSKII.L'.S  "COUNCIL"  ORI-IAT  MEDAL  ONE- 
IIORHK  CARTH,  mouulod  upon  PaHiit  WhucU  nnd  AxIoh, 
miiiiufdcturud  iil(i,o»t  ctitltelj  liy  niauliiiicry.  Reduced  prlcL'H 
-Ten  per  rfitit,  dhcount  o(l'  orderH  for  three  hoIh  of  Patent 
VVheeU  and  Aihm. 

CROHhKILL'8  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL  MfLLS.- 
Tho  inont  powoiful  and  ccon  .ndcal  flllllM,  oi  two.  fmir.  iiii'l  hIx 
homo  power,  for  ffrlndltiH  nil  klnrlrt  ol  fFirin  prnduce,  tncludlnK 
Bone*  for  Mfirinrc  ;  find  particularly  recornmtndcd  nhuro 
Rteiim  powftr  U  riHi  il. 

lAnln  of  prIcuA  iiiuy  bn  had  KrnM',  on  npiiHc-iilxn  per  punt, 
plcnjic  addrcH*  .%!r.  Ci.ojiMKir  i.,  IttvorLy. 


R"^ 


ENDLE'S  NEW  AGRICULTURAL  SEED 
CATALOSUE  FOa  THE  PRESENT  SEASON  ia  just 
pubhslied,  and  caa  be  had  in  exclnDge  for  Oue  Tennt  Stajif. 
It  containa  dEScnptions  of  all  the  beet  varieiies  of  GaASSES 
for  alternate  Husbandry,  Permanent  Pasture,  Ornamcnlal 
Parks,  antl  Pleasure  Grounds,  givinR  their  peculiar  properties, 
and  llie  soils  and  situations  to  which  they  are  best  adapted 
>ix;'i,Tf!!2'''o''°''''"f"'''^  accounts  of  all  the  best  kinds  of 
SWEDbS,  Scolch.  Cooimon,  and  Hybrid  TURNIPS  as  well 
as  MANGOLD  WDRZELS,  CARROTS,  CABBAGES,  PARS. 
NIPS,  and  all  other  sorts  of  Seeds  required  m  Agriculture. 

Tlic  whole  of  the  desci-ijitions  are  in  a  concise  and  useful 
form,  and  will  be  found  of  much  service  to  all  enrjagcd  in 
the  cuUivution  of  the  soil.  The  Subscriiers  will  have 
much  pleasure  ill  forwarding  a  copy,  to  amy  address,  on 
receipt  of  One  Pen.ny  Stamp. 

Apply  to  WiiLlAU  E.  IlE^DLE  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants. 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  OENTDRT. 

AJEVV    SORTS    OF    AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS. 

TRUE  GIANT  SAINTFOIN,  lOs.  pa- 6t.s;,«!. 
BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST   V^h.  (for  double  cropping). 
NEW  SHORT  PARSNIP  for slmlloworlieavy soih). 
SKINLESS  CHEVALIER  BARLEY, 

Tlie  sort  shown  by  Messes.  Sutton  at  the  Great  Exhi- 
bition, weighing  65  lbs.  per  bushel,  and  of  which  "  honour- 
able  mention "  ^vas  made  in  the  Royal  Commissioners' 
Report. 

A  Priced  Catalogue  of  the  above  valuable  articles,  and  of  all 
the  bestsorls  of  Mangolds,  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  other  Agricul- 
tural Seeds  may  be  had  in  return  for  one  postage  stamp, 
addressed  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Heading, 
Berkshire. 


OEEDS  DIRECT    FROM  THE  GROWERS  THE 

^  MOST  CERTAIN  MEANS  OF  PREVENTING  DISAP- 
POINTMENT—The  Garden  Seeds  Rrown  in  iierkshire  and 
the  Southern  Counties  having  obtained  preat  celebrity,  we  have 
made  such  arrangements  wiih  Messrs.  Pickfobd  and  Co.  (who 
have  OfQces  on  most  of  the  preat  lin'S  c  Kailwaj),  as  will 
enable  us  to  DELIVER  OUR  GOODS  FRBS  OF  CARRIAGE 
to  most  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Particulars  may  be 
obtained  by  post,  on  application  to  us,  addressed  John  Sdtton 
and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Readinar,  Berk?. 


HOW  TO  KEEP  HORSES  FOR  LESS  THAN 
ONE  SHILLING  per  DAY  each.— Do  you  bruise  your 
Oats  ?  No.  Then  you  lose  one  bushel  out  of  three.  A  firm 
in  London  is  oaving  2-iOt.  per  annum  by  the  process.  The 
articles  and  numerous  references  msy  be  seen  at  Maet 
Wedlake  and  Co.'s,  118,  Fencliurch-street,  London,  A 
pamphlet  on  the  above  may  be  had,  post  free.  Is.  A  list,  with 
107  iiiuBtratious,  post  free,  Gd. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjo 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  shou'd  con- 
struct their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus  : — Screen  the  gravel  ol  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  luixfd  with  it,  and 
Co  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  oharp  river  sand.  To 
6ve  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  appljing 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spread  ir.  No  tool  is  required  bejond  the  spade, 
and  in  43  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not  boak  through 
it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  paih  towards  the  sides. 
Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bank-Btreet,  Weetminster. 


BUDDING'S    LAWN-MOWING    MACHINES, 

FOK    HAND   AND    HORSE   POWEE, 

"WITH     REGISTERED     IMPROVEMENTS,     AND     AT 
REDUCED    PRICES. 

JOHN  FERRABEE  and  SONS,  who  were  the  sole 
Manufaeturera  of  Budding's  Machines  under  the  Patent, 
and  who  have  produced  and  sold  nearly  -iOOO  of  theui,  have 
this  year  increased  their  efliciency,  and  simplified  their  opera- 
tion and  miinagement,  by  improvements  which  are  protected 
by  registration.  The  improved  Muchines,  in  addition  to  the 
registration  number,  have  the  name  J.  Feueabee  and  Sons 
cast  on  the  frame,  and  none  should  be  purchased  without  this 
guarantee.— Address,  John  Ferbabee  and  Sons,  I'ljojnix  Iron 
Works,  near  Stroud,  Gloucestershire. 


/SATURDAY,  MARCH  6,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WuDWUREAI.  Marcb  Ifl-Auriculturftl  Society  of  Eimlftud. 


TllUHSI 

Wkdnk 
TauiiSL 


11  — AKricoliurnl  Iin|).  Soc.  "I  Irelnnd. 
17-AKricoituraI  Socifty  of  EoKland. 
18-AKriculiurHl  liap.  Soc.  of  Irelaad, 


The  number  of  societies  now  in  progress  of  forma- 
tion, and  tlie  increasing  public  interest  in  the 
subject,  may  render  some  remarks  on  Poultuy 
Exhibitions  acceptable  at  the  present  time.  The 
close  connection  between  poultry  and  the  cottage  or 
farm  also  makes  information  desiralile.  It  is,  doubt- 
less, pleasant  and  gratifying  to  receive  silver  medals 
and  other  premiums,  not  for  their  intrinsic  value, 
but  because  the  gainers  of  these  honorary  trifles 
have  been  the  objects  of  much  care,  and  often  the 
pets  of  a  whole  family.  But  tlie  good  of  a  poultry 
exhibition  is  only  partly  seen  when  the  meilals  are 
shown  ;  and  the  pride  of  the  successful  exhibitor  is 
among  the  least  important  of  its  elfects— new  and 
profilablo  breeds  are  pointed  out  and  encouraged. 

It  has  seemed  strange  that,  while  the  French, 
Dutch,  lielgian,  Scotch,  and  Irish  agriculturists 
made  it  a  bnsiness  to  supiiiy  the  London  market 
with  poultry  and  with  millions  of  eggs,  those  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  nietropolis  viewed  the  subject 
with  indill'eKjnco,  if  not  with  contempt.  But  things 
arc  changed  ;  and  cocks  and  hens,  viewed  simjily  as 
pets  CO  years  ago,  are  now  assuming  importance  ; 
and  among  Iho  most  j;ratif)ing  results  of  these  socio- 


154 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


LMarch  6, 


ties  is  the  deslrucu'on  of  the  old  idea  that  one  fowl 
is  as  good  as  another.  The  most  profitable  breeds 
are  sought  after,  and  wherever  good  birds  are  exhi- 
bited, they  are  sure  to  be  sold.  Hertfordshire  had 
been  for  years  notorious  for  bad  poultry.  To  remedy 
this,  and  before  Exhibitions  sprung  up,  the  Earl  of 
Verulam  offered  a  prize  of  5^  for  the  best  Dorking 
cock  and  hen  bred  in  the  county.  There  was  little 
competition  the  first  year,  and  the  prize  was  laughed 
at ;  nevertheless,  the  breed  was  sought,  and  now,  at 
the  annual  agricultural  meeting  in  September,  Hert- 
fordshire can  show  as  good  Dorking  fowls  as  any 
county  in  England.  Now,  these  fowls  have  eaten 
no  more  than  the  most  worthless  bird  would  have 
done,  but  they  are  worth  twice  as  much  as  those 
they  replaced.     The  difference  in  value  is  clear  gain. 

A  gentleman  in  Wiltshire,  largely  engaged  in 
farming  pursuits,  changed  his  breed  of  fowls  three 
years  ago,  and  has  since  openly  declared  he  now 
always  gets  nearly  one-third  more  for  every  fowl 
than  he, did  before,  and  that  in  the  local  market  there 
is  no  sale  for  the  ordinary  poultry  till  his  own  is  dis- 
posed of.  The  fact  that  a  good  fowl  is  to  be  bought 
has  created  a  demand.  In  other  places,  where  eggs 
are  much  in  request,  the  Hamburgh  fowls,  the  real 
pencilled  breed,  are  found  profitable,  as  they 
never  set.  All  this  improvement  is  the  consequence 
of  poultry  exhibitions,  where  the  merits  and  pro- 
perties of  the  diiferent  varieties  are  openly  dis- 
cussed, and  practicians,  theorists,  buyers,  and  sellers, 
come  in  contact,  to  their  mutual  benefit. 

Nothing  has  operated  so  much  to  the  advantage 
of  those  interested  in  the  subject  as  the  clause 
making  it  imperative  on  all  exhibitors  to  fix  a  price 
on  their  specimens.  The  purchaser  sees  what  he 
buys,  he  forms  his  own  comparisons,  and  learns 
more  from  one  Exhibition  than  from  all  the  books 
that  were  ever  published. 

The  association  between  cattle  and  poultry  is 
perfect,  because  those  who  keep  the  one  have  always 
conveniences  for  the  other.  Both  belong  to  country 
life,  and  in  an  age  like  this,  when  the  useful  and 
profitable  of  every  description  is  eagerly  sought,  a 
"show"  gives  at  one  glance  that  which  unassisted 
research  would  labour  at  for  years. 

Many  of  the  competitors  are  "  fanciers  ; "  that  is, 
they  cultivate  poultry  as  an  amusement,  chiefly 
because  from  circumstances  they  cannot  operate  on 
a  large  scale.  But  another  class  see  in  it  an 
auxiliary  to  a  favourable  balance-sheet,  and  it 
is  to  the  latter  class  we  would  offer  a  few  words 
of  advice  or  explanation,  as  it  may  be  taken. 
Most  articles  of  consumption  for  the  table  have 
two  seasons,  both  profitable  ;  a  premature  one  for 
production  before  the  natural  period,  when  prices 
are  good  because  of  scarcity,  and  a  later  one  when 
quantity  makes  up  the  remuneration;  but  let  it 
never  be  forgotten  that  quality  much  influences  the 
value  in  the  latter  case.  These  two  seasons  in 
poultry  may  be  thus  divided, — scarce  from  the  middle 
of  March  to  the  end  of  June ;  plentiful  all  the  rest 
of  the  year.  Hard  poultry  is  never  valuable  ;  it 
must  be  young.  Pains,  then,  should  be  taken  to 
hatch  out  chickens  in  December,  January,  and 
February.  Feed  them  well  from  the  first;  kill 
them  at  14  or  16  weeks  old,  and  they  will  pay  well 
in  the  London  market.  This  is  well  known  and 
proved  in  Surrey,  Sussex,  and  parts  of  Kent  and 
Berkshire  for  fowls  ;  and  for  ducklings  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Aylesbury. 

It  would  perhaps  be  unwise  to  attempt  this  on  a 
very  large  scale,  because  fowls  kept  in  numbers  are 
very  prone  to  disease ;  but  let  the  cottagers'  wives 
each  have  a  walk,  and  let  there  be  a  stipulated  sum 
for  every  chicken  reared,  and  a  small  prize  offered 
for  the  most  successful  poultry  wife,  and  it  will  be 
seen  that  it  is  not  so  difficult  to  rear  early  chickens, 
and  also  that  it  is  a  profitable  trade  to  do  it. 

In  connection  with  poultry  exhibitions,  we  should 
like  to  see  money  prizes  for  poultry  the  lona  fide 
property  of  agricultural  labourers  ;  we  are  sure  the 
wife  would  earn  more  by  fowls,  in  the  long  run, 
than  by  field  work,  with  all  its  disadvantages,  and 
■we  think  it  would  add  to  the  comfort  and  well- 
being  of  the  class.  They  would  be  better  off  in  the 
world,  and  the  labourer  would  have  his  home  and 
children  belter  looked  after.  If  poultry  is  ever 
destined  to  play  an  important  part  in  the  food  of 
the  country,  it  is  by  this  class  that  the  large  quantity 
will  be  bred.  t.     i  / 

'^9^^  t'lose  who  may  not  care  to  undertake  the 
trouble  of  fatting,  we  would  point  out  another 
profitable  mode  of  keeping  poultry.  Let  them 
breed  carefully  from  the  best  and  purest  stocks  :  in 
all  probability  they  will  be  successful  in  exhibiting, 
and  we  would  refer  them  to  the  fortunate  at  the 
midland  counties  "  as  to  whether  there  be  not  a 
full  and  continuous  demand,  at  lucrative  prices,  for 
good  stock  birds. 

As  in  every  other  pursuit,  success  is  only  the 
reward  of  pains-taking ;  and  unless  it  is  intended 


to  pay  attention  to  the  subject,  disappointment  will 
be  the  result. 

It  augurs  sound  advancement  to  the  science  of 
agriculture,  when  we  have  begun  to  discuss  in  good 
earnest  the  idiosyncracies  of  soils,  as  these  are  mani- 
fested by  plants  which  grow  upon  them  ;  for  these 
are  the  ultimate  tests  of  all  our  doings  and  conjec- 
tures. The  paper  by  Mr.  Harcourt,  detailing  his 
agricultural  experiments,  was  certainly  valuable  as 
an  effort  to  keep  us  in  the  proper  track  of  investi- 
gation. As  "  Clitheroe,"  in  his  enthusiastic  review 
of  that  paper,  has  asked  us  some  questions  which  lie 
in  our  way,  we  willingly  give  our  opinion  on  the 
interesting  topics  which  lie  has  thrown  out  for 
discussion. 

We  believe  with  Jlr.  Haroourt  that  the  practice 
of  agriculture,  like  that  of  medicine,  will  always 
be  in  a  great  measure  empirical ;  but,  science  will 
yet  no  doubt  do  much  to  illustrate  experience. 
Vegetation  will  ever  remain  a  mystery  :  the  slight 
approaches  which  we  make  towards  understanding 
the  wonderful  relations  of  a  living  plant  to  the  in- 
organic world,  only  serve  to  reveal  the  wide  gulf 
which  separates  our  finite  attainments  from  that 
which  is  beyond  and  past  finding  out.  But  the 
science  of  chemistry  has  thrown  a  flood  of  light  on 
our  practices,  by  making  us  familiar  with  the  pro- 
perties of  those  materials  which  are  necessaiy  for 
building  up  animal  and  vegetable  structures  ;  and  we 
shall  yet,  no  doubt,  be  laid  under  further  obliga- 
tions to  it.  Still,  on  the  other  hand,  the  causes  of 
the  diseases  of  plants  are  often  very  obscure,  and 
the  disturbing  elements  are  also  so  connected  and 
numerous  that  special  irrfljiences  become  difficult 
to  trace  and  distinguish.  Some  plants  are  exceed- 
ingly susceptible  of  an  ill-regulated  supply  of  the 
elements  of  growth,  so  that  either  excess  or 
want  may  induce  disease ;  the  Wheat,  at  certain 
stages  of  its  growth,  affords  a  good  instance, 
for  its  constitution  appears  to  be  nicely  balanced 
and  to  be  easily  upset,  under  very  opposite  circum- 
stances. What  a  vast  complexity  of  conditions 
regulate  and  limit  its  productive  powers  !  Almost 
every  field  has  a  scale  of  its  own,  and  a  line  which 
cannot  be  crossed  with  impunity  ;  excess  of  food  is 
often  as  injurious  as  scantiness  of  supply,  for  in  the 
case  of  the  Wheat  plant  we  must  have  special  and 
peculiar  care, 

"  Lest  being  over-proud  wUh  sap  and  blooa, 
With  too  much  riches  it  confound  itself.'' 

The  fact  is  as  stated  by  "Clitheroe,"  "that,  if 
night-soil  or  any  other  ammoniacal  manure  is 
applied  to  Wheat  in  the  spring,  say  in  April, 
it  for  a  time  seems  to  be  of  extraordinary  bene- 
fit," but  that  through  the  consequent  luxuriance 
of  the  blade  the  yield  and  sample  of  grain  are 
always  bad.  In  the  moist  climate  of  Lancashire 
Wheat  is  no  doubt  easier  overdone  with  nitrogenous 
manures,  than  in  ,the  drier  and  warmer  parts  of 
England.  As  before  pointed  out,  this  holds  true  in 
regard  to  all  the  cereals,  but  especially  of  the  spring 
or  summer  sown  grains.  This  circumstance  of 
cereals  requiring  less  manure  [in  the  west  than 
that  which  they  demand  in  the  east  of  England,  acts 
in  some  measure  as  a  compensation  for  the  deficiency 
in  ripening  qualities  of  the  former  counties. 

But,  says"  Clitheroe,"  "if  the  field  is  manured  with 
night-soil  previous  to  the  sowing  of  the  seed,  the 
effect  is  extremely  beneficial;  and  1  am  pleased 
to  observe  in  your  leading  article  a  -confirmation  of 
my  ideas,  namely,  that  a  manure  which  may  be 
exceedingly  valuable  for  a  particular  crop,  if  applied 
at  one  season,  is  comparatively  worthless  at 
another."  Now,  a  number  of  well  known  and 
generally  recognised  practices  indicate  that  the  expe- 
liments  of  the  laboratory  must  often  lose  the  force 
of  absolute  truth  when  they  are  tested  in  the  field  ; 
and  we  do  not  think  the, explanation  needed  is  at  all 
referable  to  the  principles  which  govern,  according 
to  the  season  of  the  year,  the  successful  application 
of  manures  entirely  different  in  their  composition, 
which  we  attempted  to  trace  in  the  article  referred 
to.  AVe  believe  that  this  particular  effect  of  night- 
soil,  as  being  injurious  when  applied  in  spring,  and 
beneficial  as  an  autumn  dressing,  is  partly  due  to  a 
washing  out  fiom  the  soil  of  the  ranker  elements  of 
luxuriance.  We  are  quite  aware  that  the  absorptive 
powers  of  clay-soil  may  be  stated  as  an  objection  to 
this  view  of  the  matter  ;  but  if  "  Clitheroe"  had 
applied  the  usual  dose  of  nitrate  of  soda  to  his 
Wheat  in  autumn,  he  would  not  have  had  to 
complain  of  its  effect  at  harvest.  We  are  also  aware 
that  the  discussion  of  this  question  opens  up  a  very 
wide  field,  in  which  science  has  done  little  as  a 
guide  ;  our  practice  here  is  quite  empirical.  The 
application  of  liquid  manure  is  most  powerful  in  its 
effects  on  vegetation  when  it  is  applied  at  the  grow- 
ing period ;  this  is  also  true  of  all  the  more  soluble 
manures,  as  nitrates  and  sulphates.  It  is  from  well- 
tried  experience  of  the  truth  of  this  principle  that 
Mr.  Kennkdv,  at  Jlyremill,  has  built  tanks  capable 


of  containing  an  immense  accumulation  of  liquid 
manure,  which  is  to  be  distributed  over  the  land  only 
when  the  plants  are  in  the  condition  to  take  it  up.  It 
is  found  that  even  argillaceous  soils  are  not  benefited 
much  by  liquid  manure  when  it  is  applied  in  autumn. 
And  a  sudden  application  of  ammoniacal  manures 
to  Wheat  when  its  juices  are  in  active  circulation, 
when  it  will  make  use  of  all  that  is  presented  to  it, 
will  often  prove  destructive  to  its  healthy  functions. 

There  are  other  considerations  which  must  not  be 
lost  sight  of  in  this  matter  :  when  night-soil  has  been 
applied  in  autumn,  it  gives  greater  vigour  to  the 
AVheat,  and  the  land  becomes  stocked  with  a  muph 
larger  number  of  plants  in  spring;  now  on -certain 
desciiptions  of  land  this  will  sometimes  act  rather 
unfavourably,  by  encouraging  more  plants  than  the 
soil  can  well  support.  If  the  land  is  of  a  light  tex- 
ture, the  precocious  promise  of  a  flush  in  the  early 
part  of  spring  is  seldom  realized  at  harvest,  and  it 
would  seem  that  the  overcrowding  of  plants  so  far 
disturbs  or  interferes  with  their  healthy  functions,  as- 
necessarily  to  result  in  a  waste  of  the  means  we  em- 
ploy to  fertilise  the  land.  The  most  economic  form 
and  manner  in  which  manures  .should  be  applied  to 
our  different  cultivated  plants,  is  a  subject  of  para- 
mount importance,  to  which  we  can  do  no  more  at 
present  than  allude. 

"  Another  fact,"  writes  "Clitheroe,"  "in  which 
theory  and  practice  do  not  exactly  square  with  each 
other,  is  in  the  use  of  lime  and  farm-yard  manure  for 
the  same  crop.  The  mixing  of  lime  with  putrifying 
matters  has  been,  much  condemned  in  theory,  but  we 
are  not  satisfied  if  this  is  quite  so  bad  in  theory  .or 
practice  as  is  commonly  imagined.  It  is  no  doubt  ■ 
true  that  alkalies  drive  off  ammonia,  but  they  hav& 
the  effect,  under  certain  circumstances,  of  fixing- 
ammonia  when  they  are  present  in  dunghills,  by 
infltiencing  the  putrefactive  process.  For  when 
these  substances  are  in  contact  with  putrid  matters, 
the  nitrogen  is  oxidated  and  nitrates  are  formed-. 
The  theory  of  nitrification  is  somewhat  obsfijirfi, 
but  the  process  of  making  nitie  is  well  vsnder- 
stood,  it  is  merely  inducing  putrefaction  in  animal 
and  vegetable  substances,  and  in  the  presence  of  alka- 
lies which  determine  the  formation  of  nitric  acid. 
It  is  worthy  of  consideration  whether  unslaked  lime- 
might  not  be  used  with  advantage  in  assisting  to- 
change  the  waste  matters  of  large  towns  into  a  more 
manageable  form,  ■withontinrpairrrjg  -their  TOlu^I^- 
constituents. 

"  Clitheroe"  requests  ns  (o  notice  what  he  sai'd 
about  "  Wheat  night  ripening,  by  beiug  sowed  after 
Barley."  We  do  not  profess  to  give  an  explanation 
of  his  experience  in  this  matter,  bat,  taken  in  con- 
nection with  his  land  having  been  so  much  bene- 
fited by  sand  from  the  river,  it  indicates  that  its 
mineral  condition  is  at  fault ;  and  the  AVheat 
plant  is  thus  rendered  more  susceptible  of  ad- 
verse influences  than  when  the  soil  is  better  com- 
pounded. It  would  appear  that  there  are  ceitain 
limits  up  to  which  plants  can  dispense  with  certain 
elements  that  impart  a  sound  frame  or-  maintain 
healthy  functions.  The  want  of  these  mineral 
elements  renders  the  balance  more  easily  deranged, 
which  is  exhibited  more  readily  in  an  adverse 
season,  or  through  an  extra  supply  of  nitrogenous 
food.'  In  a  fine  season  the  flaggy  Wheat  of  the 
Lincolnshire  fens  is  very  productive ;  but  how 
susceptible  are  the  crops  to  atmospheric  influences  ! 

The  communication  of  "  Clitheroe"  affords  amongst 
other  interesting  topics  which  we  cannot  allude  to, 
a  fineillustrationof  what  we  have, already  said  about 
crops  requiring  much  less  manure  in  the  Wlest  of 
England.  Manure  appears  to  be  little  cared  for  in 
his  quarter,  for,  as  in  Wales  and  Ireland,  it  is  a 
"nuisance,  and  is  not  highly  valued."  We  suspect 
his  "  neighbours"  manage  matters  a  good  deal  .on 
the  Eebecca  system  ;  like  all  others  who  farm  in 
moist  climates,  he  considers  it  a  feat  to  raise  cereals^ 
His  crops  are  good,  however — "considering  that 
we  have  here  probably  the  worst  climate  in  the 
kingdom  for  Wheat  (50  or  60  inches  of  rain  falling), 
I  think  the  result  of  my  experiments  worth  re- 
cording, seeing  that  my  Wheat  last  year  was-ripe,on 
the  12th  of  August,  and  the  produce  50  bushels  to. 
the  acre."     Very  good  indeed. 


R. 


'  He  dwells  on  praises  which  he  duly  shares, 
And  tbu3  without  a  blush  commends  himself." 


THE  TILLAGE   OPERATIONS  OF  TUilNIP 
CULTURE. 

In  order  that  we  may  appreciate  the  impontaiioe'Of- Hie 
Turnip  crop,  we  should  consider  it  under  three  aspects 
— 1st,  as  a  cleaning  crop,  or  in  the  relation  it  hears  ta 
the  other  crops  as  part  of  a  rotation  ;  2d,  as  an  aUnieji- 
tary  crop,  or  as  valuable  for  the  amount  of  food  it  places 
at  the  disposal  of  the  farmer  for  his  animals  ;  Sd^as  a 
manurial  crop,  or  important  as  the  means  of  increasing 
the  manure  on  the  farm.  I  shall  touch  but  shortly  on 
the  last  two  of  these  divisions  at  present,  and  iu  doing 
so  attempt  to  answer  these  two  questions — What  addi- 


10—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


155 


tional  number  of  cattle  is  a  farmer  enabled  to-keep  from 
increasing  his  growth  of  Turnips  ?  aud  what  is  the  value 
of  the  manure  from  an  acre  of  Turuips  '.  It  is  calcu- 
lated that  au  acre  of  Turnips  of  '22  tons  will  keep  two 
cattle  that  will  feed  to  35  stones  Dutch  each  for  five 
months.  And  as  it  is  considered  that  Turnips  are  more 
profita.ble  when  used  in  connection  with  some  other 
substance,  an  addition  of  6  or  8  lbs.  per  day  of  oilcake, 
or  other  auxiliary  of  equal  value,  for  each  animal,  will 
enable  the  same  quantity  of  Turnips  to  Iceep  three 
animals.  It  is  found,  by  a  gentleman  who  has  ample 
opportunities  of  arriving  at  such  a  result,  that  in  the 
consumption  of  an  acre  of  Turnips,  the  two  cattle  getting 
nothing  else  than  Turnips  and  sti*aw  will  consume  13 
kemple  of  straw,  or  16  stones  of  22  lbs.  each,  and  that 
each  kemple  produces  one  ton  of  dung.  Hence  an  acre 
of  Turnips  produces  1 3  tons  of  dung  at  55.  =  3^.  5s.  The 
manurial  value  of  the  Tiu*nip  is  estimated  here  wholly 
on  the  supposition  that  the  straw  would  be  quite  valueless, 
unless  the  Turnip  was  employed  as  a  means  of  reducing 
it  to  manure,  or,  in  other  words,  that  would  he  the 
manurial  value  of  the  Turnips  if  they  were  entirely 
eaten  on  the  ground  by  sheep.  When  a  farm  is  situated 
advantageously  for  the  disposal  of  straw  at  a  fair  price, 
and  the  buying  of  manure  with  little  carriage,  the  value 
of  the  straw  becomes  a  most  important  item,  and  ought 
certa,inly  to  be  taken  into  account  by  the  farmer  betbre 
deciding-on  wliat  system  of  management  he  should  adopt 
for  supplying  his  farm  with  manure — whether  by  feeding 
or  by  selling  straw,  and  buying  manure.  Having  now 
seen  the  great  value  of  the  Turnip  crop,  we  will  proceed 
at  once  to  the  more  immediate  consideration  of  this  day's 
discussion.  For  the  proper  cultivation  of  tlie  Turnip 
crop,  the  soil  ought  to  be  thoroughly  drained,  pulverised, 
cleaned,  and  manured.  These  ^re  the  ^four  essential 
points  in  the  successful  growth  of  the  "Turnip.  The 
necessity  of  drainage  will  be  readily  admitted,  and  need 
not  be  furtlier  alluded  to  here  ;  but  in  these  days  of 
high  farming  the  proper  working  of  the  soil  is  far  too 
often  overlooked.  As  fat  hides  many  blemishes  in  a 
premium  bull,  so  it  is  thought  by  some  that  a  heavy 
manuring  will  make  up  for  defects  in  the  working  of  the 
land.  But  thei-e  cannot  be  a  greater  mistake  ;  one 
false  step  taken,  one  neglect  in  the  proper  tidding  of 
the  soil,  in  preparing  it  for  the  Turnip  crop,  will  tell  not 
only  on  that  crop,  but  on  all  the  succeeding  ones  of  the 
rotation.  One  farmer  who  understands  thoroughly  the 
working  of  the  land,  will  produce  better  crops  with 
much  less  manure  than  another  who  is  ignorant  of  the 
art.  The  working  of  the  land  sliows  the  farmer's  skill — 
the  heavy  manuring,  his  wealth.  Both  ought  to  be 
there  ;  and  when  combined,  form  a  powerful  agent, 
■which  judiciously  exerted,  gives  us  the  beau  ideal  of  a, 
good  farmer.  In  prosecuting  tlie  subject,  we  shall 
suppose  that  we  are  going  through  the  first  rotation  at 
the  beginning  of  a  lease,  wlien  the  land  is  generally 
found  to  be  unusually  dirty.  Always  taking  for  granted 
that  the  land  is  either  naturally  dry,  or  has  been 
thoroughly  drained,  the  first  thing  to  be  done  is  to  give 
to  the  stubble  in  the  autumn,  immediately  after  the 
white  crop  has  been  removed,  a  strong  furrow  in  no 
case  less  than  0  inches  deep,  and  as  narrow  as  it  is 
possible  to  make  it,  consistently  with  the  proper  position 
of  the  furrow,  when  turned  over  at  9  inches  in  depth  ; 
it  should  not  be  wider  than  1 1  inches — theory  says  1 2k 
inches.  It  is  better,  however,  that  the  furrow  should 
be  deeper  than  9  inches  ;  which  can  be  accomplished 
by  putting  three  Iiorses  abreast  into  the  ordinary 
plough,  or  a  stronger  one  made  for  the  purpose,  and 
going  to  the  depth  of  12  or  13  inches,  if  the  soil  will 
admit  of  it  ;  or  if  there  is  not  sufficient  depth  of  soil,  the 
field  may  be  subsoiled.  It  is  not  found  advisable  to  go 
so  deep  in  some  districts  as  to  bring  up  any  of  the 
subsoil.  I  have  never  found  any  evil  result  from 
mingling  a  little  of  my  subsoil  with  the  soil,  say  about 
an  inch  at  a  time,  when  the  soil  was  only  about  9  inches 
deep  ;  but  on  the  contrary,  througliout  the  rotation 
there  has  been  a  manifest  advantage.  In  spring,  when- 
ever the  ground  is  dry  enough,  the  field  should  be  cross 
ploughed,  the  furrows  being  as  deep  as  to  bringup  all 
weedg  that  xvere  buried  in  the  autumn,  but  never  deeper 
than  the  stublile  furrow,  as  the  new  soil  brought  up  in 
spring,  not  being  exposed  to  the  mollifying  influence  of 
the  winter'H  frost  will  be  very  apt  to  cause  annoyance 
in  the  aft«r  working  of  the  land.  After  the  furrows 
have  been  ievoiled  down  by  the  hnrrows,  the  break- 
harrowfl,  drawn  by  four  horsc«,  should  be  put  on.  This 
I  consider  a  moBt  cfKcir-nt  implement  for  tearing  to 
pieces  the  clods ;  and  it  can  be  n«ed,  where  it  would  be 
impossible  for  the  most  improved  grubborsto  work,  from 
their  liability  to  bfiing  dioked.  The  break  harrow 
should  be  followed  by  a  serif.-sof  liarrowingB  and  rollings, 
when  the  weerhv  will  be  found  to  be  well  separated  from 
the  fl/^il ;  and  from  thf.-ir  being  in  great  rvlmndfince,  Hliould 
be  raked  together,  cartefl  off,  and  foi-med  into  a  heap, 
Tli'.-  grublicrs  shoiiM  then  be  s^t  to  work,  and  followed 
by  the  liarrown  and  rollers,  and  the  weeds  gathered  by 
women  and  carted  off  ;  it  should  be  grubbed  again  the 
contrary  way,  and  the  hftrrf>wmg,  rolling,  and  gathering 
of  the  weeds  repeated.  It  should  then  receive  anotlwr 
furrow,  find  be  harrowed,  rolled, and  gritberefl,  by  which 
time  itwiil  probably  be  found  U}  be  clean.  I  will  not  refer 
atpr*.*scnt  t^i  autumn  cleaning,  as  I  think  it  would  beqirite 
impfrftflible  fortlie  grubber  to  work  well  in  land  Hupj.'med  to 
be  no  dirty  a«  this  is.  1 1  will  he  thought,  by  some  that,  there 
IB  much  needless  expenF'/j  here,  but  there  is  nothingmore 
than  what  is  abwdut^ly  necessary,  and  the  fri'st  expense 
will  lj#;  found  to  be  the  least ;  for  if  the  land  is  projierly 
clcam^l  now,  and  a  correct  nyHUrm  of  farming  adojited 
afterwards,  the  name   expense    will   never  have  to  be 


repeated  during  the  lease.  If  the  field  is  not  as  dirty 
as  in  the  case  just  mentioned,  much  labour  will  be  saved 
by  adopting  a  different  process  of  cleaning.  If  the  land 
is  infected  with  small  patches  of  knot  Grass  in  difterent 
parts  of  the  field,  the  first  thing  to  be  done,  after  the 
removal  of  the  white  crop  in  autumn,  is  to  dig  out  the 
roots,  with  threepronged  forks,  made  for  the  purpose,and 
to  remove  them  from  the  field.  This  will  prevent  the 
separation  of  the  knots  of  tlie  roots,  which  would  take 
place  in  the  after  tillage,  and  be  the  cause  of  a  great  deal 
of  additional  labour,  as  every  knot  would  become  an 
independent  plant.  The  stubble  fui-row  is  then 
given,  as  before  described.  In  the  spring,  when  the 
land  is  thoroughly  dried,  the  harrows  are  used  to  level 
the  furrows,  and  the  grubber  is  then  wrought  trans- 
versely to  the  winter  furrow  ;  and  after  the  harrow  and 
roller  have  done  their  part,  what  weeds  remain  are 
gathered  and  carted  off.  If  the  land  is  clean  enough, 
and  sufficiently  pulverised,  the  drilling  may  be  proceeded 
with  immediately  ;  if  not,  the  field  should  be  grubbed 
again,  in  the  direction  of  the  furrows,  and  harrowed, 
rolled,  and  gathered  again.  The  grubber  I  use  is  the 
improved  Finlayson's  harrow,  which  I  find  does  its 
work  so  well  that  1  have  considered  it  unnecessary  to 
exchange  it  for  any  of  the  new  varieties  now  recom- 
mended. Last  summer  I  sowed  Turnii>s  on  upwards 
of  30  acres  which  received  no  other  preparation  than 
that  just  described  ;  and  I  never  had  my  laud  better 
pulverized  for  the  seed,  notwithstanding  the  extreme 
wetness  and  openness  of  the  previous  winter.  They  had 
all  been  either  summer- fallowed  or  green-cropped  in 
the  previous  rotation,  and  were  consequently  not  dirty. 
On  one  part  there  were  a  good  many  butter-cups  which 
the  grubber  did  not  bring  up  as  well  as  I  would  have 
liked,  but  they  were  all  brought  to  the  surface  on  drilling 
the  land,  and  were  gathered  off  after  the  drills  were 
formed.  About  25  acres  of  my  land  thus  treated  were 
clay  of  medium  tenacity,  on  which  I  would  not  have 
attempted  Turnips,  had  it  not  been  thoroughly  drained  ; 
I  consider  such  management,  indeed,  far  more  advan- 
tageous to  clay  soils  than  to  light  Turnip  lands  ;  for 
generally  it  is  when  such  soils  are  lying  in  the  cross 
furrows,  that  they  are  injured  by  wet  weather  ;  and  it  is 
of  the  utmost  consequence  to  have  them  drilled  up  as 
soon  as  possible  after  they  are  broken  i;p  from  the 
winter  furrow.  Hence  also  they  should  never  be 
wrought  but  in  small  divisions  at  a  time,  only  as  much 
being  grubbed  up  from  the  winter  furrows  as  will  be 
one  day's  or  at  the  most  two  days'  sowing.  The  less  the 
roller  is  used  on  them  the  better  ;  and  we  will  require  its 
use  the  less,  the  drier  we  plough  our  land  in  the 
autumn,  and  work  it  in  the  spring.  Another 
advantage  derived  from  this  plan  of  management 
is  that  the  moisture  in  the  soil,  so  necessary  foi»  the 
germination  of  the  seed,  is  not  allowed  to  escape  so 
readily  as  when  the  land  has  been  repeatedly  ploughed. 
The  land  being  now  supposed  to  be  clean  and  ready  for 
the  sowing  of  the  Turnip,  the  first  operation  is  to  form 
the  drills.  This  is  done  by  some  farmers  with  a  double 
mould-board  plough,  and  by  most  with  the  common 
plough.  I  generally  attach  to  the  land  side  of  ray 
plough  a  piece  of  twisted  iron,  18  inches  in  length  and 
9  in  width,  which  converts  the  common  plough  for  the 
time  being  into  a  double  mould-board  plough.  If  an 
ordinary  quantity  of  manure  is  put  in  the  drills,  they 
need  not  be  made  wider  than  27  inches  ;  but  if  a  large 
dose  is  applied,  it  is  better  to  make  them  from  27  to  30 
inches  ;  if  the  light  manures  above  are  sown,  the  drills 
should  not  be  made  so  deep  or  so  wide,  if  the  land  is 
thoroughly  cleaned  and  pulverised  before  the  Turnip  is 
sown.  The  late  Mr.  Hunter,  of  Tynefield,  found  that 
he  had  always  3  or  4  tons  per  acre  more  wlien  he  made 
his  drills  from  24  to  2G  inches  than  when  they  were 
made  from  27  to  30  inches.  The  great  objection  to  the 
drills  being  closer  than  27  inches  is,  that  horse  labour 
cannot  be  employed  with  advantage.  It  is  at  least 
deserving  of  attention,  whether,  if  the  light  manures 
are  to  be  employed  as  extensively  to  the  Turnip  crop  as 
recommended,  it  would  not  be  more  to  the  farmer's 
benefit  to  make  the  drills  closer  and  the  plants  more 
distant  from  one  another  in  the  rows.  Frora  an  A .cJ dress 
hy  Mr.  M'Lagan,jim.,  of  Puvipherston ,  Mid- Lothian.,  at 
a  laic  meeting  of  the  Iligldand  Society.  [The  remainder 
of  Mr,  M'Lagan's  address  will  be  given  next  week.] 


Home    Correspondence- 

Dairy  Management.  —  Your  kind  correspondent 
"Sarah  H.,"  has  quite  eclipsed  a  certain  person  I  have 
somewhere  heard  or  read  of,  who  had  'Mosh  gang  lavie," 
/'.  c.  enough  and  to  spare  of  milk  and  cream  for  his  wife 
and  six  apprentices  from  a  ewe  tethered  on  a  village 
green  ;  the  only  difference  between  him  and  your 
ctjrrespondcnt  is  that  the  fonner  occupied  a  nook  in 
this  small  island  some  lialf  century  ago,  in  the  good  old 
times,  when  witchcraft  and  superstition  rode  rampant 
o*er  the  land  ;  when  wrinkled  old  crones  were  welcomed 
to  the  cozie  fire-side,  that  they  might  make  auld  crumie 
fill  Ihe  milk-bowls  to  overflowing  ;  and  lest,  imluckily 
d'-nied  the  shelter  of  a  barn  or  byre,  they  should,  with  a 
withering  look,  dry  up  the  contents  of  tlio  capacious 
U'ldcr.  The  latter,  I  trust,  lives  in  a  time  when  facia 
or  figures  aro  all  that  is  wanted  by  tbo  farmer,  rngard- 
hss  of  tlio  evil  eye  with  itn  cantrip  power,  which  I 
trust  is  now  closed  in  death  ;  and,  alas  I  tlio  rank  (JrauB 
now  waves  over  the  bosoms  of  its  bolievfrs.  lUit  to 
the  point  about  ddiry  nunijigemcnt  ;  your  corrcsjioinli'nt 
says  that,  "ruia  marketable  produfo  I  feel  convinced  it 
would  never  succeed  iu  the  norfli,  as  tlic  CarnicrH  do 
not  SCO  enough    for   tlicir  money,  as  the  bulk  is  con- 


siderably diminished  by  its  solidity.''  I'arjners  in  the 
north  never  buy  butter  ;  they  sell  it,  and  they  cai-e 
nothmg  about  bulk,  except  at  the  end  of  harvest ;  and 
they  reduce  it  to  «  solidity  "  as  soon  as  possible.  The 
scaldmg,  ropping,  skimming,  aud  floppmg,  I  pass  over 
at  present  untd  I  gain  more  experience  in  these 
important  matters  ;  but  I  would  be  glad  if  vonr 
correspondent  would  oblige  a  north  country  liirmer 
with  answers  to  the  following  queries:  What  breed 
are  the  four  cows,  and  on  what  are  they  fed  ?  Is 
10,  15,  or  20  quarts  per  day  full  milk,  or  how  much 
do  they  give  collectively?  What  quantitv  of  milk 
and  cream  is  considered  abundance  for  a  family  of  17  2 
and  lastly,  Is  the  milk  used  by  the  family  befoi-e  or 
after  it  is  scalded  or  skimmed  ?  I  have,  a  reason  for 
asking  this  last  query,  which  I  trust  I  can  satis- 
factorily explain  to  you.  We  have  got  dishes,  com- 
menced scalding,  and  my  good  wife  proposes  that  I 
should  take  the  blue  milk  for  my  supper,  instead  of  the 
delicious  potful  which  I  have  long  enjoyed.  She  saysit 
is  part  of  the  management  implied  though  not  expressed  ; 
that  is  my  reason  for  asking  the  question  ;  but  as  there 
is  to  be  a  fortune  made  I  quietly  submit,  only  begging  a 
few  facts  aud  figures  to  encourage  me  iu  jny  probation 
of  self-denial.  But  how  about  facts  and  figures,  in 
your  Leader  lately,  you  made  the  startling  announce- 
ment that  "the  plain  English  farmer  is  not  generally 
fond  of  figures,"  and  you  propose,  with  a  view  to  draw- 
agriculturists  after  you,  occasionally  to  discard  facts 
and  figures,  and  mount  and  soar  to  the  dreaming 
delightful  realms  of  imagination,  to  jostle  and  elbow  your 
way  among  the  "  hair-brained  sentimental  race."  WelJj 
all  I  have  to  say  is,  good  luck  attend  you  ;  only,  after 
taking  your  occasional  holiday  among  ihe  gowany 
braes,  you  cau  have  no  objection  to  set  soberly  to  -svorJ; 
and  give  a  plain  English  farmer  a  bit  of  a  touch,  ai 
addition  or  subtraction  now  and  then  ;  let  me  tell  you 
we  have  too  little  of  tlie  former  and  too  much  of  tUe 
latter  at  present  prices.  /.  C,  Northiimborloffid,  Feb..  11^ 

Taste  of  Swedes  removed  from  ihe  Milk. — As  you  ex- 
pressed a  wish  to  know  how  the  flavour  of  Turnips  "was 
got  rid  of  in  the  butter  which  I  sent  you,  land  wJiich  was 
made  from  the  milk  of  cows  fed,  morning  iind  eveningj. 
on  Swedes,  I  beg  to  inform  you  and  your  readers  that  tiie 
only  precaution  adopted  is,  that  the  cream,  before  being 
placed  in  the  churn,  slioold  stand  in  a  room  with  a  fire, 
and  raised  to  the  temperature  of  65^  Eahr.  This 
prevents  a  tedious  opei-at'ion  in  churning,  and,  with 
ordinary  cleanHness  iu  the  dairy,  butter  so  made  mil 
never  taste  of  Turnips.  This  is  the  whole  mystei-y  ol' 
destroying  the  flavour  of  Turnips  in  butter  ;  ^n  experi- 
ence of  a  dozen  years  iu  a  large  dairy  may  be  relied  on,- 
Constant  Header. 

Winter  Xem^perat^lre  of  Open  Ponds, — In  a  Leading 
Article,  at  p.  19,  of  the  J  0th  of  Jan.,  after  an  account  of 
the  effects  produced  on  water  by  radiation,  and  the  protec- 
tion afforded  to  plants  by  the  ice  with  which  ponds  ai-e 
covered  in  winter,  you  go  on  to  say  that  there  are  some 
circumstances  under  which  water  plants  suffer  -greatly, 
and  from  a  singular  cause  ;  but  one  which,  when  looted 
into,  is  suffieiently  simple  and  intelligible.  As  you  do 
not  appear  to  have  hit  upon  the  true  reason,  allow  me  to 
quote  a  little  further,  and  then  give  my  reason  for  this 
singular  effect.  You  say  that  "  in  a  very  fine  hut  still- 
night  water  is  cooled  less  rapidly  than  the  earth.  Under 
such  circumstances  the  bottom  of  the  pond  cools  more 
rapidly  than  the  surface  ;  the  plants  become  colder — in 
fact  some  degrees  below  the  freezing  point,"  &c.  X 
submit  tliat  such  reasons  are  inadmissible,  for  there 
would  be  an  immediate  upward  current,  which,  as  water 
is  such  an  excellent  conductor  of  heat,  would  imme- 
diately equalise  the  temperature  of  all  the  water  above 
40°,  and  stratified  (if  I  may  use  the  expression),  above 
the  water  of  this  temperature,  there  would  be  another 
layer  of  water  of  equal  but  gi'adually  decreasing  tem- 
perature until  it  reached  below  32^.  The  explanation 
I  would  offer  is  this  :  It  is  well  known  that  if  water  is 
kept  perfectly  still,  it  may  be  cooled  down  considerablyj 
or  at  least  some  degrees  below  32",  without  freezing  ;, 
but  the  moment  it  is  put  in  motion  a  portion  of  it  is 
converted  into  a  spongy  porous  ice,  and  tlie  tempei'ature 
rises  to  32^.  What  may  be  the  case  in  the  rivers  of  the 
south  of  England  I  cannot  say,  but  in  the  rapid  streams 
of  the  north  this  process  goes  on  on  a  very  extended 
scale  in  severe  frosts  ;  the  water  in  the  still  pools  (before 
they  are  frozen),  is  cooled  down  to  below  32'*,  and  as 
soon  as  this  cooled  water  reaches  the  next  stream, 
precipitation  (if  I  may  bo  call  it),  takes  place,  and 
the  spongy  ice  lays  hold  of  every  projecting  pebble, 
which  serves  as  a  nucleus,  in  the  same  way  as  threade 
and  bits  of  stick  serve  in  tlie  crystallisation  of  salts.. 
After  a  severe  frost,  when  followed  by  bright  smiBhinc 
next  morning,  I  have  seen  thousands  of  these  bits  of 
spongy  ice  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  water  J'rom  the 
stones  to  which  they  had  been  attached.  I  have  seenj 
alter  long  continued  frost,  the  course  of  a  stream  com- 
])letely  altered  by  this  bottom  ice  (as  it  is  called  here)  ; 
and  J  have  also  seen  a  weir  with  a  wall  of  ice  upon  it 
of  3  feet  high  (raised  in  a  single  night)  by  the  same 
cause.  Now  ajiply  this  to  tho  bottom  ice  in  ponds  (but 
whtf^li,  I  must  confess,  I  never  saw);  tho  night  being 
calm,  Ih'^  water  gets  cooled  below  32"",  but  then  abrcezo 
Hjiringing  uji,  tho  water  bccomcH  agitated,  precipitation 
tiikes  place,  and  the  ]>lantH  serving  ns  nuclei,  become 
iiMinedintely  clothed  with  this  sjiongy  ico,  and  tho  sun 
shining  next  morning,  imparls  ho  much  wiirmlh  to  the 
pliints  that  tho  ice  tlinws  in  contact  with  thorn  and 
rises  to  the  surface.  Of  course,  if  the  sun  does  not  shine 
next  morning,  and  tho  i'rost  continues,  the  plants  may 
be  clothed  with  this  coat  of  ice  for  a  k-nger  time,  T.  C, 


156 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


March  6, 


Clithcruc.  [We  cannot  admit  the  soundness  of  our 
correspondent's  explanation  of  the  formation  of  bottom 
ice,  or  "ground  gru."  We  are  well  acquainted  with 
the  statements  of  Arago  and  other  writers  as  to  the 
cause  of  this  curious  phenomenon  ;  and  after  a  careful 
consideration  of  the  subject,  believe  that  it  is  due  to 
radiation,  and  not  to  any  other  cause.  Bottom  ice  has 
been  observed  in  ponds  on  perfectly  still  nights,  when 
there  was  no  breeze  to  agitate  the  surface  of  the  water. 
The  water  in  the  pools  between  the  rapids  of  x'ivers  can 
hardly  ever  be  still  euougii  for  the  waters  to  fall  below 
the  freezing  point  and  yet  remain  fluid  ;  the  temperature 
of  water  in  such  situations  is  not  below  33°.] 

Potatoes. — The  importance  of  cultivating  those  sorts 
of  Potatoes  which,  from  their  vigorous  habit  of  growth, 
are  least  subject  to  disease,  has  induced  us  for  several 
years  (ever  since  the  first  general  developement  of  the 
disease)  to  make  many  experiments  as  to  the  sorts  most 
■desirable,  and  tlie  cultivation  most  suitable.  Notwith- 
standing some  conflicting  appearances  in  the  course  of 
our  experiments,  we  are  fully  satisfied  :  1st.  That  early 
sorts  generally  suffer  least  from  disease.  2d.  That 
early  planting  ensures  the  largest  crop,  with  less  liability 
to  disease.  3d.  That  removing  the  haulm  immediately 
or  soon  after  disease  is  manifested,  generally  prevents 
entirely  the  tubers  becoming  affected  by  the  disease, 
■without  materially  diminishing  the  crop,  but  that  there 
is  no^advantage  in  digging  up  the  Potatoes.  4th.  That 
if  the  grouna  is  in  tolerably  good  condition  no  manure 
need  be  put  in  at  the  time  of  planting,  and  that  if  manure 
is  considered  necessary  at  that  time  it  should  be  well- 
decomposed  stable  or  farm-yard  dung,  and  that  in  either 
case  a  top  dressing  of  Peruvian  guano  or  superphos- 
phate of  lime,  raked  in  as  soon  as  the  haulm  is  4  to  6 
inches  high,  will  increase  the  crop  without  increasing 
the  tendency  or  liability  to  disease.  5th.  That  a  change 
of  seed  Potatoes  (or  a  change  of  soil)  is  productive  of 
great  improvement  in  the  flavour  and  the  bulk  of  produce. 
Bth.  That  the  undermentioned  sorts  are  the  least  liable 
to  disease,  (being  of  vigorous  habit  and  generally  ripe 
before  the  disease  becomes  prevalent)  and  are  also  of 
fine  flavour,  and  with  one  or  two  exceptions  very  pro- 
ductive. Sorts  of  Potatoes  especially  recommended, 
after  growing  them  in  competition  with  a  great  many 
others  in  our  sample  ground  :  the  prices  will  be  re- 
duced when  larger  quantities  are  taken  of  either  sort. 
Soden's  Early  Oxford,  and  Early  Tenweeks,  the  very 
earliest  round  Potatoes  ;  Early  Frames,  rather  similar  j 
British  Queen,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  prolific 
round  Potatoes ;  Early  American,  fine  flavour  and 
cropper  ;  Forty-fold,  second  early,  excellent ;  llylott's 
JFlour  Ball,  (worthy  of  its  name)  ;  Early  Cockney, 
Fox's  Seedling,  Early  Mauley,  all  first-rate  early  sorts, 
fcut  rather  similar  ;  Jackson's  Golden  Drop,  very  dwarf 
haulm,  suitable  for  forcing  ;  Early  Ashleaf  Kidney,  a 
well-known  early  sort ;  Jackson's  Improved  Ashleaf, 
much  more  prolific  ;  Fifty-fold  Kidney,  a  most  ex- 
traordinary cropper,  and  good  Potato ;  Ked  Ashleaf 
Kidney,  as  productive  as  No.  387,  and  as  mealy  as 
No.  383,  keeps  well  till  the  next  summer  ;  Walnutleaf 
Kidney,  similar,  but  having  rather  rounder  and  shorter 
■haulm  ;  Early  Shaw,  oblong  in  shape,  second  early  ; 
Chesterman's  Seedling,  one  of  the  greatest  improve- 
ments in  early  round  Potatoes,  from  propagation  by 
seed  ;  York  Regents,  first  rate  sort  for  the  main  crops, 
Jteeps  well  till  spring  ;  Dr.  Nelson's  Favourite  ;  this  is  a 
Potato  of  superior  quality,  presented  to  us  by  the  Rev. 
J.  Nelson,  D.D.,  certainly  one  of  the  very  best :  our 
stock  this  year  is  very  limited.  "  Chinese"  and  "  Rus- 
■sian"  proved  good  sorts,  but  too  similar  to  others. 
Sutton  and  Sons,  Reading, 

The  Seed  Tiade. — Your  correspondent  "Veritas," 
(p.  140),  might  with  justice  have  stated  that  the  majority 
of  your  readers,  on  this,  as  well  as  on  the  other  side 
of  the  channel,  would  cordially  join  in  the  doge  which 
your  recent  articles  on  this  subject  so  justly  deserve  ; 
and  I  am  fully  persuaded  that,  while  you  have  served 
thereby,  and  that  most  materially,  the  interests  of  your 
■numerous  subscribers  and  of  the  public,  those  articles 
have  also  tended  to  promote  tlie  best  interests  of  the 
fair  trader.  I  cannot,  however,  but  think  that  your 
■correspondent  is  guilty  of  "  general  and  exceptless 
-rashness"  when  he  denounces,  at  least  by  implication, 
the  whole  of  the  trade  as  equally  guilty  with 
"  Messrs.  Dodge  and  Co.  ;"  while  the  particularity 
■with  which  he  details,  not  only  the  materials  used 
in  depreciation,  but  tlie  entire  process,  would  lead 
one  to  infer  that  he  has  taken  part  therein.  Let 
us  hope,  if  such  is  the  case,  now  that  conscience 
"  which  makes  cowards  of  us  all,"  has  resumed  its  legiti- 
mate sway,  that  his  connection,  whether  with  "  Messrs. 
Dodge  and  Co.,"  or  with  the  competitors  of  that 
respectable  house,  has  ceased,  and  that  he  will  atone 
for  the  serious  offence  he  has  committed,  by  using  every 
just  efi'ort  to  prevent  the  continuance  of  a  practice  by 
which  the  fair  trader  and  the  public  are  alike  defrauded. 
In  any  event,  the  remedy  suggested  by  "Veritas"  is 
■one  that  should  be  administered  with  extreme  caution, 
inasmuch  as  1  can  scarcely  imagine  even  "  Messrs. 
.-Dodge  and  Co."  so  infatuated  as  to  supply  an  article 
■which  would  totally  fail  ;  hence,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
"glorious  uncertainty  of  the  law,"  the  probability  is  that 
the  plaintiff  would  only  recover  for  the  difference  in 
value  between  the  crop  dc  jure  and  the  crop  dc  ^acto. 
an  amount  which,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  would  not 
suffice  to  pay  the  portion  of  costs  struck  off  by  the  tax- 
ing-master. Dealing  with  a  house  on  which  reliance 
might  be  placed,  would  be  far  more  effectual,  and  less 
costly  ;  such  can  yet  be  found,  notwitlistanding  the 
gloomy  and  too  truthful  picture  drawn  by  "  Veritas," 


and  to  point  them  out  would  seem  to  be  the  most 
effectual  mode  of  serving  the  public,  though  it  would  be 
invidious  to  mention  names,  except  as  types  of  a  class. 
B.J  Gloucester,  March  2.  [Our  correspondent  will,  we 
hope,  see,  upon  consideration,  that  it  would  be  very 
unfair  to  the  many  most  respectable  seed-merchants,  if 
we  were  to  give  the  names  he  has  added  to  his  letter. 
We  quite  agree  witli  him  in  opinion  as  to  the  high 
character  of  those  houses  ;  but  to  single  tliera  out  would 
have  the  effect  of  doing  a  great  wrong  to  others  of  equally 
high  character  ;  and  that,  we  are  certain,  is  not  the 
intention  of  our  correspondent.] 


Sori£titg* 


ROYAL  AGRICULTDRAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover  Square,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  3d  of 
March  :  present,  the  Earl  of  Ducie,  President,  in  the 
Chair  ;  Lord  Southampton,  Lord  Portman,  Sir  Charles 
Lemon,  Bt.,  M.P.,  Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bt.,  M.P., 
Sir  Robert  Price,  Bt.,  MP.,  Mr.  Alcock,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr.  S.  Bennett,  Mr. 
Brandreth,  Captain  Stanley  Carr,  Mr.  W.  G.  Caven- 
dish, M.P.,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr.  Garrett, 
Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Grantham,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs, 
Mr,  Hudson  (Castleacre),  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Kinder,  Mr. 
Lawes,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Pendarves,  M.P.,  Mr.  Sanford, 
Mr.  Thompson,  Mr.  Turner  (Barton),  Professor  Sewell, 
Mr.  Shaw  (London),  Mr.  Villiers  Shelley,  Professor 
Simonds,  Professor  Way,  and  Mr.  Jonas  Webb. 

George  Parker  Xuxford,  Esq.,  of  246,  Strand,  London, 
was  elected  a  Governor  of  the  Society. 

The  following  new  Members  wez-e  elected : 

Painter,  John,  Burley-on-the-Hill,  Rutlandshire 
Rjhmd,  Thf^mas,  Great  Lister-street  Works,  Birmingham 
Crawley,  John,  Stockwood  Park,  Luton,  Bedlordshire 
Yoim;;,  Francis  Ayeret,  IlawUhurst,  Kent 
Arkcoll,  Thomas,  Guesilinp,  Hastings,  Sussex 
MacLundsborough,  John,  Otley,  Yorkshire 
Gibson,  John,  Pensher,  Fem-e-houses,  Durham 
Rous,  Capt.  6.,  Grenadier  Guards  Club,  Pall-mall,  London 
Macdouald,  Major  James  H,,  Dancer's-hill,  Barnet,  Heits 
Powell,  John,  41,  T hreadneedle-dtreet,  London 
Haycock,  William,  South-street,  Hudderefield,  Yorkshire 
Cobham,  A.  C. ,  Shinfield  Manor-house,  Readintr 
Be'tinson,  Richard,  Thurlby,  Bourne,  Lincolnshire 
EvaDf,  James  Eaton,  Haverford-west,  Peoi broke- hire 
Hubback,  Thomas,  Suolaws-hill,  Kelso,  Roxburghshire 
Burgess,  Willism,  103,  Newgate-street,  London 
Wilson,  John,  Erdingtou  by  Ayton,  Berwickshire 
Wood,  Weston,  Norih  Cray-place,  Kent 
Webb,  R.  J.,  5^,  Bromptou-row,  Middlesex 
Smith,  Joseph,  The  Odks,  Epsom,  Surrey 
Langton,  W.  H.  P,  Gore,  Newton-park,  Bath 
Jones,  Henry,  Cynghordy,  Llandovery,  Carmarthenshire 
Sidney,  S.,  Thurlow  Cottage,  Olapham,  Surrey 
Sampson,  Thoma3,  WinSeld,  Battle,  Sussex 
Heseltine,  E.,  Blackhuath-piirk,  Kent 
Fry,  James  Thomas,  Bastou,  Bromley,  Kent 
Vallentine,  Robert,  Royal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester 
Jollands,  William,  Bursdallp,  Lindtield,  Sussex 
Wrench,  Robert,  King  Wiilian;-street,  London-bridge 
Smith,    Rev.   Samuel,   Weedou-Lois    Vicarage,    Towcester, 
Northamptonshire 
Richards,  Edward  P.,  Plasnewydd,  Cardiff,  Glamorganshire 
Pratt,  Frederick,  Seddle-^combe,  Sussex 
Wrench,  John  Money,  King  William-street,  London-bridge 
Smith,  James,  Lower  Bakeham  Farm,  Egham,  Surrey 
Jarvie,  Thomas  A.,  Higher  Bolberry,  Kiugsbridge,  Devon 
Abbot,  William,  Salcotr,  Maldon,  Essex 
Mor^-aD,  James  Thomas,  Dan:?  Cruug,  near  Brecon 
Woods,  Rev.  George,  Shapwjcke,  Chichester,  Sussex 
Benson,  George,  Luiivfjckc-ball,  Shrewsbury 
Greaves,  Richard,  Cliff-house,  Warwick 
WoudTvard,  Edmund,  Chorley,  Lancashire 
Tiffen,  Joseph,  North  Skirlaugb,  Hull. 

Finances. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  presented  to  the  Council  the  report 
of  tliat  committee  on  the  accounts  of  the  Society  to 
the  last  day  of  the  month  just  ended  ;  from  which  it 
appeared  that  the  current  cash-balance  in  the  hands  of 
the  bankers  was  3224?. 

Poultry  Prizes. — Mr.  Villiers  Shelley,  chairman 
of  the  Poultry  Prize  Committee,  laid  the  following  report 
before  the  Council. 

"The  Poultry  Prize  Committee  beg  to  report  the 
following  recommendations  to  the  Council. 

I.  That  tlie  following  prizes  be  offered  by  the  Society : 

1.  Fowls, 
(1).  To  the  owner  of  the  best  cock  and  two  hens  of  the  Dork- 
ing  (white,  speckled,   or  grey),  Surrey,  or  old  Susoex  or 
Kent.     5/. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second-best  do.  do.    3J, 
To  the  owner  of  the  third-best  do.  do.     21. 
(2).  To  the  owner  of  the  beat  cock  and  two  heos  of  the  Malay, 
Cochin-China,  or  other  Asiatic  breed.     U. 
To  the  oinner  of  ihe  fiecimd-best  do.  do.     21. 
(3,)  To  the  owner  of  the  btst  cock  and  two  hens  of  the  Spanish, 
Hamburgh,  or  Polish  breed.     3J. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  do.  do.     21. 
(4),  To  the  owner  of  the  best  cock  and  two  hens  of  any  other 
pure  breed.     3[. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second-best  do.  do.    21. 
(5).  To  the  owner  of  the  best  cock  and  two  hens  of  any  mised 
breed.     3!. 
To  the  owner  of  the  aecond-best  do.  do.    21. 
2.   Tdbkeys. 
(1).  To  the  owner  of  the  best  cock  and  two  hen  turkeys.    41. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second-best  do.  do.    21. 

3.  GEE5E. 

(1).  To  the  owner  of  the  best  gander  and  two  geese,     3[. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second-best  do,  do.    21, 

4.  UccKs. 

(1).  To  the  owner  of  the  best  drake  and  two  ducks  of  the 
Aylehbury  or  any  other  white  variety.     21. 
To  the  Mwner  of  the  second-best  do.  do.     \l, 
(2).  To  the  owner  of  the  best  drake  and  two  ducks  of  any  other 
good  variety.     21, 
To  the  owner  of  tbe  second-best  do.  do.    li, 
5,  Guinea  Fowls 
(1),    To  the  owner  of   the   best  cock  ^and  two    hen    Guinea 
fowls.    21. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second-best  do.  do.    \l. 


"  II.  That  the_^  following  special  suggestions  be 
adopted  : — 

1.  That  the  certificate  form  be  similar  to  the  general  form 

liitherto  used  by  the  Society,  makiog  the  requisite  adapta- 
tio'-  s  in  its  tetns. 

2.  That  the  Pciultrj  be  subject  to  all  general  resulations  of 

the  Society's  Shows,   and  be  ^ent  to  and  removed  from 
the  Show-y  .rd  at  the  same  time  as  the  other  live  stock. 

3.  That  the  Directors  and  Stewards  of  tbe  Yard  be  requested 

to  fippoint  a  person  specially  to  the  P  ultry  Department, 

4.  That  the  coops  for  the  exhibition  of  tbe  Poultry  be  pro- 

vided by  the  Society. 

5.  That  the  Hoaorary  Director  be  desired,  in  his  plan  of  the 

Yard,  to  include  arrangements  for  the  requisite  accom- 
modation of  the  Poultry." 

This  Report  was  adopted  by  the  Council. 

Entries  of  Stock. —  Mr.  Barnett,  Chairman  of  the 

Limitation  of  Entries'  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council 

the  following  Report  : — 

"The  Limitation  op  Entries  Committee,  having  ascertained 
the  number  of  animals  entered  last  year,  by  particular 
exhibitors,  for  the  Windsor  Meeting,  consider  the  circum- 
stances under  which  that  meeting  was  held,  and  the  large 
amount  of  entries  of  Live  Stock  made  on  that  occasion,  as 
having  been  exceptional  from  the  ordinary  case  of  other 
years ;  and  they  beg,  accordingly,  to  recommend  to  the 
Council,  that  no  change  should  at  present  be  made  in  the 
estab  iehed  principles  and  practice  of  the  Society,  in  refe- 
rence to  the  entries  at  its  Country  Shows,  until  they  have 
had  given  to  them  the  further  trial  and  experience  of  another 
year." 

This  Report  was  also  adopted  by  the  Council. 

Vice-President. — On  the  motion  of  Lord  Portman, 
seconded  by  Mr.  Brandreth,  Mr.  Miles,  M.P.,  of  Leigh 
Court,  was  unanimously  elected  one  of  the  Vice-Presi- 
dents of  the  Society,  in  the  vacancy  on  that  list  occa- 
sioned by  the  decease  of  Sir  Thos.  Sherlock  Gooch,  Bart. 

General  Mlmber  of  Council. — On  the  motion  of 
Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  seconded  by  Mr.  Jonas,  the  Earl 
of  March,  M.P.  for  West  Sussex,  was  unanimously 
elected  a  General  Member  of  Council,  to  fill  the  vacancy 
on  that  list  created  by  the  transfer  of  Mr.  MUes's  name 
to  the  list  of  the  Vice-Presidents. 

Judges. — On  the  motion  of  Lord  Portman,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Thomson,  the  question  of  the  best  mode  in  which 
the  nomination  and  selection  of  Judges  for  the  County 
Meetings  of  the  Society  should  in  future  be  made,  was 
again  taken  into  consideration  and  resolutions  adopted 
[a  connected  statement  of  which  will  be  given  in  our 
next  report]. 

Days  of  Show. — Mr.  Milward  having  brought 
under  the  consideration  of  the  Council  the  question  of 
the  period  during  which  the  Society's  Show  of  Live- 
stock at  Lewes  should  be  open  to  the  public,  and  the 
days  on  which  ihe  animals  should  be  brought  to  the 
yard  and  removed  from  it,  it  was  carried,  on  the  motion 
of  Mr.  Fislier  Hobbs,  that  this  question  should  be 
referred  to  the  General  Lewes  Committee,  with  a 
request  that  they  would  report  to  the  Council,  at  their 
next  monthly  meeting,  the  arrangements  proposed  for 
adoption  under  that  head. 

Veterinary  College. — The  Governors  of  the  Royal 
Veterinary  College  transmitted  to  tbe  Council  a  report 
of  their  measures  and  proceedings  connected  with  the 
application  of  the  grant  of  200^.,  voted  to  them  by  the 
Council  in  March  last  for  one  year.  On  the  motion  of 
Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  this  report  was  referred  to  the 
Veterinary  Committee  of  the  Society,  with  a  i*equest 
that  they  report  to  the  Council  their  recommendations 
on  the  subject  at  the  next  monthly  meeting.  Mr. 
Brandretli  gave  notice,  that  he  should  move,  on  the 
bringing  up  of  the  report,  that  the  Council  take  into 
their  consideration  the  question  of  the  renewal  or  dis- 
continuance of  that  grant  for  the  future.  * 

Essays  and  Reports. — Mr.  Pusey,  M.P.,  Chairman 
of  the  Journal  Committee,  transmitted  to  the  Council  a 
report  on  the  number  of  essays  and  reports  received  by 
the  1st  inst.  (the  latest  day  for  their  reception),  m  com- 
petition for  the  Prizes  of  the  Society  in  that  department. 
These  documents  were  28  in  number,  and  included 
many  interesting  and  elaborate  papers.  They  \yere  as 
usual  refei'red  to  the  Journal  Committee  for  investigation 
into  their  comparative  merits,  and  adjudication  of  theii' 
relative  claims  for  the  prizesoffered  in  the  several  classes. 

SpeciiMens  of  Wheat.— The  Kev.  Professor  Henslow 
and  Miss  Molesworth  favoured  the  Council  by  the  trans- 
mission of  a  further  supply  of  specimens  of  Wheat  for 
the  Cereal  Herbarium  of  the  Society;  for  which  the 
Council  ordered  their  best  thanks  to  be  returned.  At 
the  request  of  the  Council,  Mr.  Brandreth  kindly  under- 
took to  superintend  the  arrangement  of  these  specimens, 
on  the  same  plan  as  the  former  specimens  had  been 
arranged  under  his  care. 

Agricultural  Geology.— The  Council  accepted  with 
their  best  thanks,  the  offer  made  to  them  by  Mr.  Trim- 
mer, author  of  the  Prize  Essay  on  Agricultural  Geology 
in  the  last  number  of  the^Jourual,  to  deliver  a  Lecture 
before  the  members,  at  one  of  the  weekly  meetings,  on 
the  Practical  Connection  between  the  Results  of  Geolo- 
gical Action  and  their  Influence  on  the  nature  ofj 
the  Soil,  and  its  Conditions  for  !■  arming  Pm-poses.  At 
the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  the  delivery  ofj 
this  lecture  was  arranged  not  to  take  place  until  after* 
Easter,  in  order  that  a  larger  number  of  the  members 
may  be  enabled  to  attend. 

Hanoverian  Agriculture.— Mr.  Hudson,  of  Castle- 
acre, placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Society  the  correct 
series  of  the  periodical  publication  of  the  Hanoverian 
Agricultui-al  Society,  transmitted  to  him  every  fortnight 
by  that  institution,  as  one  of  the  honorary  members  j  a 
favour  for  which  the  Council  expressed  to  Mr,  Hudson 
its  best  thanks. 

The  Council  then'[adjourned  to  their  weekly  meeting 
on  Wednesday  next. 


I 


10—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


157 


Miscellaneous. 

W,ll  Animals  Pay  for  Purchased  Food  ?— I  reply- 
decidedly  not,  even  with  the  very  best  management.  I 
mean,  if  you  leave  out  of  the  calculation  the  manure 
thev  leave  •  but  if  you  desire  to  restore  or  maintain 
fertility,  no'doubt  that  feeding  animals  is  the  cheapest 
mode  of  obtaining  manure  ;  ^  especially  if  the  crops  can 
be  consumed  on  tiie  land,  without  the  cost  of  removal 
and  recartage  of  the  manure.  Having,  as  shown  by 
my  balance-sheet,  made  much  meat  from  purchased 
food  I  am  enabled  to  draw  exact  conclusions  on  this 
subject,  and  I  find  that  my  calculatious  correspond  with 
those  of  other  .authorities.  According  to  my  calculatious, 
it  takes  to  make  one  pound  of  butcher's  meat  (beef  or 
mutton), — 

Price  of  Food.  Value  of  Meat. 
S  to  9  lbs.  of  liQseed  oil-cake  to    ^  ^       ^  ^  "j 

Di:ike  1  lb.  net     

4^»  lbs.  of  Hay,  3i- 15s.  per  ton  ... 
ICO  lbs.  of  Swedes,  lOj.  per  ton  ... 
8  to  9  lbs    of  Beans    or  Barley, 

SOS.  per  quarter 

to  9  lbs.  of  Rape-cake,  51.  per 


Id.  to  9ii. 
Is.  tola.  M. 
M.loid. 

6d.  to  ~d. 


[4ld.to6d. 


45d. 


J 


I  forgot  to  mention,  that  it  takes  l-7th  less  to  make  a 
pound  of  pork  ;  because,  when  we  sell  a  pig,  we  sell  its 
skin  at  the  same  pi'icej  whereas  the  skin  of  a  bullock  or 
sheep  is  sold  as  offal,  and  it  weighs  12^  to  15  per  cent, 
of  the  wlible  net  weight.  It  takes  about  7  pounds  of 
Barley-meal  to  make  one  pound  of  pork,  net  dead 
weight.  Mutton  always  sells  as  an  average  15  per 
cent,  higher  than  beef,  and  is  therefore  more  profit- 
able to  raise  ;  besides,  there  is  less  offal.  A  friend 
of  mine,  a  close  calculator,  who  on  1500  acres 
does  not  keep  a  bullock,  says,  "  those  who  keep  many 
bullocks  will  never  want  to  make  a  will."  I  think  he  is 
rif'ht.  These  calculations  always  show  the  impolicy  of 
Grass  lands  as  intended  for  hay  for  feeding  purposes. 
The  loss  of  ammonia  in  hay-making  must  be  enormous. 
I  never  make  any  now.  The  result  of  my  experience 
in  feeding  is,  that  Rape-cake,  at  51.  per  ton,  is  our 
cheapest  food  ;  but,  no  doubt,  when  generally  used,  its 
price  will  approximate  more  closely  with  Linseed-cake, 
and  thus  diminish  the  advantage  ;  although  less  palat- 
able than  Linseed-cake,  it  contains  equal  pro^^erties. 
When  a  farm  has  arrived  at  a  certain  state  of  fertility, 
it  would  be  unwise  to  continue  largely  the  purchase  of 
artificial  foods.  The  foregoing  is  a  startling  table  ! 
Especially  when  we  add  attendance,  lodging,  interest  of 
money,  and  vital  casualties.  Of  course,  I  do  not  infer 
that  an  animal  would  be  fed  entirely  on  one  kind  of 
food,  which  I  consider  injudicious.  I  have  valued  the 
hay  and  Turnips,  not  at  the  cost,  but  at  the  price  for 
wliich  they  would  sell  if  taken  off  the  farm.  Our  ladies 
would  hardly  credit,  when  they  sit  down  to  dinner,  that 
it  takes  1 1  lbs.  of  Swedish  Turnips  to  make  1  ounce  of 
jneat — yet  such  is  the  fact.  Indeed,  there  are  times 
when  100  tons  of  Turnips  have  not  made  1  ounce  of 
mutt^m.  We  often  hear,  and  know,  that  during  severe 
and  stormy  weather,  large  flocks  of  sheep  have  con- 
sumed whole  fields  of  frozen  Turnips,  and  actually  come 
out  leaner  than  they  went  in.  Although  this  is  not  an 
uncommon  practice,  it  is  evidence  of  very  injudicious 
management  ;  the  animals,  for  want  of  shelter  and  dry 
foo'i,  being  in  a  constant  state  of  diarrhoea.  Under  such 
mismanagement  stock  is  ruinous  ;  but  the  prices  to 
which  I  have  alluded  have  reference  to  stock  well 
managed  and  sheltered.  To  allow  extreme  relaxation 
in  the  bowels  of  animals  is  to  waste  their  food.  Warmth, 
powdered  chalk,  or  dry  food  will  prevent  this.  I  find, 
practically,  that  by  placing  my  sheep,  at  night,  on  open 
boir  led  Hoors,  they  do  remarkably  well  folded  on  the 
root  crops  duinng  the  day.  The  great  advantage  of 
being  able  to  feed  off  the  root  crops  on  the  land  is  very 
obvious.  For  instance,  with  26  tons  per  acre  of 
Swedes,  the  cost  of 

FuIHqi^  aDd  atackiDg        £0    8s.  Od. 

Carting  0     C     0 

Cutting,  fcrapin^,  recarting       0  11    0 

Miking  into  manure,   cartiDg  out,    turoiag 

over,  recartiDg  to  land,  spreading,  &c.  ...    0  15    0 

Total  X2    0    0 

.  .Ing  this  as  a  rough,  but  approximate  estimate, 
r;  are  two  rents  gone,  and  the  manure  partly  wasted 
c-vaporation — besides  loss  of  time.  We  need  not 
-nder  that  there  are  few  sheep  farms  to  let  in  com- 
iHon  with  heavy  lands  ;  besides,  the  landlords' 
<nomy  of  buildings  in  an  important  consideration. 
■.  Mcc/ii's  Sccf/nd  Paper. 

/Mcrease  of  Pauperum. — The  number  of  adult  able- 

.  lied  pergoHH  relieved  under  the  Poor-laws  on  the  Ist 

I    (f  January,  1«52,  is  shown  in  a  return   made  to  the 

I    lIou;ie  of  Commons  on  Wednesday.     This  table  is  the 

bt'i^t  index  we  have  to  the  condition  of  the  labouring 

or  of  the  country.     With   want  of  employment  the 

iinbcr  of  tlie  arlult  able-bodied  paupers  increases  most 

'idly,   while   it   decreaweH    almost    as    rapidly    with 

ifidance  of  work,  especially  if  food  Ih  fhcup  at  tho 

lie   time.      The  annual   report   from    the    l*oor-law 

.  .:ird  laftt  year  hhows  that  tho  t^>tal  decrease  per  cent. 

.  the  number  of  a/liilt  able-bodied  paupers  relieved  on 

'■  iMtof  January,    Ui.VJ,  as  compared  with  tiie  Istof 

nimry,  liitf*,  was  15.  J  ;  the  Ist  of  January,  U15l,fis 


increase  in  three  English  counties,  and  a  decrease 
in  '69,  reckoning  the  Yorkshire  Ridings  as  separate 
counties ;  and  as  regards  the  Welsh  counties,  an 
increase  in  5  and  a  decrease  in  7.  It  may  be  well  to 
look  at  the  several  counties,  arranged  according  to  their 
rates  of  decrease  : 

DECREASE  PEE  CENT. 

Hereford 

Leicester  ... 

Warwic^k 

Nottingham         

Surrey 

Salop  

Dorset        

Derby         

Middlesex  

Devon        

Cumberland        

Not'ingham         

Gloucester  

N-rf'ilk      

Kent  

Lancaster  

Buckingham       

Wilts         

Hertford 

Birks         

Northampton       

INCHEAGE  FEa  CENT, 

Chester      

Rutland 


25,4 

21  3 

21  G 

20  0 

19  1 

17  9 

17.5 

174 

17.0 

Ifil 

15.2 

14.5 

142 

13.9 

13  2 

13  2 

12  5 

11.7 

11.4 

11.3 

10.5 

l.G 

3.0 

DECEEASE  PER  CENT. 

Durham       

Monmouth 

Cambridge  ... 

Suffiilk         

Cornwall 

Essex  

Huntingdon  

Lincoln        

Susses  

Somerset 

Oxford  

Worcester 

York,  W.  R 

York.  N,  II 

Stafford       

Bedford       

Norihamp':on        

Weetmoreland      

Wales  

Total  decrease      

INCREASE  PER  CENT. 

York,  E.  R 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

AMERlCiN  Chobns  :  Constant  I^eaJer.  Tho  whiteness  and  soft- 
ness, of  the  butter  is  not  the  fault  of  the  churn,  bu:  of 
the  milk.     How  are  the  cows  fed  ? 

Bone-Dust:  Constant  Subscriber.  Sow  about  12  or  16  bushels 
per  arre  over  the  land  before  ribbin;^  it  to  form  the  seed 
drills  for  Turnips.  Or  sow  3  cwt.  of  supi  rphospbate  of  lime, 
i.e.  bone-dust  and  sulphuric  acid,  in  a  similar  manner,  along 
with  a  half-dressing  of  duag. 

Charcoal:  J  MM.  We  must  inquire  about  prices. 

Fabm-Bdildings  :  J  P.  You  will  find  the  subject  discuased  by 
the  best  authority  on  the  subject  in  "  Blackie's  Cyclo- 
pedia;" or  you  will  find  Ewart'a  book  on  the  subject  very 
ueeful.     (Longmans. 1 

Pehdvian  Bahlet  :  Clerictis  Juvenis-  An  opinion  was  stated 
on  ttiis  subject  in  No.  S,  which  we  have  no  doubt  is  perfectly 
trustworthy.  We  add  your  note  on  the  euliject.  "  It  eeems 
to  possess  the  highest  malting  properties,  but  owing  to  its 
increase  of  bulk  in  the  process,  10  conmbs  enlarging  to  14+ 
coombs,  and  the  duty  being  then  levied,  although  subse- 
quent (Ontraclion  takes  place  to  its  original  bulk,  be  extra 
sum  paid  unfairly  for  malt  duty  prevents  the  app'ication  of 
the  grain  to  its  proper  use.    A  specimen  of  malt  is  enclosed, ' 

Seeds:  D  D.  We  do  not  understand  your  question.  Is  the 
land  to  be  laid  down  permanently  ?  and  is  it  for  a  lawn  or 
for  cow  feed  ? 

Sir  R.  Peel:  ^V R.  We  are  not  aware;  our  impression  is 
that  there  was  no  [general  reduction  of  rents  on  his  estates, 
but  that  he  offered  to  assist  in  the  improvement  of  the  land. 

Errata  :  Forking.  In  page  107, /or  "  li.  Vs.  M.,"  read  'U.fis.  M. 
per  acre  ;"/o)*  "yard  lengths  of  iron  piping,"  read  "three 
yard  lengths." 


HOPS.  — Friday,  March  5,  • 
at  Messrs,  Pattenden    an-l  Smith  report  that  there  conlinuesi 
eady  demand  for  all  sorts,  at  firm  prices. 

Mid  &  East  Kents  HOs  to  'MOs  I  Sussex      1153  to  130o 

Weald  kents      ...  120b  to  U7a  1  Yearlings SOstollOs- 

WOOL. 
March  4. -The  English  wool  market 


Bradford,  TanRaDAT, 


has  been  extremely  dull  dunng  the  preceding  week,  and  oulv 
a  limited  quantity  has  chaijj;ed  hands.  Prices  of  the  heavier 
class  have  receded,  and  must  now  be  quoted  with  the  turn  io 
favour  of  buyers.  Fine  wool  continues  in  comparatively  more 
active  request,  commanding  late  quotations;  but  the  prices 
realised  here  are  tiuch  as  leave  any  profit  on  those  current  with, 
the  farmers  entirely  out  of  the  question.  Short  wool  and  noils 
being  only  produced  in  limited  quantity,  are  a  ready  sale  at 
full  prices. 

SMITHFIELD,  Monday,  March  1. 
We  have  a  few  more  Beasts  to-day  ;  however,  the  trade  is 
cheerful,  the  weather  being  very  favourable,  and  Friday's 
prices  are  well  supported.  Trade  is  very  slow  for  Sheep  ;  but,, 
the  number  being  small,  they  are  disposed  of.  Prices  are  lower 
for  big  long-woolled  Sheep;  choice  Downs  are  making  aboufc 
the  same  as  of  late.  We  h  ive  but  few  Calves  on  offer,  conse- 
quently they  are  rather  dearer.  From  Germany  and  Ilclland 
there  are  363  Beasts,  570  Sheep,  and  115  Calves  ;  Irom  Scotland 
500  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2400  ;  and  250  from  tbe 
northern  and  midland  counties 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs.— s  dad 

Best  Long. wools  .8  6  to  3  10 
Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  ib  2d  quality  2  8  —  3     4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0  0  —  0    0" 

Calves      3  0—4    4 

Pi),'B           3  0  — 


COVENT  GARDEN,  March  6. 
Although  the  weather  still  cjntinues  cold,  the  market  is  well 
supplied  with  vegetablesand  fruit ;  but  trade  is  dull.  English 
Pine-apples  are  plentiful,  considering  the  season.  Hothouse 
Grapes  are  over,  and  foreign  ones  are  a  tritle  dearer.  The 
best  English  Pears  fetch  good  prices.  They  Btill  consist  of 
Beurr^  Ranee,  No  Plus  Mauris,  and  Easter  Beurre.  Oranges 
are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last 
quoted.  Strawberries  in  small  quantities  continue  to  make  their 
appearance.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabba;5es,  &c.,  are  sufficient 
for  the  demand,  and  there  is  some  fiue  Cornwall  Broccoli  in 
the  market.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Let. 
tuces  and  other  aalading  are  sufficient  for  the  demand. 
Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths, 
Epacrises,  Mignonette,  Camelli^iS,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas, 
Primulas,  Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Li'.y  of  the  Valley,  and  other 
forced  bulbs. 

FRUIT, 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs,— e 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c,        ...  3    4  to  3    6 
Best  Short-horns    8    2  —  34 
2d  quality  Beasts  2    8—8    0 
Best  Downs    and 

Half-breda      ,„  4    0  —  4    4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Beasts,  41H  ;  Sheep  and  Lamba  20,870  ;  Calves,  141 ;  Pigs,  350, 
Friday,  March  5. 
Tho  number  oP  Beasts  to-day  is  small;  the  demand  also  is 
very  limited.  However,  the  favourable  weather  enables  us  to 
retain  Monday's  quotations,  and  a  fair  clearance  is  effected. 
The  supp'y  of  Sheep  and  the  trade  for  them,  as  usual  this  time 
of  year,  is  unimportant.  It  is  with  difQculty  that  Monday's- 
prices  are  attained  for  the  few  on  offer.  There  is  more  activity 
in  the  Calf  trade,  and  in  some  inatances  a  slight  advance  is 
realised.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  97  Beasts,  ISO Sheep^ 
and  80  Calves.      The  numtier  of  Milch  Cows  is  140. 


MARK  LANE. 
MowDiT,  March  1..— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  thre 
morning  was  very  small,  from  KiiUt  fair  ;  gor^d  dry  samples 
commanded  the  full  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight,  but  out-of- 
conditioued  parcels,  of  which  the  greiit  bulk  consisted,  were 
with  difficulty  disposed  of  at  our  quotations.  Foreign  met  a 
retail  inquiry  only,  but  in  the  nales  made  the  extreme  rates  of 
last  week  were  realised. —  Fine  Malting  Barley  sells  readily  at 
last  week's  priu'es,  hut  the  trade  is  dull  lor  other  descriptions. — 
Beans  and  Peas  remain  as  last  quoted. — There  Is  a  large  supply 
of  Oats,  and  factors  hold  firml>  for  late  rates. 
Per  Imperial  QDAaxEa. 


Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...  White 
—      fine  selected  runs, ..ditto 

—  —      Talavera .* 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York. ..White 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.A;  distil.,  26s  to298...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal, foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24b  to  278 Tick 

—  pigeon 27    —  82...  Winds 

—  Foreign Small  22. 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent. Boiler^    '" 


44—46 
46—48 
46—52 
39-44 
37-63 
3'— 35 
22-29 
19-21 
2  —24 
20—2:3 
19-22 


25-80 
30-36 

3(1 
34 


Maple 27s  to  SOs  Groy  26 

Maize White      ■ 

Flour,  bestmarka  delivered  ...per  sack  38— 43 

—  Suffolk ditto[29-34 

—  Foreign  per  hiirrt-lj  I  B— 24 


Red  , 
Red  , 


Malting . 
Malting  , 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
Yellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Ppr  sack 


40-42 
42-44' 


-22 
-22' 
-21 


25-30 
24-3e 
23—25 
33—35 
27—34 


29-34 
12-36 


p[ne.applea,perlb.,4s  to  8s 
Grapes, Lisbon, per  lb.,  SdtolsOd 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  23 

to  36  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  28  to  68 
Almonds,  per  peck,  Ss 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3s 
Lemons,  per  do2.,  Is  to   2s 

VEGETABLES. 


Oranges, per dox. ,1s  tola  6d 

—  per  100,  8s  6d  to  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz,,  la  to  33 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  p.  bushel,  208 

to  22  a 

—  Brazil, p,  b8h.,128  to  14b 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  SOs  to  100s 


Savoys,  per  doz,,  lOd  to  Is  3d 
French  Beana,  p,100.2s6d  to  48 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is  3d 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  39  toSs 
Seakale.p.  basket, Is  3d  to 2s  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  28  to  3 
Riiubarb,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  la  3d 
PotatoeSiperton,  453  to  806 

—  per  cwt.  ,28  to  5s 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz,,  18  6d  to  2s  Cd 
Cucumbers,  each,  le6d  to  'Is 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  tola  6d 
Carrots,  porbunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brusaela  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  to  Is  6d 
Spinach, per  sieve,  la  tolsfld 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  8d  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,la6d  to  8b 
Endive,  per  score,  Is  to  2s  Cd 


Beet,  per  doz,.  Is  to  29 
Pavanips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
decks, per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
ArtichokeB,  Jerusalem,  per  hf. 

sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score,  4d  to  la 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn,,2dto  3d 
HorseRadishjp.  bundle,  Is  to  4 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  la  8d 

—    per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf. sieve, IsSd  to  IsSd 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  8s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  Od 
Buail,  p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  8d  to  4d 
Wat<TrreBH,iJ.I2bunobs.Cd  tola 


tiforlordltto... 

Kowcn    

Now  Hay       ,., 


05 
CO 


■rnpare'i  with  the  Int  of  January,  KJoO,  wfiH  14.7.    Tlio    Prime  Meadow  Hay  72Bto78H 

Mirn  prewjnttd  la«t  week  ahows  tlio  decrcaKc  per  cent. 
■  Ir',  on  tho  iHt  of  January,  I  f{52,  on  compared  with  tho 

*.  of  .January,  1II.'51,  11.2.     Comparing  the  nuinherjof 

lit  ahlc-hodic'l  perHouH  in  receipt  of  relief  on  the  \ni 

January,  Ift.V2,  with  the  numher  of  the  Haine  claHH  in 

'!':ipt  of  relief  on  the  l«t  of  January,  Ifi";!,  it  will 
;    Keen    hy   the  annexe!    tahlc    that    there   wa«   an 


POTATOES.— SoUTuwAUK,  ilowoAV,  March  1. 
Tho  committee  report  that  during  tho  past  week  iho  supply 
coastwirto  has  been  moderate,  but  u  conaideruble  qnanlity 
Btill  coming  by  rail,  and  the  trade  raoro  languid  than  tho 
previous  week,  irom  the  Kenoral  Inferior  quality,  tlie  conRUin])- 
tion  Ih  not  half  uliat  it  uRuaUy  iu  at  tlila  period  of  tho  soiison. 
Iho  following  are  thli  daj'n  quotittona  : — Yorit  Ilo^untB.  {i5,'). 
to  80n. ;  Kcotch  do  ,  OOs  to  7(Ki.;  Perth  and  Forfarahire  Cups, 
60h.  to  OBfl.;  FlfcHhlrc  do,,  55m.  to  OOh,  ;  Lincoln  and  Wisboach, 
50s.  to  G5h.  ;    Kent  an^l  Esriox,  OOs.  to  75>i. 

IIAY,— Per  LouToFsO  TrusaoB. 
Bmithfield,  March  4. 


Fbidat,  March  5,— The  arrival-*  of  grain  this  weeK  have 
been  moderate  ;  the  principnl  pare  of  the  foreign  supply  consists 
of  Egyptian.  To-day's  mai  ket  was  thinly  a  tended,  and  in  the 
almost  total  absence  of  bu.'^iness,  prices  of  Wheat  must  be  con- 
aidered  as  last  quoted.  The  Flour  trade  is  duU,  but  a  sale  of 
low  qualities  to  some  extent  was  made  for  export.  — Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peas  remain  unaltered  in  value.— The  Oat  trade  is' 
very  firm,  and  fine  qualities  bring  rather  more  money. 

PeAb»^ 


iMPEHIAt 
AVEEAGES. 


Jan.  24.. 

—  81  . 
Feb.     7.. 

—  14  . 

—  21.. 

—  23. 


Aggreg.  Aver. 


Wheat. 

Bahlet. 

Oatp. 

27slO<J 

BEAHB. 

89j  3d 

assiod 

18.1  2d 

285  3d 

89  in 

28     C 

18    2 

27     6 

28  11 

41    2 

29     S 

IS  11 

29     7 

29     0 

42    8 

80    7 

18    9 

29  11 

29  10 

42    9 

31    0 

19    4 

Sn     5 

30     2 

42    8 

80    7 

19    6 

80    7 

29  10 

41    4 

29    8 

18  10 

29     4 

29     4 

28s  8d 

28  4. 

29  <t 
■29    7 

30  6 
29    6 


X)ucies  on  f  orelBo  Gram,  Is.  per  quarter. 
AEEIPAL8  THia  Week. 


English  , 
Iriah  ... 
Foroiffn  , 


Qi-«. 
8030 


7910 


Barley. 

QrB. 
3370 
700 
I.'i20 


Oata. 


Qrs. 
21150 
6520 
8930 


1770  sacUe. 
3480  brlB. 


FluctuatiuuB  lu  tljo  Iuhi  hix  wuekn'  Avurag«», 


FaioEB. 


Jan.  24, 


42s  9,1 
42  8 
42  8 
41  2 
89  10 
89     S  - 


LJ 


Jan.  81 


_-lJ 


Feb.    7. 


Fed   14 


Feb,  21, 


Clover 
2ilcut 
BtrttVf 


...     20 
J.  Coop 


COAT,  MAFlKB-r.—KaiDAV.  March  5. 
WallHcnr]    Kt4lilcll,   Ha,   IM,  ;    WullHniid  Iirn[M.virrt   IItitF.on, 
1(1«.  Oil.;    Wall.iiiid   llatwc'll,    17«.  j    WallHonil   Ilutton,    17«.  ; 
Wall.cnil   Htcwarli,   I7«.  ;     WallneQd  Teen,  I7».  —  Shipo    al 
market,  120, 


LivEKpimL,  ToEHDAS,  Muruh  2  —Notwnhhliiiidln^f  tho  im- 
provement noted  in  nmny  ol  the  Kiiiillflli  markets  lent  week, 
we  have  no  impulne  iVoiri  Lnndon  this  morning  of  Hudiolont 
importance  to  enliven  tlio  iriide  lioro  to  diiy  ;  still  a  modorato. 
Blmro  of  bunineflO  waB  tranHHOtod  In  Kood  U'^cful  qualities  of 
Wheat,  and  alUlfBorip'ionc  of  llils  Rrain  wiiro  held  (Irmly  at 
ilio  rates  of  Tueaday  last.  Flour  eon  loued  to  metit  a  fair  do- 
miiiid  at  tho  currency  of  tlii»  day  Bu'nnlKlit.  MaUlnR  Barley 
and  Maltwero  tho  turn  clioaper;  »hlht  Krlndlnu  Bailoy  re- ■ 
mnincd  steady  in  value.  Uyans  and  roiis  in  mndoratc  rcqucat 
at  late  jirleoB.  Oats  movtd  Hlo^^Iy  at  late  rates,  but  Oatmeal 
wan  held  for  an  advance  of  3d.  nor  load.  Indian  Corn  on  tho 
spot  met  a  retail  sale;  we  Imd  mora  Inqu  ry,  however,  for 
lloatinn  carRoes,  at  full  prices. I'ainAV,  Feb.  27.— Trans- 
notions  in  Wheat  at  our  murUor  liils  mornloB  wore  unimportant, 
and  prices  remained  lumilfially  unviirleil.  Flour  was  in  mode- 
rate detnand,  liolderfl  remalnhiK  firm.  Barley  and  malt  In 
fair  rc'i'iest,  tlio  latter  rccoveiiny  the  decline  of  Tuesday  laat 


158 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[M  ARCH    6 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS^ 

FOB.    RIDGE    AND    FDltBOW    ROOFS,    GREENHOUSES,    RAILWAY    STATIONS,    ENGINE     SHEDS,    MILLS, 
MARKET.HALLS,  AND   PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  GENERALLY. 


Foa   CONSEfiVATOEIES,    PUBLIC    BoiLDINGS,    MAMUFACTOBIES, 

Skylights,  ikc,  tbc. 


Packed  in  Ceates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  : 

30  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  51)  long  

Or  20  „  „  50  to  70    ,,  


In  Squaees,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :- 

Under    8  by    6       

8  by    6  and  under  10  by 


10  by   8        „ 

14 

14  by  10 

i' 

LA  feet  sup.   „ 

3 

3           „         ,. 

i            „          » 

5 

5          ,.        „ 

6 

6 

8 

S          »        11 

10 

») 

12 

■2 

15 

li  by  10      

IJ  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exoeecl  20  inches 

or  if  above  20,  ami  not  above  30  inches  long.. 
30 


20 

30 

35 

40 

15 

65 

70 

S.    d. 

10    6 

12     0 

13    0 

IS    0 

Jih  inch 
thick. 


s.  d. 
0    6 


S.lGth  inch 
thick. 


5.  d. 
0    8 


4  inch 
thick. 


s.  d. 

0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10^ 

0  11 

1  0 
1  1 
1    2 


Packed  im  Boxes  of  50  Feet  Each 
laa,    Ins.        Ins.     Ins. 

6  by  4  and  Gi  by  4^  

7  by  6     „    7S  by  5*  

.   «by6     „    8i  by  6i  

9  by  7     „    9i  by  7^  and  10  by  8 
Note. — Squares  are  charged  accordiaff  to  the  superficial  con- 
tents,  except  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Binding, -^l-^th J  6d. ;  Z-16ths,  9d.;  ^  inchy  Is.  pe7' 
foot  J  net, 

*^*  Irregular  shapes  are  charged  as  sgiiares. 

When  Grates  are  wderedf  the  BO-inoh  %aidtks  will  he 
cent,  wnZess  otherwise  specified. 


40      ,, 

*5^        ., 

55        „  0     8i  0  10 

70         „  0     9  0  11 

S5        „  1     0 

THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  exteneive  and  increasing  consumption. 

It  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  best  and  most  suit- 
able  Glass  for  Ridge  and  Furroxo  Hoofs,  Greenhouses, 
Factories,  Workshops, 
And  all  such  lilie  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Pluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strenRth,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roufs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scovcking  Qcours. 

Where  still  greater atreagth.is required  the  S-lGths  andj  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.    Samples  will  betorwarded  onapplioation,  by  applying, to 


JAMES     PHILLIPS    Ai^D     CO., 

HORTICULTtTRAL   GLASS  MERCtTANTS.   116.    RIS  KQP.SG  ATR-STRF.KT    WIT^TOTTT.    LO^JPON. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  euperior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  pacucd  for  immediate  delivery. 
G  inches  by  4  and    6-1  by  4^      13s, Oci. 

7  „  5  and    7^  by  5*       15     0 

8  ,,         6  and    8    by  5*      15    0 

8  „  Gaud    Si  by  6i       17     6 

9  „         7  and  10    by  3        20'  0 

12         „        lOandlS    by  9        ...20    0 

And  many  other  sized,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containicg  large  Sheeta,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
aOUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  ^  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches tJd.  per  foot. 

„        „        35      „       Sd.        „ 

„        „        50     „      O^d.      „ 

„         „         75      12d.        „ 

"  MlltiPans,  23.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glasa  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  G-lass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
atreet  "Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Ustablished  100  years. 

^GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT   FRAMES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass, 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  in  boxes,  containing  100 
-squarefeet  each,  attlie  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 

Sizes.  —  Inches,  Inches,        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    6  by  4      at      l^d.  is  £0  12    6 
From    6    by    4        „  7    „    5      „      2d,      „    0  16    8 

7     „     5         „  8    ,^  .6      ^      2id.  -  „    0  13    9 

3     „     6         „         10-    „     8       ,,       2^d.    „     1     0  10 
10     ,,     8        „         12     „     9       „       2Jd.     „     12     11 
Larger  sizes*  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
16  oz.  from  3d.  to  3^d.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size, 
21  oz.    ,,    3.itl>  to5<2.  „  ,,  ,, 

26  oz.    ,,    Sirf.  to  7irf.         „ 
PATENT  ROUGH    PLATE,    THICK   CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS   for  Horticultural  purposes,    at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 
0LAS3  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 

either  in  Sbcet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 
Propaij'ating  Glasses,  Bee-hipc  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,   Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hithtsrto  inanufactured  in  glass, 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  tliis  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.    No 
alteration  connected  with  the  sash  i.%  required. 
■GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  lor  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury   by  ex- 
poaure.    Prices,  since  tlie  removal  of  the  excise  duty,   re- 
duced one-balf.    List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application    to  James  Hetlby  and  Ga,   35,    Soho-squarCj 
London. 

/:j.REEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
VJ  Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. —  A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. 


JiOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained;— Messrs.  Kniu'ht  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  IlendeisoD  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Piae-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c., 
Fulham,  London;  Mr.  Glendinnirig,  Nurseryman,  «i:c.,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Sou,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs,  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Chester  ;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
■  Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs,  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull,  Nurserymen,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'lotosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr,  Fleming,  P. H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutlierland,  Treutham,  Stafford- 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Angleeea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkiogton  and  Cj,,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire* 

The:-e  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  tiy  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the  best  principle.     Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 

"OR^^WXirMING       GREENHOUSES 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


.^€^'- 


r^RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
^-^  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  worlcmaoship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  ciinnot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  (k  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  m03t 
approved  and  scientific  principleR,  for  all  purposes  to  which  thg 
applieaHon  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  fan  be  made  available. 


F' 


BT  HER 
laAJESIT'S 


ROYAL  LEITEES 
PATENT. 


P  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
-^^—^  •  KinqVboad,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
reepect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
tho  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D,  could  execute  ;  be  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  pov^erful  maiihinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
anti  can  now  esecute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
^ith  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition, 
■patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  Is.  id.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  ins.  long,  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  231.  Gs.  8d  ■ 
21  ft.  Cms.  long,,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  30J.  13s.  8d.  ■  28  ft.  Gins.' 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  41!.  10s.  8ei.  Healing  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  dsc,  Id.  and  Sd.  per 
foot,  super.  '■ 


and  BDILDINQS  of  all  kinds,  the  now  Kegisterod 
HORIZONTAL  GAS  STOVE  is  perfect  in  its  operation, 
free  from  smell,  and  cannot  get  out  of  order.  Prii-e  30s. — 
Stevens  and  Son,  Darlington  Works,  Southwark  Bridge- 
road,  London. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Claeemont 
Place,  Old  Kent-eoad,  has  200  CDCUMBEE  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  all  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  made  of  well  seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHODSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  England. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


FLOWERPOTS!  FLOWERPOTS!  FLOWERPOTS! 
pHARLES  PHILLIPS'S  Flower- Pots  were  dis- 
Vy  tinguished  above  all  others  shown  at  tLe  Roi  al  Exhibition 
of  1851.  They  received  "Honourable  Mention"  by  the  Jury, 
Class  27 ;  and  were  deemed  by  the  various  competent  persons 
who  examined  them  to  be  superior  to  anv  submitted  for  the 
world's  iospeciion  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  they  are  patroniped 
at  the  Royal  Gardens,  both  at  Wiodsor  and  Kew,  and  by  the 
principal  Nurserymen  throughout  the  Western,  Southern,  and 
Midland  Counties  of  England  ;  are  extensively  used  in  Ireland 
and  Wales,  and  maybe  seen  at  almost  every  Nursery  between 
Plymouth  and  London. 

All  orders  for  the  above  Goods  will  be  promptly  forwarded, 
Cabkiaqe  Feee,  to  any  Railway  Station  within  150  miles  of  the 
Manufactory,  either  in  dozens,  casts,  hundreds,  or  thousands. 

C.  P. 'a  Pots  are  warranted  to  retain  their  colour  longer  than 
any  other  manufactured. 

CLEAJft  inside    DIAMETBE. 


No. 
1     , 

2 

3     '. 
4 
5     . 


Ins. 

.  n 

■  2J 

■  2} 
.  3i 
..  4 


Ins. 

.     H 

■  H 

■  6} 

.     7 


Ins. 


11 

124 

14 


Ins. 

.     15 

.     16 

18 

20 

22 


Every  description  of  Red  Ware,  Sewerage  Piping,  Closet 
Pans,  Chimney-pots,  Land  Drain  Pipes,  Seakale-pots,  Vases, 
Tiles,  Bricks,  ,tc. 

Phillips's  Price  List  and  Weston-Super.Mare  Almanac  and 
Guide  for  1352,  forwarded  to  any  party  who  may  desire  it,  on 
receipt  of  a  postage  stamp. 

Manuftictory,  Locking  Road,  Weston-Super-Mare,  Somerset. 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 

7d  per  yai'd,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  21  inches  wide  ,.,    7d.  per  yd,    5d.  peryd 
2.inoh,     ,,      strong  ,,  ,,,    9        ,,  64      ,, 

2.inoh     „      extra: strong,,  ,..13    .    ,,  9        j, 

15-inch     ,,      light  „  ...    S       „  6        „ 

l§-inch      ,,      strong  ,,  ,,.  10        „  8        ,, 

Ig-inch      ,,       estrastrong   ,,  ...  i4        ,,  11         ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  tho  prices 
one-fourth.  G  alvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  PheasantrieSi 
3rf.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  postfree. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


CHEAP      "WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard  ; 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO ,  King's  road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Appiratus  Manufacturers  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's-road,  CheUea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatories, Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARA.TUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worihy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &.c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splenclid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  iu  pois 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plana,  ModeU,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines.  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J.  Weeks  and  Co,,  KiDg'a-road,  Chelsea,  London, 


u '\.LVAI^^'^LD  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised. 

24  in.  Wide,  2  in.  mesh.  Id,  per  yard.       .,.       5d.  per  yard, 
SO  in.    „      2  in,    „        9d.       „  ...        Hd.        „ 

3(5  in.     „       2  in.     „       IQid.      „  ...         Tid.        „ 

48  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is,  2d.    „  ...      lOd,  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Gal'vanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  bo 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high, 
Is.  Gd.  and  25.  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers.  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hordles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  CataloEue.i  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8 
Snow-hil1,  London, 


10—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


159 


€OTTAM      AlfB      HALLE  F, 

2,  WINSLEY  STREET,  AND  76,  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON. 


%<:0^ 


^ 


^^^_ 


AFPLTCATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,    coutaming    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,   and  Prices  of 


Conserratoriei 

<Tt'eenhou3e3 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Tases 


Mowing  Machinea 
Fountaina 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand.glass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hnrdlea 
Garden  Cbairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Syringes 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
G-arden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 


XR03J  S:-Lri5333i3S,  STHASNEO  ■'S^IRE  FSIO'CIH'G-,  G-aiWE  NETTING,  &.c. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EV£RY    DESCRIPTfOM     OF    PLAIW,    ORIMAMEn^JTAL,    CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    V/IRE    WORK. 

EXHI3iTI02f  PitlSS  MSBAL  GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


BELGIAN  SHEET  GLASS.— The  above  be^tiful 
Gla-:s.  16-oz.  to  the  foot,  ao  strongly  recommended  tor 
Horticnltnral  purposes,  can  be  procured  at  the  Sijbo  Cruwo, 
Sheet,  and  Ornamental  Glass  Wai-ebnu^e,  2iS,  Soho  square,  upon 
the  foliowinrj  Cash  tefma.  Single  cases  containing'  2oo  fett 
each,  case  included.  '21.  is.-  in  pareela  of  3  cases  at  4ifs,  ;  in 
parcels  of  10  eases,  335.  per  c:ise  ;  or  cut  to  any  given  size  at  3d. 
per  foot.  _^____^^ 


GREENHOUSES  GLAZED  AVITHOUT  PUTTY, 
no  Leakage,  simple  ande^sy  of  repair,  cheaper  than  any 
other  sjstt-m,  and  much  more  durable.  Lists  of  prices  ot 
different-sizad  houses  forwarded,  on  application  to  the  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  Alfbed  Klnt,  Chichester.  A  Gi.'etnhouse 
glazed  upnn  this  system  can  be  seen  at  the  gtouods  of  the 
Royal  Bot.inical  -Society,  Reeent's-park,  London. 


BUDDING'S    LAWN    MOWERS. 

MR.  SAMQELSON,  Britauaia  Iron  Works,  Banbury, 
Oxon  {e-ucceasor  to  the  late  James  Gardner),  to  avoid  the 
disappoin'raent  experienced  last  season,  as  regards  their 
delivery,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  tbe  above  machines, 
and  for  GAiiDEN  ROLLERS,  hein?  gifen  aa  early  as  possible. 
Delivery  tVce  to  all  places  on  rha  London  andNorth- tVestern, 
and  Great  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 

Drawings  an  1  price  limits  fuvwa-iled  on  avplicatioa  as  above. 


GIDNKY'S  IMPROVED  PRUSSIAN  HOE.— 
Tbii  exceedingly  useful  gardim  implement,  so  umch  in 
demand,  and  which  has  obtained  tbe  first  prize  at  several  of 
tbe  first  horticultoral  meetings,  a*  the  best  and  most  useful 
garden  tool  extant  ;  also  testimonials  from  the  principal 
horticulturd!  journals  and  leading  pracrical  gardeners,  ie  now 
ready  tor  delivery,  and  may  he  obtained  of  any  principal  ir.n- 
mooger,  and  SeeJemao,  or  of  thumanulacturer,  J.  W.  Gidnlf, 
Ironmonger,  East  Dereham,  Norfolk.  Price  (ready  for  u^e), 
neatly  bandied.  Is  CJ. ;  of  whom  may  le  had  the  new  drill 
hae,  and  the  Nortotk'  BlomSeld  hoe.  Copies  of  testimoaials 
seat  on  application  to  the  mannfactnTcr. 


THE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GREAT 
EXdIUITXUi.'  was  awarded  to  Mr.  MlLTOtr,  for  his 
Improved  (straw)  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE,  price  10s.  Gd.  ;  it  is 
of  Eimple  construction,  ornamental,  and  easily  manased  ; 
enabUng  the  possessor  to  obtain  a  large  quaniitry  of  pure 
honey  without  killing  the  becB.  Also  may  he  had  "Milton's 
Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new  edition,  price  2^  ;  ditto,  with 
Deiigns  of  Hivep,  «Jjc.j  25,  Gd. ;  ditto,  Sheet  ot"  IlluHtrations, 
fre«  by  post,  S-i 

At  MiLTon's  Beabive  Wai^hotise,  10,  Great  Marjlebone- 
&tre«t,  Wirajwle-street.  Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable 
at  the  Po*t.i>fflcB,  Old  CavendiRh-street,  Lond'm. 


FARM  TO  LET.— The  lands  to  be  entered  "upon  on 
the  1st  oF  November  and  2nd  of  Febniary  next,  and  the 
li  tuse  on  the  l5t  of  Mar^h,  1353.  Clayley  Halt  farm,  situate  in 
the  tov/nsbip  of  Handiey,  ei^'ht  miles  from  Chester  ;  comprising 
about  3  lO  acres  of  arable  and  pasture  land  in  a  ring  fence, 
bounded  on  oae  sidu'  by  tho  turnpike  rjad  from  Cbester  to 
Whitchurch,  and  on  an'>tber  side  by  the  road  to  the  Tattenhall 
station  on  the  London  and  North  Western  railway,  distant  two 
miles.  Tbe  land  i^  ot  good  quality;  rates  moderate;  nearly 
t'le  iUiole  of  the  farm  is  under-drainiid  ;  tbe  house  and  build- 
ings  excellent.  The  rent  may  flttctuato  with  the  corn  averages, 
and  the  tenant  may  have  the  sporting  over  the  farm  and  about 
IG  acres  of  woodland  within  it,  if  desired.  Apply  to  Mr.  John 
Talin,  Chriitleton,  near  Chester. 


FAR^I  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms — on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  conaty,  near  a  nood  market, 
au'i  a  good  r-i'lway.  The  Rnads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  veri'  low;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Titbe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  ri^Jit;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  AbouE  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  ba  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  tna'-ing  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Oardencrs' 
Chronicle,  at  tbe  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
Loudon. . 


TO    NURSERYMEN.    FLORISTS,    ETC. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lea.'3e,  with  immediate  possession, 
a  SMALL  NUIISERY.  eligibly  situated  in  one  of  the  moat 
fa'-hionable  Watering-places  in  the  County  of  Devon. 

For  further  particulars,  apply  to  MesBrs,  Nottikg  aad  Sons, 
Seedsmen,  i6,  Cheapside,  Lbndon. 


ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK.— 
The  niPPOPOTAMUS.  presented  by  H.H  the  Vl-eroy  of 
Egyp*;  **>«  ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  mai.y  rtcent  additions, 
are  exhibited  daily.     Admission,  Is. ;  on  iloNDATS,  6J. 

pOCHIN     CHINA,    MALAY,     AND    SPANISH 

V-/  FOWLS  FOR  SALE.-Sir  J.  Sabright'a  Gold  ynd  Silver. 
laCed  BanaULS.  Carrier,  Almocd  Tumbler,  and  funcy  Pigeons, 
Ac.  Cochio  China  Fowls' £gga  for  batching,  C'i,  and  Shanghai 
Ditto  from  bird*  of  Immeaie  blze.  Is.  each,  forwarded  un 
rtceiptofP'^st-ofUcfc  order,  payable  Chief  Office,  L<jndon,  wi»h 
U.ft^box,  6tc.  Kgguof  alUhe  abjve,  and  Polish  Fowls,  Gold 
aod  Silver  Pbeiutiti,  ^c,  *horUy.  Lett«T*.io  enclom-TUamp. 
Apjilj  wTiMOTur  MAioif,  King's  Cottage,  North Eii/J,  ruiham, 

FRUIT   TREES,    FLOWER   AND    SEED    BEDS,    ETC. 

NEW  TWINE  NETTING,  to  protect  the  bKjom  of 
Pcash,  IfeoltiriDe,  Aprieot,  and  othvr  trccn  ;  Fliwcp  and 
8«*dbcA4  from  frutt,  bii;{ht,  andaftcrwardit  tbv  Kipo  Fruit  from 
blpd«;o.-»"  ft  fence  »ifnin»tfowU,|iigeoo».cai»,  io.  N«w  Twine 
Bettloit.  1  jard  nidcr,  IJJ,  per  yard  ;  2  yardimlde,  3</,  pfrynrd  ; 
hatt-iduh  %,iv^h  ditto,  '2  yard*  nU«,  6J.  per  yard,  W.rfttbd 
NeHtfi/r  •  y:irtl»  v/i<le,  id.  per  yurd.  Hhtop-fuldlnff  N'tt,  of 
«ap«rh>r  fi'iality,  4  ftot  liijfn,  4-1.  per  jnrrt.  Th^  ll«paired 
Tuuf.A'l  I  i'ii  nn  .N'ot'.lng,  'J  or  Z  yardii  wld«,  Ij/i,  pur  yard  ■ 
<  or  0  )ttrri«  vidif,  3/.  per  yard  ;  exactly  the  fla-iic  an  udvcrdsfr) 
by  o<li'/r*  i»t  diMJbiq  the  above  prlco".  C*itlnj^  Nctit,  li,  per 
jar*  tf,tini',  r;'nf)|d«u,-.  J>rng  Nctii  for  pondB,  Iftkoi,  nnd  rivers. 
«Uhp'vi<7  Lijiuptdiv,  1'2  janin  lon(<,  U.  0«. ;  ?>>  ymtU  ini<n,  •Jl. 
Pl'jc  >'<'«,  <:..mpl»:U;,  1«.  per  ftquureyafii.  KabblcNeu,  tyiivoTi}, 
12  Btuklii  1  v.kd«,  2-1.  pftf  >ard,  or  Hs.  pur  M  yard*.  Nots.moilo 
t'joril':.  fiiilihe  trade  iiippllcd.  at  William  CuLLinnrono'a 
1,  Bt^^u  7u  T<;-t«rr.«cir,  Bb.idwell,  London.  Order*  !>>  po*> 
|.UBt:t«K*l.  k'tendcd  to.  Order*  above  VC.  will  bd  forwartio), 
ctlnij^'i  pild,  v>  any  UoDwny  Kratl^n  In  the  JUngiiom 
Okirioii.— Panlei  arc  adrertUInj;;  Tunned  2<(it,  2  yurdi  wide, 
Bd.  HI*  joctlf  nlttUrUt  ftlutkiitf  It  U  Old  Net, 


ryiO  BE  LET,  A  FURNISHED  MANSION,  in 
J-  Hampsbirec— Hackwood  Hocse,  Pleasure  Grounds,  «tc, 
with  tbe  right  of  Spjriing  over  the  M:iiior,  will  bo  Let,  on 
moderate  terms,  to  an.  eligible  tenant,  for  such  number  of 
years  as  may  bo  agreed  up  m.  Tho  minsion  contain?  every 
accommodation  for  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentleman's  Family  with 
a  lartje  Establishment.  It  is  sitnate  ab  lut  a  mile  and  a  half 
from  the  Basingstoke  Stations  of  tbe  Great  We^-tern  and  South 
Western  llaiUvajs  (which  are  within  an  hour  of  London)  ;  in 
tUe  midst  of  au  extensive  Park,  ornamented  with  large 
timber  and  numerously  stocked  with  deer.  The  Mauor  ex- 
ceed:* 7000  acres,  contains  several  ponds  and  streams  which 
afford  excellent  perch,  jick,  and  trout  fishing;  abounds  in 
gitme  and  wild  fowl,  wiiich  are  stricily  preserved;  and  is 
hunted  by  three  packs  of  fox-hounds, — Apply  to  W.  Massey, 
Esq.,  2S,  Wimp  jle-3treet,  London  ;  or  Mr.  Thomson,  Hack- 
wood  Park,  Baetngstoke. ^^^ 


TO  GETiMTLEMEN  CARRIER-PIGEON  FANCIERS. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  in  small  lots  or  singly,  a  large  collec- 
tion of  first-rare  CAURIEltS,  consisting  of  Blacks,  Duns, 
and  Blues,  well  worth  the  immediato  attention  of  gentlemen 
in  tiic  fancy,— Apply  to  Mr.  Pottee,  G,  Cook's-terrace,  Old 
St,  I'aocra-road,  London. 


WHERE  SHALL  WE  GO  THIS  MORNING  ?  " 
Such  is  usually  the  query  over  the  breakfast  table 
with  visitors  to  London.  Let  uh  :jnswcr  tho  question.  If  you 
can  admire  the  moRt  beautiful  specimens  of  Papier  Macbe 
manufacture  uhicli  are  proiiuced  in  this  country,  displayed  in 
the  most  atiractUe  fi)rini— if  you  want  a  handsome  or  useful 
DrefiBing.c.ise,  Work-box,  or  Writing-dosk — if  you  need  any 
requisite  f>r  tho  work  tublo  or  toilet— or  if  you  desire  to  see 
una  of  the  must  elegant  ernporlumB  in  London,  then  you  will  go 
to  MECHi'.S,  4,  LEADENnALL-sTflEET,  noQr  tho  India  IIuuso. 
ill  whoso  fthow-roonis  you  may  lounge  away  an  hour  very 
ple,i^nntW. ^^__^_ 


^Vim  ROVAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuablG,  newly- 

^  Invented,  very  Bmall,  [lOvverful  Waliitco.it-pDckot  QIush, 
tho  hize  of  a  Walnut,  to  discorn  minuto  objiicfa  at  n  distnnco 
of -1  ro  G  mile*,  wh'ch  in  found  to  hoinvaluabbs  lor  V  A<JnTIN'G, 
and  t4»  ^iPORfSMEN,  OKNTLliMEN.  and  G  AMRKERPMIl-S. 
TF.LESCOPea,— A  new  and  most  important  INVENTION 
In  TELRSCOPES,  poBBOBHlmr  fiuuli  extraordinary  powers  that 
fliimo,  '/"A  Indies,  witli  an  extra  oyc-iiii^co,  will  show  diHtinctly 
■Tupltcr*!!  mauuH,  Sjituru'rt  ring,  nnd  tlio  double  wtars.  They 
HUp-jMode  every  other  klnil.  and  arc  (if  all  hI/.oh— for  tho  Wulnt- 
coat  pocket,  MhomluK,  Military  purpoBei,  ilic.  Opera  find 
Ilacn  (lour.o  OiiiKse*  with  wondorfiU  puwurH  ;  a  iiilnuro  nbjt'ct 
cufi  bo  clearly  Boon  from  10  to  Vi  mllen  ditt.tnt,— lnvalu:ibly 
acoiifillr;  in«(rumiintii  for  rclluf  of  cxtrumo  doafiiuBs.— McHsrs. 
f*.  and  0,  SoLoMo-M*.  Op'lciuiiB  and  Aurl»t»,  ^SJ,  Albemiirio- 
%trcctyoppo>Uo  tbv  York  lioto),  Londuu. 


IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING,   ETC. 
QTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Grace  church- street, 

*^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwaik,  beg  to 
inform  their  fncnds  and  the  public  generally  they  are  now 
manufacturing  Iron  Hurdles,  at  the  following  low  prices  '—For 
sheep.  G  ft.  lonn  3  fr.  hiKh,  5  bars,  ds.  2d.  each  ;  andfor  cattle. 
6  fc.  long,  3  ft.  3  in.  high.  6  bars,  Zs.  Gd.  each. 


rpERRA    COTTA   VASES,    TAZZAS,   FLOWER 

'^';AT?^  'i",^*^p"^^®'  •^"'  "^an-^factm.d  bj  T.  M.  Blash- 
FIELD,  Mill  Wall,  Poplar,  and  sold  at  No.  1  Wharf  Praed 
street,  Paddington.  Tb.se  Vases,  8ic.,  are  of  a  light  atone 
colour,  and  are  carefully  mudelled  and  burnt  and  warranted 
to  Stan  -  heat  and  frost ;  and  this  Terra  Cotta  is  the  only  mate- 
rial for  such  works  which  does  not  sustain  injury  from  smoke 
and  sulphurous  gases. 


A     BEAUTIFUL     HEAD     OF     HAIR 

ROWLAND'S  MACASSAR  OIL  1ms chiefly ac(iuired 
celebrity  for  its  rapid  and  extraordinary  tfficacy  in 
nourishing,  preserving,  and  beautifying  tbe  human  hair.  Its 
regenerative  powers,  in  particular,  are  conetantly  shown  by 
inducing  a  fresh  growth  of  hair  where  baldness  has  hitherto 
prevailed.  It  imparts  an  additional  vigour  to  the  roots  of  the 
hair,  together  with  a  glossy  brightness,  a  eilky  softness,  and  a 
tendency  to  curl.  For  inducing  an  accelerated,  growth  of 
whiskers,  moustachios,  or  ejebrows,  tho  ilacas-ar  is  unFailinK 
in  its  stimulative  operation.  In  reference  even  to  the  hair  of 
early  childhood,  the  use  of  the  Oil  is  attended  with  the  happiest 
effects  ;  mild,  invigorating,  and  purifying  in  every  instance,  it 
dispels  ecurf  and  dandriff,  and  renders  unnecesiary  tbe  use 'of 
the  tine  comb.  In  all  climates  it  alike  displays  its  incomparable 
results,  and  has  long  been  an  established  favourite  in  India.— 
Price  3s.  Gd.  and  7s.  ;  or  Family  Bottles  (equal  to  four  small), 
at  10s.  Gd. ;  and  double  that  size.  21s.  On  the  wrapper  of  each, 
bottle  are  the  words,  Rowlands'  Macassar  Oil,  in  two  lines. 
Sold  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  20,  Hatton  Garden,  Loadon; 
and  by  all  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  &c. !— CRINILENE  has  been  pronounced 
by  thousands  to  be  tbe  only  preparation  that  can  be  relied 
upon  for  the  restoration  of  the  hair  in  baldness  from  any 
cause,  preventing  the  hair  falling  off,  strengthening  weak  hair, 
and  checking  greyness,  and  for  the  Production  of  Whiskers, 
MoustacbioB,  Eyebrows,  <fcc,,  in  a  few  weeka  with  certainty. 
It  is  elegantly  scented,  and  sufficient  for  three  months*  use; 
will  be  sent  post  free,  on  receipt  of  24  postage  stamps,  by  Miss 
Dean,  4S,  Liverpool-street,  King's  Cross,  London.  Testimo- 
nial :  Dr.  Thompson  says — "  It  is  a  beautiful  preparation,  and 
the  only  one  1  can. recommend." 


«  IT" NOW  THYSELF."— The  secret  art  of  dis- 
Xa^  covering  character  from  handwriting  is  still  practised 
by  Mr.  ELLISON,  with  astonishing  success.  His  curious 
delineations  of  the  mental  qualities,  talents,  and  defects  of  his 
applicants  are  vei*y  full,  filling  the  four  pages  of  a  sheet  of 
paper,  the  style  of  the  description  differing  from  everythingyet 
attempted.  Test  this  by  sending  any  specimens  of  the  writing 
uf  yourself,  or  of  those  in  whom  you  are  interested,  with  the 
fee  of  14  postage  stamps,  to  Mf.  Raphael  Ellison,  151,  Strand, 
London. 


METGALFE  and  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordrn:iry  manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose, —13.  An  Improved  Clothes. Bros^i,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  u^ual  lime,  and  incapable  of  injurin*;  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian bristles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Fleab- 
lirushesof  iTOprovt?d,  graduated,  and  povverfolfricrion.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Spon;,'e,  wi;h  its  preserved 
valuable  properties  of  ahsorpCion,  vitality,  aikd  durability,  by 
m-jans  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  destracttve  bkachiiig,  and  securing,  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNGLEY,  and  Co.'ij,  Sole  EatabiishmQiit,  130b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  PC  WDER.  2;}.  per  bos. 

Caution.  —  Beware  of  tho  words  "From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  bv  flome  houses. 


DEAFNESS  AND  SINGING  NOISES  in  the  HEAD 
AND  EARS  EFFECTUALLY  CURED. -Da.  BARKER'S 
colibiatcd  remedy  for  deafness,  tSjc,  permanently  restores 
hearing,  enabling  tbe  pa  iont  in  a  few  days  to  hear  the  ticking 
of  !i  watch,  even  in  cases  where  the  deafness  has  e,\isted  for 
many  years  from  any  cause  whatever,  aud  has  been  successful 
in  huml'.eds  of  cases  where  instruments  and  surgical  assistance 
have  failed  in  giving  relief.  It  removes  all  tbose  distressing 
uoises  in  the  liead  and  ears,  and,  by  its  occasional  U'Se,  will 
prevent  deafness  occurring  again  at  any  furure  period.  The 
reuitdy  v.id  be  sent  fi  ee  by  poiC,  wiih  full  initructions,  on 
receipt  of  7s.  Gd.  by  Pust-nlUce  order,  ^r  posta«o  stamps,  by 
Dr.  Alfred  Bakkeb.  4S.  Liv<  rp.nd-slreet,  King's  Cross,  London. 
At  home  daily,  10  till  1  anil  4  till  8,  Sundays  excepted. 

HOUSE  FURNISHING  AND  INTERIOR 
DECORATIVE  ESTABLISHMENT,  451,  OxFono- 
Street,  and  IS,  SruiNQ-STBCEr.  Paddinoton,  near  the  Great 
Western  Railway,  Loudm,— Cabinet  Furniture  of  every  de- 
scription at  marked  prices— BrusaelsCarpet. '2s.  Gd.  peryard.— 
Dnraask  Curtains,  10((,  per  yard  and  upwards  ;  Ditto,  in  Silk 
and  Worsted  (  Prcuch  fabiiL'),  nearly  two  yards  wide,  at  8s.  per 
yard. — The  best  Floor  Cloths  that  can  be  made,  cut  to  any 
dimensions,  '2s.  3d.  per  yard.  The  largest  Manutactory  in 
Loudon  for  Paper  Hangings,  EngUsli  and  Proucb  Decorations, 
adapted  either  to  the  C(ittage  or  the  Mansion,  fitted  up,  showing 
the  side  of  a  room  finished  for  occupation. 


PROTECTION    AGAINST    FROST. 

i^RIGI  DOMO. — A  perfect  protector  aguiust  frost, 
a  non-conductor  of  heat  or  cold,  and  cheaper  in  price  than 
bftsa  matting.  A  canvas  made  of  prepared  hair  and  wool, 
adapted  to  many  liortioultural  imd  florlculturiti  purposes,  for 
covering  up,  where  a  Hxud  tcmporaturo  Is  required.  It  ia 
2.1  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length  at  la.  Iti.  per  yard 
run,^ — Manufactured  only  by  K.  T.  AaoHEa,  Carpet  Manufac- 
turer, 45l,;Oxford-Btreot,  and  18,  Sprlng-btreot,  Paddlngton, 
near  the  Great  Western  Riillway,  London. 


SHIR  TS. 
I^ORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  nre  not  sold  by  any 
i-  hosiers  or  drapers,  and  can  bo  obtained  only  at  18^,  Strttnd. 
Gontloinon  in  tho  oounlry  or  abroad,  ordorlng  tht'nugh  their 
HgcntB,  art)  requoBtod  to  ol)flerve  on  tho  Interior  of  thy  collar- 
band  the  Htauip— "  FOltO'S  EUKEKA  SIHHTS,  ItiH,  Strand," 
without  wljlcli  none  aro  gunulno.  Thoy  aro  made  in  two 
qualitloB— Flrnt  quality.  <1  (In,  the  halfdozun  ;  second  quality,  'Mia. 
till]  half  dozoii.  Price  IHtu  containing  directlaim  for  self 
moahurcMicnt  and  every  particular,  arc  forwarded  post  free, 
and  tlio  pattern  bookn  t<»  Huleot  from,  of  tho  new  llegiBtorcd 
Coloured  ithlrtlng,  on  rocuipt  of  six  stampH. 

UIOHARD  FOUD,  18&,  aTftAND,  LONDOIff. 


IGO 


Tiia     G.lllDSNSRS'     CHlIONICLE     A;S[D     AGdlOJLTJa.lL     GlZSrrE.      [March  6. 


T?     G.  HENDERSON  and    SON   bej^ 

Xli  •     undermenioned     NEW     PLANTS,     which    they    can 


to  offer  the 
ich    they    can 
ntjly  recommend,  and  are  confideat  will  give  the  greatest 
satistiic^ion. 

ANTIRRHINUM  HENDERSONII  {Heni>ee3on's).— This  13 
Hecjidedly  the  greatest  novelty  that  has  appeared  in  tliis  tribe 
for  years.  Tube  and  ground  colour  white,  dietinctly  marked 
tlirouijhout  fac'h  petal  with  bro;id  band'i  of  deep  carmine  ;  the 
Btripes  and  t^rauod  colour  are  so  e^en'y  bulaoced,  that  each 
fl.iHXT  is  an  exict  counferpart  of  every  other  on  the  plant; 
quite  free  from  blotching  or  run  colours.  This  very  iiite- 
restii^g  now  cti;iracter  to  this  plant  will  give  great  satisfaction 
to  ei^ry  An'iri-hinuth  grower,  and  even  to  tho3e  who  are  not 
f;tnerally  partial  to  this  tribe.  We  purchased  the  entire  stock 
o  '  the  above  from  Mr.  George  Parsons,  Brighton.  Price  7s.  Gd. 
eiich. 

"CALCEOLARIA  WELLINGTON  HERO  (Hendebson's'.— 
A  Bhl■u^by  be  Iding  variety,  of  a  rich  deep  golden  yellow  colour, 
nn  excellent  trusser,  wi'h  large  fltwera  ;  the  plant  is  of  good 
habit,  and  was  awarded  a  label  of  commendation.  See  the 
National  Floriculrural  Society's  Transactions,  June  12,  1851. 
A  very  desirable  variety.     Price  7s,  Gd. 

CALCEOL\KlA  TOM  THUMB  (Henderson's),  of  a  very 
dwarf  shrubby  habit,  and  abundant  trusser,  flowers  of  a  deep 
rifh  crimson  colour,  and,  without  exception,  the  best  dark 
varietv  in  cultivation  for  bedding  purposes.     Price  10s.  6d. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM  HENDERSON  II  (Henderson's).— 
This  very  remarl*  able  variety  originated  in  Italy,  and  flowers 
in  the  open  ground  early  in  September  ;  indeed,  so  early,  that 
this  variety  his  done  flowering  before  the  generality  of  Chry-  | 
Eanthemume  has  commenced  to  bloom.  From  this  peculiar  : 
character  of  the  plant,  we  fully  expect  it  will  prove  to  be  the 
proseni'or  of  a  new  clas^.  adapted  to  give  a  new  feature  in  : 
(•ecoratinj?  tb>e  fiow«r  garden.  When  the  more  delicate  flowers 
h-tVQ  faded,  the^e  WilKfilst  appear  in  pristine  beiuty.  The 
plant  is  of  dwaYf.ttkBi:t,'*'2  feet  in  height,  belonging  to  the 
Chinese  claas,'  &tid' so^^.dense  a  fliiwerer  that  every  morsel  of 
J  ouog  wood  is  thickly  eitistered  with  flower-buds;  indeed,  the 
whole  plantis  literally  one  mass  of  well-formed,  orange-yellow 
flowers.  By  having  ih,e .branches  ne;itly  pegged  down  in  the 
bads,  the  whole  "woul^' look  like  a  fine  bed  of  Ranunculus 
(luring  the  autumnal  months,  which  will  render  this  a  greiit 
acquisition.  We  purchased  the  entire  stock  from  M.  Pele,  of 
Pans.  Price  10s.  Gd. ;  and  for  every  two  plants  ordered  three 
will  ba  sent. 

DELPHINIUM  HENDERSONII  (Hendebson's).— This  ex- 
tremely beautiful  and  inleresting  distinct  hybrid  was  raised  by 
M,  Cbauvier,  of  Paris,  from  D.  chilienais  crossed  with  D.  ela- 
tum  spiendens,  and  partakes  much  of  the  line  branching  cha- 
racter of  the  former,  large  laciniated  foliage  of  dark  glossy 
green  •  flowers  of  large  size  and  well  formed,  with  very  broad 
ample'petals,  of  rich  deep  azure-blue,  finely  contrasted  wiih  a 
bold  white  eye,  which  renders  this  plant  very  conspicuous 
indeed,  and  will  form  one  of  the  principal  gems  of  the  flower 
garden  during  the  ensuing  summer.  Ii;  Is  tigured  in  the 
•'  Gardeners"  Magazine  of  Botany,"  vol.  1,  page  57,  and  was 
also  awarded  a  Certifleate  of  Merit  at  the  National  Floricul- 
tural  Society,  21,  Regent-street,  Aug.  21,  1851 ;  see  Transac- 
tions of  this' Society,  page  41.  We  purchased  the  entire  stock 
of  M.  Cbauvi^r,  of  Paris.     Price  10s.  Gd. 

ERICA  ELEGANTISSIMA  (Hendebson's).— This  very  beau- 
tiful Heath  is  an  interesting  hybrid  between  E.  hyemalia  and 
E.  Hartwellii,  and  retains  all  the  good  points  of  these  popular 
nod  favi-turite  parents  ;  excellent  habit  of  growth,  and  most 
abundant,  free-flowering  plants,  so  much  so,  that  each  ter- 
minal shoot  produces  large  clusters  of  deep  roso  and  white 
coloured  flowers,  varying  from  five  to  ten,  according  to  the 
strength  of  the  shoot  ;  the  tube  of  good  substance  and  moderate 
pize,  terminating  with  fine  square  lips  of  pure  white.  Figured 
in  the  "  Gardeners'  Magiizine  of  Botany,"  vol.  1,  page  81.  We 
purchased  the  entire  stock  of  this  from  Mr.  Burnett,  York- 
shire.    Price  4?s- 

E.  NOBILIS  (Henderson's),  a  fine  hybrid  Eeedliug  raised  by 
J.Ir.  Story,  from  E.  tricolor  splendens  set  with  old  grandiflora  ; 
the  flowers  sometimes  come  in  single,  but  more  frequently  in 
double  whorls,  measuring  3}  inches  in  diameter,  slightly 
curved  at  the  base,  shading  off  in'o  a  clear  bright  straw  colour, 
or  pa'e  jellow  ;  tips  recurving  and  finely  marked.  Figured  in 
i^eck's  *'  Florist,"  vol.  1.  page  289.  The  entire  stock  of  this 
was  purcbaRed  from  W.  H.  Story,  Esq.,  Devonshire.  Price42s. 
GERANIUM  HENDEKSOXli  (Henderson's).— This  great 
desideratum,  so  long  wished  for,  id  at  last  attained,  by  raising 
a  perfect  white  Geranium,  in  the  zolane  or  scarlet  class. 
1  his  extremely  novel  kind  gives  very  large  handsome  trusses 
of  elegant  white  flowers,  and  is  also  a  remarltably  free 
flowerer,  which  formp  a  grand  contrast  to  the  splendid  rich 
scarlet  fli)wers  of  this  favourire  class,  which  must  render  this  a 
great  acquisition,  wherever  the  latter  is  cultivated.  We  pur- 
rhased  the  entire  stock  from  Mr.  Franklin,  Middlesex,  Price 
7s.  6d.  each. 

G.  EXTRAVAGANZA  (Hendebson's).— A  very  singular  and 
distinct  new  hybrid  belon'^ing  to  the  section  marked  No,  7  in 
our  Catalogue  as  "  Curious  Geraniums."  This  tine  variety 
possesses  flowers  of  good  size  and  substance  ;  large  bold 
trusses  of  deep  crimson ;  each  of  the  five  petals  has  a  large 
black  maroon  blotch,  nearly  covering  the  whole  of  the  petaU  ; 
good  habit  and  free  fl'jwerer.  Strongly  recommended  for 
bedding.     Price  7s.  6d. 

G.  OUORATIS^IMUM  GRANDIFLORUM  (Henderson's),— 
A  very  fine  lemon. scented  hybrid,  of  strong  and  very  compact 
habit  of  growth,  with  large  trusses  of  flowers,  in  the  style  of 
the  fancy  class,  with  splendid  foliage,  and  highly  scented; 
colour  rosy  purple,  veined  with  dark  blotches  in  the  upper 
petals  ;  likely  to  prove  a  good  bedding  variety.  Price  7s,  Gd. 
Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London. 


YOUELL  AND  CO.  beg  to    draw  attention   to  their 
Adv^  rtisement  of  la<it  week,  as  well  as  to  the  following. 
CAMELLIAS  of  the  choicest  kinds,  in  g'»od  plants.  2is.  per 
dozen.     Possessing  a  large  stock,  we  are  induced  10  offer  them 
at  this  price.     To  those  anxious  to  form  fine  specimens,  this  is 
a  grand  opportunity. 

Gloxinia  Petoiana,  the  superb  light  variety  sent  out  by  us 
last  seas^)n.  the  finest  of  its  class  ;  strong  bulbK,  3s.  C-d.  each. 
Jisminium  graeile,  one  of  the  most  fragrant  of  flowers,  123. 
per  dozen. 

Veronica  Andersonii,  very  choice,  of  the  easiest  culture, 
Is.  Gd   each. 

Nerium,  G  fine  new  varieties,  extra  strong,  Ga.  eich. 
Coleonema  pulchra,  nice  plants,  Os.  per  dozen. 
Lfschenaultia  formosa  and  Baxteri  nuijor,  strong,  9s.  p.  doz. 
Diosma   ericoides — its   sweetly. scented   foliage  excellent  for 
bouquets— nice  busby  plants.  Gs.  per  dozen. 

Mitrarla  coccioea  ;  this  fine  hardy  rthrub  produces  numerous 
scarlet  flowers,  very  similar  in  form  and  colour  to  Erica  splen- 
dens,  strong  and  bushy,  Os.  per  dozen. 

Qiiercuy  lanata,  the  kini  of  evergreen  Oaks,  3s  Gd   each. 
Qiercus  Fordii,  splendid  evergreen  tree,  1  foot,  93. ;  I4    feet 
to  2  feet,  18s.  per  dozen. 

Ilex  latifotia  ;  the  Laurel-like  foliage  of  this  fine  hardy  shrub 
reniiers  it  peculiarly  desirable  ;  strong,  1  to  li  foot,  12s.  per  doz., 
3  to  4  feet,  5s   each. 

Ilex  Sheppardii,  a  fine  variety,  with  very  broad  foliage.  Is.  Gd. 
each, 

Weiffela  rosea,  Forsythia  viridissima,  Jasminium  revolutum, 
and  E^callonia  Montevidensis,  2  feet,  busby,  9s.  per  dozen; 
Hedera  Regneriana,  Passiflora  cxrulea,  and  Clematis  moa- 
tana,  9s.  per  dozen,  very  strong  ;  sweet-scented  Clematis,  extra 
strong,  6s.  per  dozen;  Euonymus  japonica,  silver-striped, 
strong,  4s    per  dozen. 

Rose^i,  dwarf  climbers  and  others,  in  many  fine  varieties,  5s. 
per  d  zen. 
Fancy  Geraniums,  choice  sorts,  93.  per  dozen. 
Rockets,  double  white,  strong  plants,  os.  per  dozen. 

Ditto,  puvple,         ditto,  6s.  per  dozen. 

Phloxes,  in  many  fine  new  varieties,  6s-  per  dozen. 
Statice  latifolia  and  pseudo-armeria  ;  these  fine  hardy  plants 
Gs.  per  dozen. 

Herbaceous  plants  in  great  variety,  per  100  species  and  va- 
rietips,  25s. 

Choice  ditto  in  pots,  4s.  per  dozen. 

Fucheias,  very  fine  varieties  of  last  year,  and  others  ;  strong 
plants,  6s.  per  dozen. 

CONIFERS. 
Being  large  holders  of  these,  we  propose  to  sell  at  the  fol- 
lowing prices  ;  — 

Araucariaimbricata,  1  foot,  18s.  ;  IJ  to  2  feet,  423.  per  dozen. 
Cedrus  Deodara,  the  sacred  Cedar  of  the  Himalayas,  as  hardy 
as  the  Larch,  and  perfectly  evergreen  ;  plants  very  bushy,  1  ft., 
9s.  ;  lA  to  2  feet,  18s.  per  dr)zen. 

Juniperus  (Cupressus)  Uhdeana,  a  very  ornamental  specleg, 
1  to  H  foot,  9s    ppr  dozen. 

Juniperus  Bedfordiana,  very  bushy,  1  to  1^  foot,  Gs.  per  doz. 
Pinus  cxcelaa,  of  fine  silvery  foliage,  1  to  lA  foot,  9s.  ;  3  to  4 
feet,  30s.  per  dozen. 

Cedius  Libanus,  4  to  Sfeet;  and  C.  argenteus,  1  to  1^  foot, 
2s.  6(/.  each. 

Picea  cephalonica.  15  inches,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
„       Pitidrow,  G  incbe?;,  9s.  per  dozen. 
,,      Nordminniana,  4  inches,  3Ds.  per  dozeh. 
Pinus  Gerardiana,  6  to  9  inches,  stout  and  bushy,  Gs.  p.  doz, 
Abies  morinda,  true,  fine  plants,  1^  to  2  feet,  20s,  per  dozen  ; 
1  to  li  foot,  6s.  per  dozen. 
Abies  pumila.  dwarf  and  bushy,  12s.  per  doz°n. 
,,      orientalis,  true,  do.  do.,  l'2s.  per  dozen. 
„      Menziesii,  one  of   the  most  distinct  of  Conifers,    its 
silvery  foliage  forming  a  striking  contrast  to  the  deep  green  of 
other  species,  9  tol2  inches,  9s.  ;  12  to  18  inches,  12s.  per  dozen. 
Cryptiimeria  japonica,  2  to  3  feet,  seedlings,  in  fine  health, 
42s.  per  dozen. 

Cupre&sufi  torulosa,  a  fine  evergreen,  of  the  most  symmetrical 
form,  1  to  H  foot,  9s.  per  dozen. 

All  order^of  2t.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any  railway 
station  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth. 


Sales  fig  Auction. 
^ 

TO   GENTLEMEN,    FLORISTS,   AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell 
bv  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, March  10,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate  Cjllection  of 
Carnitions  and  Picotees,  Lancashire  Gooseberries,  selected 
Sta'idard  and  Dwarf  Rose^  Dahlias  in  dry  root';,  (be,  the 
property  of  Mr.  Willmer,  of  Sunbury. — May  be  viewed  the 
morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex, 

TO  NOBLEM EnTgENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN, 
AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  Mr.  W.  pAMPLiN,  to  submit  to  public  com- 
petition by  Auction  at  the  Mart.  Bartbolomew-lane,  on 
THURSDAY,  March  11,  at  12  o'clock,  about  250  CaOICE 
DOUBLE  CAMELLIAS,  ranging  from  18  inches  to  5  feet, 
exceedingly  well  furnished  with  blsom  buds,  and  in  a  fine 
state  of  cuUivation ;  also  Azalea  Indica,  Erica,  Cytisus, 
Cinerarias,  selected  Standard  and  Dw  irf  Roses, .choice  Dahlias 
in  dry  roots.  Fuchiiias,  Paeonias,  with  a  rich  assortment  of 
American  Plants,  &c.  May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale. 
Cafalogues  may  be  had  at  the  llirt,  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
Amt-rican  Nurserv.  Leytonstone.  Kssex 


BALSAM  SEED,  the  finest  in  the  world,  in  five 
classes  of  colours,  sealed  Packets,  with  direcuoi:8  for 
culture,  23  Gd.  the  five,  or  Sd.  singly.  Mimulus  Gigiintea, 
the  largest  in  cultivation.  Is.  to  5s.  per  plant.  DAHLIAS:  the 
Scarlet  King,  the  finest  of  its  class  ever  raised,  lOs.  Gd. ;  Sir  F. 
Thesiger,  Dr.  Framp'on,  Sir  Richard  Whittington,  Rob,  and 
all  the  best  new  ones  at  catalogue  prices  ;  Ditto  old  favourites, 
3s.  to  3s.  per  dozen.  Fuchsias,  Geraniums,  Cytisus  Race- 
mosus,  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  generally,  bedding  out 
Scarlet  Geraniums,  23.  Gd.  to  5s,  per  dozen. — Post-office  orders 
to  Cbables  R.  Smallbone,  Dungannon  Nursery,  Fulham, 
payable  at  Putney,  promptly  attended  to. 

C-t  LENFIELD  PATENT  STARCH,— NOW  USED 
T  IN  THE  ROYAL  LAUNDRY.— The  Ladies  are  respect- 
fully requested  t  -  make  a  trial  of  the  GLENFIELD  PATENT 
DOUBLK-RliFINLD  POWDER  STARCH,  which,  for  Domestic 
Use,  n  iw  stands  dneivalled.  Sold  by  nearly  all  the  Oil  and 
Colourmen  and  Chandlers  in  London,  and  throughout  the 
Kini;dom. — Agents  wiinted  ;  apply  to  Mr.  R.  Wot nER spoon, 
4l>,  Dunlop-atreet,  Glasgow, 

London  Depot:  WoTHEaspooN,  Mackay  and  Co.,  40,  King 
William-street,  City. 


EMPLOYMENT     FOR     EVERYBODY. 
lyi  R    ALLEN  WOOD,  160,  High-street,  Rochester, 

-^'J-  continues  to  send  Jree  to  all  parts  of  the  kingdom  his  12 
valuable,  easy,  and  respectable  methods  of  realising  U.  to  il 
per  week,  by  cither  sex,  according  to  time  spent.  A,  W.  has 
advertised  these  meihods  now  nearly  12  months,  was  the  in- 
ventor,  and  has  benefittd  hundreds.  A  pile  of  thankful  letters 
prove  that  fact.  Send  a  directed,  stamped  envelope  and  12 
postage  stamps,  and  they  ^ill  bo  forwarded  by  return  of  post. 
Rely  It  is  no  talsehood  ;  it  is  a  certainty,  and  without  risk. 

N.B,  Four  new  methods  added,  making  10.    Familiee  and 
emigrants  ought  not  to  be  without  them. 


IT'XTRACT    FROM    A    LETTER    FROM   LORD 

JLi   CAMOYS'  STEWARD,  to  Messrs.  SUTTON  and  SO.MS: 
'*  The  Pasture  laid  down  with  the  Grass  Seeds  you  supplied 

to  Loid  Camoys  about  five  years*  since,  is  the    admiration  of 

the  neighbourhood  for  it^  early  springing  and  for  the  fineness 

and  luxuriance  of  its  herbage. 

'•  Yours  truly,  Joseph  A.  Langfoed. 
"  Stonor,  near  Henley-on-Thames,— Feb.  24,  1852." 

FROM  THE  INCUMBENT  OF  GRAZELY  PARSONAGE. 
To  MESE6S.  Sutton, 

Sirs, —  When  you  are  passing  tlirouffh  Gh'az^ly,  I  wish  yon  xoonld 
call  in  and  see  my  Garden  Laivn,  Pasture,  and  Churchyard,  which 
I  sowed  last  spring  with  your  Seeds,  and  which  this  time  last  year 
was  only  a  Bean  field  but  now  a  beaulifid  close  Oreen  Sward,  and 
lam  happy  to  say  free  from  iveeds.  Many  gentlemen  have  been 
quite  sitrprised  to  see  in  so  short  a  time  so  good  a  pasture,  a..d  I 
hope  it  loV.l  coii(tHiie  the  same,  as  I  have  invariably  heard  tliat  your 
Ghrass  Seeds  are  good  and  permanent. 

lam,  Sirs,  yours  obediently,  T,  S. 

Grazely  Parsonage,  Feb.  13. 

JOHN  SUTTON  AND  SONS  having  been  honoured  with  the 
above,  with  permission  to  publish  ir,  have  much  pleasure 
in  doing  so.  and  have  also  the  satiofaction  of  stating  that  they 
are  almost  daily  receiving  similar  communications.  In  a  letter 
just  received  from  a  Gentleman  at  Weston-super-Mare  is  the 
following  passage  : — "  The  field  I  laid  down  last  spring  with  your 
Grass  Seeds  gave  me  great  satisfaction,  and  no  little  surprise  to  my 
neighbours  the  farmers.  The  purchaser  of  the  properly  was  also 
surprised  at  the  result."  In  another  letter  dated  Emanuel 
lleciorv,  Lou(,'hboroui;h,  Jan,  28,  the  Rector  says  : — *'  The  four 
acres  which  f  sowed  loith  Grass  Seeds  from  your  Establishment  last 
sjyring  present  a  very  satisfactory  appearance,  the  ground  being 
equal' y  covered  with  Grass  of  regular  and  uniform  height." 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  having  for  many  years  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  land  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soils  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  can  sujyply  the  sorts  of  Gi'asses  and  Clovers 
most  SHit'xblc  for  any  specified  soil  at  '28s.  per  acre,  ivith  Instruc- 
tions for  sowing. 

Aluo  the  beat  CLOVERS  and  RYE-GRASS  for  alternate 
husbandry  or  to  lay  down  for  two  years,  at  ItJs.  per  acre  ;  and 
Sdtton's  Renovating  Mixture  of  Perennial  CLOVKRS  and 
Finest  GRASSES  tor  improving  Old  Meadows  and  Pastures, 
lOd.  per  pound,  8  to  13  'bs.  per  acre  being  sufficient. 

Also,  Finest  LAWN  GRASSES  for  Gardens,  Is.  3d.  per 
pound,  or  3s.  per  gallon. 

N.B. —Mangold  Wurzel,  Belgian  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  all 
other  Agricultural  Seeds  of  superior  quality,  a  Pr.ced  Catalogue 
of  which  may  be  had  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Ad.iress,  JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS,  Seed  Geowers, 
Reading,  Berks. 


TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  X   OTHERS. 
Y/TESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  sell  by 

L'X  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartbolomew-iaue,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY and  FRIDAY,  March  10  and  12.  at  )2  o'clock,  lOOO 
fine  S'-andard  and  Dwarf  Rosefi,  300  choice  Dablias  in  dry 
roots,  a  rich  assortment  of  Herbaceous  Plants,  Carnations, 
Picotees,  and  Pinks,  100  varieties  of  Hariy  Annual  Flower 
Seeds,  a  variety  of  Plants  in  Bloom,  &,c.  The  above  comprise 
all  the  leading  varieties  in  cultivation. — May  be  viewed  the 
morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  5ii,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery, 
Shacklewell,  London. 

ORCHIDS. 

ESTABLISHED  PLANTS,  IN  GOOD  HEALTH. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  instructed  to  sell  by  Auction, 
a' his  Gre  It  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  on 
FRIDAY.  Mirch  12,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a  COLLECTION  OF 
ORCHIDS,  the  property  of  a  Baronet,  deceased,  comprising 
establiabed  specimen  Plants,  in  gO'^d  health,  and  most  of  the 
showy  and  popular  varieties.  May  be  viewed  the  day  prior  and 
morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  lMURSERYIViErJ&  OTHERS. 
RUFF  COTTAGE,  WALHAM  GREH:N. 

MR.  KIRK  has  been  favoured  with  instructions  ta 
sell  by  Auction,  on  the  above  Premises,  on  TUESDAY, 
March  9,  at  12  o'clock,  by  order  of  the  proprietor,  the  ground 
being  let  for  building,  very  fine  Superior  and  Ornamental 
Evergreens,  Shrubs,  &c..  Greenhouse,  Sunamer-houses,  Pits, 
Frames,  &c.,  comprising  Aucuba  japonica,  5  ft.  to  li  ft.,  Philly- 
rias  and  Laurels,  6  ft.  to  7  ft.,  Variegated  and  Green  Hollies, 
10  ft.,  Arbor. VitEB,  Box,  Arbutus,  and  Firs,  10  fi  to  12  ft.,  Por- 
tugal Laurels,  and  Liurestinus,  7fr..  Litnes,  Birch,  Poplars, 
and  LtihurnumH,  15  fc,  Yews.  5  fc,  40 )  yards  to  500  yards  of 
Box  Edging,  Roses  ot  Sorts,  Rhododen-irons,  &c.  Fruit-bear- 
ing Trees,  Apples,  Pears,  Plums,  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apri- 
cots, Vines,  and  Filberts.  Turf,  Greeuhougo,  Summer-houses, 
Pits,  Frames,  &c.  May  be  viewed  the  day  prior  and  morning 
of  sale.  Catalogues  had  on  the  premises,  and  at  the  Ofiices  of 
Mr.  Kirk,  19,  Brompton-row,  Brompion,  near  London. 

CROYDON,  SURREY. 

THE  STOCK  OF  FOREST  TREES  OF 
A  NURSERYMAN. 

MESSRS.  BLAKE  are  directed  to  sell  by  Auction 
upon  the  ground?  opposite  the  Mail  Coach  Inn,  Croydon 
Common,  on  WEDIMESDAY,  March  10.  at  12  o'clock  (in  con- 
sequence of  the  Land  being  required  for  Building  purposes), 
lO.OuO  Larch  Firs,  from  2  to  3  feet  high  ;  8000  Bedded  Spruce 
ditro  ;  7000  Bedded  Oaks  ;  6000  B-?dded  Ash.  Beech  and  Hazels  ; 
811OO  Spanish  Chestnuts;  300  Walnuts;  2000  Mountain  Ash, 
Weeping  Willows,  Elms,  Turkey  Oaks,  Sycamores,  Acacias, 
and  Poplars  ;  7ii0  Hollies,  Lilacs,  and  Scotch  Firs ;  8000  trans- 
planted stroDK  Quick.  May  be  viewed  at  the  sale,  and  cata- 
logues had  of  Mr.  Dean,  Nurseryman,  Croydon  Common  ;  at 
the  Inns  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  at  Garraway's  Coffee-house, 
Change-alley  ;  the  Artichoke  Inn,  Newington  Causeway  ;  and 
of  Messrs.  Blake,  Croydon. 

TO  .GENTLEMEN,   AMATEURS,    FLORISTS, 
AND    OTHERS. 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart,  near  the  Bank  of  England,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
March  10,  at  1  precisely,  a  first-rate  Collection  of  Carnations 
and  Picotees,  the  stock  of  Mr.  W.  Bragg,  of  Slough  ;  they 
comprise  all  the  newest  varieties  in  cuUivation ;  also  several 
entirely  new  kinds,  only  in  this  collection ;  together  with  a 
choice  assortment  of  Dahlias  in  pot  roots,  including  all  the 
latest  varieties  ;  fine  new  Hollyhocks,  Pinks,  Pansies,  Standard 
Roses,  miscellaneous  Plants,  djc,  tbc.  May  be  viewed  on  the 
morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  on  applica- 
tion to  the  Auctioneer  at  Shacklewell,  London. 

FULHAM  ROAD,  BROMPTON. 
IMPORTANT    SALE    OF    NURSERY    STOCK,    ETC. 

MR,  D.  A.  RAMSAY  wU  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  Brompton  Nursery,  Fulham  Road,  Bromptoo, 
ou  TUESDAY,  March  9,  and  following  dav,  at  12  o'clock,  with- 
out reserve,  a  large  essortment  of  ORNAMENTAL  TREES, 
comprising  Laburnums,  Acacia,  Thorn?,  Qleditsrhia,  Chestnut, 
Elms,  &c.  Also  a  large  quantity  of  Evergreens,  in  choice 
varieties,  a  Conservatory  Stage,  Alcove,  Arches  for  Garden 
Walks,  Flower  Stands,  Trainers,  and  other  well-made  Wire 
Works.  —  May  be  viewed  prior  to  sale,  and  Catalogues  had  of 
the  Auctioneer,  Brompton  Nursery,  Fulham  Road,  Brompton, 
London.  


PROTECTION     OF    WALL    FRUIT     FROM     FROST. 

WILLIAM  EAST  begs  to  announce  for  Sale  several 
large  Wool  Nets  for  protecting  Wail  Fruit  from  Frnst. 
Wool  and  Tttiue  Nets  made  to  order,  and  to  any  size.     Ladies 
and  Gentlemen  who  may  be  pleased  to  favour  him  with  their 
orders,  may  rely  on  the  stricest  punctuality. 
W.  East, '5,  Btlvoir  Terrace,  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road,  Pimlico. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fresh-sown  seeds,  either  in  gardens  or  fields,  at  Id.  per 
square  yard,  200  yards  for  Us.,  500  yards  for  SO3.,  1000  yards 
for  50s.  Scrim  canvas  for  wall  fruit,  nettin,'  for  sheep  folds  ; 
a  considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles. 
Sun  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  poles,  &c. 
Marquees,  tents,  awnings,  and  temporary  rooms,  with  boarded 
floors,  elegtintly  lined  and  lighted  for  leres,  &c.,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Carriage,  cart,  and  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain  ; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furniture  in  change  of  residence,  &c. 
Tarpaulings  ou  hire  for  houses  under  reuair,  at  THOMAS 
EDGING  1  ON  &  Co.'s,  17,  Smichfield-bare,  and  Old  Kent-road, 
N.B.  Orders  and  inquiries  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 

Printed  by  Willtam  Bbahboby,  of  No  13,  Upper  Wobiirrt-place.  in  the 
parJBhofSf  Prtncras,  and  Fubdhrick  Mullett  Evans,  of  ^o.  ?■  Cburch- 
row,  SlHkc  Newuipion,  both  In  the  County  01  Middlesex  PrinterB,  at  their 
OflQce  in  LombArd-Rlreet,  in  the  Precinct  of  Whtcfriarn,  in  the  City  of 
Londiin ;  nuA  published  by  them  at  tlie  oftice,  No  5,  Ctiarlea-etreet,  iu 
the  parieh  of  6t  Paul'a,  Covent  garden,  In  the  said  Cuuoty,  where  all 
Adveni  em' nte  aud  Commuai  cut  ions  ate  to  be  addb£B3bs  10  tbk 
Enitoa,— Saturday,  March  6, 18i2. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.  • 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Econoray  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley, 

No.  11—1852.]  SATURDAY,  MARCH  13.  [Price  Qd. 


A  ^ricnltural  geolot^ 

Azalea,  the 

Birds.  Briti-li  Bone 

Caleadar.  tiorticultural   

CaTnauoQ,  tree 

Cittle,  Kill  for 

Dr«inae<*>  lecture  on 

Dresden,  eotileasBt 

Diyine  plaola.  press  for  

Entomoloeical  Society 

EpacriP.whatit  was 

£xperimeati,  Mr.  Lawes'  .... 
■  I'armiDi;,  Mr.   Lawea'   experi- 

meats  ia , 

-Fork,  diKKiDE   

Pumii^ation   

Garden  Kl»°'ne;s,  forei^   .... 

Geolo^,  sgricaUnral    

Glass  walls 

Hestintr, FolniAise 

Helleboro^  nleer  

HenderaoD's     [Mewrs.)     nar- 

eeiy 

Sew  Gardens,  luacbin^in  .... 

Lutd.  traotfer  of. 

Licheas,  Lsishioa  CD  


170  a 

lfi4  (I 

\(^  a 

IC3  a 

if>r  ft 

]61  c 

173  a 

>64  c 

164  a 

IfitJ  c 

165  ft 

17U  c 

170   e 

172  c 

U)5  b 

IM  c 

170  a 

itir>  b 

lt;6  a 

IGG  b 

167  a 

\m  a 

172  a 

167  a 

Law  respcctiD^   nuTBeryraen's 
assessments  .... 

—  —    frsnsferof  land.,., 

LloTieaTi  Society 

Maaure  for  Turnips    

Oldaker  (Mr.),  death  of 

Orcbard  houses 

Pe  at  charco  al 

Pine-apple,  culture  of   

Plants,  press  fordryiog 

—  to  water 

Plflnt  houses,  to  facnigate 

Poloiaise  hpatioK  ■■••. 

Ponds,  bottom  temperature  of 

Raio  at  Dartmoor 

Suit  for  cattle    

SilkH'ormM 


Temperatare  of  ponds    ,,.. 

TiadeEcant".  tomb  of 

Trees  on  walU,  to  protect.. 

Trellises,  protected     

Turn'p^,  manure  for 

Wall  trees,  to  protect 

Wealdof  Kent,  Boilof   .... 
Worms,  to  kill 


164  a 
lfi7  c 
163  b 


THE  NATIONAL   TULIP    SOCIETY.-The  next 
ASNUAL  exhibition  of  this  Socisty  will  be  held  at 
Ihe  Town  Hall,  Birmitighatn,  on  Thursday,  May  "11,  nest. 

Schedules  are  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application  at 
the  Office,  28,  Bennett's  Hiil 


Birmingham,  March  13. 


jJcoL^^^^Js^"- Secretaries. 


rHE  ROYAL  GARDENERS'  BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION^.— Notice  i3  hereby  giveu  that  au  Elec- 
tion of  Tvpo  Pensioners  on  the  Funds  of  this  Society  will  take 
place  in  Jane  nest.  All  persons  desirous  of  becoming  caudi- 
Hates  are  requested  t'l  apply  in  writing  to  the  Secretary  for  a 
form  of  application,  which  must  be  returned,  with  testimouials, 
&c  ,  33  required  by  the  Rulesi,  on  or  before  the  31st  last.,  after 
which  time  ihey  will  not  be  receiyed.     By  Order 

EowABD  R.  CoTLEB,   Secretary, 
97,  Farringdon-streef,  London,  ilareh  4. 

HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 
PRIVILEGED  TICKETS. 
The  Eihibitiona  will  take  place  on  the  Second  Saturdays  in 
May,  Juae,  and  July,  namely, 

MAY   8,   JUNE  12,   JULY  10. 

All  Fellows  who  sbelt  applv.  oo  or  befure  Tuesday,  the  20th 
of  April,  may  obtain,  at  the'  PRIVILEGED  RATE  of  Three 
ShilliniifS  and  Sixpence  each,  any  number  of  tickets  not 
EXCEEDING  fobtt-eight;  but  no  nppMcaion  foi-  Buch  tickets 
'*lll  be  received  after  lliat  liay.  FcVo\"s  of  the  Society  subscribing 
for  tickets  at  this  price  vilU  he  altotoed  a  clear  week  from  the  21)  Ik 
of  April  during  which  (A^;,y  maij  claim  tliem.  After  that  period 
ALL  TBE  3j  Gd.  T1CEET8  SOBSCEIBED  FOB,  BDT  NOT  ISsDED,  MAY 
£E  CANCELLED. 

After  the  "iOth  of  April,  any  further  number  of  tickets  will  be 
«!elivered  to  Fellows  on  their  personal  application  or  written 
urd';r,  at  the  price  of  Five  ShiUhu/s  each  ticttet, 

SPECIAL  POWER  OF  FELLOWS-— Fellows  of  the 

Society  not  ody  eo^er  free  at  hult-past  1.',  but  can  also  intro- 
duce one  friend,  wiih  a  Ticket,  at  gate  No.  i,  in  the  Dulte  of 
DevoDsUre's  Road.  Or  the  Fellow's  power  may  be  trausferred 
to  a  brfther,  sister,  son,  daughter,  lather,  mother,  or  wife, 
r-fsidiDg  in  the  Fellow'^  hou-e,  provided  the  person  to  whom 
-rie  transfer  is  made  be  furnished  with  a  ticket  signed  by  that 
.ellow.  That  is  to  say,  the  power  of  entering  early  maybe 
ranflferred,  but  no'  the  rij^ht  to  fbee  admisRinn. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LO'iCE  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS 
n03E.S,  OKNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
T  IlEES,  &c.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  atampa.— Windlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


FLORISTS'    FLOWERS    FOR    1852. 
■T^HOMAS  BARNES  has  now  ready  his  Descriptive 

-*-    CATALOGUE,    tnchiding  Dahlias,  Fuchsias,    Verbtjnas, 
!"t^tunlat.    Phloxes,    Chrysan'.iiemums,    Bedding    Plants,  &c., 
■  filch  may  be  had  on  prepaid  application. 
Danccroft  Nurseriefl,  Stowraarket,  Suffolk. 


r\OUBLE    ITALIAN    TUBEROSE    ROOTS,    45. 

^-^  p^r  dozen,— The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  nnd  well  gel(;c*.«d  Bulb*  may  be  obtained,  without  disBp- 
prjintmem,  at  A.  C  >»bett*«  foreign  Warehuude,  18,  PaU-mall. 
S.B.  Printed  rcgalatioDS  tor  irtutment  eent ;  also,  just 
r-ived,  rerjr^Qoltit  andopen  Parmasao  Cheeses. 


IMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pro- 

*-  curing  ftouDfl  Hted  U  the  surest  means  to  have  a  good  crop, 
■•  c  Jiftvo  DOW  ].-ft  only  a  lew  Ton«  of  YORK  RKGENT.S 
\\\liHWOK  RADICAL.  AMERICAN,  NATIVE  AND 
Viine  ML0S30MBD  KIDNKY  POTATOES,  the  produce  of 
1-  last  jc*r*»  prepared  cutilngi,  at  prices  formerly  advortiHtd 
•-epnrcd  cultlngi  of  the  following  norts  will  bo  ready  about 
.fifc  ttnori'i  week  in  May  ; —  g    ,i 

York  Regent*  per  1000    lo'    g' 

American  Native ,,  10     f; 

CambrtdgQ  Ridical  ,,        10    t; 

£ftrl>  Oxford  „,        ^,         15    0 

Packi»gC4,  for  1000,  I».  ;  000,  2#.  (id. ;  VOO,  U.  fW. 
No  ordera  will  be  provided  for  which  are  not  to  hand  In  the 
^ '(t  week  In  April.  PoBUoffice  onlcm  to  bo  made  paynblo  »t 
::  Bor  ugh  Ofllce  to  Hat,  Bahohteb  and  Co,,  NvwInKton  liii'tH, 
(..ond'.n,  6th  March,  IBW.—Sut.j'dned  In  the  nnalyiilB  of  two 
3hJj  rptpectable  Chemljiti,  of  our  stock  In  hand  ;— 
"According  w  jorjr  req-ii-st.  wo  have  exnmlniid  the  Potatofii, 
■  e  ]>rodure  of  jour  prepared  ciit'lngn,  and  Imvo  found  them  to 
■fitAln  fully  17  per  cent,  of  Starcii,  by  treating  tbem  in  tlic 
*u)  manner.  "MAimrcr.  Hcamlan.  F.U,H. 

"  ALrtED  ANbtitfluN,  F.O.B. 
"tondon.  Oth  March,  1862, 

"  Af  eiut.  Hay,  Bangvter,  and  Co.,  Xewlngton  Buttii 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  &c.,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosing 
two  postape  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hosea  Watebee,  Knap  Hill 
Nursery,  Wokint?,  Surrey. 


CARNATIONS,    PICOTEES,    PINKS,   AND    PANSIES. 

YOUELL  AND  CO.  are  now  sending  out  beautiful 
seleoiions  from  their  superb  and  extensive  collection  of 
the  above,  in  remarkably  strong  and  healthy  plants,  at  the 
following  prices  :—  £    s.  d. 

25  paiis  of  superb  varieties  ofCarnations  and  Picotees, 

by  name        3    0    0 

12  do.  do.  do.  do.        1  10    0 

12  do.  very  fine  do.  do.        1  IG    0 

12  do.  do.  do.  do.        0  IS    0 

Fine  mixed  border  do.,  per  dozen  pairs  0    9    0 

True  o'd  Clove  Carnation  „  0  1'-'    0 

12  pairs  of  finest  Pioks,  by  name 0  12    0 

Panbies,  all  the  newest  and  very  best  show  flowers, 

perdoz 0  12    0 

Do.     fine  showy  border  varieties,  per  dozen         ...0    6    0 

All  Orders  of  21.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any  Railway 
Statinn  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery, 

Royal  Nurserv,  Great  Yarmouth. 


CUCUiVlBER  PLANTS. 
pUTHILL'S    BLACK'  SPINE    CUCUMBER 

>-^  PLANTS  are  now  ready.  Cucumber  snd  Melon  Seed,  I5. 
per  packet;  Lisisnthu^,  Is.  ;  the  best  sorts  of  Strawborry 
Seed,  per  packet,  2s.  Gd.  Cothill's  Pamphlet^  on  ;the  Po*ato* 
(5G  pages),  2s.  ;  or  by  postt,  2s.  4d.  Also  on  Market  if  ay.d^ing 
Round  London,  Is.  Gd.  ;  or  by  post,  Is.  M,  Po£t..omni3 ..onJEis, 
on  Camberwell-green.  '    / 

James  Cdthill,  Camberwell,  Londpn. ,  „,  „  '.  ; , 


EXTRACT    FROM    A    LETTER    FROM   LORD 
CAMOYS*  STEWARD,  to  Messrs,  SUTT^N^and  SONS: 
"  The  Pasture  laid  down  with  the  Grass  Seeds' you' supplied 
to  Lord  Camoys  about  five  years*  since,  is  the  '  admir;-.tion  of 
the  neighbourhood  for  \U  early  springing  and  for  the  fineness 
and  lusui  iance  of  its  herbfige. 

"  Yours  truly,  Joseph  A.  Langfobd..^.;' 
"  Stonor,  near- Henley-on-Thames. — Feb.  24, 1862."       ^v''-. 

FROM  THE  INCUMBENT  OF  GR.\ZELY  PARSONAGE. 
To  Messbs.  Sctton, 

Sirs, —  When  you  are  passing  through  Qrazdy,  l  wish  you  would 
call  in  and  see  my  Garden  Lawn,  Pasture,  and  Churdhyard,  which 
I  sowed  last  spring  tvith  your  Seeds,  and  which  Um  time  last  year 
was  only  a  Beaii  field  but  now  abeautifnl  clo^e-  W'tfeu  Swafiii,  and 
lam  luippy  to  say  free  from  Wfcls.  A'<i-^}y  gentlemen  hwsi;  been 
quite  surprised  to  see  iv  >so  s?iorf--'-tir,ie  ^o'ijood  a  pasture,  a'. d  J 
hope  it  zoV.l  continue  tlie  ^-iLnia^'Z^yl  have  inv-u-iably  heard  that  your 
Grass  Seeds  are  good  and  permanent. 

lam,  Sirs,  yours  obediently,  T.  S. 

Grazely  Parsonage,  Feb.  13. 

JOHN  SUTION  AND  SONS  having  been  honoured  with  the 
above,  with  pennission  to  publish  them,  have  much  pleasure 
in  doing  so,  and  havo  also  the  satisfaction  of  stating  that,  tbey 
are  almost  daily  receiving  similar  communicalions.  In  a  letter 
just  received  from  a  Gemlemnn  at  Weston-super-Mare  is  the 
following  passage  : — "  The  field  Ilaid  down  last  spHng  loilh  your 
Grass  Seeds  gave  me  great  satisfaction,  and  no  little  surprise  to  iny 
neighbours  the  fanners.  The  purchaser  of  the  property  loas  also 
surprised  at  the  result."  In  auother  letter  dated  Enianue) 
Rectory.  LouL;hborouL'h,  Jan,  2S.  the  Rector  says  : — "  The  four 
acres  tchioh  I  sowed  with  Grass  Seeds  from  your  Est{ibHshment  last 
fpring  present  a  very  satisfactory  appearance,  the  ground  being 
equally  covered  with  Grass  of  regular  and  uniform  height," 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  having  for  many  years  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  laying  down  land  to  Permanent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  with  the  various  soils  of  the 
Uuited  kingdom,  and  can  supply  the  sorts  of  Grasses  and  Clovers 
most  suitable  for  any  specified  soil  at  28s.  per.a&'e,  withlnstrnC' 
tions  for  sowing. 

Aluo  the  best  CLOVERS  and  RYE-GRASS  for  alternate 
husbandry  or  to  lay  down  ftr  two  years,  at  lljs.  per  acre  ;  and 
Sotton's  Renovating  Mixture  of  Perennial  CLOVliRS  and 
Finest  GRASSES  lor  improving  Old  Meadows  and  Pastures, 
lOd.  per  pound,  8  to  12  Ib-^.  per  acre  being  suflRcient. 

Alyo,  Finest  LAWN  GRASSES  for  Gardens,  Is.  3d.  per 
pound,  or  3s.  per  gallon. 

N.B,— Mangold  Wurzel,  Belgian  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  aU 
other  Agricultural  Seeds  of  superior  quitlity,  a  J'r.cedCatalogue 
of  which  may  be  bad  in  return  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Address,  JOHN  SUTTON  and  SUJNS,  Seed  Gbowees, 
Reading,  Berks. 


BALSAM  SEED,  the  finest  in  the  world,  in  five 
classes  of  colours,  sealed  Packets,  with  direciiona  for 
culture,  28  Gd.  the  fivo,  or  9J.  singly.  Mimulus  Gigantesi, 
tho  largest  in  cultivation.  Is.  lo  5s.  per  plant.  DAHLIAS:  the 
Scarlet  King,  the  finest  of  its  clas-i  ever  raiaed,  10s.  Gd.  ;  Sir  F. 
TliCMiKer,  Dr.  Frump'on,  Sir  Richard  Whitttngton,  Rob,  and 
111!  the  best  new  ones  at  catalogue  jtricea  ;  Ditto  old  favourites, 
Ss.  to  'Js.  per  d-izon,  Fuchsms,  Geraniums,  Cylittus  ilace- 
mofiuf,  Stovi)  and  Greenliousf  Plants  geiicriilly,  bedding  out 
Scarlet  Gcranlunifi,  2s.  iid.  to  Cs.  per  dozuii. — Poat-oOice  oi'dtrs 
to  Ciiablkr  R.  EjUALLiiijME,  Duogfinnon  Nureery,  Fulhum, 
payable  at  Putney,  promptly  attended  to, 

DAHLIAS,   PANSIES,  CARNATIONS.    PICOTEES, 

PINKS.    ETC. 
I  OliN  SCIIOFIIOLD  AND  SON  havo  now  ready  a  very 

•J  Cholro  and  Select  Cati.l..gii«  nf  iho  abovo  FLORIST 
PLOWKRS.  Btrong  healthy  plati's  of  the  most  Cbtiihliuhed 
FuvourltcH  can  bo  auppH.d  at  the  following  low  rates  :  — 

PANKIES from  ia.  to  ISs,  pi.r  do«cni  plnnts. 

CAItNAl  IONS       ...  fr  >in  9«.  to  20ii.  per  dozen  paU-H. 

PICOTEES      from  [)(!.  to  2IM.         „  „ 

I'INKS      from  as.  to  U'*.         „  ,, 

Dahlias  (in  Mny)  from  Cs,  to  llis.        „         plantii. 
Afow  PackPtBof  PANSY  HEED,  Kclcctcd  with  care.  'Jo.  Gd 
per  packet.    Eorly  appllcitto-i  In  respectfully  requiHtcd, 
Ku'jwithorp',  near  lirdn,  Y'-i-kshne. 


PORTUGAL    LAURELS,    ETC. 
TAMES    MACINTYRE    having    a    large   stock  of 

O  PORTI  GAL  LAURELS,  PHILLYREA.  aud  LAURES- 
TINAS,  of  various  eizos  and  very  superior  Kruwih,  begs  to 
offer  them  at  very  low  pricec,  which  may  be  oh  ained  on  appli- 
cation to  him  at  the  Taunton  Nurseries,  Somerset. 


NEW    AND     RARE    PLANTS. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Flobist,  &c.,  Edge-end,^ 
Miirfdcn,  near  Burnley,  Lancaahire,  begs  to  inform  his 
Prierds  and  the  Public  in  general  that  his  aPRING  CATA- 
LOGUE of  choice  New  Geraniums,  Dahlias,  Fuchsias,  Ver- 
benaP,  Petunias,  Cinerarias,  Antirrhinums,  &.c.,  is  now  reaiSvi 
and  may  be  had  by  enclosing  two  stamps.  Also  strong, 
healthy  plants  of  "  Jenning's  King"  Pansy,  universally 
allowed  to  be  the  b'?st  dark  purple  self  out,  Ss.  each;  or  21 
selected  from  Autumn  Catalogue,  to  include  one  plant  of  the 
above  "  King,"  for  U.,  p;ickage  included,  A  choice  collection, 
of  Bedding  Plants  will  be  ready  in  April,  including  Verbenas, 
Heliotropes,  all  the  leading  sortri  of  ecarlet  Geraniums,  die. 
It  is  respectfully  rf  quested  that  all  orders  be  accompanied 
with  a  Po!?t-offi:;e  ordi;r,  m^de  payable  atMaraden,  Lancashire. 
N.B.  Catalogues  of  choice  Carnations  and  Pieotees  (of  which 
H.  W.  possesses  a  good  coUectioh),  may  be  had  for  one  stamp. 


FIRSTp!  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
M;'l;iUAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUP/IS,  CINERARlASj 
FferUNIAS,     PICOTEES,    AND    CARNATIONS 

p'iBbRGE    SMITH'S   SELECT   CATALOGUE   is- 

VJT  now  re:tHy,  containing  Priced  Lints  of  all  the  leading 
kincls  '•(ft.  both  Show  and  Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 
classep,.' 

G.  S.'s  Seedling  Verbenas,  Fuchsias.  &c.,  are  of  great  merit, 
ha-ving.  taken  numerous  First-clafS  Certificates,  aud  having 
been  highly  recommended  by  the  Press.  For  description  see 
Gaialogucs,  which  will  be  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  one 
poatajje  st'imp. 

NJS.  Taylur's  excellent  "  Treatise  on  tho  Chvysanthemum,'*^ 
Is.  ;'f?ee  by  post.  Is.  2d. 

1,'oriiingcon  Nursery,  Hornsey-road,  Islington,  London, 


I  OHN  HENCHJIAN  invites  the  attention  of  Amateurs' 

'J  and  the  Trade  to  bis  well  known  and  extensive  Stock  of 
Choice  SEEDLING  CALCEOLARIAS.  He  is  now  sending 
out  scout  healthy  Plants  in  small  pots,  at  6s.  per  dozen. 

Dittp^t-om  ihe  choicest  seed,  including  a  new  and  superior' 
Shriibbir' breed,  12.^.  per  dozen. 

"Sji'oh^'  plmits  in  48  pots  for  early  blooming  and  EpecimeE 
plants,  l2s,  [..er  dozeti ;  best  varieties,  !Ss.  ptr  duzeo. 

Ch.dce  named  .i'ANSIi^S,  heaitby  plants  wintered  in  pots, 
Gs..  Os.,  and  12s.  p^r  dozen. 

Choice  Sft-yiiir^;,  CINEUHHTa^,'  fitte  plante,  in  48  potB,  just 
showing  colour,  V.'i  'to  lis.  ]ii:r  dnzen.  ' 

GENISTA  raAGR'i.N.-,  (bo:.'  variety)  fjjll  of  bio  Oct.  in  4S 
pots,  Gs.  and  8s  per-dozen  ;  in  40  and  32  pots,  2  feetbighand 
bu^hy,  12s.  to  18s.  per  dozen. 

Choice  CALCEOLARIA  Seed,  2s.  Gd.  per  packet, 

HOLLYHOCK  Seed,  from  Chater's  best  named  sorts,  2s,  Gd, 
per  p?.fket. 

Choice  LEMON  and  ORANGE  AFRICAN  and  DWARF 
FRENCH  Marigold,  at  Gd.  per  packet. 

*"**  Post.ofQce  orders  are  requested  from  unknown  corre- 
spondents.— Edmonton,  near  London,  March  13. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY, SUFFOLK. 

PASS    AND    BROWN'S    ANNUAL    SEED    AND 

i-*  PLiVNT  LIST  F.'D.  1SD2,  containing  36  pa-es,  now  sup- 
plied, prepaid,  for  four  postage  stamps,  as  the  newspaper- 
stamped  copits  are  distributed.  A  few  more  stamped  copies 
of  the  Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  the  Roses,  Hardy- 
Plants,  Climtjeis,  Prize  Gooseberries,  &c. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS. 

OF     Tni;    VEHY     BE.ST     S0ET3     IN     CULTIVATION, 

ASSORTED  COLLECTIONS,  50s.,  30s.,  20s.,  and  lOs.  Gd.,,. 
or  any  sorts  supplied  separate,  at  the  lowest  prices,  for  first-- 
rate  quality.     Sie  Catalogue. 

FLOWER    S^EDS, 

FKEE    BX    POST. 

Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  seeds  sent 
with  each  order. 
BEST     ASSORTMENT  S. 
100  varieties  best  and  newest  Annuals  ...         ,.  ,..£0  15     0\ 

50  varietii.8,  8s.  Gd.  ;  30  varieties,  Gs.  Gd.  ;  20  varieties     0    4     0, 
2(J  varieties  of  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  large  packets, 

fur  filling  ou:  Jawu  beds,  (kc 0    7    6- 

12  varieties,  do 0     5    0 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  GreenbouBO  Annuals    ...    0    7    6 

12  viirictici,  do 0     5     0. 

20  variof  OS  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Perennials    0  10    (V. 

12  vurieiitfs,  do.       ...        "'        0    7    0 

20  varieties  choice  tind  newBionaials  and  Ferennlals    0    7    6- 

12  varieties,  do 0    5    0 

CHOICE  IMPORTED  GERMAN  PEED3. 
A  pupe.b  colicodon  of  StocUn,  Asters,  Wallflower,  Larkspur, 
BalsaraH,  Senecfo,  Zmuia,  Cockscomb,  Indian  X*ink,  die.     See- 
Catalogue,  page  4. 

GRASS    SEEDS, 
Assorted  and  mixed,  of  tho  very  best  sorts,  for  the  purpoBca' 
required. 

Mixtuicfl  for  Permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawn.'),  Bowling-greens,  tbe.  ;  also  MixtareO' 
to  suit  ail  soils  and  situations. 

For  priced  List  of  OriisiioH,  see  our  Seed  and  Plant  liat, 
page  I'l,  by  which  each  nort  may  bo  bad  sopiirately. 
TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE  GRASS,  ENGLISH  and  IMPORTED. 
i{i:-'  Our  MixiurcH  of  tiruHBos  have  given  tho  highest  satis* 
faciion. 

R.  rnittanccB  required  from  unknown  corrospondentB.  Post- 
i>nk<i<  (j-dfrn  to  be  mado  payiiblo  to  Bass  and  BitowN,  or  to 
S'liinUN  HimWN,  GdO'lii  Hunt  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipb- 
VI IlIj,  Norwich,  or  nnv  station  on  tho  samo  lino, 

E-^T,\nLBHi:D  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


kj  JL J.  XL  "^  1 1  ■  i:-\y 


^iviAKcu    x;j, 


FRUIT     TREES,     ETC. 

HBIGLAND  AND  Co.,  Kurserymen  and   Seeds- 
•    MEN,    Manchester,    bey  to    offi^r    AlTLE    and    PEAR 
TREES,  itc,  ai;  the  foUoivmg  very  low  prices  :— 

Srandard  Apple  Treea  03,  per  doren. 

]>'o.  Pear  Trees  ll's.        ,, 

_T^alDdd  .  do.  fob  walls  ...  305.  „■ 
H  B  and  Co.  beg  also  to  call  attention  to  their  complete 
Collections  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  to  suit 
any  sized  Ga.dene,  which  tliey  lieep  ready  put  up,  for  parti- 
culars of  which  see  their  printed  Catalogue,  which  may  be  had 
on  applicatiun. 

N.B.  Carriage  paid  oh  all  orders  of  2i.  aild  upwarfJs. 


FLOWER  SEEDS  SENT  FREE  BY  POST. 

ROBERT  WESTMACOTT  begs  to  iuibrm  his 
Friends  that  hp  Viaa  selected  with  yi'eat  care  his  Stock 
of  FLOWER  AND  VEGETABLE  SEBDS  for  the  present 
Beason,  including  every  variety  worthy  of  cultivation.  His 
GERMAN  SEEDS  are  imjjorted  from  the  besi,  foreign  house, 
and  are  as  good  as  can  be  procured.  They  consist  of  StocltB, 
Asters,  Larkupurs,  Balsams,  Hollyhocks,  double  Wallflowers, 
Diantbua,  P.-ppies,  Zinnias,  &,c,  Hia  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGTJt;  may  be  had  on  application. 
COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  MOST  SHOWY  FLOWER  SEEDS 
FOR  LARGE  OR  SMALL  GARDENS. 

One  large  packet  of  each. — s.  d. 
SO  well-aasortcd  Annuals,  Biennials,  aiid  Perennials  ...  10  6 
25  Do,  Do.  Do.  ...     5     6 

12  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     3     0 

The  above  Flower  Seeds  may  be  had  in  smaller  packets  at 
half  the  price. — Stuart'e  Grove  Nurspr.v,  Fulham  Road,  Chptpea 


^^FINE      DOUBLE     TUBEROSES, 
As.  per  dozen,  ju9t  imported  by 

PAGE  AND  Co.j  Seed  Merchants  to  the  Agricul- 
TUEAL  AND    IIORIICOLTOBAL  SOCIETIES  OF  iNDtA,   &,li.  &.C., 

Soutbainpton.      Priced   Lists   may  be  had  upon  application, 

containing  only  selected  and  approved  varieties. 

PAGE'S  3L00D  RED  BEET,  the  finest  crimson  and   s.    d. 

best  sort  in  ciiltivation  ptir  packet  1    0 

NEW  ROYAL  cabbage  lettuce,  per  packet        ...     1     0 
PACE'S     NEW      HARDY      WINTER      WHITE     CCS 

LETTUCE,  per  packet         2    6 

RAI^DOLPH'd  GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE  (very  supe- 

rior),  perpacket  1     0 

SILVER  PICKLING  ONION  OF  NOCER A,  per  packet     1     0 
NEW  EARLY  RICE  SCARLET  FORCING    CARROT, 

perpacket  1    0 

NEW  RED  BELGIAN  CARROT,  perpacket     0     6 

BRUSSELS  SPROUTS,  warranted  true  imported,  and 

very  fine,  per  packet ...        ...    1    0 

Testimonials  are  U'lnecossary,  as  we  rely  upon  our  reputa- 
tion.—Gardeners  and  Land  Stewardo'  Registry  OfBces,  37  and 
38,  OKf  >rd-s'reet.  Southampton. 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S     dwarf      mammoth     KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  2s.  fid.  per  quart. 
BISHOP'S  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  quart, 
BURBIDGE'S  ECLIPSE,  Is.  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  beeil  most  extensively  gfown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  cs^ablitthmeiits  in  iliD  kibgdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  respect'  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties. 

FLOWER    SEEDS. 
ESOHSCHOLTZIA   CALIFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

very  irood,  6d.  per  packet. 
IPOMCEA  BURRIDGlI.splendidhardycreeper.Gd. 'per  packet. 
SAPONARIA  CALABRICA,  var.  MULTIFLORA,  one  of  the 

best  bedding  plan's  out,  Gd  per  packet. 
TROP/EOLU.vl  COCCINEUM,  handsome,  6(f.  per  packet. 
EUCIINIDEA  BAHTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy. 

Gd.  per  packet. 
GAURA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous  plant,  Gd.  per 

pa"cket. 

Ddncan  Haihs  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
fmall  selection,  as  being  deservedly  worthy  of  universal  atten- 
tlon.  Catalogues  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flower  Seeds 
forwarded  on  application. 

Soedsman  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St. 
Martin's-lane,  London. 


NEW   AND   CHOICE   PLANTS. 

HART  AND  NICKLIN,  Florists,  Guildford,  Surrey* 
recommend  the  following  choice  Seedling 

CI  NERARIAS. 

BEAUTY  SUPREME,  pure  white,  centre  narrowly  edged 
with  deep  crimson,  beautifully  cupped.    5s. 

BEAUTY  OF  COMB  BANK,  pure  white,  centre  edged  with 
crimson  purple,  dark  disc.    5s. 

FORGET-ME-NOT,  white  centre,  blue  edge,  fine  bold 
flower.     5s. 

When  the  three  are  taken,  10s.  Gd.    Blooming  plants. 

These  were  raised  by  Mr.  Bates,  gardener  at  Comb  Bank, 
near  Sevenoaks,  and  exhibited  by  him  at  the  Horns  Tavern 
in  April,  1S51,  and  greatly  admired. 


PANSTBS.— Penelope,  Robert  Burns,  Sylvia,  Mr.  Beck' 
Queen  of  England,  Duke  of  Norlolk,  Ophir,  Hector,  Mrs- 
Beck,  Gulnare,  Sambo,  and  Plantagenet.     105.  free  by  post. 

FANCY  GERANIUMS.— Alboni,  Reine  des  Fleura,  Marian, 
Wintonii,  Prince  Albert,  Prima  Donna,  Exquisite,  Qaeen 
Superb,  Empress,  Grace  Darlings  Jenny  Lind,  and  Defiance. 
205.  the  doztn. 

Fine  Picofees,  Gs.  per  dozen  pairs. 
Fine  Pansies,  83.        do.         do. 

Superior  Primula  sinensis.  Antirrhinum,  and  Sweet  William 
Seed,  each  Is  per  packet,  I'lee, 


CHOICE     PLANTS. 

Y  o  u  E  lIlT^  N  D     CO. 

BEG  TO  CALL  ATTENTION  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  :— 


CAMELLIAS  of  the  choicest  kinds,  in  good  plants,  2ib.  per 
dozen.  Possessing  a  large  stock,  we  are  induced  10  offer  them 
at  this  price.  To  ihose  anxious  to  form  fine  specimens,  this  is 
a  grand  opportunity. 

Epacris,  fine  bushy  plants,  in  large  48's  of  the  handsomest 
varieties,  full  of  flower,  Os.  per  dozen. 

Aphelexis,  in  sis  best  sorts,  large  bushy  plants,  in  large  48's, 
covered  with  flower-buds,  l'2s.  per  dozen. 

Ericas,  fine  bushy  blooming  plauvs,  of  choice  varieties,  prin- 
cipally in  lurge  48\s,  9s.  per  dozen. 

Corrffia  speciosa  major,  bicoior,  and  Cooperii,  fine  flowering 
plants,  95.  per  dozen. 

ErythriQ»  XiauriCoIia,  strong  2-year  plants,  123.  per  dozsn. 

Cinerarias,  new  and  extra  fine  sorts,  good  plants,  in  large 
48's,  'Js.  per  dozen  ;  in  GO  size  pots,  93.  per  dozen. 

Escallonia  Macranlha,  tLe  lincst  perhaps  of  the  new  Hardy 
Shrubs,  strong  plautc,  Qs.  per  dozen. 

Cantua  Dependi-np,  auiumn  struck,  I85.  per  dozen. 

Calceolaria  "Sultan,"  splnid-d  dark  variety,  9s.  p;r  dozen. 

Calceolaria  "Kentish  Hero,"  fine  for  bedding,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

Gloxinia  Petoiana,  this  superb  light  variety  sent  out  by  us 
laat  season,  the  finest  of  its  class  ;  strong  bulbs,  3s.  6d.  each. 

Gloxinias,  the  best  sortp,  large  tlowering  bulbs,  9s.  per  dozen. 

Jasminium  gracile,  one  of  the  most  fragrant  of  flowers,  12s. 
per  dozen. 

Veronica  Andersonii,  very  choice,  of  the  easiest  culture, 
Is.  Gd.  each. 

Nerium,  6  fine  new  varieties,  extra  strong,  for  Gs. 

Coleonema  pulchra,  nice  plants,  9s.  per  dozen. 

Leschenauicia  lormusa  and  Baxteri  major,  strong,  9s.  p.  doz. 

Diosma  ericoidcR — its  sweetly-scented  foliage  excellent  for 
bouquets — nice  bushy  plants,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

Mitraria  cuccioea  ;  this  tine  hardy  shrub  produces  numerous 
scarlet  flowers,  very  eimilar  in  form  and  colour  to  Erica  splen- 
dens,  strong  and  bu^hy,  9a.  per  dozen. 

Oxalis  tlopibunda,  one  of  our  handsomest  hardy  herbaceous 
plants,  excellen'.  for  beddiot,  6s.  per  dozen. 

Dielytr.i  speciabilis,  strung  plantw,  9s.  per  dozen, 

Lilium  lancifolium  album,^good  flowering  bulbs,  6j.  to  9s. 
per  dozen. 

Liltun\  eximiam  and  Longiflorum,  good  flowering  bulbs, 
6s.  per  dozi-n. 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  strong,  Ss  per  100. 

New  French  and  Belgian  Daisies,  in  SObest  sorts,  93.  per  doz. 

Qiiercus  lanata,  the  Uina:  of  evergreen  Oaks,  Ss.  Gd.  each. 

Qaercus  Fordii,  eplijndid  evergreen  tree,  1  foot,  9s.;  I4  feet 
to  ■-'  teet,  18s.  per  dozen. 

Ile.x  latifo  ia  ;  the  Laurel-like  foliage  of  this  fine  hardy  shrub 
renders  it  peculiarly  desirable  ;  strong,  1  to  1^  foot,  12s.  per  doz., 
3  to  4  feet,  53.  each. 

Ilex  Sheppardii,  a  fine  variety,  with  very  broad  foliage,  Is.  Gd. 
each. 

Weigela  rosea,  Forsythia  viridi?sima,  Jasminium  revolutum, 
and  E.-c.illoaia  Montevidensis,  2  feet,  bushy,  9s.  per  dozen; 
Hedfra  Regnerians,  Passiflora  casrulea,  and  Clematis  mon- 
tana,  9j.  per  dozen,  very  strong  ;  sweet-scented  Clematis,  extra 
strong,  6s,  par  dnzeu ;  Euouymus  japoaica,  silver-striped, 
strong,  4s    per  dozen. 

Roses,  dwarf  climbers  and  others,  in  many  fioe  varieties,  5s. 
per  dozen. 

Fancy  Geraniums,  choice  sorts,  93.  per  dozen. 

Rockets,  double  white,  strong  plants,  3s.  per  dozen. 
Ditto,  pui  pie,         ditto,  Gs  per  dozen. 

Phloxes,  in  niany  tine  new  viirietie.i,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

Statice  latifolia  and  pseudo-armeria  ;  thesefine  hardy  plants 
6s.  per  duz  u. 

Herbaceous  plants  in  great  variety,  per  100  species  and  va- 
rieties, 2">s. 

Choice  ditto  in  pots,  4s.  per  dozen. 

Fuchsia-;,  verj  tine  varieties  of  last  year,  and  others  ;  strong 
plants,  65.  per  duzea. 

All  orders  of  21,  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  an 


CONIFERS. 

Being  large  holders  of  these,  we  propose  to  sell  at  the  fo% 
lowing  prices ', — 

Araucariaimbricata,  1  foot,  18s. ;  1.^  to  2  feet,  42s.  per  dozen. 

Cedrus  Deodara,  the  sacred  Cedar  of  tlie  Himalayas,  as  hardy 
as  the  Larch,  and  perfectly  evergreen  ;  plants  very  bushy,  1  ft., 
9s.  ;  IJ  to  2  feet,  18s.  per  dozen. 

Juniperus  (CupresBus)  Uhdeana,  a  very  ornamental  species, 
1  to  IJ  foot,  9s    ppr  dozen. 

Juniperus  Bedfordiana,  very  bushy,  1  to  1^  foot,  Gs.  per  doz, 

PiouH  excelaa,  of  fine  silvery  foliage,  1  to  1^  foot,  9s.  ;  3  to  4 
feet,  30s.  per  doztn. 

Cedius  Libanus,  4  to  C  feet ;  and  C.  argenteus,  1  to  1\  foot, 
2s.  Gd.  each. 

Picea  cephalonica.  15  inches,  2fl.  Gd.  each. 
„      Piodrow,  6  inches,  9s.  pec  dozen. 
,,      Nordm'inniana,  4  inches,  30s.  per  dozen. 

Pinus  Gerardiana,  6  to  9  inches,  stout  and  bushy,  Gs.  p.  doz. 

Abies  morioda,  true,  fine  plants,  1^  to  2  feet,  2o^.  per  dozen  ; 
1  to  li  foot,  Gs,  per  dozen. 

Abies  pumila,  dwarf  and  bushy,  12s.  per  dozen. 
,,      oriemalis,  true,  do.  do.,  12s.  per  dozea. 
„      Menziertii,  one  of   the  most  distinct  of  Conifers,   its 
silvery  foliage  forming  a  striking  contrast  to  the  deep  greea  of 
other  [specie-,  9  to  12  inches,  ^s.  ;  12  to  IS  inches,  123.  per  dozen  . 

Cryptomeria  japonica,  2  to  3  feet,  seedlings,  in  fine  health, 
42s.  per  dozen. 

Cupressus  torulosa,  a  fine  evergreen,  of  the  most  symftietrical 
form,  1  to  IJ  foot,  93.  per  dozen. 


CHOICE     FRUITS. 

TRUE      FASTOLFF     R  A:S1P  BERRY. 

Y.  and  Co.  beg  to  announce  they  are  now  executing  orders 
for  the  above,  in  fine  strong  Canes  of  the  same  stock  as  they 
had  the  honour  of  supplying  to  her  Majesty's  Garden  and  most 
of  the  nobility.     ISs.  par  100. 

Fine  large  White  Raspberry,  33.  per  dozen. 

Peaches,  NeL-tarioes,  and  Apricots,  4  years  trained,  and  for- 
ward f.ir  bsarintr,  5s.  each. 

Cherries  and  Plums,  4  years  trained,  3s.  Gd-  each. 

Pears  and  Apples,  fine  EspaliiT,  243.  per  dozen. 

The  above  are  of  the  most  select  kinds,  and  worked  from  the 
Stock  of  the  ll(»rticultural  Society  of  London,  and  are'  war- 
ranted correct  to  their  sorts. 

Sturmer  and  Angiesea  Pippin,  two  of  the  very  best  early  and 
late  table  Applt's,  fine  Espalier,  243.  per  dozen;  Standards, 
Is.  Gd  ,  Dnarfp-,  Is.  each. 

GoDseberries,  in  3i  of  the  best  kinds,  selected  for  size  and 
flavour,  '6s.  Gd,  per  dnzt/n. 

Currants,  im  proved  large  White  Dutch,  4s.  per  dozen. 
,,  Black  Naples,  4s.  per  dozen. 

,,  Large  Red  Grape,  2s.  Gd.  per  dozen. 

,,  Victoria  or  Raby  Castle,  very  fine  red,  43.  per  dozen. 

Rhubarb,  fine  roots,  comprising  Mitcht-ll'd  Royal  Alberf, 
93.  per  dozen,  Myatt's  Linnieus,  93.  per  dozen;  Myatt's  Victoria 
(the  largest),  Os.  per  dozen  ;  Tobulsk,  63.  per  dozen. 


Asparagus,  Giant  (strong),  2  and  3  years,  23.  Gd.  and  3s.  Gd. 
per  100. 

Sealiale,  Is,  per  doz^n, 

Rohes,  Standards  and  Half-standards,  of  the  very  best  sorts 
io  cultivtition,  123.  to  l^s.  per  dnzen. 

Evergreen  Privet,  2J  to  4  feet,  strong,  35s.  per  1000,  or  -Is. 
per  100. 

30  packets  of  Choicest  Flower  Seeds,  free  by  post,  for  Gs. 

ly  Railway  Station  within  150  miles  of  the  Nuvsejy. 
GHBAT     -a-AaiMCOTJTH. 


FINE    YEW    TREES. 

ROBERT  HOLBERT  has  a  large  quantity  of  fine 
transplanted  YKW  TRELS  from  2  feet  to  4  leet  high  • 
also  a  quantity  of  larger  plants  from  6  feet  to  7  feet.  They  are 
remarkably  handsome  specimens,  and  will  be  sold  at  low 
prices,  which  may  be  known  on  application  to  Robert 
HOLBEET,  Nurseryman,  GloOcester. 

TRUE   BLUE   ORKNEY    KIDNEY    POTATOES, 

DiBECT  FROM  Orkney,  mat  be  had  fbom 
WILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Seedsman,    &c.,    156, 
»  •     CnEApeiDE,  London,  price  2s,  6d.  per  peck;  they  are  a 
most  excellent  Potato,  and  well  adapted  for  any  soil.    Ash- 
leaf  Kidney  and  Flourball  Potatoes,  2s.  Gd.  per  peck. 

W,  H.  be^fi  to  inlbrm  those  who  may  favour  him  with  their 
orders  for  KITCHEN  GARDEN  SEEDS,  that  he  will  ensure 
their  being  supplied  of  the  best  quality. 

A  Descripiive  Catalogue  with  pnces  may  he  had  on  application. 

The  foUuwmg  Flower  Seeds,  done  up  in  packages  so  as  to 
be  easily  transmitted  by  post,  are  strongly  recommended, 
having  for  several  years  given  universal  satisfaction:—  5.  d. 
25  vars.  SUPERIOR  HAMBRO'   lO-WEEK  STOCKS    10    6 

The  same  in  smaller  packets 5     6 

12      „      SUPERIOlt    HAMBRO'    10-WEEK    STOCKS      3     6 

24  „      EXTRA  FINE  GERilAN  ASTERS     5     6 

12     ,,  do,  do.  do.  3    6 

12      „      SPLENDID  ZINNIAS        2     6 

12      „      SUPERIOR  DODliLE  ROCKET  LARKSPUR      2     6 

6      „      TERY  CHOICE  MOTTLED  BALSAMS        ...       2    6 

50  vars.  well-assorted  Hardy  Annuals       10  6 

25  ,,             do.                 do.            5  6 

12      ,,     Beautiful  Hardy  Ahnuali 2  G 

25     „     Perennials  (many  choice) 7  0 

12     „            do.                  do.           3  6 

The  above  Annuals  are  done  up  in  descriptive  labels,  giving 
the  proper  mode  of  culture. 

Herbaceous  and  Bedding  Plants,  Shading  Canvass,  <fcc,  &c. 
—Address,  William  Hamilton,  Seedsman,  &,c,,  156,  Che'ap- 
side,  London. 

INE    GRASS    LAWNS.— The  importance   of  se- 

curing  pure  and  fine  SHORT  GRASSES  for  GARDEN 
LAWNS  has  for  many  years  engaged  our  special  attention 
and  we  believe  that  SUTTON'S  FINE  MIXKD  LAWN  SEEDS 
are  unrivalled.  We  have  the  eaiisfaction  of  receiving  the 
thanks  and  commendations  of  many  professional  Gardeners 
and  others,  who,  since  using  our  seeds,  have  dlscontinaed 
the  expensive  practice  of  cutting  and  carting  old  green  sward 
to  firm  new  lawns. 

The  following  tes'imony  has  been  received,,  and  is  only  simi- 
lar to  very  many  others  : — 

From  Arlingtoii  Cotirt,  near  Barnstaple,  Devon. 

"  I  shall  always  in  future  send  to  you,  as  the  Grass  Seeds 
proved  entirely  to  my  sa'isfactioo." 

From  Edhig  Thorpe  lieetoiy,  North  Walsham. 

"  The  Grass  Seed  you  sent  me  was  most  excellent.  Three 
months  ago  I  had  no  lawn  at  all  ;  I  have  now  a  close,  short, 
verdant  lawn,  the  wonder  of  my  neighbours." 

These  Grass  Seeds  will  be  sent  carriage  free,  according  to  our 
former  Adverti-emenis.  Pries  Is.  3d.  per  lb.,  3s.  per  gallon, 
21s.  per  bushel. 

Address— J jHN  Sotton  and  Sons,  Seed-growers,  Reading, 
BerkF. 


A   NEW   SEEDLING  POTATO. 

MESSRS.    "WHEELER    and    SON    have    mucH 
pleasure  in  offering  a  New  Seedling  Potato,  called 
"THE    PRINCE    OF    WALES." 

It  is  an  excellent  Early  Potato,  in  f^ct  one  of  (he  earliest  ia 
cultivation,  so  early  that  it  escapes  the  disease  more  than  any 
other  variety.  It  is  a  great  bearer,  of  excellent  quality,  and, 
as  we  have  a  good  stock,  we  can  offer  it  at  a  low  price.  "We 
have  much  pleasure  in  adding  the  following  extract  from  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  jigi-icidtural  6a::ette  of  the  12  ch  of 
April  lasr : — 

"  Pbince  of  Wales  Potato  :  Messrs.  Wheelee,  0/  Qhuoester, 
We  can  speak,  froLii  personal  experience,  tj  the  excellent 
quality,  productiveness,  and  earlincss  of  this  variety." 

We  cau  offer  it  at  2s.  Gd.  per  peck,  or  ^s.  per  bushel,  bag  ard 
package  included.  All  quantities  of  a  bushel  and  upwards 
would  be  delivered  carriage  free  to  any  Raiway  Station  in 
England  or  Wales, 

J.  C.  WHEtLEB  and  Son,  99,  Northgate-street,  Gloucester 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucester  Agricultural 
Society. .  .     , 


NEWROSES,     .  fc 

WHICH  STILL  MAX  BE   HAD  OF 

''HOMAS  CRIPPS,  NuRSERvaiAN,  Tunbridge  Wells, 
Kent.  Stds.Dwfrf. 


HYBRID   PERPETUAL. 
Stds.Dtvfs. 


s.d. 

Auguste  Mie 0  0, 

B'aronne  Hallez    ...  5  0 
Caroline  de   Saosal  5  0 
Chereau  ...     ..,     ...  3  G  , 
jDuchesse  de  Mont- 

pensier         3  0, 

Geantades  Batailles  2  0  , 
General  Cavaignac  5  0  , 
General  Negrier  ,..5  0. 
George  Lecamus  ...  3  6 

Jean  d'Arc     3  6, 

Lfionore  d'E^te  ...3  6, 
Madame  Guillot  ...30, 
Mdme.  Lamoriciere  3  6  , 


s  d. 

..7  6 

..3  6 

..0  0 

..3  0 

..2  0 

.  1  6 

,.0  0 

..3  6 

.   2  6 

,.0  0 

..  2  G 

..2  0 

..3  0 


s.  d.  s-d. 
Reine  des  Fleurs  ..,  0  0  .,.  2  0 
Standardof  MarengoS  6  ,..  2  6 

DAMASK  PERPETUAL. 
New  white  Rose  du 

lioi       0  0  ...  3  0 

PERPETUAL  MOSS. 
Hermann  Keryel  ...5  0, 

BOURBON. 
Bernardin     de     St. 

Pierre 3  0. 

Comte  Bubrinsky  ...  3   C, 

Paul   and    Virginia  5  0. 

HYBRID  CHINA, 

Paul  Riciut    3  G  , 

Triomphe    de    Ba- 
yeaus    2  6., 


.  3  6 


,2  0 
.3  6 
.0  0 

.2  C 

.2  0 


Catalogues  descriptive  of  the  above  may  be  ha'd  on  applica- 
tion, by  enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 


NEW   AND    CHOICE    FLOWER    SEEDS. 
FREE  BY  POST. 

MESSRS.  WHEELER  and  SON  have  selected  out 
of  their  large  collection  of  Flower  Se6de  the  most 
bdauirul  and  showy  varieties,  each  sort  distinct  in  colour,  and 
calculated  to  produce  a  tinj:  effect  when  planted  out  in  beds  or 
groups  in  the  flower-garden.  They  have  marked  each  varieiy 
with  iu  Koianical  and  English  Name— Hii.'ht— Time  of  Flower. 
ing-Colour  of  the  Flower— Manner  of  Growing  —  Whether 
Erect  or  Trailing,  i;c.— the  Time  it  should  be  Sown,  and  with 
other  valuable  Hints  as  to  its  cullivatinn. 

In  etlectiiig  tiie:=e  varieties  care  has  been  taken  to  exclude 
all  shy-bloomers,  or  such  which  have  an  insignificant  appear- 
ance, so  Ibat  the  collections  will  comprise  only  those  which 
are  really  showy  and  handsome,  and  which  pn.ve  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  any  lady  or  gentleman  who  might  be  disposed 
to  order  them.     The  „^„,-     . 

GEUMAN  STOCKS,  ASTERS,  ZINNIAS,  LARKSPURS,  &c.. 
are  most  superb.  The  collections  will  be  sent  free  by  post  ■  o 
any  part  of  ihe  Kin^'dom  at  the  f.llowiog  pr.ces:- '-'O  Ext  a 
Fine  Varieties,  all  dis-.inct,  5s.;  5')  ditto  ditto,  10s.  6rf. ;  Ii  0 
diiito  ditro,  2i)5.  _,, 

J  C  Wdeeler  and  Son,  99.  North pate-stree^  Gloucester. 
Nurserymen  aad  Seedemon  to  the  Gloucestershire  Agricultural 
Society.  ' 


11  — 1S52.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


1G3 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appetir  in  thi';  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Montb,  to  which  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HA.RDT  ORS'AM^NTAL  PLA.NTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue,  with  the  Treatise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
plants,"  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  sis  stamps  for  postiige. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  apply'ns  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  March  13.  


LARGE     SURPLUS     STOCK. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Plymouth,  are 
now  disposing  of  a  LARGE  SURPLUS  STOCK  of  the 
following',  which  are  offered  on  very  moderate  terms  .'— 

SCOTCH  FIRS.— Four  hundred  thousand  fine  two  years 
old  seedling.    2s.  per  1000. 

TRANSPLANTED  SCOTCH  FIRS.— One  year  transplanted, 
nice  young  stuff,  and  well  rooted,  at  5s.  per  IDOO. 

JUDD'S  GIANT  ASPARAGUS.— An  immense  stock  of  fine 
roots.     Two  years.  Is.  Gd.  per  100  ;  three  years,  2s.  Gd.  per  100. 

SEAKALE   ROOTS,  3^.  Grf   per  100  ;  stronger,  Ss.  per  100. 

Apply  to  William  E,  Rendle  and  Co.,  Nurserymen, 
Plymouth.  ESTABLISHED  IN   THE  YEAR   178G. 

CUCUMBERS     AND     POTATOES. 

JAMES  LAKE,  Nurseri-man,  &c.,  Bridgewater, 
Somerset,  begs  to  offer  to  the  public  his  Seedling  FIFTi'- 
FOLD  KIDNEY  POTATO,  sii  tubers  of  which  were  sent  to 
Dr.  Lindley  (April  29,  1850),  and  produced  312  ;  quality  very 
good.  Many  other  references  since  then  can  be  given.— Price 
2s  6d.  per  peck,  or  83.  ner  bushel.- J.  L.  having  grown  from 
15to20IiEht3of  ABAN'S  "CONQUEROR  OF  THE  WEST" 
CUCUMBER  successfully  for  four  years,  can  with  confidence 
recommend  it  as  one  of  the  bast  feinda  in  culiiFatioh.— Packets, 
containing  15  seeds,  Is.  each.  The  Trade  sup'plied.  London 
Agents,  Hdbst  and  M'Mdllen,  6,  Leadenhall-street. 


MAULE  AND  SONS  beg  to  offer  their  respectful 
thanks  to  the  Planters  of  HIMALAYA  CONIFERA  o^ 
the  United  Kingdom,  America,  and  on  the  Continent,  wb> 
have  favoured  them  with  their  patronage,  more  particularly 
for  the  CEDRUS  DEODARA,  of  which  they  are  extensive 
growers  ;  and  as  the  applications  daily  are  numerous,  in  order 
to  prevent  unnecessary  troable,  they  publish  their  scale  of 
prices, 

CEDRUS  DEODARA. 
Height                    per  doz.  per  100. 

6  inches  to  9  inches 123 £3  15    C 


)  inches  to  1  foot 185. 


5     0 


per  1000. 
...    £o5 
40 
70 


1  foot  toll  foot 24s 7  10    0 

U  foot  to  2  feet 305-,    10    0    0 

27eet  to  2i  feet 36s 12  10    0 

2i  feet  to  3  feet 42s 15    0    0 

3i  feet  to  4  feet GOs 23    0    0 

The  above  are  all  grown  from  seed  in  suitable  sized  pots. 

3J  feet  to  4  feet 70s.     25    0    0 

Grown  without  pots,  and  regularly  transplanted. 

The  height  quoted  is  as  near  as  can  be  stated,  but  does  not 

oonTey  an  adequate  idea  of  the  quality  of  the  plants  offered,  as 

in  most  instances  they  measure  as  much  in  diameter  as  their 

quoted  height. 

As  the  season  for  planting  seedlings  in  the  nurseries  is  now 
arrived,  Madle  and  Sons  beg  to  inform  those  gentlemen  who 
may  wish  to  acclimatise  young  plants  of  the  Himalaya 
Conifera  to  any  particular  locality,  that  they  can  be  supplied 
with  healthy  ooe-year  seedUngs,  which  hare  been  grown  in  the 
open  ground,  unprotected  to  the  present  time,  at  the  foUowiog 
prices 


Abies  morinda  ...per  100    Ss. 

„      Khutrow  ...      ,,  8s. 

„      Smitbiana.      „  Ss. 

Cedrus  Deodara   .      ,,        40s. 

Stapleton  Road  Nurseries^  Briatol, 


Finns  excelsa per  100  10s. 

Picea  Webbiana...      „        20s, 
,,      Pindrow   ...      „        20s. 


HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rjse,  ne..r  London, 
Florist  bt  app. ointment  to  HEa  Maje.stt  the  Queen, 
and  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Saxony,  begs  to  eav 
that  his  Spring  Catalogue  of  PELARQONIDMS  and  NEW 
PLANTS  is  ready,  and  will  be  forwarrled  bv  pipt  on  application. 


SURPLUS     STOCK. 

FOR   CHEAPNESS,   UTILITY,  and   DISPLAY, 
the  following  are  strougly  recommeaded,  Cakbia;ge  Paid 
(see  below)  :— 
SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  X  ALPINES. 

100  in  50  choice  sorts,  our  selection 30s. 

100  in  100  ch<>ice  sorts,  our  own  or  purchaser's  selection  ...    423. 
FLOWERING  AND  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  ORNAMENTAL 

TREES,  ETC. 
Parchaaer'a,  or  our  choice,  per  100,  in  100  kinds        ...    £2  lOs. 

Oar  own  choice,  in  50  kind'f,  fine £1  10s. 

To  gentlemen  forming  Arboretums,  this  is  a  fine  opportunity. 
COMMON  LAUKELS,  1^  to  2  feet,  per  1000,  4i.,  or  10s.  per 
100 ;  2  to  3  feet,  bushy,  per  1000,  51 ,  or  12s.  6d.  per  100. 

PORTCGAL  LAURELS,  14  to  2  feet,  203.  per  100.  32.  per 
doz. ;  2  to  Z  feet,  extra  Hne,  30s.  per  100,  Gfl.  per  doz. 

EYEROREEN  PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  3  feet,   per  1000,  40s., 
per  100.  5s. 
LIMES,  per  100,  30s.,  4  to  5  feet,  fine  Avenue  Trees, 
HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  5  to  6  feet,  30s.  per  100  ;  10  to  12  feet, 
50».  pel"  I  Oft. 

BUSES.  50  splendid  sorts,  standards,  per  100,  51.,  or  18«.  per 
doz.,  fine,  our  own  selection;  10  )  superb  sorts,  Dwarf  Roses, 
&■'#.,  or  0<.  per  doz.,  our  own  choice;  mixed  do.,  31)3.  per  100, 
or  6m.  per  doz, 

GREENHOUSE    PLANTS. 
BO  first-rate  sort?,  own  Rclectjon,  21. 10s.,  or  I5a.  per  doz. 
00  ditto.  pur(.'h«»er's  choice,  Zl.,  or  18s.  per  doz. 
ERICAS,  50  finOHt  norts,  our  choice,  21.  lOs.,  or  15s.  per  doz,  ; 
parchaaer'i  chofc**,  Zl,,  or  18s.  per  doz. 

OniXESE  AZALEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,  our  choice,  21«., 
arl6#.  per  dor  ;  i;iircha»?r'fl  choice  25s.,  or  18b.  per  doz. 
A  iplendt'l  opportunity  for  specimen  growers. 


FINAL  PLANTING  OF  THE  RANUNCULUS.— 
As  the  final  planting  of  our  superb  Collection  is  about  to 
take  place,  we  beg  to  recommend  early  orders  from  persons 
desirous  to  plant. 

Selections,  in  stronrj  roots,  at  the  foUowlnff  remonable 
charges,  and  sent  free  hy  post,  with  pj'vnted  directions  for 
planting  and  treatment : —  5.  a. 

50  varieties,  superb  Seedling,  and  other  best  sorts       ...    37    6 

50  varieties,  very  fine 18     0 

Mixed,  per  100,  extra,  IBs. ;  very  fine.  10s. ;  fine  border      5     0 

ANEMONES. 

50  varieties,  finest  double,  123.  Gd. ;  or  tree  by  post       ...     14     0 

Mixed,  per  100,  finest.  Ifis.  ed. ;  very  fine 7     6 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correapoodeot':. 
Bass  and   Brown,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffolk. 

^       ^"  ''FLOWERS  FOR  BEES." 

FEOM 

ABRAHAM  HARDY  &  SON,  Seedgrowers  and 
Seed-'MEN,  Maldon,  Essex. 

"BOKHARA  CLOVER"  (Melilotus  ledcanth*)  an  orna- 
mental hardy  perennial,  grows  6  to  7  feet  bigb,  wiih  numerous 
wreaths  of  white  tluwera.  This  is  very  attractive  to  the  bees, 
whiuh  cause  a  constant  "humminE  "  round  each  plant,  as  In 
an  apiary.  I's  foliace,  slightly  dried,  po^sesnes  the  most  agree- 
able odorous  properties  imaginable  ;  and  if  kept  in  the  pocket, 
drawer,  or  wardrobe,  in  wioter,  discovers  itself  hy  a  swectnesn 
similar  to  new-mown  hay,  woodroof,  or  the  Tonquin  beau. 
— Price  6d.  per  packet. 

"TREE  MIGNONETTE"  (Reseda  orandifloea),  a  hardy 
perennial,  suitable  to  grow  near  an  apiary.  It  attains  ahelght 
of  from  2  to  4  feet,  producing  abundance  of  blossoms,  like 
swee*.  mignonette.  — Prine  Gd-  per  packet. 

"SWEET  MIGNONETTE"    (Reseda  odoeata).  8d,  per  oz. 

Habdy  &  Son's  general  priced  Retail  Seed  Catalogue  on  ap- 
plication.    All  post  free. 


NOTICE. — The  following  New  and  Superb  varieties 
of  SEEDS  can  be  warranted  to  give  satisfactiun  to  all 
purchasers,  viz. : 

HOLLYHOCK   SEED. 

This  beautiful  flower,  from  which  a  quantity  of  good  sound 
seed  has  been  procured  from  a  jzentleman  amateur  grower,  who 
has  one  of  the  most  superb  and  choice  collections  in  cultivation  ; 
the  Seed  having  been  selected  with  every  care  and  attention,  it 
can  be  confidently  recommended.    Sold  at  ^s.Gd.  per  packet. 

GERMAN  ASTER  SEED. 
This  variety  liac,  within  tho  last  few  years,  been  awarded 
upwards  of  60  different  prizep,  and  it  stands  unrivalled  for 
its  superiority  of  fl<»wer,  the  shape  of  which  forms  half  a  globe, 
and  has  been  the  admiration  of  numberless  spectators.  There 
are  from  20  to  30  varieties.    Is.  per  packet. 

SWEET   WILLIAM    SEED. 

Saved  from  36  superb  varieties.  The  flowers  are  very  large, 
splendid  colours,  and  of  dwarf  habit.  They  were  much  ad- 
mired when  in  bloom  by  countless  spectators,  and  the  seed 
numerously  ordered  by  them.    Is.  per  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM    SEED. 

This  has  been  selected  with  the  greatest  care  from  some  of 
the  finest  and  most  superb  varieties  ever  grown,  both  as  to 
shape,  colour,  and  habit  of  plant.  There  are  more  than  50 
distinct  and  different  varieties.     Is.  per  packet. 

EXTRA    FINE    ClAIMT    SCARLET    BROMPTOIM 
STOCK    SEED. 

Unrivalled  for  its  superior  size  and  bright  searlet  colour, 
also  beautifully  double  ;  length  of  the  spike  of  flower  from  15 
to  20  inches.  Large  packets  Is.  each  ;  or,  if  preferred,  a 
packet  of  each  of  tiie  above  will  be  sent,  postage  and  package 
free,  for  53. 
Walcheren  Cauliflower  Broccoli  (as  imported)  Is.  per  pachet, 

Taraworth  Broi:coli  Is.  ,, 

Wjlcove  Broccoli       ...         Is-  n 

Cole's  superb  solid  Celery Qd,         „ 

Bath   Cos    Lettuce    Seed,   true;    the  best  and 

finest  flavoured  Lettuce  Seed  in  cultivation  Is.  „ 

Vegetable  Marrow  Seed,  of  verysuperb  variety 

and  delicious  flavour       Gd,         „ 

A  remittance  must  accompany  the  order  from  all  unknown 
correspondents,  either  by  Post-office  order  or  penny  postage 
stamps,  on  receipt  of  Which  the  Seeds  shall  be  immediately 
sent. 

Sold  by  Edwaed  Tiley,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman  and  Florist, 
41,  Abbey  Churchyard.  Bath.  


WHEELER'S    SEED     LIST. 
J    C.  WHEELEU  AND  SON'S  Prici^d  List  of  Agri- 

^  •  cultunil,  GHTden.  and  Flower  Seeds  for  this  Bcason,  is 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  free  to  ;inv  address,  <m  re- 
ceipt of  one  postage  stamp,  lomakingouf.  this  list  great  care 
has  bei'U  taken  to  excludo  all  uaelees  varieties,  so  that  it  only 
comprises  the  names  of  the  best  Seeda  in  cultivation.— J.  C. 
Wheelee  and  Son,  NurHerjmt^n  and  Seedsmen  to  tbe  Glouces- 
lerfihire  Agricultural  Society,  90,  No^tb};atfe-el^ee^  Gloucester 
Seeds  delivered,  carriage  free,  to  most  parts  of  England  and 
South  Wales. 


|;-^PPS'  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 

-L^    SEEDS.— No.  1,    containing    24    quarts  of  the 
newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in  £  s.  d 
proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers       ...  2  10    0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quautitiee '.,110    0 

No.  3,  ditto  ditto  |  1    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12     G 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds    &c.,  &c. 

The  highest  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.    Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

W.  J.  Epps  bejjs  to  remark,  that  in  consequence  of  his  being 
one  of  the  larirest  Seed  Growers  in  ihe  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  satisfactorily. 

Hitrh-fitreet  and  Uower  Nurserie-,  Maidttonp, — March  ! 3. 

GREAT    SALE    OF    NURSERY    PLANTS. 

PETER  BOOTH,  Nurseryman,  FalUirk,  is  selling 
ofl',  at  very  cheap  prices,  at  his  extensive  Nursery  Grounds, 
a  vR«-v  large  stock  of  transplanted  LAIICH,  SCOTUII,  and 
SPRUOE  FIR  PLANTS,  of  strong  and  smaller  sizes,  including 
seedlings,  with  a  great  variety  of  many  of  the  other  kinds  of 
Forest  and  Ornamental  Trees,  generally  grown  in  large  nur- 
si^ries  ;  also  Fruit  Trees,  Gooseberry,  Currant,  and  Raspberry 
Bushes,  &c. 

A  large  stock  and  great  variety  of  very  fine,  strong,  healthy 
Evergreen  and  Flowering  Ornamental  Shrubs, 

A  very  fine  stock  of  Standard,  Half  Standard,  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  many  of  them  of  the  new  kinds,  and  also  of  the  ap- 
proved and  most  beautiful  sorts. 

N.B.— As  the  Advertiser  wi^ihea  to  retire  from  business,  a 
Lease  of  all  his  Nursery  Grounds  (which  belong  to  himself), 
and  every  encouragement,  would  be  given  to  a  purchaser  of  the 
above  stock,  and  the  good-will  of  the  businepp,  wi  ich  has  been 
carried  on  by  his  relations  for  more  than  70  years  past,  and 
with  great  euccese. 

Should  a  purchaser  not  be  found,  a  partner  with  capital,  and 
a  good  koowledge  of  the  business,  would  he  agreed  with. 

ROSES.  ~ 

MESSRS.  WILLI  SON,  of  the  Rose  Nursery, 
Whitby,  having  a  large  stock  ol  strong,  healthy,  well- 
rooted  plants  of  the  fine  old  ever-blooming  BLUSH  CHINA 
ROSES  (this  being  the  proper  time  for  plan'ing  in  exposed 
situations),  and  they  being  suitable  for  hhrubo'^rles.  Flower 
Borders,  Avenues,  tbc,  giving  a  gay  profusion  of  Flowers  often 
until  after  Christmas  (it  is  parlieularly  adapted  for  winter 
Bouquets,  either  grown  in  a  sheltered  oituatiuo  or  forced  in  a 
greenhouse),  beg  to  offer  them  at  the  low  price  of  20s.  per 
N.B.  All  orders  must  be  accomp'inied  with  a  remittau 
a  proper  reference. —  Whitby,  March  13. 


HOLtYJIOCK  REED,  warraftited  to  produce75  in  100  double, 
1$.  Bd.  per  packet. 

GOO-SEBEUHIE.S,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  per  1000,  il.,  in 
100  iorl*,  named,  or  lOi.  per  lOI),  In  50  sorts. 

0CaRA:tT.S~M6)'it  V'lctorla,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  Is  tho 
IftrifMt  tnl  bent  "ort  known,  at»d  ouj^ht  to  be  In  every  garden. 
3^,  per  lOrj,  or  ii.  p«-r  dozen  ;  R«d  Grape  and  Champagne,  fine, 
M»,  per  100,  or  '2i.  per  doz. 

APPLES  AND  PEAKS,  floe  clean  ntandnrds,  10^.  per  doz., 
or  lOs.  per  100,  chotrf-  of  nortM  left  to  ub,  very  Btlcct. 

PLUMS  AM>  C'lEURIES,  fin<?ilt  iiorH,  mandardn,  IHs.  per 
dot.,  our  choice  ;  i*warf  Trained,  Hi.  M.  cooh.  or  a«r.  per  do/.. 

APR1C0TH,  TEaCMES,  ANO  NECTARINES,  fine  three 
yMtti*  lr%lned,  of  hft^t  sort",  own  choice,  fii.cach,  orCO«. p.  d<z, 

BASPBEKKIBH,  U^d  Antwerp,  2j,  per  dof.,  orl2i.  per  lOO; 
MoHthly  or  Ijoobte  UearlnK,  12i  p«:r  100,  or  'Ji.  per  doz, 

STBAWBEKftlRft,  early  and  late  klndn,   25  flno  sort*  of 

Inwrft,  Si.  C4.  per  100. 
Addref*  e'l  commnnlcAHoni  to  Jonir  May,  tho  tlopc  Nur. 
tmtm,  I.c«mlnK-)Bnc,  Bedalo,  Yorkshire. 
AU  f/rdera  ahf/ve  hi  carnage  paid  to  Imdon,  TAvcrpooly 
P'mitingltamf  and  Edinl/urgli,  and  all  the  intermediate. 
■  "u/n*  wiih-m  150  mikn  of  thr.  Nvrtery. 

B.  A  fine  atock  (/f  Larch,  Bpnicc,  Oak,  Ac;  bUcs  nnd 
-'-  tm  Applleatlon, 
' 'rnamirntal  K^funds  deilgncd,  tzccuted,  and  fumdhcd  on 
r.-^l  trin^.    YuvAK  Pluntlnjf  by  e<itlmato. 
'  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  corrcn^iondctitii  In 
I'tctfutljr  rt^iatited. 


NEW    ROSES    ON    THE    MANETTII    STOCK. 

WOODLANDS  NURSERY,  MAR.ESFIELD,  NEAR: 
UCKFIELD,  SUSSRX. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  much  pleasure  in  offer- 
ing fine  Dwarf  Plants  in  pot-*,  of  the  loUowing  really 
good  new  Roses,  worked  on  the  Manettii  Stock. 

HYBRID     PERPETUAL.       Per  plant.— s.  d. 

■'Auguste  Mie,  slossy  pink,  very  large,  superb      1  G 

"riaronne  Hallez,  bright  rosv  crimson          8  6 

Blanche  de  BeauHeu,  pale  fleeb,  perfect  shape 3  G 

Caroline  do  Saoealles,  pale  blush,  very  large,  a  superb 

Rose       5  0 

Graziella,  rich  brilliant  pink,  very  beflutiful       G  0 

■^General  Cavaignac,  deep  flesh,  a  fine  Rose           3  C 

^Mudame  Fremion,  brilliant  carmine,  perfect  ahape,  a 

first-rnte  new  Ropo ^  0 

^Rofiine  Margottin,  delicate  flesh       3  0 

Souvenir  du  Poilt  Rol  de  Rome,  delicate  ploU,   very 

beautiful "  0 

"i^tandard  of  Marengo,  rifh  crimson,  very  showy            ...     2  G 
William  Griilith,  bright  Ulac  Rose,  most  perfect  shape, 

one  of  tho  Hnewt          5  0 

Madame  Limoricler*?,  bright  plnlc,  superb          8  0 

Also    the    foHowing     well-known     fuvourlten— MANETTII 

8TUi:KS  :                                                               I*i-r  plant.— .s.  d 

Bourbon  Comte  Bnbrlnfky ^  *' 

•        _        DopetltThouiirs       1  *> 

Hybrid  Bourbon,  Puul  llicaut           2  0 

•China,  Mrfl.  Bosanquct,  per  dO70h,  15«,,  or           1  G 

Tho  kinds  marked  ihuB  *,  may  ako  bo  had  on  Ihoir  own 
roots  at  the  lamo  price, 

ROSES  Lept  to  W.  W.  At^i)  SON'S  RELEOTION: 
Pino  dclecli-d  tall  Htiindnrd  Unlun  Rohu«,  from  0  to  8  ft., 

thfjufi  pliintd  are  p'lriloulnrly  line,  ouch 3  C 

Hup-jrlor  aelectud  Btandiirdrt        Per  doz.  18«.  to  'Jl  0 

Flue  iJwarfii  ftfid  Dw-irfStatpdarda       ...          „         lOa.  ro  18  0 

Pltiw  Dwarf*,  on  own  rootw,  two  of  a  norfc        „               ...    G  0 

Ti-n-icentcd  Urtii<-«,  In  polB,  very  firio    ...          ,,         12ff.  t'j  18  (I 

Me«tvarlctlflN  for  ForcltiK.eHtiibllhliud  tnO. Inch  poti,p.')oz.  V()  0 

Dwnr'fi,  on  own  riH.t«.  wlih^ut  niiinrd,  per  100      ...         ...  y"  '* 

I      N.B.— Addlildiiiil  piantH  proHontird  wUh  uuch  order,  with  u 
view  to  lp«>itn  the  oxpi-nno  <  f  enrrliign. 
I               Catalogues  muy  bo  hud  Ubatih,  on  applluallon. 


.      100. 
ttauce  or 


BRITISH  QUEEN  POTATO,  as  early  as  the  Shaw, 
and  quality  of  the  Regent,  Gs.  per  bu  hel. 
LAP3T0NE  KIDNEY,  an   exceedingly  fine  late  kind,  very 
fine  flavour,  6s.  per  bushel ;  to  be  had  of  Nutting  and  Sons, 
4G,  Cheapside,  London. 

Seed  for  AgricuUural,  Ilorticultural,  and  Floricultural  pur- 
poses of  all  kinds,  of  best  stocks  and  growth. 


^fie  ©aiUenetjEl'  ©litowtcle, 

SATURDAY,  MARCH  13,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

M   -    .-        iiT=-..i,    irl  Statistical  (itiniveruary) 3  p.w. 

(  Hortirujturat   3  f.m. 

TonBDiT,    -   i«\ow°t"i:inM;«":'.::!i:;::::.':::lr:M.' 

t  Pathological s  p.m. 

I  Society  of  ArtB s  r.ai. 

WjIDnnBDAT,     —        17<  Micro;.conic-.l    e  p.m. 

(  EtbnoloKiCBl 8^ p.m. 

m„ .,  ,„r  AntiquHriau    B  p.m. 

v„,„,,  ,(,  rPliiloloBical 8  P.M. 

FaiBiT,  —       "(Koyal  Institution 8Jp.«. 

Satubdat,        —       ^—Medical   a  s.x. 


Among  the  Primates  of  the  Garbening  World, 
must  no  doubt  be  enumerated  the  Tradescants,  to 
whom,  father  and  son,  an  ancient  monument  still 
exists  in  Lambeth  Church-yard,  on  which  Time 
and  parochial  negligence  have  done  their  worst. 
This  record  of  "  long  forgotten  lore  "  some  anti- 
quarian friends  are  desirous  of  restoring;  and,  as 
we  heartily  wish  them  success,  a  corner  of  our 
columns  may  be  worse  occupied  than  by  saying  who 
the  Tradescants  were,  and  what  their  claims  upon 
posterity.  The  persons  who  bore  this  name  were 
famous  in  their  day.  Emigrants  from  Flanders,  as 
is  generally  believed,  they  were  among  the  first  to 
begin  that  introduction  of  exotic  plants  which  has 
rendered  Great  Britain  the  emporium  of  horticul- 
tural rarities.  In  tho  catalogue  of  tlieir  garden,  as 
published  by  the  second  Thadesoant,  we  find  Holly- 
liocks.  Southernwood,  Wormwood,  the  classical  Acan- 
tlius,  Prince'.s  Feathers,  that  "  great  Flouramour  or 
purple  tlowreKenlle,"Anemones  of  all  sorts,Dogsbane; 
the  "Arbor  .Tuilce  or  Judas  Tree  with  red  flowres," 
which  proves  that  they  possessed  hybernatories  for 
their  plants ;  the  Birthworts  of  the  South,  also  so  inca- 
pable of  bearing  English  cold  that  tliey  are  scarcely 
now  to  be  found  among  us;  numerous  Norlli  American 
plants,  meadow  SaflVons  from  Conslantinoplo  ;  tiiat 
"  Fragraria  Novto  Anglire  nondam  dosciipta"  the 
motlier  of  our  Keens'  Seedlings,  and  Scarlet  and 
BriliHhyiii'ciiSliawbnrries;  the  "  llippornarathrum," 
or  Rhubarb  of  the  IMonks,  Marvels  of  I'eru,"  Tara- 
lysls  fatua,  foolish  Cowslip,  or  .lack-an-apes  on 
Horseback,"  probably  llio  green  monster  of  tho 
common  Oxlip,  I'appas  or  Virginian  Potatoc), 
"  I'opulus  alba  Virgiiiiana  Trailescanti,"  apparently 
one  of  our  Tacamaliacs;  Musk  Ifoses,  Double  Yellow 


164 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[March   i 3, 


Eoses,  and  "  Muscovie  Koses,"  Fox  Grapes,  fromi 
Virginia,  White  and  Red  Burlett  Grapes,  Currant 
Grape,  Muscadells,  "  Frontignack  or  Musked  Grape, 
white  and  red,"  and  as  many  other  rarities  of  the  ] 
day  as  iill  more  than  100  pages  of  the  catalogue. 

Along  with  this  was  a  museum,  or  ark,  full  of 
curiosities.  "Birds,  their  egges,  beaks,  feathers, 
dawes,  and  spurres,"  among  which  was  "  the  claw 
of  the  bird  Rock,  who,  as  authors  report,  is  able  to 
trusse  an  elephant ;"  a  whole  bird  of  the  "  Doder, 
from  the  island  Mauritius  ;  it  is  not  able  to  flie, 
being  so  big ;"  "  four-footed  beasts,  with  some 
hides,  homes,  hoofs  ;"  fishes,  "  shell-creatures,"  in- 
sects and  serpents  ;  fossils  ;  "  outlandish  fruits,  and 
the  like,  which  are  part  of  the  Materia  Medica. 
(Encroachers  upon  that  faculty  may  try  how  they 
can  crack  such  shels.)"  In  short,  in  Tradesoant's 
ark  was  to  be  found  the  germ  of  our  present  British 
Museum.  King  Charles  I.,  his  Queen,  the  Duke 
aud  Duchess  of  Buckingham,  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  all  the  lords  and  ladies  of  the 
court,  are  described  as  "  Principall  Benefactors,"  to 
the  collection,  which  must  have  been  a  marvel  for 
its  time  ;  so  that,  in  the  words  of  a  manuscript  note 
now  before  ns,  "  the  Tradescants,  both  father  and 
son,  though  common  gardeners,  were  persons  of  un- 
common genius." 

According  to  Ssiith,  the  elder  Tradescant  was 
for  a  considerable  time  in  the  service  of  the  Lord 
Treasurer  Salisbury  and  Lord  VVootton.  He 
travelled  into  various  parts  of  Europe,  even  reaching 
Russia,  not  a  usual  resort  of  Englishmen  in  those 
days,  and  is  said  to  have  been  on  board  a  fleet  sent 
against  the  Algerines,  in  1620.  With  his  collections 
of  Natural  History,  he  appears  to  have  settled  at 
Lambeth,  after  which,  about  the  year  1629,  he 
obtained  the  title  of  gardener  to  King  Charles  I. 
His  son  is  said  to  have  travelled  in  North  America, 
bringing  home  with  him  the  blue-flowered  perennial, 
which  now  bears  his  name,  the  American  Straw- 
berry above  mentioned,  and  many  other  plants 
before  unseen  in  England.  The  date  of  the  death 
of  the  first  Tradescant  is  unknown ;  his  son  died 
22d  April,  1662,  having  previously  buried  a  son, 
who  died  lltli  September,  1652.  It  was  the  second 
Tradescant  who  gave  his  collections  to  Elias 
AsHMOLE,  16th  December,  1659,  and  thus  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford. 

The  widow  of  the  second  Tradescant  erected  in 
Lambeth  Church-yard  a  monument  to  the  memory  of 
her  father-in-law,  husband,  and  son,  and  she  herself 
was  accidentally  drowned  in  a  pond,  3rd  April,  1678. 

This  monument  is  now  in  a  state  of  dilapidation  ; 
it  is  described  by  Sjiith  "  as  a  curious  and  rather 
splendid  tomb,  remarkable  for  its  allusive  decora- 
tions." The  promoters  of  its  restoration  say : — "  The 
monument  was  repaired  by  public  subscription  in 
1773,  but  has  now  again  fallen  into  decay.  The 
inscription  also  on  the  stone  that  covers  Ashmole's 
grave,  who  was  himself  buried  in  Lambeth  Church, 
is  now  very  nearly  effaced.  The  restoration  of  that 
Church,  now  nearly  finished,  seems  a  fit  occasion  for 
repairing  both  these  monuments.  It  is  therefore 
proposed  to  raise  a  fund  for  the  perfect  restoration 
of  the  tomb  of  the  Tradescants,  according  to  its 
original  form,  as  represented  in  two  drawings  pre- 
sei'ved  in  the  Pepysian  Library  at  Cambridge,  and  also 
for  renewing  Ashmole's  epitaph.  The  cost  will  not  be 
less  than  100^.,  and  assistance  is  earnestly  requested 
from  all  who  are  anxious  to  preserve  ancient  monu- 
ments, especially  those  who  are  following  the  same 
pursuits  as  the  Tradescants,  and  who  are  daily 
deriving  benefit  and  delight  from  the  labours  and 
discoveries  of  these  first  of  English  gardeners  and 
naturalists." 

AVe  should  say  that  those  who  have  a  few  shillings 
to  spare  cannot  do  better  than  transmit  them  for 
this  laudable  purpose  to  Sir  William  J.  Hooker, 
K.H.  &c.,  &c..  Royal  Gardens,  Kew ;  Sir  Charles 
Cr.  Young,  Garter  ;  James  Forbes  Young,  Esq., 
M.D.,  Lambeth ;  Philip  Burt  Duncan,  Esq.,  keeper 
of  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford ;  the  Rev.  C.  B. 
Dalton,  Rectory,  Lambeth  ;  or  to  Messrs.  Reeve, 
Henrietta-street,  Covent  Garden  ;  Messrs.  Van 
Voorst,  Paternoster-row  ;  Mr.  Pamplin,  Frith- 
street,  Soho  ;  or  to  the  Old  Bank,  Oxford. 

Gardeners  more  especially  should  stand  by  their 
order,  and  give  some  aid  to  the  preservation  of  the 
few  memorials  that  exist  of  their  great  predecessors. 


We  are  so  frequently  asked  what  is  the  best 
apparatus  for  drying  plants,  that  a  few  words  on 
the  subject,  now  that  the  season  for  studying  botany 
has  begun,  will,  we  trust,  be  generally  acceptable. 

For  botanical  purposes,plants  are  dried  by  pressure 
between  sheets  of  paper.  After  being  deprived  of 
superfluous  parts,  and  having  had  the  thick  useless 
wood,  if  any,  shaved  off,  the  specimens  are  laid 
between  some  kind  of  stout  coarse  paper  (Bentall's 
IS  the  best),  in  thick  bundles,  weighted  down,  and 
thus  kept  until  the  paper  has  become   damp,  by 


absorbing  moisture  from  the  specimens.  The  bun- 
dles are  then  unpressed,  the  paper  dried,  or  changed 
for  such  as  is  dry,  and  the  specimens  are  replaced 
to  be  again  pressed.  And  this  operation  is  continued 
until  the  specimens  have  become  perfectly  deprived 
of  moisture.  But  the  operation  is  tedious,  and 
requires  to  be  carefully  watched,  lest  the  bundles 
should  become  heated,  in  which  case  the  specimens 
change  colour,  and  rot,  or  fall  in  pieces.  Continual 
shifting  in  the  summer,  even  day  by  day,  is  there- 
fore indispensable.  This  arises  from  the  sheets 
of  paper  being  pressed  into  compact  masses,  through 
which  air  is  unable  to  circulate. 

Of  the  many  attempts  to  overcome  this  difficulty 
by  far  the  best  is  one  proposed  (we  think)  by  Mr. 
Henfrey,  in  his  "  Botanical  Gazette  ;  "  and  from 
which  the  idea  of  that  which  is  here  represented 
and  described  was  mainly  taken. 

It  was  proposed  to  make  wooden  partitions  of 
trellis-work,  of  any  convenient  size,  by  nailing 
narrow  laths,  half  an  inch  apart,  to  both  sides  of  cross 
laths,  two  of  which  would  form  the  ends  of  the  par- 
titions. These  partitions  were  to  be  placed  among  the 
sheets  of  paper  containing  the  specimens  to  be 
dried  ;  the  top  and  bottom  were  to  be  stout  boards, 
and  the  whole  when  put  together  was  to  be  pressed 
in  the  usual  way.  By  this  contrivance  air  was 
enabled  to  circulate  freely  among  the  sheets  of 
paper,  shifting  the  specimens  became  needless,  and 
all  the  trouble  attending  that  operation,  as  well  as 
the  risk  of  heating,  was  completely  removed. 
Nothing,  in  short,  could  answer  better  ;  for  a  speci- 
men once  placed  in  such  a  press,  and  left  to  dry, 
might  remain  till  the  whole  of  its  water  was  re- 
moved by  the  dry  air  moving  among  the  trellis-work. 
G 


The  annexedcut  represents  this  apparatus  asa  little 
improved  by  further  experience  ; — -A  and  E,  the 
top  and  bottom,  consist  of  half-inch  boards,  with 
the  inner  side  trellised  by  longitudinal  laths,  half 
an  inch  apart ;  this  is  better  than  having  the  top 
and  bottom  untrellised.  C  is  a  trellised  partition 
formed  of  laths,  nailed  longitudinallt/  to  cross-laths 
about  6  inches  apart ;  B  and  D  are  similar  parti- 
tions, formed  by  nailing  laths  crosswise  upon  three 
longitudinal  laths  ;  this  is  much  better  than  having 
all  the  trellis-work  longitudinal,  in  which  case  the 
bearing  is  less  equally  distributed,  and  the  trellis 
work  is  apt  to  break  accidentally.  A  dozen  sheets 
of  paper  (more  or  less)  filled  with  plants  are  placed 
between  each  pair  of  partitions;  and  the  whole  is 
bound  down  by  a  stout  leathern  strap,  G ;  but  as 
this  strap  may  not  communicate  sufficient  pressure, 
wooden  wedges,  F  F,  are  driven  between  the  strap 
and  the  top  board,  by  which  means  any  amount  of 
bearing  may  be  secured. 

If  too  many  sheets  of  paper  are  not  placed 
together  between  the  partitions,  plants  thus  managed 
will  generally  require  no  attention  whatever  from 
the  time  they  are  placed  between  the  sheets  ;  but 
the  press  may  stand  on  the  floor  of  a  dry  room,  and 
the  plants  be  examined  only  when  it  may  be 
perfectly  convenient  to  do  so. 


THE  AZALEA. 

The  glowing  banks  of  Azaleas  which  are  annually 
exhibited  at  the  May  Exhibitions  at  Chiswick,  and 
whicll  form  the  most  striking  feature  of  these  interesting 
displays,  fully  bear  me  out  when  I  state  that  there  is 
hiirdly  a  more  showy  plant  in  cultivation  than  that 
under  notice,  or  one  more  deserving  of  the  care  of  all 
who  take  delight  in  gardening.  But  its  recommendations 
are  not  confined  to  floral  display  in  May,  for  it  adds  the 
property  of  being  easily  induced  to  bloom  during  the 
winter  months,  when  its  flowers  are  especially  acceptable, 
either  iu  the  conservatory  or  bouquet,  and  its  culture  is 
sufficiently  easy  to  bring  it  within  the  reach  of  those 
whose  accommodation  is  but  limited. 

In  buying  a  stock  to  commence  with,  select  youn"-, 
dwarf,  healthy  plants,  such  as  are  not  pot  bound,  and 
endeavour  to  procure  them  from  a  collection  not  infested 
with  thrips.  As  early  in  spring  as  is  convenient,  place 
Ihem  near  the  glass  in  a  house  or  pit,  where  a 
moist  growing  atmosphere  is  maintained,  and  where  the 
night  temperature  averages  from  50°  to  55°.  When 
they  have  occupied  this  situation  for  a  fortnight  or  so, 
in  order  to  induce  a  little  root  action,  move  them  out  of 


their  pots;  and  if  the  ball  is  full  of  active  roots,  pot  at 
once  into  pots  two  sizes  larger  than  those  in  which  they 
have  been  growing.  The  best  soil  for  the  Azalea  is 
rich  fibry  peat,  which  should  be  cut  twelve  months  be- 
fore it  is  wanted,  and  should  be  in  a  moist  but  not  wet 
state  when  used.  The  fibry  portions  only  should  be 
employed,  and  carefully  broken  up  by  the  hand  into 
small  pieces  about  the  size  of  a  garden  Bean,  mixing 
them  with  sufficient  sharp  silver  sand  just  to  insure 
porosity  after  decay  of  the  fibre  has  taken  place.  A 
sprinkling  of  clean  potsherds  and  charcoal  will  also  be 
useful  in  keeping  the  soil  open,  and  permeable  to  water. 
The  pots  should  be  carefully  drained.  Upon  the  crocks 
place  a  thin  layer  of  fibry  peat,  and  upon  that  sprinkle 
some  silver  sand.  In  potting,  make  the  fresh  soil  rather 
firm,  and  raise  it  sufficiently  above  the  ball  to  prevent 
the  water  from  passing  off  through  the  new  soil.  If 
the  plants  are  sprinkled  overhead  morniog  and  evening, 
very  little  water  will  be  required  at  the  roots  during 
the  first  fortnight  after  potting.  The  roots  will  soon  lay 
hold  of  the  fresh  soil,  and  then  they  may  receive  a  more 
liberal  supply  of  water.  But  at  this  early  season,  and  in 
this  stage  it  is  easy  to  over-water.  As  the  plants  ad- 
vance in  growth,  and  the  days  become  warmer,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  admit  air  freely,  but  avoid  cold  currents^ 
which  are  injurious  to  the  tender  foliage  and  wood. 

Towards  May  the  plants  will  probably  have  com- 
pleted their  growth,  and  unless  they  show  a  tendency 
soon  to  a  second  growth,  the  points  of  the  shoots  had 
better  be  pinched  out,  which  will  prevent  their  setting 
flower-buds,  and  if  they  are  allowed  to  remain  in  a 
moist  and  moderately  warm  situation  they  will  break 
into  growth  a  second  time,  and  with  proper  manage- 
ment this  may  be  well  ripened  and  hardened  before- 
winter.  An  airy  situation  in  the  greenhouse  will  suit 
best  during  winter,  and  while  there  they  will  require 
comparatively  little  water. 

On  the  return  of  spring  they  may  again  be  placed  in 
heat,  potted,  and  treated  as  recommended  for  last 
season,  except  that  when  they  have  completed  their 
growth  and  set  their  flower-buds  they  should  be  gradually 
hardened  off,  and  ultimately  I'emoved  to  a  shady  place 
out  of  doors,  where  they  must  be  carefully  watered, 
and  to  prevent  worms  entering  the  pots  they  should 
stand  upon  a  bed  of  coal  ashes,  at  least  4  inches  deep. 
I  have  said  nothing  about  training ;  but  any  person  can 
effect  that,  as  the  Azalea  requires  less  than  most  plants. 
I  will  presume,  therefore,  that  the  plants  are  by  this 
time  nice  little  specimens,  aud  every  shoot  tipped  with 
flower-buds.  They  must  be  placed  in  the  greenhouse  as 
soon  as  danger  from  frosts  or  drenching  rains  occurs.  If 
it  is  wished  to  have  them  in  flower  at  a  given  time 
during  winter,  place  them  in  a  situation  where  the  tem- 
perature may  average  from  50°  to  60°  some  six  weeks 
previously,  and  keep  them  properly  supplied  with  water. 
Some  of  the  varieties  have  a  tendency  to  make  wood 
when  excited  by  heat  previous  to  flowering  ;  but  one 
season's  experience  will  teach  the  cultivator  that  these 
are  better  left  for  late  blooming,  aud  also  how  many  of 
his  sorts  belong  to  this  division.  Care  must  be  exercised 
in  removing  the  plants  to  the  greenhouse  or  con- 
servatory while  in  flower  at  this  season  ;  they  require  a 
temperature  from  45®  to  50",  and  they  must  not  be 
placed  near  where  air  is  admitted. 

When  they  have  done  flowering,  remove  the  decayed 
blossoms,  &c.,  and  allow  them  a  short  period  of  rest 
before  placing  them  in  heat.  If  it  is  desired  to  secm:e 
a  supply  of  blooming  plants  during  the  winter  and 
spring  months,  this  must  be  provided  for  by  placing  a 
portion  in  a  growing  atmosphere  as  early  iu  spring  as 
possible,  and  others  in  succession  till  July,  removing 
each  lot  to  cooler  quarters  when  the  growth  is  com- 
pleted, and  the  flower-buds  set.  With  this  timely  pre- 
paration, and  the  placing  of  the  plants  in  a  moderate 
heat  some  six  weeks  before  the  flowers  are  wanted,  it 
will  be  easy  to  have  a  supply  of  blossoms  from  the  end  of 
December  to  the  end  of  May.  But  it  will  be  useless  to 
attempt  to  force  the  Azalea  unless  it  has  been  prepared 
for  early  blooming  by  early  growth,  &c. 

Most  of  the  varieties  are  propagated  by  cuttings  of 
the  young  wood,  selected  in  a  firm  but  not  bard  state. 
These  should  be  inserted  in  sandy  peat,  covered  with  a   : 
bell  glass,  kept  in  a  cool  part  for  a  month  or  so,  and   | 
then  placed  in  a  mild  bottom  heat,  when  they  will  soon  ', 
emit  roots,  and  may  be  potted  singly  in  small  pots,  and   jj 
kept  close  until  established.     The  weaker  growing  varie-  i 
ties   are  better   grafted  upon    healthy    stocks  of   the 
stronger  growing  kinds,  but  any  of  the  sorts  will  thrive 
upon  their  own  roots  ;  and  the  varieties  which  are  usually 
grafted  will  form  nice  dwarf  specimens  if  grown  from 
cuttings.      Cultivated  in  this  way,  however,  they  are 
somewhat  tender,  andliable  to  die  suddenly  if  not  pro- 
perly treated.   Alpha. 

FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Dresden. — Amongst  the  best  establishments  of  this 
far-famed  town  is  that  of  Jacob  Seidel,  well  known  in 
the  north  for  his  Camellias,  Azaleas,  Rhododendrons, 
&c.  Of  Camellias  there  are  from  550  to  5S0  species  or 
varieties ;  the  pyramidal  ones  ai'e  not  more  than  4  yards, 
whilst  the  standard  ones  are  5  or  6  yards  in  height. 
Those  in  espalier,  which  are  kept  in  a  house  uncovered 
in  summer,  are  about  3^  or  4  feet  high ;  this  same  house 
has  three  rpws  of  Camellia  in  p}Tamid,  which  are  not 
unlike  the  specimens  of  fruit  trees  found  in  our  own 
gardens.  The  largest  specimens  are  grown  iu  tubs  ;  the 
price  of  some  of  them  is  about  2'dl.  10s. 

The  specimens  of  Rhododendron  arboreum  deserve  to 
be  mentioned,  on  account  of  their  size  and  healthy 
appeai'ance.     The  Rhododendrons,  of  which  there  are 


11— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


165 


some  170  species  or  varieties,  are  arranged  according 
to  their  height  and  worth.  Although  we  were  not 
much  struck  with  the  Rhododendi-ons  in  general,  we 
were  very  pleased  with  the  number  and  size  of  the 
Azaleas,  which  were  larger  than  any  we  ever  saw. 

There  are  more  than  200  species  or  varieties  of 
Azalea  indica,  and  at  least  250  of  other  sorts.  Nowhere 
have  we  seen  such  fine  specimens  of  Azalea  indica. 
They  are  arranged  in  pots  according  to  their  height,  and 
are  in  summer  in  the  open  air.  The  plants  of  the  same 
size  are  placed  together,  but  at  convenient  distances  the 
one  from  the  other  ;  each  plant  is  surrounded  by  a 
pretty  sort  of  crown,  varying  in  diameter  from  1 A  yard 
to  f  yard  j  each  size  has  a  board  and  scale  correspond- 
ing to  it.  The  tall,  straight,  slender,  branchless  stems 
2^  yards  high,  are  placed  first,  then  those  2i  yards,  then 
those  2  yards,  &:c.  A  beautiful  effect  is  produced  by 
this  gradation,  combined  with  the  excellent  forms  and 
sizes  of  the  plants. 

There  was  a  large  specimen  of  Ehododeudron  pardo- 
loton,  but  the  ponticum  was  in  no  way  remarkable. 
This  section  of  plants  is  equally  well  composed  ;  it  was 
amongst  its  60  species  that  we  were  surprised  to  find  a 
magnificent  specimen  of  chryselectrura,  still  very  rare. 

The  next  best  establishment  for  Camellias  was,  we 
were  told,  the  garden  of  his  Royal  Highness  Prince  John, 
Dake  of  Saxony,  situate  in  a  corner  of  the  town,  and 
ander  the  superintendence  of  M.  Wendschuch.  The 
garden  contains  a  large  collection  of  Amaryllis,  and 
some  good  Orchidaceous  plants.  In  the  house  containing 
the  last-mentioned  plants,  is  the  largest  Nepenthes 
distillatoria  which  exists  ;  it  is  planted  in  the  open  soil, 
on  the  side  of  a  pit,  in  a  small  tub,  kept  constantly  under 
water.  Its  branches  were,  when  we  saw  it,  3i  yards 
long,  and  layered  down.  This  same  garden  contains  a 
large  quantity  of  Camellias,  Azaleas,  and  Rhododendrons ; 
the  first  and  last  especially  were  fine,  many  middle- 
aged  specimens  forming  pyramids  2^-  or  2f  yards  in 
height.     They  were  worth  from  41.  12s.  to  61.  \0s. 

The  botanic  garden  adjoins  one  of  the  promenades 
which  surround  the  town  ;  its  school  is  tolerably  com- 
plete, and  the  general  appearance  of  the  plants  is  good. 
This  establishment  possesses  a  small  collection  of 
common  plants,  another  of  experimental  plants,  and 
another  square  place  where,  every  year,  handsome  trees 
are  planted  out  for  the  summer.  We  noticed  there  a 
Stadmannia  austrah's,  which  had  grown  more  than 
2  yards,  and  the  leaves  of  which  had  doubled  in  length 
and  breadth.  The  houses,  though  small  and  ill-con- 
structed, contain  some  plants  worthy  of  notice.  A  col- 
lection of  Echinocactus,  Cactus,  Mammillaria,  Meloeactus, 
is  equally  well  cultivated.  The  pots  are  in  summer 
surroimded  with  sand,  and  placed  out  of  the  direct  rays 
of  the  sun. 

The  vegetable  and  fruit  markets  resemble  those  of 
Leipzig  in  every  respect ;  but  outside  the  town  there 
■are  splendid  Vineyards,  covering  the  south  and  east 
sides  of  tlie  fertile  mountain  chain  which  surrounds  the 
town.  The  ground  is  divided  into  hundreds  of  small 
lots,  each  having  its  owa  pretty  little  house  built  by  the 
proprietor,  according  to  his  means  and  taste.  Masson^s 
Sejciori. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 


No.  LXVIII.— Short  has  been  the  triumph  of  the 
poor  blackbirds  and  thrushes,  in  an  anticipated  early 
spring  !  The  late  drenching  rains,  and  tempestuous 
gales,  have  distui'bed  all  their  serenity  ;  and  for  a  season 
materially  interfered  with  the  joyousness  of  their  song. 
The  blackbirds'  voices,  until  within  these  last  few  days, 
have  been  silenced  altogether,  and  all  preparations  for 
the  completion  of  nests  have  been  suspended.  At  the 
present  time  of  writing,  however,  operations  are  again 
being  commenced. 

It  is  curious  to  observe  their  solicitude,  when  thus 
interrupted  by  the  changes  in  this  uncertain  climate  of 
ours.  They  seem  altogether  put  out  for  the  time  being, 
and  only  make  their  appearance  in  our  gardens  at 
intervals.  If  the  leathered  tribe  ever  do  "  think,"  it 
must  surely  be  at  such  seasons  as  these  ! 

Now  that  the  heavy  rains  have  ceased,  and  the  sun  is 
beginning  to  shine  brightly,  we  may  expect  to  see  the 
birds  spee'lJIy  resume  all  their  suspended  duties.  These 
keen,  biting  winds,  may  indeed  retard  their  operations  for 
a  while  ;  but  their  perseverance  under  difficulties  will 
enable  them  soon  to  make  up  for  lost  time. 

In  our  last,  we  dwelt  much  upon  the  admirable  con- 
struction of  the  thrush's  nest,  and  particularly  spoke  of 
the  progressive  architecture  of  the  builder.  We  should 
have  remarked,  that  the  rounded  form  of  this  frame- 
work is  produced  by  the  bird  measuring  it,  at  every  step 
of  the  process,  with  itH  body  ;  particularly  with  the  part 
extending  from  tiie  thigh  to  the  chin.  It  is  this  miiform 
course  of  action  in  all  the  tribe  that  causes  us  to  make 
the  discrimination  between  "instinct"  and  "reason." 
If  we  found  an  exceptif/n  to  a  rule,  facta  would  be 
against  us  ;  but  it  is  not  so. 

The  thrush  lays  four,  sometimes  five  eggs.  They  aro 
of  a  blue  cast,  spotted  with  black  at  the  larger  end. 
The  newt  is  built  in  a  Kir,  or  iloily  ;  somotimes  on  the 
Htump  of  a  tree  ;  and  very  frequently  nr-ar  the  ground. 
It  ia  easily  dj.s  cover  able,  and  tln-reforo  ofton  becomes 
the  property  of  the  highway  robber.  'I'he  heads  of 
these  diabolical  vagrants  arc  a  study  wortliy  of  the 
phrenologistJt.  The  savages  would  appear  to  have  but 
(mc  organ  in  their  wholo  system — we  hardly  uimI  say 
that  we  mean  ilio  organ  of  *' JJoHtructiveneHs."  JJeing 
in  such  '-otrJaiit  opfiration,  no  wonder  its  owners  aro 
«uch  "adepts"  in  their  unnatural  vocations  ! 


We  may  now  look  for  an  early  return  to  the  joys  of 
spring.  We  have  bid  adieu  to  the  heavy  rains  ;  and  how- 
ever cold  the  atmosphere,  still  the  sun  shows  his  glorious 
head  at  intervals,  and  cheers  us  by  the  way.  The  birds 
are  not  slow  to  notice  this,  and  we  sometimes  find  them 
giving  way  to  the  outburst  of  their  full  hearts.  Would 
we  were  able  once  and  for  ever  to  prevent  any  of  our 
field  birds  and  garden  warblers  from  being  immui'ed  in 
cages  !  We  do  not  advocate  it, — wq  never  did  ;  but  we 
do  try  hard  to  win  them  kind  treatment  when  kept  in 
confinement.  Only  let  us  hope  we  have  not  altogether 
laboui'ed  in  vain  !    William  Kidd. 


WHAT  THE  EPACRIS  ONCE  WAS. 

It  is  many  years  since  we  first  became  acquainted 
with  Epacris  grandiflora — a  good  and  useful  plant,  but 
one  that  has  suffered  much  ill-treatment  from  early 
cultivators,  for  its  powers  of  endurance  are  great.  Any 
plant  approaching  what  we  would  now  call  a  specimen, 
was  sure  to  be  rusty  in  the  foliage  and  dead  at  the  points 
of  the  shoots.  What  a  contrast  to  the  noble  bushes  of 
it  which  of  late  years  have  been  exhibited,  clothed  pro- 
fusely with  both  foliage  and  bloom. 

Epacris  miniata,  being  comparatively  of  late  introduc- 
tion, has  escaped  much  of  the  bad  treatment  to  which 
grandiflora  was  subjected.  It  is  deservedly  held  in  high 
estimation  by  plant  growers,  and  is  to  be  seen  frequently 
in  great  perfection  in  many  collections  at  our  great 
exhibitions. 

Epacris  pungens,  and  pulchella,  of  late  years  have 
fallen  into  disrepute,  owing  to  their  not  flowering  season- 
ably for  the  shows  ;  nevertheless  they  are  still  worthy 
of  a  place  in  the  greenhouse.  I  have  a  vivid  recollec- 
tion of  the  beautiful  specimens  of  these  plants,  which 
were  at  one  time  exhibited  by  Mr.  Green  at  21,  Regent- 
street.  They  were  tall,  many-stemmed,  with  gracefully 
drooping  branchlets,  clothed  with  wreaths  of  flowers. 

Epacris  impressa,  together  with  campanulata,  alba, 
rosea,  rubra,  grandiflora,  and  other  varieties,  are  very 
desirable  plants  for  floral  display,  during  the  winter 
months.  Indeed,  to  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  have  only 
a  greenhouse,  they  are  indispensable  ;  they  are  of  easy 
culture,  simply  requii'ing  during  winter  all  the  light  that 
can  be  given  them  by  day,  and  protection  from  frost  at 
night.  The  soil  best  adapted  for  their  growth,  is  the 
same  as  that  which  is  proper  for  Heaths.  As  the  flowers 
are  always  produced  on  the  young  wood,  it  is  necessary 
that  shortly  after  blooming,  the  shoots  be  cut  back,  and 
properly  thinned  and  regulated.  And  the  plants  should 
be  re- potted,  giving  them  a  moderate  shift.  They  should 
be  kept  in  the  house  until  they  begin  to  grow,  when  they 
may  be  put  out  of  doors  in  a  sheltered  situation,  or  into 
cold  frames,  if  these  are  to  spare.  At  first,  they  merely 
require  to  be  protected  from  heavy  rains,  and  from  frost 
at  night.  As  the  weather  becomes  warmer,  and 
the  plants  commence  growing  fi-eely,  they  should 
be  fully  exposed  to  the  sun's  rays,  taking  care  that 
the  pots  are  shaded,  to  prevent  too  rapid  evaporation 
and  consequent  injury  to  the  young  roots.  They 
may  be  watered  with  much  advantage  at  this  stage  of 
their  growth,  with  weak  manure  water.  It  is  very 
essential  that  the  water  be  well  aired  for  a  day  or  two 
before  using  it,  as  thousands  of  plants  in  pots  are  yearly 
destroyed  by  employing  water  at  a  low  temperature  from 
wells,  tanks,  and  ponds,  from  which  the  sun's  rays  are 
excluded.  Their  rapid  growth  and  vigorous  health  will 
amply  repay  the  little  attention theyrequire,  and  although 
Epacris  impressa  and  its  varieties  may  not  be  elevated 
into  distinction  by  their  display  at  our  great  exhibitions, 
yet  they  will  be  not  the  less  appreciated  by  all  admirers 
of  pretty  flowers.  Tassel. 


RATEABILXTY  OF^AINURSERYMAN'S  STOCK 
IN  TRADE. 

Ms.  Editoe — The  account  in  your  Paper  at  p.  l^S,  headed  as 
abuve,  and  purpoiting  tu  be  a  "  Report  of  an  Appeal,"  Messrs. 
Lane  v.  Parish  of  Berkhamstead,  ia  so  likely  to  mislead,  that;  I 
consider  it  neccBflary  to  give  joua  true  verbionof  thecase.  Mr. 
Day,  the  appellani'ri  solicitor,  uiibout  entering  into  the  case, 
reqursted  the  magiHtrates  to  give  their  assent  to  an  arranpe- 
mt-nt  whivh  had  been  agreed  to  by  the  parties,  viz.,  that  the 
whole  charge  for  "lights"  should  be  struck  out  of  the  rate, 
and  that  the  appellant  Bhould  be  allon'ed  his  coats.  To  this 
arrangement  the  magistrates  gave  their  confirmation,  and  the 
case  WJB  concluded  ;  couaequently  the  whole  statement,  as 
regards  Mr.  Paine's  report  and  the  decision  of  the  magistrates 
on  the  meritg  of  the  case,  is  a  pure  fabrication,  i  be  parish 
officerH  stated  their  intention  to  apply  for  a  fresh  valuation  ol 
Mr.  Lane'fl  premises  previous  tu  another  rato  being  made. 
T.  Finch,  Churchtvardcn,  Serkha instead,  ^favch  (J. 

[The  communication  in  quexlion  was  sPTit  ua  by  the  plaintiffs 
in  thia  ca^e  ;  the  original  lies  at  our  office,  where  it  can  be 
inspected.]  . 


Home  Correspondence. 

Fwrnirjafrntj  Plant  Houses. — I  have  been  induced  to 
try  the  plan  recommended  by  Mr,  Ayrea  in  a  small 
house  here,  and  I  am  happy  to  state  that  I  am  delighted 
with  the  result ;  it  is  not  only  efl'ectual,  but  economical, 
as  more  than  half  the  tobacco  consumed  in  the  ordinary 
way  of  fumigating  is  saved.  For  my  experiment  I  used 
4  lb.  tobacco-paper,  and  about  tlie  fourth  part  of  a 
pennyworth  of  nitre  ;  instead  of  Cayenne  I  used  chillicH, 
having  h:id  some  by  me  of  last  year's  growth.  I  have 
fumigated  the  same  house  (wliicli  is  21  ft.  long,  by  I'J  ft. 
wide),  frefjucntly  by  the  old  system,  viz.,  witharonmion 
flowerpot  and  a  jjair  <»f  bellows,  and  also  with  IJrown's 
Patent  Fumigator,  but  1  wv.vcv  was  bo  satisfied  with 
L-ilhor  as  I  am  with  the  plan  in  question,  although  there 
was  iilways  more  thim  doiiltlfi  the  quantity  of  tubacfM)- 
papor  used.  I  will  thcruroro  henceforth  (hHcniitiiiinj.tiie 
old  plan,  but  the  fuinigator  wilt  bo  useful  for  Cucumbers, 


Melons,  plants  in  frames,  and  Standard  Roses,  &c.  A 
few  days  ago  I  hud  occasion  to  fumigate  a  range  of 
houses  here  132  ft.  long  ;  if  I  had  known  of  Mr.  Ayres's 
plan  then,  more  than  half  the  tobacco-paper  would  have 
been  saved,  and  all  the  inconvenience  attending  the  old 
system  avoided.  As  regards  Mr.  A's  recipe  « to  catch 
a  good  cold,"  I  cannot  say  a  word,  as  neither  myself 
nor  foreman  ever  entered  the  house  during  the  opera- 
tion ;  we  contented  ourselves  with  a  peep  through  the 
glass,  and  an  occasional  one  in  at  the  door,  the  wire 
sieve  and  its  contents  being  placed  there,  as  recommended 
by  Mr.  Ayres.  George  Broion,  Chirk  Castle  Oardem, 
North  Wales.  [Why  use  tobacco  paper,  instead  of 
tobacco  ?  It  costs  less  money,  no  doubt ;  but  is  the 
money  so  economicaUy  expended  fj 

Silh,  and  Silhworms. — It  has  occurred  to  me,  that  if 
we  could  bring  our  silkworms  into  life  in  June,  when. 
the  Mulberry  is  in  full  leaf,  and  the  weather  is  settled 
into  summer  dryness,  the  silk  might  be  raised,  to  at 
least  the  same  advantage,  as  it  is  in  the  south  of  France 
in  the  variable  weather  of  the  month  of  May.  There, 
owing  to  damp,  it  is  often  necessary  to  have  fires  lit  in 
the  rooms  occupied  by  the  silkworms.  I  find  from  the 
tables  published  in  Sir  James  Clark's  "  Influence  of 
Climate,"  that  the  average  temperature  for  June  at 
Chiswick  and  London  ranges  between  60^  and  6]°,being 
exactly  equivalent  to  that  of  Montpelier  and  Pan,  in  the 
south  of  France,  in  May.  But  is  it  possible  to  hatch 
the  silkworms  when  we  please?  I  recollect  very  well 
in  my  boyhood,  some  40  years  ago,  having  accelerated 
the  birth  of  these  little  creatures  by  carrying  the  eggs 
in  my  pocket ;  that  they  never  lived  to  taste  the  Mid- 
bei-ry  leaf,  but  were  fed  on  Lettuce,  and,  I  think.  Elm 
leaves,  or  some  such  sorry  fare.  The  opposite  task 
would  not  be  quite  so  easy,  but  I  think  very  practicable  ; 
and  this  brings  me  to  the  object  I  have  in  view  in 
addressing  you.  I  wish  to  enlist  a  few  of  your  readers, 
who  have  the  opportunity,  as  fellow  experimenters 
with  myself,  in  ascertaining  whether  this  can  be  done 
without  in j  ury  to  the  after  heal  th  of  the  silk- 
worms. My  plan  is  at  once  to  consign  some  silk- 
worms' eggs  to  an  ice-house,  not  however  without  a 
little  wrapper  of  cotton- wool  about  them,  and  a  place 
being  chosen  for  them,  where  they  will  not  be  liable 
to  be  wetted.  There  I  propose  to  allow  them  to 
remain  till  the  middle  of  June,  and  then  to  take  them 
out  and  transfer  them  to  some  cool  place  that  they  may 
not  be  thawed  too  rapidly.  I  have  yet  another  string 
to  my  bow.  I  intend  to  cork  up  some  eggs  safely  in  a 
bottle,  and  to  bury  it  about  2  feet  in  the  ground,  that  is 
to  say,  at  such  a  depth  as  would  prevent  the  germina- 
tion of  any  ordinary  seed.  A  shady  but  dry  place 
should  be  selected.  The  buried  eggs  would,  of  course, 
be  brought  forth  at  the  same  time  (the  middle  of  June) 
as  those  from  the  ice-house.  It  then  seems  necessary 
to  carry  on  the  experiment,  not  only  until  we  ascertain 
that  the  worm  comes  forth  from  the  shell,  but  that  also 
its  vital  powers  are  unimpaired,  and  that  the  silk  pro- 
duced is  not  deficient  in  quantity  or  quaUty.  In  short, 
it  is  desirable  that  the  whole  experiment  be  woi-ked  out. 
I  hope  some  of  your  readers  will  undertake  it,  and  com- 
municate to  you  the  issue  of  the  trial.  I  am  the  more 
anxious  for  this,  because  if  the  result  is  to  be  practi- 
cally useful  it  ought  to  be  based  on  more  tlian  one 
experiment  ;  and  because  I  may,  very  probably,  myself 
be  called  away  from  home  in  the  summer  months,  so  as 
not  to  be  able  personally  to  attend  to  the  matter. 
H.  J.  S.y  LattenhunjrUll,  St.  Ives,  Hunts. 

Culture  of  the  Pine  Apple.— Aa  I  have  been  very 
successful  in  the  cultivation  of  Pine  Apples,  more 
especially  the  common  Queen,  my  experience  may  be 
worth  recording.  The  pit  I  used  was  a  pigeon-holed 
brick  pit,  heated  by  hot  water  in  pipes.  Oak  leaves 
were  used  for  bottom  heat  and  for  plunging  the  plants 
in,  and  stable  dung  was  employed  for  linings.  As  to 
soil :— Having  obtained  a  sufticient  quantity  of  good 
fibrous  peat,  containing  a  small  portion  of  sand,  it  was 
broken  into  pieces  by  the  spade,  and  frequently  tm-ned 
and  watered  with  strong  liquid  manure  from  the 
farm-yard,  for  about  two  months.  In  June,  having 
the  required  number  of  suckers,  they  were  potted  in 
the  above  kind  of  soil,  in  8-inch  pots,  plunged  in  a 
bottom  lieat  of  about  80'*,  and  shaded  for  about 
three  weeks  during  the  hottest  part  of  the  day, 
admitting  a  little  air  by  tilting  the  back  part  of  the 
lights.  No  watering  or  syringing  was  required  during 
this  time,  from  which  till  about  the  middle  of 
September,  the  temperature  was  kept  at  from  80°  to  90**. 
by  day,  and  70°  by  night,  slightly  syringing  every  other 
day,and  wateringas  occasion  required.  From  the  above 
period,  the  temperature  was  reduced  to  about  G^''  or  68? 
by  day,  and  55^^  by  night  during  the  winter,  syringing 
and  watering  being  seldom  needed.  In  the  beginning  of 
February  the  plants  were  repotted  into_  ll-inch  pots, 
using  the  same  compost  as  before.  At  this  time  the  bed 
was  renewed,  by  adding  a  i'reah  supply  of  Oak  leaves, 
taking  care  in  the  turning  of  it  to  place  the  now  leaves 
at  tliQ  bottom  and  old  ones  at  tlio  top,  so  that  the 
bottom  of  the  pots  when  plunged  might  just  rest  on  the 
new  material.  Tho  temperature  was  gradually  increased 
as  tho  season  advanced,  and  watering  and  syringing 
were  more  freely  resorted  to  till  June,  when  tho  plants 
received  their  iinal  shift.  The  largest  specimens  were 
placed  in  18-inch  pots,  tho  smaller  in  15- inch  pots, 
using  the  same  soil  as  before.  Thc7  were  now  syringed 
freely,  but  watered  sparingly,  giving  plenty  of  air,  and 
slightly  slmding  with  such  material  as  netting  during  the 
iiottcst  part  of  the  day  ;  as  tho  heat  of  tho  season  de- 
clined, shading,  watoring,'and  syringing  wore,  for  the  most 
partdiscoutinucd,and  the  temperature  gradually  reduced 


166 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[March  13, 


to  about  yo*'  by  day,  and  from  60?  to  65*^  by  night  dpring 
the  short  days.  In  the  beginning  of  February,  the  pit 
was  agaiQ  renewed,  and  particular  care  taken  to  keep 
up  the  bottom-heat  by  linings  ;  the  plants  being  freely 
syringed  and  watered,  and  the  temperature  gradually 
raised,  admitting  air  when  required.  They  soon  began 
to  show  fruit,  when  the  temperature  was  raised  to  about 
from  85**  to  95"^  by  day,  and  from  70^  to  75"  by  night. 
When  in  flower,  syringing  was  discontinued  ;  but,  when 
out  of  blossom,  it  was  freely  used,  and  frequent  water- 
ings of  liquid  manure  water  were  applied,  until  the 
fruit  was  fully  swelled,  but  it  was  sparingly  used  after 
that.  By  the  above  practice  I  have  been  able  to  cut 
handsome  fruit,  each  weighing  from  4  to  5  lbs.  H. 
Williams. 

Temperature  of  Pond-loUoms. — In  the  case  where 
some  surface  ice  exists,  radiation  from  the  bottom 
implies  the  pellucidity  of  the  ice.  Therefore  it  may  be 
prevented  by  frequent  breaking  up  of  that  ice  with  a 
spud  or  other  instrument ;  for  the  fragments  coalesce 
again  into  a  substance  nearly  untransparent.  A.  H. 

Codcney  Lmichers  in  Kno  Gardens.— \  am  sorry  you 
do  not  agree  with  me  as  to  allowing  the  cockneys  to 
eat  their  luncheons  in  the  gardens  at  Kew  ;  first, 
because  I  think  it  is  a  selfish  prohibition  ;  next,  because 
the  gardens  are  very  large,  and  are  rather  pleasure- 
gardeus  than  mere  botanic  gardens  ;  and,  lastly,  I 
cannot  see  what  harm  can  arise  from  a  few  parties 
sitting  under  trees  and  enjoying  themselves.  However, 
it  is  well  to  discuss  these  matters,  and  at  last  one  gets 
at  the  rights  of  a  question.  It  was  not  long  ago  that 
only  well-dressed  people,  out  of  livery,  and  without 
bundles,  were  allowed  to  pass  through  the  parks  ;  people 
will  not  believe  tins  10  years  hence.  How  have  the 
middling  classes  behaved  at  the  Zoological  Society  I  and 
how  well  I  recollect  the  forebodings  of  their  miscon- 
duct that  disturbed  the  breasts  of  the  conservative 
members  of  Council.  I  repeat,  that  in  foreign  gardens, 
as  far  as  my  experience  goes,  there  is  no  such  prohi- 
bition, unless,  indeed,  some  new  regulations  may  have 
been  made  at  Paris — where  it  seems  all  that  is  liberal 
is  changed,  but  whether  as  i'egards  admission  to  gardens, 
I  do  not  know.  Dodmav. 

Polmaise  Heating.  —  I  perceive  that  this  sys^m  of 
heating,  of  which  so  much  was  written  and  saia  some 
■  years  back,  is  again  brought  prominently  before  your 
readers,  I  must  say  it  appears  to  me  to  have  been 
much  overrated  as  to  its  power  and  capability  of  being 
applied  with  extraordinary  advantage  to  horticultural 
purposes.  Before  I  became  practically  acquainted  with 
the  system,  I  admired  the  able  articles  written  in  its 
favour,  by  (in  my  opinion)  its  too  sanguine  advocates, 
and  nothing  gave  me  greater  pleasure  than  reading  over 
those  glowing  descriptions  of  its  working,  whereiii  it 
was  stated,  thatwalking  into  ahouse  heated  by  Polmaise, 
you  felt  yourself,  as  it  were,  transported  into  a  most 
beautiful  tropical  clime, -with  a  circulation  m  the  air  that 
made  the  foliage  of  all  the  plants  move  most  delightfully, 
and  that  looking  at  a  thei'mometer  suspended  in  such  a 
house,  you  would  be  quite  surprised  at  the  height  it 
stood  at  ;  and  the  way  this  was  accounted  for  by  the 
writers,  was  this  ;  "  that  it  was  the  general  movements 
in  the  air  that  caused  you  to  be  so  much  mistaken  as  to 
the  actual  Iieat  of  the  house."  Now  this  all  looks  very 
fine  on  paper,  as  it  will  be  allowed  by  all  persons  at  all 
acquainted  with  horticulture,  that  to  have  a  free  cu'- 
culation  of  air  with  perfect  command  over  the  heating 
and  moistening  of  it,  in  a  plant  house  is  a  most  desirable 
object  to  be  attained.  To  say  Polmaise  does  not  cause 
a  circulation  would  be  going  too  far  ;  but  why  endeavour 
to  make  it  appear  that  heating  by  Polmaise  is  the  only 
way  of  insuring  this  %  Is  it  not  well  known  that  any 
heated  surface  will  cause  a  movement  in  the  air  that 
surrounds  it,  and  then  where  is  the  advantage  of 
Polmaise  over  the  other  methods  of  heating  hi  this 
respect  ?  Surely  there  cannot  be  any,  when  a  person 
has  to  get  a  lighted  candle  and  hold  it  near  either  of 
the  openings  to  find  there  is  a  sort  of  current. 
Something  like  this  must  have  struck  the  late  lamented 
Mr.  Meek  when,  in  talking  of  drains  and  air,  he  said, 
'*  It  may  prove  that  the  form  of  matter  we  are  employing 
is  so  extremely  rapid  in  its  movements  that  it  requires  no 
assistance  at  our  hands.  My  experience  of  Polmaise 
reaches  over  about  six  years,  and  about  the  same 
number  of  different-shaped  heating  surfaces,  and  in  no 
case  did  it  answer  my  expectation.  In  fact,  I  have 
now  an  immense  heating  surface  applied  to  a  house 
(formerly  set  apart  for  growing  Orchids,  and  heated 
sufticientiy  lor  that  purpose  by  a  hot-water  apparatus) 
now  occupied  with  Pelargoniums  and  some  such  matters, 
yet,  in  case  of  frost,  I  never  depend  on  it,  but  turn  to 
the  hot-water  apparatus,  which  luckily  was  not  removed.'* 
The  above  remarks  apply  to  Polmaise  when  put  in  oppo- 
sition with  a  hot-watei*  apparatus,  which,  I  venture  to 
predict,  it  will  never  supersede.  As  an  adjunct  to  the 
other  different  systems  of  heating,  I  could  say  some- 
thing from  experience,  but  I   fear  I  have  already  made 

this   commuuication  too    long.   E.  M.  C. 1    have   a 

Polmaise  with  which  I  am  well  satisfied,  though 
I  find  imperfections  in  some  particulars  j  one  is  that  it 
requires  much  more  attention  than  a  hot-water  ap- 
paratus, if  you  require  the  heat  to  be  kept  up  ;  another 
is  the  generation  of  gas  by  which  the  top  of  my  stove 
has  twice  been  raised,  and  a  serious,  because  pernicious, 
escape  of  gas  into  the  house  took  place.  Your  corre- 
spondent «  G.  W.;'  alludes  to  a  remedy  for  this  evil,  by 
drilhng  a  hole  in  the  door  of  the  flue,  and  on  this 
point  1  beg  for  exi,licit  directions.  I  find  that  thou-h 
my  stove  (made  by  Le^^  is)  has  only  been  in  use  three 
yeai'Sj  and  h:3  not  beeu  subjected  to  any  severe  heat, 


the  top  and  the  door  have  been  burnt  through,  and  the 
water  pan  much  damaged.  I  would  ask  of  "  G.  W.'' 
whether  this  should  be  so,  and  also  at  what  distance 
from  the  stove  he  places  the  pan.  The  stove  is  in  one 
corner  of  my  house,  and  the  stove  over  the  water  pan 
stands  about  li  foot  above  the  level  of  the  floor  ;  when 
anything  occurs  below  I  am  compelled  to  remove  this 
stove,  and  cut  away  the  cement  in  which  it  is  bedded 
on  two  sides  into  the  wall ;  this  makes  an  unsightly 
patcli,  and  I  would  inquk'e  whether  any  wood  flap,  or 
anything  else  can  be  substituted  for  a  broad  flat  stove 
or  slate.  "  G.  W."  speaks  of  Mr.  Meek's  book  :  I  wish 
he  would  publish  another  edition,  with  those  improve- 
ments which  a  longer  trial  of  so  novel  and  valuable  a 
system  of  heating  houses  has  brought  forth.  B.  Stroud. 
[As  to  the  ficrnace  door,  drill  through  it  a  hole  half  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  explosive  air  will  never  again 
accumulate.] 

Cheap  Protection  for  Wall  Trees. — Being  desirous  of 
affording  my  Peach  and  Nectarine  trees  some  protec- 
tion, and  disliking  the  unsightly  wooden  poles  generally 
used  for  keeping  the  covering  material  off  the  trees, 
for  wood  I  have  substituted  iron,  which  I  think  will 
last  longer  and  answer  the  purpose  better,  besides  being 
far  less  conspicuous.  My  plan  is  to  drive  pieces  of  iron 
into  the  wall  for  stays,  the  top  ones  being  2  inches 
from  the  wall,  the  middle  ones  3  inches,  and  the 
bottom  ones  4  inches.  Through  these  I  pass  iron  rods 
I  inch  in  diameter,  which  are  drawn  tight  by  means  of 
nuts  at  either  end  of  the  rods.  My  blinds  consist  of 
very  coarse  canvass,  which  is  24  feet  wide.  It  is  cut  into 
the  required  lengths,  and  fom*  pieces  are  sown  together. 
This  foiTus  a  blind  10  feet  wide;  it  is  tacked  on  to  a 
lath  the  same  length,  1^-  inch  wide  by  f  inch  thick.  The 
iron  stays  at  the  top  of  the  wall  are  turned  up  1  inch 
at  the  ends,  where  the  laths  lay  ;  two  of  the  wires  pass 
through  the  laths,  which  are  thus  kept  firmly  in  their 
places.  The  bottom  of  the  blind  is  provided  with  a 
very  thin  piece  of  wood,  similar  in  shape  to  that  used 
at  the  bottom  of  window  blinds.  A  pulley  is  fixed  into 
the  wall  at  the  top  in  the  centre  of  each  blind,  and  by 
means  of  a  piece  of  string  all  can  be  raised  or  lowered 
in  a  few  minutes.  Edgar  Sanders^  Kivgswood  Lodge. 

Ilellehorus  Niger  or  Christmas  Rose. — It  is  surprising 
that  this  plant,  which  has  been  so  long  in  this  country, 
so  beautiful  and  so  valuable  on  account  of  the  season  at 
which  it  flowers,  should  be  so  rarely  met  with  in 
gardens.  I  believe  one  cause  is,  that  people  think  it 
requires  a  mild  winter,  in  order  to  bring  out  its  flowers. 
In  the  report  of  the  last  meeting  of  tlie  Horticultural 
Society,  I  see  that  the  Hon.  F.  W.  Strangways  exhibited, 
among  other  things,  some  Hellebores  (not  Helleborus 
niger.  Ed.)  with  a  view  to  show  the  mildness  of  the 
climate  in  Dorsetshire.  It  may  be  interesting  to  know 
that  in  Yorkshire  it  grows  and  flowers  exceedingly 
well  every  winter.  I  have  several  large  plants  in  my 
flower  borders  here,  which  every  winter,  for  nearly  fom- 
months  at  a  time,  are  objects  of  great  beauty.  Severe 
frosts  injure  the  flowers  which  happen  to  be  open  when 
such  frosts  prevail,  but  as  soon  as  there  is  a  change  of 
weather  they  are  succeeded  by  fresh  blossoms  ;  and  in 
this  way  there  is  a  succession  of  flowers  from  the  middle 
of  December  till  the  middle  of  April.  They  grow 
in  borders  of  strong  loam,  they  never  receive  any  pro- 
tection, and  I  never  saw  them  so  fine  in  any  of  the 
southern  counties  as  they  are  here.  M.Saulj  Allerton- 
parTc,  YorTcshire. 

Rain  at  Holne  Vicarage  on  the  Banlcs  of  Dart,  Bart- 
moor. — The  following  fell  during  the  year  1851,  as 
measured  by  Howard's  rain  gauge  : — 

Inobes. 

Jan ^1.88 

Feb 3,89 

March 2,54 

April  13.63 

May     2.32 

June    5.80 

July    7,40 

T.  H.,  and  E.  S.  Trehy, 

Orchard  Houses,  Protected  Trellises,  and  Glass  Walls. 
— Y''our  correspondent,  **  A  Hertsman,"  has,  I  think, 
treated  Mr.  Rivers  with  great  suspicion  in  the  matter 
of  the  cost  of  these  structures.  Having  paid  two  visits 
to  that  gentleman's  establishment  during  the  past 
autunu),  I  can  bear  witness  to  the  very  satisfactory 
results  obtained  by  him,  and  see  no  motive  that  he 
could  have  (even  if  his  character  for  probity  were  not, 
as  it  is,  of  the  highest  order)  for  deceiving  the  public. 
Such  houses  as  Mr.  Rivers  builds  may  answer  the 
purpose  of  country  gentlemen  with  small  establishments, 
or  clergymen,  or  of  any  one  whose  income  would  permit 
him  to  have  such  an  adjunct  to  his  rural  pleasures. 
Although  I  confess  I  should  not  like  to  see  such  in  the 
gardens  of  our  aristocracy,  where  everything  should  be 
substantially  built,  yet  I  most  fully  approve  of  their 
plan,  and  believe  that  as  they  have  repaid  Mr.  Rivers 
with  certain  crops  of  fruit,  so  they  will  also  gratify 
those  who  may  try  them  with  similar  results.  I  saw, 
too,  Jlr.  Rivers'  Peach  trellis,  and  he  told  me  that  he 
had  some  very  fine  Peaches  from  it  (as  he  has  recently 
stated  in  yom-  Paper).  His  trees  were  in  such  a  beau- 
tiful state  that  if  he  would  have  sold  them  I  would  have 
given  a  good  price  for  them  ;  but  tliey  were  too  full  of 
promise  to  be  parted  with.  You  ^vill  perhaps  allow  me, 
with  all  deference  to  you,  to  express  my  wonder  that 
you  have  not  allowed  the  merits  of  the  new  glass  walls 
to  be  more  fully  discussed  in  your  columns.  Seeing 
that  we  have  no  dependence  on  our  fickle  climate,  and 
that  we  have  no  alternative  but  to  use  glass  in  some 
form  if  we  wish  for  fruit,  this  is  a  subject  in  which  all 
are  interested.     I  liail  Mr.  Ewing's  plan  as  a  step  in 


the  right  direction,  but  believe  that  it  is  not  now  so 
perfect  as  it  will  be  after  it  has  undergone  its  o^'deal. 
The  Horticultural  Society  will  do  the  country  good 
service  in  testing  its  merits.  I  agree  in  some  of  the 
remarks  of  your  clever  correspondent  "  Dodman,'*  and 
hope  that  you  will  receive  any  doubts  which  may  arise 
on  the  subject  in  the  minds  of  others,  and  discuss  them^ 
feeling  assured  that  we  shall  all  benefit  thereby.  Henrij 
Paileyj  ISluneham.  [We  certainly  did  not  understand 
"  A  Hertsman"  to  question  Mr.  Rivers*  veracity,  which 
is  above  suspicion.  What  he  seems  to  have  doubted 
was  whether  Mr.  R.  had  not,  Hke  others,  deceived  him- 
self in  the  matter  of  estimates.  As  soon  as  glass  wa,lls^ 
are  in  action  we  shall  be  most  ready  to  have  their  mpritis 
discussed.] 


77.92 


Li  nnean,  March  2. — Robert  Brown,  Esq.,in  thech^ir- 
A  collection  of  specimeus  from  the  Herbarium  of  tlie 
late  Dr.  Sibthorp,  illustrative  of  tlie  Flora  Grteca,  and 
collected  by  Dr.  Sibthorp  dui-ing  his  travels  in  Greece, 
was  presented  by  Dr.  Daubeny. — Mr.  Adam  White  ex- 
hibited several  specimens  of  the  Eurostus  validijs  of 
Dallas,  captm'ed  by  Mr.  Fortune  in  the  north  of  China, 
and  drew  attention  to  the  fact,  that  although  the  ufsect 
when  dry  was  brown,  when  immersed  in  spirits 
of  wine  it  presented  a  beautiful  green  colour. — Mr. 
White  made  some  general  remarks  on  the  im- 
portance of  ascertaining  the  colours  before  death,  as  in 
many  animals  important  specific  characters  may  be 
thus  obtained,  which  do  not  exist  in  preserved  speci- 
mens.— Mr.  Hope  exhibited  a  series  of  drawings  of  the 
insects  of  Australia,  by  the  Misses  Harriet  and  Helena 
Scott,  intended  to  illustrate  a  great  work  on  the  Ento- 
mology of  Australia  by  their  brother.  The  drawings, 
which  were  remarkable  for  their  beauty  and  accuracy, 
were  accompanied  by  a  paper  from  Mr.  Swainson, 
containing  remarks  on  the  more  remarkable  forms  of 
insects  contained  in  the  collection.  These  notes  were 
confined  chiefly  to  the  butterflies  and  moths,  of  which 
family  many  rare  and  remarkable  species  are  found  in 
Australia,  representative  and  suppleraeutary  of  those 
kno^vu  in  Europe  and  other  parts  of  the  world.  Mr. 
Hope  exhibited  a  fruit  of  the  Araucaria  Bidwillii.  Tliis 
tree  attaias  a  height  of  80  or  90  feet,  and  produces  a 
fruit  the  size  of  a  man's  head,  being  the  largest  of  any 
of  the  family  in  Australia. — A  continuation  was  read  of 
Mr.  Wood's  botanical  tour  in  France.— Dr.  Thomas 
Thompson  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

Entomological,  1st  March— 1.  0.  WestwooDj  Esq., 
F.L.S.,  President,  in  the  chair.  Amongst  the  dona- 
tions received  since  the  last  meeting,  was  a  box  of 
insects  from  Hong-Kong,  sent  by  J.  C.  Bowring,  Esq.,- 
containing  various  interesting  species,  amongst  which 
was  a  perfect  moth  reared  from  the  larva,  which  is 
parasitic  on  Fulgora  candelaria  ;  also  two  boxes  of 
British  Lepidoptera,  presented  by  Messrs.  Douglas  and 
.J.  F.  Sheppard. — Mr.  A.  White  exhibited  a  box  of 
insects  from  New  Holland  and  New  Zealand,  including 
a  specimen  of  the  fine  Campylocnemis  Schroteri,  and  a 
species  of  Enigma.  He  also  gave  some  account  of  an 
extensive  collection  brought  from  Shanghai,  and  the 
interior  of  Chuia  (to  the  distance  of  400  miles),  by  Mr. 
Fortune,  amongst  which  was  a  specimen  of  the  rare 
Dicranocephalus  Wallichii,  hitherto  supposed  to  be  a 
native  of  Nepaul. — Mr.  Lubbock  brought  for  distribu- 
tion a  number  of  specimens  of  Sirex  duplex,  of  which 
he  had  reared  nearly  100  males,  and  only  a  single 
female,  from  larches,  near  Bromley,  Kent. — Mr.  Augus- 
tus Shepherd  exhibited  a  remai-kably  light-coloured 
variety  of  Hipparchia  Galathea,  taken  in  Essex.  Mr. 
Douglas  stated  that  he  had  reared  Gelechia  costella 
from  larvo3,  which  had  burrowed  into  the  stems  of 
Solanum  dulcamara,  but  which,  in  the  young  state 
had  fed  within,  and  sub.?equently  on  the  outer  tegument 
of  the  leaves  of  the  same  plant.  He  also  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  Monohammus  sartor,  taken  on  the  banks  of 
the  Regent's-park,  and  of  Coccinella  reppensis,  from 
Mickleham,  as  well  as  a  small  white  apodal  larva,  com- 
municated by  Dr.  Marshall  Hall,  three  of  which  had 
been  voided  by  one  of  his  patients,  who  had  been  in  ill 
health  for  a  long  period.  It  had  been  doubted  whether 
they  were  really  larvae  or  worms  ;  but  tlieir  structure 
proved  them  to  he  larvre  of  a  species  of  Muscidse,  allied 
to  the  common  blow-fly,  differing  materially  in  structure 
from  the  larvte  of  Anthcmyia  canicularia,  which  has  been 
more  commonly  voided  under  similar  cirpumstances. 
Mr.  Curtis  mentioned  a  case  in  which  the  larvae  of  a 
species  of  Muscida;  had  been  voided  by  a  boa  constrictor, 
and  llr.  Westwood  stated  that  several  of  the  serpents 
and  lizards  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  which  had  been 
fed  with  flies,  had  subsequently  died  in  consequence  of 
the  larviE  of  the  flies  hatching  in  their  intestines. 
Mr.  S.  Stevens  exhibited  various  beautiful  exotic  Lepi- 
doptera from  Brazil,  collected  by  Mr.  Bates,  as  well  as 
from  Richmond  River,  New  Holland,  and  Shanghai. 
Mr.  F.  Bond  exhibited  a  monstrous  chrysalis  of  Sphinx 
ligustri,  the  tongue  case  of  which  was  bifid.^ 
Mr.  A.  White  exhibited  a  large  water  insect  (Belostoma 
sp.),  of  wliieh  a  great  cloud  had  been  observed  in  the 
air,  over  the  Persiafi  Gulf,  by  tlie  captain  of  the  vessel 
which  had  brought  over  the  recent  cargo  of  the  Nineveh 
marbles,  and  Mr.  W.  W.  Saunders  stated  that  this 
insect  often  visited  lighted  apartments  after  dark  in 
India. — Mr.  S.  Stevens  exhibited  specimens  of  Dry- 
ophilus  anobioides,  reared  (for  the  third  year)  from 
dried  broom  ^stumps, , and  Mr.  F.Smith  stated  that  he- 


11— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


1«7 


had  aunually  bred  numbers  of  Ochiua  ptinoides  from 
Ivy  stumps. —  Mr.  Cui'tis  communicated  a  plan  for 
cleansing  insects  from  mould,  by  means  of  the  vapour 
of  spiz'its  of  wine,  as  practised  by  Signer  Giuliani  in 
Italy  ;  and  Mr.  Douglas  read  a  note  on  tlio  habits  of 
the  larva  of  Phorodesmia  smaragdariaj  translated  from 
the  German  of  Dr.  Koch. 


iLlebieius, 


The  British  Species  of  Anpiocarpous  Lichens,  elucidated 

ly  their  Sporidla.   By  the  Rev.  W.  A.  Leighton,  B.A. 

London  :  Printed  for  the  Ray  Society,  1851.      8vo., 

pp.  101,  tab.  lith.  xx.\. 
Too  little  regard  has  been  paid,  especially  in  this 
country,  to  the  reproductive  organs  of  Lichens  to  which 
tlie  attention  of  physiologists  has  lately  been  called  by 
the  observations  of  Itzigsohn  and  others.  The  work 
before  us  is  intended  to  remedy  in  part  this  reproach,  but 
though  extremely  useful,  as  far  as  it  goes,  the  execution 
is  very  far  from  beingequal  to  the  conception.  The  iigures 
are  extremely  rough,  and  though  the  forms  of  the  sporidia 
are  well  given,  the  sections  .are  by  no  means  so  neatly  or 
so  well  made  out  as  the  present  demands  of  science 
require.  The  author  does  not  seem  to  be  acquainted 
with  the  observations  of  De  Notaris  in  the  same 
direction,  and  amongst  matters  of  detail  he  does  not 
always  refer  to  the  place  wdiere  the  best  information  is 
to  be  obtained  ;  as  for  instance  under  Spbjerophora, 
though  he  adverts  to  the  observations  of  De  Montague, 
he  does  not  mention  the  admir.able  figure  and  notes  of 
Dr.  Hooker  in  the  "  Flora  Antarctica."  As  the  author 
promises  another  series  of  these  observ.ations,  we  think 
it  not  superfluous  to  throw  out  the  above  hints,  espe- 
cially calling  attention  to  the  necessity,  in  dissections,  of 
giving  something  lilce  a  representation  of  the  structure 
of  the  frond,  which  is  of  nearly  as  mucli  importance  as 
the  organs  of  fructification,  though  much,  more  difficult 
of  investigation  ;  the  shape  of  the  asci  too,  ought  always 
to  be  at  least  described,  and  also  that  of  the  paraphyses, 
which  appears  to  have  been  generally  neglected.  These 
are  of  great  importance  in  the  Lichens  with  .an  open  disc, 
the  condition  of  the  surface  of  which  requires  close 
e.xamination.  The  characters  too  of  the  species 
e.\amined  should  be  given,  as  well  as  of  the  fruit. 

It  has  been  objected  by  some  that  the  dissections  are 
not  accompanied  by  figures  of  the  general  appearance  of 
the  species,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  addi- 
tional expense  would  have  been  great,  and  veryTiad 
lithography  is  absolutely  unfit  for  matters  which  require 
great  skill  in  designing,  and  clearness  of  outline.  As 
the  sources  from  whence  the  specimens  (generally 
authentic),  were  derived  are  uniformly  indicated,  the 
botanist  may  be  content  to  refer  to  the  figures  which 
are  quoted.  The  preceding  renuarks,  we  would  observe, 
are  made  in  no  unfriendly  spirit,  but  iu  the  hope  of 
rendering  the  succeeding  volume  or  volumes  more 
perfect. 

Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs.  Henderso.n's  Nursery,  Pine-apple-place. — 
At  the  present  season — when  hard  frosts  and  cold 
north-easterly  winds  prevail,  when  pits  are  closely 
matted  up  at  night,  and  when  everything  out  of  doors 
that  is  at  all  tender  is  protected— it  is  quite  refreshing 
on  entering  the  show-house  here  to  find  oneself,  as  it 
were,  in  the  midst  of  a  miniature  garden  gay  with  blos- 
soms, as  in  the  month  of  M.ay.  We  have  seldom  seen 
this  house  look  more  interesting  than  it  does  just  now. 
The  shelves  and  tables  are  literally  loaded  with  flower- 
ing plants,  and  these  are  happily  such  as  a  person  with 
even  very  limited  means  might  have  in  bloom  about 
this  time  of  year ;  for  most  of  them  require  but 
very  little  forcing.  Here  we  had  a  most  beau- 
tiful collection  of  Hyacinths  in  bloom  ;  there, 
a  batch  of  Camellias ;  while  the  rest  was  made 
up  of  Pelargoniums,  Cinerarias,  Cytisus  racemosus. 
Azaleas,  Tree  Mignonette,  Violets,  spring  Heaths, 
Cyclamens,  Primulas,  Lilacs,  F.au-y  Roses,  Tulips, 
Crocuses,  and  Narcissi.  Among  Pelargoniums  the  best 
for  early  work  are  acknowledged  to  be  Album  multi- 
florum,  Washington,  and  Gauntlet.  The  latter  is 
extremely  showy  on  account  of  its  fine  colour,  and  it 
requires  very  little  artificial  excitement  to  bring  it  into 
blossom.  Napier  is  the  earliest  of  all  ;  but  its  flowers 
are  so  mfcrior  in  beauty  to  those  of  tlie  kinds  we  have 
jost  mentioned,  that  it  has  rather  fallen  into  disrepute. 
Of  Hyacinlhfl,  Waterloo  (double  red),  and  Vanqueur 
(smgle  white),  are  among  the  very  best  for  early 
flowering.  Nimrod  is  a  good  single  light  bine,  and 
Amicus  a  fine  dark  blue.  Among  Tulips,  the  Double 
Yellow  Tourncsolc,  and  the  Double  dark  red  Rex 
Bubrorum,  are  most  esteemed.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
and_  Prince  Albert  Crocu.ws  are  kinds  worthy  of 
notice  on  account  of  their  size  and  befiuty.  Wo 
had  nearly  omitted  to  mention  that  we  saw  in  this 
house  a   pot    full    of   the   opposite-leaved    Saxifrage, 

2uilc  a  mass  of  round,  lively,  gay  pink  flowers. 
"or  early  spring  decoration  this  plant  is  well 
worth  attention,  as  is  also  the  pretty  Primula 
altaica  from  the  neighbourhood  of  the  lioHphorus. 
Both  may  be  ha<l  in  (lower  willi  very  little 
trouble.  All  tliat  is  required  is  merely  to  lift 
them  out  of  the  open  border,  bring  them  forward  in  a 
cold  pit,  and,  when  in   bloHHom,  remove  them   to  the 

?"ccnliou8c  shelf,  where  they  are  very  ornamental.     The 
elarKoniums  in  the  two  houses  next  the  show-house, 
M  well  as  those  in  the  specimen  house,  looked  promising. 


TheOrchids  were  neatly  arranged  and  in  good  health  ;  but 
with  the  exception  of  the  VVallich  Phaius,  a  Dendrobe 
or  two,  and  some  Oncids,  few  of  them  were  in  bloom. 
In  the  Heath-house  the  handsome  Epacris  Hyacintluc- 
flora  c.andidissima,  was  finely  in  flower.  This  is  cer- 
tainly the  best  of  the  white  kinds.  In  the  specimen 
house  several  plants  of  the  Intermediate  Eriostemon 
were  in  full  bloom  even  at  this  early  season,  and  the  free- 
flowering  small  growing  E.  scabrum  was  just  beginning  to 
expand.  The  lilac-blossomed  Mirbelia  floribunda  was 
very  handsome,  as  was  also  the  white-flowered  Gnidia 
pinifolia.  Small  plants  of  the  charming  Hovea  pungens 
were  also  exceedingly  gay,  as  were  some  of  the  smaller 
Acacias,  which  are  suitable  for  pot  culture.  Those 
plants,  however,  which  would  perhaps  be  the  greatest 
favourites  with  most  people,  were  two  noble  specimens  of 
Dielytra  spectabilis,  ornamented  with  fine  racemes, 
clothed  with  pink  flowers  for  at  least  a  foot  in  length. 
One  of  these  plants,  well  furnished  with  fine  foliage  and 
gay  blossoms, measured  quite  3feet  in  height,and  as  much 
in  diameter.  The  floral  displ.ay  in  the  Camellia-house, 
though  now  past  its  best,  is  still  well  kept  up.  Notwith- 
standing the  cold  winds  we  h.ave  experienced,  even  the 
dehcate  petals  of  the  flowers  here  preserve  their  beauty 
unimpaired.  Ipomosa  HorsfalliEe  was  developing  its 
lovely  blossoms  in  one  of  the  stoves  in  which 
Stephanotis  floribunda  has  just  been  cleaned  and 
re-trained.  In  a  collection  of  variegjited  plants  in 
this  house,  was  Maranta  (?)  sanguinea  in  bloom,  and  a 
really  handsome  thing  it  is,  fully  confirming  our  account 
of  it  at  p.  151.  Messrs.  Henderson  have  also  a  new 
Draccena,  called  nobilis,  which  promises  to  be  even 
handsomer  than  termiualis.  The  leaves  are  broader, 
and  quite  as  highly  coloui'ed. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Culture  of  the  Tree  Carnation. — This  charming 
plant  is  commonly  called  the  Winter-flowering  Carna- 
tion, from  the  desii'able  characteristic  it  possesses  of 
blooming  throughout  that  season.  The  name  of  Tree 
Carnation  may  be  familiar  to  some  of  your  readers,  as 
the  plant  itself  is  not  of  recent  introduction,  although 
very  few  varieties  seem  originally  to  have  been  known, 
and  those  have  now  been  entirely  superseded  by  sorts 
lately  imported  ;  foi*  it  is  our  continental  neigh- 
bours who  have  been  so  successful  in  raising  them, 
and  to  whom  we  are  principally  indebted  for  these 
invaluable  acquisitions  ;  for  not  only  are  the  varieties 
now  more  diversified  in  colour,  but  their  growtli 
and  habit  are  altogether  improved.  In  addition 
to  their  bright  and  varied  colours,  they  are  deliciously 
fragrant,  a  desideratum  which  cannot  be  too  higldy 
appreciated,  some  of  the  varieties  being  equal  in  per- 
fume to  the  common  Clove.  Persons  desirous  of 
cultivating  this  tribe  of  Carnations  should  procure 
nice  young  plants,  and  keep  them  in  a  cool  frame 
until  the  weather  permits  them  to  be  exposed  entirely 
to  the  open  air,  but  at  this  season  the  lights  should 
be  taken  off  whenever  it  is  practicable.  Those  who  have 
old  plants  should  strike  cuttings  this  month,  as  young 
plants  grow  rapidly  throughout  the  summer,  and  make 
by  far  the  best  specimens  for  winter  blooming.  Before 
taking  cuttings,  the  plants  should  be  put  into  a  warm 
house,  or  one  that  is  kept  rather  close  ;  and  those  who 
have  not  this  convenience  should  put  them  in  the 
warmest  part  of  the  greenhouse  ;  if  this  is  done, 
the  plants  are  excited  to  grow,  and  if  the  cuttings 
are  then  taken  off,  they  will  strike  root  more  readily, 
Care  should  be  taken  to  strike  only  from  vigorous 
plants,  and  to  select  strong  and  healthy  cuttings; 
for  if  this  is  not  done,  and  the  cuttings  are 
taken  from  delicate  and  caukery  plants,  the  colours 
of  some  of  the  varieties  are  inclined  to  run,  besides 
which,  the  plants  always  maintain  a  sickly  appearance. 
Tree  Carnations  will  supply  an  abundance  of  cuttings, 
as  most  of  the  varieties  continually  throw  out  a  profusion 
of  laterals,  which  can  be  taken  off  at  any  season  with- 
out injury  to  the  parent  plant  ;  indeed,  taking  a  few  of 
them  off  in  autumn  has  rather  a  tendency  to  strengthen 
the  flowering  shoots  than  otherwise.  To  insure  cutting? 
taking  root,  either  late  in  autumn  or  at  this  season,  they 
must  be  struck  in  a  little  heat,  but  the  cutting  pots 
sliould  not  be  covered  with  a  glass,  for  if  this  is  done, 
the  cuttings  will  fog  or  damp  off;  besides  which  it  is 
not  necessary;  and  if  no  glass  be  used,  they  will  want 
occasionally  looking  over,  and  any  Grass  carefully 
removed  that  is  likely  to  create  damp.  After  the 
cuttings  are  well  rooted  they  should  bo  potted  singly 
into,  say,  4-inch  pot'i,  and  kept  in  a  rather  close  and 
moist  atmosphere  until  fully  established,  when  they 
sliould  be  gradually  hardened  off  in  a  cool  frame.  At 
this  stage  tlic  top.4  miiy  be  pinched  out,  which  will 
greatly  assist  the  formation  of  nice  plants.  To  those 
who  have  not  the  convenience  of  fiuppl^'jng  warmth  for 
striking  cuttings  during  winter,  1  should  reconnncud 
their  being  struck  at  the  latter  end  of  summev,  to  be 
potted  ofl'and  kept  in  a  cool  framo  during  the  winter, 
care  being  taken  to  keep  thciu  rather  dry — arulo  whicli 
should  always  be  observed  in  wintering  Carnations. 
The  cutting  potH  bliould  bo  prepared  by  first  giving  a 
good  druinago  of  any  fiherds  of  a  porous  nature,  then  a 
few  rough  pieces  of  turfy  loam  to  prevent  tho  soil  from 
b'-ing  carried  through  tho  Bhcrds;  after  thip,  lake 
'•qiial  proportioHH  of  loaru  and  silver  Hand,  mix  toge- 
ther, and  iill  until  within  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of 
the  rim,  then  comp!(;te  by  Hliiiig  up  with  silver  sand. 
Tree  Caruutiona  will  thrive  luxuriantly  inagood  maiden 
soil  or  loam  mixed  with  a  little  ailvor  sand,  to  which 


may  be_  added  a  slight  sprinkling  of  leal-mould:  tho 
same  soil  may  be  used  throughout  the  season,  except 
when  the  plants  are  first  shiited  from  the  store  pot^ 
when  a  little  more  silver  sand  should  be  used.  In  spring 
(he  plants  should  be  removed  from  the  frame,  and 
placed  upon  an  open  border,  in  any  favourable 
situation  ;  but  first  prepare  it  by  spreading  a  thin 
layer _  of  » ashes,  which  will  prevent  worms  from 
entering  the  pot3.  If  at  this  time  tlie  plants  require 
potting,  a  shift  should  be  given  them,  but  care  must 
be  taken  not  to  over-pot  them.  I  find  that  many 
varieties  thrive  better  if  gradually  shifted  into  their 
blooming  pots,  say  first  from  3-inch  into  a  G-ingh 
pot,  and  so  on  in  proportion.  The  plants  are  compara- 
tively no  trouble  during  summer  ;  they  merely  want 
watering,  and  sometimes  stirring  up  the  surface  soil ; 
but  as  they  gi'ow,  care  must  be  taken  to  secure  the 
stems  nicely  with  some  neat  sticks.  The  principal 
insec  8  that  attack  them  are  the  green  flies;  and 
these  are  easily  removed  by  sprinkling  with  a  little 
tobacco-water.  If  tho  weather  and  situation  prove 
excessively  hot  in  the  summer,  the  plants  may  be 
removed  with  advantage  to  a  border  that  is  sUglitly 
shaded  from  the  mid-day  sun.  If  the  above  mode  of 
treatment  is  followed,  by  the  autumn  the  plants  will 
have  thrown  up  from  tlu'ee  to  eight  stepis  each, 
and  be  laden  with  a  profusion  of  buds,  which,  if 
the  plants  are  removed  to  a  greenlxouse  as  soon  as 
the  weather  is  beginning  to  get  damp  and  cold,  will  ex- 
pand, and  affcTd  a  continuance  of  blossom  throughout 
the  winter.  These  Carnations  are  not  only  valuable  for 
their  display  in  the  greenhouse,  but  are,  I  may  say, 
unequalled  as  a  \yinter  flower  for  the  bouquet  and 
other  piu-poses,  to  which  cut  flowers  are  applie^. 
Tlie  following  are  the  names  and  colours  of  12  of  the 
best  and  most  distinct  varieties  : — Attila,  scarlet  and 
white  flake  ;  Belle  Zox'a,  salmon  pink,  striped  and 
mottled  withcrimson  ;Cassandi-a,  bright  cerise;  Gertrude, 
lavender,  mottled  with  white  ;  Incomparable,  deep  rose, 
striped  with  crimson  ;  La  Sermi,  blush  white,  mottled 
with  rose  ;  La  Vestale,  scarlet  self ;  Le  Zephir,  purple  ; 
Madonna,  blush,  striped,  and  mottled  with  crimson  ; 
Proserpine,  large  dark  crimson  ;  The  Baron,  white, 
mottled  with  rose  on  the  edge  ;  Union,  crimson,  mottled 
with  white.    William  Bull,  WdVmgton-voad. 

Mr.  Norman's  Carnations  and  Pjcotees  which  were 
sold  the  other  day  by  Mr.  Protheroe,  fetched  28^.  for 
100  pairs,  being  more  than  '6s.  per  pair  ;  several  lots  of 
Mrs.  Norman  and  similar  scfirce  kinds  reaHsed  6s.,  Is.^ 
and  85.  per  pair.  /.  E. 

Adeicdlab  and  Poltantoctses  :  Stranger.  Now  that  the  flower- 
buds  are  apparent,  encouraEe  by  pot^d  treatment.  J,  E. 

Camellias  :  A,  Liverpool.  When  in  town  visit  the  nursery 
referred  to,  an(i  jou  will  see  the  leading  varieties  in  flower, 
when  3'ou  should  belect  for  joiirself;  a  eelecLion  thus  made 
must  afford  more  gratification  than  when  left  to  "  an 
authority;"  tastes  like  doctors  liiffer,  J.  E. 

Catalogue  received  from  Mr.  John  Salter,  Versailles  Nursery, 
flammersmih.  J,  £. 

CiNERABrAB:  F  and  J  Smith.  An  interesting  batch,  and  evi- 
dently from  a  good  strain.  J.  E.—D  F.  AH  pretty  ;  but 
wantinfr  in  many  properties  esteemed  by  fluriits.  They  came 
in  excellent  condition.  J.  E. 

Dahlia:  Lizzy  is  the  very  acme  of  form  and  highly  attractive, 
on  account  of  i's  cheerful  colour  ;  it  will  never  be  more  than  a 
front  row  flower;  it  is  of  Biiminyham  orif^in  :  Scarlet  Xing 
was  noticed  at  the  tinjf-.    Sve  frept.  20,  1851.  J.  E. 

Pankies  :  W B.  You  should  by  all  means  take  ofE  the  early 
buds,  the  shoots  n  ill  be  strenpthcned  by  the  operation  ;  top- 
dressing  will  not  be  needed  antesa  the  plants  are  in  vigorous 
growth  ;  any  time  this  monih  will  do.  Keep  down  green-fly 
by  fumigation. ./.  E. 

Pelaroonidms  :  IK  C.  Sorts  advertised  for  sending  out  last 
autumn  may  now  be  had  in  the  shape  of  fresh  struck  cut- 
ting."!, at  a  less  price  no  doubt,  but  you  will  save  nothing  by 
buying  such  things  ;  a  phtat  at  a  guinea  obtained  early  and 
well  grown,  is  now  fully  worth  what  it  cost;  moreover  it  is 
probable  that  a  cutting  or  two  could  have  been  made  from 
the  original  plant.  Look  to  our  report  at  page  727,  1S51, 
where  all  that  were  rewarded  by  the  "Mational"  are 
enumerated.  J.  E. 

Pinks  :  T.  The  top-droflsing  may  bo  got  on  as  socri  as  the  frost 
has  left  the  ground;  it  would  bo  imprudent  to  use  it  when 
the  surface  soil  of  your  beds  is  frozen  ;  fortunately,  we  had 
ours  thickly  distributed  previously  to  tho  present  barJ 
weather.  Wo  anticipate  that  much  of  tho  usual  upjifiirig 
after  frostE  win  he  avoided;  if  so,  to  the  no  little  welfare  of 
our  stock.  Pinks,  perhaps,  are  at  this  season  Itss  prep^OB- 
sessing  in  their  appearance  than  most  stock,  nor  will  they 
improve  till  some  warm  wea'her  and  mild  showers  set  ihem 
growinp.  J.  E.— Thomas  JI.  It  is  ut-eless  to  give  a  Hat  now, 
as  no  good  would  lesult  from  planting  at  this  season. 
Reftr  to  our  volume  of  lust  year.  J.  E. 

Seedlings  :  O  Q.  We  cannot  think  ^eedling8  are  admittea 
into  competition  with  "flowers  out,''  in  the  general  class 
showing,  at  the  Society  in  question  ;  you  nuiat,  therefore,  be 
in  error  as  regards  Diihlia  I'hantom.  J.  E. 

NoKTU  London  Ekuiiution  Dax  for  Chrysanthemums  is  fixed 
ivT  KovLMiiber  2a.  J  E. 


Miscellaneous. 

£:vih  of  mdlscrimiuatdy  Watering  Plants  in  Ppp 
immediately  after  hdng  shifted  .—To  insert  cuttings  of 
plants,  particularly  tliose  of  a  soft,  woody,  or  succulent 
nature,  into  nmist  nuiterials,  Ijui'ore  the  wounds  made  in 
preparing  them  arc  healed  over,  is  often  attended  wilh 
fatal  consequence.s,  from  the  moisture  iinding  its  woy 
into  the  pores  of  the  plant,  thereby  cauaing  pulrcfactipn 
and  decay.  Tho  woody  parts  of  plants  behig  more 
consolidated  and  less  porous  than  their  roots,  aro  alto- 
gether less  calculated  to  imbibe  an  undue  portion  of 
moisture,  yet  we  find  that  even  these  do  so  to  a  most 
injurious  extent  ;  therefore,  we  may  reasonably  con- 
clude that  roots  mutilated  and  placed  in  tho  same  cir- 
cumstancoa  woidtl  have  a  greater  chance,  from  their 
peculiar  organization,  to  Buffer  from  such  acuuso  ;  nor 
can  there  remain  a  doubt  that  tlicy  do  so,  TIiIb  points 
out  atj  most  injudicious,  Uio  practice  of  turning  plants 
out  of  their  pots,  reducing  their  balls,  as  tho  cnso  may 


168 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


TMahch  13, 


Tootlet  in  a  worse  position  than  a  cutting,  and  then 
-finishing  the  operation  by  giving  a  good  drenching  of 
--(Vater,  which,  as  we  have  already  seen,  must  make  dire 
havoc  among  the  previously  reduced  channels  by  which 
-the  plants  receives  itsfood.  Such  is,  in  a  grent  measure, 
•the  cause  of  delicate  plants  suffering  so  much  from 
shifting,  of  the  check  they  receive,  unless  the  operation 
"he  carefully  performedj  and  consequent  lo3s  of  time  in 
recovering  from  its  effects.  Still  this  is  an  every-day 
-practice,  that  has  descended  to  us  hallowed  by  the  cus- 
toms of  ages,  and  sanctioned  by  the  highest  authorities. 
"Who  ever  heard  of  directions  for  shifting  or  potting 
-plants,  that  did  not  end  thus  I — Give  the  whole  a  good 
■watering,  to  settle  the  mould  in  the  pots,  ?fnd  the  opera- 
•tion  is  completed.  After  shifting  or  transplanting 
plants  in  hot  weather,  when  a  dry  atmosphere  causes, 
f>y  excessive  evaporation,  an  unusual  drain  upon  the 
rootSj  the  necessity  of  a  supply  will  soon  become  appa- 
I'ent  ;  and  administering  it  under  such  circumstances  is 
less  injurious  than  under  any  other,  from  tlie  activity 
TQaintained  in  every  part  of  the  plant,  rendering  stag- 
nation an  unlikely  occurrence.  But  even  then,  when 
.practicable,  it  is  better  to  confine  them  in  a  close  moist 
atmosphere,  which,  with  water  over-liead  and  shade, 
■will  enable  them  to  exist  through  the  medium  of  the 
"leaves  until  growing  has  commenced,  and  the  roots  are 
in  a  condition  to  receive,  without  injury,  the  necessary 
supply.  It  is,  however,  when  there  is  a  deficiency  of 
lieat,  vegetation  languid,  and  a  corresponding  danger 
'from  excess  of  moisture,  that  such  precaution  is  most 
required,  and  the  contrary  practice  most  hurtful. 
Among  seedlings  of  tender  sorts,  the  mortality  from 
such  maltreatment  is  truly  great  ;  and  when  the  im- 
■possibility  of  transplanting  such  without,  in  some  shape, 
hurting  their  few  and  almost  unformed  spongioles, 
scai'cely  more  consolidated  than  tlie  fluid  in  which 
they  are  thoughtlessly  immersed,  is  considered, 
•their  certain  destruction  is  not  to  be  wondered  at. 
The  advantages  these  derive  from  the  treatment  de- 
scribed, led  me  first  to  examine  more  closely  what 
I  deem  a  matter  of  much  importance.  Before 
quitting  the  subject  I  may  add,  that  the  injury 
inflicted  by  such  treatment  is  not  confined  to  plants 
alone  ;  the  soil,  also,  is  oftentimes  irreparably  injured. 
It  has  been  placed  between  the  sides  of  the  pot  and  the 
root-bound  ball  containing  the  plant,  where,  being  in  a 
.  comparatively  loose  state,  it  receives  the  whole  of  the 
water  that  is  considered  sufficient  to  moisten  the  whole 
"mass  ;  as,  where  there  is  so  little  resistance,  it  is  as 
effectually  repelled  by  the  hard,  and  much  more  by  a 
dry,  ball  as  by  the  sides  of  the  pot.  This  reduces  what 
has  been  added  to  tlie  condition  of  a  puddle,  and  in  this 
-state  it  stands  a  good  chance  of  being  baked  as  hard  as 
•a  brick.  At  all  events,  it  has  been  totally  unfitted  to 
^afford  that  nourishment  to  the  plant  it  otherwise  would 
have  done.  Such  consequences  may  be  avoided  by 
•applying  moisture  gradually  ;  but  if  some  time  is  allowed 
to  elapse  there  is  not  so  much  to  fear,  even  from  the 
rusual  soaking,  as  the  old  and  new  material  must,  in  the 
interim,  have  become  equally  dry  ;  a  state,  let  it  be 
remembered,  indispensable  to  the  thorough  incorporation 
■of  such  materials.  Hovey''s  Magazine  of  IlorlicuUiirc. 

Death  of  Mr,  Oldaher. — We  regret  to  have  to  an- 
nounce the  death  of  Mr.  Oldaker,  which  took  place  on 
the  9th  inst.,  at  a  very  advanced  age.  He  was  gardener 
to  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  and  we  believe  received  a  pension 
from  the  Emperor  of  Eussla  till  his  death.  He  was  "  a 
practical  gardener"  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of 
London,  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  Fellow. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the    ensidng   ifcelc.) 

PLANT.nOUSES. 

As  active  growth  has  now  begun  with  the  inmates  of 

'  these  houses,  great  care  should  be  taken,  by  the  free 

admission  of  air  at  all  opportunities,  and  by  keeping  the 

'  plants  at  a  sufficient  distance  apart,  to  prevent  drawing. 

Directly,  therefore,  the  newly-potted  plants  have  taken 

to  their  shift,  place  them  in  situations  where  they  can 

obtain  the  necessary  amount  of  light  and  ventilation. 

'  Syringe  stove  and   soft-wooded   plants    generally  with 

■  tepid  water,  on  the  afternoons  of  sunny  days  ;  and  keep 

a  good  amount  of  ventilation  to  hard-wooded  green- 

■'  house  plants,  but  avoid  anything  like  currents  of  cold 

'  ah*.     Tie,  and  train  into  some  desired  shape,  everything 

requiring    such    assistance,    as   the  growth    proceeds. 

'Orchid  House. — Those   kinds   commenced   their   new 

growth,     will    z-equire    a    warm,    moist    atmosphere  ; 

particularly  Vandas,  Aerides,  Saccolabiums,  and  their 

allies,  which  should  be  placed  at  the  warm  end  of  the 

house,  if  a  separate  house  is  not  appropriated  to  their 

■groAVth.     Daily  shading  will  be  necessary,  and  frequent 

syringing,  to  preserve  the  required  humidity  ;  keep  a 

sharp  look  out  for  insects,  which  are  a  sad  pest  to  these 

plants.     Any  kinds  required  for  late  blooming  may  be 

removed  to  a  somewhat  cooler  temperature,  now  the 

regular  house  is  kept  up  to  its  maximum  point,  which 

should  not  be  under  65**  by  night,  with  a  proportionate 

day  temperature, 

FORCING   DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — Sti-ong  young  canes,  the  first  year  of  bear- 
"ing,  when  left  any  considerable  length,  are  difficult  to 
■break  regularly  ;  such  should  be  bent  backwards,  to 
■allow  the  eyes  at  the  lower  end  to  push  equally  with  the 
topmost  ;  after  which  they  may  be  trained  in  their 
proper  position  during  bright  sun.  The  leaves  of  Vines, 
■where  the  border  is  at  all  cold  or  wet,  often  flag;  the 
J  best  preventive  of  this  is  to  cover  the  border  with  warm 
•'■d«ng  and  leaves  before  forcing  commences.     If  such  has 


nui  been  dojic,  lie  :\iub.-3  ntaily  I'ound  tlit;  znani  stem  up 
to  the  top  of  the  house,  which,  by  being  kept  damp,  will 
'ceep  the  bark  moist,  and  facilitate  the  flow  of  sap 
upwards.  Remove  this  immediately  the  roots  in  the 
border  get  in  an  active  state.  Vines  in  the  late  houses 
now  breaking  or  swelling  their  buds,  should  be  frequently 
damped,  to  keep  the  bark  moist  for  the  above  reasons, 
although  their  roots  may  be  in  a  perfectly  healthy  state. 
Pjnery. — In  whatever  way  Pines  are  grown,  the  present 
month  is  the  best  in  which  to  commence  proceedings  ; 
when  the  plants  grow  in  a  bed  of  free  soil,  heated  either 
by  hot-water  pipes,  or  by  linings  of  hot  stable-dung 
applied  underneath  (which  is  the  more  general  plan  in 
the  neighbom-hood  of  Paris),  much  less  trouble  i'ollows 
their  cultivation,  and  as  a  rule,  heavier  fruit  is  the 
result.  The  greater  part  of  the  Pines,  however,  in  this 
country  are  in  pots,  and  to  these  our  directions  are 
intended  to  apply.  Amongst  all  the  ingredients  recom- 
mended for  growing  them,  use  only  those  soJt  yellow 
turfy  loams,  so  highly  prized  for  potting  in  general;  if 
such  is  poor,  a  small  portion  of  well-rotted  manure  may 
be  added  ;  this  compost  is  quite  sufficient  for  every 
purpose  of  pot  culture.  Where  the  plants  grow  in  the 
open  soil  of  a  bed,  one  half  of  turfy  peat  may  be  added, 
with  a  portion  of  sand  ;  many  good  growers  use  all 
peat, —  we  ourselves  have  procured  heavier  Pines  from 
loam  in  its  pure  state,  assisted  by  weak  manure  water- 
ings :  in  potting,  let  the  first  shift  be  a  small  one,  and 
if  our  previous  directions  have  been  followed,  the  roots 
will  have  made  some  progress,  and  nothing  further  will 
be  required  than  the  removal  of  any  worn-out  soil  from 
the  ball,  and  the  liberation  of  the  roots.  On  the  open 
bed  system,  when  the  plants  are  intended  to  fruit,  they 
should  be  placed  at  a  sufficient  distance  apart,  to  allow 
lor  their  ultimate  gi'owth,  in  which  be  guided  by  the 
kind  of  Pine  planted.  As  a  rule,  Providences  and  large 
growing  kinds  will  requu'e  3  ft.  in  the  row,  and  2  ft. 
between  the  rows,  and  Queens  a  somewhat  less  distance. 
After  potting  let  the  plants  be  replunged  in  a  bottom 
heat  of  85^,  at  a  distance  to  allow  for  their  growth  till 
next  potting  time. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Wherever  a  continuous  show  of  flowers  (through  the 
season)  is  an  object,  allow  me  again*  to  recommend  a 
well  assorted  collection  of  herbaceous  plants,  for, 
although  they  are  not  so  well  adapted  for  the  parterre 
as  their  more  fashionable  congeners,  yet  the  beauty, 
variety,  and  lengthened  period  through  which  they 
delight  us,  ought  to  procure  for  them  a  universal  intro- 
duction. What  can  be  finer  than  some  of  the  Delphi- 
niums, Phloxes,  Lychnis,  Gentians,  and  a  host  of 
things,  similar  in  habit,  keeping  up  a  succession  of 
bloom  from  April  to  November  1  Make  good,  by 
constant  propagation,  any  deficiencies  not  yet  filled  up 
in  the  stock  of  plants  required  for  the  open  borders  in 
May.  Thei'e  are  several  things  of  which  a  large 
quantity  required  for  edging  and  other  purposes, 
and  which  may  be  planted  out  at  once  from  the  cutting- 
pan  ;  amongst  these  the  dwarf  Lobelias  are  indis- 
pensable, and  should  be  propagated  in  large  quantities. 
As  the  time  for  gradually  hardening  off  these  things  is 
approaching,  get  them  so  arranged  that  plants  requir- 
ing similar  management  may  be  placed  together. 
Presuming  the  pruning  in  this  department  is  finished, 
and  the  necessary  additions  of  manure  and  fresh  soil 
made  lo  the  borders,  let  the  lawns,  &c.,  have  a  good 
sweeping,  and  afterwards  be  well  rolled  two  or  three 
times,  that  the  turf  may  be  clean  and  firm,  before 
mowing,  which  in  some  places  will  soon  be  requisite. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  present  frosty  nights,  with  clear  cold  days,  wi 
require  increased  vigilance  to  fruit  trees  against  walls  ; 
everything  at  present  is  in  favour  of  a  crop,  and  the 
present  low  temperature  is  decidedly  beneficial,  by  re- 
tarding the  period  of  blooming.  Plums,  Cherries,  aiid 
the  best  kinds  of  Pears,  on  east  and  west  walls,  should 
have  some  kind  of  protection  given  them  before  the 
bloom  expands  ;  for  this  purpose  (and  for  south  walls  as 
well),  we  use  temporary  wooden  copings,  1  ft.  wide,  as 
a  conservative,  and  the  trees  are  further  protected  with 
either  double  fish  netting,  or  Beech  spray.  Finish  the 
pruning  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees  ;  and  the  training  of 
espaliers  and  wall  trees  should  be  finished  without  delay. 

KITCHEN  GAHDEN. 
The  principal  work  here  is  the  getting  in  the  various 
crops  named  in  last  week's  Calendar.  The  planting 
out  of  Cauliflowers,  &c.,  there  recommended,  should, 
however,  be  suspended  till  a  change  of  weather  occurs. 
In  most  places  the  land  is  in  capital  order,  and  the 
planting  of  Potatoes  should  now  be  brought  to  a  close 
as  quickly  as  possible.  Trench,  or  dig  over  roughly, 
,  any  plots  not  immediately  required  for  cropping,  to 
give  them  the  advantage  of  the  weather.  Now  the  land 
is  dry  take  the  opportunity  of  wheeling  sufficient  dung 
to  the  vegetable  quarters  to  serve  for  the  season,  that  a 
final  cleaning  up  of  the  quarters  may  be  made  prepara- 
tory to  putting  the  gravel  walks  and  paths  in  a  state  of 
complete  repair  for  the  summer.  Kidney  Beans  sow 
evex'y  fortnight  in  pots,  using  a  richer  soil  as  the  days 
advance,  and  guard  against  thrips  and  red  spider,  which 
infest  this  favourite  vegetable  when  forced  in  houses  ; 
to  avoid  this  a  pit  should  be  appropriated  to  their 
growth  after  this  time,  if  such  is  heated  with  hot  water, 
and  the  Beans  are  planted  18  inches  from  the  glass  on 
a  foot  of  light  rich  soil,  over  a  slight  bottom  heat,  they 
will  save  much  anxiety,  and  amply  repay  for  pit  room  ; 
a  temperature  of  60"  should  be  maintained  to  grow  them 
fully.  The  last  Mushroom  bed  may  be  made  for  the 
season,  unless  special  reasons  exist  for  growing  them 
throughout  the  summer. 


State  t 

I  :Le  Wca^Ler  uear  LouJod,  for  tbe  week  endiu;;  .U.iicti  11,  lr.iL 
as  obaerved  at  the  Uorticullurai  Gardens.  Ciiiswick. 

« 

1               Tbsipbbatu&x. 

March 

< 

"c 

S 
s 

14 

B^aOMSTBIl. 

Wind. 

Of  the  Air. 

OJ  the  Earth 

■s 

Mas. 

Ml.. 

Max. 

Mia.  Mean 

1  foot|3  feet 
deep.  1  deep. 

Fr.Uay.. 

5 

30.7:19 

30G-I3       43 

19    1  32.0 

3G 

37 

SR, 

,011 

Satur.  .. 

ti 

o   nii.yni 

30.69a 

4S 

25 

35.5 

36 

37 

N  K 

■lilt 

Suutlfly  . 

;■ 

16!   H0.L6i 

30.&79 

50 

23 

39. » 

'M 

36 

S.V.. 

.Oil 

Monday 

s 

17:  3u.^^;i 

30.159 

49 

31 

,-<fi^ 

M 

N,K. 

.111'' 

Tues.   .. 

;i 

18,  ao.Jie 

30.;8i: 

5-2 

30 

■■M^ 

N.K, 

.(Id 

111 

19    30,382  :  30.300 

41! 

■.!(! 

37  ^ 

K. 

.Kl 

Thurs... 

11 

20j  30.iJ(l  1  30.217 

45 

31 

39.5 

381        37i 

N.E. 

.w 

Avpra^p 

30^36    1  30.4(9  '  47-5      275 

375 

36  9    ■  36.9 

01 

March  3— sharp  fiosi;  cleur.  Witn  brisht  bui  ;  cleir  at.d  ffooiy. 

—  6— Frosty;  b»zy;  barometer  very  hish  :  fine;  clear. 

—  ■  7— Frosty;  slight  dry  haze;  fine;  alit;ht  haze. 

—  S  — Unifoim  haze;  overcast  throu^hoat. 

—  9— Colli  dry  haze;  fine;  clear  at  iiixh^- 

—  10— IJHzy  ;  fiuej  io^'^y  in  ihe  evenifg;  BliRht  drizzle. 

—  1 1  — Sliuhl  drizzle  ;  ovt^Tcnst  and  cold;  deasely  overcast  at  night. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  '.'.\  de;^.  belotv  the  averaite. 


Stateof  the  Weather  at  Chiawick,  durioK  the  last  26  years,  for  the 

eoBUlajf  week, ending  Uarch  20, 1S52. 


Sunday  14 
Mod,  15 
Tuea.  16 
VVetl.  17 
Thurfl.  la 
Friday  19 
Saiur.    20 


51.3 
50.9 
51.5 
f.0.3 
50.3 
61.6 
51,8 


No.  of 
learo  in 
which  it 

Kaiued. 


Greatest 

Qiianliry; 


I  Prevailing  Winds. 


0.3  *! 
O.IO 
0.33 

0.30 


—  C    4  —1  4    7 

3  4    3—,  3    0 

3  6  -,   1,  3    6; 

2  3    4  -]  2    8 

1  2    4-l-ul 


The  highest  temperature  duriof;  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  IStli 
and  20th,  1S36— therni..69deg. ;  and  the  loweat  ou  the  I7th  aud  20th,  1915— 
Iheim.  ISdeg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Botany  :  Q  H.  Road  a  Leading  Article  in  this  week's  Paper, 
where  you  wil"  find  the  infoi'mution  we  understand  jou  tn 
be  in  search  of. 

Conifers:  W  B.  Sow  your  seeds  in  pans  in  pure  yellow  loam 
now,  and  place  them  in  a  cold  frame.  They  do  not  require 
beat,  } 

Edgings  :  ^1(6.  Acorns  sown  thickly,  or  Ivy,  make  excellent 
edgings  ;  but  all  such  things  must  require  clipping. 

Glass:  BFarquliar.  Tlie  sample  you  have  sent  is  Hartley'a 
patent  rough  plate;  tbe  best  of  all  kiuds  for  horticultural 
purposes.  The  Aberdeen  glaziers  are  mistaken;  or  the  twi» 
names  have  thesame  meaning.  We  cannotenterintoprivatu 
correBpiudence.  —  WJXUatiis.  Use  Hartley's  palenc  rough 
plate,  by  all  means ;  but  do  not  let  the  squares  be  more  than 
a  foot  wide.  Remember,  too,  that  the  larger  the  squares  the 
less  ventilation  jou  can  have  by  the  lapi  ;  so  that  you  muai: 
provide  for  the  admission  of  air  in  some  other  way. 

Gkapzs  :  WeUoiiiensis.  We  believe  that  tbe  Barbarossa  Graps 
was  confined  to  ihe  garden  of  tbe  late  Mr.  Ward,  of  Cowes. 
If  in  the  trade,  the  nurseryman  with  whom  you  deal  will  bu 
able  to  procure  it  for  you. 

Heating  :  Winchester.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  givo  you  any 
formula  tl-at  is  practically  valuable.  If  you  will  say  thi: 
length,  breadth,  and  depth  at  back  of  your  hi>use,  and  namw 
the  kind  of  plants  to  be  cultivated  in  it,  we  will  tell  you 
what  cumber  of  pipes  will  be  necessary  to  secure  youv 
object. —  W.  1,  yes;  2,  yes;  3.  White  Sweetwater,  Blact 
Hamburgh,  Lombardy  ;  4,  not  very  important ;  a  matter  of 
ta&ta  more  than  of  necessity  ;  5,  the  roof  may  slope  in  any 
degree,  not  less  than  SS'^  ;  6,  cannot  you  graft  the  main 
branches  all  at  once,  without  heading  back  to  the  main 
trunk  ?  That  is  what  we  should  do.— J  H  B.  The  flow  aud 
return  ought  to  be  4-inch  not  2-inch  pipes.  The  time  re- 
quired to  heat  your  house  is,  as  you  state  it,  excessive-. 
Moreover,  the  2.iQch  flow  and  return  p'pes  will  soon  choke 
up,  or  at  least  become  much  less  in  diameter,  if  you  usu; 
hard  water.— A'  Y Z.  85°  is  as  high  as  should  be  maintaineo, 

Hydeadhc  Wores  :  O  F.  AVe  strongly  recommend  you  to  usu 
the  Portland  cement  sold  by  White  and  Sons,  of  Milbanli- 
street,  Westminster. 

Insects  :  Anna  EmiZt/.  The  insects  infesting  your  kitchen  are  .1 
small  species  of  cockroach  (Blatta  germanic:i).  an  insect  ot' 
very  rare  occurrence  in  this  country.  Tbe  circumstance  o^' 
its  occurrence,  and  the  facts  you  mention,  are  therefore 
curious.  We  should  think  they  might  be  destroyed  by  fumi- 
gating tbe  kitchen  two  or  three  times  with  brimstone,  closiu,;,' 
the  chimney  previously.  W. — H  F  li.  The  top  end  of  th« 
Rose  Block  which  you  have  eentcontainsanumberof grubsci- 
larvEO  of  two  different  kinds  of  insects,  the  white  ones  are  thoso 
of  the  Aphis  Lion  (Cemonus  unicolorj.  See  our  Vol.  forlS50, 
p.  35.  We  may  shortly  state  that  the  burrows  are  formed  by 
ttie  small  parent  wasp,  and  filled  with  aphides,  upon  which 
their  progeny  feed  as  soon  as  hatched.  Shortly  after  all  their 
store  is  consumed,  as  is  now  the  case,  they  are  traiis- 
formed  to  inactive  pup;e,  and  in  a  few  weuks  become  activu 
winged  flies.  The  other  darker  coloured  grubs  are  the  larva: 
of  a  species  of  saw-fly,  whose  curious  history  is  at  preseui 
under  iuvesti^aiion.    V^. 

Mints  :  W  Cox.  Trust  to  your  nose  aud  taste  for  the  difference 
between  Peppermmt  and  Spearmint.  We  cannot  undertake 
to  teach  "young  beginners"  the  "whole  particulara"  or 
anything.  You  must  get  boohs  that  do  so.  Buy  tbe  "  Tree 
Rose,"  one  ofthemcst  useful  ofmhnLia!s.  Ton  must  apply 
to  your  bookseller  for  trade  information. 

Model  Cottages  :  Ewndrcr.  Such  as  Prince  Albert's,  each 
consisting  of  four  tenements,  will  cost  between  440i.  an<l 
480^.,  according  to  the  printed  statement.  Park  paling  variea 
so  much  in  price,  according  to  tbe  lucality,  and  the  kind  of 
paling,  that  we  can  say  nothing  ou  that  point.  Why  not 
obtain  tenders  from  tw*  or  three  difi'L-reut  carpenters  ? 

Names  OF  Fbdits  :  J  C  X.  Your  Apple  is  the  Herefordshire 
Pfarmain.ll 

Names  of  Plants:  Sub.  Anomatheca  cruentaj  not  suited  for 
bedding  out. 

Netting  :  A  R  T.  Dip  it  in  a  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc ;  the 
strength  is  not  material.  Btrberis  n-'palensis  is  a  new 
pinnated  kind  (or  Mahonia),  very  handsome  in  foliage.  Ic  in 
scarce,  but  may  be  bought  of  ihe  trade.  Tbe  question  of 
artificial  manures  is  surrounded  with  difficulties.  Guan(» 
alone  is  of  any  uniform  strength.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the 
home  made  article  is  what  should  be  relied  upon  ;  and,  with 
the  aid  of  peat  charcoal,  the  preparation  is  simple,  effectual, 
and  inoffensive.  But  then  the  peat  charcoal  in  too  dear. 
Rbtncuospermdji  JAsMiNoiDEs:  iVM.  It  ia  a  greenhouse 
plant ;  it  will  succeed  iu  a  mixture  of  loam,  peat,  and  sand  J 
WoKM3  ON  Lawns:  BB,  Lime  water  prtpdred  by  lettmg  water 
stand  over  caustic  lime,  and  pouring  it  tff  clear,  applied 
continually,  will  bring  them  out  wf  their  holes,  when  they 
must  be  collected  and  destrojed.  % 
Young  Gaedenee  :  J  A  ^f.  Make  him,  first,  a  good  practical 
labourer.  Then  let  him  learn,  in  addition  to  what  is  usual, 
mensuration,  with  the  rudiments  of  chemistry,  and  as  much 
botany  and  vegetable  physiology  as  circumstances  will 
permit.  At  the  same  time  get  him  into  some  good  private 
garden— a  small  one  first,  and  wben  he  is  18  as  large  a  one 
as  you  can.  Above  all  things  taUe  care  that  nothing  which 
your  kindness  may  prompt  you  to  do  will  have  the  effect  of 
lifting  bim  above  bis  sphere. 

-  Misc  :  VB.  Prince's  Fea'ber  does  not  droop.  Lovelies  Bletding 

j     does.     There  is  a  green  variety  of  the  latter. 


11—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


N 


1G9 


E\V    SORTS    OF    AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS, 


TRUE  GIANT  SAINTFOIN,  Ws.  per  busia. 
BISHOP'S  LAST  AND  BEST  FE A  f/o,- double  cropping). 
NEW  SHORT  PARSNIP  t/or  shallow  or  l,eav<i  soils). 
SKINLESS  CHEVALIER  BARLEY. 
TRUE  ASIATIC  HYBRID  CLOVER. 

The  sort  shown  by  Messrs.  Sutton  at  the  Great  ExM- 
bition,  weighing  65  lbs.  per  bushel,  and  of  which  "  ho'iiour- 
able  mention "  was  made  in  the  Royal  Commissioners' 
Heport. 

A  Priced  Catalogue  of  the  above  valuable  articles,  and  of  all 
the  bestsons  of  ilaogolds,  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  other  Agricul- 
tural Seeds  may  be  had  in  return  for  one  postage  stamp, 
addressed  John  Sdxton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Keadiug, 


w 


TRUE    LARGE    RED    ALTRIiMGHAM     CARROT. 
M.  JACKSON  AND  Co.j  Seed  Merchants,  having 


grown  a  few  cwts,  of  Seed  of  thia  excellent  large 
CATTLE  Carrot,  from  selected  roots,  offer  it  to  the  public 
at  Is.  per  lb.  Tbe  growth  of  the  Seed  has  been  proved,  and  is 
genaine.    Early  orders  are  solicited.— Bedule,  Yorkhhire. 

'pOKr~COTTAGES7~LODGES,    &c.— A ' numberof 

J-  Omiimental  Chimney  Fot'^,  suited  for  the  above-mentioned 
buildings,  have  lately  been  added  to  the  stock  of  Austin  and 
Seelet.— Nos.  1  to  4,  Keppel-row,  New-road,  London. 


PERUVIAN    GUAIMO. 
pAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 
^^  It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
HANURS  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN   GUANO. 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  Ruard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTOWT  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Tlt^- lowest  wholesale  price  at  wliicJi  sound  Peruvian 
Ouajto  has  been  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS.  per  ton,  less  2\  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

"VTANURES.— The   following    Manures   are    manu" 
-LTJ-  factured  at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  ilanure,  per  ton  £7     o     q 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  "//_      7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  ...         .',      5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  IVilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent    of 
Amnionia,  9L  IDs,  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9J.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &,c, 

nPHE  LONDON. MANURE  COMPANY  oflfeTthe 
-•-  folloiving  Manures  on  the  heat  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine  :-Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Conceatrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal 
Ojpsum,  fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs 
A.  Gihbs  and  Sons,  at  9i.  10s.  per  too,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards' 

J'»°      o     ;  .  „,      ,  ,  EDW4BD  PoaSEE,   Scc. 

10,  Jfew  Bridge.street.  Blackfriars. 

FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

(FEOM   THE    SDFFOLK    CEAQ). 

-pDWARD  PACKARD  AND  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
••-'  erected  very  powerlul  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  beins  in 
the  immediate  1  .cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms  in  anv 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Diseolved  in  Acid  Thev 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone.  f    e       f 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwaed  Packaed  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


TO  AGRICULTURISTS 
/~V WEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale 
vy  at  2!.  5j.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficiai  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caoo,  as  proved  by  testi 
monials  from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark 
-where  it  has  been  extensively  used  foragricultural  purposes  as 
no  less  than  id.Ouo  tons  have  already  besn  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  tho  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re 
commendation.  A  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agtnis.  For  copies  ot  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  conn. 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane 

Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  .heir 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SDPERPHuSPHATE  OF  LI.ME  of 
the  very  best  oescription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent'  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phospba'eof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishiog 
nt  least  3  per  cent,  ol  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "Analvsis" 
i.  made  b,  Profeisor  J.  Tbohab  Way,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
•powerful  Manure,  is  7i.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
lOnuoD. 


I 


K  O  P  R  O  S, 
PATENT  MANURE  FOR  CORS  AND  OTHER  PLANTS, 

MAKCFACTOftED  IIT  THE  PATts'ThE, 

JM.  BLA.SHFIELD,  Miil-wall,  Poplar;  and  also 
•  toldatNo.l  Wharf,  Proed-strHet,  Paddlnifton-baaln.— The 
mlDeral  ln[(rcdlentflcr*ntai[i<  d  in  thin  MA.NURE  are  In  tliomo'^c 
perfect  Rolublfl  form  for  incorporation  with  the  hoII,  and  for 
continii'»u«a';tion;  ao'i  tlioIiKhtness  of  thobtilk,  when  cttnpared 
with  other  Manured,  U  in  tho  co(t  for  carrluKft  nrhatly  In  itn 
farour.  For  the  pant  two  yearn  It  hag  b-un  ajjpliod  to  vurioux 
tolln  ond  plantH  with  very  gfintral  flucc<;»!»,  Sioco  then  irn- 
proTcmcnti  hnvo  been  male  In  concrntratln;;  ltd  mo"!  im- 
portant  flc-mentfi,  and  In  otherwlno  rendering  it  a  very  clIiL-lcnt 
artlflcikl  miniire,  rich  In  ammoniu,  phonphuiun,  un:I  nilicateii. 
Price  of  P.it^nt  Kopro»  for  Corn  I'lauts,  «'„  per  ton  ;  for 
Tamlpi,  Hw";flci,  ic,  U.  per  ton. 

8aperpho«phito  of  Lime,    for   Tarolpn,  Sweden,  Mangold 
^VurMl,  and  other  Root  Cropi. 


NEW   FARM    SEED   CATALOGUE. 

RENDLE'S  NEW  AGRICULTURAL  SEED 
CATALOGUE  FOR  THE  PRESENT  SEASON  is  just 
published,  and  can  be  had  in  exch'inge  for  One  Pennt  Stamp. 
It  contains  descriptions  of  all  the  beat  varieties  of  GRASSES 
for  ultdrnaie  Husbandry,  Permanent  Puaturo,  Ornamental 
Parlifi,  and  Pleasure  Grounds,  giving  their  peculiar  properties, 
and  the  soils  and  situations  to  which  they  aro  beat  adapteil. 
Also  short  descriptive  accounts  of  ali  the  best  kinds  of 
SWEDES,  Scotch,  Common,  and  Hybrid  TURNIPS,  aa  well 
as  MANGOLD  WURZELS.  CARROTS,  CABBAGES,  PARS- 
NIPS, and  all  other  sorts  of  Seeds  required  in  Agriculture. 

TJiC  whole  of  tlie  descriptions  are  in  a  concise  and  vsejvl' 
form,  and  will  he  found  of  much  sei-vice  to  all  engaged  in 
the  cuUivation  of  the  soil.  The  Subscribers  will  have 
much  pleasure  in  foriuar ding  a  copy i  to  any  address,  on 
receipt  o/One  PeNaNY  Stamp. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Uendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


LINSEED    AND    CORN-CRUSHING  MILLS. 

ER.  TURNER  AND  Co.,  AcRicuLTuitiL  Imple- 
•  MENT  Makees,  laoN- found iLBa,  Millwrights,  and 
Enqineees,  St.  Peter's  Foundry,  Ipswich,  beg  to  call  attention 
to  the  following  varieties  of  their  unrivalled  ROLLER 
CRUSHING  MILLS:—  £     5.    d. 

Roller  Mill,  No.  1.,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  &c,  tfcc...  10  10    0 

Do.  No.  II 7    7    0 

Registered  Roller  Mill,  for  Linseed,  Oats,  Malt,  tfec, 

and  for  breaking  Beans  and  Peas  9    9    0 

Do.         do.        large  size,  for  Horse  or  Steam  Poiver  13  13     0 

Small  Hand  Mill,  for  Oats  and  Beans 5     5     0 

Further  particulars  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Manu- 
facturers, by  whom  references  can  be  given  to  gentlemen  having 
the  above  Mills  in  une. 


B 


M'CORMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 
URGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 

London.--Extract  from  Mr.  Pu8c>'8  Report  on  the  At-rU 
cultural  Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition.-"  Mr. 
M  C01.MICK  B  Reaper,  in  thi.  trial,  worked  as  it  has  sine.) 
worlieii  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admire. 
m"!^  1  ^L  .y""^  farmers,  aod  therefore  received  a  Council 
f.l^h.  •  r-  ?n""f'"  «0"'etime«  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  1  iptre:;,  and  therefore  could  not  poss  biy  obtain 
that  distinction."— Price  of  Reaper,  2bl.  e  J  "■ 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.-Those  who  would  enjoy 

»  T  their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  cori- 
struct  their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE 
which  are  formed  thus  :-Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
13  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixid  with  it  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharo  river  sand.'  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  appljinc 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mis  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  roik.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  nut  soak  through 
it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 

Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Soas,  Mill- 
bank-Btreet,  WestmiuBter. 


DRAINAGE-ROAD    MAKING. 

NEW     LEVELLING     INSTRUMENT. 

(Registeeed  No.  2602.) 


Approved  by  PRINCE  ALDERT,  and  Universally  Recom- 
mended SY  Practical  and  Scientific  Meii. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  to  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thus  rendering  Mowing  an  easy,  sale,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  4SSC.,  in  the 
Kingdom ;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Dbay  and  Co.'s 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
lane,  London  Bridge. — A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade. 


NOTICE. 

HUSSEY'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 

WILLIAM  DRAY  and  CO.'S  traveller,  Mr.  Pince, 
will  exhibit  their  celebrated  CHAMPION  REAPING 
MACHINE,  in  operation,  on  a  field  of  long  Stubble,  at  Chad- 
well-plaee,  near  Grays,  Esses,  on  Thursday  next,  March  IS. 
Price  of  the  Reaper,  ISI.  complete, 

William  Deay  and  Co.'s  Pamphlet  on  Reaping  Machines, 
detailing  their  exhibition  before  Prince  Albert,  their  celebrated 
victory  at  the  great  ch;Ulenge  trial,  4fec.,  forwarded,  gratis,  on 
application. 

William  Dhay  and  Co.,  Machinists  and  Agricultural  Imple- 
ment  Manufacturers,  Swan-lane,  Lfindon-bridKe. 

ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  Butter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetings  at  which  it  has  be<.^n 
shown.  It  ia  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever 
produced.  2000  have  been  sold  in  one  year. — Bprgess  and 
Key,  103,  Newtrate-street,  London. 


CHEAP    AND    DURABLE    RO.OFING. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL   LETTERS 
PATENT. 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
•   row,  London,  the  ilanufacturera  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Worltshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  Pla'-its  from  Froat. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  13  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
PaiZEB,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Forests, 
honodrable  boaed  of  ordnance, 
Honourable  East  India  Company, 

HoNODRABLE  CoMMiaSIONEES  OF  COSTOMS, 

Hee  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Paee, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Royal  Agsicoltoeal  Society's  House,  Hanover- 
square. 

It  is  half  tho  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  tho  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Peice  One  Penny  per  Square  Foot. 

•*•  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Use,  and  TeBtimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executed. 

6=0'  The  Public  ia  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  the  above  Rooting  is  mado,  aro 

F.  M'NEILL  and  CO.'S 
Patent     Folt     Manufactory,    Lamb's-bnildinga,    Bunhlll-row, 
London,  where  Uoofa  covered  with  the  Felt,  mny  bo  scon, 

Tho  now  Vlce-Chancollor'H  Courts,  at  the  tntrniico  of  Woflt- 
mlnster  HjiII,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Foltaboui 
two  years  hii.co,  under  tlio  Survcyorhhip  of  Chas.  Harry,  Ewq., 
R.A.  Mor  Majf/Bty's  Commipsioncrs  of  Woods  and  ForOHtH  are 
HO  Batlsflcd  with  tho  result  that  they  havo  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rfiomtt  at  tho  House.'*  of  Parliument  to  bo  roofed  with 
their  Felt,     (iuiintity  uttf.K<!thcr  une<i,  21.000  'ret. 

Notk.  — CoiiHumL-rH  Ftcndinj,'  diirct  to  the  Fautory  can  bo  sup- 
pllrd  in  IrjngtIiH  bt-nt  Huifud  to  their  Rocfu.  flo  that  thoy  pay  for 
no  rnorrj  than  they  retpiiro. 

Every  Informnthm  allordcd  on  tho  conRtructlon  of  Roofs,  or 
any  propobcd  purtkulur  application  of  the  Felt. 


The  pi-int  represents  the  instrument  one-fiftli  the  real  size. 
TpHIS  is  a  simple  and  effective  SELF-RECORDING 

-IL  INSTRUMENT,  suitable  for  Levelling  Drains,  Sewers,  or 
Roads,  or  for  measuring  the  elevations  and  depressions  of 
ground.  It  consists  of  a  Telescope,  Level  Graduated  Arch, 
and  Tripod  Stand.  The  arch  is  so  divided  as  tc  show  the  ribe 
or  fall,  in  feet  and  inches. 

(From  the  PracUcal  Mechanics'  Journal,  Feb.  1,  1851.) 

"In  the  bands  of  even  the  most  unlettered  f;trm. servant 
this  little  instrument  will  afford  the'  most  corrtct  measure 
ment,  as  the  operator  has  only  to  level  the  plaie,  and  bring  his 
sight  to  bear  upon  the  object,  when  the  elevation  or  depression 
is  given  at  once.  It  will  be  a  most  useful  contrivance  lor 
Draining  or  Road  Making." 

Price,  with  parallel  plate  screws,  il.  ;  convenient  levelling 
pole,  4s. — Made  only  by  Gardner  and  Co.,  2i,  Buchanan- 
street,  Glas^gow. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


■^^lliiii^iniiutiS^*^ 


2-inch  mesh, light,  24inches  wide  . 

2-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  , 

2.inch      ,,       extra  strong  ,, 
l|-inch     ,,      light  ,, 

Ig-inch     ,,      strong  ,, 

l|-inch     ,,      extra  strong   „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  priccR. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvani&edsparrow-proofnettingfor  Pheasautries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  postfree. 

Manufactured  by  BAUNARD  and  BISHOP,  Mavket-placn, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


Galvan- 
ised. 
7d,  per  yd. 

12        „ 

8        ,) 

1*        .. 

Japanned 

Iron. 
Sd.peryd 

I'  '• 

8 
11 

WIIMTONS    PARKES'  NEW    STEEL   DIGGING    FORKS. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  103,  Newgate-street,  London, 
are  now  prepared  to  supply  orders  Jor  the  shove  FORKS 
to  a  limited  extent,  but  as  the  demand  for  them   is  so  great, 
B.  and  K.  have  made  arrangements   with  ihe  manufacturer 
whereby  to  meet  orders  promptly  and  to  any  extent. 
Li&t  of  prices  sent  on  application. 


Wht  asticitlttttal  @a?ettel 

SATURDAY,  MARCH  13,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOTVING  WEEKS. 
Wkdnksdat,  Mdrch  17— Axriculrural  Socitfv  of  Enirland. 
TicuiiHDAT,         —      18— Aunculruml  lni|i.  Soc.ut  Ireland. 
Wf.pNKSii&T,     —     24-A^riciilturnl  Socictv  of  Euitland. 
TuuiiBUAT,        —     25— AKricultural  Imp.  Soc,  of  Ireland. 


The  question,  wliicli  lias  been  so  often  disputed 
as  to  ilie  value  and  importance  of  salt  for  cattle, 
seems  to  be  faiily  set  at  rest  by  the  results  of  an 
investigation  undertaken  at  the  instance  of  the 
French  Government.  A  commission  was  some  time 
ago  appointed  to  report  on  various  questions  relative 
to  the  treatment  of  cavalry  horses  in  the  army.  One 
of  the  subjects  of  inquiry  was  the  effect  of  salt  in 
their  food.  Tho  commission,  after  the  most  full 
and  careful  inquiry,  report  that  salt  has  no  beneficial 
action  whatever,  and  the  best  that  can  be  said  for  it 
is  that  it  causes  no  injury. 

UoussiNfiAui.T  tried  a  similar  series  of  experiments 
with  cattle,   and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 


170 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[March  13, 


addition  of  salt  to  the  fodder  had  not  the  slightest 
influence  on  the  quantity  of  flesh,  fat,  or  milk,  ob- 
tained from  the  animals  ;  "  but,"  says  IBoussingault, 
"  the  salt  appeared  to  have  a  favourable  effect  on 
the  appearance  and  quality  of  the  stock.  So  that 
for  this  reason  a  slightly  higher  price  might  have 
been  obtained  for  them." 

To  us  in  England,  the  only  result  which  fol- 
lows the  satisfactory  ascertainment  of  the  know- 
ledge of  the  action  of  salt  on  animals,  would  be  the 
abandonment  of  it  in  farm  practice  as  soon  as  it  is 
shown  to  be  no  value.  But  on  the  Continent  it 
immediately  assumes  apolitical  aspect.  Salt  is  there 
burdened  with  an  enormous  tax,  and  such  experi- 
ments as  those  above  detailed,  are  made  use  of  by 
the  advocates  for  its  continuance.  The  maintenance 
of  health  appears  to  be  somewhat  facilitated  by  the 
modern  use  of  salt  in  cattle  and  sheep  food  ;  but 
otherwise  the  French  experiments  may  generally  be 
held  to  represent  English  experience  also. 

Willi  regard  to  salt  as  a  manure,  we  are  as  yet 
without  any  satisfactory  information.  In  some 
places  it  has  been  found  to  brighten  and  strengthen 
the  straw,  but  in  by  far  the  majority  of  cases  it  has 
been  found  to  be  without  the  slightest  action.  As  to 
the  reasons  for  the  success  attending  the  use  of  salt 
in  one  locality,  and  its  failure  in  another,  barring  the 
variable  degree  in  which  it  is  present  naturally  in 
the  several  cases,  we  are  as  yet  entirely  ignorant. 
Should,  however,  this  question  as  to  its  usefulness  be 
answered  in  the  affirmative,  the  cost  of  salt  in  this 
country  will  never  be  a  barrier  to  its  employment 
in  agriculture.  At  all  events  it  is  a  subject  worthy 
the  attention  of  our  agricultural  societies,  which  in 
this  country  are  well  able  to  take  the  place  in  inves- 
tigating agricultural  subjects,  which  in  France  is 
taken  by  the  Government. 

Those  farmers  who  reside  near  any  of  our  sea- 
ports where  large  quantities  of  fish  are  cured,  have 
often  opportunities  for  picking  up  the  refuse  fishery 
salt,  which  as  it  contains  a  proportion  of  animal 
matter,  is  both  cheaper  and  more  likely  to  be  use- 
ful to  the  farmer  than  pure  salt. 

The  Weald  of  Kent,  Sussex,  and  Surrey — using 
the  term  in  its  most  extensive  sense,  for  the  whole 
of  the  area  within  the  escaipments  of  the  North  and 
South  Downs — has  the  reputation  of  being  a  district 
in  which  the  influence  of  the  strata  on  the  soil  is  at 
its  maximum,  from  the  absence  of  those  erratic  de- 
posits which  are  so  extensively  developed  in  the 
counties  north  of  the  Thames.  The  author,  however, 
of  the  Report  on  the  Agricultural  Geology  of  England 
and  Wales,  published  in  the  last  number  of  the  "Jour- 
nal of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,"  has  asserted 
that  the  soils  of  the  Weald  contain  more  extraneous 
matter  than  is  usually  supposed.  In  confirmation 
of  the  assertion  he  appeals  to  notices  in  the 
"  Geology  of  the  South-East  of  England,"  by  Dr. 
Mantell,  in  which  beds  of  loam,  sand,  and  flints 
are  described  as  spread,  at  a  distance  from  the  chalk 
ridges,  over  the  other  strata,  obscuring  their  out- 
crop and  forming  the  immediate  subsoil. 

Much  light  has  since  been  thrown  on  this  subject 
by  two  papers  recently  published  by  Sir  Roderick 
MuRCHisoN  and  Mr.  Martin,  of  Pulborough  ;  the 
one  in  the  "  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,"  the 
other  in  the  "  Philosophical  Magazine."  From  these 
.  papei^  which  are  directed  chiefly  to  theoretical 
questions,  much  valuable  information  regarding  the 
distribution  of  the  superficial  deposits,  and  their 
influence  on  the  variations  of  soil  may  be  derived, 
which  is  of  great  practical  importance  to  agriculture, 
whatever  may  be  the  fate  of  the  speculative  part  of 
the  inquiry,  and  whichever  may  prove  to  be  right 
among  the  many  conflicting  opinions  as  to  the  period 
when,  and  the  agencies  by  which  the  superficial 
deposits  south  of  the  Thames  were  formed.  These 
are  points  respecting  which  scarcely  two  geologists 
are  at  present  agreed  ;  but  tho^gh  the  theories  may 
all  be  wrong,  the  facts  bearing  on  the  geology  of 
agriculture  to  which  w-e  wish  to  draw  attention, 
may  be  considered  as  firmly  established. 

The  structure  of  the  area  of  the  Weald,  which  is 
a  valley  of  elevation  and  disruption,  may  be  easily 
understood  from  the  inspection  of  any  geological 
map  of  England,  and  from  the  section  of  it  in  most 
elementary  works  on  geology.  Viewed  on  a  ground 
plan,  it  consists  of  a  series  of  half  ellipses  within 
each  other,  composed  of  the  truncated  edges  of 
strata  which  emerge  successively  along  a  line  of 
disturbance  ranging  east  and  west,  and   which  dip 

"?^  u  ^"'^  ^°^^^  *''°°^  ^  central  ridge  or  dome 
ot  the  Hastings  or  Iron  Sand  ;  the  Forest  Ridge, 
as  It  was  named  by  Mantell.  The  corresponding 
halves  of  the  ellipses  are  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Channel  in  that  part  of  France  called  the  Boulon- 
nais.  On  either  side  of  the  central  ridge,  we  have 
zones  of  the  following  formations,  within  the  Weald 
denudation  :  Weald  clay,  lower  greensand,  ^ault 
ctay,  and  upper  greensand  or  JIalm  rock ;  w'^hile 


exterior  to  it,  we  have  zones  of  chalk,  and  of  the 
superincumbent  tertiaries. 

Now  the  points  established  by  Sir  R.  Muhchison, 
and  Mr.  Martin,  respecting  the  superficial  deposits 
of  this  region,  are  these.  The  detritus  also  is  dis- 
tributed in  east  and  west  zones.  Exterior  to  the 
chalk  escarpments  there  are  two  of  these  zones,  thf 
outermost  consisting  of  slightly  worn  chalk  flints, 
mixed  with  many  of  the  rolled  pebbles  of  the  older 
tertiaries  (London  and  Plastic  clay),  the  inner  zone 
composed  either  exclusively  of  angular  and  sub- 
angular  chalk  flints,  or  of  the  same  materials 
sparingly  mixed,  near  tertiary  outliers,  with  their 
rolled  pebbles  before  mentioned.  Within  the  Weald 
denudation  are  two  other  zones  of  detrital  deposits, 
which  Mr.  Martin  calls  the  subcretaceous  zone 
and  the  Wealden  zone.  The  slopes  of  the 
hills  and  the  valleys  of  the  really  central  ridge 
of  iron  sand,  are  destitute,  or  nearly  so,  of 
chalk  flint.",  or  other  detritus,  which  may  have 
been  carried  from  the  higher  surrounding  ridges ; 
but  the  valleys  occasionally  present  thick  accumu- 
lations of  re-aggregated  clay  or  loam,  derived  from 
the  adjoining  hills.  Towards  its  western  extremity 
lumps  of  bog  iron  ore,  provincially  called  "  rag, "are 
occasionally  found  in  the  loam  ;  and  in  former  times, 
when  the  wood  of  the  Weald  was  more  abundant, 
they  were  smelted  in  its  iron  furnaces  in  which 
charcoal  was  used  as  fuel. 

In  the  subcretaceous  zone  of  superficial  deposits, 
there  are  many  localities,  both  on  the  north  and  the 
south  of  the  central  ridge,  covered  with  heaps  of 
drifted  and  sharply-fractured  flints,  mixed  with 
chert,  ironstone,  and  sandstone,  of  the  neighbouring 
and  subjacent  rocks,  which  fill  hollows  in  the  eroded 
surface,  and  are  piled  up  in  heaps,  to  heights  varying 
from  50  to  300  feet  above  the  existing  drainage.  A 
few  rounded  pebbles,  like  those  of  the  eocene  ter- 
tiaries, are  also  occasionally  found  in  these  deposits. 
Although,  on  the  upper  greensand,  the  gault  ami 
lower  chalk,  which  lie  between  the  lower  greensand 
and  the  chalk  with  flints,  a  spread  of  flints  occurs  at 
rare  intervals,  those  formations  are  generally  free 
from  such  detritus.  From  this  Sir  R.  Murchison 
infers,  that  those  flints  which  cover  the  lower  green- 
sand and  the  Wealden  were  not  derived  from  the 
chalk  escarpments  on  the  north  and  south,  but 
from  the  western  extremity  of  the  Weald  denudation, 
where  those  escarpments  unite.  In  that  case  they 
indicate  a  direction  from  east  to  west  in  the  cur- 
rents of  water,  whatever  their  nature  may  have 
been,  which  transported  these  flints. 

The  transverse  gorges  by  which  the  rivers  of  the 
Weald  escape,  southwards  to  the  sea  and  northwards 
into  the  valley  of  the  Thames,  contain,  likewise, 
mounds  of  loam,  clay,  sand,  and  chalk  debris, 
mixed  with  sharply  fractured  flints,  cemented  in 
some  cases  by  ferruginous,  in  others  by  calcareous 
matter,  into  abreccia,  called  in  East  Sussex  Combe 
rock.- 

With  respect  to  the  agricultural  influence  of 
these  .superficial  deposits  within  the  area  of  the 
Weald,  Mr.  Martin  declares  that  "  on  the  beauti- 
ful and  fertile  slopes  of  the  eastern  part  of 
Sussex,  and  the  south-east  of  Kent,  where  the 
Ilother  and  its  affluents  take  their  courses  through 
longitudinal-fissure  valleys  of  the  central  line 
of  upheaval,  beds  of  diluvial  loam  exist,  made 
up  of  the  washings  of  the  surrounding  ridges, 
and  give  fertility  to  localities  which  would  otherwise 
be  of  comparatively  little  value."  SirR.MuacmsoN, 
also,  observes  of  the  Wealden  zone  of  detritus,  that 
"in  its  range  from  West  Grinstead  and  Ashington 
on  the  west,  to  the  district  noith  of  Eastbourne,  it 
is  more  especially  distinguished  by  a  more  or  less 
copious  admixture  of  loam,  by  which  the  cold  and 
sterile  character  of  the  subjacent  clay  is  neutralised. 
Good  crops  of  corn  are  thus  visible  along  this 
argillaceous  zone,  which  otherwise  would  be  occu- 
pied by  oaks  or  by  weak  Grass."  The  same  author 
likewise  remarks  of  the  broad  coast-flats  of  Little 
Hampton  and  Bognor,  that  they  have  all  been  more 
or  less  overspread  with  detritus,  which,  although  of 
very  different  value  to  the  agriculturist,  has  had 
precisely  the  same  origin,  as  the  pure  angular  flint 
breccia  of  the  hill  sides.  No  line  of  separation 
can  be  drawn  between  the  many  flints  with 
reddish  clay,  and  the  few  flints  in  copious 
masses  of  clay,  loam,  sand,  &c.  This  plain  of 
rich  arable  land  is  chiefly  composed  of  the 
breaking-up  of  the  plastic  clays  and  sands,  and  of 
the  London  clay  mixed  irregularly.  But  these  mate- 
rials are  interspersed  with,  and  also  slightly  over- 
spread with,  angular  chalk  flints.  Instead,  however, 
of  being  dominant,  as  on  the  higher  slopes  of  the 
South  Downs,  the  angular  flints  are  much  more 
sparingly  distributed  through  this  clay  or  loam  of 
the  low  country. 

This  statement  is  equivalent  to  that  announced  in 
a  paper  on  the  "Geology  of  Norfolk"  (Journal 
Royal  Agricultural  Society,  vol.  vii.,  part  II.),  and 


repeated  in  the  "  Report  on  the  Agricultural  Geology 
of  England  and  Wales"  (ibid.,  vol.  xii.,  part  II.), 
regarding  the  dependence  of  the  variations  of  soils 
on  contours  which  have  regulated  the  distribution 
of  the  superficial  deposits. 

It  is  no  part  of  the  province  of  the  "  Agricultural 
Gazette  "  to  discuss  the  conflicting  opinions  of  geolo- 
gists as  to  the  period  when  the  deposits  south  of  the 
Thames  were  formed,  and  the  agencies  employed  in 
their  formation.  Fiom  the  attention  which  the 
subject  is  now  receiving,  and  from  the  discussions 
to  which  they  are  giving  rise,  the  truth  will  ulti- 
mately be  elicited,  as  on  other  once  disputed  points 
of  geology  now  settled.  It  is  desirable  for  the  interests 
of  agriculture  that  allthe  superficial  deposits  should 
be  mapped  with  the  same  attention  to  the  varia- 
tions of  soil  and  subsoil,  and  the  mineral  characters 
of  the  substrata,  w^^ich  is  bestowed  in  laying  down, 
on  our  present  geological  maps,  the  areas  occupied 
by  certain  groups  of  fossils,  for  that  is  nearly  all 
the  information  which  those  maps  convey.  Maps 
of  the  surface  geology  would  also  furnish  geologists 
with  much  sounder  data  than  they  possess  at  pre- 
sent, on  which  to  found  their  theories  respecting 
the  later  geological  epochs  which  immediately  pre- 
ceded the  present  order  of  things. 

Our  opinion  respecting  the  deposits  of  the  country 
soulh  of  the  Thames  is,  that  they  consist  of  two 
varieties,  the  one  siibangular  flint  gravel,  mixed  in 
some  parts  with  pebbles  of  the  older  tertiaries,  and 
constituting  a  modification  of  the  upper  erratic 
tertiaries  of  the  district  north  of  the  Thames, — 
that  this  gravel  was  shot  off  the  flanks  of  the  chalk, 
during  the  fracture  of  it,  along  an  east  and  west  line,- 
and  during  the  denudation  of  the  Wealden  area. 
The  other  and  strictly  angular  flint  detritus,  with 
its  associated  soils  of  loam,  clay,  and  sand,  we 
believe  to  be  of  subsequent  date  spread  over  a 
terrestrial  surface  by  anomalous  aqueous  operations 
of  some  kind  or  other,  sudden,  violent,  and  transient, 
after  the  emergence  of  Britain  from  beneath  the 
erratic,  or  glacial  sea,  and  after  it  had  been  repeopled 
by  nearly  the  same  group  of  elephantine  mammals 
which  had  inhabited  it  before  that  submergence. 
The  loamy  and  other  deposits  of  the  Weald  will 
thus  be  on  the  parallel  of  the  deposits  of  Gayton- 
thorpe  (fresh  water)  and  Nar  clay  (marine)  which 
are  spread  over  the  denuded  surface  of  the  erratic 
tertiariesin  Norfolk,  and  which  contain — in  some  cases 
are  wholly  replaced  by — angular  flints.  The  geologist 
who  first  described  these  covering  deposits  (Journal 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  vol.  vii.  part  II.),  called 
them  the  "  warp."  The  name  is  not  a  very  happy  one, 
seeing  that  it  is  only  strictly  applicable  to  the  deep 
loamy  deposits  of  low  situations,  such  as  those  of  the 
Happing  and  Flegg  Hundi'eds  in  Norfolk,  and  of 
Little  Hampton  and  Bognor  in  Sussex.  He  has, 
however,  expressed  his  readiness  to  change  it  for 
any  other  on  which  geologists  shall  be  able  to  agree. 
Till  they  agree  on  abetter  the  name  of  "  warp  "  may 
as  well  be  retained. 


EOTHAMSTED  AND  THE  CRITIC'S." 
During  the  last  six  or  seven  months  there  have 
appeared  a  series  of  articles  in  the  Agricultural  Owjettej 
for  the  most  part  signed  "R.,"  and  geuerallj  having  a 
place  in  the  editorial  columns.  The  ostensible  object 
of  these  articles  has  been  to  elucidate  the  influence  of 
climatic  agencies  on  the  productions  of  the  various 
crops  of  oui*  rotations  ;  but  they  have  been  made  the 
occasion  of  a  sustained  attack  upon  tlie  experiments 
at  Rothamsted,  or  the  views  whi6h  have,  from  time  to 
time,  been  founded  upon  ,them  in  our  papers  in  .the 
Joui'nal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England.. 
Now  criticism,  it  must  be  admitted,  is  a  very  legitimate 
and  useful  means  of  eliciting  truth  ;  but  that  it  ^&y 
serve  to  attain  so  desirable  a  result,  there  are  tw,o 
elements,  at  least,  essenti.al  to  its  exercise  ;  viz.,  first, 
that  the  writer  should  show  a  competence  to  discrimina- 
tion and  analj'sis  of  the  subject  of  which  he  treats  ;  and 
secondly,  that  he  should  be  candid  and  honest  in  the 
treatment  of  his  author.  It  has,  however,  been  said  of 
some  men,  tliat  in  their  use  of  criticism  they  "  cavil, 
and  dissect,  and  dispute  till  that  which  was  merely 
meant  as  a  means  of  discovering  error  and  baffling  false 
statement,  becomes  the  only  end  they 'care  about — the 
truth  for  them."  And  when  either  from  the  credit 
acquired  by  other  writings  or  the  plausible  appearance 
of  the  articles  themselves,  criticism  of  this  kind  secures 
the  auspices  of  a  highly  respectable  journal,  it  becomes 
due  at  once,  in  justice  to  the  author  assailed,  and  to  the 
critic's  readers,  that  the  statements  should  not  be  allowt  d 
to  pass  unnoticed.  It  is  therefore  witli  some  con- 
fidence that  we  request  the  opportunity  of  showing  the 
readers  of  the  Ac/rlcuUural  Gazette  how  far  the  writer 
"  R."  is  to  be  taken  as  a  competent  'or  candid  exponent 
of  our  views.  It  may  be  as  well  to  state,  howevei-,  that 
in  the  execution  of  this  task,  we  shall  find  it  necessary 
to  bring  forward  a  considerable  amount  of  quotatioDj 
but  this,  perhaps,  is  the  less  to  be  regretted,  since  the 
discussion  of  the  points  which  will  thus  be  brought 
under  review,  may  tend  to  fix  some  useful  principles  in 
the  miud  of  tlie  intelligent  agriculturist. 


11—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


17 


Resuming  the  attack  with  somewhat  more  of  deiinite- 
ness,  our  critic  writes  ill  his  a^-ticle  of  December  13th, 
1851,  as  follows  :— '*  Before  we  attempt  to  apply  the 
meteorological  figui-es  which  we  gave  in  a  former  num- 
ber, in  explaining  some  of  the  causes  of  our  varied 
systems  of  agriculture,  we  must  first  be  convinced  that 
these  systems  are  actually  required.  For  tliis  end  we 
shall  take  a  general  view  of  the  subject  in  its  broadest 
featm-es  ;  and  we  thiuk  it  will  appear  patent  to  every 
one,  that  our  chemisti'y  of  vegetation  must  have  a  little 
more  elasticity  in  it,  if  it  is  to  assist  us  in  solving  the 
numerous  problems  of  a  practical  nature  by  which  we 
are  beset.  Mr.  Pusey,  in  the  last  number  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Journal,  is  still  confident  that,  at  present, 
Rothamsted  must  be  considered  as  the  principal  source 
of  trustworthy  scientific  information  in  agricultural 
chemistry.  Now,  we  would  say  to  Mr.  Pusey,  what  we 
would  say  to  anj'  one  else,  'If  you  think  you  can  account 
for  the  varied  systems  of  British  agriculture  by  the 
light  of  Mr.  Lawes'  chemistry,  just  try  it.*  If  our  best 
practical  authority  is  still  going  to  encourage  oui*  hard- 
working and  most  useful  chemists  to  contentment,  with 
a  mere  Pisgah-view  of  the  promised  land  of  scientific 
agriculture,  and  is  not  to  direct  theni  when  they  wander, 
he  may  depend  upon  it  that  others  will  go  in  and  possess 
the  territory." 

Then  after  some  further  general  remarks,  he  says, 
"  And  to  show  that  some  of  the  difficulties  with  which  he 
(Mr.  Lawes)  is  struggling,  are  of  his  own  creation,  we 
appeal  from  the  narrow  and  limited  horizon  of  Rotham- 
sted to  that  of  a  much  wider  experimental  field." 

The  first  objection  which  he  then  brings  against  us 
has  reference  to  the  classification  of  the  plants  of  our 
rotations,  according  to  their  botanical  alliances.  He 
says,  "  He  (Mr.  Lawes)  expends  much  care  in  dividing 
plants  into  classes,  which  he  imagines  have  less  or 
greater  powers  of  relying  on  the  atmosphere  for  their 
nitrogen.  Now,  this  is  the  ease  to  a  certain  extent, 
when  they  are  grown  under  the  same  conditicns,  but 
this  difference  applies  as  much  to  species  as  to  classes. 
In  this  respect  the  Wheat  plant  will  no  more  admit  of 
being  taken  as  a  type  of  the  Graminaceous  order  or 
even  of  the  Cereals,  than  the  wild  JJustard  can  be 
taken  as  a  type  of  the  nitrogen- col  lee  ting  powers 
of  the  Turnip.  «  *  «  There  is  no  country  where 
there  are  greater  facilities  for  studying  the  causes  which 
modify  the  exhausting  qualities  of  the  Cereals  and  other 
plants,  if  we  do  not  tie  up  ourselves  to  inflexible  and 
minatural  theories." 

And,  finally,  aftei*  a  great  deal  of  illustration  bearing 
more  or  less  upon  the  point  in  question,  he  winds  up 
thus: — "We  think  it  will  now  be  evident  that  the 
division  of  plants  into  classes,  which  are  supposed  to 
rely  more  upon  the  atmosphere  for  their  nitrogen  iji 
one  than  in  another,  is  much  too  wide  for  practical 
pm'poses." 

From  these  remarks,  as  well  as  from  the  character  of 
the  opinions  wliich  our  critic  adopts  as  his  own  (!) 
in  correction  of  the  views  which  he  has  thas  chosen  to 
attribute  to  our  papers,  it  would  appear  that  the  reader 
is  to  believe  that  oui'  division  of  the  plants  grown  in  our 
rotations  into  "classes,"  is  arbitrary  and  unconditional, 
or,  to  use  a  tei-m  of  his  own — inflexible. 

But  let  us  compare  these  opinions  of  his  own  with 
those  which  are  to  be  found  in  our  papers. 

In  a  quota.tion  already  made,  he  admits  that  different 
classes  of  plants  have  greater  or  less  powers  of  relying 
on  the  atmosphere  for  their  nitrogen  "  when  they  are 
grown  under  the  same  conditions." 

And  again,  he  says,  "It  is  to  the  conditions  under 
which  they  are  or  can  be  grown  that  we  must  look, 
when  we  would  account  for  their  opposite  qualities  and 
requirements,  taken  in  connection  with  their  known 
habits  and  functional  resources." 

In  a  previous  article  he  had  said,  "  Sin(;e  our  soil  con- 
tains nitrogen  in  very  small  proportions,  and  since 
Cereals  remove  it,  as  has  been  found  in  large  quantities 
in  their  products,  often  expending  a  much  larger 
quantity  in  the  growth  and  maturation  of  their  seeds  than 
these  actually  assimilate,  it  must  be  very  evident  that 
some  plants  which  ai-c  grown  in  our  rotations  must  have 
the  power  of  appropriating  it  from  the  natural  sources — 
the  air  and  rains — or  else  our  fields  would  soon  be  re- 
duced to  barrenness.  The  conditions  under  wbich  any 
class  of  plants  yield  either  less  or  more  nitrogen  m  their 
produce  than  is  contained  in  the  soil,  thus  becoming 
more  or  lees  exhausting,  arc  subjects  of  great  practical 
importance  in  rightly  apprehending  t)ie  principles  upon 
which  manuring  depends.  The  question  at  once 
suggests  itself,  whether  this  is  a  natural  defect  in  their 
structure,  in  consequence  of  which  some  can  grow  and 
flourish  only  in  a  soil  that  has  been  enriched  by  artifi- 
cial means,  or  through  the  decay  of  others  that  yield 
up  the  nitrogen  contained  in  them  ;  whilst  some  plants 
have  the  qualities  of  appropriating  enough  for  their 
wants  from  the  atmosphere  alone.  Ur  whether  it  may 
arise  from  llic  external  conditions  to  which  we  have 
subjected  Ihwe  fio-called  exhaustern,  being  inconsistent 
with  their  exercising  tlie  function  of  appropriating  the 
nitrogen  from  iliose  natural  Bources,  wiiich,  una3,yisted, 
are  so  ample  for  the  abundant  produce  of  tlio  Oak  and 
other  timber  trecH.  We  must  coofeas  tliat  our  opinioiiB 
arc  more  in  harmony  witii  the  latter  propo»it^ii  than 
with  the  former  one." 

And  again,  speaking  of  t!ic  opposite  characters  of 
Turnips  and  Wheat,  he  says  : — "  But  we  maint;iin  that 
it  arises  chiefly  from  the  totally  opposite  condition  in 
which  they  are  grown.'* 

^  In  this  way  it  is  that  our  alleged  arbitrary  classifica- 
tion is  con-ectcd  by  ihe  writer,  "K/*    Would  the  reader 


believe  that  the  following  sentences  are  to  be  found  in 
the^Vei'y  papers  which  the  opinions  just  quoted  are  thus 
brought  to  meet  and  correct  ? 

At  page  22.1  of  Part  L,  Vol.  viii.,  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  we  say — "The 
crops  which  form  a  rotation,  belong,  botanically  speak- 
ing, for  the  most  part,  to  the  three  following  natural 
orders  of  plants :  the  Grarainea;,  containing  Wheat, 
Barley,  Oats,  Rye,  and  the  Grasses,  wliich  constitute 
our  natural  pastures  ;  the  Leguminosas,  containing 
Beans,  Peas,  Tares,  Lucerne,  Clover,  Trefoil,  Sainfoin, 
&c.  ;  and  the  Cruciferce,  containing  Turnips  and  Rape. 
The  Solanere,  yielding  the  Potato  ;  and  the  Umbelliferae, 
Carrots  and  Parsnips,  may  also  be  noticed."  To  these 
we  might  add  the  Chenopodiaceto,  containing  Mangold 
Wurzel,  &c.  But  mark  what  immediately  follow? 
this  enumeration.  "  For  the  purposes  of  agriculture, 
however,  a  different  system  of  classification  might  be 
adopted  with  advantage,  having  reference  to  the  organ 
or  part  of  the  plant  which  is  the  object  of  cultivation. 
In  Clover,  Tares,  and  pasture,  we  generally  require  leaf 
and  stem,  which  may  be  termed  the  primary  organs  of 
plants  ;  in  the  Tui-nip  we  require  the  bulb  or  interme- 
diate organ  ;  and  in  the  grain  crops.  Peas,  Be^us,  &c., 
the  ultim?.te  organ,  the  seed." 

Thus,  then,  after  enumerating  the  several  botanical 
classes  to  which  the  most  important  of  our  agricultural 
crops  belong,  we  distinctly  repudiate  the  adoption  of 
such  a  classification  in  its  generality  for  agricultural 
purposes. 

But  further :  in  Vol.  viii.,  Part  II.,  of  the  same 
Journal,  pages  495  and  496,  we  say — "Again,  agi'icul- 
tural  plants  have  been  arranged  according  to  their 
botanical  alliances  ;  and  distinctions  between  the  neces- 
sary conditions  of  artificial  supply  of  certain  constituents 
have  been  made,  which  are  inconsistejit  with  the  dictates 
of  experience,  and  equally  so  with  those  to  which  we 
are  led  when  other  circumstances  besides  the  (never- 
theless important)  botanical  distinctions  are  brought 
into  consideration.  The  varying  quantitive  reliance 
upon  the  atmosphere  and  the  soil  of  diff'erent  natural 
families  of  plants,  constitutes,  indeed,  a  most  interesting 
and  important  point  of  study,  and  the  principles  on 
which  the  natural  system  is  founded  may  derive  essen- 
tial confirmation  from  chemical  researches  ;  but  in 
referring  the  varying  agricultural  value  of  different 
plants  to  the  functional  cliaracters  of  the  several  natural 
orders  to  which  they  belong,  it  must  always  be  first 
decided,  that  the  nat^iral  aim  and  tendency  of  the  plant 
and  order  are  favoured  by  our  methods  and  objects  of 
cultivation,  and  that  the  agricultm-al  value  of  the  plant 
is  in  no  way  depen^dant  on  a  monstrous  or  artificial 
developement  at  vaviance  with  that  of  its  individual 
health  and  reproductiive  tendeaicies." 

With  S(Uch  sentences  as  these,  distinctly  declaring  the 
condition3,l  sense  in  which  alone  we  hold  the  classifica- 
tion of  agricultural  plants,  according  to  their  natyral 
orders,  the  impolicy,  to  say  the  least,  of  the  writer,  who 
in  the  face  of  them  would  thus  seek  to  gain  a  passing 
credit,  at  once  by  the  misrepresentation  and  the  adoption 
of  the  views  of  another,  and  which  can  so  easily  be 
brought  against  him,  is  to  us  unaccountable  !  J.  B. 
Lawes,  Rothamsted. 

[We  are  unable  to  publish  at  once,  as  we  conld  wish, 
the  whole  of  Mr.  Lawes'  rejoinder  to  the  criticisms  of 
"  R."  ;  but  it  shall  appear  piecemeal  as  rapidly  as 
possible.] 


THE  MANURING  OF  THE  TURNIP  CROP. 

I  consider  that  too  high  a  manqrial  value  is  put  on  the 
substances  used  as  food  by  cattle,  and  that,  as  compared 
with  the  value  of  guano  a,nd  other  lightmanures,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  dearest  dung  put  on  our  fields  will  be 
th.^t  made  in  our  courts,  if  such  a  high  manurial  value 
be  put  upon  the  food  consumed  by  the  cattle.  We  have 
an  apt  illustration  of  this  in  the  recently  pubhshed 
account  of  Tiptree-hall.  The  best  time  for  applying  the 
manures  to  the  Turnip  crop  is  a  most  important 
question,  and  demands  a  few  remai'ks.  From  experi- 
ments made  by  Mr.  Wilson  in  England,  on  drainage 
water,  by  which  he  found  that  much  of  the  soluble  salts 
of  soils  was  carried  away  by  the  water  from  the  drains, 
I  was  led  to  believe  that  it  was  unprofitable  to  apply 
manure  in  autumn.  The  investigations  of  Prof.  Way 
and  Mr.  Thomson  proved  that  soils,  particularly  clays, 
had  tlie  power  of  absorbing  the  valuable  constituents  of 
manures,  and '  they  at  once  concluded  that  it  would  be 
found  of  advantp-ge  to  apply  the  manures  to  the  clay 
soils  in  autumn.  I  determined  to  put  this  to  the  test, 
and  selected  for  the  experiment  a  field  that  was  more 
sandy  than  clayey.  I  dunged  a  part  of  it  on  the  stubble 
about  the  end  of  November ;  the  rest  of  it  was  ploughed 
without  any  dung,  but  received  in  the  drills  in  spring 
Ifi  tons  per  imperial  acre,  the  same  quantity  as  was  put 
on  the  stubble,  and  as  neai'  as  possible  in  the  same  state 
of  decomposition  ;  4  cwt.  of  guano  per  acre  was  sown  in 
the  driUs  over  tlie  whole  field,  including  two  ridges, 
which  received  no  dung  at  ah.  The  following  ai'e  the 
results : 

Uunged  on  Stubble.      Dunpfcd  in  Tlrllls,  No  Dung. 

i;ulbB...l.'J  tons  Ifl  cwt.    ,..    IG  tons  10  Cfft.     ...    8  tons  11  cwt. 
Tops  ...  a  tona  10  cwt,     ...      4  tonfl  ...    4  tons  15  cwt. 

The  crop  was  weighed  in  the  beginning  of  December. 
Autunm  manuring  posscHses  many  advantages,  the 
principal  of  which  is  tho  lightening  of  tho  labour  in 
Hpi'ing,  The  drier  the  clinmto  is  the  more  will  it.s  ad- 
vantages  be  felt  ;  for  there  is  now  no  doubt  that  in  a 
dry  season  the  dung  placed  in  tho  drills,  by  kcejting 
tlio  soil  open  for  tho  admission  of  tho  drought,  often  acts 


most  injuriously  on  the  growth  of  the  plant.  1  apply 
now  as  mucli  dung  as  possible  to  my  stubbles  ;  in  tho 
first  emptying  of  my  courts  in  winter,  after  the  roughest 
of  the  dung  is  driven  out  and  formed  into  a  heap,  the 
rest  is  carted  on  at  once  and  spread  immediately,  what- 
ever tJje  weather  is.  If  not  spread  at  pnce,  the  crows 
will  do  it  for  you  in  a  manner  not  very  satisfactory  to 
your  mind.  I  remember  passing  a  field  some  years  ago 
on  which  dung  had  been  carted  during  frost,  but  not 
spread  ;  the  frost  was  succeeded  by  very  boisterous 
weather,  so  that  the  dung  lay  in  heaps  fully  a  mouth 
before  it  was  spread.  Average  crops  of  Turnips  and 
Barley  were  taken  off  the  field,  but  the  hay  was  decidedly 
light.  Shortly  after  the  hay  had  been  cut  I  pa^'^sed  the 
field,  and  the  only  gre^n  spots,  the  only  blades  of  Clover 
to  be  observed  on  it,  were  on  those  places  where  the 
heaps  of  dung  had  Iain  about  three  years  before,  ex- 
posed to  the  weather.  It  is  now  recommended  to  apply 
the  light  manures  to  tho  green  crops,  &c.,  the  farm- 
yard dung  to  the  white  crops  immediately  succeeding. 
This  practice,  it  is  found,  secures  a  better  crop  of  Clover, 
The  only  objection  to  this  is,  the  difficulty  of  getting, 
the  manure  on  the  land  after  the  Turnips  have  been 
manured,  and  the  throwing  of  a^great  deal  of  labour  for- 
ward to  seed  time.  Indeed,  it  is  not  unworthy  of  obser- 
vation that  the  successful  growth  of  the  Clover  may  Ije 
owing,  in  some  degree,  to  the  poaching  wdiich  the  land 
must  get  in  carting  on  the  manure  in  winter  and  spring. 
The  usual  practice  is  to  give  the  first  sown  Turnips- 
the  dung  that  is  on  the  ferra  with  light  manpres,  and 
if  there  is  not  sufficient  dung  to  go  over  all  the  Turnjps, 
the  last  sown  receive  only  light  manure.  Now,  we  thii^k 
the  practice  ought  to  be  reversed  j  the  first  sown  Turaips 
should  receive  light  manures  only,  by  which  they 
will  be  sooner  ready  for  use  in  autumn,  and  \q- 
much  better  able  t-o  resist  the  effects  of  the  summer 
drought,  than  if  they  had  been  put  into  the  drills  ; 
while  late  sown  turnips,  receiving  light  manures  alpnej 
are  far  too  apt  to  run  to  shaws,  and  seldom  bulb  accord- 
ing to  expectations  and  appearances.  Whatever 
practice  is  followed,  the  Swedish  Turnip  should  always 
receive  its  full  share  of  manure.  The  drills  beiflg 
formed,  the  manure  should  be  carefully  and  equally 
spread,  whatever  it  is  ;  some  prefer  sowing  the  light 
manures  (broadcast,  before  drilling  the  field,  when  the 
farm-yard  dung  is  laid  do\vn  in  autumn.  Whatever  is 
drilled  should  be  sown  immediately,  a  night  never  being, 
allowed  to  intervene  between  the  driUing  and  sowing. 
From  the  great  ravages  of  the  fly,  it  is  recommended 
to  use  sqed  of  different  ages  mixed,  so  that  if  the  fly 
attacks  tli,e  plants  from  the  new  seed,  which  will  generally 
braird  first,  there  is  a  chance  of  the  braird  from  the 
old  seed  escaping,  thus  preventing  the  necessity  of 
sowing  over  again,  which  is  never  found  to  do  so  well. 
In  the  phoice  of  seed,  it  should  be  ascertained,  if  the- 
seed  has  been  raised  several  years  successively,  frona-' 
plants  not  fully  developed,  or  from  plants  which  have 
reached  maturity,  and  been  transplanted  for  several 
years  successively.  It  is  said  that  Turnips  raised  from 
seed,  produced  according  to  the  former  method,  are  apt 
to  become  rape-rooted,  while  those  raised  from  trans- 
planted seed  are  liable  to  become  tender-rooted.  It  is 
better  that  the  two  methods  should  be  combined— that 
is,  every  second  or  third  year  the  best  formed  Turnips 
should  be  selected  from  a  field  and  transplanted — the 
seed  from  which  should  be  sown  late,  solely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising  seed.  The  time  of  sowing  depends  very 
much  on  the  climate.  What  would  be  considered  a- 
proper  time  for  sowing  in  one  climate  would  be  thought 
too  early  in  another,  from  the  risk  of  the  Turnips 
rumiing  to  seed.  I  will,  therefore,  simply  detail  the 
practice  followed  on  my  own  faa-m,  about  400  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  I  commence  in  the  .second  week 
of  May  to  sow  a  few  early  white  Turnips.  These  are 
lifted  soon,  before  they  run  to  seed,  for  the  use  of  cattle, 
which  I  intend  to  sell  off  fat  in  the  beginnmg  of  winter, 
and  Wheat  is  sown  immediately  after,  as  it  would  not,be 
advantageous  to  sow  spring  Wheat  in  any  climate  in  the- 
present  condition  of  my  farm.  I  sow  Swedes  from 
the  middle  of  May  to  the  first  week  of  June  ;  yellow 
Turnips  from  the  first  week  of  June  to  the  end  of  the 
month  ;  and  my  whites  during  the  first  week  of  July. 
Sometunes  I  sow  some  white  Turnips  later,  which  ai-e 
allowed  to  remain  all  winter  on  the  ground,  to  be  used 
by  my  ewes  in  the  sprmg,  when  there  is  a  scarcity  of 
Grass.  The  quantities  of  seed  sown  ai-e— 2  lbs.  of 
white,  2-^-  lbs  of  yellow,  and  3^  lbs.  of  Swedish,  per 
imperial  acre.  I  consider  it  better  to  err  on  the  side 
of  sowing  too  thick  rather  ihan  too  thin,  as  I  am  siu-er 
of  a  rapid  braird  and  growth  tlirough  those  stages  when 
the  plant  is  most  liable  to  be  attacked  by  the  fly.  The 
varieties  of  Turnips  are  endless,  I  Jiave  heard  of  one 
farmer  who  experimented  on  90  different  kinds.  Too 
often  the  shades  of  difference  are  so  trivial  that  one 
variety  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  anotlier,  and 
we  often  see  the  same  thing  under  a  different  name.^  A 
cultivator  ambitious  of  having  his  name  immortalized,, 
selects  year  after  year  Turnips  with  certain  distinguish- 
ing marks,  produces  seed  from  them,  and  sells  it  under 
his  name.  It  is  taken  to  another  district,nnd  not  being 
cultivated  with  the  same  cai-o,  it  soon  loses  its  individual 
character.  Henco  the  great  advantage  of  always  getting 
the  seed  direct  from  the  grower  of  any  choice  variety. 
And  hence  also  the  discrepancy  often  among  fai-mers  from 
different  districts  as  to  varieties  of  Turnips.  I  always 
sow  two  varieties  of  Swedes,  SUirving's  Purple-top  and 
the  Green-top  Swede — tho  former  produces  tho  lai'gest 
crop,  the  latter  withstiuida  tho  eil'ect  of  frost  best  ;  of 
yellows,  I  sow  Skirving's  Purple-top  and  the  Green-tOp 
Aberdeen  Yellow  Bullock  ;  of  whites,  tlic  variety  I 


172 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[March  13, 


generally  sow  is  the  White  Globe.  I  have  tried  some 
of  the  hybrid  varieties,  of  which  Dale's  has  always 
proved  best.  The  seed  should  not  be  sown  too  deep, 
.and  the  drill  should  be  rolled  immediately  after  it  is 
sown,  so  as  to  insure  as  speedy  a  braird  as  possible. 
When  the  plants  have  reacheda  sufficient  size  to  enable 
them  to  be  thinned,  which  will  be  when  they  are  about 
"2  or  3  inches  above  ground,  the  horse  hoe  should  be 
passed  along  between  the  drills  to  eradicate  any  weeds 
growing  there,  and  facilitate  the  operation  of  thinning,  re- 
ducing the  quantity  of  earth  to  be  pushed  away  by  the 
Tiand  hoe.  The  Turnip  plants  ai'e  then  singled  out 
sometimes  by  the  hand,  but  more  frequently  by  the 
hand-hoe  ;  if  white  Turnips,  to  the  width  of  8  or  9  inches, 
and  yellows  to  the  width  of  10  inches.  The  proper 
"width  to  which  Turnips,  and  particularly  Swedes, 
should  be  singled,  is  a  most  important  point,  and 
is  dependent  upon  various  circumstances.  The  Swedish 
Turnip  differs  from  the  other  varieties  in  containing 
■more  nutritive  matter  proportionally,  the  lai'ger  the 
size  to  which  it  attains  ;  thns  it  has  been  found  that  a 
Swedish  Turnip  of  ordinary  size  contains  about  6  per 
cent.,  and  one  of  the  largest  size  nearly  7  per  cent,  of 
nutritive  matter  of  their  whole  weights  ;  while  the  white 
varieties  have  afforded  4  per  cent.,  and  in  the  largest 
roots  only  3J  per  cent,  of  their  whole  weights.  Hence 
it  is  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  have  the  Swedish 
"Tui'nip  root  as  large  as  possible.  From  an  extensive 
correspondence  which  I  have  had  with  friends  who  took 
-an  interest  in  the  question,  I  have  arrived  at  the  follow- 
ing conclusion,  that  in  low  lying  shaded  localities,  with 
the  soil  in  high  condition  or  liberally  manured,  the 
'Swedish  Turnip  should  never  be  singled  less  than 
12  inches  apart,  and  generally  it  will  be  found  advan- 
iageous  to  do  it  with  15  inches.  The  largest  Swedes 
ever  I  saw  were  some  that  had  been  accidentally  thinned 
18  inches  ;  unfortunately  they  were  not  weighed  in  com- 
^ai-ison  with  the  rest  of  the  field.  In  high  exposed  dis- 
tricts, where  the  land  is  in  good  heart,  or  has  received  a 
good  allowance  of  the  light  manures,  12  inches  will  be 
found  a  good  width.  I  performed  a  small  experiment 
this  season,  but  I  am  sorry  that,  from  some  accidental 


circumstances,  I  cannot  authenticate  for  the  produce  of 
the  wider  thinned.  In  a  field,  not  yet  in  high  condition, 
nor  highly  manured,  I  obtained  at  a  width  of  8  inches 
2  tons  4  cwt.  of  shaws  and  15  tons  12  cwt.  of  bulbs; 
and  9  cwt.  per  acre  in  favo  jr  of  the  9  inches.  After  the 
Turnips  have  grown  a  sufficient  length,  the  horse-hoe, 
followed  by  the  triangular  drill  harrow,  should  be  used, 
so  as  to  kill  any  weeds  that  may  be  between  the  drills. 
The  drill  harrow  I  find  of  the  greatest  service  for 
shaking  the  weeds  which  have  been  pulled  up  by  the 
horse-hoe.  The  hand-hoe  is  next  used  to  remove  any 
weeds  which  are  so  near  the  Turnip  that  they  could  not 
be  removed  by  the  horse-hoe.  Some  farmersfinish  off  their 
Turnip  fields  by  passing  the  bulking  plough  between  the 
drills,  for  what  reason  I  have  never  yet  been  informed. 
I  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  such  a  practice  is  worse  than 
useless  ;  the  rut  formed  by  the  sole  of  the  plough  acts  as 
a  surface  dx'ain  to  carry  any  rain  water  that  falls  in 
summer  along  with  the  finest  of  the  soil  to  the  bottom  of 
the  field,  instead  of  allowing  it  to  sink  into  the  soil, 
to  minister  to  the  sustenance  of  the  plant,  whose  rootlets 
are  spread  in  all  directions  to  find  the  sap  so  necessary 
for  the  vigour  of  the  plant.  I  have  several  times 
found  these  delicate  roots  at  a  depth  of  3.^  feet,  spread- 
ing in  the  most  delicate  reticulations  in  the  internal 
surface  of  my  drain  tiles.  Having  now  seen  ray  crop 
of  Turnips  fully  developed,  and  completely  clean,  I  will 
give  a  detailed  account  of  the  expense  of  labour  and 
manure  on  several  fields  in  Berwickshire,  and  East  and 
Mid-Lothian,  which  was  kept  by  myself.  The  fields 
were  different  in  size  and  form,  the  ridges  of  some 
being  much  longer  than  in  others,  which  will  account 
in  some  measure  for  the  disparity  in  the  value  of 
some  of  the  operations.  They  were  also  various  in 
soils,  some  being  light,  others  heavy.  A  pair  of  horses 
is  calculated  at  \0s.  per  day,  as  provisions,  &c.,  were 
higher  in  price  then  than  they  are  now,  when  Gs.  or 
6s.  6d.  will  be  found  sufficient.  A  good  deal  of  dung 
was  brought  from  different  distances  which  will  be 
readily  observed  by  looking  at  the  sums  opposite, 
"driving  dung  to  field."  Men's  wages  were  Is.  Qd.  per 
day,  and  women's  lOd. 


Expense  of  Labour  of  the  Turnip  Crop  on  Jive  different  fields  in  the  first  rotation  of  a  Lease. 


Plougliing  two  furrows 

Harrowing,  Rolling,  and  Grubbing  

Gathering  Wrack 

Driving  Dung  to  Field   

Sowing,  Drilling,  putting  Dung  into  Drills,  die. 

•Scraping , 

Thinning  and  Hoeing 


Per  Impebial  Acre. 


£  s. 
0  It) 


0  16 

0  1 

1  7 
U  IG 
0 
0 


1  10 
7     65 


4:  13     04 


£   s. 
0  18 


0  10 
0  2 
0  10 
0  15 
0     1 


1 11  n 

Additioual 
ploughing. 
10  3 
0  17 
15  4 
0  6  11 
0  2  10 
0  10     9i 


4  19     6 


£  S. 
0  17 


0  6 

0  2 

0  U 

0  8 

0  1 

0  4 


2  15  11^ 


£  s.    d, 
1  14     8 

Additional 
t'urvows. 
1  11  0 
0  7  9 
0  13  0 
0  12  7 
0  1  11 
0     7     0 


5     6  11 


Average. 


^  s. 
1    4 


0  IS 
0  3 
0  18 
0  11 
0 
0 


9 

0 
1  11 

7    7 


No.  1  was  very  dirty.  No.  2  and  4  were  light  soil 
and  thus  easily  wrought.  No,  3  was  drained  and  dimged 
on  stubble,  and  great  difficulty  was  found  in  reducing 
it  in  spring.  Nos.  1,  4,  5,  received  nothing  but  dung. 
Nos.  2,  3,  one-half  dung,  one-half  guano.  The  braird  in 
No.  3  was  very  unequal,  which  will  account  for  the 
high  sum  for  thinning  and  hoeing.  The  following  is  the 
■average  expense  of  labour  per  imperial  acre  of  a  crop 
■of  Turnips  raised  by  spring  ploughing,  the  grubber  alone 


being  used,  and  the  fields  comparatively  clean,  calculated 
according  to  the  same  rates  as  the  preceding.  On  account 
of  the  absence  of  weeds,  there  is  less  women's  as  well 
as  horse  labour  requu'ed,  and  the  average  cost  of  driving 
dung  to  the  field  is  8s.  per  acre  lest  than  in  the  previous 
instance.  The  fields  were  only  once  grubbed  ;  one-half 
dung,  one-half  guano.  Whole  expense,  including  thinning 
and  cropping,  II.  I8s.7d.  Mr.  M^Layan^beJore  the  High- 
land Society. 


Home 


Correspondence. 

Transfer  of  Land. — In  your  publication  of  the  28th 
Tilt.,  p.  141,  you  insert  a  review  of  a  work  recently  re- 
issued by  Mr.  James  Stewart  on  the  subject  of  the 
transfer  of  land,  and  you  quote  a  passage  in  which 
Mr.  Stewart  says,  that  the  present  law  "  which  impedes 
the  free  transfer  of  land,"  deprives  the  landowner  of  the 
value  of  his  land  to  the  extent  of  10  years'  purchase  ; 
4hat  the  fee  simple  of  freehold  land  should  bring  in  the 
market,  on  the  average,  40  years  instead  of  30  years' 
purchase  ;  and  that  "  a  few  judicious  alterations  in  the 
law  would  soon  enable  the  landowner  to  realize  this 
advance  in  price."  Now  this  is  a  very  important  state- 
ment and  deserves  attention  ;  for,  if  true,  every  land- 
owner ought,  in  justice  to  himself,  to  put  his  shoulder  to 
•the  wheel  to  effect  the  desired  object.  I  have  not  seen 
Mr.  Stewart's  work,  and  therefore  do  not  know  whether 
he  enters  into  details  showing  how  he  arrives  at  this 
result ;  for  myself,  I  am  entirely  at  a  loss  to  understand 
how  he  can  establish  the  statement.  Take  the  case  of 
an  estate  worth  500Z.  a-year — its  value  in  the  present 
state  of  the  law  is,  according  to  Mr.  Stewart,  30  years' 
purchase,  i.e.,  15,000Z. — with  Mr.  Stewart's  "judicious 
alterations,"  he  says  it  will  realize  40  years'  purchase, 
i.  e.,  20,000?.  ;  a  difference  of  5000?.  Now  I  will 
undertake  to  say  that,  as  the  law  now  stands,  the 
average  expense  of  a  transfer  of  an  estate  worth  500/. 
a-year,  exclusive  of  stamps  (which  must  of  course 
be  discarded  from  the  question,  for  they  do  not  depend 
upon  any  pai'ticular  conveyancing  system)  does  not  upon 
a  high  estimate  exceed  Ibl.  Here  and  there  a  case  of 
larger  cost  may  occur,  but  it  is  extraordinary,  and  ai'ises 
from  litigation,  from  which  I  apprehend  even  Mr. 
Stewart's  system  cannot  always  be  exempt.  Now  let  us 
suppose  that  a  transfer  occurs  every  5  years  (which  I 
conceive  to  be  far  above  the  average),  we  thus  have  an 
expense  of  4  50i.  in  30  years.  Let  us  go  still  further, 
and  suppose  that  besides  these  transfers  (which  I  assume 
to  be  on  sales),  there  is  an  equal  number  of  transfers  by 
way  of  mortgage.  Again  I  will  give  a  high  average,  and 
state  the  expense  to  be  the  same  as  that  on  sale.     We 


thus  arrive  at  a  total  expense  of  900Z.  in  30  years.  Now 
assuming  that  even  the  whole  of  this  expense  can  be 
abolished  (which,  however,  of  course  cannot  be  the  fact, 
for  Mr.  Stewart's  system  must  cost  something),  how  can 
he  shew  that  the  saving  of  an  expense  of  OOOil.,  spread 
over  30  years,  is  worth  a  present  sum  of  5000/.  I  have 
taken  the  instance  of  an  estate  of  500Z.  a  year,  but  the 
same  observations  will  be  applicable  to  one  of  20/.  a  year, 
though  not  with  quite  so  much  force,  for  the  expense  of 
deducing  title  and  preparing  conveyance  in  a  small  case 
is  greater  in  proportion  than  in  a  large  one.  Probably 
I  shall  be  told  that  people  are  deterred  from  buying  at 
all,  because  of  the  assumed  uncertainty  of  the  cost  of 
conveyance  ;  but,  as  the  result  of  considerable  expe- 
rience in  a  conveyancing  business,  I  do  not  believe  this 
to  be  the  fact.  In  the  great  majority  of  cases  the 
expense  is  capable  of  estimate,  and  upon  that  estimate 
the  purchase  is  made.  In  saying  thus  much,  I  do  not 
wish  it  to  be  supposed  that  I  contend  that  no  improve- 
ment can  be  made  in  the  present  system  ;  it  is  far  better 
now  than  it  was  a  few  years  ago,  and  there  is  undoubtedly 
ground  for  further  improvements  in  some  respects,  but 
to  assert  that  any  alteration  can  be  made,  which  will 
cause  a  difference  of  10  years'  purchase,  or  anj'thing 
approaching  to  it,  is  a  fallacy  which  ought  to  be  exposed. 
Let  your  readers  apply  themselves  to  some  more  sure 
mode  of  raising  the  value  of  land  than  the  pursuit  of  such 
a  phantom  as  Mr.  Stewart's  "  judicious  alterations " 
would,  in  this  respect,  prove  to  be.  I  do  not  desite 
personal  notoriety,  and  therefore  (though  enclosing  my 
card),  I  request  you  to  insert  this  letter  as  from — A 
Country  Solicitor.  [Mr.  Stewart's  "judicious  altera- 
tions" we  presume  point  to  a  more  ready  plan  for  the 
transfer  of  land,  and  of  mortgaging  it,  &c.  Now  we 
know  that  in  Belgium  and  en  the  Khine,  where  a  very 
easy  transfer  exists,  land  sells  commonly  for  40  years' 
purchase,  whereas  in  England  it  usually  sells  for  only 
30  years'  jmrchase.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  the 
difference  in  the  facility  of  transfer  materially  affects 
the  value  of  the  land  in  both  countries,  if  it  does  not 
wholly  account  for  the  difference  :  and,  if  the  latter,  we 
have  Mr,  Stewart's  supposed  increase  in  the  value  of 


land  accounted  for  at  once,  supposing  the  *'  judicious 
alterations  "  can  be  [made  in^'this  couutry.  But  as  to 
that  we  shall,  perhaps,  have  something  more  to  say  in 
our  next.] 

Peat  Charcoal. — It  would  be  a  satisfactory  result  of 
modern  science  if  the  bogs  of  unhappy  Ireland,  which 
have  been  a  bye-word  of  reproach  time  out  of  mind 
should  now  become  a  blessing  to  ".both  him  that  gives 
and  him  that  takes."  Peat  chai'coal  in  powder,  the 
produce '  of  Irish  bogs,  is  now  used  as  the  vehicle  for 
absorbing  the  filthy  matter  from  the  sewers  of  London, 
and  effects  'what  a  [contemporary  calls  a  '^  miracle." 
The  foully  charged  waters  are  pressed  through  the  char- 
coal powder,  at  the  rate  of  100  tons  of  sewage  to  1  ton  of 
charcoal,  and  the  water  coraes  out  bright  and  tasteless  as 
from  a  fountain,  soft  as  from  the  clouds.  "  It  is  drank 
with  impunity,  and  nobody  could  tell  that  it  had  not 
come  pure  from  the  spring,"  although  some  inapprecia- 
ble antiseptic  is  probably  retainecl,  for  though  kept  for 
many  mouths  it  shows  no  sign  of  going  had.  This  con- 
dition presumes  the  water  to  have  been  taken  at  a  pure 
period  of  the  process,  for  when  the  charcoal  is  becoming 
saturated,  the  exuded  water  fouls  again.  The  proprie- 
tors are  said  to  be  taking  means  to  tui'n  this  pure  water 
to  account.  The  manure  left  behind  affords  a  sufficient 
profit  to  enable  the  charcoal  and  sewage  to  be  sold  at 
its  first  cost,  and,  as  facilities  are  afforded  for  its  manu- 
facture, it  may  prove  a  cheap  and  valuable  addition  to 
those  fertilisers,  by  the  use  of  which  our  lands  ought  to 
shew  an  energy  of  production  equal  to  the  stimulus  given 
to  our  manufactures.  It  may  be  useful  to  your  readers  to 
know  that  charcoal  and  sewage  manure  should  be  mixed 
with  twice  its  bulk  of  land  or  very  light  soil,  and  be 
sown  at  the  rate  of  10  cwt.  or  more  per  acre,  according 
to  the  kind  of  crop.  If  it  can  be  washed  in  a  little  by 
showers  of  rain  or  good  waterings  before  sowing  the 
seed  it  will  be  all  the  better,  as  the  seed,  before  its  roots 
are  protruded,  should  not  come  in  direct  contact  with 
the  manure  if  it  can  be  avoided,  for  the  seed  contains 
within  itself  sufficient  primai-y  nourishment  of  the  best 
kind  for  the  young  germ,  to  which  strong  manures, 
such  as  this  and  guano,  are  inappropriate  and  even 
injurious.  * 

AgiicuHural  Digging  F&rJcs. — My  attention  has  been 
called  to  a  letter  published  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle 
of  the  28th  ult.,  signed  "Harry  Winton,"  and  another 
signed  by  his  esteemed  friend,  "  Francis  Pavkes,"  pur- 
porting to  contradict  a  statement  made  by  me  in  a  letter 
addressed  to  Mr.  Mechi,  which  letter  he  published  in 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  the  14th  ult.  I  therein 
stated  that  there  was  no  manufacturer  of  the  American 
digging  forks,  of  which  he  spoke  so  highly,  in  Birming- 
ham named  Harry  Winton  (at  that  time  I  did  not  know 
there  was  any  person  of  the  name  in  Birmingham  at 
all),  which  statement  I  now  confirm  ;  but  Harry  Win- 
ton and  his  esteemed  friend  in  their  letters  above 
alluded  to,  rather  ingeniously  attempt  to  contradict  me 
by  saying  that  the  said  Harry  Winton  has  been  a  manu- 
facturer for  the  last  five  years.  They  both,  however, 
neglect  to  say  what  he  manufactures.  I  therefore  supply 
the  omission — viz.,  German  silver  and  metal  spoons, 
dinner  and  dessert  forks,  tea  and  coffee  services,  drink- 
ing cups,  &c. — and  with  some  difficulty  I  have  ascertained 
that  his  Dove-mill  is  a  small  shop  at  the  corner  of 
Hanley-street,  Cleveland-street.  I  should  not  have 
troubled  you  with  this  explanation,  but  I  cannot  allow 
my  statement  to  be  impugned,  particularly  by  people 
who  will  resort  to  sucli  a  metliod  of  deception  as  the 
one  thus  attempted  to  be  practised  upon  you  and  the 
public.  IF.  A.  Lyndon,  Minerva  Wo^'ks,  Bh-mingham, 
March  2.  [We  have  simply  to  say  that  to  the  German- 
silver  tea  and  coffee  services,  &c.,  manufactured  by  Mr 
Harry  Winton,  Mr.  Lyndon  must  noio  add  the  forks 
about  which  Mr.  Mechi  wrote,  and  to  whose  character 
of  which  we  know  nothing,  he  bears  testimony.  AVe 
must  now  close  this  correspondence.] 

Storms. — In  your  paper  of  Saturday,  Feb.  21,  I 
observed  some  interesting  observations  by  one  of  your 
correspondents,  who  signs  himself"  R.  Russell,  Kilwhiss, 
Fifeshire,"  on  the  subject  of  the  Action  of  Storms.  1 
have  kept  a  register  of  the  'weather  for  some  years, 
and  have  observed  especially  the  phenomena  with 
regard  to  the  N.W.  winds  that  he  mentions.  The 
appearance  of  the  cirrostratus  cloud  to  the  W.  after  the 
fall  of  a  N.W.  wind  (or  even  of  any  wind  from  W.  to 
N.),  has  come  under  Tay  notice  twice  in  December  last, 
and  no  less  ;than  five  times  in  January  ;  in  all  which 
cases  the  wind  below  was  either  S.W.  at  the  time  of 
observation,  or  set  in  from  that  quarter  a  few  hours 
after  ;  and  in  five  cases  out  of  the  seven  the  temperatui'e 
rose  steadily  through  the  day,  and  attained  a  maximum 
the  subsequent  night,  either  with  rain  or  mist 
(the  effect  of  the  S.W.  wind).  The  atmosphere 
was  very  turbid  throughout  the  month  ;  the  fall  of 
rain  amounting  to  4.48  inches.  There  were  often  two, 
if  not  three,  opposite  currents  in  the  air  ;  of  these,  how- 
ever, that  from  the  N.W.  predominated.  Previous  to 
the  severe  gale  of  Wednesday,  Jan.  21st,  which  raged 
over  the  whole  of  England,  I  observed  four  disthict 
currents  a.m.,  viz.,  the  .lower  S.E.,^next  S.S.W.,  then 
W.S.W.,  and  lastly^  large  beds  of  cirrostratus  above 
moved  from  N.W.  ;  and  it  is  somewhat  remarkable 
that,  during  the  storm,  the  wind  shifted  to  each  of  these 
points  in  succession,  thus  showing  the  tendency  of  the 
upper  currents  to  descend  into  the  lower  atmosphere, 
especially  during  storms.  Your  correspondent  has  not 
adverted  in  his  letter  to  a  subject  which  appears  to  me 
to  be  one  of  considerable  importance,  viz.,  that  registrars 
of  the  weather  should  not  be  content  with  eight  points 
of  the  compass  only  in  setting  down  their  observations 


11—1852.] 


THE     AGRlUULi  U  RAL     ITTrffl^W^ 


m 


on  the  wind,  for  in  this  way  they  only  register 
the  wind  generally.  It  seems  to  me  that  more 
certainty,  with  regard  to  the  influence  of  each  par- 
ticular wind  on  the  weather,  would  be  attained, 
if  observers  took  into  consideration  16  of  those 
points.  ThusjAvith  regard  to  the  N.W.  winds,  it  makes 
considerable  difference  to  the  temperature,  in  winter 
especially,  whether  the  wind  is  W.N.W.  or  N.N.W.  ; 
fur  in  the  latter  case  it  will  generally  freeze,  and  in  the 
former,  not  unfrequently  be  quite  mild,  but  if  both  are 
re-ristered  N.W,,  it  would  be  hard  to  account  for  the 
dilterence  of  temperature.  As  I  am  writing  to  you  on 
this  subject,  I  should  be  glad  if  you  could  inform  me  as 
to  the  aspect  and  height  from  the  ground  of  the  thermo- 
meter from  which  the  Chiswick  observations  are  regis- 
tered ;  for  from  the  great  difference  between  those  and 
mine,  taken  30  miles  N.  of  Loudon  (the  temperature 
being  as  much  higher  there  in  the  day  as  it  is  lower  at 
night),  I  should  imagine  that  the  instrument  is  either 
laid  upon  the  Grass,  or  that  there  is  some  extraordinary 
natural  difference  of  temperature  between  the  two  places, 
which  I  should  hardly  think  likely.  C.  B.  N.  P.- [The 
accompanying  sketch  shows  the  positions  of  the  ther- 
mometers on  the  lawn  in  the  arboretum  at  Chiswick. 


a,  represents  the  thermometer,  by  means  of  which  the  maxi- 
mum temperfiture  in  the  shade  is  reRistered  ;  b,  the  one  which 
indicates  the  minimum  temperature  ;  c,  one  with  a  black  bulb, 
for  the  temperature  in  the  sun's  rays;  d,  is  a  thermometer, 
iv;th  its  bulb  placed  in  a  radiator  ;  e.  thermometers  for  ascer- 
taining tha  temperature  of  the  ground. 

The  thermometer,  a,  is  2  feet  8  inches  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  4  inches  below  where  a 
liorizontal  line  would  touch  the  post  and  the  edges  of 
the  parasol.  The  minimum  thermometer,  &,  and  the 
maximum  in  the  sun*3  rays,  c,  are  each  about  a  foot 
above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  the  thermometer 
d,  about  9  inches.] 


Societies. 


KiRTLiNG,  near  Newmarket. — A  Lecture  onDrainage^ 
of  much  interest  to  landowners  and  farmers,  was  de- 
livered last  Thursday  evening  in  the  school-room 
here  by  Hewitt  Davis,  Esq.  The  lecturer,  in  intro- 
ducing the  subject,  said  he  could  not  offer  any  informa- 
tion more  deserving  the  attention  of  landowners  and 
farmers  than  that  which  was  to  be  gained  in  considering 
the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the  thorough  drainage 
of  wet  land  ;  at  first  it  might  be  supposed  these  two 
classes  were  the  only  gainers,  but  this  was  not  so, 
for  in  drawing  the  water  off  the  surface  of  land,  by 
means  of  under-ground  drains,  much  of  the  source  of 
damp  and  fog  is  removed,  and  in  this  way  the  climate 
of  the  country  may  be  greatly  ameliorated  and 
the  health  and  enjoyment  of  all  classes  be  greatly 
improved.  In  support  of  this  view  he  read  ex- 
tracts from  the  evidence  given  to  the  Metropolitan 
Commissioners  of  sewers,  in  reply  to  questions  as 
to  its  effects  in  improving  the  healthiness  of  loca- 
lities, showing  the  diminution  of  fever,  rheumatism* 
and  ague,  in  districts  that  had  been  thoroughly 
drained,  and  their  greater  freedom  from  fogs.  He  then 
spoke  of  the  various  ways  in  which  it  permanently 
improved  the  land,  and  contrasted  these  with  the  very 
limited  ideas  farmers  had  of  the  good  to  be  gained.  They 
hitherto  had  sought  little  more  than  to  preserve  their 
crops  from  the  mischief  from  standing  water,  and  had 
been  adopting  plans  for  ejecting  it  off  their  land  without 
any  consideration  of  the  uses  of  rain,  and  of  the  loss 
that  this  casting  it  off  occasioned.  But  the  land  drainer's 
views  arc  not  to  be  narrowed  to  the  prevention  of  injury 
to  the  crops.  His  end  should  be  to  give  to  the  soil  the 
full  benefit  of  its  percolation.  Mr.  Davis  described  rain 
in  its  descent  into  the  ground  as  carrying  warmt'i  and 
nutriment  to  the  roots  of  plants,  and  as  a  mechanical 
and  chemical  agent  of  the  first  importance  in  increating 
the  fertility  of  the  fioil.  He  described  vegolation  as 
nourished  by  matter  that  the  rain  dissolved  and  supplied 
to  the  roots,  and  by  the  heat  it  carried  from  the  surface 
and  showed  that  the  practice  of  rounding  up  of  land  into 
ridge  and  furrow,  scaled  it  to  the  descent  of  rain,  and 
deprived  it  of  its  most  valuable  manure.  'I'his  f)ractice 
of  laying  up  the  cultivated  ground  into  licds,  lie  con- 
hidored  of  great  antiq'iity  ;  for  ho  had  obHf.-rved  the  oUl 
lands  of  the  clay  pastures  cut  asunder  by  ancient  roadn, 
and  that  they  extended   in  directions  independent  of 


existing  lieJges  and  boundaries,  so  tliat  it  wity  clear 
these  old  pastures  had  been  in  tillage,  and  at  a  period 
prior  to  the  laying  out  of  these  roads  and  hedges  ;  and 
they  are  evidence  of  the  appropriation  of  the  greater 
part  of  England  to  the  raising  of  corn  at  a  very  early 
period,  and  of  which  we  have  very  little  account.  Mr. 
Davis  is  of  opinion  that  agriculture  at  tliat  time  must 
have  been  followed  with  much  sl;ill,  and  the  country 
have  possessed  a  population  far  greater  than  at  any 
period  of  the  Norman  or  Saxon  rule,  and  that 
these  evidences  of  a  genei-aliy  diffused  agricultural 
occupation  must  refer  to  a  time  when  the  country 
enjoyed  a  security  from  invasion  and  intestinal 
wars,  which  it  never  had  from  the  time  of  the  departure 
of  the  Romans";  and  it  is  to  this  wonderful  people,  and 
to  that  early  period,  he  traces  the  introduction  of  the 
ridge  and  furrows,  and  tlie  present  form  of  much  of  the 
old  pasture-land  of  England.  He  then  proceeded  to 
explain  that  all  vegetable  matter  was  made  up  of  the  ele- 
ments of  air  and  water,  with  minute  portions  of  minerals, 
which  could  only  have  entered  the  roots  of  plants  in  a 
gaseous  or  dissolved  form  ;  and  that  whilst  abundance 
of  the  former  may  be  supplied  through  the  interstices 
of  the  soil,  the  latter  can  only  be  prepared  and  presented 
to  the  roots  by  the  descent  of  rain  ;  and  that  as  the 
earth's  surface  is  heated  only  by  the  sun's  action  on  it, 
and  it  was  a  quality  of  heat  to  ascend  and  not  descend, 
it  was  principally  by  the  warmth  carried  frora  the  atmo- 
sphere and  the  earth's  surface  to  the  interior,  in  the 
descent  of  rain,  that  the  temperature  of  the  vegetating 
soil  is  raised  in  the  spring  season.  He  then  entered  into 
the  various  plans  that  have  been  pursued  to  drain  land. 
He  showed  by  quotations  from  Columella  and  Cato, 
that  the  system  of  draining  2000  years  ago  had  been 
by  drains  of  3  and  4  feet  deep,  laid  with  stones  and 
wood  ;  and  that  up  to  the  introduction  of  tiles,  in  the 
last  50  years,  little  or  no  improvement  in  draining 
had  been  made.  He  then  referred  to  the  insecurity 
of  any  other  material  than  tiles,  and  the  danger  in  using 
any  form  but  the  circle.  He  stated  that  the  expansion 
and  contraction  of  a  clay  soil  by  wet  and  drought  was 
such,  at  4  feet  deep,  as  to  crush  any  form  but  the  circle, 
or  to  press  up  the  bottom  so  as  to  fill  up  the  vacuum  ; 
and  he  exhibited  a  tile  choked  with  clay  he  had 
brought  from  the  Regent's  Park,  where  they  were 
found  in  all  directions,  and  where  he  was  now  draining 
4  feet  deep  with  pipes,  after  many  attempts  had  been 
made  without  success  at  shallower  deptlis  and  with 
other  materials.  By  means  of  glass  cylinders  filled  with 
clay,  he  was  enabled  to  point  out  "  how  clay  became 
porous  by  the  abstraction  of  the  water,"  and  "  how  it 
was  that  deeper  drains  carried  off  the  water  quicker 
than  shallower,"  and  "how  heat  and  nutriment  were 
taken  down  from  the  surface,"  and  finished  by  showing 
that  whilst  the  soil,  when  saturated  with  water,  is  closed 
to  the  entrance  of  rain  water,  and  every  shower 
robs  it  of  both  heat  and  manure,  the  effect  of  drainage 
is  to  open  the  earth  to  the  receipt  of  warmth  and 
nutriment  frora  the  surface,  and  to  the  free  flow  of  air, 
rendering  it  permeable  to  the  roots  of  plants,  bringing 
it  into  a  more  healthy  condition,  lightening  the  cost  of 
its  cultivation,  and  in  many  ways  increasing  its  fertility. 
After  the  lecture  many  questions  were  put  to  Mr. 
Davis  as  to  the  depth  at  which  clays  should  be  drained. 
He  explained  that  having  shown  how  clay  became  porous 
to  the  depth  of  the  drains,  he  was  quite  sure  they  would 
at  once  be  alive  to  the  advantages  of  giving  the  greatest 
depth  to  their  drains  that  cost  would  admit  ;  and  they 
would  see  the  desirability  of  keeping  the  water  bed 
that  would  remain  at  the  bottom  of  below  drains,  at 
least  4  feet  from  the  surface.  These  answers  appeared 
satisfactory,  and  the  meeting  closed  with  the  thanks  of 
the  visitors  being  unanimously  voted  to  Mr.  Davis  and 
to  the  chairman. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Bacon:  B  A.  The  Glouceeterehire  method  consists  in  simply 
salting  it.  It  is  not  necessary,  nor  desirable,  that  it  he 
smoked  at  all.  Our  answer  on  this  subject  was  given  a  short 
time  apo.  Keep  it  in  a  dry  place,  and  it  will  be  good  for 
very  many  months. 

Black  Bahlet  :  A  Svhscnher  asks  if  it  can  safely  be  sown  so 
late  as  April  iQ  Ireland  ?     We  should  suppose  it  could. 

Beewing  :  A  B  says,  I  have  brewed  a  batch  of  beer  in  accord- 
ance with  the  method  recommended  by  "J.  W.,"  but  I  do 
not  find  that  I  have  any  crust  of  Hops  floating  on  the  eur. 
face  when  my  beer  itt  ia  the  cask.  I  have,  therefore,  buoRed 
ditwn  the  cask,  and  have  secured  the  vent-hole.  Will 
"J.  W."  eay  how  this  comes?  I  trausferred  the  liquor. 
Hops  find  all,  without  Btrainiuf,  red  hot  into  the  casli,  and 
in  spite  of  all  my  efforts  the  Hops  persist  in  lying  with  the 
dregs. 

BoiTEa:  Cottager.  You  grate  the  Carrot  dowa  and  macerate  it 
in  water  for  u  little,  and  thereafter  strain  so  much  of  it  as  ia 
deemed  »hle  to  give  a  deep  enough  colour  through  a  cloth 
into  the  churn,  along  wiih  the  cream. 

Chevalier  Baelet.  A  Constant  Reader  may  procure  it  of  any 
seedsman  ;  or  indeed,  we  may  ho  almost  sure,  on  some 
neighbouring  farm,  for  it  is  commonly  enough  known  and 
sown  now.  A  correspondent  writes  to  say  that  he  could 
supply  some. 

Food  foe  Eweb  :  Beginner.  Brewers'  grains,  in  moderation,  are 
perhaps  the  best  sort  of  purchased  food  you  can  get  to  give 
them  along  with  the  hay  an'I  straw  chaff. 

Gas  Lime  :  Reader.  It  is  uHcfuI  an  a  top-droasing  upon  land, 
after  it  has  been  repcaterily  turned  and  exposed  to  the  air. 
Apply  \t-  to  Grass  land,  either  jiermnnent  or  artificial,  as  a 
top-dressing.  By  exposure  to  the  air  some  of  it  becomes 
gypsum,  and  that  is  the  cause  of  itn  fertilising  ioflueucc. 
Two  tons  per  aero  is  a  common  application. 

Geass  Land;  O  B  N  II.  Apply  wood  ashes  over  the  strong 
c.iarflo  herbage  ;  that  will  induce  the  cattle  to  eat  It.  20  cwt. 
or  more  ptr  acre  niav  he  ajiplipd  broadcast. 

IIuRiE-HOB.  Conrtanl  Subscriber.  Orio  horse,  on  land  not  extra- 
ordinarily III  rd  or  foul,  will  get  over  bix  to  eight  acres  of 
Wheaf  It  diiy  with  cino  of  Gitrrolt's  horse-hocfl. 

IltiHHKY'H  Ueapiho  MACHINE  ;  BO.  H  BS  It  ovcr  hcoH  applied 
to  the  cutting  of  Grass?  or  is  it  oopablo  of  being  so 
ajjplied  ? 


Lijckiink:  C'/l.  So*  «  or  8  Iba.  per  ucre  Uuiin«  mid-A,,,!!  i„ 
bhaUow  drtllH,  ui  rows  at  least  1  i  inches  apart,  on  trood  deep 
land,  or  sandy  loam,  or  a  calcareous  loam  In  good  heat 
well  and  deeply  tilled,  is  the  best  sort. 

pEEovtAN  Baelet:  SB.  We  h<jve  several  inquiries  for  It 
1  hose  who  have  it  for  sale  should  ^dvi^rtise 

rouLTET  :  Constant  Siibsariber.  I  cannot  help  you.  The  an- 
pearances  you  mention  are  not  very  uncommon,  but  thev 
teldoni  occur  except  when  fowls  are  out  of  condition,  or 
hav-o  beon  forced  to  unnatural  laying,  by  very  stimulating 
iood.  fins  does  non  ap„car  from  your  dietary,  unless  yoj 
have  given  greaves  too  freely.  I  make  no  doubt  the  cause 
of  complamt  will  dieippear  as  the  weather  gets  milder  and 
the  fowls  improve  mconditi.m.  Thirty  hens  are  too  many 
for  twoeoeks.-J'/>,  Brecon.  It  is  disputed,  but  1  have  no  best! 
tation  (having  proved  It  beyond  contradiction)  in  saying, 
that  once  wiU  serve  for  three  weeks.  Dissection  will  nrovP 
it  KUo.-Con^tantRea'Ier.  A  Cochia  Chinafowl  mus^t  no? 
have  five  claws  hko  a  Dorkmg,  nor  must  it  have  half  aa 
much  tail  as  any  other  breed.  It  muat  not  have  sickle 
feathers.  Although  one  colour  may  be  preferred  to  another 
that  is  matter  of  fancy,  and  a  bird,  good  in  other  points  is 
not  less  pure  because  his  plumage  is  darker  than  those  now 
most  esteemed.  The  correspondent  who  complains  his 
swans  will  not  eat,  and  consequently  die  of  starvation  will 
very  likely  find,  on  examination,  that  although  the  stomachft. 
are  perfectly  healthy,  the  bird*  are  diseased  ;  but  the  disease 
is  in  the  throat,  at  the  root  of  the  tongue.  VVheo  such  is  the 
case,  and  it  is  not  uncommon,  it  is  impossible  they  can  eat 
whole  corn,  but  they  drink,  and  if  Oatmeal  be  thrown 
into  the  water  they  will  suck  it  off  the  surface.  I  would 
recommend  to  fence  off  a  small  space  with  common  hurdles 
say  12  feet  square,  on  the  edge  of  the  water,  half  the  space- 
being  water  ;  I  would  place  all  the  sickly  birds  therein,  and 
several  times  a  day  I  would  take  one  of  their  wing  feather* 
completely  saturated  with  sweet  oil,  and  pass  it  down  the 
throat,  doing  so  as  often  as  convenient,  and  continuing  it 
each  time  till  the  passage  was  open  and  easy.  Let  them 
have  gruel  or  meal  in  water  at  hand,  and  they  will  then  feed. 
After  a  few  days  they  will  recover,  as  death  is  from  starva- 
tion and  not  from  the  disease.  Of  course  if  it  were  necessary 
to  put  many  swans  under  treatment  at  the  same  time,  a 
lareer  space  would  be  necessary,  and  it  should  be  moved 
daily,  like  a  sheep-fold. —Cff.  Igivemy  opinion  with  all  diffi- 
dence, and  it  must  be  taken  for  what  it  is  worth.  If  I  escape 
having  my  judgment  reversed,  or  my  opinions  objected  to,  I 
shall  be  more  fortunate  than  those  who  sit  in  hif^her  courts. 
I  still  believe  the  white  Cochin  China  fowls  to  be  a  distinct 
breed.  Why  should  they  not  be  ?  Are  not  the  white- 
Dorkings  ?  I  admit  they  may  sometimes  throw  dark, 
feathers,  but  such  may  be  a  freak  of  Nature,  or  a  token  of 
degeneracy.  It  is  notorious  they  were  imported  white,  and 
have  remiiined  so,  except  where  they  have  been  crossed  with 
coloured  birds.  In  such  caises  some  of  the  chicltens  will 
come  quite  white,  and  may  be  sold  as  pure  ;  but  in  breeding' 
from  them,  their  produce  is  very  likely  to  come  dark  or  pied. 
This  would  only  prove  the  mixed  origin  of  those  particular- 
birds,  And  would  not  affect  the  question  of  the  breed.  Jt 
Baiily,  113,  Mount-street. 


— ♦ — 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Maech  13. 
Although  the  weather  still  continues  cold,  the  market  is  well' 
supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit ;  but  trade  is  dull.  English 
Pine-apples  are  plentiful,  considering  the  season.  New  Hot- 
house Grapes  have  made  their  appearance  ;  foreign  ones  are 
a  trifle  dearer.  The  best  English  Pears  fetch  good  prices. 
They  are  now  confined  to  Beurr6  Ranee  and  Easter  Beurre.. 
Oraoges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same 
as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  still  supplied.  Carrots, 
Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are  eufijcieut  for  the  demand,  and 
tnere  is  some  tine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in  the  market.  PotatoeE 
aro  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other  salading 
are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut 
flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacriaes,  Mignonette,  Camellias 
Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Lily 
of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT, 


Plne-BppIes,peTlb.,4s  to  Ss 
Grape9,hothouee,p.lb.,15sto206 
Grapes, Lisbon, per  lb., Sdtolsfc'd 
Strawberries,  per  oz,,  Is  to  2s 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  28 

to  3s  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  Ss 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  tn  Ss 


Savoys,  per  doz.,  lOd  to  28 
French  Beans,  p.  100,  2s  to  3s 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is  iid 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  Id 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Sa  to  7b 
Seakale.p.  basket,  Is  3d  to  2s  6d 
Greens,  per  doz,,  2s  fid  to  4s 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Potatoes, per  ton,  45s  to  8l)s 

—  percwt,,2s  to  Ss 

—  per  bush,  ,1a  6d  to  23  fid 
Turnips,  p.  doz.,  is  6d  to 28  6d 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  38 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  to  Is  6d 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  Is  Gd 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,leGd  to  Ss 
Endive,  per  score.  Is  to  26  6d 


VEGETABLES. 


Fears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  28  to  6s- 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  perlOO,  8s6d:ol0s 

—  Seville,  per  doz  ,  Is  to  3a 
Lemons,  per  dos.,  Is  to  2s 

N  uta,  Barcelona,  p.  bfih,206to22o 

—  Brazil, p,  b8h.,12sto  14& 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  8Q3  to  100s 


Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  23 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  SdcolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  Is- 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  2& 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn.,2dto  8d 
HorseRadisbfP.  bundle,  Is  to  4 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  Is  3d 

—    per  punnet,  9d  to  la 
Sorrel,  p.  hf,8ieve,ls3d  to  IsSd 
Artichokes,  Jeru8.,do.,9d  to  1b 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  8b- 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Basil,  p. bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do,,  3d  to  4d 
Watercres8,p.l2bunchfl.6dtols- 


POTATOES.— SouTHWAEK,  Monday,  March  8. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  the  arrivals- 
both  coastwise  and  by  rail  have  been  considerable  ;  and,  not- 
withatanding  the  coldness  of  the  weather,  our  trade  still' 
continues  in  the  same  depressed  stato  as  the  previous  week. 
The  following  are  this  daj's  quotationa  :— York  Regents.  GOs,- 
to  80b.:  Scotch  do.,  60s  to  706.;  Perth  and  Forfarshire  Cups, 
G53.  to  7*09.;  Fifeshire  do.,55fl.  toGOs.;  Cambridge  and  Wisbeachj. 
558,10  658.;   Kent  and  Essex,  GOs.  to  768. 

HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusses. 
SuiTOFiELD,  March  11. 
prime  Meadow  Hay  728to77H    Clover     ... 

tnferiorditto 68        68      2d  cut      ... 

Itowen    60        63      Straw     ,.. 

New  nay       ""„'",. 

Trade  heavy. 


...    76atoe4» 
...     67        76 
...     26        3l> 
J.  COOPBB. 


COAL  MAltKET.— l^ElbAi.Alarch  12, 
Holywell,    159.;    Eden    Main,   IBs.;    West    Hartley,    ISa. - 
Wallsend  Hnswell.  ICa.  8d. ;    Wallseod   Hetton,  IGa.  ;    Walls- 
end    Stewarts,   16s.;     Wallsend  Tees,  16s.;    Merthyr,  23e. — 

ahips  at  niarbot,  208^ 

HUPS.— Friday,  March  12. 
Messrs.  Pattonden  and  timltb  report  the  Hop  market  firm 
t  lute  prices.  

WOOL. 
Bbadfoed,  TnOBBDAT,  March  11.— There  is  no  Improvement 
10  record  In  the  state  of  our  wool  market.    The  demand  con- 
tinues inactive  lor  all  olai^ucs  except  the  best,  and  prices  have 


-ITl" 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


Makch  13, 


■undergone  a  corresp.mdiog  depression.  Stocks  in  the  hands  of 
staplers  and  spinners  are  certainly  below  the  avernge  for  the 
season  of  the  year  ;  but  in  the  face  of  the  extremely  depressed 
position  of  spinners  and  manufacturers,  there  is  no  inclination 
to  buy  more  than  is  absolutely  required  for  immediate  use. 
Short  wools  and  noils  are  a  good  sa'e  at  full  ra'es.  Of  the 
yarn  and  piece  market  we  can  only  repeat  the  same  cheerless 
story  of  many  weeks  past.  There  seems  little  prospect  at 
present  of  a  more  animated  state  of  thingg, 

SMTTHFIELD,  Monday,  March  8. 
The  number  of  Bfiasts  is  pmaller  than  of  late,  and  the 
-weather  continning  favourable,  there  is  considerable  activiy 
in  tbe  trade.  We  are  enabled  to  quote  an  advance  of  21.  per 
8  lbs.  on  Friday's  prices  for  most  descriptions.  A  fair  clearance 
is  effected.  There  are  very  few  Sheep  on  offer  ;  trade  i'^,  how- 
ever, Tery  slow,  and  prices  are  scarcely  as  good  as  on  Monday 
last.  There  is  more  inquiry  for  shorn,  and  immediately  the 
Tveather  gets  a  little  milder,  those  in  wool  will  be  diificult  to 
sell.  Good  Calves  are  scarce  and  rather  dearer,  but  there  is  no 
better  trade  for  middling  ones.  Froin  Germany  ami  Hclland 
there  are  284  Beaflts,  820  Sheep, and  82  Calves  ;  from  Scotland, 
SOOBeafits  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1901 ;  and  3(/0  from  the 
northern  and  midland  countleG, 


I*er  Bt.of  8  lbs,— a 
Best  Scots,  Here- 

fords,  &.C,  ...  3 
■BestShort-horna  3 
3d  dusility  Beasts  2 
Be^t  Downs   and 

Half-breds  ...  4 
Ditto  Shoj-n 


d      s  d 

6  to  3  8 

4  —  3  6 

C  — 3  0 

0  —  4  4 


Perat.  of  Slba.- 8 
BestLong-woola  .  3 
Ditto  Shorn 
Ewes  <fe  2d  quality  2 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0 

Calves      3 

Piirfl  3 


d  s  d 
6  to  3  10 

S  — 3    2 

0  —  0  0 
0—4  6 
0—4  0 
Pigs,  SSO. 


Beasts,  3874  j  Sheep  and  Lambfi  21,000 ;  Calves,  138 
FB1D.4T,  March  12. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  a  fair  average ;  the  weather  being 
-favourable  trade  is  cheerful,  and  a  clearance  is  effected  at 
about  Monday's  prices.  We  have  a  full  supply  of  Sheep  for 
the  time  of  year  ;  trade  is  dull,  and  it  is  with  considerable 
difficulty  Monday's  quotations  are  supported.  Although  the 
number  of  Calves'is  not  large,  tbe  demand  is  so  limited,  that  on 
the  avcrape  lower  prices  are  submitted  to.  Our  foreign  supply 
consists  of  116  Beasts,  53t)  Sheep,  and  117  Calves.  The  number 
of  Milch  Co^TsiS  148. 


Best  Scots,  Here- 

fot'ds,  <bc.  ...  S 
Best  Short-horns  3 
£d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Dowup   and 

Half-breds  ...  4' 
Ditto  Sliofn 


6  to  3 
2—3 
4  —  8 


0  —  4    4 


BeH  Long-wools 
Ditto  Shorn 
Ewes  tfc  2d  quality  2 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs     0 

Calves       3 

Pigs'  2 


3     C- 


0— .0  0 
0  —  4  4 
8  —  4     0 


Beasts.  901;  Sheen  rind  Lambs.  335Q  ;  Calves,  2Qq  ;  Pigs,   310 

MARK  LATfE. 
BIoHDAT.  March  8.— Although  the  supply  of  Wheat  from 
Eeses,  Kent,  and  Suffolk,  by  land  carriage  samples  to  this 
mornins'a  market  was  small,  it  met  a  slow  sale,  and  some 
considerable  quantity  remained  undisposed  of  at  a  late 
iiour,  even  at  a  decline  of  Is.  per  quarter.  We  heard  of  no 
transactions  In  foreign,  but  a  slight  decline  would  in  many 
jcases  have  been  accepted,  had  buyers  presented  themselves. — 
The  trade  for  Barley  and  Peas  remains  the  same  as  this  day 
Fe'nnigbt.— Beans  are  a  slow  sale  at  late  ra'es.— The  Oat  trade 
is  firm,  but  business  not  extensive. — Flour  is  a  heavy  sale,  and 
£q  some  inetances  a  sU.:ht  reduction  is  submitted  to. 
Pea  iMPEaiAL  QoAaTEii, 


^heat,  Esses,  K'ent,  &  Suffolk. ..White 
-1.  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —      Talavcra 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York. ..White 

—  Foreign 

iJ arley, grind.  4i  distil.,  26fl  to29a...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye 

Ilye-meal, foreign per  ton 

33caiis,  Mazagan 248  to  278 Tick 

—  Pigeon 37    —  82...  Winds 

—  Foreign  Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler' 


-46 
-48 
-52 
39-44 
37—53 
3 1—35 
22—29 
19-21 

2 : 24 

20—23 
19-22 


25-: 

30-36 

22-30 

.12—34 
26-28 


38-43 
29—34 
18—24 


lied 
Red 


•Malting 
Malting 


Feed., 
Feed., 
Feed ., 
Foreign  . 


Harrow . 
Longpod 
Egvptian 
Suffolk.., 
Foreign . 
Yellow... 


Norfolk 
Per  sack 


40-42 
12—44 


20—22 
19-22 
18-21 


24-30 
23—25 
83—35 
27—34 


29—34 

:i2— ; 


Maple 27s  to  308 Grey 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  deUverod  ...pei^  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreien per  barrel 

Frioat.  March  12 — The  arrivals  of  grain  this  weeR  have 

been  moderate.  To-day's  market  was  badly  atended,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  a  sligbtinquiry  for  low  qualities  of  Wheat 
and  Flour  for  expnrt,  fcarcely  any  demand  was  apparent; 
prices  are  consequently  entirely  nominal. — Barley  firm  at 
Monriaj's  prices.— Beans  and  Peas  remain  as  last  quoted,  with 
but  little  business  doing.— The  Oat  trade  is  slow  at  late  rates. 
— Therelis  some  inquiry  for  floating  cargoes  of  Wheat  for  the 
Continent,  but  we  hiiVe  not  heard  of  any  transactions  to-day. 


iMPEEIAL 
AVEEAQES, 

Wheat. 

Saeiet. 

Ks  Gd 
23     8 

30  7 

31  0 
30     7 
SO     1 

30     1 

0AT8. 

RtE. 

Beahb. 

PEAB. 

.Ian.  31 

Feb.    7 

—  14 

—  21 

—  23 

March  G 

S3slld 

41  2 

42  8 
42    9 
42    8 
4'2    T 

41  11 

18j  2(i 
18  11 

18  9 

19  4 
19     C 
19     4 

27»  ed 

29  7 
■29  11 

30  6 
30    7 
32    5 

23sl1rf 
29    0 

29  10 

30  2 

29  10 

30  2 

38s  id 
IS    0 
29    7 
10    6 
29     5 
29     6 

Aeijvep.  Ayer. 

19     0 

30    1 

29    8 

29    4; 

Duties  on  foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  quarter. 
Fltjctuations  in  the  last  six  weeks'  Averages, 


Pbiceb.  Jan.  31,  Feb.    7,  Feb.  14.  Feb.  21.  Feb.  28.  Ma; 


42>  9.i 

42  8 

43  7 
42  3 
41  2 
39  10  ■ 


L.1  VLtteLin.,  iijbhUAt,  March  9  .  —  Our  market  this  moraing 
was  tolerably  well  attended,  but  the  Wheat  trade  opened  slow, 
and  a  decline  of  2d.  ppr  bushel  was  generally  conceded,  at  which 
reduction  a  moderate  amount  of  business  was  effected  before 
theclose.  American  Flour  was  pressed  for  sale  from  the  quay, 
and  several  thousand  barrels  changed  hands  at  Is.  per  barrel 
le>s  than  this  day  week.  Grinding  Barley  remained  steady  in 
value,  bat  malting  descriptions  and  Malt  were  respectively  Is. 
'per  qr.  cheaper.— Egyptian  Beans  sold  steadily  at  full  prices. 
Oats  recovered  the  depression  of  Friday,  thoueh  the  sales  were 
nicrely  in  retail.     Oatmeal  was  3d.  per  load  lower.     Indian 

^^orn  in  moderate  request. Fbidat,  Mabcq  5.— Our  market 

this  morning  exhibited  an  extremely  dull  appearance  as  regards 
v\beat  of  all  descriptions,  and  prices  of  either  British  or 
foreign  were  ratber  bnvcr.  French  and  Irish  Flour  were  the 
mm  cheaper.  Peas  and  Beans,  upon  a  moderate  demand, 
supported  late  prieej,  and  few  parcels  of  Egyptian  remain 
unsold.  Malting  Barley  in  slow  request,  and  rather  depres.>cd 
m  value  ;  gnndiiig  Barley  nod  Malt  remain  unvaried.  Oats 
.and  Oatmeal  meeting  little  notice,  the  former  receded  id.  per 
1.7  Ibp..  and  the  latter  3(1.  per  load.     Indian  Corn  continues  to 

be ttkcnatlliteprices,  and  cargoes  afloatmeel buyers  nsofl'ered, 
trom  day  lo  day.  "^      '  ' 


GLASS. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    GLASS    MERCHANTS, 

116,  BISHOPSGATE  STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON, 


HAVE     THE     PLEASUBE    TO     HAND     TI 

HORTICULTURAL  CLASS 
Packed    in     Crates    containing     about 
3O0  feet,   and  in  Sheets  about  40  ins. 
long  by  30  ins.  wide. 

13  oz.  to  the  toot Os.  2(J. 

16  oz.       do 0    2i 

21  oz.       do 0    8J 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes. 
Not  exceeding  40  inches  long  : 

16  oz Os.  3d.  to  Os.  3^d. 

21  oz 0     4  0     5' 

26  oz 0     5  0     7 

Packed  in  boxes  containing  100  feet : 

6  by  4  to  Si  by  4}  ins.         ...    133.  Oti. 

7  by  5  to  74  by  5h  ins.         ...    15    0 

8  by  6  to  64  by  es  ins.         ...    17    G 

9  by  7  to  10  by  8    ins.         ...     20    0 
Boxes  are  charged  2s.  each,  but  allowed 

for  when  returned. 

FOREIGN   SHEET   CLASS. 
Packed  in  200  feet  Cases,  i-izes  varying 
(rem  38  by  26  to  41  by  30,  at  3Ss.,  40s.,  to 
425.  per  case  of  very  superior  quality. 


WINDOW    CLASS. 
In  Crates  of  18  Tables. 

£   s.  Al  g  S_ 

6  15    0     £  ;:  2.2 

5  17    0 

4  16    0 

3    3    0 

2  12     0 

2     6     0 


POLISHED  PLATE 

CLASS. 

1  foot  and  under    2       d.i.        2    4 

L. 

2           do.               3       do.        2    3 

;:^ 

3           do.               4       do.        2  10 

4           do.               6       do.        8    2 

.  « 

G           do.               8       do.        3    6 

o 

8           do.             10       do.        3    9 

E. 

10           do.             12       do.        4    0 

" 

12           do.             14       do.        4    2 

ORNAMENTAL   OPAQUE    I^LATE 

CLASS. 

PERFORATED    CLASS, 

FOB  VENTILATION. 

CLASS    SLATES   WITH    DRILLED 

HOLES. 

Rough  Plate. 

si 

.2-S 

S"" 

2  u 

-^s'.a 

«W.C 

*' 

•^ 

Size.    s.d. 

n.  d 

s.d 

1,  rf 

Duchess        ...  24  +  12  1  G 

■!    0 

2    a 

i     0 

Smalllmperial20  +  14  1  5.) 

111 

2     7 

I  10 

Small  Duchess  2-2  +  12  1  5 

1  Hi 

2     6 

I     « 

Countess       ...  20+10  1  IJ 

I     6 

2     0 

3     8 

Vistountess...  13+10  1   1 

1     4 

1  111 

3    4 

Large  Ladies    16  +  10  1  0 

1     3 

1     7 

3     0 

Ladies           ...  16+  8  0  10 

1     1 

1    b 

1     6 

Doubles        ...  13+  7  0  8 

0  10 

1     2 

2     3 

Best        

Seconds 

Thirds    

Fourths 

C.  C 

Coarse  ... 

Subject  to  the  usual  discount  for  cash; 
Squares  cut  to  order. 

Milk  Pans,  Propagating  Glasses,  and  every  article  in  tlie  traile,  for  which  a  List  of  Prices,  and  every 
information,  may  be  had,  by  addressing 

J'ABTES  FHI&S.ZPS  &.  CO.,  Glass  IWerchantg,  116,  Blshopggate-street  XS'tthont.  Xondon. 


THE    PRESENT    MONTH,    POB 
•    CLASS    TILES. 
Sough  Plate. 
Each— a,  d. 
J  inch  thick...    0  10 
3-lGtbsdo.do.    1    0 
i  inch  thick...    1    3 
i  inch  thick...    2    0 


Sheet. 

Each— s,  d. 

IGoz 0    G 

21  oz 0    8 

2Goz.    ..      ...    0  10 

32  oz 1    0 


50  Tiles,  i  of  an  inch  thick,  packed  in 
a  case,  2;.  10s. 


CLASS    FOR  CHURCHES,  CHAPELS, 
SCHOOLS,    ETC. 

HARTLEY'S    PATENT     QUAEBT 

GLASS, 

In  various  lengths,  of  three  thicknfesses 

a  cheap  substitute  for  Lead  Lights. 

HAETLETS      PATENT      HOtJGH 
PLATE  GLASS. 

J  inch  thick,  or  2  lbs.  to  the  foot ; 
3.1Gths,  or  3  lbs. ;  and  J,  or  4  lbs.  lo  the 
foot,  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Green- 
houses, Railway  Stations,  Engine  Sheds, 
Mills,  Market  Halls,  and  Public  BaUd. 
ings  getierally. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  LUTED  AND 
CORRUGATED  GLASS, 

For   Dome  Lights,    Counting-house 
Windows,  die. 


.GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  ANn  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  od 
pel'  sijuare  fodt,  for  the  u,sual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kejit  ready  packed  for  immedia'e  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Es'imates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
P.^TENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLaLES.  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GL.^SS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  33,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


'T'liOMAS   MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 

-*-    GLASS  is  fay  eupevior  to  any  other  maoufacture,  as  well 
ae  cheiiper.    In  100  feet  boxes  pacaed  for  immediate  delivery. 
G  iiiches  by  4  arid    G-J  by  ij      13s;  Od. 

7  „  5  and    7,i  by  5i       15    0 

8  „  5  and    8    by  5^       15    0 

8  „  Gawd    S.iby  6^       17     6 

9  „  7  add  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  (jut  to  order  in  various  thiclinesges. 
CaBea  containing  large  Sheetd,  in  lOi),  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2\s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  ^  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15iticlies Gd.  per  foot. 

,,         „         35      , 8d.         „ 

„         „         50      „       9.id.      „ 

„         „         75      „       12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  fis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slate=,  ;  Cucumber,  Fropagating,  and  Bee  G'asses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shade",  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


E WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  applicatiou  to 
whom  drawinifs  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained: — Messrs.  Knif^bt  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  itc.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Kurserymen,  &,c., 
Fulhara,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Teitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Dicksun,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messr?.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull,  Nuracrymtn,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S,,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.R.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford- 
shire; Mr,  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Angleeea ;  Messrs. 
l*iUiington  and  C  k,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  wliich  they  become  ele^iant  hothouses  on 
the  best  principle.     Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill.  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETG. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kinq's-eoad,  Chelsea.  —The  superior  qualitiea  in  everj 
respent  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
tho  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  allcompeiition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sa«h  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele, 
graph  wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  S'ation,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previonsly,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  ins.  long,  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  ^31.  Gs.  Sd  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  lung.,  do.  do..  52G  ft.,  301.  ISs.  8^. ;  28  ft.  (J  ins. 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
tliemost  approved  and    conomical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d,  and  8d,  per 
foot,euper. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturtrs.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Ifot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatoricFi,  Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  comhiniog 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  conptant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  i^plendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
[irice-s.  Also  a  fine  coUfeution  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pota 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  die,  forwarded  on 
appMcan'oh.— J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-ro-id.  Chelsea,  LondoD. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
structiun  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  eleganceof 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
ecotioriiy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  tfc  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  NotiUty, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
cOnfidBnce  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved'and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  bejnade  available. 

GREENHOUSE   &    CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 

■    ESTABLISHMENT, 

HOT-WATER    APPARATUS   MANUFACTORY, 

KEWSAtL-GREEtit,  HABHOW-ROAD,   lONDON. 

TOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  roppectfully  to  call  tlie 

tl  attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  binds  of  Green- 
houses Conservatories,  Forcing  Pits,  &c  ,  and  all  other  buUd- 
incs  for  Horticultural  purposes,  combining  all  the  most  modern 
iriiprovements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
hesiting  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  &c.,  has  received  the  greatest 
approbH'ion  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  baa 
been  extensively  engaged. 


[=-1852. 


TTTE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


17; 


DRAINING  TILE  MACHINES,  &  CLAY  GRINDIMG  MILLS" 

MR.  SAJIUELSON,  Britannl\  Iron  Works, 
Banbdrv  (Successor  to  the  late  James  Gnrdiier),  to 
avoid  the  disapiiointmeiit  experience«i  last  yenr  as  re^r^irds  the 
dolWerv  of  his  IMPROVED  DOUBLE  SPEEDED  TILE 
MA.CHINES,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  ihia  seiiBon  betug 
^iven  as  early  us  possihle. 

Price  of  tbo  small  Machine  to  deliver  400D  U  inch,  or  3000 
2  inch  pipes  in  10  hours,  lU. 

Delivery  free  to  all  places  on  the  London  and  North  Western 
and  the  Great  Western  Railways. 

Drawings  may  be  obtained  on  application  as  above. 


PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITHEjof  Eastlin^,  Faversham, 
Kent,  iuTorras  th3  pabUc  ihat  his  mixtures  of  tbo 
NATURAL  GRASSES  and  SJIa.LL  CLOVdRS,  ga-bered  prin- 
cipally under  his  superintendence,  inclu'Hn^  everysort  neces- 
sary  to  form  a  Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  &.c. 
'which  should  be  p  irticularly  stated;,  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  by  Railwuy  to  any  Station  in  En^laadJ  Carriage  Free, 
at  205.  ppr  acre,  allowing  3  bushels  per  acre. 
1II5TCRES  FOR  LAWNS,  &c.  THE  TRADE  SUPPLIED. 
Any  intor'oation  on  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  Graaues, 
the  Advertiser  would  be  pleased  to  give. 


THE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GREAT 
EXBIBlTIOiN'  was  awarded  to  ITv.  MiLTO>f,  for  bis 
Improved  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE  (str.iwj,  tbe  only  British  Bee- 
hive  for  which  a  Prize  Medal  wis  aw.irded.  It  is  of  simple 
construction,  orn  imenta',  and  so  easily  managed  [bat  the  moat 
unskilful  can  with  saf^^ty  obtain  a  large  quamity  of  pure 
honey  without  killing' tbe  bees  ;  price  complere.  Ids.  6ii.  They 
are  made  with  extra  fittings  and  boards,  13i.  Gd.  tha  set. 

Also  may  be  had  "Milton's  Practical  Dee-keeper,"  new 
edition,  price  25 

Ditto,  with  Iliuatrations,  2^.  Gd. 

Ditto,  Sheet  ot"  ditto,  free  by  post,  8d. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  and  Honey  Warehouse,  10,  Great 
Marjlebone- street.  Wimpole.street,  London. 


IMPORTANT    TO    POULTRY    FANCIERS. 

COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS'  EGGS  for  HATCHING. 
— A  geot'em'in  having  with  very  great  care  selected  some 
mjst  superior  Ci-cbin  China  Fowls,  now  offers  their  Eggs  to 
thosif  who  study  th  it  most  apreeable  and  profitable  of  all  rural 
pursuits— I'ouUry  keeping.  The  stock  Fuwls  are  fi-omimporied 
Birds,  very  lar^e,  of  great  weisb*-,  well  feathered  on  the  legs, 
and  of  choice  cofours.  Price  of  Eggs,  I2s.  per  dozen  ;  bnx,  la, 
extra.  All  orders  for  the  above  to  be  accompanied  wi'h  a 
PosUi  ffice  order. — Apply,  by  pre-paid  letter,  to  Oliver  SteiiD, 
Xorto:i-5lreet,  Baldocb,  Herts. 


COCHIN  CHINA  FO\VLS.  — Fresh  Eggs  from 
these  higbly  esteemed  Birds,  aent  to  any  part  carefully 
packed  at  7s.  HJ.  titling  of  14  E{i;gs,  packages  included,  from 
Stocks  of  Cinnamon  colour  that  obtained  first  prizes  at  Bir- 
mingliam  and  York  Poultry  Shows. — Apply  to  Mr.  James  Fair- 
bead,  Seed  Grdwer,  near  Mrain'ree,  Essex. 


UNOBJECTIONABLE  PROTECTION  FROM 
Tllli  RAIN.  — This  grt-at  deMdenitum  is  fully  realieed 
in  BEllDOE'ri  WATERl'ROOF  PALLIUM,  tbe  well-Uni.wn 
L'ght  OvfcrC'iat  for  all  seasons,  which,  wiUiout  o'jstrticting  free 
vaitilation,  tifectually  resists  any  am  >uGt  of  ruin  ;  and,  from  iis 
li^'ame-B  and  res^jcctable  appearance,  is  adapted  for  general 
uses  at  all  times,  equally  ua  toe  rainy  weather,  and  haa  long 
possessed  an  established  repata'ion  as  one  of  the  most  con- 
venient, economical,  and  valuable  garments  ever  iuvented. 
Price  45.?.  Every  size  ko;it  readv.  Also  a  very  large  stock  of 
shooting  Jackets,  Capes,  Legg  ngs,  &c.  Wat>.Tproof  Cloaks, 
Mantles,  Habits,  &q  ,  for  Ladies. 

Berdoe.  9«,  New  B'tnd. street,  and  69.  CornhiM  fonl:^). 


HEAL  AND  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 
OF  BEDSTEADS,  sent  free  by  post,  contains  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  Ome  II0NDiied  diffi;reot  Bedsteads, 
ill  Iron,  Brass,  japanned  Wood,  jiolished  Birch,  Mahogany, 
Rose-wood,  und  Walnut  tree  Woods  ;  also  their  priced  List  of 
Bedding,  and  their  new  warerooms  enable  tbem  to  keep  one  of 
each  desifin  fixed  lor  inspection  They  have  a'so,  in  additiim 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  u-reat  variety  of  the  best  desifjns  of 
P.\R'SIA>J  BEDSTE  \DS,  both  in  wood  and  iron,  which  they 
have  just  imp  irtd.  Heal  and  Son,  Bedstead  and  Bedding 
Manuf.icturers,  196  (opposite  the  Chapel),  Tottenham  Court 
Hoad.  y^iiindoo. 


FINE     HEAD     OF     HAIR. 

ROWLANDS*  MACASSAR  OtL  is  justly  renowned 
throughout  the  world  for  its  remarkable  virtues  in 
nourishing,  preserving,  and  beautifying  the  Human  Haie.  It 
inslnu.ites  its  balsamic  properties  into  tbe  pores  of  the  head, 
u'lurishes  the  Hair  in  ila  emhrjo  state,  accelerates  its  growth, 
cleanseB  it  from  Scurf  and  DjndrilT,  sustains  it  in  maturity, 
and  continues  its  posse'-sion  oF  healthy  vigour,  silky  softQc-'s, 
and  luxurious  redundancy,  to  the  latest  period  of  human  life. 
It5  operation  in  cases  of  baldness  is  peculiarly  active  ;  so  that, 
in  numerous  instances  wherein  other  remedies  have  been  tried 
in  vain,  ROWLANDS'  MACASSAR  OIL  has  superseded  the 
ornaments  of  art,  by  effecting  a  complete  restoration  of  beauti- 
ful Hair.  In  the  growth  of  Whiskers,  Eteerows,  and  Mus- 
TACHiiia.  it  is  also  unfailing  in  its  stimulative  operation.  For 
Children  it  is  especially  recommended,  as  forming  the  basis 
of  a  beautiful  head  of  hair,  and  renderiue:  the  use  of  the  fine- 
comb  unnecessary.  —  Price  3s.  Gd.  and  7s.  ;  Family  Bottles 
(equal  to  four  small)  at  lOs.  Gd.  •  and  dou  ble  that  size,  2I3. 
CAUIION. 

On  the  wrapper  of  each   bottle  of  the  f     ROWLANDS' 
genuine  article  are  these  words. in  two  lines,  ")^  MACASSAR  OIL, 

Sold  by  A.  ROWLAND  Ji  SONS,  20,  Hatton-garden,  London  ; 
and  by  all  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 


FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY,    ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING  for  protecting 
Finit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blitjht,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  bed^,  can  be  hid  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  John  King  Farlow's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked-Jane,  London  Bridge,  at 
lid.  yard  wide,  3S.  tvvo  yards,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
order=  above  2[)s.  accompanied  with  Post-uffi^e  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carriage  free. 

TAXXED  NETXIXG,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fiesh-sowa  seeds,  either  in  gardens  or  fields,  at  Irf.  per 
square  yard,  200  yards  for  14s.,  500  jards  for  30s,,  HlOO  yards 
for  SOj.  Scrim  canvas  for  wail  fruit,  netting  for  sheep  folds  ; 
a  considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles. 
Sinn  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  poles,  (fee. 
Maiqaees,  tents,  awnings,  and  temporary  room?,  with  boartled 
floTj,  elegiintly  lined  and  lighted  fur  feces,  Jic.^  on  sale  or 
bire.  Carriage,  cart,  and  truck  covers  imperviou"*  to  rain  ; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furniture  in  chaiige  of  residence,  &.c. 
TarpiuUngs  on  hire  for  bousea  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
EDGING  I  ON  ct  Co. '8,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
y.B.  Orders  and  inquiries  per  post  punctuallv  attended  to. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Graceclitu-ch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  S^ncbwark,  Manufac- 
turers of  Cupper  Cylindrical  and  I-nproved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  and  Conservatory  and  Bot-house  Bui  ders,  ei'her 
in  wood  or  iri>n,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nubility, 
Oentrj,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efncacious  method 
or  warming  llor  i.'uUural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  ei'ent-ive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of  the 
hig^ieat  respecability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars  fur- 
nished on  application. 

GLASS    ENAMEL,   OR    IRON    COATED   WITH 
GLASS. 

TO  GOVERNORS  OF  HOSPITALS,  WORK- 
HOUSES. ARCHITECTS,  BUILDERS,  AGKICU' - 
TURISTS,  HORTICULTURISTS,  and  the  FARMING  IN- 
TEREST genci'ally. — It  ha*  lunii  been  a  great  desideratum  to 
obtain  an  article  that  would  ^esi^t  the  action  of  acids,  the 
changes  of  temperature,  and  the  destructive  tffects  of  rust, 
Tbii  at  lenzth  {after  repeated  atremptsj  faa'^  been  effec'ed  in 
1  ao  extraordinary  dei;ree,  by  that  beautiful  and  newlv-invented 
p-oceii  of  COAriNO  OR  ENAMELLING  WROUGHT-IRON 
WITH  GLASS,  combining  at  one  and  the  same  time 
STRENGTH  AND   PURITY. 

Among  ttic  articles  which  may  hi  enumerated  as  having 
been  already  prepared  by  th's  useful  invention  are  the  foliuw- 
Ing  :— Wrou.'hulron  Tubes,  from  ^  mch  to  7  inches  diameter, 
superseding  copper,  lead,  and  earthenware  ;  Culinary  and  other 
Dimestic  Utensils  in  gr^at  varietv.  Dairy  Pans  and  Ladles. 
Scoop",  Cia-erns.  Biths,  Water  CiosetH.  Pumps.  Hot  and  Cold 
WawrCifcntaling  Pipes,  Ornamental  Gas  Piping  in  Colours, 
Piatnand  Corruga'ed  Roofing  and  other  articles,  too  numerous 
tomsfltion.  Tbe  Colours  which  iheratenteesbuvj  already  been 
a-jle  to  attain  are  white,  iron  Rrev,  French  grey,  Ri-yal  purple, 
^'cn,  on')  their  various  Bhadefc,  but  they  are  in  hope*",  by  the 
te'earclies  of  chemiitry  and  the  fxpernneut?  which  are  cou- 
t'nq'ally  bcitig  made,  of  shortly  a>ldiii^  to  the  number. 

Fjrtli'T  Information  m  ly  be  obiirtncd,  by  applying  to  the 
uridiff^lgned,  who  ttlll  be  gUd  to  (XO.U'e  all  order;  that  may 
bj  lntiU«ted  10  them  with  the  u  mo*t  (U-^patcb, 

LEOMAftb  Coor<.a  8c  Co., 
AK«>atf  tolhe  Patented,  IIJ  Cooper-atreet,  und  1,  Boud-fltrcot, 
Manchtnter. 

^'id'NEY'S    niPROVED     TRUSS!  AN  ~no  E.— 

^   Tbli  rx -eedianly  useful  gurden  implenierit,  PO  n-wt\\  It, 

iintl,  an'l  ffhic'i  b^s  obtained  tbe  llr«t  ptiz-;  ar  »e«eri.l  t.f 

ir^i  lioriicul'ura!  nieellngn,  ut  th.)   be-t  und  moxt  us^fal 

J-n    tool   extant;   al»o    le'timonlul*    Irom     the    princlp-il 

^  trultiirrti  journals  and  Jcadiotf  practical  varflencrB  ;  Is  niw 

t.dy  tor  diliverj,  and  ma»  l>e  obtiilocd  of  any  prlnc'p'il  IfiH- 

>o  tjicr,  an'l  H-^e  limnn,  orof  ih-manuiocturer,  J.  W  Gidnp.i, 

■'im*nj{*r,   Cast  UmJium,  Norfo'k,     Price  (rf^dy  fur  um-), 

■\j  liun'll'd,  Ij   CJ.  ;  of  whom  m.iy   lo  hud  tbo   new   drill 

,   aid  th«  Norfolk  B  omflel'Uioc.    Coploa  of  tcs'lmoiiisls 

.  oa  applicttioD  to  the  tunnuPACt'irer. 


i'; 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  Jjc.  ?~Mi3s  Ellen  Graham,  14,  Hand- 
court,  Ilolboru,  London,  will  send  post  free,  ou  receipt  of  24 
postage  stamps,  her  celebrated  NIOUKRENE  (elegantly 
scented,  and  sufficient  fur  three  months' use),  for  reproducing 
tlie  hair  in  buhlness,  from  whatever  cause,  preventing  the 
hair  lalling  off,  strengthening  weak  hair,  and  checliing  grey- 
ness,  «SiC.  It  is  also  guaranteed  to  produce  Whiskers, 
Moustacbios,  &c.,  in  three  or  four  weeks  with  the  utmnst 
certainty. — "  My  hair  has  become  thicker  and  darker  by  using 
your  Nioukrene." — Mr.  Merry,  Eton.  "My  hair  now  curls 
beiu'ifuily,  and  looks  very  glossy." — Miss  Main.  •'  I  have  now 
a  lull  pair  of  Whiskers.  Seud  me  another  pot." — Major 
Hutton. 


y  OOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK.— 

^  The  HIPPOPOTAMUS,  presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of 
Eijypt;  the  ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  many  recent  additions, 
are  exhibited  daily.     Admission,  Is  ;  on  Mondays,  6d. 


HOUSE  FURNISHING  AND  INTERIOR 
DECORATIVE  ESTABLISHMENT,  451,  Oxford- 
Street,  and  IS,  SpttiNG-STREEr.  Paddinqton,  near  tbe  Greit 
Western  Railway,  Loadun, — Cabinet  Furniture  of  every  de- 
scription at  marked  prices — ErusselsCarpet,  2a.  Gd.  peryard. — 
Damask  Curtains,  10(?.  per  yard  and  upwards  ;  Ditto,  in  Silk 
and  Worsted  (French  fabric),  nearly  two  yards  wide,  at  Ss.  per 
yard, — The  best  Floor  Cloths  that  can  be  made,  cut  to  any 
dimensions.  2s.  3d.  per  yard.  The  largest  Manufactory  in 
Loudon  for  Paper  Haiigings,  English  and  French  Decorations, 
adapted  either  to  the  Cottage  or  the  Mansion,  fitted  up,  showing 
the  side  of  a  room  finished  for  occupntion. 


A    R  T-U  NION      OF     LONDON 

■^^  ,  (Br  Royal  Chahter.) 

Subscription  clones  on  the  yist  instant. 

Every  Subscriber  will  have  an  impression  of  a  large  and 
costly  plate,  of  a  thoroughly  national  character,  '■  An  EnKlieh 
Merrjmak.ng  lu  the  Olden  Time,"  bv  W.  Iloll,  af.cr  \V  P 
Fn.h,  A  R.A.,  now  dellverinc:  at  the  office  on  payment  of  the 
flubbcriplion.  Eachpr.ze.holder  will  be  entitled  to  select  for 
i  HVHn^'  Iicretotore,  a  work  of  art  from  one  of  tbe  public 
exhibitions.  George  Godwin  1  f^^tiv- 

Lkwis  PocecK    '  f  Hota.  Secretaries. 

4!4,  West  Strand,  March  13.  '     ^ 

POUNTAINS.— Many  applicatblin^infi  been  i-e- 

*-  cently  made  to  Mr.  Seeley  for  small  Fountains  for 
Conservatories  and  Dairies,  Mr.  Seeley  h;is  prepared  a  Li»t  of 
such  designs  as  be  generally  keeps  suitable  fur  that  nurnosB 
and  many  of  which  may  also  be  adapted  to  small  Gardens  Ha 
will  be  happy  to  forward  a  Copy  of  the  List  to  any  nerBon 
residmg  in  the  country— Ncw-rond,  Regent'a-park,  London 


ADULTERATION    OF    FOOD. 

HENRY  BAKER,  Optician,  90,  Hatton-garden, 
London,  begs  to  call  attention  to  bis  aCIIKuMATIC 
MICROSCOPES  (warran'ed  good),  which  will  be  exchanged  if 
not  approved  of.  These  Instruments  will  oefiiie  the  circulation 
of  the  Blood  in  the  Frog's  Foot,  the  Stw  in  the  Sting  of  the 
Wasp,  the  Comb  in  the  Sjjlder's  Foot,  the  beautiful  torm  and 
varieties  of  Polien  in  Flowers  and  their  Structure,  tbe  Scales 
of  the  Butterfly's  Wing,  and  also,  in  many  instances,  adultera- 
liun  ot  Food,  It  is  a  very  in'eresting  comiianion,  and  will  pass 
away  usefully  many  a  leisure  hour,  the  fund  tcir  ob-.ervation 
being  inexhaustible.  Price  for  No.  1,  3i  12s. ;  No,  2.  51.  15$.  ; 
No.  3,  Ol.l^s.  A  descriptive  Book  sent  post  free,  00  receipt  of 
three  postage  stamps'.  Prepared  objects,  12s. ;  injected  do., 
30s.  per  dozeji. 


''fERRA    COTTA   VASES,    TAZZAS,    FLOWER 

-1  TllAYS,  b'lGUtlES,  &c.,  nianufacturLd  by  T.  M,  Blasu- 
FiELD,  Mill  Wall,  Poplar,  and  sold  at  No.  1  Wharf,  Praed- 
street,  Paddington.  Th?se  Vases,  &:c.,  are  of  a  light  stone 
colour,  and  are  carefully  modelled  and  burnt,  and  warranted 
to  Stan  .  heat  and  frost ;  and  this  Terra  Cottais  the  only  mate- 
rial for  such  works  which  does  not  sustain  injury  irom  smOke 
and  sulphurous  gsises. 


MECHrS  TABLE  CUTLERY  hk«  long  been 
tVimed  for  it-i  admirable  qualities,  combined  wi'.n  cbeap- 
nesB.  His  Manufactory  is  at  4,  LEADEN  ElALL-STREET,  four 
doors  from  Cornbill.  Balanced  Ivory  Handles,  in  stts  of  60 
pieces,  21.  10s.,  31.  10s  ,  il.  10s.  ;  common  Kitchen,  per  dozen, 
10s.,  12s.,  I6s.  6d.,  21s.,  2-53.  Table  Steels.  Patcut  sharpeoefB, 
Cases  of  Dessert  Knives,  Sheffield  Plated  Goods.  &c.  MECai'a 
Penknives  are  excellent  and  tconomicul,  from  Is.  upwards. 
His  peculiar  Steel  R  tzors  and  Magic  Strop  and  Pat- 1«  have 
given  comfort  to  many  a  suffering  shaver,  and  the  ladies  pro- 
nounce his  Scissors  to  be  unequalled. 


PROTECTION    AGAINST    FROST. 

FRIGI  DOMO. — A  perfect  protector  against  frost, 
a  non-conductor  of  he-it  or  cold,  and  cheaper  in  price  thun 
bass  matting.  A  canvas  made  of  prepared  hair  and  wool, 
adapted  to  many  horticultural  and  floricultural  purposes,  for 
covering  up,  where  a  fixed  temperature  is  required.  It  is 
■-'^  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length  at  Is.id.  peryard 
run. — Manufactured  only  by  E,  T,  Archer,  Carpet  Manufac- 
turer,  451,  Oxf>'rd-srree',  and  18,  Spring-street,  Paddington, 
near  the  Great  Westeru  Railway,  London. 


SHIR  TS. 

FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  are  not  sold  by  any 
hosiers  or  drapers,  and  can  be  obtained  only  at  185,  Siraud, 
Gentleuien  in  the  country  or  abroad,  ordering  through  their 
agen's,  are  requested  to  observe  on  the  interior  of  tbe  collar- 
bund  the  stamp— "FORD'S  EUREKA  SKIRTS,  1S5,  Strand," 
without  which  none  are  genuine.  They  are  made  in  two 
qualities— First  quality,  40s.  the  half  dozen  ;  second  quality,  Sflg, 
ibe  half  dozen.  Price  lists  coutaioiug  directions  for  self 
measurement  and  every  parlicuiar,  are  forwarded  post  free, 
and  the  pattern  books  to  select  from,  of  the  new  Regis/tered 
Coloured  shirtintr,  on  receipt  of  six  Htamps, 

RICHARD  FOilD,  135,  STRAND.  LONDON. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOUTIi- 
BRUSII  and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  impiirtaut  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divif-lon^  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— 19.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  u-nal  time,  and  incapable  of  injuriiiK  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  llair-Bruslius,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus. 
siun  bristles,  which  do  ni)t  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction,  Velvet- 
lirisbes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
niaoner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Spon^je,  with  its  pre.-ierved 
valuableproperlies  of  absorptinn,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
nil- .'ins  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  pro6t8  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  Kcnuine  Smyrua  Spimge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
iilNQLBY,  and  Co.'s,  Sole  Eatablishment,  130  b,  Oxford-street, 
oho  diior  from  Ilollos-Htreet, 

METCALt'E'.S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  23.  perbox. 

Caution.—  Heware    of   tbe    words    "From    Metcaxfe's," 

ifion'c'l   by  foitii^  houflPH. 

L  LSU  P  P  'S^E  AST    1  Nl^r/HT' AlLir^l^^~0  THE  R 

BURTON  ALKS.— Tbo  public  is  rcfpoctlully  Informed 
tho  A  i.ES  ot  tills  ecaton'n  Browings  are  now  ready  for  delivery, 
nnd  may  be  obtained  Oenulne  in  Caslm  ot  18  Gallons  and 
U(jwBrdH,  cither  singly  or  in  any  quantity,  at  their  roj-po  tivo 
S'-orts,  (iH  under,  wbcreulrtoa  lint  ol  the  Hot  tiers  iniiy  be  bwd  :— 
Ibo  Hi-ewiry,  Burton  on-Trent;  01,  King  Wlllium.iir«et, 
i:ity,  Londnii';  Co  .k-Mfc-ei,  Llverpo-d  ;  High. street,  Rirmlng- 
hlim;  Tbo  KKchuiige,  Manchustcr;  Uoyal  Brewery,  Dudluv; 
UD(l</3,  VlrglnU.streut,  QU>>gow. 


f  >  "POR  POUT   LYTTBLTON,  CAN- 

t^Sj  X     TERBURY  SETTLEMENT,  ilild  othtr 

Oiw  V^     Ports  in  New  Z-'aland,  the'  first-clas^  PaS- 
<''      .\^   senger    Ship    Samara'ng,    A.  I,    582  tons; 
r'Ti'^t     ^  E-'COtt,  Commander,  chartered  by  the  Can- 
^    terbury  Association  ;  will  sail  from  the  port 
o''  London    fur    Port  Lvltel  on,  Cantefbary 
Settlen  cn^    anil  other  ports  in  New  Zealan ',  on  Wtdnesday, 
the  24th  Mart.h.    For  treight,   passage,    or   further  informa- 
tion apply  at  the  Emigration  Dejiar  ment  of  the  Association, 
9,  Adelphi-terrace,    Strand,    to    J.    Stayner,    110,    Fenchurch- 
street,  or  to  Messrs.  FiL-y  and  Co.  157,  Fencbutch-i-'reet. 

C.  A.  Atlmer,  Superintendent  of  Shipping 
Fet.l7,  1852.  and  Emigration. 

HOLLOWAY'S  OINTMENT  AND  PILLS  THE 
-  BEST  REMEDIES  FOR  THE  CURE  OV  BaD  LEGS. 
— Mrs.  Heppel,  of  Blyth,  near  Morpeth,  was  afflicted  with  a 
dreadful  bad  leg,  for  which  she  consulted  the  nio^t  eminent 
medical  men  in  that  neighbourhood,  but  it  wou'd  U'lt  yield  to 
their  treatment;  her  health  suffeitd  severely,  mid  the  st-ate  of 
her  leg  was  terrible — tbe  ulcers  rapidly  incre'isiuL:  in  siie, 
and  the  pain  most  agonising.  In  this  state  s-he  commenced 
using  Holloway's  Ointment  and  Pills,  and  afier  continuing 
them  for  some  time,  the  leg  was  completely  cured,  and  she  ia 
now  in  the  enjoyment  of  excellent  henlth.  Mr.  Wi'kinson, 
Druggist,  Blyth,  vouches  for  the  accuracy  of  this  statement. — 
Sold  by  all  Drugg  sts  ;  and  at  Professor  Holloway's  Establish- 
ment, 244,  Strand,  Lindon. 

NEW  AND  CHEERFUL  REGISTER  STOVE. 
The  UURTON  REGISTEIt  STOVK,  invented  and  regis- 
tered by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  combines  in  its  use  cheer- 
fulness, cleanliness,  and  economy,  to  a  degree  hitherto  deemed 
unattainable,  while  its  simple  beauty  (ob';)ined  p^irtly  by  the 
employment  of  a  gracetul  shell  in  lieu  of  the  cumbers  ime  and 
ungainly  bars)  is  the  subject  of  general  commendation.  Price 
from  60s.  to  101.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  in  his  show-rooms, 
where  also  are  to  be  seen 
Ona  STOVES  AND  325  FENDERS,  all  differing  in 

'^0\J  pattern,  forming  the  largest  a'sortmeut  tver  collected 
together.  They  Jire  marked  in  plain  figures,  oni  at  prices 
proportionate  with  those  that  have  tended  to  mike  bi*  esta- 
blishment tbe  most  distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright 
stoves,  wi'h  bronzed  ornament,  and  two  se"3  of  bar.s,  21.  14s, to 
51.  Ills.';  ditto  with  ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars, 
51  V)s.  to  12i.  12s.  ;  bronzi-d  fenders  complete,  with  standards, 
from  73.  to  31. ;  steel  fenders,  from  21.  153.  to  Gi  ;  dit-o  with 
I  ich  ormolu  ornaments,  from  21.  15s.  to  11.  7s.  ;  tire-Irons,  from 
1.-!  Qd  the  set  to  il.  is.  Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves, 
with  radiating  hearth  plates  ;  and  kitchen  ranges,  which  he  is 
enabled  to  sell  at  these  very  reduced  charges. 
First— From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  his  piirchases  ;  and 
Secondly— From  tho^e  purchases  being  made  txclu^ively  fo.- 

^WILLIAM  3  BURTONhascompletod  somGCxtcnf^ive  altera- 
tions in  his  premises,  by  which  he  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW 
ROOMS  (all  communica-ing).  exclusive  ol  t)io  shoj.,  Oevntod 
solely  to  the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRON- 
MONGERY {including  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated  ani 
Jupunued  Wares,  Iron  and  Brats  Bcilstend^),  so  nrrangod  and 
classified  that  purchasers  muy  easily  and  at  onco  make  their 
selections.  , 

CatiilogucB  with  Engravmgfl,  sent  (per  post)  fre3.  Thj 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

31)    OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Ncwmyn-strre')  ;  No".  1 
and2   NEWMAN-STREET  ;  nnd  4    and  5,  l-ERUY'S-PLAOE, 
EstabUabed  A.D.  1820. 


qniE  AMERICAN  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE, 
-L  published  mimthly,  at  the  olllco  ol  0.  M.  SaxtoN,  152, 
Fulton-strcBt,  New  York.  Thl8Wi>rk  will  bo  >ciit  five  by  posn 
for  one  year,  on  6s.  bolng  sent  to  ibe  E  nioi*.  A^Dp^^-^v 
Mavtiiorn,  Munhatmn  PoBt-office,  Now  York  This  bei  nr 
tlM^  only  w.irk  of  tho  kind  und  having  n  lurgi' cir  nKu'on  in  tiio 
United  StiitcH,  would  bu  a  Kood  medium  for  I'.iigl  ^h  grow.-rH  ti> 
MiaUo  known  their  Plaota,  Fruits  and  Seeds —Any  toviber 
inforinitiou  may  bo  oblnlncd  by  sending  ii  pcBt  paid  le  ct  to 
E.  Banders,  EiigluHold-green,  ChertB-j.  Suirtj*. 


-T7W 


IhLiii     UARum\iJiK^-     UHliUi\iUL,b;     AiMD     AGUKJULTUR/iL     GiZBTTE. 


March 


13. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 
JOHN    WATERER   begs   to   announce  that  he  has 

''  published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Ro-ies,  Conifera,  Ike,  and  which  may  bo  obtained  by 
t-nclosinf^  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
inakintr  aelections. 


HUGH    LOW    AND    CO.   have  to   offer  the  under- 
named plants  :— 
ROCKlilT,  new  double  crimson,  will  prove  a  very 

showy  plant;  per  doz .     ISs.Qd. 

SCARLET  GERANIUM  "The  Amazon"    (Car- 
penter),  has  been   already  described    in    the 

Gardeiiers'  Cltromcle 7     R 

MIMULUS  UNIQUE      .5     0 

„  SAMBO        5     0 

„  NOVELTY 5     0 

„  PUNCTATA  5     0 

The  above  named  Mimuli  were  raised  by  A.  Clapham,  Esq., 
of  Scarborough,  and  are  much  superior,  both  in  colour  and 
!-izeof  flower,  to  ilimulus  rubinus,  which  was  raised  by  the 
same  gentleman. 

li.  L.  and  Co.  can  also   supply  healthy  young  plants  of  the 
undernamed  Pomoon   Chrysanchemums  of  last  season,  which 
have   been  carefully  selected   as   the   beat  and  mosi  dialinct 
varieties,  price  Is.  6rf.  each: — Argentine.   Asmof^ee,   Autumna, 
<'alibre,    Cybele,    Maria   Taillard,    Modele,    Perfecta,  Ne  Plus 
Ultra,  Sacramento,  Surprise,  and  Solfaterre. 
Larpe  flowering  Chrysanthemums  of  proved  merit,  la,  dd.  each. 
Continental  Verbenas  of  18.51,  9s.  to  123.  per  dozen, 
Seakale,  fine  roots,  5s.  to  73.  Gd.  per  lOO. 
Clapton  Nursery,  March  13. 


Sales  6u  Auction. 


HELIOTROPIUIVI    VOLTAIRIANUM    NANUM, 

Price  10s.  Gd. 

EG.  HENDERSON  and  SON,  Wellington-road, 
•  St.  John's-wood,  London,  taUe  this  the  first  oppor- 
tunity to  inform  the  public  that  ihey  have  the  above  new 
HELIOTROPIUM,  which  has  the  tine  high-coloured  flower"?  of 
Voltairianum  ^without  the  bad  foliage  of  this  variety  when 
bedded  out  in  the  garden),  and  the  abundant  flowering  and 
dwarf  habit  of  Corymbosum,  not  growing  more  than  9  inches 
high  ;  having  these  (,'ood  qaalities  combined,  it  will  supersede 
all  others  for  ffeneral  culture,  either  in  the  garden  or  house. 
Mr.  Andbew  Henderson  flaw  this  plant  flowering  in  the  garden 
as  a  setdling  in  September  last  with  Mr.  Chauviere,  of  Paris  ; 
and  again  on  visiting  Paris  last  weelt,  he  induced  Mr.  Chau- 
viere to  part  with  the  entire  stock  ;  and  as  some  few  English  nur- 
serymen amongst  others  had  ordered  this  plant,  the  price  now 
being  much  higher  than  was  originally  intended  to  be  charged 
by  Mr.  Chauv  ere,  we  shall  book  all  orders  in  rotation  as  they 
are  received  alter  this  advertisement.  The  stock  is  email,  on 
account  of  the  seedling  plant  having  been  lost,  consequently 
early  orders  are  requesteo. 

Alessrs.  E.  G.  H.  and  Son  beg  to  say  the  above  will  be  sent 
cut  in  May  with  the  Cher  new  plants  advertised  in  the  two 
previous  numbers  of  this  Paper. 


TO   GENTLEiVIEN,   FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS 
]\/rESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and    MORRIS  will  sell 

J-VX  by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  Wed. 
nosday,  March  17,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate  collBCtlon  of 
C.trnations  and  Piccotees.  also  Lancashire  Gooseberries, 
P'lected,  standard,  and  Divarf  Roses,  Dahlias  in  dry  roots,  &c 
the  property  of  Mr.  Willmer.  of  Sunbury.  May  ha  viewed 
the  morning  of  sale.  Catiilosue?  to  be  had  at  the  Mart,  and 
of  the  Auctioneers.  American  Nur^jcry.  LeytonRtone.  Essex. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS 
|\/rESSRS.    PROTHEROE    and    MORRIS   beg    to 

i-^i  announce  that  they  will  submit  to  Publir^  Competition  by 
Ayction,  at  the  Mart.  Bartholomen-Iane,  on  TacKSDAT  March 
IS,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  the  second  portion  of 
Ml*.  Nnrman's  celebrated  colIectioQB  of  CARNATIONS  and 
PICCOTEES,  coni-itting  of  al!  the  newest  and  best  varieties  in 
cultivation  ;  also  100  double  Camellias,  from  18  in.  to  5  ft.,  well 
set  with  bloom  buds  ;  1000  selected  Standard  and  Dwarf  Rose' 
comprifeiog  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  Bourbons,  Noisettes,  Chinas 
&c. ;  400  blush  China  Roses  fit  for  potting.  p£eoniae,  Dahlias  in 
dry  roots,  with  a  rich  assortment  of  American  Plants,  &c.,  <fcc. 
May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale;  Catalogues  had  at  the 
Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone. 
Essex.  * 

N.B.  The  Camellias  will  be  sold  on  Thursday,  March  18. 


NEW     AND     BEAUTIFUL     TIGER    IRIS. 

MORGAN'S    TiGRlDIA    CANARIENSIS.  I 

JOSEPH     MORGAN,   Horticultural    Establishment, 

^  Torquay,  begi  to  call  the  attention  of  the  admirers  of  this 
gorgeous  flower,  to  the  above-named  large  and  pure  rich 
3  ellow  variety,  thus  spoken  of  by  Dr.  Lindley,  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  for  August  9,  1851  :— "  Tour  Tigridia  Canariensis  is 
a  fine  flower,  clearer  yellow,  and  larger  than  Conchiflora,  with 
the  spotting  better  defined."  This  is  the  best  time  for  removing 
ihem,  and  J.  M,  is  now  sending  out  strong  blooming  bulbs, 
free  by  post,  at  15s.  per  dozen,  or  Is.  Qd.  per  single  root.  Liberal 
(Jiscountto  the  trade.— Torbay  Nursery,  March  13. 


NEW      SEEDLING      GLOXINIA, 

"QUEEN    OF    ENGLAND." 

J  HODGE,  NuRSEK-v.MAN,  Seedsman,  and  Florist, 
•  Lee-bank  House,  Edi^baston,  Birmingham,  begs  leave  to 
inform  his  friends  and  the  public  generally,  that;  he  intends 
sending  out  the  above  beautiful  GLOXINIA  the  first  week  in 
May,  at  lOs.  Grf.  each,  with  one  over  to  the  trade  when  three  are 
taken.  Colour  pure  white,  with  a  beautiful  bright  carmine 
throat,  and  fine  habit.  Was  awarded  a  Certificate  of  Merit  at 
the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Floricultural  Society  in  May 
last,  and  pronounced  by  all  who  have  seen  it  to  be  first-rate. 

AMUEL    FINNEY    and    Co.    beg  respectfully  to 

inlbrm  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  new 
PRICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  185:  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postage  free,  on  apniication.  It  contains  a  lint  of 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
together  with  a  very  choice  selection  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  wliict^  arc  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  of 
sowing,  and  whether  hardy,  half-bardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  informa- 
tion. The  Collections  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplied  in  former 
years,  having  given  such  general  satisfaction,  they  are  again 
induced  to  offer  them  as  under  : — 
No.  1.  A  complete  collection  of  Vegetable  Seedsfor  £  s.  d. 
one  year's  supply  of  a  large  garden  ...3    5    0 

No.  2.  Do,  do.        in  smaller  quantities         ...  1  10     0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1    1    0 

No,  4.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  0  12     6 

The  kinds  and  quantities  contained  in  each  Collection  are 
stated  in  the  Catalogue. 
Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  on  the  following  Railways  : — 
Newcastle,  Toi'k,  and  Berwick  ;  North  Bridsh,  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  ;  York  and  ScarborouRh,  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 
Lancaster  and  Liverpool. — Gateshead  Nursery,  March  13. 


IMPORTANT  SALE  OF    FRUITING  AND  SUC- 

JL  CESSION  PINES,  the  Property  of  a  Lady  declining  the 
cultivation  of  Pines  ;  consisting  of  about  60  Fruiting  Plants  in 
No.  8  size  pots,  principally  Queens,  and  a  few  Black  Jamaica, 
in  the  best  possible  bealth,  vigorous  and  perfectly  clean;  SO 
strong  Succession  Plants,  equally  healthy  and  good  ;  170  fine 
young  Succession  Plants  — altogether  as  fine  a  lot  as  ever  were 
grown,  —  For  particulars  as  to  price,  &c.,  apply  to  Mr.  Jos. 
Fairbaien,  Nurseries,  Clapbana. — March  13. 

RITISH  QUEENS '  INIPOTSIFOR  FORCINGTI- 
Now  ready  fvir  sending  out,  strong,  healthy,  double 
crowned  plants,  in  48-6iz(.-d  pois,  at  11.  lOs.  per  100,  packed  in 
boxes,  and  delivered  free  at  any  of  the  railways ;  or  21. 
delivered  unpacked  to  Mr.  Solomons,  sen.,  or  Mr.  Charlwood, 
Seedsman,  Covent  Garden  ;  or  within  seven  miles  of  laleworth. 
The  Advertiser's  British  Queen  Strawberries  in  the  Great 
Exhibition  were  the  largest  and  finest,  which  every  one  who 
saw  them  can  testify  ;  see  Monihig  Serald,  July  8  ;  also  see  Mr. 
Cuthill's  extraordinary  account  in  the  Oardc7icrs'  Chronicle, 
Aug.  2.  He  has  also  some  strong  Keens*  Seedlings  in  pots, 
same  price;  Queen  Runners,  55.  per  100.  Post-office  orders 
payable  at  Hcunslow  to  Mr.  TnoMAS  Beach,  Market  Gar- 
dener,  Worton,  Islewprth,  Middlepcjc. 

LANDSCAPE     GARDENING. 

ESCLD.^lVFLY   PROFESSIONAI.. 

1\/I"R.  THOROLD,   of   Norwich,   offers  his    services 

-*■*-»-  to  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  as  a  LANDSCAPE  AND 
ORNAME  NTAL  GARDENER,  iu  the  highest  style  of  the  Art, 
including  Decorations  around  a  House,  forming  Wafer,  Ap- 
proaches, Picturesque  Scenery,  Correcting  the  Works  of  Ama 
teurs,  &c. 


TO    GENTLEIVIEN,    FLORISTS,  AND    OTHERS. 
lyrESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  sell  by 

-'-'-'L  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Banholomew-Iane.  on  WEDXES- 
DAY,  March  17,  and  two  following  days,  at  12  o'clock,  3000 
fine  standard  dwarf  and  climbing  Roses,  fine  Carnations, 
Picotees,  and  Pinks  ;  a  rich  collection  of  herbaceous  plants] 
Dahlias  in  dry  roots,  100  varieties  of  choice  Flower  Seeds,  &c! 
May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale,  and  catalogues  had  at  the 
Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  60,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezer 
Nursery,  Shacklewell,  London. 


HACKNEY    NURSERY. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  directed  by  Messrs. 
Loddiges  offer  for  unreserved  SALE,  on  their  Premises 
at  Hackney,  on  Tuesday,  March  Ifiih,  at  12  for  1,  about 
500  CAMELLIAS,  most  of  which  are  well  set  with  flower-buds, 
and  of  very  handsome  fo-m.  from  3  ft.  to  6  ft.  They  will  com- 
prise fine  plants  of  the  Double  White,  Imhricata,  Donkelaari, 
Candidisaima,  Aulica,  Marchioness  of  Exeter,  and  the  finest 
varietie:?  ;  also  some  extraordinary  beautiful  specimens  of 
Araucaria  exeelsa,  Cnnninghamii,  glauea,  and  the  rare 
Araucaria  Bidwellii. — May  be  viewed  on  Monday  and  morninf 
of  sale  ;  and  Catalogues  had  on  the  premises,  and  of  Mr.  J.  C, 
Stevens,  38,  King-street,  Coventgarden. 


CHELSEA. 

TO    GENTLEMEN,    BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS 

ENGAGED    IN    PLANTING. 

MR.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  on  MOND.W,  March  22, 
at  12  o'clock,  without  reserve,  by  order  of  Messrs.  Dennis  and 
Co.  (for  the  purpose  of  giving  up  possession  of  that  porlion  of 
the  i; round  at  Lady-dayi,  the  remaining  out-door  NURSERY 
STOCK,  comprising  fine  varieeated  and  green  Hollies,  striped 
and  green  Box,  Aucuba,  Irish  Yews,  standard  and  other  Lilacs, 
Ornamental  Trees,  Fruit-bearing  and  other  Mulberries,  prize 
Gooseberry  and  other  Fruit  Trees,  Crimson  Rhododendron, 
Cedar  of  Lebanon,  Yucca,  Climbers  in  pots,  choice  Roses,  Box 
Edging,  a  fine  collection  of  Pseonies,  Crocus  and  other  Bulbs  ; 
also  a  quantity  of  York  Stone  Paving,  Slates,  Brickwork,  and 
useful  Huiiding  Materials,  d;c.  The  remaining  portion  of  the 
Glaas,  Greenhouse  Plants,  and  other  miscellaneous  stock  will 
be  shortly  submitted  to  public  competition. — May  be  viewed 
prior  to  sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on  the  premifics;  at  the 
principal  Seed  Shops  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  Brompton  Nur- 
sery, Fulham.road,  Brompton. 


FARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms — on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
tboroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  connty,  near  a  ijood  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  verv  low  ;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grasc  Land  might  be  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  treating  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  Ittter  to  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  at  the  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand, 
London. 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  immediate  possession, 
a  SMALL  NURSERY,  eligibly  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
fashionable  V/atering-places  in  the  County  of  Devon. 

For  further  particulars,  apply  to  Messrs.  Ndttinq  and  Sons, 
Seedsmen,  46,  Cheapside,  London, 


nnO    BE    LET,    A    FURNISHED  MANSION,     in 

-L  Hampshire.— Hackwood  Eouse,  Pleasure  Grounds,  &c., 
with  the  right  of  Sporting  over  the  Manor,  will  be  Let,  on 
moderate  terms,  to  an  eligible  tenant,  for  such  number  of 
years  as  may  be  agreed  upon.  The  miinsion  contains  every 
accommociaiion  for  a  Nobleman's  or  Gentleman's  Family  with 
a  larye  Establishment.  It  is  situate  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
from  the  Basingstoke  Stations  of  the  Great  Western  and  South 
Western  Railways  (which  are  within  an  hour  of  London)  ;  in 
the  midst  of  an  extensive  Park,  ornamented  with  largo 
timber  and  numerously  stocked  with  deer.  The  Manor  ex- 
ceeds 7O0O  acres,  contains  several  ponds  and  streams  which 
afford  excellent  perch,  jnck,  and  trout  fishing  ;  abounds  in 
game  and  wild  fowl,  wliich  are  sfrictly  preserved  ;  and  is 
hunted  by  three  packs  of  fox-hounds.— Apply  to  W.  Masset, 
Esq.,  26,  Wimpole-street,  London  ;  or  Mr.  Thomson,  Hack- 
wood  I'ark,  Basingstoke. 


TO  BE  SOLD,  30  per  cent,  under  the  manufactured 
price,  abiiut  li  ton  of  a  verv  superior  SOLUBLE  ALKA- 
LINE COMb'OUNU  MANURE,  which  tias  been  found  superior 
to  any  other  compound  in  Potato  and  Turnip  crops  ;  also  a  few 
cwts.  of  Compound  Animal  Manure,  well  adapted  for  general 
purposes.— Apply  to  Mr.  Coles,  ift,  Cranbourne-atreet,  Leices- 
ler-equare, 


CLAHEE  AND  CO.j  Estate  and  House  Agents, 
•  Land  Surveyors  and  Vatiiere,  Agents  at  the  West-end 
for  the  Lpgal  and  Commercial  Fire  and  Life  Assurance  So- 
ciety, No.  93,  Piccadilly,  four  doors  west  of  Cambridije-house, 
be"  most  respectfuUvto  call  attentlori  to  their  Office  for  the 
REGISTER  of  PROPERTY  f.jr  SALE  and  LETTING. 
Owners  of  Property  for  Disposal  and  of  Town  and  Country 
Houses  to  be  L^t,  Furnished,  for  the  coming  season,  are  re- 
quested to  forward  tbL-m  particuUrs,  for  the  registry  of  which 
no  charge  is  made.  At  the  request  of  Mr.  Lahee,  of  Bond- 
street,  ttjey  beg  leave  to  say  that  their  business  is  entirely  dis- 
connect'd  from  that  so  long  carried  on  by  him. — 93,  Piccadilly. 


A  New  and  Cheaper  Edition,  in  fcap.  Sco,  price  5s 

-pOGERS'S  VEGETABLE   CULTIVATOR  j' con- 

J-V  taming  a  plain  and  accurate  description  of  every  species 
Jind  variety  of  Culinary  Vegetables  :  with  the  most  apnroved 
Modes  of  Cultivating  antl  Cooking  them. 

"A  complete  and  intelligentmanual  for  thekitchenearden  " 

—Sijcctator. 

"  We  recommend  this  useful  volume  to  all  persons  engaged 
in  the  process  of  forming  their  own  kitchen  gardens,  and  also 
to  all  those  engaged  in  the  culture  of  vegetables  as  a  business 
as  well  as  to  amateurs  and  medical  men,  as  containing  much 
mteresiirg.  and  valuable,  and  welLarrauged  inlormation."— 
Glatgow  Refoi-mer^s  Gazette. 

London  :  Longman,  Banw?T.  Green,  and  Longmans. 


NEW    PART    OF    COSMOS. 

THE  AUTHOBlSED  TKANSLATr&N. 

Just  published,  in  post  8vo,  price  la.  cloth;  and  in  16tno, 
pi-ice  33.  sewed,  or  4?.  cloth,  the  Second  Part  of  the  Third 
Volume  of 

TTUMBOLDT'S  COSMOS.  Translated  with  the 
JL-H-  Author's  sanction  and  co-operation,  and  at  his  express 
desire,  by  Colonel  and  Mes,  Habine. 

London:  Longman,  BaowN,  Gheen,  and  Longmans  ; 
John  Mprray.  Albemarte-stireet. 


Just  published,  in  1  vol.  8vo,  price  14j  cloth, 
PNGLISH  AGRICULTURE  in  1850  and  1851; 
J-'  its  C.'ndition  and  Propects.  With  descriptions  in 
detail  of  the  best  modes  of  Husbau'lrv  pracfised  in  nearly  every 
coun':y  of  England.  By  James  Caird.  of  Baldoon,  Agricul- 
tural Commissioner  of  the  Times;  Author  of  "High  Farming 
uoder  Liberal  Cove'iants." 

"  The  most  extensive,  and,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  most  com- 
plete account  of  the  actual  state  of  English  husbandry  which 
has  appeared  since  the  publications  of  Arthur  Young  and  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  eminently  service- 
able to  the  c^rnse  of  progressive  &8  distinguished  from  routine 
agriculture."- fcoiJomJsE. 

■' It  is  impossible  for  any  landlord  or  farmer  to  peruse  this 
book,  without  deriving  immense  knowledge  as  well  a*  profit 
from  its  contents.  It  places  before  the  reader  a  mjss  of  infor- 
mation which  ho  will  set-k  in  vain  from  any  other  publication, 
and  which  he  could  hardly  ever  attain,  even  by  personal  tra- 
velling and  inquiry."— G/aspow)  Daily  Mail. 

Lnndon  :  Longman    Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


CARPENTER'S    SPELLING.-NEW    EDITION. 

New  Ediion,  corrected  ;  in  12mo,  price  la.  M., 

•yHE      SCHOLAR'S      SPELLING     ASSISTANT, 

-*-  wherein  the  Words  ace  arranged  acdrding  to  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Accenfuaiion.  By  Thomas  Cabpe-ntee.  New  Edition, 
corrected  throunbour, 

London  :  Longman,  Eeown,  Green,  and  Longmans  ; 
and  Whittaker  a-d  Co. 


Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  8vo,  price  Half-a-Guinea, 
PAUPERISM  AND  POOR  LAWS.      By  Robert 

*■      Pashlej.   one  of  her  Majesty's  Counsel  and  late  Fellow 

of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  Author  of  '■  Travels  in  Crete." 

London:  Longman,  Brown.  Green,  and  Longmans. 


MR.    WILLIAM     HUGHES'S     NEW     GEOGRAPHICAL 

MANUAL. 

On  Friday,  the  19  th  inst,,  will  be  published,  in  One  thick  Volume, 

fcap.  8vo,  with  Sis  Coloured  Maps,  price  Is.  6d.  cloth, 

A  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHY,  PHYSICAL, 
INDUSTRIAL,  AND  POLITICAL.  For  the  use  of 
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Professor  of  Geonraphy  in  the  Collepe  for  Civil  Engineers  ; 
Author  of  "  Geography  of  the  British  Empire,"  and  *'  General 
Geography,"  in  Gleiti's  School  Series. 

%*   The  Second  Part,  containing  the  Geography  of  Asia, 

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separately,  to  complete  sets,  price  4j.  cloth. 

By  the  same  Author,  in  fcap,  8vo,  with  Four  Coloured  Maps, 

price  2s.  cloth, 

A     MANUAL     OF     BRITISH      GEOGRAPHY, 

embracing  the  Physical,  Industrial,  and  Descriptive  Geography 
of  England  and  VVaies,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 

London  :  Lonqmaw,  Brown,  Green,  an^i  Longmans. 


Just  published,  price  Five  Shillings, 

THE  FLAX  INDUSTRY  ;  its  Importance  and 
Progress,  with  Extracts  from  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Royal  Iri^h  Flax  Society  ;  and  a  Word  on  Chevalier  Claupsen'a 
invention  of  Cott<jinsing  Flax.  By  E.  F.  Deman,  late  Tech- 
nical In-itruetdr  to  the  Royal  Flax  Society  in  Ireland. 

London:  James  Ridgwat,  169,  Piccadilly;  EpFlt^GHAM 
Wilson,  11,  Royal  Exchange.  James  M'Glasdan,  Sackville- 
Rtreet,  Dublin;  John  Menzies,  61  and  63,  Princes  a- street 
Edinburzh.  

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^PHE  GARDEN  COMPANION  ANP    FLORISTS* 

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and  Hothouse  Management,  with  a  Record  •  Jotanical  Pro- 
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C.M.H.S.,  and  other  Practical  Cultivators. 

London  :  Wm.  S.  Oer  and  Co.,  Ame     corner. 


In  O'le  thick  Volume,  price  8s.  6rf     ^loth, 

-y  HE  COTTAGE  GARDENER'S  I    CTIONARY  ; 

-L  describing  the  Plants,  Fruits,  and  Ve  ^tables  desirable 
i.iv  the  Garden;  and  explaining  the  Term  and  Operations 
emploved  in  their  Cultivation,  Edited  by  G.  ■  ■ .  Johnson.  Esq., 
Conductor  of  the  "Cottage  Gardener,"  Ac. ;  aided  by  Messrs. 
Beaton,  Errington,  Fish,  Applebt,  Barnes,  and  Weaybb. 
London  :  Wh.  S.  Ore  and  Co.,  Amen-corner. 


The  twenty-fifth  Edl'ion  of 

TVJEUROTONICS  ;  or,  the  ART  of  STRENGTH- 

-L^  EiNINW  THE  NERVES,  containing  Remarks  on  the  Influ- 
ence ot  the  Nerves  upon  the  Health,  the  Spirits,  and  the 
Temper,  with  anaccount  of  anew  remedy  for  Chronic  Diseases, 
Debility,  Nervousness,  Habitunl  Melancholy  or  Low  Spirits, 
Indigestion,  &c.  by  D.  Napiee.  M.D.,  London  :  Hodlst  -N  and 
Stuneman,  Paternoster  Row,  price  4d.  Maybe  had  through 
any  bookseller,  or  is  sent  free  for  five  penny  stamps  from  the 
Author.  503,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 

*'  Thislitile  work,  founded  upon  a  plain,  common  sense  new 
of  the  animal  economy,  developes  a  new  and  rational  system 
tor  the  cure  of  diseases,  and  for  etrengthemng  a  debihated 
constitution.  The  efficacy  of  that  system  is  shown  by  the 
cle-trest  evidence,  to  be  established  beyond  the  pofisibiiity  of 
doubt  and  the  pamphlet  is  well  worthy  the  attention  not  only 
of  nervous  persons  and  invalids,  but  of  all  who  value  equanimity 
of  temper,  clearness  of  intellect,  and  energy  of  character."— 
Magazine  of  Science.      „„,"„ i,,",,,  ",'•;•::_: ..:  .       l _u 

p^rtpa  bvWiii.iAM  Bbaubcbt.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place.  in  the 
iiNrlBhofSt.  fHncraa.  8ndbHKDiiiiiciiMULi.ETT  EvANB,of  ^o.7.ChQrch- 
rnn-  StoVe  \ewtiniion,  botb.  In  the  County  oi  ilnldlesex  f  rintera,  Et  their 
Offirf  in  LombArd-Hrveet,  in  the  Preciuct  of  W;,lt-f^Hr^  in  the  City  of 
I  oudon-  and  piibliehed  by  them  &t  tbe  office,  N«  5.  C'arleii-Btreet.  iu 
the  pariah  of  St  Paul's,  Coventuarden,  in  the  paid  Ccunty,  where  all 
Adufrlisemfntfl  and  Uommunicuiiaua  are  to  be  ADonBeaBD  to  the 
Editob.— SATtiUDAY,  Rlaich  13,  ISii. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

:  AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley* 

No.  12—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  20. 


[Price  6^, 


INDEX, 


ACKcIadenlbata  

Agricultural  Soc.  of  EaKluid. . 
Birds,  Britinh  tone ■; 

—  to  keep  off  Gooseberries  . 

Books  received    

BoCaoy,  lodlaa t... 

Gilendar,  Horticultural    

Calico,  etac^  for 

Cantuabicolor 

CiDerarin,  hnrdinesG  of 

Cirencester  Collcce    

C  lleKC.  Cireuceeter  

C;clamBDB 

PahUsB,  select ,,, 

Daphne  odora  rosea   

Fairbairn's  nursery 

Farming,  Fen 

FarmioK  memoranda 

Tiax  culttratiou , 

Fuchsia?  select 

Fami^ators 

Gardea  gleaatiiKS,  toTcisn    .... 

Gardeners,  great  men 

GooBeberry  trees,  to  keep  birds 

off 

HeatinK.  stove  for 

—  Polmaise     

Hedare  plaocB       

Hooker's  (Dr.)  dried  plants  .. 

Honicaltaral  Suciety    

Irish  Natural  History 


ISi  a 
ia4  c 

181  6 
1S3  e 
1S7  6 
1S7  b 
132  b 
183  c 
ISO  6 
183  b 


Kew  Gardens,  cockney  lunch- 

era  at    ..,., 1 

Land,  value  of,  as  affected  by 
law    1 

—  waste,  etpeosfl  of   culti- 
vatiDs 1 

Law,  value  of  land  as  affected 

by 1 

Lubeck,  gardens  at 1 

Madura  a  hed([e  plant 1 

Manure,  sewaxe ,,,.  II 

Nurciasus  lenuifoliuB 1 

National  Flori.  Society 1 

Pelarpronium  culture 1 

Phospbatic  nodules .,.,..  1 

Plants.  eff.'Ct  of  cold  on    1' 

—  Dr.  Hooker"*  dried 1 

—  press  for  drying   1 

Plant  sales 1 

Polmaise  heating. ..,, 1 

Hain  at  BoKnor 1 

Seed  trade  in  Wales  1 

SewTi2:e  manure 1: 

Shrubs,     winter     fiult     bear- 

inK     1 

Silkworms 1 

Sk  mmia  jaDooica ,.   II 

StephanotiB  flurlbuuda 1 

Stove,  cottage  II 

Stialauud,  gardens  at  1 

Trees,  winter  fruit  bearing  ,«,,  1 


TTNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON.— 

*-'  ELEMENTARY  COURSE  OP  BOTANY.— Protessor 
LlNDLET  will  commence  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  Botany,  to  a 
Junior  Class,  on  ToESDir,  March  23d;  at  S  o'clock  A  M. 

Subject. — ^ '  he  Distinctions  between  the  Principal  Natural 
Classes  and  Orders  of  Plants  belonging  to  the  Flora  of  Europe. 
The  Lectures  will  bo  delivered,  with  the  exception  of  the 
EaBter  vacation,  daily  at  8  a.m  until  the  1st  of  May,  and 
afterwards  on  Tuesdays,  Wednesdays,  Thubsdays,  and 
Satdedays  from  luj  to  11^.  The  Course  is  adapted  to  persons 
commencing  the  study  of  Botany,    Fee,  21. 

The  Course  to  the  Senior  Class   will   commence  on   the 
1st  of  ilay. 

Thomas  Gbaham,  F.R.S.,  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 

Me'iicine. 
Ahthdr  g.  Clopqh,  M.A.,  Dean  of  the  FacuKy  of 

Arts  and  Lawd. 
Cha6.  C.  Atkinson,  Secretary  to  the  Council, 
March  20.  1S52 


TMPORTANT.TO    POTATO    PLAIvl'ERS.— Pro- 

J-  curing  sound  Seed  ia  the  surest  means  to  have  a  good  crop. 
We  have  oo'^v  lefc  nnly  a  few  Tons  of  YORK:  REGENTS, 
CAMBRIDGE  RADICAL,  AMERICAN,  NATIVE,  AND 
WHITE  liLOSSOMED  KIDNEY  POTATOES,  the  produce  of 
our  last  year's  prepared  cuttings,  at  prices  formerly  advertised. 
Prepared  cuttiogs  of  the  following  aorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  weeii  in  May  :— .  s.  d. 

York  Regents  per  1000     10     C 

American  Native „  10     G 

Cambridge  Radical  ...         ...  „  10     6 

Earlj  Oxford  ,,         15    0 

Packages,  for  1000,  Is.  ;  500,  23.  Gd.  ;  200,  I3   6d. 

No  orders  nillTie  provided  for  which  are  not  to  hand  in  the 

first  week  in  April.     Posucffice  orders  to  be  made  payable  at 

theBor  .ughOffii;e  to  Hay,  Sanoster  and  Co.,  Newington  Butts. 

London,  6th  March,  1852. — Subjoined  is  the  analysis  of  two 

highly  respectabie  Chemists,  of  our  stock  in  hand  ; — 

"  London,  March  12.  1852. 
"  We  have  now  comple'ed  our  examination  of  a  sample  of 
Potatoes  gronn  from  your  prepared  cuttings  in  comparison 
with  another  sample  of  the  same  denomination,  obtained  by 
ourselves  from  a  highly  respecrable  Potato  salesman,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
eanh,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
lavour,  viz. :—  Starch. 

"Thoae  ^ro«n  from  your  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    percent, 

"  Potatoes  fiom  Salesman        iM  per  cent. 

"Maueice  Scanlan,  P.C.S. 
"Alfred  Akdebson,  F.C.S, 
"Messrs.  Hay,  Sangater,  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
18,  Cumberland-place,  Newington  Bufte." 

TV/IAULE  AND  SONS   beg  to  offer   their  respectful 

•^'-\.*h'^n'<fi  ">  the  Planters  of  HIMALAYA  CONIFERA  of 
the  Uni'.ed  Kingdom,  America,  and  on  the  Contmtnt,  wh  . 
have  favoured  tb.;in  wirh  their  patronage,  more  particularly 
for  the  CKDKUS  OEuDARA,  of  which  they  are  extensive 
growers  ;  and  as  the  rf^pUcatlons  daily  are  numerous,  in  order 
to  prevent  uonecefsaij  trouble,  they  pabliah  their  scale  of 
prices. 

^     CEDRUS  DEODARA. 
Height.  ^^  per  do».  per  100. 


per  1000. 
...    Jjsri 

40 
70 


6  Inches  to  'J  i^^es 12) ,    £■.}  lo 

9  inchefl  to  1  foot l8< 5    0 

1  fo-tt  to  14  *oot, 24e 7  10 

li  foot  to  a  feeT. ZOt 10     0 

2  feel  toZ^Btt 36« l;i  10 

21  feet  to;T}ct 42* J5     0 

ajfeet  to  rtL'cl fiOj 23    0     0 

The  abijve  are  all  grown  from  seed  in  Rultable  Bizcd  pots, 

3)  feet  to  4  fte*. 70i 25    0    0 

Grown  without  pots,  and  regularly  tranaplantcd. 

The  hfilght  *(iio*cd  in  an  near  as  Ci^n  he  stated,  but  does  not 
convey  an  adj^^^to  idea  of  the  quality  uf  the  pliintH  offurcd,  an 
Ifl  mo«t  in«tBricek  tbey  measure  as  much  In  diumotcr  as  their 
quoted  helglr(,  _  • 

A«  the  •':a«on  ftir  planting  seedlings  in  the  nurseries  Is  now 
arrirtd,  Maclr  anr],  Honh  beg  to  Intorrn  tho«o  g«nilom(-n  who 
may  wt^h  to  aci-Mmnlim:  young  p'anti  of  tho  lllmitlayii 
Conlfera  to  any  parfii-ftlar  ]r)c;vHty,  tliii'  tln-y  can  be  hupplli-d 
with  lieal'h\  oicjenr  fj^tdlings,  which  \n^  boon  grown  In  tlii' 
op«n  iffiuuti,  unprotcctc^tp  the  present  time,  at  the  following 
pHc»>-  ^ 
^ble»  morlnda  ...  per  100    8it.     Pinu?  oxcf-Ua per  100  H'*, 

,,      K'Mitrow  ,„      ^,         Sg.    Picea  Wehbiano,..      „       20«, 

I,  hriilih-arn.  „  6b.  ..  plndrow  ...  ,,  2(ia. 
Ctdriia  Dtrod.ri    .       „         i(}$. 

BlapUiou  ]( .fad  Mursories,  Urbtoli 


PELARGONIUMS,     ETC. 
TOHN  DOBSON'S  CATALOGUE  of  all  the  leading 

^  varieties  of  PELARGONIUMS,  Story's  and  other  raisers' 
FUCHSIAS,  VERBENAS,  &c.,  die,  may  be  had  in  exchange 
for  one  postage  stamp. 

THE  PELARGONIUM.— John  Dobson's  Practical  Observa- 
tions on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Pelargonium  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had  in  exchange  for  8  postage  stamps,  upon  application. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth. 


AHAUCARIA     IMBRICATA.— Wanted,a 
few  thousand  Seedlings. — Address  J.   L.,   care    of    Mr. 
Whitaker,  Stationer,  Walbrook. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER   SEEDS. 
EMPEROR  STOCK,    a   perennial   specie?,    and    hardy 
UOf)  seeds,  \s. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  P'antB,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  tineet  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former  and 
500  of  the  latter,  \s.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTIS  AZ0RICU3,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  verv  beautiful ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALENDRINIA  UMBELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
and  most  brilliant  flowering  of  all  bedding  plants  ;  1500  seeds,  \t. 
SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  aeeda,  la. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

Jeyes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 


fP  PPS'  COLLECTIONS  OF  KITCHEN  GARDEN 

-L'   SEEDS.— No.  1,   containing    24    quarts  of  the 

newest  and  best  kinds  of  Peas  and  all  other  seeds  in  £  5.  d. 

proportion,  inclusive  of  Melons  and  Cucumbers      ...  2  10    0 

No.  2,  in  proportionate  quantitiee 1  10    0 

No.  3,  ditto  ditto  I    1    0 

No.  4,  ditto  ditto  0  12    6 

A  list  of  the  quantity  in  each  collection  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation, also  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Seeds,  4c,,  &;c. 

The  highest  reference  can  be  given  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
Kint^dom.     Carriage  paid  to  any  Railway  Station  in  London. 

W.  J.  Epps  be^s  to  remark,  that  in  consequence  of  his  being 
one  of  the  largest  Seed  Growers  in  the  market,  he  is  in  a  posi- 
tion to  supply  the  above  very  satisfactorily. 

High-street  and  Rower  Nurserie-^.  Maid'^tone, — March  20. 


FUCHSIAS,   VERBENAS.  AM7^-       ETUNIAS, 

NEW   AND   FIKSi-llATB. 

WM.  RUMLEY  AND  SONS  can  supply  fine  healthy 
plants  of  the  following  first-rate  ne*^  FUCHSIAS.  20 
for  153.,  12  for  10s.  M.,  or  6  for  Gs.,  viz.  :  Alpha,  Brilliant,  Con- 
spicua,  Clapton  Hero,  Consolation,  Duchess  of  Kent,  Diirhess 
of  Northumberland,  Expansion,  Gem  of  the  Whites,  Koh-i- 
noor,  Loui-^a,  Mazeppa,  Madame  Sontag,  Northern  Beauty, 
Princess,  Psyche,  Pagoda,  Prince  Arthur,  Queen,  Queen  of 
England  Res^ilendent,  Salamander,  Voltigeur  (Banks'i^),  Vol- 
tigeur  (Rumlei'd),  Viscouutes.-*  (Maynard's),  Wonder,  &c. 

VERBENAS.— The  following  extra  fine  new  varieties,  6s. 
per  doz.,  viz  :  Admirable,  Auricula,  Beauly,  British  Queen, 
Captain  Brook,  Conspicua,  Exquisite,  Forget-me-not,  Fearless, 
Fanny,  Gulleyaz,  Haidee,  Jessica,  Jean  Bart,  King,  Mar- 
chioocss  of  Cornwallis,  Madame  Taft,  Mount  Heel  a,  Miss 
Whibley,  Prince  of  Wales,  Philumel,  Purple  Prince,  Voltigeur, 
Viscata,  Wooder,  die. 

PETUNIAS.  — The  following  superb  new  varieties,  6s.  per 
doz.,  viz,  :  Attiaction,  Alba  purpurea,  Beauty  Supreme,  Crim- 
son King  (Young's),  Crimson  King  (Whibley'a),  Eclipse, 
Grandissima,  Lolali,  Mr.  R.  Whibley,  Poure  Rityale,  Queen  of 
England,  Rory  O'More,  Rosy  Circle,  Striata,  inc. 

per  dozen.— s,  d.      s.  d. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM>!,extrafinevarieae8'^.,r4,    0  to    6    0 
Di.,  Lilliputian,  choice  varieties       ...,4     0  to    6     0 

GERANIUMS,  extra  fine  varieties     9     0  to  13     0 

Do.,  scarlet,  choice  varieties      4     0  to    6     0 

CINERARIAS,  strong  flowering  plants       .,,6     0  to    9     0 

PANSIES,  6ne  ehow  varieties 4     0  to    3     0 

The  above  will  be  forwarded  immediately  to  any  part,  in 
hue  healthy  plants,  hamper  included  ;  or  free  by  post,  on 
receipt  of  a  Post-office  order,  payable  at  liichmood.  Our 
General  Descriptive  Cat.tlogue  of  Soft-wooded  Plants  can  be 
had  on  application. — Gilliog,  Riohmnnd,  Ycirkshire. 


NEW    ROSES    ON    THE    MANETTII    STOCK. 

WOODLANDS  NURSERY,  MARESFIELD,  NEAR 
UCKFIELD,  SUSSEX. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  ranch  pleasure  in  offer- 
ing fine  Dwarf  Plants  in  pots,  of  the   lollowing  really 
good  new  Roses,  worltrd  on  the  Manettii  Stock. 

HYBRID     PERPETUAL.    ■  Per  plant.— 3.  d, 

*Auguste  Mie,  glossy  pink,  Very  large,  superb      7     6 

*Baronne  Hallez,  brtuht  rosv  crimson  3    6 

IJIanche  de  lieauHeu,  pale  flehh,  perlect  shape 3    6 

Caroline  do  Sanualles,  pale  blUbh,  very  largo,  a  superb 

Rose        5     0 

Graziella,  rich  brilliant  pink,  very  beautiful       5    0 

'General  Cavaigniic,  deep  flesh,  a  fine  Rose  3     G 

"Madame  Fremion,  brilliant  caruiiuo,  perfect  shape,  a 

fIrHt-r  ite  new  Ro^e    ...         ...         ...         ...     6     0 

"Rotino  Margottin,  dolicato  fiesh       3     0 

Souvenir  du  Polit  Kol  do  Rome,  delicate  pink,   very 

heiiutlful  C     0 

".standard  of  M;irongo,  rirh  crimson,  very  showy  ,,,     2     C 

Willijirn  Oridith,  bright  lilac   Rose,  most  porftct  ahapo, 

one  of  the  llnest  5     0 

Ma-lame  Limorlclftro,  bright  jiink,  superb  8    0 

Alf.0    the    following     woU-knowu     fu vourlton— MANETTII 
STOCKS:  ■  Pt:r  plunt.-fl.  d 

Bourbon  Conito  Bnbrinfky 2     (i 

—        DiipmltThouurs       1     0 

ir>hrld  Bourbon,  Piml  itieaut  2     6 

"Cbino,  Mm.  BoSMnquor,  pordozpn,  1G»,,  or  1     'I 

The  l<lnd«  marli.  d  ihu'i  *,  may  uIho  bo  had  on  llieir  own 
roots  lit  the  <iaino  price. 

N.B.— AdrlUloiiiil  pliintH  proHcntctd'ivlth  ciich  order,  wHIi  ii 
view  to  IfHHcii  the  cxpinso  »  f  carrhiK". 

Catalogues  may  be  hud  Quatih,  on  application, 


A:B  U  T  I  L  O  N      I  N  S  I  G  N  E. 

MR.  J.  LINDEN,  of  Brussels,  is  now  sending  oufe 
strong  Plants  of  the  abnve  splendid  Abutilon,  at  12s. 
each,  and  small  Plants.  Gb.  A  Drawing  of  it  m.<y  be  seen  at- 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVEt^e's  Office,  38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden, 
London. 


WHITE    MULBERRY    TREES,    expressly  culti- 
vated to  promote  the  successful  rearing  of  the  Silkworm 
in  Gre  at  Britain,  at  the  following  prices  per  hundred  ; — 
4  in,  I  6  in.  I  U  in.  I  18  in.  I  2  ft.  I  3  ft.  I  4  ft.  I  6  ft. 
53.    I    53.    I    IO3.    I     12s.    I  153.  I  2O3.  I  25s.  I  30s.. 
CuHings  of  the  Morus  multicauUs,  of  the  Philippine  Islands,, 
43,  per  hundred  ;  Silkworms'  Eggp,  Is.  6d.  per  thousand,  best 
qualiiy. — Addi'ess   Mr.  Chablwood,    Covent-garden,   London  j 
or  Mr.  George  Balchin,  Qodalming,  Surrey. 


QUPERB       SHOW 

^  Duke  of  Perth,  Hand^syde 
Fair  Flora,  Byne 
Malvern,  Woakes 
Polyphemus,  ThomBon 
Opliir,  Widnall 
Androcles,  Youell 
Admiral,  Byne 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  Bell 
Eustiice,  Turner 
Juveuta,  Hooper 


PANSIES,      &c.— 

Mr.  Beck,  Turner 

Lord  Chancellor,  Byne 

Rubens,  Turner 

Supreme,  Youel! 

Blue  Perfeciion,  Byne..- 

Helen,  Hunt 

Loveliness,  Fellows 

Mrs.  Becli,  Turner 

Q'leen  of  England,  Fellows 

Venus,  Byne 


The  above  20  Superb  PANSIES  will  be  Pent  for  10s.  Parties 
having  duplicates  of  the  above  will  have  others  sent  of  equaL 
merit. 

25  pairs  of  Show  Carnations  .,.        jtfl    0    0 

25  pairs  of  Show  Picotees    ..,  ...  10    0 

Hamper,  &c.,  included. 
JOHN  HOLLAND,  Bradshaw  Gardens,  MidcHeton,  neur 
Manchester,  will  forward  the  above  iu  strong  well-rooted  plants, 
on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order,  payable  at  Middleton,  Lan- 
cashire. Priced  Catalogues  00  application,  enclosing  a  postage 
stamp.     Auriculas,  Alpines,  Polyanthus,  die,  &c. 

BASS  AND  BROWN'S  SEED  and  PLANT  LIST 
for  1852  (containing  36  pages)  now  sent  prepaid  for  four 
postage  stamps,  as  the  newspaper-stamped  copies  are  disposed, 
of.  Also,  for  two  postage  stampp,  their  Au'urjn'  Catalogue, 
containing  the  Hardy  Herbaceous,  PI-t.  ^^  Host's,  and  variojia 
select  and  new  Hardy  Plants,  Ciin'.,.  ?,  &c.,  kept  for  sale  in 
pots.- Seed  and  Horticul'uralEstabLshment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


BALSAM  SEED,  the  finest  in  the  world.  In  five 
chibseb  of  colours,  sealed  Taekets,  with  direclions  for 
culture,  2s,  Gd.  the  five,  or  9(i.  singly.  Mimulua  Giganteaj 
the  la'geat  in  cultivation.  Is.  to  6s.  per  plant.  DAHLIAS;  tbe. 
Scarlet  King,  the  finest  of  its  class  ever  r.iised,  lOa.  Gd. ;  Sir  F„ 
Thesiger,  Dr.  Fiampfon,  Sir  Richard  Whittington,  Rob,  and-  - 
all  the  best  new  ones  at  catalogue  prices  ;  Ditto  old  favourites, 
3s.  to  9s,  per  dozen.  Fuchsias,  Geraniums,  Cyti-^us  Race- 
mosus.  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  generally,  bedding  out 
Sciirlet  Geraniums,  2s,  Gd.  to  5s.  per  dozen, — Post-office  orders 
to  Chahles  R.  Smallbone,  Donffunnon  Nursery,  Folhania 
payable  at  Putney,  promptly  attended  to.  i^ 

DELPHINIUM  SPECIOSUIVK?)  VAR.  WHEELERL 

Plants  to  bloom  this  Summer,  5s.  each,  for  cash,   post  free  to" 
any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  War- 
miuflter,  Wilts,  rcspcctlully  announces  he  is  now  sending 
out  the  above  magnificent  variety  of  fine  bright  blue  Bee  Lark- 
spur, which  was  figured,  and  its  history  giV^n,  in  the  "  Gar- 
deners' Magazine  of  Botany  "  for  October,  1'351.  In  one  of  the 
specimens  sent  to  the  artist  of  that  work,  the  principal  spike, 
which  was  densely  studded  with  blossoms,  measured  li  inches 
long  by  8i  inches  diameter  at  its  broadest  part,  and  contained 
2-11  blosooms  and  buds,  the  greater  part  being  in  perfection  at 
the  time  ;  below  this,  several  smaller  and  Dnire  loosely 
arranged  flowering  branches  were  produced.  The  stems  grow 
from  3  to  4  feet  in  height,  and  are  of  so  sturdy  a  habit  as- 
scarcely  ever  t)  need  any  support  ;  it  carries  a  good  foliage,  is 
of  very  easy  culture,  thriving  in  any  good  garden  soil,  and  an 
extremely  hardy  pe.^ennial  plant.  The  usual  allowance  to  the 
Trade  by  the  dozen.'i 

Fine  Bulbs  now  ready  of  Tigridia  conchiiflora,  yellow,  3s. 
per  dozen  ;  ditto  ditto  conchiiflora  Wheeleri,  colour  orange- 
scarlet,  ou  yellow  ground,  beautifully  spotted.  As.  per  dozen. — 
A  large  quantity  of  strong  transplanted  1  horn  and  bedded 
Rhododendrons,  at  very  low,  prices,  which  may  be  obtained 
on  application. — The  King  of  Cucumbers,  tho  handsomest 
black  apine  in  cultivation,  four  seeds  for  la. 

Waruiinater,  March  20. 

ORNAMENTAL    PLANTING. 

CLODDIGES  AND  SONS r most  respectfully  call 
•  the  attention  of  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  and  Public  Com. 
panics  ongngerl  in  Ornamental  Planting,  to  the  underniontionod 
Li-t  of  TREKS  and  SHRUBS,  which  they  lire  eniibled  to 
offtjr  at  an  extraordinary  reduction  in  price  (tio'  insh  only), 
ho  land  upon  which  their  Arboretum  is  planted  being  required 
lor  building. 

Fine  trees,  from  i  to  10  feet  high,  of  tho  fo'iowltig  genera, 
compriving  a  grrat  number  of  species  :    Acer,  VE-'culis,  Alnus, 
AmjgdaluH,    Helula,   Cornua,  Corylua,  CotonciiHrcr,  CratEegua, 
,C,vMHUH,  Kruxiuua,   MoHpllus,  Popu'us,  Prunu«,  Pyrus,  Uibes, 
llobinlii,  Sallx,  SorbuM,  Spiriou,   Tiliu,   Ulnius,  is.  per  dozen, 
rinincd,  or  a  ficlectlon  from  tho  above,  25a.  per  loo,  unnamed, 
ond  JiiKhly  recommended  for  rouf-h  planting. 
American  OiiIih  In  great  variety,  Ids.  per  doaen. 
AMERICAN      PLANTS. 
Azalea  pontlcn,  duo  bushy  plunlfi,  wull  Hot  with  bloom,  lOa.p.^z.. 

,,       Ght^ut  mid  other  viirle'icH,  nrimcd,  l8s.  p'-r  doz,  ■-  > 

Rhododendron  pontlctfin  nnd  varieties  (very  fine),  10s.  pel'  doz. 

,,      catiipniiutatuiit,  2  to '1  ft.  diameter,  Ills  Gd  io42s.  onoh. 

Andnimetlas  In  coHecilonti,  I85,  perdoz, ;   Vaccuiiums  ditto. 

Vis.  per  dijz. 

N.M.  I'tt'kiog  will  bo  rhrtr;tod  nfl  Jowaflpoasiblo.    Podt-offlco 

orderB  inado  payable  at  Hoekuoy.— Hwoknoy,  March  20. 


■178 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


'[March  20, 


MONKTON  NURSERY,  KYDE,  ISLE  OF  WIGHT. 
PRIZE     ASTER. 

JOHN  REID  has  great  pleasure  in  offering  the  above 
splendid  double-quilled  ASTER,  warracted  the  same  sort 
as  that  to  which  the  3u.<}ge'i  of  the  It-ading  Shows  in  the  (jQitee 
Kingdom  awarded  upwards  o*  1  prizes,  For  particuUrs,  see 
our  Adverti-enieot  io  ibe  Gardeners'  Cki'Oiiicle  for  Feb.  7. 
Price  Ij.  per  piioltet;  or  free  by  pust  for  13  penny  postage 
stamps.— John  Retd    Monkton  Nursery,  Rydo,  Isle  of  Wisht. 


HEPATICAS   AND    MOSS    ROSES. 

WILLIAM  FIELD,  Florist, Flookersbrook, Chester, 
he^m  to  inform  the  trade  that  he  has  on  hand  a  very 
large  Stock  of  the  above,  which  he  is  iffirin^  at  the  following 
prices,  viz.,  HBPATICAS,  srrongthree  and  four  years  old 
Plants,  in  equal  qutnlities  of  wbke.  blue,  and  red,  263:  per  100, 
or  lot.  10s  per  lUUO  MOSS  ROSES,  etroii^'.  three  and  four 
years  bedded,  IGs.  per  ICO,  or  71.  lOs.  per  1000,  packinj^  in- 
cluded. The  above  are  good,  and  can  be  confidently  recom- 
mended. Reference  can  ha  given  to  parlies  that  have  purchased. 
Remitfance  or  referenda  from  unknown  correepondents. 
Catalogue'*  ot  Herbaceous  Plants  on  applcation.     

GOLDEN  BALL  MELON,  2^.  6d.  per  packet; 
Bromham-hall  Melon  Is.  per  packet ;  Captivatiou  Cucum- 
ber, Ds.  per  packer.;  Phenomena,  *.'s.  Gd.  per  pacliet ;  and  all 
others  asmentitmed  in  this  piiper  nf  February  21,  1852,  Good 
sound  seeds  of  t  e  same  can  still  be  obtained  by  encloaioff 
Etamps  for  the  amount.— Edwabd  Tiley,  Nurseryman  and 
Seedsman,  14,  A^bey  Churchyard,  Bath.  _ 


A     COMPLETE     ARBORETUM. 

CLODDIGES  AND  SONS  beg  to  state  that  they 
•  are  novt  supplying  the  above,  comprising  upwards  of 
1200  species  of  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  correctly  named,  for 
5'  I.,  cash  on  delivery  ;  aod  as  their  co'lection  of  Hardy  Tlanta 
wlU  have  to  be  dispersed  this  season  in  coosiquence  of  the 
land  being  let  for  building,  thuy  most  respectfully  suggest  that 
all  persons  contemplating  the  formation  of  a  COMPLETE 
ARBORETUM  should  m die  early  application,  as  the  stock  of 
some  apecicR  is  very  limited  — Hackney.  MHrp.b  20. 


TESTIMONIAL  TO  MR.  CHARLES  MaNTOSH, 
HEAD  GARDIiNER  TO  THE  DUKE  OF  BUGCLEDCH, 
AUTHOR  OF  "TitE  PRACTICAL  GARDENER,"  "BOOK 
t)]THE  GARDEN,"  .tc. 

At  a  meeting  of  Coroudttee,  held  in  the  Council  Room,  Expe- 
rimental Garden,  on  FRIDAY,  the  l-*th  of  March  in^t.,  inii- 
mation  was  directed  to  be  made  to  all  subscribers,  and  intend- 
ing subscribers,  'hat  ihe  lists  of  subscriptions  were  in  course 
of  being  made  out,  and  printed,  preparatory  to  the  PRESEN- 
TATION, which  vfas  hued  to  be  made  at  a  Dinner,  to  be  given 
to  Mr.  M'l-  To?H,  in  the  Royal  Archera  Hail,  Edinburgh,  on 
FRIDAY,  the  2d  April  next,  at  5  o'cloi^k,  P.M.,  at  which  it  was 
expected  that  as  many  of  the  subscribers  as  could  conveniently 
attend,  would  be  present ;  and  that  all  i-ubscriptions  should  be 
remitted  to  the  Secretary,  between  this  date  and  the  3lst  of 
March  inst.,  in  ordi^r  to  their  bting  included  in  the  printed  lists, 
to  be  senc  to  every  subscriber. 

By  order  of  the  Committee,  Isaac  Andebson,  Secretary. 

Edinburgh,  41.  York-place,  March  20. 

N.B. —  A-n  the  Hall  can  only  accommodate  a  limited  number, 
intimation  will  require  to  be  m^de  before  the  Slat  inst.,  to  Mr. 
Peoome,  at  the  Royal  Archei'e  Hall,  or  to  Mr.  M'Nab,  Royal 
Botanic  Garden,  or  to  Mr.  Andehson,  ihe  Secretary. 

PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITHE^of  Eastling,  Faversham, 
Kent,  informs  the  public  ihat  his  mixtures  of  the 
NATURAL  GRASSES  an1>  SMALL  CLOVERS,  gathered  prin- 
cipally under  his  superinieudence,  including  every  sort  necea- 
sary  to  form  a  Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  die. 
(which  f-hould  be  pirticularly  stated^,  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  by  Railway  to  any  Station  in  Enxland,  Carriage  Free, 
at  20s.  ppr  acre,  allowine  3  bunhels  per  acre. 
MIXTURES  FOR  LAWNS,  &c.  THE  TRADE  SUPPLIED. 
Any  intortnation  on  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  Grasses, 
the  Adveniaer  would  be  pleaned  to  give. 


GARDEN  NETS,  FISHING  NETS,  SHEEP 
NETS. — All  hinds  of  Garden  Nets  made  by  machines, 
and  dipped  in  Kyan's  preparation  to  prevent  decay.  New 
Twine  1  inch  mesh,  l^d.  ;  half-inch  mesh,  2hd.  '  Bunting, 
Worsted  and  Thread  Nets,  to  protect  blossom  and  the  ripe 
fruit  afterwardi  fi-om  wasps  and  flics,  ficJ.  and  7d.  per  square 
yard.  This  article  has  been  approved  of  by  the  Horticultural 
Society.  All  kinds  of  Fishing  Nets  very  cheap.  Sheep  Nets  of 
cocoa-nut  fibre  or  New  Zealand  cord,  i^d.  per  yard,  nearly  4 
feet  high. — R.  Richardson,  21,  Tonbridge-place,  New  Road, 
London.— N.B,  The  tanned  G^irden  Nets  (Herring  NetsJ,  |d. 
per  yard,  or  Gs   3d.  per  100  yards. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fresh. sown  seeds,  either  in  pardecs  or  fields,  at  Id.  per 
square  yard,  200  yards  for  14s.,  500  yards  for  SOs.,  1000  yards 
for  50s.  Scrim  canvas  for  wall  fruit,  nettin,'  for  sheep  folds  ; 
a  considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles. 
Snn  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  .poles,  «kc. 
Marquees,  tents,  awnings,  and  temporary  rooms,  with  hoarded 
floors,  elegantly  lined  and  lighted  for  letes,  &.c.,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Carriage,  cart,  and  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain  ; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furniture  in  change  of  residence,  &c. 
Tarpaulinpa  on  hire  for  houses  under  rejair,  at  THOMAS 
BDGINGTON  &  Co.'s,  I7,  Smiih6eld-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  and  inquiries  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 


FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY,    ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING  for  protecting 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  John  King  Farlow's  Fi&hing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Cruoked-iane,  London  Bridge,  at 
IJd.  yard  wide,  3d.  two  yards,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  above  2os.  accompanied  with  Post-office  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carriage  free. 


FOUNTAINS  FOR  PLAYING   SCENTED  WATERS. 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  stream,   where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 

IMPROVED     RAM; 


LANDSCAPE     GARDENING, 

[XCLDtilVfLT   PROFESSIONAL. 

MR.  THOROLD.  of  Norwich,  offers  his  services 
to  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  as  a  LANDSCAPE  AND 
ORNAMENTAL  GARDENER,  in  the  highest  style  of  the  Art, 
including  Decorations  around  a  House,  forming  Water,  Ap- 
proache-;,  Picturesque  Scenery,  Correcting  the  Works  of  Ama- 
teurs, (be. 


MILK,     CHEESE,     AND     BUTTER. 

HENRY  BAKER,  Opiician,  90,  Hatton  Garden, 
London,  advises  uny  one  who  keeps  Cows  to  send  two 
postage  stamps,  and  obtain  a  description  of  his  LACTOMETER, 
with  its  uses,  and  the  results  of  experiments  with  it  upon  dif- 
ferent Milks.  .Lactometers,  complete,  in  a  mflhogaey  bos, 
10s.  Gd.;  Do.,  with  chenper  fitiings,  Ts.Gd.  and  53.;  Hydro* 
meters  for  testing  suphuric  acid,  bs.,  7s.,  and  lOs,  No  con- 
sumer of  acid  should  be  without  one,  as  it  is  often  sold  highly 
diluted.  Saccharometers  for  Brewing,  with  tables,  5s.,  7s.,  and 
10s.  Pediment  Barometers,  from  II.  each.  Wheel  Barome- 
ters, from  1?.  Is.  each.  Packed  carefully  for  the  country,  there 
being  nothing  to  fear  of  them  getting  out  of  order,  as  they  are 
warranted  to  be  pr'>perly  m-^da  and  good  instruments. 

FOR  COTTAGES,  LODGES,  &c,— A  number  of 
Ornamental  Chimney  Pois,  suited  for  the  above-mentioned 
huildiogs,  have  laiely  been  added  to  the  stock  of  Adstin  and 
Seelet. — Nos*,  1  to  4.  Ki-ppel-row,  New-road,  London. 


Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wheels,  Baths,  Hot- 
water  Apparatus,  Fountains,  and  Fire 
Pumps.  Towns  supplied  with  Gas  or  Water. 
Drawings  and  Estimates  made. 

Peeeman  Roe,  Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engi- 
neer, 70,  Strand,  Loudon  ;  and  Bridgefield,  Wandsworth. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDEN  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gutt;i  Percha.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  great 
satisfaction.  Also,  KASE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lons per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price  51  lOs.  ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  71.  7s. 
Bdegess  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London, 


Sales  lig  Auction, 

TO    GENTLEMEN,    FLORISTS,  AND    OTHERS, 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell 
by  Anction  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  WED- 
NESDAY. March  24,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate  collection  of 
CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES  ;  also  500  Standard  and 
Dwarf  RoMCB  from  a  celebrated  grower,  Lancashire  Gooseber- 
ries, and  Dahlias  in  dry  roots  the  property  of  Mr.  Willmeb,  of 
Sunbury.  May  be  viewed  the  morning  ol  sale  ;  Catalogues  had 
at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery, 
LeytonsttMie,  Esses, 


TO   NOBLEMEN,   CENTLEIVIEN,    FLORISTS,   X    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  Mr.  Hallt  to  sell  by  Auctiim,  at  the  Mart, 
Bartholomew-lane,  on  THUliSDAY.  March  35th,  at  12  o'clock, 
about  300  CHOICE  DOUBLE  CAMELLIAS,  ranging  from  IB 
inches  to  8  feet,  well  furnished  with  bloom  buds  ;  200  selected 
standard  and  dwarf  Roses  from  a  celebrated  grower;  choice 
Dahlias  in  dry  roots  ;  PEeonias ;  plants  in  bloom  ;  with  a  rich 
assortment  of  American  Plants,  &c. — May  be  viewed  the  morn- 
ing of  sale  ;  Catalogues  to  be  bad  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auc- 
tioneers, American  Nursery,  Leytonstoue,  Essex. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should    con- 
struct their    Walks  of   PORTLAND  CEMENT    CONCRETE. 
^  which  are  formed  thus : — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
^  is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.     To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  appljing 
the  water.   It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.    Anylabourer 
can  mix  and  spread  it.    No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.    Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.     It  is  necenf^arv,  as  water  does  not  soak  through 
it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 
Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bank-Btreet.  WpBtminster. 


-QHANGhAI,  OK  OSTRICH  FOWLS'  EGGS  for 
*^  Hatching,  chocolate  coloured,  fresh,  genuine,  and  from 
immense  tizird  birds,  la.  each  ;  Cochin  China,  white-faced 
Spanish,  Polish,  and  Sebhght's  laced-featbered  gold  and  silver 
Bantams'  Eggs.  6a.  each,  and  Malay  ditto,  Is.,  throughout  the 
entire  seas'm,  but  a  short  notice  often  necessary.  Forwarded, 
carefully  packed,  on  receipt  ot  a  Post-office  order,  with  Is. 
for  box,  &,c.  Gold  an<i  silver  PbeasaniR'  Eggs  in  April,  30s, 
per  dozen.  Apply  to  Timotry  Mason,  King's  CottagR,  North- 
end,  Fulham,  London,  near  Hammersmith  gate,  in  whose  ex- 
tensive ground'*  the  above  breeds  of  Fowls  artkept  genuine  and 
distinct  (or  the  instiection  of  purchasers,  as  a  guarantee 
against  the  imposition  so  frequently  practised.  Carrier, 
Almond  Tuuibier,  and  other  fancy  Pigeons, — Letters  to  enclose 
Stamps  for  reply,— Please  copy  the  Address. 


TO    GENTLEMEN,    EXHIBITORS,    AND    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  a  gentleman  well  known  for  hia  skill  in  the 
cultivation  of  choice  plants  to  ofi'er  for  Sale,  at  the  Auction 
Mart,  in  April,  a  choice  assortment  of  STOVE  AND  GREEN- 
HOUSE PLANTS,  consisting  of  Azaleas,  Camellia^,  Heath?, 
Eriostemons,  Piraelean,  DUlwynias,  Genistas,  Aphelexis,  Ste- 
phanotia,  Zichy:\s,  Stenocarpus,  Escallonia,  Epacris,  &c., 
many  of  them  specimens  of  considerahle  size,  and  fit  for  exhi- 
bition. Also  an  assortment  of  the  same  kinds,  in  smaller 
plants;  with  a  choice  collection  of  Show  and  Fancy  Pelargo- 
nium?, Cinerarias,  Verbenas,  &,e.,  many  of  them  in  a  blooming 
state,  and  fit  for  immediate  effect,  Messrs.  P.  and  M.  beg  to 
direct  special  attention  to  these  plants,  as  being  in  spleniiid 
condition,  and  such  as  are  raraly  oflFered  at  the  Mart.  The 
Specimen  Plants  will  be  sold  singly,  and  the  others  arranged  in 
lots  suitable  to  both  large  and  email  purchasers.  Catalogues 
are  preparing,  and  will  be  forwarded  as  usual. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  sell  by 
Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY and  FRIDAY,  March  24th  and  2Gth,  at  12  o'clock,  a 
considi-rahle  quantity  of  Standard,  Dwarf,  and  Climbing  Roses, 
a  valuable  collection  of  Herbaceous  Plants  ;  the  finest  vat  ieties 
of  Carnations,  Picotees,  and  Pinks;  choice  Dahlias  in  dry 
roots,  a  variety  of  Plants  in  bloom,  100  collections  of  Flowtr 
Seeds,  &c. — May  be  viewed  the  mornings  of  salo,  and  Cata- 
logues had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  50,  Hoxton- 
square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell. 


CARNATIONS     AND     PICOTEES. 

MR.  J.  W.  NEWHALL  will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart,  Barlbolomew-iane,  on  FRIDAY,  -'(irh  March,  at 
12  o'clock,  the  first  portion  cf  the  SURPLUS  STOCK  of  an 
Amateur,  iucludinj,  among  Carnations.  Flora's  Garland,  IIolj- 
oakfo's  Dido,  Admiral  Curzon,  Lorn  Rancliffe,  Cradle's  Pet, 
May's  Bolingbroke,  &c.,  &.c.  Among  the  Picotees,  Mrs.  Barnard, 
Mrs.  Norman,  Lord  Nelson,  Delicata,  Dodwell's  Alfred,  (fac.ttc  , 
with  a  first-rate  Collection  of  Yellow  Picotees,  includicg  Conrad, 
Princess  Alice,  Mount  Etna,  &c.  May  be  viewed  the  morning 
of  sale  ;  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneer, 
Woolwich. 

N.B.  The  Second  and  Third  portions  of  the  same  Stock  will 
be' sold  at  the  Mart,  on  WEDNESDAY,  31st  March,  and 
FRIDAY,  2d  April, 


TO   GENTLEMEN,   FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

A    FIRST    CLASS    COLLECTION    OF    CARNATIONS  AND 
PICOTEES. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
favoured  with  instructions  from  C.  J.  Locknee,  Esq.,  to 
offer  to  public  competition,  by  Auction,  at  the  Auction  Mart, 
Bartholomew-lane,  on  FRIDAY,  March  26,  aC  12  o'clock,  his 
surplus  stock  of  CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES  ;  they  are  in 
the  finest  condition,  and  comprise  all  that  is  new  and  rare.— 
At  the  same  time  will  be  offered  aboutGOO  Standard  and  Dwarf 
ROSES,  from  a  celebi-ated  grower,  conbisting  of  the  best  va- 
rieties of  Hybrid  Perpetuala,  Bourbons,  Teas,  China?,  Noi- 
settes, &c. ;  also  choice  Dahlias  in  dry  roots.  Fuchsias,  Ver- 
benas, and  a  variety  of  plants  in  bloom. — May  be  viewed  the 
morning  of  sale  ;  Catalogues  may  be  had  at  the  Auction  Mart, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

TO    NOBLEMEN    AND    GENTLEMEN 

ENGAGED  IN  ENRICHING  THEIR  PARKS  &  GROUNDS. 

MR.  J,  C.  STEVENS  will  sell   by   Auction,  at  his 
Groat     Room,     33,     King-street,     Covent-garden,     on 
FRIDAY,  26th  March,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  without  reserve,  the 
following    HARDY    CONIFERS,    handsome  plants  in   potfl, 
viz.^ 
60  Splendid    specimens     of  1  ni  i,„  r,  r„«f 
Araucaria  imbricata    ...J    *  ^''  ^  "®^" 

200  Cedrus  Deodara 2  feet.     ' 

2000        Ditto  Ifoot. 

100  Pinus  excelsa       l  to  ij  foot. 

100  Pinus  Gerardiana,  9  inches,  a  very  handsome  Pine. 
25  Abies  morinda  (true)     ...     li  to  2  feet,  fine  and  bushy, 
50  Cupressus  torulosa         ...     1  to  1^  foot  ditto. 

50  Juniperus  Bedtordiana  ...     1  to  l|  foot  ditto. 

25  Abies  pumila  (true)        ditto. 

May  be  viewed  on  the  day  prior  and  morning  of  sale,  and 
Catalogues  had  of  fllr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  33,  Ktng-street,  Covent- 
garden,  London. 


TO      ORNITHOLOGISTS. 

Mb.  MILTON'S  WELL-KNOWN  COLLECTION  OF 
BRITISH  BIRDS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  London. 
on  TUESDAY,  Gth  April,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a  very  valuable 
and  nearly  complete  Collection  of  BRITISH  BIRDS,  set  up  in 
the  beat  manner  by  the  most  eminent  Naturalists  of  thepresent 
day,  all  in  fine  preservation,  and  arranged  according  to  Yarrell  ■ 
and  a  Collection  of  BRITISH  BIRDS' EGGS,  including  many 
rare  species.  May  be  viewed  on  the  day  prior  to  sale,  and 
Catalogues  had  of  Mr,  Milton,  No.  10,  Great  Marylebone- 
street;  and  of  Mr.  J,  C.  Stevens,  38,  King-street,  Covent 
Garden,  London. 


MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart,  near  the  Bank  of  England,  on  TUESDAY,  the 
23dof  March,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  first-rate  CARNATIONS 
and  PICOTEES,  the  Stock  of  Mr.  Hepworth,  comprising  the 
followieg  new  kinds,  sent  out  in  1851,  viz.,  Hepworth's  Pre- 
sident. P.B. ;  Comet,  S.F.  ;  Rose  Helen.  R  F.  {the  finest  of  its 
class) :  Kossuth,  S.F.  ;  Miss  Stanley.  P.P. ;  John  Henry,  S.B.  ; 
Tam.o'Shanter,  S.F.;  Harlequin,  R.F. ;  and  Mayor  of  Oldham, 
P.F.  Picotees:  Hepworth's  Cerise  Blanche,  Robert  Burns, 
Highland  Mary,  Sarah  Ann,  Miss  Bo'th,  Mavy  Helen,  &c. 
Also  Brook's  Flora's  Garland,  Twyford  Perfection,  May's 
Hotspur,  Vanguard,  Tymon,  Antonio.  Picotee-i  :  Headley's 
Venu<",  Maj's  Viola,  Norman's  Lord  Nelson,  Mary  Anne, 
Isabella,  &c.  Also  fine  named  Pinks,  Hollyhocks,  Miscel- 
laneous Plants,  &c.— May  be  viewed  on  the  day  of  sale,  and 
Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart  and  of  the  Auctioneer, 
Shacklewell.         

R.  ALEXANDER  will   sell   by   Auction,  at  ^.the 

Mart,  near  the  Bank  of  England,  on  THURSDAY, 
March  25,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  first-rate  Collection  of  Car- 
nations and  Picotees,  the  remaining  portinn  of  the  Stock  of 
Mr.  Brag?,  of  Slough  ;  they  comprise  all  the  leading  varieties 
in  cultivation.  Also  choice  named  Pink',  fine  new  Hollyhocks, 
choice  Geraniums,  Pansier,  Miscellaneous  Plants,  tbo.,  &c. ; 
together  with  a  choice  assortment  of  Dahlias  in  pot  roots, 
including  the  newest  varieties  sent  out.^ — May  be  viewed  on  the 
morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the 
Auctioneer,  at  Shacklewell, 


BISHOP  MIDDLEHAM,    NEAR    FERRY    HILL    STATION 

IN   THE   CODNTT    OF   DDaHASI. 

VERY    IMPORTANT    SALE    OF    PURE    BRE;D 
SHORT    HORNS. 

MR.  WETHERELL  has  received  instiniotions  from 
G.  D.  TaoTTfE,  Esq.,  of  Bishop  Middleham,  to  sell  by 
Auction,  on  TUESDAY,  the  11th  day  of  May  next,  without, 
reserve,  his  entire  Herd  of  Short-horns,  consisting  of  70  lots. 
In  offering  this  Herd  for  unreserved  public  competition,  Mr, 
Wetherell  begs  to  remaik  that  Mr.  Trotter  has  been, a  very  suc- 
cessful competitor  at  the  meetings  of  the  Royal  Agri.  Society  of 
England  and  other  Agricultural  Societies,  and  amongst  them 
many  first-class  prize  animals  are  to  be  found  ;  from  a  recent 
inspection,  be  can  with  confidence  say,  they  are  an  extraordi- 
narily good  htrd,  of  first-rate  quality,  and  is  certain  the  most 
fastidious  connoisseur  cannot  tail  to  be  gratified,  Mr,  T.  haviug 
had,  for  the  last  15  year^i,  the  unrestricted  privilege  of  using 
all  the  Bulls  of  the  late  Mr.  Bates.  The  young  stock  are  by-, 
the  third  Duke  of  York  (loliiG),  and  most  of  the  Cows  and 
Heifers  are  in  calf  to  the  same  Bull,  and  are  sold  in  conse- 
quence of  Mr.  Trotter  having  entered  into  engagements  which 
entirely  preclude  his  giving  that  attention  to  the  herd  Which 
be  finds  requisite.  N.B.  The  Herd  maybe  seen  at  anytime. 
Catalogues  are  ready,  and  may  be  had  of  G.  D.  Tboitee,  Esq., 
and  of  Mr,  Wetherell. — Durham,  March  2i>. 


CHELSEA. 

TO    GENTLEMEN,    BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS 

ENGAGED    IN   PLANTING. 

MR.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  on  MONDAY,  March  22, 
at  12  o'clock,  without  reserve,  by  order  of  Mesj^rs.  Dennis  and 
Co,  (for  the  purpose  of  giving  up  possession  of  that  portion  of 
the  c round  at  Lady-dayi,  the  remaining  out-door  NURSERY 
STOCK,  comprising  fine  variegated  and  green  Hollies,  striped 
and  green  Bos,  Aucuba,  Irish  Yews,  standard  and  other  Ulace, 
Ornamental  Trees,  Fruit-bearing  and  other  Mulberries,  prize 
Gooseberry  and  other  Fruit  Trees,  Crimson  Rliododeodron, 
Cedar  of  Lebanon,  Yucca,  Climbers  in  pots,  choice  Roses,  Box 
Edging,  a  fine  collection  of  Paeonies,  Crocus  and  other  Bulbs  ; 
also  a  quantity  of  York  Stone  Paving,  Slates,  Brickwork,  and 
useful  Building  Materials,  &.C.  The  remammg  portion  of  the 
Glass,  Greenhouse  Plants,  and  other  miscellaneous  stock  will 
be  shortly  submitted  to  public  competitioo.— May  be  viewed 
prior  to  sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on  the  premises;  at  the 
principal  Seed  Shops  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  Brompton  Nur- 
sery, Fulham-road,  Brompton.  ^^^^^ 


-TO  NURSERYMEN  AND  OTHERS. 
TX7"ANTED,  A  LIVING  CONCERN,  with  the  neces- 
Vt    aary  Glass  and  Out-buildings.      The  coming-in  to   be 
moderate.  A  decent  House  on  the  premises  woull  be  desirable. 

Address,  stating  every  particular,  to  A,  C,  No,  6,  Weatorn- 

terrace,  New  London-road,  Chelmsfordi 


12— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS^     CHRONICLE. 


179 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY     OF    LONDON. 
PIllVILEGED  TICKETS. 
The  Exhibition'!  will  tuiie  place  on  the  Second  Saturdays  in 
May,  June,  and  July,  namely, 

MAY  8,   JUNE  12,   JULY  10- 

All  Fellows  who  Bhall  apply,  on  or  before  Tuesday,  the  20th 
of  April,  may  ..btaio.  at  the  PKIVILEGED  RATE  of  Three 
Shilling's  and  Stiuenoa  each,  any  number  of  tickets  not 
EXOEEDiNO  FOETT-EiGBT;  but  no  applidi'inn  f'ly  such  ticUets 
^vill  be  receiweii  alter  ii'at  day.  FcUows  of  Oic  Societ)f  subscribing 
for  tickets  at  'his  price  wiU  h&  al'owed  a  olear  ioeekfrom  tfie  '20tfi 
of  April  during  which  tliei/  mat/  claim  them.  After  that  perhid 
ALL  THE  Ss  Gti,  TICKETS  SDBSCRIBED  FOa,  BDT  NOT  1S3DED,  MAT 
BE  CANCELLED. 

After  the  20th  of  April,  any  further  number  of  tickets  will  be 
delivered  to  Fellows  'on  iheir  pfrsonal  application  or  written 
order,  at  the  price  of  Five  Shillings  each  ticket. 

SPECIAL  POWER  OF  FELLOWS-— Fellows  of  the 
Society  not  only  en*:er  free  at  half-past  12,  but  can  also  intro- 
duce one  friend,  with  a  Ticket,  at  gate  No.  1,  la  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire's  Road.  Or  tbe  Fellow's  power  may  be  transferred 
to  a  brother,  sister,  son,  daughter,  father,  mother,  or  wife, 
residing  in  the  Fellow's  hou^e,  provided  the  person  to  whom 
the  transfer  is  made  be  furoished  with  a  ticket  signed  by  that 
Fellow.  That  is  to  say,  the  power  of  entering  early  may  be 
transferred,  but  not  the  right  to  feee  admission. 


NEW   FARM    SEEDS. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Seed  Meh- 
CHANTS,  Plymouth,  have  arranged  wiih  the  Publisher  of 
this  Paper  for  their  GENRRAL  LIST  to  appear  in  the  Back 
Page  NEST  SATURDAY,  March  27.  The  attention  of  all 
engaged  in  the  cultiva'ion  of  tbe  soil  ie  directed  to  ir. 


GRASS  SEEDS,  CLEAN  AND  GENUINE* 
SEPARATE  OR  MIXED,  TO  SUIT  ANY  SOIL- 
CARRIAGE  FREE,  as  see  Messrs.  Sutton's  AdvertUemeut  in 
the  last  page  of  this  day's  Qardeners'  Chronicle. 


HENRY    GROOM,  Clapham   Rise,    near  London, 
FLOatST    BV    APPJINTMENT  TO  HEB  MaJESTT    THE  QuEEN, 

and  to  His  Majesty  the  Kino  of  Saxont,  begs  to  sav 
that  his  Spring  Catalogue  of  PBLAHQONIUMS  and  NEW 
PLASTS  is  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  by  poet  on  application. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGUE OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFBR^, 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  ttc,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps.  — VVindlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 

UG"H~L0W    and   CO.   have  to  offer~the~under- 

named  plants  :  — 
ROCKET,  new  double  crimson,  will  prove  a  very 

Bhowy  plant;  per  doz 18s.  Od. 

SOARLET  GERANIUM  "The  Amazon"   (Car- 
penter), has  been  already  descrit^ed   in   the 

Gardeners'  Chronicle 7    6 

MIMDLUS  UNIQUE 5    0 

,,    SAMBO   6  0 

„    NOTELTY 6  0 

„    PUNCTATA     5  0 

The  above  named  Mimuli  were  raised  by  A.  Clapham,  Esq., 
of  Scarborough,  and  are  much  superior,  both  in  colour  and 
eize  of  flower,  to  Mimulus  rubinus,  which  was  raised  by  the 
same  gentleman. 

H.  L.  and  Co.  can  also   supply  healthy  young  plants  of  the 
undernamed  Pompon  Chrysanthemums  of  last  season,  which 
have  been  carefully  selected  as  the  best  and  most  distinct 
varieties,  price  l5.  6d.  each: — Argentine,  Asmodee,   Aqtumna, 
Calibre,   Cybeie,    Maria   Taillard,    Modele,   Perfecta,  Ne  Plus 
Ultra,  Sacramento,  Surprise,  and  Solfaterre. 
Large  flowering  Chrysanthemums  of  proved  merit,  Is,  Gd.  each. 
Continental  Verbenas  of  1851.  9s.  to  12s.  per  dozen, 
Seakale,  fine  roots,  5s.  to  7s.  Gd.  per  iQO. 
Clapton  Nursery,  March  20. 


NEW      SEEDLING     GLOXINIA, 

"QUEEN    OF    ENGLAND." 

J  HODGE,  NuESERTsiAN,  Seedsman,  and  Florist, 
•  Lee-bank  Houss,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham,  begs  leave  to 
inform  his  friends  and  the  public  generally,  that  he  intends 
sending  out  the  above  beautiful  GL02INIA  the  first  week  in 
May,  at  IO3.  6d.  each,  with  one  over  to  the  trade  when  three  are 
taken.  Colour  pure  white,  with  a  beautiful  bright  carmine 
throat,  and  fine  habit.  "Was  awarded  a  Certificate  of  Merit  at 
the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Floricultural  Society  in  May 
last,  and  prooouuced  by  all  who  have  seen  it  to  be  first.rate. 


SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to 
inform  their  Friends  and  the  Public  that  their  new 
PRICED  SEED  CATALOGUE  FOR  1852  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had,  postage  free,  on  application.  It  contains  a  list  of 
all  the  most  approved  kinds  of  Vegetable  Seeds  in  cultivation, 
together  with  a  very  choice  selection  of  German  and  other 
Flower  Seeds,  which  are  all  fully  described,  stating  the  time  of 
Bowing,  and  whether  hardy,  half-hardy,  or  tender  ;  the  height, 
colour,  and  time  of  flowering,  with  much  other  useful  informa- 
tion. The  Collections  of  Seeds,  which  they  supplied  in  former 
years,  having  given  such  general  satisfaction,  they  are  again 
induced  to  ofi'er  them  as  under  : — 
No.  1.  A  complete  collection  of  Vegetable  Seedsfor  £  a.  d. 
one  year's  supply  of  a  large  garden  .,,2    5    0 

No.  2.  Do.  do.        in  smaller  quantities        ...  1  10    0 

No.  3.  Do.  do.  do.  do.  ...  1    1    0 

No.  4.  Do,  do.  do.  do.  ...  0  12    6 

The  kinds  and  quantities  contaiaed  in  each  Collection  are 
stated  in  the  Catalogue. 
Delivered,  free,  at  any  station  on  the  following  Railways  *— 
Hewcastle,  York,  and  Berwick  ;  North  Briiieia,  Leeds  and 
Tbirsk  ;  York  and  Scarboroufth,  Newcastle  and  Carlisle,  and 
Lancaster  and  Liverpool.— Gateshead  Nursery,  March  20. 

DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S     DWARF     MAMMOTH    KNIGHT'S, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  2b.  Gd.  per  quart. 
BISHOP'S  LONO-PODDEI),  If.  per  quart. 
BURBIDGE'.S  ECLIPSE,  U.  per  quart. 

The  above  Peai  have  bct-n  mont  txtenalvely  grown  in  the 
principal^ horticultural  establitthments  in  iho  kingdom  and 
pronounced  fcuperior  in  every  rcsptict  to  the  tall  growing 
vorietieB. 

FLOWER   SEEDS. 
ESCnSCHOLTZIA   CALIFOKNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

Tery  good,  G<i.  per  packet, 
IPOMCEA  iJUKRIDOir.Hplcndld  hardy  creeper,  M.'pcr  packet, 
8AP0NARIA  CALABItICA,  var.  MULTIFLORA,  one  of  the 

b«kt  bedding  planet  out,  Gd.  per  packet. 
TROPiEOLUM  COCCINKUM,  handflome,  Ot/.  per  packet. 
EUCIINIDEA  BAKTONIOIDEH,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

W,  per  packet. 
OAUKA    LINDIIBIMANH,    fine  liorbaceoui  plant,  Gd.  per 

packet. 

DOMCAK  nAiBH  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
*ma11  iclcctlon,  an  b<-lng  deHcrvedlv  worthy  of  universal  attun- 
tlon.  Cotal'.gu.!*  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flowtr  Hocdn 
forwarded  on  oifpllcatlon, 

SMdtman  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  aotall,  100,  8t, 
Martin  s-Uqc,  Loodyn, 


DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s- 
per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fra^^rant  Flower  has  just  been  received,  and 
large  and  well  selec'^ed  Bulb^  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment, at  A.  Oobbett'6  Foreign  Warehouse,  18,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Printed  regulations  ior  treatment  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Parjiasan  Cheeses. 


HOSEA  WATEREJl'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  Jjc,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hosea  Wateeeb,  Knap  Bill 
Nursery,  Woking,  Surrey.  ^ 


FRUIT     TREES,     ETC. 

H,  BIGLAND  AND  Co.,  Nurserymen  and   Seeds- 
•    MEN,    Manchester,    beg   to    offer    APPLE    and    PEAR 
TREES,  <tc.,  at  the  folio ffiog  very  low  prices  :— 

Standard  Apple  Trees  9s.  per  dozen. 

Do.         Fear  Trees  12s.        „ 

Trained  do,         for  walls      ...  30b.        ,, 

H.  B.  and  Co.  beg  also  to  call  attention  to  their  complete 
Collections  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  to  suit 
any  sized  6a' dens,  which  they  keep  ready  put  up,  for  parti- 
culars of  which  see  their  printed  Catalogue,  which  may  be  had 
on  application. 

N.B.  C'irriage  paid  on  all  orders  of  21.  and  upwards. 


WHEELER'S    SEED     LIST. 

JC.  WHEELER  and  SON'S  Priced  List  of  Agri- 
•  cultural.  Garden,  and  Flower  Seeds  for  this  season,  ia 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  free  to  anv  address,  on  re- 
ceipt of  one  postage  stamp.  lo  making  out  this  list  great  care 
has  been  taken  to  exclude  all  useless  varieties,  bo  that  it  only 
criiiiprises  the  names  of  tbe  best  Seeds  in  cultivation.— J.  C. 
Wheelee  and  Son,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Glouces- 
terMhire  Agricu'tural  Society.  99,  Northgate-street,  Gloucester. 
Seeds  delivered,  carriage  tree,  to  most  parts  of  England  and 
South  Wale". 


NEW    AND    CHOICE    FLOWER    SEEDS, 

FREE  BY  POST. 

MESSRS.  WHEELER  and  SON  have  selected  out 
of  their  large  collection  of  Flower  Seeds  the  most 
beautiful  and  showy  varieties,  each  sort  distinct  in  colour,  and 
calculated  to  produce  a  fine  effect  when  planted  out  in  beds  or 
groups  in  the  flower-parden.  They  have  marked  each  variety 
with  it'*  Boianicaland  English  Name— Height  — Time  uf  Flower- 
ing—Colour  of  the  Flower — Manner  of  Growing —  Whether 
Erect  or  Trailing,  &c.— the  Time  it.  should  be  Sown,  and  with 
other  valuable  Uints  as  to  its  cultivation. 

In  selecting  these  varieties  care  has  been  taken  to  exclude 
all  shy-bloomers,  or  such  which  have  an  insignificant  appear- 
ance, so  that  tbe  collectio-as  will  comprisQ  only  those  which 
are  really  showy  and  hrtudsome,  and  which  prove  to  the  entire 
satisfdctiou  of  any  lady  or  gepilemnn  who  miehi  be  disposed 
to  order  them.  The  GERMAN  STOCKS,  ASTERS,  ZINNIAS, 
LARKSPURS,  (tc,  are  most  superb.  The  collectioos  will  be 
sent  free  by  post  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom  at  the  fullowipg 
prices  : — 20  Extra  Fine  Varieties,  all  distinct,  5s,  ;  50  ditto 
ditto,    10s.  6d.;  100  ditto  ditto,  20s. 

J.  C.  Wheelee  and  Son,  99,  Northgate-street,  Gloucester. 
Nurserymen  aod  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucestershire  Agricultural 
Society. 


A   NEW   SEEDLING  POTATO. 

MESSRS.     WHEELER    and    SON    have    much 
pleasure  in  offering  a  New  Seedling  Potato,  called 
"THE    PRINCE    OF    WALES." 

It  is  an  excellent  Early  Potato,  in  fact  one  of  the  earliest  in 
cultivation,  so  early  that  it  escapes  the  disease  more  than  any 
other  variety.  It  is  a  great  bearer,  of  excellent  quality,  and, 
as  we  have  a  good  stock,  we  can  offer  it  at  a  low  price.  We 
have  much  pleasure  in  adding  the  following  extract  from  the 
Gardeners''  Chronicle  and  Agricu.Uv.rixl  Gazette  of  the  l2i.h  of 
April  last : — 

"  Peince  of  Wales  Potato  :  Messrs.  Wheelee,  of  Olouzester. 
We  can  speak,  from  personal  experience,  tj  the  excellent 
quality,  productiveness,  andearliness  of  this  variety," 

We  can  offer  it  at  2s.  Gd.  per  peck,  or  9s.  per  bushel,  bag  and 
package  included.  All  quantities  of  a  bushel  and  upwards 
would  be  delivered  carriage  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in 
England  or  Wales. 

J.  C.  Wheelee  and  Son,  99,  Northgate-street,  Gloucester 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucester  Agricultural 
Society. 


FLOWER    SEEDS    SENT    FREE    BY    POST.   ' 

ROBERT  WESTMACOTT  begs  to  inform  his 
Friends  that  he  has  selected  with  great  care  his  Stock 
of  FLOWER  AND  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  for  tbe  present 
season,  including  every  variety  worthy  of  cultivation.  His 
GERMAN  SEEDS  are  imported  from  the  best  foreign  house, 
and  are  as  good  as  can  be  procured.  They  consist  of  Stocks, 
Asters,  Larkrtpurs,  Balsams,  Hollyhocks,  double  Wallflowers, 
Dianthus,  Poppies,  Zinnias,  &c.  His  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE 
Catalogue;  may  be  had  on  application. 
COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  MOST  SHOWY  FLOWER  SEEDS 
FOR  LARGE  OR  SMALL  GARDENS. 

One  large  packet  of  each.— s.  d. 
50  well-asaorted  AnnualF,  Biennials,  and  Perennials  ...  10  6 
25  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     5     6 

12  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...    3    0 

The  above  Flower  Seeds  may  be  had  in  smaller  packets  at 
half  the  price. — Stuart's  Grove  Nursery.  Fulham  Road,  Chelsea, 


FIRST  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
DAHLIAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  CINERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,     PICOTEES,    AND     CARNATIONS 

GEORGE  SMITH'S  SELECT  CATALOGUE  is 
now  ready,  containing  Priced  Lists  of  all  the  leading 
kinds  of  both  Show  and  Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 
classes. 

O.  S,'b  Seedling  Verbenas,  Fuchsias,  »tc.,  are  of  great  merit, 
having  taken  numerous  First-clans  Certificates,  nod  having 
been  highly  recommended  by  the  Press.  For  description  see 
Caialogues,  which  will  be  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  one 
poutiige  stamp. 

N.B.  Tajlor's  excellent  "  Treatise  on  the  ChryBanthemum," 
1«,  ;  free  by  pott,  \s.  2d. 

Tolllngton  Nursery, Horns  ey-road,  Islington,  London. 


DAHLIAS,   PANSIES,    CARNATIONS.   PICOTEES, 

PINKS,    ETC. 
]OIIN  SCHOFIELD  and  SON  have  now  ready  a  very 
•J      Choice   and    Select  Catulugue  of    the    above    FLOUIST 
FLOWKRH.     Strong   healthy    plants  of  tho  most  established 
FuvourittiB  can  bo  supplied  ut  the  following  low  rates  :  — 

PANHIBS from  As.  to  IBii.  per  dozen  plants. 

CAItNATIONS      .,.  from  9s.  to  20fl.  per  dozen  pairs. 

I'ICOTBES     from  9a.  to  2iia.        „  ,, 

I'INKS      from  39.  to  12*.         „  „ 

DAHLIAS  (In  May)  from  (I*,  to  12*.         „  plantfl, 

A  few  I'ackftflof  PANSY  8EKD,  solectod  with  car 0.  2«.  0(i. 
per  pocket.    Jiarly  np[tllc>ition  is  roBpcctfully  roqueated. 
Knowathorpe,  near  Lcuds,  Yorkshire. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 
JOHN    WATEaER    begs   to   aimouiice  that  he  haa 

"  published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Uarrty  Rliododendrons 
Azaleas,  Wo^a^,  Conifers,  Jic,  and  which  may  bo  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  ail  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivatioa 
are  described;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections.  ^ 

FINE    YEW    TREES 
r>OBERT    HOLBERT  has  a  large  quantity  of  fine 

i-V  transplanted  YEW  TREES  from  2  fe.t  to  4  I'iet  hieh  • 
also  a  quantity  of  larger  plants  from  0  feet  to  7  ftet.  They  are 
remarkably  handsome  specimens,  aod  will  be  sold  at  low 
prices,  which  may  be  known  on  application  to  Robeet 
HuLBEET,  Nurseryman  J  Gloucester. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the.  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  which  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  incerested  in 
HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS.  Their  DoKcriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Treatise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
"Plants."  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  March  13. 

SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY, SUFFOLK. 

F)ASS  AND  BROWN'S  ANNUAL  SEED  AND 
-*  PLANT  LIST  Fja  1852,  containing  36  pa-es,  now  sup- 
plied, prepaid,  for  four  postage  stamps,  aa  the  newspaper- 
st:tmped  copies  are  distributed.  A  few  more  stamped  copies 
of  the  Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  the  Roses,  Hardy 
Plants,  Climbers,  Prize  Gooseberries,  «bc. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS, 

OF     THE    VEKr     BEST     E0B.T8     IN    CDLTIVATION. 

ASSORTED  COLLECTIONS,  503.,  303.,  20s.,  and  10s.  6c?,, 
or  any  sorts  supplied  separate,  at  the  lowest  prices,  for  first- 
rate  quality.     Ste  Catalogue. 

FLOWER    SEEDS, 

feee  by  post. 

Useful  printed  instructions  fur  sowing  and  raising  seeds  sent 

with  each  order. 

BEST     ASSORTMENTS. 

100  varieties  best  and  newest  Annuals ...£o  15    0 

50  varieties,  8s.  Gd.  ;  30  varieties,  63.  Gd.  ;  20  varieties  0  4  0 
20  varieties  of  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  large  packets, 

for  filling  out  lawn  beds,  &c.        ,..        0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 0     5     0 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Annuals   ...    0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 0     5     0 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Perennials    0  10    S 
12  varieties,  do.        ...         '"         ...         ...         ...         ..,0     7     6 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Biennials  and  Perennials    0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do ...    0    5    0 

CHOICE  IMPORTED  GERMAN  SEEDS. 
A  superb  collection  of  Stocks,  Asters,  Wallflower,  Larkspur, 
Balsams,  Senecio,  Zinnia,  Cockscomb,  Indian  Pink,  &c.    See 
Catalogue,  page  4. 

GRASS    SEEDS, 
Assorted  and  mixed,  of  the  very  best  sorts,  for  the  purposes 
required. 

Mixtures  for  Permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawns,  Bowling-greens,  «bc. ;  also  Mixtures 
to  suit  all  soils  and  situations. 

For  priced  List  of  Grasses,   see  our  Seed  and  Plant  List, 
page  li,  by  which  each  sort  may  be  had  separately, 
TRUJE  ITALIAN  RYE  GRASS.  ENGLISHand  IMPORTED, 

[^-  Our  Mixtures  of  Grasses  have  given  the  highest  satis-  * 
faction. 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.  Post- 
office  orders  to  be  made  payable  to  Bass  and  BaowN,  or  to 
Stephen  Beown.  Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ips- 
wich, Norwich,  or  any  station  ou  the  same  line. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


PDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
-t-A  Wellington  Road,  St.  John's  Wond,  London,  beg  to 
remind  those  who  intend  to  purchase  any  of  the  following  New 
Plants,  to  be  sent  out  after  the  1st  of  May,  that  all  orders  will 
be  booked  as  received  and  executed  in  rotation. 


F  uchsia    Commodore    (sh  0 w 

flower) 
,,        SplendidiB6ima,do. 
„        Gem  of  the  Season, 

do. 
„        Pendula,  do. 
J,        Exquisite 
„        Henderaooii  (double 

flower) 
,,        Darling     (bedding 

variety) 
„        Globosa  perfecta,  do. 
Pet,  do. 


Anlirrhinum  Henderaonil* 
Calceolaria  Wellington  Hero 

„  Tom  Thumb 

Chrysanthemum  Henderaonii 
Delphinium  Hendersonii 
Erica  Elegantissima 

,,      Nobilis  . 
Geranium  Hendersohii 
,,    Extravagahziim 
„    Odoratissimum  grandi- 
tlorum 
Heliotropium    Voltaireanum 
nanum 
For  Description  and  Prices  of  the  above,  see  back  numbers 
of  this  Paper— Feb.  28,  March  6  and  13.     The  Trade  supplied, 
with  our  usual  discount. 

^Ii^  Sartirenet^'  Clirontclr* 

SATURDAY,  MARCH  20,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

,,  -.      ,     nij'ti'ltlBli  Arcliitecin   8  p.m. 

MoHBil,      MarcL    2J[ae„|;„phical Slr.M. 

(Civil  EnL;ineera     8  p,M. 

TiTBaDAT,         -1-       23<  Medical  and  ChlrurRlcal 3Jp.li 

(fioaloKlcal 9  p.ttt. 

„  ...  f  Society  of  Art S  p.m. 

WBDimaDil,    —       «|BeoloKlcBl Sjp.M. 

rNatlonal  PlorlcuUural 3  p.m. 

I  Royal  Soc.  of  Literature -1  p.u. 

TauaaiiAT        —       25-|  Nuinismatlc   7  P.M. 

Antlquarlau   8  p.u. 

t.  Royal 8AP.M. 

FaiDAT.  —       2G  I  Royal  Institution sJp.m. 

„  r,.\  Royal  iiolauic , 39f.m. 

SATOaDAl         —       JtMedicai  8  p.B. 


When,  a  fortnight  since,  we  drew  attention  to  the 
effect  of  tliis  unusually  cold  and  dreary  spring 
upon  what  are  called  greenhouse  plants,  it  was 
scarcely  to  have  been  anticipated  that  the  result 
would  have  so  entirely  corresponded  with  our 
expectations.  It  turns  out,  however,  that  nothing 
whatever  of  an  exceptional  nature  has  occurred  to 
demand  a  modification  of  the  opinions  then  expressed. 
Very  cold  weather,  in  the  month  of  March,  the 
thermometer  having  fallen  on  one  occasion  even  so 
low  aa  1C°,  has  produced  no  injurious  effect  upon 
such  of  the  vegetation  of  Auslralia,  Chili,  or  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  as  was  exposed  to  it,  near 


180 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[March  20, 


London  ;  and  our  correspondence  tells  us  that  in 
other  parts  of  England  similar  results  have  been 
observed.  It  is  doubtless  to  the  absence  of  rain, 
and  to  the  want  of  everything  that  can  excite  vege- 
tation, that  this  security  has  been  owing.  It  has 
enabled  the  Acacias  and  Eucalypti  of  New  Holland, 
Escallonias  and  other  shrubs  from  Chili,  the  ever- 
green Beech  of  Tasmania,  the  pinnated  Berberries 
of  India,  the  African  Myrsine  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  according  to  some,  though  that  is 
not  within  our  own  knowledge,  the  Rhododendrons  of 
Sikkim,  to  brave  with  impunity  an  amount  of  cold, 
one  half  of  which,  under  other  circumstances,  would 
have  been  fatal. 

In  two  points  of  view  this  fact  must  be  considered 
as  of  the  highest  horticultural  interest :  it  shovi's  how 
much  more  hardy  than  is  generally  supposed,  are 
inany  plants  commonly  in  cultivation  ;  and  it  also 
points  out  how  little  artificial  warmth  is  demanded 
for  the  preservation  of  even  much  more  tender  plants 
in  winter.  Gardeners  thence  may  learn  that  if  their 
object  is  merely  to  preserve  through  the  winter 
exotic  plants  from  temperate  climates,  there  is  no 
need  of  patent  glass  and  all  the  costly  appliances  of 
modern  gardening,  but  that  shelter,  securing  dryness, 
and  plenty  of  air,  will  eifect  all  that  they  require, 
even  although  their  plants  should  be  exposed  to  as 
much  as  15°  of  frost.  All  this  may  be  obtained  in 
s>  barn  or  in  one  of  Mr.  Rivers'  orchard-houses, 
aided,  if  need  be,  by  a  brick  flue,  which  any  country 
bricklayer  will  put  together  in  a  day  or  two  ;  and 
thus  the  means  of  embellishing  the  open  ground 
during  summer  with  a  large  proportion  of  the 
shrubs  now  kept  under  glass  may  beyond  all  doubt 
be  acquired.  It  once  was  the  custom  thus  to  treat 
greenhouse  plants,  as  the  old  Orangeries  (or  hiber- 
natories)  of  which  Kew,  Chelsea,  Kensington  Palace, 
Hampton  Court  afford  familiar  examples,  abun- 
dantly prove.  But  Orangeries  have  gone  out  of 
fashion,  for  it  was  imagined  that  although  it  might 
be  a  gardener's  business  to  find  shelter  for  his  plants 
in  winter,  it  was  no  part  of  his  duly  to  grow  them 
in  the  summer  ;  and  so  the  Orangery  was  crammed 
in  cold  weather  with  torpid  sticks,  having  little 
heads  and  pot-bound  roots,  which  as  soon  as  the 
Mulberiy  was  in  leaf,  were  put  behind  a  hedge  to 
gasp  and  struggle  over  the  hot  season ;  and  were 
stuffed  back  again  the  moment  the  Kidney  Bean 
leaves  showed  signs  of  frost.  With  modern  skill, 
and  materials  like  those  of  the  Crystal  Palace,  we 
might  have  acres  of  Australian  shrubberies  under 
glass  without  paying  a  shilling  for  winter  heat. 
That  the  day  when  this  will  happen  is  fast  approach- 
ing we  entertain  no  doubt;  and  notliing  is  more 
likely  to  accelerate  the  event  than  such  knowledge 
of  the  real  constitution  of  exotic  plants  as  from  this 
winter  has  been  gained. 

It  may  be  observed,  too,  that  the  same  knowledge 
ought  to  encourage  those  who  have  the  means  to 
multiply  experiments  upon  the  hardiness  of  green- 
house plants.  It  must  be  admitted  by  all  men  of 
exp^-ience,  that  analogy,  or  what  we  take  for  it,  is 
but  a  treacherous  guide  ;  yet  when  we  see  the  Blue 
Gum  {Eucah/ptus  globulus)  resisting  such  a  winter 
as  this,  although  but  two  years  old,  when  trees  are 
at  their  tenderest,  and  Acacia  dealbata,  there  is 
good  ground  for  hoping  that  all  the  southern  Gum 
frees  and  Acacias  will  also  pi-ove  to  be  as  hardy ;  nor 
can  we  well  suppose  that  if  Swammerdamia  anten- 
nifera,  one  of  the  very  best  and  hardiest  of  our  ever- 
greens, is  regardless  of  winter  cold,  other  Composite 
plants  from  Van  Diemen's  Land,  such  as  Eurybias, 
Cassinias,  Olearias,  and  the  like,  will  prove  tender. 
With  Mr.  Young,  of  Taunton,  Epacris  heteroneraa 
has  lived  through  this  winter  without  injury  ;  why, 
then,  should  not  the  other  kinds  of  Epacris  do  the 
same  1 

We  need  only  add  to  these  suggestions  that  in 
experimenting  upon  so-called  greenhouse  plants,  the 
following  points  should  be  well  considered  : — 1.  The 
plant  should  not  be  a  seedling,  nor  even  very  young  ; 
because  the  younger  a  plant  is,  the  more  vigorous  it 
becomes,  cceteris paribus,  and  plants  are  tender  in  pro- 
portion as  they  are  vigorous.  2.  The  ground  should 
be  dry  :  a  sloping  bank  is  among  the  best  places.  3. 
They  should  not  be  exposed  to  our  cutting  dry  spring 
winds  ;  and  therefore  the  west  is  the  best  aspect 
in  this  part  of  England.  4.  They  should  not  be 
exposed  to  the  sun,  which  is  apt  to  excite  them 
into  growth  when  they  ought  to  be  most  dormant ; 
therefore  a  north-west  aspect  is  the  best,  and  a 
south-east  the  worst,  in  which  to  plant  them. 


We  have  no  little  satisfaction  in  announcing  that 
Government  has  commissioned  Dr.  Hcoker  to 
ai-range,  name,  and  distribute  the  valuable  collec- 
tions of  dried  plants  made  by  him  in  the  Sikkim- 
Himalaya  and  other  parts  of  India.  Should  the 
East  India  Company  enable  Dr.  Thomson  to  do  the 
same,  of  which  their  well-proved  desire  to  promote 
science  within  their  territories  leads  us  to  entertain 


a  sanguine  hope,  the  vegetation  of  India  will  be 
much  more  accurately  known  than  that  of  any  part 
of  the  world,  beyond  the  limits  of  Europe,  if  we 
except  the  north-eastern  parts  of  America.  The 
importance  of  this  knowledge  to  manufacturers, 
merchants,  engineers,  and  commercial  men  of  all 
descriptions,  was  becoming  daily  more  and  more 
apparent,  even  before  the  late  Exhibition  of  all 
Nations ;  and  now  presses  with  great  additional 
force  upon  the  consideration  of  those  to  whom  the 
welfare  of  India  is  confided. 

In  connection  with  the  two  important  operations 
just  adverted  to,  a  Flora  Indica  would  of  course  be- 
come necessary,  in  which  should  be  systematically 
embodied  the  discoveries  of  Roxburgh,  Buchanan- 
Hamilton,  COLEBROOKE,  WaLLICH,  GRIFFITH,    RoYLE, 

Wight,  and  all  the  other  naturalists  who  have  de- 
voted themselves  to  the  elucidation  of  Indian  botany. 
The  pecuniary  assistance  required  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  Great  Britain  and  India  would  be  insigni- 
ficant compared  with  the  great  results  which  we 
now  actually  possess  the  means  of  accomplishing  in 
this  country  ;  especially  if  the  co-operation  is  secured 
of  such  men  as  Major  Madden,  Capts.  Champion 
and  MuNRO,  and  Messrs.  Stkachey  and  Winter- 
bottom. 

Dr.  Hooker  has  also  in  preparation  the  Floras  of 
New  Zealand  and  Van  Diemen's  Land,  to  be  pub- 
lished under  the  authority  of  the  Admiralty.  In- 
structions have  been  given  for  the  immediate  prepa- 
rations of  these  works  uniformly  with  the  Antarctic 
Flora,  concluded  in  1847.  Enormous  materials  for 
the  purpose  have  gradually  accumulated,  among  the 
most  important  of  which  are  those  collected  by 
Dr.  Hooker  himself ;  to  which  have  to  be  added  the 
collections  of  Banks  and  Solander  in  Cook's  first 
voyage  (1770),  and  of  the  Forsters  in  Cook's  second 
voyage;  the  plants  of  Menzies  procured  in  Dusky 
Bay  ;  the  collections  of  the  brothers  Cunningham  at 
the  Bay  of  Islands,  in  1842  ;  very  extensive  collec- 
tions formed  by  Colenso,  Bidwill,  and  Dieffen- 
BACH,  who  alone  have  reached  the  mountains  and 
lakes  in  the  interior  of  the  Northern  Island;  mate- 
rials obtained  at  the  Bay  of  Islands,  and  on  Banks' 
Peninsula,  by  Raoul,  during  the  voyage  of  the 
French  frigate  L'Aube,  and  numerous  minor 
contributions. 

It  further  appears  that  the  "Botany  of  the  Voyage 
of  the  Herald  "  is  to  be  immediately  published  by 
M.  Seemann,  aided  by  Hooker,  Harvey,  Churchill 
Babington,  Wilson,  Bentham,  Smith,  and  several 
distinguished  foreign  botanists.  It  is  gratifying  to 
see  how  immediate  action  is  now  substituted  for 
that  limitless  procrastination,  which  has  utterly 
destroyed  the  value  of  some  of  our  best  naturalists, 
leaving  the  honour  of  their  discoveries  to  be  enjoyed 
by  foreigners,  and  the  public,  which  has  ungrudg- 
ingly given  them  support,  to  be  disgusted  with 
researches  of  which  it  can  see  neither  the  end 
nor  the  aim. 


DAPHNE   ODORA    ROSEA. 

Of  all  the  odoriferous  plants  with  wliich  I  am 
acquainted,  this  is  the  most  delightfully  fragrant,  sur- 
passing, in  the  estimation  of  many,  even  the  agreeable 
odour  of  the  Rose  itself,  or  of  the  Violet.  It  is 
moreover  a  hardy  greenhouse  plant,  of  very  easy  cul- 
ture, requiring  no  forcing  to  have  it  in  bloom  during  the 
short  days  of  winter,  when  fragrant  flowers  are  scarce, 
and  much  esteemed. 

This  variety  of  Daphne  is  usually  increased  by  graft- 
ing it  on  stocks  of  some  of  the  hardy  .  kinds  ;  but  I 
find  that  it  grows  more  vigorously  on  its  own  roots 
than  when  worked  on  any  stock  which  I  have 
tried ;  aud  I  am  satisfied  that  propagation  "  by 
cuttings  is  prefei-able.  Pieces  of  the  young  wood 
selected  when  about  half  ripe,  planted  in  sandy  soil, 
covered  with  a  bell  glass,  aud  placed  in  a  close 
frame,  will  root  freely  if  they  are  kept  properly 
supplied  with  water,  and  guarded  from  damp.  The  cut^ 
tings  should  be  got  in  as  early  in  the  season  as  they  can 
be  obtained,  in  order  that  tliey  may  have  time  to  become 
well-rooted  in  small  pots,  previous  to  winter.  As  soon 
as  they  are  sufficiently  established,  pot  them  in  4-inch 
pots,  and  place  tliem  for  a  time  in  a  rather  close  and 
moist  situation.  During  winter  they  may  occupy  a 
place  in  the  greenhouse,  and  will  require  no  extra  care 
beyond  what  is  given  to  the  inmates  generally. 

Tiie  Daphne  is  a  slow  growing  shrub,and  unless  means 
are  used  to  induce  the  youug  plants  to  make  two  growths 
during  the  second  season,  ti^ey  will  hardly  be  worth 
notice  as  flowering  specimens  until  they  are  three  years 
old.  In  February,  place  them  therefore  in  a  moist 
temperature  of  about  50°  or  bb'^,  and  keep  them  freely 
supplied  With  water;.assoon  as  they  commence  growing, 
examine  the  state  of  their  roots,  and  if  they  require 
more  pot  room  shift  into  pots  two  sizes  larger,  and 
water  very  carefully  after  potting,  for  a  week  or  two, 
until  the  roots  have  got  hold  of  the  fresh  soil. 
During  this  time  a  sprinkling  over-head  morning  and 
evening  will  be  beneficial.  When  they  have  completed 
their  growth,  whii;h  will  probably  be  in  about  two  months 
after  placing  them  in  warmth, it  will  be  advisable  to  pinch 
out  the  points  of  the  shoots  and  remove  the  plants  to  a 


cooler  and  more  airy  place,  where  the  young  wood  wil^ 
be  ripened,  and  the  buds  become  pliunp.  If  the  plants 
are  allowed  to  remain  in  this  situation  for  a  month,  and 
be  then  placed  in  a  moist  and  rather  warm  pit  or  frame, 
they  will  break  into  free  growth,  and  should  be  shaded 
from  the  midday  sun,  while  the  wood  and  leaves  are 
young  and  tender.  Any  that  may  appear  to  have  filled 
their  pots  with  roots  should  be  examined  and  re-potted, 
if  necessary,  but  the  Daphne  should  never  be  overpotted ; 
it  is  very  impatient  of  stagnant  moisture  at  the  rootff, 
and  over-potting  is  not  the  best  method  of  avoiding 
that.  As  soon  as  the  gi-owth  is  completed,  begin  to 
inure  the  plants  to  a  drier  atmosphere,  exposing 
them  to  more  air  and  sunshine,  so  as  to  secure  the 
perfect  ripening  of  the  wood,  and  the  production  of 
blossoms.  The  formation  of  flower-buds  will  be 
indicated  by  the  terminal  buds  becoming  large  and 
firm,  and  when  this  is  the  case  the  plants  may  be  re- 
moved to  a  sheltered  situation  out  of  doors,  or,  if  late 
in  the  season,  to  the  greenhouse. 

AU  that  can  properly  be  done  this  season  to  secure 
a  succession  of  blossom,  will  be  to  place  the  most  for- 
ward plants  in  the  warmest  part  of  the  greenhouse,  and 
leave  the  others  to  bloom  later.  As  soon  as  they  have 
done  flowering  remove  them  to  an  airy  place  in  the 
greenhouse,  and  shorten  the  stronger  shoots,  so  as  to 
secure  a  compact  bushy  habit  of  growth,  and  allow 
them  to  remain  in  this  situation  for  about  a  month, 
or  till  the  buds  become  plump.  They  may  then  he 
treated  as  recommended  for  last  growing  season, 
except  that  when  the  first  growth  is  matured,  they 
may  be  removed  to  a  sheltered  corner  out  of  doors.  To 
provide  for  a  long  succession  of  bloom,  after  February 
the  plants  must  be  introduced,  at  intervals,  to  a  grow- 
ing temperature,  some  being  left  to  make  their  growth 
in  the  greenhouse.  Those  induced  to  start  about  the 
end  of  February  will  flower  about  the  end  of  September 
or  early  in  October,  and  with  a  little  care  in  keeping  the 
most  forward  plants  in  the  closest  part  of  the  greenhouse, 
&c.,  there  will  be  no  difiiculty  in  keeping  up  the  supply 
of  flower  till  May.  The  peculiarly  agreeable  fragrance  of 
this  Daphne  renders  it,  at  any  season,  a  special  favourite 
with  all  lovers  of  sweet  flowers ;  but  if  a  few  plants  in 
bloom  can  be  placed  in  the  conservatory  in  October, 
when  there  will  seldom  be  any  necessity  for  giving  much 
au'  till  after  the  family  have  paid  the  house  their  morning 
visit,  the  atmosphere  will  be  loaded  with  most  agreeable 
fragrance.  The  odour  of  the  plant  is  not  so  perceptible 
in  a  cold  house,  or  where  there  is  a  free  circulation  of 
air,  but  when  placed  in  a  moderately  close  atmosphere 
it  is  very  powerful. 

A  soil  composed  of  two  parts  rich  friable  tui'fy  loam, 
and  one  part  turfy  peat,  freely  mixed  with  silver  sand 
and  potsherds,  broken  rather  small,  will  suit  this  Daphne. 
The  loam  and  peat  should  be  carefully  broken  up  into 
rather  small  pieces,  divested  of  all  inert  soil,  and 
minutely  intermixed  with  the  sand,  &c.  In  potting, 
make  the  fresh  soil  rather  firm  about  the  ball,  and  be 
especially  careful  to  secure  efficient  drainage,  as  the 
plant  mil  not  succeed  if  there  is  stagnant  moisture  at 
the  roots.  Alpha. 

BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
No.  LXIX. — The  first  actual  concert  of  the  feathered 
tribes  harmoniously  blended,  that  we  have  yet  heard, — 
we  listened  to  on  Sunday  evening  last.  There  was  a 
full  band.  The  wind  had  lulled,  the  afternoon  was  mild, 
and  the  evening  clear.  The  rendezvous  of  the  performers 
was  Ravenscourt  Park,  their  usual  resort, — aud  there 
appeared  to  be  all  the  various  tribes  peculiar  to  this 
locality  assembled  together.  The  voice  of  the  blackbu'd, 
which  was  in  the  ascendant,  was  peculiarly  sweet  and 
mellow  ;  the  thrush  too,  was  eloquent  ;  the  robin  clear 
and  joyous  ;  the  wren  and  hedge-chanter  merry  ;  and 
the  chaffinch  rehearsing  with  energy. 

There  now  only  wants  a  genial  change  in  the  weather, 
— some  warm,  refreshing  showers,  aud  some  days  of 
bright  sunshine,  to  cause  all  Nature'  to  be  in  a  state  of 
activity  ;  and  the  sweet  voices  of  our  little  friends,  the 
birds,  will  be  equally  improved  thereby. 

The  song  of  the  thrush  is  even  now  breaking  more 
and  more  melodiously  on  the  e.ar,  day  by  day.  The 
temporary  interruption  of  his  song  will  cause  his  energies 
to  be  redoubled  when  the  weather  becomes  more  settled. 
Then  shall  we  hear  what  he  can  do,  and  rejoice  whilst 
listening  to  his  varied  powers  : —  *, 

The  thrush's  song: 
Is  varied  as  hie  plumes  ;  and  as  his  plumes 
Bead  beautenu's,  each  with  each,  so  run  his  notes 
Smoothly,  with  many  a  happy  ri.e  and  fall. 
How  prettily  upon  his  parded  breast, 
The  vividly.contrastinc  tints  unite 
To  please  the  admiring  eye  !     So — loud  and  soft. 
And  high  and  low,  all  in  his  notes  combine 
In  alternation  sweet,  to  charm  the  ear. 

There  seems  to  be  a  mutual  understanding  between 
this  bird  and  man,  that  he  (the  thrush)  h.as  a  pre- 
scriptive right  to  fake  up  his  quarters  just  where  he 
pleases.  He  seems  intuitively  to  know  that  he  is  always 
a  welcome  visitor  ;  and  this  knowledge  it  is  that  makes 
him  so  loud  and  so  free  in  bis  song.  He  looks  upon 
your  garden  as  his  own  ;  your  trees  as  his  property  ; 
aud  your  fruit  as  being  provided  for  the  refreshment 
and  entertainment  'of  his  family.  We  assume  all  this, 
from  the  bold  manner  in  which  he  takes  possession  of 
his  territories. 

The  same  remarks  we  have  already  made  about  the 
blackbird,  apply  with  full  force  to  the  thrush.  The 
best  birds  are  always  those  wliich  are  bat-folded  or 
netted.  These  possess  the  wild,  or  natur.al  note  ;  and 
when  caged,  they  seldom  or  never  lose  it.     It  would. 


12—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


181 


however,  be  foolish  as  well  as  cruel  to  attempt  to  cage 
any  of  the  old  birds  now.  In  the  first  place,  they  would 
not  sing, — at  all  eveats  for  any  length  of  time  ;  in  the 
second  place,  they  would  occasion  you  much  unnecessary 
trouble  in  attending  to  them  throughout  the  summer 
season  ;  and  in  the  third  place,  you  would  be  depriving 
their  mates  of  a  natural  protector  whilst  engaged  in  the 
arduous  duties  of  incubation. 

Nestling  thrushes  often  turn  out  good  birds  If  well 
educated  ;  but  they  are  very  imitative.  When  only 
two  months  old,  they  will  faithfully  record  the  melodious 
strains  of  a  love-sick  cat ;  nor  can  we  admit  that  these 
are  much  improved  on  by  the  extra  "  variations  "  that 
-are  sometimes  indulged  in.  In  such  cases,  it  is  desirable 
to  let  the  performer  have  his  immediate  liberty,  or  your 
ears  will  ever  after  be  doomed  to  sounds  of  feline  melody. 
We  should  be  wanting  in  our  duty,  did  we  not  point  out 
these  innate  propensities  of  the  thrush.  Our  readers 
now  have  the  remedy  in  their  own  hands. 

The  mode  of  rearing  and  selecting  your  birds,  the 
diseases  to  which  they  are  subject,  and  cages  suitable 
for  their  reception, — wiU  be  the  subjects  of  early  inquiry. 
William  Kidd. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Sthalsund  (Pomerania). — I  have  little  to  say  about 
this  town  ;  there  is  no  garden,  public  or  private,  of  any 
interest  whatever  ;  but,  to  make  up  for  their  absence, 
every  window  is  full  of  flowers,  and  the  ground  floors 
are  covered  with  them.  Here,  there  are  brilliant  Pelar- 
goniums ;  there,  pretty  Stocks ;  in  another  place, 
immense  Wallflowers  ;  in  another,  Coronillas ;  in 
another,  trees  of  Thlaspi,  differing  in  form,  sometimes 
4  feet  high,  loaded  with  flowers.  As  one  walks  through 
the  streets  of  this  little  to^vn,  one  is  struck  with  the 
soft  air  and  beautiful  blossoms,  and  is  apt  to  wonder  how 
it  is  that  in  streets  such  luxuries  can  be  obtained. 

LcBECK Although  there  is  no  botanic  garden  here, 

there  are,  as  in  most  other  places  in  Prussia,  pleasant 
promenades  and  long  avenues  of  trees,  which,  by  their 
gracefulness  and  beauty,  would  well  become  the  finest 
garden.  The  country  round  Lubeck  is  gay  and  fertile. 
The  market  gardens  were,  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  filled 
■with  vegetables,  very  common  in  kind,  it  is  true,  but 
presenting  a  fine  appearance.  I  was  sorry  not  to  see 
in  tlie  markets  our  common  delicate  vegetables.  Fruit, 
on  the  other  hand,  abounds,  and  equals  our  own  in  size 
and  flavour,  which  is  not  a  httle  astonishing,  if  we 
■sail  to  mind  that  the  trees  are  not  pruned,  or,  if  they  ai'e, 
not  at  the  right  time,  and  only  with  a  bill-hook. 

There  are  five  horticultural  establishments,  which 
■differ  from  most  others,  inasmuch  as  their  owners  attend 
at  one  and  the  same  time  to  wholesale  cultivation, 
market  gardening,  arboriculture,  and  floriculture. 
Large  houses  are  used  for  raising  plants  for  sale.  There 
are  wholesale  and  retail  seed  merchants  who  will  sell 
even  so  trifling  an  article  as  a  bouquet  of  flowers  ;  so 
that  nowhere  in  the  to\vn  is  there  a  regular  seed  or 
flower  shop.  The  largest  establishments  belong  to  M. 
Christian  Von  Brocken  and  one  of  his  relations;  they 
are  both  at  the  gates  of  the  town  ;  each  gentleman  has  also 
a  garden  in  the  town,  in  which  are  the  hothouses.  That 
belonging  to  the  former  gentleman,  though  not  of  a  large 
size,  contains  specimens  of  every  branch  of  horticulture  ; 
market  gardening,  tlio  cultivation  of  green  crops,  of 
annuals,  and  perennial  plants  in  large  quantities,  all  go 
on  there  ;  the  nurseries  contain  large  and  small  trees 
and  shrubs  ;  the  hothouses  are  managed  with  skill ; 
prices  are  much  tJie  same  as  with  us.  The  town  garden 
of  the  latter  gentleman  does  not  differ  materially  from 
the  one  just  described ;  itisnot  so  with  the  exterior  garden, 
which  is  of  considerable  size.  Here  I  saw  several  acres 
covered  with  large  running  Kidney  Beans ;  half  the  ground 
is  occupied  with  leguminous  and  half  with  root  crops. 
Green  crops  are  grown  on  a  similar  scale  and  are  cared 
for  accordingly  ;  so  that  the  moment  a  plant  is  dis- 
covered to  be  of  value,  it  is  grown  on  a  large  scale, 
for  the  sake  of  its  seed,  which  is  sold  at  a  considerable 
profit.  This  gentleman,  moreover,  every  year  sells 
several  thousand  forest  trees  and  shrubs,  the  produce 
of  his  nurseries,  which  are  well  kept  and  enjoy  a  con- 
fiiderable  reputation  ;  his  fruit  trees,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  not,  comparatively  speaking,  so  good.  Masaon's 
Report. 


AUTUMN  AND  WINTER  FRUIT-BEARING 
TREES  AND  SIIIIUBS. 

{Continued from  pcuic  53.) 

Berberry,  stondejfn  fruited.  —  This  is  an  erect,  deci- 
duous, summer-flowering  shrub,  which  reaches,  on  an 
average,  from  G  to  12  feet  in  height.  It  is  not  so  gene- 
rally known  as  it  deserves  to  be,  that  this  plant  forms 
a  very  beautiful  object  in  early  autumn,  at  which 
period  it  stands  conspicuous  amongat  surrounding 
objects  by  hn  rich  crimson-tinted  fruit,  wliich  is  borne 
in  such  profusion  as  to  impart  a  gracefully  droopin" 
outline  to  the  slender  fruit-bearing  branches.  I  remenv 
ber  seeing  Bpecimens  of  this  Berberry  at  Castle  Howard, 
10  or  12  feet  in  height,  which  were  diHtinguiFtlied  by 
their  elegant  and  picturesque  effect.  Apart  from  its 
ornamental  cbtracter,  tlic  value  of  its  fruit  for  prc- 
aorves,  Sec,  adds  an  additional  intorcst  to  its  culture.  It 
is  admirably  adapted  for  largo  Grass  spaces  or  con- 
spicuous poMition«  in  shrubbery  borilerH,  CHpccially  when 
encouraged  to  attain  its  greatest  elevation. 

Cotoiwutci'  raicrophyila  {nyudt  Ir.awd). — This  is  well 
fciown  to  be  a  neat  decumbtnt  (■vcrgrecn  shrub,  of 
ngW  yet  free  growth,  adapting  itself  to  almost  every 
Kind  oV  soil  and  situation,  and,  under  the  plastic  hand  of 


the  garden-artist,  conforming  itself  by  the  pliability  of 
its  branches  to  almost  any  kind  of  device  or  outline, 
either  with  a  trained  erect  central  stem,  and  drooping 
branches  around  it,  or  clothing  the  surface  of  the  ground 
with  a  dense  mass  of  leafy  shade,  which  in  summer  is 
relieved  by  white  starry  blossoms,  and  in  winter  by 
crimson  berries.  Wherever  its  roots  can  luxuriate  in  a 
sufficient  depth  of  soil,  whether  crowning  the  summit  of 
a  bare  rock  with  its  mantle  of  green,  or  covering  the 
earth  as  with  a  carpet,  its  verdure  is  alike  charming 
through  storm  and  sunshine.  It  is  well  adapted  for 
training  against  a  wall,  where,  with  a  little  attention  to 
preventing  exuberant  shoots  from  protruding  beyond 
the  rest,  it  yields  a  neater,  closer,  and  richer  unbroken 
surface  of  dense  foliage  than  perhaps  any  other  shrub. 
The  deep  green  tint  of  its  leaves,  as  contrasted  with  the 
snow-white  blossoms,  has  not , inaptly  been  compared  to 
"  diamonds  lying  on  a  bed  of  emeralds."  It  is  also 
admirably  adapted  for  permanent  effect  in  covering 
blank  spaces  on  massive  rock-work,  or  imparting  a  rich 
winter  verdure  to  bare  slopes,  or  breaking  the  outer 
margin,  or  outline,  of  a  formal  sunk-fence  or  wall. 
A  very  fine  specimen  of  this  shrub  exists,  or  did  exist, 
at  the  suburban  villa  garden  attached  to  the  residence 
then  occupied  by  Mr.  Atkins  (late  nurseryman),  near 
Northampton.  It  covered  a  bed  nearly  50  feet  in  cir- 
cumference. 

Cotoncaster  mid'ophylla  C^ua  Ursi  (Bearherry-leaved). 
— A  neat  shrub,  but  more  robust,  and  far  less  compact 
and  dense  in  its  growth  than  the  preceding,  from  which 
it  also  differs  in  having  its  flowers  in  small  clusters 
rather  than  singly,  and  its  crimson  fruit  also  larger. 
When  trained  erect,  it  will  reach  fi'om  4  to  7  feet,  and 
for  wa'l  culture,  .for  which  it  is  well  adapted,  it  will 
exceed  10  feet. 

Cotoneasier  thymifolia  (  Thyme-leaved.) — A  remarkably 
small,  neat,  and  compact  evergreen  shrub,  still  more 
dense  than  C.  microphylla,  of  which  it  is  probably  but  a 
variety.  For  the  front  of  select  shrubberies,  or  middle 
positions  in  flower  borders,  and  the  foreground  of  rock- 
work,  it  is  a  desirable  novelty,  furnishing  its  share  of 
interest  throughout  the  year,  but  especially  in  winter, 
when  adorned  with  its  small  red  berries. 

Ilex  aquifolium  fnictululeo  {yellow-herned) , — This  Is 
a  somewhat  stout  evergreen  shrub  or  small  tree,  of  erect, 
branching  habit,  and  varying,  according  to  soil  and 
situation,  from  3  to  10  feet  in  height.  Its  profusion  of 
clear  yellow  fruit,  amply  set  off  by  fine  green  leaves 
presents  a  very  picturesque  object,  and  produces  a 
pleasing  variety  among  other  deciduous  shrubs. 

Hippophde  rhamnoides,  fceniina  {fruit-bearing.) — A 
neat,  deciduous,  branching  shrub,  which  grows  from 
4  to  10  feet  in  height.  It  has  a  greyish  aspect,  with 
narrow  lanceolate  leaves,  that  are  succeeded  by  a  profu- 
sion of  rich  orange-tinted  berries,  with  which  the 
branches  are  thickly  set,  presenting  a  pretty  and  novel 
effect,  contrasting  well  in  colour  with  the  pearly,  marble- 
like fruit  of  the  Snowberry,  as  it  appears  gracefully 
suspended  from  the  stems,  or  tipping  the  slender  twigs 
like  tiny  snowballs  balanced  in  air.  If.  Wood,  Fishergaie 
Nurseries,  York. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Caniua  hicolor. — Having  heard  this  plant  complained 
of  as  being  a  shy  bloomer,  even  so  much  so  as  to  render 
it  unworthy  of  cultivation,  I  beg  to  inform  your  readers 
that  I  have  now  a  specimen  of  it  in  great  beauty, 
which  has  been  treated  in  the  following  manner.  In 
the  spring  of  1850  I  struck  a  small  cutting  of  it,  and 
continued  growing  it  in  the  most  rapid  manner  I  could 
in  a  moist  stove  until  the  autumn  of  the  same  year, 
when  it  was  gradually  hardened  and  kept  in  a  cold 
greenhouse  through  the  wintei*.  In  spring  I  shifted  it 
into  an  8-inch  pot,  placed  it  in  a  Vinery  where  there 
was  bottom-heat  (the  house  being  warmed  by  Polmaise 
improved)  in  which  it  gi'ew  rapidly  until  Midsummer. 
I  then  gradually  inured  it  to  the  open  air  ;  water  was 
withheld  early  in  autumn,  and  it  was  placed  on  a  north 
border  until  October,  after  which  it  was  put  in  a  cold 
house.  In  the  second  week  in  January  it  was  placed 
again  in  the  Vinery,  and  it  is  now  covered  with  flowers 
in  every  stage  of  development,  forming  a  beautiful  object 
in  the  conservatory.  The  soil  which  I  use  for  it  is  equal 
parts  peat,  leaf-mould,  and  loam,  with  hberal  drainage. 
R.  Pettit,  Gardener  to  Sir  H.  E.  Bmibury,  Bart.,  Barton- 
hall,  near  Bury  St,  Edmunds. 

Silk  and  Silkworms— 2 he  effect  of  heat  cmd  cold  on 
insects. — It  is  possible  that  "  H.  J.  S."  may,  by  the  par- 
ticular treatment  he  proposes  to  adopt,  retard  the 
development  of  the  eggs  of  the  silkworm  ;  hut  the 
experiment  should  have  been  taken  in  hand  at  an 
earlier  period  than  the  present.  The  chrysalis  in 
the  cocoon  should  have  been  subjected  to  treatment 
calculated  to  retard  the  appearance  of  the  moth,  and 
immediately  on  the  production  of  the  egg  some  in- 
fluence, analogous  to  that  bestowed  by  the  wand  of 
ComuB,  should  have  been  put  in  force.  The  question 
as  to  how  far  wo  possess  the  power  of  governing,  by 
artificial  means,  the  duration  of  the  inert  period  in  the 
lives  of  insects,  assumes  hero  an  interest,  and  thus 
recommends  experin.ents  tending  to  elucidate  it.  My 
experience  leads  me  to  believe  that  the  development 
of  insects  may  he  accelerated  by  iicat.  ft  is  very 
<:(:rfiiiti  that  insccta  arc  found  in  hnt-houKCH  at 
a  much  earlier  period  tlian  that  assigned  for  their 
ajtpearanco.  The  common  whito  butterfly  whoso 
chryHaliH  has  found  bhelter  in  a  hot-house,  will  bo 
fonnd  fluttering  against  the  glass  some  weeks  before  its 
congeners  outside  have  made  their  ai)pearanco  ;  I  have 


noticed  repeatedly  in  an  early  Vinery  where  a  large 
body  of  OaJL  leaves  are  annually  introduced,  that 
myriads  of  minute  forms  of  insect  life  are  quickened  into 
existence  in  the  month  of  January.  In  collecting 
insects  some  years  since,  it  was  a  common  practice  to 
place  the  chrysalis  of  moths  or  butterflies,  secured 
during  the  autumn,  in  the  fruiting  Pine  stove,  and  by  so 
doing  the  perfect  insect  was  obtained  at  a  much  earUer 
period  in  the  spring.  I  have  been  induced  .o  be  moro 
particular  in  mentioning  these  facts,  as  an  authority  m 
such  matters,  M.  Straus  Durckheim,  once  assured 
me  that  my  views  in  this  regard  were  totally  erroneous. 
It  was  in  vain  that  I  advanced  the  results  of  my  experi- 
ence—the  learned  Professor  was  inflexible  in  his  opinion 
thatnoclimaticinfluences  would  either  retardor  accelerate 
the developementof  insects.  The  foregoing  instanceswill, 
I  believe,  justify  me  in  asserting  an  opinion  entirely  in 
opposition  to  that  advanced  by  the  gentleman  I  have 
named  ;  and  hence,  "  H.  J.  S."  may  fairly  argue,  that 
as  insects  may  be  influenced  by  one  extreme  of  tempera- 
ture, they  may  by  the  other.  If  *'  H.  J.  S."  really 
proposes  to  undertake  the  cultivation  of  the  silkworm 
on  a  large  scale,  a  far  better  plan  than  the  one  sug- 
gested would  be,  to  build  for  the  reception  of  the  silk- 
worms a  range  of  bouses,  or  a  large  ridge  and  furrow 
glass-house,  in  which  he  might  successfully  cultivate 
Vines,  the  produce  of  which  would  pay  a  handsome 
intei-est  for  the  sum  expended  ;  a  few  Mulberry  treea 
could  be  kept  in  the  house,  and  managed  so  as  to  pro- 
duce leaves  to  supply  the  caterpillars,  until  the  regular 
crop  outside  could  be  gathered  for  use.  I  can  recommend 
this  plan  with  greater  confidence,  as  I  once  reared  a 
large  quantity  of  silkworms  in  a  late  Vinery,  The  shade 
afforded  by  the  Vines,  and  the  temperature  maintained 
within  the  house  for  them,  seemed  greatly  to  suit  the 
silkworms.   W.  I. 

Protection  of  Gooseberry  and  Currant  Tree  Buds  from 
Birds. — Covering  the  trees  with  littering  dung  has  been 
recommended  for  this  purpose  ;  no  doubt  that  may 
answer,  but  it  must  look  unsightly  in  a  well  kept  garden. 
The  plan  which  I  have  adopted  is  to  purchase  some  of 
the  very  commonest  white  cotton  thread,  which  can  be 
had  very  cheap  at  any  draper's  shop,  and  to  run  it  all 
over  the  trees  from  branch  to  branch,  making  it  to 
resemble  net-work.  This  of  course  affords  no  real 
covering  to  the  trees,  but  the  showy  entangled  appear- 
ance of  such  a  number  of  threads  scares  away  all  birds, 
until  the  buds  are  so  far  advanced  as  to  be  safe  from 
their  attacks  ;lit  is  generally  known  that  they  commit 
all  the  mischief  they  effect  in  one  or  two  days,  and  that 
at  a  time  when  the  buds  have  swelled  to  a  certain  size, 
I  therefore  never  put  my  protecting  material  in  operation 
until  shortly  before  I  expect  they  would  commence  their 
depredations.  If  it  were  applied  much  before  that  time, 
their  sagacity  would  discover  its  harmless  character, 
and  its  purpose  would  be  defeated.  A  Young  Gardener. 

Cottage  Stove. — In  your  number  for  Aug.  16,  1851, 1 
promised  that,  as  soon  as  the  castings  for  my  cottage 
stove  had  been  made,  and  they  had  been  fitted  up  and 
tried,  an  advertisement  should  appear  in  this  Paper. 
The  stove  has  now  been  fitted  up  and  thoroughly  tested, 
and  it  operates  admirably.  The  advertisement  in 
question  will  therefore  be  found  in  another  column. 
Wm.  Gnjin,  Eydon,  Daventry. 

Stephanotisjiorihitnda. — The  case  of  this  plant  pro- 
ducing fruit  at  "Ferriscowles'*  (see  page  150)  is  not  a 
solitary  one.  A  fine  fruit,  5^  inches  long,  and  7a-  inches 
'  circumference,  has  been  perfected  here  within  the 
last  week.  My  predecessor  informed  me  that  it  had 
been  more  than  two  years  in  swelling.  M*  B.,  Haver- 
land  Hall,  March  12, 

Great  Men  Gardeners.— 1  recollect  sending  you  au 
account  some  time  ago,  of  those  who  loved  gardens  and 
gardening.  Fond  of  both  myself,  I  am  always  de- 
lighted to  find  those  who  are  great  have  the  same  taste. 
Niebuhr,  when  tired  of  politics,  it  will  be  seen  from  the 
subjoined  extract  from  his  life,  just  published,  felt  great 
delight  in  his  newly- acquired  garden  ;  and  Lord  Lyud- 
hurst  did  not  wait  till  he  got  tii*ed  of  politics  ;  for  I 
happen  to  know  that  he  has  always  delighted  in  a  gar- 
den, and  in  gardening.  Hodman. — "I  am  glad,"  saya 
Niebuhr,  "  we  seem  likely  to  hire  the  garden.  I  do  not 
properly  understand  rightly  what  it  is  that  gives  me 
such  a  downright  passionate  longing  for  this  garden  ;  it 
is  as  if  I  had  a  cerUiinty  that  wo  should  spend  many 
happy  days  there  with  our  children.  Give  me  commis- 
sions to  buy  seeds  for  you  ;  with  the  sad  state  of  corn 
cultivation,  it  may  even  become  a  public  service  to  in- 
troduce the  culture  of  vegetables,  that  have  hitherto  been 
neglected.  One  can  distribute  seeds  ;  in  this  way  a  de* 
niand  for  them  gradually  arises,  and  from  the  demand, 
cultivation.  From  next  autumn  we  can  begin  to  raise 
fruit  trees  ;  what  pleasure  have  I  often  received,  when 
a  child,  from  the  blossoming  and  fruit-bearing  trees  in 
my  father's  garden."  Berlin,  Feb.  1825.— "Our  garden 
occupies  an  old  bastion  and  part  of  a  cm'taiu,  so  that  it 
seems  to  ho  on  a  hill,  and  has  a  view  of  the  Sieben 
Gebirge,  and  the  range  of  the  so-called  Vorgebirge,  and 
the  magnificent  Poppelsdorf  AIIlIo.  It  is  full  of  beauti- 
ful fruit°trees  and  Vines,  which  arc  the  more  valuable 
licre,  as  the  Grapes  ripen  well  and  early,  if  the  season 
is  tolerable,  and  the  aspect  favourable,  and  good  Grapes 
are  rarely  to  bo  had  in  the  market.  From  being  laid 
out  on  a  bastion,  the  lines  of  division  in  the  gai'den  have 
acquired  a  certain  peculiarity  whicli  could  hardly  have 
been  obtained  by  art.  We  are  about  to  replace  dead 
tre(!8  by  new  ones,  and  are  tranquilly  planting  what 
will  take  years  before  it  will  produce  anytliing.  Why 
have  you  not  this  heavenly  spring  in  our  garden,  dear 
Dora'i"  Bonn,  1025. 


182 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[March  20, 


Fumirjutnvj  FiajLt-koitscs. — Experience  of  some  three 
ov  four  years'  dui-ation  enables  me  to  speak  well  of  the 
plan  of  fumigating,  recommended  a  short  time  since  by 
Mr.  Ay  res.  Indeed,  for  large  houses  I  consider  it  the, 
most  efficient  mode  that  can  be  adopted  ;  but  although 
I  thus  far  accord  my  meed  of  praise  I  do  not  think, 
practically  speaking,  that  fumigators  can  be  so  readily 
dispensed  with  as  Mr.  Ayres  wishes  us  to  believe  ;  for 
instance^  while  I  admit  the  sieve  mode  of  fumigating 
to  be  excellent  on  a  large  scale,  yet  for  minor  pur- 
poses it  is  wholly  impracticable  ;  and  I  would  advise 
no  one  to  introduce  it  into  their  pits  or  frames  of 
Cucumbers,  Melons,  &c.,  for  if  they  do  they  will  most 
assuredly  burn  (if  not  their  fingers)  their  plants.  I  had 
ocular  demonstration  of  this  about  two  years  ago,  and 
have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  I  think  Brown's  Patent 
Fumigator  has  been  sufficiently  long  before  the  public,  to 
establish  its  claim  to  being  one  of  the  most  useful  contri- 
vances a  gardener  can  possess.  As  applied  to  gardening  it 
may  be  said  to  be,  in  fact,  a  fumigator  for  the  milhon  ;  for, 
in  this  miproving  age,  where  are  they  who  do  not  secure 
from  harm  their  pit,  frame,  or  little  plant-house,  and 
standard  Roses,  &c,,  whore  insect  life  is  sure  to  (more 
or  less),  abound  under  such  circumstances  ?  This 
machine  can  be  used  with  the  most  perfect  safety  and 
Success,  while  the  other  contrivance  cannot ;  by  it  plants 
can  be  subjected  to  the  fumes  of  tobacco  (aye,  and  Cap- 
sicum), collectively  or  individually,  without  the  operator 
(however  sensitive),  suffering  the  least  inconvenience. 
I  consider  the  comparative  value  of  the  oue  to  be  equi- 
valent to  that  of  the  other,  and  both  to  be  ahke  iudis- 
pansable.  G.  Fry. 

Cochicy  Limcltcrs  in  Keiv  Gardens. — How  naughty  it 
is  of  you,  Mr.  Editor,  to  set  your  influential  face  against 
people  being  allowed  to  recruit  their  corporeal  entities 
in  Kew  Gardens,  especially  as  they  have  such  an  advo- 
cate on  their  side  as  the  eloquent,  imaginative,  yet 
practical  "Dodnian,"  the  great  St.  George  of  every 
dragon  abuse  and  mismanagement.  You  are  a  bold 
man,  doubtless,  but  you  are  tilting  in  the  dark,  for 
Burely  your  scientific  friend  cannot  be  the  mere  cham- 
pion of  the  bodies  of  the  visitors  to  Kew.  No,  depend 
upon  it,  sir,  he  knows  English  peculiarities  well  ;  he 
knows  that,  with  the  majority  of  our  compatriots,  ideas 
and  impressions  enter  the  brain  by  the  mouth,  and  he 
as  desirous  that  our  admirers  of  botanical  wonders 
should  make  tablets  of  their  palates.  Do  not  be  sur- 
prised, sir,  if,  when  he  fully  expresses  his  wishes,  he 
should  propose,  in  addition  to  the  already  splendid 
accommodation  existing  at  Kew,  that  the  authorities 
shall  be  obliged  to  provide  in  the  various  compartments 
of  the  gardens  certain  viands  that  shall  have  some  asso- 
ciation with  the  character  of  the  botanical  specimens  with 
which  they  are  surrounded.  How  interesting  it  will  be  to 
note,  as  one  walks  through  society,  the  lasting  impressions 
such  a  wise  policy  has  fixed  : — "What  a  delightful  ex- 
cui'sion  ours  was,  dear,  last  week,  to  the  Botanical  Gar- 
dens at  Kew.  Oh  !  that  delicious  cup  of  tea,  that  bird's 
nest,  and  that  mysterious  fricassee  made  me  think  I 
was  in  China.  I  am  sure  I  shall  never  forget  those 
loves  of  Camellias.' — Ah,  girls  !  that  was  nothing  to  the 
turtle  soup  and  'rack  punch  they  gave  us  in  the  big 
house.  By  Jove  !  I  shall  never  dine  at  Guildhall  with- 
out looking  up  for  those  large  Palm  leaves,  those  tre- 
mendous Ferns,  and  superb  Musas.— Governor,  I  was 
BO  struck  with  the  downey  way  of  doing  the  thing,  that 
what  with  the  kangaroo-tail  soup  among  the  Epacrises, 
bison-hump  sandwiches,  and  sherry  cobbler  in  the 
middle  of  the  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  and  Magno- 
lias, when  I  got  to  the  Cactus  house,  I  bolted  bang 
through  it  for  fear  I  should  be  obliged  to  top  up  with 
a  roasted  porcupine,  aio  naturcl  P"" — JFie,  sir  !  let  people 
eat  and  learn.  What  harm  can  there  be  if  folks 
should  carry  baskets  into  gardens  that  are  set  aside  for 
scientific  recreation  and  mental  pleasure ;  and  even 
if  the  contents  of  those  baskets  should  excite  them 
a  little,  and  they  peradventure  should  dance  a  lively 
measure  upon  the  green  sward,  how  delightful  would 
the  scene  be  to  the  eye  of  a  painter  or  a  poet !  Or  if  the 
"thief  in  the  mouth  should  steal  away  the  brains"  of  some 
indulgent  swain,  and  he,  satyr-like,  become  somnolent 
beneath  some  sylvan  specimen,  how  satisfactory  that 
would  be  to  the  lover  of  classic  lore  to  contemplate  ! 
Noj  sir  ;  we  are  a  free  people,  and  must  have  no 
starving  restrictions.  It  takes  three  hours  to  see  the 
Wonders  of  Kew.  Three  hours  without  meat  and 
drink  !  Horrible  \  They  do  these  things  better  in 
France — and  at  Cremorne.   Urtica. 

Polmaise  Ueatinff.—lt  is  withpleasure  wehave  read  the 
letters  on  healing  by  Polmaise,  or  circulating  the  air  of 
the  house  round  the  heated  surface.  We  put  up  a 
greenhouse  in  1849,  60  ft.  long,  and  20  ft.  wide,  with 
span  roof,  and  heated  it  in  a  manner  deviating  very 
little  from  the  old  brick  flue,  but  on  the  principle  of 
Polmaise,  of  bringing  the  hot  air  up,  while  the  cold  air 
sinks  and  passes  over  the  heated  surface,  putting  all  the 
atmosphere  of  the  house  into  rapid  motion.  The  plan 
is  cheap,  certain,  and  effectual,  the  fuel  used  is  of  the 
cheapest  description  or  refuse  from  the  hot-water  boilers  ; 
this  house  ia  now  full  of  Roses  coming  into  bloom,  and 
m  vigorous  health.  JI.  LmieandSon,  Great  BerJchamstead. 
— — It  is  no  uncommon  thing  when  a  question  is  put  to 
a  Scotchman,  for  him  to  answer  it  by  asking  another. 
It  has  been  asked,  is  the  Polmaise  system  of  heating 
dead  or  dying  ?  Would  there  be  any  harm  in  asking 
the  questions— Is  the  law  of  gravitation  dead  or  dying? 
Is  the  law  of  Mariotte  dead  or  dying,  that  tells  us  that 
the  density  of  an  elastic  fluid  is  directly  proportional  to 
the  pressure  it  sustains  ?  Is  there  any  indication  of  the 
sun  cooling  the  air  at  the  equator,  and  warming  it  at 


the  poles  to  grow  Palms  and  Pine  Apples  t  When  such 
things  happen,  it  will  be  time  enough  to  place  Polmaise 
heating  upon  the  sick  list.  Currents  in  the  atmosphere, 
conveying  the  air  with  more  or  less  velocity  from  one 
part  to  another,  are  of  great  service  to  the  world.  We 
are  also  informed  that  the  principal  cause  of  those 
currents  of  air  to  which  we  give  the  name  of  winds,  is 
the  disturbance  of  the  equilibrium  of  the  atmosphere  by 
the  unequal  distr  bution  of  heat.  The  general  tendency 
in  such  circumstances  is  for  the  heavier  columns  to 
displace  the  lighter,  and  for  the  air  at  the  surface  to 
move  from  the  poles  towards  the  equator.  The  only 
supply  for  the  air  thus  constantly  abstracted  from  the 
higher  latitudes,  must  be  produced  by  a  counter- 
current  in  the  upper  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  carrying 
back  the  air  from  the  equator  towards  the  poles.  The 
quantity  of  air  transported  by  these  opposite  currents 
is  so  nearly  equal,  that  the  average  weight  of  the  air  as 
measured  by  the  barometer  is  the  same  in  all  parts  of 
the  earth,  I  would  now  ask  those  who  understand  the 
system,  is  there  any  mode  of  heating  buildings  or 
houses  for  plants  that  approaches  so  near  the  natural 
system  of  heating  the  world  as  Polmaise  ?  It  would  be 
honest  if  the  opponents  of  the  system  would  point  it 
out.  If  they  would  stand  fire,  we  would  give  them 
specimens  of  nearly  all  the  local  winds  of  the  world, 
such  as  Sirocco,  which  is  hot,  moist,  and  relaxing,  or 
the  hot  and  arid  Simoom  of  Arabia,  or  the  Kamsin  of 
Egypt,  or  the  Harmattan  of  Guinea,  down  to  the  gentle 
breeze.  Or  if  they  would  stand  smoke  better  than  hot 
air,  we  would  instantly  turn  the  system  into  a  first-rate 
fumigatoi'— anythingjto  please  or  convince  them.  If  they 
would  remain  in  the  house,  they  would  have  the 
satisfaction  of  being  clothed  with  one  dense  cloud  of 
tobacco  smoke,  while  the  operator  would  scarcely  ever 
get  a  smell  of  it.  If  any  doubter  or  green-fly  escaped 
with  their  lives,  they  would  remember  the  Polmaise 
system  of  heating  and  fumigating  to  their  dying  day. 
Peter  Mackenzie,  West  Plean,  StirUnf/. 

Rain. — The  following  amount  has  fallen  at  Bognor 
during  the  last  seven  years  : — 


1845. 

1840. 

1847. 

1848. 

1849. 

1850. 
-In  a. 

1851. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Inf. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins, 

January 

2.54 

3.92 

1.73 

2.10 

2.11 

1.(17 

3  42 

February 

2.02 

1.68 

1.85 

4.21 

2.79 

1.55 

0.75 

March 

0.89 

2.57 

1.04 

3.42 

0.48 

1.47 

3  02 

April 

1.32 

2.06 

1.04 

3.29 

3.20 

317 

1.88 

May     

3.21 

1,84 

2.10 

0.22 

2.811 

2.4  9 

0.83 

June 

1.12 

1.01 

1.84 

4.25 

1.35 

2.05 

1.25 

July     

2.19 

1.79 

0.77 

3.19 

1.74 

2. 32 

3.02 

Aupust 

2.54 

4.48 

1.37 

4.53 

0.31 

2.94 

133 

September     ... 

2.63 

3.06- 

1,32 

2.10 

2.94 

2.5J 

0.04 

October 

2.41 

6.31 

2.87 

4.59 

3.49 

1.93 

3.86 

November     ... 

3.4.3 

2.12 

l..'i7 

1.65 

1.2(1 

3.52 

1.03 

December 

2. 91) 

1.80 

3.8S 

3.73 

2  90 

2,10 

0.70 

27.21 

.S2.B4 

2M.38 

37  20 

25.31 

27,73 

21.72 

It  is  perhaps  worthy  of  mention  that  this  place  is  within 
250  yards  of  the  sea,  and  that  this  part  of  Sussex  is 
very  level,  being  about  10  miles  from  the  Downs. 
James  GraliafHj  Bevsted  Lodge,  Bognor, 

Press  for  Drying  Plants. — A  friend  informs  me  that 
in  the  last  number  of  the  Chronicle,  which  I  have  not 
yet  seen,  credit  is  given  to  me  for  a  contrivance  for 
drying  plants,  which  was  described  in  the  "  Botanical 
Gazette."  I  hasten  to  rectify  the  oversight,  and  to  refer 
you  to  the  article  in  the  "  Botanical  Gazette,"  which  you 
will  see  was  from  my  valued  correspondent,  T.  Twining, 
jun,,  Esq.,  of  Twickenham.  Arthur  Henfrey. 

A  cacia  dealhata  and  other  SpHng-jioiDering  Plants. — 
Having  seen,  at  p.  133,  a  notice  of  Acacia  dealbata 
growing  against  a  wall  at  Enfield,  I  am  induced  to  men- 
tion one  in  my  own  garden,  which  was  planted  about 
20  years  since,  away  from  any  wall ;  a  severe  winter,  a 
few  seasons  after  it  was  put  out,  cut  down  the  main 
stem,  which  induced  it  to  send  up  three  strong  shoots 
from  the  ground,  and  which  now  form  the  tree  (if  tree 
it  may  be  called)  ;  each  of  these  shoots  is  about  23  feet 
high,  and  very  elegantly  grown.  Should  a  little  genial 
weather  succeed  the  present  cold  it  will  be  a  picture  in 
a  few  days.  On  the  south-west  side  of  the  Acacia 
stands  a  plant  of  Lucombe  Oak,  which  takes  away  some 
mid-day  sun  from  it.  I  can  recommend  Narcissus 
(Corbularia)  tenuifolius  as  an  early  and  very  hardy 
spring  flower,  and  one  which  deserves  to  be  better 
known  and  more  cultivated.  It  succeeds  the  yellow 
Crocus,  is  more  hardy,  and  like  it  is  well  fitted  for 
edgings  of  borders.  These  bulbs  are  now  beautifully  in 
flower  here.  In  another  part  of  my  garden  I  have  a 
Cyclamen,  obtained  by  a  friend  from  the  borders  of  the 
lake  of  Como.  I  planted  it  out  last  year  ;  it  flowered 
in  autumn,  and  yesterday  I  observed  a  flower-stalk 
apparently  making  an  effort  to  form  its  seed-vessel. 
The  flower  is  slightly  scented,  and  it  will  be  a  valuable 
addition  to  our  list  of  hardy  Cyclamens,  should  further 
experience  confirm  the  character  I  have  given  of  it.  I 
conceive  it  to  be  C.  littorale,  of  the  Bot.  Register. 
C.  repandum  is  growing  near  it  in  the  open  air  ;  and 
though  it  has  stood  the  winter,  it  does  not  appear  quite 
so  hardy  as  C.  littorale.  John  Young,  Elm  Cottage, 
Taunton,  Somerset. 

The  Osage  Orange  a  Hedge  Plant — I  was  not  aware 
until  lately  that  this  (Madura  aurantiaca)  was  hardy  in 
England.  The  following  is  a  description  of  the  plant, 
written  by  Professor  Turner,  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois, 
from  which  it  would  appear  that  it  is  the  very  heau 
ideal  of  a  hedge  plant.  "  The  Osage  Orange,  the 
favourite  hedge-plant  of  the  United  States,  has  already 
become  too  well  known  to  need  any  particular  descrip- 
tion. It  grows  in  the  wilds  of  North  America,  in 
regions  further  north  than  New  York,  and  further  south 


than  the  Carolinas.  It  is  usually  10  to  15  feet  in  height? 
although,  like  the  English  Thorn,  it  is  said  sometimes 
to  attain,  in  its  native  soil,  a  height  of  50  and  60  feet» 
Its  utility,  as  a  hedge-plant,  is  no  longer  an  experi- 
ment. Hedges  of  the  rarest  beauty  and  excellence 
have  been  growing  in  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and 
Cincinnati,  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Northei^n 
Missouri ;  and,  in  short,  in  all  the  middle  and  southern 
states.  Some  of  these  hedges  have  been  standing 
for  10  or  12  years  ;  they  were  planted  by  gentlemen  of 
wealth  and  taste  around  their  favourite  walks  and 
grounds,  at  a  time  when  the  plants  sold  at  the  rate  of 
50  dollars  per  thousand.  Among  all  who  have  written 
on  the  subject,  no  unfavourable  account  has  ever  come 
to  my  knowledge.  The  plant  and  the  hedge  are  uni- 
versally admired  and  commended  ;  and  it  is  confidently 
believed  by  the  best  judges  that  it  will  double  the  real 
value  of  any  farm  it  surrounds.  But  the  community 
must  first  leaiTi  that  there  is  as  much  dif^'erence  in  the 
quahty  and  comparative  value  of  hedges,  and  hedge- 
plants,  as  in  houses,  or  dry  goods,  or  anything  else  on 
sale.  Recent  writers  thus  enumerate  its  many  advan- 
tages :  1st.  Its  tenacity  of  fife  is  scarcely  equalled.  It  i& 
a  native  of  the  prairies,  and  will  grow  on  any  soil  where 
common  prairie  Grass  will  gl'ow.  Overflowing  the 
laud  does  not  harm  it ;  it  will  live  for  weeks  and 
months  entirely  under  water.  The  dead  wood  is 
exceedingly  hard  and  durable,  and  fresh  shoots  fi'om 
the  stump  soon  supply  the  place  of  all  which 
have  been  killed  by  fire  or  cutting.  2d.  Its  protection 
is  perfect.  It  is  armed  with  a  very  stout  shai-p  thorn 
under  each  leaf.  Its  iron  branches  soon  become  so 
interlocked  that  no  domestic  animal,  and  not  even  a 
common  bird,  can  pass  through  it ;  both  its  thorns  and 
its  bitter  acrid  juice  prevent  all  animals  and  insects  from, 
feeding  on  its  branches.  Its  seed  is  like  the  Orange^, 
and  its  roots  fike  the  Hickory  ;  consequently  it  can 
never  spread  into  the  field,  either  from  the  seed  or  from 
the  root,  but  keeps  its  own  place,  growing  stronger  and 
thicker,  year  by  year.  It  thus  perfectly  secures 
orchards,  fruit-yards,  stables,  sheep-folds,  and  pasture 
grounds,  from  all  thieves,  dogs,  wolves,  &c.  ;  and  one 
good  gate,  well  locked,  makes  a  whole  fai-m  secure 
from  all  intruders  of  whatever  description.  3d.  Its 
beauty  is  unrivalled.  Its  dense  mass  of  dark  green 
leaves,  its  flowers  in  spring,  and,  above  all,  its  golden 
Orange  fruit,  make  the  hedge  the  most  beautiful  we 
ever  beheld."  Thomas  Lang,  Kihnarnocl:  [It  neither 
flowers  nor  fruits  in  countries  with  so  cold  a  summer  as 
Great  Britain.     But  it  is  quite  hardy.] 

The  Seed  Trade.— In  South  Wales  the  principal  retail 
seed  business  ia  in  the  hands  of  druggists,  who  get  their 
seeds  from  tvvo  highly  respectable  houses  in  London, 
and  after  paying  carriage  into  the  Principality,  and 
allowing  30  per  cent,  profit,  they  are  able  to  sell  at  the 
following  prices,  which  are  lower  by  about  one-half  than 
what  London  retail  seedsmen  charge  : — the  different 
varieties  of  Peas  are  6d.  per  quart  ;  Beans,  Ad.  per 
quart  ;  Broccoli,  Sd.  per  oz. ;  Cabbages,  3tZ.  do, ;, 
Lettuces,  Zd.  do. ;  Onions,  3tZ.  do.  ;  Cauliflowers,  Gd.  do. 
Radishes,  id,  per  pint;  Carrots,  6d.  per  lb. ;  and  all  other 
vegetable  seeds  are  similarly  low.  I,  as  well  as  my  neigh- 
bours who  have  purchased  seeds  at  these  shops,  have 
found  them  to  produce  good  crops  and  to  be  true  to 
name.  How  are  these  facts  to  be  accounted  for  I  JB&my. 
Bundy,  Dynevor  Castle,  Llandilo. 


HonTicuLTURAi,,  March  16. —  Sir  Chakles  LemoN;, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  in  the  chair.  W.  Hunt,  Esq.,  was  elected 
a  Fellow. — Among  subjects  of  exhibition  Mr.  Mereditlij 
gr.  to  the  Dul;e  of  Sutherland,  at  Cleifden,  sent  some 
admirable  specimens  of  Begonia  manicata,  and  a 
hybrid  raised  between  that  sort  and  Iiydrocotylifolia. 
It  had  the  general  aspect  of  hydi'ocotylifolia,  but  added 
the  constitutional  vigour  and  some  other  peculiarities 
belonging  to  manicata  ;  while  altogether  it  was  a  more 
desirable  plant  than  either  of  its  parents.  A  Banksian 
Medal  was  awarded  it.  The  same  exhibitor  also 
furnished  a  bouquet,  with  a  view  to  illustrate  a  good 
mode  of  pacldng  such  things  for  travelling.  Two 
parallel  lines  of  string,  about  an  inch  apart,  were 
fastened  between  the  four  opposite  sides  of  a  square 
wooden  bo.x  so  as  to  intersect  each  other  in  the 
middle  ;  but  at  different  levels.  The  shank  of  the 
bouquet  was  then  passed  down  where  the  lines  inter- 
sect, embedded  up  to  the  flowers  in  damp  moss,  and  tied 
firmly  to  the  bottom  of  the  box.  In  this  way  the 
bouquet  is  kept  fast  in  one  position  and  ti'avels  safely 
We  must  add  that  the  interest  of  such  exhibitions  as. 
this  would  be  greatly  enhanced  if  they  were  accom- 
panied by  written  explanatory  memoranda.  We  think 
indeed  that  in  the  absence  of  such  memoranda  they 
should  not  receive  prizes.  —  Messrs.  Henderson,  of 
Pine-apple-place,  sent  Epacris  hyacinthiflora  candi- 
dissima  ;  a  curious  little  deep  yellow-flowered  Acacia 
called .  squamata,  with  needle-like  processes  in  tlie 
place  [of  leaves  ;  four  plants  of  the  Cape  Lachenalia 
luteola ;  and  a  good  specimen  of  Dielytra  specta- 
bilis,  whose  flowers  were,  however,  somewhat  de- 
ficient in  colour,  owing  to  their  having  been  produced  ill 
too  much  heat.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  it. 
—Messrs.  Jackson,  of  Kingston,  sent  two  Seedling 
Camellias  named  Duchess  Of  Buccleuch,  and  Martinii. 
The  latter  is  a  promising  deep  crimson-flowei'ed  kind, 
with  a  white  stripe  down  the  centre  of  each  petal.— 
Fi'om  Ealing-park,  Mi's.  Lawrence  sent  a  fine  example 
of  the  Hong  Kong  Enkianthus  reticulatus,  the  charming 


12—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


183 


Boronia  ti'iphylla  covered  with  pink  starry  flowers,  the 
white  Eriosteraon  scabrum,  Stypheha  tubiflora,  Lycaste 
Skinnen,  the  long-tailed  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripcdium 
caudatum),  and  cut  flower  spikes  of  Amherstia  iiobilis. 
It  was  ".mentioned  that  at  Ealing-park  the  Amherstia 
is  now  as  large  as  a  good  sized  Apple  ti'ee  ;  that  it  has 
been  in  flower  ever  since  Christmas;  tlmt  nearly  170 
spikes  of  lovely  inflorescence  have  been  cut  from  it ; 
and  tliat  about  as  many  more  yet  remain  on  the  tree. 
A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  for  the  Cypripe- 
dium,  and  a  Banksian  medal  for  the  stove  and  green- 
house plants. — An  example  of  the  Sikkira  Rhododendron 
ciliatuuij  of  which  a  good  specimen  was  shown  at  the 
Jast  meeting  by  Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble,  was  fur- 
nished by  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  from  Chatsworth.  On 
this  occasion  it  was  as  colourless  as  the  white  Indian 
Azalea  ;  but  whether  this  was  constitutional,  or  merely 
the  effect  of  circumstances,  could  not  in  the  present  in- 
stance, be  clearly  determined  upon.  —  Mr.  Ingram, 
gr.  to  her  Majesty  at  Frogmore,  sent  a  pretty  Epacris, 
a  seedling  from  miniata,  and  a  Cayenne  Pine  Apple, 
weighing  7  lbs.  2  oz.  A  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded 
for  the  latter. — From  Mr.  Tillery,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of 
Portland,  atWelbeck,  came  ripe  fruitsof  the  Japan  Medlar 
(Eriobotrya  japonica),  for  which  a  Certificate  of  Merit 
was  awarded.  They  were  the  produce  of  a  tree  which 
fills  an  entire  house  at  Welbeck,  and  from  whicli  three  or 
four  dishes  were  stated  to  liave  been  gathered  weekly  for 
these  last  six  weeks,  and  a  considerable  quantity  is  said 
still  to  remain  on  the  tree.  They  are  much  esteemed  at 
Welbeck  for  dessert. — From  the  Society's  garden  came  a 
pretty  pink  Azalea  sent  from  China  by  Mr.  Fortune; 
Rhododendron  Nilagiricum,  an  exceedingly  handsome 
bright  rose  coloured  kind ;  Forsythia  viridissima ;  the 
New  Holland  Dendrobium  Kingianura ;  the  little  green 
flowered  Clematis  pedicellata ;  and  some  other  plants, 
together  with  cuttings  of  the  following  fruit  trees— viz. 
Jersey  Gratioli,  a  rich  melting  Pear  which  ripens  in 
October  ;  March  Bergamot,  one  of  our  best  late  Pears  ; 
Cerise  de  Spa,  a  new  variety  that  has  not  yet  fruited  in 
the  garden,  but  which  is  described  as  being  first  rate, 
ripening  in  July  ;  and  Millfield  Apple,  apparently  a  new 
kind,  which  was  stated  to  have  been  received  by  the 
Society  from  Messrs.  Young,  of  Epsom ;  it  is  roundish 
or  somewhat  Fearmain-shaped,  with  a  rich  yellowish 
flesh.     It  is  in  perfection  in  December  and  January. 


— _^ 

'  Tfie  Boole  of  the  Qardcn.  By  C.  Mcintosh.  8vo.  Black- 
wood.— We  learn  from  the  prospectus  that  the  object  of 
this  book  is  to  exhibit  all  that  is  known  at  the  present 
day  on  the  subject  of  gardening  ;  as  well  as  the  results 
of  the  author's  long  experience  and  original  views.  Tlie 
work  is  to  consist  of  two  divisions, — the  first  architec- 
tural and  ornamental,  in  which  gardening  will  be  treated 
as  an  art  of  design  and  taste  ;  the  second,  practical, 
which  will  be  devoted  to  the  theory  and  practice  of 
gardening  in  relation  to  culture  and  management.  The 
first  division  will  include  instructions  for  the  formation 
and  arrangement  of  gardens  ;  plans  and  designs  for 
the  erection  of  conservatories,  greenhouses,  &;c. ;  the 
principles  of  heating  and  ventilation  ;  the  laying  out 
of  flower  gardens,  geometrical,  picturesque,  and  gar- 
denesque.  This  division  is  to  be  illustrated  by  upwards 
of  1000  engravings  on  copper  and  on  wood.  In  the  second 
division,  the  theory  and  practice  of  horticulture  will  be 
treated  under  the  four  seasons — namely,  winter,  spring, 
summer,  and  autumn.  The  work  will  be  issued  in  five- 
sbilhng  parts,  monthly  ;  and  will  form,  when  complete, 
two  large  volumes  in  royal  octavo.  It  would  be  prema- 
ture to  .criticise  such  a  work  in  its  infancy.  We  shall 
therefore  only  observe  that  if  the  continuation  is  equal 
to  the  commencement,  Mr.  Mcintosh's  work  will  be  a 
valuable  epitome  of  modern  gardening  knowledge.  We 
shall  notice  it  formally  when  it  has  made  more  progress. 

Pavpermn  and  Poor-laws.  By  R.  Pashley,  Q.C.  8vo. 
Longmans,  pp.  428.  —  Just  now  we  can  only  notice 
the  appearance  of  this  most  able  work,  to  which  we 
aball  return  hereafter.  There  is  not  a  country  gentle- 
man, or  political  economist,  who  ought  not  to  make  him- 
self acquainted  with  the  important  facts  which  Mr. 
Pashley's  unrivalled  acquaintance  witli  parochial  law 
has  enabled  him  to  lay  before  the  pubUc  with  a  master's 
hand. 

The  Flax  Indmtry,  its  Importance  and  'Progress,  <L-c. 
By  E.F.  Deman.  Cvo.  Ridgway.  pp.  178.— A  desultory 
treatise  on  a  eul^ject  of  very  great  present  interest.  The 
author  is  a  practical  man  ;  if  he  tells  his  experience 
without  much  method,  he  does  so  freely  and  unre- 
servedly. It  is  a  useful  addition  to  the  treatises  on  Flax 
cultivation  an^l.dres8ing. 
^  No.  I.  Rcndahle  liooh.  Tales  of  Myttfcry,  Immjina- 
tion,  and  f/umour.  By  E.  A.  Poo.  \2mo.  pp.  256. 
Vizetelly. — Another  series  of  railway  readings  is  hero 
commenced  with  some  strange  and  startling  stories 
Urufitrated  with  a  great  many  clever  wood-cuts. 

IlwfiiholdCit  CoHfnoB.  Vol.  IK,,  Part  2.  Col.  Sabine's 
Tran.«jiation.  Longman  and  Murray.— With  tiiis  third 
volume  of  Humboldt's  important  work,  tlie  Uranological 
portion  of  the  great  author*8  plan  la  completed  ;  to  bo 
followed,  we  presume,  by  the  geological  division  of  the 
subject. 

Life  Assurance;  its  i^e/iemes,  its  D/^lcnUles,  and  if  a 
AhuseB.  Patcman.  8vo.  —  A  pamphlet,  Evidently 
written  by  one  conver«ant  with  the  subject.  The 
object  of  the  author  i«  to  guard  the  public  against 
certain  modern  life  assurance  offices  and  their  delusive 
projects. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs.  Fajrbairn's  Nursery,  Clapham.— Since  we 
last  visited  this  establishment  an  addition  has  been  made 
to  the  glass  houses,  in  the  shape  of  a  three-quarter  span- 
roofed  house  100  feet  long.  It  is  divided  into  stove, 
intermediate-house,  and  greenhouse.  The  stove  is 
warmed  by  hot-water  in  4-inchpipes,  three  of  which  heat 
a  propagating  bed  in  front,  while  one  passesalong  the  back. 
As  regards  the  bed  just  mentioned,  it  is  formed  above 
a  hollow  chamber  in  which  the  pipes  are  laid,  apertures 
being  left  along  the  front  wall  for  the  escape  of  heat 
from  the  chamber  into  the  house.  The  pipes  are  fur- 
nished with  zinc  saddles,  wliich.are  filled  with  water 
by  means  of  small  leaden  tubes  passed  down  through 
the  plunging  bed.  In  this  way  a  wai-m  moist 
bottom  heat  is  maintained,  which  greatly  assists  the 
speedy  rooting  of  cuttings.  Indeed,  so  quickly  is  this 
process  effected,  that  in  a  short  narrow  bed,  just  within 
the  front  wall  of  this  division,  sufficient  bedding  plants 
can  be  struck  in  two  or  three  weeks  to  stock  large 
establishments.  From  a  few  Verbenas,  in  store  pots, 
on  a  shelf  across  the  end  of  the  house,  many 
hundreds  of  young  plants  have  already  been  pro- 
duced. As  soon  as  they  are  rooted  they  are  har- 
dened off  and  removed  to  cooler  quarters.  The  bed  in 
the  centre  of  the  house  is  filled  with  tan,  and  forms  an 
excellent  place  to  start  and  grow  many  kinds  of  plants 
in  that  like  heat.  Gardenia  Fortuni  was  growing 
here  with  'a  vigour  which  it  seldom  exhibits. 
Allamandas  of  several  sorts,  which  had  been  pruned 
hard  in,  cleaned,  and  re-trained,  were  just  beginning  to 
push.  The  charming  Hoya  bella  and  H.  campanulata 
were  both  in  excellent  condition,  as  were  also  the  sweet 
smelling  Stephanotis  fioribunda,  and  Rhynehospermum 
jasminoides.  The  latter  was  beautifully  in  blossom. 
Although  it  will  succeed  in  a  gi-eenhouse,  it  appears  to 
enjoy  a  little  |  moi'e  warmth  than  that  structure 
usually  affords.  In  the  intermediate  house  were 
Boronias,  Croweas,  Azaleas,  Pleromas,  and  plants 
of  that  character,  wliich  thrive  all  the  better  for  a  little 
heat  at  this  season  of  the  year.  In  the  cool  compart- 
ment were  several  nice  plants  of  Dielytra  spectabilis, 
which  are  so  handsome  in  early  spring,  provided  they 
are  not  forced,  which  impairs  very  mucli  the  brilliancy 
of  their  flowers.  The  best  plan  is  to  take  up  a  few 
strong  plants  from  the  open  border,  pot  them  and  place 
them  in  a  cool  frame  or  house,  where  they  will  soon 
show  for  blossom,  when  they  may  be  removed  to  the 
conservatory  or  greenhouse,  or  wherever  they  are  wanted. 
After  they  have  done  flowering,  they  may  be  returned 
to  the  open  border.  In  the  propagating  house 
was  a  fine  frame  full  of  young  Camellias,  which  had 
been  grafted  last  October  on  stocks  of  the  Middle- 
miss  and  single  red.  Not  one  of  them  had  missed  ; 
they  have  already  made  young  shoots  more  than  au  inch 
in  length.  One  of  the  greenhouses  contained  a 
fine  plant  of  the  beautiful  Ash-leaved  Berberis 
nepalensis  which  has  lately  been  flowering  so  well 
in  the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden  at  Chiswick. 
It  is  certainly  a  very  fine  thing,  which,  we  trust,  will 
prove  sufficiently  hardy  for  the  open  garden.  It  must, 
however,  be  planted  in  a  sheltered  situation,  or  the 
wind  will  be  apt  to  break  or  otherwise  injure  its 
beautiful  foliage.  The  fine  Heaths  for  which  this 
nursery  is  celebrated  are  in  excellent  condition  ;  but  at 
this  early  season  few  of  them  are  in  flower.  Vernex 
coccinea  is,  however,  already  covered  with  blossoms, 
which  looked  like  so  many  shining,  bright  orange- 
coloured  berries.  The  ever-flowering  mutabilis,  re- 
germinans,  and  spring  gracilis  were  also  in  bloom. 
The  open  borders  were  gay  with  Crocuses,  red  and  blue 
Hepaticas,  and  the  pretty  hardy  Heath  herbacea 
carnea.  The  latter  is  stated  to  have  been  in  flower  for 
more  than  a  month  nast. 


FLORICULTURE. 

» 

The  Pelargonium. — We  have  been  favoured  with 
a  copy  of  Mr.  Dobson's  excellent  pamphlet  on  the  cul- 
tivation of  this  flower.  It  proves,  as  we  expected  it 
would,  one  of  the  best  guides  which  can  possibly  be 
put  into  the  hands  of  a  beginner.  To  general  directions, 
given  in  a  concise,  straightforwai'd,  and  practical  man- 
ner, it  adds  a  calendar  of  operations  suited  for  every 
month  in  the  year.  Such  treatises  from  persons  qualified 
to  teach,  cannot  fail  to  effect  much  good  ;  and  that  Mr, 
Dobson  is  capable  of  giving  sound  instructions  no  one 
wlio  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  see  his  plants  at  our 
great  metropolitan  exhibitions  will  for  a  moment  doubt. 
He  has  long  been  a  very  successful  exhibitor,  and  there- 
fore all  who  wish  to  grow  the  Pelargonium  well,  either 
for  show  or  for  the  home  stnge,  cannot  do  better  than 
follow  his  directions.  Tlie  following  paragraph  relating 
to  the  treatment  of  specimen  ])lantB  for  March,  will  give 
some  idea  of  the  way  in  which  the  different  subjects  are 
treated  :  "  All  plants  tliat  are  intended  to  flower  in  July 
will  require  stopping  back  the  second  week  in  this  month. 
Keep  llio  house  ratlier  close  for  a  few  days  ;  this  will 
help  them  to  push  forth  their  eyes.  When  their  eyes 
are  prominent,  give  air  at  all  opportunities,  by  opening 
early  in  the  morning,  and  shutting  up  early  in  the 
afternoon — say  'A  or  A  o'clock,  according  to  circum- 
BtanccH  -,  carefully  avoiding  all  easterly  winds.  Draw 
the  syringe  ov';r  the  plants  once  or  twice  a  week  after 
nhutting  up,  with  plenty  of  sunlight  and  warmth.  The 
May  |.laiitH  will  bo  fast  showing  their  trusses.  In 
watering,  give  Huflicient  to  moisten  the  wliolo  ball  of 
earth."  As  regards  liquid  manure  Mr.  Hobson  Bays; — 
"Begin  in  February  to  water  with  weak  manure  water 


once  or  twice  a  week  ;  one  peck  of  sheep,  and  lialf  a 
peck  of  cow-dung,  to  about  26  or  30  gallons  of  water,  is 
the  only  stimulant  I  use."  In  order  to  make  this 
intelhgib'e,  however,  it  will  be  necessary  to  state  the  kind 
of  soil  Mr.  Dobson  employs,  wliich  is  the  top  spit  full  of 
fibre  off  a  meadow,  mixed  with  one-third  green  stable  dung 
thoroughly  incorporated  and  laid  up  in  a  heap  for  about 
two  years,  and  well  chopped  over  during  winter.  When 
ready  for  use  he  says,  before  potting,  "mix  up  with  the 
loam  four  Bhovels  of  rotten  cow-dung,  the  older  the  bet- 
ter, to  one  barrowful  of  mould  ;  to  this  add  an  8-inch 
potful  of  silver  sand."  Such  is  tlie  kind  of  material  out 
of  which  Mr.  Dobson  rears  the  lovely  mosses  of  floral 
beauty,  which  are  annually  so  much  admired  at  our 
great  flower  shows  ;  but  soil,  we  need  hardly  say,  is  not 
the  only  thing  that  it  is  necessary  to  attend  to,  in  order 
to  have  fine  Pelargoniums.  There  are  many  other  items 
that  it  is  equally  essential  the  grower  should  be  ac- 
quainted with  ;  but  for  the  acquisition  of  these,  we  must 
refer  him  to  the  book  itself.  /.  E. 

National  Floricultural  Society.— Since  our  notice 
at  p.  727,  1851,  first  class  Certificates  have  been  awarded 
to  Hollyhocks — Pourpre  de  Tyro,  Safranot,  Pillar  of 
Beauty,  Triumphant,  and  Model  of  Perfection.  To 
Dahlias — Miss  Ward  and  Morning  Star.  To  a  pretty 
Statiee,  apparently  a  cross  between  imbricata  and 
macrophylla.  Certificates  of  Merit  to  Hollyhock 
Penelope  ;  to  Dahlias — Una,  Sir  F.  Thesiger,  and 
Bob;  to  Chrysanthemum  Versailles  Defiance.  Labels 
of  commendation  to  Pentstemon  variabilis,  and  to 
Cyclamen  persicum  rubrum.  J.  E. 

Hardiness  of  the  Cineraria. — Having  read  the 
paper  of  one  of  your  contributors  at  p.  39,  respecting 
the  hardiness  of  the  Cineraria,  I  was  unfortunately 
induced,  on  the  3d  inst.,  to  place  the  greater  portion  of 
my  stock  of  these  charming  plants  (about  three  dozen)  in 
a  brick  pit,  as  I  required  their  room  in  the  greenhouse, 
where  they  had  been  wintered  ;  and  although  matted 
up,  they  have  been  touched  by  the  late  severe  frosts, 
and  I  have  lost  all  of  them.  I  write  this  that  your 
readers  may  not  have  to  regi'et  following  tlie  advice  of 
your  correspondent.    T7.  G.,  Siolce  Neivington,  March  13, 


Bedding  Plants:  J  A  H.  Wiih  over  rich  treatment  they 
caimiit  be  expected  to  flower  well,  therefore  shape  jQur 
practii-e  accordingly.  J.  E 

Catalogues  received  from  Mr.  T.  Barnes.  Danecroft  Nursery, 
Stowmarket,  SufF'lk  ;  Messrs.  John  Edmotidpon  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street,  Dublia  ;  Messrs.  Hart  and  Nit-kUn,  Guildford. 
J.  E. 

ClNFRABlAB  :  W  P,  Witham.  1  is  a  bold  flower,  hat  it  will  not 
do  ;  its  fauUs  are— ribby  petals,  with  an  indentation  at  the 
tip  of  each  ;  disk  flat  :  2,  3,  and  4  all  bad  ;  the  pip  not  num. 
bered  possesses  a  thoroughly  perfect  disk  ;  the  style  of  the 
flower  is  altogether  pretty,  but  nothing  more. —  S  R  J,  Lea~ 
mivgt^n.  Too  small,  and,  as  received,  reflexed  beyond  tolera- 
tion. J.  B. 

Dahlias:  J  C,  Waier/ord.  Add,  Una.  white;  Bob,  Sir  R. 
Peel,  and  Scarlet  King,  scarlet ;  Sir  F.  Thesiger,  lilac  ;  Dr, 
Framp^on,  Dougla'^  Jerrold,  Mrs.  Hansard,  Lsmra  Laving- 
ton,  and  Nancy,  tipped  ;  Alice,  rose  ;  Triumphant  and  Sir 
R.  Whi'tinston,  daik.  At  page  119  of  this  jear's  volume 
you  will  find  a  digest  of  last  season's  observations.  J  E. 

FocnsiAB  :  K.  Dark— Champion  of  England,  Diadem,  Volti- 
peur;  Light — Hebe,  Prince  Arthur,  Sedonia,  or  Expansion. 
J.E. 

Pansy  Bloom  :  J  G.  Colour  deep  yellow  ground,  with  rich 
broad  bronzy  maroon  lacing,  very  uniform  on  lower  and  side 
petals;  eye  solid,  dense,  and  well  displayed  in  lower  and 
aide  petals  ;  upper  petals  of  same  shade  as  lacing  ;  edges 
smooth,  substance  commendable  ;  pide  petals  meet  admirably 
in  the  centre.  The  only  defect  observable  is,  that  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  colour  of  the  lower  petal  might  be 
smootlipr;  on  the  whole,  it  is  a  flower  of  superlative 
merir.  J.  E. 

PoLTANTHDs  :  WD,  Boss.  A  Small  flower,  wanting  circular 
ground  colour  ;  otherivise  of  average  merit.  J.  E. 

Schedule  received  of  the  Whitehaven  and  West  Cumberland 
Society,  established  1830.  Show  days  July  9  and  Sept.  17, 
J.  E. 

Misc  :  Brighton.  By  post,  as  requested.  J.  E. 


Miscellaneous. 

Sldimmia  japonica. — At  vol.  ii.,  No.  318,  fig.  163,  we 
referred  to  this  plant,  as  a  synonyme,  the  Limonia  Lau- 
reola  of  Wallich,  the  materials  at  our  disposal  not  ena- 
bling U3  to  point  out  any  difference.  We  have  since 
been  supplied  with  further  information  by  Messrs. 
Standish  and  Noble,  who  have  fruited  the  Skimmia 
japonica  in  abundance,  and  we  are  now  satisfied  that 
the  two  plants  are  distinct.  The  following  letter  from 
Mr.  Standish  includes  the  main  points  of  difference  : — 
"At  your  request,  1  have  much  pleasure  in  seridingtwo 
or  three  seeds  of  Skimmia  japonica.  They  have  been 
feathered  and  put  in  sand  more  than  a  month—therefore 
are  almost  spoiled  for  your  purpose.  AVhen  perfect, 
they  contain  two  seeds,  but  never  more.  Amongst  the 
quantity  that  we  have  pulled  to  pieces  for  sowing,  about 
one  third  contained  two  seeds — the  rest  only  one.  The 
whole  of  the  berries  were  ovftl  in  shape.  Enclosed  is  a 
leaf  of  our  plnnt,  and  one  from  Mr.  Luscombe's  plant 
(Limonia  Laiircola).  If  you  bruise  the  two  you  will 
find  a  great  difference  in  the  scent.  Oura  flowers  at 
two  inches  high,  and  fruits  at  six  inches  ;  the  other, 
although  a  very  largo  plant,  has  never  flowered  out  or 
fruited.  M.  Van  Gecrt,  of  Belgium,  tells  me  that  he 
has  had  Limonia  Laureola  many  years — is  quite  satisfied 
it  is  not  the  same  as  ours;  and,  although  his  plant  is 
three  feet  in  height,  and  every  year  has  all  the  appear- 
ance of  coming  into  bloom,  yet  never  comes.  Many 
persons  are  SLdling  Limonia  Laureola  for  Sltimmla 
japonica,  and  tho  public  will  be  very  much  disappointed 
when  they  come  to  see  the  two  plants,  thereiore  I  think 
they  onght  to  be  made  acfj-'ininted  with  these  facts. 
Every  one  who  has  seen  -Sldnimia  japonica  in  fruit  has 
been  charmed  with  /c  Wo  fijid  it  perfectly  hiirdy  ; 
and,  whether  lool.<iig  f'  it  as  an  evergreen,  or  its  very 
l&wect-scont'-'d  /lowrs  or  fruit,  it  is  a  very  fine  pla; 


184 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[March  20, 


These  stacemeiits  we  cau  quite  coutiriu;  lor,  aUliuugli 
both  have  sweet-scented  leaves,  yet  Limonia  Laureola 
'is  by  no  means  so  sweet  as  Skimmia  japoniea.  The 
-form  of  the  leaves,  too,  is  different — in  the  former  flat 
-and.  nearly  acute — in  the  other  more  lanceolate,  rather 
wavy,  and  acuminate.  We  must,  howevei*,  add  tliat 
'the  statement  of  the  authors  of  the  "  Flora  Japoniea," 
ihat  the  seeds  of  the  Skimmia  japoniea  have  no  albu- 
jnen,  is  undoubtedly  a  mistake.  We  find  in  Mr.  Stan- 
dish's  perfectly  ripe  seeds,  a  large  greenish  embryo, 
with  a  thick  layer  of  white  albumen  between  it  and  the 

^in.  In  this  respect  then,  the  two  plants  are  alike, 
and  the  supposed  difference,  of  albumen  in  Limonia 
Xiaureola,  and  none  in  Skimmia  japoniea,  falls  to  the 
.ground.  To  prevent  further  error,  we  put  the  distinc- 
■tions  of  the  two  species  into  the  following  technical 
-form  : — 1.  S.  japoniea  (Thunberg,  and  our  fig.  163)  ; 
foliis  lanceolatis  acmninatis  undulatis  pyri  oleutibus. 
2.  S.  Laureola  (aZ/«5  Limonia  Laureola  Wallicb)  ;  foliis 
oblongis  acutis  planis  rutce  olentibus.     The  scent  of  the 

leaves  of  the  first  seems  to  us  to  resemble  ripe  Apples, 

-of  the  latter  a  mixture  of  Rue  and  Fraxinella.  Pax- 
foil's  Floioer  Garden. 

IHsh  Natural  History. — We  understand  that  one  of 
the  last  acts  of  Lord  Clarendon's  Viceroyalty   was  to 

-give  a  number  of  copies  of  Dr.  Harvey's  admirable 
"  Sea-side  Manual,"  as  prizes  to  the  students  of  the 
Dublin  School  of  Design,      We  wish  we  could  more 

-  often  record  similar  instances  of  a  just  appreciation  of 
the  manner  in  which  natural  history  may  be  made 
conducive  to  the  purposes  of  general  education. 

Sale  of  Prof.  Dmibar's  Plants.  —  The  sale  of  the 
greenhouse  plants  which  belonged  to  the  late  Professor 
Dunbar  took  place  at  Rosepark,  Trinity,  on  the  10th 
inst.  The  following  are  a  few  of  the  prices  of  the  prin- 
cipal lots: — 1  Rhododendron  robustum,  4/.  lOs.  ;  1  do. 
arboreum  album,  51.  155,  ;  1  do.  einnamomeura — a  very 
fine  plant,  51.  10s.  The  CamelUas,  of  which  there  was  a 
great  number,  sold  on  the  whole  at  good  prices.  The 
Jarge  double  white,  to  remove  which  it  will  be  necessary 
to  take  down  one  end  of  the  greenhouse,  sold  for  the  low 
Eum  of  231.  2s.,  owing  to  a  doubt  as  to  the  possibility  of 
moving  it  without  serious  injury,  as  it  was  thought  to  be 
(Seeply  rooted  through  the  tub  into  the  border.  This 
specimen  is  14  feet  in  diameter,  and  16  feet  in  height, 
but  is  not  altogether  of  even  growth.  The  next  lot. 
Camellia  imbricata,  8  feet  in  diameter,  14  in  height, 
realised  20?. — this  plant  in  a  tub.  Another  specimen  of 
-the  double  white,  12  feet  high,  and  12  in  diameter,  sold 
for  51.  The  largest  Araucaria  imbricata  produced  11/. 
The  Deodar,  20  feet  high,  one  of  the  finest  specimens  in 
Scotland,  sold  for  61,  Abridged  from  the  North  British 
Agriculiunst. 

Sale  of  Orchids. — A  collection  of  established  plants 
was  sold  the  other  day  by  Mr.  Stevens,  at  the  following 
prices  : — A  fine  plant  of  Lselia  superbiens,  in  flower, 
fetched  \7l.  17 s.  ;  L.  cinnabarina,  with  8  flower  spikes, 

8?.;  a  large  Cattleya    Skinneri,    15?.    15s.;   Coelogyne 

Xowii,  12^.  ;  the    beautiful  Cattleya  Aclandice,  91.  10s.; 

-C  marginata,  -ditto  ;  C.  Candida,  Si.  ;  a  fine  Aerides 
Brookii,  9/. ;  Vanda   tei'es,  71.  10s.;   Dendrobium  for- 

mosum,  51.  5s.  ;  Camarotis  purpurea,  4?.  10s.;  Onci- 
dium  Lanceanum,  41.  ;  Fhaius  albus,  3/.  15s.  ;  Chysis 
bractescens,  41.  1 5s.  ;   and  Saccolabiura  guttatum,  ditto. 

Others  fetched  from  U.  lOs.  to  U.  per  lot. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the   ensiling   week. J 

PLANT-HOUSES. 

The  regulation  of  conservatory  climbers,  as  well  as 
those  in  other  houses,  will,  at  this  season,  demand 
attention  ;  whatever  form  of  training  is  adopted,  there 
is  no  need  of  confining  them  to  a  stiff  formal  arrange- 
ment ;  whether  the  plants  are  in  pots,  or  trained  under 
the  roof  of  the  house,  these  plants  should  be  managed 
so  as  to  show  their  natural  habits  ;  therefore,  in  train- 
ing, allow  them  (within  certain  limits)  to  assume  a 
graceful  (because  natural)  habit  of  growth.  After 
training  the  main  shoots  in  the  most  desired  position 
■  for  effect,  the  lateral  shoots  may  be  allowed  to  grow  in 
a  certain  degree  of  wildness,  which  will  be  found  more 
satisfactory  to  the  eye  of  taste  ;  and  at  the  same  time 
will  be  equally  favourable  for  the  display  of  bloom. 
While  English  gardeners  can  beat  the  world  in  culture, 
there  is  still  a  deal  which  might  be  usefully  copied  in 
the  artistic  arrangement  of  continental  plant-houses. 
So  soon  as  the  different  kinds  of  Achimenes  placed  in 
heat  show  indications  of  growth,  proceed  with  potting 
-the  number  you  require  (to  make  a  succession  of  bloom, 
this  may  be  done  at  twice).  As  this  class  show  better 
when  in  considerable  masses,  place  8  or  10  tubers 
-either  in  shallow  pots  or  in  p.ans,  now  made  on  purpose 
for  these  and  similar  growing  plants.  The  soil  must  be 
light  and  porous,  consisting  chiefly  of  decayed  leaves, 
sand,  and  turfy  peat.  They  will  require  to  be  grown 
in  a  warm,  moist  house,  or  close  pit ;  and  as  they  ad- 
vance in  growth  should  be  neatly  staked  out.  Gloxinias 
-and  Gesneras  should  have  much  the  same  treatment 
and  compost.  The  tuberous-rooted  kinds  should  be 
potted  singly,  and  slightly  elevated  above  the  soil,  first 
shaking  them  completely  from  the  old  soil  ;  while  the 
scaly-rooted  Gesneras  and  Gloxinia  fimbriata,  and  some 
others,  should  bt  placed  an  inch  below.  These  latter 
kmds  may  either  be  treated  as  single  specimens  or 
j)lanted  two  or  three  \u  each  pot. 

FORCING  dt;:paRTMENT. 
Vineries.— The  present  dry  -weather,  and  consequent 
-dryness  of  the  materials,  shovild  bt  taken  advantage  of. 
Where   new  Vinery  borders  ai-s  rt^nircd,  after°  con- 


siderable experience,  we  advise  tliem  to  be  made  with 
but  a  few  simple  ingredients,  rather  more  than  half  of 
which  should  consist  of  rich,  half  rotten  turf,  mixed 
with  about  equal  parts  of  well  decomposed  yard  manure, 
'.  and  the  sweepings  of  towns  (where  such  can  be  had),  or 
'•  as  a  substitute  the  scrapings  from  turnpike  roads  ;  both 
these  latter  contain  a  portion  of  finely  broken  down  stone 
in  the  shape  of  grit,  and  will  be  found  of  great  use  when 
mixed  with  the  manure,  in  keeping  the  border  in  an 
open  healthy  state  for  many  years ;  these  materials 
should  be  well  mixed,  and  placed  about  30  inches  deep 
on  a  well  drained  bottom  ;  or,  which  will  be  better,  on 
rough  flag  stones  left  hollow  underneath.  Some  diffi- 
culty will  be  experienced,  during  these  cold  winds,  in 
managing  the  admission  of  air,  as  its  direct  action  on  the 
young  leaves  of  the  Vine  is  injurious.  A  width  of 
Nottingham  netting  placed  over  the  sliding  sashes  will 
do  much  in  breaking  the  current  of  cold  air,  and 
preserve  a  more  regular  temperature  in  the  house. 
Maintain  in  each  department  a  uniform  treatment 
according  to  the  different  stages  of  each  crop.  Keep  up 
in  all  cases  (except  when  the  plants  are  in  bloom)  a 
moderate  amount  of  moisture,  rendered  more  necessary 
now  by  the  dryness  of  the  external  air.  Proceed  with 
the  disbudding,  and  subsequent  stopping,  and  tying  in, 
the  shoots  of  Vines  now  breaking.  In  ti'aining,  allow  shoots 
sufficient  for  their  leaves  to  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the 
space  under  the  glass,  unless  where  plants  are  grown  un- 
derneath, when  a  clear  space  should  be  left  up  each  light. 
Peacu-house:  Tie  in  the  young  wood  when  of  sufficient 
length,  so  as  to  ensure  its  equal  distribution  over  all 
parts  of  the  tree  ;  on  no  account  leave  it  too  thick,  but 
allow  sufficient  room,  that  the  leaves  may  enjoy  their 
full  share  of  light.  Nothing  can  be  more  injudicious  than 
crowding  the  tree  with  wood  in  the  summer,  only  for 
the  purpose  of  cutting  it  away  at  pruning  time  ;  if 
properly  managed  now,  no  more  wood  should  be  left 
than  what  will  be  required  for  the  next  season's  crop. 
As  the  first  house  will  soon  be  stoning,  guard  against 
sudden  variations  of  temperature  ;  syringe  frequently,  to 
keep  down  red  spider,  and  attack  green  fly  with  tobacco, 
directly  it  is  noticed  :  night  temperature  55°,  with 
an  advance  to  75*^  on  bright  days.  Bring  on  the  succession 
houses  gradually  ;  pay  the  same  attention  to  the  thinning 
and  disbudding  as  advised  for  the  early  house ;  the  inside 
borders  should  now  have  frequent  waterings,  occasionally 
(especially  if  the  trees  are  weak)  with  manure  water. 
Cucumbers  and  Melons  will  require  daily  looking  to  ; 
the  thinning  of  the  Vines  should  at  all  times  be  done 
very  gradually,  that  the  plants  may  not  experience  the 
check  they  always  do,  when  deprived  of  a  large  number 
of  shoots  and  leaves  at  one  time.  Impregnate  the  female 
blooms  as  they  open,  and  allow  no  extra  male  flowers  to 
expand  ;  water  as  required,  always  minding  it  is  of  the 
same  temperature  as  the  pit  or  house.  At  this  early 
season  do  not  allow  too  many  fruit  to  swell  off  on 
Cucumbers  ;  at  the  same  time  keep  up  both  top  and 
bottom  heat,  as  near  as  possible  to  our  former  directions. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY, 
As  the  kinds  of  plants  intended  to  occupy  the  beds  of 
the  flower  garden  were,  as  a  matter  of  course,  decided 
on  last  autumn,  a  general  looking  over  of  the  wintered 
stock  should  now.  take  place,  to  ascertain  the  number  in 
hand  for  the  purpose  ;  and  at  the  same  time  making 
allowance  for  extras,  which,  in  one  way  or  other,  are 
always  wanted.  So  many  of  each  of  the  leading  kinds 
of  beddiug-out  plants  are  now  brought  under  notice, 
that  it  requires  some  skill  in  calling  over  the  lists,  for 
the  purpose  of  selecting  such  as  are  really  useful  for  the 
purpose.  In  Scarlet  Geraniums,  none  are  better  for 
grouping  than  Collins's  Dwarf  or  Frogmore  Improved, 
and  the  Trentham  Scarlet  for  dwarf  beds  ;  Commander- 
in-Chief,  Punch,  and  Shrublaud  Superb,  are  stronger 
growing  kinds;  for  baskets  or  vases,  Tom  Thumb  is 
still  the  best,  unless  Conway's  King  of  Nepal  turns  out 
superior.  In  pink  and  salmon-coloured  varieties,  Cerise 
Unique,  Beauty  of  the  Parterre,  Judy,  Pet  Superb,  and 
the  old  Zonale,  are  all  desirable  kinds.  In  variegated- 
leaved  ones,  Mangles's  Silver  will  generally  find  a  place 
for  the  present  ;  Golden  Chain,  Dandy,  and  Lady 
Plymouth,  are  good  for  small  beds  or  for  edging  to 
other  kinds  ;  Bridal  Bouquet,  when  more  common,  will 
be  an  improvement  in  this  class  :both  this  and  Mountain 
of  Light  should  be  tried  this  season,  to  test  their 
properties  for  bedding  purposes.  Among  the  older 
kinds  of  common  Geraniums,  Unique  (crimson).  Lady 
Mary  Fox,  Nutans,  Quercifolium  superbum.  Diadem, 
Addisonii,  Sidonia,  Lord  of  the  Isles  (Tillans),  Houge  et 
Noir,  will  be  found  the  most  useful. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 

Tulips  are  looking  well  everywhere,  at  least  our 
cori'espondents  are  unanimous  in  their  reports  in  this 
respect.  Those  who  iiave  not  previously  covered  their 
beds  with  a  net  or  lace  should  do  so  immediately  ;  we 
may  soon  have  hail  storms,  against  which  we  are  sure 
they  will  require  protection.  Ranunculuses :  Plant  with- 
out delay,  as  previously  advised,  everyday  deferred  will 
seriously  affect  them.  Plant  Carnations  and  Picotees 
in  the  blooming  pats  forthwith,  and  recollect  that  they 
are^set  firmly.  Cover  the  surface  of  the  soil  with  oyster 
shells,  this  will  prevent  excessive  evaporation,  and  at  the 
same  time  will  allow  the  plants  to  be  watered  without 
the  disarrangement  of  the  soil.  Give  Auriculas  more 
water,  and  abundance  of  air  in  fine  weather.  Prepare 
the  ground  for  Dahlias,  by  well  manuring  and  deep 
digging.  Pot  off  the  cuttings  which  are  in  heat  as  they 
root. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

For  several  years  the  land  has  not  been  in  so  favour- 
n''le  a  state  for  cropping  as  at  the  present  time,  audi 


every^  operation  connected  with  sowing  the  summer 
crops,  and  preparing  ground  for  future  ones,  should  be 
forwarded.  Several  of  the  early-sown  crops,  as  Radishes, 
Carrots,  &c.,  will  now  be  above  ground  ;  they  will  there- 
fore require  the  litter  or  spray,  with  which  the  beds  have 
been  covered,  to  be  removed  by  day  and  re-covered 
each  night.  Beds  sown  with  Cauliflowers,  &c.,  should 
likewise  be  protected  with  some  similar  covering,  to 
break  the  effects  of  cutting  winds.  Set  traps  for  mice, 
often  troublesome  to  early-sown  Peas  and  Beans,  and 
draw  a  ridge  of  earth  to  the  windward  of  such  as  are 
above  ground  ;  a  line  of  summer  Spinach  may  be  intro- 
duced between  the  rows  of  Peas  at  each  sowing  ;  as  this 
crop,  during  the  summer,  only  lasts  a  short  time  fit  for 
use,  a  fresh  sowing  should  be  made  once  a  fortnight,  to 
keep  up  a  continuous  supply.  Hoe  and  clean  winter 
Spinach  and  Parsley,  and  encourage  their  growth  by  a 
dressing  of  soot  the  first  rainy  day.  In  some  situations, 
where  the  soil  is  light,  the  last  crop  of  Seakale  may  be 
covered  with  a  ridge  of  earth,  broken  fine  before  putting 
on  ;  the  crowns  should  be  covered  12  or  15  inches  deep, 
and  the  ridge  should  extend  12  inches  on  each  side  the 
crowns.  When  the  soil  is  heavy,  coal-ashes  or  dry  sand 
may  be  used  for  the  above  purpose.  Potatoes  in  frames 
will  require  a  good  watering  or  two  ;  and  afterwai'ds 
may  have  a  slight  layer  of  soil  placed  between  the  rows  ; 
give  liberal  portions  of  air  by  day,  and  see  they  are 
properly  secm-ed  from  frost  by  proper  coverings  at  night. 


state  onheWe&ther 

near  London. for  the  week  endine  March  18, 1852 

aeobserred  at  the  norticiUtural  GardeoB,  ChiBWick. 

» 

TBUFBUATnaB. 

March 

s 

or  the  llr. 

Of  the  Earth. 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep.  '  deep. 

Wind. 

? 

Mai. 

Min. 

Uai. 

Mto. 

Mean 

Friday.. 

n 

30^82 

31310 

41 

2.1 

37.0 

38» 

33 

N.E 

.00 

Satur. .. 

i;i 

30.4E8 

30.371 

48 

26 

37.0 

33 

38 

E. 

00 

Sunday  , 

\i 

30.422 

30.336 

■,!» 

38 

38 

N.E. 

.00 

Mouday 

!.s 

?.:i 

30.42? 

30.415 

46 

32 

39.0 

3S» 

38 

N.E. 

.00 

Tuei.   .. 

It. 

9i 

30.402 

30.343 

48 

35 

41.5 

39 

38 

N.E. 

.01 

Wed,    .. 

17 

'ih 

30.333 

30.239 

48 

31 

39,5 

40 

39 

N.E. 

(10 

Thura. . . 

18 

•Jb 

30.202 

30.182       44 

31 

■i7J, 

40 

39 

N.E. 

ivernee 

30.379 

30.331 

47.3 

29.3 

3S.3 

38  8 

38.3 

01 

March    li— Overcfisi;  cloudy;  clear  aud  froBty  at  riii:lit. 

—  la  -Flying  haze;  cold  and  dry;  clear  and  froaiy. 

—  14— Oyercast  and  cold;  uniformly  overcast;  frosty. 

—  la— FofJEy;  dusky  hjtze;  densely  overCBBt. 

—  16— Cloudy ;  with  slight  drizzle ;  cloudy ;  densely  overcast. 

—  17— Overcast;  cloudy  and  cold;  clear  bI  night. 

—  18— Uniformly  overcast;  cloudy  and  cold. 

Meaa  temperature  of  the  w^ek,  4^  de;;.  btlow  the  average. 

State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  during  the  last  26  years, for  the 

enauiu^  week,  ending  March  27,  Hai". 


March. 

Hi 

l!l 

SS 

No.  Of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Hained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Eain. 

PrevaUing  Winds. 

^ 

'•4 

Sunday  21 

51.3 

35.3 

43,5 

12 

0.21  in. 

6 

1 

1    21  3'  6'  5 

Mon      22 

50.9 

363 

43.7 

12 

0.44 

4 

1 

3    11  6    6.  4 

Tuea.     23 

bl)3 

33.6 

42  9 

13 

0.60 

t> 

3  2  i|  4  7  ;t 

Wed.     24 

49-7 

32.2 

40.9 

9 

O.tl 

4'  2  —    4    2    6 

Thufs.  2J 

50.9 

33.2 

42.1 

11 

0.30 

■d 

5'  4  -    3    2,6 

Friday  2G 

52.2 

33.3 

4'-'H 

U 

0.17 

—    3    4'  31  4    41  31 

54  0 

;ij.3 

44.6 

10 

0.37 

1 

b 

4  3  15   :\ 

The  hitfheet  temperature  during;  the  above  perlnd  occurred  on  the  ' 
1S31I— therm.  7o  deg. ;  and  iho  loweat  ou  the  2Sth,  1850— thetm.  14  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Bean  :  Orion.  It  may  be  useful  as  m^niire,  on  account  of  the 
large  amount  of  phosphates  in  it;  but  surely  you  will  find 

■  it  cheaper  to  feed  cattle  witli  it  than  to  give  ic  to  a  Potato 
crop.  Fellows  of  the  Linnean  and  Horticultural  Societies 
can  only  be  elected  by  ballot,  after  having  been  formally 
proposed. 

Chinese  Azaleas:  A  Lover  of  Flowers.  That  they  are  very 
unskilfully  managed  is  certain;  but  in  what  way,  out  of 
many  ways,  we  cannot  tell.  If  you  will  read  a  paper  on  the 
Chinese  Azalea,  published  at  our  p.  11)4,  and  carefully  com- 
pare  the  excellent  advice  there  given  with  your  own  practice, 
you  will  probably  discover  the  cause  of  your  failure.  Snow- 
drops should  never  be  disturbed.  Perhaps  the  land  in  which 
they  grow  is  water-logged  in  winter  ;  doubtleas  they  raay  be 
planted  too  deep. 

Glaze  Foa  Calico  :  Old  Sith.  Three  pints  of  old  pale  Linseed- 
oil,  1  oz.  of  sugar  of  lead,  and  4  pz.  white  resin.  The  sugar 
of  lead  must  be  ground  with  a  small  quantity  of  the  oil,  and 
added  to  the  remainder,  incorporated  with  ihe  resin  by 
means  of  gentle  heat.  Lay  it  on  the  calico  with  a  brush. 
One  coat  annually  is  sufficient,  J 

Hartlei's  lloDQH  PLATE  GLASS  :  X  Y Z.  It  may  be  had  of  any 
of  Hartley's  agents,  one  of  whom  adverises  in  our  columns 
continually.  X 

Hollies  :  J  \V  R.  They  may  succeed  moved  in  April,  but  they 
never  fail  in  September. 

HoRTicoLTDEAL  SnciETT  :  F  S  3.  If  you  wish  to  avail  your- 
self of  the  bye-law  authorising  the  Treasurer  to  take  life- 
subscriptions  upon  the  new  and  advantageous  terms,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  save  the  subscription  now  becoming  due, 
you  must  effect  your  payment  i)c/o<-ti  (/tg  end  of  Ap}U,  other- 
wise the  subscription  will  have  to  bo  paid,  in  addition  to 
the  composition. 

Insects:  A  Farmer.  The  insect  you  have  sent  is  a  small 
Weevil,  Curculio  (or  Sitona)  lineatus,  which  nibbles  the  edges 
of  the  leaves  of  Peas  and  Beans  in  the  summer  time.  See 
Gard.  Chron.,  1844,  p.  388.    W, 

Names  of  Plants  :  Tim.  Eranthemum  pulchellum. — E  W, 
The  common  Oncidium  ampliatum,  and  an  ugly,  undescribed 
Mormodes.— (7  L.  As  far  as  we  can  judge  from  very  shrivelled 
specimens,  one  of  the  Hippeastra  is  a  variety  of  vittatum  ; 
ihe  buff  coloured  one  is  no  doubt  pulverulentum. —  J  A.  Den- 
drobium Gibsoni.— i'  B.  1,  Cattleya  lobata,  a  great  rarity; 
2,  Cattleya  Skinneri.— J  M  Dendrobium  nubile. 

National  Floricultceal  Society  :  J D.  We  are  aware  of  all 
tlie  facts,  and  most  disgraceful  they  are  to  the  parties  con- 
cerned. The  printed  report  we  know  to  be  fulse  in  ooe 
respect,  and  for  anything  we  should  choose  to  answer  for,  it 
may  be  so  in  others.  What  was  the  opinion  formed  by  the 
respectable  persons  composing  the  meeliiig,  of  those  who 
have  allowed  themselves  to  be  made  into  cat's-paws,  was 
sufficiently  indicated  by  the  final  vote  of  18  to  2  against  the 
proposer  and  seconder,  who,  we  presume,  of  themselves  con- 
stituted the  unenviable  pair.  As  to  the  comments  of  the 
paper  you  mention,  they  are  beneath  contempr. 

Peaches  and  Nectarines:  Sub.  It  is  advisable  to  cut  them 
back  the  first  year  they  ave  transplanted  from  the  nursery.  } 

RdSES  ;  A  B.  Your  letter  never  reached  us.+ 

SuciETiEs  :  C  B  N P.  We  know  nothing  of  the  society  about 
which  youinquiie.t 

Teape  Memoranda.  It  looks  suspicious  ;  we  must  make  in- 
quiry before  we  stir. 

Misc  '.LBS.  The  best  time  for  moving  your  large  Aucuba  is 
September.  Your  hedge  will  certainly  grow  all  the  faster 
fur  having  some  kind  of  manure  applied  to  it  in  spring  t 


12—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


185 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS. 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERDYIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  Kuard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
■of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTOWY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that-^ 

The  lowest  wholesale  ^yrice  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
■Quano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  tu  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    mauu' 
factured  at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptlord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  KiQg  (Villiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  Bl.  IO5.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 

nPHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
-'■■  followiug  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genume:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  dl.lOs.  per  ton,  orfor  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9[.  5s.  in  Dock.  Edwahd  Poksee,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge.8treet,  Blackfriars. 


TO  AGRICULTURISTS. 
/"OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
V-'  at  2i.  5s.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced,  with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caoe,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertiifeing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
poless  than  26.000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation.  A  liberal  CommUsion  alloived  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
<3openhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  leaet  18  per  cent.'  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  Loudon,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
Iiondon, 


CEE  THE  BACK  PAGE  OF  THIS    PAPER  next 

*^     Saturday,    March  27,     for  our    prices    of    NEW    FAKM 
SEEDS.— Wm.  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 


A     SUPERIOR  STOCK  OF  MANGOLD  WURZEL, 

-^i-  BELGIAN  CARUOT,  AND  OTHER  AGRICULTURAL 
SEEDS,  saved  from  selected  roots  ;  for  Prices  and  Deecription 
see^  Messrs.  Sutton's  Advertisement,  in  the  last  page  of  the 
present  number  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 


NEW   FARM    SEED   CATALOGUE. 

RENDLE'S  NEW  AGRICULTURAL  SEED 
CATALOGUE  FOR  THE  PRESENT  SEASON  is  just 
published,  and  can  be  had  in  exchange  for  One  Pennt  Stamp. 
It  contains  descriptions  of  all  the  best  varieties  of  GRASSES 
for  alternate  Husbandry,  Permanent  Pasture,  Ornamental 
Parka,  and  Pleasure  Grounds,  giving  their  peculiar  properties 
and  the  soils  and  situations  to  which  they  are  best  adapted! 
Also  short  descriptive  accounts  of  all  the  best  kinds  of 
SWEDES,  Scotch,  Common,  and  Hybrid  TURNIPS  as  well 
as  MANGOLD  WURZELS,  CARROTS,  CABBAGES*  PARS- 
NIPS, and  all  other  sorts  of  Seeds  required  in  Agriculture. 

TJie  whole  of  the  descriptions  are  in  a  concise  and  useful 
form,  and  will  he  found  of  much  service  to  all  enffaged  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  The  SubscHhcrs  will  have 
7)iuch  pleasure  in  fomvarding  a  copT/j  to  any  address^  on 
receipt  of  One  Penny  Stamp. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


IJUSSEY'S     AMERICAN     REAPER. 
■*--■-       Price  181,  complete,  with  Delivery  Board,  &c. 


TRUE    LARGE  RED   ALTRINGHAM    CATTLE 
Carrot  seed,  homegrown,  I3.  per  Ib.    See  Advertise- 
ment in  Agricultural  Oasclte  of  March  1 3,  page  169. 

Wm.  Jackson  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


GENUINE  CATTLE  CABBAGE,  EARLY  BAT- 
TERSEA,  EARLY  VANACK,  LARGE  IMPERIAL,  Jic. 
by  Thomas  Welland,  Surrey  Gardens,  GodalminR,  Surrey! 
packed  and  delivered  at  the  Godalming  station,  '6s,  dd.  per 
1000.  The  large  Asiatic  Cauliflower,  2s.  Qd.  per  100.  Money 
orders  payable  at  Godalming. 


R* 


OYAL    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE 

CIRENCESTER.  ' 

Pa()'OH— His  Rojal  Highness  Prince  Albert. 
President  of  Couiicil — Earl  Bathurat. 
Vice-Pr€sidettt—Ear\  Ducie. 
Principal — Rev.   J.  S.  Haygarth,    M.A. 
The   next   Quarter  will  commence  on   Tuesday,  April  6.     Stu- 
dents are  admitted  eiiher  as  Boarders,   or  as   Out-Students. 
The  annual  fees  for  Boarders  vary  from  45  to  80  guineas,  ac- 
cording to  age  and  other  circumstances.     The  fee  for   Ou'- 
Students  is  H)L  per  annum.    The  Colltge  course  of  lectures  and 
practical  iuatructiou  ia  complete  in  one  twelvemonth — though 
for  younger  students  a  longer  time  is  recommended.     There  is 
a  department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural  education. 
Prospectuses  and  information  can  be  had  on  application  to  the 
Principal. 


DRAINAGE-ROAD    MAKING. 

NEW     LEVELLING     INSTRUMENT. 

(Reqisteked  No.  2602.) 


K  O  P  R  O  S, 

PATENT  MANURE  FOR  CORN  AND  OTHER  PLANTS, 

MANUFACTURED  BY  THE  PATENTEE, 

T     M.  BLASHFIELD,  Mill-wall,  Poplar  ;  and  also 

"  •  soldatNo.l  Wharf,  Praed-street,  Paddington-basin.  — The 
mineral  ingredients  contained  in  this  M AN  URE  are  in  the  most 
perfect  soluble  form  for  incorporation  with  the  soil,  and  for 
continuous  action;  and  thelightneas  of  the  bulk,  when  compared 
with  other  Manures,  is  in  the  coat  for  carriage  greatly  in  its 
favour.  For  the  past  two  years  it  has  been  applied  to  various 
soils  and  plants  with  very  general  success.  Since  then  im- 
provements have  been  made  in  concentrating  its  most  im. 
portant  elements,  and  in  otherwise  rendering  it  a  very  efficient 
artificial  manure,  rich  in  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  silicates 
Price  of  Patent  Kopros  for  Corn  Plants,  31.  per  ton  ■  for 
Turnips,  Swedes,  (fee,  61.  per  ton.  ' 

Superphosphate  of  Lime,    for    Turnips,   Swedes,   Maneold 
Wurzel,  and  other  Root  Crops. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND   PSEUDO-COPROLITES. 

(FROM   THE    SUFFOLK    CRAO). 

"PDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 

J_J  erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  beintf  in 
the  immediate  1  -cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre. 
pared  to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms  in  iinv 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid  Thev 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphiite  of  Lime  in  the  market 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  c'.njUDction  with  Bone.  q        r     t-       f       '^ 

Pncesand  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Packard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Alanure  Manufacturers,  Ipawich,  SufiolU. 


MCCORMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 
"DURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newcate-atreet, 

J-*  L0Qdon.--Extract  from  Mr.  Puaej's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition.-"  Mr. 
M  CoBMicK  8  Keeper,  in  thi«  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirenceiier  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
iV*".  ?  Pr,^ctical  farmery  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  lluflney  »  Bometlme-i  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
thTSr  f'^  ,f^  l?%^'['  ""'i  f,*'«'-^fo'-e  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  di-tinction."— Price  of  Ileaper,  '2bl. 


JTie  print  represents  the  instrument  one-Ji/tJt  the  real  size* 

THIS  is  a  simple  and  effective  SELF-RECORDING 
INSTRUMENT,  suitable  for  Levelling  Drains,  Sewers,  or 
Roads,  or  for  measuring  the  elevations  and  depressions  of 
ground.  It  consists  of  a  Telescope,  Level  Graduated  Arch, 
and  Tripod  Stand,  The  arch  is  so  divided  as  to  show  the  rise 
or  fall,  in  feet  and  inches. 

(From  the  Practical  Meclianics'  Journal,  Feb.  1,  1S51.) 

"In  the  hands  of  even  the  most  unlettered  farm-servant 
this  little  instrument  will  afford  the  most  correct  measure 
ment,  as  the  operator  has  only  to  level  the  pla'e,  and  bring  his 
sight  to  bear  upon  the  object,  when  the  elevation  or  depression 
ia  given  at  once.  It  will  be  a  most  useful  contrivance  for 
Draining  or  Road  Making." 

Price,  with  parallel  plate  screws,  il.  ;  convenient  levelling 
pole,  is. — Made  only  by  Gardner  and  Co.,  2i,  Buchanan- 
street,  Glasgow. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE, 


IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING     ETC 
OTEPHENSON  AND  PKILL,  (il,  Grace  church -street, 

>■-'  London,  and  17,  New  Purk-Hireot,  Southwark,  beg  to 
Inform  their  tricnd«i  and  the  public  g-ner-illy  ihey  aio  now 
manufacturinK  Iron  Ilurdlon,  (it  the  following  low  prices  ;  — For 
elieep,  6  ft.  lonx  3  ft.  hlxh,  r,  bura,  Ze.  'Id.  ouch  ;  and  for  cattle 
6  ft.  long,  8  fi.  3  In.  httfh.  6  barn,  ?,».  r,d.  each.  ' 

GIDNEY'S  IMPROVED  PRUSSIAN  HOE.— 
Thitj  exceedingly  untful  garden  iniplement,  no  niucli  in 
demand,  and  which  h.is  obtained  the  flrnt  prize  at  flcvoral  of 
the  tjrgt  horticultural  mcelingn,  ai  the  be».t  and  most  uii(ul 
garden  tool  extant  ;  also  todimontali  from  the  principal 
fiortlcultural  Ji>urnalB  and  Icadini;  practical  gardeners;  In  now 
ready  for  delivery,  and  may  he  obtufn^d  of  any  prlnctpftl  Ir-.n- 
monger,  and  HecJ^man,  orof  thi;  manulacturer,  J.  W.  Oidmrt, 
/ronmong«r,  Kant  JJeruham,  Norfolk.  Price  (roiidy  for  u«ic), 
neatly  handkd,  li.  dd.  ;  of  whom  m»y  be  had  the  new  drill 
hoe,  and  the  Norfolk  Blomflel'I  hoc.  Copies  of  tCBtlinonlalB 
«cnt  on  application  to  the  manufactorer. 


Appeoved  nT  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and  Dnivehsallt  Recom- 
mended BT  PeACTICaL  and  SCIENTIFIC  MeN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  caa  be  adjusted  to  any  aiiyle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  to  the  implement)i  without  the 
aesi&tanco  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  lalxiurere,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thusrendoriny  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  bo  had  of  all  Ironmougers,  Nurserymen,  Jiic,  in  the 
Kingdom  ;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Drat  and  Co. "a 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warohousoa,  Swan- 
liine,  London  Bridge, — A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade, 

A  GRICULTURAL  PRODUCE  and  FRUIT  SALE 
■^  U00M3,  3t,  Eafltcheap-Btrcef,  London.— The  Subecribevs 
bpg  to  announce  to  FarmerH,  Millers,  Gardenors,  and  others, 
that  they  have  opened  the  abuve  extensive  and  central  pre- 
mlHCH,  for  the  Halo  by  Auction  of  Potatoes,  Flour,  Fruits,  »tc. 
The  rate  of  ccuiimlssion  charged  in  all  cjihoh  for  salo  and 
guarantee  will  be  one  per  cnt.  Liberal  advances  miido  on 
conBlnnmcnte.  For  further  pnrtlculiirs  apply  to  Smitu  and  Co., 
'Jl,  Kaatcheap-BtrGCt,  London. 

COTTAGE    STOVE. 

CJRIFFIN'S      ECONOMIC     COTTAGE     STOVE 
'    compri<t«H  an  ojx-n  (In-plnce,  oven,  holler,   Ironing  Btovo, 
and  an  nporturo  for  the  emlnKlon  of  warm  air.     Price  XL.  18*.  C,d. 


HUSSEYS    "CHAMPION"    REAPER    IN    YORKSHIRE." 
Irom  Sir  Talton  Sijkes,  Bart.,  to  Mr.  CroeakiU. 

Sledmere  Castle,  Priffieid,  Sept.  9th,  1851 
Sir,— I  have  just  been  seeing  your  Machine  for  reaping  and 
am  very  much  pleased  with  it.     It  does  its  work  beautifully 
and  I  have  nodoubt  they  will  soon  be  in  general  use, 
I  am,  air,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  Tatton  Stkes. 

HUSSEY'S  "CHAMPION"  REAPER   IN    LINCOLNSHIRE. 
Fairford  House,  Louth,  March  13th,  1852, 

Sir,— I  enclose  a  Cheque  for  181.,  the  Cash  price  of  Husaey's 
Reaping  Machine.  I  should  have  done  this  earlier,  but  have 
been  much  engaged  ajid  waited  to  try  it.  I  have  done  so  on 
Wheat  Stubble,  and  find  it  answer  beyond  my  most  sanguine 
expectations.   I  am,  yours,  &c,,      (Signed)     Wm.  J.  Osleab. 

To  Mr.  Crofiskill,  Beverley. 

W.  CROSSKILL  will  warrant  Husaey's  Reaper  to  cut 
"standing"  or  ''laid"  Corn,  across  "ridge  and  furrow." 
W,  C.  is  making  three  Reapers  a  day  for  purchasers  who  have 
already  given  orders  for  delivery  in  Alay,  but  cannot  guarantee 
to  deliver  future  orders  in  time  for  Harvest  unless  given  imme- 
diately. Full  particulars  and  Report  of  the  Cleveland  Chal- 
lenge and  Trial,  &c,,  will  be  forwarded,  gratis,  on  application 
per  post. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

PATENT    CLOD     CRUSHERS     AND    WHEAT    ROLLERS, 

For  Rolling  young  Wheat  in  the  Spring,  &c. 

At  the  Great  Exhibition  the  hieheet  award  of  the  Council 
Prize  Great  Medal  waa  awarded  to  Ceosskill's  Patent  Serrated 
Roller  and  Clod  Crusher,  with  this  commendation — "  Ic  repays 
its  Cost  the  First  Season  of  its  use,  &c."  Reduced  Prices,  ISl. 
size,  now  151.  cash, 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

ONE-HORSE     CARTS, 
Mounted    upon    Patent    Wheels    and    Axlen,    manufactured 
almost  entirely  by  Machinery.     Reddced   Pbices — Ten   pee 
Cent.  Discount  off  Orders  for  Three  Sets  of  Patent  Wheels 
and  Axles. 

CROSSKILL'S   "COUNCIL"   GREAT    MEDAL   MILLS. 
The  most  powerful  and  economical  Mills,   of  Two,    Four,   and 
Six-horee  Power,  for  grinding  all  kinds  of  Farm  Produce,  in- 
cluding   Bones  for  Manure;   and  particularly  recommended 
where  Steam  Power  is  used. 

Lists  of  Prices  may  be  had  gratis,  on  application  per  post. 
Please  Address— Me.  CROSSKILL.   BEVERLEY. 


/  >  LENFIELD  FATENT  STARCH.— NOW  USED 

VT  IX  THE  ROYAL  LAUNDRY.— The  Ladies  are  rcHpect- 
fully  requested  to  make  a  trial  of  the  GLENFIELD  PATENT 
DOUBLE-REFINED  POWDER  STARCH,  which,  for  Domestic 
Use,  now  stands  DNBIVALLED.  Sold  by  nearly  all  the  Oil  and 
Colourmen  and  Chandlers  in  London,  and  throughout  the 
Kingdom. — Agents  wanted  ;  apply  to  Mr.  R.  Wotheespoon, 
40,  Dunlop-street,  Glasgow. 

London  Depot :   Wotheespoon,  Mackat,  and  Co.,  40,  King 
William-street,  City, 


/CHEVALIER    AND  PERUVIAN    BARLEY.  — In 

Vy  answer  to  your  correspondent,  page  173,  I  have  Chevalier 
and  Peruvian  Barley.  If  your  cori-espondent  had  looked  I 
advertised  Chevalier,  Peruvian,  and  other  Barleys,  and 
varieties  of  Oats,  Grasses,  Turnips,  and  agricultural  Carrots, 
&c.,  Ac— John  Keenan,  4,  Great  Russell-street,  Covent- 
garden,  London. 


PERUVIAN  SKINLESS  BARLEY.—Tlie  under- 
signed have  the  above  on  sale,  grown  by  Mr.  W  bittern,  of 
Coundon,  price  5s.  Gd.  per  bushel ;  weight,  upwards  of  60  lbs. 
The  quantity  remaining  in  stock  being  small,  an  immediate 
application  will  be  necessary  to  secure  it. 

AsTLET  and  Co.,  Seedsmen,  &c.,  Coventry,  March  20, 


N* 


CLEVELAND  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 
OTICE  TO  INVENTORS  AND  MAKERS  OF 
REAPING  MACHINES.— The  Committee  of  the  above 
Socieiy  have  resolved  to  offer  a  PREMIDM  of  TWENTY 
GUINEAS  for  the  BEST  REAPING  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED 
aud'TKIED  before  the  SOCIETY  in  CLEVELAND,  at  the  com. 
meucemL-nt  of  the  ensuing  HARVEST.  Entries  to  be  made  on 
or  before  tlie  THIRTIETH  DAY  OF  JUNE  NEXT,  to  tha 
Secretary,  ot  whom  a  copy  of  tho  CONDITIONS  of  trial  may 
be  had,  after  the  6th  of  April  next. 

Thomab  Parrikoton,  Secretary. 
Lnzenby,  near  Middlesborougli,  March  20. 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  20,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wbdnfheat,  Marcb24-AKricultiirHl  Society  of  Eimland. 
TuuusuAT,         —     '25— AKnciiliurHlIraii.  Soc.ot  Irelnnd. 
Wedwbbuat,     —     ai-AnriculIurHl  Society  ofEugland. 

♦ 

An  important  subject  has  been  recently  brought 
before  our  readers— the  Value  of  Land  as  affected 
BY  THE  Law  kelatino  TO  IT,  and  the  technical  diffi- 
culties connected  with  its  transfer.  Mr.  Stewart 
has  recently  asserted  that,  were  these  difficulties 
removed,  land  might  be  increased  in  value  many 
years'  purchase.  (See  ante  p.  141.)  In  a  previous 
publication,  ("  Lectures  on  the  Transfer  of  Land," 
p.  78),  Mr.  Stewart  made  a  similar  statement  and 
gave  his  reasons,  and  he  has  been  supported  by  sub- 
setpient  writers  of  distinction.  Thus  Mr.  Stuart 
Mills  says,  "  The  uncertainty  of  the  titles  under 
wliich  land  is  held  must  often  act  as  a  great  discou- 
ragement to  the  expeniliture  of  capital  in  its  im- 
provement ;  and  the  expense  of  making  transfers 
operates  to  prevent  land  from  coming  into  the  hands 
of  those  who  would  use  it  to  the  best  advantage, 
for  .1  reel  opening",  mid  other  bIzob  In  proporilnn,  iloMvorod  at  often  amounting  in  the  Case  of  small  purchases  to  more 
Bnnbury.     All   ordcm  and    appllcatlonH   arc  requested  to  bo    ,,  ,,  •  ,-    i„„j     „_.,!    *„„*,.„,„„nf    ilioi-pfnre 

aidrcMcd  '0  Vsi.  Orhm-im,  fjjoi.,  Dnventry.  |  H''''"  t'le  pnce   of   land,  and  tantamount  theielore 


186 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[March  20, 


to  a  prohibition  of  the  purchase  and  sale  of  land  in 
small  portions,  unless  in  exceptional  circumstances."* 
A  law  which  acts  as  a  prohibition  to  the  sale  of  an 
article  must  obviously  affect  its  value.  But  Mr. 
Caikd  is  even  more  precise.  Alluding  to  the  tech- 
nical difficulties  of  title  and  legal  doubts,  he  says  ; 
"  These  expensive  and  sometimes  inextricable 
doubts  and  difficulties  are  the  cause  of  the  market 
price  of  land  in  this  country  being  lower  than  on 
the  Continent.  *  *  We  see  no  reason  to  doubt 
that  if  the  transfer  of  land  was  simplified,  its  value 
might  be  increased  by  five  years'  purchase."t  Mr. 
Stewart  has  suggested  that  it  might  be  10  years' 
purchase,  but  of  course  the  exact  amount  of  the 
increase  of  value  must  depend  on  all  circumstances 
of  the  case.  The  important  questions  for  our  readers 
are — whether  the  price  of  land  is  affected  in  this 
country  by  the  state  of  the  law  ?  and,  if  so,  can  that 
law  be  altered  ?  As  to  the  former,  as  Mr.  Stewart 
■was  the  first,  we  believe,  to  call  attention  to  the 
difference  of  the  value  of  land  and  stock  in  the 
funds  in  this  country  and  other  countries,  it  is 
only  fair  to  hear  what  he  says  ofi  this  point. 

"  As  to  the  question  of  value,  there  are  one  or 
two  remarkable  circumstances  in  connection  with 
land,  which  meet  us  on  the  threshold  in  direct 
contrast  with  similar  circumstances,  as  we  find  them 
in  other  countries.  Let  us  contrast  the  comparative 
values  of  land  and  stock  in  the  funds  in  England 
and  other  countries.  In  England  on  this  day  (Feb. 
1848),  consols  are  at  veiy  nearly  901. ;  that  is  to 
say,  30  years'  purchase.  You  need  not  be  told  that 
the  funds  are  liable  to  great  fluctuation  in  price  ; 
this  has  been  shown  within  the  last  twelvemonth 
to  a  remarkable  extent.  In  a  time  of  peace 
these  same  consols  have  been  at  100/.,  or  very 
near  it,  and  they  have  been  at  80/. ;  and  yet,  in  spite 
of  this  variable  and  unsteady  market,  they  are  now 
at  30  years'  purchase,  and  have  been  lately  at  33 
years'  purchase.  Now,  is  it  not  remarkable  that 
land,  which  is  of  intrinsic  value,  which  in  England 
produces  more  than  in  any  other  country,  the  value 
of  which  does  not  fluctuate  with  wars  or  the  rumour 
of  wars,  which  remains  when  all  other  things  are 
swept  away,  which  may  turn  out  of  great  value 
indeed  as  being  available  for  mining,  building,  and 
more  recently  for  railroad  operations,  should  be 
usually  of  no  more  than  30  years'  purchase,  and 
frequently  sells  for  much  less  ?  Take  all  these  cir- 
cumstances with  you,  and  look  to  other  countries  in 
this  respect.  Take  France  :  the  three  per  cents,  are 
now  about  73?.,  the  credit  of  our  own  country  is  better, 
and  the  difference  of  price  is  thus  accounted  for  ; 
but  the  value  of  land  in  France  is  far  greater, 
although  there  is  much  more_  of  it  according  to 
the  amount  of  population.  It  is  frequently  35 
years'  purchase,  and  sometimes  in  small  quan- 
tities 40  years'  purchase,  or  even  more.  Take 
Belgium:  the  four  and  a  half  per  cents,  are  at  91/., 
tut  the  value  of  land  is  40,  and  sometimes  45  years' 
purchase.  A  hundred  pounds  laid  out  in  almost  all 
other  things,  will  fetch  more  in  France  or  in 
Belgium  than  here ;  but,  laid  out  in  land,  it  will 
fetch  less.  The  reason  appears  to  be  this  :  in  these 
countries,  from  the  ready  and  secure  mode  of  transfer, 
the  land  is  considered  the  great  national  depository, 
the  great  safety  bank  of  the  country,  to  which  all 
resort.  In  Belgium  it  has  been  stated  to  me,  over  and 
over  again,  by  competent  persons,  that  a  small  shop- 
keeper, or  even  a  servant  who  has  saved  2000  or 
3000  francs,  lays  it  out  in  land,  as  not  only  the 
safest  but  the  readiest  mode  of  security.  Take 
another  instance :  most  people  have  at  some 
time  of  their  lives  wished  to  borrow  money  on 
their  property,  and  of  course  they  desire  to  pay  as 
little  interest  as  they  can.  Now  suppose  I  live  in 
London,  where  the  greatest  facility  exists  for  this 
purpose,  and  I  am  the  owner  of  freehold  land,  or  of 
a  leasehold  house  in  which  I  live,  and  that  I  am 
also  possessed  of  stock  in  our  funds  ;  a  sudden  emer- 
gency obliges  me  to  raise  a  sum  of  money  (I  may 
be  in  trade ;  it  may  be  absolutely  necessary,  to  save 
me  from  ruin  ;  and  if  I  can  raise  it,  it  may  be  all 
sufficient  for  that  purpose),  I  go  to  my  banker's,  or 
my  friend  in  the  city;  I  hand  him  over  the  title 
deeds  to  my  freehold  ;  he  shakes  his  head  at  them. 
In  the  city,  I  apprehend,  many  cautious  men  will 
have  nothing  to  say  to  them  for  this  purpose  ;  but, 
possibly  some  more  adventurous  man,  or  some  West- 
end  banker  may  find  the  needful,  leaving  himself  a 
Tei7  wide  margin,  and  probably  faking  some  kind  of 
collateral  security,  and  charging  me  a  good  interest, 
iiut  i  have  not  sufficient,  and  I  then  hand  him  the 
iease  ot  my  house.  I  will  suppose  it  is  in  a  good  situa- 
tion, and,  of  course,  a  beneficial  lease,  and  that  the 
title  here  IS  quite  simple.  In  many  cases,  for  this 
purpose  It  IS  valueless.  Leasehold  security  many 
most  respectable  bankers  and  offices  will  not  look 
at.     And  It  the  business  is  done  at  all,  the  highest 


legal  rate  of  interest,  and  sometimes  more,  I  fear,  is 
charged.  But  if  I  have  consols,  or  even  good  foreign 
securities,  the  countenance  of  my  banker  or  my 
broker  assumes  a  very  difl^erent  aspect  indeed.  He 
will  lend  the  money  very  freely,  giving  himself  a 
very  narrow  margin,  and  taking  a  much  less  interest, 
and  wanting  no  collateral  security  at  all ;  and  the 
whole  is  done  at  very  little  expense  indeed.  Loans 
on  stock  are  thus  made  every  day  by  hundreds. 
But  now  let  us  see  the  practice  as  to  this  in  other 
countries.  Take  any  great  trading  city  abroad  : 
take  Frankfort,  or  Hamburgh,  for  instance,  with 
both  of  which  we  have  many  relations.  In  the  free 
state  of  Frankfort  there  is  an  excellent  register 
founded  on  a  map,  and  the  securities  are  almost 
entirely  houses.  There  is  a  very  lively  exchange 
in  that  busy  town.  News  comes  from  the  east  or 
the  west  which  affects  the  market.  I  am  a  resident 
in  Frankfort ;  I  want  money  ;  I  carry  my  bonds, 
my  rentes,  my  stock  to  the  banker's :  he  tells  me  he 
does  not  at  all  like  the  look  of  things  ;  the  general 
credit  of  Europe  is  affected.  He  knows  not  what 
may  happen.  The  funds  are  at  70  to-day ;  they 
may  be  at  60  to-morrow.  He  advances  some 
money  with  reluctance,  charges  the  full  interest, 
and  protects  himself  very  carefully  as  to  the  amount. 
But,  if  I  have  a  house  in  a  good  street  of  the 
town,  he  simply  put  on  his  hat,  walks  to 
the  register  office,  demands  to  see  the  book  in 
vvhi_ch  the  inscription  of  my  house  is  set  out,  finds 
it  unincumbered,  and  instantly  gives  me  the  money. 
It  is  the  affair  of  half-an-hour.  He  gives  me,  further, 
on  loan  nearly  the  full  estimated  value  of  the 
house,  and  at  the  very  lowest  rate  of  interest  that 
the  state  of  the  market  allows.  Thus,  I  am  assured 
by  a  highly  respectable  authority,  that  money  is 
frequently  lent  on  houses  at  Frankfort  at  3i  per 
cent.,  and  even  lower ;  when,  if  we  can  get  it  at 
all,  it  is  here  at  least  5  per  cent.  Take  also 
Hamburgh.  There  we  find  the  same  ready  mode 
of  dealing  with  land  and  houses,  with  this  accom- 
panying convenience  :  the  inhabitants  of  that  city 
having  previously  ascertained  the  value  of  all  the  land 
and  houses  in  its  territoiy,  mutually  agree  to  insure 
the  repayment  of  any  loan  made  on  any  house  or 
land  up  to  a  certain  amount,  as  one-half,  or  as  it 
may  be.  Now,  you  begin  to  perceive  some  of  the 
practical  advantages  of  a  ready  and  easy  mode  of 
transferring  land  and  houses.  In  those  countries' 
they  are  looked  upon  as  I  have  already  said,  almost 
in  the  light  of  a  balance  at  one's  banker's,  on  which 
we  may  draw  or  not,  as  we  please.  And  why  are 
we,  in  London  and  all  cities  large  and  small  of  this 
countiy,  deprived  of  this  great  convenience,  which 
is  enjoyed  in  other  countries?  They  are,  surely, 
right,  and  we  are  wrong.  Land  and  houses  should 
have  more  intrinsic  and  certain  value  than  stock  and 
funds.  I  have  no  wish  to  depreciate  the  value  of 
these  latter  securities,  but  I  certainly  wish  to  raise 
the  value  of  the  former.  Give  us  facility  of  transfer, 
give  us  security  of  title,  give  us  simplicity  of  deal- 
ing, give  us  moderate  and  certain  charges,  and  we 
can  have  all  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  citizens 
of  Frankfort  or  Hamburgh. 

I  think  you  will  begin  to  see  how  much  this  question 
of  the  ready  transfer  of  land  concerns  us  as  com- 
mercial people.  The  conclusion  then  that  I  come  to 
as  to  the  value  of  land  is,  that  it  is  in  this  country, 
from  our  defective  practice  of  conveyancing,  un- 
naturally, and  even  absurdly  low.  There  is  less  of 
it,  compared  with  the  population  of  this  country, 
than  in  any  other  country  of  Europe.  There  is 
more  capital  to  purchase  it  than  in  any  other  country ; 
and  if  the  law  of  transfer  were  made  easy,  aud  titles 
made  simple  and  secure,  there  are  more  persons 
desirous  of  purchasing  it.  If  the  landowners  please, 
it  is  in  their  power  very  considerably  to  increase  the 
value  of  their  land,  and  at  the  same  time  benefit 
the  whole  community  !"  * 

We  have  made  this  long  extract,  because  it  is 
proper  that  the  whole  case  should  be  placed  before 
our  readers.  All  are  agreed  that  the  present  state  of 
the  law  depresses  the  value  of  land.  How  then  can 
the  necessary  alterations  of  that  law  be  made,  and 
what  are  they  ?  To  this  part  of  the  subject  we 
shall  shortly  return,  because  in  the  present  juncture, 
when  there  is  a  real  wish  on  all  sides  to  help  the 
landowners,  much  may  be  effected.  And  we  re- 
commeud  this  matter  in  particular,  and  the  whole 
subject  in  general,  to  the  consideration  of  our  new 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 


.  _      ,."  Po'.  Econ.  vol.  2,  p.  445. 
t  Engheh  Agriculture  in  1850-61,  p. 


rich  in  phosphoric  acid.  It  is  not,  however,  to  this  soil 
that  I  would  draw  attention,  which  has  indeed  already 
been  ably  done  by  Mr.  Paine  of  Faj'nham,  but  to  the 
chalk  hills  bounding  the  town,  which  on  tile  north-east 
constitute  the  Beekhampton  Downs,  and  on  the  south- 
east form  tlie  bold  outline  of  Salisbury  Plaiu.  At  the 
extremity  of  the  south-east  range  is  situated  Bratton 
Hill,  which  exhibits  a  section  of  the  chalk  about  20  feet 
deep.  The  upper  portion  is  soft  and  friable,  hardening 
as  it  descends  ;  there  is  then  a  layer  of  flints,  and  within 
a  foot  comes  a  layer  of  nodules,  deposited  horizontally 
with  the  same  regularity  as  the  flints  below  this,  with 
an  interval  of  about  G  inches  of  chalU^another  layer  of 
nodules — and  so  on  at  various  distances,  averaging  a 
foot  and  a  half  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  sec- 
tion. The  upper  layers  are  mere  seams,  in  which  the 
nodules  are  detached  and  loose — so  loose  indeed  that 
they  m.ay  be  picked  from  their  beds  by  the  hand.  The 
lower  layers  are  more  blended  with  the  chalk,  and  occur 
in  masses  three  or  four  feet  in  thickness,  which  of  course 
do  not  possess  the  phosphoric  richness  of  the  detached 
nodules.  The  upper  seams  contain  from  twenty  to 
twenty-five  per  cent,  of  bone  earth  phosphate :  the 
lower  portion,  in  which  the  nodules  are  mixed  with  the 
chalk,  has  from  eight  to  ten.  Between  the  place  I  have 
mentioned  and  Euford,  which  is  eastward  of  it  about  fif- 
teen miles,  many  sections  of  the  chalk  appear,  all,  ex- 
cepting where  the  lower  or  upper  chalk  presents  itself, 
exhibiting  these  same  nodules,  some  in  greater,  some  in 
less  profusion.  The  north-east  range  of  hills  also  shews 
the  same  results  under  the  same  circumstances,  so  that 
I  am  inclined  to  hope  that  this  deposit  is  not  peculiar  to 
our  locality,  but  that  it  prevails"  more  or  less  throughout 
this  particular  geological  level,  which,  I  believe,  is  gen- 
erally understood  is  the  middle  chalk  ;  aud  it  is  to 
ascertain  this  point,  and  to  induce  trials  of  the  agricul- 
tural value  of  these  vestiges  of  bygone  ages,  which  I 
have  for  more  than  two  years  in  v.ain  suggested  in  this 
neighbourhood,  that  I  now  address  you.  These  nodules 
are  coated  over  with  a  greenish  substance,  the  exact 
chemical  character  of  which  I  have  not  ascertained 
further  than  to  satisfy  myself  that  it  contains  a  large 
proportion  of  silex  and  iron.  By  this  green  coating  a 
mere  ploughboy  would  easily  identify  them,  and  where 
blended  with  the  chalk  they  present  a  very  peculiar  and 
distinctive  mottled  appearance.  In  size  they  vary  from 
a  bean  to  an  orange,  or  even  larger,  and,  being  harder 
than  the  chalk,  are  naturally  selected  as  a  more  appro- 
priate material  for  mending  the  roads,  which  in  this  way 
are  furnished  annually  with  almost  as  much  phosphate 
as  is  afforded  to  the  adjoining  lands  by  all  the  manure 
applied.  Many  an  uncouscious  tribute  is,  I  conceive, 
paid  to  the  value  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  praise 
bestowed  on  the  fertilizing  power  of  the  road  sweepings. 
Containing  nearly  70  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
they  burn  into  a  very  tolerable  lime,  which  disintegrates 
quite  sufficiently  for  all  agricultural  uses,  and  thus,  I 
should  suppose,  might  be  converted  into  a  useful  ma- 
nure, available  for  almost  any  soil  or  neighbourhood. 
When  first  dug  they  powder  easily,  but  from  the  amount 
of  their  carbonate  it  must  be  apparent  to  all  that  they 
cannot  be  converted  into  a  mercantile  superphosphate 
at  the  present  price  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Having  said  thus  much  of  their  chemical  composition 
and  possible  agricultural  value,  I  would  fain  add  a  few 
words  respecting  their  origin,  but  that  I  fear  to  differ 
from  others  who  have  taken  an  interest  in  the  subject, 
and  whose  attainments  are  in  every  way  much  greater 
than  my  own.  Robert  Clarh,  GJiemist  <£'C.,  Devizes. 


PHOSPHATIC  NODULES. 
Your  excellent  and  widely-circulated  publication  hav- 
ing been  the  medium  of  many  communications  respect- 
ing phosphatic  nodules,  I  solicit  a  space  for  a  short 
notice  of  their  existence  in  a  stratum  hitherto  but  little 
known  as  affording  them.  The  town  whence  I  \vrite 
is  situated  geologically  on  the  green  sand — a  soil  in 
which,  and  in  the  chalk  marl,  are  to  be  found  in  varied 
localities  nodules  presenting  varied  appearances,  but  all 
*  Lectures  on  the  Transfer  of  Laad,  pp.  71,  etseq. 


DIGGINGS  BY  A  FEN  FARMER.— No.  II. 

"  Diggings,'*  neither  Australian  nor  Californian,  noi' 
for  the  gold  nor  guano  of  Peru.  Our  diggings  are  such 
as  have  been  carried  on  in  the  low  maritime  plains 
which  are  called  fens,  and  will  refer  rather  to  our 
dippings  into  the  present  and  past  condition  of  the 
farming  there  practised,  and  the  history  of  the  soils 
and  stx'ata  there  found,  than  to  details  of  actual  quan'y- 
ing,  drain-cutting,  well-sinking,  &c.  Our  searchings, 
and  borings,  and  excavatings  into  the  mass  of  infoi'ma- 
tion  which  has  been  from  time  to  time  accumulatedj 
and  lies  waiting  for  exploration,  will  bring  to  hght  a 
variety  of  materials — ore  and  refuse  ;  some  valuable,  we 
may  hope,  some  worthless;  some  adapted  for  imraedfate 
use,  some  for  future  service,  when  they  have  been 
worked-up  and  prepared  again ;  some  only  of  interest 
as  telling  of  bygone  changes,  and  instructing  us  in  the 
origin  and  developement  of  things  now  in  existence. 

We  are,  therefore,  not  about  to  describe  operations  that 
we  have  eondncted  with  either  pickaxe  or  spade,  or 
experiments  that  we  have  tried  with  the  newly-invented 
variety  of  digging-machine,  to  supersede  the  plough. 
Our  object  is  simply  to  give  the  results  of  certain  inves- 
tigations we  have  made  ;  to  offer  for  the  information  of 
inquirers  sections  and  specimens  of  some  things  con- 
tained in  the  world,  with  which  they  may  have  been 
hitherto  unfamiliar  ;  and  to  furnish  material  for  other 
authors  —  building-stone  and  brick-clay  for  future 
builders. 

The  general  scene  of  our  diggings  is  laid  in  the  great 
level  of  the  fens,  a  plain  occupying  portions  of  six  of 
the  eastern  counties  of  England  ;  and  being  almost 
perfectly  horizontal,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hills 
j  like  islands  scattered  in  its  southern  half.  On  the  mapj 
this  flat  appears  in  shape  somewhat  like  an  enlargement 
of  the  bay  called  the  Wash,  to  five  times  its  present 
dimensions,  extending  from  Lincoln  north  to  Cam- 
bridge south,  and  from  the  Wash  east  to  Peterborough 
west.     This  area  includes  about  1060  square  miles,  or 


12—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


187 


680j000  acres.  It  is  traversed  by  several  tidal  rivers, 
and  by  innumerable  natural  streams  and  artificial  cuts, 
•by  which  the  upland  drainage  waters  of  many  counties 
are  carried  through  tlie  disti-ict,  and  by  which  itself  is 
drained.  •  TIio  whole  surface,  excepting  the  few  insular 
high-lands,  is  lower  than  the  sea  and  tidal  streams  at 
high-water,  but  higher  than  the  level  of  low-water,  so 
that  by  excluding ^the  tides  and  issuing  out  the  drainage 
,  "water  at  low-tide  by  means  of  engineering  works,  the 
surface  might  be  drained  by  the  natural  fall  of  the  water 
from  the  laud  to  the  sea.  But  so  little  elevated  are 
some  tracts  above  the  low-water  mark,  and  so  im- 
perfect are  the  outlets  for  the  water,  that  their  drain- 
water  cannot  be  discharged  until  it  has  been  mecha- 

-  cically  lifted  up,  in  order  to  give  it  a  greater  descent 
^-»Bd  momentum  sea-ward.      This  is  done  by  wind  or 

steam  power,-  the  water  being  raised  either  with  a  scoop 
wheel,  or  pump.  The  principal  portion  of  the  surface 
has  a  soil  of  peat-earth,  locally  termed  fen  land  ;  whilst 
the  parts  contiguous  to  the  Wash,  and  occupying  much 

-  of  the  northern  half  of  the  level,  have  a  soil  of  tidal 
alluvium,  called  marsh  land. 

Now,  reader,  we"  will  ask  you  to  picture  to  yourself 
the  aspect  of  this  country,  as  intimated  in  the  followiug 
description. 

We  have  said  that  the  countiy  is  lower  than  the  sea 
at  high-water,  and  that  it  is  preserved  from  the  over- 
flowings of  the  salt-water  by  works  called  banks, 
which  extend  along  the  coast,  and  flank  the  estu- 
-asies  and  rivers.  What,  then,  is  the  condition 
of  the  surface  ?  Is  not  the  "marsh  land"  adjoining 
the  sea  a  tract  of  watery  ground,  guttered  by  wandering 
creeks— its  silt  and  sand  and  slimy  mud  clad  only  wJtli 
plots  of  oozy  samphire  and  marine  Grasses,  crawled 
over  by  crabs,  screamed  over  by  gulls  and  herons, 
waiiked  and  ix-aded  over  by  eel-fishers,  shrimp-netters, 
and  wild-duck  shooters  ?  Is  not  the  "  fen  land,"  occu- 
pj-ing  the  principal  area  of  the  level,  an  expanse  of 
black  peat  bogs  and  reedy  plashes,  frequented  by  turf- 
diggers,  fowl- catchers,  fishers,  reed-cutters,  and  osier- 
growers  ?  No.  Though  the  level  may  somewhat  re- 
semble a  sieged  city,  well  guarded  all  around,  desolation 
and  disaster  do  not  reign  within  because  of  the  pressure 
of  a"  threatening  foe  without.  A  thronged  and  busy 
population  cultivate  the  fertile  earth,  raise  from  it 
abimdant  fruits  for  themselves  and  for  exporting  to 
other  counti'ies,  build  not  only  clustering  villages  but 
large  to^vnis,  connect  them  with  firm  smooth  roads,  con- 
gregate in  continual  markets,  marts,  and  fairs  ;  span 
over  the  flat  land  in  all  directions  with  railways,  and 
barge  along  interminable  canals  and  rivers.  The  marsh 
land  differs  in  aspect  from  the  high  country  only  in  the 
absence  of  undulations  and  quarries,  walls,  and  buildings 
of  stone  ;  rich  fields  are  there,  thick  plantations,  stout 
timber  trees,  and  blooming  gardens.  Water  does  not 
stagnate  upon  the  ground  ;  the  healthy  labourer  ploughs 
the  bright  brown  fallow,  regardless  of  the  heavy  down- 
fall a  few  days  before  ;  for  the  land  is  dried  not  only 
by  the  dividing  ditches,  but  with  hollow  drains  under- 
mining the  subsoil.  The  crops  ai-e  not  of  thin  spring 
Wheat  or  half-grown  Oats  ;  scanty  Beans,  yellow  with 
flowering  Sow-thistles ;  or  wiry  Rape,  half  destroyed 
by  wet  and  weeds ;  nor  are  the  pastures  of  Couch- 
Grass  and  Bents,  prickly  with  Thistles,  and  tufted 
with  Nettles,  among  which  starve  a  meagre  flock 
of  lean,  shaggy  sheep,  and  here  and  there  a  few 
clumsy,  unthrifty  oxen.  The  well-grazed  pastures, 
the  Clovers,  the  thick  Coleseed,  and  bulky  root  crops, 
feed  innumerable  sheep  and  beasts,  of  improved, 
quickly-thriving,  and  valuable  breeds ;  and  instead 
of  being  left  to  pick  their  own  subsistence,  and 
become  diseased  from  neglect  and  mismanagement, 
these  animals  are  sheltered  in  winter  in  sheds  and 
yards,  and  supplied  with  extra  food  upon  the  frost- 
bound  fields,  and  in  more  genial  weather  not  only  crop 
the  rich  herbage,  but  enjoy  the  oilcake  daily  poured 
into  their  troughs.  The  arable  land  shows,  after 
harvest,  by  its  strong  stubbles  and  great  produce  of 
Turnips  and  otlier  green  food,  the  happy  results  of  the 
management  which,  by  its  demand  for  manures,  em- 
ploys 50  many  oil-mills  and  bone-crushing  mills  both  at 
■  orne  and  abroad.     The  fen  land,  low  and  horizontal 

it  19,  does  not  present  to  the  eye  watery  patches  and 
.oded  fields,  as  may  be  witnessed  after  heavy  rains 
n  many  of  oMr  upland  valleys. .  But  as  the  very  exist- 
i.iCQ  of  the  tract  depends  upon  the  preservation  of  its 
drainage,  all  cia-Hges  of  the  inhabitants  give  their  atten- 
tion to  this  point ;  so  that  the  result  is  a  more  per- 
fect system  of  ditches,  drains,  and  other  works  for 
relieving  the  soil  of  its  wetness,  than  almost  any  other 
district  enjoyn.  The  water,  however,  is  generally  visible 
in  the  ditch*!s  that  part  all  the  fields  ;  and  though  never 
rising  /"except  in  some  badly-managed  localities)  over 
the  ground,  Hc-Mom  sinks  far  below  the  level  actually 
needful  for  drying  the  surface-soil. 

There  seems  to  bo  a  medium  point  In  the  drainage 

over-drainage  being  no  less  possible  than  undcr-drain- 
agc.  ^  Indeed,  it  is  well  known  by  the  Lincolnshire 
graziers,  well  understood  by  the  peat  farmers,  lliat  bul- 
lock pastures  have  become  mossy  and  degenerated  into 
»hecp  land,  good  arable  lias  grown  weaker,  merely 
by  too  much  drainage.  I'his  may  seem  a  contradictory 
and  unscientific  declaration,  but,  ncvcrtiiclcsH,  obHcrva- 
tion  confirms  it  as  the  truth.  Will  not  the  stirt'  murine 
clay,  mingled  with  ailty  sand,  which  produces  tliis  rich 
pMturage,  retain  sufficient  moisture  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  the  grass,  when  the  egress  for  the  surphisage  is 
provided  below  ?  Will  not  the  Hpongy  peat,  when 
mingled  with  its  subsoil  of  clay,  po8Sf,H»  a  Huflicient 
power  of  holding  water  for  the  growtli  of  wheat  and 


cole  ?  Do  not  the  hardening  and  gaping  of  the  clay, 
and  the  loosening  and  honey-combing  of  the  peat,  arise 
from  undue  saturation  rather  than  from  over  dryness  ? 
There  is  certainly  some  truth  in  all  this  ;  but  you  must 
not  overlook  the  great  perplexing  circumstance  attach- 
ing to  the  drainage  of  moist  land — there  is  the  dif- 
ference between  winter  and  summer  ;  the  fens  cannot 
have  too  little  water  in  the  former  season,  nor  can 
they  in  many  parts  obtain  a  sufficient  supply  in  the 
latter.  What  is  required  is  a  perfect  command  of  the 
water.  •  In  winter,  when  every  available  outlet  is 
put  iu  requisition  for  discharging  the  floods,  every 
inconvenience  and  impediment  to  the  outflow  is  at 
a  maximum.  The  upland  rivers  into  which  the 
fen  drains  empty,  are  swollen  witli  the  augmented 
volume  of  the  upland  freshes ;  the  tides  are  often 
raised  by  violent  gales  above  their  usual  level — thus 
both  endangering  the  embankments  and  hindering  the 
seaward  flow  of  the  main  streams.  In  the  dry  months, 
when  water  is  wanted  to  refresh  the  pastures  and  force 
on  the  young  green  crops  by  sub-irrigation,  great  difli- 
culties  also  present  themselves.  If  water  be  admitted 
from  the  upland  rivex's  into  the  fen  ditches,  there  is 
directly  felt  a  loss  of  back-watei%  at  a  time  wlien  every 
drop  that  can  be  drained  from  the  hills  is  requisite  for 
preserving  the  channel  and  river  mouth  against  the 
incoming  tidal  bars  of  sand.  If  water  be  admitted  from 
the  sea  into  the  creeks  and  drains,  the  thick  sediment 
of  this  water  falls  iu  mud  upon  the  bottoms  of  the 
water-courses,  and  forms  obsti'uctions  to  winter  drainage. 
Both  these  practices  are  in  constant  use  with  the  fen 
and  marsh  farmers,  exceptmg  in  some  districts  which 
perhaps  do  not  need  them  ;  and  being  found  to  possess 
a  balance  of  benefit  over  and  above  the  unavoidable  dis- 
advantages, will  continue  in  vogue  until  great  measures 
for  the  improvement  of  the  general  outfalls  to  the  sea 
are  carried  into  execution.  There  are  some  few  plots 
to  be  found  within  the  great  level,  which  still  remain 
overgrown  with  tufted  Hassocks,  rank  Sedge,  and  tall 
whispering  Reeds — memorials  of  what  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  peat  fens  anciently  were.  But  the  surface  generally  is 
laid  out  in  regular  fields  :  their  black  mould  is  seen  under 
the  ploughings,  tillings,  and  drillings  of  skilful  farmers. 
Some  lands  are  seen  dimly  through  the  blue  smoke 
of  the  burning  earth  heaps  ;  larger  portions  than  these 
are  cut  across  by  deep  trenches,  and  their  whole  area 
overspread  with  lumps  of  slate-coloured  clay.  Farm- 
yards tenanted  by  straw-littered  oxen  thriving  upon 
good  food,  and  surrounded  by  stout  and  lofty  corn-ricks, 
beautify  the  plain  ;  and  cottages  and  villages  congre- 
gate about  the  highways,  the  bridges,  and  upon  the 
borders  of  the  uplands.  The  whole  level,  in  short,  is 
now  a  busy  scene  of  agricultural  labour,  conducted  upon 
a  scale  and  system  surpassed,  perhaps,  in  no  other 
portion  of  our  island.  Respecting  the  peculiarities  of 
the  farming,  we  shall  speak  in  a  future  number.  I.A.O- 


Home    Correspondence. 

The  Royal  Agricultural  College^  Cirencester. — The 
agriculturists  of  this  country  have  a  right  to  inquire 
what  benefits  have  accrued  to  the  great  cause  of  agri- 
cultural improvement ;  what  favourable  i^esults  have 
arisen  in  the  science  and  practice  of  agriculture  by  the 
labours  of  the  above  institution  ?  I  repeat  they  have  a 
right  to  advance  the  inquiry,  for  the  cause  is  their  own  ; 
and  if  there  be  anything  besides  the  name  of  a  Royal 
College  of  Agriculture,  a  just  appreciation  of  the  high 
interests  involved  call  for  a  statement — full,  lucid,  and 
straightforwai'd,  of  the  beneflcial  results  of  that  great 
experiment  which  has  been  making  for  some  years  in 
this  seminary.  Changes,  frequent  changes,  it  is  under- 
stood, have  been  made  in  the  administration  of  the  affairs 
of  the  College,  in  the  course  of  study,  and  in  the  mode 
of  cultivating  the  model  farm.  It  would  be  interesting, 
and  might  be  instructive,  to  know  the  reasons  for  those 
changes,  inasmuch  as  wise  men  are  not  wont  to  adopt 
changes  without  sufficient  reasons.  It  is  not  intended 
to  cast  any  blame  on  the  council,  or  professors,  or  man 
agers  of  the  institution,  nor  to  insinuate  the  slightest 
doubt  that  all  the  affairs  of  the  College  have  progi'essed 
in  a  wise  and  satisfactory  manner,  nor  that  substantial 
benefits  cannot  be  verified  to  have  resulted  from  the 
labours  of  those  engaged.  Pt  would  be  accepted  as  a 
boon  by  the  agricultural  world,  if,  as  in  the  cases  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society  and  kindred  institutions,  the 
Royal  Agricultural  College  would  publish  a  report,  with 
a  balance-sheet  of  the  model  farm  attached,  at  the  end 
of  the  year.  It  is  a  matter  worthy  the  attention  of  the 
council  and  authorities  of  the  Cirencester  College, 
whether  they  could  not  combine  a  plan  for  training 
masters  to  conduct  agricultural  schools  in  various  parts 
of  the  country  as  they  shall  spring  up,  for  spring  up 
they  certainly  will,  it  being  understood  that  there  is 
no  text  book  on  English  agriculture  adopted  in  the 
College  course,  and  whicii  has  received  the  iinirmnatur 
of  tlio  College  authorities.  The  hint  will,  I  ti'ust,  be 
taken  in  the  spirit  with  which  it  is  given,  if  I  suggest 
tluit  it  could  not  but  serve  the  great  cause  of  agri- 
cultural improvement  in  the  present  state  of  scientific 
knowledge  bearing  on  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  if, 
with  the  ample  matei-Jals  within  their  reach,  and  tlio 
knowlodgo  they  thcmsclvcB  "possess,  they  would  givo 
U8  a  standard  text  book  on  English  agriculture.  Sincu 
till!  declaration  of  Ear)  D(;rl)y  on  the  subject  of  education 
generally, a  declaration  which  entitles  him  to  tlie  respect 
and  gratitude  of  every  true  Englishman  and  Protestant, 
coupled     with    tho   recent   resolution    of    tho    London 


FurmerH'  Club,  on  tho  subject  of  agricultural  education, 

a  rcBolution  that  docs  them  high  honour,  tho  time  is  not  I  having  kept  wiUing  men  from  the  union. 


far  distant  when  there  will  be  a  general  move  through 
tlie  length  and  breatlth  of  the  laud  for  a  generally 
diffused  improved  education  in  the  agricultural  districts 
on  which  does  mainly  depend  the  existence  of  tho  agi-j- 
cultural  body  and  the  advancement*  of  the  interests  of 
the  empire.    Varro,  March  9. 

Sewerage.~U  diligent  inquiries  were  made  into  the 
cause  of  disease,  it  would  be  found  that  what  we  eat  is 
as  much  to  blame  as  what  we  breathe.  In  the  Bills  of 
Mortality  we  weekly  read  of  such  a  person  having  died 
in  a  neighbourhood  where  there  was  an  open  drain,  m- 
sinuating  that  the  ditch  produced  tho  complaint. 
Although  the  fumes  from  such  a  nuisance  must  be  both 
disagreeable,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  dangerous  to 
health,  provided  persons  are  living  in  close  contact  with 
a  cesspool  ;  yet,  where  the  drain  is  merely  a  temporary 
annoyance  during  change  of  weather,  which  is  often  the 
case,  it  is  harmless  compared  with  the  food  the  poorer 
classes  are  accustomed  to  live  upon  in  large  towns,  and 
which,  no  doubt,  produces  ailments  for  which  impm*© 
air  has  the  credit.  It  is  not  for  a  moment  intended  to 
defend  imperfect  sewers,  but  however  perfect  they  may 
be,  they  will  not  prevent  a  host  of  maladies  following 
the  use  of  sausages  and  pies  made  from  animals  which 
have  become  unfit  for  sale  unless  disguised,  having 
either  met  with  accidents  or  fallen  under  the  butcher's 
knife  when  at  the  last  gasp  from  disease.  The  adultera- 
tion of  bread,  milk,  beer,  and  spirits  must  be  men- 
tioned in  their  turns,  each  supplvjng  a  slow  poison  to 
assist  in  thinning  the  population,  emailing  much  misery 
and  suff'ex'ing  on  frail  humanity.  Another  source  of 
evil  is  the  want  of  cleanliness  amongst  individuals  who 
herd  together  more  like  animals  than  human  beings. 
The  fetid  atmosphere  arising  from  the  bodies  and  gar- 
ments of  ill-fed,  unwashed  creatures,  confined  in  a  small 
badly  ventilated  room,  lying  by  the  dozen  on  the  floor, 
regardless  of  common  decency,  is  enough  to,  and  does, 
generate  dysentery,  fever,  &c.  &c.,  to  a  fearful  extent. 
The  improved  plan  upon  wh  ch  dweUing-houses  of  small 
description  are  now  built,  and  the  establishment  of 
cheap  baths,  is  a  movement  in  the  right  direction. 
However  there  remains  much  to  be  accomplished  by 
the  owners  of  tumble-down  tenements,  who,  receiving 
large  rents  for  such  ruinous  places,  are  in  duty  bound 
to  keep  them  in  repair  and  wholesome,  by  periodically 
expending  a  little  lime  and  water  on  the  interior.  It  is 
pretty  well  known  that  houses  in  the  worst  parts  of  large 
towns,  inhabited  by  trampers  and  casual  lodgers,  are 
considered  excellent  property,  and  let  well — higher  in 
comparison  than  those  of  a  more  reputable  character. 
It  is  to  be  feared  that  many  men,  whose  very  hair  would 
stand  on  end  at  the  idea  of  visiting  the  abodes  in  ques- 
tion, think  nothing  of  deriving  an  income  from  such 
detestable  receptacles  of  squalid  misery  and  vice- 
Many  are  probably  unaware  that  they  are  indirectly 
countenancing  such  profligacy  ;  in  charity  let  us  believe 

so.    Ji'a.lcon. 

The  Expense  of  cultivating  Waste  ZccszfZswould  not  be 
very  great,  where  the  ordinary  wages  of  an  able-bodied 
man  in  the  rural  districts  are  seven  shillings  per  week  ; 
for  this  he  lias  often  to  walk  three  or  four  miles  daily, 
and  return  home  at  night  frequently  wet  to  the  skin. 
Contrast  this  state  of  existence  with  that  of  the  well-fed 
convict,  who  costs  the  country  fifty  pounds  a  year,  part 
of  which  comes  out  of  the  workman's  pocket,  in  the  shape 
of  indirect  taxation.  The  welfare  of  the  culprit  occu- 
pies the  attention  of  the  country.  Thousands  are  spent 
in  reclaiming  the  vagabond,  beginning  at  the  wrong  end. 
It  would  be  wiser  to  shut  the  stable-door  before  the 
horse  is  stolen.  Supposing,  by  way  of  novelty,  the  case 
of  the  peasant  was  brought  more  prominently  under 
notice,  and  an  attempt  made  to  provide  profitable  em- 
ployment for  him.  Idleness  increases  crime.  When 
the  body  and  mind  are  both  occupied,  a  man  has  neither 
time  nor  inclination  to  associate  with  the  dissolute  ;  he 
is  satisfied  if  he  can  earn  a  fair  day's  wages  for  the  use 
of  his  limbs.  The  education  of  the  children  of  the  lower 
orders  is  an  important  feature  in  the  economy  of  the 
country;  but  one  of  great  consequence  is  training  them 
up  in  industrious  habits,  and  giving  them  a  taste  for 
labour, — a  part  of  their  instruction  quite  lost  sight  of. 
The  prevention  of  crime  would  have  a  more  beneficial 
effect  on  society  than  punishment  after  the  offence  has 
been  committed.  Mankind  are  naturally  depraved : 
hence  the  importance  that  when  young,  the  seeds  of  vice 
should  be  destroyed,  and  good  principles  instilled  into 
the  heart  whilst  it  is  capable  of  receiving  impressions 
with  tlie  faith  of  childhood.  The  want  amongst  the 
rising  generation  of  the  lower  orders,  is  that  of  super- 
intendence between  the  ages  of  boyhood  and  manhood — 
a  dangerous  time  to  be  kept  without  control  or  advice  ; 
with  so  many  temptations  to  contend  against,  and 
having  but  an  indifiereut  example  at  home.  There  is 
scarcely  any  land,  however  bad,  that  may  not  bo  made 
to  grow  something.  Should  it  only  pay  the  cost  of 
cultivation  for  two  or  three  years,  it  is  better  to  till  it 
with  tlie  idle  hands  of  the  neighbourhood,  having  a 
future  prospect  of  gain,  than  to  allow  paupers  to  feed 
upon  tho  rates.  It  may  bo  tedious  to  sing  tho  same 
song  to  the  old  tuno,  but  it  is  necessary  to  remind  men 
of  tho  folly  of  relaxing  their  exertions,  because  produce 
is  cheap.  To  throw  labourers  out  of  work  under  the 
erroneous  idea  that  land  is  not  worth  additional  trouble, 
in  consequence  of  free-trado,  is  an  act  of  self, 
destruction.  Where  our  fellow-creatures  are  dependent 
upon  labour  for  their  livelihood,  the  positive  profit  to 
ho  derived  from  their  employment  should  not,  in  every 
instanco,  bo  too  rigidly  considered  ;  provided  no  loss  is 
sustained,  tho  result  should   bo  deemed  satisfactory,  as 

It  is  not  to 


188 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


I  March  20, 


be  supposed  a  tenant  can  ouly  think  of  his  neighbour's 
benefit ;  after  having  made  a  fair  per  centage  himself,  a 
little  extra  exertion  may  be  bestowed  upon  the  poor,  by 
finding  work  which  will  pay.  its  own  expenses,  without 
direct  profit,  yet  with  great  indirect  good  at  the  time, 
and  with  a  moderate  advantage  of  £  s.  d.  at  a  later 
period.  Repairing  farm  roads,  cutting  hedges,  clearing 
out  ditches,  pitching  yards,  &c.,  will  save  much  in  the 
Jong  run,  though   apparently  not  remunerative.  Falcon. 

Memoranda. — I  am  a  constant  reader  of  the  Agricul- 
lural  GazettCy  and  have  occasionally  dotted  down  a  notice 
on  what  I  have  read  there.  A  correspondent,  *'  J.  D.," 
a  few  mouths  since  published  some  very  just  remarks 
on  Vetches,butneither  he  nor  any  other  writer  has  noticed 
the  two  different  sorts,  the  Early  Royal  and  the  late 
Vetch.  The  seed  is  very  much  alike,  but  the  Early 
Royal  comes  into  pod  just  as  the  other  blooms,  making 
A  difference  of  16  days,  a  matter  of  great  consequence 
in  sheep  feeding  ;  also  in  another  respect,  as  I  always 
sow  winter  Oats  and  winter  Beans  with  my  Vetches  to 
hold  them  up  and  to  increase  the  quantity.  The  Early 
Royal  Vetch  is  fit  for  the  sickle  just  as  the  Oat  is  I'ipe  ; 
but  the  other  Vetch  being  more  than  a  fortnight  later, 
the  winter  Oat  sheds  itself,  and  is  such  a  nest  for  the 
rooks,  then  hai*d- pressed,  that  in  their  depredations  they 
tread  the  Vetches  into  the  ground  and  rot  them  ;  there- 
fore if  they  are  not  intended  for  food,  it  is  better  not  to 
sow  the  Oats  and  Beans  with  them.  Having  some  spare 
Turnips,  I  bought  a  cow  in  milk,  and  having  other  cows, 
for  fear  of  spoiling  the  butter,  I  had  her  milked  into  the 
pig  bucket  and  it  was  given  to  a  litter  of  pigs  ;  but  on 
the  advice  of  "  Clitheroe''s"  old  woman,  I  have  for  two 
weeks  kept  this  cow's  milk  separate,  and  find  the  benefit 
of  the  hot  water,  as  the  butter  has  no  taste  of  the 
Turnips.  I  read  last  week,  20  lbs.  of  hay  is  sufficient 
■ior  a  cow — indeed  !  Some  years  since,  when  I  first 
came  here,  I  had  four  cows,  and  having  no  fodder,  I  put 
three  out  to  the  straw  yard,  and  one  with  a  calf  I  kept 
at  home,  and  found  she  eat  six  trusses  of  56  lbs. 
a  week  of  hay,  worth  41.  a  ton,  and  for  her  expense 
of  125.  a  week  she  paid  me  less  than  75.  [We  have 
had  cows  that  ate  2A  cwt.  of  Turnips  a  day  ;  but,  for  all 
that,  we  are  safe  in  saying  that  1  cwt.  daily  will  keep 
a  cow  in"  store  "  condition.]  Unless  there  is  plenty  of 
spare  food,  useless  for  any  other  purposes,  I  fancy 
cows  are  a  loss  in  the  winter,  and  no  gain  in  the 
-summer  ;  but  they  are  a  great  luxury  in  a  family. 
I  liave  a  neighbour  who  supplies  a  large  town  with 
milk,  who  keeps  his  cows  in  good  order  by  cutting  up 
the  straw,  and,  after  damping  it,  putting  one  pint  of 
Bean-meal  to  every  cow's  portion  at  every  feed.  On 
■the  question  of  tanks  for  water,  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful experiments  I  have  made  was  about  20  years 
since.  Being  100  feet  above  the  water  in  a  bed  of  chalk, 
and  having  a  good  run  from  a  large  stable,  slated,  I  dug 
a  large  round  hole,  say  10  feet  deep  and  10  wide.  I 
clayed  the  bottom,  and  laid  down  hai*d  brioka.  Then  I 
hada  wallbuilt  round  five  tiers,  a  foot  from  the  outside, 
behind  which  I  had  stiff  clay  rammed  down  as  hard  as 
possible  by  three  men  in  the  hole  with  mallets  ;  and  so 
on  till  we  reached  the  top,  and  then  threw  an  arch.  The 
'tank  holds  about  60  hogsheads,  and  has  never  failed. 
No  cement  whatever ;  common  bricks  and  lime  and  clay, 
very  cheap,  and  made  by  a  common  bricklayer  under 
my  direction.  Cement  must  be  very  good  and  well  put 
-on  not  to  crack  and  leak.  A  foot  of  clay  rammed  in 
behind  the  brickwork,  which  being  round  is  the  more 
-tightened;  the  more  it  is  pressed  by  the  clay  is, in  my 
opinion,  preferable.  The  water  comes  quite  clear  from 
the  slated  roof,  and  is  raised  by  a  common  pump — very 
useful  for  the  house  and  the  stable— say  1 01.  for  the 
whole  expense.  Mangold  Wurzel  may  do  for  store  pigs, 
but  not  for  breeding  sows.  The  litter  generally  comes 
one  or  two  days  before  the  time,  and  some  of  them 
small,  and  not  worth  keeping  if  they  do  not  die  -experto 
arede.  Before  I  close  these  hasty  notes,  allow  me  to 
-express  my  admiration  of  Mr.  Mechi's  candour  and 
-chivalry— his  courage  in  giving  such  a  balance-sheet  to 
the  public  shows  a  noble  tone  of  mind,  above  any  vexa- 
tion at  the  sneers  and  petty  remarks  of  those  who 
cannot  appreciate  his  high  qualities  ;  and  then  his 
generosity  is  equal  to  his  courage,  for  he  declares  his 
determination  to  proceed,  notwithstanding  his  losses.  I 
cannot  but  fancy  he  has  made  the  balance  against  him- 
self greater  than  was  necessary  ;  at  all  events,!  can  say 
for  myself,  and  I  think  for  'many  others,  that  we  are 
deeply  indebted  to  Mr.  Mechi  for  what  he  has  done, 
and  it  gives  me  much  pleasure  to  have  this  opportunity 
of  thanking  him.  Delta,  Hants. 

Flour. —  If  some  practical  man  would  make  the 
following  calculations  he  would  be  doing  good  service 
to  the  public,  as  the  slightest  rise  in  the  price  of  Wheat 
is  made  an  excuse  for  adding  on  to  the  quartern  loaf 
an  exorbitant  per  centage— What  should  be  the  price 
•of  the  4-lb.  loaf  when  ^Wheat  is  at  SGs.  per  quarter  ? 
and  up  to  42s.  first  and  second  quality  of  flour  ?  and 
also  of  sharps  and  bran  ?  There  must,  of  course,  be 
variations  to  a  slight  extent  dependant  upon  locality, 
but  allowances  can  be  made  on  this  head  by  the  con- 
:sumer3,  when  they  know  how  many  4-lb.  loaves  a  sack 
ot  flour  will  make  without  the  adulteration  of  either 
ifotatoes.  Rice,  or  anything  else.  Falcon. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

Judges.— At  the  monthly  Council  on  February  4, 
the  iollowmg  resolutions  were  adopted  on  the  motion  of 
Lord  Portman,  seconded  by  Mr.  S.  Bennett  •— ' 


1.  That  a  Cummittee  be  appointed  to  eelent  ihe  Committee  of 

Council  who  are  to  form  the  Ju<iges'  Selection  Committee. 

2.  That  such   Committee  consist  of  all  past  Presidents  and 

the  Stewards  of  the  Yard. 

At  the  monthly  Council  on  the  3d  of  March,  the 
consideration  of  the  general  question  was  resumed  ; 
when,  on  the  motion  of  Lord  Portman,  seconded  by 
Mr.  Thompson,  the  following  additional  resolutions 
were  can'ied  : — ■ 

3.  That  a  circular  be  sent  in  the  first  week  of  April  to  each 

member  of  Council  requesting  him  to  send  to  the  Secretary 
before  the  monthly  meeting  m  May,  the  names  of  persons 
qualified  and  willing  to  act  as  judges  of  stock  ;  to  serve  as 
an  addition  to  the  names  sent  in  by  other  members  of  the 
Society. 

4.  That  the  list  of  names  of  persons  recommended  as  judges 

be  placed  in  the  Council-room,  and  a  copy  be  sent  to  each 
member  of  Council  two  weeks  before  the  committee  of 
selection  proceed  to  select  the  judges  ;  and  that  any  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  be  at  liberty  to  apply  to  the  Secretary 
for  a  list  of  names,  and  to  eend  in  writing  to  the  Secretary 
his  objections  to  any  name  on  the  list ;  such  objections  to 
belaid  before  the  committee  of  selection. 

5.  That  the  Stewards  of  foe  Yard  shall  report  to  the  Council 

aimually  their  observations  on  the  exhibition  of  stock. 

A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's 
House  in  Hanover  Square,  on  Wednesday,  the  10th  of 
March  :  present,  Colonel  Challoner,  Trustee,  in  the 
Chair  ;  Sir  Robert  Price,  Bt.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Raymond 
Barker,  Mr.  Henry  Raymond  Barker,  Dr.  Calvert, 
Captain  Stanley  Carr,  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  Mr.  Gadesden, 
Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Love,  Mr.  Majendie,  Mr.  Row- 
landson,  Professor  Simonds,  Mr.  Reynolds  Solly,  Mr. 
Stansfieid,  M.P.,  Mr.  R.  Trench,  Mr.  C.  Hampden 
Tui-ner,  and  Professor  Way. 

Breeding  of  Animals. — Mr,  Valentine  Barford, 
of  Foscote,  near  Towcester,  in  Northamptonshire, 
addressed  a  communication  to  the  Council  on  the 
importance  of  attending  to  those  principles  which 
regulate  the  production  of  perfectly  formed  stock. 
After  referring  to  the  steps  which  the  Council  had 
taken  for  this  desirable  end,  and  detailing  the  discussions 
on  the  subject  in  the  Northamptonshire  Agricultural 
Book  Club,  he  concluded  his  communication  with  the 
two  decisions  arrived  at  by  that  Club,  and  his  o\vn 
general  observations. 

1.  That,    although,    in    all   cases,    the    system  of  in-and-in 

breeding  is  not  desirable  in  nur  domestic  animals,  yet  that, 
when  animals  properly  furmed  have  been  obtained,  it  is 
the  only  method  to  retain  that  form. 

2.  That    forcing   breeding   animals   of  either  ses,   either  by 

artificial  feeding  or  warmth,  ig  highly  detrimental  to  the 
health  of  the  offspring. 
"From  the  foregoing  remarks  you  may  gather  that  the 
standard  or  criterion  which  I  recommend  is  a  certain  form  or 
conformation;  and  is  that  which  Mr.  Cline,  in  his  valuable 
"Treatise  on  the  Formation  of  AnirualH,"  recommends;  for, 
whatever  may  be  the  opinion  of  the  multitude,  there  is  but  one 
form  right,  be  it  light  or  heavy  (and  there  never  can  be  two),  that 
admits  ofhealth,  stamina,  and  constitution.  All  the  bast  animale 
I  have  seen  that  have  taken  prizes  the  last  40  years,  whether 
large  or  small,  approximate  to  a  certain  form,  and  this  form 
I  will  call  the  sine  qua  7ion  or  standard  ;  and  knowing  how  to 
produce  this  form  is  tho  science.  If  you  will  make  breed  in;,' 
and  rearing  (iomestic  animals  a  science,  you  will  soon  breed 
100  good  ones,  where  you  now  breed  only  one.  We  see  the 
science  of  agriculture  progressin?,  and  why  should  the  science 
of  breeding  animals  be  neglected?  I  know  that  the  prevailing 
faehion  is  for  large  animals  (although  fashiun  has  led  many 
astray),  but  I  have  yet  to  learn  that  they  are  either  the  best  or 
the  most  profitable  ;  and  in  order  properly  to  test  this,  I  would 
very  respectfully  suggest  to  the  Council  the  propriety,  if  they 
have  the  funds,  of  taking  a  farm  of  moderate  quality,  and 
allowing  breeders  to  send  in  young  stock,  to  be  raised  and  fed 
by  the  Society'ji  servauts  upon  the  principle  laid  down  by  the 
late  Robert  BakeweU,  viz.,  by  weighing  their  food  ;  it  would 
then  be  soon  apparent  which  paid  best  for  what  it  consumed  ; 
but  whether,  from  local  circumstances,  you  may  prefer  a  large 
or  a  small  animal,  the  same  science  is  requisite  to  produce  the 
good  one.  The  form  of  the  chest  which  Cline  advocates, 
approaches  as  nearly  as  possible  to  a  circle,  and  is  not  that 
porpoised  or  invertedTorm  so  fashionable  in  the  present  day, 
neither  is  it  that  apparent  form  which  is  too  frequently  (in 
sheep)  clipped  into  a  circle  ;  but  is  that  real  external  form 
which  is  an  index  of  the  internal  structure." 

Flax  Cultivation. —  Mr.  Leyland  Woods,  of  Chil- 
grove,  near  Chichester,  called  the  attention  of  the 
Council  to  a  subject  of  much  inquiry  by  many  pei'sons 
in  different  parts  of  the  country,  namely,  the  mode  in 
which  farmers,|]who  had  grown  Flax,  could  dispose  of 
the  straw  of  that  crop.  He,  like  many  others,  had 
heard  of  parties  said  to  be  willing  to  ^purchase  that 
article,  but  it  still  remained  on  his  hands  unsold.  Mr. 
Wood  gave  the  following  statement  of  the  produce  of 
his  Flax  crop  in  1851  : — 

One  acre  of  land  gave  a  produce  of  21  bushels  of  good  seed, 
and  31.  cwt.  of  undressed  Flax  straw.  The  soil  was  of  mid- 
dling quality  on  the  chalk  hills.  The  land  was  prepared, 
and  the  seed  sown  in  April,  after  one  year's  Turnips,  which 
were  fed  off  by  sheep.  The  Clover,  sown  with  the  Flax,  looks 
well  a'  the  present  time.  March  3. 

Colonel  Challoner  stated  that  he  had  converted  his 
Flax-straw  into  manure,  and  capital  manure  he  had  found 
it  make. — Mr.  Rowlandson  had,  with  others,  under- 
stood from  M.  Claussen  that  there  were  parties  who 
would  give  3^  per  ton  for  Flax-straw,  but  he  (Mr. 
Rowlandson)  had  not  been  yet  able  to  find  where  tliey 
were. — Mr.  Gadesden  understood  that  M.  Claussen  and 
his  friends  would  not  now  offer  that  price. — Mr.  Row- 
landson thought  there  was  no  probability  that  the  ordi- 
nary Flax-straw  would  be  bought  up  to  any  extent  in 
this  country.  Fine  Flax  might  indeed  be  exported,  and 
a  good  price  obtained  for  it.  He  advocated  the  growth 
of  Flax,  but  thought  it  desirable  that  persons  shoidd 
not  embark  in  its  cultivation  and  management 
without  making  themselves  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
their  business  in  this  branch  of  speculation.  He 
recommended  that  the  farmers  within  a  given  district 
should  at  first  grow  (mly  a  few  acres  each  of  this  crop, 
and  make  combined  efforts  to  promote  its  success. 
There  was  now  he  believed  no  doubt  of  the  advantages 
of  Flax  after  Turnips.     His  friend  Mr.  Gadesden  had 


made  a  trial  of  this  cultivation,  and  found  no  crop  of 
Flax  on  light  land  better  than  the  one  which  followed 
the  Turnips. — Col.  Challoner  suggested  that  Mr.  Row- 
landson should  again  favour  the  members  with  farther 
practical  points  for  their  guidance,  similar  to  those  he  had 
kindly  given  them  on  a  former  occasion,  but  founded  on 
his  increased  experience  of  the  nature  of  the  Flax  crop. 
Mr.  Rowlandson  cheerfully  complied  with  the  chairman's 
request.  He  considered  the  growth  of  Flax  to  be  easy ; 
the  ground  should  be  in  good  tilth,  but  not  too  highly 
manured  ;  it  should  be  well  weeded,  and  would  take  care 
of  itself  till  pulled.  At  that  stage  it  was  that  a  little  in- 
struction would  be  required  by  the  farmer.  The  process 
of  retting,  too,  might  be  improved  by  easy  instructions 
in  the  requisite  application  of  scientific  principles.  A 
small  sura  of  money  would,  indeed,  be  well  expended  on 
experiments  to  ascertain  distinctly  the  definite  propor- 
tions of  alUali  and  acid  to  be  alternately  employed  in 
the  most  efiicient  mode  in  the  retting  process.  Great 
niceties  were  to  be  observed  in  this  manipulation,  ag 
minute  quantities  were  employed  in  large  quantities  of 
water,  and  slight  differences  in  the  amount  of  the  acid 
or  alkali  would  produce  a  gi'eat  amount  of  difference  in 
the  result. — Col.  Challoner  inquired  the  best  mode  of 
separating  the  seed  without  injuring  the  straw. — Mr. 
Rowlandson  had  found  knocking  out  the  seed  by 
sti'iking  the  dry  plant  against  the  convex  side  of  a 
barrel,  or  striking  it  against  boards  with  a  flat  piece  of 
wood  answer  pei'fectly  well. — Mr.  Gadesden  considered 
that  farmers  were  not  in  a  position  to  prepare  their  Flax 
for  manufacturers. — Colonel  Challoner  remarked  tliat 
M.  Claussen  had  told  them  at  a  former  meeting  in 
that  I'oom,  that  the  farmers  had  only  to  grow  Flax, 
remove  the  seed  from  it,  and  then  put  up  the  sti'aw  into ' 
bundles,  when  the  latter  would  be  purchased  of  them  at 
a  price  so  remunerative  as  to  cover  the  expense  of  cul- 
tivation, and  leave  them  the  seed  into  the  bargain. — 
Mr.  Trench  had  his  Flax  thrashed  by  means  of  a  broad 
flail,  having  a  flat  end  like  the  flail  used  in  foreign 
countries,  and  the  straw  then  put  together  again  by 
women,  and  sold  ten  miles  off"  at  Zl.  per  ton.  His 
land  was  of  good  quality,  and  well  prepared  for 
the  crop ;  yielding  2  qrs.  of  seed,  and  2  tons  of 
straw  per  acre.  His  Flax  was  of  fine  quality  ;  and 
in  competition  with  his  neighbours  within  a  range 
of  10  or  12  miles  round,  had  obtained  the  prize  as  the 
finest  and  best.  —  Mr.  Rowlandson  hoped  that  Mr. 
Gadesden  would  furnish  the  Council  with  the  results  of 
his  trials  in  the  growth  of  Flax  ;  the  greatest  pains  had 
been  taken  by  him  to  obtain  correct  results,  by  accurately 
weighing  the  Flax  at  the  different  steps  of  its  manage- 
ment.—Mr.  Gadesden  stated,  that  bis  crop  had  yielded 
24  bushels  of  seed  and  32  cwt.  of  straw  ;  he  had  sold 
the  seed  in  Mark-lane  at  56s.  per  quarter,  and  if  the 
straw  yielded  one-fifth  of  Flax,  which  in  the  seed  market 
would  fetch  601.  per  ton,  the  crop  of  seed  and  straw 
together,  wouldgiveareturnofmore  than  26/.  8s.  per  acre. 
— Mr.  Stansfieid,  M.P.,  was  trying  an  acre  and  half  of 
Flax,  on  land  in  good  tilth,  after  Turnips.  Agricultural 
labour,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Leeds,  where  his  estate 
was  situate,  was  scarce  and  as  high  as  13s.  or  14s.  per 
week.  The  parties  to  whom  M.  Claussen  had  particu- 
larly referred,  as  the  purchasers  of  Flax  straw,  namely, 
Messrs.  Quitzow  and  Co.,  of  Apperly-bridge,  near  Brad- 
ford, being  close  to  Mr.  Stansfield's  residence,  he  had 
applied  to  them  on  this  point,  but  found  that  they  had 
given  up  the  purchase  of  Flax  straw,  and  would  not  buy 
any  more.  He  expected  to  have  3  qrs,  of  seed  to  the  acre, 
and  hoped  to  be  able  to  sell  his  straw  at  3Z.  per  ton.  The 
farmer,  in  his  opinion,  ought  never  to  have  anything  to  do 
with  the  manufacture  of  Flax,  but  simply  to  raise  it  as  a 
rotation  crop,  and  sell  off"  the  straw  at  once.  He  hoped 
the  steeping  process  would  be  dispensed  with,  as  it  spoiled 
all  the  water  in  the  ditches  of  the  neighbourhood  where 
the  operation  was  carried  on. — Capt.  Stanley  Carr, 
having  resided  abroad  for  25  years,  and  occupied 
1000  acres  of  land,  was  desirous,  as  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Society,  to  state  to  the  Council  the 
result  of  his  experience  in  the  growth  of  Flax  on  his 
estate  in  Holstein.  He  had  never  seen  Flax  grown 
with  profit  on  a  large  scale,  anywhere.  On  his  own. 
property  it  had  been  grown  on  a  small  scale  at  first  by 
the  labouring  population,  who  had  a  right  to  grow  a 
little  Flax  for  the  coarse  linens  they  required  for  their 
own  use.  When  the  Flax  had  been  grown,  manure  was 
always  subsequently  required.  It  caused  much  labour 
to  keep  it  clean,  as  it  grew  up  too  fast  and  got  fouL 
Although  the  Flax  and  seed  were  easily  disposed  of,  no 
farmer  in  the  fine  country  of  Holstein  grew  Flax  on  a 
large  scale  on  account  of  its  exhausting  chai'acter.— 
Colonel  Challoner  remarked  that  last  year  he  had  grown 
some  Flax,  but  found  that  it  did  not  draw  the  land, 
which  appeared  rather  improved  than  deteriorated  by 
the  crop.^Captam  Carr  observed  that  his  own  land 
wasjof  aloamy  nature,  that  Flax  grown  once  in  ten  years 
would  succeed,  but  once  in  five  years  %vas  found  oftener 
than  the  land  would  bear ;  but,  as  he  had  stated,  the 
straw  and  seed  were  both  sold  off,  and  not  returned  to 
the  soil.— Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  had  found  his  own  land 
bear  Flax  without  exhaustion.— Mr.  Gadesden,in  Surrey, 
had  Rye,  following  Flax,  as  fine  as  could  be  seen  any- 
where. He  always  sowed  the  seed  broadcast.  — 
Mr.  Rowlandson  reiparked,  that  the  exhaustion  from 
the  Flax  crop  in  Germany,  alluded  to  by  Captain 
Carr,  might,  he  thought,  be  satisfactorily  explained 
by  the  cu'cumstance  of  the  whole  of  the  straw  and 
seed  being  removed  from  the  farm,  and  nothing 
returned  to  the  soil,  not  even  the  matter  extracted  from 
the  straw  by  the  retting  water,  which  had  been  fur- 
nished to  the  Flax  crop  by  the  laud  on  which  it  had 


12—1852.] 


THK     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


189 


been  grown.  Professor  Way  had,  in  his  chemical  ex- 
amination of  Flax,  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Society  (vol.  xi.,  pp.  517  to  528),  endeavoured  to 
show  by  the  composition  of  its  ashes,  the  character 
and  amount  of  the  different  substances  taken  up  from 
the  soil  by  each  part  of  the  Flax  plant.  These  results, 
in  connection  with  information  supplied  to  him  by  Mr, 
"VVarnes,  led  him  to  believe  that  when  the  seeds  were 
returned  in  any  shape  to  the  soil,  Flax  might  be  regarded 
as  not  an  exhausting  crop,  the  fibre  and  other  parts  of 
the  plant  taking  little  or  nothing  from  the  soil. — Capt. 
Carr  fully  concurred  in  tliese  views,  and  believed  that  the 
retm'n  of  the  seed  would  repay  the  soil. — Mr.  Rowland- 
son  thought  the  Flax  crop  better  adapted  for  small 
farmers,  but  he  saw  no  reason  why  it  should  not 
be  equally  worthy  the  consideration  of  great  ones, 
He  knew  200  acres  in  Lincolnshire  on  which  11.  per  acre 
was  paid  to  grow  Flax  ;  but  he  believed  that  to  manage 
100  acres  required  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  energy  ; 
even  25  acres  under  Flax  in  every  farm  of  300  or  400 
acres  would  require  much  attention.  He  thought  Flax- 
culture  ought  to  be  a  component  part  of  British 
husbandry.  It  was,  indeed,  pecuharly  the  poor  man's 
crop,  whose  wife  and  children  could  devote  to  its  details 
that  time  which  wa5  not  otherwise  employed.  He  did 
not,  however,  rest  any  hopes  on  those  Utopian  extensions 
of  the  employment  of  Flax  and  convertibility  of  its 
objects,  that  had  been  recently  brought  forward  in  so 
many  shapes. — Mr.  I\Iajeudie  alluded  to  the  successful 
manner  in  which  Mr.  Warnes  was  growing  Flax  still 
more  extensively  than  formerlyj  in  conjunction  with 
box-feeding. 

Flax  Sowing. — Mr.  Chaxles  Ogle,  of  Rawcliffe,  near 
Selby,  Yorkshire,  having  been  a  grower  of  Flax  for  the 
last  20  years,  and  in  one  year  had  45  acres  under  that 
crop,  ventured  to  suggest  to  the  Council  that  means 
should  be  taken  to  induce  implement  makei's  to  con- 
struct a  machine  for  sowing  Linseed  broadcast,  and 
depositing  it  at  1  inch  below  the  sm'face  of  the  ground. 
He  thought  the  great  advantage  of  such  a  mode  of 
sowing  would  be  that  all  the  seed  being  deposited  at  the 
same  depth,  it  would  all  come  up  out  of  the  ground  at 
the  same  time  ;  a  point  considered  of  much  importance 
— for  when  sown  in  the  usual  method  the  plants  come 
up  partially  when  the  weather  happens  to  continue  for 
some  time  dry,  and  the  remainder  only  follow  after  a 
fall  of  rain  ;  the  late  plants  being  of  no  value  to  the 
manufacturer,  as  its  substance  works  away  in  the  pro- 
cess of  scutching,  and  is  tlu'own  aside  with  the  refuse. 
ilr.  Ogle  expressed  his  readiness  to  give  information  on 
the  requisites  for  siieh  a  machine,  to  any  implement- 
maker  who  would  apply  to  him  on  the  subject.  It  was 
well  known  among  Flax  growers  that  a  mere  di-ill  to 
deposit  the  seed  in  rows  was  not  the  machine  required, 
as  Linseed  was  always  sown  broadcast ;  and  that  the 
implpniRnh  Hpsirftr!  was  onc  that  would  not  only  effect 
the  same  equable  distribution  of  the  seed  as  in  good 
broadcast  sowing,  but  also  deposit  it  an  inch  deep  ia 
the  soil. 

Fakmeos'  Flax  Mill. — Mr.  Hill  Dickson,  of  Artil- 
lery-street, Bishopsgate,  favoured  the  Council  with  the 
following  communication  : — 

"  I  am  epgage-l  in  making  a  mill  for  the  Chevalier  Claussen, 
that  will  beak,  scutch,  and  hackle  Flax  as  it  comes  from  the 
farmer,  withuut  be^ng  watered.  I  consider  the  improvemeuts 
I  have  made  will  be  such  as  will  make  my  machine  a  deai- 
deratum  to  th«  farmiag  interest;  for  not  only  will  the  trouble 
and  expeo'ie'or  waterini^  and  grassing  be  dispensed  with,  but 
as  it  can  be  w  irked  by  two  horsed,  and  being  on  four  wheels, 
and  on  a  frame  6  r'e-c  by  5  broad,  it  can  be  moved  from  farm 
10  farm,  and  cunsequenily  the  great  objections  to  Flax  culture 
entirely  overcome.  Another  advantage  in  favour  of  the  farmer 
i?,  that, with  my  machine  he  requires  no  practised  hands — 
such  a3  the  Ii-ish  scutchers,  at  35.  or  45.  a  day — but  only  sis 
boys  or  girls,  a:  from  8d.  to  lO'i.  a  day,  to  attend,  aud  one 
man  to  feed  ihe  machine.  When  I  have  finished  the  machine 
I  shall  be  happy  lu  he  honoured  with  a  visit  from  any  of  the 
gentlemeu  cuonected  with  your  Society,  and  to  explain  the 
nature  of  my  impruvementa,  and  work  the  machine  before 
them.  I  am  making  experiments  at  Chev.  Claussen's  works, 
ia  order  t'j  aicertam  the  difference  and  advantage  of  his  dis- 
covery over  t'lat  of  Stihenck,  and  the  old  system,  a  matter 
which  I  think  the  Council  of  your  Society  will  approve  of, 
vrhen  my  whol'd  statement  is  placed  before  them.  I  bhuU  show 
the  eipen-e  aud  pn.tit  attending  each  of  the  three  systems  of 
p'epa'ing  Pmx,  and  what  is  to  be  made  by  the  spinning  and 
weiving  by  each." 

Mr.  Love  remarked  that  he  had  seen"  the  machine,  then 
stated  by  Mr,  Dickson  to  be  in  the  progress  of  com- 
pletion—namely,  six  months  ago,  and  two  months  ago. 
The  Flax-straw  was  first  passed  through  rollei-s,  and 
then  strained  or  grazed  as  it  passed  out  of  them.  By 
t!iiB  machinery,  however,  it  appeared  to  him  at  those 
limes  that  the  fibre  received  injury  by  the  means  that 
were  thua  employed  to  prepare  it ;  but  as  the  arrange- 
ments were  not  completed  by  Mr.  Dickson,  it  would  be 
unfair  to  pas.^  judgment  on  his  apparatus  until  per- 
fected. Ttic  injury  might  not,  perhaps,  be  considered 
material  in  those  cafles  in  which  the  fibre  wa^  to  be  con- 
verted into  the  Claussen  cotton,  but  would  be  so  when 
required  for  long  Flax.  -Tlie  Flax-straw  wa.s  reduced  hy 
the  machine  to  one-third  of  its  bulk,  and  lost  one-tenth 
of  ita  weight  by  the  operation. 

Tawk-Watku  Conduits. — Colonel  Challoner,  having 
to  convt-y  manure-water  from  a  tiink  round  a  hill,  to 
irrigate  bix  or  eight  acrea  of  land  as  wat«r-mcadow8, 
was  desiroiiH  of  ascertaining  the  best  incanH  of  accom- 
(ilishing  thi«  object,  as  he  had  found  wooden  trtugha 
soon  become  decayed.  —  Capt.  Carr  fiti^g(^;Htcd  e;irth<'n 
pipes  bcloiv  th<!  •Hurfacc. — Trof.  Way  beliuvi;d  Hv- 
iler.  Mr,  Huxtabic  had  Bubstitutcd  earthen  pipci  f o  * 
wooden  oniM, 

FuE.scti  W  HKAT  STEEpi.va, — Mr.  Majendie  laid  before 
Iho  Council  a  bundle  of  Wlicat  from  Fram:'-,  iw  a 
sampl'j  of  Whi-'at  grown  from  grain  which  had  been 
steeped  by  a  method  adopted  in  Trance  for  Bced-WJioat 


sown  over  30,000  acres.  This  sample  exhibited  good 
straw,  but  furnished  with  a  bundle  of  ears  that  were 
found  to  be  mere  husks,  almost  entirely  empty,  con- 
taining only  a  few  diminutive  shrivelled  grains.  Mr. 
Majendie  was  not  aware  of  the  particular  nature  of  the 
steeping  employed. 

Peruvian  Potatoes. — Prof.  Way,  agreeably  to 
promise,  laid  before  the  Council  the  result  of  his  trial  of 
the  Peruvian  Potato  alluded  to  on  that  day  fortnight. 
The  Potato  placed  in  his  hands  had  not  undergone,  as 
he  was  supposed  to  have  said,  any  chemical  examination. 
He  had  merely  cut  it  into  four  quarters,  which  he 
planted  in  his  garden.  The  result  was  50  Potatoes,  of 
which  he  had  then  the  pleasure  of  laying  a  supply  before 
the  Council,  in  the  hope  that  those  who  continued  the 
trial  of  the  cultivation  would  in  the  same  manner  fur- 
nish supplies  to  the  Council,  in  order  that  the  stock, 
if  good,  might  thus  become  gradually  distributed  and 
established. — A.  statement  was  made  of  a  similar  Potato 
from  Pern  having  become  the  origin  of  an  extended 
stock  over  one  of  the  mountain  limestone  districts  in 
the  central  part  of  England,  which  failed  to  grow,  and 
only  became  rotten,  when  transferred  to  the  ricli  gar- 
den-mould of  the  neighbourhood  of  the  metropolis  :  it 
was  therefore  thought  desirable  that  in  reports  of  this 
Potato  cultivation  the  members  should  particularly 
state  the  nature  of  the  soil  in  which  the  trials  may  be 
made. 

Mr.  Chadwick,  C.B.,  transmitted  from  the  General 
Board  of  Health,  copies  of  "  Minutes  of  Information 
collected  in  I'espect  to  the  IJrainage  of  the  Land  form- 
ing the  Sites  of  Towns,  to  Road  Drainage,  and  the  Facili- 
tation of  the  Drainage  of  Suburban  Lauds  ; "  Mr. 
Barthropp  offered  suggestions  for  the  entry  of  animals 
at  the  Country  Meetings  of  the  Society ;  and  the  Hon. 
Edward  Everett  offered,  as  one  of  the  Honorary  Mem- 
bers of  the  Society,  to  promote  any  of  the  objects  of  the 
Society  in  the  United  States  of  America. 
The  Council  adjourned  to  March  17th. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

HAaE-RABBiTs  :  Alpha  asks  where  the  pure  breed  of  hare- 
rabbits  is  to  be  purchased.  He  must  consult  our  adver- 
tising columns. 

LrnDON's  Forks  :  RA  Lyndotu  The  correspondence  on  this 
subject,  so  far  as  it  has  yet  reached  ua,  has  been  fully 
published. 

Tenant  Right  '.ABC  There  are  numberless  pamphlets  on 
this  subject.  The  following  are  some  on  both  bides  of  the 
question  :— 1.  On  the  Importance  of  a  Legislative  Enactment 
uniting  the  Interest  of  Landlord  and  Tenant,  «fcc.  By  C. 
Newman,  Court  Farm,  Hayes,  Middlesex.  Ridgway,  Picca- 
dilly.— 2.  Tetiant  Right :  on  the  Necessity  of  some  Legisla- 
tive Enactment,  &c.  Prize  Essay.  By  Henry  Corbet,  Secre- 
tary to  the  L'lndon  Farmers*  Club.  "  Farmers' Magazine  " 
Office,  24,  Norfolk-street,  Strand.— 3.  Tenant  Right:  its 
Nature  and  Requirements,  &c.  By  James  Welch,  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  Eaq.,  &c.  &c.  Ridgway,  Piccadilly.— The 
Justice  and  Espedieocy  of  Tenant  Right  Legislation,  Con- 
sidered in  a  Letter  to  P.  Pusey,  Esq.  By  Rev.  C,  Neville. 
Riiigway,  Piccadilly. 

Thoughts  foe  tor  THonoHTrcn.  •  AM^  You  have  altogether 
mistaken  our  idea. 

%*'  Replies  to  many  correspondents  are  unavoidably  poatponed, 
through  the  indisposition  of  the  Editor, 


— ♦ — 
COVENT  GARDEN,  March  20. 
Notwithstanding  the  continued  coldness  of  the  weather,  the 
market  is  still  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit.  English 
Pine-applea  are  plentiful,  considering  the  Reason.  New  Hot- 
house  Grapes  have  made  their  appearance ;  foreign  ones  are 
a  trifle  dearer.  The  best  Englitih  Pears  fetch  good  prices. 
They  are  now  confined  to  Beurr^  Rauce  and  Easter  Beurre, 
Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same 
as  last  quoted.  Strawbenies  are  still  supplied  in  small  quan- 
tities. Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are  sufficient  for  tiie 
demand,  and  there  is  some  fine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in  the  market. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
aalading  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Bpacria.es,  Migno- 
nette, Camellias,  Rofles,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  HyacinthSj 
Tulips,  Liiy  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


Plue-appIeB,perlb.,4s  to  8s 
Grapes,hothouee,p.lb.,153Lo2ns 
Orape8,Liabon,perlb.,9dtols6d 
Strawberries,  per  oz,,  Is  to  2s 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2h 

to  3s  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5b 

-    sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  33 


Savoys,  per  doz.,  lOd  to  2d 
French  Beans,  p.  109,  29  lo  Ss 
Broccoli,  p.  hunch,  5d  to  la  iA 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  3a  to  7fl 
Seakale.p.  basket, Is  3d  to  2s  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  Gd  to  4a 
flhubarb,  p.  bundle,  Gd  to  la  Gd 
Potatoes, per  ton,  45s  to  BOs 

'    —    per  cwt,,2H  to  5s 

—  per  bush,, Is  Gd  to 2s  6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz.,  isGd  to 28  6d 
Cucumbers,  each,  Is  to  3b 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  Gd  to  Is  5d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  to  Is  Gd 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  lb  6d 
Oiiionrt.p.  bunch,  2ii  to  4d 

—  Spaniuh,  p.doz.,  1  h'ld  to  3h 
Endive,  per  Bcoro,  Ifi  to  2k  Gd 


VEGETABLES. 


Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2s  to  6s 
Oranges,  per  dox..  Is  to  Is  Gd 

—  perlOO,  3s  6d  lo  lOs 

—  Seville,  perdoz.,  Is  to  3s 
Lemons,  per  doz,,  la  to  'in 
Nuts,  Barcelona, p.  b8h,20sto22B 

—  Brazil,  p,  bsh.,  L2s  to  14 e 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  80d  to  luOa 


Beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  23 
Parsnips,  perdoz.,  4d  to  Is 
LeekH,  per  bunch,  id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  SdtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  Is 
Raiiiahes.  perdoz.,  Is  6d  to  2a 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun  n., lid  to  3d 
liorseRadisb, p.  bundle,  Is  to  4 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  la  3d 

—     per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.sieve,]a3iUo  IsGd 
Artichokes,  Jerus.,do.,Sd  lo  lo 
Funnel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
rhyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
ParBloy,,por  doz.  bun.,  28  to  38 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  Gd 
llasll,  p.  bunch,  3d  to4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  8d  to  4d 
W  at(TcrHBH,p,l2bunoli3.fld  tola 


POTATOES.— ^ioUTuwAttK,  Monday,  March  15. 
The  comiiilMec  report  that  duriiiff  the  past  week  'ho  arrivals 
coaBtwiaeiind  by  rail  have  been  considerable,  andtnide  very  dull. 
The  following  are  thin  da>*H  quotutioiis  :— York  HeK<;uifl.  GO-. 
to  80». ;  aciilch  do  ,  COit  to  7()b.;  Perth  and  ForfarHhirc  Cups, 
flOit.  toOOu.;  Fifeshire  do.,  COn.  toGOs.;  Cfunbridgo  and  Wlaboach, 
&0».  to  6S8,  ;  Kout  ami  Ennex.  Giih.  ro  Ibn, 

HAY.— Per  Loud  "I  WG  Trussos. 
Smitupiixd,  March  18. 

Prim*  ?«fOfl(low  Hay   IZn  lo  7Gi     Clover      75h  to  fiyi 

Inforlordltto C'(        «7    I  2d  cut       00        75 

Rowei 00        (J3      Straw      '^''^        30 

New  Hay      —       —   I  j.CoopEn. 


CDUBERLiND  Mabekt,  March  IS. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  758  to  80s  J  Inferior C5«  to  72« 

*  60         70       New  Clover    _        _ 

78        7i    r''*'       -     V"     "'     2^         ^^ 

'•*       °*    '  Joshua  Baseb, 

Whitechapel,  March  J8, 


Inferior  ditto,.. 
New  Hay 
Old  Clover 


70a  to  76b 


55 
25 


Old  Clover 
Inferior  ditto 
New  Clover    ... 
Inferior  ditto... 


Fine  Old  Hay 
■^ew  Hay 
Inferior  ditto,,. 
Straw      

COAL  MARKET.-Fbidat   March  19 

Eden    Main,    148.    6d. ;  Wallsend   Riddell     139 '. 

Haswell,  IGs.    91.;     Wallsend    Hetton     159     ed" '• 

Lambton,    159.  3d. ;    Wallsend  Stewarts,   15^    6d  •' 

Tees,  15b,  6d.— Ships  at  market.  177.  '        *' 


80d  to  88= 
63        76 


Wallsend 
Wallsend 
Wallsend 


HOPS.— FaiDAT,  March  19. 

Messrs.  Pattenden  and    Smith   report   there   eontinuea    n. 
steady  demand  for  all  sorts,  at  firm  prices. 

Mid  dt  East  Rents  IZOa  to  2108  |  Sussex      ...  1159  to  12fiH 

Weald  Keats     ...  120h  to  147a  \  Yearlings  ...        ."     soa  to  llnl 

Old  Hops,  20a.  to  409. 

WOOL. 

BrIDfobd,  THnssDAT,  March  18.— The  inquiry  for  moat  de- 
scriptions of  English  wool  has  continued  languid  during  the 
current  week,  and  we  are  not  able  to  report  any  increase  of 
cheerfulness  io  the  general  tone  of  the  market.  Prices  range 
however,  comparatively  firm,  and  this  must  he  ascribed  chiefly 
to  the  lightness  of  stocks  both  here  and  in  the  country.  TheBe- 
do  not  seem  likely  to  increase,  as  the  quantity  coming  forward 
is  unusually  limited,  even  for  this  season  of  the  year.  The 
anomaly  of  higher  prices  being  quoted  by  (and  in  some  in- 
stances conceded  toj  the  growers  for  the  little  wool  held  by 
them,  than  the  rates  actually  realised  here,  still  prevails  to  a 
small  extent,  but  the  general  disposition  seems  to  be  to  hold  off 
entirely,  and  wait  the  result  of  a  week  or  two  longer,  Noila 
and  brokes  being  of  diminished  production  are  readily  moved 
off  at  full  rates. 


SMITHFIELD,  Monday,  March  15. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  ia  large,  and  although  the  demand  is 
considerable,  the  quantity  causes  a  reduction  in  price.  There 
are  also  rather  more  Sheep.  A  few  choice  Downs  are  readily 
sold  at  late  prices  ;  but  for  all  other  kinds  our  quotations  are 
with  difficulty  realised.  The  number  of  Calves  ia  not  large, 
but  the  demand  is  so  small,  that  a  reduction  of  about  4d.  per- 
8  lbs.  is  generally  submitted  to.  From  Germany  anil  Holland 
there  are  387  Beasts,  8g0  Sheep,  and  105  Calves  ;  from  Scotland, 
600  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2400  ;  and  200  from  the 
northern  and  midland  counties 


3    d 


4  to  3  6 
2  —  3  4 
4  — 2  10 


0  —  4     4 


Per  Bt.  of  8  lbs.— B 

d      B 

A 

Best  Long-wools  .  8 

6  to  8 

S 

Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  <t  2d  quality  2 

8-3 

2 

Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0 

0  —  0 

0 

Calves      2 

8—4 

0 

Pics          2 

8-3 

S 

Per  St.  of  8  lbs. — e 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c,  ...  3 
BestShort-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs   and 

Half-bredB      ...  4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Beasts,  4129;  Sheep  and  Lambs  22,770 ;  Calves,  141 ;  Pigs,  360. 
Fbidat,  March  19. 

There  is  but  a  small  number  of  Beasts  on  ofFer  to-day  ;  how- 
ever, the  large  supply  of  Monday  last,  and  full  dead  markets, 
cause  a  very  limited  demand.  Our  prices  are  not  at  all  im- 
proved ;  indeed,  a  clearance  cannot  be  effected.  Sheep  are- 
fully  as  plentiful  as  of  late  ;  tbere  is  very  little  trade  for  them, 
and  Monday's  quotations  with  difficulty  obtained.  Good 
Calves  are  not  numerous  ;  however,  it  is  difficult  to  advance" 
prices  ;  middling  ones  are  very  unsaleable.  From  Germany 
and  Holland  we  have  Sti  Beasts,  180  Sheep,  and  89  Calves; 
from  Spain,  250  Sheep  ;  from  Scotland,  50  Beasts  ;  from  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk,  200  ;  and  135  Milch  Cows  from  home  counties. 
MARK  LANE. 

Monday,  March  15. — Although  the  supply  of  Enjliah  Wheal 
at  market  this  morninc  was  Hgnio  small  ;  the  millern,  how- 
ever,  having  a  very  limited  sale  for  Flour,  were  indifferent 
buyers,  and  a  reducaon  of  Is.  per  qr.  had  to  be  submitted  to- 
upon  all  secondary  qualities,  whilst  the  best  runs  scarcely  sold 
so  well  as  on  Monday  last.  The  business  done  io  foreign 
Wheat  was  of  quite  a  retail  description,  and  its  value  was 
nominally  the  same  as  before. — Flour  was  in  very  limited  re- 
quest, and  rather  easier  to  purchase.  -  Barley  was  in  fair 
supply,  and  disposed  of  on  the  terms  of  thia  day  Pe'onight.— 
The  receipt  of  Oats  during  the  past  week  has  been  fully  equal  to 
the  demand,  and  factors  did  not  mHnape  to  support  previous- 
currency  without  some  diflaeulty.— Beans  and  Peas  realised 
much  the  same  rates  as  before. 

pEa  Impeeial  QcARTEa. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  43—46  Red  40-42 

—      fine  selected  runs.. .ditto  46—48  Red  42—44. 

—      Talavera 46—51 

_    Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York. ..White 

—  Foreign ■av'"- 

Barley,griud.&  distil.,  26b  to298...Chev. 

Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 

Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

_    Irish  ■ Potato 

Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

Rye •■■■■ 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 248  to  27b Tick 

—  Pigeon 37    —  32...  Winds 

—  Foreign  Small 

Peas,  white.  Esses  and  Kent Boiler 

_     Maple 27a  to  308 Grej 

Maize "^lii^f 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

_    Suffolk  dittc' 

—  Foreitin per  barrel  _ 

Friday,    March  19 -The    Wheat    trade    whs  mactive    this 

morninir,  and  the  small  amount  ofhubiness  transacted  in  both 
foreien  and  English  Wheat  was  at  about  Monday  s  rates. 
-There  was  a  very  limited  sale  for  Flour  at  previous  prrces.— 
Barley  maintained  late  rates.  With  moderate  arrivals  ol  Oats,, 
holders  evinced  firmne-s,  and  the  turn  of  price  was  in  favour 
of  sellere.-Beans  and  Peas  sold  on  much  the  same  terms  as  at 
the  beginning  of  the  week.  There  was  no  alteration  la  the- 
value  of  Clover  seed  this  morning, 


37—53 
3)~35 
22—29 
19-21 
2  —24 
20— 2a 
19-22 


25—30 
30—36 
■22—3(1 
■2-34 
26—28 


Red 


Malting. 
Malting  , 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign 


Harrow  . 
Long pod 
Rpvptiaii 
Suffolk.. 
Foreign  . 
Yellow.. 

Norfolk 
Per  sacl* 


20—22 
19-22 

18— 2L 


25—30 
34-30 
J  3-25 
;13— 85 
27—84 


.84r 


iMPEKrAL 
AVEEAQES. 

Wheat. 

~a  2d 
ii    8 
42    0 
42    3 
42    7 
42  liJ 

BABIET. 

20a  8,( 
SO     7 
31     0 
30     7 
80     1 
80     B 

80     4 

OATS. 

Rye. 

?9s  7ci 

29  11 

30  6 
80    7 
82     6 
ao    C 

Beans. 

Peab. 

Fob     7 ' 

18«11J 

18  9 

19  4 
19    6 
10    4 
19    9 

19    8 

29«  0,1 
29  10 
80     2 
29  10 
80     2 
80     1 

29  10 

ns  Od 

21 

—    28 

March  G 

20    6 

—    18 

20  r 

Atrgroit.  Avor. 

42    0 

30    7 

29    7 

Ontie»  c 

o  Foreign  Oruln 

la.  Iter  quarter. 

Fluctuations  In  the  liiHt  hIx  weeks'  Avurugcs. 

PKIOEB. 

Teu.     7. 

Feu    14. 

Fed.  21. 

Feii.  28 

MAK.    ,6 

Maii.18. 

'I2.10.i 

..■ 

...    r 



42     0 

...      c 

___-. 

... 

... 

M     8 

...    r 

... 

■12     7 

...  1 

_:'ii 

42     8 

41     2  - 

... 

... 

190 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[March.  20, 


each. 

£.  s. 

d. 

6  by  4,  Ci  by  4*     . 

..     0  13 

0 

7  by  5,  7*  by  5i     . 

..     0  .5 

0 

8  by  5,  8   bvEJ    . 

..     0  15 

U 

8  by  6,  8J  by  o 

..     0  17 

(! 

9  by  7,  lu  by  8 

.,10 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 
GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    ETC. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS  AM)  CO.  beg  to  hand  in  their 
prices  of  SUEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  iu  Pjines  not  Packed  itt  Boxes  of  100  feet 
above  40  incbes  Iodk. 

16  0Z8 3<J-    to34i2. 

21  do 8.id.  to  5U 

26  do 5d.    toVJci. 

In  Oratea  of  300  ft,,  IS  oe9. 
to  the  foot,  2|(i.  per  foot.  1  ... 

FORBISN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  qualit.y,  packed 
in  cases  of  2U0  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  20  to  44  bj 
80  inches,  at  383.,  40«  ,  to  42s.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  Is.  to  6s,  each,  Propsgating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Oamoy's  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICDLTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Without,         _  ^^^ 

GLASS. 

THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  eu[>erlor  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  bi>xes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    64  by  4J      133,  OcJ. 

7  „  Sand    7.i  by  6|       16     0 

8  ,,         Sand    8    by  S.t      15    0 

8  „         Caud    8,J  by  64      17    6 

9  7  and  10    by  3        20    0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizeri,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  conlaiiiicg  larse  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s,  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  i  in. thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot. 

„        „        35     Sd.        „ 

„        60     Hd.      „ 

"        ,,        75      12(2. 

Milk  Pans,  23,  to  fis.  each  ;  iletal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagaliog,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bisbopsgate. 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway.^ 
Established  100  years,  


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  IG-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  fid. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usunl  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  p:icked  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Es'imates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLftLES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co,,  35,  Sobo-square,  London. 

See  Oardajcrs'  ChrOHidc  first  Saturday  in  each  month, 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    Vi^ATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  6x  Hot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  ii.ing*s-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatories, Pits,  &c..  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economicall,  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  anti  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  tine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  iu  pots 
from  eyep,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings ; 
also  Catfilogues  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. — ,T.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


KOYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


'P'      DENCH,   PATENT    HOTHOUSE    WORKS, 

-8— ^  *  Kinq's-eoad,  Cbelsea.  —The  superior  qualities  in  every 
reepefit  of  these  Structures  haTing  been  proved  in  all  parte  of 
tho  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  hae  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  roachinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothoupcs,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  rtquire  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  G  ins.  long,  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  )iU.  Gs.  8d.  • 
Sift.  6  ins.  long.,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  30i.  13s.  8d. ;  28  ft.  Gins.' 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
themost  approved  and    conomical  principles. 

Patent  S^ahes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  Id.  and  8c?.  per 
fuot,super,  ^ 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  tb  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  bo  made  available. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Biiildeh,  Claremont- 
Place,  Old  Kent-eoad,  has  2U0  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  all  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  made  of  well  seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to. all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  England. 


FLOWER  POTS!  FLOWER  POTS  I  FLOWER  POTS! 
pHARLES  PHILLIPS'S  Flower- Pots  were  dis- 
^^  tinguished  above-all  others  shown  at  the  Uo\  al  E.\hibition 
of  1851.  They  received  "Honourable  Mention"  by  the  Jury, 
Class  27  ;  and  were  deemed  hj  tho  variouc  n.nnipetent  persons 
who  examined  them  to  be  superior  to  any  Bubmicted  for  the 
world's  inspection  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  They  are  patronised 
at  the  Royal  Gardens,  both  at  Windsor  and  Kew,  and  by  the 
principal  Nurserymen  throughout  the  Western,  Southern,  and 
Midland  Counties  of  England  ;  are  extensively  used  in  Ireland 
and  Wales,  and  may  be  seen  at  almost  every  Nursery  between 
Plymouth  and  London. 

All  orders  for  the  above  Goods  will  be  promptly  forwarded, 
Cabbiaoe  Feee,  to  any  Railway  Station  within  15u  miles  of  the 
Manufactory,  either  in  dozens,  casts,  hundreds,  or  thousands. 

C.  P.'s  Pots  are  warranted  to  retain  their  colour  longer  than 
any  other  manufactured. 

CLEAR  INSIDE   DIAUEXEB. 


No. 

1  ... 

2  ... 
3 

Ins. 

::::;  ^1 

2^ 

No. 
G     ... 

7  ... 

8  ... 

9  . 

Ins. 

:;:;;  ^! 

H 

...     7 

No. 

n    ... 

12 

Ins. 

8} 

.  ...     9* 

16 

Ins 
1 

17     ... 

....     1 

13     ... 

.....  U 

18     ... 

1 

i 

5* 

It     .  . 
15     ... 

...  .  12i 
U 

19     ... 

2 

6     ... 

4 

10     ... 

8 

20     ... 

2 

Every  description  of  Red  Ware,  Sewerage  Piping,  Closet 
Pans,  Chimney-pots,  Land  Drain  Pipes,  Seakale-pots,  Vases, 
Tiles,  Bricks,  &c. 

Pbillips's  Price  List  and  Weston-Super-Mare  Almanac  and 
Guide  for  1852,  forwarded  to  any  party  who  may  desire  it,  on 
receipt  of  a  postage  stamp. 

Manufactory,  Locking  Road,  Weston-Super-Mare,  Somerset. 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTRY 
NETTING,-5d.  per  running  yard ; 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  I^ot  Galvanised. 

24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard,        ...        5d.  per  yard,, 
30  in.     „       2  in.     „         9d.        „  ...         6Jd.         „ 

3t}  in.    ,,      2  in.    ,,      lO^d.      ,,  ...        7id.        ,, 

48  in.    „■     2  in.    „      Is.  2d.    „  ...      lOd.         „ 

•  Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable;  appearance,  and  ac- 
linowlediied  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
eyer  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high. 
Is.  Gd.  and  2s.  3d,  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing. 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  CataloL'uea  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fos.,  Ctty  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  G  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


FARM  TO  LET,  ou  very  advantageous  terms — on 
lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  300  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  t;ood  market, 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  OQSces  are  allia 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low  ;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  right;  Game  not  strictly  preserved.  About  60  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  he  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  treating  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle,  at  the  Office,  5,  Upper  Weliinf.to  i-street,  Strand, 
London. 


C^  LAHEE  AND  CO.j  Estate  aud  House  Agents, 
-^  •  Land  Surveyors  and  Valuers,  Agents  at  the  West-end 
for  the  Legal  and  Commercial  Fire  and  Life  Assurance  So- 
ciety, No.  93,  Piccadilly,  four  doors  west  of  Cambridge-house, 
hey;  mofit  respectfully  to  call  attention  to  their  OfBce  for  the 
REGISTER  of  PROl'ERTY  for  SALE  and  LETTING. 
Owners  of  Property  for  Disposal  and  of  Town  and  Country 
Houses  to  be  Let,  Furniebed,  for  the  coming  season,  are  re- 
quested to  forward  them  particulars,  for  the  registry  of  which 
uo  charge  is  made.  At  the  request  of  Mr.  Lahee,  of  Bond- 
street,  they  beg  leave  tn  tsay  that  their  business  is  entirely  diB- 
conotctfd  from  that  so  lonu  carried  on  by  him. — 98,  Piccadilly, 


TO  MARKET-GARDENERS,  HOTEL-KEEPERS, 
AND  OTHERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  at  Twickenham,  near  the  Railway 
station,  the  large,  well-stoclied,  and  productive  GARDEN 
of  the  late  Sir  Jonathan  Wathen  Waller.  It  embraces 
upwards  of  3  acres,  has  four  Graperies,  and  a  range  of  Pine 
Pits,  all  in  perfect  order,  and  the  walls  extend  upwards  of 
1500  feet.  There  is  on  the  ground  a  commodious  COTTAGE, 
containing  10  rooms  in  excellent  repair,  and  fifed  up  with 
Water-closets,  and  other  comfortable  conveniences,  having 
been  occupied  as  summer  lodyings  for  the  family  of  the  late 
proprietor.  At  present  the  whole  ground  is  under  crop.  Rent,  . 
includiog  Cottage  and  Out-buildings,  75i.  per  annum, — Apply 
to  jAiiEit  Clahk,  24,  Billiter-sireet,  Lon^don. 

T^"0  N'OBLEMEN'AND  GENTLEMEN.— a  mamed 
Man,  aged  30,  of  liberal  educaiion,  pussesaing  a  practical 
knowledge  of  modern  Agriculture,  Chemistry,  Land  Surveying, 
&c.,  is  desirous  of  employment.  He  has  had  couch  experience 
in  laying  down  land  to  permanent  pasture,  with  the  natural 
Graoses,  on  every  variety  of  soil  and  situation.  Employment 
being  the  principal  object,  only  a  moderate  salary  will  be  re- 
quired.—Direct  to  C.  E.  M.,  Post-office,  Peckham,  Surrey. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 
7d  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan- 

Japanned 

ised. 

Iron. 

7d,  peryd. 

Sd.peryd, 

9       >. 

64      » 

12        „ 

9        .. 

8 

10        ,, 

8        „ 

u 

11        .. 

2.inch  mesh,  light,  24  incheii  wide 

2-'inch     ,,      strong  ,, 

2.incli     ,,      extra  strong  ,, 
Ig-inch     ,,      light  ,, 

1^-inch     ,,     strong  ,, 

15-inch      ,.       extrastrong    ,,  .  .. 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth .  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  postfree. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivei-ed  free  of  expense  in  London,  reter- 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. ^^^^^_^^..^___ 

TERRA  COTTA  VASES,  TAZZAS,  FLOWER 
TRAYS,  FIGURES,  &c.,  manufacturLd  by  T.  M.  Blash- 
FiELD,  Mill  Wall,  Poplar,  and  sold  at  No.  1  Wharf,  Praed- 
street,  Paddington.  These  Vases,  &c.,  are  of  a  light  stone 
colour,  and  are  carefully  modelled  and  burnt,  and  warranted 
to  stano  heat  and  frost ;  and  this  Terra  Cottais  the  only  mate- 
rial for  such  works  which  does  not  sustain  injury  from,  smoke 
and  sulphurous  gases^ 


GLASS    ENAMEL,   OR    IRON    COATED  WhTH 
GLASS. 

TO  GOVERNORS  OF  HOSPITALS,  WORK- 
HOUSES, ARCHITECTS,  BUILDERS,  AGRICUL- 
TURISTS, HORTICULTURISTS,  and  the  FARMING  IN- 
TEREST generally.— It  has  long  been  a  great  desideratum  to 
obtain  an  article  that  would  resist  the  action  of  acids,  the 
changes  of  temperature,  and  the  destructive  effects  of  rust. 
This  at  length  (after  repeated  attempt-^)  has  been  effected  in 
an  extraordinary  decree,  by  that  beautiful  and  newly-invented 
process  of  COATING  OR  ENAMELLING  WROUGHT-IRON 
WITH  GLASS,  combining  at  one  and  tho  same  time 
STRENGTH  AND    PDRITT.  . 

Among  the  articles  which  may  be  enumerated  as  havmg 
been  already  prepared  by  this  useful  invention  are  the  follow- 
ing :— Wrought-iron  Tubes,  from  ^  inch  to  7  inches  diameter, 
superseding  copper,  lead,  and  earthenware  ;  Culinary  and  other 
Domestic  Utensils  in  great  variety,  Dairy  Pans  and  Ladles, 
Scoops,  Cisterns,  Baths,  Water  Closets,  Pumps,  Hot  and  Cold 
Water  Circulating  Pipes,  Ornamental  Gas  Piping  in  Colours, 
Plain  and  Corrugated  Roofing  and  other  articles,  too  numerous 
to  mention.  The  Colours  which  the  Patentees  have  already  been 
able  to  attain  are  white,  iron  grey,  French  grey,  Royal  purple, 
green,  and  their  various  shades,  hut  they  are  in  hopes,  by  the 
researches  of  chemistry  and  the  experiments  which  are  con- 
tinually being  made,  of  shortly  adding  to  the  number. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained,  by  applying  to  the 
undersigned,  who  will  be  glad  to  execute  all  orders  that  may 
be  intiusted  to  them  with  the  u'most  deepatch. 

Leonabd  Coopee  &  Co., 
Agents  to  the  Patentees,  Hi  Cooper-atreet,  and  1,  Bond-street, 

Manchester.* 

WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  W^ALLS. 
—The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  bo  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained:—Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  ic,  Chel- 
sea  ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserjmen,  Pine-appIe. 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &<:., 
Fulhim,  London ;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  ic^  Chia. 
wick  London  ;  Messrs.  Teitch  and  Son,  Nurserjmen,  Exeter : 
Messrs.  Biclison,  Nurserymen,  Chester  ;  Messrs,  Lawson  and 
Sons.  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn, 
bull  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'lntosh,  T.R.S.,  Oardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
eardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford, 
shire  ■  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea  ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the  heat  principle.    Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron, 


12— 1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


191 


ROYAL  AGRICULTUEAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND 

ANtMUAL    COUNTRY     MEETING     OF     1852, 

EOH    THE    SOUTH-EASTERN    DISTRICT,    COMPRISIKG    THE     COUNTIES     OF    KENT,     SURREY,    AND    SUSSEX 

To  Ibe  Held  at  la^WISS,  m  the  W^eek  commenciBg  MOMBAY,  the  lath  ©f  JUiaY. 


FORMS  OF  CERTIFICATE  to  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  12,  Han  over- square,  London.     All  Certificates  for  the  Entry  of  Implements  and  the  snace 
required  for  their  Exhibition  in  the  Show-Yard  must  be  returned,  filled  up,  to  the  tiecvetary,  on  or  before  the  FIRST  OF  MAY,  and  all  other  Certificatea  by  the  FIRST  OF  JUMP    th 


Coancil  hariDg  decided  that  in  no  case  Tvhatever  shall  auy  Eatrj  be  received  after  those  dates  respectively. 


1  FIRST  OF  JUNE,  the 


PRIZES     FOR     liVlPROViNG     THE     BREEDS     OF    AGRSOULTURAL     LIVE     STOCKs 

OPEN  TO  GENERAL  COMPETITION. 

MEMBERS  HAVE  THE  PEIVILEGE  OF  A  FREE  ENTRY;  AND  NON-SUBSCUIBERS  ARE  ALLOWED  TO  GOUPETE,  ON  THE  PAYMENT  OF  IO3.  ON  EACH  CERTIFICATE 
In, the  application  for  Certificate?,  the  character  and  age  of  the  Animals  to  be  Exhibted  must  be  stated  ;  and  iu  order  that  the  proper  Forms  of  Certificate  may  be  seat,  it  is  requested 


that  in  each  case  the  Number  of  the  Certificate  Form,  corresponding  to  the  Prize  to  be  competed  for,  may  also  be  stated. 


No.  of 

Certi- 
ficate 
Form. 


1 


CATTLE. 

SHORT-HORNS. 
Class. 

1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,  not  exceeding  five 
years  old,  calved  previously  to  the  1st  of  January, 
1S50.     iOl. 
To  ihe  owner  of  the  second  best    ditto    ditto.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,  calved  since  the  Ist  of 

January,  1850,  and  more  than  one  year  old,     25i. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  beat    ditto    ditto.    151. 
To  the  owner  of  the  beat  Cow,  in  milk  or  in  calf.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best    ditto    ditto.    lOL 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Heifer,  in  milli  or  in  calf, 

no*,  exceedinf?  three  years  old.     151, 
To  the  owner  of  the  eecond  beat    ditto    ditto.    101. 
(In  the  case  of  the  Cow  or  Heifer,  to  which 
either  of  these  prizes  is  awardt^d,  being  in 
calf,  and  not  in  milk,  the  prize  will  not  be 
given  until  she  is  certified  to  have  produced  a 
livs  calf.) 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Yearling  Heifer.     IQl. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best    dicto.    51. 

HEREFOUDS. 
1,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,  not  exceeding  five 
years  old,  calved  previously  to  the  1st  of  January, 
1850.    iOl 
To  the  ownerof  the  second  beat    ditto    ditto.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,  calved  since  the  1st  of 

January,  1850,  and  more  than  one  year  old.     251. 
To  the  ownerof  the  second  beat     ditto     ditto.     15J. 

3.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cow,  in  milk  or  in  calf.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best    ditto    ditto.    101. 

4.  To  the  owner  of  the  beat  Heifer,  in  milk  or  in  calf, 

not  exceeding  three  years  old.     151. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best     ditto     ditto.     101. 
(In  the  case  of  the  Cow  or  "Heifer,  to  which 
either  of  these  prizes  is  awarded,   being  in 
c^lf,  and  not  in  milk,  the  prize  will  not  be 
given  until  she  is  certified  to  have  produced  a 
live  calf,) 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Yearling  Heifer.    10/, 
To  the  on'uer  of  the  second  best    ditto,   SI. 

DEVONS. 

To  the  owner  of  the   beat  Bull,  not  exceeding  five 
years  old.  calved  previously  to  the  let  of  January, 
1850.     40C. 
To  the  ovpner  of  the  second  bast    ditto    ditto.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  beat  Bull,  calved  since  the  1st  of 

J.inuary,  1850,  and  more  than  one  year  old.    261. 

To  the  owner  of  the  second  bast    ditto    ditto,    lol. 

.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cow.in  milk  or  in  calf.    201. 

To  the  owner  of  the  second  beat   ditto    dicto.    10?. 

To  ihe  owner  of  the  best  Heifer,  in  milk  or  in  calf, 

n't  exceeding  three  years  old.     15J. 
To  the  ownerof  the  second  best     ditto     ditto.     101, 
(la  the  case  of  the  Cow  or  Heifer,  to  which  either 
of  these  prizes  is  awarded,  being  in  calf  and 
not  in  milk,  the  prize  will  not  be  given  until 
she  is  certified  to  have  produced  a  live  calf.) 
,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Yearliqp  Heifer.    lU. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto,    51, 

SUSSEX  BREED. 
,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,   not  exceeding  five 
years  old.  calved  previously  to  the  1st  of  January, 
1850.     201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.    101, 
.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,  calved  since  the  Ist 
of  January,  1S50,  and  more  than  one  year  old.    101. 


No.  of 
Certi- 

ficaie 
Form. 


CA'STh'E.— Continued. 

Class 

■i.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cow  in  milk  or  in  calf.    lOE. 

To  the  owner  of  the  second  beat  ditto  ditto.     51. 
i.  To  th6o«ner  of  thebest  Heifer,  in  milk  or  in  calf,  not 
exceeding  three  years  old.     101. 

(In  the  caaeol  the  Covv  or  Heifer, to  which  either 

of  these  prizes  is  awarded,  being  in  calf,  and 

not  in  milk,  the  prize  will  not  be  given  until 

she  is  certified  to  have  produced  a  live  calf.) 

5.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Yearling  Heifer.    51. 

OTHER  BREEDS. 

NOT   BEING  SHOKT-HOENS,   HEREFoBDS,  DEV0N8,  OR  SnSSEX 
BREED.     (CaoSS-BEED    ANIMALS    WILL   BE    EXCLUDED.) 

1.  To  the   owner  of  the  best  Bull,  not  exceeding  five 

years  old.  calved  previously  to  the  1st  of  January, 
1850.     101. 

2.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Bull,  calved  since  the  Ist 
of  January,  1850,  and  more  than  one  year  old.     10(. 

3.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cow.  in  railkorin  calf.     101. 
1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Heifer,  in  milk  or  in  calf, 

not  exceeding  three  years  old.     61. 

(In  the  case  of  the  Cow  or  Heifer,  to  which 
either  of  these  prizes  is  awarded,  being  in 
calf,  and  not  in  milk,  the  prize  will  not  be 
given  until  she  is  certified  to  have  produced  a 
live  calf.) 
5,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Yearling  Heifer.    51, 

HORSSS. 

To  the  owner  of  the  best  Stallion  for  Agricultural 
purposes,  foaled  previously  to  the  Ist  of  January, 
1S50.     30J. 

To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto  ditto.    15E, 

To  the  owner  of  the  best  Stallion  for  Agricultural 
purposes,  foaled  since  the  1st  of  January,  1850.   201. 

To  the  owner  of  the  secnd  best  ditto  ditto.    lOi. 

3.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Roadster  Stallion.     151. 

4.  To  the  owner  of  the  beat  Mare  and  Foal  for  Agricul- 

tural purposes.     201. 
To  Ibe  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto  ditto.     lOZ. 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  two  years  old  Filly,  ditto.  151, 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto  ditto.    5i. 

S  H  E   E3  P. 

LEICESTERS. 

To  the  owner  of  the  best  Shearling  Ram.     SOI. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.     15J. 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Ram  of  any  other  age.     SOI. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.     151. 
,  To  the  owner  of  the  beet  Fen  of  Five  Shearling  Ewes 
of  the  same  flock.     20L 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto  ditto.    10^. 

SOUTHDOWN,  OR  OTHER  SHORT- 
WOOLLED  SHEEP, 

1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Shearling  Ram.    301. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  be&t  ditto.     151. 

2.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Ram  of  any  other  age.     301. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.     151. 

3.  To  the'  owner  of  the  best  Pen  of  Five  Shearling  Ewes 

of  the  same  flock.     'lOl. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    lOJ, 

LONG-WOOLED  SHEEP, 
(not  qualified  to  compete  as  leicesteks.) 
1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Shearling  Ram.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.    101. 


No.  of 
Certi- 
ficate 
Form, 


SREEP.—Contimted. 
Class 

2.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Ram  of  any  other  age,    201, 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.    101. 

3.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  fen  of  Five  Shearliog  Ewes, 

of  the  same  flock.    lOl. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    51, 
ROMNEY  MARSH,  OR  KENTISH  SHEEP. 
1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Ram  of  any  age.    201. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto.    lOi. 
To  the  owner  of  the   best  Pen  of  Five   four-toothed 

Ewes  with  their  Lambs,    loj. 
To  the  owner  of  the  best  Pen  of  Five  Ewes  of  any  age.  10?. 

PIGS. 

1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Boar  of  a  large  breed.    15i 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    5^ 

2.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Boar  of  a  small  breed,    lol. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto,    51. 

3.  Tq  the  owner  of  the  best  Breeding  Sow  of  a  large 
breed.     10(, 

4.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Breeding  Sow  of  a  small 
breed.     101. 

5.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Pen  of  Three  Breeding  Sow 
Pigs  of  a  large  breed,  of  the  same  litter,  above  four 
and  under  eight  months  old.    101. 

G.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Pen  of  Three  Breeding  Sow 
Pigs  of  a  smriU  Ijreed,  of  the  same  litter,  above  four 
and  under  eight  months  old.    101. 

POULTRY. 

FOWLS. 

1,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cock  and  Two  Hens  of  the 

Dorking  {white,  speckled,  and  grey),  Surrey,  or  old 

Susses  or  Kent  Breed.     51. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    St, 
To  the  owner  of  the  third  best  ditto    ditto.    21. 

2,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cock  and  Two  Hens  of  the 

Malay,  Cochin  China,  or  other  Asiatic  breed.    SI. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    2L. 
i.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cock  and  Two  Hens  of  the 
Spanish,  Hamburgh  or  Polish  breed.    3i. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto     ditto.     21. 
4,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cock  and  Two  Hens  of  any 
other  pure  breed.    31. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    21. 

3,  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cock  and  Two  Hens  of  any 

mixed  breed.    31.  / 

To  the  ownisr  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto,    2t. 

TURKEYS. 

I.  To  the    owner    of   the    best  Cock    and    Two    Hen 

Turkeys.    4L 

To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    21. 

GEESE. 

U  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Gander  and  Two  Geese.    31, 

To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    2!. 

DUCKS. 

I.  To  the  owner  of  the  beat  Drake  and  Two  Ducks  of  the 

Aylesbury  or  any  other  white  variety.     21. 
'    To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    II. 
?.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Drake  and  Two  Ducks  of 
any  other  good  variety.    21. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    11, 

GUINEA  FOWUS. 
1.  To  the  owner  of  the  best  Cock  and  Two  Hen  Guinea 
Fowls.    21. 
To  the  owner  of  the  second  best  ditto    ditto.    11. 


PRIZES     FOR    AGRICULTURAL     IMPLEMENTS    AND     MACHINERY. 

The  Prizes  are  open  to  General  Competition.    Members  of  the  Society  have  the  privilege  of  a  Free  Entry;  and  Non-Subscribers  are  allowed  to  compete  on  the  payment  of  5d.  on  each  Certificate. 
Forma  of  Certificate  to  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Secretarj,  12,  Hanover-square,  London.     All  Certificatea  for  the  Entry  of  Implements,  &c.,  will  be  required  to  state  tnetoiai 
nnmber  of  Erticles  entered  to  be  aUown  by  each  Exhibitor,  and  the  space  required  for  their  exhibition  ;  and  must  be  returned,  filled  up,  to  the  Secretary,  on  or  before  the  isT  of  mat,  xooi  , 
the  Council  baring  decided,  that  in  no  case  whatever  shall  any  such  Certificate  of  Implements  be  received  after  that  date. 


11. 


101. 


5o.  pf 
Prize. 

1.  Jor  the  PI(Ri;;h.best  adapted  for  general  purpoaea.    71. 

2.  Tor  Uo  ftjugh  beat  adapted  for  Deep  Ploughing.    11. 

3.  For  the  beit  One-way  or  Turn-wrest  Plough. 

4.  Por  the  bt^c  PariDg  Plouicb.     5i. 

5.  For  the  best  8ub*oil  PuiverJBer.    51. 
<J,  For  the  belt  Drill  for  general  purposea.    101. 

7,  For  the  be*t  Stcerane  Corn  and  Turnip  Drill. 

8.  For  the  beit  Di-ili  for  ffmall  occupations,    hi. 
8.  For  the  bo-^t  and  moit  economical  small  occupation  Sted 

andil^iQurc  Drill  for  flat  or  ridged  work,     CI. 

10.  For  the  bent  Turnip  Drill  on  the  flat.    l\)l. 

11.  For  the  be<t  Turnip  Drill  ori  the  rld^a.     lot. 

12.  For  .M»e.   bc*t    Drop    Dril),    fur    depositing    accd     and 

manore.    Mil. 

13.  For  ifco  bfl^t  Manure  DiAtrlbotor.    U. 

H,  For  the  b«at  Portable  ^tcani-Knijinc,  not  cxccedinK  C-borse 

power,  applicable  to   Thrcfcbijag  or  other  Agricultural 

parpiMBi.    iO/. 
Forcha  »o;on'lbeit  ditto  ditto.    201. 
15.  For  the  bc«t  Fitfl  Stcam-Enginc,  not  txccedtng  S-horse 

po««r,  opplicdblc  to  Thrcsbiog  or  other  Agricultural 

parp>j»ci>i.    201. 

For  the  iccoimI  bett  ditto  ditto.    \0l. 


No.  of  PRIZES. 

Prize. 

16.  For  the  best  Portable  Threshing  Machine,  not  exceeding 

2.boree  power,  for  small  occupations.     101. 

17.  For  the  best  Portable  Threshing  Machine,  not  exceeding 

G-horfie  power,  for  larger  occupations.     201. 

18.  For  the  best  Portable  Threshing  jAfaohine,  not  exooeding 

C  horse  power,  with  Shaker  and  Riddle  ;  to  be  driven  by 
Btcam.     2'ii. 

19.  For  the   best  Fixed  Threshing    Machino,  not    exceeding 

C-horse  power,  with  Straw-Shaker,  Riddle,  and  Win- 
nower, that  will  best  prepare  the  Corn  for  tho  finishing 
dresfting  mnchlnc  ;  to  be  diiven  by  hteam.     20t, 

20.  For  tho  bi^st  Ci)rn  Dressing  Machine.     lOt. 

21.  For  the  best  Grinding   Mill  for  breaking  agricultural  pro- 

duce into  fine  meal.     1*1^ 

22.  For  the  best  LltiHr;ud  and  Corn  Crusher.    51. 

23.  For  the  host  Chuff  Cutter,  to  be  worked  by  horse  or  steam 

power.     lOi, 

24.  For    tho    best    Chaff   Cutter,     to    bo    worked    by    hand 

power.    H. 

25.  For  lh«  best  Turnip  Cutter.    U. 

20,  For    the    bcht    Oilcake    Breaker    for     every    variety     of 

cnuo.    51. 
27.  For  tho  b<-'i»t  Oiio-horso  Cart  for  general  purpoaos.    101. 
'la.  ^QT  tho  bbdt  Light  Waggon  for  general  purposes.     101, 


No.  of        • 

2i>?  For  the  best  Machino  for  making  Draining  Tiles  or  Pipes 
for  agricultural  purposes.    201,  .     „     . 

For  the  best  Instruments  for  Hand-uso  m  Draipage.     31, 
For  the  best  Heavy  Harrow.    U. 
For  the  best  Light  Harrow.     5i. 

For  the  beat  Cultivator,  Grubbor,  anil  Scarilicr.     10(. 
For  the  best  Pair- Horse  Suaritier.     5!. 
For  the  iiest  Horse  Hoe  on  tho  Flat,     lOj. 
For  the  best  Horse  Hoo  on  the  Rldgo.    51. 
For  the  best  Horao  Rake.     51.  ,  „         . 

For  the  bast  Horse  Seed  Dibblor  or  Soed  Depositor,  not 
being  a  Drill.     lOl. 
30.  Far  the  best  Gorse  Bruiser.    51.  , 

40.  For  tho  best  and  most  economical  Stoamiag  Apparatus  for 

general  purposed.     51, 
■11.  For  the  best  Dynamometer,  eBpooially  applicable  to  the 

Triictlon  of  Ploughs.     51. 
12.  MiBt;eIl(ino)Ufl    Awards  and   Etaontial  Improvements,  li 

Silver  Modalp,  OBtim-ittd  at  21i, 
43.  For  the  Invention  of  any  Now  luiplomont,  Buuh  sum  as  the 

Coancil  may  think  proper  to  award- 
\\,  For  tho  biBC  Plough  to  (111  In  the  soil  cast  out  of  draipfl, 
with  not  more  than  lour  horscn,  two  nnd  two  abreast 
(ollWcd  by  11.  A.  Slanoy,  Esq.,  M.P.).    lOl. 


PttlZE  anEETS.conlalnlDfttho  LIST  OP  PHIZES  FOR  IMPLBMKNT.S,  with  tho  CondUiona  for  their  Competition  and  Ggnorul  Regulatlono  for  tbolr  Exhibition  flnd  Trial,  are  now 
t-eadr.  tiri'l  mny  b*;  'ibtolnod  on  Hppliciillon  by  pout  or  othcrwl"e  to  the  Secrctiiry,  „       .,,  .,    .     „     .,  .,  „ 

I'RIZK  .^UEKTi  FUR  LIVK  .STOCK  may  oUo  bo  obtained,  but  tho  Kuloii  for  Exhibition  of  Huch  Live  Stock  will  not  bo  finally  decided  by  i'l^Conncll  until  their  Moeting  on  tho 
7th  of  Astrii  aejttr^U,  lianofor.WjiuarL-,  London,  March  20.  jjy  Order  of  the  Council,  J AMJL-O  UUJioOiM,  fc/ecrotary. 


192 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTUR,\L     GAZETTE.   [March  20. 


GRBAT   WESTERN,    GREAT   NORTHERN,    SOUTH-WESTERN,   AND   SOUTH-EASTERN   RAILWAY 

SEED    ESTABLISHMENT,    READING,    BERKS. 

For  Supplying  Sotton's  Home-grown  Seeds,   Carriage  Free,  to  ^ny  Railway  or  Pachet  Office  in  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,   Gloucester, 
Oxford,  Exeter,  SoutJianvpton,  or  to  any  other  Station  on  the  above-named  Railways. 

NATURAL  GRASS  SEEDS,  CLOVERS,  TURNIPS,  MANGOLDS,  &c, 

GROWN  AND  SOLD  BY 

JOHN  SUTTON  AND  SONS,  SEED  GROWERS,  READING,  BERKS. 

Under  the  Patronage  and  Recommendation  of  Several  of  the  Leading  Members  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society. 


'TTAVING  various  kinds  of  Land,  situate  iu  dififerent  localities,  which  we  occupy  for  the  purpose  of  GROWING  SEEDS  TRUE  TO  THEIR  KINDS,  and  proring 
-*^  the  comparative  merits  of  each  sort,  we  are  enabled  to  supply  our  customers  with  Seeds  of  the  best  kinds  in  cultivation,  and  of  such  ijuality  as  to  prevent  disappoint- 
ment, which  system  has  gained  us  an  increasing  connection  during  iiearly  Fifty  Years. 

Extract  from  the  "Herksbire  Cheonicle,"  Decembee  4.— "la  Mewsrs.  Sottun's  Sample  Grounds  are  many  kinds  of  Swedish  Turnips,  llangold  Wurzels,  Belgium  Carrots  Kohl 
Habi,  Drumheafl  UabbHiie,  and  iither  Agricultural  Rnut«,  grown  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  merits  of  each  sort,  and  selecting  superior  stocks  for  seed."  * 

TJic  collection  of  dry  specimens  of^  agricnllural  produce,  sao'WIT  BT  ITS  AT  THE  GREAT  EXHIBITIOI7  OP  lasi,  of  which  honourable  mention  was  madein 
the  Official  Report,  was  among  the  articles  selected  hytlieRoyal  Commissioners  to  form  a  permanent  collection  ;  and  being  honoured  by  an  application  from  that  distinguished  body 
forthe  purchase  of  our  productions  for  that  purpose,  we  presented  them  gratuitously  and  received  a  highly  complimentary  letter  of  thanks  on  behalf  of  B.  R,  H.  PRXKCB 
AlbBBRT  and  the  Royal  Commission.     We  were  also  honoured  by  a  request  from  the  American  Government  for  duplicate  specimens  and  cultural  information. 

As  economy  in  everything  connected  with  Agriculture  is  quite  necessary  at  the  present  time,  we  would  respectfully  recomm,end  that  purchasers  of  Seeds  should  ie  made 
immediately,  while  the  prices  a  re  low  and  our  warehouses  full  ; 

AND  FOR  ANY  LARGE  aUANTITIES  WE  SHALL  BE  HAPPY  TO  MAKE  A  SPECIAL  CONTRACT,  IF  REaUIRED  SO  TO  DO. 


AGRICULTURAL   BEET. 

Per  lb.— 5.  d. 
NEW  LARGE  CRIMSON;  as  large  as  anymaagold,  and 

contains  50  per  cent,  more  Bacchariae  matter 2     6 

WHITE  SILESIA  SUGAR  BEET 1    6 

CARROT. 

WHITE  BELGIUM ;  the  heaviest  cropper,  and  most 
certain     0    9 

LARGE  RED  ALTEINGHAM ;  the  largest  of  the  red 
varieties 0  10 

SHORT  ORANGE  ;  for  shallow  soils  or  late  sowing     ...    1    0 

MAISTGOLD   WURZEL. 

FROM  SELECTED  BOOTS. 

TELLOWGLOBE  (orOrangeGlohe)  suitableforanysoil  0  8 

RED  GLOBE;  mi'-able  for  any  soil 0  8 

LONG  RED  ;  tViis  sort  requires  good  deep  s  lil     0  8 

LUNii  YELLOW  ;  very  similar  to  the  preceding  in  shape  0  8 

ilamgold  Wwrzd  Seed  may  ie  had  in  larger  quantities 

at  56a.  per  cwt. 

PARSNIP. 

COMMON  CATTLE        0    9 

NKW  LARGE  GDERNSET  ;  altogether  a  superior  kind, 

manv  of  the  roots  weigliing  7  lbs.  each     1    6 

SHORT  HORN  ;  very  valuable  for  shallow  or  stiff  soils, 

quite  new,  and  very  scarce  10    0 

COW    CABBAGE. 

DRUMH3AB  ;  from  fine  selected  Plants,  many  of  which 

weighed  60  lbs.  each '       8     0 

FLAT  oCOTCH.  DUTCH,  OR  DRDMHEAD        2     0 

THOUSAND  HEADED;  ver\  producrive,  tall,  branchinf;     2     0 
SMALL  EARLY  CATTLE;  this,  if  planted  18  inches 
asuuoer,  produces  a  very  beavj  crop,  and  in  a  compa- 
ratively short  time       3     6 

KOHIi      RABI. 

LARGE  GREEN  ;  Turuip-rooted  Cabbage  2     6 

LARGE  PUtlPLE  ;  araroely  so  larfje  as  the  precedinE;  ...     2     G 
There  are  many  variclie.^  of  Kohl  Sahi,  varying  mafericUJi/  in  size. 

From  them  we  select  the  above,  as  most  ivorihy  of  cultivation.       \ 


CLOVERS. 


COMMON  RED  (or  broad)  Cd, 

to  7J(i. 
WHITE  (or  Dutch)  6W.  to  M. 
MARL   (or    Cow    Grass)   GJd. 

to  ad. 
TRIFOLIDM  INCARNATOM 

M. 


TRE  FOIL  (or  Hop  Clover)  ild. 
RBI)    SUCKLING  (Trifoliiim 

Minus)  Is. 
ALSIKE       CLOVER       (very 

scarce)  2s. 
TRUE      PERENNIAL    RED 

CLOVER  9(t. 


RYE 

Per  bashel. — s. 
True  Italian  Rje  Grass  6 
Ditto    (DiclienBon's    im- 
proved)     7 

Evergreen  Rje  Grass    ...  7 


GRASS. 


Per  bushel.— 3.  d. 
Pacey's     Perennial    Rye 

Grass      6    6 

Annual  Eye  Grass  35,  6d. 

to.  5    6 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Buck  Wheat 
Spring  Vetches 

Saintfoin      

Giant  Saintfoin 
Linseed     or    Flax, 

English    

Ditto,  Riga,  imported 
St,  John's  Day  Rye 
Common  Rye 


clean 


Per  lb 
Lucerne  (fresh  imported)  s.  d 
SOs.  cwt.  0  10 
Furze,     for     fence     and 

cover,  80s.  cwt.  0  10 

Broom         0     9 

Dwarf  Rape  25.  callon  0  4 
White  Mustard  Is.  dd.  di.>.  0    3 

Burnet        0' 10 

Chicory       ...    ,      3     0 

Skinless  Chevalier  Barley,  1G5.  per  bushel,  weighing  63  lbs. 

TURNIP   SEEDS. 

After  many  years'  careful  a'tentitm  to  the  growth  of  Turnip 
Seeds,  we  are  much  gratitied  by  continuaUy  receiving  exprea- 
eions  of  great  satisfaction  from  our  customers.  The  following 
have  been  received  from  eome  of  the  largest  Turnip. eriiwers  in 
the  Kingdom  and  Londiog  MemLiKin  or  iu«  nojai  Agricultural 
Society  :  — 

Fkom  Hambledon,  near  Henlet-on-Thames.  —  "Tour 
Hj'brid  Turnips  and  Swedes  are  particularly  true  and  fine. 
You  may  mention  my  name  to  any  one  you  please  " 

From  Sdxton  Waldbon.  neak  Blandford. — "I  have  had 
the  pleasure  of  praising  your  seeds  in  many  quarters  ;  this  I 
have  done  from  a  sen-e  of  justice  only," 

Fbom  Meunst  iKE.  IIANT8.  —  "  My  Turnip  crops  are  the  ad- 
miration of  all  the  farmers  round,  especially  the  Swedes  and 
your  Pnrple-topiied  flybrid." 


TURNIP    SEEDS. —Continued. 

From  Etnsham,  near  Oifoed.— "  I  was  much  pleased  with 
your  Turnips,  and  ahall  be  a  customer  again  next  aeasoQ." 

From  Brecon. — "I  am  happy  to  tell  you  my  Turnips  are 
really  splendid," 

From  Coleshill,  near  Farinqdon,  the  Seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Radnor. — "  The  Early  Six-weeks  Turnip  I  had  of  you  won 
Mr.  Pasey's  201.  prize,  on  very  poor  clay  soil." 

From  Binfield,  Berks. — *'  I  ahall  bring  you  in  some  Swedes- 
I  have  grown  from  your  seed ;  they  certainly  are  the  finest  I 
have  ever  seen." 


lb. 
ASHCROFT,  very    large,   hardy,   and  of  quick  5.  d. 
growth,  very  rarely  suffers  from  the  fly  (yellow 
flenh  with  reddish  top)         ...         ,.,         ...  0  lO 

SKIRVING'S  LIVERPOOL;  grown  for  us  from 

seed  received  of  Mr.  Skirving       ,  0     8 

MATRON'S    PORPLB-TOPT  ;     a  fineU-formed 
Swede,  but  not  so  large  as  our  own  stock         ...    0    9 

LAlNG's  SWEDE  ;   fine        0    9 

PUKPi.E-TOPT  YELLOW    SWEDE;    (Sutton's 

fine  stock)         0  lO 

QREEN.TOPT  YELLOW  SWEDE  0    8 

D\LE'S  HYBRID        0     9 

YELLOW    BULLOCK   AND    YELLOW    ABER- 

DEEN  0    8 

POMERANIAN;  large  white  0    8 

4REEN  GLOBE;  superior  stock 0     8 

WHITE  Gr.OBE  ;  fine  large  0     8 

GRREN  ROUND  (fceptvarloty  of)  0     6 

TANKARD  ;  RED,  WHITE,  or  GREEN  ...     0     9 

YELLOW  TANKfVRD;  (or  Tankard  Swede)      ...    0  10 

NORFOLK   WHITE  :  large  -         0     6 

WtllTIi   STONE   STUBBLiB  0     6 

STTT TON'S  EARXiT  SIX  "WEEKS; 
very  early  and  large.  This  is  very  superior  to 
the  sort  commonly  sold  as  "  Six  Weeks  "  ...  0  10 
StTTTON'S  PCTRPX.S-TOPP£iZ>irE&- 
XiOUT  HVBRIB;  the  hardiest,  largest, 
and  most  nutritious  of  all  hybrid  Turnips  ...  1  0 
^irfl'COX.N'SHZRE  RED  GXiOBE  :  a 
superior  variety,  presented  to  us  by  Philip  Pusey, 
Esq.,  M.P ...    0  10 


gall. 

s.  d. 


i  6 

5  0 

1  0 

1  & 


5  0 

6  0 
5    0 


NATURAL    GE     SSES,     PERENNIAL    CLOVERS,    &c. 


The  foUowing  sorts  of  NATURAL  and  ARTIFICI 
of  them  are  contained 


Per  lb. —s. 

Achillea  millefolium  (Yarrow)     2 

Agrostie    stolonifera     (Creeping     Bent 

Grass)  ■ 1 

Ad  hoKunthum       odoratum       (Sweet 

Vt-rnal)        2 

Alopecurus    pratensis     (Meadow    Fox- 
tail      2 

Aveiia  flavescenR  (yellow  Oat  Grass)     ...  2 

Aira  cte-pitosa  {Tutted  Hair  Grass)       ...  1 

Aira  lute.'-c'^uB  (yellow  Hair  Grass)         ...  2 

Agrostis  alba  (white  Bt;nt  Grass)  ...  1 

Agrostls  caiiiua  (Dog  Bent  Grass)         ...  1 
Agrostis      vulgaris      (common       Bent 

Grass) 1 


(■Genuine  and  2'^'>-i'^'s  Seeds.) 
jtRASSES  may  be  had  separate^  at  the  low  prices  annexed  to  each. 
jssrs.  SUTTON'S  Mixtures  for  the  several  purposes  described  below  :— 


All  the  best  and  most  suitable 


Per  Ib.- 

.1.  a  Brome  Grass)... 

(Crested  Dosstail).,, 

(rouud-beaded 


Bromud  arvensi. 
Cyoosurus  crioth. 
Dactylis        glomerata 

Cocksfoot) 

Festuca  duriuscula  (hard  Fescue) 
Festuca  loliacea  (Darnel  Fescue) 
Festuca  ovina  (Sheep's  Fescue)  ... 
Fesiufa  rubra  (red  Fe'^cue) 
Festuca  pratensis  (Meadotv  Fescue) 
Festuca  elatior  (Tall  Fescue) 
Fesluca  heterophjila  (various-leaved)  . 
Festuca  tenuifolia  (fine-k-aved  Fescue), 
Giyceria  fluitaos  (floating  sweet  Grass) 
Qlyceria  aquatica  (water  sweet  Grass)., 


Per  lb. 
HoIcu3  avenaceus  (tall  Oat-like  Grass),.. 

IIolcus  lauatus  (Woolly  Graog) 

Hord'.um     bulbosum    (bulbous    Barley 

Grass)  

Li)liuna  perenne  (Perennial  Rye-grass)... 

Lolium  perenne  sempervirens       

Lolium  perenne  Pacejanum        

Lolium  perenne  Stickneyanum 

Lolium  perenne  tenue 
Lolium  italicum  (Italian  Rye-grass) 
Lotus  cornicul  itus  ( Bird's- f not  Trefoil)  . 
Medicaeo  lupuUoa  (black  Medick  Grass, 

or  yellow  Trefoil) 


Per  lb.— S.  d. 

Phleum  pratense  (Timothy)        o  10 

Poa  nervosa  (nerved  Meadow  Grass)     ...  2  0 

Poa  nemoralis  (wood  Meadow  Grass)  ...  1  G 

Poa  pratensis  (smooth  Meiidoiv  Grass),,.  1  6 

Poa  trivialis  (rough  Meadow  Grass)      ,,,  1  3 

Poa  angustifolius  (narrow-leaved)         ...  1  9 

Poa  fertilis  (fertile  Meadow  Grass)        ...  1  9 

Poa  sempervirens  (evergreen)      2  0 

Tiifolium  minus  (red  Suckling),,,          ...  1  0 
Trifolium  pratense  perenne  (Perennial 

red  Clover) 0  9 

Trifolium  repens  (white  Clover),  best   ...  0  8 

Trifolium  hybriduin  (Algike  Clover)     ...  2  0 

And  many  other  kinds. 


0  I  Milium  effusum  (Wood  Millet  Grass)    ... 
OR  AT  KEBUCBIt  PRICES  rOR  KARGE  QU.asrTZXIES. 
As  some  Agriculturists  feel  a  pleasure  m  maldng  their  ovm  selection  of  Grass  Seeds,  the  above  List  is  presented^  with  their  Marlcei  Prices,  hut  tlie  greatest  economy  and 
certainty  of  success  tvill  be'  obtained  hy  procuring  Messrs.  Sutton's  Mixtures  as  under.     In  these  Mixtures  the  large  and. small  Seeds  are  thoroughly  incorporatedi  so, 
as  to  insure  proper  combinations  of  sorts  throughout  tJte  land  sown;  butjif  it  should  be  preferred,  the  large  Seed  may  be  had  in  one  Mixture,  and  the  small  in  another 
to  be  sown  at  two  casts. 


nzixtures  for  laylnir  down  :Land  to  Permanent 
I^eadow^  or  Pasture. 

The  sorts  contained  in  these  Mixturt^s  are  grown  in  different 
]ocaH(ie8,  and  tjnthi^red  eepHratelyj  by  the  haudj-exjiresily  fur 
■this  pU'-poae,  by  which  meaus  all  nosi-ius  weeds  are  es^-luded  ; 
tbev  ci'osist  of  the  mo  t  nutritive  kinds  of  Fescues,  Pons, 
Sweat  Vernal,  Perennial  Clovers,  Loliums,  &c.,  aod  each-^rt 
beiiiL^  kept  separ'ate,  they  are  subsequently  mixt-d  in  such  sort^ 
and  proportions  as  are  most  sui  able  lO  the  soil  to  be  laid 
doMu.  The  annually  increasing  demand  ha^  enabled  us  on  a 
lax'ger  ecde  to  collect  the  Natural  Graes  Seed  at  less  expense 
than  formerly  ;  so  that  a  mixture  which  a  few  years  since,  would 
h:»vo  cost  40s.  or  SOs.  per  aire,  can  ttow  he  supplied^  for  2^'"^  to 
23s  per  acre,  according  to  the  strts  which  Ihe  soil  may  require. 
'Ilia  qtiunlit^  wo  usually  S'jpply  is  two  bushels  of  light  setdd 
auii  1:;  Ib^,  heavy  eeeds  per  acre. 

SS«»xi.nres  for  Reclaimed  Marslies  and  Heatb 
Stands. 

Miiny  acres  of  land  of  this  description  have  been  successfully 
laid  down  to  PcrinancDt  Pasture  by  us,  with  seeds  which  we 
have  f'-unl  invuriahiy  to  «hrive  on  such  soil;  and  the  cost  for 
this  purpo-'e  v.ndbebiit  22s   Qd  j^er  acre 


^/liKlure  for  laying:  down  Cbalky  or  Gravelly 
XTplands  and  Sbeep  Downs. 

For  this  purpose  Gr^iss  Seeds  aie  annually  collected  from  dry 
a^l  hilly  districts,  where  they  are  found  growing  spontaneously; 
an'l  after  many  jears'  experience,  we  can  confidently  assure 
our  friends  that  a  <700(.?  and  permanent  ^vvard  may  he  obtained 
on  aivj  upland,  from  this  mixture.     Price  28s.  per  acre. 

IKCtxtures  for  £;:aylner  down  "Water  ZUeadow^s. 

In  this  department  also  wo  have  been  very  succeneful,  many 
costomtTS  having  expressed  their  great  gratification  at  the 
tffecc  of  rhese  St.eds  ;  oneofthes",  an  eminent  Agricullurist, 
and  Aftmh  r  of  the  Council  of  the  Roi^al  Agricaltural  Society,  hus 
contributed  a  valuable  eshay  on  this  subject  which  has 
recenlly  been  published  by  that  Society  in  thpir  Journal  (vol. 
X..  part  II.,  page  462.).  Cost  of  Seed  now  reduced  to  2S$,2}erAcj-e 

I'^'lxtures    to    Xiay    dow^n    Wew    Park    Iiawns- 

For  this  purpose  mi  coarse  growintr  kinds  are  carefully 
excluded,  and  the  Svard  ^»ill  at  all  seasons  present  a  luxu- 
riant verdure  so  de-irablein  Parks  contiguous  to  the  Mansion. 
The  cost  of  Seeds  tor  this  pu  pose  will  vary  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  soil,  and  other  circumstances. 


Clovers  and  Grasses  for  Alternate  Husbandry 

Mixtures  for  one,  two,  or  three  years  Lay,  at  14s.,  IGs,, 
or  20s.  per  acre. 

Renovatlngr    IHEixtura    for    Improvingr    Old 
Pastures. 

Many  old  Upland  Pastures,  Parks,  and  Meadows,  are  nearly 
dei^titute  of  Clovers,  and  the  finer  and  m 're  nutritious  sorts 
of  Grasses,  in  wbiL-h  case  we  are  in  the  practice  of  i'urni-hing 
such  sorts  only  as  are  wanting  ;  if  these  seeds  ar  ■  sown  early 
in  the  Season,  the  improvement  in  the  Pasture  will  he  very 
considerable,  and  at  a  small  expense.  Qnantity  of  Seed 
required,  G  to  S  lbs.  per  Acre.    Price  reduced  to  lud.  per  Pound. 

Flue    Grass    lawns   In    Flower  Gardens,  £bC> 

The  great  expense  of  cutting  and  carting  turves  from  a 
distance  inay  be  avoided,  and  a  su/jcrior  tnrf  produced  in  a  few 
months,  by  sowing  SUTTON'S  LAWiN  GRASS  SEEDS,  which 
consist  solely  of  the  finest  and  shortest  growing  kinds,  p&v- 
{eci\y  free  from  moss  and  other  iveeds.  Price  3s.  per  Gallon,  or 
ZU.per  bnshd.  or  U.  3d.  per  Pound. 


Piit,t.-.1  by  Ui,,,.,*.,  liuA,.i,«ui.  of  ^o  Li.  UPDLT  ^Voburn-plfiC^  .»  the  p-iriah  of  St-  Pancna.  ao.i  [.Vkd^rick  .Mcllktt  Etakb,  of  No.  7.  Church-row.  Stohe  Newmsron  both  in  the  County  of  Mlddleaai  PriDiera,  at  the^ 
Office  iu  Lombdrd.nreet.  in  ihe  Preciuci  of  \Vh  tefrLar«.  ia  the  City  of  London ;  and  publiehed  by  them  at  the  office,  Mo.  b)  CharlcB-Btreet.  iu  the  parish  of  St  Paul's,  Covent-gardea.  In  the  said  County,  where  all  - 
AdvertieemKnto  and  Communicatious  are   to  be  AOBRBBaKu  to  Tas  EniToa.— Saturday,  March  20, 18y2. 


THE  GARDENERS'  QIIRONICLE 

AND  \ 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  iSTews,— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Iiindley. 
No.  13—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  MAECH  27. 


[Price  Qd, 


INDEX. 


ACBCladealbata 

Agriciilture  aod  Ur.  Lawei..., 
Aertcultaral  Soc  of  Eai{laDd.. 

Antlea,  what  it  fint  n-Bs  

Barley  and  alkalies 

Birils.  Briti^b  flOQte 

B  ooka  received    

CaieJonian  HortSocietr 

Caleadar,  Horticuitural    

—  A|;ricuUural  .,,, 

Chemical  Societf    

Cineraria,  hardineaa  of 

Class  showtnK 

Conifers,  sale  of 

Dai-y  maDaKement ^1  c- 

Farmin^deep   

Forsr this  viridisiima 

F  rait  tree  trade    , , . . , 

G  heQt,  exhtbiiioQ  at 

GlasDevin  Botanical  Garden  .. 

Grapes,  Polmaiaed 

Grass  seeds,  to  sow 

Guano,  doe-*  it  pay? 

Heat,  terrestrial 

Ice,  bottom    

Irt'h  Natural  History 

Land,  tr&nsfer  oi 

—  valaeoC 


196  b 
204  6 

197  * 


205  a 
1QA  b 
199  b 


■203  6 
204  c 
197  e 
193  a 

196  t 
199  c 

197  c 


Land,  roal  nshea  on   .,,,, 

Lawes'  experiinenta   ...,, 

Loudon's  tomb 

Micror<copical  Society 

Milk.  London    

—    taste  of    

National  Flori,  Society 

Newcastle  Club    .,., 

Orchida 

PlaotB.  effect  of  vitiated  air  on 


dine 


Polmaised  Grapes  ■.... 

Rain  In  Fifeahlre 

RhododendroDs.  Sikkim 

Seed  trade  in  Walea 

Sheep,  salt  for 

SilkiTorms 

SwiutoD  Park,  Conservatory  at 

Temperature,  ground    

Trade  memoranda 

Trees,  forest,  to  prune  ....,,., 

Tropxolum  Lobbianum    

Trnut  spawn , 

Violets,  culture  of 

Weather,  the 

Wheat,  uifcht  ripeuing  of 

—  to  sow 

—  patent  culture  of 


199  a 

201  c 

203  e 

199  c 

1Q?.  c 

197  e 

196  a 

:oo  6 

197  c 

19S  e 
197  b 
193  b 

-:04  a 
197  e 
199  a 
IW  a 
197  b 


203  a 

204  c 

::oi  a 


21,  Regent  Street. 
ORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

PRIVILEGED  TICKETS. 


H 


The  Exhibitions  will  take  place  on  the  Second  Saturdays  in 
May,  Jane,  and  July,  namely, 

MAY  8,   JUNE  12,   JULY  10. 

All  Fellows  who  shall  apply,  on  or  before  Tuesday,  the  20th 
of  AprU,  may  obtain,  at  the  PRIVILEGED  RATE  of  Three 
ShdlintrB  and  Sixpence  each,  any  number  of  tickets  not 
EXCEEDING  foett-eight;  but  no  application  for  such  tickets 
will  be  received  after  that  day.  Fellows  of  the  Society  subscribing 
for  tickets  at  (his  price  toiU  be  allowed  a  clear  week  from  the  2l)lh 
of  April  during  which  they  may  claim  them.  Aftee  tbat  period 
ALL  the  38  6^.  tickets  sobschibed  foe,  but  not  issued,  may 

BE  cancelled. 

After  the  20th  of  April,  any  further  number  of  tickets  will  be 
delivered  to  Fellows  on  their  personal  application  or  written 
order,  at  the  price  of  Five  Shillings  each  ticket. 

SPECIAL  POWER  OF  FELLOWS-— Fellows  of  the 
Society  not  only  enter  free  at  half-past  12,  but  can  also  intro- 
duce one  friend,  with  a  Ticket,  at  gate  No.  i,  in  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire's  Road.  Or  the  Fellow's  power  may  be  transferred 
to  a  brother,  eister,  son,  daughter,  father,  mother,  or  wife, 
residing  in  the  Fellow'a  house,  provided  the  person  to  whom 
the  transfer  is  made  be  furoiahed  with  a  ticket  signed  by  that 
Fellow.  That  is  to  say,  the  power  of  enterini'  early  maybe 
transferred,  but  not  the  right  to  feee  admi'sR-c  >.        ' 


ROYAL  BOTANIC  SOCIETY. 
REGENT'S  PARK. 

EXHIBITIONS  OF  PLANTS,  FLOWERS,  and  FRUIT- 
■WEDNE6DAT3,  May  19'h,  June  9th,  and  30th. 

AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Satdedatb,  May  29th  and  June  5th, 

ROSES,  Satdbdat,  June  26th. 

Tickets  of  admission  are  now  ready  for  delivery,  and  may  be 
obtained  at  the  Gardens  by  orders  from  Fell<JW3  of  the  Society. 
Price,  on  or  befure  Saturday,  May  8th,  4s. ;  after  that  day,  5s.  ; 
or  on  the  days  of  the  Exhibitions,  7s.  Gd.  each.  Fellows  of  the 
Society  may  obtain,  on  or  before  May  8th,  packets  of  30  tickets 
for  five  guineas. 

HE    NATIONAL    TULIP  SOCIETY.— The  next 

ANNUAL  EXHIBITIOM  of  this  SOCIETY  will  be  held 

at    the    TOWM    HALL,    BIRMINGHAM,    oa    THDRSDAY, 

MAY  27,  next.    Scbedulea  are  now  reatiy,  and  mav  be  had  oq 

application  at  the  Office,  28,  Bennett's  Hill. 


Birmingham,  irarch  27. 


C.  J.  PEBRY\„       „ 
.COLE  }Hon.  Sees. 


"ROYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
^\  SOCIETY — Under  the  Patronage  of  her  Most  Gracious 
Jlajeitj  lh»  Qdeen.— The  FIRST  EXHIBITION  of  the  season 
will  take  place  on  TaoaeDir,  the  22J  April,  in  the  Assembly 
Koonos  at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kcnnioglon  (open  to  all  Exhi- 
bit^r«i,  when  prizes  will  be  awarded  for  the  followioi;  pro. 
dactions,  tiz.  :  Mi-cellaneous  and  Specimen  Plants,  Auricula", 
.„^I.  '.".'I  S''"  n?  '"  P°"  """J  <^>''  blooms.  Polyanthuses,  Cine- 
^V^l'n^  aP  "P-  "'••Oakeys  Band  is  enRaged  for  the 
^.Irik  Ln,^f"'.K""°..f,"  Members  and  their  Friends  at  12 
J.Jr  Th.  /  M  ■ '"'^"'^  ''"•^  1  to  6  o'clock,  at  One  Shillint- 
If,,^;,  7n,  1  ,  T  o^  Exhibitions  will  also  take  place  at  the 
^^rA.l  ,?''','"'  '^"J,'°»,  on  Thursday,  the  20th  May  :  Wcd- 
Sf.  ^/r'-.^.i""?;.  ^X"'°''""'»!''  21"  July,  and  Wednesday, 
ll\!.?.T„l  ^>,  '.i™?''"*'''"'!?  '<"  !"'"■•■"  "">  Members 
HiipL'..;.  ,  H°  pI  '^"  ",  ''  "■''■■  'nt'ntion  to  receive  Seed. 
i.f,  n  ™^hr  ,!"'■':  '"■■  ""'•''""••  <"•"'  "on-'ocmbers  a. 
r;J  i«,.^,  '  r  "  JP"'"r  ''"■ '""'  (."-anting  first  class 
£.  h.  h^Vl,  :s  ^?  "'  "I  '^""''',"«'  "  "":■"  Monthly  Meetinss, 
^-^  .  T  """"•,  Ta''""'.,K«""l"K'on,  on  tho  followlnK 
daji.v.z.  :  Thursday  16th  April,  l:iih  May,  17rh  June  lulh 
July,  1  Jill  Au<u»t,  2d  S..ptember,  Hih  October,  llih  November 
and  .Mh  IJecemtjer  ;  in  addition  to  tho  rcKul/.r  e»biljiiionB  ai 
above.  The  Rules,  List  of  Prizes,  &c.,  may  be  oblalncd  from 
the  Secretary,  Mr.  J.  T.  NivinE,  Ebenezer  House,  P.Vkham 
oarrey.  ' 


TROUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  is. 
J-'  jwr  dozen,— The  annual  importation  of  tho  abovc-noniod 
peaotlful  and  fra/rant  Fluwer  h«i  ju«.t  been  leceivod,  and 
U»e  and  wfcU  rkI«-c'<-<I  Bulbn  may  bo  obtaincl,  without  dUap. 
polotment.  at  A.  C.B/i».TT'§  Foreign  Warch-^uao,  H,  Pall-mall. 
N.O.  IMrilc'l  rcKuliitioDB  for  trcatm'int  ncnt;  also,  juBt 
arrlTtd,  very  raoi^t  and  open  Parmasan  ChcencH. 

pETER    LA  W.SOX   and   S0N'.S    PRICE    LISTS 

-■-  i>r  .SKii['^,  F0KB8T  TUKEH,  ic,  to  bo  h.id  fr««  by 
po«»  or  .,n  ai,..)lc'.Mon  to  their  A^ten',  J.  0.  Hf.MMEft",  IM. 
1      V'u  "*"'  ^""'^""-     ■Alio  llie  Vol'im.i  of  ihy   "  .Syno(i- 

«U  of  the  >  .  gotablo  Productn  of  HcotLtrfd,"  jirlco  10*,  (id.,  or  tii 
p»Tt%  7i,  eatii  •  u,  bo  hnd  from  the  abovo,  or  from  .MtSBfB, 
iiLicK  WOOD  and  Sok*',  Paternoiter-roTf. 


SUPERIOR   GLOBE   GERMAN   ASTER, 
(saved  bt  ah  amatedb). 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.  have  much 
confidence  in  offering  a  very  cuperior  sort  of  GLOBE 
ASTER  SEED,  saved  by  an  Amateur  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Bath,  who  says  : — "The  sort  was  given  to  me  by  a  friend  in 
the  neighbourhood,  who  has  taken  first  prizes  for  several  years 
following;  and  I  have  been  equally  successful.  I  have  shown 
them  at  Bath  and  other  places,  and  have  always  been  first; 
indeed,  no  other  sort  has  any  chance  with  them,  and  I  am  per. 
fectly  satisfied  that  when  jou  see  a  good  bed  of  them  in  your 
gardens  you  will  throw  away  all  others.'*— U.  per  packet. 

Everyone  vho   has   a  Garden   should  have  a 
packet  of  this   Seed. 

PARSLES",  RENDLE'S  TREBLE  GARNISHING,  proved 
by  the  Lon-lon  Horticultural  Suciety,  and  described  in  their 
Journal  as  being  "  heavXifidly  curled,  and  an  exceUent  varieti/." — 
Gd.  per  packet.    This  should  be  grown  in  every  garden. 

Apply  to  William  E,  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth. 


PELARGONIUMS. 
JOHN  DOBSO^,  CATALOGUE  of  all  the  leading 
^    Pelargoniums,  Sra^i's  new  Seedling  Fuchsias,   Verbenas, 
&c.  (fcc,  may  be  had  in^^thange  for  one  postage  stamp. 

THE  PELARGONIUM,— John  Dobson's  Practical  Observa- 
tions on  the  Cultivation- of  the  Pelargooiuon,  which  has  been 
so  favourably  noticed  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  March  20, 
is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  post  free  on  receipt  of  eight 
penny  stamps. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth. 


FLOWER  SEEDS  S^T  FREE  BY  POST. 

ROBERT  WESTMAGQTT  begs  to  inform  his 
Friends  that  he  baa  selected  with  great  care  his  Stock 
of  FLOWER  AND  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  for  the  present 
season,  including  every  variety  worthy  of  cultivation.  His 
GERMAN  SEEDS  are  Imgiprted  from  the  best  foreign  house, 
and  are  as  good  as  can  be  procured.  They  consist  of  Stocks, 
Asters,  Larkspurs,  Balsams,  Hollyhocks,  double  Wallflowers, 
Dianthus,  Pnppies,  Zinnias,  &c.  His  PRICED  DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUa  may  be  had  on  application. 

COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  MOST  SHOWY  FLOWER  SEEDS 
FOR   LARGE  OR  SMALL  GARDENS. 

One  large  packet  of  each. — s,  d- 
50  well-assorted  Annuals,  Biennials,  asd  Perennials  ...  10  6 
25  Do.  Do.  Do.  ...     5     6 

12  Do.  Do;  ^o.  '■       ...  a.  0 

The  above  Flower  Seeds  may  be  had  in. 'nrtpoi?  packets  at 
half  the  price, — Stuart's  Grove  Nur^ry.  Full^-   «v^'.»ad,  C^eUea. 


.WOODLANDS    NURSERY,    MARESFIELD, 
NEAR  OCKFIELD,  SUSSEX. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  to  offer  the  following  :— 

Per  dozen — s.  d, 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  Continental  varieties     ..,6j.,  93.  12  0 

DAPHNES,  very  fine     18s.  to  24  0 

EPACRIS 12  0 

HERBAOBOUSPLANTS,flnecolIeclion,423,p.lOO...G3.tol2  0 

PENTSTBMONS            6s.  to    9  0 

PHLOXES            6s.  to    9  0 

Do.           new  Continental  varieties          12  0 

CAULIFLOWER  PLANTS,  very  strong,  per  loO           ...    4  6 
Plants  preesnted  for  distant  carriage. 


N 


EW 


AND     CHOICE 
CINERARIAS. 


PLANTS.- 


Beauty  Supreme,  Beauty  of  Comb  Bank,  and  Porget- 
me-Not,  lOs.  Gd.  the  set, 

PANSIES. 

Sylvia  (Thompson)  j 

Caroline  (do  ) 

Polyphemus  (do,) 

Lucy  Neal  (do.) 

Jenny  Lind  (do,) 

Zabdi  (do.) 

Mrs.  Anderson  (Hart) 

Ophir  (Widnal) 

Po3t  Captain 

Gem  (Turner) 

Duke  of  Norfolk  (Bell) 

Duchess  of  Norfolk  (do.) 

Malvern  (Weakes) 


Eustace  (Turner) 
Mr.  Beck    (do.) 
Mr?.  Beck   (do.) 
Plantagenet  (do.) 
Example  (do,] 
Addison  (do.); 
Viceroy  (do.) 
Queen  of  England  (do.) 
Juventa  (Hooper) 
Masterpiece  (do.) 
Gulnare  (do.) 
Supreme  (Youell) 
Androcles  (do,) 

Any  12  selected  from  the  above,  Gs. ;  the  Collection,  all  of 
which  are  fine  show  flowers,  12^,,  hamper  included. 

GERANIUMS,    of    fine    named   fancy    and    other   kinds, 
lOs.  per  dozen. 

PICO  '  EES,  of  good  sorts,  6s.  per  dozen  pairs. 

PANSIES,  named  sorts,  43.  per  dozen. 

Superior    Sweet     William     and    Antirrhinum     Seed,     Gd. 
per  paciiet, 

2\i  packets  of  fine  Annuals,  free  by  poet,  for  3s. 

Hart   and    Nicklin,   Florists  and    Seedsmen,  132,   High- 
atreet,  Guildford. 


FIRST  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
DAHLIAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  CINERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,     PICOTEES,     AND     CARNATIONS. 

OEOllGE    SMITH'S    SELECT    CATALOGUE    is 

Y^    "ow  reiuly,  containing  Priced  Lists  of   all    the   leading 
kinds  of  both  Show   and    Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 

cIllftheH. 

O.  H.'n  Hcc(]Iln«  Verbennq,  Fuchsias.  Ac,  arc  of  great  merit, 
hriving  tiikoii  nnmerouH  FirHt-oliii'H  Ceriiiicntcs,  and  JmvliiK 
bicii  h(«lily  r<'foriimenil(;d  by  the  rrf.sH.  For  deflcrlpliun  see 
CionUimun,  wliioh  will  bo  forwarded  on  tho  rLcoipt  of  one 

pONtflgU  Ht'imp, 

N.B.  T«>l(ir'«  fxoollont  "TroallHO  on  Iho  ClirvBaiitlicmtmi," 
I*.;  fre.;  by  r"".t,  Ls.Hd. 
TollingtonNur8ery,lIornfloy.rofid,  Islington,  London. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LOGDE  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &c.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps.— Wiudlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


N    D 

Alba 
Ne  plus  Ultra 
RoUissoni  splendens 
Augusta  auraatia 
Robert! 
Louvonienais 


s. 


TNDIAN  AZ 

JL   Alba  Superba  Duplex 

Splendida 
Gledstaneaii 
Berber  tii 
Exquisita 
Lateritia 
The  above  Azaleas  can  be  supplied  in  "4-inch  pots,  well  set 
with  bloom  buds,  at  Is.  Bd.  each.     Carriage  paid  to  London, 
Thomas  Rivees,  Nurseries,  Saw  bridge  worth,  Herts. 


A    L    E    A 

Refulgena 
Delecta 
Picturata 
Optima 
Rosea  punctata 


FINE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  laying  down 
Land. — Hand-picked  Seed  at  24s.  per  acre,  allowing 
3  bushels  of  the  mixed  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre. — Henet  Claeke,  Seed  Merchant,  39,  King-street, 
Covent-enrden,  London..  ^ 


MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 
selected  PLANTS.  FRUIT  TREES,  die,  which  they  will 

forward  to  any  part  of  the  kingdom.                                       5.  d. 
25  Azaleas,  new  hardy  Belgian  varieties,  on  their  own 

roots,  with  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name           ...  20  0 

25  American  Azaleas,  do.  do. ...         ...         .,,         ...         ...  ]5  0 

25  Hardy  Amerii-rau  Flints,  one  of  a  sort,  byname       ...  10  S 

12  Hardy  Heaths  and  Kalmias,  one  of  a  sort       6  0 

12  Rhododendrons,  including  scarlet,  white,  and  rose, 

hardy  varieties 12  0 

New  hardy  yellow  Rhododendrons,  each,  73.  Gd.  to        ...  10  6 

Fine  hardy  scarlet  Rhododendrons,  2  feet,  per  doz.      ...  10  0 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  3  feet,  well  grown,  in  pots,  per  doz....  10  0 
All    the   choice   Pinus,   Araucarjas,,  Cryptomerias,   and 

Taxodiums,  of  various  sizes,  in  pots ;  list  of  prices 

sent  by  post. 

Climbing  Roses,  choice  sorts,  in  pots,  per  dozen             ...     6  0 

Standard  and  half  standard  Roses,  per  dozen        125.  and  15  0 
Yellow  Roses,  new  double  Persian  and  Clolh  ot  Gold, 

per  dozen            12  0 

12  Tea-scentcd  Roses,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name,  in  pota  ...    9  0 

Wisteria  sinensis,  extra  fine,  in  pots,  15  to  80  feet,  each    3  6 

12  Greenhouse  Azaleas,  one  of  a  sort,  blooming  plants...  25  0 

12  choice  Camellias,  by  name,  do.  do.        ..^       30  0 

50  choice  Greenhouse  Plant?,  one  of  a  sort,  T)y  name    ...  45  0 

Daphne  odora  rubra,  and  others,  per  dozen           30  0 

24  choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name 16  0 

12  Orcbi'Jaceous  Plants,  choice  speciey,  and  good  plants  30  0 

Cinerarias  and  Calceolaria^,  show  varieties,  per  djz.,  9s.  to  12  0 

J^Ioomiug  Plant?,  per  dozen     ...         .,^      .,,(^;          ,    9s.  to  12  0 

Fancy  Geranium?,  new  sorfs    ,,;.       .,kt       ...,.■     ..    i>/.  to  12  0 

Verbenas  and  Petunias,  neivest  varieties,  pe/^dozen       ...     6  0 

6  Bulbs  of  Lilium  lancifoliura,  one  of  a  sort^  for            ...-I2  0 

First-rate  show  Pinks  and  Pansies,  per  dozen      ...  Gs.  to    9  0 

First-rate  Carnations  and  yellow  Picotees             ...  9s.  to  12  0 

12  Pffionies,  new  white,  pink,  and  blush,  of  sorts           ...    8  0 

25  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants 7  6 

Hardy  Ferns  and  other  plants,  for  rockwork,  per  dozen    8  0 

SUPERIOR    FRUIT    TREES. 
Fine  Dwarf  and  Standard  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots, 
Plums,  Pears,  and  Cherries.     The  beat  and  most  ap- 
proved sorts  of  these  respective  kinds,  true  to  name, 

each  2s.  6(^,,  or  per  dozen     24  0 

Untrained  or  maiden  do..  Is.  Gd.  each,  or  per  dozen        ...  15  0 

Apples,  dwarfs  and  standards  of  best  sorts,  per  dozen  ...  15  0 

Fine  Gooseberries,  Currants,  and  Raspbeiries,  per  dozen     3  0 

Fine  Pips.  Medlars,  Walnuts,  and  Mulberries,  each     ...    2  0 

Strong  Vines,  from  eyes  and  layers,  in  pots,  per  dozen...  15  0 

Filberts,  new  thin-shelled  and  red-skinned,  per  dozen  ...  3  0 
Rhubarb  Roots,  early  Seed  Potatoes,  Seakale  and  Asparagus 
plants,  and  Garden  Seeds  of  all  kinds.  A  selection  of  the 
most  approved  Flower  Seeds,  18  paper.'*,  5s.  ;  36  papers,  10s., 
Bent  free  by  post.  Also  Catalogues  for  the  season. 
Albion  Nursery,  Stoke  Newington,  London,  March  27. 


G 


AINES'S    NEW     SEEDLING,    FANCY,    AND 
SHOW  PELARGONIUMS  FOR  1852. 


Gaines's  Ariadne      ...£0  15    0 

„        Bruno 1    1    0 

„        Giantess      ...  1    1    0 

Lady  Adelaide  110 

,,        Flameum    ...  1    1    0 


Gaines's  Adele  la  Par- 
part £1  11 

„        Renown       ...  2    2 
„        Purpureaper- 

fecta 1     1 


FANCY    PELARGONIUMS. 
Gaines's  Augusta      ..,£0  10    6  I  Gainer's  Andromeda  £0    7    6 

„         Exquisite     ...  n  10    G  ,,         Ellen 0  10     U 

„        Mulberry     ...  0  10    «  I       „        Lady    of   the 
„'     Countees  Dow-  Lake        ...  0     7     6 

ager  of  Craven  0  10    6  [       ,,        Triumphant  .  0  15    0 
GAINES'S  NEW  SEEDLING  DAHLIAS  FOR  1862. 
Gaines's  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  rosy  crimson,  lOa.  Gd, 
„        Firebrand,  orange  scarlet,  10s.  Gd. 
,,         Compaeta,  Vermillion  salmon,  10s.  Gd. 
Claude,  fancy  variety,  purple  tipped  with 
white,  10s.  erf. 
A  DoBoriptive  List  of  all  tho  new  and  first-rate  Fancy  Pelar- 
Roniums,  Show  ditto ;  also  Show  and  Fancy  Dahlias,  raised  by 
N.  G.  and  other  cultivators,  may  be  had  by  applying  at  tho 
Nursery,  Surrey-lane,  Battersea. 


FRUIT     TREES,     ETC. 

HBIGLAND  AND  Co.,  Nuiiskrvmrn  and   Seeds- 
•   MEN,    MaiichoKtor,   buff  to  oltor   AI'PIjE   and    PEAK. 
TREES,  &.C.,  at  tho  folloivliig  very  low  prices  :— 

Standard  Apple  Trees  Os.  per  dozen. 

Do.         Viiiiv  Trees  12a. 

Trained  do.         for  walls      ...308. 


Tratnoa  do.         lor  wans      ...  ms.        ,, 

n.  B.  mid  Co.  beg  also  to  call  attoniion  to  thuii"  complete 

Coll"CtioiiH  of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  HEIOUS,  to   suit 

imv  si/.L'd  Gu  doiiH,  which  llioy  keep  ready  put  up,  for  partU 

•  cului'H  of  which  HOC  their  printed  Ciitaloguu,  whioli  may  bo  had 


on  uppllcutiou 


ppllCUllOU. 

N.U.  Ciirringo  paid  on  all  orders  of  21.  and  upwards. 


194 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


March  27, 


HOME  GROWN  SEEDS.—  In  Last  Week's 
'*  (tardeneks'  Chronicle"  will  be  seen  a  complete  List 
of  Sutton's  Grasses,  Maogolds,  Turnips,  and  other  Agricul- 
tural Seeds. 

PrJceii  Li?t3  will  also  be  sent  pist  free  {includinj:  inatructlons 
on  fiowin*  (?r;iS9  Sf^eda,  Jse  ).  ia  return  for  one  penny  stamp.— 
Address  Johv  Sctton  and  Sons,  Seed  (Jrowftrs  dealing,  Rerkt. 

HUGH    LOW  AND  CO.    have    to   offer   tlie  uader- 
nained  planr.s  :  — 
ROCKf^T,  new  double  crimson,  will  prove  a  very 

abuwv  iilaiit ;  per  Hnz  .,,         .,,         ,..         ...  I83.  Od. 

SCARLET  i;iilt4MIUM  "The  Amazon"  (C'ir- 
penter)  has    been    already  described    In    the 

Gardeners'  Chromcle  7     G 

MIMILUS  UNIQUE 5  0 

„    SAMBO   5  0 

„    NOVRLTY 5  0 

„    PDNCTATA     5  0 

The  above  named  Mi'uuU  were  raised  by  A.  Clapbacn,  Esq., 
of  Scarboroayb,  and  are  much  superior,  both  in  coloai-  and 
eiie  of  flower,  to  Mimulus  rubinus,  which  was  raised  by  the 
satuQ  gentleman. 

E.  L.  and  ''o.  can  also  supply  healthy  young  plants  of  the 
undernamed  Pomi.ion  Cbrysauihemums  of  last  Beason,  which 
have  been  cirefuly  eelec'ed  ;is  the  best  and  most  di-i'iiict 
varictie-i.  p  ice  Is.  6rf.  each :  — Ar^^entine,  A-mof^CJ;,  Autumna, 
Calibre,  Cybeie,  Maria  T(\illard,  i/Iodele,  l*erfecta.  We  Plua 
Ultra,  Sacramento,  Surprise,  and  Solfaterre. 

Larpe  tlijrt'ering  Chrysan'bemamsof  proved  merit,  Is,  6d.  each. 
Continental  Verbenas  of  1831.  9s.  to  I2s.  per  dozen. 
Sealtale,  tine  rnots,  53,  to  Ta.  Gd.  per  lOO. 
Claptno  Nufserv,  March  27.  


CHOICE     PLANTS. 


^OTICE. — The  following  New  and  Superb  varieties 
-1-^  of  St  EDS  caa  be  warranted  to  give  saiisfaction  tu  all 
purchasere,  viz. : 

HOLLYHOCK  SEED. 
This  beautiful  flower,  from  which  a  quantity  of  good  sound 
seed  has  been  proL-urt-d  from  a  i:entieman  amateur  grower,  who 
has  one  of  the  m>>st  superb  and  choice  collections  in  ciiUiTation  ; 
the  Seed  bavins  been  selected  with  every  care  and  attention,  it 
can  be  confidently  recoomiended.     Sold  at  2s. 6d.  per  pacUet. 

GERMAN  ASTER  SEED, 
This  variety  ha«,  within  the  last  few  years,  been  aiparded 
upwards  of  60  different  prizee,  and  It  stands  unrivalled  for 
its  superiority  nf  Qower,  the  shape  of  which  forms  half  a  plubc, 
and  has  been  ibe  admiration  of  numberless  spectatora.  There 
are  from  20  to  30  varieties.    Is.  per  packet. 

SWEET   WILLIAM    SEED, 
Saved  from  36  superb  varieties.    The  flowers  are  very  large, 
splendid  colours,  and  of  dwarf  habit.     They  were  much  ad- 
mired when  in  bloom  by  countless  spectators,  and  the  seed 
numerously  ordered  by  them.    I3.  per  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM    SEED. 

This  has  been  selected  with  the  greatest  care  from  some  of 
the  finest  and  nrnst  superb  varieties  ever  groivo,  both  as  to 
shape,  colour,  and  habit  of  plant.  There  are  more  than  50 
distinct  and  d'ffisreot  varieties.     Is.  per  pacUet. 

EXTRA     FINE    GIANT    SCARLET    BROMPTON 
STOCK    SEED. 

Unrivalled  for  its  superior  siza  and  bright  searlet  colour, 
aHo  beautifully  double  ;  length  of  the  spike  of  flower  fiom  15 
to  20  inches.  Large  packets  Is.  each  ;  or,  if  preferred,  a 
packet  of  each  of  toe  above  will  be  sent,  postage  and  package 
free,  for  53, 
"Walcheren  Cauliflower  Broccoli  (as  imported)  Is.  per  packet. 

Tamworib  Broccoli  Is.  „ 

"Wilcove  BroLColi       Is.  „ 

Cole's  superb  solid  Celery fid,        ,, 

Bath   Cos   Lettuce   Seed,  true;    the  best  and 

finest  flavoured  Lettuce  Seed  in  cultivation  Is.         „ 
Vegetable  Marrow  Seed,  of  very  superb  variety 

and  delicious  fl  ivour        ...         ...         ,.,         ...  6d,         ,, 

A  remitruuce  miii^t  accompany  the  ordT  from  all  unknown 
correspondeors,  either  by  Post-office  order  or  peony  postage 
stamps,  on  receipt  of  wnich  the  Seeds  ehall  be  immediately 
sent. 

Sold  by  Edward  Tiley,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman  and  Florist, 
41,  Abb'.-V  Onu-fhvnrd,  Bath, 


PINE  PLANTS  FOR  SALE,  near  Liverpool.^- 
About  80  Fruiting  and  Succession  PINE  PLANTS,  They 
areheaUhy  and  free  from  scale,  and  will  be  sold  very  cheap, 
in  conseq'ienee  of  the  Adverciser  discontinuing  the  growth  of 
them. — ;' or  further  partic'ilars,  address  C.  E.  W.,  Post-oflace, 
Huy'on,  Prescot,  Lnnea^hire. 


M 


EAST    INDIA   ORCHID/E. 
AULE  AND  SONS  have  just  received  by  the  last 

Overland  mail  from  iheir  collectors  in  India  in  the  be^t 
possihle  condition,  a  quantity  of  fine  plants  of  the  bpauCii'ul 
and  rare  Vanda  CEerulea,  together  with  the  charmin:^  Dendro- 
biuDO,  Devouiana,  Cambridgiaoa,  Dahousiana,  R  "-eum  derisi- 
florum,  &c.,  &c.  PbuB'eonopais  Saccolabium,  ^riies  ord>i- 
ratum,  MdcuIo^um  affioe,  and  its  allies,  together  with  Cse'cgyne 
"Wallichiana,  Vanda  teres,  <tc.  &c,  ;  and  as  much  disappoint- 
ment hns  aii-CM  from  plunts  being  sold  immediately  impor.ed, 
Madle  and  Sons  intend  offering  them  to  public  conipetl  ion  m 
the  early  part  of  he  summer,  when  esrablibhed,  of  which  notice 
win  be  given,  excepnng  previously  di-^posed  of  by  pi'ivaEe^s^es, 
Staplecn  Hoad  Nurse'ied._Bristol,_MurcliJJ7^^ 


J  AND  J.  FKASER,  NuRSERVMEN,  &c.,  Lea  Bridge 
•  Koad,  Essex,  beg  leave  respecifuUy  to  invite  atte  itiou  to 
their  Superior  Stock  of  Specimens  of  STOVE  and  GREEN- 
HOUSE PLANTS,  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  and  CaPE 
HEATHS,  whicb  were  never  in  finer  condition  than  at  iliis 
time,  Tlie  plant  are  of  all  sizes,  varying  from  one  foot  to  five 
feet  high.  The  prices,  which  ai-e  moderate,  can  be  had 
on  application. 


LANDSCAPE     GARDENING, 

EXCLDflVELT   PltOFEsaiONAL. 

MR.  THOROLD,  of  Norwich,  offers  his  services 
to  the  Nobilirv  and  Gentry  as  a  LANDSCAPE  AND 
ORNAMENTAL  GARDENER,  in  the  highest  stjle  of  the  Art, 
including  D.coraiions  around  a  House,  forming  Warer,  Ap- 
proaches, Picturesqae  Scenery,  Correcting  the  Woriie  of  Ama 
teurs,  &,c. 


CHOICE  SEEDS.  —  Pacl:ets  of  fine  Mammoth 
Broccoli,  Abiatic  Cauliflower,  Giant  Curled  Parsley, 
Gigantic  Cos  Lettuce,  Rhubarb,  Mitchell's  Enfifcld,  CormacL's 
and  Barues'  mperior  Early  Cabbages,  Cole's  and  S-ymour's 
fine  Celery,  the  best  kinds  of  Cucumber,  Melon,  and  Vegetable 
Marrow,  at  (]d  per  packet,  post  free.  Fine  mixed  •■ermait 
Asters,  StockH,  Larkspurs,  Calceolaria,  Cineraria,  Pnrrulaca, 
Giant  Vi.toria  S-nck,  Canary  Creeper,  Zinnias,  Balsams, 
CobcBi  sciindena,  C  'Ckscombs,  Ice  Plant,  Sensitive,  Auricu'a, 
Dahha,  I'lnks.  Poliauihuses  Geranium  and  Pansy,  Sweet 
Tnn  '  """^  Double  Swetftwilliam.  tid.  per  packet,  post  tree. 
100  packuis  ot  Annuils,  Biennials,  and  other  Seeds  fit  for 
W^aV^^  *'"w\"g,  warranted  new,  for  65.  ;  50  for  3s. ;  36  tor 
2s.ed.\  12  t\.r  is.  Some  superior  Mit;nonette,  own  saving, 
■warraot*.d  to  gmw  well,  at  8d.  per  dz.,  post  free— Ad.ire.s 
With  "'''"^J-'Trier  or  stamps,  to  Jamls  Hichabd  Bates  FJori-t. 
•n' V  '  '^^*'^"n-«-oad,  Brighton.  A  Descriptive  Catalogue 
will  be  enclosed  with  each  order,  or  may  be  had  tor  two 
postage  stamps. 


YOUELL      AND       CO., 

BEG  TO  CALL  ATTENTION  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  :— 


CAMELLIAS,  of  the  ctioicest  varieties,  2ls.  per  dozen.  We 
possess  a  lar^e  stock  of  these  in  good  healthy  plants,  averacing 
1  foot  to  15  inches  in  heiglir,  comprising  most,  of  the  old  ao'l 
many  fine  new  viirieiies,  which  will  bloom  well  next  season; 
as  they  are  now  nbout  to  break,  we  invie  our  friends  to  pro- 
cure them  as  soon  an  poa-^ible;  and  when  the  selection  is  left 
to  lit  we  assure  them  they  fhall  have  no  reason  to  comidaia. 

EPACRLS,  tine  t)U"hv  plants,  in  Urge48'sot  the  handsomest 
varieties,  full  of  flower,  Os,  per  dozen. 

EKIOAS,  fine  bushv  bioomiog  plants,  of  choice  varieties, 
priricipHlly  io  Urge  43'-;,  9s.  per  dozen. 

APIIE LEXIS  liUiMlLIS  and  SUP1-:RBUM,  bushy  plants,  in 
lar^'e  48V,  covered  with  flower-huds.  12s.  pt-r  dozen. 

COKN^\  SPECIOSA  MAJOR.  Cooperi  and  Bicolor,  fine 
flowerin,'  plants,  in  1  irffe  48V.  9s.  per  dozen. 

ERYrilRINA  LAURIPoLIA.— This  fiae  old  favourite  in 
strooi;  two-year  plants,  12s.  per  dnz-n. 

E.  V  RIt-iiOOLOR.  new,  2.-!.  Gd.  Oiich, 

CINERARIAS,  new  and  extra  fine  sort<»,  flowering  plants, 
in  large  4SN,  9a'.  per  dozen  ;  in  Gij'd,  Gs.  per  dozen.  Gredtim- 
provemeni  hai  been  tfi'ected  of  late  yi!are  in  'hU  family,  and 
they  are  now  amontf  the  must  ornamen'al  winter  and  Spring 
flowering  plan's  that  we  possess,  excellent  for  bouquets. 

CANTUa  UEPENDENS,  this  beautiful  new  plan:,  autumn 
struck,  18s  per  dnzen. 

CALCEOLARIA  SULTAN,  this  finest  dark  variety  {in  fact 
nine  of  the  6'hers  will  bear  any  comparison  with  itj,  nice 
planti.  ds.  p-  r  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  "Kentish  Hero,"  this  fine  orange  variety, 
9e.  per  dozpn. 

JASMIN  UM  GRACILE,  one  of  the  most  fragrant  Of  flowers, 
123   per  dcfzen. 

VERONICA  ANDERSONII.  Ibis  choice  va-iety  is  of  the 
easiest  culture,  a  good  spociman  plant  producing  its  pretty 
spikes  of  lilac  flowers,  from  early  sprmg  tilt  late  in  autumn. 
Is,  Gd.  each. 

NEHIUM,  hix  fine  new  varieties,  extra  strong,  Gs.,  admirably 
adauted  lor  a  conservafory. 

COL  EON  EM  A  PULCHRA,  usually  found  among  the  winning 
collections  at  the  great  exhibitions,  producing  in  abunilance 
pretty  pink  flower-i  among  lis  blender  foliage,  is.  each, 

LESCHENAULTIA  FORMOSA  and  BaSTERI  MAJOR, 
strong,  9s.  per  doz, 

SOLLYA  DRUMMONDI,  from  3  to  4  inches  in  height,  ISs. 
per  doz.  This  is  a  new  and  pretty  blua-fliwering  greenhouse 
cliniber,  with  broarfer  foliage  than  S.  Linearis,  and  of  a 
different  colour,  a  very  quudc  grower. 

ACACIA  ARMATA  and  LINEARIS,  Strong  buehy  plants 
mostly  showing  flower,  9s.  per  diz. 

PITTOSPORCM  GLAIiRATUM.  new,  la.  Gd.  each. 

MGTROSIDEROS  SPLENDENS,  scdrlet,  bottle  brush  plant, 
Is  fid.  each. 

MS  FROSIDEROS  DIFFUSA— itsbeautifulfoliage  and  neat 
habit  render  it  worthy  of  a  place  in  Conservatories.  Strong 
plants  Iff.  Gd.  each, 

CftASsDLA  NITIDA  ODORATA.  This  m^ikes  a  splendid 
spei;imeu  plant,  is  very  fragrant,  and  should  be  in  every  col- 
lection. Large  plaatd  ia  4S's,  Is.  Gd.  eacti ;  smaller  ditto,  Os. 
per  doz. 

CRA3SULA  "NAPOLEON  BUONAPARTE,"  a  fine  new 
varie'y  ;  bnllinnt  scarlet,  far  puperior  to  C.  Coccioea,  2s.  each. 

FANCY  GER  \NIUMS,  cio'ce  sorts,  9s.  per  dozen. 

GEllaNlUM  ARDENS  MAJOR,  strone  plants  93.  per  doz. 
This  fine  Cape  species  stands  unrivalled  for  brilliaucy  of 
colour,  being  a  rich  ruby. 

FUCHSIAS.  Our  collection  of  this  lovely  flower  comprises 
all  the  newest  and  best;  strong  plants,  of  last  season,  Gs. 
per  doz. 

P.  MACRANTSA,  a  fine  species  with  long  purple  flowers  ; 
the  habif.  of  Humboldt's  Splend6ns;  Is.  Gd.  each. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  Much  improvement  has  been  made 
in  these  of  lite  years,  and,  being  particular  (avouriles  of  ours, 
We  baVe  spared  neither  pnins  noi"  expense  in  our  pursuit  of  new 
and  fine  varieties.  Our  specimen  plants  are  every  year  ttie 
admiration  of  all  who  see  ihem.  The  collection  at  pre<;ent 
comprises  ueaily  20U  varieties,  which  we  siall  be  happy  to 
sncply  in  strong  platits,  of  lait  season's  growth,  the  large  and 
dwarf  varioiies,  5?  per  doz. 

GREEN- MOUSE  CREE  PERS.  -  Passiflora  Bellottii  (new  and 
fihe).  P.  Edulis,  P.  Buonapanii,  Tecitma  jasminuides,  Kennedya 
Nigricans,  Ipui' oea  Learii,  drc,  Is  each. 

FAIKY    RtJSES,  strong  and  bu-by,  Ss.  pei"  doz. 

GLOXINIAS— muny  fine  oewvarietiea.  9s.  per  doz. 

GLOXINIA  PETOIaNA.  Tbissupei  blight  variety,  sent  out 
by  us  last  Ee  ison,  coloured  all  round  wuh  crimson  lake,  in  the 
wavot'FjHdoa  ;  the  tinestof its  Class,  str  iigbulb.s,3i  6(i.  each. 

HOYa  BELLA.  This  plant  has  proved  itself  well  Wi'rthy 
the  hit;h  character  given  it  when  fir>*t  circulated  ;  it  is  one  ol 
the  mosf.  love'y  plants  we  know,  Plalnta  extra  strong,  showing 
blii.iirj,  3s.  Gd  ;  smaller,  2s. Gd. 

^SGflYNANTHUs  LOBttll,  and  BOSCHIANUS.  These 
bejutitul  species  grow  and  flower  profu>ei.v,  either  in  pois  or 
baskets,  suspended  from  the  roof  of  a  stove  or  warm  graen- 
hou  e,  and  in  such  a  situation  have  a  very  beautiful  appearance. 
Strong  flowering  pLinifi,  Is.  Gd  each, 

PaSSIFLORA  PRINCEPS,  scarlet  Pas&ioO  flower^  Is.  Gd. 
,,  ALaTA,  the  winged  ditto,  Is.  Gd. 

Maby  o  her  fine  Stove  Cret-fJers,  including  :— 

IPOMOE  A  Leis  Hybrid,  Murabilia.  &<.:,  Is.  Gd.  each. 

JUSTICIA  t'UmilH,  new,  scarlet  specie^,  Is  each. 
HELIOfROl'IUM,   Gem  and  Immortaiiie  ;  the  two  best  9d. 
each. 

ESCALLONIA  MACRANTHA,  the  finest,  perhaps,  of  our 
new  barrly  ^lirubs  ;  strong  plants,  9s.  per  doz   ti. 

ESCALLONIA  KUBRA,  excellentevergreeu  flowering  shrub 
ior  waiN,  9s.  per  di  zen. 

E.  MONTE  VlD EN >I^,  hardy  evergreen,  producing  corymbs 
of  white  llowers  ro^ards  rhe  autonJn,  9s.  per  dozen. 

MITRARIA  COt'ClNEA;  this  fine  iinrdy  shrub  produces 
numerous  starlet  flowers,  very  s^imilar  in  form  and  colour  to 
Erica  Hulfnrtens  siruLg  plants,  9s.  per  di  zen  ;  a  Jew  specimeil 
plaiit-  3s.  Gd  each, 

ILEX  LAlIFOLIA;  a  fine  hardy  shrub  of  Latltel.Uke 
folirtge ;  8'roh!.',  I  to  l^  loot,  I2s.  pt-rdoz.,  3  to  4  feet,  5s,  each. 

Qii  ERi'US  FORI>li,  epleudid  distinct  evergreen  tree,  1  foot; 
9s. ;  IJ  to  2  (eet,  18s.  per  dozen. 

QUERCD3  ILEX  Vae.  HUMEI,  from  the  estate  of  J.  Hume; 


Esq.,  M.P. ;  this  is  a  flne  variety,  with  very  broad  and  haud- 
9om,t>  foM.ige;  s'roni;  planta,  2  feet,  3s.  Gd  eich,  30s.  par  dozen, 

V7EIGELA  ROSB\,  a  firsUrate  hardy  shrub,  2  to  3  feet, 
baohy  flowerin:;  plants   9i.  per  dozen, 

FORSYUHIA  VIRlDISSIMA,  excellent  for  walls,  a  very 
fh'iicii  hardy  s'irub.  1    o  2  f.-et,  very  strong,  9s  per  dozen. 

JA^MINUM  RBVoLUEUil;  this  fine  evergreen  wall  plant, 
extra  tstron^,  ds.  per  d  'z«n. 

tlEDERA  REiiNGRIANA,  the  new  giant  Ivy,  of  very  broad 
foliage,  qui'e  dlHtinct  ami  very  robust,  strong  plants,  9s.  p.  doz. 

CLEMaIIS  MONTANA,  excetUnt  for  walU  or  arbours, 
very  strung  grower,  producing  its  white  flowers  in  great  pro- 
fu-ion,  9s.  per  dozen. 

CLEMATIS,  sweet-scented,  extra  strong',- w^I^  furnish  imme- 
dia'ely.  6s.  per  dozen. 

EUONYMUSJAPONICUS.siltfer-striped,  one  of  our  prettiest 
variegated  shrubs,  43.  per  dozen. 

ROSKS,  dwarf,  climbers,  and  others  in  choice  variety,  5j, 
per  dozen. 

COTONEASTER  MICROPHYLLA,  sti-ong  plants  iti  potfl, 
I2s.  per  d'izm. 

CEaNO  IHUS  AMERtCANUS,  quite  hardv,  9s.  per  dozen. 
„  RIGID  US,  new  and  very  pretv,  Is.  eabh. 

IRISH  YEWS,  2  ro  3  feet,  in  pots,  24s.  per  d  >zen. 

LUCCOMBE  OAKS.  6  mS  f^et,  flne  specimens,  5s.  each; 

BERoERlS  FURfUNII,  a  most  di^tmct  evergreen,  strorig, 
li  foot.  Is.  (id.  each, 

HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  id  great  variety,  not  mere  bota- 
nical curiosities,  but  showy  and  ornameutal  apecies,  25s.  per 
100  -pecies  and  varie'ies,  43.  pfer  dozen  in  pos, 

OXALIS  FLOIUBUNDA,  one  of  our  hmd.omest  hardy  hei*. 
baceoui  plants,  excellent  for  beddiog,  abundantly  flowering 
during  sommef  and  aummn,  Gs  per  dozen. 

STAIICE  PSEUDO-aRMKRIa.  This  al-io  is  a  first-rate  her 
baceou^  plant,  ttirowing  up  numeroui  heads  of  roae-coloured 
flowers  all  through  the  season;  vei-y  strung,  6n.  pet  dozen. 

S.  MaRITIMA  rosea,  a  pretty  species,  9s.  per  dozen. 

S.  LATIFOLIA,  throws  up  numerous  spikes  of  fe&thery 
blue  flowers  through  summer  and  autumn,  extra  strong,  68. 
per  dozen. 

PflLoXES,  in  many  fine  new  varieties,  strong  plants,  in 
potR.  Gs  per  dozen. 

ROCKETS,  doable  white,  strong  flovi^ering  plants,  33.  per  doz. 
Ditto,         purple,        ditto,  fis.  per  dozen. 

PRIMROSES,  doible,  in  variety.  4s.  per  dozen. 

HEPaTICUS.  of  sorts,  ■is.  per  dozen, 

LILIU^l  LaNCIFOLIUM  ALllUvi,  Gs.  to  9^.  per  dozen, 
and  L,  EXIMIUM  LONGIPLORUM.  Us. 

New  French  and  Belgian  Daisies,  in  50  bestsorts,  ds.  per  doz, 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  strong.  Ss    per  lOU. 

GOxrxp£ss. 

ARSUCARIA  IMBRICaTa,  1  loot,  18s. ;  U  to  2  feet,  42s.  per 
dozen.  Large  size  in  proportion,  up  to  3  gume  is  each.  This  is 
perfectly  hardy  ;  the  distioctne.ss  of  its  character  entitles  it  to  a 
place  in  even  'he  smallest  collection. 

CEDitUS  DBODARA.— fhe  Saured  Cedar  of  the  Himalayas; 
in  ita  native  regions,  the  Rrandeur  and  sublimity  of  its  appear- 
ance inspire  the  natives  rtith  awe  an^i  reverence,  and  its  timber 
they  Consider  desecrated,  if  used  for  any  other  purpose  than  the 
building  of  temples,  VTith  us  it  flouriaties  u'lt  of  door3  in  native 
luxnrianco.  Toin  and  the  tbrmer  are  justly  esfcemed  two  of 
our  finest  Evergreen  trees.  Plants  I  foot,  very  bushy,  9s.  per 
dozen  ;  li  to2  feet,  I83.  per  doz.  Larger  plants  proportionately 
cheap, 

JUNIPERUS  (Cupressus)  Uhdeana,  a  very  ornamental 
species,  I  to  li  foot,  9s.  per  dozen. 

JUNIPERUS  BEDFORDIANa.  1  to  IJ  foot,  6!.  per  dozen. 

PINU3  EXCELS  A,  of  tine  silvery  foliage,  1  to  IJ  foot,  9s.  per 
dozen  ;  3  to  4  foot,  3-)s,  perdozeu. 

CEDRUS  LIBANUS   4  to  (i  feet,  2s.  6(?.  eich. 

PlClilA  CKPH  aLoNICa,  15  inctits.  2s  Gd.  each. 
„  PINDROW,  C>  iochirs,  9s.  per  dozen. 

,,         NuRuMaNNIaNa,  4  iiiuties,  Sus.  per  dozen. 

PINU3  GERaROI.\NA,  6  to  9  inches,  etout  and  busty,  6s. 
per  dozen, 

ABI'-.S  MORINDA,  this  fine  distinct  species  of  spruce  has 
a  weeping  habit,  and  is  very  robust,  making  thoots  nearly  2 
feet  ill  one  season;  H  to  2  feet,  205.  ptr  dozen;  1  footj  6ff. 
per  di'zen.  .1 

ABIES  PUMILA,   dwarf  and  bushy,  123.  per  dozen.  ' 

„       ORIEN  f  ALIS,  true,  do.  do.,  12s.  pei-  dozen. 
The  admirPFS  of  dwarf  Pin^s  will  be  well  pleased    with  thoie. 

ABIES  MENZIBSII,  one  of  the  most  di.-tmct  of  Conifers, 
its  filvery  foliage  forhiiug  a  striking  contrast  to  (be  deep  green 
ot  otherspecie-,9  tol2  i'iches,  9s.  ;  l2  to  18  vucbes,  123.  per   do, 

CuYMPrOMERlA  JAPON.lCAj.seeduugs,  iu  fine  health, 
2  to  3  feet,  42s.  per  dozen. 

CUPRES.sUS  TORRULOSA,  a  fine  evergreen,  of  the  most 
symmelricai  shape,  from   1  to  lA  foot,  9s.  per  dozen. 

DAGitYDlUM   PR\NK.I.Nll,  3  co4  inches.  I8j.  per  dozen. 

PO')OCaRI'US  TOTARiE.  1  to  1^  foot,  strong,  12si.perdoz, 
CA.S.NA'ttONSf    PICfljcEBS,    Pt^&S. 

Being  iht)  largest  growers  of  these  m  tJngland,  perhaps  in 
Earop--,  uei.ffer  many  advantages  (,•>  puiciasers,  andat  every 
p.ice  quot-  d  below.  'We  pnde  ourselves  on  giving  satisfaction 
to  our  customers  by  furnuhing  goo-'  plani-b  of  good  varieties, 
and  we  beg  to  say  that  ihe  p.eseut  is  an  exceUeiit  season  for 
their  1  einov.il,  either  for  pot  or  open  grouod  culture. 

25  pairs  superb  varieties  of  Carnations  and  Picotees  31.    . 

12  p  lira        „  „  ,f  »        }l'}?f' 

25  pairs  very  fine     „  ji  »t         "•  ^^J. 

12  pairs         ,,  ,,  n 

12  pairs  fine  mixed  border         „ 

12  pairs  true  old  Clove  Carnatioij,  12s. 

12  pairs  of  fjoest  named  Pmks,  I^s. 

Pausien.  nice  plants  m  pots,  ot  the  newest  and  best  snow 
flowers,  12s  per  doz. 

Pansier,  tine  border  varieties,  good  sorts,  Gs.  per  doz. 

Asparagus,  Giant  {liiniiig),  i  ahd  3  yeaffl,  23.  6d.  and  Zs.  6 
periuo. 

Seakale.  is.  per  dozen,  ,     ^ 

Ro.ses,  Standards  and  Half-atandards,  of  the  very  best  sorts 
in  cultivation,  12s.  to  I's.  per  dozen.  ,  i.  oa 

Evergreen  Privet,  iu  large  quantities,  2^  to4  feet,  strong,  30s, 
p.-r  IDUD,  or  4s.  per  100,  ,       ,  .   *.      c 

30  packets  of  Choicest  Flower  Seedf,  free  by  post,  for  5s. 


13s. 


All  orders  of  21.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any  Railway  Station  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 
ItoVA.Ii     SrURSERV,     GR£A.T     YARlWOXTTH. 


CHEAP    BEDDING    PLANTS    FOR   THE   MILLION, 
lOHN   HAYES,  Florist,  Farnham,  Sui-rey,  begs  to 

t*  say  thH'  he  is  prepared  lo  "end  ..ui  Bedduii;  Plants  at  from 
Is.  to  33  Gd.  per  (liiz.-n.  The  Vei  beoits,  in  pois,  are  unusually 
giod,  having  been  kept  in  the  culd  Irames  all  the  wiuter,  aniJ 
may  be  put  out  with  bafety  at  the  latter  end  of  April,  Descrip- 
tive Catalogues  sent  on  the  rece<pt  of  one  postat^e  stamp. 

Fifty  Seeds,  of  a  good  CDCUMbER,  Irom  12  to  14  inches 
long,  will  be  tient  for  12  postage  stamps. 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURf?EY. 

OHN    WATERER    begs   to   aunounce  that  he  ha£|^ 

published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Har  i>  Rhododendrons 


Roses,  Conifers,  Sic,  and  which  ma^  be  obtained  b; 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  ail  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cuUlvatioi 
are  described ;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  ii 
making  selections. 


13— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


195 


WHEELER'S    SEED     LIST. 

JC.  WHLELER  AND  SON'S  Priced  List  of  Agri- 
•  caUunil,  Garden,  and  Flowt-r  Seeds  lor  this  heason,  id 
now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  iree  to  iinv  jiddrtss,  nn  re- 
ceipt of  one  ostaf^e  stamp.  lamakinR  .-ut  this  list  ^'reat  care 
has  been  taken  to  exclude  all  useless  varieties,  so  that  it  only 
comprises  thw  names  of  the  best  Seeds  in  cultivation.— J.  C. 
TVHEELEa  and  Son,  Nureerjinen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Glouces- 
tershire AffriL-a'mral  Suciety,  99,  Northgate-etree',  Gloucesier. 
Seeds  delivered,  carriage  iree,  to  most  parts  of  England  and 
South  \Vale°.      

OLDEN    BALL    MELON,    2s.   6d.   per   pacltet ; 

Brombam-baU  Melon  Is.  per  packet ;  Cap'ivaiim  Cmum- 
ber  5f.  per  pncket;  Pnenomena,  -'s.  6d.  per  pHcltet;  and  all 
others  as  raentiuned  in  this  paper  of  Februiii-y  '21,  1852  Gond 
sound  seeds  of  te  same  can  still  be  obtained  b.v  enclosing 
stamps  for  the  amount. — Edwahd  Tilet,  Nurseryman  and 
Seedsman.  H,  A'^bwy  Churchyard.  Bath. 


BASS  AND  BROWN'S  SEED  and  PLANT  LIST 
for  185J  (containing  36  pages)  now  sent  prepiiiii  fur  four 
postage  stamps,  as  the  newspaper-stamped  copies  are  di^posei 
of.  Also,  tor  two  postage  stamps,  their  Au  umn  CaralOLiue, 
containing  the  Hafdy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Uos-s,  and  various 
select  and  new  Hardy  Plants,  Climbers,  &c.,  kept  for  sale  in 
pots. — Seed  and  HorticuUural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 

NEW^ND    CHOICE    FLOWER    SEEDS, 

FREE  BY  POST. 

MESSRS.  WHEELER  and  SON  have  selected  out 
of  their  large  collection  of  Flower  Seeda  the  moj't 
beautiful  and  showy  varieties,  each  sort  distinct  in  colour,  and 
calculated  to  produce  a  fine  effect  when  planted  out  in  beds  or 
glwups  in  the  flower-garden.  They  have  marked  eacli  variety 
withitQ  Botaiiicaland  English  Name— H'-i^'ht—Tiraeuf  Flower- 
ing— Colour  of  the  Flower — Manner  of  Growing —  Wliether 
Erect  or  Trailing,  &c. — the  Time  it  should  be  Sown,  and  wilh 
other  valuable  Kints  as  to  its  cultivation. 

In  selecting  the>e  varieties  care  has  been  taken  to  exclude 
all  sby-bloom'^rs,  or  such  which  have  an  insitrnihoant  appear- 
ance, 80  that  the  collections  will  comprise  only  those  wbicb 
are  really  showy  and  handsome,  and  which  pruvt)  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  any  ladv  or  gentletnin  who  mith'  be  disposed 
to  order  them.  The  GERMAN  STOCKS,  ASTERS,  ZINNIAS, 
iiARKSPURS,  <kc.,  are  most  superb.  The  collections  will  be 
sent  free  by  post  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom  at  the  following 
prices  : — 20  Extra  Fine  Varieties,  all  distinct,  5s. ;  59  ditto 
ditto,  105.  6d.  ;  100  ditto  ditto,  205. 

J.  C.  Wheelee  and  Son,  99,  Northgate- street,  Gloucester. 
H'orBerymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucestershire  Agricultural 
Socie^. 


A   NEW   SEEDLING  POTATO. 

MESSRS.     WHEELER    and     SON     have    much 
pleasure  in  offering  a  New  Seedling  Potato,  called 
"THE    PRINCE    OF    WALES." 

It  is  an  excellent  Early  Potato,  in  fict  one  of  the  earliest  in 
cultivation,  so  early  that  it  escapes  the  disease  more  than  any 
Other  variety.  It  is  a  great  bearer,  of  excellent  quality,  and, 
as  we  have  a  good  stock,  we  can  offer  it  at  alow  price.  We 
have  much  pleasure  in  adding  the  following  extract  from  the 
^rcf^ers'  Chronicle  and  Agricultural  Gazette  of  the  12i.h  of 
April  last : — 

"Peinceof  Wales  Potato:  Messes.  Wheeleb.  of  Gloucester. 
TVe  can  speak,  from  personal  experience,  t)  the  excellent 
quality,  pruduciiveness,  unA  earliness  of  this  variety," 

We  can  offer  it  at  25.  Gd.  per  peck,  or  9s.  per  bushel,  bag  and 
package  inc-luded.  All  quantities  of  a  bushel  and  upwards 
would  be  delivered  carriage  free  to  any  Rai.way  Station  in 
England  or  Wales. 

J.  C.  WHEtLEE  and  Son,  99,  Northeate-street,  Gloucester 
ITarserymeu  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucester  Agricultural 
Society. 

DELPHINIUM  SPECIOSUMC?)  VAR.  WHEELERI. 

Flaats  to  bloom  this  Summer,  5s.  each,  for  cash,  post  free  to 

any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  War- 
minuter,  Wiles,  respectlully  announces  he  is  n<iw  sending 
out  the  above  magnificent  variety  ol  fine  bright  blue  Bee  Lark- 
Spur,  which  was  figured,  and  its  history  given,  in  the  "  Gar- 
deners' Mag-.zine  of  Botany  "  for  October.  ISol.  In  one  of  the 
specimens  sent  to  the  artist  of  that  work,  the  principal  spike, 
which  was  densely  smdded  with  blossoma,  ttiea^ured  H  inL'bes 
long  by  S\  inches  (nameier  at  its  broadest  part,  and  contained 
244  blosaoms  and  buds,  the  greater  part  being  in  perfection  at 
the  time  ;  belt)W  this,  several  smaller  and  more  loosely 
arranged  flowering  branches  were  produced.  The  stems  grow 
from  a  to  4  feet  m  height,  and  are  of  so  sturdy  a  habit  as 
scarcely  ever  t*  need  any  support ;  it  carries  a  good  foliaee,  is 
of  very  eaey  culture,  thriving  in  any  good  garden  soil,  and  an 
extremely  hardy  perennial  plant.  The  usual  allowance  to  the 
Trade  by  the  dozen. 

Fine  Bulbs  now  ready  of  Tlgridia  coochilflora,  yellow,  3s. 
per  dozen  ;  ditto  ditto  concbliflora  Wheeleri,  colour  oraoge- 
ecarlet,  on  jellon  ground,  beautifully  spotted.  45.  per  dozen. -> 
A  large  quantity  of  strong  transplanted  Thorn  and  bedded 
Khododendrong,  at  very  low^  prices,  which  may  be  obtained 
on  application. — The  King  of  Cucurtibers,  the  handsomest 
black  spine  in  cultivation,  four  seeds  for  Ij. 

Waroilnatpr,  March  27. 


NEW    ROSES    ON    THE    MANETTII    STOCK. 

WOODLANDS  NURSERY,  MARESFIELO,  NEAR 
DCKFIELD,  SUSSEX. 

■fXTM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  much  pleasure  in  offer- 

»  '     ing  6De  Dwarf  Plants  in  pots,  of  the  loUowing  really 
good  new  Kubcs,  worktd  on  the  Manettii  Stuck. 

HYBRID     PERPETUAL.       Per  plant.— s.  d. 

•Aafpiste  Mic.  glotiay  pink,  very  large,  superb       7  G 

•Baronnc  Hult«.  bright  rosv  crimson         8  6 

Blanche  fJe  beaulieu,  pale  flesh,  perfect  shape   ...        '.'..    3  6 
Caroline  de  Hantalles,  pale  blutb,  very  large,  a  superb 

Ro*e       5  0 

Oratlella,  rich  brilliant  pink,  very  beantiful       6  o 

*0«beral  fi^aignac,  d^ep  flo»h,  a  fine  Ro»e                    ..'.    3  g 
*Madame  Fremlon,  brilliant  carmine,  perfect  sbBpe,  ii 

flrnt-rite  new  Hum 5  q 

*Roaine  Morgottin,  dnllcateflenh       '/'     3  0 

Bonrenlr  du  Petit  Boi  de  Rome,  delicate  pink,  very 

beaatlfat          5  0 

''Standard  of  Marengo,  rich  crimson,  very  kbowy            ...     2  6 
William  Oriflith,  bright  Iliac  Rose,  munt  perfect  shape, 

OMe  of  the  Hnc»t         6  0 

Ifadame  Ltmorlcidre,  bright  pink,  superb          8  0 

AlfO    the   fullowlDg    well-known    fuvouHtcii»-MANBTTII 

STOCKS  :                                                          Per  plant.— «.  <z, 

Boarboo  Comte  Bobrlnttk/ 2  0 

•        —        Dupetic  Thounrs       1  6 

Hybrid  Bourbon,  Paul  KIcaut          2  0 

*Chloa,  Mri.  Bonanquet,  per  dozen,  ^t^s.,  or          1  0 

The  kind*  aiartc-d  tbua  *,  muy  al«o  be  had  on  Ibclr  own 
rooti  at  the  ^amo  price. 

R.B.— Addkrlonal  plants  preiiented  with  each  order,  with  a 
*ltw  t«  lei<i<:n  the  eipensa  ef  c*rrliif|;o. 

Catalogue  I  may  bo  had  Oaatii,  on  appUoatlon, 


NEW     AND     BEAUTIFUL     TIGER    IRIS. 

MURGAN'S    T1'1UI!>IA     CANAniBN-SH. 

JOSEPH     MORGAN,   Horticultural    EstabliBhment, 

^  Torquay,  i"  g^  to  call  the  a'tentiou  of  the  admirers  of  ihia 
goreeouH  Hower  to  the  ahove-nHraed  large  and  pure  rich 
yellow  variety,  thus  spoken  of  by  Dv.  Lindley,  in  ihe  Gardeners' 
Chronide  for  August  9,  1831; — "Your  Tigridia  CfinHrieosis  is 
a  fine  tl  'Wer,  clearer  yellow,  and  larger  than  Oonchiflora,  with 
the  spotting  better  defined."  This  is  the  best  time  for  removing 
theiii,  and  J.  M.  is  now  sendin::  out  Btrong  blooming  bulbs, 
free  by  p  st,  at  15».  per  d'>zen,  or  Is.  Gd.  per  mngle  root.  Liberal 
discount  to  the  trade.  — Torhay  Nursery,  Miirch  27. 


HENRY  GROOM,  Clapuam  Rise,  ne,,r  Londom 
FLOftlST  BY  APP  'INTMENT  To  HEa  MaJEST^E  THE  QuEEN, 
and  to  His  Majesty  the  Ktnq  of  Saxony,  begs  to  sav 
'h'lt  his  Spring  Catalogue  of  I'SLARtJONlUMS  and  NEW 
PLANTS  is  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  by  p. .at  on  application. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AVIERICaN  PLAiNTS.  CONIFiJRS.  RO^ES,  Jjc,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  HosEA  VVateeeb,  Knap  Hill 
Nursery,  Wokinj,  Surrey. 


FINE    YEW    TREES. 

ROBERT  HOLBERT  has  a  large  quantity  of  fine 
transplanted  YliW  TREKS  from  2  feet  to  4  feet  high; 
also  a  quantity  of  larger  plants  from  G  feet  to  7  ftet.  They  are 
remarkably  handsome  specimens,  and  will  be  sold  at  low 
(iricfs,  which  may  be  known  on  application  to  Robeet 
Il'^LBBET,  Nurseryman,  Gloucester. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appear  in  this  Paper  on  the  tirst  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  wiiich  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  OaNAMKNTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Treatise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
Plants."  can  still  be  hiid,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
cau  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Baeshot.  Surrey.  March  27. 


IT'XTRACT  FROM  A  LETTER  FROM  LORD 
-Li  CAMUYS'  STEWARD,  to  Messrs.  SUTTON  and  SONS: 
"  The  Pasture  laid  down  with  the  Grass  Seeds  you  euiiplied 
ti  Lord  Camoys  about  five  years  since,  is  the  admiratiun  of 
the  neighbourhood  for  its  early  springing  and  for  the  fineness 
and  luxuriance  of  its  berbnt»e. 

"Your3  truly,  Joseph  A.  Langfoed. 
"Stonor,  near  Henley-on-Tharaes.— Feb.  H,  1852." 

FROM  THE  INCUMBENT  OF  GRAZELY  PARSONAGE. 
To  Mfssrs.  Sctton, 

Sirs, —  When  you  are  passing  through  Grazeli/,  lioisJiyou  would 
call  in  and  see  my  Garden  Lawn.  Pasture.  a\>d  Churchyard,  which 
I  sowed  last  spring  with  your  Seeds,  and  which  this  time  last  year 
toas  only  a  Bean  field  bat  now  a  beautiful  close  Green  Sward,  and 
I  am  happy  to  say  free  from  weeds.  Many  gentlemen  have  been 
quite  surprised  to  see  in  so  short  a  time  so  good  a  pasture,  a:d  I 
hope  it  will  continue  the  same,  as  I  ham  invariably  heard  that  your 
Grass  Seeds  are  good  and  permanent. 

Jam,  Sirs,  yours  obediently,  T,  S. 

Grazely  Parsonage,  Feb.  13^ 

From  Mr.  Edward  Jones,  Steward  to  J.  W.  Birch,  Esq., 

of  Benley  Park.  Oxon, 

"To  Messrs.  Sdtton,  — I  am  also  happy  to  say  that  the  2t. 

acre  field  which  we  laid  down  with  your  Permanent  Grass 

Seed,  has  succeeded  well;  there  is  a  good  stock  both  of  Clovers 

and  Grasses." 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  having  been  honoured  with  the 
above,  with  permission  to  publish  them,  have  much  pleasure 
in  doing  so,  and  have  also  the  sati^-tactioQ  of  stating  that  they 
are  almost  daily  receiving  similar  commuoicaiioos.  In  a  letter 
juBt  received  from  a  gentleman  at  We^ton-super-Miire,  is  the 
following  passage  :  — "  The  field  Ilaid  doion  last  spring  icith  your 
Grasa  Seeds  gave  me  great  satisfaction  and  no  little  surprise  to  my 
neighbours  the  farmers.  I'he purchaser  of  the  property  was  also 
surprised  at  the  result." 

lu  another  letter  dated  Emanuel  Rectory,  Loughborough, 
January  28,  the  Rector  says:  —  "  The  four  acres  which  I  sowed 
ivith  Grass  Seeds  from  your  Establishment  last  ."pHng,  present  a 
vei-y  satisfactory  appearance,  the  ground  being  equally  covered  with 
O'rass  of  regular  and  uniform  height." 

We  are  also  receiving  many  others  almost  daily,  and  from 
them  we  select  the  following  : — 

From  Gvlval  Vicarage. 
"The  Grass   Seeds  and   Clovers  sent  last  year  answered 
admirably." 

From  Kempshot  Park,  near  Basingstoke. 
"  I  never  had  such  buccess  as  with  the  Seeds  I  purchased 
from  you,  especially  with  the  Grasses,   the  Teliow  Mangold, 
and  the  Swedes." 

From  Sparrow  Lodge,  near  Ripon. 
"I  enclOBe  jou  a  list  of  the  prues  I  obtained,  mostly  from 
your  Seeds.     The  Mangold  Wurzel  was  the  best  I  ever  saw." 
From  Brook  House,  near  NetopOi't,  Monmouthshire. 
"  I  have  iovariablj  founrt  your  Seeil-good.     1  have  a  splendid 
crop  of  your  Six  Weeks  Turnip,  on  which   the  sheep  have  been 
now  a  lortoigbt,  and  the  Mangolds  are  very  excellent." 
From  an  eminent  Agricidturltt  and  Jfagistrate  of  Berkshire, 

dated  iVasing  Place,  Jan  22. 
"Mr.  M.  thanUs  Me>8rs.  ^CTToN  for  ibeir  Catalogue,  and 
will  be  happy  to  recommend  them  on  all  occa-iions,  which  be 
can  do  most  cousuienviousiy  to  himself,  and  advantageously  to 
his  friends." 

From  Oodmanstone. 
"The  Turnip  Seeds  you  sent  to  my  son  proved  so  true  to 
their  kind,  as  well  as  good  growing;  seed,  th'it  I  am  induced  to 
request  you  to  send  me  as  on  the  other  side," 

FrOTii  Grove  Bouse,  Tooting,  March  22. 
"  Your  Seedp,  I  ougl.t  to  say.  are  exceedingly  good  ;  indeed, 
I  think  it  but:  juBttoyouto  testify  to  your  liberal  and  houest 
mode  of  conducting  your  business." 

From  a  Clergyman,  an  eminent  Agriculturist  and  Member  of  the 

Royal  Agricultural  Society. 

"1  have  had  the  pleubure  of  praisiog  ^our  Seeds  in  many 

quarters  beside  that  to  which  you  refer.     This   I  have  done 

from  a  sen'-e  of  justice  only," 

JOHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  have  for  many  years  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  !a>ing  down  Land  to  Perinaoent 
Pasture,  are  well  acquainted  wlih  the  various  soiln  of  the 
United  K'lig'lom,  and  can  supply  tlic  aorta  of  Grasses  and  Clovers 
moat  suitable  for  any  specified  soil  at  iiBa.  per  acre,  with  Instruc- 
tions for  sowing. 

Alto  the  best  CLOVRRS  and  RYE-GRASS  for  olternato 
himbandry  or  to  lay  down  for  two  yefira,  at  IBs.  per  »cre  ;  and 
Rdtton's  Henovntliig  Mixture  of  I'ereniiial  CLOVlOltS  and 
Fluent  GRASSES  for  improving  Old  Mt^ndows  and  Pastures, 
KW,  per  lb,,  8  to  12  ih«.  p-^r  acre  bolnif  sufllt  Ii-nt. 

AUo,  Fint'flt  LAWN  GRASSKS  for  Gardens,  1«.  3d.  per  lb,, 
or  3(   per  giillon. 

N.n, —  Mangold  Wurzel,  Belgian  Carrot,  Turnip,  and  all 
other  A((rl(!u)ujnil  Seedrt  of  superior  quull'y,  11  PriO'-d  Cataloguo 
of  whU  h  miiv  h«  hud  In  return  fi>r  one  p>  niiy  utimip. 

A.lrlrcilR,      JOHN      BUTXOiN     AND     aOW8,     SiliD     OHOWBafl, 

Koadlug,  iierks. 


DWARF     PEAS. 
TTAIRS'S     DWARF      MAMMOTH     KNIGHT'S, 
ir.,    r,^^"''''""^^'^''^^''  "^lie  best  out,  2a.  iid.  per  quart. 
SIt",[^..^^J'*^^"^'"'-''^D"E:D,  Is.  per  quart. 
BUIllilDGIS-a  EOUP.SE,  U  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  been  most  extensively  grown  in  tbo 
prmcipal  horticuUural  esiabli^hments  in  .he  Uingdom,  and 
va^rJueT^      superior  in  every  respect  to    the    tall    growing 

FLOWER    SEEDS. 

ESGHSCHOLTZIA    CALIFORNICa    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 
verv  ifooti,  bd.  per  packet. 

b*-8t  h.-ddirig  plants  out,  Crf   per  packet 
THOl'^OLUM  COCCINRUM.  handsome  Gd  ner  nar-ket 
EUCIINIDBA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  velW  half  hardv 

Gd.  per  packet,  '  ^* 

GAUitA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous  plant    Gd    per 

packet.  '         '    *^ 

Ddncam  Haies  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
small  selection,  as  being  deservedly  w.>rihy  of  universal  atten- 
tion. Catdli'gues  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flower  Seeds 
forwarded  on  application. 

Seedsman  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St, 
MarHn's  lane,  Loudun. 

TMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pro- 

A  curing  sound  Seed  is  the  surcBt  means  r<»  h-ive  a  good  crop. 
We  bavd  now  lefc  only  a  few  Ton«  of  YOUK  Kt-GENTS 
CAMBKIOrjE  RADICAL,  AMERICAN.  NATIVE  AND 
WHITE  BLOSSOMED  KIDNEY  POTATOPIS,  ihe  produce  of 
ou--  last  year's  prepared  cuttings,  at  prices  formerly  advertised. 
Ptepared  cuttings  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May :—  s.  d. 

York  Regents  per  1000    10    6 

American  Native     ...         ...         ...  ,,  10     6 

Cambridge  Radical  „  10     6 

Earl>  Oxford  ,.         15    0 

Packages  for  1000,  Is. ;  2000.  Is.  Gd.  ;  5000,  23.  Gd. 

No  orders  will  be  provided  for  which  are  not  to  hand  In  the 

first  week  in  April.     Po8t-o£6ce  orders  to  be  made  payable  at 

the  Roriugh  Office  to  Hat.  Sanqster  und  Co.,  Newinjitcm  Butts. 

London,  6th  March,  1852. — SuVjiiioed   is  the  analysis  of  two 

higtily  respectable  Chemists,  of  our  stock  in  hand  :— 

"  Londun,  Marrh  12,  1852, 
"  We  have  now  comple'ed  our  examination  of  a  sample  of 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepa)ed  cuttinps  in  comparison 
with  another  sample  of  the  same  denomination,  obtained  by 
oursflves  from  a  highly  respecable  Potato  salesman,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
each,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
favour,  viz. : —  Sta-^ch. 

"  Those  urown  from  your  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    percent, 

"  Potatoes  from  Salesman        l-'A  per  cent. 

"Maurice  Scanlan,  F.C.S. 
"ALFaED  Andeeson,  F.C.S, 
"Messrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co.,  Seed  Men-hants, 
18;  Cumberland-place,  Newington  Butts." 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

F>ASS  AND  BROWN'S  ANNUAL  SEED  AND 
-'  PLANT  LIST  FOR  1S52,  containing  36  paje«.  now  sup- 
plied,  prepaid,  for  four  postage  stamps,  as  the  newspaper- 
stamjied  copies  are  distributed.  A  few  more  stumiied  copies 
of  the  Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  the  Ruses,  Hardf 
Plants,  Climbers,  Prize  Gooseberries,  (fee. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS, 

OF    THE    VERT     BEST     SORTS     IN     CULTIVATTON. 

ASSORTED  COLLECIIONS,  50s..  30s.,  2O5.,  and  lOj.  6d., 
or  any  sorts  supplied  separate,  at  the  lowest  prices,  for  first- 
rate  quality.     Ste  Catalogue. 

FLOWER    SEEDS, 

FREE   BT   POST. 

Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  seeds  sent 

with  each  order. 

BEST     ASSORTMENTS. 

100  varieties  best  and  newest  Annuals  ...  ...£0  15     0 

50  varieci'  e,  8s.  6d.  •  30  varieties.  Us.  tid-  ;  20  varieties     0     4     0 
20  varieties  of  best  Dwtirf  Annuals,  large  packets, 

f.ir  filling  out  lawn  beds,  <tc 0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 0     5     0 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Annuals    ...    0    7    6 

12  v^rietie?,  do 0     5     0 

20  variet'cs  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Perennials     0  10     6 

12  v.irieties,  do.        ...         "•         0     7     6 

2(1  varieties  choice  iind  new  Biennials  and  Perennials     0     7     C 

12  varieties,  do 0    5    0 

CHOICE  IMPORTED  GERMAN  SEEDS. 
A  pupeib  collection  of  Stocks,  Asters,  Wallflower,  Larkspur, 
Balsams,  Senecio,  Zlunia,  Cockscouib,  Indian  Pink,  &c.     See 
Catalogue,  psge  4. 

GRASS    SEEDS, 
Assorted  and  mixed,  of  the  very  best  sorts,  for  the  purposes 
required. 

Mtxtures  for  Permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawos,  Bowling-gieens,  &c.  ;  also  Mixtures 
to  suit  a  1  soils  and  sitnations. 

For   priced  List  of  Grasses,    see  our  Seed  and  Plant  List, 
pane  14,  by  which  each  sort  may  be  b;id  sep'irately. 
TRUE  ITALIAN  RYEGRASS,  ENGMsH  and  IMPORTED, 
g^    Oar  Mixtures  of  Grasses  have  given  the  highest  satis* 
faction. 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.  Post- 
offii-e  i>rderH  to  be  made  payable  to  Bass  and  Brown,  or  to 
Stephen  Beown.  Goods  soot  carriage  free  to  London,  Ips- 
wich, Norwich,  or  any  station  on  the  same  line. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTURY, 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  27,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THK  ENSUING  WEEK. 

m  Ml.    nrtfChemical  (AnQlverHaiy)  8  p.w, 

Td».1>«.,     Marcli    SO^^,,,,  ^nuiieer .' 8  P.M. 

W.DKKDDAT.    —       31  - Soclcty  ,.l  Art. -Sp.-M. 

(Znoloiflral 3  r.u. 

Tuhubdat,     April     l^  Anriqunrlan h  p.m. 

I  Iloyfil  ..,8ir.M. 

f  H<.rHnlcHl  8  P.M. 

FnlDAT.  —       3iPlillolonlcRl H  P.M. 

(  KovHl  Inatltutioa 81  p.m. 

.-  _        nlA^fftllo 2  P.M. 

SiTonoAt  -        l3lM,a|cal      „...8P.M. 


Up  to  the  18th  of  this  month  there  had  been  for 
many  years  no  spuing  so  late  and  culd  as  this.  In  these 
resijeclH,  it  was  even  more  striking  than  thai  of  1846, 
Continually  frosty  nights,  little  Kun,  no  miiterial  rise 
of  the  thermometer  during  the  day  ;  from  these 
causes  (he  temperature  of  the  earth,  which  is  a 
better  indicator  of  weather  than  that  of  the  air,  wa8 


196 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[March  27, 


actually  lower  than  it  had  been  within  any  period 
during  which  registers  to  which  we  have  access  have 
been  kept.  It  is  true,  indeed,  that  in  March  1845, 
the  earth,  2  feet  below  the  surface,  was  on  one  occa- 
sion as  low  as  36",  and  that  in  this  year  the  geo- 
thermometer  had  not  fallen  lower ;  but  the  mean  of 
the  month,  at  2  feet  under-ground,  was,  up  to  that 
time,  lower  than  in  1845  by  more  than  half  a  degree. 
The  following  return  proves  this. 

The  temperature  of  the  earth  in  the  Garden  of 
the  Horticultural  Society,  for  the  first  18  days  of 
March,  has  been  as  under  : — 


1  Foot 

■2  Peet 

3  Feet 

Deep. 

Deep. 

Deep. 

March  1 

37.6 

38.5 

41.0 

>.      2 

38.0 

39.0 

41.0 

»      3 

37.0 

38.0 

41,0 

>t     * 

37.0 

37.0 

40,5 

„      6 

36.0 

37.5 

40.0 

..      6 

36.0 

37,0 

40.0 

..      ' 

36.5 

36.0 

40.0 

8 

36.6 

36.5 

40;0 

»      9 

37.5 

37.0 

40.0 

,.    1» 

88.5 

37.5 

40.0 

1' 

38.5 

37.5 

40.0 

»     12 

38.5 

38.0 

40,0 

»     " 

38.0 

8S.0 

40.5 

" 

38.0 

38.0 

41.0 

■•    16 

38.B 

38.0 

.41.0 

..    1« 

39.0 

38,0 

41,0 

M    1' 

40.0 

39.0 

41.0 

..    18 

40.0 

39.0 

41.0 

37.77 

37.75 

40.5 

Mean  of  March.    2  feet, 

183S  41.46 

1839  41.93 

1840  41.71 

1844  42.14 

1845  33.37 

1848  45.55 

1847  41.03 

1848  43.72 

1849  4:).70 

1850  42.33 

General  average,  41.74. 


Mln.  of  March 

1838  

1839  

1810  

1844  

1815  

1840  

1817  

1848  42.60 

1819  42.50 

1850  40!~ 


.  2  feet, 
.  38.5 
,  39 
.  39 
.  40 
.  35 
.  44 


porary  derangement  of  the  atmosphere  from  which 
so  large  a  portion  of  the  nutriment  of  plants  is 
actually  derived,  long  after  the  cause  has  been 
removed. 

A  collection  of  plants,  consisting  principally  of 
half-hardy  Cistuses,  Brooms,  and  composite  plants 
from  Portugal,  was  placed  in  the  wide  windows  of 
a  school-room  where  they  were  flourishing  to  a 
degree  which  gave  great  promise  f«  the  ensuing 
season.  At  this  time  a  chemical  entertainment  was 
given  in  the  room,  which,  as  it  dwelt  principally  on 
explosive  matters,  such  as  gunpowder,  detonating 
compositions,  coloured  lights,  and  phosphuretted 
hydrogen,  caused  a  great  escape  of  various  gaseous 
matters  materially  affecting  the  composition  of  the 
air  contained  in  the  apartment.  The  concluding 
blue  signal  light  made  it  impos-sible  for  the  specta- 
tors to  remain  much  longer,  and  a  hasty  retreat  was 
made.  The  room  was  cleared  the  next  morning 
and  ventilated,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  days 
some  of  the  plants  were  evidently  much  affected. 
Two  months  have  now  elapsed,  and  the  diseased 
action  is  still  going  on,  showing  itself  in  the  splitting 
of  the  leaves  and  occasional  death,  while  other 
plants,  which  were  at  first  materially  injured,  seem 
to  be  making  a  new  growth  from  below.  It  is  im- 
possible to  say  to  which  particular  experiment  the 
misfortune  is  due,  but  it  is  easy  to  understand  that 
these  noxious  gases,  or  even  those  which  contribute 
to  the  wants  of   vegetation  in   undue  proportions, 


The  following  columns  show  how  this  season 
stood,  on  the  18th  March,  as  compared  with  several 
previous  ones :— 


Mean  of  March, 

Minimum  of  March, 

1852 

2  feet  under-ground. 

2  feet    nnder.ground. 

37.75      

36 

1815 

88  37      

36 

18t7 

1833 

41.03      

88 

41.46     

38.5 

1840 

41,71      

89 

1839 

41.93      

39 

1844 

42.14      

40 

1860 

42.33      

40 

1849 

43.70     

42,50 

1818 

43.72     

42,60 

1846 

45.55     

44 

adapted  to  the  developmeat  of  the  spherical  form,  now 
so  generally  admired  in  the  training  of  the  Azalea. 
Nevertheless,  by  their  skill  and  perseverance,  these 
cultivators  deservedly  acquired  a  reputation  in  plant 
growing  that  will  not  be  soon  eclipsed.  The  excellence 
of  the  Azaleas,  at  Ealing-park,  is  well  known,  and  the 
decision  of  the  judges  at  the  next  May  exhibitions  will 
be  anxiously  looked  forward  to  by  those  interested  in 
Azalea  growing.  There  are,  however,  other  growers  of 
Azaleas  who  do  not  exhibit  so  largely,  whose  plants  are 
nevertheless  admirable  examples  of  good  management ; 
such  are  Mr.  Carson,  gardener  at  Nonsuch  Park  ;  Mr. 
Flemmg,  at  Trentham,  &c. 

The  Azalea  is  well  adapted  for  floral  display,  either 
in  the  mansion,  conservatory,  or  exhibition  tent  in  May, 
By  early  training  it  will  easily  assume  any  shape  or  form 
that  may  be  required  ;  and  I  think  it  will  be  admitted 
that  the  spherical  is  least  suited  when  the  plants  are 
required  to  adorn  the  mansion  at  routs,  balls,  or  other 
festive  occasions — hence  the  tenacity  with  which  the 
early  exhibitors  clung  to  the  form  which  best  answered 
the  aspect  in  which  their  plants  were  frequently  placed. 
It  was  not  until  gentlemen  and  ladies  with  ample  means, 
spirit,  and  taste,  caused  houses  to  be  built  suitably 
adapted  for  the  growth,  health,  and  floral  developement 
of  the  plants,  that  much  progx'ess  was  made.  But  now 
the  exhibition  tent  will  amply  show  what  money,  talent, 
skill,  and  experience,  properly  applied,  will  do  in  plant- 
growing.  TasseL 


GREAT  EXHIBITION  OF  PLANTS  AT  GHENT. 


Since  the  18th  the  sun  has  gained  some  strength, 
and  the  temperature  of  the  air  by  day  has  not  been 
lower  than  47'',  while  on  the  22d  and  24th  it  rose 
to  66°.  Still  vegetation  is  almost  torpid  ;  buds  are 
swelling  very  slowly,  and  the  early  blossoms  have, 
for  the  most  part,  a  shrunken  half-starved  aspect. 
The  continued  low  temperature  at  night,  fluctuating 
between  25°  and  28°  explains  this ;  for  so  little  effect 
has  the  sun  yet  produced,  that  at  the  present  moment 
the  earth,  2  feet  under-ground,  has  not  gained  more 
than  42**,  and  this  maximum  still  remains  less  than 
the  mean  of  1844,  1846,  1848,  1849,  and  1850. 

It  is,  however,  clear  from  the  following  evidence, 
that,  slow  as  is  the  operation,  some  effect  is  being 
produced ;  the  temperature  of  the  soil,  2  feet  under- 
ground, having  advanced  3°,  although  that  at  1  foot 
under-ground  has  not  risen  more  than  2^**,  owing 
no  doubt  to  the  continual  loss  of  heat  by  nocturnal 
radiation. 


,  ■   't -1     1  1  X     i.-  '     ""L  i  The  interest'attached  to  the  grand  exhibition,  which 

having  been  once  imbibed  by  a  retentive  substance,  ^^^  ,^4^,^  j^^^„-  ^j^^^  j^^^.^^  wasieneral  over  the  greater 
like  humus,  will  be  parted  with  gradually;  and,  1  p^^j^f  ^^.^pg.  jj^i^jjjg  ^o|jo„bt,from  itsonlyoccurring 
where  matters  so  liable  to  chemical  change  as  the  oQce  in  five  years.  The  unsettled  state  of  the  continent 
lining-coat  and  contents  of  vegetable  cells  are  con- ,  has  protracted  the  present  meeting  three  years  later 
cerned,  disease  is  almost  certain  to  ensue.  |  than  usual,  so  that  it  is  now  eight  years  since  it  was  last 

It  is  not  surprising  that  interested  parties  should  held  ;  consequently  the  anxiety  of  all  in  any  way  in- 
deny  the  noxious  effects  of  the  substances  with  which  1  terested  in  horticultural  or  botanical  pursuits  was 
they  poison  the  air,  which  is  to  a  far  greater  extent !  stimulated  in  no  ordinary  degree  ;  for  ahnost  every  town 
than  they  are  probably  aware  the  vehicle  of  nutrition  I  of  ™POi''ance,  from  St.  Petersburgh  to  Brussels,  waa 

to  vegetables;  but  those  who  are  called  in  support  of  I ':,<=P^;!=™t'^?  \?^  .P.™^^^,'?^  ^^^i<='^':>  "^  nurseryman. 
\    .  °    ".        '       ,,j         ,w  HI,    1  c     ■  .Continental   exhibitions  differ  so   widely  m  character 

their  notions  would  do  well  (except  the  love  of  science  ,  ^^.^^  ^  ^hiswick  show,  that  I  shaU  endeavour  to 

be  far  inferior  to  more  woridly  motives)  to  weigh  -^  the  more  striking  features  of  it  as  they  presented 
well  the  circumstances  on  which  vigorous  health  in   themselves,  aftera  very  minute  inspection  ;  for  although 


plants  depends,  and  they  will  most  assuredly  dis- 
cover how  slight  a  cause  is  capable  of  exercising  a 
very  powerful  action,  and  that  any  considerable  ad- 
mixture of  heterogeneous  matter  cannot  fail  after  a 
lapse  of  time  to  act  injuriously.  M.J,  B. 


Temperature  of  the  Earth. 

Temp,  of  the  Air. 

1  ft.  deep. 

2  ft.  deep. 

3  ft,  deep. 

Max. 

Min. 

19 

39» 

S9» 

40° 

47S 

27' 

20 

39 

39 

40 

56 

25 

21 

39.5 

89 

41 

63 

27 

22 

41 

41 

41,6 

6S 

28 

23 

41,5 

41 

42 

64 

25 

24 

41.6 

42 

43 

6G 

26 

2S 

41,6 

42 

43 

48 

These  facts  abundantly  explain  how  it  is  that  a 
warm  and  brilliant  sun  has  at  present  exercised  such 
small  apparent  influence  upon  vegetation. 


Plants  have  no  power  of  selecting  their  own  food, 
but  imbibe  whatever  is  mixed  up  with  the  moisture 
contained  in  the  soil  in  which  they  grow  ;  and  though 
a  certain  proportion  of  the  necessary  elements  is 
requisite  for  the  healthy  normal  growth  of  each 
particular  species,  a  derangement  of  this  proportion 
within  moderate  limits  is  not  necessarily  injurious  ; 
yet  if  it  be  materially  altered,  cultivation  either 
becomes  entirely  impossible,  or  diseased  action  takes 
place.  Thus  in  the  neighbourhood  of  certain 
chemical  works  we  constantly  hear  of  greater  or  less 
damage  to  the  surrounding  vegetation,  ending  either 
in  palpable  disease  or  actual  death.  In  these  cases 
the  air  is  almost  constantly  charged  with  noxious 
matter,  and  conies  in  contact  with  the  tissues  by 
means  of  the  stomata,  but  to  a  far  greater  degree, 
doubtless,  by  the  absorption  of  the  surrounding 
atmosphere  by  the  soil  in  which  the  plants  grow. 
But  even  where  this  continued  supply  of  noxious 
matter  does  not  take  place,  the  following  fact  will 
perhaps  tend  to  show  the  baneful  influence  to  vege- 
tation which  may  arise  even  from  any  great   tem- 


WHAT  AZALEA  INDICA  FIRST  WAS. 
It  was  in  the  spring  of  1820  that  we  first  saw  the  old 
Azalea  indica  in  flower,   in  one   of  the  greenhouses 
belonging  to  the  late  Mr.  Barret,  Garbraud-hall,  Ewell, 

whose  private  collection  of  plants  at  that  time  was  justly  \  are  chiefly  sought  after  by  foreign  amateurs  :  we  refer 
"    —    -'*'--   ^ — 1   -■-    ".-  — :-'.' 1 J    -"   particularly  to  Palms,    Cacti,    tender    Conifers,    and 


I  have  witnessed  several  floral  displays  in  different  parts 
of  the  continent,  this  far  excelled  any  that  had  come 
under  my  notice  previously. 

Ghent  may  be  said  to  be  a  kind  of  horticultural  em- 
porium, where  plants  are  manufactured  for  the  chief 
continental  establishments.  The  nursery  business  is  in 
consequence  carried  on  with  great  spirit  and  enterprise. 
The  collections  in  these  establishments  boast  of  a  vast 
variety  of  curious  rai'e  and  rich  botanical  treasures, 
which  to  an  English  nurseryman  would  be  compara- 
tively valueless  ;   nevertheless  in  most  instances  these 


esteemed  one  of  the  finest  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
London.  It  was  a  nice,  well  managed  plant,  beautifully 
flowered  ;  and  being  new  to  me,  I  was  much  interested 
with  it.  Plant-growing  at  that  period  was  a  very  dif- 
ferent affair  from  what  it  is  now ;  specimens,  such  as  we 
see  in  the  present  day,  were  never  thought  of  then,  for 
who  at  that  time  would  have  given  space  to  a  plant  where 
a  dozen  might  have  stood  ?  To  arrange  the  plants  on 
the  stage  of  a  large  greeuhouse  was  no  easy  task.  In 
the  lean-to  houses,  vegetation  necessarily  inclined  to- 
wards the  light ;  the  plants  on  the  back  of  the  stage  were 
tall  and  single-stemmed,  crowded,  and  so  placed  that  an 
unbroken  bank  of  foliage  might  face  the  spectator  from 
the  front  path,  for  flowers  were  indeed  few  and  far 
between  ;  perhaps  an  Epacris,  a  Protea,  an  Acacia  or 
Mimosa,  a  Heath  or  a  CoiTEea  might  diversify  the  view 
with  an  occasional  blossom.  But,  nevertheless,  when 
the  plants  were  judiciously  arranged,  this  bank  of  foliage 
alone  had  a  very  pleasing  effect,  for  so|  closely  were  the 
plants  packed  together,  that  little  unsightly  was  to  be 
seen.  A  great  revolution  in  plant-growing,  however, 
shortly  afterwards  took  place. 

It  was  some  years  afterwards  that  Mr.  Snow,  then 
gardener  to  H.  Palmer,  Esq,,  of  Fulhara,  exhibited  some 
fine  plants  of  Azalea,  at  the  Horticultural  Society's 
rooms,  in  Regent-street.  These  plants  produced  quite  a 
sensation,  and  were  the  exciting  cause  to  arouse  the 
latent  spirit  of  emulation,  and  the  desire  to  possess  and 
cultivate  Azaleas  became  more  general.  The  introduc- 
tion of  A.  indica  alba  and  phcenicea,  together  with  the 
seedlings  raised  by  the  late  Mr.  Smith,  of  Norbiton, 
tended  still  further  to  recommend  the  Azalea  to  popular 
favour  ;  and  the  appeax'ance  of  A.  variegata,  lateritia, 
Gledstanesii,  and  Danielsiana,  completely  established  its 
merits. 

Among  early  growers  of  Azaleas,  Mr.  Green,  gardener 
to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.,  ranked  as  the  best ;  and 
although  many  are  the  able  competitors  with  whom  he 
has  had  to  contend,  since  the  establishment  of  the  gi-eat 
exhibitions  at  Chiswick,  he  has  ever  maintained  a  first 
place.  Mr.  Barnes  was  at  one  time  a  powerful  rival  ; 
his  plants,  trained  to  one  side,  as  was  the  prevailing  cus- 
tom of  the  time,  were,  indeed,  splendid.  To  the  Messrs. 
Eraser  belong  the  merit  of  producing  specimens,  more 
perfect  in  form,  .and  more  consonant  with  the  require- 
ments of  refined  taste,  th.an  those  that  had  preceded  them. 
They  are  free  from  the  difficulties  attendant  on  gentlemen's 
establishments,  which  do  not  admit  of  a  house  or  houses 
to  be  appropriated  merely  to  grow  specimens  in  fi 
exhibition,  and  hence  the  crowding  and  one-sidedness 
of  plants  which  are  of  necessity  grown  in  places  ill- 


variegated  plants.  The  latter  are  much  in  request,  and 
hence  they  formed  a  decided  feature  in  the  exhibition. 
In  England  the  respective  merits  of  our  exhibitions  are 
estimated  by  the  degree  of  excellence  shown  in  cultiva- 
tion in  connection  with  bloom  ;  but  not  one  in  ten  of 
the  plants  staged  at  this  show  exhibited  either  charac- 
teristic ;  notwithstandmg  this,  however,  the  display 
was  both  striking  and  grand. 

The  casino  in  which  the  exhibition  was  held  is  a  very 
large  building,  and  exquisitely  adapted  for  such  purpose 
at  this  season  of  the  year  ;  for  during  the  period  the 
plants  were  in  it,  the  external  temperature  fell  as  low 
as  14°  Fahr.  No  injm-y,  however,  resulted,  even  to 
Orchids,  from  this  extreme  cold.  In  the  pilasters  of 
the  building  flues  are  provided,  and  temporary  stoves 
are  placed  in  vai'ious  dii'ections  ;  a  pipe  is  flxed  to  the 
stove,  and  then  tlirust  into  a  small  aperture  in  the  flue  ; 
these  are  kept  going  night  and  morning,  and  an  agreeable 
warmth  is  maintained.  A  few  minutes  before  the  visitors 
.are  admitted,  the  pipes  are  drawn  from  the  apertures, 
and  the  stoves  bodily  removed,  with  an  alacrity  beyond 
all  praise,  reminding  one  of  the  shifting  of  a  scene  in  a 
theatre,  so  that  the  space  for  promenading  was  left  quite 
clear.  The  visitors  were  placed  in  a  most  enjoyable 
atmosphere,  in  which  they  could  examine  the  various 
productions  with  pleasure  ;  no  cracking  of  tent  poles 
was  to  be  feared,  neither  were  we  threatened  by  a  north- 
easter or  a  tropical  sii-occo,  which  has  consigned  many 
thousand  5s.  tickets  to  tlie  ,flames  in  London  ;  mud 
boots  and  umbrellas  were  at  a  discount ;  ladies  did  not 
tremble  for  their  last  new  bonnet,  hence  every  counte- 
nance beamed  with  happiness  and  pleasm'e. 

In  order  to  understand  how  the  exhibition  is  con- 
ducted, I  may  state  that  each  exhibitor  has  his  plants 
arranged  for  the  judges,  or  rather  jury,  by  Saturday 
morning,  which  day  is  devoted  to  deciding  the  prizes. 
On  Sunday  morning  they  are  all  staged  and  arranged, 
and  everything  is  in  order  by  1  o'clock,  when  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  and  strangers  are  admitted.  On 
Monday  and  Tuesday  the  casino  is  ojeued  to  the  public  ; 
in  no  instance  is  any  money  taken.  The  mode  of 
deciding  on  the  medals  to  be  awarded  is  very  different 
from  om-  system  in  England.  Two  sections  are 
formed,  over  which  a  president  and  secretary  pre- 
side ;  the  first  section,  consisting  of  38  membeis 
from  different  parts  of  Europe,  was  presided  over 
by  Prince  Troubetzkoy,  of  St.  Petersburgh  ;  and 
the  second,  of  32  members,  by  the  Duke  d'Ursel, 
of  Brussels.  To  each  section  is  allotted  its  share  of  the 
exhibitions,  and  it  proceeds   to  examine  them  indi- 


13—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


197 


vidually  when  this  is  done.  Their  comparative  merits 
are  decided  by  ballot,  and  a  day  is  occupied  by  this 
process.  As  the  subjects  for  show  are  brought  to  the 
casino  they  are  all  severally  numbered  by  the  clerks, 
and  the  name  of  every  plant  is  eutered  in  full.  This  is 
not  only  a  necessary  but  an  indispensable  point,  as  on 
the  following  morning  the  plants  are  grouped  with  a 
view  to  effective  display  as  a  whole,  independent  of 
ownership  ;  and  although  it  might  appear  that  great 
confusion  would  arise  in  thus  separating  them,  such  is  not 
the  case,  notwithstanding  that  the  specimens  exhibited 
amounted  to  no  less  than  the  enormous  number  of  3800. 
The  entire  exhibition  presented  a  much  more  striking 
eflfect,  and  was  perhaps  more  tasteful  than  any  we 
are  accustomed  to  witness  near  London,  arising  from  the 
circumstance  above  alluded  to  of  setting  off  the  plants 
to  the  best  advantage  ;for  example,  a  large  semicircular 
stage  had  the  back  decorated  with  a  variety  of  Palms  ; 
the  end  of  the  stage,  reaching  up  to  the  Palms,  was 
covered  with  a  blaze  of  CameUias.  These  Palms  were 
introduced  in  continuation,  succeeding  the  Camellia. 
Then  there  was  a  gorgeous  bank  of  scarlet  Rhododen- 
drons. These  were  broken  again  by  a  bank  of  tree 
Ferns,  and  the  end  was  finished  off  by  a  mass  of  Ghent 
Azaleas  in  full  bloom.  The  reader  may  readily  conceive 
what  kind  of  effect  such  grouping  would  produce,  in  the 
case  of  a  vast  exhibition,  varied  at  every  turn  with 
magnificent  Orange-trees,  huge  Palms,  and  tropical  tree 
Ferns,  with  miniature  tree  forests  of  all  sorts  of 
Araucaria  and  other  rare  Conifers. 

Although  I  have  stated  that  cultivation  does  not 
constitute  the  primary  element  in  continental  gar- 
dening, there  were,  nevertheless,  numerous  exam- 
ples, of  which  the  English  gardener  might  well 
have  been  proud.  At  the  extreme  end  of  the  casino, 
and  fronting  one  of  the  great  banks  similar  to  that 
already  described,  was  a  beautiful  specimen,  in  a 
tub,  of  Deutzia  gracilis,  measuring  5  feet  across  and 
3  feet  high,  and  in  the  highest  floral  perfection  ;  while 
on  each  side  of  it  stood  a  standard  plant  of  the  same 
kind,  6  feet  high.  These  were  grafted  on  Piiiladelphus 
grandiflorus.  The  stems  had  moss  tied  on  them  from 
top  to  bottom,  in  which  had  been  deposited  a  quantity 
of  common  garden  Cress,  which  had  vegetated  suffici- 
ently to  produce  a  striking  living  green  stem.  The 
owner's  name  (Mr.  J.  Bauraann)  was  represented  in  a 
similar  singular  manner  ;  Cress,  sown  on  flannel,  exhi- 
bited the  letters  most  accurately,  Lai'ge  examples  of 
finely  cultivated  Rhododendrons,  of  the  best  scarlet 
and  other  varieties,  were  abundant,  and  in  splendid 
bloom.  The  same  may  be  said  of  Indian  and  Ghent 
Azaleas,  which  were  both  plentiful  and  good. 

Tiiere  were  some  first-rate  examples  of  Camellia,  as 
regards  both  cultivation  and  bloom.  They  were  pyra- 
midal in  form,  and  literally  covered  with  flowers  from 
the  pot  to  the  apex  of  the  cone  ;  these  varied  from  5  feet 
to  8  or  9  feet  high.  Orchids  were  neither  so  good  nor 
so  plentiful  as  might  have  been  expected.  This  might 
have  arisen  from  exhibitors  being  deterred  from  sending 
them,  being  fearful  of  the  injury  they  might  have  sus- 
tained in  the  transit,  owing  to  the  extreme  coldness  of  the 
weather.  This  defect,  however,  was  adequately  com- 
pensated for  by  magnificent  exhibitions  of  Amaryllids, 
which  were  grown  and  bloomed  in  the  highest  style  of 
art,  and  they  were  in  great  variety.  Hyacinths  were 
equally  abundant  and  fine.  One  feature  in  the  exhibi- 
tion, which  attracted  especial  attention,  was  the  hardy 
herbaceous  plants  in  flower  ;  they  were  quite  as  fine  as 
I  ever  saw  them  in  the  open  ground  at  their  natural 
season.  These  were  in  great  variety.  Amongst  them 
were  Epimediums,  Adonis,  Tritonias,  Primulas,  Scillas,&c. 
There'were  a  number  of  bouquets,  but  nothing  very  re- 
markable— with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  from  Madame 
Saeyher,  which  were  foi-med  of  white  Camellias,  and 
each  flower  was  bordered  with  Lycopodium  denticulatum ; 
another,  similarly  made  up,  had  flowers  of  hardy  Heaths 
inetea/l  of  Lycopodium,  the  Heath  being  white  and  the 
Camellias  red.  This  latter  came  from  Madame  A. 
Marie.  Dr.  Siebold  exhibited  some  Paeonies  not  in 
flower,  of  the  tree  kinds  introduced  by  him  from  Japan. 
Cacti  and  sacculenta  were  present  in  multitudes,  suffi- 
cient to  interest  the  curious  in  these  matters,  but  taste 
for  such  things  has  lost  its  keen  edge 'even  on  the  conti- 
nent. Upon  the  wliole  this  exhibition  displayed  mucli 
bkill,  and  certainly  great'enthusiasm,  and  the  whole 
mode  of  conducting  it  reflected  the  highest  credit  on 
all  concerned.  Preciatly  at  2  o'clock  the  approach 
of  the  two  princts,  the  Prince  de  Flandres  and  the 
Due  de  Brabant,  was  announced  by  a  royal  salute 
of  artillery.  The  oflicers  and  members  of  the  juries 
were  olono  euffered  to  receive  them  ;  these  were  in 
full  dress,  and  many  of  them  profusely  covered 
wiih  military  and  other  lionorary  decorations.  The  two 
young  Princes  were  attired  in  military  unifonn,  and 
were  accompanied  by  a  brilliant  suite.  They  were  re- 
ceived with  the  greatcHt  enthusiasm,  and  remained 
nearly  two  hours  inspecting  minutely  the  various  cxiii- 
bition.f,  and  conversing  occasionally  witli  distinguiHlied 
botanJHtH  and  profcHHorH.  In  tlio  evening  a  grand 
banquet  was  given  to  the  princes  and  otbers  att/:nding 
tlic  exhibition  from  all  parts  of  f^itirope.  The  enter- 
tainment was  on  a  Hcale  of  Bumptuous  magnificence, 
cxceliin^'  anything  I  liavo  ever  seen,  and  it  would  huve 
infufied  fresh  vitality  into  a  London  alderman  ;on  tlio  two 
following  days  the  entire  maiw  of  the  population  Hccmed 
bent  on  nothing  cIhc  but  inHpecting  this  flower  »how.  Col- 
leges and  HohoolH,  headed  by  their  profcHsors  anri  t<;achcrH, 
might  be  socn  moving  in  columnn  in  the  moHt  orderly 
manner,  Ut  vlHit  the  great  object  of  univcrHal  uttraction. 
The  country  peasants,  tfjo,  were  adding  their  thousands 


to  the  throng.  It  might  be  asked  how  such  a  gathering 
could  possibly  get  admittance,  much  more  inspect  the 
objects  contained  in  a  room.  The  military,  however, 
prevented  all  disorder,  and  the  whole  working  of  the 
affair  seemed  like  mechanism,  so  perfectly  organised  was 
everything  connected  with  this  great  exhibition.  E.  G, 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 

No.  LXX. — The  Wise  Man  has  said,—"  There  is  a 
time  for  all  things."  We  have  had  cold,  pitiless, 
nipping  blasts  for  many  weeks  ;  and  ardently  longed  for 
spring.  We  have  waited  for  it ;  and  it  is  even  now  at 
our  doors. 

The  effect  of  the  sun,  whose  great  power  appears  to 
have  been  put  forth  for  the  first  time  on  Sunday  last, 
has  become  visible  on  every  hand  ;  and  the  feathered 
tribe  are  universally  rejoicing  in  the  seasonable  change. 

Nests  of  young  thrushes  may  now  be  looked  for  at  an 
early  day  ;  indeed  we  have  heard  of  young  thrushes 
and  blackbirds  having  been  seen  ten  days  since.  Matters 
are  not  quite  so  forward  with  us  ;  although  we  believe 
there  are  several  nests  in  our  grounds,  containing  young 
birds  very  recently  hatched.  The  same  with  two  nests 
of  robins.  These  early  breeding  birds  are  seldom 
defeated  in  theh'  operations,  although  necessarily  re- 
tarded when  the  weather  is  unusually  severe. 

If  you  wish  to  bring  your  birds  up  tame  from  the  nest, 
it  will  be  advisable  to  obtain  some  of  the  earliest  broods, 
which  generally  thrive  better  than  any  others.  You 
need  not  keep  them  too  warm  ;  but  a  piece  of  flannel 
should  be  thrown  over  the  nest  for  a  day  or  two  till 
they  are  used  to  the  change.  When  nearly  fledged, 
remove  them  at  once  to  other  quarters. 

A  nest  of  young  thrushes  usually  consists  of  four  or 
five  members.  All  these  should  be  kept  together  in  a 
long  cage,  with  a  wire  front.  Give  them  a  good  bottom 
of  dry,  red  gravel,  and  place  them  in  the  sun.  They 
will  thrive  wonderfully  fast,  thus  treated.  Feed  them 
exactly  the  same  as  you  would  do  young  blackbirds. 
We  have  already  spoken  of  this,  at  much  length.  They 
will  soon  learn  to  peck,  and  as  soon  to  perch. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  a  male  from  a  female 
thrush,  when  young.  Indeed,  we  can  give  no  proper 
directions  for  exercising  a  judgment  in  the  matter. 
However,  if  you  procure  your  young  birds  early  in  the 
season,  the  males  will  soon  "record"  their  song  ;  and 
from  the  distension  of  the  larynx,  you  will  be  able  to 
discriminate  the  powers  of  their  execution.  Hens 
"jabber,"  the  males  whistle. 

Thrushes,  when  young,  are  very  liable  to  cramp.  It 
is  needful  therefore  to  see  that  no  water  whatever  be 
placed  inside  their  cages.  Else  will  they  upset  the 
vessel  containing  it,  and  be  constantly  walking  over  wet 
sand.  These  matters  are  very  seldom  rightly  under- 
stood, and  many  birds  die  from  the  want  of  only  common 
care.  On  no  account  change  the  food  of  your  birds  too 
soon.  Dry  food  will  not  suit  their  digestion,  and  must 
not  be  given  them  until  they  are  at  least  six  weeks  old. 
A  snail,  a  morsel  of  bread  and  butter,  and  an  atom  of 
cheese,  in  connection  with  their  soft  food,  will  bring 
them  nicely  forwai'd.  Hang  them  up  in  the  most  cheer- 
ful situation  you  can  find ;  and  always  talk  to  them  as 
you  pass.     This  will  render  them  very  tame. 

Carefully  guard  against  the  incursion  of  Cats.  We 
have  many  times  thrown  in  a  caution  of  this  kind,  en 
passant ;  and  at  this  season,  we  feel  bound  to  repeat  it 
with  increased  remonstrance.  We  never  did,  do  not, 
and  never  shall  aid  any  one  whose  cruelty  permits  birds, 
and  other  "  pets  "  to  be  domesticated  with  Cats.  The 
mere  sight  of  one  of  these  creatures  sometimes  deprives 
a  timid  bird  of  its  sanity.  Loudly  aud  sweetly  as  it  may 
have  sung,  in  times  past — s^l>ch  a  shock  as  that  occasioned 
by  the  "longing  eye"  of  an  anxious  cat,  will  unseat 
the  intellect.  We  have  seen  and  heard  of  many 
such  occurrences.  We  therefore  merely  add— beware  ! 
William  Kidd. 


TRADE  MEMORANDA. 

Who  is  Mr.  W.  H.  Newman,  of  Bosham,  and  of 
Lavant,  near  Chichester  ?  Although  bearing  the  same 
name,  this  gentleman  is,  we  believe,  no  connection  of  the 
respectable  nurserymen  of  that  name  at  Chichester,  nor 
of  a  miller  who  formerly  lived  at  Bosham,  and  now 
resides  at  Bedhampton, 


Home    Correspondence. 

Silcfcim  lihododendroiis. — From  a  remark  in  your  able 
Leader  of  last  week,  it  appears  that  the  fact  of  most  of 
the  Sikkim  Rhododendrons  having,  though  unprotected, 
thriven  in  the  open  air  throughout  last  winter  is  not 
generally  known.  Small  plants  of  all  the  species  were 
planted  out,  late  in  autumn,  among  the  Rhododendron 
chimps  on  cither  hand  of  the  main  walk  at  Kew.  Not  one 
of  these  has  been  killed  ;  all,  with  with  few  exceptions, 
arc  at  tin's  moment  healthy,  and  many  have  flourished. 
There  are  tlie  following:  H.  argenteum,  from  0 — 7000 
feet,  and  R.  Campbelliix;,  from  J!— 10,000  feet,  both 
vfry  strong  and  luxuriant  ;  U.  barbatum  (fJOOO  feet), 
and  U."  canipanulatum  (11,000  ft,),  several  plnntn  of 
eacli  strong  and  healthy;  11.  ciliatum,  (10,000  ft.), 
Hevf.-ral  Hpf-ciniens  in  the  same  state,  two  or  three 
have  well-formed  flowf-r-budH,  and  will  probably  hloHHom 
in  a  week  or  two;  K,  hipidotum  (I'J — M,000  ft.),  a 
litthj  of,  much  stronger  and  healthier  than  tlm  plants  in 
the  greenhouHo  ;  II.  argenteum  (ItOOO  (t.),  a  few  rohuHt 
HpcciiiiunH  ;  U.  glaucuni  ( 1 1,000  ft.),  inuny  partit:u!iirly 
healthy  young  plants  ;  H,  campy loc/irfnim,  cinnaba- 
riniini,  and  ThoniHoni   (all  from  10  —  i'J,000  ft.),  several 


plants  (a  dozen  or  so)  of  each,  and  all  strong  and 
healthy ;  R.  Dalhousite  (7000  ft.),  a  few  plants,  not 
vigorous  or  promising;  R.  Falconeri  (10,000  ft.), 
Aucklandu  (6— 7000  ft.),  and  lanatum  (10,000  ft.),  one 
or  two  fair  specimens  of  each.  The  above  have  had  no 
protection  but  such  as  the  surrounding  low  Rhodo- 
dendron bushes  have  afforded ;  and  upon  the  whole  they 
appear  to  have  suffered  less  from  shrivelling  of  the 
ends  of  the  leaves,  than  those  in  the  conservatory  have. 
The  trying  season  has,  however,  but  now  commenced 
and  I  have  little  expectation  of  many  of  them  sur- 
viving the  spring,  without  much  shade  and  moisture. 
The  soil  at  Kew,  even  in  these'made  beds,  is  light  and 
dry  ;  the  roots  of  the  young  plants  do  not  strike  deep, 
and  I  felt  the  leaves  of  several  to  be  quite  warm  under 
the  sun  of  last  Monday,  clearly  indicating  a  checked 
circulation.  In  their  native  localities,  at  this  early 
state  of  growth,  young  plants  have  a  very  wet,  cool 
subsoil  in  the  spring  months,  so  that  though  the 
sun's  rays  be  more  powerful  than  in  England, 
they  are  provided,  by  an  abundance  of  humidity  at  the 
roots,  against  any  injury  that  would  arise  from  a 
suddenly  increased  circulation.  Most  of  these  species 
again,  being  natives  of  8 — 12,000  feet,  experience  a  very 
much  colder  winter  than  that  of  England  is  ;  they  are 
consequently  kept  in  too  excited  a  state  here,  and 
the  spring  frosts  of  April  are  all  the  more  to  be 
dreaded.  In  the  Himalaya,  the  first  great  increase 
of  .temperature  occurs  in  March,  which  is  8  degrees 
warmer  thanFebruaryjthishrings  forward  the  Himalayan 
plants,  which  are  not  exposed  afterwards  to  night  frosts. 
In  England  an  equivalent  increment  of  temperature 
does  not  occur  till  May;  but  our  winters  are  so  mild, 
that  the  cultivated  Himalayan  plants  are  as  forward  ia 
April  in  England  as  they  are  in  their  native  country, 
and  consequently  suffer  extremely  from  our  night 
frosts.  In  the  conservatory  three  plants  of  R.  ciliatum 
remain  in  flower  ;  these  flowers  are  very  much  larger 
than  I  ever  saw  them  in  the  Himalaya  (several  blos- 
soms are  3  inches  diameter  !),  but  nearly  white,  probably 
from  the  difference  between  the  amount  and  intensity 
of  solar  light  at  10,000  feet  m  May  of  lat.  27%andat 
the  level  of  the  sea  in  March  of  lat.  5'2°.  I  have  been 
just  shown  a  magnificent  head  of  R.  arboreum  in  flower, 
from  Mr.  Barclay,  of  Bury  Hill,  who  informs  me  that 
the  plant  is  a  dwarf  low  shrub  raised  from  Kemaon 
seeds,  and  grown  without  any  protection.  /.  D.  Hooker. 
Orchids. — What  is  the  following  Orchid,  described  in 
the  voyage  of  the  Rattlesnake,  surveying  Torres  Straits, 
&c.  ?  "  I  found  a  beautiful  orchidaceous  plant  with  the 
habit  of  Bletia  Tankervillise,  flowering  in  the  same 
manner,  with  flower  stems  about  3  feet  high,  and  from 
1 2  to  20  flowers.  The  sepals  were  much  larger  than 
those  of  a  Bletia,  and  of  a  rich  purple  colour  ;  the 
column  yellow,  with  a  spur  at  the  base  of  the  flower 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long."  Some  time  since 
there  was  mentioned  in  the  notes  from  China  a  show 
of  Orchids,  all  of  one  kind,  green,  very  fragrant,  and 
high-priced.  I  think  it  was  stated  to  be  an  Epidendrum. 
What  kind  was  this  1  Is  it  to  be  procured  in  this 
country  ?  Dodman.  [The  Chinese  Epidendrum  was  pro- 
bably Cymbidium  sinense.  The  Torres  Straits  plant 
may  have  been  a  Phaius  ;  or,  possibly,  one  of  the 
antennate  Dendrobia.] 

Polmaised  Qrapes. — Are  your  correspondents  aware 
(I  believe  that  you  are)  that  the  Chasselas  Musque 
Grapes,  exhibited  by  Mr.  M.  Leonard,  of  Weybridge, 
at  the  Chiswick  July  Show  of  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London,  and  which  gained  the  first  prize  in  their 
class,  were  grown  in  a  house  heated  by  circulation  of 
air  from  a  Polraaise  stove  with  some  additional  heat 
from  the  smoke  passing  through  and  along  a  flue  built 
on  the  floor  of  the  house  ?  I  have  been  told  by  a 
winner  of  a  first  prize  of  Muscat  of  Alexandria  Grapes, 
and  by  a  winner  of  a  first  prize  for  Black  Hamburgh, 
at  the  same  Show,  as  well  as  by  several  others,  that  no 
Grapes  could  be  finer  ;  but  not  having  often  attended 
the  Chiswick  Shows,  and  never  having  seen  Chasselas 
Musque  Grapes  exhibited  there  before,  I  cannot  speak 
as  to  the  quality  of  the  Chasselas  Musque  then  exhi- 
bited, in  coraparisoa  with  others  of  the  same  variety 
shown  at  previous  exhibitions.  Josling's  St.  Alban's 
at  the  same  show,  from  Mr.  Leonard,  were  also  grown 
in  the  same  Polmaise  house,  and  certainly  not  a  single 
berry  of  either  kind  was  split  or  cracked.  J.  G.  X. 
Weybridge,  Feb.  1 0, 

Silkworms.— ^^  H.  J.  S. "  need  not  fear  that  the  eggs 
of  the  silkworm  will  hatch  too  early  for  the  leaf  of  the 
white  Mulberry  if  he  keeps  them  near  the  floor,  in'  a 
north  room  without  a  fire,  during  the  winter,  and 
changes  them  to  a  dry  cellar  before  warm  weather  in 
spring.  In  1851,  my  Enghsh  eggs  began  to  batch  on 
the  14th  of  June  ;  in  1850,  Italian  eggs  were  hatched 
on  the  15th  of  Juno  ;  and  in  1849,  on  the  10th  of  June. 
I  would  advise  those  who  wish  to  try  the  cultivation  of 
silk,  to  plant  all  varieties  of  tlie  white  Mulberrygwith 
care  on  any  well-drained  soil,  avoiding  clay  and  chalk, 
if  possible.  Plenty  of  home-grown  food  is  tlio  difficulty, 
as  foreign  supply  is  very  expensive  and  precarious  ; 
many  sorts  of  leaf  do  not  bear  long  carriage,  and  no  sub- 
Btitutc  will  enable  tiie  worms  to  work  on  short  allowance 
of  the  leaf  ho  wonderfully  adapted  to  their  industry. 
Ocorf/e,  Norlk  Jfants. 

Forsythia  mridiadma  and  Acacia  dealhala. —  The 
tromnmnication  from  Mr.  Saul  to  the  Horticultural 
Society  (see  p.  GO)  relative  to  Forsythia,  is  calculated 
to  convoy  a  very  erroneous  impression  respecting  this 
valuable  plant,  which  has  been  flowering  freely  with  mo 
for  the  lust  three  weeks,  under  cireunistanccs  totally 
different  from  those  Mr.  Saul  considers  essential.     It 


198 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[March  27, 


is  planted  under  a  large  Elm  tree,  in  a  little  glade 
■between  high  trees  where  it  is  sheltered  from  all  except 
the  early  morning  sun,  and  of  this,  while  the  leaves  are 
on  the  trees,  it  has  very  little  ;  consequently,  in  our 
mild,  damp  climate,  the  wood  continues  growing  very 
late  in  the  autumn.  The  plant,  which  I  had  from 
Messrs.  Veitch,  in  August  1848,  is  about  3  feet  high, 
rather  drawn  up  on  a  single  stem,  which,  last  year, 
branched  freely,  and  promises  to  malce  a  handsome 
shrub.  It  flowers  on  the  last  year's  wood.  Acacia 
dealbata  is  in  great  beauty,  as  a  standard  tree.  I  turned 
a  large  plant  out  of  my  conservatory  four  or  five  years 
since,  because  it  had  become  too  large  for  the  house,  and 
last  winter  and  this  it  has  flowered  most  freely,  1^.  M. 
Tweedy,  Ahevton,  Truro,  Cornwall. 

Fruit  Tree  Trade. — 1  think  if  you  were  to  examine 
our  fruit  tree  ti'ade  nomenclature,  you  would  find  it 
very  unsound — at  least  I  have  reason  to  say  so.  Eight 
years  ago  six  dwarf  trained  Peach  trees,  and  six  dwarf 
trained  Nectarines,  with  Apricots,  Cherries,  and  Apple 
trees,  wei'e  ordered  to  be  sent  from  an  extensive  nursery- 
man residing  in  a  large  city  in  the  west.  The  Peaches 
and  Nectarines  were  to  have  been  as  follows  :  two  red 
Magdalen  Peaches,  two  Royal  George  Peaches,  two 
Noblesse  Peaches,  two  Hunt's  Tawny  Neclarines,  two 
Newington  Nectarines,  and  two  red  Roman  Nectarines. 
After  they  were  grown  four  jears,  the  Peaches  proved 
to  be  five  red  Magdalen,  and  one  Barrington  ;  the  Necta- 
rines were  all  Violet  Hative,  the  Apricots  and  Apples 
equally  vivon^.^Henry  Bundy.  [Why  did  you  not  bring 
an  action  against  the  vendor  ?] 

Trop(Eolum  Lobhianum..- — I  am  glad  to  see  this  hand- 
some species  of  a  beautiful  genus  brought  under  notice. 
I  consider  that  wherever  there  is  room  for  its  cultiva- 
tion it  ought  never  to  be  neglected  on  account  of  its 
superabundance  of  charming  flowers  and  great  supe- 
riority over  many  of  our  climbers  at  this  period  of  the 
year.  It  however  wants  rather  more  room  than  can  be 
given  it  on  a  trellis  in  a  pot.  There  is  a  plant  of  it  at 
Raby  Castle  growing  against  a  trellis  on  a  back  wall 
covering  a  space  of  30  feet  long  by  12  feet  high,  and 
it  has  been  in  bloom  ever  since  November  last,  pro- 
ducing thousands,  aye,  tens  of  thousands  of  bright  orange 
scai'iet  flowers.  It  has  been  a  perfect  gem,  and  now 
that  we  have  got  more  sun  and  length  of  day  it  is 
growing  vigorously,  and  there  are  thousands  of  blossoms 
on  it  yet  to  come  out.  It  is  growing  in  a  border  com- 
posed of  strong  hazel  loam.  Mushroom  bed  dung,  and 
charcoal  well  incorporated  together,  and  turned  in  as 
rough  as  possible.  It  is  watered  occasionally  with 
diluted  soot  or  dung  water,  in  the  proportion  of  a  quart 
to  a  4-gallon  can.  I  think  it  would  make  a  beautiful 
rafter  plant  in  a  conservatory,  it  festoons  so  beautifully. 
The  only  drawback  would  be  its  old  leaves  turning 
yellow,  and  also  the  decayed  flowers,  i  find  that 
cuttings  of  it  may  be  struck  at  any  period  of  the  year 
in  ordinary  soil  in  bottom  heat.  /.  F.  Rohcrts,  Raby 
Gardens,  Durham^  March  17. 

Zoudon^s  Tomb. — I  was  much  pleased  with  your 
notice  of  the  Ti*adescants  in  your  leading  article,  in  a 
late  Number.  No  doubt  there  are  many  others  who 
have  done  much  for  gardening  whose  memory  should 
not  be  forgotten.  When  I  visited  London  last  year,  in 
the  month  of  July,  one  of  the  few  days  I  had  to  stay 
there  was  for  the  most  part  devoted  to  a  search  for  the 
grave  of  one  whom  the  gardening  world  should  not 
forget.  That  same  day  I  visited  your  correspondent, 
Mr.  Cuthill,  of  Camberwell ;  and  before  parting,  I 
received  from  him  some  flowers  of  a  very  fine  scarlet 
Geranium,  intended  for  the  button-holes  of  my  coat. 
With  these  gay  flowers  I  set  out  for  Kensal  Green 
Cemetery,  as  fast  as  the  London  omnibus  could  carry 
me,  with  the  intention  of  visiting  the  spot  where  the 
remains  of  poor  Loudon  are  laid,  and  leaving  the  bright 
flowers  upon  his  grave ;  for  I  had  learned  from  "  Cassell's 
London  Conductor"  that  Loudon  was  buried  in  that 
beautiful  cemetery.  The  first  person  I  met  with  after 
entering  the  grounds,  was  one  that  had  the  appearance 
of  a  gardener.  He  had  a  wheelbarrow  full  of  greenhouse 
plants  in  pots,  going  as  I  supposed  to  ornament  some 
part  of  the  burying-ground  with  them.  I  asked  him  if 
he  knew  where  the  remains  of  Loudon  were  interred ; 
he  told  me  he  did  not,  and  directed  me  to  another 
■where  I  would  be  sure  to  get  infonnation  ;  the  second 
person  was  as  ignorant  as  tiie^,  first.  I  tried  others 
■mthout  getting  what  I  wanted.  I  tried  the  old  grave- 
digger,  who  had  been  there  as  I  was  informed  ever 
since  the  cemetery  was  formed,  but  he  told  me  that  he 
had  buried  such  lots  of  people  that  he  did  not  remember 
the  one-half  of  them ;  so  he  did  not  answer  the  character 
of  the  grave-digger  in  Blair's  *'  Grave"  of  being  a 
•^  hoary-headed  chronicle."  I  resolved  to  ask  no  more 
of  any  living  person  that  I  met  with,  and  commenced  a 
search  among  the  tombs  for  his  name.  I  met  with 
illustrious  names,  but  not  the  one  I  was  seeking  for.  I 
remarked,  however,  that  among  the  many  hundreds  or 
perhaps  thousands  of  different  individuals  that  have 
their  names  recorded  in  iron,  stone,  or  marble,  not  one 
■was  to  be  met  with  that  had  a  bad  character.  The  sun 
was  getting  westerly,  warning  me  to  retire,  and  the 
scarlet  flowers  seemed  to  partake  of  my  sorrow,  for 
they  were  hanging  their  heads  too.  On  my  way  home- 
wards I  botanised  by  the  way-side,  and  found  some 
plants  not  common  in  Scotland,  among  which  were  rose- 
coloured  and  white  varieties  of  the  Butomus  umbellatus 
P.  Mackenzie. 

Priming  Forest  rrces. —Having  been  a  pmner  of  fruit 
and  timber  trees  for  20  years,  I  venture  to  off-er  an 
opinion  on  the  subject.  The  first  thing  which  threw 
any  light  upon  my  mind  respecting  pruning  forest  trees 


was  this  :  during  my  apprenticeship  to  a  nurseryman, 
I  observed  that  when  we  had  to  form  Apple  or  Pear 
trees  into  standards,  say  5  feet  high,  we  always  cut 
away  all  side  shoots  from  the  bottom  to  within  9  inches 
of  the  top,  and  then  left  every  bud  or  branch  upon  the 
9  inches  to  form  a  head.  In  making  dwarf  trees,  we 
used  to  head  9  inches  from  the  grafting  part,  and  let 
every  bud  form  a  shoot,  and  by  this  treatment  we  got 
both  dwarf  and  standard  trees.  Now,  1  only  name 
this  with  a  view  to  render  what  I  Iiave  to  say  on  pruning 
forest  trees  more  clear.  I  leel  confident  that  it  is 
necessary  to  prune  timber  trees  of  every  sort,  but  it  is 
requisite  that  a  pruner  of  timber  should  understand  how 
the  trees  increase  in  girth,  &c.  A  tree  increases  in 
circumference  every  year,  that  is,  in  the  same  way  as 
if  something  was  annually  wrapped  round  it — and  not,  as 
some  pruners  will  have  it,  that  the  bough  grows  higher 
from  the  ground  every  year  ;  for  I  am  quite  certain 
that  if  a  bough  is  G  feet  from  the  ground,  it  will  always 
remain  at  6  feet.  Now,  we  must  say  something  about 
removing  boughs  from  trees.  Some  writers  state  that 
boughs  should  be  shortened  ;  but  I  am  decidedly  of 
opinion  that  they  ought  to  be  cut  quit?  close  to  the 
stem  ;  for  instance,  if  a  bough  is  cut  6  inches  from 


the  stem,  and  the  tree  grows  in  circumference  every 
year,  as  if  something  was  wrapped  around  it,  the 
shortened  bough  in  time  would  be  buried  in  the  stem, 
and  become  a  dead  knot,  as  we  often  see  in  timber  when 
cut  up.  Now  the  object  I  have  in  view  in  pruning 
timber  trees,  is  this,  to  get  a  good  clear  stem  8  or  10 
yards  high,  and  then  to  let  the  head  grow  to  as  large  a, 
size  as  ic  likes,  the  larger  the  better  ;  but  always  keep 
the  stem  clear  from  any  bough  to  from  B  to  10  yards 
high.  An  Elm  tree  here,  which  I  pruned  5  years, 
since,  had  quite  a  round  bushy  head  before  it  was 
operated  on,  and  it  did  not  make  wood  6  inches  long 
upon  any  of  its  branches,  but  since  it  has  been  pruned 
it  has  made  1  yard  of  leader  every  year,  and  its  other 
branches  have  lengthened  in  proportion.  I  think  if  we 
can  get  dwarf  and  standard  fruit  trees  by  the  mode  of 
treatment  I  have  named,  we  may  get  either  long  or  short 
boles  10  timber  trees  by  pruning.  .4  Country  Gatdene^: 

Rain. — The  following  is  the  monthly  depth  of  raiu 
in  inches  and  tenths  of  an  inch,  which  has  fallen  at 
Balchrystie,  Colingsburgh,  Fifeshire,  during  the  last  11 
years.  Likewise  the  average  monthly  temperature  of 
the  air  for  the  last  year  (1851).  Balchrystie  is  130  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


1341. 

1S42. 

1843. 

1844. 

1845. 

1846. 

1S17. 

1848. 

1849. 

1850. 

1651. 

Average  TcmperJiture 

ot  the  Air. 

1851. 

Highest. 

Lowest. 

January 

February  

March    

April  

Hay     

Ins. 
1.6 
3.4 
1.6 
1.2 
1.8 
2.0 
2.4 
4.0 
24 
62 
3  2 
2.0 

Ins. 
36 
17 
3,4 
0.1 
2.5 
1.7 
2.15 
2.0 
1.9 
1.0 
2.8 
2.0 

Ins. 
2.5 
2.2 
1.0 
3.0 
8.6 
1.6 
4.45 
2.8 
0,9 
5.7 
30 
0.5 

In  p. 
2.1 
2.6 
3.1 
0.9 
0.4 
3.5 
2.4 
1.6 
3.2 
1.2 
4.5 
1.7 

Ids. 
2  4 
2.3 
2.4 
1.1 
2.0 
3.7 
2.6 
4.4 
8.5 
5,1 
2.7 
1.3 

Ins. 
S  0 
1.2 
1.3 
3.0 
2.G 
3.7 
6,1 
3.6 
4.7 
5.6 
20 
0,8 

Ins. 
1.5 
0.7 
0.8 
1.4 
4,2 
1.8 
2.2 
0  S 
1.0 
8.8 
2  3 
5.0 

ICB. 

1  8 
7.3 
.5.3 
2.1 
0.7 
5.6 
2.6 
2.9 
1.2 
4.3 
3.0 
2.4 

Ins. 
4.5 
0.8 
1.4 
1.4 
2.5 
1.5 
3.0 
2,5 
1.1 
1.9 
2.3 
2.5 

Ins. 
2.4 
3.0 
O.i, 
1.9 
2.1 
1.0 
1.6 
8.0 
2.1 
1  6 
3,5 
2.4 

Ins. 
4.8 
1.0 
4.1 
2.4 
0.8 
2,3 
2.7 
3.0 
1.8 
2  0 
0.8 
0.8 

Ine. 
42.11 
44.05 
46.04 
52,0.5 
69.16 
64.06 
65,14 
63.30 
59,08 
53.08 
40.28 
42.10 

Ins. 
81.14 
33.04 
81.02 
36.16 
42.08 

46.29 

July    

August  

48.22 
48.27 
44.17 

41.29 

November ; 

December 

31.11 
31.1» 

Annual  amount 

83.7 

2.V3,5 

31,25 

27.2 

•14.0 

36  4 

25  3 

37.7 

25.4 

24.9 

26,0 

The  avex'age  amount  of  rain  at  Balchrystie,  for  the 
last  1 1  years,  is  29.75  inches.  Last  year  was  3.75  inches 
below  the  average.  Robert  Forgan,  Gardener  to  L.Buchan, 
Esq.,  Balchrystie. 

The  Seed  Trade. — Desirous  as  I  am  of  exposing  proved 
abuses  in  the  trade,  I  cannot  allow  Mr.  Bundy's  state- 
ment at  p.  18"2  to  pass,  without  showing  its  absm-dity  ; 
for  the  retail  prices  therein  stated  are  lower  than  the 
wholesale  prices  of  highly  respectable  but  "cutting" 
houses  in  the  London  trade.  Peas,  Beans,  and  Onions 
I  will  pass  over,  as  certain  kinds  may  be  bought  at  the 
prices  quoted  in  many  places ;  but  Cauliflowers  at  Qd. 
per  oz.,  Radishes  4rf.  per  pint,  Broccoli  at  3c2.  per  oz., 
and  Carrots  at  Qd.  per  lb.,  is  too  much  to  pass  unnoticed. 
Now,  the  wholesale  price  of  Cauliflowers  is  from  9s,  to 
16s.  per  lb.,  the  lowest  price  being  Is.  per  lb.  more  than 
the  retail  price  in  the  Principality.  Radish  225.  to  30s. 
per  bushel,  being  85.  to  8s.  ?>d.  more  than  Mr.  Bundy's 
quotations.  Carrots  455.  to  bQs.  per  cwt.,  the  last  price 
being  just  6rf.  per  lb.  Broccoli  3s.  Grf.  to  16s.  per  lb.  ; 
but  it  must  be  recollected,  that  these  prices  are  for 
seeds  taken  in  quantities  of  not  less  than  1  lb,,  1  cwt.,  or 
1  bushel  ;  and  for  small  quantities,  an  increased  price  of 
from  10  to  20  per  cent,  would  be  charged.  Some  of  the 
commoner  kinds  of  Lettuce  and  Cabbage  may  be  sold  at  a 
profit  at  Zd.  per  oz. ;  but  the  leading  kinds  qf  Lettuce 
are  worth  from  5s.  to  10s.  per  lb.  If,  with  the  above 
facts  before  him,  Mr.  Bundy  can  kindly  enlighten  us  as 
to  the  •*  how"  of  realising  a  profit  of  30  per  cent.  ("  with- 
out paying  carriage''),  we  shall  certainly  be  under  a 
great  obligation  to  him.  I  suppose,  however,  the  Welch 
druggists,  with  their  profit  of  300  per  cent,  upon 
drugs,  can  afford  to  "live  by  their  loss"  upon  a  few 
seeds  ;  but  we,  of  the  London  trade,  with  hundreds 
annually  to  pay  for  rent,  taxes,  and  shopmen,  to  say 
nothing  of  bad  debts,  certainly  cannot  afford  to  sell  seeds 
for  less  than  we  give  for  them.  The  above  quotations, 
it  must  be  remarked,  are  only  for  seeds  of  ordmary 
quality  ;  for  selected  samples  saved  with  great  care 
double  the  jjrices  can  be  readily  obtained.  At  the 
present  time  Snow's  Superb  Winter  White  Broccoli,  in 
the  pure  state,  cannot  be  bought  under  42s.  per  pound  ; 
and  I  will  undertake  to  give  Mr.  Bundy  21s.  per  pound 
for  all  that  he  can  produce  me  next  autumn  ;  indeed 
there  are  respectable  houses  in  the  retail  trade,  such, 
for  instance,  Messrs.  Hendersons',  and  Fairbairn,  Mr. 
Turner  of  Slough,  Mr.  Glendinning,  and  others  whom 
I  could  name,  who  have  paid  me  15s.  to  21s.  per  pound 
for  seed  which  they  knew  I  had  pure,  when  they  could 
have  bought  seed  under  the  same  name  at  5s.  per  pound 
in  the  trade.  But  as  is  remarked  by  Mr.  Mcintosh,  of 
Dalkeith,  in  a  letter  now  before  me  :  "  The  greatest 
curse  of  the  seed  trade  at  the  present  time  is  the  cheap- 
ness of  seed  ;  if  it  was  of  superior  quality,  and  double 
the  price,  it  would  be  better  for  botli  buyer  and  seller," 
for  then  the  grower  would  be  able  to  devote  proper 
attention  to  his  crop,  and  the  purchaser  might  depend 
upon  a  genuine  article  being  supplied  to  him.  In 
addition  to  the  profit  upon  seeds  sold,  the  dealer  must 
always  be  allowed  a  large  margin  of  profit  for  "  dead 
stock,"  or  seeds  not  sold  ;  for  I  have  this  season  given 
to  my  horses  and  pigs  old  seed  of  Peas  and  Beans,  some 
of  which  cost  me  two  guineas  per  bushel,  which  is 
rather  a  heavy  *' drawback "  upon  the  profit  of  those 
kinds  sold  at  6rf.  or  9(Z.  per  quart,  and  dear  horse- 
feed  in  these  free-trade  times.  The  other  day  I 
I  saw  an  advertisement  in  the  Times  of  100  kincb  of 
I  choice  flower  seeds  (post  free)  for  Ss.  I  had  the  curiosity 


to  "count  the  cost'"  of  putting  these  seeds  into  packetSj. 
and  I  find  that  paper,  writing,  man's  time,  and  postage, 
would  amount  to  from  2s.  Gd.  to  3s.,  thus  leaving  Ies& 
than  one  farthing  each  packet  for  seed.  Need  I  say  c 
word  as  to  the  impossibility  of  selling  seeds  at  that  price; 
indeed  for  the  dealer  to  steal  the  seeds,  and  never  pay 
for  either  paper  or  man's  time,  it  would  be  a  poor 
business.  However  there  are  always  *'  flats"  to  be 
caught,  and  hence  such  dealers  get  a  living.  W.  P. 
Ayres,  Brooldands  Nursery,  BlackheatK 


Caledonian  Horticultural,  March  4. — D.  Mackin- 
LAY,  Esq,,  in  the  chair.  The  display  of  spring  flowers 
was  extensive  and  varied  ;  and  the  day  being  line,  there 
was  a  good  attendance.  For  the  12  best  Hyacinths, 
produced  by  nurserymen  in  pots — the  silver  medal  was 
awarded  to  Messrs.  Dicksons  and  Co.  ;  the  varieties 
being  Hercules,  Grande  Vidette,  Grand  Vainqueur,  la 
Tour  d'Auvergne,  Baron  von  Tuyl,  Abbo  de  Verac, 
Bloclisberg,  Prince  Albert,  Mars,  Poniatoivski,  Lord 
Wellington,  and  Milton.  For  the  six  best  Hyacinths,, 
produced  by  practical  gardeners  or  amateurs,  in  pots, 
the  prize  was  gained  by  Mr.  Henderson,  gy.  to  C.  K.- 
Sivewright,  Esq.,  with  Grand  Lilas,  Grande  Vidette 
(blue  and  white),  Lord  Wellington,  La  Tour  d'Avergne, 
and  Orondates.  For  the  six  best  Camellias,  one  cut 
flower  of  each  ;  the  prize  was  gained  by  Mi*.  Foulis,  gr. 
to  J.  Tytler,  Esq.,  with  Lady  Grafton,  Heine  des  Fleurs, 
Double  White,  Imbricata,  Prattii,  and  Flavescens  ;  2,. 
Mr.  Cossar,  gr.  to  Lady  Hay,  with  Duchesse  D'Orleans, 
FimbriaTa,  Saccoi  nova,  Ridolphi,  Alba  plena,  and 
Carswelliana.  Epacrises :  1,  Mr.  Held,  gr.  to  Professor 
Syme,  for  Christisoni,  a  seedling  raised  by  Mr. 
Reid,  at  Millbank  ;  2,  Mr.  Ritchie,  gr.  to  W.  _M. 
Innes,  Esq.,  for  a  large  specimen  of  Miniata.  Cuie- 
rarias  ;  1,  Mi'.  Laing,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Rosslyn, 
with  Delight  and  Susannah  ;  2,  Mr.  Addison,  Gosford, 
for  Climax  and  Cerito.  Spring  Flowering  Hardy 
Herbaceous  Plants,  in  pots :  1,  Mr.  Addison,  for 
Leucojum  vernum,  Saxifraga  oppositifolia  grandiflora, 
and  Sisyrinchium  grandiflorum.  Chinese  Primroses:  1, 
Mr.  Henderson,  for  Double  white  and  Fringed  Double 
white.  Forced  Rhubarb  :  1,  Mr.  Goodall,  gr.  to  the 
Marquis  of  Lothian,  for  six  stalks  of  Victoria,  weighing 
6  lb.  1  oz. ;  2,  Mr.  Henderson,  for  six  stalks  of  the  same 
vai'iety,  weighing  5  lb.  1 5  oz.  The  prize  of  half-a-guinea, 
offered  through  the  Society,  by  Mr.  Carstairs,  for  the 
two  most  tastefully  arranged  Hand  Bouquets,  one 
round,  and  one  flat,  was  gained  by  Mr.  Laing,  Dysart 
House.  In  addition  to  the  articles  furnished  for  compe- 
tition, a  number  of  interesting  productions  were  sent  for 
exhibition  only.  Messrs.  Dicksons  and  Co.,  produced  a 
collection  of  beautiful  Hyacinths  ;  Mr.  Handasyde,  two 
baskets  of  select  Conifers  and  shrubs  ;  Mr.  R.  M.  Stark, 
a  good  plant  of  Diely tra  spectabilis  ;  and  Mr.  Carstairs,  a 
beautiful  bouquet, Pelargoniums,Dukeof  Cornwall,  Admi- 
ral Napier,  Mrs.  Johnstone,  and  Bloomsbury,  all  in  flower, 
and  a  bunch  of  Prince  Albert  Rhubarb,  V  inches  in  length 
from  the  open  ground.  From  the  garden  of  S.  Hay, 
Esq.,  were  plants  of  Primula  serrulata  and  denticulata, 
and  one  of  Epacris  lEevigata  ;  from  Mr.  Ritchie,  a  well 
flowered  specimen  of  ^Eschynanthus  parasiticus  ;  from 
Mr.  Anderson,  Oxenford  Castle,  a  Seedling  Cineraria  ; 
from  Mr.  Richardson,  Clerk-street,  Hyacinths  ;  from 
Mr.  Laing,  two  Seedling  Cinerarias  and  several  Hybrid 


13— 1852.  J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


199 


Seedling  Rhododendrons  ;  from  Mr.  Forrester,  Ratlio, 
11  varieties  of  double  Primroses  and  several  Alpine 
plants  ;  from  Mr.  Stirling,  Moray-place,  a  basket  of 
Alpines,  including  Scilla  praecox,  Galanthus  plicatus, 
&c.  ;  from  Mr.  M'Lean,  Portraore,  a  stand  of  Camellia 
blooms  ;  from  Miss  Wauchope,  a  Camellia  plant  in 
flower ;  from  Mr.  Calder,  Seacliff,  45  varieties  of 
Apples  in  good  preservation,  for  which  an  honorary 
award  was  voted  ;  and  from  Mr.  Shearer,  gr.  to  the 
Marquess  of  Tweeddale,  four  Seedling  Azaleas.  On 
this  occasioa  12  new  members  were  added  to  the  list. 


Microscopical,  Jl/rtrc^  17. — The  President  in  the  chair. 
Dr.  Hamilton,  L.  S.  Beale,  Esq.,  of  London,  and  C.  C. 
Smith,  Esq.,  of  Bury  St.  Edmmids,  were  elected  mem- 
bers. Mr.  Shadbolt  read  a  paper  on  the  collection  of 
objects  for  microscopic  investigation.  He  referred  more 
especially  to  the  collection  of  the  fresh-water  Algce, 
Diatomacese,  and  Desmideoe,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Loudon.  The  two  last  families  were  to  be  found  in  the 
mud  of  riverSj  ponds,  bogs,  and  ditches.  The  author 
,  detailed  the  visible  appearances  in  these  localities  of  the 
presence  of  these  minute  organisms.  He  named  Hay's 
Common,  Bromley,  the  Salt  Marshes  at  Northfleet,  and 
tlie  neighbourhood  of  Esher,  as  affording  a  large 
number  of  species.  Several  species  of  freshwater 
Zoophytes  were  to  be  obtained  in  the  West  India 
docks  ;  Chara  and  Nitella  at  Epping,  and  several  inter- 
esting species  of  Algae,  Desmideae,  and  Diatoraacece  in 
the  Serpentine  and  the  water  of  St.  James's- par- k. — Mr. 
Warren  Belarue  gave  a  description  of  an  apparatus  by 
which  lines  of  excessive  delicacy  could  be  drawn  upon  a 
plate  of  glass.  The  apparatus  consisted  of  a  fever, 
which,  when  written  with  at  one  end,  moved  the  other 
over  minute  spaces  on  a  small  piece  of  glass.  This  was 
the  invention  of  Mr.  Peters,  and  specimens  of  the  work 
were  eshibited.  In  one  instance  the  Lord's  prayer  was 
very  distinctly  engraved  on  a  space  in  a  slide  of  glass  not 
exceeding  the  l-53d  of  an  inch  square,  and  required  a 
high  magnifying  power  to  read  it.  Mr.  Delarue  pointed 
out  the  value  of  this  instmraent  in  constructing 
micrometers  of  exceeding  delicacy  for  the  use  of  the 
micro3copist. 


38oofts,  Set.,  3^mt&0l3. 

♦ 

T!ie  Political  Expmeiice  of  the  A  noients,  in  Us  hearing 
upon  Modem  Times.  By  W.  S.  Tremenheere,  12mo, 
pp.  136.  Murray.  An  able  essay  upon  the  state  of 
modem  periodical  and  other  literature,  witli  a  view  to 
correct  "  the  immense  amount  of  error  in  principles  and 
perversions  of  facts  pervading  a  great  portion  of  it." 

Government ;  its  Uses  and  Abuses.  By  F.  Cox- 
worthy.  Peirce.  (A  pamplilet).  A  farrago,  including 
attacks  upou  men  of  science  and  on  Government,  espe- 
cially the  present  Board  of  Ordnance,  which  dismissed 
the  author  upon  grounds  which  we  must  say,  upon  his 
own  showing,  left  tlie  Board  no  choice.  The  copy  sent 
to  ns  is  marlied  by  either  author  or  publisher  — 
"Press,  defend  your  rights;"  a  somewhat  superfluous 
snggestion.' 

Walpers'  Annates  Boianices  systematica;.  Vol.  II. 
iiase.  3.     Leguminosse  to  Melastomaceie. 

Tlie  Metropolis  and  its  Municipal  Administration. — 
By  J.  Toulniin  Smith.  Trelawney  Saunders.  A  pamph- 
let addressed  to  those  who  are  interested  in  tlie  govern- 
ment of  towns,  especially  of  the  metropolis,  and  who 
incline  to  the  errors  of  centralisation.  The  author  pro- 
poses to  leave  the  corporation  of  Landonas  it  is,  and  to 
group  round  it  other  corporations. 

Blnme,  Museum  Lugdunq-Batmum.  Nos.  21—24, 
concluding  Vol.  I. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

SWI»T0N-P1EK,   BeoaLE,   THE     SEAT    OP     CapT.    O.    V- 

HiacooET.— I  recently  paid  a  visit  to  this  place,  for  the 
purpose  of  inspecting  the  beautiful  conservatory,  which, 
even  at  this  season  of  the  year,  is  well  worthy  of  notice. 
I  waa  most  struck  witli  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of 
Rhododendron  arboreura  it  was  ever  my  fortune  to 
meet  with.  This  truly  magnificent  plant  is  about  7  feet 
high  and  about  C  feet  in  breadtli,  it  has  1.50  heads  of 
bloom  now  expanded,  and  I  was  informed  by  the 
gardener  that  he  bad  deprived  it  of  above  oO,  and  stern 
necesiity  would  compel  him  to  remove  more.  Tlie 
rich  crimson  scarlet  of  the  flower  makes  this  plant  a 
tmJy  imposing  object  ;  there  are  several  other  varieties 
of  both  scarlet  and  whiU;  in  bloom,  and  jvU  exhiljiting 
unmistaiicable  evidence  of  high  cultivation  ;  but  beside 
the  above  regal  plant  tliey  look  comparatively  dim 
and  pale.  The  gardener  also  Bhowcd  mo  some 
most  remarkable  looking  seedlings,  tho  leaves  of  some 
being  10  inches  in  length.  The  Camellias  in  this  house 
arc  covered  with  hioom,  as  are  also  some  gigantic  ex- 
amples of  the  white  Azalea  indica  ;  indeed,  tho  health 
and  vigour  of  all  the  plantJi  in  this  conservatory,  tho 
colour  and  subntance  of  their  foliage,  their  abundant 
bloom,  tlieir  "  sbapclinc8.V  an'i  their  neat  and  appro- 
priat«  arrangement,  reflect  great  ctedit  ou  tho  culU- 
T»tor.  Atptka. 

FLORICULTURE. 

-     ♦ 

ClamBhowino.— On  tliis  Biibjcct  much  dlvrjniiy  of 
opinion  exiatft ;  thft  mivttep,  however,  hnn  bcoii  hitlicrto 
purely  Midland  un<\  Northern,  and  h.iH  boon  well  din- 
cuaaed  in  aio"  Midland  l-'loriiit."  Jn  tlio  south  tho 
profKrcutioQ  of  cla8H  showing  does  not  receive  au  a  rulo 


that  attention  which  its  merits  demand  ;  when  we  state 
that  hut  one  society  in  and  around  London  carries  out 
the  principles  of  tho  system,  we  at  once  show  that  the 
plan, although  highly  important,  is  far  from  heing  general. 
Occasionally  we  find  special  prizes  offered  by  members 
of  existing  societies ;  for  instance,  Carnations  and 
Picotees  were  invited  in  this  manner  at  the  Royal  South 
London  Floricultural  Society,  but  without  producing 
anything  like  competition.  For  two  years  the  trial  was 
made  by  the  Hammersmith  Pansy  Society  :  at  the  first 
not  a  ilower  was  set  up,  although  two  guineas  were 
offered  as  rewards  ;  at  the  second  it  proved  hut 
a  scramble  for  the  "  pride  of  place."  Then  again, 
at  the  Nortli  London  Chrysanthemum  show  last  autumn, 
the  prizes  in  the  classes  were  mostly  contested  by,  and 
awarded  to,  ilowers  not  considered  good  enough  for 
collections  of  twelves,  sixes,  &c.  Witli  these  facts  we 
have  alone  to  deal,  and  we  feel  convinced  that  wherever 
collections  are  invited,  class  showing  will  only  be 
patronised  by  refuse  blooms — hence  its  merits  will  never 
be  fairly  tested,  in  conjunction  with  stand  showing.  We 
take  it  tiiat  class  showing,  judiciously  carried  out,  is 
calculated  to  promote  the  production  of  the  best  speci- 
mens of  quality  in  all  its  bearings,  of  the  various 
colours,  markings,  &,c.,  bringing  alone  into  compe- 
tition flowers  of  similar  pretensions ;  thus  whites 
will  be  matched  against  whites,  yellows  against  yellows, 
scarlets  against  scarlets,  purples  against  purples,  and 
so  on,  through  not  only  similar  colours,  but  also  their 
markuags — feathers  against  feathers,  flames  against 
flames,  heavy  edged  against  heavy  edged,  and 
light  edged  against  light  edged  ;  thus  constituted, 
all  must  frankly  admit,  that  the  step  is  an  important 
one,  and  will  be  the  means  of  better  enabling  the  public 
to  judge  of  the  comparative  merits  of  the  several  sub- 
jects submitted  to  its  inspection.  But  it  is  not  by  bring- 
ing like  flowers  into  juxtaposition,  that  the  object  is  to 
be  attained  ;  for  a  series  of  prizes  is  required,  in  some 
places  first,  second,  and  third,  in  others,  they  may  ex- 
tend to  six,  and  probably  even  to  twelve  ;  the  object 
being  to  reward  the  exhibition  by  a  place  consistent  with 
its  comparative  merit.  Here,  then,  we  have  two  im- 
portant elements  elicited  by  class  showing  :  the  third 
and  final  is,  shall  one  variety  be  "  tlie  flower  of  the 
day  "  until  it  is  displaced  by  a  better  specimen  ?  In 
other  words,  shall  it  be  allowed  to  win  more  than  one 
prize  ?  This  is  a  problem  which  is  just  now  en- 
gaging the  attention  of  our  brother  florists  in  the 
north.  We  have  pointed  out  that  class  showhig  is 
calculated  to  advance  real  merit.  Is  that  object 
attained  by  a  multiplicity  of  prizes  being  awarded 
to  a  multiplicity  of  varieties?  The  question  is  easily 
auswered,  and  -vye  reply  to  it  by  j^sking  another — 
what  relative  value  exists  between  a  fair  specimen 
taking  the  twelfth  prize,  and  that  obtaining  the  first 
prize,  supposing  the  12  blooms  to  be  all  of  average 
growth  ?  Tlien,  why  award  prizes  to  varieties  of  the 
twelfth  degree,  at  the  same  time  shutting  out  specimens 
of  much  higher  merit,  simply  because  it  (tlie  same 
variety)  claims  by  its  quality  a  forward  place  I  Such  a 
course  of  procedure  is  iji  direct  opposition  to  the  vital 
principles  for  which  class  showing  is  established  and 
tolerated.  If  under  any  circumstances  "one  variety 
should  win  but  once,"  let  it  be  when  not  more  than 
three  prizes  are  offered  in  each  class,  by  which  means 
we  encouiage  aud  perpetuate  flowers  not  below  the  third 
degree  of  merit ;  yet  even  this  course  is  not  adopted 
eitlicn*  r.t  Norwich  or  at  the  London  Floricultural 
fTin.-ifties  where  class  showing  is  permitted.  The  following 
notice  sliould  be  included  in  every  schedule  to  be  issued 
for  class  showing:  N.B.  Prizes  will  be  awarded  to  two- 
thirds  the  number  of  eutries,aDd  every  variety  may  win  as 
long  as  it  can.  After  so  many  money  prizes,  according  to 
funds,  let  the  nunibersbe  made  up  to  two-thirds  by  hono- 
rary awards  ;  by  this  means,  first-class  quality  alone  will 
ciavy  a  variety  so  far  until  it  merge  into  that  of  the 
.'■econd  degree;  this  again  being  displaced  by  specimens 
ot  the  third  and  fourth  degrees.  But  to  "  shut  out" 
specimens  of  higii  merit  simply  because  they  have  already 
taken  a  place,  is  to  "  let  in  "  others  of  an  acknowledged 
inferior  grade,  and  to  encourage  their  growth.  ,/.  .E. 

HARDiNjiss  01^  THE  CiNERARiA. — This  it  scems  is  a 
doubtful  matter  ;  with  me  half-a-dp^en  Cinerarias  have 
done  very  well  in  a  cold  frame  during  the  past  \vinter. 
They  were  put  into  the  frame  in  October  ;  in  Februax'y 
threeof  them  showed  for  bloom,  and  were  removed  into 
the  house,  and  the  rest  are  still  in  their  winter  quarters. 
They  were  covered  with  mats  at  night,  but  otherwise 
they  were   almost  neglected.   W.  IC.   W.j  8'jutkampton- 

atrecf,  Oamlcrwell. 1   regret  that  "  W.  G."  should 

have  lost  his  Cineraries  through  following,  as  he  says, 
ray  advice  ;  though  I  think  he  will  find  that  his  disaster 
is  not  imputable  to  me.  I  related  a  fact  which  came 
under  my  notlcf,  and  which  was  unexpected  ;  and  it 
ia  by  tlu;  contrilmtion  of  such  facts  and  discussions 
upon  ihcnt  that  pro^;rcBsin  knowledge  is  made.  I  think, 
howevei',  if  ho  will  diligently  consider  your  leading 
article  of  March  20,  ho  will  discover  tho  real  cause  of 
tho  injury.  I  wish  ho  were  Jiero  to  sec  my  Cinorari;is, 
whith  have  never  had  any  otiier  protection  than  that 
1  spoko  of,  for  a  more  healthy  and  promitting  collection 
would  bo  Uidicult  to  be  met  with.  Yet  thu  hirf.;cr  number 
of  tJiem  were  exposal  to  12"  of  frost  lant  Novcralter,  aa 
their  anccHtors  luid  been  ou  the  preceding  November, 
both  owing  to  my  want  of  cart;  yet  in  neillicr  case  did  any 
injury  follow,  owiii^  no  doubt  iirst  to  tho  pluntn  not  being 
in  a  growing  stuU;  at  tho  time,  nor  their  imncH  distended 
with  Hap,  and  jiartly  aluo  to  tlin  core  bcHtowcd  on  thorn 
afterward»  in  thuwiuj?  tlicm  very  gradually  and  in  the 
dark.     Tlio  fro«ta  of  th'm   month  have  probaldy  beeu 


more  severe  here  than  at  Stoke  NewJngton,  the  coldest 
point  being  11°,  yet  mine  have  not  been  hurt  in  tho 
least,  but  tlien  they  were  not  taken  out  of  a  liouse  and 
transferred  to  the  pit  ;  and  though  they  have  been 
growing  and  some  are  even  in  bloom,  the  most  forward 
have  been  brought  indoors.  I  always  kept  them 
while  in  the  pit  as  dry  as  was  consistent  with  health 
during  tho  north-east  wmds.  6corge  Jecmsj  Tctney, 
lAncolnshire. 


National  Floricdltuhal  Society. —  Mr.  Lgchnee  in  the 
chair,  Cioernrias  were  cont'  ihuted  by  Mr.  Gaines.  Mr.  Dobsonj 
Mr.  Busby.  MeRnia.  Arthur  Henderson,  Messrs.  E.  G.  Hender- 
son, and  Mr.  Lochuer.  Labels  of  cinnmendiitiini  were  awarded 
to  Puriry  (DubBon)  and  JuHa  (LccLiier),  8G  vaiietk-R  ot'named 
Sorts  of  Pausios  Wi:re  sent  by  Mr.  Turner,  and  a  seedUng',  to 
which  a  first-class  Cei  lificate  waa  awarded  ;  it  is  called  Sir  J. 
C^lhcavt ;  and  is  a  yellow-grnoind  variety  of  j^reat  merit, 
■'■ome  very  pretty  foreign  Camellias  were  forwarded  by  Messrs. 
E.  G.  Henderson.  A  few  novelties  were  aisO  contr.buted 
by  Mr.  Gaines  and  Mr.  liendersop,  in  ^lie  shape  of  Deutzia 
ciacilis,  a  Sikkiin  Rhododendron,  and  two  other  plants. 
Some  well  Ilowered  Cyciamens  and  EpacriHe^i  completed  the 
objects  of  interest.  Four  new  members  were  elected;  and  one 
nominated. 

Catalogde  rcpeiv|Bd  from  Mr.  H.  Groom,  ^Clapham  Rise, 
Surrey.  J.  E. 

CiNEBABiAs  :  J B.  1,  purple  self,  white  disk  ;  2,  deep  crimson 
self,  blaclc  disk  ;  3,  while  ground  tipped  with  grey,  disli; 
grey  ;  i,  white  ground,  with  bright  blue  tipn  and  disk;  5, 
lifjht  bronzy  blue  self,  darker  disk;  6,  deep  blue  self,  same 
dipk ;  7,  rosy  purple  scli',  darker  disk  ;  8,  similar  to  No.  5, 
darker  disk  ;  Belle  of  the  Village  and  Crusader  we  have  seen 
before.  All  pretfv.  but  No.  G  is  the  most  so,  owinn  to  its 
cheerful  colour.  Your  packing  62  blooms  on  eight  trusses  ia 
a  box  whose  dimensioDS  are  i  inches  long,  1^  inch  wide,  and 
1  inch  deep  ia  a  bad  plan  ;  this,  together  with  the  bos  being 
crushed  in  coming  through  tho  post,  caused  the  flowers  to  be 
halfpppiled  before  they  reached  us.  J.  K  —  IKG  i*.  Nut  good 
enough  for  our  present  wants.  J.  JS. 

Red-edqi;D  Ficotee:  Mi'3,  Norman  can  nowhere  be  bought  for 
5s.  per  pair  that  we  Imow  of;  in  truth,  the  flower  was  grown 
by  only  scvi;n  personsin  England  and  by  one  in  Scotland  last 
seasou — in  ail  21  pairs,  and  even  the  few  pairs  offered  at 
the  mart  brought  75.  and  8a.;  we  would  therefore  advise 
you  to  be  cautious.  As  a  flower  it  is  unequalled  in  it^  class, 
and  will  doubtless  niiiiotain  that  posiiion,  as  has  Mrs. 
Barnard  in  the  light-edged  roses  ;  James  II.  can  be  had  at 
half  the  price  of  Mrs.  N.-— it  is  a  larger  flower,  much  in  the 
same  way.  J.  E. 

ScuB-DDLE  received  from  the  Great  National  Tulip  EshibitioD, 
Birmingham.  J.  E. 


BiSiscellan^ous. 

Qlasnevin  Botanic  Garden. — The  following  is  an 
extract  from  the  Curator's  Annual  Report : — "  With 
the  view  of  introducing  (even  under  unfavourahle  cir- 
cumstances) the  splendid  "Water-lily,  Victoria  regia^  a 
brick  and  cement  tank,  15  feet  square,  has  been  built  at 
the  end  of  one  of  the  houses  in  the  old  range.  In  this 
it  is  expected  the  plant  may  be  grown,  on  a  small  scale, 
next  season  ;  but  in  order  to  cultivate  it  to  perfectioDj 
a  tank  of  much  larger  dimensions  will  be  required  ;  or, 
if  the  means  at  tho  disposal  of  the  committee  would 
permit,  a  suitable  house  should  be  erected  and  appro- 
priated to  the  growth  of  this  plant,  as  at  Kew,  and  else- 
where in  England.  In  the  portion  of  the  Garden 
assigned  for  economical  purposes,  some  interesting 
expei'iments  have  been  made.  The  Sugar  Beet,  which 
is  exciting  so  much  interest  at  present  in  Ireland,  has 
been  grown  on  twelve  different  kinds  of  manures,  pre- 
pared for  the  purpose  by  Mr.  Sullivan,  the  chemical 
officer  at  the  Museum  of  Irish  Industry,  Stephen'a- 
green,  and  also  on  dried  turf-mould,  in  comparison 
with  other  manures,  as  recommended  by  the  Society's 
professor,  Mr.  Davy,  The  chief  object  of  the  former 
set  of  experiments  being  to  test,  by  analysis  of  the 
roots,  what  effect  the  different  kinds  of  manures 
will  produce  in  the  relative  quantities  of  the  chemical 
components ;  the  results  can  only  be  known  when  the 
gentleman  alluded  to  makes  his  report.  I  shall  only  at 
present  observe  that  the  greatest  growth  and  weight  of 
pi'oduce  were  from  the  mixtures  containing  portions  of 
sulphate  of  ammonia  and  phosphate  of  lime.  The  following 
are  the  respective  weights  of  Mangold  Wurzel  roots, 
grown  on  equal  spaces  of  ground  with  the  manures  re- 
commended by  Professor  Davy  :— 1st.  On  two  barrow- 
loads  of  di'ied  turf-mould,  1-^  cwt.  3  st.  7  lbs.  2d.  On 
one  barrow-load  of  leaf-mould,  1  cwt.  7  lbs.  3d.  On 
one  barrow-load  of  leaf-mould  and  night-soil,  mixed, 
I ■^- cwt.  2  St.  6  lbs.  4th.  On  one  half  barrow-Io.ad  of 
farm-yard  manure  and  half  barrow-load  of  charred 
peat,  2  cwt.  1  st.  8  lbs.  These  results  are  from  ex- 
periments made  on  deep  alluvial  soih  Last  May,  the 
Council  sent  me  a  pacltage  of  seeds  of  the  *'Ma,"  or 
Chinese  Grass-plant,  which  yields  the  beautiful  fibre  of 
that  name,  accompanied  with  a  desire  that  the  plants 
shouldbecultivatedandreportedon.  Portions  of  theseeds 
were  sown  in  tlu*ec  different  ways,  viz.,  on  a*hot-bcd;  in 
pots  placed  in  a  cool  frame  ;  aud  on  beds  in  the  open 
ground.  This  was  done  on  the  10th  of  May.  Those 
sown  in  heat  vegetated  freely,  and  the  young  plants 
made  i-apid  progress  under  tho  same  temperature  until 
the  4th  of  June,  when  thoy  were  planted  out  in  the 
economical  division.  After  this  they  did  not  grow  fast, 
only  attaining  to  a  height  of  one  foot  during  the  season, 
aud  they  are  now  blackened  by  tlie  late  frosts.  The 
sccrls  sown  in  tho  cool  frame  did  not  vegetate  so 
soon,  nor  did  the  plants  grow  so  fast  as  those  in  the  hot- 
bed; and  tho  portion  sown  in  tho  open  ground  >vere 
soon  cut  off'  after  vegetating.  Theso  results  would 
appear  t))  prove  that,  aH  a  ronmnerativo  crop,  this  plant 
\H  not  suited  to  tho  cliniato  of  h-eland.  It  is  a  species  of 
Nettle,  Uvtion  whm,  of  Wildenow,  now  changed  to 
.Baikmcvla  mvea,  which  has  long  been  unJor  cultivation 
in  botanical  gardens,  and  well  known  to  botanists, 
Philip  Miller  having  cultivated  it  in  the  Chelsea  Botanic 


200 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Makch  27, 


tjartlen  ad  trarjy  us  i'iU'J.  Tlie  roots  are  pereiinuil,  iintl 
■will  produce  much  stronger  shoots  next  season,  which  will 
afford  those  who  have  been  cultivating  this  plant  a  further 
opportunity  of  testing  its  value.  A  large  and  important 
addition  of  plants  has  recently  beeu  made  to  the  col- 
lection, being  chiefly  the  proceeds  of  my  late  journey, 
when  I  took  occasion  to  visit  most  of  the  botanical  collec- 
tions in  England,  and  to  make  selections  from  them  far 
more  extensive  than  I  was  enabled  to  do  on  any  previous 
occasion.  The  respective  lists  from  the  different  donors 
show  that  925  species  and  varieties  of  plants  have  been 
sent,  most  of  which  are  now  growing  in  the  garden. 
In  public  utility  the  Garden  continues  to  advance  steadily. 
Besides  supplying  Prof.  Harvey  with  plants  and  flowers 
for  the  Botanical  Lectures  at  the  Royal  Dublin  Society's 
House, Kil dare-street, and  atthe  Botanic  Garden^the  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  at  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  other 
Lecturers  connected  with  some  of  the  Medical  Schools  in 
Dublin,  have  also  been  supplied.  Their  students  have  been 
freely  admitted,  on  private  as  well  as  public  days,  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  the  growing  plants.  Flowers  and 
plants  have  been  furnished  twice  every  week  for  the  use 
of  the  pupils  attending  the  Government  School  of 
Design,  and  they  have  besides  been  admitted  to  draw 
from  the  living  plants  whenever  they  desired  to  do  so. 
In  concluding  this  report,  I  shall  take  the  liberty  of 
alluding  to  a  subject  which  would  tend  very  materially 
to  enhance  the  value  of  this  public  institution,  namely, 
the  establishment  of  an  economical  museum  of  vegetable 
productions  in  their  raw  and  manufactured  state.  The 
vast  importance  of  such  an  adjunct  to  your  garden  must 
be  apparent  to  all  who  have  seen  the  museum  at  the 
Kew  Botanic  Gardens,  or  that  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes 
in  Paris — both  so  much  and  so  justly  admired.  I 
believe  the  managers  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Edin- 
burgh are  about  commencing  one  ;  and  I  trust  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society  will,  ere  long,  secure  to  the  Irish  public 
such  a  valuable  acquisition.  To  be  able  to  show  the 
different  textile  fabrics,  in  their  various  states  of  prepa- 
ration, from  the  different  countries  on  the  globe,  with 
other  vegetable  productions,  such  as  gums,  resins,  barks, 
fruits,  &C.J  and  sections  of  the  woods  of  trees  which 
yield  them,  along  with  the  living  plants,  could  not  fail 
to  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  public  mind.  A 
museum  such  as  I  suggest  would  supply  a  great  deside- 
ratum, and  could  be  formed,  without  ranch  expense." 

Irish  Natural  History. — We  learn  from  a  corres- 
pondent that  the  copies  of  Dr.  Harvey's  "  Sea-side 
Manual,"  mentioned  in  our  last  (p.  184),  although  pre- 
sented to  the  successful  students  of  the  Government 
School  of  Design  by  Lord  Clarendon,  were  not  selected 
or  given  by  His  Excellency,  but  were  chosen  by  the 
Committee,  and.  paid  for  out  of  the  general  funds  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society. 

Sale  of  Hardy  Com'fers. — A  collection,  in  pots,  of 
Araucaria  imbricata.  Cypresses,  Junipers,  Pinuses,  and 
Deodars,  was  sold  yesterday  by  Mr.  Stevens.  The 
Araucarias  measured  from  2j.-  feet  to  3  feet  high ;  the 
others  from  1  foot  to  2  feet.  Four  of  the  best  Arau- 
carias fetched  ]2s.  ;  10  Deodars  14s.;  25  ditto,  7s.  ; 
4  Pinus  excelsa,  75. ;  10  P.  Gerardiana  (9inches  high), 
1  Os.  ;  5  Abies  morinda,  6s.  ;  5  A.  pumilla,  7s.  ;  and  5 
Juniperus  Bedfordiana,  75.  6d.     Other  lots  sold  cheaper. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  weeJc.J 
PLANT-HOUSES. 
The  desirableness  of  having  plants  to  bloom  in  winter 
is  felt  by  all;  for  this  the  Epacris  is  well  adapted,  and 
by  a  little  management  it  is  easily  brought  into  flower  ; 
select  therefore  a  portion  of  the  stock,  cut  back  all 
straggling  shoots,  and  remove  the  plants  to  any  house  at 
work,  where  there  is  a  moderately  moist  atmosphere  ; 
they  will  soon  break,  when  they  should  be  potted,  and 
the  shoots  arranged  and  tied  out  ;  by  thus  early  starting 
them  into  growth,  the  wood  becomes  early  ripened,  and 
they  will  begin  to  bloom  early  in  the  ensuing  winter  ; 
in  the  ordinary  temperature  of  a  greenhouse  a  few 
Leschenaultias,  Boronias,  Hoveas,  and  some  other  hard- 
wooded  plants  may  be  tried  in  a  similar  way.  Heaths 
and  hard-wooded  plants  in  general,  should  not  be  potted 
till  after  they  have  bloomed,  when  the  plants  should  be 
cut  in  according  to  their  habits,  and  a  fresh  growth  begun 
before  pottingisattempted.  With  youngplantsgrowiuginto 
specimens  the  case  is  different;  and  some  of  the  latter  will 
require  looking  to  at  this  season;  well  soak  the  ball  before 
removing  them  into  larger  pots,  and  prefer  the  compost 
when  in  a  somewhat  dry  state  ;  after  which,  a  gentle 
watering  should  be  given.  A  quantity  of  things  which 
have  been  wintered  in  the  houses,  &c.,  and  which  are 
not  intendetf  to  bloom  for  some  time,  may  be  removed 
to  pits.  This  will  allow  more  room  for  plants  now 
growing,  and  show  the  plants  in  bloom  to  more  advan- 
tage. The  young  New  Holland  plants  and  Heaths  will 
be  found  to  grow  faster  in  pits  and  frames,  through  the 
summer  months,  wilh  less  care ;  and  if  a  good  supply  of 
these  useful  structures  is  at  hand,  the  plant-houses 
may  be  kept  entirely  for  specimens  and  other  plants  in 
bloom.  "We  need  not  advert  to  the  improvement  this 
would  give  to  the  generality  of  plant-houses. 
FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

ViNEHY. — During  bright  weather,  some  of  the  Vines 
having  tender  leaves,  as  the  Cannon  Hall,  and  Dutch 
Sweetwater,  may  get  scorched  ;  in  this  case,  use  very 
slight  shading  for  a  time,  and  keep  the  foliage  as  hardy 
as  possible,  by  good  ventilation.  The  same  conditions  are 
very  likely  to  briug  out  the  red  spider,  particuUrlyJwhere 
forcinghas  been  carried  on  foralength  of  time  ;  the  best 
way  to  prevent  this  pest  increasing,  is  to  wash  over  the 


pi])es,  or  flues,  with  a  mixtui'e  of  sulphur  in  powder, 
quick-lime  and  water,  adding  a  little  skim-milk  as  a 
size.  "  This  should  be  put  on  in  dull  weather  ;  and  if 
the  insects  are  numerous,  the  interior  walls  of  the  house 
may  be  brushed  over  with  the  composition,  which  may 
perhaps  require  repeating  ;  but,  generally  speaking,  if  the 
conditionsof  good  culture  are  practised,  this  pest  will  not 
make  much  head.  Keep  the  heat  steady  in  the  early  house 
during  the  stoning  process,  and  maintain  the  necessary 
degree  of  moisture  by  frequent  sprinklings.  Pinch  off 
all  lateral  shoots  as  they  appear,  that  nothing  raay 
interfere  with  the  final  swelling  of  the  fruit.  Attend  to 
our  previous  directions  as  regards  the  successional 
houses.  Vines  now  breaking  will  require  copious 
syringing  to  counteract  the  dryness  produced  by  the 
external  air.  To  prevent  the  last  house  from  breaking 
too  soon  shade  them  each  fine  day,  and  throw  the  house 
open  by  night.  Examine  carefully  the  inside  borders  of 
all  forcing  houses,  and  see  they  are  liberally  supplied 
with  tepid  water,  using  liquid  manure  whenever  circum- 
stances point  out  its  necessity.  Pinery. — The  newly 
potted  Pines  may  possibly  require  a  slight  shading 
for  a  few  hoiu's  during  the  middle  of  the  day.  If 
the  bottom-heat  is  steady,  they  will  soon  commence 
their  new  growth,  but  it  will  not  be  advisable  to 
water  them  until  the  roots  have  made  some  progress. 
Fruiting  plants,  directly  they  have  done  blooming,  must 
be  kept  moister,  both  by  the  syringe  (each  fine  after- 
noon) and  by  increasing  the  humidity  of  the  house  ; 
take  advantage  of  the  sun-heat  by  closing  early.  A 
temperature  of  90**  to  96*^  will  not  injure  them,  if  accom- 
panied by  as  much  moisture  as  the  air  will  contain,  or 
your  means  can  supply.  Remove  thus  early  all  useless 
suckers,  and  keep  the  fruit  in  an  upright  position  by 
proper  staking.  Figs  will  now  require  the  syringe  twice 
daily,  and  frequent  waterings  at  the  roots.  Keep  the 
foliage  from  being  too  crowded,  by  pinching  oft"  the 
end  of  the  wood  where  too  thick  ;  and,  above  all,  keep 
the  temperature  steady.  The  first  crop  will  now  be 
swelling,  and  require  this,  to  prevent  its  falling  off. 
Strawberries  are  now  ripening,  and,  when  required 
to  be  kept  for  some  days,  should  be  removed  to  a  dry, 
airy  house ;  carry  on  the  successional  crops,  that  the 
supply  may  be  continuous.  The  stock  out  of  doors 
will  require  to  be  removed  from  their  winter  quarters, 
and  placed  in  au  open  situation,  giving  them  a  good 
watering,  and  a  surfacing  if  necessary.  Melons.— 
Keep  thin  of  vines,  preserving  those  only  intended  to 
carry  the  fruit.  Make  up  beds  for  succession  crops. 
FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Independent  of  the  kinds  of  bedding  out  Geraniums 
we  recommended  in  our  last  calendar,  some  of  the  fancy 
kinds  are  specially  adapted  for  the  purpose,  and  could 
we  induce  them  to  keep  their  blooms  better  in  rainy 
weather,  they  would  be  invaluable.  In  this  way  Anais, 
Beauty  of  Winchester,  Queen  Victoria,  Heine  des 
Franqais,  and  various  others  may  be  named  ;  and  we 
expect  some  hybrids  between  the  "  Fancies,"  and  the 
Lemon-scented  varieties  now  coming  out,  will  prove  a 
valuable  addition  to  this  class.  Among  Verbenas,  the 
task  of  selecting  is  moi'e  difficult  still ;  we  can,  however, 
state,  that  for  dwarf  compact  habit,  combined  with 
abundance  of  bloom,  and  vividness  of  colour  (the  princi- 
pal essentials  for  our  purpose),  we  have  found  none  better 
than  Boule  de  Feu,  Diana,  Louis  Napoleon,  and  Armida 
as  scarlets, using  Defiance  for  larger  masses  ;  Mrs.  Mills 
makes  a  beautiful  light  blue  red,  and  Andrew  is  equally 
good  as  a  deep  violet.  Mount  Blanc  we  have  found  the 
best  white,  while  in  pink  and  rose  coloured  varieties, 
Burleyana,  Ophir,  Compacta,  Madame  Demesse,  and 
King  are  all  desirable  kinds.  Alfred  is  a  rich  mulberry, 
and  makes  a  novel  coloured  hue — no  doubt,  there 
are  others  equally  good,  but  we  have  selected  the  above 
from  several  hundred  kinds  for  planting  in  masses. 
It  will  be  necessary  to  mulch  and  water  all  new  planted 
trees  and  shrubs.  As  soon  as  rain  falls,  begin  with 
what  evergreens  you  must  move  at  this  season,  and 
any  work  requiring  the  removal  of  turf  should  be 
gUspended  till  a  change  takes  place  in  the  weather. 

HARDT  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  Strawberry  plantations  may  now  be  gone  over, 
removing  the  withered  leaves  and  clearing  them  from 
weeds  ;  the  surface  between  the  rows  may  be  slightly 
pricked  over,  to  permit  the  rain  to  pass  freely  into  the 
soil;  if  no  dung  was  given  in^the  autumn,  a  good 
mulching  may  now  be  spread  between  the  rows  to  wash 
in  with  the  rains. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

The  crop  of  Cauliflowers  under  glasses  will  require 
frequent  waterings,  using  for  the  purpose  mamu-e-water 
liberally,  as  the  size  and  good  quality  of  this  vegetable 
depends  on  its  being  grown  quickly  ;  never  allow  them 
to  get  dry  after  this  month,  unless  the  weather  is  very 
severe  :  the  same  rule  will  apply  to  the  out-door  crops. 
The  crop  potted  into  8-inch  pots  will,  by  this,  have 
filled  the  pot  with  roots,  and  should  now  be  carefully 
turned  out  into  a  warija  border,  forming  a  slight  hollow 
round  the  plant  to  retain  the  waterings  ;  prick  out  under 
hooped  beds,  that  they  may  have  the  protection  of  a 
mat  on  frosty  nights,  the  young  seedling  Cauliflowers, 
Lettuce,  Parsley,  &c.,  sown  in  frames  :  these  will  be  most 
useful  to  succeed  the  autumn  raised  crops.  Allow 
plenty  of  air  to  the  young  Celery  in  frames,  thin  out 
the  first  crop  of  Horn  Carrots  under  glass,  and  water 
frequently  that  the  roots  may  be  crisp.  Potatoes  in 
frames  ;_up  to  the  present  time  look  well  ;  when  this 
crop  requires  water  let  it  be  given  during  the  forenoon, 
and  allow  the  sashes  to  remain  off  till  the  plants  get 
dry  •  as  shutting  them  up  wet  would  be  very  likely  to 
bring  on  the  rot. 


V 

TBMrBbATDfil, 

March. 

"a 

o 

■27 

Of  the  Air. 

Ofthe 

Earth. 

Wind. 

§ 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

I  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday..  19 

30.156 

SO.IOG 

47 

27 

37.0 

39 

39 

K. 

.OP 

Satur.  ..  20 

0 

30.H2 

30.103 

hfy 

39 

39 

S.K. 

.))0 

Sunday  .  21 

1 

30.191 

30.107 

«:( 

27 

45.0 

■Mh 

39 

S.K. 

Monday   22 

'i 

30.120 

30.103 

fifi 

28 

47.0 

41 

41 

Tuea,   ..  23 

■i 

so.o7:t 

29.959 

61 

2b 

44.5 

41^ 

41 

N.li. 

Wed.    ..  24 

4 

29.887 

29.861 

66 

2C 

46.0 

i\h 

42 

E 

.00 

Thura...  26 

b 

30.091 

29.941 

48 

35 

41.b 

414 

42 

.N.K. 

AveraEe  ... 

30,094  ■'  srt.o^fi 

58..    ■  27-S 

43.0 

40.43    Uo.43 

.00 

itrcti    19— Cola  hHze ;  wbite  clouds  with  very  clear  mtervaU ;  fiotty. 

—  20— HoarfioBt;  clear;  frosty  at  nlfcht. 

—  21~Fine;  rather  hazy;  clear;  frosty. 

—  22— Very  fine  ihroushoui ;  BliKht  frost  at  niRht. 

—  23— Slight  haze;  very  dry  air;  clear  and  frosty. 

—  24— SltKbthaze;  overcast;  densely  clouded, 

—  25— Clear;  cloudy;  overcast  at  niftbt, 

Meaa  temperature  of  the  week,  1  deg.  above  the  avetase. 

State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiawick,  durinR  the  last  36  years,  for  the 
ensulnft  weekieoding  April  3, 1852. 


Hi 

lit 
53h 

3^ 
as 

No.  Of 
Teani  In 
which  It 

Bained. 

OreatcBt 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

Prevailing  "Winda 

and  April. 

1 
1 
A 
2 
3 
4 
4 

5 
3 
4 
6 
4 

3 

4  2 

5  3 

11 

3   3 
3   S 
2    1 

tn 

al 
1   5 
4    2 
i    2 
3   6 

6 
4 
4 
4 

1 
2 
5 

Sunday  28 
Mon      29 
Tuea.     30 
Wed.     31 
Thura.     1 
Friday     2 
Satur.      3 

53.5 
53.7 
53.6 

66.2 
54.5 
56.4 

56  6 

34.1 
33.7 
34.8 
35.7 
35.6 
36.9 
34.7 

43.8 
43.7 
44.2 
45.5 
45.1 

4r..i 

45.6 

10 
6 
8 
U 
15 
12 
& 

0.68  In. 

0.33 

O.U 

0.30 

0.76 

1.19 

0.20 

1 

4 
6 

a 

4 
1 

4 

The  hiEhest  temperature  durinK  the   above   period   occurred  on    the  3i 
April,  134S— therm.  ;sdeK.;  aud  the  lowest  ou  the  lit,  133a— therm.  16  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Books  :  Buckland.  Moore  on  Feme.  By  no  means  plunpre  the 
leaves  in  boiling  water  previous  to  drying  them. — SF.  The 
text-book  UBgd  by  Dr.  Lindley,  in  his  junior  course  of  botany, 
is  his  "  School  Botany."— J  F  M.  Dr.  Lindlej's  work  on 
Orchids  does  not  treat  of  their  culture.  Tou  will  find  a 
useful  series  of  papers  on  that  subject  in  ourvolume  for  1851. 

Coke  :  Aficklewell.  We  pay  8s.  per  chaldron  to  tbe  Phoenix  Gas 
Company,  and  they  send  it  by  water  to  Chiswick  for  that 
money.  It  is  not  a  Moss — what  it  is  we  will  tell  you  next 
week. 

Feens:  O  S  C.  We  really  cannot  undertake  to  negociato  ex- 
changes ;  neither  can  we  recommend  tradesmen.  Nor  do 
we  understand  your  question.  Any  dealer  in  Ferns  can 
supply  what  you  appear  to  want,  or  you  may  get  them  for 
yourself  if  you  run  a  little  way  into  the  country  by  rail. 

Fedits  :  FandF.  There  is  no  objection  to  the  arrangement 
of  fruits  proposed  by  Dr.  Pereira.  If  you  want  a  more  ela- 
borate one,  you  will  find  it  in  Dr.  Lindley'fl  '=  Introduction  to 
Botany."  The  "inaccuracies"  to  which  you  point  in 
Paxton's  "Botanical  Dictionary"  are  not  really  what  you 
call  them,  as  a  little  consideration  will  tell  you.  A  new 
edition  ofthe  "  Yegetable  Kingdom"  is  in  preparation. 

HoBTicDLTDBAt  Society  :  S  T  Z.  There  is  a  vacancy  just  now 
in  the  establishment,  A  young  man  must  be  recommended 
by  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  ;  he  must  also  be  between  21  and 
25  years  of  age,  unmarried,  able  to  read  and  write  well,  to 
cypher,  and  to  measure  simple  pieces  of  land  correctly. 
These  are  the  minimum  qualifications  ;  except  that  he  must 
have  been  for  at  least  tbree  years  in  some  good  pii,vate 
garden. 

Names  of  Feuits  :  GBP.  The  Apple  yoa  sent  is  not  known. 
It  is  very  acid  and  astrinpent.H 

Names  of  Plants  :  A  BC  D.  One  of  the  varieties  of  Hippeas- 
trum  vittatum. — S  K.  A  young  plant  of  Polystichum  loba- 
tum.§— J^S.  1  seeme  to  be  Fittosporum  revolutum ;  2  is  an 
evergreen  Oak.— it  V  Y,  The  plant  is  Akabia  quinata,  and 
could  not  by  any  possibility  have  been  sent  out  as  a  Dielytra. 
It  is  a  climber  of  rapid  growth,  and  if  trained,  from  the  pro- 
fusion of  flowers,  has  a  striking  appearance,  although  the 
flowers  individually  look  dull ;  it  has  also  a  scent  somewhat 
resembling  a  Wallfiower,  but  moro  delicate.— JO  B.  2,  the 
plant  commonly,  but  incorrectly,  called  D.  Heyneanum  ; 
1  and  4,  Vanda  peduncularie,  from  Ceylon,  not  Manilla; 
3,  Pteris  tremula. — Juvenis.  1,  Potentilla  reptans  ;  2,  Meli- 
lotus  oflacinalis ;  3,  Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum.— J>1, 
Ic  does  not  appear  to  be  different  from  Epidendrum  Stam, 
fordianum  ;  but  the  flowers  were  terribly  crushed.— JT  TZ. 
2,  Cineraria  Petasites  ;  1  cannot  be  determined  without 
flowers.  We  never  recommend  trades^men.  Tou  must  con- 
sult the  Advertisements.— J.  S.  We  believe  them  to  be  the 
leaves  of  Arum  pictum. 

Potatoes  :  A  Gardener.  These  are  tubers,  not  bulbs. 

Pbdning:  CUricus.  The  upright  shoots  which  spring  from  the 
tied  down  branches  of  Pear  trees  trained  in  a  conical  form, 
must  be  shortened  back  to  about  an  inch  in  length.  From 
this  base  a  number  of  shoots  will  probably  make  their  ap- 
pearance in  May,  You  should  then  rub  off  a  considerable 
portion,  and  allow  one  or  two  of  the  strongest  from  each 
spur  to  push  6  inches  in  Itngth,  and  then  stop  them  by 
pinching  off"  their  points  above  the  sixth  leaf  from  their  bases. 
The  leading  shoot  should  be  shortened  to  the  distance  of  15 
inches  above  the  tier  of  shoots  made  in  the  preceding  year.U 

Smoke:  J  J  C.  That  this  injures  all  vegetation  is  unques- 
tionable. Your  best  way  would  be  to  water  your  lawn 
frequently,  by  a  water-engine  of  considerable  power  or  a 
water-cart,  if  you  can  get  it  on  the  Grass  without  injury  to  the 
ground.  Also  mow  it  close  every  time  that  the  wind  ceases 
to  blow  from  the  quarter  that  brings  smoke.  If  the  lawn 
wants  vigour,  dress  it  with  guano  at  the  rate  of  three  cwt. 
an  acre.  „  , .  .        ...  ». 

Stephamotis  FLOBiBUNDA  :  T  D.  Several  instances  m  which 
this    plant  has  fruited  have  lately  been  recorded  in  our 

The  Upas  Teee:  J  F  R.  This  plant  will  not  poison  by  the 
atmosphere  that  surrounds  it,  but  by  its  milky  juice. 
Take  care  what  you  are  about;  if  the  juice  gets  into  a 
wound,  or  upon  the  eye,  you  had  better  send  for  a  surgeon 
without  an  instant's  delay  ;  and  we  trust  that  he  may  not 
arrive  too  late.    As  to  the  phenomenon  you  menuon,  we  wiU 

'  Tine  Leaves:  LumbriGus.  Had  you  sent  the  leaves,  instead  ot 
I  a  description  of  them,  we  might  perhaps  have  answered  your 
I  question.  Tou  say  "  great  caution  has  been  used  as  regards 
I  ventilation."  What  does  that  mean  ?  Perhaps  you  have 
'      stifled  your  Vines.  ,  ,  , 

1  Tines-  B  J  D.  Sulphur  them  the  moment  you  perceive 
mildew  making  its  appearatice  ;  but  they  must  be  quite  dry 
when  it  is  applied,  or  you  will  find  some  difficulty  in  remov- 
ing it  from  the  leaves,  Ac,  after  it  has  performed  its  office. 
Tou  will  find  the  French  contrivance  dedcribed  at  p.  6i3 
1851.  to  be  a  useful  and  cheqp  sulphurator.j 
Tiolets:  E  J.  For  Neapolitan  and  Tree  Violets  prepare  a 
frame  of  light  rich  compost,  consisting  of  loam  and  leat- 
mould  under  the  shade  of  a  north  wall,  for  their  summer 
quarters ;  in  such  a  situation  they  may  be  preserved  from 
the  ravages  ofthe  red  spider,  from  the  attacks  of  which  they 
will  certainly  suffer  if  exposed  to  the  scorching  sun  during 
the  hot  months.  In  this  frame  the  offuets  trom  the  old  beds 
should  be  planted  about  4  inches  asunder,  and  kept  close 
till  they  have  begun  to  form  new  roots.  Failure  in  your 
case  we  imagine  may  be  attributed  to  red  spider.J 


13—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


201 


c 


PERUVt-^N    GUANO. 
AUTION     TO  AGRICULTURISTS- 


It  being  notorious 


nat  extensive  aduiterationa  of  this 


MANURE  are  still  carr*'^  on, 

ANTONY  flBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY    IMPOpfi^RS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  th*'"  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  a<;air^o  recommend  Farmers  and  all  othera  who 

bar  to  be  careful)  on  their  tjuard. 

The  character^f  tbe  parties  from  whom  they  purchafle  will 
of  course  be  tf*  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  tbit  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  reinii>l  buyers  that— 

TIlc  lowfSf'  wholesale  pHce  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  ha-'  ^cew  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
9L  OS.  pt^  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  rpales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  Ijave  a  lusa  tu  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are   manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  ...         7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  Kinf?  WjUiam-street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  dl.  105.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5a.  per 
Con,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


'T'HE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-^  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P.'at  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  9i.  10s.  per  too,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
91. 5«.  in  Dock.  Edward  Pobbee,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at2i.  5s.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
dttced,  with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferti'iaing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
■where  it  haa  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  ii 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  oi 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun. 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
MeasTB.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  oescription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  THOMis  Way,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


FOSSIL  BONES  AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

{FRuM   THE    eOFFuLK   CRAG). 

T^DWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 

J— i  erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  jcality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Packard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manare  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— 
Promote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country,  by 
increasing  the  use  ot  that  valuable  Manure,  PEAT  CHAR. 
COAL,  impre;^nated  with  the  feriilieing  matter  of  LOi^DON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphatcH,  and  fajcea  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
— Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  6us.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt,,  2s.  id.  ner 
halfcwt.  ^ 


CpiNE  LONG  RED  SURREY  CARROT.— 
-■-  A  limited  quantity,  at  Is.  Qd.  per  lb.— Hart  and  Nicklin, 
Seedimen,  Guildford. 


IMPROVED   GRASS    CUTTING  &  ROLLING   MACHINE. 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Makers,  Arbroath.  Fortarshire,  respectfully  solicit  notice 
to  their  improved  GRASS  CUTTING  and  ROLLING 
MACHINE,  for  LAWNS,  the  con)plete  success  of  which,  and 
its  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  kind,  has  now  been  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monials and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked  on 
application. 

AGENT8  for  London— Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Hammersmith  ;  Hertford  :  Mr.  George  Folkard, 
Ironmonger;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Young  and  Co., 
Castle  Buildings,  Derby-square ;  Sheffield  :  Mr,  J.  Law, 
Curator  of  the  Botanic  Gardens;  Chester:  Messrs.  F.  and  J. 
Dickson,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Glasgow:  Messrs.  Chag. 
D.  Young  and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enocb-aquare  ;  Edinburgh  :  Messrs. 
Chas.  D.  Young  and  Co.,  48,  Nortb  Bridge;  Perth:  Messrs. 
Dickson  and  Turnbull,  Nurserymen  and  Seedemen. 


M'CORMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London. — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition. — "Mr. 
M'Cobmick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptre?,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  261. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  Butter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetings  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever 
produced.  2000  have  been  sold  in  one  year. — Bokqess  and 
Ket.  103,  Neweate-street,  London. 


GIDNKY'S  IMPROVED  PRUSSIAN  HOE.— 
This  exceedingly  useful  garden  implement — so  much  in 
demand,  and  which  has  obtained  the  first  prize  at  several  of 
the  first  horticultural  meetings,  as  the  best  and  most  useful 
garden  tool  extant  ;  also  teetimoniala  from  the  principal 
horticultural  journals  and  leading;  practical  gardeners — is  now 
ready  ior  delivery,  and  may  be  obtained  of  any  principal  iron- 
monger, and  Seedsman,  orof  themanulacturer,  J.  W.  Gidnet, 
Ironmonger,  East  Dereham,  Norfolk.  Price  (ready  for  use), 
neatly  handled.  Is.  6d.  ;  of  whom  may  be  had  the  new  drill 
hoe,  and  the  Norfolk  Blomfield  hoe.  Copies  of  testimonials 
sent  on  application  to  the  manufacturer. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct  their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus : — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  belaid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  43  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  neceasarv,  as  water  does  not  soak  through 
it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 
Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bank-street.  Westminster. 


rnHE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GREAT 
-L  EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Milton,  for  his 
Improved  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE  (straw),  the  only  British  Bee- 
hive for  which  a  Prize  Medal  wjs  awarded.  It  is  of  simple 
construction,  ornamental,  and  so  easily  managed  that  the  most 
unskilful  can  with  safety  obtain  a  large  quantity  of  pure 
honey  without  killing  the  bees  ;  price  complete,  10s.  6d.  They 
are  made  with  extra  fittings  and  boards,  18s.  fid.  the  set. 

Also  may  be  had  "Milton's  Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new 
edition,  price  2s. 

Ditto,  with  Illustrations,  2s.  Gd. 

Ditto,  Sheet  of  ditto,  free  by  post,  Sd. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  and  Honey  Warehouse,  10,  Great 
Marylebone-street,  Wimpole-street,  London, 


CHEAP    AND     DURABLE    ROOFING. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


THERMOMETERS. 
TTENRY  BAKER'S  (90,  Hatton  Garden,  London) 

-■-*-  List  of  Prices.  Every  inalrument  made  by  him  warranted 
accorato.— Vertical  self-registering  THERMOMETER,  for 
heat  and  cold,  of  the  beet  construction,  and  not  liable  to  get  out 
of  order,  14  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  \L  Os.  ;  in  japan  case, 
II.  If.,  and  U  ;  10  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  li.  23, ;  in  japan 
COM,  18*.  Horizontal  ThfcrcoometerH  for  registering  the  ex- 
treme of  cold  only,  U.  Cd.;  H.,t.bed  Thermometers,  in  oak 
frames,  "■  "■ ;  copper  frameSj  11.  5s.  Thermometers  for 
Brewing,  Bathn,  Jsc,  In  copper  caies,  14  inches,  73.  Gd.  ■ 
lOlnchei,  5#.  Cd. ;  Siachen.iB.  6d. ;  injapan  cases,  H  inches,  53.  ; 
10  Inches,  3j.6ci.  ;  8  Inches,  2«.  Gd.  Dr.  Mason's  Hygrometer, 
or  wet  bulb  Thermometer,  for  showing  the  humidity  of  the  air, 
with  tables.  iTory  scalp,  H. ;  wood,  153.  An  invaluable  instru- 
meotln  Hothounes,  Sick  Chambers,  &c.  Wheel  Barometer,* 
from  11.  U.  each,  sent,  securely  packed,  without  fear  of  getting 
out  of  order.  '^         ^ 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE 


ArraovfD  bt  PRINHE  ALBERT,  and  fJHivF.iiBALr.T  Rsoom- 

MKNOKD  BT   I'tACTICAL  Af D  SclKNTIJ'lC  Mkh. 

'"PHIS  SCYTHK,  when  out  of  uhf;,  hIiuIh  ujj  like  a 

■^  knife.  It  can  bo  ndju«tird  to  any  angle  in  one  rnlr.utr- 
(CTMi  by  peraons  quitn  uriuned  U>  the  Iinpleinotit),  wltliout  tho 
nsilltanco  of  blachnmith  or  forg<r.  It  may  bo  uncd  by  umiiteurd 
«•  well  as  ri?((iilnr  laftourcrs,  wllhou'.  fesir  of  nccblent  or  injury, 
thasrenderlnif  Mowlnjf  an  •■flsy,  safe,  find  n-onomlcal  oi'oration. 
To  be  had  of  alt  Ironfno»gi»rii,  Numcrvmon,  An:.,  In  tho 
Kingdom;  and  Wholeptnli!  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Doat  and  Co.'s 
Aprrlcultiirsl  Irnplf-mont  nnd  Mi.rMnery  Warobouscti,  Hwitn. 
laoe,  London  Jtrldf^c.— A  ltb':ral  di'UM.urit  allowed  ty  tho  Trade. 


FM'NEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
•   row,  London,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Worltshops,  andforGarden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited   and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
Peizes,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  Woods  and  PonESTfl, 

HoNODHABLE  BOAED  OF  ORDNANCE, 
HONODRABLE  EasT  InDIA  CoMPANY, 
HoNODRABLE  COMMISStONEBS  OF  CdSTOMS, 

Her  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wiobt, 
Royal  Botanic  Gardrnb,  Regent's  Pare, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond) , 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Royal  AaaicuLTORAL  Society's  Hoose,  Hanover- 
square. 

It  is  half  tho  price  of  any  other  description  of  Roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  tho  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  per  Square  Foot. 

•«•  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architcctp,  and  Builders,  dent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  exccntod, 

ij=ir  Thf  Public  is  cautioned  thiit  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  tho  nbovo  Roollng  in  made,  are 

F.  M'NI'HLL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent     Polt     Manul'iictory,    Lamb'H-biiildingn,    Bunhlll-rovv, 
London,  where  Uoofs  covered  with  tho  Felt  may  bo  soon. 

The  new  Vice-CImncellor'n  Oourts.  at  tho  cntranco  of  West- 
minster  IIhH,  were  roofo'l  with  F,  M'Neill  and  Co.'m  Feltabout 
two  yeiirtt  since,  under  tho  Rurv(*yorHhip  of  Chas.  Barry,  E«q., 
R.A.  Her  Majf-sty't!  CoDimiBslonerHof  Wooda  and  ForontH  am 
BO  HutiHHod  with  the  result  that  thoy  hiivo  ordered  tho  Com- 
mitter- K(iom«  at  tho  Hou^ien  of  Parlifim'-nt  to  bo  roofed  wltb 
thf^lr  Folt.     Qufinlity  altogether  uticd,  21.000  iwt, 

NoTK.  — ConHUmcfH  Blinding  direct  to  the  Factory  can  bo  flup- 
pHid  in  lengths  be«t  suited  to  their  Hoof",  so  that  thoy  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  ro(|iiire. 

Kv*ry  Information  afforded  on  tho  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  propoutd  piirti'jultir  iipplltatlou  ot  thu  Felt. 


CLEVELAND    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY. 
AJOTICE    TO   INVENTORS   AND  MAKERS  OF 

J-^  REAPING  MACHINES.— The  Comr.dttee  of  the  above 
Society  have  resolved  to  ofier  a  PREMIUM  of  TWENTY 
GUINEAS  for  the  BEST  REAPING  MACHINE,  EXHIBITED 
and  TRIED  before  the  SOCIETY  in  CLEVELAND,  at  the  Com- 
mencemmt  of  the  ensuing  HARVEST.  Entries  to  be  made  on 
or  before  the  THIRTIETH  DAY  OF  JUNE  NEXT,  to  the 
Secretary,  of  whom  a  copy  of  the  CONDITIONS  of  trial  may 
be  had,  after  the  Cth  of  April  next. 

,,.jj,    ,-    Thomas  Paerinqton,  Secretary. 
Lazenby,  near  MiddleHborough,  March  27. 

GRICULTURAL  PRODUCE  and  FRUIT  SALE 

ROOMS,  3i,  Eastcheap-street,  London.— The  Subscribers 
beg  to  announce  to  Farmers,  Millers,  Gardeners,  and  others, 
that  they  have  opened  the  above  extensive  and  central  pre- 
mises, for  the  Sale  hy  Auction  of  Potatoes,  Flour,  Fruits,  *Ssc, 
The  rate  of  commission  charged  in  all  CLiaes  for  sale  and 
guarantee  will  be  one  per  cent.  Liberal  advances  made  on 
coneignmenta.  For  further  particulars  apply  to  Smith  and  Co,, 
34,  Eastcheap-street,  London. 

MANDFACTDRED   SOLELY   BY 

JOHN     FERKABEE     AND     SONS, 

PHCENIX  IRON   WORKS,   NEAR   STROUD, 

QLODCESTEBSHIRE. 

BUDDING'S     LAWN     MOWING     MACHINE, 
With  Registered  Improvements,  No.  3074. 

This  Machine  may  be  worked  by 
persons  who  cannot  use  a   scythe. 
It  can  be  adjusted  tocut  any  length, 
and  leaves  a  more  even  and  uniform 
surface  than  can  be   produced  by 
the  most  skilful  mower.     The  Grass 
may  be  cut  when  dry,  and  may  be 
collected  in  the  box  ;  which  enables 
the  gardener  to  cut  his  lawns  at  the 
most  convenient  time,  and  renders 
sweeping   afterwards  unnecessary  ; 
while,   with  the    same    amount    of 
labour.more  than  double  the  quantity  j 
of  work  can  be 
done  than  with  a 
scythe.  Itisvery 
durable,    easily 
sharpened     and 
kept    in    order, 
and  its  manage- 
ment is  extreme- 
ly simple. 

J.  F.  &  Sons, 
who  were  the  sole  Manufacturers  of  BUDDING'S  MACHINES 
under  the  Patent,  ai^d  who  have  produced  and  sold  nearly 
4000  of  them,  have  this  year  increased  their  efficiency  and  per- 
fected their  operation,  by  improvements  which  are  protected 
by  Registration.  The  Improved  Machines,  in  addition  to  the 
Registration  Number — 3074,  have  the  name,  "J.  Febrabee  & 
Sons,"  cast  on  the  frame;  and  none  should  be  purchased 
without  this  guarantee. 

Hand  Machines  are  made  of  three  sizes — cutting  the  several 
widths  of  16,  19,  and  22  inches.  The  smallest  may  be  worked 
by  one  man  ;  the  others  require  the  assistance  of  a  strong  boy. 

Horse  Machines   are  made  of  two  sizes ;    one    cutting  39 
inches,  and  the  other  36  inches  wide. 
Prices. 

16-inch  Machine  ...  £5  10    0  1  22-inch  Machine  ...  £6    0    0 

19.inch        ,,         ...    6    0    0  I  SO-inch        „         ...  13    0    0 
36-inch  Machine        £1.^  10     0 


NEW   FARM   SEED   CATALOGUE. 

RENDLE'S  NEW  AGRICULTURAL  SEED 
CATALOGUE  FOR  THE  PRESENT  SEASON  is  just 
published,  and  can  be  had  in  exch'inge  for  One  Penny  Stamp. 
It  contains  descriptions  of  all  the  best  varieties  of  GRASSES 
for  alternate  Husbandry,  Permanent  Pasture,  Ornamental 
Parks,  and  Pleasure  Grounds,  giving  their  peculiar  properties, 
and  the  soils  and  situations  to  which  they  are  best  adapted. 
Also  short  descriptive  accounts  of  all  the  best  kinds  of 
SWEDES,  Scotch,  Common,  and  Hybrid  TURNIPS,  as  well 
as  MANGOLD  WURZELS,  CARROTS,  CABBAGES,  PARS- 
NIPS, and  all  other  sorts  of  Seeds  required  in  Agriculture. 

The  whole  of  the  descriptions  are  in  a  concise  and  useful 
form,  and  will  he  found  of  mucli  service  to  all  engaged  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  The  Suhscnhers  will  have 
much  pleasure  in  forwarding  a  copy,  to  any  address,  on 
receipt  o/One  Penny  Stamp. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  MORE^THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  Now  Park-street,  Southwnrk,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  I'tiproved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  and  Conservatory  and  Ho'bouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horiicultural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of  the 
highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars  fur- 
ni'^hed  on  application.    


't;)I7INT0N'S  PARKES'  NEW   STEEL  DIGGING 

VV  FORKS  never  bend,  strain,  or  break,  but  retain  their 
sharp  points  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repair.  Mr.  Mechi  says, 
"  They  answer  admirably  in  breaking  our  heavy  clays,  and 
mixing  the  «nil  in  an  extraordinary  manner,  and  facilitate 
labour  quite  20  per  cent." 

Early  orders  are  requested,  as   the  demand  is  very  great. 
They  are  executed  in  thu  rotation  in  which  thoy  are  given. 
Bdroess  iind  Key,  Agontu,  103,  Nowguto-street,  London. 
Priced  List  sent  on  application. 


SA  rUUDA  Y,  MARCH  27,  1852. 

MEETINOa  Foil  THE  TWO  I'OLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WnuNRHnAT.  March ;n—Agrlpulhirul  Socictv  orEinrlBnd. 
TiiutiaiiAT,       April     l—AKrloiltiirnl  Imp.  Soc.nl  Irclnnd. 
WKpn.flKAI,     —       7— AKrlcullufBl  SorWitv  iif  KiiKlnnd. 
TuiJUOPAV,         ~       Ij— AKricuItiiriil  Imp.  Boc.of  Ircluiid. 


TiiEiiK  is  none  of  the  daily  necessaries  of  life  of 
more  importance  than  the  article  Mii.k  ;  for,  simple 
as  it  may  appear,  it  contains  all  the  elements  essential 
to  the  lull  flevclopemont  .and  sustenance  of  the  body. 
Science  and  practice  .amply  corroborate  this;  foraman 
may  be  entirely  supported  upon  a  diet  of  millc  for  an 
indefinite  period  of  time,  and  chemical  analysis  fully 
accounts  for  the  fact.     The  size,  strength,  and  hardi- 


202 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


I  March  27, 


nessof  Scotchmen  and  Iiishmenhave  often  been  the 
subject  of  surprise,  seeing  that  many  of  them  do  not 
taste  butcher's  meat  from  the  one  year's  end  to  tlie 
other;  hut  what  they  laclc  of  butcher's  meat  is  more 
than  compensated  by  the  greater  quantity  of  dairy 
produce  wliich  they  consume. 

It  is  not,  however,  an  alimentary  view  of  the  sub- 
ject which  we  now  propose  discussing.  For  some 
time  past,  a  valuable  correspondence  has  been  kept 
up  in  our  columns,  and  we  now  propose  throwing 
in  our  own  mite  into  the  milking-pail,  by  way  of 
encouragement. 

From  time  immemorial,  three  problems  have  par- 
ticularly engrossed  the  attention  of  the  farmer,  in 
reference  to  milk  : — to  obtain  the  greatest  quantity 
of  milk  of  the  best  quality  ;  to  preserve  the  milk 
afterwards,  until  required  for  consumption,  in  the 
best  possible  manner  ;  and  to  dispose  of  milk  to  the 
best  advantage.  These  are  the  three  grand  problems 
demanding  solution,  and  it  were  difficult  to  say 
■which  of  them  is  the  most  deserving  of  consideration. 
In  practice,  quantity  and  quality  not  unfre- 
quently  become  two  separate  considerations.  Some 
parties,  for  instance,  do  not  value  quantity,  but 
quality  :  they  prefer  a  very  small  quantity  of  extra 
rich  milk  to  a  large  quantity  of  ordinary  quality  ; 
while  others  are  oppositely  situated  :  if  they  can 
only  get  plenty  of  it,  quality  becomes  a  question  of 
minor  consideration. 

Now,  to  obtain  opposite  results,  such  as  these, 
opposite  expedients  must  be  adopted  ;  but  although 
snch  is  the  case,  yet  these  expedients  are  some- 
what analogous  to  each  other;  for,  on  the  one 
hand,  to  obtain  a  small  quantity  of  very  rich  milk, 
one  of  four  practices  may  be  had  recourse  to  : 
first,  peculiar  breeds  of  cows,  such  as  the  Kyloe, 
Kerry,  small  Devon,  and  Guernsey ;  second,  in- 
dividual short-horns,  Herefords,  &c. — in  all  those 
breeds  which  give  a  large  quantity  of  milk,  there 
are  always  to  be  found  exceptional  cows  which  give 
a  small  quantity  of  rich  milk  ;  third,  even  where 
cows  give  a  large  quantity  of  milk  of  an  ordinary 
quality,  extra  rich  milk  may  be  obtained  from  the 
afterings ;  and  fourth,  the  quality  of  the  milk  may 
be  affected  by  the  quality  of  the  food.  On  the 
other  hand,  certain  breeds  of  cows  give  a  large 
quantity.  Individual  Kyloes,  Kerrys,  small  Devons, 
and  Guernseys  give  large  quantities  of  thin  milk  : 
the  removal  of  the  afterings  will  leave  a  large 
quantity  of  inferior  milk ;  and  lastly,  brewers' 
grains  and  such  like  food,  will  produce  a  large 
quantity  of  inferior  quality,  whatever  may  -be  4he 
breed  of  cows. 

The  two  parties  chiefly  intereste(I  in  this  separate 
view  of  the  question,  are  private  families  on  the  one 
hand,  and  dairy  farmers  who  supply  towns  on  the 
other.     The  former  of  these  not  only  wish  extra 
rich  milk,  and   are   able  and  willing   to   give  any 
reasonable  charge  for  it,  but  actually  often  incur  a 
vast  amount  of  unnecessary  expense  to  procure  it, 
and  not  unfrequently  when  this  has  been  incurred, 
they  fall  short  of  realising  their  expectations.      One 
has  got  a  Kyloe,  Kerry,  small  Devon,  or  Alderney 
cow,  which  yields  extra  rich  milk,  nothing  short  of 
London  cream.     The  fame  thereof  soon  reaches  the 
ears  of  others  looking  out  for  this  sort  of  thing,  con- 
sequently their  stalls  and  parks   soon  swarm  with 
this  far-famed  Lilliputian  bre^d;  but  in  the  selection, 
too  many   of  the   exceptional   individuals    already 
noticed  have  been  included  ;  so  that  disappointment 
or  ridicule  effects  a  speedy  return  to  short-horns  or 
Herefords  as  the  sweetest  and  richest  milkers  after 
aU.     We  recollect  meeting  with  an  instance  where 
small  Devons  were  selected,  which  actually  did  give 
extra   rich    milk,    but    the    breed   being    so    very 
■valuable,  calves  were  reared   and   suckled   on   the 
afterings !      The  first  milk  was  set   apart  for  the 
Castle  by  the  milkman,  and  a  calf  put  upon  two 
cows   to   draw   off  the   remainder,   and    doubtless 
the   udders    were    emptied    without  a   moment's 
delay.     This  was,  perhaps,  cheating  the  "  house  ;" 
but  young  "  Butter-cup  "  throve  beautifully,  so  that 
the  law  of  my  lord  and  his  steward  was  like  the 
laws  of  the  Modes  and  Persians ;  consequently  our 
small  Devons,  fine  as  they  were,  had  ultimately  to 
give  way  to  the  reinsfalment  of  the  Hereford.  Now, 
in  either  of  these  examples  extra  rich  milk  might 
ha-ve  been  obtained  without  the  unnecessary  changes 
and  expense  resorted  to.     In  the  first,  either  from 
the  afterings  or  individual  cows,  exceptions  to  the 
general  milking  qualities  of  the  breed  ;  and  in  the 
second   by  putting  a  calf  to  one  cow,  and  milking 
the  other  wholly  for  the  Castle  ;  or,  if  this  was  not 
rich  enonsh,  take  the  afterings  of  the  small  Devon 
also.     The  disposal  of  the  first  milk  under  such  cir- 
cumstances we  shall  subsequently   notice.     In   an 
expeiiment  recorded  in  the  "  Lancet "  some  short 
time  ago,  the  proportion  of  cream  on  the  first  milk 
ot  eight  cows  IS  stated  at  not  one-half  what  it  is 
in  the  last  milk,  showing  a  degree  of  difference  in 
the  richness  of  the  milk  scarcely  credible.     The 


object  of  the  latter  party,  the  market  dairyman, 
to  get  an  extra  quantity  of  milk  of  any,  even  an 
inferior  quality,  is  undeserving  of  countenance.  His 
object  ought  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  farmers  in 
general  :  to  gel  the  greatest  quantity  of  the  very  best 
quality,  which  we  believe  is  the  general  aim. 

We  may,  however,  here  notice,  in  passing,  other 
expedients  to  which  some  of  these  parties  resort  in 
order  to  increase  the  quantity,  besides  giving  un- 
wholesome food  to  cows — we  mean  the  often 
cuckoed  plaint  of  adulteration  sung  by  our  urban 
friends.  Out  of  a  series  of  examples  taken  by  "  The 
Analytical  Sanitary  Commission  "  of  the  "Lancet'' 
about  one  half  were  found  adulterated,  and  in 
all  cases  the  article  added  was  "water,  the  per 
centage  of  which  varied  from  10  to  50  per  cent.,  or 
one-half  of  the  article."  There  is  another  mode  of 
adulteration  less  easily  detected  than  the  adding  of 
water,  which  the  above  Commission  appears  not  to 
have  sufficiently  examined — we  mean  the  mixing  of 
skimmed  milk  with  the  first  milk  of  the  next 
milking,  equivalent  to  the  addition  of  a  large  per 
centage  of  water,  for  skimmed  milk  contains  some 
90  per  cent,  of  water.  We  have  still  some  further 
remarks,  which  shall  appear  in  another  Number. 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  CRITIC  «R." 

But  further,  not  only  have  we  thus  distinctly  declared 
ourselves  on  the  very  question  of  such  classification,  but 
we  have  throughout  our  papers  adopted  it,  strictly 
subject  to  the  limitations  here  claimed. 

The  following  are  instances  of  our  mode  of  classifica- 
tion of  the  various  characteristic  elements  of  ordinary 
rotations  ;  for  it  must  be  particularly  borue  in  mind 
that  it  is  the  fzcndamental  and  clmracUrisiic  features  of 
British  arjricuUnre,  as  most  generally  adopted,  and  as 
distinguished  from  its  more  local  and  varying  practices 
and  adaptations,  that  our  investigations  are  specially 
designed  to  elucidate.  In  our  paper  on  Sheep  Feeding, 
in  Vol.  X.,  Part  1.,  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's 
Journal,  page  277,  we  say; — "The  more  important 
questions  connected  with  such  an  inquiry  relate — to 
the  conditions  required  for  the  growth  of  Wheat 
and  the  allied  Cereal  grams,  which  constitute  so 
material  a  proportion  of  the  saleable  products  of  the 
farm,  and  the  nature  of  the  exhaustion  resulting  from 
their  growth  and  export — to  the  growth  and  sources 
of  restorative  influence  of  root  crojos — to  the  growth 
of  the  more  important  plants  of  the  Leguminous 
family,  both  those  which  are  cultivated  for  their 
seeds,  perhaps  to  be  sold  off  the  farm,  such  as  Beans, 
Peas,  &c.,  and  those,  such  as  Clover,  Trefoil,  Vetches, 
&c.,  which  are  supposed  to  be  employed  in  the  pro- 
duction of  meat  and  manure — and,  to  the  chemical  circuni- 
st.ances  involved  in  the  consumption  of  food  by  animals 
upon  the  farm,  whether  of  home  or  foreign  gi'owth." 

In  our  paper  "  On  the  Amount  of  Water  given  off  by 
Plants  during  their  growth  "  (Journal  of  Horticultural 
Society  for  January,  1 850),  we  say  : — "  The  plants 
selected  for  experiment  were  Wheat  and  Barley,  of  the 
natural  order  Grarainacese;  with  Beans  and  Peas  as 
com  plants,  and  Clover  as  a  fodder  plant,  from  the 
Leguminosa;  ;  these  several  plants,  moreover,  occupying 
somewhat  important  and  characteristic  positions  in  a 
course  of  rotation.  A  root  crop  would  also  have  been 
taken,  &c."  And  in  our  paper  in  the  -Jom'nal  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  XII.,  Part  1,  page  5, 
our  classification  of  agricultural  crops  is  as  follows  : — 
"  We  have  taken  Wieat  as  the  type  of  the  Cereal  crop,s. 
Turnips  as  the  type  of  the  root  crops,  and  Beans  as  the 
representative  of  the  Leguminous  corn  crop,  most  fre- 
quently entering  into  rotation."  And  further,  in  the 
same  page,  after  enumerating  the  number  of  experi- 
ments devoted  to  the  crops  just  mentioned,  we  say, 
"Besides  these,  others  have  been  made,  viz.,  some  on 
the  growth  of  Clover,  &c." 

We  have,  then,  assumed,  as  far  as  regards  the'<?;-a- 
mineous  grains  and  the  Leguminous  corn  crops,  that  the 
general  agricultural  characteristics  of  the  plants  which 
these  terms  respectively  include,  are  such  as  to  justify 
the  adoption  of  them  in  a  classification  of  the  plants 
when  grown  in  our  rotations  ;  aud  if  our  critic  would 
maintain  that  there  is  nothing  in  common  in  the  func- 
tional position  in  our  rotations  of  the  several  members 
of  the  one  class,  as  such,  and  as  contrasted  with  those  of 
the  other — here  we  would  at  once  join  issue  with  him. 
In  reference  to  this  subject,  we  may  here  observe,  in 
passing,  that  we  shall  not  soon  forget  the  scientific 
appreciation  and  forcible  discrimination  with  which  Pro- 
fessor Dumas  imparted  the  facts  and  their  practical 
bearings  to  those  around  him,  when,  having  carefully 
examined,  with  a  number  of  his  counti*ymen,  our  grow- 
ing experimental  Wheat  crop  of  1851,  he  was  next  con- 
ducted to  the  experimental  Bean  field,  and  had  then 
explained  to  him  the  history  of  tlie  various  plots,  as  well 
as  the  results  of  our  experiments  on  the  amount  of 
nitrogen  and  carbon  fixed  in  the  Wheat  and  in  the  Bean 
respectively,  in  relation  to  a  given  amount  of  water 
passed  through  them  during  their  growth.  But  although 
we  have  thus  contrasted  the  general  agricidtural  cha- 
racteristics of  the  Graminaceous  grains  with  those  of 
the  Leguminous  corn  crops,  we  have  always  in  the 
systematic  enumerations  of  our  several  papers  placed 
the  Leguminous  fodder  crops  apart  from  the  Legumi- 
nous corn  crops,  though,  as  we  shall  some  day  show, 
this  was  a  refinement  scarcely  necessary  in  a  classifica- 
tion of  so  broad  a  kind. 


The  Grasses  of  our  meado^s^  jt  will  be  seen,  are  not 
specially  included  in  the  scope  o\our  subject,  since  their 
admission  into  rotation  is  only  liy^^j  and  then  even  in 
some  cases  questionable  as  an  c<.,„ent  in  improved 
systems  of  agriculture.  But  to  this  question  we  shall 
recur  on  a  future  occasion.  On  the  other  hand,  how- 
ever, as  regards  our  root  crops,  neve,  after  the  first 
enumeration  of  the  several  natural  order,  /"  classes  ")  to 
which  they  belong,  and  which  ^\■e  then  Sated  were  not 
admissible  divisions  in  an  agricidtural  ctssification — 
never,  we  say,  after  this  first  ennmeraton  of  the 
Cruciferm,  Umbelliferai,  and  Solancae,  luye  these 
botanical  distinctions  again  been  mentioned  tlvoui^hout 
our  papers  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  we  hav>  placed 
together  the  root  crops  from  all  their  various  natural 
"  classes  "  as  such,  as  fulfilling  one  general  quaUative 
function  in  rotation  wiih  grain  ;  however  varied  (J)otli 
individually  and  one  from  another),  they  may  be — cen 
qiuditallvdij,  and  pre-eminently  varied  as  they  are  quaa- 
titatively — in  their  habits  and  natural  requirements  it, 
relation  to  different  circiunstances  of  climate  and  soil. 

It  is,  then,  in  this  modified  and  accommodated  mapnev 
only  that  we  adopt  a  classification  of  the  crops  grown  in 
our  agricultural  rotations,  having  reference  in  any 
degree  to  the  natural  classes  to  which  they  belong.  And 
surely  it  is  little  conducive  to  the  fixation  of  any  useful 
genei'al  principles  in  the  mind  of  the  intelligent  practical 
agriculturist  if,  either  from  the  incompetency  to  gene- 
ralisation in  the  mind  of  a  writer,  or  merely  as  a 
resource  in  controversial  tactics — he  is  to  be  thrown 
back  upon  the  entire  mass  of  the  varied  and  miscel- 
laneous facts  of  practical  agriculture,  and  to  be  told  that 
there  are  no  general  principles  upon  which  the  main 
elements  of  our  rotations  may  be  classified  ;  but  rather^ 
that  for  each  single  detail  of  practice  arisjng  from 
climate  or  other  varying  local  circumstance,  a  distinct 
and  separate  principle  must  be  sought,  and  that  they  defy 
all  method  and  all  arr:ingement,  such  as  might  tend  to 
simplicity  of  conception  and  consequent  facility  of  appli- 
cation of  such  principles  as  really  are  involved.  W© 
maintain  that  such  method  and  arrangement  are  much 
subserved  by  some  broad  classification  of  the  varioys 
elements  of  our  rotations,  and  it  is  when  such  main 
features  shall  become  sufficiently  defined  by  science,  and 
sufficiently  understood  by  the  practical  man,  that  he  "will' 
be  able,  in  the  exercise  of  an  intelligent  observation,  so 
to  adapt  his  practices  to  the  local  circumstances  around 
him,  as  to  secure,  to  the  utmost  these  will  allow,  the 
benefits  which  the  carrying  out  of  the  principles  which 
may  be  involved  is  calculated  to  yield. 

But  to  recur  to  the  classification  which  we  have  our- 
selves thought  it  convenient  to  adopt,  we  would  saya 
that  should  it  happen  that  in  any  individual  sentences 
throughout  our  paper  the  distinctions  and  limitations 
which  we  have  referred  to  are  not  fully  insisted  upoUp 
we  appeal  to  any  candid  and  bitelligent  reader  whether 
our  distinct  and  emphatic  declarations  on  the  subject  in 
our  earUer  papers,  and  the  consistency  with  them  of 
our  later  ones,  are  not  sufficient  amply  to  satisfy  him  in 
what  sense  alone  he  should  read  any  such  individual 
expressions.  Surely  it  is  expected  of  no  one  writing 
for  intelligent  readers  on  scientific  subjects,  that  in 
every  sentence  every  possible  limitation  to  his  meaning 
should  be  reiterated,  as  in  a  legal  document !  That  he 
should  trust  nothing  to  the  context,  or  to  the  discrimina- 
tion and  candour  of  bis  reader  as  to  the  legitimate 
interpretation  of  his  words,  when  taking  his  subject  as  a 
whole,  and  the  words  themselves  therefore,  in  theU 
manifest  spirit  and  intention  1 

The  writer  "R.,"  however,  caj-efully  seleots  one  er 
two  such  passages  as  are,  uhen  isolated,  and  used  apart 
from  their  context  and  from  our  more  direct  and 
emphatic  declarations,  calculated  to  support  his  charge 
against  us  ;  but  we  would  ask  him — Why  it  is,  if  it  were 
really  his  wish  to  give  a  corz'ect  view  of  our  opinion, 
that  he  sa3:s  notliing  to  his  reader  of  those  passages- 
already  quoted  from  our  papers,  and  those  which  will 
shortly  follow  !  /.  B.  Laws,  Xothnmsted. 
(To  be  continued.) 


Home  Correspondence. 

Transfer  of  Land. — I  have  been  a  good  deal  interested 
by  your  remarks  at  p.  185,  on  the  increase  in  the  value 
of  land  to  be  expected  from  the  removal  of  the  difficul- 
ties at  present  attending  its  transfer.  This  is  a  subject 
of  peculiar  interest  to  landowners,  and  were  they  to 
direct  their  energies  to  the  improvement  of  the  present 
disgraceful  state  of  the  law  in  England,  I  feel  certain 
that  they  would  derive  more  real  benefit  in  the  increased 
facilities  and  the  vast  saving  of  expense  with  whicli  the 
transfer  of  property  would  be  attended,  and  i^dvances 
obtained  on  its  security,  than  they  will  ever  realise  from 
the  imposition  of  a  duty  on  corn,  whether  fi.xed  or  ac- 
cording to  a  sliding-scale.  And  it  would  have  the 
valuable  recommendation  besides  of  being  obtained 
without  injuring  the  feelings  or-  pockets  of  any  other 
class  of  the  community.  The  remarks  quoted  from  Mr. 
Stewart  give  a  very  just  view  of  the  disadvantages 
attending  the  present  system  in  England  ;  but  I  am  sur- 
prised that  one  who  is  so  conversaut  with  the  subject 
should  have  thought  it  necessary  to  go  to  Frankfort  and 
Hamburgh  to  iilusti'ate  the  benefits  of  a  different 
system,  when  he  must  have  been  aware  that  he  had  only 
to  cross  the  Tweed  to  find  the  plan  of  registration  he  SP 
properly  eulogises  in  full  and  beneficial  operation.  It 
is  a  fact,  of  which  you  southerns  seem  unaccount- 
ably ignorant,  that,  for  nearly  250  years,  Scotland 
has  enjoyed  tlie  benefit  of  a  most  extensive  and 
complete  register    of  all    deeds    connected    with  land 


13—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


203 


or  other  real  property;  and  that  when,  by  inspection  of 
this  register,  it  is  found  tliat  the  property,  whether  land 
or  houses,  is  unincumbered,  the  proprietor  has  no  diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  ndvances  on  its  security,  at  the  same 
rate  of  3i  per  cent.,  at  winch  Mi*.  Stewart  says  he  has 
been  assured  it  ca?!  be  had  at  Frankfort,  Not  being  a 
lawyer  I  am  unable  to  explain  technically  or  minutely 
the  mode  in  which  such  transactions  are  effected.  I 
would  take  the  liberty  however  of  referrmg  your  readers 
to  a  short  article  on  the  subject,  contained  in  the  sup- 
plement to  the  "Penny  Cyclopcedia,"  under  tbe  title 
"Registration  (Scotland,)"  in  which  U  is  mentioned: 
"The  real  titles  of  all  the  heritable  property  in  Scotland 
are  preserved  in  a  seriatim  and  indexed  collection  in 
the  Register  House  at  Edinburgh.  When  property  is 
offered  for  sale  or  mortgage,  a  '  search' generally  forms 
part  of  the  titles  offered  for  inspection  to  the  parties 
treating  for  it.  This  is  a  certificate  by  the  proper  officer, 
describing  all  registered  documents  regarding  that  par- 
ticular piece  of  land,  which  have  been  recorded  during 
40  years."  You  thus  see  that  there  is  no  need  to  go  to 
Frankfort  for  the  lesson,  but  that  you  can  obtain  much 
nearer  your  own  doors  the  benefit  of  a  complete  system 
already  matured  and  in  full  operation  ;  and  what  is  of 
more  importance,  one  which  has  been  found  by  ex- 
perience to  answer  the  very  objects  which  are  now 
desiderated  in  England  ;  and  it  would  be  well  were 
Mr.  Stewart  to  apply  to  a  Scotch  lawyer  for 
an  explanation  of  the  system  now  in  force  in 
Scotland.  Before  closing,  I  would  advert  to  another 
matter  in  which  the  benefit  of  the  Scotch 
practice  in  dealing  witli  land  is  exhibited,  and 
that  is  in  the  advantage  incidentally  derived  from  the 
system  of  granting  leases,  in  reducing  the  rate  at  which 
money  can  be  obtained  on  the  security  of  land.  It  is 
well  known  that  in  Scotland  farms  are  usually  let  on 
leases  of  1 9  years'  duration,  while  houses  are  more  com- 
monly only  let  from  year  to  year.  Now  when  a  person 
is  to  lend  money  either  on  landed  or  house  property,  he 
callSj  as  a  matter  of  course,  for  a  rental  or  rent-roll, 
and  according  as  the  property  may  be  let  for  a  longer 
or  shorter  period,  he  estimates  the  sum  he  can  safely 
lend  upon  it,  and  the  rate  of  interest  he  ought  to 
demand.  It  is  the  invariable  rule,  however,  that  the 
rate  of  interest  at  which  houses  or  house  property  can 
be  obtained  is,  however  undoubted  the  security,  generally 
one-half  per  cent,  above  what  it  can  be  obtained  for  on 
landed  security,  and  this  difference  it  is  believed  arises 
from  the  risk  which  is  felt,  owing  to  the  want  or  short 
duration  of  the  lease  of  part  of  the  house  property  being 
occasionally  unlet.  Let  the  English  landlords  then,  if 
they  want  to  advance  the  value  of  their  property  or  to 
raise  money  on  the  easiest  terms,  take  a  lesson  from 
the  canny  Scotch,  and  forthwith  establish  a  general 
register  of  deeds,  and  grant  leases  to  their  tenants. 
Scottis. 

Value  of  Zand. — Mr.  Stuart  Mills  (as  appears  by  a 
Leader  in  the  A gyicidhiral  Gazette  last  week),  appears  to 
think  that  the  expenses  connected  with  the  transfer  of  land 
causesa  depreciation  in  its  value.  If  so,  the  legal  expenses 
connected  with  transfei's  are  an  advantage  to  the  tenant 
farmer,  as,  in  many  districts,  the  fee-aimple  of  the  land 
has  for  several  years  been  too  high  to  enable  the  pur- 
chaser to  obtain  more  than  3  to  4  per  cent,  for  his 
capital ;  and  even  then  tlie  rent  is  fixed  too  high,  at  the 
present  prices  of  produce,  to  remunerate  the  tenant  for 
skill  and  capital  employed  by  him  in  cultivation.  C.  P., 
£oston. — [There  is  an  obvious  fallacy  in  this  argu- 
ment The  cost  of  the  land  has  nothing  to  do  with  its 
letting  value.  That  depends  on  the  number  ot  tenants 
wishing  to  get  the  land.  We  have  a  house  in  Regent- 
street,  and  we  teU  our  agent  we  will  let  it  for  lOOL 
a  year.  Whether  we  get  this  depends  on  the  number  of 
persons  wishing  to  have  it,  not  upon  the  price  that  we 
paid  for  the  house.  If  we  paid  more  than  the  value  of 
the  house,  that  is  our  affair.  Our  argument  is  that, 
according  to  the  rules  which  govern  all  other  property, 
the  fee  simple  of  land  is  too  low.] 

Night  Ripening. — In  your  reply  to  my  enquiries  about 
the  cause  of  night  ripening  of  Wheat  after  Barley,  you 
appear  to  me  scarcely  to  do  justice  to  the  importance 
of  the  subject.  If  it  had  merely  been  my  own  field 
which  had  been  subject  to  this,  it  might  have  been  set 
down  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil,  or  some  other  local 
caose  ;  but  when  this  blight  is  shown  to  be  so  general 
as  to  caufie  the  farmers  in  an  important  agricultural  dis- 
tnct  to  abandon  the  growth  of  Barley  because  of  its 
injurious  effects  on  tlie  succeeding  crop  of  Wheat, 
It  becomes  more  important  to  determine  whether 
this  JDJary  dr^es  not  extend  over  a  much  larger  part 
of  the  kingdom  than  is  generally  imagined.  I  had 
hoped  that  the  little  bit  of  boasting  at  the  end 
of  my  communication  on  Wheat  was  excusable  ;  the 
fccte  I  thought  worthy  of  notice  wore— first,  that  by 
the  nse  of  night-soil  I  could  grow  Wheat  on  the  same 
land  year  aft<:r  year  ;  and  secondly,  that  by  tJie  use  of 
gravel  1  could  ripen  it  10  days  or  a  fortnight  sooner  than 
I  could  have  done  without  it.  T.  (J.  [The  lines  to  which 
you  refer  are  so  ambiguous,  apart  from  their  context, 
that  we  did  not  suppose  them  Ui  imply  bJamo.  But  on 
referring  to  tlie  source  whence  they  arc  quotod,  wc  find 
that  they  are  used  in  a  scolding  passag*;  ;  and  we  have, 
therefore,  no  hesitation  in  expreSbing  our  regret  that 
they  were  published  in  connection  witii  "the  little  bit  of 
boasting"  of  which  you  spuak.] 

Troul8fiawn. — The  following  inquiry  has  been  sont 
t/j  me  from  the  offico  of  the  Off-rdm'^rjt'  Chronick,  wttU 
a  requcBt  that  I  would  answer  it :  Where  can  fcrtiliHcd 
trout  spawn  be  procured  ?  Nowhere  at  prcHoni ;  tho 
party  must  wait  until  October  or  November,  and  then 


ask  the  proprietor  of  a  tiout  stream  to  allow  him  to 
catch  a  few  spawning  fish.  If  he  can  get  this  permission 
he  may  hatch  trout  by  thousands,  by  following  tlie 
directions  given  in  the  article  on  breeding  salmon  and 
trout.  The  plan  has  been  successfully  followed  here  this 
winter.  T.  0. 

Coal  Ashes  on  Clay  Lands. — In  bygone  days  farmers 
were  characterised  as  being  like  the  heavy  horses  which 
ploughed  their  land  ;  but  the  spirit  of  the  age  has  im- 
parted to  them  a  little  more  quickness  of  perception, 
I  have,  thereiore,  some  hope  that  these  few  hints  will 
induce  some  of  their  number  to  make  tho  needful 
inquiries  and  avail  themselves  of  a  simple  and  (which 
might  be  made)  a  cheap  remedy  for  the  stiffness  of  the 
clay  grounds  which  lie  near  to  the  several  lines  of 
railway.  The  effect  of  coal  ashes  in  rendering  such 
land  open  and  friable  is  well  known,  but  the  needful 
quantity  can  seldom  be  obtained  by  the  farmer  in  his 
immediate  neighbourhood.  It  has  struck  me  that  it 
would  be  possible  to  obtain,  at  a  very  small  cost  of 
carriage,  any  quantity  of  ashes  from  the  waste  heaps  in 
the  coal  and  iron  districts  of  Staff'ordshlre  and  other 
counties,  which  ashes  might  be  brought  by  the  railways 
during  the  winter  season  at  a  cost  just  sufficient  to  repay 
the  wages  of  their  servants  and  the  use  of  the  engines 
wdiicli  are  not  needed  for  traffic  during  that  dead 
season.  I  might  be  too  sanguine,  but  I  think  by  special 
contract  they  might  be  delivered  at  Is.  per  ton  per  100 
miles.  Such  a  price  would  bring  a  large  supply  of  now 
useless  material  to  the  clay  districts,  and  employ  it  in  a 
useful  manner.  Should  there  be  clinkers  amongst 
them,  these  would  form  excellent  drainage,  either  with 
or  without  tiles.  I  commend  the  subject  to  the  notice 
of  those  whose  benefit  I  seek,  for  I  have  no  personal 
interest  to  serve.  An  Englishnan, 

Dairy  Management. — To  satisfy  your  correspondent's 
inquiries  respecting  my  dairy  management,  I  must 
first  of  all  inform  hira  that  the  study  of  breeds  is  not 
my  department — my  acquaintance  with  cows  beginning 
with  their  produce  in  the  dairy,  and  ending  with  con- 
fectionary on  the  table.  Nevertheless,  for  his  special 
information,  I  have  duly  informed  myself  that  they  have 
been  fed  during  the  winter  with  an  equal  quantity  of 
chopped  hay  and  Swedes  boiled,  and  that  the  four  have 
supplied  50  quarts  of  milk  a  day,  20  of  wliich  were  the 
produce  of  the  one  cow  in  full  milk,  the  others  are  to 
calve  in  July.  The  milk  is  laid  by  for  the  use  of  the 
family  before  it  is  scalded;  as  six  of  them  out  of  the  17 
are  very  young  children,  consuming  each  a  quart  of 
milk  a  day,  so  that  my  calculating  farmer,  who  has  the 
keen  scent  of  a  canny  Scotchman  about  him,  and 

*'  Conceals  hicnsel  as  weel'a  he  can 
Frae  critical  dissection, 
But  keeks  thro'  every  other  man 
Wi*  sharpened  sly  inspection," 

may  easily  satisfy  himself  as  to  the  quantity  used  in  the 
household,  the  I'est  consisting  nearly  entirely  of  the 
domestic  branch  of  the  establishment.  But  in  Devon- 
shire the  scalded  milk  is  invariably  preferred  by 
farmers  and  labourers,  who  consume  it  in  large  quantities ; 
and  unless  my  correspondent's  palate  takes  the  pre- 
cedence of  his  purse,  he  must  quietly  submit  to  the  skill 
and  judgment  of  his  better  half,  who  no  doubt  well 
knows  what  she  is  about,  and  that  she  must  in  that  case 
sacrifice  at  least  two  pounds  of  butter  a  week,  to  satisfy 
a  farmer's  "  physical  capacity,"  I  will  so  far  respect 
his  feelings  as  to  substitute  the  word  "  purchaser"  for 
"farmer,"  which  was  given  to  spare  the  antipathy  of 
gentler  blood,  though  perhaps  by  so  doing,  to  avoid  a 
wasp's  nest  I  plunge  into  a  hornet's.  I  hope  I  have 
now  satisfied  the  misgivings  of  my  worthy  friend  of 
figures,  and  that  when  he  has  allowed  his  excellent 
partner  the  addition  of  a  little  more  experience,  sub- 
tracting therefrom  his  own  amount  of  prejudice  and 
discontent  on  the  score  of  the  blue  milk,  he  will  find 
that  multiplication  by  three  will  be  his  product.  Sarah 
H.,  Westmoreland. 

Bottom.  Ice. — You  say  at  the  end  of  the  remarks 
about  bottom  ice  that  you  cannot  adroit  the  "  soundness 
of  my  explanation,  and  that  you  are  well  aware  of  what 
is  said  by  Arago  and  others  on  this  curious  phenomenon, 
and  that  bottom  ice  has  been  observed  in  ponds  when 
there  was  no  breeze,  and  that  the  water  in  pools  between 
tha  rapids  of  rivers  can  hardly  ever  he  still  enough  to 
fall  below  the  freezing  point  and  yet  remain  fluid."  I 
was  not  aware,  before  seeing  your  remarks,  that  either 
Arago  or  any  other  philosopher  had  ever  written  about 
bottom  ice  ;  and  even  now  I  do  not  know  what  their  views 
are  on  the  si-bject ;  and  if  the  discussions  in  your  Paper 
are  to  be  settled  by  authority  and  not  by  argument,  I  can 
only  make  my  bow  and  withdraw  ;  but  if  it  meets  your 
views  to  allow  your  correspondents  to  state  theiropinions 
temperately,  and  support  them  with  such  arguments  as 
occur  to  them,  I  do  not  yet  feel  inclined  to  give  up  my 
notions  about  bottom  ice.  Will  you  allow  me  to  ask 
whether  you  ever  personally  saw  ice  at  tlie  bottom  of  a 
pond  when  there  was  none  on  tlie  surface,  and  if  so, 
under  what  circumstances  ?  I  have  heai'd  of  such  iin 
occurrence  but  never  witnessed  it,  and  feel  inclined  to 
doubt  tho  fact,  unless  you  vouch  for  it  ;  for  it  does 
appear  to  nie  that  the  moment  the  water  at  the  bottom 
gets  below  40"  it  will  begin  to  rise  to  tho  surface,  and  it 
is  so  excellent  a  conductor  that  it  will  iustfintly  equalise 
the  temperature  of  the  mud  at  tho  botttnn  with  its  own. 
I  am  neither  chcmiMt  nor  metooroIngiHt,  and  therefore  I 
am  notable  to  say  much  about  radiation  ;  but  my  Idf'a  ol 
it  is,  that  its  cfl'c;(;ts  in  water  would  hn  much  greater  in 
Htill  poolH  than  in  rapid  sfrenniH,  hjhI  lliat,  ilicn'roro,  if 
radiation  were  the  cau^'e  of  bottom  ic,  there  ought  to  bo 
more  of  it  in  the  pools  than  in  the  ra_»id  streams  ;  but 


th«  contrary  is  the  lucr,  fur  aitw  a  severe  nigi.Ly  frost 
I  can  frequently  find  the  streams  filled  with  tins  bottom 
ice,  when  none  can  be  observed  in  the  pools.  Again, 
can  the  iact  of  the  weir,  which  had  a  wall  of  this  bottom 
ice  of  :^  leet  high  m  a  single  night,  be  accounted  for  by 
radiation  %  It  appears  to  me  to  be  very  easily  accounted 
for  by  supposmg  that  the  water  in  the  deep  above  was 
so  quietly  cooled  down  aa  to  retain  its  fluidity  until  the 
shaking  it  got  on  flowing  over  the  weir  suddenly  pro- 
duced congelation.  I  think  that  radiation  would  not  ga 
on  at  that  point  (the  crown  of  the  weir)  alone.  Why 
do  you  think  that  the  water  in  pools  is  never  still  enough 
to  allow  the  water  to  get  below  3*2°  without  freezing?  On 
still  clear  nights,  in  long  deep  pools,  where  the  body  of 
water  is  perhaps  fifty  times  as  great  as  the  current 
flowing  into  it,  the  motion  is  so  extremely  slow  that  I 
cannot  for  a  moment  doubt  that  the  water  gets  below 
^'2"  without  congelation,  but  when  it  arrives  at  a  rapidj. 
this  ice  is  immediately  formed.  T.  G.  [Suppose  the  case 
of  a  body  immersed  in  water,  kept  continuously  below 
32°  Fah.,  will  it  never  become  incased  with  ice  ?  Will 
it  merely  keep  sending  upwards  astream  of  the  cooled  and 
therefore  rarefied  water  to  the  surface?  Possibly  it  might, 
if  it  were  a  polished  sphere  or  cylinder.  But  if,  instead  of 
being  a  polished  surface,  it  presented  an  intricate  net- 
work of  all  sorts  of  fragments,  capable  therefore  of  re- 
taining by  it  most  of  the  water  in  immediate  contact 
with  it — how  would  it  be  then  \  We  believe  that,  not- 
withstanding the  soundness  of  your  general  principles,  the 
water  would  then  freeze  all  round  it  and  over  it,  while 
it  remained  at  a  temperature  below  the  freezing  point. 
Well,  the  question  is,  whether,  by  radiation  through  the 
clear  water,  the  bottom  of  the  stream  may  not  fall  below 
the  freezing  point  of  water.  We  think  it  may,  audit  is 
evident  that  if  the  water  ever  does  get  below  32°  with- 
out freezing,  it  will  remain  the  longer  clear  for  radiation 
to  act.  Any  apparent  precipitancy  in  closing  this 
discussion  has  arisen  from  its  appearing  to  be  hardly 
of  sufficient  agricultural  importance  to  occupy  further 
room.  Ed.  Jf/.  Gaz.^ 

Taste  of  Swedes  removed  jrovi  Milk. — I  observed  in  a 
late  Number  of  your  joui'nal  aa  article  headed,  '*  Taste 
of  Swedes  removed  from  the  Milk ;"  and  as  I  can 
inform  you  of  a  more  eflectual  method,  or  rather  pre- 
ventij.tive,  I  have  taken  the  liberty^  of  addressing  this- 
note  to  you,  which  }nu  are  at  liberty  to  make  such  use 
of  as  you  may  think  proper.  Take  cai'e  in  feeding  your- 
cows  with  Turnips,  always  to  feed  imjnediately  g,fter 
they  are  milked,  and  never  before,  giving  them  nothing 
but  hay  after  they  are  milked.  If  this  practice  is  fol- 
lowed, the  milk  will  never  taste  of  Turnip.  Jq^mes 
Bellisqn. 

Newcastle  Club. — A  statemept  has  appeared  in  a 
London  newspaper,  on  the  authority  of  the  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  Farmers'  Club,  which  cannot  fail  to  astonish 
agriculturists  in  this  age  of  improvement.  It  wass 
affirmed  by  more  than  one  person  present  at  the  meet- 
ing, "  that  the  average  produce  of  the  Wheat-growing 
land  in  Northumberland,  did  not  exceed  19  or  20  bushels 
per  acre  !  "  Surely  there  must  be  some  mistake  here  ; 
the  "  north  countrie  "  system  of  farming  has  been  gene- 
rally considered  as  worthy  of  imitation.  Southerns, 
could  never  live  on  these  terms  with  their  stiff  lands. 
Before  making  any  further  remarks,  it  may  be  as  Aveli 
to  wait  for  additional  information  on  this  important 
subject,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  some  intelligeut  aiifi 
practical  Northumberland  tenant  ijvill  give.  Draining 
Tile. 


Societies* 


ROYAL  AGRICUbTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENSLJUiD, 
A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House- 
in  Han  over- square,  on  Wednesday  week,  the  17th  of 
]\Iareh  :  present,  Mr.  Ratmond  Barker,  Vice-president^, 
in  the  Chair,  Lord  Berners,  Hon.  W.  H.  Yelverton-^ 
Sir  Charles  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  H.  Raymond 
Barker,  Mr.  R.  J.  Brown,  Dr.  Calvert,  Capt.  Stanley 
Carr,  Col.  Challoner,  Mr.  Evelyn  Denison,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Dyer,  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  Mr.  Gadesden,  Mr.  Fisher 
Hobbs,  Mr.  W.  Cuthbert  Johnson,  Mr.  Maddison,  Mr. 
Majendie,  Mr.  Mainwaring  Paine,  Mr.  Parkins,  Mr.. 
Pendarves,  M.P.,  Mr.  Rowlandson,  Mr.  Sanford,  Mr. 
Slaney,  M.P.,  Mr.  Trench,  Mr.  Warsop,  and  Prof.  Way. 
Farmers'  Flax-mill. — Mr.  Hill  Dickson,  of  Ar- 
tillery-street, Bishopsgate,  informed  the  Council  tliat  the 
Flax-mill  to  which  he  had  referred  in  his  former  com- 
munication, as  being  in  progress  towards  completiouj,, 
was  quite  distinct  from  the  one  which  Mr.  Love  stated, 
at  the  previous  Council  when  that  communication  was 
read,  that  he  had  seen  tried  two  months  ago,  and  which 
he  considered  to  be  injurious  to  the  Flax-fibre.  Mr« 
Dickson  was  not  aware  what  particular  mill  it  >va8  that 
Mr.  Love  liad  then  inspected.  It  would  he  sufficient 
to  state  that  it  was  not  the  one  to  which  Mr.  Dicksou 
had  invited  tlie  attention  of  the  Council,  as  this  mill 
had  only  been  commenced  six  weeks  ago,  and  was  not 
yet  completed.  When  that  was  tho  case,  he  would  in- 
form the  Council  of  the  circumstance,  and  request  the 
favour  of  its  capabilities  being  tested  by  practical  trial 
in  (ho  presence  of  some  members  of  the  Council.  He 
Jiad  great  hope  that  this  machine,  when  completed, 
wnidd  prove  successful  in  its  object  of  breaking  and 
Hciitching  tlio  Flax  grown  by  farmers — an  object,  ho 
believed,  which,  however  desirable,  had  not  otliorwiae, 
uj)  to  the  present  time,  been  satisfactorily  attained. 

I'HKi'AitATioN  OF  Skicd. — Mr.  M  ARTiN,  of  4,  Uanovcr- 
squarc,  informed  the  Conncil  of  llio  progress  made  in 
this  country  t'j  IcBt  tho  efficacy  of  tho  lata  M.  Van  Oost's 


204 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


[March  27, 


Belgian  method  ol'  preparing  seeds  before  sowing,  not 
simply  by  steeping,  but  by  enveloping  them  in  an 
artificial  husk  of  powerful  manuring  matter,  adapted  to 
sustain  the  plant  after  the  means  employed  to  give 
increased  activity  to  the  germination  of  the  seed  had 
taken  effect.  Mr.  Martin  stated  that  this  method  was 
totally  different  in  principle  from  that  of  M.  Bickes,  or 
those  of  other  continental  inventors,  by  one  of  which 
the  French  Wheat  alluded  to  at  the  last  Council  by 
Mr.  Majendie  had  been  steeped ;  and  concluded  his 
communication  by  the  following  remarks  : — ■ 

"  In  no  single  instance,  where  the  seed  was  prepared  by  M. 
Tan  Ooflt,  or  8ince  his  death  by  myself,  agreeable  to  the  receipt 
left  by  him,  has  the  prepared  seed  failed  to  veRetate  ;  the  plant, 
in  most  instances,  during  its  progress  to  perfection,  has  shown 
a  greater  luxuriance  of  growth  than  tbo  unprepared,  the  straw 
brighter  and  stronger,  containing  a  larger  portion  of  silicate  of 
potash  ;  the  produce  in  quantity  and  quality  equal,  and  in 
Bome  ioBtances  superior  to  that  grown  on  the  land  termed 
highly-farmed.  Iq  preparing  Turnip  seed,  I  have  not  been  60 
fortunate  ;  but  whether  that  is  the  fault  of  the  preparation  or 
season,  I  do  not  know,  aa,  in  inetancea  when  I  have  prepared 
seed  for  parties  whose  farms  adjoin,  some  have  had  very 
fine  crops,  and  on  others  the  seed  never  came  up,  or  very 
sparingly.  In  all  cases,  each  party  found  their  own  seed. 
I  have  prepared  seed  for  the  last  five  years  for  the  Rev. 
Mr,  Gwilt,  Iclilingham,  Suffolk  ;  as  also  for  three  or  four 
years  for  Thoa.  Brown,  Esq.,  Denver,  near  Downham,  Norfolk. 
Both  these  gentlemen  feel  satisfied  that  this  invention  ia  an 
improvement  upon  the  old  pystem ;  and,  actinjf  upon  their 
advice,  I  placed  Mr.  Van  Cost's  specification,  in  January  last, 
in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Donny,  Professor  of  CbemiBtry  at  the 
University  at  Ghent;  and  I  am  daily  expecting  to  receive  from 
him  Oats,  Barley,  and  Buckwheat  seed,  prepared,  and  a  con- 
centrated  manure  to  be  applied  to  the  land  at  the  same  time  ; 
part  of  this  seed  is  prepared  to  be  sown  on  light  land  of  the 
most  inferior  quality,  and  part  on  heavy  clay  land  in  Middle- 
sex :  the  results  of  these  experiments  I  shall  be  happy  to  com- 
municate to  you  after  harvest.  The  term  '  steep*  as  applied  to 
Mr.  Van  Cost's  method  of  treating  seed  is,  in  my  opini'tn,  in- 
correct. He  alwayecalleditmanuringthe  seed,  and  from  the  way 
in  which  the  seed  is  prepared,  this  meaning  is  fully  borne  out." 
Mecklenburg  Potatoes.  —  Mr.  Raymond  Barker 
stated,  that  the  Council  having  received  in  June  last, 
from  the  Consul  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  a  supply  of 
Potatoes  which  had  not  at  any  time  been  known  to  be 
affected  by  the  prevalent  disease,  with  a  request  that 
they  would  test  their  cultivation  in  this  country,  and 
report  the  result,  the  Council  had  placed  these  Potatoes 
in  the  hands  of  Sir  Robert  Price,  Colonel  Challoner, 
Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Shelley,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs, 
Mr.  Carden  (of  Templemore),  Mr.  Wilson,  Mr,  Parkins, 
Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Bui'ton,  and  himself,  each  of  whom 
had  undertaken  to  make  the  required  trial,  and  to  report 
to  the  Council,  and  through  them  to  the  Mecklenburg 
Consul,  the  results  of  their  respective  cultivation.  Mr. 
Raymond  Barker  had,  accordingly,  prepared  his  own 
return,  which  he  submitted  to  the  Council  in  the  fol- 
lowing form,  along  with  a  sample  of  the  sound  Potatoes 
forming  part  of  the  produce  : 

Sixty-two  Mecklenburg  Potatoes,  being  each  cut  into  halves, 
were,  on  the  18th  June,  1851,  planted  in  two  rows,  in  a  kitchen 
garden  of  light  calcareous  soil,  without  any  special  manuring. 
The  plants  came  up  on  the  3d  of  July.  The  haulms  went  off 
at  the  end  of  August.  The  tubers  were  taken  up  on  the  9th  of 
September,  and  measured  3^  galLms,  of  which  11  gallon  were 
faulty  with  disease,  while  the  remainder  were  at  the  time  quite 
sound,  but  several  of  tbem  bad  since  gone  off  diseased. 

Colonel  Challoner  remarked,  that  on  his  dry  sandy 
soil  in  Surrey,  the  Potatoes  he  had  last  year  planted 
early  in  the  spring  were  all  bad,  while  those  planted 
later  had  all  proved  as  good  as  ever  were  eaten. — Mr. 
Parkins  adopted  autumn  planting,  and  he  had  found  no 
blight  among  his  Potatoes. 

Russian  Agriculture. — The  Council  having  in  June 
last  received,  on  the  occasion  of  the  personal  visit  to  the 
Chev.  de  Masslow  and  M.  Annenkoff  to  the  Windsor 
Meeting,  an  interesting  collection  of  Statistical  Maps, 
Sectional  Drawings,  Reports,  and  Specimens  of  Silk, 
from  the  Imperial  Agricultural  Society  of  Moscow,  were 
at  this  Council  favoured  with  a  second  collection  of 
presents  from  the  Russian  Government,  through  the 
mediation  of  M.  Kamensky,  Corresponding  Secretary  of 
the  Minister  of  Finance,  to  whose  care  tliey  had  been 
assigned  by  the  Imperial  Agricultural  Society  of  Moscow 
and  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  at  St.  Petersburgh. 
These  presents  may  be  enumerated  as  follows : — 
I.  Soils. 

1.  Specimens  of  the  Tchornoi   Zem,   or  Black  Earth  of 

Russia,   from  the  property  of  M.  Von  Wisin,   of 
Tamhoff— 

(1)  From  the  surface,  or  upper  bed. 

(2)  From  the  middle  bed. 

(3)  From  the  lower  bed. 

2.  Specimens  of  Russian  Gold-sand — 

(1)  From  Alesandrofsk. 

(2)  From  Great  Nicolaif. 

(3)  From  Preobrajensk. 

il.   Plants    (dried   Cereal   specimens,    Wheat,   Rye,  Barleyi 
and  Oats). 

1.  Triticum,  amyleum,  durum,  vulgare  ;  from  Moscow  and 

Orenburg. 

2.  Secale,  cereale  ;    from  Orenburg,    Saratoff,   and  Wla- 

dimir. 

3.  Hordeum,  vulgare  ;  from  Orenburg. 

4.  Avena,  sativa  ;  from  Wladimir, 
113.  Seeds. 

1.  Wheat :  harvest  of  1850  ;  from  the  Oural  Steppes. 
Wheat:  harvest  of  1850  ;  from  the  Samara  Steppes. 
Wheat :  harvest  of  1861;    the    "  Koloua,"  from    Bess- 
arabia. 

Wheat:  harvest  of  1851 ;  the  "Bieloturka,*'frora  Novo- 

Russia. 
"Wheat:  harvest  of  1851;  the   "Gourka,"  from  Novo- 

Ruesia. 

2.  Rye:  harvest  of  1851  ;  from  Nijm-Novogorod. 

Winter  Rye :  harvest  of  1851 ;  from  Model  Farm,  near 

Lipetzk,  Tamboff. 
Spring  Rye  :  harvest  of  1851 ;  from  Es^honia. 
.Barley  :  harvest  of  1851  ;  from  Nijm-Novogorod. 

4.  Millet :  harvest  of  1851  ;  from  the  farm  of  CharkofE". 

5.  Buckwheat:    harvest  of    lb51 ;    from    the    farm,    near 

Lipetzk,  Tamboff. 
Buckwheat:  harvest  of  1851;  from  TchernigofE". 

6.  Turnip  :  harvest  of  1351  ;  from  Olonetz. 

7.  Linseed  :  harvest  of  1851 ;  from  Pakoff. 


IV.  Silk. 

1.  Twelve  samples  of  Silk,  in  hanks  ;  produced  in  the  dis- 

tricts of  the  Military  Colony  of  Ukraine. 

2.  Twelve  samples  of  Caucasian  Silk,  inhanks  (of  Arabian, 

Chinese,  Italian,  and  Thibetian  varieliesj  ;  from  the 
establishment  of  Mr.  A.  Rebroff. 

3.  One    hundred   Cocoons  of  AlexandrofFskian,   Arabian, 

French,  Muscovian,  and  Thibetian  Silk-worms. 

V.  Agetcultobal  Implements. 

1.  Two  one-horse  Ploughs. 

2.  Two  one-hof'se  Culiivators,  with  one  convertible  Share. 

3.  One  pair  of  handles,  and  three  delving  tools  (spades  or 

shovels). 

VI.  "Books. 

Two  copies  of  the  Chev.  de  Masslow's  "  Historical  Review 
of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Imperial  Agricultural  Society 
of  Moscow." 

Colonel  Challoner  remarked  that  the  peculiar  charac- 
ter of  a  gi'eat  portion  of  the  soil  in  Russia,  and  the 
small  extent  to  which  it  was  found  necessary  for  their 
agricultural  implementSj  with  the  draught  of  a  single 
horse,  to  peneti'ate  into  the  ground  for  the  purposes  of 
cultivation,  might  render  the  simple  implements  then 
presented  to  the  Council  sufficient  for  all  the  purposes 
required  ;  otherwise  he  should  have  thought  the  great 
leverage  given  by  the  length  of  the  shafts,  and  the  distance 
of  the  horse  from  the  body  of  the  plough,  would  render 
its  management  difficult  to  the  ploughman  who  held  the 
short  handles.  At  all  events,  in  our  own  soil,  and  at  our 
ordinary  depths  of  ploughing,  it  would  require  a  dozen 
Cossacks  to  hold  such  a  plough  ;  the  ground  and  its 
resistance  would  also,  with  such  an  implement,  have 
great  advantage  over  the  horses.  .  In  the  Scotch  ploughs 
the  horses  were  nearer  to  their  work,  and  the  plough- 
man had  greater  power  over  the  handles. — Lord  Berners 
referred  to  the  difficulty  experienced  last  year  in 
getting  ploughmen  who  were  able  to  keep  the  neat 
little  American  ploughs  steadily  to  their  work  in  the 
ground. — Colonel  Challoner  believed  the  American  and 
Belgian  implement-makers  had  altered  their  ploughs  in 
this  respect,  and  brought  their  leverage  more  nearly  to 

that   of  the  Scotch  ones Captain  Stanley  Carr,  now 

Vice-President  of  the  Industrial  Society  of  Victoria,  had 
formerly,  while  engaged  in  German  farming,  paid  a  visit 
to  Russia,  and  became  acquainted  with  its  agriculture. 
One  of  the  Russian  ploughs  then  presented  to  the  Coun- 
cil was,  he  believed,  an  improvement  on  the  ancient 
Roman  plough,  introduced  by  degi'ees  into  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe.  It  was  calculated  to  plough  a  shallow 
furrow  in  light  soils,  turning  it  at  an  angle  of  60^,  and 
leaving  it  broken  and  short — a  mode  of  cultivation  con- 
sidered by  those  who  used  this  plough  to  be  best  adapted 
to  the  aeration  of  the  soil,  especially  where  the  Grass- 
land is  broken  for  a  fallow  of  12  months,  from  autumn 
to  autumn,  and  used  in  Germany  and  Poland,  as  a  run 
for  merino  sheep  during  the  summer.  The  other  plough 
was  of  the  same  character,  but  used  for  deeper  cultiva- 
tion. The  two  one-horse  implements  were  used  respect- 
ively as  a  scarifier,  and  as  a  hoe  for  cleaning  Potato 
rows.  The  sliaft  frame  was  employed  with  a  horse-rake 
placed  below  it.  The  implements  of  Russia  were  sim- 
ple, and  even  rude  ;  but  as  the  object  appeared  to  be 
only  to  ''  scratch"  the  ground,  as  we  should  consider  the 
operation,  they  were  perhaps  sufficient  for  the  purpose 
required. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  remarked,  that  the 
farmers  on  the  continent  appeared  to  entertain  an 
aversion  to  having  many  implements  ;  but  he  believed, 
in  the  north  of  Germany  they  were  now  fully  impressed 
with  the  necessity  of  their  having  good  implements 
if  they  expected  to  have  good  work. — Lord  Berners  and 
Mr.  Brown,  of  Cirencester,  made  inquiries  of  Capt.  Cai'r 
respecting  the  nature  of  the  Grass  on  which  the  sheep 
were  fed  in  Poland  and  south  of  Russia,  and  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  it  was  produced. — Mr.  Fisher 
Hobbs  referred  tO  the  value  of  the  hints  the  practical 
farmer  may  derive  from  communications  received  from 
foreign  countries.  In  reference  to  Russia,  he  cited  the 
,  useful  varieties  of  the  Oat  we  owed  to  that  empire  as  an 
instance  immediately  in  point. 

On  the  motion  of  Colonel  Challoner,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Fisher  Hobbs,  the  best  thanks  of  the  Council  were 
unanimously  voted  to  the  Russian  Government,  for  the 
favour  they  had  conferred  upon  the  Society  by  present- 
ing to  it  these  most  interesting  presents. 

It  may  be  added,  that  in  the  third  volume  of  the 
"Society's  Journal,"  pages  125  to  136,  will  be  found 
Sir  Roderick  Murchison's  valuable  statement  of  the 
geological  occurrence  and  chemical  nature  of  the  black 
earth  of  the  central  regions  of  Russia. 

The  Council  then  adjourned  to  their  Weekly  Meeting, 
on  Wednesday,  March  24, 


probable  that  it  arose  from  the  sap  circulating  through 
the  plant  at  the  time  when  it  was  cut,  containing  in  the 
one  case  more  soda  than  it  did  in  the  other.  The  saline 
contents  of  the  fluid  of  the  sap  would,  of  course,  be  con- 
founded with  those  which  had  been  actually  assimilated 
by  the  plant,  and  hence,  from  the  variation  in  its  com- 
position, must  tend  to  modify  the  amount  of  the  alka- 
lies obtained  from  the  ashes  of  the  plant  in  each  in- 
stance, according  to  the  nature  of  the  material  with 
which  the  soil  had  been  impregnated.  Cli^mical  Gazette. 


Chemical,  of  London,  Feh.  16. — The  President  in 
the  Chair.  The  following  paper  was  read.  "  On  the 
Variation  in  the  relative  proportion  of  Potash  and  Soda 
present  in  certain  Samples  of  Barley  grown  iu  Plots  of 
Ground  artificially  impregnated  with  one  or  other  of 
these  Alkalies."  By  Prof.  Daubeny.  The  author  de- 
tails some  experiments,  undertaken  by  him  at  the  Oxford 
Botanic  Garden,  with  the  view  of  determining  whether 
the  usual  quantity  of  potash  and  soda  existing  in  Barley 
might  be  made  to  vary  by  causing  the  plant  to  grow  iu 
soil  impregnated  with  more  than  the  ordinary  quantity 
of  one  or  the  other  of  these  alkalies.  He  found  that 
when  the  Barley  had  grown  in  a  soil  which  had  been 
dressed  with  a  strong  solution  either  of  carbonate  oi' 
soda  or  of  chloride  of  sodium,  the  ashes  of  the  plant 
contained  about  8  per  cent,  more  soda  than  was  pre- 
sent when  the  plant  had  grown  in  a  soil  impregnated 
with  carbonate  of  potash,  or  left  unimpregnated. 
This  difference  may  admit  of  explanation,  by  supposing 
one  alicali  capable  of  replacing  the  other  within  the 
organism  of  the  plant ;  but  the  author  thinks  it  more 


IVEiscellaneous* 

A  New  Mode  of  Deep  Cu-Uivation  has  suggested  itself 
to  me,  by  which  manual  and  horse  labour  may  be  effec- 
tively combined.  In  clamping  or  earthing  large  motmds 
of  Mangold  Wurzel,  which  is  done  by  task-work,  my 
men  plough  round  the  heap,  and  then  shovel  the  earth 
up,  and,  when  that  is  exhausted,  plough  again  on  the 
same  space,  and  raise  another  supply.  By  applying  this 
principle  in  the  fields,  I  find  we  can  ridge  up  and  deeply 
cultivate  our  soil,  during  winter,  very  much  cheaper 
than  by  digging.  I  have  great  hope  of  getting  15  inches 
in  depth,  moved  and  thrown  up  in  ridges,  and  exposed 
to  winter  frosts,  for  about  25s.  per  acre,  or  perhaps  less. 
In  the  spring  the  ridges  would  merely  require  puUmg 
down  and  levelling  by  the  scarifier.  Mr.  Mcchi's  Second 
Paper. 

How  should  the  Cottage  Farmer  sow  his  WJieat? — The 
cottage  farmer  should  sow  his  Wheat  with  a  dibber. 
At  what  distances  should  the  holes  for  Wheat  be  made  ? 
— Though  holes  for  Wheat  are  usually  made  in  rows 
8  or  9  inches  apart,  and  6  inches  apart  in  the  rows,  we 
would  recommend  that  in  strong  and  fertile  soil,  the 
holes  should  be  10  inches  in  every  direction,  in  order  to 
admit  of  perfect  hand  hoeing,  and  free  circulation  of  air. 
How  many  grains  should  be  dropped  in  each  hole  ? — 
The  number  of  grains  put  into  a  hole  will  depend  on 
the  season  of  the  year,  and  the  distances  of  the  plants 
from  each  other.  Three  or  four  grains,  if  dibbled  before 
the  middle  of  October,  will  be  sufficient  for  each  hole. 
The  number  of  grains  after  that  period  should  be  about 
five  or  ,seven,  according  as  the  season  advances.  _  Is 
there  any  objection  to  dibbling  corn  besides  that  which 
may  arise  from  the  supposed  trouble  of  doing  so  ? — 
Hares  and  rabbits  are  very  injurious  to  dibbled  com, 
from  the  faciUty  with  which  they  bite  off  the  branching 
stems  when  it  springs  up,  and  the  freedom  with  -which 
they  can  gambol  between  the  plants  in  spring.  How 
deep  should  the  holes  be  made  ?— The  holes  need  not 
be  deeper  than  one,  or  one  and  a  half  inch  for  Wheat, 
or  for  any  sort  of  corn.  How  many  bushels  of  Wheat 
may  cottagers  expect  to  raise  on  a  rood  of  very  produc- 
tive soiU— Cottagers  may  expect  to  have  10  bushels 
of  Wheat  on  a  rood  of  very  productive  soil.  From  Ch-oom- 
hridge^s  Elemental^  Catechism. 

Does  Quano  Pay  ? — This  depends  upon  the  condition 
of  the  soil.  On  poor  exhausted  soils  it  is  a  ready  and 
cheap  mode  of  restoring  its  fertility.  I  used  it  exten- 
sively when  I  first  began  farming,  and  when  applied  to 
the  grain  crops  at  the  rate  of  2  to  3  cwt.  per  acre 
it  paid  well ;  but  now  it  has  lost  favour  with  my  bailiff 
—which  is  easily  accounted  for,  my  land  being  at  present 
so  well  filled  with  manure,  nitrogen,  or  ammonia,  that 
we  can  grow  an  ample  crop  without  it.  When  the  land 
only  yielded  2  to  2^  quarters  of  Wheat  per  acre,  it  was 
grateful  for  guano  ;  but  now,  with  a  produce  of  five 
quarters,  there  is  no  necessity  for  its  use.  After  all, 
Mr.  Lawes  has  clearly  proved  that  where  there  is  capital 
the  cheapest  way  of  obtaining  ammoniacal  and  carbona- 
ceous manure  is  by  feeding  cattle.  His  paper  on  that 
subject  in  the  Society's  Journal  (Vol.  VUl.,  p.  69),  is 
well  worthy  of  an  attentive  perusal.  I  except  bones  and 
superphosphate  of  lime  from  these  remarks,  for  we  can 
always  purchase  them  cheaper  than  by  feeding.  A  most 
important  question  arises  upon  the  propriety  and  advan- 
ta<'e  of  the  retention  of  the  blood  and  offal  of  oui' 
ammals,  and  their  application  to  the  soil.  In  former 
times  of  «  slow  coaches  and  sleepy  waggons  such  a 
question  could  not  have  been  entertained;  but  now  that 
miMity  steam  has  almost  annihilated  time  and  space, 
and  made  neighbours  of  the  most  distant  supphers  and 
consumers,  it  is  worth  our  while  to  consider  the  subject. 
Indeed,  the  necessity  for  a  more  minute  agricultural 
economy  compels  us  to  do  so.  It  is  not  generally  known, 
even  by  farmers  themselves,  that  bullocks  and  sheep 
waste  in  dressing  from  45  to  50  lbs.  out  of  every  100  lbs., 
and  pigs  only  33^  lbs.  out  of  100  lbs.,  because  in  the 
latter  their  skins  are  sold  with  the  meat,  and  it  is  not 
considered  offal.  A  reference  to  the  "  Royal  Agncul- 
tural  Society's  Journal,"  or  an  inquiry  of  any  butcher 
will  confirm  my  statement.  Now,  as  it  takes  at  least 
one  ton  of  Turnips  tomake  Hjbs.  of  mea  (net  butcher  s 


weic^ht),  it  follows  that  nearly  half  that  ton  has  been 
employed  in  making  the  blood  and  offal,  ^^n^h^^  «f 
the  same  constituents  as  the  flesh,  and  which  offal  if 
reapplied  to  the  soil,  would  go  far  to  reproduce  itself  by 
an  equivalent  in  vegetation.  The  extension  of  home- 
slaughtering  would  be  greatly  facihtated  by  proper  rail- 
way carcase  vehicles,  on  the  prmciple  suggested  by  Mr. 
Burness  There  would  also  be  a  diminution  m  railway 
carria-e-there  being  but  half  the  weight  of  the  Uving 
animal  to  convey.*  Mr.  Mechi's  Second  Paper. 


■»  I  trust  that  our  railway  cnmpan'es  will  adopt  free-trade 
principles,  and  encourage  traffic  bv  charges  remunerative  in 
compiirison  with  the  absolute  cost  of  transit.  At  present,  with 
a  vain  attempt  to  realise  an  in'erest  on  an  extravagant  outlay, 
their  charges  are  perfectly  prohibitory  on  certain  manuree  and 
I  other  necessaries  for  the  farmer. 


13— 1&52.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


_Pa(en«.— Felix  Cbarles  Victor  Leon  Levacher  d'Urcle, 
of  Paris,  farmer ;  for  improvements  for  increasing  the 
produce  of  autumn  Wheat.  Patent  dated  June  "21,  1 851 . 
These  iraprovemeuts  are  based  on  a  supposed  disco- 
very of  the  patentee  that  autumn  Wheat  is,  contrary  to 
the  generally-received  opinion,  a  biennial  plant  ;  aud  it 
is  to  develope  its  natural  capabilities,  and  rescue  the 
plant  from  the  state  of  degeneracy  to  which  a  long 
course  of  improper  management  has  reduced  it,  that  are 
the  objects  proposed  to  be  attained  by  him.  The  ground 
in  which  the  Wheat  is  to  be  sown  must  be  tilled  aud 
well  manured,  and  the  sowing  is  directed  to  take  place 
between  the  20  th  of  April  and  the  10th  of  May  ;  it  may 
be  a  few  days  earlier  or  later,  but  somewhere  between 
those  dates  is,  the  patentee  says,  the  proper  moment. 
The  field  having  been  divided  into  squares  of  about  a 
quarter  of  an  acre  each,  diagonal  rows  of  holes  are  dug 
at  a  distance  of  from  15  to  20  inches  apart,  in  each  of 
which  are  deposited  four  grains  of  Wheat  arranged  in 
•&  circle,  or  otherwise  at  a  little  distance  from  each  other. 
This  done,  the  holes  are  filled  in,  and  when  the  plants 
have  grown  to  a  height  of  about  4  inches,  three  out  of 
the  four  plants  (which  are  supposed  to  have  sprung  up 
from  the  seed)  are  to  be  pulled  up,  leaving  one  plant 
only,  and  that  the  strongest  and  most  healthy  ;  the  pro- 
duce of  Wheat  from  which,  when  it  arrives  at  maturity, 
will  be  very  considerably  increased  over  the  usual  yield. 
By  following  out  this  course  of  treatment,  the  quality  of 
the  grain  will  be  increased  each  succeeding  year  until  it 
arrives  at  a  state  of  perfection,  of  which,  under  the  ordi- 
nary system,  it  is  supj  osed  to  be  quite  incapable.  Claims 
developing  the  biennial  properties  of  autumn  Wheat  by 
the  process  described,  by  which  its  produce  will  be 
very  much  increased.  Afeckanics'  Magazine,  Dec.  20. 

Hints  on  Sowing  Grass  Seeds,  hy  Sutton  and  Sons. — It 
is  highly  important  that4,he  land  should  be  cleaned  from 
weeds,  and  well  pulverised  by  repeated  ploughing  and 
harrowing  before  the  seed  is  sown  ;  and  in  cases  where 
the  soil  is  loose  or  sandy,  it  is  desirable  that  it  should 
be  also  rolled  before  sowing  ;  if  this  is  not  effected,  the 
seeds,  many  of  which  are  very  minute,  will  some  of  them 
be  too  deeply  imbedded  in  the  soil,  while  others  may 
not  be  covered  at  all.  It  is  also  desirable  that  the  seeds 
should  be  sown  when  there  is  not  much  wind,  and  that 
they  should  be  delivered  from  the  machine  or  the  hand, 
placed  rather  near  to  the  soil,  otherwise  the  smallest 
and  most  valuable  of  the  seeds  may  be  carried  by  the 
wind  into  the  adjoining  field  or  hedgerow.  The  harrows, 
wliich  should  be  very  light,  must  be  again  drawn  over 
after  sowing,  and,  if  the  soil  is  very  light  and  dry,  the 
roller  also  ;  if  the  soil  is  poor,  a  dressing  of  Peruvian 
guano  or  superphosphate  may  be  harrowed  in  with  the 
seeds,  at  the  rate  of  two  cwt.  per  acre.  The  sorts  of 
seeds  should,  of  course,  be  selected  in  accordance  with 
the  nature  of  the  soil,  and  the  purposes  to  which  the 
pasture  is  intended.  This,  and  much  other  useful 
information,  may  be  obtained  from  "  Lowe's  Elements 
of  Agriculture,"  "  Stephens's  Book  of  the  Farm,"  "  Sin- 
clair's Hortus  Graminiensis,"  and  other  worlis.  If  corn 
is  sown  with  the  Grass  seeds,  it  should  not  be  more 
than  1  or  I3  bushels  to  the  acre  of  corn,  and  for  tliis 
purpose  Oats  are  preferable  to  Barley. 

Salt  for  the  Sheep. — A  relative  of  mine  who  lived  in 
Yorkshire  had  a  shepherd  who  was  generally  considered 
a  fool,  but  whatever  circumstance  had  given  rise  to  the 
depreciating  imputation,  it  was  notorious  that  he  had 
fewer  deaths  in  his  flock  than  there  were  amongst  the 
sheep  of  any  of  the  neighbouring  farmers.  It  so 
happened  one  day  that  his  sheep  had  been  folded  witli 
some  otbei-s  that  did  not  belong  to  him  in  a  field  on  an 
adjoining  farm.  He  wished  to  take  them  out  and  went 
to  the  house  to  tell  the  farmer.  They  were  all  at  dinner, 
and  the  farmer  said,  "  Well,  you  must  wait  till  dinner  is 
over,  and  some  of  the  men  shall  go  and  assist  you,  for  it 
is  impossible  you  can  distinguish  your  o\vn  sheep 
amongst  so  many  others."  To  which  the  shepherd 
pithily  replied,  « .M'  happen  if  I  don't  know  my  own 
aheep,  m'  happen  they'll  know  me."  The  farm  upon 
which  this  occurred  was  one  belonging  to  Sir  Samuel 
Crompton.  Tlie  shepherd  then  walked  into  the  middle 
of  the  fold  and  began  to  whistle,  when  instantly  his  own 
sheep  did  leave  the  rest,  and  when  he  turned  round  and 
walked  forward  they  followed  him  out  of  the  field. 
(Hear.)  'The  solution  of  the  secret  was  this.  When 
the  shcei^were  at  home  he  was  accustomed  to  give  them 
a  small  quantity  of  salt  upon  a  slate  in  the  fold,  and 
whistled  to  attract  their  attention.  When  away  they 
got  none,  but  as  soon  as  they  heard  the  accustomed  call 
they  naturally  ihougiit  the  salt  was  at  hand,  and  followed 
their  shepherd  to  obtain  it.  Captain  James,  at  the  Oarlide 
Farmer^  Club. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

MARCH. 
DoHBET  I'AttM,  }farc/i  22.— It  ifi  said  that  March  iluat  Is  valu- 
able ;  and  if  ic  be  no,  the  country  rnuut,  to  »oine  extent,  be  on- 
riobed  this  ncii'm,  ufilfl/m,  as  iuino  may  think,  we  have  nii 
over  lu^ply  of  the  pr«ciou«  material,  irblch  will  nomewhat 
dcranKB  our  iifyiir*.  Ifo:*.  vcr,  wu  liuvo  bad  the  drient,  anrl,  I 
tblok,  the  cold'j^t  m<m:h  that  I  ever  remember.  The  land 
faa«  worked  w-^ll,  and  Uirlty  l«  beinK  (jot  in  with  the  Kretite«t 
facility.  But  <ilthou{{b  noi/io  of  It  bati  been  in  the  Kroutid  from 
three  to  four  we^skA,  tdero  are  yel  noHiKnn  of  Itt  coming  up,  and 
ihe  »eed»  bite  hurdly  Kcminatt-d,  Wo  are  now  b'jjinnlnff  to 
find  the  Tarnlp*  diiappear,  and  were  it  not  for  a  aanti  supply 
of  MaciKold  and  HO'tie  feed  in  the  water  rnondowii,  wo  (ibould 
find  ourFieWf*  In  vt-ry  utraltoned  circurniitnnceii  wjlh  our 
«tock.     But  In  *ach  a  »ei'ori  a%  thin  wo  tlnd  tho  volue  of  Man- 

{;old,  Ai  it  l«  a  rri'>t  tb'it  rnay  be  eaten  when  wo  tdnjoHc,  or  be 
•f:  till  we  want  It;  nod  aithoij/h  It  in  a.  Htily  moro  cxpcohivo  to 
CttltjTtt'e  than  if-Uhe  root»,  yo',  h  bin  advai.ta;(Otiover  them, 
which  I  think  wiiiOMipeoftato  for 'bat,  IrindJilion  to  itt  belnj; 
ftritlable  at  any  time  from  Octobsr  to  Augu«t  of  tho  MIqv/Iu^ 


year,  it  gives  us  the  power  of  tinishiDK  our  TurnipB  off  in  belter 
time  for  Barley  ;  and  although  we  find  some  excluioi  against 
Mangold,  because  it  is  expensive  to  atoro,  yet  we  will 
find  tisoae  same  perBons  driving  off  quantiiies  of  Turnips 
in  the  spring  to  make  way  for  the  Barley  ;  bo  that  where  tbia 
is  practised  the  balance  is  rather  in  favour  of  the  Mangold. 
Aa  the  oeason  for  sowing  them  is  now  coming  on,  I  may  notice 
one  circumstance  attending  their  growth— that  is,  the  great 
irregularity  with  which  the  seed  cornea  up  ;  I  have  thought 
that  it  mu3t  arise  from  tlie  seed  not  being  of  the  same  year's 
growth.  They  come  up  often  at  intervals  of  three  to  six  weeks, 
It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  find  sufBcient  for  a  crop  coming 
up  when  the  main  crop  is  bein;^  hoed  the  first  time.  Perhaps 
steeping,  for  some  lime  previous  to  sowing,  m'ght  bring  them 
up  better  together  ;  but  we  cannot  always  time  our  sowings  as 
we  may  propose,  and  when  steeping  the  seed  we  ought  to  sow 
before  it  breaks,  otherwise  we  may  damage  it,  and  render  the 
cure  worse  than  the  disease.  I  think  the  beat  way  is  to  put  in 
a  pound  or  two  extra  seed,  say,  instead  of  4  lbs.,  6  lbs.  per  acre. 
We  shall  shortly  be  planting  Potatoes,  sowing  the  Qraaa  seeds, 
and  then  we  shall  prepare  for  the  root  crops.  As  may  be 
expected,  the  Wheat  does  not  generally  look  well,  but  if 
we  bave  mild  weather  soon,  there  is  nothing  to  fear  on  this 
point.  Q.  S,  

Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Bloodhounds  to  track  Sheepstealees  :  A  Reader  has  sent 
us  the  following  :  "  I  live  in  that  renowned  county  Somerset, 
where  the  farmers  are  so  kind  as  to  allow  the  thieves  to 
plunder  them  for  fear  of  the  expense  of  the  police  ;  can  you 
tell  me  where  I  may  write  to  the  keepers  of  bloodhounds 
(Police  somewhere)  who  track  theepstealers."  [We  cannot 
lend  him  a  hand  to  find  bloodhounds  for  this  purpose,  but 
we  should  be  happy  to  lend  him  a  hand  in  pointing  out  the 
folly  of  the  penny-wise  aud  pound-fooiish  system  wherever  it 
occurs.] 

Diiay  Keeping:  Tyro.  We  rather  think  that  the  farmer  gave 
his  neighbour  too  good  a  bargain — selling  butter  in  winter  at 
Is,  per  lb,,  and  buying  hay  at  21.  15s,  per  ton. 

Dbains  :  An  Old  Subscyiber.  The  best  way  is  to  plough  on  the 
turf  both  ways,  and  so  obtain  a  furrow  wide  enough  to  dig 
the  drain.  Then  fill  in,  aod  closing  over  it  the  two  furrow- 
slices,  which  still  retain  their  hold  of  the  sward,  a  roller 
over  all  presses  it  nearly  level.  Not  quite,  however,  but  a 
year's  rest  will  generally  bring  it  true.  If  you  remove  all 
the  surplus  now,  your  drains  will  want  refilling  six  months 
hence.  If  there  is  a  surplus  of  clay  which  maybe  safely 
removed,  take  it  to  a  corner  and  make  a  compost  with  it. 

Fabms  :  X  Y Z.  Your  inquiry,  hke  many  others  we  receive,  is 
properly  tlie  subject  of  advertisement  duty,  and  must  not 
be  asked  here.  But  wo  mention  the  fact  of  our  receiving 
such  inquiries,  that  those  who  have  farms  to  let  may  see  it  to 
be  their  interest  to  advertise. 

Flagged  Cistees  :  A  S.  It  will  do  as  well  as  an  iron  one  for 
steaming  chopped  straw4 


COYENT  GARDEN,  March  27. 
The  weather  ia  still  cold,  but  the  market  is  nevertheless  well 
supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit.  English  Pine-apples  are 
tolerably  plentiful,  and  a  consignment  of  small  examples  of 
this  fruit  has  this  week  been  received  from  Sierra  Leone, 
being  the  first  importation  of  the  kind  to  this  country 
from  our  Africaa  possessions.  A  few  new  Hothouse 
Grapes  have  just  made  their  appearance;  foreign  ones  are 
a  trifle  dearer.  The  best  English  Pears  fetch  good  prices. 
They  are  now  confined  to  Beurre  Ranee  and  Easter  Beurre. 
Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same 
as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  still  supplied  in  small  quan- 
tities. Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are  sufficient  for  the 
demand,  andtaereis  some  fine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in  the  market. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
salading  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacrises,  Migno- 
nette, Camellias,  Rones,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hyacinths, 
Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 

FRUIT. 
Plne-applefl,perlb.,l8  to  8s         Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  2a  to  6b 


Srapes,bothou6e,p,lb.,158to30s 
GrapeB,Lisbon,perlb.,'28to2sGd 
Strawberries,  per  oz,,  Is  to  2s 
Apples,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2s 

to  3s  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5d 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  39 


Savoys,  per  doz,,  lOd  to  2s 
French  Beans,  p.  109,  2s  to  3s 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is  3d 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  3s  to  7s 
Seakale.p.  basket,la  3d  to  '2b  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  6d  to  43 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  tid  to  Is  fid 
PotatoeB,perton,'i5stu  80s^ 

—  per  cwt., 2s  to  5s 

—  per  bush, ,1s  6d  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  p.  dcz,,  ls6d  to 26  6d 
Cucumbers,  each.  Is  to  Ss 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  bjprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  to  l5  6d 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  la  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  2d  to  'Id 

—  Spanish,  p.  doz.,  lB6d  to  Ss 
gndive,  per  score,  Is  to  2s  6d 


VEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  dox.,  Is  to  Is  tid 

—  per  100,  as  6d  to  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz,.  Is  to  33 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  la  to  28 
Nut8,Barcelona,p.b3h,20sto226 

—  Brazil, p,  bsh.,12s  to  lis 
Cobs,  perlOOlbs.,  lOOs 


are  cimparatively  firm,  and  with  every  apparent  pruspict  of 
remainiiig  bo.  Tlie  supplies  coming  forward  from  the  country 
are  unusually  light,  and  the  opini.jn  prevails  that  they  will 
continue  so  until  new  wool  can  be  brought  to  market.  Noils 
d  brokes  are  without  any  material  alteration  in  demand  or 
prices. 

.,..       ».    P^THFIELD,  Monday,  March  22. 

Although  the  number  was  not  quite  so  large,  still  the 
supply  ot  Beasts  was  considerab'e  ;  aud  the  weather  being  ap. 
paiently  on  the  change,  buyera  were  exceedingly  cautious.  Not 
higher  than  Ss.  Gd.  lor  good  qualities  could  be  quoted  ;  but  in 
a  few  instances  that  price  was  exceeded.  A.  few  more  Sheep  on 
offer,  and  the  weather  al'io  operated  in  this  deparlment. 
especially  as  regarded  big  Sheep.  48.  4d.  for  bizeable  Downs 
can  be  quoted,  but  this  must  be  considered  au  extreme  price 
Good  Calves  are  not  plentiful,  and  trade  rather  more  cheerful 
for  them.  From  Germany  and  Holland  there  are  208  Beasts 
5a0  Sheep,  and  108  Calves  ;  from  Scotland,  500  Beaata  •  from 
Norfolk  and  Suftotk,  2500 ;  and  300  from  the  northern  and 
midland  countiea. 


Beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  2a 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb,,  SdtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score,4dto  Is 
Radiflhes.  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  Ss 
Small  Sdlad3,p.  punn,,2dto  8d 
HorseRadi8b,p.  bundle.  Is  to  4 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  is  3d 

—    per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p,  hf.sieve,Is3dto  Is6d 
Artichokes,  Jerus.,do.,Sd  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley, per  doz.  bun.,  28  to  3b 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Basil, ^p.  bunch,  3dto4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3dto4d 
Watercre9B,p.l2bunchfl.6d  tols 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  March  25, 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  7:is  to  7ti8  I  Clover     75fltoa5 

Inferiorditto 63        C8    1  2d  cut       68        76 

Itowen    60        C3      Straw      :4        28 

New  Hay       —        —    1  J.  Coopsa. 

A  heavy  trade. 

CoMDEBLAND  Mabekt,  March  25. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  765  to  HO j  ,  Inferior 65flto  72s 

InferIo4- ditto 60        70       New  Clover    —        — 

New  Uay       —        —      Stra.v      28        30 

Old  Clover    78        84    I  Joshda  Baeeb. 


COAL  MARKET,— Peidat.  March  26, 
Eden  Main,   i:u.   Od, ;   Wallseiid  Uiddell,  12s.   9d. ;    Walla, 
end    Harwell.    15^.;    Wallsend   Uetton,    l4s,    9d.  ;    Walleend 
Stewarts,    14b.  Od, ;      Wallsend    Tees,    14s.    9d.  —  Ships    at 
market.  IGS.  .  ^ 


HOPS.— FaiDAY,  March  26. 
Monara.  Fattendeo  and  Smith  report  that  there  is  a  steady 
detuaud  for  Hops,  at  lute  prices. 


WOOL. 
BttADPoan,  TiiuiisDAT,  Miiruh  25,— Thero  is  no  alteration  of 
momuDt  to  report  in  ibo  state  of  tho  English  wool  market.  Tho 
tninrtactlonp  gcneniUy  continue  to  bo  of  a  limited  character,  us 
cuijRuinerR  aro  apparently  resolved  to  purchase  only  for  ini- 
mediate  rL-qulroment»  uolll  more  I'uvourablo  Indications  with 
rennril  to  the  demand  and  ijricus  of  the  inttnufiiutuied  article 
ixhiblt  them«elve«,  Notwlthetmidlng  tlio  latiKUld  tune  of  llie 
miitktit  generally,  prices  fur  almost  all  cIuiHes  of  good  wool 


Per  St.  ol(81bs.— 9 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  t):c,  ...  3 
Beat  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs    and 

Half-breds      ...  t 
Ditto  Shorn 


d     8    d 

4  to  3  6 
2  —  3  4 
4  — 2  10 

0  —  4     4 


Per  St.  of  8  Iba.— a  d     g    d 

Beat  Long-wools  .3  6  to  3    8 
Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  ifc  2d  quality  2  8-^*3    4 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs     0  0  —  0    0 

Calves      3  0—4    4 

Pigs  2  8  —  3 


Beuste,  3859;  Sheep  and  Lamba, 23,070 ;  Calves,  155  ;  Pigs,  330, 
Feidat,  March  26. 
The  number  of  Beasts  exceeds  the  demand,  yet  the  weather 
being  favourable  there  is  a  difeposition  to  buy  at  about  tho 
same  rates  as  Monday  last.  The  supply  of  Sheep  is  larger 
than  of  late  ;  there  is  very  little  trade  for  them,  and  it  is  im- 
possible to  effect  a  clearance  without  reduction  of  price. 
Calves  are  more  plentiful,  and  late  rates  are  with  difficulty 
supported.  From  Germany  and  Holland  we  have  90  Beasts, 
210  Sheep,  and  71  Calves;  from  Spain,  260  Sheep ;  from  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk,  400  ;  and  145  Milch  Cows  from  home  counties. 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  iic.  ...  3 
Best  Sliort-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs    and 

Half-breds      ..,  4 
Ditto  Shorn 


2  to  3  4 
0  —3  2 
6  — 2  10 


0  —  4     4 


■  3    8 


Beat  Loug-wools  .3     6  - 

Ditto  Shorn 

Ewes  ds  2d  quality  2    8  —  3    2 

Ditto  Shorn        

Lamba     0    0  —  0    9 

Calves      2     4—4    4 

PigB  2     8  —  3    8 

Beasts,  857;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  4360  ;  Calves, 217;  Pigs,  370. 
MARK  LANE. 
MoMDATi  March  22,— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  from  the 
neighbouring  counties  this  morning  was  again  small;  the 
finest  qualities  were  sold  at  the  rates  of  this  day  se'nnighr,  but 
inferior  sorts  were  difficult  of  disposal,  and  in 'some  instances 
declined  Is.  per  qr.  The  demand  for  foreign  was  very  limited. 
The  Flour  trade  is  heavy,  and  prices  remain  unaltered.- Fine 
Barley  brings  last  week's  prices  ;  secondary  sorts  are  rather 
cheaper. — Beans  and  Hog  Peas  barely  support  late  rates  ; 
white  are  fully  as  dear. — There  is  a  little  doing  in  Oats  ;  but 
we  observe  no  alteration  in  their  value. 

Pee  Impeeial  Qdaetee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...  White  4 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  ^ 

—  —      Talavera 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  <fc  York... White  ^ 

—  Foreign 

Barley,grind.»to  distil.,  26a  to29fl...Chev, 

—  Foreign...  grinding  aud  distilling  ^ 
OatB,  Essex  and  Suffolk  1 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  ^ 

—  Irish  Potato  i 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  ] 

Rye 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 24b  to  278 Tick  : 

—  Pigeon 27   —  32...  Winds 

—  Foreign  Small  '■ 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 27s  to  30b Grey  : 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto  ■; 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Fbiday,    March  26  . — The  arrivals  of  grain  this  week  have 

been  moderate.  The  greater  part  of  Monday's  supply  of  Essex 
Wheat  remains  unsold,  that  day's  prices  being  unobtainable; 
scarcely  any  transactions  occurred  in  foreign,  or  lower  rates 
would  have  been  accepted.  The  value  of  Spring  corn  remains 
as  on  Monday,  with  a  very  inactive  trade. 


s,     s. 

B.     e. 

43—15 

Red  

39-11 

45—47 

Red  

41-lS. 

45-51 

38-43 

Red  

_ 

37—63 

30-35 

MalllDg  . 

2S— 32 

22—29 
19-21 

Malting  . 

— 

21-24 

Feed 

20—22 

20—23 

Peed 

19—22 

19-22 

Feed 

18—21 

— 

Foreign  . 

— 

25-30 

Harrow  . 

25-30 

30-36 
22-3(1 
(2-34 

Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suefolk.. 

24-30 
23-25 
33-35 

20—28 

Foreign , 
Yellow... 

27-34 

35-40 

27—32 

Norfolk  . 

27— ;  2- 

18—24 

Per  Back 

32— SG 

Impeeial 
averaoes, 

VPheat. 

Baelet. 

Oats. 

Eye. 

Beans. 

Peab. 

Feb.  14 

42»  Sd 
42    9 
42    3 
42    7 
42  ID 
42    8 

30s  Id 
31     0 
30    7 
30    1 
30    5 
30    S 

18j  9d 
19    4 
19    C 
19    4 
19    9 
19    9 

29sll<e 
SO    6 
SO    7 
32     5 

30  5 

31  11 

292l0<( 
30     2 

29  10 

30  2 
SO     1 
30     i 

30     1 

29s  7d 

—    21 

80     5 

29     S 

March  6 

—  U 

—  20 

29     S 
29  10 

Aggreg.  Aver. 

42    7 

30    5 

19     5 

30  U 

29    9 

Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  quarter. 

ABE1VAL8   THIS   WeeE. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Plour. 

English  ... 

Irish    

Foreign  ... 

Qrs. 
3310 

3330 

Qrg. 

1290 
680 
1120 

Qrs. 

40 

520 

9760 

3190  sacks 
—   bris 

FluctuaciouB  in  tno  last  Blx  weeks'  Averages. 


PaicEB,  Feb.  14.  Feb.  21.  Feb.  28.  Mar.   (>.  Mab.  13.  Mar,  20. 


iisWd 
42  9 
12  8  - 
42  8 
42  7 
42     3 


-J 


LivEEpooL,  ToEsDAT,  March  23.  —  The  supplies  of  grain 
and  Flour,  both  British  and  foreign,  continue  to  be  very  mode- 
rate, tut  at  the  same  time  tho  demand  wo  txperiencQ  is  almost 
oquully  contracted,  and  the  tendency  ot  prices  during  the 
week  liaa  been  downwards.  The  exceedingly  (ii.o  weather  for 
farming  operations  during  the  last  four  wteks  bus  no  doubt 
intlueiiced  buyers  in  not  taking  more  than  present  ncceHsities 
n  quire,  Tho  market  this  morning  was  again  very  sluggish, 
and  Wheat  declined  2d.  to  3d,  per  bunhel,  and  Flour  i)il.  to  Is. 
per  barrel,  and  Is,  por  sack  from  the  rates  of  llils  day  se'nnight. 
[ndi:m  Com,  KpypUun  Beans,  and  Hurley,  wore  each  easier  to 
buy  than   last  week.    Outs  luid   Uutmcal   were  unaltered  in 

vulao.     AUogotlior  a  very  small  bunmoss  rosulicd. I'"ridat, 

Maboii  lU.— Tlio  present  dull  stuto  of  the  corn  trade  is  well 
accounted  for  by  iho  evident  ability  of  tho  ICiigllsh  farmer  to 
su)tpl.v  the  Interior  markets,  this  week's  return  being  as  Inrgo 
ax  107,871  qr.4.  of  Wheat  nt  42s,  iOd.;  and  60,072  qrs.  of  Barley, 
ut  (Ins.  TmI.  per  imperial  qr.  Anothof  inactive  market  waa 
witnuMHcd  to-day,  tho  bu.'Iness  going  forward  in  any  article  of 
the  gruln  trade  being  upon  a  limited  stinlo,  and  prices  proving 
more  ut'a  nominal  character  than  otherwise. 


206 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


March  27, 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOOSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    &c. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.    beg    to  hand    their 
prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  ; 
Cut  to   orde 


above  40  iuche! 
IG  czs.... 
21  do.  ... 
26  do. 


FuDeu    not 
I'jnff. 

..    3d.    to  Sid. 
..    3id.  to  id. 

6(1.   to  lid. 


each.  £. 

6by4,  (Uby4»  ...  0  13 

7  by  5,  7*  by  6i  ...  0  .5 
8by5,  8'bv«|  ...  0  15 

8  by  6,  8S  bj  6  ...  0  17 

9  by  7,  iS  by  8  ...  1    0 
ANY  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  SIZES  at  20s.  per  100 feet, 

boxinclu'^ed  : 


Iq  Crates  of  300  ft.,  IS  oz3. 
3\d.  per  foot. 


Packed  In  Boxes  of  100  feet 


32  by  16  , 
20  b'v  13  , 

16  by  12  , 

17  by  11 
14  by  10  . 
12  by    3  . 


,  22  by  15 
18  by  14  , 
in  by  12  , 

.  10  by  11 
14  by  11  , 
11  by  9  . 


22  by  13 
,  13  by  13  , 
,  17  by  12  . 
,  16  by  11 

18  bvlO  . 


20  by  15  , 
18  by  12  , 
14  by  12 
,  16  by  10  , 
13  by    9  , 


,  20  by  14 
20  by  VI 
.  18  by  11 
,  15  by  10 
,  12  by  10 


ALL  SIXTEEN  OUNCES  TO  THE  FOOT. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Con. 
•gervatories.  Public  Euildinfrs,  Manui'actorics,  Skylights,  &c., 
J  inch  thick.    Packeilin  baxea  of  50  feet  each. 

6hv  4  and  OJ  by  44  ..10s.  6rf.  I  7  by  5  aud    7*  by  5.1. ..123.  (Id. 

8  by  6  and  6.1  by  6.i...l3s,  ed.  |  9  by  7  and  10    by  8  ...16s.  Od. 

FOREIO^  SHEET'  GLASS,  of  very  fiuperior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  3Ss..  40s  ,  to  423.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QOARKT  GLASS. 

Milk  P.jiis.  from  2s.  to 6s.  each,  Propicating  and  Eee Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Catnoys'  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate- street  Without.  


GOTTA  M      AHB      HALLE  U, 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON, 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
Briiish  Manufacture,  at  prices  varjitu;  from  2rf.  to  3d. 
pel*  square  foot,  fur  the  usual  sizes  requiretl,  mtiny  thouRaiid 
feet  of  wttioh  are  kept  ready  p:icked  for  immedia'o  delivery. 
Xtists  of  Prices  and  Es'imateH  fnrwardtd  ou  applicatinn,  for 
T^ATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THIOK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLALES.  WATEU-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATiS  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soil o-squ are,  London. 

See  Gardeners*  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S   FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  euperiot-  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  i  atid   6.^  by  4.j      133.  Od. 

7  „  Sand    7^  by  5:^       15     0 

S  „  5  and    8    by  5*       15     0 

8  ,,  Gawd    8.iby6;V       17     6 

9  ,i  7  and  10    by  8"       20     0 

12  ,,        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containins  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  aud  300  feet,  at 
2U.  per  100  feet. 
KOUGII  PLATE,  perfectly  fiat,  nn. thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot. 

„         „         35      „       8d.         „ 

„        „        50     ,>      Okd.      „ 

75      „       12d. 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slater  ;  Cucumbfer,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'aasea;  Wasp 
Traps,  GUss  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bisbopsgate- 
•street  Without,  satne  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Bailway. — 
Established  100  yeaj-S. 


A  PPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL     LIST, 
■^^  Descriptions,   and  Prices  of 


containing    IllustratioDa 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-plass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hurdles 
Garden  Cbalrs 


Garden  Engines 
Dor  Sjringea 
Do.      Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &C, 

Xl^OZCr  HURBXiEIS,  STRA-XN-SD  V^IHH  FSKTCirrG,  GAIMS  XQ-STXIXTG,  &.C. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 

EVERY    DESCRIPTION     OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT     IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITION  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    VMTER.    * 
WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES 


E WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  lo 
Tvhohj  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  oiher  information  oh- 
Itained  : — Messrs.  Knl;<ht  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  die,  Chel- 
sea;  Mensrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurt-erj  men,  Pine-apple- 
plact',  London;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c,, 
FuHiam.  London;  Mr.  Glendinning,  NurRtrymau,  &c.,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  DieUson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull.  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F. U.S., 
Gardemn-  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  StafiFord- 
ahirii ;  Mr.  Bwing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilliin^iCton  and  C  ).,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St, 
Helen'?;.  Lancashire. 

Tile  6  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouse<<  on 
the  ^'■^ at  nrinciple.     Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 


TO 


GLASS    ENAMEL,   OR    IRON    COATED   WITH 
GLASS. 
GOVERNORS     OF    HOSPITALS*  WORK- 

HODSBS,  ARCHITEOTS.  BUILDEHS,  AGHICUi- 
TURT^TS,  HORTICULTURISTS,  and  the  FARMING  IN- 
TEREST generally. — It  has  long  been  a  great  desideratum  to 
obtain  an  article  that  would  resist  the  action  of  acide,  the 
changes  of  temperature,  and  the  desiructice  effects  of  rust. 
Tbis  at  lenirth  (after  repeated  attempts)  has  been  efTecred  in 
an  extraordinary  decree,  by  that  bpautiful  and  newlv-invented 
pi-«^cess  of  COATING  OR  ENAMELLING  W  ROUGHT-IRON 
"WIT  .'I  G  L  ASS,  combinine  at  one  and  the  same  time 
STRRNGTH  AND    PURITY. 

Among  the  articles  which  may  be  enumerated  as  having 
been  already  prepared  by  this  useful  invention  are  the  follow- 
ing: -Wiouiiht-iron  tubes,  from  3  inch  to  7  inches  diameter, 
superseding  copper,  lead,  and  ear theu ware  ;  Culinary  and  other 
Domestic  Utensils  in  great  variety,  Dairy  Pans  and  Ladles, 
Scoops,  Cisterns,  Baths,  Water  Closets,  Pumps,  Hot  and  Cold 
'^Vater  Cii'oulating  Pipes,  Ornamental  Gas  Piping  in  CdIouts, 
Plain  and  Corrugated  Roofing  and  other  articles,  too  numerous 
to  mention.  The  Colours  which  the  Patentees  have  already  been 
able  to  attain  are  white,  iron  grey,  French  grey.  Royal  purple, 
gveen,  and  their  various  shades,  but  ihey  are  in  hope=,  by  the 
researches  of  chemistry  and  the  pxpemneute  which  are  con- 
tinually being  made,  of  shortly  adding  to  the  number. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained,  by  applying  to  the 
-tinder-igoed,  who  will  be  glad  to  execute  all  orders  that  may 
be  inti  usted  to  them  with  the  u'most  despatch. 

Leonabd  Coopee  &Co., 
Agents  to  the  Patentees,  Hi  Cooper-street,  aud  1, Bond-street, 
Manchester. 

PERMANENT     PASTURE. 
TTENRY  ROGER  SMITHE,of  Eastling,  Faversham, 

■*  '  Kent,  informs  the  public,  ihat  hl3  mixtures  of  the 
NATURAL  GRASSES  AND  SMALL  CLOVKRS,  gathered  priu- 
cipally  under  his  superintendence,  includinj;  every  sort  neces- 
sary 10  furm  a  Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  &;c. 
(which  ^h^ml(^  be  p  irticularly  stated  i,  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  hy  RailwHy  to  any  Station  in  Enuland,  Carriage  Free, 
at  ^iis.  iKT  acre,  allowinc  8  bu-ihels  per  acre. 
MIXTDRES  FOR  LAWNS,  Ac.  THE  TRADE  SUPPLIED. 
Any  intormalion  on  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  Graases. 
the  Advertiaer  would  be  pleased  to  give. 


T        WEEKS     AND      CO.,      King*s-road,    Chelsea, 

^  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot. 
water  A^pjiratus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  op  fix  I'ot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kini:*s-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Grepuhousea,  Conser- 
vatories, Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  Kentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  fwbich  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worrhy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pita,  &c.,  forboth  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  iu  the  stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  die.,  forwarded  on 
application. — J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-ro^d,  Chelsea,  London. 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis*  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill.  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


GREENHOUSES  GLAZED  WITHOUT  PUTTY, 
no  Leakage,  simple  and  eaay  of  repair,  cheaper  than  any 
other  system,  and  muc'i  more  durable.  Lists  of  prices  of 
different. sized  bouses  forwarded,  on  application  to  the  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  Alfred  Kent,  Chiche'iter.  A  Greenhouse 
glazed  upon  thi-t  system  can  be  seen  at  the  grounds  of  the 
Royal  Botanical  Society,  ReL'ent's-park.  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROTAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  KiKfQ's-ROAD,  Cbelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
thij  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  tibliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  ins.  long.  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  iSt.  65.  8d.  ; 
21ft.  Sins,  lone,  do.  do..  526  ft.,  30J  13s.  8cf. ;  28  ft,  Sins. 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  ill.  His.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  i  conomical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Fits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7(2.  and  Sd,  per 
foor.Hiiper. 

RUE  LARGE  RED  ALTRINGHAM  CATTLE 

CARROT  SEED,  home  crnwo,  Is.  per  Jb.     See  Advertise- 
ment in  AgrioidtU7-al  Gasette  of  March  13,  page  169. 

Wst    Jacksov  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Rfdnle,  Yorkshire. 


B 


EE    HIVES, —  A    NEW    AND    EXTENSIVE 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND    ORMSON,    Danvers-atreet,    C 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  t 


Chelsea, 

the  con- 
struction uf  Horticultural  Erections,  vihich,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  ciinoot  be  surpassed  bj 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  Jk  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  aud  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  "by  whom  thej 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  al.so  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  fur  all  purposes  to  which  the 
applioation  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


A  detailed  Catalogue,  wiih  Drawing'iand  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Ho!bi>rn,  London. 

'*  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr,  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.  Neighbour  and  Sons  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbour."— J.  I{,  JPayne,  (Seethe 
"Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169    170). 

Aqents. — Liverpool:  Wm,  Drury,  Castle-street.  Maneheflter: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  60,  Kinu-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
MoAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dublia  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
DaniP-s'reef. 


T' 


RATING  NURSERYMEN'S  GREENHOUSES. 
HE  NURSERYMEN  and  MARKET  GAR- 
DENERS are  respecifully  solicited  lo  respond  to  tlio 
APPEAL  very  generally  addressed  to  the  Tiade  some  weeks 
since,  as  without  liberal  funds  the  committee  will  be  unable  to 
resist  the  cases  that  may  arise. 

All  Post-office  orders  made  payable  to  the  Secretary,  Mr,' 
JnsEPB  Faibbairn.  Nurseiies,  Cinphann. 


FREEDOM  FROM  COUGH  IN  TEN  MINUTES 
is  insured  by  Da.  LOCOCK'S  PULMONIC  WAFERS. 
From  Mr.  J .  W.  Bowden,  Bonkseller,  Murker-place,  Gains- 
borough — "  Several  persons  in  this  neighbourhood,  who  have 
been  afflicted  with  apparently  incurable  Asthmas  and  Coughs 
for  a  series  of  years,  have  itiund  rehef  only  in  the  use  of  Dr. 
Locock'a  Wafers."  These  Waters  give  ios'ant  relief  and  a 
rapid  cure  of  Asthma,  Coughs,  and  all  disorders  of  the  Breath 
and  Lungs.  To  Singers  and  Public  Speakers  they  are  inva- 
luabje  for  clearing  and  strengthening  the  voice.  They  have  a 
pleasant  taste.  Price  Is.  l^rf.,  2s.  9d.,  and  Us.  per  boxk  Sold 
by  alt  medicine  venders. 

Also.  Da.  LOCOCK'S  FEMALE  WAFERS,  the  best  Medi- 
cine for  Females,     They  have  a  plea3nnt  taste. ^_^ 

ETCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 


lyfET 


has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
diviytons  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— la.  An  Improved  CIothes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  theu-'Ual  time,  and  incapable  of  injuring  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian bristles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brashes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  auccessful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  SpoUfTo,  with  Its  preserved 
valuableproperties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direcc  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smvrna  Sponge.  Only  at  MetcALFE, 
BiNGLEV,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  130b,  Oxford-street/ 
one  door  from  Holies-street. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  28.  perbox. 

Caption.—  Beware  of  the  words  ''From  MetOalfb'b," 
adopted  by  some  houses, 


13— 1S52.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


207 


WILLIAM  IIUSSEY  begs  to  inform  bia  Friends 
and  Iho  Public  that  his  DliSCIlfPri VE  CATAL^iyQE 
of  Dahlias,  Cinerarias  GeraniuoiB,  Honjh'>cks.  V«irbeii,is, 
PuchsiiiB,  ChrvsHntliemums,  Carnntions,  Pieotees,  Puiks, 
Pansies,  Bedding  Plans,  (to.,  Jic  ,  la  uow  ready,  and  muy  bo 
had  in  exchange  for  one  postiige  Btamp. 

Horticuliurul  Gardens,  Norwich,  March  27. 


NEW    AND    CHEAP    PLANTS. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Florist,  &c.,  Edgo  End, 
Marsden,  near  BaruJey,  Lancashire,  bciis  t<j  I'ffAtha 
foUowinff  Plants,  at  the  very  reduced  pricefi  attachea  ;^ 
GERANIUMS— Belle  of  the  Village,  Ci>astaiice,  F  eld  Marshal, 
Prince  of  Orance,  Cri=ipina,  Purity,  Jo-eplint,  Elegans,  Plu- 
tarch, King  of  Purples,  Pr.imetbeus,  Abd-el-Kuder,  SfuirUler, 
Terpsicho-e,  Mont  ttiiiuc  No.  2,  Pre-ideiit,  Lamartine.  Ondine, 
aieleager,  Juoii,  Nande'-,  Lord  Stanley,  Rebecca,  Virgin  Queert, 
Forget-meNut.  The  above  in  extra.  Btronpr  plans,  15.^.  pet- 
dozen,  or  2ti  for  11.  Geranium  Raphael,  Crusader,  Vit'gus, 
Norah,  Cavalier,  Honi>ra,  Gu  ielina,  Lady  Ebrini,"oii,  Rosa- 
munda,  and  several  others,  in  stroug  ^loomiug  p!:int3,  from 
7s.  €d.  to  9s.  per  dozen,  or  20  tor  155. 

CaOiC":;  Cr>JER.\RIAS.— Lndy  Gertrude,  WelHn-tou,  An- 
geliqae,  Carlotta  Grist,  Nymph,  Wedding  Ring:,  Delight,  Em- 
peror, Pauline,  Oi^liello,  Smispareil,  MiVijaretta.  Lady  Ara,. 
minta.  Amy  Robsart,  Fairy  Queen,  Madame  Miellez,  Electra,, 
Jtllae  Perftfcion,  Lady  Hume  CaiupbeM,  Ue>p!eudenfl,  Clt^nie'u- 
tine,  Handel,  Lady  Vernon,  an'l  Diocletian.  The  above  in 
nice  strong  ulaots,  from  12s.  to  los.  per  dozen,  or  ihe  lot  tor  U. 
Oiosraria  E'eauor,  Gem  of  the  I-le,  ^lailda.  iMadanie  Parodi, 
Coronet,  Caljpso,  NcAington  Beauty,  Sa  ellite.  Fairy  Ring 
Sapphire,  Prime  Minister,  Jenny  Lind,  and  Masterpiece.  The 
above  13  at  9d.  each,  *y  the  lut  for  9s; 

FUCHSIAS.— Alpha,  Bride,  Bridesmaid,  BriMIant,  Ciftpton 
Hero,  Cunspicua,  Bertance,  Diadem  of  Flora,  ElecT,  Globosa, 
Alba  grandiflora,  Heb-",  Koh-i-noor,  Loveliness,  Lord  of  the 
Isles,  Lady  of  the  Lake,  Madame  Soamg,  Prince  Arthur, 
Psyche,  Resplendens,  Roseola,  and  VoUigeur.  The  above 
Fuchsias  in  s'rong,  auturan-struck  plants,  I5s.  per  dozen,  or 
'20  for  11.  Spring-strucb  pl.mts,  including  all  the  leading 
varieties  of  last  spring,  free  by  post,  Itls.  Grf    per  dozen. 

DAHLIAS  (strong  plants  first  wtek  in  May),  all  the  new 
varieties  ot  last  spring,  9s.  to  12s.  per  doz  ;  older  varieties, 
4s  6ii.  to  6s.  per  dozen. 

PANSIES,— A  plant  of  the  yet  unrivalled  Pansy.  •'  Jenning's 
Kin?,"  witti  24  Oihers  selected  from  the  Amiimii  Catalogue, 
for  U. 

Verbena?,  Petunias,  AntirrhiuumSi  Chrysanthemums,  Pcarlefc 
Oeraniums,  &c.  Also  a  choice  selection  of  Bedding  Plauts, 
at  equally  reduced  piices,  catalogues  of  which  may  be  had  for 
one  stamp. 

It  is  rs'^pectfally  requested  that  all  orders  be  accompanied  by 
apost-offi-'o  order,  made  payable  at  Marsden,  Lancashire.  All 
orders  of  '21.  and  upwards  carriaije  free  to  Liverpool,  Mali- 
■chester,  and  Leeds;  Jor  more  distant  carriage,  plants  vpill  be 
be  added,  to  compensate. 

N.B.— A  choice  Collection  of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  9s. 
per  dozen  pair,  ca-ulnyueB  of  wbh^h  mny  be  Had  f.r  .,ni-  utamp. 


DAHLIA-"  WHITE    PERFECTION." 

GEORGE  BRITTLE,  Florist,  &c.,  Camp  Hill, 
has  much  pleasure  in  offi;riiig  the  above-oami:'d  Seedling 
DAHLIA,  feeling  tontident  it  will  give  entire  satisfuciion, 
being  the  best  Wdite  Dahlia  in  cultivaii  n.  "  Whitn  Perfec- 
tion" obtained  the  First  Prize  as  the  best  seedling  of  1S51,  at 
the  Handswortb  and  Lozell's  Horticultural  Society,  Aug.  26* 
Pirst  Prize  as  the  best  seedliog  Of  Unl  at  Wolverhampton' 
Sept.  4  ;  First  Class  Certificate  at  the  Midland  Floral  Society's 
Meeting,  ^ept.  8,  1861.  plants  early  in  May.  lOs.  Gd.  eauh. 
The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade  when  three  are  ordered. 
Birminehnm,  Msrfh  27. 


BALSAM  SEED,  the  tiueSt  in  the  world,  in  five 
classes  L-f  colours,  sealed  Packets,  with  direciions  for 
culture,  2s.  M.  the  five,  or  9d.  tin^fy.  Mimulus  Gigintea, 
the  largest  in  cu'tiiation,  Is.  to  5s.  per  plant.  DAHLIAS  :  the 
Scarle'.  King,  the  finest  of  its  class  ever  r^iaed,  IO3.  Gd. ;  Sir  F. 
Thesieer,  Dr.  Framp  on.  Sir  Richard  WnitUngton,  R.',b,  and 
all  the  best  new  ones  at  catalogue  prices  ;  Ditto  old  favourites, 
3.%  to  95  per  dozen.  Fuchsias,  Geraniums,  Cytt-.us  Race- 
inoBUS,  Srovy  and  Greenhouse  Plants  generally,  bedding  out 
Scarlet  Geriiniums,  2s.  Gd.  to  Ss.  p^er  dozen  — Post-office  orders 
to  Chables  it.  SMAt-LBjNE,  Dun?annon  Nureery,  Fulham, 
payable  at  P'ltney.  pmnipily  attended  to. 


ALL    POSTi  FREE. 

CHOICE  SEEDS.  — Packets  ot  fine  Mammoth 
Brocoli  Asiatic  Can'iflower,  Giant  Curled  Parsley,  gigan- 
tic Cos  Lettuce,  Micuheli's  EnBeld,  Cormack'!*,  and  Barnes* 
superior  early  Cabb;igf^s,  Giles  and  Sevmnur's  fine  Ce'ery,  the 
beat  binds  of  Cucumber,  Melon,  and  Vegetable  Mirrnw,  at  6d. 
each  packet :  Fine  ra'xed  German  Asters,  Stocks,  CalceoUria, 
Cineraria.  Prjrtuldco^,  Giant  Victoria  Stock,  C^in^iry  Oieeper 
Zinnias,  Bildams,  Cob-^a  scmdens,  Corconib.  Ice  Pi.mt  Sen-^i- 
tive,  Auricu'a,  Dahlia,  Pinhs,  Piilyarilhuse^,  Geranium,  Panev, 
Sweet  Vio":!,  anddbl  Sweelwillt;iTn,  Gd.  each  pkt.  lOU  pkts,  of 
Annuals,  Bi>;nnial3,  and  o^her  Seeds,  tit  for  present  sowing, 
warranted  ne^v,  for  53.  ;  50  for  -'J^,  ;  3',  for  2s.  Gd.  ;  12,  for  I3. 
SuperiorMignonet'e,  own  saving  warritnted  togrow  well,  a^  Gd. 
pvr  oz.  A  few  p^cke's  of  eitrn  fine  Balsam,  at  Is.  per  packet. 
With  each  ur»l.-r  a  Catalogue  will  be  Ben*,  comainini;  Hints  on 
Sowing,  *p,,  ur  ir  may  he  had  (or  Cw  1  Stamps,  on  application 
to  Joseph  Qhldino   Seed^mnn,  Ilastings- 

FRUtT  TREES,  FLOWER  AND  SEED  BEDS,  ETC 
yj'EW    TWINE    NETTING,  to  protect   the   bloom 

'*"^  *'f  Fetch.  Necrarine,  Apricot,  and  other  frees;  Flnwer 
nnd  SeedbcdB  from  Jro-it,  blight,  find  afterwards  the  Ripe  Fruit 
*v'*'"t  1*'''  '*'  ^*  ^  fencf;  ag^iinsE  lowls,  nigeons,  cats,  itc. 
.'ow  Twine  Ve'Miig.  1  jnrd  wifie,  l{d.  per  yard  ;  2  ^ar<l»  w\do, 
J.  perjmr'l;  ban  inch  mewh  ditto,  2  jards  wide.  5d.  per  yard. 
^Vont-d  >e'iiri^.  2  yards  wide,  4ti,  per  yard.  Sheep-folding  Net, 
"J  *°^'\^''\  qpaH«.T.  4  feet  hrch,  4d  per  yard,  ■  The  R^pdired 
-^ued  Pi-bioK  Netting,  2  or  3  jards  wide.  Ud.  per  yan 
■C  )ar<U  w-de.  Zd.  per  yard;  exactly  the  same  as  aHv*'rti> 


'anued 

lorC  ^      ^_  _     „. ^., .,,..- 

I.J  oTh.r.  a-  double  the  above'  pHcee^  Casting  Ner^.U.  per 
:  ytd  rr.nnd.  complMe.  Drag  N-t»  forponds,  lane-t,  and  riverc 
y.r:i  j,ir,e  .omcl^le,  12  jsrda  Idi.g,  U  5b.;  20  vard«  long,  2ij 
i-lii^  >«■,«,  c.n.pMe,  l».|KTBqui.re  .ard.  KahhitNLt^.  on  cord, 
12  mcftheft  #tdi!,  2<t  perjnrd,  or  9ji,  per  50  jar-ls.  No's  mii'10 
"»  order,  end  the  tr^.de  supplied,  at  William  0ull[:^gfobd'8j 
t,  Ktraibm  Tfr-fcrr.iC'*,  Bha'lwftil,  London.  Ordert  by  pont 
pjnrr'.uttMy  ntfnd^d  10,  Ord<-r«  above  2i.  will  b- forwarded 
ctrrMtfCi  paid,  t .  any  UnlUny  Station  In  the  KinjfdMin.  ' 

Caotiow.— Pir..ei,  nro  Q'lv«-rtl«lnK  Tunned  Net,  2  yards  wtdei 
3/1.  |i«rjrard,  without  utatlng  It  in  Old  Net. 

' I MNNEL)""NETTlNa,  for  the  I'rotection  of  Fruit 

J-  Tri«ei  from  fro»»,  bli^jhr,  and  birds,  and  for  the  ii-cuiitj 
of  ffc*b-«i.wn  deed'-,  either  tn  ffdrdcnn  or  Hold*,  nC  Id.  yet 
■qu-ire  jnrd,  200  yarfl*  for  I4j,,  500  jardu  for  'dOa  ,  h  00  jnrd* 
fm  ttifi.     Mtriiii  c'juvai  for  wall  (riiit,  net-In  r    for  shrep  fotdg  ; 

I  con«ld»rrtb!e  »uvlng  of  lot.our,  and  lemtt  xpcimf  than  hurdles' 
un  bfind*  In  ((rent  vnrletUn,  rick  cloih»,  *ltb  pol.-ii,  «tc. 
MsrqnecB,  lent^,  awningi,  and  teni(MtrMr>  ror^mH,  with  hoat'cd 
Jloor*.  olfg'intly  lintfl  and  lighted  (..r  tac*,  die  ,  on  Hdle  or 
hiro,  f^Hrriiii;*:,  c<irt.  and  tru';k  covi-rn  imprrvlou*  to  mtn  ; 
«?lfr.h«  r>f  Ihe  coverintr  of  fat  Mitlire  in  cha>  g«  of  u-tilHcno..,  Ac, 

r«rp4(jinni«  00  r  ire  fur    hrtuoe^    undiT    rotuir.   fit    THOMAS 

BKOiSO  t  ON  at  Oo,'»,  17,  >mlthfl.;td-nHr-,  «Dd  Old  Kont.road. 

M.B,  Orders  and  lnquiric«  per  post  puDctuolIy  atteudod  to. 


Sales  6g  Auction. 

TO   GENTLEMEN,    FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS, 

MESSRS.  PROTHEKOE  and  MORRIS  will  sell 
by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  B.irtholom'-w- lane,  on  TUES 
DAY,  March  3(i,  at  12  o'clocli,  a  tiist-rate  collection  of  Caroa" 
tions  and  Piotec.  Stimdiird  and  Dwarf  Hoses,  Lancashire 
Hdoseberries  Hnd  Dahlias,  in  dry  rooti,  &c.,  the  property  of 
Mr.  WiUraer,  of  Sunbury.  May  be  viewed  the  morninti  of  sale. 
— Catalogius  bad  at  the  Mart,,  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Nnrsery.  L/^yton^tonp,  Essex. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHEaS. 

Another  portion  of  Mr.  Nohman'p  celebrated  collection  of 
Cainatinns  and  Picotees  :  abuut  400  selected  Standard  and 
Dwarf  Roses,  from  a  first-' ate  gro«er. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will 
Sell  bv  Anc'ion,  at  the  Mart.  Bartholomew-lane,  on 
THURSDAY.  April  Isr.  1S52,  at  12  o'clock,  the  above  co'leotion 
of  Ciirna'ion-*  and  Pico  ees,  comprisin*  all  the  leading 
varieties  in  cultivation  ;  also  choice  American  Plan's,  Dahlias, 
Fuchsijis.  Verhenag,  with  a  qiiantity  of  Plants  in  b^oom  May 
be  viewed  the  morning  of  S^le,  Catalogues  to  be  had  at  the 
Mart,  and  at  the  Auctioneer's  American  Nur8i:ry,  Leytonstone. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,   EXHIBITORS,    AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROt:  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  Mr,  Ayres.  who  is  declinin;;  the  cultivation 
of  hard-wonried  Plants,  to  offer  for  s-ile  nt  the  Auction  Mart 
on  TUESDAY,  fith,  and  WEnNESDAY,  7ih  April,  at  12  for  1 
o'clock  precii^elv,  a  choice  assortment  of  S  I'OVB  and  GREEN- 
HOUSE PLANTS,  compriricg  specimens,  many  of  them  fit 
for  eshibilion,  of  Azaleas,  Camellias,  Ericas,  Eriostemons, 
Pimeleas,  Deilwynais,  Genistas,  Aphelexi:*,  Stephanotis, 
Sienocarpu^,  EscalloniaS,  Epacris,  Zichyas,  Cordas,  Dielytra 
spectabi  is,  Agathosma  Bossias,  die  ,  Ac  ,  with  a  choice 
assortment  of  the  same  kinds  in  smaller  plants.  Also 
a  choice  assortment  of  Show  and  Fancy  Pelargoniums, 
comprising  the  following  kinds :— FANcibS :  Alboni,  Ad- 
mirable, Bouquet  tout  Fait,  Fairy  Q'leen.  Formosa,  Hero 
of  Surrey,  Itolinsltii,  Jenny  Lind,  Magnifica,  Ac.  —  Snow: 
Ajar,  Alderman,  Alonzo,  Beauty  of  Mnntpelier,  Brilliant, 
Cardinal,  Centurion.  Conspicuum,  Constatic,  Cracker,  Cru- 
Bader,  Elegine,  Field  Mar.sha',  Flavin.  Gener  ilissimo,  TsIp, 
Lord  Stanley,  Magnificent,  May  Queen,  Nectar  Cup,  Nonauch, 
Ocellatum,  Oadme.  Prince  Arthur,  Prince  of  Orange,  Sala- 
mander, Satisi-action,  Stir.  Virgin  Queen,  <fcc.,  with  a  choice 
collection  of  Cineraries,  Verbenas,  many  of  them  blooming 
and  named  sorts,  and  fit  for  immediate  ^ffect. 

Messrs.  P.  and  M.  beg  to  direct  special  attention  to  these 
plants  as  being  such  as  are  rarely  (offered  at  the  Mart,  and 
will  be  B'lld  without,  any  reserve.  The  specimen  plants  will 
be  sold  singly,  and  the  others  arranged  in  lots  suitable  to 
both  laree  and  small  purchasers.  On  view  the  morning  of 
Sale.     Cdt  ilosfues  will  be  ready  in  a  few  days. 


TO      ORNITHOLOGISTS. 

Me.  MILTON'S  WELL-KNOWN  COLLECPION  OF 
BaiTl>H    iiIRDS. 

MR.  J.  C,  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Grpat  Roorn,  33,  King-street,  C  ivent-gardeo,  Loudon, 
on  TUESDAY,  6rh  April,  at  12  for  I  i-'ciock,  a  very  valuable 
and  nearly  complete  Collection  ot  BRiTISa  BIRDS,  set  up  in 
the  beit  manner  bv  the  most  eminent  Natur  ilists  of  the  present 
day,  all  in  fine  preservation,  and  arranired  according  to  Yarrell ; 
alsoa  Collection  of  BRIflsH  BIRUS'  EGGS,  including  muny 
rare  tipeoies.  May  be  viewed  on  the  day  prior  to  sale,  and 
Catalogues  had  of  Mr.  Milton,  No,  10,  Great  Marylebone- 
street;  and  of  Mr.  J,  C.  Stevens,  3S,  King-street,  Covent 
Garden.  London. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS.   AND    OTHERS. 
A    FlRST-rtATE    COLLECTION    OF    CARNATIONS    AND 
PICOTEES. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Roum  o3,  King-srree',  CovL-ni-gardeu,  on  THURS- 
DAY, April  8,  at  12  for  1  o'c'ocU.  without  tc-serve,  the  surp  us 
stock  of  CARNATIONS  ai«d  PI00T8ESof  the  well  known 
growers  Messrs.  Yuuell  anH  Co,,  inclodi  ic,  Carnaiions  :  Flora's 
Garland,  Puxlej'o  Pi  ince  Albert,  Cnunr.  Paqlina,  Knosthorp  Pet, 
Lord  of  ttie  M;<nor,  Baud:..'s  Louis  Napoleon,  Ac.  Ptcoteea  : 
Gem,  Ju'iet.  Wildmaii's  Ihabella,  Lady  Smith,  Heroine,  i&c. 
Yellow  Picotees  :  Malvolio,  Malay  Ch'et',  tcHpse,  i:c. — May 
be  viewed  the  rtay  before  the  sale,  and  Catalogues  forwarded  on 
prepaid  apidica  ion  to  Mr,  J.  C.  Stevens,  33,  Kinji-street, 
Covent-gardeu.  London. 


HIGH     ELMS,    FARNBOROUGhi,  KENT. 

IMPORTANT  SALK    OF    SHoitT-UOltN  ED  CAt'TLE  AND 
SOr'TtlUOWN  SHEEP. 

MR.  H.  STRAFFORD  has  received  instruction^ 
from  Sir  .IiiHN  VV.  LoBUyCK.  Biirr.,  Hi^'h  Elms,  Fain- 
borough,  Brttmley,  to  announce  f>ir  H.de  by  Auc  ion,  w'th' ut 
rtserve,  at  the  Norih-eiid  Farm,  on  WEDNESD '^Y,  the  7ch  of 
April  nex'.  ahouc  TRIRlY  HEAD  ..f  SHOR  I'-ilOKNED 
BULLS,  COWS,  and  H  lil  e' I- RS,  whch  hcve  been  chiefly  bred 
from  cows  purchased  of  Mr  Cartvvright  of  Tathwell,  and 
since  crossed  bv  fir^t-class  bulls  from  the  far-famed  herds  of 
the  late  Earl  Spencer,  Sir  C.  Kni^^hcley.  Bart.,  Messrs.  Booth, 
Coombe,  i5ic.  Ali-o.  2J0  p'lrn  Souilidown  sheep,  consisting  of 
30  ewcH  anil  couples,  ZIO  ewe  tegs,  8')  wether  tegs,  bred  from 
the  ceLbraied  flocks  of  MoMsrs.  Bllman,  Muore,  ot  PeWscy, 
Northeast,  and  Willinm?,  of  Buckland, 

Catuloguep,  with  the  pedigrees,  ilic.,  are  now  read^,  and  may' 
be  had  upm  appiicdiion  to  Mr,  Strafford,  3,  Canid^n-villas, 
Camdec-town  ;  and  of  Mr.  Stow,  Furnborough-halJ,  neai'' 
Bromley.  Kent. 

London    March  27, 


BULLS    FOR    SALE. 

MESSRS.  LAMBERT  and  HARKER  have  re- 
ceived instruc  tico^s  to  sell  l-i-  Au.-rldn,  .m  TIIURSDAV, 
the  8th  day  of  April,  Five  superior  BULLS,  belfinfjing  to  Mr. 
J.  W.  Se\Vart,  of  Bank  Cott  .ge,  near  Sedbn-^gh,  Yorkshire, 
viz.,  one  Bull,  r<  d  and  white,  2  yeirs  ami  7  months  old,  by 
M  'gician,  u'  t  by  Morpet'i  (72o5),  dnni  Fairy  T^il-",  by  Sir  Thos. 
F.irtax  519!),  «d  Tii-nhasin",  bv  Silllm^ton  (5  (27),  g  g  d  bv 
You-  g  Ito.  ktoi.'h'im  (2547),  g  g  g  d  bv  Diivet-  (19^8),  g  (J  g  g  d 
by  Rk-hiird  (1370)  ;  for  pod!gr«eof  Mi.rpeih.  i-ee  '*  Herd  Book  ;'* 
dHrti  yiefo.lit,  got  liy  Pockiniihiim  (1D30),  bred  by  Sir  Charles 
Tempest,  B.irt,,  HroUf.'h  on  Hail,  jiot  bv  Nhi.rod  (2371).  One 
red  do  .  1  year  and  5  uionth*i  old,  by  Mnnioiun,  by  Morpeth, 
dam  MutiMu  by  the  Hero  Don  J. dm  |(i58ri),  g  d  Heroine,  by 
Dan  O'Connidl  (H507J,  g  k  d  Helena,  by  Itowland  (2iJ7IJ,son  ol* 
Mlrficle  (2;J2()).  One  roari'^d  do,,  10  ninmhs  old,  by  MHgiclan, 
bj  Morpeth,  dam  Tn'ip.  by  llubml  (05-i(i).  bred  by  the  Eiirl  of 
Lonsdrtle,  dam  by  Youo;f  Gnii.)<inl,  by  Old  Oulntord  (2(l4l  1. 
Oiirt  rJo.,  red,  I  y.  ar  tj  d,  by  Ibo  IMifion  Hero,  b>  Erfclbm 
(9t7rt).  dam  vdnrii:  S'luwbet  ry,  Omi  roaned  do.,  7  months 
o'd,  by  OJmridding,  by  Ti  ?ny  Lud  (8(111),  by  w«Hiinorl.iiid, 
Trie  diirnh  u\ny  hii  Ht-t^n  a>.  ihe  liinn  of  M.le,  mid  fur'her  pant- 
<  u'lir*  nniy  tm  hiKt  by  iip|ttylng  to  the  oi^ni;r.  At  tlio  sumo 
tlrn»i  wtH  bfl  Mtld  go  In  ii'l  of  riiftki  fwi'hout  pedigieeH).  The 
R.I-  \Wll  coinmiMic;  II'  12  ..'<-lot  k  ir-cin.-ly. 

N  H.  Si"lb.-rgh  iH  hvo  iiiilcH  dtHraiit.  fr  mi  tlio  Lownill  S'OtInn 
on  thu  JjatiOBSier  and  Curlinlv  JUIlvia>.~UCLtbbrgb,  Muruta  ^7. 


Important  Sale  of  well  selected  and  valuable  Live  H'oc't    Sta 
gnnhne    Bottom,    abju'-   Hve    miles    from    the    Wolwia    and 
Uitchm  Stations  on  the  Great  North-To  Railway. 

]\/TESSRS.  PAGE  and  CAMERON  will  SELL    bv 

WFRM^SMAv'^w*  «"  »h«  P'-eml.es,  Stagen'.oo  Kortom,  oi 
WEDNESDAY,  Mirch  SI,  bv  orrectioo  of  Mr.  Wii:,r,iAM  Bates 
who  IS  quitting  the  farm,  TEN  powerful  CART  HOitSES.  five 
three,  and  two-year  old  cart  colta  and  fillies  a  promi«  ng  threel 
year  old  nag  coU,  7i  head  or  short-horn  c.w  stock,  comprising 
21  fino  fresh  two-years  old  st.ers.  a  handsome  two-years  old 
bull,  1.  very  superior  heiters  in  calf.  3  barren  heifers  34  year- 
ling' ste.ri,  270  prime  fat  h  .If.bred  tegs.  «  sows  in  oie  a  boar 
and  40  strong  Berkshire  store  hogs,  &c-a'6  about  10n« 
fnggots  in  1(1  stacks.  Rsfresl.m -nts  mil  be  provided  at  n 
o'clock,  and  the  Sitle  commence  at  half-piist  12  ounctuallv 
May  be  view-ed  on  the  raornrng  of  S  ile.  a-.d  C  i^  .1, ,1.  «  bad  at 
the  Inns  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  at  the  Cro-s  KevH  s\  Tnhn- 
etreer,  Smithfield  ;  tne  Old  B^l,  Holborn  ;  and  of  Messrs  Paqe 
and  CAUElt<(N.  Land  Agen's  and  Surveyors,  3a,  Buokleraburv 
London,  and  St.  Alhan's  and  Barnet,  Herts.  '* 

FREE    TRADE     IN     GENUINE     SEEDS     AND 
GOOD    PLANTS. 

MESSRS,  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  sell  by 
Auction,  at  the  M-irt,  Birt^iolomew-lane,  on  THURS- 
DAY. April  1st,  and  followin'^r  day,  at  12  o'clock,  about  200 
COLLECTIONS  OF  VEGIOTABLE  AND  FLOVEIt  SEEDS 
all  the  genuine  growth  of  1351,  and  lotted  to  suit  Amateurs 
and  the  Trade,  At  the  same  time  will  he  so'd  a  valuable 
assortment  Of  Carnations,  Picotees,  and  Pinks,  fine  named 
Hollyhocks,  choice  Hei  baceous   Plants,  the  neive^t  varieties 

of  Dahlias,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Geraniums,   fee.  itc. Maybe 

viewed  the  moi-niog  of  sale,  and  Catalngaes  had  at  the  Mart, 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  50,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezar 
Aureery,  Shacklovfeil. 

ipARM  TO  LET,  on  very  advantageous  terms oa 

i-  lease  or  yearly  tenancy.  About  30(J  acres  of  Clay  Land, 
thoroughly  drained,  in  a  midland  county,  near  a  u'ood  market 
and  a  good  railway.  The  Roads,  House,  and  Offices  are  all  in 
excellent  condition.  Rates  very  low  ;  no  pressure  of  the  poor  ; 
Tithe  free  ;  Rent  low  ;  no  Rabbits  ;  very  favourable  entry  as  to 
tenant  rigtit ;  Game  not  etricrly  preserved.  About  GO  acres 
more  of  Grass  Land  might  be  added  if  required. 

Persons  desirous  of  trening  for  this  very  eligible  occupancy 
are  requested  to  apply  by  lotter  to  the  editor  of  the  Gardeners 
Chronicle,  at  the  0£B,ee,  5,  Upper  WeHiogton-street,  Strand 
London. 


TO  MARKET-GARDENERS,  HOTEL-KEEPERS 
AND  OTHERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  at  Twickenham,  near  the  Railway 
Station,  the  large,  well-siocked,  and  productive  GARDEN 
of  the  late  Sir  Jonathan  Wathen  Waller.  It  embraces 
upwards  of  3  acres,  has  four  Graperies,  and  a  ran^e  of  Pine 
Pits,  all  in  ne^fect  order,  and  the  walls  extend  upwards  of 
1501)  feet.  There  is  on  the  ground  a  commodious  COTTAGE, 
cm'aining  10  rooms  in  excellent  repair,  and  fitted  up  with 
Water-closets,  and  other  comfortable  conveniences,  having 
been  occupied  as  summer  lod^^ings  for  the  family  of  the  late 
proprietor.  At  present  the  whole  ground  is  under  crop.  Rent, 
iocludiog  Cottage  and  Oat-buildiogs,  751.  per  annum, — Apply 
to  JaMEs  Clabk,  24,  Billiter-sireet,  London. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING— 
Id  per  yard  2  feet  wide. 


-^^likwuSStSit'^ 


Galvan- 
ised, 
.  7(f.  per  yd. 
•    9        ». 
.  12 


Japanned 

Iron. 
5(7.  per  yd. 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide  , 

2-inch     ,,       strong  ,, 

2-inch      ,,       extra  strong  ,, 
Ig-inch     ,,      light  ,j  ...     8        ,,  S-       „ 

Ig-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10       ,,  8        ,, 

l|.inch      ,,       extra  strong    ,,  ...  ]4        ,,  11        „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionnte  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  ia  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reiiuce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvani&ed  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
Zii.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  frei^. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, I-Iull,  or  Newcastle. 

FRUIT   TREES^    POULTRY,    ETC. 
T^ANNED    GARDEN     NETTING    for    protecting 

-L  Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  bi-dn,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  .Iohn  King  Fahlow's  FishiiJg  Tackle 
and  Net  Maniifactot'y,  5,  Crooked-lane,  London  Bridge,  at 
\\d.  yard  wide,  Zd.  two  yards,  or  6d.  four  yards  wide.  All 
oi'ders  above  20s.  accompanied  with  Post-offije  order,  stamps, 
or  London  ref'-rimci',  cinrlaiie  free. 


E 


GGS  OP  THE  GOLD  AND  SILVER  PENCILLED 

HAMBURUHS.  at  85.  Cd,  a  set  oJ  18,  incluHiog  package. 
Apply  to  T.  WALKEit  jun  ,  Reeston.  near  No'tinj^ham. 


BUDDING'S   IMPROVED    LAWN    MOWERS   AND 

GARDEN    ROLLERS. 
.[^/JR.     SAMLELSON,     Britannia     Irow     Wdftlts, 

i'l  Banbduv,  Ox. .11  (SuL-ccesor  10  the  late  JaffliS  Gardner), 
to  avoid  tiie  disappointment  experienced  Ifiat  seusoii  as  regitrda 
iheir  deUvery,  will  (eel  oldincd  Viy  oldcra  lor  Ilia  above 
Miacbiiies-lh  the  cu'tliig  iic'ion  of  wblcli  ho  hns  iir.ade  great 
improvement!*— and  fur  GAltDEN  ROLLERS,  being  fjlVen  as 
early  as  possl'do. 

DoMvcry  free  (o  all  plfloes  on  the  London  dtfd  NOl'th  Western 
and  Gicat  Wi-stort<  nnd  Midland  Hailways. 

Drawings  and  Price  LIsis  of  the  above,  as  weUaihid  QWfftral 
Implement  List,  forwarded  on  opplicatloit, 

A  LLSOPP'S    EAST    INDIA  PALE  and  dTtoR 

■tl-  HURION  aLEs.— The  public  Is  rei-pOctfuMy  informed 
the  Ai.ES  of  tills  Hcawon'H  Brewings  arurtow  rdady  for  delivery, 
and  may  bo  obtiilnod  Genuine  in  Ciifiks  o'  18  Giillons  and 
upwardM,  eitluT  singly  or  in  any  qnimtlty,  at  tlii^r  renpectivo 
Stoix'H,  iiH  under,  where  also  a  liNt  ol  the  Bottlers  in<iy  be  bad  : — 

I'ho  Urowcry,  Binton-oo-Trvnt ;  61,  King  Wiiiiani-streer, 
City,  Loudon;  Co"k-hHect,  Llverpbol  ;  Hlgii-BtrJct,  Birming- 
hani ;  Tlio  ICxchango,  Miitichcfltor;  Royal  lll'efl'cry,  Dudley  i 
nnddSj  Virginia-street,  Qlusgoff, 


208  THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.   [March  2?. 


ESTABLISHED) 


11786. 


WEST    OP    EHGLAND 

AGRICULTURAL  &  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT 

FOR  THE  SUPPLY  OF  EVERY  REQUISITE  FOR  THE  FARM  AND  GARDEN,  ^ 

UNION     ROAD,     PLYMOUTH 

(ADJOINING   THE    STATION    AND   TERMINnS    OF    THE    SOUTH    DEVON   rf'AILWAY). 

CASH     PRICE-CURRENT     OF    AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS 
SOLD    BY    W,    E.    RENDLE    AND    CO., 

SEED    AND    MANURE    MERCHANTS,    PLYMOUTH, 

By  Special  Appointment  to  the  South  Devon  Agrricultural  Association;  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Prince  Edward's  Island'  and 
under  the  patronage  of  several  of  the  Council,  and  other  Members  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England. 

All  Orders  for  Seeds  above  dB2.  (excepting  heavy  articles,  as  Grain^  Tares,  Clover,  &c.),  wilt  be  delivered  FRES 
OF  CARRIAGE  to  any  Station  on  the  following  Railways :— Great  Western,  Bristol  and  Birmingham,  Southampton 
and  Dorchester,  Bristol  and  Exeter,  South  Western,  South  Devon,  or  to  any  Market  Town  in  Devon  and  Corn- 
wall^ or  to  Cork,  Dublin,  and  Liverpool,  by  Steamers. 

The  Terminus  and  principal  Station  of  the  South  Devon  Railway  is  close  to  our  Union-road  Establish toent,  so  that  we  now  enjoy  direct  railway  communication 
to  all  the  principal  towns  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales.  Our  premises  are  also  within  five  minutes'  walk  of  the  Great  Western  Doclcs,  from  whence  steamers  are 
continually  running  to  Cork,  Dublin,  Belfast,  Glasgow,  London,  Falmouth,  and  most  of  the  principal  ports  in  the  kingdom. 

Seeds  for  Exportation  can  be  obtained  properly  packed  to   arrive  in  good  condition. 


Noblemen,  Clergymen,  or  Gentlemen  requiring  Seeds  for  gratuitous  distribution  to  their  Tenantry,  or  to 

Cottagers,  will  be  supplied  on  the  most  liberal  terms. 


Iffizture  of  Select  Grasses  for  laying  down 
Land  to  Permanent  Pasture. 

The  kinds  are  most  carefully  saved,  all  uosioua  weedfl  being 
excluded.  Tlie  PelectionB  will  contaiu  several  species  of  Fes- 
tucas,  Loliums,  PoaF,  and  Trifoliums  in  such  quantities  as  will 
beet  suit  the  soil  for  which  the  selection  is  iutended.  We 
usually  send  2  bushels  of  li^ht  seed  and  12  lbs.  of  heavy  seed 
per  acre,  which  will  be  sufficient  for  most  soils.  The  lartje 
increasing  demand  for  Grasses  for  permanent  pasture,  enables 
us  to  reduce  the  price  to  25s.  or  SOa.  per  acre,  according  to  the 
sorts  required  to  suit  the  soil.  (Gentlemen  giviog  their  orders 
are  requested  to  state  the  quality  of  the  soil,  situation,  die.) 

For  Permanent  Lawn  Pastures. 

In  Lawns,  or  Oraamental  Parks,  it  is  generally  desirable  to 
have  a  predominance  of  fine  evergreen  Grasses.  The  price  of 
the  best  Lawn  Graaa  is  20s.  per  bshl.,  3j.  pergal.,  or  la.  3rf.  p.  lb. 

Por  Permanent  Pasture  and  Hay  in  Orchards 
and  other  Grounds  much  overshaded  with 
Trees. 

We  can  supply  a  very  excellent  mixture  of  Grasses  suitable 
for  the  above  purposes  at  30s.  per  acre,  comprising  2  bushels  of 
light  seed  and  12  lbs.  of  heavy. 

Por  Heathy  or  Moory  Lands  which  have 
been  improved,  with  a  view  to  their  pro- 
ducing better  Pasture. 

"We  can  oiier  :  n  excellent  mixture  for  Healhy  or  Moory  Lands, 
at22s,  p.  acre,  with  varieties  which  will  thrive  best  on  suchsoilsl 

Por  laying  down  Shallow  Uplands  and 

Sheep  Walks. 

For  this  purpose  we  can  uflfer  a  very  excellent  assortment 
suitable  fur  elevated  eituattijns,  which  we  can  render  at  28s.  per 
acre,  to  proilace  excellent  pasture  for  sheep. 

^  CTf  Mltl3B^^:p^jeparation  for  Irrigation. 

In  this  niixiure^-A'e  placa  Jhose  varieties  that,  from  their 
naturai  habi.K,  wil'rt-tund  an  excessive  moieture.    30s.  per  acre. 

Mixture  for  renovating  Old  Pastures,  Park 
Lands,  &c. 

We  can  supply  nn  excellent  selection  for  renovating  old  pae- 
tnre^,  deficient  of  Clovers  and  the  finer JSrassea,  at  8s.  per  acre, 
CL.mpriB!ng  about  10  lbs.  of  seed,  at  lodfper  lb. 

Fine  Grass  Seed  for  Pleasure  Grounds,  &c., 
kept  constantly  linder  the  Scythe.; 

Our  Selection  of  fine  Lartu  Gtesa  Seeds  has  always  given  the 
greatest  satisiactioo.  i, 

The  best  and  mofit  select  kinds  are  only  supplied  in  this 
mixture,  ptrfectly  clean'Tnud  free,j01|om  all  impel fection,  20ff.  per 
bushtl,  8s.  per  gallon,  or  \s.  3a!,  jier  lb. 

MIXTURES 

Can  also  be  supplied  for  "Pasturaeie  and  Cover  in  rich  shady 
"Woods,"  for  "Improved  Deep  Mossy  Ground,"  for  "Marshy 
Grounds,"  for  "  W-irrena  audil^ght  Paady  Soils,"  for  "  Dry 
GruTL-lly  Sttuarione,"  and  for  "  Drifting  or  Blowing  Sands," 

7/1  giniug  ordei-s  for  tk&  above  sdcctionSf  we  beg  rcfpecl/uUi/  to 
request  that  the  qaal'dy  of  tlte  soil  be  given  for  which  the  Seed  is 
rcqidiedf  whetlwy  it  be  moi:it,  or  dry,  of  a  peaty  or  calcareous 
luUure;  and  it  will  be  also  very  materiai  to  state  tlie  altitude,  ex- 
PQiure,  or  other  pcouliarities'. 


LIST     OF    GRASSES.-Coiitiinied.        Perbshl.-s.  d. 


CREEPING  PESOOB  GRASS  (Festuca  rubra) 16 

MEADOW  FESCOB  GRASS  (Buuetum  pratense)        ...  10 
RYE  GRASS-LIKE  FESODE  iBucetum  joliaceum)      ...  12 

WOOD  MEADOW  GIIASS  (Poanemoralis)       20 

FERTILE  MEADOW  GRASS  (Poafertilis)        20 

SMOOTH-STALKED  MEADOW  GRASS  (Poapratcnsis)  20 
ROUGH-STALKED  MEADOW   GRASS  (Poa  triyialls)  14 

OAT  GRASS  (Trieetumpratense) 12 

SWEET  VERNAL  GRASS  (Anthoxanthum  odoratum)  20 
CRESTED  DOG'S-TAIL  GRASS  (Oynosurus  cristatus)  18 


CLOVERS- 
COMMON  OR  ENGLISH  RED  CLOVER  (Trifolium  pra- 
tense). — Price  6c?.,  Id.,  and  Sd.  per  lb. 

FORKIGN  RED  CLOVER.— Price  8d.  per  lb. 

PERENNIAL  RED  CLOVEK,  OR  COW  GRASS  (Trifolium 
pratense  perenne). — The  We&t  of  England  is  famous  for  this 
variety  of  Red  Clover,  which  is  of  very  permanent  duration. 
The  leaves  are  more  woolly  than  the  common  red.  We  have 
some  very  superior  samples  this  season,  saved  espressly  for 
us.     Price  8d.  to  9d.  per  lb. 

WHITE  oa  DUTCH  CLOVER  (Trifolium  repen8).—8d.  p.  lb. 

ALSIKE  CLOVER  (Trifolium  hjbridum).— Price  25.  per  lb. 

CRIMSON  ITALIAN  CLOVER  (Trifohum  incarnatum).— 
Price  6d.  per  lb. 

YELLOW  SUCKLING  CLOVER  (Trifoliam  filiforme).— 
Price  Is.  per  lb. 

BOKHARA  CLOVER  (Melilofus  leucanthamajor).— 2j.p.  lb 


TURN  I  PS   (Brassica  rapa). 
Swede  Turnips. 

COMMON  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE.— Price  9d.  per  lb.,  or 
53.  per  pallon. 

SKIRVING'S  PURPLE-TOP.— Price  9d.  per  lb.,  or  5s. 
per  gallon. 

LaING'S  improved  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE.— Price  Od. 
per  lb.,  or  5s.  per  callon. 

RENDLE'S  IMPERIAL  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE.—  This 
variety  was  introduced  by  ourselves,  a  few  years  ago,  and  has 
given  great  satisfaction  to  all  who  have  grown  it.  It  is  very 
handsome,  having  a  short  neck,  small  tap  roots,  and  is  re- 
markably solid  and  heavy  ;  but  its  most  valuable  property  is  io 
being  a  very  lonij  keeper,  and  will  store  lon<rer  than  any  other 
sort.  It  is  remarkably  hardy,  and  produces  a  great  crop. 
This  ■oarielif  is  grown  exclusively  for  us  by  careful  growers.  Price 
Is.  per  lb.,  or  tis.  per  gallon. 

RENDLE'S  HARDY  BRONZE-TOP  SWEDE.— This  variety 
is  extremely  hardy,  and  handeomo  in  shape,  being  of  aglobul^r 
form,  without  much  neck  ;  the  top  has  a  singular  bronzy  ap- 
pearance. It  has  given  the  greatest  satisfaction  to  all  who 
have  grown  it.     Price  Is.  per  lb.,  or  6s.  per  gallon. 

MATSON'S  PURPLE-TOP  SWEDE.— Price  Is.  per  lb., 
or  6s.  per  gallon. 

ASHCaOFT  SWEDE.— Price  Is.  per  lb.,  or  6s.  per  gallon. 

GREEN-TOP  SWEDE— Price  8d.  per lb.,or  4s. pergalion. 


LIST    OF    GRASSES. 


:I.— s.  d. 


Per  bushel. 
COMMON  RTE.GRASS(Lolium  perenne) 

SCOTCH  PERENNIAL  UYE-GRASS        

EVBliGlLREV   UYE-GRASS,  on  DETON  EVER 

PACEY'S  PERENNIAL  RYB-QRASS     ■ 

(Thi*  variety  is  most  strongly  recommended.) 
STICKNEY'S  PERENNIAL  RYE-GRASS 
ITALIAN  RYE-GRASS  (Lolium  italicum) 
( We  Jtave  procured  a  large  sfocfc  of  this  valuable  vai-iity,  imported 

direct  from.  JUUy,  by  Messrs.  Lawson  and  Son.) 
DICKINSON'S   ITALIAN  RYE-GRASS  (Lolium  itali- 

cuiii  var.) 
TIMOTHY,    OB    CAT'S-TAIL  ■  GRASS    (Phleum    pra. 
.i,eusc)        ...         ., lOd.  pcrib. 


8    0 


SCOTCH    TURNIPS. 

PURPLE-TOP  ABERDEEN.— Price  is.  per  gallon,  Sd.  per  lb. 

SKIRVING'S  IMPROVED  F0RPLE-IOP  YELLOW.— 
Price  Is.  per  lb.,  Gs.  ppr  gallon. 

RENDLE'S  PORPLE-TOP  SCOTCH  YELLOW.— JTiis  sort 
has  been  lately  brought  into  iiotice  by  ourselves,  and  has  given  much 
satisfaction.  It  is  very  superior  to  the  old  Scotch  yet'.ow,  being 
firmer  in  texture,  and  much  more  hardy.  Wecan  withouthesitation 
say  thatitlias  given  universal  satiffaction.  Price  Is.  per  lb.,  Gs. 
per  gallon. 

GKBEN-TOP  YELLOW  BDLLOCK.— Price  1*.  per  lb.,  6s. 
per  gallon. 

HOOD'S  IMPERIAL  LARGE  YELLOW  GREEN-TOP.- 
63.  per  eallon,  Is.  per  lb. 

EARLY  FIELD  GREEN-TOP  YELLOW.— Ss.  per  gallon, 
Is.  per  lb.    GORDON'S  YELLOW.— Gs.  per  gal. ;  Is.  per  lb. 

Common  Turnips— White. 

WHITE  GLOBE.— 6iJ.  per  lb.,  3s.  per  gallon. 

POMERANIAN.— Price  4s.  per  gallon,  8d.  per  lb. 

WHITE  NORFOLK  OR  WHITE  ROHND.— 3s.  per  gallon, 
Sd.  per  lb. 

AUTUMN  STUBBLE  OR  SIS  WEEKS.— Price  lOd.  per  lb., 
5s.  per  gallon. 

Turnips— WMte,  with  Red  Tops. 

RED  GLOBE.— Gci.  per  lb.,  3s.  per  gallon, 
RED  NORFOLK.— fid,  per  ib..  3s.  per  gallon. 
LINOOLNSIIIUE  RED   GLOBE.— We  have  had  a  capital 
stock  of  this  excellent  kiod  growu  expressly  for  us.     It  is  very 
superior  to  tbe  other  reds,  aad  has  been  specially  recommended 
by  Philip  Pusey,  Esq.,  M.P.    Price  5s.  per  galloo,  lOrf.  per  lb. 


MEADOW   FOX-TAIL   GRASS  (Alopccurus  pratensis)  10 

TA!  L  iiAT-l.IICB  GRASS  (Arrhenatoerumavenaceum)  16 

ROUGH  (;0i:K'S.F00T  GRASS  (Dnotylis  glomerata)  ...  5 

S,'?-i','',r'^S'^"''  f''"S3iFestucadariuscula) 8 

SH,1.''i\?  ''"^ODE  GRASS  (Fostucaoviiia)       3 

FINE.LEAVED  FESCUE  (Feetuca  tenujfolia)     16 

Full  descriptions  of  all  the  above  will  be  found  in  our  BTB'Wr  AGUICUiTITR&l.  SEES  ca.TAI.aSVE,  which  can  be  had  in  exchange  for  One  Penny 

Stacap.     We  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  it  will  be  found  serviceable  to  every  one  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soih ^ 


SCOTCH    TURNIPS.— Conimued. 

Turnips- White,  with  Green  Tops. 

GREEN  GLOBE Price  Sd.  per  lb.,  or  4s.  per  gallon. 

GREEN  NORFOLK  OR  GREEN  ROUND.— Price  Gd.  per 
lb.,  or  3s.  per  gallon. 

Tankard  Turnips. 

These  are  of  an  oblong  shape,  and  grow  much  above  the  sur. 
face  of  tbe  soil ;  they  are  sometiuies  termed  the  Decanter 
shaped  Turnips. 

YELLOW  TANKARD,  or  called  by  some  the  Tankabd 
Swede. — Price  ]0d.  per  lb.,  or  5s.  per  gallon. 

WHITE  TANKARD Price  Sd.  per  lb.,  or  4s.  per  gallon. 

RED  TANKARD.— Price  Sd.  per  lb.,  or  4s.  per  gallon. 

GREEN  TANKARD.— Price  Sd.  per  lb.,  or  43.  per  gallon. 

Hybrid  Turnips. 

DALE'S  HYBRID.— Price  Sd.  per  lb.  or  4s.  per  gallon. 

THE  WOOLTON  HYBRID.- We  have  obtained  this  new 
variety  from  Messrs.  Lawsou  and  Son,  who  recommend  it  as  a 
very  valuable  kind,  being  globe-shaped,  and  keeps  frell  tiU 
March,    Price  lOd,  per  lb.  or  5s.  per  gallon. 

BEET    (Beta  vulgaris  hortensis), 
SILBSIAN  BEET.— Price  Is,  Sd.  per  lb. 
LARGE  RED  BEET.— Price 2s.  ed.  per  lb.  " 

CARROTS  (Daucus  carota). 
LARGE  WHITE  BELGIAN.— Price  8d.  per  lb. 
LARGE  RED  ALTRINGUAM.— Price  lOi.  per  lb. 
LONG  ORANGE.— Price  lOi.  per  lb. 
SHORT  ORANGE.- Price  Is.  per  lb. 
LARGE  YELLOW  BELGIAN.— Price  Is.  per  lb. 

Mangold  Wurzel  (Beta  vulgaris  campestrisj. 

LONG  KED— Price  Sd.  per  lb. 

LONG  YELLOW.— Price  Bd.  per  lb. 

LONG  WHITE.- Price  Is.  per  lb. 

RED  GLOBE.— Price  liij.  per  lb. 

IMPERIAL,  oa  OX  HORN.- Price  Gd.  per  lb. 

YELLOW,  OR  ORANGE  GLOBE.— Price  6d.  per  lb. 

MORTON'S  YELLOW  GLOBE.— We  have  this  season  pro. 
cured  a  most  excellent  stock  from  J.  C.  Morton,  Esq ,  tho 
Editorof  the  Agricultural  Gazette ;  the  bulbs  have  been  selected- 
with  care,  and  can  be  hi^^hly  recommended.    lOd.  per  lb. 

PARSNIP  (Pastinaoa  sativa). 
COMMON  CATTLE.— Price  lOd.  per  lb. 
LARGE  GUERNSEY.— Price  Is.  6d.  per  lb. 

CABBAGE    (Brassica).' 
LARGE  SCOTCH  DRUMHEAD.- Price  3s.  per  Ib. 
DWARF  FLATPOLE.— PriceSs.  perlb. 
THOUSAND-HEADED  CABBAGE.— Price  2s.  peril- 
LARGE  DRUMHEAD  SAVOY.- Piice  3s.  per  lb. 
KOHL    KABI,  GREEN  AND  PURPLE  TOP,  2s.  6         rib. 
EARLY  CAIILE  CABBAGE.— Price  4j.  perlb. 

RAPE    (Brassica  rapa). 
TRUE  DWARF  ESSES.-Price  2s.  per  gallon. 
FOREIGfJ  RAPE.— Price  Is.  Gd.  per  gallon. 

LUCERNE  (Medicago  sativa).— lOti.  perlb. 

TREFOIL  (Medicago  lupuUna). 

TREFOIL,  OR   YELLOW  CLOVER.— Price  4<i.  per  lb. 

Bird'S-foot  Trefoil  (Lotus  corniculatus). 
COMMON  BIRD'S-FOOT  TREFOIL.— Price  4s.  6(J.  per  Ib. 
GREATER  BIRD'S-FOOT  TREFOIL.— Price  4s.  6ii,  perlb. 

SAINFOIN  (Onobtrychis). 
COMMON  SAINFOIN.— Price  Is.  6d.  per  gallon. 
GIANT  SAINFOIN.— Price  2s.  6d.  per  gallon. 

Yarrow  or  Common  Milfoil  (Achillea  miilefolia). 

Price  3s.  Gd.  per  lb. 

Rib  or  Plantain  Grass  (Plantago  lanceoiata). 

Price  bd,  per  lb. 
Field  Peas  (Pisum  sativum  arvense). 
BISHOP'S  LAST  AND   BEST— NEW  EARLY  AGRICUL- 
TURAL PEA.— Price  3s.  per  gallon. 

Common  Furze— Whin  or  Gorse  (Ulex  Europseus)_ 

Price  lOrf.  perlb. 

Common  Parsley  (Petroselinum  sativum). 

Price  4s.  per  Rallon. 

Flax  or  Linseed  (Liuuiuusitatissimum) — Ss. p.  bshl. 

White   Mustard  (Sinapis).— 2s.  per  gallon. 

Gold  of  Pleasure  (Camelma  sativa).— Is.  per  lb. 


iiUBj.  Of  no  13,  Upper   Wohurn-place,  i»  the  p.ri.h  oi  St.  Pancra.,  lod  FaiD.BiOK  MutiBTT  Evabs,  ot  .\o.  7^Cburch.ro«-.  SloUe  Newluglon.  botb  In  the  Coooty  0(  m<U\mx   Prtotera.  at  their 
1,  InthePteciuct  ot  Wh:tcfriara,  iu  the  City  ol' London;  and  publithed  by  them  at  the  omi;e,  No.  6,  Charles-atreet,  in  the  paruh  o(  St.  Paul »,  Covent  garden,  la  the  aaid  Conuty,  where  all 
Adveitieemsntfl  and  Commubicntioua  are  to  be  AnnaaKaBD  to  the  Eniroa.— Saiubdas,  March  27, 1S52. 


THE  OARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


LTURAL    GA 


<A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  G-eneral  ?3"ews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Kdited  by  Professor  Lindley.. 

No.  U— 135  3.] 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  3. 


[Price  Qd. 


AfiTlcnltural  Soc.of  EQUl&Dd.,  219  b 

ADuuaiR.  bediJiQR ?13  b 

Beau,  NoDCBQcb  Kidney 214  b 

BkaonlfkCherere 214  a 

Birds.  British  son?  ...7...*....  -I'J  t 

Bohemia,  K^rdeaa  at   212  a 

Bioks  received -2\.i  t 

CnJeadar,  Horticnltaral   216  a 

CaoielliaB.  lo  repot .>...  2\o  b 

Cbrysantbemum 215  b 

Climate,  obeervatioQB  OQ 211   c 

Cochinral,  hardp 215  e 

Cairy  maaavement 219  6 

Days,  table  of  increaee  of 214  li 

JJKVODsliire  vegetatioD  ia   ....  2K  a 
Doteelshire  vetfetatioo  in  ....  214  e 

KrioQS  LychQidea  '2V2  b 

Fanam^,  improvemeDts  in....  217  c 

Fuaiii;aiine.  Bieve  214  a 

Ga-rdea  Rltaningt,  foielga.   ....  21^  a 

Goldfish 216  e 

Graftlas.  uftiural 214  a 


Quano.  new  deposit  of 

Uort,  Society's  Garden 

Ilex  latifolia 

Ironstone.,  effluvia  from  burning 

Land,  transfer  of 

Lawr''8pflctlDErate3 

Lswes'  (Mr.), experiments  .... 

Mildew.  Viae... 

Milk  cellars  

Plant  B.  efffct  of  climate  on..,. 

Rain  at  Cabbam 

Rbadodeodrons,  Sikkim 

Botham'tede.xperiinenis...... 

Rye,  to  BOW 

Seed  trade  

Sewer's  rates 

Tobucco.  lo  c;row 

VeRetation  in  Devonshire  .... 

—    in  Dorsetshire 

Vine  mildew  ......,, , 

Wheat  hoeini; , 

WineBircb 


21.?  c 

213  a 

212  6 
219  6 
211  c 

214  e 

213  e 
213  a 


21  b 


m  I 


21,  Regent  Street. 

HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY     OF    LONDON. 
PRIVILEGED  TICKETS. 
The  ExhibitionB  will  take  place  on  the  Second  Saturdays  in 
May,  June,  and  July,  namely, 

MAY  8,   JUNE  12,   JULY  10. 

A.U  Fellows  who  shall  apply,  on  or  before  Tuesday,  the  20th 
of  April,  may  obtain,  at  the  PRIVILEGED  RATE  of  Three 
Shillings  and  Sixpence  each,  any  number  of  ticketa  not 
EXCEEDING  FoRTr-ElOHT ;  bat  DO  applicariou  for  such  tickets 
■wul  be  received  alter  that  day.  Fellows  of  tlie  Socleti/  subscribiug 
for  tickets  at  (his  pi-ice  lo'M  be  aU-owed  a  dear  lueckjTOm  Hie  2t}th 
of  April  during  which  Hiey  may  ciaim  them.  After  tbat  PEaioD 
ALL  Tee  3j    Gd.  TICEETS  SDBSCEIBED  FOR,   BCT  NOT  IBSDED,  MAT 

Bi:  Cancelled. 

After  the  :21>th  of  April,  any  further  number  of  tickets  will  be 
delivered  to  Fellows  on  their  personal  application  or  written 
order,  at  the  price  of  Five  Shillings  each  ticliet. 


R 


0  Y  A  L 


BOTANIC 

REGENT'S  PARK. 


SOCIETY, 


F,SHIBITIONS  OF  PLANTS,  FLOWERS,  and  FRUIT: 
Wednebdats,  May  19ih,  June  9[b,  and  30th. 

AMEHICAN  PLANTS,  Saturdays,  May.29ch  and  Juoe  Sth* 

ROSES,  Satdbdat,  June  26th. 

Tickets  of  admission  are  now  ready  for  delivery,  and  may  be 
ob'ained  at  the  Gar.^en8  by  orders  from  Fell'iws  'i .  the  Sociery. 
Price,  on  or  before  Saturday,  May  8th,  4s. ;  iiAf?r  ti-at  day,  o.q.  ; 
or  on  the  days  of  the  Exhibitions,  7s,  Gd.  each.  Fellows  of  tbe 
Society  may  obtain,  on  or  before  May  8th,  packets  of  30  tickets 
for  five  guineas. 


ALL    POST    FREE. 
pHOICE     SEEDS.  — Packets     of    fine    Mamraotli 

^— ^  Brocoli  Asiutu  Caulifl.jwer,  Giant  Curl(;d  Parsley,  pigan. 
tic  Cos  Leuucc,  Mitchell's  Enfield,  Cormack's,  and  Barnes' 
superior  eirly  Cibb:]ges,  Coles  and  Seymour's  fine  Ce'ery,  the 
bast  kind"?  of  Cucumb';r,  Melon,  and  Ve;(etable  Marrow,  at  6d. 
each  packet :  Fine  mixed  German  Asters,  Stocks,  Calceolaria^ 
Cineraria,  Ponulacca,  Giant  Victoria  Stock,  Canary  Creeper) 
Ziuaia',  B  ilsams,  Cobsa  scandens,  Coxcomb,  Ice  Plant  Sensi- 
tive, Auricu'a,  Dablia,  Pinks,  Polyanthuses,  Geranium,  Panev, 
Swiet  VioiHt,  anddbl.  Sweetwiliiam,  6rf.  each  pkt.  100  pkts.  of 
Aoaoals,  Bienaialti,  and  other  Seeds,  ht  for  present  sowine 
warranted  new,  for  hs. ;  50.  for  3j. ;  36,  for  23.  6d.  ;  12,  for  Is! 
Superior  Mignonette,  own  saving,  warranted  togrow'wel'l,  at  6d! 
per  oz.     A  fe-*  packets  of  extra  fine  Balsam,  at  \3.  p^r  packet, 

v.'ith  each  ordtr  a  Catab>(fue  will  be  senf,  containing  Hints  oa 
Sowint,',  *c.,  or  it  may  be  bad  for  Two  Stamps,  on  application 
to  Joseph  Goldiso,  Seedsman,  Hastinjjs. 

T     AND  J.  FKASER,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Lea  Bridge 

Y  •  l^U'l.  Efisex,  beg  le;ive  re^tpt-clfully  to  invite  attention  to 
•Vf.r,'"**'"'^'"  ^''"^'^  ^^  Specimens  ot  STOVE  and  GREEN. 
h2?t««^^*''*'^^'  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  and  CAPE 
MKAlMS,  wijicn  were  never  in  finer  condition  than  at  this 
I  V.  \  *'l*"*  ^""^  "*"  ""  '''^''^"'  varying  from  one  foot  to  five 
leet  btgh.  The  prices,  which  are  moderate,  can  be  had 
on  apphcatlon. 


CHEAP   BEDDING   PLANTS    FOR   THE   MILLION. 
JOHN  HAYE.S,  Florist,  Famham,  Surrey,  begs  to 

1.  s'%  I]  »  I'«P«'-*'!jo  l.'^nd  out  Bedding  Plants  a-  frOT,. 
3t.  to  .  ,.  W.  p«r  doj.u.  The  Vcrber.afl,  in  pots,  are  unusually 
pod  hsrInKhceDkcptin  the  cold  frames  all  the  winter,  and 
inay  r.e  put  out  with  »,afety  at  the  latter  eud  of  April  Descriu 
a.«  C.UJ.-,...e.  .ent  on  ibe  receipt  of  one  po^t a.i  Ttamp^  ^ 
Fir.j  heedi,  of  a  good  CUCUMBEU,  Irom  12  to  14  inches 
loDir,  will  be  .«nt  f^r  VI  postage  ulampa! 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY 

JOHN    WATEREK    bc-'n   to  announce  that  ho  has 
r.nbli.l,..d  a  n.«r  CATALUGUKnf  H.r-.y  lU.odorU  ndr '^ 
Azaleas,  Ho.«,  Of^nifcra.  ,tc.,  and  which  m*y  bo  obtained  bv 

Tl,e  colour  (I  of  nil  the  RbododcndronB  worthy  of  cultivation 
»re  clewribtd;  thu.  p.irchflBer»  uro  afforded  overy  facUitvIn 
making  arli-oOonfl.  '     "^.mvjf  in 

CARNATIONS,    PICOTEES,    PINKS,    PANSIES,    ETC. 
lOIlN   IHjLLAND,  Xira'JHhaw   Ganir-nH,   Mi<M!cton 
r     ''J*/"?"™'.''''  '""""if  »*  very  largo  coll.:'nion  of  the    above 
beautiful    Plow^r^    ,,ffcr,   theiw    at  the  following  low  nrlrn 
n»rnp<!r,  Ac  ,  liicMjd'j'l :—  £   e  d 

25  Palr.or.how  rrAliNATIONS,In25d;ffercntTnr«.  1  tiu 
M  P;ir«  of  .how  P/r:o  TEES,  In  25  different  vurletifH  I  0  0 
M  Pilrsofiibow  PINKS  0     g     „ 

35  P]i,o.i.^.how  PANrtfKH.  Inifi  fllffi-Ventvn'riptlo.     0  If)     o 
AUKICULAM.  ALPI.NE8,  POLY ANTHL'S,  iia. 

ffflte  orders  lo  b«  made  pajahle  at  Mlddlet^m,  Lan';Oflh!rc. 


PRIZE  MANGOLD  WURZEL.— The  quality  of  a 
crop  of  Mangold  Wurzel  depends  very  materially  upon 
the  size  and  the  shape  of  the  bulbs  from  which  the  seed  is 
saved;  and  we  have,  after  several  years*  selection,  obtained 
a  very  Buperior  stock  of  the  YELLOW"  GLOBE-SHAPED 
MANi^lOLD. 

We  are  daily  receiving  orders  from  customers,  deeiring  us  to 
send  the  same  sort  as  last  year;  and  a  Clergyman  writing 
from  Ripon.  Yorkshire,  Buys— "I  enclose  you  a  list  of  the  Prizes 
which  I  obtained,  mostly  from  your  seeds.  Tlie  Mangold  was  the 
best  I  ever  sail}."  And  a  pentlemun  writes  from  Torquay — "/ 
liad  a  splendid  crop  of  each  sort  of  Afangold,  but  the  Yellow  Globe 
arc  the  best.  Afy  neighbours  all  ask  me  lohere  I  procured  my  seed, 
so  you  may  expect  many  orders  front  this  part." 

We  have  also  good  stocks  of  Long  Red,  Red  Globe,  and  Long 
Yellow.     Price  of  either  sort,  8d.  per  lb. :  or,  56s.  pee  Cwt  ,  in 

QdANTITI'S   (F   not   LE-SS   than   28  LBS. 

Also,  TRUE  LARGE  WHITE  BELGIAN  CARROT,  9d' 
per  lb.,  or  69s.  per  Cwt.  in  Quantities  of  not  less  than 

28  LBS. 

Carnage  free  as  see  ov/r  Advertisement  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  of  20th  May. 
*^*  Instructio7is  on  the   Cultivation  of  Root  Crops 

mil  he  enclosed  in  each  parcel. 
John  Sctton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  RQyES,  Jic,  is 
just  published,  and  may  be  had  ou  application,  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr,  Hosea  Watereb,  Knap  Hill 
Nur-^ery,  WokJng.  Surrey. 


HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  ne^r  London^ 
Florist  by  APPiUNTMENT  to  Her  Majesty  tue  Queen, 
and  to  Hia  Majesty  the  King  of  Saxony,  begs  to  sav 
th!it  his  Spring  Catalogue  of  PELARf^ONIUMS  and  NEW 
PLANTS  is  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  by  post  on  application 


CEED    AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 

^  MENT,  SUDBUKY,  SUFFOLK. 

PRIZE  CERAIMIUIVIS. 
The  following  are  the  14  which  staiid  tirst  as  the  moat  sue- 
cesafuL  Prize  varieties  at  the  London  Exhibitions  of  1S5I,  as 
described  by  scale  tiiven  in  "  The  Florist  "  of  December,  We 
>ing  to  offer  the  14  for  18s  ,  or  any  6  for  9s.,  viz..  Star,  Forget- 
me-not,  Gulielma,  Hoi^amond,  Conspicuum,  Pearl,  Centurion, 
Salamander,  Roweua,  Constance,  Negress,  Nyrnb,  Ariel,  and 
Alonxo. 

2j  superb  varieties,  including  the  abo*  e.    These  contain,    a.  d. 
alsn,  many  newer  varietie.5  which  have  not  yet  been 

so  freely  exhibited.     The  25  tor 35    0 

25  fine  show  varieties      2'i    0 

We  have  also  a  large  stock  of  the  following  very  fine  and 
strong  :^ 

BEST    NEW    VARIETIES    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  12  for  50s.,  or  any  (>  for  27s. 


Hoyle's  Ajax. 

„         Ocellatum. 

„         May  Queen. 

„        Geaeralissimo, 

„         Cardinal. 
Bragg's  Esquisite. 

FANCY 


Beck's  Major  Domo. 
,,       Silk  Mercer. 
„       Tyrian  Queen. 
Rnodle's  Beauty  of  Montpelier 
Walton's  Village  Maid. 
Foster's  Knight  of  Avenal, 
GERANIUMS. 


Any  12  of  the  following  for  123.  : — Alboni,  Beauty,  Bouquet 
Tout  Fait,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Jehu,  Jehu  improved,  La  Belle 
d'Airicana.  Lady  F,  Bastinge,  Maid  of  Anjou,  Mai;nifica, 
Modesta,  Queen  Victoria,  Slatiuekii,  Village  Maid,  Wintouiaj 
Yeatmanianum,  and  Zelia. 

BEST    NEW    FANCY    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  9  varieties  for  28s. 


Ambrose's  Belle  Marie. 

„  Gaiety. 

„  Duiicata. 

Sheppard's  Miss  Sheppard. 


Sheppard's  Little  Wonder, 

Henderson's  Marion. 

„  Reine  de  Fleurs, 

,,  Prince  Albert. 


Henderson's  E.vquiflite. 
ACHIMENES. 
The  following  12  beautiful  varieties  for  10«. 
Longiflora  alba.  ' 


Beaumanii. 

Bodnerii. 

Coccinea  grandiflora. 

EHchtriana, 

Fimbriata. 

Kleii. 

12  fine  varieties 


Maiitnitica  purpurea, 
Moltiflora, 
Patens  major. 
Tugwelliana, 
VeDuata. 
63, 


GLOXINIAS. 


Alba  grandiflora 

Argyrofltigma 

Exquisite 
Frederick  Lenning 
General  IJandraud 
Godfrold  de  Bouillon  . 


2.1 

Crf. 

'.> 

li 

•i 

(1 

2 

r. 

2 

(i 

2 

" 

Maria  Van  Houtte 

Marginata 

Petuiana 

Pulchcrrima 

Spectabilis 

Victoria  Rc'ina 


The  above  12  for  2ftfl.,  or  any  G  for  123. 

NEW     AND     SELECT      PLANTS. 

Strong  and  tiny. 


Capanea  grandiflora,    la.  6d., 

3if.  Gd.,  flfl, 
Allamandu  nprlfolia,  2s.  6d. 
Ageitiijla  ptamiiica,  8fl.  drf.,  r>s. 
Ciintua    dependoiih       la.  Gd., 

2a.  Gd. 
llnya  hella,  with  flowor.budfl, 

i)8.  C,d. 


no\  a  bcDa,  fine  plants,  Is.  Gd,, 

'2  b.  vd. 
Medlnilla  mngnlfica,   10a,  Gd,, 

153. 

Olelytra  spectabilis,  Is.  Gd. 
Dfuiziugraciliti,  2a.  (U,,  Ha,  P(/. 
E*callotiia  macrantliii,  He.Vd,, 
Gj, 


Sl'KINO  OATALnnUES  fcnt.  pnptild,  for  four  postnct- 
•  'impi;  (md  AUTUMN  CAT  A  i,0(;  tJl'.H.  contnlninit  inr.st  ol 
iiiG  Hardy  Plmitu,  for  two  postage  Btumpe,  wliich  may  be  de- 
dui'f(-f|  Ironi  ordmB 

GOODS.  CaRIUAGE  FiM-:K.  to  Lond.  n.  Ipftwich,  Nnrwlrb 
or  any  station  on  the  finmu  line;  and  with  ordei'd  o£ '21.  aid 
upwardH  fcxtra  plantn  added  griitlH. 

lt.:riilti;in(CB  requested  from  unknown  correipondontH, 

PonUofllco  ordtrn  to  by  made  payublo  to  Hteitien  Bhown, 
or  to 

BASS  AND  BROWN    PuMonr    ?UFr.i.K, 


Wi 


SUPERIOR    GLOBE    GERMAN    ASTER, 

(SAVED  BY   AN  AMATEDE.) 

ILLIAM    E.   RENDLE    and    Co.    have    much 

*  *'  conlidence  in  offering  a  very  .superior  uort  of  GLOBE 
ASTER  SKED,  saved  by  an  Amateur  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Bath,  who  saya  : — "  The  sort  was  given  to  me  by  a  friend  in 
tbe  neighbourhood,  who  has  taken  firt^t  prizes  for  several  years 
following  ;  and  I  have  been  equally  successful,  I  have  shown 
them  at  Bath  and  other  places,  and  have  always  been  first  ;- 
indeed,  no  other  sort  has  any  chance  with  them,  and  I  am  per- 
fectly satisfied  that  when  you  see  a  good  bed  of  them  in  your 
gardens  you  will  throw  away  all  others." — 1*.  per  packet. 

All  other  Flower  Seeds  can  be  obtained  at  a  moderate  scale 
of  charge. 

Xavery  one  who  has  a  Garden  should  have  zi 
packet  of  this  Seed. 

PARSLEY,  RENDLE'S  TREBLE  GARNISHING,  proved 
by  the  Lon<'on  Horticultural  Society,  and  described  in  their 
Journal  as  being  ''  beautifully  curled,  and  an  excellent  variety."— 
Gd.  per  packet.     This  should  be  thrown  in  every  garden. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchaots, 
Plymouth, 

NOTICE. — The-foUowing  New  and  Superb  Varieties 
of  SEEDS  can  be  warranted  to  give  satisfaction  ta  all 
purchasers,  viz.  :— 

HOLLYHOCK   SEED. 

This  beautiful  flower,  from  which  a  quantity  of  good  sound 
seed  has  been  procured  from  a  iTCntleman  amateur  grower,  who 
has  one  of  the  most  superb  and  choice  collections  iti  cjUivation  ; 
the  Seed  haviog  been  selected  with  every  care  and  atti-ntion,  it 
can  be  confideutly  recommended.    Sold  at  2s.  Gd.  per  packet. 

GERMAN   ASTER   SEED. 

This  varietv  hap,  within  the  last  few  years,  been  awarded 
upwards  of  60  different  prizec,  and  it  stands  mirivalled  for  • 
its  superiority  of  flower,  the  shape  of  which  forms  half  a  globe, 
and  has  been  the  admiration  of  numberless  spectators.     There 
are  from  20  to  30  varieties.     Is.  per  packet. 

SWEET   WILLIAM    SEED. 

Saved  from  36  auperb  varieties.  The  flowers  are  very  large^, 
splendid  colours,  and  of  dwarf  habit.  They  wpre  much  ac"-^ 
mired  when  in  bloom  by  countless  spectators,  and  the  seed 
numerously  ordered  by  them.    Is.  per  packet, 

ANTIRRHINUM    SEED. 
This  has  been  selected  with  the  greatest  care  from  some  oI' 
the   finest  and  O'.ost  superb  varielieH  evrt    growo,  both  as  to 
shape,  colour,  and  habit  of  plant.     There  are -inore  than  50 
distinct  and  different  varieties.     Is.  per  packet. 

EXTRA  FINE  GIANT  SCARLET  BROWPTOIM 
STOCK  SEED. 
Unrivalled  for  its  superior  size  and  bright  scarlet  colour, 
also  bcautiiully  double  ;  lentrth  of  the  spike  of  flower  frcm  15 
to  20  inches.  Large  packets  Is.  each  ;  or,  if  preferred,  a 
packet  of  each  of  the  above  will  be  sent,  postage  and  packago; 
free,  for  5s. 


Walcheren  Cauliflower  Broccoli  (as  imported),   Is.  perpacliet. 

Tamwor!h  Broccoli Is,  „ 

Wilcove  Broccad       is,  ,, 

Cole's  superb  solid  Celery 6d.  „ 

Bath  Co3  Lettuce  Seed,   true;    the  best  and 

fintfs':  flavoured  Lettuce  in  cultivation  ...     Is.  „ 

Vegetahle  Marrow  Seed,  of  very  superb  v.iriety 

and  delicious  flavour       Gd.  ,, 

A  rtmittance  must  accompany  the  order  from  all  unknown 
correfipondents,  either  by  Post-ofliGe  order  or  penny  postage 
stamps,  on  receipt  of  which  the  Seeds  shall  be  immediately 
pent. 

Sold  by  Edwabd  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist, 
41,  Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath. 

IMPROVEMENT   OF    PARKS.    MEADOWS,   AND 

PASTURES. 
OUTTON'S  RENOVATING  MIXTURE  consists  of 
^  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers  of  the  most  nutritious 
kinds,  viz,  ;— 


Poa  prat  en 

,,    trivialis 
Festuca  praietise 

,,        ovina 
Lolium  perenne 
Anthoxiinthum  odoratum 
Groat  improvement  is  invarii 


PhlouOT  pratenPQ 
Avena  flavesceni 
Trlfblium  repeua 

,,       minus 

„      prafcu'ie  perenne 

,biy  eff"cted  by  powing  6,  10,  or 


12  lbs.  to  the  acre,  according  to  condition  of  pawture,  over  thr 
old  turl  during  tbu  mouth  of  April. 

Price  lOrf.  per  lb.,  cirriatre  free,  an  Fee  our  Advcrtisemcmt 
in  the  last  p'^gc  of  ihe  Chronicle  of  March  20- 

JoHN  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


t-^DWARD    GEORGE   HENDERSON   and   SOK 

Li    Wellington-road,  St.  John's-wnod,  London,  bng  to  r'jmiDd 
those  who  intend  to  puichaso  imy  of  the  foUowin;,'  New  Pliints, 
(0  be  sent  out  after  the  Iht  of  May,  thnt  all  orduis  will  be 
b  inked  as  rcctived  and  executed  in  rotation, 
(show 


Fuchsia     Commodore 

flower-*) 

,,  Splt-ndldipHimii,  do 

„  Gem  of  the  Sl'iiuod, 

.lo. 
,,  T'i'ndula,  do, 

E.qni.i.o 
„  II.!ndnrvonii((Iouldi! 

llow-r) 
„  Darling    (bedding 

viii'iijty) 
,,  Olobonji  ptTfeot(i,do. 

Pot,  do. 


Antirrhinum  Hendcrflonll 
Calceolaria  Wullingron  Hero 

Trm  Thumb 
ChvyBiinHip?iiutn  HMtirierflon'.'  , 
Tlolphiniurn  nondersonU 
Erica  Eloitanlinshna 

„      Nobill* 
Qoraniuiu  ridnderBonlf 
,,  l')xtr:iviigaiizum- 

„  OduratlAXimuiu 

grftndillinirn 
Ilellotroplum      VoltulrcanutiT 
nanuni 

For  DcHorlptJon  and  Prlcos  of  the  ubovo,  see  bnnk  numJwrR 
of  thin  Pajier— Feb.  28.  March  G  and  13,  Tho  Trade  supidii-d, 
with  our  ueunl  diHoount. 


210 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


EXH!B!T10NS     IH    THE    GARDEI 


[April  3, 


HORTICULTUEAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON, 

(21,  REGENT-STREET), 

FOR     THE     YEAR     18  5  2. 

THE    EXHIBITIONS    WILL    TAKE    PLACE    ON    THE    SECOND    SATURDAYS 

IN    MAY,  JUNE,  AND  JULY. 

SCHEDULE     OF     THE     PRIZES. 

FLOWERS. 

(Pots  are  to  be  measured  hiside,  one  inc/i  heloio  the  rim.) 

Division  I,— IN  which  nurserymen  and  private  growers  exhibit  independently  op  each  other. 

10, 


1.  Pelargoniums  ;  in  collections  of  12  new  and  first-rate  varie- 

ties, with  perfectly  distinct  colours,  cultivated  with  supe- 
rior skill,  in  8.ineh  pots.    GB— SG— CE. 
N.B.  The  collections  In  which  the  varieties  are  most  distinct 

wiU  have  the  preference. 

2.  Pelargoniums;  iucollectionsof  six  varieties,  in  ll-inch,pots. 

SG— Cb;— LS. 
N.B.  Any  plant  that  shall  not  have  been  actually  grown  in 
ll-incb  pots  will  be  diflqualified, 

3.  Fancy  Pelargoniums  ;  in  sixes,  in  8-incli  pots.   SG— CE— LS. 
■t.  Scarlet  Pelargoniums;   in  sixes,  in  8-inch  pots.      [Tn  July 

only.)    CE— LS— SK. 
5.  Roses,  in  pots;  in  collections  of  12  distinct  varieties,  in  13- 
inch  pots.    GB — SG — CE.    (In  May  ayid  Jane  oiily.) 
N.B  The  Judges  will  disqualify  any  collection  that  shall  be 
found  to  contain  a  plant  which  has  been  recently  placed 


in  the  pot  from  the  open  ground,  or  that  is  shown  in  a  pot 
of  any  other  size  than  13  inches. 
1.  Cape  Heaths  ;  in  collections  of  10  entirely  distinct  varieties. 
GB-SG— tE. 
N.B,  Itis  expected  that  the  same  plant  shall  not  be  exliibited 
on  more  than  one  occa'iion.  Tlae  Judges,  in  making  their 
award,  will  give,  both  in  thi.>i  and  the  two  next  numbers  a 
marked  preference  to  plants  grown  in  their  natural  forms, 
without  stakea  or  s^sya  ;  and  wiil  ylao  take  disiiootness  of 
species  into  favourable  consideration.  No  duplicate  will  be 
allowablf.  No  nne  c:in  take  more  than  one  prize  in  the 
three  classes  of  Heaths. 

.  Cape  Heaths  ;   in  collection  of  10  entirely  distinct  varieties, 

in  11-iach  pots.     SG— CE— LS. 
.  Cape  Heaths  ;  in  sixes  ;  grown  in  S-inch  pots.    CE— LS— SK. 
.  Carnations  ;  in  collections  of  12  distinct  varieties,  in  ll-inch 

pots.     CE— LS— SK.     (la  July  only). 


Carnations;  in  collections  of  24  distinct  varieties  (ia  JkIu 
only),  in  growers'  boxes.     LS— SK— SU. 

11.  PiCDtees  ;  In  collections  of  12  distiuct  varieties.     CE — LS— 

SK.     (/)(  July  only.) 

12.  Picotees  ;  in  colleciions  of  24  distinct  varieties  {inJuhfonly), 

in  growers'  boxes.     LS— SK— SB. 

13.  Yellow   Picotees;  in  collections  of  6  disMncfc  varieties,  in 

H-ioeh  pots  {in  July  only).     LS— SK— SB. 

14.  Yellow  Picoiess  ;  in  collections  of  12  varieties  (in.  July  only), 

in  growers'  boxes.     SK— SB— C. 

15.  Pinks  ;  in  coUecEions  of  12  distinct  varieties.    SK— SB— C. 

(la  June  (ynly.) 

16.  Pinks  ;   in  cuUections  of  24  distinct  varieties,  in  growers' 

boxes.     (In  June  only).     SK— SB— C. 

17.  Calceolarias,  in  sixes  ;  in  8-ioch  pots.     CB — LS— SK. 
N.B.  No  medals  are  to  be  awarded  unless  the  plants  are  in 

very  high  health  and  extremely  well  growu.     {In  May  and 
June  only.) 


Division  II.— in  which  nurserymen  alone  can  show. 

18.    Exotic  Orchids;    in  collections  of  15  species  of  superior   cultivation.      GB  — SG  — CE. 


Division  III.— IN  WHICH  all  persons  are  admitted  to  equal  competition. 


19.  Single  specimens  of  very  superior  cultivation,    excluding 

everything  which  can  be  shown  singly  in  other  numbers, 
and  plants  not  in  flower.    CE— LS— SK. 
N.B.  No  one  can  take  more  than  one  prize  in  this  number, 

20.  Stove  or  Greenhouse  plants  ;  in  collections  of  20  plants, 

LG-GK-GB. 
N.B.  Calcerilariag,  Fuchsias,  Orchids,  and  Pelargoniums 
are  excluded  from  all  the  four  classes  of  Stove  or  Green- 
house plttHta.  Only  three  species  or  varieties  of  the  same 
genua  can  be  allowed  in  this  and  the  following  number, 
and  n  J  two  specimens  of  the  same  kind. 

21.  Stove  or  Greenhouse  plants  ;  in  collections  of  15  plants. 

GK— GB-SG. 

22.  Stove  or  Greenhouse  plants  ;  in  collections  of  6  plants,  in 

pots    or    tubs    not    less    than    20    inches    in    diameter. 
GK-Gli— SG. 
N.B,  Ouly  two  species  or  varieties  of  the  same  genus  can  be 
allowed  in  this  number. 

23.  Stove  or  Grepnhouse  plants  ;  in  collections  of  6  plants,  in 

pots  not  exceeding  13  inches  in  diameter.  SG— CE — LS. 
N.B.  Not  more  than  one  species  or  variety  of  the  same  genus 
can  be  allowed  in  this  number.  No  one  can  show  in 
more  than  one  of  the  classes  of  Stove  or  Greenhouse 
plants  except  No.  22. 

24.  Greenhouse  Azaleas  ;  in  12  distinct  varieties.  GB— SG — CE, 

25.  Greenhouse  Azaleas  ;  in  G  of  the  newer  kinds,  in  8-inch 

pots.     SG— CE— LS. 
2G.  Greenhouse  Azaleas  ;  in  6  distinct  varieties.   SG— CE — LS. 
N.B,  No  one  can  show  in  24  and  26  at  the  same  time. 

27.  Indian  Rhododemlrons,   and  their  hybrids  ;  in  6  distinct 

varieties.     SG— CE— LS,     {In  May  only.) 

28.  Exotic  Orchids  ;  in  collections  of  20  species  of  superior  cul- 

tivation.    LG-GK— GB— SG— CE— LS— SK— SB— C. 

29.  Exotic  Orchids  ;  in  collections  of  10  species  of  superior  cul- 

tivation.   GB-SG— CE—LS—SK— SB— C, 


30.  Exotic  Orchids  ;  in  collections  of  six  species,    SQ— CE— 

LS-SK-SB-C, 
N.B,  Nurserymen  cannot  show  in  either  of  these  three  classes 
of  Orchids.  No  exhibitor  can  show  in  more  than  one  of  them. 

31,  Exotic  Orchids  ;  single  specimens  displaying  ve)-y  superior 

cultivation.    SG— CB~LS. 
N.B.  No  duplicate  Medals  can  b5  here  awarded.    No  person 
exhibiting  Orchids  elHewoere  can  take  more  than  one  prize 
in    this   number.     The  medals  will   be   awarded   by    the 
Society's  offictrs,  and  not  by  the  usual  judges, 

32.  Fuchsias;   in  sixes,  of  distinct  colours.  CE—LS—SK.     (/n 

July  only.) 

33,  Pelargoniums ;  in  six  distinct  specces,  exhibiting  superior 

cultivation,     LS  — SK— SB. 
N.B,  B.t  tbe  wo'  d  species  is  meant  the  wild  kinds  imported 
fr.tm  tbe  Cape  of  Good    Hope,  or  New   Holland,  tuberous 
species  inclusive,  and  not  garden  cross-breds. 

34,  Achimenea  ;  in  collections  of  six  distinct  varieties,  exhibit- 

ing superior  cuUivatiou.     C13 — LS — SK.     (In  July  only  ) 

35.  Tall  Cacti  ;  six  distinct  varieties   in  tlDwer.     SG. — CE — LS, 
35,  Roses  of  50  varieties  in  loose  bundles,  each  cinsisting  of 

three  trusses  as  they  are  gathered,  so  as  to  exhibit,  as  far 
as  possible,  the  habit  of  the  variety,    CE—LS—SK.    (In 
Jtdy  only.) 
N.B.  No  one  who  exhibits  in  this  number  can  also  compete 
in  the  following. 

37.  Roses,  exhibited  as  in  No.  31,  and  in  25  varieties.    LS — 

SK — SB.     (In  June  and  Jidy  on'y.) 
N.B.  Private  growers  only  can   exhibit  here.    If  Roses  are 
brought  lor  exhibition  without  attention  to  the  regulations 
here  explained,  they  will  not  be  allowed  to  compete. 

38.  Helichrysums.    CE—LS—SK. 

39.  Cab>santhfi  ;   in  sixes.     LS— SK— SB.     (In  July  only.) 

40.  Ferns  ;   very  distinct  hothouse  kinds,  not  fewer  than  10,  to 

be  shown  intermixed  with  Orchids.    CE—LS—SK. 


41.  NewHjbrid  Plants,  exclusive  of  Roses,  Rhododendrons, 

Azaleas,  and  garden  crosB-breds,  such  as  Gloxinias  and 
the  like,  SG— CE— LS, 
N.B.  It  is  certain  that  much  may  be  effected  by  hybridising 
plants  in  common  cultivation,  such  as  Lilacs,  Honey- 
suckles, &o.  (bo.  This  class  will  be  j  udged  by  the  Society's 
officers. 

42.  Newly  introduced  or  extremely  rare  ornamental  plants  in, 

flower,  not  introduced  by  tbe  Society,  SG — CE  —  LS, 
N.B.  These  Medals  will  be  awarded  by  tbe  Society's  officers, 
and  not  by  the  usual  Judges.  Exhibitors  will  particularly 
observe  that  none  but  new  or  rare  plan's  cnn  be  exhibited 
under  this  number.  Nothing  will  he  ret/arded  as  new  which 
has  been,  exhibited  in  the  Garden  or  Hcgent-strect  iji  a  previous 
season,  nor  garden  seedlings,  hybndd,  uoi-  domesticated 
varieties  of  any  kind.  No  prizes  will  be  given  to  New 
Plants  which  have  baen  introduced  thi  ough  tbe  Society. 

43.  Miscellaneous  &in;2;le  plants.     SK — SB — C. 

N.B.  Exhibitors  in  ibis  class  will  not  be  thereby  entitled  to  a 
pass  ticket.  Cuckscombi,  Heartsease,  Hydrangeas,  and 
bouquets,  together  with  all  plants  for  which  separate 
prizes  are  offered  as  single  specimens,  are  altogether  ex- 
cluded from  this  and  the  following  Numb'ir. 

44.  Miscellaneous  collections  of  plants,  exclusive  of  Perns,     SG 

— CE— LS. 

45.  Seedling  Hybrid  Pelargoniums,   of  entirely  new  crosses. 

SB-C. 
N.B.  Every  seedling  must  be  shown  singly,  and  marked  with 
the  name  it  is  to  bear.     The  same  seedling  cannot  gain  a 
prize  more  than  once  in  the  season.    The  plants  must  be 
shown  in  pot-,  and  not  in  a  cut  state. 

46.  Pansies  ;  in  twelves,  in  8-inch  pots.    SK — SB— C. 

47.  Alpines;  in  twelves,     SK— SB— C. 

48.  Cinerarias  ;  in  sixes,  in  8-inch  pots,    SK— SB— C.    (Tn  May 

only. ) 
N.B.  Prizes  will  only  be  civen  to  extremely  fine  specimens. 

49.  Seedling  Florists'  Flowers. 

The  mode  of  dealing  with  these  is  still  under  consideration. 


FRUIT. 

For  the  montli  of  May  no  Schedule  is  proposed  ;  but  Fruifc  will  be  rewarded  hy  the  Judges  according  to  its  merits,  and  with."  reference  to  the  following  Schedule  of 
Prizes  for  June  and  July. 

Market  Gardeners,  or  Growers  (not  Fruiterers),  in  the  habit  of  supplying  the  Market,  and  Private  Gardeners,  exhibit  independently  of  each  other.  Fruiterers  are 
not  allowed  to  exhibit  at  all.  No  duplicate  awards  can  be  made  in  any  case  whatever.  No  person  can  take  more  than  one  award  in  each  Letter,  except  in  B,  3),  H, 
K,  L,  M,  N. 

N.B.  All  Fruit  must  be  sufficiently  ripe  for  Market,  well  colodeed,  and  peopeely  named  by  the  Exhibitor,  as  far  as  practicable ;  if  the  contrary,  it  will  be  disqualified. 

K  Strawberries,  one  dish  each : 

1.  British  Queen,  and  similar  kinds,    SK— SB— C. 

2.  Keens'  Seedling,  and  similar  kinds.     SK— SB— C. 

3.  Other  kinds,    SK— SB— C. 
L  Melons,  one  specimen  each,  for  the  best  flavoured, 

1.  Green-fleahed.    Sli— SB.     2,  Scarlet-fleshed,    SK— SB, 

M  New  varieties  of  any  of  the  preceding  kinds  of  fruit. 
IT  Other  kinds  of  fruit  of  peculiar  excellence  and  value. 
N.B,  The  medals  uuder  this  and  the  preceding  letter  will  be 
given  at  the  discretion  of  the  Society's  officers. 


£^  Collections  of  sis  Pine  Apples,  not  including  more  than  two 

of  a  sort.    SG— CE— LS. 
B  Pine  Apo'es,  in  single  specimens  : — 

1.  Queens.    CE—LS—SK. 

2.  Eavilles,  Cayennes,  Sugarloafs,  Black  Jamaicas,  Ota- 

heites,  &c.     CE—LS—SK, 

3.  Providences.    CE—LS—SK, 

C  Grapes  in  fjota  ;  three  specimens  to  be  shown.   CE—LS—SK, 
3)  Grapes  ;    iu  three  bunches  for  private  growers,   and   six 
bunches  for  Market  Gardeners  : 

1.  Black  Hamburgh.     CE—LS—SK. 

2.  Black  Prince,  or  West's  St,  Peters.    CE—LS—SK— SB. 


3.  White  Muscadines,  or  Sweetwaters,     CE—LS—SK— SB. 

4.  Muscats,     CE  —  LS—SK— SB, 

5.  Frontiguanti.  or  other  sorts,  distinct  from  the  foregoing. 

CE— LS-SK— SB, 
E  Peaches,  in  sixes,    LS— SK— SB. 
F  Nectarines,  in  sixes,    LS— SK— SB. 
G  Figs,  in  sixes.     SB— C. 
H  Cnerries,  in  dishes  of  1  lb.  each  : 

1.  Blacn,     SK-SB— C.  2.  White.    SK— SB— C. 

I    Strawberries,  in  pots  ;  six  pots  to  be  shown.     SK— SB — C. 
N.B.  They  must  have  grown  in  the  pots  in  which  they  are 
shown. 


FRUIT     TREES,     ETC. 

HBIGLAND  AND  Co.,  Noeseetmen  and   Seeds- 
•  MEN,    Manchester,   beg  to  offer    APPLE   and    PEAR 
TREES,  &c.,  at  the  folloeving  very  low  prices  : — 

Standard  Apple  Trees  95.  per  dozen. 

Do.        Pear  Trees  12s.        „ 

Trained  do.         for  walls      ...  30s.        ,, 

H.  B.  and  Co.  beg  also  to  call  attention  to  their  complete 
Collections  of  TEKETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  to  suit 
any  sized  Gaidene,  which  they  keep  ready  put  up,  for  partl- 
GularB  of  which  see  their  printed  Catalogue,  which  may  be  had 
on  applicatiim. 

N.B.  Carriage  paid  on  all  orders  of  21,  and  upwards. 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,    MARESFIELD, 
NEAR  DCKFIBLD,  SUSSl-X. 

WM.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  to  offer  the  following  :— 
Per  dozen — s.  d, 

CnRTSANTHEMUMS,  Continental  varieties     ...63.,  9s.  12  (J 

DAPHNES,  very  fiue      18s.  to  24  0 

EI'ACRIS 12  0 

HERB  AC  RODS  PLANTS,  fine  colleclion,42s.p.ll)0...Gs.  to  12  0 

PENl.-.TEaONS             6s.  to     9  0 

PHLOXES            Cs.  to    9  0 

Do.            new  Continental  varieties          ...        ...        ...  12  0 

Cauliflower  PLANTS,  very  strong,  per  100        ...  i  6 

Plants  presented  for  distant  carriage. 


GEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
L08UE  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFER^, 
ROSES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRl/BS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  &c.,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps.— WiodleshamMursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


DOUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s. 
per  dozen.— The  annual  importation  of  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fraerant  Flower  has  just  been  leceived,  and 
larae  i.nd  well  selected  Bulbs  may  be  obtauieJ,  w.ihout  disap- 
pointment,  at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warohuuse,  13,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Printed  regulations  for  treatment  sent;  also, -just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Parmasan  Cheeses. 


14—1852.1 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


211 


BASS  AND  BROWN'S  SEED  and  PLANT  LIST 
for  1852  {coataining  36  pages)  now  sent  prepiiiil  for  four 
postage  stamps,  as  the  newsp^iper-stampod  copies  are  deposed 
of.  Also,  for  t\vo  postage  stamps,  their  Auttima  Catalosup, 
containing  the  Hardy  Ilerbaceoiis  Plants.  Uoshb,  and  vaiioua 
select  and  now  Haniy  PlantH,  Climbers,  (be,,  kept  for  sale  in 
pots.— Seed  aud  Horticul  ural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffjlk, 

HEPATICAS. 

WILLIAM  FIELD,  Florist,  Fiookersbrook, Chester, 
can  still  supply  etronK-  three  ani  four-year-olrl  pldots 
of  the  above,  in  equal  quantities  of  White,  Blue,  and  Red,  at 
■2Gs.  per  ino,  or  101  lOs.  per  1000.  The  above  are  cood,  and  C3n 
ba  confidently  recommended.  Remittance  or  reference  from 
unknown  correspondents.  Catalogues  of  Herbaceous  Plants 
on  application. 


-VTEW    AND    BEAUTIFUL    PLANTS,  to  be  sent 

J-N  out  the  First  Week  in  Apktl,  1852,  from  ihe  PINE- 
APPLE  NUIISEUY,  by  A.  HENDERSON  and  CO.,  Piue-apple 
Place,  Edgeware  Road,  London. 

ANTIRRHINUM  PRIMROSE  PERFECTION  (Edwards's)- 
— Clear  primrose  yellow,  of  a  fine  upright  growth,  combined 
"with  an  excellent  dwarf  close  and  busby  habit;  flowers  iodi- 
vidaally  large.  As  a  showy  ba^'^y  herbaceous  bedding  plant, 
few  can  equal  this  for  its  brilliant  and  chafite  colour.     53, 

BALSAMIA  LATIFOLIA  ALBA  (from  Ceylon).— This  very 
beautiful  plant  has  an  elegant  lii^lit  green  foliane,  and  a  dwarf 
branching  habit.  Its  manner  of  flowering  aud  form  of  bloom 
are  like  the  well-known  Baleamia  latifoliii,  except  in  colour. 
Plowers  snowy  white,  large,  and  of  a  waxy  texture.  This  fine 
plant  was  received  from  the  Superintendent  of  the  Ceylon 
Botanic  Garden,  as  Impatiens  latifolia  alba. — N.B.  This  will 
prove  a  valuable  exhibition  plant,  flowering  as  it  does  sn  abun- 
dantly; and  during  the  months  when  exhibitions  generally  take 
place.    IQs.  Gd. 

DILLWYMA  SCABRA.— This  very  baautiful  and  rare 
evergreen  shrub  ha?  been  long  known  to  botanists,  hue  has 
only  recently  been  introduced  by  A.  Hendebso:?  and  Co.  In 
habit  it  is  dwart  and  branchintr,  producing  very  copiously 
innmierable  clusters  of  bright  rich  scarlet  pea-shaped  flowers 
with  a  brilliant  yellow  edge.  It  possesses  the  peculiar  merit  of 
throwing  out  its  clusters  of  flowers  all  up  the  stem,  each  cluster  ■■ 
having  9  to  10  fl  iwers.  As  an  exhibition  plant  it  will  stand 
pre-eroinenHy  forward.     21s, 

PULT£NJE\  ERICOIDES.— A  very  distinct  and  pretty  flower- 
ing evergreen  greenhouse  shrub,  having  email  leaves  similar  to 
an  Erica,  and  flowers  of  a  yellow  brown  and  rosy  purple  hue, 
produced  in  heads  on  the  apex  of  the  branches.  It  is  a  profuse 
bloomer,  and  can  easily  be  trained  to  foim  a  compact  busb,  as 
it  never  attiiins  a  large  size.     10s.  Gd. 

DILLWTNIA  DRUMMONDII.— This  very  fine  plant,  with 
vivid  green  foUaee,  is  an  evergreen  shrub  of  slender  habit,  pro- 
dncing  most  freely  its  pea-shaped  blossoms  ;  flowers,  buff  and 
red,  with  a  yellow  centre.  This  is,  without  exception,  one  ot 
the  most  beautiful  amongst  the  many  fine  plants  from  Aus- 
tralia.   21s. 

GLOXINIA  TRICOLOR.— Colours  clear  waxy  rose,  edges 
lighter,  approaching  to  white,  with  a  beautiful  and  peculiar 
purplish  tinge  in  the  throat.  Shape  fine,  expanding  after  the 
manner  of  the  well-known  Or,  grandis,  which,  for  form  and 
unique  shape,  stands  cunspicuous  at  the  head  of  this  lovely 
tribe  of  fliwers.     7s   Gd. 

GREVILLEALAVENDULACEACof  Henfrey),  Stw.  ROSEA. 
(of  Lindley).— This  has  been  most  justly  described  by  Dr. 
Lindley  as  "the  very  handsomest  ot  all  the  Grevilleas."  A 
very  beautiful  unique  shrub,  of  a  slender  growth,  producing  its 
rich  rosy  red  fi' wers  very  copiously.  In  style  of  growth  and 
bloom  it  is  like  G.  rosmarioifolia,  but  is  much  more  elegant  in 
appearance,  and  a  freer  bloomer,    2l3. 

DILLWYNIA  CINNABARINA.— A  lovely  and  neat  ever- 
green shrub  from  New  Holland.  Flowers  profusely;  colour  a 
rich  cinnabar  or  orange-scarlet,  foliage  dark  green,  and  thickly 
set  on  robust  stems.  An  extra  desirable  plant  for  the  exhi- 
bition tent,  and  for  decorative  purpose,  either  as  a  pot  plant  or 
to  be  planted  in  the  border  of  a  conservarory,     2l5. 

THE  GIANT  SCARLET  GERANIUM  "  DEFIANCE."— This 
very  remarkable  Geranium  is  a  cross,  or  seedling,  between 
Eigby's  Queen  and  the  true  Shrubland  ;  it  is  far  superior  to 
eithep,  inasmuch  as  it  partakes  of  the  free  flowering  habit  of 
the  one,  with  the  large  trusses  of  flowers  and  foliage  of  the 
other.  Its  fine  habit,  wondrous  truss  (producing  generally 
100  flowers  on  every  head  of  bloom),  its  brilliant  colour,  and 
magnificent  foliage,  render  thi%  a  truly  superb  plant.  It  is  very 
suitable  for  large  beds,  for  training  against  walls  at  the  hack 
of  conservatorien,  and  as  a  single  plant  trained  bush  fashion — ■ 
or  as  a  pyramid  placed  on  a  lawn,  and  for  such  like  decorative 
pnrpoBes.    loa,  Gd. 

GLORIOSA  PLANTII(Mr.  Plant's  Gloriosa).— This  will  be 
found  a  great  acquisition  to  that  fine  but  small  tribe  of  plants, 
the  Gloriosa.  A  considerable  number  of  its  roots  were  sent 
over  to  tbis  country  from  Natal,  in  southern  Africa,  by  Mr. 
Plant,  an  English  collector  settled  in  that  place,  who  discovered 
"it  there,  and  it  is  named  after  him.  The  following  is  a  copy  of 
theletter  he  sent  with  them: —  «  *  o  uj  believe  it  to  be 
nndeacribed  ;  the  plant  does  not  rise  more  than  3  feet ;  the 
first  whorl  of  flowere  is  produced  about  1  foot  from  the  ground; 
3  Eecond  and  a  third  are  afterwards  produced,  at  about  equal 
distances.  The  flowers  have  much  more  scarlet  in  them  tuan 
ia  common  in  G.  superba.  It  will  be  a  great  acquisition  in 
Englaiid,  from  i  s  brilliant  colour,  and  its  not  growing  taller 
than  Van  lloutte's  AUtromerias.  Quite  upright,  and  of  a  very 
distinct  habit."    2l5 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDII  MAYIT  VARIEGATA.— A  beau- 
tifol  purplish  crimson  and  white  flowered  Phlox ;  one  of  the 
p»ettieBt  varieties,  according  to  Dr.  Lindley,  that  has  ever  been 
raited  for  bedding  purposes  ;  it  will  al»o  be  very  valuable  for 
pot  cult uro.  The  plant  is  of  a  free  branching  habit,  and  an 
abondant  bloonur,  nultable  lor  ppgsing  down  in  beds,  or  for 
training  againut  low  walla  ;  flowering  season  from  May  to 
November.  Among  bedding  plants  this  is,  no  doubt,  the  most 
lovely  gem  of  the  Beason,  and,  as  such,  far  superior  to  the 
"Monnt'tlo  of  Llitht."    10a.  Cd 

PHLOX  DKUMMONDII  THOMPSONII.— A  variety  of  a 
moftt  brilllftot  Kcsrlet  maroon  colour,  with  a  purplish  eye.  It 
haa  a  remarkably  builiy  and  free  branching  habit  of  growth, 
and  U  easily  i)r.,p, gated  by  cuitinijs  of  the  young  brancheB, 
An  entire  bed  of  min  Phlox  would  be  very  eff'ective,  and  a  great 
addition  to  th-:  fl  .wer  garden.     Cj. 

THE  OBltANtUM  'MVIHTE  UNIQUE."-FolIage  and 
habit  iupeil'^r  t.>  the  old  purple  Unique,  with  leaves  binhly 
scented.  It  prr>din;es  abundantly  its  truiacB  of  whie  fl')werB, 
ID  wllicb,  beidjr  of  a  globular  form,  every  bunch  of  flower  !h  a 
boaqnet  o*  lt»t;if,  I:  par'akm  of  the  character  of  Tom  Thumb 
in  iu  loir  brjnchlng  habit;  very  tfFtctlve  for  vascfl,  bedding, 
edginffi,  or  ftr  mixing  with  tlm  old  Unique,     IGa. 

FANCY  OHKaNIUM  "  UNIQUE."  —  Top  petals  rich 
crlm«OD,  with  clifBr  while  margin  ;  under  potalH  white,  with  a 
b«lt  of  light  criuisoD ;  ceotrt;,  clear  white,  ood  of  excellent 
fgna.    10^,  t,v/. 

PANCY  GfcltANIUM  "  JEWESB.'—Top  petals  deep  velvety 
Trtrntva,  with  white  margin  ;  under  petals  white,  spotted  with 
/lolct;  flowem  laffce,  ana  ot  fine  form;  habit  dwarf  and  cini- 
p«ct.    i(>t.  (id 

IPOMOiA  I'ALMATA,  figured  In  tho  "  Magfixlno  of  Botany," 
Pebrnary,  iWi. 

Tbiii  very  tn'urjtiral  climber  ig  suitibic  for  a  groenhoii'o  or 
wann  bord'T  out  of  doom  durtng  thfl  Hammer  ani  iiutumn 
montbii ;  flowcm  mo»t  profusely;  colour  rose,  euflTuiicd  with 
Pvpte  ;  foliago  eror  elcfpant  and  beautiful. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE,  NURSERyMEN, 

BAGSHOTj      SURREY, 

Solicit  attention  to  the  following  List  of  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS,  selected  from  their  general  Nursery  Stock.  The  ereater 
portion  are  growmK  in  the  open  quarters  ;  and  from  bemg  periodically  transplanted,  their  safe  reaioval  m«y  be  relied  on 
Every  Plant  sent  out  will  be  a  healthy  robust  specmen  ;  the  heu-h-s  given  .fford  but  a  slight  criterion  of  their  general 
character.  To  those  havmg  a  star  prehxed  they  invite  special  attention,  us  being  remarkalTlv  fine  and  fit  for  nrS^imt 
immediate  effect.     Gentlemen  about  to  plant  extensively  would  be  repaid  by  making  a  Tisit  to  the  Nursery.  P'-«ducing 

A  fine 


All  kinds  of  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs  supplied. 
Collection  of  Roses  selected  with  reference  to  late  autumnal 
blooming.  Also  of  the  best  kinds  of  late-flowering  hardy  hybrid 
Rhododendrons,  to  the  cultivation  of  which  especial  attention 
is  given. 

*.^*  Gentlemen  requiring  assistance  in  laying  out  or 
improving  their  grounds  may  procwe  the  services  of  a 
competent  person  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers, 

With  the  exception  of  such  names  as  are  printed  iu  italics, 
the  whole  of  the  plants  in  this  list  are  perfectly  hardy, 

The  number  of  inches  named  refer  to  the  heights,  unless 
otherwise  Ht«ted. 

ABIES  BRUNONIANA,  12  ins.,  23.  6d.  ;  24  ins.,  53.,  each. 
,,       JEZOENSIS,  one  year's  setdliutis,  2Is.  each. 

This  is  one  of  the  last  novelties  in   Conifers.     It 
forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in  height,  and  of  very 
distinct  character. 
„       DOUGLASIl.  20  fo  36  ing.,  ,55.  to  lOa.  6d.  each. 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  6  to  9  ins.,  I5. ;  12  ins.,  2s.  6d. ; 

18  ins.,  3s   (id.  ;  24  ins.,  Ss..  each. 
AZALEA,  "  Olory  of  Sunning  Bill,"  2s.  6d  to  5a.  each. 
The  best  d'luble  variety  in  cultivation. 
„       OVATA,  a  hardy  everj,'rei-n,  6  to  9  ins.,  23.  Gd.  each. 
„       VITTATA,   a  specimen  of  this    unique  variety  was 
awarded  a  Knightian   medal,    when    exhibited  last 
April  at  the  rooms  of  the    Horticultural    Society. 
Tbe  ground  colour  of  the  flowers  is  white,  which  is 
beautifully  striped  with  purple,  afier  the  manner  of 
a  Carnation.     It  is  a  very  free  bloomer.    9  ins.,  2I3, 
each. 
ABELIA  UNIFLORA,  new  and  distinct.    A  very  free  bloomer 

10s.  Cd.  each. 
BUSUS  sp.,  from  north  of  China,  round  leaved,  10s.  &d.  each. 

,,  ,,  ,,  long  leaved,  15s.  each. 

BERBERIS  FORTUNIT,  Sins.,  Is.  6d. ;  12  ins.,  2s.;   18  ins., 
3s.  ;  24  ins,,  5s.  each, 
„       DARWINIT,  73.  6d.  to  2is.  each. 

*  CEDRUS  AFRICANA,    18   ins.,    2s.   Gd.;    24    ins.,   3s.    Gd.  • 
3(1  ins.,  5s. ;  36  ins.,  7s  Gd.  ;  48  ins.,  10s.  Gd.  each.     ' 

<*      „       DEODARA,  2  to  5  ft.,  2s.  ed.  to  10s.  Gd.  each. 

*  CRYPTOMBRIA  JAPONICA,  seedlings,  very  robust  plants, 
will  retjuire   no   support  from    stakes.     Piants  4  to 
5  ft.  high  have  stems  as  many  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence.   «  ins.,  63s.  per  100.     24  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;  36  ins 
3s.  fid. ;  48  ins.,  5s. ;  60  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  each. 

„  JAPONICA  NANA,  seedlings  9  to  12  inches  through, 
ins.  Gd.  to  21s.  each. 
•CUPRESSUS  FUNEBRIS.seediings,  very  robustplants,  from 
the  open  border,  nearly  as  wide  as  high,  very  hand- 
some plants,  12  ins.,  5s  ;  18  ins.,  7s.  Gd.;  24  ins.,  15s  ; 
30  ins.,  21s.;  36  ins.,  31s.  Gd.  each.  Cuttings,  6  to 
8  ins.,  2s.  Gd  each, 

*  „  ELEGANS,  a  rapid  grower,  and  a  moat  graceful  tree, 
12  ins.,  23.  6d. ;  24  ins.,  3s.  6d.  ;  36  ins.,  5s.  ;  48  ins., 
7s.  Gd-  each, 

*  ,,  GOVENIANA.— This  is  one  of  themostbeautiful plants 
of  its  class.  It  has  the  merit  of  preserving  its 
beautiful  green  colour  during  the  most  severe 
weather,  9  ins.,  2s.  Gd. ;  12  ins.,  3s.  fid.  ;  18  ins.,  5s.  ■ 
24  ins.,  7s.  Gd.  ;  30  ins.,  10s,  Gd.;  36  ins.,  15s.; 
48  ins.,  2\s.  each. 

*  ,,  LAMBERTlANA,  forms  a  noble  tree,  rivalling  even 
the  Cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  succeeds  well  in  very  ex- 
posed situations.  9  to  12  ins.,  Is.  fid.  ;  18  ins., 
2s.  Gd,  ;  24  ins.,  Ss.  Gd.  each. 

Grafted  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil,  30  ins, 
2s.  ;  36  ins.,  2s.  fid  ;  42  ins.,  3s.  fid.  :  48  ins.,  5s.  each. 
CEPHALOTAXCS  FORTUNII,  male  var.,  long  leaves,  seed- 
lings,  21s.  each. 
,,.  i,    female   var.,   short   leaves,   seedlings, 

2I3.  each. 
CHAMiBROPS,  sp,,  a  hardy  Palm  from  the  north  of  China,  a 
decided  acquisition  to  our  hardy  ornamental  ever- 
greens, 21s.  to  31s   fid.  each. 
CLERODENDRON   F<ETIDUM.  — The  only  species    of    this 
beautiful  genus  which  can  be  successfully  cultivated 
in  a  cool  greenhouse,   a  situation  in  which  this  suc- 
ceeds admirably.    It  forms  its  large  heads  of  rosy 
lilac  flowers  in  great  profusion.    Strong  plants,  21s. 
each. 
CERASUS  ILLICIFOLIA,  7s.  6d.  each. 
DAPHNE  JAPONICA,  12  ins.,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

HYBRIDA,  12  ins.,  Is.  6d.  each. 
FORSYTHIA  VIRIDISSIMA.— This  plant  is  not  sufficiently 
known.  It  is  an  early  spring-flowering  plant,  produc- 
ing its  yellow  blossoms  iu  great  profusion.    But  it 


rarely  flowers,    or  but  Bcamilv  when    young.     The 
plants  offered  are  welUet  with  flower.huds.    It  forces 
Ta     '     ^^'''S^'^""'  24  in...  13  (id.;    36  ins,,  2*.  6d.: 
48  1ns.,  6s.  ltd.  ;  btaodards.  10s    Gd   eirh 
ILEX  DIPYREN  A.  9  to  12  inches,  3s.  fid'  each 
„       MICROCARPA.  21s.  each.  * 

„       LATIFOLIA,  12  ins.,  23,  6d. ;    18  ins.,  Ss.  6d.  ;  24  ins. 

5.'!.  each.  ' 

„       FURCATA,  2l3.  each. 
JUNIPERUS  ARGENTEA,  new  and  very  beautiful,  12  inches 
53.  ea[;li.  ' 

„        PIIOJNICEA,  12  ins..  Is  Gd.  each. 
„         ClIINEN'SIS,  12  ins.,  Is.;  18  ins.,  U.Gd.  •  24  ins     23 
3(1  ins..  2s.  f^d.  each.  *'      * 

„         TAMARISCIFOLIA,  12  ins..  Is.  each. 
„         FLACCIDA,  12  ins.,  Is  fid. ;  24  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
„         EXOELSA,  12in8.,  2s.  6d, ;   18  ins..  3s.  Od.  each. 
„         SQUAMATA,  12  Ins.,  Is   ;  24  ins.,  2a.  6d.  each, 
,,         CUACOVIA,  12ins.,  Is  each. 
„         NACROCARPA,  12  ins.,  23.  fid.  each. 
,,         REPANDENS,  12  ins.,  Qd.  ;  24  ins..  Is.  Gd.  each. 
„         OKLONGA   PENDULA,  fi  .0  Sins.,  23.  fid.  each. 
„         BEDFORDIANA,  12  ins.,  Is. ;  ISins.,  Is.  6d.  ;  24 ins., 
2s.  each. 
JASMINUM  NUDIFLORUM,  strong  blooming  plants,  2s.  Gd. 

each. 
LTGUSTRUVI  JAPONICUM.  9ins„ls.;  24in3.,2s  each. 
LYCOPOniUM  WTLDENOVri,  5s.  each. 
LIROCEDRUS  CHILENSIS,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
MITRARIA   CC^GINEA,  2s.  Gd.  ea'-h. 

«PICEA  FINSaPO,    very  handsome   specimens,  30  ins.,   21b. 
each. 
„      NORDMANNTANA,  10s.  to  15s.  each. 
OVATA,  10s.  6d.  each. 
*PINUS  INSIGNIS,  12  ins.,  2s.  6d.  ;  24in9.,5fl.;  30  ins.,  7s.  6d. 
3fi  to42ins.,  lOs.  6d.  each. 
„       MUaiCATA,    9   ins.,  10s.  fid.;  18  ins.,    21s.;  24  ins., 

31s.  Gd.  each. 
„       MONT  I^ZUMiE,  12  to  15  ins.,  10s.  Gd.  each. 
QUERCUS  S(:Lb;ROPHYLLA,  2Is.  to42s.  each. 

„       INVERSA.  21s.  to  42s.  each. 
ROSE,  "FORTUNE'S  YELLOW,"  dwarfs,  2.1.  Gd.  to  Ss.  each. 
,.  ,,  ,1        standard'',  5s  to  73,  fid.  each. 

RHODODENDllONS,— Hardy  late  flowering  Hybrids  varying 
in  colour  from  white  to  deep  crimson.  Dwarla,  31s.  Gd. 
to  6  guineas  per  dozen  ;  standards,  21s.  to  5  guineas 
each. 
„      COMMON  PONTICUM,  forcovers,  thrice  transplanted, 
12  to  18  ins.  high,  very  bushy,  15s.  to  2  Is.  per  100. 
SIKKIM  RHODODENDRONS.— We  believe  we  may  Slate,  with 
out  fear  of  contradiction,  that  we  po^'sesf  the  largest 
plants  of  these  beautiiul  Rhododi'iidrnns  in  thetrade» 
The  heights  of  those  we  are  offering  vary  from  2  to 
9  ins.     From  the  altitudefrom  whence  mony  of  them 
were   obtained,  there  is  great  probability   of  their 
proving  hardy  in    this   country.     Collections  of   24 
distinct  kinds  at  3,  5,  or  9  guineas, 
SPIRJ3.^.  CALLOSA.— An  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
It  has  large  corymbs  of  rosy  purple  blossoms,  andis  a 
handsome  addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants  ;  10s.  6d, 
each. 
SAT/I&BURIA  ADIANTIFOLIA  (seedlings),  12  ins.,   2s.   Gd. 

e^ch. 
♦TAXODIDM     SEMPERTIRENS.       This    and    Cryptomeria 
japonica    are     amongst    the     most    rapid-growing 
Conifers.      In  situations    where    such  are  required 
they  cannot  be  surpassed.     18  ius.  to  5  feet,  I3.  Gd. 
to  10s.  Gd-  each. 
TAXUS  DOVASTONII,  standards,  3  to  4ft.,  7s.  fid.  to  10s.  6d. 
rach. 
„      ADPllESSA,  12  in*.,  2s. ;  24  ins,,  5s, ;   3G  ins,,  10s.  fid. 

each. 
„      BAOCATA     (yellow-betTied   var.),    12    ins.,    2s.   6d. ; 

24  ins,,  5s.;  36  ins.,  7s.  6d.  each. 
„        ,,  (golden-leaved  var  )  12in8.,  Is.tid  ;  18  ins.,  2s.  6d, each • 
VIBURNUM  PLICATUM.  10s.  6d.  to  2ls.  each. 
*  WEIGELA  ROSE  A— This  beautiful  flowering  shrub  should  bo 
grown  by  every  one.     It  forms  a  hiindeome  object 
in  the  open  borders  in  May,      It  also  forces   well. 
The  plants  here  offered   are  as  wide  as  high,  and 
will  flower  abundantly  in  the  spring,    18  ins.,  2s.  ■ 
24  ins.,  2s.  fid.  ;  30  ins.,  3s.  Gd.  ;  36  ins.,  5s   each. 
A  Descriptive   Catalogue  of  Hardy  Ornamental    Trees  and 
Shrubs  ;  to  which  is  prefixed  a  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of 
American  Plants,  may  be  had  free,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for 
postage. 


T  OHN  HENCHMAN  begs  to  infoi-m  the  public  that 

*-'  he  is  still  sending  out  stout  healthy  Seedling  CALCEO- 
LARIAS, in  60  pots,  at  Gs.  per  dozen  ;  extra  fine  breed,  at  I2s. 
per  dozen ;  ditto,  in  48  pots,  fine,  for  early  blooming  or  speci- 
men plants,  at  I2s.  and  ISs.  per  dozen  respectively.  Chcice 
named  FANSIES,  6s.  per  dozen.— Edmonton,  London,  April  3, 


TMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pro- 

J-  curing  sound  Seed  is  the  surest  means  to  have  a  good  crop. 
We  have  now  left  only  a  few  Tons  of  YORK  REGENTS, 
CAMBKIDQE  RADICAL,  AMERIOAN,  NATIVE,  AND 
WHITE-BLOSSOMED  KIDNEY  POTATOES,  the  produce  of 
our  last  year's  prepared  cuttings,  at  prices  formerly  advertised. 
Prepared  cuttings  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May : —  s,  d. 

York  Regents  per  1000    10    6 

American  Native    „         10    6 

Cambridge  Radical  ,,         10    6 

Early  Oxford  15     0 

Packages  for  1000,  Is,  ;  2000,  Is.  fid.  ;  6000,  23.  fid. 

No  orders  will  be  provided  for  which  are  not  to  hand  In  the 

first  week  in  April.     Post-office  orders  to  he  made  payable  at 

the  Borough  Oflice  to  Hay.  Sangster  «nd  Co.,  Newlngton  Butts. 

London,  6th  March,  1852. — Subjoined  is  the  analysis  of  two 

highly  respectable  Uhemists,  of  our  stock  in  hand  :— 

'*  London,  March  12, 1852. 
"Wo  have  now  completed  our  examination  of  a  sample  of 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepatcd  cuttings  In  comparlwon 
with  anrjthor  Hami)io  of  the  Hame  dt*noraination,  obtained  by 
oursi.dves  from  a  highly  roHpecablo  Potato  Halesraan,  with  a 
view  to  nflcortaln  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
eac;h,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
favour,  viz.:—  Starch. 

"  Thono  Krown  from  your  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    jicrcent. 

"  PottttocH  from  Hulosmun        IVA  per  cvnt. 

"Maimiice  Soani.an,  I'M'.S. 
"  Ar.FKKU  AnohihoN,  F.O.S, 
"Mc««rii.  Ilay,  Snngstor,  and  Co.,  Seed  Munilinnts, 
IH,  Oumborlaud-pluco, Nowlngton  Butts." 


FINE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  laying  down 
Land. — -Hand-picked  Sei^d  at  24s.  per  acre,  allowing 
3  bushels  of  the  mixed  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre.  Henry  Clarke,  Seed  Merchant, 

39,  Kin^-street,  Covent-garden,  London. 


Eiit  iBuVUmn^'  Ciironicle, 

SATUBDAY,  APRIL  3,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

r  Bnlomoloifical 8  p.u. 

MoNDAT,        April       C^ChemlCRl 8  p.m. 

f  BrlriBh  Archltocts   8  p.u. 

{Horticultural  3  r.H. 
LinnpBU  8  r.M. 
Civl)  Eniilmep.  8  P.M. 
rathoIoKlcal 8  T.v, 

WRDnnDDAy,    —         7— GpoloRlcal Sjp.M. 

„  QfNattonal  Plorlcullural 3  p.m. 

TUHUBDAT,       —         ''UloyalSoc.or  Literature 4  P.M. 

e.  ,n)  MeillCBl  KP.M. 

S.TUBDii         -       1»1  Royal  Botanic 3Jp.m. 


Some  observations  on  the  Ci,im\te  of  the  south  and 
west  part  of  England  appeared  in  two  or  three  con- 
secutive Numbers  of  our  Volume  for  IS.'Jl,  to  which 
it  was  hoped  that  some  further  additions  would  be 
made  by  the  experience  of  horticulturists  situated 
in  those  districts  and  in  Wales  and  Ireland.  While 
further  communications  on  so  interesting  a  subject 
are  desired  from  such  persons  as  can  furnish  them, 
it  may  not  be  amiss  to  draw,  in  addition  and  at 
some  length,  attention  to  the  peculiarities  of  the 
climate  of  Rurope  in  conneclion  with  our  own — a 
subject  of  very  great  horticultural  and  agricultural 


J 


212 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[April  3, 


iaterest,  but,  we  suspect,  by  no  means  understood 
hv  many  of  our  readers. 

The  continent  of  Europe,  or,  rather,  the  north- 
western portion  of  the  old  world,  is  so  deeply 
indented  by  branches  of  the  ocean  forming  inland 
seas  of  most  irregular  outline,  as  to  present  nothing 
but  a  group  of  peninsulas  of  various  form  to  any  one 
considering  it  on  a  large  and  general  scale,  and  com- 
paring it  .with  the  vast  extent  of  unbroken  land 
which  constitutes  the  masses  of  Asia  on  the  one 
side,  and  of  Africa  on  the  other.  A  range  of  colossal 
Alps  runs  through  the  middle  of  this  broken  conti- 
nent from  east  to  west,  in  many  parts  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  sea.  A  similar  alpine  range  occu- 
pies great  part  of  the  north,  while  the  central 
regions  are  filled  with  scattered  groups  of  consider- 
a.ble  elevation,  which  divide  countries  of  extensive 
plains  on  the  east  and  west  one  from  the  other. 
Such  is  the  configuration  of  the  continent  of  Europe 
viewed  in  a  geographical  light,  and  as  it  must  lie 
exposed  to  meteoric  action.  The  great  islands  which 
are  situated  within  view  of  its  shores,  or  of  each 
other,  must  of  course  partake  of,  while  they  modify, 
its  physical  peculiarities. 

The  climate  of  the  middle  region  of  the  Continent, 
with  which  that  of  the  British  isles  may  most 
naturally  be  compared,  namely,  the  region  south  of 
the  Baltic,  north  of  the  Alps,  and  stretching  from 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  to  the  Oural  Mountains,  expe- 
riences even  in  a  more  marked  degree  than  England 
and  Ireland  the  remarkable  modification  of  both 
summer  and  winter  temperatures  (in  opposite 
directions)  which  we  find  to  exist  between  the 
western  and  eastern  districts  of  our  own  country. 
The  same  rule  holds  good,  in  a  general  sense,  both 
in  the  northern  and  southern  regions  of  the  Conti- 
nent. Thus  Norway  enjoys  a  milder  winter,  but  a 
cooler  summer,  than  Russian  Lapland  ;  the  mouth 
of  the  Loire  is  open,  while  that  of  the  Volga  is 
frozen  thick  every  winter  ;  and  the  winters  of  Por- 
tugal, Spain,  Italy,  Turkey,  and  the  Black  Sea, 
increase  in  intensity  the  further  you  travel  to  the 
eastward. 

Such  is  the  case  with  the  winters  of  these  three 
principal  regions.  With  the  summers  the  case  is 
slightly  different,  though  not  in  opposition  to  the 
principle  which  rules  the  others.  For  in  the 
southern  region  the  latitude  is  sufficiently  warm  to 
bring  the  temperature  of  all  the  countries,  from  the 
coast  of  Portugal  to  the  Caucasus,  and  from  the  foot 
of  the  Alps  to  the  shores  of  Barbary,  to  nearly  one 
uniform  level  in  the  summer  months  ;  subject,  how- 
ever, to  great  variety  in  duration.  Thus  at  Lisbon, 
Barcelona,  Nice,  Genoa,  Naples,  it  is  still  summer 
in  October  or  the  beginning  of  November,  while 
at  Constantinople  the  heat  is  over  by  the  end  of 
September.  In  like  manner  there  is  a  spring  from 
October  to  May  in  Portugal,  Sicily,  the  west  coast 
of  Italy  and  the  islands  ;  while  on  the  east  coast, 
and  all  round  the  Adriatic,  at  Constantinople,  and 
the  Black  Sea,  spring  is  little,  if  at  all,  earlier  than 
in  England.  On  the  Bosphorus  snow  may  fall, 
though  it  may  not  lie  long,  during  at  least  five 
winter  months. 

The  common  Olive  is  not  secure  against  the 
winters  of  Constantinople,  and  the  Orange,  if  grown 
there,  must  be  protected,  while  both  are  in  general 
cultivation  in  a  more  northern  latitude  in  France 
and  the  north  of  Italy.  The  Crimean  Olive  is  a 
different  and  hardier  varietj^ 

Having  in  mind,  then,  this  threefold  division  of 
Europe  into  the  northern,  middle,  and  southern  or 
Mediterranean  Flora,  each  of  these  regions  increas- 
ing both  in  winter-cold  and  summer -heat  in  propor- 
tion to  their  distance  eastward  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  it  remains  to  consider  the  relation  of  the 
general  European  climate  to  that  of  the  British 
islands. 

The  Alpine  districts  of  the  middle  region  must 
be  left  out  of  the  question  as  far  as  their  Flora 
is  concerned ;  because  the  Alpine  Flora  is  an 
exceptional  one,  accompanying  and  dependent 
on  very  peculiar  topographical  situations  as  well 
as  meteoric  conditions.  Rising,  as  they  do,  from 
the  centre  of  a  moderately  temperate  region  into 
an  atmosphere  of  great  cold  and  light,  those  dis- 
tricts dift'er  from  the  alpine  ranges  of  Scandi- 
navia, which  rise  from  a  region  not  much  less  cold 
than  the  mountains  themselves  ;  the  consequence  of 
which  is  that  in  the  chain  of  the  Pyrenees,  Alps, 
and  Carpathians,  the  mountain  Flora  differs  greatly 
from  that  of  the  plains,  north  as  well  as  south  of  it, 
while  in  the  north  the  Flora  both  of  plain  and  moun- 
tain is  much  more  nearly  identical.  That  the  Alps 
of  Europe  generally  exercise  an  influence  on  its 
climate  is  not  to  be  denied;  but  its  bearing 
on  that  of  Britain  must  be  very  remote  and 
indirect,  and  the  Flora  of  those  Alps,  for  the  reasons 
above  stated,  will  not  be  fairly  characteristic  of  the 
regions  into  which  the  whole  of  Europe  (com- 
prehending the  basin  of  the  Mediterranean),  is  here 


supposed  to  be  divided.  For  this  reason  the  Alpine 
Flora  must  be  considered  as  excluded  from  the 
present  observations. 

The  region  the  most  important  for  our  purpose, 
is  that  of  the  Mediterranean,  both  as  to  tempe- 
rature and  extent,  as  well  as  the  copiousness  and 
variety  of  its  botanical  productions.  A  general 
similarity  of  families,  genera,  and  even  species  range 
along  its  whole  length  and  breadth  ;  its  Flora  may 
be  said  to  begin  with,  or  to  blend  with  that 
of  the  Atlantic  islands  in  the  west,  and  of  Persia  in 
the  east,  at  least,  so  far  as  the  confines  of  the  middle 
Asiatic,  or  North  Indian  group.  Its  meridional 
range  may  be  taken  from  the  south  flank  of  the  Alps 
to  the  shores  of  North  Africa,  perhaps  to  the  foot  of 
Mount  Atlas.  We  find  in  this  extensive  range  of 
longitude,  an  exceedingly  numerous  assemblage  of 
plants,  all  exposed  to  an  uniform  summer  tempera- 
ture, according  to  the  latitude  ;  but,  as  has  been 
previously  shown,  to  very  different  degrees  of  winter 
cold,  and  early  or  late  springs  and  autumns,  accord- 
ing to  the  longitude,  east  or  west.  Three  groups  of 
plants  (groups  as  considered  with  regard  to  climate), 
may  be  distinguished  among  this  various  assemblage, 
whose  constitution  would  not  be  suspected  to  differ 
in  the  slightest  degree  from  each  other  when  only 
viewed  in  the  mass  of  species  which  grow  inter- 
mingled in  the  countries  of  the  Mediterranean,  but 
whose  varying  degree  of  hardiness  is  tested  either  by 
their  great  natural  range  to  the  mouth  of  the  Medi- 
terranean basin,  or  by  their  capability  of  adaptation 
in  a  cultivated  state  to  more  northern  climates. 
The  peculiar  conditions  of  this  extension  of  the 
range  of  two  distinct  groups  of  the  Mediterranean 
Flora  to  tracts  far  to  the  north-west  and  north-east, 
respectively,  of  the  Mediterranean  basin,  will  be 
found  to  have  an  interesting  relation  to  the  Flora  and 
climate  of  Britain,  as  we  shall  explain  hereafter.  S. 


It  seems  to  have  escaped  the  notice  of  persons 
whose  attention  has  been  drawn  to  the  Grape  Mil- 
hew,  that  SoHWEiNiTz  has  described,  though  briefly, 
a  species  of  Erisyphe^  under  the  name  of  E.  necator, 
which  attacks  the  berries  of  Vitis  Labrusca,  in  the 
United  States.  This,  like  the  Oidhim,  consists,  in 
an  earlj'  stage  of  growth,  of  very  delicate  white  orbi- 
cular patches,  and  when  old,  produces  a  few  ex- 
tremely minute  sporangia.  Now,  it  is  very  possible 
that  this  may  be  the  same  thing  with  our  Oidium, 
for  several  instances  occur  in  which  species,  which 
in  the  one  country  generate  perfect  fruit,  are  never 
found  in  the  other  except  in  a  depauperated  condi- 
tion ;  an  example  of  which  is  presented  by  Po/y- 
stiqma  riibrum  of  Greville.  American  Vines,  indeed, 
have  not  at  present,  as  far  as  observed  in  Europe, 
exhibited  any  tendency  to  disease  ;  but  this  is  not 
decisive  as  to  the  point.  The  matter  of  import  now 
is,  to  direct  attention  to  the  simple  statement  of  the 
fact  of  the  existence  of  a  similar  fungus  in  America, 
producing  similar  effects.  Unfortunately,  though 
our  collection  from  the  Southern  districts  far  exceeds 
three  thousand  numbers,  nothing  of  the  kind  has 
yet  been  transmitted ;  but  the  earnest  attention  of 
more  than  one  American  botanist,  competent  to  give 
the  required  information,  has  been  called  to  the 
subject. 

A  nearly  allied  fungus  is  most  destructive  in 
Pennsylvania  to  Gooseberries,  insomuch,  that  in 
some  districts,  except  in  very  propitious  years,  no 
fruit  comes  to  perfection.  The  berries  before  they 
arrive  at  maturity  are  completely  invested  with  the 
sterile  flocci,  and  in  consequence  become  perfectly 
diy  and  juiceless,  so  as  to  be  quite  uneatable. 
ScHWEiNiTz,  indeed,  informs  us  that  at  Bethlehem 
he  had  for  many  years  found  scarcely  a  single  berry 
uninjured.  M.  J.  B. 


ERINUS  LYCHNIDEA. 
Few  plants  are  better  calculated  to  delight  a  certain 
class  of  cultivat.)rs  than  this  simple  and  somewhat  rare 
Figwort.  It  is  true  that  many  admirers  of  gaudy 
flowers  might  only  give  it  a  contemptuous  glance  in 
passing,  never  for  a  moment  imagining  that  a  plant  so 
unassuming  in  appearance  could  possess  any  property 
or  peculiarity  by  which  to  recommend  itself  to  indivi- 
duals of  cultivated  taste.  The  best  way  of  settling  this 
point  with  such  persons  is  to  take  a  walk  with  them  to 
the  greenhouse  when  the  shades  of  evening  begin  to 
gather  over  us,  and  when  such  plants  as  emit  their  fra- 
grance and  display  their  beauty  in  the  day-time  are  inca- 
pable of  imparting  pleasure  :  if  Erinus  Lychnidea  is  in 
flower,  it  will  speak  for  itself  ;  and,  instead  of  having  to 
explain  your  motives  for  allowing  such  a  simple-looking 
and  apparently  uninteresting  plant  to  occupy  a  place  in 
your  collection,  you  will  probably  be  asked  for  a  small 
plant  or  cutting.  It  may  be  considered  the  type  of  ihat 
class  of  plants  which  has  been  kindly  supplied  to  us 
for  our  gratification  and  delight  at  the  period  when  the 
mantle  of  night  has  rendered  the  great  mass  of  culti- 
vated exotics  uninteresting.  This  Erinus  seems  to 
have  an  inherent  dread  of  the  sun  ;  for  the  approach  of 
his  morning  rays  causes  it  to  wrap  up  its  fragrance  and 
beauty  in  closely-folded  petals  ;  and  while  Sol  remains 


above  the  horizon,  it  continues  to  hide  its  face  and 
withhold  its  perfume.  It  remains  in  this  condition 
until  some  time  after  the  sun  has  descended  below  the 
horizon ;  then  it  gradually  unfolds  its  petals,  and  emits 
its  sweetness,  until  the  atmosphere  of  the  bouse  becomes 
redolent^  with  its  peculiar,  and,  to  me,  delicious  fra- 
grance. During  the  chilly  and  sunless  period  which  we 
frequently  experience  in  November,  it  hardly  cares  to 
fold  its  petals,  and  will  remain  open  for  days  together  ; 
but  under  such  conditions  its  fragrance  is  not  near  so 
powerful  as  during  the  summer  evenings. 

I  by  no  means  affirm  that  this  is  a  showy  plant ;  ita 
colour  is  little  better  than  a  dingy  white,  and,  except 
the  peculiar  cup-like  form  of  its  petals,  there  is  nothing 
in  the  shape  of  its  flower  to  attract  particular  notice. 
If  it  is  to  be  appreciated  as  its  merits  deserve,  it  must 
be  visited  between  sunset  and  sunrise,  and  I  recom- 
mend it  simply  on  account  of  the  peculiarity  noticed 
above.  I  manage  to  obtain  well-grown  plants  of  it  in 
the  following  manner. 

I  winter  my  young  stock  in  4i-inch  pots  in  the  green- 
house, close  to  the  glass,  sparingly  supplying  it  with 
water,  but  abundantly  with  air.  This  I  find  to  be 
necessary,  for  it  dislikes  damp  during  the  dull  months. 
About  the  beginning  of  March,  I  select  a  few  of  the 
best  plants,  and  place  them  close  to  the  glass  in  a  pit, 
which  is  kept  a  little  closer  and  warmer  than  the 
ordinary  greenhouse.  If  they  are  healthy  and  well- 
rooted,  they  are  shifted  into  7-inch  pots,  otherwise  this 
is  deferred  until  they  show  symptoms  of  activity.  If 
the  temperature  averages  60°  by  day  and  45°  by  night, 
they  will  soon  start  into  vigorous  growth  ;  but  this 
degree  of  warmth  must  not  be  maintained  by  excluding 
fresh  air,  or  by  much  artificial  help  ;  for  if  it  is,  your 
plants  will  become  weakly  and  drawn,  and  disease  will 
take  place.  Have  patience  until  Nature  assists  you, 
and  allow  a  sufficiency  of  fresh  air,  to  prevent  damp 
and  etiolation.  I  generally  find  my  plants  ready  for 
a  second  and  final  shift  towards  the  latter  end  of  April 
or  early  in  May.  I  use  10-inch  pots  for  this  shift,  and 
replace  the  plants  in  the  situation  they  occupied  before 
shifting.  I  carefully  supply  them  with  water  according 
to  their  wants,  and  after  bright  days  I  slightly  sprinkle 
them  overhead.  They  will  now  require  to  be  pinched 
and  pegged  down,  so  as  to  cause  them  to  form  dwarf, 
bushy,  well-shaped  plants  ;  and  when  satisfied  as  to 
size,  they  ought  to  be  afforded  the  support  of  stakes, 
otherwise  the  weight  of  the  flowers  will  destroy  their 
form.  As  soon  as  the  plants  show  signs  of  vigorous 
health,  I  give  them  weak  guano-water — the  same  as  I 
give  to  most  greenhouse  plants. 

When  the  plants  commence  flowering,  they  should 
be  removed  to  an  airy  place,  near  the  glass,  either  in 
the  conservatory  or  greenhouse  ;  here  they  will  con- 
tinue to  produce  an  abundant  supply  of  blossoms  from 
June  to  December.  The  only  care  which  they  will  re- 
quire will  be  the  removal  of  decayed  flowers,  &c.,  and 
red  spider;  they  are  not  liable  to  be  injui-ed  by  the 
latter,  but  it  will  sometimes  attack  them,  particularly  if 
they  are  allowed  to  get  rather  dry  at  the  roots,  and  not 
abundantly  supplied  with  air.  When  I  find  a  plant  in- 
fested with  this  pest,  I  remove  it  to  a  convenient  place 
where  I  can  freely  use  the  syringe,  and  shorten  it  back. 
After  I  am  satisfied  that  every  insect  is  removed,  I  place- 
it  in  the  pit  formerly  mentioned,  where  it  soon  produces 
a  fresh  supply  of  flowers.  The  soil  which  I  find  to 
answer  best  is  a  mixture  of  about  equal  portions  of  peat 
and  loam,  rendered  sufficiently  porous  by  adding  silver 
sand. 

It  is  readily  propagated  by  cuttings,  made  of  mode- 
rately well-ripened  wood,  placed  in  a  cool  situation  under 
a  beU-glass,  and  shaded  ;  but  they  must  not  be  placed 
in  heat,  or  they  will  damp  off.  They  should  be  rooted 
and  potted  off  in  time  to  get  established  in  their  pots 
before  winter  ;  the  end  of  June  or  beginning  of  July 
will  be  found  a  proper  time  for  inserting  the  cuttings. 
The  old  plants  may,  it  desired,  be  kept  over  winter,  but  I 
prefer  young  plants — the  latter  occupy  less  space,  AlgfJui,. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 


No.  LXXI. —  The  long-looked-for,  and  most  de- 
lightful change  in  the  weather  was  heralded  in  on  Mon- 
day evening  last,  by  a  succession  of  warm,  genial 
showers.  These  not  only  produced  in  one  short  night  a 
magical  effect  on  vegetation,  but  on  the  voices  of  the 
birds  in  particular.  Early  on  Tuesday  morning  we 
were  awakened  ere  it  was  yet  light  by  the  joyous  note 
of  the  blackbird  ;  followed  by  that  of  the  thrush,  and 
other  sweet  voices  innumerable,  all  giving  utterance  (as 
the  rain  distilled  upon  them)  in  song  to  the  gratitude 
of  their  over-flowing  hearts.  If  there  be  a  treat  in 
Nature  worth  rising  betimes  to  listen  to,  it  is  that  of 
which  we  are  now  speaking.  It  will  not  be  long  before 
our  own  Philomel  joins  the  choir;  and  then — but  we 
will  not  anticipate. 

We  mentioned  in  a  former  article,  that  the  weather, 
however  severe,  rarely  interfered  with  the  early  nidifi- 
cation  of  the  blackbirds  and  thrushes.  We  observe  in 
the  "  Naturalist  "  for  April,  that  at  Southend,  a  black- 
bird's nest  with  eggs  was  found  in  the  middle  of 
January  last,  in  an  open  hedge  !  Several  other  corro- 
borations of  our  remark  have  been  brought  under  notice. 
In  a  few  days  young  birds  will  be  abundant.  But  now 
for  directions  in  the  matter  of  food,  cages,  &c. 

Thrushes,  hke  blackbirds,  require  a  variety  in  their 
diet.  Their  general  food  may  consist  of  German  paste, 
stale  buu,  and  hard-boiled  egg.  But  they  will  anxiously 
look  out  for  a  snail,  some  bread  and  butter,  a  morsel  of 
cheese,  and  a  few  meal-worms.    If  these  be  given  them 


14— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


213 


at  intervals,  they  will  never  ail  anything  ;  and  with  care 
you  may  keep  them  IS  years. 

Thrushes  are  liable  to  cramp,  particularly  when 
young.  Be  careful,  therefore,  never  to  place  the  vessel 
holding  water  inside  their  cages  ;  and  let  the  gi'avel  at 
the  bottom  of  their  cages  be  always  kept  clean  and  dry. 
It  should  be  changed  every  day.  You  cannot  do  better 
than  select  your  cages  on  the  model  proposed  for  those 
of  the  blackbird.  They  like  plenty  of  room,  both  in 
width  and  height,  and  they  should  be  suspended  mode- 
rately high.  In  summer  they  may  be  left  out  all  night  ; 
but  as  we  have  before  remarked,  one  side  of  the  cage 
must  be  boarded,  to  exclude  all  draughts. 

Thrushes  are  very  fond  of  bathing.  You  must  there- 
fore provide  a  square  earthenware  pan  (sold  by  the  bird- 
dealers),  let  into  a  wire  frame.  Suspend  tliis  every 
morning  on  the  cage  door  (first  opening  it).  The  bird 
will  soon  jump  into  his  bath  ;  and  when  he  retires  you 
had  better  remove  it  immediately  ;  then  close  the  door. 

To  cause  your  birds  to  be  tame  and  familiar,  it  is 
only  needful  to  talk  to  them  as  you  pass,  or  to  whistle 
to  them.  They  quickly  get  used  to  you,  and  recognise 
your  step.  Hang  them  by  themselves,  as  the  loudness 
of  their  song  would  materially  interfere  with  the  har- 
mony of  your  smaller  birds.  There  is  a  great  art  in 
arranging  your  vocalists.  If  you  study  this,  you  may 
turn  your  garden  into  an  aviary,  and  melody  will  be 
heard  to  pour  from  every  tree. 

We  have  now  said  all  that  is  needful  for  the  proper 
management  of  this  noble  bird  when  in  confinement. 
We  must  however  repeat,  that  he  is  not  adapted  for  a 
cage  bird,  though  he  is  numbered  among  them.  No  one 
can  doubt  the  truth  of  this  who  listens  to  his  wild  song, 
especially  at  this  season  : — 

"  See!  the  Spring 
Is  the  earth  eoamellin^; 
And  the  birds  on  every  tree 
Greet  the  morn  with  melody. 
Hark  I  how  yonder  Tbbostle  chanta  it, 
Whilst  his  mate  as  proudly  vaunts  it !  " 

It  will  be  said,  that  it  is  not  all  our  readers  who  can 
enjoy  these  wild  melodies  in  the  country ;  and  tliat  they 
have  as  much  right  to  listen  to  the  music  of  a  thrush  as 
we  have,  although  they  do  live  in  cities.  It  is  true  ; 
and  we  have  done  our  part  towards  facilitating  their 
object  We  have  done  it  however  *'  under  protest." 
WUliam  Kidd. 


FOREiaN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Bohemia. — The  magnificent  establishment  belongin^ 
to  Count  de  Thun  is  situate  on  the  Elbe,  at  a  place 
called  Tetschen,  about  35  miles  south  of  Dresden  ;  it 
covers  nearly  30  acres  of  land,  and  is  divided  into  three 
divisions,  viz.,  the  hothouse  division,  the  flower-garden, 
and  arboretum,  which  last  is  so  beautiful  by  Nature  that 
but  little  had  to  be  added  by  art.  The  gardens,  which 
reach  to  the  water's  edge,  are  crossed  by  gradually 
sloping  walks,  reaching  from  the  Elbe  to  the  foot  of  the 
castle,  built  on  the  top  of  a  granite  rock  150  feet  in 
height.  The  grounds  are  very  beautiful  ;  enormous 
masses  of  foliage  of  trees  brought  from  abroad  are  seen 
contrasted  with  smaller  groups,  which  are  themselves 
set  oflf  by  the  cultivated  land  above  and  below  them  ; 
then  there  are  shrubs,  well  chosen  flowers,  and  from 
amongst  the  whole,  large  masses  of  barren  rock  which 
occasionally  project  and  prevent  a  monotony  of  colour. 
In  the  highest  part  of  the  garden,  and  facing  the  south, 
the  rock  has  been  cut  into  shelves,  upon  which  stand, 
one  over  the  other,  three  immense  hothouses  several 
hundred  yards  in  length  ;  each  house  is  connected  with 
the  other  by  a  gently  inclining  tunnel  cut  in  the  solid 
rock.  In  these  houses,  which  are  thus  admirably  shel- 
tered from  wind,  30,000  or  40,000  Camellias,  Azaleas, 
and  Rhododendrons,  are  obtained  every  year  by  graft- 
ing orbuddmg  ;  altogether  there  are  some  1000  species 
or  varieties.  Those  which  attain  a  large  size  are  put 
together  into  a  larger  house  ;  and  it  is  by  no  means 
■  rare  to  see  p^Tamidal  trees  some  8  or  9  yards  in  height 
covered  yearly  with  innumerable  flowers.  The  espaliers, 
which  cover  the  walls  of  the  foundation,  are  not  unlike 
those  m  the  kitchen  garden  at  Versailles.  Of  Rhodo- 
dendrons alone  there  are  at  least  300  varieties  ;  of  these 
the  specimens  of  the  old  arboreura  are  remarkable  for 
their  strength  and  vigour  ;  of  the  new  ones  the  most 
worthy  of  note  are  the  Laureura,  Smithii,  flavescens, 
barbatum.chryselcctum,  yellow,  &c.  From  this  garden 
come  those  large  specimens  which  are  in  the  imperial 
apothecary'B  botanic  garden  in  St.  Peteraburgh  ;  here, 
too,  I  aaw  the  strongest  stems,  the  best  crowns,  and  the 
finest  bushes.  The  collection  of  Indian  Azaleas  is  com- 
posed of  nearly  300  species  or  varieties  ;  there  are 
thousands  of  them  of  every  age,  size,  and  price  ;  they 
vary  from  about  half  a  yard  to  3  yards  in  height  ;  speci- 
mena  of  phccnicea,  2^  or  ?,  yards  in  height,  arc  common ; 
There  are  1 00  species  or  varieticH  of  the  tribe  ponticum. 
An  immense  house  is  set  apart  for  the  cultivation  of 
Pine-appIcH,  which  are  of  ;,'r(.at  merit;  1000  or  1200 
are  ripened  annually,  and  supply  the  tables  of  the  gi-cat 
personages  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  even  of  the  court 
of  Vienna.  The  Pines  are  renewed  by  numerous 
sowings,  and  the  collection  numbers  55  variotit-H, 
the  fruit  of  some  of  which  is  truly  monstrous  ;  the  fol- 
lowing arc  tlie  most  cultivated— tin;  Ordlnairf;,  DnchesH'; 
d'Orleans,  Prince  Albert,  Envillc,  Otaheitc,  Nc  Plus 
Ultra,  smooth- leaved  Cayenne,  spiny-leaved  Cayenne, 
and  a  Nervosa  maxima,  of  which  I  saw  fruit  weighing 
7  bohemian  pounds. 

The  Orchid-hou-so  is  on  tlic  same  level,  and  heated  to 
about  the  same  degree,  as  the  Pine-apple-houHO;  the 
collection   is  very  complete,  and  is  composed  of  iOO 


genera  and  more  than  COO  varieties.  There  are  more  than 
30  varieties  of  Cattleya,  40  of  Dendrobium,  45  of  Maxil- 
laria,  60  of  Oucidium,25  of  Stanhopea,  30  of  Epidendrum, 
12  of  Lselia,  and  as  many  of  Brassia,  including  the  variety 
Wrayse  in  a  remarkably  fine  state.  Each  plant  is 
labelled  with — 1,  its  botanic  name;  2,  the  name  of  the 
person  who  introduced  or  named  it  ;  3,  the  place  from 
which  it  came  j-and  4,  the  date  of  its  introduction  into 
Europe. 

On  the  same  terrace  is  the  house  for  exotic  plants, 
Amongst  the  most  beautiful  I  may  mention  the  genera 
Achimenes,  Gesnera,  Tillandsia,  and  Gloxinia  ;  of  the 
latter  there  are  15  first-rate  varieties,  including  Bich- 
terii,  Rosea  alba,  Youngi,  Cartonii,  Crussii,  and  a  dozen 
other  varieties,  grown  from  the  seeds  of  the  preceding 
year,  and  which  would  be  ready  for  sale  the  year  I  saw 
them.  The  flowers  were  over,  but  quite  enough  was 
left  to  convince  me  that  they  were  far  superior  to  any- 
thing I  had  as  yet  seen.  Messrs.  Van  Houtte  had 
already  applied  for  the  whole  of  their  seeds. 

Close  to  this  house  is  the  small  one  containing 
Nymphcea  caerulea,  gracilis,  Lotus,  rubra  vera,  and  ther- 
malis,  with  the  finest  collection  of  Nelumbiura  in 
Europe  ;  there  were  N.  caspicum,  Count  de  Thun, 
luteum,  Pekingense,  speciosum,  flavescens,  and  roseum, 
in  full  flower,  from  which  the  reader  may  judge  of  the 
beauty  of  the  effect  produced.  The  plan  pursued  by 
M.  loscht,  and  by  which  such  great  results  are  obtained, 
is  as  follows  : — The  plants  are  first  put  in  tubs  ;  then  in 
May,  when  they  begin  to  grow,  these  tubs  are  put  into 
four  large  tanks,  which  fill  a  house  ;  the  quantity  of 
water  is  increased  as  the  leaves  expand,  and  the  plants 
are  put  as  near  the  glass  as  possible,  in  order  that  the 
action  of  the  light  might  be  assisted.  The  soil  is  a  mix' 
ture  of  common  mould  and  peat  and  loam,  to  which  is 
added  a  little  finely-divided  charcoal.  This  charcoal, 
covered  with  an  incrustation  of  gravelly  matter,  isj 
I  think,  for  the  purpose  of  clarifying  the  water  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  roots,  and,  by  absorbing 
the  gases  produced  by  an  inevitable  fermentation,  to 
prevent  them  from  being  taken  up  by  the  spongioles 
of  the  plants.  If  attention  be  paid  to  these  points,  the 
plants  requure  no  further  care,  and  flower  abundantly 
from  June  to  September  ;  the  flowers  are  white,  red,  or 
yellow,  all  beautiful  and  deliciously  scented.  I  saw  some 
flowerstalks  1^  yard,  and  some  petioles  a  yard  and  more 
long.  I  was  told  that  all  shade  should  be  carefully 
avoided  during  the  period  of  vegetation,  otherwise  the 
leaves  would  be  long,  slender,  and  short-lived.  After 
flowering,  when  vegetation  has  ceased,  the  water  is 
drawn  off,  and,  as  winter  approaches,  the  tubs  are  placed 
at  the  back  of  a  very  dark  house,  where  air  is  renewed 
with  difficulty,  and  where  there  is  always  a  little  damp 
heat ;  an  essential  condition,  which  should  by  no  means 
be  neglected. 

Such  is  the  superb  establishment  belonging  to  Count 
de  Thun  ;  nowhere  else  in  Prussia  or  Austria  is  there 
any  thing  to  be  compared  to  it.  MassorCs  Report, 


ANNUALS  ADAPTED  FOR  BEDDING,  &c. 

The  following  list  of  hardy  summer  and  autumn- 
flowering  annuals  is  offered  for  the  convenience  of  those 
whose  time  and  limited  means  prevent  their  attention 
to  the  general  class  of  half-hardy  and  tender  plants  for 
effect,  en  masse,  in  flower  gardens.  The  descriptions 
are  intended  to  convey  an  idea  of  their  average  height, 
colour,  and  habit,  A  simple  mode  of  managing  these 
seeds  is  either  to  sow  in  drills,  or  otherwise  broadcast 
over  the  entire  bed,  or  border,  and  cover  the  seeds 
slightly  with  finely-sifted  old  tan,  or  friable  loamy  soil. 

Cladanthus  AEABicDB. — A  neat  compact  plant,  from  9  in* 
to  12  in.  high,  of  a  divaricately-branching  habit,  with  dark 
green,  narrow  lobed  leaves,  richly  contrasted  with  brijrht 
goIdeD-tellow,  close-petalled,  Cbrys  an  the  mum-like  flowerd, 
about  IJ  inch  wide. 

QSnotheea  tenella  tendifolia.— One  of  the  neatest  species 
of  a  favourite  tribe.  Ic  grows  from  0  to  12  inches  high,  with 
sm'i  11  narrow  leaves,  and  numerons  large  conspicuuua  purple 
salver.shaped  flowers,  varying  in  seminal  varieties  to  rosy 
purple. 

Cape  Mabygold. — A  dwarf  compact  annual,  from  9  to 
12  inches  high,  bearing  a  profusion  of  snow-white  single  Chry- 
santhemum-like close-lobed  blossoms  1^  to  2  inches  in  diameter. 

Nemopoila  insiqnis  orandieluea. — A  very  beautiful  trail- 
inp  variety  with  comparatively  light  foliage,  and  studded  over 
with  thousands  of  bright  azure-blue  aalver-shaped  flowers 
three-quiirters  of  an  inch  broad. 

New  Golden  Coetsantbfmdm. — An  erect  compact  branch- 
ing annual,  from  12  to  1(J  inches  high,  with  deeply-divided  dark 
green  leaves,  and  numerous  clear  golden-yeliow  Marygold- 
like  flowers,  each  li  to  2  inches  wide,  beautifully  contrasted 
in  colour  by  a  lich  olive-brown  cirtle  towards  the  centre. 

CnEYSANTHEMOM  TBicoLoE.  —  A  neat,  branching,  fleshy- 
fttemmed  plant,  from  12  to  16  inches  high,  with  narrowly- 
divided  leaves,  and  a  profusion  of  largo,  beautiful,  clear  white 
blos'oms  (2  inches  wide),  ornamonied  \vith  a  yellow  band 
lowardc  the  base,  and  picturesquely  diversihed  by  a  rich  olive- 
brown  centre. 

CLAiiKrA  KLFOANB  ALBA. — An  oreot  and  compact  branching 
annual,  from  12  to  IG  inchos  high,  with  comparatively  ftmall 
foliage,  and  dtnse  muBses  of  elegantly  lobed  snow-whito 
iluweiH,  IJ  inch  wide. 

KAHLPtisstA  AMELLniDEB  — A  dwarf  specloB  of  ncflt  habit, 
growing  from  fj  to  iHnchu«  high,  with  narrow,  Btrap-shuped 
k-avoH,  und  numeroud  bright,  iiluc-potalkd,  daisy-like  flowers. 

I'AKTnp.NiA  CALtPoBNtCA. —  A  Compact  plant,  rinlng  about 
12  liichoa  high,  with  narrow,  bright  green  louvcr',  and  a  pro- 
f union  of  conHplcuouH  golden-yellmv,  CliryBunthemum-Uke 
llow«ni,  three-quarter*  of  an  iucli  wide. 

'JiLrA  NiVALiii.  — A  neat  dwnrf,  Hlmider  annuiil,  ofbranching 
hahltH,  attaining  from  12  to  IC  Incht-h  high  ;  with  light  follngo, 
:.nd  numcrou*  brunchlng  clustL-rM  ot  cleiir,  cruiimy-whito 
bloHnornn, 

SiLKME  Pf,NnoLA.  —  An  erect  low-growing  spcclt-n,  with  a 
profiision  of  rony-rod  op  pink  lobod,  nalvor-HlmijedflorttrH. 

KHTHiMnM  I'KEopPflKiANOM. — A  nuat  Droct  plant,  reaching 
from  12  to  U>  lnclii;i  high,  with  smnll,  Wullflrtwer-liko  Icaveh, 
and  numerouii  terminal  opuu  racemes  of  brilliant  orangu- 
coloiiriid  hloMNomx. 

Oollimhia  iiKTunoPiiTLLA.— An  ologunt  dwarf,  compact  npo 


cies,  of  neat  habit,  with  masaLve  clustered-  raceuios  oL  wbice 
and  purple  flowers. 

EDcHAEiDiOMoaANDiPLoaoM.— A  very  neat,  compact,  branch- 
ing plant,  12  inches  hiijh,  with  small  ovate  leavL-p,  and  nume 
rous  rose-coloured,  Clarkia-like  bloHSoros,  1  inch  In  diameter. 

Callicheoa  platyqlossa.— a  slender-stemmed  anoual.  Vi 
Inches  high,  with  neat  linear  leaves,  and  coneptcuouslv  briglit 
yellow,  close-petalled,  Chrysanthemam-like  flowers,  U  inch 
wide. 

NoLANA  ATBiPLlciFOLiA.— A  neat  dwarf  trailing  plant,  with 
fleshy,  bluntly.ovate,  dark  green  leaves,  and  comparatively 
large  azure-blue  Convolvulus-like  flowers,  It  inch  wide. 

Sphenooyne  SPECL03A. — An  elegant  habited  plant,  of  dwarf 
and  compact  growth,  with  narrowly  divided  depp  gre<'n  foiin"e, 
and  a  profusion  of  conspicuously  clear,  bufl-yellow  single 
Marygold-like  flowers,  beautifully  contrasted  with  a  radiate 
circle  of  reddish. brown  towards  the  centre. 

Eor.jCA  vi^ciDA.  —  A  compact  growing  annual,  ofbranching 
habit,  rising  from  12  to  16  inches  high,  with  notched  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  numerous  close-lobed  salver-shaped  bloa- 
aoms,  of  a  rich  ultra-marine  blue  tint. 

EscnscnoLTZtA  ceocea. — A  highly  ornamental  annual  {or 
biennial)  plant,  from  12  to  16  inches  high,  with  narrow  lobed 
glaucous  leaves,  and  a  profusion  of  large  and  brilliant  orange- 
yellow  Poppy-like  flowers,  3^  inches  in  diameter. 

CoNvoLVDLDS  MINCE  ATKOPDEPDEEOs.— A  decumbent  Spread- 
ing plant,  attaining  from  y  to  12  Inches  high,  and  ornamented 
with  a  profusion  of  large  and  conspicuously  rich,  purplish-blue 
expanded  funnel-shaped  blossoms,  2  inches  wide. 

Leptdsiphon  densifloeds  and  L.  andeosaceus.  —  Botli 
remarkably  neat  dwarf  species,  with  narrow,  dark  green, 
needle  or  Larch.like  leaves,  and  furnished  with  numerous 
terminal  clusters  of  variously  shaded  pale  rose,  pink,  and 
white  lobed,  salver-shaped  flowers,  in  July  and  August. — 
Obseimer. 


RATEABILITY  OF  A  NURSERYMAN'S  STOCK 
IN  TRADE. 

Me.  Editoe,— The  account  in  your  Paper  at  p.  165,  signed 
by  T.  Pinch,  churchwarden,  Berkhampstead,  in  ire  fere  nee  to 
the  appeal  of  Messrs,  Lane,  has  certainly  the  authority  of  the 
churchwarden  without  the  veracity  which  one  would  expect 
from  so  important  a  functionary.  For  the  information  of  your 
readers,  I  distinctly  repeat  that  the  condition  upon  which  the 
appeal  was  decided  is,  that  I  should  meet  the  surveyor  of  the 
parish,  and  who  then  was  in  court,  to  re-survey  and  a^3eBB 
Messrs.  Lane's  premises  after  the  50i.  "  tenants'  lights  or 
rights"  bad  been  disallowed,  and  that  the  expense  shuuld  be 
borne,  like  the  costs  of  the  appeal,  by  those  who  had  attempted 
the  impost.  With  a  view  to  save  the  costd  of  a  second  journey 
from  London,  I  stated  to  Mr.  Day,  the  solicitor,  that  it  would 
be  better  at  once  to  proceed  to  the  duty.  Mr.  Day  re-entered 
court,  and,  probably  under  Air.  Pinch's  instructions,  brought 
back  word  that  the  parish  surveyor  "bad  declined  to  mett  me, 
and  that  application  must  be  made  to  the  bi)Hrd  of  guardians 
at  their  next  meeting,  to  appoint  a  substitute." 

The  motive  was  obvious,  whereon  I  requested  Mr.  Lano  not 
to  pay  his  rate  until  the  condition  was  complied  with,  or 
rather  allow  himself  to  be  summoned  before  the  same  bench, 
and  plead  this  breach  of  faith  in  extenuation. 

1  fear  there  is  too  much  pique  and  personal  feeling  in  the 
charge  made  upon  Mr.  Lane  for  the  matter  to  be  eet'led  in  any 
other  Wiiy  ;  therefore  the  mortification  which  the  deci-ion  has 
occasioned  had  better  be  endured  in  siltnce.  John  D.  Paine. 
[We  cannot  admit  further  statements  respecting  this  case,  ali 
ihematerialfucts  of  which  appear  to  be  now  before  the  public] 


Home  Correspondence. 

Siklcini  Ehododendro'iis. — Whoever  reads  the  glowing 
description  of  the  effect  produced  by  miles  of  Rhodo- 
dendrons in  the  Sikkim  Himalaya  by  an  eye-witness, 
the  enterprising  Dr.  Hooker,  will  feel  a  wish  that  portions 
of  our  own  scenery  may  be  enriched  by  some,  at  least, 
of  the  Asiatic  natives,  in  like  manner  as  the  Rhododen- 
drons of  Tnrkey  and  of  America  have  become  subser- 
vient to  that  purpose.  It  is  certainly  early  to  predicate, 
but  I  am  of  opinion  that  certain  of  the  species  and. 
varieties  will  make  themselves  at  home  on  this  our 
English  soil.  Through  the  liberality  of  Sir  Wm.  J. 
Hooker,  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens  at  Kew,  I  was 
favoured  with  seeds  of  many  of  the  kinds  figured  in  the 
splendid  work  devoted  to  their  illustration.  Like  other 
cultivators,  my  success  has  been  but  partial ;  some  kinds 
not  germinatuig  at  all,  some  freely,  and  some  but  par- 
tially. In  a  few  instances  the  young  plants  were 
scarcely  developed,  and  the  signs  of  death  became  pain- 
fully obvious  ;  some  remained  in  the  seed  pans,  and 
some  were  pricked  out;  some  were  kept  warm  and 
shaded  ;  others  warm,  and  a  degree  of  light  admitted  ; 
whilst  others  were  exposed  to  the  open  air  ;  and  lastly, 
some  were  placed  in  a  cold  frame  with  a  northern 
aspect.  Some  of  the  kmds,  of  which  R.  setosum  may 
serve  as  an  example,  seemed  to  pine  for  their  mountain 
air  and  pressure  of  snow  ;  and  so  with  all  the  variations 
of  culture,  death  speedily  ensued.  This  class  of  them,  I 
fear,  will  resist  ali  culture  ;  and  we  must  be  content  to 
know  of  them  only  by  dried  specimens  or  coloured 
engravings.  Fortunately  the  most  showy,  if  not  the 
most  curious,  affect  no  auch  conditions,  but  appear 
to  accommodate  themselves  to  our  frame  culture — 
to  our  damp  stove  growing,  and  to  the  open  air, 
and  seem  vigorous  and  healthy  alike  in  each.  The 
greater  number  of  my  plants  have  been  kept  during 
winter  in  cold  frames — some  planted  out  in  the  prepared 
earth,  and  some  in  pots  ;  they  are  equally  healthy  and 
promising  in  eacii  manner  ;  but  another  portion  having 
been  planted  in  the  open  air,  between  rows  of  R. 
ponticum  of  the  same  age,  afford  the  greatest  interest. 
The  sorts  that  have  survived  uninjured,  and  are  even 
more  robust,  carrying  darker  leaves  thau  ponticum, 
ai'o — R.  nivcuni,  campylocarpuni,  fulgens,  icruginosnm, 
alpine  variety,  and  ciliatum.  This  latter  plant  has 
hIiowu  tiio  tendency  to  sport  wliicli  many  plants  do 
under  culture,  for  amongst  them  aro  two  plants  with 
well  dofinod  gold  margiuH  us  bright  as  thoae  of  llollios. 
Anotlior  species,  the  glaucum,  and  its  dwarf  variety, 
have  both  stood  and  braved  the  12  degrees  of  froiit 
(Mjual  to  any  of  those  before  enumerated,  but  their 
foliage  is  thinner  in  texture,  and  the  colour  of  their 
t^rccn  IcHs  intenno  tlian  any  of  their  associates.  This 
glaucum  is  so  lilto  Ivalmia  ungustifolia,  in  a  young  state, 
in  its  foliage,  that  it  might  well  have  joyed  in  tho 
name  of  Kalmioidcs,  and  as  a  consequence,  if  tho  plate 


214 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[April  3, 


s  examined,  the  manner  of  inflorescence,  as  well  as  a 
modified  form  and  colour  will  be  apparent  to  that  of 
Kalmia  latifolia.  But  let  me  not  be  supposed  to  cavil 
at  the  nomenclature  of  the  species  ;  on  the  contrary, 
the  union  of  the  most  remarkable  persons  connected 
with  India,  politically  and  scientifically,  seems  most 
fitting  ;  uniting  as  it  does  the  Aueklands,  Dalliousies, 
the  Campbells,  tlie  Walliclis,  the  Rtiyles,  the  Ilodgsons, 
&c.,  as  it  were  into  one  bond,  and  whose  united  efforts 
were  directed  to  the  advancement  of  civilisation  and 
the  extension  of  science,  both  in  Asia  and  the  rest  of 
the  world.  William  Masters,  Exotic  Nursery,  Canierbuiy, 
March  31. 

Natural  Inarchinr/. — A  year  or  two  ago,  1  sent  yon 
some  particulars  and  a  sketch  of  a  seeminj>ly  natural 
inarching  of  2  Elms.  I  have  lately  found  in  my  own 
shrubberies  a  Holly  inarched  into  its  neighbour.  The 
branch  quits  its  parent,  a  tree  of  2  ft.  4  in.  round,  at 
about  18  in.  from  the  ground  ;  it  is  5  ft.  4  in.  to  the 
junction,  about  3  in.  round  in  the  middle,  and  4  in.  at 
both  upper  and  lower  end.  At  about  4  ft.  6  in.  from 
the  ground,  it  unites  with  the  other  tree,  and  a  branch, 
which  from  its  position  and  direction,  I  judge  to  be  in 
fact  originally  the  same,  leaves  the  second  tree  with  a 
thickness  of  8  in.  round.  But  the  bark  is  as  perfect  and 
clear  as  at  any  other  forking,  -and  the  distance  from 
junction  to  what  I  consider  separation,  about  9  inches. 
ff.  P.  Wolferstan,  Statfold,  Tcumvorth. 

Sieve  Fiuiiigatinrj. — I  perceive  that  my  neighbour,  Mr. 
Fry,  has  cautioned  your  readers  about  this  system  of 
fumigating  in  pits  and  frames.  I  am  sorry  that  he  has 
been  so  unfortunate  in  its  application,  for  I  can  safely  say 
that  during  the  last  ten  years  I  have  frequently  used  the 
sieve  to  from  50  to  100  lightsa  night,  without  injuring  a 
single  plant,  though  we  have  sometimes  cracked  the 
glass  from  an  excess  of  heat,  and  I  once  set  fire  to  the 
stage  of  a  plant-pit.  This,  however,  was  the  penalty  of 
carelessness,  and  if  Mr.  Fry  has  failed,  it  has  been  from 
the  same  cause  ;  the  fault  has  been  his  own,  and  not  that 
of  the  system.  But  if  Mr.  Fry  has  not  faith  in  the  sieve 
for  pit  work,  he  has  only  to  fold  the  tobacco  and  Cayenne 
in  nitre  paper  ;  in  fact,  convert  them  into  cigarettes, 
as  recommended  in  the  last  number  of  the  "  Garden 
Companion,"  to  remove  all  cause  for  apprehension, 
and  to  effect  all  that  the  sieve  would  accomplish ; 
and  even  if  he  is  so  disposed  there  is  no  reason  why, 
with  the  aid  of  the  florumbra,  or  para-petticoat,  if  he 
likes  to  treat  his  Rose  trees  to  a  "weed",  why  he  should 
not  do  so.  I  have  not  the  least  objection  to  Mr.  Fry 
using  fumigators,  but  in  my  own  estimation  they  are 
as  useless  as  they  are  expensive  ;  and  T  think  that  a 
gardener  may  find  some  more  pi'ofitable  employment 
than  that  of  grinding  smoke  out  of  a  box.  In  using  the 
sieve,  the  only  thing  to  guard  against  is,  excessive  heat ; 
for  we  all  know,  or  ought  to  know,  that  smoke  is  con- 
sumed by  a  bright  fire,  and  that  consequently  the  lower 
the  temperature  at  which  the  tobacco  is  consumed, 
the  greater  will  be  the  quantity  of  smoke  generated. 
W.  P.  AyreSf  Broohland's  Nursery,  BlacVhcatli. 

JBignonia  QJicrere. — Observing  it  stated,  at  page  152, 
that  to  make  this  plant  flower,  "  it  must  be  grown  with 
plenty  of  bottom  heat,"  I  beg  to  say  that  for  some  years 
it  has  flourished  in  great  luxuriance,  and  blossomed 
finely,  planted  in  a  narrow  side  border  of  my  conserva- 
tory. The  roots  have  plenty  of  "  space  to  run  in,"  but 
there  is  no  bottom-heat,  and  the  plant  is  on  the  coolest 
side  of  the  house.  I  have  no  doubt  it  would  do  welt  in 
a  moderately  warm  greenhouse,  if  planted  so  that  the 
roots  could  run  in  a  border,  or  in  well-drained  soil  under 
the  floor.  And  whether  for  a  greenhouse  or  a  con- 
sei'vatoi-y,  or  in  whatever  situation  it  will  flourish,  I  do 
not  know  a  climbing  plant  more  worthy  of  cultivation, 
combining  as  it  does  a  remarkably  fine,  deep-green 
foliage,  with  beautiful  flower-buds  and  .rich  glowing 
flowers.  HaUshigh. 

Qreenhouse  Plants  Hardy  in  Devomhire. — I  consider 
your  remarks  at  p.  180  worthy  of  especial  attention,  as 
being  strikingly  illustrative  of  "how  much  hardier  than 
is  generally  supposed  are  many  plants  commonly  in 
cultivation."  Having  served  in  gardens  where  several 
of  the  shrubs  I  iiow  see  around  me  in  gi'eat  beauty  were 
nursed  and  grown  with  the  tenderest  care,  aye,  and  not 
even  considered  capable  of  enduring  a  degree  of  frost, 
I  cannot  refrain  from  giving  a  brief  account  of  a  few  of 
them.  Foremost,  then,  must  be  mentioned  Acacia 
longifolia  ;  here  it  is  a  fine  pyramidal  ti*ee,  from  20  to 
25  feet  in  height,  and  just  now  (March  26)  it  is  quite  a 
garland  of  flowers.  We  have  also  Acacia  verticillata 
growing  remarkably  free  and  full  of  bloom,  not  yet  ex- 
panded. Acacia  dealbata  is  likewise  very  elegant  and 
graceful  when  well  managed,  and  it  grows  with  great 
rapidity.  Fine  plants  of  Clianthus  puniceus  cover  a 
large  space  of  wall  here,  with  hundreds  of  beautiful 
racemes  of  orange -scarlet  flowers  in  different  stages  of 
development,  and  Edwai'dsia  grandiflora,  and  E.  micro- 
phylla,  together  with  the  Bottle  brush,  Metrosi- 
deros  fioribunda,  all  tlirive  well  in  the  open 
air ;  the  latter  is  a  bush  12  or  more  feet  in 
height.  There  are,  moi'eover,  huge  bushes  of 
Myrtles  here,  which  in  several  instances  appear  to  have 
been  pruned  or  hacked  similar  to  what  is  done  in  plant- 
ing Tlioru  hedges.  It  is  but  right  to  state,  however, 
that  some  allowance  must  be  made  for  our  mildness  of 
climate  and  the  peculiarly  appropriate  soil  with  which  this 
place  abounds,  but  if  the  plants  I  have  just  enumerated 
with  many  others  will  not  bear  exposure  in  all  places, 
nevertheless  there  are  still  many  localities  in  which 
their  intrinsic  excellence  would  add  charms  to  ilie 
pai'terre  as  yet  undreamt  of.  /.  Coiddrey,  gardener  to 
•    R.  Saivey,  Esq.,  Qreemvay,  Torquay, 


The  Seed  Trade. — I  am  of  opinion  that  Mr.  Ayres' 
strictures,  at  p.  109,  upon  the  low  prices  at  which, 
vegetable  seeds  are  sold  by  druggists  in  South  Wales, 
go  far  to  prove  the  correctness  of  my  assertions,  instead 
of  "  showing,"  as  he  proposed  to  do,  "  their  absurdity  ;  " 
for  Mr.  Ayres  admits  that  Peas,  Beans,  Onion,  Lettuce, 
and  Cabbage  seeds  may  be  bought  at  those  prices.  His 
remarks  are  somewhat  lengthy,  but  he  has  chosen,  as 
if  from  necessity,  to  expatiate  upon  a  variety  of  points 
in  the  seed  trade,  rather  than  come  to  the  question  at 
issue,  and  answer  my  query.  As  I  have  other  facts, 
however,  which  are  to  me  more  surprising  than 
my  former  statement,  I  will  give  them,  for  the  benefit  of 
Mr.  Ayres's  consideration.  A  very  respectable  retail 
vendor  of  seeds  at  Carmarthen,  whose  list  of  prices  now 
lies  before  me,  quotes  "  Curled  Parsley"  at  the  rate  of 
lOd.  per  lb.,  while  the  London  wholesale  price  is  Is. 
per  lb.  ;  *'Leek"  seed  at  the  rate  of  13cZ.  per  lb.,  the 
London  wholesale  price  being  Is.  9d.  per  lb. ;  "  Stras- 
burg  "  Onion  seed  at  the  rate  of  lie?,  per  lb.,  which  is 
Is.  per  lb.  in  the  London  wholesale  houses.  How  are 
these  things  to  be  accounted  for  at  a  distance  of  220 
miles  from  London,  and  in  a  part  of  the  country  where, 
from  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  I  have  never  been 
able  to  ripen  Onion  seed  that  would  germinate  the 
following  season,  even  in  the  most  favourable  summers  ? 
I  think  that  low  prices  therefore  cannot  be  influenced 
by  local  circumstances.  Henry  Bundy,  Dynevor  Castle. 

Perpetual  Table  of  Increase  and  Decrease  of  Days 
throughout  the  Year. 


„: 

1 

Increase  or 

Days  Increase 

u 

DayH  Decrease   ] 

Decrease  from 

on 

at 

i 

on 

one  Week  to 
another. 

Minutes. 

December  , 

.    2(1 

9,\ 

.    27 

4 

28 

4 

January     . 

.      i 

12 

Julj 

5 

13 

.    H 

28 

jj 

12 

16 

.     18 

44 

jj 

19 

16 

.    25 

1 

?6 

16 

February    . 

1 

1 

2U 

August     ., 

2 

20 

.       S 

1 

ai) 

i> 

9 

10 

,     15 

2 

6 

jj 

16 

83 

.     22 

2 

36 

n 

SO 

March 

.       1 

2 

48 

30 

13 

.       8 

■J 

4U 

Septtmber 

6 

62 

.     15 

i 

6 

jj 

13 

26 

.  n 

4 

au 

20 

24 

.     29 

4 

64 

27 

24 

April 

.       5 

5 

22 

October    .. 

4 

28 

.     12 

5 

26 

^^ 

11 

34 

.    19 

6 

16 

j^ 

18 

20 

.   2e 

(i 

44 

25 

23 

May 

.      3 

7 

32 

November 

1 

.28 

.    ID 

7 

36 

>t 

S 

24 

,    17 

7 

56 

jj 

15 

20 

.    21 

8 

16 

)t 

22 

^0 

.   ai 

a 

311 

29 

14 

June 

.      7 

8 

42 

December., 

6 

12 

.    14 

8 

48 

i» 

13 

e 

.     21 

s 

60 

ti 

20 

2 

smoke  coming  from  the  ironstone  at  the  time  I  was 
passing,  but  when  I  came  among  the  gases  that  were 
carried  with  the  wind,  the  moisture  from  my  breathing 
was  rapidly  condensed,  and  when  I  got  beyond  them  th& 
condensation  was  scarcely  visible  ;  I  then  went  back 
again,  thinking  I  might  be  deceived,  but  the  same  tiling 
occurred  again.  The  experiment  was  repeated  fre- 
quently, and  the  same  effect  was  produced.  Would  the 
gases  produce  cold  to  cause  the  condensing  of  the  vapour  ? 
Or  would  it  be  from  the  immediate  contact  with  them  1 
Peter  AI aclcenzie. 

Rain  at  Cohkam,  Surrey,  in  1S51. 
Inchey. 

January  2.9i         Auguet  ... 

February         0.78        September 

March 3.36         October 

April      1.53         November 

May       0.75        December 

June       0.98  ^^— 

July       ?.09  Total 17.3S 

—H.  H.  Treby. 

Vegetation  in  Dorsetshire.— rl  see  controversies,  about 
Forsythia  and  Spiraea  prunifolia  ;  they  both  flower  well 
here  as  standards,  and  not  in  warm  situations  either. 
Our  vegetation  goes  on  in  spite  of  drought,  though  slowly 
— three  Yuccas,  a  Furcroea,  Agave  saponaria.  Acacia 
linearis  and  armata,  Aster  argophyllus,  and  Arbutus 
tomentosa  and  molhs,  are  in  flower,  or  going  to  flower 
ali'eady.  I  never  saw  a  more  lovely  thing  than  our 
Khod.  cinnamoraeum,  with  a  dozen  heads  of  its  rosy 
glass-like  flowers  and  rich  leaves.  5.,  Mardi  28^ 


Perhaps  thfe  above  may  be  interesting  to  your  readers- 
William  Blood,  Wickloio. 

Nonesuch  Kidney  Bean. —  After  trying  about  two 
dozen  sorts  of  Beans  for  early  forcing,  I  find  this  to  be 
by  far  the  best.  It  is  of  a  fine  dwarf  habit,  and  is  very 
productive.  I  have  12  dozen  8-iuch  pots  of  it  in  various 
stages  of  growth,  three  dozen  being  in  full  bearing  at 
the  present  time  ;  several  of  the  plants  average  60 
Beans  on  each,  of  various  sizes.  I  had  my  first  seeds 
from  Mr.  Henderson,  Pine  Apple-place,  who  described 
it  as  an  excellent  forcer  ;  a  fact  which  I  have  proved, 
having  sent  it  to  table  in  regular  succession  smce  tlie 
first  day  of  the  new  year.  J.  Rust,  Evfield. 

A  British  Fern's  Appeal  to  certain  BHtish  Botanists. — 

Te  British  Pteridologiste, 

Hair-aplittingly  potential, 
I  leave  to  the  Phrenologists 

Your  character  eESential, 

But  letoxir  characters  alone, 

And  spare  us  such  revisioa 
As  only  can  expose  your  own 

To  merited  derision. 

Is  it  because  we  are  so  few 

Tliat  je  prcHume  to  touch  us  ? 
Brcause  we  are  some  forty-two 

Tour  grasp  of  mind  can  clutch  ua  ? 

We  hardly  know  our  names — je  powers 

Have  given  us  so  many  : 
And  names  so  long  and  lough  as  ours 

Were  never  borne  by  any. 

O,  let  our  Fpeciee  alone 

Sow  no  dissent  between  us, 
For,  thanks  to  jou,  there's  hardly  one 

Is  sure  about  his  genus. 

Would  that  some  zealot  of  jour  band, 

Some  stern  eradicator, 
Would  quit  the  field  and  try  his  hand 

Upon  uur  nomenclature. 
To  make  ye  learned  ones  agree 

There's  but  one  way,  depend  on*t. 
That  is,  to  name  us  1,  'Z,  Z, 

And  then  there'll  be  au  end  on't.—  FUix. 

Effjuvia  from  Burning  Jronst&iie.  —  For  some  time 
past  a  large  heap  of  ironstone  has  been  burning  near  a 
road  which  I  have  to  pass  frequently,  and  when  the 
wind  is  from  the  south  a  very  disagreeable  smell  comes 
from  the  burning  heap,  and  pai-t  of  a  young  plantation 
has  often  the  appearance  of  being  on  fire  from  the 
quantity  of  smoke  rolling  in  clouds  among  the  trees  ; 
all  that,  however,  may  occur  daily  in  many  parts  of  tlie 
country,  and  is  not  worthy  of  remark.  But  there  is  one 
thing  connected  with  the  burning  which  I  do  not  quite 
understand,  and  I  should  like  to  be  informed  as  to  the 
cause  of  it.  One  day  the  wind  was  blowing  what  might 
be  called  a  stiff  gale  from  the  south-west,  accompanied 
at  times  with  showers  of  rain.     There  was  not  much 


IncheSfr 
.  i:S5 
.  0,'JO 
.  2.20 
.  0.74 
,.     0.52 


— * — 

Lecture,  and  Addresses  in  aid  of  Popular  Edtuxiitow. 
By  the  Earl  of  Carlisle.  No.  18  of  Messrs.  Longmans. 
Traveller's  Library. — Excellent  matter,  most  welcome 
to  all  classes  of  those  who  read  for  the  sake  of  sound 
information. 

To  Murray's  Reading  for  ilie  Hail  have  been  added, 
the  Honey  Bee,  the  Flower  Garden,  and  a  Sketch  oj 
Theodore  Hook,  all  reprints  of  well-known  articles  in  the 
"  Quarterly  Review." 

Rise,  Progress,  and  Present  State  of  Agriculture  in 
Jersey.  By  Col.  Lecoutenr. — A  lecture  delivered  before 
the  Working  Men's  Association,  and  containing  useful 
infonnation  concerning  the  Channel  Islands. 

Household  Chemistry;  or.  Rudiments  of  the  Science 
applied  to  every  day  life.  By  A.  J.  Bernays.  12mo. 
Low  ;  pp.  188. — A  small  volume,  containing  much 
accurate  scientific  gossip  upon  various  domestic  subjects- 

How  to  see  the  British  Museum  in  Four  Visits.  By  W. 
Blanchardjerrold.  l'2mo.  Bradbury;  pp. 231. — Wedoubt 
whether  it  is  possible  to  see  the  British  Museum  at  all. 
To  look  at  it  ought  to  be  the  height  of  any  reasonable 
man's  ambition.  Mr.  Jerrold  has  however  shown  how 
to  do  the  most  that  circumstancespermit,  and  we  recom- 
mend sight-seers  to  become  acquainted  with  his  useful 
little  guide. 

On  the  Management  of  Ships'  Boats,  <tj\  By  W.  S. 
Lacou,  H.C.S.  Parker. — A  pamphlet,  illustrating,  by 
means  of  examples  and  wood  engravings,  the  defects  of 
the  present  methods  employed  at  sea,  and  suggesting 
practical  and  practicable  improvements. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

HOKTICULTUKAL  SOCIETY'S  GARDEN,  TCKNUAM-GeEEN. 

— The  large  Phatenopsis  amabihs  in  the  Orcliid-house, 
whose  flower  spikes  a  short  time  ago  were  very  much 
shortened,  has  again  broken  out  into  fresh  beauty.  Of 
all  Orchids  with  whicli  we  are  acquainted,  this  is  cer- 
tainly the  most  desirable,  not  less  on  account  of  its  ever 
flowering  habit,  than  for  its  charming  blossoms.  The 
latter  are  produced  in  close  succession,  and  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  render  it  a  striking  object  the  whole  year 
round.  The  Orange-flowered  Epidendrum,  and  a  few 
Oncids,  &c.  were  in  bloom  ;  but  the  present  display  of 
all  other  Orchids  is  insignificant,  compared  with  tliat  of 
the  fine  Manilla  Butterfly  plant  just  mentioned.  The 
Australian  Calanth  (C.  Australis),  will  soon  be  in  blos- 
som, when  an  opportunity  will  be  afforded  of  proving 
whether  or  not  it  is  identical  with  C.  veratrifoliaj 
which  in  its  present  state  it  much  resembles.  It 
was  sent  from  Sidney  by  Mr.  Moore  along  with 
Cook's  Ai-aucaria,  and  one  or  two  otiier  plants. 
The  greenhouse  was  gay  with  Epacrises,  spring 
Heaths,  Acacias,  Hyacinths,  the  interesting  little  shrub 
Bryanthus  erectus,  and  Forsythia  viridissima,  &c.  The 
latter  has  remained  in  bloom  for  weeks  past,  and  very 
handsome  it  has  been  ;  but  it  is  for  planting  against  a 
wall  that  this  shrub  is  most  valuable  ;  since  what  have 
we  in  its  way,  at  this  season  of  the  year,  so  ornamental  ? 
Its  short  lateral  branches  protruding  from  the  wall  and 
thickly  set  with  blossoms  of  as  bright  a  yellow  as  those 
of  the  common  Buttercup,  have  a  charming  eHect  even 
in  the  case  of  small  specimens  ;  but  the  appearance  of 
a  large  plant  must  indeed  be  fine.  While  speaking  of 
wall  plants,  we  may  just  remind  our  readers  of  the 
brilliancy  of  Cydonia  japonica  at  this  season,  and  we 
may  also,  perhaps,  be  permitted  to  direct  attention  to  its 
white  or  rather  pink  variety,  which  is  also  now  finely  in 
flower.  Though  less  striking  than  the  scarlet  kind,  it 
blooms  quite  as  freely,  and  it  serves  to  furnish  variety, 
whicli,  in  early  spring  when  flowers  are  scarce,  ia  an 
object  of  considerable  importance.  lu  the  large  stove, 
the  magnificent  plant  of  La'lia  superbiens  which  has 
lately  been  so  finely  in  bloom,  is  now  all  but  past.  It 
has  lasted  in  flower  a  long  time,  during  which  it  has 
been  deservedly  very  greatly  admired.  Several  ex- 
amples of  Porphyrocoma  lanceolata,  a  plant  not  yet  st> 


14— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


215 


well  known  as  it  should  be,  were  in  blossom  in  this 
house,  in  which  they  have  been  found  to  be  very  useful 
for  winter  decoration.  Thyrsacanthus  lilacinus  proves 
to  be  more  ornamental  than  was  at  first  expected  it  would 
be  ;  it  has  large  brauching  spikes  of  pinkish  lilac, 
Justicia-like  flowers  which  are  far  from  being  un- 
attractive. It  blossoms  freely  under  ordinary  stove 
treatment. 

We  cannot  leave  this  part  of  the  garden  without 
noticing  the  fine  bushes  of  Camellias,  which  for  years 
have  adorned  the  north  side  of  the  wall  that  divides 
the  compartment  we  are  now  in  from  the  experimental 
ground.  They  grow  luxuriantly  and  form  flower  buds 
in  abundance,  but  this  year  the  latter  have  not  expanded 
kindly,  a  circumstance  that  may  be  owing  to  the  cold 
north-easterly  wiuds,  which  for  some  time  past  have 
been  so  prevalent.  That  the  blossoms  require  some 
sUght  protection  to  make  certain  of  having  them  fine, 
is  proved  by  an  example  of  C.  reticulata  planted  near 
here  in  a  two-light  wooden  box,  on  which  hundreds  of 
the  most  beautiful  flowers  are  annually  produced.  So 
treated,  a  plant  will  serve  to  cut  from,  when  it  may 
not  be  desirable  to  impair  the  beaiity  of  more  con- 
spicuous specimens. 

In  the  small  conservatory  put  up  by  Messrs. 
Hartley,  the  red  and  white  double-flowering  Chi- 
nese Peaches  were  in  bloom.  The  white  kind 
is  very  showy,  and  is  certainly  a  great  acquisition 
to  hardy  gardening,  as  is  also  the  red  sort,  which 
is  extremely  brilliant  when  the  buds  are  about 
three  quarters  blown  ;  but  when  fully  expanded  the 
flowers  part  with  much  of  their  brightness.  Never- 
theless it  is  highly  ornamental,  and  contrasts  well  with 
the  white  variety.  The  large  stove  near  this  conserva- 
tory was  gay  with  Begonias,  which  ai'e  most  useful 
plants  for  such  structures  in  winter.  Some  of  the 
Orchids  were  also  in  bloom,  and  among  them  Mr. 
Shindy's  variety  of  Dendrobium  nobile  was  fine.  This 
hasdeeper  coloured  and  richer  flowersthanuobile.  Baron 
Hugel's  variety  of  Clerodendron  splendens  was  in  flower ; 
but  its  blossoms  want  purity.  They  are  too  green  a 
white  ;  the  foliage  is,  however,  good,  and  contrasted 
with  higher-coloured  plants  it  will  serve  to  create  variety 
Associated  with  other  tilings  in  this  stove  was  the 
brilhant  Inga  pulcherrima,  whose  clusters  of  scarlet 
tassel-hke  blossoms  render  it  a  favourite  with  all  who 
see  it.  It  is  not  diflicult  to  manage,  but  in  order  to 
flower  it  well  care  must  be  taken  to  have  the  wood 
thoroughly  ripened  before  winter. 

The  Rose-house,  named  in  our  last  report  as  being  on 
the  plan  of  the  "orchard  houses,"  is  finished,  and  has  been 
planted  at  their  own  cost  by  Messrs.  Rivers,  Lane,  and 
Paul.  The  plants  are  smaU  and  consist,  for  the  most 
part,  of  Teas  and  Chinas,  with  a  few  Bourbons  and 
Hybrid  Perpetuals  to  give  brilliancy  of  colour.  Of  the 
four  rows  in  the  raised  beds  in  the  centre,  two 
are  worked  on  the  Manettii  stock,  so  that  the 
public    will    now    have    an    opportunity    of    formuig 


lu  the  reading-room,  lectm-es  and  other  instruction 
have  beeu  afforded  the  young  men,  who  prove  tliat  they 
appreciate  the  Society's  kindness  by  theii'  conetant  and 
regular  attendance. 


its  own  judgment  respecting  the  merits  of  this  kind  of 
Rose  for  that  purpose.  Some  of  the  plants  are  already 
throwing  up  flowers  ;  and  when  they  shall  have  become 
established  and  acquired  size,  this  house  cannot  fail  to 
be  a  favourite  resort,  especially  with  ladies. 

In  the  hrge  conservatory,  which  is  becoming  every 
day  gayer,  chiefly  by  means  of  the  fine  leguminous 
pknts  it  contains.  Rhododendrons  and  Camellias  are 
finely  in  bloom.  Among  the  latter,  C.  elegans  is  literally 
a  mass  of  flowers  of  huge  dimensions.  Ceanothus 
rigidus,  the  hardiest  and  best  of  the  Californian 
Ceanothes,  and  the  white  and  tender  C.  cuneatus  were 
in  bloom.  The  former  has  flowers  of  a  good  dark 
blue.  A  fine  plant  of  the  old-fashioned  Beaufortia 
dccussata  was  producing  its  scarlet,  bottle  brush-like 
flowers  in  profusion  on  a  shelf.  When  well  managed, 
this  13  one  of  the  best  winter  plants  our  cool-houses 
possess, 

_  The  alterations  in  the  borders  of  the  walk  lead- 
ing from  the  conservatory  to  the  new  flower- 
garden  have  been  completed,  and  when  the  Grass 
seeds  which  have  been  sown  shall  have  vegetated,  this 
part  of  the  garden  will  be  much  improved.  Tlie 
flower-garden  also  continues  to  be  embellished  with 
sucli  plants  as  can  be  procured  of  a  suitable  character 
for  It.  It  already  contains  a  nice  collection  of  hardy 
HeaUis,  some  of  which  are  in  bloom,  while  Crocuses  and 
Alpines  are  beginning  to  adorn  the  banks  ;  but  few 
things  have  as  yet  been  able  to  advance  much  in  conse- 
qneoce  of  the  long  drought  and  cold  winds  we  have  had. 
Once  gcDial  weather  has  set  in,  and  things  begun  to 
flower,  this  garden  wiU  bo  found  to  be  exceedingly 
mtcrestmg.  ^ ' 

In  the  orchard  there  is  every  promise  of  a  good  fruit 
season.  With  the  exception  of  Peaches  on  walls,  the 
flower-buds  have  not  hitherto  been  much  tempted  to 
part  wiih  their  wiuter  coverings.  They  may,  therefore 
be  expected  to  be  later  than  usual  in  blonsoming  and' 
consequently, safer  from  the  eflccts  of  frost,  in  addition 
to  coping  boards,  the  Peaches  on  tlic  wall  have  liad  the 
protection  of  netting  aa  far  as  it  would  go  ;  the  restliavo 
been  covered  at  night  with  light  straw  screens.  The 
walks  in  this  department  have  been  all  gravelled,  ami 
are  in  excellent  order.  The  cart  road  lliiough  the 
kitchen-garden  has  also  been  similarly  improved. 

We  hud  nearly  forgotten  to  mention  that,  although 
all  thiiigs  have  been  for  a  long  time  in  readiiicBs  for  the 
reception  ol  the  new  glass  walln,  they  are  not  yet  forth- 
coming, and  they  will  now  arrive  too  lato  fur  their  meiits 
U,  bo  tcsud  this  wa«on.  A  new  kind  of  glass  lacing  to 
wo  »  i«  about  to  be  constructed  by  Messrs.  Cottom  and 
Jfallain.| 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Chrysanthemum. — The  competition  arid  encou- 
ragement held  out  by  our  great  metropolitan  societies 
has  had  the  effect  of  I'aising  cultivation  generally  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  London  to  a  point  of  excellence  whicii 
it  will  be  difficult  to  surpass.  First  to  one  flower 
especial  attention  has  been  paid,  and  then  to  another,  till 
now  nearly  all  plants  to  be  found  in  ordinary  gardens 
have  been  brought  prominently  before  the  publicj  whose 
taste,  although  capricious,  is  seldom  for  any  length  of 
time  wrongly  directed.  True  it  may  be  occasionally 
imposed  upon  by  some  politic  cultivator  who,  anxious 
to  put  a  good  face  on  a  bad  subject,  draws  all  the 
branches  of  his  plants  to  the  front,  while  behind 
there  isliothing  but  bare  wood  ;  but  the  artifice,  though 
unnoticed  or  winked  at  for  a  while,  is  sure  to  be  even- 
tually exposed,  and  then  plants  alike  bushy  and 
well  flowered  on  all  sides  take  the  place  of  unnatural 
one-sided  productions.  To  the  Horticultural  Society  of 
London  we  are  certainly  greatly  indebted  for  the  good 
it  has  effected,  and  is  still  effecting,  in  plant  culture. 
It  has  also  already  done  much,  for  the  advancement  of 
floriculture.  Instead  of  Hoses  in  the  shape  of  cut 
blooms,  arranged  in  bunches  in  boxes  of  moss,  it  has 
shown  that  its  exhibitions  can  be  adorned  with  plants 
beautifully  grown  and  charmingly  bloomed.  For  Car- 
nations, Picotees,  and  Pansies,  set  up  in  the  usual  way 
in  stands,  despite  of  considerable  opposition  it  has 
caused  plants  to  be  furnished  ;  and  now  that  the  experi- 
ment has  been  made,  and  they  have  been  seen,  who 
shall  question  the  propx'iety  of  this  mode  of  showing 
them  ?  We  only  wish  that  the  Stoke  Newington,  and 
other  Chrysanthemum  Societies,  may  follow^  out  the 
principle  more  extensively,  in  regard  to  our  autumn 
flower.  Cut  blooms  have  been  invited  and  encouraged 
by  the  former  Society,  until,  through  the  skill  of  per- 
severing cultivators,  they  have  attained  a  size  and  mag- 
nificence which  is  quite  astonishing  ;  but  although  the 
flowers  themselves  are  fine,  the  plants  which  produce 
them  are  unfit  for  inspection.  We  think  this  will  be 
pretty  obvious  from  the  following  description  of  them 
by  Mr.  Taylor,  who  stands  at  the  very 
head  of  exhibitors  of  cut  blooms.  He  says: 
"  My  object  being  to  obtain  lai-ge  flowers, 
they  (the  plants)  are  not  checked  in  their 
growth  by  stopping,  or  by  the  encourage- 
ment of  under  branches  ;  they  are  there- 
fore, tall,  and  to  some  appear  unsightly  ; 
to  remedy  this  defect,  I  intermix  them  with 
Camellias,  the  beauty  of  whose  leaves  afford 
an  agreeable  screen  to  their  tall  stems ;  by 
having  the  flowers  on  a  level  with  the  tops 
of  the  CaraeUias,  a  pleasing  contrast  is 
created,  which  is  very  effective."  In  order, 
therefore,  that  the  appearance  of  the  plants 
may  be  tolerated  at  all,  the  most  out-of- 
the-way  expedients  are  resorted  to — in 
fact,  they  are  buried  among  Camellias. 
Let  us  hope  that  a  Society  which  so  emi-  I 
nently  encourages  Floriculture,  may  still  1^' 
further  promote  plant  cultivation.  Fine 
blooms  are  all  very  well ;  but  produced  as 
stated  they  are  bought  too  dear.  Perfection  in 
Chrysanthemum  cultivation  cannot  be  said 
to  have  been  reached  until  blossoms  of  the 
size,  form,  and  beauty  of  those  we  have 
seen  at  Stoke  Newington  are  attached,  and 
plentifully,  to  handsomely-grown  plants, 
clothed  with  foliage  to  the  very  pot.  Then, 
and  not  till  then,  will  the  means  at  com- 
mand for  improving  this  useful  flower 
have  been  rightly  appropriated.  While  cut 
blooms  of  the  finest  description  must  be 
had,  however,  we  cannot  do  better  than 
introduce  to  the  notice  of  our  readers  the 
little  book*  on  their  production,  from 
which  we  have  quoted.  It  contains  all 
that  it  is  necessary  to  know  on  the  subject 
of  treatment,  and  it  is  enriched  by  care- 
fully arranged  lists  of  select  varieties,  both 
of  large  and  small  flowered  kinds.  We 
may  hereafter  return  to  this  subject.  /.  K 


Class  bu.iwiNG:  Z.  We  would  n;tt;r  you  to  the  "  Mirlland 
ilorlBt,  where  you  will  6nd  elaboruto  argumtiite  ou  lUe 
subject ;  we  will  return  to  this  inatier  next  week  J.  E. 

ClNEKABiAa:  J  Cook.  Send  them  again;  too  much  ehrivelled  ia 
V,^*.,V^?^"'^  inBtance  for  ua  to  pass  an  opinion  on  them.— 
fV  J.  I,  heedling  of  Lady  Hnme  Campbell,  Budly  indented 
at  the  tip  of  each  petal  ;  2,  from  LetitCB  Arnold,  apparently 
better  tlian  1,  but  so  withered  that  its  merits  could  not  be 
determmed.  J.  E. 

FANS!  :  L  G.  For  description  of  Sir  J.  Cathcart,  see  notice  to 
"  J.  G."  m  our  Number  for  Mnrch  'iOth. 

Rhododendeonb  :  J  R  A  P.  Your  seedling  named  "Eliza- 
beth" has  flowers  sufiused  with  pink,  and  f^potted  on  the 
upper  petals  with  dark  crimaoD.  The  truss  is  good,  but  in- 
dividually the  blossoms  are  too  crmnply  and  open  ■'  foliaee 
large  and  handsome.*  ' 


Miscellaneous* 

Ilex  lat'ifolia. — This  is  a  stout,  stiff,  evergreen,  hai^dy 
tree,  of  great  beauty.  Every  partis  entirely  free  from 
hair.  The  shoots,  which  are  deep  green  or  tinged  with 
violet,  are  somewhat  angular  near  the  ends.  The 
leaves,  which  are  from  6  to  8  inches  long,  are  deep 
green,  not  coloured  at  the  edge,  flat,  oblong,  acuminate, 
sharply  and  pretty  regularly  serrated,  except  at  the 
base,  which  is  entire,  and  gradually  narrows  into  a 
petiole  about  three-quarters  of  an  iuch  long.  The 
flowers  are  small,  hermaplirodite,  pale  gi  een,  in  very 
close  axillary  racemes,  about  as  long  as  the  leafstalks, 
and  supported  by  short,  ovate,  acute,  shining,  cartila- 
ginous bracts.  The  berries,  which  ripen  in  February, 
are  in  short  compact  clusters,  of  a  dull  red  colour,  and 
nearly  spherical ;  each  contains  from  four  to  five  stoneSj 
in  which  we  have  never  succeeded  in  finding  a  kernel. 
This  valuable  plant  passes  under  the  name  of  Hex 
latifolia,  by  wliich  Thunberg  designated  a  small  tree 
called,  in  Japan,  No-Ko-Giri  ;  but,  if  the  statement  of 
that  botanist  can  be  trusted,  his  plant  must  be  different, 
for  he  says  the  leaves  are  egg-shaped,and  three  inches  long 
by  two  broad,  which  gives  them  an  entirely  different 
outline  from  the  species  before  us,  the  proportion  of 
whose  leaves  is  not  thi-ee  by  two,  but  six  or  seven  by 
two,  a  very  material  difference.  Nevertheless,  in  the 
absence  of  any  authentic  evidence,  we  leave  the  garden 
name  as  we  find  it,  especially  since  it  is  probably  the 
1.  latifolia  of  Zuccarini  and  Siebold  ("  Florse  Japonicae 
familia3  naturales,"  sect,  i.,  p.  40),  or  I.  macrophylla  of 
Blume.  According  to  the  first  of  these  authors,  the 
leaves  in  the  wild  plant  vary  in  form,  being,  on  the 
same  branch,  oblong,  ovate,  or  elliptical,  acuminate  or 


CAM1SLLIA8  :  J'.  This  is  considered  by  some  to 
be  a  good  time  for  re-potting  such  plants  as 
have  ftniflhed  flowcrintt ;  do  not  disturb  iha 
roots  further  than  by  ju^t  rubbing  olV  a  litile 
of  the  fiurfiice  soil.  Keep  somewhat  cluee  for  a  time,  until  the 
plants  have  become  rc-ehtublUhed  ;  and  when  placed  Out  of 
dofir«,  lot  it  be  in  a  somewhat  Bheltcred  situatioa.  Moht  Horts 
will  now  havi;  cnmnieuced  their  new  growths,  and  will  de- 
mand turnest  attniitioii,  or  a  "falling  oil"  will  be  the  result 
ai  next  Heason's  blooupinii  time.  Tall  unsightly  plants  may 
bo  boldly  dt'capitHted,  hut  the  bloom  will  be  lost  for  nix't 
Feaiion.  We  purchasid  tho  variety  you  mention  at  ono  of 
Mr.  Htcvcns'  sales  ;  it  in  somewhat  hijfh  priced,  but  it  msiy  bo 
h(id  in  the  tradt-.  It  i»  u  largo  red.  Oloiro  de  Purls  i»  ii  rc- 
mnrliably  boM,  dtt-p,  rofy  curmifip,  with  handnomo  broiid 
fitoijt  petals,  and  fro-r  from  indenture  than  most  Hortfi  ;  It  Ih 
u  Tfn\  gem.  Oomtedo  I'arls  la  a  iioat  imbricateri  flower,  palo 
pink  cdite,  white,  or  rather  fthudlng  id'  to  white,  with  here 
and  tlierc  a  few  narrow  HiripcH  of  tho  deipest  fomp,  FrOHi'n 
WhltH  Ih  r  well-formed  BOri,  with  u  few  faint  KripoH  of  palo 
roAo.  J  li. 

C*TAl.oouE«  rccelvfd  from    Mr,    llandftkjdo,  Glen  NureorioB, 
MunfcolbuPfth,  and  from  Mr.  Bpnry,  of  Hrlghton. 

♦  A    TroHtlBO,    Alc.   on  tliu  Chry«iinth.jmum,  by  0.    Tnjlor, 
PurU.£tr«(it,  StokoNowliigton,  Middkmx. 


obtuse,  and  finely 
seiiated  01 '^lightly 
crenate  The  spe- 
cies nearly  ap- 
proaches the  Ilex 
Perado  of  th6 
Hortus  Kewehais, 
a  native  of  the 
Canaries,  figured 
in  the  "  Botanical 
Magazine,"t.  4079, 
under  Webb  and 
Berthellot's  name 
of  I,  platyphylla, 
another  very 
handsome  hardy 
shrub,  differing 
from  this  in  bearing  clusters  of  largo  white 
flowers,  and  fruit  more  than  twice  the  size  of 
that  of  the  present  plant.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  tliis  I.  latifolia,  of  which  we  believe  two 
varieties  are  in  cultivation,  and  which  is  plen- 
tiful in  the  nurseries,  is  as  hardy  as  the  common 
Holly  itself. — Paxton's  Ploiocr  Qarden. 

I/anh/  Cochineal. — "  This  new  Coccus  (C.  Fabffis)  " 
says  M.  Guc-rin  Mt'neville  in  "  Comptes  Rcndus,"  "  wheh 
crushed  in  linen  or  paper  furnishes  a  red  colour,  suf- 
ficiently intense  to  raise  Iiopes  that  it  may  perhaps 
contain  as  much  colouring  matter  as  the  Mexican 
cocliineal.  What  renders  this  indigenous  cochineal  very 
intoroHting  ia,  that  it  would  be  possible  to  cultivate  it  and 
raise  regular  crops  of  it.  It  lives  on  tho  common  Bean, 
on  which  it  is  so  abundant,  tiiat  I  have  been  able,  in  a 
few  liourH,  to  collect  a  considerable  quantity  of  these 
cochiiiofilH,  by  brushing  tho  plants  covered  with  tliem 
over  with  a  cloth.  I  treated  them  in  the  same  manner  ag 
that  by  wliich  tho  Coccus  Cacti  is  prepared — killing 
them  in  boiling  water  and  afterwards  drying  them  ih 
the  sun.      ]ly  these  means  I  have  obtained  an  article 


216 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[April  3, 


■\vliicli  uiitjrs  ii  cuusiUei-iLbiu  rtaemblaiiut;  to  tlie  cocliineal 
of  commercej  and  may,  even  now,  be  the  subject  of 
some  experiments  in  dyeing,  should  the  Academy  thiuk 
fit  to  ask  M.  Chevreul  to  undertake  them  in  his  labora- 
tories. As  I  brought  with  me  a  considerable  number 
of  living  cochineals,  I  have  been  enabled  to  continue  the 
study  of  their  habits  in  Paris,  and  have  seen  that  the 

-myriads  of  eggs  which  they  laid  last  autumn  were 
hatched  during  the  winter,  and  that  young  ones  proceed- 

-ing  from  them  are  able  to  live  without  nourishment 
until  they  meet  with  the  plants  on  wliich  they  feed.     I 

'■Eiave  instituted  an  experiment  on  rather  a  large  scale  at 
Sainte  Tulle,  and  I  hope  this  year  to  raise  a  sufficient 
crop  of  this  cochineal  to  enable  experiments  to  be  made 
on  larger  quantities,  should  the  results  of  those  which  I 
have  ventured  to  ask  of  M.  Chevreul  give  any  encourage- 

^ment  to  follow  out  this  new  application  of  entomology. 
Some  very  curious  parasites  on  this  cochineal  have  been 
discovered  this  winter,  and  will  probably  give  occasion 

'for  some  interesting  scientific  observations."  Annals  of 
.Natural  History. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the    ensuing   iveeJc.J 

PLANT-HOUSES. 

Although  previous  directions  have  been  given  on 
the  importance  of  obtaining  a  short-jointed,  sturdy  habit 
of  gi'owth  in  ligneous  plants,  as  a  foundation  for  healthy 
specimens,  we  again  advert  to  the  subject,  as  this  is  the 
'■season,  above  all  others,  when  attention  should  be 
■tlii'ected  to  the  point.  It  will  be  obvious  that  free 
admission  of  air,  and  in  most  cases,  of  light  as  well,  are 
-essential.  In  connection  with  this,  allow  space  sufficient 
between  each  plant  for  the  light  to  penetrate,  and  air 
"to  pass  freely.  The  great  object  with  cultivators  of 
specimens  is  to  get  plants  to  open  their  blooms  at 
one  particular  time  ;  considerable  tact,  and  a  Imowledge 
of  the  habit  of  each  plant  is  requisite  for  this.  Asa 
'  general  rule,  it  should  be  observed,  that  no  second 
growths  should  be  permitted,  and  that  the  shoots  for 
blooming,  the  ensuing  year,  should  be  selected  of  equal 
strength,  at  once,  and  sufficient  in  number  for  the 
desired  purpose.  A  uniformity  of  growth  will  thus  be 
'  formed,  which  should  on  no  account  be  disturbed.  When 
*  the  growth  is  complete,  the  plants  should  be  placed  in  a 
state  of  rest,  and  should  not  be  excited  into  further 
•gi'owth.  With  those  plants  blooming  on  the  current 
year's  wood,  the  same  principles,  in  regulating  the  pre- 
ceding year's  shoots,  must  be  acted  on.  The  floral 
display  in  the  conservatory  will  now  be  at  its  height : 
those  Chinese  Azaleas  which  have  been  slightly  forced 
will  take  the  place  of  Camellias  now  on  the  wane  ;  iu 
addition,  the  different  species  of  Cytissus  and  Acacias 
will  be  in  perfection,  as  will  the  Indian  Daphnes,  and 
the  beautiful  pea-blossomed  plants  from  New  Holland. 
If  to  these  are  added  forced  hybrid  Khododendrons  and 
hardy  Azaleas,  the  Chinese  Weigela,  Roses,  including 
a  good  supply  of  the  Teas,  Cinerarias,  bulbs,  Mignonette, 
Sec,  a  mass  of  bloom  will  be  brought  together  wliich  it 
■will  be  difficult  to  match  at  any  other  season.  Let 
every  care  be  taken  to  water  plants  coming  in  bloom; 
more  particulai'ly  to  those  which  have  been  forced,  as 
they  are  generally  in  small  pots.  The  inside  borders 
will  now  i-equire  liberal  supplies  ;  keep  the  edgings  and 
borders  in  the  neatest  order,  as  well  as  every  part  of  the 

■  house,  and  preserve  a  uniform,  enjoyable  temperature. 
Shadings  will  be  necessary  during  bright  weather. 
Orchids  will  now  be  pushing  into  growth.  The  remarks 
we  made  on  the  desu'ableness  of  obtaining  a  simultaneous 
show  of  bloom  in  woody  plants,  apply  to  various  kinds 
of  Orchids.  Keep  up  the  requisite  humidity,  and  though 
.jiothing  like  stagnation  should  occur  in  the  material  in 
'which  the  plants  grow,  yet  the  syringe  must  be  used 
;  pretty  freely,  especially  in  bright  weather,  to  plants  iu 

active  growth  ;    shading  must  be   continued.      Plants 

■  suspended  in  baskets  or  placed  on  blocks,  should  be 
fi'equently  taken  down  and  soaked  in  tepid  water;  as  the 

■;ayriuge  alone  often  Jails  in  keeping  such  sufficiently 

.damp.  I 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT.  ' 

Vinery. — Directly  the  berries  in  the  early  house  show 

'iudicatious  of  colouring,  gradually  reduce  the  moisture, 

that  by  the  time  the  Grapes  are  fully  coloured,  the  air 

may  be  brought  .to  a  comparatively  dry  state.     We  do 

"not  advise   the   sudden  withdrawal  of  this   necessary 

•  element  during  the  colouring  process,  having  found  a 

■  certain  amount  of  moistm'e  essential  to  the  final  swelling 
■of  the  crop  and  healthy  action  of  the  leaves,  in  addition 
to  the  check  this  treatment  gives  to  the  progress  of 
red  spider  ;  of  course  an  additional  amount  of  venti- 
lation by  night,  as  well  as  by  day,  must  be  added. 
Pay  attention  to  the  succeeding  houses  by  regulating 
tlie  shoots  aa  they  advance,  and  keeping  a  progressive 
temperature  in  conformity  with  the  daily  increase 
of  light  and  heat.  Peach-house. — Tie  in  tlie  present 
y^ear's  shoots  when  they  get  of  sufficient  length,  and  keep 
down  spider  and  green-fly,  which  rarely  do  much  mis- 
chief where  good  cultui'e  is  maintained.  The  second 
house  will  require  thinning ;  the  syringe  or  engine  may 
now  be  plied  freely,  and  the  house  closed  somewhat 
earlier  in  the  day  ;  give  air  eai'ly  in  the  morning,  or 
rather  allow  a  slight  circulation  during  the  night :  this 
■precaution  is  become  the  more  necessary,  since  large 

squares  and  close  laps  have  made  the  greater  part  of 
modern  forcing-houses  more  like  a  Ward's  case,  than  the 
'houses  with  open  laps,  and  small  squares  of  former 
times  ;  and  yet,  we  are  not  quite  sure  if  the  latter 
'(putting  the  deficiency  of  light  out  of  the  question), 
;'Were  not  more  in  accordance  with  natm-al  principles. 


FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Among  Calceolarias  for  gz'ouping  purposes,  we  have 
found  Frost's  Superb  and  Caieaua  for  dwarf  yellow  beds 
the  best;  Vicosissima  is  a  good  orange-coloured  variety  ; 
and  Amplexicaulis,  a  pale  yellow,  for  taller  beds.  Flori- 
bunda  and  Sulphurea  splendens  will  be  improvements, 
but  at  present  are  rather  scarce.  For  dark  coloured 
selfs  and  blotched  varieties,  Kentish  Hero,  Shankleyana, 
Sultan,  and  Gem,  are  the  most  useful.  Both  the  tall 
and  dwarf  kinds  of  Lobelias  are  valuable  for  garden 
decoration.  The  latter,  either  as  an  edging  to  taUer 
things,  or  alone  for  dwarf  beds,  are  invaluable.  Of  L. 
Erinus  compacta  there  are  several  varieties,  varying 
somewhat  in  size  and  intensity  of  colour — deep  blue. 
Australis  and  Coronopifolia  are  both  nice  things  with 
lighter  coloured  flowers.  Unidentata,  deep  purple,  is 
useful  to  run  over  baskets,  &c.,  or  to  cover  the 
ground  under  taller  plants.  Lutea  makes  a  neat 
dwarf  yellow  bed  or  edging.  Some  of  the  tall 
gi-owing  kinds,  as  Salteri,  JVlagniflora,  Ignea,  &c., 
as  scarlets  ;  Compacta,  blue  ;  and  others  of  intermediate 
colom's,  form  splendid  beds  through  the  autumn :  these 
latter  require  to  be  brought  on  in  a  slight  heat,  to  get 
them  some  size  before  planting  ;  but  they  amply  repay 
this  extra  trouble  by  their  beauty.  Petunias  are  so 
numerous  that  a  selection  is  almcst  useless — for  growing 
in  beds  select  those  of  a  decided  colour  that  will  not 
fade  in  bright  weather,  and  of  a  dwarf  sturdy  habit. 
One-half  of  the  kinds  sent  out  will  not  live  through  two 
or  three  weeks  rainy  weather.  Now  rain  has  fallen, 
bring  to  a  close  alterations  requiring  the  relaying  of 
turf,  and  forward  the  preparation  of  ground  intended 
for  planting  with  evergreens  this  present  spring,  which 
may  now  be  put  in  hand.  In  many  places  mowing 
will  be  necessary,  and  to  insure  a  green  close  bottom 
through  the  season,  be  particular  in  cutting  as  close  to 
the  ground  as  possible   the  first  two  or  three  times. 

FLORIST'S  FLOWERS. 

Carnations  and  Picotees  must  be  potted  forthwith, 
every  day  delayed  will  make  against  the  bloom  ;  plant 
the  layers  firmly,  and  place  oyster  shells  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  ;  these  will  act  beneficially  in  several 
ways,  but  particularly  in  preventing  the  soil  being 
washed  from  the  roots  of  the  plants  when  watered,  and 
at  the  same  time  excessive  evaporation  is  avoided 
during  the  summer  months.  Some  layers  will  possibly 
be  rather  long  ;  a  severe  wind  might  snap  these  over 
at  the  surface  ;  to  prevent  this  mishap,  small  twigs 
about  6  inches  in  length  placed  by  the  side  of  the  layers 
will  prove  an  effectual  safeguard.  Plant  out  last  year's 
seedlings  in  beds  of  well  prepared  compost  for  blooming: 
6  inches  each  way  will  be  found  room  enough  to  give 
them.  Pot  off  rooted  Dahlia  cuttings,  and  put  in  others 
which  are  sufficiently  long.  Be  more  liberal  in  the 
supply  of  SOFT  water  to  both  Auriculas  and  Polyanthuses. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Now  the  weather  has  changed,  some  portion  of  the 
protective  material  placed  over  the  wall  trees  may 
be  removed,  doing  this  by  degrees  ;  this  will  admit 
more  light  and  air  to  the  blooms.  Have  the  materials, 
however,  ready  to  be  placed  on  again,  should  frosty 
weather  occur.  Where  the  trees  are  covered  with 
canvas  on  rollers,  or  netting,  such  should  be  drawn  up 
in  the  morning  and  let  down  again  each  evening.  Follow 
this  practice  till  towards  the  middle  of  May,  if  you  have 
the  means  of  doing  so  ;  gradually  removing  them  a  little 
earlier  each  morning,  and  putting  them  on  later  each 
nightj  that  no  check  may  arise  by  the  entire  removal. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

After  a  long  period  of  drought,  attended  with  the 
dryest  atmosphere  we  remember,  rain  has  fallen  ;  and 
advantage  should  be  taken  of  this  to  complete  the  plant- 
ing out  of  all  crops  required,  or  which  tlie  dry  weather 
had  prevented  being  earlier  done.  Vegetation,  which 
has  been  nearly  at  a  stand-still  for  some  weeks,  may 
now  be  expected  to  advance  rapidly ;  notwithstanding, 
we  fear  the  early  spring  vegetables  will  be  late.  Hoe 
frequently  between  crops  above  ground,  but  do  not  care 
to  draw  a  heap  of  earth  round  the  stem  of  every  Cauh- 
fiower  and  Cabbage  you  have  got  (will  any  one  explain 
its  utility  l)  unless  you  wish  to  throw  the  rain  from  the 
roots  of  the  plant.  Sow  Peas,  Beans,  and  various  other 
crops,  as  required.  Attend  to  the  French  Beans  in  pits, 
and  as  they  advance  spread  a  little  fresh  earth  between 
the  rows.  Pot  and  harden  off  Tomatoes,  Chillies,  and 
Sweet  Basil.  This  latter  and  Sweet  Marjoram  should 
be  sown  at  two  or  three  times,  to  ensure  a  supply  of 
the  plant  in  a  green  state  at  all  times.  The  herb  com- 
partment should  now  be  regulated  ;  many  of  the  kinds 
will  requii'e  to  be  taken  up  and  divided  ;  others  cut 
back,  and  the  whole  should  have  a  good  dressing  of 
fresh  earth.  If  possible  keep  these  useful  things  together, 
as  it  will  save  much  time  daily  in  collecting  them  for 
the  kitchen.  Divide  and  plant  out  in  rows  Chamomile, 
Peppermint,  and  similai*  things  required  either  for  dis- 
tilling or  drying. 


state  of  thf 

Anril 

.  1852. 

aaobaerred  at  the  HorticuUura]  Gardens.  Chiswick. 

«l                                    1                   TBJirBK»TIIKa. 

Marcb 

< 

fiABOMBT.a. 

Wind. 

01  the  Air. 

0(the  Earth, 

s 

s 

55 
1 

Mai. 

Miu.     M»,. 

Mln. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday.. 

26 

29.367 

29,766 

43 

21 

.34,5 

41 

40 

NR 

no 

Satur.  .. 

■-7 

46 

2J 

34.0 

391 

39) 

W 

(HI 

Sunday 

:« 

;)|  29.s:t2 

BO 

33 

44.0 

39^ 

40 

N.K. 

00 

Monday 

U!l 

9'  29.533 

29.271 

53 

4i 

51.5 

40j 

40 

K. 

.ii; 

TUCH.     .. 

:iii 

10]  29.s;s 

56 

45 

50.5 

43 

42 

,S  W. 

ir! 

Wed.    .. 

:ii 

l>|  £9.852 

29.500 

48 

39 

«* 

42 

N,K. 

(Id 

Thura... 

1 

12 

30.203 

30.015 

51 

24 

37.5 

43 

42 

W.E. 

.00 

AverBffP     . 

29732   '  29.569      51.0  '   334 

42.2  1  41.5 

40.8 

18 

Marcti    26— Clenr;  cloudy  ;  overcHBt, 

—  Ill— Froary ;  cloudy,  xvith  cold  (try  air ;  clear  and  frosty. 

—  23— Frosty;  overcHst;  Bliithllj  overcaat  nt  niuht. 

—  29— Hazy  ;  fine;  »Uj;ht  dry  haze;  rain  at  bight. 

—  30— Rain;  cloudy  and  mild  ;  overcapt. 

—  31— Uniform  haze;  OTernaet  and  cold;  cloudy. 

April       1— Overcast  aud  cold;  fine;  clear;  sharp  trust  at  ulKht. 
Meaa  temperature  of  the  week,  2  deg.  below  theavemue. 

State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiawtck,duriDK  thelast  26yeare,for  tbe 
euBuiD^  week,  ending  April  10, 1B52. 


Sunday 

Mod. 

Tues. 

Wed. 

Thura. 

Friday 

Satur.    1 


Sfi.O 
5fi.2 
56.C 

bPa 

56.0 
51.7 


5^H 


36.Q 
36.3 
37.1 


a^ 


No.  of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

fiained. 


Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Sain. 


0.46  la. 

o.na 

0.30 
0.40 
0.30 
1.26 
0,26 


Frevaitiu;r  Winds. 


2   2   1 

1    G   4!-   4 

4    4l  ft'—    3' 


Tbe  hii^taest  temperature  dunnR  the  above  period   occurred  on  the  9tb, 
lS44-therm.73deg.;  and  the  lowest  ou  the  5th,  1812— therm. 23  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BiECH  Wine  :  Co-nsi.  Sub.  Wine  made  solelyfrom  the  sap  of  tbe 
Birch,  i3  a  perfectly  wholeaome  liquor,  and  may  be  dtank  in 
any  moderate  quantity  ;  but  it  is  iatoxicatiDg,  like  other 
wine.J 

BooKa  :  }V  J  S.  Loudon's  edition  of  Repton,  or  Downlng's 
*'  Laudacape  Gardening"  may  possibly  suit  you, 

Edlbs  :  L  L.  Any  kinda  of  hardy  Gladiolus,  Belladonna  Lilies, 
Pancratium  maritimum,  Liliuoi  candidum.  The  lirst  in 
threes,  the  others  singly. 

Dead  Limbs  on  Timber  Tbees  :  EOJP.  Tou  had  better  saw 
them  off  close  to  the  trunk.  Do  it  in  the  autumn,  and  fill 
tbe  holes  with  Forsyth's  composition,  haying  first  scraped 
out  every  bit  of  dead  wood  down  to  the  quick.  J 

Dbxing  Plants:  Enquirer.  Bentall's  paper  for  this  purpose 
is  advertised  in  our  volume  for  1848,  p.  362.  We  cannot 
recommend  dealers.  J 

Gold  Fish  in  Glasses:  Well  WisJier.  We  have  inquired  ot 
Mr.  Hooper,  an  extensive  dealer  iu  gold  fish  in  Covent- 
garden  Market,  and  he  gives  it  as  hia  opinion  that  bread  is 
dtcidedly  injurious  to  them  j  he  finds  nothing  to  aasv/er 
better  than  biscuit  (eithei' Abernethy  or  captain's),  put  into 
the  water,  which  &hould  be  changed  two  or  three  times 
a  week.  J  * 

Impostoes  ;  W  Wand  others.  Many  thanks.  We  were  aware 
of  some  of  the  facts;  and  shall  use  discreetly  the  others. 
You  are  perfectly  correct  in  your  conjecture. 

Insects  :  FST.  The  Beech  trees  in  your  park  are  attacked  by 
a  species  of  Coccus,  which  may  be  destroyed  by  wabhiug  the 
trunks  either  with  water  heated  to  145*^,  or  wilh  any  ccmmon 
oily  fluid,  or  weak  turpentine.  W. 

Lawns  :  A  W.  Top-dre?s  the  ground  with  the  burned  soil,  and 
just  prick  it  in.    Tou  could  not  have  done  anything  better. 

Liquid  Gdano  :  A  B,  It  is  a  suitable  manure  for  Pine-apples 
Put  the  guano  into  a  tub,  pouring  water  over  it ;  alir  it  well 
up,  and  thenuse  the  water  left  in  a  perfectly  clear  state,  after 
tbe  guano  has  sunk  to  the  bottom,  j: 

Names  of  Plants  :  A  SB,  Lastrea  decomposita.  S. — L  ALA, 
Abutilon  striatum.  —  Iota,  The  "Moss"  taken  out  of  a 
parcel  brought  from  a  tree  growing  at  the  edge  of  the  great 
extinct  crater  in  Hawaii  consists  of  the  hairs  of  a  tree  Fern. 
— A  Lover  of  Flowers,  The  fragments  appear  to  belong  to 
Gentiana  amarella.  You  will  have  the  best  chance  of  raising 
them,  by  sowing  them  in  damp  peat,  under  a  handglass,  in 
a  shady  part  of  your  garden.  We  cannot  presume  to  advise 
you  a^  to  the  alternative  youmenlion.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
you  will  be  successful  in  any  case  ;  as  Gentiaus  are  not  very 
easy  plants  to  rear.— <?  H  B.  Dendrobium  macrophjllum. 

Matico:  C  Kay.  This  is  a  Peruvian  plant,  called  Artanllie 
elongata.  It  is  figured  and  described  in  Br.Lindley'a  "^ledi 
cal  and  (Economical  Botany,"  p.  133.  It  is  related  to  the 
genus  Cubeba. 

OItA^GE  Teees  :  r -S",  Clapliam,  Wash  their  roots  clean;  put 
them  back  into  their  tubs,  with  well-drained  loam,  rough,  and 
mixed  with  plenty  of  rotten  manure :  plunge  them  in  bottom 
hi-at,  and  when  thty  have  made  their  growth,  put  them  iu  a 
BU'iny  place.  You  will  do  no  good  with  them  in  small  potSj 
if  they  are  large  plants. 

Roses  :  Clericus.  They  may  be  pruned  in  closely  now.  Ton 
may  commence  watering  with  liquid  manure  whenever  the 
plants  have  begun  to  grow.  } 

Seed  Teade  :  We  continue  to  receive  communications  upon 
this  subject ;  but  unless  they  reveal  new  facts,  or  throw  freth. 
light  upon  the  subject,  we  cannot  give  them  insertion,  cipe- 
culation  and  conjecture  are  inadmissible. 

Stephanotis  floeibdhda  :  EC.  The  fruit  of  this  plant  is  not 
eatable  ;  it  is  acrid  and  poisonous. | 

The  Ckystal  Palace  :  X  Y  Z.  You  will  find  a  condensed 
account  of  Ihe  proceedings  respecting  this  building  in  thu 
news  part  of  our  Journal. 

Tobacco  :  R  W.  Raise  it  in  heat,  and  plant  out  singly  about 
2  feet  apart, 'in  rows  3  feet  asunder,  after  all  danger  from 
frost  is  over.  In  preparing  tbe  leaves  hang  tbem  up  in  an 
airy  shed  for  a  time  to  dry  ;  then  throw  them  into  a  heap  to 
ferment,  then  dry  again,  and  the  work  is  finished.  % 

ViNEET  :  G  0  L.  Your  Peach  and  Apricot  trees  are  too  much 
shaded  by  the  Tines,  and  too  far  from  the  light.  Neither  will 
fruit  under  the  circumstances  described. 

Tines  :  Woolion.  There  can  be  no  barm  in  covering  your 
Tinery  roof  from  this  time,  and  for  the  summer,  with  Notting- 
ham net  of  fine  texture  ;  it  will  not  be  excessive  shade,  and 
will  prevent  scorching,  die.  The  border  may  be  uncovered 
and  carefully  forked  up  as  soon  as  the  weather  has  become 
a  little  warmer.  % 

Misc.  :  Cojwtnnt  Header,  Epsilon.  Tbe  paper  you  mention  ia 
published  on  Friday,  the  Qardeners'  Chronicle  on  d.aturday 
morning.  If  you  have  any  difficulty  in  getting  the  latter, 
our  London  agent  will  supply  you.— -4ma£eitr.  Not  knoo'ing 
all  the  facts,  we  are  afraid  to  mislead  you  by  advice.  If  your 
gardener  understands  his  business,  jou  had  better  be  guided 
by  him  ;  if  he  does  not,  you  had  better  change  him.  In  matters 
I  relating  to  forcing,  circumstances  may  render  expedient  a 
I  method  which,  under  other  circumstances,  would  be  objec- 
j  tionable.  No  doubt  tbe  air  of  a  Tinery  ehould  be  warm,  dry, 
and  in  rapid  motion,  when  the  Grapes  are  in  flower  :  but  this 
may  not  be  incompatible  with  sj  ringing.  As  to  the  Pines, 
any  little  check  will  throw  them  into  fruit,  if  ihey  are  old 
;  enough,  such  as  withholding  water,  Ac.  With  regard  to 
Roses,  you  will  find  Hybrid  Perpetuala  most  useful,  and  you 
had  better  place  yourself,  for  sorts,  in  the  hands  of  some 
nurseryman  of  undoubted  respectability.  He  will  make  for 
you  a  better  choice  than  you  could  make  for  yourself.  Pyru^ 
japonica  will  combine  well  with  Roses,  die,  but  you  hwd 
better  take  the  scarlet,  not  the  white,  sort.— Z'  \V.  We  cannot 
disclose  the  names  of  anonymous  correspondents,  who  may 
have  very  good  reasons  for  not  desiring  to  be  known.  Iti 
fact  the  correspondence  and  interruptions  to  which  they  are 
subjected,  sufficiently  explain  the  reason  of  our  concealment. 
We  know  them,  whenever  facts  are  mentioned,  and  have  a 
conviction  of  their  veracity  and  honesty.  "Alpha"  13  one  of 
the  best  practical  gardeners  in  England. 


Eeeata.— In  last  week's  "Calendar,"  Art.  "Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery,"  8  lines  from  bottom,  for  "  novelcoloured  hue" 
read  "novel  coloured  bed;"  and  13  lines  from  bottom,  for 
"light  blue  red " read  "  light  blue  led," 


14— 1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


217 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  DOtorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANUKE  are  still  carrier!  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY    lilPORTKRS    OF    PERUVIAN   GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  acain  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  otbers  nbo 

bay  to  be  carefully  on  their  ^'uard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  vrhom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

TJte  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  ha^  been  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS.  per  toUy  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  tu  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated, 

HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDEN  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  witb-Gutt'i  Perchn.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  creat 
satisfaction.  Also,  K.^SE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  -10  gal- 
lons per  minute.  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  uot  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price  51,  lOs.  ;  on  wheels  und  stand,  71,  7s, 
Bdegess  and  Ket,  103,  Newgate-street,  London, 


nPHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*-^  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genume:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Iiime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
GypsuDj,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  91. 10s.  per  toii,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
0L53.  in  Dock.  Edwabd  Pdeseb,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars. 


]\/rANURES.— The   folio wiug    Manures  are    manu- 

-^*-*-  factured  at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69.  King  ft^'iliiam-street.  City,  London. 
N,B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  105.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


MANURE    DEPOT.-PEAT    CHARCOAL. 

TO   FARMERS,    AGRICULTURISTS,    AND    OTHERS. 

GH,  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea-bridge, 
•  Middlesex,  Agent  to  the  Irish  Amelioration  Society  tor 
-the  sale  of  the  above.  All  needful  particulars  will  be  given  on 
application  at  the  above  address. 

Price  of  the  unmixed  Charcoal,  55s.  per  ton,  sacks  included. 
Mixed  with  Nishtsoil,  6(is.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Mixed  with 
Urine,  70a.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Carriage  to  any  of  the 
Wharfs  or  Railway  Stations,  from  ds.  6d.  to  5s,  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 


FOR    PUBLIC    SALE. 
rj.UANO,  — On    MOI>JDAY    19tli   April,    1852,  at 

^— *  2  o'clock  precisely,  at  the  London  Corn  Esohange  Tavern 
Mark-lane.  By  order  ot  Messrs.  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS, 
the  Importers,  about  3000  Tons  damnged  PERUVIAN  GUANO. 
—Catalogues  and  furtber  particulars  in  due  time  from  J.  A. 
RncKEE  and  Bewceaft,  Brokers,  26,  Commercial  Sale  Rooms, 
Miaciag-lane. 


TO  AGRICULTURISTS. 
Q  WEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
Vy  at2f.  5j.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Su^jar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials  from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertiUsing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
noless  tht»n  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
canbeijoldin  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  Wjeral  Commissio7i  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  cjpies  ot  thtj  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, al>o  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Ovten  and  Co..  3,  Roud.lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owek  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUTERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  oescriptioa,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phoapbaeof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ol  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
Is  made  bjf  Professor  J.  Tbomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  ao;rai  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Maoore,  ia  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Bunker's  Bill  on 
Louioa. 


/-iHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
V^*  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
iacreaaing  the  uie  of  that  raluablc  Manure  PEAT  CJIAIl- 
''oir  'n?'"^'??"'"'  "'"'  ""  'enilisiog  matter  of  LOiNDON 
SEWAQb.  The  ammonia,  phoBphatea,  and  fa^cee  are  ab- 
«orbecl,  and  the  water  presied  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 

Bold  »t  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  BridBe, 
Falham,  Middle.el,  at  OOj.  per  ton,  ia.  per  cwt..  2s.  U.  per 
balfcwt.  *  *^ 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

fra'iM  THE  &ijtP(,i,K  cnAo). 

i:p  DWARJJ  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 

i~^  erected  very  powerlul  Machinery  for  the  purpowe  of  reduc- 
iDg  the»ePhoipbatlcNofluIes  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  b'jiuL'  in 
the  Immediate  1  .callty  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre. 
pared  to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terniH,  In  siny 

Jiaaotlty,  either  Orourid,  iVhoIo,  or  Di»»olvcd  In  Acid.  They 
orm  the  cheapest  nourcfl  of  PhOHphite  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
»nd  aro  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  SupL-rphoHphmc 
bf  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Rono. 

Pricet  and  every  information  connoetfjd  with  their  use  for- 
(tar'l«d  on  appllcfttton  to  Kdwaso  Packaid  aod  Co.,  Artificial 
Maoure  Hanafutarerf,  Ipswich,  SofTolk. 

piNE      LONG      RED      SURREY      CARROT.— 

■*■  A  limited  qij.-intlty,  nt  Is.  tid.  ucr  lb. 

Hart  and  tficKun,  Seedsmen,  Oulldford,  Surrey. 


A  LSIKE  CLOVKR.-«ThiH  ih  a,  hybrid  between  tho 

•^^  Wh{t4  Clovur  anii  tlifl  Red  Perennial,  being  tntcrmediate 
with  them  U*th  ««  to  iilze  and  colour  of  ihe  blod^om.  Miivlng 
had  a  pIotf,f  It  In  c)ur  larr.pU;  ground  ior  three  yearn,  we  are 
•atlaflcd  of  lu  being  a  perennlil  CliVnr,     Vr\cv.'Jii  per  lb. 

Alw.  TKDK  PKKKNNIAL  HEU  CLOVKH.  'J<i.  pur  lb.,  or 
.«i.  ptf  c»t..  carriage  free. 

Joun  huiTom  and  Horn,  heed  Orowem,  Heading,  Ucrltg. 


CKINLESS   CHEVALIER   BARLEY.—This  is  as 

^  superior  to  Peruvian  as  Wheat  is  to  Rye.  It  was  exhibited 
by  Messrs.  SOTTON  at  the  GREAT  EXHIBITION,  weighin'„' 
65  lbs.  per  bushel,  and  "  honourable  mention"  of  it  was  made 
in  the  report  of  the  Royal  Commission.  It  should  be  sown  in 
April,  3  bushels  to  the  acre  ;  price  IGa.  per  bushel.  Tiie  stock 
being  limited,  early  orders  will  be  necessary  to  prevent  the 
disappointment  experienced  by  many  who  applied  for  it  last 
year  after  we  had  sold  out. — Address,  John  Sotton  and  Sons, 
Seed-growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


CUTTON'S    PERMANENT    GRASSES- 

O  —The  Sopebioe  Qoalitt  of  SUTTON'S  GRASS  SEEDS 
is   plainly  indicated  by   the  numerous  Orders   they  are  daily 
receiving,  through  the  recommendaiioa  of  former  customeis. 
The  prices  are  as  under : — 
For  best  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,  mixed     Per  acre. 

expressly  to  suit  the  soil       2is.  to  28s. 

For  heat  Clovers  and  Grasses  (for  one,  two,  or 

three  years'  lay)  14s.  to  205. 

The  Sorts  consist  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  in  our  Advertisement  on  the  last  x>age  of 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  3Uth  March. 

John  Sdtton  and  Sows,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FORKS  never  bend,  strain,  or  break,  but  retain  their 
sharp  points  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repair.  Mr.  Mechi  says, 
"They  answer  admirably  in  breaking  our  heavy  clajs,  and 
mixing  the  soil  in  an  extraordinary  mauner,  and  facilitate 
labour  quite  20  per  cent." 

Early  orders  are  requested,  as  the  demand  is  very  great. 
They  are  executed  in  the  rotation  in  which  they  are  given. 
Bdbgess  and  Key,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 
Priced  Lists  sent  on  application. 


IMPROVED    CRASS    CUTTING  i  ROLLING    MACHINE. 


^' 


®^m 


'^-^.^ 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Maeebs,  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  respectfully  solicit  noiice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  for  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which,  and 
its  acknowledged  excellence  and  superioriiy  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  kind,  has  now  been  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monials and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents,  for  London  :  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Hammersmith;  Hertford :  Mr.  George  Folkard, 
Ironmonger;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Ynting  and  Co., 
Cahtle  Buildings,  Derby-square  ;  Sheffield  :  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator 
of  the  Botanic  Gardens  ;  Chester  :  Messrs.  F.  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserjmen  and  Seedsmen;  Glasgow  :  Messrs.  Chas.D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square;  Edinburgh:  Messrs.  Chas.  D. 
Young  and  Co.,  48, North  Bridge  ;  Perth:  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
TuriibuU,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE, 


Apfboved  bt  prince  ALBERT,  aud  Dnivebsallt  Recom- 
mended BY  PeACTICaL  and  SCIENTIFIC  MEN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  to  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thus  rendering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers.  Nurserymen,  die,  in  the 
Kingdom;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Dhay  and  Co.'s 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  M'arehouses,  Swan- 
lane,  London  Bridge. — A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade. 


DRAINAGE— ROAD    MAKING. 

NEW    LEVELLING    INSTRUMENT. 

(RegistekedNo,  2602.) 


The  print  represents  the  inslruvititi  one-fi/th  the  real  size. 

THIS  is  a  simple  and  effective  SELF-RECORDING 
INSTRUMENT,  suitable  for  Ltvclling  Drains,  Sewers,  or 
Roads,  or  for  measuring  the  elevaLions  and  depressions  of 
ground.  It  consists  of  a  Telescope,  Level  Graduated  Arch, 
and  Tripod  Stand.  Tho  arch  is  so  divided  as  to  show  tho  rise 
or  full,  in  feet  and  inches. 

(From  tho  Practical  Mechaiiics'  Journal,  Feb.  I,  1851.) 

*'In  the  hands  of  even  the  most  unlettered  'arm-servant 
iliis  little  Instrument  will  iifl'ord  tho  must  correct  rooasure- 
mcnt,  us  the  ojierator  has  only  to  level  the  plate,  and  bring  IiIh 
flight  to  bi'ar  uftoii  tho  object,  when  tho  elevation  or  depression 
U  given  at  once.  It  will  be  a  most  usclul  coatrivauce  fur 
Draining  or  Road  Making." 

Price,  with  parnllol  plato  Hcrows,  AL;  convenient  levelling 
poh-,  4fl.—  Made  only  by  Oahdneu  and  Co.,  21,  Buchanan- 
Mtreet,  OIuHgow, 

DRAINING  TILE  MACHINES  X  CLAY  GRINDING  MILLS. 

MR.  SAMUKLSON,  Dritannm  Iron  Wokk.'h, 
Haniiouv,  Oxon  (SucciBHor  ro  tho  into  Janu'S  Oiirdiier), 
to  avolfl  tl.d  dlnripijolntinenf  oxpfrlenccd  lust  ye.'ir  lis  r«ifiir(l« 
t)i.i  delWery  of  liU  IM  I'ROVMI)  DOUHLI-l  HPKiOlJKD  TIMi 
MACHINKM,  will  te<;l  ohllKcd  by  oidur^  lor  tlilH  houhoii  beinj.- 
Iflvnn  a*  ciiriy  an  podhIIjIv. 

Price  of  tho  *mii!l  Machine,  to  deliver  -lOOO  l/J-lnch  or -JOOD 
2-lneh  piprs  In  10  |jo>irii,  \U. 

Dnllvi-ry  free  to  all  plncon  on  tho  London  imd  North  Western 
and  Great  Wcntnrn  llallwayn. 

UrfitvitiKH  of  tho  iibovo,  and  lillQouorul  Itnplomont  Lint  muy 
bo  obialrjod  on  (iifplioatlon. 


MCORMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 
T3TJRGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 

JL^  Lontlon.-Extract  from  Mr.  Puhoj's  Report  on  the  AgrU 
cultural  Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition —"  Mr 
M'CoBMicK's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  tlieretore  received  a  Council 
Medal,  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptre?,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  di-tinetion."— Price  of  Reaper,  25L 

MANUFACTURED   SOLELY   BY 

JOHH    FERRABEE    AND     S  0 IKT  S, 

PHOENIX  IRON  WORKS,  NEAR  STROUD, 

aLODCEBTEBSHiaE. 

BUDDING'S  LAWN  MOWING  MACHINE, 
With  Registeeed  Impbovements,  No,  3074. 
This  Machine  may  be  worked  by 
persons  who  cannot  use  a  scythe. 
It  can  bo  adjusted  to  cut  any 
length,  and  leaves  a  more  even  and 
uniform  surface  than  can  be  pro- 
duced  by  the  most  skiltul  mower. 
The  Grass  may  be  cut  when  dry, 
and  may  be  collected  in  the  box; 
which  enables  the  gardener  to  cut 
his  lawns  at  the  most  convenient 
time,  and  renders  sweeping  after- 
wards unnecessary ;  while,  with  the 
same  amount  of  labour,  mora  than 
double  thequan- 
■         ~         •  ,„  fl 


tity  of  work  can 
be  done  than 
with  a  scythe.  It 
is  very  durable, 
easily  sharpened 
and  kept  in  or- 
der, and  its  man- 
agement is  (X- 
tremely  simple. 

T>^V.^;«1^^  ^.^^^'    ^^^    ^*""e    tlie    fiole    Manufacturers    of 
BUDDING'S  MACHINES  under  the  Patent,  and  who  have 


produced  and  sold  nearly  4000  of  them,  have  this  year  increased 
their  efficiency  and  perfected  their  operations,  by  improve- 
ments which  are  protected  by  Registration.  The  Improved 
Machines,  in  addition  to  the  Registration  Number— 3074,  have 
the  name,  "J.  Fereabee  &  Son,"  cast  on  the  frame  :  and  none 
should  be  purchased  without  this  guarantee. 

Hand  Machines  are  made  of  three  sizes— cutting  tbe  several 
widths  of  16,  19,  and  22  inches.  The  smallest  may  be  worked 
by  one  man  ;  the  others  require  the  assistance  of  a  strong  boy. 

Horse  Machines  are  made  of  two  sizes  ;  oue  cutting  30  inches 
and  the  other  3G  inches  wide. 

Prices  : — 

16-inch  Machine  ...  £5  10     0  I  22-inch  Machine  ...  £8     0     0 

19-iiich        6     0     0  I  30-inch         18    0     0 

36-ineh  Machine     £15  10    0 

USSEY'S     AMERICAN     REAPER* 
Price  18i.  complete,  with  Delivery  Board,  »fec. 


H 


HUSSEY'S    "CHAMPION"    REAPER    IN    YORKSHIRE. 

From  Sir  Talton  Sykes,  Bart.,  to  Mr.  Crosskill, 

Sledmere  Custle,  DrifBeld,  Sept.  9ih,  1S51. 
Sir,~I  have  just  been  seeing  your  Machine  for  reaping,  and 
am  very  much  pleased  with  it.    It  does  its  work  beauiiJully, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  they  will  soon  be  in  general  use. 
I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  Tatton  Sykes. 

HUSSEY'S  "CHAMPION"  REAPER   IN    LINCOLNSHIRE. 
Faiifurd  House,  Louth,  March  IS,  1852, 

Sir,— I  enclose  a  Cheque  for  18i.,  the  cash  price  of  Jlussey's 
Reaping  Machine.  I  should  have  done  this  earlier,  but  have 
been  much  engaged,  and  waited  to  try  it.  I  have  done  so  on 
Wheat  Stubble,  and  find  it  answer  beyond  my  most  saugniue 
expectations.     I  am,  yours,  Jsc.,     (Signed)     Wm.  J.  Osleae. 

To  Mr.  Croskill,  Beverley. 

W.  CROSSKILL  will  warrant  Hussey's  Reaper  to  cut 
"standing"  or  "laid"  Corn,  across  "ridge  and  furrow." 
W,  C,  is  making  three  Reapers  a  day  for  purLhasers  who  have 
already  given  orders  for  delivery  in  May,  but  cannot  guarantee 
to  deliver  future  orders  in  lime  for  Harvest  ut.le3S  given  imme- 
diately. Full  particulars  and  Report  of  the  Cleveland  Chal- 
lenge and  Trial,  <Ssc.,  will  be  forwarded,  gratis,  on  applicutiou 
per  post. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

PATENT    CLOD     CRUSHERS    AND    WHEAT    ROLLERS, 

For  Rolling  young  Wheat  in  the  spring,  &c. 

At  the  Greiit  Exhibition  tho  liiphe.st  award  of  the  Council 
Prize  Great  Medal  was  awarded  to  Chosskill's  Patent  Serrated 
Roller  and  Clod  Crusher,  with  this  commenda'ion — *'  It  repays 
its  Cost  tho  First  Seaaon  of  its  use,  &c."  Reduced  Prices,  181. 
size,  now  15^  cflsh. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 
ONE-HORSE    CARTS, 

Mounted  upon  Patent  Wheels  and  Axles,  manufactured 
almost  entirely  by  machinery.  Reduced  Prices— Ten  per 
Cent.  Discoont  olf  Orders  fur  Ihreo  Seta  of  Patent  Wheels 
and  Axk'B. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  CREAT  MEDAL  MILLS, 
Tho  most  powerful    and  economical  Mills,  of  Two,  Fnur,  and 
Six-horse  Power,  for  grinding  all  kinds  of  Farm  produce,  in- 
cluding Bones  for  Manure;    and    particularly  rucommcndod 
ivhcre  Steiiin  Power  is  UHcd. 
LiHts  of  Prices  may  ho  had  gratiii,  on  npplicntion  per  post. 
Please  Addross— Ma.  CROSSKILL,  BKVKRLEY. 


Eixt  ^gi'tcttlttttal  (Ba^ette. 

SATURDAY,  APRIL  Z,  1852. 

MIlliTINGa  FOIL  THli  I'OLLOWINQ  WEEK. 
Wi-iiB.M.Alr,   April    7-A«rlci.llurnlSoclntvnfEn|iliincl. 
TuininuAY,        —       U—Ai{rlculuiritl  Imp.  Soc.ol' Ireland. 
♦      

SoiiiK  .00  years  ago,  a  fanner,  on  entering  upon 
posHCKsion  of  ii  farm  at  a  considerable  rise  of  rent,  was 
tolil  liy  tlie  outgoing  tenant  in  a  very  friemlly  man- 
ner, "  That  all  liad  been  done  in  the  way  of  improve- 


218 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


April  3, 


ment  that  could  be  done,  and  that  the  rent  promised 
was  altogether  incompatible  with  the  prices  of 
produce."  Nevertheless,  the  farmer  occupied  the 
farm  for  38  years,  at  the  rent  promised,  but  declined 
to  give  an  advance,  for  the  same  reason  as  his  pre- 
decessor, we  believe,  and,  consequently,  left  it  for 
America.  When  he  took  possession  of  the  farm 
the  price  of  Wheat  was  from  70s.  to  80s.  per 
quarter  ;  when  he  left  it,  from  45a.  to  55s.  During 
Ms  occupancy,  he  drained  extensively  on  the  old 
system,  spared  no  expense  in  cultivation  and 
manure,  cropped  judiciously,  did  something  more 
than  double  the  produce  of  the  farm,  and,  in  short, 
was  what  was  termed  the  crack-farmer  of  the  dis- 
trict, so  that  at  the  expiiy  of  his  lease  the  lands  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  landlord  because  no  one  would 
give  the  advance  of  rent.  By  the  judicious  investment 
of  a  little  more  capital  in  draining,  and  similar  im- 
provements, however,  the  landlord  got  his  advance 
of  rent,  and  the  farm  is  now  a  better  bargain,  with 
Wheat  at  45s.  per  quarter,  to  the  present  tenant 
than  it  was  to  either  of  his  predecessors,  more 
especially  the  former  of  the  two.  In  1852,  for  in- 
stance, with  Wheat  at  4.5s.,  the  farm  is  a  better 
bargain  than  it  was  in  1805,  with  Wheat  at  about 
87s.  In  the  former  case  the  tenant,  after  balancing 
his  books,  will  have  more  credit  with  his  banker 
than  the  tenant  had  in  the  latter  case. 

Such  is  a  brief  history  of  the  progress  of  improve- 
ment on  one  farm  for  a  very  short  period.  What 
do  we  learn  from  it  in  these  pressing  times  ?  Of 
the  many  valuable  lessons  which  it  contains  (valu- 
able because  practical)  we  can  only  glance  at  a  very 
few. 

In  the  first  place  we  learn  from  this  example  :— 
That  two  agencies  are  brought  to  bear  upon  the 
resources  of  the  farm,  the  one  chemical,  and  the 
other  mechanical ;  and  that  each  of  these  is  of  a 
two-fold  character — the  food  of  plants  and  animals 
being  the  two  chemical  agents  —  and  machines 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  soil,  such  as  ploughs,  and 
upon  its  produce,  such  as  reaping,  thrashing- 
machines,  &c.,  being  the  mechanical  agents.  The  object 
of  the  first  of  these  classes  is  to  increase  the  quantity 
of  the  produce,  and  the  object  of  the  second  is  to 
reduce  expenses;  consequently,  the  joint  co-operation 
of  both  agencies  is  to  reduce  the  cost  of  agricultural 
produce,  in  other  words,  "  improvements  in  agri- 
culture cheapen  produce." 

The  second  lesson  which  we  learn  from  this 
example  is  equally  simple,  and  is  as  follows  : — Any 
attempt  to  maintain  the  price  of  agricultaral  produce 
at  a  constant  pitch  is  evidence  of  a  stationary 
position  in  the  march  of  agricultural  improvement. 

This  proposition  may  be  said  to  be  a  mean 
between  the  last  and  its  converse,  and  hence  de- 
monstrable accordingly ;  for,  since  improvements 
reduce  the  price,  and  vice  versa — it  follows  that, 
supposing  we  are  left  to  ourselves  to  stand  still  or 
remain  stationary  in  improvements,  were  this  pos- 
sible,^growing  the  same  unvaried  quantity  of  produce 
would  be  to  remain  at  one  level  of  price,  and 
vice  versa. 

Although  the  truth  of  the  above  proposition  can- 
not be  questioned  in  practice,  yet,  at  many  a  fire- 
side a  uniform  level  of  price  is  a  favourite  theory  ; 
while  the  descending  scale  of  our  first  proposition 
is  generally  kicked  to  the  back  of  the  door. 

We  cannot  leave  this  proposition  without  noticing 
a  fact  corroborative  of  its  truth.  We  allude  to  the 
comparative  stand-still  practice  of  agriculture  over 
the  continents  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  the  conse- 
quently more  uniform  level  of  price  and  condition 
of  farmers  than  has  been  experienced  in  Britain. 
No  doubt  the  price  of  produce  in  those  two  depart- 
ments of  the  globe  has  been  influenced  by  an 
increase  or  decrease  of  the  precious  metals  ;  but, 
making  the  necessary  allowance  for  circumstances 
of  this  kind,  it  will  be  found  that  the  position  of 
their  agriculture  and  farmers — a  position  by  no 
means  to  be  coveted  by  us,  very  forcibly  exemplifies 
the  truth  of  our  proposition.  There  are  no  doubt 
some  small  exceptional  spots  which  stand  forth  very 
prominently  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  We  have 
but  to  take  a  retrospective  view  of  the  agricultural 
implements  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  the  bye-gone 
year  .to  perceive  this  ;  and  no  doubt  the  living 
realities  of  daily  practice  tell  a  more  lively  tale 
to  this  effect  than  did  the  Crystal  Palace  itself; 
but,  generally  speaking,  an  overwhelming  mass  of 
facts  will  be  found  ready  to  bear  out  the  truth  of  our 
proposition. 

The  next  inference  which  we  deduce  from  the  above 
example  is  the  following—"  An  increase  of  produce 
is  more  beneficial  to  the  farmer  than  an  increase  of 
price,  the  increases  being  of  equal  value."  The  truth 
of  our  proposition  depends  upon  the  difference  in  the 
amounts  of  capital  invested  under  the  two  systems. 
Farmers  are  familiar  with  the  fact  that  it  is 
much  easier  to  stock  a  farm  in  a  plentiful  and 
cheap  year,  than  in  one  of  scarcity  and  high  prices. 


The  difference  between  the  two  is  by  no  means  a 
trifle  ;  for  when  seed,  bread,  and  horse  corn  are  high, 
up  also  gets  every  other  item  of  the  farmer's  ex- 
penditure, and  the  whole  of  this  increase  is  a  dead 
outlay  of  stock  or  working  capital  during  the 
remainder  of  the  lease. 

The  main  point,  as  related  above,  is  a  true  history 
of  actual  fact — and  apart  from  any  particular  lessons 
it  may  teach,  it  is  surely  instructive  enough  on  the 
wonderful  elasticity  and  wealth  of  resource  v/hich 
British  agriculture  can  boast,  whatever  the  hard- 
ship to  which  its  practitioners  have  been  often 
subjected. 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  CRITIC  «  R." 

We  will  now  adduce,  by  direct  quotation,  some  in- 
stances of  classifieation  surely  regardless  enough  of  all 
botanical  distinctions,  when  the  nature  of  the  particular 
point  under  consideration  at  the  time  seemed  to  require 
it.  In  the  Royal  Agricultui'al  Journal,  Vol.  viii..  Part  II., 
page  496,  we  say  ; — "  The  cultivation,  habits,  and  uses 
of  the  Turnip  are  well  suited  to  form  a  contrast  to  those 
of  our  grain  crops ;  and  the  plant  itself  may,  to  some 
extent,  be  taken  as  the  type  of  the  green  or  fallow  crops, 
a  main  effect  of  which  is  the  preparation  of  the  soil  for 
the  after  growth  of  corn.  The  essentially  artificial 
condition  which  is  induced  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
Turnip  plant  ^ov  feeding  and  manuring  purposes,  is  most 
strikingly  illustrated  by  the  effect  of  climate  and  manures 
on  the  quantity  and  composition  of  the  produce." 

Again,  at  page  530,  *'  The  contrast  observed  in  the 
effects  of  ammoniacal  salts  upon  Wheat  and  upon 
Turnips  is  very  remarkable,  and  affoi-ds  a  striking 
illustration  of  the  widely  differing  requirements  and 
sources  of  growth  of  the  corn-exporting  '  white  crops,' 
and  the  home-consumed  *  green  or  fallow  crops,'  of 
which  classes  respectively  the  two  plants  may  be  consi- 
dered as  the  types."  And  after  detailing  the  effect  of 
cultivation  upon  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  Turnip, 
we  say  (page  553),  "  We  think  that  in  these  facts  we 
have  a  beautiful  illustration  of  some  of  the  physical  and 
physiological  characters  upon  which  depend,  materially 
at  least,  the  economic  value  of  the  Turnip  in  rotation 
with  corn.  The  true  economy  of  alternate  cropping, 
whilst,  however,  it  is  intimately  associated  with  functional 
differences,  such  as  we  have  shown  to  e.\ist  in  the 
selected  plants, yet  depends  much  also  on  the  distinction 
and  uses  of  the  produce,  independently  of  which  the 
peculiar  accumulative  tendencies  of  the  different  crops 
could  not  be  rendered  profitably  subservient.'' 

Surely  in  these  sentences  botanical  classes  are  suf- 
ficiently subordinate  to  the  position  and  character  of  the 
crops  as  elements  of  rotation  ;  the  whole  contrast  bein^ 
here  drawn,  not  between  class  and  class,  but  in  these 
instances  the  one  broad  distinction  only  is  made  between 
the  grain  crops  on  the  one  hand  and  all  the  green  or 
fallow  crops  on  the  other, when  considered  in  their  agri- 
cidtural  function  alone — that  is,  as  opposing  or  comple- 
mentary elements  in  our  rotations. 

Nay,  further  than  this,  speaking  of  the  Turnip  plant, 
"grown  for  feeding  and  manuring  purposes,"  we  have 
designated  it,  as  far  as  regards  its  cultivation  and  the 
effect  of  climate  and  manures  upon  it,  as  being  of  essen- 
tially artificial  character  ;  and  of  course,  therefore,  in 
the  degree  in  wliich  it  is  so,  in  no  way  strictly  compar- 
able with  its  congeners  gi'own  under  favourable  circum- 
stances for  the  perfection  of  their  natural  seed.  And 
here,  again,  we  nra.y  illustrate  the  curious  coincidence 
between  our  own  views  and  those  of  our  critic — our 
very  ideas,  in  a  slightly  varied  form,  but  with  identity 
unimpaired,  being  brought  by  him  as  corrections  of 
those  which  he  has  chosen  to  attribute  to  our  papers. 
Thus,  after  quoting  the  following  passage  from  Dr. 
Daubeny's  lecture  at  O.-iford,  "  Turnips,  which  contain 
more  nitrogen  in  proportion  than  the  Grasses,  can  dis- 
pense with  ammoniacal  manures,  provided  only  sufficient 
superphosphate  be  administered  to  them  in  an  early 
stage  of  their  growth,"  he  says: — "He  thus  so  far 
coincides  with  Mr.  Lawes,  and  refers  the  supposed  pro- 
perty in  the  Turnip  to  a  difference  in  their  organisation 
from  the  Grasses.  But  we  maintain  that  it  arises  chiefly 
from  the  totally  opposite  conditions  in  which  they  are 
grown.  For  if  Dr.  Daubeny  would  only  view  the  atmo- 
spheric conditions  under  which  Wheat  and  Turnips  are 
grown  in  our  agricultural  rotations,  and  compare  the 
'vivifying  influences'  of  early  spring,  when  the  Wheat 
developes  its  primary  organs,  with  those  which  exist 
when  the  Turnip  unfolds  and  expands  its  leaves,  he 
would  at  once  perceive  that  this  is  the  principal  cause 
of  difference." 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  we  never  did  say  any  such 
thing  as  that  Turnips  could  dispertse  with  ammoniacal 
manures,  provided  only  sufficient  supeiphosphale  be  ad- 
ministered to  them  in  an  early  stage  of  their  growth; 
and  in  the  second  place,  it  will  be  seen,  by  the  quota- 
tions from  our  papers  given  below,  bow  far  we  attribute 
the  different  position  of  Wheat  and  Turnips  in  our 
agricultural  rotations  thus  exclusively  to  a  difference  in 
the  organisation  of  the  latter  as  compared  with  the 
Grasses,  as  the  writer,  "  R."  here  alleges. 

But  further  he  says,  «  Many  of  the  fanciful  distinc- 
tions which  are  often  drawn  and  made  in  regard  to  the 
fictitious  value  and^effects  of  different  specific  substances 
on  certain  classes  of  vegetables,  are,  in  a  greater  mea- 
sure, due  to  the  state  in  wliich  we  have  placed  the 
plants,  than  to  tlie  fact  that  the  food  or  requirements  of 
our  crops  are  different. 


And  again,  speaking  of  tlie  difierent  powers  of  reliance 
upon  the  atmosphere  for  nitrogen  of  dift'erent  plants,  he 
says  : — "  In  this  respect  the  Wlieat-plant  will  no  more 
admit  of  being  taken  as  a  type  of  the  Graminaceous 
order,  or  even  of  the  Cereals,  than  the  wild  Mustard 
can  be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  nitrogen  collecting  powers 
of  the  Turnip."  And  in  another  place,  he  says  : — "  But 
on  soils  \vhere  Wheat  is  not  increased  by  phosphates, 
the  vigour  of  wild  Mustard  will  not  be  increased  by  the 
same  means.  When  growing  in  a  dry  atraosphei'e,  this 
weed  must  have  nitrogen,  and  thus  it  is  a  most  exhaust- 
ing plant  among  corn." 

And  again,  "  If  the  Turnips  at  Rothamsted  had  been 
allowed  to  remain  on  the  same  ground  till  July,  five 
months  of  extra  growth  would  have  been  gamed,  and 
very  probably  a  considerable  quantity  of  nitrogen  would 
have  disappeared  in  the  flowering  and  seeding.  There 
is,  no  doubt,  a  large  quantity  of  nitrogen  given  off  in 
the  aromatic  principle  of  the  flower,  as  well  as  in  the 
transformation  of  the  succulent  matters  of  the  leaves 
and  bulbs  to  seed." 

He  thus  claims  then  for  the  wild  Mustard,  the 
Turnip,  and  the  Rape,  when  growing  to  flower  or  seed, 
qualities  opposite  to  those  which  characterise  the  Turnip 
when  grown  in  om*  rotations  as  a  root  crop,  and  such  as 
are  closely  allied  to  the  conditions  required  by  our 
cultivated  Wheat  crop.  Now,  we  have  already  stated 
that  throughout  the  whole  series  of  our  papers,  the  class 
to  which  the  wild  JMustard  and  the  Turnip  belong,  viz., 
the  Cruciferous,  was  only  once  mentioned,  and  then 
only  to  repudiate  the  division  in  agriculture  into  botanical 
classes  in  respect  to  those  of  our  crops  which  are,  in  a 
sense,  artificial  products,  such  as  the  roots,  &c.  But 
not  only  have  we  done  this,  but  we  have  particularly 
drawn  attention  to  the  contrast  between  the  circum- 
stances which  would  be  suited  to  the  growtli  of  the- 
Turnip  when  cultivated  for  its  natural  seed,  and  when 
therefore  it  would  compare  better  with  the  wild  Mustard, 
flowering  and  often  seeding  as  it  does  in  our  corn  fields, 
and  those  which  ai-e  favourable  to  its  growth  as  a  root 
crop.  And  we  have  shown  that  under  such  circum- 
stances, viz.,  those  consistent  with  its  natural  and 
individual  tendencies,  the  very  opposite  characters  of 
soil,  climate,  and  manuring  are  required  to  those  which 
we  claim  for  it  ivhen  grown  as  a  root  crop  in  our  i-ota.. 
tioTis ;  indeed,  so  clearly  are  these  distinctions  insisted 
upon  by  us  in  our  papers,  and  so  emphatically  have  we 
repudiated  any  arbitrary  and  "  infiexible  "  adherence  to 
"  classes,"  that  we  could  not  wisii  to  have  been  more 
guarded  on  the  subject,  had  we  even  foreseen  all  these 
created  objections  of  our  critic.  In  illustration,  we 
quote  the  following  sentences  from  our  papers  : — 

After  having  described  the  conditions  of  Turnip-bulb 
formation,  we  say  (page  533  of  Vol.  viii.  Part  II.  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Journal),  "  Tliese  conditions,  com- 
pared with  those  which  are  required  in  the  culture  of 
Wheat,  are  opposed  to  one  another  in  almost  every  par- 
ticular ;  but  as  we  proceed  we  shall  see,  that  of  the 
observed  drfferencesmuchis  doubtless  due  to  the^essential 
distinctions  between  the  tendencies  of  the  natural  families 
to  which  the  plants  belong  ;  njet  much  of  it  is  edso^attri- 
butable  to  the  fact  that  in  the  case  of  the  Turnip  it  is  not 
the  seed  that  is  the  object  of  our  culture,  but  a  monstrous 
accumulation  that  could  only  talceplace  under  a  somewlMi 
unnatural  or  artificial  balance  of  the  constituents  of  sup- 
plied food,  and  under  such  a  condition  of  climate  as 
should  be  adverse  to  seed  forming." 

And  again  (p.  557),  "  We  have  supposed  that  i^db 
formation,  in  the  degree  in  which  it  is  developed  for 
feeding  purposes,  is  a  disposition  of  matter  existmg  in 
quantity  beyond  what  is  essential  to  the  health  of  the 
natural  plant."  •  «  *  And  at  p.nge  552,  "From  which, 
again,  we  may  perhaps  gather  that  the  cultivated  bulb 
is  the  result  of  a  continued  accumulation  of  secreted 
matters  formed  in  quantity  beyond  the  essential  require- 
ments of  the  plant  as  such." 

But  we  will  bring  yet  another  passage  (page  633)  :  "It 
is  known  that  where  the  Turnip  is  grown  for  its  natural 
seed  product,  oil,*  a  heavier  soil,  richer  manuring,  and, 
during  a  considerable  period  of  the  growth  of  the  plant, 
a  much  higher  temperature,  are  required  than  when  the 
bulb  is  to  be  produced.  Under  these  circumstances 
there  will  be  much  less  fibrous  root  thrown  up  to  the 
surface ;  the  root  is  scarcely  bulbous,  but  fusiform, 
tapering  rather  than  spreading  laterally  ;  the  leaves  and 
stem  are  much  larger,  both  actually  and  proportionately 
to  the  root ;  and  the  organic  manures  should  contain 
more  nitrogen  and  less  carbon.  Were  we,  then,  to  culti- 
vate the  Turnip  for  its  most  natural  products,  the  treat- 
ment it  would  require  would  nvueh  more  nearly  approach 
tliat  adapted  for  Wheat  than  at  present ;  the  deviations 
note  observed,  and  wliich  have  been  referred  too  exclu- 
sively to  the  natural  specialities  of  the  plants,  would  be 
greatly  lessened,  and  the  ehwacter  of  the  plant  (ts  a 
FALLOW  CROP  would  he  lost." 

Again,  we  say  (Vol.  viii.,  Part  I.  of  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Journal,  p.  238)—"  In  the  seeds  of  Cruciferous 
plants.  Turnips  and  Rape  for  example,  a  non-mlrO'mM 
genous  product,  oil,  seems  to  abound,  [and  we  miglit||l 
expect  that  ammoniacal  manures  would  tend  to  enhance 
its  production  in  such  plants,  in  like  manner  as  that  6l 
starch  is  increased  in  the  seeds  of  the  Gramineous 
family." 

So  much,  then,  for  our  "  inflexible  and  unnatural " 
division  into  "  c'^ai-scs"  of  plants  as  grown  in  our  agri- 
cultural rotations  ;   and  so  much  as  to   the   probable  I 
source  of  the  opinions  of  the  writer  "  R.,"  which  as  i| 


•  Several  of  the  important  oils  of  commerce  are,  iodeed,  li 
obtained  from  speciee  of  the  t-ame  genus  as  that  to  which  the  ^ 
Turnip  itself  betougp,  viz.,  Brassica, 


14—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


219 


brings  in  argument  against  those  wliich  he  lias  first 
created  aud  tlien  attributed  to  us.  A  more  apt  scholar, 
indeed,  than  this  critic  has  proved  himself  to  be,  is 
seldom  met  with,  for  so  perfectly  does  he  seem  to  have 
made  our  views  his  own,  as  to  be  able  to  put  them  forth 
af'aiil  in  his  own  and  different  words  ;  and  yet,  as  we 
have  already  said,  with  precision  really  curious.  But 
surely  there  is  some  ingratitude  in  then  turning  round 
and  saying,  that  it  was  not  these  truths  in  which  we  thus 
agree,  but  their  very  opposing  errors,  Uiat  we  did  our 
best  to  teach  hira. 

The  last  series  of  quotations  brings  us  naturally  to 
the  representations  that  have  been  made  of  our  views 
on  the  culture  of  the  Turnip  in  our  rotations,  and  we 
propose,  therefore,  to  select  this  point  as  the  ne.\t  in 
order  for  om*  remarks.  /.  B.  Lawes. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Tlic  Metropolitan  Commissioners  of  Sewers  having 
some  time  back  extended  their  powers  to  tlie  parish  of 
Lewisham,  operations  have  been  going  on  rather  exten- 
sively for  the  complete  sewerage  of  the  district,  in- 
cluding Sydenham,  Lee,  Blackheath,  &c.  As  the  rate 
for  sewerage,  however,  has  been  levied  on  all  descrip- 
tions of  property,  including  land  used  for  agricultural 
purposes,  the  farmers  have  felt  its  operation  rather 
heavily  (some  rates  being  as  much  as  Qd.  in  the  pound) ; 
and  they,,  contending  that  they  derive  no  benefit  what- 
ever by  the  introduction,  have  lately  held  several 
meetings  to  consult  how  they  can  best  rid  themselves 
of  the  burden.  Meetings  have  also  been  held  in  the 
parishes  of  Carsh.alton,  Ealing,  East  Ham,  Eltham, 
Higbgate,  Isleworth,  Mortlake,  Totteridge,  and  other 
parishes  within  the  1 2  mile  circle  of  St.  Paul's,  to  devise 
means  to  get  laud  used  for  agricultural  purposes 
exempted  from  the  operation  of  the  new  bill  about  to  be 
brought  before  Parliament ;  and  Sir.  Downes,  solicitor 
of  Bromley,  Kent,  has  been  for  some  time  engaged  iu 
organising  a  central  committee  of  delegates  from  all  the 
parishes  within  the  operation  of  the  present  commission, 
which  extends  12  miles  round  the  metropolis,  and  which 
will  meet  at  the  Mark-lane  Tavern  on  Monday  next,  at 
3  o'clock,  to  forward  the  objects  in  view.  The  Market 
Gardeners'  Society  are  also  bestirring  themselves  to  get 
their  land  relieved  from  the  rate  iu  the  forthcoming 
bill,  and  have  joined  the  central  committee  of  the 
farmers  to  try  to  effect  their  object.  From  a  CoiTe- 
i/fOndcnt. 

Wheat  HociiHj. — I  think  I  never  troubled  you  in  this 
way  before,  and  perhaps  you  think  it  a  simple,  if  not 
a  silly,  question  ;  but  1  think  it  of  importance  :  "  Is  it 
any  good  (in  Essex)  to  hoe  Wheat  in  the  spring,  if  the 
land  is  clean,  and  there  are  no  weeds  to  kill  ? "  Some 
of  my  neighbours  would  not  have  their  Wheat  hoed, 
if  you  would  do  it  for  them  without  charge.  I  think 
it  does  good,  especially  if  it  is  done  early.  /.  F.  Piper. 
[So  do  we.] 

Transfer  of  Land. — I  do  not  believe  there  is  a  single 

landowner  in  England  who  will  not  most  readily,  and 

many  of  them  painfully,    bear   witness  to  the  ruinous 

effects  of  tlie  law  as  it  is  at  present  carried  out  in  the 

transfer  of  landed  property ; — and  I  think,  with  your  able 

cjrrespondent  "  Scotus,"  that  no  subject  of  greater  im- 

fjoitance  can  occupy  the  attention  of  the  lauded  interestat 

the  present  time.     I  have  had  some  experience  myself, 

partly  in  a  private  and  partly  in  a  professional  capacity, 

and  can  by  no  means  bear  testimony  to  the  average  of  the 

expense  attending  transfers    being   anything    like    so 

moderate   as  that  lately   given  in  your  columns  by  a 

"  Country  Attorney  ; "  but  I  know  that  in  many  cases, 

where  the  title  was  clear  enough,  had  it  not  been  the  office 

of  some  artful  special  pleader  to  cast   a   slur  upon  it 

f  jr  his  own  purpose  (which  slurs  or  objections  are  always 

waived  after  the  fees  are  paid),  about  four  transfers 

swallow  up  the  whole   of  the    purchase  or  mortgage 

money.     It  has  for  a  long  time  occurred  to  me  that 

t;.H  might  be  remedied  by  registering,  as  pointed  out  by 

~:otu8,"  although  I  was  not  at  all  aware  of  the  law  in 

■land.    "  C.  W.  H."  touched  ably  on  this  subject  in 

;. '.ur  X'aper,  and  I  was   in  hopes  that  his  rich   vein 

Wijiild  have  supplied  a  more  copious  stream   hereafter, 

uv.,l  I  hope  «)  mill.     And  if  Mr.  C.  Dickens  could  find 

■  an  hour's  leisure  to  expose  the  enormous  and  un- 

saary  expenses  to  which  the  land  is  liable  under  the 

•nt  nystem,   in    the  name  manner  as   he  has    the 

lit  lawn,  I  doubt  not  that  it  would  be  equally  suc- 

ful  in  calling  the  atlciition  of  our  legislature  to  a 

B.i.jcct  of  such  vast  importance.     Ilought  to  be  enough, 

surely,  after  enwiunUring  the  expense  of  abstracts  of 

•  'Ir— answerinj;  objections   thereto— verifying  same 

1  ving  riecd  of  conveyance — making  fair copy_co))y  to 

i> — drawing  case  for  ciunHel's  opinion — fee  therewith, 

,  &C. — without,  in  the  event  of   another   transfer 

i.g  necensary,    im   frequently  occuis  in  mortgages, 

'  '»'»g  to  go  through  all  this  expensive  and  vexatious 

' '/ursc  a  second,  a  third,  or  a  fourth  time,  as  is  the  case 

■  •■  prenciit  ;  as  great  a  disgrace  as  it  is  a  curse  to  this 

ycr-riddcn    country,     jl     Cmi/nlr//    Gentleman. 

re  can  be  no  doubt  that,  whatever  drawbacks  tluTO 
'  ■  -.  I'-  to  the  ready  convorlibiMty  of  any  description  of 
i  r-'i  '  J  'y,  ihe  rt^Iloval  of  these  iiiiist  to  a  cerlain  extent 
.riti. ,,  .:  the  value  of  such  projieriy.  Hov/  far  it  would 
'I  <  BO  with  rtKard  U>  land  is  another  question,  and  one 
which,  I  Kubmit,  time  and  practice  alone  would  solve. 
I',  should  bn  rcnicmbcred  that,  with  an  incrensed  facility 
111  llic  IcunAl'r  of  land,  a  large  quantity  probably  would 
I  :  thrown  into  Uiu  market,  which  in  some  nieiihure 
Id,  undoubtedly,  for  u  time  keep  down  iho  price — 
liclow  its  present  value,  but  below  what  otherwise 


might  be  supposed  to  be  its  increased  value,  owing  to 
the  restrictions  on  its  sale  being  removed.  Without 
doubt,  however,  after  a  short  period,  if  not  immediately, 
the  value  of  land  would  be  considerably  improved. 
Brilannicns.  [Our  correspondent  forgets  that  if  much 
more  land  came  into  the  market,  ten  times  more  pur- 
chasers would  compete  for  it.  The  remainder  of  his 
letter  touches  upon  matters  respecting  which  we  are 
not  disposed  to  open  a  discussion.  General  ta.xatiou  is 
far  too  wide  a  subject  for  our  limited  space.] 


B>omUt&, 


ROYAL  AGRICTJLTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND, 

A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Han  over- square,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  24tli  of 
March  :  present,  Colonel  Challoner,  Trustee,  in  the 
Chair ;  Lord  Beruers,  Mr.  B.  Alniack,  Mr.  Ray- 
mond Barker,  Mr.  Hodgson  Barrow,  M,P.,  Mr. 
Brandreth,  Dr.  Calvert,  Captain  Stanley  Carr,  Mr. 
John  Church,  Mr.  Capel  Cure,  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Gadesden,  Mr,  A.  Goddard,  Mi-.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr. 
Law  Hodges,  M.P.,  Mr.  Love,  Mr.  Maddii,on,  Mr.Majen- 
die,  Mr.  Mainwaring  Paine,  Mr.  Rowlandson,  Prof. 
Sewell,  Prof.  Siraonds,  Mr.  Slaney,  M.P.,  Mr.  Reynolds 
Solly,  Mr.  Trench,  and  Prof.  Way. 

Dairy  Management  and  Milk  Pans. — Capt. Stanley 
Carh  in  the  year  1839  favoured  the  Society  with  a 
series  of  valuable  and  interesting  observations,  on  the 
Rural  Economy  of  North  Germany,  and  especially  on 
that  of  the  Duchies  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lauen- 
bui'g,  in  the  latter  of  which  his  own  estate  lay.  These 
observations,  founded  on  his  own  extended  personal 
experience,  were  printed  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
Society's  Journal  (pp.  124—134,  and  371  —  387),  the 
first  series  of  them  heing  honoured  by  the  award  of  the 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Society.  In  those  communications, 
Captain  Carr  makes  the  following  remarks  on  the  milk- 
cellars,  dairy-maids,  and  milk-pans,  which  we  select  on 
this  occasion,  as  having  immediate  reference  to  the  state- 
ment made  by  Captain  Carr  to  the  Council  at  this 
Meeting,  and  to  the  discussion  by  which  that  statement 
was  followed. 

Milk  Cellaeb. — The  size  and  site  of  the  milk  cellar  are 
eBteemed  by  the  Holsteiner  aa  matters  of  first-rate  ioiportan.  e. 
It  ought  to  tront  the  north,  be  shaded  from  the  southern  sun 
by  rows  of  trees — Elder  being  especially  selected  for  this  pur- 
pose—  and,  indeed,  placed  if  jiosaible  near  the  windows,  on 
account  of  their  influence  in  kefpinii  off  the  inBect  ti  ihes  ;  and 
a  ihaicheii  projecting  roof  is  preferred,  affording  groater  pre. 
teciion  fiom  the  heat;  while,  in  chnoeing  the  site,  peculiar 
care  is  taken  to  place  the  dairy  beyond  the  reach  of  everything 
calculated  to  genera  te  bad  odnurs,  or  in  anyway  taint  theatmo- 
Bpbere.  The  size  of  the  milk  cellar  must  necessarily  be  regu- 
lated by  the  number  of  cows,  but  it  should  always  be  calcu- 
lated to  contain  the  produce  of  four  milkings  ;  and  as  the  milk 
disbee  usually  occupy  a  space  <>f  2  feet  square,  the  produce  of 
100  cowB.  giving  on  an  average  8  quarts  per  day  (a  large 
average  for  the  cows  of  this  country  throughout  the  year), 
wouhl  fill  50  milk  dishes  at  each  milking,  and  would  require  a 
ground  surface  of  500  pquare  feet,  as  the  milk  di-ibee  are 
invariably  placed  on  the  floor,  the  amount  of  each  milking  a 
litfle  apart  ;  and  there  must  unavoidably  be  spaces  left  to 
enable  the  dairy  maids  to  go  through  their  various  operations 
tif  oUimmiiig,  sieving,  and  removing  cieam,  &.c.  The  floor, 
th  ugh  sometimes  flagged,  is  more  generally  of  brick,  neatly 
fitted,  so  that  no  water  may  lodge  in  the  joints,  and  always 
gently  inclined,  with  a  grated  opening  at  the  lower  end,  to 
faciliiate  the  mopping  and  wabbing  of  the  floor,  which  is  never 
omitted  to  be  dime  twice  a  day,  notwithstanding  that  every 
avoidable  impurity  is  careluUy  guarded  against,  and  every 
diop  which  may  fall  at  the  time  of  the  milk  being  strained  is 
instant  y  wiped  up.  A  great  improvement  has  been  recently 
made  in  soriie  newly-arrant:ed  dairies,  by  dividing  the  floor 
intd  compartments  wiih  brick  ledges,  from  3  to  4  inches  high, 
between  which  the  milk  dishes  stand,  and  the  cumpartments 
(the  lower  txtremity  of  which  is  fitted  withapmall  sluice),  being 
filled,  by  means  of  a  pump,  with  cold  water  twice  a  day,  the 
milk  iH  preBerved  so  cool  as  to  prevent  all  approach  to  acidity 
fur  several  hours  longer  than  when  placed  on  a  dry  floor  ;  thus 
affording,  even  during  the  summer  solstice,  sufficient  time  for  a 
complete  separalion  ot  the  milk  acd  cream,  without  which  the 
tull  proportion  of  butter  cannot  be  obtained.  For  effectuating 
the  same  desirable  result,  ice  is  frLquentiy  resorted  to  in  sultry 
weather,  eicher  by  dropping  a  piece  of  pure  ice  in  each  milkpan, 
or  by  placing  a  paiHul  in  ihe  daii  y,  which,  by  giving  off  its 
cold,  aensibly  lowers  the  atnrionpheric  temperature.  It  is  con- 
sidered neceusary  that  the  milk  ( ellar  should  be  sunk  from  3 
t(j  fuur  feet  in  the  ground,  be  from  16  to  18  feet  high  (the  best 
have  an  arched  roof  as  heing  more  conducive  to  ciolnoss  than 
boardn),  and  be  furnished  -with  two  rown  of  windows  (and,  it 
poSBible,  on  three  sides,  north,  eost,  and  «estj,  to  serure  a 
thorough  air.  The  lower  range  consists  of  wooden  trellis- 
wi  rk,  provided  ioBtde  with  gauze  frames  to  exclude  insects, 
arid  outside  wiih  hanging  ehutteifl,  which  can  be  lowered  and 
elevated  at  pleasure.  The  upper  range  is  furnished  with  glass 
sasheB  when  light  only  Is  requisite,  which  are  exchanged  lor 
gauze  frames  when  more  coolness  is  deHiiable. 

DAiiiy-MAiDB. — The  dairy-maids,  besiden  milking,  cleaning 
the  vehself,  <Sic.,  work  In  th^  garden  in  f>ummer,  spin  inwinie*-, 
and  wash,  bwhe,  brew,  and  ci-oU  tV  r  their  own  estahlibbment, 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  upper  daiiy-woman,  who  in 
by  far  tlie  most  important  persdnage  in  it,  as  on  her  ekill, 
attention,  and  diligence  Oept-od,  in  great  meunure,  both  the 
quantity  and  quality,  and,  by  contiequence,  ihe  profit  of  the 
pruduce.  She  muHt  not  only  thorougldy  understand,  but  accu- 
rately ohHcrvu,  the  inornL-nt  when  tliu  milk  thoold  he  cioumed  ; 
the  degree  of  acidity  it  must  attain  in  tlie  cream  barrels;  lib 
tcmijeraturo,  whether  requiring  the  iiddltltm  of  warm  or  cold 
Water  to  the  churn,  an  well  us  the  alt-important  operations  of 
kntutling,  healing,  waiting,  and  packing  tlie  butter.  She  must 
nut  (iiily  be  punctiliously  clean  herself  in  person  and  work,  but 
kei-p  fi  Htrim  eye  over  the  elcanlincfls  and  order  of  her  subor- 
dlnute  maldeni.  In  very  largo  dairies  the  upper  woman  liiih 
full  eiiiployiiiont  without  milking,  and  needs  the  uHftlBtanco 
alwnjH  of  one,  and  HomotlineB  of  two,  of  fho  more  exju'rienei'd 
dniry-mnid«,  in  l)uitor  and  ch«ene-niQUliig  ;  hut  In  sniallcr 
td'HOlifthinentH  »hu  iiilIkH  it  cf  rtaln  number,  generally  10  cows, 
whlJy  leoh  of  her  nubordlnutun  have  JH  ;  hi  r  wiiges  are  uwually 
:»r»  to  «0,  that  of  htT  chief  «««lHtiinlB  22,  and  that  of  the  oHhth 
IH  dollurM  per  ftnnumi— iJnrlng  Miminer  the  diilry  ponpio  muHt 
rliit}  lit  three,  nnd  rven  two  In  the  morning.  If  the  weiiiht-r  ho 
very  hot ;  tur  which  they  iir«  iTideinnllleil  by  two  hours' hloi-p, 
Iroin  Olio  to  thicij  In  iho  uficrnoon.  At  four  thiy  commence 
inilkltig,  whirli  taket  pliK'c  in  tlio  field,  and  gcmmilly  occupli'ii 
two  bourn.  At  tl.ct  boglnnltiK  of  the  RtriHoii  encli  girl  mnrliH  her 
own  oowp,  by  t>lng  u  purt  oular  coloured  rlbbou  round  thuu- 


tails  ;  and  in  some  places  they  adopt  ;the  precaution  of  iJie 
milkers  carrying  a  string,  on  which  they  ca-t  a  knot  as  each 
cow  IS  successively  milked,  thus  securing  against  one  being 
forgotten.  As  the  fields  are  large,  and  often  at  a  great  dis- 
tance, the  transport  of  the  milk  is  facilitated  hv  the  very 
simple  contrivance  of  a  lonu',  low,  four-wheeled,'  one-horse 
waggon,  in  the  eide  bars  of  which  strong  iron  hnoKs  ara 
instrred,  at  fiu>_h  distances  t  latthe  milU-pail3,  containing  from 
3ft  to  40  quarts  each,  may  swing  free  of  each  other  ;  and  these, 
though  filled  nearly  to  the  brim,  are  prevented  r/pilling,  not- 
withatandinij  many  a  rude  jolt  over  the  rough  and  often  deeply 
rutted  road,  by  merely  having  thin  piecee  of  wood,  about  tho 
size  of  a  dinner  plate,  floating  on  the  surface;  a  practice 
indeed,  universal  in  these  countries,  when  pails  with  any  liquid' 
are  c'lrried  even  in  tho  hand. 

MiLK-PANS. — The  milk  when  brought  to  the  dairy  is  imme„. 
diately  strained  through  a.  hair-sieve  into  the  veseelo,  whethelr 
of  wood,  earthenware,  copper  tinned,  Kinc,  cast-iron  (lined 
with  a  china-like  composition),  or  glass,  placed  in  rows  on  the 
fl"or.  All  these  different  kinds  of  utensils  have  bceii  tried 
with  variotie  success,  in  the  hope  of  discovering  how,  m  hot 
weather,  more  especially  when  a  tfaunder-slorm  is  gathering,  the 
milk  can  be  guarded  iigainst  a  too  early  acidity  ;  for,  a-s  it  is  a 
fixed  and  invariable  rale  that  ihe  cream  must  be  removed  from 
the  milli  before  the  latter  gets  at  all  sonr,  and  an  equally 
ostablisbed  fact  that  all  the  oily  particles  cannot  bo  obtained 
iu  a  shorter  period  than  8t>  hours,  vessels  in  which,  during 
sultry  and  especially  damp  weather,  the  milk  could  be  kept  the 
due  time,  are  a  great  det-idtratum.  As  yet,  honevei*,  there 
reigns  much  diversity  of  opinion  on  the  subject; ;  and  shyllow 
wooden  vessels,  as  nearly  as  possible  equally  wide  at  top  and 
botiom,  cnnlaining  when  full  about  eight  quarts,  but  in  which 
during  summer  ee  dom  more  than  six  quarts  are  poured,  are 
iu  most  general  use.  They  have,  however,  some  disa'lva'n- 
tages,  of  which  the  chief  is  the  great  difBouUy  and  the  conse-i- 
quent  labuur  and  close  attention  requisite  to  remove  all  acidity 
(whiih  in  some  states  of  xhe  atmosphere  is  almost  unavoid- 
able),  and  which,  penetrating  the  pores  of  the  wood,  sometimes 
resists  all  the  patient  scrubbing— first  with  hot  water  and 
BQJall  birch  scruhhers,  and  secondly  with  boiling  water  and  a 
hyrd  round  brush  made  of  pigs'  bristles  (with  which  every 
hair's. breadih  is  cai-eful!y  polished  over),  so  that  the  despairing' 
dairymaid  is  compelled  to  report  to  washing  in  a  ley  of  wood 
asheH,  or  boiling,  or  even  Bc-rching  over  lighted  chips,  followed 
by  countless  rinsings  in  pure  spriog  water.  To  diminish  in. 
some  measure  this  labour,  the  plan  of  painting  the  milking 
pails  and  dishes  with  a  pieparation  of  cinnabar,  linseed  oil, 
and  litharge,  has  been  adopted  by  the  milk-venders  in  townSj 
and  in  some  country  dairies.  Not  only,  however,  iatheex- 
pense  considerable,  as  the  vessels  must  be  finished  off  with 
peculiar  care,  and  require  tt*  get  three  coats  of  the  composi- 
tion at  first,  and  one  yearly  afterwards,  but  the  milk  for  some 
days  after  they  are  brouuht  into  use  has  a  perceptible  taste  of 
paint.  The  tinned  copper  milk-pans  are  very  costly,  end 
must  be  carefully  watched,  lest  they  should  require  re- 
tiuning.  The  zinc  are  as  jet  little  known,  and  the  apscttion 
of  their  effect  in  better  severing  the  cream  fiom  the  nr-ilk  not 
sufficiently  proved.  The  cast-iron,  lined  with  enamel,  though, 
flseuredly  durable  and  very  clean,  seem  too  expensive  ;  and  the 
Elast  have  many  opponents  on  account  of  their  brittleness,  and 
the  va^ue  notions  respecting  glass  and  electricity  inducing  the 
idea  that  if  the  electric  fluid  get  into  the  milk  it  cannot  get 
out  again!  Whereas,  as  it  is  ascertained  that  it  always 
attaches  itself  to  a  conductor,  and,  in  the  absence  of  anything 
more  attractive,  runs  along  the  surface,  it  is  more  liltely  that 
the  milk  should  be  protected  in  glass,  which  is  a  non-con- 
ductor, than  in  any  other  substance.  In  my  dairy,  which. con- 
tains upwards  of  180  cows,  the  glass  vessels  have  been  used  for 
four  years  ;  and  I  give  them  a  decided  preference  over  all 
others.  Their  form  is  good,  being  IG  inches  broad  at  iho  top 
and  12  at  the  bottom  ;  the  glass  is  dark  bottle-green,  trans- 
parent, and  perfectly  smooth,  about  one-i  ighth  of  an  inch  ibickj, 
and  provided  with  a  rounded  rim  at  the  upptr  edge,  which 
makes  it  easy  to  retain  a  safe  hold  of  them  even  when  lull. 
They  contain  ei\^\H  quarts,  but  never  receive  more  than  e  x. 
They  cost  Sd.  a  piece  ;  and  their  durability  may  be  estimated 
by  the  fact  that,  to  encourage  carefulness,  each  dairymaid  is 
allowed  one  dollar  per  annum  extra,  as  panmoney,  being  bound 
at  the  same  time  to  pay  Iflrf.  for  each  one  she  breaks  ;  yet 
hitherto  no  girl  has  broken  to  the  extent  of  her  dollar.  It  is 
self-evident  that  acidity  cannot  be  communicated  to  glass  ;  aud 
the  ease  and  rapidity  with  which  they  are  cleaned,  requiring 
merely  to  be  first  washed  wiih  lukewarm  water,  then  rinsed  iu 
cold  water  and  placed  in  a  rack  to  dry,  effect  such  a  saving  in 
fuel  and  labour  {diminishing  the  number  of  our  dairymaids  by 
at  least  two),  that  the  less  quantity  of  butter  obtained,  sup- 
posing (which  I  by  no  means  concede)  that  the  milk,  during  a 
few  weeks  io  summer,  does  sour  sooner,  and  consequently 
throws  up  less  cream  in  glas-s  than  in  wood,  is  more  than  com* 
pensated  by  the  lesstned  expense  of  the  establishment ;  not  to 
mention  the  great  advantage  of  attaining  the  iijdispensable 
cleanliness  and  purity  of  the  vessels  with  more  certainty, 
because  at  a  less  expenditure  of  time  and  trouble.  Although 
it  is  an  ascertained  and  undeniable  fact  that  the  quality  of 
butter  depends  much  on  the  nature  of  the  pasture,  the  locality 
of  the  dairy,  the  universally  prevailing  cleanliness  of  the  whole 
management,  and  very  eesenially  on  the  purity  of  the  water 
employed,  still  I  ascribe  much  of  the  reputation  which  our 
butter  has  of  late  years  enjoyed  {tind  which  is  verified  by  our 
obtaining  at  all  seasons  one  penny  per  pound  above  the  market 
price  in  our  neighbourhood)  to  the  beneficial  Introduction  of 
gla"s  mi'k  dishes. 

Captain  Stanley  Carr  commenced  his  statement  to  the 
Council,  by  expressing  his  regret  at  finding,  that 
although  the  glass  milU-pans  (similar  to  those  referred 
to  in  his  communications  to  the  Jouimal,  and  which  had 
been  sent  by  him  to  the  Society  from  Germany  some- 
years  ago,  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  John  William  Ltib- 
bock)  could  be  obtained  on  the  continent  at  M.  eachj, 
they  had  not  been  made  in  England  in  the  first  instance 
at  less  than  ten  times  that  price,  nor,  even  after  the  duty 
on  glass  had  been  removed,  could  be  obtained  by  the 
English  farmer  at  less  than  ticvcn  times  the  charge  made 
lor  them  by  the  original  foreign  manufacturers  to  the 
native  cultivators  of  tlie  soil  iu  Germany.  It  was  true^ 
that  in  the  first  instance  only  the  finest  flint-glass  was 
used  in  England  for  the  purpose  ;  while,  afterwards,  light 
green  bottle-glass  had  been  employed  ;  and  he  believed 
that  superior  quality  iu  the  glass  was  the  ])lea  urged  by 
tho  manufacturers  as  a  justification  for  the  enormous 
disproportion  between  the  English  and  tho  German 
charges  for  these  respective  milU-pana.  But,  witliout 
waiting  to  inquire  whether  tlio  difierenco  in  tho  glass 
would  make  tlio  difierenco  in  tho  prices  demanded,  he 
would  Hiiy  that  the  dark-green  bottle-glafis  of  Germany 
was  quite  HuHicient  for  the  purpose  required,  Imvijig  a 
vitreous  ImrdnesH  and  atrength  quite  equal  to  the  softer 
flint  glass,  into  tho  comp<iHition  of  which  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  lead  entered.  The  object  to  be  attained  was 
to  get  the  manufacturers  of  England  |to  make  for  the 
Eiiglihtli  farmer  as  cheap  and  good  an  article  as  the 
poorer,  but  not  Icbh  patriotic,  manufacturers  in  tho  Pine 
forests  of  Germany  wore  ko  ready  and  reasonable  as  to 


i 


220 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


I  April  3, 


nnake  lor  the  farmers  of  that  country.  Tlie  glass-pans, 
too,  made  in  England,  were  cast  in  a  different  shape 
from  the  German  ones  Capt,  Carr  had  sent  over  ;  he 
regretted  this  also,  as  the  dimensions  adopted  in  Ger- 
many were  the  result  of  much  trial  and  combined  expe- 
rience, and  would  be  found  to  be  those  best  suited  for 
dairy  purposes.  The  German  pans  were  of  a  regular 
shape  and  of  uniform  thickness  ;  the  English  ones  were 
of  the  same  depth  and  capacity,  but  narrower  at  the 
bottom,  wider  and  shallower  over  the  sides,  and  irre- 
gular in  the  thickness  of  the  glass  in  different  parts  ; 
these  circumstances  in  the  English  pans  considerably 
affecting  their  strength,  convenience,  manipulation,  and 
economical  arrangement  in  the  space  of  the  dairy,  as 
■well  as  the  equable  rising  of  the  cream  from  the  body  of 
the  Inilk,  and  its  clear  detachment  from  the  shallow 
sides  of  the  pan.  He  had  considered  that  this  country 
stood  the  first  and  foremost,  not  only  in  its  public  spirit, 
but  in  the  unrivalled  skill  of  its  manufacturers;  and  that 
he  had  only  to  send  over  from  Germany  a  few  spe- 
cimens of  the  glass  dairy-pans,  found  there  to  be  so 
economical  and  effective,  to  have  them  at  once  manu- 
factured in  England  at  an  equal,  if  not  a  lower,  rate 
for  the  use  of  the  English  purchaser.  He  did 
not,  he  must  confess,  expect  disappointment  in 
this  object,  in  which  he  felt  a  warm  desire  to 
testify  his  regard  to  the  agriculture  of  his  native 
country  ;  much  less  to  be  told,  as  he  had  been,  that  the 
English  manufacturers  did  not  think  it  worth  their 
attention  to  make  a  cheap  article  of  commoner  but 
sufficiently  good  glass,  while  they  could  be  justified  in 
demanding  seven  times  the  price  for  a  similar  article  iu 
glass  of  a  nominally  higher  value,  though  for  the 
purpose  in  question  not  of  superior  quality.  Captain 
Carr  then  stated  to  the  Council  the  ox'igin  of  his  adop- 
tion of  the  glass  milk-pans.  He  paid  a  visit,  about  the 
year  1835,  to  a  dairy  situate  on  the  borders  of  Mecklen- 
i)urgh-Strelitz  and  Pomerania,  and  was  particularly 
sti'uck  with  the  sweetness  of  the  dairy  in  that  bad 
butter-making  district,  so  near  the  low  sandy  swamps 
of  the  Oder  and  the  Baltic.  On  examination  and  in- 
quiry, he  found  that  the  most  scrupulous  cleanliness 
reigned  in  every  department  of  the  dairy,  and  he  there 
saw  for  the  first  time  the  milk  placed  in  glass  pans. 
The  dairy-woman  informed  him  that  they  were  made 
at  a  cheap  rate  at  the  glass-houses  in  the  Pine-forests 
of  the  district,  and  that  while  wooden  vessels  had  to  be 
boiled  to  thoroughly  cleanse  them  and  remove  acidulated 
matter  from  every  crevice,  these  glass  pans  were  at  once 
rendered  sweet  and  clean  by  simple  washing  with  a 
sponge.  Captain  Carr  found  that  these  glass  pans, 
such  as  the  one  then  placed  on  the  Council  table, 
being  one  of  those  originally  sent  by  him  to  the  Society, 
could  be  purchased  at  6d,  sterling  each,  at  the 
glass-house,  and  conveyed  to  his  own  dairy  180  miles 
distant  for  2d.  more,  making  the  total  price  only 
■'8d.  He  ordered  in  the  first  instance  20  of  these  pans 
for  ti'ial,  and  found  them  answer  so  well  that  he  soon 
■ordered  300  more.  The  usual  objection  to  their  use  was 
their  apprehended  brittleness  ;  but  glass  pans  of  the 
.thickness  those  were  made  of  were  not  found  to  break 
eo  easily  as  had  been  supposed.  At  first  he  allowed  a 
sum  of  money  to  his  dairy-woman  to  cover  this  bi'eakage; 
■but  it  was  found  by  experience,  that  in  a  dairy  of  180 
cows,  the  actual  loss  by  breakage  never  exceeded  36-.  6d. 
annually.  He  had  the  satisfaction  to  find  that  his  neigh- 
bours gradually  adopted  these  glass  pans  in  their  re- 
spective dairies.  Being  anxious  not  to  be  foiled  in  his 
attempt  to  place  the  same  advantage  within  the  reach 
of  the  humblest  cottage  farmer  in  England,  he  had 
determined,  after  finding  that  the  English  manufac- 
turers would  not  think  it  worth  their  while  to  produce 
■the  cheap  article  required,  to  ascertain  at  what  price 
the  original  German  milk-pans  could  be  imported  into 
this  country  ;  and  the  result  of  his  inquiry  was,  that 
they  could  be  supplied  in  any  quantity,  and,  including 
all  changes  of  every  kind,  could  be  sold  in  London  at  a 
price  between  Is.  and  2s.  Until  the  arrangements  and 
calculations  were  completed  the  exact  price  could  not 
he  fixed  ;  but  it  was  hoped  that  it  might  be  reduced 
to  Is.  Gd.  or  even  Is.  4d.,  for  each  glass  pan.  Captain 
Carr  stated  that  the  great  objects  of  the  German  dairy 
management  was  to  prevent  the  milk  turning  sour,  to 
maintain  throughout  the  milk  cellar  an  equable  tempe- 
rature of  60*^  Fahrenheit,  to  place  the  milk-pans  on  the 
floor,  to  allow  the  continuous  ascent  of  the  air  from 
the  floor  to  the  ceiling  and  out  of  the  upper  windows, 
and  keep  the  milk  as  long  as  possible  in  the  pans  before 
okimming.  It  was  found  that  the  last  object  was  more 
effectually  attained  in  the  glass  milk-pans  than  in 
any  other  ;  and  it  was  supposed  that  the  perfect  state  of 
insulation  in  which  the  milk  was  placed  by  so  perfect  a 
non-conductor  as  glass,  prevented  the  passage  of  atmo- 
spheric electricity  through  it,  and  the  production  of  that 
acid  matter  which  so  constantly  resulted  under  ordinary 
circumstances  on  changes  of  temperature  and  during 
thunder-storms.  So  rapidly  indeed  did  milk  turn  sour 
under  such  circumstances,  tliat  the  dairy-maids  had 
often  been  obliged  to  get  up  in  .the  middle  of  the  night 
to  prevent  it  by  churning.— Colonel  Challoner  had  been 
tuformed  that  the  depth  of  the  milk  in  the  pan  ought  to 
be  less  in  proportion  to  its  richness  in  cream. — Captain 
Carr  had  found  as  the  result  of  13  years' experience 
that  not  more  than  four  or  five  quarts  of  ordinary  milk 
ought  to  be  put  in  a  glass  circular  pan,such  as  the  one  then 
before  the  Council,  16  inches  iu  diameter  at  the  top, 
and  12  at  the  bottom.— Mr.  Raymond  Barker  remarked 
that  different  cows,  according  to  the  locality,  were 
applied  by  the  farmer  to  different  purposes.  —  Lord 
Berners  inquired  how  often  the  milk  was  skimmed  in 


Germany,  and  how  long  it  remained  before  skimming, — 
Captain  Carr  replied,  that  they  never  skimmed  tlie  same 
milk  but  once,  and  then  not  until  it  had  stood  at  least 
36  hours  j  but  the  longer  it  could  be  kept  before 
skimming,  at  60'^  F.,  without  becoming  sour,  the 
greater  in  proportion,  to  a  certain  extent,  was  the  amount 
of  cream  obtained. — Mr.  Law  Hodges  wished  to  know 
whether  glazed  earthenware  pans  would  not  equally 
answer  the  purpose  as  glass  ones, — Capt.  Carr  remarked 
that  in  Germany  they  also  employed  glazed  vessels  and 
iron.  The  earthenware,  however,  being  often  badly 
baked,  was  on  that  account  more  fragile  than  glass, 
besides  being  more  easily  soiled  and  less  easily  cleaned  ; 
it  was  also  at  the  same  time  a  less  perfect  non-conductor 
of  electricity. — Mr.  Slaney,  M.P,,  wished  to  say  a  word 
in  favour  of  the  manufactures  of  our  midland  counties, 
and  to  beg  leave  for  specimens  of  them  to  be  placed  in 
competition  with  wares  of  glass.  He  alluded  to  the 
Staffordshire  Potteries  ;  and  thought  they  would  be  able 
to  furnish  for  half  the  price — at  least  for  one  shilling 
each — a  milk  pan  of  earthenware  glazed  on  both  sides, 
which  would  have  all  tlie  advantages  of  the  glass  ones,  as 
well  as  being  cheaper  and  obtained  in  a  more  accessible 
manner  than  from  Germany.— Col.  Challoner  wished  to 
know  whether  Mr.  Slaney  meant  the  yellow  Staffordshire 
ware,  or  the  old  red  and  blacl:  milk  pans  or  "  pan- 
cheons." — Mr.  Slaney  referred  to  the  improved  coarse 
Staffordshire  ware  ;  and  from  the  conversation  he  liad 
had  with  Aid.  Copeland  on  the  subject,  he  thought  that 
an  article  could  be  cheaply  produced  that  would  meet  all 
the  requirements  proposed. —  Captain  Carr  remarked  that 
all  his  desire  was  to  excite  that  competition  which  would 
best  tend  to  the  promotion  of  the  object  in  view,  and  he 
should  rejoice,  however  the  selection  of  party  or  country 
might  eventually  be  made,  if  a  great  boon  Avas  through  his 
means  thus  conferred  on  the  English  cottage  farmer.  He 
had  himself,  however,  had  a  long  experience  in  the  use  of 
dairy  utensils,  and  he  had  reason  to  believe  that  earthen- 
ware vessels  would  not  be  found  to  possess  the  advan- 
tages of  glass  ones,  which  were  cool  in  summer,  resisted 
the  inroads  of  electricity,  and  produced  a  finer  cream 
and  butter.  The  real  net  profit  of  the  two  would  be 
found,  he  thought,  in  favour  of  the  glass. — Prof.  Way 
quite  agreed  with  Capt.  Carres  ingenious  theory  of  the 
electrical  insulation  of  milk  in  the  glass  pans.  The  milk 
in  them  would  not  turn  sour  so  soon  as  it  would  do  in 
metal  vessels.  We  did  not,  lie  thought,  well  understand 
the  mode  of  action  of  electricity  on  liquids.  When  elec- 
tricity passed  through  the  air  to  the  earth,  the  freer  the 
passage,  the  more  harmless  it  was.  He  was  disposed  to 
attribute  the  influence  of  electricity  on  liquids  to  chemi- 
cal changes  occasioned  by  electricity  in  the  air  itself,  as 
in  the  well-known  case  of  nitric  acid  in  small  quautities 
being  pi'oduced  iu  the  atmosphere  during  thunder- 
storms, when  such  acidulation  would  at  once  act  deter- 
minately  on  delicately  poised  constituents  like  those  of 
milk,  especially  after  that  increased  sultry  temperature 
which  usually  precedes  such  a  disturbance  of  the  elec- 
trical equilibrium  of  the  air.  He  quite  agreed,  too,  with 
Capt.  Carr,  that  milk  should  be  kept  cool  and  its  tem- 
perature equable.  Metallic  vessels  would  in  this  point  of 
view  be  far  more  liable  than  glass  ones  to  communicate  to 
milk  those  changes  of  temperature  which  take  place  iu  the 
surrounding  atmosphere.  He  would  venture  to  suggest 
whether  the  insulation  of  the  milk  from  the  influence  of 
heat  or  electricity  would  not  be  more  complete  if  a  cheap 
glass  cover  was  also  provided  for  the  glass  pans.  Glass, 
under  all  circumstances,  would  have  advantages  that 
earthenware  had  not,  unless  when  very  well  glazed  ;  for  it 
was  very  often  found  in  the  laboratory  that  liquids  would 
percolate  unglazed,  or  but  imperfectly  glazed,  earthen 
vessels  ;  and  if  the  milk  penetrated  at  all  into  the  sub- 
stance of  the  earthenware  pan,  it  would  leave  there  its 
animal  matter,  which  would  rapidly  decompose  and 
create  a  taint  and  an  acidity  most  injurious  to  the  suc- 
ceeding operations  of  the  dairy. — Col.  Challoner  in- 
quired the  nature  of  the  glaze  on  earthenware.  —  Capt. 
Carr  believed  the  principal  glaze  contained  lead; — Prof. 
Way  stated  that  there  were  two  glazes  in  ordinary  use  : 
first,  the  common-salt  glaze,  of  which  the  basis  was  the 
metallic  sodium  of  the  salt  ;  this  glaze  was  imperfect,  but 
harmless  ;  secondly,  the  white  glaze  of  lead,  which  was 
liable  to  be  dissolved  by  acid  matter,  and  would  prove 
deleterious.  There  was  also,  he  believed,  a  white  glaze 
made  without  lead. — Capt.  Carr  thought  that  a  cover  to 
the  pan  would  not  be  found  to  answer,  as  it  would  pre- 
vent that  spontaneous  evaporation  in  a  continuously  as- 
cending current  from  the  floor  of  the  milk-cellar  to  a 
height  of  14  feet  above  it,  and  then  out  at  the  windows, 
which  was  found  to  have  so  beneficial  an  effect  in  pre- 
serving the  dairy  cool  and  fresh.  When  the  floors  were 
lower  the  milk  did  not  keep  so  long,  and,  as  he  had 
before  said,  the  longer  they  could  keep  it  the  better. — 
Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  had  been  very  much  interested  iu  all 
that  he  had  then  heard  on  this  important  subject,  con- 
nected with  our  dairy  raanagemeut.  Prof.  Way  had 
stated  that  lead  was  a  bad  material.  Mr.  Hobbs  had 
known  slate  used  with  great  success,  and  he  was  not 
aware  of  there  being  any  objections  to  its  employment ; 
it  was  a  cheap  material,  and  he  had  seen  shallow  trays 
that  were  constructed  of  it,  and  fixed  in  the  dairies  in 
Buckinghamshire,  from  which  the  London  market  de- 
rived some  of  its  best  butter. — Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  had 
for  a  long  time  used  nothing  but  slate  in  his  own 
dairies.  He  had  a  son  residing  in  Anglesey  who  had  a 
herd  of  IS  Alderneys  ;  and  slate  in  that  part  of  Wales 
being  very  plentiful,  cheap,  and  of  large  size,  he  had 
fixed  milk-coolers  constructed,  of  three  or  four  square 
yards'  extent,  which  kept  the  milk  both  clean  and  cool. 
I  — Mr.  Raymond  Barlcer  believed  that  farmers  generally 


were  discontinuing  the  use  of  lead.  He  agreed  with 
Captain  Carr,  that  it  was  desirable  to  place  the  milk-pans 
low  down  on  the  floor, — Mr.  Slaney,  M.P.,  thought  it 
would  be  desirable  to  ascertain,  by  reference  to  meteo- 
rological registers,  the  difference  between  the  prevalent 
temperature  and  electrical  condition  of  the  atmosphere 
in  Holstein,  and  those  iu  the  West  of  England. — 
Captain  Carr  remarked,  that  the  dairy  was  half  under- 
ground, being  required  to  be  dry,  but  not  damp  ;  that 
it  was  always  kept  at  60°  of  temperature,  and  its 
floor  supplied  with  little  channels  of  water.  —  Mr. 
Rowlandson  agreed  with  every  observation  that  had 
fallen  from  Captain  Carr,  particularly  in  reference  to 
the  form  adopted  for  the  glass  milk-pans  he  had  sent  to 
the  Society.  The  shape  of  the  English  glass  pan  then  on 
the  table  before  them  was  most  ridiculous :  from  its 
shallow,  shelving  sides,  it  could  not  be  moved  by  the 
dairy-maid  without  great  inconvenience  to  herself, 
much  disturbance  of  the  milk,  and  liability,  without 
great  care,  to  a  portion  of  it  washing  over  the  rim  :  from 
its  irregular  shape,  too,  one  portion  of  the  milk  would 
have  parted  with  its  cream  before  the  other.  Where 
fixed  pans  were  adopted  in  a  dairy,  he  thought  that  slate 
would  be  the  best  material  if  adjusted  iu  exact  me- 
clianical  order  ;  but  when  moveable  dishes  were  used, 
he  thought  glass  ones  of  the  German  shape  were  supe- 
rior to  any  other.  The  colour  of  the  glass  was  of  no 
consequence,  provided  they  would  stand  hard  usage,  and 
were  liable  to  no  chemical  action.  He  thought  it  one 
of  the  wasteful  facts  in  this  country,  that  our  manufac- 
turers would  not  attend  to  economy  in  the  articles  they 
produce.  There  was  no  doubt  that  they  could, 
if  they  felt  disposed,  make  glass  milk-pans  as 
cheaply  as  the  manufacturers  of  any  other  country ;  but 
unless  the  article  they  manufacture  yields  a  certain  price 
and  profit;  they  were,  he  feared,  but  too  indifferent  to 
its  production  on  other  and  more  liberal  grounds.  Mr. 
Rowlandson  took  that  opportunity  of  submitting  to  the 
inspection  of  the  Council  an  Italian  siphon,  which  was 
regularly  in  use  in  large  acid  manufactories,  and  which 
he  thought  might  conveniently  be  employed  as  a  dairy 
siphon  to  draw  off  the  milk  from,  below  the  cream.  It 
would  indeed  be  necessary  in  this  instrument,  as  Colonel 
Challoner  remarked,  to  first  use  the  mouth  to  draw  out 
the  air  and  promote  the  flow  of  the  current  of  milk. 
When  that  objection  was  obviated,  by  some  additional 
contrivance,  he  would  again  bring  the  siphon  under 
their  notice. — Col.  Challoner  remarked,  that  in  Lord 
Camoy's  siphon,  submitted  by  his  lordship  to  the 
notice  of  the  Council  a  few  years  ago,  that  point,  agree- 
ably with  communications  which  had  passed  between 
Lord  Camoys  and  himself,  had  been  particulai'lyattended 
to,  and  the  air  being  removed  by  means  of  a  piston-rod 
formed  of  a  piece  of  wire  with  a  roll  of  tow  at  its  end, 
drawn  completely  out  of  the  siphon,  the  milk  imme- 
diately began  to  flow. — Prof.  Way  thought  that  the 
Italian  Siphon  would,  on  account  of  its  double-curved 
shape,  require  a  flexible  wire  to  form  the  piston-rod  in 
this  case.  In  speaking  of  lead  being  decidedly  objec- 
tionable in  the  glaze  of  milk-vessels,  he  had  spoken  of 
its  oxide  in  mixture  or  chemical  combination,  and 
ready  for  entering  into  new  compounds  on  there 
being  an  acid  present :  he  did  not  speak  of  the  sheet 
or  metallic  lead  to  which  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  had 
referred,  on  which  a  weak  acid  had  no  action.  Slate, 
he  thought,  quite  unobjectionable  in  a  chemical  sense ; 
but  unless  the  joints  were  most  accurately  fitted, 
the  milk  would  penetrate  between  them,  and  become 
the  source  of  contamination. — Capt.  Carr  stated,  as  an 
instance  of  the  great  advantage  aribing  from  improved 
methods  of  dairy  management,  the  case  of  the  Baron 
Biel,  a  gentlemau  connected  by  marriage  with  some  of 
the  first  families  in  this  country.  He  had  a  farm  in 
Mecklenburg,  on  which  was  a  dairy  of  150  cows,  badly 
managed,  and  yielding  a  miserable  return  to  its  owner. 
At  Capt,  Carr's  suggestion,  he  had  expended  1300?,  on 
the  requisite  improvements  of  his  dairy,  in  the  erection 
of  suitable  buildings,  and  a  mill  for  churning.  The  Baron 
had  previously  spent  no  less  than  3000?,  in  purchase  of 
horses  in  England  ;  but  Capt.  Carr  was  quite  sure  that 
he  would  not  have  expended  1300/,  on  his  cows  unless 
he  had  been  thoroughly  convinced  of  the  judiciousness 
of  the  outlay.  The  result  had  proved  the  correctness  of 
his  conviction  ;  for  the  Baron  now  sent  his  butter  to 
the  London  market,  where  it  fetched  him  one  shilling  a 
pound.  The  dairy,  said  Capt.  Carr,  ought  to  be  free 
from  the  very  semblance  of  dirt  ;  the  brick  floor  should 
be  cemented,  and  hard  ;  the  walls  smooth,  and  white- 
washed, and  both  wood  and  stone  free  from  hanging  dust 
of  any  kind  ;  the  air  should  circulate  freely,  and  there 
should  be  no  dampness  in  the  rooms  ;  the  pans  should 
be  placed  low  down  on  the  floor,  otherwise  the  milk 
would  not  yield  the  full  quantity  of  cream,  and  the  vrpour 
rising  from  the  milk  should  have  an  opportunity  of 
passing  off  unobstructedly  from  the  upper  part  of  the 
dairy  ;  there  should  be  no  taint  or  bad  smells  ;  the 
aspect  should  be  to  the  north ;  and  the  roof  should  be 
pent-house.  Along  the  floor  should  be  passages,  on 
which  the  dairy  woman  could  walk  in  wooden  slippers. 
In  Holland,  no  milk  was  placed  in  pans  on  shelves,  but 
always  on  the  floor,  as  in  Holstein.  He  could  assure 
the  Council  that  in  those  parts  of  the  Continent  where 
the  dairies  were  managed  in  the  scrupulous  manner  he 
had  described,  the  object  was  simply  profit]  and  the 
means  thus  taken  to  secure  that  end  were  those  best 
adapted  for  the  purpose,  however  they  might  have  the 
appearance  in  detail  of  being  employed  on  grounds  only 
of  elegance,  taste,  or  even  cleanliness. — Mr.  Love  in- 
formed the  Council  that  his  father  had  lived  in  the 
neighboui'hood  of  Glasgow,  where  he  employed  slate  as 


14—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


221 


the  material  for  receiving  the  milk  in  his  dairy,  and  had 
found  it  superior  to  every  other  he  had  tried.  He  had 
himself  never  heard  of  any  objection  to  its  use,  and  it  had 
been  adopted  by  others.  The  milk  receptacles  were 
from  3  to  4  inches  deep,  2^  feet  wide,  and  3  ieet  long, 
and  were  excavated  out  of  the  solid  blocks  of  the  slate. 
They  were  placed  on  shelves  in  the  dairy,  and  were 
considered  as  fixtures,  the  milk  being  drawn  off  at  the 
bottom,  while  the  cream  was  left  behind  ni  the  cavity 
of  the  slab.  He  had  seen  them  after  being  m  use  for 
14  years,  when  he  perceived  no  other  change  in  the 
material  'than  that  which  consisted  in  a  little  better 
polish  being  given  to  it  by  wear.  _Mr.  Love  con- 
sidered such  masses  of  slate  as  equivalent  to  non- 
conductors of  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  and 
as  preserving  the  milk,  in  consequence,  in  a  state  of 
equable  coolness.  His  brother,  who  succeeded  to  the 
management  of  the  dairy,  had  tried  zinc,  tin,  and  earth- 
enware, but  found  the  slate  far  superior  to  any  other 
material,  being  as  clean  in  its  use  as  it  was  possible 
for  anything  to  be.— Captain  Carr  enquired  whether  all 
the  milk  was  chiu-ned  ? — Mr.  Love  replied  that  near 
Glasgow  it  was  so,  but  at  a  gi-eater  distance  from  the 
city  it  was  converted  into  cheese,  or  cream  and  skimmed 
mill;. — Captain  Carr  was  well  acquainted  with  the  dairy 
management  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Glasgow,  having 
30  years  ago  paid  a  visit  to  Sir  John  Maxwell  of  Nether- 
pollock  in  Keufrewshire,  when  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
inspecting  the  celebrated  dairiesof  the  parish  of  Mearns, 
in  that  county.  He  considered  one  of  the  great  advantages 
of  these  discussions  to  consist  in  the  communication  of 
personal  experience,  and  interchange  of  sentiments  on 
topics  of  practical  interest,  such  as  had  taken  place  at 
that  meeting. — Colonel  Challoner  was  glad  to  hear  the 
statement  Mr.  Love  had  just  made.  The  excavation  of 
the  slabs,  he  confessed,  was  new  to  him,  and  did  away 
with  those  objections  against  the  use  of  slate  that  were 
founded  on  the  difficulty  of  effecting  a  perfect  accuracy 
in  the  fitting  in  the  joints  of  several  separate  pieces  as 
employed  by  other  parties  who  liad  used  slate.  The 
Council  were  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Love  for  the  very 
practical  and  useful  experience  he  had  given  them  on 
that  point. 

Colonel  Challoner  then  expressed  to  Captain  Carr 
his  own  thanks  and  those  of  the  Council  for  the  great 
interest  he  had  at  all  times  evinced  in  promoting  the 
objects  of  the  Society,  and  in  bringing  before  them  on 
this  occasion  the  interesting  details  he  had  done,  with 
the  same  view.  It  was  then  arranged  that  on  Wednes- 
day, the  21st  of  April,  at  noon,  the  subject  of  German 
g!ass  Milk-pans  would  again  be  brought  forward  by 
Captain  Carr,  that  of  Dairy  Siphons  by  Mr.  Rowland- 
son,  and  that  of  Churns  by  Mr.  Capel  Cure. 
{To  be  continued.) 


Miscellaneous. 

Guano. — The  discovery  of  a  guano  deposit  upon  an 
island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  is  causing  many  in- 
quiries. It  appears  that  several  months  since  the  fact 
of  the  existence  of  guano  was  communicated  by  a  whaling 
captain  to  his  owner,  who  determined  that  the  know- 
ledge should  be  kept  secret  until  more  fully  substan- 
tiated. With  this  view  he  gave  instructions  to  the  cap- 
tain of  a  vessel  he  was  despatching  upon  a  voyage  round 
the  Horn,  to  search  for  the  island  in  the  latitude  and 
longitude  furnished  him,  and  to  report  all  particulars. 
By  the  last  mail  from  Panama,  we  are  told  that  the 
o^vner  had  tlie  original  statement  confinned,  and  re- 
ceived samples  of  guano  taken  from  the  spot.  These 
Simples  have  since  been  analysed,  and" give  ^efoUomng 
result  :— 

7J  parts  salts  of  ammonia, 

'\      „      animal  orgsinic  matter. 
;      ,,     sulphate  uf  muriate  of  potash  and  soda. 

„     phosphate  of  lime  and  phosphate  of  magnesia. 
„     eaod. 
Hj      „     moisture. 

"  t ) 
comparison  of  this  analysis  with  that  of  the  best 
uvian  guano,  now  selling  at  ^Jl.os.  per  ton,  we  under- 
i  the  value  of  the  new  article  will  be  found  to  be 
Jt  5^.  lOff,  to  6^.  per  ton.  Abridged  from,  the  Shipping 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

nrCAJf  Chcrw,  Ac.  :   A  Conttant  IfeifJer.    Th<;  whiteness  of 

e  bJtt'.r  U,  in  all  probability,  owing  to  the  ManRold  Wurzel. 
coAt:  J  ir  IV.  Thoftmall  wood  muHt  bo  charred  in  pits 
';lump«,  as  witod  charcoal  is  ordinariiy  made.     It  will  cn&t 

■i  from  W,  to  l^d.  per  bushel  for  burning.  Or,  if  bv  the 
'.rd,"  which  I«  B  pile  KJ  feet  y.  2  feet  :i  in.  x  2  feet  2  in., 
per  cord,  Tne  burners  are  genera'ly  allowed  lis.  or  10a. 
r»  hut  to  Ht»?  in  while  the  process  is  ia  operat'oo. 

;-f*»M:    IKA".  Tliin  II  DOW  let, 

-D  Cabbaok  :  ,V.  They  «h  uld  be  plnnted  on  the  flat,  or  the 
/e  thoaKl  be  a%  »IJgh(Iy  raised  an  possible,  and  the  plants 

■  on  till;  'op, 

"*:  Hvffotk  fanur.    Row   broadcist  in   wet  weathT,   in 

■  n\,  a  uiixturo  of  e'lual  parts  of  ftno  ioil  find  Kuano  (3  cwt. 
r  acre  of  the  latti'rj  over  the  Oats  and  Vetcliew.  The  be^t 
tnarc  for  Cnrro*.  as  for  any  other  crop,  U  j^ood  farm. yard 
jnr,  (tlouKh»'d  tn  in  auturnn  and  well  incorjiornted  with  the 

:.',)!  bcf-yre  fcccd  limf!.  Failio/  that,  sow  3  or  1  cwt,  of  Kuano 
br'j;i '!':.»(.  on  the  land,  a  wefk  before  need  llm«,  ond  harrow 
t>r  cuiiivstfl  It  in.  Sow  Carrott,  7lb»,  per  a'rro,  in  rows 
I-i  lnch^»  ;.p«rt.  on  (he  Hit,  towards  the  end  of  April. 

Iff.«ff«:  't)/ro.  ftfi  Mcres  of  Orfldd  and  nfj  ot  iiKht  arablo  land 
i/iajf  be  inannKfd  *»ilh  two  j-alri.  of  h'-riro.  or  three  pulrn, 
Accordlnt;  to  ih«  rotation  you  adop'.  It  make  wi  {(rent  dlf. 
ftrence  of  courae  i(  twr,.(lftli<i  or  on'y  onn^dKhih  of  your  land 
1»«  In  Clo»er.     You  can  pf-e  2.horBt  pj-iuKhln^f  near  Wlntcham. 

l.A9tt  Ovp.kf'f.owr.b:  IJ  H.  Wft  fear  joumu-t  incur  the  expenoe  of 
embauktutt  A^it\u%r.  ibe  xiilt  water  '.n  the  fJrnt  place!  f'ttrhaps 
iODie  of  out  tO're»p*»ndeTil«  may  help  you.  The  land  in  over. 
l1'(W«d  *»ery  iprintf  tide;  and  the  quentlon  Is,  how  to  make  It 
.ffiiJ  without  Incurrinjf  the  expense  of  embnnklnjf,  ok  It  is 
'  r  three  a<:rc»  in  extcDt.  We  do  not  think  Oalors  will 
nreupODll, 


Mangold  Wdhzel:  B  B  B,  "  The  genLTut  uplniou  among 
farmers"  is,  that  it  produces  a  lurtjer  quantity  of  inferior 
milk.  If  given  early  in  the  Beason,  it  will  tend  to  *' ucour  " 
the  cattle,  but  pivtn  now  ic  will  not  do  bo  any  more  than 
Swei^oa  in  November  or  December. 

Manuee  Heaps  :  Y.  Many  thanks  for  your  communication.  We 
shall  be  R\:i6  to  assist  in  procurini?  informatimi  abiut  leaees. 

Mr.  SMtTH's  Culture:  HsayAthut  in  the  detailed  account  of 
Mr,  Smith,  iu  the  Gazette  or  the  liSih  Feb.,  the  plou(,'hinp  is 
charged  on  2  acres,  which  is  correct,  but  that  the  other 
charj^es  are  all  on  the  4  acres.  We  imagine  that  the  sums 
s'nted  are  correct:  nevertheless,  and  that  it  would  cost,  for 
instance,  U.  to  drop  the  eeed  over  that  extent  of  laud,  whether 
it  be  stated  as  costing  5s.  per  acre  for  4,  or  IO4.  per  acre  lor 
2  acres. 

Newly  Bhoken-up  Land:  W  W  V  V.  To  take  Oats  as  the 
firat  crop  is  perhaps  »b  (jood  a  plan  as  you  can  adtipt.  Either 
that  or  Potatoes  will  answer  very  well.  The  question 
about  disease  in  sheep  will  be  answered  next  week. 

Permanent  Roof  for  Hay,  instead  uf  Thatcu  :  MA..  Can 
any  of  our  readers  give  a  de>*criptiun  of  the  above,  with 
specification  and  prices  ?  We  rL'fer  to  a  moveable  roof,  eua- 
pended,  between  t^^ur  uprights,  by  blocks  and  tackle  ;  aud 
l<iwered  or  raised  as  required. 

Potter's  Gdano:  Thos.  Ji.  We  are  not  acquainted  with  its 
present  etaiidiog  with  the  public.  Perhaps  some  of  our  cor- 
respondents miiy  have  had  recent  experience  of  it,  aud  may 
be  disposed  10  eommunicate  it. 

Reaping  Machine:  We  beg  to  inform  you,  that  in  America, 
tiie  Reaping  Machine  is  used  for  the  purpose  of 
cu'ting  hay  Grass;  but  for  this  country  many  farmers 
think  it  will  cot  cut  quite  low  enough.  It  will  cut,  well 
within  two  inches  ot  the  ground.  The  question  must  there- 
tore  be  answered  by  those  who  intend  to  use  the  machine. 
Its  cH[iabilities  for  cutting  Grass  are  beyond  question.  From 
Skssrs.  Dean  and  Dray. 

RiE,  »bc.  :  ^igiiia.  Rye  should  be  sown  in  September  or 
October,  i  buMhels  per  acre  brnadcaat.  Italiau  Rye-grass 
should  be  sown  in  April,  3  bu-^hels  or  i  cwt.  per  acre.  It 
will  give  a  tolerable  cutting  wifh  the  corn  stubble  in  Octob.  r. 
Tou  will  find  the  information  about  Itnliau  Rye-grass  in  the 
"  Cyclopedia,"  Art.  LonoM.  Italian  Kye-gratis  is  sometimes 
sown  by  itselt  on  a  coru  stubble  for  use  the  following  spring 
and  summer. 

Sbeep:  PS.  A  dwarf  Merino  sheep  would  be  shown  as  extra 
stock. 

Skinless  Baelet  :  J  Bate3.  Mr.  Whittem'a  advertisement  is 
perfectly  trustworihy, 

Swedes  and  Kohl  Rabi  :  TIios.  Davidson.  We  have  not  had 
personal  experience  of  the  latter,  and  have  never  met  with 
anything  to  excel  a  good  Swede  for  feeding  pu^p^lses  ;  but 
the  character  of  Kohl  Rabi  as  food  for  sheep  is  abundantly 
attested. 

Winter  Vetches:  PC.  Use  them  green.  Commence  cutting 
when  the  Vetches  begin  to  flower,  so  as  to  finish  before  the 
seed  is  fully  formed  ;  cul;  24  hours  before  use. 


COVENT  garden,  April  3. 
Theweather  continuescold,butthe  market  isstill  well  supplied 
with  vegetables  and  frui'.  iilnglish  Piue-applea  are  tolerably 
[lentiful.  Hothouse  Grapes  have  made  their  appearance  ;  foreign 
ones  are  rather  dearer.  The  best  English  Pears  fetch  good  prices. 
Orantrea  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same 
as  last  quoted.  Strawbeniee  are  stilt  supplied  in  small  quan- 
tities. Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  ifcc,  are  eutHcient  for  the 
demand,  and  there  is  somd  fine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in  the  market. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  aud  other 
daladiug  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacriees,  Migno- 
nette. Camellins,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hyacinths, 
Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 

PRUIT. 
E'lne.apple8,perlb.,43  to  8?  Pears,  dessert, p.  doz.,  2b  to  6s 


^rape«,hothouae,p.!b.,153to20B 
Grapes,  Lisbon, per  lb., 2eto2stid 
Strawberries,  per  oz..  Is  to  2s 
Applee,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2s 

to  3fi  (id 
Almonds,  perpeck,  Sa 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  " 


Savoys,  per  doz.,  lOd  to  28 
French  Beans,  p.  lOf).  2s  to  3s 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is  3d 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Ss  to  79 
Seakule.p.  basket, Is  3d  to'Js  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  Gd  to  43 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  Gd 
Potatoes, perton,  ibato  SOb^ 

—  percwt.,2a  to  Ss 

—  per  bush..  Is  6d  to  23  Gd 
Turnips,  p.  doz.,  Is6d  to  2s  6d 
Cucumbers,  each.  Is  to  3s 
Celery,  p.  bundle,  6d  to  Is  Gd 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  &ieve, 

Is  to  ls6d 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  la  6d 
Onions,  p.  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanishjp.doz.jIsGdtoSs 
Endive,  per  score.  Is  to  2s  6d 


VEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  dos..  Is  to  Is  Gd 

—  per  100,  3s  6d  to  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  la  to  23 
Nuts,  Barcelona, p.bsh, 20s  to22a 

—  Brazil, p,  bsh.,i23  to  14b 
Cobg,  per  100  lbs.,  luOs 


Beet,  per  doz,,  Is  to  2g 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  SdtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  p.  score, 4d  to  Is 
Radishes,  per  doz..  Is  6d  to  2s 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn.,2dto8d 
HorseRadishjp,  bundle,  1  a  to  4 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot,.  Is  to  Is  3d 

—    per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.8ieve,l8  3d  to  IsSd 
Artichokes,  Jerus,,do.,Sd  to  la 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  2a  to  3a 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Basil, ;p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercres8,p.l2buuch3.6dtolB 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  3G  Irusses, 
SsiiTHFiELD,  April  1, 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  72fl  to  7Gs    Clover     

Inferiordltto 63        C8      2d  cut       

Rowen     GO        63       Straw      

New  Hay       —        — 

Cdmbebland  Markkt,  April  I. 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  VfistoSUi  S  Inferior  . 


60 
78 


70 
84 


I  New  Clover 
Stru.v 


...  75s  to  85 
...  70  75 
...     24        23 

J.  GOOPEE. 

...    65s  to  75s 


Whiteciiapel,  April  1, 

Old  Clover     ... 
Inferior  ditto 
New  Clover    ... 
Inferior  ditto.,. 


JosuDA  Baeeu, 


708  to  75a 

50        03 
28        27 


[nferirx-ditto.. 

New  Hay 

Old  Clover    ... 

Fine  Old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferiordltto... 
Straw      

COAL  MARKKT.—FBiDAy.  April  2. 
HoUywcll,    148.;    Eden    Mitin,     I4h.     3d,;     Tanfield    Moor, 
12fl,  8d,  ;    Wallsend  Riddell.  13e.  ;    Wallaend  llettou,  158.  8d.  ; 
Wullseud  LambtoD,  168. ;   Wallsend  Stewarts,  16s.  8d. — Ships 
at  market,  C5. 

HOPS.— FatDAY,  April  2. 
MeKRrs,  Pattcnden   and  Kinlth  report  that    the  market  for 
Hopi  conilnuoi  tho  name  an  for  somo  time  past,  with  a  very 
limited  supply  on  offer. 

wool! 

Bhadpobd,  TnoHSDAT,  Aprlll,— Wohavo  no  change  to  report 
In  tho  Htatoof  our  wool  murket.  PurchQHos  on  tho  ptirtofrun- 
BumerB  nrn  mill  conrttied  to  ih«  supplying  <>i'  Immudlule  w.uitH, 
and  they  evince  no  Inclination  to  oxti  nrl  thum  beymd  what 
they  deem  ahtiolulcly  necemuiry.  Prices  may  be  quoted  fl« 
«ta'lonary,  nnd  with  every  pro-^iioct  of  remaining  ho  for  tiro 
preticnt.  The  iirriva!«  from  ihu  eounlry  iiro  much  bolow  tliu 
aToragtr,  thu  uttor  Impoiilblllty  of  purabasiiitf  wool  from  tbu 


urowers  to  meet  the  rates  current  lioru  being  uii  amplw  reasoO 
for  this  manifest  diininutlon,  wiibout  taking  into  conbidtration 
the  fact  that  the  stochs  held  by  them  are  lighter  than  for  years 
past.  Short  wool  and  noils  are  a  fair  sale  at  late  prices  well 
supported. 

POTATOES.— SouTnwARK,  Monday,  March  29. 

The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  'he  market 
hafi  been  well  supplied  both  coastwise  and  by  rail ;  the  trade 
Htdl  contmues  very  dull    and  prices  ot  inferior  sorts  are  lower. 

o^/  cr""^u"!^^  *  "  '^^^  '  *l'»otrition8;-York  Regents.  GOs. 
to  808. ;  Scotch  do,  00s  to  708.;  Penh  and  Forfarshire  Cups. 
60s.  to65s,;Fifeshiredo.,,'553.to603.;  Wisbeach  and  Cambridge. 
SOs.  to  656,  ;   Kent  and  Essex.  GOb.  to  758. 

SMITHFlELLi,  Monday.  March  29 
We  have  a  very  large  supply  of  Beasts  at  market  hut  the 
trade  for  them  by  no  means  brisk.  There  are  buyers  for  the 
choicest  kinds,  but  we  cannot  quo'e  higher  than  Sb.  4d.  as  it 
is  very  rarely  exceeded.  Sheep  are  also  more  plentiful'-'  trade 
is  worse  ;  a  few  nood  Downs  still  make  4s.  4d,,  but  this  is  an 
extreme  price.  Good  Calves  are  more  in  request.  A  few  choice 
Lambs  are  also  in  demand.  From  Germany  and  Holland  there 
are  401  Beasts,  520  Sheep,  and  108  Calvea ;  frnm  Spain,  120- 
Sheep ;  from  Scotland,  £50  Beaats  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk 
31)00  ;  and  20O  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties.  ' 


Per   St.  of  8  lbs. - 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  Ac,        ...  8     2  to  3 

Best  Short-hornB    2  10  —  3 

id  quality  Beasts  2    2  —  2 

Best  Diivms  and 
Ualf-hreds      „.  *     0  —  4 

Oicto  Shorn         ...  8    G  ...  E 


Per  at.  ot  8  lbs.— s 

Best  Long-woola  .8  8  to  4 

Ditto  Shorn        ...  3  0  ...  8 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2  10  —  3 
Ditto  Shorn 

Lambs      0  0  —  0 

Calves      3  0—4 

PiL'B           2  8—; 


Beasts,  4479;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 23, 750;  Calves,  143;  Pigs,  395. 
Fridat,  April  2. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  smaller  than  could  have  been  antici- 
pated considering  the  supply  of  Monday  last ;  however,  large 
enough,  the  demand  being  limited.  We  cannot  fairly  quote 
higher  than  38.  4d,  for  best  kinds,  although  a  choice  Scot  may 
make  rather  over.  The  supply  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  a  fair 
average;  trade  for  the  former  is  about  the  same,  and  for  the 
latter  scarcely  as  good  as  on  Monday.  Trade  is  dull  for 
Calves,  and  our  top  quotation  is  only  reached  in  very  few  in- 
stances. From  Germany  and  Holland  we  have  48  Beasts. 
90  Sheep,  and  1G2  Calves;  from  Spain,  90  Sheep;  from 
Scotland,  100  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  3U0  ;  and  14fr 
Milch  G0W6  from  home  counties. 

MARK  LANE. 
MoKDAT,  March  29.  — The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex 
this  morning  was  small,  and  but  moderate  from  Kent;  the 
former  was  taken  off  at  about  the  terms  of  this  day  se'nnight,. 
but  the  red  Wheats  from  the  latter  county  must  be  noted  the 
turn  cheaper.  The  inquiry  for  foreign  continues  limired,  and 
we  are  unable  to  quote  any  aUeraiion  in  value.  The  Flour 
trade  remains  heavy.  — Picked  samples  of  malting  and  good  dry- 
distilling  Barley  bring  last  week's  prices  ;  other  descriptions 
are  a  slow  sale. — Peas  meet  a  fair  inquiry  ac  late  rates. — Beana 
are  the  turn  cheaper. — There  is  no  alteration  in  the  value  of 
Oats,  but  the  trade  is  dull. 

Per  Impeetal  QoAaTEa,  e 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk... White  4 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  i 

—  —      Talavera 

—  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  &  York,., White  J 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.dc  distil.,  26b  to29s..,Ch6V. 

—  Foreign.,,  grinding  aud  distilling  ' 
Oats,  Essex  and  Suffolk  

—  Scotch  and  LlQcolDBhire... Potato  i 
— .    Irish  Potato  '• 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

aye 

Rye-meal,  foreign perton 

Beans,  Mazagan  .,,,.. 24a  to  27b Tick  ' 

—  Pigeon 27    —32...  Winds  - 

—  Foreign  Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler- 

—  Maple 278  to  30s Grey  ' 

Maize White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ,. .per  sack  ; 

—  Suffolk ditto  '. 

—  Foreign per  barrel  '. 

Feidat,   April  2. — The  arrivals  of  grain,  either  English  or 

foreign,  have  been  small  this  week.  To-day's  market  was  but 
thinly  attended,  and  in  the  almost  total  absence  of  businesfl, 
prices  for  all  articles  must  be  considered  nominal, — In  floating 
cargoes,  some  sales  were  made  on  Wednesday  in  Egypiiau 
Wheat.  at283,  6d,;  Beans  21s.  to21s.  3d.,  C.  F.  and  I.  To-day 
there  18  nothing  doing  in  them. 


43—45 

Reel  

39-« 

45—47 

Ked  

11—43 

46-51 

38-43 

Red  

_ 

37—53 

30-35 

Mailing . 

29—82 

22-29 

Malting  . 

19—21 

21-24 

Feed 

20—22 

20—28 

Feed 

19—22 

19-22 

Feed 

18-21 

— 

Foreign  . 

— 

26-30 

Harrow . 

25-80 

20-2(1 

Longpod 

24—80' 

22—3(1 

EgyptiiiD 

23—25 

32—34 

Suffolk.. 

33—85 

26—28 

Foreign . 

27-34 



Yellow... 



35—40 

27—32 

Norfolk  . 

27—32 

18—24 

Per  sack 

.(2- 8(! 

Tmpeeial 
aveeages, 


Feb.  U 

423  9<f 
42    3 
42    7 
42  10 
42     8 
42     2 

—     28 

March  6 

—    1.) 

_    20 

—    27 

Acereg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Barlet.  Oatp. 


19.1  id 

19  e 

19  4 

19  9 

19  9 

19  6 


Rye, 


3i)j  6,1 

30  7 
32  6 
10     5 

31  11 
30     5 


31     0 


Beans. 


30!  2.( 

29  10 

30  2 
SO  1 
30  4 
30     3 

30     2 


Peas. 


'1)3  5.-i 

29  5 

29  R 

9  7 
20  lU 

29  8 

29  9 


Uutibb  on  Foreign  tiruin,  \3,  per  quarter. 
Aruivals  Tare  Week. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

OatB. 

Flour. 

English  ... 

Irish    

Foroifjn  ... 

Qrt?. 
2880 

8280 

Qr». 
3220 

inoo 

4640 

Qrs. 
2060 
1650 
3890 

3780  Backs 
—    brls 

Fluctuationfl  in  me  laHt  mis-  weeUs'  Averages. 


Fbioeb.  Feu.  21.  Feb.  28.  Mae.   6.  Ma».  13.  Mas.  20.  Mar,  21 


42sl0ii 


.^■IJ" 


Ijivekpuoi.,  iUf-KDAJ,  JVlnrt;h  HO —Thvru  is  no  increase  ihia 
week  in  the  arrivals  of  grain  and  Flour,  eliher  from  our  own- 
const  or  from  abroad.  Tho  uvule  throughout  tho  week  con- 
tinued  dull,  nnd  prices  of  Wheat  nnd  Fhmr  have  further  de- 
clined, but  there  was  more  dispoflltion  to  go  into  harrtl  Flour, 
at  reduced  rnten.  Tho  tone  of  ihe  grain  trade  improved  to-day, 
and  prices  of  Wheiit  and  Fluur  were  more  settled.  We  hsd 
several  buyers  from  a  distance,  nnd  tlio  town  di'alors  were 
operators  in  bnrrol  Flour  to  a  fair  extent.  Friday's  decline  of 
Id.  to  2d.  jier  busliol  on  Wheat  Wiis  not  recovered,  only  tbero 
was  a  bettor  dcninnd,  Thero  wiis  no  i)iirticiilar  change  as 
regards    demand   and  price  of  tmy   other  article  of  tho  com 

market. FjiiDAT,  Makoh  2(1.— Tho  doprosi^ion  of  tho  grain 

trade  con'inueM,  In  tlio  fiico  of  very  moderato  tmiiortfl,  Tho 
Corn  Excliani^o  thi^i  uiuiiilng  waa  iigaiii  initrki'd  by  dullnoBB  la 
(ho  gcneriil  demand,  nnd  Wheat  wan  considered  to  be  Id,  to 
'Jd.  per  bunhul,  (ind  Flour  Od,  per  barrel  woriio  In  price  than  on 
Tueftdiiy  last.  Indiim  Corn  wfm  nlso  ;!d.,  and  Egyptian  Beaus 
C.ii.  per  qr.  lower.  In  OatB,  Oatmoal,  and  Barley  there  was  no 
change  of  valuo. 


II 


222 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


fApRIL    3, 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT   FRAMES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass, 
of  British  Manuf;icture,  packed  iu  bnxe^,  contaiuing  100 
square  feet  each,  attlie  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  —  IncheB.  Inches.        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    ti  by  4      at      l^d,  is  £D  12    6 
From    6    by   4        „  7    „    5      „      2d.      „    0  16    8 

7  „     0         „  8    „     6       „       2id.     „     0  18     9 

8  „     6        „         10    „     8       ,,       24d.     „     1     0  10 
10     ,,     8        „         li     ,,     9       „       2'id.    „     12     11 

Larger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
IC  oz.  from  "id.  to  Z\d.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size. 
21  oz.     „     3id.  to  5d.  „  „  ,, 

2G  oz.     ,,     Z\d.  to  Dd  „  „  „ 

PATENT  ROUOn    PLATE,    THICK    CROWN   GLASS,  and 
PATf^NT  PLATE  GL-xSS   for  Horticultural  purposes,    at 
reduce*!  price.^,  by  the  100  square  feet. 
GLASS  TILES  AND  SL\TES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 

eitlier  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass, 
PrnpagaHiiii  Gtiisees,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
ililk  Pan's,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various   other  articles 
not  hit'iei-to  manufactured  in  glass. 
PATENT  PLATE  OLAiS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  supcri'^r  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
nther  inferior  wimJow  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.    No 
alteration  connected  with  the  eash  is  required. 
■G-LASS  SHADES,  as  ornauiental  to   and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury    hv   ex- 
posfure.     Prices,  since  the  removal  of  the  excise  duty,  re- 
duced nne-httlf.     List  of  Prices  and  Es^timates  forwarded  on 
.-ipplication    to  James   Hetley  and  Co.,  35,    Soho-square, 
Lond'in.  


Ta^WING'S     PATENT    GLASS     WALLS. 

L*  —The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawinifs  may  be  seen,  imd  all  other  information  ob- 
tained :— Messrs.  Knifiht  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  dEC,  Choi- 
sea  ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-appte- 
plMc'e,  London;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c., 
Ij'uUiain,  London;  Mr.  Glendinninp,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  Chis- 
wiitU,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Dinltson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons  Nursprymen,  Edinburgh  ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull  'Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'IntOEh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
-to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuoh,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.IT.S., 
Grirdenpv  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Statford- 
sliire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anirlesea ;  Messrn, 
Pilkins'^01  «nd  C  i,,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Hulen'.'-,  Lancashire. 

The-o  Walls  can,  when  desirfd,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the'i^.et  nrineiple.     Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 


GREENHOUSE   8c    CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT, 

HOT-WATER    APPARATUS    MANUFACTORY, 
Ke«9All-oreeh,  Haebow-eoad,  London. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Green- 
housesi  Conservatories,  Forcing  Pits,  &c,,  and  all  other  build- 
ings for  Horticultural  purpose?,  combining  all  the  most  modern 
impj'ovenients  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
-heating  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  &c.,  has  received  the  greatest 
.npproba'ion  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  had 
been  extensively  engaged. 


(PREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
VT  Machinery,  at  J- Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Ilill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.— A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

VrAK/RANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea* 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
^vnter  Apprirarus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  tix  Hot-water  Appa- 
-auis,  will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kinc's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
vatories, Pits,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
pelect  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erecfed  in  ail  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  tine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J,  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-rond,  Chelsea,  London. 

HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


TAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Biiilder,    Clahemont- 

^  Place,  Old  Kent-eoad,  has  200  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXKS  and  LIGHTS  of  alUizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  m^de  ot"  well  seasoned  materials,  packed  and  spnt  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considernble  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Geulry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  countiea  of  England. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms, 

G.  is  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  fur  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 
BY  HER  ^'^^mW^V^t^   ROYAL  LETTERS 


MAJESTY'S 


PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kinq's-road,  Cbelsea,— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  cau-^ed  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  S'ation,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  htted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IS  ft.  G  ins.  long,  12  ft.  raftes  400  ft.,.  23i.  Gs.  8d.  ; 
21ft.  6  ins.  long.,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  30t.  13s.  Sd. ;  28  ft.  Gins, 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  ill.  Ids.  8d.  Healing  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  >.  conouiical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  Buper. 


THE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Milton,  for  his 
Improved  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE  (straw),  the  only  British  Bee- 
hive for  which  a  Prize  Medal  wns  awarded.  It  is  of  simple 
construction,  ornamental,  and  so  easily  managed  that  the  most 
unskilful  can  with  safdty  obtain  a  large  quantity  of  pure 
honey  without  killing  the  bees  ;  price  complete,  10s.  Gd.  They 
are  made  with  extra  fittings  and  boards,  I83.  Gd.  the  bet. 

Also  may  be  had  "Milton's  Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new 
edition,  price  2s. 

Ditto,  with  Illustrations,  2s.  Gd. 

Ditto,  Sheet  of  ditto,  free  by  post,  8d. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  and  Honey  Warehouae,  10,  Great 
Marylebone-street.  Wimpole-street,  London. 


BEE  HIVES. —A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS,— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawin^^i  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  aud  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  London, 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.  Neighbour  and  Son«  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neichbi'ur."— J".  S.  Fayne.  (Seethe 
"Cottage  Gardener."  Nos.  169   170J, 

Agents. — Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  Kinfr-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dubliu  :  J.  Edmondsou  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 


FOUNTAINS  FOR  PLAYING   SCENTED  WATERS. 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  stream,  where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 

IMPROVED     RAM; 

Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wheels,  Baths,  Hot- 
water     Apparatus,      Fountains,      and      Pire    .^.^^  ^' 
Pumps.    Towns  supplied  with  Gas  or  Water,    -■.   '^-' 
Drawings  and  Estimates  made. 

Freeman  Roe,  Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engi- 
neer, 70,  Strand,  Loudon  ;  and  Bridgefield,  Wandsworth. 


FOUNTAINS. 

MR.  SEELEY  having  printed  a  LIST  of  some  small 
designs  of  FOUNTAINS  suitable  for  CONSERVA- 
TORIES, will  be  happy  to  forward  a  Copy,  to  any  Gardener 
requiring  such  an  ornament.--Nos.  1  to  4,  Keppel-row,  New 
Hoad,  London. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Chelsea,  by  special  apppintmei^t  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R,  H.  Prince  Albert.  — ORNAMENT AL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  aud  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
China,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese,  ShieldraUes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winrer  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  gold-ejed  and  dun  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  &.c., 
domesticated  and  pinioned  :  aKo  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Malay, 
Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  Fowls;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  ani  pure  China  Pigs ;  and  at  3,  Ualf-moon 
Passage,  Gracechurch-etreet,  London. 


FOR    WATERIWG     GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED    INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE-PIPES. 


TAMES    LYNE    HANCOCK   (Sole   Licensee  and) 

rr  ManDFACTOBER.    GOEWELt,   lloAD,     LoNDON. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  tor  Waierine  Gardens,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  rackine  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Gai  Lamijs,  and  all  purposes  where  a  p-rf^-ctly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  requirt-d.  T'ley  are  particularly 
Buitah'e  for  Fire  Encines,  and  are  found  'xoeedingly  useful  in 
Dwelliui'-hounes  for  conveying  Hotor  C^id  Wateno  Baths,  &c. 

""se  Roels  for  winding-up  au'i  wheeling  a^vay  long  lengths 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheip  wicker  work. 

N.  B. —Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Gardtn  Hose,  titted  up  with 
Roses,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
to  a'tach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterna. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  Hancock,  GoswellMewfl, 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  inimedm'B  attention. 


PGGS  OF  THE  PURE  AYLESBURY  DUCKS,  &c. 

J-^  —The  Advertiser  has  for  sale  a  few  Settings  of  Eggs  of 
the  following,  which  he  can  warrant  of  the  purest  breed-  — 
Aylesbury  Ducks,  Gs.  per  dozen ;  Dorking  Fowls,  pare,  43. 
per  dozen. 

A  few  fine  Aylesbury  Drakes,  Sa.  Gd.  each  ;  Dorking  PowIa, 
pure,  10s.  per  couple;  two  pure  bred  Shanghai  Cochin  China 
Cocks,  10  months  old,  at  155.  eauh,     Pwckare  included. 

Orders  accompanied  by  Post-ofiBce  orders  or  reference 
addressed  to  Isaac  Brcnnino,  North-end,  Great  Yarmouth] 
will  receive  promp";  attenticn. 

CHOICE   POULTRY    EGGS    FOR    HATCHING, 
OOLD  and  SILVER  PHEASANTS  (six  pair),  for 

^-J  Sale  ;  als-o,  Shanghai  Fowl  Eggs,  from  the  parent  stock, 
which  ob:ained  a  prize  at  Birmingham;  alar>.  Cochin  China 
Eggs,  8s.  for  H;  white-faced  Spanish,  Polish,  and  Sebright 
Bantams,  63,  ;  and  China  Silk  Fowl  Eggs,  2iis.  per  dozen.  A 
remittance  to  accompany  all  orders,  and  letters  to  enclose 
stamp.- W,  Toenee,  Tufnell  Park,  Hodoway,  London,  No 
charge  for  package. 


FRUIT   TREES,   POULTRY,   ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  for  protecting 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blighf.  and  birdw,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  John  King  Fabl  w's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked-lane,  l.ondon-bridge,  at  l^d. 
yard  wide,  3d.  two  yards  wide,  or  Gd.  four  jards  wide.  All 
orders  above  205.  atcompanied  wiih  Post-oflBce  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carriage  free. 


OENJAMINf.EDGINGTON  respectfully  informs  the 

-»-'  public  he  has  at  length  been  successful  in  obtaining  a 
Warehouse  sufficiently  lofty  and  extensive  to  show  at  one  view 
Tents  of  different  character  and  description,  and  invites  all 
who  are  in  want  of  Tents,  for  EraigratioD,  Floral  and  Hoa- 
TicDLTDRAL  SOCIETIES,  Or  for  Gatdeu  Lawns,  to  a  private  view 
at  No  2,  Duke-strtet,  Southwark,  where  every  information  and 
explanation  will  be  given. 

NETTING  and  BUNTING  for  Fruit  Trees,  &e. 


GIDNEY'S  IMPROVED  PRUSSIAN  HOE.— 
This  exceedingly  useful  garden  implement — so  much  in 
demand,  and  which  has  obtained  the  hr.Ht  piize  at  several  of 
the  tirst  horticultural  meetings,  ai  the  best  and  most  useful 
garden  tool  extant ;  also  teMimoniala  from  the  principal 
horticultural  journals  aud  leadiajj  practical  gardeners — is  now 
ready  Jor  delivery,  and  may  be  obtained  of  any  principal  iron- 
monger, and  Seedsman,  or  of  the  manulacturer,  J.  W.  GlDNET, 
Ironmonger,  East  Dereham,  Noriolk.  Price  (ready  for  use), 
neailj  bandied.  Is.  Gd.  ;  of  whom  may  be  had  the  new  drill 
hoe,  and  tbe  Norfolk  Blom6eld  hoe.  Copies  of  testimonials 
pent  on  application  to  the  manufacturer. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.— 
Horticulturists,  and  all  interested  in  Ganlening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine- DEANK,  DRAT,  and  CO.'S  extensive 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNINti  INPLEMBNTS,  best 
London-made  Garden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 


EGGS  OF  THE  GOLD  PENCILLED  HAMBURGH, 
Silver-pencilled  ditto,  Black-necked  Gold-^pangled  Ham- 
burgh (commonly  called  Capf.  CrarainerV  Pheasant  Fowls) 
2s.  Gd.  a  set  of  13.  packttge  included.  Spotted  Dorkings,  5y, 
a  get. — Apply  to  J.  Walker,  jun.,  E^eston,  near  Nottingham. 


Garden  Scrapers        Mowing  Machines 
Gidoey's     Prussian    Pickaxes 

Hoe  Potato  Forks 

Grape  Gatherers  iSs    Prunieg  Bills 

Scissors  „    KniveSjvarions 

Gravel  RakeS'  and       „     Saws 

Sieves  „     Scissors 

Greenhouse     Doors       „     Shears' 

and  Frames  Rakes  in  great  va- 

Hammers  riety 

Haiid-Klass  Frames    Reaping  Hooks 
Hay  Knives  ."^cyihes 

Horticultural  Ham-   Scythe  Stones 

merd  Sm  Hatchets     Shears,  various 
Hoes  of  every  pat-   Sickles 

tern  Sickle  Saws 

Hotbed  Handles         Spades  and  ShoTCls 
Ladies' Set  of  Tools   Spuds 
Labels,  various  pat-   Switch  Hooks 

terns,     in     Zini-,    Thistle  Hooks 

Porcelain,  Ac,  TranHplanting  Tools 

Lines  and  Heels  Trowels 

Marking  Ink  Tmfiiig  Irons 

Mattocks  Wall  Nails 

Menogr.ipbs  Watering  pots 

Metallic  Wire  Weed  Hooks  j 

Milton  Hatchets  Wh-'elbarrows 

Mole  Traps  Youths'  Set  of  Tools    j 

DEANE,  DRAT,  AND  CO.  are  sole  Acren's  for  LINQHAM'S 
PERMANENT  LABELS,  ean^ples  of  which,  with  their  IlJus- 
trated  List  of  Horticultu.-al  Tools,  can  be  sent,  post  paid,  to 
anv  part  of  the  Uidted  KiuEdom,  Als".  wo.ile.'^ale  and  Retail 
Agents  for  SATNOR'S  celebrated  PUUNING  KNIVES,  used 
exclusively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  Utiiteri  Kingdom, 
DEANE,  DRAT,  and  CO.  (Opening  to  the  Monument), 

London  Bridge. 


Averuncators 

Axes 

Bagging  Hooks 

Bills 

Borders,  various 
patterns 

Botanical  Boxes 

Brown's  Patent  Fu- 
migator 

Cases  of  Pruning  In- 
struments 

Daisy  Rakes 

Dibbles 

Dock  Spuds 

Draining  Tools 

Edging  Irons  and 
Shears 

Flower  Scissors 
,,       Stands     in 
Wires  ds  Iron 

Fumigators 

Galvanic  Borders 
and  Plant  Pro- 
tectors 

Garden  Chairs  and 
Seats 
,,    Loops 
Rollers 


14—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


00  ■> 


Sialcs  bn  auction. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  EXHIBITORS,  AND  OTHERS. 
-i\,TESSRS.  PROTllEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
iVi  struf.e.1  by  llr.  A.vre«.  »tiois  deoliiins  the  cultivat.™ 
ofhird  wooded  elaots,  to  offer  for  8ile  at  the  Auction  Nurt 
o"TUES^AY^^b^^d  WEDNESDAY  7,h*pri^^^^ 
oVlock  preciselv,  a  choice  assortment  of  S  TOVE  and  ORCEX- 
SOUSE  PLANTS,  coraprUine  speoimens  many  of  them  fit 
S?eibibUion  of 'Azaleas.  Camellias.  Ericas,  Eriostemotis, 
PimeLar  CBllwjnais.  Genistas,  Aphelexi-,  S.ephano.i., 
s'y^>ocarnU5,  Escallonias,  Epacris,  Z.chyas,  Cordas,  D.elytra 
spectabllia,  Auathosma  Bossias,  iic,  ic  .  w.th  a  choice 
assortment  of  the  same  kinds  in  smaller  plants.  Also 
a  choice  assortment  of  Sbo-v  and  Fancy  Pelargoniums, 
comp?Bint!  the  folloninf  Itinds :- FANCits :  Alb. ni.  Ad- 
mirable, Bouquet  tout  Fait,  Fairy  Qieen,  Formosa,  Hero 
of  Surrey,  Iiolinskii,  Jenny  Lind,  Magnihca,  l<c.  —  Snow  : 
Aias,  Alderman,  Alonzo,  Beiuly  of  Montpelier,  Brilliant, 
Cardinal,  Centurion,  Conspicoum,  Constance,  Cracker,  Cru. 
sttdor  Elegaos.  Field  Marshal,  Flavia.  Generalissimo,  Isib, 
Lord  Stanley.  Masnificent,  May  Queen.  Nectar  Cup,  Nonsuch, 
Ooallatum,  Oaiiine,  Prince  Arthur,  Prince  of  Orange,  Sala- 
mander, Satis'action,  Stir.  Virjin  Queen,  if.,  with  a  choice 
co.l.iction  of  Cioeraries.  Verl.enas,  many  of  them  blooming 
and  named  sorts,  and  fit  fur  immediate  effect. 

Messrs.  P.  and  M.  beg  to  direct  special  attention  to  these 
plants  as  beins  such  as  are  rarely  offered  at  the  Mart,  and 
Tyill  be  sold  without  any  reserye.  The  specimen  plants  will 
be  sold  sinsly,  and  the  others  arranged  in  lots  suitable  to 
both  large  and  small  purchasers.  May  be  yiewed  the  morning 
of  Sale.  Cit  ilogues  may  be  had  of  Mr.  AyRES,  Brooklands 
Nursery.  BIscUheath  ;  at' the  Mart;  and  of  the  Auctioneers. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
TV/rESSKS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  will  Sell  by 

J-'J-  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  iianholomew-'ane,  on  THUIIS- 
D^Y,  Aprils,  at  liJ  o'clock,  a  first-rate  collection  of  Carna- 
tions and  Piootees,  also  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Dahlias 
in  dry  roots,  Verbenas,  Fuchsias,  American  Plants,  with  a 
variety  of  Plants  in  bloom.  May  be  yiewed  the  morniOK  of 
sale  — Cai;3loi;ues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
Ameiican  Nursery.  Leytonstone,  EsseJt.  


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  wint.^r  months  sliou'd  cun- 
Blrnct  their  Walks  of  PORTLAN  D  CEMENT  CONCRETE,! 
which  are  formed  thus :— Sireen  the  grnyel  of  which  the  path  ] 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  niix'd  with  it,  and  I 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  bo  laid  on  2  inchesthick.  Anylabourer 
can  mix  ami  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  us  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it.  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  neces^arv,  as  water  does  not  soak  through 
it  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 
Manuf.icturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  Mill- 
bank.Btreet,  Westminster. 


/GALVANISED'    WiRE      GAME     NETTING.— 


"  TOGENTLEMEN.   FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sub- 
mit to  public  co'np^ti  ion,  at  the  Mart,  Bar*hulomew- 
lone,  on  MONDAY,  April  5ih.  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-class  Col- 
lection of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  standard  and  dwarf  Roses, 
Lancashire  Gooseberries,  and  Dahlias  in  dry  roots,  the  pro. 
perty  of  Mr.  Willmer.— May  bo  viewid,  and  Catalogues  had  at 
the  Hart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leyton- 
stone, Essex^ 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
A    FIRST-RATE    COLLECTION    OF    CARNATIONS    AND 
PICOTEES. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room  3S.  King-street,  Coveut-gavdeo,  on  THURS- 
DAY April  8.  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  without  reserye,  the  surplus 
stock  of  CARNATIONS  a..d  PICOTEES  of  the  well  known 
growers  Messrs.  Y'ouelland  Co.,includi'ig,  Carnations  :  Flora's 
Garland.  Puxlej's  Prince  Albert,  Count  Paulina,  Knosthorp  Pet, 
Lord  of  the  Manor,  Baud!'. 's  Louis  Napoleon,  Jic.  Picotees: 
Gem,  Jutiet.  Wildman's  Isabella,  Lady  Smith,  Heroine,  &c. 
Yellow  Picotees:  Malvolio,  Malay  Chief,  Eclipse,  &c.  — May 
be  yiewed  the  day  before  the  sale,  and  Catalogues  forwarded  on 
prepaid  spplica-ion  to  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  33,  King-street, 
vcvetlt-garden.  London.  

To    GENTLEMEN.    FLORISTS.   AND    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  RAWLINGS  and  GIBSON  will  Sell  by 
Auction,  ac  the  Mart,  Barilioioraew.lane,  on  WEDNES- 
D\Y,  April  7tb,  1S52,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clocb,  a 
firsT-T3te  Collection  ot  CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES  (the 
property  of  a  celebrated  grower),  comprieing  aJl  ihu  leading 
varieties;  also  a  sidendid  assortment  of  Djhllas.  Fuchsias, 
V^rbeuan,  Geraoiam?,  &c.,  a  valuable a-porlment  of  Herbaceous 
PUatf,  and  collections  of  Vegetable  and  Flower  Seeds.  May 
lie  vievreii  the  m  iriiing  of  sale  ;  and  Catalogues  had  at  the 
Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Ebenezer  Nursery,  SUacklewell, 

London. 

JilsUOi*  illDULEllAM,  NEAR  FEKUY   MILL  STATION, 

IN   TOE    COPNTT   OF   DnRHAM. 

VERY  IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  PURE  BRED  SHORT  HORNS. 
A/I  R.  WETHERELL  has  received  instructions  from 
lAX  G.  D.  TBoTTEa.  E^q.,  of  Bi^hup  Middltham,  to  Sell  by 
Auction,  on  TUESDAY,  ihe  llth  day  of  May  next,  wifrout 
reserve,  his  eotire  HERD  of  SHORT  HORNS,  con  =  is'iDg  ot" 
70  lota.  In  off'^riiig  this  Eerd  for  unreserved  public  com- 
petition,  Mr.  Wethj-Bell  begs  to  remark  that  Mr.  Trotter  has 
h'ten  a  very  succes-fut  cinptitiior  at  rhe  meetings  of  the  Kf^yal 
Agricu'tural  S'jcifciy  of  England  and  other  Agricultural  Socie- 
ties, and  amongst  them  m;in3  first-clasg  prize  aniniJilB  are  to 
he  foand.  From  artcent  iu-peution,  he  can  with  confidence 
say,  they  are  an  txtraordinanly  good  herd,  ot  tirst-rate  quality, 
.^nd  is  certain  the  most  fas'idiuua  connoisseur  cannot  fail  to  be 
KcatiBed,  Mr.  T.  having  Iiad,  for  the  last  15  years,  the  unre- 
Mrlcted  privilege  of  u«ing  all  the  Balls  of  the  late  Mr.  Bates. 
The  youDg  stock  are  by  the  third  Duke  of  York  (1016G)  ;  and 
mu«t  of  the  Ctws  and  Heifers  are  in  calf  to  the  same  Ball,  aod 
nro  told  in  con«equen<'e  of  Mr.  Trotter  having  entered  into 
«n.(agemcntt  which  entirely  preclude  his  giving  that  attention 
to  the  herd  which  he  flQds  requi-ie.  N.B.  The  Herd  may  be 
fie<jnacany  time.  Catalogues  areretidy,  and  may  be  had  of  G.  D. 
1  KftTTEK.  E'q  .  and  nf  Mr.  We.thf.bei,l — Durham,  April  3. 


7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


TO  MARKET  GARDENERS.  HOTEL-KEEPERS, 

AND  OTHERS. 

''j'^O    BE  LET,  at   Twickenham,   near    the    Railway 

-L  Station,  the  large,  well-stocked,  and  produritive  GAltbEN 
of  the  late  Sir  Juvatrah  Wathem  Wallee.  It  embraces 
upwards  of  3  acna,  has  four  GraptriCH.  and  a  rani;e  of  Pine 
I'll!,  All  In  perfect  order,  aod  the  walls  extend  upwards  of 
IflOO  feet.  There  U  on  the  ground  a  comoaodious  COTTAGE, 
-c -n'liiDing  1')  rooms  iti  excellent  repair,  and  fitted  up  with 
WatcC'CloieU,  and  other  comfurtdble  convenienceH,  having 
Iwea  occupied  a*  fummer  lodningii  for  the  family  of  the  late 
pruprletor.  At  preient  thy  whol^  ^r mud  U  under  crop.  Ilent, 
iac\adiag  Cu'.iHge  aod  Out-huihltngH,  7HI.  per  annum.— Apply 
tnJtHUt  Clark  'Jt.  flilliur.^tr-'et.  l^fuUm. 


ADULTERATION    OF    FOOD. 

HENRY    IJAKEI;,    OcriciA.v,    UO,    Hatton-garden, 
London,    h- gi  to    '-■■.11    ua.:rilion    lo    his    AOJI  KO.M -VTiC 
MIGKOHCOl'KS  (warranwd  good),  which  will  be  exchangi-d  If 
fiM«p|>r<iTed  of.     Th»-fte  In^iruruerits  wUldeflac  theclrculiaion 
oftheJfloo'l  In  ih-i  Frog's   F  "ti,  the  Saw  In  the  Sting  of  the 
Wasp,  the  Comb  in  the  Kplder's  F(M>t,  the  hL-amiful  tornt  and 
vincti''*  of  Tolen  In  Fionrr^  and  their  Hiruoturc,  the  Hcalcs 
ot    U"  ^i•ln^^^tty\  wing,  rind  also,  lo  many  instiinces,  ndultera- 
'1.     It  l4  ii  vrry  ln'(T«itlUig. companion,  ami  will  pium 
.    y  mnny  u  IriMuru  hour,  the  fond  for  obxervntltin 
y  i.i.ustlM«.     Phcfl  for  No,  1.  ai.  Via. ;  No,  '2.  hi   15*.  ; 
■  •  •  ^,  :*(.  \\)i.     A  d'-ocrlp'ivo    It'udc  ft"iit  (»o*t  free,  on  rcc«'lpt  of 
thffMpo^t^Ke  staiiipi.    Frepured  objectfl,  i'it.;   Injected  do., 
^'■'.Itrdnen. 


IRON    HURDLES.   FENCING,    ETC. 
QTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 

^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwarlt,  beg  to 
inform  thtir  friends  and  the  public  generully  they  are  now 
manufacturing  Iron  Hurdlefl,  at  the  following  low  prices  :— For 
hbeo|),  fi  ft.  lung  3  ft.  hi«h,  5  bars,  85.  'id.  each  ;  and  for  cattle, 
fi  fr..  long,  3  ff.  3  in.  high.  5  bars,  'is.  Gd.  each. 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2.iTicbmesh,Ught,  24  inches  wide  ...  7rf.peryd.    5d.-peryA. 
2-inoh      ,,       strong  ,,  ...     9        ,,  G.\      ,, 

2.inch     ,,      extra  strong  ,,  ...12        ,,  9       ,, 

Ig-inch      ,,      light  ,,  ...     8        ,,  6        ,, 

1^-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10       ,,  8        ,, 

l|-inch      ,,       extrastrong    ,,  ...  14        ,,  11        ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upperhalf  ia  a  coarse  meah,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pbeasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  poRtfree. 

Manufactured  by  BAKNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter, 
borough,  Hull,  or  Npwcastle. 


'X'Hli  ROYAL  EXl-lIBITION.— A  valuable,  newly 

-iL  invented,  very  small,  powerful,  wai^itcoit-pocket  Glass 
the  size  of  a  Walnut,  to  discern  minute  obj  cts  at  a  distance 
of  4  to  5  iiiilen.  which  13  found  to  he  invaluable  for  Y  AOUTING 
and  toSp01lT:5\fEN,  GBSTLEMEN,  aod  GaM -;KKePER3' 
TELESCOPRS.— A  new  aod  most  important  IN  MENTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  po'sessing  euch  extraordinary  powers  that 
some,  3^  inuhes,  with  an  extra  oye-piece,  will  sliow  distinctly 
Jupiter's  moous,  Saturn's  ring,  and  the  double  starn.  They 
supersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes— for  the  Waist- 
coat-pocket, Shooting.  Milittry  purp'j>ie9,  Jic.  Opera  and 
Race-cjurse  Glisses  with  wonderful  power?  ;  a  minu'e  object 
can  be  clearly  seen  from  10  to  12  mileti  distant.— Invaluable 
Acoustic  lustramen^s,  for  re  ief  o(  extreme  Deafness.  —  Mosare, 
S.  and  B.  Solosionh,  Opticians  aod  Aurista,  39,  Albeinarl 
street,  oppottito  the  York  flotol,  London. 

NEW    SHORT  PARSNIP    FOR  SHALLOW  OR 
POOR  SOILS. 

TJiis  will  he  found  a  valuable  root  for  the  above-named 
soils,  and  requires  very  Utile  labour  either  i/n  ciUtlvalion 
or  in  puUinff. 

Bein^  quite  new,  the  seed  is  scarce ;  price  10s,  per  lb.  Should 
be  drilled  6  lbs.  to  the  acre. 

Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berlts. 

NEW  FARM  S'EEDS.^The  attention  of  all  enoaged 
in  Farming  Operations  is  respectfully  directed  to 
the  Advertisement  of  Messrs.  Wm.  E.  Rekdle  and  Co., 
Plymouth,  which  appeared  on  the  hack  page  of  this  News- 
paper on  Saturday,  March  27 i  page  20ii. 
Our  Geneiral   X>esorlptive    Price  Catalogue  cf 

S*arm  Seeds 

Is  now  ready,  and  can  be  bad  in  eschimgeforone  penny  stamp. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Uendle  and  Uo., 

Seed  Merchants    Plymouth. 
ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard 


^ — '-ftp 


AND       POULTRY 
g  yard ; 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised, 

24  in.  Tvide,  2  in.  raesb,  7d.  per  yard.        ...        5d.  per  yard. 
30  in.     „       2  in.     „         M.         „  ...         6Jd.         „ 

36  in.     ,,       2  in.     ,,       lo^d,       ,,  ...         T^d.        ,, 

48  in.     ,,       2  in.     ,,       Is.  2d.     ,.  ...       IQd.  ,, 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  eize  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  f>hown  at  the  "  Grent  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  co 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durabh*  appe^ranco;  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high. 
Is.  Gd.  and  2s  3d.  per  yard.  ALo  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Hods,  Garden  Arch'-Si  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tjins  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing. 
Hurdles,  and  everj  description  of  Wire  Work  lor  Horticultural 
purposes — Illustrated  Cataloi/ues  of  Patterns  forwiirded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox.  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Sliinner-etreet,-and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  (rom  frost,  b'ight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fresh-eown  seeds,  either  in  gardens  rr  fields,  ab  Id.  per 
square  jard,  200  ysrds  for  14^.,  5UU  yards  for  3ns.,  lOOO  yards 
for  50s. ;  waxed  Netting  for  Aviaries,  &c.,  at  3d.  per  square 
yard.  Scrim  canvass  for  wall  fruit,  netiiog  for  sheep-folds  ;  a 
considerable  savifig  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles. 
Sun  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  clotha,  with  poles,  itc. 
Marquees,  tents,  awniogs.  and  temporary  rooms, with  boarded 
floors,  elegantly  lined  and  lifjh'ed  for  letes,  &c.,  on  sale  or 
hire,  Carri;ige,  curt,  and  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furniti.re  in  change  of  residence,  &c. 
Tarpanlingc  on  hire  for  houHew  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
KDGINGTON  &  Co,'?,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  aud  inquiries  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 


HALL'S  GARDEN  NETS,  Light  and  Durable.— 
Best  Protection  agaiuf-i  Frost,  HuiI,  and  Wind  ;  also  from 
Wasps  and  Insects;  and  good  for  outside  shades  of  Green- 
housee,  &,c. 

All  55  Tnchrb  Wide. 

No.  1,  per  yard    6Ad.  I  No.  3,  per  yard    7d. 

„    2,         „  Gd.    \    „    4,         ,,  7d. 

To  be  had  in  London  of  Mr,  Benjamin  Edoinoton,  2,  Duke- 
streot,  Southwark ;  MeHsrs.  Chablwood  and  Commins,  14, 
Tavistock-row,  Covent-garden ;  MepMrs.  Miuier,  Naph  and 
Nash,  60,  Strand  ;  Met'sr*-.  Ndttino  and  Sons,  Cbcanf-ide ;  also 
of  the  princi|»al  Nurs.  ryraen  and  Seedsmen  in  Edinburgh, 
Dublin,  Manchester,  Liverpool,  Chester,  Norwich,  djc.,  &c, 
Muuchester,  April  S. 


/  "RESTS  AND  OTHER  ORNA- 
KJ  MKNTS  for  tlie  PIERS  of 
PARK  KNTKANCES,ai'e  executed 
in  Artificial  Stone,  by 

J.    S  E  E  L  E  Y, 

NEW  KOAI),  UEUENT'S  I'ARK, 
LONDON. 


COTTAGE     STOVE. 
rjRIFFIN'S      ECONOMIC      COTTAGE      STOVE 

^  *  eMiii|irt»i-H  iin  o|i(in  riro  pliico,  ovm.  biilur,  ironing;  h'ovh, 
find  an  apuriure  for  tli<!  eini"Hluii  of  warm  air,  l*ri(H)  \l,  lU'.  f'd- 
for  -i  ft-et  upcnhtgH,  and  otlnu-  nlzoi  in  proportion,  dulivurud  ut 
Kaiihury.  All  ordcrH  hikI  iippllrutionH  aro  DMiuchtcd  to  bo 
Addrosved  to  William  Omvein,  EydoD,  Davuiilry. 


EPPS'S  NEW  SEEDLING  FUCHSIAS 
"STANDARD  OF  PERFECTION,"  and  "NOVELTY," 
the  most  disiiLct  and  beautilul  varieties  that  have  ever  been, 
offered  ;  they  are  highly  spoken  of,  and  described  in  the  Gar- 
deners^ Chronic  €,  Out.  25,  1851;  in  the  "Cottage  Gardener," 
I'ct.  25,  1S51 ;  and  in  Glenn>'s  "  Garden  Alminack"  for  1852. 
Strong  plants  will  be  forwarded  on  the  30th  April.  A  Hat  of 
the  trade  that  have  ordered  and  can  tupply  plants  will  be 
advertised  next  week.  Agents,  Hurst  and  M'Mullen,  Leaden- 
hall. s'reet    Lond'in. — Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone.  April  3, 


NEW   AND    CHOICE   FLOWER   SEEDS, 

FllEE  BY  POST. 

MESSRS.  WHEELER  and  SON  liave  selected  out 
of  their  large  co'.lei  tion  of  Flower  Seeds  the  most 
beautiful  and  tbowy  varieties,  each  sort  distinct  in  colour,  and 
calculated  to  produce  a  fine  eff  ct  when  plamed  out  in  beds  or 
groups  in  the  flower-garden.  They  have  raarkfd  each  variety 
with  its  Botanical  and  English  Name— Height — Time  of '■"lower- 
ing. — Colour  of  the  Flower — Mitnner  of  Growing — Whether 
Erect  or  Trailingj  &c.— the  Time  it  should  be  sown,  aud  with 
other  valu'-ible  Hims  as  to  its  cultivation. 

In  seloctiug  these  varie'ies  care  has  bepn  taken  to  exclade 
all  shy-bloomers,  or  BUch  which  have  an  insignihcant  appear- 
ance, so  that  the  collections  will  ciraprirtc  only  those  which 
are  really  showy  and  handsome,  and  wliich  prove  to  the  entire 
sHtisfaciion  of  any  lady  or  gentleman  who  might  be  disposed 
to  or.ier  ihem.  The  GBRMAN  STOCKS,  ASTERS.  ZINNIAS, 
LaRKSFUUS,  ttc,  are  most  superb.  The  coUectums  wilt  be 
sent  free  by  post  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom  at  the  following 
prices:— 2i)  Bxtra  Fine  Varieiiea,  all  diatiuct,  6s,  ;  50  ditto 
ditto,  lOfl.  Gd. ;  100  ditto  ditto,  2'ts. 

J.  C.  Whlelek  and  Son,  !)9,  Northgatc-street,  Gloucester. 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucestershire  Agricultural 
Society. 


PI  N  ES. — A    Gentleman   who    is    discontiimiug    the 
l>rowth   of  Pities,  is  desirous  of  disposing   of  his  Stock, 
consisting  of  '-ibout  Three  dozen  fine  Planta,  part  in  fruit. 
Apply  to  O.  VV.,  Post-ofiice,  Bexley  Heath,  Kent. 

rpiia  MAGNIFICENT  DAHLIA  GREEN  "SCAR- 

-JL  LET  KING"  is  placed  fir.-^tinthe  "Garden  Almanac," 
which  rarelv  errs.  The  Oardcners'  Chronicle  t^ays  "It  has 
the  farm  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  the  colour  of  John 
Edwiird."  Mr.  Glenny,  Lhyd's  Weekly  Newspaper  (^\y\nv.\\  circu- 
lates 70,00(1).  quotes  and  confiims  the  Chronide.  Plants  in 
May,  10s.  Gd.  ;  dry  roots  in  October,  21^.  — Order  of  any 
Nurseryman,  or  of  the  Agent,  84,  Fleet-street,  London. 

I  R  EL  A  N  D. 

JOHN  EDMONDSON,  and  Co.,  Seedsmen,  61, 
Dimie-9tieft,  Dublin,  heir  to  call  attention  to  their  Stock 
of  VEGETABLE  and  FLOWER  SEEDS,  which  have  been 
carefully  sekcted  frcm  growers  of  acknowledged  merit,  and 
they  respectfully  solicit  the  favour-of  a. trial. ,  Catalogues  poat- 

free,  on  application. ^  ___ 

Comer  of  Half -Moqu.  street,  PicoadVXy. 
PERMANENT     GRASS     SEED. 

THOMAS  GIRBS  and  CO.,  Seedsmen  to  the 
"ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND," 
Ac,  having  lor  upwards  of  TiO  jears  paid  particulur  atientiou  to 
L'i\ing  down  Laud  t-j  PBRMANENT  MEADOW  and  PAS- 
TURE,  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agi'iculturieta  to  Ihe  fol- 
lowing Mixtures,  which  will  be  apportioned  to  suit  the  nature 
of  the  soil:  — 
Mixtures   for    PERMANENT   MEADOW  AND  PASTURE,  in-, 

eluding  Perennial  Clovpr. 
Mixtures  for  PAlUvS,  FIELD  LAWNS,  or  Portions  of:  Grass 

Land  near  to  Mansions, 
Mixtures  fir  UPLAND  SIIKEP  WALKS  and  DOWNS. 
Mixtures  for  FINE  GARDEN  LAWNS  and  GRASS-F'LOTS. 
Alho  to  their  White  Uulgian  and  other  Carrots ;  Wllow  or 
Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzol,  Long  Rod  ditto,  and  other 
kinds  ;  Swedes,  Hybrids,  and  other  Turnips  ;  Italian  and 
other  llyegnif-seB.  Clovers,  &c. ;  and  their  general  collection 
of  AgHciilturnl  and  other  SeedH. 

TnoMAs  Ginii-*  mid  Co.,  SeeiUmon  to  the  R.A.S.E.,  corner 
of  Half-Moon-Btreet    Ph'ondUly,  London. 
PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITaE,of  EsLstlinp;,  Favereham 
Krrit,  inforniH  tho  public.  ih;it  Ids  ndxturcH  of  the 
NATURAL  GRASSES  and  SMALL  CLOVERS,  gathered  prin- 
cipally undur  his  fluperlntenrienco.  Including  cvt-ry  sort  iieoee- 
Biiiy  to  form  n  Permanent  Pasluro,  accordant  with  thu  Boll,  d!C. 
(wlili;!)  hhouhl  hu  p  irticulnrly  Htati-dt,  are  now  n-ndy  to  bo 
flolivired  by  Unllwuy  to  nny  Sriitloii  In  England,  Carriage  Free, 
lit  yiji.  piT  aero,  iillowiiii;  11  huHlii'lFi  per  aero. 
MIXTURES  I'OR  LAWNS,  &.V,.  THE  TRADE  SUPPLIED. 
Any  iiiloniiatioii  on  the  tuiluio  tun)  propcrticD  of  the  GrasBe», 
the  Advcrilbcr  would  bo  plvaeud  to  give. 


224 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GA.ZETTE.       fAPRiL  3. 


^ESMAMEMT    PASTURE  ANB    OTHER    GRASSES, 


SUITED  TO  THE  SOILS    REQUIRED. 


d. 


BASS      AND      BROWN 

BEG   TO    OFFER  THEIR   VERY  SUPERIOR    MIXTURES,  as   under,  for  laying   down    Permanent 
Fiistures,  iSic.     Their  Agricultural  Seed  List,  wliicli  contains  the  sorts  separately  priced,  may  be  had  prepaid, 

Per  acre.— 5. 
MIXTURES  FOR  PERMANENT  PASTURE  ON  LISIIT  LANDS,  allowing  3  bushels  and  9  lbs.  to  each  acre    24 

HISTiritES  FOR  DITTO,  ON  HEAVY  LANDS        27    o 

MIXTURES  FOR  PARKS  OB  PERMANBNT  LAWN  PASTURES       28a.  to  32    0 

MIXTURES  FOR  FI-JE  LAWNS,  BOWLING  GREENS,  &c 34s.  to  38    0 

MIXT'IKES  FOR  MARSHY  GROUNDS,  or  ,Meatlo»3  subjecttoflood ...  24s.  to  28     0 

MIXTURES  roil  ORCHAROS,  Jjc,  much  overshaded  by  trees 24s.  to  30    0 

MIXTURR3  FOR  ROILS  OF  ALL  DESCRIPTIO.NS,  to  be  laid  down  with  the  proper  kinda  and  proportions  requisite. 

MIXTURE  FOR  RENOVATING  OLD  PASTURES,  per  lb 0  10 

MIXTURE  FOR  FINE  LAWNS  IN  FLOWER  GARDENS,  per  lb 1    0 

Our  locality,  and  our  long  experience  and  practice  in  collecting  several  species  and  Icitids  of  (lie  Grasses  natural 
to  our  own  neighbourhood,  for  a  considerable  distance  round,  enables  its  to  supply  them  either  separately  or  in 
mixtures  as  low  as  any  house  in  the  trade.  We  also  import  many  of  the  most  useful  sorts  from  the  Continent,  and 
some  we  receive  from  other  localities. 

Our  Collection  consists  of  all  the  most  useful  and  best  kinds  for  tlie  purposes  required.     Tlie  mixtures  will  be 

found  excellent,  and  have  given  the  highest  satisfaction.  Per  bushel s.  d. 

TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE  GRASS,  Enfflish  and  imported 5s.  6<i.  to  7    0 

FINK  SCOrCH  PACEY  AND  OO.MMO.V  RYE.GRASSES         43.        to  6    0 

STIOKNEY'S  I.yPROVED  RYB-SRASS        C    G 

LUCERNE,  ALSIKE,  SUCKLING.  AND  OTHER  CLOVERS. 
DRUMHB  AD  C  ABB  AGE  ;  also  True  Stocks  of  all  the  best  rarities  o(  TURNIPS,  MANGOLD  W  URZ  EL,  .tc,  at  the  lowest  prices 

EVERY   DESCRIPTION    OF  AGRICULTURAL  AND   GARDEN    SEEDS. 

OUR  GENERAL  DESCRIPTIVE  SEED  AND  PLANT  LIST  FOR  1852, 

CONTAINING  36  PAGES,  SUPPLIED  FREE  BY  POST  FOR  FOUR  PENNY  STAMPS. 

Goods  delivered  Free  to  London,  Colchester,  Ipswich,  Horwich,  or  any  Station  on 

the  same  Line  of  Railway.    

SEED  AND   HORTICULTURAL   ESTABLISHMENT,  SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 
ESTABLISHED   ABOUT  HALF  A   CENTURY. 


DTHIC    EIBGE    AND    FURROW    COIBERVATORY, 

BY    J.   W.   THOMSON, 
LANDSCAPE    GARDENER,    HOTHOUSE    DESIGNER  AND    BUILDER, 

HAMMERSMITH. 


3#ll!l|ifTmi|ll[l^ 


EVERY  KIND  OF  HORTICULTURAL  STRUCTURE  Designed,  Erected,  and  Heated  by  Hot  Water, 
cuTnmon  Flues,  and  other  modes,  od  the  most  economical  and  improved  modern  principles.  Testimonials  and  references 
from  noblemen  and  pentlemen  who  have  kindly  patrouised,  for  more  than  15  years  past,  J.  W.  Thomson'g  modera  and  eimple 
mode  of  Constructing,  Building,  Waimini*,  and  Ventilating  Garden  Structures.  He  bega  to  draw  particular  attention  to  his 
newlj-iuveiued  plan  for  moving  all  Lights,  Irsut  and  top,  admittiog  air  by  one  action  or  simultaneously,  at  very  little 
more  expense  ihun  by  the  old  and  inconvenient  mode  of  cords  and  pulleys.  This  simple  plan  can  be  applied  at  a  moderate 
cost  to  liouses  already  ventilated  by  the  old  and  troublesome  cord  and  pulley  nystem. 

J.  W.  Thomson  having  had  full  25  years'  experience  as  a  practical  Horticulturist,  Landscape  Gardener,  and  Garden 
Architect  in  her  Majesti's  Royal  Gardens  at  Windsor,  Kew,  and  other  places,  most  respectfully  solicits  the  favours  and 
patronage  of  uobleineu  and  gentlemen  about  to  form  nevp,  or  to  alter  and  embellish  their  present,  Park,  Gardens,  »tc. 

Plans  and  Jiatimates  tor  remodelling  Parks  and  Gardens,  or  for  Building  and  Heating  Hothouses,  and  other  Garden 
improvements,  furnished  on  application.    Melon  and  Cucumber  Boxes  and  Lights. 


QCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
^-5  EMPEROIt  STOCK,  a  persnuial  species,  and  hardy, 
imO  seeds,  Is. 

CtSERARTA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Pi.infe,  tbat  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  tbcfn  to 
be  Uie  tinerit  tliey  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
5l)l)  of  the  latter,  Is.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTIS  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  vew  beautiful ;  20O  seeds,  Is, 

CALBNDKINIA  UMBELLA.TA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
andmo8thrilli.ini  flowering  of  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds,  Is. 

SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds,  Is, 

Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 

FIRST  CLASS  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  GERANIUMS, 
DAHLIAS,  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  CINERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,     PICOTEES,    AND     CARNATIONS 

r^EORGE    SMITH'S    SELECT    CATALOGUE   is 

V-*  uow  veirfy,  containing  Priced  Lists  of  all  ih'.'  luatJiug 
Kinds  ot  ooth  ohow  and  Fancy  varieties,  in  their  various 
classes. 

G.  S.'s  Seedling  Verbenas,  Fuchsias,  &o.,  are  of  great  merit, 
naviug  tuke  i  uumerous  First-claPS  Certificates,  and  having 
oeen  highly  recommended  by  the  Press.  For  description  see 
Oafalogu.s,  ivluch  will  be  forwarded  on  the  receipt  of  cue 
postage  stump.  ^ 

N.B.  Taylor's  cxceltrnt  "Treatise  on  the  Chrysanthemum," 
If. ;  free  by  post,  Is.  i"d. 

I'oUington  Nursery,  ^yrnsey-road  lalington,  London. 


XTOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  that  the  Partner- 

J-^  ship  heretofore  j-ubsistiog  between  us,  the  undertigoed 
SAMUEL  PAGE  WIDNALL,  and  THOMAS  DAYI3,  as  Nur- 
cserymeu.  Florists,  Seedsmen,  and  Gardeners,  carrying  on 
ousiiiesa  at  Oramchester,  in  the  County  of  Cambridge,  and  at 
the  Boioogh  of  Cambridge,  in  the  same  County,  was  thin  day 
DISSOLVED  by  mutual  consent;  and  that  all  Debts  due  and 
owing  by  and  to  the  said  Firm,  will  be  paid  and  received  by 
the  said  Samdel  Page  Widnall. 
AS'  Witness  our  bunds,  the  31st  day  of  March,  1852. 

SAMUEL  PAGHJ  WIDNALL. 
THOMAS  DAVIS. 


NEW    CALCEOLARIAS. 
j^|R.   HENRY   MAJOR,  Knosthorpe,  near   Leeds, 

i>X  begs  to  announce  that  his  setot  12beautiful  newshrubby 
CALCliOLARIAS  will  be  ready  to  send  out  the  middle  of 
April.  Price  of  the  set,  U.  ;  or  half  the  set,  30s.,  providing  the 
selection  be  let':  to  H.  M.  Very  favourable  opinions  have  been 
obtaiDcd  upon  them,  for  which  see  Descriptive  Lisr,  which 
may  be  had  on  prepaid  application  as  above. 

Twelve  of  H.  M.'s  best  Cilceolorias  (sent  out  last  year),  in- 
cluding two  or  three  iSeedliugs  not  yet  out,  price  25s. 

Choice  Calctolaria  Seed,  2s.  Gd.  per  packet. 

Uubloomed  Seedling  Calceolarias,  saved  from  6neva)ieli*s 
in  parcels  of  20,  at  7s,  fid.  per  parcel;  or  three  parcels,  U.,  post 
free.  They  will  bloom  this  year,  and  will  be  ready  to  send  out 
the  middle  ot  April. 

Firat-rate  show  Pansies.  from  Is.  to  2s.  6d.  each. 

Select  Pansy  Seed,  2,s,  fid.  per  packet. 

From  unknown  coneapondentB  a  remittance  Ifl  reBpectrallj 
requested  with  the  order. 


DWARF     PEAS. 

HAIRS'S    DWARF     MAMMOTH    KNiaHTS, 
acknowledged  the  best  out,  2s,  Gd.  per  quart. 
RTSHOP'S  LONG-PODDED,  Is.  per  quart. 
BURBIDGE'S  ECLIPSE,  Is.  per  quart. 

The  above  Peas  have  been  most  extensively  grown  in  the 
principal  horticultural  establiehments  in  ihe  kingdom,  and 
pronounced  superior  in  every  respect  to  the  tall  growing 
varieties, 

FLOWER    SEEDS. 
ESCIISCnOLTZIA   CALIFORNICA    ALBA,    a    pure  white, 

very  cood,  fid.  per  packet. 
IPQMCEA  BURRIDGII.splendidhardycreeper.Gd.  per  packet. 
SAPONARIA  CALABRICA.  var.  MULTIFLORA,  one  of  the 

best  ht'ddiog  plants  ou'-,  Gd-  per  packet. 
TROP^OLUM  COCCINBUM.  handsome.  6d.  per  packet. 
EUCllNIDEA  BARTONIOIDES,  splendid  yellow,  half-hardy, 

fid.  per  packet. 
GAUItA    LINDHEIMANII,    fine  herbaceous  plant,   Gd.  per 

packet. 

Ddncan  riAiRs  offers  to  the  gardening  world  the  above 
small  selection,  as  being  deservedly  worthv  of  universal  atten- 
tion. Catalogues  of  Garden,  Agricultural,  and  Flower  Seeds 
forwarded  on  application. 

Seedsman  and  Florist,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  109,  St, 
Martin's-Iane,  Londun. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY, SUFFOLK. 

OASS  AND  BROWN'S  ANNUAL  SEED  AND 
"  PL\NT  LIST  pua  1852,  containing  36  pa^es,  now  sup- 
plied, prepaid,  for  four  postage  stamps,  as  the  newspaper- 
8tam|jed  copies  are  distributed.  A  few  more  etamped  copies 
of  the  Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  the  Roses,  Hardy 
Plants,  Climbers,  Prize  Gooseberries,  &,c. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS, 

OF    THE    VEnT    BEST    SORTS    IN    CDLTIVATION, 
ASSORTED    COLLECIIONS,  50s.,  SOa.,  20s..  and  10s.  Cd., 
or  any  sorts  supplied  separate,  at  the  lowest  prices,  for  first- 
rate  quality.     SlO  Catalogue. 

FLOWER    SEEDS, 

FREE   BY   POST. 

Useful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  seeds  sent 

with  each  order. 

BEST    ASSORTMENTS. 

100  varieties  best  and  newest  Annuals £o  15    0 

50  varietits,  8s.  Gd.  ;  30  varieties,  6».  6d. ;  20  varieties     0     4.     (► 
20  varieties  of  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  large  packets, 

fur  filling  out  lawn  beds,  »fcc 0    7    S 

12  varieties,  do 0    5     0 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Annuals   ...    0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 0     5     0 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Perennials    0  10    & 

12  varieties,  do.       ...        ■"        0    7    6 

2(1  varieties  choice  and  new  Biennials  and  Perennials    0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 0    5    0 

CHOICE  IMPORTED  GERMAN  SEEDS. 
A  superb  collection  of  Stocks,  Asters,  "Wallflower,  Larkspur, 
Balsams,  Seneoio,  Zinnia,  Cockscomb,  Indian  Pink,  &c.    See 
Catalogue,  page  4. 

GRASS    SEEDS, 
Assorted  and  mixed,  of  the  very  best  sorts,  for  the  purposes 
required. 

Mixtures  for  Permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and* 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawns,  Bowling-greens,  &c. ;  also  Mixturen 
to  suit  all  soils  and  situations. 

For  priced  List  of  Grasses,   see  our  Seed  and  Plaut  List, 
page  14,  by  which  each  sort  may  be  had  separatelv. 
TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE  GRASS,  ENGLISH  and  IMPORTED. 
ri^-  Our  Mixtures  of  Grasses  have  given  the  highest  satis- 
faction. 

R-^mittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.  Post- 
ofSce  ordera  to  be  made  payable  to  Bass  and  Broww,  or  to 
Stephen  Brown.  Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London,  Ips- 
wich, Norwich,  or  any  station  on  the  same  line. 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


CHEAP    DAHLIAS. 

THE   LARGEST   Sl'OCK  lE^   THE   KINGDOM,    AND' 
BEST    PLANTS. 

HENRY  LEGGE  will  send  out,  the  last  week  in 
April,  all  the  best  sorts  of  last  season,  at  from  9s.  %•)  12s-- 
jier  dozen— all  the  good  older  varieties  from  3s.  to  4s.  per 
dozen  ;  also  his  new  Dahlia,  Lady  Russell,  white,  shaded  rose, 
splendid  form  ;  lOs.  6d,  per  plant. — A  catalogue  can  be  had 
by  application,  enclosing  one  stamp,  to  H.  Llqoe,  Marsh  Side, 
Lower  Edmonton. 

Good  named   Pansies,   48.  per  dozen*;   all    the  heat    Chry- 
santhemums, A',e. 


/^  ENUINE  CATTLE  CABBAGE,  EARLY  BAT- 

yy  TERSEA,  EARLY  VANACK,  LAPvGB  UIPERIAL.  die., 
by  Thomas  Wellano,  Surrey  Gardens,  Godalming,  Surrey, 
packtd  aud  delivered  at  the  Godalming  Station,  3s.  9d.  per 
1000.  The  large  Asiatic  CauUfluwer,  23.  6d.  per  100.  Money 
orders  payable  at  Godalming. 


NEW  DAHLIAS. 
V^*  SPARY,  Nurseryman,  Florist,  and  SeedsmaNj. 
Xli  •  begs  to  anuounce  to  hia  Floriculturul  Friends,  both 
English  and  Forf^ign,  that  he  intends  sending  out  in  May, 
1S52,  the  below-named  DAHLIAS,  which  E.  S.  can  confidently 
recommend  as  constant  and  desirable  show  fljwere. 

ABSOLOM  {Spary'sJ.  — Clear  amber,  first-rate  form,  tine 
pe  al  (an  acquisition  in  its  colour).  Height,  4  feet.  Plants 
10s.  6i. 

VICTORIA  (Cook's).— Pale  primrose,  tipped  with  lilac,  er- 
ouisite  form,  and  good  centre.  To  exhibitors  a  desirable  light 
flower.     lleiL'ht,  4  feet.     lOs.  Gd. 

JOHN  DAVIS  (Cnob's).— Crimson,  occasior.ally  shaded  with 
puce,  symmetrical  flue  form,  high  centre.  Always  to  be  de- 
fended on.     Heigh',  4  feet.     7s.  6d. 

[E.  S.  intends  otfering  Prizes  for  the  above,  at  the  Surrey 
Gardens  September  Show,  1852.] 

ADMIRATION  (Brimmer's).  — A  very  dark  maroon,  tipped 
with  white;  petal  and  form  good.  A  desirable  fancy  show 
flower.     Height,  3  to  4  feet.     7s.  Cd. 

Descriptive  Cata'cgues  of  select;  new  and  old  varieties  may  _ 
be  h-id  on  opplicatiou. 

A  large  assortment  of  plants,  Hambro'  Vines  and  o'her  sorts 
(in  pots),  from  E.  S.'s  celebrated  Graperies— Judson's  Rich- 
mond  Villa,  Hambro*.  HoUhouae  Grapes.  Bouquets,  Cut 
Flowers,  Seeds,  &c. 

Queen's  Graperies  and  Nursery  Ground,  Park-street, 
BriuOKon— April  3,  


rpRUE  EARLY  BATTERSEA,  EARLY  LARGE 

-L  IMPERIAL.  EARLY  YORK,  &^.,  by  TuoBtAs  Welland. 
Sunev  Gardens,  near  Godalming,  Surrey,  packed  and  dehvered 
to  the  Godalming  Station,  3s.  9d.  per  lOOO ;  the  large  Asiatic 
Cauliflowers,  2s.  Cd.  per  lOQ. ^ 

Printed  by  William  Bbapddrt.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place.  Id  the 
p^irisholSt.  Puncras,  andFBKDKRicK  Mollett  Evan  a,  of  ^o.  7.  Cburch- 
row  SloUe  iNewiu-ton  bolb  lu  tlie  County  oi  Middleacx  fnoiers,  at  their 
Oflice  in  Lombard-nreet,  In  the  treciuct  of  Wh■lefriar^  in  the  City  of 
London;  «nd  F^bliahed  by  them  al  tlie  office,  Ko  6,  Cbarlen-atreat.  i'> 
the  psrish  of  St  Paul's,  Covent-Rarden,  In  the  said  County,  v/bere  all 
AdveriitementB  and  CommunlcatlouB  are  to  be  ADDSBasnD  tothb  Bivitob. 
— Satubdat,  April  3,  1552. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley^. 


No.  15—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  10. 


[Price  Gd. 


AeblmeneB 2C!S  i 

A.irrlcultur&l  Soe  of  EnKland..  ^5  t 

AnuualB,  beddiag '229  I 

Aumrnlia,  fruits  ror ?30  ( 

Lacti,  to  srraft  233  i 

l^aleadar.  Horticultural   232  c 

—  A^cuUural 23?  c 

Claas  ehowini; 231  t 

Ulover  ioect     336  c 

Climnie  of  Humpsbire 230  c 

L'ropi,  root  23/  fl 

nuthUra  (Mr.)  garden 231  I 

DAiry  farmers    334  e 

r,t)tonio!o!(icil  Society £31  a 

I'armioc  memoranda SS'i  c 

Fsn  farraine      235  t 

b'ruita,  to  preserTeby  Bteam  ..231   < 

Fniuiitator.  Brown's 229  e 

6rap»,  A.mericaa    232  o 

—  PolouiBed  £tU  f 


Hampshire,  climate  of 230  i 

Horticultural  Society   23n  i 

Land,  transfer  of 233  i 

Ljlaneaa  Society  .,.., ,.,  231  '. 

Uaoure,  straw  as    234  i 

—  liquid    23G  i 

Notes  and  qaeriea   230  i 

Orchid  roots 229  ( 

PiEfferies.  floors  of 235  i 

Plants,  roc l£  232  i 

—  hardness  of  ereeahouse.,  229  < 

Potato  disease  227  ' 

RiinatHam 230  J 

Rates,  Dursi^rymen's 229  ' 

Sainfoin,  to  sotT     237  ' 

Seed  trade,  Welsh   230  i 

Trombidium  lapldura 2.'S  i 

Trout, to  breed 235  i 

Tiue  culture  •••••  23G  < 

W«edon,  husbandry  235  i 


21,  Reqewt  Street. 

HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 
PRIVILEGED  TICKETS. 
The  Exhibitions  will  take  place  on  the  Second  Saturdays  In 
May,  June,  and  Jaly,  namely, 

MAY  8,  JUNE  12,  JULY  10. 
All  Fellows  who  shall  apply,  on  or  before  Tuesday,  the  20th 
nf  April,  may  obtain,  at  the  PillVILEGED  RATE  of  Three 
ShilliQjs  and  Sixpence  each,  any  number  of  tickets  not 
EXCEEDiNo  FoaTT-EiGHT  ;  but  DO  applica'ion  fur  such  tickets 
will  be  received  after  that  day-  Fel'owi  of  the  Society  subscribing 
fir  tickets  at  this  price  will  be  allowed  a  clear  week  from  the  20th 
}f  April  during  which  they  mat/  claim  them.  After  that  period 
*l,L  TH£  33  Gd.  TICKETS  8DB3CaiBED  FOR,  BDT  NOT  ISSUED,  MAT 
BE  CANCELLED. 

After  the  20th  of  April,  any  further  number  of  tickets  will  be 
delivered  te  Fellows  on  their  ppraonal  application  or  written 
i>rder,  at  the  price  of  Five  Shillings  each  ticliet. 


-y^HE  NATIONAL   TULIP    SOCIETY.— The  next 

-L  AXNDaL  exhibition  ot  tbis  SOCIETY  will  be  held 
at  the  TOWN  HALL,  BUlXirXGHAM,  on  THURSDAY, 
Mat  27.  SeheHalea  may  be  had  on  application  at  the  Office, 
>3,  Uennetfs  Hill. 

The  Entbies  close  on'  the  17th  Instant. 

C.  J.  PeeetI  tt„„    c,„, 
j    Birmingbam,  April  10,  J.  Cole         j  ^°"-  ^^''^• 


rpHE     CHELTENHAM     AND     COUNTY      OF 

J-  GL0UCE3TKR  MONSTRR  EXHIBITION  OF  USEFUL 
nSDOttWAMfiNTAL  POULTRY,  atthe  ROYAL  OLD  '•  .^LS 
:  HELTENHAM  fOpan  to  the  United  Kiogdom).  will  take  place 
5(1  THURSD.\.Y,  the  3d  of  JUNE,  1S52,  at  which  Exhibition 
will  be  given,  in  Cups,  Medals,  and  Specie,  lOD  Sovereigns  as 
"fizo*.  Schedules  to  be  obtained  <'n  application  to  the  Secre- 
ries,  Messrs,  JesS'^p,  BRuTHEns,  Cheltenham,  on  and  after 
e  Ist  of  May,  1852,  and  by  whom  any  further  information  will 
36  given. 


^ru 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,    MARESFIELD, 
NEAR  DOIvFIBLD,  SUSSEX. 
.  WOOD  AND  SON  have  to  offer  the  following : 


Per  dozen — s.  d. 

tIRTSANTHEMnilS,  Continental  varieties     ...Gs.,  9s.  12  0 

JAPrt.NES,  verj  flue      18;.  to  24  0 

TACRIS 12  0 

lERBACKOtISPLANTS,flneoolIeolion,42«.p.l00...6s.to  12  0 

■ENl^TEMONS            6j.  to    9  0 

BLUXES            63.  to    9  0 

Do.            new  Continental  varieties           12  0 

AUUFLOWER  PLANTS,  very  strong,  per  100           ...    4  6 
Plants  presented  for  distant  carriage. 

JOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
lA  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  &c.,  is 
ifct  publitbed,  and  may    be  had   on    application,  enclosing 

postatre    stamps,    to    Mr.   Hosea   Wateeeb,  Knap  Hill 

ery,  Woking,  Surrey. 


f:iEORGE  BAKER'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATA- 
LO'JUE  OP  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFER/E 
0-<ES.  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
KEES,  &t,,  may   be  had  on  application,  by  encJoainjj  two 

o*tjge  stamps^. Windlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


-\OUBLE  ITALIAN  TUBEROSE  ROOTS,  4s. 
1-^  P'^r  d.,zeD.— The  ani.onl  importati'in  of  the  above-named 
enutlful  and  fra,(rant  FloK^r  has  just  been  leceived,   and 

rj,e  and  «ell  selec'i-d  Bulbs  may  bo  obtained,  without  disap. 

.Intmeot,  at  A,  C.iBBETT'e  Forelgo  Wurchotiie,  13,  Pall-mall. 

-V.ll.  Primed  regulations  for  treatment  sent;  also,  just 
rrlTcd.  very  moist  and  open  t'ar.7iasan  Cheeses. 


I7ILL[AM  HUSSEY  bcgn  to  inform  hia  Friends 
»»  and  mo  Public  that  bis  DBSCRIPTIVE  CATALOBUE 
Dahlias,  Claerarius,  Oeraniums,  Hollyhock*,  Verbonas 
'uvh.iat,  Chrysanlbemumt,  CirnatlonS,  PicoteeH,  I'iuKs' 
'amies,  Beddinif  Plants,  Ac.  iic.,  is  now  roQdy,  and  may  bo 
id  lo  exchaoKC  for  one  po.tage  stamp. 

Ilonlcul  oral  tiardeai,  Norwich,  April  10. 

lASS  tm  BROWN'S  SEED  and  PLANT  LIST 
— '  for  185/  (conlaliiInK  3i!  pnge«)  now  sent  prop.iid  fi,r  four 
'*'""¥ ^  *'a"»pSj  as  the  n<-WHp!i|>er-stamped  co|»les  are  dl-po«c<l 
1.  JU,o,  for  t*o  po.tage  siam[fs,  thidr  Au'umn  CaialoKU", 
ontsloi-iK  'he  Hardy  llnrbaceoas  Plants,  llosr:s,  and  various 
iiTCIati'!  n.:w  Hardy  Plant.,  Ollmhera,  lie,  Imp;  for  »nl<i  In 
OU,— 8«td  ai.d  Hortlcul  ural  Establishment,  8udhury,Hiifrolk. 

OULD,  GRAVEL,  TURF.— A  largo  quantity  to 

..  nn'tt??.?'-     ^Pl'ly  "'  ^-  TowaiHD,  NurscryinuD,  Sot. 


VI 


FINE    GRASS    LAWNS. 
'T^HE  importance  of  securing  pure  and  fine  SHORT 

X  GRASSES  FOR  GARDEN  LAWNS  has  for  many  yeara 
enerased  our  special  attention,  and  we  believe  that  SUTTON'S 
FINE  MIXED  LAWN  SEEDS  are  unrivalled. 

The  following  testimony  received  is  only  similar  to  very 
many  others  : — 

From  Arlbigton  Court,  near  Barnstaple,  Devon, 
"  I  shall  always  in  future  send  to  you,  as  the  Grass  Seeds 
proved  entirely  to  my  satisfaction." 

From  Eding,  Thorpe  Rectory,  North  WalsJiam. 
'^TheGraHS  Seed  you  sent  me  was  most  excellent.    Three 
months  ago  I  had  no  lawn  at  all ;  I  have  now  a  close,  short, 
verdant  lawn,  the  wonder  of  my  neighbours." 

These  Grrass  SeccU  will  be  sent  Cairiagc  Free,  accordlug 
to  our  Advertisement  of  March  2'i. 

Price  Is.  dd.  per  lb.  ;  3s.  per  gallon  ;  2ls.  per  bushel. 
Address,  John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Se.ed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 


OENDLE'S  NEW  PLANT  CATALOGUE 
X*  is  just  published,  and  ca7t  he  had  in  exchange  for 
one  penny  stamp. 

It  contains  PRICES  of  all  the  newest  and  best  Geraniums. 
Dahliis,  Az:i1eas,  AntirrhiDunis,  Camellias,  Chrysantheuiums, 
Cinerarias,  Fuchsias,  Petunias,  Calceolarias,  Ferns,  Lycopo- 
diums.  Greenhouse,  Stove,  and  Herbaceous  Plants. 

%"  Carriage  paid  to  all  the  stationa  on  the  Sodtheen  Rail- 
ways.   See  Catalogue. 

William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Florists  to  her  Majesty, 
Plymou'h. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appe;ir  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Mon'-h,  to  wliich  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  ORNAMKNTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, with  the  Treatise  on  the  "  Cultivation  of  American 
Plants,"  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  six  stamps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  April  10. 


,  NEW   BEDDING    GERANIUM, 
"THESHRUBLAND     PET." 

EG.  HfeNDERSOiS  and  SON,  Wellington-road, 
•  Sr.  Johu's-wood,  London,  having  purchased  ibe  above 
novel  and  splendid  variety,  beg  to  say  that  they  will  be  able 
to  stipjily  plants  on  and  after  the  first  week  in  May,  price 
103,  erf.  each.  '  .  ' 

This  very  beautiful  variety  xjf^n  prove  one  r."  the  qjr  ate'it 
ucquisiti'ms  to  the  tlower  garden,  and  as  sucii  will  be  found 
indispensable  to  every  collection.  It  was  raised  by  Me.  Beaton, 
late  tTHrdeoer  to  Sir  William  Midrileton,  and  in  this  Noble- 
man's parterre  Mr.  Beaton  has  described  it  as  being  one  of  the 
principal  attrocfinnfl,  and  the  admiration  of  many  hundred 
visitors.  Mr.  Davidson,  the  present  gardener  to  Sir  William, 
also  describes  this  Geranium  as  a  great  treasure,  and,  in 
speaking  of  it,  -■^ays — "it  is  one  of  our  beflt  bedding  varieties, 
and  also  quiie  distinct  in  habit,  like  '  Curata,' but  belonging 
to  the  unique  -"ection,  being  a  hj  brid  between  that  and  Moor'd 
'Victory.'"  In  colour  a  good  crimsoa  scarlet,  wi'h  sweet- 
scented  foliage.  It  is  also  a  compact  and  most  abundant 
bl'iooier. 


NEW    AND    CHEAP    PLANTS. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Florist,  &c.,  Edge  End, 
Marsden,  near  Burnley,  Lancashire,  begs  tu  offer  the 
following  Plants,  at  the  very  reduced  prices  attached  : — 
GERANIUMS— Belle  of  the  Village,  Constance,  Field  Marshal, 
Prince  of  Orange,  Crispina,  Purity,  Josephua,  Elegans,  Plu- 
tarch, King  of  PurpK-s,  Prometheus,  Abd-ei-Kader,  Sparkler, 
Verpsicho'e,  Moot  Blanc  No.  2,  Pre'^ident,  Lamartine,  Ondine, 
Meleager,  Juoii,  Nandef,  Lord  Stanley,  Rebecca,  Virgin  Queen, 
Fi>rget-me-Not.  The  above  in  extra  strong  plants,  15s.  per 
dozen,  or  20  for  IJ,  Geranium  Raphael,  Crusader,  Volgus, 
Norah,  Cavalier,  Houora,  Guielma,  Lady  Ebrington,  Rosa- 
munda,  and  several  others,  in  strong  blooming  plants,  from 
73.  6d.  to  93.  per  dozen,  or  20  (or  15s. 

CHOICE  CINERARIAS.— Lady  Gertrude,  Welliacton,  An- 
gelique,  Carlotta  Grisi,  Nyniph,  Wedding  Ring,  Delight,  Em- 
peror,  Pauline,  Othello,  Sanspareil,  Mai'Haretta,  Lady  Ara- 
ininta,  Amy  Robsart,  Fairy  Queen,  Madame  Mii-Uez,  Electra,, 
lilue  Perfeciiun,  Lady  lluuie  Campbi;!],  Re-pk-ndeuH.  Cltmeii- 
tine,  Handel.  Lady  Veinun,  and  Diocletian,  Thi;  above  in 
nice  strong  plants,  from  12s.  to  ISs.  per  dozi^n,  or  the  lot  for  \l. 
l-Iint-raria  Eie.inor,  Gum  of  the  Ifle,  Maiilda,  Madame  Par.idi, 
C'ironct,  Caljpio,  Newiogton  Beauty,  Sa'eilite,  Fairy  Ring 
Sapphire,  Prioje  Minister.  Jenny  Lind,  and  Masterpiece.  The 
above  13  at  dd.  each,  or  the  lot  for  93. 

FUCIISFAS.— Alpha,  Bride,  Bridesmiiid,  Brilliant,  Clapton 
Hero,  C"iiK{)icua,  Defiance,  DiarJem  of  Flora,  Elfoi,  Globuba, 
Alba  grandifluru,  Hebu,  Koh-i-noor,  LovelineHS,  Lord  of  tde 
Isiea,  Liidy  of  the  Lake,  Ma'JiimB  Sontag,  Prince  Arthur, 
Psy-ihe,  Resplendens,  Ruaeola,  and  Voiiigi^ur.  The  above 
FuchfiuB  in  S'rong,  autumn'StrucU  plants,  15^,  per  dozen,  or 
'if)  for  U.  Spring-struck  phints,  Including  all  the  leading 
varieties  ot  last  spring,  tree  by  pott,  lOs.  (jrf.  per  dozen, 

DAHLIAS  (fltronp  plants  first  wick  in  Mny),  all  ihe  new 
variciioH  ol  laHt  ttpring,  Oa.  tu  llifl.  per  doz  ;  older  varieties, 
4a   0'/.  to  f!«.  piT  dozen. 

PANSII'.S.  — A  plant  of  tlic  yet  unrivalled  Pan«y,  •' Jenning's 
Klnif,"  with  24  others  hclccted  froui  the  Auturnu  CatBloguo, 
for  U. 

Virhenafl,  Petuniiin,  Antirrhinums,  Chrysanthemufrifl,  Bciirlot 
Oenintoni-',  A<;,  AIho  a  choice  nek-ction  ol  Hedding  Planr.c, 
lit  equally  reduced  [uicBH,  catal-igiic.H  of  which  m'ly  bo  had  for 
one  Hiam|i. 

It  Is  rthpfctfully  requested  that  all  orders  ho  nccompnniod  by 
a  po^t-oIllcB  order,  niiidu  pjiyiiblo  at  MurHdtn,  Luncahhiro.  All 
order*  of  21.  imd  upwardtt  carrhino  freo  to  Livirpooi,  M;ni. 
ch*f»t«T,  and  UcdH;  (or  more  distant  carriago,  plaiitH  will  b 
addi-d,  lo  compi-n«<ato. 

N.B.  — A  chi.ice  Onllootlon  of  Carnationq  and  Picotcofl,  On. 
per  doKen  p.^ilr,  cutuloguoii  of  which  niuy  bo  had  tVr  ono.s'.nmjN 


AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 

JOHN    WATERER    begs  to   ahnounce  that  he  has 

"  published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Roses,  Conifers,  ■fee,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  ia 
making  selections. 

npHE  MAGNIFICENT  DAHLIA  GREEN  "SCAR-. 
-i-  LET  KING"  is  placed  first  in  the  "Garden  Almanac," 
which  rarelv  errs.  The  Qardeners*  CJironicle  fays  *'  It  has 
the  fiirm  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  the  colour  of  John 
Edward."  Mr.  Glenny,  Lloyd's  Weekly  Newspaper  (v/Wich  circu- 
lates 70,000),  quotes  and  confirms  the  Chroni-ile.  Plants  in 
May,  lOs.  Gd.  ;  dry  roots  in  October,  21i.  — Order  of  any 
Nurseryman,  or  of  the  Agent,  81,  Fleet-street,  London. 


EW     AND     CHOICE      PLANT  S.— 
CIN  ERARIA5. 

Beauty  Supreme,  Beauty  of  Comb  Bank,  and  Forget- 

me-Not,  10s.  Gd.  the  set. 

PANSIES. 


N 


Eustace  (Turner) 
Mr.  Beck     {do.) 
Mrt.  Beck   (do.) 
Plantageoet  (do.) 
Example  (do.) 
Addison  (do.) 
Viceroy  (do.) 
Queen  of  England  (do.) 
Juventa  (Hooper) 
Masterpiece  (do.) 
Gu'aare  (do.) 
Supreme  (Youell) 
Andrucles  (do.) 
Any  1?  selected  from  the  abovOj 


Sylvia  (Thompson) 

Caroline  (do  ) 

Polyphemus  (do,) 

Lucy  Neal  (do.) 

Jenny  Lind  (do.) 

ZHbdt  (do.) 

Mrs.  Anderson  (Hart) 

Ophir{Widnal) 

Post  Captain 

Gem  (Turner) 

Duke  of  Norfolk  (Bell) 

Duchess  of  Norfolk  (do.) 

Malvtrn  (Weakes) 

the  Collection,  all  of 


which  are  fine  show  flowers,  I2ff,,  hamper  included. 

GERANIUMS,  of  fine  named  fancy  and  other  kinds, 
IO3  per  dozen. 

PICO    EES,  of  good  sorts,  Bs  per  dozen  pairs. 

PANSIES,  named  sorts,  4s.  per  dozen. 

Superior  Sweet  William  and  Antirrhinum  Seed,  Gd. 
per  packet. 

20  packets  of  fine  Annuals,  free  by  post,  for  3s. 

llAiiT  and  NiCKLiN,  Florists  and  Seedsmen,  182,  High- 
street,  Guildf'ird. 

DELPHINIUM  SPECIOSUM  (?)  VAR.  WHEELERl. 

Plants  to  bloom  this  Summer,  5s.  each,  for  cash,  post  free  tO' 

any  pan  of  the  kingdom. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  War- 
minster, Wilts,  respectfully  announces  he  is  now  sending 
out  the  above  magnificent  variety  ot  fine  bright  blue  Bee  Lark- 
spur, which  was  figured,  and  its  history  given,  in  the  "  Gi\r- 
deners'  Magazine  of  Botany  "  for  October,  1861.  lu  ono  of  tbc 
specimens  sent  to  the  artist  of  that  work,  the  principal  spike, 
which  was  densely  studded  with  blossoms,  measured  14  inche-- 
long  by  8,i  inches  oiameter  at  its  broadest  part,  and  contained 
244  blossoms  aud  buds,  the  greater  part  being  in  perfection  at 
the  time ;  below  this,  several  smaller  and  more  loosely 
arranged  flowering  branches  were  produced.  The  stems  grow 
from  3  to  4  feet  m  height,  and  are  of  so  sturdy  a  habit  as 
scarcely  ever  to  need  any  support ;  it  carries  a  good  foliage,  iK 
of  very  easy  culture,  thriving  in  any  good  garden  soil,  and  an 
extremely  hardy  perennial  plant.  The  usual  allowance  to  Iho 
Trade  by  the  dozen. 

Fine  Bulbs  now  ready  of  Tlgrldia  conchiiflora,  yellow,  3s. 
per  dozen  ;  ditto  ditto  conchiiflora  Wheeleri,  colour  orangt- 
scailet,  on  j^ellow  ground,  beautifully  spotted,  43.  per  dozen, — 
A  large  quantity  of  strong  transplanted  Ihorn  and  bedded 
Rhododendrons,  at  very  low  prices,  which  may  be  obtained 
on  application. — The  King  of  Gucuixibcrs,  the  baadsomesc 
black  spine  in  cultivation,  lour  seeds  for  Is, 

Waruiinsrer,  April  10. 


NOTICE.— HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  2s.  6d.  ;  GER- 
MAN ASTER  SEbD.  Is  ;  SWEET  WILLIAM  SEED. 
13.;  ANTiailUlNUM  SliED,  Is.;  and  GIANT  SCAflLET 
BKOMl*TON  STOCK  >iE!';D,  Is.  perpiicket.  CaPTIVATION 
CUCUMBER,  5s;  PIIKNOMENA  CUCUMBKR,  2a.  C-d.  ; 
GOLDEN  BALL  MELON  SEEu,  2s  Cd. ;  and  BllOMHAM 
HALL  MELON  SEED,  Is.  per  packet;  as  see  Gardeners* 
Chronicle  of  last  week  for  the  former,  and  of  Fob.  21,  1852,  for 
the  latter. 

Good  sound  seeds  of  the  above  varieties  can  still  be  obtained, 
post  free,  on  enclosing  the  requisite  amount  in  penny  poatago 
stamps. 

A  packet  of  each  of  the  above  five  varieties  of  Flower  Seedo* 
will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  amount  of  Ga  ,  postagu  free. 

Edw,\bd  Tilev,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  ll,. 
Abbuy  Cliurchjaid,  Buih,  Somersetshire. 


j^^UCHSlAS.— The  following  distinct  fine  NEW 
*  VaRIE  lies,  raised  by  E.  Banks,  Esq  ,  and  warranted 
to  give  i-iitlataction  to  the  purchaner:  — 

DI.\DEM.  — Rich  crinihon  tube  and  sopula,  flno  f-hapcd  dark- 
purple  cor.dia  ;  sepiils  reflex,  beautifully  icsembling  the  Turk's 
Ui.p  Lilv.     73.  Gd. 

IIEaUTY  of  peal.— White  tube,  with  bright  vormlllion 
cor.illa;  opens  well,  of  good  substance,  and  free  bloomer. 
78.  (!'/, 

OOllTONA.— CrimHon  tubcand  Bcpnls,  corolla  almost  black  ; 
(I,  (liMtinct  good  varliiiy,  sepals  rtfli'x  well.     73,  fid. 

(JAIMTY, —  HluHh  tube  and  fie|»alH,  lilac  purjjlo  corolla  ;  very 
dii-fltmil.ir  and  novel.     Ts.  (!(/. 

UOM'.Y  HELL.- White  lubo  and  sepalp,  lilac  corolla ;  ro- 
flc;.\u"  Well,  good  stout  Hower.     7a,  (!rf. 

NuNsUCll.— CilniHon,  dark  purplo  corolla;  good  Bliapo, 
MIM11II  fioc  hldonnT.     tis. 

L'ELKfJANTK  (Tnnior),— White,  vormlllion  corolla;  ro; 
fli'Xi'l  Hi'palM,  and  good  hiihlt.     fis, 

VEHKKt  (Turner). —  Dark  crimson,  dark  purple  corolla;, 
rciltixcd  line  flo'vur.    fja. 

Sironif  planto  nro  now  ready. 

C.  TuitNEit,  Uojal  Nurfcuty,  Slough. 


k 


NEW  FARM  S'E.EDS.—TIie  attention  of  all  cnr/aged 
in  Farming  Operations  is  respectfidly  directed  to 
the  Advertisement  of  Messrs.  Wm.  E.  Rendle  and  Co., 
Plymouth,  which  appeared  on  the  hack  page  of  this  News- 
paper oji  Saturday,  March  27,  page  2Q^. 
Oar  General   descriptive    PHce  Cktalogiio  of 

Farca  Seeds 

Is  now  ready,  and  can  be  had  in  exchant^re  for  one  penny  stamp. 

Apply  to  WiLLlABi  E.  Rendle  and  Co.. 

Seed  MereViants    PlymnaHi. 
ESTABLTSHEI)  MORE  THAN  HALF   A  CENTURY. 


ALL    POST    FREE. 

CHOICE  SEEDS.  — Packets  of  fine  Matnm'oth 
Brocoli  Aeiatic  Cauliflower,  Giant  Curled  Parsley,  c'gan- 
tic  Cos  Lettuce,  Mitchell's  Enfield,  Cormaclv's,  and  Barnes' 
superior  early  Cabbages,  C'lles  and  Seymoui-'a  fine  Ce'ery,  the 
best  kinds  of  Cucumber,  Melon,  and  Ve;{etuble  Marrow,  atGd. 
each  pflcltet :  Fine  mixed  German  Asters,  Stocks,  Calceolaria, 
Cineraria.  Portulacc^i.  Giant  Victoria  Stock,  Caoury  Creeper, 
Zinnias,  B  deams,  Cob^a  scandens,  Coscomb.  Ice  Plant  Sensi- 
tive, Auricu'a,  Dahlia,  Pinks,  Polyantliagea,  Geranium,  PanRv, 
Sweet  Vio'et,  and  dbl.  Sweetwilliam,  Gd.  each  pkr.  100  pkte.  of 
Annuals,  Biennials,  and  other  Seeds,  fit  for  present  somnir, 
waiTanted  new,  for  5s. ;  50.  for  3s,  ;  3G,  for  2s.  Gd.  ;  32,  for  Is. 
Superior  Mi;;nonc tie,  own  saving,  warranted  to  prow  well,  at  Od. 
per  oz.  A  few  packets  of  extra  fine  Balsam,  at  Is.  per  packet. 
With  each  order  a  Cataln(?ne  will  be  sen^,  containing  Hints  on 
Sowinff,  &c.,  or  it  may  be  had  for  Twn  Stamps,  on  application 
to  Joseph  Qoldinq,  Seedsman,  Hastings. 


1  000    EVERGREEN    OAKS,   two-year  plants,  4s. 

XVJyjyj  pgj.  ]Q|j_  ^igQ  2000  one-yenr  plants,  3s.  per  100; 
either  6t  for  potting  or  plan'inc,  or  for  making  evergreen  hedge. 
— Direct,  post  paid,  to  W.  C.  Pcttock,  13,  Pond-street,  Hamp. 
Btead,  Middlesex. 


BAINBRIDGE  and  HEWISON  beg  to  state  that 
th^ir  CATALOGUE  of  PLANTS  is  now  ready,  and  may 
be  had  (free  by  post)  on  application.  Their  St  'Ck  will  be 
found  to  consist  of  many  of  the  newest  and  choicest  plants  of 
the  present  day. 

Hope  Nursery,  York,  April  10. 


qUPERB    HOLLYHOCK     SEED. —Warranted    to 

'^  pro'iuce  75  in  100  double  ;  in  packets  of  250  seeds,  U.  Gd. , 
double  quantify  for  2s.  Gd.  The  universal  saiisfaction  the  seeds 
from  our  unrivalled  collection  have  given,  prompts  the 
strongest  recommendation.  Our  descriptive  Catalogne  con- 
tains 64  pages  of  useful  and  interesting  mutter,  and  the  finest 
selection  of  Tender  and  Hardy  Planfs,  Flowers,  and  Trees,  at 
prices  that  defy  competition  ;  the  whole  gratis,  for  four  penny 
stamps  for  postage  ;  or  Parti,  Stove,  Greenhoupe,  and  Bedding 
Plants,  Id.  ;  Pdrt  2,  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Roses,  Shrubs, 
and  Coniferce,  'id. ;  Part  3,  Fruit  Trees,  Id.  each,  separate — 
the  most  complete  Catalogue  ever  pubii'^hed. — Apply  to  John 
Mat,  Hope  Nurseries,  near  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


QEED    AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 
O  MENT,  SUDBURY.  SUFFOLK. 

PRIZE  GERANIUMS. 
The  following  are  the  14  which  stand  first  as  the  most  suc- 
cessful Prize  varieties  at  the  London  Exhibitions  of  1351,  as 
described  by  fcalc  given  in  "  The  Florist"  of  December.  We 
beg  to  offer  the  14  for  18j  ,  or  any  6  for  9s.,  viz.,  Star,  Forget- 
me-not,  Guiielma,  Rosamond,  Conspicuum,  Pearl,  Centurion. 
Salamander,  Rowena,  Constance,  Kegress,  Norab,  Ariel,  and 
Alonzo. 

25  superb  varieties,  including  the  above.    These  contain,    s.  d. 
also,  many  newer  varieties  which  have  not  yet  been 

so  freely  exhibited.     The  25  for 35     0 

35  fine  show  varieties     22    0 

We  have  also  a  large  stock  of  the  following  very  fine  and 
strong  :  — 

BEST    NEW    VARIETIES    OF    LAST    SEASOW. 
The  following  12  for  50s.,  or  any  6  for  27s. 
Beck's  Major  Domo. 
Silk  Mercer. 


Hoyle's  Ajax. 

„        Ocellatum. 

,,        May  Queen. 

„        Genet  alissimo, 

,,         Cardinal. 
Bragg'a  Exquisite. 


Tyrian  Qoeen, 
Rundle's  Beaury  of  Montpelier. 
Walton's  Village  Maid. 
Foster's  Knight  of  Avenal, 


FANCY  GERANIUMS, 
Any  12  of  the  following  for  12s. :— Albonl,  Beauty,  Bouquet 
Tout  Fait,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Jehu,  Jehu  improved.  La  Belle 
d'Airicana,  Lady  F.  Hastings,  Maid  of  Anjou,  Ma[;nifica, 
Modesta,  Queen  Victoria,  Statiuskii,  Village  Maid,  Wiutonia, 
Yeatmanianum,  aud  Zelia. 

BEST    NEW    FANCY    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  9  varieties  for23f. 
Ambrose's  Belle  Marie.  I  Sheppard'a  Little  Wonder. 

„  Gaiety.  Henderson's  Marion. 

„  Delieata.  „  Reine  de  Flenrs. 

Sheppard's  Miss  Sheppard.    |  ,,  Prince  Albert. 

Henderson's  Exquisite. 
ACHIMENES. 
The  following  12  beautiful  varieties  for  10s. 


Beaumanii. 

Lnnaiflora  alba. 

Bodnerii. 

Maj^nitica  purpurea. 

Coccinea  grandiflora 

MuUiflora. 

EKcheriana, 

Patens  major. 

Fimbriata. 

Tugwelliana, 

Kleii. 

Venusta. 

12  fine  varieties 

6s. 

CLOX 

NIAS. 

Alba  grandiflora 

2s.  Gd. 

Maria  Tan  Houtte 

.  2s.Gd 

Argyrostigma 

2     6 

Marginata 

.  2 

a 

Exquisite            

2     6 

Peioiana 

.  3 

fi 

Frederick  Lenning 

2     6 

Pulcherrima 

2 

6 

General  Bandraud 

2     6 

Spectabilis         

2 

6 

Oodfroid  de  Bouillon  .. 

2     6 

Victoria  Retina 

.  2 

0 

The  above  12  for  20s.,  or  any  6  for  12s, 

NEW     AND     SELECT      PLANTS. 

Strong  and  fine. 


Capanea  grandiflora.    Is.  6d., 

3s.  Gd.,  5s. 
Allamanda  nerifolia,  2s.  Gd. 
Agelmyla  etamvnea,  3s.  Gd.,  5s. 
Cantua    dependena,     Is.  Gd., 

2s.  GrX. 
Hoya  bella,  with  flower-buds, 

3s.  Gd. 


Hoj  a  bella,  fine  plants.  Is.  Gd., 

2s.  <■(?. 
Medinilla  magnifica,   lOs.  Gd., 

15s. 
Dielytra  spectabilis.  Is.  Gd. 
Deutzia  gracilis,  2s. Gd.,  3s.  Gd, 
Ewcallonia  macrantha,  3s.  Cd,, 

5s. 


CHOICE     PLANTS. 


YOUELL      AND       CO., 

BEG  TO  CALL  ATTENTION  TO  THE  FOLLOWING:— 


SPRING  CATALOGUES  sent,  prepaid,  for  four  postage 
stamps;  and  AUTUMN  CATALOGUES,  containing  most  of 
the  Hardy  Plants,  for  two  postage  stamps,  which  may  be  de- 
ducted from  orders, 

GOODS,  CARRIAGE  FREE,  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich, 
or  any  station  on  the  same  line;  and  with  orders  of  21.  aud 
upwarils  extra  plants  added  gratis. 

Remitrnnces  requested  froiu  unknown  correspondents. 

PoBt-ofBce  orders  to  ba  made  payable  to  Stephen  Bbown, 
or  to 

BASS  AND  BROWN   Sddbdrt    Suffolk. 


CAMELLIAS,  of  the  choicest  varieties,  2is.  per  dozen.  We 
possess  a  large  stock  of  theee  in  good  healthy  plants,  averatjin;? 
1  foot  to  15  inches  in  height,  comprising  iiiost  of  the  old  and 
many  fine  new  varieties,  which  will  bloom  well  next  season  ; 
as  they  are  now  about  to  break,  we  invite  our  friends  to  pro- 
cure thtm  as  soon  as  possible  ;  and  when  the  seledinn  is  left 
to  us,  we  assure  them  they  nhall  have  no  reason  to  complain. 

EPACRI3,  fine  bu^hy  plants,  in  large  48's,  of  thebandeomest 
varieties,  fall  of  flower,  9s.  per  dozen. 

ERICAS,  fine  bushy  blooming  plants,  of  choice  varieties, 
principally  in  large  48'ri,  5s.  per  dozen, 

ERICAS,  in  large  fiO'e,  nice  bushy  plants,  many  showing 
flower,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

APHELESIS  HUMILTS,  busby  plants,  in  large  i&e,  covered 
vv'ith  flDwer-buds,  12s.  per  dozen. 

ERYTHRTNA  LAURIFOLIA— This  fine  old  favourite  in 
strong  two-year  plants,  12s.  per  dozen, 
E.  VERSICOLOR,  new,  23.  Gd.  each, 

CINERARIAS,  new  and  extra  fine  sorts,  flowering  plants, 
in  large  48's,  9s.  per  dozen  ;  in  60*8,  65.  per  dozen.  Great  im- 
provemeni  has  been  effected  of  late  years  in  this  family,  and 
they  are  now  among  the  most  ornamental  winter  and  spring 
flowering  plants  that  we  possess,  excellent  for  bouquets. 

CALCEOLARIA  SULTAN,  this  finest  dark  variety  (in  fact 
none  of  the  others  will  bear  any  comparison  with  itj,  nice 
plants,  93.  p^r  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  "Kentish  Hero,"  this  fine  orange  variety, 
95.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  VISC0SIS5IM\,  light  orange,  splendid 
truBser,  excellent  for  pot  culture  or  bedding,  a  first-rate  variety, 
9s.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA.  VULCAN,  superb  dark  velvetty  crimson, 
good  habit,  and  very  free  bloomer,  9s.  per  dozen. 

C  ALCEOL  ARI A  C  AlE  ANA,  canary,  good  habit  and  excellent 
trusser,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  (ROLF'S  SUPERB),  light  bronze,  excellent 
for  bedding,  and  very  distinct,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  SALVI.^FOLlA,  bright  yellow,  Gs,  perdoz, 

CALCEOLARIA  GRANDI3,    this  very  distinct  and  stronc; 

species  produces  very  large  flowers,  of  a  pale  yellow,  and  with 

a  liitle  care  may  be  induced  to  bloom  throdghout  the  winter, 

Is.  Gd  each. 

VERONICA  ANDERSONII,  this  choice  variety  is  of  the 
easiest  culture,  a  good  specimen  plant  producing  its  pretty 
spikes  of  lilac  flowers,  from  early  spring  till  late  in  autumn, 
Is.  Gd.  each. 

NE  RIUH,  tix  fine  new  varieties,  extra  strong,  6s.,  admirably 
adapted  for  a  conserva^rory. 

COLCONEMAPULCHRUM,  usually  found  among  the  win- 
ning collections  at  the  great  exhibitions,  producing  in  abun- 
dance pretty  pink  flower-i  among  its  slender  foliage,  Is.  each. 

LESCHENAULTIA  FORMOSA  and  BAXTERI  MAJOR, 
strong,  93.  per  doz. 

SOLLYA  DRUMMONDI,  from  3  to  4  inches  in  height,  18s. 
per  doz.  This  is  a  new  and  pretty  blue-flowering  greenhouse 
climber;  a  very  quick  grower. 

ACACIA  ARMATA  and  LINEARIS,  strong  bushy  plants 
mostly  showing  flower,  9s.  per  doz. 

PITTOSPORUM  GLABRATUM,  new.  Is.  Gd.  each. 

METROSIDEROS  SPLENDENS,  scarlet,  bottle-brush  plant, 
Is,  Gd.  each. 

ME  FROSIDEROS  DIFFUSA— its  beautiful  foliaee  and  neat 
habit  render  it  worthy  of  a  place  in  Conservatories.  Strong 
planf><  Is.  Gd.  each. 

CRASSCLA  NITIDA  ODORATA.  This  makes  a  splendid 
speeimen  plant,  is  very  fr:igranf,  and  should  be  in  every  col- 
lection. Large  plants  ia  48's,  Is.  Gd,  each  ;  smellier  ditto,  9s. 
per  doz. 

CRASSULA  "NAPOLEON  BUONAPARTE,"  a  fine  new 
variety  ;  brillinnt  scarlet,  far  superior  to  C.  Coccinea,  2s.  each. 

FANCY  GERANIUMS,  choice  sorts,  9s.  per  dozen, 

GERANIUM  ARDEN3  MAJOR,  strong  plants  9s.  per  doz. 
This  fine  Cape  species  stands  unrivalled  for  brilliancy  of 
colour,  being  a  rich  ruby. 

FUCHSIAS.  Our  collection  of  this  lovely  flower  comprises 
all  the  newest  and  best ;  strong  plants,  of  last  season,  Gs. 
per  doz. 

F.  MACRANTHA,  a  fine  species  with  long  purple  flowers; 
the  habit  of  Humboldt's  Splendens,  Is.  Gd.  each. 

VERBENAS. —  We  are  well  known  as  po'ssessing  a  large  and 
select  variety  of  this  charming  flower.  Our  stock  is  very  large 
this  season,  and  when  the  selectiou  is  left  to  us  we  shall  supply 
g0i)d  plants  at  4s   per  dozen,  in  any  quantity. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.  Much  improvement  has  been  made 
in  these  of  late  years,  and,  being  particular  favourites  of  ours, 
we  have  spared  neither  pains  nor  expense  in  our  pursuit  of  new 
and  fine  varieties.  Our  specimen  plants  are  every  year  the 
admiration  of  all  who  see  them.  The  collection  at  present 
comprises  nearly  200  varieties,  which  we  snail  be  happy  to 
supply  in  strong  plants,  of  la-^t  season's  growth,  the  large  and 
dwarf  varieties,  53  per  doz. 

GREEN-HOUSE  CREEPERS.-Passiflora  Bellottii  (new  and 
fine).  P.  Edulis,  P.  Buonapartii,  Tecoma  jasminoides,  Kennedya 
Nigricans,  IpoiiitoaLearii,  tbc,  Is  each. 

FAIRY  ROSES,  strong  and  bushy,  9s.  per  doz. 

GLOXINIAS— many  tine  new  varieties,  9s.  per  doz. 

GLOXINIA  PETOIaNA.  This  iSuperb  light  variety,  sentout 
by  us  last  season,  coloured  all  round  with  crimwon  lake,  in  the 
wayofFvtiana;  the  finest  of  its  class,  string  bulbs,  3s  6ii.each. 

HOY  a"  BELLA.  This  plant  has  proved  iteelf  wM  worthy 
the  high  character  given  it  when  first  circulated  ;  it  is  one  uf 
the  most  lovely  plants  we  know.  Plants  extra  strong,  showing 
bloom,  3s.  Gd. ;  smaller,  2s.  Gd. 

iESCtiyNANTHUS  LOBBII,  and  BOSCHIANUS.  These 
beautiful  species  grow  and  flower  profusely,  either  in  pots  or 
baskets,  suspended  from  the  roof  of  a  stove  or  warm  green- 
hou-e,  and  in  such  a  situation  have  avery  beautiful  appearance. 
Strong  flowering  plants,  is.  Gd.  each. 

PASSIFLORA  ALATA,  the  winged  Passion  flower.  Is.  Gd. 

Many  o'her  fine  Stove  Creepers,  including  :  — 

IPOMCE  A  Leis  Hybrid,  Mutabilis,  &.'\,  Is.  Gd.  each. 

JUSTICIA  iiumila,  new,  scarlet  species,  Is,  each. 

ESCALLONI.\  MACRANTHA,  the  finest,  perhaps,  of  cm- 
new  hardy  shrubs  ;  strong  plants,  9s.  pL'r  doz  o. 

ESGALLONIA  ItUBRA,  excellent  evergreen  flowering  shrub 
lor  walls,  9s.  per  duzen. 

MITRARIA  COCCINEA;  this  fine  hardy  shrub  produces 
numerous  scarlet  flowers,  very  similar  in  form  and  colour  to 
Erica  splendens,  strong  plants,  9s.  per  di-zen  ;  a  few  specimen 
plants  3s.  Gd.  each. 

ILEX  LATIFOLIA;  a  fine  hardy  shrub  of  Laurel-like 
foliage  ;  filmny,  1  toltj  toot,  12s.  perdoz.,  3  tu  4  feet,  5s.  each, 

QUEHCU3  FORDII,  splendid  distinct  evergreen  tree,  Ifoot, 
9s. ;  li  to  2  feet,  18s.  per  dozen. 


QUERCUS  ILEX  Var.  HUMEI,  from  the  estate  of  J.  Hume 
Esq..  M.  P. ;  this  is  a  fine  variety,  with  very  broad  and  band 
some  foliage ;  strong  plants,  2  feet,  33.  Gd  each,  30s.  per  dozer 

WRIGELA  ROSEA,  a  first-rate  hardy  shrub,  2  to  3  fee 
buahy  flowering  plants.  9s.  per  dozen. 

FORSYTHIA  VlRlDISSIMA,  excellent  for  walls,  a  ver 
choice  hardy  shrub,  1  to  2  fdct.  very  strong,  9s.  per  dozen. 

JASMINUM  REVOLCTUM  ;  this  fine  evergreen  wall  plant 
extra  strong,  93,  per  dozen. 

HEDERA  REGNERIANA,  the  new  giant  Ivy.  of  very  broat 
foliage,  quite  distinct  and  very  robust,  strong  plants,  93.  p.  doz 

CLEMATIS  MONTANA,  exceUont  for  walls  or  arbours 
very  strong  grower,  producing  its  white  flowers  ia  great  pro 
fusion,  93.  per  dozen. 

CLEMATIS,  sweet-scented,  extra  strong,  will  furnish  imme 
diately,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

EUONYMUSJAPONICUS,  silver-striped,  one  of  our  pretties 
variegated  shrubs,  4s.  per  dozen. 

ROSES,  climbers,  in  pots,  beat  sorts,  6s.  per  dozen,  ver 
strong. 

COTONEASTER  MICROPHYLLA,  strong  plants  in  pots 
12s.  per  dozen. 

CEANOTHUS  AMERTCANU3,  quite  hardy,  9s.  per  dozen. 
„  RIGIDU3,  new  and  very  pretty,  Is.  each. 

IRISH  YEWS,  2  to  3  feet,  in  pots,  2is.  per  d>zen. 

LUCOMBE  OAKS,  6  to  8  feet,  fine  specimens   5s.  eaeh 

BEL14ERIS  FORTUNII,  a  most  distinct  evergreen,  strong 
l.i  font,  Is.  (id.  each. 

HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  in  great  variety,  not  mere  bota 
meal  curiosities,  but  showy  and  ornamental  species,  25s.  pe; 
100  Kpecies  and  varieties,  43.  per  dozen  in  po's. 

0XALI3  FLOltlBUNDA,  one  of  our  handsomest  hardy  her 
baceou'  plants,  excellent  for  bedding,  abundantly  fljwerim 
during  summer  and  autumn,  Gs,  per  dozen. 

STATICE  PSEUDO-ARMERIA.  This  also  is  a  first-rate  bet 
b.aceous  plant,  thruwing  up  numerous  heads  of  rose-colourei 
flowers  all  through  the  season,  vei-y  strong,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

S.  M  ARI r IMA  ROSEA,  a  pretty  species,  9s,  per  dozen". 

S.  LATIFOLIA,  throws  up  numerous  spikes  of  feather 
blue  flowers  through  summet  aud  autumn,  extra  strong  63 
per  dozen.  * 

PHLOXES,  in  many  fine  new  varieties,  strong  plants,  ii 
pots.  Gs  per  dozen. 

ROCKETS,  double  white,  strong  flowering  plants,  3s. per  do: 

PRIMROSES,  double,  in  variety,  43.  per  dozen. 

HEPaTICUS,  of  sorts.  4s.  per  dozen. 

LILIUvi  LANCIFOLIUM  ALBUil,  Gs.  to  93  par  dozen 
and  L.  EXIMIUM  LONGIFLORUM.  Gs. 

New  French  and  Belgian  Daisies,  in  50  best  sorts,  9,3.  perdoz 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  strong,  5s.  per  100. 


COUIFBBS. 

ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  1  foot,  ISs. ;  1^  to  2  feet,  42s.  pe 
dozen.  Large  size  in  proportion,  up  to  3  guineas  each.  This  1 
perfectly  hardy  ;  the  distinctness  of  its  character  entitles  it  toi 
place  in  even  the  smallest  collection. 

CBDRUS  DEODARA.— The  Sacred  Cedar  of  the  Himalayas 
in  Its  native  regions,  the  prandeur  and  sublimity  of  its  appear, 
ance  inspire  the  natives  with  awe  and  reverence,  and  its  timbei 
they  consider  desecrated,  if  used  for  any  oiher  purpose  than  th( 
building  of  temples.  VViih  us  it  flourishes  out  of  doors  in  nativ( 
luxuriance.  This  and  the  former  are  justly  esteemed  two  0: 
our  finest  Evergreen  trees.  Plants  1  foot,  very  bushy,  9s.  pej 
dozen  ;  li  to2  feet,  I83,  per  doz.  Larger  pl-dutsproportionateh 
cheap. 

JUNIPERU3  BEDFORDIANA,  1  to  IJ  foot,  Gs,  per  dozen. 

PINUS  EXCELS  A,  of  fine  silvery  foliage,  1  to  IA  foot,  9s,  pe! 
dozen  ;  3  to  4  feet,  3l)s.  per  dozen. 

PINUS  E"G4RIANA.  9  inches  to  1  foot,  lis.  6ii  each 

PINUS  FREMONTIANA,  6  inches,  10s.  Gd.  eacli. 

PINUS  CEMBRlHDES,  9  inches  to  1  foot,  5s.  each. 

PINUS  CEMBHA,  2  to  2^  feet,  303.  per  dozen. 

PICBA  PINSAPO,  2J  feet  and  3  feet  across,  15s.  each. 
.,  ,,  2  feet  and  2i  feet  across,  10s.  Gd.  each, 

CEDRUS  LIB  ANUS.  4  to  6  feet,*  2s.  6d  each. 

PICEA  CEPHALONICA,  15  inches,  23  6d.  each. 
,,  PINDROW,  6  inches,  9s.  per  doz;;n. 

PINUS  GERARDIANA,  6  to  9  inches,  fitout  and  bushy,  6, 
per  dozen. 

ABIf-S  MORINDA,  this  fine  distinct  species   of  spruce  ha 
a  weeping  habit,  and   is  very  robust,   making   shoots  nearly 
feet  in  one   season;    IJ   to  2   feet,  20j.  per  dozen;  1  foot,  C 
per  dozen. 

ABIES  PUMILA,   dwarf  and  bushy,  12s.  per  doz"n. 
,,       ORIENTALIS,  true,  do.  do.,  12s.  per  d..zen. 
The  admirers  of  dwarf  Pints  will  be  well  pleased    with  tho3( 

ABIES  MENZIESII,  one  of  the  most  distinct  of  Conifer 
its  silvery  foliage  forming  a  striking  contrabt  to  the  deep  gree 
of  other  specie*,  9  to  12  inches,  9s.  ;  12  to  18  inches,  12s.  per  di 

CtlYPTOMERIA  JAPONICA,  seedlings,  in  fine  healil 
2  to  3  feet,  42s.  per  duzen. 

CUPRESSUS  TORRULOSA,  a  fine  evergreen,  of  the  mo. 
symmetrical  shape,  from  1  to  1^  foot,  9s  per  dozen. 

DACltYDIUM  FRANKt.INlI,  3  to  4  inches.  18s.  per  dozen, 

PODOCARPUS  TOTAR.^,  1  to  li  foot,  strong,  12s.  per  do; 

CARIfl'A.TIOia'S,     PICOTEES,     PtUKS. 

Being  the  largest  growers  of  these  in  England,  perhaps  : 
Europe,  we  (jfl'or  many  advantages  to  put  chafers,  and  at  evei 
price  quotiid  helow.  We  pride  ourselves  00  giving  satisfactic 
to  our  customers  by  furnishing  gooi^  plants  of  good  varietie 
and  we  beg  to  say  that  the  predent  is  an  excellent  season  fi 
their  removal,  either  for  pot  or  open  ground  culture, 

25  pairs  superb  varielies  of  Carnations  and  Piootees  SI. 

12  pairs        „  „  „  n        li-  IO5,. 

25  piirs  very  fine     „  „  >*        1^-  10s. 

12  pairs         ,,  .,  „  n        l^s. 

12  pairs  fine  mixed  border         ,,  „        9s. 

12  pairs  true  old  Clove  Carnation,  12s. 

12  pairs  of  finest  named  Pinks,  12s. 

Pansies,  nice  plants  in  pots,  of  the  newest  and  best  she 
flowers,  12s.  per  doz. 

Pansies,  fine  border  varieties,  good  sorts,  Gs.  per  doz,  , 

Asparagus,  Giant  (strong),  2  and  3  years,  23.  Gd.  and  3s,  6 
per  100. 

Seakale,  Is.  per  dozen. 

Roses,  Standards  and  Half-standards,  of  the  very  best  so, 
in  cuitivatlou,  123.  to  l''S.  per  dozen. 

Evergreen  Privet,  in,  large  quantities,  2J  to4feet,  strong-,  o 
pjr  ItlOO,  or  4s.  per  100. 

SO  packets  of  Choicest  Flower  Seeds,  free  by  post,  for  5s. 


All  order 


•s  of  21.  and  iipwards  delivered  free  to  any  Hallway  Station  within  ISO  miles  of  the  Nws^'y* 
ROTAXi     ZTURSER-H-,     GREAT     YARRIOUTH. 


PERMANENT    PASTURE  AND    OTHER    GRASSES, 


SUITED  TO  THE  SOILS    REQUIRED. 


d. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


BASS      AND      BROWN 

BEG    TO    OFFER  THEIR   VERY  SUPERIOR    MIXTURES,  as   under,  for  laying  down    Pei-raanent 
Pastures,  &c.    Their  AgricuUural  Seed  List,  which  coutaiua  the  sorts  separately  priced,  may  be  had  prepaid. 

Per  acre. — s. 
MIXTURE?  FOR  PERMANENT  PASTURE  ON  LIGHT  LANDS,  allowing  3  bushels  and  9  lbs.  to  each  acre    24 

MIXTURES  POR  DITTO,  ON  HEAVY  LANDS        27 

MIXTURES  FOR  PARKS  OR  PEBMANKNT  LAWN  PASTURES       28a.  to  32 

MIXTURES  FOR  PIME  LAWNS.  BOWLING!  HKEENS,  tc 34s.  to  38 

MIXTPKES  FOR  MARSHY  GROUNDS,  c.r  JJendo.vB  subject  to  flood 24s.  to  28 

MIXTURES  FOR  ORCHARDS,  ic,  much  .ivershaded  bj  trees 24j.  to  80 

MIXTURES  FOR  SOILS  OF  ALL  DESCRIPTIONS,  to  be  laid  down  with  the  proper  kinds  and  proportioDs  reouislte. 

MIXTURE  FOR  RENOVATING  OLD  PASTURES,  per  lb ;.        ..  o  10 

MIXTURE  FUR  FINE  LAWNS  IN  FLOWER  GARDENS,  per  lb 1    o 

Oio*  locality,  and  our  long  experience  and  practice  in  collecting  se^e^'al  species  and  Hnds  of  the  Grasses  natural 
io  our  own  neighbourhood^  for  a  considerable  distance  round,  enables  ?ts  to  supply  them  either  separately  or  in 
mixtures  as  low  as  any  house  in  the  trade.  We  also  import  many  of  the  most  useful  sorts  from  the  Continent,  and 
som£  we  receive  from  other  localities. 

Our  Collection  consists  of  cdl  tJie  most  useful  and  l}est  hinds  for  iJie  purposes  reguired.     TJie  inixtures  will  he 

found  excellent,  and  have  given  the  highest  satisfaction.  p     u„cu  i 

TRUE  ITAH.AN  RYE  GRASS,  Enelish  and  imported 5s.  6d.  to  7    0 

FINE  SCOrCU  PACEY  AND  COM.MO.N  RTE.GUASSES         4s.        to  6    0 

STIOKNEY'S  lUPBOVED  RYE.GRASS        0    o 

LUOER.NE,  ALSIKE,  SUCKLING,  AND  OTHER  CLOVERS. 
DRUMHEAD  CABBAGE  ;  also  True  Stocks  of  all  the  best  varities  ot  TURNIPS,  MANGOLD  WURZ  EL,  &c.,  at  the  lowest  prices 

EVERY   DESCRIPTION    OF  AGRICULTURAL   AND    GARDEN    SEEDS. 


FLOVi/ER     SEEDS,    POST     FREE 

rylili,   SUOVVif'AND  HARDY  SOllTS   described 

1     and  reeommendcd  hy  the  Editor  of  the  Gaudeneos' 

CuttONicLE,  on  Saturday  lust,page  213,  mu,  be  had.  post 

tree,  at  3d.  each ;  also—  g,    a. 

50  Sorts,  the  most  showy  kinds  knowa  lii    G 

SS  Ditto  Ditto  7     0 

2'  Ditto  Ditto  6    0 

Postage  Stampsreceived  in  pajment.-Address,  John  Sottok 
and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Readinn,  Berks. 

FINE  SPECIMEN   PLANTS  FOR  EXHIBITION. 
T     AKD  J.  FRASER,  NunsEKYHE.v,  &c.,  Lea-bridKe- 

<J  •  roa^,  Essex,  bef  l>^ave  respec.mlly  ,o  ...vi.o  alien  ion  to 
their  fupeniir  Stock  of  Specimens  of  STOVE  and  GREEN 
HOUSE  PLANTS,  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  °nd  CAPE 
HEATHS,  wliich  were  never  in  finer  cjiKtinun  iliati  at  this 
time.  The  plants  are  of  all  sizes,  varyi.iK  from  I  foot  to 
5  feet  high.  The  prices,  which  are  muderate,  can  be  had 
on  applibation. 


OUR  GENERAL  DESCRIPTIYE  SEED  ilD  PLANT  LIST  FOR  1852, 

CONTAINING  36  PAGES,  SUPPLISD  FREE  BY  POST  FOR  FOUR  PENNY  STAMPS.  ' 

Goods  delivered  Free  to  London,  Colchester,  Ipswicli,  Norwich,  or  any  Station  on 
the  same  Line  of  Railway.    

SEED  AND   HORTICULTURAL   ESTABLISHMENT,  SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

ESTABLISHED   ABOUT  HALF  A   CENTURY. 


SUPERIOR    GLOBE    GERMAN    ASTER, 

(SATED   BT  AN  AUATEOB.) 

Tt/'ILLIAM    E.   RENDLE    a.nd    Co.     have    much 

»  *  conndence  ia  offering  a  very  superior  sort  of  GLOBE 
ASTER  SfiED,  saved  by  an  Amateur  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Bath,  who  saye  : — "The  sort  was  given  to  mo  by  a  friend  in 
the  neighbourhood,  vcho  has  taken  firat  prizes  for  several  years 
ioUoiviug;  and  I  have  been  equally  successful.  I  have  shown 
them  at  Bath  and  other  places,  and  have  always  been  first; 
indeed,  no  other  sort  has  any  chance  with  them,  and  I  am  per- 
iectlj  satis6ed  that  when  joa  see  a  good  bed  of  tham  in  your 
gardens  you  «ill  throw  away  all  others." — \s.  per  packet. 

All  other  Flower  Seeds  can  be  obtained  at  a  moderate  ecale 
of  charge. 

Bvery  one  wbo  bas  a  Garden  sHoald  bave  a 
packet  of  tbis  Seed. 

PARSLEY,  RENDLE'3  TREBLE  GARNISHING,  proved 
by  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  described  in  their 
Journal  as  being  '■  heauiifuUy  curled,  and  an  excellent  varietij." — 
6(2.  per  packet.    This  should  be  grown  in  every  garden. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth. 


PELARGONIUMS. 

CHARLES  TURNER  has  a  few  strong  plants  left 
of  the  following  new  varieties,  to  dispose  of :— Foster's 
Ariadne,  Enchantress,  Pulcha,  Purple  Standard,  Rubens,  and 
Shyli:ck  ;  Hoyie's  Chieftain,  Colonel  of  the  Buffs,  Ellse,  Gany- 
mede,  Mtiguet,  am^  Mochunna, 

Also  selections  of  approved  older  varieties,  at  30a.  and  423. 
per  r\oz  — Royal  Nurpery.  Slough 


"piNE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  kyiug  down 

-*-  Laud. —  Hand-picked  Seed  at  2i3.  per  acre,  allowing 
3  bushels  of  the  misel  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each.  acre.  Henet  Claeke,  Seed  Merchant, 

39,  Kin.;.street,  Covent-garden,  London, 


NEW   AND   CHOICE   FLOWER   SEEDS, 

FREE  BY  POST. 

MESSRS,  "WHEELER  and  SON  have  selected  out 
of  their  large  coUeLtion  of  Flower  Seeds  the  most 
beautiful  and  thowy  varieties,  each  eort  distinct  in  colour,  and 
calculated  to  produce  a  fine  effcc:  when  planted  out  in  btds  or 
groups  ID  the  flower-garden.  They  have  marked  each  viriety 
with  its  Botanical  and  English  Name— Height — Time  of  t-lower- 
ing — Colour  of  ihe  Flower— Manner  of  Growing— Whether 
Erect  or  Trailing,  .fee— the  Time  it  should  be  sowo,  and  with 
other  valuable  Hints  as  to  its  cultivation. 

In  selecting  these  varieties  care  ha^  been  taken  to  exclude 
all  Bhy-bloumers,  or  such  which  have  an  in&ignihcant  appear. 
ance,  so  that  the  collections  will  comprise  only  those  which 
are  really  ahowy  and  handsome,  and  which  prove  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  any  lady  or  geatleman  who  might  be  disposed 
to  order  tbem.  The  GERMAN  STOCKS,  ASTERS,  ZINNIAS, 
Larkspurs,  Alc,  are  most  superb.  The  collections  will  be 
sent  free  by  post  to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom  at  the  following 
prices:— 2f>  Extra  Fme  Varieties,  all  oistinct,  bs.  ;  50  ditto 
ditto,  10s.  Gd. ;  100  ditto  ditto,  205, 

J.  C.  WoEtLEE  and  Son,  99,  Northgate-street,  Glouceater. 
Narserymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Gloucestershire  Agricultural 
Society. 

■pDWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON, 

-*-^    Weliiogmu-road,  St,  John's-wood,  London,  beg  to  remind 
those  who  Intend  to  pui  chase  any  of  the  iotlowing  N-ew  Plants, 
to  be  ftent  out  after  the  lot  of  May,  that  all  orders  will  be 
booked  as  rectived  and  executed  in  rotation, 
Fochsia. 


(show 


Commodore 

flowers) 
Splendidissima,  do. 
Qem  of  the  Season, 

do.  . 
Pendula,  do. 
£xquli>lt« 
HetiderRonli  (double 

flower) 
iJariing    fbedding 

variety  J 
Olobosa  perfecta,do. 
Pet,  do. 


Antirrhinum  Hendersonii 
Calceolaria  Wellington  Hero 

,,  Tom  Thumb 

Chrysanthemum  Hendersonii 
Delphinium  Hendersonii 
Erica  EleganttBsima 

„      Nobilis 
Geranium  Hendersonii 
,,  Extravaganzum 

,,  OdoraUssimum 

grandiflorum 
HeHotropium      Voltaireanum 
oanum 

Por  DcscrtptJon  and  Prices  of  the  above,  see  back  numbers 
■Of  tbit  Paper- Feb.  28,  March  C  and  13.  The  Trade  supplied 
with  our  u<!U8l  di-count.  ' 


EPPS'S  NEW  SEEDLING  FUCHSIAS 
"STANDARD  OF  PERFECTION,"  and  "NOVELTY," 
the  most  distinct  and  beauritul  varieties  that  have  ever  been 
offt^red  ;  they  are  highly  spoken  of,  and  described  in  the  Gar- 
deners* Chronic  e,  Oct.  25,  1851;  in  the  "  Cottage  Gardener,'" 
(.)ct,  25,  1S51  ;  and  in  Glenny'a  "  Garden  Almanack"  for  1852 
Strong  plants  will  be  forwarded  on  the  30ch  April.  A  list  of 
the  trade  that  have  ordered  and  can  hupply  plants  will  be 
advertised  next  week.  Ageuts,  Hurst  and  M'MuUeo,  Leaden, 
hall. street,  London — Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  April  10. 


THE    BLACK    BARBAROSSA    GRAPE. 

JOHN  BUTCHER  begs  to  state  that  he  has  still  on 

^  Sale  good  fruiting  planis,  and  one  ye.ir  old,  of  the  above 
splendid  Late  Grape,  introduced  from  the  Continent  by  C.  T. 
Ward,  Esq.,  Clopton  House,  Stratford-on-Avon,  was  exhibited 
in  Jacuury,  1SJ9.  at  the  Horticultural  Rooms,  Regent-street, 
London,  for  which  a  Cerlihcate  was  granted;  and  in  1S50,  on 
the  19tli  of  January,  a  Bauksian  medal  was  awarded  it. 
Families  requirmg  late  Grapes  will  tlnd  the  Barbarossa  a 
splendid  late  Grape,  and  will  be  in  fine  condition  in  March, 
when  Grapes  are  selliug  in  Covent  Garden  market  from  15s.  to 
20s.  per  lb.  Fine  Fruiting  Plants,  lUs.  Gd.  each  ;  one  year  do., 
5s  6d.  each.  London  Agent,  Mr.  P.  Warneb,  Seed  Merchant, 
28,  Cornhill.— Stratford-on-Avon,  Appil  10. 


SELECT   SEEDS    FOR  APRIL   SOWING, 
FaoM 

ABRAHAM   HARDY   and   SON,   Seed  Growers 
and  Seedsmen,  Maldon,  Essex. 

Per  packet— 5.  d. 

Bokhara  Clover  {Melilotus  leucantha),  for  beds       ...    0  6 

Tree  Mignonette  (Reseda  grandiflora),  do.     ...         ...     0  6 

Sweet  Mignonette  (Reseda  odorata),  do.,  large  packets   0  6 

Convolvulus  Burridgii,  splendid 0  6 

,,  fine  striped     0  6 

,,  dark  violet      0  6 

,,  bright  scarlet 0  6 

Hibiscus  calisureus,  extra  fine 0  6 

100  varieties  of  showy  Annuals 10  0 

50  do,  do.  6  0 

12  do.  do.  1  0 

Vegetable  Seeds,  best  kinds,  large  packets    0  6 

Transmuted  Onions,   from  Shallot,   possessing  the 

properties  of  both 0  6 

Remittances  requested  in  cash  or  po3tage  stamps. 
All  sent  rnEE  bt  Post. 


OCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  PLOWER  SEEDS. 

^J     BMPEROIt    STOCK,    a    iiercnnial  epucies,  and  hardv 
HOOieeds,  ]s.  '' 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
b«  the  finest  they  bad  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
$im  of  the  latter,  1^.  each  paper. 

MY030TIH  AZORICUS,  a  bod  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
north'-Tn  anptfCt  is  very  btautifnl  ;  200  seeds,  li. 

CAr.KNOiiLNlA  UMBELLATA,  ono  of  the  nofltcst  growing 
aod  iir.iiF  |,rilil>tnt  How*;riDgofall  bedding  pUnts;  lOOObujdB,  la, 

SWLKl    WILLIAM,  in  100  vnrioticH  ;  lO.OOO  needs,  Ij. 

rayuj>;iit  Diay  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

JcTEi  and  Co.,  Kanerles,  N'ortbamptoo. 


CARtMATIOIMS,    PICOTEES,    PINKS,    PANSIES,    ETC. 
1  OHN  HOLLAND,  Bi-adshaw  Gardens,  Middleton, 

t'  Lancashire,  respectfully  ini'orms  Gentlemen,  &,c.  6zc.,  that 
he  grows  a  large  collection  of  CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES 
in  mixture,  yet  each  class  is  kept  separate,  and  consists  of 
Scarlet,  Pink,  and  Purple  Bizarres  ;  Scarier,  Rose,  and  Purple 
Flakes ;  Purple,  Red,  and  Rose. edged  Picoteos,  and  offers 
ihem  at  Gd.  per  pair.  If  25  or  more  pairs  are  tahen,  hamper 
and  packing  free. 

25  Pairs  of  PINKS     8s.0d. 

25  best  show  PANSIES         10     0 

Post-oiBce  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  Middleton,  Lancashire. 
AURICULAS,  ALPINES,  POLYANTHUS,  &c.  foe. 


CUTTON'S    PERMANENT    GRASSES 

^  -The  superior  QUALITY  of  SUITON'S  GRASS 
SEEDS  is  plainly  indicated  by  the  numerous  Orders  they 
are  daily  receiviug,  through  the  recommeuduiiou  of  former 
customeiE. 

Some  interest'mg  ^particulars  of  Land  laid  down  wiili 
tJiese  Seeds  is  2Jubl(shed  in  the  Gaudbn Ens''  Chronicle  of 
March  '27th,  page  196. 

The  prices  for  the  best  qualitg  are  as  under j  hut  for 
poor  reclaimed  La/nds  or  other  cases  where  the  coat  is  ihe 
principal  considerationj  tmxlwres  at  about  half  the  price 
may  he  had. 
For  best  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,  mixed     Per  acre. 

expressly  to  suit  the  Boil        24j.  to  28a. 

For  best  Clovers  and  Grasses  (for  one,  two,  or 

three  years'  lay)  14*.  to  20a, 

The  sorts  consist  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  in  our  Advertiaemeat  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Gardeners*  Chronlde  of  20th  March. 

John  Sdtton  and  Sons,  See*!  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


IMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pro- 

-L  curing  sound  Seed  is  the  surest  means  to  h^vt;  a  good  crop. 
We  hava  now  lefc  only  a  lew  Tons  ot  YOUK  RtGENTS, 
CAMBRIDGE  RADICAL,  AMERIiiAN,  NATIVE,  AND 
WHITE  BLOSSOMED  EIDNEY  PuTaTOBS,  the  produce  of 
our  last  year's  prepared  cuttings,  at  prices  formerly  advertised. 
Prepared  cuttiugs  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May : —  s.  d, 

York  Regents  per  1000    10    G 

American  Native     ,,  10     6 

Cambridge  Radical  ,,  10     6 

Early  Oxford  ,,         15    0 

Package-.,  for  1000,  Is. ;  2000,  Is.  6d.  ;  6000,  2;;.  Gd. 
No  orders  will  be  provided  for  which  are  not  to  hand  early 
ill  April.     Post-uffice  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  lUe  Borough 
OflSce  to  Hat,  SA^Q3TEE  and  Co.,  Nowiuyton  Dutts. 

London,  6th  ilarcii,  1S52. — Subjoined  is   the  analysis  of  two 
highly  rei.pectable  Chemists,  of  our  btock  in  hand  :— 

"  London,  March  12,  1852, 
'*  We  have  now  completed  our  examination  of  a  sample  ot 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepaied  cuttings  in  comparison 
with  another  sample  of  the  same  dtnominaiion,  obtamcd  by 
ourselves  from  a  highly  respectable  Poatu  salesmao,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  coniajned  in 
each,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
favour,  viz. :—  Starch. 

"  Those  thrown  ffom  your  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    percent. 

"  Potatoes  ftom  Salesman        l"2i  per  cent. 

"Madeice  Scanlan,  F.C.S. 
"  ALFatD  ANDfcEeuN,  F.C.S. 

"Messrs.  Hay,  Songster,  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
.18,  Cumberland-place,  Newingtou  Butts." 


"lie  ^arlrenerjsS'  €iixmutU. 

SATURDAY,  APRIL  10,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
MoHDAT,       April     li— Geoffrapbical SJp.m. 

f  Syro  Et:yptiaii  , ....7iP.»' 

Tdbsdai  —        13^Civi)Enj{ini;erB     8  P.M. 

(Metllcalaiid  Chirurgicai S^p.k 

j-Literary  Fund    , ,3  p.m. 

I  LoDdoa  Lnstitutloa 7  I'-u. 

w„„...Ar.  -   "  |;^r!^';";;;::;;;;:;;;::;;;lJ;S: 

I  Pitarmaeeutical    8 jp.h. 

"-Ethnological SiP.M. 

S^TOttDAT         —       17— Medical   t»  P.u. 


A    NEW   SEEDLING    POTATO. 

MESSRS.     WHEELER     and     SON     have    much 
pleasure  in  otf^ring  a  New  Seedliog  Potato,  called 
"THE  PlIINOE  OF  WALES." 

It  is  an  excellent  Eorlj  Potato,  io  fact  one  of  the  earliest  in 
cultivation  ;  Bo  early  that  it  ci^oapes  the  disease  more  tlian  any 
other  variety.  It  is  a  ^reat  beari:r,  of  excellent  quality,  and, 
ab  n'o  bavo  a  nood  stock,  we  can  iffer  it  at  a  low  price,  We 
have  much  pleasure  in  addinfj  the  foUowinir  extract  from  thu 
Oardencra'  Chronicle  awl  Agrtadturat  Oazctte  of  the  12Lh  of 
April  laMt;— 

"  I'liiNCE  OF  Wales  Potato  :  Merbes.  Wheeleb,  of  Oloucester 
Wc  can  speak,  from  personal  experience,  to  the  excellent 
quality,  ijrorluctivenefls,  and  earlinciS  ol  this  variety." 

We  can  offer  it  at  2a.  Gd.  per  pecil,  or  Os.  per  bushel,  bag  and 
package  Included.  All  quantities  of  a  bushel  and  upwitrds 
would  be  dtdlvercd  carnage  free  to  any  Uallway  Station  in 
England  or  Wales, 

J.  0,  Wkkklj-E  and  So^f,  09,  Northfiato-streot,  Gloucester, 
Numnrymen  and  Seedsmen  to  the  Oloucestcr  Agricultural 
Soclct,. 


The  Potato  Diseask  has  ceased  to  be  a  question 
of  much  importance  iu  thia  country.  Tlie  cheap- 
ness of  other  food,  the  substitution  of  other  crops, 
the  discontinuance  among  our  peasantry  of  entire 
reliance  upon  Potatoes,  and,  we  may  add,  the  utter 
exhaustion  of  the  argument,  so  far  as  practice  is 
concerned,  sufficiently  account  for  the  present 
neglect  of  a  subject  which  six  years  ago  was  of  all 
absorbing  interest.  Across  the  channel  it  is  other- 
wise ;  discussion  goes  on  at  fever  heat,  and  although 
we  cannot  say  that  much  that  is  new  is  to  be  learnt 
from  it,  yet  we  here  and  there  tind  a  spark  elicited, 
wiiich  seems  worth  fanning  into  a  light. 

Among  the  pamphlets  that  are  newest  is  one  by 
M.  Le  Roy-Mabille,  of  Boulogne,  who  has  produced 
91  pages  to  show  the  advantages  of  autumn  plant- 
ing.* The  author  tells  us  that  the  present  is  the 
fifth  work  that  he  has  published  on  the  Potato 
disease,  and  that  he  has  been  studying  the  subject 
for  four  years.  The  result  of  which  is  a  conviction 
that  nothing  more  is  needed  in  order  to  restore  the 
Potato  to  its  ancient  health  than  to  persevere  in 
autumn  planting. 

We  cannot  pay  M.  Lf.  Rov-MAr.iLLE  the  com- 
pliment of  saying  that  he  shows  much  acnuaintance 
with  what  others  have  been  doing,  or  with  the 
scientific   part   of  the  subject.      He   believes  that 

*  La  Pooime  do  torre  rej6ntr6u  par  la  matuiile;  ouvrago 
ajtpLijfi  de  sept  annfies  d'obscrvatiori.  Pur  Le  Moi-MADiLLE. 
Parit :  JIouoiiabO'IIuzaiid,    Price  1  frauc. 


vj/  xxr^LVMj  "m    i: 


^^ju^^^ 


iiMlL   lU, 


soDae  English  Cotumission  has  spent  300,000fr.  (!) 
the  issue  of  which  was  a  recommendation  to  this 
efifect.  "  Since  the  disease  destroys  a  quarter,  a 
third,  half,  or  even  more  of  a  crop,  therefore 
twice,  three  times,  or  four  times  as  many  should  be 
grown  as  were  ever  grown  before,  so  that  after 
giving  the  monster  all  he  wants,  you  may  still  have 
enough  for  yourselves."  His  notion  of  the  Botrytis 
or  Potato  mildew  is  rather  misty ;  and  while  he 
patriotically  gives  his  countrymen  credit  for  some 
things  wholly  English,  he  pockets  for  himself  in 
particular,  such  credit  as  belongs  to  the  recommend- 
ation of  autumn  planting,  and  especially  of  that 
admirable  cultivation  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  of  which 
we  happen  to  have  given  full  particulars  about  two 
years  before  M.  Le  Roy  commenced  the  four 
years'  profound  study  which  has  ended  in  the 
present  pamphlet. 

We  can  smile  at  these  little  weaknesses  without 
undervaluing  what  there  is  of  solid  and  useful  in 
the  treatise  itself;  and  must  not  be  deterred  by 
them  from  saying  that  the  advantage  of  autumn 
planting  receives  valuable  illustration  in  it.  A  good 
deal  of  apparently  trustworthy  evidence  is  collected 
in  addition  to  that  which  is  personal  to  the  writer, 
in  which  we  find  so  much  truth  and  fairness  as 
ought  to  disarm  the  most  fastidious  critic.  "  I 
must  own,"  says  M.  Le  Roy,  "  that  my  first  ex- 
periment was  a  complete  failure.  I  buried  the 
tubers  so  deep  that  only  a  part  came  up.  This, 
however,  was  a  useful  lesson  to  me,  and  I  may  also 
add,  that  such  Potatoes  as  I  did  obtain  were  wholly 
sound.  On  the  second  occasion  the  result  was 
entirely  dififerent.  To  my  great  surprise  all  my 
Potatoes  proved  sound,  whether  planted  in  April 
or  November.  But  this  seemingly  exceptional 
result  seems  to  be,  after  all,  the  natural  result,  and 
such  as  should  have  been  expected.  In  the  first 
place,  my  land  had  received  no  manure  for  two 
years ;  then  it  consisted  of  nothing  but  sand 
and  chalk  ;  thirdly,  it  received  very  little  water ; 
and  finally,  which  was  the  important  point, 
the  seed  had  been  regenerated  by  three  suc- 
cessive autumn  plantings.  These  four  circum- 
stances, especially  the  last,  had  restored  its  original 
■vigour  to  the  plant,  and  neutralised  the  evil  conse- 
quences of  late  planting."  And  he  goes  on  to  quote 
numerous  instances  in  which,  without  exception, 
autumn  planting,  if  persevered  in,  has  efi'ected  a 
great  and  most  favourable  influence  upon  the  con- 
stitution of  the  Potato.  He  even  finds,  what  was 
found  here  six  years  ago,  that  diseased  Potatoes  may 
give  as  good  a  crop  as  sound  ones,  and  as  healthy — 
or  even  better.  In  short,  the  health  of  a  Potato  is 
in  direct  proportion  to  the  length  of  time  it  passes 
under-ground,  and  vice  versd. 

With  the  most  sensible  growers  of  Potatoes  in 
this  country  autumn  planting  has  been  for  years  a 
settled  question ;  and  M.  Le  Roy  teaches  us  nothing 
new.  Bat  he  confirms  by  irrefragable  testimony  the 
soundness  of  the  practice,  and  he  shows  how  ground- 
less is  the  fear  which  many  entertain,  that  autumn 
planted  sets  will  rot  in  the  ground.  Upon  this 
point  his  remarks  are  striking,  and  with  the 
substance  of  them  we  conclude.  "  I  have  prac- 
tised autumn  planting,"  he  says,  "for  four  years, 
and  I  have  mentioned  results  even  obtained 
in  the  three  previous  years,  so  that  the  experience 
is  in  fact  that  of  seven  seasons.  No  one  will 
suppose  that  we  had  no  frost  during  all  that  time. 
On  the  contrary  ;  the  winter  of  1846-7  was  long  and 
severe.  In  1847-8,  it  is  true  that  frost  did  not 
last  long  ;  but  the  thermometer  fell  to  — 13°  Cent. 
{S'.e  Fahr.),  an  unusual  circumstance  in  the  locality. 
Much  light  is  thrown  upon  the  action  of  frost  by  the 
following  case  :  —  M.  Brunet-Sire  planted  his 
Potatoes,  Nov.  1,  at  the  depth  of  from  16  to  35 
ceihtimetres  (6  tol4inches).  The  soil  was  sandy  loam; 
a  little  long  stable  litter  was  placed  in  contact  with 
the  sets,  but  the  earth  was  not  covered.  Dec.  1 
following,  he  planted  in  the  same  field  other 
Potatoes,  at  the  depth  of  8,  11,  and  14  centimetres, 
that  is  to  say,  much  shallower;  and  he  covered 
them  with  dry  stable  dung,  with  the  exception  of 
three  tubers,  of  which  one  was  buried  8  centimetres 
deep,  another  11,  and  a  third  14.  On  the  12th  of 
February  he  examined  his  Potatoes,  and  he  found 
that  they  had  all  withstood  the  frost.  Of  the  three 
not  covered  with  litter,  the  first  was  frozen ;  the 
second  in  good  condition,  with  sprouts  three 
centimetres  long,  and  small  roots;  the  third  was 
frozen  on  one  side,  but  was  safe  and  sound  with  a 
few  rootlets,  on  the  other.  M.  Bonnet  the  elder,  in 
the  same  year,  planted  late  Potatoes  27  centimetres 
deep,  in  well  tilled  soil,  in  the  fii'st  part  of  December, 
In  consequence  of  rolling  down  this  depth  was  re- 
duced to  19  centimetres.  On  the  12th  February 
they  were  all  good  and  beginning  to  push.  In  other 
cases  the  Potatoes  were  destroyed,  or  when  they  had 
sprouted  lost  their  ends  without  further  damage." 
Upon  the  whole  M.  Le  Roy  arrives  at  the  con- 


clusion that  the  Potato  cannot  resist  frost  if  too 
near  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  but  that  it  can  do 
so  if  planted  deep  enough,  "  no  doubt  because  the 
frost  is  less  severe  there,  and  perhaps  because  it  acts 
slowly  both  in  coming  and  going;"  which  is  pre- 
cisely what  we  have  so  often  asserted  without  being 
able  to  convince  everybody  that  it  is  true. 

We  should  like  to  know  how  our  readers  find 
their  autumn  planted  Potatoes  after  this  long  and 
very  cold,  though  not  severe  winter.  Now  is  the 
time  to  examine  them. 


Many  of  our  readers  must  have  observed  in 
summer  minute  chalky-white  spangles  sprinkled 
over  pieces  of  wood,  stone,  gravel,  or  other  sub- 
stances more  or  less  shaded  from  the  sun.  These 
bodies  consist  of  a  cup- shaped  sac  whose  borders 
are  slightly  .spread  out,  a  round  slightly  conical 
fluted  lid  which  exactly  fits  it,  and,  on  removing  the 
lid,  of  an  oblong  bag  filled  with  red  granules  and  a 
little  fluid.  ToDE  described  them  as  a  new  genus 
of  fungi,  which  was  taken  up  by  Fries,  though  with 
some  suspicion  as  to  their  real  nature,  and  pub- 
lished under  the  name  which  Tode  had  assigned, 
Atractoholas  ubiquitarius .  These  bodies  are,  how- 
ever, figured  by  Hammer  as  the  eggs  of  his  Trom- 
bidiwni  lapidum  (Rliaphignathus  lapidum,  Dug{;3), 
and  a  very  good  account  of  the  eggs  of  another 
species  by  DuGi:s  will  be  found  in  the  first  volume 
of  the  second  series  of  "  Annates  des  Sciences 
Naturelles."  Hethere  describesthe  manner  in  which 
the  little  mite  {Rhaphignathus  riiberrimus)  comes 
out  backward  from  the  eL,'g,  lifting  up  the  lid,  which 
falls  down  again,  so  as  to  leave  the  egg  apparently  in 
the  same  condition  in  which  it  was  before  it  was 
hatched. 

A  paper  has,  however,  been  lately  read  before 
the  Bristol  Microscopical  Society,  with  a  view 
to  restore  these  bodies  to  the  place  originally 
assigned  them  by  Tode,  on  the  ground  that 
the  red  bodies  which  they  contain  are  connected 
by  threads,  very  much  after  the  manner  which 
Mr.  Thwaites  has  described  and  figured  in  cer- 
tain Palmellce.  Mucedinous  threads  are,  however, 
so  common  in  the  cells  or  cavities  of  organised  pro- 
ductions, that  we  should  not  feel  inclined  to  lay  much 
stress  upon  them,  but  a  far  more  important  element 
soon  appeared  in  the  question.  It  was  suggested  by 
Dr.  W.  B.  Herapath  that  it  should  be  submitted  to 
chemical  investigation  ;  under  this  the  lid  gave  off 
what  appeared  to  be  bubbles  of  carbonic  acid,  on  the 
application  of  iodine  and  sulphuric  acid  lowered  one- 
fourth  with  water,  indicating  its  composition  tobe  car- 
bonate of  lime,  while  the  inner  sac  assumed  the  most 
beautiful  blue  under  the  same  treatment,  which  seemed 
to  point  out  that  there  was  really  some  ground  for 
the  opinion  that  had  been  brought  forward  as  to 
its  vegetable  nature.  In  this  state  of  the  question, 
some  of  the  specimens  were  submitted  to  us  by 
Mr.  H.  0.  Stephens,  and  as  we  happened  for- 
tunately to  possess  in  our  herbarium  samples  on 
wood  and  non-calcareous  stone,  we  were  enabled  to 
ascertain  that  the  carbonic  acid  was  due,  not  to  the 
lid  and  the  egg-case  connected  with  it,  but  to  the 
calcareous  stone  to  which  the  Bristol  specimens  were 
attached.  Further  examination,  which  failed  at  first 
from  not  using  sulphuric  acid  of  sufficient  sti'ength, 
established  the  fact,  that  the  inner  egg-sac  assumed, 
under  the  above-mentioned  chemical  test,  colours 
generally  supposed  to  be  indicative  of  vegetable 
structures,  though  not,  as  before,  of  a  clear  celestial 
blue,  but  of  a  bright  lilac,  the  sac  at  the  same  time 
becoming  diffluent,  and  leaving  a  lilac  glutinous 
track  wherever  it  was  moved  on  the  field  of  the 
microscope.  Further  examination  of  specimens 
on  wood  which  had  been  preserved  many  years, 
exhibited  the  same  lilac  tint  and  difiluent  substance  ; 
while  in  other  individuals,  the  whole  egg-sac 
broke  at  once  into  a  cloud  of  minute  violet  bodies, 
having  all  the  appearance  of  starch  ;  while,  again, 
in  some  instances,  these  granules  were  brownish. 
Specimens  afterwards  communicated  to  Mr.  Ste- 
phens, enabled  him  to  confirm  our  observations  ;  and, 
in  addition,  gave  a  greenish  blue  tint,  such  as  fre- 
quently occurs  in  cellulose,  when  it  has  imbibed 
foreign  matter,  giving  a  yellow  tint  undei'  the 
same  tests.  All  this  indicates  a  very  different 
chemical  condition  of  the  sac,  varying  be- 
tween dextrine,  cellulose,  and  amylum  ;  but  in 
eveiy  instance,  certainly,  presenting  something 
which  is  not  usual  in  animal  productions.  The  only 
instance  with  which  we  are  acquainted  of  such  a 
re-action  in  animal  cells,  though  others  may  exist  of 
which  we  are  ignorant,  is  in  Cohn's  Memoir  on 
"  Protococcus  Pluvialis,"  where  the  animalcules  fur- 
nished with  flagelliform  appendages,  and  endowed 
with  active  motion,  assume  a  deep  blue,  when 
treated  with  iodine  and  sulphuric  acid.  It  must  be 
remembered,  however,  that  these  productions  re- 
semble the  zoospores  of  certain  Algse,  and  we  had 
supposed  this  fact  decisive  as  to  their  vegetable 


nature,  till  the  very  curious  matter  just  recorded 
came  before  us.  Thurbt,  indeed,  considers  the 
Protococcus  pluvialis  as  certainly  animal ;  we  do 
not,  however,  find  in  such  abstracts  of  his  prize 
essay  as  have  hitherto  been  published  any  observa- 
tions similar  to  those  of  Cohn,  whose  paper  was 
not  published  when  the  essay  was  sent  in  to  the 
academy.  He  simply  states  that  the  zoospores  are 
brown  when  treated  with  iodine,  but  he  does  not 
seem  to  have  used  sulphuric  acid.  The  whole 
matter  is  one  of  the  greatest  interest,  and  calls  for 
further  investigation.  The  change  of  tint,  it  should 
be  observed,  was  confined  to  the  investing  mem- 
brane of  the  egg,  the  bright  red  granules  contained 
in  it  retaining  in  every  observation  alike  their 
primitive  colour.  M.  J.  B. 


THE  ACHIMENES.  -- 
Nearly  all  the  varieties  of  this  lovely  genus  deserve  to 
be  ranked  with  the  most  beautiful  and  useful  orna- 
mental plants  which  our  glass  houses  possess.  Their 
flowers,  of  many  delicate  and  pleasing  shades  of  colour, 
are  produced  in  great  abuu'taiice  for  months  in  suc- 
cession, and  the  plants  themselves  are  mostly  of  com- 
pact growth  and  easy  culture.  While  in  a  growing 
state  all  the  varieties  require  the  assistance  of  a 
rather  warm  and  moist  atmosphere,  but  during  their 
flowering  season  they  may  be  removed  to  a  cooler  and 
drier  situation,  such  as  a  close  greenhouse  or  conser- 
vatory, where  they  may  be  said  to  be  indispensable 
during  the  summer  and  autumn  months. 

As  all  the  Achimenes  increase  rapidly  by  means  o£ 
their  scaly  tubers,  artificial  propagation  is  almost  un- 
necessary, except  in  nurseries,  where  it  is  perfectly 
understood.  I  shall,  therefore,  merely  state  that  cut- 
tings of  the  young  wood,  treated  in  the  ordinary  way, 
and  placed  in  a  brisk  bottom-heat,  will  root  freely. 
Taking  it  for  granted  that  there  is  a  supply  of  tubers 
at  hand  in  early  spring,  they  should  be  separated  from 
the  soil  in  which  they  have  been  wintered,  and  planted 
in  shallow  pots  or  pans  (the  latter  are  'preferable)  well 
drained,  and  filled  with  light  sandy  soil  to  within 
2  inches  of  the  top.  The  tubers  should  be  laid  rather 
thickly  and  regularly  upon  the  surface,  and  covered 
with  mould  to  the  depth  of  an  inch,  or  as  much  more 
as  the  pan  will  hold. 

Water  should  be  sparingly  applied,  only  just  sufficient 
should  be  given  to  keep  the  soil  in  a  moist  state.  If 
active  growth  is  desired,  without  loss  of  time,  plunge  the 
pots  or  pans  in  a  gentle  bottom  heat.  When  the  plants 
are  about  3  inches  high  they  should  be  carefully  lifted  from 
the  soil  and  potted  in  7-inch  pots,  placing  12  or  more 
plants  in  a  pot,  according  to  the  sized  specimens  that 
may  be  wanted.  After  potting,  place  them  in  a  close 
and  rather  warm  atmosphere  till  they  have  become 
fairly  established ;  a  temperature  of  about  60?  at 
night,  allowiug  it  to  rise  10"  or  15°  with  sun  heat  in 
the  day  time,  will  be  found  the  most  congenial  to 
the  plants  at  this  stage  of  their  growth.  As  soon  as  they 
are  established  in  their  pots,  air  should  be  freely  ad- 
mitted on  all  favom'able  occasions,  and  the  plants  kept 
near  the  glass.  If  all  goes  on  well  they  will  soon  fill 
the  pots  with  roots,  when  a  final  shift  will  be  necessary. 
The  size  of  the  pots  for  this  shift  should  be  regulated  by 
the  size  which  it  is  desirable  the  plants  should  attain  j 
1 0-inch  pots  will  be  sufficiently  large  where  moderate- 
sized  specimens  only  are  required  ;  but  for  very  large 
masses,  12  or  13-inch  pots  may  be  used.  Some  first- 
rate  cultivators  prefer  deep  pans  for  Achimenes,  but 
these  are  better  suited  for  plants  to  be  flowered  in  a 
moist,  warm  house,  than  for  those  intended  to  be  re- 
moved to  the  greenhouse  or  conservatory  during  the 
flowering  season.  About  12  plants  may  be  placed  in  a 
1 0-inch  pot.  It  will  be  necessary  to  maintain  a  moist 
atmosphere,  and  keep  the  house  rather  close  till  the 
plants  can  lay  hold  of  the  soil ;  and  water  must  be 
carefully  supplied  during  this  time,  but  the  syringe  may 
be  used  freely,  if  the  weather  happens  to  be  bright.  As 
soon  as  the  plants  start  into  free  growth,  after  potting, 
air  may  he  more  freely  admitted,  and  a  slight  shade 
during  the  forenoon  of  sunny  days  will  be  found  bene- 
ficial. Varieties  of  the  habit  of  pedunculata  should  be 
stopped  as  soon  as  they  are  established  in  their  flowering 
pots  ;  and  if  it  is  intended  to  train  them  in  aformal  manner 
all  the  kinds  should  be  staked  before  the  shoots  have 
become  entangled.  The  stakes  should  be  cut  off  at  the 
height  to  which  the  variety  is  likely  to  attain.  They 
should  be  so  arranged  as  to  form  the  frame-work  of  a 
handsome  specimen,  and  the  shoots  should  be  kept  care- 
fully tied  as  they  advance  in  growth.  When  it  is  sup- 
posed that  the  pots  are  filled  with  roots,  an  occasional 
watering  with  clear  manure  water  may  be  given.  Indeed 
I  i-egularly  water  my  Achimenes  with  weak  maniu'e- 
water  from  the  time  they  are  well  established  in  their 
flowering  pots  till  the  blooming  season  is  over,  and  I 
think  that  the  plants  are  greatly  benefited  by  this  treat- 
ment. If  it  is  intended  to  remove  the  plants  to  cooler 
quarters  while  they  are  in  flower,  they  should  be  judi- 
ciously and  cart'fully  prepared  for  the  change  by  giving 
more  air,  and  gradually  lowering  the  night  temperature 
as  much  as  circumstances  will  allow.  When  removed 
they  should  be  placed  in  the  warmest  part  of  the  house 
to  which  they  have  been  transferred,  and  guarded 
from  currents  of  cold  air  ;  but  if  they  can  be  kept  in  an 
intermediate  house  the  flowers  will  be  larger,  and  the 
blooming  season  will  be  prolonged  ;  still,  a  close  kept 
conservatory  will  supply  a  suitable  temperature,  at  least 
during  summer  and  early  autumn. 


15— 1852, 1 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


229 


When  tliey  have  done  flowering  they  may  be  thrown 
to  the  rubbish-heapj  merely  preserving  about  two  pots 
of  each  variety  for  stock ;  these  should  be  kept  spariugly 
supplied  with  water,  and  if  they, can  be  removed  to  a 
warm  dry  house,  the  ripening  of  the  tubers  will  be 
■better  seciu-ed  than  under  other  circumstances.  Water 
must  be  altogether  withheld  as  soon  as  the  leaves  assume 
a  sickly  appeai-auce,  and  when  tlie  tops  die  down  the 
pots  may  be  removed  to  any  di*y  situation,  where  they 
will  be  free  from  frost,  and  where  they  may  remain  till 
the  tubers  are  wanted  for  starting  next  spring. 

For  soil,  take  light  sandy  turfy  loam,  peat,  leaf-soil, 
and  thoroughly  decomposed  cow-dung,  in  about  equal 
proportions,  to  which  add  as  much  sharp  sand  as  will 
ensure  a  free  percolation  of  water  through  the  whole 
materials.  The  loam  and  peat  should  be  used  in  a 
rather  rough  state  ;  the  dung  should  be  broken  up  and 
intimately  mixed  with  the  sand  before  it  is  added  to  the 
compost.  All  the  Achimenes  are  very  impatient  of 
stagnant  moisture  at  their  root ;  therefore  secure  perfect 
drainage  by  using  plenty  of  potsherds  or  lumps  of  char- 
coal ;  indeed,  when  pots  are  used,  they  may  be  one- 
third  filled  with  di-aining  materials.  Alalia, 


THE   AERIAL   ROOTS   OF   ORCHIDS   OF  THE 
TROPICS. 

I  From  a  Paper  by  Dr.  W.  H.  deVbiese,  Reg.  Bot.  Prof.,  Leyden.) 

The  so-called  Orchids  do  not,  like  true  parasitic  plants 
(as  Viscum,  Loranthus,  Rafflesia,  Balanophora,  Rhopa- 
locnemis),  subsist  on  the  sap  of  the  plants  to  which  they 
are  attached,  and  in  which  they  take  root ;  but  on  the 
nourishment  they  gather  from  the  atmosphere  in  which 
they  extend,  or  spread  out  their  generally  silver  white 
roots.  Hence  botanists  have  given  them  the  name  of 
air-rootSj  in  opposition  to  others  which  grow  in  the 
ground.  Such  are  to  be  found  among  the  genera 
Aerides,  Vanda,  Saccolabium,  of  the  damp  and  hot 
parts  of  India  ;  Schomburgkia,  of  the  woods  of  Hon- 
dui'as  and  Guiana ;  the  superb  Lselias  of  South  America ; 
the  many-formed  Epidendinim  of  the  South  American 
islands;  the  beautiful  and  sweet  smelling  Stanhopeas,  &c. 

In  the  cultivation  of  these  plants,  the  natural  means  of 
growth  must  be  imitated  as  near  as  possible.  If  they  be 
treated  as  terrestrial  Orchids,  a  failure  will  be  the  re- 
sult. These  grow  under  quite  different  circumstances. 
It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  a  peculiar  apparatus  is  re- 
quired to  promote  the  growth  of  each  of  these  sorts  of 
plants. 

The  air-roots  of  the  parasitic  Orchids  of  the  tropics 
have  a  formation  quite  peculiar  to  them.  We  shall 
endeavom*  to  point  out  its  chief  characteristics.  It  may 
serve,  if  need  be,  to  show  the  intimate  connection  be- 
tween theory  and  practice.  The  roots  which  penetrate 
^he  ground,  and  thence  derive  their  necessary  sustenance, 
are  composed  of  cells.  The  cells  of  those  air-roots 
possess  a  thin  transparent  membrane,  and  contain  muci- 
lage with  all  those  particles,  the  presence  of  which  in 
the  cavities  has  been  ascertained  by  microscopic  and 
chemical  observation.  They  are  nitrogenous  particles, 
dextrine,  sugar,  all  dissolved  with  mucilage  in  water. 
The  absorbent  organs  are  chiefly  the  outermost  and 
tenderest  ceils.  Theyare  of  great  consequence  to  theplant. 
By  the  action  of  endosmose  they  absorb  from  the  ground 
water  and  divers  earthy  particles,  so  far  as  they  are 
soluble  in  water,  and  the  nature  of  those  particles 
and  of  the  membrane  of  the  cells  permits  their  admission 
into  the  cavity  of  the  cell.  Besides,  they  take  up  particles 
which  are  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  animal 
substances,  and  the  remains  of  vegetables  in  the  ground. 
The  latest  researches  prove  most  satisfactorily,  that  with 
the  water  which  is  in  the  ground,  several  salts,  of  lime, 
potash,  soda,  and  even  salts  of  metals,  as  well  as  gases, 
carbonic  acid,  ammonia,  are  taken  up  into  the  plant,  by 
means  of  the  peculiarly  formed  extremities  of  the  roots, 
which  are  called  spongioles,  in  the  cells  of  which  are 
never  found  either  incrustation  or  openings  ;  and  which, 
notwithstanding  the  absence  of  the  latter,  are,  however, 
perfectly  pervious.  The  surface  of  the  root  branches 
does  not  absorb  any  liquid,  nor  does  the  surface  of  the 
trunk  root  itself. 

Quite  otherwise  is  the  case  with  the  alimentary  parts 
of  the  so-called  air-Orchids.  Their  exterior  is  wliite  as 
snow,  di-y,  the  surface  smooth,  and  for  the  most  part  not 
divided  or  branched  ;  transparent,  and  more  or  less 
sappy  only  near  the  point.  They  grow  to  a  remarkably 
great  length,  and  rarely  attain  the  thickness  of  a  quill. 

If  these  roots  be  cut  in  a  cross  direction,  and  the  slice 
carefully  examined  by  the  aid  of  a  microscope,  a  very 
Hin«ular  state  of  the  web  of  the  cells  will  be  perceived. 
What  should  be  called  the  bark  of  the  root  is  iu 
this,  one  would  say,  a  kind  of  papery  tissue,  which 
covers  the  air-root  externally  ;  each  cell  is  literally 
filled  with  spiral  threads  or  fibres  of  an  extraordinary 
fineness.  Wiicnjas  in  the  usual  web  of  cells  the  greatest 
diameter  is  in  the  Jonfjth  of  tho  cell ;  in  this  the  breadth 
much  exceedH  tlie  Jongth.  Now,  in  all  other  cells  of 
plants,  which  are  cxpOHed  to  the  light  and  air,  we  meet 
with  many  particles  which  are  to  be  considered  as  tho 
produce  of  the  growth  of  the  plant,  united  witli  tlioHe  of 
the  atmosphere  and  tlie  light  (among  which,  c.  rj.^  the 
globules  of  ft  green  colour  have  a  principal  place)  ;  but 
In  these  we  find  the  cells  quito  empty,  except  of  the 
fibres,  wliicli  run  in  ail  dircctionn,  and  fi*equently  crosw 
each  other.  More  inwards  follows  tlie  simple  web  of 
the  cells,  and  lastly,  the  fibrous  part  of  the  rootH,  in  the 
middle  of  which,  again,  cells  are  found.  The  subjoined 
figure  will  ex(;mplify  this  formation.  These  roots  umst 
be,  Hftlurally,  well  calculated  to  imbibe  moisture,  which 
they   require  in    great    measure ;    and,   in   caso    they 


are  not  continually  exposed  to  it,  the  membranes 
quickly  lose  the  power  of  absorption.  The  circum- 
stances in  whicli  these  plants  are  found  in  their  natural 
state  are  particularly  favourable,  not  only  for  the  growth 
and  developraejit  of  their  roots,  but  also  for  their  power 
of  absorption.  We  meet  with  them  chiefly  in  the  so- 
called  aboi'iginal  \voods  of  Bi'azil,  the  northern  parts  of 
South  America,  India,  &c.  A  high  temperature,  a  great 
degree  of  moisture,  a  damp  bottom  of  mould,  continually 
becoming  thicker  by  the  falling  of  leaves,  and  always  in 
a  state  of  decomposition,  by  which  many  gases,  car- 
bonic acid,  and  ammonia  are  communicated  to  the 
almost  undisturbed  atmosphere  of  those  woods,  con- 
stitute the  condition  that  most  conduces  to  the 
growth  of  the  air-roots,  which  are  thus  exposed  to  all 
the  circumstances  that  ai*e  most  favourable  to  the  ab- 
soi'ption  and  changing  of  substances,  which  is  the  only 
object  for  the  forming  of  new  organs.  If  we  can  closely 
imitate  this  combination  of  circumstances  in  our  hot- 
houses, we  are  certain  of  success  in  the  cultivation  of 
these  beautiful  plants.  Experience  teaches  us  that  low 
houses  are  the  best.  The  presence  of  substances  in  a 
state  of  decomposition  and  emitting  ammonia  is  also 
required  ;  this  last  is  necessary  in  every  collection  of 
plants.  Moisture,  with  a  temperature  of  66''  to  75° 
Fahr.,  must  be  artificially  procured,  to  produce  a  feeble 
imitation  of  what  Nature  exhibits  to  us  in  her  great 
laboratories.  ' 


A  liighly-magntfied  view  of  a  Ihin  sHc©  of  an  epiphyte  root, 
showing  the  outer  (lower)  layer  of  cells  and  the  inner  (upper). 

This  formation  of  air-roots  is  not  confined  to  the  group 
of  Orchids  ;  it  is  also  observed  in  several  other  groups 
of  plants,  as  Arads  and  Pandanese,  wliich,  however,  in 
this  respect  demand  a  careful  investigation.  T.  P. 

ANNUALS  ADAPTED  FOR  BEDDING,  &c. 

{Continued  from  page  213.) 

Sanvitaha  pbocombens. — A  neat  compact  growing  plant, 
rising  from  4  to  6  inches  high,  with  small,  oval,  dark-greea 
Itaveg,  and  numerous  orange-rayed  IludbecUia-Uke  flowrs 
(three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide),  riuhly  diversified  with  a  black 
centre. 

EocuAEiDiDsi  coNciNNUM. —  An  erect  (EnotUera-like  plant, 
9  to  12  inches  high,  of  ueat  hubic,  with  amall,  dark-green 
leaves,  and  laden  with  deeply-lobtd,  bright  rosy  coloured 
Clarkia-likc  flowers. 

Ctnoglossdm  linifolidm.~A  remarkably  compact  plant, 
of  erect  dense  growth,  with  grey  or  glaucoua-white  leuveu,  and 
studded  towards  tho  upper  part  with  a  profu  ion  of  enow- 
white  circular,  ribbed,  sdlver.shHptid  blossoms. 

Ibebis  umbellata  rubea  (ci  iinson  Candytuft).—  An  erect 
growing  variety,  12  inches  high,  with  narrow  lance-sliapoil 
leaves,  and  numerous  lerminul  tiaitiah  umbels  of  rich,  reddish 
purple  and  crimson  flowers. 

Ibebis  cueonahia  and  I,  dmbeilata  alba  (white  Candy- 
tufr). — Rising  12  inches  high,  tqually  neat  and  compact  in 
habit,! with  similar  foliage,  and  profuse  terminal  brauchiig 
stemH.  forming  a  denne  mass  of  snow-white  flower  lieads. 

LuPiNDS  nanus.— An  extremely  pretty  species,  with  srnall 
hand-ahaptd  leaves,  and  numerous  lon^  terminal  erect  spiltea 
of  elegant  blue  and  wliite  pea-'-haped  llowera. 

SiLENK  iicBELLA,— Aneat  plant,  1/  inches  high,  with  broadlj 
ovate  KloHsy  loaves,  and  numerous  terminal  clusters  of  louse 
pur;»li&h  ruKC-colourtd  bloHsonia. 

EuTOCA  WiiANOELiANA. —  A  l()w.growing  species  with  decum- 
bent stems,  rising  ta  laaase,  0  to  'J  inches  high,  and  crowned 
with  a  profusion  of  bluoinh  aalver-'hapcd  flowers  in  clusters. 

IlininOfja  AFKicANus. — An  ii[)righr,  branching  planl;,  growing 
frum  9  to  18  liicbcH  high,  witli  doeply-lobod  or  divided  leaver, 
and  remarkably  large,  cloHc-petiilled,  bright,  sulpliur-coloured 
Hollyhoek-llkc  fluwt  rs  (1  to  (J  inches  wide),  beauti'ully  '.rna- 
mooted  with  u  rich  and  conspicuous  dark  velvet  band  towards 
tho  centre. 

Ykllow  IIawkweed,— a  Romowhat  loose  growing  and  alen. 
dor  branched  plant,  12  to  III  inches  high,  ornumenred  wl-h  a, 
p^ofu^i'm  ttf  very  neat  palo  yellow,  op  biiniHtone. coloured 
Marigold. Illte  b]n»M>rnB,  abttui  Ij  in(;h  witle,  wlileli  iiro  srnKU- 
lar  )y  diverHllled  witli  a  dnublo  liif(;rior  row  nf  Hiiialli;r  nriiiinii- 
yrillow  petuin,  the  wholi*  beluK  relieved  by  the  contrasiud  etlect 
of  a  large  and  remarkubly  buQutlfut  rlub  durk-browu  conlru. 


Heliopbila  aeaboides, — A  prostrate  spreading  plant,  with 
diverging  shoots  or  stems,  which  are  elegantly  utudded  over 
with  numerous  close- petallcd  rich  blue,  compact  salvtr-bhaped 
blossoms,  half  an  inch  wide. 

GoDETiA  BiFBoNs.— An  ornamental,  erect-growing  plant, 
of  neat  habit,  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  with  medium-nized 
leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  of  largo  conspicuous  ro-y  lUae, 
cup  or  salver-shaped  iluwers  (2  inches  wide),  picturesqutly 
marked  with  bright  rosy  crimson  cloud-Uke  spots  in  the  ceatro 
of  the  flower-lobes  or  petals. 

Sweet  Sultan.— An  upright  growing  plant,  18  inches  to 
2feet  high,  producing  many  cunspicuously-ornamtntal,  large, 
clear  white,  Thistle-like  flowers. 

GoDETiA  iiuuicoNDA.- An  ornamental  Rpeoies,  18  inches  to 
2  feet  high,  of  neat,  erect,  brancbiog  habit,  with  mediuia 
sized  leaves,  and  long  terminal  Bpikea  ot  numerous,  large, 
clooo-petalled,  light  pink,  cup-shriped  or  ealvtr-like  blossoms, 
deepening  into  a  couHpicuoua  light  crimson  centre, 

Malope  OEANLiFLi'EA. — A  highly  Ornamental  annual,  2  to  3 
feet  high,  with  oblusely-lobed  mallow-liko  leaves,  and  nu- 
merous, remarkably  large,  and  beautiful  rich  crimtoa  salver- 
shaped  flowers,  4  to  6  inches  wide. 

GoDETiA  LiNDLETANA. — A  lato  summer-flowering  annual, 
18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  of  neat  habii,  upright-  gt'-wh,  medium- 
sized  foliage,  and  highly  picturesque  and  beautiful  pale  rosy- 
Ulac,  open  cup-shapL  d  blossoms,  blending  into  a  briuibou  centre. 

Branching  Labespuu, — An  ornamental  late  i-ummer-ll Mwer- 
ing  annual,  2  to  3  feet  high,  of  erect  branching  habit,  with 
numerous  racemes  of  variously  shaded  brilliant  blue-coloured 
bluSHoms.  Admirably  adapted  for  grouping  in  shrubberies 
and  plantations. 

Ldpinds  CaoicESHANKii.  —  An  extremely  beautiful  late 
summer  and  autumn-flowering  species,  2  to  3  feet  hi^h,  of 
neat  erect  branching  growth,  with  smooth  finger-lobed  leaves 
and  terminal  spikes  or  racemes  of  richly  blended  blue,  wbito 
and  yellow,  Pea-Shaped  fluwers. 

Tat.giee  Pea  (Lathteds  tingitanus).  —  A  very  elegant 
twining  annual  plant,  3  to  4  feet  high,  with  medium-«^ized 
foiliige,  and  numerous  clusters  of  remarkably  rich  violet- 
crimson  blossoms. 

CRBieANTHEMDM  cENTRosPEHMDM. —  A  late  flumciier  and 
autumn-tiowerlng  species,  2i  to  SA  feet  high,  of  erect,  branching 
habit,  deeply  toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and  numerous  golden- 
yellow  Marigold-like  blossoms,  well  adapted  for  efiect  iu  large 
borders. 

Heuchrysum  beacteatdm. — A  neat,  erect,  branching,  latis 
flowering  plant,  2  to  3  feet  high,  with  dark  green  willow- 
bhaped  leaves,  and  numerous  terminal,  conspicuous  clusters 
of  Kolden  yellow  "  everlasting  flowers." 

Helichetsdm  MAcrfANTHUM.— Similar  in  habit  to  the  pre- 
ceding species,  with  green  willow-shaped  leaves,  and  terminal 
upper  clusters  of  clear  white  "  everlasting  flowers,"  elegantly 
suffused  with  rosft  or  pink.  This  interesting  plant,  as  well  as 
the  preceding,  withstands  the  influence  of  autumnal  fro&ta. 
William  Woo^. 


RATEABILITY  OF  A  NURSERYMAN'S  STOCK 
IN  TRADE. 

Me.  Editoe,— la  page  213  of  your  Paper,  Mr.  Paine  denies 
the  corrcctneps  of  my  statement  (p.  165).  1  now  repeat  tluit 
the  report  affirmed  to  have  been  read  (p.  148)  was  not  read 
before  the  magistrates,  and  that  the  magistrates  gave  no  deci- 
sion on  the  merits  of  the  case.  Mr.  Paine  now,  states  that 
"  the  condition  upon  which  the  appeal  was  decided  is,  that  I 
should  meet  the  surveyor  of  the  parish,"  &c.  I  now  assert 
that  the  magistrates,  in  granting  permission  to  remove  the 
contested  points  from  the  rate-book,  made  no  condition 
wliatever . 

The  re-valuation  was  part  of  the  agreement  between  the 
parties  out  ot  court ;  Mr.  Paine  gives  one,  and  surely  sufficient, 
reason  why  it  could  not  be  effected  immediately.  I.  FlKcn, 
Churchwarden,  Scrkhamstead,  April  7. 

Haresfoot,  Great  Bprkharastead,  April  7. 
I  was  present  in  the  court,  and  can  affirm  that  all  the  asser- 
tions of  our  churchwarden  (the  Hon.  General  I.  Pinch)  are 
strictly  correct  on  the  subject  in  question. 

ALQEENON  Smith  Doeeien. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Hardiness  of  Greenlioiisc  Plants. — As  the  question  of 
the  hardiness  of  many  plants  usually  ti-eated  as  green- 
house ones  appears  to  be  exciting  some  attention,  and 
as  several  plants  of  that  description  have  been  for  some 
years  planted  out  here  with  a  view  of  testing  their 
hardiness,  the  following  account  of  the  result  may  be 
interesting.  It  should  be  observed  that  this  place,  lying 
on  the  shores  of  Morecombe  Bay,  shares  in  the  mild 
climate  of  the  west  of  England  ;  but  being  considerably 
to  the  north  (in  latitude  54^  H),  and  only  a  few  miles 
distant  from  the  lake  mountains,  which  rise  to  the  height 
of  3000  feet,  it  is  liable  to  greater  cold  than  usually 
occurs  further  to  the  south.  Australian  and  New 
Zealand  Plants. — Leptospermum  grandiflorum  has  been, 
planted  out  many  years,  and  always  flowers  abundantly. 
It  appears  as  hardy  as  any  of  the  common  evergreens. 
Leptospermum  ambiguum  and  L.  lanigerum  have  also 
been  out  two  winters  against  a  wall,  and  are  quite 
safe.  The  latter  especially  is  very  vigorous,  and  seems 
as  hardy  as  L.  grandiflorum.  L.  scoparium,  tried  a 
few  years  ago,  was  killed  ;  Grevillea  rosmarinil'olia  is 
perfectly  hardy,  and  is  now  in  flower.  Callistemon 
Janceolatus,  Plagianthus  divaricatus,  Tasmanuia  aroma- 
tica,  Veronica  speciosa,  have  also  been  tried  successfully 
against  a  wall.  The  Tasmannia  usually  flowers  abun- 
dantly.  Clianthus  puniceus  against  a  wall  is  now  coming 
plentifully  into  flower.  Acacia  aflinis,  with  a  stem  1  foot 
in  circumference,  is  now  covered  with  blossom  ;  it  is 
planted  out  iu  a  sheltered  situation.  Other  Plants  of 
doubtful  /ia7-(Zi?te55.— Habrothanmus  elegans,  cory  mbosus^ 
and  fascicularis,  against  a  wall,  are  uninjured.  lo- 
chroma  tubulosum,  under  precisely  tho  same  circum- 
stances, was  icilled.  Tho  following  plants  appear  also  to 
be  quite  hardy.  Qucrcus  glabra  (very  liandsomo)  ;  Te- 
tranthera  Sicboldi  i  (do.)  ;  Liinonia  laureula  ;  lUicium 
floridanum  ;  III.  religiosura  (botk  of  these  flower)  ; 
Garrya  Macfadgcana  (against  a  wall)  ;  Myrsiue  afri- 
cana,  M.  UrviU'd?-  Kuonymus  finibriatua  (against  a 
wall)  ;  Eriobotrya  japouica  (do.)  C,  Ilol/car  Ilallf 
MllnthorpCj  April  7. 

Brown's  Fumitjator  v.  other  Modes  of  Fmni(jat'mr). — 
I  am  obliged  to  Mr,  Ayros  for  his  suggestion  with 
reforcncu  to  tho  "  cigarette  "  mode  of  fumigating;  but 
liaving  adopted  that  plan  oceaHionally  for  tlie  hmt  nino 
years,  I  Iiad  anticipated  liim  with  regard  to  his  advice, 


230 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[April  10, 


and  had  not  lost  si<,'ht  of  the  same  when  1  was  induced 
to  recommend  the  "  I'umigatoi*"  for  all  minor  purposes ; 
and  I  flatter  myself  that  I  can  very  satisfactorily  show 
its  decided  advantages  over  the  "cigarette,"  or  any  other 
plan  yet  known  ;  for  example,  I  propagate  the  greater 
portion  of  my  bedding  stuff  on  my  first  Vinery  border, 
■which  is  inside  the  house.  The  cuttings  are  inserted  in 
a  bed  of  prepared  soil,  and  covered  with  the  portable 
tops  of  hand-glasses.  In  this  way  I  strike  from  200  to 
400  under  each  glass,  consequently  it  will  be  observed 
that  they  are  inserted  pretty  thickly.  Now  it  sometimes 
happens  that  before  they  are  removed  from  the  cutting- 
bed  they  are  attacked  by  green-fly,  although  apparently 
free  when  first  inserted.  Such  being  the  case,  1  should 
be  at  a  loss  to  know  how  to  fumigate  them  without  fumi- 
gating the  whole  house  (which  may  not  be  necessary), 
were  it  not  for  tlie  facilities  afforded  by  the  ^'fumigator." 
By  lifting  tlie  glasses  a  little  on  one  side,  eight  or  ten  of 
them  can  be  filled  with  smoke  in  two  or  three  minutes 
with  the  greatest  ease  and  safety  imaginable  ;  hence  the 
value  of  the  "fumigator"  in  this  case.  1  have  at  the 
present  time  about  500  shrubby  Calceolarias,  and  a 
quantity  of  other  bedding  stuff,  bedded  out  in  pits 
and  frames,  in  sods  of  turf,  instead  of  using  pots. 
These  are  arranged  within  two  or  three  inches  of 
the  glass  ;  and  wliilst  iu  this  transition  state,  it  is  pro- 
bable that,  long  before  their  final  removal,  they  will 
grow  sutticiently,  so  as  to  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the 
bed  in  which  they  are  planted.  Such  lias  generally  been 
the  case,  leaving  no  space  for  tlie  introduction  of  any- 
thing inside  should  fumigation  be  necessary  here  ;  then 
(and  I  think  Mr.  Ayres  will  admit  it),  is  the  "  fumigator" 
of  essential  worth,  as  the  fumes  can  be  driven  through 
an  aperture  from  tlie  outside.  For  fumigating  on  a  large 
scale,  I  would  recommend  (instead  of  tlie  sieve),  a  con- 
trivance similar  to  that  exhibited  by  rae  at  the  Horti- 
cultural Society's  Rooms  in  Regent-street,  in  March, 
1850,  wdiich  can  be  made  by  any  country  smith.  It  is 
made  of  sheet-iron  ;  in  form  like  a  very  shallow  stew- 
pan,  thickly  perforated,  having  feet  to  raise  it  sufficiently 
high  to  allow  a  current  of  air  to  pass  through.  This  is 
far  preferable  to  the  sieve,  for  if  combustion  does  not 
go  on  well,  a  little  shaking  by  the  handle  greatly  accele- 
rates it ;  and  besides,  where  a  sieve  is  used  much,  the 
action  of  the  heat  on  the  wire  continually,  soon  destroys 
it,  and  it  becomes  far  more  expensive  in  the  end  than 
having  an  apparatus  made  upon  the  sieve  principle  in 
the  first  instance.  George  Fry,  Mmior-house,  Lee,  Kent. 

Notes  and  Queries.— Aca,c\a.  dealbata,  with  rae,  is  now 
loaded  with  its  delicate  yellow  flowers  ;  the  tree  is 
between  SO  and  40  feet  high,  and  has  only  once  been 
injured  by  frost  since  it  was  planted  out  many  years 
ago.  It  is  a  strikingly  elegant  tree,  independent  of  its 
masses  of  blossoms.  The  early  flowers  of  Rhododendron 
arboreum  and  nobile  were  injured  by  the  bitter  east 
wind  of  March  ;  but  some  fine  and  perfect  heads  are 
now  open,  with  the  llose-colouredvai'iety  of  the  former. 
The  groups  of  hybrids  will  soon  be  hilloclcs  of  crimson. 
Many  exotics  have  lived  through  this  winter,  yet, 
strangely  enough,  a  plant  of  Eucalyptus  robusta,  about 
4  feet  high,  is  dead.  A  species  of  Baraboo,  from  the 
Himalayas,  the  seed  of  which  was  advertised  in  the 
<7Armi?Wc  three  or  four  years  since,  proves  quite  hardy, 
and  a  really  interesting  and  good  thing.  Some  of  my 
plants  are  12  or  14  feet  high.  How  can  I  propagate  it  ? 
[By  division  when  old  enough.]  The  curious  new  Califor- 
nian  Cherry  (Cerasus  ilieifolia)  does  not  thrive  with  me 
in  the  open  ground.  Does  it  require  any  particular 
soil  ?  [It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  stiff  clay.]  Does  the  old, 
but  rare,  Sambucusracemosus  require  any  peculiar  treat- 
ment ?  [No]  It  is  seldom  seen  in  shrubberies, yet  I  am 
told  that  it  fruited  abundantly  last  autumn,  in  a  vicarage 
garden  in  the  north  of  Devon.  My  informant  said 
that  it  bore  clusters  of  fruit  of  pounds  weight,  the  berries 
being  similar  in  size  to  the  roe  of  a  salmon,  with  the 
colour  of  that  of  tlie  lobster.  The  vicarage  being  on 
the  sea  shore,  accounts,  I  presume,  for  so  piscatorial  a 
simile,  which,  however,  is  a  descriptive  one.  In  the 
answers  to  correspondents,  you  recently  recommended 
Biguonia  Cliirere  to  be  grown  in  tan,  and  treated  as  a 
stove  plant.  My  experience  induces  me  to  offer  a  dif- 
ferent opinion,  as  in  mjy  conservatory,  where  a  low 
temperature  is  kept,  it  grows  with  wondi'ous  strength 
and  flowers  magnificently  ;  indeed,  it  is  difficult  to  keep 
it  within  bounds,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  beauti- 
ful a  climber  is  not  more  generally  grown.  "What  a 
boon  would  a  free-flowering  yellow  species  be,  for 
though  Bignonia  Tweediana  produces  flowers  of  the 
most  brilliant  golden  hue,  it  is  far  too  much  of  a  niggard 
to  be  as  valuable  as  it  otherwise  would  be.  My  plant 
of  Beaumontia  grandiflora  produced  last  summer,  with 
others,  one  bunch  of  sixteen  flowers,  which,  though  they 
did  not  open  simultaneously,  were  indiscribably  beauti- 
ful. This  line  plant,  wiiich  does  not  require  stove  heat, 
is  not  so  much  grown  as  it  deserves.  A  Devonian. 

Climate  of  Ilampshirc. — Though  we  had  some  sharp 
weather  in  November,  and  have  since  had  many  frosty 
nights,  I  do  not  find  that  I  have  lost  a  single  plant. 
Bignonia  capreolata  (against  a  wall),  Edwardsia  (stan- 
dard), Jasmimnn  revolulum,  parviflorum  (standard), 
Dielytra  spectabilis,  Escallonias,  Ceanothus  varieties, 
all  out  of  doors,  without  any  covering  but  a  few  Eir 
boughs,  are  in  the  best  health.  The  Dielytra  is  so  far 
an  exception  that  I  have  lately  put  a  hand-glass  over  it. 
It  is  about  2  feet  high,  and  full  of  bloom  and  leaf.  B. 

Fruit  Trees  for  Australia. — I  often  see  questions  in 
your  columns.lroni  people  going  to  Australia, relative  to 
■what  fruit  trees  they  shall  take.  It  is  almost  useless  to 
take  any.  All  the  best  European  fruit  trees  may  be 
purchased  in  New  South  Wales  as  cheap  as  in  England. 


The  Stanwick  Nectarine,  and  Veitcirs  new  Apricot 
would  be  desirable,  and  so  would  any  of  the  Figs  recom- 
mended by  the  Horticultural  Society  (a  complete  col- 
lection of  which  was  kindly  given  to  me  in  1842  by  the 
secretary,  but  I  was  not  fortunate  with  them),  except 
four,  which  I  suppose  to  be  Brown  Turkey,  White  Mar- 
seilles, Green  Ischia  (which  never  hears),  and  Verte  de 
tres  bonne  qualite,  wdiich  are  already  here,  and  the  two 
first  common.  There  is  also  another  kind  bearing  a 
very  large  nearly  undivided  leaf,  and  a  very  large  blue 
Fig,  but  it  is  utterly  worthless  as  a  fruit  ;  it  grows, 
however,  very  rapidly  into  a  large  handsome  shady  tree. 
It  is  said  to  have  come  from  China. — /.  C,  Bichoill, 

Polmaised  Gra^'ics. — As  the  subject  of  Grapes  grown 
in  Polmaised  houses  has  been  brought  into  notice,  allow 
me  to  state,  for  the  benefit  of  those  about  to  erect  garden 
structures  for  the  cultivation  of  plants  or  fruits,  and 
who  are  wishful  to  heat  them  on  the  Polmaise  principle, 
thatMr.  Deans,gardener  to  W.W.  Petti  nson,  Esq., Felling, 
Gateshead,  at  the  June  exhibition  last  year,  held  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  was  awarded  a  first  prize  for  the 
best  bunch  of  Grizzly  Frontigiian,  and  was  also  placed 
first  for  the  best  bunch  of  Black  Hamburgh.  His 
Grapes  in  the  same  house  this  year  are  all  thinned,  and 
a  splendid  crop  he  has.  One  of  your  correspondents 
some  time  back  thought  it  next  to  impossible  that  early 
forcing  could  be  carried  out  on  the  Polmaise  system. 
Here  is  one  instance  in  which  Polmaise  has  succeeded  ; 
and  if  one,  why  not  another.  G.  B. 

Rain  at  Ham,  near  Plymouth,  in  1851 


Incliys, 

Inches 

January 

...     9  54 

September 

1.20 

Fi^brunry 

...     2.59 

October 

520 

March 

...     S.(!8 

November 

2.22 

A|iril      

...     2.53 

December 

3.24 

May        

...     1.92 

JUU9         

...     2.43 

Total 

47.96 

July       

...     3  95 

On 

IGO  days. 

Alliiust 

...     4.49 

At  Radstret,  near  Bath,  it  was  27.01  inches  on  125  days. 
H.  H,  Trehy. 

Welsh  Seed  Trade.— With  all  due  deference  to  Mr. 
Bundy,  I  think  that  if  he  had  had  the  buying  of  his 
seeds  from  the  different  druggists,  as  I  have  had  for 
many  years,  he  would  have  found  out  his  mistake  before 
this  time ;  and  I  hope  that  before  Mr.  Bundy  again 
attempts  to  publish  anything  to  the  world,  he  will  make 
himself  thoroughly  acquainted  with  his  subject.  The 
following  are  the  prices  I  have  paid  to  the  different 
chemists  of  Llandilo  for  the  last  thi'ee  years  : — Onion 
seed,  2d,  to  3f/.  per  ounce  ;  Carrot  seed,  ditto  ;  Pea, 
6d.  to  Is.  per  quart ;  Cauliflower,  Is.  per  ounce  ;  Savoy, 
ditto  ;  Leek  seed,  3cZ.  per  ounce  ;  Parsnip,  2d.  per 
ounce;  Radish,  6(/.  per  half-pint ;  Broccoli  of  sorts,  Is. 
per  ounce  ;  Turnips,  Id.  per  ounce  ;  and  other  kinds  of 
seeds  in  proportion  ;  but  many  of  better  sorts  of  vegeta- 
bles are  not  to  be  had  at  those  shops.  Seed  Potatoes 
are  very  dear  ;  Ash-leaf  Kidneys  are  2d.  per  lb. ;  Cock- 
neys, 2  rf.  per  lb.  ;  Forty-folds,  l^rf.  per  lb.  Zewlse. • 

I  think  the  subject  of  the  seed  trade  in  Wales  worthy 
of  consideration,  not  as  an  individual  loss  or  gain,  but 
as  involving  to  a  great  extent  the  principle  of  British 
commercial  transactions  in  a  more  general  point  of 
view.  I  shall,  however,  confine  myself  for  the  present 
to  the  bearings  of  the  question  as  affecting  the  princi- 
pality. Wales,  as  being  called  the  land  of  the  Leek, 
merits  that  cognomen  so  far  that,  in  the  growth  of 
vegetables,  Leek  and  Onion  form  a  prominent  demand 
on  the  land  market.  This  twin  pair  is  the  key  whereby 
other  vegetables  can  best  be  reached  ;  they  form  the 
leader  under  which  all  other  individual  vegetables  must 
seek  to  follow.  This  being  the  case,  I  think  it  a  piece 
of  bad  judgment,  to  say  nothing  of  honour,  on  the  part 
of  London  houses,  to  sacrifice  old  customers  of  15  or 
1  G  years'  standing  to  the  fancy  or  caprice  of  any  mono- 
polising "  cutters"  who  may  care  little  for  the  general 
question,  provided  a  bare  per  centage  is  to  be  got  by 
sucli  transactions.  Mr.  Buudy's  exposure  will  doubt- 
lessly startle  some  of  your  readers,  and  excite  a  more 
healthy  enquiry  as  to  the  cause  of  such  movements.  If 
this  is  continued,  I  hope  the  respectable  wholesale 
houses  will  be  prepared  to  find  themselves  passed  by,  in 
a  little  time,  by  men  of  our  own  locality,  who  may  by 
chance  find  out,  likewise,  the  source  of  seed  supplies. 
With  what  attention  and  success  this  discovery  can  be 
prosecuted  remains  yet  for  future  years  to  determine  ; 
but  as  long  as  London  will  be  content  to  charge  Is.  9d. 
upon  a  constant  customer,  whilst  the  same  article  can 
be  got  in  Wales  for  Is.  Sd.  per  lb.,  I  hope  they  will 
excuse  us  for  once  if  we   choose  to  discontinue  to  do 

further  trade.  A  Welsh  Seedsman. Mr.  Bundy  has 

certainly  gone  a  little  too  far  in  asserting  that  vegetable 
seeds  generally  can  be  bought  in  South  Wales  at  the 
prices  stated  by  him  at  p.  182.  At  Swansea  (which 
may  fairly  be  called  the  metropolis  of  South  Wales)  I 
cannot  buy  seeds  for  anything  hke  the  prices  in  question. 
Before  me  are  seven  catalogues  from  as  many  respectable 
vendors  of  seeds  in  the  town  of  Swansea,  and  I  gather 
the  following  facts  from  them  : — The  commoner  kinds  of 
Peas,  not  the  "  different  varieties,"  can  be  bought  at  6d. 
per  quart  ;  Knight's  Marrow,  &c.,  Od.,  and  upwards. 
Beans,  4cZ. to  6rf,  ditto;  French  Beans,  Is.  Grf. ditto  ;  Broc- 
coli, lOrf.  to  Is.  peroz.;  Cabbage,  Gt?.  ditto,  except  Drum- 
head, which  is  4rf.  ditto  ;  Lettuce,  8tZ.  to  Is.  ditto  ; 
Onions,  id.  ditto  ;  Parsley,  2d.  ditto  ;  Radisli,  2d. 
ditto;  Carrots,  2d.  ditto;  Cauliflower,  Is.  to  Is.  6d. 
per  oz.  Now,  from  the  above  quotations  it  will,  I  think, 
be  clear  that  Mr.  Ayres  has  conclusively  shown  the 
"  absurdity  "  of  Mr.  Bundy's  low  prices,  notwithstanding 
the  desire  of  the  latter  to  turn  the  strictures  of 
the  former  to  his  own  credit.  Speaking  for  myself, 
however,  and  for  a  portion  of  South  Wales,  I   must 


deny  Mr,  Bundy  the  right  of  including  the  whole 
Principality.  That  seeds  may  be  bought  at  the  prices 
stated  by  him,  about  Llandilo  or  Carmarthen,  I  have  no 
right  whatever  to  doubt;  not  so,  however,  at  Swansea, 
which,  I  must  say,  appears  singular,  Swansea  being 
only  some  20  or  30  miles  distant,  and  more  than  twice 
as  large  as  the  two  places  just  mentioned  pnt  together. 
I  infer,  therefore,  that  local  circumstances  must  have 
much  to  do  with  the  seed  trade  ;  at  least  it  is  certain 
that  the  prices,  as  given  by  Mr.  Bundy,  merely  point  to 
some  localities,  and  do  not  represent  the  general  state  of 
the  seed  trade  in  South  M'"ales.  W.Barron,  p'.to  J.H. 
Vivian,  Esq.,  III. P.,  Singleton  Abbey,  near  Swansea. 

Vine  Cultme. — I  shall  feel  obliged  by  your  giving 
publicity  to  the  following  statement,  as  it  may  be  the 
means  of  terminating  a  highly  pernicious  and  unnatural 
system  of  treating  the  Grape  Vine,  which  is  practised 
here  : — My  employer  is  never  bis  own  gardener,  ex- 
cept in  the  present  instance,  in  which,  despite  of  alL 
remonstrances,  he  has  been  arbitrary.  We  conmienced 
forcing  in  the  beginning  of  February.  We  laid  eight  or- 
nine  inches  in  thickness  of  raw  pig's  dung  on  the  bor- 
der, previous  to  increasing  the  temjierature  of  the  house. 
Tlie  result  has  been,  that  by  carefully  and  assiduously 
applying  the  syringe,  the  Vines  have  broken  remarkably 
well  and  regularly  ;  but  there  is  only  the  appearance  of 
a  very  moderate  (or  rather  scanty)  crop.  The  bunches^ 
are  about  a  foot,  and,  in  most  instances,  18  inches  from 
the  base  of  the  shoots,  and  those  puny  specimens  ap- 
proaching the  condition  of  tendrils.  Now,  I  am  of  opi- 
nion, in  fact  convinced,  that  the  cause  of  the  evil  is  the 
cold  filthy  muck  on  the  border.  There  are  slabs  laid  on 
itj  which,  when  trodden  upon,  for  various  ])urposes, 
sink  into  it,  when  it  emits  a  pestilential  efiiuvium  that  is 
intolerable.  It  has  been  alleged  by  my  employer,  that 
Mr.  Mitchel,  of  Brighton,  grows  his  Grapes  precisely  on 
the  same  principles,  and  that  no  person  can  proiluce  finer 
crops,  nay,  two  crops  in  one  year.  Now,  I  doubt  whether 
it  is  possible  that  Mr.  Mitchel  should  grow  his  Grapes  on 
the  same  principle  ;  and  I  contewd  that  the  second  crop 
must  be  a  poor  one,  and  detrimental  to  tlie  Vines.  I 
must  not  omit  to  mention  that  om*  Vines,  through  pre- 
vious as  well  as  present,  mismanagement,  are  in  a  very 
unhealthy  state.  It  has  been  strongly  urged  by  my 
employer,  that  Vines  require  some  such  stimulant  as  that 
to  which  I  have  alluded,  when  treated  artiHcially.  Now, 
I  contend,  that  in  this  country  we  can  accommodate 
Vines,  in  all  their  requirements,  with  more  congenial 
temperatures,  both  terrestrial  and  atmospheric,  than 
tliey  experience  under  natural  conditions  ;  the  former 
by  applying  fermenting  material,  and  keeping  thermo- 
meters, or  trial-sticks,  in  the  border  ;  the  hitter  by  fire- 
heat,  a  judicious  application  of  the  syriiiire,  steaming, 
&,c.  I  shall  not  lengthen  this  communication  at  present, 
but  on  a  future  occasion  I  shall  send  you  the  results  of* 
this  injudicious  system  of  forcing,  or  rather  killing,  the 
Vine.  /.  A.  If.  W.  £.,  Surrey. 


Horticultural,  April  6. — W.  W.  Sai.::on,  Esq.,  in 
the  chair.  It  was  announced  that  the  Council  had 
recommended  tha'u  H.R.H.  Prince  Albert  nndhis  Impe- 
rial Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  now  Fellows  of  the 
Society,  should  be  nominated  honorary  members  in  two 
vacancies  now  existing;  whereupon  II.K.H.  Prince 
Albert  and  his  Imperial  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Russia 
were  balloted  for,  and  duly  elected  as  honorary  mem- 
bers. As  regards  subjects  of  exliibition,  the  greatest 
novelty  was  certainly  Phaltenopsis  Lobbii^  from  Messrs, 
Veitch — a  highly  promising  species,  uniting  the  colour 
of  P.  rosea  with  the  large  blossoms  of  the  white  butter- 
fly plant  (P.  amabilis).  The  example  exhibited  was 
small,  having  been  only  recently  imported,  and  now 
flowering  for  the  first  time  :  but  it  served  to  show  what 
may  be  expected  from  larger  and  better  established 
plants ;  a  Large  Silver  Medal  was  awarded  it.  The  same 
eminent  nurserymen  also  produced  a  Posoqueria  (?)  from 
the  Organ  mountains,  possessing  an  elegant  habit,  and  bear- 
ing quantities  of  long  creamy  white,  peculiarly  scented 
flowers  ;  a  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  it, — Mr. 
Franklin,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,,  contributed  a  collection 
of  Orchids,  containing  well  cultivated  examples  of  Den- 
drobium  nobile,  and  the  rhubarb-scented  D.  macro- 
phyllum  ;  a  charming  Maxillaria,  labelled  a  variety  of 
M.  Harrisouite,  but,  in  reality,  quite  a  different  thing, 
and  much  handsomer ;  the  beautiful  and  somewhat 
scarce  Brazilian  Oncidium  sarcodes,  the  sweet 
Trichopil  (T.  suavis),  and  Lycaste  gigantea ;  a 
Kiiighiian  IVIedal  was  awarded. — Messrs.  Henderson,  of 
Pine  Apple-jilace,  sent  a  little  tree  of  the  Oleander- 
leaved  Eriostemon,  and  a  nice  pyramidal  plant  of  E. 
intermedia  ;'  also  the  pretty  Boronia  triphylla  ;  a  varie- 
gated-leaved Coronilla  glauca  ;  Elseocarpus  dentatus  ;. 
a  species  of  Aotus  ;  two  dwarf,  compact,  tree-flowermg 
Rhododendrons,  and  a  highly  interesting  collection  of 
Hyacinths,  for  which  a  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded. — 
Mr.  Turner,  of  the  Royal  Nursery,  Slough,  communi- 
cated a  stand  of  Pansy  blooms,  and  six  charmingly 
blossomed  examples  of  the  same  plant  in  pots, 
in  order  to  further  prove  that  such  things  may 
be  successfully  grown  iu  that  way,  and  likewise 
to  show  that  few  plants  make  a  better  display,  and 
at  less  expense,  than  the  Pansy  during  the  early 
spring  months.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  for 
the  plants  in  pots. — An  interesting  collection  of  Roses 
was  shown  by  Messrs.  Lane,  from  a  Rose  house  heated 
on  the  Polmaise  principle.  They  consisted  of  some  of 
the  best  of  the  Hybrid  Perpetual,  Bourbon,  and  Tea* 


15—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


231 


sceuted  kinds,  as  Apollon,  Baronne  Prevost,  Chateau- 
briand, Cornet,  Duchesse  de  Praslin,  Due  d'Aleii^on, 
Duchess  of  Sutherland,  William  Jesse,  Geant  des 
Batailles,  Genei-al  Negrier,  Madame  Trudeaux,  Soleil 
d*Austerlitz,  Standard  of  Marengo,  Armosa,  Madame 
Angelina,  I'aul  Joseph,  Queen,  Souvenir  de  la  Mal- 
maison,  Mrs.  Bosauquet,  Belle  AUemande,  Conite  de 
Parif5,  Mo\v6,  Smitli's  Yellow,  Vicomtesse  de  Cazes, 
Fortune's  Double  Yellow,  and  others.  A  Banksian 
Medal  was  awarded. — Mr.  Chapman,  gr.  to  J.  B. 
Gle^T,  Esq.,  received  a  Certificate  of  Merit  for  a 
good  example  of  Cayenne  Pine  Apple,  weighing 
5^  lbs. —  5lr.  Jones,  gr.  to  Sir  J.  Guest,  Bart., 
sent  three  Ripley  Queen  Pine  Apples,  weighing  re- 
spectively 4  lbs.  2  oz.,  3  lbs.  13  oz.,  and  3  lbs.  10  oz. — 
From  Mr.  Law,  gr.  to  E.  J.  Shirley,  Esq.,  of  Eating- 
ton  Park,  Stratford-on-Avon,  came  a  dish  of  forced 
Peaches  from  trees  growing  in  pots.  They  were  quite 
ripe,  but  not  very  large  or  well  coloured,  which,  how- 
ever, could  hardly  be  expected  at  this  season.  A  Cer- 
tificate of  Merit  was  awarded  them. — Mr.  McEwen,  gr. 
to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  at  Armidel,  exhibited  five  pots 
of  Keens'  Seedling  Strawberries  and  one  of  Alice  Maude. 
They  were  loaded  with  large  and  well  ripened  fruit,  and 
were  in  every  way  very  fine  examples  of  this  kind  of 
gardening.  It  was  stated  that  the  best  sort  for  forcing, 
according  to  Mr,  McEwen's  experience,  was  Keens' 
Seedling  j  the  next  Alice  Maude.  A  Certificate  of  Merit 
was  awai'ded. —  Hambui-gh  Grapes,  ripe  and  black,  but 
entirely  destitute  of  bloom,  were  produced  by  Mr. 
AUport,  gardener  at  Doddiugton  Pai'k,  Nantwich, 
Cheshire," to  whom  a  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded. 
— A  plan  for  labelling  Roses,  the  invention  of  Mr. 
Bohn,  of  York-street,  Coven t-Garden,  was  brought 
under  the  notice  of  the  meeting  by  the  Rev.  W.  B. 
Hawkins.  Mr.  Bohn  uses  a  paper  label,  at  one  end  of 
which  is  printed  the  name  of  the  Rose  in  bold  black- 
faced  type,  and  at  the  other  end  the  colour  and  general 
description  of  the  plant.  This  label  is  then  folded  and 
pasted  back  to  back  ;  it  is  then  placed  in  a  small  flat  tube 
of  glass  closed  at  both  ends,  with  a  ring  (in  glass)  at  one 
end  to  hold  some  soft  wire,  by  which  it  is  to  be  sus- 
pended from  the  plant.  Tlie  cost  of  such  labels  was 
stated  to  be  about  five  farthings  each,  everything  in- 
cluded. They  are  extremely  neat,  and  no  doubt  will  be 
found  to  answer  for  most  purposes  where  hanging 
labels  are  required,  provided  they  prove  to  be 
sufiiciently  durable.  —  The  Garden  of  the  Society 
furnished  the  vivid  crimson  or  rather  scarlet  Azalea 
obtusa;  tlie  JasmJue-like  Rhynchospermura,  a  sweet- 
scented  ciild  greenhouse  plant ;  tlie  double  white  and 
red  flowering  Chinese  Peaches  mentioned  last  week  at 
p.  215  ;  two  of  the  smaller  growing  Acacias  that  are 
suitable  for  pot-culture  ;  Beaufortia  decussata  ;  the 
white  Ceanothus  cuneatus,  and  dark  blue  C.  rjgidus  ; 
*^schynanthus  speciosus,  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the 
genus  ;  two  Epacrises  ;  the  large  vai"iety  of  Justicia 
carnea,  and  one  or  two  other  plants. 

LiNSEAN,  April  6. — R.  Beown,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 
A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Adam  White,  on  the  influence 
of  cold  on  the  vegetation  of  plants.  The  author  had  his 
attention  drawn  to  tiiis  subject  by  some  remarks  made  at 
a  previous  meeting  by  Mr.  Curtis  on  this  subject.  He  read 
several  extracts  from  the  journals  of  Captain  Beechey,  to 
show  that  a  very  abundant  vegetation  frequently  existed 
under  the  snow  in  arctic  regions,  tie  quoted  also  pas- 
sages from  Haller  and  other  writers  on  the  subject  of 
plants  flowering  in  snow,  and  drew  particular  attention 
to  a  passage  in  Liunceus's  description  of  Saxifraga  nivalis, 
which  he  states  to  flower  under  the  snow.  The  reading 
these  remarks  was  followed  by  a  discussion.  Dr.  Hooker 
stated  that  the  only  instance  he  had  seen  of  a  plant 
flowering  under  snow,  was  that  of  tlie  Pernettya  mucro- 
nata,  which  he  had  observed  in  flower  under  the  snow, 
at  Terra  del  Fuego.  He  said  it  was  frequent  to  find 
plants  vegetating  under  the  snow,  which  arose  from  the 
soil  being  warm  enough  below  to  carry  on  the  functions 
of  the  plant.— Mr.  Pratt  stated  that  he  had  in  vain  sought 
for  plants  flowering  under  snow  at  Chamouni,  and  should 
regard  tlie  phenomenon  as  exceptional. — A  letter  wa* 
read  from  Mr.  James  Mottley,  addressed  to  L.  DiUwyn, 
Es'i-,  accomi>anying  specimens  of  the  substance  known 
as  Borneo  cainpiujr,  and  a  portion  of  tlie  truuk  of  tlie 
tree  —  the  Dryobalanops  caraphora  —  producing  it. 
The  Borneo  camphor  is  principally  consumed  in 
China,  wliere  good  specimens  realise  as  much  as  51. 
per  lb.  An  oil  also  exudes  from  the  tree,  whicli  is 
used  as  a  varniah,  and  is  also  employed  aa  a  medicine. 
The  Borneo  camphor  is  constantly  mixed  with  tlio  red 
seeda  of  a  plant,  whicli  arc  superstitiously  added  by  the 
DfltivtH,  lor  ihe  purpose  of  amusing  the  spirit  of  the 
camphor,  and  inducing  it  to  remaui,  otherwise  it  might 
fljr  off  and  leave  the  camphor  of  no  value. 

^  ENTOHOLoorcAL,  April  5.~J.  O.  Westwodd, Esq  ,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.  Amonglhe  donations  were  an  txten- 
sirehc-ricH  of  Brazilian  inH*'ctH,  pri.'Hciiled  by  Lord  Gu<Ic- 
rich,and  a  box  of  Brilinh  AIicrolepidopt<;ra,  by  Mr.  Bedell. 
The  Prc-HJdent announced  that  the  new  paitof  the  Trans- 
actions, crmipleting  the  flr>tt  volume  uf  the  new  scries, 
would  he  published  on  the  I'ith  inst.— Mr.  A,  Whito 
exhibited  Hpccimena  of  Derepteryx  Ilardwickii  and 
L'ropbora  llardwickii  (both  male  and  feniakv,  brought 
home  by  Dr.  Hooker  ;  and  siho  a  small  box  of  Ccilcop- 
lera,  brought  from  Mtllo  Thibet  by  Dr.  ThonipHon, 
reniarlcAble  for  containing  several  spt-ciea  identical  with 
Britiuh  iiiw;cts.  Ilo  also  read  an  extract  from  a  lett';r 
from  Dr.  liowriiig,  at  ilong-Kouj;,  announcing  the  cap- 
ture of  about  60  difi'ercnt  species  of  Brachdytra  in  the 


neighbourhood  of  that  settlement,  many  of  which  have 
a  very  European  appearance,  but  one  was  remarkable  I 
for  having  the  antennce  strongly  feathered. — Mr.  W. 
W.  Saunders  I'ead  an  extract  from  a  letter  from  Mr.  S, 
S.  Saunders,  in  Albania,  giving  an  account  of  the  habits  of 
Hylteus  rubeeula,  which  is  now  ascertained  to  store  up 
honey,  in  cells  lined  with  a  thin  membrane,  for  the  sup- 
port of  its  young. — Mr.  F.  Smith  read  a  note  from  Dr. 
Filkin,  giving  an  account  of  the  damage  committed 
in  wine-cellars  by  the  larva  of  Gracillaria  V-ilava, 
which  gnaws  the  corks  of  wine-bottles,  causing  the 
wine  to  leak.  It  was  suggested  that,  by  dipping 
the  top  of  the  corked  bottles  in  melted  i-esin,  mixed 
with  wax,  the  moths  would  be  prevented  from 
laying  their  eggs  in  the  corks. — Mr.  Edwin  Sheppard 
exhibited  some  caterpillars  of  Botys  urticalis  in  their 
winter  quarters  beneath  the  bark  of  wood-fences. — The 
secretary  read  notes  from  Messrs.  Gould  and  H.  Double- 
day,  on  insects  found  impaled  upon  thorns,  which  had 
been  ascribed  to  the  shrike  or  butcher-bird;  but  iu  cases 
observed  by  the  writers  such  a  cause  was  impossible,  and 
it  was,  on  the  contniry,  believed  that  the  force  of  the 
wing  was  the  true  cause.— Mr.  Douglas  exhibited 
illustrations  of  the  natural  habits  of  several  species  of 
Microlepidoptera,  including  Gelechia  coutigua  and 
frateruellft,  and  a  species  of  Nepticula,  the  larva  of 
which  mines  the  leaves  of  the  Bramble.  He  also  read 
extracts  from  Zeller's  revision  of  the  Pterophoridss 
just  published,  giving  an  account  of  the  habits  of  the 
different  British  species  of  that  family.  —  Captain 
Wroughton,  of  the  Bengal  aamiy,  sent  for  exhibition  a 
book  filled  with  beautifully-executed  drawings  of  Indian 
insects  of  different  orders. — The  President  exhibited 
specimens  of  M.  Gue'rin-Meneville'a  new  species  of 
Cochineal  iouud  in  the  south  of  France,  described  in 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  (ante,  p.  215),  also  specimens 
of  Blatta  germauica,  from  Kildare  in  Ireland,  where  it 
has  proved  extremely  troublesome  in  kitchens 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  common  cockroach.  He 
also  read  a  note  from  a  correspondent  asking  information 
as  to  the  destruction  of  the  last-named  insect,  iu  reply  to 
wdiich  various  simple  but  effective  plans  were  suggested 
by  diff"erent  members  present.  He  also  announced  the 
return  of  Dr.  Burmeister  from  a  natural  history  tour  of 
18  months  in  Brazil  ;  and  mentioned  that,  amongst 
many  other  interesting  discoveries,he  had  found  a  species 
of  Strepsiptera  infesting  the  body  of  a  wasp,  as  many  as 
seven  individuals  being  observed  in  oiie  specimen. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Mn.  Cuthill's,  Denmark-hill,  Casiberwell.— As 
this  is  about  the  time  when  seeds  of  the  beautiful  L  si- 
anthus  Russellianus  should  be  sown,  we  may  mention 
that  Mr.  Cuthill,  who  is  unusually  successful  iu  its 
cultivation,  raises  it  in  pans  a  foot  wide  and  3  inches 
deep  ;  crocks  are  put  in  the  bottom,  then  a  compost 
consisting  of  one-half  loam,  and  the  other  half  is  made 
up  of  leaf,  peat,  or  bog  mould.  On  the  top  is  placed 
half  an  iuch  of  sand  ;  the  latter  is  damped,  the  seed  is 
then  sown,  and  a  little  sand  is  sprinkled  over  it.  The  pans 
are  then  placed  in  a  heat  of  about  70"^,  with  a  propagating 
glass  over  them.  The  seed-pan  is  placed  in  a  larger 
pan,  which  is  continually  kept  full  of  water,  the  former 
never  being  watered  overhead.  The  Lisianthus,  when 
somewhat  advanced,  is  a  gross  feeder,  and  has  been 
found  to  be  very  fond  of  rich  manure  water.  Few 
varieties  of  Cucumber  have  given  greater  satisfaction 
than  Cuthill's  Black  Spine,  which  is  exclusively  grown 
here  for  the  market.  It  is  a  certain  cropper,  and  has 
been  found  to  force  well.  Plants  put  out  on  the  Ist  of 
March  are  now  fast  covering  the  trellis,  and  showing 
fruit  in  great  abundance.  The  latter  is,  however,  all 
picked  off  until  such  lime  as  the  plants  have  acquired 
sufficient  strength  to  keep  on  bearing  throughout  the 
season.  The  soil  this  year,  by  way  of  experiment, is  what 
they  were  grown  in  last  season  ;  but,  on  this  occasion,  it 
has  been  mixed  with  a  ton  of  peat  charcoal,  of  which  the 
Cucumber  has  been  found  to  be  exceedingly  fond.  The 
great  decrease  of  wuod-lice,  which  are  kept  down  by 
bantams,  has  enabled  Mr.  Cuthiil,  for  the  first  time,  to  use 
the  same  mould  over  again;  but,  before  putting  the  plants 
into  the  pits,  the  surface  of  the  bed,  as  well  as  the  walls, 
were  scalded  all  over  with  boiling  water,  with  a  view  to 
kill  any  stragglers  of  this  troublesome  family  that  might 
have  been  missed,  and  afterwards  pots  turned  upside 
down  are  placed  among  the  plants,  in  order,  if  possible, 
to  effect  their  entire  extirpation.  This  succeeds  better 
than  setting  the  pots  in  an  upright  position,  and  putting 
hay  or  dry  moss  iu  them.  The  Black  Prince  and  other 
."itrawberries,  which  are  cultivated  extensively  here, 
both  in  pots  and  in  the  open  ground,  promise  abundant 
crops.  Indeed,  that  this  will  be  a  good  Iruit  year  is  at 
present  the  opinion  of  everybody.  Lai)Btune  Kidney 
Potatoes  treated  according  to  Mr.  Cuthill's  plan,  as  laid 
down  in  his  pamphlet,  were  planted  on  the  1st  of 
March.  None  of  the  shoots  are  rubbed  off  before 
planting  ;  and  by  wintering  tho  sots  as  Mr,  Cuthiil  does, 
he  finds  they  can  support  all  thatarc  formed  with  impu- 
nity, and  that  a  greater  crop  of  tubers  is  the  result.  In 
former  years  ho  used  no  solid  manure,  but  last  autumn 
iie  dug  Homc  stable-dung  into  the  ground  when  it  was 
ridgeil,  witliaviow  of  trying  its  eihct  :  and  tliis  spring, 
when  tim  Potatoes  were  planted,  peat  charcoal  was 
sprinkled  over  tho  seta. 


floriculture.  As  a  body,  our  Northern  florists  feel  that 
by  this  kind  of  showing  alone  our  favourite  pursuit  can 
be  advanced  ;  and  they  generally  hold  the  opinion  that 
but  one  variety  should  be  allowed  to  win  in  each 
division  or  subdivision  to  which  c:iprico  or  fashion  has 
placed  our  gems.  In  the  North,  stand  showing,  by 
which  we  mean  collectious  of  dissimilar  varieties,  is 
but  of  secondary  consideration,  and  in  many  places 
scarcely  recognised  ;  all  tho  interest  is  concentra- 
ted in  the  single  blooms.  In  our  last  we  only  ex- 
pressed our  views  generally,  but  the  present  prevailing 
feehng,  as  regards  class-showing,  deserves  more  than 
a  passing  notice  ;  for  it  must  not  be  set  down  that 
because  a  variety  obtains  even  a  10th,  11th,  or  12th 
prize,  it  is  absolutely  inferior  to  that  holding  a  higher, 
aye,  even  a  first  place ;  many  circumstances  have 
to  be  taken  into  consideration  before  such  a  con- 
clusion can  be  arrived  at,  and  the  utmost  caution 
should  be  exercised  before  we  think  disparagingly  of  a 
variety  that  may  have  failed  to  secure  the  censors' 
favour ;  we  should  enquire  into  the  circumstances 
attending  its  production,  discover  whether  there  were 
many  or  few  from  which  the  selection  was  made,  and 
above  all  we  should  be  satisfied  that  the  subject  in 
question  is  of  a  fair  average  growth,  otherwise  the 
competition  would  be  unequal.  Some  sorts  aljound  in 
most  collections,  and  are  sure  to  be  well  repre- 
sented, owing  to  the  choice  at  command ;  others, 
although  perhaps  of  higher  intrinsic  merit,  are 
always  scarce  ;  seasous,  again,  which  operate  bene- 
ficially as  regai'ds  some,  act  prejudicially  as  to  others  ; 
for  not  only  do  we  possess  "flowers  of  the  day," 
but  we  have  also  flowers  of  the  season  ;  cold,  dripping 
springs — hot  summers — protracted  autumns— have  aU 
their  influences  on  plants,  all  of  which  cannot  endure 
them  equally  well.  We  could  instance  plenty  of  cases, 
which  should  induce  censors  to  exercise  watchfulness 
ere  they  pronounce  an  unfavourable  verdict ;  by  which, 
perhaps,  they  debar  themselves  from  the  possession 
of  a  gem  which  the  foflowing  season  brings  out 
in  all  its  glory.  Let  us  give  an  illustration.  At 
the  Derby  National,  last  May,  we  received  a  tenth 
prize  for  feathered  bybloemen  Byzantium,  catalogued 
at  10  guineas  by  Mr.  Lawrence  of  Hampton  ;  the  bulb 
was  given  by  that  grower  at  planting  time,  in  1850,  in 
lieu  of  a  prize  awarded  to  ourselves  that  year  ;  now  it 
is  notorious  that  a  better  flower  can  scai'cely  exist,  but 
it  rarely  throws  an  offset,  and  enlarges  season  by  season 
but  imperceptibly  ;  hence  it  is  seldom  seen  on  the  exhi- 
bition table.  iSo  well  known  is  this  circumstance 
to  Mr.  Lawrence,  that  on  presenting  the  small 
bulb  he  said,  "  I  hope  you  may  make  it  grow  and 
increase,  for  I  can  scarcely  say  that  I  do."  With  such 
a  character,  we  were  the  more  anxious  to  have  it 
fine,  and  although  but  the  bloom  of  a  bulb  no  larger 
than  a  common  Filbert,  it  was  cut,  forwarded,  and  exhi- 
bited with  great  success.  This  surely  shows  that 
although  a  variety  may  be  low  in  awards  one  season^ 
it  may  not  be  destitute  of  real  merit;  we  are, 
however,  still  of  opinion  that  where  a  long  series 
of  prizes  is  to  be  awarded,  every  variety  shftuld  hold 
its  place  so  long  as  the  specimens  at  command 
will  maintain  its  supremacy.  It  should  be  clearly  under- 
stood that  this  kind  of  competition  is  instituted  less  for 
NEW  subjects  than  for  fine  specimens,  the  primary 
object  in  view  being  to  reward  the  skilful  grower  and 
not  the  raiser  of  novelties,  for  whom  special  provision 
is  always  made  by  the  formation  of  seedling  classes.  /.  E. 

Books  Received:  "  the  Greenbouse  and  Garden"  (Birming- 
ham) for  Marcli  and  April.  J  E, 

CATALtiGUB  Received  :  From  Messrs,  W.  E,  Rendle  and  Co., 
Plymouth,  J  E. 

CiNEEAEiA  :  J  P  T.  Tavistcck,  a  bold,  coarae-looliiDff  Cower, 
with  palpable  indenture  in  the  tip  of  every  petal ;  the  latter 
is  also  iU-formed,  beinjf  oval,  a  ohape  that  cannot  give  good 
outlioe  :  it  arrived  in  yood  condition.  It  will  prove  attractive 
as  a  stage-fliiwer.  Cinerariaa  produce  more  "  l»ir  "  and  less 
"fine"  eeedliugs  than  uny  other  flower.— jEf.  ^rfiiiOH^oi.  1, 
royal  purple  selt ;  surpat-sing  in  colour  all  we  h'lve  hitherto 
aeea.  The  tiower-Btalks  aro  so  short,  that  unless  tht  blooms 
were  well  thinned,  a  crowded  and  confuoed  truss  must  be 
inevitable.  2  is  much  better  in  this  respicf,  and  is  rtliogeiher 
a  neat  looUin^j  flower  ;  but  the  petals  somewhat  leflex,  which 
ie  tho  only  drawbacit  it  has.  The  ray  wf  ciimsoii  imme- 
diately round  the  disk  is  novel ;  a  decided  improveraeut  on 
Lady  Araminta  received  this  season.  3  and  4  notched,  thin, 
and  BmatI,  consequently  of  very  little  value.  —  J  !>.  A 
chetrlul  greji&h  blue;  the  two  truseea  bting  adiniruhly 
formed  and  compact;  but,  as  "a  iiower,"  it  will  not 
do,  being  narrow  and  indented.  —  J  ^  aiid  Soiis.  Quite 
shrivelled  up  when  recvived.  J  E. 

Pan&ies  :  JJisoppointed.  But  few  of  the  first  or  early  blossoms 
will  come  "  «bi1  laced;"  many  will  not  show  ihvir  niarj^iil 
colours  at  all  until  ihe  plants  are  io  good  growih  and  well 
established,  the  white  selCs  mostly  at  tliitt  early  date  come 
splashed  ;  as  do  also  ibe  yellow  selfc,  but  with  a  little  sun 
and  waimer  weather  jou  will  doubtJehs  soon  see  Ihem  in 
their  "true  colours."  Do  not  "nlop"  the  main  branchea, 
remove  only  thf  weakly  lateralfi,  and,  for  a.  time,  at  least  all 
tho  flower  buds  before  rlu-y  cxpiind  ;  do  no*:  keep  them  close, 
on  the  contrary,  consionili  givu  them  air.  J  E, 

roLTANTUOB  :  li  E,  Gainhbiu',  stnut,  hmoinh,  and  of  rich 
crimson,  witli  leyul-'ir  and  well  <kfiitcd  laeing  ;  the  yellow, 
however,  wants  purity  and  trlghtnesa  ;  truss  of  a(jv<.-n  piiJS 
belovv  average  bize.  J  E. 

IloBES  :  J  C.  Wo  are  glad  you  have  been  Induced  to  follow  our 
recommcndntiori  so  lur.  (Jf  the  hundred  planted  you  nmy 
ejtpeut  one  or  two  to  die,  but  your  nurseryman  may  poSblbly 
bo  wllliug  to  replace  ibtiii  in  thu  autumn.  J  E, 


FLORICULTURE. 

-     ♦ 

CLisa  SiiowiNo.— Wi)  rcbiime  tliis  subject  willi  much 
intercut,  bocuuuo  it  iiilimutcl}'  iiU'ccts   llio  welfare  of 


Miscellaneous. 

Prc3crv(Ulon  of  FruUn  by  Steam. — The  heftt  of  steam 
dcbtroye  tlio  ferinont  in  fruitH,  bo  that  they  may  bo 
preaerved  for  a  hm^  time.  To  learn  when  this  point 
huH  been  reached,  it  is  necessary  to  know  how  liigli  tho 
teuiiieraturo  rises  in  tlie  tluid  enclosed  in  the  bottles, 
wlieii  tliey  stand  shut  up  in  a  room  the  atmosphere  of 


232 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[April  10, 


wliiuh  has  been  heated  to  \iii°  Fahr.,  and  to  learn  the 
time  recjuisite  as  well  as  the  degree  of  heat  which  is 
necessary  for  the  destruction  of  tlie  ferment.  In  no 
instance  the  fluid  contents  of  the  bottles  which  were 
placed  ill  the  steam-room  reached  the  temperature  of  their 
surrounding  atmosphere,  until  they  had  stood,  at  the 
very  least,  an  hour  in  it.  In  glass  bottles,  the  influence 
of  the  heat  was  quicker  than  in  stone-ware.  From  the 
commencement  of  the  operation,  that  is,  when  the  fire 
is  first  applied  to  the  steam  apparatus,  nearly  half  an 
hour  is  required  before  the  temperature  of  the  steam- 
roora  is  reached  by  the  contents  of  the  bottles,  wheu 
they  hold  about  two  pints,  and  are  made  of  glass. 
When  made  of  stone,  double  that  time  is  necessary. 
These  results  arise  from  each  kind  of  vessel  requiring 
a  difierent  quantity  of  heat  to  raise  it  to  the  temperature 
of  the  steam-room  ;  consequently,  the  steara-room  does 
not  arrive  at  a  temperature  of  184"  with  the  same 
quantity  of  fire  with  each  kind  of  vessel.  When  thia 
temperature  has  been  reached  in  the  steam-rocm,  the 
contents  of  the  glass  bottles  will  be  at  164",  and  those 
of  the  stone-ware  ones  at  86**.  Mayet's  researches  show 
*hat  fruits  and  their  juices  do  not  require  a  temperature 
of  2r2"  Fahr.  to  preserve  them,  and  that  184"  is  sufli- 
^ient  to  destroy  their  ferment,  but  that  care  must  be 
taken  to  ascertain  that  the  contents  of  the  vessels  have 
.  really  reached  this  temperature.  Annals  of  Fharmacy 
,  and  Practical  Chemisti'y. 

Grapes. — There  is  a  new  sort  of  Grape  from  Texas, 
called  the  Mustang,  which  is  said  to  be  very  valuable 
for  grafting  oLliers  upon.  One  Captain  Hutch  engrafted 
an  English  variety  on  the  Slustang,  and  so  great  was 
the  life  and  vigour  infused  into  the  young  graft  by  the 
parent  stem,  that,  in  the  course  of  one  season, it  entii'ely 
covered  a  large  Oak  tree.  The  young  Vine  bore  the 
first  season  at  least  500  bunches  of  Grapes. — Report  of 
,€QiYimUsions  of  Patents  in  United  States  for  1848. 


<3alendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the    ensuing  iveelc.) 

PLANT-HOnSES. 

'Proceed  with  the  staking  and  tying  out  of  plants 
'  requiring  such  assistance  ;  but  if  ouz*  former  directions 
are  carried  out  relative  to  growing  plants  with  short- 
jointed  wood,  a  good  deal  in  the  way  of  stakes  may  be 

■  dispensed  with,  although  some  will  be  necessary  to  give 
the  plant  its  desired  shape  ;  but  on  no  account  use  more 
than  will  effect  that  purpose.  Turn  each  plant  fre- 
quently round,  that  it  may  not  become  one-sided.  The 
greatest  care  will  be  requisite  to  prevent  soft-wooded 
■stove  plants  from  drawing  ;  as  these  will  now  be  making 
rapid  progress,  they  should  have  a  large  share  of  light, 
using  siiade  only  diu'ing  the  middle  of  the  day.  Some 
of  those  potted  early  may  now  require  a  second  shift; 
in  this,  however,  the  cultivator  must  be  guided  by  the 
requirements  for  which  the  plant  is  gi'own.  Take  every 
opportunity  of  keeping  down  insects,  by  fumigation  and 
the  active  use  of  the  syringe  ;  but  in  this  avoid  injuring 
the  foliage  of  newly-formed  large-leaved  plants,  which 
is  sometimes  done  by  a  careless  workman  in  syringing 
them.  Hard-wooded  plants  should  be  frequently  ex- 
amined in  respect  to  their  drainage.  At  this  season  many 
of  thera  ai-e  either  in  bloom  (as  most  of  the  New  Holland 
plants),  or  approaching  that  state,  and  will  consequently 
require  a  larger  quantity  of  water,  more  especially  large 
specimens  not  shifted  since  last  season.  It  will  hence  be 
obvious  that  if  the  drainage  is  imperfect,  or,  on  the  other 
hand,  the   entire  mass  of  roots  does  not  get  equally 

■  moistened,  the  death  of  the  plant  must  soon  occur  from 
-  one  or  other  of  the  above  causes ;  and  hence  tlie  neces- 
sity of  paying  attention  to  this  important  point — the 
more  valuable,  because  the  most  delicate  plants  are  the 
first  to  suffer.  The  cuttings  we  advised  to  be  struck, 
for  a  stock  of  winter-floweriug  plants,  will  now  requL'e 
potting  off.  As  it  is  not  desirable  these  should  be  grown 
to  a  large  size,  keep  them  rather  short  of  pot  room  ;  a 
hot-water  pit  will  answer  best  for  growing  these  and 
similar  things.  The  plants  can  then  be  brought  close 
up  to  the  glass,  and,  by  a  little  attention,  will  form  stout 
bushy  plants,  with  well-ripened  wood,  by  the  autumn, 
and  which  may  then  be  brought  into  bloom  at  pleasure, 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — As  the  cold  weather  has  returned  to  us 
again,  the  border  of  the  early  house  should  be  examined ; 
for  at  this  critical  time  any  check  to  the  roots  would 
prove  injurious  to  the  crop.  If  the  heat  has  sensibly 
declined,  add  sufficient  new  material  to  cause  a  gentle 
renewal;  at  this  season  a  smad  addition  will  suffice  for  this. 
These  remarks  will  apply  equally  to  the  second  house, 
as,  when  once  excited,  the  roots  must  be  kept  in  pro- 
gressive action.  Proceed  with  thinning  out  the  crop  in 
the  succession  houses;  this  should  at  all  times  be  done 
with  especial  reference  to  the  age  and  constitution  of 
the  Vines;  and  therefore,  though  no  certain  rule  can  be 
■safely  laid  down  to  regulate  the  weigiit  of  fruit  each 
Vine  should  carry,  it  will  be  wise  at  all  times  to  leave  too 
few,  rather  than  too  many.  We  have  seen  one  heavy 
■crop  ruin  young  Vines  for  several  years;  and  much  caution 
should  be  used  for  the  first  two  or  three  years  of  their 
bearing.  With  Muscats,  in  particular,  this  should  be 
observed,  as  they  show  profusely,  and  their  foliage  being 
smaller  than  some  kinds  of  Grapes,  they  are  less  able  to 
■carry  a  heavy  crop  till  they  get  well  established. 
Stuawberuies. — As  the  first  crop  is  removed,  bring  on 
tlie  next  in  rotation,  and  place  an  equal  number  in  a 
dung  frame  or  pit,  to  forward  them  on.  A  good  quantity 
■of  tlie  British  Queen  should  now  be  brought  into  work; ' 
for,  although  it  is  not  so  valuable  for  the  first  crop  as  i 


Keens'  Seedling,  and  takes  longer  time  to  ripen,  yet, 
when  well  done,  there  is  nothing  so  fine  ;  and  it  will  be 
found  as  good  a  setter  at  this  time,  and  cnwards  through 
the  season,  as  any  of  the  other  kinds.  Melons  have 
evidently  felt  the  cold  weather,  particularly  those  in 
common  frames  ;  in  pits  they  are  better,  but  nrot  what 
they  should  be  ;  do  not  allow  them  to  set  any  fruit,  till 
the  plants  have  grown  to  a  good  size,  and  have  formed  a 
good  stock  of  healthy  leaves,  as  neither  the  fruit  nor 
plants  will  thrive  at  this  season,  if  allowed  to  bear  with  a 
scanty  crop  of  foliage.  In  whichever  way  they  are  grown 
the  heat  must  be  kept  to  the  proper  standard — 70**,  or 
thereabouts  by  night,  increasing  10°  or  15°  by  day,  and 
ventilation  should  be  kept  up  night  and  day,  particularly 
in  dung  frames  ;  light,  at  this  season,  to  Melons,  is 
essential,  and  should  be  made  the  most  of ;  prepare  beds 
for  future  crops.  Cucumbers,  which  are  in  good  bear- 
ing, will  be  benefited  by  watering  with  weak  manure 
water  ;  keep  tlie  Vines  in  a  regular  state,  by  fre- 
quently looking  them  over  ;  both  the  latter  and  Melons 
will  require  daily  attention,  that  no  large  quantity  of 
shoots  need  require  to  be  removed  at  once — an  inju- 
rious practice. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERT. 
In  the  following  remarks  on  the  most  select  plants  for 
grouping,  we  shall  only  notice  a  few,  leaving  those  more 
commonly  grown  for  tlie  purpose  out  of  the  question. 
Taking  the  Phlox,  which  we  should  like  to  see  more 
frequently,  Omuiflora  magna  makes  a  fine  white  bed, 
blooming  through  the  season  ;  and  from  the  many 
varieties  raised  from  Drummondi  and  the  late  blooming 
herbaceous  sorts,  a  selection  may  be  made  of  some 
beautiful  things  for  our  purpose.  Among  Salvias,  patens 
will  always  be  in  request,  for  its  decided  colour ;  and 
cserulea  compacta,  though  less  showy,  is  perhaps  as 
useful.  Most  of  the  varieties  of  Pentstemon  gentianoides 
are  handsome,  Buckii,  Clowesii,  and  Formosus  especially 
so,  while  P.  speciosus  is  a  good  pale  blue  variety  ; 
azureus  is  too  scai'ce  at  present  for  bedding.  Cuphea 
platycentra  and  strigulosa  splendens  are  neat  compact 
plants,  more  adapted  for  baskets,  &,c.,  than  beds  ;  some 
of  the  new  French  seedlings  are  pretty,  and  will  prove 
useful  — Heliotropium  Gem,  Corymbosum  (new),  and 
Souvenir  de  Liege,  will  supersede  the  older  kinds. 
Kalosanthes  coccineus,  &c.,  are  unequalled  for  brilliancy 
of  colour,  and  are  equally  adapted  for  beds  or 
vases,  where  they  are  very  striking.  Euthales  micro- 
pbylla  is  a  useful  plant  for  vases  or  large  baskets,  from 
its  diffuse  habit.  Linum  flavum,  when  properly  managed 
and  covered  with  its  golden  yellow  blossoms,  is  a  fine 
object.  Oxalis  floribunda  makes  a  pretty  edging  or 
small  bed  ;  and  Bowieana  is  very  showy  through  the 
autumn,  and  easily  managed.  Snapdragons  are  now  so 
numerous  that  names  are  out  of  the  question— many  of 
them  form  showy  beds  ;  the  same  may  be  stated  of 
Alstroemerias,  of  which  the  Ghent  seedlings  are  easily 
managed,  and  are  distinct  and  showy.  Dianthus  fulgens, 
a  rich  crimson,  is  fine,  and  there  are  others  equally 
good,  not  forgetting  superbus,  which  should  always  be 
grown  for  its  fragrance.  Delphinium  Barlowii  and 
grandiflorum,  when  pegged  down  close,  make  good 
plants  for  deep  blue  beds.  We  must  not  forget  the 
rather  new  Diely  tra  spectabilis,  which,  when  planted  out, 
is  one  of  the  gayest  things  grown,  blooming  freely 
through  the  season.  Cuttings  struck  now  will  make 
nice  blooming  plants  for  autumn  flowering,  and  a  stock 
of  this  useful  plant  for  all  purposes  should  be  obtained 
without  delay. 

FLORISTS  FLOWERS. 
Hollyhocks  which  have  been  recently  planted,  will 
require  a  fair  supply  of  water,  should  the  dry  weather 
continue.  Cuttings  may  be  taken  from  old  plants  ;  these 
strike  root  readily  now,  if  inserted  firmly  in  river  sand, 
and  planted  on  a  shady  border.  We  should  allow  three 
shoots  to  remain  for  blooming  when  the  plant  is  strong. 
— Hailstorms  may  be  expected,  tlierefore  all  Tulip  beds 
worth  the  trouble  should  be  covered  with  net.  Auri- 
culas require  just  now  very  great  attention ;  if  for  exhi- 
bition, carefully  inspect  the  growing  truss.  Some  little 
judgment  will  be  requisite  in  thinning  out  the  pips,  so 
as  to  retain  those  which  will  expand  together.  Avoid 
by  every  moans  possible  the  chance  of  having  the  stems 
drawn  ;  abundant  air  will  be  necessary,  and  an  occa- 
sional watering  of  very  weak  liquid  manure,  made  with 
sheep's  dung,  will  be  found  beneficial.  Carnations  and 
PicoTEES  being  all  potted,  insert  the  sticks  to  which  they 
are  to  be  attached  forthwith. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
As  soon  as  the  principal  crops  are  in  the  ground,  and 
the  main  quarters  have  got  their  supply  of  dung  wheeled 
in,  to  serve  for  the  season,  as  we  formerly  directed,  pro- 
ceed to  make  good  any  part  of  the  edgings  not  in  order ; 
either  (supposing  they  are  Box)  by  taking  the  whole  up 
and  re-planting  it,  or  filling  up  such  blanks  as  may  have 
occurred  in  it  during  the  last  season.  Thrift  and  other 
similar  things  require  taking  up  and  re-planting  every 
two  or  three  years.  Altliough  Box  edgings  look  neat, 
and  help  to  set  off"  a  kitchen  garden,  yet,  as  forming  a 
harbour  for  slugs,  &c.  (always  an  objection),  and  the 
annual  repair  whicli,  even  with  the  best  cai'e.  Box  always 
requires,  we  decidedly  prefer  stone  or  earthenware  for 
bordering  ;  which,  though  more  expensive  in  the  first 
place,  will  in  a  few  years  repay  for  the  additional  outlay, 
besides  the  appearance  of  stability  which  stone  edgings 
give  to  the  walks.  After  the  edgings  (whatever  they 
may  be)  are  put  in  order,  turn  over  or  re-gravel  the 
walks  ;  and  after  rain  let  them  be  well  rolled  till  they 
again  jjecomefirm  ;  the  garden  will  then  present  through  i 


the  season  a  clean,  well-regulated  appearance — pre- 
mising the  quarters  as  well  as  the  minor  paths  and 
alleys  are  kept  in  an  equally  tidy  state — for  which  pur- 
pose place  scrapers  at  each  intersection  of  the  paths  or 
walks ;  or  in  fact,  wherever  necessity  points  out  their  use. 


state  of 

th 

Westhnr  near  Ijondon.  for  the  week  endins 

ADtilS.  IS5-,' 

BBobBerredattlie  Horticultural  Gardens.  Ckiewic^. 

« 

iBaiFBUAIOBB. 

AptU. 

_ 

o 

or  the  Air. 

Ol'the  Earth. 

Wind. 

■5 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

bfeau 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday,. 

30.303 

30.270 

52 

25 

38.3 

42 

4li 

N.R, 

on 

Sfttur.  .. 

H 

14 

30,3i:6 

"ao.sjG 

51 

29 

40.U 

4;i 

41? 

!•;, 

oil 

Sunday  . 

4 

..1 

30.  lie 

30.H7 

50 

30 

40.0 

41 

4U 

.s  K 

Oil 

r> 

Ifi 

30.H6 

3D.0a9 

h?. 

?R 

43.0 

Al\ 

414 

N,K. 

,1111 

Tues.    .. 

H 

17    20.1-16 

3l).lll 

57 

31 

4S.0 

4^ 

42 

N.E. 

.(III 

IS    30.2/8 

30.150 

hi) 

4a^ 

44 

N.K. 

(III 

Tbura. .. 

H 

19 

bU.-^70 

30.233 

54 

ai 

41.0 

43 

42 

E. 

M\i 

Avera..'P     . 

30.22:1 

30.179  '   53.1 

31,3 

42.2 

42.0    '  42.1 

m 

2— Fine;  ilryh»ze;  clear;  frosty. 
3— Slight  fnjf;  dryhnze;  fine;  clear. 
4-SliKh' hHXe;  uuifi>r^uly  ovcrcaet;  clear  at  night, 
a— Ovfircast;  fine;  hizy  ut  uight ;  frosty. 
fi— HaiV;fiue;  cloudy  at  night, 
7— Cloudy;  deusely  clouded;  overcast. 
H— Cold  and  dry;  clear;  frosty  at,  iiii;ht. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  weeli,  4  deg,  below  the  average. 


State  of  the  Weather  at  ChiBwick,  durinf^  the  last  3S  yearB,for  the 
ensuinj^  week,eQdiDg  April  17.  li^-. 


■55^ 

Hi 

It 

No.  of 
X  ears  Id 
which  it 

Uained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Raia. 

Preiailine  Winds 

April. 

i 

\ 
■i 

6    2 

Id 

it 

5    4 
5^  2 

1-17; 

~  2  s   1 
a  :]  6    1 
1:  4    6,   1 

1  :  4   5 

2  -J    4     J 
13    4    0 

Sunday  11 

Hon       12 
Tues.      13 
Wed.      14 
Thura.  15 
Friday  16 
Satur.    17 

54.8 
55.4 
55.6 
5G.5 
57.3 
56.3 
570 

35.6 

37.9 
35.6 
38.0 
39.4 
37.2 

31.: 

45.2 

4li.7 
45.6 
47.3 
ASA 

46,7 
46.6 

14 
18 
11 
11 
16 
12 
13 

0.5  Ua. 

0.56 

0.4i 

0,31 

0.47 

0.46 

0.32 

The  hi^hcGt  temperature  during  the  above  period  occurred 
1344-^therm.  7I  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  ou  the  16ta.  ISJi^'beim. ' 


on  the  1 
:o  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

AspAEAGDs:  D.  The  proper  way  is  to  salt  ia  Mai'ch,  making 
the  beds  quite  white  ;  and  again  in  July.  J 

Books:  J E.  We  have  do  means  of  assisting  you.  Since 
Messrs.  Laweon  cannot  supply  you  with  their  catalogue,  we 
have  no  idea  who  else  can.f  —  P.  "The  Tree  Uose,"  or 
Rivers'  "Rose  Amuteur'a  Guide."  J— S  M  jB.  Gardiner's 
"Lessons  on  Briiish  Mosses,"  and  the  same  author's  "Dried 
Cryptogamic  Plants." 

Cacti  :  L  A  L  A.  About  the  beginuint;  of  August  i3  as  good  a 
time  as  any  tor  grafting  them.  Cut  the  lower  part  of  the 
grafts  wedge-shaped,  and  insert  them  in  the  angles  or  top 
of  tde  btocli.  Fix  them  in  their  places,  tie  a  little  moss 
round  them,  and  keep  them  in  a  shady  damp  house,  for  ten 
dajs  or  so,  till  they  have  taken, i 

Fences:  J  )V  R.  They  must  be  made  to  keep  out  sbeep  as  well 
as  cattle.  The  former  are  aa  apt  to  injure  the  stems  of  trees^ 
as  the  latter .{ 

GnEENHoDSE  :  Grateful.  In  the  case  of  a  lean-to  house  you 
cannot  have  a  better  stage  than  one  the  entire  length  of  the 
house,  and  made  60  as  to  range  from  front  to  bacli.  Since 
you  want  a  border  in  front  for  climberB,  the  flue  had  better 
he  placed  under  the  etage  ;  but  it  should  be  as  near  the  front 
as  is  convenient  J 

Heating  :  C  iS.  Some  of  the  recently  constrncted  gas  stoves 
seem  likely  to  auawer  for  beating  bmuU  places.  But  it  wiU 
be  necessary  to  :idapt  to  them  an  evaporating  vessel,  such  as 
a  pan  tilled'  constautly  with  water,  or  they  will  render  the 
air  too  dry.  We  never  recommend  tradesmen;  it  would  be 
unjust  to  do  so. 

HroRuMETER  :  E  M.  In  order  to  render  Mason's  hygrometer 
useful  in  testing  tlie  moistuie  of  the  air  in  a  house,  you 
should  procure  the  Hygrometrical  Tables  calculated  by  ilr, 
Giuisher,  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwicb.  In  these, 
look  fur  the  temperature  of  the  air  of  the  huuse  us  indicated 
by  the  dry-bulb  thermometer  ;  and  in  the  same  table,  opposite 
the  leuiperature,  as  indicated  by  the  wet  bulb,  you  wiU  iiud  J 
the  degree  of  humidity.  If  this  is  below  0.500,  the  air  of  your 
house  is  then  parching  for  vegetation. [| 

Liquid  Mandre.  We  have  received  from  a  Scotch  correspon- 
dent a  Eiugular  communication,  alluding  to  aometbing  lUat 
appears  to  have  bten  said  in  our  columns.  But  he  haa 
omitted  to  say  what  that  is,  and  we  have  no  inclination  10 
seiirch  lor  it.  If  be  means  to  assert  that  liquid  manure  has  a 
better  effect  it  applied  when  plants  are  at  rest  than  when 
they  are  growing — why  all  we  can  say  is  that  we  entirely 
differ  froui  him. 

Names  of  Plants;  S  3f  E.  Chrysosplenium  oppositifoliam.— 
B  L.  Double  Jonquil.— SJ".  1.  Adiantutn  CapiUus-Veneris,  L. 
2.  A-  assimiie,  &w.  3.  A.  aethiopicum,  L,  4.  Nephrodium 
molle,Schoit.  5.  Selaginella,  mosi-  probably  deuueulala,  bui 
specimen  too  smuU  and  impeifect  to  decide  utjon.  S — Gallicuj. 
The  beed-vess-lot  some  Martynia,  probably  M.  diandra.— 
J  P.  2.  Poljgaia  Dalmaisiana.  d.  Some  Eucalyptus,  not  in 
a  state  for  exact  determination  ;  perhaps  E.  pilularis,  5. 
GolJfussia  uniaophylla.  i.  Myrsiue  ah-icana.  3.  Polygata 
granditlora.  1.  Heimannia  alnifolia. — £1.  Not  determinable. 
It  lookb  like  C.  torulosa,  la  the  other  by  the  side  of  ii 
uamed  rightly  1 

Fine  Afples:  Inquirer.  Over  watering,  either  with  commot 
water  or  liquid  manure,  would  cauae  the  evil  of  which  jou 
complain.  Too  low  a  temperature  would  also  accelerate  th( 
miscbief.J 

RuCK  Plawts  :  L  R.  Aubrietiadeltoidea,  Arabisalpina,  Erinu; 
alpinus,  Alysbum  saxalile,  iJraba  aizoides,  Sempervivuu 
avachuoideum,  Sedum  anglicum,  and  others. 

SaiiLAX  ASPERA  :  P.  It  never  fruits  iu  l^ngland.  It  wants 
higher  summer  temperature  than  our  climate  affords.  } 

Vines:  J  JKJi.— We  legret  to  say  that  jour  inquiry  is  uuin 
telligible.  What  is  an  "elkty  slate  ?"  You  do  not  say  on' 
word  concerning  the  nature  of  the  ailment  which  disturb 
jou.  For  anything  in  your  letter  the  Vines  may  be  healthy 
and  you  ask  us  how  to  cure  them.    To  cure  them  of  wha:  " 

Misc.  :  Const.  Reader.  We  have  no  idea  what  can  cause  th 
blooms  10  drop  otf  the  plants  you  meniion,  unless  the  hous 
or  soil  are  too  tJry.  X^Shepcld.  Wire  fencirjg,  which  jou  ma; 
make  yourself,  will  he  found  the  best  and  cheapest  for  you 
purpose.  X—P  P.  Bamboos  such  aa  you  inquire  about  ca  I 
sometimes  be  purchased  at  the  East  luuia  and  Loudo 
docks.  Any  bhipyiug  agent,  we  should  thinlt,  could  put  jot 
in  iheway  of  obluinmg  it.f— CieWcus.     Yes. 

Ebbatum:  In  Mr.  Walker's  Advertisement  of  Eggs,  inserte 
last  week,  the  price  for  the  first-nientiuued  fowls' eggs  shoul 
have  been  3^.  6d.  a  set  of  13,  instead  of  2s.  6d. 


•  *  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  toi 

*late  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessai^ 

inquiries  can  be  made.     We  must  also  begfor  theindulgencl 

of  those  numerous   correspoodeuts,  the  insertion  of  whoij 

interesting  contributions  is  still  delajed.  I 


15—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


233 


PERUVIAN    GUANO. 
pAUTION     TO     AGRICULTURISTS.— 

^    It  being  notorious  that  extensive   aduUerutiuna  of  thia 
MANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY    IMPORTERS    OF    PERUVIAN    GUANO. 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peravian  Goveroment  and 

to  the  Public  ahrain  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  utlnira  «ho 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  Ruurd. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTOWY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

TliQ  lovje&t  wholesale  'price  at  ivliicli  sound  Peruvian 
Qu.ano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
9L  5s.  per  ton,  less  2h  per  cent* 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genume  :  — Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  conaiant  supply  of 
Salt  for  ajjricultural  purposes ;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  wurranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibba  and  Sous,  at  9i.  IO5.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9J.  5a.  in  Dock.  Edward  Poeseb,  Sec. 

■iO,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars. 


MANURES. — The   followmg    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes  ...         ...      5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  iVilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  IG  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91. 10s.  per  tun  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  mor*,  9i.  5a.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &C. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i.  03.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced,  with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Crois  and  the 
Uauritins,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properries 
of  the  Carbon  have  long:  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agiicultural  purposes,  as 
ao  less  than  26,Ol]0  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  floid  in  itiis  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. J  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  opies  of  tha  testimonials  of  its  utiliry  io  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J,  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  oescriptioo,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Way,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
Loudon. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDO-COPROLiTES. 

(FRIIM   TBE    SUFFOLK    CfiAG). 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  reality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
■form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  iu  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  dm  junction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  applicatiou  to  Edward  Packasd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  ifanufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


MANURE    DEPOT.-PEAT    CHARCOAL. 

TO    FARMERS.    AGRICULTURISTS.    AND    OTHERS. 

GH.  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea-bridge, 
•  Middlesex,  Agent  to  the  Irish  Amelioration  Society  for 
the  sale  of  the  above.  All  needful  particulars  will  be  given  on 
application  at  the  above  address. 

Price  of  the  unmixed  Charcoal,  55s,  per  ton,  sacks  included. 
Mixed  with  Nighteoil,  50s.  per  ton,  sacUs  included.  Mixed  with 
Urine,  703.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Carriage  to  any  of  the 
Wharfe  or  Railway  Stations,  from  3a.  Gd.  to  5s.  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 

FOR    PUBLIC    SALE. 

C^UANO.  —  On  MONDAY  19th  April,  1852,  at 
^  2  o'clock  precisely,  at  the  London  Corn  Exchange  Tavern, 
Mark-lane.  By  order  of  Mi^asrs.  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  aON^*, 
the  Importers,  about  3000  Tons  damaged  PERUVIAN  GUANO. 
— Catalogues  and  further  particulars  in  due  time  from  J.  A. 
RocKEE  and  Besceaft,  Brokers,  26,  Commercial  Sale  Rooma, 
Uincing-lane. 


pHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
^^  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increaiing  tbo  uae  of  that  vuluable  Manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnated  with  the  feriilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fteces  are  ab- 
lorbpfl,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 

Bold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley  Bridge, 
Fulhum,  Middlesex,  at  GOs.  per  ton,  ia.  per  cwt,,  23.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 

»  »  their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
•Iruct  their  Walkn  of  I-ORTLAND  CEMENT  COiNCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus :— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
U  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  i^  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  ftrery  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  Bharp  river  sand.  To 
fiTC  partH  of  huch  tq-iai  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Ctmetit, 
and  Incorporate  the  whole  well  io  the  dry  atate  before  applying 
tbe  water.  It  may  then  b'j  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Anylatiourer 
can  mix  «nd  spread  if.  ii<j  tool  i»  rerj.jired  beyond  tlie  npade, 
and  in  41  hours  it  bccomcH  as  hard  uH  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  It  rettlct»  the  action  of  the 
•erereat  frost.  It  i«  necen-ary,  an  water  does  not  Roak  through 
It,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  hidcK, 
Manufdctarerji  of  tbo  Cement,  J.  H.  Wuit£  and  Sons,  Mill- 
1>anb-itreet,  Weitminhter. 

WINTON'S  PAkKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FORKS  never  beod,  strain,  or  break,  but  ri'iuln  tlxdr 
•harp  pointn  to  >h«  laiir,  rcfjuirlng  nortpuir,  Mr,  Mir.hi  Hajn, 
*' They  ariBwftr  udmirahly  in  brunklng  our  heavy  cIujH,"!iiid 
mixing  the  fioil  in  »n  '^xtruordinary  manner,  and  facilTiutu 
labrmr  quite  '20  per  cent." 

Early   order*  nee  requented,  an  tho   domand  Ib  rery  great. 
Th«T  are  cjc-culcd  in  the  rotation  In  wl.lch  th(;y  *tro  given. 
BcftOEss  un't  Kr-T,  Af<(:ntp,  103,  Ncw(rHte*H(reet,  London, 
i'dc'id  Liiits  sent  on  apj^llcation. 


PRIZE  MANGOLD  WURZEL.— The  quality  of  a 
crop  of  Mangold  Wurzel  depends  very  materially  upon 
the  size  and  the  shape  of  the  bulba  from  which  the  eeed  is 
saved:  and  we  have,  after  several  years'  eeleption,  obtained 
a  very  superior  stock  of  the  YELLOW  GLOBE-SHAPED 
MANGOLD. 

We  are  daily  receiving  orders  from  customers,  desiring  us  to 
send  tlie  same  sort  as  last  year;  and  a  Clergjmim  writing 
from  Ripon,  Yorkshire,  says— *' I  enclose  you  a  list  0/ the  Frizes 
which  I  obtained,  mostly  from  your  seeds.  The  Ma-ngold  was  the 
hest  I  ever  saw."  And  a  gentleman  writes  from  furquay — "/ 
had  a  splendid  crop  of  each  sort  of  Mangold,  but  the  YeUow  Globe 
are  the  best.  My  neighbours  all  a^k  me  where  X  procured  my  seed, 
so  yov.  may  expect  many  ord€rs  from  this  part." 

We  have  also  good  stocks  o  Long  Red,  Red  Globe,  and  Long 
Yellow.     Price  of  either  sort,  8d,  or  gd,  per  lb.,  in  small 

QOANTITlLfl   CF   ^0T   LESS   THAN    '1^  LBS. 

Also,  TRUE  LARGE  WHITE  BELGIAN  CARROT,  9d. 
per  lb,,  or  60s.  ^^"^  CwT.  in  Quantities  of  hot  less  than 

^8  LBS. 

Carnage  free  as  see  our  Advertisement  in  the  Gaedeneks' 

Chronicle  of  2Qth  March. 

*j(.*  IiLstruciiotis  on  the  Cultivation  of  Root  Crops 

will  he  enclosed  in  each  parcel. 
John  Sdtton  and  Sons.  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


IMPROVEMENT   OF    PARKS.  MEADOWS,  AND 
PASTURES. 

CUTTON'S  RENOVATING  MIXTURE  consists  of 
^  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers  of  the  most  nutritious 
kinds,  viz.  :— 


Phleum  prateose 
Avena  flavescens 
Trifolium  repens 

„       minus 

„      pratense  perenne 


Poa  pratensiB 

,,    trivialis 
Featuca  pratense 

,,       ovina 
Lolium  perenne 
Anthoxantlium  odoratum 
Great  improvement  is  invariably  effected  by  sowing  6,  10,  or 
12  lbs.  to  the  acre,  according  to  condition  of  pasture,  over  the 
old  turf  during  the  month  of  April. 

Price  10(2.  per  lb.,  carriage  free,  as  see  our  Advertisement 

in  the  last  page  of  the  Chronicle  of  March  20. 
John  Suttoh  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


M'CORMIOK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London. — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusoy's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural  Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition,  —  "Mr. 
M'Coemick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewliere,  to  ihe  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  a<id  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Ilussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  25t. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE, 


Approved  by  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and  Dniveesallt  Eecom- 

:UENDED  BT  PitACnCAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  MeN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
linife.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  aogle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  l;o  tbe  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  oi'  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thusrendering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmoagers,  Nurserymen,  tfcc,  in  the 
Kingdom;  and  Wholeaale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Deat  and  Co.'a 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
lane,  London  Bridge.  —  A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  tbe  Trade. 


IMPROVED    GRASS    CUTTING  &  ROLLING    MACHINE. 


fe^lssi^ 


UNDER  ROTAL  PATRONAGE. 
A  LEXANDER     SHANKS     and     SON,     Machine 

-^^  Makera,  Arbroath,  Forfarehire,  respectfully  solicit  notice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  for  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which,  and 
iLs  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  Uind,  has  now  been  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monialrt  and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents,  for  London  :  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Hammersmith;  Ilertford  :  Mr.  George  Polkard, 
Ironmonger;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Yt>ung  and  Co., 
Castle  BuildmgH,  Derby-tquave  ;  ShefTield  ;  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator 
of  the  BotMoic  Gardens  ;  Chester;  MesHrs.  J?,  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Ghmgnw  :  MeKRrs.  Chas.  D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square  ;  Edinburgh  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D. 
Young  and  Co.,  48,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth :  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
Turnbull,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


BUDDING'S    LAWN  MOWERS. 

ME.  SAMUELSON,  Britannia  Iron  Works,  Banbury, 
Oson  (successor  to  tho  late  James  Gardner),  to  avoid  the 
di«appointmeiit  experienced  last  season,  as  regards  their 
delivery,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  the  above  macliines, 
and  for  GARDEN  ROLLERS,  being  given  as  early  as  posaible. 
Delivery  free  to  all  placts  ou  ihe  London  and  North- Western, 
and  Great  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 

Drawings  and  price  lists  forwarded  on  application. 


MILK,    CHEESE,    AND    BUTTER. 

HENRY  BAKEU,  Oitician,  00,  Hatton  Garden, 
London,  advisus  ;iny  one  who  keeps  Cowh  to  ftoml  two 
pOHtugCBtampfl,  and  obtain  a  description  of  hla  LACTOMETER, 
with  its  uBcs,  and  tho  r(;HultH  of  experiments  with  it  upon  di''- 
forcnt  Milks.  LactomotcrH,  complete,  in  a  miihogany  box, 
lOfl.  fW.;  Do.,  wiih  chenper  (ittingH.  Is.ikl.  and  5a.;  Hydro- 
milters  for  touting  sulphuric  acid,  Ds.,  73,,  (ind  10a.  No  con- 
Hiinior  of  add  should  be  without  one,  um  It  ia  ofien  sold  highly 
diiutud.  SrtccharumctHrfl  for  Urowing,  with  tal'les,  Da.,  7a.,  and 
U)8.  Pcdlmi-nt  Baromotcro,  from  U.  each.  Wheel  Hunimi;- 
terfl,  from  U.  1(.  ench.  Packed  cumfully  for  tho  country,  there 
helni<  nothing  to  four  of  them  getting  oot  of  order,  aH  thoy  nru 
Wfti  ranted  to  bo  properly  mude  and  good  liiatrumontH. 


ryURNIP    SEED    FOR   SALE.-Thirty   bushels  of 

-L  Skirvlng'fl  Purple-top  Swede,  at  15a.  per  bushel ;  3i»  ditto 
of  old  Purple-top  ditto,  at  Us,  ;  15  ditto  of  Green-top  Yt-llaw 
Bullock,  at  16s.  The  whole  is  ot  the  growth  of  1851,— Address 
Mr.  Bbyan  Clahk,  Farmer,  Tuxford,  Notts. 

MORTON'S  YELLOW    GLOBE   MANGOLD. 
TA/ILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and   CO.  ha/ve  purchased 
^^     a  veiy  superior   Stock  of  Seed,  saved   by   J.   C. 

Morion,  Esq.,  of  Whitfield,  Qloucestershi/rej  which  is  now 
offered  by  retail,  at  10c/.  per  lb. 

All  other  kinds  of  Agricultural  Seeds  can  be  obtained,  of  tho 
best  and  most  genuine  quality,  at  tbe  lowent  market  prices. 

William  E.  Eendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  by  special 
Appointment,  to  tho  South  Devon  Agricultural  Asfcocialion, 
and  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Prince  Edward's  Island. 


MANUFACTURED    SOLELY    BY 

JOHN    FEEEABEE    AKD    S  0  H  S, 

PH(ENIX  IRON  WORKS,  NEAR  STROUD, 

GL0UCE8TEE8HIEE. 

BUDDING'S      LAWJN      MOWING      MACHINE, 
With  Reqisteeed  Improvements,  No.  307i. 

This  Machine  may  be  worked  by 
persons  who  cannot  use  a  scythe. 
It    can    be    adjusted    to    cut    any 
length,  and  leaves  a  more  even  and 
uniform  surface  than  can  be  pro- 
duced by   the  most  skilful  mower. 
The  Grass   may  be  cut  when  dry, 
and  may  be  collected  in  the  box 
which  enables  the  gardener  to  cue 
his  lawns  at  tbe  most  convenient 
time,    and  renders  gweeping  after 
wards  unnecessary    wh  le  with  the 
same  amount  of  labour    more  than 
double  the  quan- 
tity of  work  can 
be     done     than 
with  a  scythe.  It 
is  very  durable, 
easily  sharpened 
and  kept  io  or- 
der, andita  man- 
agement  is   ex- 
tremely simple. 

J.  F.  and  Sons,  who  were  tbe  sole  Manufacturers  of 
BUDDING'S  MACHINES  under  the  Patent,  and  who  have 
produced  and  sold  nearly  4000  of  them,  have  this  year  increased 
their  efficiency  and  perfected  their  operations,  by  improve- 
ments which  are  protected  by  Registration.  The  Improved 
Machines,  in  addition  to  the  Registration  Number — 3074,  have 
the  name,  "  J.  Feriiabee  &,  Son,"  cast  on  the  frame;  andnone 
should  be  purchased  without  this  guarantee. 

Hand  Machines  are  made  of  three  sizes— cutting  the  several 
widths  of  16.  19,  and  22  inches.  The  smallest  may  be  worked 
by  one  man  ;  the  others  require  the  assistance  of  a  tjtrong  boy. 

Horse  Machines  are  made  of  two  sizes  ;  one  cutting  30  inches 
and  the  other  36  inches  wide. 

Prices  : — 

IG.inch  Machine  ...  £5  10     0  1  22-inch  Machine  ...  £6     0     0 

19-inch        6     0     0  I  30.inch        ,,  ...  13     0     0 

36-inch  Machine     £15  10    0 


THE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GEEAT 
EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Milton,  for  his 
Improved  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE  (straw),  tbe  only  Briiish  Bee- 
hive for  which  a  Prize  Medal  was  awarded.  It  is  of  simple 
construction,  ornamental,  and  so  easily  managed  that  the  most 
unskilful  can  with  safety  obtain  a  large  quantity  of  pure 
honey  without  killing  the  bees  ;  price  complete,  10s.  Cd.  They 
are  made  with  extra  fittings  and  boards,  ISs.  Cd,  the  det. 

Also  may  be  had  "Miltoh's  Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new 
edition,  price  2s. 

Ditto,  with  Illustrations,  2s.  Qd. 

Ditto,  Sheet  of  ditt(),  free  by  post,  Sti. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  and  Honey  WarehouBe,  10,  Great 
Marjlebone-street,  Wimpole-street,  London, 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  DrawingR  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  Loudon. 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr,  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.  Neighbour  and  Sons  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbour."— J".  H.  Payne.  (Seethe 
"  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169,  170). 

Agents.— Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 

ETTIT'S  ROYAL  EXHIBITION  TEMPLE 
BEE-HIVES,  as  exhibited  in  Class  IX.,  No.  92,  are  con- 
structed on  a  new  principle,  the  result  of  long  practical 
experience,  and  may  be  worked  with  safety,  humanity,  and 
profit  by  the  most  timid  and  unaccustomed  to  Bee-mauipula- 
tion.  The  necessity  of  Swarming  is  obviated,  and  tbe  drones 
are  effectually  excluded  from  the  glass  hives. 

A  Descriptive  circular  forwarded  on  application  to  W.  J. 
Pettit,  sole  iuvenor  and  manufacturer.  Marine-terrace,  Dover, 
and  24,  Church-street,  Shoreditch,  London, 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  10,  1862. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  FOLLOWING  WEEK. 
Wednbbiiai,   April  Sl-Anrlcultural  Societv  orJSnEland. 
TuuuauAY,         —     22— AKiicuHiiral  Imp.  Soc.of  Ireland. 


In  re.suming  the  subject  to  which  we  referred  in  a 
late  Number,  we  think  it  may  be  useful  to  consider 
whether  those  rules  wliich  govern  the  value  of  nil 
other  exch;ingeal»le  commodities  do  not  equally 
apply  to  Lano.  Thus,  if  we  were  speaking  of  any- 
thing else,  we  should  have  no  difficulty  in  laying 
down  certain  principles  as  sure  guides  to  arrive  at 
conclusions,  the  truth  of  wliich  all  would  admit. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  produce  of  land,  as  corn. 
We  know  that  tho  value  of  this  article  depends 
mainly  on  its  .supply  and  the  demand  for  it.  If  there 
are  a  great  many  purchasers  and  but  a  small  quantity 
to  sell,  corn  rises  ;  if  there  is  abundance  of  corn  to 
be  had,  and  but  few  wish  to  buy  it,  the  price  jails. 


234 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[April  10, 


Now  apply  these  familiar  rules  to  land,  and  observe   is  to  change  their  relative  proportions.     They  have 


their  effect  on  its  value.  The  number  of  persons 
owning  land  in  England  is  notoriously  exceedingly 
small.  Their  exact  number  cannot  be  told,  but 
stop  the  first  ten  men  in  the  street  and  ask  them 
whether  they  are  landowners,  and  they  would  pro- 
bably tell  you  they  were  not  and  never  expected 
to  be.  Ask  them  whether  they  are  owners  of  stock 
in  the  funds,  and  they  would  say  they  were,  or 
hoped  to  be.  The  state  of  the  law  has  placed  land 
out  of  the  reach  of  the  ordinary  dealings  of  man- 
kind. It  is  not  a  marketable  commodity.  It  is, 
except  under  peculiar  circumstances,  a  luxury. 
This  is  not  because  persons  do  not  wish  to  possess 
it,  but  because  it  can  only  be  obtained  with 
such  difficulty  and  with  so  much  cost  that  few 
people  take  any  trouble  about  acquiring  it. 
The  expense  is  not  only  great,  but  it  is  uncertain. 
The  bill  connected  with  it  is  not  only  a  long  one, 
hut  it  is  attended  jvith  so  much  mystery  that,  except 
under    pressing    and     unusual    circumstances. 


been  stated  thus- 


Id  a  normal  state. 
When  fed  on  TJeet, 
When  fed  fm  Carrots 


Batter. 

Casein. 

Sugar  of 
Milk. 

4.77 
S93 
5.30 

Salts, 

3,18 
2,76 
3,n8 

4.48 
3.7.5 
4  20 

0,0" 
0  G3 
0.75 

decline  to  incur  it.  It  is  thus  that  land  has  ceased 
to  be  usually  dealt  in,  and  thus  it  is  that  the  price 
is  so  low.  It  has  been  proved,  by  Parliamentary 
returns,  that  the  great  bulk  of  the  funds  is 
held  by  small  owners  :  it  is  thus  that  the  value  is 
kept  up.  The  state  of  the  law  on  the  other  hand 
places  land  out  of  the  reach  of  the  great  body  of 
people  who  deal  in  other  matters. 

The  eifect  of  the  present  system,  and  here  we 
again  refer  to  Mr.  Stewart,  is  to  drive  out  of  the 
market  the  greater  part  of  the  middle  classes.  So 
far  as  conveyancing  is  concerned  (except,  perhaps, 
in  the  ordinary  transactions  of  a  lease  or  a  will), 
the  solicitor  gets  nothing  from  the  great  bulk  of  the 
middle  classes,  who  are  in  all  other  trades  and 
professions  the  best  class  of  customers.  No  nian 
having  200^.  or  300Z.  which  he  wishes  to  invest, 
unless  he  have  land  already,  thinks  of  investing 
it  in  land.  He  is  deterred  mainly  from  this 
by  the  expense  which  attends  the  transfer  to  him. 
He  can  purchase  WOl.  worth  of  stock,  and  pay  only 
half-a-crown  ;  but  if  he  buys  land  he  does  not  know 
how  much  he  shall  have  to  pay.  If  it  was  only  a 
little  more,  if  the  expense  were  defined,  he  would 
prefer  land.  It  is  more  secure  than  stock,  and  it  is 
more  grateful  to  the  oidinary  feelings  of  human 
nature  to  possess  land  than  funded  property.  The 
present  expense  attending  the  transfer  of  land,  and 
that  alone,  prevents  the  gratification  of  those  natural 
wishes  ;  but  it  also  excludes  from  the  ofBce  of  the 
solicitor  his  most  valuable  class  of  clients  ;  the  man 


87,02 
8G.S7 
8C.C7 

We  thus  see  that  food  has  a  considerable  influ- 
ence on  the  quality  of  milk,  in  the  same  manner  as 
it  has  on  the  quality  of  butcher-meat ;  and  that 
much  here  will  depend  upon  the  constitutional  cha- 
racter of  the  cow.  But  although  this  is  the  case, 
7/et  such  differences  are  much  less  appreoiabh  hi/  the 
taste  than  is  generally  imagined. 

Our  next  proposition  involves  the  duties  of  the 
dairy,  where  cleanliness,  as  it  is  said,  is  everything  ; 
cleanliness,  however,  is  in  this  instance  unfortunately 
one  of  those  cuckoo  songs  but  little  understood — 
one  of  those  simple  theories  not  so  easily  reduced  to 
practice  as  many  imagine,  for  it  involves  not  merely 
we   clean  utensils,  and  a  clean  dairy,  but  also  a  pure 


of  thousands  can  now  afford  to  buy  and  sell  land,   a  large  amount  of  the  noxious  gases,  from  becomin, 


atmosphere  ;  and  not  merely  a  pure  atmosphere,  but 
one  of  a  proper  temperature.  The  presence  of 
caloric  is  just  as  necessary  as  the  absence  of  dirt, 
and  it  is  just  as  impossible  for  the  farmer  to  procure 
a  sufficiency  of  the  former  in  a  natural  state  or  from 
the  rays  of  the  sun,  as  it  is  for  town  dairymen 
to  present  their  customers  with  clean  milk  ;  for 
from  the  impurity  of  the  at.mosphere  of  all  our 
large  towns,  it  is  of  necessity  always  less  or  more 
contaminated  with  dirt,  and  dirt,  too,  of  the  dirtiest 
description.  A  dairy  in  the  centre  of  a  large  town, 
is  practically  an  anomaly  not  very  easily  reconciled 
with  the  theory  of  cleanliness. 

Milk,  although  a  very  plain  and  nourishing  article 
of  food,  is  yet  peihaps  more  easily  contaminated  by 
an  impure  atmosphere  than  any  other.  Unless  to 
those  who  have  tiled  experiments,  it  is  scarcely 
credible  how  easily  it  is  affected.  It  is  not  only  so, 
but  it  is  also  peculiarly  dependent  on  temperature, 
especially  where  butter  has  to  be  obtained  from  it. 
The  cream  suffers  more  than  the  other  elements 
below  it ;  the  reason  of  which  is  no  doubt  accounted 
for  from  its  greater  exposure. 

In  order  to  prevent  milk  from  being  impreg- 
nated with  noxious  gases,  saltpetre,  sugar,  and  even 
common  salt,  are  dissolved  in  it,  the  object  of  which 
is  to  close  its  pores,  and  thus  exclude  the  atmos- 
phere ;  as  in  the  salting  of  butcher-meat.  Other 
expedients  are  adopted  by  the  application  of  heat  in 
various  ways.  If,  for  instance,  the  vessel  in  which 
the  cream  is  held  is  placed  in  hot  water  over  night. 


composing  matters  almost  under  the  windows  of  the 
dairy';  consequently,  during  close  weather,  the  butter 
and  cream  were  always  bad.  But  no  sooner  were  the 
ponds  cleared,  and  the  decomposing  matter  effectually 
removed,  than  a  cure  was  effected. 

Facts  such  as  these  are  sufficient  to  warrant  our 
conclusion,  and  instigate  chemical  inquiry. 

Not  only  must  the  air  in  the  dairy  be  kept  pure 
and  of  a  proper  temperature  for  the  preservation  of 
the  milk,  but  that  of  the  cow-house  also  ;  for,  as  we 
have  already  seen  while  cows  are  feeding  on  Turnips, 
and  for  a  short  time  after,  they  are  literally  sur- 
rounded by  a  cloud  of  pungent  gas,  arising  from  their 
breath  and  insensible  perspiration,  so  that  the  milk- 
ing of  them  should  uot  take  place  until  after  they 
have  done  ruminating  :  in  other  words,  they  should 
be  milked  before  being  fed  with  Turnips,  otherwise 
their  milk  must  become  inoculated  with  this  pungent 
gas.  The  soundness  of  this  conclusion  has  often 
been  supported  by  experiments,  conveyed  to  our 
columns  by  different  practical  parties ;  and  now  that 
•we  have  got  Turnip-cutters  and  bruisers,  with  steam- 
ing apparatus,  &c. ;  the  grand  question  which  here 
presents  itself  for  solution  is  this, —  can  those 
pungent  and  offensive  elements  of  Turnips  be  neu- 
tralised, prior  to  their  being  given  to  cows  2  This 
is  another  chemical  question,  deserving  of  considera- 
tion ;  much  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  cooking 
food,  but  the  practice  is  yet,  after  all,  only  in  its 
infancy,  and  as  varied  as  if  cows  were  as  peculiarin 
their  dietetics  as  their  owners. 

Having  run  to  greater  length  in  our  two  first 
propositions  than  anticipated,  space  demands  expe- 
dition on  the  last.  Dairy  produce  maintains,  we 
believe,  a  higher  price  than  any  other  article  the 
farnier  sends  to  market.  There  is  an  important 
question  here  unnoticed,  which  we  must  postpone 
for  future  consideration.  Meantime,  railways  have 
done  much  to  enable  inland  farmers  to  send  such 
produce  to  market  on  more  advantageous  terms  than 
formerly,  but  still  there  is  someihing  wanting: 
quality  is  greatly  injured,  and  complaints  loudly 
raised,  that  with  all  his  purer  air  and  finer  keep  for 
cows,  the  inland  farmer  cannot  enter  into  conipeti- 
tion  with  the  smoky,  filthy  dairies  of  our  large  towns. 
Why  ?  This  is  just  the  simple  question  for  solu- 
tion :  London  dairymen  tell  us  ihat  they  have  taken 
farms  a  short  distance  out  of  town,  in  the  hopes  of 
getting  a  better  article  for  their  customers^  but  have 
failed  ! 


1  cannot ;   but   for   one   man 
there    are    at   least    20    of 


the  man  of  hundred; 
of  the  former  class 
the  latter.* 

These  considerations  are  practically  set  at  nought 
in  our  dealings  with  land ;  and,  however  trite  these 
remarks  may  appear,  it  is  only  necessary  to  recall 
them  to  our  memory,  to  account  for  the  difference 
between  the  value  of  land  and  of  stock  in  the  funds 
in  this  country.  If  the  one  could  be  transferred  as 
easily,  as  safely,  as  cheaply  as  the  other,  it  would 
soon  be  seen  which  was  most  esteemed^^which  was 
the  most  valuable.  Can,  then,  land  be  made  trans- 
ferable as  easily  as  stock,  and  how  can  this  be  done  ? 
To  this  part  of  the  subject  we  shall  return  very 
speedily. 


The  object  of  Dairy  farmers  generally  is  to  obtain 
both  quantity  and  quality  of  milk,  and  to  do  so  re- 
quires good  cows  and  good  keeping.  To  give  plenty 
of  good  milk,  the  cow  must  have  a  good  constitution, 
and  to  have  this,  a  deep  and  broad  chest  is  essential. 
Too  many,  in  choosing  a  cow,  only  look  at  the 
hind  quarters  ;  but  the  food  is  not  digested  in  the 
udder,  nor  the  wants  of  the  system  supplied  from 
that  quarter.  A  cow  should  have  plenty  of  lungs 
and  room  for  them  to  play,  with  a  sufficient  supply 
of  pure  air,  the  latter  being  an  essential  ingredient ; 
for  the  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  exhaled  is  large, 
consequently  a  large  area  of  space  is  required  before 
pure  air  can  be  had  for  the  oxidation  of  the  blood, 
so  essential  to  the  vitality  of  the  system  and  the 
secretion  of  good  milk.  And  the  air  must  not  only 
be  pure,  but  of  a  proper  temperature.  Cows  give 
richer  milk  in  warm  weather  than  in  cold,  and 
the  reason  is  obvious ;  for,  if  all  the  fatty  matter  of 
the  food  is  consumed  in  supplying  the  animal  sy.stem 
■with  heat,  it  cannot  be  secreted  jn  the  udder.  For 
the  same  rea,son,  cows  deficient  of  lungs  generally 
either  give  thin  milk  or  a  very  small  quantity  of  it, 
and  that  too  rather  under  ordinary  quality.  It  will 
readily  he  perceived  therefore  that  a  large  cow-house, 
properly  heated  and  ventilated,  is  the  next  thing  to 
a  good  cow  to  get  plenty  of  good  milk. 

Milk  is  composed  of  five  constituents  — butter, 
casein,  sugar  of  milk,  various  salts,  and  water  ;  and 
the  effect  which  different  kinds  of  food  have  on  these 

•  Suggestions  as  to  Keform  in  the  Law,  p.  21,  2d  ed  tion. 


rarified,  are  disengaged.  In  such  cases  a  strong 
smell  will  be  felt  arising  from  the  cream.  This, 
however,  is  not  the  only  advantage  arising  from  the 
application  of  heat  under  this  process — a  process  in 
operation  from  time  immemorial — for  it  also  pre- 
disposes, so  to  speak,  a  more  perfect  separation  of 
the  butter  from  the  other  elements,  so  that  the 
balance  of  the  injurious  gases,  not  given  off  prior  to 
and  during  churning,  are  now  contained  in  the 
buttermilk  so  neutralised  as  scarcely  to  be  detected. 
If  the  process  has  been  successfully  performed  the 
buttermilk  often  partakes  of  the  character  of  the 
summer  season  though  in  the  depth  of  winter  ;  the 
cows  being  fed  on  Turnips,  as  they  are  pulled  from 
the  field  ;  and  the  mode  of  applying  heat,  as  ex- 
emplified in  the  Devonshire  plan  of  making  butter. 

That  peculiar  taste  termed  "  Turnip  taste  "  arises, 
we  suspect,  very  often  from  cream  being  laised  in 
an  impure  atmosphere,  at  too  low  a  temperature, 
and  is  consequently  a  peculiar  acidity  of  milk  not 
yet  satisfactorily  investigated  by  chemistry.  We 
arrive  at  this  conclusion  from  a  number  of  facts,  a 
few  of  which  we  can  only  mention. 

First,  in  certain  dairies  milk  has  this  Turnip 
taste,  whether  the  cows  get  Turnips  or  not.  It 
matters  not  what  they  eat,  whether  Turnips,  Swedes, 
Mangold  Wurzel,  Carrots,  Potatoes,  Furze,  grains,  or 
hay,  the  milk  and  butter  are  Turnip  tasted,  and  were 
it  possible  to  get  the  richest  Clover  of  summer  in 
green  state  at  Christmas,  results  would  be  the  same. 

Secondly,  about  20  years  ago,  an  experiment  came 
under  our  notice  somewhat  novel  in  character.  The 
dairy  was  a  bad  one,  having  a  damp  floor',  and  on  the 
entry  of  a  new  dairymaid,  the  butter  and  cream  be- 
came unfit  almost  to  be  pi'esented  at  table,  arising 
from  the  air  in  the  dairy  having  become  foul,  and  at 
too  low  a  temperature.  To  convince  the  dairymaid 
of  this,  as  well  as  to  effect  an  immediate  cure,  the 
carpet  was  removed  from  a  room,  and  the  milk 
placed  there  for  a  time,  when  the  Turnip  taste  dis- 
appeared at  the  very  first  churning.  "  Who  would 
have  thought  that,"  said  the  dairymaid,  as  the  sur- 
prise expressed  told  that  one  practical  lesson  had 
been  worth  a  thousand  homilies  on  the  subject. 

The  last  example  which  we  shall  quote  is  an  ex- 
cellent little  dairy,  with  a  still  better  dairymaid  ;  but 
both  were  unfortunately  located  in  a  cloud  of  filth, 
arising  from  some  dirty  ponds  with  a  long  list  of  de- 


ON 


STRAW   AS    A  COMPONENT    OF  THE 

MANURE  HEAP.  i 

Being  an  occupier  of  laud  in  a  populous  district 
where  the  greater  proportiou  is  in  permauent  Grass, 
meadows,  and  pasture,  my  attention  has  been  giveu  to 
the  various  modes  now  in  use  for  ecouomising  and  ap- 
plying farm-yard  manure.  One  conclusion  I  have  formed 
is,  that  too  much  value  is  attached  to  tlie  addition  of 
straw  to  the  manure  heap,  and  that  the  prevailing  irotion 
that  to  buy  on  straw  to  be  used  solely  as  bedding  foi^ 
cattle — thereby  becoming  a  component  part  of  the 
manure  heap — is  adding  to  its  value  when  intended  for 
application  as  a  top-dressing  to  permanent  Grass  laud,°is 
au  erroneous  oire. 

Without  incjuix'ing  into  the  .cherpical  properties  of 
straw,  or  its  value  as  manure,  free  from  adnirxture  of 
the  solid  or  liquid  excrements  of  cattle,  we  are  not 
altogether  without  experience  of  its  estimated  worth. 
In  the  neighbourhood  in  which  I  reside,  straw  \ov 
bedding  cattle  fetches  11.  to  2/.  lOs.  per  ton  ;  yet  old 
straw  thatch,  taken  from  houses  or  other  buildings,  is 
not  thought  worth  the  trouble  of  carting  away,  except 
by  some  farmer  who  having  no  tank  for  his  liquid 
manure,  and  little  straw  of  his  own  produce,  carries  it 
free  of  charge  to  his  yard  to  form  an  absorbent  for  his 
Hquid,  which  would  otherwise  run  to  waste  ;  besides,  it 
is  no  uncommon  thing  to  see  a  great  proportion  of  the 
straw  left  in  the  fields  of  oiu*  tenant  farmers  who  are 
bound  by  their  leases  not  to  sell  off  any  portion  of  their 
straw,  in  the  shape  of  stubble  a  foot  to  18  inches  in 
length,  yet  the  farmers  do  not  urge  as  a  plea  for  their 
slovenliness  that  by  ploughing  in  their  stubble  they 
expect  to  enrich  the  land  ;  indeed  it  is  uot  uncommon 
to  see  them  get  as  much  of  it  together  in  a  heap  as  tliey 
can  conveniently,  and  set  fire  to  it,  thereby  consuming 
a  very,  if  not  the  most,  appreciable  portion  of  it — 
the  cai'bon.  , 

I  proceed  now  to  explain  the  grounds  of  the  conclu- 
sion to  which  I  have  come.  Tliey  are  derived  cliiefly 
from  the  conviction  that  the  solid  and  liquid  excre- 
ments of  cattle  are  applied  with  the  grea;est  economy 
and  efl'ect  in  a  fresh  aud  green  state,  but  that  straw  re- 
quires to  be  rotted  by  fermentation  to  render  it  appli- 
cable as  a  top-dressing  to  Grass  land.  Now  it  will  be 
conceded  that  the  process  of  fermentation  evolves  or 
throws  off  a  considerable  portion  of  the  ammonia,  a 
most  valuable  property  of  the  manure  heap  ;  and  though 
several  appliances,  the  admixture  of  gypsum,  sulphuric 
acid,  c&c,  have  been  tried  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  this 
valuable  property  wliilst  acted  upon  by  fermentation, 
yet,  owing  to  their  inefficiency  or  expense,  these  appli- 
ances are  (as  far  as  1  can  learn),  not  extending  them- 
selves. In  addition  to  the  waste  of  ammonia  caused  by 
fermentation,  there  is  another  serious  objection  to  the 


15—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


use  of  Straw  as  a  top-dressiug  to  Grass  land,  in  its  being 
the  means  of  detaining  the  manure  with  which  it  is 
mixed  too  long  on  the  surface,  thereby  exposing  it  to 
drought  and  frost,  wliieh  every  one  knows  tend  to 
weaken  its  properties.  I  liave  never  known  manure, 
with  the  usual  admixture  of  straw,  even  when  well 
managed  and  rotted,  applied  to  Grass  land,  when  it  did 
not  remain  more  or  less  visible  for  weeks,  I  may  say 
months,  and  it  would  be  singular  if  in  this  length  of 
time  dry  or  frosty  weatlier  did  not  intervene  to  damage 
and  weaken  it. 

The  most  approved  systems  of  economising  manure 
appear  to  be  by  box  feeding,  and  by  using  the  straw  for 
bedding  chopped  or  cut  into  short  lengths  ;  the  object 
or  tendency  of  both  systems  (if  I  apprehend  them 
rightly),  is  to  render  the  manure  more  solid,  less  per- 
vious to  the  atmosphere,  and  obviating  fernientatiou 
If  I  am  right  in  this,  they  strengthen  and  confirm  my 
impression  in  favour  of  fresh  or  uuferniented  dun 
still  inasmuch  as  the  straw,  though  it  may  become 
thoroughly  saturated  with  the  excrements,  will  remain 
tough  and  sound,  and  on  that  account  quite  unfit  for  a 
top-dressing  to  Grass  land  ;  if  applied  in  this  state,  it 
would  remain  on  the  surface  till  it  was  washed  by  the 
rains  and  dried  by  the  winds,  a  consideraljle  portion  of 
its  valuable  properties  escaping,  and  if  not  cleared  off 
by  the  rake  — an  operation  by  no  means  novel — it  would 
mix  with  the  Grass,  and  be  found  an  impediment  to  the 
mower.  Having  explained  the  grounds  on  which  I  am 
opposed  to  the  admixture  of  straw  as  a  component  part 
of  the  manure  heap  intended  for  Grass  land,  I  propose 
(if  mycommunications  are  deemed  worthy  of  admission 
into  your  colnnms),  to  describe  the  mode  I  am  now 
adopting  to  carry  into  operation  the  views  to  which  I 
have  ai'rived  and  endeavoured  to  explain,  and  I  hope 
to  show  that  the  result  has  been  successful,  T, 
March  '23. 


BREEDING  TROUT. 


Feom  facts  which  have  come  under  my  own  observa- 
tion, as  well  as  from  what  I  can  gather  from  experienced 
fishermen,  I  have  reason  to  think  that  the  destruction 
of  the  ova  of  trout  just  when  deposited  by  the  parents, 
is  very  great,  particularly  in  small  brooks,  which  the 
trout  are  exceedingly  fond  of  ascending  previous  to  their 
spawning.  No  doubt  a  great  many  trout  spawn  in 
suitable  places  in  the  rivers  in  which  they  have  lived 
during  the  summer,  and  of  these,  when  spawning,  I  am 
not  able  to  speak  so  decisively,  but  a  large  proportion 
ascend  the  small  brooks  and  deposit  their  spawn  in 
thero,  and  of  these  I  fear  comparatively  few  are  hatched, 
and  as  I  think  a  little  care  and  foresight  would  mar- 
vellously help  them  (I  mean  in  brooks  where  they  are 
protected  from  poachers),  I  make  no  apology  for  calling 
attention  to  the  subject. 

It  is  well  known  that  all  the  Salmonidte  bury  (or 
attempt  to  bury)  their  ova  in  the  loose  gravel  of  the 
streams  in  which  they  spawn,  whilst  grayling  and  other 
scale  fish  are  content  to  deposit  theirs  upon  the  gravel 
without  attempting  to  cover  it  up  ;  consequently,  the 
first  thing  a  pair  of  trout  does  when  beginning  to  spawn, 
is  to  root  up  the  gravel  in  the  stream.  Thi?  serves  two 
good  purposes ;  one  is,  that  all  the  mud  and  sand  which 
was  previously  mixed  with  the  gravel  is  carried  away  by 
the  stream,  and  the  gi'avel  remains  clean  ;  and  the 
second  is,  that  the  loose  gravel  which  remains  serves, 
when  properly  prepai-ed,  as  a  safe  hybernaculum,  in 
which  the  spawn  is  secure  from  the  depredations 
of  small  trout,  loaches,  bullheads,  &c.,  which  all 
prey  upon  it  with  the  greatest  avidity,  and  at  such 
times  if  you  catch  them  you  will  frequently  find 
they  are  g'lrged  to  the  throat  with  roe.  After  this 
gravel  is  loosened  the  female  deposits  her  spawn  in  the 
loose  gravel,  and  as  the  ova  are  very  slightly  heavier 
than  the  water,  they  roll  down  until  they  come  to  the 
interstices  of  the  gravel,  into  which  they  penetrate  as 
if  they  were  alive,  dropping  down  until  they  come  to 
something  like  a  solid  Ijottom,  where  they  are  effectually 
secured  from  the  small  trouts  and  other  fish  which  prey 
upon  them,  yet  there  are  other  enemies  in  the  shape 
of  water-lice  and  the  larva;  of  aquatic  insects  which 
can  and  do  find  tiiem  even  there. 

But  now  for  the  evil  and  its  remedy,  which  we  seem  at 
present  U>  have  lost  sight  of.  The  sm'ail  brooks,  in  which 
troutH  spawn,  are  frequently  so  deficient  in  gravel  that 
the  troul»  have  great  difficulty  in  finding  spots  where 
they  can  Htir  u\>  as  much  gravel  as  will  cover  the  ova 
when  deposited,  and  when  they  have  succeeded  in 
doing  thiw,  and  retire,  tliere  will  come  frequently 
another  pair  of  trouts  immediately  after,  and  as  they 
for  want  of  conveniences  of  tliis  kind  are  limited 
to  few  Hpote,  they  probably  begin  to  stir  up  the 
gravel  which  had  been  uaed  by  the  first  pair 
of  fi-sh,  and  the  wjnsequence  in  that  tlie  .spawn 
whici)  lay  there  is  di«turhed  ;  it  rolls  away  with  the 
stream  nntil  it  is  earned  below  the  loosened  gravel,  and 
lies  on  ttie  hurfacc  of  the  iiard  bed  of  the  brook  below 
a  prey  to  anything  that  will  cat  it.  Tlie  enemy  \h  ever 
on  the  alert ;  no  wjonor  doeH  a  grain  or  twn  of  thisconio 
within  tiie  Hcent  of  anotlR-r  trout  than  ho  rouseti 
up  like  a  wild  beast  at  feeding  time,  and  ho  will 
gorge  liiniM.df  (if  ho  lias  the  chance  of  doing  Ho)  up 
to  the  very  throat,  and  In  such  situntions  a  careful 
tih&f.rvf.r  tuny  generally  find  the  small  tront«  wliieli 
don't  Hpawn  (like  waiters  on  providence)  waiting  juhI, 
below  tlie  Hpawning  bedw,  ready  for  every  egg  whieli 
tolls  below  the  loosened  gravel. 

The  remefly  is  very  easy  in  Hiich  broolts.  In  each  o' 
the  strcamnor  in  as  inanyas  it  can  be  conveniently  done. 


let  a  cartload  of  sharp  pebbly  gravel  (varying  in  the 
size  of  the  pebbles  from  a  hazel  nut  to  a  pheasant's  egg) 
be  deposite J,  level  it  down  with  a  spade  so  that  the  water 
will  flow  equably  over  it  to  the  depth  of  3  or  4  inches  ; 
you  will  then  have  a  spawning  bed  of  the  best  kind,  and 
you  will  find  that  the  fish  are  not  slow  to  avail  tliem- 
selves  of  the  conveniences  with  which  you  have  provided 
them.  This  ought  to  be  done  not  later  than  the  first 
week  in  October  in  most  bi'ooks,  as  trout  in  many  dis- 
tricts are  spawning  very  soon  after  this  time. 

Two  or  three  years  ago  a  gentleman  of  fortune  in 
Yorkshire,  who  wished  to  stock  a  small  lake  he  has  with 
improved  varieties  of  trout,  wrote  to  me  to  request  I 
would  send  an  experienced  and  trustworthy  person  to 
him,  as  he  wished  to  send  him  into  various  parts  of  the 
kingdom  where  the  trout  were  celebrated  for  their  size 
and  flavour,  that  he  might  there  obtain  fertilised  roe,  for 
the  pui'pose  of  replenishing  his  spawning  boxes,  and 
thus  storing  his  lake  with  good  trout,  I  accordingly 
sent  him  a  man,  every  way  qualified  for  such  a  mission, 
and  furnished  with  credentials  ;  he  obtained  roe  in 
various  parts  of  the  northern  counties,  which  were  duly 
hatched,  when  the  proper  precautions  were  taken,  and 
from,  his  mouth  I  gathered  the  following  particulars  : — 

He  said,  "  When  I  came  near  a  spawning  bed,  I  some- 
times examined  it  to  see  how  the  eggs  were  going  on. 
If  I  disturbed  it  too  much,  and  the  voe  floated  down  the 
stream  below  the  loose  gravel,  it  was  not  two  minutes 
before  the  little  trouts  began  to  come  up  to  the  tail  of 
the  spawning-bed,  evidently  on  the  look-out  for  spawn. 
In  wading  up  the  brooks  with  a  light  at  night  in  search 
of  spawning  fish,  wherever  we  found  them  we  found 
the  little  trouts  waiting  below,  some  of  whicli  we  caught, 
and  found  tliem  in  all  cases  with  roe  in  them,  in  many 
instances  full  of  it  up  to  the  throat.  When  I  got  back 
to  Mr.  — 's,  I  examined  the  feeder  of  his  lake,  and  found 
trout  spawning  in  no  more  gravel  than  I  could  hold  in 
my  two  hands  ;  how  could  the  spawn  get  covered  in 
this  little  morsel,  which,  when  one  pair  had  spawned 
in  it,  was  taken  possession  of  by  another  pair  ? 
Indeed,  in  all  the  brooks  I  visited,  I  found  a  sad 
deficiency  in  this  respect,  and  I  am  as  certain  as  I 
am  of  my  existence,  that  thousands  upon  thousands 
of  the  eggs  which  would  otherwise  hatch,  are  destroyed 
for  want  of  gravel  at  the  time  of  spawning.  When 
I  had  seen  how  deficient  Mr.  — 's  feeder  was  in 
gravel,  I  immediately  directed  two  or  tlu'ee  cart-loads  to 
be  put  in  the  stream,  and  levelled  down,  and  next  morn- 
ing I  found  15  pairs  of  fish  spawning  in  the  new  gravel." 

These  are  facts  wjiich  I  submit  to  the  considera- 
tion of  gentlemen  having  trout  streams,  and  I  think 
the  due  observance  of  the  few  recommendations  here 
made,  and  a  strict  look-out  for  poachers  at  the 
same  time,  will  enable  them  to  store  their  rivers  and 
lakes  with  an  abundance  of  these  fine  fish.  No  doubt 
some  of  your  piscatorial  readers  will  be  able  to  oifer 
additional  suggestions  which  will  be  advantageous. 

Sir  George  Mackenzie,  and  after  him"Ephemera"  (in 
his  book  of  the  salmon),  says  that  the  water-ouzel  is  very 
destructive  to  salmon  and  trout  roe.  If  he  has  actually 
detected  this  in  their  crops,  after  shooting  them,  I  can 
say  nothing  more  ;  but  if  it  is  supposed  that  this  is  the 
case  because  they  are  frequently  seen  on  the  spawning 
beds,  I  submit  that  the  probability  is  that  they  are 
doing  great  good  there  instead  of  much  harm,  and  that 
in  all  likelihood  they  were  feeding  on  the  water-lice 
and  aquatic  larva  which  generally  swarm  there,  and 
which  feed  on  spawn,  whatever  water-ouzels  may 
do,  I  know  that  at  other  seasons  water-ouzels 
feed  on  these  aquatic  larvae,  as  I  have  had  many  op- 
portunities of  observing  from  a  building  overhanging  a 
stream  where  they  used  to  feed  when  they  had  }oung, 
and,  notwithstanding  Mr.  Waterton  has  said  that  it  is 
impossible  for  birds  to  walk  at  the  bottom  of  the  water 
because  their  bodies  are  of  less  specific  gravity,  yet  I 
have  seen  them  do  so  many  a  time,  Mr.  Waterton 
probably  fo'got  that  there  is  a  great  probability 
that  birds  can  at  pleasure  exhaust  the  supply  of  air 
which  pervades  their  bones,  and  other  parts  of  the 
body.  If  they  do  this,  may  not  the  body  be  then  heavier 
than  the  water  ? 

Salmon  and  trout  can  exhaust  their  air-bladders,  in  a 
great  measure,  as  every  one  who  has  caught  many  very 
well  knows.  Their  place  in  a  pool  is  frequently  betrayed 
by  the  air-bubbles  vviiich  rise  from  them  to  the  surface 
of  the  water,  particularly  after  they  have  been  chased 
for  some  time;  then,  if  they  cannot  get  under  a  stone 
or  root,  they  will  lie  as  close  to  the  bottom  as  they  can  ; 
and,  as  I  supposCj  to  do  this  the  more  readily  and 
efi'ectually,  they  keep  emitting  bubbles  of  air  from  the 
mouth  (belling,  as  the  fishermen  call  it— the  otter  also, 
when  hard  hunted,  frequently  betrays  his  whereabouts 
in  the  same  manner). 

I  have  said  that  wateiMice  and  aquatic  larvte  prey 
upon  the  ova  of  fish,  but.it  is  not  so  easy  to  prevent 
their  depredations  as  those  of  the  small  fish  which  also 
feed  on  the  roe,  because  the  lice  and  larvie  burrow  in 
the  gravel  and  penetrate  wherever  the  roe  is  to  be 
found.  In  very  small  brooks,  where  the  fronts  do  not 
remain  l(tng  after  being  hatched,  these  pests  might  be 
destroyed  by  quick-lime  ;  but  the  remedy  la  almost  as 
had  as  the  diHease,  because  every  small  trout  remain- 
ing in  the  brook  would  be  destroyed  also.  Tho  best 
plan,  no  doubt,  is  to  give  the  fish  plenty  of  gravel 
to  spawn  in,  and  tho  rava^^es  of  one  tribe  of  de- 
predators (tlio  HhIi)  would  bo  chocked  j  at  all  events, 
it  is  better  that  tho  game  sliould  ho  left  to  tho 
weaselH  and  polccatH  alone,  rutliei' Limn  that  in  addition 
to  these  eneini'iH,  tliey  wlinuld  bo  preyed  upon  l»y  foxes, 
cats,  hawks,  and  carrion-crows, 


1  have  called  these  little  things  water-lice  ;  but  t\m 
is  tor  want  of  a  better  name  (not  having  a  work  on 
Natural  History  to  refer  to  which  enables  me  to  give 
the  proper  one),  but  they  are  in  appearance,  or  reality^ 
fresh-water  shrimps,  and  scud  about  in  the  water  whea 
disturbed  pretty  mucii  in  the  same  manner.  The  aquatic 
larvEO,  wliich  are  most  destructive,  are  what  are  known 
by  anglers  as  creepers,  and  are  the  larvce  of  th& 
iViay  fly  (stone  fly  of  the  south  of  England),  and  those 
of  the  upright-winged  flies,  known  as  drakes,  which  in 
their  turn  serve  as  food  for  fish,  are  first-rate  flies 
in  the  angler's  estimation.  The  March  brown,  which 
is  one  of  them,  rises  from  the  bottom  of  tlse  water- 
by  myriads  in  sunny  days  in  March  and  April,  and 
is  caught  by  the  trouts  as  they  rise.  I  have  sometimeSj 
when  taking  my  hook  out  of  the  mouth  of  a  large 
trout  which  had  been  feeding  on  these  flies,  seen  him 
disgorge  a  mass  of  them  almost  as  large  as  my  thumb. 
It  is  a  curious  transformation  which  these  creepers- 
undergo,  as  without  any  chrysalis  or  dormant  state  they 
change  almost  in  a  moment  from  creeping  at  the  bottom 
of  the  water  to  flying  abcut  in  the  air. 

"  Ephemera  "  says  that  salmon  will  not  spawn  in  fresh 
gravel.  I  have  never  tried  them  by  putting  gravel  in 
to  tempt  them,  but  I  have  already  shown  that  trouts 
will  do  so,  and  salmon  will  certainly  spawn  in  places 
where  other  salmon  have  done  so  previously,  and  in-. 
all  such  cases  the  gravel  is  as  fresh  as  that  would  be 
which  was  poured  into  the  stream  from  a  cart  ;  for  the 
salmon  effectually  stirs  it  up  from  the  bottom,  and  gene- 
rally the  stream  is  so  rapid  that  the  sand  and  mud  have 
no  chance  of  subsiding,  so  that  an  experienced  eye  will 
detect  where  fish  have  been  spawning  by  the  ff'eshness- 
and  brightness  of  the  gravel, 

I  may  take  this  opportunity  of  stating  that  I  have 
now  great  hopes  of  breeding  hybrids  between  the  salmon 
and  the  trout.  Some  salmon  roe  fertilised  with  the 
milt  of  the  trout  in  an  artificial  spawning  bed  I  have 
had  constructed,  looks  as  fresh  and  promising  as  any 
roe  I  ever  saw,  and  as  it  has  been  there  six  weeks,  if  it 
had  not  been  fertilised  it  would  have  shown  symptoms- 
of  decay.  Besides  this,  the  embryo  is  beginning  to  show 
itself  in  the  shape  of  a  bright  red  speck  at  one  side  of 
the  ovum.  If-  these  ova  hatch,  I  shall  consider  I  have 
accomplished  a  great  feat  in  fish  breeding.  T>  0. 


Home    Gorrespondence» 

T/ie  Weedon  System  of  Husbandry. — The  author  of" 
the  "  Word  in  Season "  begs  permission  to  reply,  by 
request,  through  the  pages  of  the  Agricultural  Qazctte, 
to  three  questions  proposed  to  him  by  a  writer  from 
Bruges,  Belgium,  1st.  "  Can  the  Weedon  system  of 
husbandry  be  carried  out  on  a  field  of  5  or  6  acres,  with- 
out any  horse  service  whatever  \ "  Undoubtedly.  For 
five  years  it  was  so  carried  out  by  the  author,  as  de- 
scribed in  the  early  editions  of  the  "  Word  in  Season," 
and  as  repeated  at  the  opening  of  the  8th,  By  means 
of  a  presser-drill,  however,  which  sows  an  acre  in  25 
minutes,  and  of  a  roller  and  horse-hoe  implement  to 
follow,  each  implement  taking  two  lands  at  once,  there 
is  an  economy  of  labour  to  the  extent  of  20s,  per  acre. 
2d.  ''The  price  and  the  particulars  of  these  implements?' 
Application,  with  reference  to  these  points  to  be  madOj 
for  the  present,  to  W.  Gascoigne,  Weston -by- Weed  on  3 
Towcester.  3d.  "  In  your  opinion,  supposing  strong 
land  well  drained,  should  furrows  be  utterly  done  away  V 
Certainly.  For,  though  in  Belgium,  even  when  there  is 
nothing  but  sand,  they  are  maintained  at  intervals  ol 
4  feet,  on  deeply- drained,  double-dug  land  of  any  descrip- 
tion furrows  are  useless,  and  even  injurious. 

Diggings  hy  a  Fen  Farmer. —  *^I.  A.  C."  appears  to 
have  overlooked  or  to  be  unacquainted  with  the  large 
tracts  of  fen  land  around  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  called 
the  East,  West,  Wildmore,  and  Holland  Fens,  as  ho 
spealvs  of  Peat  farms  only  in  the  fens.  The  fens 
alluded  to  were  for  the  most  part  covered  with  water, 
and  extensive  decoys  were  made,  the  decoy-men 
realising  a  considerable  revenue  from  the  sale  of  the 
wild  fowl  taken  therein.  Large  flocks  of  geese  were 
also  bred  there,  amongst  the  tufted  Hassocks,  rank 
Sedge,  and  tall  withering  Reeds.  Miserable  hovels  here 
and  there  dotted  this  miserable  and  desolate  landscape^ 
What  a  change  came  o'er  the  scene  on  the  enclosure  of 
these  fens  :  tlie  lands  were  well  drained,  and  divided  into 
townships  or  annexed  to  the  old  parishes  having  rights  of 
common  therein, and  arenow  subdivided  by  thriving  quick 
hedges.  The  soil  consists  principally  of  stiff  clay,  and 
in  favourable  seasons  produces  heavy  crops  of  Wheat^ 
Oats,  Beans,  and  seeds.  In  some  seasons  large  fissures 
occur,  occasioned  by  tho  saturation  of  the  land  for 
months  together,  followed  by  very  dry  weather,  but 
generally  those  seasons  are  the  most  productive.  Great 
improvements  have  been  made  within  the  last  few 
years  by  the  improvement  of  the  black  sluice  drainagCj- 
and  the  underdraining  with  pipes  of  a  considei'able 
portion  of  the  district.  Perhaps  "  I.  A.  C."  will  include 
this  district  in  his  diggings.   C.  P.,  Boston. 

The  Floors  of  Piggeries. — I  hear  frequent  complaints 
of  the  bad  efl'ects  of  wet  in  piggeries,  and  particularly  to 
the  young  stock,  and  I  have  experienced  llie  same 
inconvenienco  myself.  When  the  floors  are  laid  witli 
bricks,  the  absorption  and  retention  of  moisture  are  so 
great  as  to  bu  constantly  injurious  ;  and  the  boarded 
floorH,  as  reeommonilcd  by  Mr.  Mechi  and  others,  do  not 
rejnove  tho  evil.  IIuvo  any  of  your  correspondents 
succeeded  in  discovering  tlio  best  flooring  for  tins 
jiurpose  t  Your  readers  would,  1  am  sure,  be  glad  to 
b(!  furnished  with  tho  particulars  of  any  experiments 
wliicii  have  been  made  with  cement,  concrete,  or  other 


236 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[April  10, 


materials.  In  pigj^eries  of  ordinai-y  constructionj  is 
the  frequent  addition  of  straw  cut  short,  after  the 
manner  of  box-feeding  cattle,  or  a  constant  change  of 
bedding,  found  to  be  the  best  in  practice  I   W. 

Memoranda. — It  would  be  a  common  advantage  if 
all  *'  Constant  Readers*'  were  to  follow  the  example  of 
^'  Delta,  Hants,"  and  contribute  such  memoranda  as  may 
"be  advantageous  to  their  brethren.  I  cannot  boast  of  a 
large  stock,  but  on  the  principle  of  the  smallest  donation 
being  thankfully  receivedj  I  present  such  as  occur  to 
me.  Crlh-hitlng. — Having  observed  that  horses  always 
kept  their  necks  straight  when  sucking  the  wind,  I  had 
the  manger  lowered  so  that  the  top  should  not  be  more 
than  1  foot  6  inches  from  the  ground.  I  then  placed 
the  ring  through  which  the  rope  runs  so  far  from  the 
partition,  that  the  animal  could  not  reach  it,  and  thus 
■effectually  prevented  a  most  disgusting  habit  in  the 
stable ;  and,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  effected  a  perfect 
cure.  Liquid  Manure  Pipe. — I  have  been  using  a  gutta 
percha  tube,  for  emptying  an  impervious  .dung  pit  of 
any  excess  of  liquid ;  I  use  it  as  a  syphon,  discharging 
the  contents  on  a  water  meadow  below.  It  answers 
very  well,  but  I  have  observed  a  very  minute  hole  in 
^,he  tube,  to  which  an  intelligent  plumber  told  me  gutta 
percha  tubing  was  liable.  In  my  case  it  is  no  harm, 
and  is  easily  stopped,  but  for  pump  work  it  would  be  a 
serious  objection.  I  have  used  plain  5-inch  draining 
"tiles  for  conveying  the  sewage  from  the  water-closet,  »&:c., 
and  were  it  not  for  a  considerable  power  of  water  which 
can  be  turned  through  the  drain,  it  would  not  answer. 
The  fall  is  1  in  24  inches  ;  set- in  cement.  Sawyers. — In 
.measuring  sawing  here,  the  breadth  of  all  four  slabs  or 
outer  pieces  is  measured,  and  the  breadth  and  one  edge 
•of  each  plank  (a  most  uncertain  and  unsatisfactory 
jnethod)  ;  a  Fir  pole  sawn  in  two,  and  a  piece  of  Oak 
cut  into  ^-inch  plank  behig  the  extremes — the  sawyers 
say  that  it  is  quite  fair,  as  they  have  the  trouble  of 
dressing  and  pitting  the  timber  ;  but  they  themselves 
acknowledge  that  their  wages  are  very  variable.  Any 
good  plan  from  a  brother  "  Constant "  would  be  accept- 
able. "Constant''^  Reader,  Epsilon,  Devon.  [In  this 
jieighbourhood  any  number  of  cuts  through  a  round 
piece  of  timber  is  multiplied  by  the  surface  of  the  deepest 
-among  them,  the  labour  of  dressing  being  thus  paid  for.] 

Liquid  Ma7iure. — I  have  read  with  much  interest 
your  recent  articles  on  the  application  of  liquid  mauui-e, 
5ind  beg  to  suggest  the  following  points  to  which  I  hope 
your  attention  will  be  directed  in  the  forthcoming 
papers  on  the  same  subject.  1.  The  comparative 
expense  of  distributing  liquid  manure  from  the  farm- 
yard, by  a  water-cart,  and  by  pipes.  2.  When  pipes 
are  used,  what  fall  is  necessary  from  the  reservoir  per 
100  yards  ?  3.  Ought  the  pipes  to  terminate  in  a  rose, 
like  that  of  a  watering-pot,  or  how  are  they  made  to 
distribute  the  liquid  I  Farmers,  like  myself,  who  have 
no  engine,  use  in  this  part  of  the  country  a  water-cart, 
which  is  filled  by  means  of  a  pump  fixed  in  the  tank  ; 
but  by  this  means  we  can  only  apply  the  liquid  to  Grass, 
413  the  horse  and  cart  would  destroy  either  white  or 
green  crops.  Peruvian  Barley,  which  is  noticed  in 
jour  last,  has  been  tried  here,  and  yields  from  20  to  30 
returns  ;  the  drawback  is  that  the  maltsters  are  shy  of 
•it.  Is  this  owing  to  mere  prejudice,  or  to  any  fault  in 
the  grain.  A  Scot.  [A  reason  about  the  Barley  is 
given  in  our  Notices  to  Correspondents,  and  the  points 
on  the  liquid  manure  question,  to  which  you  refer,  will, 
we  hope,  be  taken  up  by  our  correspondents,  as  well  as 
^ourselves.J 


Societies* 


aOYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  ENGLAND. 
( Contimted  from  page  221.) 

Clover  Insect. — Mr.  Murcott,  of  Leamington,  trans- 
emitted  to  the  Council  the  following  communication, 
^ated  the  20th  of  March  :— 

I  hasten  to  inform  jou  that  a  sample  of  Red  Clover  aeed,  ex- 
amined  by  me  this  morning,  yields  mb  the  Clover  vibrio  in 
the  interior  of  the  seed,  as  I  had  expected.  There  is  now 
no  doubt  that  limed  land  becomes  again  aubjcct  to  Clover 
sickiiees  by  re-soning  of  the  vibrio  in  the  Clover  seed  itself. 
I  was  told,  on  receiving  the  sample  of  seed,  that  it  was 
about  to  be  sown  this  spring.  This  will  rt^nder  supply  ot 
sample  unnecessary  to  determine  the  point,  bui  leaves  open 
to  inquiry  what  sort  of  pickle  will  best  Uillthcni  in  the  seed. 

Professor  Simonds  remarked,  t'hat  having  a  few  days 
since  received  a  communicatiou  of  this  statement,  he 
had  examined  some  red  Clover  seed  under  high  magni- 
fying powers  in  the  microscope,  but  had  hitherto  failed 
to  detect  any  vibrio,  or  worm  in  it ;  he  would,  however, 
continue  his  research  with  different  seed,  and  report  the 
result  to  the  Council.  But  Prof.  Simonds  thought  that 
even  the  existence  of  an  insect  of  this  kind  in  the  seed 
■would  not  explain  the  anomalies  of  Clover  failure.  If 
the  cause  of  Clover  sickness  originated  in  the  seed,  it 
•ought  to  fail  every  year  j  whereas  certain  soil  would 
grow  a  good  crop  of  Clover  1)ne  year,  and  would  not 
bear  a  similar  crop  until  a  certain  interval  of  time,  dif- 
ferent according  to  circumstances,  had  elapsed.  Mi*. 
Murcott  Iiad  sent  to  Prof.  Simonds  a  bag  of  soil  from 
land  notorious  for  its  failure  of  Clover.  Prof.  Simonds 
had  potted  this  earth,  and  sown  Clover  seeds  in  it,  which 
in  due  course  produced  plants,  some  of  which  certainly 
■did  go  off;  but  on  examination,  he  found  the  vibriones, 
-or  insects,  alike  infesting  the  plants  which  stood  and 
those  that  went  off.  Again,  white  Dutch  Clover,  it  was 
known,  would  grow  on  soil  where  the  red  Clover  would 
^ot  ;  but  they  both  grew  alike,  and  with  the  same  effects, 
in  this  infested  soil.  In  fact,  the  insect  to  which  Mr. 
Murcott's  attention  had  been  so  strongly  drawn,  was,  in 
:Prof.  Simouds's  opinion,  only  one  instance  of  the  peculiar 


forms  of  animal  life  which  were  widely  diffused 
throughout  nature  wherever  there  existed  the  slow  pro- 
cess of  animal  or  vegetable  decay.  Diseased  Wheat 
was  well  known  to  swarm  with  peculiar  insects  ;  and 
this  Clover  insect,  whether  found  in  the  seed  or  the 
stem,  was,  he  believed,  only  of  a  parasitical  character, 
and  the  natural  effect  of  vegetable  decay. — Col.  Chal- 
loner  and  Mr.  Raymond  Barker  then  favoured  the 
Council  with  their  own  experience  of  circumstances  con- 
nected with  the  general  question  of  Clover-sickness. 

Management   of    Pigs.—  Mr.   Fuller,   M.P.,  stated 
that  he  had   suffered   a  serious  loss  among  his  pigs 
by   some    distemper   or   disease,   of  which   he  was  at 
present    ignorant.      He    had    lost    six    of    his    finest 
porkers  before  Christmas  ;    afterwards   a   fine   sow  in 
pig,  containing  a  large  litter  ;    last    week,   nine    other 
pigs ;    and  he  feared,  unless  some  remedy  was   found 
that    would    effectually    arrest    the    disorder,    that    he 
should  lose  his  whole  stock.    From  the  examination  that 
had  been  made,  the  lungs  of  these  animals  appeared  to 
be  much  affected  with  acute  inflammation  or  disease  of 
some  kind. — Prof.  Simonds  informed  Mr.  Fuller  that, 
as  a  member  of  the  Society,  he  would  be  privileged  to 
send  to  the  Royal  Veterinary  College  for  the  best  in- 
formation and  assistance  that  institution  could  give  him, 
on  the  same  terms  of  chai'ge  as  if  he  were  a  subscriber 
to  the  college.     If  he  would  therefoi'e  send  up  the  dis- 
eased carcasses  of  the  next  pigs  that  died,  with  a  history 
of  the  mode  and  symptoms  of  attack  from  their  being 
first  taken,  the  subject  should  have  every  attention  paid 
to  it. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  about  this  time  last  year,  had 
lost  several  of  h's  most  valuable  breeding  sows  from 
ulceration  of  the  throat.     Without  staying  to  inquire 
what  privileges  he  might  avail  himself  of  at  the  Veteri- 
nary College,  he  lost  no  time  in  requesting,  on  his  own 
account,  that  Prof.  Simonds  would  at  once  repair  to  the 
spot,   and   favour  him   with   his   professional  aid   and 
advice.     He  did  so,  and  having  investigated  the  whole 
circumstances  of  the  food  and  general  management  of 
these  pigs,  he  gave  those  instructions  which,  being  fol- 
lowed,  entirely  saved   the  remainder  of    Mr.   Hobbs's 
stock.     Pork  and  Cabbage  it  appeared  did  not  always 
agree.     The  animals  had  been  fed  too  low.     Too  great 
a  quantity  of  vegetables  had  been  given  to  them  in  a 
raw  state,  as  well  as  trimmings  of  Mangold   Wurzel 
and  Turnips  which,  it  appeared,  had  become  partially 
decayed.     His  breeding  sows  had,  in  consequence,  been 
frequently  subject   to   abortion,   and   been   injured   in 
their  milking  properties.     Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs   particu- 
larly recommended  the  food  of  pigs  to  be  boiled  before 
being  given  to  them  ;  and  he  had  himself  begun  with 
great  advantage  to  cut  their  straw  into  lengths  of  from 
4   to  6   inches.     He  also  strongly  impressed  upon  all 
breeders  of    these  most   useful    animals,   the   greatest 
attention  to  be  paid  to  the  mode  in  wliich  they  were 
lodged  and  treated,  and  a  most  scrupulous  regard  to 
cleanliness  in  every  arrangement  connected  with  them. 
No  kind  of  live  stock  either  suffered  so  sensibly  from  a 
want  of  cleanliness,  or  so  well  repaid  attention  to  this 
essential  particulai'.    He  would  also  include  due  ventila- 
tion of  the  houses  in  which  they  were  kept,  and  a  careful 
selection  and  assortment  of  their  food,  as  among  the 
most  desirable  essentials  for  the  successful  management 
of  pigs.     He  had  himself  bred   every  kind  of  farmers* 
live  stock  ;  but  pigs,  he  found  from  experience,  required 
more  attention  to  their  management   than   any   other 
kind  of  agricultural  stock.     On  these  points,  he  would 
only  add  that  ^vith  better  management  pigs  would  gene- 
rally be  more  profitable.     He  had  never  known  pigs  do 
well  either  in  houses  with  a  northern   or  eastern  aspect, 
or  on  a  coarse  red  brick  flooring,  which  absorbed  and 
retained  a  large  amount  of  moisture.     A   friend  of  his 
had  expended  a  considerable  outlay  on  his  piggeries  in 
Kent,  but  he  was  at  a  loss  to  discover  how  it  was  that 
his  pigs  did  not  do  well,  until  it  was  pointed  out  to  him 
by  Mr.  Hobbs  that  the  buildings  had  an  eastern  aspect, 
and  the  floors  were  laid   down   with  red   bi'ick.     Mr. 
Hobbs  had  ascertained  the  same  result  connected  with 
piggeries  so  constructed  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 
In  his  own  case,  he  found  that  during  the  progress  of 
his  farm  buildings,  his  manager  had  removed  his  pigs  to 
other  piggeries,  having  damp  floors  ;  the  consequence  of 
which  was  that  the  animals  were  at  once  injured  by  the 
change  ;  but,  on  removal  to  boarded  floors,  they  soon 
recovered,  and  did  well  afterwards.     In  Sussex  he  had 
seen  the  piggeries  floored  with  flagstones  and  bricks  ; 
and  he  feared  that  until  their  old  buildings  were  all 
knocked  down,  the  pigs  would  not  do  well.     Mr.  Fisher 
Hobbs,    in   conclusion,    remarked,    that,   although    in 
his  own  case  he  had  by  great   care  been  enabled   to 
maintain    his   breed   pure   and   in   full   vigour,   in    no 
animal,  generally  speaking,  did  a  judicious  cross  exer- 
cise a  more  important  influence  in  the  improvement  of  a 
breed  than  in  the  case  of  the  pig  :  the  system  of  in-and- 
in  breeding  with  a  few  animals  nearly  aUied  to  each  other, 
could  not  be  cai'ried  beyond 'its  natural  limits  without  a 
visible  deterioration   in  the  breed  and   produce. — Col. 
Cballoner  could   most   fully    confirm  what  Mr.  Fisher 
Hobbs     had     stated.       He    had    imported    his      pigs 
from  Naples,  and  they  were  fine  specimens  of  the  cele- 
brated breed  of  tliat  country  ;  but,  in  endeavouring  to 
keep  the  race  pure  by  breeding  in  and  from  the  same 
stock,  he  found  that  he  was  only  thwarting  nature  in  her 
established  laws  instead  of   improving   or  even  main- 
taining  the    value    of   his   choice    Neapolitans,   which 
became  in  consequence  most  degenerate,  small  in  the 
litter,  full  of  rheumatism  ;  in  short,  .all  that  was  bad. 
I  Thanks,  however,  to  the  cross  obtained  with  Mr.  Fisher 
I  Hobbs's  breed,  he  could  not  possibly  have  better  pigs 
!  than  he  had  now.     Retaining  much  of  the  Neapolitan 


blood,  he  now  continued  his  stock  by  alternation  of  the 
Essex  with  the  Berkshire  breed ;  and  he  obtained  his 
best  breeding  sow  by  putting  to  Mr.  Hobbs's  boar  the 
female  offspring  of  the  same  boar  with  a  Berkshire  sow. 
His  litters  now  consisted  of  never  less  than  12  sucking 
pigs  of  the  first-rate  quality,  still  showing  the  predomi- 
nant influence  of  the  Neapolitan  blood,  sustained  by 
the  combined  admirable  qualities  of  the  Essex  and 
the  Berkshire.  The  floors  of  his  pig-houses  were 
formed  of  bricks  set  on  end  ;  but  over  these  floors 
he  put  an  oaken  frame-work,  so  open  in  its  divi- 
sions as  to  keep  the  pigs  dry  and  warm,  without 
allowing  their  feet  to  get  through  the  separate 
boards  of  which  it  was  composed.  Having  witnessed 
during  his  residence  in  Italy  the  folding  of  pigs  in  the 
Chestnut  groves  of  Sorrento,  on  the  green  and  rocky 
promontory  of  that  peninsular  branch  of  the  Apennines 
which  separates  the  Bay  of  Naples  from  that  of  Salerno, 
he  was  led  to  adopt  the  same  plan  of  management  for  his 
pigs  in  England,  instead  of  leaving  them  injuriously  to 
bake  in  the  heat  of  the  sun,  as  in  the  summer  months 
was  so  often  seen  to  be  the  case  in  different  parts  of  the 
country.  Accordingly  he  went  into  his  woods,  and 
selected  the  most  convenient  damp  spots,  where  he 
formed  a  double-hurdle  fold,  into  which  the  pigs  in  hot 
weather  Wei's  driven  after  their  moi'uing  meal,  and  sup- 
plied with  Cabbages  and  a  few  Mangold-Wurzel  roots. 
The  purifying  effect  of  this  cool  and  refreshing  folding 
on  the  pigs  was  most  striking.  He  began  with  porkers, 
which  soon  acquired  a  piu*e,  soft,  fat  condition  ;  and  the 
subsequent  progress  they  made  when  put  on  Barley- 
meal  was  astonishing,  the  animals  becoming  fat  in  half 
the  time  they  used  to  do.  He  had  again  to  thank  Mr. 
Fisher  Hobbs  for  the  great  service  he  had  derived  from 
the  adoption  of  his  invaluable  and  well-known  breed 
of  pigs. 

The  Council  then  adjourned  to  their  weekly  meeting 
on  Wednesday,  the  31st  of  March. 


A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  31st  of 
March :  present,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, in  the  Chair,  Hon.  R.  H.  CUve,  M.P.,  Sir  Charles 
Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  T.  B.  Browne,  Mr.  Burke, 
Dr.  Calvert,  Mr.  Evelyn  Denison,  M.P ,  Mr.  Dyer, 
Mr.  Foley,  M.P.,  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  Mr.  Gadesden,  Mr. 
Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Kinder,  Mr.  Love,  Mr.  Maddison, 
Mr.  Majendie,  Mr.  Overman,  Mr.  J.  M.  Paine,  Pro- 
fessor Sewell,  Mr.  Stansfield,  M.P.,  Mr.  Trench,  and 
Professor  Way. 

Potatoes.  —  Mr.  Trench,  of  Treehill,  near  South- 
ampton, favoured  the  Council  with  a  supply  of  two 
varieties  of  Potatoes,  cultivated  by  himself  with  great 
success,  and  the  following  statement  in  reference  to 
them  : — 

I  have  cultivated  the  Forty-fold  Fotatoes  for  many  jears  ; 
and  hitherto  they  have  been  all  but  free  from  tainc  of  disease, 
even  when  planted  close  to  others  of  which  one-half  have  suf- 
fered from  it.  As  an  ejirly  as  well  as  a  laie  Potato,  I  find  this 
variety  ihe  best  for  the  table  of  any  I  am  acquainted  with  ; 
and  if  planted  in  rich  land,  t lie  most  produciive  Tariety  also  : 
on  account,  however,  of  the  number  of  the  tubers  (whtnce  its 
name),  it  requires  corresponding  support  Irom  ihe  soil  in  which, 
it  is  grown.  Besides  being  an  earlv  kind,  the  Forty.fold 
Potato  is  very  mealy  and  kteps  well.  I  also  send  a  sample  of 
another  kind,  called  the  Early  Lemons,  much  in  request  in 
that  part  of  H-impshire  where  I  reside,  chiefly  on  account  of 
their  beinj^  equally  free  from  disease.  I  had  laS'  year  and  the 
preceding  one  five  acres  of  these  Early  Lemon  Potatoes  planted 
on  a  liglit  sandy  soil,  and  of  the  produce  not  five  bushels  were 
bad.  The  Early  Lemon  is  a  good  marketable  Potato,  but 
inferior  to  the  Forty-fold  for  table  uae.  The  retail  price  of 
the  latter  in  the  Southampton  market  was,  last  au'umn,  one- 
third  higher  than  that  of  other  market  Potatoes.  I  have  this 
year  planted  nine  or  ren  acres  of  the  Early  Lemons,  not  having 
had  enough  of  the  Forty-folds  to  plant  moie  than  live  acres, 

— Mr.  Love  remarked  that  the  different  names  now 
given  in  different  districts  to  the  same  Potatoes  ren- 
dered it  difficult  from  the  name  alone  to  identify  any 
particular  variety.  The  Forty-folds  then  on  the  tabic 
had  a  great  resemblance  to  the  old  Kough  Reds  ;  but 
these  did  not  yield  so  many  tubers  to  each  individual 
plant,  although  a  greater  produce  per  acre.  He  had 
often  remar];ed,  that  the  produce  per  acre  was  not  to  be 
inferred  from  the  simple  fact  that  a  great  number  of 
tubers  were  yielded  by  each  plant.  In  many  instances 
the  converse  was  found  to  hold  good.  He  had  himself 
grown  on  one  occasion  a  crop  that  yielded  no  less  than 
24  tons  per  acre,  from  plants  individually  furnished 
with  but  few  tubers.  These  were  the  Manton  Potatoes 
of  Northamptonshire,  a  variety  very  similar  to  Phillips's 
Seedlings.  He  had  been  in  the  habit  for  twelve  years  of 
f^rowing  25  acres  of  Potatoes,  and  he  might  state  his 
average  produce  at  about  12-^  tons  per  acre.  This  was 
the  produce,  he  understood,  of  Mr.  French's  Forty- 
folds  ;  and  it  might  at  the  present  time,  when  the 
Potato  crop  yielded  so  much  smaller  a  retiu-n  of  sound 
tubers  than  formerly,  be  regarded  as  a  very  good 
produce. 

SiLESiAN  Beet.— Mr.  Reeve,  of  Randall's  Park  Farm, 
near  Leatherhead,  transmitted  to  the  Council  a  sample 
of  the  sugar  obtained  at  the  Mount-Millick  Factory  in 
Ireland,  from  the  white  Silesian  Beet-root.  The  pro- 
portion in  which  this  sugar  was  found  to  exist  in  this 
variety  of  Beet,  was  a  circumstance  which,  m  Mr. 
Randall's  opinion,  would  tend  to  bring  these  roots  into 
great  repute  for  the  purpose  of  feeding  cattle,  as  well  as 
for  that  of  the  extraction  of  saccharine  matter  for  the 
su"ar  market ;  and  he  found  his  stock  prefer  the  white 
Silesian  Beet-roots  to  any  other  kind. 

English  Flax.— The  Hon.  R.  H.  Clive,  M.P.,  pre- 
sented a  flue  sample  of  Flax  grown  on  his  property  in 
Worcestershii-e.  The  Flax-straw  had  been  prepared 
by  Mr.  Ludolph,  and  after  retting  yielded  nearly  one- 


foiu-th  of  its  weight  of  Flax,  wliicli  in  ttie  Leeds  market 
had  been  valued  at  iSl.  per  ton.  He  also  laid  before 
the  Council  the  following  statement  of  the  produce  and 
cost  of  this  Flax,  in  comparison  with  Sir  James 
Graham's  statement  on  the  same  subject : — 
StaUmenl  of  Flax  produced  by  ike  Hon.  R.  H.  Olne,  grown  upon 
his/arm,  "  'Die  Poles,"  lS5I,//-om  2  a.  3  e.  23  p. 
paoDDCE. 
53i  bashels  seed,  at  Ss.  per  bushel. 
5  ions  1  owt.  of  straw,  aaj  iOs.  per  ton 

EXPENSE. 

Plougbing,  harrowing,  and  sowing 
Rent  of  land,  rent-obarge,  and  rates 

5!  bashels  »eed,  at  9s 

Pulling  and  settiog  up 

Tyintr  up,  lugffiog,  and  thatching  ... 

Tfira'hing,  winnowing,  &c 


£33     8 

0 

10     2 

0 

1  15 

0 

S     3 

(1 

2     9 

e 

3  IS 

2 

0  10 

(i 

4  10 

11 

£17     2  11 

Profit  per  acre,  51. 18s.  Gd. 

Sir  James  G-raliam's  Statement, 
Produce  from  'i  a.  0  b.  2U  p.  of  Flax,  grown  1851. 
33  bashels  of  seed,  ac  6s.  per  bushel         ...  XI 1    S    0 
3  tons  18  cwt.  of  straw,  at  60s.  per  tOQ     ...    1114    0 


•  £■23     2     0 


COST. 

Two  plonghiD!»e,  harrowing,  sowing,  »fcc., 

165.  per  acre 1  14  0 

6  bushels  of  see.i.  at  10s.  per  bushel         ...  3    0  0 

Weeding  cost  9s.  8d.  per  acre           10  6 

Pallia^,  harvesting,   thatching,  &c.,  cost 

21s.  per  acre ...         ...         ...  2     4  G 

Rent  of  land,  rates,  .fcc,  26s.  per  acre       ...  2  16  0 

Housing  and  thrashing  seed,  at  12s.         ...  15  6 

Carriage  of  straw  to  Carlisle,  at  6s.          ..  13  6 


£9  IS    0 

Profit  per  acre  il.  13s.  _ 

The  Council  tlien  adjourned  to  the  7th  of  April. 


Miscellaneous. 

Abundant  Root  Crops  being  considered  the  test  of 
good  farming,  the  importance  of  not  missing  them  in. 
duces  me  to  remark  upon  tlie  propriety  of  a  thorough 
intermixture  of  the  farm-yard  manure  with  the  soil,  in 
preference  to  its  being  placed  in  a  mass  immediately 
under  the  young  plant.  I  have  closely  observed  the 
practice  of  the  most  successful  and  prize-taking  root- 
growers.  They  plough  in  their  manure  early,  and  then 
make  their  subsequent  cultivation  by  scarifying,  & 
The  philosophy  of  this  practice  is  demonstrated  by 
Professor  Way,  in  his  admirable  paper  (Society's  Jour- 
nal, Vol.  XII.,  p.  233)  on  Super-phosphate  of  Lime. 
Of  course  this  latter  substance  should  come  into  almost 
close  contact  with  the  seed.  3Ir.  Mechi's  Second  IPaper, 


PoDLTar :    WSWhceler.  Swans  lay  from  four  to  seven  egn'*i 
generally  the  furinor,  and  sit  about  six  wi:ek8.     Where  tliore 
is  plenty  of  bcape    for  them    the  old  swans    will    tend   the 
jouair  ones  very  well ;  but  in  a  small  apace  they  want  feedinij; 
plentifnlly  with  corn  and  vegetabies,  such  aa  Lettuce,  Cresses, 
&c.  Mealis  als)  very  good  food. — PC.  There  is  noihlnK  in  the 
colour  of  your  hens  to  interfere  with  the  purity  ot' their  breed. 
They  may  be  any  colour  hut  black,  or  white,  and  must  have 
five  claws  on  each  foot.    Tho  white  is  a  distinct  breed. — O  W. 
The  Rev.  E.  S.  Dixon's  "  Domestic  and  Ornameatul  Poultry ," 
2d  edition. — F  D.  I  do  not  consider  the  cuckoo  fowls  as  a 
distinct  species,  because  ihey  may  bo  met  with  in  almost  all 
breeds,  and  are  only  remarkuhle  f'lr  colour.     The  best  we 
ever  have    are  brtd  from  the  Doiking,     They  are  the  hest 
because  they  are  the  largest,    which  is  the  most  important 
point  where  no  others  are  defined  and  admitted.     The  f  jwIs 
for  the  London  market  are  killed  by  dislocation  of  the  neck, 
but  as  this  is  a  cruel  death  if  not  properly  done,  I  should 
recommend  to  cut  their  thro^its.     To  do  this  properly,  the 
body  of  the  fowl  should  be  held  breast  uppermost  under  the 
arm,  and  the  skin  of  the  neck,  just  below  theheud,  held  tii^ht 
round  the  bone  wiih  the  thumb  and  first  finger.     If  a  sharp 
knife  be  drawn  acmas,  the  fowl  is  dead  in  an  instant.     The 
more  certain  and  perhaps  most  merciful  when  performed  by 
an  inexperienced  person.  Is  to  chop  off  the  head  ;  it  does  not 
in  any  wny  interfere  witli  the  bird  for  purposes  of  the  table. 
— Z>  T  N.  I  should  recnmmend  you  to  chaniie  tb-_' food  of  your 
dove,  and  ^ive  tares,  also  give  a  teaspooufull  of  castor  oil.     I 
cannot  hold  out  much  hope  of  a  cure,  as  the  bird  is  probably 
injured  by  having  been  fed  too  much  on  stimulating  food, 
as  hempseed,  Jic.     If  you  can  induce  ic  to  eat  it,  bread  and 
milk    would  be  good  or  anything  of  a  cooling  natme,  but 
begin  with  castor  oil. — A  Keeper  of  Poultry.  Not  knowing  the 
person  you  mention,  I  cannot   say    whcher  big    towls    are 
thoroughbred.     Eggs  of  the    Hambro'    fowls   are  to   be   ob- 
tained at  any  respectable  pmltry  dealer's.— <?co.  Q.  The  best 
remedy  for  diarrhoBa  in  fowls  is  cayenne  p'pper  and  chalk, 
mixed  in  equal  quantities  into  pills,  and  given  in  small  doses. 
— An  Old  iHibsO'ibei;  Torquay.  If  fed  on  Barley  alone  a  cock 
and  two  hens  would  require  about  a  pint  daily  ;  but  whure 
they   have   other  food  less  will  do.     Oits    ground  but  not 
dressed,  or  cleaned  mixed  with  water,  are  very  good.     It  is 
an  excellent  plan  to  throw  bones  and  scraps  from  the  dinner 
table  to  fowls,  as  the  little  pieces  they  pick  do  them  much 
more  good  than  meat  given  in  any  quantity.     Your  house 
and  yard  are  large  enough  for  the  fowls  you  mention,  but  for 
no  more,  and  if  you  can  increase  the  space,  so  much  the 
better.  J  Bailly,  113,  Monnt-street. 
PoULTBT  Mandbe  :  New  Subtcriber    Mis  it  with  soil,  and  use  it 
in  the  garden.     It  is  hardly  likely  to  be  so  abundant  as  to  be 
of  much  agricultural  importance.    Mr.  Bailly  will  answer 
you  about  eggs  next  week. 
Sainfoin  :   Agricola.  Sow  four  bushels  per  aero  of  the    un- 
shelled  seed  in  April.     Drill  it  across  Barley  in  a  piece  of 
clean  land  in  rows  10  inches  apart.     The  soil   best  suited  is 
gravelly,    with    calcareous — chalky,    or  limestone — subsoil. 
Gas-lime,  if  exposed  to  the  airforsomemonthsand  turned  over 
several  times  before  use,  will  be  mild  enough  to  apply  by 
itself,  but  it  is  perhaps   safer  to  use  it  in    compont  wi'h 
earth.      Gas-water  varies  cxeeedingly  in   composition.      It 
may  generally   be  applied    safely  enough   in    wet    weather 
(April),  undiluted,  at  the  rate  of  300  ga'l<ms  per  acre.     The 
rif^ht  way  is  to  apply  these  active  manures  during  the  season 
of  rapid  growth. 
Tdknip  Seed  :  J  S.  You  should  write  direct  to  Mr.  Rivera, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

APRIL. 
LAMHEBMoni  Sheep  Faesi,  Apr^  2 —If  February  was  cha- 
racterised by  constant  wet,  March  has  been  equally  distin- 
guished by  a  continued  absence  of  rain.  Seldom  have  the 
moors  been  so  firm  and  dry  at  thib  season,  which,  with  cold 
parching  winds,  has  been  highly  suitable  for  "moor  burning." 
If  this  nece-*sary  and  most  beneficial  process  was  in  any  de- 
gree curtailed  by  the  unfavourable  weather  of  previous  years, 
we  can  only  say  that  the  shepherds  have  fully  mide  up  their 
lee  way  this  season,  to  t'le  great  advantage  both  of  sheep  and 
grouse.  The  Cheviot  gimmer.?  (or  shearling  ewes)  were  put 
upon  Turnips  on  the  24ch  of  February,  and  the  ewes  of  that 
breed,  together  wita  a  few  old  black-faced  ewes  intended  for 
sale,  on  the  Hith  of  March.  Having  abundance  of  Turnips, 
the  sheep  are  permitted  to  remain  on  the  field  from  8  to  10 
hours  during  the  day,  from  which  they  are  removed  to  some 
piece  of  rough  ground  for  the  night.  We  expect  to  be  able  to 
continue  this  treatment  until  the  lambing  is  fairly  commenced, 
which  will  be  about  the  17th.  Though  there  has  been  an 
unoflual  absence  of  frost  and  snow  during  the  past  winter  on 
the  Border  hiMs,  jet  the  continued  wet  and  high  winds  com- 
bined, told  rather  unfavourably  on  the  condition  of  the  sheep, 
which,  though  far  from  being  in  a  "poverty"  state,  caused 
them  to  lone  flush  uonsi'lerably,  and  gave  them  a  somewhat 
bleached  appearance.  From  this  they  are  now  beginning  to 
recover.  Since  the  Cheviot  ewes  were  put  upon  better  fare, 
their  improvement  has  been  very  marked,  affording  encou- 
raging prospects  for  the  coming  lambing  season.  As  yet  there 
is  certainly  little  appearance  of  Grass,  the  lengthening  of  the 
da>8  being  almost  the  only  evidence  of  spring  we  have.  For 
sometime  past  ihe  temperature  has  been  very  low.  the  ther- 
mometer at  night  being  generally  below  the  freezing  point, 
and  on  that  of  the  27ih  ult.  down  at  25'*,  Should  we  hiive  fresh 
growing  weather  now,  however,  there  will  soon  be  sufficient 
Grass  for  the  lambs.  Considering  the  great  scarcity  of  Turnips 
in  the  feeding  districts,  markets  for  tfraz'ng  s'oeU  are  very 
good,  being  folly  equal  to  those  of  last  spring.-  We  have  dis- 
posed "f  a  lot  of  black-faced  ewes  in  Iamb  to  a  Leicester  ram. 
We  ha*e  also  «old  our  spare  rams  to  the  butcher;  these 
baring  been  on  Turnips  since  January,  receiving  \  lb.  of  Oats 
dally.  We  began  sowing  Oats  on  the  lOth  of  March,  and  ex- 
pect to  complete  this  work  in  three  or  four  days.  We  have 
also  town  about  four  acres  of  early  Peas,  and  the  same  quan- 
tity of  Tare*.  opOD  part  of  a  field  intended  for  cutting;  but 
the  t*ke  of  needft  bting  very  indifferent,  we  considered  it  more 
profltRbIc  to  pIoQgh  It  up.  Cur  intention  is  to  eat  off  the 
Tdrei  with  sheep  In  autumn,  and  that  the  crop  may  come  in 
«ncce*i«lon,  ihc  remfilndtr  of  rbe  break  will  be  sown  at  intervals 
of  ten  days,  A  Lammermuir  Farmer. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Cuaioal:  W  Porhit.  ilr.  Yarrow,  ihts  engineer  to  the  Irish 
Amenor.itlon  Compmy  Vt  which  you  refer,  ban  written  a 
pamp^l*:ton  the  tiiiinufactureof  (jeat  charcoal,  published  by 
John  Kennedy,  Portman-place,  Mnida-hill,  London. 

J)iiiBA«E  i!i  Lamiii:  W  \V  W.  Active  heeding  Irom  the  neck 
when  the  Hjifip'omn  are  first  observed,  bait  in  moderation 
will  a  t  injure— If.  C.  8. 

Obao  :  J  T.  It  Ix  a  sedge— Curcx— evidence  of  poor  and, 
either  now  or  formerly,  wet  land.  It  Is  innutritlrtuit  but 
not  inJ'iri'iU' that  wo  know.  You  may  in  the  long  run  g(;t 
lid  ol  It  by  drainage  and  rich  trentmcnt  an  regardx  manure — 
or  at  once  by  breuliing  up  the  land,  and  In  the  course  of  a 
year  or  'w  t  lajlii;c  It  down  again. 

ItaLUh  Ktk  OkAHi.  How  2  bUiheU  of  go'.l  seed  per  acre  In  th" 
and  of  April  or  buginnlog  of  May  <iv»r  the  young  narley,  and 
hoe  1'  in.  We  have  Kcnerally  sown  M  bunheJB,  but  It  wni 
probably  too  thick.  One  buiihcl  In  nown  when  along  with 
Clo'er  »«>>r]t. 

LfMB  :  fngUnook  Yen  ;  yoti  might  apply  a  light  droK«ing  of  lime 
bvfora  covt-nog  op  with  the  earth,  wltb  prubublllty  of 
■drantige. 


COTENT  GARDEN,  April  10. 
The  market  is  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit. 
English  Pine-apples  realise  good  prices.  Hothouse  Grapes 
are  becoming  more  plentiful.  The  best  English  Pears  fetch 
good  prices.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are 
nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  still  sup- 
pbed.  Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c..,  are  sufficient  for  tiie 
demand,  and  t:iere  is  some  fine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in  the  market. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
aalading  are  eutTicient  for  the  deuiaud.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flmvere  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacrlees,  Migno- 
nette. Camelli:is,  Rosos,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Hyacinths, 
Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  48  to  8s 
Grapes,hothouoe,p.ib.,losto20s 
Grapes, Lisbon, per  lb., 28to^'66d 
Strawberries,  per  oz.,  Is  to  2s 
Applea,  kitchen,  per  bushel,  2s 

to  3s  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—    sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  ~ 


Savoys,  per  doz,,  lOd  to 
French  Beane,  p.  lOW,  2s  to  3s 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is  3d 

—  beads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Sa  to  7a 
Seakale.p.  basket,  Is  3d  to  'is  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  28  6d  to  43 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  fid  to  Is  Gd 
PotatoeB,perton,45B  to  806D 

—  pe  r  c  w  t. ,  2  s  to  5b 

—  per  hush,  ,1s  6d  to  2b  6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz.,  la  6d  to  28  6d 
Cucumberfl,  each,  Is  to  3s 
Celery, p. bundle, 6d  tola  fid 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  to  Is  fid 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  Is  Gd 
Oniourt,  p.  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish,  p.doz.,lBtid  to  3b 
Endive,  per  score,  Is  to  28  fid 


VEGETABLES. 


Pears,  dessert,  p.  doz.,  26  to  63 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  tola  6d 

—  per  100,  3s  Gd  io  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2b 

N  uta,  Barcelona,p.b8h,20sto228 

—  Brazil, p,  bsh.,  I2s  to  14b 
Cobs,  per  lOOlbs.,  lOOs 


Beet,  per  doz.,  le  to  2g 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
tjeeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8dtolOd 
Garlic,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Gab,,  p.  8core,4d  to  Is 
lladishes.  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  2b 
Small  Salads,  p.  punn.,2dto3d 
Horse  Radish, p.  bundle,  Is  to  4 
Mushrooms,  p.  pot.,  Is  to  Is  3d 

—     per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.sieve,ls3d  to  Isfid 
Artichokes,  Jerns,,do.,9d  to  le 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  per  doz.  bun.,  2e  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
BuBil,;p.  bunch,  3d  to  4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
WateroreHH.p.l2bunchB.6dtols 


Alihitugh  the  trausactitua  during  the  current  we.  U  inuy  tjave 
been  somewhar  in  eiceefls  of  the  average  of  a  fow  weeks 
previouH,  yet  they  are  only  tho  necessary  result  of  stocks  being 
brought  d.>wn  to  a  low  point  in  the  hands  of  spinnerfl,  r-'tpilring 
a  partial  renewal,  and  are  not  occasioned  bv  any  actual  Im- 
provement iu  the  demand  for  manufactured' artlcleH.  IVices 
cannot  be  quoted  ua  improved,  and  where  sales  are  tffdcted  to 
any  extent  an  inducement  Is  generally  offered  to  the  purchaser 
by  a  sliL'ht  concession.  Shor[  wod  and  noils  being  only  made 
to  a  limited  extent  are^  gnod  sale,  at  previous  rates. 

POTATOES.— SouTiiwAHK,  Monday,  April  5. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  the  supply 
has  been  moderate,  both  coaBtwiae  and  by  rail  ■  the  trade 
Btill  remains  very  heavy,  with  no  improvement  in  prices. 
The  following  are  this  day'^  quotations  :— York  Regents  GOu 
to  803. ;  Scutch  do  ,  GOs  to  7U8.;  Perth  and  Forfarfihire  Cups 
60s.  to  653.;  Fifeshire  do.,  55^.  to  (JOa.;  Wiabeach  and  Cambridee' 
50s.  to  65s. ;   Kent  and  Essex   6()b.  to  75^.  ' 

SMITHFIBLD,  Mowdax,  April  5. 
Tho  number  of  Beasts  is  much  smaller  thanlaatMonday  but 
the  trade  has  not  proportionably  improved;  it  is  difficult  to 
advance  prices  generally,  but  'ds.  Gd.  is  pretty  treely  given  for  a 
choice  Scot.  We  have  rather  fewer  Sheep,  and  those  out 
of  the  wool  are  more  in  request ;  still  trade  cannot  be  stated' 
much  better  than  on  Monday  last.  There  is  rather  a  briak 
sale  for  small  choice  Lamb^,  and  good  Calves  are  readily  dis- 
posed of,  but  middling  ones  'are  un-aleable.  From  Germany 
anil  Holland  there  are  371  Beasts,  580  Sheep,  and  140  Calves, 
and  14  Pigs;  from  Spain,  160  Sheep;  Irom  Scotland,  530 
Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2000  ;  and  150  from  the 
northern  and  midland  counties. 


HAY.— Pur  Load  "t  3(>  Trusses, 
Smitbfield,  April  8. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  74«  to  SOs  1  Clover     

Inferiorditto G5        70    j  2d  cut       

Rowen     GO         —       Straw      

New  Hay       —        —    I 

The  supply  short  and  trade  brisk. 
^Cdmberland  Marekt,  April  8. 

Prime  Meadol^Hay  75s  to  80.  .Inferior 

Inferiorditto 60         70       New  Clover    ... 

New  llay        —        —     I  Stra  / 

Old  Clover 


78        84 
WnrTEcuAPEL,  April  6 


...  8OU0  87b 
...  70  77 
...  24  28 
J. COOPEK, 


JOSIIOA  BAKEh. 


Fine  Old  Hay       ...  72s  lo  788  Old  Clover     80^  to  SSs 

New  riay        —        —  Inferiorditto        ...  CO        75 

Inferiorditto 50        G3  New  Clover    —        — 

Straw      22        2';  Inferiorditto —        — 

nOPS.— FftiDAT,  April  9. 
Monnrfl.  Pattenden  and  Smith  rei>ort  that  tho  demand  con- 
tinues Btendy  for  all  dcHcriptions  of  Hops  at  firm  prlcfis  ;  tho 
quHiillty  of  luBtyar'B  growth  riiniuining  unnold  is  very  limited, 
and  should  ^my  increased  trade  Hprlng  up  prices  must  advance 

Mid  ^  Kant  Konts  120h  to  180h  I  Hussox      llfis  to  126  ' 

Woald  Koi.ts      ...  120-,  to  147-1  I  Yearlingn 1)08  to  UO^ 

WOOL.'"' 
BBADFono,  TrmnflDAT,  April  H.-Wo  nro  not  nhlo  to  report 
any  Improved  feature  In  the  gtneral  position  of  the  Wool  trade. 


Per  at.  of  8  lbs, 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &o,        ...  3     2  to  3     6 
Best  Sbort-horna    3     0  —  34 
2d  quality  Beasts  2    4  —  2  10 
Best    Downs    and 

Ilalf-breda      ,„  4     0  —  4     2 
Dito  Shorn         ...  3     G 


Per  St.  of  8  lbs.- s  d      g  d 

BestLong-woolB  .  .S  8  to  4  0 

Ditto  Shorn         ...  3  2  ...  3  6 

Ewes  <b  2d  quality  2  8—8  0 

Ditto  Shorn        ...2  4  —  2  & 

Lambs      5  0  —  5  8 

Calves      3  0—4  4 

PigB  2  8 


Beasts,  3UG8  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 22. G30  ;  Calves,  178  ;  Pigs,  410^ 

Fridat,  April  9. 
Although  the  number  of  Beasts  is  not  very  large,  it  is  con- 
siderable for  the  day.  Trade  is  very  dull,  but  the  favotirable 
weather  causes  good  qualities  to  be  E>old  at  fully  Monday's 
rates.  This  being  Good  Friday,  Lamb  is  the  article  princi- 
pally in  request.  The  supply  of  them  is  shorter  than  on 
former  occasions,  consequently  salesmen  make  an  effoit  to 
obtain  higher  prices  than  the  butchers  will  submit  to  ;  thiE> 
causes  a  slow  trade.  The  weather  being  cold,  the  demand  also 
is  limited,  and  fis.  must  be  considered  an  extreme  quotatioa. 
Thiise  from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  which  number  about  400,  do  not 
make  much  over  5d.  per  8  lbs.  There  are  but  few  Sheep  odl 
offer  ;  they  are  disposed  of  at  Monday's  quotations.  The  Calf 
trade  continues  steady.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  46 
Beasts,  360  Sheep,  and  185  Calves.  The  number  of  Milch 
Cows  is  128. 


Best  Scots,  Here- 

Beat  Long-woola  .8    8  —  4    Q 

fords,  &.C.        ...  3    2  to  3     6 

Ditto  Shorn        ...  3    2  ...  3    6- 

BefltSliort-horns    3     0—34 

Ewestb  2d  quality 

2d  quality  Beasts  2     4  —  2  10 

Ditto  Shorn        ...  2    6  —  2  10 

Best  Downs  and 

Lambs      5     0  —  6     0 

Half-breds      ...  4    0  —  4     2 

Calves       H     0  —  4    4 

Ditto  Shorn          ...3     G  — 3     8  i  Piits           2     8  —  8    8 

Beasts,  637;  Sheen  and  Lambs.  6720  ;  Calves,  310;  Pigs,  314. 

MARK  LANE. 
MoNDAT,  ApaiL  5.— There  was  rather  an  increased  supply 
of  English  Wbunt  at  market  this  morniog,  and  although  the 
condition  was  all  that  could  be  desired,  the  demand  was  bo  ■ 
inactive  that  a  decline  of  Is.  to  2a.  per  qr.  had  to  be  submitted 
to  before  any  progress  could  be  made  in  sales.  Foreign  Wheat 
was  very  untialeable,  at  a  reduction  of  Is.  per  qr.  The  arrivals- 
ot  Flour  have  been  large  this  wei-'k,   and  foreign  in  sacks  and-. 

barrels  were  respectively  Is.  and  6d.  cheaper Barley  was  In 

moderate  supplv,  and  reiilised  much  the  sime  prices  as  last 
week. — Although  the  receipts  of  Oats  have  not  been  large,  they 
proved  equal  to  the  demand,  but  did  not  realise  quite  such 
good  prices  as  on  thisday  week.  Beans  and  Peas  were  in  limited 
request,  at  late  rates. 

Pes  Imperial  Qdarteb. 


-44 
-46 
-CO 
-41 
.  3G-62 
.  3  1—35 
22—29 
.  19—21 
1  21-24 
)  20-23 
19—22 


Red 
Red 


Red 


Mailing 
Malting 


Feed 

Peed 

Feed 

Foreign 


Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —      fine  selected  rune. ..ditto 

—  —      Talavera 

_    Norfolk, Lincoln, ifc York. ..White 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.ifc  distil.,  2(!a  to298...Chev. 

—  Foreign...  grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex  and  Sufl'olk  

—  Scotch  aiid  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

Rje 

Rye-meal,  foreign per  ton 

Beans,  Mazagan 248  to  27b Tick 

—  Pigeon 27   —32...  Winds 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boiler 

—  Maple 278  to  30e Grey 

Maize White 

Flour;  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign  per  barrel, 

Wednesday,  ApaiL  7.— The  few  samples  of  English  Wheat 

on  sale  this  morning  were  disposed  of  at  about  Mondiiy's  rates  ^ 
the  demand  for  foreign  was  of  too  limited  a  character  to 
warrant  any  alteration  in  quotatiouB.— Flour  was  very  little 
inquired  for.— Barley,  Oats,  Beans,  and  Peas  underwent  na 
change. 


25—30 
20—26 
22—30 
12-84 
26—28 

35—40 
27-32 
17—23 


Uarrow  . 
Longpod 
Egvptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign . 
Yellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


37-40 
10—41' 


9—82. 


20—22 
19—22 
18-21, 


25—30 
24—30 
23—26 
83—85 
27—84 


IMPEBIAL 
AVEBAOES. 

Wheat. 

Bablet. 

Oats. 

RIE. 

Beans. 

PEAS' 

Feb.  21 

42s  9.( 
42    3 
42    7 
42  10 
42    8 
42    2 

31s  Od 
30     7 
30     1 
80     6 
3il     3 
SO     2 

19j  id 
19     G 
19     4 
19     9 
19     9 
19     6 

30j  6d 

30  7 
32     6 
10     5 

31  11 
80    6 

80j  2d 

29  10 

30  2 
80    1 
80    4 
30    3 

»03  6rf 

—  28 

March  6 

—  13 

—  20 

29-    6 
29     B 
19    7 
29  10 

—    27 

29    8 

Aggrog.  Aver. 

42    e 

30     6 

19     6 

31     0 

80    2 

29    9 

Duties  uu  riireitfii  Oratn,  I. t.  per  quarter. 
Liverpool,  Tdebday,  April  6  —Tho  week's  exports  to 
Irolimd  and  coastwise  are  upon  much  tho  same  scale  as  for 
some  time.  The  trade  throughout  tho  weoU  has  ruled  dull,  and 
Wheat  has  Riven  way  in  piico  M.  p(!r  but.hel ;  but  American 
Flour,  coming  in  at  a  vtry  flcrous  loss  to  the  importer,  heB' 
not  been  pressed  for  sule,  and  iho  viil'io  has  been  better  sup- 
ported than  for  Wheiit.  At  this  morniiig's  market  a  fair  bus  1- 
ncHB  was  transncte  I  in  Whea^.  and  Fltiur,  and  the  trade  closed 
hiuier  than  on  I'liday  hiKt,  buttlio  decline  of  Id.  per  bushel  OU 
Wheat  could  not  b<i  reeovmed.  Anierioun  Flour  hUpported  the 
(jricd  of  la^t  Tuefidiiy,  and  wiifl  ill  gmid  demand.     Beans  do- 

olinid  Od.,  and  white  Jmlian  Corn  C<1.  to  Is.  pei'  qr. Feiday, 

April  '^.— Tho  princirml  point  worthy  of  notice  in  tho  corn 
-nuloiflthe  fnlUuj  oft"  in  ihodeHvery  of  LnRllxh  Wheat,  as  pub- 
ll-liid  In  tho  Uazctlc.  This  weok'H  return  is  7;!. 981  qrp.,  against 
S-'i.jy.'.  qrH.  l:iHt  week,  and  107,374  qrs.  the  pvoceding  week. 
rii.ro  wua  a  fair  bunIiiodB  doIiiK  ut  thiH  morning's  market. 
WlicatwuHconKiderod  to  be  Id.  per  bushtd  lower  than  on  Tucs- 
.luy,  but  Ainorlcati  Flour  wiia  not  ho  oiisy  to  buy  at  lato  ratos. 
No  change  whutevor  In  the  value  of  other  urtlolcs. 


COTTAM      AND      HALLE  H, 

2,    WINSLBY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


A  PPLICATtON_  is    requested 


for 


their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL 

Descriptions,    and    Prices  of 


LIST,    containing    Illustrations 


Mowinf?  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-irlass  Frames 

G'ime  Netting 
nuid!es 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Enpines 
Do.  Syringoa 
Do.      Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 


■Conservatories 

"Gl-recnhouises 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAr/IENTAL,    CAST    AMD    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK, 

EXHIBITIOl^  PEIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


HARTLEY^S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS, 

FOa    RIDGE    AND    FdllROW     ROOFS,    GREENHOUSES,    RAILWAY     STATIONS.    ENGINE     SHEDS,    MILLS, 
MAllKET-HALLS.  AND    PUBLIC   BUILDINGS  GENERALLY. 


Fob  CofctSEttViTOEiEa,  Pdblic  Buildings,  Manufactories, 
Skyltghts,  &c.,  ifcc. 


Packed  in  Crates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  : — 

3D  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or20  ,,  ,,  50  to  70    ,,  


In  Squaees,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Under    8  by    (i       

8  by    G  and  under  10  by    8      


10  by 
H  by  10 
14  feet  sup. 

5  M 

6  » 
8  ,. 

10  „ 
12 


14  by  10   

Iff  feet  daper.,  If  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

3  ,,  or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long.. 

30  ,, 
35  „ 
40 

45         ,, 
10  ,,  ,;  45  ,,  55        ., 

12  ,,  ,,  55  ,,  70        ,, 

15  ..  ,.  70  ,.  85 


30 

35 

■to 

45 

65 

70 

CH  : 

s.    d. 

10    6 

12    0 

13    0 

15    0 

^  h  iQch 
thick. 


0    64 
0     " 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0    84 
0    3 


7 


3.16th  inch 
thicli. 


3.  d. 
0    8 


0    6 
0    7 
0    7  ■ 
0    7 
0    8 
0    8 
0    84 
0    9 
0   94 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


i  inch 
thick. 


s.  d, 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 

0  104 

0  11 

1  0 
1  1 
1     2 


i^ACKl^D   IN    tioXEa   OF   50   EEET   EaCH 

Ins.    Ins.        Ids.     Ins. 

6  bj  4  and  6.J  by  44  

7  bj  5     „    7J  by  5*  

8  by  C     „     84  by  GJ  

9  by  7     „    94  by  74  and  10  by  8 
Note.— Squares  are  charfjed  acoordioff  to  the  superficial  con. 

tents,  exceot  ivbere  the  length  exceeds  tlie  restriction  above,  in 
which  ease  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Bcndiiig. — l-8i/tj   Qd.  ;  Z-\QtliS,  9d.;  \  inch^  Is.  per 
foot,  net. 

\*  Imgiiav  shapes  are  chm-ged  as  squares. 
When  Orates  are  ordered,  the  30-inch  widths  will 
■cent,  unless  otherwise  specified. 


TUB    Patent    KOUWH    PLaTH.    one-ol-hth   of  an   inch 
thiclt,  and  weighing  2   lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  extensive  and  increasing  consumption. 
It  is  universally  admitted  to   he  the  best  and  most  sicit- 

able  Glass  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Qreenhouses, 

Factories,  Worlcshops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminisbin)^  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strength,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Siieet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds ; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scoi'ching  occitre. 

Where  still  greater  strength  is  required  the  3-16ths  and  J  inch 
thick  iviU  bo  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.   Samples  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 


JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS.   116,    BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


rpHOMAS   MILLINGTON'S   FOREIGN    SHEET 

-A-     GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  pacfeed  for  immediate  delivery, 

6  inches  by  4  and    e.J  by  4^      13s.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    7i  by  6|       15     0 

S  ,,  6  and    8    by  5|       15     0 

8  ,,  Gawd    8i  by  6^       17     6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizeii,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  lar^e  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2\s.  per  100  feet. 
.PLOUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  |  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

lu  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot. 

„        „        35     „      8d.        „ 

„        M        50     „      9.iti.      „ 

„        „        75     „      12d.        „ 

Mitk  Pans,  2s.  to  fis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
c\nd  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'asses ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shaden,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 

iq^WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS- 
■--'  — The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
tvhom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained:— Messrs.  Kni;^ht  and  Ferry,  Nurserymen,  <tc.,  Chel- 
tf^a  ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn, Nurserymen,  die, 
I'lilham,  London;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  Chia- 
"icli,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Dicksun,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
hnll.  Nurserjmtn,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S.. 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford, 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Eodorgan,  Anglcsea ;  Messrs. 
Ul  uni^ton  Hnd  C.>.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glasa  Works-,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancanhire. 

The  e  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
pers'in  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
ihe  >?°st  piinaple.    Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  Uftual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediare  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  E'>*imates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE.  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLALES.  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


GLASS    ENAMEL,   OR    IRON    COATED   WITH 
GLASS. 

TO  GOVERNORS  OF  HOSPITALS,  WORK- 
HOUSES, ARCHITFCTS.  BUILDERS,  AGRIOUL- 
TURISTS,  HORTICULTURISTS,  and  the  FARMING  INI 
TEREST  generally. — It  has  loug  been  a  great  desideratum  to 
obtain  an  article  that  would  resist  the  action  of  acids,  the 
changes  of  temperature,  and  the  destructive  effects  of  rust. 
This  at  length  (after  repeated  attempt^)  has  been  effected  in 
an  extraordinary  dearee,  by  that  beautiful  and  newlv-invented 
process  of  COATING  OR  ENAMELLING  WROUGHT-IRON 
WITH  GLASS,  combining:  at  one  and  the  same  time 
STRENGTH  AND   PURITY. 

Among  the  articles  which  may  be  enumerated  as  having 
been  already  prepared  by  this  useful  invention  are  the  follow- 
ing :—Wrought-iron  Tubes,  from  ^  inch  to  7  inches  diameter, 
superseding  copper,  lead,  and  earthenware  ;  Culinary  and  other 
Domestic  Utensils  in  great  variety,  Dairy  Puns  and  Ladles, 
Scoops,  Cisterns,  Baths,  Water  Clusets.  Pumps.  Hot  and  Cold 
Water  Circulating  Pipes,  Ornamental  Gas  fiping  iu  Colours, 
Plain  and  Corrugated  Roofing  and  other  articles,  too  numerous 
to  mention.  The  Colours  which  the  Patentees  have  already  been 
able  to  attain  are  whife,  iron  grey,  French  grey.  Royal  purple, 
green,  and  their  various  shades,  hut  they  are  in  hope?,  by  the 
researches  of  chemistry  and  the  experiments  which  are  con- 
tinually being  made,  of  shortly  adding  to  the  number. 

Further  inlormation  may  be  obtnined,  by  applying  to  the 
under:^igned,  who  will  be  glad  to  execute  all  orders  that  may 
be  intrusted  to  them  with  the  u'most  despatch. 

Leonabd  Coopee  &Co., 
Agents  to  the  Patentees,  lU  Cooper-street,  and  1, Bond-street, 
Manchester, 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  C0N>I3TENT   WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


rj.RAY   AND    ORMSON,    Dan  vers- street,    Chelsea, 

VJ  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  oiateriiils,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  iu  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  6c  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nohility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  reierences. 

Iheir  HoU  Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  fur  all  purposes  to  which  the 
appHcation  of  Htating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT   V\/ATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


.-^^ 


llji.iji|^  ^feM 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
*^  •  Horticuttural  Architects,  Hothouse  BuUders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  tSx  i '  ot-water  Appa- 
ratus, will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kinti's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhonses,  Conser- 
vatories, Pit?,  &c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  fwhich  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  aH  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  ModeU,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  d^c,  forwarded  on 
application. — J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-roid,  Chelsea,  London. 

HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's-road,  Cbelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
thb  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D,  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  ins.  long,  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  -J^l.  6s.  8d.  \ 
24  ft.  Sins,  long.,  do.  do.,  5-26  ft.,  301,  13s.  8rf. ;  28  ft.  6  ine. 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  8d,  Heating  by  Hot- water  on 
the  most  approved  and  ^  conomicnl  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  die,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. -_^_^^^ 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Mjichinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill.  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  Listo^ Prices  sent  by  enclosina  2  postage  stamps. 


GREENHOUSES  GLAZED  WITHOUT  PUTTY, 
no  l.eaka^ie,  simple  and  easy  of  repair,  cheaper  than  any 
other  system,  and  much  more  durable.  Lists  of  prices  of 
diff-rent-fiztd  houses  forwarded,  on  application  to  the  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  Alfeed  Kent,  Chichester.  A  Greenhouse 
glazed  upon  this  system  can  be  seen  at  the  grounds  of  the 
Koyal  Botanical  Society,  Regent's-park,  London. 


FRUIT   TREES,   POULTRY,   ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  for  protecting 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  FowIp,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  John  King  Fabl'iw's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  6,  Crooked. lane,  London-brldge.  atljd. 
yard  wide,  'ML  two  yards  wide,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  abive  '.'Os.  accompanied  with  Post-office  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carnage  free. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protectiou  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fresh-Bown  seeds,  either  in  gardens  or  fields,  at  Id.  per 
square  >ard,  200  yards  for  14f,,  500  yards  for  30s.,  1000  yards 
for  50s. ;  waxed  Netting  for  Aviaries,  Ac,  at  Sd,  per  square 
yarn.  Scrim  canvass  for  wall  fruit,  netting  tor  shtep-ft)ld3  ;  a 
considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expetse  than  hurdles. 
Sun  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  poles,  die. 
Marquees,  tents,  awniags.  and  temporary  i  corns,  with  boarded 
tloors,  elegHQtU  lined  and  lighted  for  teres,  &c.,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Canis'ge,  curt,  and  truck  covers  inipervi<  us  to  rain; 
clotlis  for  the  covering  of  furniture  in  chimge  otrtEidence,  &c, 
Tarpsulin?^  on  hire  for  houses  under  n-piiir,  at  THOMAS 
BDGINGTON  &  Co.'s,  17,  Sroithfield-bars,  and  OlU  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  andiDq,uiries  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 


"Vj  E\V    VERBENAS.— Ormsby    Beauty,   rich   rosy 

-LN  purple,  distinct  in  colf-ur  to  any  we  havL-  lieforo  ;  lari,'e 
distill  t  white  concre  ;  pip  hirge,  and  of  fine  fi.rm  ;  scarcol.v  any 
indentation,  and  smootli  on  the  edfit^s,  with  fuU-sized  truss. 
It  was  exhibited,  and  awarded  a  Certificate,  at  the  Norwich 
September  shi.w.  This  fine  ;variety  was  raised  by  Mr.  Ed- 
munds, gardener  to  the  Dowa^-er  Lady  Lacon.     Trice  5s. 

DccHEsa  OF  Kent  (Banks),  white,  i>ith  rose  centre,  very 
deli  -ate  and  sho»y  ;  good  shape  and  truss.     Price  35.  Gd. 

Sironij  plants  are  now  ready,  on  application  to  C.  Tdeneh, 
Rnj-al  Nursf-ry,  Slough.   ^__ 


I)OBERT  M.  STARK  begs  to  intimate  that  liis 
^  De^crlpiiveList  ot  Fluriets"  Fiuwt-rs,  Bedding  PLiiits,  &c., 
for  the  season  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  hud  on  application. 
'"■■;\tDong  other  NEW  or*RARE  PLANTS  offered,  Le  would 
particularly  notice  the  beautiful  purp'e  and  lilac  Linariit 
reticulata,  figured  in  the  *'  Garden  Gompaiiiou  "  for  April,  and 
described  as  a  "  very  pretty  plant,  fluaerin^  freely  in  summer." 
it  13  admirably  suited  for  beds  on  rocUwork. 

K.  S.,  who  tias  the  entire  stock,  will  be  able  to  supply  plants 
the  firat  week  in  Mat,  at  5s,  each. 

Edinburgh,  E  Igehill  Nursery,  Dean,  April  10. 

/ GEORGE  CRAGG  begs  to  inform  the   public  that 

^^  he  is  now  prepjired  to  send  out  his  dark  W ALLFLOWEli 
named  "  Negro  Hoy."  G.  C.  begs  to  state  that  he  was  awarded 
a  First  Cass  Cer'tificate  at  the  Nortb  London  Floricultural 
Society,  for  its  being  the  darkest  and  best  in  cultiraiii  n. 
Price  5s. 

Also  a  fine  orange-colou»-ed  one,  named  "Orftnge  Tlefiance," 
h-i  h  very  inrge  tru-asers,  quite  hardy,  and  beiutiluUy  fragrant, 
nnd  well  worthy  a  place  in  tvery  garden.  Price  for  the  two, 
7s.  Gd.  Sm'-itl  plants  can  be  sent  free  by  post  for  ihe  sum 
named  above,  eiihei-  lo  pottage  stamp?  or  by  a  moiaey  order, 
made  payable  at  the  Hi::hgate  Post-office. 

Croucheod  Nursery,  Hoin^ey,  near  London. 


PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HENRY  ROGER  SMITHE,of  Eastling,Faversham, 
Kent,  iiifoiras  thi  public,  that  his  mixtures  of  the 
KATUHAL  GRASSES  and  SMALL  CLOVERS,  ga-hered  prin- 
cipally under  his  fuperintendeui-e,  iuaUniing  every  sort  neces- 
sary  to  form  a  Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soli,  &c. 
;whicb  should  he  p -rticularly  stated),  are  now  ready  to  be 
delivered  by  Railway  to  any  Station  in  Enjj^and,  Carriage  Free, 
at  "iOs.  por  acre,  allowinii  3  bu-^hels  per  aere. 
MISTDRES  F\»R  LAWNS,  &c.  TliE  TRADE  SUPPLIED. 
Any  intonnaiion  on  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  Grasses, 
the  Advertiser  would  be  pleased  to  give. 


Comtet'  of  Half-Afoon-streflt,  Piccadilly. 
PERMANENT     GRASS     SEED. 

THOMAS  GIBBS  and  CO.,  Seedsmkn  to  the 
"ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND," 
Ac,  having  tor  upwards  of  50  jears  paid  part icuUir  attention  to 
LayiDg  down  Land  to  PERMANENT  MEADOW  and  PAS- 
TURE, beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to  the  tVd- 
lowing  Mixtures,  which  will  be  app  jrlioned  to  suit  the  nature 
of  the  soil  :— 
Miitures  for  PERMANENT  MEADOW  and  PASTURE,  in- 

eluding  Perennial  Clover. 
Mixtures  for  PaUKS,  FIELD  LAWNS,  or  Portions  of  Grass 

Land  neab  to  Mansions. 
Miituresfjr  UPLAND  SHEEP  WALKS   and  DOWNS. 
Mixtures  for  PINE  GARDEN  LAWNS  and  GRASS-PLOTS. 

AUo  to  their  White  Belgian  and  other  Carrots  ;  Yellow  or 
Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel,  Long  Red  ditto,  a-id  other 
Jiiuds  ;  Swedes,  Hybrids,  and  other  Turnips  ;  Italian  and 
o'.her  Uye-grasses,  Clovers,  &c. ;  and  their  general  collection 
■of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds. 

THOMAS  GiBBs  and  Co.,  Seedsmen  to  the  R.A.S.E.,  corner 
of  Half-Moon-Street.    Piccadilly,  London. 


BENJAMIN  EDGINGTUN  respectfully  informs  the 
public  he  hni  :<t  leii;.^'h  bini  Mi<i:(-Mstul  m  ibtjining  a 
Wavehou90  Bnfficiently  lofry  ami  extensive  to  sLovv  ut  one  view 
Tents  of  different  char.tcter  and  description,  and  invites  all 
who  are  in  want  of  Tents,  for  Eniigiatlon,  Flobal  and  Hoe- 
TicrLTORAL  SOCIETIES,  Or  for  Garden  Lawns,  to  a  private  view 
at  No. -'.  Uukc-ptri  ct,  Southwark,  where  every  information  aud 
esplanatiun  "ili  ba  given. 

NETTING  and  BQNTING  for  Fruit  Treefl,  &c. 


AGRICULTURAL   SEEDS. 
XXf     DRU.MMOND  and    SON,  Seedsme*^,  Stirling, 

•  V  *  Sco'.land,  are  now  prepared  to  execute  orders  tor  the 
above,  frum  a  s'nctt  that  has  b^en  selected  with  every  possible 
cire.  Th>-v  beg  to  call  spocial  attention  to  their  various  sorts 
«jf  TURNIP,  ITALIAN,  and  PERENNIAL  RYE-GRASS  and 
NA  I  URAL  GRAS^jES  fjr  PermaneDt  Pasture,  the  prices  fi.ir 
which  are  as  low  as  really  genuine  Seeds  can  be  reaiedfor. 
Catalogues,  with  prices  and  other  details,  may  be  had  free  on 
application. 

N.B. — TheCarriage  of  Seeds  will  ba  prepaid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  S'ationfl  and  Shipping  Ports  throughout  the 
JSingdum. — Agricultural  Museum,  Stirling,  N.B. 

EGGS  OF  THE  GOLD  PENCILLED  HAMBURGH, 
Silver-pencilled  difto.  Black-necked  Gold-^pangled  Ham- 
burt'h  (commonly  called  Capt.  Crammer's  Pheasant  FoWls), 
3j,  6d.  a  set  of  13,  package  included.  Spotted  Dorkings,  5s. 
a  stt. — Apply  to  T.  Walkee,  jun.,  Beeston,  near  Nottingham. 


QTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechureh-street, 

'^  London,  and  17,  Ne^v  Park-street,  Sonthwark,  Maoufac- 
tiir*^r9  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILER*,  zrf\  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
Ocntry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  b/  hot  water, 
i-'mm  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
i':(3  bl^^beat  respectability  can  be  given,  and  fall  particulars 
i  iraiabed  on  application. 

/^lAL^ANISED  WIRE  GAME  NETTING.— 
^— *  Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


J.Inch  mesb,  light,  2i  inches  wid* 
2-tnco      ,,       fttrof.K  ,t 

?.int'h      ^,       extra  Htrop^  ,, 
i     ''>    ''      „      light 

:i      ,,      fctrong  ,, 

,,      extra  strong   ,, 

All  tit c  nboTecnn  bemndc  a 

ff  (he  n;»ptrIiiiH  In  a  coar*/* 

■  iii-f ;ir'h.  OalronUfd^jmrro 

'  ifiiarefoot.     I'artom' 

/i:nir#d   t>y  IIAMNAK 

■    -  •  ii,  and  dcltTferfe'l  freo 

^^J^ytJ2h,  Htlll,  Of  IfOtVCI^tle. 


HALL'S  GAIlDEf^  NETS,  Light  and  Durable.— 
Best  Prnteclion  agaiupt  Frost,  \Ia\\,  and  Wind  ;  also  from 
Wasps  and  Insects;  and  good  for  outside  shades  of  Green- 
houses, (fee. 

All  55  Incurs  Wide. 

NO.  I,  pei^ya'rd    ...        ...    5Aci,  I  No.  3,  pel:  Jard    Id. 

,,    a,        „  G(i.    I    „    4,        „  7rf. 

To  be  had. in  London  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Edqinqton,  9,  Duke- 
stree,  Soutbwark ;  Messrs.  CnAKLwooD  nnd  Commins,  14, 
Tavistook-Tow,  Covent-gurdeii  ;  Messrs.  MitiiEE,  Nabh  and 
Nash,  Oit,  Strand  ;  Messrc.  Ndtting  and  Sons,  Cbcanfide ;  also 
of  the  p'iDcical  Nurs-^rymen  and  Seedsmen  in  Edinburgh, 
Dublin,  Mancb^'flter,  Liverpool,  Chester,  Norwich,  Jjc,  &c. 
Manchester,  April  C, 


Gftlvan-  Japanned 
i»cd.  Iron. 

.  7rf,  peryd.  fid.  per  yd. 

yi     „  9     ,, 


...  10        ,,  8        ,, 

...   U        ,,  11         ,. 

ny  width  ut  proportion nte  prlcpc. 
I'-^h,  !t*rHl  rft'tuM^  the  \Mcifi 
pr.iof  netting  for  l'tieaiiantri«», 
forwiirdfrd  pontfr^*-. 
M  ami  HtHHOI',  Mnrket-plncc, 
ol  expense  In  London,  L'otcr- 


CHEAP     AND     DURABLE     ROOFING. 


MAJESTY'S 


2:^\^^^m^ 


^   nOVAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


t'^     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill 
•      row,  Londrtn,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings.  Shedding,  Workshops,  andforGarden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National   Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
whicli   has   been  exhtbiied   and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
Prizes,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  pa'ronised  and  adopted  by 
Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Fokests, 
Honourable  Board  of  Obdnange, 
HoNotiBABLE  East  India  Company, 

HONODRABLE  CoMMISSIONEES  oF  CoSTOMB, 

Her  Majesty's  Estate  Isle  of  Wigbt, 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park, 
Aod  on  the  Es'atee  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Bucsjleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late  Earl  spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Rotal  Agbicdltoeal  Societi's  Hodse,  Hanover- 
square. 

It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  coustruotiou  of  Rjofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  PEk  Pquaee  Foot. 

*'^*  Samples,  with  Directi  n--  for  iis  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  p  )st  executed. 

ij^r  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  thi3  above  Roofing  i?  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILLandCO.'S 
Patent     Felt    Manufactory,     Lamb's-buildings,     Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor'-'  Courts,  at  the  cmrance  of  West- 
minster Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorshii»  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A,  Her  Majpfily'o  Cumminsioners  of  Wi^ods  nnd  Foreats  are 
so  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Kooms  at  the  Hou^Ci  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Qdan^ity  altogether  used,  ■-'4,0011  fent, 

NuTE.— Consumers  sendinir  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lengths  best  euited  to  their  Rools,  so  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  iaformatlon  Mffrded  on  the  construction  of  Ro^ifs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Ftlt. 


PRICE  TEN  SHILLINGS  AND  UPWARDS. 


A  PORTABLE  INSTRUMENT  for  Fumigating  Greenhouses, 
Stoves,  and  FrameH,  or  Shrub'i  and  Flowers,  in  the  open  air, 
more  effectually  in  conjunction  with  SANGSTEii'd  Floetjmbba, 
without  injuring  Ihe  most  delicate  ])lnnt ;  delivering  the  (.moUo 
CO  d.  in  a  dense  mass,  and  <  ffecting  a  great  saving  of  Tobacco. 

Manufactured  and  supplied  to  the  Trade  by  Messrs.  Eabuer 
and  GaooM,  London;  and  may  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers, 
Seedsineii,  and  Floriste, 


EASTER     HOLIDAYS. 
n["'IIE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

^  PARK,  i.ie  op«n  to  Vii-itors  on  payment  of  SIXPENCE 
each,  EVERY  DAY  IN  EA3TKR  VVh  EK,  except  Saturday. 
The  Collecti  111  ni-w  contains  upwards  of  1500  sjieclnioDs;  a  fine 
fti-riea  ol  ANTKLOPKS  liaving  been  added  to  the  MIPPO- 
POTAVUS,  ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  other  rnro  animalt., 
during  the  winter. 


POHD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  arc,  beyond  doubt, tlie 

■1-  moot  ecientific  and  really  useful  improvomont  in  tho  art 
i*f  Sliirt-makhig.  Thfir  pupcriorlty  dot's  not  rcHt  Bolcly  ui>cni 
their  hiilng  cntiroKy  diff^rt-nt  from  all  otht-rM,  hut  uiion  tho 
coiiibiiiHlion  of  perfect  iiov»-Uv  of  design  with  t.ound  prnciical 
uiic,  rcNuHlng  (rnm  u  hiu'iy  of  hcitintiHo  princlplcH,    makiuj: 

.  tht-'m,  In  fact,  tho  only  Hrilid  nnd  thomuL'hly  Bonhlblo  nlttrallon 
friiiii  lh«  old  shape*  worthy  of  notice.     Tliuro  are  two  qualitlcf, 

I  in  b.ifh  of  wliioh  thcprinctrpht  in  Rtrictly  carried  out,  viz.,  Hlx 

■  firr  I'-*, ;  Second  quality,  .Six  f'>r  Ws. 

LUt  of  Prices,  und  mode  of  Hulf-nioiiHuroniont  Bont  per  [lOftt 

I  .roo,    UiCHAUD  Foiitf,  3U,  Poultry,  latu  of  laO,  airimd,  London, 


LIGHT. 
rjRIMES'S    PATENT    CARCEL   LAMP   emits  a 

VJ  most  hrilliau-  light,  equal  to  ijas  ;  no  trouble— no 
cleaning— economical,  aud  having  a  coliapr-ing  Cotton-holder 
18  trimmed  in  a  niomcnc.  Any  lamp  ctn  be  altccJ  f.jr  lis  or 
Us.  tid.  GttiMEs's  American  Oil,  4a.  0-7.  per  gallon— refined  by 
a  patent  process— is  pet-fectly  transpan-nt  and  tree  from  smell. 
Sent  to  all  parts  of  the  country.  GaiHE«'s  Patent  Carriage 
ReAding  Lamp  {As.  Gd.),  is  the  greatest  acquinition  to  those 
travelling  at  niglit  either  iu  a  private  or  railway  carri-jge. 
The  remainiug  stock  of  Diamond  Lamps  considerably  reduc  d. 
Di.nnond  Head  16s  (usually  charged  2'>8.  Gd.);  Patent 
Diamond  Oil,  4s.  GJ  usually  charged  5s.).  Any  Diamond  Lamp 
can  bo  htt.;d  with  the  new  CoUapsj-.g  Cotton-liolder.-T.  It. 
Ghuies  and  Co..  Patentees,  83,  New  Bond-street,  London. 

A     BEAUTIFUL     HE  AD"~o"f  ~H  A  I  R 
OWLAND'S  MACASSAR  OIL  has  chieHv  acquired 

celebrity  for  its  rapid  and  extraordinary  tfflcucy  ia 
nuurihhing,  preserving,  and  beautifying  the  huaimhair  Its 
regoiieratiVH  powers,  in  particular,  are  constantly  shown  by 
intluidng  a  fresh  growth  Of  hair  where  hatdinis%  has  hitherto 
prevailed.  It  imparts  an  additional  vigour  to  the  roots  of  the 
hair,  together  with  a  glossy  brightness,  a  tilky  softness,  and  a. 
tendency  to  curl.  For  inducing  an  accelerated  growth  of 
whiskers,  mouttachios,  or  eyebrows,  the  Macas  ar  is  un'ailing 
in  its  stimulative  operation.  In  reference  even  to  the  hair  of 
early  childhoo  1,  the  use  of  ihe  Oil  is  at  ended  with  thehappiest 
effects ;  mild,  invigorating,  and  purifying  in  every  iontaace,  it 
dispell  Bcurf  and  danilriff',  ami  renders  UiiueL'es-.ary  the  usu'of 
thii  line  comb.    In  all '.ilimates  it  alike  displajs  is  incomparable 

results,  and  ha?  long  been  an  established  favourite  in  India. 

Price  'M  Gd  and  7s.  ;  or  Family  Bottles  (equal  to  four  t-mail), 
at  Ills.  6J. ;  and  double  that  size.  2U.  On  toe  wrapper  oi  each 
hot  le  are  the  words,  Rowlands'  MACasfiAR  Oil,  in  two  lines. 

Sold  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  liO,  Hatton  Garden,  London  ; 
and  by  alt  Chemist",  and  Pei'fumer.t. 


R 


MANUFACTURERS     ^viSv^         APPOINTIVIENT 

SPECIAL  ^^^^^THE      QUEEN. 

Obtained  the  Prize  Medal^  Great  Exhibition,  1851. 
jV  EW  FRENCH  CHOCOLATES.— Chocolats  de  la 

■^^  Rein?  Victoria,  du  Priuce  Albert,  and  other  varieties 
a  la  Fraiigaise.  Important  directions  are  enclosed  in  each 
package. 

Chncolats  Pastilles,  Chooolat  da  Voyage,  and  FRY  and 
S0N6'  oiher  Bbu  Rons,  are  delicious  and  nutritious  condi- 
ments. They  confidently  recommend  these  Chocolates  as  com- 
bining the  resuhe  of  the  most  refined  foreign  taste,  that  rich- 
ness and  delicacy  of  flavour,  with  thac  prcuiiar  (-oftness  on 
tho  palate  which  is  rarely  to  be  met  with.  S  Id  by  Tea 
Dealers,  Grocers,  and  ConfecUouers,  of  whom  FRVS'  Church- 
man's and  other  Cake  Chocolares,  their  Pateut  Soluble,  ilomce- 
opatbic,  and  other  Cocoas  may  be  obtained. 

Theii  eleganr  French  Chocolates  are  particularly  adapted 
for  presents.  Soe  their  Pamphlet,  "containing  in  1  direc  iona 
for  preparing  these  articles  for  the  table,  au  account  of  the 
Cocoa  tree,  Liebig'a  analyses  of  Cocoa,  showing  its  adaptation 
for  human  tood,  dsc.  (fee,"  to  be  obtained  gratis  where  Far 
and  S  >Ns' articles  are  sold;  or  on  application,  personally  or 
by  k-lter,  at  12.  Uniou-sireet.  Brifttol. 

■\T^W  AND  CHEERFUL    REGISTER  STOVE.^ 

i^  The  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE,  invenr..a  and  regis- 
tt^red  by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  combines  in  its  use  cheer- 
fulness, cleanliness  and  ecouomy  to  a  -le^ree  hitherto  deemed 
unattainable,  while  its  simple  beauty  (obrairiKd  partly  by  the 
employment  of  a  graceful  shell  in  lieu  of  the  cmnberaome  and 
ungainly  bars)  is  the  subject  of  general  coaiinfiid;t(ion.  Price 
from  6iJs.  to  lOt.  To  b;  seen  in  usu  daily  at  his  bbovv-rooms, 
where  also  are  to  he  seen 

950  S'J^'*^^^S  AND  325  FENDERS,  all  differing  in 

.~m'tJ\J  pafein,  foimmg  the  largest  a&sortmmt  ever  collected 
together.  They  are  marked  iu  plain  tiguies,  and  at  prices 
proporiionate  with  those  that  that  have  tended  to  make  his 
establishment  tho  most  riisiinguished  in  this  couuti-y.  Bright 
Stovfs,  with  bronzed  oruameuts  and  two  eets  of  bars,  2L.  14s. 
to  51.  10s. ;  dit  o  with  ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars, 
5;.  lOa  to  121,  12s.;  bronzed  Fenders  complete,  with  btaudards, 
7s.  to  dl.  ;  steel  Fenders,  irom  21.  15s.  to  6i. :  ditto,  wiih  rich 
ormolu  ornaments,  from  21.  15s.  to  71.  7s.  ;  fire-irons,  from 
Is.  9d.  the  set  to  4i.  ^s.  Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  Stoves, 
with  radiating  hearth-plates  ;  and  Kitchen  Ranges,  which  he 
is  enabled  to  sell  at  these  very  reduced  charges, 
First — From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  his  purchases  ;  and 
secondly — From  those  purchases  beiug  made  exclusively  for 
cash. 
--pHE    BEST    SHOW  of   IRON    BEDSTEADS    in 

X  Ihe  KINGDOM  'is  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S.- Ho  has 
added  to  his  Show-rooms  two  very  large  ones,  which  are  de- 
voted to  the  exclusive  Shoiv  cf  Iron  and  Brass  BedsfeadH  aud 
Children's  Cols,  with  appropriate  Bedding  and  Maitresses. 
Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  and  ail  are  marked  in  plain 
lij^ures,  at  prices  proportionate  to  those  that  have  tended  to 
make  his  establishment  the  most  distinguished  in  ibis  country. 
Common  Iron  Bedsteads  from  12s.  Gd. ;  Port.ihle  Folding  Bed- 
Btead.i  Irom  12s.  Gd.;  Patent  Iron  Bedsteads,  titled  with  dove- 
tail joints  nnd  patent  sacking,  from  IGs.  Gd.  ;  and  Cots  from 
20s.  tach  ;  handsome  ornaiueutal  Iron  aud  Brass  Bedheads  in 
great  variey,  from  31.  5s,  to  311. 

rpHE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER.— 

X  The  REAL  NICKEL  SILVER,  introduced  15  years  ago 
by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  when  plated  by  ihe  patent  pioce>a 
of  Messrs.  Elkington  and  Co.,  is  beyond  all  coiiiprnison  the 
very  best  article  ne.tt  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  empluytd  as 
such,  either  usefully  or  ornamfcutally,  as  by  no  pos^ible  test 
can  it  be  diatinguished  from  real  bllver. 

Fiddle     Thread      King's 
Pattcin,    I'auern.    PaaerD. 

Tea-spoony  por  dozen   18s.     ...    335.     ...    3Gs. 

Dessert  Foilie       „  30».     ...     6ls.     ...     58s. 

Dehwert  Siioons     ,,  305.     ...     Ofis.     ...     G'2s. 

Taiile  Forks  ,,  -lOs.     .,,     (J.'>s.     ...     7iis, 

Tablespoons        , 4Us.     ...     703      ...     753. 

Tea  and  Coffee  ^otH,  Walters,  CiUidlcnttcliP,  &i\,  at.  pi  opor- 
ti.>nate  prices.  All  kinds  of  replatinfi  duu«  by  the  patent 
proccsa. 

CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT   PLATED. 

Fi.ldle.      Tlm^ud.    King's. 
Tablespoons  4;  Forks,  full  size,  p.  doz.  1 2s,     ...    28s.     ...     ^Os. 

Desucrt  ditto  and  ditto  10s.     ...     2U.     ...     25a. 

Tea  ditto     Sc.     ...     lis.     ...     12s. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  completed  s.miM  extensive 
aUeraiion«  in  his  premiHvs,  bj  wlilCh  h«  luts  TEN  J  ARGE 
snow  ROOMS  (all  comniniiicfttiim),  cxcUiaive  of  thi*  t-hnp, 
duvnt'd  soh-ly  ti.thofthow  of  GENI'JRaL  F  1)  UN  IxlIINn  IRON- 
MONGti,H,Y  (im-lnding  Cutlery,  Nickel  Sliver,  I'tited,  and 
Jiip'.mncd  VVaru.H,  Iron  and  Brnfip  Tiedstcidsi),  eoarrMig^d  and 
cliiKMlllod  thai;  purchascrd  may  oaslly  and  at  oncu  muke  tht.r 
(iclcctloni. 

C.ic-ilnguoB,  with  EnnrnvingB,  sent  (per  pofif)  free.  1  h  i 
nioiu'>  returned  for  eviry  article  not  .ipprnV.'d  nf, 

IW.'oXPOKIi-SI'UKKT    (corner  of  Nuwman.Klreet) ;  Nop,  1 

onilli,  NliWMAN-STREET;  and  4  and  5,  I'JiRHY'd-PLACii. 

iilatablUbcd  a,d,  162U. 


Sate  ig  Suction* 


ORCHIDS. 

AN  IMPORTATION  OF  THE  GfUATBMALA  SPECIES  JUST 
ARRIVED  FROM  ORINOCO  IN  FINE  CONDITION. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Ore  It  Room,  38,  Kiog-street,  Coven t-garden,  on 
TUESDAY,  April  20,  a  Collection  of  ORCHIDS.  AU  the  old 
establisberi  varieties  from  Guatemala,  viz.,  Lce'ia  superbiens 
and  acuminata,  BarkerK  Bpectabilis  and  Skinnerii,  Epiden- 
drum  viiellinuni,  Stamfordianum  and  Skinnerii,  Lycaste 
Skinnerii,  cruentum,  and  aroinaticum  ;  Cattleya  Skinnerii  and 
Odo[iloglo93um  Rrande,  Cycnoches  ventricosum  and  Egerloal- 
anum,  three  species  of  Arpophyllum,  three  species  of  Ctiysis, 
Oncidium,  «tc. —  May  be  viewed  on  Monday  and  moraing  of 
sale,  and  Catalogfues  bad  on  prepaid  appUcntion. 

Note.— The  Sale  will  commence  at  Twelve  o'Cloce  veky 
Pbecisely,  it  being  the  day  of  the  Meetins;  in  Reeent-street. 

SALE     OF     NURSERY    STOCK, 

BDILDING  MATERIALS,  &c, 

,/fR,  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 


M 


premises,  opposite  Cremorne  Gardens,  King's  Road, 
Chtlsea,  on  WEDNE-^DAY,  April  H,  at  12  o'clnck,  without 
reserve,  by  order  of  Messrs.  Dennis,  to  clear  another  portion  of 
the  ground,  tjoe  Evergreens  of  sorts,  comprising  variegated 
and  green  Hollies,  L'lurele,  Box,  Aucnbae,  Pirn,  Rhododen- 
drons, Coiiar  of  Lebanon,  Irifh  Yews,  Arbor.vilie,  choice  Mul- 
berry, Gooseberry,  Currant,  and  other  Fruit  Tiet-s;  Ornamental 
Tree's  in  varieties,  Clirabera  in  pots,  Aslileaf  Kidney  Potatoes, 
u  quantity  of  useful  Building  Materials,  Garden  Wirework,  &c. 
N.B.  A  Sale  of  the  remaining  Glass,  Greenhouse  Plants,  <fcc., 
■will  take  place  in  the  course  of  the  ensuing  month — May  bo 
viewed  prior  to  sale,  and  Uatalogues  had  on  the  premises,  and 
of  the  Auctioneer,  Brompton  Nursery,  Fulham-road,  Loudon. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,   AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit 
to  public  competition  by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholo- 
mew-lane, on  THDKSDAY,  April  15,  at  12  o'clocu,  a  very  first- 
rate  collection  of  CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES  (being  the 
surplus  stock  of  C.  W  Lochner,  Esq.),  comprising  all  the  rare 
ftud  most  approved  varieties  A  choice  assortment  of  Dahlias, 
Verbenas,  Fuchsias,  Roses,  Gerauiuraa,  Cinerarias,  and  other 
plants  ill  bltiom. — M.^y  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale,  Cata- 
loijues  had  at  the  Mart;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Amcricaa 
Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


NEW    EDITIONS    OF    POPULAR    WORKS. 

In  post  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  price  Ss.  6d., 

WALKER'S  MANLY  EXERCISES.     Instnictions 
in  Riding,  Hunting,  Shooting,  Walking,  Running.  Leap- 
ing,   Ydulnng,    Swimming,     RowinsT,    Sailing,    and    Driving. 
Edited  and  enlarged  by  Craven.    Wi'b  numerous  Illustrationa. 
In  post  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  price  5s., 

B ECKSTEIN'S  CHAMBER  BIRDS  ;  their  Natural 
History  and  Managemont.     With  very  numerous  Wood- 
cuts of  Birds,  Cages,  6zc. 

In  post  8ro,  cloth  gilt,  price  55., 

WHITE'S  NATURAL  HISTORY  AND  ANTI- 
QUITIES OF  SELBURNE.  Wi'h  copious  Notes  by 
Mr.  Bltth  ;  a  Map  of  the  Locality;  and  numerous  Illustra- 
tion? of  the  Animiis  and  Scenery  detcribed.     New  Ediiion. 

In  small  4to,  cloth  gilt,  price  Ss.  firf., 
p  LARK'S     DRAWING     AND     PAINTING     IN 

\J  WATER-COLOUaS  ;  containing  examples  of  Dra«ing 
in  Landscape,  Flower  Painting,  Miniature  and  Historical 
Painting,  in  various  stages  of  tinisb,  with  directions  for  imi- 
tating them. 

London  :  Wm.  S.  Obe  and  Co.,  Araen-corner. 


Third  Edition,  folio,  price  IO5.  6d  , 

THE  BRITISH  GRASSES  best  suited  for  Agi-i- 
culture,  with  Preserved  Specimens  of  each  kind.  By 
David  Moore.  M.R.I. A.,  A.L.S.,  Curator  of  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society's  Botanic  Gardens,  Glasnevin. 

Dublin  :  James  McGlasuan,  50,  Upper  Sackville-streot. 

Wm.  S.  Orh.  and  Co..  London  and  Liverpool. 

And  all  Boolcsellers. 


Second  Edition,  revised,  7s.  Cd.  cloth, 

A  HANDBOOK  OF  FIELD  BOTANY 
Corapiisiiig  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  indigenous 
to  the  British  Isles.  With  a  Synoptical  Table,  &c.  By 
William  E.  Steele,  A.B.,  M.B.,  &c. 

Dublin  :  Jambs  McGlashan.  60,  Upper  SackviUe-street. 

Wm.  S.  Obe  and  Co.,  London  and  Liverpool. 

And  all  Bookselleis. 


BEES. 

In  small  8vo,  price  43.  6d., 

THE  ENGLISH   BEE-KEEPER  ;   or,  Suggestions 
for  ibe    Praciical  Management  of  Amateur  and  Cottage 
Apiaries,  on  ScieQLific  Principles.     With  illustrative  Notes. 
By  a  CoDNTRT  Cdeate, 
Author  of  a  Series  of  Papers  on  Bees,  in  "  The  Cottage 

Gardener." 
EiviNOTONS,  St.  Paul's  Church-yard,  and  Waterloo-place. 


NEWVOLUME. 

THE  COTTAGE  GARDENER;  or,  a  Practical 
Guide  in  every  Department  of  Horticulture,  and  Rural 
and  Dumesiic  Economy.  Conducted  by  George  W.  Johnson, 
Esq.,  Editor  of  the  "Gardeners'  Almiiuac,"  "Cottage  Gar- 
denera'  Dictionary,'*  &c.  ;  and  assisted  by  a  staff  of  able  Con- 
tributors. In  Weekly  Numbers,  price  2d.  ;  Stamped,  3d. 
London  :  Wsi.  S.  Obr  and  Co.,  Amen-corner, 


Just  published.  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is. ; 
or  by  post  for  Is.  Gd. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
Whiit  10  Live  for  ;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regim-  n, 
tin'1  Self-ManHgement ;  together  with  inatructiouB  for  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  stare  of  happiness 
only  attainable  tbrough  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
i-egulated  course  of  life.    By  aPnxsiciAN. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  Ss.€d  , 

A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  ttiND  CONSTITUTIO  ■  AL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Praciical  (Jbm'rvations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
HetvUh  and  'Di-si'ft^e.  Thii  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
mer-du-r  o!'  itvo-  rufdirai  profession,  the  reeulr  of  many  years' 
pr.tdtk-ai  oxpcrience.  is  adJu'ssed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  whu  Bulivr  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  lu  its  I'HKfiS  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  whicli  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  ad^^pttd  for  their  removal. 

London:  James   Gilbert,  49,   Paternoster-row;    ITannAT, 
C3,  Oxford-Btreet;  Mann,  39,  Cornhill;  and  all  Booksellers. 


On  Saturday,  May  1st,  1852,  will  be  published,  Price  Twopence, 

THE  FIRST  NUMBER  OF  THE 

PEOPLE'S    ILLUSTRATEB    JOURNAL 

OF 

Stts,  IKanufactures,  practical  Science,  ^Literature, 

AND 

SOCIAL    ECONOMY. 

Office,  11,  BoDVEBiE.eTEEET,  FLEET-flTEEET,  whcrc  ADVERTISEMENTS  are  received,  and  vihere  all  CommunlcatioDS  for 
the  Editor  should  be  addressed. 


DOUGLAS        JERROLD 
will  edit 
LLOYD'S  WEEKLY  LONDON  NEWSPAPER 
Oq  and  after  April  17th, 
Threepence,   Post   free  — containing    Sixty    Columns    of  the 
Latest  News. 


DOUGLAS        JERROLD 
will  edit 
LLOYD'S  WEEKLY  LONDON  NEWSPAPER 
On  and  after  April  17ih. 
Threepence,    Post  free  — containing   Sixty    Columns   of  the 


Latept  News. 


E    R    R    0    L    D 


DOUGLAS        J 
win  edit 
LLOYD'S   WEEKLY   LONDON  NEWSPAPER 
On  and  after  April  17th. 
Threepence,   Post   free  —  containing    Sixty    Columns    of  the 
Latest  News. 

DOUG' [LAS        JERROLD 
will  edit 
LLOYD'S   WEEKLY    LONDON  NEWSPAPER 
On  and  after  April  17tb. 
Threepence,    Post   free  —  containing    Sixty   Columns    of  the 
Latest  Newd. 


D 


OUGLAS        JERROLD 
will  edit 

LLOYD'S  WEEKLY    LONDON  NEWSPAPER 
On  and  after  April  17th. 
Threepence,   Post    free  —  containing    Sixty    Columns    of   the 
Latest  News. 


DOUGLAS        JERROLD 
will  edit 
LLOYD'S   WEEKLY   LONDON  NEWSPAPER 
On  and  after  April  17ih. 
Threepence,   Post   free  —  containing    Sixty    Columns    of  the 
Latest  News. 
Office:  II,  Salisbury-square,  London. 


THE     QUARTERLY     REVIEW,     No.  CLXXX., 
is  published  THIS  DAY. 
Contents  : — 
I.  SIR  ROSER  DB  COTEELEY. 
II.  HORACE  WALPOLE'S  GARLAND. 
IIL  DIARY  OF  GENERAL  PATRICK  GORDON. 
IV.  RECENT  EPICS. 

V.  COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY— PROFESSOR  OWEN. 
VI,  BOHEMIAN  EMBASSY  TO  ENGLAND,  &c.,  11S6. 
VII.  CANNON,  MDSKET,  AND  RIFLE. 
VIII.  CALIFORNIA  versus  FREE  TRADE. 
IX.  GEORGE    m.-BRENVILLE    AND    ROCKISTGHAM 
PAPERS:   LORD  MAHON'S  HISTORY,  VOLUMES 
V.  AND  VI. 
X.  LAMARTINE'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  RESTORATION. 
XI.  LORD  JOHN  RUSSELL  and  the  EARL  OF  DERBY. 
John  MtjsaAT,  Albemarle-street,  London. 


rRRAY'S      RAILWAY      READING. 

'J  ontaining  Works  of  Sodnd  Infobmation  and  Innocent 
Aiir  lENT.  printed  in  large  readable  type,  euited  for  ail 
Cl'       5  OF  Readers. 


M 


Already  published  :— 
MXTSIO  AND  DRESS.    Is, 

LITERARY  ESSAYS  FROM  "THE  TIMES."    4s. 
NIMROD  ON  THE  CHaCE;.    Is. 

LAYARD'S  POPULAR  ACCOUNT  OF  NINEVEH.    5s. 
LIFE  OF  THEODORE  HOOK.    Is. 
JAMES'S  FABLES  OF  ^SOP.    100  Woodcuts.    Ss.  €d. 
NIMROD  ON  THE  ROAD.     Is. 

LORD  MAHON'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  "FORTY-FIVE."  3s^ 
THE  FLOWER  GARDEN.     Is. 

GIFFARD'S  DEEDS  OF  NAVAL  DARING.    2s.  Gd. 
THE  HONEY  BEE.     Is. 
NIUROD  ON  THE  TURF.    Is.  Gd. 

Shortly;— 
A     JOURNEY     TO     KATMANDU     (Capital   of 

Nepaul),  with  the  CAMP  of  JUNG  BAHADER;  including  a 
Sketch  of  the  Nepadlese  Ambassadoe  at  Home.  By 
Laurence  Oliphant. 

'*  A  series  if  cheap  and  healthy  publications."— -4(/ieH(E»i7i. 

"  The  mixed  character  of  the  series  is  a  pood  feature,  and 
carried  out  with  vigour  and  diacernment." — CJiristian  Jie- 
viembrancer. 

"  A  new  fieries,  destined  to  occupy  a  very  distiDguished 
position." — Sun. 

"Mr.  Murray  has  deserved  well  of  the  traveUing  com- 
muoiiy. — Observer. 

"  Books  at  once  cheap  and  good." — Economist. 

"  We  heartily  vrish  tbia  new  undertaking  success." — Sforning 
BeraU. 

John  Mdrbat,  Albemarle-street ; 
And  to  be  obtained  at  all  Booksellers  and  Railway  Statlonfl. 


This  day  is  published,  smalt  8vo,  cloth,  Gs.,  with  a 
Colourpd  Fronti-piece, 

-yHE  ORCHID-  GROWER'S  MANUAL  ;  con- 
J-  tainiuR  a  brief  description  of  upwards  of  Two  Hdndred- 
AND  Sixty  Obchidaceods  Plants,  together  with  notices  of 
their  times  of  flowerioff  and  most  approved  modes  of  treat- 
ment;  also  plain  and  practical  instructions  relating  to  the 
general  culture  of  Orchids  ;  and  remarks  on  the  heat,  mois- 
ture, soil,  and  seaeons  of  growth  and  rest,  best  suited  to  the 
several  species. 

By  Benjamin  Samdel  Williams, 
Gardener  to  Charles  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  Hoddesdon,  Herts. 

London  :  Chapman  and  Hall.  193.  Piccadilly. 

Just  publi^hi-d,  the  30th  edition,  price  1'/  , 

rjRIMSTONE'S  HISTORY   OF  AN  EGYPTIAN 

^J  PEA,  discovered  amongst  others  by  the  Committee  of  the 
British  Museum,  in  a  Vase  presented  to  them  by  Sir  Gardener 
Wilkinson,  the  EgyptiQu  traveller.  Three  were  presented  to 
Mr.  Wm.  Grinistooe,  by  Mr.  T.  I.  Pettigrew,  who  assisted  in 
opening  this  relic  of  the  time  of  the  Pharaohs,  being  2844  years 
old.  Th'j  growth  of  this  Pea  is  difFerent  to  those  of  this  coun- 
try ;  the  taste  is  unequalled,  they  boil  much  greener  than  ours, 
and  so  prolific,  being  planted  thus  .  •  .  •  .  8  inches- 
:ipart.  The  23.  Gd.  bag  will  produce  enough  for  a  fimaU  family. 
Tliey  require  no  sticks,  and  the  bloom  hange  in  clusters.  Re- 
member the  only  genuine  ia  sold  in  bags,  2s.  6d. ;  three  times- 
ttie  quantity,  5s.  ;  seven  times  the  quantity,  lUs.  Each  bag  is 
si;;ned  and  sealed  by  William  Grimeione,  Herbary,  Highgate; 
depot,  52,  High-street,  Bloomsbury,  London,  eye-snuff  and  herb 
tiibacco  warehouse. 

Price  3d.,  or  Ss.  for  25  copies  for  distribution  among  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivered  anywhere  in  London,  on  a  Post-office 
omer  being  sent  to  the  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  In  couseq-ience  of  the 
new  postal  arrangements,  parties  in  the  country  who  desiro 
_it  can  have  copies  sent  by  post;  bis  postage  stamps,  in 
addition  to  the  cost  of  the  numbers,  will  pass  10  copies  fre^j 

nPHE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN" 

J-  OPERATIONS. 

By  Sir  Joseph  Paxton. 
Reprinted  from  the  Gabdenees'  Cheonicle  ;  above  69,000 
hare  already  been  sold. 

Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlaeged, 
Price  5s.  Gd.,  cloth, 

ORNAMENTAL  AND    DOMESTIC   POULTRY ; 
their  History  and  Management.      By  the  Rev.  Edmdnd- 
Sadl  Dixon,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Intwood  with  Keswick. 

*'  This  book  is  the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  can 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry." — Stir 
ing  Observer, 

Published  by  J.  Matthetvb,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street, 
Covent-fjardeo,  London. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHIvSKERS,  ic.  ?— CRINILtiNE  has  been  pronounced 
by  thousands  to  be  the  only  preparation  that  can  be  relied  upon 
for  the  Itet-toratiun  of  the  Hair  in  Baldness  from  any  cause, 
preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengthening  weak  Hair,  and 
checking  Greyiiess,  &c.  ;  and  for  the  production  of  Whiskers, 
Moustachios,  Eyebrows,  tkc,  in  three  or  four  weeks  with  cer- 
tainty.— Sold  by  every  Chemist,  price  2s  per  pot,  or  will  be- 
sent,  post  free,  for  24  postage  stamps,  by  Miss  Dean,  48,  Liver- 
pool-street. King's  Cross,  London.  "It  restored  my  hair, 
which  I  had  lost  from  a  severe  illness." — Miss  Elton,  Norwich. 
"Your  Criuileue  has  produced  a  luxuriant  pair  of  whiskers. 
Accept  my  thanlts." — Mr.  Hemy  Moir.  Cambridce. 

O    YOU    WANT    LUXURIANT    HAIR 

WHl.^Kt;RS,  &c.  ?-Miss  Ellen  GaAnAM,  14,  Hand- 
court,  H.lbuni.  London,  will  seod  post  free,  on  receipt  of  24' 
postage  stamps,  her  celebrated  NIOUKRENE  (elegantly 
scented,  and  sufficient  for  three  months'  u^e),  for  reproducing 
the  hair  in  baldness,  from  whatever  cause,  preventing  the  hair 
falliog  tiff,  strengthening  weak  hair,  andchecliiiiggreyneas,  &c. 
It  ia  also  guaranteed  to  produce  Whiskers,  Moustachios,  &c., 
in  three  nr  four  weeks,  with  the  greatest  certainty. — "My  hair 
has  become  thicker  and  darker  by  using  jour  Nioukrene." — 
Mr.  Merry,  Eton.  "My  hair  now  curls  beautifully,  and  looks 
very  glossy." — Miss  Main.  "I  have  now  a  full  pair  of  whle- 
kers.    Send  me  aoother  pot." —  M ajor  Hutton. 


HOW  TO  OBTAIN  A  PLENTIFUL  SUPPLY 
OF  HUMAN  HAlli.— Purchase  an  Us.  bottle  of  GRIM- 
STONE'S  AROMATIC  REGENERATOR;  if  through  the 
post  it  will  cost  12s. — tin  case,  Government  stamp,  and  72d 
edition  of  the  "Three  Minutes'  Advice  on  the  Growth  and 
Cultivation  of  the  Human  Hair,"  all  included.  The  Pamphlet 
cotitaius  abundant  testimonials  to  this  wonderful  discovery. 
It  is  sold  bj  all  Chemists,  Druggists,  and  Perfumers.  AH 
letters  to  William  Gkimstone,  Herbiry,  Highgate,  inventor  of 
the  Medicated  Eye  Snuff;  sold  in  Caciiitera  at  Is.  lid.,  2s.  Qd., 
4s.  Gd.,  and  93.,  enclosed  in  a  pamphlet  full  of  testimonials 
from  medical  gentlemen  and  otfaevs.  This  Snuff  has  cured 
mure  than  500,000  persons  of  all  classes,  and  is  sold  under 
the  sanc'iori  r.f  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury.  


A  LLSOPP'S  EAST  INDIA  PALE  and  OTHER 
JL3l  BURION  ALES,— The  public  is  respectfully  informed 
the  Ai.ES  of  this  season's  Brewings  are  now  ready  for  delivery,, 
and  may  be  obtained  Genuine  in  Casks  ot  13  Gallons  and 
upwards,  either  singly  or  in  any  quantity,  at  their  respective 
Stores,  as  under,  where  also  a  list  ol  the  Bottlers  may  be  had  :— 
The  brewery,  Burton-on-Trent;  61,  King  William-street, 
City,  London;  Cook-street,  Liverpool ;  High.street,  Birming- 
ham;  The  Exchange,  Manchester;  Royal  Brewery,  Dudley; 
and  33,  Virgiuid-street,  Glasgow. 

PHoted  bv  WiLtiAM  Bbakbobt,  of  No.  13,  Uoper  WobiirD-place  in  ths 
pariBhof  St  PttUCJU8,  and  Fbbdurick  Mullett  Evanb,  of  j^o.  /,  Church- 
row  Sicike  Newiiiijion  both  In  tbe  County  oi  MidUlecex  Friaters,  at  their 
Office  m  Lomb^rd-ntreer,  in  tbe  Precinct  of  WhitfnRra.  ia  the  Cliy  of 
LouJiin-  iii.d  publiBhed  by  them  at  the  office.  No,  6,  Charlea-Btreet,  In 
the  p«riah  of  Sc  Paul's,  Covent  garden.  In  the  said  Couaiy,  where  all 
AdverilBementH  KaA  CoinmaDicutloaB  are  to  be  adukbsssd  iothb  i^DicOB. 
— S4T«ai>Ai,  April  10,  ISaS. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


CULTURAL    GAZETTE.   ^ 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  55,uf  al  Economy  and  General  Hews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  16— IS52.] 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  lY. 


[Price  Qd. 


INDEX. 


ACTlcultural  Soc.  of  EDKland..  252  a 

Aoiinonia,  fixers  of 353  6 

Aatiiiaity  of  forcing  boasea....  -43  c 
EicnooiaradicaQBjrandjfljra,.  -45  c 

Birds.  BritUh  soae 245  b 

Booih't  (MesBra.)  naisery  .. ..  2-14  c 
Botanical     Society     of    Edia- 

bar^li  24G  c 

Erassicas,  misbapB  amoDg  ....  245  e 
Calendar.  Borticultural   ......  24S  a 

^    ARricultural -53  a 

Canada,  emi^atlon  to 250  6 

.(iaDnat. . ,   -46  ti 

Climate  of  QloucesterBbir-*.,,.  246  a 
Cow>.  dairy,  Kohl  Rabi  for....  252  a 

Crowea  saligna 245  a 

Drainage  of  town*,  pamphlets 


Edacatton.aErlcultaral 251  a 

Emifratlon  lo  Canada 260  b 

Fi^B.  casiiog  fruit  of 24G  6 

Fil;  funicuB 246  b 

Forcing  hous»>B,antiQalty  of  ..  243  e 
fumigmting  with  CbilUes 245  c 


Fuoeus  in  FiRa 246  b 

Ga  denias 245  c 

Garden  glpanineB,  foreiKn   ....  244  e 
GrasB  Beeda  for  aaiidy  BOil    ....  253  6 

ElaihauBes,  aatlquiiy  of    243  c 

Irid.  Cape.caseof  poiaoaing  by  246  c 

LftbelB -ne  a 

Land,  tenure  of 249  c 

Lichens,  Bayrlioffer  on,  rev.  ..  247  0 

Mauure.  Bttaw  as.. 251  b 

Mucor  Curtlsia;    246  b 

Natiooal  tloncultural  Society  247  c 

Orchard  houses    ..,..,.. 24G  a 

Orchida,  B'lle  of    244  6 

Faasy  pot  culture  of. 247  b 

Plants,  water ^48  c 

Plants,  rate  of  KTOwtb  of 246  c 

Poisouing  by  a  Cape  Irid 246  c 

Rain  at  Laudue..  - 246  b 

Royal  South  London  Society..  247  c 

Soot,  adulteration  of 25*2  a 

Trade  memoranda 345  6 

Water  plants 248  e 

Wheat,  produce  of 251  c 


S' 


EnRATHM. — Id  Mr.  Hardy's  Advertisement,  at  page  227.  co'.  6, 
last  week's  Number,  for  '*  Bokhara  Clover,  tbc,  for  beds," 
read  bees. 


UTTON'S  PERMANENT  GRASSES. 
Tbe  superior  quality  of  SUTTON'S  GRASS 
SEEDS  is  plainly  indicated  by  the  numerous  Orders  they 
are  daily  receiving,  through  the  recommendation  of  former 
cuetomers. 

Some  interesting  partlciUars  of  Land  laid  down  with 
these  Seeds  is  published  in  the  Gardeners*  Chronicle  of 
March  27th,  page  195. 

The  prices  for  thehest  quality  are  as  under,  hut  for 
poor  reclaimed  Lands  or  other  cases  where  the  cost  is  the 
principal  consideration,  mixtures  at  about  half  the  price 
may  be  had. 
For  best  permanent  Meadow  aud  Pasture,  mixed     Per  acre. 

expressly  to  suit  the  soil        24s,  to  385. 

For  best  Clovers  and  Grassea  (for  one,  two,  or 

three  years' lay)  14a.  to  203. 

The  sorts  consist  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  in  our  Advertisement  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Gardeners*  Clironiclc  of  20th  March. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons.  Seed  Growers,  Readitifj,  Rerks. 


21,  Reqekt  Street. 

HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 
PRIVILEGED  TICKETS. 
The  Exhibitions  will  take  place  on  the  Second  Saturdays  in 
May,  June,  and  July,  namely, 

MAY  8,   JUNE  12,   JULY  10. 

k\\  Fellows  who  shall  apply,  on  or  before  Tuesday,  the  20th 
of  April,  may  obtain,  at  the  PRIVILEGED  RATE  of  Three 
^hillioKS  and  Sixpence  each,  any  number  of  tickets  not 
HS-CEEDING  FOETY-EiQBT;  but  no  application  for  such  tickets 
will  be  received  after  that  day.  Fellows  of  the  Society  sub/cribing 
jfor  tickets  at  this  price  wiU  be  aUowed  a  clear  week  from  the'2i}tli 
of  April  during  which  they  may  datm  them.     Aftee  tbat  period 

ALL  TBE  OS    Gd.  TICKETS  BDBSCaiBED  FOE,   BDT  NuT  lastJED,  MAT 
B£  CANCELLED.  <  _ 

After  the  20th  of  April,  any  further  number  of  tickets  will  be 
delivered  to  Fellows  on  their  personal  application  or  written 
iii'der,  at  the  price  of  Five  Shillings  ench  ticitet. 


ABUTILON    IINSIGNE. 

MR.  J.  LiNDENj  of  Brussels,  is  now  sending  out 
strong  plants  of  the  above  splendid  Abutilon,  at  10s. 
each,  delivered  free  in  London.  A  drawing  of  it  may  be  seen 
at  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens's  Auction  Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent- 
garden,  who,  with  Messrs.  Betham  and  Elacktitb,  Cox  and 
Hammond's  Quay,  Thames-street,  will  undertake  to  forward 
orders  to  Mr.  Linden. 


PICEA  PINSAPO.— A  few  stout  2-year-old  plants, 
from  Seed,  of  tbe  above  scarce  and  handsome  CONIFER, 
may  miw  be  had  of  Yodell  and  Co.,  Royal  Nursery,  Great 
Yarmouth,  at  125.  per  dozen. 

They  respi?ctlully  refer  the  readers  of  the  Gardeners*  Chronicle 
to  their  Advertisement  of  last  week. 


TMPORTANT    SALE    OF    PINE    PLANT?, 

-1-  the  property  of  a  Lady  declining  the  cultivation  of  Fines, 
consisting  of  about  Fifty  extra  floe  strong  Fruiting  Plants, 
and  about  Two  Hundred  Succession  Plants,  all  perfectly  clean 
and  vigorous. — For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Jo3H.  Faibbaien, 
Nurseries,  Clapham,  near  Loudon. — April  17. 


ROYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIETY.— Coder  the  Patronage  of  her  Moat  Gracious 
Majesty  ihe  Qoeen.— The  FIRST  EXHIBITION  of  the  season 
will  take  place  on  Tbdbbdat,  the  22d  Apaii..  in  the  Assembly 
Rooms,  at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kennington  (open  to  all  Exhi- 
bitors), when  prizes  will  be  awarded  f'lr  the  following  pro- 
ductions, viz.  :  Mi^celIaneou8  and  Specimen  Plants,  Auriculas, 
Heartsease  ^rown  In  pots  and  cut  blooms,  Polyanthufies,  Cine- 
rarias, and  Seedlings.  Mr.  Oabey's  Band  is  engaged  for  the 
bccaoioo.  Admission  to  Members  and  their  Friends  at  12 
o'clock,  and  to  the  public  from  1  to  6  o'clock,  at  One  Shilling 
each.  The  following  Exhibitions  will  also  take  place  at  the 
Surrey  Zoological  Gardens,  on  Thursday,  the  20th  May  ;  Wed- 
nesday, 23d  June;  Wednesday,  2l8t  July;  and  Wednesday, 
Sih  September.  The  Commi'tee  beg  to  inform  the  Members, 
Florists,  and  others,  that  it  is  their  intention  to  receive  Seed- 
ling Flowers  and  PlHuta,  for  opinion,  from  non<members  as 
welt  as  members,  without  entrance  fee,  and  granting  first  class 
Certiticates  to  such  as  are  deserving,  at  their  Monthly  Meetings, 
to  be  held  at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kennington,  on  the  following 
days,  viz. :  Thursday.  I5th  April,  13th  May,  17th  June,  15th 
July,  19th  August,  2d  September,  14th  October,  llth  November, 
and  9ih  December  ;  in  addition  to  the  regular  exhibitions  as 
above.  The  Rules,  List  of  Prizes,  iic,  may  he  obtained  from 
the  Secretary,  Mr.  J.  T.  Neville,  Ebenezer  House,  Peckham, 
Surrey, 

SCOTTISH  GARDENERS'  AND  LAND 
STEWARDS'  ASSOCIATION. 
ELECTION  OF  ANNUITANTS. 
NOTICE  i«  hereby  given,  that  all  persona  intending  to 
become  Candidates  at  the  ensuing  Election  of  Pensioners  on 
ihe  Fuoda  of  this  Institution,  must  send  in  their  applications 
on  or  before  the  Ist  of  May.  Printed  Forms  may  be  obtained 
of  the  Secretary,  By  order, 

CiJAELEa  Lawsoh,  Jun.,  Hon.  Sec. 
2,  George  IV.  Bridge,  Edinburgh,  April  5. 
%•  Receipts  for  Subscrip'.ions  for  1851^2,  due  on  lat  Juue 
Jflit.  He  at  tbe  office. 


A  ZALEA  INDICA.— Selections  from  the  following 
XX  rarieiies,  'Ja.  to  21j.  per  doz..  very  strong  plants  :— Alba 
magna,  iiinticens,  EdmonrJsil,  Glory  of  Sunning  Hill,  Ilol- 
deiiii,  optima,  carmiuata,  alba  lutescens,  splendens,  delecta 
Priuce  Albert,  prr^ctarla,  triumphacB,  Hebe,  obtusa,  punici- 
flura,  coronata,  Mioerva,  Perryaoa,  Cupid,  vivican?,  Qua. 
qoeror,  coccinea  superb,  laterilia  grandiflora,  mcgnifica  plena 
roiea  luperba.  Incomparable,  Fulgens,  modesta,  variegata 
bUnda.  rosea  punctata,  semi-duplex  maculate,  Lawrenceann, 
Broughtoiili,  l-iukeof  Deroanbire. 

htove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  in  great  variety,  12*  to  24^ 
perdozoo, 

fiirong  well-establUhcd  plants  of  the  newest  and  best  kinds 
of  Pacijslai,  Df.  to  lUt.  imT  d>  zeo. 

pine  new  and  ihow  varieties  of  Ptlargoniums,  in  48-ftIztd 
pots,  very  BtroDg,  bushy  plant*,  'J$.  to  'nn.  per  dozen, 

Dablliiii,  all  tiiB  leading  kinds  of  fi.nn<jr  years,  toKOtbor  with 
lbs  novelties  of  the  preH*;nt  iteas(>n,  from  ';«.  per  dozen. 

A  discrlptlvo  Spring  Cttialo,(uo  will  be  itnt  on  application. 
_^Bow«r  Nurseries,  Malditonc,  Ajirll  17. 

FRESH  I.VIPOKTED  GERM  AN  A.STEIIS 
bTOuKS,  ZINNEAH,  UAL8AM8,  HOLLYHOCKS.  &c,- 
A  CooatgDmout  of  a  nupcrlijr  stock  of  the  abuve  linn  recently 
beta  iwktitt  by  onu  of  tbe  principal  Continental  FlorlntD  to 
Mc^ari.  Ht;TT0M  and  Hows,  Heading,  Ihrhi,  w/to  u/Ul  icnd.  j>ott 
ftu,  Uj  an^  pari  of  the  Kingdr/ia,  a  choice  atnortment  of  MtocltH, 
A«t«r«,  Hollyhocks,  or  JJaJsums  for  6j.  or  lOi.  Alio  n  cholcu 
ttstortment,  Including  all  the  above-named  and  other  choice 
OermMn  ftecd*.  for  'Hii. 

April  M  thi  hut  rnonth  to  bow  Oerrnan  PUmcr  Sccdn. 
A^Wreii,  JouH  boiTyM  ood  Som,  Seed  Qroweri,  il**dlng, 


MORTON'S   YELLOW    GLOBE   MANGOLD. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.  have  purchased 
a  vety  superior  StocTc  of  Seed,  saved  by  J,  C, 
Morton f  Esq.,  of  Whitfield,  Qloucestershire,  which  is  now 
offered  by  retail,  at  lOd.  per  lb. 

All  other  kinds  of  Agricultural  Seeds  can  he  obtained,  of  the 
best  and  most  genuine  quality,  at  tbe  lowest  market  prices. 

William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  by  special 
Appuintuent,  to  the  South  Devon  Agricultural  Association, 
and  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Prince  Edward's  Island. 

PRIZE  MANGOLD  WURZEL.— The  quality  of  a 
crop  of  Mangold  Wurzel  depends  very  materially  upon 
the  size  and  the  shape  of  the  bulbs  from  which  the  seed  is 
saved;  and  we  have,  after  several  years'  selection,  obtained 
a  very  superior  stock  of  the  YELLOW  GLOBE-SHAPED 
MANUOLD. 

We  are  daily  receiving  orders  from  customers,  desiring  us  to 
send  the  same  sort  as  last  year;  and  a  Clergyman  writioE 
from  Ripon,  Yorkshire.  Sdya— "I enalose  you  a  list  of  the  Prizes 
which  I  obtained,  mostly  from  your  seeds.  The  Mangold  loas  the 
best  I  ener  saw."  And  a  eentleman  writes  from  Torquay — "  i" 
had  a  splendid  crop  of  each  sort  of  ^fa»gold.  but  the  YeUow  Globe 
are  the  best,  ^fy  neighbours  all  a^k  vie  where  I  procured  my  seed, 
so  you  may  expect  many  orders  from  this  part." 

\Ve  have  al^o  good  stocks  of  Long  Red,  Red  Globe,  and  Long 
Yellow.  Price  of  either  sort,  8d.  P**""  ^b»  in  small  Qdanti- 
ties,  or  fid,  per  lb.  in  quantities  oF  not  less  than  28  lbb. 

Also,  TKDE  LARGE  WHITE  BELGIAN  CARROT,  9d. 
per  lb.,  or  60s.  p^R  Cwt.  in  Qctantitieb  of  mot  less  than 

28   LBS. 

Carnage  free  as  see  our  A  dvertisement  in  the  Gaedeners* 

Chronicle  of  2Qth  March. 

*^*  iTistructions  on  the  Cultivation  of  Root  Crops 

will  be  enclosed  in  each  parcel. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons.  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


J  OHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  offer  the  under- 

*-^  named  novelties,  which  they  recommend  with  coiitidence. 
Plants  of  each  5s.,  in  May.  Discount  to  tbe  Trade,  when  three 
are  ordered, 

IIELIOTROPIUM  ALBICANS.— This  Is  the  best  light  Ilelio- 
trope  for  bedding  yet  offered.  The  general  tffect  ia  a  good 
WHITE,  with  dark  green  foli^ige,  rendering  it  very  conspicuous. 

FUCHSIA,  "THE  FAIRY."— Tube,  waxy  pale  flesh,  sepals 
delicately  tipped  with  bright  pink  :  corolla  edged  with  carmine. 
Altogether  the  most  pleasing  and  novel  Fuchsia  yet  sent  out. 

Nuraery,  Hammersmith,  near  London. 


DILLISTONE  AND  CO.,  of  the  Nurseries,  Sturraer, 
beg  to  ofr.-r — 
Fine  varieties  of  Geraniums,  6a.,  Os.,  and  123.  per  dozen. 

„  Fuchsias,  43.,  63.,  and  Ss.  per  dozen. 

Bedding  Plants  of  all  the  popular  kinds,  23.  Gd.  to  63.  p.  doz. 
Herbaceous  Plants,  showy  good  klndu,  4a.  p.  doz.,  3(ls.  p.  100. 
Double  Major  White  Rocket,  23.  tid.  per  doz.,  I63.  per  100. 
Hollyhock,  strong  blooming  seedlings,  from  tho  best,  23.  Gd. 
per  doz.,  153,  per  100.  Seed  from  named  flowers,  I3.  per  100 
seeds. 

A  few  dozens  of  the  moat  popular  Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses 
to  nparo,  on  iho  Manettli  stock  ;  price  upon  application, 

I'oxt.ofllco  orders  payable  at  llalstcad    or   nivurliill.      AJl 
orders  ab^vo   U.  pnld  tn  LonHon, 


THE    BLACK    BARBAROSSA    GRAPE. 
lOHN  liUTCHEKbegsto  state  that  he  Iius  still  on 

"  Sale  Kood  fruiting  pIiiutM,  and  one  >oiir  old,  of  tlio  above 
splendid  Lute  Grupi-,  lutroducud  from  ihe  Continent  by  0.  T. 
Ward,  Kn<i.,  Olopion  Ilous",  Sfralford-on-Avon  ;  was  txliibllcd 
in  JiiLuury,  I8i0,  ut  the  Horticultural  Rooms,  Hcgoiit.HtrLt  t, 
London,  for  which  u  Ccrtitlcute  wan  granted;  ami  In  lldCH,  on 
tho  10th  of  Jaiiuiiry,  u  liui.kttiun  mcflal  was  nwurdud  it. 
Pamllle*  requiring  lute  Grapes  will  iiiid  ihw  BarljHroHHu  a 
*plondld  late  Giapf;,  and  will  be  In  line  condition  In  March, 
when  Grapt*  are  Hultlng  In  Covent  Garden  mai  kut  from  l&s.  to 
20«.  per  lb.  Fine  KruUlng  I'lantH,  IO5.  tid.  ouch ;  ono  year  dtt., 
Bj.  ihl.  eiH-h.  London  Agcut,  Mr.  F.  Waunbb,  8tod  Merchant, 
28,  Corublll.— Btratford-ou-AvoD,  April  17, 


FIRST    CLASS    VERBENAS,    FUCHSIAS,    CINERARIAS, 
PETUNIAS,  ETC  ,  ETC.,  ALSO    STRONG    PLANTS, 

NOW  SENDING  OUT. 

G  SMITH'S  SEEDLING  VERBENAS  surpass  any 
•  of  the  English  or  Continental  varieties  ;  and  ure  quite 
equal  and  distinct  from  those  superb  Verbenas  scot  out  by 
G.  S,  last  spring,  viz.  :— Smith's  British  Queen,  Eucbantress, 
Exquisite,  Graudis,  Voltigcur,  Shylock,  &,c.,  *fec.  The  follow- 
ing set  of  12  for  21.,  G  for  25s.,  or  5s,  per  plant  :— 

ALBA  MAGNA,  very  large,  of  tioe  form  ;  greatly  admired  at 
the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Awarded  a  tirLt-class  certificate 
at  tbe  Norih  London  Society, 

DELIGHT  (YouisG),  bright  rosy  crimson,  lemon  eye,  sur- 
rounded with  a  deeper  shade,  which  gives  the  flower  an  exqui- 
site appearance,  pips  and  truss  large  and  smooth  on  the  edge. 

ARIEL,  white  eye,  pink,  surrouuded  with  rosy  purple,  pip 
very  large,  smooih  on  the  edge,  trass  large.  Awarded  a' 
pieiuier  prize  at  the  London  Floricultural  Society  as  the  best 
seeiJling  fdocy  Verbena,  and  likewise  at  tbe  Korth  London  as 
the  best  Verbena. 

ELIZA  COUK,  purple,  crimson  eye,  ttuss  large,  of  exquisite 
form  ;  a  beautitul  variety,  highly  recommended  by  the  National 
FloricuUural  Society, 

KOH-i-NOOIl,  colour  dark  rose,  with  a  darker  centre,  pipff 
L-stra  large,  verj  flat  and  even  on  the  edge,  truss  large  ;  recom- 
mended by  the  National  Society.  First  class  at  the  Roynl 
South  London,  with  extra  money  prize,  and  firot  class  at  ibe 
North  London. 

NATIONAL,  shaded  red,  white  eye,  of  exquisite  form,  Urge. 
Certificate  at  the  National  Royal  South  London  and  North. 
London,  with  money  prizes. 

ORLANDO,  lilac  blue,  very  large,  in  the  way  of  Mrs.  Mills,, 
but  larger,  and  a  ltttl#darker.  Certificate  at  the  Natiynal  and 
Royal  Surrey  Gardens  ;  alao  a  money  prize, 

PURPLE  iUVAL,  light  purple  eye,  white  pip,  large,  truss 
very  large,  of  fine  form.     Certificate  at  the  National  Society. 

STANDARD,  rosy  salmon,  eye  white,  surrounded  with  rosy 
scarlet,  very  large  and  fine;  first  class  at  the  London  Flori- 
cuUural Society. 

MiSS  JaNE,  white  eye,  yellow,  surrounded  with  bright  rose 
pip,  and  iru^s  very  large  and  compact, 

VIRGIN  lUS,  rich  purplish  blue,  pip  and  truss  very  large, 
of  extra  fine  form.  First  class  at  the  Royal  South  London, 
and  a  money  prize  at  the  London  FloricuUural  Si'tiety. 

MONSIKUR  JU.LLIEN  tYooNQi,  dazzling  crimson  scarlet, 
truss  of  fine  form.    This  will  be  a  fiaebeddmg  or  show  variety, 

FUCHSIAS. 

G.  S.  begs  to  offer  the  four  following  Fuchsias,  raised  by 
B.  Banks,  Esq.,  as  he  feels  assured  they  will  give  as  much 
satisfaction  as  those  sent  out  by  him  in  former  sea^ions,  such 
as  Alpha,  Kossuth,  Dr.  Smith,  Orion,  Ne  flue  Ultra,  and 
Sedonia,  whicn  have  all  proved  themselves  to  be  first-rate 
varieties  for  exhibition. 

NIL  DESPEKANDUM,  tube  waxy,  bright  scarlet,  sepals 
broad,  well  rt  flexed,  corolla  deep  violet,  of  great  subatance,  finely 
formed,  a  free  bloomer  and  of  free  growth,  the  finest  dark  yet 
offered.  Was  awarded  a  certificate  at  the  National  Floricul- 
tural  Society,  the  Royal  South  Londonfirst  class,  and  a  premium. 
as  the  best  dark,  and  first-class  at  the  North  Loudon  Society. 
7s.  Gd. 

LEADER,  tube  and  Sepals  crimson,  corolla  violet  purple,  of 
good  form,  a  free  grower  and  bloomer.  Awarded  a  first  class 
certificate  at  the  Kojal  South  London.'    63. 

ARIEL,  tube  white,  very  etout,  sepals  broad  nflexed,  corolla 
vermilion  scarlet,  of  great  substance,  a  eplendid  contrast,  a 
good  grower  and  a  iree  bloomer,  a  noble  variety.     7s.  Gd. 

JOaN  of  ARC,  thown  as  "Beauty  of  Deal"  (the  name  is 
altered  in  consequence  of  one  being  previously  called  so),  colour 
waxy  white,  tube  stout  aud  well  formed,  corolla  r'  sy  scarlet,  of 
exquisite  form,  free  growth  and  good  habit.    73.  Sd. 

SEEDLING    CINERARIAS. 

ALBA  MAGNA  (Smith),  white,  purple  disc,  fine  form;  a 
certificate  awarded  at  the  National  Floricultuial  Society. 
10s.  Gd. 

QUEEN  OF  BEAUTIES  (Smith),  pure  white,  of  goodhabit^ 
very  superior  outline  and  general  symmetry;    awarded  four 
first  class  certificates  and  money  prizes  at  tlie  Royal  South 
London  Floricultural  Society,  as  the  best  seedling  exhibited*  , 
10s.  Gd. 

SURPRISE  (LocuNER),  rosy  purple,  disc  light,  good,  genwal 
habit;  recommetided  at  the  National  for  its  desirable  iormj 
three  other  certificates.    7s.  Gd, 

NEW    AND    DISTINCT    PETUNIAS 

(OFfKBED  FOB  THE  FIRST  TIME). 

AJAX  (YouKG),  rosy  purple,  flower  large,  flat  and  emooth  on 
tho  edge,  throat  light,  veined  with  puce,  extra  fine,  and  well 
adapted  tor  bt^dding,  Hs.  l>d. 

JOAN  OF  ARC  (VoDNO),  bright  roBo,  flow  cr  largo,  flat  and 
round,  tlirout  white,  very  attractive.     83  Gd, 

UNIQUE  (Smith),  roHy  plnU,  bi-autiiully  striped  with  rich 
purple  'iiko,  throat  dark,  ihu  corolla  round,  flat,  and  of  great 
Bub-tjncf.    as.  Gd. 

WHITE  GIANT  (PAiiHONa),  this  splendid  flower  will  be 
found  to  bo  u  groat  acquisition  to  the  flower  garden,  it  is  of 
great  suhBtaiice,  and  extra  largo.     Ss.  i.id. 

MARY  ANN  (Pausons),  rose,  veined  with  rich  purple,  good 
form  and  eubslnnco,  free  bloomer.    83.  Gd. 

CRISTAMEL  (I'AEsonp),  roi-y  pink,  evenly  veined  with  rosy 
j)ui  pic,  Ihi'oat  dark,  corolla  of  great  Hubstanco,  flut  and  smooth 
on  Iho  edge,  cxtrii,  lia.  GU  ;  tho  sot  of  six,  10s. 

All  Oiders  ciircluDy  piicki  d,  with  plants  to  coniiionsato  for 
currl.igo.  Hmull  I'lantii  can  be  forwarded  safely  to  any  piirt.  of 
tho  Kingdom  poHC  free.  Unknown  corruspondcntH  forwarding 
a  romtttanco  with  thoir  orders  will  bo  liberally  dealt  wiib- 
Pout-ofllcu  orders  puyablo  at  Inltngton. 

Tolllngton  Nursery,  Ilovnsey  Road,  laUogton,  London, 


242 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[April  17, 


PEEIIAMEIT    PASTURE  AMD    OTHER    GRASSES, 


SUITED  TO  THE  SOILS    REQUIRED. 


BASS      AND      BROWN 

BEG    TO    OFFER  THEIR   VERY  SUPERIOR    MIXTURES,  as   under,  for  laying   down    Permanent 
Pastures,  Ac.    Their  AgricuUural  Seed  List,  which  contains  the  sorts  separately  priced,  maj  be  had  prepaid. 

Per  acre. — 3. 
MIXTURES  FOR  PEHMANENT  PASTtlRE  ON  LIGHT  LANDS,  allowing  3  bushels  and  9  lbs.  to  each  acre    2i 

MIXTURES  FOR  DITTO,  ON  IIEAVr  LANDS         27 

MIXTURES  FOR  PARKS  OR  PERMANENT  LAWN   PASTURES        ...         .'. 2Ss.  to  32 

MIXTURES  FOR  FINE  LAWNS,  BOWLING  GREENS,  &c 34s., to  38 

MIXTURES  FOR  MARSHY  GROUNDS,  or  .Meadows  subject  toflood    ■..;        245.  to  28 

MIXTURES  FOR  ORCHARDS,  &c.,  much  orershadcd  by  trees 24s.  to  30 

MIXTURES  FOR  SOU.S  OF  ALL  DESCRIPTION'S,  to  be  laid  down  with  the  proper  kinds  and  proportions  requisite, 

MIXTURE  FOR  RENOVATING  OLD  PASTURES,  per  lb 0  10 

MIXTURE  FOR  FINE  LAWNS  IN  FLOWER  GARDENS,  per  lb.  1    0 

Our  locality,  and  our  long  experience  and  practice  in  collecting  several  species  amd  lands  of  the  Grasses  natural 
to  our  ouyti  neighbourhood,  for  a  considerable  distance  romid,  enables  us  to  supply  them  either  separately  or  in 
mixtures  as  low  as  any  house  in  the  trade.  We  also  import  many  of  tlie  most  useful  sorts  from  the  Continent,  and 
some  wc  receive  from  other  localities. 

Our  Collection  consists  of  all  the  most  useful  and  best  lands  for  tlie  pmposes  required.  TJie  mixtures  will  be 
foimd  excellent,  and  have  given  the  highest  satisfaction.  p^^.  bushel.— s.  d. 

TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE  GRASS,  EncHsh  and  Imported Cs.  6<J.  to  7    o' 

FINE  SCOTCH  PA-GEY  AND  COM.MON  RYE-GRASSES         ■ 4s.        to  6    0 

STICKNEY'S  I.MPROVBD  RYE.ORASS        0    6 

LUCERNE,  ALSIKE,  SUCKLING,  AND  OTHER  CLOVERS. 
DRUMHEAD  CABBAGE  ;  also  True  Stocks  of  all  the  best  varities  of  TURNIPS,  MANGOLD  WURZEL,  &c.,  atlholowestprioea. 

EVERY   DESCRIPTION    OF  AGRICULTURAL   AND    GARDEN    SEEDS. 

OUR  CtEMRAL  descriptive  seed  and  plant  list  for  1852, 

CONTAINING  3G  PAGES,  SUPPLIED  FREE  BY  POST  FOR  FOUR  PENNY  STAMPS. 

Goods  delivered  Free  to  London,  Colchester,  Ipswich,  Korwieh,  or  any  Station  on 
the  same  Line  of  Railway.    

SEED   AND   HORTICULTURAL   ESTABLISHMENT,  SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

ESTABLISHED   ABOUT   HALF   A   CENTURY. 


TT'UCHSIAS.—  The    following    distinct    fine    NEW 

J-      VARIETIES,  raised  by  E.  Banes,  Esq.,  aod  warranted 
^ive  hfitialactiun  to  the  purchaser;  — 

DIADEM. — Rich  crim&on  tube  and  sepals,  fine  shaped  dark 
purple  corolla  ;  sepals  reflex,  beautifully  rosembling  the  Turk's 
Cap  Lily.     7s.  6d. 

BEAUTY  OF  DEAL.— White  tube,  with  bright  vermillion 
corolla  ;  opens  well,  of  cood  eubstance,  and  free  bloomer. 
7b.  Qd, 

CORTONA.— Crimson  tube  and  sepals,  corolla  almostblack  ; 
a  distinct  good  variety,  sepals  reflex  well.     7s.  6d, 

GAIETY.— Blush  tube  and  sepals,  lilac  purple  corolla  ;  very 
dissimilar  and  novel.     7s.  Gd. 

HONEY  BELL.— White  tube  and  sepal?,  lilac  corolla ;  re- 
flexes well,  good  stout  flower.    73.  Gd.      <- 

NONSUCH.— Crimson,  dark  purple  corolla;  good  shape, 
small  fiee  bloomer.    5s. 

i    L' ELEGANTE    (Turner).— White,   vermillion  corolla;    re. 
flexed  sepals,  and  good  habit.    5s. 

TERHIO  {Turner}.- Dark  crimson,  dark  purple  corolla; 
reflexed  flue  flower.    5s. 

Strong  plants  are  now  ready, 

C.  Tdrner,  Royal  Nursery,  Slough. 


TMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pro- 

J-  curing  sound  Seed  is  the  surest  means  to  have  a  good  crop. 
We  have  now  left  only  a  few  Tong  of  YORK  REGENTS, 
CAMBltlDGE  RADICAL,  AMERICAN,  NATIVE,  AND 
WHITE. BLOSSOMED  KIDNEY  POTATOES,  the  produce  of 
ouv  last  year's  prepared  cuttings,  at  prices  formerly  advertised. 
Prepared  cuttings  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May :—  s,  d. 

York  Regents  per  1000    10    6 

American  Native ,,  10     G 

Cambridge  Radical  ,,         10    6 

Early  Oxford  ,,  15     0 

Packages,  for  1000,  \s.  ;  2000,  I3.  6d.  ;  5000,  2s.  Qd. 
No  orders  will  be  provided  for  which  are  not  to  hand  early 
in  April.     Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough 
Office  to  Hat,  Sanostee  and  Co.,  Newington  Butts. 

London,  6th  March,  1852.— Subjoined  is  the  analysis  of  two 
highly  respectable  Chemists,  of  our  stock  in  hand  :— 

"  London,  March  12,  1852, 
*  We  have  now  completed  our  examination  of  a  sample  ot 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepaied  cuttings  in  comparison 
with  another  sample  of  the  same  denomination,  obtained  by 
ourselves  from  a  highly  respectable  Potato  salesman,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
each,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
favour,  viz.:-  Starch. 

"Those  grown  fromyourprepared  cuttings...  17    percent. 

Potatoes  from  Salesman        12i  per  cent. 

"Maueice  Soanlan,  F.C.S. 
,,.,  "  Alpeed  Andeeson,  P.C.S. 
"Meesrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
18,  Cumberland-place,  Newington  Butts." 

A   NEW   SEEDLING    POTATO 
TI/TESSRS.     WHEELER    and     SON     have    much 
J-TX     pleasure  in  ofi'ering  a  New  Seedling  Potato,  called 
"THE  PRINCE  OF   WALES." 

It  is  an  excellent  Early  Potato,  in  fact  one  of  the  earliest  in 
cultivation  ;  so  early  that  it  escapes  the  disease  more  than  any 
other  variety.  It  is  a  great  bearer,  of  excellent  quality,  and, 
as  we  have  a  good  stock,  we  can  nffer  it  at  a  low  price.  We 
have  much  pleasure  in  adding  the  following  extract  from  the 
Oardentrs'  Chronicle  and  Agricultural  Oamette  of  the  12th  of 
April,  1851 : — 

"  Peince  of  Wales  Potato  :  Messes.  Wheelee,  0/  Gloucester. 
We  can  speak,  from  personal  experience,  to  the  excellent 
quality,  productivenuss,  and  earliness  ot  this  variety." 

We  can  offer  it  at  2«.  ed.  per  peck,  or  9i.  per  bushel,  bag  and 
package  included.  All  quantities  of  a  bushel  and  upwards 
would  be  delivered  carriage  free  to  any  Railway  Station  in 
England  or  Wales. 

J.  C.  Wheelee  and  Son,  99,  Northgate-street,  Gloucester. 
SocfeT^"^^^  ^^^   Seedsmen  to  the    Gloucester   Agricultural 


A 


WICKS'    AFRICAN     SELECTION    FOR    1852. 

cx-^V.^L'"'-'*'''''''"  PE"  ■■^HIP  ■■  PERSIA." 

SELECTION  OF  NEW  AND  RARE  PLANTS 
and  oX?.''Li"'''"i'  S:'^  Yellow,  Fapilionacfods,  Buck, 
t^tre,nelvvah»Srf  PELARGONIDMS,  which  will 'be  found 
of  do  rblJ  (IT  A  t  ,i  V  Hybridis.ng;  olso  Hve  species  andcolours 
GLADIOT  TISF«  '  nTn?'"  "'""'''=''  "'■  LAChENALIA.  yellow 
too  nnienmt^L  r"VP'"'"' <"  ''"'"'«•  B''"'»,  Seeds.  Ac, 
to  be  Been  iv  »„^r?  ''"'''•  "'■■■'  *P'="i-'="8  of 'the  Flower 
^U^B.^rratXTJ^Sis^rre/IS^.^"-'^--''--". 


TROUBLE    ITALIAN    TUBEROSE    ROOTS,    4s. 

-L-'  per  dozen. — The  annual  importation  ot  the  above-named 
beautiful  and  fragrant  Flower  has  just  been  leceived,  and 
large  and  well  selected  Bulbs  may  be  obtained,  without  disap- 
pointment, at  A.  Cobbett's  Foreign  Warehouse,  13,  Pall-mall. 
N.B.  Primed  regulations  lor  treatment  sent;  also,  just 
arrived,  very  moist  and  open  Par:»iasan  Cheeses. 


L^INE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  ior  laying  down 

^        Land. —  Hand-picked  Seud    at    S-ts.    per   acre,    allowing 
3  bushels  of  the  mixed  Grass  Seed  and  G  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre.            Henet  Claeke,  Seed  Merchant, 
39.  Kinj-fttreet.  Covent-garden.  London. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS 
EMPEROR    STOCK,    a     perennial  species,-  and  hardy 
liOO  seeds.  Is. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
500  (if  the  latter,  Is.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTIS  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  very  beautiful ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALENDHINIA  UMBELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
and  most  brilliant  flowering  of  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds.  Is. 
SWEET  WILLIAM-,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds,  1$. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

Jetes  nnd  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northiimpton. 


T^  EW  FARM  SEEDS.— I'/ie  attention  of  all  engaged 
X\  in  Farming  Operations  is  respectfully  directed  to 
the  Advertisenient  of  Messrs.  Wm.  E.  Rendle  and  Co., 
PlynioiUk,  which  appeared  on  tlte  hack  page  of  this  News- 
2mper  ON  Saturday,  March  27,  page  20S. 
Our  General    Descriptive    Price  Catalogue  ot 

Farm  Seeds 

Is  now  ready,  and  can  be  had  in  exchange  forone  penny  stamp. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Rendle  and  Co., 

Seed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 
ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY, SUFFOLK. 

DASS  AND  BROWN'S  ANNUAL  SEED  AND 
■--^  PLANT  LIST  FOE  1852,  containing  36  pa^es,  now  sup- 
plied, prepaid,  for  four  postage  stamps,  aa  the  newspaper- 
stamped  copies  are  distributed.  A  few  more  stamped  copies 
of  the  Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  the  Roses,  Hardy 
Plants,  Climbers,  Prize  Gooseberries,  &c. 

VEGETABLE    SEEDS, 

OF    THE    VEET     best    SOETS    IN    CDLTIVATION. 
ASSORTED    COLLECriUNS.  50s.,  30s.,  20s.,   and  10s.  Gd., 
or  any  sorts  supplied  separate,  at  the  lowest  prices,  for  first- 
rate  quality.    Ste  Catalogue. 

FLOWER    SEEDS, 

feee  bt  post. 

Uaeful  printed  instructions  for  sowing  and  raising  seeds  sent 

with  each  order, 

BEST     ASSORTMENTS. 

100  varieties  best  and  newest  Annuals £0  15     0 

50  varieties,  85.  6d.  ;  30  varieties,  6s.  6d. ;  20  varieties  0  4  0- 
20  varieties  of  best  Dwarf  Annuals,  large  paokets, 

for  filling  out  lawn  beds,  &c 0    7    6 

12  varieties,  do 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Annuals   ..', 

12  varieties,  do 

20  varieties  choice  and  new  Greenhouse  Perennials 
12  varieties,  do. 

20  varieties  choice  und  new  Biennials  and  Perennials 
12  varieties,  do. 

CHOICE  imported'german  seeds." 

A  superb  collection  of  Stocks,  Asters,  Wallflower,  Larkspur, 
Balsams,  Senecio,  Zinnia,  Cockscomb,  Indian  Pink,  d:c.  See 
Catalogue,  page  4. 

•  ^  GRASSSEEDS, 

Assorted  and  mixed,  of  the  very  best  sorts,  for  the  purposes 
required.  "^     *^ 

Mixtures  for  Permanent  Pastures,  Park  Mixtures,  and 
Mixtures  for  fine  Lawns,  Bowling-greens,  &c. ;  also  Mixtures 
to  suit  all  soils  and  situations. 

For  priced  List  of  Grasses,  see  our  Seed  and  Plant  List, 
pace  U,  by  which  each  sort  may  be  had  separatelv. 
TRUE  ITALIAN  RYE-GRASS,  ENGLISH  and  IMPORTED. 

^F  Our  Mixtures  of  Grasses  have  given  the  highest  satis- 
faction. 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.  Post- 
office  orderH  to  be  made  payable  to  Bass  and  Reown,  or  to 
Stephen  Bbown,  Goods  sent  carriage  free  to  London, 
Ipswich,  Norwich,  or  any  station  on  the  same  line, 

ESTABLISHED  ABOUT  HALF  A  CENTURY. 


0  10 
0  7 
0  7 
0    5 


CARNATIONS,    PICOTEES,    PINKS,    PANSIES,    ETC. 
]  OHN  HOLLAND,  Bradshaw  Gardens,  Middleton, 

^  Lancashire,  respectfully  informs  Gentlemen,  &c.  &c.,  that 
he  grows  a  large  collection  of  CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES 
in  mixture,  yet  each  class  is  kept  separate,  and  consists  of 
Scarlet,  Pink,  and  Purple  Bizarres  ;  Scarlet,  Rose,  aud  Purple 
Flakes  ;  Purple,  Red,  and  Rose-edged  Picotee?,  and  offers 
them  at  6d.  per  pair.  If  25  or  more  pairs  are  taken,  hamper 
and  packing  free. 

25  Pairs  of  PINKS      Ss.Od. 

25  best  show  PANSIES         10     0 

Post-oflBce  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  Middleton,  Lancashire, 
AURICULAS,  ALPINES,  POLYANTHUS,  &c.  &c. 


NEW  AND  BEAUTIFUL  PLANTS,  now  ready 
to  be  sent  out  from  the  PINE-APPLE  NURSERY,  by 
A.  HENDERSON  and  CO.,  Pine-apple  Place,  Edgeware  Road, 
London. 

ANTIRRHINUM  PRIMROSE  PERFECTION  (Edwards's). 
—Clear  primrose  yellow,  of  a  fine  upright  growih,  combined 
with  an  excellent  dwarf  close  and  bushy  habit;  flowers  indi- 
vidually large.  As  a  showy  hardy  herbaceous  bedding  plant, 
few  can  equal  this  for  its  brilliant  and  chaste  colour,    bs. 

BALSAMIA  LATIFOLIA  ALBA  (from  Ceylon).— This  very 
beautiTul  plant  has  an  elegant  light  green  foUai-e,  and  a  dwarf 
branching  habit,  Its  manner  of  floweriog  and  form  of  bloom 
are  like  the  well-known  Balsamia  latifulia,  except  in  colour. 
Flowers  snowy  white,  large,  and  of  a  waxy  lexture.  This  fine 
plant  was  received  from  the  Superintendent  of  the  Ceylon 
Botanic  Garden,  as  Impatiens  latifolia  alba. — N.B.  This  will 
prove  a  valuable  exhibition  plant,  flowering  as  it  does  so  abun- 
dantly, and  during  the  months  when  exhibitions  geoerally  take, 
plitce,     10s,  G(^ 

DILLWYNIA  SCABRA.— This  very  beautiful  and  rare 
evergreen  shrub  has  been  long  known  to  botanists,  but  has 
only  recently  been  introduced  by  A.  Hendebson  and  Co.  In 
habit  it  is  dwart  and  branching,-  producing  veiy  copiously 
innumerable  clusters  of  bright  rich  scarlet  pua-shaped  flowers 
with  a  brilliant  yellow  edge.  It  possesses  the  pLcoliar  merit  of 
throwing  out  its  <;lusters  of  flowers  all  up  the  stem,  each  cluster 
having  9  to  10  fliiwers.  As  an  exhibition  pl^ut  it  will  stand 
pre-eminently  forward.     21s. 

PULTENiEA  EllICOIDBS.— A  very  distinct  and  pretty  flower- 
ing evergreen  greenhuuse  shrub,  having  small  leaves  similar  to 
an  Erica,  and  flowers  of  a  yellow  brown  and  rosy  purple  hue, 
produced  in  heads  on  the  apex  of  the  branches.  It  is  a  profuse 
bloomer,  and  can  easily  be  trained  to  fotm  a  compact  bush,  as 
it  never  attains  a  large  size.    10s.  Qd. 

DILLWYNIA  DRUMMONDIL— This  very  fine  plant,  with 
vivid  L:reen  foUaae,  is  an  evergreen  shrub  ot  slender  habit,  pro- 
ducing most  freely  its  pea-shaped  blossoms  ;  fJuwers,  buflf  and 
red,  with  a  yellow  centre.  This  is,  without  exception,  one  ot 
the  most  beautiful  amongst  the  many  fine  plants  from  Aus- 
tralia.   21s. 

GLOXINIA  TRICOLOR.— Colours  clear  waxy  rose,  edges 
lighter,  approaching  to  white,  with  a  beautiful  and  peculiar 
purplish  tinge  in  the  throat.  Shnpe  fine,  expanding  after  the 
manner  of  the  well-known  G.  grandis,  which,  for  form  and 
unique  shape,  stands  conspicuous  at  the  head  of  this  lovely 
tribe  of  fl'iwers.     7s.  6rf. 

GREVILLEA  LATENDULACEA  (of  Hentrey),  Stn.  ROSEA 
(of  Lindley).— This  has  been  most  justly  dtscribed  by  Dr. 
Lindley  as  "the  verj'  handsomest  ot  all  the  Grevilleas."  A 
very  beautiful  unique  shrub,  of  a  slender  growih,  producing  its 
rich  rosy  red  flnwers  very  copiously.  In  stylo  of  growth  and 
bloom  it  ia  like  G.  rosmarinifolia,  but  is  much  more  elegant  in 
appearance,  and  a  freer  bloomer.    2Is. 

DILLWYNIA  CINNABARINA.— A  lovely  and  neat  ever- 
green shrub  from  New  Holland.  Flowers  profusely  ;  colour  a 
rich  cinnabar  or  orange-scarlet,  foliage  dark  green,  and  thickly 
set  on  robust  stems.  An  extra  desirable  plant  for  the  exhi- 
bition tent,  and  for  decorative  purpose,  ei'her  as  a  pot  plant  or 
to  be  planted  in  the  border  of  a  conservatory.    21s. 

THE  GIANT  SCARLET  GERANIUM  "  DEFIANCE."— This 
very  remarkable  Geranium  is  a  cross,  or  seedling,  between 
Rigby's  Queen  and  the  true  Shrnbland  ;  it  is  far  huperior  to 
either,  inasmuch  as  it  partakes  of  the  free  flowering  habit  of 
the  one,  with  the  large  trusses  of  flowers  and  foliage  of  the 
other.  lis  fine  habit,  wondrous  truss  (producing  generally 
100  flowers  on  every  head  of  bloom),  its  brilliant  colom*,  and 
magnificent  foliage,  render  this  a  truly  supeib  plant.  It  is  very 
suitable  for  large  beds,  for  training  against  walls  at  the  back 
of  conservatories,  and  as  a  single  plant  trained  bush  fashion- 
er as  a  pyramid  placed  on  a  lawn,  and  for  such  like  decorative 
purposes.    10s.  6d. 

G-LORIOSA  PLANTII  (Mr.  Plant's  Gloriosa).— This  will  be 
found  a  great  acquisition  to  that  fine  but  small  tribe  of  plants, 
the  Gloriosa.    A  considerable  number  of  its  roots  were  sent 
over  to  this  country  from  Natal,  in   southern  Africa,  by  Mr, 
Plant,  an  English  collector  settled  in  that  place,  who  discovered 
it  there,  and  it  is  named  after  him.     The  following  is  a  copy  of 
the  letter  he  sent  with  them:—    «    «    »    <•  1  believe  it  to  be 
undescribed ;  the  plant  does  not  rise  more  than  3  feet ;  the 
first  whorl  of  flowers  is  produced  about  1  foot  from  ilie  ground;  . 
a  second  and  a  third  are  afterwards  produced,  at  about  equal  ■ 
distances.    The  flowers  have  much  more  scarlet  in  them  thanJ 
is  common  in  G.  superba.    It  will  be  a  great  auquisiiion  inl 
England,  from  i's  brilliant  colour,  and  its  not  growing  tallerj 
than  Van  Houtte's  Alstromerias.     Quite  upright,  and  of  a  very* 
distinct  hsibit."    21s  I 

PHLOX    DRUMMONDII  AIAYIT   VARIEGATA.— A  beau-| 
tiful  purplish  crimson  and  white  flowered  Phlox ;  one  of  the! 
prettiest  varieties,  according  to  Dr.  Lindley,  that  has  ever  beenf 
raised  for  bedding  purposes  ;  it  will  also  be  very  valuable  for 
pot  culture.     The  plant  is  of  a  free  branching  habit,  and  an 
abundant  bloomer,  suitable  for  pegging  d&wu  io  beds,  or  for 
training  against  low  walls  ;    flowering  season    from  May  to 
November.     Among  bedding  plants  this  is,  no  doubt,  the  most 
lovely  gem  of  the  season,  and,   as  such,  far  superior  to  the 
"  Mountidn  of  Light."    10s..  Gd. 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDII  THOMPSONII.— A  variety  of  a 
most  brilliant  scarlet  maroon  colour,  with  a  purplish  eye.  It 
has  a  remarkably  bushy  and  free  branchiug  habit  of  growth, 
and  is  easily  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  yoang  branches. 
An  entire  bed  of  this  Phlox  would  be  very  efi^ective,  and  a  great 
addition  to  the  flower  garden.    5s. 

THE  GERANIUM  "  WHITE  UNIQUE."-Foliage  and 
habit  superior  to  the  old  purple  Unique,  with  leaves  highly 
scented.  It  produces  abundantly  its  trusses  of  whie  flowers, 
in  which,  being  of  a  globular  form,  every  bunch  ol  flower  is  a 
bouquet  ol  itself.  It  partakes  of  the  character  of  Tom  Thumb 
in  its  low  branching  habit ;  very  efl'ective  for  vases,  bedding, 
edgings,  or  lor  mixing  with  the  old  Unique.    15s. 

FANCY  GERANIUM  "  UNIQUE."  —  Top  petals  rlchj 
crimson,  with  clear  white  margin  ;  under  petals  white,  with  a^l 
belt  of  light  crimson ;  centre,  clear  white,  and  of  excellent! 
fcrm,     10s.  6d.  f 

FANCY  GERANIUM  "JEWESS."— Top  petals  deep  velvety* 
crimson,  with  while  margin  ;  under  petals  white,  spotted  with^ 
violet;  flowers  large,  and  of  fine  form;  habit  dwarf  and  com- 
pact.   10.?.  (id 

IPOMCEA  PALMATA,  figured  in  the  "Magazine  of  Botany," 
February,  1852. 

This  very  beautiful  climber  Is  suitable  for  a  greenhouse  or 
warm  border  out  of  doors  during  the  summer  and  autumn  . 
months  ;   flowers  most  profusely ;  colour  rose,  suffused  with  . 
purple  ;  foliage  ever  elegant  and  beautiful. 


16—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


243 


BASS  AND  BROWN'S  SEED  and  PLANT  LIST 
for  1852  (contaiain?  36  pages)  now  sent  prepaid  fur  four 
postage  stamps,  as  ihe  newspaper-stampetJ  copies  are  disposed 
of.  Also,  for  two  postage  stamps,  thoir  Autumn  Cataloj-ue, 
containing  ttie  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Uoses,  and  various 
select  and  new  Hardy  Plants,  Climbers,  die,  kept  for  sale  in 
.pots. — Seed  and  HorticuUural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 

AMERICAN    NURSERY,    BAGSHOT,   SURREY. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  that  be  has 
published  a  new  CATALOGUE  of  Hardy  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  Roses,  Conifers,  &c.,  and  which  may  be  obtained  by 
enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

The  colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation 
are  described;  thus  purchasers  are  afforded  every  facility  in 
making  selections. 

HOSEA  WATERER'S  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS,  ROSES,  dsc,  is 
jQSt  published,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  enclosing 
two  postage  stamps,  to  Mr.  Hobea  Wateeeb,  Knap  Hill 
Nursery,  WokiuLT,  Surrey. 

BAKER'S     DESCRIPTIVE      CATA- 

OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS,  CONIFERS, 
HOSES,  OKNAMENTAL  SHRUBS,  FRUIT  AND  FOREST 
TREES,  ifcc,  may  be  had  on  application,  by  enclosing  two 
postage  stamps.— Windlesham  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey. 


GEORGE 
LOGUE 


NOTICE.— HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  25.  6d. ;  GER- 
MAN ASTER  SEED,  la.;  SWEET  U'lLLIAM  SEED, 
Is.;  ANTIRRHINUM  SEED,  la.;  and  GIANT  SCARLET 
BROMPTON  STOCK  SEED,  Is.  per  packet.  CAPTIVATION 
CUCUMBER,  53  ;  PHENOMENA  CUCUMBER,  2s.  Cd.  ■ 
GOLDEN  BALL  MELON  SEEl>,  2s  6d. ;  and  BROMHAM 
HALL  MELON  SEED,  Is.  per  packet;  as  see  Oardowrs' 
■Chronide..  of  l&%t  week  for  the  former,  and  of  Feb,  21,  1852,  for 
the  latter. 

Good  sound  seeds  of  the  above  varieties  can  still  be  obtained, 
post  free,  on  enclosing  the  requisite  amount  in  penny  postage 
stamps. 

A  packet  of  each  of  the  above  five  varieties  of  Flower  Seeds 
will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  amount  of  Sa.,  postage  free. 

Edwabd  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Cborchyard,  Bath,  Somersetshire. 


DENDLE'S     NEW     PLANT    CATALOGUE     Cp  PPS'S    SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS 
-*-*  is  just  published,   and  can  be  had  in  exclmnae  for  1  -'^  ordered  by  and  may  bo  had  of  the  lolloniuL'  Nur 


one  'penny  stamp. 

It  contains  PRICES  of  all  the  newest  and  best  Geraniums, 
Dahlias,  Azaleas,  Antirrhinums,  Camellias,  Chrysanthemums, 
Cinerarias,  Fuchsias,  Petunias,  Calceolarias,  Ferns,  Lycopo- 
diurnp,  Greenhouse,  Stove,  and  Herbaceous  Plants. 

*,''  Oarriiige  paid  to  all  the  stations  on  the  Sodthehn  Rail- 
WAi-s.     See  Catalogue. 

William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Floriate  to  her  Majesty, 
Plymouth. 


STANDISH  AND  NOBLE'S  detailed  Advertisement 
will  appe:ir  in  this  Paper  on  the  first  Saturday  in  every 
Month,  to  which  they  invite  the  attention  of  all  interested  in 
HARDY  ORNaMKNTAL  PLANTS.  Their  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue,  with  the  Treatise  on  the  "Cultivation  of  American 
Plants,"  can  still  be  had,  by  enclosing  sis  stumps  for  postage. 
Gentlemen  requiring  the  services  of  a  Landscape  Gardener, 
can  procure  such  by  applying  to  the  Advertisers. 
Bagshot,  Surrey,  A pr i  1  17.  


PELARGONIUMS. 

CHARLES  TURNER  has  a  few  strong  plants  left 
of  the  tullowing  new  varieties,  to  dispose  of : — Foster's 
Ariadne,  Enchantreso,  Pulcha,  Purple  Standard,  Rubens,  and 
Shjlcck  ;  Hoyle's  Chieftain,  Colonel  of  the  Buffs,  Elise,  Gany- 
-2nede,  Magnet,  anri  Mochanna. 

Also  selections  of  approved  older  varieties,  at  303.  and  42s. 
per  doz- — Royal  Nursery,  Slough. 


-VjEW    VERBENAS— Ormsby    Beautt,   rich   rosy 

Jl^  purple,  distinct  in  colour  to  any  we  have  before;  large 
distinui  white  centre  ;  pip  large,  and  of  fine  form  ;  scarcely  any 
indentation,  and  smooth  on  the  edges,  with  full. sized  truss. 
It  was  eihidited,  and  awarded  a  Certificate,  at  the  Norwich 
September  show.  This  fine  variety  was  raised  by  Mr.  Ed- 
monds, gardener  to  the  Dowager  Lady  Lacon.     Price  5s. 

Ddchess  of  Kent  (BanksJ,  white,  with  rose  centre,  very 
delicate  and  showy  ;  good  shape  and  truss.     Price  3s.  6d, 

Strong  plants  are  now  ready,  on  application  to  C.  Tdenek, 
aoyal  Nursery,  Slough. 


VICTORIA     REGIA. 
T      WEEKS  AND    CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  have 

O  •  a  few  fine  strong  Plants  for  Sale  of  VICTORIA  REGiA, 
Nymphcea  CsErulea,  Nympheea  Dentata,  Nymphsea  Slellata,  iic. 
As  also  a  splendid  Collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
all  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation. —  Plans  and  Estimates 
for  building  Aquariums  and  all  other  Horticultural  erections 
J.  Weees  &,  Cij's  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  is  well  adapted 
for  Warming  large  Ponds,  for  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heating 
extensive  rangers  of  Forcing-house. 

HORTICULTURE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


men  and  Si.-(d>imcn, 


are 
_.  —  — „...„,^  i^ursery. 

son  and  Co.,  Pioe-apple-pluce  ;  E.  G.  Henders^.n,  Wclliogtou- 
road;  J.  Lee,  Hammeramuh  ;  J.  Ctu.r;ori«.  King  William- 
s  reet;  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  jProtberoe  and  Murri.,  Lejton- 
stoiie;  W.  P.  Ayres,  Blackheath ;  W.  Era.'.'  Slouch - 
Courcha,  Bethnal-green  ;  J.  Ivery,  Peckham -"  W  Barnes' 
Camden  Nursery,  Peckham  ;  Osborne  and  C-  Fuiham  •  c' 
Turner,  Slough  ;  Bass  and  Brown,  Sudbury  ;  J  '  Salter  Ham* 
mersmitli  ;  J.Stewart,  Salt-hill;  S.  Baroes,  Stuwinarket  •  j' 
Jeffcries,  Cirencester;  E.  Fuller,  Worthing  ;  W.  Tiley  Ba'th  * 
J.  M'Intjre,  Taunton  ;  J.  Keynes,  SaliBbury  ;  Sau  ,ders  and 
Co.,  Abergavenny;  Wheeler  and  Son,  GluuccHter  ;  U.  Walton 
Burnley;  J.  W.  Sweet,  Cirencester;  Fislier  a'nd"  Holmpa' 
Sheffield  ;  J.  Griffin,  Bath.  ' 

Bower  tNurseiiis,  Maidstone,  April  17. 


SUPERIOR    GLOBE    GERMAN    ASTER, 

{SAVED  BY   AN   AMATEUR.) 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  Co.  have  much 
confidence  in  offering  a  very  superior  sort  of  GLOBE 
ASTER  SEED,  saved  by  an  Amateur  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Bath,  who  saya : — "The  sort  was  given  to  me  by  a  friend  in 
the  neighbourhood,  who  has  taken  first  prizesfor  several  years 
following  ;  and  I  have  been  equally  Eucceffsful.  I  have  shown 
them  at  Bath  and  other  places,  and  have  always  been  first; 
indeed,  no  other  sort  has  any  chance  with  them,  and  I  am  per- 
fectly satisfied  that  when  you  see  a  good  bed  of  them  in  your 
gardens  you  will  throw  afray  all  others," — Is.  per  packet. 

All  other  Flower  Seeds  can  be  obtained  at  a  moderate  scale 
of  charge. 

Every-  one  who  taas  a  Crarden  should  have  a 
packet  of  this  Seed. 

PARSLEY,  RENDLE'S  TREBLE  GARNISHING,  proved 
by  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  described  in  their 
Journal  as  being  *'  heautifally  curled,  and  aii  excellent  variety." — 
6d.  per  packet.     This  should  be  grown  in  every  garden. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plvmouth. 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
WelUagton-road,  St.  John's-wood,  London,  beg  to  remind 
those  who  intend  to  purchase  any  of  the  following  New  Plants, 
to  be  sent  out  after  the  Ist  of  May,  that  all  orders  will  be 
booked  as  reci;ived  and  executed  in  rotation. 

Antirrhinum  Henderaonii 
Calceolaria  Wellington  Hero 

,,  Tom  Thumb 

Chrysanthemum  Hendersonii 
Delphinium  Hendersonii 
Erica  Elegantissima 

„      Nobilis 
Geranium  Hendeisonii 
11  Extravaganzum 

tt  OdoratiRsimum 

grandiflorum 
Heliotropium      Voltaireanum 
nanum 


THE  MAGNIFICENT  DAHLIA  GREEN  "SCAR- 
LET KING  "  is  placed  first  in  the  "  Garden  Almanac," 
which  rarely  errs.  The  Gardeners*  Chronicle  says,  "It  has  the 
form  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  the  colour  of  John 
Edward,"  Mr.  Glenny,  Lloyd's  Weekly  Newspaper  (which  circu- 
lates 70,OiJO),  quotes  and  confirms  the  Chronicle.  Plants  in 
May,  lOj.  6d,  ;  dry  roots  in  October,  21s. — Order  of  any 
Nurseryman,  or  of  the  Agent,  8i,  Fleet-street,  London. 


fuchsia     Commodore     (show 
tiowers) 
Spiendidissima,  do. 
Gem  of  the  Season, 

do. 
Feniiula,  do. 
Exquieite 
Hendereonii  (double 

flower) 
Darling    (bedding 

variety) 
Globoaa  perfect  a,do. 
,,  Pet,  do. 

For  Description  and  Prices  of  the  above,  see  back  numbers 
,of  this  Paper— Feb.  28,-March  fl  and  13.  The  Trade  supplied 
with  our  u>ual  diHCOunt.  ' 

ALL    POST    FREE. 

CHOICE     SEEDS.  —  Packets     of    fine    Mammoth 
Broccoli,  Asiatc  Cauliflower,  Giant  Curled  Parsley,  gigan- 
tic Cos  Lettuce,   Mitchell's  Enfield,  Cormack'e,   and  Barnes' 
mperlor  early  Cabbages,  Cities  and  Seymour's  fine  Celery,  the 
jest  kindft  of  Cucumber,  Melon,  and  Vegetable  Marrow   at  6ti. 
lach  pacKet:  Fine  mixed  German  Asters,  Stacks,  Calce'olariaj 
jiner;iria.  PortulaccH,  Giant  Victoria  Stock,   Canary  Creeper' 
Cinnla*,  B*lBamH,  Cobea  scandens,  Cockscomb,  Ice  Plant  Sen- 
itive.  Auricula,  Dahlia,  Pinks,  Polyanthuses,  Geranium,  Pansy, 
Iweot  Vi'jiet,  and  dbl.  Sweetwilliam,  6rf.  each  pkt.    lOU  pkts.  of 
innuaU.  Biennials,  and  other  Seeds,  fit  for  present  sowing 
ifarranted  new,  for  6f. ;   60,  for  3s. ;  86,  for  2a.  6d. ;  12,  for  Iff! 
optrior  Mignonette,  own  saviog,  warranted  to  grow  well,  at  Gd. 
/..     A  lew  packets  of  extra  fine  Balsam,  at  It.  per  packet, 
■  rich  order  a  Catalogue  will  be  sent,  containing  Hints  on 
..;.  Ac,  or  It  may  be  had  for  Two  Stamps,  on  application 
,  J    iKPii  OoLDiMO.  Heedimao,  Hastings. 

\j  ^> BERT    M.  STARK    begs  to   intimate   that    his 

^     -Jpltl.S-O    CATALOGUE    of    FLORISTS'     FLOWERS 

-fM.Vt>  PLANTS.  Ac,  U  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  oti 

ati«-n.     Among  o^htr  new  and  rare  pJant»  it  contains  he 

1    pnrticularlj    notice    the    beautiful    purple    LINARIA 

LTICL'LaTA,    Hgurcd    In    the    "Garden    Companion"    for 

pril,  and  drscrlbed  ■«  a  "very  pretty  plant,  flowering  freely 

sammor."     ft  V%  well  ■tilt«d  for  rockwork  or  bedding  pur- 

IM.     li.  8.  ban  thi;  entire  itoek,  and  wUl  be  ready  to  saDuly 

irjt*  the  first  week  in  May  at  fii.  each. 

Kdnrhlll  Numerj,  Dean,  Edinburgh,  April  17, 

-MITCHELL'S    UNRIVALLED    SEEDLING    DAHLIAS. 
1  KS  MITCHELL  bcga  to  lufonii  hia  Frienda  that 

purpose*   Bcfidlrig   out,    early   in    May,    the    following 
'-    i>AHLIA»,   which    he  can   recommend    to  the  mont 
•  '1  gT'jwer. 
\    JIKPBURS,— Crlmnon,    shaded  wllh  dark    maroon, 
•it  and  cona-nnt  iihow  flower;  4  feot,  Vm.  M. 
HLfcSCOWK. — A   noblo  orlmaon,  quite  distinct,  bcnu- 
r:ni,;.*-fl,  pataU  rising  well  iu  Che  centre,  and  constant 
-      .  i  ft-et,  Ifi#.  W, 

'F   MEaUTIBS.— ThU  extraordinary  flower   was 

I.'. 'lU*.  Ii«ctouson,  and  Is  unfiucstlonably  the  most 

"    i>-hlta  Id  the  wrtrld ;    but  owing  fj  the  numerous 

1  fcn'l  ahurtneos  of  sionk,  not  one-halt  wero  supplied.     U 

''•  l.ur»«t  wblt«,  tlppud  with  rich  rose:  strong  nluuta  ■ 

'it.  f.'l.  ' 

-  OA.SfiSHiMA.— A  fancy  variety,  rose  and  pink,  or^o  of 
tidUtlnfit  In  this  olasi;  constant  and  Deauilful  show 
■'■ ,  4  f«*l,  -It.  (14, 

itdownflurs«ri«i,  MarMfleW,  Stmscr,  April  17, 


JOHN  SCOTT,  Flokist,  Bathford,  near  Bath,  can 
supply  good  Plants  of  the  Jollowiag  selected  ENGLISH 
AND  FOREIGN  VERBENAS  :— Admirable,  Albonii,  Andrew, 
Auricula,  British  Queen,  Coquelicot,  Cybele,  Enchantress, 
Eryphille,  Eucelode,  Exquisite,  Fanny,  Cbauviers,  General 
Brea,  General  Courtegie,  Hippodamie,  Iris,  Jules,  King,  Lady 
of  the  Lake,  La  Nymphe,  Marchioness  of  Oornwallis,  Mazarine, 
Othello,  Shylock,  Surprise,  Voltigeur.  The  above  26  Verbe- 
nas, 155  ;  any  12  selected,  85.,  hamper  included. 

HELIOTROPES  :  Salter's  Gem,  6s.  per  dozen  ;  Reptans,  65., 
Corymbosum,  5s.  per  dozen, 

CALCEOLARIAS:  Sultan,  strong,  €s,  per  dozen  ;  Conway's 
Floribunda,  fine  new  yellow,  each  Is.;  Sulphurea  Elegans, 
each  Is.  ;  Grandis,  each  Is.  9d.  per  dozen, 

CANTDA  DBPENDENS,  each  Is. 

FUCHSIAS.— Strong  plants  of  the  following  :— Alpha,  Dia- 
dem ot  Flora,  Nichols's  Prince  Arthur,  Peyche,  Resplendent, 
Banks's  Voltigeur.  each  Is. 

FANCY  GLRANIDMS.— Strong  plants  of  the  following,  15s. 
each :  Henderson's,  Albonii,  Marion,  Prince  Albert,  Prima 
Donna,  Belle  de  Epinay,  Bouquet  Tout  Fait,  Exquisite,  Hero 
of  Surrey,  Jenny  Liod,  Magninea,  Reine  des  Frangais,  Reine 
des  Fleurs.  The  Geraniums  can  be  sent  in  a  matted  basket 
for  Is.  Gd.  extra. 

The  above  are  all  good  plants,  and  could  not  fail  to  give 
Batisfaction. 

•,*  A  remittance  expected  from  unknown  correapondents. 


MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 
selected  plants,  which  they  will  forwuid  to  any  part  oH 
the  kingdom. 

25  Azaleas,   new  hardy  Belgian  varieties,  on  their  own  s.  d. 

roots,  with  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name 20  0 

25  American  Azaleas,  do.     do.            ...         ...         ,,,         ..,  ]5  q 

25  Hardy  American  Plants,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name         ...  10  6 

12  Hardy  H'-aths  and  Kalmias,  one  of  a  bort        .*    6  0 

12  Rhododendrons,   including  scarlet,  white,   and  rose, 

liardy  varieties          22  0 

New  hardy  yellow  Rhododendrons,  each,  5s.  Gd.  to         ,„'    7  6 

Fine  hardy  scarlet  Rhododendrons,  2  teet,  per  doz.         ".  10  0 

Cedar  of  Leb  'Hon,  3  feet,  well  grown,  in  pots,  per  doz  ...  10  0 
All    the   choice    Piuus,    Araucarias,    Ci->p!omtiias,    and 

Tuxodiums,  of  vaiious  sizes,  in  pjts;  list  of  prices 

sent  by  post. 

Climbing  Uosch^,  choice  sorts,  in  pots,  per  doz 5  0 

Siandiiid  and  half  standard  Roses,  per  doz.          12s.  and  15  0 
Yellow  Roses,  new  double  Persian  and  Cloth  of  Gold, 

per  dozen         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         „.         „,  12  0 

12  Tea-scenied  Roses,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name,  in  pots    ...    9  0 
Fairy   Roses,    crimson,  white,    and  pink,   for   edgings, 

per  doz,            6  0 

12  Bourbon  Roses,  best  sorts  for  beds,  in  po'.s      10  0 

Passitioras,  Clematis,  Jasmines,  and  other  hardy  and 

tender  climbers,  each         1  0 

Wistaria  sinensis,  extra  fine,  in  pots,  15  to  30  feet,  each    3  6 

VI  Greenhouse  Azaleas,  one  of  a  sort,  blooming  plants  ...  25  0 

1?  choice  Camellias,  by  name,  do.     do 30  0 

60  choice  Greenhouse  plants,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name       ...  45  0 

Daphne  odora  rubra,  and  others,  per  doz 30  0 

2i  choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name      ...         ...         ...  16  0 

12  Orchidaceous  plants,  choice  species,  and  good  plants  30  0 
Cinerarias   and    Calceolarias,    blooming    plants,    show 

varieties,  per  doz 9s.  to  12  0 

Fancy  Geraniums,  new  sorts 9s.  to  12  0 

Verbenas  and  Petunias,  newest  varieties,  per  doz,          ...     6  0 

6  Bulbs  of  Lilium  lancifalium,  one  of  a  sort,  for           ...  12  0 

12  Gloxinias  and  Achimenes,  one  of  a  sort,  new 10  () 

First-rate  Show  Pinks  and  Pansies,  per  doz,        ...  6*.  to     9  0 

First-rate  Carnations  and  yellow  Picotees 9s.  to  12  0 

12  Pxouies,  new  white,  pink,  and  blush,  of  sorts             ...     8  0 

25  Hardy  herbaceous  plants     7  6 

Hardy  Ferns  and  other  plants,  for  rockwork,  per  doz.  ..,     8  0 

Garden  Seeds  of  all  kinds. 

A  selection  of  the  most  approved  Flower  Seeds — 20  papers, 

5s.  ;  45  papers,  10s.— sent  free  by  post.      Also  Catalogues  of 

plants,  &c.,  for  the  season. 

Albion  Nursery,  Stoke  Newington,  London,  April  17. 


4,  Great  KuuselLstreet,  Uoveat-garden. 

1  OHN  KERNAN  begs  to  offer  the  followmg  AGRI- 

"    CULTURAL  SEEDS  to  the  notice  of  Gentlemen  Farmers 
as  genuine  and  true  to  their  kinds  : —  3,  d. 

BEET,  White  Silesian  or  Sugar,  per  lb 1    6 

BUCKWHEAT,  per  bush 6     0 

BARLEY,  Chevalier,  per  bush.         ...        6    0 

„  true  Skinless  Peruvian,  per  bush „    6    0 

BEANS,  perbush , 5    0 

CABBAGE,  Drumhead,  per  lb X    0 

„  Thousand-headed,  per  lb.        1    0 

CARROT,  Altringham,  per  lb 1     0 

,,  White  Belgian,  per  lb 1     0 

CLOVER,  Red,  percwt.  50fl.  to  60     0 

,,  White,  per  cwt 50«.  to  60     0 

COW-GRASS,  per  cwt.  68    0 

PLaX,  from  Riga  Seed,  one  year  grown  in  this  counti'y, 

per  bunh.  

FURZE,  per  lb 

GRASSES,  fine  mixed  for  permanent  pasture,  perbush. 

,,  Italian  Rye,  per  bush -. 

,,  Pacey's  Perennial,  per  bush,    ... 

KOHL  RABI,  per  lb.  

LUCERNE,  per  lb 

MANGOLD   WURZEL,  Long  Red,  per  lb. 

,,  „  Red  Globe,  per  lb. 

,,  ,,  Yellow  Globe,  per  lb, 

MUSTARD,  perbush.  

OATH,  Ilnpetown,  Poland,  and  Tartarian. 
PAK^iLKY,  plain,  for  sheep,  por  bush.        „, 
PAItHNII',  Hollow-crowned,  per  lb.  ,,, 

RAPE,    ilroad-leaved  Dutch,  per  bush.        .., 
HAINTFOIN. 

TKIFOLIUM   INCARNATUM  

TUUNU'H,  Hkirvlng's  HwedUh,  per  lb. 

„  Liilng'n  do.         per  ib.        ... 

„  Anhcr.ift         do.         por  lb.        ... 

„  I'urplo  topped  do.      por  lb. 

„  I'urplu-topped  iJullook,  per  lb, 

„  (Jreeii-toppud         do.        por  lb.  . 

Catalogues  of  Kitchen  Garden  and  Flower  Scedfl  may  bo 
had  on  nppllcallon 


FINE  SPECIMEN   PLANTS  FOR  EXHIBITION. 

JAiND  J,  ERASER,  NunsERYUEN,  &c.,  Lea-bridge- 
•  road,  Eswex,  beg  leave  respectJully  io  invite  attendon  to 
their  superior  Stock  of  Specimens  of  STuVE  and  GREEN- 
HOUSE PLANTS,  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  and  CAPE 
HEATHS,  which  were  never  iu  finer  condition  than  at  this 
time.  The  plants  are  of  all  sizes,  varying  from  1  foot  to 
5  feet  high.  The  prices,  which  are  moderate,  can  be  had 
on  application. 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  17,  1862. 

MEETINGS  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Mn.niv         Anril     iqXChemical S  P.M. 

UOKDIT,       Apru     Is^statiBtical 8  p.m. 

(Horticultural  3  p.m. 

TnB.n.T           —       ^ISyroEgyptlan  (AnDlveraary)...,7ip.M. 
TOBBDAT,  —       -^^Linaeati   8  P.M. 

ICivilEDf^lueers     8  p.m. 

TT. „«„««.,  .11  i  Society  01' Arts 8  p.m. 

WjoiuSDAT,    -   . -iliHeolOKlcal S(p.M. 

(  UoyHl  South  London 1  p.m. 

-, ,,  „,1  National  FloricuUural 3  p.m. 

TlIOIl»»»I.       -       =;^  N„„,i,„atic   7  P.M. 

(Royal sjp.M. 

f  Antiquarian  (Aualveraary)  2  p.m. 

Fbisat,  »       £.1<  PliiloloRlcal 8  P.M. 

(UoyaUnatltittioQ S^p.M. 

<!....,=„.,  o.f  Royal  Botanic SSP.M. 

Sapobdai         -       =<tMe5ical  8P.M. 


From  time  to  time  the  antiquity  of  foroins 
HOUSES  has  been  the  subject  of  learned  discussion. 
While  some  writers  have  assigned  their  invention 
to  the  days  of  Assyrian  glory,  others  have  contended 
that  structures  in  which  plants  are  subjected  to 
artiiicial  temperature  are  altogether  of  modern 
origin.  A  passage  in  Humboldt's  "  Cosmos"  having 
again  raised  the  question,  our  readers  may  be  pleased 
to  know  how  the  argument  at  present  stands,  after 
having  been  subjected  to  the  criticism  of  the  great 
Prussian  philosopher  on  the  one  hand,  and  of  BO 
distinguished  a  scholar  as  Mons.  Dureau  de  la 
Maxlk  on  the  other. 

The  views  of  Humboldt  are  thus  given  by  him  in 
his  "  Cosmos  "  (Sabine's  translation,  vol.  2,  Notes, 
p.  xxii). 

"  In  the  13th  century,  Albortus  Magnus,  who 
was  equally  active  and  inlluential  in  promoting 
natural  knowledge  and  the  study  of  the  Aristotelian 
philosophy,  possessed  a  hothouse  in  the  convent  of 
tlie  Dominicans  at  Cologne.  This  celebrated  man, 
who  liad  already  fallen  under  the  suspicion  of  sor- 
cery on  account  of  liis  speaking  machine,  entertained 
the  King  of  the  Jtomans,  Wilhelm  of  Holland,  on 
HpoiIii  i.jr  rii.iribuilon  by  Ocnilomon  to  iholr  Tononn  nn.i  th,..  otli  of  January,  124!J,  in  a  lai'L'e  space  in  the 
Bfc(i»««i«oio.i(iuitabioforniioiimiito»,  nndonrcfuiiyimolMd   <=""™nt-garden,   where  he   kept  up  an  agreeable 

for  liuiigruriiK. j  warmth,   and  preserved  fruit    trees  and   plants  in 

A  well  ciluoaicd  Voutii  wontoa  an  uu  APPREKTIOK.        I  flower  throughout  the  winter.     We  find  the  account 


244 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[April  17, 


of  this  banquet  exaggerated  in  a  tale  of  wonder  in 
the  '  Chronica  Joannis  de  Beka,'  written  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century  (Beka  et  Heda  de  Epis- 
copis  Ultrajectenis,  recogn.  ab  Arn.  Buchelio,  1643, 
p.  79  ;  Jourdain,  Recherches  critiques  sur  I'Age  des 
Traductions  d'Aristote,1819,  p.  331  ;  Buhle,  Gesch. 
der  Philosophie,  Th.  v.  S.  296).  Although  some 
remains  discovered  in  the  excavations  at  Pompeii 
show  that  the  ancients  made  use  of  panes  of  glass, 
yet  nothing  has  yet  been  found  to  indicate  the  use 
of  glass  or  forcing  houses  in  ancient  horticulture. 
The  conduction  of  heat  by  the  caldaria  in  baths 
might  have  led  to  an  arrangement  of  artificially 
-  warmed  places  for  growing  or  forcing  plants ;  but 
the  shortness  of  the  Greek  and  Italian  winters  no 
doubt  rendered  such  arrangements  less  necessary. 
The  Adonis  gardens  {ktj-hoi  'AddnSos),  so  indicative  of 
the  meaning  of  the  festival  of  Adonis,  consisted, 
according  to  Bockh,  of  plants  in  small  pots,  which 
were  no  doubt  intended  to  represent  the  garden 
where  Aphrodite  and  Adonis  met.  Adonis  was  the 
symbol  of  the  quickly  fading  flower  of  youth— of  all 
that  flourishes  luxuriantly  and  perishes  rapidly; 
and  the  festivals  which  bore  his  name,  the  celebra- 
tion of  which  was  accompanied  by  the  lamentations 
of  women,  were  amongst  those  in  which  the  ancients 
had  reference  to  the  decay  of  nature.  I  have  spoken 
in  the  text  of  hothouse  plants  as  contrasted  with 
those  which  grow  naturally  ;  the  ancients  used  the 
term  "  Adonis  gardens  "  proverbially,  to  express 
something  which  had  sprung  up.  rapidly,  but  gave 
no  promise  of  full  maturity  or  substantial  duration. 
The  plants,  which  were  not  many-coloured  flowers, 
but  Lettuce,  Fennel,  Barley,  and  Wheat,  were  not 
forced  in  winter,  but  in  summer,  being  made  to 
grow  by  artificial  means  in  an  unusually  short  space 
of  time,  viz.  in  eight  days.  Creuzer  (Symbolik  und 
Mythologie,  1841,  Th.  ii.  S.  427,  430,  479,  and  481) 
supposes  that  the  growth  of  the  plants  of  the  Adonis 
garden  was  accelerated  by  the  application  both  of 
strong  natural  and  artificial  heat  in  the  room  in 
which  they  were  placed.  The  garden  of  the  Domini- 
can convent  at  Cologne  recals  the  Greenland  (?) 
convent  of  St.  Thomas,  where  the  garden  was  kept 
free  from  snow  during  the  winter,  being  constantly 
warmed  by  natural  hot  springs,  as  is  told  by  the 
brothers  Zeni,  in  the  account  of  their  travels 
(1388-1404),  the  geographical  locality  of  which  is, 
however,  very  problematical.  (Compare  Zurla 
Viaggiatori  Veneziani,  T.  ii.  p.  63—69  ;  and  Hum- 
boldt, Examen  critique  de  I'Hist.  de  la  Geographie, 
T.  ii.  p.  127.)  Regular  hothouses  seem  to  have  been 
of  very  late  introduction  in  our  botanic  gardens. 
Ripe  Pineapples  were  first  obtained  at  the  end  of 
the  17th  century  (Beckmann,  Geschichte  der  Erfiu- 
dungen,  Bd.  iv.  S.  287)  ;  and  Linnsus  even  asserts, 
in  the  '  Musa  Cliffortiana  florens  Harteoampi,'  that 
the  first  Banana  which  flowered  in  Europe  was  at 
Vienna,  in  the  garden  of  Prince  Eugene,  in  1731." 
On  the  other  hand  M.  Doreau  de  la  Mahe 
relies  upon  the  following  passages  for  proof  that 
forcing-houses  were  in  reality  well  known  to  the 
ancients,  quite  independently  of  the  Adonis  gardens 
of  Rome,  which  he  however  believes  to  have  been 
also  buildings  of  the  same  nature.  In  the  Assyrian 
Adonis  Gardens,  we  find  from  Philostratus  that 
plants  in  pots  were  kept  for  the  purpose  of  being 
produced  at  the  solemn  festivals  of  the  Demi  God, 
and  so  managed  that  they  could  all  be  kept  under 
the  same  roof.  This  must  have  been  something 
different  from  those  exhausting  houses  of  the  same 
name  in  use  among  the  Romans,  the  nature  of  which 
is  described  by  Humboldt.  Again,  Theophrastus,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  gardener,  says,  in  speaking  of 
theAbrotanum  {Artemisia  aitkiopica,  Linn.)  :  "It is 
propagated  from  seed  rather  than  from  ofi^sets,  or 
division  of  the  root.  But  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  its 
seed  if  it  is  kept  in  pots,  as  is  the  case  in  the  Adonis 
Gardens.  It  should  be  sown  there^  in  the  summer, 
for  it  is  extremely  tender,  and  impatient  of  exposure 
to  the  air,  even  when  the  sun  shines  the  hottest. 
There  it  renews  its  life,  strikes  root,  grows,  becomes 
large  and  strong,  and  acquires  the  stature  and  bigness 
of  a  bush."  This  seems  decisive  ;  but  the  learned 
Frenchman  proceeds  to  add,  that  he  believes 
DoMiTiAN  to  have  had  a  similar  hothouse  in  an 
alley  of  his  palace  on  Mount  Palatine.  Bellori 
found  there,  amidst  the  ruins,  an  inscription  bearing 
the  name  of  Adonea,  which  to  this  day  is  seen 
engraved  on  the  marble  plan  of  ancient  Rome  ; 
and  it  appears  probable  that  this  was  the  station 
of  the  hothouse  in  which  the  emperor  caused 
exotic  plants  to  be  cultivated.  Another,  and  a 
still  more  conclusive  passage  is  to  be  found 
m  Columella,  who,  after  saying  that  Judea,  and 
especially  Arabia,  are  renowned  for  the  excel- 
lence of  their  perfumes,  adds  that  Rome  possesses 
withm  the  circle  of  her  walls,  those  odoriferous  trees 
with  precious  perfume  which  grow  in  the  open  air  in 
Judea  and  Arabia.  He  cites,  among  others,  the 
Balm  ylant  of  Judea,  trees  producing  incense  anc[ 


myrrh  ;  and  he  affirms  that  he  has  himself  »een  the 
gardens  of  the  metropolis  of  the  world  adorned  with 
Myrrh  and  with  Crocus  in  flower,  and  that  in 
several  places  in  Rome  he  had  noticed  Cassia  or  Cin- 
namon covered  with  leaves,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
mcen&i  iTee(Thureaplania)a.nA  theMyrrh flourished 
in  the  gardens.  "Such  examples  teach  us,"  con- 
cludes Columella,  "  that  the  skill  of  oar  gardeners 
has  taught  them  how  to  bring  together  the  vegeta- 
tion of  almost  all  the  world." 

M.  De  la  Malle  seems  to  regard  the  ''  Crocus  "  as 
an  oriental  tree,  contrary  to  the  generally  received 
opinion  that  it  was  the  plant  which  now  bears  that 
name,  and  he  concludes  his  argument  thus  :  "  Is  it 
possible  to  indicate  more  distinctly,  after  mentioning 
by  name  the  Balm  tree,  the  Cinnamon  tree,  the 
Crocus,  the  trees  bearing  myrrh  and  incense, 
all  productions  of  the  burning  regions  of  Arabia — 
is  it  possible  to  describe  in  better  terms  the  skill  of 
the  gardeners  who  cultivated  in  Italy  such  exotics 
in  hothouses.  It  is  impossible  but  that  they  should 
have  been  thus  sheltered  for  at  least  half  the  year  ; 
they  must  have  been  brought  during  winter  into 
glass  houses  near  the  caldaria  ;  such  tender  plants 
could  not  have  been  exposed  in  Rome  to  the  open 
air  for  more  than  the  three  summer  months,  when 
the  mean  temperature  is  between  25°  and  35°  above 
zero;  otherwise  they  could  not  have  survived 
a  single  year.  As  to  the  countries  inhabited 
by  the  trees  bearing  incense.  Myrrh,  Cassia,  and 
Cinnamon,  Theophrastus  leaves  no  room  to  doubt 
where  they  came  from  ;  for  he  places  them  around 
Saba,  Adramytta,  Citibana,  and  Mali,  celebrated 
towns  still  bearing  their  ancient  names,  and  situated 
in  that  hot  country  of  Arabia,  called  felix,  because 
of  the  abundance  and  sweetness  of  its  perfumes." 
— "  Thus  I  believe  that  I  have  proved — 1,  that  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  employed  artificial  heat 
to  excite  the  germination  of  seeds  and  plants 
in  their  Adonis  Gardens  ;  and  2,  I  think  it 
very  probable,  since  the  use  of  glass  panes 
and  glass  bottles  was  known  in  the  East  from  the 
most  remote  antiquity,  and  would  find  its  way  by 
means  of  commerce  to  Athens  and  Rome,  that  the 
ancients  must  have  had  forcing  houses  adjoining 
their  baths,  and  that  such  pits  or  houses  were  heated 
by  introducing  steam  from  their  stoves." 

Several  other  passages  in  support  of  this  opinion 
might  be  quoted  ;  but  we  own  that  for  ourselves  we 
have  always  regarded  the  two  well  known  allusions 
in  Martial  as  conclusive  upon  the  point.  In  the 
one  *  the  poet  could  only  mean  to  speak  of  a  green- 
house, wherein  his  fruit  trees  were  kept  in  winter, 
and  of  which  the  sashes,  turned  to  the  winds  of  win- 
ter, allow  the  pure  sunbeams  to  pass,  and  daylight 
without  detriment.  In  the  second  t  the  nature  of 
the  sashes  seems  sufficiently  explained,  by  comparing 
their  effect  to  that  of  gauze  drawn  over  the  female 
figure,  or  of  pellucid  water  through  which  pebbles 
may  be  counted. 

Should  these  explanations  be  regarded  by  critics 
as  unsatisfactory,  we  shall  then  be  driven  to  suppose 
that  Italy  possessed  a  tropical  climate  in  the  first 
century  of  our  era  ■,  in  support  of  which  opinion  we 
believe  that  no  evidence  whatever  can  be  produced. 

The  beginners  in  Orchid-growing  have  now  an 
opportunity  of  buying  cheap  the  materials  of  their 
apprenticeship.  The  million,  as  our  friend  "  Dod- 
man  "  calls  them,  have  a  great  chance  ;  for  shillings 
they  may  procure  what,  under  other  circumstances, 
might  cost  them  pounds.  Seven  or  eight-and-twenty 
chests  of  Lselias,  Chysids,  Lycastes,  Barkerias, 
Cattleyas,  Arpophylls  ;  Epidendrum  Skinneri,  Stam- 
fordianum  and  bicomutum ;  Oncidium  leucochilum, 
Odontoglossum  pulchellum,  and  all  the  elite  of  Gua- 
temalian  epiphytes  come  to  the  hammer  at  Stevens's, 
on  Tuesday  next.  The  lots  consist  of  huge  masses 
of  rarities,  or  of  what  is  better,  first-class  ornamental 
species,  any  one  of  which  would  stock  a  house  for 
ever.  Some  are  from  the  forests  and  jungles  of 
Guatemala,  others  from  the  cold  table  land  of  Rachi- 
quel,  where  they  were  actually  gathered  in  a  snow 
storm  ;  twelve  hundred  square  miles  of  country  are 
said  to  have  been  ransacked  by  Indians  in  search  of 
materials  for  this  Orchid  sale. 

In  all  respects  the  lots  are  of  a  very  interesting 
description  ;  and  even  if  a  man  is  not  a  buyer,  still 
we  would  have  him  visit  the  collection,  so  that  he 
may  see  how  Orchids  grow  at  home ;  what  masses 
of  entangled  roots,  dead  sticks  and  leaves  afford  them 
sustenance ;  what  swarms  of  ferns  and  other  plants 
crawl  among  them,  what  layers  upon  layers  of  the 
most  humid  but  not  wet,  most  rich  but  not  stimu- 
lating, most  cool  but  not  cold,  most  rottable  but  not 
rotten,  matters  they  delight  in ;  and  how,  as  they 
themselves  decay,  they  furnish  pabulum,  on  which 
they  also  feed  and  flourish  by  devouring  their  own 


•  Hibernis  objecta  notis  specularia  puros 

Admittunt  soles,  et  sine  fiece  diem. — Epig;.  vili.  14. 
t  F(fimineum  lucet  6ic  per  bomb^cina  corpus  : 

Calculus  iu  nitidu  sic  numeratur  aqua. — ^£pig.  viii,  68, 


substance.  All  these  things  the  Orchid-grower  may 
see  and  largely  profit  by,  has  he  but  skill  to  interpret 
the  universal  language  in  which  nature  speaks  to 
those  who  can  decypher  the  living  characters  in 
which  her  operations  are  emblazoned  in  woods  and 
fields  and  on  rocks  and  mountain  tops. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Denmark. — The  superb  establishments  of  Messrs. 
Booth,  ill  Flottbeck  (Holstein)  next  deserve  attention. 
That  belonging  to  Mr.  James  Booth  and  Son  I  shall 
describe  uuder  four  heads — 1.  Trees,  shrubs,  bushes. 
Rose  trees,  &c.  ;  2.  Herbaceous  or  perennial  plants  ; 
3.  Plants  in  pots  ;  and  4.  The  collection  of  Dahlias. 

The  soil  of  the  nursery  is  heavy,  clayey,  and  rich  in 
detritus  of  all  sorts ;  it  is  100  acres  in  extent,  and  120 
or  1 30  gardeners  are  employed  upon  it ;  300,000  or 
400,000  fruit  trees,  besides  forest  and  ornamental  trees 
of  all  kinds,  are  annually  reared  here.  The  greater  part 
of  the  ground  is  occupied  by  fruit  trees,  properly  so 
called,  which  are  divided  into  two  classes,  those  with 
pips  and  those  with  stones  ;  the  rest  is  divided  amongst 
trees  and  shrubs  with  edible  fruit,  ornamental  trees, 
weeping  trees,  shrubs,  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  re- 
sinous or  other  ;  the  whole  is  enclosed  by  squares  of 
forest  trees,  shrubs  and  underwood,  climbing  woody 
plants  ;  and  lastly,  evergreen  trees,  such  as  Fu-s,  Pines, 
Cedars,  &c. 

The  two  great  modes  of  propagation  are  employed 
sep.arately  ;  the  one  by  seeds  is  conducted  in  a  large 
square  appropriated  for  this  special  purpose  ;  the  other 
is  carried  on  in  two  large  squares,  of  which  one,  divided 
into  long  and  broad  beds,  receives  all  the  parent  trees 
and  shrubs,  propagated  by  layers,  whilst  the  other  is 
kept  for  cuttings.  I  was  much  struck  with  the  collec- 
tion of  trees,  which  contains  a  labelled  specimen  of 
every  genus  of  fruit  tree  and  shrub  ;  this  collection, 
judging  from  the  size  of  the  trees,  must  be  at  least  20 
years  old  ;  and  the  gentleman  who  established  it  took 
the  precaution  of  leaving  room  for  the  introduction  of 
new  species  as  they  might  appear.  Such  is  a  very  short 
account  of  this  remarkable  ^nursery,  from  which  have 
been  sent  to  every  quarter  of  the  globe  numerous 
pupils,  who  by  their  exertions  render  the  interesting 
science  of  horticulture  more  and  more  popular. 

2.  Herhaceom  or  Perennial  Plants. — The  collection 
of  herbaceous  plants  is  rich  ;  and  of  all  I  ever  saw,  the 
best  selected  and  cultivated.  They  cover  neai'Iy 
2  acres,  and  amount  to  2000  ticketed  plants,  represent- 
ing more  than  300  genera.  The  ground  allotted  to 
them  is  divided  into  a  multitude  of  beds  raised  8  inches 
above  the  ground ;  each  genus  or  variety  occupies  a 
separate  quarter,  and  each  quarter  is  separated  from  its 
neighbour  by  a  narrow  path.  The  plants  are  propagated 
in  the  same  compartments,  and  are  grouped  according 
to  their  importance.  The  richest  genera  are  Aconitum, 
Antirrhinum,  Aquilegia,  Aster,  Campanula,  Centaurea, 
Delphinium,  Fritillaria,  Geum,  Lobelia,  Lilium,  Mimu- 
lus,  Lychnis,  Pseonia^— of  which  there  are  50  ;  Pentste- 
mou,  Potentilla,  Saxifraga,  Salvia,  Scabiosa,  Statice, 
Spiraea,  Tradescantia,  Veronica ;  140  Phlox,  a  splendid 
collection  of  plants  for  borders,  Alpine  plants  for  rock- 
work  skilfully  grouped  on  an  immense  artificial  monnd, 
where  each  is  placed  in  a  suitable  situation  ;  great 
attention  is  paid  to  them,  and  theu:  vegetation  is  pro- 
portionately luxuriant. 

3.  Plants  ill  Pots  are  very  numerous,  as  are  also  the 
houses  for  them  ;  the  latter,  if  placed  end  to  end,  would 
be    1500'  yards  and  more  in  length.     The  largest  is 
the  Orchid  house,  and  the  collection  within  it  is  very 
complete,  and  admirably  cultivated ;    it  includes  120 
genera  and  800  species  or  varieties.    I  saw  there  50 
species  of  Epidendrum  (of  which  12  are  unnamed),  SO 
of  Dendrobium,  60  of  Oncidium  (10  unnamed),  30  of 
Cattleya  (10  unnamed),  18  of  Gongora,  20  of  Lcelia, 
18  of   Odontoglossum,  30  of  Stanbopsea  (8  unnamed), 
8  of  Miltouia,  14  of  Brassia,  6  of  Monachanthus,  14  of 
Pleurothallis,  and  many  other  curious  and  large  genera. 
They  are  grown  on  wood,  cork,  turf,  and  wool.     The 
last  of  those  just"  named  were  grown  in  large)  wooden 
tubs.     When  I  was  here,  in  the  middle  of  May,  many 
plants  were  in  flower  ;  Oncidium  sanguineum  and  0. 
papilio   presented  such  an  enormous  mass  of  flowers,: 
that  the  platform  in_the  middle  of  the  building  reminded 
me  of  the  flowery  woods  of  Brazil.    There  were  alsc 
a  .splendid  Epidendrum  Harrissonii,  macrochyllum  ro 
seum,  a   Coryanthes  maculata,  Saccolabium  guttatura 
and  a  beautiful  Aerides  Procli,  all  very  strong  and  if 
flower  ;  in  the  same  house  I  saw  a  Nepenthes  distilla 
toria,  with  branches  20  feet  in  length.     The  plants  in 
this   magnificent  house  are  constantly  refreshed  witl 
blasts  of  heat  and  moisture,  which  tend  powerfully  t 
keep  them  in  luxuriant  vegetation.     A  long  flat  guttei 
full  of  water,  10  inches  broad,  lies  over  the  steam  pipe 
and  distributes  heat  and  moisture  ;  the  house  is  unde 
the  management  of  an  Englishman. 

The  Ericas  also  deserve  notice  ;  there  are  300  specie 
or  varieties  of  them,  amongst  which  20  specimens  ( 
ventricosa,  almost  as  many  of  vestita,  and  seven  c 
ei»ht  of  tricolor.  This  collection,  too,  is  superintende 
by  an  Englishman,  who  performs  marvels  in  his  wa; 
He  showed  me  30  specimens,  including  E.  vestita  rose 
alba,  elegans,  aristata  major,  ventricosa,  coccinea  mine 
a  yellow-flowered  Cavendishii,  mundula,  odora,  rose 
Massoui,  gemmifera,  WiUmoreana  nova,  ovata,  grand 
flora,  and  sulphurea,  all  in  full  flower,  although  m 
more  than  1 5  or  1 8  months  had  elapsed  since  they  we) 
struck.    They  grew  sheltered  by  numerous  straw  nw' 


16—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


245 


and  shaded  by  roofs  of  the  same  material,  so  as  to  keep 
off  the  fierce  rays  of  the  sun.  I  had  often  been  told  of 
the  advantages  of  growing  Cape  Heaths  in  large  pots; 
and  here  the  Ericas,  Pinielea  spectabihs,  linifolia,  Epa- 
cris  grandiflora  and  pulchella,  were  in  tubs  nearly  a 
yard  in  diameter  ;  and  though  the  plants  were  only  12 
or  15  months  old,  they  formed  bushes  4.^  feet  in  height, 
and  as  many  in  breadth.  The  soil  in  which  they  grew 
was  a  mixture  of  fine  heath  with-  sandy  alluvial  matter  ; 
the  roots  were  all  at  the  surface,  whilst  the  ball  was  a 
circle  of  coarsely-broken  charcoal  ;  above  were  brilliant 
branches  of  flowers,  sometimes  ^half  a  yard  iu  length. 
The  hothouses  are  numerous,  and  are  full  of  Achimenes, 
^schynanthus,  Begonia,  Cereus,  Echinocactus,  Clero- 
dendron  splendens  and  paniculatum  of  remarkable 
strength  and  health  ;  there  are,  too,  Coccoloba,  Crinura, 
Ficus,  Dracaena,  Gesneria,  Gloxinia,  Hibiscus,  Justicia, 
Passiflora,  Ixora,  Strelitzia,  Thunbergia,  Zamia.  Gar- 
denia Stanleyana,  a  large  Brownea  grandieeps,  &c.,  all 
in  a  most  perfect  condition.  One  house  is  full  of  fine 
Fernsj  another,  or  several,  of  Indian  Azalea,  Amaryl- 
Ks,  Calceolaria,  Fuchsia,  Camellia  (of  which  there  ai'e 
SOO  or  400  species  or  varieties.  Cineraria  (more  than 
100),  Epacris,  Pelargonium,  Petunia,  the  60  varieties  of 
Rhododendron,  and  thousands  of  Verbenas.  In  the 
gi'eenhouse  I  noticed  Acacia,  Araucaria,  especially  the 
rare  Bidwillii,  Banksia,  Boronia  pinnata  and  serrulata, 
Chorozema,  Corrsea,  Diosraa,  Dryandra,  Astrolobium, 
Jasmiiium,  Kennedya,  Grevillea,  Gonipholobjum,  Pi- 
melea,  Lilium  lancifoliura,  pinnatum,rubrum,  immense 
specimens  of  Magnolia,  Salvia,  Siphocampylus,  and  a 
good  collection  of  Tropeeolum,  &c. 

4.  Dahlias. — The  collection  of  Dahlias  is  known  for 
its  richness  and  variety  through  the  whole  of  the  north 
of  Europe,  but  it  does  not  require  any  special  description. 

I  should  also  mention  the  pretty  English  garden  which 
adjoins  Mi*.  Booth's  residence  ;  it  contains  some  rare 
trees,  wliich  are  hardly  yet  acclimatised.  I  may 
observe,  too,  that  seven  or  eight  packers  are  kept  in 
almost  constant  employment  throughout  the  year.  If  I 
might  offer  an  opinion  upon  this  gigantic  establishment, 
I  should  place  it  next  after  M.  Van  Houtte's,  which 
differs  from  it  in  superior  cultivation,  in  possessing  more 
new  plants,  and  especially  by  its  admirable  neatness. 
JUassori's  Report, 


CROWEA    SALIGNA. 

The  Willow-leaved  Crowea  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful^ and  useful  of  ornamental  plants.  Its  cheerful 
looking,  pink,  star -shaped  blossoms  are"  produced  iu 
gi*eat  abundance  ;  indeed,  under  proper  treatment,  tiie 
axil  of  almost  every  leaf  on  the  current  year's  wood 
becomes  the  seat  of  a  flower  whose  beauty  is  of  longer 
duration  than  that  of  most  of  our  decorative  plants. 
Well-managed  specimens  will  continue  in  bloom  from 
the  beginning  of  June  to  the  end  of  September. 

In  selecting  young  plants  from  the  nursery  garden  to 
commence  with,  choose  dwarf  vigorous  ones  ;  pot-bound 
ieggy  examples  are  of  no  use.  When  plant-growers 
fully  understand  their  work,  such  plants  will  cease  to  be 
sent  to  the  order  of  a  customer.  However  procured,  good 
Ileal  thy  young  plants  should  be  at  hand  ready  to  be 
placed  in  a  mild  growing  temperature,  of  about  from 
50*' to  60°  in  February,  or  eax*ly  in  March.  A  clos^ 
bushy  habit  of  growth  will  be  promoted  by  cutting  back 
any  straggling  shoots,  and  pegging  or  tying  the  principal 
branches  so  as  to  give  them  an  outward  direction. 
Shortly  after  placing  the  plants  in  growing  quarters 
ascertain  whether  they  require  more  pot  room,  and  if 
30,  shift  into  pots  about  two  sizes  larger.  Apply  water 
to  the  roots  rather  sparingly  for  a  week  or  a  fortnight 
after  potting,  but  keep  the  atmosphere  moist  and  close, 
and  sprinkle  the  plants  with  the  syringe,  morning  and 
evening,  if  bright  weather  ensues.  If  all  goes  on  well 
the  plants  will  progress  very  rapidly.  The  night  tempe- 
rature may  be  allowed  to  range  irom  50°  to  60",  and 
U  may  rise  with  sun  heat  to  75°.  The  plants  should 
occupy  a  position  near  the  glass,  and  a  slight  shade 
during  the  forenoon  of  bright  days  may  be  necessary  ; 
but  drspense  with  this  as  much  as  possible.  Admit  air 
freely  on  all  favourable  occasions,  avoiding  cold  cutting 
currents.  Keep  the  atmo.sphere  as  moist  as  circum- 
stances will  permit;  and  if  the  ordinary  routine  of 
syringmg  should  not  prove  sufKeient  to  prevent  tite 
attacks  of  red  spider,  lay  the  plants  down  and  give  the 
und-r  sides  of  tho  leaves  a  good  washing  with  the 
syrmge,  whicli  must  be  repeated  as  often  as  may  be 
nc-ce«.sary  in  or-ler  to  thoroughly  eradicate  these  pests. 

lowards  the  end  of  May  the  plants  may  be  removed 
with  advantage  to  a  cold  frame,  which,  at  that  season, 
can  be  kept  sufficiently  warm,  and  where  a  moist  growing 
atmoflphcro  is  more  eahily maintained  during  Hnmmf;r  tlian 
in  the  usual  description  of  plant  Iioumcs.  if  cold  dull 
wyather  occurs  immediately  after  transferring  the  plants 
tothe  frame,  keep  cIo8e,and  endeavour  to  prevent  a  chuck 
Ut  the  growth,  but  if  the  removal  is  deferred  till  tlie 
end  of  May,  when  the  weather  generally  proves  clear 
and  warm,  tlii.4  is  hardly  likely  to  happen.  Water 
Cirefully  until  tho  plants  become  habituated  to  their 
new  quarters.  Maintain  a  moist  atmosphere  by  sprink- 
ling ovcr-liead,  morning  and  evening,  every  clear  day, 
■lift/ling  during  the  forenoon,  and  Bliutting  up  early  in 
the  evening.  Jf  any  of  the  plants  require  u  second 
shift  this  should  be  att'jnded  U}  as  early  in  the  season  as 
it  may  be  wanted,  so  that  the  roots  may  have  time  to 
lay  liold  of  the  frewh  .soil  before  winter  arrives,  'i'he 
Crowea  will,  however,  be  lotind  t/i  do  better  during 
winu-r  when  the  pot  Ih  wf-II  lillerl  wirh  roots,  llM-reb.re 
ao   not  over-pot  at  that  skwojj.     'I'he  growing  period 


should  be  considered  to  end  with  August,  when  the 
plants  should  be  gradually  prepared  for  winter  by  a 
free  circulation  of  air,  and  full  exposure  to  the  sun's 
rays.  If  damp  weather  sets  in,  remove  them  to  the 
greeiohouse,  and  keep  them  rather  warm  and  dry  till  tlie 
wood  becomes  firm.  During  their  season  of  rest  very 
little  water  will  be  necessary,  but  enough  must  be  given 
to  keep  the  soil  in  a  healthy  state.  A  situation  in  the 
greenhouse  where  they  will  not  be  exposed  to  currents 
of  cold  air  will  be  most  suitable  during  winter. 

As  early  in  spring  as  a  temperature  of  from  50°  to 
bo°  can  be  commanded  in  which  to  place  the  plants, 
cut  them  back  rather  freely,  cutting  out  altogether  any 
weakly  slioots  from  the  centres  of  the  specimens.  The 
treatment  during  this  season  need  not  be  different  from 
that  recommended  for  last,  except  that,  instead  of  re- 
moving to  a  cold  frame  in  May  or  June,  they  will,  if 
they  have  been  well  managed,  be  covered  with  their 
pretty  blossoms  by  that  time,  and  will  well  deserve  a 
place  in  the  conservatory  or  show  house.  During  their 
flowering  period  select  a  position  for  them  where  they 
will  be  free  from  drying  currents  of  air,  but  expose 
them  rather  freely  to  light,  as  if  kept  iu  a  shady  place 
the  flowers  will  not  be  so  highly  coloured.  Old  plants 
that  are  rather  po^bound  will  be  gi-eatly  benefited  by 
frequent  waterings  with  clear  weak  manure  water. 
The  soil  best  adapted  to  the  growth  of  the  Crowea  is 
rich  fibry  peat ;  this  should  be  carefully  broken  up  by 
the  hand  and  mixed  with  a  portion  of  silver  sand,  sul- 
ficient  to  ensure  porosity.  In  potting  be  careful  to  have 
the  ball  of  the  plant  and  the  soil  to  be  used  in  a  pro- 
perly moist  state,  and  secure  perfect  drainage  by 
placing  plenty  of  clean  potsherds  over  the  bottom  of 
the  pot,  and  over  them  some  of  the  rough  pieces  of  soil. 

Cuttings  of  the  young  wood,  if  selected  in  a  rather 
firm  state,  will  root  freely  in  gentle  bottom  heat. 

I  have  as  yet  said  nothing  about  training.  I  prefer 
the  pyramidal  form,  and  with  close  cutting  every  season 
and  the  support  of  a  stake  to  the  leading  slioot  very 
little  else  is  necessary.  If  any  other  form  is  desired, 
the  plants  should  be  trained  accordingly  from  the  com- 
mencemeut.  Alpha. 


BRITISH  SONG  BIRDS. 
No.  LXXII. — We  have  now  arrived  at  a  season  when 
every  ear  must  hear,  and  every  eye  must  see,  the  hero 
of  this  day's  discourse — the  Robin  (Sylvia  ruhecula). 

The  well-known  partiality  of  this  bird  for  the  society 
of  man,  renders  him  a  subject  of  universal  interest ; 
and  with  some  few  exceptions  all  who  know  liim  love 
him.  Hence,  the  liberties  he  takes  are  regarded  as 
innocent  freedoms,  and  his  little  tempers  are  set  down 
to  his  innate  peculiarities. 

Of  all  the  tuneful  tribes,  the  Redbreast  6o!e 
Confides  hiaiself  to  man.     Others  Hometimts 
Are  driveo  within  our  lintel  posts  by  storms, 
A  lid  feai-fulli/  the  sprinUleii  crumba  partake  :-~ 
"  Bub"  leelB  iiiinself  AT  Hume. 

The  number  of  these  sweet  choristers  round  London 
can  hardly  be  guessed  at.     They  are  legion  ! 

If  we  wanted  any  particular  bird  to  confirm  what 
we  have  already  advanced  on  the  subject  of  instinct,  as 
contra-distinguished  from  reason,  it  would  be  the  Robin. 
They  are  born  uniformly  of  one  temper — are  all  equally 
pugnacious  with  their  own  tribes  ;  all  fond  of  the 
society  of  man  ;  and  all  invariably  of  one  and  the  same 
habit.  No  person  can  prove  this  better  than  ourselves, 
for  we  have  made  the  race  our  "  study"  for  a  great 
number  of  years.  We  really  imagine  that  we  can  read 
their  thoughts  as  they  follow  our  footsteps  ;  and  that 
they,  too,  readily  understand  what  we  say  to  them.  We 
have  asserted  tliis  before,  and  we  have  been  called  upon 
to  prove  it.  We  have  had  visitors  from  all  parts  to 
see  our  experiments,  and  they  have  departed  in  ecstacies. 
Of  this,  we  shall  take  occasion  to  speak  hereafter. 

It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  if  any  person  were  to  enter  a 
wood,  forest,  or  glen,  and  there  were  a  robin  in  the 
neighbourhood,  in  less  than  two  minutes  that  same  robin 
would  associate  himself  with  the  visitor.  This  is  in- 
variably the  case.  Nor  does  he  come  as  an  intruder.  No. 
He  introduces  himself  with  a  song  of  welcome,  and  bows 
gracefully  from  his  lofty  seat.  Then  will  he  approach 
with  all  pleasant  familiarity,  and  ma):'e  you  his  friend. 

This  is  the  precise  season  of  the  year  in  which  to 
enjoy  the  society  of  our  little  friends  in  russet  coats. 
What  a  splendid  colour  is  their  vernal  vest  !  and  how 
trim  and  smart  they  look  in  their  Easter  suit !  Right 
sensible  are  they  of  their  commanding  presence,  as  may 
be  seen  by  their  graceful  carriage  and  attitude  of  repose. 
They  ai'o  now  actively  preparing  for  the  extension  of 
their  race,  and  we  shall  soon  see  them  exercising  the 
authority  of  papas  and  mammas.  A  sweetly  pretty 
sight  is  it  to  watch  the  exodus  of  a  newly-fledged  family 
of  robins.  Wliat  a  fuss  with  the  governor!  What 
anxiety  with  his  lady  to  divert  her  children,  whilst 
cautiously  enticing  them  away  from  the  reach  of  a 
prowling  cat  concealed  beneath  tho  brushwood  ! 

in  our  next,  we  will  gossip  about  the  nest  of  the  robin, 
and  give  some  interesting  particulars  of  the  situations 
(hey  Holect  for  building  in.  We  are  so  identified  with 
this  bird,  who  sooms  to  claim  us  as  his  own  wherever 
wo  go,  that  wo  feel  our  testimony  will  Hiid  ready 
credence.  It  would  indeed  bo  dillicult  to  "invent" 
anything  half  ao  remarkable  as  what  wo  have  8ccn. 
William  ICiUd. 


TRADK    MEMORANDUM. 
Wiro  is  Mr.  William  II.  Nr;wnian,  of  Chilhnm,  near 
Canterbury,  who  directs  goodw  to  be  sent  by  tho  South- 
Eastorn  Railway,  to  the  Ohilham  SUdion  ? 


Home  Correspondence. 

Mishaps  amonr/si  the  Brasaicas.—"  My  Cabbages  is  all 
'run,' half  the  Colliflowers  'buttoned,'  and  the  Broc- 
kalies  gone  blind  ;  sure  never  was  such  a  season  ; 
nothing  never  goes  right  this  here  very  year,''  exclaimed 
an  old  neighbour  of  mine  whose  garden  I  was  visiting 
one  morning  during  the  past  year.  Nor  were  his 
lamentations  uttered  without  cause.  Hig  Cabbages 
were  indeed  run,  and  the  other  disasters  of  which  he 
complained  were  equally  evident.  I  ventured  to  offei' 
some  probable  causes  for  the  mishaps,  but  all  I  could 
say  had  no  weight  with  him.  It  was  all  owing  to  the 
season,  he  insisted  ;  but  in  what  particular  way  tho 
season  had  produced  such  results  did  not  transpire. 
Yet  to  that  alone  were  the  disasters  attributable,  at 
least  he  believed  so,  and  thus  our  discussion  ended. 
My  friend  Digby  does  not  stand  alone  as  a  victim  to 
such  horticultux'al  disasters,  nor  in  attributing  their 
cause  to  the  season.  But  it  has  often  occurred  to  me 
that,  in  this  as  in  many  other  instances,  the  season  is 
made  responsible  for  what  does  not  really  belong  to  it. 
If  there  is  a  class  of  culinary  plants  more  persecuted 
than  another,  it  is  the  very  numerous  and  useful 
family  the  Brassicas,  and  admitting  that  many  of 
the  mishaps  to  which  they  are  liable  do  arise 
from  circumstances  beyond  the  immediate  control 
of  the  cultivators,  it  must,  I  think,  be  acknowledged  that 
the  kind  of  treatment  they  ordinarily  receive  is  of  a 
nature  to  produce  in  their  worst  aspects  the  inconve- 
niences so  feelingly  expressed  by  my  old  neighbour.  It 
is  well  known  to  all  who  watch  the  phenomena  attend- 
ant on  and  resulting  from  the  development  of  vegetable 
life,  that  circumstances  may  conspire  to  retard  or  accele- 
rate the  ultimate  aim  of  all  plants,  in  common  with  every 
other  organic  structure — the  reproduction  of  the  indi- 
vidual. The  due  amount  of  the  necessary  materials 
which  go  to  build  up  a  complete  and  healthy  vegetable 
will  accelerate  or  rather  will  induce  a  precocious 
maturity  ;  and  a  superabundance  will,  on  the  conti'ary, 
protract  the  various  stages  of  development,  through 
which  a  plant  must  pass  from  the  seed  to  the  assumption 
of  the  character  of  parent  ;  and  the  usual  system  of 
treatment  to  which  the  plants  alluded  to  are  for  the  most 
part  subject,  is  exactly  of  a  nature  to  induce  that  species 
of  morbid  and  precocious  maturity.  Allowed  to  remain 
in  the  seed-bed  en  masse,  crowding  each  other  on  all 
sides,  deprived  of  light  and  deficient  in  nourishment, 
and  often  suffering  materially  from  drought,  till  of  sufli- 
cient  size  to  be  removed  to  the  permanent  situations  in 
tile  open  gardens — then  dragged  from  their  nursery  with 
a  great  deficiency  of  root,  immoderately  long  in  the 
stem,  and  thoroughly  enervated  in  constitutional  vigour, 
no  wonder  they  quail  before  every  gleam  of  sun,  and 
require  days  to  enable  them  to  regain  sufficient  strengtli 
to  sustain  themselves  erect,  and  that  their  subsequent  pro- 
gress should  beunsatisfactory.  Our  best  cultivators  adopt 
a  widely  different  course  of  treatment  with  the  class  of 
plants  under  discussion  ;  and  the  results  reaped  are  of 
a  character  speaking  highly  of  the  benefit  of  the  cai'c 
bestowed.  When  the  plants  are  sufficiently  large  to  be 
removed  from  the  seed-bed,  they  are  carefully  pricked 
out,  and  again  transplanted  when  some  progress  has 
been  made,  and  every  possible  care  taken  to  induce  a 
healthy  and  robust  condition  preparatory  to  their  final 
removal.  And  when  they  are  removed  little  or  no  check 
is  attendant  on  the  operation.  Most  gardeners  have 
experienced  the  annoying  results  of  having  allowed 
their  Cauliflower  plants,  kept  through  the  winter  in  pots, 
to  become  pot-bound.  They  are  identical  in  principle, 
both  as  to  cause  and  effect,  with  those  above  alluded  to. 
The  discussion  of  points  relating  to  the  more  humble 
departments  of  horticulture  is  too  little  attended  to, 
while  others  are  worn  threadbare.  O.  L. 

Bignonia  ladicans  grandijlora. — This  fine  wall-plant 
does  not  appear  to  be  so  generally  cultivated  as  it  should 
be  ;  for  I  am  sure  that  any  one  who  may  assign  a  jiortion 
of  wall  or  trellising  to  it  will  be  pleased  with  its  beauty. 
When  in  Hastings,  in  Sussex,  1  had  a  very  exceflent 
plant  of  this  Bignonia,  which  reached  the  top  of  a  wall 
of  considerable  height,  and  thi'cw  its  branches  over  it 
for  at  least  3  feet,  the  extremities  of  which  boi-e  annually 
a  great  number  of  lovely  flowers.  This  wall  being  near 
a  main  walk  leading  from  the  town,  so  unusual  an  orna- 
ment did  not  fail  to  excite  the  admiration  of  all  avIio 
passed  that  way.  J.  B» 

Oardenias. — I  send  you  cuttings  of  Gardenia  radicana 
and  Stanleyana,  in  order  to  exhibit  the  result  of  keeping 
these  species  of  Gardenia  in  a  cold  frame  or  liouso 
during  the  winter.  The  cuttings  in  question  have  been 
standing  in  a  cold  Vinery,  i.  c,  a  late  Vinery  kept  as  a 
',  greenhouse.  As  spring  approached,  they  were  placed 
in  a  temperature  of  about  58°,  in  order  to  force  them 
into  bloom  for  the  conservatoi-y.  They  however  failed, 
and  their  failure  has  tau;;ht  me  a  lesson  which  I  shall 
not  soon  forget,  and  perhaps  it  may  serve  as  such  to 
^  those  who  may  bo  induced  to  attempt  to  place  plants  in 
'  cold  houses  which  require  intermediate  ones,  wdiose 
temperature  is  not  allowed  to  fall  lower  than  55°  at 
night.  My  plants  appeared  to  have  suft'ered  extremely 
from  cohl,  and  when  placed  in  heat  they  turned  yellow. 
Nevertheless,  in  course  of  time  they  will  outgrow  tho 
evil,  and  will  most  probably  rcassumc  their  original 
character.  Robert  Cox  \Gon(on,  Down  IJallj  JIarloiir, 
Ettaex.  [Tho  specimens  look  as  if  they  had  suffered 
from  cold  and  damp  rather  than  from  mere  crtld.] 

Pmnlyutiiifj  J'lanl  JJounes. — I  have  long  been  in  tho 
habit  of  uHing  Chillies,  mixed  with  conunon  tobacco,  for 
fumigating,  and  have  considered  that  the  Chillies  gave 
a  pungency  to  the  emol<e  whicli   1  yu]'poired  materially 


246 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


April  17, 


assisted  in  tlie  destruction  of  insect  lile.  Alter  reading 
Mr.  Ajres'  account,  however,  about  what  he  had  accom- 
plished svitli  so  small  a  quantity  of  tobacco  and  cayenne 
(6  oz.  of  tobacco  and  2  oz.  of  cayenne),  I  resolved  to 
give  bis  plan  a  trial,  and  also  to  test  the  destructive 
power  of  Chillies  unconnected  with  tobacco.  For  this 
purpose  I  selected  two  houses,  each  30  feet  by  12  feet, 
the  inmates  of  which  were  considerably  infested  with 
aphides.  I  placed  a  sieve,  with  fire,  &e.,  in  the  passage 
of  each  house,  precisely  as  described  by  Mr.  Ayres. 
Over  the  fire,  in  one  of  the  houses,  I  put  5  oz.  of 
tobacco,  mixed  with  3  oz.  of  chopped  Chillies.  In  the 
other  I  burned  half  a  pound  of  Chillies,  without  any 
tobacco.  The  tobacco  and  the  Chillies  were  duly  con- 
sumed, and  both  houses  were  tolerably  well  filled  with 
smoke,  in  which  state  tliey  were  left  for  the  night.  On 
examining  them  next  morning,  I  found  that  the  experi- 
ment with  the  tobacco  and  Chillies,  tised  conjointly,  had 
Ibeen  only  partially  successful ;  and,  to  complete  the 
destruction  of  the  insects,  a  similar  operation  had  to  be 
performed  the  following  evening  ;  but  in  the  house  in 
which  the  Chillies  had  been  used  alone,  I  could  not 
perceive  that  a  suigle  insect  had  been  injured  in  the  least 
degree.  Resolved,  however,  to  give  the  Chillies  a  still 
more  decisive  trial,  I  placed  several  infested  plants  in  a 
small  one-light  frame,  in  which  I  placed  the  head  of  an 
old  spade,  heated  intensely  hot.  On  its  red,  glowing  sur- 
face I  placed  a  good  handful  of  Chillies  ;  the  frame  was 
instantly  filled  with  a  dense  white  smoke,  and  in  this 
state  it  was  left  for  the  night.  On  a  careful  exmination 
the  following  morning,  I  found  the  insects  all  in  the 
enjoyment  of  excellent  health,  not  apparently  the  least 
disturbed  by  the  dense  fumigation  to  which  they  had 
been  subjected.  Now,  how  to  reconcile  Mr.  Ayres' 
successful  operations  with  my  failures,  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
guess.  Can  a  principle  be  engendered  by  the  com- 
bination of  tobacco  and  adulterated  cayenne,  which  is 
not  to  be  produced  by  tobacco  and  Chillies  ?  Perhaps 
others  of  your  readers  may  be  induced  to  try  similar 
experiments,  and  report  the  results.  A  Header. 

Labels. — The  thousand  and  one  kinds  of  labels  one 
meets  with,  wood,  iron,  tin,  lead,  porcelain,  &c.,  &c,, 
shew  that  it  is  quite  an  open  question  what  description 
isthe  best.  I  have  found  oblong  slips  of  deal,  covered 
with  white  paint,  cheaper  than  and  in  other  respects  as 
good  as  any  others  ;  and  whatever  the  label  used  may 
be,  I  think  zinc  wire  the  best  and  most  convenient 
mode  of  attaching  it  to  the  plant.  But  can  any  of  your 
correspondents  suggest  anything  better  for  writing  the 
names  on  these  labels  than  a  lead  pencil  :  it  is  very 
convenient,  which  is  a  great  point,  but  the  names  will 
hardly  last  more  than  two  years.  I  am  afraid  black 
paint  would  be  troublesome.  L.  L. 

Climate  of  OloucesiersMre. — In  your  report  of  the 
Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  at  p.  214,  you  name 
(among  other  things  in  flower  in  the  conservatory), 
Ceanothus  rigidus  and  C.  cuneatus.  Now,  it  may  be 
interesting  to  know  that  both  these  plants  have  been 
standing  here  (through  the  past  winter)  on  an  exposed 
east  border  quite  unprotected,  and  the  former  of  the 
two  is  as  green  as  the  Garrya  ;  the  lattei',  however,  has 
its  shoots  nipped  a  little,  but  it  is  now  making  a  fresh 
Start.  Associated  with  them  are  the  following,  which 
are  a  little  brown  on  the  south  side  ;  viz.,  Abelia  flori- 
bunda,  Cupressus  Goveniana,  C.  macrocarpa,  and  C. 
Uhdeana.  IFiB.  Cox,  The  Gardens,  Strenskam  Court, 
TewJceshuri/,  April  8. 

T/te  Canna,  or  Indian  Shot  is  a  plant  not  generally 
sufficiently  appreciated,  for  the  assistance  it  is  capable 
of  rendering  those  who  have  scattered  beds  to  furnish, 
situated  near  or  surrounded  by  slirubs  or  trees.  The 
large  and  noble  leaves  of  this  plant  serve  to  break  the 
monotony  induced  by  a  repetition  of  the  plants  used  in 
the  "parterre;"  and  in  secluded  spots,  such  as  exist  in 
many  large  gardens,  it  is  a  real  acquisition.  It 
affords  a  more  distinct  and  strikingly  exotic  cha- 
racter, than  is  furnished  by  any  other  plant  equally 
well  adapted  for  the  purpose  ;  its  culture  is  sim- 
ple. I  liave  now  my  stock  of  plants  in  preparation 
for  planting  out  ;  they  have  been  recently  removed  fi'ora 
under^  a  greenhouse  stage,  where  the  tubers  were  win- 
tered in  pots  and  tubs,  in  which  they  were  potted  from 
beds  in  autumn  after  the  frosts  had  destroyed  their 
fohage.  They  are  now  in  a  Vinery,  where  they  will  make 
an  early  gi-owth  of  from  one  to  two  feet  in  height,  after 
which  they  must  be  gradually  hardened,  so  as  to  endure 
the  external  temperature,  and  be  ready  for  planting  out 
towards  the  middle  of  May ;  bods  of  this  plant  have 
hitherto  never  failed  to  excite  the  admiration  of  visitors 
by  their  foliage  and  flowers.  The  species  I  cultivate  are 
Indica,  Patens,  and  Gigantea,  all  of  which  blossom 
freely.  Iridiflora,  with  its  larger  foliage,  grows  rapidly, 
but  it  has  never  flowered  with  me  in  the  open  air. 
W.  C.  K,  Gloucester. 

Orchard-houses. — Some  time  ago  one  of  your  corre- 
spondents inserted  an  article  in  commendation  of  Mr. 
Rivers'  orchard-houses,  stating  at  the  same  time  that 
the  principle  might  be  carried  further  with  advantage, 
and  that  he  purposed  to  build  one  with  certain  contem- 
plated improvements,  which  he  should  give  in  detail  to 
the  gardemng  public.  My  employer  was  about  building 
a  garden-house  and  waited  for  the  promised  explana- 
tion, but  not  meeting  with  it,  we  set  to  work  to  make 
the  best-constructed  and  most  generally  useful  house 
we  could  devise;  and,  being  now  finished,  it  pleases 
exceedingly,  and  is  likely  to  lead  to  several  similar  ones 
being  erected  in  this  neighbourhood.  To  those  who  have 
read  Mr.  Rivers'  book  I  need  only  say,  that  for  a  30-feet 
house  we  have  followed  his  general  instructions  and 
irections  except  as  to  the  height  of  the  roof,  which  is 


of  the  same  pilch  but  about  15  inches  loftier  than  he 
recommends.  This  would  have  kept  the  plants  too  far 
from  the  glass,  and  made  them  liable  to  draw,  in  addi- 
tion to  obstructing  much  of  the  afternoon  sun,  the  whole 
front  being  usually  boarded  and  no  light  admitted 
except  through  the  roof.  The  disadvantage  has  been 
obviated  by  glazing  a  row  of  30  by  14-incli  squares, 
between  the  studs  or  posts  the  whole  length  of  the  front, 
immediately  under  the  spouting  and  above  the  moveable 
ventilating  boards,  which  has  a  very  pretty  effect.  The 
intention  being  to  do  the  work,  not  cheaply  but  sub- 
stantially and  well,  our  first  operation  was  to  dig  out  the 
whole  area  of  the  floor  to  a  depth  of  2  feet  6  inches — 
a  suitable  depth  for  a  Vine  border — to  concrete  the  bot- 
tom, form  a  drain,  and  set  all  the  posts  (Oak  at  the 
corner  points,  the  remainder  Larch)  in  solid  concrete. 
The  pathway  walls  were  then  built  of  brick  to  the 
height  of  the  sm'faee  of  the  soil,  and  a  face  was  given  of 
Portland  cement  ;  the  two  bottom  courses  of  the  wall 
being  loopholed,  after  which  the  borders  were  filled  in 
with  a  proper  compost  ;  so  that  now  by  means  of  the 
loopholes  through  which  the  Vine  roots  will  find  their 
way  we  have  at  command  one  border  the  whole  width 
of  the  house.  The  boarding  is  of  1-inch  and  S-inch 
foreign  timber  ;  the  upper  half  of  the  door  is  glazed 
with  sheet  glass,  admitting  both  light  and  sight ;  the 
roof  and  front  with  Hartley's  patent  rough  plate, 
(than  which  I  have  found  no  glass  more  excel-  ( 
lent,  as  it  is  glazing  and  shading  in  one,  whilst 
it  thoroughly  admits  and  disseminates  the  rays 
of  light)  and  arrangements  are  made  for  the  convey- 
ance of  water  to  a  tank  near  the  door.  May  I  digress 
so  far  as  to  recommend  my  brother  gardeners  to  grow 
their  Melons  and  Cucumbers  under  Hartley's  glass, 
allowing  a  little  extra  strength  to  the  framework,  for  I 
have  proved  it,  and  they  need  not  fear  of  a  crop,  all 
other  conditions  being  duly  fulfilled.  It  is  very  likely 
a  house  of  the  kind  I  have  been  describing,  simple  as  it 
is,  will  be  found  useful  both  in  summer  and  winter.  At 
present  the  surface  of  the  border  of  mine  to  the  front 
is  occupied  by  a  few  rows  of  Strawberries  in  pots  ;  the 
back  border  has  some  dwarf  bushes  of  stone  fruits  from 
Sawbridgeworth  and  elsewhere,  also  in  pots  ;  and  I 
think  that  the  additional  height  of  the  house  already 
alluded  to  will  enable  me  conveniently  to  train  three  or 
four  hardy  Vines,  which  are  put  in,  over  the  back 
boarding,  and  perhaps  down  each  alternate  rafter, 
Martin  Hurjgms,   G'ateforth-house,  Yorkshire. 

Mucor  Curtisice. — Until  the  publication  of  the  Rev. 
M.  J.  Berkeley's  treatise  on  the  "  Cause  of  the  Potato 
Disease,"  in  the  "  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  " 
for  1846,  few  general  readers  had  any  notion  of  the 
existence  of  parasitic  plants  on  those  of  a  higher  order  ; 
and  even  then,  many  remained  incredulous  that  an  in- 
visible fungus  could  produce  such  extensive  mischief — 
yet  it  only  requires  close  observation  to  be  convinced 
that  nearly  every  common  plant  is  infested  by  one  or 
more  of  these  noxious  adherents.  That  seasons  have 
much  influence  in  propagating  parasitic  cryptogams  to 
an  unusual  extent,  there  is  no  doubt ;  yet  it  appears 
equally  certain  that  countries  possessing  the  finest 
climates  are  not  exempt  from  these  destructive  agents. 
On  the  contrary,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  they  serve  to 
complete  a  wonderful  system,  of  infinite  variety,  of 
created  life  ;  for  as  I  have  shown  elsewhere,  even  the 
small  hairs  on  the  Potato  and  Nettle  produce  crops  of 
articulate  fungi.  That  we  are  not  more  liable  to  these 
parasites  than  our  foreign  neighbours  may  be  seen 
from  the  accounts  published  in  your  Paper  of  their 
attacks  on  the  Orange,  Lemon,  and  Vine  ;  and 
in  order  to  add  to  this  list,  I  have  sent  you 
accompanying  drawing  of 
a  distinct  species  recently 
found  in  the  interior  of  a 
Fig,  by  Miss  Lydia  Curtis, 
who  kindly  preserved  it  for 
me.  In  outward  appear- 
ance, it  is  a  dense  black 
stratum,  with  an  olivaceous 
velvety  bloom ;  but  under 
a  sti'ong  penetrating  power, 
the  whole  plant  is  nearly  transparent,  with  a  smoky 
tinge,  and  consists  of  simple  stems  issuing  from  an  en- 
tangled mycelium,  surmounted  by  summits  varying 
from  ovate  to  globular,  at  first  inclosed  in  a  glossy 
glutinous  membrane,  which  is  at  length  apparently 
ruptured,  and  the  sporidia  are  seen  in  a  compact  mass  ; 
and,  owing  to  the  sticky  coating  of  the  plant,  as  they 
fall,  they  adhere  in  clusters  to  all  parts  of  it.  As  it  is, 
I  believe,  new,  I  have  named  it  Mucor  Curtisice,  in  com- 
pliment to  the  nice  observation  of  the  young  lady  who 
discovered  it.  To  what  extent  Figs  are  damaged  by  this 
fungus,  I  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  but  by  inviting 
attention  to  the  subjects;  probably  at  a  future  time  our 
knowledge  may  be  increased.  F.  J.  Graham. 

Rain  at  Landue,  near  Launcestmi,  Cor^vwaZl,  durinq 
1851. 


was  as  large  as  the  second  crop  of  the  common  brown> 
Fig,  the  whole  turned  yellow  and  fell  ofi",  four  trees 
serving  me  the  same  trick.  The  trees  were  healthy^, 
the  weather  was  admirable,  and  I  could  discover  no 
insects,  therefore  I  am  obliged  to  suppose  that  it  is- 
something  constitutional  in  that  sort  of  Fig,  which  was 
introduced  info  the  colony  (New  South  Wales)  by  me 
in  1842,  and,  as  I  believe,  has  not  yet  borne  fruit.. 
It  was  given  to  me  by  the  name  of  *'  Verte  ti'es  bonne 
qualite,"  along  with  15  other  sorts,  by  the  secretary  of 
the  Horticultural  Society,  but  they  unfortunately  all 
died  on  the  passage  but  this  one.  Will  somebody  be  so 
kind  as  to  tell  me  if  "  Figue  verte  tres  bonne  qualite  " 
of  the  Horticultural  Society's  list  ever  does  bear  in 
England,  and  if  it  is  really  a  good  sort  ?  It  is  a  most 
rampant  grower,  and  I  should  like  to  know  if  it  is  worth 
keeping  any  longer  in  our  gardens  ?  Figs  thrive  well 
here,  frequently  bearing  fruit  the  same  season  in  which 
they  are  planted.  /.  C.  Sidwill,  Tinana,  south  lat.  25°, 
East  coast,  New  iJouth  Wales.  [Where  the  Fig-tree  is 
not  injured  by  cold,  the  casting  of  its  unripe  fruit  is- 
occasioned  either  by  a  deficiency  of  moisture  for  the 
roots,  or  by  too  much  of  it  without  drainage.  The  Figue 
verte  tres  bonne  qualite  grows  vigorously  in  the  garden 
of  the  Horticultural  Society  ;  but  it  has  not  fruited  in 
the  open  ground,  for  which  it  appears  not  at  all  adaptedj. 
except  in  such  climates  as  that  of  Italy,  whence  it  was 
obtained  with  a  good  character.  As  it  was  only  the 
first  year  of  its  fruiting  with  you,  it  will  certainly  be- 
advisable  to  give  it  a  chance  in  another  season.] 


BoTANicAi,,  OF  Edinbuegh,  March  II.  —  Professor 
Balfguk  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Bryson  sent  for  exhibition 
under  the  microscope  a  section  of  the  stem  of  Pbyto- 
crene  gigantea,  a  gigantic  climbing  shrub  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  XJrticaceEe,  found  in  India,  and  figured 
in  Wallich's  "  Plantas  Asiaticte  Rariores,"  vol.  iii.. 
tab.  21 G.  The  section  showed  a  large  cellular  central, 
pith  surrounded  by  a  vascular  layer,  proceeding  from 
which  were  seen  eight  wedges  composed  chiefly  of  porous 
vessels,  alternating  with  eight  narrow  bundles  of  pleu- 
renchymatous  vessels  and  cellular  tissue.  The  wood  is 
soft  and  porous  ;  and  Dr.  Wallich  states  that  in  dividing 
the  stem,  which  sometimes  measures  18  inches  in  dia- 
meter, a  large  quantity  of  a  pure  and  tasteless  fluid 
flows  out,  which  is  quite  wholesome  and  is  drunk  by  the 
natives.  Hence  it  has  been  called  vegetable  fountain. 
— The  following  papers  were  read  : — I.  Remarlcs  on  the 
Gro^i:th  of  the  Jalap  Plant  {Exogonium  jntrf/a)  and  of 
the  Scammo^iy  Plant  (Convolvulus  scammonia),  in  the 
open  gi'ound  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  by  Professor  Balfour. 
2.  On  the  rate  of  Gi'owih  of  the  Bamboo  {Bambusa  arun- 
dinacca)  in  the  Botanic  Garden,  by  Mr.  M'Nab.  The 
following  was  the  growth  of  a  Bamboo  stem  in  the  Palm- 
house  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  from  the  time  it  first 
showed  itself  above  the  soil  (15tli  July,  1851)  until  the 
31st  of  August,  being  a  period  of  the  year  when  artificial 
heat  was  almost  entirely  withheld.  Each  day's  observa- 
tion was  made  at  6  a.m.  : — ■ 


Increase  in  2i  Hours. 


Julj  19     2J  inches. 


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H 

H 


Increase  in  21  Hours. 


Aug.  10  3^  inches. 


H 
12 
13 
14 
19 
IS 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
28 
24 
26 
26 
27 
23 
59 
80 
81 


4'i 

■li 
H 
25 

n 
n 

H 
H 

H 


August       

...     2.51 

September 

...     1.C5 

October      

...     4  51 

November 

...     3.01 

December 

...     2.9i 

43.9i 


January 10.57 

February ]  ,75 

March        6.81 

April  2.15 

May  1,94 

Juno  2.61 

July  3.51 

On  192  days. 
—JB.  T.  PUlUpps. 

Figs. — What  is  the  cause  of  the  casting  of  the  unripe 
fruit  of  the  Fig-tree  !  This  Spring  only  one  sort  of  my 
Figs  showed  any  sign  of  a  first  crop,  and  as  the  crop  on 
this  kind  was  abundant  and  it  had  never  fruited  beforej 
I  was  almost  wilHng  to  forgive  the  other  sorts  for  their 
remissness.     All  of  a  sudden,  however,  when  the  fruit 


3.  Notice  of  a  case  of  poisoning  hy  one  of  tlie  Cape 
Mdacece.  By  A.  Dalyell,  F.R.S.E.,  late  Lieut.  27tb 
Regt.  Communicated  by  Dr.  Maclagan.  The  author 
observes  : — During  1841, 1  write  from  memory — when 
Lieutenant  of  the  light  company  of  the  27th,  ordered  to 
the  Orange  River — on  one  occasion,  after  a  fatiguing 
march,  a  halt  was  made  on  the  banks  of  tlie  little  Fish 
River,  near  the  village  of  Somerset.  That  evening,  80  of 
the  baggage  and  artillery  oxen,  were  reported  dead,  and 
next  morning  40  more  were  found  poisoned,  having  eaten 
the  flowers  of  a  small  iris-like  plant,  which  grev/  in 
abundance  around  the  encampment.  During  the  fol- 
lowing year,  whilst  in  command  of  the  Tarka,  I  had 
many  opportunities  of  renewing  acquaintance  with  the 
same  plant,  not,  however,  under  similar  circumstances  ; 
it  is  only  when  oxen  are  so  far  exhausted  by  over- 
driving, as  to  lose  their  discriminative  instinct  in  the 
hui-ry  of  impetuous  hunger,  tliat  poisoning  follows  its- 
presence  in  their  grazing  grounds.  The  plant  was- 
always  regarded  as  an  enemy,  but  I  never  saw  it  eaten 
by  cattle  except  in  the  instance  I  have  detailed.  It  is- 
not  possible  for  me  to  state  the  precise  time  in  which,  in 
any  one  individual,  death  followed  from  eating  it.  1  think,, 
however,  I  may  venture  to  offer  from  three  to  nine 
liours  as  the  most  proba"ble  time.  Long  before  the  heat 
of  day  had  operated  on  the  dead,  the  dilated  eyes  and 
the  frothy  nostrils  and  mouths  of  the  poisoned  cattle  were 
commented  upon,  whilst  wescrarabled  over  them  at  morn-- 


16—1852.1 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


247 


ing  pai'ade,  as  indicative  of  a  more  suffering  death  than 
such  faithful  companions  of  our  toils  deserved.  Symp- 
toms of  gastritis  were  marked  by  their  previous  moau- 
incs.  From  the  solidity  of  the  ground  it  is  next  to  im- 
possible that  any  of  the  roots  could  have  been  got  up  ; 
poisoning  was,  tlierefore,  due  to  the  flowers,  stem  and 
leaves.  I  have  also  every  reason  to  believe  that  every 
one  of  the  oxen  which  eat  the  plant  died.  Dr.  Balfour 
considered  it  to  be  A^ieusseuxia  tripetaloides,  D.C.  He 
also  stated  that  several  of  the  Cape  IriJacece  seemed  to 
be  poisonous,  aud  referred  especially  to  Homeria  collina 
as  noticed  in  Dr.  Pappe's  Prodromus  of  the  Cape  Medical 
Flora.  "I  introduce  this  plant,"  says-Dr.  Pappe,  "  (which 
is  known  to  almost  every  child  in  the  colony  as  the  Cape 
Tulip),  not  for  its  therapeutical  use,  but  for  its  noxious 
properties.  The  poisonous  quality  of  its  rhizomes 
appears  to  have  been  laiown^to  some  extent  yeai's  ago, 
but,  judgiug  from  the  rapidity  with  which  death 
ensued  in  a  recent  case  when  they  had  been  eaten 
by*  mistake,  it  must  be  of  a  very  poisonous  land.  To  Dr. 
Laing,  Police  Surgeon  of  Cape  Town,  I  am  indebted  for 
the  particulars  of  a  most  melancholy  case  of  poisoning 
caused  by  this  plant.  A  Malay  woman,  somewhat 
advanced  in  years,  with  her  three  grandchildren^  re- 
spectively of  the  ages  of  'IS,  8,  and  6,  partook,  on  the 
18th  of  September  1850,  of  a  supper  consisting  of  Coffee, 
fish,  and  Rice,  and  along  with  this  a  small  basin-full  of 
the  bulbs  of  Homeria  colliua.  The  exact  quantity 
which  each  ate  is  not  well  known.  They  appear  to  have 
supped  between  7  and  8,  aud.  retired  to  bed  at  9  o'clock, 
apparently  in  good  health.  About  1  in  the  morning  the 
old  woman  awoke  with  severe  nausea  followed  by  vomit- 
ing, and  found  the  children  similarly  affected.  She 
endeavoured  to  call  for  assistance,  but  found  herself  too 
weak  to  leave  her  bed  ;  and  when  at  5  o'clock  assistance 
arrived,  the  eldest  girl  was  found  moribund,  and  expired 
almost  immediately.  The  little  boy  of  8  years  died  in 
an  hour  afterwards,  and  the  youngest  child  was  found 
in  a  state  of  collapse  :  almost  insensible,  with  cold  ex- 
tremities, pulse  scarcely  50  and  irregular,  pupils  much 
dilated.  The  symptoms  of  the  grandmother  were  nearly 
similar,  but  in  a  lesser  degree,  accompanied  by  constant 
efforts  at  vomiting.  By  using  diffusible  stimulants,  she 
and  this  child  eventually  recovered."  4.  Notice  of  the 
numher  of  known  fossil  plants  at  different  epochs^  and 
of  the  natural  orders  io  vjhich  they  arc  referred..  By 
Professor  Balfour. — Mr.  M'Nab  read  the  following 
report  on  the  stat«  of  vegetation  in  the  Edinburgh 
Botanic  Garden,  from  the  lith  of  February  till  the 
Uth  of  March,  1852:  — 


Helleboros  orieatalis  ... 

Arable  albidtt 

Sjmpbjtum  tauricuai 

Crocas  vercius  and  varieties.. 
Primula  deniicula:a 

,,         nivalis 

Symplocarpu-  fceiidus 
Leucojum  verauin 
Arabis  procurrens 
Anchu'ja  senipervirens 
Tus&ila^'O  albi , 

„  nivea 

Folmonaria  augu'atifoLia 
„  unguis 

Adoriia  vernabs 

Dondia  Eviipacns 


Date  of  Fiowering. 


1352. 

1S51. 

1350. 

Feb.    U 

,.      IS 

Feb.     7 

Feb.    21 

,.      16 

..      c 

„      IS 

.,       3 

1.       20 

„      19 

II      15 

,1       23 

,,      2) 

March  10 

March    1 

„       20 

Ftb.     4 

Feb.    13 

..      21 

Jan,    20 

,1       18 

..      21 

Feb.      1 

,,       21 

..      21 

.1      14 

.1      26 

„     27 

Jan,    2G 

March  li 

It     21 

I.      28 

1.        2 

Marcli    1 

..       2 

Feb.     7 

„      11 

»       6 

„      18 

.1      16 

8 

Jan.     4 

Jlr.  Evans  stated  that  the  Apricot  began  to  flower  in 
the  Experimental  Garden  on  the  1st  March, — G.  Sharp, 
Esq.,  was  elected  a  Fellow. 


E'    '"jes  Tiber  Lichenen  und  deren  Befnichlunrf.  Von  T.  D. 
W.  Bayrhoffer.     (Observations  on  Lichens  and  their 
Organs  of  Fructification.)     Bern,  1851.     4to,  pp.  48, 
tab.  hth.  iv. 
Mi'fii  interest    has  been  excited  by  tlie    observations 
of  Itzigsohn  on  the  supposed  spermatozoids  of  Lichens, 
1  others  have  followed  in  his  steps  to  the  greater  or 
'.orrohorfttion  of  what  he  has  advanced  on  the  sub- 
More    eapeclaily    M.    Tulasne    has    turned   his 
jtH'.iition  to  the  point,  and  has  laid  some  of  the  results 
of  his  investigations  before  the  French   Academy,  and 
wc  are  h-ippy  to  hear  that  so  farfrom  having  abandoned 
the  matter,  he  ia  now  following  it  up  with  more  close 
attention   than  ever.     Meanwhile  the  present  tract  is 
calcniated  to  keep  up  the  interest,  m  it  professes  some- 
thing  like  general   vie^vu,   though    the  author  labours 
under  the  di8advantage,for  the  moat  jmrt  very  prejudicial 
to  scientific  reputation,  of  seeing  at  the  pame  time  much 
more,   and  much   less   than  othern.     His  figures,  too, 
are  much  Ciofused  and  often  badly  cxcctitcrl,  ho  as  to 
make  it  very  difficult  to  understand  exactly   wliat  he 
means.     We  hare  had  no  time  to  follow  up  his  investi- 
gations, and  know  not,  therefore,  what  degree  of  credit 
they  deserve,  thongli  the  results  arc  at  first  sight  some 
what  startling.      VVe  slmlt  therefore  content  ourselves 
with    simply   giving   an     outline   of  the    positions    he 
advances,  which    may   possibly   be   of   service  to  lltose 
who  arc  interest';d  generally  in  the  physiolo^'y  of  plants, 
Lichcn»,  according    to  our  author,  arc  either   hcriiia- 
phrodite,  uioinijcJous,  or  diaicious.     In    the  two  former 
'  ca«oa  there  is  a  prothallua  and   thallun,  in  the  latter  an 
'  hynothftllns.     The  prothallns  is  the   first  stage  of  de- 
vcfopmeiit  arising  from   the  germination  of  pcrb-et  or 
imjK-rfect  siMires.     Upon  this  is  seated  either  a  male  or 
I'ilo  stratum.     In  r]irj)cions  Lichens,  sueli  ns   Oliosto- 
,  Pyrenotff.ri,  Spiloma,  <L-c.,  unihcritl'mf  with  imper- 


fect spores  (androspores)  are  produced,  or  barren 
structures  resembling  apothecia.  VVheu,  however,  botli 
sexes  are  united  in  the  prothallus,  the  thallus  arises, 
which  consists  of  two  principal  strata  :  the  male,  which 
is  composed  of  the  radical  stratum  and  the  filamentous 
one  above  it,  the  tips  of  whose  threads  produce  the  male 
gonidia ;  and  the  female  composed  of  the  gonimic, 
which  gives  off"  the  female  gonidia,  and  the  cortical. 
All  these  are  present  only  in  the  most  perfect  Lichens. 
The  gonimic  stratum  is  never  absent  ;  any  of  the  others 
may  occasionally  be  deficient.  In  the  hermaphrodite 
Lichens,  the  male  gonidia  are  much  larger  than  the 
female,  and  greenish  yellow  ;  whereas  in  the  mono?cious 
species,  they  are  of  the  same  size  and  colour.  Threads 
fi'om  the  two  strata,  proceeding  in  opposite  directions 
penetrate  each  other.  The  apothecia  consist  of  two 
principal  parts,  the  one  seated  above  the  other  ;  the 
lower  wall  gives  off"  threads  which  our  author  calls 
prosphyses,  the  tips  of  which  bear  cylindrical  cells, 
endowed  with  spontaneous  motiou,  sometimes  growing 
singly,  sometimes  forming  short  chains  which  are  either 
terminal  or  lateral.  The^  upper  surface  or  hymenium, 
produces  the  female  prosphyses  directed  downwards, 
while  au  intermediate  stratum,  seated  just  above  the 
point  of  production  of  the  androspores,  consists  of  a 
quantity  of  female  gonidia,  from  wlience  proceed  the 
asci  and  paraphyses.  In  the  dioecious  species  the  male 
apothecia  are  distinct,  and  the  individuals  which  pro- 
duce them  are  described  under  the  names  oi  Pi/rcnothea, 
Cliostomxini,  &c.  Such  may  suffice  to  give  a  slight 
sketch  of  the  author's  "views,  which  are  totally  different 
from  those  of  his  predecessors,  and  at  least  deserve  the 
merit  of  originality.  How  far  they  may  be  correct  is 
another  question. 

We  have  received  another  treatise  on  Lichens,  en- 
titled Zit,r  Entioichlirngsgeschichte  von  Borrera  ciliaris. 
(Inaugm'al  Dissertation.)  Von  G.  von  HoUe,  Giittingen, 
1849.  4to,  pp.  43,  tab.  hth.  ii. — This  may  be  consulted 
with  advantage  by  those  who  wish  to  find  a  good 
account  of  the  evolution  of  the  apothecia  and  their  re- 
productive organs,  but  there  is  nothing  relative  to  the 
more  pressing  point  of  interest,  which  regards  the  second 
form  of  fructification  contained  in  the  little  black  specks 
that  are  scattei-ed  over  the  crust,  nor  is  there  any- 
thing to  confirm  the  peculiar  views  as  to  the  structure 
of  the  apothecia  put  forth  by  Bayrhoffer. 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Pansy. — We  stated  on  a  recent  occasion,  that 
in  addition  to  the  improvements  effected  in  general 
gardening  through  the  agency  of  the  Horticultural 
Society,  much  had  also  been  done  by  it  for  the  advance- 
ment of  floriculture.  This  is,  perhaps,  best  exem- 
plified by  the  magnificent  collections  of  Roses  in  pots 
which  annually  grace  its  May  and  June  exhibitions.  In 
common  with  most  new  projects,  when  this  was  first 
announced  it  was  met  at  the  very  threshold  with  much 
determined  opposition.  Some  even  went  so  far  as  to 
say  that  the  thing  could  not  possibly  succeed  ;  never- 
theless, the  result  has  been  all  that  could  be  desired. 
Hie  same  institution  required  Pansies,  Pinks,  Carnations, 
and  Picotees  in  pots,  and  this  innovation  again  called 
forth  similar  predictions  of  failure.  Those,  however, 
who  preferred  deeds  to  empty  speculation,  set  heartily 
about  trying  the  experiment,  and  with  what  success  last 
season's  exhibitious  at  Chiswiclc  bore  favourable  wit- 
ness. But  it  is  our  wish  on  the  present  occasion  to 
direct  attention  exclusively  to  the  Pansy,  and  more  par- 
ticularly to  its  cultivation  in  pots  ;  not  more  with  a  view 
to  the  purposes  of  exhibition  than  for  early  spring  deco- 
ration. This  was  suggested  by  the  charmingly  bloomed 
examples  in  pots  of  this  flower  exhibited  by  Mr.  Turner 
at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society  in 
Regent-street.  They  consisted  of  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  Disraeli,  Ophir  (very  fine),  Robert  Burns, 
and  Euphemia.  This  exhibition  proved  a  source  of 
much  interest  to  all  who  were  present,  whether  florists 
or  not  ;  while  a  pan  of  cut  blooms,  although  of  equally 
fine  varieties,  arrested  but  limited  attention.  Those  wlio 
have  never  cultivated  the  Pansy  in  this  way  have  little 
idea  what  a  profusion  of  really  gay  flowers  is  produced 
by  this  plant  during  the  whole  of  the  early  spring  months, 
and  that  within  the  narrow  limits  of  a  common  three- 
light  wooden  frame.  A  box  of  the  size  just  mentioned 
will  hold  about  70  plants  in  G-inch  pots,  which  size  is 
large  enougii  when  not  required  for  the  purposes  of  ex- 
hibition ;  and  they  may  nearly  all  consist  of  different 
varieties,  or  two  plants  of  some  kinds  that  are  especial 
favourites  may  be  allowed,  according  to  the  taste  of  the 
cultivator, and  which  we  should  recommend  ;  for  there 
is  much  in  the  choice  of  a  plant,  as  wo  shall  hereafter 
show.  Proper  plants  for  the  purpose  will  often  have  a 
conhiderablo  number  of  blooms  open  by  the  middle  of 
February,  and  even  Iron  Duke,  Supreme,  Duko  ol 
Norfolk,  Elegant,  Euphemia,  Sir  J.  I'ranklin,  Leader, 
Constanlini',  and  Caroline,  will  have  lair  blooms  in  the 
middle  of  January.  With  proper  attention,  tlie.so  same 
plants  will  flower  in  good  character  til!  the  latter  part  of 
May  ;  hut  wo  will  date  the  comnicnccnient  of  a  good 
head  (A'  bhjoni,  hh  a  general  rule,  from  tho  Ist  of  March 
to  the  Ist  of  June  ;  thus,  for  very  little  attention,  giving 
a  succession  of  gooti  flowers  for  three  monlliH,  witlnjut 
tlie  expense  of  heat,  linings,or  coverings.  We  may,  then, 
well  ask  wlutt  other  plant  will  make  tlur  Hiinie  di.Hpliiy  and 
the  sanio  return  tor  no  little  trouble,  Mr.  Tui'uer,  whrj 
is  perhaps  the  nioHt  hucrenslul  grower  of  llie  I'inmy 
we  have,  says  :  "PlantH  for  early  (lowering  sliould  Ijo 
potted  up  from  the  open  ground  in  Octobox',     Although 


a  liardy  plant  that  will  grow  aud  bloom  almost  anywhere, 
yet,  like  every  thing  else,  to  produce  fine  flowers  they 
must  not  be  permitted  to  take  care  of  themselves.  If 
the  weather  is  open  the  last  week  in  January,  or  the 
first  week  m  February,  begin  to  repot  the  plants  gene- 
rally, usnigsod  similar  to  that  in  which  they  have  been 
wintered,  i.  e.  good  decomposed  turfy  loam,  rotten 
manure,  a  little  leaf-mould,  and  coarse  sand,  the  latter 
in  proportion  to  the  nature  of  the  loam.  When  potting 
loosen  the  outside  of  the  old  ball,  and  remove  a  portion 
of  the  top  soil  ;  drain  as  you  would  for  Carnations  • 
after  covering  the  bottom  of  the  pot  with  crocks,  place 
some  of  the  coarsest  soil  mixed  with  a  little  manure  over 
the  di  ainage,  and  shake  all  down  by  striking  the  pot  on 
the  bench.  The  soil  should  not  be  pressed  hard  with 
the  hand  ;  no  water  should  be  given  for  a  day  or  two 
after  potting.  Before  as  well  as  after  this  operation, 
the  plants  must  be  kept  well  up  to  the  glass.  Tlie  plants 
we  have  been  describing  should  have  from  two  to  six 
shoots,  or  strong  leaders  ;  aud  to  keep  them  to  these 
chosen  shoots,  a  number  of  small  ones  must  from  time 
to  time  be  removed.  These  cuttings  answer  the  double 
purposeof  strengthening  the  main  shoots,  and  producing 
a  stock  of  young  plants,  which  will  supply  the  place  of 
the  old  ones  when  worn  out.  Plant  out  any  increase 
as  soon  as  it  is  rooted,  and  from  these  again  continue  to 
propagate  by  putting  in  any  side-shoots  as  cuttings,  when 
they  are  sufficiently  long  for  that  purpose.  Propagating 
the  Pansy  is  a  simple  and  inexpensive  operation  ;  almost 
any  beds  or  borders  will  answer  for  planting  out  the 
young  stock.  We  recommend  that,  from  first  to  last,  a 
considerable  number  should  be  raised  from  cuttings,  or 
small  pieces  taken  from  the  parent  plant,  with  roots 
attached,  in  order  that  there  may  be  a  good  selection  for 
the  purpose  of  pot-culture.  In  this  lies  the  secret  of 
successful  cultivation  ;  without  a  choice  of  plants  no 
good  will  be  eflected."  Having  pointed  out  what  should 
be  aimed  at  to  ensure  success,  it  will  not  be  out  of  place 
to  allude  to  what,  in  many  instances,  causes  failure. 
The  time  for  talcing  cuttings  is,  in  many  cases,  too  long 
delayed  ;  if  the  old  plant  does  not  go  off  altogether,  the 
cuttings  become  sickly  and  pippy  ;  therefore  never  be 
without  a  young  stock.  Strong  growers,  with  large 
flowers,  are  best  adapted  for  pots.  The  following  are 
recommended  for  that  purpose  ; — Selfs  of  various  shades  : 
Blanche,  Const^antine,  Duke  of  Perth,  Ibrahim  Piasha, 
Lucy  Neal,  Ophir,  Polyphemus,  Pompey,  Rainbow,  and 
Sambo.  Varieties  ivith  lohitc  grounds :  Aurora,  Almau- 
zor,  Caroline,  Climax,  Madame  Sontag,  Miss  Thomson, 
Mrs.  Beck,  Mrs.  Hamilton,  Penelope,  Sir  R.  Peel,  and 
Royal  Visit.  Varieties  witJL  different  shades  of  yellow 
ground :  Addison,  Constellation,  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
Diadem,  Elegant,  Euphemia,  France  Cycole,  Iron  Duke, 
Juventa,  Mr.  Beck,  Masterpiece,  Ophelia,  Robert  Burns, 
Sir  Philip  Sydney,  Supreme,  and  Zabdi.  Keep  the 
frames  open  whenever  the  weather  is  favourable,  pulling 
the  lights  back,  or  tilting  them  up  ;  maintain  the  plants 
in  a  growing  state  by  watering  them  as  often  as  they 
require  it,  going  over  them  ior  this  purpose  every  day. 
Plants  that  have  several  shoots  should  be  tied  into 
shape,  placing  the  centre-branch  upright  in  the  middle, 
and  the  remainder  at  equal  distances  all  round  ;  but 
the  plant  must  be  shaped  according  to  the  number  of 
shoots  :  three  leading  branches  are  sufficient  if  cut 
blooms  only  are  required.  Another  advantage  is,  that 
the  same  plants,  from  the  succession  of  bloom  they  pro- 
duce, will  answer  the  double  purpose  of  exhibiiing  in 
pots  or  stands  of  cut  flowers.  After  the  potting  as 
above  recommended  has  taken  place,  take  the  earliest 
opportunity  at  which  the  ground  is  in  a  fit  state,  to 
plant  out  any  stock  not  required  to  bloom  under  glass, 
or  plants  that  have  been  wintered  in  stores,  &c.,  which 
will  bloom  through  May  or  June,  and  produce  a  stock  of 
good  healthy  cuttings.  By  following  the  simple  and  inex- 
pensive treatment  which  we  have  just  recommended, 
we  are  sure  that  those  who  take  the  little  trouble  that 
it  entails  will  not  fail  to  be  gratified  by  a  fine  display  of 
bloom,  which,  from  its  long  continuance,  will  most 
certainly  afford  much  gratification.  /.  £. 

National  Flokicultoiial  Societt.  April  8.— Mr.  Tbnmas 
Moore  in  the  chair.  Tlie  most  iiittresting  object  contributed 
on  this  occasion  was  Countess  of  Eliebinere  Camellia,  from 
Messrs.  JacUaon,  of  Kingston.  Ic  has  a  fiue  globulnr  Coi-m, 
with  broad  gracefiiMy  cupiied  Rtout  petals.  It  is  of  averagD 
size,  and  thoroughly  double  :  iia  colour  is  a  blush  or  pinUish 
white,  faintly  striped  with  pnle  Rose:  a  tiret-cIftftB  Certificate 
was  awarded  it.  CitierarinB  were  cnntributed  by  ilr.  Ivery, 
and  Mtssra.  E.  Q.  Henderson  ;  in  Mr.  Ivery'a  proup  it  was 
remarked  that  Siar  of  Pi'clihuin  was  a  Inrgei-  flower  and 
deeper  in  colour  than  HarmnierMniih  IToauty  :  a  Certificnto  (f 
Merit  was  nivardcd  (o  Uosulind,  (or  its  fine  habit,  breanth  of 
(joial,  and  good  (jcneral  shape—  colour,  while,  narrowly  mar- 
tini d  with  bluish  [lurple,  dlhk  grey,  much  in  the  way  of 
Lady  Hume  Ciin.pbcll  ;  of  named  sorta  MesHrs.  Flindcr- 
pon  pent  Carminato,  Ctrllo,  David  Copperfield,  Formosa, 
.Mrs.  Chnrlcs  JCeiin.  I'uulinc,  Prince  Aitbur,  MHJor  Poiiio,  and 
iiihers;  two  dwarf  UlioitodendronB,  ^hown  on  u  former  occa- 
nlon,  wore  finnislied  by  Mi".  Artliur  Honderfion,  of  Plne-opp  o 
Place,  as  wafia'so  the  lino  collection  of  HyacluthH  in  potB, 
itlluded  to  at  p.  231.     One  new  Moinbcr  was  elected,  J  E. 

Royal  SonTn  London  FLnEtcnLTORAL  Society,  Apr'dXT)— 
Wo  leatn  that  tluR  Bocleiy  IntemiB  hnvliig  exhlbltionH  of  S(.>ed- 
ling  lloriHt  lloworR  in  o<inncolloii  with  Its  committee  nicetings. 
The  dayH  and  hour  of  meeting  havo  already  htcn  anm  uuced  in 
our  adverilHing  pngOR.  At  this,  tho  Jlrst  gathering-,  Ciiiururias 
wore  the  principal  subjecta  prndured,  hut  nnnoof  tliem  wero  of 
Huporinr  merit.  'I'l-e  only  ceitiliente  (fii  Ht-olaBB)  awarded  «  as 
lo  Mr.  Turner,  of  aioujih,  for  Iiih  m  edlirig  PaiiHy.  "  Sir  ,1.  Cutb- 
(!iirt,"  a  deep  yellow  grimiul  vniluty,  with  rieh  bronze  red  top 
petnln  and  innrgin.  It  is  a  Ihtwer  ol  fine  general  form  and 
MiibxtunL'o.  It  liUH  been  lavonrubly  luitieed  by  us  on  two 
[irevioui  occafllonH  ;  and  line  as  it  appeared  at  liret,  Itimprovoj 
aH  the  HeaBon  udvanceH,  ./,  /','. 

Aubici;lab:  A'.  1,  '2,  and  yofnovoluo.  Auriculafi  cannot  bo 
terupfd  fihy  neederrt  ;  but,  an  with  all  woll-cfltabllHliod  florlath* 
(lo\i  urH,  It  is  dillli  tilt  to  bent  exUtinii  varieties.  •/.  li. 

Caknations  and  I'lOt'TEES  :    U  11.  They  may  allll  bo  potted 


II 


24  8 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


f  April  17, 


with  suceet.8,  botii  for  bloom  and  tor  iocreu^e;  no  other  sti- 
pulation is  needed  than  that  healthy  plan's  be  employed, 
and  those  nith(.u'  having  as  yet  "  6[iin'lled  ;"  do  not  disturb 
the  roots,  pot  firmly,  shade  from  hot  sun  for  a  few  daye,  and 
then  place  them  on  strips  of  deal ;  the  situation  should  be 
free  from  draughts,  shade,  or  drip.  We  do  n')t  ivater  at  the 
time  of  poUing,  and  as  a  rule  prefer  to  let  them  go  without 
it  until  some  progress  has  been  made  in  the  new  sail.  J.  E. 

Cjnerahia  :  JSandSon.  Thfindentureat  the  end  of  cich  petal 
is  a  drawback;  the  named  variety  referred  lo  has  also  a 
similar  fault;  yours  is  equal  to  many  with  fine  names  anl 
high  prices.  J,  E. 

LiQi'iD  Man'ure:  As  we  stated  before,  it  should  not  be  applied 
unless  the  jjlgnts  are  in  good  growth  ;  it  is  worse  than  use- 
less to  give  it  to  half  dormant  ir  sickly  subject?.  J.  E.^ 

Pansy:  J  S  and  6'oii.  V(ry  I3ne  yellow  ground,  wiih  broad 
margin  -rind  upper  petals  of  rich  maroon;  stout  on!  flat, 
with  Eolid  eje,  whicli  in  the  lower  and  side  petals  is  w-^U 
displayed  ;  the  edges  are  scarcely  smooth  enough,  which  may 
be  attributed  to  t!ie  late  co'd  nights  ;  even  with  a  somewhat 
contracted  lower  petal,  it*  outline  is  good.  We  shall  be 
pleased  to  see  it  again.  J.  E. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(Fov    the   ensuhig  weeh.J 

PLANT    HOd''-^ES. 

Bring  forward  the  stock  of  plants  recommended  for 
blooming  in  July  and  August,  by  shifting  such  as  require 
it,  and  allowing  them  more  room.  Kalosauths  will 
require  neatly  tying  out,  as  these  plants  form  beautiful 
globulai'-shaped  plants,  by  a  little  management.  Fuchsias 
will  require  a  second  shift,  which  should  now  be  into 
their  blooming  pots,  using  a  rich  light  soil  for  the  pur- 
pose. The  same  will  suit  scarlet  Geraniums,  growing 
for  specimens.  These  three  plants  can  be  well  managed 
together.  Krythrina  Crista  galli  is  another  free-flowering 
plant,  well  adapted  for  the  purpose,  and  not  forgetting 
the  different  varieties  of  Nerlum,  so  seldom  seen,  and 
yet  we  scarcely  know  more  beautiful  things,  or  any  that 
repay  cultivation  better.  To  grow  these  in  perfection, 
stout  bushy  plants  should  be  selected,  whicli,  after  being 
potted  in  peat  and  loam,  should  be  placed  in  a  pit,  close 
to  the  glass  ;  let  them  have  a  good  heat  through  the 
summer,  and  keep  them  moist  at  the  roots  while  growing. 
About  August  they  should  be  kept  dryer,  and  liave  the 
glass  taken  off  them  every  fine  day,  or  placed  at  the 
foot  of  a  south  wall  ;  by  these  means  the  shoots  will  get 
well  ripened  by  the  winter.  Any  dry  airy  house  will  suit 
them,  and  the  following  spring  they  may  be  forced  into 
bloom  with  a  little  extra  heat.  If  left  in  a  house  of 
moderate  greenhouse  temperature,  they  will  not  bloom 
before  July  and  August,  when  they  will  surpass  many 
new  things  grown  in  preference  to  this  charming  old  plant. 
Some  fine  varieties  may  now  be  procured  inthe  nurseries. 
Keep  the  conservatory  as  cool  by  day  as  is  consistent 
with  the  health  of  the  inmates  ;  this  will  keep  the  plants 
longer  in  bloom,  and  be  more  enjoyaljle  for  parties  in- 
specting them.  Shading  must  be  resorted  to  this  brigl.t 
weather,  and  some  pains  must  be  taken  to  supply  the 
Waste  of  moisture  by  the  dry  external  air.  Any  deli- 
cate plants  full  of  roots,  which  it  is  not  desirable  to  shift 
at  present,  should  have  their  pots  inserted  in  one  a  size 
larger  ;  filling  the  interstice  between  them  with  moss,  or 
saw-dust.  TJiis,  if  more  generally  practised,  would  save 
many  a  valuable  plant ;  the  action  of  dry  absorbing  air, 
on  so  porous  a  substance  as  a  common  garden-pot,  soon 
extracts  the  moisture  from  the  mass  of  earth  inside,  and 
however  carefully  attended  to,  many  plants  die  from 
this  alone  in  hot  weather. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
Pinery. — The  greater  part  of  the  summer  fruit  will 
now  be  swelling  fast,  and  as  the  amount  of  light  and 
solar    heat     has    largely    increased,   a     proportionate 
quantity  of  moisture  must  be  applied,  both  to  the  plants 
and  the  air  of  the  house  :  to  obtain  the  latter,  the  paths, 
floors,  &c.,  should  be  flooded  with  water  several  times  a 
day,  and  at  closing  time  let  the  plants  and  surface  of  the 
bed  be  well  damped,  to  preserve  the  desired  humidity.  A 
slight  shade   of  open  thin  canvas  or  netting  (of  which 
Haythorn's  is  the  best),  should  be  placed  over  the  glass 
for  a  few  hours  during  the  middle  of  cacIi  bright  day : 
this  will  keep  the  internal  air  more  humid,  but  too  much 
shading  for  such  a  plant  as  the  Pine  is  more  injurious 
than  useful  ;  towards  evening  a  small  portion  of  air  may 
again  be  admitted  ;  tins  will  give  strength  and  vigour 
to  the  plants  and  produce  higher  flavoured  fruit,  remove 
a.s  they  appear   useless  suckers  and  gills,  and  keep  the 
fruit  in    an  upright  position  by  proper  staking.     The 
increased  solar  heat  will  produce  acoiresponding  increase 
to  the  bottom  heat ;  this  should  be  watched,  for,  although 
a   somewhat   high  bottom  heat  will  not    produce   the 
mischief  it  would  with  a  low  house  temperature,  yet  it 
should  not  exceed  90''  or  92°,  even  at  this  time.      Con- 
tinue  to  shade  newly  potted  plants,  until  free  growth 
■  commences  :  reduce  it,  however,  gradually,  to  inure  the 
plants  by  degrees  to  the  whole  influence  of  light,  keeping 
down  the    temperature   by    large    admissions   of    air. 
Plants  may  appear  to  grow  faster  wiien  shaded,  and  may 
■  be  larger  in  size, — but  the  cultivator  will  find  those  plants 
-.grown  under  a  full  exposure  to  solar  light  and  a  propor- 
■tionate  quantity  of  air,  will  produce  much  the  largest 
and  beat  flavoured  fruit,  other  conditions  being  equal. 
Peach  hou^e. — When  the  fruit  in  the  early  house  has 
gone  through  the  critical  period  of   stoning,  the  final 
tliinning  should  take  place.     If,  liowever,  our  directions 
respecting  the  previous  thinning  of  the  crop  have  been 
followed,  at  this  stage  but  very  few  will  require  remov- 
ing ;  in  carrying  this  out,  the  size  of  the  fruit  and  capa- 
bility of  the  tree  to  perfect  its  crop   should  not  be  lost 
sight  of.     The  borders  inside  and  out  may  now  have 
their  maxinium. waterings,  using  liquid  manure  wherever 
a  weak  habit  from  poor  soil   or  over  exhaustion  shows 
it  to  be  necessary.     In  addition,  a  copious  washing  by 
tiie  eijgine  should  be  applied  twice  daily,  early  in   the 


morning  and  at  shutting  up  time ;  and  if  advantage  is 
taken  of  closing  with  a  little  sun-heat  a  few  additional 
degrees  of  heat  may  be  given  them.  Tlie  house,  how- 
ever, should  not  stand  higher  than  50''  at  6  a.m.,  while 
during  the  day  it  may  range  to  85°  if  accompanied 
with  air  in  liberal  quantities.  Keep  a  strict  watch  on 
the  red  spider,  which  the  present  dry  weather  will 
encourage.  French  Beans  and  Strawberries  are  great 
helps  in  introducing  this  pest  to  forcing  houses,  hence 
after  tliis  time  they  should  if  possible  be  accommodated 
by  a  house  or  pit  to  themselves.  French  Beans  are 
subject  to  a  still  worse  plague  to  gardeners — the  thrips, 
the  latter  being  very  difficult  to  destroy.  In  Vineries, 
Peach-houses,  and  Melon  pits,  where  the  red  spider 
shows  itself,  wash  the  back  walls  and  other  parts  of  the 
interior  with  the  wash  we  recommended  at  page  200, 
Peach  trees  may  be  syringed  with  a  mixture  made  by 
well  stirring  a  small  quantity  of  sulphur  (in  powdar)  in 
water  ;  if  the  syringe  or  engine  has  done  its  duty,  this 
will  not  be  necessary. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
The  present  Spring  has  proved  hitherto  most  unfa- 
vourable for  planting.  Those  whom  circumstances  have 
compelled  to  plant  evergreens  find  them  dying  fast, 
even  under  conditions  of  soil  favourable  to  the  formation 
of  roots.  We  have  found  sticking  brushwood,  or  large 
branches  of  evergreens  round  the  plants,  to  be  the  most 
successful  way  of  arresting  the  great  evaporation  caused 
by  the  extreme  dryness  of  the  atmosphere  ;  where 
choice  things  have  been  planted,,  a  light  canvas  frame 
may  be  substituted.  It  will  be  found  much  more  bene- 
ficial to  shade  in  some  way  or  other,  than  to  water  so 
frequently.  This  season  will  prove  beyond  doubt  how 
much  preferable  the  early  autumn  months  are  for  plant- 
ing evergreens,  to  the  spring  ones.  Dress  and  finish  off 
the  beds  and  borders  of  .spring-flowering  herbaceous 
plants  and  bidbs  ;  fill  up  vacant  places,  either  from  the 
reserve  ground  or  the  frame.  It  is  not  generally  ad- 
visable to  sow  many  annuals  among  herbaceous  plants, 
as  the  latter  ai'e  best  managed  by  themselves  ;  yet  a 
few  such  things  as  Stocks,  Wallflowers,  and  other  bien- 
nials, and  some  of  the  more  showy  dwarf-growing 
annuals  may  be  mixed  with  them  ;  these  latter  should 
be  sown  as  the  borders  are  now  cleaned,  marking  each 
spot  where  seed  is  deposited  with  a  small  label,  that  in 
future  cleanings  they  may  not  be  mistaken  for  weeds. 
Annuals,  intended  either  for  blooming  where  sown, 
or  for  removal  to  the  regular  flower  garden, 
may  now  be  sown  ;  the  more  hardy  of  these 
in  the  open  ground  ;  and  those  requiring  a  slight 
heat,  in  a  cold  frame.  In  either  case  the  plants 
must  be  kept  thin  ;  and,  if  intended  for  filling  up  vacant 
bods,  they  should  be  frequently  transplanted  and  stopped; 
treated  in  this  w*ay,  we  have  seen  common  annuals  (as 
Candytufts,  Coreopsis,  and  similar  things)  transplanted 
safely  during  the  hottest  weather.  Pi-cmising  the  bor- 
ders for  the  summer  flowers  have  been  duly  prepared, 
they  may  now  be  brought  to  their  proper  form  for  plant- 
ing, that  everything  may  he  in  readiness  when  the  time 
arrives.  See  that  everything  intended  for  planting  out 
is  getting  its  proper  share  of  attention,  by  being  gra- 
dually hardened  off.  The  spring-struck  cuttings,  if  not 
potted  off,  should  be  immediately  proceeded  with  ;  some' 
of  the  more  hardy  stuff  may  remain  in  their  cutting 
forms,  but  these,  like  the  formei*,  should  be  exposed 
each  fine  day,  to  enable  them  to  bear  the  open  air  with- 
out a  check  next  month.  An  additional  stock  of  some 
thingj  may  now  be  put  in  to  make  late  beds,  or  to  re- 
place some  of  the  more  early  flowering  ones. 
HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Tlie  protective  materials  on  the  more  forward  Peaches 
and  Apricots  should  be  removed  forthwith  by  day,  that 
the  shoots  may  not  become  drawn.  On  south  walls  a 
partial  disbudding  of  the  above  will  be  requisite  ;  doing 
a  little  at  a  time,  that  no  great  check  may  occur,  which 
would  be  the  case  by  removing  a  large  quantity  of  the 
young  growth  at  a  time.  Therejs  every  promise  of  a 
large  crop. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

The  continuance  of  frosts  will  still  render  necessary 
the  night  covering  of  spriiig-i'aised  vegetables,  recently 
pricked  out.  In  this  neighbourhood  the  present  spring 
has  certainly  been  the  dryest  for  a  long  period.  A\- 
though  watering  to  newly-planted  things  is  requisite,  if 
the  earth  is  at  all  dry,  yet  some  caution  should  be  used 
in  its  application  ;  when  necessary,  apply  it  early  in  the 
morning,  that  the  plants  may  get  dry  before  evening. 
In  preference  to  further  waterings,  we  advise  giving  the 
plants  a  slight  shade,  by  sticking  light  spray,  or  small 
branches  round  them  to  break  off  cold  winds,  and  pre- 
vent excessive  evaporation.  A  crop  of  Scarlet  Runner 
Beans  may  now  be  planted,  and  on  a  warm  border  a  few 
of  the  dwarf  French  ;  at  the  same  time,  plant  a  portion 
of  each  under  glass  for  transplanting,  should  the  former 
fail.  The  space  between  the  early  rows  of  Peas,  if  not 
occupied  already,  will  prove  a  good  place  for  planting 
successional  crops  of  Cauliflowers  and  Lettuce.  Thin 
out  the  spring-sown  Spinach,  and  sow  a  row  or  two 
evei'y  fortnight  for  succession.  Sow  a  crop  of  Cardoons 
in  small  pots,  for  transplanting  into  trenches  in  June  ; 
two  or  three  seeds  may  be  planted,  and  the  plants  after- 
wards thinned  to  one.  Tiiis  is  a  good  time  to  make  a 
fresli  plantation  of  Artichokes  ;  our  practice  is  to  plant 
each  season  a  row  or  two,  and  dig  up  the  same  quan- 
tity of  the  oldest  roots.  The  ground  should  have 
been  deeply  trenched  and  well  manured  ;  throw  out 
a  shallow  trench,  into  which  fork  some  rotten  manure. 
Select  the  strongest  suckers  from  the  old  roots  (the 
green  variety  is  the  best),  and  plant  them  18  inches 
apart    in     the     ti'ench  j    we   find  this    crop    valuable 


in  producing  a  late  succession  of  heads,  which 
are  easily  kept  in  a  fresh  state  through  January,  by. 
cutting  them  with  the  stalk  attached  when  frost  sets  in^ 
laying  them  in,  in  any  odd  corner  and  covering  them 
with  mats  or  straw.  Make  up  a  slight  hot-bed  for  the 
first  crop  of  Celery,  and  prick  out  the  young  seedlings  ; 
keep  them  shaded  for  a  few  days,  and  after  they  make 
a  start  give  them  more  air  and  plenty  of  water  ;  a  few 
may  be  left  for  pricking  out  on  a  south  border.  Ad- 
vantage should  be  taken  of  this  dry  weather  to  eradi- 
cate every  kind  of  weed,  and  the  hoeing  to  effect  this 
will  be'of  service  to  the  crops  as  well.  Stick  Peas  as 
they  advance,  and  sow  a  main  crop  of  the  tall-growing 
marrows,  allowing  a  corresponding  width  between  the 
rows. 


State 

of  tLe  WeMher  near  London,  for  the  week 

endine  Apiil  15,  1852 

asobneired  at  the  Horticultural  Gardens,  Chiswiclt. 

« 

Tbmpbkatdeb. 

April 

1 
20 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

1  foot'2  feet 
deep. 1  deep. 

Wind. 

■5 

Max. 

Min.     Max. 

MlD. 

Mean 

Friday.. 

fl 

30.312 

30.307  t    53 

94- 

38.5 

43 

42 

S.B. 

CO 

Satur.  ,. 

111 

21 

30.293 

30.1  S9       60 

?fi 

43.0 

424 

424 

OD 

Sunday  . 

11 

:t''.i77 

30.144  1     56 

:« 

46.5 

Monday 

1'^ 

■23;    30.^78 

30.2.^6       57 

V 

4  ■.!.(( 

44 

43i 

Tuep.   .. 

24    a0.313 

'Mi 

47.5 

44i 

44 

Wed.    .. 

U 

25     30.262 

3ai71       73 

29 

M  0 

45 

4b 

E. 

rhura... 

Id 

:n 

30.174 

30.0/6        60 

41        50.5 

4liJ 

441 

Avpraffft 

30.;53  )  30.1!)!l  '    C0.8  '   30.1   '    45.S  1  44.0    '  43.3 

.0( 

)ril       9-iiiiilii  cIouub;  vtr>  fine;  clear  and  froaty  at  nlghc. 

—  )0— Sharp  froBt;  clfar;  ellKtit  dry  haze;  frosty. 

—  11— Poguy;  very  fine;  clear, 

—  12  — H«zy;  BllEht  diy  haze  j  clear, 

—  13— H^zy  ;  very  fine;  f'Ody  at  oi^ht, 

—  14-I'ry  h^zs;    fine,  with  hot  Bun ;  air  excesBively  dry;   clear; 

bIikUc  froat. 

—  15— FoBRy;  alipht  dry  haze;  uniformly  ovcrcftBt  at  night, 
Meao  temperature  ol  the  weeli,^  dei;.  below  theaveruKc 

State  of  the  Weather  at  ChiBwick.durlnK  thelaatse  yeare.for  the 
ensuiOK  week, ending  April  24, 1852. 


Sunday  II 


Mod 


19 


Tuea. 

Wed. 
ThurB.   _ 
Friday   23 
Sntur.    24 


No.  of 
I  ears  in 
whicb  it 

liained. 


Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 


0.39 

0,26 
0,32 


FrevailiDg  Winds. 


The  higheat  temperature  during  tho  above  period  occurred  i 
1840.  and  ESd  and  23d.  1842— therm.  75  deg.;  and  the  lowest  C 
1838,  and  1842  and  22d,  1343-therni,  26  deg. 


Notices   to   Correspondents. 

Birds:  M  H.  Tour  parrot  haa  some  very  bad  habits,  arising 
from  severe  iudispositioD,  you  must  immediately  give  him  a 
change  of  air  and  scene.  Place  his  cage  in  the  garden  where 
he  can  see  the  sun,  and  all  that  is  passing  to  and  fro,  but  be 
careful  to  cover  over  warm  at  night.  Discontinue  the  Hemp 
seed,  and  let  his  diet  be  the  be.^t  Wheaten  bread,  moistened 
with  boiled  milk,  until  it  assume  the  consistence  of  pap.. 
Give  him  no  meat  whatever,  nor  any  trash  ;  and  >  ccahionally 
Jet  him  have  part  of  a  Chillie,  which  will  correct  the  want  of 
adion  in  his  stomach.  Nothing  but  the  change  of  scene  we 
fpegk  of,  will  divert  him  from  his  bad  habits.  If  he  moults 
this  year  kindly,  he  will  live  ;  his  not  having  moulted  last 
year  io  at  prestnt  against  him.    W.  K. 

Camellias:  Harold.  Without  actualinspectionof  the  conditions 
under  wliich  your  Camellias  are  placed  it  would  he  difficult 
to  say  with  certainty  what  ails  them.  We,  however,  suspect 
thnt  the  mischief  is  caused  by  damp  and  cold,  with  insuf- 
ficient ventilation. J 

Cherry  Tree:  Etiqvirei;  There  ia  no  reason  why  you  should 
not  shorten  your  Cherry  tree  :  but  you  had  better  wait  now 
till  it  is  in  full  leaf,  or  it  will  bleed. 

CocDMBERs:  Sub.  You  must  apply  to  tho  nurserymen.  Wc 
never  recommend  dealers  J — i*  ^-  They  are  attacked  by 
Thiips. 

Insects  :  Diamond.  The  objects  found  on  your  Vine  are  the 
dried  shrivelled-up  bodies  of  females  of  the  common  Vino 
fretter  Coccus  Vitis,  and  the  white  cdtony  matter  is  a 
societion  emitted  by  the  females  in  which  to  envelope  theii- 
eggs,  which  are  to  he  seen  in  myriads  under  each  body.  Yuu 
must  therefore  carefully  hand-pick  the  stem-*  immediately, 
and  then  wash  them  with  hot  water,  or  better  with  diluted 
spirits  of  turpentine,  or  the  eggs  will  hatch  and  your  tree  be 
greatly  injured.    IF. 

Names  OF  I'LANTS  :  Erzeronm.  887,  Salvia  ceratophjUa  ;  just ' 
arrived,  the  box  of  dried  plants  and  the  packet  of  eeedp.  It 
is  feared  that  the  bulbs  will  hardly  recover.  A  tliouSand 
thanlis.— TF/'-S,  Azalcaoblusa,  and  Leucopogon  lanceolatus. 
—J  Weeks  and  Co.  All  Blelias,  probably  varieties  of  B.  vere- 
cunda,  but  not  determinable  from  single  flowera. — li  D. 
lUicium  floridanum. 

Potatoes:  G  W.  We  remember  nothing  of  the  sort.  erhaps 
you  will  point  out  the  place  in  which  we  objected  to  a  prac- 
tice which  we  have  spent  seven  years  in  recommending. 

Rhododendrons  :  J  Young.  It  u  impossible  for  us  to  say  with 
any  degree  of  confidence,  what  is  the  matter  with  your  leaves. 
Their  dying  half  way  back  may  happen  from  many  causes. 
It  may  be  attributable  to  over  doees  of  liquid  manure;  but  ne 
should  think  that  damp  and  insufficient  ventilation  are  more 
likely  to  be  the  ront  of  the  evil. J 

Strawberries  :  HZ.  Liquid  manure  made  solely  from  guano 
is  suitable  for  Strawberries  when  just  beginning  to  fruit.  It 
should  be  made  as  de&cribed  at  p.  168,  and  applied  weak  and 
often  rather  than  seldom  and  strong? .J 

Tree  Febns  :  Sub.  We  are  not  surprised  at  your  being  unable 
to  raise  them  trom  eied  ;  it  is  a  difficult  task,  which  can 
seldom  be  accomplished  even  under  the  most  favourable 
conditions.  Those  you  have  employed  appear  to  have  been 
proper,J 

Vines  :  J  \V B.  We  did  not  mean  to  vex  you ;  as  we  are  still 
puzzled  to  make  out  your  meaning  we  will  put  your  lettev 
into  other  handf,  in  the  hope  that  we  may  get  an  answer. 

Watee  Plants  :  Floaters.  All  Njmphaens,  Nuphars,  Villarsia, 
and  ApoDogeton.  Marsh  Plants :  Menyanthes,  Butomua, 
Siigittaria,  Irises,  Acorus,  CyperuH,  Alismas,  Calla,  Nelum- 
bium,  and  Colocasia,  &c.       _ 

Weeping  Ash:  O  D.  There  is  no  difficulty  in  successfully 
crafting  the  Weeping  Ash,  provided  the  operation  is  sliilfully 
done  and  at  the  proper  time  ;  but  we  should  think  that  it  is 
rather  too  late  in  the  season  to  do  it  now.  You  will  be  more 
likely  to  succeed  with  budding  the  nearly  ripe  one-year  old 
wood  in  autumn,  taking  care  that  the  buds  you  employ  are 
quite  ripe.f 

Misc:  W  B.  Yes  ;  the  proper  place  for  your  Medinilla  is  in 
Division  III.,  No,  43. j — Tirydail.  Sericcgraphia  Ghies- 
breghtiana  is  a  stove  plant ;  Adamia  pylvatica,  greenhouse  ; 
Centradenia  floribunda,  stove  ;  Huhhhee  Grape,  ditto.  No 
particular  care  is  needed  ;  they  will  all  succeed  perfectly  in 
a  mixture  of  peat,  loam,  sand,  and  leaf  soil.  They  are 
-  novelties,  and  can  only  be  fouqd  in  the  periodical  wbictl 
adqiit  suph  tilings. | 


16—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


249 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION      TO      AGRICULTUIST  S.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations   of  this 
MANURE  are  etill  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Governnient  and 

to  the  Public  ag^ainto  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

■buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  vrhom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
we'l  to  remind  buyers  that — 

TJie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91,  5s.  per  ton,  less  2-^-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  muat  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'yHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*-  following  Manures  on  tue  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genume  ;  — Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  cons'.ant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  9i,  lOa.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9t.  6s.  in  Dock.  Edwabd  Pdhseb,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge,  street,  Blaclifriars. 


MANURES.— The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
faclured  at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptlord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    o    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  105.  per  ton  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  ic. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2J,  5s.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caue,  as  proved  by  testi- 
menials  from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferti'ieing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  dift'usible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramoui^t  re- 
commenilation.  A  liberal  Commifsion  alloived  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  Fur  C'^pies  ot  thtj  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SDPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  oescription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Keutral  Soluble  Phosphaieof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  '*  Analysis  " 
ifl  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
ipowerful  Manure,  is  71,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Bunker's  Bill  on 
London. 


MANURE    DEPOT.-PEAT    CHARCOAL. 

TO    FARMERS,    AGRl^CULTUIilSTS,    AND    OTHERS. 

GH.  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea-bridge, 
•  Middlesex,  Agent  to  the  Irish  Amelioration  Society  ibr 
fhe  sale  of  the  above.  All  needful  particulars  will  be  given  on 
application  at  the  above  address. 

Price  of  tbe  unmixed  Charcoal,  555.  per  ton,  sacks  included. 
Mixed  with  Nightsoil,  50s.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Mixed  with 
Urine,  70a.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Carriage  to  any  of  the 
Wharfs  or  Railway  Stations,  from  33.  Gd.  to  53.  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 

GUANO.— Our  Sale  of  DAMAGED  PERUVIAN 
GUANO,  advertised  for  MONDAY  next,  19ih  inst.,  will 
not  take  place  till  further  notice.— J.  A.  Rdceee  and  BENcaAFX 
Brokers.  ' 


H 


TURNIP     SOWING. 
QUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 

*-'  only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  condition  to  that 
manufaciured  by  the  under,  signed,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Suciety'a  Journal,  Vol.  vi.  h'art  2.  It  is  albo 
suitable  tor  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Gutino,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bunr-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  alt  other  Manures  of  known  value. —  Apply  to  Mabk 
FoTBEaoiLi,,  lOi,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDO-COPROLITES. 

(PBdM   TUE    SUFFOLK    CEAQ.) 

T^DWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 

L-^  erected  very  powerful  M^ichinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc^ 
Ing  the^e  PhoBphutic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  Immediate  1  cality  of  where  they  are-found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  moat  economical  terms,  in  :iny 
qaaatity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  DiSHolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  thecheapestaource  of  PhoBphnte  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  pecallarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  ia  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwabd  Packabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  SuftV-lk. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGP:  MANURE.— Pro. 
mofe  the  Htaltb  and  Wealth  ot  Town  and  Country  by 
locreaftlnf;  the  u*e  of  that  valuable  Manure,  PEAT  ClIAIt- 
COAL,  impr-^Kiaw^d  with  the  ferlill«ing  matter  of  LONJjON 
HEWaQE.  The  ammonia,  phonphalts,  and  fiecen  aro  ab- 
forbfd,  and  the  wattr  pref!*ed  out  bright,  pnlatable,  and  Holt. 
Sold  at  ihe  Charcoal  and  Suvrage  Works,  Btan'ley  Bridge 
Pulbam,  Middlcstrx,  at  C0«.  per  tun,  ia.  per  cnt,, '2a.  Q<1  per 
httlfcwt. 

THERMOMETERS. 

HENPvY  BAKLIt'S  (Ud,  Jlatton  Garden,  Lon<Ion) 
lA%t  of  Prices,  Kverj  iuhlruDitnt  rnnrl.-  by  him  warranted 
«CCnr«t«.  — Vertical  st-lf-rfKlstering  T  HEltMO.METKlt,  fur 
h«at  and  cold,  of  the  bent  corifitructlon,  airl  not  linbh.-  Vt  gut  out 
of  nrdtr,  U  Inchns  high,  in  copper  cant;  M  bg  ;  In  jfipan  cftHO, 
1(.  li.,  and  M.  ;  10  Inched  \vv.\\,  in  copper  cHHe,  U.  'In.  \  In  Japan 
case,  IBj.  llorlzonlal  Thermomi:t'-rH  (or  ri^Utering  thd  ox- 
Crtmc  of  «-/,|'I  only,  is.  M.;  Hot-bed  Tlicrrnomo'erH,  In  oak 
trttnt-n,  11.  li. ;  copper  frame*,  It.  Ttt.  Therfnomctrrn  for 
Brawlnfr,  H.iths,  4tu.,  In  copper  camm,  II  iiubefi,  7a,  '}'/.; 
lOlDchcit.A*.  tut. ;  8  Inches,  4a.  rw. ;  in  Japan  ciihdi,  liinchefi,  Tm.  ^ 
10  Inched,  3j,  B/i,  ;  S  inchfis,  :^*,  C<1.  iJr,  Mft«<>n'H  M  \Krom<;t(T, 
or  wet  bulb  Thermometer,  for  nbowlni^  tin-  hufindlly  of  the  air, 
with  t<ibl«»,  Ivory  icalc,  )£,  ;  wood,  \:,b.  An  liivalui-bUi  lirsirii. 
ment  In  llotboaies,  Hick  Ohambtri,  djc.  Wheel  liaromrtora 
from  I(,  If.  rach,  nunt,  securely  pnclied-  nitboutfcur  of  (jctttnii 
out  of  uTiWr. 


USSEY'S      AMERICAN      REAPER, 
Price  18i.  complete,  with  Delivery  Board,  »fec. 


HUSSEY'S    "CHAIVIPION"    REAPER    IN    YORKSHIRE. 
From  Sir  Talton  Sykes,  Bart.,  to  Mr.  CrosskiU. 

Sledmere  Castle,  Driffield,  Sept.  9th,  1851. 
Sir, — I  have  just  been  seeing  your  Machine  for  reaping,  and 
am  very  much  pleased  with  it.    It  does  its  work  beautifully, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  they  will  soon  be  in  general  use. 
I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

(SignedJ  Tatton  Sykes. 

HUSSEY'S  "CHAMPION"  REAPER   IN    LINCOLNSHIRE. 
Faiiford  House,  Louth,  March  13,  1852. 

Sir, — I  enclose  a  Cheque  for  18i.,  the  cash  price  of  Ilussey's 
Reaping  Machine,  I  should  have  done  this  earlier,  but  have 
been  much  engaged,  and  waited  to  try  it.  I  have  done  so  on 
Wheat  Stubble,  and  find  it  answer  beyond  my  most  sanguine 
expectations.     I  am,  yours,  tSjc,     (Signed)     Wm.  J.  Oslear, 

To  Mr.  Crossltill,  Beverley. 

W.  CllOSSKILL  will  warrant  Hassey's  Reaper  to  cut 
"  standing  "  or  "  laid  ''  Corn,  across  "  ridge  and  furrow." 
W.  C.  ia  making  three  Reapers  a  day  for  purchasers  who  have 
already  given  orders  for  delivery  in  May,  but  cannot  guarantee 
to  deliver  future  orders  in  time  for  Harvest  unless  given  imme- 
diately. Full  particulars  and  Report  of  the  Cleveland  Chal- 
lenge and  Trinl,  &c.,  will  be  forwarded,  gratis,  on  application 
per  pofct, 

CROSSKTLL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

PATENT    CLOD     CRUSHERS    AND    WHEAT     ROLLERS, 

For  Rolling  young  Wheat  in  the  spring,  &c. 

At  the  Great  Exhibition  the  highest  award  of  the  Council 
Pr^ze  Great  Medal  was  awarded  to  Cbosskill's  Patent  Serrated 
Roller  and  Clod  Crusher,  with  this  commendation—"  Ii  repays 
its  Cost  the  First  Season  of  its  use,  inc."  Reduced  Prices,  18i. 
size,  now  15i.  cash. 

CROSSKILL'3  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

ON  E-HORSE    CARTS, 

Mounted  upon  Patent  Wheels  and  Axles,  manufactured 
almost  entirely  by  machinery.  Reddced  Prices— Ten  per 
Cent.  Discodnt  off  Orders  for  Three  Sets  of  Patent  Wheels 
and  Axles. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL  MILLS, 
The  most  powerful  and  economical  Mills,  of  Two,  Four,  and 
-Six-horse  Power,  for  grinding  all  kinds  of  Farm  produce,  in- 
cluding Bones  for  Manure  ;    and    particularly  recommended 
where  Steam  Power  is  uped. 
Lists  of  Prices  may  be  had  gratip,  on  npplicntion  per  post 
Please  Address— Ma.  CRO.SSKILL,   BEVERLEY. 


IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING,    ETC. 
QTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  G1,  Gracechureh-street 

^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  beg  to 
inform  their  friends  and  the  public  gmer-illy  they  are  now 
inanufacturmR  Iron  Hurdles,  at  the  following  low  prices  -—For 
sheep,  6  ft.  long  3  ft.  hlgb,  5  bars,  3s.  2d.  each  ■  and  for  cattle, 
6  fc.  long,  3  ft.  3  in.  high.  S  bars,  83.  Grf.  each. 

OUTTA  PERCHA  TUBING  FOR  WATERING 
vJ  GARDENS     ETC 


IMPROVED    CRASS    CUTTING  &   ROLLING    MACHINE. 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

A  LEXANDER     SHANKS     and     SON,     Machine 

■^^  Makees,  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  respectfully  solicit  notice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  for  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which,  and 
i's  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  kind,  has  now  be^n  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monial'* and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents,  for  London  :  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Hammersmith;  Hertford :  Mr.  George  Folkard, 
Ironmonger;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Yimng  and  Co., 
Castle  Buildings,  Derby-square  ;  Sheffield  :  Mr,  J.  Law,  Curator 
of  the  botanic  Gardens  ;  Chester  ;  Messrs.  F.  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserjmen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Glasgow  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square;  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Chas.  D. 
Young  anfi  Co.,  43,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth :  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
Turiibull,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


yJZ-lNTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL    DIGGING 

'  *  FORKS  never  bend,  strain,  or  break,  but  retain  their 
shnrp  points  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repair,  Mr.  Mecbi  says, 
"  They  answer  admirably  in  breaking  our  heavy  cIayB,'"and 
mixing  the  soil  in  an  extrnordinary  manner,  and  facilitate 
labour  quite  20  per  cent." 

Early   orders    are  requested,   as   the   demand  is  very  great. 
They  are  executed  in  the  rotation  in  which  they  are  given. 
BnacFss  and  Key,  Agents,  103.  Newgate-slreet,  London. 
Priced  Lists  sent  on  application. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE. 


Appeoved  by  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and  Dnivfrsallt  Recom- 
mended BY  Practical  and  Scientific  Men. 
''pIIIS  SCYTHE,  when   out  of  u.se,  shuts  up  like  a 

J-  Itnit'e.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  in  one  miiiUte 
(even  by  per«on,4  quite  unused  to  the  implemont),  without  the 
a>!Bi6taneo  of  blucksinith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
a«  well  as  regular  laiiourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thuF.renderini{  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  ho  had  of  all  IronmoiigcrH,  Nurserymen,  ifcc,  in  the 
Kirigilnm;  and  Wholowalo  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Dbay  and  Co.'h 
Ai^iiculturiil  Implement  and  Miichinery  WarchouHts,  Svvnn. 
Innc,  Londnn  KridKO,  — A  libornl  iliscount  allowed  to  the  Trtidu 

DRAINING  TILE  MACHINES  X   CLAY  GRINDING  MILLS. 

MU.  SAMUELSON,  Buitannia  Iron  Works, 
liANiiuitv,  Oxon  (Succensor  10  Iho  lato  James  Gardner), 
to  avoid  ttiO  disappointinunt  oxperlenced  IriHt  ycur  afl  regtirds 
III.;  delivery  of  I.Ih  IM  I'ROVMI)  DOUHLPJ  SPFKOKD  TILIi 
MACniNKS.  will  feel  obllijtd  by  oidtTrt  for  thli  BoUHun  being 
({Ivfin  as  early  aH  poHshdn. 

Prico  of  the  small  Machine,  to  deliver  lOOO  li-lnch  or  3000 
•l.hu\i  \i\\}fM  In  10  tioiirs,  \M. 

Ijdllvery  frf'ij  to  'ill  phiceii  on  tho  London  and  North  Western 
und  Orout  Wifttrrii  Hullwayn. 

i>rawln({H  of  thd  above,  and  his  Ooocral  Impltmont  Lint  may 
hi  ob'd'ncd  on  application. 


TESTiaiONIAL. 

From  Mr.  J.  FarraJt.  Gardener  to  Boswell  Middleion  Jalland, 
Esq  ,  of  Eolderness  House,  i\ear  Hull. 

"I  have  had  400  feet  of  your  Gutta  Peret  a  Tubing  (in  lengths 
of  100  teet  each,  with  union  joint)  in  use  for  the  last  twelve  monihs 
for  watenng  these  gardens,  and  I  find  it  to  ansiver  better  titan  any- 
thing I  have  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  the  water  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  the  slightest  efffct  on  tho 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  valuable  invention 
for  Gardeners,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gardens 
in  about  one-half  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour  for- 
merly required." 


FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superiority  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  tliat  it  is  entirely  free  from  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  highly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  tbe 
following — 

Testimonials. 
From  C.  Hacker,  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  the  Dulce  of 
Bedford,  fFoburii  Park, 
*'  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park.  Jan.  10th,  1852. 
"Gentlemen, — In  answer  to  youj    inquiries   respecting  the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (afrer  two  years'  trialj 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 
it  will   eat  lead   through  in  two  years  ;  we  have  adopted  it 
largely,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job," 

From  Sir  Raymond  Jarvis,  Bart,,  o/Ventnor.  lile  of  Wight. 
"  Ventntr,  March  10,  185?. 
"Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  this  morning 
respecting  the  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  Pump  Service,  T  ciin 
state,  wiih  much  satisfaction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
buildirs,  and  other  peri-ons.  have  lately  examined  it,  and  there 
is  no':  tbe  least  appatent  difference  since  the  firsi  lajing  down, 
now  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  it  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  the  houpes  that  are  being  erected  here — building 
going  oa  to  a  considerable  exten*-, 

"  I  am.  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  R.  Jarvis. 
"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  fix'ng  the 
tube  to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  averse 
to  the  job,  did  no":  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
otherwise,  carefully  arranged,  there  is  no  question  it  super- 
sedes lead  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  K.  3," 

From  WUliam  Bird  Eerapath.   Esq.,  M.R  C  S.,    Surgeon  to  £t. 
Fcter's  and  Queen  Elizabeth's  Hospital)',  Bnstol. 

"  Septembi^r,  1850. 

"I  have  used  Gutta  Percha  as  a  lining  to  a  cistern,  with 
tubing  of  tbe  same  material,  to  conduct  tbe  water  into  my  dis- 
pensary ;  they  answer  admirably.  At  first  some  disagreeable 
flavour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap. 
peared. 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  be  had.  Mnnufao- 
tured  by  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  Pat  ntecs,  London  ;  and 
Fold  at  the  Wboleaale  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  lioHOEss  an-i  Key, 
103,  Newgate-Btree'-,  who  will  forward  Lists  of  Prices  011 
application. 


Eiu  ^gricttltural  Sa^ette* 

SATURDAY,  APRIL  17,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWINB  WEEKS. 
Weunsbjiat,    April  21 -AKricultural  Snclotv  nf  Enitland. 
Tiji)Kflr>AV,         —      22-AKflcuUuri\l  Imp.  Soc.  of  IretHiul. 
Whrnkbcit,      —      21— AKFicuiturnl  Society  of  Kliirlft'iti. 
TuuiifluA*.         —     "K-Anriculiural  Imp.  Soc.of  Irelaud. 


It  will  bring  consolation  to  not  a  few  minds  wliea 
tlie  present  cycle  of  agricultural  discussion  in  this, 
country  has  p.assed  away,  yielding  in  its  turn  under 
that  gentle-handed  despotism  which  insensibly  melts 
the  strong  lines' and  features  of  one  period  and 
opens  up  another :  like  those  '  dissolving  views'  we 
have  all  seen  or  heard  of,  that  by  some  mysterious 
process  translate  the  spectator  from  the  cold  hues  of 
winter  into  full-blown  summer,  and  surprise  the 
eye  with  changes  lathcr  more  sudden,  but  not  really  , 
a  whit  greater  or  more  startling  th.-m  those  which 
'I'inie  and  Life  present.  Never  will  this  alterative 
law  of  Nature  have  been  more  welcome  in  its  opera- 
tion, than  when  it  has  fairly  completed  the  moult- 
ing process  for  us,  in  this  case,  and  once  ag.-iin. 
allowed  agrieulliire  to  he  Agriculture  and  not  Poli- 


250 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


April  \7, 


tics.  It  may  be  all  very  well,  and  very  necessary 
for  a  fe\v  years  of  one's  life  to  draw  breath  over  a 
hotbed  of  Corn-law  discussion,  but  it  becomes  inex- 
pressibly irksome  at  last,  to  find  every  topic  of  hus- 
bandry warped  away  from  its  simple  bearings  by  the 
bias  of  conflicting  opinions  on  a  question  not  neces- 
sarily connected  with  the  art  or  business  ;  and  which 
meanwhile  robs  discussion  of  much  of  its  usefulness 
and  all  its  amenity. 

There  was  a  time  when  it  was  said  that  he  who 
grew  two  blades  of  grass  where  but  one  grew  before 
■was  a  public  benefactor.  Of  late  years  the  dis- 
coverer of  any  such  magic  secret  had  best  have 
kept  it  to  himself  if  he  valued  his  peace  of  mind 
or  comfort.  Instance  the  feeling  exhibited  towards 
Mr.  HuxTABLE,  Mr.  Mechi,  Mr.  Cairi>,  and  more 
lately  towards  Mr.  Smith,  for  adventuring  their  dif- 
ferent improvements  or  suggestions  before  the  farm- 
ing world,  and  striving  to  direct  and  cheer  on  the 
struggling  van  of  British  Agriculture  against  a  trial 
and  a  competition  undoubtedly  severe,  but  which 
they  were  able  to  foresee  was  as  undoubtedly  des- 
tined to  be  faced,  and  eventually  overcome. 

A  century  ago  there  was  a  corresponding  cycle  of 
infuriate  controversy  in  this  country,  then  an  -Ex- 
porter of  Corn,  on  the  question  of  the  discontinuance 
of  the  Bounli/  (a  bonus  of  5.?.  a  quarter  to  the 
exporter  upon  every  quarter  shipped  from  our 
ports).  The  fact  was  that  population  and  trade 
had  increased  at  home  ;  and  the  price  in  the  English 
market  made  it  no  longer  profitable  to  send  the  corn 
elsewhere,  without  the  '  encouragement'  as  it  was 
called,  of  a  bounty  of  the  above  amount  to  the 
exporter.  We  smile,  perhaps  now  at  the  quaint 
statesmanship  which  having  found  a  certain  export- 
trade  advantageous  to  the  country  during  its  earlier 
'days  of  nature,'  set  about  trying  to  galvanise  it 
into  posthumous  vitality  at  the  expense  of  the  tax- 
payers, (the  farmer  and  landlord  of  course  in- 
cluded,) upon  the  enlightened  policy  of  the  Irish- 
man who  cut  off  the  top  of  his  blanket  to  sew  it  on 
to  the  bottom,  as  a  remedy  against  sleeping  with  his 
feet  uncovered. 

But  we  are  scarcely  free  to  smile  at  anything  yet 
in  the  list  of  agriculturo-legislative  absurdities.  We 
have  everything  to  learn,  in  regard  to  Land,  advanced 
as  we  may  think  ourselves.  It  is  a  fact  worth 
notice,  and  suggestive  of  some  curious  reflections, 
that  never  in  the  history  of  this  country,  fioln  the 
days  of  the  earlier  Plantagenets  until  the  present 
time,  has  agriculture  been  let  alone,  from  legislative 
tinkering,  to  display  its  own  natural  development 
and  proportions.  It  has  been  its  fate  from  time 
immemorial  to  be  dry-nursed  and  wet-nursed, 
stuffed  and  stifled,  cockered  and  checked,  over-fed 
and  oysY-laid,  alternately;  with  duties  out  and 
duties  in,  bounties  here,  prohibitions  there,  now  to 
protect  the  consumer,  now  the  producer  ;  till  the 
history  of  the  enactments  regarding  it  defies  com- 
parison as  the  most  eccentric  string  of  curiosities  on 
the  Statute-book. 

In  the  meantime,  pending  a  few  and  subsequent 
to  most  of  these  precious  balms  by  which  the  head 
agricultural  has  been  kept  perpetually  broken  and 
the  trunk  dwarfed  and  dwindled,  other  great  depart- 
ments of  trade  and  commerce  have  been  born,  have 
thriven,  and  grown  up  in  this  country  into  a  stature 
of  such  proportions  that  they  have  overshadowed 
the  whole  globe,  and  carried  the  name  and  fame  of 
British  skill,  wealth,  and  enterprise,  to  the  utmost 
realms  of  sea  and  land  where  man  has  wants  to 
supply,  and  products  of  art  or  nature  to  offer  in 
return.  There  are  who  say  that  had  British 
Agriculture  tlms  grown,  without  the  leading-strings 
and  the  go-cart,  we  should  not  have  now  to  hear 
that  the  agriculturist  is,  as  a  class,  in  arrear  of  the 
general  intelligence  of  the  community,  and  unwilling, 
or  unable,  even  to  recognise  the  sciences  that  underlie 
the  whole  economy  of  his  ai-t,  or  to  appreciate  the 
gifts  which  the  tide  of  modei'n  discovery,  flooding 
'°  ^^  direction,  has  incidentally  thrown  at  his  feet. 
,^''®  ^''^'  ^^  repeat,  who  say  this  ;  and  more  : 
that  but  for  the  blinding  and  stupifying  drugs  of  the 
legislative  nurse,  we  should  have  learnt,  before  this 
time,  how  to  pass  land  from  the  hand  of  the  Seller  to 
that  of  the  Buyer,  without  one  tenth  of  it  (on  an 
^T'^'^^'g*')  crumbling  off  during  the  conveyance  into 
the  hand  of  the  convet/ancer,  and  without  its  under- 
going a  series  of  summers'  and  winters'  fallow, 
under  goose-quill  harrows  and  scarifiers,  in  his  office. 
Unquestionably,  it  would  be  better  even  for /(m  it 
It  were  otherwise  ;  for  modern  experience  has  done 
little  indeed,  ,f  it  have  not  proved  and  exemplified 
lua  thousand  directions  the  fact  that  impediments 
and  restrictions  which  make  business  expensive  aud 
stow,  operate  to  reduce  its  actual  amount  in  a 
ratio  still  greater.  The  lawyer  would  be  the  first 
to  gam ;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  he  is  the 
•u-,-.  "i^'^"  !'■  A  poor  man  might  then  by  pos- 
sibility become  the  actual  owner  of  his  own  garden 
Without  paying  twice  its  value  for  the  expensive  and 


irrelevant  honour  of  tracing  the  seller's  family  bio- 
graphy and  pedigree  for  60  or  70 years  back;  and 
might  find,  to  his  new  amazement  and  admiration, 
that  Nature  had  thought  of  savings'  banks  for  indus- 
try, before  there  was  ever  a  Parliament,  a  national 
debt  commissioner,  or  a  charity  trustee,  in  existence. 

Again,  there  are  who  are  audacious  enough  to  say, 
that  had  farming  had  fewer  relations  with  Parlia- 
ment, it  might  possibly  have  had  the  independence 
to  strike  out  for  itself,  before  this  time,  a  more  in- 
telligible code  of  relations  between  the  occupiers  of 
landed  capital  and  the  sleeping  partners  who  own 
it ;  and  that  farming  practice  and  science  would 
have  thriven  better  and  faster  under  the  universal 
and  well-understood  system  of  security  for  invest- 
ments, and  compensation  for  permanent  improve- 
ments which  would  have  grown  up;  and  the  subject 
of  Farm-buildings  have  been  less  like  a  Chinese 
puzzle  to  this  day,  had  the  law  relating  to  agricul- 
tural fixtures,  whether  on  the  land,  in  the  land,  or 
under  the  land,  had  a  chance  of  revisal  apart  from 
the  tender  mercies  of  the  territorial  benefactors  who 
owned  the  Freehold  they  made  the  laws  for. 

And,  lastly,  there  are  some  who  even  venture  to 
surmise  that  a  whole  flight  of  ponderous  and  anti- 
quated fictions  in  Real-property  law,  with  its  nice 
distinctions  between  Realty  and  Personalty,  and  its 
infinitude  of  litigation  between  heirs-at-law  and 
personal  representatives,  would,  under  a  freer 
intereliange  of  the  commocUti/  itself,  have  long  ago 
evaporated  in  the  same  direction  which  those  blessed 
pseudo-entities,  '  John  Doe  and  Richard  Koe '  have 
lately  taken. 

All  this  people  are  beginning  to  think,  or,  rather, 
to  think  about  thinking,  pretty  much  in  proportion 
as  they  cease  to  believe  in  the  restoration  of  ex- 
traneous help.  Let  agriculture  once  believe  that  it 
can  stand  upon  its  own  feet,  once  feel  that  it 
actually  is  standing,  without  help  from  anybody, 
that  it  occupies  an  honest,  independent,  self-relying 
position  of  its  own — and  it  will  begin  to  look  about 
it  in  earnest.      Without  favour  is  without  fear. 

To  the  men  of  this  generation  it  will  be  a  new 
thing,  by  degrees  suggestive  of  new  thoughts,  to 
find  the  land,  and  all  subjects  connected  with  the 
land,  emancipated  from  an  old  political  connexion 
that,  with  whatever  supposed  advantages,  stifled 
free  development  and  free  utterance.  '  Defend  us 
from  our  friends  '  is  often  one  of  the  safest  maxims, 
and  the  most  auspicious  of  individual  advancement. 
It  is  not  in  the  power  of  any  one  to  tell  what  the 
agriculture  of  this  great  and  commercial  country 
tooulcl  have  been  had  it  been  let  alone.  What  it 
has  been  till  within  the  last  few  years,  and  what  the 
progress  of  the  last  few  years  has  been,  is  already  a 
subject  of  very  striking  comment  to  many  who  are 
content  to  notice  a  fact,  and  to  make  an  involuntary 
comparison,  without  the  knowledge  or  the  dispo- 
sition to  trace  either  one  or  the  other  home  to  its 
originating  cause. 

To  the  question  "  What  can  AriEXAwnEB  do  for 
Diogenes  1  "  "Only  get  out  of  my  sunshine,"  was 
the  philosopher's  laconic  answer.  The  blindness  to 
its  true  wants  and  interests,  the  benumbed  or  mis- 
directed energies,  the  practical  mischief  and  disap- 
pointment resulting  from  erroneous  beliefs  and  ex- 
pectations, and,  worst  of  all,  the  poveiij/  of  invention, 
that  universally  paralyse  a  business  fostered  by  ex- 
trinsic aid,  and  habituated  to  such  reliances,  are 
things  not  recovered  from  ina  day.  But  to  those  who, 
potently  believing  that '  necessity  is  the  mother  of 
invention,'  watch  the  progress  of  an  art  with  the 
most  confident  interest,  when  it  bids  officious 
patronage  '  get  out  of  the  sunshine,'  and  sets  to 
work  for  itself,  the  future  is  full  of  new  hope  for 
agriculture.  Take  for  instance  the  present  move- 
ment in  the  direction  of  simplifying  the  Transfer  of 
Land,  one  that  has  long  been  foreseen,  by  observers  of 
this  class,  as  the  first  that  would. arise.  It  will  be 
irresistible  because  it  is  natural  and  spontaneous. 
It  is  no  mere  landlords'  question  ;  it  affects  the 
whole  fabric  of  cultivation,  regarded  either  as  a  home 
industry,  or  as  a  competition  between  nation  and 
nation.  It  would  be  strange  indeed  if  any  cause 
that  blocks  up  capital  from  investment  in  the 
soil,  and  arrests  the  free  circulation  o-f  the  raw  ma- 
terial that  supplies  every  article  the  farmer  deals  in, 
should  not  be  found. pregnant  with  relations  to  his 
interest  as  important  as  those  it  bears  on  the  sur- 
face, to  the  landowner  and  the  labourer.  C.  IJ''^.  //. 


EMIGRATION  TO  CANADA. 
I  GLADLY  avail  myself  of  your  kind  permission  to 
address  you  a  letter  on  the  subject  of  emigration,  to  put 
you  in  possession  of  the  circumst<anees  under  which  I 
have  set  on  foot  a  subscription  for  the  purpose  of  Irish 
Female  Emigration.  I  will  first  mention  that  I  quitted 
her  Majesty's  diplomatic  profession  a  little  more  than 
two  years  ago,  in  order  to  reside  in  Ireland  and  take  a 
part,  however  small,  in  the  .amelioration  of  the  condition 
of  that  unfortunate  country,  the  mass  of  whose  inhabit- 


ants bore  the  unenviable  reputation,  which  they  stilf 
retain,  of  being  the  worst  fed,  worst  clad,  and  \Yorst 
housed  population  in  the  whole  world  ;  and  whose 
monied  genll'y  bore  the  character  of  being,  in  general, 
absentees,  indifferent  to  the  interests  of  their  country, 
and  drainers,  without  return,  of  its  resources ;  and  where 
therefore  residence,  expenditure  of  money,  and  exertion, 
however  humble,  were  more  desirable,  and  were  cal- 
culated to  produce  a  greater  proportionate  amount  of 
benefit  than  elsewhere. 

While  attending,  during  the  year  1850,  by  permission 
of  the  Commissioners  of  National  Education  in  Ireland, 
the  agricultural  lectures  and  the  practical  operations 
carried  on  at  their  educational  model  farm  at  Glasnevin, 
near  Dublin,  uuder  the  admirable  supei-intendence  of 
Mr.  John  Donagby  and  his  able  assistant  Mr,  Francis 
McMabon,  I  turned  my  attention  to  the  subject  of 
emigration,  as  a  means  of  relieving  the  general  distress 
in  Ireland,  aud  of  raising  the  wages  and  increasing  the 
comforts  of  the  industrious  poor  ;  and  it  soon  became 
my  conviction  that,  unless  extensive  emigration  were 
had  recourse  to,  it  was  perfectly  hopeless  to  expect  that 
by  any  other  means,  or  by  all  other  means  combined^ 
any  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  mass  of  the 
people  could  take  place,  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  that 
condition  would  become  worse  and  worse,  I  was  aware 
that  extensive  spontaneous  emigration  was  taking  place, 
mainly  by  means  of  funds  remitted  by  previous  emigrants, 
and  was  delighted  at  the  report  of  every  successive  ship- 
load departing  from  unhappy  Ireland  to  the  land  o£ 
promise,  while  pained  to  think  how  many  of  each  such 
ship-load  would  certainly  endure  much  mental  and 
bodily  suffering  and  privation  from  neglect  or  from 
wilful  ill  treatment  at  different  points  of  their  journeyj 
on  the  part  of  runners,  the  officers  of  passenger 
ships,  boarding-house  keepers,  and  forwarding  agents. 
But  I  was  also  aware  that  a  considerable  proportion  of 
the  emigrants  consisted  of  tenant  farmers  possessed  of 
some  capital,  and  that  their  departure  decreased  the 
demand  for  labourers,  and  increased  the  proportion  of 
poor-rates  to  be  paid  by  the  tenant  farmers  who  re- 
mained and  by  the  landlords,  and  therefore  increased 
the  inability  of  the  employing  class  to  give  employment, 
and  was  calculated  to  continue  at  least,  if  not  to- 
increase,  the  general  distress,  which  was  also  likely  to 
continue  from  another  cause,  namely,  the  increasing 
conversion  of  ai'able  lands  out  of  tillage  into  Grass,  and 
I  was  therefore  convinced  that  it  would  still  be  advisable 
for  some  years  to  come  to  promote  by  every  possible 
legitimate  means  the  emigration  of  poor  persons  from 
the  country,  as  the  best  mode  of  bettering  the  condition 
both  of  themselves  and  of  those  who  should  remain  in, 
the  country,  I  considered  that,  as  regarded  the  appre- 
hension that  emigration  might  be  carried  too  far  for  the- 
interests  of  the  country,  it  would  be  time  enough  to  cry 
out  when  the  wages  of  young  .women  at  service  in 
farmers'  houses  in  county  Clare,  which  now  vary  from 
8s,  to  '245,  a  year  and  their  food,  should  have  been  raised 
to  8/.  a  year,  and  of  day  labourers  from  6d.  to  '2s. 
per  day. 

I  did  not  look  to  emigration  as  the  p.anacea  for  the 
disproportion  of  population  and  employment  in  Ireland  ; 
but  I  considered  that,  while  on  the  one  hand  emigration 
would  be  decreasing  the  competition  of  labourers  for 
employment,  on  the  other  hand,  the  operation  of  the- 
radically  beneficial  act  for  the  sale  of  encumbered 
estates  would  be  increasing  the  number  of  resident  em- 
ploying landlords,  and  that,  through  the  simultaneous 
operation  of  these  two  measures  at  either  extreme,  tlie 
level  of  remunerative  employment  for  the  whole  able- 
bodied  population  would  ultimately  be  brought  about. 

With  these  views  I  occupied  part  of  my  time  while 
residing  at  Glasnevin  in  assisting  the  emigration  to 
North  America  of  poor  persons  in  that  neighbourhood 
and  others,  including  six  young  women  from  the  North 
Dublin  poor-house,  previously  ascertaining  by  careful 
inquiry  tliat  their  general  good  conduct,  industrious- 
habits,  and  insufficient  opportunities  for  obtaining  a 
decent  independent  livelihood,  rendered  them  well 
deserving  of  such  assistance.  Including  the  allotment 
of  a  certain  sum  to.  my  brother.  Sir  F,  F.,  for  tlie  pur- 
pose of  emigration  from  his  property,  I  was  enabled 
to  emigrate  47  persons,  all  of  whom,  I  am  happy  to  say, 
are  doing  well  in  America,  I  sent  these  persons  by 
many  different  vessels,  aud  requested  them  to  write  me 
word  on  their  arrival  in  America,  or  soon  afterwards, 
how  they  had  been  treated  on  board  ship,  and  what 
success  they  had  met  with  in  the  other  world  ;  but, 
liaving  waited  five  months  without  receiving  any  letter,- 
I  determined  on  ascertaining  for  myself  by  personal 
experience  and  observation  what  were  the  requirements 
of  the  poorest  class  of  emigrants  on  board  ship,  and 
what  were  the  prospects  of  bettering  their  condition  by 
removal  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  America,  con- 
tradictory reports  having  reached  me— some  to  the 
eff'ect  that  a  comfortable  independence  was  to  be  ob- 
tained tliere  with  barely  any  exertion,  and  others  that, 
whei-eas  up  to  a  short  time  back  remunerative  employ- 
ment was  easily  to  be  had,  yet  now,  in  consequence  of 
the  monster  immigration  into  the  country,  the  labour 
market  was  about  as  much  overcrowded,  and  a  living  as 
difficult  to  be  obtained  by  a  poor  man  there  as  here. 
I  accordingly  engaged  my  passage  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York  in  the  largest  emigrant  vessel  afloat,  the 
Washington,  Commander  A.  Page,  which  carried  out  a 
larger  number  of  emigr,ant  passengers  on  that  voyage, 
sailing  on  the  '26th  October,  1850,  than  had  ever  before 
been  cai'ried  by  that  or  any  other  shi  p,  namely  934,1  occu- 
pying part  of  a  berth  in  what  is  called  the  second  cabin, 
which  is  the  more  roomy  part  of  the  steerage,  taking; 


16—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


251 


■with  me  exactly  the  same  quality  aud  quantity  of  pro- 
visions and  other  articles  as  I  had  been  in  the  habit  of 
supplying  to  the  persons  whom  I  had  previously  emi- 
grated,  cooking  daily  my  own  provisions,  aud  being 
otherwise  exactly  on  the  same  terms  as  the  remainder 
of  my  fellow-passengers,  as  detailed  in  the  extracts  of 
my  journal,  which  were  printed  last  session  by  order 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  I  afterwards  travelled 
10,500  miles,  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
being  much  fettered  iu  ray  movements  by  illness  cou- 
ti'acted  from  exposure  during  the  voyage,  and  returned 
tothis  country  on  the  1st  of  November  last.  Vere  Foster. 
[The  remainder  of  this  communication  shall  appear 
next  week.] 


AGRICULTURAL    EDUCATION. 

[The  following  letter  was  submitted  to  the  Council 
of  the  West  of  England  Agricultui'al  Society,  at  their 
meeting  on  Saturday,  the  '26th  of  March,  1852.  The 
subject  is  to  receive  consideration  by  the  Council,  and 
■nili  foiTB  the  matter  of  future  discussion  at  another 
meeting  of  the  Couucil.] 

My  Lords  .and  Gentlemen, — At  the  request  of  a 
member  of  your  Society,  I  submit  to  your  thoughtful 
and  deliberate  consideration  tlie  results  of  extended 
inquirj' — of  anxious  and  matured  thought,  ou  a  mo- 
mentous subject,  clearly  within  the  scope  of  that  great 
object  Tor  which  your  Society  is  organised  :  tlie  subject 
of  an  improved  system  of  agricultui-al  instruction  and 
training  for  the  sons  of  the  yeomanry  of  the  west 
of  England. 

Whatever,  ultimately,  may  be  the  result  of  that 
experiment  which  is  being  made  in  reference  to  the 
agricultural  interest  ;  whatever  may  be  the  issue  of  the 
expected  appeal  to  the  deliberate  voice  of  judgment  of 
the  nation  on  that  subject  ;  no  man  of  wisdom  and 
foresight  can  doubt,  that  an  improved  system  of  agri- 
cultural education  is  called  for,  and  cannot,  with  safety 
be  withheld  or  delayed.  The  race  of  competition  is 
begun,  and  will  not  cease,  whatever  may  be  the  cba- 
racter  of  futm-e  Legislation  in  dealing  with  the  agri- 
cultural interest.  It  is  an  obvious  dictate  of  reason 
and  duty,  that  all  the  laud  capable  of  cultivation  in  the 
British  islands  should  be  cultivated  ;  that  the  fittest 
means  and  appliances  be  adopted  to  secure  the  largest 
amount  of  produce  it  will  yield,  according  to  the  best 
methods  which  science  and  improved  practice,  by  the 
blessing  of  God.  can  secure  ;  that  those  who  will  have 
to  carry  into  effect  impro\-ed  systems  of  manngement, 
should  be  educated  so  as  to  be  able  to  comprehend  the 
force  and  bearing  of  them,  estimate  their  value,  and 
rightly  apply  them  ;  and  that,  for  their  own  sakes,  and 
for  the  sake  of  this  country  and  of  the  world,  the  culti- 
vators of  the  soil,  the  future  farmers  of  England  siiould 
receive  an  education  suited  to  their  pursuits  and  station 
— based  on  scriptural  truth,  and  administered  iu  a  wise 
course  of  mental  and  moral  training. 

It  may  serve  to  remove  groundless  alarm,  and  pre- 
pare forjudging  of  this  question  on  its  merits,  to  con- 
sider that  long  before  the  results  of  an  improved 
system  of  agricultural  education  can  possibly  appear, 
the  matter  of  protection  and  free-ti'ade  will  have  been 
settled,  probably  for  ever.  No  right-judging  man  of 
whatever  party,  can  hesitate  to  determine  whether  it 
be  right  or  not  to  obtain  from  the  land  the  largest 
amount  of  produce,  of  the  very  best  kind  it  can  be 
made  to  bear,  with  tlie  least  injury  to  the  soil,  with 
the  greatest  economy  of  time,  labour,  and  capital  ; 
whether,  in  fact,  it  be  right  to  satisfy  the  wants  of  a 
teeming  and  increasing  -population  ;  and  whether  by 
all  just  and  lawful  means  the  owners  and  occupiers  of 
the  land  liave  not  a  faii'  claim  for  full  compensation  in 
return  for  their  outlay,  whether  In  money,  labour,  and 
skill. 

Nor  does  it  ar] mi t  of  a  doubt  whether  it  be  not  the 
Eolemn  duty  of  those  who  are  gifted  with  understanding 
to  contrive,  or  wealth  and  influence  to  carry  into  effect 
fitting  plans,  to  see  that  the  tenantry  of  this  country  may 
receive  the  benefits  of  a  sound,  practical,  and  scriptural 
education. 

It  cannot  have  escaped  the  notice  of  the  thoughtful 
and  philosophical  mind,  that  while  the  education  of  the 
operative  artisan  and  the  agricultural  labourer  has  been 
advancing  Calthough  so  much  still  remains  to  be  done  in 
that  field  J,  the  tenant  farmers,  as  a  class,  in  the  west  of 
England  (though  it  is  gladly  admitted,  there  are  striking 
and  pleaffing  exceptions),  from  the  isolation  of  their  posi- 
tion—from the  want  of  suitable  education  within  their 
means — and  in  wima  instances,  it  is  to  bo  regretted,  from 
Iong-«Unding  prejudice — have  been  far  less  educated 
than  the  pauper  children  in  our  union-houscR,  whoso 
style  of  education  is  far  in  advance  of  the  general  edu- 
cation of  the  working  claflscfl,  and  to  provido  for  the  ex- 
pcn^e  attendant  on  which  the  farmer  m  periodically 
made  the  huhject  of  a  compulsory  rate.  A  fearful 
struggle  may  be  coming  on,  which  cannot  bo  con- 
templated wiiliout  anxiety  and  alarm.  Knoxvlcdgo 
is  pregnant  with  life  and  vigour — it  mounts  upward, and 
pushes  forward.  Who  can  foresee  wimt  the  i««ue  of  an 
upward  lif-ave  from  b'-neath  may  be,  nnlens  the  farmers 
be  mlmittcd  to  hucli  a  share  of  knowlcrlgt;  as  HJiall  enatdo 
them  to  keep  their  rank  in  the  onward  march  of  im- 
provement ? 

My  I>ords  and  Gentlemen,  I  entreat  you  to  ponder  this 
welj.  The  decision  of  the  London  Farmers'  Club,— 
**  That  a  more  cxt'-nded  and  improved  hysfeni  of  infel- 
lectrial,  induslrinl,  and  nutntl  education  in  highly  expe- 
dient, and  would  contribute  not  oidy  to  the  lulvantagc 
of  the  Agricultural  cIdhk^s,  but  to  that  of  llic  public  at 


large,"  will  be  re-echoed  throughout  the  kingdom  ;  and 
action  suited  to  the  principle  involved  will  follow  that 
resolution. 

What  shall  be  the  basis  of  that  education  1  And  ac- 
cording to  what  plan  shall  it  be  carried  into  effect  ? 

Shall  the  minds  of  the  farmers'  sons  of  England  be 
cast  into  the  cold,  death-giving  iron  mould  of  the  system 
of  Manchester  manufacture,  which  has  been  styled  with 
scornful  emphasis  a  godless  education,  for  the  enthroni- 
zation  of  intellect  and  the  deification  of  science,  in  the 
impious  attempt  to  trample  under  foot  the  wisdom  aud 
the  power  of  the  Most  High  ?  A  system  wdiich  stimu- 
lates to  rank  and  unhealthy  growth  the  prurient  ten- 
dencies of  unsanctified  intellect,  leaving  the  soil  of  the 
heart  undisciplined,  and  unfruitful  of  all  that  is  fair,  or 
great,  or  good  1  A  system  whose  steps,  as  traced  in 
a  neighbouring  country,  are  known  by  moral  desolation 
and  revolutionary  convulsion,  wdiose  character  is  written 
in  its  deeds  of  rapine  and  lust  and  blood  and  blas- 
phemy, branded  with  the  scathing  curse  of  the  outraged 
majesty  of  the  God  of  heaven  and  earth  ? 

Shall  the  sons  of  the  farmers  of  England  become, 
through  stealthy  art,  the  slaves  and  tools  of  a  proud 
and  selfish  spirilual  tyranny,  which  would  roll  back  the 
dark  night  of  ignorance  and  superstition  wdierein  the 
beasts  of  prey  shall  roam  abroad  at  will  to  enslave,  and 
corrupt,  and  destroy  I  The  voice  of  England,  as  it  has 
rolled  along  like  thunder  from  shore  to  shore,  has 
spoken  out  : — "  We  are  free,  and  spurn  the  Italian 
tyrant's  chain.  The  liberty  and  the  religion  secured  by 
the  best  heart's  blood  of  our  fathers  we  grasp,  and  will 
hold  unto  death  for  ourselves  and  our  children." 

The  education  which  the  yeomanry  of  England  require 
for  their  sons,  and  which  they  will  adopt,  is  one  which 
will  fit  them  to  fulfil  their  stations  on  earth  and  lead  to 
heaven  ;  a  sound  scriptural  education  which,  while 
based  on  the  wisdom  of  ages,  will  receive  and  engraft 
thereon  all  that  modern  science  discovers,  helpful  for  the 
purposes  of  their  practical  art.  Such  a  system  wisely 
laid,  and  vigorously  worked,  will  tend  to  bind  together 
severed  classes,  and  promote  the  interests  and  welfare 
of  this  great  and  understanding  nation. 

Why  is  an  improved  system  of  education  required  for 
the  farmers'  sons  of  the  West  of  England  ?  Because, 
although  there  are  other  establishments  of  merit  and 
value,  those  establishments  are  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
means  of  our  farmers,  and  beyond  their  present  require- 
ments. We  require  an  economic,  simple,  and  peculiarly 
adapted  system,  to  meet  the  pecuniary  resources — the 
infancy  of  agricultural  knowledge  among  us ;  a  system 
suited  to  train  farmers  for  the  soil,  the  climate,  the 
method  of  culture,  and  the  generally  small  farm-hold- 
ings in  the  West  of  England.  We  commence  no  race 
of  rivalry  :  there  is  room  for  us  all,  and  the  efforts  of 
all  are  required.  May  I  be  allowed  to  remark,  as  the 
result  of  extensive  intercourse  and  large  experience 
among  the  yeomanry,  that  the  natural  intelligence  and 
capacities  of  the  farmers  of  the  West  of  England  open 
a  most  promising  field  for  cultivation.  A  plan  and 
system  are  being  matured,  by  the  most  efficient  pro- 
fessional aid,  which  will,  we  trust,  be  in  a  sufficient 
stage  of  forwardness  to  be  presented  to  the  agricultural 
world  by  the  time  fixed  for  your  exhibition  meeting  in 
May.  I  cannot,  in  justice,  refrain  from  the  mention  of 
the  name  of  the  author  of  the  '■  Prize  Essay  on  the 
Farming  of  Devon,''  Mr.  Henry  Turner,  of  Exeter, 
as  deeply  interested  in  the  measure,  and  efficiently 
engaged  as  my  fellow-labourer  in  its  preparation.  The 
great  political  questions  touching  the  farming  interest 
will  be  decided  in  their  own  arena  ;  nor  need  the 
farmers  entertain  any  doubt  that  English  justice  will 
equitably  deal  in  their  decision.  These  questions  need 
not  disturb  the  peaceful  occupations  of  au  agricultural 
school,  its  laboratory,  or  its  model  farm,  should  it  be 
deemed  expedient  to  attach  a  small  farm  to  the  esta- 
blishment. 

The  cultivation  of  the  soil,  hitherto  an  empiric  art, 
will  take  its  rank  among  the  most  exalted  and  most 
useful  of  the  sciences,  resting  on  sure  principles  aud 
ascertained   results,  and   the    title   of  agriculturist  be 
reckoned  one  of  honour.     The  blessing  of  heaven   will 
attend  honest  and  faithful  efforts  to  do  our  best  with 
that  which   God  bcfetows.     The  Star  of  Hope  will    en- 
lighten   the   gloom,  and    conduct  us,    we    trust,    to   a 
brighter  and  happier  day.      I  have  the  honour  to  be, 
My  Lords  and  Gentlemen, 
Your  willing  fellow-labourer,  and  faithful  servant, 
James  Miles,  L.L.B. 

Ileminf/ton  Mectory,  March  24. 


Home    Correspondence, 

Strav)  as  Ufamwe. —  Amongst  the  ^numerous  letters 
which  appeared  in  the  public  papers,  commenting  on 
Mr.  Mechi's  balance-sheet,  I  noticed  one,  which  attri- 
buted the  unfavourable  result  to  Mr.  Mechi's  introducing, 
amongst  other  novel  practices,  open  boards  in  his  cattle 
stalls.  If  the  writer  of  this  letter  should  deter  his  fel- 
low cultivatorH  of  the  soil  from  attempting  improved 
rno'leH  of  hnshaiidry,  by  telling  thctn  that  Mr.  Mcchi 
had  tried  the  same  and  that  Mr.  Mechi's  bulancc-shaot 
was  unfavourable,  he  will  render  them  no  good  Korvice. 
In  my  former  communication,  I  stated  that  the  greater 
proportion  of  thu  land  in  this  vicinity  was  in  pci-nuinent 
Grass,  in  niy  own  IioMiiig  thero  !«  little  more  than 
nino  aercH  in  ttlliige,  which  I  apjdy,  ns  much  as  practi- 
cable, to  tho  culture  of  tho  root  cro[),  and  Means  ;  it 
leaves  mo  little  for  growing  com  aud  straw.  WImt 
little  I  do  produce  is  itmdequutc  to  sup|>ly  my  catllo 
with  straw  for  provender,  wliicli  will  bo  easily  under- 


stood when  1  state  that  1  keep  30  to  40  head  of  cattle:^ 
which  are  housed  wholly  during  the  winter,  and  during 
15  out  of  the  24  hours  during  summer  (to  these  I  add 
20  to  3D  which  graze  out  wholly  in  the  pastures  during 
summer).  Not  being  indifferent  to  the  comfort  and 
cleanliness  of  my  cattle,  I  formerly  bought  on  sufficient 
straw  for  bedding,  for  which  I  paid  21.  to  21.  \Qs.  pel- 
ton.  Could  I  have  persuaded  myself,  that  by  so  doing. 
I  was  enriching  my  Grass  land,  1  might  liave  continued 
satisfied  with  this  mode,  but  entertaining  a  different 
opinion  (which  has  ripened  into  conviction,  and  sincp 
been  confirmed  by  experiment  and  practice),  t  "\-*- 
prepared  to  consider  and  try  any  feasible  improveiii"  d 
which  might  offer  itself,  and  I  have  now  to  state  that 
it  is  to  the  use  of  open  boards  I  am  in  a  great  mea- 
sure indebted  for  being  enabled  to  carry  into  effect  a' 
more  economical  and  satisfactory  system.  At  the  time 
I  commenced,  not  having  had  the  opportunity  of  ascer^ 
taining  precisely  the  plan  on  which  they  were  formed,  I 
had  recourse  to  my  own  contrivance,  and,  as  far  as  I 
can  learn,  this  differs  from  the  plans  elsewhere  in  use, 

1  think  it  proper  to  give  some  description  of  what  I  am- 
now  using.  My  cattle,  which  are  all  cows  and  heifers- 
kept  for  dairy  produce  and  for  fattening,  are  tied  up  by 
pairs  in  booths  or  compartments  of  7  feet  in  width  by 
8  feet  6  inches  in  length,  from  the  feeding  trough  to  the 
channel  or  gutter,  which  is  sunk  4  to  5  inches  below  the 
boarded  platform  on  which  the  cattle  stand  and  lie  down. 
This  platform  is  formed  of  close  boards  to  the  distance 
of  6  feet  from  the  feeding  trough,  leaving  2  feet  6  inches- 
in  width  only  for  the  open  boards  or  grating,  under 
which  is   a  water-tight  tank,  2  feet  6  inches  wide  by 

2  feet  6  inches  deep.  It  extends  the  whole  length  of  the- 
stall,  in  a  line  parallel  with  the  feeding  trough,  and  with 
the  gutter  or  channel ;  the  grate  is  formed  of  wooden 
bars,  3  inches  square,  with  openings  of  three  quarters- 
of  an  inch  between  eachj  the  surface  of  the  bars 
being  even  with  or  on  a  level  with  the  close- 
boards.  The  cattle,  when  standing,  place  their  fore- 
feet upon  the  close  board  and  their  hind-feet  upon- 
the  open  grating.  In  a  cowhouse  of  four  double 
stands,  for  eight  cattle,  the  tank  will  be  28  feet  in. 
length,  and  will  be  found  to  contain  rather  more  than.- 
6  yards,  cube  measure.  My  cattle  vary  in  size  and 
length,  ranging  from  36  to  48  stone  each  ;  yet  I  have- 
found  tliat  the  open  boards,  placed  in  the  situatioa- 
described,  answer  the  pm'pose  of  admitting  the  liquid 
and  solid  excrements  into  the  tank  ;  some  little  falls 
over  the  outer  edge  of  the  grate  into  the  gutter  ov 
channel,  but  none  whatever  inwards  on  to  the  close 
boards,  winch  always  remain  dry  and  clean.  I  haver 
now  to  state,  that  after  having  had  sufficient  time  to- 
lest  this  mode,  I  find  it  to  answer  my  purpose  in  every 
respect,  My  dairy  cows  and  feeding  stock  appear  as 
comfortable,  yield  as  much  milk,  and  fatten  as  welly, 
as  when  bedded  on  straw.  Without,  as  far  as  I  can  ob- 
serve, any  attendant  disadvantage,  I  am  now  freed  from, 
the  expense  of  buying  on  straw  for  bedding,  and  have 
effected  a  considerable  saving  in  labom*  ;  my  cattle 
require  less  attention  both  in  cleaning  down  and  clear- 
ing away  their  manure  than  formerly.  In  my  next  I 
purpose  to  explain  the  mode  in  which  I  treat  the- 
manure  and  the  effects  which  have  come  under  ray  own. 
personal  observation,  from  its  application  to  Grass land,- 
and  also  to  the  root  crop.    Y.,  March  30. 

The  Average  Produce  of  WhecU  in  Northurriberlanih — 
I  guess  your  correspondent  "  Draining  Tile,"  is  a 
gentleman  of  Essex  who,  on  a  "  simmer's  afternoon — a 
wee  before  the  sun  gae'd  doon,"  might  have  been  seen 
strolling  through  fields  of  luxui-iant  white  Wheat, 
bearing  a  load  to  the  acre  at  the  least ;  and  every  now 
and  then,  between  the  whiffs  of  his  Havannah,  turning 
complacently  to  "  Mrs.  Draining  Tile"  to  remark  that^ 
"  but  for  those  villainous  birds  there  would  have  been  a 
quarter  more."  "Draining  Tile"  is  evidently  unac- 
quainted with  the  north,  and  can  scarcely  restrain  an 
expression  of  disgust  or  contempt  (perhaps  gave  it 
vent),  when  he  read  a  statement  in  a  London  paper^ 
"that  the  average  produce  of  the  Wheat-growing  land 
in  Northumberland  did  not  exceed  19  or  20  bushels  per 
acre."  I  am  well  acquainted  with  that  county,  and  t 
know  that  the  expression  "did  not  exceed "  ought  to 
have  been  "  does  not  reach,"  and  then  the  statement 
would  have  been  nearer  the  truth.  Some  favoured 
spots  doubtless  produce  much  more  ;  but,  like  tlie  visits 
of  the  angels,  they  are  few  and  far  between.  In  ono 
district,  not  tho  worst,  when  the  tithe  was  taken 
in  kind,  the  average  never  exceeded  7  bolls  or  14- 
bushels.  'The  fact  is,  the  land  in  Northumberland  is 
not  well  farmed.  After  the  great  struggle  with  Napo- 
leon and  the  fall  of  prices  that  ensued,  the  old  race  of 
farmers,  whose  ancestors  had  lield  their  farms  in  some 
cases  for  centuries,  began  to  disappear  and  is  now  all 
but  extinct.     Few  can  now  say — 

•'  The  land  I  now  hold  on  yourhonour'fi  estate 
la  tho  sumo  that  my  (grandfather  tilled." 

The  reasons  for  this  state  of  tho  tenantry  are  manifold.. 
One  reason  may  bo  found  in  tho  custom  which  allows- 
tho  tenant  a  running  half-year.  A  tenant,  entering 
upon  a  farm  at  May-day,  is  not  required  to  pay  any  rent 
until  tho  May-day  following,  and  tlien  ho  pays  for  half 
a  year— the  fiist  half-year  hanging  over  his  head  like 
the  swonl  of  DamorlcB,  and  by  ns  frail  a  bearing  ;  foi* 
tho  landlord  nuiy  at  any  time  distrain  for  the  whole 
amount  d\io.  Ono  result  of  this  custom  is,  that  men 
with  small  capital,  who  have  little  to  lose,  offer  rents 
that  a  man  of  larger  cajMlal  and  common  sense  will  not 
offer.  To  jiay  this  rent,  tho  tenant  bcIIb  his  hay  crop^ 
d  consequently  would  bo  unable  to  leed  stock  if  he 
liad  tho  means  of  purclinsing  any.    To  such  an  extend 


252 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


fAPRTL    17, 


has  this  been  carried  that  the  Grass  land  for  many 
miles  round  Newcastle  has  been  ruined,  and  so  has  the 
arable  land.  I  have  seen  men  entering  Newcastle  with 
a  cart,  drawn  by  a  couple  of  miserable  horses,  carrying 
a  ton  of  hay,  with  which  they  had  travelled  20  miles  and 
been  out  all  night.  Another  reason  is  comprised  in  the 
baleful  word  protection.  Assuredly  the  tenant  farmers 
have  not  been  protected  from  a  life  of  labour  unrequited, 
which  too  frequently  ended  in  beggary  and  despair — 
the  workhouse  or  the  jail.  Some  wisely  escaped  by 
emigration.  If  this  statement  be  impugned,  let  any  one 
^"^^"^'^•-'''*'nted  with  the  country  detail  the  history  of  a  few 
^^^oi^tlie  families  of  the  better  class  of  farmers  as  they 
existed  50  years  ago.  Where  are  they  1  Northumber-. 
land  is  not  blessed  with  too  many  good  landlords.  The 
Newcasllc  Courant  bears  testimony  to  this  fact  by  pub- 
lishing more  advertisements  of  farms  to  be  let  than  any 
other  provincial  newspaper  in  the  kingdom.  Had  some 
of  tlie  landlords  been  wiser  the  improved  husbandry  of 
Scotland  would  have  extended  itself  into  Northumber- 
land. I  remember  one  instance  of  a  Scotchman  looking 
at  a  farm  and  offering  for  it ;  term  and  rent  were  fixed  ; 
"But,"  said  the  landlortl,  "one  essential  question 
remains  ;  I  must  make  inquiries  regarding  your  cha- 
racter." Donald  was  rather  taken  aback,  but,  witli  his 
national  caution,  made  no  remark,  and  agreed  to  return 
in  a  fortnight.  He  was  a  man  of  high  character  in  Iiis 
district — the  father  of  a  large  family,  a  deacon  of  his 
church,  and  a  bonnet  laird.  He  returned  at  the  expi- 
ration of  the  fortnight,  and  was  desired  to  walk  in — 
all  was  right ;  his  character  was  most  satisfactory,  and 
nothing  remained  to  prevent  the  execution  of  the  agree- 
ment, which  was  ready.  "  Wait  a  wee,"  said  Donald,"  I 
have  been  spiering  [asking  about]  your  character  too, 
and  I  can  get  no  satisfaction  ava,  and  I  wad  not  agree 
with  you  on  ony  terms  ;  so,  I  wish  you  good  day." 
The  Duke  of  Northumberland  is  a  good  landlord,  and 
may  be  named  without  invidiousness,  his  estates  being 
so  very  much  larger  than  any  other.  It  is  among  the 
smaller  landowners  that  such  characters  are  to  be  found 
as  the  man  who  refused  to  a  tenant  of  40 'years'  stand- 
ing an  abatement  of  10  per  cent,  which  was  made  to 
all  his  other  tenants,  because  the  old  tenant  was  leaving 
his  farm.  This  paper  is  growing  too  long,  or  I  could 
■show  «  Draining  Tile  "  many  other  proofs  that  the  con- 
dition of  the  land  and  of  the  tenants  in  the  North  is 
such  that  20  bushels  an  acre  seem  to  be  more  than  could 
be  expected.  I  read  Mr.  Caird's  report  and  statement 
of  the  yield  in  Northumberland,  and  was  sorry  to  see 
that,  by  a  hasty  visit  to  a  few  of  the  best  farms  and  dis- 
ti'icts,  he  had  been  led  to  publish  an  inaccuracy  of  which 
I  felt  the  Protectionis's  would  take  advantage.-  W.  R. 
Oarter,  Eel  Moor  Farm,  Cove  Bagshot,  March  29. 

Kohl  Rahi  for  Dairy  Cows. — Having  noticed  several 
communications  in  your  columns  on  the  method  of  usino' 
Turnips  so  as  to  avoid  the  unpleasant  flavour  in  milk 
and  butter,  I  ventui-e  to  recommend  the  culture  of  the 
Kohl  rabi  (Cabbage  Turnip)  as  a  substitute  for  the 
common  or  Swede  Turnip,  I  am  using  a  crop  of  Kohl 
rabi  which  in  yield  is  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  of 
the  Swede  on  the  same  ground,  and  under  similar  treat- 
ment. The  bulbs  range  from  4  lbs.  to  6  lbs.  eacli,  some 
of  them  8  lbs.  to  9  lbs.  ;  besides  they  have  a  luxuriant 
top,  which  preserves  its  freshness  and  greenness  through 
winter,  being  comparatively  little  affected  by  frost.  I 
am  of  opinion  that  it  yields  more,  if  not  richer  milk, 
than  any  description  of  Turnip.  It  is  preferred  by 
cattle  and  sheep  when  they  have  the  choice,  and  is  in 
such  favour  with  hares  and  rabbits  that,  on  estates 
where  these  are  preserved,  it  iy  useless  attempting  the 
cultivation  of  the  Kohl  rabi.  The  produce  of  my  dairy, 
milk,  cream,  and  butter  is  at  present  (March)  as  sweet 
as  during  Grass  time  ;  and  some  idea  may  be  formed  of 
its  quality,  when  I  state  that  from  16  quarts  of  milk  I 
obtain  24  oz.  of  butter  ;  a  quart  of  cream  will  yield 
about  14  oz.,  or  8  quarts  about  7  lbs.  I  give  my  milk 
cows,  besides,  a  fair  allowance  of  rich  meadow  Hay,  and 
Bean-meal  with  chopped  straw.   Y. 

Adulteration  of  Soot. — Having  had  something  to  do 
with  the  suppression  of  mixing  loam  with  guano,  I  feel 
tliat  I  would  not  be  doing  farmers  justice  if  I  did  not 
tell  them  to  loolf  after  the  adulteration  of  soot  with 
Spanish  Mahogany,  and  other  dark-coloured  sawdust. 
This  is  lai'gely  carried  on  near  Dulwich,  where  as  much 
as  200  sacks  of  sawdust  are  mixed  in  this  way  weekly. 
It  pays  better  than  loam,  as  the  party  gets  the  sawdust 
for  carting  away.  Dulwich,  April  1. 


^on'etiesf* 


KOTAL     AGRICULTURAL     SOCIETY      OF     ENGLAND. 

A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  house, 
in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday,  the  7th  of  April. 
The  following  members  of  Council  :ind  governors  of  the 
Society  were  present :— The  Earl  of  DuciE,  President, 
in  the  chair  ;  Earl  of  Chichester,  Lord  Bridport,  Lord 
Ashburton,  Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.r., 
bir  Robert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker, 
Ml".  S.  Bennett,  Mr.  Branrlreth,  Mr.  Burke,  Colonel 
Challoner,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr.  Foley,  M.P.,  Mr.  Gadesden, 
Mr  Garrett  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Grantham,  Mr. 
fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Hornsby,  Mr.  Hudson  (Castleacre), 
Pv^f  r^'n^J';^^'"'^"*'  Mr.Lawes,Mr.  Pusey,  M.P. 
Pi  of.  Sewell,  Mr.  Shaw  (London),  Mr.   SiUifant,  Prof 

PrTwLy    *■      "^'''"'  ^''-  ^'  "'^"^P'^^"  Turner,  and 
The  Earl  of  Cottenham,  of  Tandridge  Court,  Surrey, 
And  James  Gadesden,  Esq.,  of  Ewell  Castle,  in  the  same 
county,  were  elected  governors  of  the  Society. 


The  following  new  members  were  elected  :  — 
Chadwick,  David,  Trensurer  of  the  borough  of  Salford,  Lane. 
Wood,  Georsre,  Rochford,  Esses 

Mec^on,  William  Tajlor,  Great  Dogpotts,  Rochford 
Hainworth,  WiU'am,  Hitchin,  Herttordahire 
FiBhwick,  Henrj,  V.S.,  Burnley.  Lancashire 
Holyoalie,  George,  Neachley,  Shiffnal,  Salop 
Rustou,  Alfred,  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire 
Ilodgea,  Basil,  Vincent,  Margate,  Kent 

Beam,  William,  Handley  Farm.  Towcester,  Northamptonsh. 
Sharp,  Isaac,  Dairyknoll,  Middleshorongh-on-Teea 
Anderson,  Alexander,  Horsmoiiden.  Kent 
Elliott.  ThomaK,  ScotBfloat,  Blaydon,  Kye.  Suspex 
Fernandez,  Albert  H.,  9!',  Chancery-lane,  London 
Ashbv,  Alexander,  Staines,  Middlesex 
S  icltni-y,  Willinm,  Ridgraont,  Hull* 
Marychurch,  William,  liaverfordweat,  Pembrokeshire 
Eagot,  Richard  W,,  Kildare,  Ireland 
Jimes,  Fred.  Robt.,  jun.,  Lane-End,  Huddersfield 
AUardice,  Robt.  Barclay,  Ury,  Stonehnven,  Kincardinephire 
Bowyer,  Captain,  Steeple. Aston,  Woodstock,  Oson 
Catt,  Henry,  Westfirle,  Lewes,  Susses 
Woodhams,  W.  R.,  The  Hammonds,  Rye,  Sussex 
Johnson,  E.  H.,  Gravelye  House,  Lindfield,  Sussex 
Finances.— Mr.  Raymond  Bahkeh.,  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council  the  report 
on  the  accounts  of  the  Society  to  the  end  of  the  previous 
month  ;  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  current  cash- 
balance  in  the   hands   of   the   bankers  on  the   31st  of 
March   was   266U.     The   Chairman  explained   to  the 
Council  the  manner  in  which  this  total  balance  was  made 
up  from  the  different  balances  of  special  accounts.     At 
the   suggestion    of    the    Finance    Committee,    Messrs. 
Molineux,  Whitfield,  Dicker,  and  Co.,  of  Lewes,  were 
appointed  by  the  Council  to  act  as  the  Local  Bankers  of 
the  Society  during  the  period  of  the  ensuing  Country 
Meeting  at  that  place  in  July  next. 

Agricultural  Chkmistry. — Mr.  Pusey,  M. P.,  Chair- 
man of  the  Chemical  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council 
the  following  Report  agreed  to  by  that  Committee  on 
the  preceding  day. 

The  Chemical  Committee  have  received  a  very  satisfactory 
statement  from  Mr.  Way  respec  ing  the  progress  in  the  labo- 
ratory. As  this  statement  ia  now  presented  to  Ihe  Council  it 
is  unnecessary  for  them  'o  enter  intoi's  details.  Th(-y  cannot, 
however,  forbear  from  adverting  to  Mr.  Way's  paper  on  super- 
l)hosphate  of  lime,  published  this  year,  which  baa  been  highly 
useful  to  the  manufacturers  and  to  the  public.  The  increase 
of  private  analyses  of  guano  has  nearly  doubled,  but  they 
strongly  recommend  to  members  of  the  Society  to  avail  them. 
selves  more  widely  of  this  cheiip  security  for  that  and  other 
manures.  Even  though  the  analysis  be  made  after  the  pur- 
chase, there  can  be  no  doubt  that  if  it  shou'd  show  adulte- 
ration to  have  taken  plat-e,  eecurity  would  at  least  he  obtained 
against  the  repetition  'f  such  practices  in  future.  Where  large 
purchases  have  been  contemplated,  previous  aniilysis  has  of.en 
prevented  serious  loss.  The  subjrcts  rL>ciimmended  for  inves- 
tigation in  the  present  year  are  — 1,  The  absorptive  power  of 
soils;  2,  The  action  of  lime  ;  3,  The  action  of  burnt  clay.  The 
Committee  recommend  that  Mr.  Way's  offer  to  deliver  three 
lectures  before  the  Society  he  accepttd. 

Mr.  Pusey  also  submitted  to  the  Council  the  follow- 
ing Report  made  to  the  Chemical  Committee  by  Pro- 
fessor Way,  the  Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Society. 

I  bog  to  make  a  report  to  jou  of  the  operations  which  have 
been  carried  on  in  the  laboratory  during  the  lastt%vrlve  monhs. 
The  number  of  analyses  made  for  members  of  the  Society  at 
the  reduced  fees,  from  the  1st  of  April,  1851,  to  the  same  date 
in  the  present  year,  is  141 ;  which  may  be  thus  c'a8>ifled — 
Limestones  and  Imarls  14,  soils  14,  guanos  36,  superphosphate 
of  Ume  24,  waste  manures  9,  various  artificial  manures  10, 
coprolite  and  other  phosphoric  substances  15,  oilcnkea  12. 
waters  1,  animal  and  vegetable  products  2,  other  miscellaneous 
substances  4.— Total  141.  It  wiU  be  observed  that  the  analyses 
of  guano  amount  to  3G.  a  number  which,  although  small  when 
the  importance  of  the  manure  ano  the  facilities  and  economy 
of  its  examination  are  considered,  is  yet  a  considerable  increase 
over  that  of  the  previous  year.  The  analyses  of  samples  of 
superphosphate  of  lime,  and  of  phosphoric  substances  em- 
ployed in  their  manufacture,  have  also  formed  an  important 
item  in  the  work  of  the  laboratory.  Since  the  last  annual  re- 
port two  papers  have  been  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Society.  The  1st,  in  the  Midsummernumber  for  1851,  *  On  the 
Composition  of  Superphosphate  of  Lime— the  modes  of  making 
and  using  it :'  and  the  2nd,  in  the  last  Cliristmas  number,  '  On 
the  Chemical  and  Agricultural  Characters  of  the  Chalk  Strata.' 
A  short  paper  *  On  Dried  Blood  as  Manure'  was  also  pub- 
lished nt  the  same  time,  Tlie  inquiry  wi(h  regard  to  super- 
phosphate of  lime  was  not  strictly  amongst  the  investigations 
recommended  by  the  committee;  but  the  increasing  import- 
ance of  the  manure,  and  the  want  of  any  definite  standard  of 
comparison,  t^eemed  to  point  it  out  aa  a  subject  well  worthy  of 
attention,  I  may  be  ailoweil  to  say  that  the  p'!per  in  question 
has,  in  the  sphere  of  my  own  observation,  had  a  moat  beneficial 
effect,  not  only  in  serving  as  a  guide  to  what  should  be  the 
composition  of  good  samples  of  this  valuable  manure,  but  in 
the  assiEtanco  which  ir  has  afforded  to  those  embarking  in  the 
manufacture  of  superphosphate,  and  in  stirring  up  the  existing 
makers  to  the  production  of  an  article  which  bhould  bear  the 
test  of  chemical  examination.  During  the  last  year  a  few 
more  analyses  of  Grasfies  have  been  made,  and  this  inveetiga- 
tion  is  in  a  forward  state  for  publication  whenever  it  may 
be  considered  desirable.  With  the  sanction  of  the  committee, 
I  would  propose  not  to  carry  this  inquiry  any  further  at  the 
present  time. 

Believing  the  subject  of  the  absorptive  properties  of  soils  for 
manure  to  be  one  deserving  the  most  careful  attention,  and  pro- 
mising results  of  the  very  highest  importance  to  the  theory  and 
practice  of  agriculture,  1  have  steadily  pursued  the  investijia- 
tioii  into  these  properties  durincr  the  last  year,  and  I  am  tlad 
to  be  able  to  report  to  the  committee  that  I  have  succeeded  in 
forming  artificially  substances  possessing  the  properties  which 
had  been  previously  discovered  to  reside  in  soils,  and  I  am  now 
in  a  position  lo  explain  satisfactorily  some  of  the  murual  actions 
of  the  soil  and  manure  which  were  before  surrounded  with  so 
much  obscurity.  I  propose  very  soon  to  give  a  statement  of 
the  prngreFS  of  the  investigation,  in  a  lecture  before  the  mem- 
bers  of  the  Society,  and,  if  the  committee  approve,  to  prepare  a 
further  account  of  the  experiments,  for  puolication  in  the  next 
Journal  of  the  Soi-iety,  The  prosecution  of  this  inquiry  entails 
a  large  amount  of  investigation  of  a  purely  chemical  character; 
it  is  therefore  necessarily  tedious,  and  the  details  are  unsuit. 
able  ior  publication  in  an  agricultural  Journal,  but  the  results 
are  so  interesting  and  important,  that  I  hope  the  committee 
will  sanction  the  continuation  of  tbe  inquiry  su  long  as  any  part 
of  it  remains  incomplete.  At  the  same  time  it  would  seem 
desirable  to  pursue  such  other  subjects  as  may  seem  to  possess 
an  independent  interest  of  their  own,  and  he  at  the  ssime  time 
more  or  less  connected  with  the  absorptive  properties  of  soils. 
The  subjects  which  occur  to  me  as  of  this  nature  are,  the  in- 
fluence of  liming  on  soils,  and  the  burning  of  clays.  All  of 
ihese  subjects  have  been  at  one  time  or  another  recommended 
by  the  committee,  and  have  been  more  or  It'ss  entered  upon  by 
me.    I  would  suggest  that  the  committee  should  etill  leave 


them  open  for  prosecution,  as  the  progress  of  the  main  inquiry 
may  render  expeilient. 

In  addition  to  the  enquirie;  already  mentioned,  I  have,  at 
the  request  of  the  Council,  made  during  the  last  year  analyses  - 
and  reports  to  the  Society  on  the  subject;  of  Austraiian  nuano 
and  American  phosphate  of  lime,  and  also  a  report  to  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  Admiralty  in  aid  of  the  search  after  guano  by 
officers  of  her  Majesty's  navy.  In  the  last  spring  and  aumnner 
three  lectures  were  delivered  before  the  members  of  the  Society 
at  their  weekly  meetings.  The  subjeots  selected  were  respec- 
tively the  use,  in  agriculture,  of  salt,  gjpsum,  and  lime.  I 
propose  to  give  also  three  lectures  in  the  presen'.  season.  The 
Ist  on  the  Causes  of  the  Absorptive  Properties  of  soil-i  for 
Manure.  2d,  an  Examination  of  the  Agricultural  principles  of 
Jethro  TuII.  3d,  Practical  bearing  of  recent  investigations  on 
Tull's  views. 

These  reports  having  been  received  and  adopted,  the 
Council  agreed  to  the  following  arrangement  for  the  de- 
livery of  Lectures,  as  proposed  to  them  by  the  Chemical 
Committee  : 

Lectures. 
April28. — Prof.  Way  :  On  the  Absorptive  Power  of  Soils. 
May  12. — Mr.  Trimmer  :  On  Agricultural  Geology. 
May  26.— Prof.  Way:  On  Jethro  TulPs  Principles   of 

Agriculture. 
June  9. — Prof.    Way  :    On  the  Practical    Bearing    of 

Recent  Investigations  on  Tull's  views. 

Veterinary  Inspection. — The  following  report  was 
received  and  adopted  by  the  Council : — 

The  Veterinary  Inspection  Committee  beg  to  rcc-mmend  fo 
tbe  Council,  that  the  duties  of  the  Veterinary  Inspector  cf 
the  ?Jociety  at  its  Country  Meetings  be  two-fold,  nauiely  : — 

1.  To  report  to  tbe  Stewards  or  the  Yard  on  the  presence 
of  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  in  any  of  the  ani- 
mals brought  to  the  yard. 

2.  To  be  in  atiendauce  in  the  Show-Yard,  in  order  that 
whenever  any  doubt  should  arise  in  tbe  minds  of  any  of  the 
Judges  aa  to  the  existence  of  disease  or  imperfection  in 
those  animals  which  they  may  consider  worthy  of  a  prize 
or  commendation,  the  Veterinary-Inspector  may  be  called 
in  to  give  his  opinion  thereoa. 

Veterinary  Grant. —  The  Council  postponed  the 
consideration  of  this  subject  until  their  next  monthly 
meeting,  appointing  in  the  mean  time  a  special  com- 
mittee for  its  consideration,  and  their  report  to  the 
Council  on  that  occasion. 

Lewes  Meeting. — The  following  arrangements  were 
reported  from  the  General  Lewes  Committee,  and  agreed 
to  by  the  Council  : — 

TttP.:da\i,3\x\y  1 3. —Implement-Yard  open  in  the  evening  to 
Mem  tiers  of  Council  and  Governors  of  tbe  Society,  at  Haif- 
a-crown. 
Welnaday. — Implement-Yard  open  to  the  public  from  8  in 
the  morning  till  6  in  the  evening,  at  Hali-a-crown. — Cattle- 
Yard  open  in  the    afternoon  to  Members  of  Council  and 
Governors  of  the   Society   at  Half-a-crown,    and  to   the 
public  at  Five  Shillings. 
Thursday.—  The  Cattle  and  Implement-Yards  (thrown  to- 
f;e'heiinto  one  general  show)  open  to  the  public  from  6 
in  the  morning  till  6  in  the  evening,  at  Half-a-crown. 
Friday. — The  General  Show  open  to  the  public  from  6  in  the 

morning  till  t>  in  the  evening,  at  One  Shilling. 
Fines  for  non-exhibition.  —  The  Council  decided 
unanimously,  that  in  order  to  maintain  a  consistent 
and  impartial  enforcement  of  the  established  regulations 
of  the  Society,  all  those  parties  who  had  failed  to 
conform  with  the  rule  of  entry  to  which  they  themselves 
had  subscribed,  and  of  their  non-compliance  with  which 
they  had  already  been  twice  informed,  and  a  claim  made 
upon  them  for  the  amount  of  fines  incurred,  should, 
without  any  personal  distinction  or  exception,  in  each 
case  where  tlie  fine  remained  unpaid  after  the  5th  of 
May  next,  be  at  once  summoned  to  the  Westminster 
County  Court,  to  answer  in  person  the  just  claims  thus 
made  upon  them  by  the  Society. 

Country  Meeting  of  1853.  —  Memorials  were 
received  for  the  holding  of  the  Country  Meeting  of  the 
Society  of  1853  in  the  South  Wales  District,  comprising 
the  whole  of  South  Wales,  with  the  addition  of  the 
Counties  of  Gloucester,  Hereford,  Moumouth,  and 
Worcester.  These  memorials  and  the  documents  with 
which  they  were  accompanied  were  referred  to  a 
committee  of  Personal  Inspection,  consisting  of  Mr. 
Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Brandreth,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr. 
Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  and  Mr.  Shaw  (of 
London),  with  a  request  that  they  would  visit  the  pro- 
posed localities,  and  report  on  the  subject  to  the 
Council  at  their  next  Monthly  Meeting,  previoiasly  to 
their  consideration  and  decision  of  the  particular  place 
for  the  holding  of  that  Country  Meeting. 

The  Council  adjourned  over  Easter  to  the  21st  inst. 


Tables  on  Drainage.     By  J.  Bailey  Denton,  Assoc. 
Inst.  C.  E.,  52,  Parliament-street,  London. 

A  USEFUL  sheet,  folding  into  a  case,sho\ving  the  cost  of 
digging  and  tiles  in  dr.ainingan  acre  at  various  intervals; 
and  containing  a  variety  of  other  tables  for  facilitating 
calculations  connected  with  land  drainage. 


The  Drainarjc  of  Coventry,  considered  in  a  Supplement 
to  ilr.  Jianr/er's  Report  to  the  General  Board  of  Health. 
By  T.  A.  Yarrow,  C.E.,  Engineer  to  the  Irish  Amelio- 
ration   Society.       John    Kennedy,    Portniau-place, 
Maida  Hill.   Pp.  16. 
Report   of   the   Health    Committee  of   the    Borough    of 
Liverpool,  on  the  Sewerage  and  other  worls  under  the 
Sanitary  Act.    By  the  Borough  Engineer.     Harris 
and  Co.,  Moorfields,  Liverpool. 
Minutes  of  Information  collected  in  respect  to  the  Drainage 
of  the  Zand  forming   tlie  sites   of   Touns,    to   Road 
3rainage,  and  the    facilitation  of  the   Braining  of 
Suburban  Lands.  General  Board  of  Health.     George 
E.  Eyre  and  W.  Spottiswoode.     London.    Pp.  125. 
We   shall   at  present  merely   notice  these  works    as 
containing  amongst  them  a  full  statement   on  the  im- 
porumt    sul)jeet  of    town    drainage.      The   fii'st  is  a 


16— 1&52.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


253 


recommendation  of  peat  charcoal,  in  the  manufacture  of 
which  its  author  is  interested  as  engineer  for  the  Irish 
Amelioration  Society.  It  is  recommended  by  him  as 
the  cheapest  instrument  for  taking  all  that  is  valuable 
or  mischievous  out  of  sewage  water,  and  preserving  it 
from  waste  or  escape,  while  allowing  the  worthless  and 
harmless  remainder  to  flow  away.  The  second  woric 
on  the  list  has  been  some  time  published,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  valuable  contributions  to  the  important  series 
of  works  ou  the  Health  of  Towns  which  have  of  late 
years  appeared.  Excepting  the  remarks  by  Mr. 
Newlands,  on  the  application  of  the  sewage  mauurCj  it 
is,  however,  more  a  detailed  and  practical  statement  of 
what  is  proposed  to  be  done  in  a  particular  instance, 
than  a  treatise  bearing  on  the  whole  subject,  claiming 
general  interest. 

The  third  work  named  above  is  not,  as  its  title  would 
suggest,  confined  to  the  considei-ation  of  town  and 
suburban  drainage  ;  it  contains  a  great  deal  of  most 
valuable  information  on  land-drainage  generally,  and  is, 
in  importance,  a  companion  volume  to  the  one  lately 
issued  from  the  same  source,  on  the  "  Application  of 
Liquid  Manure."  We  shall  in  another  number  give  a 
detailed  statement  of  its  contents,  and  of  its  instructions 
on  the  important  subjeet  of  which  it  treats.  On  all 
questions  connected  with  the  explanation  and  the  cost  of 
the  results  of  land  drainage,  and  with  the  methods  by 
which  they  have  been  attained — it  is  an  important  work 
of  reference. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

APRIL. 

Boulogne,  April  2. — Since  last  repoit  from  West  Somerset,  I 
have  been  ac  Bnulogne ;  on  which,  though  not  presentinjj;  much 
attraction  to  offer  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view,  and  my 
opportunities  of  seeing  and  jud^ic;^  what  there  was  being 
limited,  it  still  may  not  be  wholly  uniuteresting  to  subjoin  a 
few  remarks.  Boulogne  is  a  place  so  well  known  to  us,  and, 
to  use  a  familiar  phrase,  "  hacknied,"  that  anv  description  of 
*it  would  be  useless,  aud  indeed  irrevelant  to  the  particular  de- 
partment of  this  Paper.  It  seems  a  curious  CLiincideoce  that 
on  the  spot  where  Napoleon  50  years  ago  organised  and  dis- 
played his  grand  army  for  the  invasion  uf  our  island,  so  many 
English  should  now  be  residing  in  security — more  than  in  any 
other  part  of  France.'  The  soil  around  Boulogne  is  mostly 
very  sandy  and  light,  in  aome  places  poorer  ihan  others  ;  the 
low  cliffs,  il  they  can  ao  be  called,  for.n  a  great  contrast  to  the 
opposite  chalky  hills  of  Sussex,  consisting  of  loose  crumbling 
sand  with  a  mixed  substratum  of  grey  mud,  gradually  harden- 
in*  into  rock  with  the  action  of  water,  every  now  and  then 
large  masses  falling  down  on  the  sands  beneath,  so  that  the 
aspect  of  the  coast  must  be,  of  courae,  much  changed  in  the 
course  of  centuries  ;  since  the  time,  for  instHnce,  when  Cali- 
gula led  his  army  on  the  sands  to  gather  shells  down  to  the 
time  when  another  Emperor  also  cou'tucted  an  army  thither, 
with  the  same  original  intention,  viz,,  the  invasion  of  Britain. 
On  some  parts  of  the  soU  iron  exit^ts,  and  8>>ine  of  the  hardest 
description  of  rock  stretches  across  the  Hands  like  low  walls, 
though  formed  by  Nature.  There  are  also  traces  of  the  lower 
Oolite  formation,  with  some  of  the  petrefactions  met  with  in 
Dorsetshire.  At  the  neighbouring  small  town  of  Marquise,  a 
coarse  description  of  grey  marble  is  found — coal  is  also  met 
with.  The  light  sftnde"  would,  I  should  think,  be  improved  by 
the  Norfolk  system  of  folding  with  sheep  and  claying,  neither 
of  which  are  apparently  pursued.  One  farm  in  the  neighbour- 
hood is  kept  by  an  Englishman  who  breeds  and  keeps  horses 
for  letting  out  for  hire  in  the  town.  The  farms  are  not  very 
large  ;  though  the  fields  are,  as  is  the  case  in  France,  exten- 
sive and  not  much  enclosed,  something  similar  to  the  Wilt- 
shire and  Yorkshire  hills  and  wolds.  A  breeding  fiock  is  kept 
on  the  above  farm,  the  lambs  being  fattened  and  sold  to  the 
butcher.  Turnips  are  grown  for  the  ewes,  and  drawn  for 
them;  but  the  [general  district  system  is  corn  and  artificials 
all  manured  thickly,  in  which  last  particular  the  French,  in 
common  with  the  Belgians,  are  worthy  of  imitation — the 
manure  heaps  being  laid  nearly  close 'together,  so  that  when 
spread  tbey  completely  cover  the  land  without  aninteival  to 
be  seen,  so  that  on  returning  to  England  one  is  struck  with  the 
average  smallness  of  the  dreesingu  used,  seeming  unfinished  ; 
in  fact,  if  farm-yard  manure  is  used,  the  quantity  should  be 
large,  and  of  course  the  quality  good.  The  French,  keeping  all 
their  stock  under  cover  all  the  year  round,  necessarily  make  a 
large  amount  of  manure,  and  are  thus  able  to  thrown  on  large 
dressings,  whereas  witk  us,  in  the  ordinary  run  of  farms,  a 
few  beasts  are  kept  during  winter  to  make  manure.  The 
work  in  that  district  lately,  from  Boulogne  to  Calais,  has  been 
BOvving  Oats  and  Barley,  manured  and  ploughed  in  previously  ; 
and  drehsing  Clover  and  other  artificials  for  hay,  for  which 
large  quantities  of  night-soil  are  used.  With  regard  to  imple- 
ments, much  cannot  be  held  up  for  imitation — what  I  saw 
being  heavy  and  old-fashioned,  though  apparently  not  working 
badly.  The  ploughs  are  heavy,  wooden,  and,  I  conclude,  the 
same  as  in  use  50  years  ago  ;  having  two  large  wheels  of  equal 
size,  the  plough  resting  up  hill,  as  it  were,  on  a  common  cross 
beam,  and  a  long  waggon  whip  stuck  for  the  man's  use  on  the 
plough  side.  The  horses  are  work(;d  two  or  sometimes  three 
abreast;  they  unyoke  at  raid-day,  working  on  afterwards  till 
5  and  G  o'clock.  The  old  tl.ii\  ig  still  used  in  the  barns. 
Engliih  plouj^hs  have  been  introduced  on  the  former-muationed 
farm,  but  a  pn-judice  exists  against  any  innovation;  in  one 
ca«c  I  «aw  a  kind  of  compromise  made  between  the  two 
kinda  or  plough -a  very  good  English  iron  plough  doing  its 
workpreity  well,  (.till  mounted  on  the  old-fashioned  two  wheels. 
The  dre«  of  the  pluughman  is  a  blu-;  smock  and  white  cap, 
Bomething  like  our  night-caps  :  they  get  9  and  10  francs  [a 
week],  and  their  victuals  In  the  house.  Many  of  the  chateaux 
beloQitSng  to  the  proprletf^-rs  are  old  and  piclurceque.  The 
farms  have  not,  however,  the  same  neatncHB  as  ours,  being 
shut  in  with  high  walls  and  gatos.  The  absence  of  stock  In 
the  fields,  too,  is  a  blank  in  the  landscafjc,  however  much 
the  syatfcm  of  clo«e  feeding  may  be  advocated.  The  sheep  are 
to  our  ideas,  ugly  ;  generally  having  ratlier  long  legs,  and  long 
flapping  ears-  //.  £. 

ToRKsoiEK.  &c.,  Aj.rU  12 —I  have  recently  inspected  largo 
tracts  of  land  InthcNorih  Itlding  of  Yorkihlre,  Htiiffordshiro 
Lelccotcrsbire,  and  WarwickHhlro,  and  I  have  uvorywhero 
found  Wheat  looking  w<;ll.  The  dry  v/ealht-r  han  ajiparently 
suited  thU  crop,  and  it  in  not  only  a  good  colour  but  the  plant 
in  spreiiding  out  and  kcping  clono  to  the  ground.  Boann 
where  early  sown,  have  come  up  well,  bur,  thoir  growth  has 
b«!en  somewhat  checked  by  the  frtjst/  iiighld  wo  hovo  had  of 
late,  Oats  In  miiriy  piHCCH  arc  up,  and  iouk  vi;ry  prr>mlHlng. 
The  land  ioUndrrd  for  Turnips  U  In  better  funflltlon  than  It 
has  been  known  for  many  jcarH,  t)  ©dry  neaion having  allowed 
fall  opportunity  for  the  ti«io  of  the  grubbi-r,  and  on  biv.  ral 
farms  over  which  I  have  been,  the  latjd  (rould  bo  roiwly  for  tho 
seed  with  ano'her  stirring.  Clover  and  OruBn  laud  want  rnln 
much,  and  should  It  not  come  aood,  we  may  look  for  fchort 
crojj*  of  hay  and  moderate  pastures,  /foaldua. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

AaElCDLToaAL  Patent  :  AS.  We  must  confesB  our  ignorance. 
We  presume  that  th<;  Wheat  ia  to  ho  sown  so  lato  as  not  to  ' 
ripen  till  the  following  year.     The  paragraph  is  very  obscure,  i 

Day  Bog  oe  Tubf  Mould:  Bollymount.  Dr.  Anderson,  the  | 
chemist  to  the  Highland  Society,  a'jsurea  us  that  this  is  a? 
efficacious  in  retaining  ammonia  as  though  it  were  charred. 
The  spongy  surface  of  a  flow  bog,  when  dried  and  afterwards 
incorporated  with  liquid  manure,  will  he  a  powerful  fertiliser, 
as  would  any  other  worthless  substance  under  such  circum- 
stances. The  cheapest  sponge  for  liquid  manure  differs  in 
different  districts  :  in  some  dry  peat  dust—in  others,  the 
old  spent  bsrk  of  the  tan-yard. 

Hat,  &c.  :  P  a  D.  W«  know  of  no  reason,  except  cost,  to 
hinder  the  employment  of  a  frame  for  a  hay-rick  as  well  as 
for  corn.  It  would  save  much  hay  now  spoiled  or  wasted. 
43.  and  is.  Gd.  are  common  prices  for  good  hay  forks.  About 
the  ewes.  W.  C.  S.  will  answer  you  soon. 

Lead  :  J  ^y'Q S.  If  the  water  be  "hard,"  a  lead  cistern  is  per- 
fectly siife,  but  not  otherwise.  As  regards  churns,  we  think 
you  may  safely  choose  the  American,  and  one  will  do,  although 
you  vary  between  3  and  12  lbs.  as  the  quantity  of  butler  to 
be  made. 

Luceene:  a  Constant  Reader.  If  you  sow  it  broadcast,  you 
must  sow  20  lbs.  per  aero.  It  should  be  sown  now.  We  would 
prefer  drilling  it  in  rows,  even  with  the  Oat  crop,  under  which 
you  intend  for  the  first  few  months  it  hhall  linger,  and  then 
you  may  subject  it  to  a  thorough  hoeing  in  the  autumn: 
12  or  li  lbs.  per  acre  in  rows  12  inches  apart;  but  to  sow 
with  an  Oat  crop  is  not  the  best  plan, 

Peat  Charcoal  :  G  A.  It  may  be  applied  to  annuals,  Rose 
trees,  and  other  flowers  with  udvantuge  If  itcaube  saturated 
with  some  liquid  manure,  so  much  the  better;  au'i  what  is 
true  of  Rose  trees  in  this  matter,  is  also  true  of  Mangold 
Wurzel,  to  which  it  may  be  applied  in  compost  wi  h  guano, 
or  any  other  ammouiacal  manure,  over  which  it  exercises  a 
conservative  influence. 

PooLTRT  Mandre:  J  Ji  G.  The  answer  last  week  was  given 
to  a  correspondent  who  merely  asked  what  he  should  do 
with  it. 

Stab  :  F  D.  It  is  tho  planet  Mars.  Your  other  question 
next  week. 

WiREwoRM  :  J  T.  We  would  truit  to  guano  rathpr  than  Rape- 
cake.  Mr.  Charoock's  experiment  with  the  latter  might  be 
recopied — without,  however,  we  suspect,  much  chance  of  re- 
copyiog  his  experience— which  was  probably  due  to  other 
causes.  Apply  3or4cwt.  of  guano  per  aero,  and  harrow 
and  cultivate  it  ia.  Sow  Li>lium  perenne,  12  lbs.;  Festuca 
rubra, 41b3.;  Agrostis  vulgaris,  2  lbs.;  AlopecurU'^,  lib.;  Poa 
pratense,  2  lbs.  ;  Poteriuui  Sauguisurba,  2  lbs.  ;  Onobrychis 
sativa,  3  Ibn.  ;  Achillea  millefolium,  ^  lb. ;  Trif  jlium  repens, 
8  lbs.  ;  Medicago  lupuliua,  3  lbs,  ;  wi.h  a  thin  seeding  of 
corn.     This  is  a  mixture  adapted  for  very  light  sandy  soil. 


POTATOES.-SoDTiiWAEK,  April  12; 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  -ho  supply 
both  coastwise  and  by    rail    has   been  considerable,    and  ?hc 
trade  continues  very  dull,  particularly  for  se.ond-rate  «ampl 
The  following ^are  this  daj's  quotations --^...-i.  " *-    - 


COVENT  GARDEN,  April  17. 
The  market  is  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit. 
English  Pine-apples  realise  good  prices,  as  do  also  hothouse 
Grapes.  Dessert  Pears  are  n.iw  confined  to  Beurre  Runce. 
A  few  Court  of  Wick  and  Ribston  Pippin  Apples  may  still 
be  obtained.  Oranges  are  pleutiful  and  good.  Nuts  are 
nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  still  sup- 
plied. Carrots,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  &c.,  are  sufficient  for  the 
demand,  and  tnere  is  some  fine  Cornwall  Broccoli  in  the  market. 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Lettuces  and  other 
salading  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacriees,  Cine- 
rarias, MigDoaette,  Camellias,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Pri- 
mulas, Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  aud  other  forced 
bulbs. 

FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  83 
Grapes, hothou8e,p.lb.,l5sto20s 

—  Lisbon,  per  lb. ,28  to2a6d 
Strawberries,  per  oz..  Is  to  2s 
Apples,   kitchen,   per  bushel, 

23  to  3s  Gd 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5a 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  3s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  9d  to  Is  fid 
French  Beans,  p.ltIO,  Is  6d  to  2e 
Broccoli,  p.  buQoh,  5\\  to  Is 

—  heads,  eacii,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  per  bundle,  Ss  to  7s 
Seakale,p. basket,  Is  3d  to  2s  fid 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2b  fid  to  4s 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  5d  to  lOd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  80s 

—  per  cwt.,  28  to  58 

—  per  bush.,  Is  Gd  to  2s  fid 
Turnips,  p.  doz. ,  28  fid  to  Ss  fid 
Cucumbers,  each,  fid  to  3s 
Celery,  per  bundle,  fid  to  Is  Gd 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  half  sieve, 

Is  to  is  Gd 
Spiuach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  1$  fid 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  3panibh,p.duz.,ls3dto3d 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  Is  fid 
Beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  2s 


VEGETABLES. 


Pears,  dessert,  per  doz.,  2s  to  fis 
Orangep,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  fid 

—  per  100,  3s  fid  to  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  8a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,p.bsh.20ato223 

—  Brazil,  p.  bsh.,  123  to  14s 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  lOOa 


Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  fid  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  per  score,  is  to  2s 
Radishes,  per  doz..  Is  to  la  fid 

—  Turnip,  la  Gd  to  2g 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle.ls  to4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott..  Is  to  la  3d 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.  sieve, Is  3d  to  ls8d 
Artichokes.  Jerus.,do.,  9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz,  bochs.,  23  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  fid 
Basil, green, p.buoch,ls  to  Is  Gd 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
_Wattrcresses,p.l2  bun.,9dtols 


HAY.— Per  Loud  of  36  Truaaes. 
Smithfield,  April  15, 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  75s  to  SOs    Clover 
Inferior  do.  ...  C5         70      2d  cut 

Rowen         GO        63      Straw 

New  Hay     —;        — 

The  hupply  short  and  trade  brisk. 
CuMBEa^,A^D  iMakket,  April  16. 
Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


.  SOs  to  88s 
„  70  77 
..  24  23 
.  Cooper. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  75d  to  SOs 

Interior  do 60         70 

New  Hay       ~        — 

Old  Clover 78         8G 


JosHt/A  Baker. 


HOPS.— BoRODGii  Market,  April  16. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  Hop  market 
is  without  alteration,  both  as  to  demand  and  prico. 

OOAL  MARKET.— Fbidat,  April  IG. 
Eden    Main,    15s.  ;    Wallnend  RusselPa   Iletton,  15s.  6d.  ; 
Wallsend  Iletton,  16s, ;   Wallsend  Lambton,  15a.Gd.;  Wallaeud 
Stewarts,  IGs.— Shlp«  ar  m^irUet.  120. 

WOOL. 
BUADFORD,  TnUHSBAT,  April  15.— Wo  caunot  report  any  im- 
provement in  the  state  otourEoglinh  Wool  niarliot,  cither  in 
regard  to  riemand  or  prices.  The  sales  aiu  almost  invariably 
t'»  u  limltfd  extent,  and  confined  to  tho  supply  of  pruHslng  re- 
qulrements,  splonorn  evincing  no  dispohitioo  to  make  spcculti- 
tlvo  purchuKcjH.  Tlio  stockn  held  by  HtapUirs  are  by  no  moan.i 
heavy,  and  tho  arrivals  from  the  country  being  al^o  much  below 
Iho  avorugo.  oven  for  the  seuhoii,  a  htiong  prohuhlllty  exl«tH 
that  prices  muttt  rule  (inn  even  with  a  continuance  of  limited 
purchases  by  consutnors.  Hhouhl,  on  tho  other  hand,  an  iin- 
iiTOvement  take  pluco  lu  the  ncneral  trade  of  tho  district,  there 
I»  but  little  doubt  that  one  loevltablo  cuiiHcqiioncu  would  bo  un 
Immtuluto  advance  in  tho  prlco  of  tho  raw  material. 


to  SOs. ;    Scotch  do  ,  GO. 

GO^i.to  053.;  Fifeshire  do.,  55s.  to  CO, 


-  .     York  Regents.  fiOs. 
708.;   Perth  and  Forfarshire  Cups. 

H-^»*.«   A  'x?    **'**'^0h.;  WisheachandCambridge^ 
.   Kent  a^  Essex,  GOs.  to  75s. 

SMITHFIELD:rMWlTrA"priI  12 
Wo  have  for  Easter  Monday,  a  good  supply  of  Beasta  ■  trade 
18  dull ;  a  few  choice  Scots,  however,  are  making  Ss  Gd  but 
many  good  ones  only  make  ds.  4d.  The  numbe?  of  Sheep  U 
stnall,  yet  fully  adequate  o  the  demand.  Being  holiday  week 
butchers  buv  very  sparingly,  and  prices  on  the  averaira  r-flnnM- 
be  quoted  hfgher.  There  is  a  ready  sale  for  Lamls  at  FrfdaA 
quotations.  There  is  no  alteration  in  the  Calf  trade  From 
Germany  and  Holland  there  are  433  Beasts,  350  Sheen  145 
Calves,  and  GO  Pigs;  from  Spain,  70  Shepp ;  from  ScDtl'inH 
600  Beasts  ;  and  1800  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  '^^'""ana. 


Per  St.  of  81b8.- 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  Ac.       ...  3 
Best  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn   3 


4  to  3 
2  —  3 
4-2  : 

0  —  4 
G  —  3 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— 8  d       s  d 

Rest  Long-wools  .3  8  to  4  ft 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3  2  —  3  6 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2  G  —  2  10 

Do.  Shorn 0  0 0  (J- 

Lambs     ...        .,.5  0  —  6  ft 

Calves      3  0  —  4  4 

?'J??,-      _— _         —  2  8—3  & 


Beaats,  3419  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  17,920  ;  Calves,  182  ;  Pige  380, 
Friday,   April  19.  »  »        . 

We  have  a  large  supply  of  Beasts  and  a  very  limited  demand  - 
in  consequence,  although  the  weather  is  favourable  late' 
quotations  cannot  on  the  average  be  supported.  The  number 
of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  large  ;  there  is  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  the  latter,  for  which  trade  is  very  heavy,  at  lower  ratesT 
Sheep  are  makiog  about  the  same  as  on  Monday  last.  Calves 
are  plentiful ;  trade  is  very  dull,  at  a  reduction  of  fully  2d.  per 
Slbs.;  indeed,  our  top  quotation  is  realised  only  in  a*  few 
instances.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  182  Beasts,  200' 
Sheep,  and  IGl  Calves.    The  number  of  Milch  Cows  Is  125*. 


Per  St.  of  Slbs, 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.        ...  3 
Best   Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best    Downs    and 

llalf-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3 


2  to  3 
0  —  3 


0- 
6  —  3 


Per  St.  of  8lba.— a 
Best  Long-wools.  3 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3 

Ewes  A;  2d  quality  2 
Do.  Shorn 

Lambs      4 

Calves      2 

PiRS 


d 

8  to  4  ft 
2  —  3  6 
6  —  2  10- 


8  —  5 
10  —  4 


Beasts,  1035  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  7420 ;  Calves,  274  ;  Pigs,  350. 
MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  April  12.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  by  land, 
carriage  samples  to  this  morning's  market  was  small ;  the 
white  was  disposed  of  ou  about  the  terms  of  this  day  se'nnight, 
but  the  red  met  an  improved  demand  at  those  rates,  being  in 
request  for  Ireland.  Foreign  and  Flour  were  a  slow  sale;- 
prices  are  unaltered  from  last  week.— Barley  is  a  dull  sale,  and 
rather  cheaper.— Iq  the  value  of  Beans  and  Peas  there  is  no 
alteration  from  this  day  at'onigbt.— For  Oats  we  experienced 
rather  more  inquiry,  at  late  rates. 

Pee  Imperial  Qdahter.  s.      s. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &.  Suffolk... White  42—44 

—  —    fiue  selected  runs,,  ditto  44—46 

—  —    Talavera  45—51 

—  Norfolk 38—43 

—  Foreign 36—52 

Barley.grind.tt  distil.,  26b  to  299. ..Chev.  SO— 35 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  -^2 — 29 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 19—21 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  21—24 

—  Irish Potato  20— ;;3 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  19-21 

Rye     , '    _ 

Rye-meal,  foreign I     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 243  to  27s Tick  25—30 

Pigeon   27    —  32s. ..Winds.  20 


32—34 
26-28 


35-40 
27—3;! 
18—24 


Red  , 
Hed  , 


Red  , 


Malting  . 
Malting  . 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign  , 


Harrow  . 
LoDgpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 


fellow... 
Norfolk  . 
Per  Back 


39—40 
40—42: 


20—22' 
19—22- 
17— 2(>- 


25—30- 
24—30  ■ 
23—25 
33-35. 
27—34 


27-32' 
32-36^ 


—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 27b  to  30a Grey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  beet  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Friday,    April  16.~The  arrivals  of  all  grain,  particularTy 

foreign,  have  been  unusually  small  this  week  ;  to-daj'a  market 
was  thinly  attended,  and  business  very  restricted  ;  the  value  o6 
Wheat  may  be  considered  nominally  the  same  as  on  Monday. 
In  Flour  there  is  little  doing,  excepting  in  barrels,  which  have 
been  sold  at  la.  decline. — Barley  is  a  slow  eale  at  rather  leas- 
money.— Beans  and  Peas  remain  as  last  quoted. — The  Oat 
trade  ia  very  firm,  and  in  some  instancea  rather  higher  prices, 
are  paid. 

Imperial  Averages. 


VTheit. 

Barley. 

Oatb 

Rye. 

Beans. 

Peas., 

Feb.    28 

s.    d 
42    3 
42    7 
42  10 
42    8 
42    2 
41    4 

s.   d. 
30    7 
30    1 
80     6 
30     3 
30    e 
29    4 

s.   d. 
19    6 
19     4 
19     9 
19     0 
19    e 
19     7 

s.    d. 
30    7 
32     6 

30  5 

31  11 
30     5 

32  8 

s.    d. 

29  10 

30  2 
80     1 
30     4 
30     3 
29     1 

s.   d. 
29     5 
29     6 
29    1 
29  10 
29    8 

March  6  ..     .. 

—    13 

—    20 

—    27 

April  10 

Aercrep.   Aver. 

42     2 

30    0 

19     7 

31     S 

30     1 

29    7 

Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Abbivals  this  Week. 


English  ... 

Irish    

Foreisn  ... 


Qrs. 
2870 


240 


Barley. 


2350 
680 
609 


Oats. 

Q.S. 

1310 

2060 

740 


660  sacks- 
—  brla 


Fldctdationb  in  TnE  LAST  Six  Week's  Averages. 


Prices.  Feb.  28.  Mar.    0    .Mae.  13.  Mab,  20.  Mab.  27.  Apr.  10.- 


UsUd 
II    8 
■12     7 
42     3  - 
42     2 
U     4 


"1 


"1 


L.IVERPQOL,  ToEsDAy,  April  13.— The  weather  continues  dry,, 
with  light  eastoily  winds,  and  tho  want  of  rain  in  beginning  to 
bo  felt  on  paature  lands,  winter  fodder  being  nearly  eihausted,- 
Tho  arrivals  of  grain  and  Flour  are  this  wi«ck  upon  a  moderate: 
scalo,  whilst  tho  cfxports  are  liberal.  Ireland  continues  ta 
tnke  the  most  from  us,  and  tho  trade  hero  during  tho  weekhas^ 
been  strengthened  by  further  purchases  of  red  Wheat  (or  the - 
sister  country,  at  prices  rathir  over  the  quotations  of  loat 
Tuefldny.  Tho  Easier  holidays  have  rathor  interfered  with  tho- 
local  trudo.  Though  tho  buHlnoss  tranHacted  In  Wheat  and. 
Flour  at  this  morning's  inorket  was  not  largo,  the  general  de-- 
mund  waa  certainly  botlii-  than  on  (hit)  day  Be'nnlKht,  and  at 
oxtromo  prices  for  both  articles,  holders  exhibiting  much  firm- 
ness with  tholr  samiiloH.  Several  ihousand  quarters  of 
Egyptian  Beans  changed  hands,  uiul  fully  recovered  a  decline. 
ol  Gd.  per  qr.  which  had  been  submitted  to  during  tho  weck^ 
Indian  Com  was  also  in  fair  ruquost,  at  extreme  rates,  and  it, 
in  not  plontiful.  Oate,  Oatmeal,  and  Barley  wore  not  much. 
notlcod.    Scarcely  any  Peas  ut  present  hero. 


254 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[April  \7, 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENEIOOSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    &c. 

TAMES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.   beg    to  hand    their 

prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Cut  to  order  ia  Panes 
above  40  inches  lonj;. 


not 


16  0Z3.... 

21  do 

26  do 

In  Crates  of  c 
2Sd.  per  foot. 


■M.    to  Zkd. 

3ic2.  to  bd. 

id.    to  IM. 

)  ft.,  16  ozs. 


Paoked  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 
8bj4,  Giby4* 

7  bj  5,  7i  bj  6* 

8  by  8,  8'  by  5i 

8  by  6,  8*  by  6 

9  by  7,  l5by8 


£..  s.  d. 

0  13  0 

0  a5  0 

0  15  0 

0  17  6 

10  0 


ANY  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  SIZES  at  I83.  M.  per  lOOfeot. 
Bose^,  23.  each;  returnable  at  full  price. 

22  by  16  ...  22  by  15  ...  22  by  13  .,,  20  by  15  ...  20  by  14 

- .  18  by  13  ...  18  by  12  ...20  by  12 

,  17  by  12  ...  14  by  12  ...18  by  11 
,  15  by  11  ...  16  by  10  ...  15  by  II) 
,  18  by  10  ...  13  by    9  ...12  by  10 


20  by  13  . 

16  by  12  . 

17  by  11  . 
14  by  10  . 
12  b/    9 


,  18  by  14  . 

16  by  12  . 

16  by  11  . 

14  by  11  . 
.  11  by    9  . 


ALL  SIXTEEN  ODNCES  TO  THE  FOOT. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Con- 
■Gervatories,  Public  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c., 
■J  inch  thick.     Packed  in  bo-^es  of  50  feet  each. 

6  by  4  and  (11  by  1.J  ..10s.  6(i.  |  7  by  S  and    7*  by  5,1, ..12s.  Od. 

8  by  G  and  8i  by  ",{... 133.  6ci.  I  9  by  7  and  10    by  3  ...15s.  Od. 

FORiiIGN  SHEEl  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
■in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  383.  40s  ,  to  423,  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  23.  to  6s.  each,  Propagating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoys'  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Without.  


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES.'^ 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100  feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 
fl-inches  by  4  and    CJ  by  4j      13s.0ci, 


7 
8 
8 
9 
12 


5  and    7i  by  54 

5  and    8    by  51 

6  asd    8,i  by  6J 

7  and  10    by  8 
10  and  13    by  9 


15 

0 

15 

0 

17 

6 

20 

0 

20 

0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  contaiaing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
liOUGII  PLATE,  perfectly  fiat,  |  in.  thick,  beat  manufactured. 
Iq  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot. 


50 
75 


.  I2d. 


MilU  Pans,  Ss.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  G-lasa  Tiles 
and  Slate?  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varyiog  from  2d.  to  Sd. 
per  squRro  foot,  for  the  uaual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 
liists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAME^JTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  IIetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

WING'S     PATENT    GLASS     WALLS. 

— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained: — Messrs.  Knl.ijht  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  <tc., 
Fulhani.  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Teitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs,  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull.  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S,,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.n.S., 
■Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentbam,  Stafford, 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Auglesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  C,>.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

These-  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the>>q3rnrinciple.     Existing  Wallscovei-ed  with  Glass  and  Iron. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 
WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES.  ' 


TAMES  WATTSj  Hothouse  BrriLDER,  Claremont- 
^  Place,  Old  Kent-eoad,  has  200  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  andLIQHTS  of  all  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  made  of  well-seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  Jic,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  bad  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  moat  of  the  counties  of  England. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT    WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


HALL'S  GARDEN  NETS,  LiGur  and  Durable.— 
Best  Protection  against  Frost,  Hail,  and  Wind  ;  also  from 
Wasps  and  Insects;  aud  good  for  outside  shades  of  Green- 
houses, (be. 

All  55  Inches  Wide. 

No.  1,  per  yard    5^ci.  I  No.  3,  per  yard    ...        ...    7d. 

„    2,         , Qd.    I    „    4,         „  7d, 

To  be  had  in  London  of  Mr.  Benjamin  EDorNOTON,  2,  Duke- 
street,  Southwark ;  Messrs.  Chablwqod  and  Cdmmins,  14, 
Tavistock-row,  Covent-garden  ;  Messrs.  Miuieb,  Nash  and 
Nash,  60,  Strand ;  Messrs.  Ndttikq  and  Sons,  Cbeapside ;  also 
of  the  principal  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  in  Edinburgh, 
Dublin,  Manchester,  Liverpool,  Chester,  Norwich,  &c.,  ttc. 
Manchester,  April  17. 


O.ALVANISED      WIRE      GAME      NETTING.— 
^^  Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


rj.RAY  and  ORMSON,  Danvers-street,  Chelsea^ 
VJ  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
econoiny  and  pi>actical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terras. 

G.  (k  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  ia  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principle.';,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


W.    THOMSON,    Landscape    Gardener,    Hot- 
house Designeb,  andBDiLDEB,  Hammersmith, 


inch  mesb,  light,  24  inches  wide 


Galvan-  Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

.  7(f.  peryd.  Sd.peryd. 

,    9        „  64      „ 

12        ,,  9        „ 

,     8        ,,  6        „ 

,  10        ,,  8        „ 

■  11        1)  11        » 


2-inch     ,,      strong 
2.inch     ,,      extra  strong  , 
Ig-inch     ,,      light  , 

l§-inch      ,,       strong  , 

l§-inch     ,,      estrastrong   , 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prieee. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
One-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3rf.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  postfree. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
bnvouL'b.  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

pHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
V^  NETTING,  5£i.  per  running  yard; 


WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea 
Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot^water  Appa- 
Tatus,  will  find  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's-road,  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  Conser- 
'*'n  ''^^'  ^'*^'  *'^"  «'"^*'ted,  and  in  full  operation,  combining 
all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman  can 
select  the  deacriptiou  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  required 
purpose.  *^  J      ^ 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efBcient 
ol^.t^T.^'^iwJ''  "e  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c..  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  conBtant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 
•  *i  'P^n-iid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  are 
mtho  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Also  a  hne  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
ifrom  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts.  *u  Fwio 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings- 
nlso  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application.— J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King'a-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


Every  kind  of  Horticultural  Structure  designed,  erected,  and 
heated  by  Hot-water  Common  Flues,  and  other  modes,  on  the 
most  economical  and  improved  modern  principles.  Testimo- 
nials and  references  from  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  wbo  have 
kindly  patronised,  for  more  than  15  years  past,  J.  W.  Thomson's 
modern  and  simple  mode  of  Constructing,  Building,  Warming, 
and  Ventilating  Garden  Structures.  He  begs  to  draw  particu- 
lar attention  to  his  newly.invented  plan  for  moving  all  Lights, 
front  and  top,  for  admitting  air,  by  one  action  or  simultane- 
ously, at  very  little  more  expense  than  by  the  old  and  inconve- 
nient mode  of  cords  and  pulleys.  This  simple  plan  can  be 
applied,  at  a  moderate  cost,  to  houses  already  ventilated  by  the 
old  and  troublesome  cord  and  pulley  system. 

J.  W.  Thomson  having  had  full  25  years  experience  as  a 
practical  Horticulturist,  Landscape  Gardener,  and  Garden 
Architect,  in  her  Majesty's  Royal  Gardens  at  Windsor,  Kew, 
and  other  places,  most  respectfully  solicits  the  favours  and 
patronage  of  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  about  to  form  new,  or 
to  alter  and  embellish  their  present  Park,  Gardens,  ifec. 
.  Plans  and  Estimates  for  re-modelling  Parks  and  Gardens, 
or  for  Building  and  Heating  Hothouses,  and  other  Garden 
improvements,  furnished  on  application.  Melon  and  Cucumber 
Boxes  and  Lights. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis*  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosyig  2  postage  stamps. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kinq's-road,  Chelsea.  —The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
thfe  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  HothouseB,  with  excellent  glass  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  tele- 
graph wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf 
or  Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  ins,  long,  12  ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  28J.  6s.  M.  • 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long.,  do.  do,,  626  ft.,  30t.  13s.  8d. ;  28  ft.  6  ins. 
long,  15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot-water  on 
the  most  approved  and  i.  conomical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for    its  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d,  and  8d.  per 
I  foot,  super. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised. 

24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard.        ...        fid.  per  yard. 
30  in.    „      2  in.    ,,        9d.        „  ...        G^d.        „ 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ...        7id.        „ 

48  in.    „      Sin.    ,,      Is.  2d.    „  ...      lOd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  tbe  same  proportionate  price.  This 
ai  tide  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  bo 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high. 
Is  6d.  and  2s  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalogues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 

WIRE     AND     IRON     WORKS. 

HWEST,  17,  New-road,  Fitzroy-square,  Original 
•  Inventor  of  ORNAMENTAL  WIRE  FLOWER- 
STANDS,  ttc,  and  Manufacturer  of  every  description  of 
useful  and  fancy  Wire  and  Iron  Work,  respectfully  invites  the 
inspection  by  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  an  extensive  assort- 
ment of  superior  Wire  Flower-stauds  and  Flower-trainers, 
Roseries  and  Flower-bed  Bordering,  Trellis  and  Garden 
Arches,  Porticoes  and  Verandahs,  Aviaries  and  Pheasantries, 
all  kinds  of  Game  Wire-netting  and  Invisible  Fencing,  Wove 
Wire  and  Venetian  Window-blinds  ;  and  also  a  great  variety 
of  Iron  Bedsteads,  Childrens'  Cribs,  Spring  Mattresses, 
Bedding,  &c.  tbc.  Novel  designs  in  Wire-work,  to  screen  un- 
sightly objects  or  for  ornameutal  purposes,  made  to  fit  any 
locality,  executed  by  experienced  workmen,  at  tbe  lowest  prac- 
tical charges, 


L  INGHAM  BROTHERS,  170,  Hampton-sti'eet 
Birmingham,  sole  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  WOOD 
and  ZINC  MENOGRAPH,  or  Label  for  Garden  Borders,  Flower- 
pots, &c.,  in  boxes  of  100,  &c.  The  Zinc  Labels  are  highly 
approved  of  for  their  lasting  dorability  ;  can  be  written  upon 
with  the  greatest  ease,  and,  when  dry,  a  permanent  inscription 
is  secured.  Directions  for  use  sent  with  each  box,  including 
bottle  of  Metallic  Ink. 

Sole   Agents  in  London,   G.  and  J.  Deane,   Horticultural 
Implement  Warehouse,  46,  King  William-street,  London-bridge 


BENJAMIN  EDGINGTON  respectfully  informs  the 
public  he  has  at  length  been  successful  in  obtaining  a 
warehouse  suflSciently  lofty  and  extensive  to  show  at  one  view 
Tents  of  different  character  and  description,  and  invites  all 
who  are  in  want  of  Tents,  for  Emigration,  Floeal  and  Hob- 
TICDLTDRAL  SOCIETIES,  or  for  Garden LawHS,  to  a  piivate  view 
at  No.  2,  Duke-strtet,  Southwark,  where  every  information  and 
explanation  will  be  given, 

NETTING  and  BUNTING  for  Fruit  Trees,  &c. 

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  daring  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  Walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus :— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand*  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any  labourer 
can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond  the  spade, 
and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock.  Vegetation 
cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the  action  of  the 
severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not  soak  through 
it  to  give  a  faU  from  the  middle  of  the  path  towards  the  sides. 
Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White  and  Sons,  ilill- 
bank- street,  WestminBter. 


16—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


255 


FOR     WATERING     GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE-PIPES. 


TAMES    LYNE    HANCOCK   (Sole   Licensee  and) 

^  MiNDFACXaaEE,    GOSWELL   HOATJ,     LoNDON. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Waterinir  Gardens,  con- 
s^ejing  Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  p-rfectly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  Tbey  are  particalarlj 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedinglv  useful  in 
Dwellinir-housea  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  »bc. 

Hose  Reelrt  for  windinu^-up  and  wheeling  away  Jong  lengths 
of  the  YiilcaniFed  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B, — Yulcanieed  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Koses,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
io  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  Hancock,  Goswell  Mews, 
GosweU  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attention. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R.  H.  PaiNCS  Albert.  —  ORNAMENT AL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
China,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese,  ShieldraUes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  eold-eyed  and  dun  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  &c., 
domestic  a<ed  and  pinioned  ;  aUo  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Maliy, 
Poland,  Suirey,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Figd ;  and  at  3,  Half-moon 
Passage,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 

THE  PRIZE  MEDAL  OF  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Milton,  for  his 
Improved  COTTAGE  BEEHIVE  (straw),  the  only  British  Bee- 
hive  for  which  a  Prize  Medal  wjs  awarded.  It  is  of  simple 
construction,  ornamental,  and  so  easily  managed  that  the  most 
unskilfiil  can  with  oafdty  obtain  a  large  quantity  of  pure 
boney  without  killing  tbe  bees  ;  price  complete,  10s.  Gd.  They 
are  made  with  extra  httings  and  boards,  IS5.  Gd.  the  aet. 

Also  may  be  had  "Milton's  Practical  Bee-keeper,"  new 
edition,  price  2s. 

Ditto,  with  niuatrations,  2s,  Gd. 

Ditto,  Sheet  of  ditto,  free  by  post,  8d. 

At  Milton's  Beehive  and  Honey  Warehouse,  10,  Great 
Marjlebone-street,  Wimpole-etreet,  LondoD. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catah^gue,  with  Drawings  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  G  EORGB  NEIGHBOUR  and  SOX,  127,  High 
Hoiborn,  London. 

"  In  Doticiog  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr,  Taylor'ii  EighuBar 
Hive,  and  Messrs. Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbr>ur."— J.  S,  Payne.  (Seethe 
"  Cotiage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169,  170). 

AoESTS. — Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-fltreet.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAalan,  163,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 


FOUNTAINS     FOR     PLAYING     SCENTED     WATERS. 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  stream,   where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 
IMPROVED      RAM, 

Prices  from  51.  5s,  ; 

Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wheelfl,  Bathe,  Hot-  i~ 

water     Apparatus,      Fountains,      and     Fire 

Pomps.     Towns  supplied  with  Gaa  or  Water, 

Oas  Cooking  Stoves:  of  all  sizes.  _ 

^BEEMAN  KoE,    liy'Jraunc  and  Gaa  Engineer,  70,   Strand, 
Loudon  ;  and  Bridgetield,  Wandsworth. 

JJratciii^s  and  jEstimateB  made. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.— 
Horiicaltariats,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEANE,  DRAT,  and  C0.'6  extensive 
Stock  ot  GARDEMNG  and  PKUNING  INPLEMENTS,  best 
London-made  Garden  Engines  and  iSyriages,  Cuiebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Cbairs. 

Garden  Scrapers        Mowing  Machines 
Oidaey's     Prussian    Pickaxes 

iloe  Potato  l-'orks 

Grape  Gatherers  4i    Pruning  Bills 

ScUaora  ,,     Knives.various 

Gravel  fiakes    and       ,,    Saws 

Sieves  ,,     ScissorB 

Orecnbouss     Doors       ,,     Shears 

and  Frames  Rakca  in  great  va- 

IIammer»  rieiy 

Mai-d-Klasa  Frames    Reaping  Hooks 
Ilay  Knives  ^oythes 

Horticultural  Ham-   Scythe  Stones 

mer«  Sc  Hatchets     Sheurn,  various 
Hoen  of  every  pat-   Sickles 

tern  Sickle  Saws 

Hotbed  Handloi         Spades  and  Shovels 
Ladte<t'  Sot  of  Tools   Spudn 
Labelii,  various  pat-   Switch  HookB 
ternf,      in      Zinc,    Thinilo  liookH 
I'orc-luin,  ice.  Tranoiilauting  Toolu 

Linen  and  iiecU  TrowelK 

Miirldng  Ink  TutfliiK  Irons 

Mattocks  Wiill  Nulla 

.MctK'gr'iphu  WutcriiiK  potn 

Metallic  Wire  Weed  Il<Kiks 

Milton  Ilatchetv  Whtelbairowi 

Mole  Traps  Vouthu'  rtut  of  Tools 

DEA^■B,  DttAY,  a»d  CO.  are  nolo  A;font«  tor  LINOIMM'S 
ViiUMANk^.NT  LAflELH,  taii.plcH  of  which,  with  their  illun. 
tratv)  U*t  ut  HorMC>iitu<al  Tooitt,  can  be  hunt,  )io»t  puid.  to 
«uy  (fAtl  of  tbe  Uiilti-d  KlnKdom.  Alio,  Wholi.-Mul»  ftiid  Kotall 
AK«i*t4  fur  jiAYNOll'tf  Cfclebrattd  PItUNiWO  KMVEh,  uhu 
<.'X(;lu>kvtly  by  the  flrnt  Onrdeners  In  tlio  Uttltvd  Knuf'low. — 
JfKA.SK,  URaV,  it  CO.  (Opening  to  the  Miinumciit),  LunUon- 
brldj(c. 


Averaocators 

Axes 

Jiag^g  Hooks 

Biiu 

Borders,       various 

patterns 
L(j:unical  Boxe; 
Ur.jwn's  Patent  Fu- 

uiigator 
Cases  of  Pruning  In- 

ntrumeots 
Daisy  Jtakes 
Dibbles 
Dock  Sp3(]i 
Draining  Tools 
Kdgini<    Irooa    and 

hbe^ra 
Flower  Hcis'ors 
„       S[»nd«     in 

\t'lrenAi  Iron 
FumiKaLors 
OaJraulc     Borders 

and    Plant    Fro- 

ttctors 
Gatdfiu  Chulm  and 
Seats 

„    Loops 

,,    K'Oleri 


DRAINAGE    OF    LAND. 

MR.  HENRY  WEBBER  begs  to  iiiform  Land- 
owners and  the  jmb  ic,  that  havin:;  had  considerable 
practical  experience,  he  is  prepared  to  undertake  the  Drainage 
of  Estates  to  any  eJitent,  upon  the  most  improved  principles, 
eitlier  by  contract  or-on  commisfiion.  Orders  execu-ed  with  a 
due  ret;ard  to  economy  and  efficiency.  Reterenco  given. — 
Addre-s,  Halberton  Cuurt,  near  Tiverton,  Devon. 


FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY,   ETC. 
T^ANNED    GARDEN    NETTING,    for    protecting 

J-  Fruit  Trees  from  Proet,  Blight,  and  birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
fjr  Fowl?,  Pigeoiia,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  John  Kino  Fabljw's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked-lane,  Loadon-bridge,  at  l^d. 
yard  wide,  'Sd.  two  yards  wide,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  ahjve  ^Os'.  ai:coaipanied  with  Post-ofSce  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  caniage  free. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Frait 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  lor  the  security 
of  fresh-flown  seeds,  either  in  gatdeus  ur  iiclds,  at  Id.  per 
square  y^rd,  2i)[»  yards  for  14s.,  5l)U  yards  for  303.,  lOuO  yards 
for  50s. ;  waxed  Netting  for  Aviaries,  &,c.,  at  3(Z.  per  square 
yard.  Scrim  canvass  for  wall  fruit,  netting  for  sheep-folds  ;  a 
considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles. 
Sun  blinds  in  grtat  varieties,  rick  cluthn,  with  poles,  tfcc. 
Marquees,  tents,  awnings,  and  temporary  rooms,  with  bearded 
floors,  elegantly  lined  and  lighted  for  fetes,  &c.,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Carriage,  curt,  and  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furnicare  in  change  of  residence,  &c. 
TarpauHng"  on  hire  for  house*  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
RUGINGTON  &  Co.'s,  1?,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  and  inqu-riea  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 


PROTECTION     SECURED. 

WANTED  IMMEDIATELY,  tlie  Address  of  every 
Gardener  or  bis  Employer  in  the  Kinglom,  to  whom  will 
be  sent  (free  by  post),  Patterns,  with  prices  and  particulars,  of 

HAYTHORN'S  HEXAGON  GARDEN  NET, 

Patroui'-ed  by  the  Nobility,  Clergy,  Gentry,  and  all  the  principal 
Gardeoeis.  The  best  and  clieipest  article  lor  the  protection 
of  bloom,  fruit,-  and  flowers  from  frosts,  birds,  wasps,  flies, 
children,  and  servants;  aud  also  for  placing  on  Hothouses, 
effectually  Iceeping  out  birds  and  insects,  without  preventing 
the  admission  of  light  aud  air. — Letters  and  orders  to  he 
directed  to  J.  W.  Haythosn,  Nottingham.  Parcels— carriage 
paid  to  London,  Livtrpooi,  Leeds,  Bristol,  Hull,  &c. 


COCHIN  CHINA  EGGS  FOR  HATCHUNG. 

A  Gentleman  having  selected  his  bii'ds  from  the 
best  Prize  Stocks  in  tbe  country,  has  a  few  sittings  of 
EGGS  to  dispose  of,  at  las.  per  dozen.  Warranted  genuine. — 
Direct  A.  Z  ,  Post-office,  Hornsey,  London. 


THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGEiNT'S 
PARK,  are  open  to  Yieitors  daily.  The  Colection 
now  contains  upwards  of  1500  specimens;  a  fine  Series  of 
ANTELOPES  having  been  added  to  the  HIPPOPOTAMUS, 
ELEPHANT  CALF,  and  other  rare  animals,  during  the  winter. 
Admission,  la. ;  on  MONDAYS.  6d. 


fpHE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 

J-  invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waistcoat-pocket  Glass 
the  size  of  a  Walnut,  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance 
of  4  to  5  miles,  which  is  found  to  bw  invaluable  for  YACHTING, 
and  to  SPORISMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  aud  GAMEKEEPERS. 

TELESCOPES.— A  new  and  most  imporcant  INVENIION 
in  TELESCOPES,  possessing  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
some,  3J  inches,  with  an  extra  eye-piece,  will  show  distinctly 
Jupiter's  moons,  Saturn's  ring,  and  the  double  stars.  They 
supersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes — for  the  Waist- 
coat-pocket, Shooting,  Military  purposes,  itc.  Ojiera  and 
Race-course  Glasses  with  wonderful  powers  ;  a  minute  object 
can  be  clearly  seen  from  10  to  12  miles  distant.  — Invaluable 
Acoustic  Instruments,  for  relief  of  exirtme  Deafness. — Messrs. 
S.  and  B.  Sol  aMons,  Opticians  and  Aurists,  39,  Albemarle- 
street,  opposite  the  York  Hotel,  London. 


COTTAGE    STOVE. 

GRIFFIN'S  ECONOMIC  COTTAGE  STOVE 
comprises  an  open  fire-place,  oven,  boiler,  ironing  stove, 
and  ail  aperture  lor  the  emission  of  warm  air.  Price  U  18s.  Gd. 
for  3  feet  openings,  and  other  sizes  iu  proportion,  delivered  at 
Banbury.  All  orders  and  applications  are  requested  to  be 
addressed  to  William  Griffin,  Eydou,  Daventry. 


RESPECTABLE    EMPLOYMENT. 

MR.  ALLEN  WOOD,  of  160,  High-street,  Rochester, 
comiuuua  to  send  iree,  and  wiiU  the  greatest  satisfac- 
tit^n  to  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  his  Sxteen  easy  and  valuable 
Methods  of  respectable  Employment,  by  any  of  which  either 
sex,  with  ordinary  industry,  may  realise  II.  to  51.  per  week. 
Upwards  of  li  months  has  A.  W.  advertised  those  methods, 
aud  has  positively  bencfiied  hundreds — a  pile  of  thankful 
letters  prove  that  tact.  Send  a  directed  stamped  envelope 
aud  12  postage  stamps,  and  the  fullest  instructions  will  be  for- 
warded by  return  of  post.  Emigrants  ought  to  possess  them. 
N.B.  Depend  ihis  is  entirely  free  from  deception  or  talhehood. 


AUSTRALIAN    GOLD    DISTRICT. 

FROM  BRISTOL  TO  PORT  PHILIP  AND 
SYDNEY  DIltKCl".— To  sail  about  the  middle  of  Mat, 
the  tine  Al  fast  sailing,  coppered,  and  copper-fastened  British 
built  bhip,  UEBOHAH,  lOUO  tons  burthen.  She  will  be  fitted 
up  and  provisioned  with  every  regard  to  the  Passengtrs'  health 
and  comfort,  and  coniiiiunded  by  a.  Captain  of  great  experience 
in  Australian  passenger  ships. — For  partiiulars  of  Freight, 
and  to  secure  Berths,  apply  to  Wm.  Dohbin,  Ship  Broker  and 
Patsenger  Agent,  31,  Prince-street,  Bristol. 

N.B. — Third  Class  lare  by  Rail,  or  Deck  Passage  by  Steamer, 
included  in  Passage  Money. 


TO    ALL    PERSONS    OF    TASTE. 

MR.  MECHI,  4,  Leadenhall-street,  invites  public 
attention  to  his  display  of  EiegaucieH  euiiuble  for  uso  or 
for  preecntaiion,  Thooe  who  iiispeciud  Mr.  Mecui's  display  of 
maDufactiiroa  at  the  Gieut  Exhibition,  will  be  able  to  form  a 
proper  ultimate  of  the  general  style  and  quality  ot  his  produc- 
lious.  He  has  endeavoured  to  combme,  lor  those  who  study 
economy,  choipncHu  with  cl6;^anee,  and,  in  fact,  to  give  to  the 
cheapest  ariicie  ho  maiiulaciures  a  pleasing  form  and  style. 
For  iiialuncB,  the  Sliilliug  Penknives  aud  Sixpenny  Tooth- 
brushen  are  as  useful  in  their  class  us  the  fJO.guinua  Dressing- 
cane.  Tbu  external  and  internal  httlngH  uf  his  Preinities  have 
been  much  iuipruvud,  so  us  tu  harmouisu  more  completely  with 
the  pro>{reH»lve  elegance  of  hia  btock,  and  havo  been  designed 
and  curried  uu^  under  his  iinmediutu  plan  und  direction. 
ELEGANCIES  FOR  PRESENTATION,  ic. 
Ladles  aii<l  GeiillenienM  MreShing-eases  Iroui  17tf.  Gd.  to  200E.  ; 
Work-boxoH  from  iDfl.  tiiUit.;  Eiivelupf.cuHUB  from  (ia.  to  7J.  ; 
Wrhlng.deikH  from  Km.  to  OOi.,  and  an  iuhuito  variety  of 
arttclen  In  I'H|)iiir  MlVclnj. 

LEADING    ARTICLES     FOR     EVERY-DAY     USE, 

Table  Cutlery  if  evury  di;hcrlptlou  (  llazortt,  HoisHorH,  Pon- 
knivcH,  iJulr,  Null,  and  Tooth  BrushuH,  Combit,  Klectro-plalcd 
Korkt  and  »ij-oonn  ul  very  »ij|njrlor  churucicr  and  llntali.  IUuh- 
traied  CutuioKucH  KnUlH.— N.IL  All  urtloIOB  of  Cutlery,  iic, 
ground  and  repaired  un  thu  premluva  dally. 


COUND  AND  WHITE  TEETH  are  not  only  indis- 

y  periBably  requisite  to  a  picasiug  extc-ri  .r  in  male  and 
femalo,  but  ihej  m-e  peuuUarJy  appreciated  throu|-li  lilo  as  a 
bleBbiOb' highlj  Londueivb  to  tbe  purposes  of  Ijealtli  aud  iouKcvity. 
1  bo  great  estcoin  in  wbi.tb  the  public  bave  lonK  buld 

llOWLANDS'  ODONTO,  oa  Peaed  Dentifbioe, 
precludes  the  necessity  here  of  entering  into  h  minute  detail  of 
Its  mm,s.  and  the  singular  advantage,  uso  emiueuilj  possesses 
over  the  usual  po«derB  sold  lor  the  tee.b.  It  is  sufficient  to 
observe  that  Rowlands  Odonto  is  apu.o  preparation  of  the 
most  cli,cientlli8lEa»  Heeds  which  not  only  has  the  property 
of  rendeiiQg  the  above  bsautilul  organs  of  the  mouth  dazzlingly 
white,  but  It  strengtjiens  their  organic  btruciure  aud  lulfilg 
tbe  pleasing  task  of  rendering  the  br.!atb  sweet  anil  pure  It 
should  never  (in  pariicularj  be  forgotten,  that  when  used  in 
early  lite,  it  elfeotuajly  prevents  all  aches  in  the  Teeth  and 
Gums— effaces  all  spots  and  disedourations  whatsoever— eradi- 
cates scurvy — and,  iu  a  word,  soon  realises  the  chief  attribute 
of  Health  and  Beauty— A  FINE  SEX  OF  PBAHLY  TEETH  ! 
Price  2s.  3d.  per  box. 
•«*  BEtvAEE  OF  SptJEioDS  IMITATIONS.  The  geuuiue  article 
has  the  wordi  •'  ItowtiNDs'  uoonto  "  on  tbe  Ldbel,  and 
"  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  20,  Hatton  Garden,"  engraved  on  the 
Govtroment  S:amp  affixed  on  each  box.  Sold  by  them,  and 
by  Cbemis's  and  Perfumers. 

OLLOWAY'S       PILLS       AN       EFFECT  QAL 

REMEDY  POft  GOUT  AND  RUEUMAi  l.Sil.— Extract 
of  a  letter  fiom  Mr.  Wm.  Moun,  at  Mesers.  Uodwiu'is,  Aue- 
tioneer,  Winchester,  dated  April  8,  185J.  "  To  Professor 
HoUowtiy.  Sir,— I  beg  to  iaform  3  ou  that  for  years  I  was  a 
sufferer  irom  Chronic  Rheumat'sm,  and  often  laia  up  for  weeks 
togethur,  unable  to  move.  I  was  attended  by  the  most  eminent 
surgeons  here,  but  obtaining  no  relief,  was  induced  to  yo  into 
our  Cjunty  Hospital.  Tue  medical  treatment  there,  howeve  r, 
being  of  no  avail,  I  left,  and  commenced  u^iog  your  Pills, 
which  I  am  happy  to  say  in  a  very  short  time  effected  a  perfect 
cure,  and  enabled  me  to  resume  my  emplo^muut."— bold  by  all 
Druggists,  and  at  Frofessor  Holloway's  Establishment,  244, 
StranM,  London. 

[_j  EALand  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 

XX  Ol'  bedsteads,  sent  ft-ee  by  post,  contains  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  One  Hdndked  djft'eieut  Btditeads, 
in  Iron,  Brass,  japanned  Wood,  polished  Bircb,  Jlaho^any, 
Kose-wood,  and  Walnut  tree  Woods;  also  their  Priced  Liot  of 
Beading  ;  aud  their  new  ware-rooms  enable  them  to  lieep  one 
of  each  design  fixed  for  inspection.  They  have  also,  iu  addition 
to  the;r  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  de:>ignB  of 
PAKIsIAiN  BEDSTEADS,  both  in  wood  and  iron,  which  they 
have  just  imported.  Heal  and  Son,  Bedstead  and  Bedding 
Manufacturers,  19G  (opposite  the  Chapelj,  Tottenham  Court- 
road,  London. 

pORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  are,  beyond  doubt,  the 
X  most  scientific  and  really  useful  improvement  in  the  art 
of  Sliirc-makiiig.  Thtir  superiority  does  uut  rest  solely  upon 
their  being  entirely  different  from  all  other.-,  but  upon  the 
combination  of  perfect  novelty  of  deai:;n  with  sound  praciical 
use,  resulting  Iroin  a  study  of  scientific  principles,  making 
them,  in  fact,  the  only  solid  and  IhoroutiUly  sensible  alteration 
from  the  old  shapes  worthy  of  notice.  There  are  two  qualities, 
in  both  of  which  the  principle  is  strictly  carried  out,  viz..  Sis 
for  4Ua. ;  Second  quality,  Six  for  30s. 

List  of  Prices,  and  mode  of  self-measurement  sent  per  post 
free-     Kichabd  Fobd,  33,  Poultry,  late  of  185,  Strand,  London. 

EW  AND  CHEERFUL    REGISTErT'sTOVe!!^ 

TheBUHTON  KEGI3TER  STOVE,  uivuuted  and  regis- 
tered by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  combines  in  its  use  cheer- 
fulness, cleaulmess  aud  economy  to  a  degree  hiLhcrto  deemed 
unattainable,  whilo  its  simple  beauty  (obtained  partly  by  the 
employment  of  a  graceful  shell  in  lieu  of  the  cumbtirsume  and 
uugainly  barsj  is  the  subject  of  general  comiueudaiion.  Price 
from  6Us.  10  HJi.  To  bd  seen  in  use  daily  at  his  show-rooms, 
wbere  also  are  to  be  seen 

25A  STOVES  AND  325  FENDERS,  all  differing  in 

"^  pattern,  forming  the  largest  assortment  ever  collected 

together.  They  are  marked  in  plain  tiguies,  and  at  prices 
proportionaie  with  those  that  that  have  tended  to  make  his 
establishment  the  most  distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright 
Stoves,  with  bronzed  ornanients  and  two  sets  uf  bar-,  21.  lis. 
to  51.  10s. ;  ditto  with  oimolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars, 
51.  fUs.  to  i2i.  12s. ;  brouzed  Fenders  complete,  with  standards, 
7s.  to  3i. ;  steel  Fenders,  from  2i.  15s.  to  GL  :  dicto,  with  rich 
ormolu  ornaments,  from  21.  lbs.  to  71.  7s.  ;  fire-irons,  from 
I5.  yci.  the  set  to  4i.  4s.  Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  Stoves, 
with  radiating  hearth-plates  ;  and  Kitchen  Kauges,  which  he 
is  enabled  to  sell  at  these  very  reduced  charges, 

First — From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  Ins  purchases  ;  and 
Secondly — From  those  purchasts  being  mado  exclusively  for 
cash. 

THE  BEST  SHOW  of  IRON  BEDSTEADS  in 
ihe  KINaUOM  is  WILLIAM  S.  BUllTO^^'S.— Hd  has 
added  to  his  Show-rooms  two  very  largo  ones,  which  are  de- 
voted to  the  exclusive  Show  of  Irou  and  Brass  Bedsteads  and 
Cuildren's  Cots,  with  appropriate  Bedding  aud  Mattresses. 
Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  aud  all  are  marked  iu  plain 
figures,  at  prices  proportionate  to  those  tliat  have  tended  to 
make  his  establiahment  the  most  distinguished  in  this  country. 
Common  Iron  Bedsteads  from  12s.  Hd.  ;  Fortiible  Foldiug  Bed- 
steads Irom  12s.  Gd. ;  Patent  Iron  Bedsteuds,  fitted  with  dove- 
tail joints  aud  patent  sacking,  from  IGs.  Gd.  ;  and  Cots  from 
2Us.  each  ;  haudsome  ornamental  Iron  aud  Brass  Bedsteuda  in 
great  varie'.y,  from  3i.  5s.  to  31i. 

rpHE  PERFECT  SQBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER.— 

JL  The  HEAL  i?)lCli.t;L  SILVEU,  introduced  IG  years  ago 
by  WILLIAM  S.  BCltroN,  when  plated  by  the  patent  process 
of  Messrs.  Elkingtou  and  Co.,  is  beyond  all  coaipiiribou  tbe 
very  best  article  ue.\t  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  cmplojed  as 
such,  either  usefully  or  ornamentally,  as  by  no  possible  test 
can  it  be  distlDguished  from  real  silver. 

Fiddle      Thread      King's 
Pattern.    I'atiern.    Pattern. 

Toa-spoon",  per  dozen  ISs.     ...    32s.     ...    3tis. 

Dessert  Forks       , 30*.     ...     Ois.     ...     08s. 

Dtittbert  Spoons     „  30s.     ,.,     S(Js,     ...     C2a. 

Table  Forks  „  40s.     ...     663.     ...     Tt's. 

Table  Spoons        „  40s.     ...     70s,     ...     7os. 

Tea  and  ColVeo  Sots,  Waiters,  Candlesticks,  die.,  at  propor- 
tionate prices.  All  kinds  of  replutlng  done  by  the  patent 
process. 

CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fiddlo.      Throjid.    King's, 
Tublo  Spoons  ds  Forke,  full  size,  p.  doK.  I'is.     ...    2tis.    ...    30s. 

Dessert  ditto  und  ditto  1<JS.     ...    2ls.     ...     268. 

Tea  ditto     5s,     ...     lis.     ...     I2s. 

WILLIAM  S.rt  BURTON  has  TEN  LAKOE  SHOW- 
ROOMS [all  cuniuiunlcutmg),  exoluslvu  of  thu  shop,  do- 
voted  solely  to  tho  show  of  GENERAL  FUltNISHING  IHON- 
MONGt-RY  (including  Cutkry,  Wlckcl  Silver,  Plated,  and 
Japanuud  Wiirus,  li'on  and  Braae  Bedsteads),  so  ummgcd  aud 
cl-auufled  thut  purchusei's  may  ouuUy  aud  ut  uiicu  make  their 
hoJ^^ns. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  Tho 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of, 

111),    OXPORD-HTUEET    (corner  of  Nowniun-Btroot) ;  N08. 

and  2,  NEWMAN-STUEET  ;  und  4  und  0,  PERltY'S-PLACJi!.' 

Established  a.p.  Ib20. 


25G  THE     GARDExMERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTUIIAL     GAZErfE.      [April   I/. 


a^URNIP  SEED  FOR  SALE.— Thirty  bushels  of 
-  Skirviiig'fl  Purple-top  Swede,  at  155.  per  bushel ;  30  ditto 
of  old  Puiple-top  ditto,  at  14s. ;  15  ditto  of  Green-top  Yellow 
BulIoi;k,  at  16s.  The  whole  is  of  the  growth  of  1851.— Address 
Jvlr.  Beyan  Claek,  Farmer,  Tuxfoi'd,  Notts, 

STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN  RIVERS  solicits  the  attention  of  the  Agri- 
cui'Ui-ist  to  his  quick  growia-4:  STUBBLE  SWEDE 
TURNIP;  though  this  variety  origioated  from  a  cross  be- 
tween a  large  white  Stone  Turoip  and  the  old  Green-fop 
Swe<'e,  by  careful  selection,  it  baa  the  colour,  solidity,  and  the 
hardiness  of  the  true  Swude.  As  it  was  extenBively  distributed 
last  jear,  experience  has  proved  it  superior  for  sowing  in  May, 
for  tavly  feed  ;  its  growth  being  matured  before  the  mildew 
attacks  it  in  the  autumn,  being  blotter  adapted  for  giving  more 
time  in  the  preparation  of  the  Land  than  any  other  kind  from 
its  quickness  of  growth,  and  it  is  a  heavy  cropper.  It  may  be 
sown  for  a  full  crop  throughout  the  month  of  Jime,  Trice 
Is.  Gd.  per  lb. 

Oiders  to  the  amount  of  lOs.  carriage  paid  to  London.  Post- 
office  orders  are  requested  of  unknown  correspondents. 

Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


SKiRVlNG'S    IMPROVED    TURNIP    SEEDS. 
\S^7ILLIAM.   SKIRVING  begs  to  announce    to  his 

V  T  friLUds  and  the  public,  that  he  has  fixed  the  price,  for 
this  season,  of  his  IMPROVED  SWEDE, andalso  the  PURPLE- 
TOP  YELLOW  BULLOCK,  at  9d.  per  lb. 

W.  S.  can,  with  perfect  confidence,  recommend  these  Turnips 
as  being  the  best  now  in  cultivation,  in  every  respect,  whether 
for  the  greatest  crop,  the  best  quality,  or  for  keeping,  according 
to  the  time  of  Kowing.  At  the  same  time  he  begs  to  state  that 
he  has  no  agent  in  town  or  country,  and  of  course  is  not 
accoantable  for  the  low-priced  spurious  Turnip  Sce^a  offering 
under  hie  name: 

All  other  kinds  of  Turnips  and  Agricultural  Seeds  in  general, 
of  the  best  quality,  at  very  moderate  prices. 

A  remittance  or  reference  is  requested  from  unknown  cor- 
respondents.—Queen-square,  Liverpool,  April  17. 

AGRICULTURAL  SEEDS. 
Wf     DRUMMOND  and    SON,  Seedsmen,  Stirling, 

'^»  •  Scotland,  are  now  prepared  to  execute  orders  for  the 
above,  from  a  stock  that  has  been  selected  with  every  possible 
care.  Thf-y  beg  to  call  special  attention  to  their  various  sorts 
of  TURNIP,  ITALIAN,  and  PERENNIAL  RTE-GKASS  and 
NATURAL  GRASaES  for  Permanent  Pasture,  the  prices  for 
which  are  as  low  as  really  genuine  Seeds  can  be  reared  for. 
Catalogues,  with  prices  and  other  details,  may  be  had  free  on 
application. 

N.B — The  Carriage  of  Seeds  will  be  prepaid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  Stations  and  Shipping  Porta  throughout  the 
Kingdom. — Agricultural  Museum,  Stirling,  N.B. 


New  Weekly  Publication. 

On  Saturday,  May  1st,  1852,  will  be  published.  Price  Twopence, 

■  THE  FIRST  NUMBER  OF  THE 

PEOPLE'S    ILLUSTRATED    JOUl 

OF 

arts,  Battitfactiircs,  ISracttcal  Science,  ILtteraturc, 

AND 

SOCIAL    ECONOMY. 

the  Edto;  s^^uldYe^ai^d^'e^sed!'  ^"="^-"^=^^'  "^«^«  ADVERTISEMENTS  are  received,  and  where  all  Communications  for 


ANTHONY'S    PATENT    AMERICAN    CHURN 

-^-»-  makes  Batter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetings  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  bo  the  best  Churn  ever  pro- 
duced. 2u0ihave  been  sold  in  one  year.— BoEOEsa  and  Kef, 
103,_Newgate-6treet,  London. 

This  day  is  publiahed,  price  Gd.  each,  Qr  bound  in  cloth,  com- 
plete in  One  Vol.,  price  2s.  Gd,, 

U  OW     TO     SEE     THE     BRITISH     MUSEUM. 
■*--■-     In  Four  Visits.    By  William  Blanchaed  Jebeold. 
Beadbuby  tb  Evans,  11.  Bouverie-street. 

TAYLOR'S    BEEKEEPERS    MANUAL. 

Fourth  Edition,  revised,    enlarged,    and  illustrated  with   100 
Engravings,  price  4s., 

'pHE    BEE-KEEPER'S    MANUAL  ;    or    Practical 

■^  Uinta  on  the  Management  and  complete  Preservation  of 
the  Honey  Bee.    By  Heney  Tayloe. 

London :  Gbooubeidoe  and  Sons,  5,  Paterooster-row ;  of 
whom  a  List  of  50  boolts  on  Natural  History,  Gardening, 
Farming,  and  Rural  Affairs,  published  by  them,  may  be  had 
gratis. 


Corner  of  Btdf- Moon- street,  PiccadUly, 
PERMANENT     GRASS     SEED. 

THOMAS  GIBBS  and  CO.,  Seedsmen  to  the 
"ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  EIMCLAIMD," 
&c.,  having  lor  upwards  of  50  >ears  paid  par ticuhir  attention  to 
LHjing  down  Land  to  PERMANENT  MEADOW  ahd  PAS- 
TURE, beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to  the  fol- 
lowing Mixtures,  which  will  be  apportioned  to  suit  the  nature 
of  the  soil  :— 
Mixtures  for  PERMANENT   MEADOW  and  PASTURE,  in- 

eluding  Perennial  Clover, 
Mixtures  for  PAliKS,  FIELD  LAWNS,  or  Portions  of  Grass 

Land  near  to  Mansions. 
Mixtures  fur  UPLAND  SHEEP  WALKS  AND  DOWNS, 
Mixtures  for  FINE  GARDEN  LAWNS  and  GRASS-PLOTS. 

Also  to  their  White  Belgian  and  other  Carrots ;  Yellow  or 
Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel,  Long  Red  ditto,  aud  other 
kinds  ;  Swedes,  Hybrids,  and  other  Turnips  ;  Italian  and 
other  Kye-grat-ses,  Clovers,  &c. ;  aud  their  general  collection 
of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds, 

Thomas  Gibbs  and  Co.,  Seedsmen  to  the  R.A.S.E.,  corner 
of  Half-Moon-street.    Piccadilly,  London. 


TO   GARDENERS   AND   OTHERS. 

A  MARKET  GARDENER,  who  has  for  many  years 
had  a  yeiriy  Stand  in  Covent  Garden  Market,  aijd  has 
gi;own  a  yreat  variety  of  Fruit  and  Vege  ables  ;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  the  greater  part  of  his  land  having  been  taken  for 
builniug  purposes,  has  not  now  tudit;ient  goods  lo  occupy 
a'l  his  stand  ;  be  is  iherefore  anxious  to  Sell  upon  Commission 
for  any  persons  who  may  favour  him  with  their  goods.  The 
most  satisfactory  references  will  be  given, — Apply  10  T,  T.  F., 
Abingdon  House,  Kensington,  London. 


T-^O      NURSERYMEN      AT      CHELSEA      AND 

J-  lUiOMPTON,  willing  to  CONTRACT  lor  the  ANNUAL 
SUPPLY  of  FLOWERS  for  a  Greenhouse,  about  14  feet  by  20. 
The  Flowers  required  to  be  of  a  good  showy  character,  but  not 
otherwise  expensive,  aud  to  be  replaced  from  time  to  time  as 
they  finish  blooming.  Price,  with  number  of  Plants  proposed 
in  the  6r8t  instance,  general  character,  and  how  ofttn  they 
would  be  changed,  to  be  inclosed  in  a  note,  addressed  to  E.,  at 
The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street, 
Strand,  London. 


Just  published,  the  30lh  edition,  price  Id,, 

GRIMSTONE'S  HISTORY  OF  AN  EGYPTIAN 
PEA,  discovered  amongst  others  by  the  Committee  of  the 
British  Museum,  in  a  Vase  presented  to  them  by  Sir  Gardener 
Wilkinson,  the  Egypiian  Traveller.  Three  were  presented  to 
Mr.  Wm.  Grinistone,  by  Mr.  T.  I.  Pettigre^v,  who  assisted  in 
opening  this  relic  of  the  time  of  ihe  Pharaohs,  being  2844  years 
old.  The  growth  of  this  Pea  is  different  to  those  of  this  coun- 
try ;  the  taste  is  unequalled,  they  boil  much  greener  than  ours, 
and  so  prolific,  being  planted  thus  .  "  .  '  .  8  inches 
apart.  The  2s.  6d.  bag  will  produce  enou^'h  for  a  small  family. 
They  require  no  sticks,  and  the  bloom  hauge  in  clusters.  Re- 
member the  only  genuine  is  sold  in  bags,  2s.  Gd  ;  three  times 
the  quantity,  55.  ;  seven  times  the  quantity,  10s.  Each  bag  is 
signed  and  sealed  by  William  Grimsione,  Herbary,  IJigligate; 
depot,  52,  Fligh-s'reet,  Bloomsbury,  London,  eye-3nuff  and  herb 
tobacco  warehouse. 


Just  published,  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  "is, ; 
or  by  post  for  \s.  Qd. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Sfclf-Management ;  together  with  instructions  for  becuriog 
perlect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  life.    By  a  Physician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  6d., 
A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  aud 
the  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal, 

London :  James   Gilbeet,   49,    Paternoster-row;    Hannay, 
03,  Oxford  street;  Mann,  39,  CornhiU ;  and  all  Booksellers. 


GARDEN    ENGINES,  SYRINGES,    ETC., 
UPON    THE    MOST     IMPEOPVED    PRINCIPLE,    MANU- 

FACTURED-ONLY  BY 
TJICHAIID    READj  Instrument  maker  (by  special 

A-*-    appointment)    to    her  Mojesty,   35,  REGENT  CIRCUS, 
PICCADILLY,  LONDON. 

CAUTION.  —  Instruments  of  the  commonest  description 
being  extensively  circulated  throughout  the  Kingdom,  and  sold 
us  "  READ'S,"  please  observe  the  Royal  Arms  and  the  Paten- 
tee's name,  without  which  none  are  genuine. 


"■PHE    HUMAN    CONSTITUTIO  N.— 

-^  The  constitution,  like  the  vegetable  world,  undergoes  a 
change  at  the  close  of  winter.  The  blood,  rendered  sluggish 
and  impure  by  external  and  Internal  cold,  requires  excitement 
and  genial  restoration.  Pah&'s  Life  Pills  give  fresh  vigour  to 
the  whole  arterial  process,  and,  by  recruiting  the  digestive 
powers,  nourish  the  body  and  strengthen  every  part  of  the 
human  frame. 

TO  LADIES. 

Parr's  Life  Pills  are  especially  efficacious  in  all  the  variety  of 
ailments  incident  to  the  Fair  Sex.  Ladies  even  of  the  moat 
delicate  constitutions  will  tind  them  particularly  beneficial 
both  before  and  after  confinement ;  and  for  general  use  in 
Schools  they  cannot  be  too  strongly  recommended.  They 
madly  aud  speedily  remove  all  Snia  Eruptions,  Sallowness  of 
Complexion,  Nervous  Irritability,  Sick  Head-ache,  Depression 
of  Spirits,  Iriegulurity,  or  general  derangement  of  the  sybtem. 

None  are  genuiue,  unless  the  words  "  Parr's  Lite  Pills  "  arp, 
in  white  letters  on  a  red  ground,  on  the  Government  St^^ 
pasted  round  each  box  ;  also  the  f.^c-simile  of  the  signatufTO 
the  proprietors,  •'  T.  Robeets  &  Co.,  Crane-court,  Fleet-street. 
London,  on  the  directions.  Sold  in  boxes  at  Is.  Ud.,  2s.  9ti., 
and  family  pftoketB  at  11».  each,  and  by  all  chemists; 


Price  3d.,  or  5s.  for  25  copies  for  dietribution  among  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivered  anywhere  in  London,  on  a  Post-office 
onler  being  sent  to  the  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  In  consequence  of  the 
new  postal  arrangements,  parties  in  the  country  who  desire 
it  can  have  copies  sent  by  post ;  bix  stamps,  in  addition  to 
the  cost  of  the  numbers,  will  pass  10  copies  free  by  pogt.  The 
cost  of  a  single  copy,  free  by  post,  is  7d. 

THE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR    OF    GARDEN 
OPERATIONS. 
By  Sir  JosEpn  Paxton. 
Reprinted  from   the  Gabdewebb'  Cheonicle  ;  above  70,000 
have  already  been  sold. 

Second  Edition,  Revised  ahd  Enlaboed, 
Price  5s.  6d,,  cloth, 

ORNAMENTAL  AND    DOMESTIC   POULTRY  ; 
their  History  and  Management.      By  the  Rev.  Edmund 
Sadl  Dixon,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Intwood  with  Keswick. 

"  This  book  is  the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  ci.n 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry." — Siir 
ng  Obseruer^ 

Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  5s.  Gd.,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

RURAL       CHEMISTRY. 
By  Edwabd  Solly,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S,, 
Honorary    Member  of    the    Royal    Agricultural    Society   ot 
England,  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry   in  the    Hon.  £.    I.    Co.  8 
Military  Seminary  at  Addiscombe,  &c.  &c. 


Price  33.  6d.  (post  free.) 

THE  TREE  ROSE,— Practical  Instructions  for  its 
Formation  and  Culture.      Illustrated  by  24  Woodcuts. 
Reprinted  from  the  Gardenebs'  Chbonicle,  vrith  additions. 

Just  Published,  price  Is.  6d.,  free  by  post  Is.  lOd. 

LABELS     FOR     THE      HERBARIUM, 
CONBtSTlNG  OF  THE   NAMES  OF  THE 

Classes,  Alliances,  Orders,  aud  Sub-Orders 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'S  "VEGETABLE  KINGDOM." 

Sp  printed, in  large  type,  that  they  can  be  cut  out  and  paste' 

into  The  Hebbaeidm. 

Published  by  J.  Matthews,  5,  Upper  WelUngton-Btreet, 

Coveat-garden,  London, 


^ales  62  Auction. 

ORCHIDS. 

AN  IMPORTATION  OP  THE  GUATEMALIAN  SPECIES- 
JUST  ARRIVED  PER  OKINOCO  IN  FINE  CONDITION. 
lYI  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wiU  sell  by  Auction,  at  hia 
TVytcT,".?,"  I'oo"!.  iiS,  Kins-Btreet,  Oovent-garden,  on 
AnSiiTnJ'  P''''  ^"^  "'  '2  o'clock  precisely,  a  Collection  of 
OIIOHIUS.  All  the  old  established  rarieties  from  Guatemala,  " 
VIZ.,  LteUa  auperbiens  and  acuminata,  Barkeria  spectabilis 
and  Skinnerii,  Epidendrum  Slamfordianum  and  Skinnerii, 
Lycaste  Skinnerii,  crucutum,  and  aromaticum  ;  Cattleja  Skin- 
nerii and  Odoutoglossum  grande,  Cycnoches  ventricosum  and 
EBertouianum  ;  three  species  ot  Arpophyllum,  thi-ee  «pcoie» 
ot  ChyEia,  Oncidiums,  ic— May  ba  viewed  on  Monday  and 
mornmg  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on  prepaid  application. 

Note.— The  Sale  will  commence  at   Twelve  o'Cloce  veri 
FoEcisEEY,  it  being  the  day  of  the  Meeliug  in  Regeht.street. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
IV/rESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
i'X  Btructed  by  Mr.  Willmer  to  sell  by  Auction,  at  the  Mart, 
Banholomew-laue,  on  TUESDAY,  April  20,  at  12  o'clock,  a 
flrst-rate  coUec.ion  of  CARNATIONS  '  and  PICOTEBS, 
Dahlias  in  dry  roots.  Fuchsias.  Verbenas,  Geraniums,  with  a 
quantity  of  plants  in  bloom.— May  be  viewed  the  morning  of 
sale  ;  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstooe,  Essex. 

TO   GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND   OTHERS 
JYI  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit^; 
^'J-  to  public  competition  by  Auction,  at  the  Alart,  Bartholo-;* 
mew-lane,  on  THUKSDAY,  April  22,  at  12  o'clock,  a  firstelass 
collection  of   CARNATIONS    and    PIDOTEES,    the  surplus 
stock  of  an  Amateur;    also  Dahlias  in  dry  roots,  Fuchsias, 
Verbenas,   American   Plants,   Geraniams,    and    a    variety  of 
plants  in  bloom.— May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale.    Cata-. 
logues  had  at  the  Mart,  aud  of  the  Auctioneers,   American- 
Nursery,  Leytonatone,  Essex. 


NURSERY     GROUNDS, 
nj^O  BE  SOLD    BY  PROPOSAL,   either  altogetheiv. 
J-    or  in  Lots  (with  the  option  of  taking  the  existing  Lease. 
or  Term  in  the  Grounds),  the  extensive  NURSERY  PLANTA- 
TIONS late  belongiUff  to  Mr.  Webster,  deceased,  gro?ring  on 
lands  of  Miss  D.ilton  and  Mr.  Thoa.  Taylor,  situate  on  the- 
Gi  eaves,  and  in  Ashton-lane,  near  Lancaster,  and  covering' 
eiyht  statute  acres  or  thereabouts  ;  consisting  of  two,  three. 
and  four  years'  traupplanted  Larches,  Highland  Pine,  Scotch 
Fir,  Oak,  Ash,  Sycamore,  Thorns,  Evergreens  in  great  variety, 
ttc.  die. — The  Plantations  may  be  viewed  on  application  to- 
Mr.  William  Mabsden,  at  the  Office  of  the  late  Mr.  Webster, 
Market-street,  Lancaster,  and  Proposals  may  be  left  with  him, 
or  at  the  Office  of  Mr.  Thomas  Swaimson,  Solicitor,  Lanoaeter. 
Lancaater,  April  17. 


w 


PARTNERSHIP. 
ANTED,   au   active   PARTNER,    one    who     is 

thoroughly  qualified-  and  of  persevering  habits,  to  join, 
in  an  extensive  first-rate  Lundon  Nursery  of  hiffh  stancUng 
Capital  required  from  500?.  to  lOJOi.— Addres-  V.  R.  W..L., 
Post-office,  Brompton,  near  London. 

WANTED,  to  RENT,  a  FARM  of  .^  100  to 
200  acres  of  Land,  with  a  good  House  nnd  suitable 
Out-huildings,  and  not  more  than  six  miles  from  r.  large  town, 
— Address,  stating  full  particulars,  to  S.,  Posi-oii..-  -,  Berkeley,, 
Gloucestershire.  ' 


RUPTURES. 
J\/T  R,  TOD,  Surgeon,  the  inventor  of  »,  ew  Tntssj. 
^^-i~  and  Author  of  an  Essay  on  Hernia,  ma---  'e  consulted 
eyery  day,  from  9  rill  12  a.m.,  and  from  6  till  9  P  .'  .  at  his  resi- 
dence, 5,  Upper  Fitzroy-street,  Fitzroy-square.  The  above 
Essay  should  be  read  by  all  persons  afflicted  with  Hernia, 
Soid  by  the  Author,  and  by  Mr.  Renshaw,  356,  Strand,  London, 
Price  2d.  "  We  have  seen  this  truss  in  use.  It  is  an  exceed- 
ingly simple,  clever  instrument,  and  may  be  wora  with  ex- 
treme ease  aud  the  best  possible  efifect." — Lancet,  July  4,  1346._ 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brash 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  iato  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra* 
ordinary  manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming' 
loose.— Is.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brusb,  that  cleans  in  a  third. 
part  of  the  usual  time,  and  incapable  of  injuring  the  Soestnap* 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushea,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rue*. 
5ian  bristles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  Its  preserved, 
valuiible  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by- 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  aud  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the. 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smvrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe,. 
BiNQLET,  and  Co.'s  Sole 'Establishment,  130  b,  Oxfoid-Btreet. 
one  door  from  Holies-street. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2«,,  per  box. 

Cadtion. —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  METcAtrE'e,**" 
adopted  by  some  houses. 


Printed  by  William  Beai>iioiit,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wobum-place,  in  the 
parish  of  St  Pancras,  and  FaxDRBlCK  Mullett  Evanb,  of  No.  7.  ChUrdh- 
row  Siobc  NewiiiKtoD,  both  in  the  County  ot  Uiddleeex  Printers,  £l  their' 
Office  in  Lombard-street,  in  the  Preciuct  of  Whtefriare,  in  the  CS^^Pf 
Londnn  ;  and  pabUebed  by  them  at  the  office.  No.  5,  Cbarles- street,  la 
the  parish  ot  St  Paul's,  Covent- garden,  .In  the  aald  County,  where  alb 
Advertieements  and  Communicatione  are  to  be  ABDasiass  tothb  GoiTOBr 
— Satubuat,  April  17.  ISiri, 


THE  G-AIDENERS'  CHKON 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZ 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Hural  Economy  and  General  i?3'ews.— The  IJcrticultural  Part  Edited  "by  Professor  Lindley^ 

No.  17—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  24. 


[Price  Qd. 


BecVs  (Mr.)  garden  .........  263  a 

8eei,wild 76J  a 

Books  reviewed  ..  ^(>3  a 

Calead&r,  Borticultaral   261  a 

Camellln,  jellow "59   c 

Charcoal  wood ^^SS  6 

Chry  a  aat  hemum,  C  hiaese  mode 

of  managing 250  a 

eiover  failure    '2GS,b 

C^tomeriajapoDica    -60  6 

Caaatni^hamia  J&oceolata  ....  260  6 

Cypress,  funereal    ,..  260  a 

Dielytra  spectabilis 261  c 

Sobson'a  (Mr.)  nueery  263  6 

DraiasKe    269  e 

Emigratioa  to  Canada 267  f> 

Farmiufr,  Tulliao 266  a 

—    and  Mr.  Mechi'e  balance 

sheet 267  c 

Fig'fnoffUB — 262  □ 

Flower  Comit&as 26i:  6 

Fortune's  (Mr.)     hioa,  noticed  259  e 

FumiiratioQ.  Capsicam 262  /^ 

Gardeaiaa  and  cold 262  a 

Grass  land,  old    366  e 

Guano,  new      ,. 269  a 

Horttcnltnral  Society   262  6 

Hyaciathe,  pot  culture  of   ....  263  6 


Irrigation  by  iron  pipes   ......  2 

Italy,  pauperisin  In 2 

Libels 2 

Lambs,  to  feed 2 

Land,  irnniferof     2 

Law   relating    to    transfer    of 

lind 2 

Mtcbinery,  sleam  driven 2 

UucorCuvtidiK    2 

MUBhrooms  paHture 3' 

National  FlorlcuUural  Society  2i 

Orchids,  sale  of 2 

Planta,  beddiQir,  in  turf    2 

—  hardiness  of  Kreeuhouae. .  2 

—  and  ulmie  acid 2 

Poultry,  New'ou's,  rev 2i 

Rhododendrons.  Sikkim  ...,,,  2i 
Rondeletia  apecioan  mnior  ....  2 
Royal  South  Loudon  tloricnl- 

tural  Society 2 

Seed  trade.  Welsh     2 

strawberries  forcing 2 

Tortrix,  lonR-hornea 2 

Trou'.  spawn , 2 

Turf  beddintr  plants  in 2 

Vines,  "■  wiring"  in     2l 

Violet,  double  Neapolitan  ....  2 
Weather,  the 2 


21,  Regent  Street,  April  20,  1852, 

HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY.— Notice    is 
Hebebt   Given,   that  the    ANNIVERSARY  MEETING 
Of  thia.SOOIBTY  will  be  held  on  SATURDAY,  MAY  1st,  for 
the  Election  of  Council  and  Officers  tor  the  ensuing  year,  and 
for  receiving  the  Report  of  the  Council  for  the  past  year. 
Tlie  Chair  will  be  taken  at  One  o'clock  p.m. 


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.— 
NOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  the  First  ESHIEmON 
of  FLOWERS  anJ  FRUIT,  in  the  SOCIETY'S  GARDEN, 
will  take  place  on  Satukdat,  May  8,  a'  2  p.ji. 

Tickets,  price  53.  each,  can  be'  procuretl  at  this  Office,  upon 
presenting  the  order  of  a  Fellow  ;  or,  on  the  day  of  the  meetinL', 
at  Tumhara-greeu,  price  75.  Gd.  eaob. 

PRIVILEGE  OF  FELLOW.S.— Each  Fellow  of  the  Society  has 
free  personal  admission  to  these  Exhibitions  without  a  Ticket. 
A  Fellow  may  also  personally  introduce  -a  friend  with  an 
Admission  Ticket  at  half-past' Twelve,  at  Gate  No.  4  in  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire's  road  ;  or  if  unable  to  attend  personally, 
the  privilege  may  be  transferred  to  a  brother,  sister,  son, 
daughter,  t-ither,  mother,  or  wife,  residinp  in  the  Fellow's 
houae,  provided  the  person  to  whom  the  transfer  la  made  be 
famished  with  a  Ticket  signed  by  that  Fellow. 

21,  Ree en t- street,  London. 

■pOYAL  BOTANIC    SOCIETY,  Regent's  Park.— 

XV  EXHIBITIONS  of  PLANTS,  FLOWERS,  and  FRUIT, 
"Wednesdays,  May  19,  June  9  and  30. 

AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Saturdays,  May  29  and  June  5. 

ROSES,  Saturday,  June  26. 

Tickets  of  Admisfiion  are  now  ready  for  delivery,  and  maybe 
obtained  at  the  Gardens  by  orders  from  Fellows  of  the  Society, 
price,  on  or  before  Saturday,  May  8,  is. ;  after  that  day.  5^.  ■ 
or  on  the  days  of  the  Exhibitions,  7s  6d.  each.  Fellows  of  the' 
Society  may  obtain,  on  or  before  May  8,  packets  of  30  tickets 
for  fiye  guineas. 

HE  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
The  nait  MBETIKO  of  this  SOCIETY  will  be  held  at 
EXETER  HALL,  Strand,  on  TDESDAT,  the  27lh  instant,  at 
Twelve  o'clock,  for  the  Exhibition  of  AUHIODLAS  and 
POLTAKTHUS,  when,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  Prizes,  the 
following  EXTRA  PRIZES  will  be  awarded  :— 

By  Mr.  James  Dickson  (to  Amateurs),  a  Silver  Cap,  value 
Pive  Guineas,  tor  the  best  four  plants  of  Auriculas,  viz  ,  Green, 
Grey,  aod  White  edges  and  selfs.  10s.  entrance,  to  be  awarded 
to  the  second  best. 

By  W.  H.  GiNOEE,  Esq.  (to  Amateurs),  20».  for  the  beat  pair 
of  AurictUas,  dissimilar,  and  2O5  for  the  best  air  AurictUas, 
dissimilar,  in  each  case,  2».  6d.  entrance,  to  be  awarded  to  the 
second  best. 

By  B.  MosiLET,  Esq.  (to  Amateurs),  10s,  Cd.  for  the  best 
plant  of  Ltghtbody's  Star  of  Beihelem,  lOj.  6a.  for  Dickson's 
Apollo,  10s.  ed.  for  Dickson's  Matilda,  and  10s.  ed  for  Pace's 
Champion. 

By  JoBK  CBiPUiH,  Esq.  (open  to  all  growers),  10».  6d.  for 
the  best  plant  of  Chapman's  Sarah,  and  loj.  6d,  for  the  beat 
plant  of  chapman's  Sophia. 

By  tte  Ho.oaiEY  SlcBETiai  (open  to  all  growers),  20s.  for 
the  best  collection  of  Auriculas,  and  10s.  for  the  best  cillection 
of  rolyamhUB. 

adml.UdX'r'?or'compe'mon"''  "'""'"  "^  °"  °'*"°°''  =  "™^ 

Jndgment^ff';t'c;n7„r"''"'''°  "'"°'"»*  "'  usual  for  the 

4a.  Litiie-itreet,  AprilJQ. j^.  Jewitt.  Hon.  Sec. 


CUTTON'S      PERMANENT      GRASSES.  -  The 

l^l.trn't;'".?''"''''  "■■  S""""'"  G»*«>  StEDS  is  plainl) 
1?  °  .^  .K^  ^'  numerous  orders  they  are  dally  rccelvlUK 
through  the  recommendation  of  former  customers 

The  sort,  con.iat  of  ti-ue  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  In  their  Advertisement  on  the  last  pag^  of 
the  Oardiwrt'  Chronir.  c  of  March  20. 

Joan  8CTT.,w_arid^3o»ii^  jce-inrow^.  Reading,  Berks. 
J      FOWLE  AVD  SON'S    CATALOGUE  of  the  b^t 

"  •  Oeraiiluun,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Ao'lrrhlnunis,  Petunias 
Pblozes,  Herbaceous  Plants,  ic,  are  now  ready,  and  mav  bo 
htd  on  appllc.itlon.  They  beg  to  <,(r»r  six  Hcudling  Antirrlii 
nami,  raised  by  H.  Wooler,  E.r|.,  i.nd  wliich  wore  uri-atlv 
admired  during  the  past  season —tlolliiml  Nursorv,  Holland 
street,  Krlxt.>n-road,  Kennlngton,  Kurriy. 

fpHE  MAGNIFICENT  DAHLIA  GltKEN"  .SCAU- 
-»•  LEI  KI.SG"  Is  placed  first  In  the  '■  Garden  Alm.inac," 
which  rarely  errs.  The  'la.r,UM.rt'  ClmiiUle  says  "  It  lias  the 
torin  of  the  '  Duke  of  WolllnKton,' nnd  the  colour  of  '  John 
Kdward.'"  Mr.  Glenny  In /.ioj/'/'a  II  al^l,/  A'fio-;Mp.;r  (which 
Clrto'aws  7ll,':(ill),  quotes  and  conllrins  the  Clinuiclc.  Plants 
m  May,  I(j,.  fid.  ■  dry  roots,  In  October,  2]«,-0rdcr  of  any  I 
:iiiiner7man,  or  of  the  Agent,  M,  Pleet-sircet,  London. 


STANDISH  AND    NOBLE,    Ndrsertmen,    Bagshot, 
^^urrey,  have  to  offer  the  following  new  and  eelect  Plants, 
all  of  which  are  hardy,  except  Azalea  vittata : 

ABIES  J  RZOEN-^IS,  seedling' plants,  Sis  each  ;  this  is  one  of 
the  last  novelties  in  Conifera  ;  formfi  a  noble  'ree  of  120  feet  in 
height,  and  of  verv  distinct  cbaracer  (very  hardy'. 

AZALEA  VITTATA. — A  specimen  of  this  unique  variety 
was  awarded  a  KdiKhtian  Me'ial  when  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
cultural  Society's  Room  'ast  April  ;  the  ground  colour  of  the 
flower  is  white,  beautifully  striped  with  purple,  after  the 
manner  of  a  Carnation.  It  is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to 
I  foot,  21s.  each. 

CDPRESSUS  FUNEBRIS.— SeedlingP,  5s.  to2\s.  each. 

CEPHALOTAXUS  FORTUNII,  male,  long  leaves,  seedlings, 
2l3.  each. 

CEPHALOTASUa  FORTUNII,  female,  short  leaves,  seed- 
lings,  2l5.  eaih.  These  have  withstood  the  late  frost  and 
drying  winds  nirhout  losing  any  of  their  verdure  (very  hardy). 

ILEX  FURCATA,  2I5.  each. 

MACROCARPA,  2I5  pach. 

QUERCU3  SCLEROPMTLLA,  21s.  to  42s.  each. 
INVERSA.  21s   to  42s.  each. 

SPIR^A  CELLOS  A.  an  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
It  has  large  corymbs  of  rosy  purple  blossoms,  and  is  a  hand- 
some addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants.     10s.  €d.  each. 


IMPORTED  GERMAN   SEEDS, 

IN    THE    ORIGINAL    SEALED    PACKETS. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Plymouth, 
have  still  on  hand  a  fine  collection  of  the  following, 
zvarranted  genuine,  and  of  the  best  qualitT/,  from  one  of 
the  first  houses  o?i  tke  Continent. 

%*  ALL  SENT  POSTAGE  FREE. 
DWARF   GERMAN   STOCK. 

An  assortment  of  12  varieties  (lOOSeeds  in  each  packet)  3^.  Od. 

DWARF  GERMAN  STOCK  (Wallflower- Leaved). 

An  aseortment  of  12  varietie-  (I'lO  ^eedx  in  each  packet)  Ss.  Od. 

BRANCHING  GERMAN  STOCK. 

An  assortment  of  12  varieties^!  1 00  Seeds  in  each  packet)  3s.  Qd 

AUTUMNAL  ELbWERING  STOCK. 

An  assortment  of  12  varieties  (100  Seed-,  in  eac!>  packet)  3s.  Od. 

NEWEST  ROSE  'EMPEROR  STOCK. 
(This  is   a  superior  novelty,   being    of  the  perpetual 
variety),  per  packet Is.Gd. 

WINTER  OR  BIEN..:iAL  BROMPTON  STOCK. 

An  a-Bortment  of  12  varieties  (lUO  Seeda  in  each  packet)  3s.  OtX.- 

GIANT  WINTER  STOCK. 
A  splendid  white  variety,  per  packet  Is.  Qd. 

WALLFLOWERS. 
An  asBortment  of  8  distinct  varieties  (100  Seeds  in  each 
packet) 3s.  Od. 

QUILLED  GERMAN  ASTERS. 
An  assortment  of  12  varieties  (100  Seeds  in  each  packet)  8s.  Od. 
GLOBE-FLOWERED  DOUBLE  GERMAN  ASTERS. 

An  assortment  of  12  varietie-  (lOn  Seeds  in  each  packet)  Zs.  Od. 

PYRAMIDAL-FLOWERED  GERMAN  ASTERS. 
An  assortment  of  12  varieiieB  {loo  Seeds  in  each  packet)  3a.  Od. 

BALSAM. 
An  assortment  of  12  varieties  (25  Seeds  in  each  packet)  4s.  Od. 

DWARF  DOUBLE  BALSAM. 
An  assortment  ot  8  varieties  -25  Seeds  in  each  packet)...  3s.  Od. 
CAMELLIA-FLOWERED  DOUBLE  BALSAM.      , 
An  assortment  of  8  varieties  (25  Seeds  in  each  packet)...  Zs.  Od. 

LARKSPURS. 
An  assortment  of  100  varieties  (one-eighth  of  an  ounce 
in  each  packet)  4^  0^, 

HOLLYHOCKS. 
Anassortmentof  24  varieties  63,  Od, 

SCABIOUS. 
An  EflBortment  of  8  varieties  ...        ...        ...        ...        ...  33.  Od. 

ZINNIA  ELEGANS. 

An  asBortment  of  6  varieties Xs.  8d. 

l^=  ALL  THE  ABOVE  POSTAGE  FREE.  ■ 
Early  Orders  are  requested,  as  some  of  the  Collections 
are  getting  short. 

William  E.  Rendle  and  Co,,  Seed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 
Established  1786. 


CHOICE   BEDDING    PLANTS. 

LUCOMBE,  PRINCE  and  CO.,  have  an   extensive 
ptock    of  fine   strong  well-eatabliislred    Plants  now  fie  for 
beddinjj  out,  which  they  can  oflfer  on  very  reasonable  terrop, 
a  priced  nht  of  which  may  be  had  on'applicatidb. 
Exeter  Nursery,  April  24. 

TO  CULTIVATORS  OE  EXOTIC  FERNS. 

AN  AMATEUR  FERN  GROWER  possessing  a 
large  collection  of  Ferns,  is  desirous  of  disposing  of  his 
duplicates  at  moderate  prices,  or  by  excbanue  for  those  notiu 
his  collection.— Address,  Adiantum,  Post-office,  Box  15,  HulL 

CHEAP    DAHLIAS. 

THE    LARGEST    STOCK    IN    THE    KINGDOM,    AND 

BEST    PLANTS. 

HENRY  LEGGE  is  just  ready  to  send  out  all  the 
best  sorts  of  last  Reason,  at  from  Os.  to  12s.  per  dnz, — all 
the  cood  older  varieties  fr^m  Zs.  to  4s.  per  doz.  ;  also  hie  new 
Dahlia,  Lady  Russell,  white,  shaded  rose,  splendid  form ; 
10s.  fid.  per  plant.  A  Catalocne  can  be  had  by  application/ 
enclosing  one  titarop,  to  H.  Leqge,  l^arsh  Side,  Lower  Ed-  . 
mont'in. 

Good  named  Pansies,  4s.  per  doz. ;  all  the  best  Chrysan- 
themums, die. 

PICEA  PINSAPO.— A  few  stout  2-year-old  planisj 
from  Seed,  of  the  whove  scarce  and  handsome  CONIFER, 
may  now  be  had  of  Yodell  and  Co.,  Royal  Nursery,  Great 
Yarmouth,  at  l'2s  per  dozen. 

CARIf.a.TZOIfS,    PXCOTESS,     PZN'KS. 

Being  the  largest  growers  of  these  in  England,  perhaps  in. 
Europe,  we  uffer  many  advantages  to  purchasers,  and  at  every 
price  quoti-d  below.  We  pride  oureelves  on  giving  satisfaction 
to  our  customers  by  furnishing  goor"  plants  of  good  varietieSj 
and  we  beg  to  say  that  the  present  is  an  excellent  season  for, 
their  removal,  either  tor  pot  or  open  ground  culture. 

25  pairs  superb  varieties  of  Carnations  and  Picotees  31. 

12  pairs         „  „  „  „         11.  10s. 

25  pairs  very  fine     „  „  „        11.  lOy. 

12  pairs        ,,  ,,  „  ,,        18s. 

12  pairs  fine  mised  border         „  „        9s, 

12  pairs  true  old  Clove  CHtnation,  12s. 

12  pairs  of  finest  named  Pinks,  12s. 

Pansies,  strong  plants  in  pots,  of  the  newest  and  best  show 
flowers,  12b  per  doz, 

YouELL  and  Co.  beg  respectfully  to  refer  the  readers  of  the 
Gardeners'  Ohronicle  to-'-e-r  Advertisement  of  April  16th. 
.-    Royjil  Nu  sery,  Grea.  Yarmouth. 


ROBERT  M.  STARK  begs  to  intimate  that  his 
SPUING  CATALOGUE  of  FLORISTS'  FLOWERS, 
BEDDINtr  PLANTS,  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on* 
application.  Among  other  new  and  rare  plants  it  contains  ho 
would  particularly  notice  the  beautiful  purple  LIN  ARIA- 
RETICULATA,  figured  in  the  "Garden  Companion"  for 
April,  and  described  as  a  "  very  pretty  plant,  flowering  freely 
in  summer."  It  is  well  suited  for  rockwork  or  bedding  pur- 
poses. R.  S.  has  the  entire  stock,  and  will  be  ready  to  supply- 
plants  the  first  week  in  May  at  5s.  each. 

Edgehill  Nursery,  Dean,  Edinburgh,  April  24. 

j  OHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  offer  the  under- 
*-'  named  novelties,  which  they  recommend  with  confidence. 
Plants  of  each  5s.,  in  May.  Discount  to  the  Trade,  when  three- 
are  ordered, 

HELIOTROPIDM  ALBICANS.— This  is  the  best  light  HeKo- 
trope  for  bedding  yet  offered.  The  general  tflect  is  a  good 
WHITE,  with  dark  green  folinge,  rendering  it  very  conspicuous. 

FUCHSIA,  "THE  FAIRY."— Tube,  waxy  pale  flesh,  sepalft 
delicately  tipped  with  bright  pink  :  coroUaefiged  with  carmine. 
Altogether  the  most  pleasing  and  novel  Fuchsia  yet  sent  out. 

Nursery,  Hammersmith,  near  London. 


JOHN  SCOTT,  Florist,  Bathford,  near  Bath,  can 
"  fiupply  good  Plants  of  the  (ollowing  selected  ENGLISH 
AND  FOREIGN  VERBENAS  :-AdmirabIe,  Albonii.  Andrew, 
Auricula,  British  Queen,  Coquelicot,  Cybele,  Erchantress, 
Eryphille,  Eucelode.  ExquiHite,  Fannv,  Chauviers,  General 
Brea,  General  Courtegis,  Hippodamie,  Iris,  Jules,  King,  Lady 
of  the  Lake,  La  Nympho,  Marchi'mess  of  CornwalliB,  Mazarine, 
Othello,  Sbylock,  Surprise,  Voltigeur.  The  above  20  Verbe- 
nas, I'la  ;  any  12  selected,  8s.,  hamper  included. 

IIELIOTUOPES:  Salter's  Gem,  es.  per  dozen  jReptana,  63., 
Corymb"Sum,  Ss   pir  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIAS  :  Sultan,  strong,  es.  per  dozen ;  Conway's 
PloribundQ,  fine  new  jellow,  each  I3. ;  Sutphurea  Eleguns, 
each  Is.  ;  Qrandis.  each  la  ,  or  ds.  per  dt'zcn. 

CANTUA  DEl'ENDENS,  each  Is. 

FUCHSIAS.- StronffplantB  of  the  following  :-Alpha,  Dln- 
»'"."!  ^'°^'*'  NicholH'H  Prince  Arthur,  Peych' ,  ReBplondcnt, 
llankfl'H  VoltlKcur.  each  Is. 

F ANCYGEKANIUM.s.-Strong plants nf  the  followlngTwolve, 
Y>9.:  Ilendcrson'H,  Albonii,  Marion,  Prince  Albert.  Prima 
J)oiinn.  Hello  de  Epinnv.  Bouquet  Tout  Fait,  Exqiilfllto,  Hero 
I  "tJ^^y-  ^''"^y  ^''od.  MiigriiUua,  Rclno  den  Frmig  .Is,  Ueino 
'i<'«  1  leurfl.  Thy  Oeraiilunis  can  be  sent  in  a  matted  basket 
for  iB.  Gd.  extra. 

The  ubovo  are  ull  good  plants,  and  could  not  fall  to  givo 
■atlafaction. 

A  romlttnnco  oipcctcd  from  unknown  corroflpondonts. 


MITCHELL'S.  UNRIVALLED    SEEDLING    DAHLIAS. 
T  AMES  MITCHELL  begs  to  infoi-m  his  Friends  that 
^     he  purposes  sending  out,    early  in  May,   the    following 
superb    DAHLIAS,  vrhich    he  can  recommend    to  the  most 
limited  grower. 

MRS.  HEPBURN.— Crimson,  shaded  with  dark  maroOH, 
superior  and  constant  show  flower ;  4  feet,  IO5.  $d. 

MR.  BLENCOWE,— A  noble  crimson,  quite  distinot,  hean- 
tifully  cupped,  petals  rising  well  in  the  centre,  and  con&tai^t 
show  flower  ;  4  feet,  10s.  Gd. 

QUEEN  OF  BEAUTIES.— This  extraordinary  flower  was  . 
partially  sent  out  last  season,  and  is  unquestionably  the  moot 
beautiful  Dahlia  in  the  world;  but  owing  to  the  numeroufl 
orders,  and  shortness  of  stock,  not  one-half  were  supplied.  It 
is  of  the  purest  white,  tipped  with  rich  rose;  strong  plants; 
4  feet,  23.  6d. 

ELI-  GANTI3SIMA. — A  fancy  variety,  rose  and  pink,  one  of 
the  most  distinct  in  this  class  ;  constant  and  beautiful  sbow 
flower  ;  4  feet,  2s.  Gd. 

Piltdown  Nurseries,  Mareflfield,  Sussex,  April  24. 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Wellington-road,  St.  John's-wood,  London,  beg  to  remind 
those  who  intend  to  puichaso  any  of  the  following  New  Plants, 
to  bo  sent  out  after  the  lut  of  May,  that  all  orders  Trill  bs  • 
booked  as  received  and  executed  in  rotation. 


Fuchbia     Commodore     (show 

flowers) 
Splondidissiinti,  do. 
Oom  of  the  Scuson, 

do. 
Pcndula,  do. 
Exquisite 
HondorBonIi  (double 

flower) 
Darling    (bedding 

variety) 
GloboHnperfcctii,do. 
Pet,  do. 


Antirrhinum  Ilendersonli 
Oalcooluria  WolHiigion  Hero 

,,  Turn  Tliumb 

Chrysnnthemum  Hendorsonii 
Delphinium  Ilondersonii 
Erica  Eiogantlssima 

„      Nobills 
Geranium  Hendo'sonii' 
,,  Extraviigfttizunr 

„  OiloraiitiS'mum 

grnndifl'irum 
Iloliotroplum      Voltairoanum 
nanum 


For  DcBcrlption  and  PricoH  of  the  above,  sco  back  number* 
of  this  Paper— Pob.  28,  March  C  and  13.  The  Trade  supplied, 
nlth  our  usual  discount. 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[April  24, 


CHOICE  NEW  PLANTS  FOR  CHEAPNESS  &  QUALITY, 
WARRANTED   UNEQUaLLEO. 

WM.  RUMLEY  AN0  SONS,  having  a  splendid 
Btocb  of  ilie  uiidtrmeutiontd.  can  supply  ihem  at  the 
very  low  prices  affixed  ;  tine  strong  Fiatits,  haniper  included, 
or  free  by  post,  ruchfias,  the  following  firdt-rate  new  varitciee, 
20  for  12s.,  12  for  75.  Gd.,  or  6  lor  4s. :— Alpha,  Brilliant,  Con- 
flpk'ua,  Clapton  Hero,  Coneolaiion,  Duchess  of  Kent,  tDucbesa 
of  Northumberland,  extra  fine,)  Expansion,  Gem  ol  the  Whiles, 
E.oh-i-Noor,  Louisa,  ilaZL'ppa,  Madame  Sontag,  Madame 
Lebois,  Northern  Beauty,  Princess,  Psyche,  Pa;.'oda,  Prince 
Arthur,  Queen,  Queen  of  Eogliiud,  Resplendent,  Salamander, 
Voltigeur,  Banks's  Voltigeur,  Rurale^'s  ViacoutiteHS  Maynard, 
"VPonder,  die.     Good  show  varieties,  4s.  to  Gs.  per  dozen, 

50  choice  FUCHSIAS,  including  the  above  for  25*. 

VERBENAS,  the  following  exira-tioe  vaiietiea,  63.  per  doz. : 
—Admirable,  Auricula,  Beauty,  British  Queen,  Captain  Brooks, 
Conepicua,  Exquisite,  Porget-me-not,  Fearless,  Fanny, 
(Julleyaz,  Haidee,  Jessica,  Jean  Bart,  King,  Marohioneas  of 
Cornwallis,  Madame  Talt,  Mount  Hecla,  Miss  Wbib'ey,  Prince 
of  Walee,  Philomel,  Purple  Prince,  Voltigeur,  Viscata,  and 
"Wonder,  &c.  ;  good  straw  varieues,  33.  to  43.  per  dozen. 

40  choice  VEttBENAS.  including  the  above,  for  15s. 

DAHLIAS,  50  splendid  show  and  fancy  varieties  for  It.,  or 
65.  to  9s.  per  ditzen.     Good  vatieties  3s,  to  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CINERARIAS,  splendid  varietie?,  exira  strong  plants, 
conoinjj  into  bloom,  Cs.  per  dozen  ;  8n)aller  plants,  4s.  pir  doz. 

PETUNIAS,  first-rate  new  varieties,  3s.  to  63.  per  dozen. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  50  splendid,  large- flowered,  and 
Lilliputian  varieties  for  123.,  or  33.  to  6g.  per  doztn. 

GERANIUMS,  extra  fine  varieties,  9a.  to  123.  per  dozen. 

Scarlet  and  Eoae-coloured  Geraniums,  extra  fine,  45.  to  65. 
per  dozen. 

PANSIBS,  first-rate  ahow  varieties,  3s.  to  6s.  per  dozen. 

Choice  Bourbon  and  Tea-scenced  Roaee,  in  pot^,  9s.  to  12s. 
per  dozen. 

SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  12  best  varieties  for  bedding, 
4s.  to  Gs.  per  dozen. 

SALVIAS,  6  choice  varieties  for  33. 

MIMULUS  HUbINUS,  ditto  Elegance,  Gaillardia  splendid- 
isima,  Balsamlua  repens,  Mitraria  coccinea,  Viola  compacta, 
or  double  Pansey,  and  Viola  arborea,  or  tree  Violet,   Gd.  each. 

HOLLYHOCKS,  seedlings,  from  a  splendid  collection,  fine 
Strong  plants,  23.  to  3s.  per  dozen ;  10s.  to  15s.  per  lOO  ;  accord- 
ing to  strength. 

ANTIIIRHINUMS,  seedlings,  frona  the  choicest  varieties,  2s. 
to  3s.  per  dozen. 

BEDDING  PLANTS,  60  choice  varieties  for  10*  ,  or  3s.  per 
dozen. 

CUPHEA  PLATYCENTRA,  3s.  per  dozen. 

The  above  will  be  forwarded  immediately  on  receipt  of  a  Post- 
oflSce  order  payable  at  Richmond.  Our  General  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  Soft-wooded  Plants  can  be  had  on  application. — 
Gilliug,  Richmond,  Yurkshit'e. 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN  RIVERS  solicits  the  attention  of  the  Agri- 
cuUuriBt  to  his  quick  growing  STUBBLE  SWEDE 
TURNIP;  though  thit*  variety  originated  from  a  cross  be- 
tween a  large  white  Stone  Turnip  and  the  old  Green-top 
Swede,  by  careful  selection,  it  has  tne  colour,  eoUdity,  and  the 
hardiness  of  the  true  Swide.  As  it  was  extensively  distributed 
last  year,  esperience  has  proved  it  superior  for  sowing  in  May, 
for  early  feed  ;  its  growth  being  matured  before  the  mildew 
attacks  it  in  the  autumn,  being  better  adapted  for  giving  more 
time  in  the  preparation  of  the  Land  than  any  other  kind  from 
ita  quickness  of  growth,  and  it  is  a  heavy  cropper.  It  may  be 
sown  for  a  full  crop  throughout  the  month  of  June.  Price 
1*.  Gd.  per  lb. 

Orders  to  the  amount  of  10s.  carriage  paid  to  London.  Post- 
ofgce  orders  are  requested  of  unknown  correapondenta. 

Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


Comer  of  jUalf- Moon- street,  Picnadiily, 
PERMANENT     GRASS     SEED. 

THOMAS  GIBBS  and  CO.,  Seedsmen  to  the 
"ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND," 
&c.,  having  tor  upwarda  of  50  years  paid  partiouhir  aiiention  to 
Laying  down  Land  to  PERMANENT  MEADOW  and  PAS- 
TURE,  beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to  the  fol- 
lowing Mixtures,  whioh  will  be  apportioned  to  suit  the  nature 
of  the  soil  :— 
Mixtures  for  PERMANENT   MEADOW  AMD  PASTURE,  in- 

eluding  Perennial  Clover. 
Mixtures  for  PAUKS,  FIELD  LAWNS,  or  Portions  of  Grass 

Land  near  to  Mansions. 
Mixtures  for  UPLAND  SHEEP  WALKS  and  DOWNS. 
Mixtures  for  FINE  GARDEN  LAWNS  and  GRASS-PLOTS. 
Also  to  their  White  Belgian  and  other. Carrots ;  Yellow  or 
Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzei,  Long  Red  ditto,  and  other 
kinds;  Swedes,  Hybrids,  and  other  Turnips;  Italian  and 
other  Rye-grufses,  Clovers,  inc.;  and  their  general  collection 
of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds.  ' 

TnoMAs  GiBBs  and  Co.,  Seedsmen  to  the  R.A.S.E.,  corner 
of  Half-Moon-Street.    Picoadilly,  London. 


TMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pre- 

J-  pared  cuttings  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May : —  s,  d, 

York  Regents  per  1000    10    6 

American  Native ,,  10     6 

Cambridge  Radical „         10    6 

Early  Oxford  „  15     0 

Package^,  for  1000,  Is. ;  2000,  la.  Gd.  ;  5000,  2$.  Gd. 
Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Office 
to  Hay,  Sanqster  and  Co.,  Newlngton  Butts. 

London,  6th  March,  1852. — Subjoined  is  tlie  analysis  oftwo 
highly  re&peciable  Chemists : — 

"  London,  March  12,  1852. 
"We  have  now  complet-ed  our  examination  of  a  sample  ot 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepai  ed  cuttings  in  comparison 
with  another  sample  of  the  same  denomination,  obtained  by 
ourselves  from  a  highly  respectable  Potato  salesman,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
each,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
favour,  viz. :—  Starch. 

"  Those  grown  from  yoar  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    percent. 

"  Potatoes  from  Salesman        12J  per  cent. 

*'Madrice  Soanlan,  F.C.S. 
"  Alfbed  Andebson,  F.C.S. 
"MessrH.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
18,  Cumberland-plaoe,  Newington  Butts." 

TO  SEED  IMPORTERS,  NURSERYMEN,  ETC. 
OETHAM  AND  BLACKITH,  Custom  House, 
-*-'  Shipping,  and  General  Transit  Agents,  have  again 
the  pleasure  of  offering  their  services  to  the  above  ;  and  whilst 
thanliiiig  ihem  for  past  extensive  favours,  beg  to  inform  them 
that  tbey  cominue  to  receive  and  forward  Seeds,  Plants,  and 
General  Merchandise,  from  and  to  all  parts  of  the  world  at 
ctoargts  as  low  as  possible,  conniBtently  with  responsibility  and 
correctness.  Infurnmtion  afforded  as  to  the  arrival  and  de- 
parture of  all  Bteam  and  saihog  vessels 

Agents  to  Messrs  Ernst  and  Von  Spreckelsen,  of  Hamburgh  : 
Me.srs.  S.  and  J.  Rinz,  Frankfort;  Mr.  J.  Linden,  Brussels; 
Mr.  L.  Van  Houtte,  Ghent.  Importers  are  respectfully  re- 
questeti  to  order  their  cousigDmente  to  be  addressed  to  the 
care  ot  Messrs.  Betham  and  Blackith,  by  wbich  greater 
dispatch  will  be  obtained. 

Cos  and  Hammond's  Quays,  Lower  Thames-street,  London. 


C"^PPS'S    SUPKRB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS    are 

J^  ordered  by  and  may  be  had  of  the  following  Nursery- 
men and  Seedsmen,  the  first  week  in  May: — Messrs.  Hender- 
son and  Ci>.,  Pice-apple-place  ;  E.  G.  Ilendersnn,  WclHuKton- 
road  ;  J.  Lee,  Hammersmith  ;  J.  Charteris,  King  William- 
street ;  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton ;  Protberoe  and  Morrie,  Leyton- 
atone;  W.  P.  Ayres,  Blackbeath ;  W.  Bragg,  Slough; 
Courcha,  Bethnal-green ;  J.  ivery,  Peckham ;  W.  Barnes, 
Camden  Nursery,  Peckham  ;  Osborne  and  Co.,  Fulham  ;  C. 
Turner,  SloUf^h  ;  Baas  and  Brown,  Sudbury  ;  J.  Salter,  Ham- 
mersmith ;  J.  Stewart,  Salt-hill ;  S.  Barnes,  Stowmarket  ;  J. 
Jefferies,  Cirencester ;  B  Fuller,  Worthing  ;  W.  Tiloy,  Bath; 
J,  M'Intyre,  Taunton  ;  J.  Keynes,  Salisbury  ;  Sau  ders  and 
Co.,  Abergavenny;  Wheeler  and  Son,  Gloucester;  H.  Walton, 
Burulev ;  J.  W.  Sweet,  Cirencester;  Fisher  and  Holmes, 
:3lHffiad  ;  J.  Grifflo,  Batb, 

Biwer  NurserifS,  Maidstone,  April  24. 


VILLA  NURSERY, 
ROCHESTER  SQUARE,  CAMDEV  TOWN,  LONDON, 

IMPORTANT  TO  ALL. 

JOHN  SLIPPER  is  prepared  to  supply  strong  Plants 
of  VERBENAS,  FUCHSIAS,  SALVIAS.  HELIOTROPES, 
CALCEOLARIAS.  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  &c.<tc.,  of  the  best 
varieties,  at  2s.  6d,  per  dozen, 

A  selection  from  upwards  of  IHO  of  the  finest  sorts  of 
DAHLIAS  in  cultivation  at  the  above  price.  The  usual  allow- 
auce  to  the  Trade. 


G  O  R  S  E. 


WANTED,  about  TWO   THOUSAND   PLANTS, 
»  *     in   the   Autumn. — Apply  to    Hoopeb  and   Co.,   Covent 
Garden  Marltot,  London,  fitatiTig  price. 


G 


UTTA  PERCHA    TUBING   FOR  WATERING 

GARDENS,    ETC. 


ri^URNIP  SEED   FOR   SALE.— Thirty  bushels   of 

-L  Skirving's  Purple-top  Swede,  at  15s.  per  bushel ;  30  ditto 
of  old  Purple- top  ditto,  at  lis.  ;  15  ditto  of  Green-top  Yellow 
Bullock  at  I63.  The  whole  is  of  the  growth  of  1851. — Address 
Mr.  Hkyan  Cl4HK   Parmer,  Tuxford,  Notts. 


FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY,   ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  for  protecting 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blif-ht.  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  FowlP,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantity  or  length,  from  John  King  Fablow's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manufactory,  5.  Crooked-lane,  London-bridge,  at  l^d. 
yard  wide,  'id.  two  yards  wide,  or  Gd.  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  above  "^Os.  accompanied  with  Post-office  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carriage  free. 


GARDEN    AND    LAWN    FENCING. 
17 OR  SALE,  by  TENDER,  a  large  quantity  of  NEW 

-1-      OAK  Park    PALING.— Apply,    with    price   per  1000,  if 

delivered  free,  to  Mr.  R.  Field,  Surveyor,  Coleman-street,  City, 

N.B.  The  Paling  cut  any  required  length. 


GARDEN  NETS,  FISHING  NETS,  SHEEP  NETS 
made  by  machinery.  New  twine  Nets,  1-inch  mesh  IJd. 
per  yard  ;  half-inch  2}id.,  any  required  width.  Worsted  and 
thread  Nets  to  protect  blossom  of  trees,  Gd.  and  Id,  per  yard, 
approved  by  the  Horticultural  Sjciety.  All  kinds  of  Pishing 
Nets,  from  4  to  400  yards  long.  Sheep  Nets  of  New  Zealand 
cord  or  Cocoa-nut  fibre,  4id.  per  yard,  4tt.  high.  Samples  of 
various  kinds.  Garden  Ners  sent  free,  on  application  to  R. 
RicHABBSON,  21,  Tonbridge-place,  corner  of  Judd-street,  New- 
road,  London.  N.B.  Old  Tanned  Fishing  Nets  properly  mended, 
^d.  per  yard,  or  65.  3d.  per  100  yards. 


q^ANNED  NETTING  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
A  Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fresh-grown  seeds,  either  in  gardens  or  fields,  at  \d.  per 
square  yard,  200  yards  for  14s.,  500  yards  for  308.,  1000  yards 
for  50^. ;  waxed  Netting  for  Aviaries,  tSic,  at  3d.  per  sqnare 
yard.  Scrim  canvass  for  wall  fruit,  netting  for  sheep  folds  ;  a 
considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles. 
Sun  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  poles,  &;c. 
Miirquees,  tente,  awnings,  and  temporary  rooms,  with  boarded 
floors,  elegantly  lined  and  lighted  for  fe^es.  .fee.,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Carriage,  cart,  and  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain  ; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furniture  in  change  of  residence,  &c. 
Tarpaulinyrs  on  hire  for  houses  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
EDGINGTON  &  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  and  inquiries  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 


WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS. 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  Co.'s  STOCK  OF  GARDEN 
,  TOOLS  for  the  season  is  now  complete,  and  includes 
every  recent  approved  invention  in  addition  to  their  usual 
large  assortmeut,  selected  from  all  the  best  makers. 

Deane,  Deat.  and  Co.  are  London  Agents  for  GIDNEY'S 
PRUSSIAN  HOE,  which  obtained  the  Fir.n  Prize  Silver  Medal 
at  the  Tarvin  Grand  National  Exhibition;  also  So'e  Agents 
for  Lingham's  Menographs  and  Metallic  Labels,  samples  of 
which  may  be  had  on  application,  post  free,  Tbev  have  always 
on  band  a  stock  ot  BROWN'S  PATENT  FUMIGATORS, 
which  have  stood  the  lest  of  three  seasons,  and  continue 
to  give  general  satisfaction  ;  also  Epps'  Registered  Sulphurator 
for  destroying  Mildew  upon  Grapes,  Hops,  Roses,  Fruit  Trees, 
&c.     An  Illustrated  Priced  Catalogue  sent  per  post,  free. 

Deane,  Dsay,  and  Co.  (opening  to  the  Monument),  London- 
bridge. 


Testimonial. 

From  Mr.  J.  FarraJi.  Gardener  to  Bosioell  Middleton  Jaltandt 
Esq  .  of  Boldemess  Souse,  vear  JSnll. 

"I  have  bad  400  teetof  your  Gutta  PerchaTubng  (in  lengths  ■ 
of  100  teet  each,  with  union  joint)  in  uaeforthe  last  twelve  vionths 
for  watering  these  gardens,  and  I  find  it  to  answer  better  than  ant/r 
thing  I  have  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  the  wafer  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  .  the  slightest  eff  ct  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  vcduable  invention 
for  Gardeners,  inasmuiih  as  it  enables  us  to  wa^er  our  gardens 
in  about  one-half  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour  for- 
merly required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 
OF    WATER. 

The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a,matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superiuiity  to  metal  pipes,  and  ihe  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  from  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  highly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following— 

Testimonials. 
From  C.  Baclccr,  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  ihe  Duke  of 
Bedford,  frobmni  Park. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  1852. 
"Gentlemen, — In  anttwer  to  your  inquiries  respecting   the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (after  twn  years'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 
it  will  eat  lead  through  in   two  years;   we  have  adopted  it 
largely,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job  " 

From  Sir  Raymo^id  Jarvis,  Bart,,  of  Ventnor,  Mc  of  Wight, 
''  Veutni  r,  March  10,  1852, 
"Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  this  morning 
respeciing  the  Gutta  Penha  Tubing  for  Pump  Service,  I  can 
state,  with  much  satisfaction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
buildt-ra,  and  other  persons,  have  lately  examined  it,  and  there 
is  no'  the  least  apparent  difference  since  the  firsi  laying  down, 
now  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  it  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  the  hour^ea  that  are  being  erected  here — building 
going  on  to  a  considerable  extent. 

"  I  am.  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  R.  Jaevis. 
"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  iu  fixing  the 
tube  to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  averse 
to  the  job,  did  not  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
otherwise,  carefully  arranged,  there  is  no  question  it  super- 
sedes lead  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  B,,  J." 

From  William  Bird  Herapath.  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.,   Surgeon  U>  tSt, 
Peter's  and  Queen  ElizabeOi's  Hospitals,  Bristol. 

"  September.  1850, 

"I  have  used  Gutta  Percha  as  a  lining  to  a  cistern,  with, 
tubing  of  the  same  material,  to  conduct  the  water  into  my  dis- 
pensary ;  they  answer  admirably.  At  first  some  disagreeable 
^:ivour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap- 
peared. 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions  " 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  be  had.  Manufac- 
tured by  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  Pat.  ntees,  London;  and 
sold  at  the  Wholesale  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  BoaoEss  and  Key, 
103,  Newgate-street,  who  will  forward  Lists  of  Prices  on 
application. 


COCHIN     CHINA    FOVVLS. 

A  LADY  has  some  magnificent  Birds  from  the 
stock  that  gained  the  first  pr'ze  at  Birmingha  n  in  1851  ; 
can  part  with  some  Eggs,  at  Is.  Gd.  each,  or  155.  the  12.  Also 
some  Spanish  Eggs,  from  pure  bred  Birds,  at  Gd,  each. — 
Apply  H.  C.,  Poet-office,  Kingston,  Surrey. 


COCHIN    CHINA    EGGS    FOR    HATCHING. 

W  TURNER  begs  to  inform  the  Public  that  he 
•  continues  to  supply  his  PRIZR  SMANGtiAI  FOWLS' 
EGGS,  18s.  per  dozen.  Also  Cochin  China,  Polish,  and  White- 
faced  Spanitih,  6s.  per  dozen.  China  White  Silk  Fowls'  Eggs, 
20s.  per  dozi.n.  Also  a  few  Gold  Pheasants'  for  sale.— W. 
TuBNER,  Tuffuell-park,  Holloway,  London. — P.S.  All  eorts  of 
yount<,  fancy  blrdti  in  due  season. 

QUBSTANTIAL    POULTRY-HOUSE,    50s.       The 

^  uprights  and  frame  of  wood,  3  inches  by  2,  the  roof  of 
tarpauling  and  patent  felt,  the  sides  of  wire  panels,  the  size 
9  feet  by  4  feet  G  inches,  to  fix  against  a  wall.  Other  sizes 
equally  cheap,  as  well  as  pheasantriea,  large  cages  and 
enclosures.  Drawings  and  details  free  on  application.  The 
above  are  made  pnriable,  and  can  be  put  up  or  t<iken  down  iu 
an  hour  by  an  ordinary  labourer.  Wire  nettmg  6|d.  per  square 
yard.— R.  RiCHAKDsoN,  21,  Tonbridge-place,  corner  of  Judd- 
street,  New- road.  N.B.  Maker  of  iron  and  wood  houses,  and 
tents  (or  emigrants.  Full  details  and  drawings  free  on  appli- 
cation. 

DRAINAGE   OF    LAND. 

MR.  HENRY  WEBBER  begs  to  infoi-m  Land- 
owners and  the  pubdc,  that  having  hao  considerable 
practical  experience,  he  is  prepared  to  undertake  the  Drainage 
of  Estates  to  auy  extent,  upon  the  most  improved  principles, 
ei'her  by  contPact  or  ou  commist-ion.  Ordcrh  execued  with  a 
due  regard  to  economy  and  efficiency.  Ri-ierence  given.— 
Address,  Halberton  Court,  near  Tiverton,  Devon, 


TO  NURSERYMEN  AND  OTHERS. 

TO  be  SOLD,  or  LET  on  LEASE,  or  otherwise,  with 
immediate  possession,  a  very  desirable  and  convenient 
small  NURSERY  GliOtlND,  situate  in  the  best  part  of  Saint 
John's-wood,  comprising  a  neat  Cottage,  two  Greenhouses, 
Forcing  Pits,  and  other  conveniences,  all  in  excellent  condi- 
tion :  together  with  the  good-will  of  the  business  and  stock 
therein.— The  premises  may  be  viewed,  and  full  partif^ulara 
obtained  of  Mr.  Akthdr  T,  Hewitt,  Soliciior,  6,  Nicholas- 
lane.  City  and  Clapbam  ;  or  Messrs  PeotheeuE  and  MoREls, 
American  Nursery,  Leyton^tone,  Essex  ' 


WIRE     AND     IRON     WORKS. 

HWEST,  17,  New-road,  Fitzroy-square,  Original 
•  Inventor  of  oliNAMIiNTAL  WI1.K  FLOU'EE- 
STANDS,  Sic,  and  Manufacturer  of  every  descrip'ion  of 
useful  and  fancy  Wive  and  Iron  Work,  reBpec'fullj  invites  the 
inspection  by  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  an  extensive  assort- 
ment of  superior  Wire  Flower.stands  and  Flower-trainers, 
Roseries  and  Flower-bed  Bordeiinp,  Trellis  and  Garden 
Arches,  Porticoes  aud  Verandahs,  Aviaries  and  Plieasantries, 
all  kinds  of  Game  Wire-netting  and  Invisible  Fenciiij:,  Wove 
Wire  and  Veneiian  Window. blinds  ;  and  also  a  great  variety 
of  Iron  Bedsteads,  Children^'  Cribs,  Spring  Mattresses, 
Bedding,  &c.  <fcc.  Novel  designs  in  Wire-work,  to  screen  un- 
sightly objects  or  for  ornamental  purposes,  made  to  fit  any 
locality,  executed  by  experienced  workmen,  at  the  lowest  prac- 
tical charges.         ^ 

BENJAMIN  EDGINGTON  respectfully  informs  the 
public  he  has  at  length  been  successful  in  ..blaming  a 
warehouse  sufficiently  lofty  and  extensive  to  show  at  one  vie\v 
Tents  of  differtnt  character  and  description,  and  invites  aU 
who  are  in  want  of  Tints,  for  Emigration,  Fi.or«l  and  Uok- 
TIOOI-TOEAL  Societies,  or  for  Gaiden  Lawns,  10  a  puva.e  view 
at  No.  2,  Duke-str,  et,  Southnark,  where  every  intormation  and 
explanation  will  be  given.  „     .    n,  , 

NETTING  and  BDKTiyS  for  Fruit  Trees,  &c. 

17  OR  SALE.— Six  Superior  HEREFORD 
-T  HEIFEltS,  with  their  Calves,  purely  disceiided  from 
some  of  lUr.  I'bioe's  best  animals,  and  which  will  be  sold  a 
baroaiu  in  consequence  of  the  Proprietor  not  hai-iUB  laud  to 
keep  them  on.  Also,  TWO  HULLS  of  the  same  blood,  to  bi 
sold  separaiely  or  together.  t,     .  a.  .u    1     o.    . 

Applicaiion  to  be  made  to  Mr.  DilAEE,  East  Tytherlj,  Stock- 
I'bridge,  Hants. 


17—1852.1 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


259 


EENDLE'S  NEW  PLANT  CATALOGUE 
is  ju3t  piLblisked,  and  can  he  had  in  exchange  for 
one  penny  stamp. 

It  coiKaiiis  PliICESof  all  the  newest  and  best  Geraniums, 
Bahlias,  Azileas,  Aotirrhinuais,  Camellias,  Cbrssaatheiuums, 
Cinerari'aa,  Fuchsias,  Petimiaa,  Calceolarias.  Ferna,  Lycopo- 
diums,  Greenhouse,  Stove,  and  Herbaceous  Plants. 

%*  Carriuge  paid  to  all  the  Btatioas  oq  the  Sootheen  Rail- 
■WASfl.     See  Catalogue. 

William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Florista  to  her  Majesty, 
Plymou'h. 


DILLISTONE  AND  CO.,  of  the  Nurseries,  Sturmer, 
beg  to  .  flVr— 
Pioe  varieties  of  Geraniums,  6s  ,  Qs.,  and  123.  per  dozea. 

,,  Fuch9ii3,  4s.,  6s.,  and  9s  per  dozen. 

BeddiDti  Plants  of  all  the  pojiular  kinds.  2s.  Gd.  to  Qs.  p.  doz. 
Herbaceous  Plants,  showy  good  kinds,  4s.  p.  doz.,  3us.  p.  100. 
Double  Major  White  Rocket,  2s,  Gd.  per  di>z.,  I65.  per  100. 
Hollyhock,  strong  bloooung  seedlings,  fntm  the  beat,  2s.  fid. 
rper  doz.,  15s,  per  100.  Seed  from  named  flowers.  Is.  per  100 
seeds. 

A  few  dozens  of  the  most  popular  Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses 
to  spare,  oa  the  Manettii  stock;  priee  upon  app'ication. 

Post-office  orders  payable  at  Halstead   or   Hiverhill.      AU 
orders  ab've  U.  n^ifl  to  LoMdnu- 


FINE  SPECIMEN   PLANTS  FOR   EXHIBITION. 

J  AND  J.  FRASER,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Lea-bridge- 
•  roail,  Essex,  bfg  leave  respeottuHy  to  invite  atien  ion  to 
their  superior  Stock  of  Specimens  of  STuVE  and  GREEN- 
HOUSE PLANTS,  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  and  CAPE 
HEATHS,  wnich  were  never  in  finer  condition  than  at  this 
time.  The  plants  are  of  all  sizes,  varying  from  1  foot  to 
^  feet  high.  The  prices,  which  are  moderate,  can  be  had 
on  application. 


FINE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  laying  dowa 
'Land. —  tiand-picked  Seed  at  24s.  per  acre,  alloniing 
3  buah.ds  of  the  miie-l  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre.  Benbt  Claaee,  Seed  Merchant, 

39,  King-8treet,  Covent-garden,  London. 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED Warranted  to 
pro  tuce  75  in  lOt)  double  ;  in  packets  of  250  seeds,  \s,  Gd. , 
double  quanti'y  for  2s.  6d.  The  universal  sa  Isfaction  the  seeds 
from  our  unrivalled  collection  have  given,  prompts  the 
strongest  recommendation.  Our  descriptive  Catalogue  con- 
tains 64  pages  of  nse>ul  and  interesting  matter,  and  the  finest 
selection  of  Tender  and  Hardy  Plants,  Flowers,  and  Trees,  at 
prices  that  defy  competition  ;  the  whole  gratis,  for  tour  penny 
stamps  for  postage  ;  or  Parti,  Stove,  Greenhouse,  and  Bedding 
plants.  Id.  ;  P>irt  2,  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Roses,  Shrubs, 
and  Coniferce,  2J. ;  Part  3,  Fruit  Trees,  Id,  each,  separate — 
the  most  complete  Catalogue  ever  puhii-ihed. — Apply  to  John 
Mat.   Hope  Nurseries,  near  Beda'e,  Yorkshire. 


CAPE    HEATHS,    ETC. 

WJ.  EPPS,  in  offering  the  following  varieties  of 
%      CAPE   HEATHS,   AZaLGAS,  ic,    begs  to    remark 

-that  they  are  splendid,   busay,  vigoroua,  plants,  not  to  be 

.equalled  in  the  trade  :— 

Erica  jasminlflora 
„      Sbannonli 
„      Bandoaii 
,1     ampullacea 
1.  ,,  Tittata 

tt     Macnabiana 
„      Baaoniana 
t>  „         purpurea 

„     princeps 
11  I,       carnea 

„      veBtita  fulgida 
„  „     rosea 

»  M      grandiflora 

„      Gavendtshil 


Erica  tricolor 

,,  „        Wilsonii 

„  „        rubra 

„  „       DuubarU. 

„  ,1        Leeana 

,,  ,,       speciosa, 

(McNab) 
„  „       Jacksonii 

„  ,,       dumosa 

„      Hartnelli 
„      retorta  major 
„      Vermmi  superb 
„      lrb>ana 

aristata  major 


Strong  plants  of  the  above,  in  48-sized  pots,  from  V&s  to 
245.  per  dozen. 

Selections  from  the  following  12s.  to  rta.  per  dozen  : — 
fioUisflonii,  aristata  vittata,  baccan*-.  propendena,  Sindryana, 
Bomeana,  depressa,  depressa  multiflora,  Juliana,  commosa 
alba,  cerinthoides,  Saviliei  major,  rubella,  splendens,  inter- 
Hiedia,  physoidea,  verticiUata,  perspicua  nana,  ventricosa 
glubosa,  saojjuinea,  mammosa  pallida,  aadromedsefiora,  elata, 
and  Banksia.    Pine  healthy  plants  in  48-sized  pots. 

AZALEA  INDIC  A.  — Selection  from  the  following 
Tarie'ies,  d«.  to  2Is.  per  dozen,  very  strong  plants:  —  Alba 
magna,  innescene,  Edmondsii,  Glory  of  Sunning  Hill,  Hol- 
denii,  optima,  carmtoam,  alba  lutescens,  splendens,  delecta, 
Prince  Albert,  proectaria,  triumphans,  Hebe,  obtusa,  punici- 
flora,  corooata,  Minerva,  Perr>aoa,  Cupid,  vivicans.  Con- 
queror, coccinea  snperb,  lateritia  grandiflora,  magnifica  plena 
roiea  superba,  [ncompdrable,  Fulgens,  modeuta,  variegata, 
blanda,  rosea  punctata,  semi-duplex  maculata,  Lawrenceana, 
Bronghtonii,  Duke  of  Devonshire. 

Btove  and  Greenhonse  Plants  in  great  variety,  12jt.  to  24s. 
per  dozen. 

Strong  well-eatablished  plants  of  the  newest  and  best  kinds 
of  FucbBias,  Oa.  to  16j,  per  duzen. 

Fme  new  and  show  varieties  of  Pelarffoniume,  in  48-sized 
pot«,  very  strong,  bushy  plants,  Oa.  to  21s.  per  dozen. 

I>uhlias,  all  ihe  leading  kinds  of  former  years,  together  with 
the  novul'.ies  of  the  presiint  season,  from  Gs.  per  dozen. 

A  dtscripiive  Sprini^  Catalogue  will  be  sent  on  application. 

Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  April  24. 


WILLIAM  HUSSEY  begs  to  inform  his  Friends 
and  tlie  Public  that  hia  DtisCItlPTl VE  CATALOGUK 
of  Dahlias,  Cinerarias,  Geraniums,  IloUyhocke,  Verbenas, 
Fuchsias,  Cbryaanthemums,  C.irnations,  Picotees,  Pinks, 
Pansies,  Bedding  Plants,  Am.  &lc.,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be 
had  in  exchanjre  for  one  postage  stamp. 
Hurticul:ural  Gardens,  Norwich,  April  24. 

SEED^ND'^HORTlCULTUaAL~ESTABLiSH- 
MENT,  SUUBDllV,  SCFFOLK:. 
PRIZE  CERANIUIVIS. 
The  following  are  the  14  which  stand  tirst  as  the  mont  suc- 
cesslul  Prize  varieties  at  the  London  Exhibitions  of  1851,  as 
described  by  scale  xiven  in  "The  Florist"  of  December.  We 
beg  to  offer  the  14  for  VAs  ,  or  any  6  fur  9s.,  viz.,  Star,  Forget- 
me-not,  Galielina,  Hoaamoud,  Conspicuum,  Pearl,  Centurion, 
Siilcimander,  Rowuna,  Coustanue,  Negress,  Norab,  Ariel,  and 
Alonzo. 

25  superb  varieties,  including  the  above.    These  contain,    s.  d. 
also,  many  newer  varieties  which  have  not  yet  been 

so  fre^^ly  exhibited.     The  25  tor 35     0 

25  fine  show  varieties      22     0 

We  have  alao  a  large  stock  of  the  following  very  fine  and 
strong  :  — 

BEST    NEW    VARIETIES    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  12  for  503.,  or  any  G  for  2 


Hoyle's  Ajax. 

„        Ocellatutn. 

,,         May  Queen. 

„         Geueralistiimo. 

„        Cardinal. 
Bragg's  Exquisite. 

FANCY 


Beck's  Major  Domo. 

,,       Silk  Mercer, 

,,       Tyrian  Queen. 
Rundle's  Beauty  of  Montpelier. 
Walton's  Village  Maid. 
Foster's  Knight  of  Avenel. 
GERANIUMS. 


Any  12  of  the  following  for  I2s. :— Alboni,  Beauty,  Bouquet 
Tout  Fait,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Jehu,  Jehu  improved,  La  Belle 
d'Arricima,  Lady  F.  Hastings,  Maid  of  Anjou,  Ma.Mnifica, 
Modesta,  Queen  Victoria,  Statiuskii,  Village  Maid,  Wiutonia, 
Yeatmaniauum,  and  Zelia. 

BEST    NEW     FANCY    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  9  varieties  for  28s. 
Ambrose's  Belle  Marie,  I  Sheppard's  Little  Wonder, 

„  Gaiety.  |  Henderson's  Marion.  \ 

„  Daiicata.  ,,  Reine  de  Fleurs. 

Sheppard's  Miss  Sheppard.    |  ,,  Prince  Albert, 

Henderson's  Exquisite. 
ACHIMENES. 
Ihe  following  12  beautiful  varieties  for  IDs. 


THE    BEST    RIDGE    CUCUMBER. 

J  CHAMBERLAIN  can  with  confidence  say,  that 
•  tbts  fexi:elleut  CUCUMBER,  which  is  un  Hybrid  between 
tbe  Great  Britain  and  the  Common  Long  Prickly,  is  equally 
burdy  anil  prultflc  an  the  latter,  yet  po8Kt!8«ing  the  qualities  of 
the    lormer,    will    be   found   of    un'-qaalled    value   to    market 

Sardenera.  It  is  flrst-rate  for  hanfl-Kla^nea,  but  when  sown  in 
le  ifiid'Ji'i  of  May,  requires  no  betccr  treatment  than  Kidney 
Beans.  It  grows  from  12  Ui  18  lncho«  long,  and  is  worth  three 
tlmen  ai  much  at  market  as  the  Long  Prickly. 

S(M  the  itccnnat  of  the  produce  of  a  lew  plants  last  seaeon, 
in  the  Oanlener^  Clironic'^  of  November  22    1851, 

Amat^uri  who  give  the  above  superb  Hardy  Cucumber  a 
trial,  vtlll  And  themnelrcfi  welt  repaid.  Sold  In  packages  of 
12  H«edn  for  Is.,  or  48  Heeds  for  2f.  Od.  itt-mlttances  are  re- 
qa«st«d  with  orders  from  unknown  correApoo'lentu, 

JoDM  CflAHOBaLAiN,  Otest  Hofkcsluy,  Colchester,  Essex. 

CCAKCK  AND  KEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS 

^     KMPKIIOK    STOCK,    a     perennial  i!p.:ule»,   and   hardy 
UuO**-n'i»,  If. 

CLSKItAiirA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collectlonH 
of  IM-int»,  that  were  admitted  by  all  ptrnons  who  auw  tliem  to 
bfl  th*  noeot  thoy  had  ever  Accn  ;  25ij  seed*  of  the  former,  and 
VK)  .if  tli«  ln'ter,  la.  each  paper, 

UYOAOTl-i  AZOaiCU.S,  a  hed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
Dbrtli..rn  aopcci  Is  vttry  beautiful  ;  2<)lt  hotnlH,  U. 

CALENIMtlNIA  UMUBLLATA.  on«  of  th«  noatflut  growing 
ao'l  r/MMi  Mlltpini  tloworlnffof  all  beddinif  pl'mtn;  ICOflseodH,  le, 

BWKKT   WILLIAM,  In  lOfJ  viirl«ti«(»  ;  KJ.OUO  aoodi,  ]«. 

Pajrujeut  nmy  be  made  in  pontaxc  i»tafnp*i. 

Jtjtit  and  Co.,  ^unerlcs^  Northampton. 


Beaumanii. 

Bodnerii. 

Coccinea  grandiflppa* 

Eschtrriaua. 

Pimbriata. 

Kieii. 

12  Bne  varieties 


Longiflora  alba. 
Majtnitica  purpurea. 
Multiflora. 
Patens  major. 
Tugwelliana. 
Venuata. 
05. 


GLOXINIAS. 


Alba  grandlflora 
Argyrostlgma  ... 
Exquisite  ... 

Frederick  Lenning 
General  Bandraud 
Godfroid  de  Bouillon  . 


2s.  «d. 
2  6 
2  6 
2  6 
2  6 
2     6 


Maria  Van  Houtte 

Marginata 

Petoiana 

Pulcherrima 

Spectabilia 

Victoria  Re;5ina 


.  2s.  6d. 
.  2    6 


The  above  12  for  20s.,  or  any  6  for  12s. 

WEW     AND     SELECT      PLANTS. 

Strong  aod  fine. 


Gapanea  grandifiora,  I3.  6d., 

33. 6d..  OS. 
Allamanda  nerifolia,  2s.  Sd. 
Agelmyla  eiaminea,  Ss.  6d.,  5s, 
Cantua    depeudens.     Is.  6d., 

2s.  &i. 
Hoya  hella,  with  flower-bude, 

3s.  ea. 


Hoya  bella,  fine  plants,  Is.  6d., 

2a.  ^d. 
MediniUd  magnifica,   IO3.  Gd,, 

15s. 
Dielytra  apectabilia,  Is.  Gd. 
Deutzia  gracilis,  23. 6d.,  3s,  Gd. 
Efcallonia  macrantha,  8s.  Gd., 

5s. 


SPRING  CATALOGUES  sent,  prepaid,  for  four  postage 
stamp:-;  and  AUTUMN  CATALOGUES,  containing  most  of 
the  tlardy  Plants,  for  two  postage  stamps,  which  may  be  de- 
ducted from  orders. 

GOODS,  CARRIAGE  FREE,  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich, 
or  any  station  on  the  same  line ;  and  with  orders  of  21,  and 
upwards  extra  plants  added  gratis. 

Remittances  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 

Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  to  Stephen  Bbown, 
or  to 

BASS  AND  BROWN,  Sddbuet,  Suffolk. 


STORY'S    NEW    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS. 

JOHN  DOBSON  will  send  out  on  and  after  the 
20th  of  April,  the  four  SUPERB  NEW  SEEDLING 
FUCHSIAS  raised  by  U.  H.  Stoky,  Esq. — a  remittance  to  ac- 
company the  order.     The  plants  are  well  established. 

AGNES. — Fine  dark  purple,  corolla  almost  black,  gradually 
changing  to  deep  brown,  weil-foimed  and  double  corolla,  sepals 
deep  cnms  m,  slightly  reflexed,  medium-sized  flower;  this 
variety  will  be  found  perTeccly  distinct,  good  habit,  10s.  6d. 

AURORA. —  This  variety  will  be  found  first-rate  in  every 
respecr,  flower  very  large,  in  the  st^le  of  Corallina,  but  quite 
distinct  from  that  variety,  corolla  deep  purple,  fine  form  tube, 
and  sepals  l0"ffi  good  shape,  fine  habit,  and  free  bloomer  ;  this 
variety  is  strongly  recommended,  lOs.  Gd, 

FANTOME. — this  is  one  of  the  tiuest-qualitied  flowers  yet 
sent  out ;  tube  and  sepals  waxy  bright  crimson,  sepals  reflexed, 
corolla  fine,  double  violet  purple  ;  splendid  habit,  7e.  Gd. 

PECULIARITY. — Thi-i  variety,  as  its  name  implies,  is  very 
peculiar,  having  deep  rose  stripes  or  a  dark  double  purple, 
coroU  I  nhort  tube,  and  sepals,  73.  Gd. 

These  have  been  greatly  admired  and  pronounced  by  several 
excellent  judges  who  saw  them  in  bloom  at  Woodlands  Nur- 
sery, late  last  season,  to  be  first-rate  in  every  respect.  The 
seta  of  four  to  the  trade,  27s.  Package  and  carriage  free  to 
London.  Early  orders  are  solicited,  as  but  few  sets  remain 
unordered. 

J.  D.  has  all  the  leading  sorts  of  other  raisers  la  strong 
plants  and  at  moderate  prices. 

John  Dobson  bwirs  also  to  say  that  but  few  sets  remain  of  the 
Plargnnium3,  Bonding  out  at  42a.  ond  21s.  per  dozen,  carriage 
and  package  free  to  London. 

The  few  plautB  that  remain  of  Mr.  Beck's  new  Seedlings  o( 
1850,  are  many  of  them  Hhowing  color.  The  plants  are  strong 
itnd  healtljy  ;  purchasers  Bhk>uld  lose  no  time  in  makicg  their 
selections. 

A  DoHcriptive  Catalogue  of  all  the  leading  varieties  of  Beok'n, 
FoBter'H,  Hoyle's,  and  other  raiHOrs'  Pelargoniums.  Story'h 
now  FuohsiiiH ;  ull  tlao  loading  vurietioa  ot  Verbenas,  die  , 
which  are  now  sending  out  la  etrong  plants,  may  bo  hud  in  ex 
change  fnr  one  [lostage-stump. 

HOLLYHOCK  Sued  In  packots  of  lOO  fieode,  saved  from  the 
cbolcoit  varlerio«,  post-free  for  18  penny  stumps. 

ANTIURIIINUM  Sued,  saved  from  th(J  best  variotleB,  in 
pucketB,  poBt.frot^,  for  8  p(Miny  rtUunps. 

A  large  Block  of  bcddlug-out  plants  in  May,  from  2ff.  toOs. 
per  dosen. 

Joim  Dodkon'h  "Practical  ObHorvatlons  on  the  cultivation 
of  the  PtliiiKoiiiuni,"  which  Lbh  been  Bo  t'uvourubly  noticed  In 
the  Oardciicra^  Vhrotda'.c 

The  "  KlorlHi  and  ttiu  Onrdonors'  Record"  is  now  ready,  and 
will  be  forwarded,  post-frc'v,  upon  receipt  of  8  penny  atumpa. 
Wuudlauds  Nursery,  Isluworth, 


M 


NEW   AMD   BEAUTIFUL   DAHLIA   "LIZZY" 

FIGURED    IN    THE    "  G  RE  EN  H0U.5B    AND    GARDEN" 

FOR  APRIL. 

ESSRS.  COLE  AND  SHARP  beg  to  inform  their 

Friends  and  the  Public,  that  thev  h:.ve  purchaflcd  the 
entire  Stock,  from  Mr.  C.  J  Perry,  of  the  above  mont  exquisite 
Flower.  In  additum  to  the  raiser's  guarantee  of  its  desir- 
ability, they  are  jusufied  m  saying  that  it  will  be  found  a  great 
acquisition  la  its  class,  and  will  prove  the  most  attractiva 
Flower  in  any  stand.  The  ground-colour  is  a  pure  pearly 
white,  stron-ly  tipped  with  deep  cherry.  The  petals  are  per- 
fect in  form,  the  centre  is  beautifully  arranged  and  tho  eya 
well  up  :  habit  good,  and  bloomD  very  constant.  Unlike  most 
hght  varieiies,  the  fl  .wers  come  perfectly  clean  and  pure  in 
colour,  without  being  shaded.  The  f.llowing  awards  and 
U'tmmendaiiOQfl,  which  it  has  received  during  the  past  season 
will  bo  a  lurther  proof  of  i'-s  value  as  a  mIiow  vaiiety.  Firstl 
class  Certificate  at  the  Shacttlewell  Grand  Dahlia  Show  foe 
six  bloomH  ;  firat-class  Certificate  at  Walsall,  tor  six  blooms. 
A  Silver  Medal,  for  six  blooms,  at  the  Handsworth  and  Luzells 
Society's  autumn  exhibition. 

The  Gardeners' Chronicle  says,  ***Lizzy'i9  the  very  atfme  of 
form,  and  highly  attractive."  Beck's  "  Florist  "  says,  "  '  Lizzy  ' 
is  the  exact  counterpart  of  Keyne's  'Queen  of  England,'  but 
more  certain." 

Mr.  Glenny,  in  the  "Garden  Almanack," says  it  is  a  small 
but  perfect  Dahlia. 

Plants  early  in  May,  10s.  Gd.  each.  The  usual  discount  to 
the  Trade  when  three  are  ordered.  A  remittance  required 
from  unknown  correspondents.  Post-office  orders  payable  at 
Birmingham, 

Aston  Lane  Nursery,  near  Birmingham. 


NOTICE.— HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  2s.  6d.  ;  GER- 
MAN ASTER  SEED,  Is,;  SWEET  WILLIAVI  SEED, 
Is.:  ANTIRRHINUM  SEBD,  Is.;  and  GIANT  ScJARLET 
BROMPTON  STUCK  SEED,  Is.  per  packet.  C^PTIVATION 
CUCUMBEK,  5s;  PHENOMENA  CUCUMBER,  23.  Gd.  ; 
GOLDEN  BALL  MF.LON  SEED,  2s.  Gd.  ;  and  BROMHAM 
HaLL  MKLON  SEED,  Is.  per  packet,  as  see  Qardenera* 
CJiTOnicle  of  last  week  for  the  former,  and  of  Feb.  21,  1852,  for 
the  iaiter. 

Good  sound  seeds  of  the  above  varieties  can  still  be  obtained, 
post  fr^e,  on  enclosing  the  requisite  amount  in  penny  postage 
stamns. 

A  packet  of  each  of  the  above  fine  varieties  of  Flower  Seeds 
will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  amount  of  os..  postage  free. 

Edward  Tiley.  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Somersetshire. 


CHOICE  AND  RARE  SEEDS,  selected  from 
General  List,  sold  by  WILLIAM  DENYfR,  Seedsman 
ani3  Florist,  82.  Gracechurch-street,  near  the  Spread  Eagle, 
London,  at  the  following  price  per  paper  : — 

ABRONIA  UMKELLAl'A,  orange  and  jellov.  Is,  A  new 
and  very  beautiful  trailing  plant ;  highly  fmniaut:. 

ANTIRRHINUM,  or  SNAPDRAGON,  Gd.  Saved  by  an 
mateur  f' om  a  most  splendid  coHectiim. 

BELLIS  PBRENNIS,  or  DAISY,  very  double,  Gd.  Saved  from 
the  new  German  varieties;  brilliant  colours,  varying  from  tha 
deepest  crimson  to  white,  through  all  ihe  differ  nt  shades. 

CaLLISTEPHUS  CHINENSIS,  Gd.  A  newt^lobularvariety 
of  China  Aater ;  very  double,  and  brilliant  colours. 

CENTRANTHUS  MaCROSIPHON  CARNEUS,  fid.  A  beau- 
tiful free-fiowerinir  annual. 

E3CHSCH0LTZIA  GRANDIFLORA  ALBA,  6  A  new 
and   beautiful  hurdv  variety. 

FUCHSIA  CORYMBIFLORA  ALBA,  Gd.  Producing  long 
white    ubular  flowers,  with  crimson  centre,  splendid. 

GRAMM\NTHES  GENXIANOIDES,  6d.  A  beautiful  annual 
for  growing  in  pots. 

HIBISCUS  CALISUREUS,  6d.  Colour,  bright  yellow,  with 
crimt=on  centre. 

LOBELIA  RAMOSA  RUBRA,  splendid,  quite  new,  Gd. 

LUPINUS  AFPINIS,  new,  pure  white  with  deep  blue,  Gd. 

PaNSY,  from  the  best  named  flowers.  Is.  Saved  by  Thom- 
son and  other  eminent  growers. 

SAPONARIA  CALABRICA,  bright  pink, 6d.  Beautiful  for 
grownir  in  clumps  ov  fur  rock  work. 

SCHIZANTHUS  RETUSUS  ALBUS,  fid.  Pure  white,  with 
orange  centre.  One  of  the  most  beautitul  annuals  grown, 
ei'her  tor  pot  culture  or  the  open  ground. 

TRITOMA  DVARIA,  Is.  A  hardy  perennial,  growing  from 
4  to  5  feet  high,  producing  long  spikes  of  crimson  and  orange- 
coloured  flowerp. 

SCaNDIX  BULBOSA,  or  Turnip-rooted  Chervil,  a  delicious 
vegetable,  Gd. 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  24,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOa  THE  ENSOING  WEEK. 

.     ,,     „^(  British  ircliitecto   8  p.m. 

MOWDAT.       April     -t'^QeoRrflpbical SJp.M. 

I  Civil  EnglneerB     8  p.m. 

TOEBDAT,  —       27  <  Medical  and  ChirurRlcai SJp.M. 

(ZooloKloal 1*  P.M. 

„  ^(Society  of  Arts .....3  P.BI. 

WUDMBBDAT.     —         ^  i  MJcrOBCOpiCrtl    ..SP.M. 

fLondOQ  Institution  (Annlveraary)  12a.m. 

ZooloKlcal  (do.) ,,■•;■••.'  '■"-  ■ 

rnoBBDAT,       —       23-!  Itoyal  Soc.  of  Literature  (do  ).,  a  P.M. 

I  Antiquarian 8  P.M.  ' 

I  Royal Sjp.u. 

FaiDAT  -       30-Koy»lloitltntlon......     ........SJp.JI. 

(  aorllcultural  lAnnivoraary)  ..,,1  p.m. 

Sahiidat      May       1<  Royal  Botanic Mp.m. 

(Medical   "  t^'«- 

Couhtbt  Saows.-TueBday,   April  27;,  Mc«U..-WendneBd»y,  April  23: 
HaudawortbaudLozelis.— TfiurBdiiy.  April  20!  Oxfordshire. 
. # 

At  last  the  mystery  of  the  Yellow  Camellia  is 
solved,  and  we  may  finally  make  up  our  minds  that 
De  Candolle's  theory  of  colours  is  valueless.  It 
was  an  ingenious  idea  to  divide  all  plants  between 
one  or  the  other  of  two  series  ;  the  xanthic,  or  yellow 
species,  never  passing  into  blues  ;  and  the  cyanic, 
or  blue  species  never  passing  into  yellow.  But  the 
exceptions  prove  too  many  for  the  rule  ;  and  we 
must  not  be  startled  at  a  blue  Dahlia,  although  the 
Dahlia  is  xanthic,  since  we  have  a  yellow  Camellia, 
although  the  Camellia  is  cyanic.  Mr.  Kortune,  in 
his  vei-y  instructive  work  on  the  Tea  Countries 
of  China,*  just  published,  saw  this  remarkable 
variety,  of  which  lie  gives  the  following  account  :— 

"  Those  who  have  read  my  '  Wanderings  in  China ' 
may  remember  a  story  I  told  of  my  endeavours  to 
find  ayellow  Camellia, — how  I  offered  fivedollars  for 

•  A  Jounii.y  ti>  tiK'  Tun  Countries  of  China;  inoluilliig  Sung- 
lo  nnil  Iho  Holiln  IIllln,  <to.  ;  by  Kobovt  Furtuuo,  with  miip 
audlllustratlouu;  8vo.    Murray. 


260 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[April  24, 


one— how  a  Chinaman  soon  found  two  instead  ofi 
.one — and  how  he  got  the  money  and  I  got  taken  in. 

'•'In  one  of  these  nurseries,  however,  I  found  a 
yeUow  Camellia,  and  it  was  in  bloom  when  I  bought 
it.  It  is  certainly  a  most  curious  plant,  although 
not  very  handsome.  The  flowers  belong  to  the 
Anemone  or  Warratah  class  ;  the  outer  petals  are  of 
a  French  white,  and  the  inner  ones  are  of  a  Prim- 
rose yellow.  It  appears  to  be  a  very  distinct 
species  in  foliage,  and  may  probably  turn  out  more 
hardy  than  any  of  its  race." 

To  all  lovers  of  horticulture,  the  work  from  which 
this  is  an  extract,  is  indispensable,  for  it  abounds  in 
interesting  details  respecting,  not  merely  the 
novelties  met  with  by  the  enterprising  traveller, 
hut  many  of  ihe  now  common  favourites  in  our 
gardens.  The  passages  which  relate  to  some  of 
them  cannot  be  brought  too  soon  under  the  notice 
of  our  readers. 

Of  the  Funereal  Cj/press  he  gives  the  following 
account: — 

"  The  most  beautiful  tree  found  in  this  district  is  a 
species  of  weeping  Cypress,  which  I  had  never  met 
with  in  any  other  part  oif  China,  and  which  was 
quite  new  to  me.  It  was  during  one  of  my  daily 
rambles  that  I  saw  the  first  specimen.  About  half 
a  mile  distant  from  where  I  was  I  observed  a  noble- 
looking  Fir  tree,  about  60  feet  in  height,  having  a 
stem  as  straight  as  the  Norfolk  Island  Pine,  and 
weeping  branches  like  the  Willow  of  St.  Helena. 
Its  branches  grew  at  first  at  right  angles  to  the  main 
stem,  then  described  a  graceful  curve  upwards,  and 
bent  again  at  their  points.  Fiom  these  main 
branches  others  long  and  slender  hung  down  per- 
pendicularly, and  gave  the  whole  tree  a  weeping 
and  graceful  form.  It  reminded  me  of  some  of 
those  large  and  gorgeous  chandeliers,  sometimes 
seen  in  theatres  and  public  halls  in  Europe." 

The  gardeners  at  Shanghae  seem  to  set  an  example 
of  skill  which  some  of  our  own  people  would 
do  well  to  imitate.  In  the  midst  of  winter,  in  as 
bad  a  climate  as  that  of  London,  the  flower  shops 
were  gaily  filled ; — • 

*'  I  was  not  previously  aware  that  the  practice  of 
forcing  flowers  was  common  in  China.  Many  plants  of 
Magnolia  purpurea  were  in  full  flower  ;  as  were  also 
many  kinds  of  double-blossomed  Peaches,  the  pretty 
little  Prunus  sinensis  alba,  and  a  variety  of  Camellias. 
But  what  struck  me  as  most  remai'kable  was  the  facility 
■with  which  the  Moutan  Pseony  had  been  brought  into 
full  bloom.  Several  varieties  of  this  plant  were  in  full 
flower;  and  at  this  season  of  the  year,  when  everything 
out  of  doors  was  cold  and  dreary,  they  had  a  most 
lively  effect.  Their  blooms  were  tied  up,  to  keep  them 
from  expanding  too  rapidly.  All  these  tnings  had  been 
brought  from  the  celebrated  city  of  Soo-chow-foo,  the 
great  emporium  of  Chinese  fashion  and  luxury. 

"  It  may  be  thought  that  the  Chinese  have  glass  houses^ 
hot-water  pipes,  and  all  tlwse  jme  things  which  a^si^t 
gardeners  and  amatews  in  Europe.  Nothing  of  ihe 
hind  ;  they  do  all  these  things  in  their  Iiouses  and  sh^ds, 
with  common  charcoal  fires,  and  a  quantity  of  straio  to 
stop  up  the  crevices  in  the  doors  and  windows. 

"  At  this  season  of  the  year  the  *  Kum-quat '  (Citi'us 
japonica),  which  is  extensively  grown  in  pots,  is  lite- 
rally covered  with  its  small,  oval,  orange-coloured  fruit. 
This  as  well  as  various  other  species  of  the  Orange  is 
mixed  with  the  forced  flowers,  and  together  produce  an 
excellent  efiect.  I  think  if  the  '  Kum-quat'  was  better 
known  at  home  it  would  be  highly  prized  for  decorative 
purposes  during  the  winter  months.  It  is  much  more 
hardy  than  any  other  of  its  tribe  ;  it  produces  its  flowers 
and  fruit  in  great  abundance,  and  it  would  doubtless 
prove  a  plant  of  easy  cultivation.  In  order,  however,  to 
?  :2cceed  with  it  as  well  as  the  Chinese  do,  one  little  fact 
should  be  kept  in  view,  namely,  that  alJ  the  plants  of 
the  Orange  tribe  which  bear  fruit  in  a  small  state  are 
grafted." 

Of  themanagement  of  the  Chrysanthemum  wehave 
excellent  practical  details  : — 

"  The  method  of  cultivating  the  Chrysanthemum  in 
China  is  as  follows  : — Cuttings  are  struck  every  year 
from  the  young  shoots,  in  the  same  manner  as  we  do 
in  England.  When  they  are  rooted  they  are  potted  off 
at  once  into  the  pots  in  which  they  are  to  grow  and 
bloom  ;  that  is,  they  are  grown  upon  what  would  be 
called  by  our  gardeners  '  the  one-shift  system.' 
_  "  The  soil  used  in  potting  is  of  a  very  rich  descrip- 
tion. ^  About  Canton  it  is  generally  obtained,  in  the 
first  instance,  from  the  bottom  of  lakes  or  ponds,  where 
the  Nelumbium  or  Water-lily  grows.  It  is  then  laid 
up  to  dry  and  pulverise  for  some  months,  when  it  is 
mixed  with  old  night-soil  taken  from  the  manure-tanks 
found  in  every  garden.  A  heap  of  this  kind,  after 
.  being  laid  up  for  some  time  and  frequently  turned  over, 
IS  in  a  fit  state  for  potting  the  Chrysanthemum.  Manure- 
water,  taken  also  from  the  tanks,  is  liberally  supphed 


during  the 


;rowiiig  season,  and  its  effects  are  visible  in 


tied  down  in  a  neat  and  regular  manner  with  strings 
of  silk-thread.  By  liaving  the  plants  clothed  with 
branches  in  this  way,  and  by  keeping  the  leaves 
in  a  green  and  healthy  state,  the  specimens  never  have 
that  bare  .and  broom-headed  appearance  which  they 
often  present  in  England  when  they  are  taken  into  the 
greenhouse  in  ^vinter. 

"  About  Shanghae  and  Ning-po  the  Chrysanthemum 
is  still  better  managed  than  it  is  near  Canton  ;  but  the 
success  which  attends  it  may  be  attributed,  partly  at 
least,  to  the  more  favourable  nature  of  the  climate,  tlie 
plant  being  indigenous  to  the  central  or  more  northern 
parts  of  the  empire.  The  system  of  cultivation  is  nearly 
the  same — the  main  points  attended  to  being  those  which 
have  been  noticed,  namely,  choosing  a  rich  soil,  planting 
at  once  into  large  pots,  training  to  a  single  stem,  and 
inducing  it  to  send  out  numerous  laterals,  and  giving 
liberal  supplies  of  manure-water  during  the  gi'owing 
season.  The  Chinese  are  fond  of  having  very  large 
blooms,  and,  in  order  to  obtain  these,  they  generally 
pick  off  all  the  small  flower-buds." 

Here  is  a  graphic  description  of  a  Ort/ptomeria, 
from  which  we  may  judge  what  it  ought  to  become 
among  ourselves : — 

''  Never  in  my  life  had  T  seen  such  a  view  as  this,  so 
grand,  so  sublime.  High  rjinges  of  mountains  were 
towering  on  my  right  and  on  my  left,  whfle  before  me, 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  the  whole  country  seemed 
broken  up  into  mountains  and  hiUs  of  all  heights,  with 
peaks  of  every  form. 

"  While  gazing  with  wonder  and  admix'ation  on  the 
scene,  my  attention  was  arrested  by  a  solitary  Pine-tree 
of  great  size,  standing  about  a  hundred  yards  from  the 
gateway.  No  other  trees  of  any  size  were  near  it.  Its 
solitary  position  near  the  pass,  and  its  great  height  and 
beautiful  symmetry,  made  it  appear  a  most  striking 
object.  *  What  could  it  be  ?  was  it  new,  or  did  we 
already  possess  it  in  England  1'  I  must  confess  that  for 
a  few  seconds  I  had  eyes  for  nothing  else.  Chairs, 
coolies,  and  mountains  were  all  forgotten,  and  I  believe, 
had  the  guard  of  Celestials  attempted  to  prevent  me 
from  going  into  Fokien,  the  only  boon  I  should  have 
asked  at  their  hands  would  have  been  to  be  aUowed  to 
go  and  inspect  this  noble  Pine. 

"  The  Chinese  guard,  however,  had  not  the  slightest 
intention  of  interfering  with  my  movements,  and,  as 
the  tree  was  on  the  roadside,  I  soon  came  up  to  it,  and 
found.it  to  be  the  Japan  Cedar  (Cryptomeria  japonica), 
a  tree  which  I  had  already  introduced  into  England, 
and  which,  even  in  a  young  state,  had  been  greatly  ad- 
mired there.  I  had  never  before  seen  such  a  noble 
specimen,  and,  although  I  would  rather  it  had  been 
something  new,  I  yet  felt  proud  of  having  been  the 
means  of  introducing  into  Europe  a  tree  of  such  size, 
symmetry,  and  beauty.  It  was  at  least  120  feet  in 
height, —  it  might  be  much  more, — as  straight  as  a  larch, 
and  had  its  lower  branches  drooping  to  the  ground. 
It  had  not  been  *  lopped,'  like  other  Chinese  trees,  and 
was  evidently  preserved  with  great  care.  My  China- 
men looked  upon  it  with  great  admiration,  and  in- 
formed me  it  was  the  only  specimen  of  the  kind  in  this 
part  of  the  country,  and  that  it  had  been  planted  by 
some  former  emperor  when  he  crossed  the  mountains." 

Ctmninghamia  lanceolata  would  seem  to  be  a 
much  finer  thing  than  in  this  country  it  is  believed 
to  be : — 

"  The  sides  of  the  mountains  here  were  clothed 
with  dense  woods  of  the  lance-leaved  Pine  (Cun- 
ninghamia  lanceolata).  This  was  the  first  time  I 
had  seen  this  Fir  tree  of  sufficient  size  to  render  it 
of  value  for  its  timber.  Many  of  the  specimens 
were  at  least  80  feet  in  height,  and  perfectly  straight. 
There  was  a  richness  too  in  the  appearance  of  its 
foliage  which  I  had  never  seen  before  ;  sometimes 
it  was  of  a  deep  green  colour,  while  at  others  it  was 
of  a  bluish  tint.  There  are,  doubtless,  many  varieties 
of  this  tree  amongst  these  hills." 

But  we  must  close  our  extracts  from  Mr.  For- 
tune's book.  Upon  the  main  object  of  it,  namely, 
the  character  of  the  Tea  countries  of  China,  and  the 
Tea  plantations  of  India,  and  upon  the  able  manner 
in  which  the  author  executed  a  delicate  and  some- 
what dangerous  task,  we  shall  have  something  to  say 
next  week. 


which, 


the  luxuriant  dark-green  leaves  which  cover  the  plants. 
In  forming  the  plants  into  nice  compact  bushes, 
with  due  deference  to  Chinese  taste,  I  think 
much  prettier  than  animals  and '  seven-storied  pai-odas,' 
their  system  is  as  follows  :— The  plants  are  trained 
each  with  a  single  stem;  this  is  forced  to  send 
out  numerous   laterals   near  its  base,  and  these   are 


only  need  it  once  a  weelt,  the  roots  have  more  food  at 
at  command,  the  temperature  and  humidity  of  the  bed 
being  more  uniform,  and  evaporation  not  so  excessive  as 
when  the  roots  are  confined  within  the  narrow  limits  of 
small  pots  ;  besides,  when  plants  that  are  in  turf  do 
require  water,  the  watering  can  be  effected  expeditiously 
with  the  rose  of  the  watering-pot,  but  in  the  other  case 
it  cannot,  for  some  may  and  some  may  not  require  water 
at  the  same  time. 

I  have  stated  on  a  previous  occasion  that  I  pro- 
pagate the  greater  portion  of  my  bedding  stuff  on  my 
vinery  border,  covering  the  cuttings  with  the  portable 
tops  of  hand-glasses ;  they  are  thoroughly  watered 
when  put  in,  and  the  glasses  are  never  moved  (except 
to  dry  up  superfluous  moisture),  until  the  cuttings  are 
well  rooted  ;  directly  the  plants  begin  to  grow,  their 
tops  ai'e  pinched  off"  to  ensure  a  sturdy  growth  ;  when 
in  a  moveable  condition,  I  prepare  pita  and  frames  for 
their  reception.  In  these  I  dispense  with  artificial  heat,  by 
merely  keeping  the  lights  on  and  fully  exposing  the  surface 
to  the  warming  influence  of  the  sun's  rays.  Shallow  turf- 
pits  are  excellent  for  this  purpose ;  but  if  not  naturaUy 
shallow,  they  are  filled  to  within  8  or  10  inches  of  the 
top  with  half  decayed  leaves  used  for  winter-forcmg  ; 
these  are  made  as  solid  as  possible,  and  on  them  is  laid 
an  inch  or  more  of  coal-ashes.  These  are  indispensable, 
as  they  prevent  the  turf  from  adhering  to  the  subsoil, 
and  render  it  capable  of  being  taken  out  as  entire  and 
cleanly  as  when  first  put  in.  The  turf  is  cut  into  slips 
from  Sj  to  3  inches  in  width,  and  laid  on  an  even 
surface,  with  the  grassy  side  downwards.  The  whole 
surface  being  thus  closely  covered,  small  holes  are  cut 
about  1  inch  deep,  and  \\  inch  in  diameter,  with  an 
instrument  I  had  made  for  the  purpose,  and  with  which 
a  thousand  holes  can  be  cut  in  a  very  short  time. 

The  turf  being  thus  perforated,  the  plants  ai'e  carefully 
lifted  and  placed  in  the  holes,  using  leaf-mould  and 
light  loam,  equal  parts  (sifted),  with  a  portion  of  sharp 
sand ;  this  compost  is  fu-mly  pressed  about  the  roots 
as  the  process  of  planting  proceeds  ;  when  completed, 
a  copious  watering  is  given  through  a  fine  rose  with 
tepid  water.  The  lights  are  then  put  on  and  kept  quite 
close,  and  shading  is  applied  during  the  hottest  part  of 
the  day.  When  the  plants  have  emitted  fresh  roots 
and  commenced  growing,  the  shoots  are  constantly 
stopped,  and  plenty  of  air  is  given  to  keep  them  dwarf 
and  bushy.  To  encom'age  rapid  growth  the  hghts  are 
closed  early  in  the  afternoon,  with  a  sUght  sprinkling 
over  head  in  warm  weather  ;  but  as  the  season  for 
turning  out  approaches  protection  is  dispensed  with 
altogether.  When  that  period  arrives  the  sods  are  cut 
through  between  each  plant  and  planted  entire,  giving  a 
liberal  watering,  and  choosing,  if  possible,  dull  cloudy 
weather  for  the  operation. 

Plants  may  be  successfully  and  advantageously 
treated  in  this  way  by  growing  them  in  boxes  2  or 
3  inches  deep.  In  these  variety  and  colour  can  be 
arranged  in  each  box  respectively,  and  being  portable 
they  can  be  shifted  from  one  place  to  another  with 
every  facility.  In  labelling  one  only  is  requu'ed  for 
two  or  three  score  of  plants,  or  200  or  300  when  bedded 
in  pits,  precluding  the  necessity  of  individual  labelling, 
which  is  generally  essential  when  pots  are  employed,  to 
prevent  confusion.  Oeorge  Fry,  Gardener  to  Mrs.  Dent, 
Manor  House,  Lee. 


BEDDING  PLANTS  IN  TURF. 

In  establishments  of  ordinary  magnitude  thousands 
of  plants  are  generally  required  for  embellishing 
the  flower  garden  during  the  summer  months,  and 
the  manipulator  is  not  unfrequently  at  a  loss  to 
know  what  scheme  to  contrive  to  get  pots  equal  to 
the  demand.  Such  has  been  my  experience,  and 
it  has  led  me  to  employ  turf  as  a  substitute,  which 
(when  it  can  be  obtained)  is  an  excellent  material  for 
the  purpose  ;  in  fact,  in  point  of  economy  it  is  very 
far  preferable  to  pots,  I  do  not  pretend  to  infer  that 
pots  can  be  entirely  dispensed  with,  my  object  is  to 
show  to  a  certain  extent  what  may  be  done  without 
their  aid.  Pots  for  the  purpose  of  which  I  treat,  are 
only  required  for  about  two  months  out  of  12,  and  if 
we  can  lessen  the  number  required,  and  that  too  advan- 
tageously as  regards  cultivation,  so  much  the  better, 

I  find  that  plants  in  turf  do  not  involve  so  much 
labour  as  they  do  in  pots,  for  if  in  the  latter, 
in  very  dry  weather  they  require  watering  evex'y  day, 
and  sometimes  twice,  whereas,  if  they  are  in  turf,  they 


RONDELETIA  SPECIOSA  MAJOR. 

The  brilliant  orange-scarlet  blossoms  of  this  plant 
render  it  exceedingly  attractive  ;  and  the  petals  are  of 
a  somewhat  thick  leathery  nature,  which  enables 
them  to  withstand  the  action  of  sun  and  damp  longer 
than  most  flowers.  The  natural  habit  of  growth  Is 
rather  thin  and  straggling,  but  with  a  httle  timely  care 
it  is  easily  induced  to  form  a  compact  specimen.  In 
cultivation  it  likes  a  rather  high  temperature  and  moist 
atmosphere,  during  the  growing  season,  but  if  managed 
so  as  to  have  it  in  flower  early  in  summer  it  may  be 
removed  to  a  close  part  of  the  conservatory  or  green- 
house with  advantage,  where  the  flowers  will  remain 
longer  in  perfection,  and  to  most  persons  will  be  more ' 
enjoyable  than  if  retained  in  a  higher  temperature. 

In  choosing  your  plants  for  specimens  select  such 
as  are  clean,  healthy,  dwarf,  and  well-rooted, 
carefully  avoiding  any  that  are  infested  with  thrips. 
These  should  be  at  hand  ready  to  be  placed  in  a 
warm  growing  temperatiu'e  early  in  spring,  and 
if  it  [can  be  conveniently  done,  plunge  the  pots  in  a 
bottom  heat  of  from  80"  to  90°  ;  this  is  not  absolutely 
necessary,  but  it  will  greatly  assist  in  promoting  a 
healthy  root  action,  and  consequently  a  vigorous  growth. 
When  the  plants  show  symptoms  of  pushing,  ascertain 
whether  they  require  more  pot  room,  and  regulate  the 
size  of  the  shift  by  the  state  of  the  roots  and  general 
health  of  the  plants— maintain  a  moist  atmosphere  for  a 
fortnight  after  potting,  and  syringe  over  head  frequently, 
but  apply  water  to  the  roots  very  carefully,  until  it  is 
evident  that  they  have  taken  to  the  fresh  soil ;  indeed 
beginners  cannot  at  any  time  be  too  cautious  in  watering 
plants  in  bottom  heat— they  should  carefully  ascertain 
whether  the  soil  is  dry  below  the  surface  before  applymg 
water.  A  tank  or  dung  pit,  where  the  plants  can  be 
placed  near  the  glass,  and  where  a  moist  atmosphere 
and  temperature  of  about  70°  can  be  maintained,  will 
be  the  most  suitable  situation  for  the  plants  during  tliis 
season's  growth  ;  a  slight  shade  may  be  afforded  them 
for  a  few  hours  in  the  middle  of  the  day  durmg 
bright  weather.  If  a  second  shift  is  required  this 
should  be  attended  to  as  soon  as  it  appears  neces- 
sary,   and    the   plants    should   be    carefully    watered 


17—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


at  the  roots  after  this  shift,  as  aU-eady  recom- 
mended. If  compact  bushy  specimens  are  desired, 
it  will  be  neeesary  to  persevere  in  stopping  any  over- 
luxuriant  shoots,  and  if  the  plants  ai*e  excited  by  a 
high  atmospheric  temperature  without  corresponding 
care  to  keep  up  a  healthy  and  vigorous  root  action,  it 
may  be  necessary  to  give  a  general  stopping  at  least 
twice  during  the  season.  Perliaps  the  best  advice, 
however,  is  to  stop  as  frequently  during  the  growing 
season  as  may  be  necessary  to  secure  handsomely- 
formed  specimens.  Shading  should  be  discontinued  as 
early  in  autumn  as  the  state  of  the  plants  and  weather 
will  admit,  and  air  should  be  freely  supplied  in  order 
that  the  young  wood  may  be  properly  ripened  previous 
to  winter.  A  temperature  of  about  45°  or  50°  will  be 
sufficiently  high  during  the  winter  months  ;  and  while 
in  this  low  temperature  very  little  water  will  be  required, 
and  care  must  be  observed  to  give  merely  enough  to 
keep  the  soil  in  a  healthy  moist  state.  On  the  return 
of  spring,  and  as  early  as  convenient,  place  the 
plants  again  in  a  moist  growing  heat,  shift,  stop,  &c.,  as 
reconmiended  for  last  season's  growth,  only  the  stopping 
should  be  confined  to  what  may  be  necessary  in  order 
to  curb  any  over  active  shoots,  allowing  the  plants  to 
produce  blossoms  as  early  iu  tlie  season  as  they  may 
incline  to  do  so.  If  a  portion  of  the  plants  is  required 
for  late  blooming,  this  may  be  secured  by  giving  such 
an  extra  shift,  and  pinching  out  the  flowers  as  they 
appear  ;  but  this  must  not  be  continued  after  the  middle 
of  June  if  the  plants  are  intended  to  be  placed  in  a  cool- 
house  -vhile  in  flower.  If  the  cultivator's  object  is  to 
secure  large  specimens,  it  will  be  advisable  to  keep  them 
growing  as  actively  as  possible  during  this  season  also 
and  if  kept  in  an  ordinary  stove  they  will  flower  during 
the  eai'ly  months  of  winter,  and  will  be  valuable  for 
affording  gay-coloured  blossoms  for  bouquets.  Plants  in- 
tended to  be  removed  to  the  conservatory  or  greenhouse 
while  in  bloom  should  be  gradually  prepared  for  the 
change,  and  should  be  placed  in  the  closest  corner  of  the 
house  to  which  they  are  removed.  When  their  beauty  is 
over  for  the  season,  remove  them  to  a  rather  dry  warm 
atmosphere,  and  freely  expose  them  to  light  and  air. 

It  will  be  necessary  after  the  plants  have  attained  the 
desired  size  to  cut  them  back  rather  freely  annually 
before  placing  them  in  heat  in  spring — and  no  fears  need 
he  entertained  about  using  the  knife  over  freely  ; 
weakly,  ill-placed  shoots  should  be  cut  out  altogether, 
and  strong  growing  ones  cut  back  sufiiciently  to  maintain 
the  desired  form  the  specimens  should  possess. 

Rich,  fibry  peat  will  be  found  the  most  suitable  soil 
for  the  gi'owth  of  the  Rondeletia  ;  those  wlio  can  obtain 
light  turfy  loam  may  add  one-fourth  of  this.  The  peat 
should  be  broken  up  into  small  pieces,  carefully  reject- 
ing all  inert  bottom  soil,  and  mixed  with  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  sharp  silver  sand  to  insure  a  free  percola- 
tion of  water  through  the  mass  after  the  decay  of  the 
fibre.  Efficient  drainage  should  also  be  insured  by  a 
ft'ee  use  of  potsherds  in  the  bottoms  of  the  pots,  and 
also  by  mixing  them  in  the  soil. 

Cuttings  of  the  short-jointed  pieces  of  the  young  wood, 
if  selected  in  the  proper  stage  of  maturity,  and  placed 
in  a  brisk  bottom  heat  wUl  root  freely,  but  if  left  to 
become  hard  they  will  require  time ;  and  the  judgment 
necessary  to  select  the  cuttmg  in  the  proper  stage  can 
hardly  be  learnt  except  by  experience.  Alpha. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
The   Lonq-hoened    Toetrix. 

A  SMALL  moth,  the  history  of  which  I  was  enabled  to 
trace  during  the  past  summer,  is  sufficiently  interesting 
in  several  respects  to  merit  a  place  in  our  Entomological 
Gallery  of  Portraits  ;  in  the  first  place  because  it  is  a 
species  now  for  the  first  time  ascertained  to  be  injurious 
to  the  Pears  ;  in  the  second,  on  account  of  the  curious 
retreat  formed  by  its  caterpillar  during  the  early  period 
of  its  active  state  ;  thirdly,  because  the  caterpillar 
changes  its  mode  of  life  after  it  has  attained  halfitssize; 
and  fourthly,  because  the  moth  itself  is  one  of  the  pret- 
tiest and,  at  the  same  time,  most  remarkable  in  the 
family  to  which  it  belongs — the  Tortricidfe. 

Whilst  engaged  in  examining  the  Pear  trees  growing 
against  one  of  the  walls  in  the  Horticultural  Society's 
Crarden  at  the  end  of  last  May,  in  order  to  observe  the 
history  of  the  several  species  of  case-bearing  larvaj 
which  infest  the  leaves  of  that  tree,  I  noticed  that  many 
of  the  leaves  exhibited  on  the  upper  side  a  small,  dis- 
coloured patch,  as  if  dead  ;  and,  on  turning  them 
up,  I  found  that  the  under  surface  had,  in  fact, 
been  eaten  away  in  those  parts.  But  these  diseased 
parts  of  the  leaves  exhibited  a  further  and  far  more 
interesting  appearance;  one,  indeed,  quite  new  to  my- 
self and  all  my  entomological  friends  to  whom  I  Iiave 
shown  them.  Reaumur,  however,  observed  a  very 
similar  circumstance  on  the  leaves  of  the  Apple 
(Mcmoires  vol.  2,  pi.  1  (;,  f.  1 1  and  1 7,  f.  1—3),  but  as  he 
docs  not  give  any  description  of  the  perfect  insect,  and 
as  his  account  of  the  caterpillar  does  not  agree  with 
that  which  1  have  observed,  it  is  not  possible  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  insects  are  identical  or  not.  This 
appearance  consisted  of  a  slender  flattened  layer  of 
transverse  delicate  white  and  shining  silky  threads 
placed  close  tf.gethcr,  side  by  side,  resembling  lino 
threads  of  spun  glass  more  than  anything  else.  This 
Uyer  of  threads  occujjied  a  space  of  about  half  an  inch 
Ion?  by  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide,  and  beneath  these 
threads,  or  rather  between  them  and  the  under  surface 
of  the  W,  resided  a  small  slender  whitisli-grcen  cuter- 
pillar,  with  an  opakc  yellowish  grrcii  streak  along  the 
back,  bearing  a  very  narrow  longitudinal  paler  central 


line  ;  the  tips  of  the  mandibles  alone  are  of  a  blackish- 
brown  colour.  It  is  furnished  with  three  pairs  of 
jointed  pectoral  feet,  and  four  pairs  of  ventral  and  one 
pair  of  anal  pro-legs.  At  the  slightest  alarm  the 
caterpillar  slips  from  beneath  his  retreat  and  hurries 
along  the  leaf  with  the  greatest  rapidity  to  the  edge, 
from  which  it  lets  itself  fall  by  a  thread.  Now,  it 
will  be  at  once  observed,  that  to  enable  the  insect  to 
move  about  beneath  its  retreat  a  sufficient  space  must 
exist,  which  must  be  either  produced  by  the  covering 
being  convex,  or  the  portion  of  the  leaf  concave.  As, 
however,  the  threads  lie  flat,  the  latter  is  the  case  ;  and 
we  thence  arrive  at  the  conclusion  (which,  indeed,  Reau- 
mur's account  of  the  proceedings,  not  only  of  his  Apple 
caterpillar,  but  also  of  all  the  larvte  which  more  com- 
pletely roll  up  the  leaves  of  plants,  had  led  us  to  expect), 
that  tins  little  caterpillar  has  the  ingenuity,  after  it  has 
spun  a  few  transverse  threads,  to  press  down  the  leaf  by 
little  and  little  degrees,  confining  it  when  thus  pressed 
down  by  attaching  a  thread  tightly  from  side  to  side, 
and  thus  keeping  it  in  its  place.  The  mode  also  iu  which 
the  threads  are  so  closely  and  regularly  laid  side  by 
side  merits  attention  :  the  iusect,  having  fixed  itself 
by  its  hind  legs  to  a  spot  on  the  leaf  and  bent  its 
body  to  the  right  side,  attaches  a  thread  at  that  side, 
and  then  bending  it  in  the  opposite  direction,  fixes  the 
thread  at  the  left  side ;  it  must  then  make  the  slightest  pos- 
sible advance  in  the  forward  direction,  so  that  the  thread 
shall  now  be  fixed  just  beyond  the  point  on  the  right 
side,  where  the  preceding  point  ol  attachment  occurred. 
In  this  manner  it  progresses  till  its  thread  is  completed. 
As  the  larva  increases  in  size,  of  course  its  former 
retreat  is  not  of  sufficient  size,and,  according  to  Reaumur, 
it  spins  longer  threads  in  a  different  direction  over  the 
former,  which  it  destroys  ;  but  at  a  later  period, when  it 
is  still  further  increased  in  size,  it  has  obtained  strength 
sufficient  to  enable  it  to  roll  up  the  leaf,  when  it  of  course 


261 


The  long.horned  Tortris. 

becomes  moi'e  injurious  to  the  trees  by  consuming  a 
greater  portion  of  the  leaves.  A  somewhat  similar  change 
of  habit  has  been  observed  iu  one  or  two  cases  :  the  cater- 
pillars of  a  moth,  which  feed  on  the  Lilac,  in  their  young 
state,  burrow  into  the  leaves,  but  subsequently  they 
become  leaf-rollers  ;  and  the  olive  moth  in  the  south  of 
France  and  Italy  differs  so  much  in  the  habits  of  its 
caterpillars  in  their  early  and  full-grown  state,  as  to 
have  been  described  as  two  distinct  species,  and  it  is 
only  within  the  past  year  that  my  friends  Guerin- 
Meneville  and  Boyer  do  Fouscolombe  liave  simulta- 
neously published  observations  on  their  identity. 

When  full-grown,  the  caterpillar  spins  a  slight  white 
silken  cocoon  on  one  of  the  rolled-up  leaves,  andbecomes 
a  red  brown  pupa  of  a  very  simple  form,  the  dorsal 
portion  of  the  segments  of  the  abdomen  not  furnished  with 
recurved  points,  and  the  body  terminatmg  in  a  minute 
point. 

The  perfect  insect  appears  about  the  middle  of  July, 
and  is  easily  detected  on  disturbing  the  leaves  of  the 
trees,  from  which  it  flies  off  in  alarm,  on  account  of 
its  very  pale  general  colour.  It  is  the  Tortrix  quercana, 
of  Fabricius  (fagana  of  Schiffermiiller,  Wien.  Verz., 
p.  287,  pi.  1.  a.  6,  1.  b.  6),  and  forms  of  itself  a  distinct 
genus,  Phibalocera  Steph.,  differing  from  all  the  other 
Tortricidce  In  the  great  length  of  the  autennoe,  being 
nearly  twice  that  of  the  entire  body  in  the  males. 
The  fore  wings  are  of  a  bright  yellowish  red  colour, 
varied  with  purplish  brown,  and  with  a  bright  yellow 
patch  in  the  middle  of  the  fore  margin,  which,  as  well 
as  the  fringe,  is  also  yellow.  It  varies  considerably  in 
the  intensity  of  its  markings.  Our  figure  is  taken 
from  a  very  richly  coloured  individual. 

The  different  specific  names  which  have  been  given  to 
tliia  insect,  indicate  the  diversity  of  the  food  of  its 
caterpillar.  The  authors  of  the  famous  Vienna  cata- 
logue have  given  a  detailed  account  of  it,  but  they  were 
unacquainted  witli  the  curious  peculiarities  of  its  early 
history  detailed  above,  representing  the  caterpillar  as 
residing  in  a  rolled  up  leaf  of  Fngus  sylvatica,  as  copied 
above,  Fabricius,  finding  it  in  the  Oak  woods  of  Saxony, 
altered  the  specific  name  to  quercana,  which  has  been 
generally    adopted.  The  late  Mr.    Ilaworth     says, 

that  it  is  common  in  woods,  "  ct  cllani  in  kortulo 
mo,  forth  in  PrunOy^ — "and  also  in  my  little  garden, 
probably  feeding  upon  tho  I'lum."  'J'ho  perfuct  insect 
meunurcH  two-tliirds  of  an  inch  in  tho  expanse  of  tho 
foro  wings.  The  eggs  arc  probably  dcpo!»itcd  on  tho 
Htcms  and  young   shoots,  on  which   they  remain  uu- 


hatched  till  the  following  spring  ;  hence  tlie  eareiul 
washing  of  the  bark  with  hot  water  would  be  of  service 
m  destroying  not  only  the  eggs  of  this,  but  also  of  other 
injurious  species,  as  well  as  the  chrysalids  of  such  as  pass 
the  winter  in  that  state.  /.  0.  W. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Siklcim  Rhododendrons. — We  regret  that  Mr.  Masters 
should  have  published  his  unsuccessful  attempt  at  culti- 
vating these  beautiful  plants.  His  statement,  by  invest- 
ing their  treatment  with  imaginary  difficulties,  is  calcu- 
lated to  deter  many  from  persevering  in  their  culture 
as  well  as  to  prevent  others  from  attempting  it  altogether! 
The  mishaps  of  which  he  complains,  and  which  he  would 
have  your  readers  believe  are  inseparable  from  any 
attempt  to  grow  them,  have  arisen,  not  from  any  insur- 
mountable difficulties,  naturally  arising  therefrom,  but 
from  some  injudicious  mode  of  treatment,  of  the  nature 
of  which  we  cannot,  of  course,  venture  to  speak.  When 
the  seeds  were  distributed,  we,  too,  were  favoured  with  a 
full  collection  of  the  kinds,  and  we  have  not  experienced 
more  difficulty  in  raising,  or  in  cultivating  them,  than  is 
usually  met  with  in  the  common  kinds  under  artificial 
treatment :  in  fact,  we  have  been  highly  successful  with 
the  whole  of  the  species.  Many  of  our  plants  are  from 
9  to  12  inches  high,  with  leaves  from  6  to  10  inches 
long  by  3  or  4  inches  bro;.d ;  Setosum  and  the  other 
small  mountain  species,  which  Mr.  Masters  believed  to 
"  pine  for  their  mountain  air  and  pressure  of  snow,"  are 
growing  luxuriantly  with  us  in  a  damp  close  frame  ; 
many  of  the  plants  are  from  6  to  11  inches  high.  Every 
person  who  has  had  much  experience  in  raising  Rhodo- 
dendrons and  allied  plants  from  seed,  must  know  that 
very  great  attention  is  required,  when  in  their  young 
state  ;  a  large  amount  of  moisture,  a  cool  temperatm-e, 
with  shelter  from  ne  sun  and  wind  are  indispensable  ; 
and  that  if  these  conditions  are  not  artificially  supplied, 
total  failure  will  often  result;  and  as  before  observed,  we 
have  not,  in  our  experience  with  the  Sikkim  i^hododen- 
drons,  found  the  attendant  difficulties  greater  than  with 
the  most  ordinary  kinds.  If  a  variation  of  treatment  isre- 
quireditisinthe  form  ofaricher  soil,  and  a  greater  amount 
of  moisture  during  theii*  growing  period.  The  follow- 
ing hints  will  perhaps  be  found  useful  to  those  who 
possess  plants,  and  who  may  be  desirous  of  succeeding 
in  their  cultivation.  Procure  some  very  rich  peat  ;  it 
will  be  necessary  that  it  should  contain  a  large  amount 
of  vegetable  matter,  and  mix  with  it  about  one-fifth 
sand.  Place  a  layer  of  the  compost  in  a  frame,  about 
6  inches  deep,  for  the  reception  of  the  young  plants. 
They  should  be  planted  from  3  to  6  inches  apart, 
according  to  the  size  they  have  already  attained.  Here, 
during  their  growing  season,  they  must  be  kept  very 
damp,  saturated  in  fact,  and  well  shaded  from  the  direct 
action  of  the  sun.  Many  failures  have  occurred  from 
exposing  them  to  a  hot  dry  atmosphere.  When  they 
are  of  sufficient  size  to  place  in  the  open  air  (which 
should  not  be  done  till  they  ar*?  at  least  a  foot  high), 
August  will  be  the  best  mouth  to  choose  for  the  opera- 
tion. Of  course  they  will  have  been  gradually  inured 
to  the  change  before  their  final  removal.  Advantage 
should  be  taken  of  a  rainy  time  for  planting,  and  if  the 
weather  is  afterwards  hot  and  dry,  a  few  boughs  should 
be  stuck  around  them  to  afford  a  partial  shade.  They 
will  require  a  very  rich  soil,  with  a  moist  subsoil,  but 
not  such  as  arise  from  stagnant  water.  Where  situa- 
tions are  prepared  for  them,  they  should  be  drained 
from  2  to  2^  feet  deep.  It  will  be  of  no  use  placing 
them  in  dry  borders.  Old  ponds  drained  and  filled  up, 
or  bogs  surface-drained,  will  be  the  most  suitable  place 
for  them.  Judging  from  our  own  experience,  we  believe 
that  the  greater  part  of  them  will  be  quite  hai'dy.  But 
should  some  of  them  not  prove  so  in  the  midland 
counties,  there  are  many  places  in  Cornwall,  on  the 
western  coast  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  in  Ireland, 
tnjoying  a  very  humid  atmosphere,  with  very  little 
frost,  where  they  will  succeed  well.  Standish  and  Nohle, 
Bagshot. 

Didyira  spedahilis. — I  should  be  glad  to  hear  some- 
what more  of  the  hardiness  of  this  plant.  Some  of  your 
correspondents  have  been  giving  it  a  good  character  for 
this  lately,  and  it  is  recommended  in  your  weekly 
Calendar  as  a  bedding  plant.  How  did  their  plants  look 
after  Friday  night's  frost  ?  I  live  south  of  London, 
and  I  know  mine  were  completely  spoilt,  though  not 
killed,  and  they  were  covered  with  a  handglass.  Surely 
its  very  succulent  stems  can  stand  no  amount  of  cold. 
How  do  they  grow  it  ?  What  soil,  and  what  aspect  ? 
No  plant  can  be  more  beautiful  for  a  pot,  it  lasts  so 
long  in  bloom,  and  a  cold  frame  i8|sufficient  for  it.  It 
can  never  do  for  a  bedding  plant,  unless  every  shoot  is 
tied  up  as  they  tie  up  Geraniums  for  exhibition  ;  I 
know,  from  sad  experience,  that  very  little  wind  will 
break  off  every  branch  which  is  not  so  tied  up.  I  may 
mention  that  Veronica  Lindleyana  has  stood  out  these 
two  last  winters  in  the  open  gi'oimd  without  any  pro- 
tection. A.  It. 

Labels.  — 1  have  seen  several  remarks  in  your  pages 
lately  respecting  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of 
different  labi  la  for  plants.  I  enclose  ^two,  which  I 
always  use,  and  which  have  been  iu  pots  12  months. 
The  wood  is  first  painted  with  genuine  white  lead 
ground  stiff  in  iinseed  oil,  which  must  be  thinned  with 
spirits  of  turpentine,  and  laid  on  in  the  usual  manner. 
When  dry,  it  is  easy  to  write  upon  it  with  ordinary  ink. 
Tho  offect  of  a  house  thus  labelled  is  neat  and  light. 
After  tho  labels  are  written  upon  I  varnish  them  twice 
with  a  quick  drying  varnish,  to  px'cvent  them  from 
absorbing  moisture.      Of  tiie  specimens  sent,  the  one 


262 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[April  24, 


■with  two  wires  is  placed  upwards  on  the  stand  heyond 
my  easy  reach,  and  canuot  turn  round  when  watering  ; 
the  other  I  use  for  those  plants  close  at  hand,  and  which 
are  easily  examined.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  they  are 
of  my  own  make.  H,  S,  Blundcll,  Mull.  [These 
labels  consisted  of  thin  square  wooden  heads,  v/ith  the 
corners  cut  off.  One  of  them  was  supported  by  two 
small  copper  wires  ;  the  other  by  one  only.  They  are 
exceedingly  legible  and  neat,  and  looked  as  if  they  would 
last  good  for  years.  ] 

Gardenias  {seep.  245). — I  can  confirm  your  corre- 
spondent's statement  respecting  the  ill  effects  of  cold 
upon  this  class  of  plants  where  no  damp  ever  reached 
them.  I  keep  mine,  during  winter,  in  a  late  Vinery, 
which  is  stuffed,  indeed,  with  plants  of  every  descrip- 
tion ;  but  where  I  manage  to  keep  Grapes  hanging  on 
the  Yines  till  the  end  of  March.  I  always  light  a  fire 
in  the  mornings,  and  frequently  during  the  night  if 
there  is  tlie  least  sign  of  frost.  I  generally  put  tlie 
Gardenias  into  a  Cucumber  frame  in  February  or 
March — rather  a  quick  transition — and  they  begin  early 
to  shed  their  old  leaves  ;  but  their  unsightly  appear- 
ance is  soon  hid  by  a  fresh  supply.  Two  years  ago  I 
had  some  large  plants  of  Gardenia  florida  given  me  by 
a  late  gardener  to  Sir  H.  Hollyhock,  whose  maxim  is  to 
grow  nothing  that  he  has  not  convenience  to  grow  well. 
They  had  good  roots,  but  the  leaves  were  quite  white 
and  decayed  at  the  tips.  I  plunged  them  in  a  bed  of 
leaves  in  an  early  Vinery.  Towards  the  end  of  summer 
they  began  to  look  a  little  green  ;  but  in  winter  they 
assinned  their  old  appearance.  1  tried  them  another 
year  and  another  winter,  and  then  I  consigned  them  to 
the  rubbish  heap.  I  struck  some  young  ones  last  year, 
"which  I  kept  in  the  cutting  pot  all  the  winter,  and  they 
"Were  aflfected  in  the  same  way.  I  have  lately  parted 
them,  and  placed  them  in  leaves  under  a  hand-light  in 
a .  Vinery,  and  they  begin  to  show  that  they  hke  their 
situation.  J.  MurdocJi. 

Forcing  Strawberries. — I  perceive  by  your  report  of 
the  Horticultural  Society's  meeting,  at  p.  230,  that  Mr. 
M'Ewen  exhibited  some  Strawberries  in  pots,  and  that, 
"according  to  his  experience,  the  best  sort  for  forcing 
3S  Keens'  Seedling,  and  the  next,  Alice  Maude."  It 
strikes  me  that  Myatt's  Surprise  will  turn  out  to  be  an 
excellent  Strawberry  for  the  purpose.  I  have  not  tried 
it  as  yet,  but  I  intend  doing  so  next  year  ;  and,  in  the 
meantime,  I  would  be  thankful  to  have  some  one's  expe- 
rience with  it  in  this  respect.  I  had  a  few  plants  of  it 
last  year  in  the  open  ground,  and  it  proved  to  be  the 
first  ripe  by  more  than  a  week.  Now,  1  tliink,  if  this 
variety  will  bear  forcing,  it  will  be  valuable,  as  .t  is  a 
free  bloomer  and  produces  large  fruit  ;  but  I  am  afraid, 
like  the  British  Queen,  it  will  uot  stand  much  heat. 
Arhiirator. 

Fig-fungus  {Mucor  Curti&icB). — A  mould  very  similar 
to,  if  not  identical  with,  that  described  by  Mr.  Graham 
occurs  now  and  then  m  imported  Figs  which  look  per- 
fectly sound  externally,  but  when  eaten,  like  the  Apples 
of  Sodom,  fill  the  mouth  with  loathsome  dust.  I\Iy  spe- 
cimens seem  to  be  decidedly  the  same  with  Periconia 
thebaica,  Corda,  which  he  has  figured  as  growing  on 
Opium.  The  spores  in  this  case  are  external  to  the 
clavate  or  globose  tips  of  the  threads.  M.  J.  B. 

Bow  to  Dislodge  %oild  Bees. — How  am  I  to  get  rid  of  wild 
bees,  of  which  large  swarms  have  taken  entire  possession 
of  a  turf  bank  in  a  small  garden,  on  which  they  have 
quite  undermined  and  destroyed  |the  turf  ?  They  are 
now  extending  their  destructive  subterranean  work  to 
the  adjacent  lawn.  Any  advice  will  greatly  oblige.  W. 
[Drive  them  out  by  stuffing  into  their  holes  rags  dipped 
in  spirits  of  turpentine.] 

The  Weather.— VQvmii  me  to  call  attention  to  a  some- 
what strange  phenomenon  that  occurred  last  week. 
On  Wednesday  the  maximum  temperature  was  69°, 
and  on  Friday  night  the  minimum  temperature  was 
24**,  a  difference  of  45'' from  Wednesday  noon  to  Fri- 
day night ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  the  same  easterly 
wind  prevailed  on  both  occasions.  This  apparently 
inexplicable  occurrence  must,  I  should  suppose,  be 
accounted  for  by  the  effects  of  "  hot  sunshine  breaking 
in  upon  previous  cloudy  weather,"  as  Mr.  Howard  ob- 
serves ;  and  that  the  heat  we  experienced  on  Tuesday 
and  Wednesday  was  solely  the  eflect  of  the  radiation  of 
the  sun's  rays  from  the  heated  eai'th,  buildings,  &c.,  and 
not  that  of  the  introduction  of  a  warm  current  of  air. 
On  Friday  the  sun  was  obscured  till  4  p.m.  by  dense 
clouds  ;  consequently  tlie  earth  was  not  heated,  and 
therefore  when  at  night  the  sky  became  cloudless,  cold 
was  radiated  from  the  surface  without  any  previous 
introduction  of  warmth  by  day.  Hence  this  very  low 
temperature  which,  by  the  way,  was  repeated  last  night 
(Monday),  after  a"  similar  state  of  the  atmosphere.  I 
would  also  remark,  to  show  the  extraordinary  effects  of 
radiation  on  still  calm  nights,  that  while  the  thermo- 
meter here,  on  the  nights  of  Tuesday  and  Wednesday, 
did  not  indicate  a  lower  temperatm-e  than  41"  and  40*", 
at  Chiswick  the  temperature  was  26"  and  29°  ;  while, 
on  Thursday  night,  when  the  sky  was  overcast,  the 
temperature    of     both    places    was  alike,    viz.,  '41*>. 

^•\  ^-  ■^■'  Stevenage,    Herts,  April  20. Betwixt 

Wnichester  and  Basingstoke  this  morning,  April  20, 
tJie  trost  was  very  severe  at  4  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
1  He  thermometer  was  lb""  below  the  freezing  point. 
Apricots  as  large  as  good  sized  Gooseben-ies,  have  been 
all  destroyed,  mid  Plums,  Cherries,  and  Pears  have 
shared  the  same  fate.  The  Apricots  had  a  single  mat 
over  them.  Constant  Rmder. 

Double  Neapolitan  Vio/et.—CRn  any  one  tell  me  what 
the  origm  oi  tins  Violet  is  ?  Is  it  a  natural  species, 
or  only  a  variety  improved  by  cultm-e  ?    I  am  mduced 


to  make  the  inquiry  from  having  ray  Violet  beds  when 
they  come  into  flower,  repeatedly  and  on  successive 
seasons,  mixed  with  single  whites  ;  and  although  these 
have  been  carefully  eradicated  time  after  time,  still  they 
keep  coming.  For  a  long  while  I  was  of  opinion  that 
they  must  have  been  mixed  accidentally,  but  now  I  can 
hardly  avoid  the  conclusion  that  the  Neapolitan  reverts 
to  the  original  form  from  which  it  sprung — am  I  right, 
or  wrong  ?  Does  any  one's  experience  verify  such  a 
result  ?  I  ought  perhaps  to  mention  that  those  plants 
that  show  the  white  flowers  seem  to  have  assumed  more 
hardihood  than  those  that  maintain  their  character. 
Qiiercus, 

Capsicum  Fumigation. — I  am  prepared  (so  far  as  my 
experience  goes),  to  corroborate  ''A  Reader's"  state- 
ment, at  p.  245,  with  regard  to  the  effeet  of  Capsicum 
fumes  on  Aphides.  For  although  I  had  occasionally 
used  them  with  tobacco,  I  had  never  tried  them  sepa- 
rately until  a  fortnight  since,  when,  having  some  unique 
Geraniums  very  much  infested,  I  placed  several  in  a 
hand-glass,  and  filled  it  with  the  smoke.  I  examined 
the  plants  the  following  morning,  when,  to  my  surprise, 
the  enemy  was  not  annihilated.  On  the  succeeding 
evening  I  collected  my  forces,  with  a  determination  to 
sweep  the  field ;  the  smoke  was  poured  in  amongst  them 
continuously  for  some  time,  until  I  flattered  myself  that 
to  a  certainty  every  green-coated  rascal  must  have  been 
destroyed  ;  but,  alas  !  I  was  doomed  to  disappointment, 
for  on  the  next  morning,  "  behold,  they  lived."  Previous 
to  my  giving  publicity  to  these  results,!  had  intended  to 
have  had  a  third  trial ;  but  after  perusing  "  A  Reader's" 
letter,  I  think  it  is  pretty  evident  that  little  can  be  done 
in  destroying  insect  life,  in  the  absence  of  the  "  Weed" 
tobacco.  0.  Fry.  [We  must  add,  that  other  experi- 
ments give  exactly  the  same  results  as  have  been  ob- 
tained by  Mr,  Fry.] 

Welsh  Seed  Trade. — Having  frequently  to  buy  seed  at 
Swansea,  I  beg  to  correct  a  statement  by  "  Mr.  Barron, 
of  Singleton,'*  as  to  the  price  of  seed  in  that  town.  That 
prices  of  seed,  at  certain  respectable  amounts,  should  be 
furnished  to  "Mr.  Vivian's"  gardener,  is  tome  a  subject 
of  no  wonder,  but  that  they  are  frequently  sold  much 
lower  to  other  people  is  a  fact.  Mr.  Barron  has  not 
thought  proper  to  test  "Mr.  Bundy's"  veracity,  as  to 
the  Carmarthen  or  Llandilo  prices,  and  relinquishes 
that  proper  course  by  preferring  instead  to  claim  for 
Swansea  a  metropolitan  authority  over  Wales.  As  for 
"  Mr  Lewes,"  many  of  his  figures  are  too  true  for 
denial,  and  are  more  consistent  than  your  Swansea 
correspondent.  The  first  fact  is  still  with  the  whole- 
sale dealers.  A  Welsh  Seedsman.  [We  have  a  few  more 
communications  on  this  subject  ;  butjt  is  now  time  for 
the  discussion  to  terminate.] 

The  Compass  Flower. — In  Longfellow's  beautiful  poem 
of  "  Evangeline"  are  the  following  lines  : 

"  Patience,  the  priest  would  saj  ;  have  faith,   aod  thy  prayer 

will  be  answered! 
Look  at  this  delicate  flower  that  lifts  its  head  from  the  meadow; 
See  how  its  leaves  all  point  to  the  nor;h,  as  true  as  the  magnet. 
It  ia  the  Compass  flower  that  the  fioRer  of  God  has  suspended 
Here  on  its  fra;^ile  stalk,  to  direct  the  traveller's  journey 
Over  the  sea-like,  pathless,  limitless  waste  of  the  desert." 

A  friend  having  applied  to  me  for  information  as  to  what 
plant  the  poet  alludes  to  by  the  name  of  '*  Compass 
flower,"  I  would  feel  greatly  obliged  if  you  or  any  of 
your  correspondents  would  kindly  afford  the  desired 
information.  When  my  attention  was  called  to  the 
above  passage,  it  occurred  to  me  that  Cotoneaster  mi- 
crophylla  might  be  the  plant  intended  :  but  besides, 
being,  I  believe,  a  native  of  Nepal,  and  not  likely  to  be 
met  with  where  the  scene  of  this  passage  of  the  poem  is 
laid,  viz.,  the  foot  of  the  Ozack  Mountains,  the  terms 
"  delicate  flower,"  "suspended,"  "fragile  stalk,"  6lC., 
&c.,  bespsak  a  plant  of  an  entirely  different  character. 
A.  B. 

Hardiness  of  Greenhouse  Plants. — The  following  is  an 
interesting  addition  to  the  list  of  tender  plants  proving 
hardy  in  the  South  and  West  of  England.  At  Carelew, 
the  seat  of  Sir  Charles  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.,  is  a  plant 
of  Bletia  Hyacinthina,  growing  as  a  hardy  terrestrial 
orchid  in  the  open  ground,  and  has  been  there  for  some 
years  without  any  protection  ;  also  a  fine  shrub  of  the 
Leptospermum  ambiguum,  Rhododendrons  arboreum 
and  Zeylanicum,  and  Fagus  fusca,  and  Pittospo- 
rum  Bidwillianum.  At  Trelissic,  the  seat  of  Davies 
Gilbert,  Esq.,  there  is  a  fine  plant  of  Cineraria  dis- 
color in  the  open  ground.  At  Heligan,  the  seat  of 
John  Tremayne,  Esq.,  are  some  large  specimens 
of  Cunninghamia  sinensis,  and  magnificent  Khodo- 
dendrons,  .  including  arboreum  and  its  hybrids  of 
various  colours.  At  Trewartheuick,  belonging  to  G.  D, 
Gregor,  Esq.,  are  fine  specimens  of  Edwardsia  grandi- 
flora  (standard  plants).  Acacia  dealbata,  and  quite  a 
little  thicket  of  Meliauthus  major,  making  a  very  pretty 
contrast  to  the  other  hardy  shrubs  from  its  grey,  large 
foliage.  At  Killiow,  tlie  seat  of  W.  Daubney,  Esq.,  is 
a  nice  plant  of  Aralia  trifoliata,  and  another  of  Aralia 
stricta  and  Illicium  rehgiosura.  At  Port  Eliot  (St, 
Germans)  is  a  plant  of  Habrothamnus  elegans  growing 
against  a  wall.  I  forgot  to  mention  that  at  Killiow  is  a 
fine  plant  of  Phyllocladus  trichomanoides  growing  fast 
into  a  tree.  I  hear  that  at  the  gardens  at  Anthony- 
house  there  are  many  very  interesting  plants,  but  that 
is  as  yet  a  terra  incognita  to  me.  John  Behenna,  Bad 
Looe^  April  12. 

^oci'fttrsi. 

HonTicULTUUAL,  ApHl  20. — Colonel  Challoner  in 
the  cimir.  In  regard  to  subjects  of  exliibition,  perhaps 
tliat  which  excited  the  most  interest  was  fui-nished  hy 


Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble,  in  the  shape  of  small  bits 
of  a  new  Azalea,  collected  in  the  north  of  China  by  Mr. 
Fortune,  and  expected  to  prove  perfectly  hardy  in  this 
country.  It  has  small,  rather  blunt  leaveSjand  very  small 
rosy-purple  Howers,  looking  like  so  many  half-inverted 
bells,  so  that,  independent  of  its  beauty,  which  is  greatj. 
it  will  be  exceedingly  interesting  on  account  of  tlie  form 
of  its  blossoms,  which  are  quite  distinct  in  that  respect 
from  any  Azalea  yet  introduced.  It  is  expected  that  a 
plant  of  it  will  be  shown  at  Chiswick,  on  the  8th  of  May,, 
when  a  better  opportunity  will  be  afforded  of  judging 
of  its  merits.  A  Knightian  Medal  was  awai'ded  it. — 
Messrs.  Veitch  received  a  similar  award  for  an  example  ■ 
of  their  charming  Dendrobium  albo-sanguineum.  It 
proves  to  be  a  free  bloomer,  and  a  distinct  and  fine 
species.  Other  novelties  among  Orchids  consisted  of  a- 
small  piece  of  a  flower-spike  of  the  lovely  Odonto- 
glossum  Pescatorei,  and  a  bloom  of  an  exceedingly 
handsome  new  Huntleya  from  Mr.  Mylam,  gr.  to  S. 
Rucker,  Esq.  The  latter  was  marked  with  dark  brown 
in  the  centre,  which  was  surrounded  by  a  field  of  pal© 
Primrose.  A  Banksian  medal  was  awarded  it. — Messrs. 
Henderson  sent  a  new  yellow-flowered  Indian  Dendrobey. 
and  a  plant  of  the  same  genus  from  Sylhet,  apparently 
Dendrobiimi  heterocarpum  in  a  diminutive  state,  was 
fui'nished  by  Messrs.  Jackson,  of  Kingston.  —  Mr. 
Bunney,  of  Sti'atford,  contributed  imported  plants, 
which  were  flowering  for  the  first  time,  of  Dendrobium 
nobile,  or  some  closely  allied  kind,  and  the  charming 

D.  Farmerii  with  a  fine  raceme  of  white  and  yellow 
flowers.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  for  the 
latter. — From  Messrs.  Backhouse,  of  York,  came  a- 
Cattleya,  named  amethystina,  hut  which  appeared  .to 
be  nothing  but  a  variety  of  C.  intermedia.  A  Thysa- 
notus,  from  New  South  Wales,  accompanied  it,  but  in 
the  absence  of  bright  light  its  flowers  did  not  open. 
Mr.  Blake,  gr.  to  J.  H.  Scliriider,  Esq.,  received  a 
Certificate  of  Merit  for  a  flowering  plant  of  Dendro- 
bium albo-sanguincum Messrs.  Loddiges,  of  Hackney, 

communicated  a  collection  of  Orchids,  consisting  of  a 
finely  blossomed  plant  of  the  Sweet  Vanda  (V.  suavis), 
the  deep  purple-flowex'ed  Saccolabium  ampuUaceum, 
Lycaste  Skinneri,  the  charming  Dendrobium  anosmum. 
a  species  in  the  way  of,  but  handsomer  than  D.  macro- 
phyllum,  and  wanting  the  strong  Rhubarb  smell  which 
belongs  to  the  latter  ;  also  the  lovely  Oncidium  bifo- 
Hum  and  two  other  species ;  the  Fragrant  Burhngtonla  ^ 
the  somewhat  scarce  Dendrobium  chrysotoxum ;  a 
specimen  of  Aerides  afiine,  with  two  charming  spikes  of 
blossoms  ;  A.  virens  ;  the  cinnabar-coloured  Lselia  (L. 
cinnabarina),  and  an  interesting  white  Angrec  from 
Algoa  Bay.  A  Knightian  Medal  was  awarded. — Messrs- 

E.  G.  Henderson,  of  the  Wellington  Road  Nursery,  St. 
John's  Wood,  sent  a  continental  Camelha  named  RizziOj 
with  two  blooms  on  it,  exhibiting  the  familiar  sport  of 
one  flower  being  red  while  the  other  was  white,  faintly 
striped  with  red.  Along  with  it  came  a  fancy  Pelargo- 
nium named  Annette ;  two  small  Orange  trees,  in  order 
to  show  how  freely  they  bloom  in  pots  in  a  small  state  ; 
three  Amarylhds,  a  collection  of  Cinerarias,  four 
Cyclamens,  and  six  hybrid  Rhododendrons.  A  Certiflcate 
of  Merit  wasawarded  for  the  Camelha. — A  finely  flowered 
specimen  of  Azalea  Iveryana,  for  which  a  Banksian 
Medal  was  awarded,  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Green,  gr. 
to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.  —  Some  seedling  Auriculas 
were  shown  by  Mr.  Coldham  of  Southgate.  — Mr. 
Sommersby,  gr.  to  Major  Martyn,  sent  two  dwarf 
Hydrangeas,  and  a  white  seedling  Petunia.  —  From 
Messrs.  Henderson,  of  Pine-apple  Place,  came  a 
new  and  very  handsome  Oxylobium,  for  which  a  Bank- 
sian Medal  was  awarded  ;  also  a  new  Gastrolobium,  the 
pretty  Boronia  tetrandra,  the  small-growing  free-flower- 
ing Eriostemon  scabrum,  and  a  species  of  Acacia. — Mr, 
Wood,  of  Norwood,  sent  a  collection  of  variegated  hai'dy 
plants,  a  seedling  Rhododendron  with  bright  crimson 
flowers,  and  a  fine  specimen  of  the  variety  of  Cape 
He.ith,  called  Hartnelli  virens,  for  which  a  Certificate 
of  Merit  was  awarded. — Messi's.  Jackson,  of  Kingston, 
received  a  Banksian  Medal  for  an  interesting  group  of 
tender  variegated  plants,  consisting  of  Vriesia  speciosa 
(with  two  flower  spikes),  Dieffenbachia  costata,  Dracjena. 
terminalis,  the  variegated  Croton,  Achimenes  picta,  and 
a  few  smaller  plants. — Mr.  Ayres,  of  Blackheath,  sent 
cut  blooms  of  24  varieties  of  lancy  Pelargoniums,  and 
B.  T.  Clarke,  Esq.,  of  Wilton-place,  Daventry,  exhibited 
cut  specimens  of  a  white  Chrysanthemum  in  bloom, 
which  proves  that  this  useful  autumn  flower  may  be  had 
in  blossom  at  this  season,  if  such  should  be  desired.  It 
had,  of  course,  been  forced. — Four  nice  bunches  of 
Black  Hamburgh  Grapes,  for  which  a  certificate  was 
awarded,  were  produced  by  Mr.  Forbes,  gr.  to  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  at  Woburn. — Mr.  Meredith,  gr.  to 
the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  at  Cliefden,  sent  eight 
pots  of  Keens'  Seedling  Str.awberry,  in  fruit,  and 
a]  similar  number  of  Cuihill's  Blaclc  Prince.  The 
latter  were  in  3-inch  pots,  and  well  fraited.  From 
the  same  establishment  also  came  dishes  of  Kitley's 
Goliath  and  Keens'  Seedling.  A  certificate  was  awarded 
for  the  plants  in  pots.— -A  similar-  award  was  also  made 
to  Mr.  Solomon,  of  Covent-Gardeu  Market,  for  fine 
examples  of  Paris  Cos  and  Grand  admirable  Lettuces, 
imported  from  France.  The  attention  Jof  the  meeting 
was  drawn  to  the  fact,  that  the  only  persons  who  in 
this  country  succeeded  in  producing  fine  summer  Let- 
tuces at  .this  season  in  England  were  two  Dutch  gar- 
deners, one  of  whom  was  imported  by  the  late 
Mr.  Labouchere. — A  design  for  laying  out  ornamental 
grounds  was  shown  Ijy  Messrs.  Wood  and  Lake, 
lanil-surveyors,  LiuColn's-inn-fields. — The  Garden  of  the 
Society    furnished    the    sweet-scented     Rhododendron 


17— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


263 


formosum,  which  is  also  sometimes  called  Gibsoui  ; 
RhjTichospermum  jasminoides,  whose  white  flowers  are 
as  fragrant  as  those  of  a  Jasmine  ;  the  Californian 
Ceanothus  rigidus,  most  gay  with  numberless  clusters 
of  blue  flowers  j  the  scarlet-blossomed  Sage  (Salvia 
gesneriflora),  a  brilliant  plaut  at  this  season  ;  Tryma- 
Simi  odoratissimum,  and  another  small  white-flowered 
shrub  caUed  Discaria  crenata,  which,  though  scarcely 
better  than  a  bright-gi-een  bush  in  general  appearance, 
emits  a  delightful  perfume  when  the"  sun  shines  on  it. 
Associated  with  these  were  also  the  pretty  little  shrub 
Bryanthus  erectus,  the  Broad-leaved  Daviesia,  Diosma 
ainbigua,  Acacia  celastrifolia,  an  Epacris,  and  a  Cape 
Heath.  It  was  announced  that  printed  copies  of  the 
audited  accounts  of  the  Society  were  ready  for  distri 
butioD,  and  that  they  may  be  had  on  application  to  the 
LibrariaD. 


Tke  Orchid  Groioei's^  Manual  By  B.  S.  Williams. 
8vo.  Chapman  and  Hall  ;  pp.  108. — A  reprint  of  the 
"  Orchids  for  the  Million,"  recently  published  in  our 
columns,  with  some  additions. 

Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  of  Cornwall.  Truro  :  Heard  and  Sons. — The 
Society  gave  away  last  year  IZl.  17s.  6rf.  in  prizes,  and 
has 'a  balance  in. its  favour  of  B\l.  17s.  hd.  It  is  not 
much  to  the  credit  of  Falmouth  and  Trui'o  that  so  well 
managed  an  institution  should  not  be  more  liberally 
supported. 

WalperSf  Annales'  Botanices  Systematica^.  Vol.  II., 
Fasc.  4.     Melastomacese  to  Rubiacete. 

Deeds  of  Naval  Daring^  or  Anecdotes  of  the  British 
Navy.  By  E.  Giffard,  Esq,  12mo.  Murray ;  pp.  207. 
— A  capital  selection  of  short  authentic  anecdotes  of 
those  marvellous  exploits  which  have  made  the  British 
Navy  the  glory  of  its  own  country  and  the  terror  of  all 
others.  Every  sailor-boy  should  learn  it  by  heart,  and 
every  ships'  company  should  have  it  in  their  library. 

Proposal  for  the  Defence  of  the  Countryy  by  means  of  a 
Volvmieer  Force  in  place  of  a  Regular  or  Local  Militia.  By 
J. Kinloch,  Esq.  8vo.  Blackwood  (apamphletof  78  pages). 
Well  timed,  well  written,  well  reasoned.  Capt.  Kinloch  is 
not  merely  a  gallant  soldier,  but  a  man  of  good  sense. 
As  an  officer  of  the  Household  Brigade,  he  acquired  the 
professional  views  of  the  highest  ranks  of  our  military 
service  ;  as  a  Captain  of  the  line,  he  learned  what 
soldiering  is  divested  of  its  luxuries ;  as  a  Brigadier 
General  in  Spain,  with  Sir  de  Lacy  Evans,  his  home 
ideas  were  very  considerably  modified  by  the  rough 
service  that  he  saw  in  Biscay,  and  prejudices,  if  such 
they  were,  became  softened  into  sound  military  opinions. 
He  advocates  the  creation  of  a  volunteer  force  in  pre- 
ference to  a  militia  ;  but  he  woidd  not  attempt  to  make 
farmers  and  gamekeepers  into  regular  troops,  an  experi- 
ment that  cannot  possibly  succeed.  As  to  what  they 
should  do,  what  they  should  not  do,  and  what  they  can 
do  well,  he  entertains  views  very  similar  to  those  of 
General  Sir  Charles  Napier,  except  that  he  throws  over 
the  ordnance  musket  in  favour  of  the  Minie  rifle.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  some  honourable  gentleman  will  support 
Such  views  in  Parliament.  They  are  far  more  likeiy  to 
find  favour  with  the  counti'y  than  a  local  militia  bill,  of 
which  nobody  approves  except  its  framers.  Are  we 
indeed  so  poor,  or  so  niggardly,  that  we  cannot  aff'ord  a 
few  hundred  tliousands  a  year  for  the  protection  of  our 
wives  and  children  ?  or  so  ignorant  as  not  to  see  the 
difference  between  effective  volunteers  and  non-effective 
bomity-made  militia-men  J  or  so  stupid  as  to  object  to 
what  is  needed  to  mswe  our  property,  for  fear  of 
incurring  "  the  odium  of  tearing  '  innocent  and  un- 
corrupted '  youths  from  the  apron-strings  of  their 
terrified  and  distracted  mothers,  and  the  responsibi- 
lity of  their  being  initiated  into  the  'awful  indiscre- 
tions *  inseparable  from  a  military  Ufe,  for  which  the 
immaculate  old  women  of  Manchester  entertain  so  much 
virtuous  indignation  and  disgust,'' 


us  leading  ta  the  little  lawn  near  the  dwelling-house. 
This  walk  is  broadly  margined  with  turf,  and  lined  on 
either  side  with  standard  Roses,  which  rise  out  of  small 
circles  in  the  grass.  To  improve  the  health  and  flower- 
ing of  the  plants,  these  circles  receive  a  little  dung  in 
November,  covering  it  slightly  with  soil,  and  in 
Spring  it  is  -pointed  in  about  the  roots.  The 
beds  are  edged  with  slate  of  an  ornamental  des- 
cription, which  besides  being  impenetrable  and  offering 
no  harbour  for  insects,  contrasts  admirably  with  the 
warm  colour  of  the  gravel.  Enquiry  was  made  in  our 
columns  a  short  time  ago,  respecting  the  value  or  other- 
wise of  slate  for  Orange  tubs.  Perhaps  the  most 
satisfactory  answer  to  the  question  is  contained  in  the 
fact  that  the  demand  for  such  things  has  very  greatly 
increased  during  the  last  year  or  two.  They  are  now 
made  by  Mr.  Beck  on  the  most  approved  principles,  with 
roll  at  top,  and  they  can  be  taken  to  pieces  (for  they  are 
merely  kept  together  by  nuts  and  screws)  in  a  few 
minutes.  One  in  which  was  growing  the  new  Ever- 
green Plum  of  California  was  unscrewed  in  our  presence 
with  the  greatest  facility,  although  it  had  not  been 
touched  for  the  last  12  months;  the  roots  were  found 
in  close  contiguity  with  the  slate,  and  in  the  best 
possible  condition.  In  justice  to  the  gardener  we  must 
mention  that  the  garden  altogether  exhibited  the  best  of 
keeping  ;  not  a  weed  was  to  be  seen,  and  all  the  walks 
were  neatly  sweeped  and  rolled, 

Mr.  Dobson's,  Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth. — 
Everything  here  was  neat  and  clean,  and  there  was  a 
considerable  amount  of  gaiety  in  the  open  borders. 
This  was  kept  up  by  some  of  our  old  fashioned  flowers 
which  are  now-a-days  too  much  neglected,  as  for  instance, 
double  Daisies,  Oxlips,  Polyanthuses,  common  Prim- 
roses, White  AUysum,  and  things  of  that  kind.  They  are 
highly  ornamental  in  spring,  and  they  can  be  removed 
in  time  to  make  room  for  the  usual  bedding  plants. 
During  the  hot  summer  weather  they  like  a  shady  situa- 
tion, from  which  they  should  be  ti'ansferred  in  October  to 
where  they  are  intended  to  flower.  Among  the  Daisies 
we  I'emarked  some  German  ones  of  novel  character  and 
very  pretty.  If  it  is  wished  to  increase  any  of  the  above 
plants,  it  should  be  done  just  after  they  go  out  of 
flower,  and  are  removed  to  their  cool  summer  quarters. 
The  seed-shop  and  end  of  one  of  the  glasshouses, 
next  the  entrance,  were  gay  with  Cinerarias  in 
flower  than  which  we  have  few  more  ornamental  or 
useful  in-door  plants  at  this  season.  The  Pelargoniums 
were  all  iu  a  thriving  condition  ;  those  intended  for 
Chiswick,  on  the  8th  of  May,  were  beginning  to  shew 
their  flowers  ;  but  it  was  doubtful  whether  they  would 
be  finely  in  bloom  by  that  date,  the  season  having  been 
very  much  against  then*  favourable  development. 


FLORICULTURE. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

WoRTON  Cottage,  Isleworth. — We  looked  in  here 
the  other  day  in  order  to  discover  what  Mr.  Beck  was 
doing,  after  having  parted  with  his  nice  collections  of 
Orchids  and  Pelargoniums.  With  the  exception  of  the 
Orchids,  of  which  there  were  none,  we  found  everything 
nearly  in  its  usual  condition.  The  stage  of  the  specimen 
Pelargonium  houBe  waH  covered  with  the  most  promising 
two  year*  Id  plants  that  could  possibly  be  desired.  They 
were  in  the  very  best  of  health  with  no  "spot"  or  dis- 
coloured leaves,  and  some  of  the  earliest  varieties  were 
coming  fa.it  into  l-ioom.  The  gardener  wan  just  preparing 
to  put  up  JIayihorn'a  Hexagon  Netting,  a  neat  looking 
material,  to  exclude  bees,  which  when  allowed  admiwaion 
fertilise  and  spoil  the  flowers.  Motjt  of  the  other  houses 
were  filled  with  seedling  Pelargoniums,  in  the  raising  of 
good  varieties  of  which  we  need  hardly  say  Mr.  BecTf  is 
80  succeBsfuI.  According  to  his  invariable  practice,  all 
plants  of  an  unpromiHing  character  are  immediately 
broken  up  and  thrown  away  as  soon  as  the  eviJH 
that  belong  Ui  them  ore  di«covored.  This  operation 
occurred  in  our  presence  in  the  case  of  two  varie- 
tica  with  cankered  htems.  The  Htovc  whcro  the 
Orchidu  used  to  be  waa  occupied  with  GcHneritH  and 
AchiincncH,  of  which  there  is  a  nice  collection.  Having 
pa*Hed  through  the  potting  Hhod,  in  which  th(3  fltrictCHt 
order  and  nealn»?HH  ih  maintained,  and  round  the  end  of 
the  principal  P'-largoiiiuin  houKo  we  found  ourHclves 
among  flower-beds  in  gravel,  with  a  broad  walk  before 


The  Hyacinth. — This  is  everybody's  flower  from  the 
cottage  to  the  palace,  in  the  smoky  city  and  in  the  pure 
air  of  the  country.  Its  accommodating  habits  are  not 
among  the  least  of  its  good  qualities  ;  for  it  will  grow 
and  flower  in  a  glass  in  water,  in  a  pot  in  soil,  or  in  the 
open  border.  It  is,  however,  to  its  cultivation  in  pots 
that  we  wish  on  this  occasion  to  direct  attention.  Those 
who  have  been  in  the  habit  of  attending  the  Horticul- 
tural Society's  rooms  in  Regent-street,  for  the  last  two 
or  three  years,  cannot  have  failed  to  have  remarked  the 
charming  collections  of  this  favourite  flower  which  have 
been  annually  exhibited  there  from  the  nursery  of 
Messrs.  Henderson,  of  Pine-apple-place.  The  last  of 
these  interesting  displays  was  produced  on  the  6th  inst., 
when  we  had  an  opportunity  of  inspecting  the  dif- 
ferent varieties,  and  adding  a  few  to  the  list  which  we 
made  last  year.  The  names  of  some  of  the  best  are  ;  Light 
hlue:  Orondates,  Robinson,  Pasquin,  Prince  Frederick, 
Nimrod,  Grand  Vidette,  Grand  Lilac,  Morello,  and  Passe 
tout  (double).  Dark  hlue :  Laurens  Koster  (double). 
Prince  Van  Saxe  Weimar,  Einicus,  Richard  Cosur  de 
Lion  (very  fine),  Baron  Van  Thuyll,  Charles  Dickens, 
Prince  Oscar,  and  Mignonaude  Drythout  (double). 
Viokt :  Tuba!  Cain,  William  I.,  and  iPrince  Albert 
White:  Helen,  Grand  Vainqueur,  Le  Tour  d'Auvergne, 
La  Vestal,  Grand  Vidette,  Prima  Donna,  La  Candeur, 
and  A  !a  Mode  Epuis^e  (double,  with  a  pink  centre). 
Blush:  Grandeur  de  Meneilles,  Anna  Maria  (double). 
Triumph  Blandina  (ditto),  and  Tubiflora.  Plum : 
L' Unique.  Yelloio  or  huff :  Miss  Kilty  (double,  very  fine), 
Anna  Panlowna,  Heroine  (double).  Deep  rose : 
Amphion.  Red:  Fireball,  Mars,  Herstelde  Vreede,  Appe- 
iius,  Le  Francq  Van  Berkhey,  and  Waterloo  (double). 
Light  red  :  La  Dame  du  Laak,  and  Lord  Wellington. 
Of  these  perliaps  the  most  remarkable  for  general  good 
properties  was  Richard  Co3ur  de  Lion,  single  blue,  very 
similar  in  colour  to  Charles  Dickens,  Bleuniorant,  Prince 
Oscar,  and  Baron  Van  Thuyll,  but  infinitely  surpassing 
them  in  quality;  tube  smooth  as  arc  the  several  divisions 
of  it,  glossy,  broad,  and  of  good  size  ;  iu  truth  the  best 
of  all  the  single  varieties  displayed  on  the  occanion. 
Appelius  and  Fireball, single  reds, arc  brighter  in  colour 
and  better  In  form  tlian  Waterloo,  Prince  Frederick 
and  Pasquin  arc  the  be.st  of  the  double  blues,  and  dis- 
tinct ;  MIhh  Kitty  is  coMHpicuous  for  its  large  bells,  but 
they  are  rather  thinly  arranged  on  the  spike.  Prince 
Albert  must  Htill  bu  considered  one  of  the  darkest 
llyaciiitliH  in  cultivntion.  These  were  all  in  ordinary 
flhupod,  rather  Hniall-Bizcd  pots,  in  each  of  wliich  were 
two  plants  and  Bomeiinu^s  three,  which  made  a  very 
fffectivo  dinplay.  As  rcgardB  tlio  cultivation  of  the 
Hyacinth  in  pots  little  need  bo  naid.  Wo  havo  grown 
them  after  Messrs.  Henderson's  plan  of  placing  two  and 


three  bulbs  iu  a  pot.  After  planting,  they  were  put 
in  a  frame  properly  drained  at  the  bottom  and  slightly 
protected  at  the  sides,  plunging  them  in  rotten  t»n,  and 
covering  the  tan  over  them  at  least  4  indies.  In  very  hard 
weather  they  had  a  mat  thrown  over  them  :  otherwise 
no  covering  at  all.  In  this  state  they  remained  till  the 
flower  stems  heaved  up  the  tan,  and  first  began  to  make 
their  appearance;  every  pot,  as  this  occuiTed,  was  taken 
to  the  greenhouse,  put  at  the  back  of  the  stage,  and 
shaded  by  a  mat  until  the  stem  and  leaves  became 
greenish,  when  it  was  gradually  brought  to  more  light 
and  ail".  While  in  this  state  each  spike  of  flowers 
should  be  examined,  and  any  decaying  blossoms  removed. 
Water  freely,  give  as  much  air  as  possible  during  the 
day,  and  never  omit  turning  the  pot  daily,  so  as  to  ensure 
that  regular  pyramidal  shape,  which  is  so  essential  to 
the  beauty  and  symmetry  of  a  fine  Hyacinth.  The  value 
of  covering  with  old  tan  or  some  s'jch  material  ia  to 
induce  plenty  of  strong  roots  to  form  before  the  stem 
has  started  upwards,  which  is  of  the  greatest  importance 
to  successful  gi'owth.  /.  K 

Sorticidtural  Society.  —  We  understand  that  it  is 
determined  not  to  alter  the  last  year's  regulations  re- 
specting seedling  florists'  flowers  at  Chiswick.  A  tent, 
as  usual,  will  be  furnished  for  their  reception  ;  but 
the  Society  does  not  propose  to  judge  or  award  prizes 
for  them. 

RoTAt,  SoDTH  London  Floeicdltdeal  Sr,ciETY,  ApriXii,— 
At  this,  the  iiret  Exhibition  for  this  year,  there  waa  an  average 
number  of  miscellaneous  plants,  and  perhaps  more  fluriat's 
tiowera  tlian  could  have  been  expected,  couBidering  the  lateness 
of  the  seaaon.  The  awards  were  as  follows  : — Auriculae,  four 
plants  :  Is',  Air.  Miller  with  Maclean's  Unique,  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, Matilda,  and  ChampioQ  ;  Sod,  W.  S.  Ginger,  Esq,  Nur- 
serymtD,  six  plants:  Ist-,  Mr.  Turoer,  of  Slough,  with  Ne 
plus  ultra.  Prince  of  Wales,  Lovely  Ann,  llingleader,  Sir 
John  Moore,  and  Cheetham'a  Lancanhire  Hero  ;  2d,  Mr. 
James  Dickson,  Brixton  ;  3rd,  Mr.  Wilmer,  of  Sunbury. 
PanPies  :  Ibt,  Mr.  Lane,  of  Wycombe  ;  2d,  J.  H.  Brown,  Esq., 
Tulse  Hill,  Nuraerymen;  Ist,  Mr.  Turner;  2d,  Mr.  Bragg. 
The  l.;ading  varieties  were  DuUe  of  Perth,  Pompey,  Mrs, 
Hamii'on,  Ophir,  Sambo,  Keepsake,  Euphemia,  Juventa, 
Duke  of  Norl'olk,  Elegaut,  France  Cycole,  Mr.  Beck,  Caroline, 
Rainbow,  Thisbe,  Pandora,  Maid  of  Athens,  Sir  J.  Franklin, 
and  Queen  of  Eogland.  Polyanthuses  were  present,  hut  la 
bad  condition.  Prizes  were  awarded  for  15  Stove  and  Green* 
house  plants  to  Mr.  Hosier,  lat ;  Mr.  Over,  2d  ;  and  Mr.  Hamp, 
3d.  Nurserymen :  1st,  Messrs.  Frazer ;  and  2d,  Messrs. 
Foirbai.n.  J,E. 

National  Floeicdltdeal  Society,  April  22, — Mr.  Geobqe 
Smitu  in  the  chair.  Cinerarias  formed  the  principal  subjects 
of  exhibition,  being  contributed  by  Messrs.  A.  Henderson,  B, 
G.  Henderson,  Salter,  Ambrose,  and  Edwards.  Rhododendron 
variunc  waa  again  produced,  in  the  shape  of  three  pretty  dwarf 
specimens.  A  mottled  Daisy  came  from  Mr,  Salter.  Pelargo- 
nium8,  ID  the  form  of  plants  and  cut  tion-ers,  were  staged  by 
Mr.  DobsoD,  Mr.  Ambrose,  and  Mr.  Ayres.  Pansies  in  pots 
were  sent  by  Mr.  Edwards,  and  Auriculas  by  Mr.  Coldham, 
J.E.  

North  London  Flobicdltubal  Society.— By  a  recent  rcEola- 
tion,  the  committee  meeting  nights  havo  been  altered  from  the 
third  WedDceday  in  every  month  to  tho  third  Thursday.  J,  Et 

Cabnations  and  Picotees  :  E.  A  general  surface  stirring  and 
cleaning  should  now  be  undertaken  ;  remove  the  old  decayed 
foliage  with  caution,  or  iojmy  muy  be  commuted  to  the 
corj.ing  increase ;  it  has  been  necessary  to  water  the  stock, 
and  in  so  doing  we  strive  to  operate  according  to  the  consti- 
tution of  the  subject;  vigorous  growers  with  much  increase 
reii'jiie  more  food  than  varieties  of  weak  habit  or  of  deficient 
inci  ease.  J.  E. 

Catalogues  received  from  Messrs,  A.  Paul  and  Son,  Ches- 
liuiit,  Herts  ;  from  Messrs.  J.  Fowle  and  Son,  Holland-street, 
Biixton-road,  Kennington  ;  from  Messrs.  Arthur  Henderson 
and  Co.,  Pine-apple-ptace.  J.  E. 

CiNF-aABiAs:  J  Bean.  They  should  have  been  sent  direct  to  our 
oQice.  They  were  completely  wi'hered  up  when  thej  reached 
us, — H  D.  We  regret  that  your  flowers  thould  not  have  been 
forwarded  to  our  OfBce  (5,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Covent 
Giiideo)  at  once,  &s,  owing  to  the  delay,  they  had  begun  to 
shrivel  before  they  reached  us.  The  best  of  the  batch  are 
the  three  blooms  stuck  into  the  piece  of  wood,  but  they  are 
ni't  faultlees.  The  border  colour  runs  too  much  into  tho 
white,  and  the  flowers  altogether  want  smoothness.  The 
rest  are  small,  and  otherwise  inferior  to  kinds  possessing 
the  same  colours  now  in  cultivation.  J.  E. 

EIoLLYHOCEB  :  A  B.  The  modern  Varieties  of  Brst-rate  excellence 
are,  as  a  rule,  of  moderately  dwarf  habit ;  if  planted  now 
euccess  may  be  expected  to  attend  good  cultivation  ;  they  will 
flower  by  the  middle  of  August,  and  continue  in  succession 
uuiil  late  in  autumn  ;  earlier  blooms  can  only  be  obtained 
by  an  earlier  start.  J.  E. 

Seedling  Pansies  ;  Z.  The  first  crop  from  last  years'  seed 
will  now  be  in  full  flower.  Wo  have  already  inspected 
thousands— II  task  of  the  greatest  interest,  and  one  in  whiOli 
we  have  long  delighted.  Wo  shall  report  progress  in  due 
tiine.  J.  E. 

Mj!=c:  K.  See  report  in  this  dny'e  Paper.— If.  We  have  no 
knowledge  of  the  variety  referred  to.  J.  E. 


Miscellaneous. 

Ahsorption  of  the  Soluble  Salts  of  Ulmic  Acid  by 
planfs.  By  J.  Malaguti.  —  Soubeiran  concluded,  from 
two  experiments  which  he  had  made  on  the  absorption 
of  the  ulmate  of  ammonia,  that  this  salt  was  taken  up 
by  plants.  In  one  experiment,  a  plant  was  placed  with 
its  roots  in  n  Bolution  of  ulmate  of  ammonia  ;  it  con- 
tinued to  grow  in  it,  and  tlie  solution  became  partially 
decolorised.  In  the  second  experiment,  Beans  and  Oata 
were  found  to  succeed  perfectly  well  in  a  soil  which  had 
been  di-prived  of  organic  matter,  but  which  contained 
some  sulphate  and  phosphate  of  linio,  and  was  watered 
with  a  solution  of  ulniato  ipf  ammonia.  The  author's 
olijecb  was  to  check  Soubeiran's  experiments  by  the 
buliuico.  llo  iilled  two  hirgo  funnels  half  full  with 
gravel  and  tho  (fther  lialf  with  pounded  brick,  which 
contiiincd  one-liundrcdth  of  calcined  bono  and  tho  same 
(unonnt  of  chalk.  Tiuj  same  quantity  of  Cress  seed  waa 
sown  in  eacli.  As  soon  as  they  began  to  germinate,  a 
perfectly  neutral  Hulutiou  of  ulmato  of  ammonia  was 
prepared  from  peat  ;  the  solution  {2  litres)  was  divided 
into  two  ciiual  parts  ;  one  was  Icopt,  the  other  used  to 
water  the  Boil  in  ouo  of  the  fuMnels,     Four  days  after  ■ 


264 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


April  24. 


the  seeds  were  sown,  they  were  watered  daily  with 
100  cub.  centims.  of  water,  the  others  with  the  solution 
of  ulmate  of  ammonia.  Already  on  the  fifth  day  there 
was  a  perceptible  difference  iu  the  appearance  of  the 
plants  ;  those  moistened  with  water  only  were  light 
green,  the  others  dark  green.  Eighteen  days  after  the 
watering,  or  on  the  22d  day  of  the  experiment,'  the 
plants  were  collected  entire  with  the  roots.  Those  which 
had  been  watered  with  the  solution  of  ulmate  of  ammonia 
weighed  15'150  grms.,  the  others  12-550  grms.  The 
author  now  exhausted  tiie  soil  which  had  been  watered 
with  ulmate  of  ammonia,  alternately  with  hydrochloric 
acid  and  ammonia,  made  the  extract  neutral  precipi- 
tated with  chloride  of  calcium,  and  weighed  the  pre- 
cipitate. The  1  litre  of  ulmate  of  ammonia,  which  had 
been  preserved  for  comparison,  was  precipitated  with 
chloride  of  calcium  ;  it  gave  5.7  grms.  pi'ecipitate,  whilst 
the  first,  which  must  have  originally  contained  the  same 
quantity,  furnished  only  3.1  grms.  The  difference  of 
2-6  grms,  has  thefefore  been  absorbed  by  the  plants. 
The  ulmate  of  lime  furnished,  on  the  analysis  of  0590 
substance,  0-053  lime,  according  to  which  the  ulmate  of 
ammonia  used  to  water  the  plants  must  have  lost  2-367 
ulmic  acid.  Hence  the  author  concludes  with  Soubeiran, 
that  the  soluble  ulmates  are  absorbed,  aud  applied  in  the 
vegetation  of  plants.  Comptes  RenduSy  xxxiv.  p.  112. 
Chemical  Gazette. 

Sale  of  Orchids. — Tiie  interesting  collection  to  which 
attention  was  directed  at  p.  244,  was  sold  by  Mr.  Stevens 
on  Tuesday  last.  The  following  shows  the  kind  of  prices 
tliey  fetched  :— Barkeria  spectabilis  (five  plants),  from 
21.  15s.  to  3/.  15s.  ;  Epidendrum  Skinneri  (10  plants), 
from  3^,  5s.  to  bl.  ;  E.  Starafordianum  (two  plants), 
from  \l.  to  \l.  \bs.  ;  E.bicornutum,  \l.  to  IZ.  8s.  ;  Lycaste 
Skinneri  (five  plants),  from  Zl.  bs.  to  Zl.  17s.  ;  Cattleya 
Skinneri  (five  plants),  from  3/.  to  3Z.  10s.  ;  Lselia 
auperbieiis  (three  plants),  3?.  ;  L.  pednncnlaris  (five 
plants),  from  21.  to  3/.  3s.  ;  Arpophyliura  giganteum, 
from  \l.  to  21.  15s.  ;  a  Chysis  (two  plants),  from  \l.  to 
21.  25.;  Odontoglossum  putchellum  (five  plants),  from 
3i.  5s.  to  3Z.  10s.  ;  O.  Rossii  and  others  (10  plants), 
from  II.  \2s.  to  3/.  3s.;  Cycnoches  ventricosum  and 
Egertonianum  (five  plants),  3^.  ;  Oncidium  Cavendishii 
and  others  (four  plants),  3^.  3s.  ;  Lacosna  bicolor,  U,  2s.  ; 
Brassavola  Digbyana  (five  plants),  from  \l.  to  \l.  13s. 
The  above  are  some  of  the  highest  prices  realised. 
Oilier  lots,  of  which  there  were  185,  sold  much  cheaper. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the    ensuina   week. J 
PLANT     H0U''e-5. 

Whenever  the  opportunity  of  a  spare  pit  occurs,  re- 
move another  part  of  the  young  stock  from  the  plant 
houses  to  allow  that  remainuig  more  room.  In  the  Gera- 
nium house  the  stock  for  late  blooming  may  now  be  safely 
transferred  to  a  pit,  where  by  placing  them  near  the  glass, 
and  giving  abundant  ventilation,  the  plants  will  preserve 
their  compact  dwarf  habit.  Those  showing  flower-buds 
should  have  another  look-over,  and  be  finally  staked  to 
their  proper  form  ;  small  doses  of  weak  manure-water 
may  be  given  occasionally,  and  keep  them  sufficiently 
thin  on  the  stage,  to  preserve  the  lower  leaves  from 
turning  yellow. — Fuchsias  potted  in  their  blooming  pots 
should  be  neatly  staked  ;  this  plant  naturally  forms  a 
conical-shaped  bush,  and  this  form  should  be  encouraged 
as  the  plant  progresses,  by  frequent  stoppings  ;  allow 
no  blooms  to  appear  till  the  plants  have  attained  the 
desii'ed  size.  Chinese  Azaleas  as  they  come  into  bloom 
should  be  removed  to  the  conservatory,  or  a  well- shaded 
house,  to  preserve  their  flowers  in  perfection  ;  they  will, 
at  this  stage,  require  very  liberal  waterings.  Camellias 
now  growing  should  have  a  humid  atmosphere,  and  be 
w«ll  shaded  ;  a  very  thin  coat  of  white  lead,  mixed  with 
spirits  of  turpentine,  forms  a  most  effectual  shade,  with- 
out obstructing  too  much  light,  and  may  be  advantage- 
ously used  in  houses  devoted  to  plants  in  bloom  through 
the  summer.  Any  Amaryllis  showing  bloom  in  the 
forcing  pit  may  be  removed  to  the  stove  ;  when  the 
blooms  open  remove  them  to  the  conservatory  or  flower 
house,  where  they  will  make  an  addition  to  the  display. 
FOIH^INO  DEPARTMKNT. 

Vinery.  -  Gradually  reduce  the  heat  in  the  early 
house  after  the  crop  is  ripe,  as  no  heat  will  then  be 
necessary  further  than  keeping  the  house  dry  aud  airy, 
to  preserve  the  Grapes  from  damping  in  wet  weather  ; 
while  the  moderate  temperature  will  help  to  keep  the 
fruit  in  a  fresh  state  for  the  table  for  some  time. 
Melons.— When  a  sufficient  number  of  fruit  is  set, 
the  plants,  especially  if  grown  in  a  house,  should  be 
gently  syringed  over  head  each  fine  afternoon  ;  this 
will  help  to  keep  down  spiders  and  preserve  a  humid 
atmosphere  through  the  night.  Great  care  on  this,  and 
all  other  occasions,  should,  however,  be  taken  to  prevent 
any  injury  to  the  leaves,  which  would  prove  a  great 
drawback  to  the  swelling  of  the  fruit.  The  great  art  in 
grawing  high-flavoured  Melons  consists  in  keeping  the 
leaves  iu  a  green  healthy  state  till  the  crop  is  ripe  ; 
therefore  every  means  should  be  used  to  carry  out  so 
deairable  a  result.  In  regulating  the  number  of  fruit  to 
remam  on  each,  the  space  which  the  plant  occupies  and 
size  ot  the  fruit  should  be  considered.  Weak  manure 
water  may  be  given  three  or  four  times  during  the 
swelling  of  the  fruit.  Keep  up  the  bottom-heat,  and  let 
the  thermometer  range  from  70"  by  night  to  85"  by  day 
FLOWEH  GAIIDRN   AND  SIlRUIJBRaY. 

.Plants  intended  for  filling  vases,  baskets,  &c.,  will 
require  more  attention  to  make  tliera  suitable  for  the 
purpose  than  the  ordinary  bedding  stuff";  select  the 
desired  number  of  the  plants  you  require,  those  requiring 
more  pot  room  may  have  a  small  shift ;  thev  should  be 


kept  in  a  pit  or  frame  by  themselves,  where  they  can 
more  easily  be  managed,  so  as  to  become  bushy,  well- 
shaped  pliints,  furnished  with  flower  buds  by  the  time 
they  are  wanted.  The  most  graceful  plants  for  vases 
are  certainly  those  with  sword-like  leaves  and  rather 
spreading  habit,  among  which  Agapantlius  umbellatus, 
several  of  the  Gladiolus,  Phormiura  tenax,  dwarf  Aloes 
and  Yuccas,  Tritomas,  &c.,  will  be  found  the  most 
useful  for  centres,  surrounding  them  with  plants  of  a 
trailing,  or  creeping  habit,  to  grow  over  the  side  of 
the  vases.  In  addition  to  the  above,  most  of  the  dwarf 
growing  scarlet  and  pink  flowered  varieties  of  the 
horseshoe  Geranium  are  wefl  adapted,  as  are  the 
variegated  leaved  kinds,  and  some  of  other  varieties, 
Kalosantlies  coccinea  major  and  rainiata  are  r.mong 
the  most  showy  things  for  vases  we  have  ;  Fuchsia 
fulgens  and  globosa  are  likewise  valuable,  the  latter 
wlien  grown  into  low  standards  makes  a  pretty  object  ; 
for  particular  situations  to  assist  in  filling  up,  the  blue 
and  white  Maurandya,  two  or  three  kinds  of  Lophosper- 
mum,  the  tall  and  dwarf  Convolvulus,  t-aponaria  ocy- 
moides,  dwarf  Nas;;urtiums,  Campanula  fragilis,  and 
with  the  dwarf  blue  Lobelias,  &c.,  will  show  the  class  of 
plants  to  be  employed  in  connection  with  the  former. 
In  making  the  vases  complete,  these  latter  should  con- 
trasi;  with  the  centres,  as  regards  colour  ;  during  the 
summer  they  should  be  allowed  to  grow  into  a  certain 
degree  of  wildness,  aud  made  to  grow  freely  over  the 
edges  of  the  vases,  &;c.  ;  in  this  state  they  will  be  more 
admii'edj  than  when  arranged  in  a  stifl"  formal  manner. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWEaS. 

Tulips  are  rapidly  progressing,  the  very  warm  wea- 
ther of  late  bringing  them  forward  amazingly.  Some  of 
our  floral  acquaintances  have  lately  been  watering  their 
Tulips,  ^ye  only  notice  it  to  disapprove  of  the  course 
adopted  ;  we  have  seen  in  our  time  serious  injury  accrue 
to  the  bulbs  by  so  doing.  TJie  rootlets  of  the  Tulip 
bulb  draw  their  nutriment  far  away  from  the  surface, 
and  a  well-made  bed  will  always  be  sufficiently  moist. 
Take  care  that  all  plants  in  pots  do  not  suffer  for  lack 
of  moistui'e.  This  caution  applies  particularly  to  Pinks, 
Pansies,  Carnations,  and  Picotees.  Strike  the  side 
shoots  of  Pansies,  and  particularly  attend  to  propagating 
good  seedlings  in  this  manner  ;  by  no  means  attempt  to 
transplant  them  before  you  have  got  cuttings  rooted. 
Seedling  Ranunculuses  in  pans  or  boxes  will  require 
considerable  care  ;  they  must  not  have  too  much  sun, 
as  it  would  probably  destroy  many  of  them, 

HARDY  FKOIT  GARDEN. 

Strawberries  are  acceptable  at  all  seasons  ;  provide, 
therefore,  for  an  autumnal  supply  by  planting  out  in  an 
open  situation  the  early  forced  crops  of  Keens'  Seedling, 
&c.,  now  removed  from  the  forcing  houses.  If  you  can 
harden  them  off  so  much  the  better  ;  if  not,  place  a  few 
evergreen  branches  over  them  for  two  or  three  weeks  ; 
in  June  these  will  start  into  fresh  growth,  and  produce 
a  second  crop  in  September.  The  best  kind,  however, 
for  furnishing  the  diutumn  supply  is  the  Alpine,  of  which 
there  are  several  kinds.  On  the  Continent  these  are 
extensively  grown,  and  raised  principally  from  seeds 
each  year.  We  prefer  last  autumn's  runners,  as  they 
with  us  come  into  bearing  quicker,  and  run  less  to  leaf. 
Plantations  of  these  should  now  be  made  on  a  light  rich 
soil.  For  the  late  summer's  supply  a  north  border  is 
vei'y  suitable  ;  but  to  ripen  late  choose  a  sunny  expo- 
sure. Plant  the  runners  a  foot  apart,  in  beds  3  or  4 
feet  wide,  that  the  fruit  may  be  picked  without  treading 
on  them.  Pick  off'  all  blooms  and  runners  that  appear 
before  the  middle  or  end  of  June,  and  supply  them 
liberally  with  water  in  dry  weather  ;  this  will  prolong 
their  bearing  till  November.  The  green-fly  very  fre- 
quently appears  at  this  time  on  the  Peach  and  Nectar 
rines.  Take  the  opportunity  of  a  sunny  morning  first 
to  well  wash  the  trees  with  the  engine  to  dislodge 
them  from  the  leaves  ;  then  mix  1  quart  of  tobacco 
water  in  a  large  watering-pot  of  soap-suds,  and  syringe 
the  trees  carefully  over.  The  suds  will  cause  the 
mixture  to  adhere  to  the  leaves,  and  one  or  two  appli- 
cations will  generally  be  found  sufficient  at  a  time. 
Proceed  cautiously  with  disbudding. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Directly  a  change  iu  the  weather  takes  place,  the 
spring-raised  Cauliflowers,  Lettuce,  &c.,  should  be 
planted  out  on  well  pulverised  rich  land,  as  the  earlier 
they  are  planted  the  less  will  be  the  check  by  removal. 
If  cii-cumstances  permit,  a  soil  of  rather  heavy  nature 
should  be  preferred  for  growing  the  above,  and  other  of 
the  Brassica  tribe  during  the  summer.  Prepare  a 
ridge  for  growing  the  hand-glass  Cucumbers,  by  throw- 
ing out  a  trench  3  or  4  feet  wide,  2  feet  deep,  and  of 
sufficient  length  to  furnish  the  required  supply  ;  this 
may  be  filled  with  stable  dung,  or  any  fermenting 
material,  sufficient  to  warm  the  earth  thrown  over  it, 
which  should  be  1  foot  in  thickness,  light  but  not  over 
rich  ;  on  this  place  the  glasses  3  or  4  feet  apart,  and 
sow  a  few  seeds  under  each  ;  these  should  subsequently 
be  thinned  to  two  or  three,  which  cover  the  ground. 


Scateof  the  Wentber  near  London.for  the  week  ending  Apul  22,  1352, 
aaobeerved  at  the  Horticultural  Oanleiis,  Cliiswick. 

AprU. 

Si 

< 

27 
28 
29 

1 

3 

B&nOItlBTKR. 

TaUrBUATUBB. 

Wlni 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth, 

1 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mln.   Mean 

I  foot 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Friday.. 
Satuc.  .. 
luoday 
Idouday 
Cuep.   .. 
Wed.    ,. 
Thurs... 

16 
]/ 
IS 
19 

20 
21 

30.037 
29.9a; 

:iii.i.'io 

:UI.09G 
Hfl.l  18 
3O.07J 
29.a«3 

29.937 
29.8:!? 
29.763 
30.01)9 
311.043 
29.957 
29JJ21 

52 

se 

50 
43 

59 
61 

70 

25         38.5 
31        43.5 
34        42.0 

20  34.0 

21  40.0 
37        49,0 
43        66.5 

■17 
44 

45 

43i 
424 
44 
45 

44 

42 
45 

E. 

M. 

E. 
N.E. 
S.W 
S.E 
5.E. 

.00 

.01 
.01 

.00 

,on 

00 

.00 

«-„,,,  . 

3(1.0-:.^       29.92'.      6G.fi      30  1   '   43.3 

4t.4 

43.6 

0.2 

iril     16— Dry  cold  haze;  cloudy  and  cold  ;  clear;  froaiy. 

—  J7—Clr-ar  and  frosty  ;  flue;  clear 

—  18— DeoEely  clouded;  cloudy  and  cold;  overcast. 

—  19— Clear  and  cold;  cloudy;  clear;  froBiy. 

—  20-FroBt  more  severe  thsn   bna  been   experieoced  bo  late  In  the 

eeasoti  for  the  laat  26  years  at  leaet;  fine;  clear, 

—  21 — Cleai"  and  frosty  ;  air  excesKively  dry  ;  clear, 

—  22— Foggy;   fine;  Bli([htly  overcaul;  clear  at  niiicht. 
Mean  lemperature  of  the  week,  3;^  deg.  beluw  the  averaie. 

State  of  the  Weather  at  Chiswick,  during  thelast  26  yearn,  for  the 
ensuinK  week, ending  rtay  1,  lti52. 


ai  — 

No.  Of 
Teara  in 
which  it 

Kuiaed. 

Prevailing  Winds. 

A.pril 

and  May 

III 

Greateat 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

1 

7 

3 

e 

Sunday  25 

59.5 

33.9 

49  2 

11 

0.40  In. 

59.4 

37.0 

43.2 

13 

0.12 

1 

i> 

4:  1  1:  al  9 

I 

Tues.     27 

o9.9 

37.0 

1    4;  2'S'  4i  3 

61.2 

36.8 

49.0 

li 

0.28 

1 

4    5    4    4    4    2 

t 

Thurs.  29 

ci.e 

2    3'  b    2;  4'  4'  2 

Kriday  30 

6:7 

41.6 

62,1 

10 

0.31 

3    3    C    1'  3    4j  2 

41.2 

61,8 

9 

0.51 

14    5    2    5    514 

1840 -therm.  81  deg.; 


Notices  to  Correspondents.     - 

Books:  JF  S.  Perhaps  Mrs.  Loudon's  "Every  Lady  her  own 
Gardener,"  may  suit  you.— rr  If.  The  "Vegetable  King- 
dom" IB  out  of  print.  It  contaius  nothing  about  the  obsolete 
and  useless  Linnean  system.  —  Manchester  Amateur.  The 
"  Treatise  on  the  Chrytanthemum,"  by  Taylor,  we  believe 
can  only  be  had  of  the  author. 

BiGNoNiAS  •.Inquisitor.  Do  you  not  see  thatyouanswer  your  own 
que&tlon,  Teeoma  ia  one  of  the  names  of  Bignoniu,  and  some 
think  the  grandiflora  a  variety  of  radlcans,  others  a  didtinct 
species.     That  is  aU. 

BiaDs:  A  Constant  Reader.  You  cannot  hear  the  nightingale  in 
Wales ;  but  you  Loigbt  accomplish  whar  you  widh  by  a  visit 
to  Bath  or  Bristol,  in  whose  vicinity  these  birds  may  be 
heard  just  now  in  perfection,  ir.  K.^Shcm.  This  is  as  good 
a  time  as  any  for  purchasing  a  canary.  We  never  recom- 
mend dealers. — B  A.  Parrots  should  have  water  to  drink 
like  oiher  birds,  more  especially  if  they  are  kept  on  dry  food ; 
they  enjoy  a  bath  now  and  then  in  warm  weatht-r, 

Edwakdsia  :  Ciericus.  None  of  them  like  stiff  clay,  /(  is  too 
cold.  They  want  a  nice  light  warm  alluvial  soil.  The  same 
is  true  of  Arbutus  procera. 

Fuchsia  SPECTABILIS  :  B  F.  We  are  unable  to  account  for  the 
buds  dropping  nff  in  the  manner  you  describe.  Perhaps  as 
the  season  advances  you  may  be  mure  furtucate.  { 

Insects  :  /*  /•.  We  have  not  succeeded  in  liuding  any  insects 
on  your  Cucumber  leaves.  We  fear  jour  plan  of  fumigation 
is  not  sufficiently  careful.  The  frames  ought  to  be  made 
as  air  tight  as  possible. — 5.  and  N.  The  insect  which  is 
doing  so  much  mischief  amongst  the  shoots  of  seedling  Rho- 
dodendrons is  the  larva  of  some  two-winged  fly,  belonging  to 
the  family  Muscidse.  It  is  a  new  fact  to  m,  and  we  shall  be 
obliged  lor  more  specimens,  sent  iu  damp  mould.  If  for. 
warded  to  Mr.  Westwood,  St.  Peter's,  Hammersmith,  they 
shall  be  esauiined  with  proper  care.    W. 

Ladhels  :  A  Constant  Stit.  You  may  cut  them  back  now  as 
well  or  better  than  at  any  time.  We  should  prune  the  tree 
Paanny  severely,  just  before  it  begins  to  move  next  spring. 
At  all  events  do  not  touch  it  while  it  has  leaves  on. 

Names  OF  FaoiTS :  Z.  Your  Apple  is  the  Lamb  Abbey  Pear-  ■, 
main,  il  ,  . 

Names  of  Plants:  J  W.  Epidendrum  elongatum.— JT  C  Y, 
Tnchonema  ramiflorum. — Thtre  are  a  few  difficult  questions 
that  stand  over,  but  which  shall  be  answered  anotberweek. 

MoSBEOoUs  :  A  Constant  Sub.  We  have  ourselves  tried  tho 
experiment  of  inoculating  a  pasture,  but  with  little  success. 
Probably  tbe  btsi  way  would  be  to  get  the  spawn  well  started 
by  the  month  of  September,  and  then  to- place  lumps  of  it 
beiieah  the  turf  lifted  up  for  the  purpose.  Poasibly  some 
correspondent  would  favour  us  with  his  experience  on  this 
point. 

RuuDuDENDBONs  :  C  F  J.  After  they  have  don6  fiowering  under 
glasH,  you  had  better  plunge  them  for  the  summer  in  some 
shady  place  in  the  open  garden.  They  can  be  removed  to  the 
greenhouse  in  wiuter.J 

Ruses:  W  M.  We  cannot  commit  so  great  an  injustice  to  well- 
known  Rose  dealers,  as  to  express  any  opinion  as  to  who  is 
allowed  to  be  the  beat  grower  of  Roses  in  pots.  There  is  a 
good  treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  Roses  in  pots  by  Mr.  Paul, 
of  Cheshunt, — iicrutator.  The  Roses  exhibited  by  Mr.  Lane, 
at  the  meeting  ol  the  Horticultural  Society,  held  in  Regent- 
street,  on  the  6th  of  April,  were  in  a  cut  state,  and  packed  in 
boxes  of  damp  moss.i^ 

Seakale  :  J.  We  have  no  idea  what  makes  your  Seakale  rot 
every  spring,  where  the  soil  is  dry  and  gravelly.  If  you  will 
send  us  a  specimen,  pei  haps  we  may  then  buable  to  discover 
the  cause  of  tlie  evil,  aud  suggest  a  remedy.  J 

Shec^bs:  F  B.  Ttie  Cerasus-ilicifulia  is  an  t^vergreen  shrub; 
as  is  also  Berberis  uepalensis,  which  does  not  seem  incliued 
to  grow  much  higher  than  B.  Fortuni. 

Tbe  HoKTicuLTDEAL  SociETi  :  G.  If  you  desire  to  take  ad- 
vantage (it  the  new  scale  of  compositions  you  should  do  so 
before  Saturday  next ;  because  the  year's  subscripiion  then 
due  is  cancelled  by  the  payment  of  the  composition,  and 
thus  you  save  four  guineas.  After  Saturday  it  will  be  too 
late. 

The  Ndbsert  Teade  :  J  W.  A  Subicriber  wishes  to  have 
recommended  to  him  some  publication  ia  the  shape  of  a 
manual  for  nurserymen.  He  has  lately  taken  to  the  busi- 
ness, and,  being  a  stranger  to  it,  wishes  lo  jjrocure  some  work 
which  will  iustruct  him  as  to  the  times  for  performing  its 
operations,  so  that  he  may  be  as  little  at  the  meruy  of  his 
foreman  as  possible,  and  able  to  judge  of  the  correctness  of 
his  acts.  He  may  study  "  Loudon's  Eucyclopcedia  of  Garden- 
ing," or  '*  Browu's  Forester,"  or  Mackmloah'a  new  work; 
but  we  fear  that  tbe  only  study  that  will  really  profit  him  is 
dearly  bought  experience.  Trades  cannot  be  taught  bj 
books  alone. 

Vines  :  J  W K.  You  state  that  your  question  was,  "  What  is 
the  cause  of  Vines  wiring,  after  showing  their  fruit?"  And 
you  wish  it  to  be  uudersioud  that  yuur  Vines  are  healthy.  By 
the  term  K.'inȣr,  we  apprehend  you  mean  ttiatlorm  ot  growth 
which  takes  place  when  the  tlowers  do  not  come  forward, 
but  in  their  stead  wire-like  claspers  or  tendrils  are  produced. 
It  may  be  observed,  that  the  leaves  on  the  shoots  of  a  Vine 
break  out  aliernaielj.  never  opposite  to  each  other  from  the 
same  j.  int.  But  at  some  uf  the  joints,  and  exactly  opposite 
to  the  base  oi  a  leaf,  a  peculiar  kmd  of  shout  originates.  At 
some  distance  from  tlie  shoot  it  subdivides,  aud  becomes 
tendrils  ;  or,  on  its  leading  portion,  the  rudiment  of  a  bunch 
of  Grapes  is  sUown,  under  which  a  tenoril  to  support  the 
same  branches  off  Sometimes,  however,  and  probably  in 
the  case  to  which  you  allude,  the  rudiments  of  fruciihcatiou 
are  BO  impel  feet,  that  their  development  cannot  proceed, 
aud  they  give  place  to  email  tendrils.  Ba  >ly-ripened  wood 
is,  doubtless,  a  cause  ol  this  ;  and  it  may  be  occaaioned  by  a 
check  of  the  fruutihcation,  sufficient  to  arrest  the  turther 
progress  of  the  latter.  Too  great  vicissitudes  of  beat  and 
cold  are  apt  to  cause  the  whole  flowering  stalk  to  coil  up  like 
a  tendril. 11 

ViwE  B.RDtEs:  R  J.  We  think  the  bottom  you  propose  to 
make  will  answer.  Mind  that  the  border  itself  slopes  well  to 
the  sun,  and  iu  made  and  kept  as  loose  as  >ou  can. 

*»*  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessaiT 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  also  beg  for  the  indulgence 
of  those  numertiui  correspondents,  the  insertion  Of  whose 
in'.eresting  contiibutions  is  still  delated. 


17—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


265 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION      TO      AGRICULTUIST  S.— 
It  beiDg  notorious  that  exteoeive  adulterations   of  this 
MANDRE  are  siill  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.   AS  THE 

OKLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  bo  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  I'ublic  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  ivho 

buy  to  be  caielullj  on  thtir  guard. 

The  ch:iracter  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  tbe  beet  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTOKY  GIBBS  and  SONS  ihink  it 
well  toremini  buverB  that — 

TJie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  loJiich  sound  Peruvian 
Cfuano  has  been  sold  by  them,  during  the  last  two  years  w 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  lesales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'"THE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

J"  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine  : — Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Suda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P-iat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  9i.  lOs.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9£.  5j.  in  Dock.  EDWAaD  Pdsser,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars. 

MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  LiWEs'fl  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  jE7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  ...        .;.        ...      7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolitcs  6    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  iViUiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Amoaonia,  91.  IO5.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  6s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 

TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  fcUjjerior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  under-signed,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  vi.  Part  2.  It  is  aJto 
Suitable  tor  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bont-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mabk 
FoiHEBGiLL,  iOi,  Upper  Thamts-street,  London. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2L  5s.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purpo-ses,  as 
no  less  th^n  26,000  tons  have  already,  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  ic 
can  be  sold  in  this  cuuntry  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  liLeral  Commi:&ion  alloived  lo  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  Cijpies  ot  the  testimonials  ot  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  forsample-i,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUrEIlPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  aescription,  containing  at  least  13  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Pbospbaieof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis" 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consuliing  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  Tbe  price,  in  Loudon,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

(FROSl  THE   SDFFuLE   CRAG.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Miichinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  hue  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  .cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Gruund,  Whole,  or  Diseolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphite  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  la  cunjunction  with  liSone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwaqd  Paceaed  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 

CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Towu  and  Country  by 
iocreaaing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnated  with  tbe  ftrtilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fsecea  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  sofc. 
Sold  at  tbe  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Ftilbam,  Middlesex,  at  60^.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  2^,  6d.  per 
bftlf  cwt. 

OSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 

or  GARDEN  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gutt  i  Pcrchn.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agrieul- 
turiitJ,  and  at  tbe  Goveroment  Public  Works,  giving  great 
satljfttciion.  Also,  KASh'S  FOftCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  ihu  moet  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lon! per  miuaie,  40  foot  high,  and  it  is  LOt  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price  5t.  lOj.  ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  71.  7a. 
fiOEGLls  and  a&J,  103,  Newgate-street,  Luadon, 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING     SCYTHE. 


IMPROVED   CRASS    CUTTING  &  ROLLING   MACHINE. 


UNDER  ROYAL  I'AlllONAUB. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  MACiimE 
MAKtan,  Arbrofttb,  Por(arf>hlr(-,  runpccifuMy  solicit  notice 
to  their  Improved  ORASM  CUTTING  ANU  ItOLM.NO 
MACHINE  for  LAWN8,  the  cmipleto  BuccfHo  of  which,  and 
111  acknowledged  t-xccllenco  and  HU|jcriority  over  all  olbcr 
Uachinet  of  tbe  kind,  hua  now  t^etn  fully  conhrmcd.  TtHti- 
monlaU  and  furthtr  particulars  will  be  ioimediutciy  fruukcd 
00  appllcfltlon. 

AoRUTa,  for  London  :  MeRirs.  J,  and  C.  Lor-,  Nurscrympu  and 
A««dkmeo,  IlammerAtniih;  ijertford :  Mr.  (itorge  Folkard, 
Irouriionf[i;r ;  Llvt:rpoo) :  Mctisrii.  Charlcn  D.  Younjc  fiitd  Co,, 
Cattle  Bulldinifo,  lJerby.*quarc  ;  ^Sheffield  :  Mr.  J.  Law,  f.'urator 
of  tbe  bouaic  Oardenii;  Cbinler  ;  Me»i"ir<i.  F.  and  J.  Jyickhim, 
Narft4Tjm«n  and  Heediiaien  ;  Oldngow  :  Me«<ira.  Chan.  I>.  Vouhk 
arid  Co.,  3?,  8t,  Knoch-tfjuare  ;  EdinburKh  :  M«;inir».  Cliai..  D, 
Youiiic  and  Co..  iH.  North  Hrtd«o  ;  Perth :  Messra.  UlcUbon  und 
Tur^bull,  Nurserymen  and  aeedamcD, 


AppaoVED  BT  PRINCE  ALBERT,  A^D  UsivtuBALLT  Recom- 
mended BY  PttACTiCAL  A^D  SciENTiFIC  MeN. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  cao  be  adjusted  10  any  angle  io  one  miiiute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  to  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blaclismitb  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thus  rendering  Mowing  an  easy^  safe,  nod  economical  operation . 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  tfcc,  in  the 
Kingdom;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Dray  niid  Co.'b 
Agiicultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
la  11  e,  London  Bridire, —  A  liberal  Hiscnunt  allowed  to  the  Trade 


BUDDING'S    LAWN  MOWERS. 

MK.  SAMUELSON,  Britannia  Irou  Works,  Banbury, 
Oxon  (successor  to  the  late  James  GardoL-r),  to  avoid  the 
disappointment  experienced  last  season,  as  regards  their 
delivery,  will  feel  obliged  by  orders  for  the  above  macliines, 
and  for  GAtlDEN  RULLGRS,  being  given  aa  early  as  possible. 
Delivery  free  to  all  places  on  the  Loudon  and  North-Western, 
and  Great  Western  and  Midland  Railways. 

Drawings  and  price  lists  forwarded  on  application. 

~C  H  E  A  P~  A  N  D     D  U  RABLE     ROOFING. 


ki-  ROTAL  LETTERS 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


FM'NEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
•      row,  London,  the  Manufactuiers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  flants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural   Shows,   it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  aud  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
PaiZES,  and  is  the  Felt  solelt  patroiiiRed  and  adopted  by 
Hee  MAJEaTY's  Woods  and  Fokestb, 
Honoobable  Board  of  Ordnance, 
Honodbable  East  India  Coufant. 
Honourable  Commissioneks  uf  CosTfiMS, 
Hee  Majesty's  Estate.  Isle  of  Wight, 
RoTAL  Botanic  Gakdens,  Regent's  Park, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Geniry, 
and  at  the  Royal  AGRicDLToaAL  SociLTi's  House,  Hnnover-sq. 
It  is  half  the  price  of  auy  other  dettcription  of  rooting,  and 
effects  a  ^reat  saving   of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs, 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  per  Square  Foot. 
%*  Samples,   with  Directi.  ni  for  i's  U*e,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemeu,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  execuie'1. 

^^  Tbe  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  Loudon 
or  Great  Britain  where  thi-  above  Roofing  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent     Felt    Manufactory,     Lamb's. buildings,     Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  bt  seen. 

The  new  Vice-ChancellorV  Courts,  at  the  tniraui-e  of  West, 
minster  Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Ftlt  about , 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Cbas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A.  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
BO  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  Iloute-.  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Quantity  altogether  used,  24,000  feet. 

Note.  —  Consumers  sending  direct  to  ihe  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lengths  best  suited  to  their  RooJs,  so  that  tbey  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  reqoire. 

Every  iuformation  aff.irded  on  the  coo'^truction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  panicular  application  of  the  Felt. 


M'CORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate- street, 
London. — Extract  Irom  Mr.  Pusey's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Impiemmt  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  *'  iVJr. 
M'Cobmick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal,  Mr,  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  G1,  Gracechui-ch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  SouthwarU,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copper  Oylindrictil  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobiltry, 
Gentry,  and  Nursery  men  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  relereuces  of 
the  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars 
furnished  on  application. 


BEE  HIVES, —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  DrawingH  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  London. 

**  lu  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight- Bar 
Hive,  and  Me.sBrn. Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Coltuge  Hive, 
boih  exhibited  by  Mt-ssrs.  Neighbour."— J.  H.  Payne.  (Seethe 
"  Cottnge  Gardener,"  Nos.  1C9,  170). 

Agents. —  Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  Kinu-Btreet.  Gliisgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  163,  Trongnto.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-Htreet. 


PETTITT'S  KOYAL  EXHllilTION  TEMPLE 
BEE-HIVES,  as  exhibited  in  CIubh  IX.,  No.  92,  are  con- 
structed on  a  new  principle,  Ihe  reeult  of  long  practical 
experience,  and  may  bo  worked  with  uafoty,  humanity,  and 
profit  by  tbe  mont  timid  and  unuocustomcd  to  Buc-nianipula- 
tion.  The  ncccHslty  of  Swarming  is  obviated,  aud  the  drones 
are  ofl'uctually  excluded  from  th(.-  glitss  hives. 

A  Dcptcrlptivo  cln-ular  forwarded  on  appUoiition  to  W.  J, 
I'kttitt,  Solo  Iiivomor  und  Mdiiofaclurer.  Muriue-toirnco, 
Dover  ;  and  '/I,  Church.«tr«ct,  Hhoi(!ilitch.  London. 

HUMANITY^(?I^«7M"UKi>Klt.— JiJirME-HlVK 
for  obtaining  the  liirguKt  (juuulity  uf  pure  vlrj/iii  Moury, 
in  gliiBfCtt,  without  dfBtioyliig  the  Moi-h,  !»  MARRIOTT'S 
"NliW  BBK.mVE."  Ilrt  real  practical  utility,  dur.iblllty, 
and  tWiinhed  workmankhlp  will  spuuk  for  Isoli  (which  was 
highly  comuivndtxl  at  thu  Cryntul  Paluco  by  hor  most  grix  1  us 
Miijoily.  and  tented  by  Apiarian  .Ju-lgOf)  DcMcrlpilvu  ciigruv- 
higH  aTid  prices  of  Ilumuno  Bcc- (lives  forwarded  on  receipt  of 
two  jicntiy  BtumpH.—MAEuioTT'n  Boo-Illvo  Manufactory,  72, 
(Jrucixhurch-Bticct,  Lcuduu. 


pUIZK  MaNGULU   WUKZEL.— Tlie  quahty  of  a 

1-  crop  of  MANGOLD  WURZCL  depends  very  materially 
upon  the  aire  and  the  shape  of  ihe  bulbs  from  which  the  seed  is 
saved;  and  we  have,  alter  several  years'  selection,  obtained 
a  very  superior  stock  of  the  YELLOW  GLOBE-SHAPED 
MANGOLD. 

We  have  also  good  stocks  of  LONG  RED,  RED  GLOBE 
and   LONG  YELLOW.     P.ice  of  either  sort,  8d     per  lb.    in 
small  quantities,  cr  6d.  Per  lb.  in  qmtntitiea  of  not  less  than 
28  lbs.     Also,    TRUE  LARGE  WHUE  BELGIAN  CARROT 
9d.  per  lb.  * 

OAttRiAOE  Fbee,  as  eoo  our  Advertisement  in  the  Garclaier&' 
Chrouic'.e  of  20th  March. 

Instructions  on  the  Cultivation  of  Boot  Crops  will  be  enclosed 
in  encli  parcel. 

JoBN  Sdtton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers.  Rea-ling,  Berks. 


NEW  FARM  SEEDS.— The  attention  of  all  engaged 
in  Farming  O^jcrations  is  respectfully  directed  to 
the  Advertisement  of  Messrs.  Wm,  E.  Rendle  and  Co., 
Plymoidh,  which  appeared  on  the  bach  page  of  this  News* 
paper  on  Saturday,  March  27 j  page  20S. 
Our  General   Sescripttve    Price  CatalogQo  of 

Farm  Seeds 

Is  now  ready,  and  can  be  had  in  exchange  forone  penny  stamp. 

Apply  to  William  E.  Hendle  and  Co., 

Seed  Merchants,  Plymouth, 
ESTABLISHED  MORE  THAN  HALF  A  CENTURY. 

MORTON'S   YELLOW    GLOBE   MANGOLD. 

T\/"ILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and   CO.  have  purchased 

^'     a  veiy  superior   StocJc   of  Seed,  saved   by   J.   0. 

Morton,  Esq.,  of  Whitfield,  Gloucester  shir  ej  which  is  now 

offered  by  retail,  at  lOd.  per  lb. 

All  other  kinds  of  Agricultural  Seeds  can  be  obtained,  of  the 
best  and  most  genuine  quality,  at  the  lowest  market  prices. 

William  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  bt  special 
App^pintment,  to  the  South  Devon  Agricultural  Association, 
and  tbe  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Prince  Edward's  Island. 


SKIRVING'S    IMPROVED    TURNIP    SEEDS. 
Vl/ILLIAM    SKIRVING  begs  to  announce    to  his 

'  '  friends  and  the  pnblic,  that  he  has  fixed  the  price,  for 
thi- season,  of  his  IMPROVED  SWEDE.andalso  the  PURPLE- 
TOP  YELLOW  BULLOCK,  at  9<i.  per  lb. 

W.  S.  can,  with  perfect  coutidence,  recommend  these  Turnips 
as  being  tbe  best  now  in  cultivation,  in  every  retpect,  whether 
for  the  greutest  crop,  the  best  quality,  or  for  keeping,  according 
to  the  time  of  vowing.  At  the  same  time  he  begs  to  state  that 
he  has  no  agent.in  town  or  country,  and  of  course  is  not  ■ 
accountable  for  the  low-priced  spurious  Turnip  Seeds  offering 
under  his  name. 

All  other  kinds  of  Turnips  and  Agricultural  Seeds  in  general, 
of  the  best  quality,  at  very  moderate  prices. 

A  remittance  or  reference  is  roqueted  from  unknown  cor- 
respondents — Queen-square,  Liverpofd,  April  24. 


AGRICULTURAL   SEEDS. 
ITT     DRUMMOND  and    SON,  Seedsmen,  Stirling, 

•  V  «  Scotland,  are  now  prepared  to  execute  orders  tor  the 
above,  from  a  stock  that  has  been  selected  with  every  possible 
cure.  They  bcK  to  call  special  attention  to  their  various  >orts 
of  TURNIP.  ITALIAN,  and  PERENNIAL  RYE-GRASS  and 
NATURAL  GRASSES  for  Permanent  Pasture,  the  prices  for 
which  are  as  low  as  really  genuine  Seeds  can  be  reared  for. 
Catalogues,  with  prices  and  other  details,  may  be  had  free  on 
application. 

N.B — The  Carriage  of  Seeds  will  be  prepaid  to  many  of  the 
principal  Railway  Station^i  au'l  Shipping  Ports  throughout  the 
Kingdom. —  Agricultural  Museum,  Stirling,  N.B. 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  24,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWIKQ  WEEKS. 
WEDNnai'Ai,  April  28-Aericultural  Society  of  EiiKiand. 
TuuuBOAT,  —  29-Agricultural  Imp.  Soc,  of  Ireland. 
WEDNaacAI,  May  5  — AKricuiturm  Society  of  EiiKlaud. 
TanasDAT,  —  6 -Aunculmral  Imp.  Soc.ot  Ireland. 
♦ 

We  are  now  about  to  bring  before  our  readers 
some  hints  as  to  the  measures  necessary  for  facilitat- 
ing the  transfer  of  land,  the  advantages  of  which  we 
have  already  explained,  and  are,  indeed,  universally 
admitted.  We  wish  then  to  see  a  Register  of  all 
TITLES  to  land  established ;  and  we  think  that  there 
should  be  a  district  as  well  as  a  metropolitan 
register.  We  are  not  for  a  registiy  of  deeds  only, 
similar  to  that  which  was  proposed  in  the  last 
session  of  Parliament,  but  we  are  desirous  of  assimi- 
lating the  transfer  of  land  to  that  of  stock — and  we 
believe  this  to  be  practicable.  We  have  been 
recently  referred  by  a  correspondent,  "  Sootus,"  to 
the  registry  system  in  Scotland  ;  but  although  thia 
system  is  better  than  any  established  in  England, 
and  as  a  consequence  we  see  that  land  is  more  valu- 
able in  Scotland  than  in  England,  and  that  money 
can  be  there  borrowed  at  a  less  rate  of  interest,  yet 
we  are  not  altogether  satisfied  with  the  Scotch, 
registry,  and  think  that  we  can  get  a  better. 
Scotch  conveyancing,  although  better  than  English, 
is  still  more  expensive  and  more  tardy  than  it  need 
be  ;  and  we  hope  to  see  a  better  system  established 
in  England  from  which  even  our  Scotch  friends  may 
get  a  lesson.  We  prefer  taking  as  our  model  the 
English  funds,  because  we  have  here  a  cheap,  easy, 
and  perfectly  accessible  system  known  to  all,  and 
capable,  as  we  shall  show,  of  being  applied  to  the 
transfer  of  land  as  well  as  to  the  transfer  of  stock. 
All  that  is  iiecessaiy  is  for  the  persons  interested  in 
land,  to  show  the  same  confidence  with  respect  to 
land  that  they  now  show  as  to  stock,  and  we  are 
persuaded  that  a  scheme  may  be  devised  by  which 
land  may  be  transferred,  if  not  quite  so  easily  as 
stock,  at  all  events  with  much  greater  ease  than  at 
piosent.  Stock  is  now  placed  in  the  names  of 
trustees,  who  are  for  the  purpose  of  transfer  the 
absolute  owners,  as  the  Bank  will  not  recognise 
trusts  ;  the  interest  in  the  slock  is  the  subject  of 
settlement  as  the  parties  interested  in  it  choose,  but 


266 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[April  24, 


this  does  not  interfere  with  the  transfer.  This  is  a 
system  which  has  long  been  pursued  with  respect  to 
stock  in  the  funds,  and  the  continuance  of  the 
practice  shows  that  it  is  on  the  whole  safe  and 
satisfactoiy  to  all  parties,  or  it  would  not  be  adopted. 
Now  and  then  a  Fahntleroy  is  heard  of,  and  parties 
may  be  defrauded,  but  millions  of  stock  stand  in  the 
names  of  trustees,  who  never  betray  their  trust. 
Now,  once  agree  to  vest  the  fee  simple  of  land  in 
trustees  who  shall  have  power  to  sell  to  any  pur- 
chaser, and  one  great  difficulty  in  the  transfer  of 
land  is  over.  Inquiry  as  to  title,  so  far  as  regards 
the  persons  who  have  created  the  trust,  may  be  dis- 
pensed with.  A  purchaser  for  a  valuable  considera- 
tion without  notice  would  hold  as  against  all  persons 
so  interested,  and  in  ninety-nine  cases  in  one  hun- 
dred a  perfect  title  would  be  created  against  all  the 
world.  If  trustees  now  please  to  sell  stock,  they 
can  make  a  perfect  title  by  the  sole  act  of  transfer  ; 
it  is  only  necessary  to  enable  trustees  to  do  the  like 
with  land,  and  you  may  have  a  similar  plan  applica- 
ble to  the  transfer  of  land.  But  if  this  is  startling 
to  any  of  our  readers,  they  have  only  to  look  to  their 
own  settlements  and  mortgage  deeds  already  exist- 
ing, to  find  that  a  great  deal  of  land  already  stands 
in  this  condition,  the  trustees  of  which  might,  if  they 
chose,  abuse  their  trust,  but  which  is  found  in  practice 
to  be  perfectly  safe.  In  most  settlements  the  land 
settled  is  vested  in  trustees  with  power  to  sell  and 
exchange,  the  receipts  of  the  trustees  being  sufficient 
discharges,  and  in  most  mortgages  power  is  given  to 
the  mortgagee  to  sell,  even  without  the  consent  of 
the  mortgagor.  But  we  know  that  fraudulent  sales 
do  not  in  practice  take  place. 

This  then  is  a  hint  of  the  plan  that  we  propose  for 
giving  freedom  to  the  transfer  of  land.  In  the  cases 
we  have  referred  to  a  60  years'  title  is  still  demanded, 
the  practice  of  the  profession  requiring  it,  and  no 
one  will  purchase  without  it.  But  this  practice 
must  be  altered  or  dispensed  with  when  land  is  thus 
vested  in  trustees  and  placed  on  the  register :  and 
how  this  may  be  safely  done  we  shall  show  in  a 
separate  article.  We  have  now  said  enough,  we 
trust,  to  put  our  readers  on  inquiring,  and  we  may 
add  that  many  eminent  professional  men,  as  well 
barristers  as  solicitors,  agree  with  us  in  thinking  a 
scheme  such  as  we  propose  is  practicable,  and  would 
be  attended  with  the  effect  we  suggest — that  of 
rendering  the  transfer  of  land  easy.  It  must  be 
accompanied  by  other  measures  to  which  we  shall 
hereafter  advert. 

One  word  in  conclusion.  We  havB  now  a 
Government,  as  we  believe,  really  anxious  to  assist 
the  landed  interest  in  every  practicable  way.  When- 
ever this  question  has  hitherto  arrived  at  a  certain 
point  of  interest  with  the  public,  and  those  in- 
terested in  land,  it  has  been  staved  oif  by  a  sham 
inquiry.  Let  us  have  no  such  evasion  now. 
The  landed  interest  has  a  right  at  all  events 
to  the  fullest  help  that  the  law  can  afford, 
and  to  be  relieved  from  all  those  difficulties  that  the 
law  and  the  practice  of  conveyancing  have  created. 
Many  professional  men  are  now  wise  enough  to  see 
that  a  new  system  as  to  the  transfer  of  land  must 
be  adopted.  Let  the  Government  give  encourage- 
ment to  the  development  of  these  plans  ;  let  them 
be  encouraged,  not  thwarted,  at  all  events  fairly 
inquired  into,  and  not  handed  over  to  Commissioners 
•whose  members  are  interested  in  preventing  large 
changes.  Let  Lord  Derby  remember  that  the  com- 
mittee of  the  Lords  on  the  Burdens  of  Land  (1846), 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  were  unanimous  only  in 
one  point — "  the  necessity  of  a  thorough  revision  of 
the  whoIjE  subject  of  conveyancing,  and  the  disuse 

OP    THE    present    prolix,    EXPENSIVE,  AND     VEXATIOUS 

SYSTEM."*  We  shall  shortly  inquire  how  far  an 
examination  into  existing  titles,  and  a  general 
SDIETING  act,  is  advisable  and  practicable. 


We  have  lately  endeavoured  to  show  that  in  a 
well  constituted  soil  we  have  no  reason  to  appre- 
hend that  a  system  of  fallow  cropping  without 
manure  can  exhaust  it  of  its  inorganic  vegetable 
constituents.  Let  us  now  proceed  to  inquire 
whether,  under  the  same  economy,  there  is  any 
cause  to  fear  the  diminishing  of  the  organic  con- 


must  suppose  that  this  quantity  has  never  since 
increased,  for  there  has  been  no  new  creation  ;  and, 
although  for  a  time  locked  up,  neither  can  we  ima- 
gine that  there  has  been  any  decrease.  These  ele- 
ments must  have  been  first  created,  and  those  various 
combinations  which  constitute  the  aerial  food  of 
animals  and  plants  {viz.,  the  atmospheric  air,  water, 
carbonic  acid  gas,  and  ammonia)  must  have  been 
formed  from  them,  before  an  animal,  a  plant,  the 
meanest  reptile,  or  the  lowest  vegetable  could 
have  breathed  or  germinated.  In  the  waste 
and  the  decay  of  their  ultimate  combinations  in 
flesh  and  vegetables  they  are  returned  to  the  air 
undiminished,  unincreased — bury  them  deep  as  you 
will  in  the  bosom  of  the  earth,  or  by  the  art  of 
man,  or  by  the  revolutions  of  nature,  and  they  will 
return  to  the  first  heaven  of  their  existence.  They 
rise  in  exhalations,  they  issue  from  springs,  they  are 
thrown  up  by  volcanoes.  Thus  is  maintained  a 
plenary  abundance  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  aerial 
(organic)  food  of  plants.  Is  it  possible  then,  by  a 
system  of  perpetual  fallow  to  exhaust  the  air  of  its 
organic  constituents  of  plants,  let  the  earth  drink 
in  as  much  as  it  may  f  Will  there  not  always  be 
found  in  the  circumambient  atmosphere  a  sufficient 
supply  of  these  matters  for  the  vegetation  of  the 
earth  ? 

By  the  continuous  fallowing  of  the  land,  the  sur- 
face is  never  allowed  to  form  a  crust  to  exclude  the 
influx  of  air,  dew,  and  rain,  with  what  they  bring 
with  them ;  the  willing  earth  receives  them  all, 
and  in  various  combinations  retains  them  till  laws 
more  powerful  compel  her  to  give  them  up  to  the 
use  of  the  vegetable  organism.  Large  and  continu- 
ous as  may  be  the  vegetation  on  a  soil  so  constantly 
receiving  accessions  of  organic  matter  from  the  air, 
is  it  possible  to  conceive  this  vegetation  capable  of 
withdrawing  them  from  the  soil  to  an  equal  extent, 
in  combination  with  the  very  small  amount  of 
inorganic  matters  that  enter  into  the  composition  of 
plants  1 

Under  this  system,  Tull,  Smith,  and  others,  have 
found  sufficient  organic  matter  supplied  to  the  soil 
to  give  large  and  successive  remunerative  crops  of 
Wheat  without  any  apparent  deterioration,  but 
rather  with  evident  improvement  of  it.  If  such  a 
system  is  applicable  to  a  most  exhausting  crop,  is  it 
not  strange  it  should  not  be  to  a  nitrogen  collecting, 
to  an  ameliorating  crop.  Mr.  Lawes  finds  Turnips 
no  crop  on  unmanured  land  that  gives  17  bushels 
of  Wheat.  Whether  is  defective  tillage  or  the 
absence  of  vegetable  matter  in  the  soil  the  cause, 
or  are  green  crops  sown  too  close  together  to 
obtain  sufficient  nitrogen  from  the  air,  or  are  their 
seeds  too  small  to  contain  sufficient  nutriment  for  the 
young  plant,  or  are  they  not  sufficiently  indigenous 
to  the  soil  to  succeed  without  assistance  ?  We 
should  like  to  see  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith  try 
Turnips  without  manure  on  some  of  his  Wheat 
ground  which  has  been  worked  for  seven  years.  We 
are  not,  however,  without  evidences  of  successful 
cultivation  of  green  crops  without  manure.  A  crop 
of  Carrots  has  been  grown  for,  seven  years  in  succes- 
sion, on  exhausted  land  without  manure,  and  the 
last  crop  has  been  far  better  than  the  first,  and  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  restored.  At  Aghada,  in  the 
county  of  Coik,  on  Vtorn-out  land,  a  dressing  of  salt 
and  lime,  mixed  with  the  headlands  of  the  fields  in 
which  it  was  used,  was  found  to  produce  heavier 
crops  of  Potatoes,  Wheat,  and  Clover,  than  the 
town  dung  of  Cork,  or  the  farm-yard  manure.  Thei  e 
are  weak  lands  in  Ireland  which  are  repeatedly 
burned,  and  never  get  any  manure,  and  these 
yield  fair  crops  of  Potatoes  and  Oats.  Rich  old 
grazing  lands  in  Ireland  are  occasionally  broken, 
and,  without  manure,  yield  two  heavy  crops  of 
Potatoes  in  succession  and  three  of  Oats,  w'hen 
they  are  again  laid  out  in  Grass. 

In  all  these  cases  these  lands  must  obtain  the 
organic  matters,  which  enable  them  to  bear  these 
crops,  exclusively  from  atmospheric  sources.  The 
fertility  used  up  by  these  crops  has  been  slowly 
accumulated,  during  the  time  they  have  been  in 
pasture,  from  these  sources.  The  animals  ted  on 
them  have  added  nothing  to  them  which  they  did 
not  take  from  them,  and  which  they  did  not  there- 


a  surplus  of  fertility  that  will  enable  them  to  bear 
the  most  scourging  crops  for  many  years  without 
manure. 

In  soils  naturally  constituted  so  as  to  yield  to 
certain  plants  the  inorganic  elements  they  require, 
we  cannot  for  a  moment  doubt  that  the  atmosphere 
will  supply  a  sufficiency  of  organic  elements  to  act 
upon  them,  provided  that  we  use  a  manipulation 
of  the  soil  that  shall  keep  it  constantly  accessible 
to  atmospheric  influences.  But  as  few  soils  are 
so  constituted  as  to  yield  only  the  inorganic  ele- 
ments of  any  peculiar  crop,  we  would  depre- 
cate the  limiting  our  culture  to  any  individual  of 
the  crops  that  the  soil  is  calculated  to  produce,  as 
we  can  entertain  no  doubt  that  a  rotation  course  of 
these  crops  would  be  found  more  profitable  ;  and  in 
the  existing  state  of  our  philosophical  knowledge, 
whether  we  believe  in  root  exudation,  or  root  elec- 
tive attraction,  it  will  be  safer.  Of  this  our  practice 
assures  us,  that  a  change  of  cropping  is  necessary  to 
the  fuller  development  of  vegetable  production, 
from  whatever  causes  it  may  arise.  The  above 
statement  refers  to  what  we  believe  possible  rather 
than  to  what  we  believe  expedient.  The  value  of 
manure  is  an  agricultural  fact  that  caniiot  be  denied, 
and  ought  not  to  be  ignored  ;  and  we  do  not  in  any- 
thing that  has  been  said  desire  to  dispute  the  old 
proverb,  that  "  Muck  is  the  mother  of  gold,"  or  to 
discourage  that  carefulness  of  all  fertilisers,  which 
is  one  of  the  main  distinctions  of  an  improved 
husbandry. 

Admitting,  however,  as  we  do,  the  sufficiency 
of  natural  causes,  aided  by  mechanical  laboration,  to 
the  production  of  remunerating  crops  of  grain,  we 
cannot  but  believe,  that  by  increasing  a  little  the 
intervals  between  Mr.  Sjiith's  bearing  lines,  by 
manuring  these  intervals  and  growing  green  crops 
in  them,  the  profits  of  his  farming  would  be  in- 
creased, and  we  have  also  reason  to  believe  an 
advantage  would  be  gained,  in  this  case,  by  substi- 
tuting two  rows  of  grain  for  his  three,  as  the  grain 
would  then  lean  less  over  the  intei-vals,  and  we 
have  also  reasons  for  thinking  that  the  two  rows_ 
would  be  as  productive  as  the  three  now  are.  G, 


stituents  of  plants,  either  in  their  combinations  in   fore   possess    before  ;    and   as   Liedig   says  of  the 
trie  earth  with  inorganic  matters,  or  in  their  gaseous   countr"  ='•"""''  No„i,        


_  u  ,  u  ..„u..aT  around  Naples :  "  The  weeds  upon  which 

We  must  keep  in  mind  that,  however  we  they  (the  cattle)  live  spring  from  the  soil,  and  that 

nave   been   led  to   view   these  organic   matters   as  which  they  return  to  it  as  excrement  must  alwavs 

tne  products  of  vegetable  and  animal  decay,  they —       -    •- 

have  no  more  title  to  be  called  organic  than  the 


earthy  components  of  plants ;  that  the  terms  are 
"^"■f /  conventional  (a  more  strict  use  of  words 
would  define  them  as  aerial  and  earthy  compo- 
nents), for  m  their  origin  no  vegetable  constitu- 
ents were  organic,  as  thev  were  created  before 
the  organisms  had  existence  from  which  the  term 
is  derived.  A  certain  quantity  of  oxygen,  nitro- 
gen,   hydrogen,  and  carbon,  was  created,   and   we 


'  Lordb'  Report,  p.  siii. 


be  less  than  that  which  they  extract.  The  fields 
therefore  can  have  gained  nothing  from  the  mere 
feeding  of  cattle  upon  them  ;  on  the  contrary,  the 
soil  must  have  lost  some  of  its  constituents."  This 
same  argument  stands  good  when  we  treat  of  the 
fertility  of  lands  that  have  never  been  watered 
with  the  sweat  of  man's  brow  :  the  hand  of  man  has 
added  nothing  to  them,  the  vegetation  they  have 
produced  has  returned  nothing  to  them  which  it 
did  not  derive  from  the  soil  and  from  the  atmosphere; 
yet  from  these  sources  alone  they  have  accumulated 


THE   RIDGE   AND    FURROW  FORM    OF   OLI> 
GRASS  LAND. 

Mn.  Hewitt  Davis,  in  ascribing  to  the  Romans  the 
introduction  into  England  of  the  ridge  and  furrow  form 
of  laud,  has  opened  an  interesting  subject  for  considera- 
tion ;  and  as  I  differ  from  him  upon  the  point,  I  will 
State  my  reasons  for  doing  so,  in  the  hope  that  those 
who  are  better  acquainted  with  the  early  history  of 
Britain  will  favour  us  with  their  opinions  also. 

There  can  bene  doubt  that  all  the  old  pastures  which 
retain  the  ridge  and  fuiTow  form  were  in  arable  culture 
at  a  period  more  or  less  remote  from  the  present  ;  and 
moreover,  it  is  equally  certain  that  they  were  portions 
of  the  open  fields  which  were  founded  in  feudal  times, 
have  prevailed  throughout  England,  and  in  some  few 
districts  still  exist ;  though,  if  the  65th  Psalm  of  David 
has  been  literally  translated,  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  such  shaped  ground  existed  before  the 
Romans  were  a  nation.  David  wrote,  in  the  10th 
verse,  "  Thou  waterest  the  ridges  thereof  abundantly  ; 
thou  settlest  the  furrows  thereof;  thou  makest  it  soft 
with  showers,  and  blessest  the  springing  thereof." 

But  speaking  from  my  own  acquaintance  with  old 
Terriers,  and  the  language  therein  adopted,  I  am  of 
opinion  that  it  was  under  the  Saxou  rule  that  the  open 
field  system  of  cultivation  (of  which  the  pastures  in 
question  retain  the  form)  was  established  in  England. 
The  terms  used  in  ancient  Terriers  are  nearly  all  Saxon, 
and  go  far  to  illustrate  the  mode  by  which  England 
passed  from  its  aboriginal  into  an  agricultural  state. 

The  whole  country  was  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest 
either  woodland  or  waste,  and  it  was  not  until  or  aftBT 
the  Heptarchy  when  the  country  was  divided  into  prin- 
cipalities, manors,  or  districts,  that  the  chiefs  and  thanea 
suffered  their  vassals  or  dependents  (villains,  cottars, 
and  bordars)  to  clear  and  cultivate  systematically  slips 
of  ground  of  different  widths  in  prescribed  furlongs  or 
farlaugs  (Saxon),  for  certain  services  or  rents,  of  which 
minute  particulars  still  remain  on  the  court  rolls  of 
numerous  manor's.  Each  slip  of  ground  was  termed  a 
"land"  (Saxon),  and  this  term  signifies  strictlyarable 
ground.  According  to  the  character  of  the  soil  and  its 
width,  the  "land"  assumed  a  higher  or  lower  ridge. 
In  dry  ground,  the  boundary  land-mark  of  each  "  land  " 
(which  was  a  separate  estate)  was  a  balk  (Saxon),  and 
the  form  of  the  "  land "  was  comparatively  flat ;  m 
heavy  soil  it  was  a  furrow  (Saxon),  and  the  form  of  the 
"  land  "  was  a  "  high  back,"  in  order  to  secure  surface 
drainage. 

It  was  not  until  within  a  comparatively  recent  date 
that  inclosures  were  legalised,  prior  to  which  the  bar- 
b.arous  rules  which  governed  the  cultivation  of  open 
fields  prevented  the  use  of  the  ground  in  severalty  as 
pasture,  although  it  was  as  mauifest  then  as  it  is  now 
that  under  certain  circuuistauces  such  an  application  is 
more  securely  profitable  thau  under  any  other  mode  of 
appropriation.  Would  Mr.  Davis  favour  us  with  his 
reasons  for  ascribing  to  the  Komans  the  introduction 
into  England  of  the  "  land  "  system  of .  husbandry.  /. 
Bailetj  Vcnton,  52,  Parlicimcjit-street,  London, 


17—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


267 


[Among  the  causes  of  the  ridge  and  furrow  forni  of 

old  Grass  lands,  we  give  one,  for  the  assertion  of  which 
certainly  no  antiquarian  research  is  needed^  as  it  is  in 
every-day  operation  in  Gloucestershire.  It  is  the 
practice  with  dairy  farmers  to  "  grip "  their  pasture 
lands — cut  out  narrow  sti-ips  of  a  triangular  section  at 
intervals  of  20  feet  or  so — to  act  as  surface  drains. 
The  cattle  ti-ead  these  in,  and  they  become  nearly 
obhterated  in  three  or  four  years  ;  and  as  the  operation 
is  periodically  repeated  in  the  same  places  at  these 
intervals  of  time,  and  the  whole  of  the  sods  tlius  pro- 
cured are  spread  in  compost  over  the  whole  surface  of 
the  land  ;  this  constant  treading  of  the  cattle,  and 
robbery  of  the  land  along  these  particular  Hues,  have 
resulted  in  the  formation  of  open  fuiTows  between 
rounded  ridges,  just  as  if  the  land  had  not  very  long  ago 
been  in  arable  culture.] 


IRRIGATION  BY  SUBTERRANEAN  IRON 
PIPES,  WITH  HOSE  AND  JET. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  some  of  your  readers  to 
know  that  I  am  progressing  with  this  undertaking.  I 
have  already  100  acres  completed,  and  shall  finish  the 
170  acres  in  about  a  fortnight.  There  will  be  about 
1100  iron  3-inch  pipes,  3  yards  long,  making  a  total 
length- of  nearly  2  miles.  Each  pipe  weighs  119  lbs.,  so 
that  55  tons  of  iron  piping  will  be  about  the  quantity. 

The  pair  of  pumps  are  of  20-inch  stroke,  and  5\  inches 
diameter,  capable  of  raising  and  discharging  at  their 
ordinary  speed  of  23  strokes  per  minute,  about  80  gal- 
Ions  per  minute.  They  are  nearly  finished,  and  I  hope 
to  see  them  at  work  in  about  a  fortnight.  Those  who 
have  seen  a  fire-engine  in  use,  can  at  once  picture  to 
themselves  the  operation  of  this  mode  of  irrigating,  the 
quantity  of  fluid  passing  through  the  tube  depending 
npon  the  motive  power  of  the  pumps,  estimated  by 
engine  power  at  3-horse.  My  great  tank  is  about  the 
size  of  a  small  chapel,  30  feet  deep,  and  30  feet  diameter 
at  the  widest  part.  All  the  other  tanks  have  a  com- 
munication with  it,  and  already  it  contains  an  imposing 
supply  of  X  X  X. 

My  bog  spring,  of  30,000  gallons  per  diem,  will  fall 
into  the  tank  to  the  depth  of  12  feet,  which  is  a  con- 
siderable advantage,  and  saves  pumping ;  in  fact, 
without  an  abundant  supply  of  water,  this  operation 
cannot  be  carried  out.  Mr.  Kennedy,  of  Myre  Mill, 
Ayrshire  (who  has  most  kindly  given  me  the  benefit  of 
his  experience),  says,  "  I  hope  you  have  plenty  of  water, 
for  I  use  20,000  gallons  daily  for  five  months  in  the 
year,"  He  also  insists  upon  the  necessity  for  fermenting 
the  manure  previous  to  its  application  ;  no  doubt  the 
water  itself,  as  well  as  the  other  matters,  becomes 
tiius  decomposed  and  ready  for  new  affinities;  besides, 
by  fermentation  the  liquid  becomes  heated, 

I  have  derived  much  assistance  and  valuable  advice 
from  Mr.  William  Lee,  superintending-inspector  to  the 
General  Board  of  Health,  whose  great  experience  and 
sagacity  qualify  him  pre-eminently  as  engineer  for 
large  undertakings  of  this  description. 

Judging  from  present  appearances,  I  shall  expend 
600Z.  for  the  170  acres,  or  about  Zl.  I2s.  per  acre  to 
cover  the  expense  of  tank,  pumps,  pipeage,  gutta  percha 
hose,  and  every  expense  except  the  steam-engine,  which 
I  have  already.  Possibly  it  would  be  safer  to  calculate 
generally  on  41.  to  41. 5s.  per  acre,  but  much  depends  on 
the  neighbourhood  of  iron,  price  of  labour,  bricks,  &c. 

The  pipes  are  jointed  with  tan-ed  rope  and  boiling 
lead,  like  the  common  street  water-pipes,  and  placed  in 
the  ground  about  18  inches  deep.  There  will  be 
I  hydrant  or  iron  supply  post  for  every  11  acres; 
200  yards  of  gutta  percha  pipe  (half  2-inch,  half  I  A-inch), 
will  reach  any  part  of  the  fai-m.  The  pumps  will  be 
enabled,  by  means  of  various  taps,  to  distribute  either 
liquid  manure,  or  plain  water,  as  may  be  found  desirable. 

A  roan  and  stout  lad  to  assist  him  will,  I  expect,  dis- 
pose of  600  hogsheads  per  diem,  say  enough  for  10 
acres.  A  branch  pipe  of  two  inches  will  intersect  the 
Carm-yard,  from  which  a  powerful  jet  will  wash  the 
soUd  manure  from  under  the  boards  and  cause  it  to  flow 
into  the  great  tank.  This  operation  requires  much 
water  to  render  fluidjthe  jelly-like  manure  of  the  rumi- 
nating animals  ;  as  the  water  will  be  propelled  by  a 
greater  force  than  from  an  ordinary  fire-engine,  it  is 
eaey  to  imagine  what  a  cleansing  every  comer  will 
receive  about  twice  a  week.  The  flies  in  hot  weather 
.  will  be  in  considerable  danger,  and  the  heated  roofs  and 
buildings  may  be  speedily  cooled.  The  animals  will,  no 
doubt,  (,'ot  a  fihower-bath  when  deemed  advisable.  The 
whole  affair  is  amazingly  Bimple  ;  in  fact,  is  represented 
by  the  action  of  a  fire-engine.  The  details  are  wortli 
looking  for  in  the  «  Minutes  of  Information  on  Sewer 
Water,"  poblished  by  tho  General  Board  of  Health. 

Mr.  Kennedy,  in  wTiting  to  me,  says—"  I  keep  five 
bollocks  to  the  acre  during  Bummer,  where  I  only  used 
to  keep  one,  and  I  fatt^;ned  20  sheep  to  the  acre  (Scotch) 
where  formerty  I  only  kept  five."  If  I  only  double  the 
Bummcrfee'l  1  whall  be  fati«ficd,  although  I  expect  greater 
thingH,  Keeing  that  my  spring  wati;r  will  grow  Water- 
crenBeB  a  yard  Jong,  Jn  due  time  I  hope  to  report 
proceedingH  for  the  information  of  my  agricultural 
friends,  being  very  Kanguine  (based  on  facts  and 
figureft;  hh  to  its  genial  effects  on  tho  annual  balance 
Bhetit.  My  practice  givefl  mo  daily  an  increasing  faith 
in  Baron  IJchig's  mineral  theory.  That  great  man  was 
born  100  yearw  in  a/Ivancc  of  bis  time.  His  gigantic 
mind  ajiprarH  to  have  forcHtjilIed  and  cngroHHor]  the 
great  baHffs  and  principles  of  vegetable  and  animal 
pliy«iology,  and  has  left  u«  comparatively  little  to 
ftc^uire. 


Those  inorganic  disintegrations  so  essential  to  our 
crops  will  be  greatly  promoted  and  facilitated  by  irriga- 
tion ;  artificial  showers  charged  with  heat,  carbonic 
acid,  and  ammonia,  will  stimulate  mother  earth  to  yield 
up  her  treasures  more  freely  to  vegetation.  The  teeming 
results  of  a  shower  are  no  matters  of  wonder  to  the 
chemist  and  physiologist,  Liebig  says,  at  page  124  of 
his  "  Chemisti'y,  in  it*  application  to  Agriculture  and 
Physiology,"  "  The  introduction  of  water  to  a  soil  is, 
properly  speaking,  an  introduction  of  alkalies  and  of 
certain  salts,  which,  by  means  of  rain  water,  become  fit 
to  be  absorbed  by  plants."  And  again,  page  126,  "  The 
simple  fact  that  a  plant  is  restrained  in  growth  by  the 
want  of  rain  to  convey  to  it  alkalies,  proves  completely 
that  these  alkalies  play  a  most  important  part  in  vege- 
tation." And  further,  at  page  200,  "  By  proper  irriga- 
tion, and  by  treatment  with  ashes  and  gypsum,  the  crop 
(hay)  can  be  increased  to  double  the  amount."  At 
page  19,  "The  roots  and  other  parts  of  it  (the  plant) 
constantly  absorb  water  and  carbonic  acid,'*  At  page 
26,  "  Rain  and  well  water,  and  also  that  from  other 
sources,  invariably  contains  carbonic  acid."  "  Plants, 
during  their  life,  constantly  possess  the  power  of  ab- 
sorbing by  their  roots  moisture,  and  along  with  it  air  or 
carbonic  acid." 

I  make  these  quotations  to  show  the  reasonable  ex- 
pectations we  should  have  of  deriving  a  profit  from 
irrigation.  In  our  dry  eastern  counties  we  can  grow 
Wheat  to  perfection.  That  plant  has  already  sent  its 
roots  nearly  a  foot  deep,  and  before  another  month  will 
have  secured  to  itself  sufficient  moisture,  by  still  deeper 
research  and  by  shading  the  ground.  But  how  stands 
the  case  with  our  early  Turnips,  our  second  crops  of 
Grass  and  Clover?  The  parched  and  heated  ground 
awaits  in  vain  the  much  desired  moisture.  Well  may 
the  western  and  northern  coasts  boast  of  their  humid 
atmosphere  and  luxuriant  green  and  root  crops. 

By  these  subterranean  pipes  I  expect  to  render  more 
certain  and  abundant  all  green,  root,  and  leguminous 
crops.  In  fact,  I  expect  to  maintain  a  large  number  of 
live  stock  without  much  purchased  food,  and  still  grow 
Wheat  on  half  my  land.  Within  ray  brief  experience 
of  seven  years  the  effects  of  drought  have  been  costly 
and  severe. 

The  great  cost  by  labour,  wear  and  tear  of  carts, 
roads,  &c,,  in  carting  manure  will  also  be  avoided,  as 
well  as  the  treading  and  compression  of  soil  and  waste 
of  ammonia.  Assuming  that  three-horse  power  of  my 
engine  will  be  required,  the  cost  of  a  day's  application 
on  10  acres  will  be — 

Interest  on  capital,  at  7^  per  cent.  6s. nj. 

My  engineer's  pay  for  one  day  (a  youth  from  the  farmj    1    G 

One  man  in  the  held l    6 

One  youth  in  ditto        l    0 

Coals  for  engine  y    0 

(This  is,  in  fact,  Is.  more  than  the  cost,   as  we  use 
screenings  at  9s.  per  ton.) 

13    0 

So  that,  in  fact.  Is.  6d.  per  acre  will  more  than  cover 
the  whole  cost  of  applying  1 50  tons  of  manure,  or  water, 
on  10  aci'es  of  land  ;  but  if  even  it  cost  more,  under 
less  favourable  circumstances  than  mine,  the  expense  is 
ridiculously  small  in  comparison  with  the  ordinary  cost 
and  waste. 

I  was  very  much  interested  to  hear  from  Mr,  Ken- 
nedy that  he  never  has  any  "  remanet "  or  solid  matter 
to  remove  fi-om  his  four  great  tanks.  The  agitators 
cause  such  a  commotion  and  disturbance  that  every- 
thing is  carried  away  (but  not  politically).  The  dung 
heap  is  washed  and  rewashed  until  completely  dissolved. 
Kvery  agriculturist  who  finds  water  to  his  hands  from 
the  kitchen  to  the  attic  must  admire  the  facility  and 
economy  of  its  transit  by  pipes  and  pressure,  and  ma}' 
apply  such  reflections  to  the  transmission  of  liquid 
manure  on  the  farm. 

In  conclusion,  I  shall  be  happy,  as  is  my  custom  on 
public  grounds,  to  afford  lacilities  of  inspection  ;  to 
support  and  confirm  the  wavering,  to  interest  the 
inquiring,  and,  it  may  be,  to  contort  the  risible  muscu- 
larity, or  disturb  the  spleen  of  the  disbelievers  in  agri- 
cultural science  and  progi'ession.  If,  as  I  have  reason 
to  believe,  this  operation  will  give  us  southerners  a  con- 
trol over  green  and  root  crops,  our  cannie  friends  over 
the  border  may  find  us  inconveniently  near  to  the 
*'  gi'eat  wen,"  as  Cobbett  used  to  call  the  metropolis  ; 
but,  after  all,  our  farm  labour  will  never  be  so  cheaply 
done  as  when  we  add  beef  to  the  bread  of  our  labourers. 

P.S.  Perhaps  1  ought  to  mention  that  the  manure  in 
my  tank  is  agitated  or  commixed  by  a  hundred  jots  of 
water  forced  through  a  star  or  radius  of  pipes  placed  in 
the  bottom  of  the  tank  by  Mr.  Lee's  suggestion.  A 
portion  of  my  waste  steam  will  enter  the  tank  when  re- 
quired to  hasten  fermentation.  /.  J.  MechiyTvptrce  Kailj 
Kdvcdon^  £ss€Xj  April  5. 


EMIGRATION  TO  CANADA. 

{Concluded  from-i>u/f(i  2.')1.) 
In  order  to  make  practical  use  of  tho  information 
which  1  had  obtained,  I  have  since  my  return  had 
printed  a  broad-shect  for  the  use  of  emigrants  and  of 
friends  to  emigration  as  a  means  of  bettering  the  con- 
dition of  the  poor,  containing  information  on  the  advan- 
tages of  emigration  to  tho  United  Slates  and  Cnna(la,tl]0 
best  jiai'tH  of  those  countries  to  go  to,  tho  usual  wngi^s, 
tho  ship  allowance  of  provisions,  the  extra  provisions 
and  ntlier  urtlcdes  which  it  is  adviHal)lo  for  cmignmtH  tn 
take  with  them  on  account  of  tho  Uttlu  reliance  which 
can  bo  placerl  on  the  receipt  of  the-  prnvittinnH  which  are 
tlioip  due,  in  quantity,  quality,  and  regularity  of  issue, 
and  regarding  tho  porBone  to  whom  they  may  with  con- 


fidence apply  at  the  ports  of  departure  from  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  the  ports  of  arrival  in  America,  for 
information,  advice,  or  protection.  I  forward  you  a 
copy  of  this  paper  in  case  that  which  I  sent  some  weeks 
ago  has  been  mislaid.  I  have  had  but  a  few  printed  as 
yet,  some  of  which  I  have  sent  to  different  persons  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  inviting  comments  and 
further  information,  on  tlie  receipt  of  which  I  shall 
have  a  second  edition,  to  be  gratuitously  circulated  as 
extensively  as  possible. 

I  am  also  endeavouring  to  raise  funds  by  subscription 
in  aid  of  my  own  limited  means,  as  you  will  see  by  the 
accompanying  prospectus,  "for  the  purpose  of  raising 
the  condition  of  destitute  families  in  Ireland,  from  ex- 
treme poverty  to  comfort  and  independence,  by  assisting 
the  emigration  to  North  America  of  one  able-bodied 
member  of  each  family,  in  most  cases  a  woman,  selected 
on  account  of  good  character  and  industrious  habitSj 
and  therefore  with  the  natural  expectation  that  she  will 
afterwards,  from  her  earnings  in  America,  extend  that 
assistance  to  1;he  remaining  members  of  her  family," 
and  shall  be  very  thankful  to  any  of  your  readers  who 
will  send  to  me  at  5,  "Whitehall-yard,  London — or  to  my 
bankers,  Messrs.  Coutts — any  contributions,  large  or 
small,  for  the  purpose.  I  intend  to  apply  this  fund  to 
the  relief  of  cases  of  actual  destitution,  chiefly  in  the 
west  of  Ireland,  ascertained  by  my  own  personal  obser- 
vation. I  have  collected  up  to  this  date  lOOZ.  from 
1 1 80  subscribers,  among  whom  are  the  Earl  and  Countes3 
of  Shaftesbury,  Hon.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Herberfcj 
Earl  and  Countess  of  Ripon,  Earl  Granville,  Marquis 
of  Bristol,  &c.  This  sum  will  be  applied  to  the  emi- 
gration of  about  20  persons,  members  of  20  different 
families.  One  of  the  men  whom  I  sent  to  America  in 
1850  has  sent,  some  months  ago,  for  two  of  his  daugh- 
ters, who  were  in  the  workhouse  of  Tulla,  in  county 
Clare  ;  another,  who  sailed  with  me,  has  sent  for  his 
mother  and  one  of  his  brothers,  and  others  have  sent 
home  various  sums  of  money,  and  have  stated  that  they 
shall  very  soon  be,  able  to  send  for  some  members  of 
their  families. 

My  reason  for  assisting  female  emigration  is  chiefly 
because  of  there  being,  according  to  the  last  report 
of  the  Irish  Poor-law  commissioners,  over  61,000  able- 
bodied  women  in  the  Irish  poor-houses,  while  there 
were  only  about  22,000  able-bodied  men,  so  that  it  is  evi- 
dent that  there  are  more  women  out  of  employment 
than  men  ;  while  the  wages  of  women  in  employment 
being  less  than  those  of  men,  women  are  least  able  to 
help  themselves  to  emigrate. 

As  regards  the  notorious  abuses  connected  with  the 
conveyance  of  emigrant  passengers  from  the  United 
Kingdom  to  the  United  States  and  Canada,  it  is  satis- 
factory to  know  that  as  a  result  of  the  labours  of  the 
special  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  last 
session,  of  which  Mr.  Sidney  Herbert  was  chairman,  a 
bill  has  been  brought  into  Parliament  this  session,  of 
which  the  most  important  improvements  are, — the 
required  issue  of  cooked  provisions  daily — the  power 
given  to  the  emigration  officers  at  the  diff'erent  ports  of 
refusing  to  allow  passenger  ships  to  proceed  to  sea  with 
bad  provisions  on  board — and  the  separation  of  single 
men,  by  a  bulkhead,  from  the  rest  of  the  passengers. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  an  act  will  also  be  passed  to 
prevent  the  continuance  of  the  present  brutal  and  dis- 
graceful mode  of  carrying  deck  passengei's  fi'om  Irish 
to  English  ports,  shelterless,  in  all  weather.  I  invariably 
cross  the  Channel  as  a  deck  passenger,  and  therefore^ 
have  had  good  opportunities  of  observation  on  this 
point.  Having  plenty  of  money  at  my  command,  I  am 
able  to  obtain  shelter  ;  but  the  passengers  generally) 
men,  women,  and  children,  may  be  seen  strewn  all  over 
the  open  deck,  lying  amongst  the  filth  of  the  cattle  and 
the  vomitings  of  the  passengers,  exposed  to  wet  and  ttf- 
cold,  and  often  contracting  diseases  to  last  them  for  life. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  also  that  every  facihty  will  be  given 
by  Government  and  by  the  legislature  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  emigrants'  homes,  by  private  enterprise,  at 
Liverpool  principally,  and  at  other  ports  ;  that  the  staff 
of  emigration  officers  at  Liverpool  will  be  increased,  for 
it  is  impossible  that  Captain  Patey  and  his  two  assistants 
—  zealous,  active,  and  energetic  as  he  is — can  do  all. 
that  is  required  of  him  ;  that  successful  efforts  will  be 
made  to  bring  about  an  assimilation  of  the  passenger 
laws  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States,  so 
as  to  facilitate  the  obtaining  of  redress  by  passengers 
on  arrival  in  America;  and  that  the  commissioners  o£ 
emigration  will  make  it  their  duty  to  collect  and^  to 
disseminate  as  widely  as  possible  reliable  information 
on  the  subject  of  emigration  to  the  British  Colonies  and 
to  the  United  States. 

Surely  an  enlightened  Parliament  would  sanction  the 
appropriation  of  a  few  hundred  or  even  a  few  thousand 
pounds  to  sucli  a  purpose,  on  which  they  would  be 
much  better  spent  than  the  millions  now  being  expended 
on  the  Kaffir  war,  on  jobbing  inetlicient  dockyards,  and 
on  the  superfluous  civil  and  military  government  of  such 
of  our  colonies  as  havo  passed  their  infancy.  Vcre  Foster. 


Home    Correspondence. 

A  Jlnral  Slrfrh  :  A^o.  1.— Feb.,  1  «r>2.  To  J.  J.  Mechi, 
Esq.  Dear  Sir,  1  am  glad  to  hoar  that  you  can  still 
laugh,  notwitliHtundhig  llio  unniorcil'ul  badgering  you 
iuivo  iiad  about  that  awful  balancc-Bhect.  Laugh  at  me 
as  long  as  you  jdcase,  if  it  will  do  you  any  good.  Yes  ; 
for  myself,  I  nm  much  indebted  to  you  for  so  fearlessly 
going  a-head,  laying  down  buoys  and  beacons  on  the 
rocks  and  Hhoals  in  the  agricultural  channel,  and  trust 
that  you  will  long  continue  to  do  so,  without  sinking 


208 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[April  24, 


under  tlie  task,  and  not  require  a  green  buoy  to  be 
moored  over  your  sunken  hull  with  the  ominous  word 
"wreck."  Before  I  attempt  to  describe  my  farming,  I 
ought  to  sketch  tlie  country  and  people  amongst  whom 
I  have  fixed  my  residence  ;  then,  indeed,  you  will  have 
cause  to  laugh — not  at  them,  but  at  me,  who  ought  to 
have  known  better.  The  lociis  in  quo  is  within  the 
much  talked  of  circle  "  30  miles  round  the  General  Post- 
office."  The  parish  is  about  seven  miles  from  north  to 
south,  and  about  one  mile  and  a  half  from  east  to  west  ; 
885  in  population  by  the  census  of  1851  ;  about  4500 
acres  ;  the  income-tax  assessment  in  1842,  2j43Z. 
The  benefice  is  a  rectory,  gross  value  GIO?.,  a  house,  and 
57  acres  of  glebe  land,  all  of  which  the  late  Lord  Chan- 
cellor Cottenham  had  some  trouble  to  give  away,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  execrable  state  of  the  roads.  What 
would  the  Abbe  Reynault  say  to  this,  who,  speaking  of 
roads,  says,  "  Let  us  travel  over  all  the  countries  of  tlie 
earth,  and  whenever  we  shall  find  no  facility  of  tra- 
velling from  a  city  to  a  town,  or  from  a  village  to  a 
Iiamlet,  we  may  pronounce  the  people  to  be  barbarians." 
To  this  the  good  people  here  call  out,  *'  Avast  heaving, 
Mr.  Abbe',  we  know  more  of  this  country  and  our  own 
interest  than  you  do  ;  if  we  had  good  roads  we  should 
be  overrun  with  foi'eigners,  aud  have  to  pay  more  than 
85.  the  acre  for  our  land.  You  just  talk  as  that  sailor 
*Cappea'  does  about  the  benefit  of  good  roads;  we 
know  better."  There  is  what  an  engineer  friend  of 
mine  calls  a  *'  farmer's  road,"  from  north  to  south,  and 
from  the  centre  of  the  parish  to  the  east,  a  new  road 
recently  made  ;  but  from  the  centre  of  the  parish  to  the 
west,  to  a  railway  station,  only  distant  two  miles,  they 
will  have  no  road,  for  the  reason  before  alleged, 
although  I  have  offered  them  a  right  of  way  through  my 
lauds  without  purchase,  and  50/.  towards  making  it ;  so 
much  for  roads.  The  parish  is  little  known,  except  to 
prize-fighters,  gipsies,  aud  such  canaille  a.s  wish  to  evade 
the  law  ;  it  is  either  not  known  or  overlooked  by  the 
Post  office  autliorities  ;  the  post  town  is  eight  miles  from 
the  south  end  of  the  parish  ;  the  delivery  of  letters  de- 
pends on  the  number  of  persons  the  postman  meets  on 
his  way,  with  every  one  of  whom  he  will  have  a  long 
gossip,  if  their  time  will  admit  of  it.  This  man,  with 
his  battered  French  horn,  is  a  character  worthy  tbe 
pencil  of  Hogarth  or  Cruikshank.  Tlie  male  part  of  the 
community  are  all  Toms,  Dicks,  Harrys,  &c.  ;  master 
and  man,  man  and  boy,  are  pretty  nearly  equal — if  any 
diS'erence,  the  boys  have  the  mastery.  They  appear  to 
be  particularly  friendly  when  brought  together,  and  all 
united  against  the  foreigner,  as  they  call  every  stranger 
and  new  comer  ;  but  how  far  the  line  of  demarcation 
extends  that  divides  the  real  native  from  the  foreigner, 
I  know  not,  but  suppose  it  to  be  the  boundary  of  the 
parish,  which,  by  the  way,  all  the  perambulations 
hitherto  made  have  not  yet  defined.  There  are  three 
manors  in  the  parish,  one  at  the  north  end,  one  at  the 
south,  and  one  in  the  centre.  The  lord  of  the  north 
manor  resides  on  his  own  estate,  and  is  called  "  lord 
paramount,"  to  distinguish  him,  because  he  is  a  genuine 
native  ;  the  lord  of  the  south  is  non-resident,  bis  land 
let  to  tenants  ;  the  lord  of  the  centre  also  resides,  and  is 
called  *' Cappen."  The  "  lord  paramount  "  is  para- 
mount in  many  things,  such  as  opposing  inclosures, 
making  roads,  and  improvement  of  every  kind,  although 
his  own  estate  would  benefit  thereby.  Many  of  the 
tenant  farmers  can  neither  read  nor  write  ;  and  about 
1  in  15  of  the  labourers  can  do  so  imperfectly  ;  in 
general,  they  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  encumber  their 
children  with  a  knowledge  they  never  possessed  them- 
selves, and  have  done,  as  they  say,  quite  as  well 
without.  There  are  many  that  would  send  their 
children  to  school,  if  there  was  an  efficient  man  to  teach 
them  ;  such  a  man  the  parish  does  not  furnish  ;  to  call 
in  a  foreigner  is  quite  out  of  the  question.  Sinhad. 

Steam-driven  Machinery  a^^pUed  to  Agriculture We 

have  "arrived,  through  all  the  terrible  errors  of  railway 
finance,  at  least  at  this  fact,  that  the  locomotive  will  take 
a  tou  of  freight  a  mile  for  three-fourths  of  a  penny :  aud 
as  the  pull  on  the  traces  on  an  average  turnpike-road  is 
twelve  times  that  on  the  rail,  the  work  of  the  steam- 
locomotive  will  draw  the  ton  on  the  road  at  three-fourths 
of  a  shilling  and  at  railway  speed,  that  is,  30  miles  an 
hour.  I  do  not  know  whether  any  of  your  readers  can 
inform  us  whether  this  rate  of  work,  and  of  the  saving 
implied  is  realised  by  any  agricultural  machinery  of  all 
that  is  steam-driven.  I  believe  that  the  era  of  steam 
applied  to  agricultural  operations  is  about  commencing, 
and  I  claim  yourattention  to  the  objects  steam  may  here 
realise:—  Freight  per  ton 

T„i     »u  ,.  per  mile, 

lake  the  working  expense  of  railway  ex-perma-l 
nent  way  at  30  per  cent.,  reduce  the  epeed  to  | 
one-sixth,  or  5  miles  an  hour:  total  reduc-  }•  _i_  of  Os.  id. 
tion  leaves  for  Bteam  traction  on  iho  road,  |  ■•- 

without  railway  level      J 

But  the  pull  on  traces  on  the  road  ia  12  that  i  -.      . . 

on  rail         J-  Os.  id. 

This  statement  is  not  quite  book-shape,  but  there  it 
stands,  three  farthings  per  ton  per  mile  for  steam 
draught  on  the  common  road,  at  five  miles  an  hour. 
Say  that  ploughing  pulls  five  times  as  much  on  the  traces 
as  draught  on  the  common  road,  and  you  will  plough  a 
mUe  fui-row,  driving  at  the  rate  of  one  mile  an  lionr,  for 
three  farthmgs.  I  shall  only  spoil  the  reckoning  by 
gomg  deeper  into  it.  You  might  perhaps  allow  five 
lurrows  to  the  breath  of  the  acre  of  a  mile  length,  and 
30  would  plough  your  acre  for  five  times  three  farthings, 
say  for  fourpence.  But  your  steam-engiue  will  not  be 
so  large  as  the  railway  locomotive,  and  will  require  its 
engineer  or  driver,  and  (perhaps  ?)  stoker,  I  do  not  think 
the  latter  would  be  indispensable,  but  say  it  would  ;  one 


engine  of  full  size  would  require  the  expense  of  manning 
three,  this  would  add  55.  to  65.  per  day  to  our  working 
expenses.  The  engine  of  15-horse  power  would  nett 
7-horse  power,  and  drive  seven  plougbs  (besides  its  own 
weight),  say  it  seven-ploughed  the  mile-long  acre 
throughout  its  breadth,  or  ihat  this  required  seven  fur- 
rows. We  suppose  it  driving  at  one  mile  an  hour  ;  it 
might  be  at  work  12  hours  in  tlie  day,  the  extra  man- 
ning the  engine  will  add  5d.  per  acre — making  total  9d. 
You  will  see  I  have  told  the  speed  for  heavy  land  ;  ad- 
just accordingly,  and  I  think  you  will  find  6d.  to  Id.the 
cost  per  acre.  Now  for  work  on  the  road  ;  nett  freight 
per  ton  at  five  miles  per  hour  will  be  f  of  Irf.,  or  50 
miles  for  4s.  Can  a  locomotive  engine  work  on  the 
road  ?  I  have  worked  one  five  years,  using  hand-power 
up  inclines,  one  in  ten.  I  have  since  tried  it  with  a 
locomotive  steam-engine.  We  are  going  on.  Sloiv  and 
Sure. 

Paupensm  in  Italy.~The  following  extract  from  W. 
Stuart  Rose's  "Letters  from  the  North  of  Italy,"  pub- 
lished in  1 8 1 9,  may  be  interesting  to  some  of  your  readers 
in  the  present  state  of  aflairs.  1  make  no  apology  there- 
fore for  requesting  its  insertion  hi  your  valuable  pages. 
After  stating  that  all  permanent  revenues  and  public  esta 
blishments,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  poor,  ax*e  gene- 
rally speaking  unknown  in  Lombardy,  and  that  the  poor, 
iu  spite  of  a  year  of  unexampled  plenty,  swarm  in  these 
provinces  beyond  what  he  ever  witnessed  in  any  country 
under  the  sun,  he  goes  on  to  say,  "  I  am  inclined  to 
attribute  the  misery  of  Italy  rather  to  the  effect  of  the 
late  dreadful  war  and  long  system  of  oppression  under 
different  masters — to  the  [resent  heavy  aud  ill-devised 
system  of  taxes  —  to  their  monstrous  and  expensive 
mode  of  collection — but,  above  all,  to  the  partial  impo- 
sition of  these  burdens  ;  for,  the  taxes  falling  exclusively 
on  the  landed  proprietor,  the  tenant  is  wounded  through 
him,  and  through  the  tenant  the  labouring  poor.  The 
farmer  is  too  happy  if  he  can  live,  as  it  is  termed,  from 
hand  to  mouth  ;  and  the  rich  msji  if  he  can  yet  preserve 
to  himself  those  luxuries  which  are,  from  habit,  become 
articles  of  necessity.  For  works  of  ornament  or  im- 
provement he  has  nothing  left,  and  thus  the  truest 
source  of  relief  is  cut  off  from  the  indigent."  A  Constant 
Reader. 

Charcoal. — We  live  in  a  woodland  country  adjoining 
chalk  downs,  with  beds  of  clay  on  the  tops  of  some  of 
the  hills — stiff  clay,  uudrained — being  at  many  miles 
distance  from  a  canal,  a  railway,  or  a  town,  there  is 
little  demand  for  our  firewood,  underwood,  and  timber  ; 
and  we  shall  be  thankful  to  any  one  who  will  give  us 
sound  practical  advice  and  information  on  the  following 
points  :  1st.  Would  it  be  easy  and  inexpensive  to  put 
up  kilns  to  char  the  Beech  timber  ;  and  2d,  would 
it  be  a  cheap  and  suitable  ingredient  to  use  on  our 
poor  chalky  soils  ?  and  on  our  stiff  clayey  ones  ?  with 
or  without  liquid  manure  ?  With  all  its  attendant 
expenses,  would  it  pay  better  to  char  the  Beech  and 
use  it  thus  than  to  sell  it  as  timber  at  7d.  per  foot,  or  as 
firewood  at  10s.  a  cord  ?  And  if  it  is  advisable  to  char 
the  Beecli  for  mixing  with  the  soil  largely,  in  what 
manner  should  the  kilns  be  constructed  and  managed  ? 
In  espericnza.  [It  is  useful  as  a  manure,  if  used  as  a 
sponge  to  hold  liquid  manure.     But  you  had  better  sell 

at  Id.  a  foot  than  char.] I  have  several  acres  of  wood, 

and  am  planting  more,  but  find  it  very  difficult  to  sell 
the  small  wood  at  anything  like  a  remunerating  price  ; 
e.  g.,  best  Ash  (large),  9d.  per  cubic  foot,  and  1  Os.  per  ton 
weight  for  small  Sycamore  and  Beech.  I  have  been 
thinking  that  it  would  pay  me  the  best  to  convert  all  the 
small  wood  into  charcoal,  to  be  used  as  manure,  but  I 
can  nowhere  find  any  satisfactory  account  of  its  value 
per  ton,  cost  of  making,  &c.  I  have  ransacked  all  your 
volumes  from  the  commencement,  but  I  cannot  get  from 
them  anyihing  like  an  ascertained  value  for  the  sub- 
stance ;  and  in  a  little  book  on  "  Soils  and  Manures," 
by  John  Donaldson,  and  which  forms  one  of  Richard- 
son's Rural  Handbooks,  I  find  at  p.  138  the  following  : 
— "  But  much  time  and  caution  are  yet  required  to 
sanction  the  use  of  charcoal  as  a  manure."  Now,  is  not 
leaf-mould  a  charcoal,  the  produce  of  slow  combustion  ? 
And  is  it  quite  certain  that  farm-yard  manure,  that  mys- 
terious substance, does  not  owe  some  portion  at  least  of 
its  good  qualities  to  the  great  bulk  in  it  of  straw,  become 
charcoal  also  by  a  process  of  slow  combustion  1  My 
notion  is,  that  wood  charcoal,  mixed  with  fresh  bones 
ground  fine,  or  guano,  would  make  the  finest  manure 
known.  What  I  want  to  know  is,  how  is  charcoal  best 
made  for  manuring  purposes,  and  what  price  ma}"^  I 
expect  to  get  for  a  ton  of  my  wood  when  made  into 
charcoal?  /.  W.ff.  [You  willnot  find  a  market  readily 
for  your  charcoal  as  manure,  and  had  better  sell  it  as 
timber  or  cord- wood.  It  is  not  the  charcoal  in  the  dung- 
heap  that  is  the  main  source  of  its  value.] 

Clover  Failure. — It  is  now  about  one  year  and  nine 
mouths  since  you  attracted  the  attention  of  your  coi'- 
respondents  to  this  important  subject,  still  I  see  no 
approach  to  the  solution  of  the  mystery.  In  an  article 
written  by  me  in  August  of  the  same  year,  and  in  an 
article  written  a  little  later,  will  be  found  all  that  I  had 
then  gleaned  on  the  subject.  I  have  ever  since  been 
a  close  observer  and  experimenter  on  the  subject,  but 
am  still  at  a  loss  to  account  for  this  mysterious  effect. 
What  follows  is  merely  a  statement  of  what  has  come 
under  my  observation  in  a  field  of  mine.  I  lay  this 
statement  before  the  public  that  scientific  men  may 
examine  it  and  report  as  to  its  possibility.  As  I  was 
passing  over  the  field  I  was  struck  with  the  withered 
appearance  of  two-thirds  of  the  Clover  plants  on  about 
two  square  rods  of  ground ;  on  examination  I  found 
them  to  be  eaten  off  (by  some  insect,  apparently),  close 


to  the  ground  ;  after  examining  a  few  of  the  plants  I 
found  a  small  Weevil,  Curculio  (or  Sitona)  lineatug, 
which  nibbles  the  edges  of  the  leaves  of  Peas  and  Beans 
in  the  summer  time  {Gardeners'  Chronicle^  in  answer  to 
a  Farmer,  March  20th)  under  the  plant,  which,  to  all 
appearance,  was  carrying  out  its  work  of  destruction. 
Qeo.  Summers^  Houghton  Farm,  Dorset 

Trout  Spawn. — I  regret  to  hear  from  your  corres- 
pondent, "  T.  G.,''  that  fertihsed  trout  spawn  is  nowhere 
to  be  procured  at  present.  Allow  me  to  suggest  that 
the  sale  of  such  an  article  might  become  profitable, 
where  facilities  exist  for  carrying  out  the  processes 
recommended  for  its  production.  These  require  some 
care  and  attention,  not  always  procurable,  and  in  places 
at  a  distance  from  streams  stocked  with  trout,  though 
streams  exist  capable  of  being  so  stocked.  There  is 
a  considerable  difficulty  in  procm-ing  stock,  the  live  fish 
not  being  easily  removed,  even  a  distance  of  10  or  20 
miles,  whereas  I  sliould  imagine  that  the  fertilised 
spawn  might  be  removed  almost  any  distance.  I  have 
lost  several  seasons,  owing  to  ignorance  or  mistakes  ; 
but  trout  are  not  common  in  my  neighbourhood,  and 
ray  keepers  do  not  know  a  male  trout  from  a  female.  I 
should  be  a  ready  customer.  U.  H. 

Feeding  Lamhs. — In  the  ''  Farmers'  Magazine  "  for 
the  month  of  February  the  proceedings  of  the  Win- 
chester Farmers'  Club  are  reported  on  "  Stock  Breeding 
and  Fattening."  As  the  practice  is  so  different  to  that 
which  prevails  in  my  neighbourhood,  I  submit  the  views 
of  the  Club  to  your  readers,  for  the  purpose  of  eliciting 
experience.  Oue  of  the  speakers  affirms  that  he  brings 
his  lambs  to  be  fat  in  10  or  12  weeks  by  this  process. 
When  the  ewes  have  dropped  they  are  brought  into  the 
yard  with  their  lambs,  aud  both  are  then  fed  with  oU- 
cake,  Clover  chaff,  and  cut  Mangold  Wurzel  or  Swedes. 
The  lambs  have  a  private  establishment  to  take  as  much 
as  they  wish.  Now  what  I  desire  to  know  is,  whether 
Mangold  Wurzel  and  Swedes  may  be  regarded  for 
fattening  lambs  as  equal  to  white  Turnips,  on  which  we 
fold  them  with  theii*  mothers.  I  speak  of  Lambs  for 
Christmas  and  Easter.  The  sort  we  breed  is  the  Dorset. 
A.  B.,  Essex.  [We  consider  Mangold  Wm-zel  iu  April 
to  be  the  most  fattening  "  greeu  "  food  we  know.] 

Drainage. — I  hope  the  prejudice  against  deep  drainage 
in  strong  clays  is  gradually  giving  way.  Whilst  cutting 
my  great  circular  liquid  manure  tank,  to  liold  40,000 
gallons,  I  observed  the  surface-water  weeping  through 
the  tenacious  clay  like  perspiration  from  one's  skin  on 
a  warm  day,  the  globular  tears,  or  drops,  uniting  and 
descending  the  sides  of  the  tank.  When  we  had  carried 
a  band  of  brick-work,  4  feet  deep,  round  the  upper 
portion  of  the  excavation,  the  water,  thus  obstructed  in 
its  horizontal  filtration,  escaped  iu  accumulated 
quantities,  just  below  the  circular  band.  I  quite  agree 
with  Mr.  Mitchell's  remarks  as  to  the  combined  hori- 
zontal and  vertical  motion  of  water.  Watch,  for 
instance,  the  drop  of  water  that  falls  on  blotting-paper 
or  any  porous  substance  ;  it  at  once  spreads  and 
becomes  infinitely  divided  ;  of  course  the  same  opera- 
tion takes  place  on  the  soil.  I  have  no  doubt,  after  all, 
that  my  once  ridiculed  theory  of  a  large  area  of  porosity 
in  the  drain  (that  is,  cutting  the  earth  vertically  and 
filling  with  stones)  facilitates  the  escape  of  water,  pro- 
vided the  drains  are  placed  deep  enough  to  overcome 
the  strong  capillary  surface  attraction.  Of  course  every 
one  uses  pipes  now,  because  they  are  found,  if  placed 
deep  and  near  enough,  to  carry  the  water  off  in  a 
reasonable  time,  and  they  are  much  less  costly.  A  deep 
open  ditch  will  not  drain  the  adjoining  soil,  because 
when  the  sides  are  dry  the  water  rises  up  towards  the 
surface  by  capillary  attraction,  and  thus  heads  back  the 
water  behind  it.  Put  pipes  in  the  bottom  of  this  ditch, 
fill  it  up,  and  it  will  then  drain  the  adjoining  soil.  I 
know  a  case  of  this  kind.  The  facility  with  which 
liquids  ascend  loaf-sugar,  or  any  dry  capillary  substance, 
must  show  the  inefficiency  of  shallow  drains.  When 
well  wrapped  up,  and  facing  a  driving  rain,  1  have  been 
practically  convinced  of  the  universal  motion  of  water, 
which  manages  to  find  its  way  to  your  skin  by  tortuous 
and  eccentric  conduits.  Horticulturists  will  tell  you 
if  you  wish  to  make  a  shrub  shoot  from  a  particular 
portion  of  its  stem,  you  have  only  to  wrap  worsted 
round  it,  inserting  the  other  end  into  water  below  it. 
I  hope  our  Scotch  friends  will  not  deny  that  our  open 
furrows,  for  winter  Wheat,  do  act  occasionally  as 
auxiliary  drains.  If  they  adopted  the  system  for  winter 
crops,  they  would  not  continue  to  sow  their  bushels  of 
Wheat,  because  it  would^not,  as  at  present,  be  diminished 
by  lifting,  bursting,  &c.  Depend  upon  it,  for  winter 
corn,  on  strong  clays,  your  furrows  economise  your 
seed,  aud  aid  your  uuder-draiuage  in  wet  seasons. 
Where  your  land  is  deeply  cultivated  with  a  loose, 
open,  uncropped,  unharrowed,  and  unrolled  surface, 
you  will  have  no  surface  discharge.  I  could  illustrate 
this  practically  on  my  farm,  this  winter.  For  spring 
crops,  fuiTOws  are  unnecessary.  /.  /.  Mechi,  Tiptree- 
hall. 


Practical  experience  in  Breeding,  Rearing,  and  Fattening 
the  common  kinds  of  Domestic  Poultry,  with  an  inter- 
esting account  of  Experiments  in  Artificial  Incubation. 
By    Joseph    Newton.       E.    Reynolds,    High-street, 
Bloomsbury. 
A   VERT   interesting  and  instnictive   account    of    the 
author's  experience  ;  and  certain,  in  tlie  state  of  excite- 
ment which  prevails  on  the  subject  of  poultry  breeding 
and  management,  to  have  a  large  sale.      It  includes 


m 


17—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


269 


short  accounts  of  the  common  fowl,  the  turkey,  the 
Guinea  fowl,  and  the  wild  duck,  with  instructions  for 
their  management  ;  but  the  principal  merit  of  the  work 
lies  in  the  annual  abstract  of  accounts  furnished  by  the 
author  during  the  five  years  of  his  experience  as  a 
poultry-keeper.  The  following  is  one  of  his  statements 
on  this  head  :  — 

Abstract.  OF  AccJUNig,  fbom  Januaet  Ibt  to 

Decembee  31aT,  1851. 

Jan.  1st,  1851.  £    s.    d.     £    s.    d. 

Value  of  Stock        23     G     0 

Dec.  31st,  1851. 

14  Turkejs  4  13     9 

16  Ci'ickens  0  16     0 

100  Fowls    ...         10     0     0 

65  Guinea  Fowls  8    2     6 


195 

Increase  in  yalue  of  Stock 
4500  Eggs  sold,  tfcc 

44  Turkeys  

136  Fowls  

58  Wild  Docks 

56  Guinea  Fowls  

294  Produce      

Expenses. 
87  Bushels  of  Barley 
52  Bushels  of  Barley-meal  ... 
13  Bushels  of  Pollard 
5  BusLiels  of  Tail  Wheat    ... 
5  Bushels  of  Beans 
Rice,  Groats,  and  sundries   ... 

"Wages,  Boy,  <fcc.  

Gain  in  1851  


£23  12    3 


0     6     3 

12  10     0 


"■■t 


...J. 


■J 


42  18     3J 


8    5    8^ 


£51    4    0   £51    4    0 
The  second  part  of  the  worli — altogether  it  is  but  a 
pamphlet  of  40  small  pages— relates  to  Mr.  Newton's 
successful  attempts  at  artificial  incubation. 


Miscellaneous- 

New  Quano.  —  \^From  a  correspondent  of  the  Times].  — 
Sir, — There  have  been  various  vague  accounts  lately  in  the 
public  papers  relative  to  the  discovery  of  i;uano  upon  some 
islands  in  the  Pacific.  Allow  me,  throU;^h  the  medium  of 
your  columns,  to  put  the  public  iu  possession  of  the  facta 
relative  to  this  discovery.  The  islands  in  question  are  Lobo9 
Afuera,  lat.  6  deg.  59  min.  S.,  lonj.  80  deg.  42  miu.  W.,  aud 
Lobos  de  Tierra,  lat.  6  deg.  34  min.  S.,  long.  80  dog.  45  min. 
W.  ;  the  first  about  50  miles,  and  the  second  about  20  miles, 
from  the  coast  of  Peru.  In  Morrell's  "  Four  Voyages,"  a  book 
published  at  New  York  in  1S32,  is  a  minute  account  of  these 
islands,  and  among  other  particulars  the  following  remarkable 
passage — "The  Indians  sometimes  visit  these  islands  in  large 
parties  on  fishini;  excursions  or  frolics  ;  and  frequently  stay 
three  or  four  weeks.  I  have  always  found  them  to  be  very 
civil  and  accouimodatieg,  having  frequently  received  kind 
offices  at  their  hands,  such  as  presents  of  fruir,  vegetables, 
&c.,  from  the  main.  They  always  bring  their  fresh  water 
ytilh  them  in  their  catamarans,  as  there  is  none  to  be  found  in 
the  islamls.  which  are  covered  with  sand,  rocks,  and  the  dung 
of  aquatic  birds,  the  latter  sufficient  to  load  thousands  of  ships, 
having  been  accumulating  for  untold  ages.  It  is  called 
'guannar'  by  the  Spaniards,  and  is  probably  the  richest  in  the 
world."  Captain  LMorrell  visited  these  islands  in  September, 
182o,  long  befora  guano  was  known  as  an  article  of  commerce, 
and  long  oetore  a  single  ton  had  been  imported  into  Europe. 
It  apt>eared  to  me,  therefore,  that  this  passage  bore  upon 
the  face  of  it  the  character  of  truth,  and,  knowing  the  value 
of  .such  a  discovery  to  the  shipowners  and  agriculturists  of 
this  country,  I  at  once  applied  to  the  Government  to  take 
possession  of  the  islands,  and,  under  the  protection  of  the 
British  flag,  make  the  export  of  guano  free  to  the  ships  of 
all  nations.  By  inquiry  at  the  Foreign-office,  I  ascertained 
that  these  islands  were  not  enumerated  among  the  dependen- 
cies of  Pern  at  the  time  when  Peru  declared  its  independence  and 
defined  the  extent  of  its  territories.  They  are  desert  islands, 
without  wood,  water,  or  habitation.  No  sovereign  State  has 
ever  exercised  dominion  over  them.  During  the  whole  of  the 
war  between  Spain  and  England  they  had  been  freely  visited 
by  whalers  and  sealers,  and  ships  of  all  nations,  as  well  as  by 
Indians  in  their  catamarans.  I  found  it  distinctly  stated  in 
•'  Vattel,"  b.  1,  chap.  8,  that  "  all  mankind  have  an  equalright 
to  things  which  have  not  yet  fallen  into  the  possession  of  any 
one;  and  those  things  belong  to  the  person  who  first  takes 
possession  of  them.  When,  therefore,  a  nation  finds  a  country 
uninhabited  and  without  an  owner,  it  may  lawfully  take  posses- 
eioD  of  it,  and  after  it  has  sufficiently  made  known  its  will  in 
this  respect,  it  cannot  be  deprived  of  it  by  another  nation. 
Thus  navigators,  going  on  voyages  of  discovery,  furnished  with 
a  commis-ion  from  their  sovereign,  and  meeting  with  islands 
or  other  lands  in  a  desert  state,  have  taken  possession  of  them 
in  the  name  of  their  nation  ;  and  this  title  has  been  usuaLy 
retpecttd,  provided  it  was  soon  after  followed  by  a  realposses- 
Blon."  All  the  best  writers  on  international  law  supported  the 
same  doctrine.  I  took  the  opinion  of  a  barrister,  in  whose 
judgment  I  placed  the  highest  confidence,  and  was  assured 
that  the  Peruvian  Government,  not  having  occupied  those 
Ulands,  could  have  had  no  legal  claim  to  them.  Under 
these  circumstances  I  urged  upon  the  Government  the 
immense  Importance  of  guano  as  a  manure,  the  injury 
■ostaioed  by  the  monopoly  of  the  Peruvian  Government, 
and  the  claims  of  the  British  agriculturists  and  shipowners 
to  some  of  the  advantages  of  frte-trade.  But  whatever  ad- 
vantage new  possesaionB  may  bring  to  agriculturists  or 
shipowners,  it  seeme  to  have  been  discovered  that  they  bring 
nothing  but  trouble  to  the  Foreign-uffiLe,  and,  when  the 
present  ext*^nt  of  our  empire  in  different  parts  of  the  world 
js  cousidered,  perhaps  the  dleiociination  to  make  even  the 
»maJit*t  a''ditl'm  can  fcarcely  be  condemned.  Suffice  it  to 
■ay  that  I  did  not  succeed.  Finding  it  impossible  to  prevail 
upon  tbb  Government  at  onco  to  take  posHesslon  of  the  islands, 
1  dettrmirted  to  try  what  private  enterprise  might  a&'cK  By 
ioqtilry  in  the  city  I  discovered  a  shipowner  who  had  for  many 
years  commanded  a  trading  vtB»ol  in  the  PaolBc.  Captain  E. 
jjawBou  bad  himself  frequently  vUlted  the  Islands,  and,  al- 
though he  h«d  taken  no  notice  o!  the  nature  or  extent  of  the 
{fuano  drpoolt,  he  could  speak  conNdeotly  of  the  goodness  of 
the  harb<jur,  the  multitudes  of  neuf'jwi,  and  the  rainless  cha- 
racter of  the  climate.  In  every  respoct  except  iho  extent  of 
the  gnano  depo'-it,  he  confirmed  the  account  given  by  Morrell. 
Captain  Lawnon  harl  a  7<:Bm:l  on  the  point  of  salllog  for  San 
Fraoclnco,  and  promised  that  she  Hhould  touch  at  Lobos  on 
her  way.  On  tho  Hlh  Uecernber,  IH'jI,  Oaptalti  ]>lxon,  of  tlio 
■hip  Bombay,  wrote  from  Han  Francisco  in  the  following 
terms: — "  Went  to  Lobos.  TIjo  very  thing  that  I  have  ««ii] 
to  you  years  before  tliis.  I  think  I  could  load  a  thousund 
■bIpK  «»  well  a<i  one.    Good  anchorage.     I  think  at  one  place 

I  could  load  with  a  spout,  into  tho  ship,"  At  the  same 
time  he  forwarded  a  sample  of  the  guano  taken  from  the 
Ulaod.  With  this  additional  evidence  I  iigaln  appealed  to  the 
Oovemment  and  succee-jing  In  ohiuliiing  an  osiuriince  that  a 
■hip  of  war  flh  -uld  viiilt  tho  iftlauds.  On  the  change  of 
mloUtry   I   had    an   ialcrvlew  with   Lord   Malrochbury,  from 


which  I  buped  a  favourable  result,  the  matter  being  still  under 
his  lordship's  consideration.  In  the  meantime  it  appear*  that, 
at  the  instance  of  Captain  Lawson,  several  ships  have  already 
sailed  for  these  ielandh,  and  also  that  the  Peruvian  Minister 
ia  acqu^iinted  with  the  fact.  The  matter,  therefore,  can  no 
longer  remain  a  secret,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  of  laying 
the  whole  question  bifore  the  public,  in  the  full  confidence 
that  the  agriculturists  and  shipowners  of  this  couutry  will  not 
buflfiir  such  an  opportunity  to  he  lost.  I  fearlessly  assert,  that 
according  to  the  law  of  nations  the  Peruvian  Government  can 
have  no  claim  to  these  islands.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
monopoly  of  guano  now  maintained  by  tho  Peruvian  Govern, 
ment  is  injurious  to  the  whole  civilised  world,  but  especially 
to  the  British  farmer  and  British  shipowner.  They  must  see 
that  all  idea  of  protection  is  abandoned.  They  must  feel,  that 
whoever  may  be  minister,  they  are  equally  doomed  to  suffer 
all  the  disadvantages  of  free-trade.  It  will  be  their  own 
fault  if  they  do  not  obtain  some  of  the  advantiges.  It  is 
commonly  supposed  that  the  deposit  of  guano  on  the 
Chinca  Iblanda  is  sufficient  to  keep  up  ihe  supply  at  the 
present  rate  for  100  years,  and,  as  the  whole  cost  of  guano 
is  the  expense  and  freight  of  loading,  theie  can  be  no  ques- 
tion that  but  for  the  monopoly  of  the  Peruvian  Government  it 
would  now  be  sold  in  this  country  at  less  than  51.  a  ton. 
whereas  the  present  price  is  101.  Now,  I  have  myself  used 
about  400  tons  of  guano  as  manure,  and  I  speak  from  expe- 
rience when  I  say  that  such  are  its  extraordmary  powers,  and 
such  the  advantages  of  its  light  carriage,  that  with  guano  at 
51.  per  ton,  there  is  scarcely  anylandin  England  so  barren  that 
it  might  not  be  cultivated  with  advantage.  As  a  practical 
farmer,  I  say  that  it  I  had  the  option  between  a  5s.  duty  on  corn 
and  free- trade  in  guano,  I  would  not  hesitate  a  moment  in 
preferring  the  free-trade  in  guano.  I  believe  the  deposit  upon 
the  Lohos  Islands  to  be  even  larger  than  the  deposit  on  the 
Chinca.  The  islands  themselves  are  many  times  more  exten- 
sive, and  from  the  description  of  the  deposit  and  the  swarms 
of  birds,  they  would  also  appear  to  be  more  extensive. 
The  price  of  freight  from  Chinca  tu  this  country  has 
lately  been  quoted  as  low  as  3ils.  per  ton.  The  multitudes 
of  bhips  from  San  FiaaciHco  can  literally  get  no  freights. 
Guano  is  an  article  {perhaps  the  only  one  which  can  be 
mentioned)  in  which  the  whole  cost  is  the  freight  and  loading 
— an  article  of  almost  boundless  consumption— an  article  in 
which  free-trade  will  be  of  more  importance  to  ship-owners 
than  any  other  that  can  be  named.  The  question  is,  whether 
they  and  the  agriculturists  are  content  to  suffer  all  the  dis- 
advantages of  free-trade  without  partaking  in  its  advantages. 
If  not.  let  them  bestir  themselves,  and  who  can  refuse  such  a 
boon  ?  What  is  it  that  is  required  ?  Not  a  costly  possession  ; 
not  an  expensive  colony  ?  No ;  all  that  can  be  needed  is  a 
single  sloop  of  war  which  shall  hoist  the  British  flag,  and  under 
the  protection  of  that  flag  permit  the  ships  of  every  nation  to 
load  guano  without  disturbance.  I  repeat,  this  is  a  desert 
island — not  a  tree,  not  a  houae,  not  a  drop  of  water  upon  it ;  a 
harbour  in  which  hundreds  of  vessels  may  ride  in  perfect 
safety,  but  hitherto  useless,  or  visited  only  by  sealers  for  its 
seals,  or  whalers  for  the  eggs  of  aquatic  birds.  No  nation  has 
ever  hoisted  its  flag  upon  it,  and  it  remains  unappropriated,  the 
common  property  of  all  mankind.  If  the  claim  of  tlie  Peruvian 
Government  to  these  islands  be  admitted,  it  will  be  solely  at- 
tributable to  the  apathy  of  ihe  agi  iculturists  and  ship-owners  of 
this  country.  1  cannot  close  this  letter  without  expressing 
the  admiration  which  I  feci  for  that  intelligent  American 
seaman  to  whom  we  are  indebted  not  only  fur  the  discovery 
of  the  guano  on  these  islands,  but  for  the  discovery  of  the 
deposit  on  the  island  of  Ichaboe.  Benjamin  Morrell  was 
the  captain  of  an  American  sealer,  in  which  character 
he  made  four  voyag-es,  exploring  all  the  desert  cease 
and  islands  in  diff>.rent  quarters  of  the  globe.  To  un- 
daunted energy  in  his  profession  he  added  a  spirit  of 
inquiry  which  is  hut  rarely  seen.  In  the  countries  which  he 
visited  he  seems  to  have  considered  nothing  which  could  be 
useful  to  mankind  unworthy  of  his  attention.  That  he  was  no 
common  observer  is  sufficiently  attested  by  the  fact,  that, 
although  from  time  immemorial  whalers  and  sea  era  ot  different 
nations  have  visited  these  islands,  and  though  a  British  sur- 
veying ship,  regularly  equipped  for  the  service,  has  examined 
them,  yet  it  is  to  Captain  Benjamin  Morrell  that  the  world  is 
indebted  for  the  information  that  these  islands  possess  one  of 
the  finest  harbours  in  the  world,  and  thousands  of  vessels  may 
load  with  guano  from  its  shores.  Morrell's  "  Four  Voyages" 
may  be  found  on  the  shelves  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
to  which  useful  institution  I  am  indebted  for  my  acquaintance 
with  the  work.  At  page  119  wlil  be  seen  a  description  of  Lobos, 
and  at  page  294  an  accurate  description  of  Ichaboe,  with  a 
statement  that  *  the  surface  of  this  island  is  covered  with  birds' 
manure  to  the  depth  of  25  feet."  Upon  the  information  given 
in  this  book  the  first  stiip^  sailed  from  England  to  load  at 
Ichaboe.  The  discovery  of  Ichaboe  lowered  the  price  of  Peru- 
vian guano  from  201  to  101.  per  ton,  and,  by  briuj^ing  this  valu- 
able manure  into  general  use,  conferred  a  lasting  benefit  on 
the  civilised  world,  1  am,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant,  T.  Went- 
toorih  Bvller,  Whimple,  Exeter,  April  14,  [The  opinion  alluded 
to  by  Captain  Wuller  will  appear  in  our  next.] 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Emiqeation  to  North  America  :  We  have  received  from  Mr. 
Vere  Foster  copies  of  a  small  Tract  on  this  subject,  contain- 
ing much  very  useful  information  on  localities  and  their 
respective  merits — on  wages,  cost  of  travelling,  &c.,  with  a 
great  deal  of  detailed  instruction,  almost  indispensable,  we 
should  think,  to  the  humbler  class  of  emigrants  Tliese 
tracts  or  sheets  are  to  be  had  gratis,  on  personal  application 
to  the  author,  at  6,  Whitehall-yard,  London,  or  by  sending 
their  address  and  a  stamp, 

EwE3  :  PA  ir.  Your  question  has  unfortunately  been  mislaid. 

Flax  :  X.  You  should  sow  immediately,  or  aa  soon  as  there  is 
prospect  of  rain,  10  pecks  of  clean  seed  per  acre,  broadcast, 
over  any  well  and  cleanly  tilled  loamy  soil.  The  soil  pre- 
ferred by  the  plant  is  a  somewhat  adhesive  loam. 

Gdtta  pEECH/  ToBiNG  :  Messrs.  Burgess  and  Key  hBive  BuppMed 
us  with  testimonials  on  the  efficiency  of  gutia  percha  tubing 
for  pump  service,  which  seems  perfectly  conclusive  on  this 
subject. 

Hose  ;  Tycho  asks  for  information  on  hose  for  conveying 
liquid  manure.  The  ''patent  canvas  hose  coated  with 
gurta  percha  "  is  highly  spoken  of  in  the  minutes  published 
by  tho  Board  of  Health.  On  Mr.  Littledalo's  farm,  at  Birk- 
enhead, the  hoae  is  of  guttu  percha,  2  in.  diameter,  2s.  Gd.  per 
yard;  or,  lA  m.  diameter,  23,  per  yard.  Tho  prepared  can- 
vas hose  is  \8.  4d.  per  yard. 

Lettoces  :  Yorkshire  Reader.  We  are  atiked  if  Cos  Lettuces 
are  proper  green  food  for  breeding  sows  soon  after  farrow- 
ing. We  niivor  knew  any  given,  and  would  not  like  to  give 
thom  In  any  quantity,  except  mixed  with  other  food.  Perhaps 
some  one  can  speak  from  experience  of  them, 

Mandue  :  O  a  D.  You  cannot  dissolve  the  bones  except  T)y  an 
ucld  ;  but  you  may,  after  partially  grinding  or  breaking  the 
hones,  reduce  thoin  to  powder  by  putting  them  (if  there  bo  n 
luigo  enough  quantity  to  heat  wheti  put  together)  in  a  heap 
with  some  damp  sand.  As  regards  tho  night-soil,  you  had 
better  mix  it  with  ashoi  enough  to  make  it  dry,  and  then 
jiluco  It  in  the  drill,  under  the  Tuinipsood,  as  farmmnnuro  is 
ordinarily  put.  Probably  15  or  20  cvvt.  per  acre,  with  2  cwt, 
of  the  dissolved  bones  will  he  a  sufBulent  dressing, 

1'otatoeb:  Oaw^kiUer,  Tlioro  is  no  such  Implomont  as  a 
I'otato  drill  to  how  tho  pieces  tho  Hamo  as  uny  otlier  drill. 

PotiLTUY  :  fynoramua.  You  have  too  many  hms  for  ono  cock. 
You  rcuulro  two.  Tho  space  is  large  enough  for  all  pur- 
poBCi,    but    fowlB,    like    humua    beings,   are    impatlout  of 


restraint.  At  this  time  of  year  they  like  lo  wander,  and  had 
they  a  good  run,  say  in  a  meadow,  they  would  soon  look 
mueh  het  er  than  thev  do  now.  In  your  orovision  for  them 
you  have  overlooked  one  eseential,  viz.  lime  or  chalk.  Fowls 
like  growing  herbnge  ;  it  resists  a  pull,  and  enables  them  to 
tear  It  off  for  food.  The  works  ot  20  fowls  on  CO  feet  of 
growing  Grass  would  be  hardly  perceptible;  but  they  would 
destroy  the  name  space  of  freeh  laid  turf  in  a  few  days.  Do 
not  confine  them  lo  Barley,  but  every  third  or  fourth  day 
give  them  Wheat,  and  theri  change  again  for  slaked  oatmeal. 
Ihe  bad  plumage  is  probably  tb«  result  of  heat  •  if  you  will 
give  them  liberty  they  will  find  at  this  season  of  the  year 
eooliog  food  in  the  vegetation  springing  up  •  and  if  you 
cannotsee  them  so  easily  as  when  in  confinement  they  will 
at  least  be  more  pleasing  objects  when  found.— J  <?  H 
Watch  your  hen  more  closely,  and  I  think  you  will  find  she 
does  not  go  to  the  nest  for  nothing.  I  never  knew  but  one 
such  instance.  Are  you  sure  she  docs  not  eat  the  egg 
directly  she  has  laid  if.  —A  New  Subscriber.  Do  you 
mean  eggs  for  the  table  or  for  sitting  ?  I  never  before 
heard  of  a  hen  hatching  26  chickens  at  this  season  of 
the  year,  and  the  owner  should,  for  the  public  good 
give  a  detailed  account  of  the  process  by  which  Buck 
results  are  attainable. — F  S.  I  think  I  have  heard  more  com- 
plaints of  bad  egi;^'  this  year  than  I  ever  did  I  hardly  know 
what  to  assign  as  the  cause,  but  I  .Hm  sure  a  long  con- 
tinuance of  dry  weather  and  easterly  winda  are  very  bad 
things  for  poultry, — F  B.  I  do  not  consider  cuckoo  fowls  as 
a  distinct  species  ;  I  gave  reasons  In  the  Chronicle  hree  weeks 
since  for  my  opinion. — J  H.  The  summer  is  a  very  bad  time 
for  poultry  exhibitions,  chickens  are  hardly  forward  enough, 
and  adults  are  in  bad  plumage  and  condition,  John  Bailey, 
113,  Mount-sti-eet. 

PouLTHv  Mandke;  We  have  a  letter  from  J  fl  C,  for  the  cor- 
respondent who  inquired  on  this  subject  last  week. 

Ebbatdm  :  Our  Correspondent  who  wrote  last  week  about  Agri- 
cultural Education,  is  the  Rev.  James  Mules. 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Apeil  24, 
Notwithstanding  the  continued  coldnees  of  the  weather,  the 
market  is  pretty  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  fruit, 
English  Pine-apples  realise  good  prices,  as  do  also  hothouse 
Grapes.  Dessert  Pears  are  now  confined  to  Beurre  Ranee, 
A  few  Court  of  Wick  and  Ribston  Pippin  Apples  may  still 
be  obtained.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are 
nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  becoming 
plentiful.  Young  Carrots,  Beans  (both  French  and  Mazagan), 
Peas,  Lettuces,  and  Artichokes  are  supplied  from  France. 
PotatoeB  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacrlses,  Cine- 
rarias, Mignonette,  Camellias,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Pri- 
mulas, Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced 
bulbs. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  85 
Grapes, hothou6e,p,lb.,l2stol  8s 

—  Lisbon,  per  ib„23  to  2s6d 
Strawberries,  p.  oz.,  6d  to  Is  Gd 
Apples,   kitchen,   per  bushel, 

2s  to  3s  3d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5b 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3s 


Pears,  dessert,  per  doz.,  2s  to  63 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s  6d  to  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  38 
Lemons,  per  doz,,  is  to  23 
Nuts,  Barcelona,p.bsh,208t6228 

—  Brazil,  p.  bsh.,  12s  to  14s 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs,,  lOOs 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  9d  to  Is  6d 
French  Beans,  p.lOO.lsGdto  28 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is 

—  heads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  3s  to  lOs 
Seakale,  per  basket,  9d  to  2s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  28  6d  to  43 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  lOd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  per  cwt,,  2s  to  58 

—  per  bush..  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz.  ,2s  6d  to  3s  6d 
Cucumbers,  each,  6d  to  28  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  Ad 

—  Spanish, p.doz,,ls3dto  3= 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Beet,  per  doz,,  Is  to  2s 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 


VEGETABLES. 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb,,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce,Cab,,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  per  score,  is  to  28 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun,,  2d  to  3ti 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto49 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  8d  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf,  sieve.is  3d  to  laSd 
Artichokes,  Jerus.,do.,  9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz,  bnchs,,  2s  to  Z& 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Ba8il,green,p.bunch,lB  to  Is  6d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercresses,  p.  doz.  bunches^ 

9d  to  Is 


HAT.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusses. 
Shithfield,  April  22. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  75s  to  SOs 
Inferior  do.  ...  66        72 

Rowen         60        65 

New  Hay     —        — 

COUBEBLAMD  !M 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  783  to  82s 

Inferior  do 65        72 

New  Hay      ...         ...  —        — 

Old  Clover 78        86 


Clover 
2d  cat 
Straw 

...  SOs  to  SOS 
...^6        80 
...  23        28 

J.  COOFEB. 

iBKET,  April  22. 
Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 

Jo 

...  72s  to  768 
!1!  28        80 

)H0A  BAKEB^ 

COAL  MARKET.— Fbidat.  April  2S. 

Hollywell,  ISs.  6d. j  Eden   Main,   15a. ;    Wallaend  Haswell, 

16s.  6d.;  Wallsend  Hetton,  16a. ;  vVallsend  LambtoD,  lSs.6d.; 

Walleend   Stewarts,    16a. ;   Wallaend   Tees,   16a.— Ships   at 

market,  126. 


ENGLISH  TIMBER  AND  BARK.— 

Apbil  24. 

Round  Timbeb. 

Plank. 

iNOH  BOABD. 

Per  Load. 

Per  Foot  Cube. 

Per  Foot  Super. 

Oak... 

...£6    0    0  to£6  10    0 

8s.  0*.  to  5b.  Od. 

0j.4Jd.to0i.6d. 

Ash.. 

...    3  10     0  —  4  10     C 

2     8      —  3    0 

OS      —0    4 

Elm.. 

...8    0    0—4    0    0 

13—20 

0    2—08 

Beech 

...    2  10     0—  3  10    0 

13      —  1     9 

0    2—03 

Lime 

...8    0    0—4    0    0 

16      —  2    0 

0    3J    —0    4J 

ENGLISH  AND  FOREIGN  BARK. 

From  the  information  we  have  been  enabled  to  obtain,  tha 
fall  of  English  this  seanon  will  bo  unprecedentedly  large  ;  it  is 
generally  anticipated  that  prices  will  range  from  Zl.  to  3E.  10^. 
per  ton  In  tho  rlnde,  according  to  quality.  Old  Bark  la  more 
plentiful  than  usual  at  this  season  of  the  year. 
English  timber,  £   a.       £>   b.\  Antwerp  timber,    £    s.      £  3. 

p.  Id.  of  46  cwt,  18    Otoia  10        per  ton    4  15  — 6    0 

Do,  Coppice,  do.  12    0  — 13  10  |  Do,  Coppice      ...    4  15  —  5    0 


WOOL. 

Beadford,  TnuRSDAT,  April  22.— A  rather  more  cheerful 
tone  has  prevailed  in  tho  English  Wool  market  during  the  pro- 
coding  weuJc,  and  an  increased  amount  of  sales  to  the  general 
trudo  has  been  tlio  evidence  of  this  partial  improvement! 
There  cannot,  however,  bo  any  advance  of  price  noticed,  as  In 
the  cour-^c  of  tho  transactions  referred  to,  it  has  been  fo""** 
that  uny  attempt  to  advance  upon  tho  rutoa  current  during  the 
past  week  or  two  has  boon  firmly  resisted  by  consuiap/''''  The 
Impression  that  buBluess  generally  In  this  dintri£'fi  has  now 
passed  throuRh  iho  worst  part  of  the  orlslB,  for  /-ome  time  ex- 
piirloiiood,  gains  ground,  and  its  eftoot  (low  »i'Ct>w  to  point  to 
a  gradual  but  sudden  restoration  of  thnt  couHdonce  which 
hUB  80  lung  been  wanting. 


270 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[April  24,. 


POTATOES.— SoDTHwAEK,  April  19. 
Tlie  coTTunittee  rfl()()rt  that  rlurin:?  the  past  week  the  supply 
has  been  quite  equal  to  the  deiuaod,  except  foi*  good  samples 
of  Regents,  which  have  made  more  money  ;  but  second-rate  or 
inferinr  stuff  was  almost  unsaleable,  particul  irly  See  cb  Cups. 
The  following'  are  this  day'n  quotations: — York  ReKente,  70a. 
to  908. ;  Scnteh  do  ,  659.  to  70s.;  Perth  and  Forfarahire  Cups, 
fiOs.to'e'Ss.;  Fifeshire  do.,  SOa.  tofiSs.;  Wisbeaeh  and  Cambridge, 
60b'.  to  TOs! ;   Kent  and   Ebbbx.  659.  to  80s. 

SMTTHFIELD.— Monday,  April  19. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  exceedingly  larire  tor  the  time  of 
year,  and  the  quality  very  (jood.  The  weather  being  still 
favourable,  there  is  considerable  activity  in  the  trade ;  a  large 
number,  however,  remain  unsold.  A  few  choice  Scots  make 
33.  4d.  pretty  readily,  but  many  big  Short-horoe  with  difficulty 
make  S'f.  Sheep  and  Lambs  are  also  plentiful,  and  trade  for 
them  is  exceedingly  heavy.  Pricea  on  the  average  are  lower. 
A  choice  Calf  makes  about  the  same  as  on  Friday,  but  trade  ia 
generally  worse.  From  Germany  ami  Hcllaiid  there  are  250 
Beasta.  530  Sheep,  and  158  Calvea  ;  irom  Scotland,  600  Beasts  ; 
2101  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  and  250  from  the  northern  and 
midland  cfunties. 


Per  8t.  of  81ba.— 8 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &C.  ...  3 
Best  Short-horuB  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best   Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn 


B    d 


2  to  3 
0  —  3 

4  —  2 

0  —  4 
6- 


Perst.  of  81bs,— s    d       s    d 
Best  Long-woolB  ,3     8  to  4    0 


Do.  Shorn  ...  3 

Ewea  &  2d  quality  0 

Do.  Shorn 2 

Lambs     4 

Calves      2 

Pigs  2 


2  —  3  6 

0-0  0 

6  — 2  10 

—  5  6 

—  4  4 
3  8 


Beasts,  4888  ;  Sheep  and  Lamba,  2-!,420  ;  Calves,  221 ;  Pigs, 
Friday,  April  23. 
We  have  not  a  very  large  supp  j  of  Beasts;  trade  is  dull, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  higher  prices.  A  few  choice  things 
are  rather  dearer,  but  we  cannot  quote  higher.  The  supply  of 
Sheep  and  Lambs  is  moderate  ;  trade  ia  rather  m^ire  cheerful, 
but  there  is  not  muih  dffi.'rence  in  price.  Good  Calves  being 
Bcarce  are  fullv  as  dear  as  of  late,  but  middling  ones  are  very 
tinsaleable.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  100  Beaste,  270 
Sheep,  and  268  Calves  ;  from  Scotland  there  are  60  Beasts,  400 
from  Norfolk  and  SuflFolk,  and  135  Milch  Cows  from  home 
counties. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  April  19.— There  was  a  tolerably  fair  supply  of 
Wheat  from  Essex  and  Kent  this  mornins,  which  was  ulti- 
mately disposed  of  on  the  terms  of  ibis  day  Be'nnight,  factors 
being  unable  to  establish  any  advance  in  price.  Foreign  was 
in  improved  retail  demand,  but  uoaltered  in  value. —  French 
Flour  is  offered  at  a  decline  of  Is.  per  sack  ;  and  barrels  must 
also  be  written  Is.  lower.— Barley  barely  maintains  last  week's 
prices.  — Beaos  and  Peas  sell  readily  at  late  ra'es. — The  Oat 
trade  is  fiim,  and  in  some  instances  rather  more  money  is  ob- 
tained. 

Pee  Imperial  Quahtee. 
Wheat,  Eesex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...White 

—  —    fine  selected  runs  ..ditto 

—  —    Talavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley,grind.(fc  distil.,  26s  to  29B...Cbev. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  E«sex,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincoln  shire...  Potato 

—  Irish Potato 

—  Foreign   Polaudand  Brew 

Rye 

Rye-meal,  foreign , 

Beans,  Mazagan 24b  to  27s Tick 

—  Pigeon   27    —  32s. ..Winds, 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 27b  to  30s Arey 

Maize      „ White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 


-44 
-46 
45—51 
33—43 
86—52 
;i0— 35 
■^2—29 
19—21 
21—24 
20— .'3 
19—21 


25—30 

20—26 
22—311 
32—34 
26—28 


Red 
aed  , 


aed  . 


Malting  . 
Malting  , 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

tj'oreign 


narrow  . 
Longpod 

Bgvptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 


fellow. 
Norfolk 
Per  sack 


39—40 
40—42 


29—31 


20—22 
19—22 
17—20 


25—30 
24—30 
23—25 
33-35 

27—34 


Aeeivalb  in  the  Poet  of  London  last  Week. 


27-32 
—34 


Flour,  9l00sUs 
—        18  brls 

English   

Irish     

Foreign  


Qrs. 
4870 


2762 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
2366 
1669 
2300 


Qrs. 
4612 


Oats. 


Qrs. 
1780 
6270 
2678 


Beans. 


Qrfl. 
622 


Qrs. 

47 


Fhidat,  April  23.~The  arrivals  of  grain,  both  English  and 
foreign,  have  been  moderate  this  week.  To-day's  market  was 
badly  attended,  and  the  inquiry  for  Wheat  very  inanimate. 
Pricea  roust  be  conaiderrd  the  same  as  on  Monday.  Business 
in  fioatin;?  cargoes  has  been  to  a  moderate  extent  only. — Flour 
meets  more  inquiry,  at  rather  better  prices. —  The  value  of 
Barley  remains  as  on  Monday. — Beans  and  Peas  are  very  firm, 
—There  is  a.fair  demand  for  Oats  at  an  advance  of  6d,  per  qr, 
Impeeial  Avebaqes. 


Wheat. 

Baelet. 

Oats 

Rte. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Mar.  13    ,  . 

3.    d. 
42  10 
42    8 
42    2 
41    7 
41    4 
40  10 

s.   cJ. 
30    6 
30     3 
30     5 
29     9 
29     4 
29     1 

s.    d. 
19    9 
19    0 
19    6 
19    4 
19     7 
19    i 

3.    d. 

30  6 

31  11 
30    6 

32  3 

32  8 

33  G 

s.    d 
30    1 
30    i 
30    3 
80    0 
29     1 
29  10 

s     d. 

29     7 
29  10 
29    8 
29    7 
29     2 
29  11 

—    20 

_    27 

April    3 

—    10 

—    17 

ARKreff.  Aver. 

41  11 

29  10 

19    7 

31   10 

30    1 

29    8 

Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr, 

ABE1VAL3  THIS    WEEK. 

Wheat. 

,    Barley. 

Oats. 

Flour. 

English  ... 

Irish    

Foreien  ... 

Qrs. 
3850 

4250 

Qrs. 
1710 

3540 

ftrs. 

420 

8850 

10930 

—  Backs 

—  bris 

Fldotuations  in  the  LisT  Six  Week's  Averaqeb. 

Peices. 

Mae.  13. 

Mae.  20. 

Mae.  27. 

Ape.  8 

Ape.  10. 

Ape. 17, 

42sl0d 
42     8 

...1- 

;;:^ 

42    2     - 

...  L 

41    7 
41    ■» 

...  L 

40  10 

L 



Ijiverpool,  Tdesdat.  April  20.— The  week's  imports  of  grain 
and  Flour  are  again  moderate,  and  the  trade  has  had  a  steady 
aspect,^  prices  generally  being  fully  supported.  The  exports 
coastwise  are  less  than  of  late,  and  merely  comprise  1161  qrs. 
of  Wheat,  1881  barrels  and  879  sacks  of  Flour,  71C  qrs.  of 
Beans,  and  small  quantities  of  Barley,  Indian  Corn,  and  Oat- 
meal. Our  Corn  Exchange  this  morning  was  scarcely  so  well 
attended  as  on  Friday,  but  a  fair  amount  of  business  wastrans- 
?,.;  h,!S,  7''°''v'"J''  ^'"""■'  •»'  ""  advance  in  price  of  Id.  to  2d. 
fnck  on  m°"  '^^  ^"'■'"S'''  """^  <''^-  '"  !=•  P™  l""""!  and  1»-  Per 
yef  ow  imirov'  T  '-"".Tuesdaj's  rates.  Indian  Corn  is  scarce ; 
Tellow  Tn?n  u  .,1°  i™"'  ^""^  white  receded.  Good  Americai; 
480  !b=  n.t.  S"^/"™"""  ""We.  and  commands  30s.  per 
in!audno°ritVa£'4j^/J-;  ^^  ^-»  "=-  -'^  "'"«  de'alt 


TAS.    PHILLIPS    AND    Co.,    116,   Biahopsgate-street 
ti  Without,  LoDdoo,  beg  to  submit  the  following  :— 

GLASS  MILK  PANS. 
12  Inch  Diameter,  each  2.^.0. 


14 

16  ,, 

18 

20  ,, 

22 

24  „ 

25  „ 

PROPA- 
OATIMG 
CLASSES. 

2  Inch  Diameter  0 

3  „        „         0 


BEE 
CLASSES. 


e.  d. 
2  . 


0  4  . 
0  6  . 
0  8  , 
0  10  . 


B.  d. 

0  3 

0  4 

0  5 

0  7 

0  10 

1  1 
,  1  4 
,  I  8 
,  2  0 

2  8 

3  6 


PRESERVE  JARS. 


3  Inch  Diameter 

4 

5 

6 

7 


12  Inch 
11  „ 
16  „ 
18  „ 
20  „ 
24    „ 


5 
7 
9 
0 
3 
6 
0 

HAND   GLASSES. 

Glazed, 
Ss.  Od. 


...     4     0 

...   4   e 

...     5     0 
...    6    0 
Paint.ed,  and  Glazed  with 
16  oz.  Sheet  Glass. 
If  open  tops,  l5.  extra, 


63.  Od. 

7  0 

8  0 

9  n 
10  0 
12    0 


GLASS  CREAM  POTS. 
6  lach  Diameter,  each  25.  0,.;. 
8  „  „  2    6 


LACTOMETERS. 

For  testing  the  quality  of 
Milk.    is.  6(2.  eacb. 

CUCUMBER    GLASSES. 

24  Inches  long  ...    2s.  Od. 


1  10 

1 


Made  to  any  length, 

PASTRY  SLABS. 

Of  stronir  Plate  G^ass,  fitted  in 
Wood  Frames. 

20  +  14    13s  Od,  each. 

22  +  16     16     0     „ 

24  +  18    19    6    „ 

26+20    23    6    „ 

28  +  24     80     0    „ 

30+24    32    e    „ 

Intermediate  sizes  charged 
proportionately, 

GLASSES    FOR  WALL 
FRUIT. 

HALLIMAN'S  FRUIT  PRO- 
TECTOR, Registered  March 
22,  1850. 

PEBN  SHADES. 

WASP  TRAPS,  8s,  ed.  per 
dozea, 

LORD  CAMOTS'  MILK 
SYPHON. 

GLASS  CHtJRNS. 

HTACrtJTH  AND  FLOWER 
DISHES. 


Glass  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fish  Globes,  Lamp  Glasses, 
Self.registeriiig  Thermometers  for  Greenhouses,  Pianoforte 
Insulators,  &c.  &c. 


13.S 

Od. 

15 

0 

15 

(1 

17 

6 

20 

0 

20 

0 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  maaufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    lu  100-feet  hoses  pacued  for  immediate  delivery, 

6  inches  by  4  and    6. i  by  45      '"     "" 

7  ,,         Sand    7:1  by  5|      

8  ,,         6  and    8    by  5|      

B  „  6  and    84  by  g|       

9  „         7  and  10    by  8        

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         

And  many  otber  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2U.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLA.TE,  perfecdy  flat,  J  in.  thick,  beat  manufactured, 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  per  foot. 

„        „        35     „      8d.        „ 

„        „        50     ,,       9^d,      „ 

„        „        75      „      I2d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  25.  to  65.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slate?  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British.  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d!, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  requined,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PA.TENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlex  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Oardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  eacb  month. 


ADULTERATION    OF   FOOD. 

HENRY  BAKER,  Optician,  90,  Hatton-garden, 
London,  begs  to  call  attention  to  his  ACHROMATIC 
MICROSCOPES  (warranted  good),  which  will  be  exchanged  if 
not  approved  of.  These  Instruments  will  define  the  circulation 
of  the  Blood  in  the  Frog's  Foot,  the  Saw  in  the  Sting  of  the 
Wasp,  the  Comb  in  the  Spider's  Foot,  the  beautiful  form  and 
varieties  of  PoUen  in  Flowers  and  their  Structure,  the  Scales 
of  the  Butterfly's  Wing,  and  also,  in  many  instances,  adultera- 
tion ot  Food.  It  is  a  very  interesting  companion,  and  will  pass 
away  usefully  many  a  leisure  hour,  the  fund  for  observation 
being  inexhaustible.  Price  for  No.  1,  31.  12s. ;  No.  2,  51.  15s.  ; 
No.  3,  91.  IO3.  A  descriptive  Book  sent  post  free,  on  receipt  of 
three  postage  stamps.  Prepared  objects,  12s. ;  injected  do., 
30s.  per  doz. 

ALVANISED      WIRE      GAME      NETTING.— 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


•pWING'S     PATENT     GLASS     WALLS. 

■L-i  — The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  iolorma'.ion  ob- 
tained:— Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  Ajc,  Chel- 
sea ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Fine-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  <fcc,, 
Fulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Gleadinning,  .Nurseryman,  &c.,  Ghis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter- 
Messrs.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Chester  ;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrp.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull,  Nurserymen,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentbam,  Stafford- 
shire; Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgaa,  An^lesea  ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St, 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

Tbene  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
th6^^q!8tIlrinciple.     Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron, 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT    WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
executt;  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms, 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confideoce  give  the  most  satisfactory  refereoces. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of^Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available, 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


2.inohmesh,light,  24 inches  wide 

2-inch     ,,      strong  ,, 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong  ,, 
IS-inch     ,,      light  ,, 

l§-inch     ,,      strong  ,, 

l|-inoh     ,,      extrastrong   ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices, 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth .  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  postfree. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  icing's  Road,  Chelsea 
*-'  •  Horticultural  Arehitecca,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot^ 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kiuk's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  tfcc,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com« 
bluing  all  moderu  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pirs,  &c,,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  pplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  ate 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Abo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings ;  alao  - 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,,4;c., forwarded  on  applicatioOt 
J.  WEEKS  AKD  CO.,  Kino's  Road,  Chelsea,  Lomdqw. 

HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 

PATENT, 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  eveiy 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kinsdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orderaj 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di'^patch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting  ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  I3.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IG  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  2il  Gs.  8d. ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  SOI.  IBs.  8d. ;  23  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ratter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Houwater  on  the 
most  approved  and  econumical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  andSti.per 
foot,  super. ^ 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.— A  Listot  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 

ANTED,  A  GREENHOUSE,  20  feet  in  length 
by  12  feet  in  depth,  near  a  Railway  Station,  16  miles 
from  London.  Answers  from  parties  willing  to  furnish  the 
same,  stating  prices,  and  forwarding  or  referring  to  designs, 
to  be  sent  to  K.  N.,  care  of  Mr.  Hairs,  Seedsman,  No,  109,  St. 
Martin's-lane,  London. 


17—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


271 


riHOCOLAT  A  LA  FRANgAISE.— Those  who  wish 

\^  a  cup  of  reuliy  fiae  ddlicioua  we II- frothed  CHOCOLATE, 
to  pass  eiiltly  off  the  palate,  should  obtain  Pet  aod  Sons' 
articles,  manufactured  a  la  Fraiif^aise,  to  be  had  uf  Tea  Dealers, 
Grocers,  ami  Confectioners  ;  and  read  their  Pamphlet,  c^mtain- 
ing  full  directions  how  the  public  may  easily  enjoy  tbia  delicious 
beverage,  as  well  aa  Liebig'e  Analyses  of  Cocoi,  showin*  its 
adaptation  for  human  food,  and  other  inteieatini;  information, 
to  be  obtained  gratis,  as  above,  or  on  application,  pereonally 
or  by  letter,  at  12,  Union-street,  Bristol.  Most  peraous  have 
never  tasted  ibis  bi-verage  in  perlection.  Iheae  articles  are 
peculiarly  htted  for  presents. 

FfiT  and  iJONs,  Chocolate  Makers  to  the  Queen,  obtained  the 
Prize  iledal  at  the  Exhibition  of  all  Nation^,  1851. 


TRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING, 

JL  GAME-PROOP  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  in 
wrought  and  rast-iroa  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  For 
Cash.  Price  of  Iron  Hurdles,  wifh  6  bars,  6  feet  long  by 
3  feet  6  inches  hi»;h,  bavins  dooble  paoNe?  addiiinai  for 
fising  in  the  ground,  3s.  W^d.  each.  Estimates,  Drawings, 
&c.,  on  application. — William  Doed'a  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
faalUstreet,  Loudon. 

-      ALSO 

ARTIFICIAL  MANURES  of  superior  quality,  at  the  follow- 
ing very  low  rates  : — Super-phosphate  of  Lime,  5t  2s.  Gd.  per 
ton ;  Patent  Manure,  51.  5s.  per  ton  ;  highly-concentrated  fcecal 
Manure,  3J.  10s.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Manure,  U.  10s.  per  t  ui,  from 
3  to  4  cw!.  per  acre,  amply  sufficient.  Gutca  percha,  coated  and 
lined  canvas  hose  for  liquid  manure  and  farm  purposes,  mucb 
improved  this  season,  being  more  flexible,  and  capable  ofbear- 
ing  greater  pressure.— Apply  as  above. 


THE  TOILET  OF  BEAUTY  furnishes  innumerable 
proofs  of  the  high  estimation  in  which  GOWLAND'S 
LOTION  is  held  by  the  most  distinguished  possessors  of  bril- 
liant compIes'ODS.  This  elegant  prepara'ion  comprehends 
the  preservation  of  th  ■  complexion,  both  from  the  eff'-Cts  of 
cataneous  malady  and  the  operation  of  variable  tempera'iure, 
by  refreshing  its  delicacy  and  preserving  the  brightest  tints 
with  which  beauty  is  adorned.  "  Robert  Shaw,  London,"  is  in 
white  Letters  on  the  Government  stamp  of  the  genuine.  Prices, 
23,  9d.  and  5s.  6d.  ;  quarts,  8s.  Gd. 


A     BEAUTIFUL     HEAD     OF     HAIR. 

ROWLAND'S  MACASSAR  OIL  has  chiefly  acquired 
celebrity  for  its  rapid  and  extraordinary  tfficacy  in 
nourit-hing,  preserving,  and  beautifying  the  human  hair.  Its 
regenerative  powers,  in  particular,  are  constantly  shown  by 
inducing  a  fresh  growth  of  hair  where  baldness  has  hitherto 
prevailed.  It  imparts  an  additional  vigour  to  the  roots  of  the 
hftir,  together  with  a  glossy  brightness,  a  eilky  eoftneas,  and  a 
tendency  to  curl.  For  inducing  an  accelerated  growth  of 
whiskers,  moustachios,  or  eyebrows,  the  Macas  ar  is  untailiog 
in  its  stimulative  operation.  In  reference  even  to  the  hair  of 
early  childhood,  the  use  of  the  Oil  is  at'ended  with  the  happiest 
effects  ;  mild,  invigorating,  and  purifying  in  every  instance,  it 
dispeU  scurf  and  dandriff,  and  renders  unnecessary  the  uso  of 
the  fine  comb.  In  all  climates  it  alike  displays  its  incomparable 
results,  and  ha^  ifug  been  an  established  favourite  in  India. — 
Price  33  Gd.  and  Ts.  ;  or  Family  Bottles  (equal  to  four  fmall), 
at  10s.  6d. ;  and  double  that  size  21s.  On  the  wrapper  of  e^ch 
bot'le  are  the  words,  Rowlands'  Macassae  Oil,  in  two  lines. 

Sold  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  20,  llaltoa  Garden,  London  ; 
and  by  all  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 


XI EW  AND  CHEERFUL    REGISTER  STOVE.— 

X\  The  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE,  invented  and  regie- 
tered  by  WILLIaM  S.  BURTuN,  combines  in  its  use  cheer- 
fulness, cleaoliuess  and  economy  to  a  degree  hitherto  deemed 
unattainable,  while  its  simple  beauty  (obtained  partly  by  the 
employment  of  a  graeefal  shell  in  lieu  of  the  cumbersome  and 
}  ungainly  bar»)  ia  the  subject  of  general  cummeudaiiun.  Price 
from  6u«.  to  lOi.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  at  his  show-rooms, 
where  also  are  to  be  seen 

9;^A  STOVES  AND  325  EENDERS,  all  diflfering  in 

•^'-'^  pat'ern,  formmg  the  largest  assortmtnt  ever  collected 
together.  They  are  marked  in  plain  figures,  and  at  prices 
proporriona'e  with  those  that  that  have  tended  to  make  his 
es.ubliahment  the  most  distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright 
Stives,  with  bronzed  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  14s. 
to  HL  lOs. ;  (iito  with  ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars, 
51.  Vl$.  to  121.  I2a. ;  bronzed  Fenders  complete,  with  standards, 
7.'.  to  31.  ;  steel  Fenders,  from  2'..  153.  to  6J. ;  di'to,  with  rich 
orxD')iu  ornaments,  from  2L  los.  to  71.  Is.  ;  fire-irons,  from 
\s.  'Jd.  the  set  to  li.  ia.  Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  Stoves, 
with  radiating  heanh-plates  ;  and  Ivitch(.n  Ranges,  which  he 
is  enabled  to  sell  at  these  very  reduced  charges, 
First — Frooi  the  frequency  and  extent  of  bis  purchases  ;  and 
aecyudly — From  those  purchaets  being  made  escluaively  for 
caf<h. 

THE  BEST  SHOW  of  IRON  BEDSTEADS  in 
ibo  KINGDOM  is  \VILLIA.M  S.  BURTON'd.— He  has 
added  to  bis  Show-rooms  two  very  large  ones,  which  are  de- 
voted  t'j  the  eiclustve  Show  of  Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads  and 
Children's  Cots,  with  appropria'.e  Bedding  and  Matiresses. 
Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  and  all  are  marked  in  plain 
figures,  at  prices  prop'jrliunate  to  thube  that  have  tended  to 
maki;  bia  esLa-bliahment  the  most  distinguished  in  ibis  country. 
Cotnmou  Ip'D  lieristeads  from  12»,  Gd.  ;  Portable  Folding  Bed- 
iteado  Irom  Via.  Gd. ;  Patent  Iroji  bedsteada,  fitted  with  dove- 
ta'l  joints  »Dd  patent  sacking,  from  lOs.  Gd.;  and  Cots  from 
2O4.  each  ;  haudiotne  omaoiental  Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads  in 
great  varte  y.  from  3E.  G<.  to  3U. 

THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER.— 
I  be  REaL  MCKBL  ::^ILVKH,  introduced  15  years  ago 
by  V.'ILLIaM  Si.  BURTON,  v.U(i\\  plated  by  the  patent  proce^a 
'tt  ile44r«.  f^lkington  and  Co.,  i>i  beyond  all  coiupanson  the 
Tcf7  bef '■  arlU'e  next  to  st^rtiu:;  silver  that  can  be  employed  as 
each,  etiber  u»«iuRy  or  ornamentally,  as  by  no  possible  test 
can  it  be  disiiugulabed  from  real  t>ilvt^r. 

Fiddle      Thread      King's 
ratt«Ea.    Pattern.   Pattern. 

Tco-«poon%  per  do«n  I85.    ...    Zie.    ...    y'iff. 

Dehtari  Forks       , 'fii.     ...     b\a.     ...     bHe. 

Llvf.^rt  bpoooa     „  !iO«,     .,.     biia.     ...     GJ!«. 

Table  Forks  „  4U«,     ...     6Q«.     ...     7'ljf. 

Table  MpiKjna        „  403.     ...     70jj.     ...     70«. 

Teaai^d  Cuffee  Hete,  Walieri,  OandleitlcliR,  dec,  at  propor. 
iionatc  pricct.    All  hinds  of   replatlng    done  by  ibe  pattnt 

CHEMICALLY  FDBE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fiildlo.      Thread.    KIok'h. 
Table  Hpoont  ii  Forke,  £dU  %\ze,  p.  do&  Via.    ...    '2'6e.    ...    Wa. 

I>eftun  ditto  aud  ditto  lOi.     .„    ai«.    ...    'lbs. 

Teaditf.    '.    '"'e.    ...    U*.     .„    Via 

WILLIAM      S.    BORTON    ho.     TEN      LARGE      SHOW- 

ROOMrt    fall    C'lmmuntcating),    fxcluflivo    of    th.>    »hnp,    de- 

TOt««JrJ.Iy  to  the  ohow  of  (JKNEKaL   FtlUNIHillNti    IRON. 

"'J?lOe.KY    (IncludinK   Cu'kry,     Nickui    Silver.    n«Ud,    and 

niifcd  Wares,  Iron  and  BraiB  JJcdilejidftj,  bo  armriK^d  uiid 

.  iticd  that  purcboaerB  may  eaitily  and  at  once  timke  mtir 

CAwi'j-^iiea,   with    KnirravlugA,  aont  ([tar  poat)  free.      Tbo 
monej  mufN):'!  f'*r  evirry  article  not  approved  <»f. 
m,  OXP'JHO-il'RKKT    (-.orner  of  Nunicftn-atracl) :  Noi, 
1  aad^.StlSWMA^-aTKEKT  ;  and  4   and  0,  I'KUUX'a-PLAC£, 
I  ifatabUabcd  a.d.  Wid^ 


Salea  fig  Sluction. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  Sell 
by  Auction,  at  the  Mart.  Bartholomew-lane,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, April  23'h,  and  fol!owin;j  day,  at  12  o'clocU,  about 
600  pairs  of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  consisting  of  all  the 
most  approved  sorts,  also  a  superb  co'  lection  of  Yellow 
Picotees,  Climbing^  Rosea,  choice  Dahlias  in  dry  roots,  Fascbias, 
Verbenas,  Geranium'^,  and  a  quantity  of  plants  in  bloom. 
Mjy  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues  to  be  had  at 
the  Mart,  and  of  the  Aucuoneers,  American  Nursery,  Leyton- 
stone,  Eesex. . 


ORCHIDS.    (ESTABLISHED    AND    IMPORTED 
PLANTS,    SEEDS,    &C.} 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
FRIDAY  next,  30  h  inst.,  at  12  (or  1  o'clocU,  A  SMALL  COL- 
LECTION OF  ESTABLISHED  ORCHIDS,  comprising  some 
of  ihe  best  varieties  ;  also  an  Indian  Conaignment  received  per 
last  Mail  of  Vdudas,  Dendr.'biumSt,  ic.,  and  three  boxes  of 
various  Seeds. — Cataloi^ues  will  be  forwarded  in  due  course. 


CAPE   OF   GOOD    HOPE   BULBS. 

MESSRS.  KEELING  and  HUNT  will  offer  for 
Public  Sale,  at  2,  Monament-yard,  London-bridge,  on 
WEDNESDAY  next,  at  12  for  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  following 
goods,  viz.,  201)  extra  fine  Bulbs  of  the  ceL'brattd  Natal  iVhiie 
and  White  and  Pink  streaked  GIANT  LILY,  just  landed  by 
Propontis  steamer  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. — To  be  now 
viewed  at  the  Warehouse  of  Keeling  and  Hdnt,  Brokers, 
Monument-yard,  London- bridge. 


FLOUR     MILLS. 

THE   ESSEX    ECONOMIC    FIRE    OFFICE    was 
Established    in    182i,    to   ins^ure    FLOUR    MILLS    at 
reduced  rates.  John  K.  Leake,  Secretary. 

Head  Office,  Chelmsford,  Essex. 


SLATE   WORKS,    LSLEWORTH,    MIDDLESEX. 

tp  DWARD  BECK  manufactm-es  in  Slate  a  variety 
■^  of  articles  for  Horiicultural  purposes,  all  of  which  may 
be  seen  in  use  at  Wortoo  Cottage,  on  application  to  the 
Gardener,  Sundays  excepted.  Priced  lists  of  plant  tubs  and 
boxes  forwarded  on  application. 


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greeh.  By  A.  Henfeey,  P.L.S, ;  TnoiiAS  Moore,  F.L.S.,  Uurator 
of  the  Botanic  Gardens.  Chelsea  ;  Conduotor,  W.  P.  AiEBS, 
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London  :  Wm.  S,  Okb  and  Co.,  Amen-corner. 


Just  published,  the  30th  edition,  price  \d., 

GRIMSTONE'S  HISTORY  OF  AN  EGYPTIAN 
PEA,  di3cov(;red  amongst  others  by  the  Committee  of  the 
British  Museum,  in  a  Vase  presented  to  them  by  Sir  Gardener 
Wilkinson,  the  Egyptian  Traveller.  Three  were  presented  to 
Mr.  Wm.  Grimstoue,  by  Mr,  T.  I.  Pettigrew,  who  assisted  in 
opening  this  relic  of  the  time  of  the  Pharaohs,  being  2844  years 
old.  The  growth  of  this  Pea  is  diffarent  to  those  of  this  coun- 
try ;  the  taste  is  unequalled,  ihey  boil  much  greener  than  ours, 
and  so  prolific,  being  planted  thus  ,  "  .  •  .  8  inches 
apart.  The  2s.  Gd.  bag  will  produce  enough  for  a  small  family. 
They  require  no  sticks,  and  the  bloom  hauge  in  clusters.  Re- 
member the  only  genuiue  is  sold  in  bags,  2s.  Gd.  ;  three  times 
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tobacco  warehouse. 


On  the  lot  of  May  will  be  published,  Nos.  16  and  17  of 

THE  OENAMENTAL  FLOWER  GARDEN 
AND  SHRUBBERY. 

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DOUGLAS  JERROLD 
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Burned  to  Death— Fire  at  the  Rainbow,  Ratcliffe — York  Spring 
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to  Kill  the  Offender— Emigrants  and  their  Friendu- Liverpool 
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Sir  J.  Franklin  and  the  .ships  on  the  Iceberg — A  Woman's 
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Attempt  to  Burn  Fifteen  Persons  —  Painful  case  of  Child 
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272 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.     [Aprtl  24. 


GARDEN  ENGINES,  SYRINGES,  &c„   &c.,  upon  the  most  Improved  Principles. 


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It  liai  been  the  Author's  wish  to  hrinp  every  subject  that  he 
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(CHAPTERS  on  MENTAL  PHYSIOLOGY.— By 
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On  the  Present  State  of  Inquiry  into  the  Nervous  System. 
London  :  Longman,  Bbown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


The  sixth  Edition  [of  the  two  first  volumes,  being  the  popular 
portion,  of  the  original  work,  corrected,  and  considerably 
enlarged,  and  now  appearing  in  a  distinct  and  separate 
form),  in  2  vols.  8to.  with  five  coloured  plates,  price  31s.  Gd, 

AN    INTRODUCTION    to    ENTOMOLOGY;    or 
Elements  of  the  Natural  History  of  Insects  ;  comprisini; 
an  Account  of  their  Metamorphoses,  Food,  Stratagems,  Habi- 
tations, Societies,  Motions,  Nuises,  Hybernation,  Instinct,  &c. 
By  W.  Kirbt,  A.m.  P.R.S,,  and  L.S. ;  and 
W.  Spence,  Esq.,  F.R  S.  and  L.S, 
London  :  Longman,  Beown,  Green,  and  Longmans, 


LAND  AND  FRESH  WATER  SHELLS. 

In  post  8vo.  with  Woodcuts  and  12  coloured  Plates,  price  155. 

DR.  TURTON'S  MANUAL  of  the  LAND  and 
FRESH-WATER  SHELLS  of  the  BRITISH  ISLANDS, 
A  New  Edition,  thoroughly  revised,  and  with  considerable 
Additions.  By  John  Edward  Gray,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Keeper  of 
the  Zoological  Collection  in  the  British  Muieum. 

"The   most    complete   view  of   the  subject  that  has    yet 
appeared." — London  and  WestmiTister  Review. 

Loudon  :  Longman,  Bb^wn,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  Bvo,  with  many  hundred  Wood 
Engravings,  price  5Qs.  cloth, 

LOUDON'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  of  GARDENING: 
Comprising  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Uorticultoie, 
Floriculture,  Arboriculture,  and  Landscape  Gardening :  In- 
cludiUK  all  the  latest  Improvements,  dsc.  A  New  BditioDi 
corrected  and  improved  by  Mrs.  Loi:don.  » 

Also,  in  8vo,  price  31s.  Gd.  cloth, 
LOUDON'S  HORTUS  BRITANNICUS  ;  or,  Catalogue  of  all 
the  Plants  indigeoous  to,  cultivated  in,   or  introduced  into 
Britain.    New  Edition,  with  a  Supplement,  and  a  New  General 
Index  to  the  whole  Work.    Edited  by  Mrs.  Loddok  ;  assisted 
by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Esq.,  and  David  Woobteb. 
*(,♦  The  New  Supplement  may  be  had  separately,  price  14^. 
London  :  Longman,  Brown,  Geeen,  and  Longman. 


THE     EDINBURGH     REVIEW,    N°.    CXCIV. 
win  be  published  on  MONDAY  NEXT. 

CONTENTS : 

I.  TRONSON   DU   CODDRAY:   NODTELLES  CAUSES 

CELEBRES. 
11  NATIO'AL  EDUCATION. 
Ill   THE  TEMPORAL  POWER  OF  THE  POPE:  FARINI. 
IV.  ATHENIAN  ARCHITECTURE  :  PENROSE. 
V.  INDUSTRIAL  INVESTMENTS. 
VL  JOHN  KNOX'S  LITURSY. 
Vn.  MALLET  DU  PAN. 

Vin.  RO .^BUCK'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  WHIGS. 
IX   ^QUIER'S  NICARA&UA. 
X   LORD  DERBY'S  MINISTRY  AND  PROTECTION. 
London:  Longman  and  Co.    Eciinbmeb  :  A.  and  C.  Black. 


Prfoted  by  WiiiuB  Bbamobi.  of  No  13,  Upper  Wobotp-place,  la  the 
parish  of  St.  Pancras,  and  Fuedbbick  Mullett  Ltat-b,  of  ^o.  7.  Churcn- 
row  Stoke  Newiugtoo  both  lo  the  Coupty  ol  Middlenex  Printera,  et  tbelr 
Office  in  Lombard-ntreet.  in  the  Preciuct  of  Whtefriara.  in  the  City  of 
London-  and  published  by  them  at  tlie  office.  No  6.  Cl'arleB-etreet.  In 
the  parioh  of  St  Paul'a.  Covenl  garden,  in  the  stil  County,  where  All 
AdTertiBementfl  and  CommuniCdtioua  are  to  be  AnnsBsaBD  TOTBB  EplTOB. 
— Satuepat,  AprU  24, 185i!. 


THE  GA 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  N'ews.— The  Horticultural  Part  JiDdited  by  Professor  Lindley, 


No.  18—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  MAY  1. 


[Price  Qd. 


AiftiernUaral  Soe.  of  England..  2;3  e 
AmmoDia,   how    to    test    the 

parityof  sulphate  of wS  a 

Auricma.  propertis«of 2"9  b 

—  Lancubire  Hero V9  b 

Beet,  SilesiftD 2^3   c 

Booki  receWed    27S  e 

Booth's  nursery,  Flottbeck  ...  275  c 
Botanical     Society    of    Edin- 

bTirgli  "^B  b 

Cabbase.  ear1j, 2?0  c 

Caleodar.  aorticaltiirsl   SSO  a 

Chicory  as  a  salad 276  6 

—  uses  of 273  b 

Climate  Mediterranean  276  a 

CofTee  plant S7S  a 

Compaas  dower   277  t 

Dahna,blQe 279  b 

Dielytra  ipeciabilifl  ,,.. 277  e 


Piai  cnlture _ 

Foteit  trees,  to  prune  ........ 

Gardea  zleaoiDi^s,  foreign   .... 

Guano,  liqntd,  lo  make 

Qoaoo  isUuds,  new   

HortLcoltatal  Society's  fetes  .. 

^  —       garden , 

Implements,  airricultoiul    . . . . 


232  b 
'277  b 


2S5  6 

2776 


Iidia  Rabbertree 2/9  c 

Irish  Hort,  Society's  Shows  ..  273  a 

Libela 277  c 

Lawes'  (M'r.),  RathamaCed  ei- 

periments 23l  e— 232  c 

Iieacheaaultia,  what  it  formeily 

was    277  a 

L'Doean  Society 278  6 

Mechanic's  Mnf^oz'ne    2S.T  a 

Nlehtinaalea  in  Sloecow 2so  a 

Oxford  Hort.  Society 279  6 

Plantain  turf  potB 277  a 

—  metallic  thread  for  tying  273  a 

Potato  diaeaae 273  a 

Poultry    23J  c 

Rats,  trees  eaten  by   277  c 

Rhododendrons,  Sikkim 277  o 

RotbamBted  experimeuts  E31  c— 2S2  c 

Rural  sketch 233  b 

Salad,  Chicory  as  a 276  6 

Seeds  to  raise  Id  dry  weather      277  a 
Tea    districts,    Mr.    Fortune's 

mission  to  ...,-.,, 275  b 

Trees,  forest  to  prune ^77  b 

—  fruit,  efifcct  of  gas  tar  on  277  e 

Vinegar  plant ,  230  e 

Yiues,  dew  drups  on 273  a 


COUNTY  OF  GLOUCESTER  AND  CHELTEN- 
HAM HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETr.— The  First  Show 
of  the  above  Society  will  be  held  at  the  Royal  014  Wells 
Cheltenham,  on  Thdhsdat,  the  13lh  May  next.  All  parlies 
intending  to  exhibit  are  particuUrly  requested  to  observe  the 
regnlations  (as  la'd  down  in  the  Schei^ulel ,  and  give  the  three 
days  notice  required,  in  order  that  sufiicieat  6pace  may  bo 
reserved. 

As  the  Prizes  for  the  three  Shows  during  the  season  amount 
to  upwards  of  3701.,  it  is  confidently  expected  that  a  large 
number  of  Plants,  &c,,  will  be  exhibited,  rendering  it  highly 
necessary  that  the  Roles  be  strictly  adhered  to. 

J.  H.  WiLLUMs,  Hon.  Sec. 
Committee  Room,  332,  High-street. 


J. 


VICTORIA   REGIA. 
WEEKS  AND  CO.,  KingVroad,  Chelsea,  have 

a  few  fine  strong  Plants  for  Sale  of  VICTORIA  REGUA, 
NympliaaaCairuIea,  Nymphaea  Dentata,  Nympbaea  Stellatn,  &c. 
As  also  a  splendid  Collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
all  in  the  highe3t  state  of  cultivation — PtiNS  and  EsTiiiATES 
for  buil-Uug  Aquariums  and  all  other  Horticuliural  erectioas. 
J.  Wepes  &  Co'8  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  is  well  adapted 
for  VVarniiug  large  Ponds,  for  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heatiug 
extensive  ranges  of  Porcing-house. 

HOKTIODLTURE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRAI^RRES. 


DAHLIAS. — If  Certificates  are  any  criterion  of 
merit,  the  under-mentioned  received  Thtrty-three  out  of 
Fifty-Sve  given  to  all  England,  at  the  Great  National,  Surrey 
Gardens,  Trowbridge,  Newbury,  Wakall,  Shackleivell,  Taun- 
ton, Notting-hill,  London,  and  Slouch.  They  stand  on  this 
recommendiition.  Fine  plants  are  now  ready,  with  all  the 
leading  varieties,  on  application  to  John  Keynes,  Nurseryman, 
Salisbury, 


JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  offer  the  under- 
named novelties,  which  they  recommend  with  con6dence. 
Plants  of  each  5s.,  in  May.  Discount  to  the  Trade,  when  fhree 
are  ordered. 

HELIOTROPIUM  ALBICANS.— This  is  thebest  light  Helio- 
trope for  bedding  yet  offered.  The  general  effect  is  a  good 
WHITE,  with  dark  green  foliige,  rendering  it  very  conspicuous 

FUCHSIA.  "THE  FAIRY."~Tub0,  w-  a..  Ue  rtesH,  seftls 
delicately  tipped  with  bright  pink  ;  corolla  t-ged  with  cariiii'.e. 
Altogether  t"he  most  pleasing  and  novel  Fuchsia  yet  sent  out. 

Nursery,  Hammersmith,  near  London. 


SUTTON'S  PERMANENT  GRASSES.  —  The 
_  Sdpesioe  QoALiTf  OF  Sdtton's  Geass  Seeds  is  plainly 
indicated  by  the  numerous  orders  they  are  daily  receiviug 
through  the  recommendation  of  furmer  customers. 

The  sorts  con-ist  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 

named  particularly  in  their  Advertisement  on  the  last  page  of 

the  Oardenera'  Chronic  e  of  March  20. 

John  Sctton  aad  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


"DENDLE'S  NEW  PLANT  CATALOGUE 
-■-*'  u  jiist  puhliished,  and  can  he  had  in  excliange  for 
one  penny  stamp. 

It  contains  PHICES  of  all  the  newest  and  best  Geraniums, 
Dallas,  Azaleas,  Antirrhinums,  Camellias,  Chrysanthemums, 
Cioerariaa,  Fucbsias,  Petanias.  Calceolarias,  Ferns,  Lycopo- 
diums,  Greenhoase,  Stove,  and  Herbaceous  Plants. 

%•  Carriige  paid  to  all  the  stations  on  the  Sodxhebn  Rail. 
WATi.    See  Catalogae. 

VTiLLiAU  E.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Florists  to  her  Majesty, 
Plymouth. 


MITCHELL'S    UNRIVALLED    SEEDLING    DAHLIAS, 

JAMES  MITCHELL  bega  to  inform  his  Friends  that 
he  purposes  sending  oat,  early  this  month,  the  following 
snperb  DAHLIAS,  which  he  can  recommend  to  the  most 
timiied  grower. 

MRS.  HEPBCRy,— Crimson,  shaded  with  dark  maroon, 
laperior  and  con«*ant  ehow  flower;  4  feet,  lOj.  Qd. 

MR.  BLENCOWE. — A  noble  orimsoD,  quite  distinct,  beau- 
iiftiUy  copped,  petals  rising  well  in  the  centre,  and  constant 
ibow  flower  ;  4  ftef,  IOj.  C'i. 

QUEEN  OF  BEAUTIES.— This  extraordinary  flower  was 

Eartially  8«nt  out  last  Beason,  and  is  unquestionably  the  moat 
eauciful  Dahlia  In  the  world;  but  owing  to  the  numerous 
orderi  end  shortneKS  of  slock,  not  one-half  were  Bupplied.  It 
li  of  the  pureat  white,  tipped  with  rich  rose;  stronj;  Dlants  • 
4  feet,  2«.  f,d.  »  b  if  , 

ELtOANTISSIMA,— A  fancy  variety,  roae  and  pink,  one  of 
the  moat  distinct  in  thta  claao  ;  constant  and  beautiful  ehow 
flower '  4  feet,  2t.  fid. 
PUtduwn  Nurseries,  Uaresfield,  Sussex,  May  1, 


EDWARD  tJEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Weillngt'jn.road,  St.  J-^hn's-wood,  London,  beg  to  remind 
those  who  intend  to  purchase  any  of  the  following  Now  Plants, 
to  be  sent  out  after  the  Ut  of  May,  that  all  orders  will  be 
bioked  OS  rcc*rlved  and  executed  In  rotation. 
Facb*la     Commodore     (show  1  Antirrhinum  Flendcrsonli 


flowers) 
Rplendidisslmn,  do. 
Oem  of  the  Season, 

do. 
Pendtila,  do. 
ExquUite 
Benderaonli  (double 

flower) 
Darling    (bedding 

varfetyj 
01oboiain;rfcctn,do, 
P«.  do. 


Calceolaria  Wellington  Hero 

,,  Tom  Thumb 

Chrysfinthcmum  HL-ndcrsonll 
Delphinium  Hendcrsonil 
Erica  ElcK'^ntlnstna 

„      N.^bilis 
Qcranlum  (fender  sonil 
,,  Eztraviigari/,um 

,,  Odorn'i^H  rnutn 

grandlfiorurn 
Ilcliotroplum       Vollulrcarium 
nanum 


Triumphant  (Keynes),  crimson 

Una  (do.),  white 

Douglas    Jerrold    (do.),    buff- 
edged  scarlet 

Laura  Lavingtou  (do.)»  fancy, 
fawn  and  white 

Nancy  (do.),  fancy,  scarlet  and 
white 
Catalogues,  showing  the  three  best  varieties  of  each  colour, 

may  be  had  on  application, — Salisbury    Mav  1. 


Aurora  (Keynes),  buff 
Cricket  (Dodu*e),  fancy,  peach 

and  white 
Misa     Bathurst     (do.),    fancy, 

lilac  and  white 
Cloth  of  Gold  (Hooper's)  fine 

yellow 


CAPE    HEATHS,    ETC. 
J.  EPPS,  in  offering  the  following  varieties  of 

CAPE  HEATHS,  AZALEAS,  &.G.,  begs  to  remark 
that  they  are  splendid,  busny,  vigorous,  plants,  not  to  be 
t  quailed  in  the  trade  :— 


W, 


rica  tricolor 

Erica  jaHminiflora 

Wilsonii 

Shannonii 

' 

Bandonii 

jj 

Dunburii 

ampuLIacea 

Lesana 

„          vittata 

j^ 

speciosa. 

Macnabiana 

(MoNab) 

Eaeoniaua 

11            j» 

Jiicksonil 

„          purpurea 

ij            »» 

dumosa 

pnnceps 

„      Hartnelli 

„        carnea 

„      retoita 

major 

vestita  fa'gida 

,,      Vernon 

superb 

,,      rosea 

,,      Irbyaiia 

„    „      f^:-\nc'aora 

„      aristata 

major 

Cavendishii 

SEAKALE    FOR    THE    MILLION. 
QEAKALE  POTS    AND  FORCING  superseded  ly 
O  "  Tlie  Earhj  Ydlow  Crown  Seakale."' 

This  valuable  new  vegetable  (exhibited  at  tlie  Horticultural 
Society  Rooms,  Rcgeiit.street),  is  perfectly  distinct  from  ali 
other  varieties  of  Seakale,  being  free  from  aiiy  purple  or  green 
tint,  very  large,  of  a  pecidiarty  rich  jlavour,  and  delicate  straits 
colour,  which  it  retains  if  kept  for  10  or  12  days  after  cutlhig. 

It  is  30  early  and  hardy  that  it  may  be  easily  grown  in  the  open- 
ground, Jit  for  use  ca-rly  in  February.  It  has  been  30  grown  in 
the  Kemp^hot  GHnltns  several  winters,  and  is  now  first  offered^ 
to  the  public  by  Juhn  S'jtton  and  Sons,  Hea<Jiiig,  Berks. 

As  the  Stock  is  very  limited,  early  orders  ure  requested  and 
recommended,  which  orders  wiil  be  faithfully  executed  in  rota- 
tion, so  far  as  the  stock  will  Buffice,  with  good  plants,  aboul 
the  first  week  in  June,  which  will  be  fit  for  cutiing  from  next 
February.  Price  10s.  6rf.  per  dozen.  Trade  discount  allowed' 
where  not  less  than  three  dozen  are  taken.  Orders  for  less 
than  one  dozen  will  not  be  executed.  Remittances  or  refer-- 
ences  required  from  unknown  correspondentp. 

READING  NURSERIES,   READING.  BERKS. 


Strong  plants  of  the  above,  in  43-sized  pots,  from  IS3  to 
2ls.  per  dozen. 

Selections  from  the  following  1?3.  to  15s.  per  dozen  :— 
Rolliasonii,  aristata  vittata,  b;iccan*.  propendens,  Sindryana, 
Bowieana,  depressa,  depressa  raultifl 'ra,  Juliana,  commosa 
alba,  cerinthoides,  Savillei  major,  rubjlia,  splendens,  inter- 
media, physoides,  verticillata,  perspicua  nana,  ventricosa 
gl'ibosa,  santjuinea,  maramosa  pallida,  andromedtsflora,  elata, 
and  Banksia.     Fine  healthy  plants  in48-&ized  pots. 

AZALEA  INDICA.  —  Selection  from  the  following 
varie-ies,  9s.  to  2l3.  per  dozen,  very  strong  plants:  —  Alba 
magna,  ignescene,  Edmondsii,  Glory  of  Sunning  Hill,  Hol- 
denii,  optima,  carminata,  alba  lutesceas,  splendens,  delecta, 
Prince  Albert,  pioectaria,  triumphans,  liebe,  obtusa,  puoici- 
flora,  coronata,  Minerva,  Perryana,  Cupid,  vivican«,  Con- 
queror,  coccinea  superb,  lateritia  grandiflora,  mngnificaplena 
roaea  superba,  Incomparable,  Fulgens,  modesta,  variegata, 
blaoda,  rosea  punctata,  semi-duplex  maculata,  Lawrenceana, 
Broughtouii.  Duke  of  Devonshire. 

Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  in  great  variety,  12s.  to  243. 
per  dozen. 

Strong  well-established  plants  of  the  newest  and  best  kinds 
of  Fuchsias,  9s,  to  loa.  per  d.'zeo. 

Fine  new  and  show  varieties  of  Pelargoniums,  in  48-si2ed 
pots,  very  strong,  bushy  plant",  9s.  to  21s.  per  dozen. 

Dahlias,  all  the  leading  kinda  of  former  years,  together  with 
the  novelties  of  the  presi^nt  season,  from  Gs.  per  dozen. 

A  descriptive  Spring;  Catalogue  wilt  be  sent  on  applicatioQ. 

Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  May  1. 


J 


For  Deicription  and  Prices  of  the  iibovo,  ooo  bnck  numhors 
Of  ttilt  Paper— P.jb,  'id,  March  C  and  13,  Tho  Trade  8UppIii.d, 
with  our  utaal  discount. 


CHOICE  AND  RARE  SEEDS,  selected  from 
General  List,  sold  by  WILLIAM  DENYER,  Seedsman  and 
Florist,  82,  Gracechurch-street,  near  the  Spread  Eagle,  London, 
at  the  following  price  per  paper  :  — 

ABRONIA  UMBELLATA,  orange  and  yellow.  Is,  A  new 
and  very  beautiful  trailinjr  plant;  highly  fragrant. 

ANTIRRHINUM,  or  SNAPDRAGON,  Gd.  Saved  by  an 
amateur  from  a  most  splendid  collection, 

BELLIS  FERENNIS.orDAlSY,verydouble,()d!.  Saved  from 
tho  new  German  varieties  ;  brilliant  colours,  varying  from  the 
deepest  criraflon  to  white,  through  all  the  different  shudes, 

CALLlSTEi'HUS  ClllNENSlS,  Gd.  A  new  globular  variety 
of  China  Afiter  ;  very  double,  and  brillian'  colours. 

CENTRANTHUS  MACROSIPHON  OARNEUS.  6d.  A  beau- 
tiful free-Howerinz  annual. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA  GRANDIFLORA  ALBA,  Gd.  A  new 
and  beautiful  hardy  variety, 

FUCHSIA  CORYMBIFLORA  ALBA,  Gd.  Producing  long 
white  tubular  llowura,  with  crimiion  centre,  splendid. 

OltAMMANTHESGENTIANOlDES,  6d.  A  beautiful  annual 
for  KTowhig  in  potH. 

HIBISCUS  CALI3UREUS,  Gd.  Colour,  bright  yoUow,  with 
crimson  centre. 

LOHELIA   ItAMOSA  RUBRA,  splendid,  quite  new,  Cci. 

LUl'INUS  AFFINIS,  now,  pure  white  and  dfep  blue,  Gd. 

PANSY,  from  the  best  nam«d  tluwcrs,  Is,  Saved  by  Thom- 
son and  nthor  ominrmt  growers. 

SAPONARIA  CALAIUIIOA.  bright  pink,  Cti.  Beautiful  for 
growing  In  clumps  or  fi>r  rocUwork. 

HCIHZANTUUS  RETUSU3  ALUD3,  6rf.  Puro  white,  with 
oriinge  c<  ntro.  One  uf  tlio  moit  benutirut  annuals  grown, 
citlK-r  fur  pot  ciil'uro  or  tho  open  Rrnimd. 

TRITOMA  UVaRIA.  Ib.  A  hurdy  perennial,  growlnK  from 
I  to  />  fent  lilifh,  producing  long  Hpikea  of  ciimsou  and  orungo- 
coloured  fiowur>t. 

8CAND1X  BULBOSA,  or  Turnlp-rootcd  Chcivll,  a  delicious 
T(^getubl<>,  GU. 


QTANDISH  AND    MOBLE,    Nukservmen,    Bagshot^ 

*^    Surrey,  have  to  (ilFttr  the  following  new  and   select  Piant8> 
all  of  which  are  hardy,  except  Azalea  vittata: 

ABIES  J  kZOENSIS,  seedling  plants,  21s  each;  this  is  one  of 
the  last  novelties  in  Cocifera  ;  forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in 
height,  and  of  verv  distinct  character  (very  haidy'. 

AZALEA  VITTATA.— A  specimen  of  this  un'que  variety 
was  awarded  a  Knightiaa  Me'ial  when  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
cultural Society's  Room  lastApiil;  the  ground  colour  of  the 
flower  is  white,  beautifully  striped  with  purple,  after  tho 
manner  of  a  Carnation.  Ic  is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to^ 
1  foot.  21s.  each. 

CUPRESSU3  FUNEBRIS.— Seedlings,  5s.  to  21s.  eaeh. 

CEPHALOTaXUS  FOHTUi^II.male,  long  leaves,  seedlioga, 
21s.  each. 

CEPHALOTAXUS  FORTUNII,  female,  short  leaves,  seed- 
Hags,  21s.  ea<h.  These  have  withstood  the  late  frost  and 
drying  wind-i  wiihout  losing  any  of  Ifaeir  verdure  (very  hardyj^ 

ILEX  FURCATA,  21s.  each. 

M  ACROCARPA,  21s-  each. 

QUERCUS  SCLGROPHYLLA,  2I3.  to  i2s.  each. 
INYEBSA,  21s.  to  42s.  each, 

SPIRiEA  CELLOSA,  an  abundant  and  continued  bloomen 
It  has  large  corymbs  of  rosy  pui'ple  JblOsaoms,  and  is  a  baud- 
,1-6ome  addition  to  our  t'hrubbery  platits':     10s.  Gd.  each. 

THE  BEST  RIDGE  CUCUMBER. 
CHAMBERLAIN  can  with  '^oufiaeuce  say,  that 
this  excellent  CUCOMBER,.  which  l^  ;.r,  IJ-brid  Detweec 
the  Great  Britain  and  the  Comjirin  Long  P.-^i '..ly,  is  equally 
hardy  and  prolific  as  the  latter,  yet  possessinpvthe  qualities  off 
the  former,  will  be  found  of  unequalltd  value  to  market 
gardeners.  It  is  first-rate  for  hand-glasaes,  but  wiien  sown  in 
the  middle  of  May,  requires  no  better  treatment  than  Kidney 
Beans.  It  grows  from  12  to  18  inches  long,  and  is  worth  threo 
times  as  much  at  m;irket  as  the  Long  Prickly. 

See  the  account  of  the  produce  of  a  few  plants  last  eeasODj. 
in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  November  22,  1851. 

Amateurs  who  give  the  above  superb  Hardy  Cucumber  a 
trial,  will  find  themwelves  well  repaid.    Sold  in  packages  of 
12  Seeds  for  la.,  or  43  Seeds  for  2s.  6d.    Remittances  are  re- 
quested with  orders  from  unknown  correspondents. 
^JuHN  CnAMBEBLAiN,  Great  HorUesley,  Colchester,  Esses. 

QCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS 
^  EMPEROR  STOCK,  a  perennial  species,  and  hardy 
1400  see.ls,  Is. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  tbem  to 
be  the  finest  the;'  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
500  of  the  latter,  Is,  each  paper. 

MY0S0TI3  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  02 
northern  aspect  is  vc-ry  beautiful ;  200  seeds,  Is. 

CALENDKINIA  UMBELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
and  most  brillimt  tioweringof  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds.  Is, 

SWEET   WILLIAM,  in  lUO  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds.  Is. 

Paymcut  may  be  made  la  postage  stamps. 

Jbyes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 

DAHLIAS. 

THOMAS  BARNES  is  now  sending  out  his  superb 
DAHLIAS,  viz.  :— 

SPARKLER.— Bright  orauge scarlet ;  coQstant  and  firat-rate 
bhow  flijwer.     10s.  Gd. 

ALERT.— YbUow. edged  red.     7s.  Gd. 

DAPHNE.— Rose  tipped  with  white  and  sulphur;  distinct 
fancy.    7s  Gd. 

With  all  the  leading  Flowers  of  last  and  former  years,  at 
moderate  prices  and  true  to  name.  Descriptive  Catalogues  on 
application.  —  Dan"  Hraft  Nuraei-ieB,  Sttiwrnarket,  Suffiilk. 

NEW   AND   RARE  PLANTS. 

BRUNSFEi.SlA    NITIDA    VAR.    JAMAICENSIS,    OR 
KHIN I NG. LEAVED  BRUNSFELSIA. 

EDWARD  MITCHELL  begs  most  i-eBpectfully  to 
olTir  the  abuve  boim  iful  Stove  Plant  to  tho  Floricultural 
Public,  aH  bcinjc  tho  greatest  novelty  of  the  present  season,  and 
a  Vfry  j^roal  acqutbitiun  to  all  growers  of  plants  for  exhibitionj. 
for  whicii  it  is  umbi  adinirnbly  adapted,  as  it  is  by  lur  the  freest 
bloomer  of  that  intoruHtlni;  class  of  phmts,  E.  M.  having  plants 
not  more  than  15  inches  liigh  with  upwards  of  20  of  its  mag- 
nUic<.'nt  bloomu  open  ut  one  time  ;  it  has  also  thu  great  advan- 
tage of  being  very  swout-sconted.  E.  M.  was  awarded  for  the 
abuvo  a  lir()ii/,o  inudul,  at  tho  last  Juno  Botnuic  Exhibition,  for 
now  and  raro  [jluntii ;  it  is  discribfid  by  Sir  Wm.  Hooker  in  tho 
"Botanic  Mugazlno"  lu  Juno  1847,  as  follows:  ''An  oreot, 
Bhiubby.growliig  plant,  attaining  4  to  5  feet  in  height;  the 
Icavrfl  are  a  bright,  gloHiiy  gret'ii,  the  flowers  grow  from  the  axUa 
of  the  uppur  luMVUH,  ami  are  of  a  very  rich  sulplmr  colour^ 
uiiwardnol'  5  InohuH  in  length,  and  more  than  4  inches  in  dia- 
inottr;  iiltogothot  this  may  be  coiidldored  one  of  tho  most 
buitiilllul  plantH  ever  ollorud  to  tho  public."  Strong  plants 
will  he  HOiit  out  the  HrHt  week  In  Juno,  pilce2l3  each,  with  tho 
UHual  diHc.'JUiit  to  tho  Trailu  when  three  or  more  are  ordcredg. 
Post-olllco  order  requcHifd  Crom  unknown  coriespijudentSt 
Bristol  GurUciis,  Kuiup-town,  Brighton,  May  1. 


274 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


I'Ma^y-I, 


CHEAP     BEDDIIMG     PLANTS     FOR    THE     MILLION. 

JOHN  HAYES,  Florist,  Farnham,  Surrey,  begs  to 
say  he  is  pi-opait;d  to  sfiid  out  BEDDING  PL\NT3  Irom 
Is.  to  Ms.  per  doz  n.  Verbenas  are  now  in  the  open  air,  and 
maybe  put  out  at  once.  The  plants  are  remarkably  cood. 
Any  person  wan'ing  a  complement,  may  treat  with  J.  11.  on 
liberal  term'?.  Catalogues  sent  on  the  receipt  of  one  postage 
stamp.  _^ 


pHOICE    CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Young   Plants 

V>'  of  the  above,  for  flowcrlDff  thie  autumn,  are  now  ready 
for  Bending  out.  Best  fiorts,  12s.  per  .dozen  ;  RO^d  sorts  for 
planting  out-,  6s.  and  ds.  per  dozen.  A  Catalogue  may  be  had  ; 
also  an  extensive  stock  of  beddiH;i-out  Plaois,  3s  ar.d  is.  per 
dozen. 

Chaudlee  and  Sons*  Nursery,  Wandsworth  Road,  Surr.-y. 


NEW  AND  BEAUTIFUL  PLANTS,  now  ready 
to  be  seat  out  from  the  pm E-AI»PLE  NailSEllY,  by 
A.  HENDERSON  and  CO.,  Pine-apple  Place,  Edgewaie  Road, 
London. 

ANTIRRHINUM  PRIMROSE  PERFECTION  (Edwards's). 
—  Clear  primrose  yellow,  of  a  fine  upright  growth,  combined 
with  an  excellent  dwarf  close  and  bushy  habit;  flowers  indi- 
vidually large.  As  a  showy  hardy  herbaceous  bedding  plant, 
few  can  euudl  this  for  its  brilliant  and  chaste  colour.     5s. 

BALS\MIA  LiTIFOLIA  ALBA  (from  Ceylon).— This  very 
beautiful  plant  has  an  elegant  li:;;lit  green  foUaee,  and  a  dwarf 
branching'  habit.  Its  manner  of  flowering  and  form  of  bloom 
are  lilie  the  well-known  Bulsamia  latifolia,  except  in  colour, 
riowera  snowy  white,  large,  and  of  a  waxy  texture.  Tliis  fine 
plant  WH«  received  from  the  Supeiititendent  of  the  Cejlon 
Botanic  Garden,  as  Injpatiens  latifolia  alba.— N.B.  This  will 
prove  a  valuable  exhibition  plant,  tlnwering  as  it  does  so  abun- 
dantly, and  during  the  months  when  exhibitions  generally  take 
place.     10s.  6(?. 

DILLWYNIA  SGABRA.— This  very  beautiful  and  rare 
evergreen  shrub  has  been  long  known  to  botanists,  but  has 
only  recently  been  introducfi5  by  A.  Henderson  and  Co.  In 
habit  it  is  dwarf  and  branching,  producing  very  copiously 
innumerable  clusters  of  bri-ht  rich  scarlet  pea-shaped  flowers 
■with  a  biilliant  yellow  edge.  It  possesses  the  peculiar  merit  of 
throwing  out  itsclusters  of  flowers  nil  up  the  stem,  each  cluster 
having  9  to  10  fl')wer8.  As  an  exhibition  plant  it  will  stand 
pre-eminently  forward.     2!s. 

PULTENiE  \  EIIICOIOES.— A  very  distinct  and  pretty  flower- 
ing evergreen  greenhouse  shrub,  having  small  leaves  similar  to 
an  Erica,  and  flowers  of  a  yellow  brown  and  rosy  purple  hue, 
produced  in  heads  on  the  apex  of  the  brancbes.  It  is  a  profuse 
bloomer,  and  can  easily  be  trained  to  form  a  compact  bush,  as 
it  never  attains  a  large  size.     lOa,  Gd. 

DILLWYNIA  DRUVIMONDII.— This  very  fine  planf,  with 
vivid  green  foliage,  is  an  evergreen  shrub  of  slender  habit,  pro- 
ducing most  freely  its  pea-shaped  blossoms  ;  flowers,  bufl"  and 
red,  with  a  yellow  centre.  This  is,  vsithont  exception,  one  ol 
the  most  beautiful  amongat  the  many  fine  plants  from  Aus- 
tralia    21s. 

GLOXINIA  TRICOLOR.— Colours  clear  waxy  rose,  edges 
lighter,  approaching  to  white,  with  a  beautiful  and  peculiar 
purplish  tinge  in  the  throat.  8hipe  fine,  expanding  after  the 
manner  of  the  well-known  G.  grandip,  which,  for  form  and 
unique  shape,  stands  conspicuous  at  the  head  of  this  lovely 
tribe  of  fl  )wers.     7s.  &d. 

GREVILLEALAVENDDLA.CEA(of  Henfrey),  Syh.  ROSEA 
(of  Lindley). — This  has  been  most  justly  described  by  Dr. 
Lindley  as  "the  very  handsomest  ot  all  the  Grevilleas."  A 
very  beautiful  unique  shrub,  of  a  slender  growth,  producing  its 
rich  rosy  red  fluwers  very  copiously.  In  style  of  growtn  and 
bloom  it  is  liUe  G.  rosmarinifolia,  but  is  much  more  elegant  in 
appearance,  and  a  freer  bloom-'r.     2l3. 

DILLWYNIA  CINNABARINA.  — A  lovely  and  neat  ever- 
green shrub  from  New  Holland.  Flowers  profusely;  colour  a 
rioh  cinnabar  or  orange-scarlet,  foliage  dark  green,  and  thickly 
set  on  robust  stt-ms.  An  extra  desirable  plant  tor  the  exhi- 
bition tent,  and  for  decorative  purpose,  either  as  a  pot  plant  or 
to  bo  planted  in  t.he  border  of  a  conservatory.     2l5. 

THE  GIANT  SCARLE  f  GERANIUM  "  DEFIANCE."— This 
very  rem-irkabla  Geranium  is  a  cross,  or  seedling,  between 
Rigby's  Qaeen  and  the  true  Shrubland  ;  it  is  far  superior  to 
either,  inasmuch  as  it  partakes  of  the  free  flowering  habit  of 
the  one,  with  the  large  trusses  of  flowers  and  foliage  of  the 
other.  Its  fine  habit,  wondrous  truss  (producing  generally 
100  flowers  on  every  head  of  bloom),  its  brilliant  colour,  and 
magnificent  foliage,  render  this  a  truly  superb  plant.  It  is  very 
suitable  for  large  beds,  for  training  agniost  walls  at  the  back 
of  conservatories,  and  as  a  single  plant  trained  bush  fashion — 
or  as  a  pyramid  placed  on  a  lawn,  and  for  such  like  decorative 
purposes.     lOs.  6d. 

GLORIOSA  PLANTIKMr.  Plant's  Gloriosa).— This  will  be 
found  a  great  acquisition  to  that  fine  but  small  tribe  of  plants, 
the  Gloriosa.  A  considerable  number  of  its  roots  were  sent 
over  to  this  country  from  Natal,  in  southern  Africa,  by  Mr. 
Plant,  an  Ensjlish  collector  settled  in  that  place,  who  discovered 
it  there,  and  it  is  named  after  him.  The  following  is  a  copy  of 
fhelotter  he  sent  with  them: —  ■="  *  *  "1  be'ieve  it  to  be 
undescribed  ;  the  plant  does  not  rise  more  than  3  feet ;  the 
first  whorl  of  flowers  is  produced  about  L  foot  from  the  ground; 
a  second  and  a  third  are  afterwards  produced,  at  about  equal 
distances.  The  flowers  have  much  more  scarlet  in  them  than 
J3  common  in  G.  superba.  It  will  be  a  great  auquisition  in 
JEnglaiid,  from  ia  brilliant  colour,  and  its  not  growing  taller 
than  Van  Houtte's  Alstromeriaa.  Quits  upright,  and  of  a  very 
distinct  habit."    21s. 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDU  MATH  VARIEGATA.— A  beau- 
tiful purplish  crimson  and  white  flowered  Phlox;  one  of  the 
prettiest  varieties,  according  to  Dr.  Lindley,  that  has  ever  been 
raised  for  bedding  purposes  ;  it  will  also  be  very  valuable  for 
pot  culture.  The  plant  is  of  a  free  branching  habit,  and  an 
abundant  hloomtr,  suitable  for  pegging  down  in  beds,  or  for 
training  against  low  walls  ;  floweiing  season  from  May  to 
November.  Among  bedding  plants  this  is,  no  doubt,  the  most 
lovely  gem  of  the  season,  and,  as  such,  far  superior  to  the 
"Mountnio  of  Light."    10s.  6d. 

PHLOX  DRUMMONDU  THOMPSONH.— A  variety  of  a 
most  brilliant  scarlet  maroon  colour,  with  a  purplish  eye.  It 
has  a  reyiarkably  busliy  and  free  branching  habit  of  growth, 
and  is  easily  prop  igated  by  cuttin>ts  of  the  young  branches. 
Au  entire  bed  of  this  Phlox  would  he  very  effective,  and  a  great 
addition  to  the  flower  garden.    5s. 

THE  GERANIUM  "WHITE  UNrQUE."-Foliage  and 
habit  supeiior  to  the  old  purple  Unique,  with  leaves  highly 
scented.  It  produces  abundantly  its  trusses  of  whi  e  fl.jwers, 
in  which,  being  of  a  globular  form,  every  bunch  of  flower  is  a 
bouquet  ot  itself.  It  partakes  of  the  character  of  Tom  Thumb 
inna  low  br.inching  habit;  very  tfi^ective  fur  vases,  bedding, 
edgings,  or  lor  mixing  with  the  old  Unique.     15s. 

FANCY  GERANIUM  "  UNIQUE."  —  Top  petals  rich 
crimson,  with  clear  white  margin  ;  under  petals  white,  with  a 
t>oit  of  light  crimson  ;  centre,  clear  white,  and  of  excellent 
fijrm.     IDs.  6(Z, 

FANCY  GERANITTM  "JEWESS."— Top  petals  deep  velvety 
crimson    «iib  white  margin  ;  under  petals  white,  spotted  with 

Ino^'ia  "l^^^'^^S^'  ^"^^  of  fine  form;  habit  dnarfandcom- 
pact.    ii),9.  iid 

FeWual-^'\s52^^^^'^*'  figured  in  the  "Magazine  of  Botany," 

This  very  beautiful  climber  is  suitable  for  a  ereenhouse  ov 

morhs ''flLr'  "'  '°°^«  •^"•■"^^  ''^^  summer^rniautumn 
months  ;  flowers  most  profusely ;  colour  rose,  suffused  with 
purple  ;  foliage  ever  elegant  and  i^eautiful.  ''"^«««"  """^ 


VIOLA  PEUCEANA.— A  beautiful  puce-coloured 
Tree  Violet,  a  very  free  bloomer  in  sprin;,'  and  autumn, 
and  is  much  admired,  being  a  Seedling,  Plants  3s.  Gd.  each  on 
the  whole  stock  ;  20  plants  3i.  Post-tf&ce  Orders  payable  at 
Ednv>nton.— George  Tdbner.  Florist,  Sou'bgate,  Middlesex. 


UNBLOOMED   SEEDLING    CALCEOLARIAS. 

MR.  HENRY  MAJOR,  Kuosthorpe,  near  Leeds, 
begs  to  announce  that  his  unbloorned  .Seedling  Calceo- 
laiias  are  now  being  sent  out,  in  parcels  of  20,  at  7s.  Gd.  per 
parcel  ;  or  three  parcels  for  11.,  post  free.  They  have  been 
produced  from  rich  and  beautiful  varieties,  and  therefore  good 
and  beautiful  colours  and  shapes  may  reas'mably  be  expected. 
The  plants  are  very  healtby,  and  \vill  all  bloom  this  year. 

A  few  sets  of  H.  M.'s  beautiful  new  Shrubby  Calceolarias 
slill  remain,  price  SI.  the  set,  or  half  the  set,  3Js  ,  provided  the 
selection  he  left  to  H.  M. 

Twelve  best  Calceolarias  of  last  year,  25s. 
A  remittance  from  unknown  correspondents  is  respectfully 
requested  with  the  order.  


P    WICKS'S  AFRICAN  SELECT  COLLECTION 

i  •  FOR  1852  Just  arrived,  con.^istinj;  of  nearly  100  NEW 
and  RARE  PLANTS,  SEEDS,  aiid  BULBS  ;  various  Yellow 
Papillionaceous  and  other  yellow  Pelargoniuais  ;  two  splendid 
species  of  new  Lachenalias  and  Double  Oxalis,  five  distinct 
species,  and  others  too  numerous  to  mention  here.  Ten 
Genera  or  Species  for  1^  .  ca*.!!,  and  so  in  any  proportion.  See,  or 
please  to  apply  for  a  Catalogue  at  10.  BoswelUcourt,  Devon- 
shire-street. Queen-square  ;  or  at  R.  Kennedy's,  Bedford  Cun- 
servatory,  Coven'-Garden,  London.  ^^^_^________ 


pOCKBURN     AND     BROWN,     Cote     des     Neiges 

V^  Nurseries,  near  Montreal,  Canada,  beg  to  intimate  to 
British  Florists  that  they  have  just  purchased  from  Mr.  James 
Lancashire,  Montreal,  the  whole  of  his  eitensive  stock  of 
TULIP.S,  which  he  has  so  long  grown  in  the  ground.s  of  Mr. 
Henry  Corse.  Mr.  L  is  well  known  to  be  one  of  the  most 
successful  cultivators  of  this  flower  in  America,  having  devoted 
to  it  between  30  and  40  years.  It  is  almost  needless  to  state 
that  this  fine  collection  contains  a  numerous  assortment  of 
strong  roots  of  the  leading  varieties,  nothing  inferior  having 
been  admitted.  Parties  favouring  us  with  their  orders  can 
have  the  roots  sent  during  the  autumn,  either  by  steamer  or 
sailing  vessel. 

Catalogues  will  be  prepared  and  may  be  had  from  our  agent, 
Mr.  Brown,  4-t,  Norfolk-street,  Glasgow. 

N.B.  For  Sale,  the  American  and  Canadian  Seedling  Apples, 
Plums,  »fcc. 


NURSERY,  NORTH  WARNBOROUGH, 

NEAR  ODIHAM,  HANTS. 

STEPHEN  SHILLING  begs  to  inform  his  Customers 
and  Friends  that  he  has  a  large  stock  of  Plants  suitable 
for  Bedding. out  in  Plower-Gardens,  Borders,  &c.,  this  sea'ioo. 
such  as  Dahliars,  Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  &,c.  Annual 
Flower  Plants  in  collections,  and  good  Roses  in  pots,  all  at 
the  lowest  current  prices.  Plans  of  Parterres  and  Flower- 
Gardens  given  if  required.  Beds  filled,  by  contract  or  other- 
wise, with  plants  thatwall  produce  masses  of  bloom  throughout 
the  summer  and  autunjn  months,  in  which  he  will  endeavour 
to  give  entire  satisfaction. 

S.  S.  begs  to  thank  his  customers  and  friends  for  their  very 
liberal  support,  and  to  solicit  their  further  commands.  S.  S. 
beg  also  to  say  that  since  the  dissolution  of  the  partnership 
between  himself  and  brother,  many  persons  do  not  know  whom 
to  pay  their  accounts  to  ;  he  therefore  gives  notice  that  they 
must  he  paid  to  Stepqen  Shilling.  All  orders  carefully 
attended  to,  and  packages  delivered  free  of  carriage  to  the 
principal  market  towns.  Descriptive  Lists  of  Flowering 
Plants  and  Catalogues  of  Nursery  Stock,  Seeds,  dsc,  fonvarded 
on  application. — May  1. 


CRYS'tAL      FOUNTAIN. 

E  PERKINS  begs  to  inform  his  friends  that  he 
•  purposes  sendinj;  out,  the  first  week  in  May,  the  above 
splendid  white  FUCHSIA,  which  be  can  with  confidence 
recommend  aa  the  largest  and  best  ever  offered  to  the  public, 
and  ordered  by  all  the  principal  Nurserymen  tbat  saw  it  in 
bloom  last  season,  10s.  Gd.  each,  with  the  usual  allowance  to 
the  Trade.  Tube  and  sepals  waxy  white,  corolla  approaching 
scarlet, — Hdrst  and  M'Mdllen,  Agents  in  London. 
Victoria  Nursery,  Leamimrion.  May  1. 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,     MARESFiELD, 

NEAR  UClvFIELD,   SUSSEX. 

DWARF  ROSES  FOR  BEDDING.— 
The  present  month  is  considered  the  mo'^t  eligible  for 
planting  out  ROSES  (from  pots),  for  grouping  in  the  Flower 
Garden.  W.  Wood  and  Son  beg  to  off^r  their  Friends  and  the 
Public  a  large  stock  of  well-grown  plants,  at  the  following 
prices,  selecion  being  letl;  to  themselves  : — 

Per  dozen — s.    d.      a.    d. 
Ujbrid  Perpetual  Roses,  on  the  Manettiifitock, 


also  on  own  roots         

12     0  to  18     0 

Isle  de  Bourbon  {own  roots)         12  .  0  to  l8     0 

Tea-scented  {own  roots)        12     0  to  18     0 

China,  Noisette,  and  CI  mhing        9     0  to  12     0 

The  following  Tea-scented  Roses  are  highly  recommended 

either  for  bedding  or  for  pot  culture  : — 

Each.— s.  d. 

Each.— 5.  d. 

Abricote      1     6 

Marechal  Bug^eaud        ...  1    6 

Duchess  of  Mecklenburg 

Mojre          1     6 

(yellow) 5    0 

Niphetos     1     6 

Elize  Sauvage       1     6 

Prmcesse         Adelaide 

Eugene  Desgachea          ...  1     6 

(yellow) 1     6 

LaSylphide           1     6 

Safrano       1     6 

Madame  Bravay 1    6 

Souvenir  du  30  Mai         ...1     6 

PLANTS     FOR    BEDDING.                Per  doz. 

Pentstemons       6s.  to    9s.0d. 

Phloxes 6s.  to     9     0 

Phloxes,  new  Continental  Tarieties            12    0 

Herbaceous  Plants,  fine  collection,  42s.  per  100,  or  6s,  to  12     0 

Plants  presented  for  distant  carrianp.— May  1. 

QUTTON'S       SELECTED       YELLOW      GLOBE 

^^  MANGOLD,— The  demand  bein-  great  for  Seed  of  tliis 
valuable  root,  we  beg  to  intimate  tha.t  at  present  wo  have  some 
genuine  seeds  for  sale,  but  to  prevent  disappointment  early 
orders  will  be  necessiiry. 

Also  true  Red  Globe,  Long   Red,  and  Long  Yellow.     Retail 

pr'.Ce,  8d.  P^r  'b.,   CAHRIAGE   FREE. 

Addreas,^  John  Sotton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 


L,^PPS'S    SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS    ai-e 

-fl-^  ordered  by  and  may  be  had  of  the  following  Nursery- 
men and  Seedsmen,  the  first  week  in  May: — Messrs.  Hender- 
son and  Co.,  Pine-apple-plnce  ;  E.  G,  Heudersim,  Wellington- 
road  ;  J.  Lee,  Hammersmith;  J.  Charteris,  King  Williaiu- 
street ;  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  ;  Protberoe  and  Morri?,  Leyton- 
Btone;  W.  P.  Ayres,  Blackheath;  W.  Bragg,  Slough; 
Ciiurcha,  Bethnal-groen ;  J.  Ivery,  Peckham ;  W.  Barne-, 
Cam  ten  Nursery,  Peckham;  Osborne  and  Cc,  Fulham  ;  C. 
Turner,  Slough  ;  Bass  and  Brown,  Sudbury  ;  J.  Salter,  Ham- 
mersmith ;  J.  Stewart,  Salt-hill ;  S.  Barnes,  Stowmarket  ;  J. 
Jcfferies,  Cirencester;  E  Puller,  Worthing  ;  W.  Tiley,  Baih  ; 
J.  M'Iniyre,  Taunton;  J.  Keynes,  Salisbury;  San.i.ders  and 
Co.,  Abergavenny;  Wheeler  and  Son,  Glouceater  ;  H.  Walton, 
Burnley;  J.  \V.  Sweet,  Cirencester;  Fislier  and  Holmet^, 
Sheffield;  J.Oriffin,  Bath.— BowerNurseries^MaidatooejMay  1, 


PLANTS    FOR    BEDDING,    ETC. 
e  AMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  having  on  hand  a  larga 

^^  and  healthy  stock  of  the  under-mentioned  plants,  well 
established  in  i-inch  pots,  inured  to  the  climate  of  the  north  ^ 
and  ready  for  immediate  planting,  are  induced  t)  offer  tti em 
at  the  following  low  prices  : — 

CALCEOLARIAS,  of  sorts     Cs.  Oii.  per  doz. 

CINERARIAS,  do 4     0         „ 

DAHLIAS,  do 4     0         ,, 

FUCIISI,\S,  do 5     0        „ 

GERANIUMS,  do 6     0         „ 

„  Scarlet,  do 4    0        „ 

„  .Fancy,    do 4    0        ,, 

VERBENAS.  do 4    0        „ 

Collections  of  the  above  with  many  other  sorts  suitable  for 
bedding  out,  if  left  to  S.  F.  and  Co.'s  selection,  25s,  per  100. 

Their  Spring  Catalogue,  containing  lists  of  all  the  new  and 
most  select  Plants,  is  now  ready,  and  may  he  had,  gratis,  oa 
application. — Gateshead  Nursery,  near  Newcietle-upon-Tyne. 

TO  CULTIVATORS  OF  EXOTIC  FERNS. 
AN    AMATEUR   FERN    GROWER    possessmg  a 

■*^  large  collection  of  Ferna,  is  desirous  of  disposing  of  hia 
dnplicates  at  moderate  prices,  or  by  exchanue  for  tbot^e  not  in 
his  collection.— Address,  Adiantdm,  Post-office,  Box  15,  Hull. 

LANDSCAPE    GARDENING.  " 

MR.  THOROLD,  of  Thorpe-Bower,  near  Norwicli, 
offers  his  services  as  a  LAN  DSC  APE  and  ORN  AMENTAL 
G  ARDENER,  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art,  including  Decora- 
tions round  the  House,  Form  in  cr  Water,  Approaches,  Pic* 
turecque  and  Distant  Scenery,  Vistas,  ifcc. ;  correcting  the 
etforts  of  amateurs,  and  directing  the  practical  execution  of 
works. — Mr.  T,  has  no  connection  with  Nurserymen  or  any 
trade  whatever. 


'PO    NURSERYMEN   mUing   to   Contract   for  the 

i  supply  of  FLOWERS  for  TWO  SMALL  CONSERVA- 
TORIES, one  in  Cambridge-square,  the  other  in  Cavendish- 
square  ;  the  Flowers  required  to  be  of  a  showy  character,  but 
not  otherwise  expensive,  and  to  be  replaced  from  time  to  time 
as  they  finish  blooming.  Price,  with  number  of  plants  proposed 
in  the  first  instance,  how  often  they  would  bo  changed,  and 
general  character. — Address  to  Mr.  D.  SAPsroan,  Baker,  Queen 
Anne-street,  Cavendish-equare,  London, 

"'  T  IZZY'  is  the  very  acme  of  form,  and  highly 
-Li  attractiveon  account  of  its  cheerful  colour." — Gardeners' 
Chronicle. 

COLS  AND  SHARP  are  now  sending  out  good  "plants  of  the 
above  beadtifol  Dahlia  at  10s.  Gd.  each. 

For  description  and  awards,  see  Advertisement  in  this  Paper, 
April  23.  Drawings  may  be  seen  at  Messrs.  Clabke  and  Son's, 
King-street,  Covent  Gardeu- 

Aston  Lane  Nursery,  near  Birmingham. 

IMPORTANT  TO  POTATO  PLANTERS.— Pre- 
-L  pared  cuttings  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May: —  s,  d. 

York  Regents  per  lOOO    10     6 

American  Native ,,  10     6 

Cambridge  Radical  ,,         30    6 

Early  Oxford  ,,  16     0 

Packages  for  1000,  Is.  ;  2O00,  Is.  M.  ;  500O,  2s.  Gd. 
Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Borough  Office 
to  Hay,  Sangster  and  Co.,  Newiujiton  Butts. 

L9ndon,  6th  March,  1852. — Subjoined  is  the  analysis  of  two 
highly  respectable  Chemists  : — 

"  London,  March  12,  1852, 
"We  have  now  comple'ed  our  examination  of  a  sample  of 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepared  cuttings  in  comparison 
with  another  sap=r''le  of  the  same  denomination,  obtained  by 
ourselves  from  d  tiighly  respectable  Potato  salesman,  with  a 
view  to  a.scertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
each,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
tavour,  viz. : —  Starch, 

"  Those  grown  from  your  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    percent. 

"  Potatoes  from  Salesman        12-^  per  cent, 

"  Maubice  Soanl&n,  F.C.S. 
"Alfred  Andebson,  F.C.S, 
"Messrs.  Hay,  Sangater,  and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants, 
18,  Cumberland-place,  Newington  Butts." 


f^INE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  laying  down 

JL  Land. — Hand-picked  Seed  at  243.  per  acre,  allowing 
Sbtisbels  of  the  mixed  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre.  Henri  Claeee,  Seed  Merchant, 

39.  KinT-street.  Coven t-gard en,  London. 

Corner  of  Half-Moon-street,  Piccadilly. 

PERMANENT     GRASS     SEED:. 

THOMAS     GIBBS     and     CO.,     Seedsmen    to    the 
"ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND," 

&c.,  having  tor  upwards-of  50  years  paid  particular  attention  to 
Laying  down  Land  to  PERMANENT  MEADOW  and  PAS- 
TURE, beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturists  to  the  fol- 
lowing Mixtures,  which  will  be  apportioned  to  suit  the  nature 
of  the  soil: — 

Mixtures   for  PERMAN&NT  MEADOW  and  PASTURE,  in- 
cluding Perennial  Clover, 
Mixtures  for  PARKS,  FIELD  LAWNS,  or  Portions  of  Grass 

Land  near  to  Mansions. 
Mixtures  f.r  UPLAND  SHEEP  WALKS  AND  DOWNS. 
Mixtures  for  FINE  GARDEN  LAWNS  and  GRASS-PLOTS. 
Also  to  their  White  Belijian  and  other  Carrots ;  Yellower 
Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel,  Long  Red  ditto,  and  other 
kinds  ;  Swedes,  Hybrids,  and  other  Turnips  ;  Italian  and 
other  Kye-grasses,  Clovers,  die;  and  their  general  collection 
of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds. 

Thomas  6ibbs  and  Co.,  Seed<<men  to  the  R.A.S.E.,  corner 
of  Half-Moon-street.    Piccadilly.  London. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King^s 
Road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointmeut  to  her  MAJtsTr 
and  H.  R.  H.  PiiTNca  Albert.  —  ORNAMENT AL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
Chiaa,  barnacle,  breut,  and  laughing  €^eese,  Sbieldrakes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  d:c., 
domtslicatedandpinioned  ;  al?o  Spanish, Cochin  China,  MaLiy, 
Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  Fowls;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  and  at  3,  HaU-moon 
Passaije,  Gracecburcb-street,  London.  


PRIZE    SHANGHAI    FOWLS    EGGS    FOR 
HATCHING. 

W  TURNER  reminds  the  Public  that  he  is  the 
•  only  breeder  of  tlio^e  mognilicent  birds,  which  were 
exhibited  at  Birmingham  in  1851,  and  received  a  Prize, 
Shanghai  Eggs,  18s,  per  dozen  ;  PUperior  Cochin  China  Eggs, 
&a  per  dozen  ;  Spanibh  and  Polish  Eggs,  6s.  per  dozen  ;  Whi'e 
Hhiua  Silk  l^owls  Eggs,  2i)s.  per  Aoztw.  GOLD  PHEASANTS 
for  sale  •  young  fancy  birds  in  due  season.  Letters  to  inclose 
stamps.— W,  ToRNEB,  Tuffoell-park.  Holloway,  London.. 


FOUNTAINS,  VASES,  FIGURES,  &c.— The  new 
Spring  Stuck  of  tbe  BOROUGH  ARTIFICIAL  STONE 
WORKS  of  these  elegant  articles,  adapted  fur  public  and 
private  Grounds,  Gardens,  Lawns,  &c.  (and  al-o  batustrading), 
IB  now  on  Show,  for  Sale,  at  the  Premises,  Stones  End, 
Borough  ;  and  Borough-road,  Southwark. 


18— IS52.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


CHOICE   BEDDING    PLANTS,    ETC. 

YOUELL    AND    CO.    beg  to   call  attention  to    tlio 
ti'llowin^ : — 

CALCEOLARIA.  SULTAN,  this  finest  dark  variety  (in  fuct 
none  of  the  others  will  bear  any  caroparison  with  it),  atroug 
plants,  93   perd^zen. 

CALCEOLARIA  KENTISH  HERO,  this  fine,  dark,  orange 
variety,  9s-  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  TISCOSISSIUA,  light  orange,  splendii 
tnisser,  excelleat  for  pot  culture  or  bedding,  a  first-rate  variety, 
de.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  VULCAN,  superb,  dark,  velvety  crimson, 
good  habit,  and  very  free  bloomer,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  CAIE ANA,  can-ary,goodhabit  and  excellent 
trasser,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  (ROLF'S  SUPERB),  light  bronze,  excellent 
for  bedding,  and  v«ry  di^tinnt.  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  SALVI^EFOLIA,  bright  yellow,  Ss.  par  doz 

CALCEOLARIA  GRANDIS,  this  very  disliuct  and  strong 
species  produces  very  large  flowers,  of  a  pale  yellow,  and  witli 
a  little  care  may  be  induced  to  bloom  throuijhout  the  vpinter. 
la.  Gd.  each. 

VERBENAS.— We  are  weU  known  as  poesessing  a  large  aocl 
very  select  collection  of  this  charming  flower,  including  the 
best  of  the  Continental  varieiies  of  last  year,  as  well  as  of 
those  raised  at  home.  Our  stock  is  very  lar>,'e  this  season,  and 
when  the  se'ection  is  left  to  U3,  we  shall  be  happy  to  supply 
good  bushy  plants  from  cold  pits  at  4s,  per  dozen. 

CHEIRANTHUS  MARSHALLII— This  is  a  fine  thing, 
flowering  when  not  more  than  3  inches  high,  in  spikes  of  rich 
orange.     It  is  very  frae'-anx,     ISs,  per  dozen. 

LOBELIA  ERIiXUS  LUCIDA  and  COSIPACTA,  two  of  the 
best  blues,  4s.  per  dozen. 

ANAGALLIS  ANDOMARIENSIS,  purplish  crimson,  of  a 
compact  and  busby  habit,  an  abundant  bloomer,  quite  a  little 
gem,  Gs.  per  dozen. 

ANA^ALLIS  BREWERII,  fine  blue,  4s.  per  dozen. 
V    PETUNIAS  in  fine  variety,  including  Crimsou  King,  Rosy 
■Circle,  die,  *'--e.  per  dozen. 

HBLIOTROFES.— Triomphe  de  Liege,  Voltairianum,  &c. 
(strong),  6s.  per  dozen. 

(ENOTHERARIPARIA,  the  prettiest,  perhaps,  of  the  genus, 
of  trailing  habit,  and  small  lanceolate  foliage;  it  is  literally 
a  mass  of  canary  coloured  bloom  through  the  summer  and 
autumo.     Gs.  per  dozen. 

PENTSTE4I0N  VARIABILIS,  "Salter's"  new  variety, 
Is.  Gd.  each. 

CAMPANULA  CORALLINA,  strongly  recommended  fo^ 
bedding  where  neat  dwarf  plants  are  desirable,  of  trailing 
habit,  bearing  pretty  blue  star-shaped  flowers  so  abundantly  as 
almost  to  conceal  the  foliage.    Gs.  per  dozen. 

OXALIS  FLORIBUNDA.  one  of  our  handsomest  hardy 
plants,  excellent  for  bedding  ;  universally  admired  for  its 
pretty  rose-coloured  fliiwers,  which  it  yields  in  profusion  all 
throuah  the  summer  andautumo.     €5.  per  dozen. 

ANTIRRHINUMS  in  great  variety.     6s.  per  doz. 

SAPONARIA  OCYMOIDES.— This  fine  old  favoxirite  4s. 
per  dozen. 

CHOICE    AMD    NEW    PLANTS. 

liPACRIS,  fine  bushy  plants,  in  large  48's,  full  of  flower,  9s. 
^fiT  dozen. 

ERICAS,  fine  bushy  blooming  plants,  of  choice  varieties, 
principally  in  large  48*s,  9s.  per  dozen. 

ERICAS,  in  large  eu^s,  nice  bushy  plants,  many  showing 
Sower,  6s.  per  dozen. 

APHELclSIS  HUMILIS,  bushy  plants,  in  large  48*8,  with 
flowers,  32s.  per  dozen. 

VERONICA  ANDERSONII.— This  choice  variety  la  of  the 
easiest  culture,  a  good  specimen  plant  producing  its  pretty 
spikes  of  lilac  flowers,  from  early  spring  till  late  aiitumn. 
Is.  Gd.  each, 

CRASSULA  NITIDA  ODORATA.— This  makes  a  splendid 
specimen  plant,  is  very  fragrant,  and  should  be  in  every  col- 
lection. Large  plants  in  iS'5,  Is.  Gd.  each;  ^m^ller  ditto, 
Os.  per  dozen. 

CRASSULA  "NAPOLEON  BUONAPARTE,"  a  fine  new 
variety  ;  brilliant  scarlet,  far  superior  to  C.  coccinea,  2s.  each. 

FANCY  GERANIUMS,  choice  sorts,  9^.  per  dozen. 

GERANIUM  ARDEN3  MAJOB,  strong  plants,  93.  per  doz. 
This  fine  Cape  species  stands  unrivalled  for  brilliancy  of 
colour,  being  a  rich  ruby. 

FL'CUSIAS.— Our  collection  of  this  lonely  flower  comprises 
all  the  novelties  of  merit  as  well  as  the  old  standard  varie'.ies, 
"Where  the  selection  is  left  to  us  we  shall  supply  strong  plants 
of  last  te^f-oii's  gri>wfh  or  of  this  at  6s.  per  dozen. 

FUCHSIA  MACRANTHA,  a  fine  species,  with  long  purple 
lowers,  iiabit  of  llumboldl's  Splendens,  la,  Gd.each. 
.f  CHRYSANTHEMUMS.  — Much  improvement  has, been  made 
in  these  of  late  years,  and,  being  particular  favourites  of  ours, 
Tve  have  spared  neiiber  paina  nor  expense  in  our  pursuitof  new 
and  fine  varieties.  Our  specimen  plants  are  every  year  the 
admiration  of  all  who  see  them.  The  collection  at  present 
comprises  nearly  200  varieties,  which  we  shall  be  happy  to 
supply  in  strong  plants,  of  last  season's  growth,  the  large  and 
dwarf  varieties  5s.  per  duzen. 

GLOXINIAS.— Many  fine  new  varieties,  9s.  per  dozen. 

GLOXINIA  PETOIANA.— This  superb  light  variety,  sent 
out  by  us  last  season,  coloured  all  round  with  crimson  lake, 
in  the  way  of  Fyflana  ;  the  finest  of  its  class,  strong  bulbe, 
ds.  Gd.  each. 

HOYA  BRLLA  —This  plant  fais  proved  itself  well  worthy 
the  high  character  given  il  when  first  circulated  ;  it  is  one  of 
the  most  lovely  plants  we  know.  Plants  extra  strong,  showing 
■bloom,  "J.  Gd.  ;  smaller,  2j.  (id. 

KSUALLONIA  MACRANTHA,  the  finest,  perhaps,  of  our 
new  hardy  shrubs  ;  strong  plants,  98.  per  dozen. 

WITHARIA  COCCINEA.— This  fine  hardy  fchrub  produces 
numorons  scarlet  flo¥»erB,  very  similar  in  form  and  colour  to 
Erica  splen'lens;  strong' plants,  9^.  per  doz.;  a  few  specimen 
plants,  3s   Gd.  each. 

DItiLTTRA  .SPECTAB;ILIS,  Is.  each. 

CEAN0THU3  RIOIUUS.—Tbip,  so  strongly  recommended  in 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  as  decidedly  the  harJieet  and  beat  of  the 
new  Caliloraian  speciKS,  produces  numerous  spikes  of  light 
blue  feftthcry  fiower» ;  atrong  bushy  planta,  la.  Gd.  each; 
smaller,  Vii.  per  dozen. 

CEAN0THU8  DENTATUS,  U.  Cd.  each.  These  are  re- 
markably free  bloomers. 

Al  IM  UL0S.— Leo,  Prince  of  W^lefl,  Duke  of  Wellington,  and 
Sagl  Iluraj",  1«.  each. 

KOKTUNB'H  YELLOW  ROSE,  2j.  6(i.  each. 

LEsCUKNaULTIA  FORMOSA,  strong  pUut?,  in  flower, 
Ot.  per  dozen, 

OXALIS  ELEOANS  and  ELEGANS  MAJOR,  U.Gd.  each. 
71i';<ie  are  purfjlc  with  a  diirk  eye. 

EUONYML'H  FUIBUI*TUri,  Is.  Od.  each. 

SOLLVA  DRUMMONUH,  One  new  apccioa,  light  blue 
(irctHbouae  climber,  colourof  Lobelia  compacta  ;  strong  plantn, 
I  to  )J  foot,  19a.  per  dozen.  TliU  iit  of  Very  robust  hubit  au^l 
(julcU  Kfowth — excellent  tor  trulUs  work. 

PHLOX  K»,  io  many  iino  new  varleilcii,  Atroog  plants,  in 
jK)ts,  iit.  pur  dozea. 

pi,r  other  choice  and  new  plitntfi  wo  beg  to  refer  to  our 
Advirrttnemei/t  of  Aprtl  lf>th.  TIio  ConiforB,  and  nonrly  all  tho 
Olbtfrs,  being  in  pom,  niuy  HtUI  be  removed  with  periect  sufuty, 

PICKA  FINSAPO,  4  inches,  from  need,  very  robust.  In  pot^, 
12«.  pur  dozen. 

All  orcUra  of  21.  and  Wf/wanh  delivered  free  to    tmy 

Hallway  StaA.i<m  viithin  JiO  miUn  of  the  Nv^ury. 

KOYALMU^S^Slllf,  dXlGAT  YAHMOUTil. 


NEW  AND  CHOICE  PLANTS  OF  SPRING  1851. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Florist,  <S:c.,  Eage-end, 
Marsden,  near  Burnley,  Lanciisliire,  begs  to  fPinv  strong 
plants  of  the  following  new  VEKBIilNAS,  PETUNIAS, 
FUCHSIAS,  PANSIES,  &.c.,  at  the  following  very  low 
prices : — 

FUCHSIAS.—  Admira'ioTi,  Alpha,  Bi-idesmald,  Brilliant, 
Clapton  Hero,  Conspicua,  Defiance,  Elect,  Globosa  alba  pran- 
difjora,  Gamcboy,  Globosa  niagnifica,  Li^velinesa,  Lord  of  the 
Isles,  Lady  of  the  Lalte,  L'luis  Miellez,  Madame  Sontag  (Hen- 
derson's), Madame  Sontag  (Bauks'),  Mazeppa.  Princas^,  Prince 
Arthur,  Pagoda,  Psyche,  Rosplemien'^.  Rosamunda,  and 
Vnltigeur.  Any  6  of  the  above  lor  Gs.,  12  for  10s.  Gd.,  or  the 
5et  ot  25  for  17s.  Gd. 

VERBENAS  —AlbonU,  Auricula,  Adoni?,  Andrew,  Belle  de 
Malaine,  Coresus,  Cornelia,  Changamier,  Cybele,  Etoile  da 
Venus,  Erigone,  General  Courtigies,  General  Taylor,  Jules, 
Judith,  OK'a,  Pi*rfum  Madeline.  Surprise,  Virginie  (the  above 
2^)  are  the  best  foreign  varieties  ever  offered),  Exquisite,  En- 
chantress, Gulleyaz,  Grandi^,  Alias  "Whibley,  Montana,  Mari- 
anne, Othello,  Prince  of  Wales,  and  Viscata.  Any  12  of  the 
above  for  Is.  Gd.,  21  for  12s.,  or  tho  set  for  14s. 

PETUNIAS. —  Attraction,  Allia  purpurea,  Crimson  King 
(Young'ri).  Crimson  King  (Whibley's),  Ccelestis,  Dudu,  Ex- 
qui«te,  Gran(li4,  Lolah,  Model  cf  Perfection,  Pet.  Painter, 
Pride,  Purple  Roya',  Striata,  Rony  Circle,  and  Translucens, 
Any  12  of  the  above  for  7s.  Gd  ,  or  the  Pet  for  10s.  Gd. 

PANSIES.— Mignihca,  Dulie  of  Norfolk,  Francis  Cycle, 
Helen,  Mrs.  Beck,  Curion,  Elegant,  Juvenata,  Bub-jna,  Jenpy 
L\ad,  Caiolina,  Ela,  Mr.  Beck,  Jerome,  Nonpareil,  Blue-eyed 
Maid,  Flying  Dutchman,  Cferulea,  Androcles,  Prince  Arthur, 
Priam,  Novelty,  Sir  J,  Franklin,  Queen  of  England,  Master- 
piece, and  Staffordshire  Hero.  Any  12  of  the  above,  with  a 
plant  of  the  yet  unequalled  Dark  Paney,  "Jenning's  King,'' 
I2s.  Gd  ;  or  the  set,  with  a  plant  of  "  Kmjj,"  U. 

Any  ot  the  above  may  be  had,  free  by  posf,  or  hamper  and 
package  included.  Strong  well-ro  ited  plants  may  be  depended 
on,  securely  packed,  so  as  to  insure  safe  delivery. 

H.  W.'a  Dahlias  are  very  strong  and  healthy,  and  yery 
cheap  ;  new  varieties  of  Spring  1851,  9s.  to  X2s.  per  dozen  ;  all 
the  older  Eorl^,  43.  (irf.  to  Gs  per  dozen.  Geraniums.— All  the 
leading  kinds  at  extremely  low  price-*  ;  older  varieties  suitably 
either  tor  bedding  or  the  greenhouse.  Is,  Gd.,  Gs,,  9s.,  and  12s, 
per  dozen.  Scarlet  Geraniums,  Antirrhinums,  and  other 
choice  beddin,'  plants,  equally  cheap.  Catalogues  containing 
any  of  the  ab,ove  plants  miy  be  had  for  one  stamp. 

It  is  respec'fully  requested  that  all  orders  be  accompanied 
with  a  Post-nffice  order,  payable  at  Marsden,  Lancashire. 


OF    GREAT    IMPORTANCE 

TO   THOSE    WHO    CDLTIVATE     SMALL     GARDENS,    AND    NOT    HAVING 
THE     OONVENIBNOE     OF     GLASS,     HOTBEDS,     &C. 

EDWARD  TILEY  begs  to  inform  the  above  they 
may  now  sow  the  following  splendid  varieties  of  seeds, 
and  may  depend  upon  their  growing  in  the  open  ground.  E.  T., 
wishing  to  accommodate  them,  is  selling  tmali  packets  at 
reduced  rates,  so  as  to  suit  the  sm.Tl!est  cultivators. 

Unrivalled  and  Superb  HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  Is.  per  packet ; 
GERMAN  ASTER  ditto,  the  finesi  in  cultivation,  bd,  per 
packet;  SWEET  WILLIAM,  very  dwarf  aad  superior  varie- 
ties, Gd.  per  packet ;  ANTIRRHINUM,  saved  from  all  the  best 
striped  and  spotted  varieties  known,  6(?.  per  piicket ;  GIANT 
SCARLET  BROMPTON  STOCK,  unequalled  for  its  splendid 
colour,  fragrance,  and  size  of  fluwer,  nd.  per  packet.  Extra 
large  packets,  as  before  advertised  ;  Hollyhock,  2s.  Gd. ;  Ger- 
man Aster,  Is. ;  Sweet  William,  Is.  ;  Antirrhinum,  Is. ;  Giant 
Scarlet  Brompton  Stock,  Is.  ;  or  if  preferredj  one  packet  of 
each  for  5s. 

Twenty-four  splendid  varieties  of  Hardy  Annuals,  such  as 
will  suit  every  garden,  sept  postage  and  package  free  for  3s.        : 

Walcheren  Cauliflower  Broccoli  (true),  Is.  per  packet ;  Tam-  | 
worth  Broccoli  (true),  Is.  per  packet ;  Bath  Cos  Lettuce  (uue),  j 
Is.  per  packet ;   Wilcove  Broccoli  (trup),  very  superinr.  Is.  per  j 
packet  ;  a  very  superior  and    beautiful  flavoured  and  dwarf- 
growing  Cabbage,  Is.  per  packet. 

The  whole  or  any  quantity  of  tho  above  will  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order  or  penny 
popta^-e  stamps  to  the  amount. 

Edwabd  Tiley,  Nurser.ymaq,  Seedsman,  ftud  Flpriat,  1^, 
Abbey  ChurchjarU,  Bath,  Somerset.  -      -     ■         , 

pHOICE     SEEDLING    PETUNIAS.  — We    have 

vy  selected  the  following:  three  beautiful  and  distinct  varieties 
from  a  very  fine  and  brilliant  batch  of  SeedlinjiS.  The  thr^e 
varieties  we  can  recommend  as  superior,  and  the  colours  will 
be  found  rich  and  attraotiYe. 

BRaGANZA,  very  rich  dark  purple  ci'imson,  and  fine  shape. 

RICARTONII,  bright  crimson  purple,  with  very  dark  throat 
and  veins, 

MAZEPPA,  larce  pinky  blush,  very  dark  throat. 

Strong  plants  are  now  ready,  at  8s.  6d.  each,  and  may  be  had 
Free  by  Post.  The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade,  by  taking 
three  plantu  of  a  sirt. 

BASS  A.Ni>  BROWN,  StDDBUEy,  Sd^fe;olk. 


SA  TUBDA  Y,  MA  Y  1,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOIt  THE  ENSUINQ  WEEK. 

(  Enlomoloi^ical S  F.Bi. 

Mqwdat,         May       S^Chcraical 8  f.m. 

(  Brltifsli  Architecta  {Aiiniveraary)S  p.m. 

r  Linnean   S  r.M. 

XuBBDAT,         —        4<  rathqlui^ical s  p.m. 

(Civil  v,aiiiaetTB     S  r.M. 

„  .  rSociety  of  Arts S  r.H. 

WsDi.EaDAT,    —         -^[GeoloKlcal Sir.M. 

I  ZoolOKical 3  r.u. 

TaURBOAT,         —  C-,  AntiquUriaa S  r.M. 

(Royal S^p.M. 

I  Botanical 8  p.m. 

Fbidat  —        7-iPhilolnKlcal h.f.m. 

L Royal  In.tltHtlon 84p.m. 

f  Horticultural  Gardena  ^  p.m. 

Satubdat,        .:-         3<  Royal  Ilotaolc itlP.M. 

f  Medical  a  H.M. 

7. —T» ' 

The  immediate  objetH;  of  Mr.  Fortune's  last 
mis.sion  to  China  was  to  obtain  from  the  most  celsr 
brated  dixtricts  a  large  supply  of  Tea  plants  for 
the  East  India  Company's  plantations  in  tho  Hima- 
layas, where  there  had  been  previously  cultivated 
only  the  infijrior  varieties  procurable  near  Canton. 
That  object  was  accomplished  most  satisfactorily, 
the  last  delivery  of  Tea  plants  from  the  north  of 
China,  at  the  Botanical  Garden  of  Saharunpore, 
having  consisted  of  12,838  healthy  plants,  with 
many  gei'minating  seeds  in  addition. 

'J'he  success  of  the  Himalayan  cultivation  is  so 
complete  and  has  ho  entirely  justified  the  scientifip 
conclusions  arrived  at  by  Dr.  Jtovi.E,  at  whose  sug- 
gestion the  Company's  plantations  were  first  esta- 
IjJished,  that  we  need  not  do  more  than  refer  to 


them.  But  tliey  also  give  rise  to  a  (jue^iion  of 
home  interest,  on  which  Mr.  Fortune  has  just 
touched.  When  speaking  of  the  Chinese  Tea  dis- 
tricts, he  says,  "  11  some  of  the  warm  spots  of  this 
kind  in  the  south  of  England  or  Ireland  were 
selected,  who  knows  but  our  cottagers  might  be 
able  to  grow  their  own  tea  1  At  all  events  they  might 
have  the  fragrant  herb  to  look  upon."  And  he 
refers  to  the  little  known  fact  that  the  Tea  plant 
has  been  growing  out  of  doors  for  some  years  in  the 
Royal  Botanic  Garden  at  Kew. 

In  an  economical  point  of  view  we  are  not  inclined 
to  dwell  upon  the  suggestion,  for  we  want  not  only 
climate,  but  labour  at  2d.  a  day,  and  valueless  land 
in  which  Ireland  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  be  unable  to 
oppose  the  Chinese.  It  is  as  a  horticultural  question 
that  the  subject  possesses  some  interest.  The  Tea 
shrub  is  a  pretty  evergreen  bush,  and  produces  in 
profusion  its  single  white  flowers  in  the  winter  and 
spring,  at  the  time  when  the  Camellias  are  in  bloom. 
Why  should  it  not  be  employed  as  a  hardy  ever- 
green, where  the  Arbutus  thrives  1  Why  not  be 
planted  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Dorsetshire,  Hamp- 
shire, Devonshire,  and  Cornwall,  and  all  the  west  of 
Ireland,  as  an  aid  to  the  Phillyrea,  the  INlyrtle,  and 
the  Bay  tree.  There  is  nothing  in  the  nature  of  the 
plant,  or  in  the  climate  of  such  districts  unfavour- 
able to  the  supposition.  It  would  merely  be  requisite 
to  avoid  low  wet  land,  in  which  it  will  not  grow, 
even  in  China.     Its  favourite  haunts  are  hill  sides. 

Whenever  it  becomes  a  question  whether  a  given 
plant  can  be  grown  advantageously,  the  most 
satisfactory  answer  is  obtained  by  comparing  the 
plant,  not  with  isothermal  and  isocheimal  and 
isotherial  lines,  or  with  any  of  the  regions  which 
philosophers  put  on  paper,  but  with  the  other  plants 
naturally  associated  with  it,  if  we  happen  to  know 
the  habits  and  constitution  of  the  latter.  Reasoning 
thus,  it  may  be  said,  that  the  Tea  plants  cannot 
but  be  hardy  wherever  Cryptomerias,  and  Spireeas, 
and  Abelias, and  Hydrangeas,and Cunninghamias will 
succeed,  because  all  these  plants  are  found  naturally 
in  the  places  which  the  Tea  plant  inhabits.  Hence 
there  is  no  apparent  reason  why  curious  persons 
should  not  even  make  their  own  Tea. 

If,  however,  that  is  done,  we  shall  be  conferring  on 
them  a  service  by  explaining  that  it  will  be  useless 
to  grow  Tea  like  the  Chinese,  unless  we  also  make 
it  like  that  celestial  race.  Let  us  therefore  add 
to  this  brief  memorandum  the  advice  given  to  his 
readers  by  a  Chinese  sage,  as  to  the  important 
subject  of  Ti^a  making.     Of  course  we  quote  Mr- 

FoilTUNK  ; — 

" '  Whenever  the  Tea  is  to  be  infused  for  use,' "  says 
TiiNG-PO,  '  take  water  from  a  running  stream,  and 
boil  it  over  a  lively  fire.  It  is  an  old  custom  to  use 
running  water  boiled  over  a  lively  fire  ;  that  from 
springs  in  the  hills  is  said  to  be  the  best,  and  river- 
water  the  next,  while  well-water  is  the  worst.  A 
lively  fire  is  a  clear  and  bright  charcoal  fire.  When 
niakiiig  an  infusion,  do  not  boil  the  water  too 
hastily,  as  first  it  begins  to  sparkle  like  crabs'  eyes, 
then  somewhat  like  fisb'«  eyes,  and  lastly  it  boils 
up  like  pearls  innumerable,  springing  and  waving 
about.  This  is  the  way  to  boil  the  water.'  The 
same  author  gives  the  names  of  six  different  kinds 
of  Tea,  all  of  which  are  in  high  repute.  As  their 
names  are  rather  flowery,  I  quote  them  for  the 
reader's  amusement.  They  are  these  ;  the  '  first 
spring  tea,'  the  '  white  dew,'  the  '  coral  dew,'  the 
'  dewy  shoots,'  the  '  money  shoots,'  and  the  '  rivulet 
garden  tea.'  '  Tea,'  says  he,  '  is  of  a  cooling  nature, 
and,  if  drnnk  too  freely,  will  produce  exhaustion 
and  lassitude  ;  country  people  before  drinking  it 
add  ginger  and  salt  to  counteract  this  cooling 
property.'" 

Doubtless,  it  may  be  urged,  that  before  advising 
the  extensive  introduction  of  the  Tea  plant  as  a 
hardy  evergreen,  we  ought  to  point  out  how  a  supply 
of  it  is  to  be  procured.  It  so  happens  that  we  are  in 
a  position  to  do  so.  Our  letters  tell  us  that  a  large 
quanlityof  seed,  procured  with  considerable  difficulty 
froni  the  Tea  districts,  is  on  its  way  from  Hong- 
Kong.  A  gentleman  residing  there  has,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  an  American  merchant,  defrayed  the  cost 
of  a  man  going  into  the  Tea  districts  to  collect  it. 
Many  chests  of  this  seed  are  expected  at  Liverpool  in 
a  month  or  two  ;  and,  if  alive,  %yill,  we  have  reason 
to  believe,  be  sold  by  auction,  so  that  nurserymen, 
at  least,  will  find  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  a  supply. 
Should  this  prove  a  failure,  we  may  expect  a  more 
successful  issue  to  the  next  attempt,  when  Mr. 
Fortune's  book  shall  have  reached  China.  He  thus 
describes  the  result  of  his  own  experience  in  the 
matter,  We  quote  the, passage  at  length,  because  it 
has  so  much  practical  value,  quite  irrespective  of  the 
Tea  plant ; — 

"  Tea  seeds  retain  their  vitality  for  a  very  short 
period  if  they  are  out  of  the  ground.  It  is  the  same 
with  Oaks  and  Chestnuts,  and  hence  the  great 
difficulty  of  introducing  these  valuable  trees  into 


276 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[May  1, 


distant  countries  by  seeds.  In  1849,  however,  I 
succeeded  in  finding  a  sure  and  certain  method  of 
transporting  Tea  seeds  to  foreign  countries  in  full 
life ;  and  as  this  method  will  apply  to  all  short- 
lived seeds  as  well  as  to  those  of  the  Tea  plant,  it  is 
important  that  it  should  be  generally  known.  It  is 
simply  to  sow  the  seeds  in  Ward's  cases  soon  after 
they  are  gathered.  My  first  experiment  was  tried 
in  the  following  manner.  Having  procured  some 
fine  Mulberry  plants  from  the  district  where  the 
best  Chinese  silk  is  produced,  I  planted  them  in  a 
Ward's  case  in  the  usual  way,  and  watered  them 
well.  In  two  or  three  days,  when  the  soil  was 
sufficiently  dry,  a  large  quantity  of  Tea  seeds  were 
scattered  over  Its  surface,  and  covered  with  earth 
about  half  an  inch  deep.  The  whole  was  now 
sprinkled  with  water,  and  fastened  down  with  a 
few  crossbars  to  keep  the  earth  in  its  place.  The 
case  was  then  screwed  down  in  the  usual  way,  and 
made  as  tight  as  possible.  When  the  case  reached 
Calcutta  the  Mulberry-plants  were  found  to  be  in 
good  condition,  and  the  Tea  seeds  had  germinated 
during  the  voyage,  and  were  now  covering  the 
surface  of  the  soil.  Dr.  Falconer,  writing  to  me 
upon  the  receipt  of  this  case,  says, '  The  young  Tea 
plants  were  sprouting  around  the  Mulberries  as 
thick  as  they  could  come  up.'  During  this  year 
(1849)  large  quantities  of  seeds  were  sown  in  other 
cases  between  the  rows  of  young  Tea  plants.  These 
also  germinated  on  their  way  to  India,  and  reached 
their  destination  in  the  Himalayas  in  good  condition. 
When  the  news  of  the  success  of  these  experiments 
reached  me  from  India,  I  determined  to  adopt  the 
same  plan  when  I  packed  the  cases  which  I  was  now 
taking  round  under  my  own  care.  Tea  seeds  were 
therefore  sown  in  all  the  cases  between  the  rows  of 
young  plants." 

"  When  the  cases  were  opened  in  Calcutta  the 
young  Tea  plants  were  found  to  be  in  good  condition. 
The  seeds  which  had  been  sown  between  the  rows 
were  also  just  beginning  to  germinate.  These,  of 
course,  were  left  undisturbed,  as  there  was  room 
enough  for  them  to  grow  ;  but  it  was  necessary  to 
take  other  measures  with  those  in  the  Camellia 
cases.  On  opening  the  latter,  the  whole  mass  of 
seeds,  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  was  swelling,  and 
germination  had  just  commenced.  The  Camellias, 
which  had  now  arrived  at  their  destination,  were 
lifted  gently  out  and  potted,  and  appeared  as  if  they 
had  never  left  their  native  country.  Fourteen  new 
cases  were  got  ready,  filled  with  earth,  and  these 
germinating  seeds  were  sown  thickly  over  the  surface, 
and  covered  with  soil  in  the  usual  way.  In  a  few 
days  the  young  plants  came  sprouting  through  the 
soil  ;  every  seed  seemed  to  have  grown ;  and  by 
this  simple  plan  about  12,000  plants  were  added 
to  the  Himalayan  plantations.  Many  attempts  are 
yearly  made  by  persons  in  Europe  to  send  out  seeds 
of  our  Oaks  and  Chestnuts  to  distant  parts  of  the 
world,  and  these  attempts  generally  end  in  disap- 
pointment. Let  them  sow  th'e  seeds  in  Ward's 
cases  as  I  have  described,  and  they  are  almost  sure 
of  success.  If  they  are  to  be  sent  to  a  great  distance, 
they  should  be  sown  thinly,  not  in  masses." 


Let  us  resume  the  remarks  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean Climate  broken  off  at  p.  212. 

The  three  great  groups  into  which  the  Flora  of  the 
Mediterranean  may  be  classed,  are  the  following  : — 
First,  such  as  are  really  tender  plants,  requiring 
both  a  hot  summer  and  a  very  mild  winter.  Some 
of  these  would  seem  to  be  stray  or  outlying  species 
of  the  tropics,  such  as  find  the  summer  sufficiently 
hot  to  perfect  their  vegetation,  being  at  the  same 
time  less  delicate  than  their  congeners  as  to  winter 
temperature.  They  seem  to  bear  much  the  same 
relation  to  real  or  stove-tropical  species,  as  the 
hardier  groups  about  to  be  described  bear  to  the 
mass  of  the  tender  Mediterranean  species  we  are 
describing ;  and  their  relation  to  true  tropical 
species  and  their  dispersion,  might  repay  separate 
investigation. 

The  plants  that  may  be  taken  as  characteristic  of 
the  Mediterranean  Flora,  requiring  both  a  warm 
summer  and  a  warm  winter,  will  be  such  as  the 
Oleander,  Aloe  vera,  Chamserops  humilis,  Phcenix 
dactylifera,  Capparis,  Ceratonia  siliqua,  Cyclamen 
hederiEfolium  and  Clusii,  Ornithogalum  arabicum, 
the  arborescent  species  of  Dianthus,  several  Ferns,  all 
indigenous  species  :  and  of  cultivated  plants,  the 
Palma  Christi,  the  Egg  plant.  Hibiscus  esculentus. 
Capsicums,  Acacia  Farnesiana,  Phaseolus  Caracalla, 
Sterculia  platanifolia,  Schinus  Molle,  and  Pistacia 
vera.  It  would  be  idle  to  expect  to  find  any  of 
the  above  growing  out  of  doors  in  the  regions  to 
the  north  of  the  Mediterranean,  either  in  a  north- 
eastern or  north-western  direction. 

Secondly :  there  is  a  considerable  group  of  plants 
belonging  to  the  Mediterranean  Flora  which,  though 
they  require  a  very  warm  summer  to  bring  to  per- 
fection their  seed,  their  flower,  or  even  to  vegetate 


vigorously,  are  nevertheless  capable  of  bearing  very 
severe  cold  in  winter.  In  this  respect  they  bear 
great  analogy  to  North  American  species  growing  in 
the  same  latitudes,  where,  however,  the  alternate 
rigour  of  the  two  seasons  is  the  rule,  and  not,  as  in 
Europe,  the  exception.  In  North  America  the  plants, 
in  order  to  exist  in  such  a  climate  of  extremes,  must 
have  the  constitution  suited  to  bear  heat  and  cold, 
both  of  which  they  seem  to  require  for  coming 
to  perfection  ;  while  in  southern  Europe  it  is  a 
remarkable  fact,  that  a  vast  number  of  the  indi- 
genous plants,  not  mountain  or  northern  plants, 
properly  so  called,  are  capable  of  resisting  a  far 
more  rigorous  cold  than  they  are  ever  exposed  to. 
In  this  quality  they  also  resemble  the  plants  of 
China,  and  indeed  may  not  incorrectly  be  said  to 
show  the  commencement  of  that  vast  tract  of  the 
temperate  zone  in  which  the  seasons  are  regularly 
hot  and  dry  in  summer,  cold  and  dry  in  winter, 
and  in  which  spring  and  autumn  alone  supply 
the  necessary  rains.  This  zone,  stretching  from  the 
extremity  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Black  Sea  across 
Central  Asia  to  China  and  Japan,  represents 
in  the  old  world  the  climate  of  the  United 
States  in  the  new :  and  it  may  be  presumed 
that  a  well-defined  change  of  seasons,  a  strongly 
marked  winter  and  summer,  is  the  normal  character 
of  these  latitudes.  It  will  follow  then  that  our 
European  climate,  comparatively  so  mild  through- 
out, is  but  an  exception  to  the  general  rule  of  the 
climate  of  the  northern  hemisphere  ;  whether  a 
similar  exception  exists  or  not  in  the  climate  of 
Western  North  America  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
remarked,  as  our  acquaintance  with  those  countries 
has  not  been  long  enough,  perhaps,  to  allow  of  accu- 
rate observations  eitherof  its  temperature  or  botanical 
productions,  with  reference  to  it.  It  is  to  be  hoped, 
however,  that  we  shall  soon  know  more. 

This  digression,  though  not  irrelevant,  will  trust 
for  its  excuse  to  the  desire  of  making  these  few 
notes  more  practically  useful  for  horticultural 
purposes,  as  nothing  is  more  serviceable  to  that  end 
than  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  climates  which 
furnish  our  gardens,  a  knowledge  which  can  only 
be  gained  by  repeated  comparisons. 


CHICORY  AS  A  WINTER  SALAD. 

The  leaves  of  this  plant  make  a  famous  salad,  and 
their  value  for  this  purpose  cannot  be  too  often  brought 
before  the  public.  They  have  everything  in  their  favour 
to  recommend  them  as  a  substitute  for  Endive,  which, 
at  best,  is  inferior  as  a  bitter,  and  it  is  far  more  trouble- 
some to  grow  and  keep.  First  of  all,  however,  a  demand 
must  be  created  for  such  things.  They  must  be  aslced 
for  by  the  pubHc.  Growers  will  not  speculate  in  the 
production  of  what  they  cannot  sell,  and,  owing  to  our 
late  mild  winters,  Curled  Endive  has  become  so  cheap 
and  so  good,  arising  from  the  superior  manner  of  treating 
it  to  what  used  to  be  practised,  that  it  is  the  only 
favourite  as  yet.  As  1  intend,  however,  to  treat  of 
Endive  in  my  next  article,  I  will  confine  my  remarks, 
for  the  present,  to  the  following  account  of  Chicory, 
which  is  extracted  from  one  of  my  pamphlets, 

"  Wild  or  uncultivated  Chicory  is  to  be  seen  all  over 
Britain  during  the  mouths  of  July  and  August.  The 
stems  rise  2  or  3  feet  in  height,  and  the  branches  are 
furnished  with  long  dandelion-like  leaves  — the  blossoms 
being  blue  ;  planted  in  rich  earth,  however,  the  stems 
often  grow  6  feet  high,  and  form  a  large  bushy  flowering 
plant,  which  would  form  no  mean  ornament  to  a  border 
or  shrubbery. 

"The  heaviest  root  I  ever  grew  was  three-quarters  of 
a  pound,  and  its  length  15  inches — in  fact,  it  was  as 
large  as  a  fine  stick  of  Horse-radigh.  The  seed  of 
Chicory  ought  to  be  sown  about  the  1st  of  June,  if  the 
soil  is  light  and  the  situation  warm  j  but  should  the 
soil  be  strong  and  retentive,  it  ought  to  be  sown  in  the 
middle  of  May.  I  have  found  by  experience,  that  if 
too  soon  sown,  it  will  run  to  seed.  The  ground  having 
been  well  dug,  drills  should  be  drawn  1  foot  apart,  the 
seed  sown  as  Parsley  is,  and  about  the  same  depth. 
When  the  plants  are  up,  thin  them  out  to  1  foot  apart 
in  the  rows,  leaving  if  pos'^ible  the  broadest  pointed 
leaved  ones.  Nothing  more  is  necessary  than  to  keep 
them  clear  of  weeds.  Should  any  run  to  seed,  pull  them 
up,  when  they  have  done  growing  ;  in  November  the 
roots  should  be  dug  up  and  stored  like  Beet-root.  In 
cutting  off  the  leaves  care  must  be  taken  not  to  injure 
the  centre,  from  which  comes  all  the  salad. 

"In  1836,  1  had  a  quantity  of  mould  put  into  a 
'cellar,  in  the  shape  of  a  bed,  and  planted  with  Chicory 
roots  as  soon  as  they  were  taken  from  where  they  had 
grown  during  the  summer,  I  planted  300  roots  in  the 
bed,  keeping  them  four  inches  apart,  light  and  air  being 
entirely  excluded.  They  soon  began  to  grow,  producing 
long,  fine  cream-coloured  leaves,  and  when  about  six 
inches  long,  1  sent  them  to  table  as  salad,  cutting  off  the 
leaves  carefully  ;  for  if  you  cut  into  the  quick,  it  would 
stop  a  second,  third,  and  fourth  crop  of  leaves  which  a 
root  produces,  until  its  cells  are  as  empty  as  a  honey- 
comb, or  until  entirely  exhausted.  From  tlie  number 
of  plants  in  my  cellar,  1  could  have  supplied  ten  families 
such  as  mine  ;  but  it  was  not  until  the  occurrence  of  the 
severe  winter  of  1838,  that  I  sufficiently  appreciated  the 
use  _of  Chicory  as  a  salad.     The  frost  and  snow  were 


severe  ;  all  Endive,  Lettuce,  Celery,  &c.,  became 
rotten.  Nevertheless,  our  salads  were  the  very  best  in 
London.  Every  one  who  dined  with  my  employers 
enquired  what  it  was  they  so  much  liked,  and  every  one 
ordered  it  to  be  grown  afterwards. 

*'  Twelve  years  ago,  when  I  came  to  Camherwell,  I 
grew  the  roots  with  the 'view  of  introducing  it  as  a  salad 
into  Covent  Garden  market.  I  had  it  planted  in  a  pit 
where  there  was  a  flue,  and  I  covered  the  glass  with 
mats  to  exclude  light.  I  also  had  five  or  six  roots  put 
into  a  large-sized  pot,  and  inverted  another  pot  over 
the  heads,  stopping  the  hole  in  the  bottom  of  the  top 
pot.  This  is  an  easy  plan,  and  it  answers  well  for  a 
small  family,  just  introducing  a  few  pots  into  heat  any- 
where. In  the  winter  of  1839,  or  early  in  1840,  I 
carried  to  market  a  basket  of  this  fine  salad,  tied  up  in 
sixpenny  bundles,  a  price  which  I  thought  would  pay 
well.  No  one  had  ever  seen  it — no  one  had  heard  of  it 
— and  no  one  would  buy  it ;  an  old  herbalist  (Mr. 
Steptoe)  examined  it ;  he  was  a  buyer  of  Dandelion 
leaves  and  all  sorts  of  things  for  foreigners.  He  bought 
all  ray  Chicory  leaves,  and  paid  9s,  for  them,  but  he 
could  not  sell  them.  Next  morning  he  said,  "  'Tis  of  no 
use  bringing  these  things,  I  have  only  sold  a  few  bunches 
to  foreigners."  Then  I  said,-"  Take  the  lot  this  time 
for  nothing.'*  He  did  so  a  third  time  with  no  better 
success  ;  then  I  gave  up  its  culture,  pitying  poor  John 
Bull  for  despising  the  finest  of  all  salads,  the  best  of  all 
tonic  bitters,  and  that  too  at  a  fair  price.  I  am  in  hopes 
even  now  to  see  it  yet,  however,  largely  brought 
into  public  markets.  It  often  takes  many  years  hard 
fighting  to  persuade  people  for  their  own  benefit. 
In  the  various  places  in  which  I  had  lived  previous  to 
my  paying  attention  to  Chicory,  I  had  been  continually 
annoyed  by  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  had  travelled 
abroad  telling  me  how  much  superior  foreign  salads 
were  to  English  ones.  The  broad-leaved  Belgian  Chicory 
is  best  for  salad."  James  Cittliill,  Camherwell. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

Holstein  :  Floitbeck, — /.  0.  Booth  and  Co. — Not 
far  from  the  magnificent  establishment  of  Messrs.  James 
Booth  and  Son  is  that  of  Mr.  Booth,  jun.  It  is  quite 
peculiar  in  its  way,  and  is  principally  for  economical 
and  annual  and  herbaceous  plants.  More  than  30  acres 
are  filled  with  green  crops,  vegetables,  root  crops,  cereal 
plants,  bulbs,  dyeing,  textile,  and  oleaginous  plants.  The 
space  occupied  by  each  is  of  course  proportionate  to  its 
commercial  importance.  New  plants  are  abundant,  and 
experiments  of  all  sorts  are  made.  When  I  was  there 
on  the  12  th  of  May,  I  was  surprised  to  find  amongst  the 
early  green  crops,  a  square  of  Heracleum  sibiricum  ready 
to  be  cut ;  and  when  the  others  had  just  begun  to  cover 
the  ground,  this  was  4  or  5  feet  in  height.  Mr.  Booth 
sows  a  large  quantity  of  annual  and  perennial  plants  ; 
two  acres  are  covered  with  Auriculas  and  Primroses. 
Fi  om  the  state  which  these  plants  were  in,  I  was  able 
to  admire  their  beautiful  colours,  varying  in  the  former 
from  green,  and  in  the  tatter  from  the  purest  white  to  the 
deepest  black.  There  were  thousands  of  Calceolarias 
in  the  open  air  and  in  full  flower  ;  also  a  good  collection 
of  Amaryllids.  The  Cacti  were  in  pots  and  under  sheds, 
as  were  also  the  Primroses  and  Auriculas.  All  these 
plants  are  of  the  best  description.  Mr.  Booth,  jun.,  has 
also  a  good  collection  of  seeds  of  Grasses  fit  for 
northern  countries.  He  trades  largely  with  Russia  in 
them.  In  addition  to  this,  the  same  gentleman  has  quite 
a  museum  in  Hamburgh,  remarkable  for  its  beautiful 
collection  of  seeds  cleaned  by  his  care,  and  for  the 
quiintity  of  English  and  German  agricultural  implements. 

A  third  gentleman  of  the  same  name,  and  younger 
brother  of  the  two  first,  is  passionately  fond  of  exotic 
plants  of  all  countries,  has  travelled  a  great  deal,  and 
enriched  his  brother's  collections  with  some  very  fine 
specimens.  In  his  private  garden,  I  was  much  struck 
with  an  enormous  pit,  4  or  5  feet  deep,  full  of  some 
hundreds  of  pyramids  of  Camehia.  Theyhad  passed  the 
winter  without  artificial  heat  and  without  light.  Thrown. 
the  one  upon  the  top  of  the  other,  they  had  only  been  pi-o- 
tected  by  a  thick  layer  of  leaves  placed  on  the  sash  which 
covered  them  ;  >nd  yet  when  I  saw  them  (on  the  1 2th 
of  May)  they  were  in  an  extremely  healthy  state,  oad 
covered  with  magnificent  flowers. 

Amongst  the  causes  which  are  favourable  to 
market  gardening  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Hamburgh, 
ought  to  be  reckoned  the  Elbe  and  the  Alster,  the 
muddy  soft  waters  of  which  contribute  a  great  deal  to 
the  fertility  of  the  marshes  near  the  town,  giving  their 
soil  that  tenacity  which  is  so  desirable  in  all  sandy 
land  more  or  less  rich  in  vegetable  detritus. 

The  finest  of  the  public  gardens  is  that  to  the  right  of  __ 
the  Flottbeck-gate.  Not  far  from  it  is  the  public  botanic 
garden,  in  every  respect  worthy  of  the  town  to  which  it 
belongs.  Every  branch  of  horticulture  is  represented 
here  ;  plants  employed  in  the  arts,  those  which  are 
most  common  and  are  used  for  the  purposes  of  instruction, 
are  in  separate  beds.  The  botanic  school  is  large  and 
complete.  I  was  sorry,  however,  not  to  see  the  system 
of  labelling,  so  common  in  similar  places  in  the  north  of 
Europe,  carried  out  to  a  greater  extent.  A  profusion 
of  labels,  colom-ed  differently,  indicating  the  properties 
and  uses  of  the  plants,  converts  confusion  into  order, 
and  gives  great  satisfaction  to  an  intelligent  observer, 
and  is  proved  to  be  highly  useful  by  the  example  of  the 
Garden  of  Plants  in  Paris. 

The  houses  are  spacious,  numerous,  different  in  size 
and  shape,  full  of  healthy  plants,  some  of  them  rai'e,  and 
all  of  an  average  size,  which,  as  I  have  before  said,  is 


18—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


277 


the  inevitable  consequence  of  low  foundation  walls. 
Each  garden  has  some  peculiarity.  One  contains  the 
finest  Zamias  in  Europe.  These  tropical  monsters  ai-e 
eight  in  number,  of  the  same  size,  measuring  two  yards 
and  more  in  height,  and  one  in  diameter.  The  lower 
parts,  for  about  1^  yard  from  the  ground,  are  quite 
naked  ;  but  the  tops  are  covered  with  magnificent 
crowns  of  beautiful  leaves.  Another  monstrous  specimen 
13  a  Tamus  elephantipes,  1  yard  high,  and  4^  in 
circumference.  These  curiosities  are  in  the  same  house. 
Of  the  commercial  gardens,  I  shall  first  mention  that 
of  M.  Henry  Bocckmann,  close  to  the  botanic  garden. 
This  gentleman  grows  all  sorts  of  plants  for  sale  ;  his 
Camellias  are  complete  and  very  healthy  ;  his  Dahlias 
are  well  selected,  and  are  sold  in  quantities  ;  his  Pelar- 
goniums are  remarkable,  though  not  perfect.  Mason^s 
RepoH, 

WHAT  LESCHENAULTIA  FORMOSA  FIRST 

WAS. 

Shortly  after  the  establishment  of  the  Chiswick 
Exhibitions,  this  fine  Leschenaultia  became  a  general 
favourite,  and  it  still  maintains  a  prominent  place  in 
the  most  select  collections.  When  first"  introduced  it 
might  occasionally  have  been  seen  in  the  front  row  on 
the  greenhouse  stage,  in  very  small  pots,  the  plants  being 
sickly  and  mouldy  at  the  points  of  the  shoots,  with  dull 
dingy  flowers,  anything  but  attractive.  Such  were  the 
examples  of  this  plant  that  first  came  under  our  notice  ; 
it  was  soon  observed,  however,  that  when  placed  on  a 
siielf  at  the  back  of  the  greenhouse,  where  the  plants 
could  have  plenty  of  light  and  air,  they  became  covered 
with  an  abundance  of  bloom,  and  so  brilliant  in  colour 
that  it  was  not  easy  to  convince  the  sceptical  it  was 
merely  the  difference  of  situation  that  produced  the 
effect.  Profiting  by  this  hint  the  plants  were  shifted 
into  pots  much  larger  than  was  the  usual  practice,  and 
with  much  advantage  ;  for  they  grew  very  freely,  indi- 
cating vigorous  health,  which  resulted  in  abundance 
of  bloom.  This  was  a  step  in  the  right  direction,  for  it 
was  usual  at  that  time  to  let  the  plants  remain  in  their 
pots  until  they  were  entirely  filled  with  roots  ;  to  give  a 
small  shift  once  a  year,  or  perhaps  simply  to  remove 
some  of  the  surface  soil,  to  be  replaced  with  fresh  com- 
po  t,  merely  to  give  the  whole  a  tidy  appearance.  Tliat 
a  plant  of  the  species  was  in  the  collection,  and  that  it 
flowered  occasionally,  was  all  that  was  required.  The 
excellent  paper  published  in  your  columns  by  Mr. 
Wood,  on  the  one  shift  system,  had  a  powerful 
effect,  and  stimulated  the  growers  of  plants  to  test 
their  value  by  using  pots  of  a  large  size.  But  although 
KO  experienced  plant  grower  will  at  once  place  a  hard- 
wooded  plant  into  a  pot  so  large  as  that  in  which  it  is 
to  produce  its  ultimate  growth  and  development,  yet  un- 
questionably the  large  or  liberal  shift  is  the  true 
method  of  culture  as  regards  pot  plants,  to  produce 
and  maintain  fine  specimens  in  health. 

To  those  who  have  only  a  greenhouse,  Leschenaultia 
formosa  will  make  a  fine  display  in  the  spring  months; 
it  should  be  grown  in  a  moderately  sized  pot  and  kept 
within  2  or  3  feet  of  the  glass,  for  it  is  very  important 
that  it  be  fully  exposed  to  light,  shading  only  at  midday 
from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  It  delights  in  heath 
soil,  with  a  good  portion  of  silver  sand;  and  due  attention 
should  be  paid  to  watering  with  water  of  the  same 
temperature  as  that  of  the  house  in  which  the  plant 
is  grown. 

Leschenaultia  biloba  and  its  varieties  are  really  fine 
things  ;  their  graceful  waving  feathery  blue  flowers 
make  a  fine  display  when  the  plant  is  left  to  grow  freely 
and  to  develope  its  natural  form.  Much  care  is,  how- 
ever, required  to  produce  a  specimen  fit  for  exhibition. 
By  frequently  pinching  off  the  tips  of  the  shoots  it  is 
made  to  assume  a  more  bushy  and  formal  appearance, 
but  such  treatment  deprives  it  of  much  of  its  elegant 
and  graceful  habit.  It  will,  nevei'theless,  always  rank 
high  in  tlie  estimation  of  exhibitors  for  that  purpose, 
and  it  cannot  fail  to  occupy  a  first  place  in  any  col- 
lection. Tassel. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Bcfldlnrj  PlanU  in  Turf. — I  beg  to  add  my  testimony 
in  favour  of  Mr.  Fry's  remarlts  on  turf  pots  for  bedding 
plants.  I  have  seen  them  successfully  used  for  several 
years  by  Mr.  Bowie,  the  gardener  at  Felix  Hall, 
Kilvcdon,  who  employs  many  thousands  of  them  annually, 
and  nothing  can  answer  better,  aa  his  flower  garden 
amply  proves.  He  also  fills  a  groat  quantity  of  boxes 
and  pots  with  miscellaneous  bedding  plants,  and  with 
these  he  can  make  beds  at  any  time  by  merely  placing 
or  arranging  them,  and  carefully  massing  over  tlie 
surface  and  betnecn  and  around  the  sides  of  the  pots. 
The  turf  pot  alwo  has  advantages  where  old  jilanta  of 
GeraniumH,  &.C.,  are  taken  up  and  preserved  tlirough 
the  winter,  aa  they  can  be  moved  with  the  turf  pota 
entire,  and  stored  in  a  pit  or  in  any  situation  secure 
from  damp^and  frost.  R.  O. 

Sikklia  Rhodotl'indroYiH. — R.  lopldotum,  Wall.,  has 
flo  vcrcd  at  the  Koyal  Gardonn,  Kcw  :  that  purpl<;-flow 
cred  form  of  it  called  R.  clicagnoides  in  the  Sikkim 
Rhododendronw,  plate  2?>.  The  specimon  in  evei-y 
^'flpfict  rcHemlih.'S  the  figure  qnoU:d,  except  tlmt  the 
datlc'T  blotches  on  the  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla  iiro 
rathe*  longer,  and  dispersed  more  along  the  vt/insof  the 
Bc^entA.  It  has  been  grown  in  a  cool  greenhouse,  along 
with  common  Avnl^a«.  ./.  J)   Jf.j  /uw. 

Raiufwj  HiA'h. — ^^' -.'1  grow -rs  should  remember  that 
great  allowanco  must  be  m«i..  f^^j.  ^ceds  not  germinatin; 


in  a  time  of  extreme  drought  and  cold,  like  the  present 
spring.  The  plan  we  adopt  with  best  success,  is  to  draw  a 
shallow  drill,  where  the  seeds  are  intended  to  be  sown, and 
to  drench  it  well  with  water.  On  this  we  sow  the  seeds, 
covering  them  lightly  with  fine  mould,  and  patting  all 
gently  with  a  spade.  This  is  preferable  to  surface 
watering  after  the  seeds  are  sown,  as  it  is  from  beneath 
that  they  require  most  moisture.  Hardy  and  Son, 
Maldon. 

Horticultural  Society's  Fetes. — There  is  nothing  which 
has  tended  more  to  improve  floriculture  than  these 
fetes,  nor  perhaps  are  there  any  sources  of  public  amuse- 
ment which  give  more  general  and  universal  satisfac- 
tion. If  they  could  be  extended  so  as  to  enable  the 
public  to  judge  of  the  best  mode  of  laying  out  and  man- 
aging gai'dens  it  would,  I  think,  be  highly  beneficial. 
Allow  an  amateur  to  suggest  a  means  by  which  this 
might  be  practically  carried  out.  That  the  Horticul- 
tural Society  should  offer  prizes  for  the  best  of  the 
following,  within  a  certain  distance  from  London,  say  a 
circle  of  10  miles  from  the  Post-office: — 1.  The  best 
American  evergreen  and  Spring  garden  ;  2.  The  best 
managed  collection  of  orchideous,  stove,  and  greenhouse 
plants  ;  3,  The  best  Rose  garden  ;  4.  The  best  flower 
garden  for  colour,  grouping,  and  general  effect  of  her- 
baceous, annual,  and  bedded-out  plants.  This  would 
give  one  prize  to  be  decided  in  each  month  : — 1.  In 
May  ;  2.  In  June  ;  3.  In  July  ;  4.  In  August.  The 
winner  of  the  prize  to  allow  the  Society  to  have  one 
fete  in  his  grounds,  and  they  devoting  one-half  of  the 
profits  to  some  charitable  purposes  or  purpose,  to  be 
named  by  the  proprietor.  Could  only  one  of  these  fetes 
be  managed  it  would  be  affording  a  great  floral  treat. 
If  the  Horticultural  Society  will  arrange  this,  and  issue 
a  prospectus,  I  shall  be  happy  to  put  my  name  down  as 
a  candidate  in  one  of  the  classes.  Hortcnsis,  Middlesex, 
April  19. 

Prumtiff  Forest  Trees. — There  is  much  truth  in  the 
article  on  this  subject  by  a  "Country  Gardener"  at  p.  198, 
and  I  beg  to  suggest  that  j'ou  should  give  a  decision, 
ex  catliedruy  on  the  growth  of  trees,  for,  although  all  who 


upon  these  principles,  wo  may  in  time  expect  a  clean 
bole  of  8  or  10  yards  in  height.   /.  T. 

Diehjtra  spectahUis. — Seeing  some  queries  respecting 
the  Dielytra  in  your  Paper  of  the  24th  inst.,  I  beg  to 
say  that  it  has  been  growing  out  of  doors  at  my  place  at 
Binstead,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  for  three  winters,  and 
has  proved  itself  perfectly  hardy.  It  is  planted  in  a 
border  facing  the  south-we?t  ;  the  soil  is  composed  of 
loam  mixed  with  equal  parts  of  leaf  and  peat  mould, 
and  nothing  can  answer  better  than  it  does.  When  I 
procured  the  plant  it  was  very  small,  but  it  ia  now  be- 
tween 3  and  4  feet  high,  and  as  much  in  circumference  ; 
it  has  never  had  any  protection  whatever.  C  J3.,  Bert 

Housef  Athy,   Ireland^  April  26. 1   may  add   that 

Dielytra  spectabilis  has  stood  the  mnter  here  without 
any  protection,  and  in  spite  of  the  bitter  cold  east  winds 
which  have  prevailed  for  more  than  a  fortnight  in 
Edinburgh,  it  is  looking  strong  and  fresh,  and  is  aa  far 
advanced  in  growth  as  the  other  herbaceous  plants. 
The  border  has  a  south  exposure,  and  the  garden  is 
close  to  the  sea.  H.,  Wardie  Lodfjc^  Edinburgh,  Ap^'illQ. 

1  saw  the  Dielytra  last  summer  for  the  first  time, 

and  was  very  much  pleased  with  its  graceful  appear- 
ance. I  procured  a  small  plant,  and  kept  it  in  a  cold  pit 
during  the  winter  ;  early  in  spring  it  threw  up  three 
suckers,  which  I  divided,  potted  separately,  and  a  few 
days  before  the  late  severe  frosts,  I  planted  one  out 
under  a  hand-glass,  that  shared  the  fate  of  "  A.  R's.," 
viz.,  cut  down,  but  not  killed  ;  another  is  in  bloom  in  a 
greenhouse.  I  called  to-day  (April  28),  at  the  house  of 
the  gentleman  where  I  first  saw  it ;  unfortunately,  he 
was  out,  and  I  could  not  obtain  that  amount  of  informa- 
tion I  otherwise  should  have  done,  but  a  servant  assured 
me  it  had  had  no  protection  during  the  winter,  except 
being  covered  with  ashes  ;  it  now  presents  a  sturdy 
appearance,  and  has  from  20  to  30  strong  stems,  as  thick 
as  my  thumb  (not  a  very  small  one).  The  only  support 
it  receives  is  a  slight  trellis,  formed  of  three  rings  of 
wire  on  iron  supports,  which  props  up  the  main  stems  ; 
it  is  quite  uninjured  by  the  frost ;  it  is  placed  in  a  raised 
bed  in  soil,  apparently  loam,  made  light  with  manm-e  or 


have  practical  experience  know,  that  a  branch  growing  j  leaf-mould.  Another  plant,  placed  in  a  more  sheltered 
6  feet  from  the  ground  will  never  move  higher  up  on  spot,  is  more  forward,  but  the  leaves  and  blossoms  are 
the  stem,  yet  this   is  generally  denied  in  books  ;  and,  j  injured  considerably  by  the  frost;  from  this  I  should 

assume  the  plant  requires 
a  sheltered  garden,  but 
placed  in  an  open  space. 
The  garden  itself  is  sur- 
rounded with  a  Laurel 
hedge,  but  the  large  plant 
is  placed  in  the  centre  of 
it  ;  in  this  garden  every- 
thing seems  to  thrive 
alike  —  from  splendid 
Broccoli  to  the  Dielytra 
itself — plainly  showing 
what  good  gardening  can 
succeed  in  a  poor  and 
gravelly  soil.  T.  T,  Col- 
chester. 

TJie  Compass  Flower 
(see  p.  262)  of  North 
America  is  the  Silphium 
laciniatum,  which  is  said 
to  present  the  faces  of  its 
lower  leaves  "uniformly 
to  the  east  and  west,  the 
plane  of  the  leaf  being 
north  and  south,  or  coin- 
ciding with  the  meridian 
plane."  A  discussion  of 
this  popular  belief, univer- 
sally current  in  the 
Western  States,  occui'red 


1.  2. 

1.  Tree  unpruned.    2.  Fishing-rod  stjle.    3.  Sweepinj-brush  style. 

being  a  question  of  the  greatest  importance,  your  opinion 
might  be  of  service.  I  do  not  agree  with  the  "  Country 
Gardener,"  that  the  shortening  of  branches  is  always  a 
mistake,  but  as  much  may  be  said  on  the  subject,  which 
may  not  clearly  be  understood,  I  beg  to  send  a  sketch 
of  an  Oak  tree,  G  feet  high,  for  your  readers  to  operate 
upon.  One  says  "  Let  it  alone."  If  I  do,  in  50  years 
it  will  be  a  very  picturesque  tree,  but  of  little  compara- 
tive value,  as  the  branches,  A,B,  C,  will  all  be  enormous 
boughs,  or  rather  so  many  stems,  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  ground  as  at  present,  that  is,  if  the  tree  has  room 
to  expand,  but  if  it  is  to  be  confined  by  other  trees, 
these  same  branches,  A,  B,  C,  will  rot  off  after  they 
have  attained  a  size  sufficient  to  make  their  rotting  oft' 
of  serious  injury.  We  must  therefore  *' prune  it." 
There  are  three  methods  of  doing  so  ;  wc  may  call  them 
the  fishing-rod  style,  the  sweeping-brush  style,  and  the 
reasonable  style.  The  first  is  easily  understood  ;  it  is 
to  take  off  every  branch  from  the  leading  atom,  which  ia 
very  absurd,  aa  the  tree  must  have  branches  to  bear 
leaves  or  it  will  cease  to  exist  ;  it  thex'efore  makes  an 
effr)rt  by  throwing  out  a  new  crop  of  branches,  thereby 
adding  to  the  number  of  its  knots,  besides  having  its 
growth  retarded.  The  next  style  is  very  common,  but 
wrong,  for  this  reason  ;  branch  A  is  too  near  tlic  ground 
to  bo  allowed  to  remain  permanently,  and  is  too  strong 
tojje  allowed  to  grow  any  more,  as  at  u  future  period 
its  removal  may  be  attended  with  injury.  That  marked 
No.  4,  is,  in  my  opinion,  the  I'caBonablo  stylo.  Wo  havo 
cut  off  A  anrl  C  close  to  tho  stem,  ns  tlu-y  are  forks 
rivalling  the  main  ^tem  and  interfering  with  tlio  in- 
tcnrled  straight  bole  of  the  treo.  Wc  havo  shortened 
B  Jjccause  it  is  too  strong  ;  we  Iinvo  not  cut  it  off  cIoho 
as  it  is  not  a  fork,  and  we  want  it  as  a  small  l)ranch  ;  wo 
h;ive  h-ft  all  tho  huuiII  branches  for  the  present,  but  in 
time  they  must  go  when  we  can  spare  them.     By  acting 


Reasonable  style. 


at  the  meeting  of  the  '*  American  Association  for 
the  Promotion  of  Science,"  in  1849,  a  short  abstract  of 
which  will  be  found  in  the  American  "Annual  of 
Scientific  Discovery  for  1850,''  (Boston  :  Gould,  Ken- 
dall and  Lincoln)— page  291.   W.  H.  H. 

Labels. — As  this  subject  is  being  discussed  in  yoia* 
pages  I  cannot  resist  sending  you  some  of  a  kind  I  have 
had  made  in  Gloucester  by  Messrs.  Williams,  tobacco- 
pipe  makers.  They  are  of  pipeclay,  burnt,  like  a  pipe, 
and  are  attached  to  a  branch  of  a  tree  by  a  piece  of 
zinc  wire  passed  through  two  holes  in  the  middle  of  the 
label  and  round  the  branch.  This  holds  them  tight, 
and  prevents  their  being  blown  about  by  the  wind, 
while  the  zinc  wire  being  simply  twisted  at  the  back  of 
the  branch  yields  aa  the  branch  grows.  They  are 
written  on  with  a  soft  lead  pencil,  and  not  being  rubbed 
will  remain  distinct  for  many  years.  If  they  are  used 
for  flowera  they  must  be  fastened  to  a  stick.  The  price 
is  6s.  a  gross.  I  saw  yesterday,  in  a  friend'a  grounds, 
a  mass  of  large  Firs  which  appeared  to  me  unusually 
dark  in  colour.  I  enclose  a  spray  of  two  of  them.  Can 
you  inform  me  if  they  are  the  Black  Spruce  or  tho 
common.  F.  B.  andS.  B.,  li.  Court,  Gloucester.  [They 
seem  to  be  the  common  Spruce  — but  nothing  positive 
can  be  said  without  cones.  Tho  labels  were  broken  to 
pieces,  and  wc  fear  aro  very  brittle.] 

The  effects  of  Painting  the  Stems  of  Fruit  Trees  with 
Qus-tar. — I  find  gas-tar  very  pernicions  when  applied  to 
the  stems  of  young  standard  Peara  and  Apples,  to  wai'd 
off  the  attacks  of  hares  and  rabbits  ;  no  leas  than  20 
out  of  150  liave  perislied,  evidently  owing  to  this  appli- 
cation. They  wore  mostly  the  tenderer  kinds  of  Peara 
— French  and  Flemish.  Clerlcus. 

J!„l,i,—.A  rat  lately  conmiitteil  an  extraordinary  piece 
of  devastation  in  my  garden,  lie  gnawed  clean  through 
tho  6tcm  of  abcautiful  Moor-park  Apricotj  the  tree  was 


278 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


fjNfAY    1, 


at  least  ten  years  olJ,  and  very  strong  and  flourishing  ; 
he  also  gnawed  off  the  stems,  close  to  the  ground,  of  a 
whole  hed  of  spring  Cabbages.  We  at  last  turned  him 
out  with  a  ferret,  and  shot  him  ;  he  was  a  big  fellow,  of 
the  old  black  s;  ecies.  Did  /ou  ever  hear  of  rats  des^ 
troyin^  fruit  trees  in  a  similar  way  before  I  Clcricii-'^, 
April  20.  [No  ;  but  we  have  Imown  water-rats  commit 
great  havoc  among  other  trecp,  by  devoiu'iug  their  roots 
during  a  hard  winter.] 

How  to  Test  the  Purity  of  Sulphate  of  Aimionla.— At 
this  season  when  that  valuable  manure,  sulphate  of 
ammonia,  is  in  demand,  you  will,  perhaps,  deem  the 
following  simple  rule  for  testing  it9  purity  not  unworthy 
of  insertion  in  your  periodical.  1  may  mention,  as  a 
proof  of  its  importance,  that  on  examining  a  sample  of 
that  which  was  advertised  as  pure  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
I  discovered  that  it  was  adulterated  to  tlie  extent  of  80 
per  cent,  with  common  salt,  not  more  than  20  per  cent, 
or  one-fifth  of  the  whole  being  pure  sulphate.  The 
sulphate  of  ammonia>affmanu''actured  by  Messrs.  George 
Brown  and  Co.,  and  Messrs.  Miles,  both  of  Bow  Com- 
mon, can  I  believe,  be  depended  upon:  but  in  every  case 
let  the  test  be  applied,  and  the  adulteration,  if  any,  will 
be  detected;  Huh. — Expose  am  ounce  or  so  of  tlie  sul- 
phate to  a  red  heat,  upon  a  shovel  or  other  pltite  of  iroij; 
if  the  salt  be  pure,  the  whole  will  shortly  volatilize,  if 
impure,  the  impurities  will  remain  behind,  A.  Angus 
CroU,  F.C.S.,d:c. 

The  Coffee  PlaiU.—l  have  now  in  my  possession  a 
remarkably  fine  specimen  of  the  Coffee-plant,  concern- 
ing which  I  send  you  a  few  particulars.  Ten  berries 
were  brought  me  from  Ceylon,  and  all  planted  at  the 
same  time  in  lfi47  ;  it  was  not  till  nearly  a  year  had 
elapsed  that  one  tender  shoot  appeared,  all  the  other 
berries  liaving  died  away.  B<Iy  Coffeie-tree  has  now 
reached  the  height  of  5^  feet,  and  the  top  hfis  twice  been 
taken  off,  as  it  grew  too  tali  ;  the  branches  extend  about 
2^  feet  from  each  side  of  the  stem.  Last  autumn  theie 
was  one  single  berry,  whicli  I  planted-,  and  it  is  n&w  a 
thriving  plant  ;  this  year  my  original  Coffee-tree  is 
covered  with  fruit  and  flowers  at  the  same  time.  P.  M.  G., 
April  26. 

Matallic  Thread  for  Tying  Plants. — I  have  sent  for 
your  inspection  four  samples  of  metallic  thread  for  this 
purpose.  Having  been  on  a  visit  in  Chester,  a  lady  who 
takes  much  interest  in  her  garden  first  directed  tny 
attention  to  it.  I  have  since  tried  it,  and  I  find  it 
answers  every  expectation.  It  is  so  flexible  that  a  lady 
may  be  able  to  work  it  as  she  would  wool  work.  I 
am  told  that  it  is  made  by  a  party  in  Chester,  and  I 
understand  that  the  price  is  remarkably  cheap.  If 
you  approve  of  it,  I  will  make  every  inquiry,  and  cer- 
tainly advise  the  manufacturer  to  make  it  public  through 
your  advertising  columns.  It  is  much  more  pleasant 
than  the  old  system  of  tying.  I  have  received  from 
Sicily  several  plants,  anJ,  among  others,  some  Vines 
bearing  a  Grape  like  a  horn,  and  vulgarly  called  "Cor- 
niola."  It  is  a  most  exquisite  Grape,  as  I  have  eaten  it 
many  times  when  I  was  in  that  country.  Have  you  any 
like  it  in  Kngland  ?  I  have  also  received  several  trees 
of  Pyrus  edulis  and  Crataegus  azarolus.  Will  they  bear 
fruit,  without  protection  in  wintei",  in  this  country? 
The  azarolus  is  a  most  delicious  fruit.  Can  I  propagate 
them  from  kernels  ?  J.  W.  Hopkins,  Woodfleld,  Ashton- 
on-Mersey,  April  27,  [The  wire  is  very  good.  The 
Grape  is  the  Cornichon,  well-known  but  not  esteemed  in 
this  counti'y.  AVe  may  Say  the  same  of  the  other  fruits, 
which  are  perfectly  hardy,  and  ripen  fruit  and  seeds  wiiHi 
us  without  difficulty.] 

Irish  Horticultural  Shoivs. — I  find  the  following  adver- 
tisement in  Saunders'  A^eics  Letter  of  the  26th  : — 

"ROYAL  HORTICULTURAL  SOCT'ETY.-Notice  to  .the 
Pdblio, — In  Consequence  of  the  dis'appointmeot  which  must 
have  tiiken  jilaco  to  many  by  reason  of  the  notijied  poetpon'emcnt 
of  their  Exhibiiion  of  Friday,  arisinp:  fiom  the  vert/Jorbidding 
Btate  of  the  weather  on  the  morning  of  that  day,  the  Council 
beff  to  inform  any  Such  holders  of  their  tickets,  ihat  s;.nie 
will  he  aviiilahle  at  ihtir  nelxt  Show,  which  taltes  place  on  th* 
20lh  of  May  ntxt.     By  Order,  N,  Kiven,  Assistant  Secretary." 

And  so,  because  the  Committee  thought  it  would  rain, 
the  show  was  put  off,  after  all  necessary  arrangements 
had  been  made,  and  to  the  infinite  inconvenience  of  the 
exhibitors.  But  what  the  Colnmittee  thought  would 
happen  did  not  happen  ;  for  by  the  time  hand-bills, 
notifying  the  postponement  of  the  meeting,  had  been 
posted  over  Dublin,  the  day  became  fine  and  they  had 
to  be  pulled  down  again.      Oh!  Oh  ! 

Formation  of  D6ii)-drop)S  on  Vines. — On  entering  a 
late  Vinery  this  morning  (Api*ii  17),  in  which  are  kept  a 
number  of  plants  for  bedding,  such  as  Calceolarias, 
Geraniums,  &c.,  my  attention  was  directed  to  a  Vine,  of 
which  there  are  10  or  12  from  two  to  three  years  old 
trained  up  under  the  rafters  at  about  18  inches  from  the 
glass.  The  young  wood  is  from  9  to  12  inches  in  length, 
and  on  the  point  of  every  serrature  of  the  leaf,  and  on 
every  leaf  of  this  Vine  was  suspended  a  crystalline 
globule  of  water,  which  [on  careful  inspection  was  not 
observed  on  any  leaf  of  the  other  Vines,  or  on  any 
other  plant  in  the  house.  Now  cases  similar  to  this 
have  frequently  arrested  my  attention  in  other  plants, 
without  being  able  satisfactorily  to  account  for  it.  I 
know  a  little  of  the  theory  of  tbe  formation  of  dew,  and 
likewise  of  the  union  of  gases  to  form  water  ;  but  the 
right  use  of  the  little  knowledge  I  have  clearly  points 
out  the  need  I  have  of  furtber  information:  will  you 
therefore  assist  me  in  this  matter  ?  Telenwha.  [The 
"crystalline  globule"  is  a  natural  secretion  of  limpid 
mattei*,  and  occurs  in  plants  in  various  degrees," accord- 
ing to  the  peculiar  state  of  their  health.] 

Potato  Disease. — I  am  sorry  to  iuform  you  that  the 
real  Potato  disease  has  made  its  appearance  some  time 


ago  among  the  early  forced  Potatoes  in  this  garden 
{Castle  Semple)  ;  I  send  you  a  small  affected  specimen 
of  this  year's  tubers,  to  enable  you  to  see  the  kind  of 
aspect  the  disease  is  assuming.  Those  affected  are 
Ash-leaved  Kidneys,  which  I  began  to  force  about  the 
latter  end  of  January  ;  each  tuber  was  cut  in  two  with 
a  knife,  and  appeared  quite  free  from  disease  at  setting- 
time.  They  were  placed  for  three  weeks  in  a  Pine- 
stove,  in  order  to  make  them  push  previous  to  planting 
them  on  a  slight  hotbed.  They  got  no  manure  of  any 
kind  except  leaf-mould  ;  the  temperature  they  have 
been  growing  in  has  never  been  above  G8°,  nor  below 
45°,  and  I  was  rather  sjiaring  in  watering  them. 
J ..  M'^ Pherso-n,  Castle  Semple,  Renfrewshire^  April  28. 
[There  are  cases  in  England  also  ;  as  about  Ware  ;  but 
we  cannot  expect  to  be  rid  of  it  so  long  as  late  spring 
planting  is  persevered  in.] 


LiNijEAN,  ^^777  20.— R.  Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 
A  collection  of  dried  specimens  of  plants  made  by  Mr. 
T.  Drummond,  in  Australia,  was  presented  to  the 
museum  by  W,  W,  Saunders,  Esq. — J.D.  Salmon,  Esq., 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  theiVuit  of  a  species  of  Attalea 
(coquilla  nut)  which  contained  in  one  of  the  cells  a  full- 
grown  larva  of  a  species  of  coleopterous  insect,  which 
was  pronounced  by  Mr.  Westwood  to  be  a  species  Of 
Calandra,  a  genus  found  ou  Palm-trees.  There  was  no 
external  perforation,  and  tlie  ovum  from  which  the 
larva  had  been  hatched  must  have  been  deposited  very 
early  in  the  growth  of  the  fruit.  Mr.  Adam  White 
exhibited  a  collection  of  insects  rnade  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Amazons  by  Mr.  Bates,  and  read.'  an 
extract  of  a  letter  from  that  gentleman. — The  President 
exhibited  polished  specimens  of  fossil  Palms  from  the 
Island  of  Antigua,  and  compared  them  with  sections  of 
recent  Palms  belonging  to  the  Corypha  umbraduhfera 
from  Calcutta,  and  Copernicia  cerifera  from  the  Brazils. 
—  A  continuation  of  Dr.  Hamilton  Buchanan's  com- 
mentary on  the  ninth  part  of  the  Hortus  Malabaricus 
of  Rheede  was  read. 

Botanical  of  Edinburgh,  April  8. — The  President 
in  the  chair,  Mr.  Anderson  exhibited  a  plant  of 
Rhododendron  elteagnoides,  in  flower,  a  Sikkim-Him- 
alayan  species  raised  fi'om  seeds  sent  home  by  Dr. 
Hooker.  A  specimen  of  vegetable  matter,  from  a 
water-pipe  passing  through  mossy  ground,  was  exhibited 
from  Dr.  Maclagan.  Dr.  Murchison  produced  some 
curious  specimens  of  Extract  of  Tea,  prepared  in  the 
form  of  lozenges  by  the  Chinese.  Though  it  was  40 
yeai's  since  they  had  been  brought  from  China,  they 
still  retained  a  very  perceptible  flavour  of  tea.  Among 
other  donations  to  the  museum,  Mr,  Owen,  of  28, 
Howard- place,  sent  a  bottle  of  acid  from  the  Gram  of 
India  (Cicer  arietinum)  collected  by  putting  a  cloth 
over  the  plants,  and  then  squeezing  out  the  acid  fluid 
absorbed  by  it.  Dr.  Balfour  announced  that  Mrs.  Haig 
had  presented  to  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden  the  magnifi- 
cent collection  of  Orchids  which  she  has  cultivated 
at  View  park,  for  the  last  IS  yeiu'S.  The  collection 
contains  : — 

Named  specimen  plants  .,■.         206 

Duplicate  epectmens     40 

Species  without  names 83 

S23 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 1.  On  the  Economic 
Uses  of  Chicory  (Cichorium  Intybus,  L.).  By  Mr  Ful- 
ton. The  author,  after  giving  a  general  account  of  the 
history  of  the  Chicory  plant,  and  alluding  to  the 
antiquity  of  its  cultivation,  proceeded  to  point  out  the 
wide  range  of  Economic  Uses  to  which  it  might  be 
made  applicable,  and  urged  the  importance  of  extending 
its  cultivation.  Its  extensive  use  as  an  ingredient  in 
Coffee  over  the  whole  of  continental  Europe  is  well 
known.  As  a  forage  plant,  it  is  known  to  form  some  of 
the  best  meadows  in  the  south  of  France  and  Lombardy, 
succeeding  in  all  seasons  ;  while  its  use,  as  a  salad,  is 
likewise  extensive.  Since  1835,  large  quantities  of  the 
root  have  been  imported  to  Britain  from  the  continent  ; 
it  is  now  cultivated  in  several  parts  of  England  for  the 
purpose  of  supplementing  Coffee,  and  as  the  plant  is 
capable  of  bearing  all  the  varieties  of  climate  in  Europe, 
being  successfully  cultivated  from  Italy  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, Mr.  Fulton  could  see  no  reasonable  objection  to 
the  extension  of  its  cultivation  throughout  Britain,  in 
order  to  supply  our  own  markets.  H«  stated  tliat  the 
popular  idea  of  Chicory  giving  an  unpleasant  flavour  to 
Coffee  is  erroneous,  and  entered  into  a  detail  of  facts  to 
show  that  an  admixture  of  Chicory  was  a  great  improve- 
ment to  the  flavour  of  Coffee,  adducing  the  experience 
of  extensive  dealers  to  prove  the  accuracy  of  this  state- 
ment. He  also  considered  the  mixture  an  improvement 
in  a  physiological  point  of  view.  It  had  occurred  to  Mr. 
Fulton  that  the  bitter  of  the  Chicory  root  might  be 
employed  as  a  substitute  for  Hops,  and  he  had  accord- 
ingly got  manufactured  a  small  brewing,  which  had  been 
successful,  showing  that  the  root  not  only  communicates 
a  pleasant  bitter,  but  that  it  likewise  in  some  measure 
substitutes  tlie  malt  by  a  large  amount  of  saccharine 
matter.  Mr.  Fulton  had  found  the  cultivation  of 
Chicory  to  be  very  easy,  and  had  already  published  his 
views  on  this  part  of  the  subject  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Highland  and  Agricultiu'al  Society.  His  crops  had 
given  a  much  larger  money  return  than  either  Potatoes 
or  Tui'nips  on  ihe  same  soil.  It  appeared  to  him  that 
it  was  in  remote  districts  of  the  country  where  the  cul- 
tm'e  of  Chicory  could  be  extensively  pursued  with  the 
greatest  advantage,  the  article  being  so  light  and  con- 


venient of  transit,  and  free  from  the  casualtiLS,  in  all  ita 
processes  of  growth  a;nd  preparation,  which  other  crop& 
are  liable  to,  and  where  the  risk  atid  cost  of  transporta- 
tion reduce  so  much  the  net  value  of  our  buUty  greep 
crops.  The  paper  was  illustrated  by  a  series  of  speci- 
mens, showing  the  Chicory  in  its  various  stages-of  pl'epa* 
ration,  as  a  substitute  for  Coffee  ;  also,  ale  brewed  from 
Cbicory.  2.  Analysis  of  ihe  Sabal  umhracidifera,  as. 
grown  in  the  Botanic  Garden.  By  Mr.  Diclc.  3.  On^ 
Plants  fov/nd  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rlpon.  Yorkshire, 
in  March,  1852.  By  Mr.  Davies.  4.  Report  on  iJ^ 
state  of  vegetation  in  the  Edinburgh  Botanic  Go.rden,. 
.from  \Qth  March  till  Sth  April,  1852,  a&  compared  with 
the  years  1850-51.     By  Mr.M'Nab. 


Names  of  Plants. 

Date  of  PloWcrtitg. 

1S52. 

1851. 

1S50. 

Nordmunaia  cordifolia 

Ibirch  10 

Feb.   VS 

Feh.    28 

Narcissus  pumilus 

,.    11 

March    5 

ilarch    4 

Erylhronium  Dene  Canis 

1.       12 

„       1 

„     2i 

Aiibrietia  grandillora ... 

„       18 

..       1 

Acacia  affluis  (open  wall)      ., 

„       20 

„      16 

Hyacinttius  botryoides 

„       20 

"     15 

SciUa  bifolia  cccralea  ... 

>■       20 

„        (• 

alba        

,.       21 

„       * 

Ribessanguineum  (first flower 

opened) 

„       21 

„        5 

"      ^t 

,,       25 

Feb.    24 

,.      K 

t,       2« 

March  M 

Anemone  hortensia      

!.       27 

„      2S 

Aprtl    fr 

Saxifratja  crassifolia 

,,       27 

..       1 

.liorchSO 

Scilla  bitolia  rubra      

„       28 

„      17 

Narcissus  Pseudo-Narcissus... 

.,       28 

•>     27 

■•     2t 

.>      215. 

Puscliltiiiia  scilloldflS 

„       S3 

Coi'5dalis  soltda            

..      S-8 

„     13 

"      "5 

Iberis  sempervii'ens    ... 

„      28 

Febl.  ft 

"       ? 

Asarum  EurOfxum     

„      29 

,•     fo 

■'     J 

Anemone  nerhorosa      

„       30 

a-arch    9 

„       »\ 

,.-     16 

Urobus  veTTius 

„       31 

Fob.   17 

Feb.    38 

Scilla  sibirica 

April    1 

March  2G 

Apiil     6- 

Narcissus  moschatus 

„        1 

.>      2« 

Slarcb  2i 

Dalibarda  Geoidea       

2 

ApHl    3 

Hyoficyamus  phjsaloidea 

1.        2 

M'areh  28 

.►     80 

Omph^lodos  verna       

»»        2 

,,      1« 

•*     H 

Fri;illaria  impeiialis 

»         3 

M       W 

Ilyoscvamus  orlentalis 

5 

.,      2S, 

Al.ril     1 

Three  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows, 

Icwies  Plcmtarum  ;  or,  Figures  t&c.  ef  Plants  iii  the 
Author's  Herbarium.  By  Sir  W.  Jackson  Hooker.  8vo. 
Reeve  and  Benham. — We  are  glad  to  state  th^t  this  im- 
portant work,  unrivalled  in  Great  Britain  for  the  uniform 
excellence  of  its  figures,  has  reached  t.  883  of  the  ninth 
volume.  It  is  the  more  necessary  to  make  tliis  a«noilnce- 
ment,  since  the  publisher  does  not  think  it  wol'tli  h-is 
while  to  do  so  ;  and  many  may,  like  ourselveSj  be 
entirely  ignorant  that  it  has  been  carried  beyond  the 
eighth  volume. 

Boss  of  the  Amazon;  an  Appeal  to-  the  Propriitbj's 
touching  the  First  Cause.  By  a  Clergyman.  Letts  and 
Co. — A  religious  pamphlet. 

Ten  Years  in  Australia.  By  the  Rev.  D.  Mackenzie. 
I2mo.  pp.  158:  Orr. — A  collection  of  faets  gathered 
by  a  resident.  When  the  gold  fever  shiiU  have  sub- 
sided it  may  be  found  useful  to  emigrants. 

2  he  Botany  of  ihe  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Herald.  By 
Berthold  Seemann.  Parti:  4to.  Reeve  and  Co. — This 
work,  published  under  the  authority  of  the  Admiraltyj, 
promises  to  be  of  importance.  The  first  part  cout-ains 
an  account  of  Western  Eskemauland,  with  some  cleverly 
written  graphic  descriptions  of  the  country  and  its 
botany,  and  ten  lithographic  plates  from  the  skilful 
pencil  of  Dr.  Hooker.  We  believe  we  are  also  right  in 
adding  tliat  the  determination  of  the  species  has  been 
greatly  assisted  by  that  excellent  botanist  and  his  father^ 
although  we  do  not  find  it  so  stated  by  I\Ir.  Seemann. 

The  Travellers^  Library.  African  Wanderings,  by  F, 
Wernc.  12mo.  Longmans. — A  curious  book,  vilely 
translated  from  the  German,  by  J.  R.  Johnstoiw 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Horticultural  Society*s  Garden,  Turnhasi-green. 
^-Owing  to  the  long- continued  drought,  cold  nights,and 
north-easterly  winds,  which  have  prevailed  So  much  of 
late,  out-door  vegetation  has  made  little  progl-oss  during 
the  last  month  ;  but  rain  having  at  last  occurred,  it  is 
now  hoped  it  will  advance  more  favourably.  Magnohft 
Soulangeana,  the  sweet  Berberis,  and  the  white  Mouutafhi 
Clematis,  are  in  flower  on  the  conservative  -wall,  wlnle 
on  the  open  lawn  the  different  kinds  of  Amelanchier 
and  Pyrus  are  in  full  blossom.  The  red  and  whife 
Ha"wthorns  will  also  soon  be  gay.  A  bush  of  tiie  common 
Pyms  (Cydonia)  japouica  in  the  open  border  is  loaded 
with  scarlet  flowers.  It  is,  perhaps,  not  generally  known 
that  this  fine  wall  plant  succeeds  admirably-,  both  in  the 
form  of  a  spreading  shrub,  and  that  of  a  standards. 
The  large  Wistaria  and  the_different  masses  of  Rhodo- 
dendrons which  are  usually  so  gay  during  the  first  and 
second  exhibitions  wilt  scarcely  be  in  flower  tliis  year  by 
the  8th-  of  May  ;  but  should  the  weather  continue 
favourable,  in  addition  to  a  glorious  exhibition  vhich 
may  be  expected  under  the  tents,  there  will  be  abun- 
dant open  air  attraction  in  the  shape  of  newly  developed 
foliage,  soft  green  well-kept  turf  and  borders  gay  v^ith 
early  flowers.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  although  so 
many  shrubs  have  been  recently  transplanted  hi  the 
garden,  not  one  has  been  lost  even  under  tiie  unfavoui'- 
able  weather  that  has  been  exr-»'enced.  The  Grass 
sown  among  the  Conifers  -^  the  border  between  the 
large  conservatory  s-^  ^^^  ^^w  flower  garden  is  already 


18—1852.1 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


279 


gi'een,  and  the  improvement  effected  by  the  change  is 
now  apparent.  Some  experiments  in  regard  to  kilHng 
insects  have  lately  been  made,  in  the  plant  department. 
A  mixture  of  Cayenne  pepper  and  Tobacco  has  been 
tried  for  the  destruction  of  green  fly,  in  the  various  pits 
and  houses,  and  although  the  fumes  were  so  powerful 
"when  the  sti'uetures  were  filled  with  them  as  not  to  be 
endui'ed  by  the  operator  for  more  than  one  or  two 
minutes,  and  although  the  fumigating  was  performed 
in  the  evening,  and  the  liouse  shut  up  close  until  the 
following  day,  yet,  on  examination  after  fresh  air  had 
been  admitted  for  a  few  hours,  only  a  few  of  the  insects 
appeared  to  have  been  destroyed.'  The  greater  portion 
of  them  were  in  a  state  of  stupor,  and  after  fresh  air  had 
been  admitted  for  some  time  they  perfectly  recovered. 
The  application  did  no  injury  to  the  foliage  or  flowers 
of  the  plants  submitted  to  it,  and  its  smell  is  less  offen- 
sive than  that  of  tobacco.  If  Cayenne  and  Tobacco, 
however,  have  failed  in  destroying  green  flies,  Clarke's 
preparation  for  killing  mealy  bag  has  succeeded  per- 
fectly. It  has  been  tried  on  various  plants  at  different 
times,  and  has  invariably  answered.  It  must,  however, 
he  applied  on  three  or  four  different  occasions,  before 
the  plants  are  entirely  freed  from  insects.  None  of  the 
plants  operated  on  were  in  the  least  injured  in  the 
foliage.  In  the  kitchen  garden  superphosphate  of  lime, 
guano,  and  guano  with  sulphuric  acid,  have  been  tried 
as  manure  for  Early  Yoric  Cabbages  ;  but  with  -what 
result  yet  remains  to  be  proved.  A  simple,  but  in  all 
probability  a  very  important  invention  for  ventilating 
glasshouses  in  cold  weathei-,  by  &Ir.  Sibthorpe,  is  in 
operation  in  tlie  early  Vinery  in  the  experimental  gi'ound. 
It  consists  of  a  wooden  box  about  4  inches  deep,  in- 
verted on  about  half  the  length  of  a  hot-water  tank 
with  which  the  house  is  heated.  Both  ends  of  this  box 
are  open  j  the  external  air  enters  one  end  through  a 
ventilator,  is  warmed  in  its  passage  along  the  box  on 
the  tank,  and  is  permitted  to  escape  at  the  other  end 
of  this  drain  into  the  interior  of  the  house,  by  which 
means  fresh  aii'  is  furnished  in  a  warm  state,  and  it 
will  be  seen  that,  if  it  is  desired,  it  may  be  easily 
moistened  by  having  evaporating  pans  in  its  course  along 
the  tank.  Its  circulation  is  so  rapid  that  in  a  manner 
it  Polmaises  the  house  ;  therefore,  although  it  has  not  yet 
been  sufficiently  long  in  operation  to  test  its  real  value, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  foresee  the  beneficial  effects  w'hich 
must  result  from  it.  We  stated  last  month  that,  owing 
to  the  unusual  severity  of  the  weather,  in  addition  to 
coping  boards  for  the  protection  of  the  blossom  on  the 
Peach,  wall,  light  straw  screens  had  been  employed  on 
one  half  of  the  wall  which  was  not  covered  with  nettin"-. 
The  result  is  that  wherever  the  straw  screens  have  been 
placed  the  crop  is  fui'ther  advanced  and  better  protected 
than  where  nettmg  has  been  used.  In  the  case  of  3** 
or  4:°  of  fi'ost,  coping  boards  alone  have  hitherto 
been  found  sufficient  protection  ;  but  when  we 
liave  as  many  as  ]  0"  and  12",  which  we  have 
had  during  this  month  and  last,  neither  those ' 
nor  netting  are  very  effectual  in  saving  the  crop. 
Straw  screens  have  therefore  been  wholly  used  for  the 
Peaches,  and  the  netting  has  been  taken  for  the  Pear 
wall,  which  has  also  been  furnished  on  one  side  with 
coping  boards,  and  straw  screens  have  been  secured  on 
the  top,  so  as  to  project  on  the  other  side  about  18 
inches  as  a  coping.  These  precautions  having  been 
taken,  a  fair  crop  of  Peaches,  Nectarines,  and  Pears,  it  is 
believed  will  be  saved.  Forward  standai-d  Peai's, 
Plums,  and  Cherries  have  sustained  much  injury  from 
the  late  frosts  ;  but,  possibly,  sufficient  may  yet  have 
been  left  for  a  crop.  A  Peach-protecting  frame  is 
being  erected  against  the  Orcluird-wall  by  Messrs. 
Cottam  and  Hallen.  It  consists  of  a  cast-iron  bracket 
fixed  at  the  top  of  the  wall,  so  as  to  support  short 
sloping  sashes  about  2  feet  in  length.  Prom  the 
end  of  theee  sashes  spring  the  rafters,  which  are 
formed  of  malleable  iron,  drawn  ±  form,  and  are 
made  to  fit  into  cast  iron  sockets  at  bottom.  The  dis- 
tance between  the  bottom  of  the  frame  and  the  wall  is 
only  4  feef,  but  the  glass  covering  being  shouldered  near 
the  top,  comforlable  room  is  afforded  for  a  person  to 
walk  along  inside  in  front  of  the  wall.  Ventilation  is 
effected  by  sheet-iron  flaps  at  the  bottom,  and  by  the 
opening  upwards  (by  means  of  a  quadrant  and  pulley), 
of  Uie  bhort  top  gashes.  As  for  Ewiiig's  glass  walls, 
there  is  no  hope  of  seeing  them  at  present,  it  havhig 
been  found  impracticable  to  obtain  them  from  the 
patentees.  Some  Maize  received  from  Titicaca,  an 
island  in  the  great  Peruvian  lake  of  that  name, 
situated  at  an  ele\'ation  of  i:i,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  and  where  frosts  are  experienced  during 
the  time  when  this  Maize  in  sown  and  also  when  it  is 
ripening,  is  being  tried  in  the  garden.  Owing  to  the 
circumHtances  just  stated  it  is  prcHumed  that  it  will  be 
much  hardier  than  any  otlier  Bort  yet  introduced.  It 
is  being  raiwed  in  polH,  and  aJKo  in  Uio  open  ground. 
That  Bcmn  in  pots  is  ah-fady  up.  Within  tho  last  12 
months  some  experiments  have  been  made  wiih  peat 
charcoal,  wiih  a  view  to  tctit  its  deodoribiiig  cjualiiieH. 
It  haft  l>een  employed  with  perfect  hucccsH  in  diHiiifect- 
ing  privy  manure.  It  wiw  occahif/nally  Hcuttercd  in  thoHe 
places,  and  wiicn  emptied,  a  niodcralo  quantity  wuh 
thrown  over  the  contcnta,  which  were  ihuj*  completely 
dtprired  of  all  offensive  smell.  Indeed,  peat  charcoal 
has  bef-n  found  more  effective  in  thin  re.ipcct  than  any 
other  deodoritier,  buch  as*  hulpliato  of  iron  or  chloride 
of  hrae — Mibfttances  which  liav«  been  found  injurioua  to 
many  kinds  of  plants,  while  the  peat  charcoal,  thus 
iflixe/I,  forms  an  txcelleut  compost,  alike  suitable  for 
gardening  and  Conning  piu'poaes. 


FLORICULTURE. 


TriE  AuniGULA. — As  Auriculas  are  still  in  flower> 
and  as  we  have  been  asked  "  What  constitutes  a  perfect 
Auricula  in  the  estimation  of  a  florist  I  '*  we  gladly  re- 
spond to  the  question  by  laying  down  the  principal  rules 
by  which  wo  are  guided  when  examining  this  favourite 
rtorist-flower.  In  its  general  appearance  tho  foliage 
should  be  Well  grown  and  healthy,  covering  a  space  about 
equal  to  double  the  width  of  the  head  of  bloom.  The 
stem  should  be  firm,  erect,  and  Aifficieiitly  stron^  to 
support  the  truss  irithont  assistance,  and  to  carry  it  well 
above  the  foliage.  The  footstalks  of  the  pips  should 
be  strong,  and  of  such  a  length  as  will  allow  the 
flowers  to  open  without  one  overlaying  another, 
the  whole  forming  a  compact  and  globular  head  of  well- 
expanded  flowers, equal  in  sizeand  similar  in  properties. 
The  addition  of  one  or  two  guard  leaves,  standing -up 
at  the  back  of  the  truss,  gives  a  finish  to  the  whole  and 
adds  considerably  to  its  beauty,  by  the  contrast  they 
make  with  the  vivid  and  lively  appearance  of  the 
flowers.  The  qualities  '\vhich  the  individunl  pip  should 
possess,  consist  in  its  being  perfectly  round,  flat,  and 
smooth  on  the  edge  ;  the  divisions  which  form  the  se*"-- 
ments  of  the  corolla  should  be  but  very  slightly  indented, 
thereby  rendering  the  circle  as  perfect  as  possible. 
The  tube,  or  centre,  must  be  round,  of  a  yellow  colour, 
filled  with  the  anthers  or  "  thrum."  The  eye 
or  "paste"  round  the  tube  should  form  a  perfect  circle 
of  a  dense  pure  white,  clean  on  its  edges,  even,  and  free 
from  blemishes.  The  band  of  colour  surrounding  the 
eye  should  be  dark,  rich,  or  bright,  equally  distributed 
all  round  ;  but  never  encroaching  so  much  upon  the 
edge  as  to  pass  through  to  the  rim.  The  margin,  or 
outer  edge,  must  be  of  a  permanent  green,  white,Dorgi'ey 
colour.  The  circles  which  compose  the  face  of  the  pip 
are  considered  of  the  finest  proportion  when  they  are  of  a 
uniform  width  ;  that  of  each  circle  being  half  the  diameter 
of  the  tube.  These  properties  are  considered  by  florists 
to  form  the  standard  of  perfection  in  the  Auricula. 
The  number  of  pips  necessary  to  form  a  head  for  com- 
petition varies  in  different  localities.  In  the  north  they 
are  exhibited  with  from  three  to  nine  ;  about  London 
seven  are  considered  requisite.  Not  less  than  five,  how- 
ever, ought  to  he  allowed  (except,  perhaps,  in  seedlings 
of  the  first  season),  and  as  many  more  as  can  be  sym- 
metrically arranged,  that  have  the  required  properties. 
Selfs  or  Auriculas  with  only  one  colour,  besides  the  eye, 
are  judged  on  the  same  principle,  as  regards  form, 
colour,  uniformity,  and  size  ;  with  this  exception,  that 
as  in  some  sorts  the  eye  is  small,  in  comparison 
with  the  blue,  purple,  or  dark,  a  slight  variation  is 
required  in  regard  to  the  proper  distribution  of  colours, 
and  the  paste,  oreye,  ought  to  be  one-half  the  width  of 
the  tube — larger  in  self-coloured  Auriculas  than  in  those 
which  are  edged.  Alpines,  or  Auriculas  with  yellow 
centres,  and  shaded  margins,  are  judged  by  the  same 
standard  as  above.  They  are  not,  however,  often  grown. 
Next  week  we  hope  to  be  able  to  give  a  list  of  a  few  of 
the  most  favourite  varieties  now  grown  for  exhibition. 

How  TO  Turn  a  White  Dahlia  Blue. — I  have  been 
told,  but  have  never  tried  the  experiment,  by  a  cele- 
brated cultivator  of  Bahlias  in  Belgium,  that  he  will  be 
able,  in  the  course  of  a  year  or  two,  to  produce  a  blue 
one  by  keeping  constantly  watered  the  root  of  a  white 
one  with  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron.  The  sulphate 
of  iron  turns  Hydrangeas  blue,  and  why  not  other 
white  flowers  as  well  ?  Of  course  the  solution  must  be 
very  weak  when  used.  Inquirer. 


OXFOItDSniRE  HCBIICCLTUBAL  SOCIETT,  April'20. — TMs,  the 
first  show  of  the  soascin,  wus  thinly  supplied  wi'b  plants,  oning 
to  the  bacUwardnees  of  the  i-prin^ — Auiiculaa;  1st,  it.  H. 
Betieridge,  Esq.,  AliUon-hiU,  with  Lovely  Ann,  Ne  plus  ultin, 
Couspicuft,  Otliello,  and  Pagc'n  Champion;  Cla'^a  ehouirg  : 
Grten-edge,  Ist,  Lovely  Ann  ;  Grey-edge,  lat,  Ne  [jhis  iiltru  ; 
Whiie-cdge,  1st,  Glory;  Self,  a  tine  diirJt  seedlini,',  raised  by 
Mr,  Mattley  ;  Shaded  self:  let,  Conspicua.  Paueies  :  Isr, 
Mr.  A.  Lane;  2d,  R.  I-I.  BeiteridRH,  E^q.  •  3d,  Messrs. 
Soden  and  Son  ;  -lih,  Mr.  J.  Walker.  The  old  In- 
vouritcs  wtre  peneratly  exhibited,  ihe  best  of  whith  were 
Duke  of  Perth,  Diadem,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Ophir,  Chieftaiu, 
Euphcinia,  Robert  BuriiQ,  Franco  Cycule,  Saiubo,  Pouipey, 
A'lnanziir,  Mr.  Beclt,  Addis'  n,  and  Commander- iii-'Ohief. 
Pelur^^oninms  :— Ist,  Mr.  Bates;  2d,  Mr,  Day,  Thi'se  were 
in  a  Ijad  condition  from  having  been  pushed  to  get  them  into 
bloom.  Spechnen  Plants:  —  Ibt,  Mr.  Day,  with  I'imolea 
flpectubilie  ;  'Jd,  Mr.  Ilubinson,  with  Epacris  granditloi-a ; 
3J,  Mr,  Day,  with  Dielytra  spectubilis,  a  tine  specimen, 
Anriculas  in  tine  health,  and  u  ntai<d  uf  36  Punciey  booms  wei  e 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Turntr,  of  Slough,  not  for  fonipetilion. 
Among  the  Aurrcu'aa  wo  remarked  uoiibpicuously  tine  ex- 
ampUfi  of  Cheethom's  Lancashire  Hero,  Conqueror  of  Euro[ie, 
Lovily  Ann,  Uin^le'idor,  Pact's  Champion,  I'rinco  of  Walcf, 
Lord  Ljndotk,  Jubileo,  Bolerer,  Ne  pluB  ultra.  True  Briton, 
Privateer,  iiritannia,  Smiling  Beauty,  and  :?quire  Cidlman.  In 
tho  Pansy  (ttiind  we  noticed  as  new  and  line:  Alfred  the 
Groat,  Itoyal  Visit,  Gliilc,  Lady  Emily,  Adeln,  National,  Sir 
J.  Cathcart,  Pandorft,  Pompey,  Sir  J,  Puxtou,  Euphemij, 
Chlfcfiain,  Monurcli,  and  Muid  of  Athens.  One  ROod  lot  of 
Cinerarias  was  contributed  by  Moisib.  Soden  imd  Son,  cou- 
blsitig  of  Ik'ssy.  Edniondiaiii,  Albnni,  Beuu'y  of  liaumier- 
hmith,  TJ)3'juty  of  Barton,  ;ind  Climax. 

NoaTii  London  Scjciktv, —  At  a.  niietin;?  on  Tuesday  last, 
two  now  motiiberfl  were  fclcctcd,  A  flccdllng  Scarlet  Gernnluin 
wa»  |)roduc«d  by  Mr,  Sictu,  and  CinerarluB  by  Mr.  0.  Smlih  : 
(^ucen  uf  JKnuiicH  (Suilih)  fully  malotuiiiH  the  uliaiactc-r 
generally  ffivtn  it  lant  BeanoP.  ./.  Ji. 

South  L'jndon. — Wo  Inadvertently  omitted  to  Btoto  in  our 
nollto  of  tliu  lloinH  Exhibition,  ihut  Cineraria  Ludy  Elorn 
rrceivc'i  n  CertHlcato.  It  Is  a  flowi  r  Homcwhut  (ibuve  the 
averi'H'-  nUe,  and  wa»  from  Mr,  W.  Ivery,  of  PocUhtim.  ./,  Ji. 

/-ocDON.PLomcutTuiiAL  StiCn.TY,  April '.'7ih,— Mr,  Chapman 
boat  Mr.  Mlil«r,  und  won  tho  tup.  J.  li, 

AT;urr;t;i,A.  U  would  bo  hocn  by  our  report  of  tho  Month 
London,  loflt  wui-k,  thqt  LiincaHhiro  Ilcro  watt  onu  of 
tho  %\x  pliinfH  (n  tdo  fir»t  inllcttioii,  by  Mr.  Turner,  ol 
bJoiial'.     We  cm   ul.'u   repoit   ihat  at   Mlldlclon,   bolh  on 


Saturday  and  Mond;.y  last,  it  proved  and  was  ackn-iwIedL-ed 
to  be  one  of  the  very  best  AuricubiS  present.  It  was  in  -ho 
tirst  collection  of  hjur,  first  in  elasfl  8huwlng.  and  p'aced  Lest 
for  the  great^et  number  of  pips  ;  thcbc  are  results  Hhicb  we 
report  with  smislacilun.  a«  we  were  among  the  first  to  brioff 
tbie  fine  variety  southward.  Five  of  the  six  sons  shown  b? 
Mr,  1  uruerwere  otLam-ashirc  origin,  the  sixth  (Sir  J.  Moore) 
being  a  teedhug  of  Mr,  Lij^btbody's.  of  Fallurk.  We  would 
wish  our  readers  to  know  Lhat  it  is  only  by  common  consent 
that  this  variety  is  known  a«  Lancashire  Hero  ;  It  was  raided 
by  an  old  Hurist  named  Lancashire,  and  at  once  called  Iliro- 
it  was  sold  by  him  to  Mr.  ChceaKim,  of  R<  chdale  who  to 
perpetuate  both  raieerand  flower,  sent  it  forth  as  Ch'eetbaui'a 
Lancashire  Hero,    Itia  a  sort  I  hat  may  be  depended  on   J  ii' 

CiNZEAHrAS  :  WHO.  1,  white  ee't,  ribby  and  thin-  2  blue 
eelf,  narrow  ;  8,  blue  and  white,  eaiall  ;  i,  light  blue  self 
worthless  ;  5,  lilac  and  white  ;  G,  deep  blue  self,  email  ■  7* 
puce,  reflexes  ;  8.  white,  faintly  lipped  with  lilac,  ribb;  and 
thin,  petalp  broadish ;  y,  white  tipped  blue,  email;  li),  light 
purple,  wiih  narrow  circle  of  white  round  the  disk,  itti  xes  • 
H,  very  Rimilar  to  5;  12,  light  blue,  dispo&ed  to  sit  well,  but 
narrow ;  13,  nairorv  ;  14,  another  blue  self,  suiall  ;  15.  rosy 
puce,  petals  long  and  narrow  ;  IG,  pretty  ;  17,  bad  ;  IS.  deli- 
cate ;  19,  good  incoluur;  20,  petals  long  and  narrow;  21, 
large  and  loose  ;  Tl,  narrow  ;  23,  a  flower  of  very  good  cha- 
racter, the  sight  of  which  fully  compensates  fur  ihe  work  of 
railing  against  the  previous  22  sorts.  It  is  identical  in  eolour 
and  marking  with  Effie  Deans,  with  the  advantage  of  broader 
petals  ;  24,  good  in  colour  ;  25,  bad.  J.  E,~J  O.  Of  your  large 
batch,  7  is  the  on'y  one  possessing  any  claim  tomeiit.  J.  E. — 
Faddingtoti.  A  has  quality  of  petal,  with  purity  of  colours,  both 
in  the  ground  and  in  the  tips  ;  we  wihh  the  disk  were  other 
than  light,  and  more  elevated.  B  is  good  in  breadth  of  petal, 
and,  moreuvtr,  they  sit  well,  disk  durable.  C  deep  puoe, 
TVith  ray  of  crimson,  eneircling  the  disk.  We  are  disjposed 
to  award  the  palm  to  B,  which,  if  we  recollect  rigblly,  re- 
sembles Surprise.  J.  E.—HH.  All  Ghrivelled  and  dry;  jou 
should  have  "wrapped  them  in  damped  brown  paper.  J.  E. 

Cacti:  J F.  Nearly  related  to  Cereus  Ppeciosiasimus,  and 
almost  as  han-isome,  except  that  it  wants  the  charming 
violet  tinpe  which  that  fine  species  possesses.  ,7.  E, 

Fdchsia  :  W  B  Q.  A  flower  possessing  many  goud  properties, 
tube  smooth,  chaste,  and  transparent,  of  yellowish  white, 
somewhat  long  for  its  eircuniference,  sepals  narrow,  poiuted, 
and  diepoEed  to  be  tipped  «ith  a  greenish  tinge,  moderately 
leflexed.  Corolla  brilliant  carmine,  smooth,  of  good  pro- 
portion, and  sufficiently  expanded ;  the  colours  contfaat 
admirably,  size  about  the  average,  J.  E. 

New  Dahlias.  Among  the  many  disappointments  to  which 
florists  are  liable,  few  disturb  them  more  than  the  with- 
drawal of  a  flower  alter  it  has  been  once  jiDiiMunced  for 
"  letting  out ;"  and,  except  under  peculiar  circumatanoea, 
such  a  step  should  be  avoided.  We  regret  to  state  that  Mrs. 
AVentwurth  (Whale)  and  Bob  (Drummond)  are  both  to  remain 
in  the  nurseries  this  season,  from  causes  beyond  the  control 
of  their  respective  owners.  J.  E. 

PoLTANTHOs  '.AG.  1  is  of  no  value  rs  a  florist's  variety ;  2 
only  second-rate  j  3  similar,  if  not  identical,  with  George  IV, 
(Oucli).  J.  E.     

Miscellaneous- 

TJie  India  Rubber  Tree. — The  Seringue  tree  has  long 
]^een  known  to  exist  abundantly  on  the  Rio  Madeira^ 
but  it  is  only  during  the  present  year  that  it  has  been 
found  to  grow  on  the  Famos  in  considerable  quantity. 
About  two  months  before  our  visit  three  small  seringals 
had  been  opened  a  little  higher  up  than  the  mouth  of  the 
Mane,  and  late  on  the  evening  of  the  17th  of  November 
we  reached  one  of  these,  belonging  to  Capitao  Pedro  de 
Macedo  of  Saraca  (or  Silves,  as  it  is  called  on  the 
maps).  A  considerable  opening  had  been  made  in  the 
forest  to  erect  the  necessary  huts,  and  to  plant  a  few 
Cabbages,  and  Water-Melons.  Amongst  the  trees  was 
an  enormous  Samalinia  (Eriodendron  Samaii,  Mart,), 
divided  from  near  the  base  into  two  trunks,  of  which  the 
stoniest  had  been  cut  off  at  a  height  of  about  \5  feet. 
In  the  morning  I  took  a  sketch  of  it,  and  measured  its 
circumference,  which  was  \iB  feet  at  the  lowest  part, 
where  the  tape  would  ply  of  itself,  that  is,  from  one  to 
three  feet  from  the  ground  ;  hut  had  the  tape  been 
apphed  to  the  recesses  of  the  sapopemas  (as  the  buttresses 
are  called)  the  circumference  would  have  been  much 
increased.  We  found  the  Capitao  a  very  hospitable  and 
intelligent  man,  and  were  glad  to  accept  his  iuvltation 
to  join  him  at  supper  and  breakfast  on  game  caught 
near  his  seringal,  including  Porco  do  mato,  -Mitcaco 
barrigudo,  and  Mutuu — the  last  a  bird  much  resembling 
a  turkey,  good  eating  but  rather  dry  ;  the  monkey  la 
rather  insipid,  and  the  pig  very  savoury,  though  with  a 
thick  tough  skin.  After  breakfast  he  accompanied  ua 
into  the  forest,  and  showud  us  the  Seringue  trees,  and 
the  mode  of  collecting  the  milk.  A  track  had  been  cut 
to  each  tree,  as  also  to  adjacent  flats  of  Urucuri  Palm 
(Cocos  corouata,  Mart,),  which,  curiously  enough,  is 
almost  invariably  found  along  with  the  Seringue,  and 
hose  fruit  is  considered  essential  to  the  proper  prepara- 
tion of  India  rubber.  A  etout  sipd  is  wound  round  the 
trunk  of  the  Seringue,  beginning  at  the  base  and 
extending  upwards  about  as  high  as  a  man  can  reach, 
and  making  in  this  space  two  or  three  turns.  This  sipd 
supports  a  narrow  channel  made  of  clay,  down  which 
the  milk  flows  as  it  issues  from  the  wounded  trunk,  and 
is  received  into  a  small  cuya  deposited  at  tho  base.  Early 
in  the  morning  a  mau  goes  into  tho  forest  and  visits  in 
succession  every  tree,  and  taking  with  him  a  torcatlo  and 
a  largo  cuya  (called  cuyamboca)  suspended  by  a  handle 
so  IIS  to  form  a  sort  of  pail.  With  this  tercado  he  makes 
sundry  slight  gashes  in  the  bark  of  each  tree,  and 
returning  to  the  eamo  in  about  the- space  of  an  hour  ho 
iinda  a  (juautily  of  millc  in  tlie  cuya  at  the  buso,  which 
he  ti'ansfers  to  his  cuyamboca.  Tliu  millt  being  collected 
and  placed  in  a  lai;go  shallow  oartheuwaro  pan,  several 
Jiu'ge  ciwaipe  pota  with  Harrow  mouths  are  Jiearly  filled 
with  the  fruit  of  the  Urucuri  and  placed  on  brisk  fires. 
Tho  smoke  arising  from  tho  Urucuri  is  very  dense,  and 
■UH  each  succesBive  coat  is  ai>plicd  to  tho  mould  (whicli 
\H  (louo  by  pouring  the  milk  over  it,  and  not  by  dipping 
it  into  the  milk),  tho  ojieratur  holds  it  in  the  smoke, 
which  hardens  the  milk  in  a  few  momonts,  Tho  moulds 
now  nsod  are  all  of  woml,  and  not  of  clay  as  formerly, 
iind  the  one  geiKrally  prei'errud  is  iu  tho  form  of  tho 
buttledorcH  which  li^ngliMh  housewives  uso  for  fuliJing 
Ihcni,  only  Lliinner  and  Hat  on  both  sides,  and  the  milk 


280 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


(May  1, 


is  applied  only  as  lar  as  tu  tlie  iiisartloii  of  the  liiuidle, 
the  latter  being  held  by  the  operator,  Wlien  the 
requisite  number  of  coatings  has  been  applied,  and  time 
allowed  for  the  whole  to  stiffen, tlie  Seringue  iswithdrawn 
from  the  mould  by  slitting  it  along  one  side  and  end.  In 
this  state  it  is  known  in  the  Par^  market  as  "  Seriiigue 
-em  couro,"  or  hides  of  India  rubber,  and  it  is  preferred 
to  the  bottle  rubber  by  purchasers.  I  send  you  one 
such  "hide,"  from  which  you  will  see  that  Capitao 
Pedro's  manufacture  is  not  despicable.  If  the  bottle 
moulds  are  used,  or  if  a  shoe  is  to  be  moulded  on  a  last, 
a  stick  of  two  feet  long  is  always  inserted  into  the  mould 
to  guai'antee  the  operator's  hand  from  the  milk  and 
smoke.  Some  shoes  we  saw  here  had  30  coatings  apiece 
of  Seringue.  The  Capitao  was  getting  about  six  milreis 
an  arroba  (32  lbs.)  for  his  Seringue,  but  in  Para  it  sells 
for  as  much  as  10  mili-eis.  November  is  the  season  of 
ripe  fruit  of  the  Seringue,  but  the  trees  on  the  Ramos 
had  been  completely  stripped  by  the  Araras,  a  sort  of 
long-tailed  rat.  Hookers  Journal  of  Botany. 

Nightinrjales  in  Moscoit\—ln  this  city  the  nightingales 
sing  in  every  respect  as  beautifully  in  cages  as  in  their 
native  woods.  In  the  bird  shops  they  are  heard 
warbling  with  all  the  fulness  and  variety  of  tone  which 
characterises  the  nightingale  in  its  natural  state.  By 
rattling  beads  upon  their  tables  of  tangible  arithmetic, 
the  Russians  can  make  these  birds  sing  at  pleasure 
during  the  day  ;  but  in  the  night  they  make  the  streets 
of  tlie  city  resound  with  the  melodies  of  the  forest. 
Horning  Chronicle. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the   ensuing   weeJc.J 

PLANT    HOU'-^ES. 

As  the  conservatory  plants  are  now  making  active 
progress,  the  whole  will  require  liberal  waterings  ; 
such  as  are  growing  in  the  open  borders  should  be  fre- 
quently examined  to  see  they  get  their  proper  share. 
Take  the  opportunity  of  an  early  hour  in  the  morning 
to  give  a  good  washing  with  the  engine,  or  sj'ringe,  ts 
everything  except  the  plants  in  bloom  ;  the  house  will 
then  become  airy,  and  enjoyable  by  the  forenoon  ;  fre- 
quently clean  over  the  borders  and  remove  decayed 
blooms  and  leaves,  as  they  occur,  that  the  house  may 
present  at  all  times  a  clean  and  fresh  appearance.  More 
air  must  now  be  given,  and  directly  the  nights  get 
■warmer  allow  a  little  to  remain  ;  this  low  night  tempe- 
rature will  do  much  to  favour  the  growth  of  short- 
jointed  wood,  which,  in  houses  of  this  description,  rce 
quiring  to  bo  frequently  shaded,  is  often  difficult  to 
obtain.  Orchids  are  mostly  in  full  growth,  and  at  this 
stage  of  their  culture  the  grtatest  care  in  preserving 
the  proper  degree  of  moisture  to  the  roots  and  air  to 
the  house  should  be  taken  ;  those  kinds  suspended  in 
baskets  or  growing  on  blocks  should  be  taken  down  and 
examined  every  two  or  three  days,  and,  if  dry,  well 
soaked  in  a  tub  or  cistern  of  water  ;  this  will  be  more 
necessary  with  large  specimens.  Divide  the  collection 
into  sections  requiring  nearly  similar  management  and 
heat  ;  if  you  have  not  separate  house.s,  when  the  princi- 
pal house  is  crowded,  many  species,  as  Cattleyas,  Lcelias, 
Deudrobiums,  &c.,  will  do  quite  as  well  in  an  ordinary 
,stove,  or  even  a  Vinery  at  work,  provided  a  little  shade 
can  he  afforded  them  Tiiis  will  give  more  i-oom  for 
Vandas,  Saceolabiums,  &c.,  and  others  requiring  a  great 
heat. 

rORf^ING  PEPAHTMENT. 

The  principal  work  in  this  department  will  consist  in 
carrying  out  our  previous  directions  ;  as  everything  will 
now  be  at  work,  the  requisite  attention  should  be  paid 
^0  each  advancing  crop,  according  as  the  state  of  its 
growth-demands.  We  have  adverted  to  the  strict  watch 
Vhich  should  be  kept  on  the  red  spider,  for  if  allowed 
■to  get  established  on  the  foliage  of  Vines  beginning  to 

■  I'ipen,  the  consequence  is  that  the  injury  it  will  commit 

■  "to  the  foliage,  before  the  Grapes  are  cut,  will  seriously 
compromise  the  chauces  of  next  year's  crop  ;  it  is, 
■therefore,  of  the  utmost  importance  to  attack  the  pest 
1'igorously,  whenever  detected,  that  its  ravages  may  be 
■stopped  before  the  period  of  ripening,  when  the  means 
Vo  eradicate  it  cannot  be  so  well  applied.  Thethrips  is 
a  still  worse  enemy  to  gardeners,  as  to  effect  its  de- 
■Struction  is  both  difficult  and  expensive.  On  large- 
leaved  plants  as  the  Vine,  if  not  very  numerous,  it  may 
Ae  kept  -down  by  carefully  washing  the  infected  leaves 
■with  weak  tobacco -water,  using  a  soft  sponge  for  the 
-purpose,  that  the  leaves  may  not  beg  injured  ;  but  on 
'Peaches,  StrawbeiTies,  and    even    when    numerous  on 

■  "the  Vine,  nothing  will  serve  to  destroy  them  but 
"  'repeated  fumigations  with  Tobacco  ;  in  most  cases, 
'three  or  four  fumigations,  with  intervals  of  three  or  four 

'days^betwcn  each,  will  he  sufficient.  This  is  expensive 
'work  ;  but  after  various  trials,  we  know  of  nothing 
"■cheaper,  and  the  injury  they  inflict  on  the  crops  of 
■'forcing  houses,  Grapes  more  particularly,  renders  the 
expense  a  matter  of  necessity.  The  brown  scale  some- 
times is  troublesome  on  Peaches.  This  should  be 
brushed  off  the  shoots  with  a  small  painter's  brusli, 
dipped  in  strong  soap-suds ;  but  this  pest  seldom  ap- 
pears if  the  proper  dressing  was  applied  to  the  trees, 
jirevious  to  forcing  them.  We  must  again  notice  the 
strict  necessity  there  is  to  remove  such  things  as  French 
Beans,  Strawberries,  and  the  like,  from  houses  occupied 
with  other  crops  (Pines  excepted),  at  as  early  a  period 
as  possible,  as  they  are  generally  the  means  of-  intro- 
ducing the  above  into  houses,  where  they  are  grown 
together  ;  and  the  growth  of  stove  and  other  plants, 
liable  tn  be  infested  ^Yith  insects,  should  always  be 
avoided  in  such  houses,  for  similar  reasons. 


FLOWEil  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBEitY. 
There  is  nothing  wliicii  sets  off  the  grounds  of  a  resi- 
dence 30  much  as  good  gravel  walks.  To  keep  them,  how- 
ever, in  proper  order,  they  generally  require  to  be  fresh- 
ened up  annually  ;  opportunity  should  be  taken  to  do 
this  when  the  family  is  absent,  or  whenever  their  dis- 
arrangement will  be  least  felt.  Dry  weather  in  the 
spring  is  the  proper  season,  as  various  small  weeds 
which  establish  themselves  through  the  winter  can  then 
be  destroyed  ;  unless  the  gravel  requires  entirely  renew- 
ing, a  shallow  loosemng  of  the  surface,  to  be  raked  over 
every  other  day  for  a  week,  will  suffice — after  which, 
a  thin  coat  of  new  gravel  should  be  laid  on,  and  the 
whole  well  consolidated  by  rolling.  Whatever  kind  of 
material  the  walks  are  made  with,  it  is  essential  for  their 
dryness  that  there  is  a  sufficient  number  of  drains  to 
carry  off  the  surface  water  ;  in  finishing  them  off  no 
more  rise  should  be  allowed  from  the  sides  to  the  centre 
than  will  carry  the  water  to  the  edges  freely,  as  nothing 
is  more  disagreeable  to  walk  on,  or  for  appearance,  than 
walks  raised  much  higher  than  the  margin  of  turf  on 
their  sides.  The  gravel  walks  connected  with  the  flower 
garden  may  remain  till  the  beds  are  furnished  with 
their  summer  plants  ;  the  whole  can  then  be  finished 
off  without  entailing  any  disturbance,  which  planting 
the  beds  might  cause,  and  thus  will  afterwards  keep  in 
good  order  through  the  season. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
As  soon  as  the  weather  is  favourable  Dahlias  should 
be  planted  out  on  very  rich  and  well-prepared  soil.  It 
will  be  advisable  to  cover  them  with  au  inverted  flower- 
pot if  the  nights  appear  at  all  likely  to  be  frosty;  the 
main  supports  should  also  now  be  placed  to  them  ;  if 
deferred  till  a  later  period,  the  young  fibres  are  apt  to 
be  injured.  Take  care  and  extract  decaying  petals  from 
Auriculas;  and  though  going  out  of  flower,  see  that  they 
do  not  want  for  the  requisite  attention,  particulai'ly 
be  mindful  of  regular  watering.  Pinks. — If  not  already 
done,  these  should  have  neat  sticks  put  to  them,  and 
the  shoots  thinned  according  to  the  strength  of  the 
plant.  We  would  advise  a  few  oyster  shells  to  be  placed 
round  the  roots  ;  these  will  be  equally  beneficial  as  to 
Carnations  and  Picotees,  preventing  a  too  rapid  evapora- 
tion of  the  moisture,  as  well  as  keeping  the  roots  covered 
when  water  is  applied.  Weed  Ranunculuses,  but  do 
not  stir  the  soil  between  the  rows.  Attend  to  Tulips  as 
directed  last  week,  &c. 

HAUDT  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Apricots  should  be  frequently  gone  over,  to  destroy  a 
small  grub  which  coils  itself  among  the  leaves.  Disbud 
carefully,  first  taking  off  all  the  foreright  shoots,  and 
the  next  time  thinning  out  what  is  not  wanted  for  wood. 
A  slight  thinning  of  the  young  fruit  should  be  made. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
As  the  principal  summer  crops  are  naw  planted, 
.  attention  will  be  requisite  to  keep  up  a  proper  succession 
I  ef  vegetables.  To  do  this  requires  some  forethought, 
and  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  lay  down  rules  for  guidance, 
I  considering  so  many  circumstances  are  involved — the 
wetness  or  reverse  of  particular  localities,  and  the 
texture  and  capacity  of  soils  for  resisting  drought,  are, 
however,  the  principal  causes  which  require  consideration 
in  keeping  up  a  continuous  supply  ;  such  information, 
we  need  not  say,  is  only  to  be  obtained  on  the  spot  by 
actual  experience.  Lettuce,  Spinach,  and  Radishes 
should  be  sown  frequently,  while  Peas  and  Broad  Beans 
must  be  put  in  to  meet  the  demand  ;  frequently  hoe 
between  these  crops  and  stick  Peas  befoi'e  they  get  too 
tall,  another  crop  of  Scarlet  Runner  Beans  may  be 
planted,  and  successional  crops  of  Cauliflowers,  Wal- 
cheren  Broccoli  and  Cabbage.  See  the  young  Celery 
gets  a  good  supply  of  water  and  plenty  of  air,  checks 
are  extremely  hurtful  to  vegetables  requiring  to  be 
quickly  grown  ;  hoe  between  the  crops  of  Onions, 
Parsley,  Carrots,  and  Parnips,and  this  is  the  best  season 
for  sowing  the  principal  crops  of  red  and  silver  Beet, 
Salsafy  and  Scorzonera  ;  as  they  frequently  run  to  seed 
when  sown  earlier.  Assist  by  waterings  the  newly 
planted  crops.  See  the  Tomatoes  are  getting  properly 
hardened  off  to  be  transferred  to  spare  palings,  or  open 
parts  of  the  garden  walls,  next  month.  A  few  in  some 
places  may  be  tried  on  a  warm,  sloping  bank.  Sow 
Sweet  and  Bush  Basil,  with  Sweet  Marjoram  in  gentle 
heat  for  transplanting  ;  and  make  a  sowing  of  those 
kinds  of  herbs  required  to  keep  up  the  regular  supply. 
The  first  rain  there  is,  let  the  herb  compartment  be  put 
in  order. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


?r 

Tbmpbhatubb. 

April. 

1 
4 

Of  the  Air 

Of  the  Earth. 

Wind. 

Max. 

Miu. 

Max. 

MId. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feer 
deep. 

Friday..  23 

29.961 

29  312 

6S 

42 

53.0 

■17 

45 

E. 

Sfttur.  ..  "Jl 

29,90:( 

•.i9.)'96 

53 

3:( 

43.0 

4S 

46 

E. 

Sunday  .  25 

2a.922 

29.9C0 

M 

30 

42.0 

47 

43 

E. 

.Monday   26 

30.071 

20.963 

M 

V 

4,1 .0 

4/ 

45 

N.E. 

Tuea.   ..  27 

111  a0.168 

3(1.  Ml 

5.1 

40.0 

4b/| 

45 

N. 

Wed.    ..  2S 

P    30.1 5  G 

29.964 

64 

44 

34  0 

45 

s.w. 

Thurs. ..  29 

10    29.S20 

29.748 

61 

50 

0^.0 

4S 

45 

s.w. 

Averace  ... 

3(l.00(j 

29.9211 

69.7 

3'- 8 

47.S 

46  9 

45.1 

April  23— Dryliftze;  fine  with  hot  sun;  cloudy  end  boinleroua. 

—  24  — Boisieioud  w'th  dry  dushj-  iinze  ;  cleor  at  uiiilit. 

—  25— White  clouds;  very  cold  dry  earn  wind  ;  bright  sun;   clear. 

—  26 -Clear;  fine,  with  briRht  aun;  clear;  frosty. 

—  27  — Overcast;  cloudy;  dfnselv  overcaei;  h^zy;  frosty. 

—  23  —Dry  sllKl't  haze ;  cloady  and  fine  ;  rain  at  uieht. 

—  29— Rain  ;  der.sfly  ciondi-d;  heavy  showers;  overcast. 
Mean  temperatare  of  the  week ,  I  deg.  below  the  Rverase. 


STATE  OF  THE    WEATHER  TA  CHISWTCK, 
During  the  last  26  year-,  for  the  ensuint;  weeh,  ending  May  8, 1852. 


Sunday 

Mod 

Tues. 

Wed. 

Thurs. 

friday 

Satur. 


Hi 

III 

No  of 
tenr.  in 
which  it 

Rsiocd. 

Oreateat 
Quantity 
of  BaiD. 

Prevwlinu  ■Winds 

2 
1 
4 

5 

"2 

e— !  5'7'"2 

6'   1'  4'  5'  1 
7i-:5   3,  2 
2,  3   7   3!  1 
3'  2    3    6    3 
3    2|4    5    2 
5!-l5'4'  3 

2: 

63.9 
6:.6 
63.5 
02.9 
61.5 
63.0 
62  4 

41.7 
4-.'.l 
41.7 

4:.!i 

40.6 
41.7 
417 

52,8 
52.3 
&2.6 
52.4 

III 

520 

■  1 

u 

17 
12 
8 
10 

0.72  In. 

0.30 

0.70 

1.26 

0.63 

0.22 

0,^7 

I 

4 

I 
1 
•2 

2 

The  higheat    temperature  dur  n^  the  above  per'od  occurred 
183U— therm.  81  deg. ;  and  tlie  lowest  on  the  3th  l64a-therm,  27 


on   the  6 
deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Amateces  :  A  Siib.criher.  An  amateur  gardener  ie  one  who 
prows  plants  but  does  nit  deal  in  them. 

Apple  Thees  :  L  L.  Wash  the  branches  with  epirits  of  tar, 
app'ied  nith  a  painter'?  brush.  J 

Botanical  Language  :  BaJraih.  The  eigns  in  question  are  in- 
tended to  represent  an  idtal  transverse  section  of  the  carpels, 
as  seen  when  they  are  placed  between  the  eye  and  the  axis 
of  inflorescence.  They  are  not  very  happy:  it  would  have 
been  better  to  gay  "  atiterior  and  posterior  "  in  the  one  case, 
and  "  right  and  left "  in  the  other. 

CABBAGts :  Zaidson.  VCe  consider  Wheeler's  Imperial  to  be  the 
earliest  Spring  Cabbage.  Sow  the  seed  between  the  20th  and 
30th  of  July;  tbe  earlier  date  will  suit  jour  locality.  If  the 
seeds  are  tiu'-,  they  will  rarely  run.  We  have  been  cutting 
since  tbe  middle  of  April  from  the  former;  and  in  ordinary 
Beasons,  you  Bhuuld  have  good-hearted  Cabbage  from  a 
sheltered  garden  by  the  lat  ot  May,  at  latest-  S. 

Cccdmbehs  :  Clericus.  Mr.  Cuthill  recommends  dusting  care- 
fully with  flour  of  sulphur  for  the  dOBtruction  of  both 
red  spider  and  thripa.  \ 

Figs:  J  D,  The  Black  Marseilles  is  known  at  the  Horticultural 
Gardens.  It  is  a  small  black  sort,  very  prolific  ;  but  alto- 
gether it  is  not  equal  to  the  Brown  Turkey.  l| 

Henfreia  3CANDENS  :  R  A  H.  XHb  0.  native  of  Sierra  Leone  ; 
its  seed  may  be  sown  with  best  eflFect  in  the  spring,  in  a  hot- 
bed. 

HOHTICDLTDBAL  SOCIETY'S  GARDEN  EXHIBITIONS  :  J  C.  IfyOO, 
and  other  sti  angers,  will  apply  early  in  writing  to  the  Vice- 
Secretary,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  about  getting  tickets 
for  these  fetes.  J 

Insects  ;  Faddington.  Tour  insect  is  a  wire-worm,  being  the 
larva  of  the  larger  species  of  Elater  (EI.  fulvipes  or  niger), 
and  hiiving  the  same  habits  as  tbe  real  wire-worm  or  larva 
of  E.  lineatu«.  TT. 

LiQDiD  Gdano  :  C  F.  It  may  be  applied  wi'h  advantage  to 
Ko?e  trees  now,  and  at  intervals  as  long  as  they  are  in  a 
growing  Slate.  Put  the  guuno  in*o  a  tub,  pouring  water 
ov6r  it,  stir  it  well  up,  and  then  use  the  water  left  in  a  per- 
fectly clear  state,  after  the  guano  has  sunk  to  the  bottom.} 

Mowing  Machines:  H  J  S.  Snanks' is  reponed  to  be  the  best 
of  the  large  ones  that  are  drawn  by  a  horse.  For  hand- 
working.  Budding's  is  perhaps  the  best.  It  is  reallj  effect- 
ive, need  when  tlie  Gruss  is  perfectly  dy.  J 

Names  of  Plants:  JVC.  A  variety  of  ilaxillaria  Harrisonice. 
P  B,  Odontoglossum  pulcbellum.— 5nb.  1,  AIHaria  offici- 
nalis ;  2,  Genista  anglica ;  3,  some  Corydalis  ?  4,  some 
Fumariaceous  plant;  5,  some  AlysBum;  6,  Spergula  arven- 
sie.  Very  bad  Bpecimen?,  wholly  unfit  for  determination. — 
J  G.  Vanda  tricolor. — L  L  L.  Amelauchier  Botryapium. — 
Jean.  1,  Af-plenium  viride  ;  2  we  belitve  to  be  an  Asplenium, 
but  why  send  such  a  morsel  ?  it  is  impossible  to  say  what 
species  it  is.  Wait  till  it  grows  full  size,  and  tben  send  it.  S, 
— -4.  3,  Euphorbia  .=iplendens  ;  6,  Hibiscus  Rosa-siuensis  ;  8, 
Euphorbia  neriifolia;  2,  Euphorbia  Bronnii.  The  rest  are 
quite  indetermiuahle.  Pray,  if  you  apply  again  for  such 
information,  lay  your  specimens  flat  between  pieces  of  paper, 
and  do  not  tie  them  up,  with  the  numbers  rolled  round 
them,  so  that  the  one  is  crushed  and  the  other  not  to  be  got 
at  without  great  trouble.  In  London  time  is  precious. — 
T  M'M  The  Campanulas  are  only  procurable  in  Botanic 
Gardens,  if  there.  One  of  your  plants  is  probably  Cochlearia 
officinalis;  the  other  seems  to  be  a  Silene  of  seme  sort, 
without  flowers. *- J  i^  C.  A'though  we  are  obliged  to  decline 
namins  Cryptogamic  plants,  on  account  of  the  length  of 
time  which  they  consume,  we  cannot  nfuse  on  this  occasion 
to  say  that  1  is  Funaria  hyRrometrica  ;  2,  Polytriohum  com- 
mune ;  3,  Sphagnum  acutifolium. — A  J  M.  We  regard  it  as 
a  mere  variety  of  Dendrobium  nobile.  — <?/*.  It  does  not  seem 
different  from  Acacia  Riceana.  The  price  was  a  misprint.— 
S  G.  We  cannot  ascertain  the  names  from  the  materials 
sent  U9.  They  are  not  sufficient  for  the  purpose.— Ji  R  B, 
Pray  read  what  we  say  to   "A,"    5  is  Goodyera  procera ; 

1,  Collinsia  bicolor  ;  2,  Epidendrum  aciculaie.  The  rest  are 
in  such  a  stale  that  we  can  say  nothing  about  them.^ 
—  d  B,  Iris  Pavonia  is  now  called  Vieusseuxia  Pavonia,  or 
Mora;:!  Pavonia.  We  have  not  seen  the  plant  for  a  longtime, 
and  are  unable  to  say  what  may  be  sold  under  the  name. 
Nothing  is  known  of  the  Plum  you  name  beyond  what  is 
stated  at  p.  557,  \8i7. —Fudolph.  1,    Pittosporum  revolutum  ; 

2,  apparently  Olea  fragrans  ;  3,  Cjtisus  biflorus;  4,  perhaps 
Myrica  laciniata.— 7.  W.  1,  Erica  sebana  luiea  ;  2,  E.  per- 
Boluta  alb'-i.  if— J  i  R.  17,  Sitolobium  cicutaria,  J.  Sm. ; 
Dcksonia  cicutaria,  Sw.   5. 

Peas  :  C  K.  Your  Peas  are  cankered  below  ground,  like  those 
of  many  others  in  tbe  late  cold  dry  season,  which  is  probably 
the  cause  of  tlie  evil,  rendeiing  the  plants  liable  to  an  attack 
of  mildew.  On  opening  the  biix,  mildew  was  observed 
thriving  abundantly  on  tbe  specimens  you  sent.  |) 

RnoDODENDaoNs  :  J  Y.  We  can  throw  no  light  upon  your  case. 
The  disease  is  one  thut  is  beat  discovered  by  watching  the 
plants,  and  having  all  the  circumstances  connected  with  its 
appearance. 

The  Brikjal  :  Tiridail.  This  is  the  Aubergine  of  the  French. 
The  fruit,  when  ripe,  is  cooked  in  various  ways  ;  and  if  quite 
ripe,  and  well  cookeil  (a  nice  operation),  is  an  excellent  disfa. 
As  soon  as  the  frosts  are  gone,  plant  it  at  the  foot  of  a  Bouth 
wall,  and  give  it  all  the  summer  heat  you  can. 

The  Vineoae  Plant  :  J  C  Z-.  It  is  the  spawn,  or  mycelium  of 
somo  kind  of  mould  fungus,  developed  in  water.  A  piece  of 
It  placed  in  any  sweet  fluid  presently  turns  it  sour.  Poa- 
tibly  any  kind  of  "  mothery "  matter  would  act  in  the 
same  way. 

Thermometers  :  JD,  One  of  those  at  Chiswiik  for  registenng 
the  maximum  temperature  in  the  shade  is  on  a  post  ab^uC 
3  feet  from  the  ground,  exposed  to  a  free  circulation  of  air, 
but  protected  from  the  sun's  raya.  The  others  are  about  a 
foot  above  the  surface  of  the  lawn.  One  is  placed  in  the  focus 
of  3  metallic  ba^in,  by  which  arrangement  the  radia'ion  of 
heat  from  the  earth  is  cut  off  from  that  thermometer.  || 

Tbansplantino:  LL.  Touhad  better  perhsips  wait  till  Sep- 
tember, which  has  been  foui.d  to  be  the  best  month  in  the 
year  for  moving  all  kmds  of  shtuba.  J 

Vines:  Y  Z.  We  cannot  at  present  determine  the  nature  of  the 
whire  specks.  If  they  increase  and  alter  their  appearance, 
perhaps  you  will  send  further  epecimens. —  Yorkshire-  Wa 
see  no  apparent  explanation  of  the  bleeding  you  mention, 
unless  you  raised  artificially  and  considerably  tbe  tempera- 
rature  of  your  border  before  the  leaves  were  fully  formed, 

Misc  :  J  S  "'•  ^Ve  presume  the  preparation  you  inquire  about 
is  a  saturated  solution  of  chloride  ol  zinc  ;  but  Sir  W.  Burnett 
has  a  patent  for  it.  We  have  no  experience  of  "  Frigi 
Domo."  For  late  Grapes  you  had  best  plant  West's  St, 
Peter's.  Much  obliged  ;  but  wc  will  not  deprive  you  of  tba 
plants  you  mentjpn,  J 


18—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


281 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION      TO      AGRICULTUISTS.— 
v>'   It  being  notorious  that  extensive   adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.   AS  THE 

ONLY  lilPORTEKS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  "be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  othi;rs  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  par  ictilar 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
we'l  to  remin  1  buyers  that — 

TJie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
follofviug  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine  :  —  Peruviaa  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P.at  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  9i,  10s,  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9^.  OS.  in  Sock.  Edwaed  Fdbseb.,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars. 


DRAtNING  TILE  MACHINES   &   CLAY  CRIINJDING  MILLS, 

MU.  SAMUELSON,  BritaiNnia  Iron  Works, 
Banbury,  Oxon  (Succeesor  to  the  late  James  Gardner), 
to  avoid  the  disappointment  experienced  last  year  as  regards 
tUi!  delivery  of  his  IMPROVED  DUUliLE  SPEEDED  TILE 
MACHINES,  will  feel  obliged  by  ordtra  for  thi'i  season  being 
given  as  early  as  possible. 

Price  of  the  small  Machine,  to  deliver  4000  1. J  inch  or  3000 
2-iuch  pipes  in  10  hours,  HI. 

Deliviiiy  free  to  all  places  on  the  London  and  North  Western 
and  Great  Western  Railways. 

Draivingfi  of  the  above,  and  his  General  Implement  List  may 
be  ob:a=ned  on  application. 

"boyd's   self-adjusting  scythe. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Ofifice,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  IO5.  per  ton;   and  for  &  tons  or  more,  01.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  d:c. 

CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CUAli- 
COAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fajces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sjld  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  S;anley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt  r  2^.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 


TURNIP     SOW!  NG. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  boue 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  condition  to  that 
mannfactured  by  the  under-signed,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  vi.  Part  2.  I:  is  albo 
suitable  ior  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Boa^-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mabk 
FoTHEBGiLL,  '^01,  Upper  Tiiam'js-street,  London. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDO-COPROLITES 

(FEOM   THE   SUFFOLK    CEAG.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  bein,:;  in 
the  immediate  1  tcality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  novv  pre- 
pared to  supply  ihem  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosph  ite  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Paceabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffulk. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  21.  OS.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  grow:h  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  thep'anters.  The  powerful  ferlili&ing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  lonj  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  he^n  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  u^e,  having;  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  aa  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  ntust  always  be  a  paramount  rc- 
commeniition.  A  liberal  Comrn.i.'iion  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  ¥<jV  cipies  ol  thci  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  fur  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J  Owen  and  Co,  are  now  importing  from  (hLir 
Copenhagen  Munuf.ictory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LLME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phospba'eof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ol  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis" 
13  made  by  Pro^'eKSor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  A^'ricultora^  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


Approved  by  PRINCE  AL'RERT,  add  Oniverballt  Recom- 
mended BT  PaACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  Men. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  in  one  mii.ute 
(even  by  persons  quite  unused  l;o  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thusrendering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  &;c.,  in  the 
Kingdom ;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Drat  and  Co.'s 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
lane,  London  Bridge. — A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade. 


IMPROVED    GRASS    CUTTING  X  ROLLING    MACHINE. 

^.   r^  m 


tJNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Maker-i,  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  respectfully  solicit  notice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  for  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which,  and 
i's  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  kind,  has  no^  been  fully  coofirmed.  Testi- 
monial-i  and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents,  for  London  :  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Hammersmith;  Hertford  :  Mr.  George  Folkard, 
Ironmonger;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Timng  and  Co., 
Castle  Buildmge,  Derby-square  ;  Sheffield  :  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator 
of  the  Botanic  Gardens  ;  Chester  :  Messrs.  F,  and  J,  Dickson, 
Nurser^mpn  and  Seedsmen  ;  Glasgow  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square  ;  Edinburgh  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D. 
Young  and  Co.,  48,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth:  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
TurabuU,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


M'CORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
Londdu.— E.ttract  from  Mr.  Pust-y's  Report  on  the  Agri- 
cultural  Impk^m  nt  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  "Mr. 
M'Cormick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worlted  as  it  has  since 
worktd  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  HuEsej'a  si  me  imes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  a";  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  25i. 


H 


USSEY'S     AMERICAN^   REAPER, 
Price  18i.  complete,  with  Delivery  Board,  (fee. 


WATERS. 


FOUNTAINS     FOR    PLAYING    SCENTED 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  Btream,   where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  UOE'S 

IMPROVED      RAM, 

Pricet  from  5J.  5j,  ; 

Deep-well  Pumpi,  Water- wheels,  Baths,  Hot- 
water  Apparitu",  Ponntalns,  and  Fire 
Pampi.  T*iwn«  supplied  with  Gad  or  Water. 
6'of  C'fjok'fig  Stovej  0/ aXl  aizci. 

F&EEUAN   UoE,    llyflraaHc  and  Oati  Engineer,  70,   Strand 
London  ;  and  BridjiGdeld,  Wundfiwnrth. 

Drawings  aivl  Etthnalcs  mtule. 


ANTIIONV'-S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
make*  Batter  In  10  rnlnatCB,  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Kxhibition  Mcdui,  nnd  ftlxo  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numeroun  Agrh-altural  mt^etlngfi  at  which  It  hnn  been 
l^iOWD.  I»  U  now  ncknowk'flged  to  bu  the  beit  Chum  ever  pro- 
duced. 2ijO  •  have  b<  en  Hold  in  one  jcar, — Buboesb  nod  Ker, 
102,  Keirg a' e- street,  I.'>ndon, 

DRUMMOND'S  ANTI- METALLIC  CHURNS, 
•Ix  icttonii,  lOOOsold  at  the  'ircnt  Kxlilbillon.  IIOSK  — 
Jmprond  CooTaii  Iloiic,  lined  and  con'od  wi'li  Outta  I'ercliii ; 
r^iitm^lh  R  Hteam  EnK'ne*,  the  mont  com|»nct  an-l  IncxpenHlvc 
j«t  produced,  a*  ahofrn  at  the  Crystal  Palnce  ;  tbn  Improver] 
American  Force  and  Buctlon  Pump,  for  lirjuld  mnnuro  pur- 
part. Valuatldnn  of  Machln'ry  nt'cnded  to,  in-.  Oultn 
Percha  TuMntr  in  all  Ita  brnnchet.— Apply  to  MiTciiftLand 
Co.,  '■)%  Iii[(h  Holborn,  Loudon. 


HUSSEY'S    "CHAMPION"    REAPER    IN  .YORKSHIRE. 

From  Sir  Talion  Sykes,  Cart  ,  to  Mr.  Crosskilt. 

Stedmere  Castle,  Driffield,  Sept.  y:h,  1851. 
Sir, — I  have  just  been  seeing  your  Machine  for  reaping,  and 
am  very  much  pleased  with  it.     It  does  its  work  bcauntuHy, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  they  will  soon  be  in  geneial  use. 
I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

{Signed)  Tatton  Sykfs. 

HUSSEY'S  "  CHAMPION"  REAPER   IN    LINCOLNSHIRE. 
Faiiford  House,  Loulh,  March  V.i,  1852. 

Sir,— X  enclf^fje  a  Cheque  for  181,,  the  cash  price  of  Uu^sey's 
Reaping  Machine.  I  should  have  done  thi,'*  earlier,  bur  hiive 
been  much  engaged,  and  waited  to  try  it.  I  have  done  so  on 
Wheat  Stubble,  and  find  it  answer  beyond  my  most  sanguine 
expectations.     I  am,  yours,  &c.,     (Signed)     Wm.  J.  Osleae. 

To  Mr.  CroBsliill,  Beverley. 

W.  CROSSKILL  will  warrant  Uussey's  Reaper  to  cut 
'"slanding"  or  "laid"  Corn,  across  "ridge  and  furrow." 
W.  0.  ia  making  three  Reapers  a  day  for  purchasers  who  have 
air  'ady  given  orders  for  delivery  in  May,  but  cannot  guarantee 
to  deliver  future  orders  in  time  for  Hurvcst  unless  given  imuic- 
diately.  Full  pi\rticuliirfi  and  Report  of  the  Cleveland  Chal- 
lenge and  Trial,  (fcc,  will  be  forwarded,  gratis,  on  application 
per  po^rt. 

CltOSSKlLL'^  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

PATENT    CLOD     CRUSHERS    AND    WHEAT     ROLLERS, 

Fnr  K'jiMng  ynuiig  Wheat  in  the  spring,  dec. 

At  the  Grent  Exliibltiun  the  highest  awnrd  of  the  Council 
Pr'zo  Great  Mediil  waK  awarded  to  CiioafiKiLL'a  Patent  Serrated 
RolUr  and  Clod  Crunhor,  with  this  commendation—"  It  rcpnyp 
ltd  (J08t  the  First  SoaHon  of  its  ube,  &c."  Reduced  Prices,  18(, 
size,  now  I5t.  cadh. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MI5DAL 
ONEHORSE    CARTS, 

M'luntcd  upon  Patent  Wheels  and  AxIch,  mrinuractured 
nlmoiit  entirely  by  machinery.  IlEnucED  PiticEa— Ten  rv.n 
Cknt.  DiflcouNT  olV  Orders  for  Three  Sets  of  I'niont  VVhctlM 
iind  Axi'-H. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL  MILLS, 
The  moBt  powerful    and  ceonomlcnl  MillB,  of  Two,  l-'..nr,  and 
Hlx-hornc  I'ower,  for  griinliitg  all   ktiuls  ot  Farm  prodiiec,  In- 
cludiiiK  Bon.-H  for  Munuru  ;    and    particularly  reconimciidod 
wbftfe  Strom  Tower  1m  u»cd. 

LIttn  of  i'rlceH  may  bo  had  (fratlj,  on  nppliention  per  pofit. 
Pk'080  AddrcHB-Mft.  CKO.:SSKILL,   UliVliRLEY. 


HANUFACTURED    SOLELY    BY 

JOHN     FERUABEE     AND     SONS, 

PUOiNlX  IRON  WORKS,  NEAR  STROUD, 

OLODCEeTEReBlKE, 

OUDDING'S      LAWW      MOWING      MAGHINK, 
jL-*  With  Registeeed  Improvements,  No.  3074, 

Tliis  Machine  may  be  worked  by 
persons  who  cannot   use  a  scythe. 
It    can     be    adjusted    to    cut    any 
length,  and  leaves  a  more  even  and 
uniform  surface  than  can  be  pro- 
duced by  the  most  skilful  mower. 
The  Graea    may  be  cut  when  dry, 
and  may  be  collected  in  the  box  ; 
which  enables  the  gardener  to  cut 
his  lawns    at  the   most  convenient 
time,   and  renders  sweeping  after- 
wards unnecessary;  while,  with  the 
same  amount  of  labour,  moro  than 
double  the  quan- 
tity of  work  can 
be     done     than       ' 
with  a  scythe.  It 
is  very  durable, 
easily  sharpened    ^ 
and  kept  In  or-      _ 
der,  and  its  man-    _  _ 

agement    is    ex-    '■'^^^^^-^^::;— -^^^^i_^ ^^rc 

tremely  simple. 

J.  F.  and  Sons,  who  were  the  sole  Manufacturers  of 
BUDDING'S  MACHINES  under  the  Patent,  and  who  have 
produced  and  sold  nearly  4000  of  them,  have  this  year  increased 
their  efficiency  and  perfected  their  operations,  by  improve- 
ments which  are  protected  by  Registration.  The  Improved 
Maehines,  in  addition  to  the  Registration  Number— 3074,  have 
the  name,  "J.  Feuhabee  &  Son,"  ca»t  on  the  frame;  and  none 
should  be  purchased  without  this  guarantee. 

Hand  Machines  are  made  of  three  sizes— cutting  the  several 
widths  of  IG,  19,  and  22  inches.  The  smallest  may  be  worked 
by  one  man  ;  the  others  require  the  assistance  of  a  strong  boy. 

Horse  Machines  are  made  of  two  sizes  ;  one  cutting  30  inches 
and  the  other  36  inches  wide. 

Prices: — 

16-inch  Machine  ...  £5  10    0  j  22-inch  Machine  ...  £6    0    0 

19-iiich         G     0     0  I  SO-inch        ,,  ...  13     0     0 

SG.inch  Machine      £15  10     0 

OHN   WARNER    AND    SONS, 
Cbeecent,  Jewin  Stiieet,  London, 

MANtTFACTDHEItS   OF 

FIRE  ENGINES,  GARDEN 

ENGINES,  AND  SYRINGES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 
G    A  R  D  E  N 
ENGINE, 
With  Warneb's  Registered  Spreader, 
IS    strongly    recommended    for    dur- 
1  ability  and  low  price,  viz. : — ■ 

£2  19     0 
Spreader    0    5    0  extra.  . 
May  be  ob'ained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 

/Tar'sON'S       ORIGINAL       ANTI-CORROSION 

Vy  PAINT,  specially  piitronised  by  iho  Britisli  and  other 
Governments,  the  Hon.  East  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Companies,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Geni-ry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  seats. 
The  Anti-Corrosion  is  particulaily  recommemied  as  tbe  most 
dunib'e  out-door  Faint  ever  invented,  for  the  preservation  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  Biick,  Coaipo,  Cement, 
itc  ,  woili,  as  has  been  proved  by  the  practical  test  ol  upwards 
of  CO  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (between  500  and  GiO)  testi- 
monials in  its  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  given  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  as  the  kind  hiihcrto  brought  before  the 
public  notice.  ■<.  r,.  .■ 
Lists  of  Colours,  Priceg,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the  Testi- 
monials, will  be  sent  on  application  to  Walter  Cahson  and 
Son,  No  9,  Great  ■Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-slreet,  Royal 
Exchange,  London. -No  Agents,  AU  orders  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct. 

COTTAGE    STOVE. 

GRIFFIN'S  ECONOMIC  COTTAGE  STOVE 
comprises  an  open  fire-place,  oven,  boiler,  ironing  stove, 
and  ai  aperture  for  the  emission  of  warm  air.  Puce  11  ISs.  Gd. 
for  3  feet  openings,  and  other  sizes  in  proportion,  delivered  at 
Banbury.  All  orders  and  applications  are  requested  to  be 
addressed  to  William  Qbiffin,  Eydon,  Daventry. 


mit  agvfcwltuvsl  iBa^jrtte. 

SATURDAY,  MAY  1,  1852. 

UEETINOS  FOE  TBE  TWO  FOLLOWINH  WEEKS. 
Wbd!<««c»i.    M.y     5-A«rlcullural  Society  of  Eiicland. 
TiiiMiaoAT  —       6-Auriciiliural  Imit.Soc.  of  Ireland. 

\Vvi>MtBi>aT       —      12-AKriculturalSocielvofEnKland. 
Tuuaaii«i,         -      IS-Antlcullurallmp.  Soc.otlrclaod. 


Our  readers  Iiave,  doubtless,  read  with  interest 
the  reply  ot  Mr.  Lawks  to  the  criticisms  of  our  cor- 
respondent "  R."  A  further  instalment  of  that  reply 
i.t,  we  are  given  to  understand,  still  due;  but  Mr. 
RussKLL,  of  Kilwhiss,  whose  criticisms  are  thus  being 
criticised,  being  anxious,  of  course,  to  deny  and  dis- 
prove tlie  charge  of  anything  like  intentional  unfair- 
ness which  has  been  preferred  against  him,  has, 
without  waiting  for  the  full  publication  of  the  papers 
on  "  Hothanisted  and  the  critic  '  R.,'  "  sent  us  the 
first  portion  of  his  rejoinder,  and  we  have  this  day 
published  it  in  another  page. 

No  one,  surely,  can  chaige  upon  us  disrespect  of 
Mr.  Lawks'  hiljours  as  an  agricultural  chemist ;  the 
A(/rimUural  Gazelle  has  been  forward  both  to  make 
known  liia  undoubted  merits  in  tliis  respect,  and  to 
(lefi.nd  him  when  unjustly  attacked.  And  it  was 
Willi  iiolbing  but  a  sincere  desire  for  the  furtherance 
of  truth  that  we  admitted  Mr.  Russell's  criticisms, 
honest  and  substantial  as  they  appeared  to  us,  into 


282 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


fMAY    1, 


our  columns.  While,  therefore,  we  shall  certainly 
regret  if  this  publication  should  result  in  any  unsa- 
tisfied difference  between  those  who  are,  we  are 
persuaded,  equally  anxious  for  the  establishment 
and  progress  of  truth,  we  shall  as  certainly  feel  glad 
that  our  readera  will  thus  have  had  an  opportunity 
of  listening  to  a  discussion  of  the  principal  topics  in 
the  chemistry  of  agriculture  between  two  such  com- 
petent men  as  Mr.  Lawes  and  Mr.  Russell. 


A  SCHEME  for  reducing,  by  nearly  one-half,  xnE 
COST  OF  Agricultural  Implements  would,  if  feasible, 
certainly  command  the  favourable  regards  of  agri- 
culturists. Such  a  scheme  has  within  the  last  year 
or  two  been  actually  announced,  and,  to  some 
extent,  carried  into  successful  operation. 

It  is,  in  fact,  feasible  enough.  Corn  rick  stands 
10  feet  in  diameter,  with  seven  pillars,  may  be  sold 
for  2?.  10s.  each ;  and  if  20  feet  in  diameter, 
with  23  pillars,  for  10^.  5s.  each.  Hussey's  reaping- 
machine  may  be  sold  for  141.  Clod-crushers,  6  feet 
6  inches  long,  patented  in  England,  can  be  delivered 
in  Scotland  and  Ireland  for  111.  10s.  each;  cast- 
iron  field-rollers  may  be  made  from  81.  to  12/. 
apiece.  Land  pressers,  with  two  pressor  wheels, 
for  51.  5s.,  and  extra  pressers  provided  for  10s.  each. 
Kirkwood's  Grubber,  with  seven  teeth,  can  be  made 
for  71.  10s.  ;  Norwegian  HaiTows  can  be  supplied 
at  from  51.  18s.  to  61.  6s.  The  Patent  Diagonal 
Harrows,  patent  in  England,  can  be  delivered  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland  for  3?.  3s.  each  set  for  the  light 
harrows,  and  3/.  10s.  each  set  for  the  heavy  harrows. 
Skim  ploughs,  with  two  wide  paring  tines  in  front  and 
two  coulters  behind,  can  be  supplied  for  41.  apiece. 
The  improved  double  action  Gardner's  Turnip- 
cutter,  patent  in  England,  can  be  delivered  in  Scot- 
land and  Ireland  for  41.  4s.,  and  the  original  Gard- 
ner's Turnip-cutter  can  be  delivered  anywhere  in 
the  United  Kingdom  for  3/.  10s.  Of  course,  when 
we  say  "anywhere,"  we  mean  at  any  principal 
town  or  other  depot.  And  if  we  were  to  go  through 
other  implements  in  detail,  we  could  speak  of 
Archimedian  root- washers  at  31.  10s.,  cheese  presses 
at  1/.  18s.,  churns  of  different  sizes — for  instance,  for 
2  gallons,  4  gallons,  16  gallons,  40  gallons — at  2/., 
21.  10s.,  51.,  and  10/.  10s.  respectively,  &c.  And 
these,  certainly,  are  very  large  reductions  indeed 
upon  existing  prices.  And  that  they  are  possible 
we  can  no  longer  avoid  believing,  in  the  face  of  one 
of  the  most  efficient  advertisements  of  the  fact  that 
we  have  ever  seen. 

We  are  not  going  to  publish  the  merits  of  any 
particular  firm,  or  canvass  our  readers  for  the 
benefit  of  any  one.  It  is  the  doctrine  of  the  present 
day,  and  we  believe  it  to  be  a  sound  one,  that  the 
interests  of  the  community  are  best  served  when 
those  of  consumers  are  cared  for  by  those  of 
producers  being  left  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the 
freest  and  fullest  mutual  competition.  And  all  we 
have  to  do  is  to  acquaint  our  readers  who  are  the 
consumers  of  agricultural  implements  with  the  fact 
that  there  are  means  in  existence  which  the 
producers  of  these  commodities  have  not  as  yet 
fully  availed  themselves  of,  by  which  a  very  great 
reduction  in  the  prices  of  these  commodities  may, 
and  undoubtedly  very  soon  will  be  effected. 

_  Does  any  one  doubt  this  ?  There  are  both  prin- 
ciples of  unquestionable  soundness,  and  instances 
of  unquestionable  occun-ence  in  proof  of  them,  to 
corroborate  our  assertion.  Among  the  former,  con- 
sider the  economy  of  the  time  required  for 
any  performance,  and  the  higher  quality  of  the 
performance  itself  produced  by  the  full  adop- 
tion of  the  division  of  labour  principle.  Con- 
sider the  saving  and  cheapening  of  raw  material, 
effected  by  large  purchasers  of  that  material,  the 
saving  owing  to  the  article  being  orderable  of  given 
required  shapes  and  sizes,  if  ordered  in  large  quan- 
tities ;  the  cheapening  owing  to  the  profit  of  one 
transaction  being  thus  spread  over  a  large  number 
of  individual  pieces.  Consider  too,  how  castings, 
like  books,  become  reduced  in  cost,  with  the  number 
made  from  a  given  mould  ;  and  consider  how,  with 
the  extent  of  a  manufacturer's  transactions,  the 
profit  with  which  he  may  be  satisfied  becomes 
reduced  upon  each.  As  instances,  on  the  other 
hand,  of  the  power  of  these  principles  to  effect  a 
saving  in  the  cost  of  manufactured  articles,  w^hile 
we  have  to  select  from  a  myriad  which  are  known  to 
every  one,  we  might  choose  them  in  the  case  of  every 
manufacturer  which  has  a  Standing  in  this  or  any 
other  country.  Let  any  one  compare  the  shilling 
colour-box,  forwhich  we  have  to  thank  the  energy  and 
activity  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  with  anything  of  the 
kind  previously  known,  though  of  double  or  triple  its 
price  :  we  know  not  a  better  instance  than  this. 
Ur,  in  these  days  of  poultry  keeping,  let  any  one  of 
our  readers  who  may  have  ordered  a  hundred  yards  of 
netting  from  some  country  maker  for  keeping  his 
fowls  out  of  the  garden,  compare  his  bill  with  the 
charges  advertised  in  our  columns  as  proper  for  that 


quantity  in  London.  But  agricultural  machinery 
itself  furnishes  illustrations  of  the  power  which  the 
well  regulated  manufacture  of  articles  in  large 
quantities  has  in  diminishing  their  cost.  We  referred 
to  an  advertisement  of  this  fact ;  and  of  course  of 
the  firm  also  which  proposes  to  prove  it.  The 
former  portion  of  the  advertisement  we  are  glad  to 
enlarge  upon  here,  the  latter  is  of  course  out  of  our 
province :  but  do  not  let  it  be  thought  tliat  we 
are  founding  all  these  remarks  upon  the  mere  proposal 
of  any  one.  That  on  which  we  have  been  insisting 
has  been  already  successfully  done  in  one  notable 
instance,  of  which  there  is  abundant  and  satisfactory 
evidence,  and  the  "  proposal "  relates  to  an  extension 
of  the  principle  thus  already  proved  to  be  trust- 
worty.  The  plan  of  the  firm  in  question  includes 
the  issue  of  these  proposals — and  any  firm  might 
well  adopt  the  same  method,  while  those  already  in 
extensive  business  would  not  need  it.  The  pro- 
posals announce  a  given  implement  at  a  certain 
price,  and  state  that  a  subscription  list  for  it  is 
opened,  and  that  when  that  list  contains  orders  for 
500,  or  1000,  or  2000— as  the  case  may  be— of  the 
implement  in  question,  their  manufacture  will  be 
immediately  proceeded  with.  And  this  certainly 
appears  to  us  a  very  sen.sible  plan  of  proceeding,  de- 
serving of  general  adoption  and  general  patronage. 
And  as  ultimate  instances  of  its  soundness  we 
have  no  doubt  that  some  years  hence  we  shall  Irave 
to  congratulate  our  readers  on  the  publication  of  "A 
List  of  Agricultural  Implements,  &c.,  to  be  supplied 

to  subscribers  at  about  half  price  by  Messrs. 

and  Co. ;"  the  blank  to  be  filled  up  with  the  names 
of  many  of  the  best  firms  in  the  country. 


the  cultivators  of  the  crop  in  any  neighbourhood 
to  which  it  has  just  been  introduced  should  unite  to 
procure  the  services  of  a  party  of  men  from  Somer- 
setshire, or  perhaps  from  the  Belfast  Society,  who 
would  take  on  contract  the  handling  of  the  crops 
after  harvest  and  their  conversion  into  a  saleable 
article,  or  that  the  Flax  should  be  sold  in  the  straw 
to  the  millowners,  who  have  in  many  districts  of 
the  country  already  established  themselves  for  the 
purchase  and  conversion  of  the  crop.  No  doubt 
the  profit  attending  the  cultivation  of  a  crop  is  in 
propoition  to  the  intelligence  needed  and  the  intel- 
ligence possessed  by  its  cultivators,  and  when  the 
easily  managed  department  of  its  cultivation  alone 
is  in  his  hands  he  need  not  expect  large  returns — 
and  Flax  in  the  straw  generally  sells  at  a  discoura- 
gingly  low  price  compared  with  that  of  the  manu- 
factured article  ;  but  farmers  must  be  content  to  be 
at  some  expense  in  learning  the  whole  management 
of  any  newly  introduced  plant,  and  though  many  may 
be  discouraged  by  the  failure  of  their  first  attempt, 
it  seems  clear  enough  from  the  evidence  which  has 
been  published  on  the  subject  that  perseverance  in 
tlie  cultivation  of  this  crop  does,  with  the  increasing 
knowledge  of  the  management  thus  acquired,  prove 
profitable  in  the  long  run. 


The  present  remarkably  dry  spring,  with  the  many 
undoubted  agricultural  advantages  which  accompany 
such  a  season,  has  delayed  the  seed  time  of  several 
of  our  early  sown  crops.'  It  will,  no  doubt,  have 
enabled  the  thorough  fallowing  of  lands  in  course  for 
Turnip  and  other  green  crops,  and  farmers  will  find 
the  benefit  of  this  in  the  corn  crops  of  another  year  ; 
for  the  old  proverb  is  true  enough,  and  there  has 
certainly  this  year  been  a  very  California  of  March 
dust,  but  it  takes  more  than  twelve  months  for  the 
conversion  of  this  dust  into  gold.  While  some 
of  the  green  crops  of  the  present  year  may  be  the 
better  for  this  dry  weather,  and  the  Wheat  crop 
certainly  has  not  yet  been  injured,  we  may  expect 
that  in  other  cases  (in  the  important  one  of  Grass, 
for  instance)  seeds,  wliich  have  been  already  sown, 
will  not  braird  so  well,  and  that  none  of  the  crops, 
indeed,  whose  seeds  have  now  been  for  some  weeks 
in  the  ground,  will  benefit  by  so  long  and  tedious  a 
germination.  While  the  ground  is  so  dry,  the  seed 
is  at  least  as  well  in  the  granary  as  in  the  soil. 

Among  other  crops,  Flax,  owing  to  the  drought, 
may  still  be  sown  on  the  first  intimation  of  a  change 
in  the  weather  with  as  great  probability  of  success 
as  attends  what  was  sown  a  fortnight  ago.  And  we 
accordingly  venture  to  repeat  our  recommendation 
of  the  more  general  cultivation  of  this  crop.  We 
have  had  two  instances,  during  the  past  season,  of 
landlords  assembling  and  advising  their  tenants. 
The  Duke  of  Newcastle  did  not  take  it  upon  him 
to  counsel  any  particular  step  for  tirem  in  order  to 
meet  the  difficulties  of  their  position  ;  he  did  little 
more  than  give  them  the  constant,  and,  however 
nauseous,  the  only  really  trustworthy  advice  of  self- 
reliance  and  greater  energy  in  the  prosecution  of 
their  business.  Sir  James  Graham,  whose  tenantry 
appear  in  the  more  favourable  position  of  inde- 
pendent intelligent  men  willing  enough  to  meet 
their  landowner  for  a  friendly  conference  on  matters 
of  mutual  interest,  but  competent  nevertheless  to 
manage  their  own  business  without  the  advice  of 
any  one,  had  the  more  specific  object  in  view  of 
urging  upon  them  the  cultivation  of  a  particular 
crop  ;  and  a  great  deal  of  satisfactory  evidence  was 
brought  forward  to  prove  the  profitableness  of  Flax 
in  the  hands  of  skilful  cultivators.  And  the  result 
of  this  and  other  efforts  to  extend  its  cultivation 
will,  no  doubt,  be  seen  in  the  larger  supplies  of 
home-grown  Flax  next  winter.  The  difference 
between  profit  and  loss  in  this  as  in  every  other 
instance  out  of  the  ordinary  agricultural  routine, 
depends  wholly  on  the  poss'sssion  of  sufficient  skill 
in  the  handling  of  the  crop  after  it  has  been  har- 
vested. Of  course  the  ordinary  precautions  relating 
to  the  tillage  of  the  land,  the  selection  of  the  seed, 
and  so  on,  will  be  taken  by  every  one ;  and  the 
instructions  given  on  these  points  in  the  many 
pamphlets  on  Flax  culture,  which  have  been  noticed 
in  (his  journal,*  are  easily  followed  by  those  at  all 
acquainted  with  ordinaiy  agricultural  management; 
but  the  after-management  of  the  crop  is  not  to  be 
done  by  a  mere  book  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
and  we,  therefore,  strongly  recommend,  either  that 


*  That  publisttedby  Messrs.  Blackie,  of  Glasgow,  for  instance, 
or  Mr.  Ok-Man's  pinipblet,  pubUsbid  bj  KlDcWAT,  ©f  nh'ch 
a  second  ediiiou  lias  just  appeared. 


KILWHISS  V.  ROTHAJMSTED.— No.  I. 

The  readers  of  the  Agi'icultwal  Oazctte  who  take  any 
interest  iu  the  chemistry  of  vegetation,  must  have  been 
highly  gratified  with  the  recent  communications  of  Mr. 
Lawes,  of  Rothamsted,  directed  against  the  critic  "  R." 
For  some  time  bade  it  appeared  as  if  we  had  come  to  a 
sort  of  "finality"  in  agricultural  theory,  which  idea  had 
to  be  dissipated  before  there  was  room  left  for  further 
progress.  At  all  events,  wlioever  may  be  riglit  or 
^vl■ong  in  this  case,  truth  will  not  suffer  by  the  discussion. 

Bd'ore  beginning  any  reply,  we  beg  to  make  a  few 
remarks  personal  to  ourselves.  As  the  criticisms  we 
made  under  the  signature  "  R."  have  not  been  received 
in  so  friendly  a  spirit  as  we  expected,  we  can  no  longer 
consent  to  appear  as  an  anonymous  writer  ;  if  there  has 
been  occasion  for  so  veiiemeut  a  reply,  we  have  no  wish 
to  compromise  any  journal  by  affording  U8  shelter  ; 
whiatever  censure  may  have  been  deserved,  let  it  fall 
on  the  head  of  the  guilty  couti-ibutor.  Nay,  if  it  should 
be  shown  that  we  have  been  a-wanting  eitlier  in  candour 
or  honesty  of  purpose,  it  will  ease  our  conscience  to 
make  a  public  confession. 

We  would  here  repeat  W'hat  we  have  often  before 
now  e.Kpressed,  that  we  highly  respect  and  esteem  the 
labours  and  writings  of  Mr.  Lawes — he  deserves  tlie 
gratitude  of  all  who  he.'vrtily  desLi'e  the  advancement  of 
agriculture.  For  this  reason  we  shall  on  no  account 
retaliate  iu  any  inanifestatiou  of  bitterness,  for  we  neither 
feel  nor  have  any  in  this  matter.  We  shall  defend  our- 
selves when  we  think  we  ai*e  right,  and  we  shall  be 
willing  to  retract  or  apologise  if  we  can  be  shown  to  be 
in  error  ;  at  tlie  same  time  we  shall  fearlessly  state  and 
expose  what  we  deem  to  be  weak  points  in  Mr.  Lawes' 
philosophy — the  too  indiscriminate  adoption  and  appli- 
cation of  which,  we  consider,  have  obstructed  tlie  pro- 
gress of  agricultur.al  science. 

Since  the  publication  of  Liebig's  "  Chemistry  of 
Agriculture,"  there  has  been  a  general  agreement 
amongst  scientific  men  in  regard  to  the  theory  of 
manuring,  but  there  has  been  as  much  disagi-cement  in 
the  practical  application  of  the  principles.  This  has 
arisen  from  overlooking  the  opposite  conditions  and 
circumstauces.  We  never  could  gather  from  Liebig's 
writings  that  he  imagined  that  ammonia  eould  be 
entirely  dispensed  with  in  agriculture.  jMr.  Lawes  has 
just  been  like  the  rest  of  us,  and  has  made  a  few  mis- 
takes in  the  practical  department,  which  it  would  be  no 
discredit  for  him  to  avow.  When  so  ro.any  were  relying 
with  the  most  implicit  coniidence  on  Mi\  Lawes'  opinions, 
we  thought  there  would  be  no  great  harm  in  our  stating 
our  objections  to  some  of  his  propositions,  and  it  would 
appear  we  hjive  done  so  not  without  effect ;  but  in  reply, 
Mr.  Lawes  says  ; — "  Surely  it  is  expected  of  no  one 
writing  for  intelligent  readers  on  scientific  subjects,  tliat 
in  every  sentence  every  possible  limitation  to  his  mean- 
ing should  be  reiterated,  as  in  a  legal  document,  &c. 
The  writer  '  R.,'  however,  carefully  selects  one  or  two 
such  passages  as  are,  when  isolated,  and  used  apart 
from  their  context,  and  from  more  direct  and  emphatic 
declarations,  calculated  to  support  his  charge  against 
us  ;  but  we  would  ask  him,  why  it  is,  if  it  were  really 
his  wish  to  give  a  correct  view  of  our  opinions,  tliat  he 
says  nothing  to  his  readers  of  those  passages  already 
quoted  from  our  papers,  and  those  wliich  will  shortly 
follow  ? "  If  Mr.  Lawes  had  singled  out  the  isolated 
passages  to  wliich  he  refers,  and  admits  that  they  are 
calculated  to  support  our  charges  against  him,  we  should 
have  been  enabled  to  judge  if  there  was  anything  more 
emphatic  and  direct,  but  we  are  sure  that  the  passages 
which  he  had  then  quoted  contained  nothing  of  the  sort, 
when  confronted  with  the  points  whicli  we  touched  and 
commented  on.  In  our  next  we  will,  with  all  plair.nesSj 
state  our  reasons  wliy  we  said  notlimg  .about  those 
passages  which  he  afterwards  quoted  in  the  Gazelle  of 
3d  April. 

We  were  quite  aware  that  Mr.  Lawes'  interpretation 
admitted  of  a  little  double  meaning.  Hitherto  the 
slight  inconsistencies  had  always  been  used  to  the  detri- 
ment of  any  oue  who  bad  attempted  to  controvert  any 
of  his  statements.     We  had  seen  the  fate  of  others  wlio 


IS— 1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


283 


had  broken  a  lance  with  Rothamsted.  We  therefore 
rather  allowed  Mr.  Lawes'  friends  and  admifers  to 
interpret  the  dubious  passages,  and  we  carefully  selected 
those  opinions  whicli  were  used  as  "  legal  "  or  scientific 
doctrine  over  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land. 
Nothing  has  been  more  common  of  late  than  to  settle 
by  mere  authoritative  statement  every  question  in 
vegetable  physiology  or  agricultural  practice  by  an 
appeal  to  Rorharasted  or  Bechelbronn — high  authorities, 
no  doubt,  but  our  faith  iu  either  is  not  so  implicit  as  to 
shut  up  their  dicta  from  discussion.  It  was  for  the 
purpose  of  throwing  open  special  points  for  discussion 
which  concerned  the  right  understanding  of  the  prac- 
tices of  British  agricultui*e  that  we  brought  our  simple 
illustrations  to  bear  on  what  we  considered  to  be  erro- 
neous doctrine  ;  and  certainly  we  are  well  pleased  that 
we  have  driven  our  friends  to  claim  us  as  their  own. 
In  fact,  passage  after  passage  has  been  quoted  to  show 
their  right  to  do  so  ;  but  we  will  only  say  that  they  will 
find  us  a  very  rebellious  captive.  We  are  afraid  we 
must  snap  the  fragile  cords  with  which  they  imagined 
they  have  bound  us,  when  we  come  to  poinrt  out  the 
wide  differences  which  are  yet  betwixt  us. 

We  must  tell  the  readers  of  the  Gazette  that  we  have 
had  quite  as  interesting  an  experimental  field  to  work 
upon  as  Mr.  Lawes  has  had  at  Rothamsted.  A  greater 
contrast  between  the  chemical  and  physical  constitution 
of  soils  at  Rothamsted  and  at  Kilwhiss  could  scarcely 
be  found  in  the  wide  space  which  separates  the  two. 
In  one  particular  only  do  they  agree — the  value  (market 
value  we  speak  of)  is  in  both  cases  from  20s.  to  16s. 
per  acre  as  rental.  In  the  one  the  annual  yield  of 
Wheat  is  17  bushels  per  acre,  having  no  fertilising 
appHcation  but  what  nature  supplies,  in  the  other  the 
seed  would  scarcely  be  returned,  under  the  same  cir- 
cumstances. At  Rothamsted  this  large  natural  produce 
can  be  readily  doubled  by  the  application  of  ammoniacal 
salts,  while  at  Kilwhiss  these  salts  would  be  without 
effect ;  even  in  our  ordinary  farm  rotation,  were  we  to 
apply  ammoniacal  salts  as  freely  to  our  Wheat  crop  as 
is  done  by  Mr.  Lawes,  we  should  blight  every  straw  of 
it.  At  Rothamsted  good  crops  of  Turnips  can  be  grown 
with  superphosphate  of  lime  alone,  while  we  have  con- 
siderable tracts  which  would  not  yield  two  tons  of  roots 
with  a  liberal  application  of  phosphates  or  ammonia. 
Yet  this  soil  is  rich  in  carbon.  It  has  often  afforded  us 
matter  for  reflection  to  compare  the  widely  different 
results  of  our  experience  from  that  at  Rothamsted  ;  and 
we  may  tell  Mr.  Lawes,  without  offence  we  hope,  that 
we  have  almost  learned  as  much  from  his  local  errors 
as  from  the  many  truths  which  he  has  given  forth.  Had 
we  generalised  as  freely  on  our  own  local  and  individual 
results  as  he  has  done,  we  should  long  ago  have  been 
laughed  at  ;  but,  situated  as  we  are,  within  sight  of 
totally  different  soils,  deriving  their  marked  and  peculiar 
composition  from  the  varying  geology  of  the  district,  we 
have  always  had  presented  to  us,  as  Iti  a  mirroj*,  the 
impression  that  there  are  few  practices  universally 
applicable  in  the  economy  of  agriculture. 

Throughout  this  discussion  we  have  entirely  kept  our 
own  opinions  in  regard  to  the  mineral  constituents  of 
soils  in  the  background.  In  tracing  out  the  conditions 
which  favoured  the  absorption  of  nitrogen  by  plants,  we 
always  assumed  that  the  soils  on  winch  they  grew,  con- 
tained these  substances  in  necessary  abundance  for  all 
■flie  requirements  of  plants.  If  we  can  once  agree  a 
little  more  closely  on  the  sources  of  ammonia  and  carbon 
in  plants,  and  the  relation  which  the  one'bears  to  the 
Other  in  manures,  we  shall  then  be  bettef  prepared  to 
appreciate  and  examine  the  mineral  question.  Although 
we  agree  with  Mr  Lawes  and  others  in  most  of  the 
practical  conclusions  they  have  arrived  at  in  regard  to 
the  mineral  condition  of  soils  as  applied  to  general 
agriculture,  yet  the  absolute  manner  in  which  they  have 
often  dealt  with  this  subject,  has  led  to  much  misunder- 
standing and  confusion  in  others,  and  requires  consider- 
able modification.  We  consider  that  at  the  present 
moment  our  mineral  theory  would  be  much  the  better 
of  a  little  overhauling,  as  well  as  the  ammonia  question. 
The  mineral  condition  of  soils,  as  manifested  in  Clover 
sickness,  Turnip  sickness  (finger  and  toe), night-ripening 
of  Wheat,  ic,  are  all,  in  our  opinion,  much  more  closely 
connected  than  many  imagine,  or  at  least  they  mutually 
help  Ui  illustrate  each  other  ;  and  while  it  is  confessed 
that  chemical  analysis  cannot  reach  the  difficulty,  still 
we  think  there  is  a  numerous  array  of  fa'-ta  scattered 
over  the  field  of  agricultural  experience,  and  which  only 
requires  U>  be  collected  and  arranged  to  throw  much 
light  on  tliese  important  subjects. 

Wo  ti*ust  that  there  is  no  use  of  making  an  apology 
tor  the  freedom  with  which  we  introduced  the  names  of 
hidividualH,  «o  eminent  in  their  respective  spheres,  in 
this  discut-sion  ;  as  for  our  own  defence  and  justification 
wc  shall  be  again  compelted  to  do  so.  No  one  has  a 
greater  respect  and  admiration  for  tlieir  abilities  an<l 
labours,  but  we  conceive  there  is  too  much  tendency  in 
the  present  day  to  bring  all  our  principles  Ut  a  focus. 
It  is  surely  proper  that  we  should  become  acquainted 
with  the  aberrations  due  to  divei-sity  of  circumstances, 
ftnd  to  know  the  limits  to  which  tin:  truth  of  a  projtot^ition 
extends,  Wejiarc  been  rather  amused  with  the  character 
of  our  pofliliofi,  at  which  we  will  request  our  readers  to 
lake  a  glance,  as  wc  point  out  what  were  the  subjects  of 
di«pute,  and  what  are  the  differences  between  Mr. 
Lawc«i'  opinions  anrl  our  own  ;  and  then  wc  shall  pro- 
ceed to  tlie  dJHcujision  of  those  differences,  which  arc 
much  wider  and  more  imporlant  than  oiio  would  be  lod  to 
believe  by  the  rejoinder  from  "  Kotlmmstcd."  R,  Jlmeell, 

KilwhiHi,  I'ifc.  ' 


Home    Correspondence. 

A  Rural  Sketch':  No.  2. — It  is  written,  *'  Train  up  a 
child  in  the  way  he  shall  go,  and  when  he  is  old  lie  will 
not  depart  from  it."  Thus  thoroughly  persuaded  that  I 
shall  never,  never  be  able  to  convince  the  men,  more 
especially  the  great  man,  of  this  parish,  that  Thistle 
seeds  really  do  grow,  I  give  them  over  entirely  to  the 
man  of  their  own  heart,  the  agricultural  lecturer.  In 
the  meantime  I  intend  to  take  a  class  of  little  boys  ; 
little  girls  may  be  admitted,  as  they  may  grow  up  to 
women  and  become  mothers,  that  they  by  early  instruc- 
tion may  be  able  to  teach  their  little  boys  more  mother- 
wit  than  the  aged  men  of  this  generation  possess.  Now, 
my  little  boys  and  girls,  pay  particular  attention  to 
what  I  say.  I  shall  tell  you  nothing  but  what  has 
passed  before  my  own  eyes — mucli  more  truthful  than 
the  stories  of  "  Peter  Parley."  When  I  was  a  little 
boy,  between  four  and  six  years  of  age,  I  thought,  as 
other  little  boys  thought,  that  the  seeds  of  the  Dande- 
lion, the  Thistle,  and  all  those  of  the  winged  sort,  blew 
away  far  and  near,  and  grew  up  on  whatever  gi'ound 
they  alighted  ;  our  amusements  tended  to  prove  that 
we  did  think  so,  for  we  used  to  arrange  ourselves  in 
rows,  each  with  the  seed  head  of  the  Dandelion  in  hand, 
run  along  against  the  winJ,  and  all  call  out,  "Fly  away, 
fly  away,  and  plant  me  a  garden."  While  I  was  running 
in  this  way  my  foot  tripped  against  a  stone,  and  I  fell 
with  great  force  on  the  ground,  and  cut  my  cheek, 
which  mark  is  still  visible  under  my  left  eye  ;  so  that 
you  see  that  that  sport  has  left  a  lasting  impression  on 
my  face,  as  well  as  on  my  memory.  At  six  years  of 
age  I  was  taken  away  from  planting  Thistle  gardens, 
and  sent  to  school ;  and  from  that  time  until  about  four 
years  ago  I  never  thought  more  about  planting  any  of  the 
winged  seeds.  When  Icame  into  this  parish  four  years 
ago,  I  saw  all  the  double  hedgerows  filled  with  large 
Thistles  ;  and  when  they  began  to  blossom  I  sent  a  man 
to  cut  them  all  down,  when  the  great  farmers  here  began 
to  laugh  at  me,  and  told  me  it  was  no  use  to  spend  my 
money  in  that  way,  for  the  seeds  of  Thistles  never  grew 
in  this  country.  Now,  if  the  gi'eat  man  himself,  with  all 
his  fox-hunting  companions,  had  come  amongst  us  little 
boys,  while  we  were  playing  at  planting  our  garden,  we 
should  have  left  off  playing,  and  laughed  at  them  ;  aye, 
little  girls  and  all  would  have  laughed  at  them — laughed 
at  them  till  they  were  right  out  of  the  boundary  of  the 
parish  ;  every  boy  of  12  years  of  age  knows  the 
boundary  of  the  parish  he  lives  in,  in  that  country. 
Then,  as  I  said,  about  four  years  ago,  when  the  great 
farmers  here  laughed  at  me  for  believing  that  the  seeds 
of  the  Thistle  did  grow,  I  really  planted  some  in  pots, 
and  in  two  months,  in  the  open  air,  had  some  fine  plants 
to  show  these  ignorant  men  ;  how  very  sheepish  they 
did  look  then  !  Now  I  advise  you  all,  my  little  friends, 
to  get  some  good  seed,  at  the  proper  season,  and  plant 
it  ;  take  care  that  you  look  to  the  bottom  of  the  seed- 
cup,  and  see  that  no  maggot  is  there.  These  maggots 
destroy  many  seeds  ;  they  eat  that  part  from  wdiich  the 
seed  grows,  and  this  bad  seed  is  what  the  farmers  took 
to  plant,  I  suppose,  many  years  ago  ;  and  because  that 
bad  seed  did  not  gx'ow,  it  has  been  handed  down  from 
father  to  son,  that  the  seed  of  Thistles  would  not  grow 
in  this  country.  You  may  recollect  how  the  farmers 
laughed  at  me  when  I  told  them  that  slugs  laid  eggs, 
and  sat  upon  them,  like  a  hen  on  her  eggs.  You  all 
know,  also,  what  an  immense  number  you  all  found  when 
we  were  jiuruing  the  sods  that  had  been  dug  up  in  the 
spring  iu  the  orchard.  You  who  work  on  the  farm  have 
seen  how  the  young  slugs  devoured  1  "2  acres  of  Wheat  in 
two  nights,  in  the  Stone-field.  However,  as  I  shall  have 
to  tell  you  more  about  the  slugs  in  another  lecture,  I  will 
leave  them  for  the  present.  At  the  age  of  1 3  years  I 
went  to  sea,  and  during  40  years  I  have  been  to  most 
parts  of  Europe,  to  the  East  and  West  Indies,  to 
America,  Brazil,  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico,  round  the 
Gulf  of  California,  to  many  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean 
and  China  Seas,  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  so  that 
that  made  a  complete  circuit  of  the  world.  I  have  been 
amongst  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men,  from  the 
polished  gentleman  to  the  cannibal  ;  and,  although,  my 
little  friends,  I  never  believed  in  cannibalism,  I  have 
seen  many  strange  things — have  been  told  many  strange 
stories — but  never  was  I  told  before  I  came  to  this 
parish  that  Thistle  seeds  would  not  grow.  Among  other 
places  I  have  been  to  Buenos  Ayres  several  times  ;  there 
I  heard  almost  incredible  stories  about  the  bakers  heating 
their  ovens  with  sheep.  1  never  saw  it — it  was  before 
my  time^but  I  saw  the  royal  order  to  prevent  the 
cruelty,  with  the  pompous  manner  in  which  the  king  of 
Spain  sign  themselves,  Yo,  el  Rey — that  is,  I,  the  king. 
I  went  to  see  what  the  bakers  substituted  for  the  sheep, 
and  found  them  heating  their  ovens  with  Thistle-stalks. 
I  tried  the  strength  of  the  fire,  it  gave  out  a  groat  heat. 
I  then  went  into  the  country,  saw  very  large  plantations 
of  Thistles,  and  was  told  the  farmers  made  a  good  profit 
by  growing  them.  To  tell  you  little  boys  and  girls  how 
large  they  arc  would  exceed  your  belief.  You  believe 
in  the  slugs'  eggs,  but  incline  to  doubt  the  Thistles. 
One  fine  clear  morning,  while  I  was  shaving — for  I  then 
began  to  have  a  beard — a  dark  midnlghtdiico  cloud 
came  over  the  city  ;  !  called  for  a  light,  and  asUcd  the 
cause  of  the  dnrluicHS,  when  the  servant  told  mc 
quickly,  "  (Jn  pampero  furioso,"  tlmt  is,  a  furious  hurri- 
cane called  u  "  Pampero,"  or  iiigh  wind  from  off  the 
plaioH.  The  KfTvant  went  away  quickly,  to  «co  that 
nothing  was  left  on  tlie  top  of  the  Iiouhc — the  houses  I 
have  flat  roofs  in  iliat  cily.  I  went  out  into  the  slrcct,  I 
and  was  told  that  the  darkness  was  caused  by*'(luHt,  | 
Thiutle  seed,  and  locusts."     It  is  incredible,  my   littlo  ' 


friends,  that  there  should  he  so  many  hundreds  of  cart- 
loads of  tliese  dead  locusts  thrown  up  on  tlie  hanks  of 
the  other  side  of  the  river  in  only  a  few  hours  ;  the 
farmers  here  would  take  them  as  manure  to  dress  their 
land,  and  make  the  incoming  tenant  pay  as  dear,  accord- 
ing to  their  means,  as  London  aldermen  do  for  white- 
bait at  the  Trafalgar,  at  Greenwich.  The  river  oppo- 
site Buenos  Ayres  is  more  liUe  a  sea  than  a  riveu. 
Although  I  saw  the  dead  locusts,  I  never  knew  what 
became  of  the  Thistle  seed  ;  it  might  have  blown  much 
the  farthest,  being  lighter,  and  stocked  the  farmers  of  the 
"  Banda  Oriental,"  or  east  side,  as  the  farmers  of  this 
parish  stock  my  grounds.  The  farmers  about  Buenos 
Ayres  went  on  lamenting  the  loss  of  their  Thistle  seeds, 
and  said  it  was  tantamount  to  the  loss  of  the  next  year's 
crop  ;  and  said,  also,  under  such  a  calamity,  they  ought 
to  be  protected  ;  the  bakers,  being  short  of  fuel,  raised 
the  price  of  bread ;  the  people  then  called  out  for  free- 
trade  ;  and  I  afterwards  took  them  a  cargo  of  bread 
from  Chili,  already  balced  into  biscuit.  In  my  next 
lecture  I  will  introduce  you  to  the  good  people  of  Chilfy 
where  they  eat  the  stalk  of  the  Thistle  instead  of  Cucam- 
bex*,  and  as  commonly  as  the  people  eat  Cucumber  here. 
So  come  next  week,  at  the  same  hour  ;  and  in  the 
meantime,  I  hope  you  will  consider  how  very  important 
it  is  to  learn  to  read,  that  you  may  instruct  yourselves; 
Sinhad. 

Poultry. — I  take  the  opportunity  of  mentioning  a 
brood  of  chickens  which  I  saw  last  week,  and  which  I 
think  is  worthy  of  being  recorded  as  unusually  numerous. 
The  brood  numbered  six-aud-twenty,  all  hatched  by  one 
hen,  and  at  the  time  I  saw  them  were  all  healthy  and 
thriving,  being  also  a  fortnight  old.  What  makes  this- 
circumstance  the  more  noticeable  is,  that  the  'hen  was 
of  the  black  Polish  breed,  usually  considered  bad  sitters. 
The  same  hen  reared  a  numerous  brood  last  year — how^ 
many  I  could  not  ascertain  with  exactitude,  but,  as  tlie 
owner  expressed  it,  "  it  was  well  up  in  the  teens."  It 
may  be  mentioned,  that  the  eggs  to  be  set  on  were 
placed  in  a  mounJ,  so  that  they  were  pressed  against 
the  hen's  side,  which  enabled  her  to  cover  so  many. 
Besides  the  eggs  which  produced  chickens  there  were 
two  or  three  addled  ones — the  exact  number  the_owuer^ 
did  not  recollect.  A  New  Subscriber. 


Societies!* 

ROYAL  AGRIOULTQBSL  OP  ENGLAND: 
A  Weekly  meetiup;  was  held  at  the  Society's  Hou8& 
in  Hauovei'-squai'e,  on  AVeduesrIay,  the  21st  of  Aprils 
present — the  Marquis  of  Downshire,  Vice-Presidentj  in 
the  chair  ;  Lord  Camoys,  Lord  Berners,  Lord  Bridporfcj- 
Lord  Ashburton,  Sir  Matthew  White  Ridley,  Bart.,  Mr. 
B.  Almack,  Mr.  T,  Kaymoiid  Barker,  Mr.  H.  Raymond 
Barker,  Mr.  Hodgson  Barrow,  M.P,,  Major-General 
Buckley,  Mr.  Burke,  Captain  Stanley  Carr,  Colonel 
Challoner,  Mr.  L  Church,  Mr.  Foley,  M.P.,  Mr.  Fuller, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Gadesden,  Mr.  R.  Norman  Gales,  Mv. 
Gaskell,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Rev.  C.  E.  Keene,  Mr.. 
Maddison,  Mr.  Majendie,  Mr.  Love,  Mr.  Rowlandson, 
Prof.  Sewell,  Prof.  Simonds,  Prof.  Way,  and  Mr.  G. 
Wood. 

SiLESIAN    BeET-HOOT. 

Mi\  Reeve  transmitted  to  the  Council  six  roots  of 
white  Silesian  Beet,  grown  by  him  last  year  at  Randall's- 
Park  Farm,  near  Leatherhead,  in  Surrey.  These  root-& 
were  of  an  elongated  bulbous  shape,  the  outer  skin  being 
light  green  from  the  neck  to  the  middle,  and  yellowish 
white  on  the  lower  half.  Their  average  weight  whs 
7^-  lbs.  each.  On  being  cut  into  halves,  the  fleshy  part 
was  found  to  be  sound,  sweet,  and  solid,  very  juicy,  and 
of  a  yellowish  white  colour. —Mr.  R.aymond  Barker 
stated,  that  he  had  that  morning  been  in  conversation 
with  Mr.  Ewiugs,  a  member  of  the  Society  connected 
with  the  south  of  England,  wlio  was  well  acquainted 
with  the  circumstances  under  which  these  root^  had  been 
grown  ;  and  who  had  furnished  hira  with  the  following 
information  :  The  land  w.';3  flat,  and  situated  near  the 
river  Mole  ;  it  consisted  of  a  stiff  clay  maiden  soil,  which 
had  for  many'  years  remained  uncultivated,  until  the 
year  1849,  when  it  was  once  very  deeply  ploughed,  and 
immediately  drill-sown  with  the  best  picked  white 
Silesian  Sugar-Beet  seed,  at  the  latter  end  of  April. 
The  plants  were  hoed  out  about  12  inches  opart,  and 
the  crop  treated  in  every  respect  like  that  of  the  Swede 
Turnip,  excepting  that  no  manure  whatever  was 
employed.  The  bulbs  were  taken  up  in  the  autnmn 
and  stacked.  A  portion  of  the  last  year's  crop  was- 
presented  to  the  Council  at  their  December  Meeting,  in 
a  perfectly  solid  state,  and  without  having  grown  out 
or  sprouted  to  any  extent.  The  produce  in  favourable 
seasons  has  been  from  2(!  to  30  tons  per  acre.  It  might 
be  said,  tliat,  although  these  bulbs  were  so  much  larger 
in  size  than  the  smaller  foreign  varieties,  they  did  not 
contain  so  large  a  proportion  of  saccharine  matter  ;  but 
whatever  might  be  the  value  of  those  small  rich  Beets 
to  the  sugar  manufacturer,  buliiy  roots  of  sound,  sweet, 
juicy  vegetable  matter,  Bucli  as  those  at  that  time  sub- 
mitted to  the  Council,  were  of  essential  importance  and 
consideration  to  the  tenant-farmor  and  roarer  of  young 
stocit,  in  seasons  like  the  present,  when  there  was  so 
great  a  scarcity  of  Grass  :  and  Mr.  Reeve  had  himself 
found  them,  under  these  circumstances,  an  india- 
peiiHablo  aid  in  iiiaintaining  his  stock  in  healthy 
vigour. —  Caiituin  .Stanley  Carr  remarked  that  "  Zucker- 
Boden"  (or  sugar  soils)  was  a  designation  given  to 
certain  soils  in  tlio  Prussian  province  of  Sa.xnny, 
on  account  of  their  having  been  found  to  possess 
pr'culiar  jiroperlios  for  jtromocing  the  production 
of    saccharino    nnittcr    in    tho    Beet.      It    had    boea 


284 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


I  May  1, 


thought  that  the  phosphate  of  lime  contained  in  those 
soils  was  one  of  the  substances  which  tended  to  this  re- 
sult ;  but  the  exact  cause  of  the  properties  in  question 
had  not,  he  believed,  been  yet  fully  ascertained  :  they 
■were,  howevei*,  connected  with  the  particular  variety  of 
Beet  cultivated,  and  the  size  of  its  root.  Three  years 
ago,  when  Captain  Can*  was  in  the  vicinity  of  Magdeburg, 
the  sugar  manufacturers  were  in  the  habit  of  purchasing 
their  Beet  from  the  growers  in  that  neighbourhood  by 
weight  ;  he  found  that  they  refused  tlie  large  cattle- 
feeding  varieties,  but  purchased  at  a  high  price  those 
roots  that  were  fine  in  the  neck,  yellowish- white  in  colour, 
and  about  3  lbs.  in  weight.— Mr.  Gadesden  stated  that, 
in  consequence  of  Mr.  Reeve's  former  communication  to 
the  Council  on  his  culture  of  the  white  Silesian  Beet, 
he  had  paid  a  visit  to  the  Randall's  Park  Farm,  for  the 
twofold  purpose  of  inspecting  his  store  of  roots  and 
becoming  acquainted  with  his  mode  of  management. 
He  found  the  roots  hi  fine  condition,  and  was  informed 
that  the  produce  per  acre  obtained  last  year  was  38  tons 
16  cwt.  ;  his  crop  of  Mangolds  having  been  39  tons  13 
cwt.  The  land  on  which  the  Beet  was  grown  appeared 
to  be  of  a  good  useful  character,  bearing  at  the  time  of 
Mr.  Gadesden's  visit  a  very  promising  plant  of  Wheat, 
and  was  stated  to  have  had  no  manure  upon  it  for  four 
years.  Mr.  Reeve  attributed  his  success  in  growing  the 
white  Silesian  Beet  to  his  thus  not  applying  manm*e 
directly  to  the  crop ;  and  stated  that  when  he  had  dunged 
for  the  Beet,  the  bulbs  proved  small,  had  a  large  mass  of 
"fuzzy"  fibres,  and  gave  but  a  small  weight  per  acre, 
namely,  from  15  to  18  tons  ;  but  that  since  he  had  put  his 
manuring  matter  further  off  the  Beet  crop,  he  had 
raised  large  fine  roots  of  a  great  weight  per  acre. 
He  regarded  this  circumstance  as  a  discovery  in  the 
culture  of  this  plant  ;  and  Mr.  Gadesden  considered 
that  if  Mr.  Reeve's  calculations  were  realised,  it  would 
be  so,  and  a  very  important  one.  Mr.  Gadesden  was  also 
shown  the  field  which  Mr.  Reeve  intended  to  sow  with 
Silesian  Beet  in  that  week  :  the  soil  was  a  heavy  clay, 
and  certainly  from  its  aspect  not  very  promising.  The 
rotation  on  this  field  had  been  Clover-ley  dunged,  then 
Oats,  and  last  year  Beans' ;  and  the  Beet  would  now  be 
put  in  without  any  manure.  Mr.  Reeve  expected  from 
that  field,  thus  cultivated,  a  crop  as  large  as  he  had 
derived  last  year  ;  and  should  that  be  obtaiued,it  would, 
in  Mr.  Gadesdeu's  opinion,  be  evident  that  no  root 
deserved  the  attention  of  agriculturists  more  than  the 
Beet.  Tiie  amount  of  saccharine  matter  in  this  variety 
was  stated  to  be  nearly  seven  per  cent.  ;  and  since  Mr. 
Reeve  had  raised  the  root  in  sufficient  supply  for  his 
cattle,  he  had  no  need  of  using  oil-cake.  Mr.  Gadesden 
found  the  live  stock  at  Randall's  Park  Farm  in  fine  con- 
dition. The  Beet  was  drilled  in  rows  from  24  to  27 
inches  apart,  and  left  12  inches  apart  in  the  rows  ; 
and  he  thought  the  superiority  in  value  per  ton  of  the 
white  Silesian  Beet  over  the  Mangold-Wurzcl  must 
be  manifest  to  every  one  who,  like  himself,  had  per- 
sonally inspected  these  results. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs 
wished  the  Council  to  understand  that  there  was  no 
novelty  in  this  variety  of  Beet.  It  had  been  common  in  the 
Eastern  counties  some  few  years  ago,  when  experiments 
were  in  progress  for  the  establishment  of  a  Beet-sugar 
manufactory  until  the  Government  put  in  its  interdic- 
tion ;  and  it  bore  a  higher  price  at  that  time  than  other 
varieties.  The  orange  globe  Beet,  however,  being 
introduced  from  France,  was  found  to  yield  a  greater 
quantity  per  acre  than  the  Silesian.  He  had  himself 
tried  various  experiments  on  the  subject,  and  derived 
one  quarter  more  in  weight  from  the  orange  globe 
than  from  the  Silesian  ;  and  having  had  a  visit  from 
some  distinguished  French  cultivators  of  Beet,  they  con- 
firmed the  superiority  of  the  orange  globe,  which  they 
stated  yielded  a  larger  bulk  of  root,  and  in  hot  summers 
a  greater  proportion  of  sugar.  On  examining  the  bulbs 
then  placed  before  the  Council,  it  might  easily  be  inferred 
that  they  had  been  grown  in  land  containing  much  vege- 
table matter,  from  the  great  number  of  tap-roots  formed 
at  their  base,  a  circumstance  which  it  was  well  known 
led  to  great  exhaustion  of  the  land.  No  rule  could  be  laid 
■down  for  the  exact  manuring  required  by  sugar  Beet  or 
Mangold  under  different  circumstances.  —  The  noble 
■Chairman  stated  that  atMount  Millick,  in  Ireland,  a  small 
red  Beet  was  preferred,  of  a  more  lusciously  sweet  nature 
■than  he  had  ever  tasted  in  any  other  vegetable  produc- 
tion. The  ground  for  Mangold  or  Carrots  was  prepai'ed 
in  November,  the  long  or  short  manure  laid  on  it  in 
■winter,  and  the  whole  ploughed  in  or  dug  in  the  spring. 
— Captain  Stanley  Carr  remarked  that  it  would  give  him 
pleasure  to  procure  supplies  of  the  small  Beet  seed  from 
Magdeburg  for  any  of  the  members  of  the  Society 
residing  in  Ireland. —  Colonel  Challoner  could  grow 
on  poor  land,  that  would  bear  nothing  else,  as  good 
■Carrots  as  anybody  could  ;  but  if  the  Silesian  Beet, 
■which  had  been  grown  by  Mr.  Reeve  without  manure, 
■could  be  raised  on  such  poor  soils,  it  would  be  a 
great  assistance  to  all  sandy  lands.  He  asked  Mr. 
Hobbs  his  opinion  on  this  point,  being  so  well  acquainted 
as  he  was  with  the  different  characters  of  the  Beet  and 
Carrot  roots,  and  the  conditions  required  for  their 
successful  cultivation.— Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  replied,  that 
the  Silesian  Beet  was  liable  to  form  tap-roots  that  would 
run  into  the  earth  like  Carrots  ;  but  tlie  great  object  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  Beet  was  to  keep  them  from 
forming  those  tap-roots,  which  abstracted  the  chief 
amount  of  nourishment  from  the  soil.  Formerly  he  had 
to  take  up  his  Beet  with  forks,  on  account  of  the  attach- 
ment to  the  land  which  the  penetration  of  these  roots 
occasioned.  His  Beets  had  now  only  one  bulb,  with  a 
single  tap-root  to  each— a  circumstance  wliicli  enabled 
the  plant  to  gain  little  support  from  the  soil,  but  obliged 


it,  on  the  contrary,  to  derive  its  chief  nourishment  from 
the  atmosphere,  and  at  the  same  time  to  yield  a  more 
valuable  produce  in  the  crop.  • 

Continental  Statements  on  Beet  Cultivation. — 
At  the  present  moment,  when  Beet  culture  is  engaging 
so  much  attention,  it  may  be  interesting  to  know  the 
opinions  of  distinguished  French  and  German  writers, 
on  those  points  connected  with  this  crop  to  which  refer- 
ence has  been  made  in  this  discussion.  With  this  view, 
the  following  passages  have  been  selected  and  translated 
into  English  from  the  original  languages  of  their  respect- 
ive authors  : — ■ 

DoMBASLB. — Among  those  plants  which  are  cuHivated  under 
the  name  of  forage  roots,  or  root  plants,  the  Beet  is  unde- 
niably the  most  valuable  ;  and  it  may  ho  said  with  truth,  that 
it  holds  among  these  plants  the  same  position  that  Lucerne 
does  among  forage  plants.  Generally  speaking,  it  produces  on 
an  equal  space  of  land  double  tbo  weight  of  crop  that  can  be 
ub'ained  from  Potatoes,  to  which  it  is  little  inferior  in  amount  of 
nu'ritlve  matter.  Beet  has,  however,  over  Potatoes  the  very 
important  advantage  of  being  able  to  be  given  in  considerable 
quantities  to  live  stock  in  its  r.iw  state  without  producing  any 
injuri(-,us  tffects  or  satiating  the  animals.  It  succeeds  in 
every  kind  of  soil,  even  in  those  oC  very  moderate  fertility, 
provided  they  have  but  euthcient  depih  of  culture.  The  frequent 
return  of  the  crop  over  the  same  ground  docs  not  diminish  the 
amount  of  its  produce  ;  and  it  adapts  itself  with  admirable 
facility  to  the  efficit'Dcy  and  economy  tliat  attend  on  the  em- 
ployment of  improved  implements.  Finally,  the  facUity  with 
which  the  roots  are  stored  and  preserved  for  future  use, 
enables  the  rearer  of  stock  to  dt-pend  upon  it,  as  upon  a  well- 
asBured  banis,  for  the  nourishment  of  his  animals  during  eight 
months  of  the  year.  The  introduction  of  Beet  culture  into 
f.irm  husbandry  will  accordingly  soon  produce  tint  twofold 
result  towards  which  every  well-directed  effort  of  cultivation 
ought  to  tend,  namely,  to  the  increase  of  the  live  stock  them- 
selves, as  well  as  to  that  of  their  m.mure. 

TnAEii{1810).~ManpoM  Wurzi^l,  Biir^^undyBeet.  Thick  Beet, 
&c.,  of  tfie  Germans  ;  Racine  dc  disette,  or  root  of  scarcity  or 
dearth  (by  a  misconception  of  the  word  Mangold  for  Mangel) 
of  the  French  ;  and  Mangel  Wurzi^l,  or  root  of  want  (through  a 
siuiiiar  uiisapprehension)  by  the  English  ;  is  derived,  wiih  all 
its  varleiies,  either  from  the  Beta  vulgaris  {red  field  Beet) 
al"ne,  or  from  admixture  with  the  Btta  cicla  (white  su;^ar 
Beet).  For  I  regard  the  diff  rencf  made  by  botanists  between 
the  two  spticies,  as  too  unimportant,  and  in  my  opinion  too 
indefinite,  to  lead  to  the  estahliohment  of  a  specitic  distmcrion 
between  them.  I  believe  all  the  vnrie'iea  to  have  arisen  by  ad- 
mixture of  the  pollen  or  seed-dust  from  the  dark  red  garden 
Beet  and  the  white  Mangold,  and  individual  varieties  so 
estabMshed  to  have  themselves  again  varied  according  to  the 
predominating  influence  of  the  oup  or  other  of  the  original 
sppcies.  These  difl'i^rent  kinds  of  Beet,  therefore,  as  ia  the  case 
with  so  many  other  cultivated  plants,  are  not  to  be  determi- 
nately  characterieed,  but  they  pass  over  one  into  the  other 
with  an  almost  ioaperceptible  gradation.  The  two  varieties 
that  stand  at  each  end  of  the  scale,  are  the  dark  red  Beet-root 
so  much  earlier  cultivated  in  our  kitchen  gardens,  and  the 
entirely  white  su^ar  Beet.  Between  these  extremes,  we  have 
already  the  great  long  red  Beet,  the  tleih-coloured,  or  marked 
with  concentric  flesh-coloured  rings,  the  externally  red  and 
internally  wholly  white,  the  yellow,  and  the  yollovr  and  red 
mixed.  The  colour  of  the  root  of^en  corresponds  with  that  of 
the  plant,  or  more  frequently  with  that  of  the  nerves  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  more  or  less  red  or  wholly  green.  From  tha 
seeds  of  any  one  single  plant,  varieties  will  result  in  Ihe  plants 
produced;  but  the  wholly  red,  or  the  wholly  white  or  yellow, 
are  the  most  constant.  The  pale  red  Beef,  under  the  same 
circumsiances,  grows  to  the  largest  size  and  gives  the  greatest 
amount  of  uroduce  ;  on  which  account  it  is  the  one  most  fre- 
1  quent'y  cufiivated  for  cattle  feeding.  This  variety,  however, 
I  is  divided  into  two  eub-varietios  :  1  Tliat  which  grows  with  its 
bulb  entirely  in  the  ground  ;  and  2.  That  which  has  a  tendency 
]  in  the  course  of  its  gr  >wih  to  draw  its  bulb  out  of  the  ground. 
I  have  reason,  indeed,  to  fcelieve,  from  my  own  experiments, 
that  this  tendency  rests  partly  wih  the  kind  of  Beet  grown  ; 
but  I  have  also  found  that  the  soil  itself  has  ctrtainly  a  con- 
siderable influence  in  producing  the  effect;  for,  on  one  occa- 
sion, I  divided  with  a  friend  a  portion  of  seed  which  I  con- 
sidered to  be  that  of  Beet  growing  above  ground,  but  which  in 
my  case  gave  plan's  whose  bulbs  remained  entirely  in  the 
ground,  while  my  friend's,  oi  the  contrary,  all  grew  out  of  the 
gionnd.  My  own  land,  however,  was  ploughed  ID  inches  deep, 
while  my  friend's  was  on'y  p  ouL,'hed  shallow.  The  Beet  that 
grows  out  of  the  ground  will  undoubtedly  be  better  adapted 
f  >r  shallow  soil,  and  be  grown  more  profitably  under  such  cir- 
cumstances  than  the  one  that  remains  in  the  ground;  but  I 
prefer  cultivating  the  latter  kind  in  deep  soil,  chiefly  for  the 
reai^on  that  in  such  a  position  it  will  be  less  injured  by 
autumnal  froits.  The  yellow  and  white  sugar  Beets  have  the 
udvantiige  of  being  more  solid,  and  in  some  degree  more  hardy 
in  resisting  frost ;  but  especially,  however,  on  account  of  the 
greater  proportion  of  sui^ar  which  they  contain,  as  we  are 
assured  by  all  those  who  have  been  engaged  in  experiments  on 
ihe  subject  is  found  to  be  the  case.  They  are,  accordiuuly, 
now  universally  preferred  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  an<l 
syrup,  and  perhaps  alpo  for  the  distillation  of  brandy  ;  but  for 
economical  purpos  sthey  are  not,  on  account  of  those  qualities, 
to  be  placed  in  competition  with  thuse  red  varieties  which  yield 
ao  much  greater  a  bulk  of  roo^  The  Beet  may  be  grown  in 
every  moderately  moist  soil  which  is  strongly  seasoned  with 
minuring  matter;  but  in  sandy  soils,  when  much  rain  has 
not  fallen  during  the  period  of  vegetation,  the  bulbs  will 
remain  small ;  and  in  light  humus  soils,  lying  low  and  moist, 
thoy  will  be  watery  and  bulky,  but  inwardly  hollow,  and  scarcely 
capable  of  being  rescued  from  rapid  decomposition.  The  soil, 
therefore,  most  generally  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  Beet  is 
a  tolerably  compact  loam,  in  which,  almost  wi  hout  exc  ption, 
it  thrivts  and  attains  much  solidity.  Accordingly,  I  make  it  a 
rule,  that  when  I  practise  hoe  buibandry  on  the  heavier  soils, 
I  grow  more  Beet,  and  on  the  more  sandy  soils  more  Swedes. 
The  Beet,  to  attain  any  considerable  st'-ength,  requires  a 
strongly  manured  soil,  whether  the  manure  bo  specially 
applied  for  the  purpose,  or  left  sufficiently  i-ich  in  the  soil,  alter 
taking  off  a  previous  crop.  Fresh  manure  must  be  well  incor- 
porated with  the  soil  by  at  least  a  double  plou.;hing.  The 
deeper  the  noil  the  better  ;  and  on  shallow  soil,  if  planted  or 
sown  on  ridges,  it  will  \ieid  a  great  pro  luce, 

Spiiengel  [183:i). — The  component  parts  of  the  Beet-root  vary 
very  much  according  to  the  mixture  of  soil  in  which  ic  is 
grown  ;  those  bulbs,  for  instance,  that  are  raised  with  atree"; 
manure,  often  contaiu  twenty  times  as  much  nitre  as  those 
cultivated  under  ordinary  cireumstanccs.  The  bulbs  grown  in 
loamy  soils  which  have  not  been  freshly  manured,  are  gene- 
rally found  to  yield  the  greatest  proportion  of  saccharine 
matter. 

De  Candolle  (1332). — 'With  the  exception  of  some  fruits  in 
which  sugar  effl  -resces  in  a  crystallised  state,  this  substance  is 
present  in  the  cells  of  plants  in  a  liquid  form  ;  and  it  is  even 
v>orthy  of  remark,  that  in  them  it  developes  or  destroys  itse  f 
with  sinj^ular  facility.  Thus  many  seeds,  such,  for  instance, 
as  the  Fea,  include  within  them  before  maturity  a  sacchaiine 
matter,  which,  on  their  becoming  ripr,  is  transformed  into 
starch,  and  this,  starch  again  becomes  saccharine  matter  on 
the  germination  of  the  seeds.  Many  other  kinds  of  germinating 
gr^iin  are  subject  to  similar  transtorma'ions,  and  chemists 
I  themselves  have  at  length  succiedel  in  changing  starch  into 


sugar;  but  h five  not  yet  been  able  from  su^ar  to  re-produC9 
starch :  a  circumstance  which  furnishes  an  argument  ia 
favour  of  those  who  think  that  the  covering  of  the  fecula  is  an 
organic  membrane.  The  ripening  of  fruits  offers  analogous 
transformations.  The  stalks  of  the  sugar-cane,  which  contain 
so  targe  an  amount  of  sugar  before  the  flowering  of  the  plant, 
contain  much  le^s  as  soon  as  that  prooess  has  commenced; 
and  in  the  cultivation  of  the  Beet,  we  know  that  the  quantity 
of  sacchaiine  matter  varies  much  according  to 'he  particular 
time  whon  it  is  drawn  out  of  the  ground  in  which  it  bad  been 
grown.  We  know  th;it  when  removed  too  la^e  it  gives  scarcely 
any  sugar  at  all,  arid  it  is  on  this  account  tha";  when  we  only 
draw  the  Beet  bulbs  in  the  s'^uth  of  France  at  the  same  date 
as  ia  the  north,  we  obtain  from  them  scarcely  any  profit ;  but 
that  when  drawn  two  months  earlier,  we  obtain  from  3j  to  4 
per  cent,  of  their  weight. 

ScucEBLER  (1833).— It  is  remarkable  that  the  amount  of 
sugar  in  the  Beet-root  indicates,  according  to  the  composition 
of  the  soil  and  the  nature  of  the  manure  applied,  great  varia- 
tions, to  which  in  Beet  culture  particular  regard  shou'd  be  had. 
Very  rich  clay  Bolls  are  not  adapted  for  the  cu'tivation  of  the 
Beot,  when  the  object  is  to  obtain  the  la  geat  amount  of  sac- 
charine matter;  the  bulhi  in  such  soil  beoome  watery  and 
yield  but  little  sugar.  Moderate  clay  soils,  con-aining  60  per 
cent,  of  sand,  were  found  by  Hermbstaedt,  the  best  suited  for 
this  crop,  liichly  manured  soils  give  a  great  produce  per 
acre,  but  the  r  lOts  in  this  case  contain  but  little  ^ugar.  Beet 
strongly  manured  with  horse  or  sheep  dung  often  yields  bulbs 
which  do  not  contain  a  trace  of  sugar ;  but  whose  juice,  on 
the  contiary,  is  strongly  impregnated  with  nitre.  Moderate 
manuring  with  vegetable  compose,  and  particularly  with  cow- 
dung,  produces  Beet-roots  containing  the  largest  amount  of 
saccharine  matter  ;  these  yield,  under  favoumble  circuai- 
stnnces,  from  5  to  6  per  cent,  of  crystallised  sugar,  besides 
syrup ;  at  the  sugar  manufactory  at  Althaltensleben,  the 
general  averago  produce  of  sugar  was  found  to  be  5.58  per 
cent.  Not  less  remarkable  is  it,  that  the  saccharine  properties 
of  the  Bee'-root  become  consider  ibly  diminished  when  i'.  is  kept 
too  long  in  stfre.  The  same  bulbs  which  in  October,  No- 
vember, and  December  gave  a  rich  yield  of  crystallised  sugar, 
when  worked  up  in  January  w.:re  found  to  contain  30  per  cent, 
less  of  sugar,  m  February  50  per  cent,  less,  and  in  March 
scarcely  a  single  remaining  trace  of  that  substance;  an  ob- 
vious proof  that  during  the  period  of  development  in  ad- 
vancing spring  a  change  goes  on  in  their  elementary  constitu- 
tion. The  rapidity,  too,  with  which  the  juice  is  worked  up  has 
likewise  ;in  infiaence  on  the  amount  of  su^ar  it  will  fu'-nish; 
for  if  the  Beet  pulp  remain  only  two  hours  without  being  put 
into  the  press,  though  it  may  produce  much  syrup,  it  will  yield 
very  little  crystallisable  sugar. 

Dumas  (18l3).— There  e.tists  a  great  number  of  varieties  of 
the  Beet ;  but  it  is  only  from  a  few  of  those  that  sugar  can  be 
economically  obtained.  The  following  are  the  principal  varie- 
ties cultivated  in  France,  and  they  are  here  placed  in  the  order 
of  their  richness  in  saccharine  matter.  1.  The  white  Beet  of 
Sile>ia.  Pear-shaped,  elongated.  It  is  the  best  of  all.  It 
generally  gives  a  juice,  which  is  at  the  same  time  the  purest 
and  the  densest,  and  consequently  the  easiest  to  work.  There 
is  a  sub  variety  of  this  Beec.  of  a  rose-colour;  this  is  very  much 
appreciated  in  Prussia.  2.  The  yellow  Beet  of  Castelnaudary, 
This  variety  can  only  be  cultivated  in  deep  si'ils  ;  but  wbea 
raised  under  favourable  circumstances,  it  gives  quite  as  much 
sugar  as  the  preceding.  3.  The  red  juiced  B-et.  Tnis  variety 
ought  to  be  discarde  1.  It  gives  less  sugar  than  the  former; 
and  its  colouring  matter  both  depreciates  the  character  of  the 
juice,  and,  towards  the  end  of  the  season  especially,  can  only 
with  difficulty  be  removed  from  it.  4.  M mgold  Wurzel.  These 
roots,  which  become  enormous  iu  size,  and  which  give  produce 
that  weigh  double  and  ir'ple  that  of  the  precedmg  vaiieties, 
ought  to  be  rejected ;  thj  great  quantity  of  water  they  contain 
in  proportion  to  the  sugar  would  render  the  extraction  of  the 
latter  too  costly.  The  culture  of  ihe  Beet  is  he  object  of  the 
most  minu'e  attention  of  the  growers,  who,  in  Flanders,  give 
the  land  from  three  to  five  ploughings,  between  each  of  which 
they  pass  the  roller  aud  the  harrow,  until  the  soil  has  become 
perfectly  broken.  Care  also  is  taken  that  the  manuring  shall 
not  immediately  precede  the  sowing  ;  ibr  it  has  been  ascer- 
t.iined  that  if  land  is  to  be  well  manured,  the  msnure  itself 
must  at  least  have  been  fully  prepared  and  well  worked.  We 
have  equally  acquired  the  assurance  that  Beet  roots  forced  on 
folded  land  or  soil  too  highly  manured,  are  very  ill  adapted 
for  the  purposes  of  sugar  manufacture.  At  a  manufactory 
near  Douai,  more  nitre  than  sugar  was  on  one  occasion  obtained 
from  the  Beet  roots,  in  co:iBequence  of  their  h  iVing  been  stored 
in  a  room  containing  much  old  plaster  on  the  walls  and  ceiling. 
Tae  seed  germinates  in  eight  days  or  three  weeks,  according  to 
the  moisture  of  the  land  or  season.  The  young  plant  is  at- 
tacked by  an  insect,  which  devours  the  young  leaves,  and  is 
very  destructive  in  the  middle  of  the  day  ;  the  root  also  suffers 
from  the  ravages  of  white  worms.  Miiny  farmers  have  grown 
Beet  on  the  same  land  for  five  years  successivtly,  without  any 
apparent  injury;  it  would  nevertheless  be  better  to  alternate 
lis  cultivation  with  that  of  Barley,  lor  the  purpose  of  avoiding 
the  inconvenience  of  too  recent  manuring*,  which  force  the  siae 
ut  the  bulbs  and  cause  them  to  become  watery  and  soon  liable 
to  spoil  iu  keeping.  The  preservation  ol  the  bulbs  ought  to 
constitute  a  part  of  the  operations  employed  for  the  manufac- 
ture ot  sugar  from  this  vegetable.  In  epite,  however,  of  the 
minutest  precautions  which  may  be  taken  with  this  view,  the 
Beei  root  is  always  found  to  be  subject  to  alterations  more  or 
less  Considerable,  and  to  lose  its  saccharme  matter,  both  in 
quantity  and  quality,  in  proportion  as  the  season  advances. 
One  process  only  can  prevent  these  serious  inconveniences  ; 
and  it  is  that  of  immediately  drying  the  bulbs  as  soon  as  the 
crop  is  taken  up.  Many  experiments  already  made  on  this 
point  by  MM.  Schutzenbach,  de  Lirac,  Pelouze,  and  Peligot, 
lead  to  the  hope  that  agriculture  will  eome  day  enjoy  immense 
advantages  that  have  hitherto  only  been  realised  in  part;  and 
that  Beot-root  dried  at  little  expense  to  the  grower,  and  deli- 
vered into  the  markets  like  corn,  mav  b  come  the  subject  of 
an  extended  branch  of  industrial  commerce  at  convenient 
times  and  places,  and  thus  lead  to  the  production  of  sugars  at 
very  low  prices.  If  the  age  of  the  roots  exercises  a  sensible 
influence  over  the  proportion  of  saccharine  matter  which  they 
contain,  the  circumstances  of  dryness  or  moi'ture  in  the  laud 
occasion  on  their  part  very  considerable  differences  in  this 
proportion.  It  results,  indeed,  from  tiie  observations  of  M. 
Mathieu  de  Dombasle,  that  the  density  of  the  juice  of  the  Beet 
from  (he  same  piece  of  land  increa-es  sensibly  up  to  the  periods 
of  dryness,  and  on  the  other  hand  decreases  in  a  few  days  when 
the  soil  has  become  sodden  by  heavy  rains.  The  difference  is 
less  considerable  in  fresh  clay  soily,  than  in  Baht  gravelly  ones, 
which  easily  lo?e  their  humidity  ;  hot  the  differences  are  con- 
stant tor  all  particular  soils  at  corresponding  periOris.  These 
facts  ought  not  to  surprise  u'» ;  for  it  is  evident  that  the  evapora- 
tion taking  pi  ice  at  the  surface  of  the.lciives  under  the  influence 
of  the  sun's  rays,  must  necessarily  produce  an  actual  concen- 
tration of  the  liquids  contained  in  the  whole  plant,  when  its 
radicles  do  not  find  in  the  soil  sufficient  moisture  to  repair  the 
loss  occasioned  hy  the  evaporation  proceeding  from  the  leaves. 
When  therefore  the  soil  is  moistened  by  a  heavy  fall  of  rain, 
the  plant  absorbs  in  a  short  time  a  great  amount  of  water,  and 
the  size  of  the  bulb  increases  considerably  in  a  few  days  ;  but 
the  bulb  in  this  state  is  more  watery  than  It  was  wheu  under 
the  influence  of  extreme  drynesF. 

KoppE  (1845).— There  are  many  varieties  of  the  Beta  cicla 
altissima,  distinguished  by  their  colour,  the  shape  of  their  root, 
and  their  size.  For  cattle  feeding,  we  choose  the  clear  red, 
the  yellow,  or  the  white  Beet;  wnich  grow  high  out  of  the 
ground  and  attain  a  considerable  weight  when  grown  on  a  soil 
adapted  for  them.  For  sugar  extraction,  wj  cultivate  only  the 
■  white  Beet,  or  that  with  a  reddish  external  skin,  which  grows 


18—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


285 


only  a  Utile  out  of  the  ground,  and  in  recent  times  is  known  &b 
the  sugar  Beet.  Tbis  Beet,  as  far  as  my  experience  has  gone, 
is  attacked  by  no  insect.  It  ia,  therefore,  advisable,  to  grow 
Cabbages,  and  Kohl-Rabi  (Turnip-CabbageB%  at  the  same  time 
along  with  it,  iu  order  that  when  these  suffer  from  instcts,  and 
in  consequence  jield  but  an  inferior  produce,  the  Beet  may 
compensate  for  the  lose  sustained.  The  Beet  requires  a  deep, 
rich,  clay  soil.  It  may,  too,  be  grown  on  middle  claas  soils 
when  deeply  and  wall  cultivated.  Inferior  soils,  however, 
fihouid  not  be  appropriated  to  Beet,  as  other  kinds  of  hoed  crops 
are  better  suited  to  ihem.  If  the  double  mould-board  plough 
is  well  adapted  for  other  crops  requiring  the  hoe,  when  the 
land  has  a  good  subsoil,  it  is  especially  to  be  recommended  for 
preparatory  tillage  in  the  case  of  the  cultivation  of  Beet ;  and 
it  is  indispensable  that  the  earth  should  be  removed  to  the 
depth  of  from  8  to  10  inches  in  order  to  produce  a  full  crop. 
On  my  own  farm,  the  land  is  ploughed  before  winter  from  10  to 
12  inches  deep,  experience  having  proved  to  me  that  this  deep 
loosening  of  the  soil  is  one  of  the  first  conditions  in  the  culti- 
vation of  the  Beet-root.  My  adjoining  neighbours  on  small 
holdings,  with  only  a  few  exceptions,  have  not  at  present 
decided  to  adopt  this  plan  ;  I  have,  however,  not  yet  seen  auy 
good  Beet-ri)o:5  on  their  land.  The  Beets  that  sometimes 
stand  from  12  to  IS  inches  out  of  the  ground  are  easily  injured 
by  the  frost.  They  do  not,  however,  on  that  account  become, 
like  Potatoes,  wholly  useless,  but  only  lose  their  keeping  pro- 
perties. The  crop  of  this  kind  of  Beet  should  therefore  be 
taken  up  immediately  after  the  Potato  crop.  The  White  Beets, 
which  are  cultivated  for  sugar  manufacture,  have  not  the  sam'.- 
teodency  aa  some  of  the  red  varieties  grown  for  cattle  feeding, 
to  grow  out  of  the  soil.  The  upper  portiona  even  of  the  sugar 
Beet,  which  have  been  exposed  above  ground  during  the  period 
of  their  growth,  are  scarcely  of  any  value  for  sugar  extraction. 
Such  plants,  therefore,  are  only  retained  to  yield  seed  (or  future 
crops,  as  have  shown  little  or^no  disposition  to  grow  with  iheir 
balbs  exposed.  As  the  bulb  of  the  white  Beet  is  decidedly 
richer  in  sugar,  and  has  a  firmer  fleshy  substance,  it  accord- 
ingly suffers  less  from  frost  than  the  watery  tall-topped 
kiuds,  especially  while  it  retains  its  full  foliage.  The  same 
plants  that  had  stood  a  severe  frost  in  my  fields  without  beinc 
affected,  while  their  leaves  were  on  them,  were  at  once  injured 
by  a  frost  of  only  half  the  intensity  after  they  had  been  deprived 
of  their  leaves.  The  leaves  of  the  Beet  are  indeed  but  a  poor 
watery  fodder  for  stock,  and  by  no  means  so  nourishing  as 
green  Clover.  Beet-roots  are  best  stored  in  heaps  or  stacks 
from  4  to  6  feet  wide,  in  which  they  are  so  piled  in  pent-house 
arrangement  that  their  heads  are  placed  outwards.  According 
to  the  given  width  of  these  stacks,  the  Beet-roots  in  the  middle 
do  not  ascend  higher  than  from  4  to  6  feet.  To  pile  them  higher 
is  not  advisable,  in  order  that  they  may  keep  well.  Tht  y  easily 
heat  when  stacktd,  and  in  that  case  andergo  a  decomposition 
of  their  component  parts,  which  is  very  prejudicial  to  their 
yield  of  sugar.  The  stacks  may  be  kept  from  frost  by  a  tolerable 
thatching  of  straw  firmly  pressed  down  by  a  subsequent  cover- 
ing of  earth.  To  prevent  the  straw  becoming  wet  by  rain,  it 
may  be  covered  with  earth  until  required  for  thatching.  The 
middle  of  the  Beet  heap  should,  however,  be  left  as  long  un- 
covered as  the  frost  will  allow,  in  order  that  the  roots  may 
remain  in  C(intact  with  the  air  while  at  higher  temperatures. 
If  this  circumstance  is  neglected,  the  Beet  soon  runs  into  de- 
composition, and  this  decay  is  far  more  to  be  feared  than  the 
frost.  It  being  u,>dersto  d  that  the  heaps  are  to  be  properly 
covered  with  straw,  care  must  be  taken  before  they  are  formed 
that  no  roots  already  frost-bitten  he  introduced  into  them. 
(To  be  continued.) 


The  first  row.  of  cutters  would  drill  out  circular  grooves 
or  furrows  in  the  hard  land,  throwing  the  comminuted 
soil  on  the  intervals  of  hard  land  ;  the  second  row  would 
undermine  these  ;  but  even  supposing  that  its  tools  so 
overlapped  the  former  row  as  to  entirely  disintegrate 
the  whole  soil  to  the  desired  depth,  it  would,  we 
c  )nceive,  leave  the  now  thoroughly  comminuted  soil  in 
ridge  and  furrow  corresponding  in  width  to  the  intervals 
between  the  tools — a  very  desirable  state  no  doubt  for 
some  crops,  but  undesirable  for  others. 


MecJtanics*  MagazinCi  Nos.  1495  and  1497jr  April  3cZ 
and  IJthj  1852.  J.  C.  Robertson,  166,  Fleet-street. 
Another  competitor  has  appeared  for  the  prize,  for  so 
it  will  imdoubtedly  be,  which  is  to  be  the  lot  of  him  who 
shall  first  succeed  in  the  cheap  and  efficient  application 
of  steam-power  to  cultivation.  We  shall  at  present 
merely  refer  to  the  fact  that  a  patent  has  been  taken 
out,  and  shortly  describe  the  invention  which  is  thus 
secured  to  Mr.  D.  S.  Brown,  whose  ingenuity  has 
designed  it,  A  framework,  carrying  a  3-horse  power 
steam-engine  is  drawn  by  horses  over  the  surface  of 
the  land  to  be  tilled  ;  it  is  about  10  feet  wide,  and 
perhaps  20  feet  long  :  the  weight  of  the  whole  will  not 
exceed  2  tons,  to  draw  which  four  horses  will  be  amply 
sufficient,  especially  as  the  steam  power  cuts  its  own 
way,  and  the  horses  have  only  to  draw  the  weight  of 
the  machine  and  engine,  and  not  to  force  the  cutters 
through  the  earth  as  they  do  the  coulter  of  the  plouo-h. 
These  cutters  appear  to  be  more  like  large  boring  or 
drilling  tools  than  anything  else.  In  the  drawings  given 
with  the  description  in  the  Magazine,  there  are  two 
sets  represented  as  placed  across  the  length  of  the  frame- 
work— across  the  direction  of  motion  :  one  set  in  the 
front  part  of  the  machine,  the  other  across  the  hinder 
part  of  the  framework.  They  are*placed  equidistantly, 
and  the  tools  of  the  hinder  set  work  in  the  intervals  of 
the  front  row.  These  tools  are  spindles,  inchned  down- 
wards, but  pointing  in  the  direction  of  the  machine's 
motion  and  bemg  armed  with  "bits,"  of  any  desired 
form,  which,  revolving,  and  at  the  same  time,  we  imagine, 
screwing  themselvea  forward,  effectually  overturn  the 
soil  and  comminute  it  to  any  degree  of  fineness  that  may 
be  deemed  deeirablo.  The  correspondent  of  the 
"MechanicB'  Magazine"  gays,  "The  width  of  soil 
which  the  revolving  cutters  can  work,  with  3-horse 
power  engine,  will  be  10  feet  at  a  time  ;  for  15  cutters 
of  3  inches  in  diameter  and  1.5  cutters  of  .5  inches  in 
diaraettr  equal  10  feet.  The  reason  why  the  forward 
cutters  are  made  smaller  than -the  hinder  cutters  is  that 
the.  forward  ones  enter  and  cut  the  earth  with  solid 
earth  on  each  side  of  their  passage,  but  the  hinder  ones 
cut  the  solid  earth  with  loose  earth  on  each  side  of  their 
path,  and  conserjuently  they  can  work  easier.  Cutters 
of  all  varieties,  in  point  of  whapo  and  size,  can  be  fitted 
into  the  sockets  of  the  revolving  spindles.  The  work 
done  will  necefisarily  vary  with  the  sort  of  power  and  the 
nature  of  the  fioil,  but  it  is  important  to  obHerve  that 
whatever  is  done  is  done  at  once — no  second  j.lou^hlng 
or  any  harrowing  is  needed,  for  the  earth  is  coinplet*ily 
cut  up  and  pulveriwed  by  the  cuttcrH,  ho  as  to  admit  at 
once  of  the  free  passage  of  air  and  rain,  there  being  no 
hardened  Hub.-itnttutn  left  at  the  bottom  of  the  furrow,  uh 
in  ordinary  pl.-ughing,  to  hold  the  water."  It  ajipeais 
to  u.ti  that  thiij  machine  will  not  leave  the  land  in  mo 
perfectly  fit  a  state  for  tho  seed  as  this  extract  asserta. 


Miscellaneous. 

Case  as  to  the  Guano  Islands.  (Opiiiion.) — The  Foreign  Office 
is,  I  believe,  in  possession  of  all  the  learning  relative  to  the 
occupation  of  netv  or  unappropriated  islands.  Some  time  since 
much  negociation  occurred  upon  the  subject  of  a  volcanic 
island  which  arose  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  during  that  nego- 
ciation all  the  points  involved  in  the  present  case  must  have 
been  considered.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  these  papers,  and 
as  the  island  oubsidtd  while  the  negociations  pended,  they 
would  perhaps  contain  no  more  than  a  reference  to  the  auth-^- 
rities.  I  have,  therefore,  looked  into  the  books  and  brought 
together  such  teits  as  appear  to  ma  to  bear  upon  the  case. 
These  two  islands  are  in  the  great  ocean ;  they  are  distant  20 
miles  and  upwards  from  the  territory  of  any  sovereign  state  ; 
no  public  act  of  dominion  has  ever  been  done  upon  them — 
they  are  without  any  permanent  inhabitants^and  they  are 
visited  indiscriminately  by  the  ships  of  all  nations.  The 
question  ie — do  they  primd  facie  belong  to  any  sovereign  state, 
or  t!an  they  be  made  the  property  of  a  first  occupier,  or  can 
they  be  retained,  q-B  juris  gentium,  against  any  particular  occu- 
pancy 1  For  the  principles  of  international  law  we  must 
always  ascend  to  the  books  of  the  civil  law.  It  is  laid  down 
in  the  Institutes  (de  reriim  divisiane.  §  insula  22),  that  an  island 
thrown  up  in  the  sea  is  the  property  of  the  first  occupant, 
Insi'la  qua  in  •mart  nata  est  occupantis  sit ;  nuUitts  enbn  creditur. 
It  may  be  gathered,  however,  from  the  principles  laid  dawn  in 
the  Pdodectg  as  to  ihe  property  of  islands  made  by  rivers  in 
their  course,  that  if  the  sea  wherein  the  island  arises  should 
be  the  property  of  any  sovereign  state,  the  island  would 
become  the  property  of  the  state  which  owns  the  sea. 
But  can  the  sea  become  the  property  of  any  state  ?  I 
believe  all  writers  are  agreed  that  it  cannot,  Puffendorf, 
liv,  4,  c.  5,  in  discussing  "choses  qui  pcuvent  entrer  en 
proprielc,"  while  he  allows  that  nations  have  aright  to  gulfs  and 
straits  upon  which  their  territories  lie,  denies  that  the  ocean 
is  susceptible  of  becoming  proper  to  any  people,  and  Vattel  (de 
la  Mer,  Hv.  1,  c.  23,  §  291),  in  illustration  of  his  posiiion  that 
dominion  and  property  are  not  inseparable  in  their  nature, 
remarks  that  tlie  English  have  never  claimed  the  pvoperti/  of 
the  seal,  although  they  have  claimed  the  empire.  These  islands, 
therefore,  are  not  within  the  property  of  any  sovereign  state. 
Are  they  wi  bin  the  drminion  or  jurisdiction  of  any  sovereign 
state  ?  If  this  question  were  answered  in  the  affirmative,  it 
Would  not,  I  conceive,  determine  that  the  property  of  the  islands 
must  follow  the  dominion  of  the  sea  in  which  they  are  found — 
but  the  authorities  answer  it  in  the  negative.  Upon  the  subject 
of  maritime  jurisdiction,  the  civil  law  is  almost  silent,  and  tbe 
writers  upon  international  law  are,  therefore,  wiihout  their 
usual  source  of  inspiration.  Some  of  the  elder  of  these  bad 
rather  wild  notions  of  the  distance  of  maritime  jurisdiction. 
Baldus  speaks  of  it  as  extending  to  60  miles  distance  from  the 
coa&t,  citing,  however,  a  passage  in  the  code  which  by  no  means 
bears  him  out  in  his  position.  Bodin  {de  Repub,,  1,  1,  ch.  10), 
extends  the  distance  to  3i)  leagues,  and  cites  a  decision  o^  a 
Parliament  of  Franca  in  the  case  of  a  Duke  of  Brittany,  where- 
in  it  was  so  held.,  Solorzan  (Tl.,  liv.  2,  ch,  G,  n,  22),  exieads  it 
to  100  miles.  Loccenius  thinks  that  two  dajb' vojage  should 
be  the  measure.  These  writers,  being  without  any  authority 
to  follow,  seem  to  have  followed  their  own  fancies,  and, 
agreeing  upon  no  principlej  mutually  destroy  each  other's 
credit.  All  the  great  expoeitars  of  international  law  are  now, 
however,  agreed  that  the  principle  which  goveins  maritime 
dominion  is  that  each  sovereign  state  has  dominion  on  the 
seas  that  wash  its  coasts,  so  (ar  as  that  state  cau  make  its 
power  felt  from  the  land.  It  is  in  Bynkershoek  (de  dominio 
maris,  cliap.  2,  g  5),  that  we.  first  find  laid  down  the  position 
erroneously  attributed  by  Azuni  (in  bis  Droit  maritime 
del'Europe),  to  Vattel  that  dominion  extends  to  a  cannon 
shot  from  the  shore,  Bynkerthoek  says:  "  Quare  omnino 
videtur,  rectius  eo  potestatemterrai  extendi,  quousque  tormenta 
exploduntur;  eatenus  quippe  cum  imperare  turn  possidere 
vidi.mur-"  Valin,  in  his  commentary  Sur,  i'ordinance  de  la 
Marine  de  France  de  KJSl  (liv.  5,  tit.  1),  cites  the  Journal  of 
Commerce  of  May,  1759,  for  the  same  doctrine,  and  states  it 
to  be  now  generally  establiehcd  by  the  general  consent  of  all 
natiuns  ;  and  Vattel,  although  he  does  not  state  the  same  pro- 
position in  terms,  implies  it  when  he  expressly  excludes  all 
large  bays  and  straits,  such  as  Hudson's  B:iy,  or  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  from  ihe  rule  that  sovereign  states  have  dominion 
over  the  bays  and  straits  within  their  own  territory,  and  con- 
fines the  rule  to  those  which  are  capable  of  having  their  en- 
trances defended  from  the  coast — "  une  baye  dont  on  pent 
defendre  I'entr^e."— Vattel  (de  la  Mer,  liv.  1.  c.  23,  §  91).  These 
authorities  seem  conclusive  to  shuw  that  by  the  common  law 
of  nations  these  guano  islands  are  not  either  the  property  or 
within  tho  dominion  of  any  neighbouring  state.  If  there  should 
be  any  treaty  bearing  upon  this  subject,  I  have  not  been  able  to 
find  it,  and  prousne,  therefore,  the  common  law  of  nations  is 
alone  applicable.  These  islands  are,  therefore,  now  juris 
gentium,  unless  they  have  become  property  by  occupancy. 
Grotius,  liv.  2,  ch.  8,  §  92,  says:  ''II  a  toujours  passe  pour 
constant,  que  les  isles,  verttabiement  telles,  sont  du  domaine 
public  ;"  and  the  same  doctrine  ha9  been  already  quoted 
from  the  Institutes  of  Justinian.  Upon  acquiring  property  in 
such  things,  Voet,  in  hie  commentary  on  the  Pandects,  says, 
(liv.  1,  §  1,  ff.  de  acquir.  possuss.)  :  "  undo  et  res  tales  in  ac- 
quisttione  dominii  jungunlur  rebus  illis  qua>  terra,  mari, 
ccclnque  capiuntur,  ac  cu'ca  quas  per  naturalem  possessionem 
dominium  iis  acquiritur  qui  primi  possebsionem  uppre- 
henderint,  sic  ut  non  intellit.^antur  hactenus  a  quoquum 
fuis*  e  possestaj ;"  and  Voet  describes  occupation  to  be  "  justa 
apprehensio  rerura  coipoialium,  jure  pen'ium  communium. 
ammo  duoiinl  facta  ;  per  quam  id  quod  nullius  est,  naturali 
ratioiie  primo  oceupanti  conctdiiur,"  Thus  it  appears  that  an 
latcntion  of  appropriation,  uswell  as  an  actual  taking  possession, 
is  neceKsary  to  render  tho  occupancy  valid  ;  and  it  is  well 
known  law  that  In  the  case  of  territory,  the  occupancy  can  only 
bo  by  or  on  behalf  of  bomo  covcreign  state.  Mow  it  cannot  be 
contended  that  the  mere  vltiit  of  paRsing  shlp^,  or  tho  landing 
of  Bculers  In  search  v!  Bca'e,  can  be  such  an  occupation  as  id 
above  described.  I  am  of  opinion,  tbereioro,  upon  the  facts 
Htalcd,  that  these  islands  arc  still  juris  gentium,  and  that  thoy 
may  by  occupancy  b<  como  the  pioporty  of  any  sovi-relgn  ntate. 
—(/CO.  Wingrove  Cooke,  2,  lirick-court.  Temple,  BiU  July,  184ii, 


Books  \  W  II  "  Low  a  Practiciil  Agriculture,"  a  guinea  book, 
we  believe.  Is  one  of  the  best  works  at  its  price.  But  It  doea 
not  go  with  any  detail  into  the  chemistry  of  the  Bubjeet. 

Distillation:  J  G  G  L  R.  We  are  not  aware  that  any  con. 
densable  gases  come  off  during  the  destructive  disillatlon  of 
bones.  Certain  infiammable  gases,  chiefly  carburetted 
hydrogen  we  imagine,  will  escape,  and  charcoal,  with  the 
earthy  part  of  bones,  will  remain.  Possibly  s  )me  little  am- 
monia may  be  farmed  and  escape,  and  of  course  some  water; 
vapour  will  also  be  driven  off. 

Mazaqan  Beans:  B  F.  We  have  had  winter  sown  Beans 
flovrer  in  Aiiril  when  6  inches  high,  and  produce  a  miBerabla 
crop,  but  the  leaf  indicated  a  stunted  growth.  If  your  plants 
otherwise  still  exhibit  vigorous  growih,  probably  rain  will 
cause  them  to  shoot  out  and  flower  again. 

Mb.  Vere  Fostee'9  Jooenal  :  F.  It  may  be  procured  of  any 
bookseller  fori  Ai..  under  the  title  "Emigrant  Ship,  Waahlnff. 
ton.    Paper  No.  198,  ISU."  ^ 

On  Shoeino  Hobses  :  A  leather  Bole  will  be  advisable  by  all 
means, and  the  composition  between  it  and  the  sole  should 
consist  of  Stockholm  tar  2  parts,  grease  1  part,  on  pledget's 
of  tow.  There  is  no  objection  to  a  bar  shoe  but  its  weight. 
The  above  composition  will  keep  the  sole  moist,  and  it  may 
be  occasionally  rubbed  round  the  external  part  of  tba 
foot.  W  C  S. 

Peat  Chabcoal  and  Sewage  :  A  Meniberof  a  Local  Board  of 
BeaXlh  a^ks  for  the  experience  of  any  of  our  correspuni'entfl 
who  may  have  actually  used  Peat  Charcoal  and  .^ewage 
Manure  upon  his  land.  He  will  find  important  statemen  & 
resiiecting  it  by  Mr.  Cuthill,  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronio'e  of 
1851,  p.  132. 

PoDLTEY  :  T  M  will  find  a  good  account  of  the  produce  and  cost 
of  keeping  poultry,  in  our  last  number  :  and  we  recommend 
him  to  purchase  the  little  volume  there  referred  to.  To  make 
liquid  manure,  he  needs  a  tank  for  collecting  it  from  his 
cattle,  and  from  which  he  mjy  take  it  for  use  in  wet  weather, 
or  in  which  he  may  dilute  it  for  use  in  dry  weather. — 
J  Ma  N,  Spanish  fowls  are  always  longer  in  moult  tbaa 
any  other,  and  are  very  naked  when  in  that  state.  To 
remain  so  long  is,  however,  an  indication  that  something  is 
wrong.  Have  they  a  good  Grass  run  ?  if  not,  provide  them- 
with  it ;  but  if  this  is  not  possible,  and  if  they  are  in  confine- 
ment, have  some  sods  cut  every  day,  with  plenty  of  Grasd  on 
them,  and  throw  into  their  pens.  If  they  have  a  good  ran, 
then  their  continued  nakedness  must  arise  from  fever  ;  if  so, 
change  their  food  for  something  more  cooling  than  they  have 
hitherto  had.  Give  ground  food,  and  see  that  they  are  sup- 
plied with  good  fresh  water, — A  B  G.  Tou  may  begin  to  fly 
your  pigeons  at  eight  weeks  old.  Start  them  hungry,  and 
begin  on  tbe  highest  spot  you  can  find,  not  more  than  aquar- 
ter  of  a  mile  fom  home.  Increase  tbe  distance  gradually, 
but  do  not  tax  their  powers  too  much  at  first.  Well-bred 
birds  will  not  settle  in  trees;  the  "toys"  will,  There  is  a 
grpat  deal  of  useful  information  in  the  Rev.  E.  S.  Dixon's 
"Dovecote  and  Aviary." — Q  B.  I  am  sorry  I  can  give  np 
solution  of  the  vagary  complained  of.  J.  Bai'y,  113,  MounU 
street. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Advebtiiement  :  C'a/-oJ6ic.  It  iw  impoHHiblo  that  wc  can  vouch 
f<)r  ttto  truBtworthini!BH  of  all  that  Is  ttiivurtlsed,  and  of  the 
limtnnco  rt-lorrcd  to  wo  uro  entirely  iKnnraiit.  You  will  find 
who  gained  the  priju-g  i.t  page  H2H  of  lust  yi-ar'rt  volume. 

Black  Md-iTAKd:  B  F.  How  it  n  .w  or  with  tho  Hist  ruin.  It 
mu-ti  bo  sown  broudciiHt,  B  IbH  per  acre,  or  about  that,  on  tho 
(hHriy  pulverlnod  8urf:ico  of  u  rich  t-oli.  It  1h  harvcBtoii  us  a 
corn  crop— cut  when  the  pcidn  bugln  to  rlpou,  tied  in  alicavcs, 
and  throahed  on  cloths  In  tho  field. 


i5fiarltet0» 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Mat  1. 
Tbe  market  is  well  supplied  with  vegetables  and  frul*. 
English  Pine-apples  realise  good  prices,  as  do  also  hothouse 
Grapes.  Dessert  Pears  are  now  confined  to  Beurr6  Ranee, 
A  few  Court  of  Wick,  Newtown  Pippin,  and  Reinette  Gris 
Apples  may  still  be  obtained.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and 
good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Straw- 
berries are  very  plentiful,  but  many  of  the  samples  are  very 
inferior.  Young  Carrots,  Beans  (both  French  and  Mazagao), 
Ptas,  Lettuces,  and  Artichokes  are  supplied  from  France, 
Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Epacriaes,  Cine- 
rarias, Mignonette.  Camellias,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Prp. 
mulas,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  63  to  lOs 
Grapes,  hothouse,  p. I  b.,10sto  15s 

—  Lisbon,  per  lb.,  23  to  4s 
Strawberries,  p.  oz.,  6ii  to  la 
Api'les,   kitchen,   per  bushd, 

23  to  33  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  33 


Pears,  dessert,  per  doz.,  2s  to  6s 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  perlUO,  3s  Gdto  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz,.  Is  to  S& 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Nuts,  Barcelona, p. bsh,20dto22s 

—  Brazil,  p.  bsh.,  123  to  Ha 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  lOOs 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  9d  to  Is  3d 
French  Beans,  per  100,lsto2e 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  la 

—  head?,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  33  to  7s 
Seakale,  per  basket,  9d  to  2s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  6d  to  43 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  lOd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80b 

—  per  cwt.,  2a  to  5s 

—  per  bush..  Is  6d  to  2s  Gd 

—  New,  per  lb..  Is  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz,  ,2s  6d  to  3s  6d 
Cucutiiburs,  tach,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Culery,  per  bundle,  Cd  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  Is  Gd 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—     Spanish, p.doz.  ls3dto  3d 
Endive,  per  score,  9d  to  Is 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  29 
Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  la 


VEGETABLES. 


Leeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  la 
Lettuce.Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  Gd 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle.ls  to4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  8d  tols 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  la 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.  sieve,  Is  3d  to  IsSd 
Artichokes,  JeruB.,do.,  9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunob,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  buchs.,  23  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Basil, green, p.bum^h, Is  to  Is  6d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Waitrcressea,  p.  doz.  bunches, 

dd  to  Is 


HAY.— Per  Load  ol  36  Trusaos, 
SuiTHFiELD,  April  2y. 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  75s  to  84a    Clover 
Inferior  do.  ...  G5         70       2d  cut 

Rowen  63         —       Straw 

New  Hay     —        — 

COMBERLAND   MaBKET,  Api-H  29. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  789  to  86b 


.  65 


75 


...884        90 
Whiteoiiapkl,  April  29. 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do, 
Stiaw 


..  853  to  956- 
,,  78        84 
,.  2»        27 
.  Coofeb. 

,..  70flto80e- 


..  758  to  808 

Old  Clover 

Inferior  do. 

..  55        06 

New  Clover 

..  24        27 

Inferior  do. 

28         80 

JosnuA  BAEEa. 


.  84b  to  94s 

.  68  .du  76 


Inferior  do. 
New  Hay 
Old  Clover  .,, 

Fine  old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferior  do.... 
Straw 

COAL  MAUKEi.— FaiDAT,  April  80. 

Eden  Main,  iCs.  ;  Bate's  West  llurtley,  13fl.  6d. ;  Wallsend 
HaawL-ll,  lOfl.  3d.;  Wullsend  Hotton,  IGs. ;  Wullaond  Lambton^ 
I5H.Gd, ;  Wallsond  Stewarts,  lOs. ;  WallBond  Tcoa,  ICa.— Shipa 

at  market,  84,  

HOPS.— BouoDon  Market,  April  SO. 

MoHflra.  Paltoiidon  and  Hinlth  report  that  tho  demand  for 
Hops  oontinuojf  etoa'ly,  at  lute  prices,  and  the  supply  very 
lliiiltud.  Thochangu  hi  weather,  It  Is  thought,  will  prove  very 
benoficlnl  to  the  coming  crop,  which  at  present  la  in  a  very 
backward  atato. 

WOOL. 

BiiADFonn,  TiiunsDAT,  April  29.— Tho  transactions  in  tbe 
EiigllHli  Wool  miirkut  hIuco  nur  luHt  roport  have  buen  consider, 
ubly  above  tho  avoiago\»f  tho  1'lw  prouodlng  wooIih,  and  stocks  In 
thu  hunda  of  atnplcrH  arc  becoming  reduoud.    Prlcca  cannot  be 


— -^g5' 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


May  1, 


<i 

Per  St.  of  81bs.— » 

d       E 

d 

Best  Long-wools .  0 

0  to  0 

0 

•!. 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3 

0  —  3 

2 

0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  0 

0  —  0 

0 

S 

Do.  Shorn   2 

4—2 

8 

Lambs     4 

8  —  6 

6 

0 

Cslves      2 

8  —  4 

4 

6 

Pigs_        2 

6  —  3 

4 

quoted  as  g&neruUy  improved,  anl  althouBh  in  sume  instances 
a  &aiatl  advance  ha^  be  m  ob'ained,  the  extent  of  improvement 
can  only  be  considered  as  the  turn  of  price  slij^litlj  in  lavonr  of 
■the  peller.  The  arrivals  from  the  country  have  been  very 
limited,  and  it  seema  to  be  a  well  ascertained  fact  novp  that  the 
wants  of  consumers,  until  clip  d;»y,  will  have  to  be  supplied  in 
the  greatest  measure  from  the  stocks  at  present  held  by  the 
trade  here.  There  i3  a  fair  demand  for  goods  for  the  home 
trade,  but  the  buyers  for  foreign  markets  are  doing  compara- 
tively little.  It  becomes  more  and  more  evident  that  the  pro- 
ductive power  is  in  excess,  and  that  to  put  a  check  upon  it  is 
the  only  effectual  way  of  brin^'ing  about  a  more  satisfactory 

atate  ot  affairs.        

POTATOtlS.— SouTHWABK,    April  2G. 

The  committee  report  that  durioK  the  past  week  ihe  supply 
tooth  coastwise  and  by  rail  iias  been  moderate,  and  our  trade 
continues  languid,  except  for  the  beat  samples  of  Regents. 
The  following  are  this  day'd  quotationfi  :— York  Regents,  8O3. 
to  9U8.  •  Scotch  do  ,  70a.  to  SOs. ;  Fifeshire  Cupa,  508.  to  55a. ; 
Wiflbeacb  and  Cambridge,  653,  to  TOs. ;    Kent  and    Esses, 

708.  to  gOa. 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  April  26. 

We  have  asain  a  large  euppy  of  Beasts,  and  the  quality  of 
it  is  exceedingly  good.  Although  the  prices  are  iower,  a 
clearance  cannot  be  effected.  The  number  of  Sheep  and 
Lambs  is  considerably  larger  than  the  demand.  There  are 
very  few  in  the  wool,  except '  a  lot  or  two  of  Downs,  which 
make  from  43.  10  4s.  2d.  Sheep  on  the  average,  are  lower, 
and  Lambs  with  difficulty  retain  Friday's  quuiations.  There 
is  no  alteration  in  the  Calf  trade.  From  Germany  and 
Holland  there  are  33S  Beasts,  370  Slieep,  and  154  Calves  ;  from 
Spain,  21  Beasts  ;  from  Scotland,  62 ) ;  2800  from  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  and  150  from  the  northern  and  midUnd  counties. 

Per  Bt.  of  81b3.— s  da 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  *tc.  ...  3  0  to  3 
Best  Short  hc^rns  2  H)  —  3 
2d  qualify  Beasts  2  0  —  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breda      ...  0    0  —  0 

Do.  Shorn   3     4—3 

CeastB,  43U  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  25,950  ;  Calves,  218  ;  Pigs,  390, 
Friday,  April  3i>. 

We  have  a  considerable  aujiply  of  Beasts,  and  a  very  limited 
■demand  for  them;  consequently  we  cannot  quote  higher  prices 
than  on  Monday  last.  Several  itiferior  qua  icies  remain  unsold. 
The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  also  large  ;  trade  for  the 
former  is  full?  aa  good  as  of  Idte,  with  an  improved  tendency  ; 
but  for  the  latter  it  is  worse,  and  prices  are  decidedly  lower. 
There  is  a  largo  supply  of  foreign  and  inferior  Calve.i,  which 
are  sold  very  low,  and,  although  we  quote  as  high  as  4-8.,  it  is 
not  often  realised,  because  choice  ones  are  scarce.  From  Ger- 
many and  Holland  we  h»ve29j  Beasts,  330  Sheep,  and  327 
Calves  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  4^0  Beasts,  and  140  Milch 
Cowfl  from  the  home  counties. 

MARK  LANE. 

Monday,  April  26.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  small,  which  enabled  factors  to  realise 
it  at  an  advance  of  Is.  per  qr.  Dantzic  also  comn)anded  an 
enhancement  of  Is.  per  qr, ;  other  qualities  met  a  eomewhat 
improved  inquiry,  but  we  cannot  write  them  dearer.  — Flour 
meets  a  better  eale  at  late  rates. — Thereis  an  improved  demand 
tor  Barley,  at  lully  last  week's  prices.  — Beans  and  Peas  are 
each  Is.  per  qr.  dearer. — The  Oat  trade  is  flrm^  at  an  advance 
.of  fid.  to  l6   per  qr,  from  Ibis  day  week, 

Pee  Imperial  Qdahtee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  ds  Suffolk. ..Wlute  44— 4G  lied 

—  —    fine  eeleoted  runs  ..ditto  45— 48  Ked  , 

—  —     Talavera  45 — 51 

—  Norfolk 38— 43  fted  , 

—  Foreign 36—5! 

Barley.grind.ifc  distil., 2oBto 293... Chev.  bO — 35  MaUiog 

■ —     Foreign  ...grinding  and  di6tiUing'ii2 — 29  Malting 
■Oaif,  E.-sex,  and  Suffolk ;20-22 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato, 2.^^-25  Feed 

_     Irish  Potato  21— 24  Feed, 

— -     Foreign    Poland  and  Brew)2,0 — 22  Feed, 

Rye     —     Korfiign 

Rye-meal,  foreign — 

Seans,  Mazagan 25$  to  283 TioJi;  26-t31 

—  Pigeon  27    —  333.,.Wiads.     — 

^     foreign Small  23—31 

Seas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent......  Boilers  33^ — 35 

—  Maple 28dto  31s Grey  27—29 

Maize     ...White      — 

^lour,  hcf-t  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  35—40 

—  SuiFvjIk  ditto  27—3-' 

■ —    Foreign... per  barrel  17 — 22 

x'EiPiY,  April  30. — There  has  been  a  fair  arrival  of  Wheat 

iiropa  abroad  this  week,  but  moderate  of  other  descriptions  of 
.grain,.  To-day's  market  was  thinly  attended.  We  notice  no 
alterttiiou  in  the  value  of  Wheat,  and  the  inquiry  (excepting 
&r  line  Dantzic,  which  is  scarce),  was  dull. — Barley,  Biians, 
and  Peds  are  without  alteration  in  value, — In  the  Oat  trade 
there  is  lefs  animation  than  there  has  been  during  tbe  week. — 
We  have  not  heard  of  any  th'qg  doing  in  floating  cargoes  this 
-<iay. — Flour  is  unaltered  in  value  ;  good  barrels,  21s, 
IuP£RiAL  Averages, 


.Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 

Tellow... 
Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


39—42 
41—44 


29—31 


21—23 
20—23 
18-21 


2G-31 

24—25 
34-3G 
28—35 


27-32 
28-34 


HARTLEY^S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS, 

FOR    RIDGE    AND    FURROW    ROOFS,     GRSENHODSES,    RAILWAY     STATIONS,    ENQINE     SHEDS,    MILLS 
MAKKET-HAr.LS,  AND    PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  GENERALLY. 


For  CoNSEftVAToaiEs,  Fdblic  Bdildinos,  Manufactories, 
Skylights,   *bc.,  Aso, 


PackeDiIk  Crates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  :~ 

3(J  inches  widja  and  f.i'om  40  to  50  long 

Or  20  ,,  ,,  50  to  70     ,,  ....         


In  Squares,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    6       

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8      


10  by  8 
14  by  10 
14  feetaiip. 


14  by  10 

\h  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inclies 

3'         ,,  or  if  above  21),  and  not  above  30  inches  long... 

4  ,.  ,.  20 


5 
6 
8 
10 
12 
15 


4.0 
45 
55 
70 


35 

40 
45 
5.5 
70 
85 


4'hinch 
thick. 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0     8i 

0     9 


4 


7 


3-16.th  inch 
thick. 


0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


5  inch 
thick. 


s.  d. 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  lOi 

0  11 

1  0 
1  1 
1     2 


Packed  in  Uoxes  of  50  Feet  Each  : 
Ins.    las.        Ins.    Ins.  s.    d. 

6  by  4  and  Gh  by  4i  10     6 

7  by  5      „     7i  by  5i  12     0 

8  by  C      „     84  by  GJ  13     0 

9  by  7     „    94  by  7i  and  10  by  8  i5    0 

Note. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  the  superiicia'  con- 
tents, except  where  the  length  esceeda  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

-I'Qth,   6d.  ;  d-lGths,  9d^;  ^  inch,  U,  pe7' 


Beiiding, 
fo9t,  net. 

*^*  IrregvJ.ar  shapes  are  charged  as  squar 
When  Crates  are  ordered,  the  30-inch  widtJis  will  he 
sentj  unless  otherwise  specified. 

JAMES     PHILIPS    AITD     CO., 

HORTICDXTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS.  U6,    BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT 


Tai;;  PaTKNT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eighth  of  a'n  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  ot  very  exteneiveand  increasing  consumption. 

It  is  universally  admitted  to  he  the  hesi  and  most  suit- 
able  Glass  for  Ridge  and  Furroy}  MoqfSf  Qreenhousies, 
Factories,  Workshops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
tran?parency,  strength,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occiire. 

Where  still  greater  etrength  is  required  the  S-lGtfas  and  \  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.   Samples  will  beforwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 


LONDON. 


Mar.   an. 

-  H- 
JVpril    3 

—  10. 

Wbeat. 

Baelet. 

OilB 

Kye. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

s.   d. 
42    8 
42    2 
41    7 
41    4 
40  10 
40    4 

E.   i. 
30    3 
80    5 
29     9 
29    .4 
29     1 
27     8 

s.   d. 
19     0 
19     C 
19     4 
19     7 
19     4 
19     8 

s.   d. 

31  11 
Zl]     6 
.32     8 

32  8 

33  G 
31     7 

s.    d. 
30    4 
30    3 
30     0 
29     1 
29  10 
80     3 

s    d. 
29  10 
29    8 
iS    7 
■J9    2 

29  11 

30  2 

—    17 

—    2t 

A  eerrpff.  Aver. 

41  6 

29    4 

19     6 

32     1 

30     1 

29     9 

Datica  on  Foreign  Qrain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FlDCTUATIONS  in  the  LA6T   SiX    WeEK's   AVEEAGES. 

PRICEg. 

.VlAB.  20. 

Mae.  27. 

Ape.  S 

APE.  10. 

Ape.  17. 

Ape.  24. 

42»  8<J- 
■J2    2 
41    7 
41    4 

40  10 

...  L 

...  L 

...  L 

1 

...  L 

LivEftfooL,  ToEsDAT,  April  27. — The  week's  imports  of  grain 
and  Flour  are  moderate,  whilst  there  are  good  exports  to 
Ireland  and  coastwise.  There  has  been  an  upward  tendency 
in  the  price  of  Oats,  Oatmeal,  Beans,  Peas,  Barley,  and  Indian 
€orn  during  the  week.  Wheat  and  Flour  at  full  prices.  At 
this  m.irning's  marliet  we  had  a  healtby  demand  for  both  local 
and  di-tant  consumption,  and  some  purchases  of  American 
Flour  were  made  on  speculation.  The  advan::e  on  last 
J"*s*5sy's  quotations  was  general,  viz..  Id.  per  bushel  on 
Wheat,  (id.  per  sack  and  barrel  on  Flour,  Id.  per  bushel  on 
Oats,  9d  to  Is.  per  load  on  Oatmeal,  Id.  per  bushel  on  Barley, 
a-s.  per  qr.  each  on  Beans  and  Peas,  and  Is.  to  Is.  Cd.  per  qr. 

on  Indian  Corn. FniDAT,    April  23.— In  tbe  interval    from 

luesday  a  few  parcels  of  Wheat  have  changed  hands  on  specu- 
ifttion,  at  lull  prices,  but  at  this  morning's  market  the  business 
in  this  article  and  of  Flour  was  not  large,  and  tbe  rates  of 
Tuesday  were  merely  well  supported.  Indian  Corn  was  also 
without  change  in  value.  Oats,  Oatmeal,  and  Egyptian  Beans 
each  brought  a  small  advance  in  price. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  eupevior  to  any  other  manufacturCj  as  well 
as  cheaper.     In  100-feet  boxes  paciied  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  iachcs  by  4  and    6.^  by  4i       13s.  0<f. 

7  „  5  and    7,i  by  5i       15     0 

8  ,,  6  and    8    by5i       15     0 

8  „  6  asid    84  by  6*       17     6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  ,,        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thickness_es. 

Cases  containing  larye  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 

21s.  per  100  feet. 

ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  heatmnnufactnred. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  por  foot. 

„         ,,         85      „       8d.         „ 

,,         „         50      ,,       9^d.       ,, 

75  "   , 124. 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frame.s,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'jisses;  "Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  CjouDtves  Railway.— 
Establishe d  IQO  years . 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES 
PIT   FRAMES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  axe  supplying  16-oz.  Slieet  Glass, 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  i"  boxes,  containing  100 
square  feet  each,  atthe  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  caeh. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  ^-  Inches.  Inches.        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    6  by  4     at      Ud.  is  £0  12    6 
From    6    by   4,        „  7    „'  5      „      2d.      „    0  16    8 

7  „     6        „  8    „     6       „       2id.     „     0  18     9 

8  „     6        „         10    „     8      ,,       2^d.     „     1     0  10 
10     „     8        „         12     „     9       „       2fd.     „     12     11 

Larger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
16  oz.  from  Zd.  to  3.jd.  per  square  foQtj  according  to  size. 
21  oz.     „     3i|d.  to  5d.  „  „  „ 

26  oz.    „    did.  to  7id.         „  ,t  „ 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass. 

PATENT  PLATE  GLA^S.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  eaahis  required. 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Prices,  since  tlje  removal  of  the  excise  duty,  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
London. 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  tbe  cheapest  in 
England.— A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 

HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


.0 


u 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  BnnoER,  Claremont- 
Place,  Old  Kent-koad,  lina  200  CUCUMBER  .-ind 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  all  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  made  of  well-seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES,  CONSERVATORIES,  itc,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  bad  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  moat  of  the  counties  of  England. 


HORTlCLiUTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATINS 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 


GRAY  A^D  ORMSON,  Danveis  Sfieet,  Chelsea, 
Loiidon,  havmg  had  considerable  espcriepce  m  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  hind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms, 

G.  and  O.  have  been  exteubively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  allby  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
conhdence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 

HORTICULTURAL  "building    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIiiLE  PiilCES. 


J  "WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hotliouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentrj 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  byildinga.  or  fix  Hot-Watei 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses.  Greenhouses 
Conaervaloriea,  Piis,  »tc.,  er-ected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentlemai 
can  select  the  deecription  of  House  beat  adapted  for  evej^ 
required  purpose, 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficiaH' 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  ari; 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Botton 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  pplendid  collection  "of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  an 
in  the  hi-^'hest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  loT. 
prices.  Abo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pot;, 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts.  i/ 

Plane,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  nortieultural  Buildings  ;  al8<}% 
Catalogues  ofPlants,  Vines,  Seeds,  Ac, forwarded  on  application  i  i 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  KiNO'8  Road,  Chelsea,  Lomdon. 


GREENHOUSE  &.     CONSERVATORY  BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT, 

HOT-WATER    APPARATUS    MANUFACTORY, 
Kecsall-qeeen,  Harbow-boad,  London. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  th( 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  thi 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Green 
houses,  Conservatories,  Foroiog  Pits,  tkc,  and  all  other  build 
ings  for  Horticultural  purpose?,  combining  all  the  moat  moden 
improvements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  6 
heating  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Publiv 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  &c.,  has  received  the  greates; 
approba-ion  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  be  hot 
been  extensively  engaged. 


18—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


28/ 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 

BY  HER  .Jis^^^^^^f^    ROYAL  LETTERS 

TATENT. 


MAJESTY'S 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Klno's  Road,  Chelsea.  — The  superior  qniililipa  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having-  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
Ihe  United  Kingdom,  has  cansed  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  (.-xecute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
nnd  can  now  executa  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  qualify  and  price  to  defy  till  competition. 
Tateot  Kothousts,  witti  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  duwn, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  fltctric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2rf.  per  foot  enper.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  evtry  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  fc.  G  inches  long,  12  ft.  ralter.  400  fc,  23?  Cs  Sd.  ; 
2A  ft.  6  ins.  long.  do.  do..  62^  Ir.,  SOt.  }ds.  8d.;  2i  ff.  fi  ins.  long, 
15  ft,  ra'ter,  712  ft.,  ill.  Ids.  Sd.  Hs-ating  by  Hot-water  ou  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  aud  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  suprr. 

ROSES. — The  attention  of  Rose  Gardeners  and 
Amateurs  is  called  to  tbe  "  FL'tRUMBRiV  "  or  Rose- 
preserver,  by  which  Beows's  Famigatoris  rendered  applicable 
10  Rose  trees,  for  the  purpose  of  freeing  thftiu  from  the  Aphis. 
The  "Fiorurubra,"  which  was  introduced  with  s-ucees^  last 
season,  will  at  the  same  time  protect  choice  Roses  intended  for 
cxhibici'  n  from  sun  or  raiu.  They  may  he  had  wholesale  from 
Alessrs.  Berber  and  (iroom,  London  ;  and  retail  of  mtst  tron< 
mongers  and  Seedsmen,  and  of  W.  J.  Saogster^  75,  Cheapside. 
Forti^er  particular!^  on  application. 


TURNIP  SEED  FOR  SALE.— Thirty  bushels  of 
Sliirving's  Purple-top  Swede,  at  15s.  per  bushel  ;  30  ditto 
of  old  Purple- top  ditto,  at  Hi.  ;  15  ditto  of  Green-top  Yellow 
CullocU,  at  163.  The  whole  is  of  the  growth  of  1S51.— Address 
Mr.  Betan  Claek,  Farmer,  Tuxford,  Notts. 

TURMIP  SEEX>S    DIRECT  FROM   THE    GROWERS. 

JOHN  SUTTON  AND  SONS  respectfully  recommend 
Tnmip  Growera  to  favour  them  wuh  their  orders  early, 
while  they  have  a  good  Stock  of  New  genuine  Turn'p  Seeds, 
of  their  own  growth,  which  they  can  warrant  new  and  true  to 
their  kinds,  and  which  are  the  best  varie'ies  of  Swedi.sh, 
Hybrid,  and  other  Turnips  in  culiivation.  Priced  Lists  may 
tfe  had  gratis,  and  pot-t  free. 

Address,  JoHtr  Sdtton  and  SoHS,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 


SUTTON'S  PURPLE-TOPPED  YELLOW 
HYBRID,  equal  to  any  Swede,  and  much  quicker  in 
growth,  and  SUTTON'S  IMPROVED  EARLY  SIX-WEEKS' 
TURNIP,  for  early  sowing,  which  gaiaed  Mr.  Pusey'd  20i  prize 
at  tlieFacringdonAgricuttural  Snow,  are  two  of  the  very  best 
{Tnroipa  in  cultivation,  and,  from  their  tree  growth,  will  thrive 
well  in  poor  soil.  Price  of  the  Hybrid,  la.  per  lb.,  and  the 
Improved  Six  Weeks,  I'id.  ;  also,  the  True  Lincolnshire  Red 
Globe,  lOd  per  lb.,  and  oiher  choice  sorts,  as  see  Messrs. 
Sutton's  Priced  Catalogue,  which  may  be  had  gratis,  and  post 
free. — Address,  John  Sctton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Read- 
HJg,  Berks. ^^ 


SKIRVINGS    IMPROVED    TURNIP    SEEDS. 
T\nLLIAM    SKIRVING  begs  to  announce    to  his 

'*  friends  and  the  public,  that  iie  has  fixed  the  price,  for 
thisseason.of  his  IMPROVED  SWEDE, andalso the  PURPLE. 
TOP  YELLOW   BULLOCK,  at  9tL  per  lb. 

W.  S.  can,  with  perfect  confidence,  recammend  these  Turnips 
OS  being  the  best  now  in  cultivation,  in  every  retpect,  whether 
for  the  greatest  crop,  the  bast  quality,  or  for  keeping,  according 
to  the  time  of  i-owing.  At  the  same  time  he  begs  to  state  that 
iie  has  no  agent  ia  town  or  country,  and  of  course  is  not 
accountable  for  the  low-priced  spurious  Turnip  Seei3s  offering 
ander  hi-;  name. 

All  other  kinds  of  Tarnips  and  Agricultural  Seeds  io  general, 
of  the  beat  quality,  at  very  moderate  prices. 

A  remit'ance  or  reference  is  reque-ted  from  unknown  cor- 
reBpondents — Qaeen-squa^e,  Liverpool,  May  1. 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN  RIVERS  solicits  the  attention  of  the  Agri- 
cul'urist  to  his  qu'ck  growiu,'  STUBBLE  SWEDE 
TURNIP;  though  thia  variety  originated  from  a  cross  be- 
tween a  large  white  Stone  Turnip  and  the  old  Green-top 
Swede,  by  careful  selection,  it  ha^  tlie  colour,  solidity,  and  the 
hardiness  of  the  true  Swede.  As  it  was  extensively  distributed 
last  year,  experience  has  proved  it  superior  for  aowiog  in  May, 
for  early  feed;  its  growth  being  matured  before  the  mildew 
attacks  it  in  the  autumn,  being  b^t'er  adapted  for  giving  more 
time  in  the  preparation  of  the  Land  than  any  other  kind  from 
iis  quickness  of  growth,  and  it  is  a  heavy  cropper.  It  may  be 
iown  fur  a  full  crop  throu^jhout  the  month  of  June,  Price 
Is.  Qd.  per  lb. 

Orders  to  the  amoant  of  lOs.  carriage  paid  to  London.  Post- 
OfBoe  orders  are  requested  of  unknown  correspondents. 

Sawbridgeworth,  Herte. _^^^^^_^__ 


TO  LET  ON  LEASE  OR  OTHERWISE.— A 
SMALL  NURSERY,  principally  Glass;  the  Slock,  with 
Greenhou-e8,  Pits,  die,  to  bo  taken  at  valuation,  or  the 
GreenboufleRand  Pits  to  be  let  with  the  Ground.  At  the  option 
of  tbe  Parchaser  the  Stotk  may  be  taken  too,  or  will  be  dis- 
posed of. — Apply  to  Mr.  PauTHF-ttoE,  Nuraerjman,  Leyionstone, 
ruex;  or  to  the  Pro|jrtetor  {on  the  premises),  Mr,  Linn, 
Park'ft'reet  Cantberwell. 


BEE  H1V1-.S.  —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
8ELEt;friON  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Vu^al'tgne,  wiih  Drawings  and  Prices,  sent  na  receipt 
..f  Tifohtampn.  GEORQF,  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Jfotbum,  Loudon. 

"  In  DOticiDg  the  hWcn  exhibitod  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  firat 
Arid  furema^i,  in  my  opinion,  stand*  Mr.  Taylor'^  Eight- IJar 
Uire,  and  Mcftftr^.NciK^ibOQr  and  Son't  Improved  CottngcHive, 
b't'h  txlilblt*.'<l  by  M'-dkrB.  Neighbour."—*/.  U. Payne.  (Seetlie 
"Urjttsge  Gardtiier."  Non.  1C9.  170). 

AoCNT*.— Liverpool :  Wm,  iJniry,  Oa«tlc-%trect.  Manchester: 
Hull  and  Wifj^'jM,  CO,  Kinv-Rtreet.  Glungow  :  Austin  nad: 
McAMlan,  168,  Trongate.    Dublin  :  J.  Edmondaim  and  Co.,  01, 

I)anjfr-»tr«:e'. . 

MILK,    CHEESE,    AND    BUTTER. 

HENRY  JiAKER,  Umician,  f»0,  Uattfin  Garden, 
London,  lulviHifH  iiiiy  ono  who  kcei^jt  Cows  to  'iciul  two 
pyitaKe«tftmp,i,  andobtaio  adtftcriptlonof  bis  LAHTOMETKR, 
with  it*  o«c»,  and  thcreflulti  of  cxperlmtntM  with  It  upon  dll- 
f-irent  Mtlkn.  Lnctnmctcro,  complete,  in  a  miihogitny  box, 
lOf.  fid. ;  Do,,  with  chiMiper  ttttingi.  li.Cd.  and  .0*.;  n>dro. 
moicr*  for  tenting  mlphurio  acid,  t>a.,  7m.,  ond  lOi.  No  con- 
«ijinwr  of  atUl  should  be  without  one,  an  It  1%  of'en  nold  highly 
'tllut-d,  Hiccharomctow  for  Itrowing,  with  tuMex,  &«.,  78.,  mul 
l"i.  Pediment  Buronictcru,  from  1',,  each.  Wheel  lliiromo. 
H-m,  from  U.  U.  each.  Packed  carefully  for  the  country,  thtro 
bvin/  uotbliig  to  f«ar  of  them  getting  out  of  order,  at  they  oru 
warranted  to  be  properly  mide  aod  good  iDBtrumeiitfi, 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS — 
lloriiL-ultu'lstfl,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEaNK,  DHAY,  and  CO.'.s  ex'ciisive 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNING  INPLEMENTS,  best 
London  made  Garden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Gardeu  Suata  and  Chairs. 

AveruQcators  Garden  Scrapers         Mowing  Machines 

Axes  Giduey's     Prussian    Pickaxes 

Bag,'ing  HooUs  Hoe  Potato  Forks 

Rills  Gripe  Gatherers  &    Pruning  BiLb 

Borders,        various        Scissors  ,,     Knives,  various 

pattenls  Gravel    Rakes    and       ,,     Saws 

Botanical  Boxci  Sieves  ,,     Scissors 

Brown's  Patent  Fu-    Greenhouse     Doors       ,^     Shears 

miga^or  and  Frames  Rakes  in  great  va- 

Cisra  of  Pruning  In-    Ham'ners  riety 

sTuments  Hand-ijlass  Frames    Reaping  Hooks 

Daisy  Rakes  Hay  Knives  Scythes 

Dibhles  Horticultural  Ham-    Scythe  Stones 

Dock  Spuds  mcr^  <&  Hatchets     Shears,  various 

Draining  Tools  Hoes  of  every  pat-    Sickles 

Eilgin:,'    Irons    and       tern  ^Sickle  Saws 

She;ira  ITotbed  Handles         Spades  aud  Shovels 

Flosver  Scissors  Ladies' Set  of  Tools    Spuds 

,,        S  auds     ip    Labels,  various  pat-   Switch  Hooka 

Wires  lb  Iron  ternp,     in     Zin?,    Thistle  Hooka 

Fumigators  Porcelain,  &.c.  Trausplaoling  Tools 

Galvanic      Borders     Linfs  and  Reels  Trowels 

and     Plant    Fro-     Marking  Ink  Tuifiiie  Irons 

tectors  Mattocks  Wall  Nails 

Garden  Chairs  and    Menogr;iphs  Watering  pota 

Seats  Metallic  Wire  Weed  Hooks 

„     Loops  Milton  Hatchets  Wheelbarrows 

„     Rollers  Mole  Traps  Youths'  Set  of  Tools 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  00.  are  sole  Agents  forLINGHAM'S 
PERMANENT  LABELS,  samples  of  which,  with  their  Illus- 
trated List  of  Horticultural  Tools,  can  be  sent,  post  paid,  to 
any  part  of  the  United  Kinedom.  Also.  Wbolenale  and  Retail 
Agents  for  SAYNOR'S  celebrated  PRUNING  KNIVES,  used 
excltisively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  United  Kingdom. — 
DEANC,  DRAY,  &  CO.  {Opening  to  the  Jlonumeut),  London, 
bridge. 


G 


UTTA  PERCHA   TUBING   FOR  WATERING 

GARDENS,    ETC. 


T£SHM0NIAL. 
From  Mr.  J.  Farrah,  Gardener  to  BoswellMiddleton  Jalland, 

Esq.,  of  Boldevness  Home,  near  Hall. 
"I  have  had  400  feetof  your  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  (in  lengths 
of  100  leet  each,  with  union  joint)  in  use  for  the  last  twelve  inonths 
for  watering  these  gardens,  and  I  find  it  to  ansxver  better  than  any- 
thing I  have  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  The  water  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  the  slightest  eff.ct  on  tlie 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a.most  valuable  invention 
for  Gardeners,  ina^^much  as  it  enables  us  to  waier  our  gardens 
111  about  one-half  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour  for- 
merly required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  tlie  conveyance  of 
-water  is  no  longer  a^matter  of  doubt,  Bspevienoe  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superiority  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  from  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  bi;;hly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  J'ercha  Company  have  reoeived  the. 
following— 

Testimonials. 
FromC.  Hacker,  Esq.,   Surveyor  to  his  Oi'aco  the  Dtiko  Of 
Bedford,  Jrobnrn  Parh. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  1852. 
"Gentlemen, —  In  answer  to  your  inquiries  respectiDtr   the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  puetions  (after  tvwo  years'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 
it  will  eat  lead  through  in   two  years  ;    we  have  adopted  it 
largely,  bolh  on  account  of  beiuu:  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job." 

From  Sir  Raymond  Jarvis,  Bart,,  ofVcntnor.  Ide  of  TFight. 
'*  Veoinor,  M^roh  10,  1852. 

"  Gentlemeji, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  reoaivod  this  morning 
respeciing  tbe  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  Pump  Service,  I  coo 
state,  with  much  satisfaction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
builderj,  and  other  persons,  have  lately  examined  it,  and  there 
ie  not  the  least  apparent  dilierence  sinoe  the  first  laying  down, 
now  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  it  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  tbe  houie*  that  are  beiug  erected  here— -building 
(joing  on  to  a  coueiderable  extent. 

'*  I  am,  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  R.  JAavra. 

"  P.S,  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  tixing  the 
tube  to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  aversQ 
to  the  jub,  did  not  pro[>erly  secure  it,  and  uir  got  into  the  tube  ; 
o'herwisc,  carefully  arrimgud,  there  Is  no  question  it  Buper- 
ecdcs  lead  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes,  R.  «1." 

From.  ]yiViam  Bird  HcrapaVi,  Esq,,  M.n.C.S.,   Surgeon  to  ^t, 
Fcttir'aand  Queen  EtizabcOt's  Uospifali,  Briatut. 

',*  Scptenibev,  1850. 

"I  have  used  Gutta  Peroha  as  a,  lining  to  u  cluttTn,  with 
tubing  of  tlio  sumo  imitcrlnl,  to  conduct  tlio  water  into  my  dis- 
p.niriry;  they  answer  admirably.  At  first  eoiiio  diHagruoablo 
iLivour  WUH  coinmuuioaied  to  the  wutof,  but  It  boou  di«ap- 
ponred. 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  roodo  of  managing  it  from 
your  prlutiid  dlruutlonn." 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Puroha  Goods  may  bo  had,  Mouufac- 
tiir<rd  hy  tho  Giltta  I'uroha  (Company,  I'nt  ntonn,  London  ;  unci 
Nold  Ht  ihu  WhoUrtule  Oily  Depot  of  Me-iHr».  HiMtOKsa  and  Kkv, 
103,  NawgntcstrooT,  who  will  forward  Lints  of  Prioos  on 
U]>pllcutlon. 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC 

PATENT  VULCANISED    INDIA  RUBBER  HOSE-PIPES. 


TAMES    LYNE   HANCOCK   (Sole  Licensee  and) 

^  MANtJFACTUaEE,    GOSWELt    ItoAD,     LONDON, 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Waterini;  Gardens,  con. 
veying  Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cidor,  for  portable 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  p  rffotly  soutid  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  They  are  particularly 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedingly  useful  in 
Dwellinz-houses  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  die. 

Hose  ReeU  for  winding-up  and  wheallog  away  Jong  lengths 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hoae,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B.— Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Roses,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns, 

AH  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  Hancock,  Goswell  Mews 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meat  with  Immediate  attention. 


G 


ALYAJSIISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 

7a.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan.       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2.inch  mesh, light,  24 inches  wide  ...  7d,peryd,    Sd.peryd. 
2.inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ...     9        ,,  6^      „ 

2-inch      ,,       extra  strong  ,,  ...  12        ,,  9        „ 

15-inch      ,,      light  ,,  ...     8        ,,  6        ,, 

l£-inch      ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10        „  8        „ 

la-inch     ,,      extraatrong   »,  .,.  14       ,,  11        „ 

AUthe  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanisedsparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasan tries, 
Zd.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  poptfrec. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


pHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
vy  NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard ; 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  rutining  yard,  2  foetwide. 
Galvanised,  Not  Galvauised. 

24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  Id.  per  yard.        ...        5d.  per  yard. 
30  in.     „       2  in.     „         9d.         „  ...         6^<i,         „ 

3fi  in.     ,,       2  in.     ,,       lO^d.      ,,  ...         7ld.        ,, 

■18  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is.  td.    „  ...      lOd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  80 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cbeapeet  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high, 
Is.  Gd.  and  2s  Zd.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Aiohts,  Rordrring,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  liivisiblo  Wire  Fencing, 
Hiu'dles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  tor  Horticultural 
purposes,— Illustrated  Catalouues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  0  and  8, 
3now-hil',  London, 


WIRE    AND     IRON     WORKS. 

HWEST,  17,  New-road,  Fitzi'oy-aquare,  Original 
•  Inventor  of  OltNAMIiNTAL  WlliE  FLOWER. 
STANDS,  die,  and  Manufacturer  of  every  deHcrip'ion  of 
useful  and  fancy  Wire  and  Iron  Work,  rcspecifully  invites  the 
inspection  by  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  an  exttutive  assort- 
ment of  superior  Wire  Flowor-slnnda  and  Flower. tramerB, 
Koseries  and  Flowor-bod  Boi-'leiiug,  TrollU  nnd  Garden 
Archefi,  Porticoes  and  W«rimd»ha,  Aviaries  and  Plicasaniries, 
all  kinds  of  Game  Wire-netting  and  InviHlblc  Fencing,  Wove 
Wire  and  Veneii.m  Window.biindH  ;  and  iiImo  a  groat  variety 
of  Iron  Bedsteads,  Childrcns'  Crilw,  Spring  Mattresses, 
Kcdfllng,  &o;  <bc.  Novel  do^ignB  in  Wire-work,  to  screen  un- 
sightly  objects  or  for  ornamental  purpoaes,  made  to  tit  any 
locality,  oxeoutod  by  experienced  workmen,  at  the  lowest  prac- 
tical ohargoH, 


IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING,    ETC. 

STEPHENSON  ANf)  PEILL,  (il,  Graccdmrch-street, 
London,  and  17,  Now  Ptirk-blreet,  Soiithwark,  beg  to 
liiiorm  their  friends  iind  the  publiu  gtnonilly  they  are  now 
inanufaoturlng  Irou  Hurdlen,  ut  the  following  low  prices  :— For 
sheoii,  0  fc.  long  3  ft.  high,  ft  bars,  8fl.  Vrf.  caob  ;  ftud  for  cattle, 
C  ft.  longi  8'fC.  Q  In.,  high,  fi  bars,  ia.  Qd.  onch. 


288 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.  [May  I. 


In  One  very  thick  Volume,  12mo.  with  12  Plates,  price  14*. 
cloth  ;   or,  with  the  Plates  coloured,  21s.  cloth, 

THE  BRITISH  FLOKA;  comprising  the 
Phreaogamous  or  Flowering  Plants  and  the  Ferns.  The 
Sixth  Edition,  with  Additioua  and  Corrections;  and  num^roas 
Figures  illustrative  of  the  Umbelliferoug  Plants,  the  Com- 
posite Plants,  the  <3Ta?BBS,  ^nd  the  PernB.  By  Sir  W.  J. 
HociBLEa,  F.R.A.  &  L.S.  ;  and  Ot.  A.  VValkee  Aenott,  LL.D., 
F.L.S.  &  R.S.  Ed.;  Regius  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Uni- 
Tersity  of  Glasgow, 

London:   Longuah,  Bbown,  Gbeen,  and  Longmans. 


NEW     PART     OF     COSMOS. 

The  Adthoeised  Teanslatioh, 
Juat  publiehed,  in  post  8vo,  price  7s.  cloth  ;    and  in  16mo, 
price  85.  sewed,  or  is.  clo'h,  the  Second  Part  of  the  Third 
Volume  of 

HUMBOLDT'S    C  O  S  M  0  S.— Translated  with 
the   Author's    sanction  and  co-operation,  and    at  hia 
express  desire,  by  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Sabine. 

London:  Longuan,  Beown,  Qbeen,  and  Longmans;  John 
Mdbbat,  Albetnarle-treet. 

NEW  AND  CHEAPER   EDITION.' 

Fourth  Edition,  in  fcp.  8vo.,  with  an  Engravins  on  Steel,  and 

Illustrations  on  Wood,  price  53.  c'oth, 

THE    LADY'S    COUNTKY    COMPANION;    or, 
How  to  Enjoy  a  Couotry  Life  rationally.  By  Mrs.  LodDijn, 
Author  of  "  Gardening  for  Ladies,"  &c. 

Also,  by  Mrs.  Loddon,  16mo  ,  Woodcuts,  price  7s   6d., 
THE  AMATEUR  GARDENER'S  OALENDAR  ;  or,  Monthly 
Guide  as  to  what  should  be  avoided,  as  well  as  what  should  be 
done,  in  a  Garden. 

London  ;  Longman,  Beown,  Gbeen,  and  Longmans. 


PROF.  LINDLEY'S  INTRODUCTION  TO  BOTANY. 

In  2  vols.   Spo,  with  Six   Copperplates   and  numerous  Wood 

EngravinpF,  price  24s.  cloth. 

TNTRODUCTION    TO    BOTANY.      By  Professor 

J-  LiNDLKT,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Botany  in  University 
College,  London,  &c.  Fourth  Edition,  with  Corrections  and 
numerous  Additions. 

It  has  been  the  Author's  wish  to  bring  every  subject  that  he 
has  introduced  down,  as  nearly  a&  possible,  to  ihe  state  in  which 
it  is  found  at  the  present  day.  In  doing  so,  he  has  added  so 
very  considerable  a  quantity  of  new  matter,  especially  in  what 
relates  to  Vegetable  Anatomy  aud  Pbysiologr,  that  ttie  present 
Edition  may  be  considered,  in  those  respects,  a  new  work. 

By  ihe  same  Aulhor, 
THE  THEORY  of  HORTICULTURE.     8vo,  12s. 
SYNOPSIS  of  the  BRITISH  FLORA.    12mo,  lOs.  6d. 
FLORA  MEDICA.     8vo  18s. 

London:  Longman,  Beown,  Gbeen,  and  Longmans, 


The  sixth  Edition  {of  the  two  first  volumes,  being  tbe  popular 
ponion,  of  the  original  work,  corrected,  and  considerably 
enlarged,  and  now  appearing  in  a  distinct  and  separate 
form),  in  2  vols.  8vo,  with  five  coloured  plates,  price  31s.  Gd. 

AN    INTRODUCTION    to    ENTOMOLOGY;    or 
Elements  of  the  Natural  History  of  Ins*  cts  ;  comprising 
an  Account  of  their  Metamorphoses,  Food,  Stratagems,  Habi- 
tations, Societies,  Motions,  Noisea,  Hybernation,    Instinct    (tc 
By  W.  KirtBT,  A.M.  F.R.S.,  and  L.S. ;  and 
W.  Spence,  Esq.,  F.R.S.  and  L.S. 
London  :  Longman,  Beown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 

Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  8vo,  with  many  hundred  Wood 
Eonravings,  price  50^.  cloth, 

LOUDON'S  ENCYCLOP/EDIA  of  GARDENING: 
Comprising  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Horticulture, 
Floriculiure,  Arboriculture,  and  Landscape  Gardening :  in- 
cluding ail  the  latest  Improven  ents,  dsc.  A  New  Edition 
corrected  and  improved  by  Mrs.  Loodon. 

Also,  in  Svo,  price  31s.  Gd.  cloth, 

LOUDON'S  HORTUS  BRITANNICUS;  or,  Catalogue  of  all 

the   Plants   Indigecous   to,  cultivated   in,    or  introduced  into 

Britain.     New  Edition,  with  a  Supplement,  and  a  New  General 

Index  to  the  whole   Work.    Edited  by  Mrs.  Loudon  ;  assisted 

by  W.  H.  Baxtee,  Epq.,  and  David  Woostee. 

*a*  The  New  Supplement  may  be  had  separately,  price  14s. 

London  :  Longman,  Beown,  Geeen,  and  Longman. 


THE    QUARTERLY    REVIEW,    No.    CLXXX.J 
IS  JUST  PUBLISHED. 

contfnts : 
LORD  JOHi"^  RUSRELL  AND  THE  EARL  OP  DERBY, 
LAMARTINE'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  RESTORATION. 
FIRST  TEN  YEARS  OF  THE  REIGN   OF  GEORGE  THE 

THIRD. 
CALIFORNIA  versus  FREE  TRADE. 
THE  CANNON,  MUSKET,  AND   RIFLE. 
THE  BOHEMIAN  EMBASSY  TO  ENGLAND,  &c ,  UG6. 
PROGRESS  OP  COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY. 
RECENT  EPICS. 

DIARY  OF  GENERAL  PATRICK  GORDON. 
HORACE  WALPOLE'S  GARLAND. 
SIR  ROGER  DE  COVERLEY. 

John  Moebat,    Albemarle-street. 

MANGNALL'S   QUESTIONS,    BY  GUY   AND    WRIGHT, 

With  an  Histobical  Feontispiece  and  Engravings. 
A  New  Edition,  corrected  to  the  present  time,  by  Joseph  Gut, 
Jun.,  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  Author  of  the  "  Juvenile 
Letter-Writer,"  &,c.     12mo,  roan.     Price  4s.  Gd. 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  QUES- 
TIONS FOR  THE  USE  OP  YOUNG  PEOPLE,  with 
a  Selection  of  British  and  General  Biography,  die,  by  R, 
Mangnall.  Adapted  for  the  Use  of  Schools,  by  the  Rev.  G.  N. 
Weight.  A  New  Edition,  corriicted  to  the  present  time,  by 
JostPH  Got,  jun.  Illustrated  with  a  new  Historical  Frontis- 
piece,  and  many  new  Engravings, 
London  :  William  Teog  and  Co.,  85,  Queen. street  Cheapside. 


Juat  published,  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is, ; 
or  by  post  for  Is.  Gd, 

'pHE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 

J-  What  to  Live  for;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regim(m 
and  Self-Management ;  together  with  instructions  fur  becurinE 
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regulated  course  of  life.    By  a  Phtsician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s,  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  6d., 
■nA.r  J^EDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

?r«?r  wTk  ^^^  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
w««ill  *^*'i/;'^^'^"on8,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
mlmbpr  of  tS"'"''^--  T^''  ^°'"'^'  ^"^anating  from  a  qualified 
St^H,r.  *^«.>»^d.cal  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
Se?son,  lh«''«!"r'r' "'  ^^^'^^''^^  *«  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 

«;^;,rrlr.ii  f^^  '  ""'^^  ^^  ^°""*^  ^^®  ''^^^^^^  "hich  lead  to  their 
occurrence  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence  and 
the  means  to  be  ad.^pted  for  their  removal.  ^  «'«nce,  ana 

fls  nil't5'«frt".'\?'''^^S?'  ^^'  Patcrnoster-row;  Hannat, 
63,  Oxford-street;  Mann,  39.  Cornhill;  and  all  Booksellers. 


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MODERN  DOMESTIC  MEDICINE  :  a  Popular 
Treatise,  exhibiting  the  Nature,  Symptoms,  Causes,  and 
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approved  Prescriptions,  Directions  for  Diet  and  Reeiraen;  the 
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emergency,  Manaijement  of  Children,  Doses  of  Medicines  ifec. 
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By  T.  J,  Geaham,  M.D.,  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
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'*  It  is  altogether  deserving  of  permanent  popularity." — 
LoJidon  Weekly  Revieio. 

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AprU  1852. 

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MANUAL  OF  BRITISH  BOTANY, 
containing  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  arranged 
according  to  the  Natural  Orders.  By  C.  C.  Babikoton,  M.A., 
F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c. 

"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  recommeudinpr  Mr.  Bahington's 
'  Manual  *  as  the  best  guide  to  the  students  of  practical  botany 
in  this  country." — Annals  of  Natural  History. 

"  Mr.    Bahington's  is    a  very  valuable  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  of  British  plants,  full  of  original  information  and 
good  critical  remarks." — Dr   Lindley's  Gardeners^  Chronicle. 
London  ;  Jdhn  Van  Vooest,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


GRATIS!    GRATIS!    GRATIS! 

FOR  THE  PUBLIC  GOOD,  AND  THE  SUPPRESSION  OF 

QUACKERY. 

Juat  published,  96  pap;eB,  Library  Edition, 

EVERY  MAN  HIS  OWN  DOCTOR,  By  Alfred 
Baekee,  M.D.  Sent  gratuitously  by  the  Author,  on 
receipt  of  two  postage  stamps  to  pre-pay  it.  Address  Dr. 
Babkeb,  48,  Liverpool-street,  King's  Cmsa,  London. 
Opinions  of  the  Press. 
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treatment  in  most  of  the  diseases  that  '  flesh  is  heir  to.'" — 
Herald, 

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publishing  this  work  for  gratuitous  circulation." — Chronicle. 

Just  published,  the  30th  edition,  price  \d., 

GRIMSTONE'S  HISTORi  OF  AN  EGYPTIAN 
PEA,  discovered  auiongst  others  by  the  Committee  of  tbe 
British  Museum,  in  a  Vase  preaented  to  them  by  Sir  Gardener 
Williioson,  the  Bg\p'ii.n  Traveller.  Three  were  presented  to 
Mr.  Wra.  Grimstoue,  by  Mr,  T,  I.  Pettigrew,  who  as.iisted  in 
opening  this  relic  of  the  time  of  the  Pharaohs,  being  2314  years 
old.  The  growth  of  thi'^  Pea  is  different  to  those  of  this  coun- 
try ;  tbe  taste  is  unequalled,  they  boil  much  greener  than  ours, 
and  so  prolific,  being  planted  thus  .  '  ,  •  .  8  inches 
apart.  The  2s. Gd.  bag  vvill  produce  enough  for  a  email  family. 
They  require  no  sticks,  and  the  bloom  hangs  in  clusters. 
Remember  the  only  genuine  is  sold  in  bags,  2s.  Gd,  ;  three 
times  the  quantity,  5s.  ;  seven  times  the  quantity,  lOs.  Each 
bag  is  signed  and  sealed  by  William  Ghimstune,  Herbary, 
Highgate;  Depot,  52,  High-street,  Bloomsbury,  London,  Eye- 
Snuff  and  Herb  Tobacco  Warehouse. 


MR.    DISRAELI'S   FINANCIAL    SCHEME. 

DOUGLAS  JERROLD  edits  LLOYD'S  LONDON 
WEEKLY  NEWSPAPER.  The  number  for  Sunday 
next.  May  2,  (Price  Three-pence,  post-free),  contain!*  Sixty 
Large  Columns  of  the  Latest  Intelligence  (to  the  Moment  of 
Publication)  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  by  express  Electric 
Telegraph,  and  other  means,  regardless  of  expense.  The 
number  for  Sunday  next  will,  in  addition  to  Original  Writings 
by  the  Editor,  also  contain  : — Robbery  of  Californian  Gold  at 
the  Briiish  Museum — Taking  a  Shoe  Warehouse  by  Storm- 
Loss  of  an  Emigrant  Ship — Explosion  of  an  American  Steamer  : 
100  Lives  Lost— Destruction  of  a  Village  in  Berkshire  by  Fire 
— A  Captain  and  his  Crew  Starved  to  Death — Important  from 
tbe  Australian  Gold  Fields — Arrest  of  a  Ribbon  Lodge  whilst 
Sitting — A  Judge  Violating  the  Law — Crystal  Palace  and  its 
Preservation  ;  Great  Public  Meeting— Parliament  of  the  Week  ; 
Second  Reading  of  the  Militia  Bill,  Defeat  of  JLoeke  King's 
Motion  for  Extending  the  Franchise,  Adulteration  of  Coffee, 
(fee  — Fires  on  Moss  and  Fen  Lands— Naval  Prize  Money— Ter- 
mination of  the  Engineers*  Dispute — Newmarket  First  Spring 
Meeting — Emigrants  and  their  Friends  :  No.  3,  Liverpool  Man- 
catebera,  &c. 

Lliitd's  Weekly  London  Kewspapeb  is  Published  every 
Saturday  night  in  lime  for  Post.  Price  only  Thef epence  !  ! ! 
Post-free.  Send  Three  Postage  Stamps  to  Edward  Lloyd,  No. 
12,  Salisbury-square,  London,  and  receive  one  copy  as  a  sample, 
or  order  of  any  newsvender. 


THE  FARMERS'  MAGAZINE  FOR  MAY. 
Contents:  Plate  I.  FARM  BUILDINGS.  Plate  IL  A 
HEREFORD  STEER.  Covenants  in  a  Farm  Lease.  Great 
Exhibition  Farm  Buildings.  The  Breeds  of  Animals.  Ma- 
nagement of  Young  Wheat.  The  Highland  and  Agricultural 
Society.  Cultivation  of  Turnips.  Cirencester  College.  Agri- 
cultural Education.  The  Potato  Plant.  Artificial  Grasses. 
Lameness  in  the  Horse.  On  Artificial  Manures.  The  Tur- 
nip Crop.  Leases  and  Tenant- Right.  The  Necessity  of 
Farmers'  Clubs.  The  EflFects  of  Warping.  The  Potato. 
Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  Best  Management 
f.ir  Light  Lan<l.  Beet-Root  in  Ireland.  The  Osaae 
Orange  a  Hedee  Plant.  The  value  of  Turnips  in  1817,  On 
Grass-land.  Glass  W^lls.  Protecting  Peas  from  Birds  and 
Vermin.  Atmusphcric  Influences  —  Vegetable  Physiology. 
Alkali  Works.  Meteorological  Diary.  Calendar  of  llorticul- 
lure.  Agricultural  Repoits.  Review  of  the  Corn  and  Cattle 
Trades.  Agiiculturnl  Intelligence,  Fairs,  die.  Stallions  fiT 
the  Season.  Currency,  Averages,  Seeds,  Hops,  Ac. — Price  2b. 
London  :  Rogebson  aud  Tuxfobd,  246,  Strand. 


Sales  62  Auction* 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  seU  by 
Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  THURS- 
DAY, May  6ch,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate  collection  of  CARNA- 
TIONS and  PICOTEES  ;  also  a  superb  assortment  of  YeilQW 
Picotees,  the  newest  varieties  of  Fuchbias,  Verbenas,  and 
Dahlias;  Heartsease,  Geraniums,  and  other  Plants  in  bloom, 
with  a  variety  of  useful  and  Ornamental  Plants  for  Bedding.— 
May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues  had  at  the 
Mart ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytou- 
Stone,  Essex. 

TO    BOTANICAL    COLLECTORS,  GARDENERS,  ETC. 

SPLENDID  COLLECTION  OF  ORCHIDACtlOUS  PLANTS, 
CACTI,  PALMS,  FRUITING  PINES.  AND  GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,  GREENHOUSES  AND  VI!5ERIES,  jSic.  &c. 

MESSRS.  DATES  and  PERRENS  have  received 
instructions  from  the  Assignee  of  Messrs.  Richardson, 
bankruptfl,  to  offer  for  sale  by  Auction,  upon  the  premises,  oa 
MONDAY  and  TUESDAY,  May  10th  and  11th,  the  whole  of 
the  valuable  and  rare  collection  of  Oj  c'lideous  Plants,  large 
Cacti,  noble  Palm  Trees,  and  other  Greenhouse  and  Hothouse 
Plants,  Pines  in  fiuit,  crop  of  Grapes  and  Peaches,  tfcc.  &.C.  ; 
together  with  the  whole  of  the  Forcing-houses,  corapriaing 
eight  capital  Hothouses  and  Greenhouses,  Forcing  Pits,  t&c, 
warmed  by  Hot  Water ;  situate  at  Wordsley,  near  Stourbridge, 
in  the  parish  of  Kingswtnford  and  county  of  Stafford,  lately 
occupied  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Richardson.  At  the  same  time  will  be 
sold  a  few  valuable  Oil  Paintings,  tbe  property  of  the  said 
bankrupts.  The  Hothouses,  Vineries,  dsc,  will  be  sold  upoQ 
the  second  day,  at  2  o'clock  precisely.  The  Pl-ints  will  be 
divided  into  suitable  Lots. — Catalogues  will  he  distributed,  and 
may  be  had  at  the  place  of  sale  ;  at  the  office;  of  J.  Chbistib, 
Esq.,  Waterloo-street,  Birmingham  ;  or  of  the  Auctioneers,, 
Stourbridge;  or  will  be  sent  by  post,  upon  receipt  of  four 
postage  si  amps. 

SHORT     HORNS. 

MR.  WETHERELL  begs  to  call  the  attention  of 
Breeders  in  general,  and  to  remind  them  that  on  the 
llTHofMAY,  at  Bishop  Middleham,  near  Ferry  Hill,  County 
of  Durham,  he  will  SELL  BY  AUCTION  that  unrivalled  Herd, 
the  property  of  G.  D.  Trotter,  Esq.,  which  for  h'ood,  symmetry, 
and  constitution,  cannot  be  excelled.  Catalogues  of  which  may 
be  had  of  Mr.  Teotteb  and  of  Mr.  Wethebell,  Durham, 
Durham,  May  1. 

CLAHEE  AND  CO.j  Estate  Agents  and  Valuers^ 
•  98,  Piccadilly,  Lonion,  having  numerous  applications 
for  Country  Properties  for  Sale  or  Hire,  furnished  and  unfur- 
nished, respectfully  beg  the  proprietors  of  such  to  favour  them 
with  the  particulars,  for  registering  which  they  make  no- 
charge,  unless  they  succeed  in  procuring  purchasers  or  tenantfl. 
Offices,  98,  Piccadilly,  London,  four  dojrs  west  of  Cambridge 
House.       

T  RON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING,, 
J-  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  itt 
wrought  and  cast-iron  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  FoE 
Cash.  Price  of  Iron  Hurdles,  with  6  bars,  C  feet  long  by- 
3  feet  6  inches  high,  having  dodble  pbonqs  additional  for 
fixing  in  the  ground,  3s.  lUd.  each.  Estimates,  Drawings, 
&,c.,  on  application. — William  Djdd's  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
hull-street,  Loudon, 

ALSO 

ARTIFICIAL  MANURES  of  superior  quality,  at  the  follow- 
ing  very  low  rates  i—Super-phosphafe  of  Lime,  5t.  2s,  6(2. , per 
ton  ;  Patent  Manure,  51,  55,  per  ton  ;  highly-concentrated  faecal 
Manure,  31.  IO5.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Manure,  Al.  lOs.  per  ton,  from 
3  to  4  cwt,  per  acre,  amply  sufficient.  Gutta  percha,  coated  and 
lined  canvas  hose  for  liquid  manure  and  farm  purposes,  much 
improved  this  season,  being  more  flexible,  and  capable  ofbeai*- 
ing  greater  pressure.— Apply  as  above. 

TRON  PIPES^OR"^T-~WATER  CIRCULA- 
-L  TION,  lower  cban  any  House  in  London.— 4-inch,  2s.2d, 
per  yard,  with  all  other  sizes  aud  conoecions  equally  low. 
BOILERS,  455.  each;  GARDEN  PUMPS,C  AT  TLE  TROUGHS, 
and  all  kinds  of  BUILDERS  and  other  CASTINGS  in  Stock, 
at  Lyncb  White's,  Old  Barge  Iron  Wharf,  Upper  Ground- 
street,  London,  near  Blackfriars-bridge. 

DRAINAGE  OF  LAND. 
[\|R.  HENRY  WEBBER  begs  to  inform  Land^ 
i>X  owners  and  the  public,  that  havmg  had  considerable 
practical  experience,  he  is  prepared  to  undertake  tbe  Dr.'inage 
of  Estates  to  any  extent,  upon  the  most  improved  pritjiples, 
either  by  contract  or  on  commission.  Orders  executed  ,,vith  a 
due  regard  to  economy  and  efficiency.  Reference  g  /en. — 
Address,  Halherton  Court,  near  Tiverton,  Devon. 


TANNED  NETTING  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  fresh-grown  seeds,  either  in  gardens  or  fields,  at  \d.  per 
square  yard,  200  yards  for  Us.,  500  yards  for  30s.,  1000  yards 
f or  50f. ;  waxed  Netting  for  Aviaries,  &.C.,  at  Sd.  per  square 
yard.  Scrim  canvass  for  wall  fruit,  netting  for  sheep  folds  ;  a 
considerable  saving  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdles* 
Sun  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  poles,  &C. 
Miirquees,  tents,  awnings,  and  temporary  rooms,  with  boarded 
floors,  elegantly  lined  and  lighted  for  !§;es,  iSic,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Carriage,  cart,  aud  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain  ■ 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  furniture  in  change  of  residence,  <&c. 
Tarpaulings  on  hire  for  houses  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
EDGINGTON  <k  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  and  inquiries  per  post  puncrually  attended  to. 

FRUIT   TREES,    POULTRY,   ETC. 

TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  for  protecting 
Fruit  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  or  as  a  Fence 
for  Fowls,  Pigeons,  Tulip  and  Seed  beds,  can  be  had  in  any 
quantify  or  length,  from  John  Kino  Fablow's  Fishing  Tackle 
and  Net  Manutactory,  5,  Crooked-lane,  London-bridge,  at  l^d. 
yard  wide,  Zd.  two  yards  wide,  or  Gd,  four  yards  wide.  All 
orders  above  ^Os.  accompanied  with  Post-office  order,  stamps, 
or  London  reference,  carriage  free.  

GLENFIELD  PATENT  STARCH.— NOW  USED 
IN  THE  ROYAL  LAUNDRY.— The  Ladies  are  respect- 
fully requested  to  make  a  trial  of  the  GLENFIELD  PATENT 
DOUBLE-REFINED  POWDER  STARCH,  which,  for  Domestic 
Use,  now  stands  dneivalled.  Sold  by  nearly  all  the  Oil  and 
Colourmen  and  Chandlers  in  London,  and  throughout  the 
Kingdom.— Agents  wanted;  apply  to  Mr.  R.  Wotheespooh, 
10,  Dunlop-street,  Glasgow. 

London  D^'pot :   Wothebspoon,  Mackat,  and  Co.,  40,  King 
William-street,  City. 


Printed  by  William  BnAnflORT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  TVoburo-place.  in  tSe 
parlflb  of  St.  pKncraa,  and  Fubokqics  Mullett  Etano,  of  No.  7.  Church- 
row  Siobe  Newiu^ton,  both  Id  the  County  oi  MiddlcHfX  Piintere,  at  their 
Office  iu  Lo[nb.»rd-mreet,  in  the  Precinct  of  VVhitfriarB,  in  the  City  of 
London;  Biid  publiBheU  by  them  at  the  office.  No  6,  Charles-Btreet,  in 
the  parish  of  £>t  Paul's,  Covent-gardeo,  Id  tlie  eaiil  County,  where  all 
AdvertisementB  and  CommuaicatiODB  aie  tO  be  ADOBBBSBD  lOIBB  Edituk. 
— Satuboat,  Mat  1,  1332. 


THE  GARDENEIIS'  C 


AND 


AGRICULTUKAL    GA 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  19—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  MAY  8. 


[Price  6d.   1 


ACTicaltaral  Soc,  of  Eajtland..  30O  a 

Allotments 299  6 

AaticulBs,  select ^5  f> 

Beet,  suKttr    3  0  a 

Calendar.  Horticultural   296  a 

CUm&te  01  Pllatslitre    293   c 

Glover-sick  Ian  i 299  e 

Ceilogyae  mACulntti,  &c.    .....  203  c 

Crops  in  Mortbumberlaud  ....  299  6 

DielTtra  spectHbilis 293  b 

Flintshire,  climttte  of  293   c 

Famigatora 294  a 

Garden  Klean'nzo.  ToreigQ  ....  292  a 

Gardiner,  Mr.  WUliam 292  a 

Gesnera  zebrioa 292  c 

Goano' frauds 291  b 

—  low  priced 293  a 

—  wUlitpay?   297  c 

—  new  301  ft 

Hamtaeremicb  Paney  Society      295  b 

Horticultural  Society    294  c 

Laud,  transfer  ol 3<il  b 

—  CloTer-BJclt 299  e 

Lawof transfsr  oftaad    301  6 

Liege,  gardens  at 292  a 

Manore,  straw  as    '2.^6  a 


INDEX, 

Oik,  Lucomb.  growth  of 294  & 

Plants  for  »  limeato'ie  quarry  .  296  c 

Plouihin^by  Bcara 299  ^ 

Poultry  Priz- List 299  e 

Quarry,  liiQestnoe,  plants  for..  29f;  t 

Rain  at  GraothHm ^94  b 

R^tB.  water    293  t 

Robin,  The 294  c 

Kooi  crops.  Wheat  after 299  e 

Rnae-leaf  miner 29J  a 

Scyrhe,  Boyd's 293  c 

Seed  trade 291  a 

Str«w  as  manure 293  a 

SujtarBeet 300  c 


refioi 


,  295 
.  C93  b 


Trade  me; 
TradescantB  the 

frout,  breedinit  1^99  c 

Tulips,  Caoiidian 294  b 

—  and  their  exhibitiouB....  295  b 

Vines,  with  few  buda 294  a 

Weather  in  tlie  far  north 293  c 

—  Canadian.,..     ....  ,....  29t  b 

Wheat  after  root  crops........  299  c 

Wool    293  c 

Yews,  large    293  6 


SYDENHAM 
The  first  Fe  ■ 


FLORICULTURAL     SOCIETY.— 

of  tbe  Season  will  take  place  on  TUESDAY 
next.  WiOiio  t  ,  minutes'  walk  of  the  Sjdeiiliam  Ruilway- 
station.  The  a'  .idaoce  of  the  band  oTthe  Coldstream  Gu  irds 
has  been  eecu  i;  the  first  overture  will  be  couimenced  ;tt 
Three  o'cloi:k  .cisely. —  .4dmictance  by  TICKETS  O.VLY, 
to  be  obtaioed  .<f  Mr.  Chartbes,  Florist,  74,  King  William- 
street,  City,  price  2s.  6d.  each. 

HAMMERSMITH  HEARTSEASE  SOCIETY. 
TWELFTH  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING. 
Wednesdat,  May  12[h,  at  Mr.  C.  Lidgard's,  Thatched-house, 
HammerBtuith.  Dealers  :  36  distinct  aud  dissimilar  varieties  ; 
prizes  to  two-thirds.  Amateurs :  2-!:  distinct  and  dissimilar 
varieties  ;  Prizes  to  two-thirds.  Open :  Seedlings,  3  blooms 
each  variety  ;  first-dass  Certificates. 

Subscription  Vis.  Sd.  per  annum.  All  flowers  to  be  ready  for 
the  censors  bj  1  o'clock.  Dinner  on  the  table  at  3  o'clock 
precisely.  John  Edwards,  Hon   Secretary. 


THE      CHELTENHAM      AND      COUNTY      OF 
GLOUCBSTtOR  MONSTER  EXHIBITION  OP  USEFUL 
AND  ORS.\MENTAL  POULTllY,  at  the  Rotal  Old  Wells, 
Cheltenham    on  THtJitSDAY,  the  3n  of  JUNE,  1832. 
OPEN    TO    THE    UNITED     KINGDOM. 
Undeb  the  Pateonage  of 
The  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  Codntt  of  Glodcestee, 
The  Wobshipfol  the  .Mator  of  Glodcester, 
The  Lord  of  the  MiNoa  of  Cheltenham, 
The  Rev.  F.  Close,  Incombent  of  Cheltenham, 
And    the   Nobility,    '-Jlergy,    and    Gentry    of  the   County, 
At  which  Exhibiiion  will  be  given  100  Sovereigns  as  Prizes. 
Schedules  to  be  ob'atned  on  appUca'Jon  to  the  Secretaries, 
Messrs.  JES->rip,  BriiTBEBS  Cheltenham.— Tickets  of  Admibsion, 
if  taken  on  or  before  the  29  h  of  May,  3s.  Gd. ;  after  that  day,  5a. 
Subscriptions  of  lUs.  Gd.  will  entitle  Subscriber  to  Four  Tickets 
of  Admiesion.     The  Subscription  Book  to  be  closed  on  Satur- 
day, the  ISih  May,   1852.     Children,  nnder  12  years  of  age, 
admitted  at  ha't-price. 

Gardens  open  at  12  o'clock.    Music  commence  at  2. 

ORCHIDS  AND  FERNS  FOR  THE  MILLION -Dodman. 

WILLIAM  MASTERS,  the  Exotic  Nursery,  Can- 
terbury, b'inic  over-stocked  with  OKCHIDS  and  FERNS, 
ifl  enabled  to  offer  them  from  \8s.  to  305.  per  dozen  aorta! 
Also  12  species  of  the  new  Sikkim  Rhododendroi],  irom  425, 
per  dozen.     Early  orders  are  particularly  requested. — May  8. 

pHOICE     SEEDLING    PETUNIAS.  — We    have 

V_y  selecterl  the  fullowio^  three  beautiful  and  distinct  varieties 
from  a  very  fine  and  brilliant  batch  of  Seedlin^iS,  The  three 
varieties  we  can  recommend  as  su^jerior,  and  the  colours  will 
be  found  rich  and  actracuve. 

BRAGANZA.  very  rich  dark  purple  crimson,  and  fine  shape. 

RICARTUMI,  briijbt  crimson  purple,  with  very  dark  throat 
and  veins. 

MAZEPPA,  Iari?e  pinky  blush,  very  dark  throat. 

Strong  plaotB  are  now  ready,  at  3j.  Gd.  each,  and  may  be  had 
Free  by  Post.  The  unual  atlowanco  to  the  Trade,  by  takine 
three  plaot*  of  a  »■  rt. 

Bass  and  brown,  Sddddrt,  Sdfpolk. 


NEW    BEDDING    GERANIUM 

"I'YMMKS    SEKDLING." 

JOSEPH    SPEED    having    a    larger  stock    of    this 

O  beaatifal  Vii.lecy  (raised  by  hlmeelfuhan  he  requires  is 
nerml'led  U>  dl^pofie  of  a  lew  plant*.  It  la  a  qeedling  from 
Lacta  Ro^f^a,  sevtrul  thadee  brlKhtor,  whh  a  horhe--»hoe  leaf 
of  a  dwarf  >.hrubby  habit,  a  very  free  bloomer,  and  is  admitrcd 
by  all  who  have  ween  It  to  be  decidedly  the  bfnt  of  ite  claafc 
Binijlc  plant",  7*.  (i'i  each,  with  the  u*ual  dlBcount. 

Ai  the  Ptwik  l-.  very  limited,  ancorly  application  Is  requoftted, 
Appltcationi  with  remlitancefl  or  PoBt-offlco  order*  can  only 
be  attended  to. — I'^mtni-a,  Edmonton,  May  8. 

NEW   CAMELLIA. 
TACKSON'S  "COUNTESS  OF    ELLESMERE."— 

*J  To  be  dtnt  out  In  the  firnt  wcnU  of  June,  prii;«  i'it.  each  j 
ftnd  for  fcvery  three  ordered  one  added  uratlx.  On  tlm  Hth  of 
April  lust  li  wdu  awarded  by  the  National  Florlcultural  Hociety 
of  LrOiidon  a  flrjit-cluiiB  Certificate,  and  rficclved  the  hif(lio»t 
commendation  ;  it  U  described  an  hi-Jnif  of  flrs'-rate  form,  with 
broad  cuppfd  pct-il»,  of  n  blaih  wbltf,  faintly  Btrlped  with  roao 
{***  Oardr.Mrt' ChronicU  and  OarfUnera'  Journal,  for  r.port  of 
mMttng,  AprUITj,  It  U  flKure-l  In  the  "FlorUt"  for  Mny, 
IMI,  andlta^Bln  m^n-loned  in  the  "  Florint "  for  thU  monfli, 
•»  having  be»n  •■xblbltftd,  and  dcinrrvInK  Vtho  placed  in  c  very 
cone«:tloD.  U  hnn  tb«  bwamlful  form  of  the  Coun  d'Kebe  Ko«o. 
— Tifoiiii  J*CK»r,B  and  How,  Nurserymen,  KlnKSton,  near 
IxfndoQ  (on  tb«  fluutb  Weitero  RftUwfty.; 


JOHN  PERKINS  begs  to  offer  the  undermentioned 
plants,  which  cannot  fail  to  give  satisfaction  : — 
Per  doz. — s,  d. 


VERBENAS,  of  the  best 

varieties  ..         ...         ...  2  0 

PETUNIAS,  do 2  0 

SCARLET  GERANIUMS, 

do.  3  6 

DAHLIAS,  do.    ...  Is.  to  G  0 


satisfaction 

Per  doz  — s. 
CALCEOLARIAS,  do.  ...  3 

SALVIAS,  do 3 

KELIOTROfES,  do.     ...  2 
PELARGONIU.US,  good 
nHm'd     varieties,     in- 
cluding Fancies,  Gs.  to  12 


A  remittance  expected  from  unknown  correspondents. 
Bedfitrd-rorid  Nurserie'*,  Northampton. 


GERMAN    AND    OTHER    FLOWER    SEEDS. 

J  CARTER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  238,  High 
•  Holborn,  London,  submits  tiie  following  list  of  CHOICE 
SEEI'S  to  the  notice  of  his  customers,  the  preient  season  being 
ex'remely  favourable  for  general  sowing.  12,  6,  or  3  packets 
may  ha  had  at  half  the  price  of  2-1,  12,  or  6,  but  the  smaller 
assortments  cannot  be  divided.  The  Seeds  will  be  sent  prepaid 
by  post. 

T.  The  folloioing  Animals,  etc.,  maybe  sown  on  a  hot~bed  or  warm 
border  till  the  end  of  .\fay.  The  Stocks  also  in  Aiigust,  under  glass, 
for  next  season.     Mixed  Packets,  Gd.  each. 


21  Aster,  fine  German,,.  3s.  Od. 

12      ,,         fine  dwarf  ...  1  6 

12  Balsam,    double      ...  2  0 

li      „        Camellia      ...  2  6 

10      ,,  rose-fl  wt'red  2  6 

12      „  new  dwarf ...  2  6 

12  Convolvulus  major, .,  2  6 

4  Gaillardia      1  6 

6  Jacobasa         1  3 

6  Gourds,  extra  ...  2  0 

4  Lobelia  1  6 

6  Marigold        1  6 

5  Martynia        2  0 


3  Mesembryanthemum  Is 

6   Mimulus         1 

6  Petunia  1 

12  Phlox  Drummondii...  5 

5  Portulaca       2 

12  SalpigloBsis 3 

4  Salvia  ...         ...         ...  1 

24  Stoclt,  German        ...  3 
12      „    Prussim  ...  1 

6  „   new  large         ...  2 
6       „    very  dwarf       ,..  2 

12       ,,    intermediate    ...  2 
12  Zinnia  elegans         ...  3 


QUTTON'S 
^  —The    sup 


II.    To  be  sown  in  the  open  borders  during  }fay  or  June,   or  for 
early  flowers  next  year,  in  September.    Mixed  packets  3  d.  each. 
Is.  6d. 


5  Calliopsis 

6  Candytuft 

6  Clarkia      ' 

5  ColUnsia 

6  Convolvulus  minor 

4  Gilia 

6  Godetia 

4  Lepti>siphon 

12  Larkspur,  dwf.     ... 

III.  Biennials  and  Perennicds. 


12  Larkspur,  tall       ...    2s.  Gd 

10  12       „     Stock-aowered  3  0 

10  6      ,,    new  Hyacinth    1  6 

10  6  Lupinus      1  3 

13  6  Nasturtium  ...     1  3 

0     9  6  Nemophila  .,.     1  3 

13  6  Poppy,  extra         ...     1  6 

0     9  12  Scabiuus,  f.ne       ...     2  6 

2     G  5  Venus' Loolting^-glass  1  0 

^fay  be  sown  from  May  to  Sep- 
tember.  Manyof  themjlower  the  Jirst year.  Mixed  Packets, 
fid.  each. 

4  Geum         ... 
24  UoUjhock... 

5  Indian  Pink          ,,,  1 
3  Liatris         1 

6  (Eoothera 1 

6  Papaver      1 

C  Pentstemon          ...  1 

G  Fotentilla 1 

3  Stock,  Bromptou...  0 

G      ,,      new  Imperial  2 

12      ,,      Winter        ...    L 
12  Waliflower,  extra      2 


12  Antirrhinum 
6  Aquilegia   ... 

6  Anemone 

fi  Campanula 

4  Canterbury  Bell  .. 

4  Carnation  and  Pi. 

cotee  

,,        mixed     .. 
G  Delphinium 

6   Uianthus 

G  Digitalis     

4  Eechscholtzia 

6  Geatiana 


U.  3d. 
0 
6 
0 
6 
C 
6 
6 
9 


IV.    Greenhouse  Seeds.  <C-c.    May  be  sown  from  .May  till  August. 
Mixedpackets  of  those  not  priced  may  he  had  at  Gd.  each. 


6  Acacia  

Achimenes,  mixed  . 
4  Als  rcemeria 
4   AnHgallis     ... 

Calceolaria,  mixed. 

Cineraria,  mixed  ... 

6  Erica 

,,     fine  mixed    ... 

Fuchsia,  mixed     ... 
G  Geranium    ... 


Gesnera,  mixed 
Gladiolus,  2u  var,. 

4  Globe  Amaranth  . 
Gloxinia,  mixed    . 

3  Helicbrysum 

5  Kennedya    ... 

4  Lophoppermum     . 

5  Maurandya... 
4  Pasaiflora    ... 

6  Thunbergia 


And  a  large  collectiQn  of  other  Flower  Seeds,  ttc,  of  which  a  Cata- 
logue may  be  had  gratis. 


r,^DWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON   and    SON, 

-Li     WellingtoD-road,    St.    John's-wood.    London,    are     now 
sending  out  their  New  Plants,  as  advertised  for  this  month. 
See  back  Numbers  of  this  Paper.    Also  good  Plants  of  the 
following : — 
Select  Show  Verbenas  (of  1851),  at  12«.  and  18s.  per  dozen. 
„  ,,      Geraniums,    at  ISa,,  3'is.,  and  42s. 

„       Fancy  ditto,  ...     18s 

„        Show  Fucheian,      

,,           ,,      Calceolarias,            ... 
„           ,,      Cinerariiis     ... 
„       Large  Flowering  Chrysan- 
themums   

Lillipuiiau  ditto     

Phloxf^fl,  strong  plants,  Os. 


303.,  and  4?s. 
125,  and  135. 
18s.  and  303. 
and  18s. 


12s. 


Tree  Carnations 


12a. 

12s. 

,  12.t 


and  ISs. 
and  Ida, 
and  18s. 


2l8.,  303.,  and  42s. 


PELARGONIUM 

■*-  The  following  at  Is.  Gd.  each  : 

Beck's  Dcbe's  Lip  Beck's  Mount  Blano  No. 

„  Symmetry 

„  Em<-lia 

„  Citflsundra 

,,  Princean 

„  Roty  Circle 


The  following  at  2s.  Od  each 


Bacchus 
Gulklma 
Conlurion 
Mount  Etnn 
Foquott'B  Lalla  Rookh 


Beck's  Constance 

„       Ruby 

„       Cuyp 

,,       pHln'or  [poller 

Kundlc'd    Hfiauty  of  Mont- 
lIoylb'H  Prince  uf  Orango 

Becli'»  Miij'ir  Domo,  fid. 


Foquistt'M  Magnificent 
IIoylo'H  Cruiadcr 
BccIi'h  Dorcas 
IIoylo'H  Virgin  (iueon 
Foqur^tt'H  (Jipay  Bride 
BcrU'ttHarah 
.Silk  Mercer,  Cj. 


p'ancy  nortH,  Ds    ptr  dozun,  In  twiOvo  varlitlofl. 
The  above  arc  fine  blooming  plants,  in  1-lucli  pots,    Carrlogc 
paid  to  London. 
TaouAi  RiTiRi,  SawbridgBwor*H,  Herta. 


S       PERMANENT      GRASSES 
PERIOR    QUALITY   op    SUTTON'8     GRASS 
■SEEDS    is    plainly    indicated     by    the   numerous    orders  they 
0    are  daily   receiving,  through  the  recommendation  of   former 
0     customers. 

fi  Some  iiilerestlvg  particulars  of  Land  laid  down  with 
these  Seeds  is  published  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of 
March  27th,  page  195. 

The  prices  for  the  best  quality  are  as  under,  dut  f<yr 
poor  reclaimed  Lands  or  oilier  cases  where  the  cost  is  the 
principal  consideration, mixtures  at  about  half  the  price 
may  be  had. 
For  beat  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,  mixed     Per  acre. 

expressly  to  suit  the  soil        243,  to  28s, 

For  best  Clovers  and  Grasses   (for  one,  two,  or 

three  years' lay)  14s.  to  20s. 

The  sorts  conxist  of  true  Perennial  G^'asaes  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  in  our  Advertisement  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Gardeners*  Chronic  e  of  March  20. 

John  Sctton  and  Soks,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 

NEW    CALCEOLARIAS,    SCARLET     PELAR^ 
GONIUMS,  &c. 
CALCEOLARIAS.— Conway's    Ruby    Blcolor    and    Crimson 
King,  choice  varieties  for  bedding,  2s.  fid.  each.     Other  good 
eorts  6s.  per  dozen. 

SCAllLET  GERANIUMS. T-Conway's  King  of    Nepaul  and 
Pet  Superb,  2s.  6d.  each.     All  the  best  varieties  at  moderate 
prices.     G-iod  plants  for  bedding,  fis.  to  9s.  per  dozen. 
VERBENAS.— A  gnod  selection,  6s.  to  9s.  per  d<.23n. 
Geraniums,    Fancy  Geraniums,    Hel'otropeH,    Antirrhinumfl, 
Phloxes,  Petunias,  drc.  &c.,  at  reasonable  price*. 

A  Catalogue  may  be  had  on  application. 
Mart  Conway,  Earl's-omrfc  Nursery,  Old  Brompton,  London. 

PLANTS    FOR  BEDDING    OUT. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  have  a  large  stock  of  the  fol- 
lowing, well  eatabliahed,  strong,  and  in  good  condition  : 
VERBENAS, — New  varieties  of  last  year,  comprising  the  best 
raiaed  by  Tnrne'-,  Smi  h,  Barker,  Chauvier*^,  Dufoy,  <fcc.  (See 
Catalogue.)  We  have  still  a  good  stock  of  last  year's  struck 
plan's,  fine  and  bushy  plants,  for  early  flowering,  12  varieties 
for  12s.,  or  20  for  18s. 

Beet  of  previous  introduction,  3s.  Gd.  to  7s.  Gd.  per  doz, 
50  well  a?sortBd  and  fine  varieties,  18s. 
PETUNIAS,  strong  plants,  choice,  perdo:;.  ...  4s.  to 

Best  do.,  all  of  last  year's,  neiv,  pe^'  doz. 
25  well  assorted  and  choice  varieiies  for 

FUCHSIAS,  fine  plants,  choice,  per  doz 

Best,  nil  of  last  year's,  per  doz 

50  well  assorted  and  choice  varieties  for 
SCARLET  GERANIUMS,  best  sorts,  per  doz.     .. 
FANCYGERANIUMS,  extra  strong,  choice,  p,  doz 

DAHLIAS,  choice,  per  doz 

Best  Fancy  do  ,  per  doz 9 

CHRYSANTllEMCilS,   labge   Flowehinq   VabietiesJ 

lii^t  year's  struck,  choice,  per  doz Ss,  to     9 

Do.,  LiLLiPDTiAN  Vabieties,  do.,  per  doz 7 

Anagallia,  in  three  best  varieties,  per  doz 4 

Bouvardia  Bplendons,  per  doz Q 

Campanula  vidilla,  per  doz e 

Calceolaria,  shrubby  varieties,  per  doz, 
Cantua  dependens,  per  doz.      ,.,         ... 

Cuphea  platycentra,  per  duz 

Gaillardia,  in  thrte  fine  varieties,  per  doz. 6 

HeliMtrope,   in  seven  fine  varieties,  including  Reptans, 

Gem,  Lilacea,  &c.,  per  doz,  ...         fi 

Lantana  crocoa  and  diilicatissima,  per  diiz.  6 

-Lobelia  eriniis,  in  two  vars.,  white  and  blue,  per  doz,    ,.,    4 
Mimulus,   four  best  vars.,  including  Prince  of  Wales, 

Criterion,  &c.,  per  doz.  9 

Myosotis  azorica  and  alpestris,  per  doz 6 

Plumbago  LarpenfiB,  per  doz 9 

„  c.ipensis,  per  doz      9 

HARDY    PLANTS    FOR    BEDDING." 
Anemone  japonica  and  hybrida,  extra  strong,  per  doz, 

Antirrhinum,  best  varieties,  per  doz.  

,,  best  of  new  varie'^es,  per  doz, 

„  Primrose  Perfection,  each    

Campanula  carpaiica,  blue,  per  doz.  

Erinus  alpinuH,  per  doz.  

Dielyira  epectabilis,  each         ... Is.  to 

Geum  grandiHurum  splendens,  large  fine  scarlet,  p,  doz. 

Delphinium  Whojlerii,  each 

Pentstemon  sizureum,  Buclcii,  Marshallii,  &  Clusii,  p.  dtz. 
Other  tine  varieties,  per  doz.        .,,         ...         ,,,         .,,     e 

Ph'ox,  beat  varieties,  per  doz fis,  to    9 

Saponaria  ocymoiden,  per  doz. fi 

Saxifraga,  six  fine  varieties,  per  doz.  4 

Silene  Schafta,  per  doz 5 

Eschollzia,  new  white,  per  doz.  ,        5 

100  distinct  and  showy  varieties  of  Uerbaoeous  Plants  .,.  30 

50  ditto  for         17 

100  varieties,  including Buperiornew  fio 

60  ditto   for  30 

25  fine  Rock  Plants       .,;         12 

12  ditto,  for ,,.    7 

CLIMBERS. 
Ipomoea  Lelrli,  Is.  Cd.  to  '2a.  Gd.  each  ;  Calcmpella  scabcr,  65, 
to  93.  per  dozi'n  ;  Lophoflpcrmuins,  of  sorts,  Od.  to  la.  Gd,  each  • 
Maurandya  Barclajann,  3  vaie.  — white,  rose,  and  blue,  Od' 
'■!ich  ;  extra  tt'ong,  Ifl. ;  Soliinum  jiiHminoidos.  I3,  Cd.  each: 
Tioiooolum  Wdgiierianum,  la,  Od,  each  ;  spucloBiim,  Is.  Gd.  to 
■Jg.  Gd.  ■  Smlthil,  la.  fid.  to  2s.  Gd.  ;  Hignoula  radlcans  major, 
la.  each;  Calystcgia  pubcKcona,  la.  each;  Chmutie,  lloney- 
suchlus.  JaBniliiuniH,  Climbing  Rohi'b,  Ac,  In  j/reat  variety. 

The  DcBcriptivo  Priced  8i)ring  CiiUilogue  supplied  for  four 
penny  HtiimpH,  The  Autumn  CataNiRuo,  which  contaiiiK  cbitfly 
rhe  Hardy  PInntP,  for  two  penny  Btumps,  which  amount  may 
bt'  deducted  from  orders, 

QoodH  sent.  carrloKO  free,  to  London,  or  nny  Station  on  the 
fpHwich  and  Norwich  lino  ;  and  with  goods  of  I'l.  and  upwarde 
extra  plants  prcftonted  gru'lH.  ' 

lletiiitianciB  required  from  unknown  corroFpondcntB.    Post- 
lUue  ord.TB   to   bo  mudo  payablo  to   Bash   and   BaowH.  or 
to  Stephen  Wiujwn, 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Es'abllshmLnt,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


...  12 

...  15 

.  4s.  to  9 

...  15 

...  20 

.  5s.  to  9 

,9s. 'o  15 

.  5j.  to  9 


..15s.  to  24 


.  6  0 
G  0 
10 
2 
5 
5 
1 
5 
2 
9 


290 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


FMat  8, 


OF    GREAT    IMPORTANCE 

TO  THOSE  WHO  CULTIVATE     SMaLL    GAKDENS,    AND    NOT   HAVir-G 
THR     ChnVEMENCE     (if     GLA^S,     HUTBEDS,     &.C. 

EDWARD  TILEY  begs  to  inform  the  above  they 
•maj  now  sow  tlia  followin!^  aploiidid  varictiea  of  seedri, 
and  may  depend  upon  thnir  firoivinK  in  the  open  ground.  E.  T., 
wishing  to  atcommodute  them,  is  Gelling  Fmall  packets  at 
reduced  rates,  so  as  to  suit  the  smallest,  culii^atora. 

Unrivalled  and  Superb  HOLLYHOCK  SEED,  Is- per  packet ; 
GEKMAN  ASTEll  ditto,  the  finest  in  cultivation,  ^d.  per 
pat-liet-  SWEET  WILLIAM,  vervdwarf  aud  euperii-r  varie- 
ties, Gd.  per  packet ;  ANTIftRinNUM,  saved  fronvall  the  best 
striped  and  spotted  varietii-s  known,  Gd.  per  p^tcket ;  GIANT 
SCARLET  BaONiPTON  STOCK:,  unequalled  for  its  splendid 
colour,  ffgrance,  and  size  of  tl  >w-ii-,  -d.  per  paoUet.  Extra 
large  packers,  us  before  advertised:  HuUyhock,  ■2s.  Gd.  ;  Ger- 
man As'.er,  Is.  ;  Sweet  William,  Is.  ;  Auurrhii.um,  Is.;  Giant 
Scorlet  Kronipton  Stock,  Is.  ;  or  if  preferred,  one  packet  of 
each  for  5s. 

Twenty-four  splendid  varieties  of  Hardy  Annuals,  gucq  as 
W'll  "-uit  every  card<  n,  sent  pootage  and  pacbagy  free  for  Zs. 

Waicheren  Cauliilower  Broccoli  (true),  Is.  per  packet ;  Tam- 

-Tvortb  Brocc'tli  (true),  Is.  per  packet;  Bath  Cjb  Lemuce  (iruc), 

la.  per  packet ;  Wilcove  Broccoli  ('ru'-),  very  superior,  Is.  per 

.    packet ;  a  vtry  superior  and  beautiful  flavoured  and  dwarf- 

.gmwinp:  CibbHg-^,  Is.  per  packe^ 

The  whole  or  any  quaniity  of  the  al;ove  will  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free  on  receipt  of  a  PosUoffice  order  or  penny 
pottaje  BcimoR  to  the  amoun''. 

Edward  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  li, 
'Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Sotnerset.    ^ 

NEW     ACHIMENES. 

HLANE  AND  SON,  Great  Berkhamstead,  are  now 
•  prepared  to  seud  out,  per  post,  Achiinenes  Margaretta, 
at  53.  ea.h,  pure  white  siz^  and  habit  of  Longiflora,  very  dis- 
tinct frcm  any  other,  quite  a  gem. 

Presented  to  ut.  by  G.  U".  SUinner,  Esq. 


FINEST    DOUBLE    HOLLYHOCKS. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON,  NuRSEUYHEN,  &c.,  Cheshunt, 
•  Htr:s,  beg  to  inform  their  friends  and  the  public  in 
general  that  they  have  a  la-ge  stock  of  all  the  leading  varieties 
o^'  Hollyhocks  exhihiied  by  them  at  the  Crystal  Palaoe  lust 
year.  The  fullowng  and  six  others  of  equal  value  for  30s.  :— 
Coaiet,  Ma^'nu'u  Booum,  Cbades  Baron,  Su'pburea  per'ecta. 
Snowball  and  Qiiten.  The  following  and  six  others  of  equal 
value  fur  12s,  :— Niipoleon,  Formosa,  Model  of  Perfection, 
I>elicata,  Queen  purpurea  elegans.  The  plants  will  bloom 
this  autU'Tin. 


CAPE    HEATHS,    ETC. 

WJ.  EPPS,  in  offering  tlie  following  varieties  of 
*  CAPE  nEATHS,  AZaLEAS,  &.c.,  begs  to  remark 
that  they  are  splendid,  busby,  vigorous,  plants,  not  to  be 
equalled  in  the  trade  : — 


Erica  tricolor 

,,  „        Wilsonii 

„  ,,        rubra 

„  ,,       Duubarii 

,,  ,,        Leaana 

,,        spetiiosa, 
(McNab) 
f,  „        Jacksonii 

.  „  ,,       duniosa 

,,      Hartnelli 
,,      retoita  major 
3,      Vernoui  superb 
,,      Irbjana 
,,      aristata  major 


Erica  jagminiflora 

,,  Shannouil 

,,  Bandoiiii 

,,  ampuUacea 
M  ,,  vUtata 

,,  Macnabiana 

„  Easoniana 
,,  ,,  purpurea 

,,  princeps 
„  ,,        earnca 

,,  vestita  fulgida 
,,  ,,     rosea 

,,  ,,      grandiflora 

,,  Cavendisbti 


Strong  plants  of  the  above,  in  48-sized  pots,  from  18s  to 
2is.  per  dozen. 

Selections  from  the  following,  l"s.  to  ISs.  per  dozen:— 
RoHissonii,  iiristata  vittata,  baccan'i,  propendens,  Sindryana, 
Bowieana,  dfpresfa,  depressa  muUifl'>ra,  Juliana,  commosa 
alba,  cei'in'hoides,  Savillei  major,  rubella,  fiplendens,  inter- 
Mieiiia,  physoidcs,  verticillata,  perspicua  nana,  ventricoaa 
globosa,  sani-uinea,  raammosa  pallifJa,  andromedaaflora,  elata, 
and  Banksia.     Fine  healthy  pUots  in  48  s'zed  pots. 

AZALEA  IN  D  IC  A.— Selection  from  the  following 
varieties,  9s.  to  21s.  per  dozen,  very  strong  plants: — .Alba 
magna,  ienrscens,  Edmondsil,  Glory  of  Sunning  Hill,  Hol- 
denii,  optima,  carminata,  alba  lute^cens,  splendens,  delecta, 
Prince  Albert,  picectaria,  triumphans,  Hebe,  obtusa,  punici. 
flora,  cornnata,  Minerva,  Perry  an  a,  Cupid,  vivicans,  Con- 
queror,  coccinea  superb,  lateritia  grandifloia,  m.ignificaplena, 
rosea  supei  ba.  Incomparable,  Fulgens,  modests,  variegata, 
blanda,  rosea  punctata,  semi-duplex:  maculata,  Lawrenceana, 
Broughtoiiii,  i'ukeof  Devonshire. 

Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  in  great  variety,  12s.to2is. 
per  dozen. 

Strong  well-established  plants  of  the  newest  and  best  kinds 
of  Fuchsias,  Os.  to  15s.  per  dizen. 

Fine  new  and  show  varieties  of  Pelargoniums,  in  43-sized 
potfl,  very  strong,  bushy  plant«,  9s.  to  '21s.  per  dozen. 

Dahlias,  all  'htt  leading  kinds  of  forui(;r  years,  together  with 
the  novelties  of  tho  present  season,  from  6s.  per  dozen. 

A  discripiiie  Sprini;  Caia'o^'ue  will  be  sint  on  application. 

Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  May  8. 


MEW    ROSE. 

PAUL'S    "QUERN    VICTORIA"    (tbde). 

A  PAUL  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  &c,,CIiesliunt, 
•  Herts,  beg  to  inform  their  fiieiuls  and  th"  pubic  in 
general  that  they  have  now  ready  for  sfile  a  lew  plants  of  this 
unique  ROSE,  at  lOs.  6(i.  each.  Scarcely  half  the  orders  re- 
ceived last  autumn  could  be  executed.  Should,  the  demand 
again  exceed  the  supply,  the  earliest  orders  will  have  the 
preference. 

N.B.— This  fine  variety  is  qaite  distinct  from  Caroline  do 
Sansal^ __^ 


pHOICE    CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Young    Plants 

\~y  of  the  above,  for  flowering  this  autumn,  are  now  ready 
for  sending  out.  Best  eorts,  l.'s.  per  dozen  ;  good  sorts  for 
planting  out,  6s,  and  ds.  per  dozen.  A  Catalogue  may  be  had  ; 
also  an  extensive  stock  of  bedding-out  Plants,  33.  and  4s.  per 
dozen, 
Cbandlee  and  Sons'  Nursery,  Wandsworth-road,  Surrey. 


AZALEA  INDICA,now  in  bloom,  admittance  gratis. 
The  young  plants  are  in  a  good  stare  to  travel.     Prices  in 
Catalogue,  which  may  be  hud  by  enclosing  two  penny  stampi. 
H.    LANE    AND     SON, 
The  Ndesebies,  Geeat  Behkhamstead,  HEaTS. 

TO  CULTIVATORS  OF  EXOTIC  FERNS. 

AN  AMATEUR  FERN  GllOWER  possessing  a 
large  collection  of  Ferns,  is  desii  ous  of  dispoiing  of  his 
duplicatCB  at  moderate  prices,  or  by  e.Tchange  for  those  not  in 
his  collection.— Address,  Adiantom,  Post-office,  Box  15,   Huil, 


DAHLIA-"  WHITE    STANDARD." 

GEORGE  BRITTLE,  Florist,  &c.,  Camp  Hill, 
Birmingham,  has  much  pleasure  in  offering  the  ahi)ve- 
named  Seedling  DAHLIA,  feeli.ig  conlident  it  will  give  entire 
satii^faction,  being  the  besf-  White  Dahlia  in  cultivation. 
"  White  Standard"  obtainid  the  First  Prize  as  the  best  seed- 
ling of  1851,  at  the  Handsworth  and  Lozell's  Horticultural 
Society,  Aug,  23;  First  Priae  as  the  be.^t  stedling  of  1351,  at 
Wolverhampton,  Sept,  4  ;  First  Class  Certihciite  at  the  Mid- 
land Floral  Society's  Meeting,  Sept.  8,  1851.  Plfiats  early  this 
month,  10s.  Gd.  each.  "  White  Standard  "  is  blush  white,  very 
pure  when  shaded  ;  outlioe  good  ;  shoulder  well  up  ;  petah  well 
arranged,  and  higti  in  the  centre.  It  will  be  the  greatest  acqui- 
sition of  the  season,  and  is  the  best  white  Dahlia  in  cultivation. 
Catalogues  sent  post  free.  The  usu.il  dijtcount  to  the  trade 
when  three  are  ordered. — Birmingham,  May  8. 


TURWIP   SEEDS    DIRECT   FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

TOHN  SUTTON  AND  SONS  respectfully  recommend 

^  Turnip  Growera  to  favour  them  *vich  tlieir  orders  early, 
while  they  have  a  good  Stock  of  New  genuine  Turnip  Seeds, 
of  their  own  growth,  which  they  can  warrant  new  and  true  to 
their  kinds,  and  whii^h  are  the  best  varie'ies  of  Swedish, 
Hybrid,  and  other  Turnips  in  cultivation.  Priced  Lists  may 
be  had  <;ratiB.  and  poft  free. 

Address,  John  StJTTON  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading, 
Berks. 

STUBBrE"~SWEDE~TURNIP"^SEE"D^ 
1  OHN  RIVERS  solicits   the   attention  of  the  Agri- 

O  cul'uribt  to  his  quick  growin;?  STUBBLE  SWEDE 
TURNIP;  though  thin  variety  originated  from  a  cross  be- 
tween a  large  -white  Stone  Turnip  and  the  old  Green-top 
SweHe,  by  careful  selection,  it  has  tne  colour,  solidity,  and  the 
hardiness  of  the  true  Swide.  As  it  was  extensively  distributed 
last  year,  experience  has  proved  it  superior  f-ir  sowing  in  May, 
for  early  feed  ;  its  growth  being  matured  before  ibe  mildew 
attacks  it  in  the  autumn,  being  better  adapted  for  giving  more 
time  in  the  preparation  of  tho  Land  than  any  other  kind  from 
its  quickness  of  growth,  and  it  is  a  heavy  crt>pper.  It  may  be 
eown  for  a  full  crop  throughout  the  month  uf  June,  f  rice 
Is.  Gd.  per  lb. 

Orders  to  tho  amount  of  lOs.  carriage  paid  to  London.  Post- 
office  orders  are  requested  of  unknown  correspoadenta, 

Sawbridgeworth,  Herts.         _^__^_^__ 

OUTTON'S  PURPLE-TOPPED  YELLOW 
^  HYBRID,  equal  to  any  Swede,  and  much  quicker  ia 
growth,  and  SUTTON'S  IMPROVED  EARLY  SIX-WEEES' 
TURNIP,  for  early  sowing,  which  gained  Mr.  Pusej'o  201.  prize 
at  the  Farringdon  Agricultural  Show,  are  two  of  the  very  best 
Turnips  in  cultivation,  and,  from  their  Iree  growth,  will  thrive 
well  in  poor  soil.  Price  of  the  Hybrid,  ia.  oer  lb  ,  and  the 
Improved  Six  Weeks,  V)d  ;  also,  the  True  Lincolnshire  Red 
Globi",  lOd  per  lb.,  and  other  choice  sorts,  as  eee  Messrs. 
Sptton's  Priced  Catalogue,  which  may  be  had  gratis,  and  post 
free. — Address,  John  Sctton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Read- 
inir.  Btrks. 


HIMALAYA  SEEDS.— IVic  folloxoing  Seeds  from 
the  Himalaya  Mountains  maybe  had  of  J.  CARTEa,  SadS' 
man  and  Florist,  No.  23S,  High  Holborn,  London,  at  the  following 
pi-ices,  prepaid  : —         • 

Cedrus  Deodara,  warranted,  per  1000  seeds    7s.  Gd. 

,,  ,.  per     K'O       ,,         10 

30  Packets  Flower  Seeds,  undescribed  10    0 

25        „  „  „  8    6 

20        ,,  „  M  6    6 

15        „  »  „  5    0 


MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN'S  Spring  List  of 
Redding-out  Plants,  &c.,  can  be  had -by  Pos^.  They 
also  oflfer  the  following  >  elected  Plants^  which  they  will  forward 
to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom.  Per  dozen.— s     d 

AletroB  nerias,  new  sorts  12     0 

Anagallid,  fine  large  blue  and  red  do.  G     0 

Bouvardias,  of  sorts,  strong  plants 9     0 

Calcsolaria3,  bhrnbhyyoUuw,  orange,  scarlet,  and  spotted     6     0 

Dahlias,  show  and  fancy  varieties      Gs.  to  12     0 

CuphiBLia  and  Salvias,  of  sorts 4y.  to     6     0 

Teibeuas  and  Petunias,  new  sorts 4s.  to    6    0 

l-oboliiia,  tall  and  dwarf  varieties ...  6s.  to     8     0 

'CEnothera,  lar^'e  yellow  and  white      6s.  to    9    0 

Pent^lemoiis  iimi  Anlirrhiuum',  in  colours 6     0 

12  Tea-sct-nted  Roses,  one  of  a  sort-,  by  name,  in  pots  ...  9  0 
12  Fairy  Roses,  crimson,  wbitp,  and  pink,  for  edgings  ...     6     0 

12  B.mrbon  Rose3,  Vest  sorts  for  bid?,  in  pots      10     0 

Clirabmg  Udsew,  i  h-nce  sorts,  in  p  >ts,  per  dnz 6     0 

Pasaifloras.  CUmaiis,  Ja-imiiies,  Wistsiria.  Loaiceraa,  and 
other  hardy  and  tender  Chmberp,  Is.  Gd,  each,  or,  per 

dczen       12    0 

25  Azaleas,  new  hardy   Belgian  varieties,'  on  their  own 
roots,  with  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name  ...  20    0 

iy  American  Azaleas,  do.  do 15     0 

1^  Rhududeudron?,  induding  scarlet,  .white  and  rose  .,.  12  ^0 
-n  ^"t"*^"'^e  Azaleas,  one  ot  a  sort,  blooming  plants  ...  25  0 
01)  Lh,  ice  flowering  Greenhouse  plants,  by  name  ...  45     0 

TJ  J^**"'*^^  t-ri.as  -ne  of  a  sort,  by  name 16     0 

19  ^'■'^"'^.■'^■^o*i3  plants,  choice  species,  and  good  plants  30  0 
li  t*ioxmia^,  A.liiinenGH,  and  Gtstie  as.  one  of  a  sort  .  .  10  0 
iancyeh.pw  and  scarlet  Geraniums,  btst  sorts  for  beds. 

^P7,t'7     1     ^■■■.      GS,,  OS.,  and  12     0 

_o  unoirc  luirdy  Herbaceous  plants,  by  name  ...  .  lo  o, 
liurdy  i'crns,  and  uther  plants  for  ruckwork,  per  dozen  8  0 
All  the  ch'.ice  Couilerse,  Pinus,  Araucaria?,  Cryptomerias, 
and  lasndmms,  of  various  siz.s,  in  pots.  Li.t  of  prices  on 
apphCHtioD. ^Albion  Nursery,  Stoke-Newington,  London,  May  8. 


QEED    AND    HORTICULTURAL    ESTABLISH- 

O  MENT,  SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

PRIZE  GERANIUMS. 
The  following  are  the  14  which  stand  first  as  the  mo=t  suc- 
cessful Prize  varieties  at  the  London  Exhibitinna  of  1851,  as 
described  by  scale  K'^en  in  "The  Florist"  of  December,  We 
beg  to  oifer  the  14  for  18s  ,  or  any  6  for  9s.,  viz.,  Star,  Forget- 
me-not,  Gulielma,  Hoaamood,  Conspicuum,  Pearl,  Centurion, 
Siilamander,  Uowena,  Constance,  Negress,  Norab,  Ariel,  and 
Alonzo. 

25  superb  varieties,  including  .the  above.    These  contain,    s.  d. 
also,  many  newer  varieties  which  have  not  yet  been 

BO  freely  exhibited.     The  25  lor 35     0 

25  fine  show  varieties      '        22     0 

We  have  also  a  large  stock  of  the  following; -very  fine  and 
strong  :— 

BEST    NEW    VARIETIES    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  12  for  50s.,  or  any  8  for  '27s. 
Beck's  Major  Domo. 
,,       Silk  Mercer. 


,,       Tyrian  Qaeen. 
Rundle's  Beauty  of  Montpelier, 
Walton's  Village  Maid. 
Foster's  Knight  of  AveneL 


Hoyle's  Ajax. 
,,,        Ocellatum,  ' 

,,        May  Queen,  j 

„        Generalissimo. 

,,        Cardinal. 
Bragg's  Exquisite. 

FANCY  GERANIUMS. 
Any  12  of  the  following  for  12s.  : — Alboni,  Beaijty,  Bouquet 
Tout  Fait,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Jehu,  Jehu  improved.  La  Belle 
d'Airicana,  Lady  F.  Hastings,  Maid  of  Anjou,  MaL,nitlca, 
Modesta,  Qneen  Victoria,  Statiuskii,  Village  Maid,  Wlntoniaj 
Yeatmaoianum,  aud  Zelia. 

BEST    NEW    FANCY    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
The  following  9  varieties  for  23s. 
Ambrose's  Belle  Marie.  I  Sheppard's  Little  Wonder. 

„  Gaiety,  1  Henderson's  Marion.  i 

,,  Delieata.  ]  ,,  Heine  de  Fleurs. 

Sheppard's  Mi33  Sheppard.    |  ,,  Prince  Albert. 

Henderson's  E.tquisite. 
ACHIMENES. 
The  following  12  beautiful  varieties  for  10s. 


Beaumanii. 

Longiflora  alba. 

Boduerii. 

Coccinea  grandiflora. 

E^chtriana, 

Fimbriata, 

Kleii. 

Magnifica  purpurea. 
Multiflura. 
Patens  major. 
Tugwelliana. 
Venuata. 

12  fine  varieties 

Gs. 

CLOX 

NIAS. 

' 

Alba  grandiflora         ...  2s.  (id. 

ArgyrQStigma 2     6 

Exquisite            2     6 

Frederick  Lenning      ...  2     6 
General  Bandraud       ...  2     6 
Godfroid  de  Bouillon  ...  2     6 

Maria  Van  noutto       . 
Marginata 
Petoiana 
Pulcherrima      ... 
Spectabilis 
Victoria  Roi^inav 

.    23 

.  2 

."  2 
.  2 
.  2 

.Gd 
G 
6 
6 
6 
0 

The  above  12  for  2 

s.,  orany  6  for  12s. 

NEW     AND     SE 

LECT      PLANTS. 

.Stroni? 

ind-fine. 

Hoya  bellp,  fin&plants,  Is. 

23.  fkl. 
Mt'dinitla  magnifica, .  10s.  Gci., 

15s, 
Dielytra  spectabilis.  Is.  Gd. 
Deuizia  gracilis,  2s.  Od.,  ;is.  fid, 
E>callooia  macrantha,  as.  i'd.. 


Capanea  grandiflora,    Is, 

'is.Gd.,  5s. 
Allamandanerifolia,  2s.  Gd. 
Agelmyla  staminea,  3s.  Gd.,  5s, 
Cantua    dependent.     Is.  Gd., 

2s.  Gd. 
Hoya  bella,  vrith  flower.buds, 

3s.  Gd. 

SPRING  CATALOGURS  sent,  prfpiid,  for  four  postage 
stamps;  and  AUTUMN  CATALOGUES,  conta-ning  most  ot 
the  Hardy  Plants,  for  two  postage  stamps,  which  may  be  de- 
ducted from  orders. 

GOODS,  CARRIAGE  FREE,  to  Lond-^n,  Ippwlch,  Norwich, 
or  any  etatlou  on  the  same  line;  and  with  orders  of  21.  and 
upwards  extra  plants  added  gratis. 

RemittauccB  requested  from  unlcnown,  corresprindcnts. 

Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  to  Stepben  Bbown, 
or  to 

BASS  AND  BROWN,  Sodbdkt,  Supfoik. 


Comer  of  Ualf-  Moon  street,  ficcadHlif, 

PERMANENT     GRASS     S  E  E.D'. 

THOMAS     GIBBS     and     CO.,     Seedsmen    to   the 
"  ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND," 

(fcc,  having  tor  upwards  of  50  years  paid  particul'jr  acieution  to 
L-yiiig  down  Liud  to  PER.VIANENT  MEADOW  and  PAS- 
TURE, beg  to  call  the  attention  of  Agriculturfsts  to  the  fol- 
lowing Mixtures,  which  will  he  appjrtioned  to  suit  the  nature 
of  the  soil:— 

Mixtures   for    PERMANENT    MEADOW  AND  PASTURE,-  in- 
cluding Perennial  Clovir, 
Mixtures  for  PARKS,  FIELD  LAWNS,  or  Portions  of  Gtr&ss 

Land  NEAR  TO  Mansions. 
Mixtures  f.r  UPLAND  SHEEP   WALKS  AND  DOWNS. 
Mixtures  for  FINE  GARDEN  LAWNS  and  GRaS^-PLOTS. 

Al.'O  to  their  White  Belgian  and  other  Carrots ;  Yellow  or 
Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzei,  Long  Red  ditto,  and  other 
kinds  ;  Swedes,  Hybrids,  aud  other  Turnips  ;  Italian  And 
other  Rye-grahses.  Clovers,  &c. ;  and  their  general  collection 
of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds. 

THOMAS  GiBBs  and  Co.,  Seedsmen  to  the  R.A.S.E.,  corner 
of  Half-PVloon-street.    Piccadilly,  London. 


r^INE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  laying  down 

*-  Land. — Haud-picked  Sei.d  at  24s.  per  acre,  alloviing 
3  bush'  Is  of  the  mixed  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs,  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre.  Henrt  Claeke,  Seed  Merchant, 

39.  K'ni-'itreet.  Covent-^rirdpn.  London,' 


IMPORTANT    TO    POTATO    PLANTERS.— Pre- 

-L  pared  (jutiiugs  of  the  following  sorts  will  be  ready  about 
the  second  week  in  May  : —  s.   d, 

York  Regents  per  1000     10     6 

American  Native     ,,  10     6 

Cambridge  R^idical  ,,         10    6 

Early  Oxford  15    0 

Packages,  for  lOOO,  Is.  ;  2O0O,  Is.  Gd,  ;  5000,  2s.  Gd. 
Post-office  orders  to  be  made  payable  at  the  Burt^ugh  Office 
to  Hat,  Sangster  nnd  Co.,  Newington  Butts. 

London,  6th  March,  1S52. — Subjoined  is  the  analysis  of  tTVO 
highly  respectable  Uliemists  : — 

"  London,  March  12,  1852. 
**  We  have  now  comple'ed  our  examination  of  a  sampleof 
Potatoes  grown  from  your  prepai  ed  cuttings  in  comparison 
with  another  sample  of  ttie  same  denomination,  obtained  by 
ourselves  from  a  highly  respec'uble  Potato  salesman,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  relative  proportion  of  starch  contained  in 
each,  with  the  following  highly  satisfactory  result  in  your 
lavour,  viz.:—  Sta'ch. 

'*  TJjose  Rronn  from  your  prepared  cuttings  ...  17    percent. 

"  Potatoes  from  Salesman        1".'A  per  cent. 

"  Maijbice  Soa(*lan,  F.C.S. 
*'  Alfred  AsntRSoN,  F.C.S, 
".Messrs.  Hay,  Sangeter,  and  Co.,  Seed  MertOiants, 
18,  Cumbertand-plHce,  Newiniiton  Butts." 

landscap'e  ~ga  r"d"e~n"i  N^a 

MR.  THOROLD,  of  Thorpe- Bower,  near  Norwich, 
f^ff^rs  his  services  as  a  LAN  DSC  APE  !.nd  ORNAMENTAL 
GARDENER,  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art,  including  Decora- 
tions round  the  House,  Formiiiir  Water,  Approaches,  Pic- 
turesque and  Distant  Scenery,  Vistas,  «bc.  ;  correcting  the 
eft^orts  of  amateurs,  iind  direciing  the  practical  e\ecution  of 
works.— Mr.  T.  has  no  connection  with  Nurs^rymeu  or  any 
trade  whatever. 


WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS. 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  Co.'s  STOCK  OF  GARDEN 
TOOL:)  for  the  season  is  now  complete,  and  ancludes 
every  recent  approved  invention  in  addition  to  their  usual 
large  a*iSortmf  nt,  selected  from  all  the  best  makers. 

Deane,  Dbat,  and  Co.  are  Londim  Agents  fi.r  Grr>Nir,Y'3 
PRUSSIAN  HOE,  whichobtained  the  First  PiizeSrlver  MeHal 
at  the  Tarviu  Grand  Nation;(l  Exhibition;  »l-to  Sole  Agents 
fi.r  Lingham's  Menographs  and  Metallic  tmbels,  samples  of 
which  may. be  had  on  applinatii'c,  post  free.  Thev  havea'wflys 
on  hand  a  yuck  rf  BROWN'S  PATENT  FDMIGATORS, 
which  have  stood  the  test  of  three  seasons,  and  cintinue  to 
give  general  s,itisfaction  ;  alfo  Epp^'  Registired  Sulphuvator 
tor  des'ioying  Mildew  upi>n  Grapes,  Hops,  Rosei,  Fruit  Trees, 
Jic,     An  Illustrated  Priced  Catalngue  sent  per  post,  free. 

Deane,  Dkat,  and  Co.  (opening  lo  the  Monument),  London 

Bridge , 

^GARDEN     ENGINES,    SYRINGES,    ETC., 

UPON    THE    MOST  IV1  PROVED  PRINCIPLE,  MANUFAC- 
TURED ONLY   '  Y 

RICHARD  READ,  Jnstrdmekt  Maker  (by  special 
^ppriintment)    to  her  'Mujttsly,    35,-Rh:GENT  CIRCUS, 
PICCADILLY,  LON^DON. 

C  AUl  ItjN.  — lastrumeuts  of  the  verycommonest  de^oription 
being  extensively  circulated  throughout  the  Kingdom,  and  sold 
as  "  RB  iD'S,"  please  observe  the  Royal  Anns  and  the  Paten- 
tee's namf.  wi'hnu'wh'ch  imne  ai-e  ee-Miitie. 

L CRYSTAL  PALACE.^Uwuig  to  tlie  removal  of  the 
''  Cryatal-Pjluce,  tde  IKON  FOUNTAIN  erec  eo  by  FflBE- 
man  IlitE,  Hydrnulic  Engi.ieer,  is  lor  Snle.  To  meet  the 
numerous  inquiries  respecting  the  same,  tenders  ^ill  -be 
received  for  its  purchase,  until  the  ISihiinst.,  by  him,  at  70 
Strand  London 


19—1332. 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


90  f 


VICTORIA   REGIA. 

J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  afew  Haestroti?  Pinots  forSiileof  VIOTOUlA  HEUIA, 
Nympb^Ba  crcruloa,  Nympli^a  dentata,  N.vmph3e:i  stellafn,  &c. 
As  also  a  splendid  Collei-tion  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
all  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation  — Plans  and  Estimates 
for  buildine  Aqaariiims  and  all  o:her  Horticul'ural  erections. 
J.  Weees&Co's  HOT-WATER  apparatus  is  well  adapted 
for  Warmin"  large  Ponds, •for  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heating 
extensive  ranpes  of  Forcinir-house. 

HORTICULTURE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


«(  T  IZZY'  is  the  very  acme  of  form,  and  highly 
Xj  atirictive,  on  account  of  its  cheerful  colour."— tfart^t/i  era' 
Chronicle. 

COLE  AND  SHARP  are  now  sending  out  good  plants  of  the 
above  BEAUTIFUL  D*HLiA  at  IDs.  Gd.  each. 

For  description  and  awards,  see  Advertisement  in  this  Paper, 
April  23.  Drawings  may  be  seen  at  MestrJ.  Clabke  and  Sun's, 
King-street,  Coveat  Garden, 

Aeton  Lane  Nursery,  near  Birmingham. 


CHEAP    BEDDING   PLANTS    FOR   THE   MILLION. 

JOHN  HAYESj  Florist,  Farnham,  Surrey,  begs  to 
say  he  is  prepared  to  send  out  BEDDING  PLANTS  from 
•  Iff.  to  oGs.  per  dozr-n.  Verbenas  are  now  in  the  open  air,  and 
maybe  put  out  at  once.  The  plants  are  remarkably  erood. 
Any  person  wan'ing  a  complement,  may  treat  with  J.  H.  on 
liberal  terms.  Catalogues  sent  oa  the  receipt  of  one  postage 
stamp. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
EMPEROR    STOCK,   a    perennial  species,  and  hardy, 
1400  seeds.  U. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  tliem  to 
be  the  finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
500  of  the  latter,  I5.  each  paper. 

MT0S0TI3  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  verv  beautiful ;  200  seeds,  Is. 

CALENDRINIA  UilBELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
and  most  brilliant  floweringof  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds,  Is. 
SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  lUO  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds.  Is. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

Jeyes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 


COCKBURN  AND  BROWN,  Cote  des  Neiges 
Nurseries,  near  Montreal,  Canada,  beg  to  intima'e  to 
'  British  Florists  that  they  have  just  purchased  from  Mr.  James 
■Lancashire,  Montreal,  the  whole  of  his  extensive  stock  of 
TULIP--^,  which  he  has  go  long  grown  in  the  grounds  of  Mr. 
Henry  Corse.  Mr.  L  is  well  known  to  be  one  of  the  most 
successful  cultivators  of  this  flower  in  America,  having  devoted 
to  it  between  30  and  40  years;  It  is  almost  needless  to  state 
'  that  this  fine  collection  contains  a  numerous  assortment  of 
Btrong  roots  of  tbe  leading  varieties,  nothing  inferior  having 
been  admitted.  Parties  favouring  us  with  their  orders  can 
hfive  the  roots  sent  during  the  autumn,  either  by  steamer  or 
sailing  vessel. 

Catalogues  will  be  prepared  and  ma;  be  had  from  our  agent, 
ilr.  Brown,  -11.  Norfolk-street,  Glasgow. 

N.B.  For  Sale,  the  American  and  Canadian  Seedling  Apples, 
Plums,  &.C.  


SEAKALE    FOR    THE    MILLION. 

SEAKALE  POTS  AND  FORCING  superseded  ly 
"The  Early  Y ellow- Crown Seakale.'''' 

This  valuable  new  vegetable  (exhibited  at  the  Horticultural 
Society's  Rooms,  Regeut-street),  is  perfectly  distinct  from  all 
other  varieties  of  Seakale,  being  free  from  any  purple  or  gi-een 
tint,  very  large,  of  a  peculiarTy  rich  flavour,  and  delicate  btraw 
■Cdloiir,  which  it  retaiiis  if  kept  for  10  or  1-*  days  after  oatlivg. 

It  is  so  early  and  hardy  that  it  may  be  easily  grown  in  the  open 
ground,  ft  for  use  early  in  February.  It  has  been  90  grown  in 
the  Kempsbot  Gardens  several  winters,  and  is  now  first  offered 
to  tbe  public  by  Juns  Sutton  and  Sons,  Reading,  Berks. 

As  the  Stock  is  very  limited,  early  orders  are  requested  and 
rccornrnended,  which  orders  will  be  faithfully  executed  in  rota- 
tion, so  far  as  the  stock  will  suffice,  with  good  plants,  ab'^ut 
the  first  week  in  June,  wQich  will  be  fit  for  cutting  from  next 
February.  Price  10s.  Gd.  per  dozen.  Trade  discount  allowed 
where  not  less  than  three  dozen  are  taken.  Orders  for  Jess 
than  one  dozen  will  not  be  executed.  Remittances  or  refer- 
ences required  from  unknown  correspondents. 

lobtruciions  f-T  cul'ivation  will  be  sent  with  the  plants. 
READING  NURSF.RIB3,  READING,  BERKS. 


STANDISH  AND    NOBLE,    Nurserymen,    Bagshot, 
Surrey,  have  to  offer  the  following  new  and  select  Plants, 
all  of  which  are  hardv,  except  Azalea  vittata  : 

ABIES  J£ZOEN-i-S,  seedling  plants,  2l3  each;  this  is  one  of 
the  last  novelties  in  Coniferu  ;  forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in 
height,  and  ot  verv  distinct  character  {very  hardv^ 

AZALEA  VITTATA.— A  epecimen  of  this  unique  variety 
'waa  awarded  a  Knightian  Menal  when  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
Cottural  Society's  Ruom  last  April  ;  the  ground  colour  of  the 
flower  IB  white,  benutifully  striped  with  purple,  after  the 
manner  of  a  Carnation.  It  is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to 
1  lo.t.  2\f.  each. 

CfJPitESSUs  FUNEBRIS.— SeedlingB,  5a.  to  21s.  each. 

CEPHALOTaXUS  fort  UNI,  male,  long  leaves,  seedlings, 
3 Is,  *ach. 

CEPIIAL0TAXU=1  FORTDNII,  female,  fihort  leaves,  seed- 
liDKB,  21a.  taih.  Thtse  hiive  withstood  the  late  frost  and 
drjine  wlnfi*  wi-hout  losing  any  of  their  verdure  (very  hardy). 

ILEX  FCR0ATA.21a.  e«ch. 
..       MAOROCARPA,  21»  pach. 

QUERCU3  MCLEROPIIVLLA.  21s,  to  42s. each. 
IN  VERSA,  yis   to4L'fl.  each. 

SPIK^A  CALLOSA,  an  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
it-ba4  iargfl  eurymbs  of  rokj  purple  blossoms,  and  is  a  hatid- 
'  soma  addttlun  10  our  •brubbery  plants.    lOa.  Gd.  each. 


NEW   AND   RARE  PLANTS. 

BRUNSFE'.HH    NITIDA    VAR.    JAMAICENSIS.    OR 
HHINTNG-LKAVED  HRUNSFLLSIA. 

"PDWARD  MITCHELL   bcga  moat  respectfully  to 

-*-J  off  r  ibo  iib'.vc  h--!.u  it>il  Stove  I'laiit  to  thu  Floricultur/il 
Tubltc,  o»  bo-UK  the  [freannt  novylty  of  theprcBcnt  Benson .  and 
awry  grf^nt  flcrjultiitton  to  ali  growi-r*  of  plants  for  exhibition, 
for  which  It  i»  rm.M  a'In.lrfibly  adapted,  att  It  in  by  far  ihc  freest 
'bloomer  of  rhnt  intarcHtlnif  dann  ot  plants,  E.  M.  having  plant» 
■otmore  than  10  locbii  hl^h  with  upnardu  of  20  of  ItH  maif- 
Blfictnt  b'fjoifit  open  ril  onu  time  ;  it  hai  aUo  thu  great  advan- 
ttije  of  bthig  very  swe);U«ct;(it»:d,  E.  -M,  wan  aw(*rdi-d  tor  the 
aboT*  a  hrunzb  mfdal,  at  the  hint  Juno  Uo'arilc  Fxhlbltlon,  for 
l»«w  and  rarw  plootn  ;  It  iit  dfBcrlbfd  by  Hlr  Wm,  Hooker  in  iho 
"Bot»ijJc  MagRKtno"  In  June  1817,  af  followA  :  *  An  erect. 
•hiubby.gr<inlitt(  plant,  atiuinlng  4  to  &  fict  In  height;  tlic 
leaTf;tar<;  a  bright,  gloH'y  urwn,  the  Howcr«K'''>w  ff'nn  thu-ixllH 
of  the  appT  leaven,  nn-l  ore  of  n  vary  rich  Hulphur  colour, 
■pwardcor  6  inchei  in  l*n({th.  and  more  titan  4  inchQS  in  iiln. 
nitUr;  ttltoifotliti  tbU  may  be  conaldertd  onu  of  tho  iiicmt 
btautlful  pliintA  ever  offwre.l  to  Hkj  public,"  Hlr-  ng  plants 
Will  W  ttsnt  *iut  the  flr«i  wiick  in  Jane,  piice'-fU  lach.  wiih  ih« 
ttMal  dUc  luni  Ut  Iho  fntiio  whrjn  (brt-o  or  more  ar«  ordered. 
ro«t.o(Bc«  ftfdi^r  rrr|-i):«rid  (rom  nnknown  corrc«pijad«nt«. 
iirl4iolUarUeu*.  Kuuip-town,  litinUUju,  May  8. 


CRYSTAL      FOU  NTAI  N. 

E  PERKINS  begs  to  inform  his  friends  that  he 
•  purposed  sendiiitr  out,  the  first  week  in  May,  the  above 
splendid  white  FUCHSIA,  which  ho  can  wiih  coufidtMice 
recommend  as  the  largest  and  best,  ever  oftured  to  the  public, 
and  ordered  by  all  the  principal  Nurserymen  that  saw  it  in 
btonm  last  season,  l'>s.  Gd.  each,  with  the  usual  allowance  to 
the  Trade.  Tube  and  sep'ils  waxy  white,  corolla  approaching 
sc.irlet. — HuBST  and  M'Mullem,  AgentH  in  London. 
Victoria  Nursery,  Leamiiniton,  Ma>  8, 


1  OHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  offer  the  under- 

'"  named  novelties,  which  they  recommend  with  confidence. 
Plants  of  each  5^-.,  in  May.  Discount  to  the  Trade,  when  three 
are  ordered. 

IIEHOTROPIUM  ALBICANS.— This  is  the  best  light  Helio. 
trope  for  bedding  yet  offered.  The  general  effect  is  a  good 
WHITE,  with  dark  green  foli:ige,  rendering  it  very  conspicuous. 

FUCHSIA,  "THE  FAIRY."— Tube,  waxy  palo  flesh,  sepals 
delicately  tipped  with  bright  pink  :  corollaeriged  with  carmine. 
Altogether  the  most  pleasing  and  novel  Fuchsia  yet  sent  out. 

Nai'tiery,  Hammersmith,  near  Londnn. 


NEW      SEEDLING      DAHLIAS 

NOW  READY  FOR  S&NDING  OUT. 

GAINES'    COMPACTA.  —  Vermiliou  salmon,  the 
most  compact  flower  ever  offered  to  the  public.    3  feet 
10s.  Gd. 

GAINES*  FIREBRAND.— Orange  scarlet,  large  flower, 
compact,  good  centre.     4  feet.     10a.  Gd. 

Gaines'  NE  plus  ultra.— Rosy  crimEon,  very  con- 
stant,  perfect  centre.     4  feet,     10s.  Gd. 

"GAINES'    CLAUDE    (Fancy    variety).  —  Crimson     purple, 
ti('pi.d  with  white,  first-rat^  variety.    4  feet.    10s.  Gd. 

P.S.  A  large  stock  of  Pot,  Root,  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
now  ready  for  sale.  The  Funcy  and  Show  Pelargoniums  are 
now  coming  into  flower,  and  can  ba  seen,  gratis,  at  the  Nur- 
sery, Surrey-lane,  Battersea,  near  Londnn.— May  8. 


DAHLIAS. — If  Certificates  are  any  criterion  of 
merit,  the  under-mentioned  received  Thirty-three  out  of 
Fifty-five  given  to  all  England,  at  the  Great  National,  Surrey 
Gardens,  Trowbridge,  Newbury,  Walsall,  Shacklewell,  Taun- 
ton, Notting-hill,  London,  and  Slough.  They  stand  on  this 
recommendation.  Fine  plants  are  now  ready,  with  all  the 
leading  varieties,  on  application  to  John  Ketnes,  Nurseryman, 
Salisbury. 


Triumphant  (Keynes),  crimson 

Una  (do.),  white 

Douglas    Jerrold    (do.),     buff- 
edged  scarlet 

Laura  Lavington  (do.),  fancy, 
fiiwn  and  white 

Nancy  (do.),  fancy,  scarlet  and 
white 
Catalogues,  showing  the  three  best  varieties  of  each  colour, 

may  be  bad  on  application.— Salisbury.  Mav  8. 


Aurora  (Keynes),  buff 
Cricket  (Dodu'o),  faucy,  peach 

and  white 
Miss    Bathurst    (do.),    fancy, 

lilac  and  white 
Cloth  of  Gold  (Hooper's)  fine 

yellow 


PLANTS    FOR    BEDDING,    ETC. 

SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  Co.  having  on  hand  a  large 
and  healthy  stock  of  the  under-meniioned  plants,  well 
established  in  4-inch  pots,  inured  to  the  climate  of  the  north, 
and  ready  fur  immediate  planting,  are  induced  ta  offer  them 
at  the  following  low  prices  :  — 

CALCEOLARIAS,  of  sorts     63.  Oti.  per  doz. 

CINERARIAS,  do 4    0        „ 

DAHLIAS,  do 4     0        „ 

FUCHSIAS,  do 5     0         „ 

GERANIUMS,  do 6    0        „ 

,,  Scarlet,  do 4    0        „ 

,,  Fancy,   do 4    0        „ 

VERBENAS.  do 4     0        „ 

Collections  of  the  above  with  many  other  sorts  suitable  for 
bedding  out,  if  left  to  S.  F.  and  Co.'s  selection,  25s.  per  100. 

Their  Spring  Catalogue,  containing  lists  of  all  the  new  and 
moat  select  Plants,  is  now  rendy,  and  may  be  had,  gratis,  on 
application, — GHtesbead  Nursi  ry.  near  NewcawtIe-upon-T>ne. 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,     MARESFIELD, 
NEAR.  UOKFIELD,  SUSSEX. 

DWARF  ROSES  FOR  BEDDING.— 
The  preFent  month  is  considered  the  mo°t  eligible  for 
planting  out  ROSES  (from  pots),  for  grouping  in  the  Flower 
Garden.  W.  Wood  and  Son  beg  to  off^r  their  Fiiends  and  the 
Public  a  large  stock  of  well-grown  plants,  at  the  following 
prices,  selection  being  left  to  themselves  :— 

Per  dozen— s.    d.     s.    d. 
Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses,  on  the  Manettii  stock, 

also  on  own  roots         12     0  to  18     0 

Isle  do  Bourbon  (own  roots)         12     0  to  18     0 

Tea-scented  (own  roots)        ...         12     0  to  18     0 

China,  Noisette,  and  CI  mbing        0     0  to  12     0 

The  following  Tea-scented  Roses  are  highly  recommended 
either  for  bedding  or  for  pot  culture  :■ 


Each.— s.  d. 

Each.— 3.  d. 

Abricote      1     6 

Marechal  Bugeaud        ...  1    6 

Duchess  of  Mecklenburg 

Mo\re          1     6 

{yellow) 5     0 

NiphetoB     1    6 

Elize  Sauvago       1     6 

Pnccesse         Adelaide 

Eugene  Desgaches         ...1    ^ 

(ycdow) 1     G 

La  Sylphide           1     6 

Safrano       1     C 

Madame  Bravay 1    6 

Souvenir  du  30  Mai        ...1    C 

PLANTS     FOR     BEDDING.                Per  doz 

Peotstemone      6s.  to    Os.Orf. 

Phloxea Gs.  to     9     0 

Phloxes,  new  Continental  varieties             12     0 

Herbaceous  Plants,  fine  coUoctioo,  4?s.  perlOO,  or  63.  to  12     0 

Plants  prcbeuted  for  distant  carriage.— May  8. 

SATURDA  Y,  MA  Y  8,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEtK. 

MoMD&T,        Mny     10-GRnBra[ihicaI .t..S.lp.M. 

(  Syro  Euyinlan 74r  M. 

(Koolo(c)cui .0  P.M. 

I  Sftrlciy  olArtn ,.S  f.m. 

WnDsnUDAT,    —       JS^Graiihtc   8  p.m. 

(  EthiioloKiCHl  Sir.si. 

I  NHiLinoll-'lorlcullural ;i  p.m. 

Tiiu^BDAi,       -       ]:,;ito>'.lSoc  of  Literature -1  p.m. 

'  )  AnUittittriui S  f.m. 

(K">iil 8)p.M. 

FiiiDAT  —        ,  [  f  A.lri)nrimlc(il     ,,8  p.m. 

Coijutut  Showi).— Wnilnoxltiy.  Mny  12:  IlBramcrBmilhPan.y.— 'iliurndny, 
iiny  i;ii  Uta'-llantiniii  Horticultural 

• — 

In  another  column  will  be  fonnrl  a  circul.ir  from 
Mi.Hsra.  Ci.AiiANCi.;  !ui(l  Co.,  relating  lo  r.ow-puici'.i) 
OUANO.  Thi'y  [joint  out  the  \vt;ll-known  I'mcI  that 
no  KCniiinu  I'tiruviun  gnano  can  he  hail  lor  loss  than 
'JL  tin.  a  ton  ;  thoy  nIiow  thatf^uaiio  is  nevertholuk.ss 
hohl  for  71.  10».  a  ton,  thus  realising  a  loss  to  the 
seller  of  at  Ic-aol  il.  llja. ;  and  they  prove,  by  Prof. 


Way's  evitleiice,  that  the  low-ijiicea  gu.m.)  a  not 
worth  more  than  3/.,  being  in  fact  "  made  from 
1  ton  of  guano  and  2  tons  of  adulterating  sub- 
stance.?," namely  CLAY,  GYPSUM,  and  COMMON  SALT. 
At  one  time  we  had  an  opinion  that  the  practice 
of  falsifying  guano  took  place  to  a  most  extraor- 
dinary degree,  and  we  took  great  pains  lo  show 
where  and  how.  We  even  ventured  to  hint  that 
the  buyers  of  guano  were  no  belter  than  pigeons, 
ready  to  be  plucked  by  the  fir.,tadventurtr  who  laid 
hands  on  them.  But  we  have  altered  our  minds 
upon  this  subject ;  we  no  longer  believe  in  fraud  ■  we 
have  entire  confidence  in  the  honesty  of  the  woild 
and  especially  of  guano  dealers;  and  we  shall  now  pro- 
ceed to  explain  why  this  change  has  come  over  ns. 

It  is  perfectly  true  that  loam  and  clay  are  very 
largely  consumed  in  the  metropolis  ;  that  they  are 
dried  and  beaten  and  sifted,  and  put  into  bags  ;  that 
the  bags  are  put  on  board  barges  which  glide  down 
creeks  into  the  Thames,  where  we  all  know  that 
ships  loaded  with  guano  may  be  found.  But 
surely  no  one  will  pretend  that  a  man  is  justified, 
for  such  a  reason,  in  saying  that  loam  and  clay  are 
mixed  with  guano.  We  must  have  legal  proof  of  the 
mL-cture,  before  we  believe  in  the  existence  of  such 
roguery  as  is  pretended  to  exist. 

We  admit  that  in  Wanstead  Forest  a  beautiful 
yellow  loam  is  largely  dug  ;  that  the  top  spit,  with 
its  fibres,  is  cast  aside,  and  the  second  spit,  wherein 
are  no  fibres,  is  sold  at  .3s.  6d.  a  one-horse  load,  and 
7.?.  a  two-horse  load.  Rayner  and  Hicks — good 
honest  fellows  these — hand  the  money  to  Rumble, 
who  pays  it  to  Mr.  Covekdale,  the  steward  of  the 
manor,  who  places  it  to  the  credit  of  my  Lord 
MoRNiNGTON.  But  what  then  ?  What  has  that  to 
do  with  guano  ?  Loam  is  used  in  gardening  ;  and 
besides,  nobody  can  believe  that  so  great  a  per- 
sonage as  Lord  Mornington  would  permit  his 
steward  to  encourage  public  swindling.  The  idea  is 
preposterous.  What  if  the  boy  that  digs  it  says  that 
he  is  digging  guano  ;  are  the  words  of  an  ignorant 
clown  to  be  taken  as  proof  of  loam  being  guano  1 
We  should  think  not. 

It  is  true  that  the  loam  carts  belong  to  Newton, 
of  Stratford  ;  and  it  is  said  that  he  takes  it  to  Carey, 
of  West  Ham,  and  to  Palmer,  who  occupies  a  part 
of  Plater's  yard — theAlbion  Wharf— Stratford.  But 
what  then  1  Let  us  suppose  that  Carey  is  called  a 
"  guano  maker."  We  do  not  know  that  he  ever  sold 
an  ounce  of  guano  in  his  life— and  if  he  did,  may  he 
not  also  sell  loanil  Thank  God  this  is  the  land  of 
freedom,  and  nobody  has  a  right  to  dictate  to  a  man 
by  what  he  shall  or  shall  not  get  an  honest  li\  ing  ! 

People  might  as  well  say  that  Mr.  Tons,  quite  a 
remarkable  man,  residing  on  Bow  Common,  mixed 
loam  with  guano,  just  because  he  carts  loam  from 
Wanstead ;  or  they  might  fasten  the  charge  upon 
Mr.  Calvert,  a  manure  maker,  and,  as  we 
believe,  another  most  remarkable  gentleman — to  say 
nothing  of  his  being  a  neighbour  of  Mr.  Tons, 
— merely  because  he  too  has  loam  carted  for  him, 
and  because  his  yard  contains  blue  Billy,  lime, 
and  ashes;  and  because  these  things  are  beaten, 
sifted,  and  mixed  there.  But  all  the  world  knows 
that  blue  Billy,  a  residuum  of  the  gas  works,  is  a 
manure,  and  that  lime  is  a  manure,  and  that 
ashes,  if  not  a  direct  manure,  are  highly  useful  on 
heavy  land.  And  is  not  Mr.  Calvekt  a  manure 
maker!  We  have  no  doubt  in  our  own  minds  that 
these  ingredients,  skilfully  put  together,  would  make 
a  manure  as  good  as  half  what  is  sold.  Perhaps 
loam  may  be  useful  in  diminishing  the  strength  of 
blue  Billy.  We  protest  against  the  doctrine  that  a 
man  is  not  to  sell  artificial  manure,  because  it 
happens  to  look  like  guano.  It  might  as  well  be 
argued  that  the  sale  of  treacle  should  be  complained 
of,  because  it  is  so  much  like  tar. 

The  truth  is,  that  the  public  mind  is  most  unac- 
countably prejudiced  against  loam  and  dealers  in 
it.  Ever  since  that  unfortunate  gentleman,  Mr. 
Pickering,  was  transported,  owing  to  the  case  which 
Giniis's  house  had  the  cruelty  to  get  up,  it  has 
become  unsafe  to  have  a  bag  of  loam  on  the 
premises.  The  prejudice  is  so  strong  that  we  see 
no  hope  of  overcoming  it,  except  by  taking  up  in  a 
serious  spirit  the  defence  of  Lord  Mouninoton  and 
his  customers  ;  and  to  show  how  unreasonable  people 
are,  we  will  just  mention  a  circumstance  or  two 
that  have  come  to  our  knowledge,  and  how  ea.sily 
wrong  inferences  may  be  drawn. 

As  we  have  already  said,  Mr.  Tons,  of  Bow-com- 
mon, is  a  very  remarkable  gentleman — we  believe  a 
blood-boiler.  It  happened  that  on  Mnnday,  April  5, 
Mr.  Tons'.s  carts  were  fetching  beautiful  light-brown 
loam  from  Waiistead-common.  It  also  happi'ned  that 
on  Wednesday,  April  ."i,  his  carls  were  loaded  with 
what  Sfemeii  lo  be  bags  of  guano,  wliioii  were 
conveyed  to  Ratcliffe-cross  wharf,  ami  put  on  boaid 
the  barge  John.  This  barge  John  mid  wilh  a  small 
accident  on  her  way  down,  but  finally  reached 
Greenwich,  where  she  ia  said   to  have  discharged 


292 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


May  8, 


her  cargo  into  a  vessel  lying  off  the  Folly-house.  But 
what  of  that  ?  In  the  first  place  there  is  not  a  tittle 
of  evidence  that  the  loam  carted  on  the  Monday  had 
anything  to  do  with  the  guano  carted  on  Wednesday. 
Neither  is  there  anything  to  show  that  the  guano 
was  not  guano.  For  our  own  parts  we  maintain 
that  there  is  a  fair  presumption  that  it  was  guano. 
As  to  putting  it  on  board  the  ship  lying  off  the  Folly- 
house,  that  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  question.  It 
might  as  well  be  pretended  that  the  guano  shipped  a 
short  time  since  on  board  the  Gleaner,  of  Southampton, 
Capt.  Pope,  which  sailed  for  Penzance  with  100  tons 
in  bulk,  was  loam.  We  ought  to  know  what 
that  was  ;  for  we  have  some  of  it  on  our  table.  Or 
we  shall  have  some  one  asserting  that  the  15  tons 
of  guano  which  went  to  Leicester  about  the  12th  of 
April,  in  GaiMble's  boat,  was  the  same  valuable  arti- 
cle. Indeed  we  should  not  be  surprised  if  an  unfa- 
vourable opinion  were  entertained  of  the  cargo  of 
the  Pandora,  Capt.  Jay,  which  loaded  at  the  Mud- 
hole  tier  last  Saturday  fortnight,  and  sailed  for 
Berwick  with  150  tons  on  board,  in  bulk. 

It  would  be  a  pleasant  thing,  truly,  for  the  con- 
signees of  these  cargoes,  if  their  customers  were  to 
question  their  honesty,  because  the  consumption  of 
loam  in  the  metropolis  has  become  enormously 
greater  than  it  ever  was  before. 

We  greatly  regret  the  necessity  of  announcing 
that  Mr.  William  Gardiner,  the  well-known  author 
of  a  "  Flora  of  Forfarshire,"  "  Lessons  on  Mosses," 
"  Botanical  Rambles  in  Braemar,"  and  other  very 
useful  works,  is  at  present  in  a  most  delicate  state 
of  health,  and  in  circumstances  much  requiring 
pecuniary  aid.  Several  benevolent  individuals  have 
come  forward  with  subscriptions ;  but  more  is 
needed,  and  we  hope  will  be  contributed  speedily. 
Those  desirous  of  helping  the  poor  naturalist  may 
remit  their  subscriptions  to  Mr.  George  Lawson, 
Botanical-rooms,  University,  Edinburgh;  or  to  Mr. 
James  Scrymgeour,  II,  Re  form- street,  Dundee. 


kind  (and  many  of  them  quite  new  to  science)  might  be 
ascertained  by  observing  some  of  the  apparently  most 
common  species  of  insects.  The  history  of  the  honey 
bee,  green-fly  or  plant-louse,  and  even  of  the  blue-bottle 
fly  (three  perhaps  of  the  best  known  species  of  insects), 
is  connected  with  some  of  the  most  remarkable  physio- 
logical questions  ;  indeed  it  may  be  safely  affirmed  that 
scarcely  a  single  insect  can  be  traced  through  its  mar- 
vellous series  of  metamorphoses,  without  some  curious 
point  of  inquiry  being  elicited,  or  some  unlooked-for 
result  obtained.  Such  results,  however,  can  of  course 
only  be  produced  by  an  attentive  spirit  of  obsevjatlon, 
and  a  desii'e,  not  merely  to  obtain  a  set  of  fine  speci- 
mens for  the  cabinet,  but  also  a  real  knowledge  of  the 
objects  themselves. 

I  have  made  these  few  preliminary  remarks,  because 
I  ascertained,  durhig  my  investigation  of  the  trans- 
formations of  the  little  mining  larvte  of  the  Rose-leaves, 
not  only  that  several  points  of  their  history  had  been 
overlooked,  but  that  our  micro-lepidopterists,  who  have 
now  for  several  years  past  exclusively  studied  the 
history  of  our  minute  moths,  were  entirely  ignorant  as 
to  the  species  by  which  the  leaves  of  the  common  Rose 
were  mined.  The  history  of  the  species  has  to  a  great 
extent  been  traced  by  De  Geer  (Me'moires,  vol.  i., 
p.  446 — 455),  but  as  he  only  succeeded  in  obtaining  a 
sin<i;le  specimen  of  the  perfect  moth,  and  as  it  had  died 
in  his  breeding-box,  he  was  unable  to  describe  it  because 
it  was  "mort  et  desstcli&^  et  (outcs  ses  parties  Moi&tit 
derangies.''^  He  was  indeed  well  pleased  to  be  able  to 
assert  that  it  was  truly  a  moth  ;  because,  out  of  15 
caterpillars,  only  this  one  moth  had  beeu  developed,  the 
remainder  having  produced  a  small  black  Ichneumon 
fly.  I  have,  however,  been  more  fortunate  ;  having  not 
only  succeeded  in  rearing  the  perfect  insect,  but  having 
also  captured  several  specimens  at  large  on  the  Rose- 
bushes in  the  middle  of  the  month  of  August,  the 
leaves  of  which  had  previously  supplied  me  with  the 
larvae  for  observation. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 
Liege. — The  soil  of  Liege  is  light,  black,  and  absorbs 
heat  easily,  which  explains  why  its  vegetation  is  as  for- 
ward as  that  of  Paris.  I  shall  only  mention  Mr. 
Makoy's  estajilishment,  and  the  new  botanic  garden. 
The  first  is  situate  close  to  the  railway,  aud  on  the  left 
iucline  of  Liege,  in  a  good  situation  ;  a  hollow  road 
separates  the  two  great  sorts  of  cultivation  found  here. 
Ou  the  right,  aud  facing  the  soutli,  there  are  large  aud 
numerous  hothouses;  on  the  left  are  trees.  Azaleas,  Rho- 
dodendrons, Roses,  tree  and  herbaceous  Pseonies.  The 
collection  of  the  last  occupies  no  less  than  a  quarter  of  an 
acre,  and  includes  a  host  of  remarkable  plants  ;  each 
plant  has  its  own  label,  which  is  immovable,  and  consists 
of  an  engraved  flat  stone  or  brick.  In  the  houses  I  saw 
some  fine  specimens  of  Camellias  and  Rhododendrons, 
some  of  which  were  20  feet  in  height ;  they  were  in  full 
bloom.  There  was  one  variety  of  Rhododendron,  the 
name  of  which  I  have  forgotten,  measuring  nearly  5 
yards,and  loaded  with  immense  bouquets  of  white  flowers 
marked  with  greyish  spots  ;  one  of  these  trusses  which 
I  measured  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Makoy,  was  nearly 
4  ins.  in  diameter  ;  the  plant  was  valued  at  60?.  A  single 
stove  distributes  the  heat  required  by  all  the  houses, 
which  for  the  most  part  rise  one  above  the  other,  are 
rather  deep,  aud  not  too  moist ;  plants  for  commerce  are 
raised  in  them. 

I  ought  here  to  mention  Mr.  Makoy's  numerous 
experiments  on  our  trees  and  shrubs  with  different 
coloured  woods,  leaves  similarly  coloured,  curled,  cut, 
filiform,  and  ou  weeping  trees,  &c.  I  saw  a  large  house 
full  of  young  plants  in  pots,  cleft  grafted  in  all  sorts  of 
ways.  The  smallest  lot  was  symmetrically  placed  in 
the  midst  of  the  general  arrangement  ;  here  were  some 
Berberries  with  curious  foliage,  Lime  trees  with  broad 
or  otherwise  remarkable  leaves,  Spindle  trees  with 
strange  foliage,  weeping  Peach  trees,  coloured-leaved 
Elms ;  Oaks,  Maples,  Mulberry  trees,  Broussouetia 
and  Clematis  wiih  different  leaves,  and  in  short  every 
species  of  tree  fit  for  an  English  garden. 

The  botanic  garden  is  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Dyrick,  late  cliief  gardener  at  the  royal  garden  at 
Brussels.  Although  it  is  of  short  standing,  it  contains 
many  large  Palm  trees,  as  well  as  many  of  the  hothouse 
plants  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  garden  of  the 
University.  The  conservatory  is  in  form  like  the  one  at 
Brussels;  two  large  double  houses  which  adjoin  it  are 
full,  the  one  of  hothouse,  the  other  of  greenhouse  plants. 
The  garden  part  is  somewhat  like  an  English  garden  ;  the 
classification  adopted,  without  being  quite  natural,  is  very 
near  it.  Each  family  is  separated  from  its  neighbour  by 
turf.  The  trees  are  all  arranged  on  a  given  plan,  as  are 
also  the  common  plants,  which,  though  few  in  number, 
are  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  study. 

I  now  bring  these  gleanings  to  a  close,  and,  to  sum  up 
my  general  impressions,  I  may  say  that  in  a  horticultural 
pouit  of  view,  Germany  is  advancing  rapidly  towards 
perfection,  although  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  France 
is  still  in  the  front  rank.  Masson^s  Report. 


Our  figure  represents  several  leaflets  of  a  Rose 
leaf,  one  of  which  will  be  observed  to  be  marked  with 
a  number  of  slender  black  winding  lines,  closely 
resembling  the  tor'uous  course  of  a  river  on  a  map, 
beginning  like  a  small  brook,  and  gradually  increasing 
in  breadth  as  it  proceeds.  This  representation  of  a  river 
exhibits,  besides,  a  narrow  white  valley  on  each  side 
of  it,  increasing  as  it  goes  till  it  terminates  in  a 
broad  delta.  The  valley  is  the  inner  portion  of  the 
leaf,  from  which  the  inclosed  caterpillar  has  eaten 
the  pulp  or  parenchyme,  whilst  the  river  itself  has  been 
formed  by  the  liquid  ejectamenta  of  the  insect,  the 
watery  part  having  evaporated.  One  of  the  leaflets  in 
our  figure  has  beeu  mined  by  three  several  caterpillars, 
aud  it  is  curious  to  see  that  whilst  one  has  gone  from 
nearly  the  extremity  to  the  base  of  the  leaflet,  another 
has  confined  itself  close  to  the  extremity,  where  it  has 
consequently  been  obliged  to  cross  and  reci'oss  its  burrow 
several  times.  Another  peculiarity  consists  in  the  cir- 
cumstance that  the  caterpillars  do  not  eat  the  entire  of 
the  pulp  in  their  burrows,  for  it  will  be  observed  on 
examining  one  of  these  mined  leaves,  that  no  trace  of  the 
burrow  is  to  be  seen  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf, 
proving  that  it  eats  as  it  proceeds  only  half  the  thickness 
of  the  parenchyme,  or  that  portion  of  it  which  belongs 
to  the  upper  membrane  of  the  leaf.  This  curious  instinct 
also  proves  the  extreme  minuteness  of  the  workman- 
ship of  these  miners  ;  for  though  a  Rose  leaf  is  as  thiu 
as  this  paper,  the  insect  finds  room  to  form  a  tunnel, 
the  substance  of  which  serves  for  its  food  in  the  upper 
half  of  the   parenchyme.     Let  any  one  try  with  the 


growu  in  July ;  De  Geer  met  with  them  in  September 
and  October  ;  and  last  year  I  found  the  leaves  of  the 
common  Cabbage  Rose  greatly  infested  with  them  as 
late  as  the  beginning  of  November.  The  caterpillar's 
are  of  a  rich  yellow  colour,  and  the  structure  of  their 
legs  is  so  curious,  that  it  was  only  by  rearing  the  perfect 
insect  that  De  Geer  could  convince  himself  that  they 
were  really  the  larvae  of  Lepidopterous  insects.  "  Je 
les  cms  d'ahord  etre  des  vers  d'un  genre  particidier." 
They  are,  indeed,  entirely  destitute  of  the  short  articu- 
lated hooked  legs  attached  to  the  three  anterior  segments 
in  the  majority  of  caterpillars.  Zeller,  however,  gives  as 
the  character  of  his  genus  Nepticula  (  Liunsea  Entomol.  iii. 
301),  the  larva  as  furnished  with  four  true  legs  and  twelve 
pro-legs  ;  but  this  is,  as  far  as  I  am  able  to  observe, 
incorrect  in  the  species  before  us,  however  it  may  agree 
with  other  species.  De  Geer,  indeed,  states  that  the 
rose-miner  possesses  eighteen  pro-legs  attached  in  pairs 
to  the  second  and  eight  following  segments  of  the  body, 
the  first  and  two  last  segments  not  being  provided  with 
any  of  these  membi'anous  or  other  legs.  This  remarli- 
ablo  arrangement  led  the  Baron  to  examine  numbers  of 
individuals  aud  to  repeat  his  observations  after  a  long 
interval,  the  result  of  which  causes  him  to  affirm  that 
these  caterpillars  differ  so  eutii'ely  from  all  other  known 
species  that  they  "  semhlent  etre  faites  pour  confondre 
lesfaiseurs  de  system.es" 

When  full  grown  the  little  caterpillar  pierces  the 
thin  upper  pellicle  of  the  leaf,  aud  crawls  to  some 
secure  spot  where  it  can  undergo  its  transformations, 
selecting  small  crevices  in  the  bark  or  the  angles  formed 
by  the  branches  or  by  a  large  spine  with  the  stem.  I 
however  regularly  observed  that  they  selected  the  base 
of  the  leaf-stem,  which  is  generally  supplied  with  a  httle 
leafy  appendage  on  each  side,  together  forming  a  con- 
cavity well  fitted  for  the  receptionof  the  cocoon,  which  is  of 
a  white  colour  and  of  an  oval  form,  with  the  upper  surface 
nearly  flat  and  the  sides  bent  upwards,  and  having  a  very 
thin  margin  extending  all  round.  Within  this  cocoon  the 
chrysalis  may  be  found  of  a  remarkably  short  and  rather 
depressed  forai,  with  the  wing-covers  nearly  extending 
to  the  end  of  the  body.  The  perfect  insect  itself  is  a 
beautiful  little  moth,  being  indeed  one  of  the  smallest 
of  its  family,  measuring  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch 
(23  lines)  in  the  expansion  of  its  fore  wings.  It  is 
known  in  English  collections  under  the  name  of  Argy- 
romyges  ruficapitella  of  Haworth,  having  the  fore  wings 
of  a  brassy  golden  colour,  the  extremity  deeply  tinged 
with  violet,  and  the  head  clothed  with  red  hairs  ;  but, 
according  to  Zeller,  the  red-headed  individuals  are 
females,  the  males  having  the  head  clothed  with  black 
hairs  (Tinea  atricapitella,  Haworth).  Zeller  has  accor- 
dingly changed  the  name  to  Nepticula  Samiatella.  It 
may,  however,  perhaps  be  questioned  whether  Zeller  be 
correct  in  his  observations,  as  I  reared  at  the  same 
time,  and  under  precisely  similar  circumstances,  not 
only  the  red-headed  ruficapitella,  but  also  a  red-headed 
specimen  with  the  fore  wings  of  a  metallic  brown- 
violet  colour,  having  a  transverse  pale  golden-coloured 
fascia  near  the  tips  of  the  wings.  This  agrees  with 
Zeller's  female  of  N.  centifoliella.  The  specific  rank 
therefore  of  these  little  moths  has  vet  to  be  determined. 
J.  0,  W. 


GESNERA  ZEBRINA. 

The  rich,  gr-een,  velvety-like,  and  elegantly  marked 
foliage  of  this  lovely  Gesnera,  renders  it  a  pleasing  and 
attractive  object  during  all  its  stages  of  growth  j  and  its 
fine  spikes  of  deep  red  and  orange  blossoms  are  fully 
worthy  of  the  fine  foliage  from  amid  which  they  issue. 
It  may  be  had  in  bloom  at  almost  any  period  of  the 
year  ;  but  it  is  most  valued  and  useful  for  autumn  and 
early  winter  flowering,  aud  for  this  purpose  few  plants 
are  more  useful. 

Like  Achimenes,  Gesneras  increase  sufficiently  fast,  by 
means  of  their  under-ground  tubers,  to  render  artificial 
propagation  unnecessary,  at  least  in  the  case  of  ordinary 
growera.  If  it  is  desired  to  have  flowering  specimens 
in  autumn  and  early  winter,  the  tubers  should  be  care- 
fully separated  from  the  soil  in  which  they  have  been 
wiutered,  about  the  beginning  of  Maixh,  aud  planted 
rather  thickly  on  the  surface  of  well  drained  pots  or 
pans,  filled  to  within  about  3  inches  of  their  sm'face  with 
any  light  peaty  soil,  from  which  it  will  be  easy  to  sepa- 
rate the  roots  without  injury,  and  covered  2  inches 
deep.  Give  a  gentle  watering,  to  settle  the  soil  about  the 
tubers,  and  place  them  in  a  warm  growing  tempera- 
ture of  about  65°  or  70".  Until  the  plants  appear 
above  the  soil  no  more  water  should  be  given  than  may 
be  necessary  to  preserve  the  soil  in  a  moist  healthy  con- 
As  soon  as  the  plants  are  from  an  inch  to 


ditiou.     ._, _       ^ 

„.    „_   ^„_ J „„„ ^    „_, 2  inches  high  they  should  be  separated  and  repotted, 

nicest  dissecting  instruments  to  separate  the  two  plates  I  use  shallow  8-inch  pots,  and  place  five  plants  m  each  ; 
of  a  Rose  leaf,  aud  he  will  find  it  impossible  to  proceed  !  but  the  number  of  plants  to  a  pot  should  be  regulated 
far  without  tearing  one  or  the  other.  ("Insect  Architec-  [  by  the  taste  and  convenience  of  the  cultivator,  ■+ 

ture,"  p.  234,  where  the  species  is  erroneously  assigned  to    proper  management  one  plant  in  a  pot  will  fore 


ENTOMOLOGY. 

The     RoSE-tEAF     MiNEE. 

In  several  of  our  entomological  articles  we  have  had 
occasion  to  remai-k,  that  facts  of  the  moat  interesting 


Argyromyges  Rayella.)  In  this  work  a  further  circum 
stance  is  mentioned  which  I  have  not  myself  observed. 
**  On  looking  at  the  back  of  the  leaf  where  the  winding 
line  begins,  we  uniformly  find  the  shell  of  the  very 
minute  egg  from  which  the  caterpillar  has  been  hatched, 
and  hence  perceive  that  it  digs  into  the  leaf  the  moment 
it  escapes  from  the  egg,  without  wandering  a  hairs- 
breadth  from  the  spot,  as  if  afraid  lest  the  air  should 
visit  it  too  rouglily.  The  egg  is  for  the  most  part  placed 
upon  the  under-rib  of  the  Rose  leaf,  but  sometimes  on 
one  of  the  larger  nervures."  There  appear  to  be  a 
succession  of  generations  of  these  insects  in  the  course 
of  a  year.    I  have  in  fact  found  the  caterpillars  full 


With 

■m  a  very 
fine'  specimen  ;  but  to  effect  this,  more  care  and  time 
are  required  than  when  five  plants  are  put  into  a  pot, 
and  the  latter  form  larger  specimens  than  it  is  possible 
to  obtain  by  having  only  one  plant.  After  pottmg,  keep 
the  atmosphere  close  and  moist,  and  give  very  httle 
water  at  the  root  until  they  start  into  growth.  When  the 
pots  are  moderately  well  filled  with  roots,  shift  into  the 
flowering  size.  For  single  specimens,  1 0-inch  pots  will  be 
sufficiently  large  j  when  three  plants  are  used,  12-inch 
pots  will  be  necessary,  and  13-iuch  pots  in  the  case  pf 
five  plants.  Keep  close  and  moist,  and  carefully  avoid 
over-watering  till  the  roots  can  peneti'ate  the  fi-esh  soil. 
A  high  temperature  during  summer  is  rather  injurious 


19—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


293 


than  beneficial  in  the  culture  of  this  plant ;  50°  or  60° 
at  night,  allowing  it  to  range  10**  or  id*^  higher  with 
sun  heat,  will  be  most  conducive  to  strong  vigorous 
growth,  and  the  production  of  handsome  specimens. 
The  plants  should  be  placed  near  the  glass,  so  that 
they  may  receive  as  much  light  as  can  be  afforded  them, 
but  it  will  be  found  necessary  to  slightly  shade  them 
during  bright  sunshine,  and  the  atmosphere  should  be 
maintained  in  a  thoroughly  moist  state  ;  but  this  must 
not  be  effected  by  excluding  air  and  close  shading, 
otherwise  the  plants  will  assume  a  sickly,  drawn  appear- 
ance, and  the  foliage  will  be  thin  and  ill-coloured.  The 
shoots  may  be  neatly  staked,  as  soon  as  they  are  high 
enough  to  be  liable  to  be  broken.  The  stakes  used 
may  be  cut  off  at  the  height  of  about  15  inches, 
which  will  be  sufficient  for  the  support  of  the 
plants  J  the  flower-spikes  will  require  no  support, 
and  if  the  plants  are  kept  near  the  glass,  and  frequently 
turned  round,  they,  too,  will  probably  need  no  staking, 
to  cause  them  to  assume  the  desired  form.  This  plant 
has  a  tendency, under  high  cultivation,  to  produce  flower- 
spikes  at  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  it  will  generally 
form  a  more  showy  specimen  in  this  way  than  if  stop- 
ping is  resorted  to  ;  but  when  only  one  plant  is  used  as 
the  foundation  of  the  specimen,  it  may  be  advisable  to 
stop  once,  when  about  4  inches  high.  An  occasional 
watering  with  clear  manure-water  will  tend  to  promote 
vigorous  growth  ;  but  this  will  be  unnecessary  till  the 
plants  have  pretty  well  filled  their  pots  with  roots. 

When,  the  blossoms  begin  to  be  developed,  the  plants 
may  be  removed  to  the  conservatory  or  greenhouse  ;  but 
they  must  be  gradually  prepared  for  the  change.  Great 
care  should  be  used  to  prevent  their  sustaining  any 
check,  and  they  should  be  guarded  from  currents  of 
cold  air  after  tiieir  removal.  A  temperature  of  from 
45°  to  50°  at  night  will  be  necessary  during  the  bloom- 
ing season,  if  the  plants  are  expected  to  increase  in  size 
and  beauty  for  some  two  months. 

When  they  show  symptoms  of  decline,  water  should 
be  gradually  withheld  ;  and  when  the  foliage  and  stems 
die  down,  the  pots  should  be  placed  in  a  situation  where 
they  will  be  free  from  damp  and  frost  ;  unless  the  tubers 
are  well  ripened,  they  should  not  he  placed  in  a  lower 
teraperatiu-e  than  45°.  A  rich  friable  soil  is  essential  to 
the  production  of  fine  specimens  of  this  Gesnera.  I  find 
light  sandy  turfy  loam,  rich  fibry  peat,  and  thoroughly 
decomposed  cow-dung,  in  about  equal  portions,  adding  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  sharp  silver  sand,  to  insure  the 
free  percolation  of  water  through  the  mass,  to  suit  it 
well.  The  loam  and  peat  need  not  be  broken  up  into 
very  small  pieces  ;  but  the  dung  should  be  passed  through 
a  fine  sieve,  to  catch  the  worms,  which  it  almost  always 
contains.  I  ought  to  state  that  there  are  two  varieties 
of  this  Gesnera  in  cultivation,  the  one  having  thin  ill- 
coloured  leaves,  and  in  every  way  much  inferior  to  the 
other  ;  therefore  beginners  should  take  care  not  to  pur- 
chase the  worthless  variety,  which,  however,  is  not  very 
common.  Aljpha. 


LOW-PRICED  GUANO. 

We  have  been  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Peruvian 
guano  from  its  first  introduction  into  Great  Britain  ;  of 
late  we  have  received  many  complaints  from  our  agri- 
cultural friends,  that  the  price  we  charged  them  exceeded 
that  made  by  others,  delivered  in  the  country. 

Messrs.  Antony  Gibbs  and  Sons  are  the  only  agents 
for  the  Peruvian  Government,  and  their  price  for  the 
last  two  years  has  remained  fixed  at  9^  55.  per  ton,  in 
large  quantities.  As  we  regulate  our  price  by  theirs, 
■we  thought  it  necessary  to  institute  an  inquiry,  to  ascer- 
tain how  any  country  dealer  in  guano  could  make  such 
advantageous  purchases  as  to  enable  him  to  undersell  us. 

The  result  of  our  inquiry  warrants  om*  placing  the 
following  statement  before  om'  friends  and  the  public, 
to  put  them  on  their  guard  against  imposition  : — 

Having  been  infonned  that  Messrs.  Marsh  and  Co., 
147,  Leaden  hall- street,  were  shipping  guano  extensively 
to  Scotland  and  other  places,  we  made  a  purchase  from 
them  of  2  tons  of  guano,  ex  Arnold,  in  appearance 
much  resembling  the  best  Peruvian  guano,  at  7Z.  IDs. 
per  ton,  with  an  analysis,  which  the  seller  informed  us 
made  the  guano  in  value  within  20s.  per  ton  of  Peruvian. 

On  receipt  of  the  guano,  we  ordered  the  wharfinger 
to  draw  an  average  sample  from  several  bags,  which  we 
eent  to  Professor  Way  for  his  analysis  and  report,  which 
are  as  follows,  and  require  no  comment  from  us,  as  they 
plainly  show  the  great  imposition  to  which  the  agricul- 
turist is  exposed,  and  the  irreparable  injury  done  to  the 
importerH  of,  and  dealers  in,  the  genuine  Peruvian 
guano.  Jokn  Clarance  and  Co.,  Lime-slreetj  May  1, 1852. 

Anahjtii  and  Report  of  the  Sample,  of  Guano  ahove  re- 
ftrred  to,  punhaxed  at  71.  lOs.  per  ton,  made  by 
Professor  Way,  2Htk  April,  1862. 

ANALtsifl.  Per  cent. 

1.18 


Moi»iure... 

Animal  matter  and  naltR  of  ammonia 

Hand  and  clay  (principally  clay)   ... 

Earthy  pUoftjjhats*     

Halfrhate  of  limc(gjpBain) 

Common  aalt 

Bulphfttcs  of  potub  Aod  loda 


20, -^5 

n.71) 

2i.«'J 
12  08 
i/JH 


100.00 
„,  I'cr  c^nt. 

Sltrojieo      i  riH 

Equal  to  ammonia         ...    6  J50  on  100  partt  ofKunno. 
(Slftncd)  J.  Tmomah  Wat. 

Rfcponr. 

noIIe(»-«trf;et,  April  28,  Ififi?. 

Oenllftmcn,— My  experience  IcadH  me   to  hcVusvc  that 
*he  sample  you  liave  Bont  mc   is  Iiiglily  adulterated 


Peruvian  guano,  the  substances  used  to  sophisticate  it 
being  clay,  gypsum,  and  common  salt,  and  that  3  tons 
of  the  sample  have  been  made  from  1  ton  of  guano 
and  2  tons  of  adulterating  substances.  The  value  I  take 
to  be  about  3^.  per  ton.  (Signed)  J.  Thomas  Way, 
To  Messrs.  John  Clarance  and  Co. 


TRADE  MEMORANDA. 
Who  is  Mr.  T.  M.  Gilbert,  who  orders  plants  to  be 
sent  to  the  Pheasant  Inn,  Hurst,  near  Wokingham  ? 


Home  Correspondence. 

Dielytra  spectahilis. — Although  the  Dielytra  is  pro- 
perly classed  as  a  spring-flowering  plant,  yet  if  propa- 
gated by  cuttings  of  the  young  shoots  in  the  spring,  and 
planted  out  in  June  in  a  sheltered  situation,  it  will  con- 
tinue to  throw  up  a  succession  of  blooms  till  late  in  the 
season  ;  it  thrives  best  in  a  rich  light  soil,  and  should 
be  plentifully  supplied  with  water  in  dry  weather.  Last 
season  I  saw  a  bed  so  treated,  in  the  front  of  a  green- 
house, in  bloom  in  September,  and  it  appeared  likely 
to  continue  in  flower  much  longer,  if  frosts  did  not  occur. 
To  procure  a  stock  of  plants,  a  few  old  roots  should  be 
placed  in  heat  in  February  ;  take  off  the  young  shoots 
as  they  advance,  and  sti'ike  them  in  a  similar  way  to 
Dahlias  ;  they  should  afterwards  have  a  shift,  and  be 
kept  in  a  frame  till  all  danger  of  frosts  is  over,  when 
they  may  he  planted  out  as  above.   Winter  of  the  Ca/en- 

dar. We  have  a  plant,  2?^  feet  high,  showing  17  spikes 

of  flowers  and  70  expanded  blooms.  It  was  covered 
during  winter  with  cinder-ashes,  but  received  no  other 
protection  whatever.  It  is  on  a  south-east  border,  in 
very  coarse  and  heavy  soil.  Every  leaf  is  free  from 
spot  or  blemish,  and  it  iias  never  had  any  support  in  the 
way  of  stalies.  James  Harris,  gardens'  to  T.  Inyle,  Esq., 
Wood  Ball,  Norfolk. 

Large  Yews. — A  remarkable  tree  of  this  kind  stands 
in  the  chm'chyard  of  Loose,  a  romantic  looking  village 
near  the  centre  of  Kent.  The  tree  in  question  is  now 
a  mere  shell,  the  central  part  being  totally  decayed, 
leaving  the  outer  portion  of  irregular  thickness  of  from 
6  to  12  inches,  and  on  one  side,  an  opening  of  about 
2  feet  wide  gives  access  to  the  centre,  which  would  hold 
several  people  were  it  not  that  the  upper  portion  of  the 
tree  (which  is  healthy)  has  sent  down  a  series  of  roots, 
and  otherwise  converted  a  portion  of  the  tree  into  such, 
which  occupying  a  considerable  space  in  the  middle, 
leave  less  room  than  otherwise  would  be.  The  general 
outline  of  this  tree  is  characteristic  of  the  Yew.  It  is 
nearly  half  a  globe,  and  its  boughs  extend  about  equal 
distances  on  all  sides  but  one,  where  it  would  seem  that 
many  years  ago  the  tree  had  lost  an  important  limb, 
but  that  defect,  however,  is  nearly  compensated  for  by 
the  well-clothed  appearance  it  has  ou  the  other  sides,  so 
that  it  covers  a  space  of  ground  of  upwards  of  70  feet 
in  diameter  ;  nevertheless  this  is  not  remarkable,  there 
being  plenty  larger  in  that  respect  ;  but  the  main  trunk 
is  extraordinary.  The  height,  to  where  it  separates 
into  several  large  limbs,  is  about  8  or  9  feet  ;  and  the 
circumference  in  the  smallest  part,  between  the  root 
claws  and  the  breaking  out  of  the  boughs,  I  ascertained, 
by  careful  measurement,  to  be  30  feet  10  inches.  Now 
a  tree  of  10  feet  in  diameter  is  not  to  be  seen  every  day  ; 
and  this  one  does  not  present  any  of  those  features 
which  give  a  false  increase  to  its  measurement.  Here 
were  no  ugly  protuberances,  no  deep  recesses — its  outer 
surface  being  tolerably  smooth  and  even.  One  of  its 
principal  limbs — wh'ch,  however,  I  did  not  measure — ap- 
peared to  be  5  or  6  feet  in  diameter,  and,  like  the  trunk, 
was  hollow  J  but  the  extreme  boughs  were  all  sound 
and  healthy.  The  situation  of  this  fine  old  tree  is  in  a 
valley,  but  a  few  yards  from  where  limestone  called 
"Kentish  rag'*  Avas  dug  in  quantities,  and  its  roots 
were  evidently  in  immediate  contact  with  that  material. 
I  have  been  told  that  there  are  several  large  Yews  in 
Kent,  but  no  one  could  inform  me  of  a  larger  one  than 
this.  I  saw  part  of  the  shell  of  a  similar  tree  in  another 
churchyard,  but  it  was  quite  dead  ;  it  had  evidently  been 
upwards  of  20  feet  in  circumference.  An  Old  Gardener. 

Water  Rats. — I  observed  an  article  at  p.  278,  respect- 
ing the  water  rat  destroying  trees.  I  am  much  pestered 
with  them,  and  they  are  very  destructive  to  the  banks 
of  our  rivers.  A  few  winters  ago  I  found  some  Laurel 
bushes  destroyed  by  their  having  eaten  through  the 
stem,  just  under  ground  ;  they  were  good  sized  stems. 

S.   Qurney,  jtin.,   Carshalton. Although   nobody  can 

dislike  the  Hanoverian  rat  more  than  I  do,  nevertheless, 
I  will  not  add  injustice  to  antipathy  by  supposing  for 
one  moment  that  this  voracious  foreigner  ever  fills  its 
craving  maw  with  rind  from  the  Moorpark  Apricot. 
That  it  will  devour  the  fruit  of  tliis  valuable  tree  I  liad 
yearly  experience,  ere  I  adopted  vigorous  and  effective 
measures  against  the  intruder.  At  present,  were  I  to 
offer  a  reward  of  10?.,  I  could  not  procure  an  individual 
of  this  rat  within  the  parlc  wall.  The  tree  in  question 
has  been  preyed  upon  by  my  favourite  water  rat,  which 
"Clericutt"  seems  to  have  mistaken  for  one  of  "the  old 
black  species."  The  chief  winter  support  of  the  water 
rat  is  derived  from  the  bark  of  Obiers,  and  diflV-rent 
sIinihH  ill  the  vicinity  of  Mh  watery  haunts.  It  is  never 
molested  here  ;  and,  if  I  only  make  a  cautious  approach, 
I  can  see  it  sittitig  upon  n  utoiie  in  iho  brook,  and  look- 
ing at  mc  whilrtt  1  am  admiring  its  bciiutiful  Hyniniclry. 
I  alwayH  coimldcr  it  in  tin-  light  of  a  pretty  little  Engliwh 
beaver,  to  the  hiiljiln  of  whi(;h  it  HceniH  to  make  a  nearer 
approach  than  to  thoHo  of  the  mischicvouH  rut  originally 
from  Hanover.  By  the  way,  a  concluding  word  on 
fruit  and   forest  trees.      Let  your  gardener  collect  u 


wheelbarrow  lull  ot  cowa'-dung  Uvm  the  paa.uru,  add 
a  sufiicient  quantity  of  soot  until  it  resembles  mortar  in 
consistency  ;  let  it  remain  unused  for  a  week,  but  do 
not  add  water  to  it.  Then  apply  it  with  your  hand  or 
with  a  mason's  trowel  to  the  stems  of  fruit  and  forest 
trees.  It  will  be  a  repellent  to  hares  and  horses  for  full 
two  years,  and  it  will  do  no  manner  of  harm  to  the  trees 
which  iiave  received  it.  Charles  Wuterton,  Walton-hall. 

Climate  of  Flintshire. — You  must  excuse  my  little 
weakness  in  boasting  of  the  mildness  of  our  northern 
climate.  The  difference  between  the  temperature  at 
Chiswick  and  ours  here  has  been  very  considerable 
during  the  last  month.  We  have  not  had  it  lower  than 
33*^  since  April  1  (this  temperature  has  occurred  five 
times  on  a  north  wall),  nor  lower  than  27"  on  the  17th, 
under  an  umbrella  something  similai*  to  yours.  I  think 
that  the  lowest  point  of  the  winter  has  been  24^.  The 
sun  has  been  very  liot,  although  the  winds  have  been 
cold,  dry,  and  ungenial  A  Clianthus  puniteus,  which 
has  only  had  the  protection  of  a  wall  and  a  rough  box 
full  of  holesfor  about  5  feet  ofitsheight,  the  z'emainder 
being  covered  slightly  by  Fir  branches,  all  of  which 
were  removed  three  weeks  since,  is  now  in  handsome 
flower,  and  not  even  the  latest  autumnal  shoots,  some  of 
which  have  been  fully  exposed  during  the  winter,  are  in 
the  least  degree  touched  by  the  frost.  It  is  curious 
that  the  shoots  which  have  been  the  most  exposed,  have 
flowered  the  earliest ;  the  plant  is  only  four  years 
old  from  the  pot,  and  is  within  a  few  inches  of  15  feet 
high,  having  at  this  moment  above  50  bunches  of  blos- 
soms expanded,  and  some  20  more  a  little  tinged,  be- 
sides innumerable  buds.  The  soil  is  sandy.  Will  the 
seeds  ripen  ?  Can  I  assist  them  in  any  way  1  On  the 
same  wall  I  have  an  Olive,  a  Camellia,  Ceanothus  azureus. 
Myrtle,  &c.  We  have  Horse  Chestnuts  in  handsome 
leaf,  and  Sycamores  almost  so.  In  Mr.  Conway's  gar- 
den, Bodryddann,  near  St.  Asaph,  is  a  Fig-tree  in  the 
middle  of  the  garden,  4  feet  in  circumference,  and  look- 
ing altogether  like  a  considerable  Apple-tree.  A 
Phcenix  dactylifera  also  exists,  guarded  with  only  Fir 
branches,  in  the  depth  of  the  winter.  It  has  been  there 
many  years.  Gallicus. 

Boyd's  i^elf -ad justing  Scythe. — I  think  it  a  pity  that  so 
ingenious  a  device  as  Boyd's  self-adjusting  scythe  should 
risk  its  reputation  by  a  defect  in  workmanship.  I 
bought  one  of  these  scythes,  and  was  exceedingly  pleased 
with  its  performance,  which  was  very  satisfactory  like- 
wise to  the  old  mower  who  used  it  ;  but  after  a  second 
trial  the  screw  used  to  fix  the  blade  at  the  right  angle 
had  entirely  lost  its  power — the  fact  is,  the  screw  was 
too  fine,  too  short,  did  not  fit  the  hole  it  passed  through, 
and  moreover,  the  nut  was  too  thin,  I  have  had  a  new 
screw  and  nut  made  by  a  country  smith,  by  which  this 
evil  is  remedied,  and  I  can  now  pronounce  the  instru- 
ment (for  mowing  lawns)  a  most  excellent  one.  -S".  F. 

Coilogyne  Wallichii  and  maculaia. —  Having  stated 
that  I  conceived  the  first  of  these  would  be  gi'owu  as 
freely  as  Crocuses,  and  would  make  beautiful  winter  and 
autumn  flowering  plants,  one  of  your  correspondents 
requires  to  know  how  they  are  grown,  as  hitherto  he 
has  not  been  successful  with  them.  My  gardener  plants 
them  in  mould  rather  richer  than  that  usually  adopted 
in  the  culture  of  other  terrestrial  Orchids,growsthem  fast 
in  the  warm  house,  and  when  they  go  to  rest  they  are 
kept  nearly  dry  but  well  exposed  to  the  sun ;  and  I  believe 
the  two  points  to  be  attended  to  are  to  obtain  a  vigorous 
and  quick  growth  and  a  long  rest.  The  plants  propa- 
gate freely.  About  two  years  ago  I  had  good  well- 
established,  but  small,  plants  from  Messrs.  Veitch,  of 
Exeter,  and  I  have  a  good-sized  pot  of  each,  besides 
a  few  spare  bulbs  which  have  beeu  distributed,  I 
shovld  observe  that  the  leaves  are  very  liable  to  scorch, 
and  that  C.  maculata  hitherto  has  not  flowered  freely, 
but  this  year  the  bulbs  are  much  larger  than  those  of 
last  year,  the  soil  having  been  enriched ;  the  leaves 
of  some  of  the  plants  of  C.  Wallichii  are  more  than 
10  inches  long  and  nearly  4  inches  broad.  Dodman. 

Weather  in  the  far  North  of  Scotland. — As  you  solicit 
the  observations  and  experience  of  horticulturists  upon 
the  climate  of  Wales  and  Ireland,  I  Iiave  thought  that 
some  memoranda  made  during  the  past  winter  and 
spring,  in  this  part  of  the  kingdom  (Gordon  Castle),  may 
be  of  interest  to  you.  We  are  situated  between  57°  and 
5S^  north  latitude,  and  are  in  a  position  to  prove  the 
truth  of  your  late  assertions  respecting  the  variations  of 
climate,  and  that  frost  and  cold  do  not  follow  in  a  uni- 
form ratio  in  corresponding  latitudinal  lines  as  the  sun 
recedes  from  our  northern  shores  ;  but  we  are  influenced 
by  various  unknown  or  unexplained  causes,  apart  from 
the  absence  of  the  sun.  Scotland  genei'aliy  has  less 
severity  of  frost  than  the  south  of  ii-ngland,  for  the 
breadth  of  land  is  less  ;  it  is  surrounded  by  a  wider 
expanse  of  ocean,  and  is  farther  from  the  great 
continent  of  Europe,  it  being  well  known  that  the  wider 
the  tract  of  land  the  more  extreme  the  changes  of 
weather  are.  Tlie  small  islands  of  Slietland  and  Feroe, 
although  many  degrees  north  of  L(nidon,have  an  ave- 
rage temperature  of  2°  higher.  Scotland  possessing 
what  may  be  termed  a  purely  island  climate,  half-hardy 
plants  endure  our  winters  even  better  than  in  the  south- 
east of  England.  Eleven  degrees  of  frost  are  the  most 
that  liave  been  experienced  hero  during  the  past  winter 
and  Hpring  ;  and  these  only  three  times,  viz.  January  14, 
and  March  4  and  21{  ;  on  tho  other  hand,  the  highest 
night  temperature  ni*  to  tho  present  dato  has  not  ex- 
ccedr-d  'H)".  Tho  punt  two  months  have  been  through- 
out dry  and  cold,  and  fi'cquently  5"  or  G"  of  frost  havo 
(icc'urrcd  at  night,  but  still  notiiing  appears  to  havo  been 
injured,  Ajiricots  had  some  of  tlieir  blossoms  open  on 
tlio  2Uth  February  ;  they  havo  yet  their  fruit  well,  aud 


294 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[May  8-^ 


are  iu  bize,  i  siiuuia  luucy,  uot  nmuh  belmid  what  they 
are  in  the  south.  The  only  covering  they  have  had 
]s]old  netting.  Peaches  and  Nectarines  did  not  ripen 
their  wood  well  last  summer,  through  the  weather 
beiug  unusually  cold  and  sunless;  consequently,  we  have 
very  little  fruit.  Some  of  t'te  new  hybrid  Fuchsias  left 
in  the  open  borders  all  winter,  with  only  a  mulching  of 
leaf-mould  over  their  roots,  are  pushing  strong  shoots. 
Salvia  fulgens  has  succeeded  perfectly  in  the  same  way. 
I  took  this  hint  from  a  nurseryman  here,  who  showed 
me  a  bed  of  them  last  spring,  which  he  had  preserved 
for  several  years  in  this  manner.  The  following  have 
also  stood  without  any  protection : — Primula  sinensis, 
in  the  oiien  border  ;  Metrosideros  splendens  ;  Weigela 
rosea  ;  Forsythia  viridissima  ;  and  Hydrangea  horten- 
sis  ;  a  fine  old  plant  against  a  south  wall  of  Magnolia 
grandifiora  has  now  flowers  upon  it :  these  Avere  formed 
in  the  autumn,  and  have  made  some  small  progress 
through  the  winter.  Figs  upon  a  south  wall  are  show- 
ing fruit  well.  Standard  Plums  and  Pears  are  now  in 
blossom  ;  and  altliough  the  past  winter  has  been  much 
colder  than  its  predecessoi",  still  I  think  vegetation  gene- 
rally is  more  forward  than  last  year.  John  Webster^ 
Gordon  Castle,  N.  J3.,  April  22. 

Vines. — In  May  1810,  some  Vines  were  planted  in  the 
border  of  a  greenhouse,  and  brought  through  holes  in 
front  of  the  house,  which  made  very  satisfactory  pro- 
gress the  first  year.  In  the  winter  the}'  were  cut  down 
to  the  holes,  and  in  1850  made  very  good  shoots,  which, 
in  the  winter,  were  again  cut  down  to  the  top  of  the 
front  lights;  and  in  1851  made  extraordinary  strong 
shoots,  particularly  the  leading  shoot,  which  had  leaves 
more  like  Ehubarb  than  Vine  leaves.  But  what  I  wish 
to  know  is,  why  there  should  have  been  no  buds  in  the 
middle  of  these  very  strong  shoots  ?  Where  three  or 
four  of  these  very  large  leaves  grew,  there  were  no  buds 
formed  ;  the  laterals  of  some  of  them  were  preserved, 
■which  does  not  seem  to  have  in  any  way  helped  to  the 
formation  of  buds.  This  year,  1852,  by  bending  the 
shoots,  all  the  buds  have  broken  ;  but,  owing  to  the  ab- 
sence of  buds  for  three  or  four  joints  in  the  middle, 
they  have  a  bare  and  awkward  appearance.  Can  you 
account  for  this  ?  D.   [No.] 

Seed  Trade. — The  question  as  to  the  seed  trade,  which 
has  been  of  late  so  much  discussed  in  the  Chronicle,  is, 
in  fact,  well  discussed  by  Mr.  Babbage  in  that  chapter 
of  his  work  on  the  Economy  of  Machinery,  which  he 
entitles  "On  the  Influence  of  Verification,  on  Price." 
The  money  price  of  an  article  at  any  given  period  is 
usually  stated  to  depend  upon  the  proportion  between 
the  supply  and  the  demand.  The  average  price  of  an 
article  during  a  long  period  is  said  to  depend  ultimately 
on  the  power  of  producing  and  selling  it  with  the  ordi- 
nary profit  on  capital.  But  these  principles,  although 
true  in  their  general  sense,  are  yet  so  often  modified 
by  the  influence  of  others  that  it  becomes  necessary  to 
examine  a  little  into  the  disturbing  forces.  It  may  be 
observed  that  the  cost  of  any  article  to  the  purchaser 
includes,  besides  the-supply  and  demand,  another  ele- 
ment, which,  though  often  of  little  importance,  is  in 
manj'  cases  of  great  consequence.  The  cost  to  the  pur- 
chaser is  the  price  he  pays  for  any  article,  added  to  the 
cost  of  verifi/ing  the  fact  of  its  having  that  degree  of 
goodness  for  "which  he  contracts.,^.  In  some  cases  the 
goodness  of  the  article  is  evident  on  mere  inspection  ; 
and  in  those  casei  there  is  not  much  difference  of  price 
at  different  shops.  The  goodness  of  loaf  sugar,  for  in- 
stance, can  be  discovered  almost  at  a  glance  ;  a.nd  the 
consequence  is,  that  the  price  is  so  uniform,  and  the 
profit  uyo-.i  it  so  small,  that  no  grocer  is  at  all  anxious 
to  sell  it  ;  whi'st,  o.i  the  other  Irand,  tea,  of  which  it  is 
exceedingl}'[difiicult  to  judge,  and  which  can  be  adul- 
terated by  mi.Mure  so  as  to  deceive  the  skill  even  of  a  prac- 
tise! eye,  has  n  great  variety  of  difftrent  prices.  Mr. Bab- 
bage gives  miaiy  other  illustrations  of  the  same  subject, 
especially  as  to  [lie  doctoring  of  Clover,  Trefoil,  and  Flax 
seeds,  which  excited  the  attention  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  the  result  is,  that  those  who  wish  to  ensure 
good  quality,  either  of  seeds  or  other  articles  easily  adul- 
terated, must  pay  in  the  price  for  the  verification  of  the 
quality,  or  become  their  own  producers,  as  in  the  case 
of  flour  ;  the  Government  found  it  necessary  to  erect 
mills  of  their  own,  to  avoid  the  falsification  of  an  article 
whose  adulteration  is  always  diflicult  and  costly  to  de- 
tect. "We  must  therefore  be  content  to  go  to  Messrs. 
This  or  Mr.  That,  of  known  character,  and  pay  a  good 
price  for  a  good  article;  but  this  may  be  sometimes 
overdone,  I  think.  Wanting  some  Buckwheat  for  seed, 
I  went  to  the  fountain-head  and  paid  8s  a  busliel,  which 
I  suspect  is  much  above  the  market  price  for  good  seed; 
the  quantity,  however,  being  small,  this  was  unimportant. 
The  great  facility  in  the  adulteration  of  drugs,  and  the 
notoriety  of  the  practice,  led,  I  believe,  to  the  establish- 
ment of  Apothecaries'-hall,  where  drugs  of  the  first 
quality  are  purchased  at  a  fair  price,  I  understand. 
Perhaps  some  such  institution  as  regards  seeds  might  be 
usefully  established.  Dodman. 

Fumigators. — As  the  merits  and  demerits  of  various 
modes  of  fumi:^rating  are  now  being  discussed  in  your 
edumns,  perhaps  I  may  be  permitted  to  describe  a  very 
ethcient  mstrument  which  I  use  for  the  purpose.  It  is 
by  no  means  new,  but  it  is  not  so  much  in  use  as  it 
should  be.  Every  one,  I  think,  will  agree  with  Mr.  Fry, 
that  tor  certain  purposes  the  "fanner-blast  fumi-ator"  is 
a  most  useful  instrument,  but  it  must  also  be  admitted 
that  lumigatmg  large  houses  with  it  is  a  tedious  opera- 
tion. My  mstrument  is  a  sheet-iron  choff-er,  or  hollow 
cylinder,  8  inches  in  depth  and  7  inches  in  diameter, 
having  as  a  bottom  a  stout  iron  grating,  with  feet 
3  inches  long,  and  attached  to  the  feet  is  an  ash-pan  a 


little  wider  than  the  grating,  so  that  the  contrivance 
can  be  lifted  about  by  tlie  handle  with  the  greatest  ease. 
So  far  it  nearly  corresponds  with  Mr.  Fry's  "sauce- 
pan ; "  but  our  choffer  has  an  iron  top  riveted  on  to  it, 
having  a  hole  in  the  middle  about  4  inches  in  diameter, 
with  a  flange,  over  which  is  fitted  a  moveable  funnel 
2  feet  long,  just  shpping  it  over  the  outside  of  the  flange. 
This  instrument  is  used  thus.  Light  a  few  pieces  of 
charcoal  and  place  them  on  the  grating,  put  on  the 
funnel  for  a  minute  or  so,  till  the  contrivance  becomes 
heated,  then  take  it  ofi"  and  put  in  the  Tobacco,  with  a 
little  damp  moss  over  it  ;  replace  the  funnel  and  the 
*' Queen's  own  Tobacco-pipe"  of  the  London  Docks 
could  scarcely  burn  it  quicker.  Should  the  fire  threaten 
to  breali  through,  which,  from  the  strong  draught,  it  is 
likely  to  do,  a  little  damp  moss  put  down  the  funnel 
prevents  it,  and  keeps  the  smoke  cool.  I  may  add,  that 
this  is  by  far  the  most  efficient  contrivance  for  the 
purpose  I  have  either  seen  or  heard  of.  G.  E.,  Fife. 

Canadian  TuUjys.  —  lt  would  be  something  novel  to 
send  Tulips  from  Canada  to  gardening  England.  The 
bulbs  do  better  here  than  with  you,  though  perhaps  the 
bloom  is  not  so  fine,  as  we  have  such  a  strong  sun.  The 
snow  is  only  now  leaving  us.  It  has  been  a  tedious  and 
severe  winter,  as  low  as  27^  below  zero,  a  degree  of 
cold  of  which  English  gardeners  have  no  conception  ; 
still,  scarcely  any  of  our  hardy  stuff  is  lost.  Forcing  is 
no  joke  in  Canada.  It  may  be  interesting  to  state,  that 
last  winter,  when  the  cold  was  the  same,  all  the  fruit- 
buds  of  the  Plum  and  Cherry  were  totally  destroyed, 
only  a  very  few  being  saved,  which  were  covered  with 
snow.  It  seems,  therefore,  these  will  not  endure  27^ 
below  5:ero.  Cochhurn  and  Broion,  Cote  des  Neiges  Nur- 
series, near  Montreal,  April  10,  1852. 

Fain  at  Grantham,  during  1851. — As  the  quantity 
which  fell  here  seems  to  be  smaller  than  that  mentioned 
in  any  statement  I  have  seen,  some  of  your  readers 
may  like  to  know  the  actual  amount  registered  during 
the  year.  Generally  speaking,  Grantham  is  a  damp 
neighbourhood,  though  it  is  by  no  means  a  wet  one. 
Our  gauge  is  one  of  Newman's,  and  is  situated  about  15 
feet  from  the  ground.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  subjoined 
return  that  the  gi*eatest  quantity  for  any  one  month  was 
in  July ;  and  that  the  greatest  amount  for  a  day  was  on 
the  25th  of  the  same  month,  when  there  was  1  inch 
12-20tlTS.     (The  inch  is"divided  into  20th  psu'ts.)— 


January 

Februai-y 

March  ... 

April     ... 

May 

June 

July       ... 

Au^iust... 

Septcnibir 

October 

Noveniber 

December 


Total.. 


Days  0  > 

which  It 

Inches. 

rained. 

7 

1 

4 

0 

12 

1 

7 

1 

4 

0 

G 

I 

9 

3 

7 

1 

4 

1 

9 

1 

4 

0 

2 

0 

75 

15 

Oths  of 


6i 

6" 

s 

lOi 

11 
12 


15 


— John  Jieed. 

Growth  of  a  ZucomJje  {Bvergreen)  Oah,  planted  by 
Robert  Leighton,  in  1776,  in  the  park  opposite  Lord 
Ducie's  mansion,  Woodchester,  Gloucestershire  ;  soil, 
calcareous  loam  on  the  lower  oolite  ;  measured,  1  805, 
girth  at  breast-high,  37^  inches  ;  1820,  ditto,  77  inches  ; 
]  852,  ditto,  I08|  inches.  M,  S. 

The  Trade&cants. — The  appeal  made  to  the  lovers  of 
Natural  History  by  Sir  William  Hooker,  Dr.  Young, 
and  yourself,  ought  to  be  responded  to  by  the  devotees 
to  the  natural  sciences  generally,  and  by  the  Dodmans, 
and  all  lovers  of  gardening  especially.  The  Tradescants 
were  no  ordinary  persons  ;  the  fact  of  their  being 
gardeners,  as  well  as  travellers  and  collectors,  should 
ensure  the  stray  shillings  or  half-crowns  of  those  who 
joy  in  that  favourite  pursuit ;  whilst  those  of  a  more 
numerous  class — those  interested  in  all  other  branches  of 
natural  history,  and  who  acknowledge  the  value  of 
museums,  and  have  received  instructions  from  them 
(and  who  has  not  ?)  should  join  in  perpetuating  the 
names  and  whereabouts  of  the  first  founders  of  museums 
in  England.  I  possess  a  copy  of  Parkinson's  "Garden  of 
Pleasant  Flowers,"  published  in  1629,  and  which  at  the 
risk  of  becoming  prolix,  I  will  say  a  Avord  or  two  about. 
In  the  years  1810  to  1814,1  was  acquainted  with  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  Walloons  who  took  refuge  in 
our  city,  after  having  been  driven  from  their  own 
country  by  religious  intolerance  and  persecution.  These 
good  men,  as  is  well  known,  brought  their  stock-in-trade 
with  them,  and  were  iu  fact  the  teachers  of  our  Kentish 
men  in  the  arts  of  ^veaving,  both  of  woollen  and  silk. 
My  friend's  name  was  Riqueburgh,  and  as  well  as  being 
a  silk  weaver  he  was  also  a  gardener,  as  far  as  the 
culture  of  his  own  garden  was  concerned.  This  man 
died  at  the  age  of  90,  and  he  often  related  to  me  that 
his  father  had  told  him  that  Tradescant  had  gardened 
in  Canterbm-y  for  the  famous  Lord  Wootton,  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  moreover  told  nie  that 
the  Tradescant  Cherry,  which  is  identical  with  the 
Black  Bigarroon,  was  brought  by  him  from  Russia, 
whence  it  had  been  obtained  from  Circassia.  Whilst 
Tradescant  was  living  at  Canterbury  he  planted 
a  Mulberry  tree  for  his  lord,  upon  land  immediately 
contiguous  to  the  gateway  to  the  then  St.  Augustine's 
Monastery,  but  now  the  entrance  to  the  new  Missionary 
College  founded  by  Mr.  Hope.  The  land  in  front  of 
this  gate  is  still  known  as  Lady  Wootton's  Green.  This 
Mulberry  tree  yet  exists;  but  many  years  since,  the 
main  stem  became  prostrate  and  three  new  stems  arose 


which  have  made  goodly  heads,  and  are  stiil  attached  to- 
the  prostrate,  but  decaying  parent  trunk.  This  tree 
being  so  remarkable,  I  caused  it  to  be  drawn,  and  an 
engraving  of  it  is  published  in  Loudon's  "Arboretum." 
My  Walloon  friend  was  frequently  talking  of  Trades- 
cant, and  pointed  out  with  glee  some  passages  in  "  Park- 
inson," where  John  Tradescant  is  noticed  as  the 
introducer  of  flowers.  When  the  poor  old  gentleman 
died,  at  the  age  of  90,  he  left  me  as  a  legacy  his  copy  of 
the  '^  Paradisus  terrestris,"  and  although  1  have  many 
more  costly  books,  yet  I  possess  few  to  which  a  deeper 
interest  attaches.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  motiveSy 
but  I  do  believe  that  one  of  the  reasons  for  commencing 
a  museum  in  Cantei'bury  is  traceable  to  the  conver- 
sations with  Riqueburgh  about  the  wondrous  Ark  of* 
Tradescant.  If  1  am  the  means  of  keeping  public 
attention  to  the  objects  of  preserving  the  memory  of 
so  remarkable  a  family,  and  of  adding  a  few  trifles  to 
the  fund  accumulating  for  that  purpose,  my  end  iu 
addressingjou  will  be  attained.  Williain  Masters,  Ex'oiic 
Nursery,  Cantei'hury. 

The  Robin. — It  is  no  uncommon  thing  when  the  small 
fruits  are  in  use,  for  a  robin  to  come  and  perch  himseli 
on  the  handle  of  the  basket  into  which  they  are  being 
gathered,  and  that  often  not  more  than  a  yard  from  the 
gatherers.  At  digging  time  it  is  just  the  same  ;  and  m 
severe  weather  he  is  very  familiar,  coming  into  houses, 
and  accepting  such  fare  as  is  put  in  his  way,  with  evi- 
dently more  satisfaction  and  gratitude  than  is  evinced 
by  many  of  the  more  legitimate  occupants  of  such  dwell- 
ings. But  it  is  only  in  severe  weather  that  his  boldness 
becomes  so  apparent.  It  is  then  that  he  haunts  the 
thresholds  of  our  homes  with  an  assurance  that  it 
would  be  wickedness  to  punish.  The  poor  robin  will 
then  come  and  pick  up  crumbs  that  are  thrown  down  to  - 
Iiim,.  much  the  same  as  an  ordinary  fowl  ;  and  I  re- 
member one  very  severe  winter  many  years  ago,  when^ 
some  men  were  regularly  at  work  in  an  open  shed  (a^ 
saw-pit)  in  one  of  our  northern  counties,  that  a  robin 
became  so  tame  as  to  come  daily  (or  several  times  a. 
day),  and  eat  crumbs  of  bread  out  of  the  hand -of  the 
men  ;  it  was  certainly  a  token  of  great  confldence  to  see 
the  pretty  bird  fluttering  about,  as  if  half  afraid  of  the 
hazardous  enterprise.  But  he  would  finally  alight  on 
the  fingers  of  the  hand  held  out  in  friendship  to  him,  and 
after  partaking  of  a  crumb  or  two,  would  fly  oft'  again,- 
but  speedily  returned  to  finish  his  meal,  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  which  he  commonly  gave  a  song  for  the  bounty 
awarded  him.  The  long  continuation  of  the  snow 
rendered  our  companion  tame  indeed  ;  and  one  of 
us  generally  made  it  a  point  of  duty  to  attend  on  a 
Sunday,  and  feed  our  little  favourite.  If  he  was  not 
there  at  the  time  a  little  noise  soon  brought  him  from 
some  neighbouring  place — yet  he  seemed  more  cheerful 
when  he  was  the  guest  of  the  whole  company,  than  of. 
one  individual  ;  strutting  about  with  a  pride  that  de- 
noted his  being  conscious  of  his  importance  ;  he  never 
seemed  so  much  himself  as  when  all  eyes  were  turned 
towards  him.  I  have  seen  him,  when  he  had  missed  a 
da}''s  feeding,  flutter  about  and  snatch  a  crumb  from  a 
piece  of  bread  a  person  held  temptingly  between  his 
teeth,  but  usually  it  was  held  out  on  the  hand.  I  must 
not,  liowever,  forget  to  mention  that  the  return  of  fine 
weather  made  our  little  favourite  less  familiar,  which: 
might  be  attributed  to  his  obtaining  more  suitable  food 
elsewhere  ;  or,  perhaps,  to  his  jealousy  being  aroused 
by  some  ruthless  hand  endeavouring  to  catch  him,  a& 
ins  known  boldness  had  rendered  him  rather  notorious 
in  the  neighboui'hood.  H.  L.  T. 


^onetifs. 

HoRTicDLTOKAL  Annitersart,  May  1.— Sir  Phiue 
DE  Malpas  Grey  Egerton,  Bai-t.,  M.P.,  in  the  chaii'. 
Tlie  aDiiual  Report  of  the  Council  and  Auditors  ^vas  read 
and  adopted.  It  stated,  among  other  things,  that  "at 
tlie  last  anniversary  the  Council  had  to  I'eport  that  the 
debt  of  the  Society  had  been  increased  to  the  extent  of 
11 U.  6s.  7fZ.,  in  consequence  of  improvements  in  the 
garden,  which  had  cost  1044?.  'ds.  2d.  It  is  now  their 
pleasing  duty  to  announce  that  the  debt  has  been  reduced 
within  the  year  by  the  sum  of  3591.  Os.  Irf,  notwith- 
standing a  fuilher  expenditure  upon  new  works  to  the 
extent  of  360^  2s.  M.,  and  a  less  favourable  exhibition 
season  than  was  anticipated  ;  and  the  Council  confidently 
believe  that  this  has  been  effected  without  neglecting 
the  progressive  improvement  of  the  Society's  position, 
or  tlie  public  objects  for  which  it  was  incorporated. 
The  new  regulations  under  wdiich  Fellows  of  the  Society 
and  friends  are  admitted  an  hour-and-a-half  earlier  than 
others,  appeared  to  give  much  satisfaction,  and  worked 
so  well  that  the  Council  were  induced  to  e.-itend  the 
privilege  beyond  its  original  limits  ;  so  that  now,  not 
only  can  any  Fellow  of  the  Society  entei-free  at  half-past 
12,  and  introduce  one  friend  with  a  ticket,  but  the  privi- 
lege may  be  transferred  to  a  brother,  sister,  son,  daugh- 
ter, father,  mother,  or  wife,  residing  in  the  Fellow's 
house,  provided  the  person  to  \viiom  the  transfer  is 
made  be  furnished  with  a  ticket  signed  by  that  Fellow. 
That  is  to  say,  the  privilege  of  entering  early  may  be 
largely  tl-ansferred,  but  not  the  privilege  of  free  admis- 
sion. During  the  autumn  the  site  of  tlie  American 
exhibition  has  been  converted  into  a  permanent  Ameri- 
can garden,  thus  obviating  the  necessity  of  any  further 
outlay  upon  temporary  exhibitions  of  this  description. 
The  committee  have  continued  to  carry  on  other  works 
iu  the  Arboretum  and  elsewhere.  The  number  of 
superfluous  trees  has  been  still  more  diminished,  masses 
of  useless  bushes  have  been  removed,  walks  have  been' 


19— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


295 


widened,  exhausted  beda  of  Rhododeudruns  and  other 
plants  have  been  rephiuted  and  renewed,  seats  have 
been  constructed  within  tlie  shade  of  trees,  a  better 
approach,  in  stone,  lias  been  provided  to  the  great  con- 
servatory, and  ^orae  winter  and  spring  decoration  has 
been  given  to  most  of  those  beds  in  the  Arboretum,  which 
have  hitherto  been  merely  occupied  by  bedding  out 
plants  in  summer.  The  experiment  of  Air.  Rivers  upon 
the  cultivation  of  plants  in  wliat  he  calls  orchard-houses 
— that  is  to  say,  in  very  cheap  glazed  wooden  sheds  — 
has  been  attended  with  so  much  success,  and  has  excited 
so  much  interest  among  cultivators  of  limited  means,  that 
tlie  committee  felt  themselves  called  upon  to  place  in  the 
garden  an  example  of  this  Icind  of  structure.  They  have 
therefore  built  a  house  5G  feet  long,  and  23  feet  wide, 
entirely  with  wood  and  glass,  upon  a  plan  furnished  by 
3VIi*.  Rivers,  for  which  the  garden  funds  are  charged 
with  a  sum  of  661.  is.  Id.  Tliis  house  is  to  be  devoted 
exclusively  to  the  cultivation  of  Roses,  and  has  been 
planted  at  their  own  charge  by  Mr.  Rivers,  of  Saw- 
bridgeworth,  Messrs.  Paul  and  Co.,  of  ChesJiunt,  and 
Messrs.  Lane  and  Co.,  of  Great  Berkhanipstead,  with 
the  finest  varieties  which  those  justly  eminent  firms 
could  supply.  The  experiment  will  show  the  value  of 
the  opinions  of  those  who  doubt  whether  plants  can  be 
advantageously  grown  in  such  buildings.  Should  the 
experiment  be  unsuccessful,  tlie  materials  of  the  house 
can  be  applied  to  some  other  purpose,  the  sashes 
having  been  prepared  with  the  same  care  as  if  they 
had  been  intended  for  a  more  durable  structure.  The 
Committee  announce  with  satisfaction  that  the 
value  of  the  articles  distributed  has  very  materially 
improved  uuder  the  new  regulations  announced  in  the 
last  annual  report  ;  but  they  at  the  same  time  feel  that 
the  period  has  arrived  when  it  is  desirable  once  more 
to  despatch  a  collector  of  plants  in  search  of  horticul- 
tural novelties.  The  Council  have  concurred  in  this 
opinion,  and  it  is  now  seriously  under  consideration 
whether  an  agent  muy  not  be  advantageously  employed 
in  some  of  the  temperate  regions  of  South  America. 
With  regard  to  the  Scotch  expedition  to  Oi-egon, 
towards  the  expense  of  which  the  Society  subscribed 
in  the  year  1850,  there  is  still  nothing  to  report, 
except  tliat  it  continues  to  remain  ■  without  result. 
The  reading-room  continues  to  be  a  source  of  satis- 
faction to  the  Committee,  the  use  made  of  it  by  the 
young  men  in  the  garden  being  unremitted  ;  and  they 
trust  the  advantage  of  it  very  considerable.  In  aid  of 
the  studies  in  it  a  course  of  lessons  iu  mensuration  and 
plane  drawing  has  been  added  to  the  lectures  volunteered 
by  the  Vice-Secretai'y  a'nd  his  friends.  The  library 
DOW  consists  of  about  500  volumes,  but  it  might  be 
increased  with  advantage  if  Fellows  of  the  Society, 
interested  in  the  education  of  young  gardeners,  would 
lay  aside  for  the  library  any  books  on  horticulture  or 
allied  subjects  for  which  they  have  not  themselves  any 
use.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1851  it  was  repre- 
sented by  oue  of  tlie  Fellows  that  it  would  be  only  an 
equitable  arrangement  if  those  who  had  long  been 
amiual  subscribers  were  allowed  to  compound  for  all 
further  payments  at  a  lower  rate  than  that  of  10  years' 
purchase.  A  Fellow,  for  example,  wdio  had  paid  four 
guineas  annually  during  20  years,  seemed  entitled 
to  compound  at  a  different  rate  from  one  newly 
elected,  and  from  whom  no  annual  payments  whatever 
had  been  received.  After  a  very  careful  consideration 
of  tins  suggestion  the  Council  were  of  opinion  that  it 
would  be  beneficial  alike  to  individual  Fellows  and  to 
the  funds  of  the  Society  if  an  alteration  in  the  amount 
of  Jife  subscriptions  or  compositions  were  made  upon 
the  following  plan  : — To  pay  when  first  elected,  i2l.  ; 
at  the  end  of  seven  years,  Sll.  10s.  ;  at  the  end  of  14 
years,  26/.  Bs.  ;  at  the  end  of  20  years,  21Z.  It  was 
therefore  resolved  to  recommend  to  the  Fellows,  that  the 
exiatingby-law  relating  to  compositionsshouldberepealed, 
and  a  new  by-law  passed,  giving  power  to  the  Council 
to  accept  the  modified  amounts  just  mentioned.  The 
Council  have  resolved  that  the  sums  thus  received 
should  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  extinction  of  debt, 
BO  long  as  any  liabiliticsremain,  and  should  afterwards  be 
funded,  the  interest  only  to  be  employed  as  anuual  income. 
On  several  occasions  it  has  been  urged  upon  the  Coun- 
cil, that  tlie  Quarterly  Journal  might  be  sent  by  post  to 
distant  Fellows  at  the  clmr^je  of  the  Society,  but  no  deci- 
sion had  been  arrived  at  till  the  present  year,  the  Coun- 
cil being  unwilling  to  add  ;M.  a  year  to  the  expenses  of 
the  Society  lor  such  a  purpose.  The  question  having, 
however,  been  again  taken  into  consideration,  the 
Cooncil  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  measure 
may  be  conducive  to  the  interests  of  the  Society,  as  well 
as  agreeable  to  the  Fellows,  and  they  have  therefore 
sanctioned  the  expense.  The  question  of  renewing  the 
lease  of  the  garden,  according  to  the  provisions  of  the 
covenant  therein  contained,  by  paying  a  fine  of  f  50/. 
has  been  carefully  discussed,  and  the  Council  have 
decided  that  the  rapid  advance  of  the  metropolis  west- 
ward, together  with  the  long  unexpired  tirm  of  years 
for  which  the  garden  is  still  held,  renders  it  inexpedient 
to  take  aBy  steps  in  the  matter.  'J'lie  present  garden 
lease  will  therefore  expire  at  Micliachnns,  litOl. 
Uppn  analysing  tlie  items  in  the  balance-sheet,  and 
comparing  ihcrn  with  the  corrcupoiidiiig  items  in  tho 
accounts  of  lust  year,  it  will  be  loinid  that  the  receipts 
have  been  greater  by  ihe  sum  of  558/.  0».  \()d.  Although 
Uio  a-lmifwion  fees  have  been  reduced  from  CI.  (h.  to 
2(,  2i.,  the  tfitai  received  for  them  is  1 8/.  1 8s.  more  than 
last  year  ;  a  very  important  feature  in  the  account.  In 
fact,  while  only  'il  Fellows  |.aid  their  ailmissioii  fees  iu 
'"*''■')  ■''"  number  this  year  has  increased  to  51." 
1  he  ballot  for  Council  and  olliccrs  then  took  jilace, 


when  R.  S.  llolford,  Esq.,  G.  Rusliout,  Esq.,  M  P.,  and 
Sir  P.  Pole,  B.art.,  were  elected  new  members  of  Council, 
in  the  room  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  the  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  J.  Barehard,  Esq.  The  Duke  of 
Devonshire  was  re-elected  President ;  J.  R.  Goweu, 
Esq.,  Treasurer  ;'  and  Dr.  Royle,  Secretary.  S.  F.  Gray, 
Esq.,  and  Mr.  Charlwood,  were  appointed  auditors  for 
the  ensuing  year. 


FLORICULTURE. 


Tulips  and  their  Exhibition. — We  may  now  begin 
to  look  forward  for  the  coming  of  the  ehoice  beauties 
of  our  Tuhp-beds,  and  for  all  those  varied  qualities  for 
which  this  Hower  has  so  long  been  esteemed.  The 
National  Exhibition  of  our  favourite  is  to  be  held  this 
season  in  the  Town-hall,  Birmingham,  on  the  27Lh  inst, 
a  locality  eminent  alike  for  men  and  metal.  We  are 
already  impatient  for  the  time  when  this  national  gather- 
ing shall  have  been  formed.  Well  do  we  remember  the 
Dahlia  show  there  some  few  years  since,  and  the  display 
it  made  ;  great,  however,  as  that  was,  we  feel  confident 
that  the  exhibition  which  is  now  drawing  so  near  will 
not  suffer  by  comparison ;  for,  next  to  the  Dahlia,  as  re- 
gards general  display,  must  be  ranked  the  Tulip  ;  and 
although  collections  of  twelves,  twenty-fours,  and  thirty- 
sixes,  may  not  be  plentiful,  numbers  of  twelves,  nines, 
and  sixes  will,  we  doubt  not,  fully  compensate  for 
their  absence,  making  an  effect  quite  as  strikin" 
as  that  of  our  "  en t-and- come- again. "  rival.  The  sche- 
dule" of  prizes  is  now  before  us ;  if  it  fails  to 
embody  our  views  entirely,  it  sets  forth  much  that 
we  must  all  commend  ;  and,  in  the  words  of  its 
secretary,  as  given  in  the  "  Greenhouse  and  Garden  " 
for  March, "  the  only  safe  course  for  the  Society  to  follow 
is  to  endeavour  to  avail  itself,  in  each  succeeding  yeai",  of 
the  experience  which  it  may  have  gained  at  every  stage 
of  its  progress,"  and  not  "  by  the  Tulip  growers  of  each 
particular  locality  in  which  its  exhibitions  are  held,  from 
year  to  year,  indulging  their  own  predilections  and 
peculiarities."  Let  us  waive  all  selfishness  in  this  matter, 
and  at  the  forthcoming  exhibition  ascertain  how  far 
this  or  that  advanced  scheme  would  have  operated  to 
the  prejudice  or  welfare  of  what  all  of  us  desire,  namely, 
an  annual  national  meeting.  We  find  a  premier  class, 
in  which  a  Gold  Medal  is  offered  for  the  best  six 
flowers,  one  bloom,  of  each  class.  Now,  here  in  the 
soutli,  we  never  have  more  than  three  classes  ;  viz., 
rose,  bybloemen,  and  bizarre — tricolors  being  out  of 
the  question  ;  but  by  our  midland  and  northern  growers 
subdividing  the  colours  into  feather,  and  feather  with 
flame,  three  extra  classes  are  created,  much  in  the  way 
of  Picotees  beings  distinguished  by  the  terms  heavy  and 
light-edged — a  modern  plan,  certainly,  but  nevertheless 
one  that  is  now  pretty  generally  followed.  Class  A  is 
similar  to  the  premier,  but  has  a  series  of  four  prizes, 
with  the  provision  that  unsuccessful  competitors  in  tlie 
premier  class  have  the  option  of  restagiug  their  stands 
in  this  class.  Class  B  enlarges  on  the  numbers  required, 
and  invites  12  blooms,  four  of  each  class.  Some  mistake 
has  surely  been  committed  here,  for  if  six  classes  are  to 
be  made  for.  the  premier  and  A,  how  are  the  six 
classes  with  four  in  each  to  be  represented,  and  yet  1 2 
blooms  be  only  contained  in  the  whole  1  We  should  tliink 
that  instead  of  four  of  each  class  iu  letter  B,  it  sliould 
be  four  of  each  colour.  Class  C  invites  nine  dissimilar 
blooms,  without  any  other  restriction ;  then  follow 
sundry  letters  for  class  showing,  the  qucestio  vexiUa  of 
all  floricultural  circles,  and  one  on  which  our  opinion 
has  been  already  expressed  ;  the  practice  and  the  prin- 
ciple, as  at  present  constituted,  both  fail  to  produce  the 
desired  result.  We  should  like  to  see  awards  made  to 
two-thirds  the  number  of  entries,  prizes  granted  to  the 
extent  of  the  funds  available,  and  every  variety  to  win 
as  long  as  the  specimens  staged  commanded  pre-emi- 
nence for  quality  in  all  its  bearings.  Such  are  the  con- 
clusions we  have  aiTived  at,  after  giving  the  subject  our 
best  consideration.  We  would  huit  that  it  should  be 
imperative  for  all  flowers  rewarded  with  places  to  be 
sufficiently  expanded  to  permit  a  sight  of  their  bases  to 
be  obtained  ;  for  as  purity  is  to  be  a  characteristic  of 
excellence,  then  half-blown  flowers  must  be  at  once  cast 
aside  ;  for  of  all  the  errors  committed  on  a  late  occasion, 
this  was  the  most  glaring.  The  proportions  of  a  fine 
Tulip  are  admitted  to  be  pretty  generally  understood ; 
and  in  whatever  way  we  southerns  may  respond  to  class 
mavliing,  form  at  least  has  strong  and  determined 
pati'ons  among  us — a  combination  of  the  two  is  all  that 
we  desire.  /.  K 

Auriculas. — In  fulfilment  of  our  promise  last  week, 
we  beg  to  furnish  our  readers  with  the  following  list  of 
Auriculas,  which  we  consider  to  be  the  best  for  the 
purposes  of  exhibition  at  present  in  cultivation. 

Oreen  Edged, 
Apdllo  (HuilBon'a) 
Cbaui|)iun  {•I'yKc) 
Colonel  Tay  (U-i^-.h) 
Duke  of  Wt;llini,'iou  ((Jreou) 
Freedom  f  Houlli) 
Iiiiperalor  (LytCcdi) 
Lovely  Arm  (Olivtr) 
Mutiidu  (IiicliHon) 
.SlrJ'jlin  Muore  (Llnhtbody), 

Orey  Jidj/cd, 
Uritfinnio  (Ut-dKuj 
C.»m(.U-tM  (S>kO'') 
Conqueror  of  JKuropo  (Water- 

llOUBC-J 


Orey  Edged. 
Lancanhirt'B  Hero  (Cbeotliam) 
Ne  pluB  ultra  (FIctcherJ 
ItiiiulL-adur  (Kenyan) 
Uiiiqiiu(MnoU'aii). 

White  Edycd. 
CountosM  01  Wiltuu  (Obcetham) 
Crucifix  (Olcffg) 
Otury  (Tnylor) 
Truo  Urlton  {ifepworth;, 

Sclfa. 
Apn]lofnick«oii) 
I.ord  IMimtc  (Bury) 
Ned  Lud  (8i-ho'oBj 
Metropolitan  (lUduiun), 


HAMMF.nHMiTn  IlEAnTHEABE  SOCIETY. — Wo  Imvo  much  p'oa- 
Hiiro  III  (llfuctliiK  nltfiilioii  lo  nn  AilviirtlF-cnrniit  In  our  Iroot 
luiK'i  relative  to  tlih  lonK-i-Rtnbliitlicd  SiK-lcfy,  Juid  to  ri'fure  nil 
jKirfli*  ItitC'rcfttfd  in  llic  II-iwit  for  »liirli  tin-  ixtilbltlon  In 
utuiuully  held   that  uq  uiiubuiiHj'  llnu  dlM^dny  uiay  bti  ruUcU  on, 


(.wny  to  the  fact  that  Parihies  hcib  never  R<.  Keucrally  ia  tirst 
rate  condition  aa  they  are,  tLia  Be»8on.  J.  E. 

AoMCULAs  :  J  C.  The  eiKht  pipa  were  too  much  diBfiRured  for 
their  colours  to  he  deternjiiihble;  and  not  buioRtiumbeied,  w« 
CEiunot  well  irirticularise  them.  Tho  top  lelUbund  comor 
pip  (dark,  has  the  bent  circular  properties;  ih-y  are  all 
Alpines  of  n-  value.     Your  other  queries  next  week.  J.E. 

Azalea  vittata  :  J  P   Cannot  shj  wi.ii  ctjriainty.  J.E. 

Calceolaeias:  W  C.  1.  Dull  jeMow  ground,  profusely  covered 
with  deep  maroon.  2.  Similar,  but  Icbh  densely  marked. 
A.  Jiuft  ground,  nicely  marked  with  deepish  red  pood 
outline,  smooth,  and,  when  inflated,  posaeeses  fair  tlubular 
profjerlies,  4.  A  tricolor,  bting  buff',  red,  and  maroon  ■  but 
like  Noa.  1  and  2,  collapsed,  m  that,  alilioui-h  much  paine  were 
t:iken,  we  failed  to  p^Mt  into  sufficient  form  to  repon  further. 
3  was  in  famous  condition.  J,  E. 

Camellia:  A  L.  Miiihi,ri;ii.a  is  remarkable  for  its  large  size. 
We  cannot  recommend  dealers,  J.  E. 

CiNEHAiiiAS  ;  H  G.  Uitetl  up,  alnmst  past  recovery;  however 
we  trace  remarkably  broad  petals,  both  ind-inttdand  refl^xed, 
with  flat  diBk  ;  colour  bluish  liluc,  boldly  marked  on  a 
purely  white  pround.  — JC  The  three  pips  arrived  in 
admirable  condition.  It  may  bo  worthy  of  mentlou  that  the 
natural  moisture  in  the  loot-etalke  of  each  detached  bluom 
was  retained  by  sealing  the  end  with  a  small  piece  of  moist 
clay  ;  and  alibotigh  tt  is  was  not  larger  than  ihe  quarter  of  a 
pea,  the  flowers  journei  ed  by  post  from  Norihurnbi-Tlaud  in 
the  posBessicin  of  all  their  (re&hness  and  vigour.  The  variety  is 
vei-y  attractive,  the  petals  beinp  boldly  marked  half  their 
len^'th  with  a  greyish  bright  blue,  clear  and  decided,  the 
purely  white  ground  coluur  forming  an  unbruktn  cii  cleat 
its  juncture  with  the  marking;  disk  larfre,  hold,  and  of 
similar  colour  ;  substance  averat^-e,  and  the  flower  altogether 
as  flat  and  as  free  from  imlenture  aa  must  borts  out;  size 
medium.  A  little  -more  breaJth  of  petal,  and  a  little /ess  ribby, 
would  constitute  it  one  of  the  bist  of  a  large  number  that 
ha^  reached  us  this  feas-n. — Plulo.  A  great  bath  of  littio 
value:  try  again.— 2' A''.  1,  white,  with  strongly  tipped  rosy 
purple  petals,  too  long  for  their  width  ;  2,  withered  ;  3,  deep 
blue,  but  too  shrunken  for  critical  in -pection  ;  4,  very  pretty  ; 
the  petals  sit  well,  but  are  too  nurrow:  5,  6,  and  1,  all 
faded,  J  E. — J  iJ.  Blooms  too  withered  for  fair  censorship  ; 
11  (ippears  to  be  the  best.  J  E. 

Dahlias  ;/»(2Hi('cr.  Next  week.  J.E. 

Hybrid  Pelarqonii'ms  :  J  H.  Colours  good  ;  4,  the  brightest; 
all  much  with.  red.  J.  E.  ' 

Japan  Lilies:  EG.  Tlie  late  severe  vpeatherhss  injured  these 
in  many  locali'ies;  our  own  fave  suffered  sadly.  L,  1. 
punetalum,  being  the  earliest  above  ground,  lias  been 
punished  the  most.  J  E, 

Pansies  ;  R  G.  Two  blooms  of  a  deep  purple  self,  murh  dis- 
figured and  spoih  d,  fi  om  being  packed  in  dry  moss.  It  wants 
decision  of  outline  ai;d  smooibness  of  surlace  ;  we  do  not 
like  the  ray  of  bronze  bejond  the  eye  of  the  lower  petal; 
nevertheless,  we  have  many  no  better  flowf-rs  iu  culiivation, 
— Z.  A,  rough,  ragged,  and  coarse;  B,  ditto,  ditto,  ditto; 
C,  in  the  way  of  Ciimax,  but  no  improvement ;  D.  pre'ty,  and 
somewhat  new  in  character  ;  if  it  maintains  tbtr  piesent  style 
it  will  prove  desirable  as  a  novelty,  without  qu:ility  ;  E,  not 
good  enough,  even  in  whiie  selfs.  —  G  i2.  Mediocre,  jet 
not  without  seme  merit ;  the  marjjin  colour  will  moBt  likely 
disappear  with  warm  weather  ;  Pansies  are  lor  the  most  part 
at  their  best  in  May.  Some  of  our  stoutest  petalled  sorts 
retain  their  colour  adiiiirubly  during;  summer,  and  hence 
the  importance  of  this  qualificatioii.  —  G  M.  A  bold 
dark  self,  with  monster  upper  petals;  were  these  matched 
wi'h  equali'y  of  lower  petal,  then,  indeed,  it  would  justify 
our  highest  commendation  ;  the  bloom  has  been  passed  into 
other  Ijands.  J.  E. 

Pelakginiums  :  J  K.  Nest  week.  J.E, 

PoLTANTUDsES  :  A  B.  We  have  no  interest  in  that  quarter, 
but  will  forward  your  recommendation  to  the  party  in 
question.  J.  E,     

Miscellaneous. 

Improvement  in  the  Manufacture  and  Refining  of 
Sugar.  Patented  by  R.  and  J.  Oxland,  May  15,  1851. 
— This  invention  consis^ts  in  the  use  of  phosphoric  acid 
in  a  combined  state  for  defecating-  saccharine  liquids, 
or  solutions  of  sugar,  and  removing  the  colour  of  the 
same.  On  the  26th  of  April,  1849,the  present  patentees 
obtained  a  patent  for  defecating  and  removing  the 
colour  from  solutions  of  sugar  by  the  employment  of 
acetate  of  alumina*.  In  the  specification  of  such  patent, 
lime  was  directed  to  he  used  for  effecting  the  separation 
of  the  alumina  ;  but  it  has  been  found,  that,  even  when 
great  care  is  observed,  some  alumina  is  liable  to  he  left 
iu  solution.  When  acetate  of  alumina  and  lime  have 
been  used,  the  patentees  effect  the  removal  of  the 
remaining  alumina  by  the  use  of  superphosphate  of 
alumina  or  superphospliate  of  lime,  by  simply  adding  a 
small  quantity  of  either  of  these  substances  to  the  syrup 
after  the  completion  of  the  process  with  acetate  of 
alumina,  as  described  iu  the  former  specification  ;  then 
boiling  for  two  or  three  miimtes,  carefully  neutriilising 
the  excess  of  acid  by  the  addition  of  aluminate  of  lime, 
saccharate  of  lime,  lime-water  or  milk  of  lime  ;  and  when 
it  has  been  ascertained  ihat  t!ie  alumina  is  completely 
separated, completingthe  process  in  the  manner  described 
in  the  former  specification.  In  place  of  using  acetate 
of  alumina,  either  alone  or  combined  with  phosphoric 
acid,  as  above  explained,  phosphates  may  be  enjpi-)yed 
directly  ;  and  they  are  capable  of  producing  similar 
effects  to  those  resulting  from  the  use  of  ace';ite  of 
alumina,  with  ^lie  advantage  that  [the  whole  of  the 
agent  employed  is  sepiu'uted  from  the  saccharine 
matters.  In  treating  a  saccharine  liquid,  or  solution  of 
sugar  (say,  for  example,  an  ordinary  sumiile  of  RJauritius 
sugar),  the  patentees  dissolve  it  by  blowing  up  with 
steam  in  the  usual  way,  hut  avoiding  the  use  of  blood, 
and  adding  a  soluble  pliosphato  to  tho  water  employed. 
If  crystallised  phoy]>hate  of  soda  be  usoJ,  it  should  be 
in  the  proportion  of  U  lb.  thereof  for  each  ton  of  sugar. 
Tiio  saccharine  liquid  1s  brought  to  thebiviliiig  point,  any 
acidity  being  neutralised  with  ahnninalo  of  lime, 
saccharate  of  lime,  lime  water,  oi-  milk  of  lin>c  ;  and  then 
the  syrup  thug  obtained  (which  will  be  of  tho  specific  ■ 
gravity  of  from  25"  to  :iU^'  Ihiumo)  is  jiassed  through 
the  ordinary  bag  filters.  The  sugar  is,  by  tliis  means, 
thoroughly  defecated,  tho  fccnlant  matters  being  left  iu 
the  bagH,  from  which  tho  least  trace  of  sugar  may  be 
removed  by  passing  clean  water  through  them.  The 
weak  solutiouB  obtained  in  ibis  way  may  bu  used  for 
blowing  up  fresh  quiiiitities  of' raw  sugar.     Ah  part  of 


*  Cliciu.  Uiii;,,  vol.  vl*.  ii.  JOG, 


296 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[May  8, 


the  colour  is  removeil  trom  tlit;  syrup  by  the  ubove- 
described  operation,  it  may  be  considered  sufficient 
treatment  previous  to  boiling  in  the  vacuum  pan,  or 
otherwise,  for  ci'ystallisation  ;  but  a  further  amount  of 
coloui"  may  be  removed  by  the  use  of  from  5  to  8  per 
cent.,  or  more,  of  hydrate  of  ahimina  (which  has  been 
di'ied  at  a  temperature  of  212°  F.)  diffused  through  the 
water  used  in  blowing  up  the  sugar  ;  and  by  this  means 
the  use  of  animal  charcoal  will  be  rendered  unnecessary. 
The  residuary  alumina  left  in  the  filter  bags,  afttr  tlie 
whole  of  the  saccharine  matter  had  been  washed  out, 
may  be  dried,  and  the  organic  matter  removed  by  ignition  ; 
and  after  further  washing,  to  remove  any  residuary 
soluble  saline  substance,  it  may  be  employed  for  raanu- 
facturinghydrate  or  superphosphate  of  alumina ;  or,  after 
the  first-mentioned  washing,  previous  to  ignition,  it  may 
be  used  over  again,  with  the  addition  of  a  further 
quantity  of  hydrate  of  alumina.  When  superphosphate 
of  alumina  is  used,  it  is  mixed  in  solution  with  the 
water  used  in  blowing  up  the  raw  sugar  in  the  propor- 
tion of  6  lbs.  of  alumina  dissolved  in  phosphoric  acid  for 
each  ton  of  sugar  ;  and  while  the  syrup  (at  from  "25"  to 
30"  Banm^)  is  being  brought  to  the  boiling  point,  any 
acidity  is  neutralised  by  the  addition  of  aluminate  of 
lime,  saccharate  of  lime,  lime  water,  or  milk  of  lime. 
The  syrup  is  then  passed  through  bag  filters,  and  the 
clear  syrup  conducted  into  the  receiver  that  supplies  the 
vacuum  or  other  boiling  pan.  The  subsequent  operations 
are  tlie  same  as  in  the  old  plan  of  working.  The  matters 
left  in  the  filter  bags  are  treated  as  above  described,  to 
remove  any  saccharine  matter.  The  patentees  prepare 
the  superpliosphate  of  alumina  by  dissolving  alumina  in 
phosphoric  acid  in  the  following  manner  : — They  burn 
bones  white,  grind  them  to  fine  powder,  and  digest  the 
product  in  sulHcient  muriatic  acid  for  the  solution  of  the 
carbonate  of  lime  only  ;  and  then  dry  the  residue,  after 
carefully  washing  it,  to  remove  every  trace  of  soluble 
matter.  To  a  given  weight  of  this  residue,  mixed  with 
enough  water  to  make  a  thin  paste  (in  a  shallow  earthen- 
ware tank  or  vessel);,  they  add  a  quantity  of  pure 
sulphuric  acid  sufHcIent  to  combine  with  nearly  all  the 
lime  present,  i.  e.  all  except  2  or  3  per  cent.,  stirring  the 
mixture  well  and  keeping  it  warm  (say  above  90"  F.) 
for  about  2i  hours  ;  and  after  this  they  lixiviate  the 
mass  with  water  until  all  the  soluble  matters  are  separated 
from  the  sulphate  of  lime.  The  strong  liquors  obtained 
in  this  way  may  be  used  for  combining  with  alumina, 
and  the  weak  solutions  for  lixiviating  fresh  quantities  of 
phosphoric  acid  in  course  of  manufactui'e.  When 
alumina  is  digested  in  the  phosphoric  acid,  produced  in 
the  manner  above  described,  phosphate  of  alumina,  in- 
soluble in  water,  is  first  formed  ;  and  by  dissolving  this 
in  a  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  sufficient  only  for  that 
purpose,  superphosphate|  of  alumina  is  obtained,  which 
should  be  filtered  previous  to  use.  Aluminate  of  lime 
is  prepared  by  dissolving  alumina  in.  caustic  potash  or 
soda,  and  then,  by  the  addition  of  lime  water  or  milk  of 
-lime,  precipitating  aluminaie  of  lime,  which  is  to  be  care- 
fully waslied.  When  required  for  use,  the  patentees 
diflfuse  the  aluminate  of  lime  through  water  ;  aud  they 
prefer  to  employ  it  instead  of  saccharate  of  lime,  or  milk 
of  lime,  or  lime  water.  When  making  sugar  from  the 
cane,  they  defecate  the  juice  with  aluminate  of  lime  in 
the  usual  way,  neutralising  any  excess  of  lime  with  super- 
phosphate of  alumina  or  superphosphate  of  lime  ;  then, 
after  filtering  and  concentrating  the  filtered  liquid  to  from 
25'^  to  30"*  Baume,  they  treat  the  syrup  with  phosphate 
of  soda,  in  the  same  manner  as  described  with  resjiect 
to  raw  sugars,  and  after  a  second  filtration  they  boil  in 
the  usual  way.  In  the  manufacture  and  refining  of  beet- 
root sugar,  they  proceed  as  above  described  for  cane 
sugar,  only  using  a  larger  quantity  of  aluminate  of  lime 
or  of  milk  of  lime  in  the  first  defecation.  Chemical  Gazette 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the    ensuing   2vecl:J 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT.  . 
The  conservatory  and  otlier  climbers  should  be 
frequently  examined,  to  prevent  a  confused  growth. 
Kennedyas,  &c.,  if  crowded,  should  have  their  shoots 
thinned  after  they  have  done  blooming,  as  the  new 
growth  will  then  commence.  Climbers  in  pots,  training 
on  wires  and  trellis  work,  will  likewise  require  watching. 
The  different  Ipomoeas  and  Thunbergias  being  subject  to 
red  sp'der,  should  be  well  syringed,  to  prevent  the 
pest  gaining  ground;  another  fine  trellis  plant,  Jasminum 
grandifloi'um,  is  frequently  subject  to  scale,  which,  if 
not  kept  down,  soon  disfigures  the  plant  ;  wash  them 
frequently  with  brown  soap  lather,  or  try  Clarke's 
preparation.  Where  a  large  quantity  of  hardy  shrubs 
is  annually  forced,  either  to  decorate  the  drawing- 
room  or  conservatory,  it  is  not  desirable  to  pot  a  fresh 
stock  each  season,  as  a  number  of  the  deciduous  shrubs, 
as  Roses,  Lila-s,  Thorns,  Honeysuckles,  &c.,  may  by 
proper  treatment  be  made  to  bloom  for  several  suc- 
cessive seasons  ;  select  therefore  the  most  suitable 
plants,  when  removed  from  the  houses,  and  give  them 
Eouie  kind  of  temporary  shelter,  to  gradually  harden 
their  foliage  ;  those  cramped  for  pot  room,  shift  into 
a  size  larger  pot,  in  rich  turfy  loam  ;  towards  the  middle 
of  the  month  plunge  them  in  an  open  situation,  that  the 
wood  may  get  ripe  early  ;  these  plants,  from  having 
been  previously  forced,  will  bloom  earlier  than  the  new 
stock,  of  which  a  poriion  should  each  year  be  potted,  to 
replace  such  as  become  useless  for  further  work.  Cut 
down  and  place  in  a  cold  frame  the  choicest  Cinerarias 
for   suckers,   and    put  in   a   stock  of  Chrysanthemum 


cuttings  tor  autumn  display.  In  giving  air  to  plants  of 
all  kinds  now  making  active  growth,  guard  against 
admitting  currents  of  culd  air  directly  ou  the  foliage,  as 
at  this  stage  it  would  prove  injurious,  more  particularly 
with  the  wintry  air  we  have  at  present. 

FORCINa  DEPARTMENT. 
ViNERT. — Although  in  a  former  Calendar  we  recom- 
mended, where  very  late  Grapes  were  required,  that  the 
Vines  should  be  retarded  from  breaking  in  the  spring, 
yet  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  after  they  have  once 
started  into  growth  the  treatment  must  vary  ;  for  the 
most  important  part  of  the  Vine's  growth  is  comprised 
between  that  period  and  the  setting  of  the  fruit  ;  and  it 
is  important  for  the  formation  of  sound  healthy  wood, 
and  perfect  bunches,  that  they  be  assisted  by  artificial 
means  during  that  stage.  Hamburghs  and  the  more 
hardy  Grapes  will  I'equire  to  be  kept  near  65"  (as  a 
night  temperature),  as  they  approach  the  time  of 
flowering;  but  the  Cannon  Hall  and  common  Muscat, 
with  the  Damascus  and  West's  St.  Peter's,  will  require 
an  additional  3**  as  they  get  into  bloom  ;  and  this  heat 
should  be  maintained  till  the  berries  are  wiiolly  set, 
when  a  slight  diminution  of  temperature  may  take  place, 
and  the  treatment  be  regulated  by  the  time  when  the 
crop  is  wanted  to  ripen.  Regulate  the  growing  Vines, 
ao  as  to  keep  them  as  evenly  balanced  as  possible.  To 
effect  this  it  will  sometimes  be  necessary  to  keep  tlie 
lower  spurs  on  a  par  with  the  uppermost  ones,  to 
allow  them  to  grow  for  some  time  after  the  former 
ones  are  stopped  ;  this  will  help  to  counteract  the 
flow  of  sap  upwards,  and  balance  the  growth  of  the  tree. 
Pinery. — Attend  to  keeping  a  humid  atmosphere  to 
the  swelling  fruit,  and  the  earth  about  the  roots 
moderately  moist,  using  occasionally  weak  manure  water. 
Of  this,  we  still  think  soot-water  as  good  as  any,  but  it 
may  be  made  of  various  other  fertilisers,  equally  good  ; 
always  stipulating,  that  it  is  used  in  a  clear  state. 
Where  extra  heavy  fruit  is  the  object,  all  suckers  should 
be  removed  as  they  appear,  and  some  growers  take  out 
the  centre  of  the  crowns,  to  check  their  growth  and 
assist  the  swelling  fruit — a  practice  we  think  objection- 
able, where  the  beauty  of  the  fruit  is  a  consideration. 
On  warm  afternoons,  syringe  copiously,  aud  close  up 
with  a  temperature  of  90"^,  giving  air  again  towards 
evening.  Whenever  indications  of  changing  colour 
appear,  withhold  the  syringe,  and  allow  them  no  further 
supplies  at  the  root.  The  succession  plants  will  be 
growing  freely,  and  our  previous  directions  on  the  im- 
portance of  allowing  them  a  free  exposure  to  light,  with 
abundance  of  air,  should  be  acted  upon.  As  the  roots  have 
now  made  some  progress,  water  may  bemore  liberally 
given.  See  that  the  bottom  heat  is  steady  at  about  85", 
Peach-house.— The  early  house  may  now  safely  have 
an  advance  of  temperature,  by  night  as  well  as  by  day. 
At  this  siage  they  will  bear  forcing  freely  ;  keep,  how- 
ever, the  syringe  at  work  twice  or  thrice  daily  ;  tie  in 
the  shoots  as  they  advance,  and  expose  the  fruit  to  the 
free  action  of  light,  if  a  high  colour  is  wanted.  The 
borders  should  be  kept  well  watered,  but  manure  water 
will  not  be  of  much  service  to  the  early  crop  after  this 
time.  Bring  on  the  succession  houses  by  attending  to 
the  requisite  culture,  in  accordance  with  their  stages — 
for. which  see  our  former  directions.  The  season  has 
been  ore  of  the  best  known  for  Strawberry  forcing,  and 
they  have  been  fine  and  well-coloured.  British  Queens 
are  liable  to  red  spider  ;  to  keep  tliis  down,  ply  the 
syringe  well  till  they  are  in  bloom,  and  after  they 
are  set ;  and  the  inside  walls,  &c,,  of  the  pit-house 
should  be  washed  with  the  sulphur  mixture.  The  fruit 
of  the  "  Queens "  will  require  some  kiud  of  support, 
owing  to  the  length  of  the  footstalk. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Although  every  preparation  should  be  made  for  com- 
mencing the  turning  out  of  the  bedding  plants,  we 
strongly  advise  parties  to  wait  ;  for  the  present  easterly 
winds,  with  frosts  each  niglit,  present  no  inducement  to 
begin.  When  a  change  occurs,  begin  with  the  half- 
hardy  plants  first,  as  Pentstemons,  Antirrhinums,  &c., 
and  reserve  the  choicest  Geraniums,  Heliotropes,  &c., 
and  other  tender  plants,  till  the  last.  Plants,  however 
well  hardened  off,  frequently  suffer  from  tlie  sudden 
exposure,  especially  in  bleak  situations.  We  find  it 
useful  to  place  any  odd  spray  or  branches  we  may  have 
between  them  for  a  week  or  two  ;  they  serve  to  ward 
off  cold  cutting  winds,  and  save  too  much  watering, 
which  at  tills  time  of  the  year  had  better  be  avoided. 
Place  sticks  to  tie  up  Picotees,  Cai'nations,  &c.,  as  they 
advance  ;  and  stake  Hollyhocks,  which,  if  strong  old 
plants,  should  be  thinned  out  to  three  or  four  shoots  to 
each  plant.  Harden  off  Dahlias,  and  give  the  final 
regulation  and  cleansing  to  the  herbaceous  ground,  as 
the  plants  by  this  time  are  all  out  of  the  ground. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
The  care  and  trouble  of  the  Tulip  grower  will  soon, 
we  trust,  be  amply  repaid.  His  awning  must  be  put  up, 
though  in  more  northern  localities  it  may  be  deferred  a 
week  longer.  The  cloths  should  be  rolled  up  at  the 
sides,  except  in  very  windy  or  sunny  weather,  when  they 
may  be  let  down  on  that  side  where  these  prevail  ; 
should  it  be  very  warm  at  the  period  of  flowering,  the 
paths  round  the  bed  may  be  watered  ;  tliis  will  prove 
highly  beneficial,  and  tend  to  prolong  the  bloom.  Care- 
fully shade  Polyanthuses  from  excessive  sun  ;  they  very 
speedily  contract  red  spider,  if  neglected  in  this  respect; 
a  coo),  shady  situation,  will  be  ibund  most  suitable  for 
them.  Dahlias, — These  sliould  be  encouraged  in  their 
growth  previous  to  planting  out  ;  the  grouudshould  also 
be  well  prepared  for  their  reception. 


H\RDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

We  fear  the  severe  frosts  of  the  2d,  3d,  and  4th,  will 
prove  most  destructive  to  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries. 
Up  to  the  above  dates  we  held  great  hopes  of  an 
abundant  crop.  It  will  be  advisable  to  withhold  dis- 
budding for  a  few  days,  if  the  present  cold  winds  con- 
tinue, as  danger  from  curl  may  be  expected,  and  a 
somewhat  abundant  foliage  may  assist  in  keeping  it  off. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Prepare  an  open  piece  of  ground,  on  which  to  sow 
the  principal  crop  of  autumn  and  spring  Broccoli  ;  sow 
thin,  and  choose  a  rather  poor  soil  for  tne  purpose.  If 
their  future  growth  is  attended  to,  the  present  sowing 
will  produce  plants  quite  strong  enough  by  the  time  the 
ground  is  ready  for  their  final  planting  out.  If  you 
value  good  Broccoli  in  December  and  January,  do  not 
forget  to  put  in  for  a  good  supply  of"  Snow's  Superb  ;'* 
an  additional  sowing  of  Brussels  Sprouts,  the  different 
kinds  of  Kale,  &c.,  may  be  made  at  the  same  time.  The 
ground  should  now  be  forwarded  for  the  first  crop  of 
Celery,  premising  it  has  been  trenched  aud  cleared  of 
vermin.  Trenches  should  be  thrown  out,  18  inches 
wide  and  deep,  and  4  feet  apart ;  fork  into  the  bottom 
of  these  some  thoroughly  rotten  dung  (cow-dung  is 
preferable,  if  it  can  be  got),  well  mixing  it  with  the  soil ; 
this  will  bring  the  bottom  of  the  trench  to  within 
6  inches  of  the  surface  ;  and  on  this  plant,  9  inches 
apart,  the  plants,  which  should  previously  be  well  har- 
dened off ;  remove  the  side  suckers  and  trim  one  or  two 
of  the  longest  leaves.  A  little  spray  may  be  placed  over 
the  rows  for  a  week  afterwards,  and  a  crop  of  Lettuce, 
or  other  vegetable  of  short  duration,  sown  between  the 
trenches,  to  come  off  before  the  final  earthing  up  ;  hoe 
between  advancing  crops  while  they  are  in  a  young 
state — this  will  keep  down  weeds  and  assist  the  crop. 
Slugs,  notwithstanding  the  dry  cold  weather,  are  busy  ; 
select  damp  dewy  mornings,  and  sow  the  quarters  over 
with  quick-lime,  or,  where  it  can  be  done  without 
injuring  the  crops,  sow  the  ground  with  salt. 


)NDO 
ultura 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  L( 
For  the  week  ending  May  6,  1852,  as  observed  at  the  Horti 
Chiswick. 

Gardens 

April 
and  May. 

i 

< 

i 

a 

Baboubtib. 

Tbmfbuatdbi. 

Wind. 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

1  foot'2  feet 
deep. j  deep. 

?. 

Max. 

Mta. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Friday..  30 
Satur.  ..     1 
Sunday  .    2 
Vionday     3 
Tuea.    ..     4 
Wed.     ..     5 
TburB-..     C 

u 

13 
Vi 

o 

15 
16 
17 

29.600 

29,sri 

30.082 
30.171 
S0.190 
30.240 

3(1.239 

29  546  '     66 
29.729  '     57 
29.780       51 
30.101       &7 
30.16'2       56 
30.'216       59 
30.162       59 

44 
34 
25 

2R 
27 
30 
34 

55.0 
45.5 
33.0 
42.5 
41.^ 
44.5 
44.0 

49 

45 
47 

45 
46 
46 
46 
46 
46 
46 

W. 

N. 
N.E. 
N.E. 
N.E. 
N.E. 
N.E. 

.00 
.00 
.01 
.00 
.01) 
.00 
.00 

Averace  . . . 

30.051       29.956      57.1    '   31  7  '    44.4  i  47.4 

45.7 

.01 

_,     _  _. -Cloudy  nnd  fine  ihrouijhoui. 
May  1— Overcaet  and  cold;  cloudy;  clp«r. 

—  2— While  clouda and  co)d  Dortli  wind;  overcast;  clear;  frosty. 

—  3— Lidht  clciuda,  wi'h  clear  iotervftU;  floe,  clear;  frosty, 

—  4— Few  while  clouds;  cloudy  and  fine  ;  clear;  frosty. 

—  6— Fine;  cloudy;  cle»r  at  nlxht ;  BliEht  troBt. 

—  6— Cloudy  ;  densely  clouded  ;  clear  ut  ni);ht. 

Meaa  temperature  of  the  week  ,7il  dej^.  beluw  the  average. 

STATE  OF  THE    WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  years,  for  the  easuinjr  week,  endiof;  May  15,1852. 


May. 

Iff 

ad. 
3^ 

No.  Of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Bained. 

Greatest 
Qunntlty 
of  Bain. 

FreTailing  TTindi 

2 

I 

3 
3 
2 

z 

7 
4 
5 
b 

5 
7 

-fp 

£ 

6 
1 
1 
3 

3 
2 

Snnday   9 
Mon.     10 
Tues.     1 1 
Wed.     12 
Thurs.  i:i 
Friday  14 
Saiur.     '5 

61.8 
62.1 
62.7 
63.4 
C4.0 
63.5 
64.7 

40.8 
39.7 
41.4 
41.5 
39.2 
4L0 
40.3 

51.3 
50.9 
52.0 
52.1 
51.6 
62.2 
52.S 

10 
8 
9 
12 
11 
9 
7 

O.flO  ia. 

0.10 

0.26 

0.40 

0.12 

0.56 

0.41 

4 

t 

4 
2 

13'; 
1    2;  6 

1,5    4 
13   3 
-3'  4 
1^3:5 

I  a  3 

1 

2 
3 
i 

I 
1 

The  hitfhest  temperature  during  the  above  perod  occurred  on  the  15tb, 
1833— therm.  86  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  on  the  15th.  1850— therm.  2b  deg. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Bephives  :  Mr.  Pettitt's  accouat  of  his  contrivance  is  an  Adver- 
tiaement, 

Dbting  Plants:  C  F.  You  will  find  the  information  you  seek 
in  a  Leading  Article  at  p.  164  of  the  current  year's  volume.J 

Eablt  Pboduce  :  H. M.S.  Amazon.  We  never  heard  of  such  an 
event  as  Strawberries  and  Peaa  maiuring  in  the  open  air  in 
the  nionth  of  February,  the  one  at  Plymouth  and  the  other  at 
Bristol. 

How  TO  Restore  lost  Bloom  on  Geapes  and  Cocdmbers: 
Clericus  ^ay8 — **  I  remember  once  seeing  in  the  '  Gardeners* 
Magazine  '  a  method  of  artifitiially  giving  a  hloom  to  Grapes 
and  Cucumbers  by  means  of  a  machine  and  calcined  mag- 
nesia. The  number  of  the  Magazine  I  forget,  but  I  much 
wiBt\  to  know  the  method,  and  have  a  plan  of  the  machine." 
Perhaps  some  of  our  correspondents  wUl  Kindly  furnish  the 
required  intormation  ? 

Limestone  Qdarbt  :  Eboracensis.  Try  Chamxropa  humilia, 
any  of  the  Pistacias,  Ci^tuses,  and  busby  HelianthemumSt 
Juniperus  oxjcedruB,  all  sorts  of  Van  Dieinen's  Land  and 
New  Zealand  shrubs,  all  sorts  of  Chilian  and  Patagoniaa 
plants,  Fucbsias,  Podocarps,  Tea  plants,  Camellias,  Cali- 
Jomian  annuals,  Cape  bulbs,  Oxalise^',  Oleanders,  with 
Indian  and  Mexican  Oaks.  This  will  give  you  a  pretty  good 
ha'ch  to  befiiu  with. 

Names  of  Plants  :  H  B.  Ji.butilon  striatum.— J.  Z.  Dielytra 
is  the  correct  way  of  spelling  the  name. — A  BCD.  1,  Tro- 
pteiilum  pentaphyllum  ;  2,  Muscari  racemosum. — J  A  B. 
1,  Erica  herbacea;  2,  Doodia  caudata  ;  3,  Notholcena  tricho- 
manoides;  4,  double-flowerini;  Furze;  6,  Gymnogramma 
chrysophjlla;  6,  Platjloma  falcata.  S.—JN.  A  beautiful 
creeper,  the  Bugainvillea.  How  on  earth  did  you  flower  it? 
It  is  one  of  the  most  charming  of  plants,  when  it  blossoms, 
which  is  rarely  the  case  in  England,  though  aa  every-day 
occurrence  at  Naples.  -     1     ^    ,. 

Tea  Plants:  Inquirer.  If  you  cannot  wait  the  arrival  of  the 
seed,  meutiuned  in  our  Leading  Article  of  last  week,  then 
you  must  apply  to  the  nurserymen  for  plants,  } 

The  Vinegar  Plant:  J  Jones.  We  will  repeat  your  experi- 
ment, but  we  apprehend  that  you  are  labouring  under  some 
mJBtabe.  .     ™   ,   vi_-. 

Tropjeolum:  JK.  It  appears  to  be  T.  Lobbii. 

Vines  :  D.  As  we  are  unable  to  explain  the  circumstance  to 
which  you  refer,  we  have  printed  jour  letter  in  another 
column. 

Wabdian  Cases  :  J  A.  Any  three  Ferns  of  small  Bi2e  and  any 
three  Lycopods  will  be  found  the  beat  six  plants  for  a  small 
Wordian  caee.t 


19— 1&52.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


297 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION      TO      AGRICULTUISTS.— 
V^  It  being  notorious  that  extensive   adulterations  of  this 
MANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBB3  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OP  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  whu 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  aecurity,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that^ 

S7ie  loicest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
eitber  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES. — The    following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Goprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  (Villiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  G-uano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91. 10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  53.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 

THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
follotving  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  geaume:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superpboapbate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Pt-at  Cliarcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibba  and  Sons,  at  9i.  lOg.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
91.53.  in  Dock.  Edwabd  Pdhsek,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars. 


MANURE    DEPOT.— PEAT   CHARCOAL. 

TO     FARMERS,    AGRICULTURISTS,    AND    OTHERS. 

GH.  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea-bridge, 
•  Middlesex,  Agent  to  the  Irish  Amelioration  Society  for 
the  sale  of  the  above.  All  needful  particulars  will  be  given  on 
application  at  the  above  address. 

Price  of  the  unmixed  Charcoal,  55s.  per  ton,  sacks  included. 
Mixed  with  Nigbtsoil,  50s  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Mixed  with 
Crioe,  70s.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Carriage  to  any  of  the 
"Wharfs  or  Railway  Stations,  from  3s.  6d.  to  5a.  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 


TURNIP     SOWI  NG. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  under-signed,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  vi.  Part  2.  It  is  also 
suitable  for  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Ouano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mark 
FoTHEBGiLL,  iOi,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDO-COPROLITES. 

(FBOM   THE    SOFPOLK    CHAG.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Muchinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phoaphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  .cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  DiSHolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  thecheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjuaction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  £dwabd  Paceabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Sufiulk. 

TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2f.  05.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caoe,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  lone:  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tona  have  already  besn  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re. 
commendation.  A  IWeral  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  ot  the  testimonials  of  its  uiiliiy  in  this  coun. 
t^,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co..  3,  Rood-lane_ 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  ot 
the  very  best  oericription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neatral  Soluble  Pbospbateof  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  *'  Anulysin  " 
la  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11.  per  too,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 

HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDEN  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gutti  Percha.  It  Is  exclusively  used  by  agricul- 
turiatff,  and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  great 
•atUfactioD.  Also,  KaHK'3  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  moBt  iimple  and  complete  ;  It  will  throw  -10  gnl- 
lons  per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  0/  order.  Price  6J.  10a.  ;  on  wheoU  and  stand,  7f.  It. 
BoBotss  and  Kky,  1I)3,  Newgato-street,  London. 

CUIARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.-^Pro- 
'  mote  the  Health  and  Weultli  of  Town  and  C'mn'ry  by 
lacrsaaing  the  u«e  of  that  Viluablo  manure  PEAT  CHAlt. 
COAL,  impr'Knatcd  with  the  ftrilliHlng  muttt-r  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phonphatea,  and  rupees  are  ub- 
■Orbed,  and  the  water  [frcaaed  out  bright,  [mlatable,  and  Hoft. 

Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Stwago  Worka,  Htfinlcy-brldge, 
Fulbam,  Middlesex,  at  60i.  per  ton,  it.  per  cwt.,  2a.  Gd.  per 
luir  cwt. 


OHN    WARNER    AND    SONS) 
Chescent,  Jewin  Stbeet,  London, 
manofactdreks  of 
FIRE   ENGINES,  GAItDEN 

ENGINES,  AND  SYRIN9ES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 

ul   A  K  D  E  N 

ENGINE, 

tVith  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
3   BtroDgl;  recommended    for    dur- 
ibilitj  and  low  price,  viz. : — 
JE3    0    0 

May  be  ob-ained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Coiiptry. 
IMPROVED   CRASS   CUTTIIMG  S  ROLLING   IVIACHIIME. 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Makebs,  Arbroath,  Forfarshirp,  respectfully  solicit  notice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  for  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which,  and 
its  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  bind,  has  now  been  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monials and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents,  for  London  :  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Hammersmith;  Hertford  :  Mr.  George  Folkard, 
Ironmonger;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Tt)ung  and  Co., 
Ca&tlc  Buildings,  Derby-square  ;  Sheffield  :  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator 
ot  the  Botanic  Gardens  ;  Chester  ;  Messrs.  F.  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Glasffow  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D.  Youne 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square;  Ediuburyh  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D, 
Young  and  Co.,  48,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth :  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
Turiibull,  Nurserymen  and  SeedBmen. 

M'GORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London.  —  Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Report  on  the  Agri. 
cultural  Implement  Department,  Great  Exhibition. —  "Mr. 
M*Cob.mick'3  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worlied  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira. 
tion  of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  someiimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  25i. 

CHEAP     AND     DURABLE     ROOFING. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


Appeoved  bt  prince  ALBERT,  and  Univeesally  F.ecom. 

MENDED  BT  PflACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  Mek. 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
knife.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  in  one  minute 
(even  by  pernons  quite  unused  to  the  implement),  without  the 
assistance  of  blacksmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
as  well  as  regular  labourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thusrcndering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Ironmongers,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  in  the 
Kingdom  ;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  Wm.  Dbay  and  Co. 'a 
Agiicultural  Implement  and  Machinery  WarebouseG,  Swan, 
liine,  London  Biidge. — A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildlngs,  Bunhill- 
•      row.  London,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  I'atentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silvee  Medal 
Prizes,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  pa'ronlsed  and  adopted  by 
Her  Majestv's  Woods  and  Forests, 
honodbable  bi>abd  of  osdnance, 

HONODRABLE  EAST  InDFA   COMPANY, 
HONODllABLE  COMMISSIONERS  OF  CoST-IMg, 

Heb  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic  Gabdens,  Regent's  Park, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut. 
land,  Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Bucfleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late   Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Royal  Aqricdltcbal  Suciktv's  House,  Hanover.sq. 

It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  descripuon  of  roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  b^  32  inche:i  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  pee  Sqdaee  Foot, 

%*  Samples,  with  Directi.  n%  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  poet  eTcecutef^. 

(S^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  whf  re  th-'  above  Roofing  if  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's- buildings,    Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor'"  Cnurta,  at  the  entrance  of  West, 
minster  Hali,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorshin  of  Chas.  Barry,  Etq., 
R.A,  Her  Majesty'o  Commifisioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
80  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  House-'  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Quantity  altogether  used,  24,000  feet. 

Note.  —  Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lengths  best  euited  to  their  Roofs,  so  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  Hff  rded  on  the  construction  Of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Felt. 

G^^ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTiNG.— 
7d.  per  jard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvnn-  Japnnnod 
ised.  Iron, 

Td.iioryd.  5ti.  porjd. 

9      „  C*      „ 

12      „  9       „ 

8      „  6       „ 

10      „  8       „ 

14      „  n 


2-Inch  meBfa,  li|;ht,  21  inches  wide 
2-inch      ,,      fltronf;  ,. 

STEPHENSON  AND  PEILL,  Gl,  Gracochurch-strcet, '  i6:ln«S     ;;     fighT ''"'°°'^     " 
London,  ond   17,  New  Park-iitrcet,   HouthwtirU,  Manufoc-    Ifi.inch     '/,      strong  " 

tariiri    of    Copper    Cylindrlcftl    and    Improved    Conical    Iron     Ij.inch      ,,       extra  itrong 

BOILBRH,  End  Con«eivat*jry  and  Ilotbouae  IJuild^rii,  ulthcr  1  All  the  ribove  can  be  mndo  any  width  at  proportionate  prlct-R. 
In  wood  or  iron,  rcipectfully  call  tho  atteiitioii  of  the  Nobility,  I  if  the  upper  hnlf  is  a  (innrBo  mesb,  it  will  rcdiicn  tho  prices 
Gentry,  and  Nunier>nien  Ui  their  dimple  but  trflicnclouft  melbod  |  nnc-fourth.  Gnlvitniited  Hparrnw-proof  netting  fnr  PlioaauiitrivH, 
of  warming  IlortlciiUurul  and  otht^r  Buildlngii  b,  hot  water,  i  firi.  pi-r  nqnnre  foot.  I'lit'tirns  rorwarflctl  po^t  frct>. 
From  the  extensive  w»»rke  they  havo  ixcculcd,  re/en-ncfii  of  I  Munufnctund  by  KAIINARO  and  HISIIOP,  Miirltot-placo, 
tbe  hlghent  respeciabtllty  can  be  given,  aud  full  particular*  Norwich,  and  dollverud  free  of  uxpcnee  in  London,  Peter. 
foraUlied  on  application.  I  borough,  Ildll,  or  Newcastle. 


Eixt  ^gitcultural  (Sa^ette, 

SATURDA  Y,  MA  Y  8,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOB  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wbdhrecat,    May    12— Agricultural  Society  of  Eiicia  <d. 
TuuusDAi,         —      i:t—iKricultural  Imp.  Soc.nl  Ireland. 
Wkdn.sdat,      —      I9-AKriculturaI  Society  of  Euifland. 
Thubbcay,  —      20— Agricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Irelaod. 


"  Will  Guano  Pay  1 "  If  the  pr.ce  of  the  raw 
material  exceed  that  of  the  manufactured  article, 
then  the  manufacture  of  the  article  is  a  losing  con- 
cern. This  is  just  the  proposition  which  Mr.  JMechi 
has  of  late  been  enunciating  in  these  important 
questions — "  Will  guano  pay  2  "  "  Will  artificial 
food  for  fat  stock  pay  1" 

In  the  manufacturing  world  the  ahove  proposition 
is  self-evident  and  independent  of  proof,  but  in  the 
agricultural  world  it  is  somewhat  different ;  for, 
when  we  place  guano  in  the  one  scale  and  its  pro- 
duce in  the  other,  or  butcher-meat  in  the  one  and 
artificial  food  in  the  other,  we  have  still  balances 
remaining  requiring  consideration.  When  the 
manufacturer  balances  his  accounts  after  effecting  a 
sale,  either  page  presents  net  cash.  The  balance 
may  possibly  be  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  ledger, 
still  the  account  is  closed,  presenting  an  item  in 
cash  in  some  sliape  or  other — profit  or  loss  ;  but  the 
balance-sheet  of  the  farmer  invariably  presents  an 
open  account ; — Dr.  the  soil  for  so  much  guano.  Dr. 
the  dunghill  for  so  much  manure,  &c. 

But,  besides  the  indefinite  nature  of  the  answer 
which  the  agriculturist  gives  to  the  question  thus 
put  in  any  particular  instance,  a  still  greater  com- 
plexity attends  its  discussion  as  a  question  of  general 
interest.  And  the  answer  varies  according  to  the 
locality  and  to  time.  Once  guano  paid  well,  but 
now  indifferently.  In  such  and  such  a  locality, 
again,  it  pays  the  farmer  to  grow  butcher-meat  for 
the  London  market,  while  in  others  it  will  not. 

Farmers  have  long  been  familiar  with  the  story 
of  land  getting  tired  of  growing  this  and  the  other 
kind  of  crop,  and  the  guano  question  before  us  is 
but  another  phase  of  the  same  truth.  For  the  ques- 
tion which  Mr.  Mechi  has  asked  just  resolves  itself 
into  this — Is  Tiptree-hall  liied  of  guano  ?  Accord- 
ing to  the  old  proverb,  "  When  poverty  rides,  it 
rides  high,"  so  is  it  with  the  poor  soils  of  Essex  ;  so 
long  as  they  were  poor,  they  were  "grateful  for 
guano,"  but  now  that  they  have  become  rich,  they 
have  become  "  saucy." 

A  little  explanation  is  necessary  in  illustration  of 
the  "agricultural  economy,"  to  which  Mr.  Mechi  is 
addre.ssing  himself.  "Five  quarters  of  Wheat" 
obviously  require  a  greater  quantity  of  manure  to 
keep  the  same  soil  at  a  uniform  fertility  than 
"  24  quarters  ;  "  and  this  extra  quantity,  we  .are  in- 
formed, is  derived  from  a  richer  quality  of  farm-yard 
manure.  If  Mr.  Mechi  has  already  adopted  the 
system  which  Mr.  Buiiness  has  proposed  {Agricul- 
tural Gazette,  p.  602,  1851),  of  home  slaughtering 
and  working  up  the  whole  of  the  offal  of  fat  stock 
fed  upon  the  farm  into  manure,  it  is  difiicult  to  say- 
how  independent  he  may  become  of  Peru ;  for,  if 
his  crops  get  an  abundance  of  fertilising  matter  of 
this  kind,  long  known  to  be  the  most  productive  of 
any,  the  result  is  obvious.  He  finds  one  ton  of 
Turnip.i,  as  the  raw  material,  corresponds  to 
14 lbs.  of  meat,  as  the  manufactured  article;  and 
that  there  is,  moreover,  a  balance  of  offal  equivalent 
to  14  lbs.  more,  besides  another  valuable  item  remain- 
ing in  the  bottom  of  the  feeding-box  and  urine-tank. 
Tlie  obvious  inference  is,  that,  when  we  send  the 
live  ox  to  Smithfield  on  the  present  antiquated  prac- 
tice, we  have  only  14  lbs.  of  meat  in  return  for  every 
ton  of  Turnips  grown  ;  but  when  we  send  the  four 
i|uartftrH  only,  a|iijlying  the  ollal  as  manure,  we  have 
for  every  ton  of  TiirnipH  28  lbs.  Now,  without  vouch- 
ing for  the  accuracy  of  details  as  here  stated  in  pounds, 
on  cither  side  of  the  account,  a  very  important  ques- 
tion is  brought  before  us  in  the  economy  of  farm  pro- 


298- 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  8, 


duce  ;  for,  whatever  may  be  the  exact  amount  of 
butcher-meat  manufactured  from  a  given  quantity 
of  produce,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  but  that  the 
value  of  the  offal,  as  to  its  fertilising  effects,  bears  a 
very  high  proportion  to  it,  and  that  the  removal  of 
that  offal  from  the  farm  is  the  removal  of  the  raw 
material  of  no  mean  proportion  of  its  produce.  We 
have  only  to  reduce  the  offal  to  lbs.  on  tlie  one  side 
of  the  ledger,  and  Turnips  to  tons  on  the  other,  as 
Mr.  Mechi  does,  when  the  result  will  speak,  for 
itself. 

That  blood  and  such  offal  form  a  more  valuable 
manure  than  guano,  however,  is  no  satisfactory 
answer  to  the  question  "  Will  guano  pay  ;"  for  the 
latter,  independent  of  the  greater  value  of  the 
former,  ought  nevertheless  to  cover  ils  own  cost, 
whatever  that  may  be,  other  things  being  equal. 
Other  things,  however,  may  not  be  equal.  Produce, 
for  instance,  may  be  reduced  in  value,  and  the 
natural  fertility  of  the  soil  may  be  increased,  and 
that  not  in  proportion  to  the  constituent  elements 
of  guano  upon  which  its  value  depends. 

Thus,  while  corn  has  beendecreasingin  price  during 
the  last  half  century,  has  guano,  the  raw  material 
of  which  it  is  manufactured,  been  decreasing  in  a 
corresponding  ratio  ?  Now,  if  the  Americans  can 
import  lis  Wheat  at  9^.  per  ton,  surely  the  Peruvians 
ought  to  be  able  to  give  us  guano  at  something  less. 
We  obviously  want  free-trade  in  guano,  and — not  to 
speak  of  the  discovery  of  new  guano  islands  in  the 
Pacific — perhaps  the  discovery  of  the  ammonia  field 
present  on  every  man's  farm,  which  Mr.  Mechi  has 
just  made,  is  the  first  tiling  which  will  give  a  salutary 
check  to  the  Peruvian  monopoly  of  this  valuable 
manure  ;  for  it  is  a  tenfold  more  extensive  one,  and 
richer,  too,  than  all  the  islets  of  Peru  put  together. 
There  cannot  be  a  doubt  but  that  there  is  a  limit  to 
the  price  of  guano— a  price  beyond  which  it  will  not 
pay,  and  it  is  equally  manifest  that  the  reduction 
which  has  taken  place  in  corn  brings  up  the  price 
of  guano  nearly  to  this  limit,  if  not  in  some  cases 
beyond  it. 

STRAW  AS  MANURE. 
In  describing  my  shed,  I  stated  that  the  water-tight 
tank  for  eiglit  cattle,  into  which  the  liquid  and  solid  ex- 
crements passed  through  open  boards  or  grating,  was 

2  feet  6  ins.  by  2  feet  6  ins.,  and  28  feet  long  ;  its 
capacity  being  about  6  yards.  When  my  cattle  are 
fatteuing,  they  consume  per  day  about  60  lbs.  of  Swede 
Turnips,  3  to  4  lbs.  of  oilcake  half  Liuseed  and  half 
Kape,  3  lbs.  of  Bean  meal,  and  as  much  chopped  straw 
as  they  can  be  induced  to  take.  On  this  food  they  fill 
the  tauk  in  one  month  ;  it  then  requires  to  be  emptied 
and  is  removed  to  its  stead  which  is  fenced  off  by  a  wall 

3  feet  high,  or  otherwise  carted  direct  to  the  field  where 
it  is  to  be  used  ;  it  will  be  obvious  that  in  this  state  it 
is  not  suited  to  spread  on  Grass  ;  its  effect  would  be  to 
scorch  it.  To  correct  this,  and  for  other  objects,  I  apply 
peat  soil  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  to  three  ;  this  is 
obtained  from  an  adjacent  common,  at  an  expense-  of 
about  Is.  6rf,  per  load.  Peat  soil  will,  of  course,  vary  much 
in  properties  (especially  in  the  mineral  ones),  according 
to  the  locality  and  formation  in  which  it  is  found.  I 
have  not  had  the  peat  soil  I  am  using  tested  by  analysis, 
yet  I  am  strongly  impressed  with  the  notion  that  it 
contains  most  of  the  essential  properties  of  straw  when 
in  a  state  of  decomposition,  in  which  it  is  alone  appli- 
cable  as  manure  for  Grass  land.  Admitting  that  I  have 
provided  for  tlie  comfort  of  my  animals,  I  am  thus  pro- 
curing for  Is.  6d.  a  load  a  component  of  my  manure 
heap,  which  has  heretofore  cost  21.  to  2Z.  10s. ;  with  this 
remarkable  difference,  that  instead  of  being  the  means 
of  evolving  or  throwing  off  the  ammonia,  its  effect  is  to 
fix  and  retain  it.  Of  this  I  am  fully  satisfied,  and  have 
seusiljle  proof.  When  the  dung  has  been  mixed  up  with 
the  peat  soil,  it  completely  loses  all  odour,  and  I  have, 
on  no  occasion,  observed  anything  like  vapour  or  effluvia 
from  the  manure  heap  so  composed.  When  convenient, 
1  cart  the  manure  direct  from  the  tank  in  the  cow-shed 
to  the  iieid,  having  previously  brought  thither  the  peat 
soil,  which  has  been  dug  out  and  heaped  up  for  some 
time  previous,  in  order  to  increase  its  absorptive  powers. 
On  being  blended,  the  compost  is  again  placed  in  the 
cart,  which  is  followed  by  a  man  with  a  shovel,  who 
dots  it  over  the  field  in  small  regular  patches  ; 
whilst  this  is  going  on,  the  material  being  in  a 
somewhat  fluid  state,  I  follow  with  a  Cumberland 
clod-crusher  (a  useful  implement  with  which  I  be- 
came acquainted  from  a  drawing  and  description 
given  in  your  columns) ;  it  distributes  the  manure  evenly 
on  the  surface,  as  if  daubed  over  with  a  coat  of  paint, 
resembling  in  colour  and  consistency  common  treacle. 
1  am  most  mindful  to  have  this  performed  in  wet 
weather  ;  even  at  hay  and  harvest  time  I  am  not  more 
observant  of  the  barometer  than  during  this  operation  ; 
It  It  be  succeeded  by  continuous  rain  of  some  hours, 
ine  colour  13  completely  changed  from  a  dark  brown  to 
a  pale  straw  colour,  the  rubbing  with  the  clod-crusher 
IS  repeated  at  short  intervals,  and  in  wet  weather  the 
ciressing  very  soon  disappears.  In  summer,  when 
tne  absorbent  powers  of  tlie  soil  are  in  full  activity,  I 
nave  l.nowu  a  single  shower  produce  the  desired  effect. 
1  am  aware  that  this  system  may  be  deemed  at  variance 
witn  the  prevailing  opinion  that  manure,  to  afford  food 
to  plants,  must  be  prepared  by  fermentation.     I  leave 


this  to  the  consideration  of  those  whose  province  it  is 
to  trace  out  and  explain  the  laws  by  which  these  opera- 
tions are  effected,  and  confine  myself  to  practice  and  its 
results. 

The  following  figures  illustrate  the  construction  of 
my  cattle  sheds. 

Fig.  1. 


Q 


Fig.  3. 


rig.  4. 


,-^;— :x 


Fig.  1  shows  plan  of  part  of  cattle  shed. 

Fig.  2  is  a  section  taken  along  line  A  B,  in  fig.  1. 

Fif.^.  3  euppliea  details  of  manure  tank,  &c. 

In  these  drawings  a  is  manure  tank,  2  ft.  6  ins.  wide  by  2  ft. 
6  ins.  deep;  b,  a  wooden  grate,  with  IJ-inch  openings,  and 
3-ineh  square  bars  ;  c,  channel ;  d,  boarded  floor ;  e,  manger  ; 
/,  feeding  passage. 

Fig.  4  Fhows  an  arrangement  in  which  g  is  &  wooden  grate 
similar  to  that  already  described,  having  two  copper  hinges  h, 
and  small  feet  in  front  i,  resting  upon  the  floor  ft,  so  (hat  when 
required  to  be  c'eaned  it  is  only  necessary  to  turn  the  grate 
over  upon  its  hinges. 

I  applied  this  manure  for  the  fii'st  tune  on  an  old 
pasture  which  had  become  hide-bound,  and  produced 
but  little  Grass,  and  of  inferior  quality,  being  tough  and 
unpalatable.  The  previous  summer  I  applied  an  ample 
top-dressing  of  lime,  and  in  March  I  applied  the  com- 
post at  the  rate  of  eight  one-horse  loads  to  the  acre. 
Towards  the  close  of  June  I  cut  an  abundant  crop  of 
Grass.  The  staple  of  this  field  is  not  favourable,  being 
on  clay,  with  no  great  depth  of  soil.  It  is  now  in  high 
condition,  producing  two  heavy  crops  of  Grass  in  tlie 
year — the  first  for  hay,  the  second  for  soiling.  After 
the  second  mowing  it  receives  a  dressing  of  the  compost 
at  the  I'ate  of  12  loads  per  acre.  It  was  eaten  off"  close 
in  December,  and  in  this  month  of  March,  by  no  means 
a  genial  one,  it  has  afforded  excellent  pasturage  for  my 
lambing  ewes.  In  July  I  applied  a  dressing  to  a 
meadow  which  was  being  cut  for  soiling  ;  in  less  than 
six  weeks  this  meadow  Grass  was  found  to  measure 
more  than  3  feet  high,  having  grown  at  the  rate  of  an 
inch  per  day.  I  have  to  remark  on  two  properties  of 
this  manure  ;  the  one  will  be  obvious — it  can  be 
\  applied     much     later     in     the     spring    season    than 


straw  manure  :  if  late  in  April,  or  early  in  May,  tlie 
weather  being  suitable,  an  abundant  crop  will  lollow 
towards  tlie  close  of  June,  or  early  in  July,  which 
in  this  somewhat  northern  latitude  is  the  customary 
hay  time.  The  other  property  1  have  learned  from  ex- 
perience ;  horned  cattle  and  sheep  are  found  to  graze 
on  and  eat  the  Grass  greedily  and  close  a  montli  or 
six  weeks  after  the  manure  has  been  applied  ;  whether 
this  is  attributable  to  the  deodorising  effects  of  the  peat 
soil,  or  to  its  getting  iuto  thcgrouud  so  quickly,  I  am 
unable  to  determine.  I  will  now  state  its  effects  on  the 
root  crop,  Swede  Turnip,  having  tried  it  in  two  fields  m 
1851.  Both  sowings  took  place  iu  May  ;  the  tank> 
manure  was  appUed  without  intermixtur.e,  except  of  a 
little  saw-dust,  which  my  herdsman  had  strewed  on  the 
floor  oi  the  cattb  shed,  w  th  no  other  object  than  to 
imitate  his  clean  cottage  floor  when  strewed  with  bright 
sand.  The  furrows  for  each  description  of  manure  wer^ 
formed  of  equal  depth  ;  the  tank  or  unfermented  manure 
being  solid  and  much  less  bulky,  was  almost  hid  in  the 
furrow  before  it  was  closed  up,  while  the  feinuented 
straw  manure  filled  in  a  great  measure  the  furrows.  1 
notice  this  difference,  as  1  am  by  no  means  sure  that  it 
had  not  an  effect  on  the  growth  of  the  plant.  To  both 
were  applied,  in  addition,  guano  and  fermented  bones? 
at  the  cost  of  more  than  305.  an  acre.  The  fermented 
manure  took  the  lead,  and  seemed  for  awhile  to  outstrip 
the  other.  Early  in  August  I  observed  a  change,  the  rows 
dressed  with  tank  manure  assumed  a  darker  and  richer 
green  ;  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  the  top  or  leaves 
became  far  more  exuberant,  and  when  at  their  full 
growth  in  foliage,  the  leaves  of  rows  2  feet  4  inches 
apart  were  so  completely  interwoven,  that  1  could  not  at 
all  step  amongst  them  without  damage.  When  taken 
up  iu  December  I  carefully  examined  them^  and  found 
those  to  which  the  tank  manure  had  been  applied  fresher 
and  greener  in  the  top,  and  considerably  larger  in  the 
bulb  ;  they  were  in  every  respect  more  vigorous  ;  they 
were,  however,  more  drawn  up  into  the  neck  or  stem, 
not  so  handsomely  shaped,  and  contained  more  decayed 
ones  in  proportion  than  tliose  dressed  with  fermented 
straw  manure.  Having  observed  the  rapid  growth  of 
Grass  consequent  on  flie  application  of  the  compost, 
which  I  have  not  seen  equalled  by  any  top-dressing  of 
farm-yard  manure,  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  start  ob- 
tained by  the  Turnip  rows  dressed  with  ferme:.ted 
manure  was  attributable  to  the  seed  being  deposited 
nearer  to  the  manure  than  in  the  rows  with  fresh  or 
tank  manure  ;  that  this  was  the  case  will  be  evident 
from  wliat  I  stated  when  describing  the  operation  ■  of . 
depositing  the  manure  in  the  furrows.  Kot  having  in- 
the  course  of  my  observation  or  reading  met  with  orseeii 
described  any  farm  economy  similar  to  what  I  am  now- 
practising,  1  have  been  induced  to  send  this  account  for 
insertion  in  your  pages,  feeling  assured  that  from  a 
numerous,  and,  I  hope  I  may  add,  intelligent  portion 
of  your  readers,  it  will  receive  the  consideration  due  to^ 
its  merits. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  statement  that  the 
capacity  of  my  tank  for  eight  cattle  is  about  six  yards. 
This  is  filled  once  per  month  or  12  times  in  the  year  ; 
to  this  I  add  one-tliird  peat  soil  for  .Grass,  and,  latterly, 
one-third  decayed  tanner's  bark,  which  I  obtain  close  at 
hand  free  of  charge,  for  my  root  crop,  making  together 
96  yards  of  compost,  or  12  yards  for  each  beast  during 
the  year — a  yard  may  be  taken  as  equal  to  a  load  of 
about  a  ton.  I  consider  this  compost  superior  to  the 
stable  and  stall  litter  which  is  sold  in  the  ueiglibouring 
towns  at  5s.  per  load,  aud  carted  thence  by  the  pur- 
chaser sometimes  a  distance  of  several  miles.  I  had 
prepared  a  statement  per  data,  under  my  own  personal 
observation,  as  to  the  relative  cost  of  labour  in  cleaning 
out  the  manure  and  rubbing  down  the  cattle  on  the  two 
modes,  straw  and  boards,  but  content  myself  with 
confirming  what  I  have  before  stated,  that  there  is  a 
decided  saving  in  the  board  system.  Y.,  March,  1852. 


WOOL. 

Would  a  few  remarks  on  the  growing  of  wool  be 
acceptable  to  your  readers  ?  I  presume  tbat  they  would, 
as  this  article  of  produce  forms  a  rather  considerable 
sum  in  tlie  balance  sheet,  and  it  is  a  branch  of  the 
farmer's  business  which  I  have  not  seen  introduced  to 
your  columns.  I  must  say,  however,  that  I  am  no 
farmer,  but  have  had  experience  iu  the  buying  and 
selling  of  wool  for  a  good  many  years;  my  remarks 
must  consequently  go  to  show  what  style  of  wool  will 
suit  the  buyer  best,  and  how  a  farmer  may  spoil  his 
wool  by  bad  management,  leaving  it  to  him  to  make  the 
application  or  apply  the  remedy. 

Without  further  preface,  then,  I  may  say  that,  for 
some  years  past,  and  as  a  rule,  the  half  bred  class  of 
wool  has  fetched  the  highest  price  among  the  English 
wools.  By  half-bred,  in  this  case,  I  mean  the  produce 
of  a  cross  between  a  well-bred  long-woolled  sheep  and 
a  well-bred  short  aud  fine-wooUed  sheep,  as  the  Leices- 
ter and  Southdown  or  the  Leicester  and  Cheviot  breeds  ; 
the  former  of  these  crosses  being  found  principally  in 
Norfolk,  and  the  counties  south  and  west  of  these,  aud 
tlie  latter  iu  Scotland  aud  one  or  two  of  the  northern 
counties  of  England.  The  wool  produced  by  these 
crosses  has  length  enough  for  most  purposes  of  manu- 
facture, combined  with  a  fineness  of  hair  altogether 
unattainable  in  the  pure  Leicester  breed.  As  to  the 
comparative  results  of  these  two  crosses,"  my  experience 
goes  to  prove  that  in  fineness  of  wool  the  Southdown 
cross  has  a  decided  advantage  over  the  Cheviot  cross, 
and  it  is  not  so  liable  to  grow  wild  and  hairy  towards 
the  hind  quurtera  of  the  sheep  ;  but  th's  advantage  i& 


19—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


299 


too  frequeutly  neutralised  by  a  want  of  cleanliuess  and  a 
general  cai-elessness  in  tlie  getting  up  of  the  wool.  This 
particular  of  cleanliness  and  appearance  is  one  not 
sufficiently  valued  by  many  growers  of  wool  ;  there  is 
sadly  too  much  use  made  of  tar  in  some  form  of  appli- 
cation or  other.  I  do  not  know  if  spirits  of  tar  be  the 
best  remedy  for  scab  ;  but  if  I  were  a  sheep  farmer,  tar 
in  any  shape  should  never  come  near  my  wool,  except 
in  case  of  sheer  necessity,  and  for  this  reason  :  no  wash- 
ing, even  with  hot  water  and  soft  soap,  will  take  away 
the  stain,  and  this  disqualifies  tlie  wool  for  the  purposes 
for  which  it  is  most  esteemed.  A  very  little  of  this 
stained  wool  among  the  unstained  will  make  the  yarn 
spun  from  it  sti'eaky,  and  no  (}ye  but  black,  or  very  dark 
colours,  will  hide  this  defect.  For  a  mere  washing  for 
the  destruction  of  vermin,  &c.,  there  are  preparations 
sold  by  the  chemists  which  I  believe  answer  the  desired 
purpose,  and  which  I  know  rather  improve  than  injure 
the  colour  of  the  wool.  Olive  oil,  too,  I  am  told, 
answers  well,  and  I  am  sure  it  would  greatly  benefit  the 
uool  ;  however,  it  is  dear.  In  these  remarks  about 
taiTing,  I  am,  of  course,  not  alluding  to  disti'icts  where 
the  sheep  require  to  be  regularly  "  laid"  with  tar  and 
butter.  Another  great  drawback  on  the  value  of  wool  is 
the  presence  of  tliat  gritty  sand  which  we  sometimes  see 
lying  so  thickly  strewn  among  the  locks.  This  is  most 
generally  found  in  hill  flocks,  and  on  uneven  ground, 
where  the  sheep  have  inviting  opportunities  of  rubbing 
their  itching  sidesagainst  conveniently  protruding  ridges 
of  soil.  lu  such  cases  I  consider  that  the  farmer 
neglects  his  duty,  and  his  interest  too,  i^he  does  not  have 
tliese  ridges  cut  down,  and  made  level  with  the  sur- 
rounding surface.  If  very  strong  winds  occur  diu'ing  a 
dry  spring,  it  sometimes  happens  that,  even  on  low- 
lying  ai-able  land,  the  soil,  it  sandy,  is  sent  flying  by 
cart-loads  into  the  roadsides  and  hedge-bottoms  ;  and  in 
such  a  case  the  sheep  are  almost  sure  to  receive  a  good 
dredging.  For  this  I  do  not  know  a  remedy,  but  if  the 
farmer  can  devise  any,  it  is  Lis  duty  to  adopt  it  ;  for 
however  well  bred  and  well  managed  his  wool  may  have 
been  up  to  that  time,  a  contretemps  like  this  spoils  it  for 
the  season.  Assuredly  no  washing  that  he  can  give  it 
will  ever  *'take  away  that  stain."  Buyers  always  look 
shy  at  such  a  clip  of  wool,  and  it  will  frequently  be  left 
till  late  in  the  season,  or  perhaps  over  season,  till  a 
good  companion  clip  of  the  following  year  shall 
help  the  tainted  one  away,  and  then  there  is  no  satisfac- 
tion to  either  buyer  or  seller  ;  for  the  price  will  neces- 
sarily be  low,  and  the  consumer  finds  that  though  (after 
the  processes  of  sorting,  washing,  and  combing),  his 
'^  tops  "  are  pretty  clean,  the  loss  of  weight  is  immense, 
this  "  short  "  wool  being  almost  unsaleable  through  the 
quantity  of  sand  accumulated  in  it.  Not  long  ago  I  tried 
such  a  sample  of  fleeces,  and  by  mere  working  through 
the  fingerd  (without  either  washing  or  combing),  found 
the  loss,  in  sand  alone,  to  be  rather  better  than  GO  parts 
iu  100  ;  but  this  was  a  bad  lot. 

Another  gi'eat  drawback  on  the  value  of  wool  is  the 
presence  of  that  moss,  or,  as  the  Scotch  call  it,  fog, 
which  abounds  in  some  soils,  and  is  thence  transferred 
to  the  fleece.  It  is  not  that  the  weight  of  this  moss  is 
of  much  importance,  but  that  the  difficulty  of  freeing 
the  wool  from  it  is  so  great.  This  can  only  be  done  by 
manual  labour,  and  it  is  so  difficult  to  separate  the  two, 
that  I  have  known  clips  of  which  a  sorter  could  not 
clean  more  than  six  fleeces  a  day  (say  30  lbs.),  at  the  rate 
of  3^.  &d.  ;  making  the  cost  of  sorting  and  cleaning  one 
pack,  or  2-10  lbs.,  of  wool  amount  to  28s.  Now  this 
same  pack  of  wool,  had  it  been  free  from  the  plaguy 
moss,  might  have  been  sorted  in  one  day,  so  that  the 
difference  is  a  loss  to  the  consumer  of  nearly  Ijd. 
per  Ib.j  or  25,3.  per  pack  in  wages  alone.  I  have  known 
a  coarse  comb  used,  before  clipping,  on  the  back  of  each 
sheep  (where  the  moss  principally  lies),  bring  away  a 
deal  of  this  stnff,  and  much  more  readily  than  it  can  be 
got  out  after  the  fleece  is  off"  the  back  ;  but  the  only 
certain  remedy  must  be  to  get  rid  of  such  vegetation, 
and  replace  it  with  something  more  useful,  and  less  apt 
to  worm  itself  into  the  wool. 

The  next  point  of  management  which  presents  itself 
is  the  washing  of  the  sheep.  This,  I  am  certain,  can  be 
done  nowhere  so  effectually  as  where  there  is  a  running 
stream  of  some  width  and  sufficient  depth  to  leap  the 
sheep  and  swim  them  from  one  man  to  another.  Sooner 
than  wash  in  tlie  puddle  holes  which  are  the  only  con- 
veniences some  farmers  possess,  I  would  drive  the 
sheep  several  miles  to  a  suitable  place,  taking  care,  how- 
ever, that  tlity  were  not  driven  Vjack  before  the  wool  was 
dry,  or  they  would  be  little  better  for  washing  at  all.  I 
have  known  the  wool  of  a  large  flock  lose  all  its  bloom 
and  be  quite  Hoilcd  by  being  driven,  even  one  mile,  over 
the  dusty  roads  on  a  hot  day  after  washing.  Therefore, 
seeing  the  difficulty  of  keeping  the  wool  clean  if  you  have 
thus  to.drivo,  the  best  thing  would  be  to  liave  tlie  sheep 
clij)ped  where  they  are  washed— lot  them  walk  back 
mmus  tlieir  coats,  and  you  bring  tliu  wool  lioniu  in  the 
carts.  I  sliould  think  any  hunonrablo  farmer  would 
give  his  brother  fanner  the  o[iportunity  on  fair  terms, 
and  clcanlint-HS  of  the  wool  would  thus  be  secured. 
Some  may  cry  out  "But  wliat  troublo  and  expense!" 
Truiy  ;  hut  if  I  were  a  farmer  I  think  I  should  not  be 
content  for  my  first*rate  sheep  to  produce  second-rate 
wool,  if  a  little  expense  and  labour  would  remedy  tlie 
evil;  and  that  wool  is  certainly  second-x-atc  that  is  not 
good  in  al]  respects.  The  wool  ouglit  to  bo  clipped  as 
soon  as  dry,  fay  from  five  to  ton  days,  at  the  outnide, 
after  wtUiWut^.  If  tlie  Hheep  run  ho  long  as  ]•(  days, 
especially  in  hot  weather,  the  wool  suffers  by  it,  for  the 
grease  or  yolk  getn  up  into  Iho  staple  again,  and  it 
rapidly  approaches  the  condition  it  was  in  before  wafeli- 


ing.  1  know  it  is  said  that  wool  clips  better  alter  a 
little  grease  has  got  into  it,  and  I  can  well  believe  it; 
but  if  you  err,  err  on  the  right  side — clip  early  after  the 
wool  is  dry  ;  remember  that  grease  will  not  make  yarn, 
and  no  one  knows  this  better  than  the  buyer.  Before 
the  fleece  is  wrapped  up  allclag-locks,  &c.,  should  be 
removed  ;  it  does  not  increase  the  confidence  of  the 
buyer  when  he  finds  lumps  of  filth  almost  as  big  as  his 
fist  inside  the  fleeces;  besides,  such  roguery  is  not  only 
dishonourable,  but  punishable  by  law.  And  now,  h  aving 
got  your  wool  in  nice  order,  let  each  fleece  be  firmly 
tied  and  stowed  in  a  suitable  place,  namely,  one  that  is 
dry,  clean,  and  light.  We  too  frequently  see  it  laid 
against  damp  walls,  on  wet  timber,  or  in  dark  out-of-the- 
way  places,  where  no  human  eye  can  form  an  opinion  of 
its  merits  ;  however,  if  wool  is  to  be  kept  over  year,  it 
is  best  kept  in  the  dark,  always  guarding  against  damp 
and  dust. 

As  a  summary  of  what  I  would  inculcate,  I  will  say, 
if  you  wish  to  grow  good  wool  be  parti-,  ular  as  to  your 
breed,  avoiding  the  wild,  hairy-coated  animals,  such  as 
the  Teeswater.  When  you  buy,  prefer  buying  from  a 
known  good  breeder,  at  his  own  house,  to  waiting  for  the 
market  ;  you  run  less  risk  of  disease,  and  are  more 
certain  of  your  breed.  Guard  against  any  check  in  the 
feeding  of  your  flock  ;  a  regular  diet,  even  if  low,  being 
preferable  to  first  high  feeding  and  then  the  reverse. 
Do  not  breed  too  much  into  your  own  stock,  for  by  doing 
so  you  lose  as  much  weight  of  wool  as  you  do  of  mutton 
in  proportion  ;  therefore  introduce  fresh  blood  at  times. 
Wash  well,  clip  early  after  the  fleece  is  dry,  remove  all 
dirty  locks,  stow  your  wool  in  a  dry  clean  place,  and 
then,  with  confidence,  expect  a  good  price.  /,  il/., 
Halifax,  TorJcsliire,  April  20. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Crops  in  Norihwmhcrland.  —  Your  correspondent 
signing  himself  "  W.  R  Carter  "  has  made  a  bad  guess 
at  my  being  a  resident  in  the  county  of  Essex,  and  is 
also  mistaken  as  to  my  want  of  knowledge  of  Northum- 
berland. I  expressed  my  surprise  on  reading  a  state- 
ment, from  authority,  that  land  within  a  few  miles  of 
Newcastle  upon  Tyne,  only  produced  19  or  20  bushels 
of  Wheat  per  acre.  I  did  so  from  having  been 
acquainted  with  the  district  many  years  ago,  and  feeling 
quite  satisfied,  with  proper  management,  the  produce 
could  be  nearly  doubled.  The  owner  of  "Eel  Moor 
Farm "  appears  rather  to  -ridicule  the  idea  of  my 
ignorance  of  the  capabilities  of  the  land  in  the  north, 
and  in  the  same  breath  acknowledges  that  his  friends 
are  bad  farmers,  shewing  that  I  had  good  reason  for 
asliing  for  information  on  a  point  of  such  vast  interest 
at  the  present  moment,  as  to  whether  tenants  were 
improving  their  land,  and  keeping  pace  with  other 
industrial  classes.  Whatever  they  may  be  doing  in 
other  counties,  according  to  "  W.  iv,  Carter,"  the  agri- 
culturists in  Northumberland  are  far  behind  the  rest  of 
the  country  ;  and  perhaps  he  would  do  well  to  recom- 
mend the  introduction  of  "  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Draining  Tile  " 
and  their  numerous  family,  where,  by  his  own  acknow^- 
ledgement,  they  are  so  much  required.  Fi;ora  what  I 
can  recollect  of  the  land,  nothing  was  so  much  wanted 
to  make  it  productive,  as  drawing  off  the  superfluous 
water,  which  might  be  seen  standing  both  on  pasture 
and  arable.  When  men  complain  of  the  lightness  of 
their  crops,  it  is  generally  supposed  that  the  fault  is  in 
the  poverty  of  the  soil,  particularly  when  they  demand 
protection,  and  wish  to  excite  commiseration  on  their 
behalf.  But  what  is  the  fact  here,  as  in  many  other 
instances  ?  The  land  cannot  be  blamed  for  sterility, 
but  "  W.  R.  Carter"  affirms,  and  I  have  no  doubt  he 
is  correct,  "  that  the  farm  land  in  Northumberland  is 
not  well  tilled."  The  sooner  a  different  course  is  pursued 
the  better.  Draining  Tde. 

.4 ^/o^/jiCji^5.— Individuals  either  do  not,  or  will  not 
understand  the  proper  allotment  system.  To  be  carried 
out  usefully  the  portion  of  land  intended  for  the 
labourers'  garden  should  be  just  sufficient  to  employ 
his  spare  time,  when  work  is  slack,  and  give  the  younger 
branches  of  his  family  something  to  do,  iu  weeding,  and 
collecting  manure.  To  let  one  or  two  acres  of  indiffer- 
ent stiff  land  to  a  poor  man,  at  a  rental  varying  from 
4^.  to  bl.,  compelling  him  to  cultivate  the  soil  with  the 
spade,  is  an  abuse  under  the  plea  of  charitable  inten- 
tions, the  consideration  being  for  self  instead  of  the 
tenant.  However,  it  is  a  question  whether  such  grinding 
conduct  does  not  fall  upon  the  head  of  the  landlord,  in 
the  shape  of  bad  debts  and  exhausted  land  ;  this  is  not 
the  only  evil  resulting  from  an  erroneous  system  of 
granting  allotments.  The  tenant  becomes  involved  in 
difficulties,  having  engaged  in  an  undertaking  which  he 
cannot  carry  out  Irom  want  of  capital ;  and  even  if  he  had 
money  to  expejid  upon  his  holding,  lie  could  not  antici- 
pate any  profit,  and  would  be  fortunate  if,  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  he  was  not  out  of  pocket.  The  introduction 
of  squatters  into  this  country,  similar  to  those  in  Ireland, 
will  bring  much  discontent  and  misery  upon  all  classes, 
To  act  first,  and  think  afterwards,  is  too  much  the 
custom,  whex'o  the  contrary  should  bo  the  guiding  pi'in- 
ciplo  and  would  save  mankind  much  sorrow  and 
wretchedness.  A  quarter  of  an  acre,  near  a 
labourer's  home,  would  provide  his  family  with  voge- 
tublcH  and  enable  him  to  kill  ix  bacon  pig  ;  when  an 
acre  or  nioro,  at  a  diHlaiico  from  his  cottago,  wf)nld  cont 
him  more  than  it  was  worth.  The  v(tciition  of  a  labour- 
ing man  should  not  Ijc  interfered  with — take  him  from 
his  u^ua^  occupation,  and  yiui  sow  the  secdHof  diHc(nitent. 
He  cannot  gain  a  liveliliood  from  his  land,  which 
requires  his  attention  wlien  he  is  wanted  el8C\\iiere.     A 


small  quantity  of  land  may  be  cultivated  at  odd  times 
with  benefit,  beyond  this  it  becomes  a  burthen,  and 
must  be  looked  after  when  workmen  are  in  request  and 
can  gain  fair  wages  without  risk.  Will  any  of  your 
correspondents  answer  the  following  question  !  "If  a 
farmer  only  gives  21.  per  acre,  how  can  a  poor  labourer 
be  expected  to  give  4^.  for  the  same  land  ? "  Falco'n. 

Breeding  of  Salmon  and  Trout. ~l  haveread,with  much 
interest,  the  articles  on  the  artificial  breeding  of  salmon 
and  trout.  For  some  years  1  have  been  successful  in 
the  hatching  of  trout,  and  at  the  present  time  I  have  a 
brood  of  some  thousands.  I  have  also  a  few  salmon 
hatched  from  spawn  which  had  been  sent  me  by  post^ 
in  damp  moss.  S.  Gitrncy,  jiin.,  Carshalton,  May  3. 

Poultry  Prize  List  of  the  English  Agricultural  Society. 
— A  rumour  has  got  about  (which  1  hope  is  likely  to 
prove  true),  that  the  list  of  prizes  to  be  given  for 
poultry  by  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  at  Lewes, 
is  to  be  altered  and  amended.  In  this  hope,  allow  me,. 
Sir,  to  point  out  one  arrangement  which  I  cannot  think 
fair  or  judicious,  and  which,  if  adhered  to,  will  I  think 
cause  several  amateurs  to  retain  their  poultry  at  homew 
I  cannot  consider  the  general  classification  of  prizes  and 
poultry  as  good,  and  I  think  the  Committee  might  welt 
take  a  hint  from  the  prize  list  of  the  Birmingham  Show 
in  1851 ;  but  I  allude  more  particularly  to  the  inequality 
of  the  1st  prizes  offered  for  Dorkings  and  Spanisii 
poultry  :  51.  for  the  former,  while  the  latter  are  only 
deemed  worthy  of  2^.  or  3/.  It  is  well  known  to  every 
fancier  that  it  is  easier  to  get  many  good  Dorking  chick- 
ens, than  one  good  white-faced  Spanish  fowl  ;  as  a 
proof  of  this,  I  know  one  fancier,  who  refused  ten 
guineas  for  his  Spanish  cock,  and  I  hear  that  the  same 
sum  was  offered  for  a  hen.  I  am  far  from  wishing  to 
undervalue  a  good  Dorking,  but  in  the  number  and  size 
of  the  eggs  laid,  they  are  not  to  compare  with  a  Spanish  : 
and  though  the  Dorking  is  unrivalled  at  table,  the 
Spanish  fowl  is  excellent  also,  putting  on  one  side  Mr. 
Cook's  prejudice  in  favour  of  white  legs.  I  should  hope 
the  committee  may  be  induced  to  give  an  equal  prize  to- 
the  best  pen  of  birds  of  each  different  sort.  If  not,, 
many  like  myself,  will  be  (I  think)  not  inclined  to  send 
their  pets  to  the  show.  A  Spanish  Poultry  Fancier. 

Wheat  after  Root  Crops.  — His  a  very  desirable  and 
necessary  point  to  get  light  sandy  lands  as  firm  and 
close  as  possible,  after  the  Wheat  crop  has  been  put  in,, 
and  this,  according  to  the  general  methods  of  culti- 
vation, can  only  be  effected  by  heavy  rollings,  theep 
treading,  &c. — of  course  attended  with  considerable 
expense.  Now,  in  order  to  avoid  this,  and  yet  have 
the  land  in  even  a  firmer  condition  than  these  means- 
could  produce,  I  left  a  small  portion  of  a  field  un- 
ploughed,  after  a  Swede  crop  fed  off  upon  the  ground,, 
and  merely  drag-harrowed  it  twice,  to  make  a  slight 
tilth  and  just  cover  in  the  manure  and  urine  of  the 
flock.  The  corn  was  dibbled  with  Saunders  and  New- 
bury's dibble,  4  pecks  per  acre,  8  inches  between  the 
rows  ;  the  dibble  working  much  better  than  I  had  ever 
seen  it  before,  owing  to  the  firmness  of  the  ground  pre- 
venting the  rollers  taking  up  dirt,  stones,  &e.,  and 
becoming  clogged,  which  is  too  often  the  case  on  lighter 
land.  The  Wheat  has  come  up  remarkably  well,  and 
looks  much  evener  and  of  a  better  colour  than  the  resfe 
of  the  field  which  was  drilled  and  ploughed  ;  the  annual' 
weeds  too  are  much  easier  destroyed  by  the  hoe  in  this 
case,  as  less  depth  of  soil  is  moved,  and  c-onsequently , 
the  weeds  are  left  more  on  the  surface,  added  to  which,, 
there  is  a  clear  saving  in  horse  labour  of  lOs.  per  acre. 
I  shall  be  happy  to  give  you  the  results  of  the  experi- 
ment when  the  corn  is  threshed.  John  Coleman,  Albxiry. 

Ploughing  lyy  Steam. — I  extract  the  following  from, 
the  American  Oardencrs*  Chronicle.  As  it  is  novel  and 
interesting  pei'haps  you  may  find  a  corner  for  it  in  your 
valuable  Paper :  — "Much  attention  has  been  attracted  by 
the  model  of  a  very  ingenious  mechanical  invention  for  ■ 
ploughing  land  by  steam  power.  The  inventor  is  Mr. 
Alexander  T.  Watson,  of  Staten  Island.  The  machine 
would  have,  when  in  operation,  very  much  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  railroad  locomotive,  being  so  arranged  as 
to  pass  steadily  along  through  a  field  dragging  the 
ploughs,  harrows,  and  seed-drills  behind.  The  ploughs, 
12  in  number,  or  less,  are  attached  to  the  after-part  of 
the  locomotive  frame,  and  are  so  arranged  as  to  be 
easily  controlled  by  those  who  have  the  machine  in 
charge.  They  can  be  elevated  or  depressed  ior  light 
or  deep  ploughing  as  may  be  required.  The  harrows 
and  seed-drills  follow  the  ploughs,  so  that  all  the  opera- 
tions of  turning  the  soil,  harrowing,  and  planting  ar^ 
completed  at  the  same  time.  The  wheels  of  the 
maciiine  are  constructed  in  a  very  peculiar  manner,  and 
takes  hold  of  the  ground  in  a  way  which  ■  gives  an. 
enormous  force  with  which  to  overcome  the  resistance 
of  the  ploughs  whether  on  hard  or  soft  soil.  On  the 
whole,  the  invention  seems  admirably  adapted  to  the 
uses  for  which  it  is  intended.  Sliould  it  be  found  in 
practice  to  operate  well,  a  new  era  in  agricultural 
operations  will  have  commenced.  The  maebino  will 
]»lough,  hnri'ow,  and  sow  over  1.00  aci'cs  per  day." 
I  do  not  know  the  size  of  the  machine,  but  100  acres 
seems  enormous  for  one  day.  Edgar  SandcvSj  Englii- 
field  Green,  Chertscy,  Surrey. 

Clover-Hick  Lund,— \i  is  too  well  known  to  farmers, 
that  land  sometimes  refuses  to  bear  Clover,  however 
carefully  or  skilfully  tilled  ;  but  the  cause  of  this  "Clover- 
sickncHs"  is  still  problonnUical  ;  and  a  certain  remedy 
nnich  wanted.  1  cannot  pretend  that  the  following  will 
supply  tliis  want,  my  experiment  having  been  only  on  a 
few  ncroH  ;  hut  there  it  produced  a  deep  green,  dense 
mat  of  Glover,  while  tho  other  fields  on  the  estate  were 
pale,  thin,  and  hungry.     And  it  is  fair  to  add,  that  I  was 


300 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[May  8, 


led  to  the  mixture  from  the  comparison  of  some  hun-    experiences  ia  consequence  ou  tVeqie-.t  checks  tu  us  '^Bul-ir 
•  -  .    ^       .       ,      growth.     M.  Girardiu  has  cultivated  the  white  Beet  m  alluvial 


dreds  of  experiments,  in  this  country  and  Scotland, 
reported  in  the  agricultural  journals  and  other  period- 
icals :  and  if  fortunate  enough  to  have  elicited  some- 
thing like  a  specific,  I  shall  rejoice  to  have  rendered 
such  a  useful  service  to  our  depressed  and  oppressed 
agriculturists.  For  5  acres :  nitrate  of  soda,  3  cwt.  ; 
gypsum,  5  cwt.  j  wood-ashes,  1  ton.  Strewed  on,  in 
May,  in  damp  weather,  or  light  rain.  Wlien  wood- 
ashes  cannot  be  obtained,  fishery  salt,  5  cwt.,  mixed  with 
hedge  or  ditch  earth,  a  ton,  and  then  with  slaked  lime, 
5  cwt.,  may  be  substituted — or  any  other  salt,  foul  with 
animal  matter.  Clean  salt  I  do  not  think  likely  to 
answer.  In  my  last  the  wood-ashes  were  omitted,  which 
I  find,  on  reference,  gave  the  best  product.  J.  Prideaux. 


EOTAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

{Continued  from  page  2C5.) 
Fresenios  (1847).— The  amount  of  sugar  in  the  Beet  varies 
conBiderably,  according  to  the  circumfitances  of  soil,  manuring, 
climate,  Ac,  under  which  it  is  cultivated;  and  vai'ious 
methods  have  been  proposed  and  carried  out  for  its  extraction, 
of  which  the  following  i8  the  most  usual.  1.  The  roots  being 
washed  clean  from  earth  are  grated  or  reduced  into  pulp. 
2.  The  juice  is  cleared  from  impurities  hy  being  boiled  with  tlie 
addition  of  a  little  lime.  3.  The  tlaritied  fluid  is  filtered 
through  coarse  bone  charcoal,  then  concentrated  by  evapora- 
tion, filtered  through  finer  bone  charcoal,  and  lastly  evaporated 
to  the  point  of  crystallisation.  4.  The  concentrated  solution  is 
transferred  from  the  boiling-pan  to  the  cooling  apparatus, 
where  it  is  allowed  to  cool  down  to  a  temperature  of  botween 
122*'  and  131"  of  Fahrenheit ;  it  is  then  brou^^ht  into  the  crys- 
tallization cases,  which  consist  of  inverted  conical  vessels  pro- 
vided below  wilh  an  aperture  that  may  be  closed  or  left  open 
as  required,  where,  on  cooling,  the  raw  sugar  separates  itself 
in  a  crystalline  state.  On  removing  the  stopper  from  the  lower 
aperture  of  the  crystallization  vessel,  the  molasses  or  treacle 
lion's  down  and  leaves  the  raw  sugar  in  a  dry  state  for  the 
market.  The  juice  of  the  Beet  contains  besides  sugar  all  the 
soluble  component  parts  of  the  original  bulb,  particularly 
albumen,  pectin,  gum,  salts  with  organic  and  inorganic  acids, 
and  malic  acid.  The  process  of  clarification  has  fur  its  object 
to  remove  as  much  as  possible  all  foreign  substances.  BoiliQg, 
for  instance,  coagulates  tbe  albumen;  lime  precipitates  the 
pectlc  and  malic  acids,  as  well  as  the  phosphoric  and  Bilicic 
acids,  magnesia,  &c.,  while  at  the  same  time  it  enters  with  the 
sugar  int  J  a  peculiar  light  combination,  which  ia  again  decom- 
posed by  means  of  the  animal  charcoal.  Before  the  latter  cir> 
cumstance  was  known,  it  was  thought  that  lime  alone  ought 
not  to  be  employed,  and  at  a  subsequent  stage  of  the  process 
sulphuric  acid  was  added  with  a  view  to  saturate  the  lime  in 
question.  This,  however,  is  now  only  done  when  after  the 
clarifying  with  lime  the  fluid  is  found  on  testing  to  be  too 
strongly  alkaline.  The  lormer,  usual  course  of  proceeding, 
known  as  the  German  method,  by  which  sulphuric  acid  was 
first  added  and  then  milk  of  lime,  is  now  nearly  if  not  wholly 
■discontinued.  By  filtration  throuj^h  animal  charcoal,  the  cm- 
biuation  of  the  sugar  with  lime  is  suspended  and  the  lime 
intercepted  by  the  charcoal,  the  fluid  at  the  same  time  becoming 
to  a  certain  extent  deprived  of  colouring  matter,  and  freed  from 
the  insoluble  com|jOund?  separated  fium  the  fluid  by  clari- 
fying and  evaporating  processes.  By  evaporation  a  portion  of 
the  crystallisabte  sugar  is  converted  into  uncrystallisable,  and 
every  ingenuity  has  accordingly  been  exercised  to  curtail  the 
evaporating  process  as  much  as  possible.  At  present,  heat  is 
■only  applied  through  the  medium  of  steam,  and  the  process  of 
evaporation  is  accelerated  by  maintaining  a  rarified  space 
above  the  surface  of  the  heated  fluid. 

Gaspaein  (1848J.— Varieties  of  Beet.    1.  The  field   Beet  or 
scarcity  Beet :  fleahy  substance  of  bulb  varied  with  white  and 
rose  colour  ;  outer  skin  red.      This  is  the  variety  most  com- 
monly cultivated  for  the  purpose  of  feeding  cattle.    One  ot  its 
flub-varieties  grows  almost  entirely  out  of  the  ground,  to  which 
it  is  only  attached  by  its  inferior  radicles.    This  is  the  kind 
generally  preferred,  on  account  of  the  facility  of  its  crop.     It 
contains  much  water  and  woody  fibre.     Mathieu  de  Dombasle 
-considers  it  iuferior  to  the  white  Silesian  Beet  in  the  proportion 
of  3  to  5  wheu  equal  weights  are  compared.     2.  The  common 
long  yellow  Beet:  fleshy  substance  yellow;  bulb  elongated; 
outer  skin  of  a  clear  yellow.    It  grows  also  above  ground.    It 
is  highly  esteemed  by  rearers  of  stock.    3.  The  yellow  German 
Beet:    bulb  nearly  globular;    outer  skin  a  deep  yellow.    It 
grows  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  is  a  variety  that 
appears  to  be  preferred  by  many  growers.  M.  Vilmorin informs 
us  that,  after  compaiative  trials,  M.  Bailly,  an  extensive  culti. 
vator  of  Beet,  has  found  this  variety  superior  to  all  others. 
4.  The  white  Sileaiau  Beet :  bulb  a  little  elongated,  very  large  ; 
outer  skin  and  fleshy  substance  white.      There  is  a  sub-variety 
with  a  greenish  neck,  which  is  employed  almost  exclusively 
for  the  extraction  of  sugar.    It  becomes  very  bulky,  but  re- 
mains  below  the  surface  of  tbe  earth  while  growing.     This 
Beet  has  been  constantly  shown  by  the  experiments  of  M.  Gir- 
ardin  to  be  the  most  productive  of  all  the  varieties  grown.    The 
white  Silesian  Beet  is  much  richer  in  sugar  than  the  field 
Beet,  but  contains  less  nitrogenous  matter.    M.  Boussingault, 
having  analysed  these  two  varieties  from  crops  grown  ia  1833, 
found  that  in  the  dry  state  the  fie:d  Beet  had  1.70  per  cent,  of 
aitroffen  and  tbe  white  Silesian  only  1.43.  and  in  tbe  ordinary 
3tate  the   former  0.21    and  the   latter  0.18.     The  field   Beet 
therefore  wou!d,  on  chemical  theory,  be  more  advantageous 
for  feeding  cattle,  and  the  white  SUeaian  Beet  more  valuable 
for  the  purposes  of  sugar  manufacture.    Beet-root  exposed  to 
a  temperature  below  that  of  congelation  enters  into  decompo- 
sition.     Its   seed    germinates  and  its  vegetation  commences 
when  the  temperature  reaches  45°  of  Fahrenheit.     We  know 
from  the  researches  of  M.  Decaisne,  that  what  we  call  the  root 
u    f     ^^*'*  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^3  middle  portion  an  elongated  pith  in 
the  form  of  an  inverted  cone,  the  characteristic  of  a  etem  ex. 
panded  by  a  cellular  mass,  and  where  the  radicular  part  is 
surrounded  and  concealed  by  such  expansion.    In  the  greater 
number  of  oasep,  that  part  of  the  Beet  which  is  raised  out  of 
the  earth  comprehends  the  small  stem,  and  the  part  below  the 
earth  the  true  root.     The  mass  increases  gradually  by  the 
superposition  of  concentric  zones,  each  of  which  is  composed 
ot  matenaU  perfectly  identical  throughout  tbe  whole  of  them  ; 
ineuch  a  manner,  according  to  the  observations  of  M.  Peligot, 
«nat  tbe  quantity  of  sugar,  at  every  age  of  the  plant,  is  propor- 
uoaai  to  the  bulk  of  tbe  root  and  of  the  root-shaped  stem, 
jjunng  the  first  year  of  tbe  growth  of  the  Beet,  its  stem 
flpA:*^®^  ^?  length  and  becomes  gradually  more  expanded  and 
«fi»:iir^^"^*^®^^'^'^''^nIiof»t8  leaves  tends,  by  the  expansion 
i?i«n^i^"^'.l?^"S"'^°*  ^^^  number  of  the  concentric  zones  : 
elon^atP.uAiffi '*'?■"'*  ^^^"^  ^^^^  '**«  herbaceous  or  woody  stem 
iXrWs  more  fn'',^'^  ^""^  ^""^  ''^  fl*^^«"  «"*^  '^^^'-  T>»«  Beet 
tie  natT.  nf  .h  '^'^.f  ^^^nt  than  any  other  plant  of  its  cla-s,  to 
hasdenth  wfth^  T^  '"^  "^^^•^  ''^«  cultivated,  provided  that  it 
and  mannr.!     "'  "^^nant  moisture  ;  and  if  the  u.anagement 
SSde?diff^r^n»  ?  '^^  '^'^^'  '^«  "oPS  do  not  vary  so  much 
Soid      ?he  Bpi?''""^'^""''  ^'  "'eht  perhaps  at  fi'rst  be  sup- 
?h^r    -At     Beet,  m  fact,  pucceeds  in  every  soil,  exceptintr  in 
rersrand""«l!-^r"^*"°!fP°^^<l  only  of  siliceous  and%afca" 
reouB  sand,  which  are  ready  to  dry  up,  and  in  which  the  plant 


sands,  humiferous  or  peaty  sands,  argillace  >us  aand^*.  and  cal- 
careous sands  ;  and  the  produce  under  these  four  difi^erent  cir- 
cumstances was  fjund  to  be  reprenented  by  the  following 
numbers— 59,  46,  48,  and  31 ;  the  alluvial  sand  proved  the  best 
suited  of  these  soils,  and  the  calcareous  sand  tbe  least  so. 
Generally  speaking,  this  plant  preferi  soils  of  an  average  con- 
cistence,  rather  tenacious  than  light,  fresh,  and  enriched  with 
manuring  matter.  Schwerz  considers  the  Beet  as  l-^ss  ex- 
hausting than  the  Potato  ;  a  crop  of  Barley  after  Beet  havinir 
been  found  much  finer  than  the  one  taken  oQ*  the  same  field 
after  Potatoes.  Beet  requires  a  good  stock  ot  manuring 
piiatter,  of  which  however  it  borrows  only  a  umall  amount  for 
its  own  use  ;  in  other  words,  it  should  be  cultivated  on  land  in 
very  good  condition,  but  which  itexliausls  but  little,  especially 
if  tbe  leaves  are  returned  as  manure  'o  the  soil.  Better  than 
all  the  otiier  roots,  it  succeeds  in  different  clmates,  provided 
that  no  frost  should  set  in  during  the  period  of  its  cultivation  ; 
its  times  of  sowing  and  cropping  may  be  advanced  or  retarded 
iiccordtng  to  the  particular  mode  of  culture  adopted  ;  it  is 
accordingly  capable  of  adapting  itself  with  great  facility  to 
arrangemeuts  connected  with  improved  systems  of  husbandry. 
It  is  true  that  when  we  do  not  grow  it  for  the  purposes  of  sugar 
manufacture,  its  produce  must  be  consumed  on  the  farm,  and 
tUat  it  offers  but  few  resources  ioi  the  alimtu'ary  suppoi  t  ot 
man,  although  effor:s  have  often  been  made  to  intrnduct;  it  inin 
the  comporiition  of  bread.  It  is  otherwise  when  it  is  grown  in 
tbe  neigBbjurhood  of  sugar-works,  and  becomes  a  produce 
immediately  realisable.  Under  these  circumstances  the  Beet 
crops  will  be  sought  for  and  purchased  for  ready  money  ;  they 
will  assume  all  the  extension  of  which  th<y  are  capable;  and 
the  cultivation,  being  required  to  furnish  produce  of  indis- 
putable character,  will  no  doubt  arrive  eveuiually  at  the 
highest  degree  of  perfection  attainable.  Grown,  however,  in 
districts  remote  from  manufactories,  the  Beet  will  no  longer 
occupy  more  than  a  few  fields  on  the  farm,  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  additional  fresh  food  for  cows  and  pigs  ;  and  ic  will 
only  be  found  on  lands  a  little  more  extended  in  possession  of 
rich  and  first-rate  agriculturists,  where  however  it  will  be 
limited  by  tbe  proportion  its  cultivation  ought  to  bear  to 
the  other  forage  crops,  to  which  it  is  never  more  than  an 
auxiliary.  In  the  first  case,  it  will  become  the  pivot  and 
most  valuable  stimulant  for  the  improvement  of  general 
cultivation  ;  it  will  introduce  into  the  country  methods  ot 
culture  of  the  most  perfect  and  economical  character,  which 
will  extend  from  the  Beet  to  other  plants.  In  the  secund  case, 
tbe  Beet  has  special  and  most  valuable  properties.  It.  requires 
operations  less  costly  than  the  Carrot ;  the  risks  to  which  it  is 
exposed  from  insects  are  much  fewer  than  those  with  which 
the  Turnip  has  to  contend.  It  can  be  consumed  in  its  raw 
state  without  inconvenience,  and  it  is  capable  of  being  easily 
preserved  lor  a  long  time  in  store;  such,  however,  is  not  the 
case  with  the  Potato,  which  sprouts  two  manths  before  the 
Beet-root  has  ceased  to  yield  fresh  food  for  cattle.  The  Beet 
accordingly  ought  to  be  included  in  every  good  assortment  of 
winter  food.  Its  true  use  should  be  regarded  as  a  resource 
when  other  roots  have  failed.  Thus,  during  frost,  when  the 
earth  cannot  be  conveniently  opuned  to  get  at  tbe  Jerusalem 
Artichoke,  we  ought  to  supply  its  place  by  Beet-root,  anl  defer 
its  further  consump  ion  when  the  weather  change-;  anaio 
however  having  recourse  to  it  when  the  Potato  and  the  Jeru- 
salem Artichoke  bejin  to  sprout ;  the  circuit  of  the  year  there- 
fore is  theu  accomplished,  which  recommences  with  the 
vegetation  of  spring.  It  is  by  such  combinati'DS  that  the 
supply  of  fresh  vegetable  nourishment  need  not  be  suspended 
tor  a  moment  on  the  farm,  to  the  great  advantage  of  the  health 
and  condition  of  the  animals. 

ScHLEiDEN  (1849-51). — Of  all  the  binary  compounds  of  the 
known  elements,  those  formed  of  oxygen  and  of  hydrogen  are 
the  most  important  for  vegeta'ion,  1.  Of  the  oxygeu  com- 
pounds, water  and  carbonic  acid  stand  in  the  foremost  rank 
of  importance  ;  then  oxalic  acid  aiid  the  other  oxygen  acids; 
and,  lastly,  the  oxides  of  the  known  metals.  2.  Of  the  hydrogen 
compounds,  ammonia  is  the  most  remarkable  ;  then  thu  hydro- 
gen acids  uf  ihlorine,  iodine,  and  bromine.  Ammonia  ia  pro- 
bably the  source  of  all  the  nitrogeuous  compounds  occurring 
in  plants  ;  it  exists,  however.  In  a  free  state,  only  in  immature 
vegetable  juiiies,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  sprmg  sap  of  the 
Birch,  the  Vine,  and  also  perhaps  in  some  plants  whose  juice 
is  of  an  anomalous  character;  as,  for  instance,  in  the  Beet- 
root, The  Cabbages  and  Beets  are  particularly  distinguiahcd 
above  all  other  plants,  by  the  great  amount  of  nitrogenous 
matter  in  their  leaves  ;  and  they  belong  on  this  account  to  the 
most  nouiiahiog  vegetable  productions  ;  as  food,  however,  they 
very  easily  become  fiatulen''.  Beets  of  every  kind  are  roocd, 
the  Kohl-rabi  stalks,  which  through  cubivatiou  have  become 
flestiy,  that  is,  in  which  the  parenchymatous  matttr  of  the 
pith  and  the  rind  baa  remarkably  increased  in  size.  They  are 
generally  rich  in  su^ar  and  gum. 

ScHMlD  (185(1).  — The  discovery  was  first  made  by  Marggraf, 
at  Berhn,  in  1747,  that  the  same  sugar  as  that  furnished  by 
the  BUgar-cane  was  contained  in  the  juice  of  the  Beet-root,  and 
could  be  extracted  from  it  in  a  pure  state.  This  discovery  soon 
obtained  the  notice  of  parties  engaged  in  the  industrial  arts; 
hut  it  was  not  until  the  year  18lJ  that  it  received  from  France 
a  wider  ditfasion,  and  a  knowledge  of  it  became  more  generally 
extended,  especially  throughout  Germany  and  Belgium.  The 
result  of  all  the  experimems  appears  to  prove  that  the  variety 
knowQ  under  tbe  name  ot  tbe  white  Siiesian  Sugar-Beet  is  the 
richest  in  saccharine  matter.  A  fertile  sandy  loam,  deeply 
cultivated  to  the  extent  of  from  l2  to  16  inches,  yields  the  best 
Beet-roots.  Fre^h  animal  manure,  containing,  as  it  does, 
much  nitrogenous  matter,  is  on  that  account  not  the  best 
application  adapted  for  its  cultivation,  because  it  increases  the 
amount  of  nitrogenous  compounds  in  the  root  at  the  expense 
of  the  sugar.  The  greater  the  weight  of  a  Beet-balb  Is,  so 
much  smaller,  generally,  is  the  amount  of  sugar  it  contains. 
Accordingly,  Beet-roots  of  the  same  crop  have  been  foantl  to 
give  the  following  reiults : — 

Beet-root  weighing  a  quarter  of  a  lb.  contained  13  per  ct.  sugar 
„  „  halt  a  lb.  „  11  to  12        „ 

„  „  two  lbs.  „  8  to  10        „ 

„  „  three  lbs,  „  G  to  7         ,, 

BoDSSiNOADLT  (1351).— In  France,  it  is  estimated  that  the 
average  amount  of  white  sugar  obtained  from  the  Beet  is  only 
about  4  j  per  cent.,  while  the  composition  of  that  root  showb  so 
much  larger  a  proportion  of  saccharine  matter.  This  con- 
siderable loss  is  chiefly  attributed  to  the  action  of  the  salts  of 
potash  contained  in  tbejuice  of  the  Beet,  as  well  as  in  that  of 
the  sugar-cane,  salts  that  are  again  found  in  large  proportion 
in  the  molasses  obtained  Irom  each  ot  those  juices.  To  this 
undoubted  cause  of  tbe  alteration  of  tbe  sugar  during  boihng, 
must  be  added  another,  more  powerful  perhaps,  and  of  which 
the  effects  are  mauifest  in  the  juice  immediately  after  its 
extraction  by  tbe  press.  This  destructive  action  proceeds 
from  the  circumstance  of  the  albuminous  maiter  muditying 
itself  in  contact  with  the  air  into  a  real  fermentative  substance 
which  renders  the  sugar  uocrystallisable.  In  the  opinion  of 
M.  Melsens,  who  has  successfully  devoted  his  attention  to  the 
study  of  the  causes  of  changes  taking  place  in  saccharine 
matter,  it  is  sudicient,  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  tbe  forma- 
tion of  destructive  ferments^o  exclude  all  intervention  of  air. 
In  setting  out  from  this  principle,  M.  Melsens  has  applied  him- 
self to  the  discovery  of  a  body  very  absorptive  of  oxygen, 
without  action  on  the  sugar,  without  danger  to  the  health, 
and  easy  to  be  prepared.  Tlie  bi-sulphite  of  lime  has  appeared 
to  him  to  satisly  these  various  conditions.  This  salt  efl'ects  the 
coagulation  of  albumen,  of  casein,  and  of  white  ot  egg,  at  the 
temperature  ot  boilmg  water.  The  bi-sulphite  of  lime  poa- 
sesses  all  the  properties  of  a  clarifier,  as  it  removes  all  the 


nitrogenous  luutter  iroui  the  juicu  ot  the  sugar-cane  and  that 
of  the  Beet ;  it  acts,  too,  as  a  de-col  .riser  or  bieacuing  agent ; 
it  substitutes  for  the  fixed  acids  in  tbejuice  an  acid  that  is 
gaseous  and  inert,  namely,  the  pulphurous  acid.    M,  Melsens 
hiving  made  a  great  number  of  experiment:*  on  this  subject,  is 
so  fully  persuaded  of  the  preservative  properties  ot  the  bi-sul- 
phite of  lime,   that  he  believes  it  will   become  possible,  in 
tropical  regions   where  the  juice  of  the  cane  turns    sour    BO 
rapidly,  to  extract  the  sugar  from  it  by  tbe  sole  emtjloyment  of 
the  suu's  heat,  evaporating  the  juice  in  the  open  airin  the  same 
manner  as  tbe  sale  water  is  dried  up  in  marshes  near  the  sea. 
Without  participating  in  all  the  eipectaiiotia  of  M.  Melsens  on 
this  subject,  I  am  inclined  to  tbinlt  that  the  bi-sulphite  of  lime 
will     find   an   useful     application    in    the    treatment    of    the 
"begasbe"  (cane  tra^h  or  sugar-cane  stalks  that  have  passed 
through  the  mill,  and  are  used  only  for  lighdng  fires),  the 
residuary    sugar    of    which   is    destroyed    with    astonishing 
rapidity.    The  employment  of  the  bi-sulphite  would  allow  of 
tbe  Beet-roots  being  grated  in  advance,  and  ot  their  pulp  being 
kept  on  band,  to  be  pressed  at  c  .nveuient  leisure  after  under- 
goiag  successive  macerations.    The  juico  wonii  furnish  limpid 
and  colourless  decantaiions,  no  longer  requiring  the  employ- 
ment of  animal  charcoal.     Concentrated  m  evaporating  vessels 
to  the  density  of  1.3D,  it  would  then  be  removtd  to  the  crystal- 
lising chamber.     This  method  would  much  simpliiy  the  extrac- 
tion of  sugar;  and  even  supposing  that  it  were  not  a-Jopted  on 
a  large  scale,  it  would  be  the  means  ot  bringing  the  manufacture 
of  Beet  sugar  within  the  range  of  farmers.     Ail,  indeed,  that 
would  be  required,  as  M.  Melsens  himself  remarks,  would  be 
a  root-cutter,  a  few  casks,  a  boiling-copper,  and  some  earthea- 
ware  pans,  to  extract  at  ouce  from  a  ton  ot  Beet-roots,  a  whiter 
sugar  than  any  of  the  finest  sugars  of  commerce.    During  a  close 
investigation  of  tbe  juice  ot  the  Beet,  M.  Braconnot  has  ascer- 
tained  that  the  nitrogenous  principle,  albumen,  thatit contains 
does  not  become  coagulated  by  the  acuon  of  neat,  even  on 
continuing   the   boiling  of  the  liquid  or  concentrating  it   by 
evaporation.  He  attributes  this  nou-coagulation  of  the  albumen 
to  the  absence  of  salts  of  lime  in  the  Beet-juice  ;  for  he  found 
that  if  a  small  quantity  of  a  ca'careous  saU,  such,  tor  instance, 
as  the  chl  n-ide  of  calcium,  the  acetate  ot  lime,  or  even  aulphate 
of  lime  in  powder,  was  mixed  with  the  juice,  and  heat  then 
applied,  the  whole  of  the  albuminous  matter  would  be  instantly 
precipitated  in  the  form  of  bulky  fluccuies.     By   this   simple 
addition  of  a  sale  of  lime,  a  liquor  was  obtained  quite  as  limpid 
and   colourless  as   that  resulting   irom    the   Beet-juice   when 
clarified    by    means   of  quick-lime.     This   liquor,    evaporated 
conveniently    and    removed    to    the    dryiug-ro..m,    yielded    a 
mass    of    crystallised     sugar    almost    completely    tree    from 
treacle.     M.  Braconnot  concludes   his  reaearcbes  by  remark- 
ing  that  sulphate  of  lime  in  powder  wiU  probably  be  found 
advantageouUy    to    replace    quick-lime    in    the    clarification 
of     Beet-juice,    without     presenting    any     inconveniences     of 
that  caustic  alkaUne  eanh.    From   the  whole  ot  M.  Peligot  s 
experimenis,    it  results  that    the  average  composition  of   the 
Beet  may  be  assumed  to  be  constituted  ol  87  per  cent,  of  water, 
8  per  cent,  of  substances  soluble  in  water— chiefly  sugar,   and 
of  5  per  cent,  of  insoluble  woody  matter;  and    as  only  about 
iiV  percent,  of  sugar  is  extracted  from  the  juice,  it  is  obvious 
how  great  a  loss  of  sugar  is  eXperieu^  ed  in  the  manufacture. 
It  occurs,  however,  in  this  c-.so  as  in  that  of  the  sugar  cane, 
that  a  part  of  such  loss  is  occasioned  by  saccharine  matter  being 
left  behind  in  the  plant  after  tbe  juice  has  been  pressed  out  ot 
it      Thus,  with  the  presses  now  iu  use,  only  trom    6U  to  70  lbs. 
of  juice  are  obtained  from  100  lbs.  ot  gratea  Beet-roots,  whicU 
at  the  same  time,  perhaps,  contain  very  nea.ly  9o  lbs.  ot  that 
liquid.      We  cannot  therefore  reckon  on  there  being  subjected 
to  the  process   of  sugar  extraction    more   thaa  the   average 
weight  of  65  lbs.  of  juice,  containing,  accor>iiog  to  the  mean 
resuU  ofthe  analyses,  5i  lbs.  of  sugar.    The  realloss  of  sugar, 
therefore,  sustaine^l,  when  we  obtain  only  4  J .  bs.  ot  u  from  100  lbs. 
of  Beet-root,  may  be  stated  as  about  one-filth.     This  loss,  great 
as  it  appears,  is  often  estimated  to  be  stiil  greater  when  the  roots 
contain   from  10  to  11  per  cent,  of  cristallisabie  sugar.     Ia 
sugar-cane  works,  the  sacchanue  matter  left  iu  the  bagasse  or 
pressed   canes,    is    completely  lost,  being  either    burnt    with 
the  wood  or   destroyed  by  fenneatuttoLi.     la  this  respect  the 
Beet-root  has  an  advantage  over  the  sugar  caue,  which  is,  that 
the  sugar  of  the  pressed  pulpy  matter  may  serve  as  food  for 
cattle.     This  pulp  cake,  indeed,   is  ungrated  Beet;  and  if  as 
cattle  food  a  little  Inferior  to  the  entire  root,  it  arises  only  from 
containing  a  larger  proportion  of  woody  matter,  tha:  is  to  say, 
o(  woody  matter  which  belonged  to  the  juice  extracted  by  the 
preis.       We    may    even    estimate    appioximatively    the  com- 
position ot  the  pulp  relatively  to  that  of  toe  root ;  for,  accord- 
inn  to  the  average  constitution  we  have  al  oady  assigned  to 
the  Beet-root,  and  supposing  that  it  has  yielded  t)5  percent,  of 
juice  and  35  per  cent,   of  pulp,  it  is  obvious  that  iOO  parts  bj 
Wci'ht  of  pulp  will  give  79  of  water,  7  of  sugar  and  albumen, 
and°  14    of  woody  matter.      One   ot    the   causes    which  have 
perhaps  the  greatest  influence  iu  dimiaisoiug  the  amount  of 
saccharine  jielded  by  the  Beet,  is  the  ditficulty  of  preserving 
its  root  when  it  has  attained  its  maturity.    The  crop  being 
taken  up  at  the  end  of  autumn,  tbe  bulbs  are  as  hable  to  ioj  ury 
from  the  severity  of  winter  as  from  too  mild  an  atmosphere. 
The  frost  destroy  stheirorgaoisation^whilemild  winters  promote 
their  vegetative  tendency    at   the  expense  of  tbe  sugar  they 
contain.     As  Beet  contains  saccharine  matter  at  every  stage  of 
its  growth,  it  might  perhaps  he  advisable  to  prevent  its  attain- 
ing its  full  development  by  taking  it  up  earlier.     By  sowing 
also  more  thickly,  and  commeucuig  the  extraction  of  the  sugar 
before  the  full  time  ol  the  crop,  we  should  probably  be  enabled 
to  compensate  the  difference  that  would  result,  as  one  of  the 
consequences  of  this  innovation,  from  tbe  less  size  and  weight 
of  the  bulbs.     Should  this  view  of  M,  Peligot  be  realised,  even 
to  a  certain  extent  only,  in  practice,  the  cultivation  of  the  Beet 
would  recur  more  nearly  to  that  of  the  Su,ar-cane,  in  allowing 
to  the  manufacture  of  Beet  suijar  a  routine  that  would  be  found 
ti)  diminish  the  incoaveuieuces  atieudiug  the  preservation  of 
ttie  root,  , 

Pabst  (1851).— Beet-roots  are  from  autumn  to  spring  a  whole- 
some food,  promoting  at  the  same  time  both  the  milk  and  the 
flesh  of  an  animal.  They  are  more  watery  than  Potatoes,  and 
ou  the  average  3  lbs.  of  Beetroot  may  be  recuoued  for  2  Iba.  of 
Potatoes  ;  but  as  they  are  neither  puigacive  nor  flatulent,  when 
obtained  in  good  condition  and  given  with  the  necessary 
addition  of  dry  fodder,  Beet-roots  iu  a  raw  state  may  be  given 
in  a  considerably  greater  quantity  than  Potatoes  can.  When 
the  Beet  is  of  really  good  quality,  as  tor  instance  of  the  yellow 
globe  Oberdorf,  or  the  white  Sileaiau  Sugar- :Jeet  varieties, 
275  lbs.  will  be  found  equal  to  2U0  lbs.  of  Potatoes,  or  100  lbs. 
of  good  sound  hay.  1  tound,  during  the  course  of  some  experi- 
ments on  fodder  made  by  me  at  Uoheuheim  in  1325,  that  a 
fodder  composed  of  one-fourth  Potatoes,  one-fourth  Beet-root, 
and  one-half  hay  and  straw,  was  quite  as  valuable  tor  dairy 
stock  as  250  lbs.  of  Beet  and  200  of  Potatoes,  Tuere  is,  indeed, 
no  reason  whatever  for  giving  Beet-root  to  cattle  in  any  other 
than  its  riw  state,  as  its  value  lor  fodder  would  not  be  increased 
by  boiling  or  steaming.  When  good  stacks  of  Beet  are  made, 
and  a  portion  also  is  put  away  iu  the  aiore-house,  it  will  keep 
fit  for  use  until  May,  provided  it  be  guarded  Irom  the  injury 
of  frost  on  the  one  hand,  and  from  tne  influence  of  too  warm 
an  atmosphere  on  the  other;  for  this  root  loses  much  ot  its 
value  as  300Q  as  it  begins  to  sprout.  In  every  case  the  sugar 
Beets  are  more  easily  wintered  than  the  oiher  varieties;  and 
their  value  on  that  account  ie  esstniially  increased. 

Wolff  (1851;.— Sugar  occurs  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  of 
two  essentially  different  kinds  ;  namely,  as  raw  sugar,  and  as 
Grape  or  fruit  sugar.  Tho  first  kind  is  well  Anown  as  being 
present  in  the  sugar-cane,  as  well  as  predominating  in  the 
juice  of  the  Beet-root  and  of  the  Ma^^le  tree;  it  difters  from 
tne  second  kind  in  external  condition  by  the  pertect  facility  with 
which  it  crystalliues,  and  chemically  by  the  less  proportion  of 


19—1852.] 


TK-ii     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


301 


water  it  contains.  Raw  su^ar  contains  rather  less  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  (io  th*!  proponious  forming  water)  than  tho  starch  or 
dextrine  {siarchga-ni,  out  of  which  sucar  is  in  every  case 
formed  ;  while  Grape  •sugar,  or*  the  other  hand,  contaiua  rtither 
a  greate'r  amoaur  of  iho-e  two  ele  nents  of  water.  Raw  sugar 
is  easily  converted  int  >  Orape  sugar  during  the  process  of 
fermeutation.  by  the  action  of  the  pecu'iar  substance  diastase, 
and  by  meaDs  of  dllu'ed  acid  ;  so  that  it  is  probable  that  on 
the  abslractii'Q  of  water  in  the  vegetable  organism  raw  sugar 
first  arises  out  of  dextrioe,  and  is  again  on  the  resumption  of 
a  certain  ponion  of  water  further  changed  Into  Qr.ipo  sugar, 
namely,  iuto  a  kind  of  sugar  which  occurs  far  more  trtquently 
in  the  vegetable  world  than  raw  sugar  does.  Sugar  is  tunned 
in  large  qaaotiiies  iu  difForent  plants  and  particular  por- 
tions of  ibem  at  certain  eeasons  of  the  year  ;  iu  fruits 
at  their  time  of  ripening,  in  many  roots  at  the  end  of 
summer,  in  trees  in  the  spring,  in  all  young  plants 
during  the  first  period  of  their  growth.  We  cannot  regard 
any  particular  organ,  not  even  in  the  case  of  one  and  the  same 
plant,  aa  the  seat  of  sugar-formation;  for  even  saccharine 
matter,  like  all  matter  uuivtr^ally  diffu  ed  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  is  produced  iu  the  mo4t  widely  different  portions  of 
plants  ;  the  formation  of  dextrine,  however,  always  precedes 
that  of  sugar.  It  has  been  observed,  for  instance,  th  it  in 
spring  the  juice  of  the  Birch-Tee  is  richer  in  sugar,  iu  propor- 
tion as  the  pare  from  which  it  is  drawn  is  further  removed  from 
the  root ;  a  circumstance  arising  from  tlie  dextrine  being  In 
greater  amount  in  the  lower  vessels  of  the  tree,  and  bL-cnming 
converted  into  sugar,  as  its  transition  upwards  is  effected 
through  a  greater  number  of  cells.  Sugar  can  obviously  be 
transformed  into  starch,  a-^  (he  accumulation  of  starch  in  the 
Beeds  of  the  Grasses,  particularly  in  the  grain  of  the  Cerealia, 
clearly  proves.  la  their  early  growth,  tiiese  and  many  other 
plants  are  rich  in  saccharine  matter,  which,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  lodiaa  com  stalk,  disappears  when  the  grain  attains  its 
perfectioD,  and  is  converted,  as  it  would  seem,  into  the  great 
quantity  of  starch  which  those  grains  are  found  to  comain. 
Whether  the  formation  of  sugar  always  precedes  that  of  starch, 
is  uof^  generally  to  be  ascertained  ;  that  it  is  often,  however,  the 
case,  is  certaic.  Starch,  like  woody  fibre,  may,  it  appears 
probable,  be  formed  immediately  from  dextrine,  in  the  same 
manner  as  dextrine  oa  the  other  band  may  be  e^eily  produced 
from  starch.  Sugar  also,  under  cei  tain  circumstances,  under- 
goes a  clear  re-conversion  iuto  Woody  fibre  and  cellular  matter, 
as  may  be  observed  in  the  case  of  sweet  fruits,  which  sometimes 
lose  their  sweetness  in  consequence  of  their  sugar  being  in  a 
great  degree  converted  into  cellular  substance.  It  is  iinpos- 
Bible  to  pointout  the  causes  of  all  tbeoe  progressive  and  retro- 
grade formatioas;  we  must  content  ourselves  with  knowing 
that  they  do  actually  take  place,  and  that  they  possess  in 
themselves  some  ins^uctlon  for  our  guidance,  since  all  these 
substances  di»pldy  so  great  a  nimilarity  in  their  chemical  com- 
position, while,  at  tbe  same  time,  by  the  simple  assumption  or 
rejection  of  water,  they  are  often,  beyond  the  range  of  vegetable 
organism,  transformed  into  each  other,  and  always  contain 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  in  the  same  q'lantitative  proporLioas  as 
they  exist  in  tbe  composition  of  water. 

Payeh  and  RicBAao  (1851).— There  are  very  few  agricul- 
turists of  iha  present  day  who  are  not  perfectly  acquainted 
with  the  advantages  attending  the  cultivation  of  the  Beet  or 
Mangold  Wurzel ;  it  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  moat  important  plants 
in  good  husbandry.  Its  roots  give,  in  nearly  every  soil,  a  lurf,'e 
amount  of  crop,  and  serve  both  as  a  food  for  cattle  and  for  the 
extraction  of  a  sugar,  which,  when  well  refined,  is  equal  in 
every  respect  to  that  which  in  hot  climates  ia  produced  by  the 
B'Jgar-cane.  These  roots  also,  when  properlj  cooked,  furnish  a 
tolerably  agreeable  vegetable,  which  serves  to  vary  the  food  of 
man  during  the  wmter  season,  when  there  are  so  seldom  fresh 
vegetables  tor  the  table.  The  breadth,  however,  of  its  cultiva- 
tion in  France  ie  only  Hi.SOO  English  acres,  being  much  less 
than  that  of  the  Potato.  The  departments  in  which  Beet 
culture  ia  car.ied  on  to  the  greatest  extent  are  those  of  the 
North,  of  the  Pas-de-Calais,  of  tho  Somine,  of  the  Aisne,  tfec, 
which  furnish  the  greater  part  of  the  roots  required  for  the 
sugar  maun'actories.  The  Beet  is  an  indigenous  plant;  it 
came  originally  from  the  southern  countries  of  Europe,  butcan 
be  cultivated  with  equal  facility  in  the  north  or  the  south.  The 
following  are  its  principal  varieties:  —  !.  Field-Beet:  long, 
rose  colour,  growing  above  the  earth  ;  fleshy  part  veined  with 
rose  colour.  It  offers  two  sub-varieties  :  tbe  one  fl.it-bulbad, 
abort,  and  half  sunk  into  the  earth  ;  tbe  other  long,  and  grow- 
ing more  above  the  ground,  Tnis  variety  of  Beet  contains  in 
general  less  nutritive  principles  than  the  other  vaiieties, 
and  especially  leas  saccharine  matter.  In  deep,  wet  land, 
the  crop  is  very  abundant  ;  it  can  therefore  be  only 
grown  as  food  for  cat'le.  A  sub-variety  has,  hiwever,  been 
found  by  M.  Payen  and  M.  Vilmorin  to  yield  greater  propor- 
tions of  su^^ar  and  otuer  proximate  principles  than  even 
white  variaiies  grown  on  the  same  soil.  2.  The  Sugar 
Beet :  white,  short,  growing  in  the  earth ;  flesh  white. 
Two  Bub-varieties  have  been  digtinguished  ;  the  one  with 
the  neck  green,  is  the  Silesian  Beet;  the  other  with  the 
neck  of  a  rose  colour,  is  in  general  richer  in  sugar.  3,  The 
Yellow  German  Beet :  long.  3ellow,  grows  above  ground  ;  flesh 
white,  or  lightly  veined  with  yellow.  4.  The  Yellow  Globe 
Beet:  round  shnpe,  growing  almost  completely  out  of  the 
earth  ;  flesh  white,  or  lightly  veined  with  yellow  ;  contains 
only  a  small  proportion  of  sugar.  5.  White-Yellow  Bjet; 
middle  Ieoi<ih,  grows  in  the  earth,  flesh  white,  skin  of  a  pale 
yellow  colour.  6,  The  long  or  great  Yellow  Beet  of  Castelnau- 
dary  :  long,  grows  much  out  of  the  ground  ;  flesh  and  leaf-stalks 
deep  yell  tw.  This  is  the  variety  especially  cultivated  in  the 
Dei^hbourbood  of  Paris.  7.  Tht  Great  Ked  Beet;  long,  grows 
much  out  of  the  soil;  fleih  and  leaf-stalks  red.  In  general, 
even  for  the  food  of  animals,  we  should  less  consider  the 
bulb  of  the  roots,  or  even  the  quantity  of  their  produce, 
than  the  amount  of  nutritive  matter  that  they  contain. 
There  is  obviously  every  advatitage  in  cultivating  a 
variety  which  in  the  same  bulb  will  contain  mtire 
Dutrltlve  pnnciplea.  On  tnis  ac.-ount  the  generality  of 
farmers  agree  in  givlug  the  preference  to  the  Silesian  Beet, 
which  codtains  more  nag^r  and  leas  foreign  matters  than  the 
fletd-beet ;  und  ha*  alio  the  great  advantage  of  being  one  of 
those  varie  ien  that  best  reaiBt  tho  action  of  frost.  If  all 
reareri  of  stock  are  agreed  an  to  the  nutritive  qualities  of  the 
Beet,  they  are  not  equally  bo  as  Ut  tho  influen-jo  it  exerclaeH 
on  tbe  piO'luction  of  milk  in  dairy  cows.  According  to  some 
Aathort,  Boet  favoum  tho  docretlon  of  milk  ;  while  others,  on 
the  contrary,  think  that  it  li  very  unfavourable  for  that  pur. 
poie.  Schwerz  considered  that  feeding  for  two  days  only  on 
thUroot  waji  tuitJcieut  to  diminish  tho  amount  of  milk  in  a 
Ttry  ftriking  degree.  It  m^iintuined  animals  in  flesh  and 
good  condition,  a  clroimHtance  highly  favourable  In  Rcvoro 
■ea«on».  Potutoei  and  Turnlpii  forced  the  milk,  hud  Beet 
the  flesh  ;  ihe  latter  being  more  favourable  for  fattening 
itock  than  Potatoe«  and  raw  Turnips  are.  This  opinion 
on  the  but  little  favourable  Influence  of  Beet  on  lactation  In  not 
participated  in  by  all  farmem.  Tho  Baron  Crud  remarks  :  — 
"  After  un  experiment  which  I  have  conducted  with  thfi  grout- 
ettcaro,  and  nfter  the  Inferonco«  which  I  have  deduced  from 
tbe  reftultii  I  have  obtained  In  tho  f;rriploymont  of  thlH  root  for 
the  forjd  of  cattle,  and  [artlcuhirly  f.*r  that  of  dairy  Btock,  I 
consider  to  bo  wholesome,  fattening,  and  milk-HOcreliiig ;  tho 
milk  ({iven  by  the  cow*  partly  fed  upon  it  being  of  an  auroeiiblo 
taat«  and  fl  ivonr."  W«  might  hcrfj  cite  other  parties  In  favour 
of  the  milk.yielding  properties  of  the  Baet,  <jf  whoi^o  root*  the 
rearers  of  stock,  wiio  tn  <y  bo  regarded  as  excellent  Jiidifos  on 
tbla  point,  reqoir»j  «n  enormous  mjpply  for  consiimidlon  by  the 
dtlry.sUjck  wfilcb  they  r««r.  Ilorxcii  In  particular  «ppfnr  to 
be  tin;  anmiitU  to  which  the  dlit  of  thu  Hcetls  mo-t  favourable, 
There  are  districts,  us  In  tho  Palatinate  for  InslancB,  wlioro 
tbe  horief)  are  fed  ftlmost  eicliuivel^  on  thltt  root  during  sewn 


or  eight  moafhs  of  ihe  year,  and  are  maintained  by  it  in  n. 
D<  Fleet  condition  even  while  employed  in  tho  roughest  kind 
of  wo''k. 

DoKBKREiNEa  {1852).— The  manufacture  of  crystallised  sugar 
out  of  the  whi'e  Sugar  Beet  has  assumed  in  Europe,  and  par- 
ticularly in  Germany,  so  important  an  extension,  that  a  con- 
siderable  competition  has  arisen  betweeen  this  article  of  com- 
merce and  the  Indian  sugar  derived  from  the  Sugar-Cane. 
The  returns  obtained  in  consequence  from  iiold  husbandry  and 
caule  feeding  have  essentially  increased,  while  corn  growing 
on  the  other  hand  has  ceased  in  some  of  the  mo^t  fertile  of  our 
districts.  The  white  Siletian  Sugar  Beet  is  the  variety  beat 
adapted  for  tho  ex'raction  of  the  largest  amount  of  sugar  ;  and 
it  requ'res'for  its  cultivation  an  adequately  deep,  fertile,  sandy 
loam,  and  in  dry  seasons  a  clay  soil ;  on  either  of  which  kinds 
of  soil  the  Beet  may  be  raise  1  several  years  in  succession,  but 
never  with  fresh  manuring  matter.  The  crop  is  stored  for 
future  use  in  pits  two  teet  deep,  in  which  the  roots  are  lieaped 
four  feet  high  and  covered  with  a  sufficient  layer  of  earth. 
The  stock  must,  however,  from  time  to  time  be  examined,  in 
order  that  in  necessary  cases  it  may  be  immediately  brought 
into  use, 

Feaas  (1852).— The  Sugar  Beet,  Fodder  Beet,  or  Mangold. 
Wurzel  roo^s  were  much  cultivated  in  Burgundy  in  l7Gt  ;  also 
in  Upper  Fraoconia  in  1705,  where  Mueuchhau-ieri  bocame  ac- 
quainted with  rhem  and  recommended  their  adop  ion.  Leopold 
was  acquainted  with  three  varieties  of  them  in  his  time.  Von 
Eotoersfeld  recommended  them  in  1701.  and  they  were  culti- 
vated at  Schleissheim,  iu  Bavaria,  in  1772.  Bergen,  howev- r, 
in  1780,  discountcinuced  their  cultivation.  About  the  year 
13U,  the  Economical  Novelties  and  the  Hesperus  periodicals 
contained  many  notices  of  succe'^sful  experiment?  connected 
with' the  extraction  of  sugar  from  the  Beet.  Iu  Bohemia, 
maoufactoriea  were  established  at  Zitk  and  Libuch ;  and  at 
Neuhaldensieben,  near  Magdeburg,  Naihusius,  in  1820,  pre- 
pared Beet  sugar  on  a  large  scale. 

(  To  be  coyitinued.) 


Miscellaneous. 

Neio  Guano. — Official  notiJicittim.~{  To  the  Editoroftke  Morning 
Post.) — Sir,  —  As  several  incorrect  Btatemi^nts  have  appeared  in 
the  public  papers  relative  to  an  alleged  dincovery  of  a  new  de- 
posit of  Kuauo  in  the  rainless  district  of  the  South  Pacific, 
which  may  tend  to  mislead  shipowners  and  masters  of  vessels 
into  the  belief  that  they  can  legally  touch  at  the  localities  re- 
ferred to  and  load  gu:ino,  I  have  considered  it  my  duty  to 
caution  all  persons  against  proL^eeding  to  the  Guano  Islands, 
which  are  in  possession  and  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Peru; 
and  I  have  no  doub"  you  will  consider  the  enclosed  caution  of 
sufficient  importance  to  assign  to  it  a  prominent  place  in  your 
paper,  I  hive  the  honour  to  be,  sir,  your  most  obedient  ser- 
vant, EmUio  de  AUhaits.  "  It  having  been  publicly  stated  that 
the  idlands  called  the  '  Lobos  de  Tierra,'  and  '  Lobos  da  Fuera,' 
containing  guano  beds,  ere  desert  islands,  and  have  never  been 
claimed  by  any  nation,  the  Peruvian  Legation  in  London  ieele 
called  upon  to  make  the  filluwing  statement,  as  a  caution  to 
owners  of  vessels  and  others:  1.  The  aforesaid  islands  of 
'  Lobos  de  Tierra,'  and  '  Lobos  de  Fuera,'  opposite  the  province 
of  Lambayeque,  in  the  department  of  Libertad,  have  been 
known  e^er  since  the  discovery  of  the  west  coast  of  South 
America  by  the  Spaniards,  to  whom  they  belonged,  and  they 
now  form  part  of  the  several  deposits  of  guano  situated  between 
the  latitude  of  the  river  Loa  and  that  of  Tumbes,  which  are  in 
the  pissession  of  the  Republic  of  Peru.  2.  By  virtue  of  decrees 
now  in  force,  no  vessel,  either  under  the  national  or  any  foreign 
flag,  has  a  right  to  go  to  the  Peruvian  guano  deposits,  without 
first  obtaining  permission  from  the  Peruvian  Government, 
under  penalty  of  confi';caiion.  3.  Foreign  vessels,  furnished 
with  Government  licenses,  are  allowed  to  load  at  the  Chincha 
I  Islands  only.  4.  The  before-mentioned  islands  of  'Lobos  de 
Fuera,'  and  'Lobos  de  Tierra,*  as  well  as  those  of  Guanape, 
Malabrigo,  and  other  localities  north  of  Callao,  where  deposits 
of  guano  exist,  as  also  some  of  the  southern  deposits  in  the 
province  of  Tantpaca,  are  purposely  kept  uninhabited  and  un- 
frequented by  order  of  the  Government,  in  order  that  the  birds 
may  be  left  undisturbed,  and  thus  a  constant  increase  of  the 
deposits  be  promoted.  5.  From  time  immemorial  the  fisher- 
men of  Lambaveque  have  bden  accustomed  to  inhabit  the 
'  Lofoos  de  Tierra,*  and  '  Lobos  de  Fuera  ;'  but  for  some  years 
past  the  Peruvian  Qoternmenc  have  proi  ibited  their  so  doing, 
in  consequence  of  their  destrojiog  thuuiands  of  birds,  and 
bringing  away  boat-Ioads  of  eggs  to  the  villages  of  Lambayeque, 
San  Pedro,  and  otcer  places  ou  the  coast.  G.  Since  the  cum- 
meacement  of  the  export  of  euano  to  Europe,  all  tbe  deposits 
belonging  to  the  Republic  of  Peru  have  been  surveyed  and 
measured  by  orders  of  the  Government;  and  amongst  these 
are  enumerated  the  '  Lobos  de  Tierra,'  and  '  Lobos  de  Fuera, ' 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  department  of  Libertad,  formerly 
called  TrujiUo.  7.  There  exist  in  the  archives  t-f  the  Peruvian 
Legation  in  London  particulars  of  the  measurements  and  cal- 
culations made  some  years  since,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  tho 
quantity  of  guano  on  the  'Lobos  de  Tierra,' and  'Lobos  de 
Fuera.'  8.  Finally,  any  attempt  to  load  vessels  without  the 
proper  license,  would  subject  them  'o  be  seized  by  the  Govern- 
ment vessels  appointed  to  cruise  off,  aid  visit  the  different 
guano  deposits,  in  order  to  prevent,  not  only  the  illegal  extrac- 
tion of  guano  by  foreign  trading  vessels,  but  also  to  prevent  the 
natives  of  Peru  from  violating  the  Government  orders  agriinst 
visiting  those  localities,  and  destroying  or  disturbing  the  birds. 
Eniilio  de  AUkaus.  First  Attache  to  the  Peruvian  Legation,  and 
Vice-Consul.    London,  'i\st  April,  18')2." 

Transfer  of  Lcmd.—H  Law  Reform  Is  now  the  ral- 
lying word  of  parties,  tliis  land  question  is,  of  all  others, 
in  a  party  view,  that  note  which  may  be  sounded  most 
loudly  and  with  tlie  greatest  effect.  It  has  come  to  be 
an  admitted  truth  that  the  value  of  the  land  is  affected  by 
the  state  of  the  law  connected  with  it  ;  and  tho  only 
question  with  tlie  great  bulk,  not  only  of  the  public,  but 
of  tlie  profession,  is,  how  can  tlie  law  be  altered  safely 
and  wisely  ? — how  can  the  present  practice  in  convey- 
ancing be  so  adjusted  as  to  render  the  transfer  of  land 
easy,  and  to  bring  land  within  the  reach  c*"  the  great 
body  of  consumers  of  other  articles  of  commerce  ?  This 
desire  is  now  expressed  among  all  classes  of  the  commu- 
nity, and  from  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Is 
any  district  pecuHnrIy  distressed  ?  Is  any  particular 
class  suffering  ?  These  further  questions  now  arise, — 
What  is  the  law  as  to  land  in  relation  to  the  class 
affected  ?  How  is  the  land  occupied  \  llow  is  it  leased  % 
Can  land  be  obtained  with  facility  l  Is  its  transfer  free 
or  impeded  ?  Is  it  easily  incumbered  ?  Can  money  be 
readily  and  cheaply  borrowed  on  its  security  ?  These 
are  questions  wiiicli,  if  answered  satisfactorily,  assist 
ua  in  detorniiiiing  tlio  happiness  or  misery  of  tho 
people  living  on  the  land.  Others  may  employ  them- 
selvcH  with  other  inquiries  for  other  scientific  purposes, 
or  other  social  objects.  What  crops  bcHt  suit  the  soil  i 
What  \h  its  productive  power?     How  deep  must  you 


to  none  is  that  which  we  raise  :  How  is  the  land  trauB- 
ferred  ?  How  can  I,  if  its  owner,  get  rid  of  it  if  I  wish 
it  ?  How  many  persons  are  there  who  will  take  it  off 
my  hands  ?  Can  this  be  done  cheaply  \  Can  this  be 
done  safely  \  If  I  wish  to  hold  it,  can  I  borrow  money 
easdy  on  it?  If  I  borrow  the  money,  can  I  transfer 
the  sum  so  borrowed  easily  ?  They  may  seem  strange 
questions  to  ask,  as  contributing  to  the  happiness  of 
mankind,  but  on  their  answers  depend  the  difference 
between  a  wretclied  and  a  happy  laud.  Law  R^vkio. 

Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Cattle  J^talls  :  Erratum.  I  observe  in  your  paperof  Saturday 
April  10,  an  error  in  the  description  of  my  cattle  stalla.  The 
openings  between  the  boards  were  stated  to  be  J  of  an  inch 
instead  of  IJ  inches.  The  hoofs  of  my  cattle  meaRure  4  inchea 
and  upwards  from  heel  to  toe,  so  that  mire  than  one  half  of 
the  faot  always  rests  on  the  bar  of  wood  or  board,  Y. 

Library  :  Query.  We  are  not  aware  of  any  public  library  in 
Li'nd)n,  especially  agricultural,  unless  it  be  that  of  the 
Enijlish  Agricultural  Socie'y,  which  is  accessible  to  members. 

Milk  Pans:  £  (?, //jswjic/t,  asksfor  theexperienceof  ourreaders 
on  gla'is  milk  p;Lna.  What  shape  is  best — where  are  they  to 
be  had— what  is  the  beat  raeflmd  of  cleaning  them  1  &c. 

Permanent  Cover  foe  Hay:  N M  reminds  us  that  informa- 
tion on  this  subject,  which  was  asked  for  two  or  three  weeks 
ago,  is  given  in  Dickinson's  "  Prize  E>*say  on  thoAgriculturo 
of  West  Cumberland,"  published  by  Whittake.'  and  Co.  A 
figure  and  cut  of  the  erection  are  given. 

Rapeseed  ;  Nem  Acqiiaintance,  1.  The  true  "  branching  Rape,"if 
you  can  get  it.  There  is  but  a  trifling  difference  between 
different  sorts  of  Rape,  but  inquire,  when  you  purchase, 
what  kind  of  crops  the  seed  has  been  produced  from. 
2.  About  2  quarts  of  seed  per  acre  ;  generally  about  8a.  or 
IQs.  per  bushel.  3.  You  can  sow  seed  just  as  Turnip  seed  j 
cut  when  only  some  has  begun  to  turn  brown  ;  let  it 
lie  to  ripen,  then  thresh  in  the  field  with  flails.  4.  Tho 
straw  mukes  good  litter  for  the  farmyard.  Let  tho  poor  of 
your  neighbourhood  fetch  the  stocks  left  standing,  for  they 
make  good  firing  ;  cannot  say  what  their  value  is.  5.  The 
produce  is  four  or  five  quarters  per  acre,  a  quarter  weighing 
about  30  or  32  stones.  6.  Consult  the  price  lists  in  tbe  news* 
papere. 

Sawdust:  S  C E.  Do  not  fear  it.  If  you  soak  it  with  liquid 
manure,  it,  like  any  other  useless  absorbent,  becomes  useful. 
If  we  had  the  command  of  it  as  you  have,  we  should  not 
hesitate  to  use  it  as  litter. 

Tenant  Right:  An  Old  Subscriber.  To  get  the  fraction  or 
proportion  of  the  original  cost  of  drainage  which  is  due  to- 
you,  on  leaving  the  farm,  you  take  14  for  denominator,  and 
for  numerator  you  take  14,  minus  the  number  of  years  which 
has  elapsed  since  the  drainage  was  executed. 

The  Top  of  the  Kohl  Rabi  :  O  M.  Unless  accompanied  with 
a  spring  growth,  when  it  is  highly  nutritious  and  a  delicious 
vegetable,  it  is  of  much  the  same  use  and  quility  as  the  top 
of  the  Swede.  The  bulb,  if  allowed  to  remain  through  the 
winter  upon  the  land,  sends  forth  shoots  very  luxuriantly  ia 
the  spring,  and  early  produces  a  large  amount  of  green  food, 
but  as  this  is  made  at  the  cost  of  the  bulb,  which  is  exhausted 
in  the  same  way  as  other  Turnips  are  by  their  growth,  and 
as  the  modern  practice  of  drawing  the  roots  and  feeding  in 
yards,  and  thus  fieeing  the  land  for  winter  ploughing  and 
early  sowing,  ia  so  much  more  advantigeous,  I  cannot  re- 
commend its  being  left  on  the  land  for  spring  feed.  SetutW 
Davis.  Z,  Frederick' s-place,  O^d  Jewry,  London. 

Trout  in  the  VaLE  of  Derwent  :  L.  Too  late  for  this  week. 

Wintering  Sbeep  :  Delta.  We  have  not  seen  the  article  alluded 
to.    Could  you  favour  us  with  a  sight  of  it  ? 


iWarltets* 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Mat  8. 
More  favourable  weather  having  at  last  arrived,  the  market 
begins  to  improve  in  regard  to  the  supply  of  vegetables  and 
fruit.  English  Pine-applea,  however,  realise  good  prices,  as 
do  also  hothouse  Grapes.  A  few  Court  of  Wick,  Newtown 
Pippin,  and  Reinette  Gris  Apples  may  still  be  obtained. 
Oranges  are  plentiful  and  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same 
as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  very  plentiful.  Young 
Carrots,  Beans  (both  French  and  Mazagan),  Ptas,  Lettuces, 
I  and  Artichokes  continue  to  be  supplied  from  France.  Potatoes 
are  generally  good  in  quality.  Some  new  ones  have  appeared 
from  open  bDrders  in  the  west  of  England.  Mushrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  EpacriseB,  Cine- 
rarias.  Mignonette.  Camellias,  Rnses,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Pri- 
mulas, Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  forced  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


go  for  water  ?  What  strata  are  to  be  found,  and  in 
what  order  do  they  come  !  May  mines  or  minerals  be 
expected  if     These  arc  all  important  points  j  butmfcrior 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  6s  to  lOs 
Grapes, hothouse,p.lb.,83  to  I2b 

—  Lisbon,  per  lb.,  'is  to  49 
Strawberries,  p.  oz.,  6d  to  Is 
Apples,   kitchen,   per  bushel, 

2s  to  3s  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  da 

—  BWeet,  per  lb.,  28  to  3fl 


Pears,  dessert,  per  doz.,  2b to  ^ 
Orangep,  per  doz..  Is  to  1b  6d 

—  per  100,  3s  6d  to  10b 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  Ss 
Lemonp,  per  doz..  Is  to  2s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,p.b3b,20ato228 

—  Brazil,  p.  bsh.,  123  to  Hs 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  lOOs 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  9d  to  Is  3d 
French  Beans,  per  100,  IstoZe 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  la 

—  head",  euch,  2d  to  4d 
Aspamgus,  p.  bundle,  2s  to  78 
Seak;*le,  per  basket,  9d  to  2b 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  6d  to  4b 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  lOd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  per  cwE.,  2a  to  5a 

—  per  bush.,  Is  Gd  to  2a  6d 

—  Frame,  per  lb.,  Is  to  2a 

—  New(border),do.,Cdtol8 
Turnips,  p,  doz. ,  2b  6d  to  3b  6d 
CucumbLTB,  each,  6d  to  la  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  Gd  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7d 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  li  Od 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  SpaniMh,p.doz.,lh3dto  3s 
Endive,  per  score,  yd  to  la 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to2» 


VEGETABLES. 


Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  1» 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  iB 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  Gd 
— ■    Cos,  p.  Bcore,  9d  to  la  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  Is  lo  la  6d 
Small  SaladQ,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p,biindle,lB  to4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  8d  to  la 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.  sieve,  la  3d  to  IsSd 
Artichokes.  Jems., do.,  9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  29  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  4d  to  Gd 
Basil, green, p.bu'ieh, la  to  Is  Cd 
Marjoram,  do.,  3ii  to  4d 
Watercresae8,p.l2  bun.,9d  to  1  8 


HAY.— Per  Loud  of  30  Trusaos. 

Smitupield,  MnyC. 

Prlmo  Moadow  liny  8(Js  to  8(1» 

Clover          

86b  to  058- 

Jntorlor  do. 

...  70         70 

2d  cut          

...  OS        — 

Straw          

28        27 

Nuw  Hay     ... 

—        

J. 

CoaF£&. 

A  short  supply. 

CoMnERLAND  Maiiket,  May  G. 

Prime  Moadow 

tiny  78»  to  M» 

Inferior  Clover 

.  76sto8<6- 

...  00        72 

New  do.       ... 

.  —       — 

Now  Hiiy      ... 

...  —        — 

dtraw 

.  28        89 

Old  Olovor  ... 

...  00         05 

JoSHOi  BAKta. 

WuiTEOiiAPKL.  May  0. 

Pino  old  Hay 

...  7i8to81» 

Old  Clover 

88lto06B 

Now  lliiy     ... 

,,,  —        

Inferior  do 

70        80 

liil'urlur  do.... 

...  66        06 

Now  Clover 

—        — 

Straw 

...  24        W 

Inferior  do 

—        — 

302 


THE     AGRic-dLTURAL     GAZE-^TE 


[May  8, 


COAL  MARKET.— FfliDAT.  May  7. 

flollywell,  13s.  6J.-,  Cair's  Hartley,  Us.;  Eden  Main,  15i  Zi.; 

■Wallseurt  It'iddell,  Us. ;  WalUcnd  Haawell,  l(Ja.  31.;   VVallsend 

H-tton.  IGa.  •    'A'allaend  Lamb'oii,  15a.  9d. ;  Wallfleud  Stewarts, 

/iea. ;  Wallsend  Tees,  IG^.— -^bipB  at  marltet.  131. 

HOPS.— BoROor.H  Mabket,  May  7. 

iMesfirB.  Fattenden  and  Smith  reiiort  that  there  has   been 

jnore  doing  since  this  day  week  in  cheap  Mid  Kents,  as  well  as 

in  Wealds   and  Sussex,  the  stock  of  the  latter  beiug  almost 

^exhausted. 

■Midffc  RastKents  1203  to  I8O9  [  Suaaex      115s  to  130s 

■VVeald  Kents      ...  120a  to  U7h  \  Yearlincs 903  to  110s 

Old  Hops.  20^.  to  503. 

WOOL. 
Bbadfoed,    THnRBDAY,    May  G.  —  The  transactions  in  tlie 
■^tifflish  Wool  market  durinti  the  current  wf  ek  have  been  of  a 
■  limited  c-barac  er.     It  would  seem  that  the  pun-hases  made  in 
■the  course  of  the  two  or  three  weeks  preceding  have  placed 
■cnnsumers  temporarily  in  stock,  and  that  they  find  no  induce- 
ment from  the  general  tone  of  ihe  market  to  operate  esten- 
Eively  upnn  pperulation.     Prices  are  very  firm,  and  from  the 
remarkably  small  arrivals  of  wool  from  the  coimtry.  present 
-every  indication  of  remaining  so.    Short  wools  and  noils  are  a 
^alr  sale  at  late  prices.  

POTATOES.— SoDTHWARK,  May  3. 
The  committee  report,  that  since  our  last  report  the  arrivals 
both  coastwise  and  by  rail  have  been  limited,  and  good  Regents 
■b-tve  made  more  mooey;  but  all  second-rate  sorts  sell  badly. 
The  following  are  this  day's  qaotRtions :— York  Regents.  SOs. 
to  100b.  ;  Scotch  do  ,  70s.  10  SOe. ;  Fifeshire  Cups,  50s.  to  GOs. ; 
Wisbeach  and  Cambridge,  65s.  to  803.  ;  Kent  and  Essex, 
■70s,  to  80s.  

SMITHFIELD.— MoNDAT,  May  3. 

Although  the  number  of  Beasts  is  not  so  large  as  of  late,  it 

■is  ftill  considerable,  and  the  demand  is  but  small  ;  conpequently 

'trade   is    dull,     A  'ftw    choice   Scots,,  however,  make  its.   id. 

pro  tyrreadily,  and  some  of  the  most  selling  Short-horns  are 

rather  dearer.     There  if  nnt  quite  so  lari:e  a  supply  of  Sheep, 

viand  trade  is  more  cheerful  for  them,  but  it  is  extremely  diflacult 

to  advance  prices.     In  coneequince  of  the  cold  weather  Lamb 

is  selling  badly.     Trade  is  still  very  dull  for   Calves,  at  about 

Friday's  quotations.     From  Germany  and    Hclland  there  are 

-M'S  Beasts.  f>70  Sheep,  und  173  Oalves  ;  from  Spain,  370  Sheep  ; 

from  Scotland,  680  Beasts;  from   Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  235T ; 

and  120  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties 


Per  St.  of  81hfl.— s 
liest  Scots,  Here- 

fordp,  d:c.  ...  3 
T^est  Short,  hrrns  3 
"■^d  quality  Beasts  2 
'Best  Downs  and 

Hair.'breda  ...  0 
Do.  ^horn    3 


Per  St.  of  81hs. — 5    d       s    d 

Best  Long-wools  .0    0  to  0    0 

2  to  3     4     Do.  Shorn  ...  3     0  —  3    4 

0  —  3    12     Ewes>&  2d  quality  0     0  —  0     0 

i  —  2  lO     Do.  Shorn   2     G  —  2  10 

Lambs     i    8  —  5    4 

0  —  0     0     Calves      2     S  — 4     0 

4  _3     8     Pigs  2     6  —  3     6 

74  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  23,910  ;  Calves,  22G  ;  Pigs,  350. 

Fkidat,  May  7. 

The  supply  of  Beasts  is  shorter,  and  in  consequence  Monday's 

"improvement  is  fully  maintained,  and  in  a  tew  instances  ex- 

ceedfd.     Trade  Still  is  dull.     There  is  a  fair  supply  of  Sheep 

■and  Lambs  ;  lor  the  former  trade  is  about  the   same  as   on 

Monday,    and  for  the  latter  rather  better.     The   number  of 

Calves  is  larje,  but  the  mf-jority  are  of  inferior  qualitj  ;  the 

choicest,  therefore,  are  rather  dearer,  bat  trade  is  no  better  for 

middling   ones.       From    Gfrmany  and    Holland  we    have   17 

J^east'?,    330  Sheep,  and  228  Calves;  from  Spain,  240    Sheep; 

■■from  Scotland,  50  Beasts,  and  120  Milch  Cows  from  the  home 

COUQtitS. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  May  3. — There  was  a  fair  supply  of  English  Wheat 
■from  EsS'x  and  Kent  to  thiw  morning's  market,  which  could 
•only  be  disposed  of  by  submitting  to  a  dec'iae  of  Is.  per  qr. 
Foreign  was  so  litt'e  inquired  after,  that  we  are  unable  to 
■quote  any  alteration  in  prices. — The  Flour  trade  is  extremely 
lieavy. — Barley,  Beans,  and  Grey  Peas  are  fully  as  dear  ;  white 
Peas  must  be  written  Is.  per  qr.  dearer. — There  is  a  better  sale 
for  Oats,  at  the  rates  of  Friday  last, 

Per    IjIPERfAL    QOAiTER. 

W'heat,  Essex.  Kent,  &.  Suffolk, ..White  44— 4G 

—  —     fiue  selected  runs. ..ditto  45— 48 

—  ■ —    Talavera  45 — 51 

—  Norfolk 38—43 

—  Foreign 36 — 5J 

Sarley,gi4nd.Jj  distil. , 2iis  to29.>*...Ohev:  lbO—35  Malting  .  29—31 

—  Ft^reign  ...grinding and distilling[y2 — 29 
'"Oats,  E-sev,  and  Suffolk 20—2.' 

—  Rco'ch  iindLincoIn6hire,.,Pot^Ato  22 — 25 

—  Irish  Potato'21— M 


Foreign    Poland  and  Brev 


Slye-meal,  foreign 
'Beansi^Mdzagao 253  to  283 Tick  2G-^31  llarrow  .  26—31 

—  Pigeon   ;27    — 333. .."Winds.      —       Longpod 

—  Foreign Small  23—31    Kgvptiati  24—25 

Fe:i3;  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  3t—3G  Suffi>lk...  3.i  — 37 

—  Mttple 283  to  31s, Grey  27—29  Foreign  .  28- 

Maize      White 

i-'lour,  b?st  marks-delivered  .J, per  sack  37— 4ii  Vellow.. 

—  Suffolk ditto  25—3.'  Nortblk  .  25—32 

—  Foreign perbarrell7 — 2^  Per  saclt  28- 

ruiDAT,  May  7.— The  arrivals  of  English  and  foreign  Wheat 

3ud  Flour  this  week  are  good,   but  moderate  of  spring  corn. 

The'  above  has  caused  afeeling  of  depies;;ion  in  the  trade,  and 

business  is  consequently  limited,   and  prices  nominal. —  Flour 

■  sells  slowly,  %t  late  rates, — Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  remain  as 

,■  ilaatquated. — The  Oat  trade  is  dull,  at  Monday's  prices. 

Imfertal  Avebages, 


20—22 


Red 
Ued  , 


rted  , 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign 


21—23 
20—^3 

18-21 


Mar.   27.... 
■^^pn\    ,3... 

—  10.... 

—  17.... 

—  21.... 
ilay     1.... 


Wheat.  Barley.  Oats     Rte.    Beans.    Peas, 


42  2 
41  7 
4L  4 
40  10 
40  4 
40     6 


29  1  9 

.29  I  4 
29  '  1 

27  I  8 

28  15 


Aggreg.    Avpr.       41     1        29     I     19     6    31   U        30     0  129     8 


30  3 
30  0 
29     1 

29  10 

30  3 
30     0 


s  d. 

29  8 

■-'9  7 

29  2 

29  11 

:^0  2 

29  4 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  po 
Fltjotdations  in  the  last  Six  Week' 

r  qr. 

s    AVEEAQES. 

Prices. 

MiE.  27 

Ate.  3 

Ape.  10, 

Ape.  17. 

;;;  I 

Ape.  24. 
...    r 

MayI. 

ils  id  - 
■41    7 

...  L 

^1    4 

...    i 

■40  HI 
40-0 
40    4 

...  L 

■:  L1VEEPU0L,  ToEsDAT.  Mnj  4  —A  most  desirable  ofianffein  the 
•nea.her  has  taUen  place  this  ivcok,  and  the  face  i.f  the  oi.untrj 
ir^lL-^M  f  '"P™"«''-  The  corn  trade  thi»  morninR  was 
l?r  Wh^,  K^-v  A  faivoonsnmutiye  demand  was  .xpe.ienced 
*„lil!e  .n'l,^,  T°''^T  submi.ticK  to  Id.  to  2.1.  per  bushel 
.<leol.nc  cm  last  luesdaj's  rales.  American  Flour  was  held 
.niore  firmly,  bnt  .everlbeless,  purchases  wero  easier  to  aiake? 
■„,hY°"t?r°  "''^'"''''le  chanje  in  the  quoted  valus  of  any 
.oiher-arlicle  of  the  grain  market. 


COTTAM      AlfD      HALLE  S", 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


1 

1 

1 
1 

APPLICATION    is    requested    for 


their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL 
Descriptions,   and   Prices   of 


LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-glass  Frames 
G  ime  Netting 
Hurdles 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Sjrlngea 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 


ZRaia'  &URSX.BS,  straikted  "^yiRi:  penciotg-,  game  WBTTIWG,  &c. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 

EVERY     DESCRIPTION     OF     PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK, 

EXHIBITION  EKIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND    ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,    &c. 

[AMES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.    beg    to  hand    their 
prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Cut  to  order  in  Fanes    not 
ahove  40  inches  long. 

I60ZS 2d.    toZ\d. 

21  do S^d.  to5ci. 

26  do 5d.    tolld. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  ozd. 
Ad.  per  foot. 


Packed  in  Bosesof  100  feet 


each. 
6by4,6iby41 

7  hy  5,  7*  bj  5A 

8  by  5,  8"  by  £A 
■  8  by  6,  U  by  6 

9by  7, 10  by  8 


£.  s.  a: 


0  13 

'  0  ^5 

0  15 

0  17 

1  0 


ANY  OP  THE  FOLLOWING  SIZES  at  18s.  9d.  per  lOOfeet, 
Boxes,  2s.^eacfa;  retuinable  at  full  price. 

22  by  16  ...  22  by  15  ...  22  by  13  ...  20  by  15  ...  20  by  14 

■    "        "         "■      •■         18hy  13  ...  ISby  1-2  ...  26  hy  12 

17  by  12  ...  14  by  12  ...  18  hy  11 

15  hy  U  ...  16  by  10  ...  15  by  10 

13  by  10  ...  13  by    9  ...  12by  10 


20  by  13  . 
15  by  12  . 
17  hy  11  . 
14  hy  10  . 
12  by    9 


,  18  by  14  . 

16  by  12  . 
,  16  by  11   , 

14  by  11  . 
.  11  by    9  , 


ALL  SIXTEEN  OUNCES  TO  THE  FOOT. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS, for  Con- 
flervatories,  Public  BuildiuRS,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  ifcc, 
J  inch  thick.     Packed  in  boxes  of  50  feet  each. 

6  hy  4  aud  ^  by  4ii...l03.  Gd.  I  7  hy  5  and    11  by  51. ..12s.  OfZ. 

3  by  6  and  8.^  by  6i..l3s.  Gd.  |  9  by  7  and  lO"  by  8  ...15s.  Od. 

FOREIGN  S'HEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  33s.,  40s.,  to  423.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  2s.  toGs.  each,  Prop'^gating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoys'  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Feru  Shades,  .and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishope- 
gate- street  Without. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
Biitish  Manufacture,  at  prices  varjing  from  2d.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  miiny  thoufiand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  piicked  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Es'imates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners^  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S  "FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100-fett  hnxes  pacUed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6A  by  4J      13s.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    7^  by  54       15     0 

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  6i       ...  15     0 

8  ,,  6awd    8^  by  6J       17     6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizei^,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thiclinesses. 
Cases  containing  larye  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2\s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  heat  manufactured. 

Ia<T3izes  under  15  inches Cd.  per  foot. 

,,         ,,         35      ,,       8d.         ,, 

„         „         50      , 94d.       „ 

„         „         75      , 12d. 

Milk  Pans,  23.  to  Bs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slatey  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Btc  G'^sses  ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Biahoppgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Ltwis*  Horticultural  WorUs,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  Listol  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 

ROSE  S. — The  attention  of  Rose  Gardeners  and 
Amateurs  is  called  to  the  "  FLDRUMHRA  "  or  Rose- 
preserver,  by  which  Brown's  Fumigatoris  rendered  applicable 
to  Rose  trees,  for  the  purpose  uf  freeinir  them  frum  the  Aphis. 
The  "  Floruoibra,"  which  was  introduced  with  succrss  last 
season,  will  at  the  same  time  protect  choice  Roses  inieoded  for 
exhihitirn  from  sun  or  rain.  They  may  he  had  nholet-ale  from 
Messrs.  Birber  and  Groom,  London  ;  and  retail  of  moat  iron- 
mongeis  and  Seedsmen,  and  of  W.  J.  Sangster,  75,  Cheapside, 
Furtherparticulars; on  application. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kind's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouees,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  <tc.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  beet  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical^,  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  ail  the  Houses,  Pits,  Ac,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

Thepplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  theihighest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices,'  Aho  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 

Catalogues  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on  application, 

J.  WEEKS  AMD  CO.,  King's  Ro&d,  ^ELSEA^JLoNpoy. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
Locdon,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
.>truction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  cleganceof 
design,  good  ma'crials,  and  workmanship,  combined  wi'h 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed'  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  ihe  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  teen  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  aud  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders,  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  givp  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apt>aratu8  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
appHcatinii  nf  Hfntjngbv  Hot  Water  can_be  made  available. 

WATEUPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Qardeos  during  the  wintfr  """l,^^^^,!;:;"'^^^^?- 
struct  their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE 
whifh  are  formed  .bus  :— "  Screen  the  gravel  of  w'huh  tb&path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  dean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  euch  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
aud  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  cnn  m-x  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  lequired  beyind 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes'  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegeiarion  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  doesnot 
soak  through  it,  to  pive  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  Ihe  hides.— Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J,  B.  White 
and  SoHS,  Millbank-atreet,  WestminBter. 


19—1852.] 


THiE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


303 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  IIBK 
iMAJESTT'S 

DENCH, 
*  •  King's  Road, 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
rATENT. 


E  DENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qiitilitics  in  ev^rj 
I'cspect  of  these  Structure,-*  baviop  been  proved  in  alt  parrs  of 
llii!  United  Ktogdoai,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  Tor  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute;  he  baa  been  obliged  to  hnvo  perft-ct 
niui  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
atul  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
wuh  di-Jpatch,  and  for  qualityand  price  to  defy  all  cnn'petition. 
l';>tent  llothousca,  with  excellent  ulase,  3  feet  lonp  by  1  foot 
wi'ie,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  wliie  down, 
wiih  pull)  y  made  of  the  same  materialw  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  dellyered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Kailway  Stalioo,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
h.  en  fitted,  and  ev^ry  portion  marked  previouslv,  maUiiie  a 
Greenhouse  \Q  f'..  G  inches  long,  12  ft.  ralter,  400  fc.',  23?  Bs  M.  ; 
2-t  ft.  Gins.  lonfT,  do.  do..  52-!  tr.,  30i.  135.  M.;  2S  f'.  fi  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ra»ter,  712  ft,,  4U.  IO3.  Sti.  Heating  bj  Hot-water  on  the 
Dsost  approved  and  ecom  mieal  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  ic,  Id.  andSrf.  per 
foot,  super. __^_ 

B^E  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawing?  and  Prices,  sent  i-n  receipt 
or  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  S0N,l:;7,  High 
lloiborn,  London. 

"  la  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Paiace,  first 
a'li  foremost,  in  my  i>pitiion,  stands  X!r,  Taylor'b  Eight-Rar 
liive,  and  Messrs. Neighbour  and  Sim's  Impriived  Cottage  Hive, 
b>'.h  exhibited  by  Mi-ssrs.  Neighbour."— J".  H.  Payne,  (Seethe 
"  CotUige  Gardener,"  No^.  169,  170). 

Agents, —  Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-street,  ilanchester; 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  IGS,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmoudson  and  Ci\,  61, 
U  lira  e-s^reet. ^_^_____^ 

pETTITT'S     ROYAL    EXHIBITION    TEMPLE 

i-  BEE-mVES,  as  exhbitedin  Class  IX,  tio.  92,  are  con- 
structed on  a  new  yn-iuciple,  tie  result  of  long  practical 
dsperience,  and  may  be  worked  with  safety,  baoaanity,  and 
^irotit  by  the  most  timid  and  unaccustomed  to  Bee-raanipula- 
iion.  The  nece:sity  of  Swarming  is  obviated,  and  the  dronis 
are  efffctuil'y  exi:!uded  from  the  glass  hives. 

A  Descriptive  circular  forwarded  on  application  to  W.  J. 
Pettitt.  dole  Inventor  and  Manufacturer,  Marine-terrace, 
D.iver  ;  and  24.  Church. ptreet,  Shoreditch,  London. 


SEES. — All  lovers  of  these  wonderful  insects  should 
send  three  Postage  Sramps  to  W.  King,  Littlebury, 
*  Saffron  Walden,  Essex,  and  by  return  of  post,  ihey  will  receive 
a  description,  engraving,  and  directions  for  management  of 
hi3  PATENT  S  VfETY  HIVE,  on  a  principle  which  ouly  needs 
to  be  known  to  be  appreciated. —  Agent  ior  London,  H. 
"NVEATHEaLT.  oi,  Theobaid's-road. 


EGGS  OF  THE  PURE  AYLESBURY  DUCKS.— 
The  Advertiser  lia'^  for  sale  a  few  Settings  of  Eggs  of  the 
above,  which  he  can  warrant  of  the  purest  breed; — ^s.  per 
dr-zen.  Also,  a  pair  fmale  and  female)  of  Euyptian  Geese, 
2  years  old,  in  splendid  plumage  and  condition;  price  three 
guineas  the  pair,  pat-ltdge  inclurJed.  — Orders,  accompanied  by 
Post-ijffice  orders  or  rcfiirence,  addressed  to  IsAac  Bronninq, 
North. end    Great  Yarmouth  will  receive  prompt  att*^ntioa. 

q^ERRA  COTTA  VASES,  PENDANT  BASKETS, 

J-     BRACKETS,    OftNAMENrAL     FLO  VVER-POl'S.^  &c., 

\ 


:•^.  a: 


\ 


\; 


.V 


■\-Cjn'  ' 


manufactured  by  IIENitY 
DitULTON  and  Co.,  High- 
street.  Lambeili,  Lcmdon. 
Wc-st-eud  Show  and  Sale 
Eooms,  Expo>;ition,  Ualctr- 
sti-eet,  Portman-squaro. 

r^      H.  D,    and   Co.'s    Terra 

)y      Cotta  is  vitrified,  and  cm- 

7       sequently  imperitibable,  re- 

/        taining    its   fieshne-s    and 

sharpness    uniupaired    by 

time    or  expi.sure    to    the 

weather. 


Dhawinqh  and  Prices  on 
Application. 


n'^ANNED   NETTING   for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 

X.  Trets  from  frosf,  bliuht,  and  birds,  and  for  the  tecurity 
of  freah-BfOwn  Betd-,  either  in  cardens  or  fie'ds,  at  \0.  per 
squnreyird,  200  vards  for  143.,  500  jartla  for  30s,,l('0i)  yards 
f..r50*. ;  waxed  Nettirig  for  Aviaries,  «tc.,  at  3rf  per  square 
^ard.  Scrim  cJinva'^s  tor  wall  fruit,  netting  for  sheep  folds  ;  a 
crinsidcrable  savinpr  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurdea. 
Sun  blinds  in  greit  varieties,  rick  clolbs,  %>ith  poles,  (fcc, 
M  irqtn;€*,  tentfl,  awningR,  nnd  temporary  rooms,  with  boarded 
fl'>ori',  e'e„'autly  lined  and  lighted  for  ietes,  »Sic.,  on  sale  or 
•'hire.  Csrvttlgo,  cart,  and  truck  covers  in-perviouR  to  rain  ; 
olotbvfor  ihe  covering  (.f  furniture  in  change  of  residence,  *Sie. 
'.TarpauHntf*  on  hiie  for  houses  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
EDGINGTON  A;  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.D.  Ord«rg  and  inquiiiee  per  post  puncfually  attended  to. 

IRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING, 

i-  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  in 
v/roogbt  Jtnd  last-iron  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  Fob 
*;*■««.  Price  of  Iron  IlurdUs,  wiih  G  bars,  C  feet  long  by 
..Sfett  G  tnclxn  hiuh,  bavinz  doiiiii.e  peonos  addi  iimil  for 
^ixlo^'id  the  ground,  '}«.  ll^'i.  each.  K»tima'efl,  Drawings, 
*/ir^.,  on  BppilcMtlfm.— WiLLMii  DoDD  and  Co.'s,  102,  Leaden- 
hull-»trctt,  London. 

ALSO 

AUTfFICIAT.  MA'I^URBSor  nuperlor  qouHty,  nt- the  follow. 
'-'■■.£  Tory  Ir,w  rat«*  :  — S(ippr.iiho^phf*o  of  Lime,  .11,  2fl.  Gd.  pf-r 
■'.n  ;  Patr-nt  ManoTc,  5^  hr.  p^rf-n  ;  highly.conrenlratod  laeoal 
i(»rinrc,  v..  \iit.  pir  ton  ;  TurnlpManure,  <l.  lOs,  per  t.ni,  from 
(  t'.  (  pw»,per  acre,  amidy »uffi(,'it;nt.  Ontraperclm,  conted  and 
ilntd  cunTftK  ho*e  (or  liqi'd  matinre  and  farm  pnr(i«'ie>',  much 
♦fnprf.Ttfl  ihi4  ►fftt'in,  bi-'mrmorofi«rib!e,  and  cupablo  o!  b<ttr. 
inif  Krc^lfT  prr*Mjr<;.— Apply  an  !.bovc. 

WIRE    AND     IRON     WORKS. 
X\    'WEST,  17,  Ncw-roatl,  Fitzroy-flfiuaru,  Original 

^11  •      Iiivenlor    'kI      OIINAMBMIAL     WIhK      PLOW  Kit 

'flT4'?D^,     Air.,   nitfl    Maiiiitnctunrr    of    ovtry   d'-'criptlon    us 

(iHflfiil  an^l  fancy  Wire  nnd  iron  Work,  rn^ptcfully  hivilon  tli« 

|ijipcctl"n  by  ihe  S-rblllry  nnd  Ocnt'yi>f  «n  fx'r-nilvc  a-^fiort. 

fH'-iit  r,r  •iiin-rlor    Wire    Flower-BtnndH   and    Flowfr-tralnprs, 

Itoif-rifn    uird    Piowtr-bed     Hor'tcrlntf,    TreM)"    rtud     (iardni 

Ar.  1..-.  I'orttcocA  nt'l  Vemndttha,  AvSiirle*  and    I'lieaminTUd, 

r  l!  v.ird*  of  «(ifiio    WlrB^ettin«  uiid  InvUible  F«rn)lng,  W.  ve 

W  irtr  -nn  Vene  1  in  TVlnrlow-blindt ;  and  nl-o  a  gn-i.t  viirl.;t> 

•^f    Iron     i:i!d<iteAi)fi,     Cbll(Ir6n>'     Crlb'«,    Kprlng    MaPtrcNfi  ., 

•Utodou-K.  Ac  Ac     Novtl    <le»lgi'«  In  VVlrc-worl*.  toMc-tt'On  iin- 

•1llj{h(lj   ohjf'crti  or  for  ornHinsn'al    purpfMCH,   rriado   to  tit  Miy 

loculdy,  i>xveutefl  bj  tJtircrJenctd  workmeu,  »t  ihc  lowest  prac- 

lUub  c  cbai-gei, 


T  INGHAM     BROTHERS,     170,     Hampton -street, 

X-i  Birmini;hnm,  sole  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  WOOD 
and  ZINC  MENOGllAPH,  or  Label  for  Garden  Borders  Flow.-r- 
pots,  ttc,  in  boxes  of  lOo.  ttc.  The  Zinc  Labels  are  highly 
approved  of  for  iheir  laslioff  durability  ;  can  be  written  upon 
with  the  greatest  eaf  0,  and,  when  di'y,  a  permanent  ioBcription 
is  secured.  Directions  for  use  sent  with  each  box,  including 
bottle  of  Metallic  Ink. 

Sole   Agents  in   London.   G.  and   J.  Deane,    Horticultural 
Implement  Warehouse.  4(5.  Kincr  Wniinm-<ttreet,  London-bridge. 


THERMO  METERS. 

HENRY  BAKER'S  (00,  Ilatton  Garden,  London)' 
List  of  Prices.  Every  instrument  madfbyhim  wan-anted 
accurate,  — Vertical  self-reRistering  TlIEaMOM  ETEH,  for 
heat  and  cold,  of  tlie  best  construction,  and  not  liable  to  get  out 
of  order,  14  inches  high,  in  copper  casp,  li.  hs  ;  in  japan  case, 
\l.  Is.,  and  \l  ;  10  inches  high,  in  copper  case,  U.  Ss.  ;  in  japan 
ci.se,  135.  lloriiiontal  ThermomstPrs  for  registering  the  ex- 
treme of  eold  only,  45.  Gti. ;  llot-bed  Thermometers,  in  oak 
frames,  U.  l.*.  ;  copper  frames,  \l.  5s.  Thermnmetei-s  for 
Brewing,  Baths,  «Stc.,  in  copper  ca'ies,  11  inches,  7s.  Gd. ; 
II)  inches,  5s.  Gd.  ;  8infheH,4s.  Gd. ;  injapan  cases,  14  inches,  5s.  ■ 
10  inches.  33.  Gd.  ;  8  inches,  2s.  Gd.  Dr.  Mason's  Hygrometer,' 
or  wet  bulb  Thermometer,  for  showing  the  humidity  of  the  air, 
with  tables,  ivory  scale.  It,  ;  wood,  los.  An  invaluable  instru- 
ment in  Hothouses,  Sick  Chambers,  &c.  Wheel  Baroin>^.tera 
from  11.  is.  each,  sent,  securely  paclied.  without  f-.-ar  of  getting 
out  of  order. 


WATER   YOUR   GARDENS   AND   MANURE  YOUR 
LANDS.WITH  GUTTA  PERCHA  TUBING. 

FARMERS,  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  and  all 
who  have  a  garden,  will  save  a  deal  i>f  trouble  in  water- 
ing and  manuring  gardens  or  land,  by  using  Gutta  Percha 
Tubing.  Testimoninla  to  its  economy,  efficiency,  durability 
an  I  convenience,  are  being  constantly  received.  This  Tubing 
can  bo  had  in  any  length  from  1-16  h  of  an  inch,  internal 
diameter  (suitable  for  smoking  tubes,  ttc),  to  6  inches  internal 
diaineter;  half-inch  Tubiug  tor  gardening,  3d.,  Z^d.,  and  4tf. 
per  foot. 

Brass  or  Gutta  Percha  Unions  for  attaching  to  Butts  or 
Cisterns,     Spreaders,  Stopcocks,  Jeta,  and  Hoses  complete. 

Price  Lists  of  Tubing  can  be  had  or  sent,  on  application,  to 
James  Sheath  and  Company,  at  the  Patent  Gutta  Percha 
Warehouse.  35.  Old-street-road,  London. 


G 


UTTA  PERCHA   TUBING  FOR  WATERING 

GARDENS     ETC 


I ESTIMONIAL 
From  Mr.  J.  Farrak,  Oardencr  to  Boaioell  Middleton  Jalland, 

Fiq.,  of  Bolderness  Mouse,  near  Hull. 
*'  I  have  had  400  feetof  your  Gutta  Perci-,a  Tubmg  (in  lengths 
of  100  leet  each,  with  union  joint)  in  ufeforthe  last  twelvemonObS 
for  loater'mg  these  garden-'^,  and  I  find  it  to  answer  better  tJuxn  any- 
thing I  have  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  the  wa'er  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  the  dightest  tfFct  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  vahi/xUe  invention 
for  Gardeners,  inasmui'b  as  it  enables  us  to  wa'er  our  gardena 
m  about  one-half  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour  for- 
merly required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    COIMVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
wafer  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superioiity  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  injpor. 
tant  consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  from  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  highly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
fallowing — 

Testimonials.  ; 

From  C.  backer,  Fsq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  ihe  Bxihe  of    ^ 

Bedford,  JFoharn  Park.  \ 

"  Office  of  Works,  Wuburn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  1852.  , 

"Gentlemen, — In  an>-wer  to  your   inquiries  respectintf    the 

Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (after  two  years'  trial);, 

I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 

it  will  eat  lead  through  in    two   years  ;    wo  have  adi.p-ed   it 

largely,  both  on  account  of  boiuif  cheaper  than  lead,  muel;i 

easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job  " 

From  Sir  Itayniond  Jarvis,  Bart,,  of  Ventnor,  Iblc  of  WigM. 

■'  Ventmr.  March  10,  1852.  : 
"Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  tliis  morning 
renpec;ing  the  Gutta  Peicha  Tubing  for  Pump  Service,  I  cap 
Htate,  with  much  satisfaction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
bulldtrd,  and  otlitr  perhona,  have  Liti-ly  examined  it,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  apparent  dillerence  since  the  first  la>ing  down', 
now  Beveral  years  ;  and  I  am  inii-rmed  ihat  it  is  to  be  adopted 
gi;neraily  in  the  bou-ew  that  are  being  erected  hcrt — buildmg 
(joing  on  to  a  couHidi-rable  exten^ 

"  I  am,  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  U.  Jarvjs. 
"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  fixmg  ihe 
tube  tn  the  pump  barrel.  The  |  lumber  employed  being  uvcrsl- 
to  the  jub,  did  not  properly  eecuro  it,  and  atr  got  into,  tlie  tube  ; 
o  herv^lso,  ciireluMy  nrriiiigml,  there  is  no  qucetlOQ  it  r^upeil- 
K.'deB  Uad  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  it.  J."  j 

Fttyin  WWiam  Bird  ITerapaUi,  ICf,q.,-M.R.G  ^.,   Surgeon  to  St^ 

Pctcr'a  and  Queen  Kl.izahelU'9  HofpUaU,  Briat<d.  \ 

"  September,  1880.  ( 

"I  havouicd  Gutta  Percha  as  a  lining  to  a  clttti-rn,  witb 
tubing  of  the  Hamu  matt-ria',  t<)  CDiiduci  the  water  into  my  dlf|- 
piiiHiiry;  they  aiiBwtr  a-linlmbly.  At  flr«t  ooino  dltta«reuabl(' 
iLivour  wuft  coinmunioaied  to  iho  water,  but  it-noon  dlnapf 
pcrirnd. 

"  My  plumbf-r  readily  learnt  thomodoof  managlngvlt  from 
your  priiitfd  dlrccilonH  " 

Ev<;ry  variety  ofOntta  I'erchu  Uno'lH  maybe  hn'i.  Mimufnc- 
tiir-il  by  lh<i  Outta  l'i)r<'hH  Cornpiinv,  I'l.tuTHOCM,  Ijondnii  ;  uml 
old  (It  ih(j  WhoUMfHo  Ciiy  Depot  ofMe-itir^.  IIuhokhb  !in'l  Khv], 
lM;i.  Newniito-Htrcer,  wlJo  will  forward  Llt»la  of  I'llcto  on 
appliccitlon. 


J.  S.   FRY  AND   SONS,   ESTABLISHED  1728, 


MANUFACTURERS 
BY 

SPECIAL 


APPOINTMENT 

TO 

THE      QUEEN, 


Obtained  the  Prize  Meda',  Sreat  Exhibition    1851 
MEW    FRENCH    CHOCOLATES._CHOCoLa.TS 

V  '"*  "KE,Ii;IB  VICTORIA,  da  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and 
Olher  varb-tiea  a  la  Fran^iise.  ' 

Whilst  FKY  AND  SONS' various  Cocoas  possess  those  pecu. 
bar  advantages  which  have  so  long  and  so  largely  commended 
them  to  the  public  approval,  their  Cake  Chocolates  have  ever 
main'ained  their  position. 

FRY  AND  S0N6  introduce  to  the  public  their  Preneh  Choco- 
lates,  prepared  according  to  principles  alike  dicattd  by  their 
own  ample  expeiii-nce  and  the  results  of  the  most  retjned 
f.ireigii  taato,  carried  out  by  the  utmost  eare  and  sluli  ia 
their  manufacture.  Thfy  confidently  recommend  thcHe  Cho- 
colates as  eminently  combining  that  richness  and  di;iicacy  of 
fLivour,  with  those  remarkably  salubrious  qualities  which 
are  essential  to  Chocolate  in  all  its  forms.  J  S  FKY 
and  SO^JS'  CllOCOL.-VT  PASTILLES,  CHOGOLAT  DE 
VOYAGE,  and  other  BON  B0N3,  are  strongly  reccmmended 
as  delicious  and  nutri'ious  condiments  for  the  r-iil  way  carriaee, 
the  nursery,  the  invalid  chamber,  the  luncheon  table,  die.,  «fec. 
It  is  needful  to  observe  that  ttie  name  of  Fey  and  Sons  ia  upon 
every  pacliet  and  bux,  and  to  attend  to  the  directions  enclosed. 
The  above  articles  may  be  ordered  from  all  tea-dealer^;,  grocers, 
and  contir-ctioners  throut^hout  Great  Britain  and  Irelat.d.of 
whom  Frys'  Churchman's  and  other  Cake  Cbucolates,  their 
Patent,  Homeopathic,  Soluble,  and  other  Coc*^  a-*  may  be  had  as 
usiial.     The  public  are  especially  iuvited  to  read  their  pamphlet 

entitled  "  CHiCOLATE  AND  f'ncOA,  THEIE  PanpESTieS  AND  DBE3 
A3      BIANUFACTDRED     BY      FRY      AND     SONS,"      C'D'aining     full 

directions  for  prepaiing  these  articles  for  the  table,  an  account 
uf  the  Cocoa  tree,  die,  (fee,  to  be  obtained  gra  i-,  where  FttY 
and  SONS' articles  are  sold,  or  on  application  at  12,  Union- 
street,  Bristol. 


CUNDY'S    PATENT    PRIZE    STOVE. 

W  HODGES,  late  of  123,  Oxford-street,  begs  to  an- 
■  nounce  that  he  ha4  traubferred  the  lic^n.se  for  manu- 
facturing the  above  STOVES  to  Messrs.  CUTLER  and  SONS, 
10,  Great  Qupcn-street,  Lioco'n'f-ion,  where  a  large  assortment 
ia  always  krpr.on  sale.  Open  fire,  Warm  Air,  Ven/ilatiug  Stovea, 
suitable  for  Churches,  School-rooms,  Public  Offices,  Halls,  and 
othiT  rooms,  of  all  dimensions  ;  and  Smoiie-KXpolling  R*'gister 
Stoves,  which  are  guaranteed  as  a  perfect  cure  for  Smoky 
Chimneys. 

THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER.— 
The  REAL  NICIvRL  SILVER,  introduced  15  years-ago 
by  WILLIAM  S.  BUR  FUN,  when  plated  by  the  parent  process 
of  Messrs.  Elkington  and  Co.,  in  beyond  all  comf)arison  the 
very  best  article  next  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  employed  as 
such,  eiiher  usefully  or  ornamentally,  as  by  no  possible  teat 
can  it  be  diaiiognished  ftom  real  silver. 

Fiddle      Thread      TCing's 
Pattern,    Pattern.    Pattern. 

Tca-spoon=,  per  dozen   18s.     ...    32s,    ...    3fis. 

Dessert  Forks       30*.     ,.,     5is.     ...     583. 

Dessert  Spooua     ,,  30s.     ...     565.     ...     62s. 

Table  Forks  ,,  40s.     ...     Gfis.     ...     H)s.  - 

Table  Spoons        ,,  40s.     ...     70s.     ...     75s, 

Tea  aiid  Coffee  Seta,  Waiters,  Candlesticks,  (be,  at  propor- 
tionate prices.  All  kinds  of  replating  done  by  the  patent 
procLSS. 

CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fi.ldle.    "Thread.    King'?. 
Table  Spoons  ,t  Forke,  full  size,  p.  doz,  V2s.     ...     2Ss.     ...     30s. 

Dessert  ditto  and  ditto  10s.     ...    2ls.     ...     25s. 

Tea  ditto    5s.     ...    Us.     ...    12s. 

•yHE    BEST    SHOW  of   IRON    BEDSTEADS    in 

A  Ihe  KINGDOM  U  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S.— He  hag 
added  to  bis  Show-rooms  two  very'large  ones,  which  are  de- 
voted to  the  exclusive  Sho'v  of  Iron  and  Brass'  Btrisreads  and 
Children's  Co!s,  with  appropria'e  Bedding  and  Ma'trep>-es. 
Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  and  all  are  maiked  in  plain 
figures,  at  prices  prnporlinnate  to  rhose  Ihat  biivetendrd  to 
make  bis  estahlishmtnt  the  most  distinguished  in  ibis  cnuntry. 
Common  Iron  Bedsteads  from  12s. '6d.  ;  Portuhle  Folding  Bed- 
steads  Irom  13s.  Gd. ;  Paicnt  Iron  Bedsteads,  fitted  with  dove- 
tail joints  und  patent  sacking,  from  16s.  Gd.  ;  and  Cuts  from 
20s.  each  ;  handsome  oi'namental  Iron  and  Brass  Uedateads  ia 
great  varie'y,  from  21.  5s.  ti>  3U. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON-  has  TEN  I ARGB  SHOW- 
ROOMS (all  communicating),  (-xclusive  of  the  shop,  de- 
voted solelv  to  the  Bbow.fGE.MERAL  FURNISHING  IRON- 
MONGBIIY  (includirjg  Cu'lery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plnted,  nnd 
Jiipanned  Wares.)  so  arranged 'and  classified  that  purchasers 
may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  seltctions. 

Catalogues,  witb  Ent;ravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  retuined  for  every  article  not. approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD-STREF>T  (comer  of  Newman-street) ;  Nob.  1 
and2,  MJiWMAN-ftTREET  ;  and  4  and  5,  I'ERbY'S-PLACE. 
ESTABLISHED  A.D.  1820. 

NOTWITHSTANDING  the  numerous  preparations 
fur  Ihe  hair  whicli  are  daily  put  before  the  pul)hc,  RO  W_ 
LANl^S'  Macassar  oil  cnntinuts  unrivalli-d,  nnd  ihe 
i-nccesslu!  rcnlts  ot  the  la.'-t  half  cenmry  have  proved  btMond 
qufst'-on  tl:at  it  is  endowed  wiih  eingulai  ly  nourishing  pi  wers 
in  the  giowih  and  restoration  of  ibe  human  hiiir ;  and,  «h"tt 
every  other  known  specific  has  failed,  U  preservesiind  i.O|.ro- 
ducoH  thebair— prevents  it  from  turning  gray,  or,  if  soch«iigt;d, 
retitores  it  to  its crlginal  colour— frees  it  from  scurf— renders 
it  si)ft,  f-illiy,  curly,  and  glossy— and  retains  it  in  curl  :wid 
other  decorativi!  form  umiffectcd  by  the  varia'ions  of  the  aiuio- 
Hphere,  or  the  effects  of  the  crowded  assembly— facts  aliun- 
dantly  proved  by  nnmemufl  tes'imonials.  For  chililren,  it  ia 
-Kicciatly  recommended,  as  forming  the  basis  of  a  beauiifiil 
head  of  hair,  and  rendering  Ihe  use  of  the  fino  ctmib  unnciies- 
sary.  Thin  oil  is  the  friend  of  bulb  sexes,  fur  while  it  alld- to 
the  charms  of  ffmalu  beiiuty,  It  enhances  tlm  gracos  of  man- 
hoiid.  by  iroducing  whiskfrw,  monstachios,  &c.  Pric"  8s  i'd. 
:.nd  7a.  ;  or  bimiiy  bottles  (equal  to  four  smtttl)  at  10s.  Gd.  ; 
and  <)oublu  that  bizf,  2ls. 

Caution. —On  the  wrapper  of  each  bottle  are  tboTvords, 
Rowlands' Macasfliir  Oil,  in  two  lines  ;  the  eiimo  nro  onui  aved 
On  the  back  of  ibo  wrapp'-r  nearly  1500  times,  containing 
29,028  letters -Sold  by  A.  ROWLAND  &  S^Ns,  20,  Uattun 
Urtrchn,  lit-ndiin  ;  nnd  by  all  obemlbts  and  perfumers. 


D 


O     YOU     WANT     LUXURIANT     HAIR, 

WIII^KERS,  dsc.  ? -(JRINILEN  E  baa  bui-ii  pronounced 
by  ih'm-a'.tU  to  be  the  imiy  prt'pauition  'hat  can  be  rcbeil  uptm 
t-ir  the  UeKtoraiion  of  the  ilnir  in  IJaldnisa  from  tiny  cause, 
prcvi-nting  iho  Hair  falling  oil',  strengiheninK  weak  IIht,  atid 
.h  eking  iiiio.ne«B,  die,  ;  luid  for  tho  prorui:  I  n  of  Wbiskt-rs, 
McmniaehlOH,  liiyubioMP,  d:c.,  in  tlircu  or  lour  weiilta  with  cer- 
tainty.—Ho'd  by  iivory  Cliomist,  price  2fl.  pur  pot,  or  will  bo 
Hont,,  pootfri-i'.  tor2l  poMtag.t  ♦itamps,  by  M1.hs  Dean,  -IH,  l.lvor- 
(•.iiol..<»tr«el,  Itiig's  Ccn^s.  London,  "it  icHio-rd  my  hafr 
which  I  had  lo-l  Irom  a  hov.  re  IIIiichh."— Mihh  Knon.  N.-rwiCh. 
'  Your  Criuih'ne  has  produced  a  luxuriant  pair, of  whlskiirH. 
A(;eoptmythanli8,"f-ilr.iloury  Molr,  Oambrldgc. 


304 


THS     GYRDE-VER-S'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.  [May  8. 


JuBt  published,  in  One  Volume,  8vo,  with  man;?  hundred  Wood 
EinjravinKR,  price  50j.  cloth, 

LOUDON'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  of  GARDENING  : 
Comprising  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Iloriicultiire, 
Floricul'ure,  Arbo'icul'ure,  and  Landscape  Gardening:  in- 
cluding all  the  latest  Iinpropeineots,  &c.  A  Now  Edition, 
corrected  and  improved  by  Mrs.  Loddon. 

Also,  in  8vo,  price  Sis.  Gd,  cloth, 
LOUDON'S  HORTUS  BRirANNICUS  ;  or,  Catalogue  of  all 
the  Plants  ind-nei.ou-i  to,  cultivated  in,  or  introduced  into 
Britain.  New  Editiun,  with  a  Supplement,  and  a  New  General 
Index  to  the  whole  vvork.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Loddon  ;  aasiated 
by  W.  H.  Baxtee.  Esq.,  and  David  WoosTEa. 

%*  Tho  New  .iQpplement  may  be  had  separately,  price  Us. 
London  :  Longman,  Beown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 

In  One  very  thicli  Volume,  12mo,  with  12  Plates,  price  Us. 
cloth  ;    or.  with  ihe  Pliitee  coloured,  21s.  cloth, 

THE  BRITISH  FLORA;  comprising  the 
PhEenogimous  or  Flowering  Plants  and  the  Ferns.  The 
Sixth  Edition,  with  Additious  and  Corrections;  and  numerous 
Figures  iliustratipc  of  the  Umbelliferous  Plants,  the  Com- 
posite Planrs,  the  Grasses,  and  the  Ferns.  By  Sir  W.  J. 
Hooker.  F.R.A.  ii  L  S.  ;  and  G.  A.  Walker  Arnott,  LL.D., 
F.L.S.  &,  R.S.  Ed.;  Reglub  Piofessor  ot  Botany  in  the  Uni- 
Tersity  of  Glasgow. 

London  :    Longman,  Beown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


NEW     PART     OF     COSMOS. 

The  Aothhrised  Teanblation. 

Just  publiehed,  in   poet  8vo,    piice  75.   cloth;    and   in  16mo, 

price  3s.  sewed,  or  4a.  clo.h,  the  Second  Part  of  the  Third 

Volume  of 

HUMBOLDT'S    COSMO  S.— Translated  with 
the    Author's     sanction    and   co-operation,   and    at  his 
express  desire,  bv  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Sabine. 

London:  Longman,  Browh,  Green,  and  Lonoman3  ;  John 
Mdheat,  Albemarle-treet. 


NEW  AND   CHEAPER   EDITION. 

Fourth  Edition,  in  fcp.  8vo,  with  an  Engraving  on  Steel,  and 

Illustrations  on  Wucd,  price  5s.  c  oth, 

THE    LADY'S    COUNTRY    COMPANION;    or, 
How  to  Enjoy  a  Country  Life  rationally.  By  Mrs.  Loddon, 
Author  of  *'  Gardening  for  Ladies,"  &c. 

Also,  by  Mrs.  Loddon,  16mo,  Woodcuts,  price  7s.  Gd., 
THE  AMaTEOR  GARDENER'S  OALENDAR  ;  or.  Monthly 
Guide  ai  to  what  should  be  avoided,  as  well  as  what  should  be 
done,  m  a  Garden. 

London  :  Longman,  Brown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


THE  INTRODUCTORY  LECTURES  AT  THE  OPENING 
OF  THE  MUSEUM  OF  PRACTICAL  GEOLOGY. 

Juat  published,  in  roy  ■!  8vo,  price  Is.  Gd   do  h. 

"PECORDS    of    the    SCHOOL   of    MINES,  and    of 

XV  SCIENCE  applied  to  the  ARTS.  Vol.1.  Parti.  In- 
augural and  Introfiuctory  Lectures  to  the  Courses  for  the 
Sessiun  1851-52.  Published  by  Order  of  the  Lords  Commis- 
sioners of  her  Majesty's  Treasury. 

contents : 
1.  Inaugural  Discourse,  by  Sir  H.  T.  De  la  Beche,  C.B.,  F.R.S. 
2    The  S  udy  of  Abstract  Science  essen'ial  to  the  Progress  of 
Industry,  by  Lyon  Playfiir,  C.B.,  F.R.S. 

3.  The  Relations  of  Natural  History  to  Geology  and  the  Arts, 

by  Edward  Forbes,  F.R.S. 

4.  On  the  Importance  of  Cultivating  Habits  of  Observation,  by 

Ri»bert  Hunt,  Kt^eper  of  Mining  Records. 

5.  On  the  Science  of  Geology  and  its  Applications,  by  Andrew 

RamP,iy,  F.R.S. 

6.  On  the  Value  of  an  extended  knowledge  of  Mineralogy  and 

the  Processes  of  Mming,  by  Warington  W.  Smyth,  M.A., 
F.G.S. 

7.  On  the  Importance  of  Special  Scientific  Knowledge  to  the 

Prwctical  Metallurgist,  by  John  Percy,  M  D.,  F.R.S. 
London:  Published  for  Her  Majesty's  Stationery  Office,  by 
Messrs.  Longman,  Beown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


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A  JOURNEY  TO  THE  TEA  COUNTRIES  OF 
CHINA,  including  Suog-Lo  and  the  Bohea  Hills  ;  with 
some  Account  of  the  British  Tea  Plantations  in  the  Himalaya 
Mountains.  By  Robert  Fortune,  Esq  ,  Author  of  "  Wander- 
ings in  China." 

London  :  John  Moerat,  Albemarle-street. 


THE    QUARTERLY    REVIEW,    No.    CLXXX., 
IS  JOST  PUBLISHED. 
contents : 
LORD  JOHN  RtJS^ELL  AND  THE  EARL  OP  DERBY. 
LAMARTINE'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  RESTORATION. 
FIRST  TEN  YEARS  OF  THE  REIGN    OF  GEORGE  THE 

THIRD. 
CALIFORNIA  versus  FREE  TRADE. 
THE  CANNON,  MUSKET,  AND    RIFLE. 
THE  BOHEMIAN  EMBASSY  TO  ENGLAND,  »ibc,  11G6. 
PROGRESS  OF  COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY. 
RECENT  EPICS. 

DIARY  OF  GENERAL  PATRICK  GORDON. 
HORACE  WALPOLE'S  GARLAND. 
SIR  ROGER  DE  COVERLEY. 

London  :  John  Moerat,   Albemarle-street. 


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MANUAL  OF  BRITISH  BOTANY, 
containing  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  arranged 
accordmg  to  the  Natural  Orders.  By  C.  C.  Babington,  M.A,, 
F.L.S.,  F.G.8.,  &c. 

"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  Mr.  Babington'e 
*  Manual '  as  the  best  guide  to  the  students  of  practical  botany 
in  this  country." — Annals  of  Natural  History. 

"  Mr.    Babiniitou's  is    a  very  valuable  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  ot  British  plants,  full  of  original  information  and 
good  critical  remarks."— Z?r    Lindley's  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 
London  :  John  Van  Voorst,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


Just  published.  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is.; 
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THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or.  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for  ;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Self- Management ;  together  with  instructions  for  securing 
pertect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happinchfi 
only  attaini'ble  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  life.    By  a  Physician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  Ss.Gd., 

A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Dietaae.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  tho  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  o* 
persons  who  suifer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  earlj 
life.  In  its  pages  wiU  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  adopttd  for  their  removal. 

London:  James   Gilbert,  49,   Paternoster-row:    Hannat, 
68,  Oxford-street;  Mann,  39,  CornhiU;  and  all  BookBellers. 


Thit  day  is  p'lbUghed,  in  crown  8vo.  price  Gs., 

^HE    STORY    OF    NELL    GWYN,   AND    THE 

SAYINGS  OF   KIVG  CHARLES  II. 
Related  and  Collected  by  Petee  Cdnningham,  F.S.A, 


Complete  iu  One  Volume,  price  2s.  Gd.,  hound  in  cloth, 

HOW     TO     SEE     THE     BRITISH     MUSEUM. 
IN  FOU.t  VISITS. 
By  William  Blanchaed  Jeerold. 
Beadddey  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. 


POPULAR     WORKS     ON      BOTANY, 

BY    DR.    LINDLEY 

-yHE    ELEMENTS    OF     BOTANY,    Structural 

J-      and     Pbysi'.logical.       With   a    Glossary    of    Technical 
Terms,  and  numerous  Illustrations.     12s.  cloth. 

-^PHE    ELEMENTS    OF    MEDICAL    AND 

-*■     ECONOMICAL  BOTANY.    Numerous  Illustrations.   8vo. 
Price  lis  cloth. 

OCHOOL     BOTANY  ;     or.     The     Rudiments     of 

^    Botanical  Science.    400  Illustrations.    8vo.    Price  5.r.  6d. 
half-bound. 

Beadedrx  and  Evans,  11,  Enuverie-street. 


NEW  WORKS  ON  GARDENING  AND  BOTANY. 

PAXTON^S  BOTANICAL  DICTIONARY.  Com- 
prising the  Name-",  History,  and  Culture  of  all  Plan  s 
known  in  Britain  ;  with  a  full  Explanation  of  Technical  Terras. 
Crown  8vo,     I63. 

^^  The  Supplement,  containing  aU  the  New  Plants  since  the 
First  Edition,  may  be  had  separHtely,  price  5s. 

How  TO  LAY  OUT  A  SMALL  GARDEN. 
Iiifended  as  a  Guide  to  Amateurs  in  Choosing,  Forming, 
or  Improving  a  place,  with  reference  to  both  Design  and  Exe- 
cution. By  Edward  Kemp,  Landscape  Gardener.  Price 
33.  Gd.  cloth. 

THE  LADIES' COMPANION  TO  THE  FLOWEIi- 
GARDEN.    By  Mrs.  Loddon.     The  Fifth  Edition.    Price 
7s.  cloth. 

PAXTON^S  FLOWER  -  GARDEN.  Edited  by 
Sir  Joseph  Paxton  aod  Dr.  Lindlet.  Volumes  I.  and  II. 
are  published.  Pnce  33s.  each,  elegantly  bound  in  i^loth. 
Also  in  Parts,  price  2s.  Gd.  each. 

Bradbhry  itnd  RVANs.  11,  Bouverie-street. 


LAND    DRAINAGE. 

Price  2s.  Gd. 

POCKET  TABLES,  for  ascertaining  the  cost  of  any 
Extent  of  Work.    By  J.  Bailey  Denton,  Land-agent. 
Sold  by  Metchin,  Parliament-street,  London.    Sent  by 
post,  on  receipt  of  28  postage  stamps. 


LAND  DRAINAGE.— Price  3s. 

DENTON'S  SYSTEM  OF  MODEL  MAPPING 
(for  whicb  a  Prize  Medal  was  awarded  at  the  Great  Exhibi- 
tion), explained  by  a  Treatise,  price  3fl. 

Sold  by  Weale,  Holborn  ;  and  Metchin,  Parliament, 
street,  London. 


LAND  DRAINAGE.— Price  30s. 
DENTON'S  A  LEVEL  FOR  WORKMEN. 

Sold  by  Jones  and  Co.,  Holborn,  London. 


Just  published,  in  1  vol.  8vo,  price  I4s,  cloth, 

ENGLISH  AGRICULTURE  in  1850  and  1851  ; 
Its  Condition  and  Prospects.  With  Descriptions  in  detail 
of  the  best  modes  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nearly  every 
County  of  England.  Bv  James  Caibd,  of  Baldoon,  Agricultural 
Commissioner  of  the  Times;  Author  of  "  High  Farming  under 
Liberal  Covenants." 

"  The  most  extensive,  'and,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  most  com- 
plete account  of  the  actual  state  of  EncHsh  husbandry  which 
lias  appeared  since  the  publications  of  Arthur  Y'lung  aod  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  eminently  service- 
able to  the  cause  o^'  progressive  as  distinguished  from  routine 
agriculture." — Eco7iomist. 

"  It  is  impossible  tor  any  landlord  or  farmer  to  peruse  this 
book  without  deriving  immense  knowledge  as  well  a"*  profit 
from  its  contents.  It  places  before  the  reader  a  mass  of  infor- 
mation which  he  will  seek  in  vain  from  any  other  publication, 
and  which  he  could  hardly  ever  attain  even  by  personal  travel- 
ling and  inquiry." — Glasgow  DaV.y  Mail. 

Lndon  :  Longman,  Brown,  Green  and  Longmans. 


WORKS         ON         GARDENING, 
lately  Published  by  G.  Cox,  1.',  King  William  street. 
Strand  :— 

In  5  vols,  royal  8vn.,  price  16s.  each. 
The  ANNALS  of    HORTICULTURE,   and    Year-Book    of 
Information  on  Practical  Gardening. 

*'  This  work  will  assist  the  amateur,  give  full  instruction  to 
tyros,  and  uweful  hints  to  the  initiated  in  the  science  of  garden- 
ing. We  recommend  the  book  as  an  emphatically  practical 
work."— ^rg!(3. 

"There  is  much  excellent  practical  matter  in  this  book." — 
TaiCs  Edinburgh  Magazine. 

In  one  handsome  volume,  cloth,  price  Ts.  Gd, 
GLENNY'S  HAND-BOOK  to  the  FRUIT  and  VEGETABLE 
GARDEN,  containing  the  Culture,  Management,  and  Descrip- 
tion of  all  the  Fruits  and  Vegetables  grown  in  this  country  ; 
with  a  Calendar  of  Operations  for  every  Month. 

In  one  elegmt  volume,  cloth  gilt,  price  5s.  Gd. 
GLENNY'S  HAiND-BOOK  to  the  FLOWER-GARDEN  and 
GREENHOUSE  ;  cnmprising  the  Description,  Cultivation,  and 
Management  of  all  the  popular  Flowers  and  Plants  ;  with  a 
Calendar  of  Monthly  Operations  for  the  Flower-garden  and 
Greenhouse. 

New  edition,  price  5s.  Gd.,  reduced  from  7s.  Gd.,  bound  in  cloth. 
GLENNY'S  HAND-BOOK  of  PRACTICAL    GARDENING; 
containing  full   instructions    for   the    performance    of    every 
Operation  connected  with  the  Ground. 

Third  Edition,  with  50  woodcuts,  price  23.  Gd. 
GARDENING  for  CHILDREN,     Edited  by  the  Rev.  C.  A. 
JOHNS,  Au'horof  "  Botanical  RambUs,"    "Forest  Trees  of 
Great  Britain,"  &c.,  die. 

ISmo,  sewed,  price  Drf,  ;  cloth,  Is.  Zd. 
GLENNY'S  CATECHISM  of  GARDENING;  containing 
Instructions  for  the  Culture  of  Vegetables  and  Fruit-trees, 
arranged  for  the  Use  of  Schools  of  both  Sexes,  By  the  Rev. 
J.  EDWARDS,  M.A.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  King's 
College,  London. 

Price  Gd.  sewed  ;  post  free  12  stamps. 
GLENNY'S  GARDENING  for  COTTAGES,  with  a  Calendar 
of  Operations  for  Cottage  Gardens,  Treatment  ot  Bees,  Poultry, 
Pigs,  &c. 

Third  edition,  price  Is.  sewed  ;  post  free,  18  stamps. 
GLENNY'S  PROPERTIES  of  FLOWERS  and  PLANTS. 

Price  Gd.  sewed  ;  post  free,  12  stamps. 
GOLDEN  RULES  for  GARuENERS,  Professional  and  Ama- 
teur, showing  in  a  tew  words  what  gardeners  ought  to  do  and 
avoid.    By  GEORGE  GLENNY,  F.H.S. 


ANEW  LONDON  WEEKLY  NEWSPAPER,  OF  LIBERAL 
POLITICS,    PRICE    FOURPENCE, 

Will  be  publishel  on  Saturday,  the  I'irh  ot  Mav.  A  beautiful 
Print,  the  RiGiN  OF  the  Stocking  Loom,  painted  by  Alfred 
Elmore,  A.R.A.,  and  Eu^jraved  on  Stee)  by  Francis  Holl 
(publi-ihed  at  One  Guinea),  will  be  presented,  GRATIS,  to 
Subscribers,  with  the  Thirteenth  Number. 

'T'HE   LONDON   WEEKLY   PAPER,  and  Organ 

-*-  OF  THE  Middle  Classes,  A  record  of  Political,  Domestic 
and  Foreign  News,  Literature,  Arts,  Science,  &c.  Under  the 
diiectmn  of  William  Jehdan,  Esq.  (late  Editor  of  the  Literary 
ffaseire).— Orders  will  he  attended  to  by  all  Newavenders 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom  ;  or  the  Publisher  will  send  it 
direct  upon  the  receipt  of  a  quarter's  subscription,  viz.,  4s.  4d. 
Money  orders  to  be  made  payable  to  Frederick  Talus, 
1,  Crane-court.  Flee^-Mrcpt,     F  -r  patticular.^  fee  Prospectus. 


Just  pubiisht'd, 

(*)N    REAL   PROPERTY,  REGISTRATION,  &c. 

^^-^   A  Letter  to  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  High  Chancellor. 

By  Alexander  Rainy. 

London:    James     tiiDGWAi.    Piccadilly;    and    Effingham 

Wilson,    Royal  Exclange.     (Gratia.) 

Just  publihhed,  the  30th  edirion,  price  Id., 
/:j.RIMSTONE'S  HISTORY  OF  AN  EGYPTIAN 
VJ  PEA.  discovered  amongst  others  by  the  Committee  of  the 
British  Museum,  in  a  Vase  presented  to  them  by  Sir  Gardener 
Wilkinson,  the  Egyptian  Traveller,  Three  were  presented  to 
Mr.  Wm.  Grimstone,  by  Mr.  T.  I.  Pettigrew,  who  assisted  ia 
opening  this  relic  of  the  time  of  the  Pharaohs,  being  2844  years 
old.  The  growth  of  this  Pea  is  different  to  those  of  this  coun- 
try  ;  the  taste  is  unequalled,  they  boil  much  greener  than  ours, 
and  so  prolific,  being  planted  thus  .  •  .  •  ,  8  inches 
apart.  The  2s.  Gd.  bag  will  produce  enough  for  a  small  family. 
They  require  no  sticks,  and  the  bloom  haoge  in  clusters.  Re- 
member the  only  genuine  is  sold  in  hags,  2s.  Gd. ;  three  times 
the  quantity,  5s.  ;  seven  timea  the  quantity,  10s.  Each  bag  is 
sinned  and  sealed  by  William  Grimstone,  Herbary,  Highgate- 
depot,  52,  IIigh-8'reet,  Bloomsbury,  Loudon,  eye-anuff  and  herlj 
tobacco  warehi>use. 

DEFEAT  OF   COBDEN'S  AMENDMENT   ON  THE 
MILITIA    BILL. 

DOUGLAS  JERROLD  edits  LLOYD'S  WEEKLY 
LONDON  NEWSPAPER.  The  Number  for  Sunday  next. 
May  9  (price  Threepence,  post  free)  contains  Sixty  large 
Columns  of  the  Latest  Intelligence  (to  the  moment  of  publica- 
tion) from  all  parts  of  the  world,  by  exp-ess  Electric  Tele- 
graph, and  other  means,  regardless  of  expense.  The  Number 
for  S'lQ'tay  nest  will  also  contain— Editorial  Articles :  M.P.'s 
for  Mummies  and  M.P.'s  for  the  People,  French  Eagles  and 
English  Geese,  Battle  of  the  Brewers,  Westmoreland  Again, 
The  Penny  Post,  A  Local  Howard,  Men  in  Marble,  The  Un- 
penitent Sinner,  Disraeli's  Cash  Account,  The  Militia:  Poppies 
among  Corn,  and  the  Jew  with  the  Wolf's  Head.— Parliament 
of  the  Week:  The  Representative  Constitution  for  New  Zea- 
land, Rejection  of  the  Irish  Tenant  Right,  &c.— Murder  ia 
Drury-lane  by  Burn'ng— Fraud  in  the  name  of  Palmerston— 
Fire  at  the  Bermondsey  Paper-mills — Shockiuir  Occurrence  ia 
Peel  Park— News  of  the  Arctic  Searching  Expedition— Alleged 
Murder  in  a  House  of  III  Fame— Murder  of  a  Woman  by  her 
Husband— Gardening  by  Mr.  Glenny— Labour  most  needed  ia 
Australia— Three  Villages  destroyed  by  Fire — The  Races  at 
Chester,  &c. 

Lloyd's  Weekly  London  Newspaper  is  published  every 
Saturday  nijjht,  in  time  for  post.  Price  only  Threepence  t 
Post  Fr.'ie.  Send  three  postage  stamps  to  Edward  Lloid, 
No.  12,  Salisbury-square,  London,  and  receive  one  copy  as  a 
sample,  or  order  of  any  newsvender. 


Sales  6g  Auction* 

TO  GENTLEMEN,   FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  wiU  seU 
by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-hme.oa  THURS- 
DAY, May  13th,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate 
collection  of  Carnations  and  Picotees  ;  also  choice  Fuchsias, 
Verbenas,  Dahlias,  Calceolarias;  Climbing  aod  other  Roses ; 
Geraniums  and  other  plants,  in  bloom  ;  with  a  large  assort- 
ment of  ornamental  plants  for  bedding.  Maybe  viewed  the 
morning  of  sale  ;  catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonsti^ne,  Essex. 


TO  TULIP  FANCIERS,  GENTLEMEN;  FLORISTS, 

AND  OTHERS. 
JV/TESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
LVX  strucied  by  Mr.  Willmer,  to  Sell  by  Auction  on  the 
premises,  Sunbury  Nursery,  Middlesex,  on  TUESDAY,  May 
18,  1852,  at  1  o'clock,  a  splendid  and  costly  collection  of 
TO  LI  PS,  comprising  all  the  leading  and  most  approved  kinds 
in  cultivation,  and  many  kinds  that  are  only  in  this  colleciioa 
— may  be  viewed  one  week  prior  to  the  sale.  Catalogues  may 
be  bad  of  the  principal  seedsmen  iu  London  ;  ou  the  premises  ; 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Leytonstone,  E.->sex. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit 
to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  St, 
George's  Church,  Wells-street,  Camberwell,  on  FRIDAY, 
May  21,  at  1  o'clock,  without  reserve  (by  order  of  the  pro- 
prietor, declining  the  business),  the  entire  stock  of  GREEN- 
HOUSE PLANTS,  consisting  of  choice  Scarlet  and  other 
Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Daiilias,  &c. ;  a  fine  assort- 
ment of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  Pinks,  Heartaease,  tfcc. ; 
also  four  capital  Greenhouses,  three  PitB,|  two-light  Boxes, 
together  with  a  quantity  of  Hand-lights,  Flower-pots,  Com- 
post, (fee.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sa'e.— Catalogues  may 
be  had  on  the  Premises  ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London^ 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex, 

CLAHEE  and  CO.,  Estate  Agents  and  Valuers, 
•  98,  Piccadilly,  London,  having  numerous  applications 
for  Country  Properties  for  Sale  or  Hire,  furnished  and  unfur- 
nished, respectfully  beg  the  proprietors  of  such  to  favour  them 
with  the  particulars,  for  registering  which  they  make  no 
charge,  unless  they  succeed  in  procuring  purchasers  or  tenants. 
Offices,  98,  Piccadilly,  London,  four  doors  west  of  Cambridge 
House, 

DRAINAGE   OF   LAND. 

MR.  HENRY  WEBBER  begs  to  inform  Land- 
owners and  the  public,  that  having  had  considerable 
practical  experience,  he  is  prepared  to  undertake  the  Drainage 
ot  Estates  to  any  eitent,  upon  the  most  improved  principles, 
eiiherby  contract  or  on  commission.  Orders  executed  with  a 
due  regard  to  economy  and  eflficiency.  Reference  given.— 
Address,  Halberton  Court,  near  Tiverton,  Devon. 


Printed  by  William  BBAnDoaT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburo-place.  in  the 
pariah  of  St.  Pancra  b,  and  FnKDamcK  Uullett  Evano,  of  ^o.  7,  Church- 
row  Stolie  NewLug 'on,  both  In  the  County  01  Middleaex  PrinterEi,  at  their 
Office  in  Lombard -dtreet,  in  the  Preciuct  of  Wh  tefriarB,  in  the  City  of 
LoDdnn:  and  Fut^li^hed  by  them  at  the  office,  Ho.  &,  Cbarlee-Btreet,  in 
the  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Ooveat^ garden,  In  the  eaid  County,  where  all 
AdTertieementB  and  CommunicatiouB  are  to  be  aodbbbsid  to  tbb  EditOB. 
— Satitbdat,  Mat  8,  1S52. 


THE 


AND 


'-'  CHRONICLE 
GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  20—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  MAY  15. 


[Price  Gt?. 


A?rlenltaral  Soc  of  Enelsnd..  31G  i 
—    ImproverneDl    Society  of 

Irel-nd 314  I 

AiTFicuUural  Implements, 314  I 

Book*  rr-'iT^d  iJU    i 

Bras'ica  tribe,  uses  of  earth- 


„ineup  . 


Sutler,  to  ma-e 316  • 

Caleinirtt.  Horti'-ult'iral    HlC  i 

Cftulidovrers,  to  eorthup 309  t 

Fisb.bre  di -a        :Ufi  • 

Plowpr  beds,  mixed     'M*9  I 

Forsytbia  ti'idi<-3ima    31)^)  i 

GarJcir;,  raixed  be  is  in  flower  .  309  I 

Gf&pes,  to  rcitofc  bloointo 30!)  i 

GuAuo  trsuila  3iiT  ' 

Guano,  new 31  ii  t 

—    dr.e-  ir  pny?   ..: 3! 3  t 

Hort.  Soci^tj-'a  e.\bibition 


—  —  —   repQ* 

Impleoipni*.  acrlruUurBll 
Jo^minum  uudidop.iui  .  ... 


I  aiiG' 


Kalasanthes,  tbe 

Land,  t-an'.f-r  or 314  a- 

Lasrof  transf-r  of  land.  .314  a- 

Makoy'8  r\ uori iiieo te    

Ueir,  to  keep  freah 

Wilkp'iQb  

Nntional  Floricaltaral  Society 
P**tuf".  permtneot   .......... 

Peat  pulvenshed 

PlaatB.  bedilipic,  in  turf, 

—    fo-rockvork 

Rock  plants  ., ,,, 

Roih&msTed  experiment) 

Scb  .w.  Prof.,  ileath  of  

ScyiLe.  Biyii'» 

Societv  of  Arts 

-trwberriewIbrforciQR 

Street  witeri'ig    

Trout  in  tUe  Uerwent    

Vinegar  pldot  ,, 


30='  c 
■31"  a 
■317  a 


^U  b    I  Wea'ber  , 

raug  c   \  Woods, coloured. 


316  b 
312  a 
316  a 


3M   c 
312  a 

309   e 


309  c 
3U.S  a 
309   c 


ROYAL  BOTANIC  SOCIETY,  Regent's  Park.— 
The  PIUST    EXHIBITION  thUseasun  of  PLANTS  and 
FLOVTBRS  will  take  place  on  WEDSGSDjVT"  uext.  May  19, 

Tickets  of  Admission  to  be  obtained  ut  the  Gardens,  by 
orders  fr-im  Fellows  of  the  Society,  price  Bs.  eacb,  or  on  the 
day  of  Exhibltioo,  7s.  6d.  each.     Tne  gutes  open  at  '2  o'clock. 

ROYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIKTY  -Under  the  Patronage  of  Her  M.-sr  Gracmds 
ilaJESTr  TBE  Qdeen.— The  SECOND  EXHTBITLON  fnr  this 
season  will  be  held  at  the  KOYaL  >-UtlltEY'  ZOOLOGICAL 
GARDENS,  on  THURSDAY.  M  A.Y  20tu,  when  Prizes  will  be 
awarded  ft>r  ihe  followine;  productions,  viz.  :  — S  ove,  Green- 
house, ttrchidenus,  and  Specimen  Plants  ;  Polargouininn,  Cape 
Heaths,  Azaiti-tH.  Tulips,  Heartsease,  and  Ve^etable^.  in 
addition  to  the  Prizes  offdred  by  the  Society.  F.  Staff,  Esq., 
willgivti  a  Silver  Taoiiard,  with  Caver,  value  151,15^.,  for  the  beat 
collecti<'n  <if  15  Pots  of  Stove  and  Greenhou'^e  Plants  ;  Messrs 
J.  and  J.  FAihB*iEN  offer  a  small  Silver  Victoria  Med^I  for 
the  best  0  Iiniiin  Azaleas;  and  Mr.  C.  Tobnes,  Binatl  Silver 
Victoria  nu'l  sma'l  Silver  Linoffian  v'edals,  tor  Two  Prizes  for 
13  Pantiles  icut  blooms),  aeot  out  by  C.  T.  Prizes  and  Certi- 
licates  will  be  awarded  for  Seedling  Fl  Tist  Flowers. 

List  o'  Pr  Z0-,  Rules  for  Exhibitors,  &,o.,  may  be  had  of 
Mr,  JoBN  Tatlor  Neville,  Secretary,  Sb-  uezer  House, 
Peckbatn,  Surrey. 


STAINES      HORTICULTURAL      EXHIBITION. 
To  be  held  on  Satdbday,  June  19,  ia52. 

GAB.DENEK3. 

A  Prite  of  4(.  will  be  given  for  the  best  collection  of  Six  Pelar- 
(touiums— va"  ie  ies— in  Nj.  12.&ized  pots.  A  second  prize  of 
21,  wiU  al'O  be  j^iven, 

A  prize  »f  3i.  will  be  given  for  the  best  collection  of  six  Pelar- 
goniums—varieties— in  No.  24-eized  pots.  A  second  prize  of 
}l.  lOj.  vrill  tlso  be  given. 

A  Piize  of  '2i.  his.  will  be  given  for  the  best  collection  of  Six 
diatinc:  epecies  of  Stove  or  Greenhouse  Plants,  which  pUuU 

not  coQ'aia  mot-e  than  two  of  the  same  genui excluding 

Pelargoniums,  Fuchsias,  and  Calceolarias.  Persons  esiJi- 
bitiiig  in  this  class  will  not  be  allowed  to  compete  fur  the 
61.  prite, 

NOBSEETMEN. 

A  prize  of  il.  will  be  given  for  tbe  best  collection    of   Six 

Pelargoniums— vatieiiea-in    No.    12-3ized  pots.      A  secoud 

prize  of  21.  will  also  be  given. 
A   prize   of    31.   will  be  given   fnr   the  best  collection  of    Six 

Pelargoniums- varie  lea- in    No.  24-ei2ed    pois.     A   second 

prize  ol  U.  IDs.  will  alxo  be  given 

Open  to  all  Competitoes. 
A  prize  of  5(.  will  be  given  for  the  best  c/llection  of  10  distinct 

Bjecie*  of    -Stove   or   Greenhouse    Plants,    which    shall   not 

contain  more  than  two  of  the  same  genus- excluding  Pelar- 

gooi'iuia,  Fuchsiap,  and  Calceolarias. 
The  Ju'lxes  will  not  be  b^jund  t.j  award  tbe  full  amount  of 

•  jjfiLe,  or  anj.if  tbey  deem  the  production  unwortt.y  of  it. 
All  pruduotions  must  boon  the  grounds  hy  u  o'clock. 
CaAB.  Wallis     )  „ 
Wm.  Watkins    j-Hon.  Sees. 

QCOTTISH  PANSY  SOCIETY.  — The  EIGHTH 
onn^^TV  ^'r„*^!^**i'^J^^**'^'^  "*■  '^^  (SCOTTISH  PaN«Y 
WEDHE-iDAY,  BTii  JUNE  next.  A.  Tait,  Sec. 

EXHIBITION    OF  TULIPS 
[TENRY    GICOO.M,   Clai-uam-Kise,   near    London, 

XA     FL«.kt»T  Nj  aipuiinment  to   Ilea  MAJtsTi  the  Ooeen 

»tld    to     11.18    MAiK^TT    THK    KlNO   OF     .S*I>,WY.     ICup.ctlully    Id' 

*«»rmi  the  N..otli  y.  Oeu'ry.  Arnu-eur^  and  Public  that  hi« 
ExT«l.uV£  C..LLeCTlo»  .p  TULIPA  is  now  In  FLOWER  and 
c«u  be  vlewtd  tverj  day  In.m  0  o'clock  until  6  (ftuoduyi  ex- 
ctptcd).     A.imi<<«nce,  Ii. ;  Chlldreii  half  price, 

rtniK      CHELTENHAM      AND      COUNTY      OF 

X     OI.OUCKVrhll  WON.STER  K.Xim(ITION  (IF  (JSEFIJI 
AND  ORnaMKNTAL  POULTUY.  ut  .he  U..»ai.  Old  Wellb 
CuttTEHHAM    on   TlMJKSlJAV,  th'-   'iu  of  JUNE,  my/, 
OPEW    TO    THE    UNITED    KINCDOM. 

UmDCB  TPIR  pATE'-WAOfc  l-y 

Tnt  I.fiBD  r  iKi;TENAt)T  OF  TKn  CoUftTT  fv  Oinvct.min 
Tnr.  WKKaiiipfnL  THK  Mayor  of  OL-iudtdTKB,       ' 

Tin    I.OEI;  OP  THK    .MaNOK  i.V   ClIBLTkNIIAM. 

T»C  HiV,  P.  CLOiK,  iKCUMJUhT  OF  CilKLTtNllAM, 

And   the    Nobtilty,    i;lerKy,    and    0- iitry   of  tti«    Cmnty, 

At  Hhlch  Exhiblpfon  will   bo  given  HHJ  HovcrclKi.d  at  Prize*. 

Bvhftdoifg  t*.  be  ob'alncd  on  appUcalon  to  the  H^cr«tirl«(i 

Mii».i,J»«,.T,H».,Tiit»a  Chelt«nh.im,-Tlck«t«iof  A.lml.Hl..n,' 

If  Uh«n.,n  or  b^fora  the  21*  h  of  May,  3*.  (W. ;  nJtcr  thfi',  duv,  r,« 

Hab.crlpi|(,iit  of  IDs.  (id.  will  endtla  Mubuctlber  U.  Kour  Ttrk-tM 

of  Ad(i.it»ion.     The  HubicrlpUon  UooU  to  bo  cIoHcd  on  Hat„r, 

J\.  ***•  ""J'-  "*''^-    Children,  under  12  year,  of  n^.- 

Oftfdeo*  o^n  «t  12  o'clock.    Uutic  commeDce  at  3, 


OPEN    TO    ALL    ENGLAND. 

A     GRAND      NATIONAL     HORTICULTURAL 
MEETING  will  be  held  ill  LEWE-*.  on  Wednesday  and 
TeDBSDAT,  tbe  14th  and  15ih  day.s  of  July,  18-52,  during  the 
week  of  the  Meetinsr  of  the  K<>yal  Agricultural  Society  of  Eng- 
lan'l.     The  list  <if  Premiums  and  Rei,'ulati.in8  can  be  ha-i  on 
and  after  the  21th  of  May  inst.,  by  application  to  the  Secretary. 
Edwin  Neale,"»    tt'  u  n       ..v. 
J.  HNllEAD,      ;  High  Constables. 
George  Whitfeld,  Esq.,  Honorary  Secretary. 
H.  J.  Bahtlett,  Asaistaot  Secretary. 
Lewes,  May  15tb,  1853.    „^„__^ 


FINE  GRASS  LAWNS.— The  importance  of 
securint,' pure  and  fine  SHORT  GRASSES  for  GARDE.^ 
LAWNS  has  for  rannv  vears  enlaced  our  eappcial  attenti'^n, 
and  we  believe  that  SUTTON'S  FINE  MIXED  LAWN  SEEDS 
are  unrivalled.  We  have  the  sati-faetion  of  receivini;  the 
thanks  and  commendations  of  many  professional  Gardeners 
and  others,  who,  t-lnce  using  their  seeds,  have  discontinued 
the  expen-ive  practice  of  catting  and  carting  old  green  award 
to  form  new  lawns. 

The  folloiviog  testimony  has  been  received,  and  is  only  similar 
to  very  muny  orhTs  : — 

From.  Arlington  foitr(,  near  Barnstaple,  Devon. 

"I  phaU  always 'in  future  send  to  you,  us  the  Grass  Seeds 
proved  entirely  to  my  satisfaction," 

From  Eding  Thorpe  Rectory,  North  Walskam. 

"The  Gr;i8S  Seed  you  sent  me  was  most  excellent.  Three 
months  ago  I  hal  no  lawn  at  all ;  I  have  now  a  close,  short, 
verdant  lawn,  the  wonder  of  mv  neiu'hhoors." 

These  Oram's  Seeds  wUl  be  sent  carriage  free,  rccot^^u^  to  onr 
former   Adver'iBementa.     Price  Is.  3d.  per  lb.,  3s.  per  gall(fb, 
21s.  per  bufhcl. 
Address — .Iuhn  Sotton  &  Rons,  S-^ed-^rowerg.Rpadinff,  Berks. 


PLANTS    FOR  BEDDING    OUT. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  have  a  large  stock  of  the  fol- 
lowing, well  ehtablished,  strong,  and  in  good  coodicion  ; 
VERiiENAS.— New  varletitsof  lastyear,  comprisinc  the  beet 
raisc'l  by  Tarne--,  Smi  h,  BiirUer,  QJiauviere,  Dufoy,  ttc.  (See 
Catalogue.)  We  have  still  a  good  stock  of  laat  year's  struck 
plan's,  fine  and  bushy  plants,  for  early  flowering.  12  varieties 
for  123.,  or  2U  for  18^-. 

iJest  of  |.rreviou»  introduction,  3s.  6J.  to  7s.  G-l.  per  doz. 

50  well  a-'Sorted  and  tine  varieties,  ISi.  s.  d. 

PETUNIAS,  3'rons  plants,  ihutcn,  p.'r  Jr.  ...  4s.  to     9     0 

Beat  do.,  all  of  Uisr.  >eain.  ifjw,  p.ir  d.' 12     0 

25  well  assorttd  andi  chiiiue  variedes  for  15     0 

FUCl-ISIAS,  tine  plants,  choice,  per  doz 43.  to     9     0 

Best,  all  of  laat  year'.'?,  per  doz 15     0 

50  w.ll  assorted  and  choice  varieties  for         2(1     0 

SCARLET  GERANIUMS,  best  sorts,  per  doz.     ...  5s.  to     9     0 
FANCY  GERANIUMS, extrastrong, choice, p.  doz.,  3s.  lo  15     0 

DAHLI.\S,  choice,  per  doz 5j.  to     9     0 

Best  Fancy  do  ,  per  doz 9     o 

CHRYSAN  niEMUMS,   large   Flowering   Vaeieties, 

laKt  year's  struck,  choice,  per  doz 5a,  to    9     0 

Do.,  Lilliputian  Vakieties.  do.,  perdoz 7     G 

Anagallia,  in  three  best  varieties,  per  doz 4     0 

Buuvardia  Bpleodens,  per  doz 6    0 

Campanula  vidilla,  per  doz G     0 

Calceolaria,  slirubby  varieties,  per  doz 6     0 

CariLUadependens.  per  doz.      ...         ISs.  to  24     0 

Cuphea  platyceotra.  pt-r  dt'Z 6     0 

Gaillardia,  in  thrte  6ne  varieties,  per  doz 6     0 

Heliotrope,    in  ueveu  fine  varieties,  including  Reptana, 

Gem,  Lilacea,  &c.,  per  doz 6     0 

Lantnna  crocea  and  delicatissima,  per  d'iz.  6     0 

Lobelia  erinufl,  in  two  vars.,  wliite  and  blue,  per  doz.     ...     4     0 
Mimulua,   lour  best  vars.,  including  Prince  of  Wales, 

Criterion,  i:c.,  per  diz.  9     0 

Myosotis  uzorica  and  alpestris,  per  doz 6    0 

Plumbago  Larpentffi,  per  doz 9     0 

,,  capens-is,  per  doz      ...         ...         ,.,     9     0 

HARDY    PLANTS    FOR    BEDDING. 
Anemone  japouica  and  hj  hi  ida,  extra  strong,  per  doz.  ...     6     0 

Aulirrliinum,  best  varieiies,  per  doz.  6     0 

„  beat  ol  new  varieties,  perdoz 10    0 

„  Primrose  Perfection,  each     2     6 

Camp-jnula  carpa'ica,  blue,  per  doz.  5     0 

Ermus  alpiouH,  per  doz.  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     6     0 

iJielyira  rpectabilis,  eaih  Is.  to     1     0 

Geum  grandiHiTum  splendens,  large  fine  scarlet,  p.  doz.     6     0 

Delphinium  Whe  tlerii.  each 2     G 

Peutstemon  azureum,  Buckii,  Marsballii,  &  Cluati,  p.  dtz.     9     0 

(Jiher  fine  varieties,  per  doz.         ...         ...         G     0 

Ph'ox,  best  varieiicfi,  per  doz.. 6s.  to    9    0 

Saponaria  ocyinnides,  perdoz.  ...         ..,         6     0 

Saxifruga,  aix  fine  varieties,  per  doz,  ...         4     0 

Silene  Schuffa,  per  drz 5     0 

EHehnlizia,  new  white,  perdoz.  6     0 

100  dittlnct  and  showy  varieties  of  Herbaceous  Plants  ...  30    0 

Gil  ditto  for         17    G 

100  vurieticK,  including  superior  new  50    0 

60  ditto   for  30     0 

25  hne  Rnck  Plants       12     " 

12  ditto,  for  7     0 

CLIMBERS. 
Ipomroa  Lelrli,  la  (Id.  to  2fl.  iki.  each  ;  CalpmpellR  scnber,  Ce. 
to  Hi.  perd.iz'-n  ;  I,o|thi)Bpermuui8,  of  aorts,  i)d.  to  la.  (id.  each  ; 
Mnurandja  Unrclii.Uina,  il  vats,  — white,  rosu,  nnl  bluo,  9<(. 
t^acli  ;  ex'ra  >trung,  1a,  ;  Solnnum  JaHininolden,  la.  Gd.  ouch  ; 
Tropmolum  W'dgnt-rlanum,  la.  Oci,  each  ;  apucloaiim,  1«.  (It/.,  to 
ta.tiU.;  Sriil'hll,  la.  dd.  to  Va  dd.  ;  Blj^nonlo  radicans  nidjor, 
li.  each  ;  OalyMcgLi  puhc-cenfl.  U.  each  ;  Cli  iniitla,  Jloney- 
ftucUli-B,  Jn«m>iiutii-,  (yliinbing  Robl-h,  djo.,  In  Kn-at  vnrloty. 

Tho  1>(-B(!rtpt|vii  priced  Hprlng  Cutiiloguo  supplied  tor  four 
ptntiy  Htampti.  The  Autumn  Catalogue,  wliluh  contalnH  chh  lly 
iho  Hardy  Pian'a,  for  two  penny  atuinpfl,  which  uiiiouiu  may 
iif  doducted  from  orders. 

Goodn  n;itt.  c«rrinj(o  free,  to  London,  or  ony  Station  on  tho 
Ipdwlch  rind  Norwlcli  linn  ;  and  with  goodn  ol  vV.  and  upward'!, 
extra  plnntu  prehuoiod  graU. 

Ui'iniiiancM  required  trom  unknown  (-orrrtiiKindcnl".     Post- 
ofllco  Old  rn    ro    ho  mudo   payublo   to   Uahb   and    lIuoWN,  or 
to  Hrri-HKN  Hnowit. 
SMd  and  Uortluultural  EBtabllahmcnt,  Sudbury,  SuflTlU. 


EXHIBITION    OF   TULIPS. 
TURNER'S  extensive  Collection  is  now  in  FULL 

•     BLOOM,  and  may  be  viewed  ("^undajs  excepted),  till 
end  of  the  month. — Roval  Nursery,  Slough. 


F>ELGIAN  CHICORY  SEED.— On  account  of  the 
*  many  appliCHiioua,  1  have  obtained  aome  of  the  above, 
and  c&n  send  packeta,  at  Is.,  post  free,  but  it  ran  be  had  of 
any  Seed  hous«  in  London  as  well.  Also,  Cothill's  Potato 
Piimphlet,  at  25 ,  or  by  post,  23.  4d.  ;  also,  his  "  Market 
Gardening  Round  London,"  Is.  Gd.,  or  by  po^t.  Is.  Sd  ,  or  of 
Hamilton  and  Adam^,  Paternoefer  Row  ;  or  Ridgwat,  Picca- 
dilt>  :  orof  James  Cdthill.  Horticulturist,  Camberwe!l,LonriO(i, 
«»«  A  YOUIH  WANTED,  about  17  years  of  age,  who  baa 
some  knowledge  of  Gardenim; . 


HIMALAYA  SKEDS.— FAe  following  Seeds  from 
the  Himalaga  Mount^iinv  maybe  had  of  J.  Carteb,  Seeds- 
■man  and  FlorUt,  No.  23S,  Migh  Hotborn,  London,  at  the  foUowing 
prices,  j)repaid  : — 

Cedrus  Deodars,  warranted,  per  lOflO  seeds    7s  Gd. 

„  per  100  „  10 
80  Packets  Plower  Seeds,  undescribed  10  0 
25        „                  „                          „  8     6 

20        „                  „                          „  6     6 

15        ,.  „  ,^ 5     0 

PELARGONIUMS. 

JOHN  DOBSON's  Collection  of  all  the  leading 
varieties  of  PELARGONIUMS  is  now  in  bloom,  and  will 
continue  bo  for  several  weeks,  and  may  be  viewed  every  day 
(Sundays  excepted}. 

Trains  lt*ave  the  Waterloo  station  every  hour, 
John  Dobson's  Trea'ise  on  the  Culiivation  of  this  popular 
flower  will  be  sent  post  free  on  rereiot  of  eii:ht  sraraps. 
WOODLANDS  NURSERY.  ISLEWORTH. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
EMPEROR    STOCK,   a    perennial  species,  and  hardy, 
14(10  seeds,  Is. 

CtNliRARIA  and  CAtCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Phints,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  finest  they  had  ever  seen ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
500  itf  the  latter,  Is.  each  paper. 

MYOSOriS  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  verv  beautiful;  20l>  needs,  Is. 

CALENDIitNiA  UMBELLATa,  one  oi'  thd  neatest  growing 
and  most  hrilU'ini  floweringol  wi'  ^^eddiu?  pUints;  150O  seeds,  Is. 
SWEET    WILLIAM,  in  100  v^  ^etiea  ;  10,000  deeds.  Is. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postai^e  stamps. 

Jeyes  and  Co.,  Niiraeries.  Northampton. 

BEDDING    PLANTS. 
OOD  AND  INGRAM  have  to  offer  well  established 
PlauCfl  at  the  tollowiog  pricep,  for  caah. 


w 


per  dozcD- 
Aneinone  japr>Dica         ...  3 
Ageratum    grandiflorum  2 
CalceitlHiia    viscosissima  3 
Ciiieniria  nmeloides      ...  2 
Heliotropes  ...         ...  2 

Lcbelia,  scarlet  varieties  4 
Linum  fliivum      4 


Per  dozen — s.  d. 

VlyoBOtis  azoricus  ...  0  0 

Salvias,  sorts  ...  2s.  to  3  0 
GeraniumB,            Scarlet, 

sorts        2s.  to  4  0- 

Pelargoniums    in    great 

variety 4s.  to  8  0 

Verbenas   sorts  ...  ..  2  0- 


Wiib  other  kinds  equally  low,  of  which  Catalogues  may  be- 
had.— Huuiingdon  Nurseries,  May  15. 


PELARGONIUMS-GOOD    PLANTS. 

DILLISTONES  AND  CO.,  Stm-raer,  Halstead,  beg  to 
oS'er  the  following : 
Aspasie  Painter 

Aurora  Minna 

Centurion  Lady  Clementine 

CasB.audra  Empo 

Feu-de-jole  Vesta 

Mary  Qieen  of  Scots  Zenobia 

And  50  o'hers,  at  9s.  per  dozen. 
Carriage    of    Packages    paid    to    London,    if    the    order 
amount  to  20s.     Beddirig  Plants  in  gi'oat  variety. 

This  advertisement  will  not  be  repeated. 


NEW  HARDY  HYBRID  RHODODENDRON 
"BLANCHE  SUPERBE."— This  fine  hardy  Illiododi^n- 
dron  wart  exhibited  at  Cliiflwick  on  Saturdny  last,  and  wiih 
greatly  ndmired.  It  was  awarded  the  Bank-Ian  Medal.  Itia 
a  Setdling  of  Mcpsrs.  Veitch,  ivbo  can  supply  nice  established 
plants  of  It  at  10s.  Gd.  each.  Discount  to  the  trade. 
Exeter,  May  16 


ROSE    NURSERIES.    HERTFORD. 

EDWARD    P.     FRANCIS     offers     the     following 
Beddlii^.out  Plant  r,  strong  and  vigoroua,  In  GO-mzu  pots, 

carriaL'fip'jid  to  Lt)ndon  :  Per  dozen — s  d. 

Scatlet  Geraniums,  Tom  Thumb  and  Frogmore      ...     4  0 

Vorbenap,  the  best  varieties         33.  to    4  » 

Salvias,  blue  and  lod         ...     4  0 

Fuchhta".  best  varieticB 6  0 

HellotropCB,  strong,  tu48-Blze  pots         6  0 

,,  Hinuller  plants  4  0 

PentBtemons,  fine  varleiii-s  i  0 

Agtrainm  iro  esiinum        8  (t 

CulceoliirliiH,  vlHcoslttaima,  iloribundn,  uniploxioaulis    4  0 

AiiMnalliH,  blue  4  0 

Nlereniheiglas  4  0 

Ouphua  pla  ycentra 8  0  ' 

UiiltlarUla  p  cia        4  0 

PetuntuH,  Beauty,  Splondeus,  iic 4  0 

Donbio  SciKM'lo        4  0 

Lobelia  ntcenioHa 6,0- 

,,        oitnuB  4  0 

(lOnothcra  vivlpara 

Troi  Ksolum  oaiiurlcnulB      4  0 

Viirit'tinted  GeriinlumH,  strong 8  C- 

Flue  mixed  forts  rlo.,  In  48  and  82-ilzo  pots 9  0- 

Cidlectlon  of  the  beat  Hollyhouka,  lu  pots.  Is,  each. 
E.  V.  F.  engugcB  (o  supply  none  but  strong  bcuUhy  plantn 
May  ID. 


306 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[May  15, 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITION  AT  THE  GARDEN,  MAY  8,  1852. 

AWARD     OP     TM^     JUBGISS. 


THE    LARGE    GOLD    MEDAL. 

1  To  Ml".  May,  i-Jarileaer  to  Mrn    Liwrence,  F.H.S.,  for  a  col- 

lection *jf  'iO  Stove  and  Greeiiliuuae  Plantd 

2  To  Mr.  Fiaiiklin,  Gardtuer  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  F.H.S.,  for 

30  bpccies  of  Exotic  Uichids. 

THE    GOLD    KNIGHTIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Cule,  Gardener  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 

a  collection  of  20  Stove  and  Greenhiiuse  flanis 

2  To  Mr.  Spetd,  of  fidmoatOD,  for  15  atove  and  Greenhouse 

Plants 
-3  To  Mr.  May.  G-ardener  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  F.H.S.,  for  six 

Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in20.iuch  pots 
4  To  Mr.  Blake,  Gardci.er  to  J.  H.  Schioiey,  Esq.,  F.H.S. ,  for 
20  species  of  Exotic  Orchids. 

THE    GOLD    BANKSIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Messrs.  Fraaer.  of  Lea  lirid:,-©  Road,  Esees,  for  a  collec- 

tiuu  of  "^0  St'ive  and  Grteiihouae  Pianls 

2  To  Mr.  Green,  Gardener  to  Sir  E.  Aiitrobus,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

for  15  otuve  and  Greenhouse  Pl^mrs 

3  To  Mr.  Caison,  Gardener  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  6  Sri.ve  and  GreeiiliuUBe  Plante.  in  2(>-iDch  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Williams,  Gardener  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S,, 

for  20  bpecies  of  Exotic  Orchids 

6  To  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Hon,  of  Exeter,  for  15  species  of  the 

same 
G  To  Mr.  Ivison,  Gardener  to  the  Duchess  Dowager  of  North- 
umbfrland.  F.H.S,,  at  Siim,  for  10  species  of  the  same 

7  To  Mr.  May,  Gardener  to   Mra.  Lawrence,  F.H;S.,  for   12 

varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

8  To  the  saoie.  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 

9  To  Messrs.  RollipiiOn,  ot  Tooting,  tor  the  same 

10  To  Mr.  Terry,   Gardener  to   Lady    Puller,   of  Youngsbury, 

Fens,  for  l2  varieties  of  It  ses  in  pots 

11  To  Mr.  Francis,  of  Hertford,  for  'he  same 

12  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slou^jh,  for  12  varieties  of  Pelargoniuma, 

in  8- inch  pots. 

THE    LARGE    SILVER-GILT    MEDAL. 

1  To  Messrs.  Paraplin,  of  Lea  Bridge    Road,  Essex,  for  a  col- 

lection of  'iO  Stiive  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Dods.  Gardener  lo  Sir  J.  hn  Cathcart,  Bart ,  F.H.S,, 

for  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

3  To  Mr.  Knghoro,  Gardener  to  the  Earlof  Kilmorey,F.H,S., 

for  G  Stove  and  Greenh  u^e  Pliints,  in  20.inch  pots 
■4  To  'he  Same  for  6  species  of  Exotic  Orchids 

5  To  Mr-  Over,  Gardener  to  W.  tMc.vluilen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham, 

for  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in  13  incli  pots 

6  To  Me-srs.  RoHi^son,  fur  15  spec  es  ot  ii^xutic  Orchids 

7  To  Mr.  Uarson,  Gardener  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  10  species  of  the  same 

8  To  Mr.  Chiity.  Gardener  to  J.  Basset,  Eeq.,  of  Stamford 

HiU,  tor  12  varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

9  To  ihu  same  fir  12  varieties  of  Ro^es  in  [jOts 

10  To  Mebsrs.  Rollisson,  fur  ti  of  itie  newer  kinds  of  Green- 

house Azalea  in  8-incb  pots 

11  To  the  same,  for  a  collection  of  Mipoellaneoua  Plants 

12  To  Mr.  Green.  Gardener  to  Sir  E.  Antrubus,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

for  6  varieties  ot  Greenhouse  Azalea 
18  To  the  same,  for  6  varieties  of  Tall  CacU 

14  To    Mr.    Ivi-oii.    Gardener    to    the    Duchess    Dowager    of 

Northumberland.  F.U.S.,   for    a    collection    of   Indian 
Rhodiideudrons 

15  To  Mr.  Cole,  Gardener  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 

In  varieties  ot  Cape  Heath 

16  To  Mr.  Epps,  of  Muidstone,'for  the  same 

17  Tu  the  same,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  ia  11-inch  pots 

18  To  Mr.  Watsun,   Gardener  to  Mrs.  Tredwell,  of  St.  John's 

Lodge,  Norwood,  for  the  same 

19  To  Messrs.  Lane,  of  Great  Berkhampstead,  for  12  varieties 

(  f  Roaes  in  po  8 

20  To  Messrs.  Vei-ch  and  Son,  for  Hesacentris  myBorensia 

21  To  Mr.  Diibson,  of  Islewonh,  for  12  varieties  of  Pelargo- 

nium, in  8-ineh  pots 
■32  To  Mr.   bray.  Gardener  to  Sir  J.  QoMimid,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

for  (i  varieties  of  Pelargonium,  in  ll-inch  pots 
23  To  Mr.  Ketnpster,  of  Blackbeath,  tor  6  varieties  of  Fancy 

Pelargonium,  in  S-inuh  pots 
^l  To  Mr.  Turner,  ot  Slough,  for  the  same. 

THE   CERTIFICATE  OF    EXCELLENCE. 

1  To    Mr.    Lajbaiik,    Gardener    to    T.    Maudslay,    Esq.,    of 

Knighi's  Hill.  Norwood,  for  a  colitctioa  of  15  Stove  and 
Greeihouse  Plants 

2  To  Mesh-rs.  RuUissoD,  for  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 

in  13-iiich  pots 

3  To  Mr.  Taj  lor.  Gardener  to  J,  Coster,  Esq.,  of  Streatham, 

for  a  collection  of  'Helichrysuma 

4  To  the  same,  for  Hix  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  in  8-inch  pots 

5  To  Mr.  Wooliey,  Gardener  to  H  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  ofCheshunt, 

for  10  species  ot  Exotic  Orchids 

6  To  Mr.  Green,  Gardener  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.,  F.H.S.,, 

for  6  species  of  the  same 

7  ToMr.  Fleming,  Gardenerto  the Dukeof  Sutherland,  F.H.S., 

at  Treniham  lor  six  of  the  newer  kinds  of  Greenhouse 
Azalea,  in  8-inch  pots 

8  To  Meshrs.  Fraser,  for  6  varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

9  To  the  same,  tor  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 

10  To  Me&srs.  Veitcb,  for  a  single  specimen  of  Medinilla  mag> 

nihca 

11  To  Messrs.  Lane,  for  a  collection  of  Indian  Rhododendrons 

12  To  Mr.  Williams,  Gardener  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  a  CO  leciiun  of  Miscellane'  u*  Plants 

13  To  Mr.  Smith,  Gardener  to  W.   Qullter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  10  varieiies  ot  Cape  Hea'h. 

14  To  Mr.  Koser,  Gardenertn  J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  ofStreatham, 

for  ihe  sam",  in  11-inch  pots 

15  To  the  eame,  for  Svarietiesof  Fancy  Pelargonium,  in  S-incb 

pi  IS 

16  To   A.   Rowland,   Esq.,   F.H.S.,   for  12  varieties  of  Roses 

in  pots 

17  To  Messrs.  Paul,  of  Cbeshunt,  for  the  same 

18  To   Weaars.    Veitch,    for    a  ainyle    specimen    of    Cattleya 

Mossiee 

19  To  ihe  -ame,  for  a  new  species  of  Aerides  from  Moulmein 

20  To  Mr.  Gaines,  of  Baltersea,  for  12  varieties  of  Pelargo- 

nium, in  8-iDch  pots 

21  To  Mr.  Ayres,ofBiacUheath,  for  G  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelar- 

gonium,  ill  8-iDcn  pots 

22  ToMr.  Jarvis   Gardener  to  J.  Ruck,  Esq.,  of  Croydon,  for  a 
'^■'eeii  Pine-apple 

:.  Davis.   Gardener  to  Lord  Boston,  PiH.fi,,  for  a  Pro- 
vitieDce  Pine  apple 

Jackson,  Gardener  to  6.  Beaufoy,  Esq.,  of  South 
*'«'nbeih.  tor  Dutch  Sweetwa-er  Grapes 

25  To  Mr.  D.ids,  Gardener  to  Sir  John  Cathcart,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

tor  Black  Hamburgh  GpHpes 

26  To  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  HUl.  for  the  same. 


28  To  Mr.  Davii 

V 

24  To  I 


THE   LARGE   SILVER    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Taylor,  Gardener  to  J.  Coster,  Esq.,  of  Streatham, 

for  a  collection  of  15  8tove  and  Greeuhouso  Plants 

2  To  the  same,    for  6  of  the    newer  kinds  of  Greenhouse 

Azalea,  in  8-inch  pots 

3  To  Mr.  Wansoo,  Gardener  to  Mrs.   Tredwell,  of  St.  John's 

Lodge,  Norwood,  for  6  Stove  and  Greauhouse  Plants,  in 
13.inch  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Green,  Gardener  to  Sir  E   Antrobus,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

fnr  a  collection  of  Helichrysums 

5  To  Mr.  Stanly    Gardener  to  H    Berens,  Esq.,  F.H.S.,  for  a 

single  specimen  ot  Erica  Hannelli 
G  To  Mr.  Carson,  Gardener  to  W,  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq,,  F.H.S., 
for  6  distinct  varitties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

7  To  Mr.  Gaines,  of  Battersea,  for  a  collection  of  Indian  itho- 

dodeudrona 

8  To  the  same,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelargonium,   in 

8'inch  pots 

9  To  the  same,  for  6  varieties  of  Calceolaria,  in  8-inch  pote 

10  To  Mr.  Jarvis,  Gardener  to  J.  Ruck,  Lsq,,  of  Croydon,  for 

10  varieties  of  Cupa  Heath,  in  11-inch  po's 

11  To  Mr.  Speed,  of  Edmunton,  for  6  varieties  of  Caps  Heath, 

in  8-iiich  pots 

12  To  Mr.  Parker,  Gardener  to  J.  M,  Strachan,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  a  collection  of  Cape  Pelargoniums 

13  To    Mr.    Kinghorn,    Gardener  to   the   Earl    of    Kilmorey, 

F.a  S.,   for  a  single  specimen   of   PhaiEenopsia    grao- 
di  flora 

14  To  Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble,   of  Bagshot,  for  Azalea 

amceoa 

15  To  Messrs.  Yeitch,  for  Dendrobium  clavatum 

16  To  Mr.  Bray,  Gardener  to  E.  Lou^ada,  Esq.,  of  Peak  House, 

Sidmouth,  for  a  Queen  Pine-apple 

17  To  Mr.  Allport,  Gardener  to  H.  Abroyd,  E^q.,  of  Doddington 

Park,  Nantwich,  tor  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

18  To  Mr.  Spary,  of  Brigh'oo,  for  the  same 

19  To  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill,  lor  Sweetwater  Grapes. 

THE    SILVER    KNIGHTIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Chitty,   Gardener  to  J.  Ba»set,   Esq.,   of  Statnford 

HiU,  for  a  collection  of  20  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

2  To    Mr.  Kinghorn,    Gardener    'O    the    Earl    of    Kilmorey, 

F.H.S.,  for  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in  13-inch  pots 

3  To  Mr.  Stuart,  Gardener  to  T.  Muggins,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  a  collection  of  Helichrysunns 

4  To  Mr.  Smith,  Gardener  to    W.  Qailter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  a  single  specimen  of  Erica  Siudrjana 

5  To  Mr.  Falconer,    Gardener  to   A.  Palmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam, 

for  6  disiiiict  varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

6  To  Messrs.  Vei'cb,  for  Fitzroya  patagonica 
g7  To  the  same,  for  Saxe-Gothrei  conspicua 

8  To  Mr.  Over,  Gardener  to  W.  M'MuUen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham, 

for  10  varieties  ot  Cnpe  Heath 

9  To  Mr.  Fairbairo,  of  Clapham.  for  ihe  same 

10  To  Mr.  Hamp,  Gardener  to  J.  Tliorne,  Eeq  ,  of  South  Lam- 

beth, for  6  varieties  ot  Cape  tieath,  in  8-inch  pots 

11  To  Mr.  Busby,   Qardener  to  S.  Crawley,  Ebq.,  F.H.S.,  for 

12  varieties  of  Roses  in  pots 

12  To    Mr,    Watson,    Ga'-deoer   to   Mrs.  Tredwell,    St.  John's 

Lodge,  Norwood,  for  a  collection  of  Cape  Pelargoniums 

13  To  Mr,  C  lie,  Gardener  to    H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 

a  single  specimen  of  Dendrobium  nobile 

14  To  Mesbrs.  Veitch,  for  Dendrobium  albosanguineum 

15  To  Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble,  for  Azalea  vittata  Fortuni 
IG  To  Mr.  Westwood,  of  Acton  Lane,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy 

Pelargonium,  in  S-inch  pots 
17  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slough,  for  12  varieties  of  Pansies,  in 

8-inch  pots 
13  To  Mr.   Lochner,  of  Warwick  House,    Paddington,  for  6 

varie'ies  of  Cineraria,  in  8  inch  pots 

19  To  Mr.  Forbes,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  F.H.S., 

at  Woburu  Abbey,  for  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

20  To    Mr.    Fleming,    Gardener    to  the   Duke  of  Sutherland, 

F.H.S.,  of  Treniham,  for  May  Uuke  Cherries 

21  To  Mr.  Judd,  Gardener  to  Earl  Spencer,  F.H.S.,  for  British 

Queen  Strawberries 

22  To    Mr.  May,    Gardener  to   J.  Watney,   Esq.,    F.H.S.,    for 

Keens'  Seedhng  Strawberries 

23  To  Mr.  Dew,  of  Ham  Common,  for  Keens'  Seedling  Straw- 

berries 

24  To  Mr.  Robertson,  Gardener  to  Lady  Emily  Foley,  Stoke 

Edith  Park,  Ledbury,  for  a  Green-flesh  Melon. 

THE    SILVER   BANKSIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Stanly,  Gardener  to  H,  Bereus,  Esq.,   F.H.S,,  for  a 

collection  of  G  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Hamp,  Gardener  to  J    Thome,  Esq.,  of  South  Lam- 

heih,  for  a  colleciion  of  Helichrysums 

3  To  Mr.  May,  Gardener  to    Mre.    Lawrence,    F.H.S.,  for  a 

single  specimen  of  Erio^temon  intermedium 

4  To   Messrs.  Lane,  for  6  varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

5  To  Messrs.  Veitch,   for   a   Hardy  hybrid   Rhododendron, 

named  Blanche  Superbe 

6  To  Mr.  Roser,  Gardener  to  J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  of  Streatham, 

for  12  varieties  ot  Roses  in  pots 

7  To  MeMsrs.  Henderson,  Pine  Apple  Place,  for  Tetratheca 

ericifolia 

8  To  Mr.  Ivibon,  Gardener  to  the  Duchess  Dowager  of  North- 

umbeiland,  F.  H.S.,  at  Sion,  for  Oncidium  sessile 

9  To  ihe  same,  for  a  tree  of  Eriobotryajaponica  in  fruit 

10  To  Mr.  Lochner,  of  Warwick    House,   Paddington,  for  12 

varieties  of  Pansies  in  8-iiich  pots 

11  To    Messrs.   E.  G.  Henderson,    of  St.   John's    Wood,   for    6 

varieties  ot  Cineraria  in  S-inch  po's 

12  To    Mr.    Povey,    Gardener    to    the    Rev.   J.    Thorneycroft, 

F.H.S.,  for  a  Biauk  Jamaica  Pine  Apple 

13  To   Mr.  M'Ewen,    Gar.ieoer   to   the   Duke   of    Norfolk,    at 

Arundel,  lor  Briti,-h  Queen  Strawberries 

14  To  the  same,  tor  Keeua'  Seedling  Stra^^beriics. 

THE    CERTIFICATE    OF    MERIT. 

1  To  Mr,  Carson,  Gardeuer  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  a  sinijle  specimen  of  Leschenauliia  Baiteri 

2  To  Mr.   Laybank,  Gardener  to  T.  Maudslay,  Esq.,  of  Nor-' 

wood,  for  Erica  Muirayana 

3  To  MesHrs.  Henderson,  Piue  Apple-place,  for  Boronia  te-: 

trandra 

4  To  Mr.  Franklin,  Gardener  to  Mre.  Lawrence,  F.H.S,,  for 

a  new  species  of  Trichopilia 

5  To  Messrs    Rollisson,  for  A'accia  cristata 

6  To  Mr.  Hallv,  of  Blackheath,  for  a  species  of  Libertia 

7  To  Messrs.  Veitch,  lor  -  trepti'carpus  bifl.irus 

8  To  Mr.  Terry,  Gardener  to  Lady  Puller,   of  Youngsbury, 

Herts,  for  12  varieties  of  Pansies,  in  o  inch  pots 

9  ToMr.  Roser,   G^irdener  to  J.    BmUburv,    E^q.,  of  Streat- 

ham, for  nix  varieties  of  Cineraria,  in  Sioch  pots. 

10  ToMr.  Britteo,o' Lewisham.  tor  British  Qaeeu  Siirawberries 

11  ToMr.  Brewivi,   Gardener  to  R.  Guuter,  Esq.,   F.H.S.,  tor 

Keens'  Seedling  Strawberries 


FINEST    DOUBLE    HOLLYHOCKS. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chesliunt, 
•  liens,  beg  to  inform  their  Ineuds  and  the  public  iu 
general  that  they  have  a  large  stock  of  all  the  leading  varieties 
of  Hollyhocks  exhibited  by  them  at  the  Crystal  Palace  last 
year.  The  foUowng  and  six  others  of  equal  value  for  30s. : — 
Comet,  Magnum  Bonum,  Charles  Baron,  Su'phurea  perfecta. 
Snowball  and  Qaeen.  The  following  and  six  others  of  equal 
value  for  12s.  :— Napoleon,  Formosa,  Model  of  Perfection, 
Delicata,  Queen  purpurea  elegans.  The  plants  will  bloom 
this  autumn. 


GERMAN    AND    OTHER    FLOWER    SEEDS. 
T      CARTER,    Seedsman   and   Florist,  238,    High 

t^  •  Holborn,  London,  submits  the  following  lisr.  of  CHOICE 
SEEMS  to  the  notice  of  his  cualomers,  the  present  season  being 
ex  remely  favourable  for  general  sowing.  12,  6,  or  3  packets 
may  be  had  at  half  the  price  of  24,  12,  or  G.  but  the  smaller 
assortments  cannot  be  divided.  The  Seeds  will  be  sent  prepaid 
by  pQiit. 

T.  The  following  Annuals,  c&c,  maybe  sown  on  a  hot-bed  or  warm 
bordiir  tilt  Ike  end  of  May.  The  Stochi  aUo  in  August,,  wjwier^iasa, 
for  next  season.     Mixed  Packets,  6d.  each. 

3  Mesembryanthemum  1;.  &d. 


24  Aster,  fine  German...  3s.  Oii 
12  „  hue  dwarf  ...  1  6 
12  Balsam,  double  ...  2  0 
IJ  ,,  Camellia  ...  2  6 
10      ,,  rose-fl  wered  2 


12      ,,  new  dwarf  , 

12  Convolvulus  major., 

4  Gaillardia 

6  Jacohaia         

6  Gourds,  extra 

4  Lobelia  

G  Marigold 

5  Martynia 


6  Mimulus 

G  Petui.ia 
12  Phiox  Drummondii. 

G  Portulaca 
12  .Saluiglossis    ... 

4  Salvia 

24  Stock,  German 
12      „    Pmssi  m 

6       ,,    new  large 

6       „    very  dwarf 
12       ,,    intermediate    . 
12  Ziuuia  elegans 


II.   To  be  sown  in  the  open  borilers  during  Uay  or  June,  or  for 
early  jiowers  next  year,  in  September.    Mixed  packets  'id.  each. 


G  Calliopsis  . 
6  Candytuft  , 
6  Clarkia        

5  Collinsia     

G  Convolvulus  minor 
4  Gilia 

6  Godetia       

4  Leptiisiphon 

12  Larkspur,  dwf.     .., 


.     Is.Gd. 


III.  Biennia'^  and  Perennials. 

Umber.    Manyof  ihemjlower  thefirstyear 

Gd.  each. 
12  Antirrhinum 

G  Aquilegia 1 

6  Anemone 2 

6  Campanula  ...     1 

4  Canterbury  Bell  ...    1 
4  Carnation  and  Pl- 

cotee         10     0 

„        mixed     ...    2     6 
6  Delphinium  ...     1      6 

6  Dianthus 1      6 

6  Digitalis      1      3 

4  Escbscholtzia       ...     0     9 
G  Gentium     1      6 


12  Larkspur,    all       ...    2s.6rf. 

12  „  Siock-flowered  3  0 
6       ,,     new  Hyacinth    1     6 

6  Lupinus      1     3 

G  Nasturtium  ...     1     3 

6  Nemophila  ...     1     3 

6  Poppy,  extra         ...    1    6 

12  Scabious,  Hne  ...  2  6 
5  Veuus'Liioking-glass  1  0 
May  be  sown  from  May   to   Sep 


2s.  Gd. 

1  6 

2  0 
S 
0 


4  Geura         

24  HoUjhock 

5  Indian  Pink 

3  Liatris         

G  CEootbera 

6  Papaver      

6  Pentstemon 

6  Fotentilla 

3  Stock,  Brompton... 
G      „      new  Imperial 

12      „       Winter 

12  Wallflower,  extra 


Mixed  Packets, 
Is.  3(2. 


IV.    Ch-eenhoase  Seeds,  dsc.    May  be  sown  from  May  till  AxLgust. 

Mixed  packets  of  those  not  priced  may  be  had  at  Gd.  each. 
G  Acacia  23.  Od, 

Achimenes,  mixed  .  1  0 
4  Als  rtBmeria  ...  1  6 
4    Anugallis     1      6 

Calceolaria,  mixed.    1     0 

Cineraria,  mixed  ...     1      0 

6  Erica 2     6 

,,    fine  mixed    ...    2     6 

Fuchsia,  mixed  ...  1  0 
6  Geranium 2     '6 


Gesnera,  mixed 
Gladiolus,  2iJ  var.. 
4  Globe  Aaiaraoch  . 
Gloxinia,  mi.\.ed    . 

3  Helichrysum 
6  Kennedya    ... 

4  Lophospermum 

5  Maurandya... 
4  Passittora    ... 

6  Thunbergia 


And  a  large  collection  of  other  Flower  Seeds,  iL-c,  of  wJiich  a  Cata- 
logue may  be  had  gratis 


CHOICE  SEEDLING  PETUNIAS.  —  We  have 
selected  the  following  three  beautiful  and  distinct  varieties 
from  a  very  floe  and  brilliant  batch  of  SeedliniiS.  The  three 
varieties  we  can  recommend  as  superior,  and  the  colours  will 
be  found  rich  and  attractive. 

BRAGANZA,  very  rich  dark  purple  crimson,  and  fine  shape. 
RICAll  rUiNlI,  bright  crimson  purple,  with  very  dark  throat 

and  Veins. 
MAZEPPA,  lar?e  pinky  blush,  very  dark  throat. 
Strong  plants  are  now  ready,  at  3s.  Gd.  each,  and  may  be  had 
Free  by  Post.     The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade,  by  taking 
three  plants  of  a  s-  rt, 

B«»SS   AND  BROWN,  SODBDRT.   Sdffilk. 


LIZ 


IZZY*  is  the  very  acme   of  form,   aud   highly 


Chronicle. 

COLS  AND  SWARP  are  now  sending  out  good  plants  of  the 
above  beadtifol  Dahlia  at  10s.  Gd.  each. 

FO'-  description  and  awards,  see  Advertisement  in  thisPaper, 
April  23.  Drawings  may  be  seen  at  Mesers!  Clarke  and  Son's, 
Kin^-street,  Covent  Garden. 

Arttou  Lane  Nursery,  near  Birmingham. ^^ 

DAHLIAS. — If  Certificates  are  any  criterion  of 
merit,  the  under-mentioned  received  TnirLy-idree  out  of 
Fi(ry-hve  given  to  all  England,  at  the  Great  National,  Surrey 
Gardens,  Trowbridge,  Newbury,  Walsall,  SbacUlewell,  Tauti- 
ton,  Notiiog.hiM,  London,  and  Slough.  They  stand  on  this 
recommendHtion.  Fine  pianls  are  now  ready,  with  all  the 
leading  varieties,  on  application  to  John  Kexn£S,  Nurseryman, 
Salisbury. 


Triumphant  (Keynes), crimson 

Una  (do.),  white 

Douglas    Jerrold    (do.),    buff- 

ed^^ed  scarlet 
Laura  Lavington  (do.),  fancy, 

fawn  aud  wbite 
Nancy  (do.),  fancy,  scarlet  and 

Catalogues,  showing  the  three  best  varieiies  of  each  colour^ 
mav  be  had  on  apniication.  — Salisbury.  M«'  15 


Aurora  (&eynpp),  buff 
Cricket  (L»oda'-.J,  fancy,  peach 

and  while 
Miss     Bathurst     (do.),    fancy, 

lilac  and  white 
Cloth  of  Gold  (Hooper's),  fine 

yellow 


N 


TEW     AN0     CHOICE     FUCHSIAS,    &c. 


Dr.  Gross'e  (Kendall) 
Exp'»n^ion  (Bii.kO 
Sir  J.  Falstaff 
Gem  of  the  West 
Voltigeur  (Smith) 
Briliiaut. 


Com'e  de  BeauUeu 

Hebe  (Mayle) 

Unique  (Story) 

S.rniti  Dtv-m  (do.) 

Multiplex  (do.) 

DeVouia  (do.) 

Striata  (do. J  ■     ■,   ^  a    t 

The  above  set,  hamper  included,  7s. 
DAHLIAS.— Choice  show  flowers,  inciud.ng  Nil  Desperan- 
dura,  6s    per  di'zeo. 

VEKBENAS." First-o'assFlowers,  6s.  per  ''ozen. 
PETUNIAS.— Fine  named  sorts,  3j.  per  doz  n. 
Betiding  plants,  of  the  most  popular  and  approved  kinds 
stout  plants  'J53.  per  100,  hamper  included. 
Habt  and  Nioklin,  Fiorists,  Ctuildtocd,  Surrey. 


20— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


307 


NEW     ACHIMENES. 

HLANE  AND  SON,  Great  Berkhamstead,  are  now 
•  prepared  ro  aead  o<'t,  per  post,  Achimenes  Marg;iretta, 
at  55.  each,  pure  white,  size  and  habit  of  LongiEora,  very  dis- 
tinct from  any  other,  quite  a  gem. 

Presented  to  us  by  G.  U.  Skinuer,  Beq. 


ORCHIDS  AND  FERIMS  FOR  THE  MILLION.— Dodmapt. 

WILLIAM  MASTERS,  the  Exotic  Nursery,  Can- 
terbury, b'-imtover-stocked  with  0  KG  H  IDS  and  FEKNS, 
is  enabled  to  offer  them  from  18s.  to  30s.  per  dozen  aorta. 
Also  12  species  of  the  new  Sikkim  Rhododendron,  irom  425. 
per  dozen.     Early  orders  are  particularly  reqaested. —  May  15. 

FINE  PASTURE  GRASS  SEEDS  for  laying  down 
Laud.— Hand-picked  Seed  at  2l3.  per  acre,  allowinff 
3  bashels  of  the  mixe'l  Grass  Seed  and  6  lbs.  of  Dutch  Clover 
to  each  acre,  Henry  Clabke,  Seed  Merchant, 

39,  Kini-etreet,  Covent-garden,  London. 

NEW    ROSE. 
PAUL'S    "QUEEN   VICTORIA"  (tbue). 

A  PAUL  AND  SON,  NuKSERYMEN,  &c.,  Chesliunt, 
•  Herts  beg  to  inform  their  friends  and  thi?  pubbc  in 
general  that  they  have  now  ready  for  sale  a  tew  plants  of  this 
unique  ROSE,  at  lOs.  6d.  each.  Scarcely  half  the  orders  re- 
ceived la^t  auiutnn  could  he  executed.  Should  the  demand 
aeain  exceed  the  supply,  the  earliest  orders  will  have  the 
preference.  .    .         „  ,.        , 

lf,B. This  fine  variety  is  quite  distinct  from  Caroline  ae 

Sansal. 


SUTTON'S  PERMANENT  GRASSES. 
—  The  SUPERIOR  QUALITY  riF  SUTTON'd  GRASS 
SEED'^  is  pliuily  iodic  i ted  by  the  nuT-erous  ordera  they 
are  daily  receiving,  through  the  recommendation  of  former 
customers. 

Some  interesting  particulars  of  Land  laid  down  with 
these  Seeds  is  published  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of 
March  27th,  page  195. 

TJie  prices  for  the  best  quality  are  as  under,  huf  for 
poor  reclaimed  Lajnds  or  otlier  cases  where  the  cost  is  the 
principal  coiisideration,  mixtures  at  about  half  the  pHce 
may  be  had. 

For  best  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,  mixed      Per  acre. 

expressly  to  suit  the  8oil        24s.  to  283. 

For  best  Clovers  and  Grasses   (for  one,  two,  or 

three  years' lay)  1-15.  to  20s. 

The  sorts  con-.iat  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  in  our  Advertiaemeat  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Qanieners'  Chronic  e  of  March  20. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seeil  Growers,  'Readinj;,  BerUn. 


CAPE    HEATHS,    ETC. 

WJ.  EPPS,  in  offering  the  following  varieties  of 
•      CAPE    HE.\THS,  AZALEAS,  &.C.,    begs  to    remark 

ttiat  they  are  splendid,   buahy,  vigorous,  plants,  not  to  be 

equalled  in  the  trade  : — ■ 

Erica  jasminiflora 
„      Shannonii 
,,      BaodoDit 
,,     ampuUacea 
„  ,,  vittata 

,,      Macnabiana 
„      £asoniana 
„  ,,  purpurea 

„     princeps 
„  ,,        carnea 

„     vestita  fulgida 
„  „     rosea 

„  ,,      grandiflora 

„      Cavendishii 


Brica  tricolor 

jj  „        "Wilsonii 

jt  fi        rubra 

jj  „       Dnnbarii 

»  i>       Lesana 

,       speciosa, 
(McNab) 
„  „       Jacksonii 

,,  „       domosa 

„     HannelU 
„      retorta  major 
,,      Termini  superb 
„     lrb>ana 

aristata  major 


Strong  platits  of  the  above,  in4S-sized  pots,  fromlSa.  to 
31s.  per  dozen. 

Selections  from  the  following,  12s.  to  15s.  per  dozen:— 
Kollissooii,  aristata  vittata,  baccana,  propendens,  Sindryana, 
Sowieana,  depressa,  depressa  multiflora,  Juliana,  commosa 
alba,  ceriothoideB,  SaviHei  major,  rubella,  aplendens,  inter- 
Hiedia,  physoides,  verticillata,  perspicua  nana,  ventricosa 
globosa,  sangainea,  maramoaa  pallida,  aodromedaeflora,  elata, 
and  Banksia.     Fine  healthy  plants  in  48.sized  pots. 

AZALEA  IN  DI  C  A.— Selection  from  the  following 
varieties,  93.  to  21s-  per  dozen,  very  strong  plants: — AJba 
magna,  JKnescens,  Edmondsii,  Glory  of  Sunning  Hill,  Hol- 
denii,  optima,  carmina'a,  alba  lutescens,  splendens,  delecta, 
Prince  Albert,  proectaria,  triumphane,  Hebe,  obtusa,  punici- 
flora,  coronata,  Minerva,  Perryana,  Cupid,  vivieano.  Con- 
queror, coccmea  superb,  latetitia  grandiflora,  mfgnifica  plena, 
rosea  superba,  Incompdrable,  Fulgens,  modesLa,  variegata, 
blanda,  rosea  punctata,  semi.dupler  maculata,  Lawreuceaoaj 
Broughtoidi,  Uukeof  Devonshire. 

Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  in  great  variety,  12s.  to  24s. 
per  dozen. 

Strong  well-established  plants  of  the  newest  and  best  kinds 
of  Fuchsiaf,  9s.  to  15s.  per  dozen. 

Fine  new  and  show  varieties  of  Pelargoniums,  in  4S-sized 
pots,  very  strong,  bushy  plants,  9s.  to  2l5.  per  dozen. 

Dahlias,  all  >  hd  leading  kinds  of  former  years,  together  with 
the  novelties  of  the  pres-tnt  season,  from  63,  per  dozen. 

A  descriptive  Sprinif  Catalogue  will  be  sent  on  application. 

Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone,  May  15, 


NEW    CAMELLIA. 
JACKSON'S  "COUNTESS  OF    ELLESMERE."— 

^  To  be  sent  out  in  the  first  week  of  Jane,  price  423.  each  ; 
and  for  every  three  ordered  one  added  gratis.  On  the  8th  of 
April  last  it  wns  awarded  by  the  National  Floricultnral  Society 
of  London  a  first-clase  Certificate,  and  received  the  highest 
commendation  ;  it  is  described  as  being  of  firsf-rate  form,  with 
broad  cupiit-d  pc^-ilp,  of  a  blush  white,  faintly  striped  with  rose 
(see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  Gardeners^  Journal,  for  report  of 
meeting,  Apnl  17j.  Jt  is  figured  in  the  "Floriat"  for  May, 
1851,  and  13  a^^ain  mentioned  in  the  "Florist"  for  this  month, 
as  having  bet-n  pxhibited,  and  deserving  to  be  placed  in  every 
collection.  It  has  ihe  beautiful  form  of  the  Coup  d'H^be  Rose. 
— Though  J*ck.8un  and  Sow,  Nurserymen,  Kingston,  near 
London  ('m  ih«  Snutb  Western  Railway;. 

T^EW  CALCEOLARIAS,  SCARLET  PELAR- 

-*-~  GONIUMS,  &c. 

CALCEOLARIAS.— Cmway's  Ruby  Blcolor  and  Crimson 
King,  choice  varieties  for  bedding,  25.  Gd.  each.  Other  ffood 
sorts  Gg.  pT  duzeo. 

SCAK.  Er  OEflANIUMa.-Conway'a  King  of  Nepaul  and 
Pet  Huptrft,  2e.  Qd,  ea<h.  All  the  be>,t  varieties  at  moderate 
pnc«ii.     G  ud  plantft  for  bedding,  Cs.  to  fla.  per  dozen. 

VfciKBESAS.— A  g.jod  ielectioD,  6s.  to  i)8.  per  duzcn. 

Geranium*,    Par.cy  OcrdnlumB,    Hel-otrope'*,    Antirrhinums 

Ffaloxes,  Pe'uniao,  *c,  Aic,  at  reasonable  pricei.  ' 

A  Cniaiugo';  may  be  had  00  application. 

HlAT  C<mw4T,  ^ari'».c.>^rt  Nursery,  Old  B  romp  ton,  London 


NEW    AND    BEAUTIKUL    GLOXINIA, 

"QUEEN    OF    ENGLAND."     r  -^   -'^-^ 

J  HODGE,  NuRSERYM.AN,  Leo  Bank  House,  Lee 
•  Bank  Roid,  Edgba-ton,  Birmingham,  be^s  leave  to 
acquaint  his  friends  and  ihe  public  aenerally  that  the  above 
beautiful  Gloxinia  is  now  ready,  ac  IO3.  (id.  each,  one  over  to 
the  trade  when  three  are  taken.  Early  orders  are  reqiies'ed, 
as  the  stock  is  short. — Lee  Bank  Hou^e,  Birmingham,  May  15. 


QTANDISH  AND   WOBLE,    Nur-serymen,    Bagshot 

^-'   Surrey,  have  to.. ffer  thflftjllowiog  new  and  lelect  Plants 
all  of  which  Br*!  hardy,  eicept  Aialea  vittata :  ' 

ABIE8  JrZOBN-*H,»eefJltDgpIaot#i,  21»  eiich  ;  thUinoneof 
the  U«t  nuveitlos  In  Conlfera  ;  forms  a  noble  iree  of  120  feet  in 
htl^fht,  an'l  <>•  vw*  dis'inct  character  {vtry  hardy'. 

AZaLKa  VITTATA.  — a  dpTclmen  of  thU  iini'fine  variety 
was  aw^rd^d  a  K-.iKhiian  Me'Jal  wh(;n  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
cultural K<i(,'i.;iy'„  Room  luit  A[nll  ;  thw  ground  colour  of  the 
flxwcr  iA  wi,(ic,  beautifully  fctripcd  with  purple,  after  the 
manner  of  a  C'trnaiion.  It  la  a  very  frto  blooruer,  0  inches  to 
1  ffKJt,  ?|j(.  etich. 

CUKHE-^HtfS  FIJNKHaiS.— HeedHn«»,  iS/i.  to21i.  each 

CBFHALOTAXUii  FOitTUNI,  male,  long  leavea,  soedllngs 
Sli.  *anh. 

CKPHaLOTaXUH  POUTUNT,  female,  dhort  Icavou,  aeod. 
Hb|C",  2W.  ««■  h.  Th^-uft  have  withstood  the  Into  front  ond 
drylntf  wind-  wl-bout  losinK  any  of  their  verdure  (very  hartlv). 

ILEX  fUftCA  FA, 'JU.  .:(.ch. 
..       MMMIOOAHPA,  2U  tach. 

QOeaCH-i  '^f;LKRiH'liyLLA,  21f.  to  12».  each. 
M  ISVHriSA,  21*   to4V».  earh. 

itly  CALL0-4A,  fin  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 

Uha«larK*cor>.ub«of  ro»y  purplo  blossoms,  and  Is  a  hund- 
wme  MldUkm  10  •w  ihrabbery  plants.    lOi.  0d,  onch. 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Welliugtor-road,  St.  John's-wood,  London,  are  now 
Kending  out  iheir  New  Plants,  as  advertised  for  this  month. 
See  baek  Numbers  of  this  Paper,  Also  good  Plants  of  the 
following : — 

Select  Show  Verbenas  {of  1831),  at  12s.  and  ISs.  per  dozen, 
„  ,,      Geraniums,    at  18s.,  3ns.,  aod  42s.         „ 

„       Faocy  ditto,  ...     18s,  30s.,  and  4.'s.        ,, 

„       Show  Fuchsias,     12s.   and  ISs.        „ 

,,  ,,      Calceolarias,  ...   18s.    and  3O3.         ,, 

,,  ,,      Cinerarias     ...         ...   12s.  and  I83.         ,, 

„       Large  Flowering  Chrysan- 
themums   125.   and  18s.        ,, 

„       Lilliputian  ditto     ...        ...   12s.  and  IBs.        „ 

,,       Phloxes,  strong  plants,  9s.,  12s.,  and  ISs.        „ 
,,        Tree  Carnations     ...     2l3„  303.,  and  42s.        ,, 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,     MARESFIELD, 

NEAR  UCKFIELD,  SUSSEX. 

DWARF  ROSES  FOR  BEDDING.— 
The  present  month  is  considered  the  most  eligible  for 
planting  out  ROSES  (from  pnts),  for  grouping  in  the  Flower 
Garden.  W.  Wood  and  Son  beg  to  off  :r  their  Fiiends  and  the 
Public  a  large  stock  of  well-grown  plants,  at  the  following 
prices,  seleciion  being  left  to  themselves  :— 

Per  dozen— s. 
Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses,  on  the  Manetti  stock, 

also  on  own  roots         ...         ...  12 

Isle  de  Bourbon  {own  roots)        ~ 12 

Tea-scected  (own  roo's)        12 

China,  Noisette,  and  Climbing        9 

The  following  Tea-scented  Roses  are  highly  recommended 
either  for  bedding  or  for  pot  culture  : — 


30  or  40  caravans,  and  uii  hali-pa^i  a,  lu«  liuar  of 
closing  the  gate.s,  the  stream  of  such  veliicle.s  con- 
tinued to  flow.  A  lady,  celebrated  for  her  horti- 
calturalenthusiasm,  sent  19  caravans  full  ;  16  horses 
wera  required  to  drag  the  contributions  of  another 
exhibitor,  and  thus  the  tents  were  filled ;  and  not 
on]y  the  Exhibition  tents,  but  every  other  tent  in 
the  Garden. 

Of  the  plants  themselves,  our  reporter  has 
given  ample  details.  Here  glowed  a  forest  of 
Chinese  Azaleas,  too  brilliant  to  be  steadily  looked 
at ;  there  arose  a  long  bank  of  OrchidSj  perfuming 
the  air  and  delighting  the  observer  with  their 
tender  colours  and  extraordinary  forms  ;  one  tent 
was  redolent  of  Roses ;  another  sparkled  with 
the  enamelled  blossoms  of  the  Cape  Heaths  ;  in 
third,  Australia  presented  the  fairest  and 
gayest  children  of  her  golden  soil.  Many  novelties 
also  made  their  first  appearance,  conspicuous  among 
which  were  the  Mysore  Hexacentris,  whose  gaudy 
red  and  yellow  flowers  were  shown  to  advantage  by 
a  graceful  twining  habit ;  Saxe-Gothaea,  worthy  of 
its  illustrious  name,  which,  together  with  Fitzcoya, 
is  expected  to  rank  among  the  finest  of  hardy  exotic 
Coniferous  trees,  and  a  charming  little  Azalea, 
called  amoena,  just  introduced  by  Mr.  Fortune, 
from  China,  and  said  to  be  as  hardy  as  Rhododen- 
dron ferrugineum,  which  it  resembles. 

The  air  was  warm,  and  the  day  propitious ;  but 
the  trees  were  almost  leafless,  and  the  turf  and 
shrubberies  were  browned  by  the  long  cold  rainless 
weather,  so  that  the  lovers  of  flower-shows  might 
be  well  excused  for  deferring  their  visit  till  a  later 
da)'.  Nevertheless  the  visitors  amounted,  exclusive 
of  Exhibitors,  to  2755,  who  thoroughly  enjoyed  the 
most  admirable  display  of  horticultural  skill  which 
has  ever  yet  been  seen. 


d.    s.  d. 

0  to  IS  0 

0  to  18  0 

0  to  18  0 

0  to  12  0 


Each. — s.  d: 

Abricoto     1    £ 

Duchess  of  Mecklenburg 

(yellow) 5     C 

Elize  Sauvage       1     i 

Eugene  Desgaches  ...  1     t 

La  Sylphide  1     i 

Madame  Bravay 1    6 

PLANTS 

Pentstemona       

Phloxes    , 

Phloxes,  new  Continental  varieties 


Each. — s.  d. 

NTarecbal  Bugeaud        ...  1  6 

Mou-e         1  6 

Niphetoe     1  6 

Priiicesse  Adelaide 

(yellow) 1  6 

Safranot      1  6 

Souvenir  du  30  Mai         ...  1  6 
FOR    BEDDING 


Per  doz 
63.  to     9s.  Qd. 
6s,  to    9     0 
12     0 


Herbaceous  Plants,  fine  collection,  42s.  per  100,  or  6s.  to  12     0 
Plants  preseiitcl  for  distant  carriage.— May  15. 


SEAKALE    FOR    THE    MILLION. 

SEAKALE  POTS   AND  FORCING  superseded  ly 
"  Tlte  Early  Yellow- Crown  SeaJcale.'' 

This  valuable  new  vegetable  (exhibited  at  tlie  Horticultural 
Society's  Rooms,  Regeut-street),  is  perfectly  distinct  from  all 
other  varieties  of  Seakale,  being  free  from  any  purple  or  green 
tint,  very  large,  of  a  pecnliarly  rich  flavour,  and  delicate  straw 
colour,  which  it  retains  if  kept  for  10  or  li  days  after  cutling. 

It  is  so  ear'?/  and  Iiardy  tliat  it  may  be  easily  grown  in  the  open 
ground,  Jit  for  use  early  in  February.  It  has  been  so  grown  in 
the  Keuipahol  Gardtos  several  winters,  and  is  now  first  ofiFered 
to  the  public  by  John  Shtton  and  Sons,  Reading,  Berks. 

As  the  Stock  is  very  limited,  eiirly  orders  Are  requested  and 
rearmmended,  which  orders  wiil  be  faithfully  executed  in  rota- 
tion, so  tar  as  the  stock  will  suffice,  wi-h  good  plants,  ab^mt 
the  first  week  in  June,  which  will  be  fit  for  cutting  from  next 
February.  Price  10s.  6d.  per  dozen.  Trade  diocount  allowed 
where  not  less  than  three  dozen  are  taken.  Orders  for  less 
than  one  dozen  will  not  be  executed.  Remittances  or  refer- 
ences required  from  unknown  correapoodeniB. 

InutructioDS  for  cultivation  will  be  sent  with  the  plants. 
READING  NURSERIES,  READING,  BERKS. 


Eiu  <BuxXimtt&'  Ciirontcle, 

SATUBDA  Y,  MA  Y  15,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENKUINn  WEEK. 

W.DMitSDAi,   May    19  -  Royal  Hotanic  Gai  dena 2  r.ji. 

TuuiiBOAT,        —        20— Royal  Soma  Li.mlon  1  r.M. 

Codhtbt  Saowa  — Tu-^'day.  Mwy  IP-   South  Devon. -'I'hurndfty.  May  CO: 
Liverpool,  WoivcrUamptOQ,  Bath,  and  Ireland  Royal  Hortieultural. 


Saturday,  May  8,  1862,  will  long  be  celebrated 
in  the  annals  of  Horticultural  Exhibitions.  Such 
a  mass  of  noble  plants  as  was  then  produced  at 
Chiswick  no  one  ever  .saw  before.  Accustomed  as 
we  have  long  been  to  displays  of  the  kind,  and 
especially  to  those  in  May,  we  must  own  that  we 
were  as  agreeably  surprised  as  our  neighbours.  It 
was  known  that  Mr.  Kuoker  would  not  show 
Orchids,  and  that  part  of  the  exhibition  was  looked 
to  with  doubt.  He  did  not  show ;  yet  such 
was  the  vast  display  of  noble  specimens  that  he 
was  not  missed.  It  was  expected  tiiat  I'elar- 
goniunis  would  bo  behind-himd,  owing  to  the 
Beason,  and  yet  the  place  assigned  to  those  plants 
was  full  to  overflowing.  At  4  in  the  morning  the 
approaches  to  the  garden  were  crowded  with  some 


We  have  not  been  so  fortunate,  it  seems,  as  to 
gain  the  approbation  of  all  our  friends  in  the  course 
we  have  announced  our  determination  of  taking  with 
respect  to  the  Guano  Trade.  One  correspondent, 
in  particular,  who  believes  that  his  sources  of  in- 
formation are  to  be  relied  upon,  writes  in  the  follow- 
ing strong  language : — 

"  Notwithstanding  all  you  suggest  in  defence  of 
guano  dealers,  I  assert  that  at  this  moment — east, 
west,  north,  and  south  ;  in  every  direction  round  the 
metropolis — are  sheds  and  yards  where  sifting  and 
mixing  loam  with  other  ingredients  is  in  lull  opera- 
tion, for  the  purpose  of  producing  an  article  so 
utterly  worthless  that  I  much  doubt  whether  it  con- 
tains a  single  particle  of  guano.  The  buyers  have 
become  so  blind,  and  the  dealers  so  audacious,  that 
the  latter  no  longer  think  it  worth  their  while  to 
mix  ;  they  find  it  quite  sufficient  to  make  an  article 
which  smells  and  looks  like  guano.  This  stuff  is 
conveyed  by  ship-loads  to  all  parts  of  the  coast,  as 
well  as  to  the  continent ;  and  the  farmer  is  stupid 
enough  to  buy  it  because  it  is  low-priced,  although  it 
would  be  enormously  dear  at  lif.  a  ton.  Scotland  takes 
its  full  share,  and  the  English  towns,  from  Shields  to 
the  Land's  End,  are  drugged  with  it.  A  very  large 
number  of  men  and  boys,  of  carts  and  barges ;  of 
watermen,  bargemen  and  lightermen  ;  of  brigs, 
sloops,  schooners,  coasters,  and  steamers,  are  con- 
stantly employed,  and  the  railways  are  getting  their 
full  share  of  the  profitable  traffic.  I  possess  facts 
relating  to  names,  places,  times,  and  persons, 
which  would  be  wholly  incredible,  it  they  were 
not  the  result  of  a  long  and  costly  investi- 
gation. I  affirm  that  I  am  in  a  position  to 
prove  systematic  fraud  to  such  an  enormous 
extent  as  to  render  it  doubtful  whether  it  is 
prudent  to  purchase  guano  of  any  merchant  or  dealer 
whatsoever,  at  any  price,  or  under  any  circumstances, 
unless  the  most  conclusive  proof  is  produced  that  it 
comes  direct  from  Gibbs'  and  their  avowed  agents, 
without  having  passed  into  the  hands  of  any  third 
party.  I  will  add  that  even  then  there  is  no  cer- 
tainty that  fraud  has  not  been  committed,  unless 
these  gi-eat  Peruvian  agents  will  refuse  to  sell  guano 
at  all,  except  in  bags  protected  by  their  seal,  the 
imitation  of  which  would  be  felony." 

"  These  things  are  so  notorious,  that  I  have  read 
with  astonishment  your  arguments  to  prove  that 
there  is  no  such  adulteration  as  1  describe.  No 
adulteration !  when  it  is  well  known  to  every 
free  waterman  on  the  Thames,  that  there  are 
several  places  in  which  large  fortunes  have  been 
rapidly  made  by  frauds  of  this  kind,  and  where 
the  practices  are  in  no  degree  less  infamous  than 
those  fur  which  the  notorious  Pickering,  whose 
late  you  seem  to  lament,  was  transported." 

No  one  denies  that  these  assertions  may  not  be 
true  ;  but  where  are  the  proofs  to  coiroborate  them  ? 
(Jur  correspondent  says  he  has  "  facis  relating 
to  names,  places,"  and  so  forth.  But  where 
are  they  'i  Ho  does  not  produce  them  ;  and 
in  their  absence  wo  must  continue  to  maintain 
that  we  have  no  legal  right  to  sit  in  judgment  upon 


308 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[May  15, 


any  man.  Let  us  once  more  diaw  attention  to  the 
class  of  facts,  or,  as  we  might  say,  to  tlie  questionable 
evidence,  from  which  unfavourable  and  yet,  perhiips, 
erroneous  inferences  may  be  drawn. 

Mr.  Eawlinson,  of  RatclifFe,  used  to  fetch  large 
quantities  of  loam  from  Wanstead,  but  does  not 
do  so  now.  There  is  a  railway  arch  hired  by 
a  Mr.  Cook,  in  Snow's-fields,  near  James's-place, 
Eatcliffe,  where  what  seems  to  be  loam  is  beaten 
and  sifted  and  put  into  bags.  Mr.  Rawlinson's 
carts  were  lately  loaded  with  these  bags,  and  con- 
■veyed  them  to  Bowles's  wharf,  where  the  bags 
were  put  on  board  a  barge,  which  proceeded  to 
Lander's  Road,  Limehouse,  whence  she  moved  up  to 
Dockhead,  Shad  Thames,  Horsleydown,  and  dis- 
charged her  cargo  at  a  wharf  belonging  to  Messrs. 
Jackson  and  Smvthe.  The  bags  were  conveyed  to 
the  first  floor  of  the  warehouse. 

In  this  case  we  must  admit  that  loam  in  bags  was 
conveyed  to  Messrs.  Jackson  and  Smythe's  ;  but  we 
fail  to  perceive  in  what  way  it  is  proved  that  it  was 
to  be  employed  in  the  fabrication  of  guano.  If  it  is 
urged  that  the  conveyance  of  the  bags  was  effected 
clandestinely,  we  may  ask  how  that  is  shown  1  A 
railway  arch  is  not  a  very  private  place.  The  carts 
were  not  driven  by  night,  that  we  know  of ;  the 
arrival  of  the  barge  at  Lander's  Road  on  the 
Saturday  could  have  been  seen  by  anybody.  When 
the  barge  moved  to  Dockhead  on  Monday  it  was 
between  five  and  six  in  the  morning ;  and  as  to 
the  bags  being  hoisted  up  to  the  first  floor  of  the 
warehou.se,  that  we  presume  was  their  destinai  ion, 
it  being  probably  the  store  of  the  person  who  bought 
the  loam. 

What  should  be  shown,  but  what  is  not  shown, 
is  that  this  loam  was  mixed  with  other  ingredients 
and  sold  as  guano.  For  ourselves,  we  know  nothing 
about  it  further.  We  venture,  however,  to  suggest 
that  it  would  be  as  well,  since  suspicion  as  to  its 
application  must  arise  in  the  minds  of  prejudiced 
persons,  if  either  Mr.  Ashton  or  Mr.  Fishek,  or 
Mr.  Batchellor,  dealers  in  guano,  living  in  the 
neighbourhood,  would  set  on  foot  an  inquiry  and 
inform  the  public  what  did  become  of  the  loam  in 
question. 

Another  example  will  perhaps  show  yet  more 
clearly  how  easily  suspicion  points  to  people,  con- 
cerning the  nature  of  whose  acts  no  legal  certainty 
exists  ;  and  we  must  not  be  satisfied  with  anything 
less  than  that.  Circumstantial  evidence  enables  a 
jury,  indeed,  to  arrive  at  a  safe  conclusion  ;  we  see 
that  happen  every  day  ;  jurors,  indeed,  are  celebrated 
for  their  acnteness — when  assisted  by  counsel  and 
judge.  But  an  individual  maybe  excused  for  requiring 
that  evidence  presented  to  him  should  be  precise, 
before  he  forms  a  decided  opinion.  As  he  has  only 
one-twelfth  part  of  the  brains  of  a  jury,  so  he  may  be 
supposed  to  run  twelve  times  as  much  risk  of  error. 
The  example  is  this.  One  fine  day  in  April, 
Wanstead  loam  was  carted  into  a  yard  near  Bow 
Common.  Shortly  after,  bags  of  what  was  supposed 
to  be  guano  were  removed  from  the  same  yard  to  a 
whaif  on  one  of  the  creeks  in  this  common,  and 
were  there  added  to  some  40  or  50  tons  of  similar 
bags.  The  bags  were  put  on  board  a  certain  barge ; 
the  barge  came  out  of  the  creek's  mouth  (the 
river  Lea)  below  Blackwall,  and  afterwards 
proceeded  to  Hanover  Wharf,  near  Mr.  Fisher's, 
where  she  was  hung  to  the  tier.  The  bargeman 
expressed  his  intention  of  putting  her  alongside 
"the  wharf"  at  high  water.  Now,  "the  wharf" 
miL;ht  have  been  the  Hanover-wharf,  or  the  Swan- 
wharf  where  Mr.  Fisher  has  guano,  or  some  other 
wharf ;  and  we  are  not  going  to  assume  that  Swan- 
wharf  was  the  wharf  meant  by  the  bargeman  ;  for, 
as  we  have  already  said,  we  are  no  longer  suspicious, 
and  we  expressly  declare  that,  even  if  we  had  seen 
the  barge  unloading  at  Mr.  Fisher's,  we  should  not 
have  felt  our  legal  scruples  removed  ;  for,  after  all, 
the  bags  from  Bow  might  have  contained  guano, 
even  although  they  came  out  of  a  loam-yard. 

But  our  narrow  space  compels  us  to  drop  the 
subject  till  next  week. 


The  singular  weather  that  has  prevailed  during  the 
present  spring  having  now  fairly  broken,  a  review  of 
it  and  its  results  will,  we  doubt  not,  interest  many 
of  our  readers. 

In  January,  1852,  the  mean  maximum  tempera- 
ture of  tile  days  was  6'^  warmer  than  usual ;  but  the 
mean  temperature  of  the  nights  was  only  equal  to 
the  average.  The  wind  was  18  days  from  south- 
west. The  quantity  of  rain  was  an  inch  above  the 
average,  the  amount  being  2.72  inches.  The  lowest 
temperature  was  only  12°  below  freezing. 

In  February,  the  average  daily  temperature  was 
maintained,  but  the  nights  averaged  2^°  colder  than 
usual.  In  general,  the  first  half  of  the  month  was 
moist  and  warm  ;  the  remainder,  cold  and  dry. 

In  March,  north-east  winds  prevailed  for  19  days. 
Sun-heat,    notwithstanding    the  coldness  of   these 


winds,  maintained  an  average  temperature  during 
the  days  ;  but  the  nights  were  5.^°  below  the  average, 
and  24°  colder  than  the  average  of  thosein  January ; 
their  mean  was  only  28.61°.  The  lowest  tempera-  j 
ture  occurred  on  the  4th,  when  the  thermometer  was 
17°  below  freezing.  The  barometer  was  remarkably 
high  during  the  first  three  weeks,  being  then  steadily 
influenced  by  north-east  winds.  With  the  exception 
of  the  lstand29th,  the  weather  was  dry  throughout ; 
for  on  three  other  days  the  quantity  of  rain  which 
fell  was  almost  inappreci.able ;  the  total  amount 
was  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch. 

April  has  almost  been  without  its  showers;  but 
instead,  frosts,  more  or  less  severe,  have  been  expe- 
rienced for  18  nights.  North,  north-east,  and  east 
winds  have  prevailed  for  21  days  ;  and  to  this 
circumstance  the  coldness  of  the  nights  is  doubtless 
to  be  attributed.  Their  average  temperature  corre- 
sponded with  that  of  the  freezing  point,  or  about 
three-fourths  of  a  degree  colder  than  the  aveiage  of 
the  nights  in  February,  and  scarcely  a  degree 
warmer  than  the  average  of  the  nights  in  January. 
The  mean  maximum  temperature  of  the  days  was 
equal  to  the  average  of  the  month,  and  had  the 
eff"ect  of  forwarding  some  kinds  of  vegetation  to  a 
dangerous  extent.  On  the  night  of  the  19th,  the 
thermometer  was  12°  below  freezing,  and  it 
was  11°  below  that  point  on  the  following  night. 
This  is  lower  than  has  been  experienced  so  late  in 
April  for  at  least  26  years.  The  air  was  generally 
veiy  dry ;  sometimes,  and  before  the  sharpest  frosts 
more  especially,  it  was  excessively  so.  In  April  of 
this  year  the  dryness  of  the  air,  as  ascertained  by 
the  hygrometer,  has  been  greater  than  in  any  corre- 
sponding month  in  the  period  above  mentioned,  with 
the  exception  of  April  1840  and  1844  ;  but  in  these 
years  the  dryness  was  occasioned  by  hot  weather, 
and  not  by  the  predominance  of  north-east  winds. 
So  much  dryness  of  the  air,  with  as  low  a  tempe- 
rature, has  not  been  experienced  in  any  month  of 
the  year  since  a  register  of  these  conditions  was 
commenced  in  1826. 

It  has  often  been  remarked,  that  when  the  air 
becomes  very  dry  in  spring,  with  a  brisk  north  or 
north-east  wind,  frost  almost  invariably  accompanies 
or  immediately  follows  such  condition.  Unfor- 
tunately too  many  instances  of  this  could  be  adduced. 
On  the  last  day  of  April,  1850,  the  dryness  was  25° 
by  Danieli.'s  hygrometer,  a  great  amount  for  that 
period  of  the  season  ;  wind,  but  little,  from  N.E. 
Next  day  the  wind  was  brisk  from  the  same  quarter  ; 
at  night  4°  of  frost.  On  the  2d  of  May,  wind  still 
N.E  ,  air  very  dry,  containing  no  vapour  to  form 
clouds,  night  very  clear,  and  before  morning  the 
thermometer  fell  9°  below  freezing,  a  degree  of  cold 
which  then  destroyed  most  of  the  crops  of  Apples 
and  Pears  in  the  open  ground.  Previously,  it  may 
be  remarked,  vegetation  had  been  tenderly  brought 
forward  by  warm,  moist,  south-west  winds. 

The  severe  frosts  which  occurred  on  the  nights  of 
the  19th  and  20lh  of  last  April  were  attended  with 
circumstances  nearly  similar  to  those  above  detailed; 
they  differed  only  in  degree  of  intensity.  The  wind 
during  the  day  of  the  19th  was  brisk,  cold,  and  dry, 
from  N.E. ;  the  night  clear  ;  and  before  morning 
there  were  12°  of  frost.  On  the  20th,  the  dryness 
of  the  air  was  as  much  as  30"  ;  and  at  night  there 
were  11°  of  frost,  and  probably  there  would  have 
been  more  had  the  wind  not  changed  during  the  day 
to  S.W,  An  under  current  of  it  at  least  came  from 
that  quarter ;  but  there  is  reason  to  suppose  that 
the  upper  current  was  still  from  N.E.,  for  the 
barometer  did  not  fall.  Next  day  the  dryness  of 
the  air  became  excessive,  the  hygrometer  indicating 
37°.  At  saturation  the  air  would  have  contained, 
according  to  its  temperature  at  the  time,  upwards  of 
5i  grains  of  vapour  in  a  cubic  foot ;  but  its  dryness 
was  such  that  it  only  contained  l~j  grain. 

When  the  air  is  so  excessively  dry  and  cold,  there 
is  an  insufficiency  of  vapour  for  the  formation  of 
clouds  ;  and,  in  the  absence  of  this  natural  canopy, 
the  radiation  of  heat  from  the  earth  proceeds  rapidly. 
This  was  the  case  on  the  niglits  in  question,  as  was 
ascertained  by  a  radiating  thermometer  ;  that  is, 
one  placed  so  that  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  heat  radi- 
ating from  the  earth  is  intercepted.  On  the  severe 
night  of  the  19ih,  the  common  registering  thermo- 
meter indicated  12°  below  freezing.  It  was  placed 
a  foot  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  freely  ex- 
posed to  the  coldness  of  the  air,  and  also  to  the  influ- 
ence of  whatever  amount  of  heat  might  be  radiating 
from  the  earth.  The  radiating  thermometer  was 
equally  exposed  to  the  coldness  of  the  air,  but  not  to 
the  influence  of  radiant  heat  from  the  earth  ;  and  it 
indicated  20°  below  freezing,  thus  showing  that  8° 
of  heat  were  being  lost  from  the  surface  of  the  earth 
by  radiation  into  space. 

On  referring  to  the  weather-fables  in  anothf  r  pari 
of  this  paper,  it  will  be  seen  that  May  has  commenced 
with  similar  characters  to  those  which  have  been  so 
consecutively  maintained  throughout  the  two  pre- 


ceding months.  The  efi'ects  on  vegetation  of  such 
protracted  drought  and  severe  cold  cannot  be  fully 
stated  at  present.  It  is  certain  that  much  injury 
has  been  done  to  the  fruit  crops,  but  vegetation  has 
npt  been  so  much  excited  as  it  usually  is  at  this 
season.  If  the  weather  had  been  mild,  day  and 
night,  for  some  time  previous  to  the  19th  ult.,  and 
the  sap  consequently  in  full  flow,  vegetation  must 
have  suffered  greatly  when  it  came  to  be  subjected 
to  12°  of  frost ;  for  it  was  found  that  7°  of  frost,  in 
the  middle  of  last  May,  occurring  after  some  veiy 
warm  days  and  nights,  completely  destroyed  the 
young  fruit  in  many  cases,  even  that  of  Pears  on 
walls.  To  the  comparatively  little  excited  state  of 
vegetation,  and  the  dry  state  of  the  air,  may  be 
chiefly  ascribed  the  preservation  of  some  portion,  at 
least,  of  the  fruit  crop,  which  at  one  time  promised 
to  be  so  abundant  in  the  present  season.  In  the  openi 
ground  Cherries  and  Plums  are  mostly  destroyed. 
Apples  and  Pears  were  in  many  instances  killed, 
even  in  the  unexpanded  state  of  the  blossom-buds  ; 
late  sorts,  however,  are  likely  to  come  forward  tole- 
rably safe.  Pears  on  walls  are  much  injured,  but 
besides  those  that  are  black  in  the  centre  and  evi- 
dently destroyed,  there  are  a  number  which  are  not 
so,  and  these  will  grow  for  some  time  :  butit  remains 
to  be  seen  whether  they  do  not  become  yellow,  and 
drop  after  the  warm  weather  sets  in.  Peaches  and 
Nectarines  on  a  south  wall,  with  a  coping  sufficient 
against  6°  of  frost,  have  been  mostly  destroyed  in 
consequence  of  the  12°  recently  experienced.  Addi- 
tional protection  was,  however,  employed,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  straw  screens,  and  under  these  the 
blossoms  were  quite  safe. 

We  have  now  recorded  the  general  character  of 
this  ungenial  period,  noticing  some  of  the  most 
injurious  frosts,  and  more  particularly  the  con- 
comitant circumstances.  The  object  is  to  direct 
aitention  to  these  circumstances,  in  order  that  similar 
may  be  recognised  when  they  occur  ;  for  when  they 
do,  similar  consequences  may  reasonably  be  expected, 
and  ought  to  be  guarded  against.  If  it  has  been 
found  that  modes  of  protection  hitherto  considered 
sufficient  are  not  now  to  be  depended  .on,  others 
more  effectual  should  be  devised,  whilst  the  amount 
of  recent  cold,  and  its  injurious  effects,  are  fresh  in 
the  memory.  It  would  be  important  to  know  what 
means  have  proved  effectual  this  season,  and  also 
those  that  have  not.     For  example  ; 

Coping  boards,  as  above  mentioned,  were  not 
sufficient,  nor  even  these  with  a  net.  Thin  straw 
screens  have  proved  worthy  of  recommendation ;  so 
far  as  regards  their  protecting  properties  they  are 
excellent.  Peaches  and  Nectarines  were  quite  safe 
under  them,  whilst  on  the  upper  part  of  some  of  the 
trees,  above  the  extent  of  the  screens,  the  blossoms 
were  completely  killed,  with  the  exception  of  some 
that  were  pressing  against  the  wall,  from  which  it 
appears  they  derived  sufficient  heat  to  keep  them- 
selves alive.  The  air  in  the  hollow  of  the  straws  is 
not  readily  cooled.  They  may,  therefore,  be  com- 
pared to  a  series  of  warm  air  tubes,  gradually  part- 
ing with  their  heat  for  the  benefit  of  the  trees 
against  which  they  are  made  to  slope.  The  French 
make  very  neat  straw  coverings.  The  substance  is 
considered  unsightly  in  a  garden  ;  but  it  may  be 
made  quite  the  contrary ;  and  if  it  could  be  worked 
at  moderate  expense,  so  as  not  to  have  an  objection- 
able appearance  in  a  garden,  it  would  be  very  desir- 
able, and  might  rank  among  the  various  meritorious 
modes  of  protection  which  may  result  from  atten- 
tively considering  the  nature  of  our  variable  and  tooi. 
frequently  inclement  springs. 


THE  GENUS  KALOSANTHES. 

Some  of  the  species  of  this  genus  are  amongst  the 
most  showy  and  fragrant  of  summer  flowering  plants, 
and  they  deserve  to  be  more  generally  cultivated  than 
they  have  hitherto  been.  The  magnificent  specimens, 
annually  produced  at  the  great  metropolitan  exhibitions- 
in  July  indicate  the  capabilities  of  the  genus,  and  good- 
plants  ai'e  frequently  produced  far  from  the  scene  of 
these  meetings.  I  doubt,  however,  whether  any  genus- 
equally  deserving  attention  is  so  commonly  neglected 
or  mismanaged  as  this.  With  a  little  care  the 
flowers  remaui  in  perfection  for  some  six  or  eight  weelis, 
and  the  plants  will  be  found  exceedingly  useful  in  the 
show-house,  to  take  the  place  of  the  Azalea  when  the 
beauty  of  the  latter  is  over.  , .  .     j      _r. 

Young  plants  intended  for  specimens  should  be  dwarf 
and  bushy,  witli  strong  well-ripened  wood  ;  those  that 
may  have  been  wintered  in  a  soft  half-growing  state 
should  be  rejected,  as  it  is  difficult  to  get  them  to  break 
freely  or  grow  vigorously.  Place  them  early  m  March  in 
a  mild  growing  temperature  of  from  about  45°  at  night 
to  60°  with  sunshine.  The  shoots  must  be  stopped,  or  cut 
back,  as  may  be  necessary  to  insure  a  compact  bushy 
growth,  and  young  branches  will  be  produced  much 
more  freely,  if  two  or  three  pairs  of  leaves  are  removed 
from  the  points  of  the  shoots  ;  and  this  should  always 
accompany  stopping.  If  the  roots  are  abundant  and 
active  shift  into  pots  two  sizes  larger  tlian  those  tlie 
plants' are  in ;  but  first  see  that  the  soil  is  properly 


20—1 852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


309 


moist,  aud  be  careful  to  have  the  mould  to  be  used  in 
the  same  condition.  Nothing  is  more  likely  to  cause 
failure  than  neglect  of  this.  The  side  shoots  should 
be  tied  out,  keeping  them  near  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  Keep  the  atmosphere  rather  close  and  moist, 
and  water  carefully,  till  the  roots  start  into 
the  fresh  soil.  When  the  plants  have  broken  and 
are  fairly  started,  the  temperature  may  be  increased  to 
about  5o"  at  night,  and  from  65°  to  75**  with  sunshine. 
This  high  temperature  must  not  however  he  maintained 
without  a  free  circulation  of  air  ;  for  the  Kalosanthes, 
like  most  Cape  plants,  very  much  dislikes  a  stagnant 
atmosphere,  and  it  requires  all  the  light  which  can 
possibly  be  afforded  it— therefore  admit  air  freely,  and 
keep  the  plants  near  the  glass. 

In  May,  or  as  early  as  warm  weather  sets  in,  they 
may  be  removed  to  a  cold  frame,  where  with 
a  little  care  they  can  be  kept  sufficiently  warm,  and 
where  the  conditions  most  conducive  to  vigorous  growth 
will  be  readily  supplied.  Air  should  be  freely  admitted 
whenever  the  state  of  the  external  temperature  will 
permit ;  although  a  stagnant  humid  atmosphere  is  inju- 
riwis,  with  a  circulation  of  air  it  cannot  be  kept  too 
moist ;  if  they  stand  on  a  bed  of  coal  ashes,  this  should 
be  watered  on  the  mornings  of  bright  days,  and  the 
plants  sprinkled  over-head  towards  evening,  leaving  a 
little  au:  on  during  night,  and  a  thin  shade  should  be 
thrown  over  the  glass  during  the  forenoons  of  bright 
days,  but  use  this  sparingly.  A  liberal  supply  of 
water  will  be  necessary  whilst  the  plants  are  in 
active  growth,  hut  give  no  moi*e  than  is  requisite 
to  keep  the  soil  in  a  healthy  moist  state,  and  when  the 
pots  are  moderately  well  filled  with  roots, manure-water 
in  a  clear  weak  state  may  be  used  with  advantage  two 
or  three  times  a-week. 

The  treatment  of  the  plants  after  midsummer  must 
be  regulated  by  the  size  of  specimens  desired.  To  pro- 
duce large  flowering  plants  it  will  be  necessary  to  grow 
them  two  seasons,  and  in  this  case  they  should  be  stopped 
and  potted  as  early  in  June  as  they  may  have  filled 
their  pots  with  roots.  Have  an  eye  to  the  formation  of 
compact  dwarf  specimens,  and  stop  and  cut  back  as 
freely  as  may  be  necessary  to  secure  this,  for  they 
break  freely,  and  there  is  no  danger  of  injuring  them 
by  stopping  or  cutting  back.  If  plants  to  produce  about 
a  dozen  heads  of  bloom  each  are  all  that  is  wanted,  with 
good  management  this  may  be  secured  by  one  season's 
growth  ;  but  if  large  specimens  are  desired  it  will  be 
necessary  to  grow  them  two  seasons.  Plants  intended 
to  flower  the  following  spring  should  receive  a  rather 
lai'ge  shift  at  the  beginning  of  the  season,  and  must 
neither  be  stopped  nor  potted  after  the  middle  of  May. 
It  may  be  ad\'isable  to  inform  beginners  at  once  that  it 
is  easier  to  produce  large  handsome  specimens  of 
Kalosanthes  than  to  have  well  flowered  plants;  and 
unless  the  wood  is  thoroughly  rinened  previous  to  winter, 
it  will  be  useless  to  expect  a  fine  display  of  blossom. 
The  necessary  maturation  of  the  wood  can  be  effected 
only  by  subjecting  the  plants  to  full  exposure  to  air 
and  sunshine,  and  keeping  the  soil  in  a  rather  dry 
state.  This  change  of  treatment  must  be  intro- 
duced very  gradually  ;  but  if  a  fan-  amount  of  flower 
is  expected,  the  plants  should  be  inured  to  it  by 
the  middle,  or  at  latest  the  end  of  August.  Those  that 
were  repotted  may  be  treated  less  hard  during  autumn, 
but  care  must  be  used  to  get  the  wood  of  these  well 
lipened  before  winter.  If  they  can  be  placed  near  the 
glass  in  a  house  where  Grapes  are  preserved  during 
winter,  they  will  be  suited  perfectly ;  and  as  they  require 
very  little  water  at  the  root  they  will  be  less  injurious 
there  than  most  plants. 

The  best  situation  for  the  flowering  plants  during 
spring  ia  the  front  shelf  in  the  greenhouse.  They  should 
be  kept  freely  exposed  to  air  and  sun  ;  and  after  the 
appearance  of  the  flowers  the  atmosphere  can  hardly  be 
kept  too  dry.  A  moist  stimulating  atmosphere  pro- 
motes growth,  and  the  efiect  of  this  would  be  an 
unsightly  lengthening  of  the  stems,  an  occurrence  by  far 
t-Ki  common.  When  the  flowers  assume  their  proper 
colours  remove  them  where  they  can  be  kept  dry,  cool, 
and  shaded  from  the  sun. 

PUnta  intended  for  large  specimens  should  be  stopped 
P^***^  '°  March,  and  treated  as  already  recom- 
mended for  specimens  intended  to  flower  the  following 
^^^S\  .  ^  P""®*^^  keeping  up  a  supply  of  young  plants, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  any  plant  that  may  be  full  of 
yoong  wood  near  the  base,  I  throw  all  to  the  rubbish 
heap  immediately  after  they  have  done  flowering. 

Propagation  is  ca«,ily  effected  ;  I  generally  select  firm 
young  shooU  with  several  branches,  and  plant  them  in 
4-inch  pots  in  sandy  peat,  placing  them  in  a  close  pit, 
and  carefully  fihading  them  tiU  rooted,  which  will  be  in 
about  a  month.  As  regards  soil,  this  should  be  light 
bat  rich  ;  Imlf-turfy  sandy  loam,  and  half-fibry  peat,  with 
a  liberal  allowance  of  sharjt  silver  sand  and  small  pots- 
herds, broken  bones,  or  charcoal,  will  be  found  a  suit- 
able compost.  .Strong  tenacious  loam  liad  better  bo 
avoided,  or  at  least  used  yary  sparingly.  The  peat  and 
loam  should  be  broken  up  into  pieces  about  the  si/.o  of  a 
nut,  and  intimat/:ly  mixed  with  tbe  sand.  Sec,  previous 
to  use.  Secure  perfect  drainage  by  planing  an  inch  or 
two  of  potsherds  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot«,  and  so 
arrange  them  as  Ui  prevent  the  soil  being  washed  down 
amongat  them.  MpUa. 


arrangement  the  transfer  from  box  to  bed  is  greatly 
facilitated,  the  operation  of  dividing  the  sods  being 
more  easily  performed  ;  the  boxes  "entire"  need  never 
be  taken  to  the  flower-garden  :  by  placing  them  on  two 
flower-pots  of  convenient  size,  and  at  equal  distances, 
and  pressing  them  downwards,  the  bottoms  with  the 
sods  and  plants  will  be  elevated,  and  can  be  lifted  and 
placed  on  the  hand-barrow,  and  conveyed  to  their  in- 
tended destination,  where,  after  the  whole  are  planted 
^:====j^^  out,  instead  of  having  to  collect  pots  innumer- 
((^  J  able,  there  will  only  be  one  piece  of  board  or 
false  bottom  for  every  three  or  five  dozen  plants 
planted. 

Boxes  4  feet  by  1,  and  2^  inches  deep,  clear 
inside  measuring,  will  take  five  dozen  plants  and 
upwards  ;  and  those  of  3  feet  by  9  inches,  up- 
wards of  three  dozen. 

These  boxes,  when  not  required  for  bedding 
purposes,  may  be  turned  to  account  in  every 
way  in  which  boxes  are  made  available  in  gar- 
den practice,  and  in  this  respect  they  possess 
advantages  above  pots  ;  they  will  last  a  great 
number  of  years,  especially  if  an  annual  coat 
of  paint  be  given  them.  The  annexed  wood- 
cut represents  a  fac  simile  of  the  instrument  used  by 
me  in  perforating  the  turf,  whether  in  boxes  or  in 
pits  and  frames.  It  answers  the  purpose  admirably, 
and  may  be  made  as  cheaply  as  it  is  simple  in  construc- 
tion, Qeoi'(/e  Fnj,  Manor  Iloitse,  Lee,  EetiL 


BEDDING  PLANTS  IN  TURF  IN  BOXES. 

r«K  l>oxes  employed  by  me  for  this  purpf)«e  are  made 
p^"  **'"  **^^  principle  as  the  *•  West  K<:nt  Garden 
Pot,"  viz.j  with  detached  or  moveable  bott<jm»,  by  which 


Home  Correspondence. 

Earthing  up  the  Bmssica  THbe.  —  At  p.  216,  the 
writer  of  your  weekly  Calendar  of  Operations  says, 
"  Will  any  one  explain  the  utility  of  dx'awing  the  earth 
round  the  stem  of  each  Cabbage  and  Cauliflower  plant  V* 
(Sec.  I  would  suggest  to  him  the  following,  but  I  do  not 
undertake togivetheexplanationherequires.  Cauliflower 
plants,  owing  to  the  nature  and  position  of  their  leaves, 
particularly  when  they  grow  strong  and  large,  are  much 
exposed  to  the  action  of  winds,  which  rock  them  about 
so  much  that  the  young  fibres  are  often  torn  from  the 
strong  roots,  and  in  many  cases  I  have  seen  the  plants 
uprooted  altogether.  Your  correspondent  Observes 
that  "  drawing  the  clay  round  the  stem  of  the  plant  will 
throw  the  rain  off  from  the  roots  ;"  but  even  admitting 
that  it  does  throw  the  water  off,  and  prevent  its  inime- 
diately  wetting  the  soil  in  contact  with  the  roots,  yet 
from  the  affinity  of  clay  for  water  I  cannot  but  infer 
that  it  will  in  a  very  short  time  become  equally  wet 
with  the  soil  on  which  the  rain  has  fallen.  I  have  had 
the  growing  of  some  acres  of  the  above,  as  well  as  other 
vegetables,  and  I  have  invariably  found  that  drawing 
the  clay  (when  hoeing)  round  the  stem  of  the  Cauliflower 
effects  a  great  saving  from  that  unsparing  element  strong 
wind.  In  the  case  of  Cabbages,  your  correspondent's 
advice  "  not  to  draw  the  clay  to  their  stems,  but  only  to 
stir  the  soil  between  them  "  is  good  ;  the  leaves  of  Cab- 
bages become  consolidated  as  they  grow  up,  but  those  of 
Cauliflowers  extend  horizontally,  and  hang  loosely  ;  the 
latter  is  also,  as  everybody  knows,  a  more  tender  kind 
of  Brassica,  and  hence  my  reasons  for  practising  the 
above  method  for  bringing  it  safe  to  matiurity.  K  F., 
Phcenix-park,  DuhliUj  May  4. 

Machine  for  RestoHng  Bloom  to  Grapes.'— ^^  Clericus" 
will  find  a  plan  of  the  contrivance  he  inquires  about, 
with  directions  for  its  use,  in  the  third  volume  of  the 
"Gardeners'  Magazine,"  p.  34  (year  1828).  It  is  there 
stated  that  the  article  in  question,  together  with  a  box 
of  Mr.  Gauen's  invention,  was  sold  by  Mr.  Eddy,  of 
No.  354,  Oxford-street,  but  whether  or  not  they  can  be 
obtained  there  now,  I  cannot  say.  C.  Juddj  Palace 
Gardens^  A  ddington. 

StrawbciTies  for  Forcing.  —  Permit  me  to  inform 
"Arbitrator"  that  Myatt's  Surprise  is  not  so  suitable 
for  early  forcing  as  the  sorts  I  recommended.  I  find, 
however,  that  it  is  better  than  Kitley's  Goliath,  Wilmot's 
Prince  Arthur,  and  larger  and  more  prolific  than 
British  Queen.  In  flavour  it  is  not  "  up  to  the  mark,'* 
but  on  this  part  of  the  subject  I  have  not  yet  had  suffi- 
cient evidence.  Perhaps  I  may  add  that  Trollope's 
Victoria  is  likely  to  be  useful,  and  nearly  verifies  the 
character  given  with  it.  Myatt's  Cinquefolia  is  also 
promising,  but  I  must  defer  saying  more  until  I  have 
further  tested  it.  There  are  others  which  I  am  trying, 
and  may  at  another  time  report  upon.  G.  M'Fweny 
A  i^undel. 

Mixed  Beds. — As  the  season  is  at  hand  when  gar- 
deners will  be  planting  their  flower  gardens,  permit  me 
to  call  attention  to  the  admixture  of  plants  in  flower- 
beds. We  have  many  plants  that  make  but  indifferent 
beds  by  themselves,  which  are,  nevertheless,  excellent 
when  mixed  with  others  ;  for  example,  Mr.  Beaton's 
charming  shot-silk  bed  is  made  by  mixing  together 
equal  quantities  of  the  old  variegated  scarlet  Geranium 
and  Verbena  venosa.  The  roots  of  the  latter  may  bo 
cut  into  pieces,  containing  two  or  three  eyes  each,  and 
planted  with  the  dibble  between  the  Geraniums,  This 
i  first  saw  at  Shrubland,  and  I  have  gi'own  it  ever  since  ; 
it  forms  quite  a  bouquet  of  flowers.  1  have  found  Cal- 
ceolarias Kentish  Hero  and  corymbosa  to  mix  well,  as 
do  also  iTiuny  of  the  Verbenas,  being  careful  to  select 
HNch  colours  as  will  agree  together.  The  vurictieH  must 
bo  as  near  as  pofsible  of  the  name  Jiabit.  I  Bliail  leave 
tlio  coldurH  to  the  choice  of  the  planter,  and  I  will  ho 
happy,  in  tho  course  of  the  HUininer,  tc)  hear  how  lie  has 
succeeded.  There  are  many  upright  plants  that  do  not 
of  theniHelves  cover  tlio  grrtund  well,  which  would  ho 
greatly  improved  by  being  planted  between  with  homc- 
,  thing  else,  of  a  more  spreading  Imblt,     Largo  beds  look 


well  planted  in  the  centre  with  scarlet  Geranium-  (Col- 
linsou's  I  have  found  the  best),  then  a  band  of  about 
two  rows  in  width  of  Mangles's  variegated,  finishing  off 
with  two  rows  of  the  white  Ivy-leaf  Geranium  on  the 
outside.  There  are  many  other  things  that  might  be 
used  in  a  similar  way,  which  I  am  confident  would  give 
more  satisfaction  than  the  large  self-coloured  beds  or 
patches  which  are  at  present  so  fashionable.  Of  course 
1  am  speaking  of  neutral  beds,  introduced  into  groups 
for  relief  ;  but  they  are  also  very  useful  for  detached 
beds,  that  do  not  form  a  group.  If  gardeners  would 
give  mixed  beds  a  trial,  I  am  of  opinion  that  our 
gardens  would  be  greatly  improved.  What  is  a  handful 
of  white,  red,  blue,  or  yellow  flowers,  compared  with  a 
tastefully-arranged  bouquet,  containing  a  variety  of 
colours  ?  R.  G. 

Boyd's  Self-adjusting  Scythe. — Your  correspondent, 
"S.  F."  "thinks  it  a  pity  that  so  ingenious  a  device  as 
my  invention  should  risk  its  reputation  by  a  defect  in 
workmanship,"  alluding  to  the  screw  of  one  of  the 
above  scythes  purchased  by  him  having  lost  its  power, 
but  which  evil  had  soon  been  remedied  by  the  "  country 
smith."  I  am  unable  to  account  for  this  defective  screw, 
as  every  scythe  is  carefully  tested  by  my  wholesale 
agents,  Messrs.  W.  Dray  and  Co.,  before  being  sent  out ; 
but  I  presume  the  screw  in  this  instance  had"  stripped," 
an  occurrence  by  no  means  uncommon  with  screws  of 
every  description,  in  whatever  way  they  are  applied.  I 
am  sorry  he  has  been  put  to  any  inconvenience  in  the 
matter  ;  and  while  thanking  him  for  the  hint,  I  beg 
gratefully  to  acknowledge  his  complimentary  j-emarksin 
favour  of  my  scythe.  James  T.  Boyd,  70,  Lower  Thames- 
street.  [We  gladly  profit, by  this  opportunity  to  say 
that  Mr.  Boyd's  scythes  stand  well  the  great  test, 
experience  ;  especially  with  his  late  ingenious  and  very 
useful  improvement.] 

Jasminum  nudijiorum  and  Forsythia  vlridissima. — 
Observing  in  the  notice  of  Jasminum  nudiflorum,  in  the 
Number  of  Curtis's  "Botanical  Magazine"  for  the 
present  month,  that  this  shrub  is  spoken  of  as  flowering 
on  an  open  wall  through  the  winter,  I  think  it  may  be 
worthy  of  notice  that  it  blooms  also  at  the  same  time  in 
the  open  ground.  When  planted  in  an  open  border  or 
shrubbery,  it  becomes  a  stiff  broom-like  bush.  The 
ends  of  its  later  shoots  are  liable  to  be  nipped  by  the 
severer  frosts  of  winter  ;  these  also  sometimes  spoil  the 
expanded  blossoms,  but  fresh  ones  open  when  the 
weather"  becomes  mild  throughout  the  winter  months. 
This  has,  at  least,  been  the  case  for  the  last  three 
winters.  In  early  spring  the  fine  yellow  flowers  of 
Forsythia  viridissima  succeed  those  of  the  Jasminum 
nudiflorum  in  similar  exposures ;  and  the  older  tho 
bushes  of  Forsythia  have  become,  the  more  densely 
have  they  been  covered  with  blossoms.  James  Bach- 
house,  York. 

Malcoy^s  Experiments  (see  p.  292). — Would  some  of 
your  correspondents  kindly  inform  me  whether  any 
fuller  report  has  been  anywhere  published  of  "  Mr. 
Makoy's  numerous  experiments  on  our  trees  and  shrubs 
with  different  coloured  woods,  &c.,"  than  that  given  in 
your  "  Foreign  Garden  Gleanings."  I  more  particularly 
ask  because  the  article  is  signed  "  Masson'a  Report,"  and 
I  am  very  curious  on  some  of  the  points  specified  in. 
regard  to  Mr.  Makoy.  C.  D. 

The  Vinegar  Plant. — Having  seen  by  your  pages  that 
some  questions  have  been  asked  relative  to  the  Vinegar 
Plant  or  Fermentation  Fungus,  I  send  you  a  bottle  of 
the  vinegar  made  fi'om  one,  which  not  being  so  strong 
as  I  was  led  to  suppose  it  would  be,  perhaps  you  can 
tell  me  if  more  or  less  sugar  is  wanted,  the  proportion 
having  been  tliree  wine-bottles  of  water  to  three 
quarters  of  a  pound  of  brown  sugar,  which  was  con- 
verted into  vinegar  in  six  weeks.  The  plant  is  not 
a  mothery  substance,  but  fleshy  and  leathery,  and  a 
fresh  plant  is  formed  every  six  weeks,  ff.  [More 
sugar  would  have  made  stronger  vinegai*.  "Mothery" 
matter  is  not  necessarily  soft,  thin,  or  ropy;  it  may  be, 
and  in  this  case  is,  leathery.] 


Socictfcg, 

Horticultural  :  Garden  Exhibition,  May  8. — The 
leading  features  of  this,  in  all  respecta  "  Great  Exhi- 
bition," will  be  found  iu  another  column,  aud  therefore 
we  will  at  once  proceed  here  to  give  some  account 
of  the  scene  in  detail. 

In  collections  of  20  Siote  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
the  large  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  Mr.  May,  gr.  to 
Mrs.  Lawrence,  of  Ealing-parlt.  At  the  back  of  this 
group  stood  a  magnificent  example  of  tho  double  red 
Azalea,  studded  with  brilliant  Howers  ;  the  enomious 
Piraelea  spectabilis  shown  'last  year,  aud  nearly  though 
not  quite  in  as  good  condition  ;  an  unusually  large 
Epacris  grandiflora  ;  tho  red  variety  of  Eriostemon 
cuspidatum  ;  Azalea  Gledstanesii,  quite  a  mass  of 
elegant  blossoms  ;  Bossirea  diatieha  plumoaa,  a  graceful 
busli,  loaded  with  yellow  and  brown  Pea-shaped  flowers  ; 
Chorozema  Ilenchmanni,  iu  admirable  order ;  tho 
white-blossomed  Krica  intermedia;  E.  ventricosa  coc- 
ciiiea  minor,  in  the  shape  of  a  bush,  at  least  4  feet  high 
and  as  much  througli,  and  covered  with  blossoms  ; 
(Jxylobiuni  I'ultemoa,  gaily  ornamented  with  numerous 
small  gloljular  heads  of  yellow  flowers  ;  Gompliolobiura 
prilyniorphum,  not  trained  stiftly  over  a  wire  trellis, 
but  loose  aud  free,  being  merely  kept  in  proper  shape 
by  a  few  upright  stakes  ;  l*olygnla  acuminata,  .5  feet 
high  and  as  much  through  ;  a  charmingly  blossomed 
Uoronia  pinnata     the  dazzling  crimson  Azalea  Law- 


310 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[May  15, 


renceaua  ;  Hovea  Celsi,  nearly  5  feet  high  and  4  feet 
through  ;  the  large  yellow-blossomed  Gompholobium 
barbigerunij  a  plant  not  so  common  as  it  deserves  to  be  ; 
the  Oleander-leaved  Eriosteraon  ;  and  a  famous 
specimen  of  the  glorious  Medinilla  magnifica.  — 
Another  collection  of  20  was  contributed  by  Mr. 
Cole,  gr,  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  It  com- 
prised an  Epacris  grandiflora,  at  least  7  feet  high 
and  as  much  through  ;  a  plant  of  the  same  beautiful 
Oxylobium  Pultensea,  already  noticed  ;  a  luxuriant 
AUamanda  cathartica,  richly  decorated  with  large  yellow 
flowers  ;  Azalea  fulgens,  a  mass  of  glowing  crimson  ; 
the  Oleander-leaved  Eriostemon,  forming  quite  a  pyra- 
mid of  white  star-shaped  blossoms  ;  Poljgala  acuminata 
and  cordifolia  ;  the  Showy  Pimelea,  in  the  best  possible 
condition  ;  Chorozema  Henchmanni,  beautifully  blos- 
somed ;  the  Scarlet  Ixora,  than  which  we  have  few 
more  striking  plants  ;  an  Everlasting  ;  the  Gled- 
stane  and  Variegated  Azaleas  ;  the  variety  of  Cape 
Heath  called  favoides  elegans  ;  Erica  ventricosa 
coccinea  minor,  covered  with  flowers  ;  Boronia  pinnata, 
Leschenaultia  formosa,  the  Cels  Hovea  ;  Chorozema 
varium  nanum  and  the  charming  Erica  propendens. — 
Groups  of  '20  plants  were  also  contributed  by  Messrs. 
Fraser  and  Pamplin,  both  of  Lea  Bridge-road,  Leyton, 
Essex.  The  former  had  a  fine  example  of  the  EverUst- 
ing  called  Aphelexis  macrantha  purpurea,  Chorozema 
varium  nanum,  the  Oleander  and  Box-leaved  Erios- 
temons,  Fimelea  speetabilis  and  the  lovely  rosy- 
blossomed  P.  Hendersoni,  Azalea  lateritia,  the  large- 
flowered  Epacris,  Leschenaultia  formosa  and  Baxteri, 
Erica  Cavendishii  scarcely  out  enough,  the  Showy 
Adenandra,  Polygala  acuminata  and  the  variety  called 
Dalmaisiana,  Boronia  pinnata  and  serrulataj  and  a 
nice  specimen  of  Ixora  coccinea. — Mr.  Pamplin  sent 
Bossisea  disticha  plumosa  and  linophylla,  Corrrea 
ventricosa,  the  Opposite-leaved  Polygala,  Epacris  grandi- 
flora, two  small  white-blossomed  Cape  Heaths,  the  large- 
flowered  Epacris,  PultenEea  strieta,  Pimelea  lauata,  a 
Tvhite  Azalea,  and  Boronia  serrnlata. 

There  were  no  fewer  than  six  collections  of  15  Stove 
and  Greenhouse  Plants.  The  first  was  communicated 
by  Mr.  Spetd  of  Edmonton,  it  consisted  of  Cleroden- 
dron  splendens,  beautifully  managed  ;  the  brilliant 
C.  fallax ;  Azalea  Minerva,  a  mass  of  gay  flowers  ; 
Pimelea  Hendersoni,  Chorozema  Henchmanni  and 
varium  nanum,  Erica  favoides  elegans,  Leschenaultia 
formosa  ;  the  old-fashioned  Vinca  rosea,  which,  when 
well  grown  and  bloomed,  is  not  an  unattractive  exhi- 
bition plant ;  the  bright  crimson- flowered  Erica  West- 
phalingia,  tbe  charming  ^schynanthus  pulcher,  Ixora 
coccinea,  Eutaxia  pungens,  an  Everlasting,  and  Erica 
perspicua  nana. — The  second  group  was  contributed  by 
Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.,  of  Cheam. 
It  comprised  a  double  red  Azalea,  conspicuous  for 
its  size  and  beauty ;  a  large  Epacris  grandiflora ; 
Box-leaved  and  Intermediate  Eriostemons,  the  latter  with 
blossoms  not  quite  expanded  ;  a  fine  example  of  Poly- 
gala acuminata,  tbe  charming  Erica  propendens,  the 
large  variety  of  E.  aristata  major,  quite  a  little  gem  ; 
Boronia  pinnata,  Leschenaultia  Baxteri,  Chorozema 
varium  nanum,  Gompholobium  barbigerum,  perhaps 
hardly  sufficiently  in  flower  ;  Pimelea  speetabilis,  Poly- 
gala Dalmaisiana,  a  large  Azalea  Gledstanesii,  Ixora 
coccinea,  and  Aphelexis  macrantha  purpurea,  certainly 
the  best  of  the  Everlastings. — Mr.  I)ods,  gr.  to  Sir  J. 
Cathcart,  Bart.,  lumished  a  third  group,  which  contained 
evenly  grown  plants  of  the  Box-leaved  Eriostemon  ;  the 
Gledstane,  double  red,  aud  other  Azaleas;  Bossieea 
disticha  plumosa,  Erica  Hartnelli  and  one  of  the  many 
varieties  of  E.  ventricosa,  Boronia  pinnata,  an  Everlast- 
ing, a  small  plant  of  the  graceful  Chorozema  Lawrence- 
anum,  Podolobium  staurophyllum,  Ixora  coccinea,  a 
Jarge  Epacris  miniata,  Polygala  acuminata,  and  a  small 
Hovea  Celsi — A  fourtli  collection  was  shown  by  Mr.  Lay- 
bank,  gr.  to  T.  Maudslay,  Esq.,  of  Norwood.  It  contained 
Chorozema  Lawrenceanum  in  the  most  admirable  con- 
dition, and  measuring  at  least  6  feet  high  and  as  much 
through  ;  a  fine  plant  of  the  Box-leaved  Eriostemon, 
scarcely  perhaps  sufficiently  in  bloom  ;  Acacia  diffusa,  one 
of  the  best  kinds  for  pot  culture  ;  Erica  propendens, 
Eriostemon  myoporoides,  a  capital  Chorozema  angus- 
tifoHum,  Zichya  coccinea,  the  Showy  Adenandra,  a 
small  Pimelea  speetabilis,  one  of  the  better  kinds  of 
Everlasting,  a  white  Azalea,  the  elegant  Erica  Sindryana, 
the  Anemone-leaved  Boronia,  Leschenaultia  formosa, 
and  the  Azalea  called  Apollo. — The  last  two  collections 
of  15  came  from  Mr.  Taylor,  gr.  to  J.  Coster,  Esq.,  of 
Streatham,  and  Mr.  Chitty,  gr.  to  J.  Basset,  Esq.,  of 
Stamford-liill.  In  the  former  of  these  we  remarked  good 
plants  of  the  Cels  Hovea,  a  white  Azalea,  Eriostemon 
buxifolium,  with  blossoms  insufficiently  expanded  ;  Erica 
depressa,  Cavendishii,  propendens  ;  Polygala  acuminata, 
Chorozema  Henchmanni,  Azalea  Bianca,  one  of  the  best 
■whites  ;  a  well  cultivated  Leschenyultia  formosa, 
Chironia  glutinosa,  rather  a  striking  plant  when  well 
flowered  ;  an  Everlasting,  Pimelea  speetabilis  insuffi- 
ciently in  bloom,  Adenandra  speciosa,  Boronia  serrn- 
lata, and  a  nice  bush  of  saffron -coloured  Ixora. — Mr, 
Chitty  sent  a  large  Pimelea  speetabilis,  two  Azaleas, 
ttie  fragrant  Gardenia  florida.  Erica  favoides  elegans, 
Euphorbia  splendens,  Adenandra  speciosa,  Eriostemon 
inyoporoides,  Ixora  coccinea,  and  one  or  two  varieties 
of  Cape  Heath. 

There  were  three  collections  of  6  Stove  and  Green- 
house Plants  in  20-inch  pots.  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  Mrs. 
LawTence,  sent  well  grown  specimens  of  Polygala 
acummaia,  Pultentea  stipularis,  Eriostemon  buxifohum, 
Chorozema  varium  nanum,  and  the  Showy  Pimelea. 
The  latter  could  scarcely  be  less  thau  6  feet  high,  and 


it  was  loaded  with  blossoms. — Mr.  Carson,  gr.  toW.  F. 
G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam,  had  Pimelea  speetabilis  ; 
Gardenia  Staiileyana,  whose  flowers  were  suffering  from 
the  effects  of  being  brought  out  of  heat  into  the  open 
air  ;  Polygala  oppositifoHa,  Oxylobium  Pultensea,  Ixora 
coccinea,  and  the  somewhat  coarse  though  not  un- 
handsome Franciscea  macrophylla.— From  Mr.  King- 
horn  came  Erica  vasiflora,  Oxylobium  Pultensea, 
Diosma  capitata,  an  old-fashioned  plant  now  seldom  met 
with  ;  Azalea  variegata  ;  one  of  the  best  of  the  Ever- 
lastings; and  Dillwynia  pungens. 

In  the  class  of  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
in  13-inch  pots,  there  were  eight  collections,  all  of 
which  were  highly  creditable  to  the  growers.  The 
best  group  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Over,  gr.  to  W. 
McMullen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham.  It  contained  Epacris 
miniata,  the  sweet-smelling  Rhynchospermum  jasmi- 
noides,  the  pretty  violet-flowered  Tremandra  verticillata. 
Azalea  Mui'rayana,  Sphenotoma  gracilis — a  useful  plant 
for  cutting  from,  and  Hovea  Celsi. — Messrs.  RoUisson 
sent  the  large  yellow-flowered  Gompholobium  bar- 
bigerum, the  Oleander-leaved  Eriostemon,  Erica  florida. 
Azalea  exquisita,  Aphelexis  sesamoides,  and  the  yellow 
Chorozema  (C.  flavum). — The  next  six  plants  came  from 
Mr.  Watson,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Tredwell,  of  Norwood,  who 
furnished  the  somewhat  scarce  Boronia  spathulata,  Gom- 
pholobium polymorphum,  Azalea triumphans,  the  Scarlet 
Ixora,  Erica  fastigiata,  and  Cyrtoceras  multiflorum. — 
Mr.  Kinghorn  had  Stephanotis  floribunda,  the  glowing 
Azalea  optima,  Boronia  pinnata,  Leschenaultia  formosa, 
Aphelexis  humilis,  and  the  Cavendish  Heath  ;  the  latter 
hardly  sufficiently  in  bloom.- — Mr.  Stanly,  gr.  to  H. 
Berens,  Esq.,  of  Sidcup,  Kent,  produced  Boronia  pin- 
nata, the  large-flowered  variety  of  Tropseolum  tricolor, 
an  Everlasting,  Clerodendron  Kjempferi,  and  the  Ole- 
ander-leaved Eriostemon. — Finally,  Mr.  Stuart,  gr.  to 
T.  Huggins,  Esq.,  of  Norwood,  sent  Azalea  refulgens, 
Eriostemon  myoporoides,  Boronia  serrulata,  Lesche- 
naultia formosa,  Lithospermum  bullatum,  and  an  Ever;- 
last'ng. 

Orchids, — These  were  so  numerous  and  fine  '  that 
even  the  absence  of  Mr.  Rucker's  magnificent  plants 
was  scarcely  felt.  The  Large  Gold  Medal  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  Fr^klin,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  for  a  collection 
of  20  plants  ;  among  which  we  remarked  a  very  fine 
Phaius  gi'andifolius,  with  11  spikes  loaded  with  highly- 
coloured  blossoms ;  P.  Wallichii,  with  some  seven  flower- 
spikes  ;  Dendrobium  cterulescens,  nobile,  moniliforme, 
and  densiflorum,  the  latter  a  fine  specimen,  beautifully 
bloomed  ;  also  the  charming  D.  Devonianum,  with  long 
stems  coiled  round  a  few  stakes,  and  covered  with 
flowers  ;  Aerides  virens,  in  lovely  condition  ;  A.  crispum, 
with  three  flower-spikes ;  the  white  Butterfly-plant 
(Phal^nopsis  amabilis)  ;  a  Cattleya  Mossico,  with  15 
flowers  on  it;  C.  intermedia,  the  useful  and  brilliant  C. 
Skinneri,  the  long-tailed  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedium 
caudatum),  a  small  Epidendrum  aurantiacum,  Odonto- 
glossum  citrosmum,  Saeeolabium  guttatura,  and  Vanda 
tricolor  and  suavis. — The  next  group  in  point  of  merit 
was  produced  by  Mr.  Blake,  gr.  to  J.  H.  Schroder,  Esq., 
of  Stratford.  It  contained  Oncidium  ampliatum,  Phaius 
AVallichii,  with  three  flower-spikes  ;  Schomburgkia  tibi- 
cinus,  the  large-blossomed  white  Butterfly-plant  in  fine 
condition,  a  lovely  Cattleya  Skinneri,  C.  Mossice, 
Cypripedium  barbatum,  the  Twisted  Trichopil  (T, 
tortilis),  not  so  finely  flowered  as  it  was  last  year  ;  the 
3'ellow  Dendrobium  densiflorum,  in  great  perfection  ; 
tiie  Fragrant  Burlingtonia  ;  Vanda  cristata  ;  the  rare 
Ti'ichophilia  coccinea  ;  the  orange-flowered  Laelia  cin- 
nabarina  ;  Calanthe  veratrifolia,  with  numerous  spikes 
of  snow-white  blossoms  ;  Chysis  bractescens ;  the 
Brassia-like  Oncidium  phymatochilum  ;  and  the  lovely 
Dendrobium  Farmeri. — A  third  group  was  pi'odnced  by 
Mr.  Williams,  gr.  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  of  Hoddesdon. 
In  this  we  observed  Aerides  virens,  with  four  flower- 
spikes;  Vanda  insiguis  and  tricolor;  the  rhubarb- 
scented  Dendrobium  macrophyllum  ;  the  broad-leaved 
variety  of  D.  Pierardi,  with  seven  long  branches,  charm- 
ingly ornamented  with  flowers  ;  D.  pulchellum,  2  feet 
through, and  covered  with  bloom  j  the  orange-blossomed 
Epideudrum aurantiacum ;  the  Slender-leaved  Maxillaria, 
Cattleya  Mossise  and  Skinneri  both  in  admii-able  order, 
also  the  violet-tinted  variety  of  C.  intermedia,  the  Spotted 
Brassia  with  8  flower-spikes,  the  White  Butt^'fly-plant, 
Phaius  Wallichii  and  grandifolius,  Calanthe  veratrifolia, 
and  the  Fernando  Po  Ansellia  africana. 

Orchids,  in  collections  of  15,  were  shown  by  Messrs. 
Veitch  and  Rollisson.  The  former  had  the  broad-leaved 
variety  of  Dendrobium  Pierardi,  quite  a  fountain  of 
blossoms,  falling  in  streams  for  at  least  5  feet  fi-om  the 
wire  basin  out  of  which  they  issued  ;  tins  might  with 
good  propriety  be  styled  one  of  the  lions  of  the  exhi- 
bition. Associated  with  it  were  D«  moniliforme,  D. 
densiflorum  with  6  flower-spikes,  a  well-managed  D. 
nobile,  D.  Farmeri,  the  Twisted  Dendrobe  (D.  tortile), 
the  lartje  variety  of  Oncidium  ampliatum,  the  White 
Butterfly-plant,  the  long-tailed  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypri- 
pedium caudatum),  with  colours  so  distinctly  "  brought 
out"  as  to  render  the  flowers  truly  handsome  ;  the 
Twisted  Trichopil  (T.  tortilis),  Vanda  teres,  the  Sweet 
Vanda,  and  Aerides  virens. — In  Messrs.  Rollisson's 
group  were  Dendrobium  nobile,  the  scarce  D.  cretaceum, 
and  transparens  ;  a  large  plant  of  Sobralia  macrantha, 
bearing  three  of  its  showy  blossoms  ;  Maxillaria  macro- 
phylla, Epidendrum  macrochilura  album,  the  curious 
and  rare  Bolbopliyllum  Henshalli,  and  the  bright  yellow 
Clowes  Anguloa. 

Ten  Orchids  were  contributed  by  Mr.  Ivison,  gi*.  to 
the  Duchess  Dowager  of  Northumberland,  at  Sion,  Mr. 
Carson,  gr.  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  WouUey, 


gr.  to  H.  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  of  Cheshu-t. — Mr.  Ivison  had 
the  larger  variety  of  Oncidium  ampliatum,  0.  altissimum,. 
6  feet  high  and  as  much  through,  quite  a  mass  of  small 
yellow  flowers ;  0.  leucochilumj  a  well  cultivated 
Dendrobium  nobile,  D.  cterulescensj  a  small  Cattleya 
Skinneri,  the  Spotted  Brassia,  Odontoglossum  citrosmuni 
with  highly-coloured  blossoms,  0.  hastatnm,  and  the 
handsome  Epidendrum  macroehilum. —  Mr.  Cfurson 
produced  Acineta  Humboldti,  with  five  flower-spikes 
issuing  from  a  square  wire  basket  ;  Oncidium  luridum,. 
Dendrobium  nobile,  the  large  variety  of  Brassia  macu- 
lata,  the  Aloe-leaved  Epidendrum,  E.  Stamfordianum';,. 
Aerides  virens,  the  White  Butterfly-plant,  and  Cattleya' 
Skinneri. —  Mr.  Woolley  showed  nice  examples  of  Den-' 
drobium  nobile  and  densiflorum,  the  pretty  Vanda 
insignis,  Phaius  Wallichii,  the  beautiful  Cattleya 
intermedia,  Epidendrum  crassifolium,  the  Wliite 
Butterfly- plant ;  the  pale-blue  tinged  variety  of  Zygo- 
petalum  crinitum,  and  a  small  Roxburgh  Vanda. 

The  best  collection  of  six  Orchids  was  shovm  by  Mtf,' 
Kinghorn,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Kilmorey,  at  Orleans  House,. 
Twickenham.  It  consisted  of  a  noble  Phaius  grandi^ 
folius  ;  Oncidium  Baueri,  graceful  in  habit,  aud  loaded 
with  flowers;  the  large  variety  of  0.  ampliatum-^ 
Dendrobium  macroehilum,  the  yellow  D.  aggregatum, 
and  a  fine  Cattleya  Skinneri. — A  second  group  was  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Green,  who  sent  Dendrobium.  nobile,; 
Oncidium  luridum,  the  broad-leaved  Epidendrum,  Gon- 
gora  maculata,  the  sweet  smelling  Epidendrum  macro- 
ehilum, and  the  Spotted  Bra&eia. 

Of  specimen  Orchids,  Messrs.  Veitch  sent  a  good^ 
Cattleya  Mossice ;  Mr.  Kinghorn,  a  well  flowered  Pbalse- 
nopsis  grandiflora  ;  Mr.  Cole,  Dendrobium  nobile  ;  and 
Mr,  Ingram,  two  examples  of  Stanhopea  tigrina  placed 
on  short  stumps  of  trees  covered  with  moss. 

Azaleas  were  more  numerous  and  flue  than-erer  we- 
remember  to  have  seen  them,  and  they  made,  as  they 
always  do  at  the  May  Show,  a  most  effective  display. 
Two  excellent  collections  of  12  plants  were  produced, 
one.  by  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,,  the  other  by 
Mr.  Chitty,  gr.  to  J.  Basset,  Esq.,  of  Stamford  Hill- 
Mr.  May  had  huge  specimens  of  Double-red,  optima,- 
sinensis,variegata,  Grenvillice,prEestantLssima,macrantha.^ 
purpurea,  exquisita,  Broughtonii,  rosea  superba,. 
Rawsoni,  and  Gledstanesii.— Mr.  Chitty  sentfine  bushes 
of  splendens,  Duke  of  Devonshire,  Fielder's  white,. 
Murrayana,  one  of  the  many  varieties  of  phoeniceaj. 
prfestantissima,  Broughtonii,Prince  Albert,  camiinata^ 
(tledstanesii,  triumphans,  and  lateritia. — Groups  of  six 
plants  were  furnished  by  Messrs.  Green,  Fraser,  Carson, 
Falconer,  Lane,  Thompson,  Williams,  Robins^  and 
Pawley.  In  these  we  remarked  Double-red,  Iverj'anaj 
Variegata,  Old  White,  coccinea  superba,  lateritiai, 
resplendens,  coronata,  semi-duplex,  Prince  Albert,- 
fulgens,  triumphans,  Falconeri,  Woodsii,  sinensis^ 
lateritia,  optima,  Smithii,  Perryana  (a  fine  variety), 
Bianca  (a  good  white),  mirabilis,  and  graudis.  Six  of 
the  newer  kinds  in  8-inch  pots  were  shown  by  Messrs, 
Rollisson,  Fleming,  and  Taylor  ;  but  we  did  not  observe 
among  them  anything  strikingly  distinct  from  the 
varieties  above  enumerated. 

A  collection  of  tall  Cacti  in  flower  was  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Green.  It  contained  Epiphyllmn  speciosum  aild 
its  handsome  variety  called  elegans  ;  E.  eTenkiusoni,  E<r 
rubrum  cseruleumj  E.  Russellianum,  and  Cereus-  Malle^ 
soni  roseus. 

Rhododendrons. — A  magnificent  collection  of  white,. 
spotted,  and  blush  varieties,  was  shown  by  Mr.  Ivison, 
gr.  to  the  Duchess  Dowager  of  Northumberland,  at  Sion 
House  ;  they  were  part  of  the  batch  of  seedlings  raised 
at  Sion  from  which  the  beautiful  sorts  Cliveanum,  Per- 
cyanum,  and  Sionense  were  named,  and  some  of  which 
they  very  much  resemble.  They  were  obtained  from  a 
cross  between  a  good  white  ponticum  and  the  red  tree 
Rhododendron  ;  they  are  stated  to  be  perfectly  hardy 
as  far  as  the  plant  is  concerned,  but  on  coming  into 
flower  in  the  spring  (and  especially  during  such  seasons 
as  the  past),  they  require  the  protection  of  a  greenhouse 
to  have  the  flowers  in  pei-fection  ;  and  it  is  an  easy 
matter  to  have  them  in  flower  from  Christmas  up  to  the 
middle  of  May.— Messrs.  Lane,  of  Great  Berkhampstead, 
showed  a  group  containing  R.  carneum,  sulphureuraj  a 
fine  kind  with  large  compact  heads  of  well-formed 
flowers  ;  aureum,  macranthum  flavnm,  cupreum,  and' 
formosum,  which  is  also  sometimes  called  Gibsoni.— 
Mr.  Gaines  also  produced  a  collection  in  which  were 
Symmetry,  roseum  purpureum,  aureum,  tigrinum,  atd' 
fioribundum. 

Roses  in  pots  were  so  numerous  that  a  new  round 
tent  which  was  appropriated  to  their  exhibition  did  not 
hold  more  than  the  half  of  them.  The  rest-  were 
therefore  accommodated  in  the  iron  tent  along 
with  the  Fancy  Pelargoniums.  Mr.  Francis's  col- 
lection, to  which  the  first  prize  was  awarded,  con- 
tained Coupe  d'Heh6,  bright  peach  colour,  height  about 
5  feet— it  had  50  blooms  out  on  it ;  Paul  Perras,  bright 
rose,  the  gem  of  the  collection,  being  a  beautiful  pyra- 
midal plant  covered  with  flowers  ;  Charles  Duval,  deep 
rose,  a  spreading  plant  with  25  blooms  on  it ;  Chenedole, 
vivid  crimson;  Blairii,  delicate  creamy  white,  with 
deep  pink  towards  the  centre,  an  attractive  variety  ; 
Solfaterre,  a  fine  plant,  5  feet  high,  covered  with  beau- 
tiful pale  yellow  flowers  ;  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison, 
creamy  white,  bearing  25  well-expanded  blooms, 
Augustine  Mouchelet,  bright  rose,  though  naturally  a 
slender  grower,  this  was  in  great  perfection  ;  Baronne 
Prevost,  delicate  rose,  a  fine  plant,  5  feet,  with  35 
blooms  ;  the  favourite  Geant  de  Bataiiles,  with  25 
blooms  ;  La  Reine,  rose,  a  difficult  sort  to  force,  with 
4.5  blooms  on  it ;  Auberuon,  dark  rose,  with  30  blooms. 


20—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


311 


— Mr.  Francis  also  sliowed  a  collection  ot  Koses  on  the 
Celine  stock,  in  5-incli  pots  ;  they  were  beautifully  in 
flower,  and  exhibited  blooms  as  large  and  fine  as  under 
natural  growth  in  the  open  ground. — Messrs.  Laoe 
furnished— ?Vrt;  Moire,  pale  yellow  ;  Souvenir  d'un  Ami, 
blush,  shaded  with  pink,  au  e.Kceedingly  handsome  Rose, 
and  one  which  does  not  soon  get  shabby  ;  Vicoratesse 
de  Cazes,  yellow  ;  Baronne  Prevost,  rose  ;  Duchess  of 
Sutherland,  pale  rose  ;  William  Jesse,  crirason,  tinged 
with  lilac  ;  Louis  Bonaparte,  vermilioni  China  :  Miellez, 
■white  ;  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  creamy  white.  Hybrid  Bour- 
hon :  Comtesse  Mole',  delicate  rosy  pink,  ChenedoM, 
dark  brilliant  ci'imson.  Hybrid  China:  Emperor  Pro- 
bus,  deep  lilac  red. — Messrs.  Paul  sent  fine  plants,  but 
insufficiently  in  bloom,  of — Tea:  Niphetos,  pale  lemon, 
often  snowy  white  ;  Cels  Multiflora,  paleflesli,  large  and 
full  ;  Safranot,  bright  apricot,  in  bud,  changing  to  buff. 
Bourbon :  Armosa,  bright  pink.  Hybrid  Perpetual  : 
Madame  Laffay,  rosy  crimson  ;  Louis  Bonaparte,  ver- 
milion ;  Aubernon,  bright  rose,  changing  to  red  ;  La 
Heine,  rosy  pink,  tinged  with  lilac  ;  Duchess  of  Suther- 
land, pale  rose ;  William  Jesse,  crimson,  tinged  with 
lilac.  Hybrid  Bourbon  :  Paul  Perras,  pale  rose, 
and  Coupe  d'Hebe,  bright  peach. 

In  the  Amateurs'  Class  we  find  the  names  of  Messrs. 
Terry,  Chitty,  Rowland,  Busby,  and  Roser,  all  of  whom 
contributed  beautiful  examples  of  excellent  Rose 
growing.  In  the  different  collections  we  remarked,  in 
addition  to  the  kinds  already  enumerated — Lamarque, 
pale  yellow  ;  Comtesse  de  Lacepede,  white  ;  Bougere, 
salmon  jMausais,  nankeen  ;  Le  Dauphine,  pale  blush  ; 
Mrs.  Elliott,  large  crimson  ;  General  Jacqueminot, 
purplish  crimson  ;  Fabvier,  bright  crimson  ;  Devo- 
niensis,  pale  yellow  ;  Madeline,  pale  edged  carmine  ; 
Armosa,  nsy  pink  ;  Abbe  Mioland,  rosy  purple;  Adam, 
large  blush  ;  and  iladame  Bureau,  white. 

Cape  Heaths  were  numerous,  and  notwithstanding  the 
backwardness  of  tlie  season,  they  were  generally  well 
flowered.  Excellent  plants  were  furnished  by  Messrs. 
May,  Cole,  Smith,  Watson,  Over,  Taylor,.  Speed,  Roser, 
Hamp,  Jarvis,  and  Pawley  ;  and  in  the  Nurserymen's 
Class  by  Messrs.  RoUisson,  Epps,  Fraser,and  Fairbairn. 
The  specimens,  both  in  11  and  8-inch  pots,  were  fine 
examples  of  good  Heath  mauagemeut.  In  the  different 
collections  we  remarked  the  following  varieties :  — Vestita 
alba  and  rosea,  propendens,  denticulata  moschata, 
favoides  elegans  and  purpurea,  intermedia,  vasiflora, 
Beaumontiana,  perspicua  nana,  Cavendishii,  snaveolens, 
elegans,  Macnabiana,  Hartnelli,  raundula,  ampullacea 
vittata,  mutabilis,  Sorengelii,  Westphalingia,  fastigiata 
lutescens,  Androraedasfloi'a,  mirabilis,  nitida,  Sindryana 
(a  rather  new  and  charming  Heath)  ;  dilecta,  fiorida, 
metulseflora,  princeps,  Templeana,  tortuUtlora,  echiifiora, 
aristata  major,  tricolor,  and  odore  rosse. 

Everlastings. — Collections  were  shown  by  Messrs. 
Taylor,  Green,  Stuart,  and  Hamp.  In  these  we  re- 
marked Aphelexis  humilis,  A.  macrantha  purpurea,  A. 
purpurea  grandiflora,  A.  speciosa,  A.  rupestris,  A. 
gesamoides  with  its  rosy  variety,  and  A.  speetabilis. 

Single  SpEcnreNS, — The  best  consisted  of  a  glorious 
Medioilla  magnitica,  from  Messrs.  Veitch  ;  a  beautifully 
cultivated  Erica  Hartnelli  from  Mr.  Stanly  ;  an  enor- 
mous Erica  Sindryana  from  Mr.  Smith,  gr.  to  W. 
Quilter,  Esq.  ;  Eriostemon  intermedium  from  Mr.  May, 
gr.  to  Mi-s.  Lawrence  ;  Leschenaultia  Baxteri  from  Mr. 
Carson;  Zichya  longipedunculata  and  Statice  Holfordii 
from  Messrs.  Henderson;  Z.  longipedunculata  from  Mr. 
Stuart,  of  Norwood ;  and  Vriesia  speciosa  from  Messrs. 
Jackson. 

Some  interesting  Novelties  were  produced.  Messrs. 
Veitch  had  the  remarkable  Hexacentris  raysorensis 
mentioned  in  another  column  ;  a  new  Aerides,  related 
to  affine,  from  Moulmein  ;  Dendrobium  clavatum  and 
albosanguineum  ;  and  Streptocarpus  biflorus,  a  very 
promising  plant  — Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble  sent 
plants  of  Azalea  amoena,  some  account  of  which 
was  given  at  p.  262,  and  Mr.  Fortune's  striped 
Azalea  vittata;  Messrs.  Henderson,  of  Piue-Apple 
place,  communicated  Tetratheca  ericifolia,  a  plant 
which  we  hope  to  see  again  ;  Mr.  Ivison,  Oncidiura 
sertile.  a  yellow  flowered  species  of  considerable  beauty  ; 
Mr.  Franklin,  a  Trichopil,  which  resembled  a  pale 
variety  of  T.  coccinea  ;  Messrs.  RoliiGson,  a  curious 
looking'  almost  black-flowered  plant  called  Ataccia 
criatata  ;  and  Mr.  Hally,  of  Blackheath,  a  blue  flowered 
Libertia,  which  bids  fair  to  be  a  good  exhibition  plant. 

CoUectionaof  Mi^CELLAWEors  Plants  were  produced 
hy  Mc'Bfirs.  Kollieaon,  Mr.  Wiiliams,  gr.  to  C.  B.  Warner, 
Esq.,  and  Mr.  Hamp,  gr.  to  J.  Tliom,  Esq.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  names  oi'  20  of  the  most  sti-iking  of  the 
variegat«d  plants  shown  in  MesHrs.  Rollisson's  group 
viz.  :--Ci(«ua  discolor  or  marmorata,  Bent  from  Java 
by  their  colk-ctor  last  year,  very  beautiful  in  foliuge  ; 
Pandanns  Javanicus  varicgatua  ;  Maranta  roaeo-lineata, 
aibo-Iineata,  glumacea,  v  ttata  ;  Plianis  vittatuH,  Iloya 
picta  aurea,  Vriesia  speciosa,  Mikania  specioHajDractena 
nobilis,  Pavctta  borbonica,  Muwa  zcbrina,  Caladium 
bomiat^-^stigma ;  Anccctfjcliilua  setaccus,  xanthopliyliuH, 
and  maculatus  ;  Physurus  argotiteus,  ChciroHtyliB  niar- 
roorata — a  spccien  of  Goodycra,  and  Cypripcdium 
Javanicum,— Mr.  WilliamH  liad  tlie  following  variegated 
OrcUidn,  viz.  ; — Antwctocliilus  argcnUnis,  with  silvory 
markinfis  ;  A.  iiit*-rinediuH,  having  dark  gr'^«*n  foliage, 
veined  with  gold  ;a  fine  plant  of  A.  Lowci ;  A.  maculatUH, 
with  silvery  markings;  ihf.  common  A.  setaw-'UH,  A. 
xanihophylluH,  a  rcmarltably  fine  plant ;  and  A.  striatns, 
which ^  rcMmihlcH  Goodyera  discolor.  Among  Mr. 
llamp'H  plantH  were  Stephanofin  flnrlbunda,  a  good 
i'imcUia  iUriideifioiii,  some  AmarylhdH,  KrinHttMnofi 
myoporoidcf,  a  large    Erica  Cavendiehii,   hardly  huiJi. 


ciently  in  bloom  ;  Chorozema  varium,  and  one  or  two 
other  plants.  Mr.  Salter,  of  Versailles  Nursery,  Ham- 
mersmith, sent  a  nice  collection  of  Daisies. 

Among  Miscellaneous  Single  Specimens,  the  most 
remarkable  were  Fitzroya  patagonica,  Saxe-Gothsea  con- 
spicua,  and  a  hardy  hybrid  Rhododendron  named  Blanc 
Superbe,  from  Messrs.  Veitch  ;  Erica  Murrayana,  a 
charming  bright  crimson  kind,  from  Mr.  Layhank  ;  and 
Boronia  tetrandra,  from  Messrs.  Henderson,  of  Pine- 
apple-place. A  hybrid  Nymphpea,between  N.  rubra  and 
dentata,  and  an  Aphelandra  (?),  with  striped  leaves, 
came  fi'om  Mr.  Van  Houtte,  of  Ghent. 

Hothouse  Ferns  were  shown  by  Messrs.  Woolley, 
Williams,  and  Ivison.  In  the  different  collections,  we 
observed  well-cultivated  plants  of  Adiantum  trapezi- 
forme,  A.  formosum,  A.  pubescens,  A.  concinnum,  A. 
Foveanum,  A.  maerophyllum,  A.  cuneatum,  Blechnum 
brasiliense,  Goniopteris  vivipara,  G.  fraxinifolia,  Lastrea 
decomposita,  Cheilanthes  speetabilis,  Polypodium 
aureum,  Asplenium  marinum,  Pteris  serrulata. 

Pelargoniums  were  more  numerous  than  had  been 
anticipated,  and  seldom  have  we  seen,  even  at  a  June 
meeting,  such  plants  as  those  which  composed  the  first 
collection.  They  exhibited  what  is  rarely  met  with  in 
combination,  viz.,  quality  with  quantity  of  flower.  The 
plants  were  large,  with  foliage  in  some  instances  covering 
a  third  of  the  pots.  These  came  from  Mr.  Turner,  of 
Slough,  who  obtained  the  Gold  Medal,  for  12  varieties 
in  8-inch  pots.  The  sorts  were.  Magnet,  Mochaunum, 
Pulchrum,  Pride  of  the  Isles,  Constance,  Ajax,  Chief- 
tain, Magnificent,  Virgin  Queen,  Rosamond,  Gulielma, 
and  Rowena.  Magnet  was  the  admiration  of  every- 
body ;  2d,  Mr.  Dobson,  Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth, 
for  Chastity,  Purpureum,  Incomparable,  Mont  Blanc, 
Cuyp,  Pulchellum,  Vanguard,  Mulready,  Chloe,  Are- 
thusa,  Rosa,  and  Rosalind  ;  3d,  Mr.  Gaines,  Battersea, 
with  Cecil,  Aspasia,  Mont  Blanc,  Salamander,  Grandi- 
florum,  Negress,  Marquis  of  Stafford,  Flying  Dutch- 
man, Mars,  Rosamond,  Alphonsa,  and  Gulielma. — Six 
varieties  in  1 1-inch  pots  (pi'ivate  growers),  lst,Mr.Bray, 
Regent's-park.  These  were  old  kinds  with  poor  flowers. 
Six  Fancy  Pelargoniums — Dealei's  :  1st,  Mr.  Turner, 
with  Hero  of  Surrey  (a  fine  specimen,  with  colours  dis- 
tinctly brought  out).  Fairy  Q,ueen,  Minerva,  Ambrose's 
Perfection,  Statuiski,  Reine  des  Fran^ais ;  2d,  Mr. 
Ayres,  Blackheath,  with  Fairy  Queen,  Reine  des 
Fran^ais,  Ytolinski,  Mirandum,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Pictu- 
ratum  ;  3d,  Mr.  Gaines,  with  Signer  Casoloni,  Agnes, 
Reine  des  Fran^ais,  Defiance,  Odoratum,  Magniflorum. 
Six  Fancy  Pelargoniums — Amateurs  :  1st,  Mr.  Kemp- 
ster,  Blackheath,  with  Statuiski,  Bouquet  tout  fait, 
Alboni,  Formosum,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Jenny  Lind  ;  2d, 
Mr.  Roser,  gr.  to  J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  with  Modestum, 
Madame  Miellez,  Queen  Victoria,  Ibrahim  Pacha, 
Aiboni,  Cleopatra. 

Cape  Pelargoniums. — 1st,  Mr.  Parker,  gr.  to  'J. 
Strachen,  Esq.,  Teddiugton,  with  elatum,  elegans,  Bland- 
fordianum,  bicolor,  roseum,  tricolor;  2d,  Mr,  Watson, 
gr.  to  Mrs,  Tredwell,  with  elegans,  bicoloi',  Bland- 
fordianum,  ardens,  and  fulgidum. 

Mr.  Westwood,  of  Acton-lane,  sent  12  well-grown 
Hydrangeas,  in  small  pots,  with  enormous  heads 
of  flower, 

Calceolakias. — Mr.  Gaines  received  a  Large  Silver 
Medal  for  Phydias,  Amoena,  Pluto,  Vulcan,  Magnifica, 
and  Cerito. 

Cinerarias. — 1st,  Mr.  Lodmei*,  with  Adela  Villiers, 
Surprise,  Eftie  Deans,  Climax,  Amy  Robsart,  and  Queen 
of  Beauties;  2d,  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Sons,  St.  John's 
Wood,  with  Adela  Villiers,  Eflie  Deans,  Marianne, 
Cerito,  Catherine  Hayes,  and  Fairy  Queen  ;  3d,  Mr. 
Roser,  gr.  to  J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  with  Lady  Hume 
Campbell,  David  Copperfield,  Madame  Miellez,  Pauline, 
Annie,  and  Beauty,  of  Hammersmith.  There  was  but 
little  interesting  among  new  Cinerarias  ;  the  best  were 
Polyanthiflora,  Picturata,  Prince  Artlmr,  and  Mrs. 
Seagrave.  The  favourite  Lady  Hume  Campbell  was 
verv  generally  shown. 

Pansies.  —  These  had  large  flowers  of  the  richest 
colours,  averaging  12  blooms  to  a  pot.  The  plants  were 
compact  and  healthy,  one  only  occupying  a  pot.  1st, 
Mr.  Turner  had  Duke  of  Perth,  Pompey,  CUmax,  Ophir, 
pjuphemia,  and  ThisliC  ;  Mr.  Beck  Bellona,  Almanzor, 
Robert  Burns,  and  Eustace  ;  2d,  Mr.  Lochner,  with 
Queen  of  England,  Bellona,  Climax,  Ophir,  Robert 
Burns,  Sicira,  Juventa,  Duke  of  Perth,  Duke  of  NoH'olk, 
Helen,  Ethelred,  and  Addison  ;  3d,  Mr.  Terry. 

In  the  Seedling  Tent  there  were  but  few  novelties.    Of 

Pansies,  the  best  were  Sir  J,  Cathcart,  National,  and 

Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  all  from  Mr.  Turner. — Mr.  Lane, 

of  Great  Berkhampatead,  had   a  novel   and   peculiar 

hybrid  Rhododendron,  a  blush  or  French  white,  spotted 

on  the  upper  part  of  the  fiower  with  brownish-yellow  ; 

I  flower-heads  large,  and  foliage  ample. — Mr.  Carmichael, 

I  of  Bath,  sent  a  pretty  spotted  Calceolaria  of  good  shape. 

I — Mr,  Fleming,   of   Trentham,  produced   a    charming 

f<pccimen  of  l''ancy  Pelai-goiiium,  in   a  glazed  porcelain 

pot,  with  a  view  to  prove  that  tins  kind  of  material  is 

not  in  any  way  unlavourable  to  the  growth  of  plants. 

FiiuiT  waH  more  abundant  than  it  was  last  year  in  May. 
Mr.  Jarvis,  gr.  to  J,  Buck,  Esq.,  received  a  Certificate 
of  Excellence  for  a  well  swelled  Queen  Pine-apple.  The 
next  Queen  in  point  of  merit  came  from  Mr.  iJray,  gr. 
to  E.  l^ousafla,  Ewq.  Tlieso  were  not  remarkaldo  for 
weight,  tlie  heaviest  scarcely  reaching  A  Ibn.  Other  ti/.ncens 
were  furnialiod  by  MeHMrw.  Watson,  Dods,  JonuB,  Davis, 
and  Price.  A  good  Black  Jamaica  waH  hIiowu  by  Mr. 
i*ov('y,  gr.  to  the  Kcv.  J.  Tlini'ny<*rnit.  'I'lie  H.'iine 
variety  canut  froni  Mr.  Davis  of  Oak  Hill,  Eiivillcs 
from  Ml*.  WatHou  aM<l  Mr,  Jones,  a  Cayenne  from  Mr, 


Fleming,  and  a  Black  Prince  from  Mr.  Burn,  gr.  at 
Tottenham-pai*k. — The  best  Providence,  which  weighed 
upwards  of  0  lbs.,  was  produced  by  Mr.  Davis,  gr.  to 
Lord  Boston,  at  Hedsor.— Others  came  from  Mr.  Wat- 
son, gr.  to  Mrs.  Tredwell ;  and  Mr.  Winfield,  gr.  to  W. 
Bracebridge,  Esq.,  of  Warwick. 

Black  Hamburgh  Grapes  were  shown  pretty  plenti- 
fully. The  beat  came  from  Mr.  Dods,  gr.  to  Sir  J. 
Cathcart,  Bart  ;  well-swelled  bunches  were  also  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Allport,  gr.  to  H.  Akroyd,  Esq., 
of  Nantwich  ;  Mr.  Forbes,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford, 
at  Woburn  ;  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill  ;  and  Mr.  Spary, 
of  the  Queen's  Graperies,  Brighton. — The  same 
variety  of  Grape  was  likewise  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Robertson,  gr.  to  Lady  Emily  Foley,  Stoke  Edith  Park, 
Ledbury  ;  Mr.  Jones,  gr.  to  Sir  J.  Guest,  Bart.  ;  Mr, 
Morrison,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Harrowby  ;  Mr.  Jupp,  gr, 
to  J.  O.  Smith,  Esq,  of  Brighton  ;  Mr.  Stent,  gr.  to 
W.  Herbert,  Esq.,  of  Clapham  ;  Mr.  Slowe,  gr.  to  W. 
R.  Baker,  Esq.,  of  Bayfordbury  ;  Mr.  M*Kay, 
gr.  to  J.  Swaby,  Esq.,  of  Acton  Green  ;  Mr, 
Jackson,  gr.  to  G.  Beaufoy,  Esq.,  of  South 
Lambeth,  and  Mr.  Henderson,  gr.  to  Dr.  Merry,  of 
Ledbury.  Mr.  Davis,  Mr.  Dunsford,  and  Mr.  Spary, 
also  showed  Black  Hamburgh,  Very  good  Sweetwaters 
came  from  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill,  and  the  same  variety 
was  also  shown  by  Mr.  Jackson,  gr.  to  G.  Beaufoy, 
Esq.  Among  other  white  Grapes  we  noticed  Josling's 
St.  Albans,  from  Mr.  Robertson,  gr.  to  Lady  Emily 
Foley.  Dutch  Sweetwater  on  Vines  in  pots,  were  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Jackson,  gr.  to  G.  Beaufoy,  Esq.,  of 
South  Lambeth. 

Peaches  were  small  and  ill-coloured.  They  were 
furnished  by  Mr.  Reath,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Smith,  of  Ashton 
Court,  Bristol  ;  Mr.  Winfield,  gr.  to  W.  Bracebridge, 
Esq.  ;  and  by  Mr.  Gardiner,  gr.  to  Sir  G.  Phillips, 
Bart.,  of  Weston.  The  latter  were  stated  to  have  been 
grown  on  trees,  in  12-inch  pots,  at  the  back  of  an  early 
Vinery.  The  early  crop  was  said  to  average  from  15  to 
20  on  each  tree  ;  but  later  ones  from  18  to  24  on  a  tree. 

May  Duke  Cherries,  well-coloured  and  swelled, 
were  shown  by  Mr.  Fleming,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Suther- 
land at  Trentham.  Black  Circassian  Cherries  were 
sent  by  Mr.  Evans,  gr.  to  C.  H,  Newdegate,  Esq.,  of 
Airbury. 

Strawberries. — Enormous  examples  of  British  Queen, 
well-coloured  and  ripened,  came  from  Mr.  Judd,  gp, 
to  Earl  Spencer,  at  Althorpe.  These  were  the  admira- 
tion of  everybody.  Good  dishes  of  this  variety  were 
also  sent  by  Mr.  McEwen,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,, 
at  Arundel  ;  and  Mr.  Britten,  of  Lewishara.  Mr, 
Munro,  gr.  to  Lord  Clarendon,  and  Mr.  Bennet,  of 
Dulwich,  likewise  showed  British  Queens.  The  best 
Keens'  Seedlings  were  from  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  J. 
Watney,  Esq.,  of  Croydon, — Mr.  McEwen,  and  Mr. 
Brewin,  gr.  to  R.  Gunter,  Esq.,  also  produced  good' 
examples  of  this  fruit,  as  did  likewise  Mr.  Dew,  of  Ham' 
Common,  Mx*.  Bennet,  Mr.  Munro,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Oddie  ; 
Mr.  Jarvis,  Mr.  Macqualter,  gr.  to  Col.  Challoner  ;  and 
Mr.  Watson,  gr.  to  Mrs,  Tredwell, 

Figs. — We  remarked  some  Brown  Figs  from  Mr. 
Fleming,  of  Trentham. 

Melons.  —  The  best  was  a  hybrid  yellow  fleshed 
Persian,  from  Mr.  Robertson,  gr.  to  Lady  Emily  Foley, 
It  was  a  roundish  fruit,  about  the  size  of  the  clenched 
fist,  and  exceedingly  well  flavoured.  Mr.  Fleming  had 
his  hybrid  Trentham. 

Of  Miscellaneous  Fruit,  Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  the  Earl 
de  Grey,  sent  a  collection  of  Apples  and  Pears  in  good 
condition  ;  Mr.  Salter,  Apples  ;  and  Mr.  Reath,  fruit  of 
the  Cavendish  Musa.  Mr.  Ivison  contributed  from 
Sion  a  tree  of  the  Loquat  (Eriobotrya  japonica)  in  fruit. 

We  take  this  opportunity  of  mentioning  that  there 
were  stationed  in  the  Arboretum,  but  unconnected  with 
the  show,  some  beautiful  oil-paintings  of  the  finer 
Orchids,  executed  for  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Co.,  by  M; 
Constans,  the  French  artist  employed  for  preparing' 
the  plates  and  other  illustrations  connected  with 
'^  Paxton's  Flower  Garden."  In  another  part  of 
the  gi'ounds  we  also  noticed  the  model  of  a  Conservatory, 
from  Messrs.  Weeks  and  Co,,  of  the  King's-road-, 
Chelsea,  which  attracted  so  much  attention  last  year  in 
the  Crystal  Palace.  * 


0 


u4'iin(des  des  Sciences.  Vol.  XVI.  No.  4. 

Records  of  the  School  of  Mines  and  of  Science  applied 
to  the  Arts.  Vol.  I.  Part  1.  Inaugii/ral  and  /ntroduc- 
iory  Lectures  to  the  Courses  for  the  Session  1(151-2.  8vo. 
Longmans. — The  student  of  geology  will  find  these  lec- 
tures in  all  respects  wortliy  of  the  able  men  by  whom 
they  were  delivered,  and  of  the  highest  interest  in  prose- 
cuting his  researcbea, 

2'he  WrittTigs  of  Douglits  Jenold.  Vol.  III.,  containing 
Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain  Lcctwcsj  the  Story  of  a  Feather, 
and  the  Sich  OUmt  and  Doctor  Dwarf*  8vo.  Bradbury 
and  Evans. 

Boi*n  in  a  Oalc :  a  descriptive  Poem  ;  by  Ned  Nau- 
tilus. Creation:  a  Sacred  Poem ;  by  Oxnniensia.  Mis- 
cellaneous Poems ;  by  the  same.  (Jvo.  Lumley. 

C(i'pt.  Manrflcs'  A  ret  ic  Papers,  iJ  vo.  Ri vington . 
2d  Eilition,  with  copious  additions. 

Woipersj  Annates  BotaniecH  System aticcv.  Vol.  II., 
Fasc,  /).     Ruhiaccto  to  Composilus.  ^  ^ 

Not'-H  Oil  the  hthnms  of  Panama^  with  Itcmarls  on  its 
Phynind  (knyrdpliy  and  its  Prospects.  By  A.  Dunlop. 
ThonuiH, — A  pMUiplilet. 

The  Eitfjlisk  Flower  Carden,  No,  5.  'Uo.  SImpkiii. — A 


312 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[May  15, 


■Well  wi'iLteUj  clieap   iiiuiulil^  ijenudical,   cuiita-iiuug  lieaC 

coloured  figures  of  plants,  and  likely  to  be  useful  to 
amateurs  and  gardeners. 

Practical  Rustic  Work;  by  H.  Howlett.  Jarrold  and 
Co. — This  is  a  pamphlet  of  15  pages,  showing  how  the 
author  applies  Fir  cones  to  the  construction  of  what  are 
called  rustic  baskets.  From  what  we  have  seen  of  Mr. 
Howlett's  work  we  should  say  that  he  is  well  qualified 
to  teach  this  art.  His  pamphlet  is  illustrated  by  tliree 
lithographic  plates,  containing  13  figures. 


FLORICULTURE. 


National  Flobicdltdeal  Societt,  3fay  U.— Mr.  Bragg  in 
the  chair.  Pti1uru;oiiiumB  were  contributed  by  Mr.  DobEOu,  Mr. 
Hoyle,  and  MesHrs.  A.  Hendermin  and  Co.  ;  Paosies  by  Mr. 
Bragg,  Mr.  Turner,  and  Mr.  Edwirda  ;  CinerariaB  by  Measra. 
E.  G.  Uenderaon  and  Sun,  Captain  Darley,  Mr.  Hoilge.  Mr. 
Robinson,  and  Mr.  W,  Ivery ;  Hea'hB  by  Mr.  EpjjH  ;  Aznleas 
foy  M''6Brs.  A.  Henderson  and  Oo. ;  Mimu  us  by  Mr,  Ivery ;  and 
Rosea  on  the  Celine  Stock  by  Mr.  Wilkinson,  of  Eal'ug.  First- 
claaa  Certificates  were  awarded  to  Mr.  Turner's  Pansy 
*'  Natioaal,"  white.gniund,  narrowly  margined  with  purple, 
smooth,  and  good  in  form;  to  Scliofield's  Fearless,  chrome 
yellow  Kround,  marginei  with  very  darU  purplish  maroon,  good 
in  form. Ihmi'otb,  and  stout ;  to  Erica  ja3miiiiiii>ra  rubra,  being 
of  excellent  habit,  having  an  extra  lnug  tube,  rosy  red,  with 
large  trusses  ;  to  E.  tricolor  Eppsii,  tube  shore  and  stout,  truss 
large,  hubit  Kood,  colour  tcarlet,  shading  into  white  and  very 
glodsy  ;  these  were  contributed  by  Mr.  Epp^,  of  Maidstone. 
Certifieatea  of  Merit  to  Pansy  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  Heht  yellow 
ground,  martiined  with  mulberry;  this  wa«  from  Mr.  Turner. 
Cinera-ias  Lord  Stumford  and  Picurata.  from  Messrs.  E.  G. 
Henderson  and  Sun  ;  to  Pansy  Joe  Miller,  dark  self,  remarkably 
large  and  bold,  from  Mr.  Edwards  ;  and  to  Erica  tricolor  spleo- 
dida,  {torn  Mr.  Epps.  J.  E. 


Blinds  fob  Gebanidms  :  A  Lady.  White  canvas  will  answer 
the  purpose,  bu' it  will  be  injuiious  to  have  it  permanently 
fixed.  It  should  be  made  to  run  up  and  down  on  a  roller, 
in  order  that  the  plants  may  be  exposed  in  favourable 
weather.  J.  E. 

Pansies  :  J  S  and  Son.  Forwnri^ed  as  directed.  J.  E. 

Received  a  Schedule  of  the  Whitby  Amateur  Floral  and  Hor- 
ticultural Society;  tlays  of  exhibition  tixed,  May  "ib,  July  6, 
and  September  15.— Z.  The  Nutting-hill  Dahlia  is  tixed  for 
August  2ti  ;  and  the  Scottish  P^nsy  for  June  9,  ./.  E 

The  York  Homticoltijbal  ExniBiTtoNs  are  fixed  foi  June  30, 
Au<;ubt  II,  and  September  Ti. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

AcBiCDLAS :  I'addington.  What  we  gave  was  the  official 
return,  from  wiiich,  of  cou'se,  there  is  no  appeal.— IFms/oiu 
Tour  Alpine  is  certainly  the  largest  wo  have  seen  fur  some 
time  ;  colour  not  determinable,  owing  to  the  varnish  having 
destroyed  it.  J  E.  « 

CiNEEABiAS  :  Winslow.  Colours  entirely  destroyed  by  the  var- 
nish with  which  you  bad  fastened  ihem  on  the  card. — 
Admh-al  T.  1,  petals  ribby,  indented,  and  too  nairow  to  give 
average  outliue  for  a  tiower  of  its  size  ;  strongly  tipped  rosy 
purple,  with  disk  of  the  same  shade,  2,  a  lively  deep  purple, 
equal  to  many  in  culiiv<ition  ;  3,  petals  tuo  oval  to  be 
valuable  ;  5.  blue  self,  quite  a  "  star,"  but  in  this  instance 
valueless  ;  6,  delicate  and  pretty,  with  Pome  merit— its  worst 
defect  is  its  ribb>ne68  ;  7,  chaste,  if  it  had  peta's  equal  to  2 
its  merits  wculd  be  much  enhanced;  8,  deeper  in  colour 
than  5,  but  too  much  notched  for  toleration  ;  all  arrived  in 
good  condition.  J  E. 
-Pelaeoonidm:  Admiral  T.  A  small  smooth  flower,  wanting 
density  in  the  blotch  on  the  upper  petals  ;  the  full  blown  pip 
-bad  fallen.  J,  E, 


Miscellaneous. 

Professor  J.  F*  Schow,  the  Danish  botanist,  a  pliilo- 
aopher  of  European  reputationj  and  a  State-councillor, 
died  on  the  5th  inst.,  in  hia  64th  year.  His  talents  were 
not  confined  to  his  department  of  science  ;  he  was  a 
man  of  great  patriotic  ener'gy,  and  was  elected  president 
both  of  the  Assembled  Estates,  and  of  the  Constitutional 
-  Assembly,  which  adopted  the  present  ground  law. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the    ensuing   iveeJc.J 

FOROING  DEPARTMENT. 
Eably  Vinery. — Presuming  the  Grapes  are  ripe,  the 
fermenting  material  which  has  been  kept  on  the  border 
till  this  time  may  now  be  removed  ;  as  the  roots  are 
frequently  found  close  to  the  surface  after  the  litter  is 
removed,  spread  a  little  rotten  dung  and  loam  over  the 
border,  to  preserve  them  from  the  sun.  If  the  Vines 
are  at  all  exhausted,  either  from  the  poorness  of  the 
border  or  over-cropping,  two  or  three  good  soaidngsof  rich 
manure  water  should  be  given  after  the  Grapes  are  cut ; 
this  will  be  of  great  benefit  to  the  Vines  ;  and  if  care  is 
taken  to  preserve  the  leaves  green  and  healtliy  for  as 
long  a  time  afterwards  as  can  be  done  witliout  infringing 
on  the  rest  they  ought  to  have,  they  will  have  time  to 
form  a  fresh  stock  of  roots,  and  to  prepare  themselves 
for  another  season's  work.  By  following  the  above 
rules,  we  have  forced  an  early  Vinery  15  years  succes- 
sively, without  the  Vmes  showing  any  appearance  of 
diminished  vigour.  Vines  to  be  fruited  in  pots  ai'e 
useful  auxiliaries  where  new  houses  have  been  planted, 
and  the  permanent  Vines  not  yet  in  a  bearing  state  ; 
and  are  likewise  a  source  of  enjoyment  to  a  numerous 
class  of  amateurs.  We  do  not,  howiver,  recommend  them 
on  tlie  score  of  profit.  Those  intending  to  grow  plants 
for  next  season's  fruiting  should  now  select  the  strongest 
plants  struck  from  the  present  year's  eyes,  and  pot  them  at 
once  into  their  fruiting-pots,  which  need  notbe  more  than 
12  inches  wide  ;  or,  some  of  last  season's  plants  may  be 
potted  for  the  same  purpose.  Use  rotten  turf  alone,  and 
trust  to  watering  with  liquid  manure,  for  giving  them 
the  necessary  stimulus  ;  they  should  be  trained  close  to 
the  glass,  and  stopped  when  of  the  desired  length. 
Melons.  — The  early  fruit  will  be  swelling,  and  if  they 
are  trained  to  trellis-work,  the  fruit  should  be  carefully 
suspended,  either  on  a  piece  of  thin  board,  or  in  a  small 
net.     Pay  especial  care  to  preserve  the  foliage  healthy, 


and  enudUiage  at  this  stuj^e  a  uCrh  growth,  that  imme 
diately  the  first  crop  of  fruit  is  cut,  a  successional  one 
may  be  advancing  to  supply  its  place.  This  can  more 
effectually  be  done  in  houses  than  in  frames.  The  heat, 
both  bottom  and  top,  must  be  kept  steadily  up,  that  no 
check  may  prevent  tlie  gradual  progression  of  the  fruit 
to  maturity.  Pay  the  same  attention  to  the  advancing 
crops,  by  a  daily  superintendence  ;  for  a  few  dayis' 
neglect  is  often  the  cause  of  failure.  Use  pigeon  dung  or 
weak  guano- water  occasionally.  We  prefer  this  plan  to 
mixing  dung  with  the  compost,  which  should  consist  of 
sound  turfy  loam.  Now  is  a  good  time  to  make  a  sowing 
for  the  autumn  crop,  of  wiiich  by  far  the  best  for  the 
purpose  is  Mr.  Fleming's  hybrid  "  Dampsha." 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SlIRUBBRUY. 
In  this  department  the  next  few  weeks  will  be  devoted 
to  fiihng  up  the  flower  garden  beds  and  clumps,  intended 
for  the  summer  and  autumn  display  ;  and  now  a  change 
has  taken  place  in  the  weather,  every  exertion  should  be 
made  to  get  the  planting  out  completed  with  all  possible 
dispatch  ;  and  premising  the  plants  intended  for  each 
bed  have  been  previously  determined,  and  hardened  off, 
no  great  difficulty  will  be  met  within  filling  up  the  beds. 
Some  allowance  must,  Iiowever,  be  made  in  regard  to 
the  time  when  it  is  wished  to  have  the  principal  display 
of  flowers  ;  if  early,  the  plants  will  require  planting 
thicker,  and  need  not  be  stopped.  And  if  not  before  a 
later  period  in  the  summer,  somewhat  thinner  ;  and  the 
flower-buds  should  be  pinched  off  as  tliey  appear,  till 
the  plants  have  filled  the  beds.  There  are  two  objects 
principally  held  in  view  in  arranging  the  planting  of 
parterres  and  flower  gardens  ;  oue  is  to  produce  a 
striking  effect  by  employing  plants  only  of  a  decided 
colour,  principally  red,  blue,  and  yellow,  using  white  for 
separating  the  different  divisions.  When  the  colours 
are  well  contrasted,  tliis  plan  is  very  effective,  parti- 
cularly when  viewed  from  a  distance,  and  is  well  adapted 
for  situations  where  tlie  beds  are  not  numerous,  and 
where  there  is  a  considerable  breadth  of  either  Grass  or 
gravel  to  overpower ;  yet  a  repetition  of  the  same 
thing,  however  brilliant,  is  seldom  so  pleasing  on  a  close 
examination  as  where  variety  both  in  form  and  colour 
has  been  called  in,  and  where  the  gradations  into  which 
the  primary  colours  run  have  been  arranged  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  rules  governing  their  distribution. 
There  is  now  no  lack  of  colours  to  effect  this,  as  nearly 
every  class  of  bedding-out  plants  present  sufficient 
variety  for  the  purpose.  In  single  beds  or  in  the  mixed 
flower  garden,  a  deal  may  be  accomplished  in  this  way, 
by  using  a  decided  colour  for  the  centre,  and  surrounding 
it  with  plants  of  the  same  kind,  but  of  less  intense 
colour,  which  should  gradually  diminish  from  the  centre 
as  a  point  to  the  sides.  This,  with  well  contrasted 
edgings,  particularly  for  the  larger  beds,  will  be  found 
more  generally  pleasing  than  where  masses  of  one 
colour  only  are  employed.  Select  a  shady  border,  and 
give  it  a  good  di'essing  of  rotten  dung  or  leaf  soil, 
slightly  forked  in,  for  planting  with  the  runners  of  the 
different  kinds  of  Violets  for  forcing  ;  the  Neapolitan 
is  the  best  for  frames  or  pots,  and  the  runners  will  now 
be  found  in  proper  state  for  removing ;  plant  them  8  or 
10  inches  apart;  water  them  abundantly  in  dry  weather, 
and  pinch  off'  the  runners  as  they  appear  ;  if  the  soil  is 
rich  and  open,  they  will  grow  into  stout  bushy  plants  by 
the  autumn,'aud  may  then  either  be  potted  or  planted  into 
pits  for  forcing. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  present  is  the  most  critical  time  for  fruit  trees  ; 
those  against  walls  requires  to  be  constantly  looked 
over,  not  only  to  perform  the  necessary  disbudding, 
&c.,  but  to  keep  down  the  different  species  of  aphides, 
which,  if  allowed  to  get  the  upper  hand  at  this  season, 
would  irretrievably  ruin  them.  The  nights  are  still 
cold,  and  therefore  the  washings  with  the  engine  should 
be  done  early  enough  for  the  leaves  to  become  dry 
before  evening,  or  mildew  may  intervene.  If  the  engine 
proves  insufficient  to  eradicate  these  pests,  tobacco 
water  and  soapsuds  should  be  occasionally  applied,  as 
previously  directed.  In  disbudding,  it  will  be  better  to 
pinch  out  the  shoots  not  wanted,  leaving  two  or  three 
joints,  and  as  many  leaves,  than  to  take  them  close  off 
the  parent  branch.  In  many  kinds  of  fruit  trees,  such 
will  form  useful  spurs,  and  where  they  are  likely  to 
cause  a  crowded  state  of  the  wood,  they  can  (during  the 
summer)  be  cut  clean  out  with  the  knife  ;  this,  however, 
will  rarely  occur  if  the  tree  has  previously  been  well 
managed.  Strong  gross  shoots  should  be  stopped,  to 
throw  the  sap  into  tlie  weaker  ones  ;  and  this  should  be 
again  repeated  on  the  lateral  shoots,  to  produce  a  uni- 
formity of  growth,  and  a  well-balanced  tree.  Constant 
watching  through  the  summer  months  will  he  requisite 
to  effect  this,  if  a  disposition  to  grossness  prevails  ;  and 
root  pruning  in  the  autumn  should  always  form  a  part 
of  the  practice  in  brmging  too  vigorous  growing  trees 
into  a  bearing  state. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  weekending  May  13,  ISJ'2.  Bvahnprfedat  the  HorticuUuml  OardenG, 

C  hie  wick. 


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8— Overcast  tind  111  e ,  cluudy;  overcast. 

9-FiDe  tbrouithout ,  i-lighlly  overcaat  at  oight. 
10  — I'ine;  ove  ciHt ;  rain  at  niuht. 
1 1—  Bobiei  0U3;  Hpsvv  shower ;  partly  hail,  9am.;  hail  Bhower  Sa 

foreoion  ;  clnudv. 
12— neHvyrau,  ilmnder;  ahow?ry;  more  cjDataut  ra'm  at  DJght. 
I'i — Clourty  ;  fine;  fHin. 
Meao  teuiperaiure  ol  tbe  week,  3  dCR.  above  the  averase. 


STATE 

OP  THE   WEATHER  AT  CHISWTCK. 

DnrioR  the  last  26  yra 

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Ihe  bi^beBt  temperature 

18(3-Uierm.  86  deg. ;  aud  tUe  loweei  oa  the  16lh,    ISiiS  and  1839-thErm. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

AsBEssMENTs  :  Cf  B.  "We  mu8t  refer  jou  to  your  eolicitor,  "We 
never  answer  mere  legal  queations. 

Broccoli  :  J.  P.  It  is  what  is  called  a  Cockpcomb  Broccoli, 
Such  de'^'iations  from  the  usual  i>tructure  are  not  uncommon 
with  the  Brassica  tribe.  J 

CBiawiCK  Exhibitions  :  T  P.  Exhibitors  are  not  required, 
but  they  arc  most  parricularly  requeated  to  give  notice  in 
writing  on  the  Wednej^day  before  each  meeting  of  the  articles 
they  intend  to  produce,  and  of  the  classes  under  which  they 
will  be  shown.  Tliis  is  requested  in  order  that  their  card's 
may  be  prepared  befure  the  txhibitors'  arrival  in  the  garden. 
Those  who  comply  with  thii  request  find  their  eniriea  made 
for  them  when  they  come,  instead  of  being  detained  perhaps 
for  an  hour  or  more,  as  otherwise  w^uld  unavoidably  be  the 
case.t 

Figs  :  JD.  The  variety  of  Fig  grown  so  abundantly  at  Worth- 
ing is,  we  believe,  the  Brown  Turkey.  In  some  inBiances,  as 
vtith  you,  it  i^  brown  ;  but,  in  many  situatiuns,  it  acquires  a 
purpliah  colour.  || 

FuMiGATOBs:  Delta  complains  that  he  cannot  understand  the 
construction  of  the  inatrument  deecribed  at  p.  294  of  our 
last  week's  Paprr,  and  he  would  feel  obliged  to  *' G.  B., 
Fife,"  if  he  would  furnish  a  sketch  of  it,  or  more  explicitly 
describe  ita  upper  part.  Why  is  the  iron  top  to  be  riveted 
on  to  the  choifer  or  cylinder  ? 

GoosEBEBBiES  :  JD  asks,  "  Which  of  our  numerous  enemies  has 
probably  eaten  off  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  specimen  of 
GooHtberry  sent.  The  damape  is  generally  attributed  to 
birds,  but  I  doubt  whether  they  could  operate  so  neatly. 
Possibly,  it  might  be  done  by  woodlice."  It  jou  watch  the 
bullfinches,  you  will  find  them  removing  the  whole  fruit-bud 
early  in  the  season  ;  when  in  blossom,  the  tomtita  pinch  oflf, 
very  neatly,  as  in  your  case,  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  all  that 
is  within  these,  close  to  the  top  of  the  receptacle.  This  ope- 
ration is  termed  snvji-iig  in  fruit-gardeae  near  London. || 

Heatino  :  Z.  It  matters  little  which  plan  you  adopt,  provided 
you  take  care  that  your  flow-pipe  gradually  rises  to  the  ex- 
treme end,  however  small  the  rise  mHy  be,  and  that  the 
return  as  gradually  falls;  and  also  that  you  have  an  air- 
vent  at  the  higheat  point,  as  well  as  an  expansion  cisteru 
large  enough  to  prevent  all  poaaibility  of  overflow. 

Insects:  T  G.  The  lace-winEedinsectsentis  Chrysopavittata, 
Wesm.  (perla  Stephens,  but  not  of  Linnaeus).  It  is  very 
common.  The  larvae  of  Pyralis  farinalis  of  Lionseus  feed 
upon  flour,  meal,  &c.  We  should  be  much  oblij^ed  tor  speci- 
mens of  the  larvfie  and  chrysalids. — PF.  From  your  descrip- 
tion the  insects  which  attack  your  Mekm  and  Cucumber 
leaves  are  the  common  Thrips.  Fumigation  with  tobacco 
smoke  will  destroy  them,  but  the  frames  mu9t  be  made  quite 
air-light,  so  as  to  prevent  ita  escape.  Try  also  the  burning 
of  saw-dust  from  Juniper  or  other  strongly  resinous  wood, 
which  Mr.  Fortune  has  ascertained  is  the  means  which  the 
Chinese  employ  successfully  to  drive  away  musquitoes. — 
Cf  E.  The  little  beetles  which  have  eaten  the  crowns  of  your 
Hollyhocks  are  the  Ilaltica  fuscipes,  a  species  closely  allied 
to  the  comm.n  Turnip  flea-beetle.  The  most  effectual  mode 
of  stopping  their  ravages  is  to  place  a  large  sheet  of  paper 
covered  with  pitch  or  bird-lime  close  to  your  plants,  and 
then  shake  them  well  over  the  paper,  upon  which  the  insects 
will  fall  and  stick  fast.  Lime-dust  sprinkled  thickly  every 
morning  over  the  leaves,  whilst  wet  with  dew  or  water,  will 
also  preserve  them.   IF. 

LAuaFLs:  G  L.  They  maybe  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the 
present  year's  wood,  taken  off  with  a  small  piece  of  the  old 
wood  attached,  and  put  in  in  September.  A  sandy  soil, 
somewhat  shaded,  suits  them  best. J 

Lobelias  '.  O  H  P.  The  kinds  you  mention  are  all  blue. 

Mandre:  Y  B.  We  do  not  understand  what  is  meant  bysoot 
in  a  liquid  state.  Soo',  as  it  comes  from  the  ohimney,  is  an 
excellent  ingredipnt  in  all  manures.  It  iH  needless  to  add 
anythit3g  to  it.  Rub  off  all  the  shoots  next  ihe  ground,  but 
leave  a  few  laterals,  stopping  them  above  the  tourth  leaf. 

Names  of  Plants  :  Hitchen,  Claytonia  perfoita^a. — Q  P.  Rosa 
bracteata,  the  Macartney  Rose.  —  Bodryddan.  Melianthus 
minor,  a  Cape  shrub.— -4iine.  1,  Tortula  murnlis  ;  2,  T, 
Tigida.—J  G,  Bath.  Dendrobium  Calceolua  —  Ifiiicantwi.  Itia 
Ctrcis  Siliquastium,  commonly  called  the  Judas  Tree;  a 
hardy  tree,  native  of  Syria.— Ji  A  S.  Berberis  cuneata ;  to 
ha  propagated  by  layers.— i  L  B.  1,  Erica  gelida  ;  2,  E. 
HunieanM  ;  3,  E.  declinata ;  4,  E.  Bandoni ;  5,  E.  odoreroeas.J 

Oak  CopptCE  :  Carimel.  It  is  a  very  bad  plan  to  cut  them  down 
in  Vie  sap.    The  rinht  time  is  the  end  of  November. 

RocEwoBK :  Sub.  Burrs  joined  together  in  masses,  dashed 
over  with  Portland  cement,  and  sprinkled  with  coal-ashes, 
form  a  good  substitute  for  grey  rocks.  As  to  plants,  such  as 
Aubrietia,  Arabia  alpina,  Aijssums,  MusVi,  Saxifrages,  Solda- 
nella  alpina,  Sednms,  Erinus  hispanicua,  Snponaiia  ocy- 
moides,  Aquilegia  Skinneri  and  perhaps  glandulosa.  Primula 
altaica.  and  other  sorts;  Verbenas,  Petunias,  Yiolets,  and 
hardy  Ferns  will  be  found  suitable.} 

Seakale  :  J.  The  Seaknle  plants  you  sent  appear  to  have  been 
burned  or  destroyed,  in  consequence  of  too  hot  steam  from 
dung  in  forcing  II 

SpaiNQ  TaawspLANTED  Etebobeens  :  Q.  Water  the  leaves  as 
often  as  jou  can.    It  is  of  little  use  watering  the  roots  aepa- 

ViNEs:'-4  Well  Wisher.  The  Gromier  du  Cantal  Grapo  has 
Jatge  bunches,  with  very  large  round  berries,  of  a  grizzly 

^  co'our;  andonthewhole.it  appears  to  partake  equally  of 
the  natur^^s  of  the  Black  Hamburgh  and  White  Sweetwater. 
It  has  very  ammg  thortjointed  wood;  it  would  therefore 
not  be  advisable  to  graft  ii  on  the  Black  Cluster.H-Car/meL 
The  Welheck  Black  Tripoli  is  considered  to  be  u  variety  of 
lbeBla.kHamburgh.il  .„    „    , 

Watercbesses  :  Cartniet.  You  will  find  some  advice  on  the 
formation  and  management  of  beds  at  p.  165  of  our  last 
year's  volume.  Only  such  plants  as  are  wanted  for  seed 
should  be  allowed  to  flower.  Plants  raised  from  seeds  are 
said  to  be  less  liable  to  •■  run  "  than  those  produced  in  any 
other  wt*y  ;  and  by  sowing  at  diffL-renc  seasons  young  Cresses 
may  be  had  nt-arly  all  the  year  round.  A  runniug  stream 
suits  theui  best,  but  means  ahould  be  provided  lo  prevent 
their  being  ifijiired  b\  floods.} 

Misc  :  E,  Tke  address  of  Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  the  Eari  de  Grey,  is 
Wrest-park,  Sileoo,  Beds.} 


20—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


313 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  beinj;  notorioua  that  exteostve  aduiteratiyoa  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  un, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.    AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Qovernment  and 

to  the  Public  af^ainto  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  coretnliy  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buvers  that — 

Tlie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them,  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  ce^it. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss-to  them»  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'FHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
-^  foLloiviiig  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Piat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Oornwull,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes:  Linseed  and  K.ipe  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibba  and  Sons,  at  9i.  IOj.  per  ton,  orfor5tuns  and  upwards, 
9£.  55.  in  Duck.  EnwAao  Pdesee,  Sec, 

40.  New  Rriiitrfi-street,  Blacltfriars. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Depttord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  ..,        £7    0    0 

SuperphoKphateof  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  Wiliiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.E,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  coniain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  lUa.  per  ton  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  55.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  FEAf  CriAH. 
COAL,  impregnated  with  tbe  fertilising  mutter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  Tbe  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fasces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  tbe  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulbam,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  2s.  Gd.  per 
tialf  cwt. 


MANURE   DEPOT.— PEAT   CHARCOAL. 

TO    FARMERS,    AGRICULTURISTS,    AND    OTHERS. 

GH.  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea-bridge, 
*  Middlesex,  Agent  lo  ihe  Irish  Amelioration  Society  lor 
the  sale  of  the  above,  AU  needful  particulars  will  be  given  on 
application  at  the  above  address. 

Price  of  the  unmixed  Charcoal,  555.  per  ton.  Packs  included. 
Mixed  with  Nightsoil,  505.  per  ton,  sacka  included.  Mixed  with 
Urine,  705,  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Carriage  to  any  of  tbe 
Wharfs  or  Railway  Stations,  from  3s.  6cJ.  to  5s.  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISE0  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  '21.  53.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caoe,  as  proved  by  testi- 
menials  from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferii  ihing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Deumark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
DO  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  besn  sold.  It  is  ready  fur 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  aold  in  tbid  country  must  always  be  a  paramount  re- 
commendation. A  liberal  Commi^^sion  allowed  Co  Dealers  or 
Agents.  Fur  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  u'ilityin  this  coun- 
try, alio  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  oencription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  Tbe  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  7t.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

{FEOM  THE   80FF0LK   CEAO.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Mucbinery  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  lo  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  I  -cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
?,aantUy,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dist^olved  in  Acid,  They 
orm  thecheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  pecnliarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  cunjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edw *ed  Paceabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manare  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 

TURNIP  SOWING. 
CUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
*^  only,  equal  in  quality,  but  In  superior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Afrrtcnlturiil  Sudety's  Journal,  Vol.  vi.  Part  2.  It  is  alho 
MiiUble  tor  use  wiih  Chandler**  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Ouano,  Nliraieof  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value.— Apply  to  Mabk 
FoTBCBQiLL.  lOi.  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


ADULTERATION    OF   FOOD. 

HENRY  BAKER,  Optician,  90,  Hatton-garden, 
London,  b^g*  to  call  attention  to  his  ACHROMATIC 
MICROSCOPES  (warranted  good),  which  will  be  ezchonged  if 
Oota[jproved  of.  Tbeke  Instruments  will  fefloe  the  circulution 
«f  the  Blood  In  th*:  Frog'fl  F'rfit,  the  Saw  In  the  Sting  of  tlio 
Wwp,  the  Cf.mbin  the  Hpfdcr*!!  Fool,  the  beautiful  torn,  and 
Tariette*  of  Polen  In  Flowern  and  their  Structure,  the  Scales 
of  the  Bntt<:rd>'s  Wing,  and  also,  in  many  Inntiincbs,  adultera- 
tlon  of  Food,  It  la  a  wry  Interesting  companion,  and  will  pass 
away  u«efully  m«ny  a  leisure  hour,  tbe  fund  for  obiervjitton 
Mog  lnexhbu»ilble.  Price  for  No.  1,  3f.  Vii. ;  No,  2,  (W.  Iflj.  ; 
No.  3,  01.  10(.  A  descriptive  Book  »fnt  pout  free,  on  receipt  of 
three  poiitfige  itampt.  Prepared  object*,  I3f. ;  injected  do., 
90$.  per  doz. 


IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING,    ETC. 
CTKPHENSON  and  PEILL,  r,\,  Gniccdiurch-fttrcet. 

*^  l>jndon,  and  17,  New  Pjirk-Mruct,  Houthwurk,  beg  to 
Inform  their  frli-nd«  and  tiio  public  gi-nnr'illy  tlioy  are  now 
manofaciuHns  Iron  Ilurdlen,  at  tho  f(»llowliig  low  priccpi :— For 
•h««p,  fl  ft.  lonif  a  ft.  hliih,  A  ham,  ^i.  'Id.  ench  ;  and  for  cattle, 
<!  ft.  long,  3  ft.  3  In.  high,  6  bam,  Zn.  d't.  each. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  Butrcr  in  10  mioutes,  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  threat  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetint^s  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever  pro- 
duced.    2<)0  '  have  bfen  sold  in  one  year, 

Bdrgesb  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


BOYD'S     SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


Appboved  by  PRINCE  ALBERT,  and  Dniverbailt  Recom- 
mended BT  PaACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  MeN, 

THIS  SCYTHE,  when  out  of  use,  shuts  up  like  a 
kiiile.  It  can  be  adjuated  to  any  angle  iu  one  minute 
(even  b.v  persons  quite  unused  "io  the  impteuient),  without  the 
asai&tauco  of  blacUsmith  or  forge.  It  may  be  used  by  amateurs 
ns  well  as  regular  laoourers,  without  fear  of  accident  or  injury, 
thusrendering  Mowing  an  easy,  safe,  and  economical  operation. 
To  be  had  of  all  Iroomougers,  Nurserymen,  die,  in  the 
Kingdom;  and  Wholesale  and  Retail  at  VVai.  Drat  and  Co.'s 
Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery  Warehouses,  Swan- 
lane,  London  B'idne.  —  A  liberal  discount  allowed  to  the  Trade. 


IMPROVED    CRASS    CUTTING  &  ROLLING    MACHINE. 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Makers,  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  respectfully  solicii  notice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  for  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which,  and 
itK  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
Machines  of  the  kind,  have  now  been  fully  coufirmed.  Testi- 
monial and  farther  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents  for  London  :  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  and 
Seedsmen,  Rammersmith;  Hertford  :  Mr.  George  Folkard, 
Ironmongpr;  Liverpool:  Messrs.  Charles  T>.  YoniiK  and  Co., 
Castle  Buildmirs,  Derby-fquare  ;  Sheffield  ;  Mr.  J.  Liw,  Curator 
of  the  Botnnic  Gardens  ;  Chester  :  Messrs.  F.  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserjmen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Glaspiiw  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square;  Edinburgh:  Messrs.  Chas.  D. 
Young  and  Co.,  48,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth:  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
Turiibull,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


OHN    WARNER    AND    SONS^ 
Crescent,  Jewin  Street,  London, 
mandfacturers  of 
FIRE  ENGINES,  GARDEN 

ENGINES,  AND  SYRINGES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 

G    A  R  D  E  N 

ENGINE, 

With  Warner's  Regiutered  Spreader, 
s    strongly  recommended    for    dur- 
ability and  low  price,  viz. : — 
£3    0    0 
May  be  obtained  of  any  Tronmonjrev  in  Town  or  Conntry. 


FOUNTAINS     FOR    PLAYING    SCENTED    WATERS. 

PURE  WATER  raised  to  any  height 
from  a  small  stream,   where  a  fall  can 
be  obtained,  by 

FREEMAN  ROE'S 

IMPROVED      RAM, 

Frices  from  fst.  5a.  ; 

Deep-well  Pumps,  Water-wheels,  BathH,  Hot- 
water  Apparatus,  Fountains,  and  Fire 
Pumps.  Towns  supplied  with  Gas  or  Water. 
Budding's  Lawn  Mower.  Gas  Cooking  Stoves 
of  ail  sizes. 

Freeman  Roe,   Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engineer,  70,   Strand, 
Loudon  ;  and  BridEebeld,  Wandsworth. 

Draxoings  and  Estimates  made. 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSEPIPES. 


TAMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  and) 
^  Mandfactdheh,  Gohwkll  Koad,  Loudon. 

Theno  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Watcrinif  GardenR,  cnn- 
vcylng  Liquid  Mrinure,  ruckinp  Beer  and  Cid'^r,  for  portable 
Oqh  Liimpfl,  and  all  imrposcs  where  a  p'-rftctly  sound  Wtitei- 
[iroof  iind  Flt-xlblo  Pipe  1h  roquircd.  They  are  particularly 
Biiitfth'e  for  Pirn  EngincH,  and  wre  found  exccodloKlv  useful  in 
DwiOlintf.houHed  f(»r  conveying  Hot  r>r  Cold  Water  to  liaf  Iia,  itc. 

IIf)iiu  It'cU  for  winding  up  and  wheeling  nwtiy  long  hnjiths 
of  thn  Vulonnlffiil  Uublior  Garden  IIobo,  nrn  now  innnufac 
turcd  by  ,1.  L.  IlANCtiCK,  of  light  iind  cheiip  wlcluT  worit. 

NIL  — Vulcanimci  InHiu  Kubb<-r  Oardt-n  Ihme,  fltt.-d  up  wifli 
RoHen,  JotN,  and  HranchoM  compl'ito,  with  union  Jolut»  riMidj 
Ut  a'tnch  to  pumps  or  wntor  cIstcrnH. 

All  L«iterBorOrdern'iddre«iie'l  to.L  b.  llAifCooK.OoHWfH  Mows, 
OoHWcU  Koad,  London,  will  meet  with  Inunfdbitu  nttdtilluii. 


M'CORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 
T3URGESS  AND   KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 

AJ  London.— Extract  from  Mr,  Pusey'e  Keport  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implement  Dopjirtment,  Great  Exhibition.  — "  Mr. 
M'CoEMiCK's  lU-aper,  in  this  truil,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  a-  Cirenceaier  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Cimncil 
Medal.  Mr.  Husiiey'a  BomeiiineB  became  clogged,  fifliin  the 
former  trial  at  Tipiree,  and  therefore  could  not  poaaibi*  obtain 
that  flJBrJnr'fion."— Price  of  Rt^apor.  'iU. 


H 


USSEY'S     AMER  I'CAN      R  E  A  PE  R. 
Price  181.  complete,  with  Delivery  Board.  <fec. 


HUSSEY'S    "CHAMPION"    REAPER    IN    YORKSHIRE. 
Fro^n  Sir  Taiton  Sykes,  Bart.,  to  Mr.  Crosskill. 

Sledmere  C;istle,  Driffield,  Sept.  9ih,  1851. 
Sir, — I  have  just  been  seeing  your  ilachine  tor  reaping,  and 
am  very  much  pleased  with  it.     It  does  its  worli  beautifully, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  tbey  will  soon  be  in  general  use. 
I  am,  air,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  Tatton  Sykes. 

HUSSEY'S  "CHAMPION"  REAPER   IN    LINCOLNSHIRE. 

Fairford  House,  Louth,  March  i;i,  1852. 

Sir,— I  enclose  a  Cheque  for  18^.,  tbe  c^eh  price  of  Hussej'a 
Reaping  Machine.  I  should  have  done  tbiti  earlier,  but  have 
been  much  engaged,  and  waited  to  try  it.  I  have  done  so  on 
Wheat  Stubble,  and  find  it  answer  beyond  my  most  sanguiae 
expectations,     I  am,  yours,  <fcc.,     (Signed)     Wm.  J.  OsLEAa. 

To  Mr.  CroBskill.  Beverley. 

W.  CROSSICILL  will  warrant  Hussey's  Reaper  to  cut 
"standing"  or  "laid"  Corn,  across  "ridge  and  furrow." 
W.  C.  is  making  three  Reapers  a  day  for  purchasers  who  have 
already  given  orders  for  delivery  in  May,  but  cannot  guarantee 
to  deliver  future  orders  in  time  for  Harvest  unless  given  imme- 
diately. Full  particulars  and  Report  of  the  Cleveland  Chal- 
lenge and  Trial,  dsc,  will  be  forwarded,  gratis,  on  application 
per  po&t. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 

PATENT    CLOD     CRUSHERS    AND     WHEAT     ROLLERS, 

For  Rolling  young  Wheat  in  the  spring,  &c. 

At  the  Great  Exhibition  the  highest  award  of  the  Council 
Prize  Great  Medal  was  awarded  to  Cbosskill's  Patent  Serrated 
Roller  and  Clod  Crusher,  with  this  commendation — "  It  repays 
its  Oost  the  First  Season  of  its  use,  Ac."  Reduced  Prices,  181. 
size,  now  \5l.  cash. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL 
ONEHORSE    CARTS, 
Mounted    upon     Patent    Wheels    and    Axles,    manufactured 
almost  entirely  by    machinery.      Reduced  Peices — Ten  pee 
Cent.  Discount  off  Orders  for  Three  Sets  of  Patent  Wheels 
and  Axles. 

CROSSKILL'S  "COUNCIL"  GREAT  MEDAL  MILLS, 
The  most  ponerlul    and  economical  Mills,  of  Two,  Fi-ur,  and 
Six-horse  Power,  for  grinding  all  kinds  of  Farm  produce,  in- 
cluding Bones  for  Manure  ;    and    particularly  recommended 
where  Steam  Power  is  used. 

Lists  of  Prices  may  he  had  gratis,  on  application  per  post. 
Please  Addi-eKs— Mft.  CROSSKILL.  BF-YKRLKY. 

WATEKPKOOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  ihe  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus  : — "  Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
ia  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole"  well  in  tbe  dry  state  belure  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  bo  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  cun  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  apade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  bard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  tbe  middle  of  tbe  path 
towards  the  sides.— Manufacturers  of  tbe  Cement,  J,  B.  White 
and  Sons,  Millbank-street.  Westminster. 


ROYAL   AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY    OF 
ENGLAND.— The   MAY    GENERAL   MEBTING  of  tbe 
SOCIETY  will  be  held  at  the  Society's  Houne,  in  Hanover- 
square,  on  SATURDAY,  the  22d  of  MAY,  at  Eleven  o'Clock,  in 
the  Forenoon.— By  Order  of  tbe  Council, 
London,  May  15.  James  Hudson,  Secretary, 

OYAL   AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY    OF 

ENGLAND.—LBWBS  MEETING.- The  la^t  day  for  the 
entry  of  Stock  is  TUESDAY,  IsT  of  JUNE.    Prize  Sheets  and 
Forms  of  Certificate  can  be  obtained  on  application,  by  post  or 
oiherwise,  to  the  Secreiary,  No.  12,  Hanover-square,  London. 
By  Order  of  the  Council,        James  Hudson,  Secretary, 

Efit  ^gttCMltttral  (Bumts 

SATURDAY,  MAY  15,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS, 
WKDnitsEAi,     May   19-ABricuitural  Society  of  Ennln.id. 
TouitBDAT,        —     so-Aitnciiliurnl  Imp.  Soc.ot  IrelHnd. 
TuuiiBiiAT,  —     27— AKrlcuUural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 

♦ 

"Will  Guano  Pay?"  The  fertilising  effect  of 
guano  piincip.iUy  depends  upon  the  amount  of 
ammonia  which  it  contains,  and  hence  as  a  manure 
for  any  individual  soil  its  value  will  depend  upon 
the  peculiar  fertility  of  that  soil.  If  the  soil,  for 
instance,  is  defective  in  ammonia  it  may  be  success- 
fully applied  ;  but  if  otherwise,  then  guano  may  not 
pay".  It  is  seldom  that  soils  are  to  be  found  in  this 
latter  state;  yet  high  farming,  with  peculiar  manures, 
may  bring  them  up  to  it. 

Guano  may  enable  some  soils  to  work  up  into 
crop,  siibstancpH  in  which  it  is  itself  defective.  Con- 
seiiiiently,  if  guano  and  guano  alone  is  applied,  such 
a  soil  must  ultimately  become  exhausted  of  the.se 
substances ;  and  hence,  according  to  popular  expres- 
sicm,  become  tired  of  guano. 

Tlie  grand  use  of  guano  and  all  artificial  manures 


314 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  15, 


s  to  supply  deficiencies.  There  is,  for  instance,  a 
deficiency  of  farm-yard  manure,  and  there  may  be  a 
deficiency  of  ammonia  in  it,  or  there  may  not.  Now, 
in  either  case  the  expense  and  quality  of  guano  may 
be  such  as  to  render  its  application  profitless.  With 
guano  at  10^.  per  ton,  we  cannot  grow  Wheat  at  9^. 
per  ton,  a'iid  pocket  the  same  profit  as  when  Wheat 
■was  at  151.  and  20^.  per  ton :  and  the  difference  may 
include  all  the  profits  of  the  fanner.  Again,  if  we 
adopt  Mr.  Mechi's  plan  of  home-slaughtering,  we 
may  become  so  independent  of  ammonia  as  to  find  in 
otherartificial  manures  amore  profitable  auxiliary  than 
guano,  whatever  almost  may  be  its  price.  In  short, 
•home-slaughtering,  and  the  application  of  the 
offal  to  the  soil,  while  it  would  greatly  increase  our 
produce,  and  render  us  less  dependent  upon  guano 
and  other  artificial  manures,  would  also  at  the  same 
time  reduce  their  money  and  relative  fertilising 
values.  At  present  we  starve  the  soil,  and  thus 
enhance  the  value  of  guano  in  a  twofold  manner. 
We  give  away  our  ammonia  for  nothing — and  even 
less  than  nothing— for  we  pay  an  exorbitant  charge 
for  its  conveyance  to  market  into  the  bargain.  No 
wonder,  therefore,  though  we  complain  that  our 
crops  will  not  balance  expenses  under  free-trade 
prices. 

Our  present  embarrasgmeicts  d'emand  of  us  to  pay 
more  attention  to  "  agricultural  economy  "  than  we 
now  do ;  for,  while  we  are  ransacking  South  America 
for  guano  at  an  exorbitant  price,  and  upholding 
systems  out  of  date  to  support  it,  we  are  paying  a 
high  premium  to  steamboat  and  railway  companies 
to  remove  from  our  hungry  soils  ammoniacal 
manures,  in  order  to  suffocate  the  inhabitants  of 
large  towns  in  their  pestilential  fumes  for  nothing. 
There  are  more  than  farmers  who  want  protection 
from  the  effects  of  such  a  system. 


AVe  now  resume  our  hints,  as  to  measures  which 
may  safely  be  adopted  for  increasing  the  value  of 
LAND,  by  facilitating  its  transfer.  In  ouv  last  Paper 
on  this  subject  (April  24),  we  proposed  that  on  every 
transfer  of.  land,  after  a  given  time  (as  1st  of  January, 
1863),  in  which  the  fee  simple  was  conveyed,  it 
should  be  placed  in  the  names  of  trustees,  with  abso- 
lute power  of  sale,  and  that  the  trustees  should 
always  afterwards  convey  the  fee  simple,  and  that 
the  transfer  should  be  recorded  in  a  register  ;  so 
that  when  the  title  was  unencumbered  it  might 
be  dealt  with  in  a  simple  and  uniform  manner. 
We  would  propose  that  any  less  estate  than  a  fee 
simple  or  any  charge  or  encumbrance  should  be  kept 
off  the  register,  but  might  be  protected  by  a  caveat 
to  be  entered  by  the  owner  of  the  lesser  estate,  or 
the  encumbrancer,  similar  to  the  distringas  by  which 
the  transfer  of  stock  is  now  prevented.  This  prac- 
tice, so  far  as  stock  is  concerned,  has  been  found  to 
work  well  in  practice,  and  might  be  easily  adapted 
to  land,  except  that  instead  of  intrusting  the  Court 
of  Chancery  with  the  power  of  issuing  the  distringas, 
it  should  be  vested  in  the  registrar  of  the  district  in 
which  the  land  to  be  transferred  was  situate. 

We  believe  that  under  this  arrangement  a  system 
for  the  transfer  of  land  might  be  adopted  by  which 
land  might  be  easily,  cheaply,  and  safely  conveyed. 
All  existing  owners,  so  far  as  their  interests  were 
cmicerned,  might  adopt  the  system,  and  after  a 
sufficient  time  had  elapsed  a  good,  title  would  be 
made  on  the  register. 

But  something  more  than  this  is  necessarj'.  It  is 
obvious  that  if  a  plan  of  this  nature  came  into  opera- 
tion on  the  1st  of  January,  1853,  it  would  not  be 
sufficient  to  provide  only  for  the  interests  of  all 
persons  then  entitled  or  professing  to  be  entitled  to 
land.  Their  conveyance  could  operate  only  on 
their  interests  in  the  land  conveyed  ;  some  mode  of 
dealing  with  claims  other  than  theiis  must  be  pro- 
vided for,  or  the  measure  would  be  incomplete. 
Thus  A  is  in  possession  of  close  Black-acre  on  the 
1st  of  January,  1863,  and  he  then  conveys  all  his 
interest  to  trustees,  with-  absolute  power  of  sale, 
making  their  receipts  sufficient  discharges.  A 
transfer  by  the  trustees  will  be  good  against  A,  and 
all  claiming  through  him ;  but  it  is  clear  it  would  not 
affect  the  lights  of  any  person  that  did  not  claim 
through  A  ;  and  if  A  was  not  really  entitled  to  the 
land,  the  purchaser  from  his  trustees  might  be  evicted 
by  a  person  having  a  better  title. 

To  provide,  then,  for  these  claims  some  mode  of 
dealing  with  past  titles  is  necessary  before  any 
system  of  registry  can  benefit  the  existing  owner 
to  land.  Now,  can  this  be  had  easily  and  safely  1 
If  It  cannot  it  must  be  admitted  that  it  is  a  great 
hardship  upon  the  landowners  ;  for  great  authorities 
tell  us  that  in  no  country  is  the  state  of  titles 
better  than  m  England,  and  yet  we  know  that  in 
DO  country  is  the  expense  and  trouble  of  proving 
them  so  great.  Let  us  hear  what  Mr.  Senior  says 
as  to  this,  who  was  not  only  an  experienced  con- 
veyancer for  20  years,  but  has  long  acted  as  a 
Master  m  Chancery.     In  his  evidence  before  the 


committee  on  the  "Burdens  of  Lind,"  page  459,  he 
said,  "  I  think  there  is  really  little  defective  title. 
Titles  almost  all  seem  to  be  safe  for  holding,  but  the 
difficulty  is  to  transfer  them.  There  are  many 
objections  as  to  marketableness,  few  as  to 
safety."  Now  it  may  be  suggested  that  if  a  title  is 
safe  to  hold,  safe  to  enjoy,  that  is  all  that  a  pur- 
chaser wants.  He  is  not  much  interested  in  the 
question  whether  it  is  a  strictly  accurate  title  ;  he 
does  not  look  upon  it  with  a  critical  eye,  as  he 
might  perhaps  look  at  a  horse  or  a  picture  ;  it  is 
sufficient  for  him,  when  he  buys  a  piece  of  land, 
that  he  should  hold  it  against  all  the  world, 
and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  it  securely.  When  Mr. 
Senior  assures  us,  then,  that  almost  all  titles  are 
safe  for  holding,  that  is  sufficient  for  most  persons. 
But  what  says  the  present  Lord  Chancellor  on  this 
subject  ? — the  highest  authority  that  we  can  give. 
In  one  of  his  learned  works*  Lord  St.  Leonards  states 
it  as  the  result  of  his  experience  as  a  conveyancer, 
that  the  present  expense  as  to  titles  "  is,  in  forty-nine 
cases  out  of  fifty,  superfluous  ;  but  as  everyone  may 
be  in  danger,  all  are  guarded  against  it.  This 
precaution  has  very  much  increased  within  the  last 
thirty  .years,  but  not  from  any  increased  danger." 
If  then  the  present  tedious  and  expensive  practice 
is,  in  fact,  not  necessary,  means  should  be  taken  to 
dispense  with  it.  This  examination  of  title,  this 
raking  into  all  past  transactions  for  the  last  sixty 
years,  is  the  great  difficulty  connected  with  the 
transfer  of  land  ;  and  this  it  is  which  the  Lord 
Chancellor  tells  us  is  superfluous  in  forty- 
nine  cases  out  of  fifty.  This  it  is,  then,  that 
we  must  take  measures  to  limit  or  avoid  altogether. 
Let  us  quiet  existing  titles,  and  let  a  purchaser  be 
enabled  to  dispense  with  this  60  years'  inquiry,  and 
purchase  from  trustees  who  shall  have  power  to 
convey  the  fee  simple.  This  plan,  which  we  believe 
both  safe  and  practicable,  would  soon  render  land 
easily  transferable.  Here,  by  a  little  legislative 
assistance,  and  by  availing  ourselves  of  the  expe- 
rience of  the  last  20  years,  we  might  add  to  the 
security  of  every  existing  landowner,  and  enable  him 
to  part  with  such  portion  of  his  possessions  as 
he  wished,  and  establish  a  better  system  for  the 
future.  If  any  one  doubts  this,  let  him  consider 
what  has  happened  under  the  railroad  system  with 
respect  to  land.  These  great  roads,  running  as  they 
do  through  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  country, 
have  ransacked  almost  every  title  in  the  country ; 
and  here  is  additional  and  certain  evidence  of  the 
general  soundness  of  the  titles  to  land.  If  Mr. 
Senior  and  the  Lord  Chancellor  do  not  satisfy  us, 
let  us  go  to  Mr.  Glyn  and  Mr.  Denison,  and  ask 
them  how  many  bad  titles  they  have  found  as  chair- 
men of  railways,  and  how  often  they  have  had  to 
pay  twice  for  the  land  they  have  taken  for  the 
North  Western  or  the  Great  Northern.  If  an  act 
were  passed  legalising  all  existing  titles  to  land,  we 
believe  very  little  injustice  would  be  done ;  and  if 
the  state  were  called  upon  to  make  good  any  loss 
that  might  be  thus  occasioned  to  individuals,  a  great 
boon  would  be  purchased  at  a  very  small  cost ;  but 
this,  perhaps,  may  be  consideied  too  strong  a  mea- 
sure. A  plan  short  of  this  may  be  more  generally 
agreed  to ;  and  to  this,  not  to  tire  our  readers,  we 
shall  call  their  attention  in  an  early  number. 

We  are  happy  to  perceive  that  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Improvement  Society  of  Ireland  is  rapidly 
gaining  the  confidence  of  the  body  for  the  promotion 
of  whose  interests  it  vv'as  established.  Upwards  of 
100  new  members  have  been  added  to  it  during  the 
present  session ;  and  the  Dublin  Chamber  of  Agricul- 
culture,  a  farmers'  club,  and  the  Journal  (an  agricul- 
tural periodical)  about  to  be  established,  which  have 
emanated  from  the  Society,  prove  the  energy  of  its 
present  office-bearers,  and  the  greater  hopefulness 
and  activity  of  the  agricultural  body  generally. 


In  reference  to  the  remarks  lately  made  on  the 
possibility  of  cheapening  agricultural  implements, 
a  correspondent,  who  farms  largely  in  Berwickshire, 
writes  to  us  as  follows  : — "  From  your  recent  notice 

of  the   proposal   by  Messrs.  and  Co.,   about 

cheap  agricultural  implements,  I  see  that  there  are 
some  facts  unknown  to  you.  Their  prospectus,  in 
principle,  has  all  the  merit  which  you  ascribe  to  it; 
but  then,  instead  of  clogging,  or  rather  pretending  to 
clog  it  with  the  condition  of  so  many  hundreds  of  an 
implement  being  ordered  before  it  is  a  bargain,  the 
fact  is,  that  a  single  ojder  is  tolerably  sure  of  Ijeing 
executed,  for  this  good  reason,  that  the  ordinary 
makers  are  at  present  sending  out  the  implements 
enumerated,  at  the  same,  and  in  some  instances  at 

less  prices  than  Messrs.  and   Co.   themselves 

announce.  For  instance,  excellent  metal  rollers,  in 
halves,  weighing  5  cwt.,  can  be  had  for  5/.  i5s. 
These  can  be  worked  by  one  horse,  and  are  super- 
seding all  others.     If  the  smaller  makers  can  sell 


implements  at  the  prices  named  in  the  prospectus  of 

Messrs.  and   Co.,   then   they,   on   their   own 

showing,  should  be  well  able  to  sell  them  at  prices- 
lower  still." 

■The  principle  on  which   Messrs.  ■ ■  and  Co.. 

insist,  admits  therefore,  it  appears,  of  application 
against  their  own  price  list,  as  tnily,  if  not  in  so- 
great  a  degree,  as  they  contend  that  it  applies  against- 
the  price  lists  of  other  firms. 


SUGDEN  ou  •'  Vendors,"  986,  edit.  11. 


KILWHISS  v.  ROTHAMSTED.— No.  II. 
In  former  communications  we  stated  that  it  tended  to 
promote  correct  ideas  in  regard  to  the  ammoniacal 
exhaustion  which  the  soil  suffered  by  certain  plants,  to 
look  upon  all  plants  as  having  certain  conditions  in. 
which  they  could  appropriate  the  nitrogen  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, and  certain  conditions  in  which  they  could  not' 
do  so.  In  fact,  that  the  ammoniacal  exhaustion  wiiich- 
soils  underwent  by  any  vegetable  must  be  in  a  gi'eaC' 
measure  regarded  as  the  result  of  certain  states  in  which, 
they  were  placed,  and  which  states  were  inconsistent 
witii  their  exercising  the  function  of  assimilating  their-" 
nitrogen  from  the  atmosphere. 

Further,  we  considered  that  it  is  only  by  a  close  aind- 
scrutinising  examination  of  these  opposite  external  in- 
fluences, whether  atmospheric  or  terrestrial,  that  we 
could  ever  arrive  at  anything  like  a  rational  or  satisfac- 
tory solution  of  the  part  which  the  atmosphere,  the  great 
storehouse  of  ammonia,  plays  in  the  economy  of  practical' 
agriculture.  It  appeared  to  ug  that  the  attempt  to 
connect  the  chemical  products  of  plants  with  their- 
botanical  orders  or  alliances,  as  having  anything  to'  dt> 
with  the  exhausting  nature  of  plants,  was  causing  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  confusion  in  our  agricultural  theory, 
inasmuch  as  the  mere  production  of  starch,  oil,  albumen^, 
or  other  vegetable  products  in  plants,  was  not  the  cause 
of  their  requiring  more  or  less  of  ammonia  or  carbon  in 
the  manure  ;  but  we  attempted  to  demonstrate  tliat. 
where  the  physiological  characters  of  plants  were  some- 
what similar,  the  amount  of  ammonia  which  was  re- 
quired in  manures  was  in  the  inverse  ratio  to  tlie- 
amount  of  heat  and  moistm'e  in  the  atmosphere  during 
the  time  tlie  primary  organs  of  plants  were  being 
developed.  In  surveying  the  wide  field  of  nature,  it  was 
evident  that  the  more  heat  and  moisture  which  there 
were  in  the  atmosphere  during  the  early  developmentof 
plants,  the  less  ammonia  they  required  in  proportion  to- 
the  gross  quantity  of  nitrogenous  constituents  which  they 
would  yield  in  their  pi'oduce ;  and  in  regard  to  Cereals,, 
we  demonstrated  that  the  proportion  of  heat  and 
aqueous  vapour  exercised  a  most  impoi't.ant  part  iii 
varying  the  quantity  of  ammonia  required. 

In  the  further  prosecution  of  this  subject  we  touched 
upon  the  opinions  of  an  eminent  experimental  agricul- 
turist—Mr. Huxtable — who,  following  Mr.  Lawes,  clas- 
sified all  the  Cereals  as  great  "spendthrifts"  of  ammo- 
nia ;  we  showed  that  it  was  a  very  unfair  standard  to 
rate  the  productive  powers  of  soils  for  other  Cereals  by 
the  quantity  of  Wheat  they  could  raise,  simply  because 
other  Cereals  could  be  developed  in  very  opposite  cir- 
cumstances. The  ammoniacal  e-xhaustion  principally 
depended  on  the  quantity  which  was  requii-ed  to  grow 
the  primary  organs  of  plants.  It  appeared  to  us  that 
so  long  as  such  great  authorities  had  such  very  inade- 
quate notions  of  the  causes  and  nature  of  Cereal  ex- 
haustion, that  little  progress  was  to  be  made,  as  theiy 
opinions  were  constantly  refeiTed  to  as  indisputable, 
authority. 

Although  we  are  afterwards  compelled  to  show  the- 
application  of  these  principles  to  solve  some  of  the  other 
questions  in  dispute,  in  the  meantime  we  may  allude  to- 
the  very  unsatisfactory  ideas  which  are  entertained  on 
the  exhausting  nature  of  the  different  kinds  of  Cereals> 
in  the  question  which  was  put  by  Mr.  Hope,  Fenton, 
East  Lothian,  at  a  recent  discussion  before  the  High- 
land Society,  and  answered  by  Dr.  Anderson.  So  far 
as  regards  the  ammoniacal  exhaustion,  the  question  was' 
wrongly  put,  and  as  wrongly  answered,  in  the  following, 
reply  ; — "  Mr.  Hope  has  touched,  in  his  observations,  on 
the  prevalent  idea  that  Wheat  is  a  more  exhausting  crop 
than  any  of  the  other  Cereals— as  Oats,  for  instance — 
and  has  expressed  the  opinion,  in  which  I  agree  with 
him,  that  this  can  scarcely  be  considered  to  be  ooireet ; 
weight  for  weight.  Wheat  no  doubt  is  so.  But  in  order  to 
arrive  at  a  fair  result,  we  must  not  compare  equal  weights^, 
but  determine  the  total  amount  of  valuable  matters 
removed  by  a  crop  of  each,  and  we  shall  then  find  that 
an  Oat  crop  ought  to  be  decidedly  more  exhausting  than 
Wheat,  as  it  removes  from  an  acre  a  much  larger  quan- 
tity of  these  substances  than  the  latter."  We  formerly 
endeavoured  to  draw  the  line  of  disthiction  between'  two 
kinds  of  exhaustion,  which  were  totally  confounded,  viz., 
the  exhaustion  as  practically  manifested  in  the  greater 
amount  of  ammonia  which  it  took  to  raise  a  plant,  and 
the  exhaustion  which  resulted  to  soils  when  certain  crops 
could  be  grown  with  less  ammonia  in  tlie  manure.  The 
different  exhausting  effects  of  Wheat  and  Oats  in  Scot- 
land may  be  compared,  in  a  less  degree  certainly,  with 
the  Turnips  which  are  grown  early  in  spring  by  the 
market  gardener,  and  the  Turnips  which  are  grown  by 
the  farmer  for  cattle  food.  The  Wheat  in  Scotland, 
like  the  Turnips  in  the  garden,  must  be  grown  where 
there  is  food  enough  in  the  soil  and  even  to  spare,  but 
the  Oat  and  the  Bai-ley  may  be  developed  in  a  warmer 
and  moister  atmosphere,  like  the  Turnip  in  the  field, 
with  a  nnicli  smaller  expenditure  of  manure.  Therefore 
the  .ibsurdily  in  prescribing  the  growth  of  Wheat  in 
leases  is  a  violation  of  the  same  principles  as  we  would 


20—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


315 


forbid  Turnips  to  be  raised  early  in  spring,  because  they 
were  more  exhausting  (requii'ing  more  manure)  than 
when  grown  in  summer,  forgetting  that  the  one  crop 
might  be  a  good  criterion  of  the  soil's  fertility,  the  other 
of  its  poverty.  Lord  Leicester  restricted  the  growth  of 
Oats  on  his  farms  as  the  leases  expired,  because  a  much 
higher  standard  of  productiveness  was  maintained  than 
in  the  foolish  one  of  limiting,  and  in  some  cases  altogether 
forbidding,  the  growth  of  Wheat  on  farms. 

We  were  under  the  impression  that  the  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances which  regulated  the  exhaustion  of  the  soils 
by  the  different  cultivated  crops  could  never  be  well 
miderstood  until  we  had  correct  notions  of  the  con- 
ditions which  demanded  the  ammoniacal  manures  to 
Turnips.  We  stated  that  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Lawes 
on  Turnips  were  not  so  satisfactory  as  those  on  Wheat, 
and  we  still  think  that  some  of  his  opinions  are  most 
erroneous.  It  was  certainly  with  much  surprise  that 
we  read  in  Mr.  Pusey's  "  review  "  that  "  carbon  appears 
to  be  the  distinctive  active  principle  of  dung  for 
Turnips?'*  In  tlie  Oazette  of  the  2Gth  July  and  2d  of 
August  last  we  tried  to  show  that  this  carbon  wae 
merely  ammonia  in  disguise  ;  and  we  there  went  over 
the  "circumstances  of  soil  and  weather"  in  which 
ammonia  was  of  greater  or  less  consequence  to  the 
Turnip,  which  point  was  confessed  to  be  matter  demand- 
ing "further  inquiry."  If  we  were  right  in  ourremarl;s, 
and  had  derived  our  information  from  Mr.  Lawes's 
papers,  we  think  we  deserved  some  credit  rather  than 
so  severe  a  reprimand,  seeing  that  eminent  agriculturist 
(Mr.  Pusey)  could  not  understand,  or  had  actually  witl 
ourselves  misrepresented  Mr.  Lawes's  opinions.  In  this 
■\'iew  of  the  matter  we  might  have  consoled  ourselves 
that  our  labours  had  not  been  in  vain. 

Had  we  stood  iu  need  of  further  consolation,  we  might 
have  plucked  comfort  from  other  sources  while  under 
the  rebuke  of  Mr.  Lawes  ;  for  even  the  erudition  of 
Oxford  could  not  fathom  the  science  of  Rothamsted 
all  its  profundity.  The  learning  of  a  Daubeny  could  not 
read  Mr,  Lawes's  interpretations  aright.  It  would 
almost  appear  that  we  alone  are  capable  of  doing  so,  for 
Mr.  Lawes's  whole  tactics  as  yet  have  been  to  show 
our  opinions  and  his  own,  after  all,  are  much  the  same. 
The  great  curiosity,  however,  is,  that  we  can  :iptly 
apply  them  to  refute  those  who  confide  in  him,  and  can 
captiously  appl\  them  against  himself  when  we  separate 
the  "  legal "  from  the  popular.  If  we  liad  happened  to 
have  misrepresented  or  cavilled  with  Mr.  Lawes,  we 
might  have  pleaded  a  good'  excuse  for  ourselves  on  a 
field  where  so  many  eminent  men  had  stumbled  and 
well-nigh  fallen.  But  we  suspect  it  will  yet  appear  the 
interpretations  of  Rothamsted  are  muclr  safer  in  our 
hands  than  in  Mr.  Lawes's  own. 

Being  anxious  to  get  through  with  the  more  disagree- 
able parts  of  the  discussion^  before  we  come  to  the  sober 
subjects  which  are  before  us,  we  must  endeavour  to 
wash  our  hands  both  from  the  praise  and  blame  which 
have  been  bestowed  upon  us,  in  conseque?ice  of  our 
remax'ks  on  the  recent  lecture  delivered  by  Dr.  Daubeny. 
We  said  : — 

"Perhaps  one  of  the  greatest  discrepancies  at  the  present 
moment  between  the  '  scteace' and  'prac-.ice' of  auTrcuiture  U 
ioond  in  the  theoretical  asGertion,  that  an  agricultural  crop  of 
Tanrips  can  dispenBe  with  ammonia  as  a  manure  ;  no  less  an 
authority  than  Dr  Daubeny  bus  piren  cuntenaiice  to  thig 
opinion,  in  his  lato  elefjant  and  well-imed  lecture,  where  he 
flays,  '  Turnips,  which  contain  more  nitrofien  in  proportion  thHU 
the  Graese8(?(,  c^n  dispense  with  ammoniacal  manures,  pro- 
vided only  sufficient  superphoppha'e  be  adntinlstered  to  them 
in  an  early  stage  ot  their  Krowlh.'  He  thug  eo  far  ooinci-ies 
TTith  Air.  Lanes,  and  refers  this  supposed  property  in  the 
Tornlpa  to  a  difference  in  their  ■  ori;nni8atioii '  from  the 
Grasses  ;  bur.  «e  maintain  that  it  arises  chieflv  trnm  the  totally 
opposite  condirion*  in  which  they  are  grown  ;  for  if  Dr.  D.Hiher.y 
WOQld  view  the  atmoi-pheric  cooditions  under  which  Wheat 
and  Tur»ip%  are  grown  in  our  aRricuItural  rufatinn,  and  com- 
pare the  '  vivifjing  influences' of  early  ppring,  when  the  Wheat 
aevelopeB  its  primary  organB  with  those  which  exist  when 
the  Turnip  unfolds  and  expaudH  its  leaves,  he  wtmhi  at  once 
perceive  that  this  is  the  principal  cauhe  of  difference;  for  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  Buperphosphate  ie  almost  as  ustlefls 
a  manuro  for  Turnip',  gronn  in  the  early  verual  months,  aa  it 
is  for  Wheal," 

To  tell  the  ti-uth,  we  did  not  believe  that  either 
Dr.  Daubeny  or  Mr.  Lawes  were  convinced  that  Turnips 
could  diapenBe  with  nitrogen  in  the  manure,  but  tlie 
very  indistinct  ideas  which  were  entertahied  on  tiiis 
subject  led  tO'  much  coniusion  in  strictly  scientific 
writing  ;  we  therefore  took  the  opportunity  of  putting 
thia  « aewrtion "  on  the  pillory,  and  we  are  glad  Mr. 
Lawea  heartily  disclaims  it ;  but  we  consider  lie  is  not 
without  blan;e,  from  the  manner  in  which  he  has  tam- 
pered and  nibbled  with  the  fertilising  value  of  ammonia 
and  carbon  for  Turnips.  «  But,"  says  Mr.  Lawes,  «  we 
ncTcr  did  say  any  bucH  thing  as  that  Turnips  could 
dispenflo  wiih  ammoniacal  maiinres,  provided  only  super- 
phoflphate  hf  adminiwterod  to  them  in  an  early  stage  of 
their  growth."  We  jiope  it  whh  not  Mr.  Lawes  wiio  had 
Jed  Dr.  Daubeny  astray.  We  only  said  that  he  so  far 
COincideB  with  Mr.  Lawes,  and  refers  the  supjiosed 
property  in  the  Tnmipa  to  a  difference  in  their  "  organi- 
sation from  the  GraHfcOs  ;'*  neverthehffls.  we  think  Mr, 
Lawes  ban  m\t\  Mjmetliing  very  Itko  our  wordm,  ho  far 
as  they  wer^j  uhed  aghinut  him,  aH  woll  iw  Dr.  Daubeny, 
**Uiat  an  agricultural  crop  of  Tuniips  can  diHpetiKe  with 
ammwtia  a«  a  mflnure,"  In  Inn  "  Few  WoidH  of  Advice 
on  Artificial  Manurew,"  wc  there  find,  "  My  oxpcrinitints 
ithow  that  amntf/nia  in  not  a  ncwwavy  ingredient  in  a 
Turnip  manure.'' 

Dr.  Daiibeny,  like  ourselves,  had  "  legally  "  read  from 
"Rothamnted  "  that  the  Wheat  j.fant  could  under  no 
ciKnrnHtari''f»t  abforb  itH  nitro£:cii  from  iho  atmnHphn-e; 
he  had  gone  l<»  Lgypt  to  ppot*f«t  ngainut  the  validiiy  of 
thi«  doctrine*' AH  eHlablitthin^'  a  general  law  applicabiu 
to  all  plact-u  and  cliniat«."     Wc  ihuMhouglit  that  wo  ] 


might  with  impunity  follow  such  a  ti-uly  distinguished 
man,  and  qo  to  Xalapa  and  give  its  death-blow  to  this 
docti'ine,  which  at  present  may  be  said  to  taint  our  agricul- 
tural theory.  And  when  the  seeded  produce  of  the 
Wlieat  was  freely  compared  with  the  Grasses  in  the 
pasture,  and  the  disappearance  of  nitrogen  in  the  seeded 
Cereals  was  used  as  "  powerful  arguments"  for  breaking 
up  every  meadow  in  Britain,  we  really  thought  Mr. 
Lawes  was  in  earnest.  Few  would  have  been  inclined 
to  grant  Mr.  Lawes  the  privilege  of  playing  with  them 
in  tiiis  strictly  scientific  game  at  "  heads  you  lose,  tails 
I  win,"  and  at  the  same  time  take  a  good  many  hard 
words  to  boot — but  we  are  quite  in  the  humour  to  do  so. 

The  truth  and  simplicity  of  our  illustration  in  regard 
to  the  effects  of  manures  on  Turnips  seem  tb  have 
astonished  Mr.  Lawes.  If  he  had' not  thought  that  he 
might  make  an  effort  to  show  that  our  opinions  were 
much  the  same  as  his  own,  he  would  have  felt  himself 
outdone.  The  essence  of  this  whole  discussion  we  put 
in  a  few  words,  "Superphosphate  is  almost  as  useless  a 
manure  for  Turnips  growing  in  the  early  vernal  months 
ns  it  is  for  Wlieat."  It  is  strange  that  Dr.  Daubeny 
could  not  find  this  in  the  bond  at  Rothamsted  ;  and  who 
can  yet  find  it  out 'J  Mr,  Lawes  looks  diligently  over 
the  hundred  and  fifty  pages  of  his  experiments  on  Wheat 
and  Turnips  to  prove  that  it  was  there,  but  to  our 
utter  astonishment  quotes  passage  after  passage  in  liis 
paper  of  3d  April,  as  the  probable  sources  of  our 
opinions,  for  we  find  that  we  had  marked  out  these 
same  passages  as  containing  most  objectionable  matter. 
It  certainly  would  have  been  a  piece  of  "apt"  scholar- 
ship on  our  part  to  extract  truth  out  of  such  materials, 
and  gratitude  ought  to  have  been  shown  to  us  instead  of 
something  else.  • 

If  Mr.  Lawes'  writings  really  admit  of  so  free  and 
flexible  an  interpretation  as  he  has  claimed  for  them  in 
this  instance,  we  consider  that  they  will  embrace  and 
appropriate  all  the  discoveries  that  may  be  made  in  the 
chemistry  of  vegetation  for  years  to  come.  We  must 
say,  however,  that  we  should  underi-ate  the  intelligence 
of  the  readers  of  the  Gazette  if  we  thought  they  had  not 
already  discovered  the  woof  of  error  delicately  wrought 
up  in  the  lengthened  web  which  lie  has  woven.  We  shall 
afterwards  take  up,  one  by  one,  the  extracts  which 
Mr.  Lawes  has  made,  and  to  wliich  he  so  confidently 
referred  us,  as  we  shall  thus  have  the  opportunity  of 
showing  that  Mr.  Lawes  in  a  great  measure  misunder- 
stands the  principles  upon  which  a  rotation  of  crops 
is  founded.  After  we  liave  used  those  passages  as  a 
fulcrum  0  overthrow  the  interpretations  of  "  Rotham- 
sted," we  shall  have  to  return  these  "  inflexible  "  theories, 
craclied  and  broken  in  the  attempt  which  lias  been 
made  to  bend  them  to  our  simple  and  consistent  prin- 
ciples, which  almost  every  one  knows,  but  which  have 
been  merely  overlooked  by  gazing  too  intently  on  the 
revelations  of  the  crucible. 

The  opinions  of  Mr.  Lawes  in  regard  to  the  action  of 
carbon  in  practical  agriculture  appear  to  us  to  be  at  the 
root  of  the  whole  misunderstanding.  To  distinguish  be- 
tween its  passive  and  its  active  agency,  has,  to  our  mind, 
been  a  more  difiicult  problem  than  that  of  the  conditions 
demilnding  an  ammoniacal  supply  to  plants.  We  will 
first  direct  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  this  subject. 
No  one  will  be  more  ready  to  adopt  the  suggestions  of 
otliei-s,  if  we  think  they  afford  a  better  explanation  of 
the  phenomena.  There  are  a  number  of  questions 
which  we  believe  will  not  be  satisfactorily  cleared  up 
until  we  come  to  a  more  general  agreement  on  the  uses 
and  action  of  carbon,  such  as — Wheat  being  sown  after 
Grass  in  the  east  of  England,  and  not  so  in  the  west 
and  north  ;  the  circumstances  under  which  guano  in 
one  case  is  the  cheapest  source  of  repairing  the  fertility 
of  soils,  while  the  feeding  of  cattle  with  large  allowances 
of  cake  appeal's  to  be  so  in  others  ;  the  theory  of  liquid 
manuring,  &c.  We  have  no  intention  of  discussing 
these  interesting  subjects  at  present,  but  we  will  endea- 
vour to  point  out  the  path  that  directly  leads  to  their 
solution.  If  any  one  thinks  he  can  solve  these  questions 
"by  the  light  of  Mr.  Lawes'  chemistry,  just  let  him 
try  it."  R.  Russell,  KilwMss.  [We  must  add  here  that 
we  have  received  from  Mi*.  Lawes  not  only  a  continua- 
tion of  his  criticism  on  "R's"  papers,  but  a  reply  to 
No.  1  of  Mr.  Russell's  rejoinder.  The  latter  we  hope 
to  publish  next  week,  and  then  to  proceed  with  the 
former.  Meanwhile  we  have  requested  Mr.  Russell  to 
delay  any  further  reply  till  Mr.  Lawes  has  completed 
his  statement.  We  must  beg  the  pai'ties  to  the  coU'- 
troversy  to  be  as  concise  as  possible.] 


HoTue    Correspondence. 

To  Iccep  Meat  fresh  in  hot  weather, — This  has  been 
frequently  done  by  wrapjting  it  in  a  clotli  moistened 
with  vinegar,  or  crude  pyrolignous  acid, called  "essence 
of  smoko  ;''  but  either  of  these  comnmnicatee  its  taste 
to  the  surface  of  the  meat,  often  to  an  unpleasant  degree. 
To  obviate  this,  the  vapour  of  ci'cosote  lias  been  Intely 
recommended,  and  with  good  success.  But  pure 
crc(»H<ito  being  costly,  and  not  often  at  hand,  oil  of  tar, 
wliich  contains  it,  may  be  sulistituted  ;  or  (ar  itself 
(not  caal  tar,  of  course),  and  still  better  the  "  essence 
of  hmnkc"  above  mentioiicfl  ;  and  the  amcll  of  this 
cKH(!nro  being  less  iigrcinblo  than  that  of  tlio  wood 
hmoiio  itHolf,  may  bo  improved  by  the  admixture  of 
coriander  Hcr-dH,  aH  folhiwR  ;—  lirniHO  coriander  Hceds  in 
a  mortfir,  fo  as  to  break  Ibt^m  all,  hut  imt  powder  them; 
and  lie  them  up  in  a  c;dico  Img.  MoiKtcn  all  llirnugh 
wilh  "  eHhcncf-  of  Hinolio"  (wliich  nuiy  he  got  fnnn  (he 
druggialMj  or,  if  not,  vinegar  fiavourcd  with  a  low  dro)m 
of  oil  of  tlir  will  serve)';  aqueczo  it  out,  so  that  it  will 


not  drop  or  leak,  and  hang  it  up  with  the  meat  in  a  close 
safe,  or  covered  box  or  cask  ;  or  under  the  cover  upon 
a  dish,  for  it  does  as  well  for  dressed  meat  as  for  raw. 
It  must  not  touch  the  meat,  but  merely  charge  the  air 
with  its  vapour  ;  and  the  safe  or  other  containing  vessel 
need  not  be  air  tight,  only  covered,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
vapour  from  being  dissipated  ;  i.e.  to  keep  up  the  smell 
within.  Two  ounces  of  coriander,  well  moistened,  is 
enough  for  a  safe  the  size  of  a  tea-chest.  Where  the 
odour  of  coriander  is  not  liked  so  strong,  part  bran  may- 
be substituted ;  or  all  bran  where  coriander  is  disliked 
altogether.  Indeed  a  mere  cloth  moistened  with  th& 
essence,  and  well  folded  together  to  prevent  getting  dry 
is  quite  sufficient  ;  the  purpose  being  to  keep  the  air- 
within  the  safe  saturated  with  creosote  vapour,  or  that 
of  a  palatable  compound  of  creosote  ;  although  tho 
flavour  is  hardly,  when  at  all,  perceptible  on  the  meat,, 
even  when  kept  several  days  longer  than  it  would  have 
remained  good  without  this  protection.  /.  Prldeaux, 

Butter. — Having  some  time  ago  purchased  what  is 
usually  called  an  American  churn,  or  Anthony's  Double 
Acting  Patent  Churn,  and  having  closely  followed  the 
directions  given  for  working  it,  I  find  that  it  doesi 
not  produce  the  same  quantity  of  butter  as  the  common- 
old  box  chum  from  the  same  quantity  of  cream  (th& 
latter  giving  12  lbs.,  and  t!ie  American  chum  giving.^ 
1 1  lbs.)  When  the  buttermilk  is  poured  off  from  the- 
American  churn,  and  stands  a  minute  or  so,  it  heads, 
over  and  becomes  like  a  pan  of  milk  covered  with  thick 
croam.  You  or  any  of  your  correspondents  who  may- 
have  used  this  sort  of  churn,  would  oblige  by  informing 
me  if  they  experience  anything  of  what  1  have  describedg^  , 
or  what  the  general  character  of  this  churn  is  amongst 
those  who  have  used  it ;  there  must  be  something  wrong,, 
with  ours  if  other  people's  do  not  act  in  the  way  I 
state.  S.  B. 

Trout  in  the  Yale  of  Derwentwaier. — I  observe  there 
has  been  some  correspondence  in  the  Agri.  Gazette  on  th©' 
subject  of  breeding  trout ;  and  I  noticed  a  paragraph- 
last  week  in  the  newspaper  department  of  your  journal, 
which  has  been  very  generally  circulated  by  the  press,, 
mentioning  that  the  drought  had  this  spring  destroyed 
both  trout  and  spawn  in  the  breeding  streams  of  the- 
Vale  of  Derwentwater.  The  general  topic  of  breedihgi 
the  Salmonidffi,  and  the  particular  instance  afforded  by 
the  effects  of  the  present  drought  on  their  spawn,  may,, 
with  propriety,  be  noticed  together.  But  first  let  mei 
assure  anglers,  who  are  mourning  over  the  destruction 
of  the  finny  tribe  in  the  Vale  of  Keswick,  one  of  the 
most  ancient  and  beautiful  resorts  of  the  rod  fisher,  that 
the  trout  here  have  escaped  better  than  probably  any- 
where else  in  England  or  Scotland  ;  for  the  Derwent-- 
water  streams  and  rivers  are  what  the  angler  calls 
"early,"  and  last  year  the  majority  of  the  grey  troufe- 
had  spawned  in  the  tributaries  of  the  Derwent,  and'. 
gone  down  to  their  secui'e  retreats  in  the  depths  of  the^ 
lakes  by  the  middle  of  October.  In  the  middle  of 
November  the  breeding  streams  were  empty  of  spawning, 
trout,  so  that  the  watchers  of  the  Derwentwater  Angling'. 
Society  were  then  dismissed  for  the  season.  You  know 
the  ova  of  trout,  like  those  of  the  other  species  of  the 
Salraonidge,  take  from  100  to  110  days  to  be  hatched,,, 
so  that  our  small  brooks  and'  rivers  swarm  with  thfr 
young  fry  in  February  and  early  in  March,  and  have- 
thus  this  year  been  enabled  in  a  great  measure  to  escape 
the  effects  of  the  long  drought.  The  newspapers  con- 
tain accounts  of  the  beds  of  rivers  in  various  parts  of 
England  and  Scotland  being^  quitfe  dry  ;  and  there,  no- 
doubt,  young  and  old  trout  have  perished  together  ;  but 
here,  when  the  rivers  are  low, the  trout  retreatto  thelakes 
of  Derwentwater  and  Bassenthwaite,  which  are  linked 
together  by  a  fine  angling  river  only  tliree  miles  long  ; 
and  after  every  flood  they  issue  forth  up  all  the  runners,- 
while  the  early  period  of  the  year  at  which  they  spa^vn 
very  much  secures  the  young  fry,  as  it  has' especially 
done  this  year,  from  the  effects  of  spring  droughts. 
While  there  has  been  no  river  fishing,  therefore,  any- 
Avhere  this  year,  there  have  been  some  days  of  excellent 
sport  in  the  lakes  of  Crummork,  Buttermere,  Bassen- 
thwaite, and  Derwentwater  ;  and  as  soon  as  we  have  two 
or  three  days*  rain  our  streams  will  be  stocked  with  the 
fish  which  have  been  secure  in  the  depths  of  these  lakes- 
during  the  long  drought.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
for  many  yeai's  to  come  the'  bad  effect  of  this  dry 
spx'ing  will  be  felt  by  anglers,  especially  in  plain  countries;, 
and  this  leads  me  to  remark  that"  it  would  be  very  well 
for  those  who  reside  near  "late"  to  be  in  communica- 
tion with  the  rod-fishers  of  "early"  rivers  like  those  of 
the  Vale  of  Derwentwater,  and  in  seasons  like  the  pi'csent. 
to  make  timely  ai*rangements  for  securing  a  supply  of 
vivified  o?w,  or,  when  the  places  were  not  Tar  apart,  even 
of  the  young  fry.  These,  with  care,  might  be  carried  in 
large  panniers — changing  the  water  frequently  on  the 
way.  But  a  still  better  plan  would  be  to  turn  out  trout 
ready  to  spawn  in  suitable  places — such  as  mill-racos 
— secure  fl-om  theeffectsof  heavy  floods,  on  the  onohandj 
and  from  any  danger  of  ^\'ant  of  water  to  cover  tho  ova,, 
on  (ho  other,  and  to  dismiss  tho  young  fry  in  spring 
during  suitable  states  of  tho  rivers.  Good  and  secure 
spawning  beds,  either  artifibial  or  loft  to  bo  made  by  the 
fish  tiiemselveH,  might  bo  formed  in  theao  mill-raceg,  or 
in  similar  runners  constructed  with  sluices  to  regulate 
tho  stream,  aiid  furnished  with  tho  proper  gravelly 
bottom  lor  tho  jnirposo.  A  very  littlo  caro  annually 
taken  would  sccnro  tlio  anghu'S  of  any  distwct  from 
Hnffcring  tho  loss  of  tho  young  trout,  oitlierfrom  droughts- 
nr  (loodi-t.  'i'ho  Tnill-HtrcaniH  (if  tho  Twet-d,  tho  Spoy,an 
otlii'r  iiur*  .salmon  rivers,  iniglit  Do  thus  used  for  br(;cding 
this  royal  huh.  l/laccd  at  reguhiv  intervals  along  tho 
rivers,  and  under  constant  surveillanco  as  they  aro,  they 


316 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


[May  15, 


wouldform  the  tiutstiirtiticial"rudds"  possible.     While   years  form  a  stratum  of  vegetable  mould,  the  thicUuess 


salmon  are  monopolised,  however,  as  at  present,  by 
great  proprietors,  near  the  mouths  of  rivers,  it  is  quite 
impossible  to  expect'  anglers  on  upland  streams, 
where  the  salmon  breeds,  to  take  any  interest  in  their 
preservation,  and  this  noble  fish  is  therefore  becoming 
gradually  extinct  in  these  islands.  To  protect  the  trout 
as  a  game  fish,  and  to  secure  the  breed  from  poachers, 
floods,  and  droughts,  is  an  object  still  attainable  by  the 
angler  ;  and,  iu  a  county  like  this  of  Cumberland,  where 
the  rivers  and  lakes  are  open  to  all  rod-fishers,  it 
becomes  an  object  well  worthy  of  especial  care.  From 
the  days  of  Isaac  Walton  the  lovers  of  angling  have 
generally  been  lovers  of  nature,  and  in  a  large  majority 
of  instances  it  is  the  love  of  pure  running  streams,  fresh 
green  fields,  and  silent  colloquy  with  nature,  which  lures 
out  the  student,  the  artist,  and  the  man  of  business. 
Among  these  beautiful  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers  of 
Cumberland,  the  combined  attractions  exist  in  a  pre- 
eminent degree,  and  will  no  doubt  be  resorted  to  so 
long  as 

''Flowing  rivers  yield  a  blameless  sport.'* 
Z.,  Derwent-Banh,  Keswick,  May  3. 

Pulverised  Peal. — A  most  important  discovery  has  been 
made  by  an  eminent  agricultural  professor  of  chemistry, 
that  finely  pulverised  peat  will  effectually  deodorise  the 
rbost  offensive  putrid  matter,  and  destroy  the  most 
foetid  odours  ;  in  fact,  that  it  possesses  the  wonderful 
disinfecting  properties  of  charcoal,  that  by  mixing  it 
with  common  night-soil  in  about  equal  proportions,  me 
■of  the  most  valuable  manures  is  made,  and  proved  by 
experiments  not  inferior  in  results  to  the  best  South 
American  guano.  It  may  be  made  at  all  seasons  and 
stored  away  for  use,  or  the  land  dressed  with  it  im- 
mediately. This  valuable  manure  may  be  used  as  a 
top  dressing,  or  drilled,  or  dropped  in  with  the  seed,  at 
4he  rate  of  from  600  cwt.  to  800  cwt.  per  acre,  and  it 
may  be  applied  with  benefit  to  every  kind  of  crop.  It 
may  be  sown  with  the  seeds  of  all  green  crops,  and  it 
will  push  them  into  early  and  rapid  growth.  It  will 
.also  be  found  highly  serviceable  in  all  garden  crops, 
■shrubs,  and  flower  beds.  If  the  finely  pulverised  peat 
be  strewn  over  the  floors  of  stables,  piggeries,  or  cow- 
■faouses,  with  a  very  slight  covering  of  straw  over,  it 
will  absorb  and  retain  all  moisture,  disinfect  the  building 
■of  every  noxious  gas  so  injurious  to  cattle,  and,  by  its 
mixture  with  the  excreta  from  the  animals,  form  a  most 
valuable  and  portable  manure  fit  for  immediate  use. 
Sheep  folded  upon  it  at  night  would  produce  wonderful 
and  most  important  results  to  farmers  iu  the  vast  pro- 
•duction  of  valuable  manure.  Finely  pulverised  peat 
also  supplies  the  ready  means  of  removing  all  nuisances, 
thereby  promoting  the  public  health— and  many  years 
«annot  elapse  before  this  important  discovery  will  be 
■adopted  to  convert  all  the  noxious  matter  of  the  country 
into  solid  portable  manure,  without  any  offensive  odour, 
instead  of  being  carried  into  streams  and  rivers,  vitiating 
the  water  we  drink  by  polluting  it  with  animal  and 
vegetable  matter,  again,  by  evaporation,  impregnating 
4he  very  atmosphere  we  breathe,  and  producing  an 
actual  loss  of  the  most  valuable  materials  to  the  agri- 
culture of  the  United  Kingdom,  which,  if  taken  in  the 
aggregate  from  all  available  resources,  can  scarcely  be 
estimated  at  less  than  10,000,000i.  sterling  annually. 
Further  details  cannot  now  be  entered  upon,  but  it  may 
be  remarked  : — let  every  cottage  be  possessed  of  this 
«heap  and  valuable  article,  finely  pulverised  peat,  and 
his  garden  may  vie  with  the  best  in  produce  and  verdure  ; 
he  may  thoroughly  manure  his  own  ground  and  have  a 
Jarge  surplus  to  dispose  of  to  his  more  wealthy  neigh- 
bour. Let  every  small  householder  see  to  it,  and  pro- 
duce a  portable,  inodorous,  and  valuable  manure,  saleable 
in  «very  locality.  From  the  palace  to  the  hovel  the 
same  means  are  available,  but  where  water-closets,  cess- 
pools, sewers,  &c.,  have  to  be  contended  with,  time  will 
be  required  to  effect  the  necessary  changes  ;  yet,  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  surely,  our  enlightened  age,  with 
these  stariling  facts  before  us,  will  never  long  permit 
the  foundation  of  such  vast  wealth  to  the  country  to  be 
floating  into  the  ocean.  These  remarks  are  only  the 
outline  of  this  important  discovery.  /.  L. 

New  Plan  of  Watering  Ascents  and  Descents  of  Bridges 
■and  Streets. — .They  become  at  times  so  dangerous  by  the 
working  of  the  mud  into  a  paste  by  the  horses'  feet  and 
the  wheels  together,  that  many  accidents  take  place, 
and  many  valuable  horses  knees  are  broken  by  not 
having  a  good  hold  of  the  paving.  The  simple  plan 
that  I  propose,  is,  to  lay  down  a  2-inch  pipe  along  the 
centre,  perforated,  and  on  a  level  with  the  paving  ;  and 
where  the  descent  is  sharp  to  have  horizontal  pipes 
leading  to  the  curb  every  IS  or  20  feet,  perforated  also, 
30  as  to  cause  a  regular  flow  of  water  all  over  the 
■carriage  way.  If  this  plan  could  be  adopted  it  would 
save  watering  by  cart,  and  instead  of  scraping  off,  the 
mud  could  then  be  swept,  saving  a  considerable  expense, 
besides  giving  horses  a  firm  hold  of  the  paving  ;  the 
same  plan  would  answer  along  the  streets,  as  all  streets 
are  raised  m  the  middle,  or  ought  to  be;  besides,  all  towns 
want  a  more  continual  flow  of  water  into  the  sewers. 
Water  is  Nature's  deodoriser  of  impurities.  James 
Cuthill,  Camberwcll,  Feb.  10. 

On  Permanent  Pasture.— It  i»  incontestably  allowed 
that  a  gradual  improvement  takes  place  in  land  when- 
ever It  18  laid  down  to  permanent  pasture.  The  cause 
ot  such  improvement  arises  from  the  annual  decay  of 
the  leaves  and  stalks  of  the  Grass  ;  the  treading  and 
ai'oppings  of  animals  ;  the  application  of  manure  ;  the 
rains  which  fall  upon,  and  percolate  through  the  turf 
into  the  soil  beneath ;  and,  lastly,  the  labo-irs  of  the 
These  all  combined  do  in  the  course  of 


of  which  is  proportional  to  the  time  laid  down.  During 
that  formation  of  rich  mould,  a  part  is  carried  down  by 
the  earth-worm  and  combined  with  the  soil  beneath, 
which,  even  if  a  clay,  it  enriches  ;  and  this  very  pro- 
cess makes  easy  the  descent  of  the  roots  of  the  Grass. 
Thus  afresh  and  fertile  soil  is  formed  fit  for  a  higher 
system  of  plants,  plainly  indicating  the  tendency  to  pro- 
gressive improvement  in  the  order  of  Nature  ;  and 
placed  too  within  the  reach  of  man,  who,  when  requiring 
food,  need  only  to  exert  those  faculties  to  obtain  the 
same,  which  the  goodness  of  God  has  so  greatly  blessed 
him  with.  Before  the  undertaking  is  commenced  of 
laying  down  land  to  permanent  pasture,  it  is  here  right 
to  state  that  the  species  of  Grass  denominated  Rye- 
grass should  be  rejected  if  the  owner  intends  at  some 
future  time  to  break  the  same  up  for  the  growing  of 
Cereal  plants ;  because  the  affinities  of  this  Grass  and 
Cereal  plants  are  so  similar  as  to  affect  their  produce, 
which,  in  consequence,  will  fall  far  short  of  the  crops 
grown  afterother  Grasses.  Henry  Roger  Siiiithe,  Eastling. 
Dairy  Pans. — It  struck  me  in  reading  the  interesting 
discussion  in  your  paper  lately  on  dairy  management, 
that  the  new  material  of  "  iron  coated  with  glass," 
would,  probably,  be  better  than  glass  only  ;  and  I  wish 
to  know  whether  there  would  be  any  objection  to  the 
iron  if  thus  lined  with  glass.  Is  there  any  advantage  to 
be  derived  from  putting  only  4  quarts  of  milk  into  a 
pan  made  to  hold  8  quarts,  as  Captain  Carr  advises ! 
Would  not  shallower  pans  of  the  same  diameter 
(16  inches)  answer  I  J.  T.     [No  doubt  they  would.] 


^on'etfesi* 


earth-worm. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  ENGLAND. 
(Concluded  from  page  301.) 

Dairy  Management. 
Captain  Stanley  Carr,  agreeably  witli  his  engage- 
ment, attended  this  meeting,  for  the  purpose  of  reporting 
the  arrangements  he  had  made  for  the  importation  of 
the  German  glass  milk-pans,  for  more  economical  pur- 
chase by  small  farmers  than  it  appeared  was  afforded 
by  the  expensive  glass  milk-pans  brought  into  the  market 
by  the  English  manufacturer.  Captain  Carr  stated  that 
Mr.  Thomas  Peterson,  of  Trinity  Chambers,  Water-lane, 
Tower-street,  London,  had  undertaken  to  supply  the 
German  milk-pans  in  any  quantity  at  2b.  each,  or  at 
2I5.  for  the  dozen,  of  the  same  shape,  size,  and  quality 
as  those  which  Captain  Carr  had  himself  obtained  and 
sent  to  the  Society  some  years  ago. — Mr.  Duncan,  a 
gentleman  residing  at  Bradwell,  near  Stony-Stratford, 
in  Buckinghamshire,  favoured  the  Council  with  the 
following  communication,  dated  April  15. 

"  All  I  know  about  glass  milk-pans  ia  this  :  When  I  first  took 
to  dairying  on  a  large  scale  I  laid  out  201.  io  glass  panti, 
becttuae  they  looked  so  well  in  a  dairy.  On  further  acquain- 
tance with  them,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are 
the  cheapest  ti.inga  (even  at  4s.  each)  that  a  farmer  can  use  ; 
Tor  they  are  washed,  and  niped,  and  are  kept  clean  with 
300  per  cent,  less  trouble  than  'leads.'  If  the  dairy-maid  is 
given  to  UDderstacd  that  stie  will  have  to  replace  all  the  pans 
cracked  by  the  use  of  hot-water,  experience  proves  to  me  that 
there  will  be  no  breakages  whatevt^r  from  that  cause.  I  hawe 
seen  them  crack  once  or  twice  in  three  years,  when  the  milk 
has  been  poured  into  them;  but  I  imagine  there  must  have 
been  a  flaw  eomewhere  previously.  But  even  supposing  half 
a  dozen  to  be  broken  annually,  we  have  to  balancethat  expense 
the  dairy-maid's  time  tbrougbout  the  whole  year;  for  the 
trouble  in  keepinir  leads  clean  and  polished  is  known  to  all 
dairy-farm  era.  I  want  25  glass  pans  soon,  and  shall  be  only  too 
much  obliged  to  Captain  Carr  if  he  can  procure  them  for  me  a^: 
the  price  named  by  him  at  the  last  meeting.  My  glasE>  pans 
are  about  20  inches  in  diameter  :  I  do  not  like  larger  out  s  *' 

Mr.  Slaney,  M.P.,  reported  to  the  Council  the 
communication  into  which  he  had  entered  with  Mr. 
Alderman  Copeland,  M.P.,  on  the  manufacture  of  milk- 
pans  of  Staffordshire -ware  ;  and  Mr.  Law  Hodges, 
M.P.,  favoured  the  Council  with  the  following  com- 
mnnication,  dated  April  20  ; — 

"  I  regret  extremely  that  I  cannot  possibly  be  present  at  the 
Council  to-morrow,  when  the  very  interesting  subject  of  Dairy 
Management  wtU  be  again  under  consideration.  If  I  could 
have  been  present,  I  should  have  mentioned  a  fact  that  I  believe 
is  little  known.  I  forget  the  name  of  the  party,  but  a  duiryman 
who  occupies  an  establishment  built  by  Lord  Bristol,  at  Kemp 
Town,  Brighton,  and  who  keeps  f)0  or  60  cows  for  dairy  pur- 
poses constantly  under  that  roof,  has  in  one  or  two  places, 
where  these  cows  are  milked,  cisterns  with  fresh  water  running 
into  them,  and  provided  also  with  soap  and  towels,  in  order 
that  the  men  who  milk  the  cowb  may  wash  their  hands  after 
milklug  each  cow  ;  because  these  men  found  that  where  any 
cow'd  teats  were  diseased,  though  at  first  so  slightly  as  not  to 
be  perceivable,  they  uevertheleoR  carried  the  infection  on  their 
hands  and  inoculated  other  cows.  Now,  in  order  to  make 
this  eerious  inconv.nience,  which  gives  the  men  so  much 
trouble  to  cure,  impossible,  they  very  willingly  obey  this  order 
to  wash  their  hands ;  and  there  is  another  reason  for  their 
doing  so,  because  in  warm  weather  their  hands  often  perspire, 
and  the  n:ilk  frequenily  coming  in  contact  with  their  dump 
bands,  it  becomes  tainted  in  consequence. — With  regard  to  the 
form  of  the  milk  pans,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  sides 
as  nearly  upright  as  possible  must  cause  the  largest  amount  of 
cream  :  the  depth  of  the  milk  is  a  matter  easily  determined  by 
observation,  because  the  weather,  the  nature  and  quantity  of 
the  fudder,  and  the  breed  of  the  anintHls,  may  prevent,  I  should 
think,  any  precise  rule  on  this  head  being  laid  down." 

Mr.  RowLANDSoN  submitted  to  the  inspection  of  the 
Council  a  gutta  percha  siphon  on  the  Italian  principle, 
with  recurved  moveable  ends,  to  retain  the  liquid  and 
admit  of  the  aiphons  being  removed  in  a  filled  state  from 
pan  to  pan  without  being  emptied  and  refilled  on  each 
occasion.  —  Lord  Caraoys  also  presented  a  complete 
dairy  siphon  of  his  own  invention,  which  had  been  used 
in  his  own  and  other  dairies  with  great  success.  It  was 
made  of  block-tin,  and  provided  witli  a  flexible  wire 
piston,  by  which  the  air  was  drawn  out  and  the  milk  set 
to  flow  without  the  necessity  of  tlie  mouth  being  applied 
for  that  purpose.  As  the  siphon  had  been  reduced  to 
great  simplicity  of  construction,  without  impairing  its 


efficiency,  it  could  be  made  at  a  very  cheap  rate,  and  it 
was  desirable  that  one  should  be  kept  for  each  pan. 
There  was  no  registry  of  invention,  or  enrolment;  of 
patent-right  connected  with  the  instrument,  so  that  any 
individual  was  at  liberty  to  make  and  sell  it.  His  lord- 
ship's own  siphons  had  been  made  for  him  by  Mr.  Tagg, 
of  Henley-on-Thames,  at  Is.  6d.  each  ;  Mr.  Fi'eeman 
lioe  too,  of  No.  70  in  the  Strand,  undertakes  to  make 
them  at  9d.  each. — Capt.  Stanley  Carr  thought  this 
siphon  a  very  simple  mode  of  separating  the  milk  from 
the  cream,  and  cne  that  would  save  much  time  and 
trouble.  He  remarked  that  in  the  best  dairy  dis- 
tricts of  Holland  and  Germany  the  cream  was  re- 
moved by  a  very  thin,  shallow,  finely-formed  skim- 
ming-dish, generally  made  of  lime  wood,  and  on 
that  account  capable  of  being  kept  beautifully 
clean  ;  also  with  a  large  scallop-shell,  to  which  some- 
times for  convenience  a  handle  was  fitted.  This  opera- 
tion in  Germany  was  generally  assigned  to  the  head 
dairymaid,  and  it  was  astonishing  with  what  rapidity 

d  exactness  she  was  able  by  constant  practice  to 
accomplish  that  delicate  task. — Sir  Matthew  Ridley  hav- 
ing called  the  Council's  attention  to  the  subject  of  churns, 
Mr.  Love  stated,  that  he  considered  the  perfection  of  a 
churn  to  consist  in  its  having  an  outside  ease  that  could 
be  filled  with  water  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  milk 
or  cream,  as  the  case  might  be,  at  the  proper  tempera- 
ture during  the  operation  of  churning,  namely,  at  about 
60**  of  Fahrenheit  ;  and  in  its  having  its  dashers  so 
constructed  as  to  carry  down  into  the  milk  or  cream  a 
certain  amount  of  pure  air  during  the  process. — Lord 
Camoys  observed,  that  the  American  churn  (of  which 
Burgess  and  Key,  in  Newgate-street,  were  the  English 
agents)  was  exactly  constructed  on  that  principle,  and 
he  had  in  his  own  dairy  found  the  full  efficiency  of  that 
churn,  which  he  had  constantly  in  use  with  the  most 
satisfactory  results. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  referred  to  the 
similarity  between  the  continental  mode  of  placing  the 
milk-pans  on  the  floor  of  the  dairy,  and  that  adopted  in 
best  dairies  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cork.  —  Lord 
Berners  and  Lord  Camoys  detailed  the  conditions  which 
they  had  respectively  foimd  to  affect  the  ventilation  of 
dairies,  stables,  and  other  buildings  connected  with 
farm  establishments. — Prof.  Way  thought  the  theory 
on  which  the  formation  of  dew  was  founded  might  also 
illustrate  the  beneficial  effects  of  placing  the  milk-pans 
on  the  floors  of  dairies. 

Farmers'  Flax  Mill. 

The  Hon.  R.  H.  Clive,  M.P.,  has  given  notice  that  on 
the  5th  of  May  he  will  make  a  statement  to  the  Council 
on  the  mechanical  preparation  of  Flax  from  the  straw 
by  simple  machines  adapted  for  the  use  of  farmers  ; 
and  the  production  of  a  marketable  article  which  they 
may  sell  with  advantage  to  themselves,  and  which  the 
manufacturers  will  readily  purchase. 

Society  of  Arts,    May    12.  —  Earl    Grey    in    the 
chair.     The  Secretary  read  a  paper  by  Mr.  G.  Boccius, 
on  the  "  Artificial  Breeding  aud  Rearing  of  Fish,  and 
the  methods  to  be  adopted  to  preserve  and  improve  the 
fisheries  of  this  country  and  the   colonies."      In  this 
paper  the  author  drew  attention  to  the  causes  at  present 
operating    to   the    detriment  of    the    fisheries    in   this 
country,  and  stated  the  most  serious  to  be  the  corrup- 
tion  of  the   fresh  waters  of  our  rivers  by  the  great 
increase   of  the  population,   and    various  factories  on 
their  banks,  the  numerous  weirs  which  prevent  the  fish 
from  ascending  as  far  and  in  as  great  numbers  as  they 
otherwise  would,  and  the  present  system  of  taking  fish 
of  all  sizes  indiscriminately  as  soon  as  they  enter  the 
rivers.     To  the   latter   cause    especial    attention    was 
di'awn  ;  and  the  author  showed    that  notwithstanding 
the  extreme  rapidity  with  which  salmon  are  known  to 
multiply,  the  quantity  of  that  fish  in  our  rivers  was 
seriously    and    fast    decreasing;    as    an    instance    he 
mentioned  the   Severn,  which  for  25  miles  from   its 
mouth  upwards,  was  so  lined  with  baskets,  resembling 
eel  baskets,  and   called  "puts"  and  "  putchers,"  that 
scarcely  any  fish,  however  small,  could  ascend    that 
river  without  being  caught,  and  consequently  but  little 
spawn   could  be  deposited.     Mr.  Boccius  proposed,  as 
a  remedy  for  this,  that  the  "puts"  and  "putchers" 
should  be  abolished,  and  that  nets  alone,  with  not  less 
than  2.^-inch  meshes,  should  be  employed  for  taking  the 
fish.     The  weirs  also  should  be  so  constructed  as  to 
allow  fish  to  go  with  ease  up   and   down  the   stream, 
and   not   as  at  present  so  as  completely  to  bar  their 
passage    to    and    fro.       As    a    means    of    renovating 
the  supply  of  fish,  attention  was  drawn  to  a  plan  of  arti- 
ficial  spawning,  which  had   been   adopted  in   several 
instances  with  great  success,  and  which  the  author  hoped 
would  be  extensively  carried  out,  not  only  in  this  coun- 
try, but  in   the    colonies  and  elsewhere.      The  great 
points  to  attend  to^in  artificial  spawning  were  stated  to 
be  the  temperature,  freshness,  and  abundance  of  water. 
The  rapidity  with  which  fish  are  produced  from  spawn 
had  been  ascertained  to  vary  with  the  temperature  very 
considerably,  so  much  so  that  salmon  spawn,   which, 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  did  not  yield  fish  m  less 
than  100  days,  had  in  water,  kept  at  the  temperature  of 
70**  to  75*^  yielded  fish  in  less  than  half  that  time.    The 
purity  of  the  water,  i.e.j  its  freedom  from  all  decomposing 
vegetable  and  animal  matter,  was  also  stated  to  be  ex- 
tremely important,  as  but  a  very  small  quantity  of  such 
impurities  caused  the  eggs  to  addle.     With  reference 
to  the  colonies,  Mr.  Boccius  drew  attention  to  the  fact, 
that  early  in  the  present  year  he  had  sent  out  in  the 
ship  Columbus,  Capt.  Smith,  bound  for  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  60,000  eggs  of  salmon  and  trout,  placed  in  tubs 
of  a  peculiar  construction  and  supplied  with  pm-e  water 


20—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


3)7 


taken  from  the  Waiidle,  and  that  he  had  received  a 
letter  from  Capt.  Smitli,  dated  9th  March,  185*2,  in 
which  that  gentleman  stated  that  a  large  number  of 
fish  had  then  come  to  life  and  were  doing  well,  and 
that  but  a  very  small  number  of  the  eggs  were  addled  ; 
directions  were  given  that  there  should  be  a  constant 
cliange  of  fresh  wat«r,  of  which  a  large  supply  from 
the  Wandle  was  ta!;en  out  in  prepared  iron  tanks,  and 
that  the  fish  when  produced  should  be  fed  on  sliip  biscuit 
soaked  in  the  water.  As  evidence  of  the  success  of  the 
artificial  system  of  spawning,  it  was  stated  that  in  France 
attempts  upon  the  author's  plan  iiad  been  made,  under 
the  auspices  of  MM.  Milne  Edwards  and  Dumas,  to 
stock  the  great  rivers  of  that  country,  and  that  although 
but  a  short  time  had  yet  elapsed  the  results  had  proved 
most  satisfactory.  A  calculation  had  been  made  that 
from  the  Rhone,  Garonne,  Seine,  Loire,  and  Saone,  no 
less  than  500,000,000  lbs.  of  food  might  be  obtained 
yearly,  and  employment  given  to  1,500,000  persons 
employed  in  and  about  the  fisheries. — In  the  course  of 
the  evening  mention  was  made  of  a  curious  r.nd  inte- 
resting experimeul  conducted  by  Mr.  Warrington, 
showing  how  completely  the  impurities  produced  by 
animals  are  destroyed  and  compensated  by  vegetables, 
and  vice  versa.  A  case  somewhat  similar  to  a  Ward's 
case  was  taken,  and  into  it  were  placed  some  fresh 
water,  two  gold  fish,  and  a  plant  of  Valisneria  ;  in  a 
few  days  the  water  began  to  change  colour,  from  the 
decomposition  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter,  and  the 
fish  began  to  look  unhealthy.  A  few  water-snails  were 
then  introduced,  in  the  hope  that  they  would  remove 
the  impui'ities,  which  they  were  found  to  do  in  a  short 
time ;  and  it  was  ascertained  that  the  vegetable  im- 
purities were  removed  by  the  snails,  and  were  eaten  by 
the  fish  ;  and  that  the  animal  impurities  were  removed 
by  the  Valisneria,  which  gave  out  in  exchange  a  con- 
tinual supply  of  oxygen  for  the  support  of  the  animals  ; 
and  thus  by  the  addition,  from  time  to  time,  of  a  few 
water-snails,  the  fish  and  plant  had,  without  any  change 
of  water,  been  kept  in  a  perfect  state  of  health. 


IVIiscellaneous . 

Transfer  of  Land. — In  all  countries  and  at  all  times 
the  Land  Question  must  ultimately  resolve  itself  into  a 
consideration  of  tne  comparative  facilities  that  should  be 
afforded  for  the  free  use  and  transfer  of  land  :  in  other 
■words,  it  is  a  question  of  free-trade  in  land.  It  may 
also  be  safely  asserted  that  in  every  civilised  country 
the  state  of  its  cultivation,  and  as  a  consequence  the 
general  condition  of  its  people,  will  become  deteriorated 
in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  obstacles  that  impt^de  the 
free  transfer  of  its  land,  and  tend  unduly  either  to 
increase  or  to  diminish  the  size  of  its  estates.  Although 
the  tenant-farmer  in  Ireland  may  naturally  feel  indiff'er- 
^t  about  preserving  the  integrity  of  his  precarious 
holding,  the  concurrent  testimonies  of  all  well-informed 
writers,  who  have  carefully  examined  the  condition 
of  occupying  owners  in  other  countries,  have  now 
established,  beyond  any  further  controversy,  that  landed 
proprietors  feel  no  natural  tendencies  to  fritter  down 
their  patrimonial  estates  into  small-sized  farms,  and  that 
tmless  coerced  by  the  operation  of  local  laws  they  will 
not  subdivide  a  compact  estate.  If  properties  in  France 
have  become  pulverised  into  small  and  dispersed  patches, 
that  evil  result  has  arisen  from  those  laws  which  render 
imperative  a  division  among  the  widow  and  children  in 
all  cases  of  succession  to  land,  and  prevent  the  owner 
from  devising  it  as  he  may  think  fit.  On  the  other 
hand,  if  the  landowners  of  the  United  Kingdom  continue 
to  *  lay  field  to  field,"  and  to  accumulate  large  tracts  of 
land  into  few  hands,  that  still  greater  evil  is  also  chiefly 
caused  by  the  legal  obstacles  to  its  free  transfer.  Those 
impediments  are  occasioned  to  some  slight  extent  by  the 
indirect  operation  of  the  laws  of  primogeniture  and 
entail,  but  principally  by  the  legal  delays  and  expenses 
attendant  upon  traublers  of  landed  property,  as  well  as 
by  those  laws  that  permit  land  to  be  held  either  in  per- 
petual  mortmain  or  under  indefeasible  settlements,  for 
a  period  that  may  extend  to  any  number  of  existing 
lives  and  21  years  after  their  expiration,  and  which 
period  is  in  practice  pei-iodically  renewed.  It  might  be 
safely  aseert^^d  that,  upon  a  very  moderate  estimate,  at 
leaat  four-fifths  of  the  United  Kingdom  are  held  in  per- 
petual mortmain,  or  are  fettered  by  family  settlements 
which  effectually  ex.-lude  that  land  from  the  oublic 
market,  to  the  injury  of  its  owners  as  well  as  of  the 
community  at  large.  In  order  U>  afford  tlie  necessary 
facililiea  tor  liberating  all  this  land,  and  at  the  same 
time  U}  guard  the  rightH  of  all  parties,  it  is  obvious  that 
a  cornprehoiiflive  mc;a«urc  of  land  reform  is  imperatively 
required, and  it  is  equally  plain  that  some  8uperint<;nding 
control  would  be  enHi.-ntial  for  its  safe  guidance.  It  will 
matter  litlle  wlietlar  that  mcaHurc  of  reform  and  that 
controlling  power  shall  be  called  in  plain  tei-ms  a  "  New 
Land  System  and  a  Land  Tribunal,"  or  he  leBsdintinctly 
designated  a  «  Safw  and  Practicable  Scheme;*  and  a 
"Cheap  I'ublic  'J'ribunal."  Houlff/n  NotcH  on  Ireland 
and  iJie  Land  Quf^lif/n^  in  the  Law  }0:vicw. 

Hie  LohoH  Onav/i  hlmidn. — An  eminent  mercantilo 
firm  in  this  t^>wn  has  received  the  following  communi- 
calioD  from  the  Foreign-office,  with  reapect  to  the  Lohon 
guano  iHlanda  :  — «  Foreign-oihce,  April  20,  \\\Wl.— 
Gentlemen,— I  am  directed  by  the  Earl  of  Mahnchhury 
to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  20ih 
In«t.,  and  I  am  to  acquaint  yon,  in  reply,  that  hin  lord- 
Bbip  Ih  unabh;  Ui  niauj  whether  tlie  inlandH  of  LoboH  do 
Tierra  and  LoIhih  de  AfiM-ra  belong  of  right  to  any 
forei;fn  nation.  IJut,  as  thc-y  c-rtaiftly  do  not  belong  t(j 
Great  Untaiu,  and  aa  the  British  Government  have  no 


intention  of  claiming  them  as  British  property,  her 
Majesty's  Government  do  not  contemplate  sending  any 
of  her  Majesty's  sliips-of-war  to  those  islands,  with  a 
view  to  guard  them.  I  am,  gentlemen,  your  most 
obedient  humble  servant,  H.  U,  ADDiNGroN." — Liver- 
pool Times. 

Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Bitter  Beee.  We  have  ruceived  from  Mr.  Allsopp  the  report 
upon  the  alleged  adulteration  of  pnle  ales  by  Htrychnine,  by 
professors  Graham  and  HofFimn,  fnimwhicli  it  appears  tliat 
the  scandal  prtipagated  on  this  subject  was  not  only  utterly 
unfounded  and  untrue,  but  imp  issible  The  means  of  de- 
tecting Etryctiniiie  are  ready  and  unfailing.  We  have  not 
room  for  the  publication  of  the  repmt. 

Dairy  Management  :  Clevelaitd.  The  lit'Ie  bnok  bv  Mr. 
Milbarn  (W,  S.  Orr  and  Co.)  seems  ro  contain  all  you  want. 

Draining:  Simplest.  We  do  not  believH  ihit  to  a*ld  bushes 
aboTe  the  tilet"  is  to  increase  their  tf&.ieDcy.  We  will  pub- 
li-h  your  letter  and  a  note  upon  it  ntxt  week. 

Hoeing  :  AgapanUms,  A  man  will  hacU  or  hoe  deeply  with  a 
heavy  'ool  between  plants  2  feet  apart,  an  acre  of  ground  in 
five  days. 

R\E  :  H  S  M.  Tou  might  sow  Barley  still  wirh  probability  of  a 
crop.  Rye  fo-vn  now  would  not  yield  much  of  a  crop  next 
year,  after  catiiog  in  autunriii, 

SoPERPHo*PHATE  oF  LiME ;  Inquirer.  If  you  were  to  fiubmit 
acid  and  bones  to  descrutitive  disiilla  ion,  water  would  come 
off,  and  theo  the  nases  coneequent  on  the  charring  of  the 
animal  macier  of  the  bone  ;  and  so  soon  as  the  c  irbon  thus 
set  free  begiin  t>  act  upon  the  phosphoric  acid  of  the  super- 
pbnsphate,  phosphorus  in  the  sta^e  of  vapour  and  phos- 
phuretted  hydrogen  gas  would  make  their  appearance.  The 
remainder  in  the  retort  would  be  sulphate,  phosphate,  and 
C'lrbonate  of  lime. 

Swedes  AND  Mangold:  Tenant  Farmer  In  Southern  England 
it  ip  easier  to  grow  3u  tons  of  the  latter  than  20  ot  the  former 
per  acre  ;  and  30  tons  of  the  lat'e"  .contain  more  nutriment 
than  20  of  the  f'  rmer.  But  we  weuH  as  toon  have  30  tons  of 
Swedes  in  November  as  2-1  tons  of  Mangold  Wurzd.  M:in. 
gold  Wurzel  isbetter  ih  in  Swedes  per  tonin  March  and  April ; 
and  it  is  in  the  spring  mouths,  when  it  hits  partly  dried,  thnt 
it  is  estiecially  Useful.  We  should  think  that  for  yung  wt-nk, 
about  three  quarters  of  a  cwt.  of  Mangold  Wurzel  per  day, 
and  Oat  straw  chuS  ad  libitum,  with  about  2  lb'*,  ot  Bean- 
meal  dos'ed  among  it,  was  as  ^ood  a  mixture  of  food  as  they 
could  have.  Thirty  tons  of  Mangold  Wurzel  will  exhaust 
the  land  more  than  20  tons  of  Swedes. 


iilarfeets* 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Mat  15. 
Vegetables  and  truit  ari3  plentiful.  Knijlish  Pine-apples, 
however,  still  realise  good  prices,  as  do  also  hothouse  Grapes. 
A  few  dessert  Apples  may  still  be  obtained.  Oranges  are 
plentifully  supplied,  and  very  y;ood.  Nuts  are  nearly  the 
sume  as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are  plentiful.  Young 
Carrots,  Beans  (both  French  and  MazHfjan),  Peas,  Lettucetj, 
and  Anichokes  continue  to  be  supplied  from  France.  Potatoei* 
are  generally  good  in  quality.  Some  new  ones  have  appeared 
from  open  borders  ia  the  west  of  Englaad.  MuMbrooms  are 
cheaper.  Cut  tiowers  conuiat  ot  Heaths,  EpacriHCS,  Cine- 
rariad,  Miguooette.  Ciimelliag,  RoMes,  Acacias,  Azaleas,  Pri- 
mulas, Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  bulbs. 

FRUIT. 
Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  6s  to  lOa 
Grapes, holhouse,p.lb.,6s  to  1,'j 

—  Lisbon,  [ler  lb.,  2s  to  is 
Cherrie",  per  lb  ,  153 
Strawberries,  p.  oz.,  6d  to  la 
Apples,    kitchen,    per  bushel, 

23  to  3s  6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  Bweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3a 
VEGETABLES, 


Pears,  desaert.'per  doz.,  28  to  63 
Oraogcp,  per  doz.,  1b  10  Is  lid 

—  per  100,  33  6d  to  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3s 
Lemon«",  per  doz.,  is  10  2s 
Nuts,  Bar(ielona,p,bsh,20sto228 

—  Bnizil,  p.  bah.,  123  to  Us 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  lUOs 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  9d  to  le  3d 
French  Beans,  p.lllO.lsGd to  3.-. 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  5d  to  Is 

—  beads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  2s  to  5a 
Seakale,  per  ba^iket.  dd  to  2s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2a  6d  to  48 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  lOd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  per  cwt.,  28  to  Ss 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  fid 

—  Frame,  per  lb..  Is  to  28 

—  New  (border),  do. .6d  to  Is 
Turnips,  p.  doz.  ,28  6d  to  38  6(1 

—  new,  per  bunch,  2g 
Cucumbers,  each,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  6d  to  Is  fid 
Carrots,  per  bunch,  4d  to  7il 
Spinach,  per  eieve,  Is  to  1>  Gil 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  -Id 

—  Spanish, p.doz.  l-:Jdto  3-. 
Endive,  per  score,  Qd  to  Is 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  10  2i 


Parsnips,  per  doz.,  4d  to  Is 
Ltjeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  Gd 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  U  to  la  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.hundle.lstols 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  8d  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.  sieve, Is  3d  to  IsSd 
Artichokes  Jeru9.,do.,9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
rhyme,  per  bunch.  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz  bnchs.,  2*  to3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  Id 
Basil, green, p.bunch, Is  to  Is  Gd 
\lnrjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Wactrcre8ses,p.l2  buii.,9dtols 


IIAY  — Per  Lo.d  of  36  Trusses. 
Sm.tbfield,  May  13. 


Prime  Meadow  Iluy  lUs  to  SO: 
Inferior  do.  ...  70  75 

Rowen  C5         — 

New  Hay     —         — 


Clover 
2d  cut 
Straw 


...  B8s  tolOOs 
...  80  88 

...  23  27 

J.  COOPEE. 


CuMnERLAND  Makkf-T,  May  13. 


Prima  Mimdow  Iluy  848  to  ^8^ 

Inferior  do t6        78 

New  Huy 
Old  Clover  ... 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
5  Craw 


Fine  old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferior  do.... 
atraw 


Whitechapbl.  May  13. 


atobOH 


...  24 


Old  Clovei 
Inferior  do.. 
New  Clover , 
Inferior  do.. 


26        30 

JosnuA  Bakea. 


...  908to!)Gt 
...  70         80 


COAL  MAItlil-IT.— pBtDAT.  May  14. 
EdonMttIn,  Ifln  ;  Wallnend  Uu«sell'H  Hetton,  l-is.Od.;  Walls- 
end     Hetton.  lOe. ;     WiillBond    Larnb'ori,    l&s.   9d, ;     Walluuiid 
HtewartH,  ICs. — Shiji"  m  nuo-Uut.  )H'6. 

HOPS.— UoHour.n  Mauket,  Miiy  ^4- 
MasHrn.  Picteiiden  mid  Smith  report  tha'.  ilm  demand  con- 
tinii<'«  (it<?Fidy  f..r  nil  «ortfl,  »t  flnn  prh-fs,     Th«ix-  h.iH    b-n-n  u 
good  inqiitry  for  \Hiti'n,  1847'b,  and  HUH'b,  tho  slockn  of  which 
arii  bi-C'iriiliig  Hmitll. 

Mld^  K>i<it  KcntN  120h  to  18'Ih  I  StiHn<x      llTifltonOH 

Wmld  K«nt«      ...  12lfH  to  1(7"  |  Yviirllnirn Bi»  to  XlOh 

Old   llopn.  20^.  toTiOH. 


WOOIi. 

Bbadpodd,  TiKMiBDAT,  M  ij  1 :[,  — Thtr«  In  no  mat criiil  ultcrn- 
tion  in  thu  atfiln  ot  iho  Knglith  Wool  inarltot.  Thu  duiuitiid 
continueH  to  bo  iin  uvrrago  of  nomu  wuukn  pruvlouit,  and  prIuoH 
aro  nell  luitalood.    Tbo  arrlvuli  from  tb«  oouDtrjr  are  un. 


usaally  limited,  even  f.,r  the  seasou,  and  the  warns  of  the  trade 
uiuBt  of  ne.essity  be  Bupplie-I  from  the  stocks  now  in  the 
hands  of  the  stapk-rs.  Short  wool  and  noiU  are  a  good  .ale  at 
full  r;L  es  In  both  the  ya.n  and  piece  markets  there  is  a  more 
h.M.efnl  tendency.  The  spinners  are  bett-r  erapl-vyed.  and 
evn.re  a  dlsHosinon  'o  n.amtain  advanced  prices,  although 
they  a.e  only  grudgingly  conceded.  The  demand  for  pit-cea  ia 
improving,  but  there  is  no  change  in  prices. 

POTATOES.— SoDTiiWARK,   May  10  

The  committee  report,  that  during  the  p  .s.  we-k  fhe  arrivale- 
coastwise  and  by  rail  have  been  more  limit -d  than  any  week 
during  the  season,  and  prices  hnve  consequently  imfiroved. 
The  following  are  this  day's  quotations  :— York  Reetnte  SOs 
to  120b.;  Scotch  ditto,  8i»s.  to  9l)8. ;  ditto  Cups  6U«  to '70a  - 
Wisbeuch  and  Cambridge,  60s.  to  lOOs.  •  Kent  and  ERRfii' 
80fl.  to  lOOs.  ^=o«*, 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  May  10. 
We  havealirge  supply  of  Beauts,  and  no  ioereaae  In  the 
demand,  cons'  qoeiitly  trade  generally  ia  worse  ;  still,  however 
a  few  choice  Scots  make  38.  4d.  Sheep  and  Lnmbn  are  rather 
more  pleiuiful,  but  there  is  an  adequate  demand,  and  late 
quotat'ons  are  fuUy  maintained.  Gool  Calves  are  aelline 
rather  bet'er.  From  Germany  s.n<i  Hclland  there  are  350- 
Beasts,  8  0  Sheep,  and  166  ilalves  ;  from  Sco'land,  630  Beasts  ■ 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2800;  and  150  from  the  northora 
and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  of  8Ibfl.— B 

d      a 

d 

Perst.  of8lba.-» 

d      8    d 

Best  Scots,  Here. 

Best  Long-woole .  0 

0  too     0 

fordfl,  &c.        ...  3 

0  to  3 

4 

Do.  Shi>rn                3 

0  —  3       4r 

Best  Short- ht.rns  a 

0  —  3 

•2 

Ewes  &  2d  qualiij  0 

0-0     0 

2d  quali'y  Beasts  'i 

4  —  2 

10 

Do.  Shorn  2 

6  — 2  10 

Best  Downs  and 

Lamba     4 

8  —  5     4 

Half-breds      ...  0 

0—0 

0 

Calves      3 

0—4    4. 

I>o.  Shorn    3 

4  —  3 

8 

PiBS          2 

6—8    S- 

Beasts,  4198  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2i,540  ;  Calves,  231  ;  Pigs,  365. 
Friday,  May  14. 
The  number  of  Biasts  is  small,  so  also  is  the  demaad. 
Monday's  quo'a'ions  are  fully  maintained,  and  perhaps  more 
frce]j  given,  but  no  advance.  We  have  a  modt-rate  nupply  of 
Sheep  and  Lumbs  ;  trade  is  brisk  for  the  best  qualities,  and  in- 
some  instances  higher  prices  are  realised.  luteior  foreign 
Calves,  which  form  a  coQviderable  proportion  of  the  supply, 
make  very  low  prices;  but  trade  continues  nearly  as  good  as 
of  late  for  choicest  English.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  33' 
Beasts,  200  Sheep,  and  318  Calves.  The  number  of  Mikh 
Cows  is  130.      . 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  May  10.— Although  the  supply  of  English  Wheat  by 
land  carriage  samples  to  thi^  morniii||('s  marUct  was  moderate, 
it  met  hut  a  slow  sale,  at  a  decline  of  Is.  to  2b.  per  qr.,  some- 
quantity  remaining  unsold  late  in  the  day.  In  foreicu  we  are 
unable  lo  quo'e  any  change  ;  qaota^ions  must  be  cmsidered  as 
nominal,  and  ro  force  sales  lower  prices  would  be  necessary. — 
In  Barley  we  observe  no  alteration  from  this  day  se'unight. — 
Beans  and  Pvas  are  each  Is.  per  qr.  dearer  —Oa's  maintain 
last  week's  quotations. —English  Flour  is  difficult  of  sale,  but 
foreign  is  inquired  after,  and  holders  insist  on  former  rates. 

Pee  Impprial  Qoaktee.  s.      s. 

Wheat,  Essex.  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  44— 4.'i  lied  , 

—  —    fine  selected  runs  .  ditto  45—47  Red  . 

—  —     Talavera  45 — 50 

—  Norfolk 38—40  hted  , 

—  Foreign 36 — 5'j 

Barley, grind. i,dis'il.,2H8to298...Chev    .lO— 35  Malting 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  i!2 — 2y  Maltiug 
OatB,  E-sei,  and  Suffolk 20—2 


—     Scotch  iind  Lihcblnshire..,Potato|2.i- 
Irish Potato  21- 


20—2:' 


27- 


23—31 
35—37 

28-  31) 


—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye     

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans.  Mazagao 26s  to  29i Tick 

—  Pigeon   28    —  Sis. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  whi'e.  Essex  and  K*-nt Boilers 

—  Maple 298  to  32s Rrey 

Maize      While 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreiyn per  barrel 

FaiDAT,  May  14.— Excepting  25  710   barrels  of  Flour,   and 

8380  qrs  of  foreign  Barley,  the  arrivals  from  abroad,  as  also- 
those  from  our  own  coast,  since  Monday,  have  been  email. 
This  morniug'e  market  w«s  only  thinly  attendid,  and  sales  of- 
Wheat  limited.  Prices  may  be  considered  as  on  that  day.  In- 
the  Boating  cargoes  there  is  little  doing.— For  Barley  there  is- 
an  improved  inquiry  at  Monday's  prices  — Beans  and  Peas  are- 
unaltered  in  value. — The  Oat  trade  is  firm  at  late  rates. 
Areivals  this  Week. 


Feed. 
Peed. 
F.-ed . 
t'oreign  . 


'Tarrow  , 
Long pod 
t-jgxptian 
Suffolk... 

Foreign  . 

Vellow... 
Nor'olii  . 
Per  sack 


39—40- 
40— 4  L 


a9~33i 


21—23 
20_23- 
18-21> 


27-SS- 

24—25- 
:l6-38- 
28—35 


25-32 
28-3 


English  .. 

Irish    

Foreign  ., 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


9l0 
710 
8380 


Oats. 


Qis. 
153i| 
6120 
32. "iO 


Flour. 


ISlOsacks- 
2S.710b»-l9 


Imperial  Aveeages. 


VVnEiT, 

Baeley. 

Oats 

B 

rE. 

Beans. 

Peas, 

April    3 

a.    d 
41    7 
41    4 
40  10 
40     4 

40  6 

41  1 

3. 

29 
29 
29 

27 
28 
28 

d. 
9 
4 

1 
8 
& 

1 

a. 
19 
19 

9 
19 
19 
19 

d. 
4 
7 
4 
8 
9 
8 

3. 

:!2 

;ii 

33 
31 

n 

3„ 

d. 
3 
8 
C 

; 

0 
8 

».    d 

So    0 

29     1 

29  10 

30  8 
31)    0 
30    b 

30    1 

J    a. 

29     7 

—    11] 

—    17 

29  11 

—    24 

vO     2 

May    1 

—      8 

29  4 

30  5 

Aoriirpsr.    Av-T. 

40  II 

28 

9 

ID 

« 

31 

11 

29     9- 

Duties  on  ForetKU  Oratn,  Ifi.  per  qr, 

FLOCTDATIONn   IN  THE   LAST    SlX    WeEK's    AVEHAOES. 


PBiCEe.    Apa.  3   APE.  10.  Apr.  17.  Apk.  24,    May  1.     Mat8, 


41«  -d 
41     4 
41     1 
40  111 

40   a 

40     4 


-JLJ 


ittVEEFooL,  lUhHOAV.  Aluy  11,  — At  this  day'o  uiarKet  thore 
was  a  moderately  good  uMoodanco  of  the  town  and  rountry. 
trade,  who,  however,  acted  viihcx'rcmo  cuuiion,  and  a  very 
limited  busliifihs  rcHutted.  Wheat  waF<  In  slow  ri-qucst,  at  u 
durlinu  of  1 1.  to  2d.  per  70  lbs.  Ameilcuii  Flour  was  in  gcol 
demand,  nt  u  hltght  reduotiou  on  tho  prices  of  thin  day  wteK, 
OatB  and  Ouini«al  sold  slowly,  at  late  rates.  Bailuy  uud  PeaS' 
D'tnaincd  ivithout  chanRe,  but  Buana  were  6d.  per  qr,  deiirer, 
2.'tn.  to  261".  6d.  per  qr.  hoiiig  obtainable  in  qoiin'lty  tor 
Kgypllun.     Indian  Corn  met  with  lirtlu  utrentlon,  anil  must  bo 

oiiorcd  6d.  to  1h.  per  qr.  cheaper. Fhiday,   May  7.  —  At  thin 

day's  iiiarkft  there  was  only  u  small  uttcndunce  of  tho  trat'e, 
mid  u  very  llaiiti-d  demand  was  cxforlenced  for  Wheat  (lua 
KiicU  I-'junr,  at  barely  liUo  rutus.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  wore  In 
inodoralu  reqiicst,  liut  without  chantco  In  value.  Harlr-v  and 
Pcan  brnuKht  raiher  more  money,  und  Beans  were  Halenblo  »<; 
(f<i.  per  qr,  iidvatiou.  Indiitn  Corn  waR  iicgleotod,  and  purctiti 
on  the  ijiot  were  (Id,  ptr  qr.  lower. 


318 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  15, 


IAS.  PHILLIPS  AND    Co.,    116,    Bishopsgata-street 
Without,  London,  beg  to  submit  the  following  : — 


GLASS  MILK  PANS. 
.■12  Inch  Diameter,  each 


14 

16 

18 

20  „ 

22  „ 

24  „ 

26  „ 

PROPA- 
CATINC 
CLASSES. 
'2  lactl  Dtam. 

3  „        ., 

4  „        „ 

5  ,. 


BEE 
CLASSES. 


s.  a. 
0   a  . 

0  3  . 
0  4., 
0  6. 
0  8  . 
0  10  , 
10.. 


9 
10 
11 
32 
13 
14 
15 


s,  d, 
0  3 
0  4 
,0  5 
0    7 

0  10 

1  1 
1    4 

1  8 

2  0 


PRESERVE  JARS 
}  Ineb  Diameter 


Os.  M. 
6 


7 

S 

0 

10 


HAND   GLASSES. 

Glazed. 


il2-Inch 
i*4  „ 
m  „ 
.18  „ 
SO  „ 
24 


6a.  Od. 
.  7  0 
.  8  0 
.  9  0 
.  10  0 
12    0 


Fainted,  and  Glazed  with 

16  oz.  Sheet  Glass. 

If  open  tops,  \s.  extra. 


GLASS    CREAM    POTS. 

6  loch  Diameter,  each  2j.  Od. 

8  „  ,,  3    6 

10  „  „  3    0 


LACTOMETERS. 

For  tefitinjt  the  qiaiility  of 
Milk.     4. .  6d   each. 


CUCUMBER 
24  Inches  long 
22       .,       „ 
20       „       „ 

15  „        „ 

16  „        „ 
14 
12 


GLASSES. 
...    2s.0i«. 
...    1  10 
„        .,  ...    1    8 

„        „  ...    1    6 

„        „  ...    1    4 

„        .,  ...    1    2 

...     1     0 
Made  to  any  length. 

PASTRY  SLABS. 

Ofstroni?  Pla^eG'ass,  fitted  in 

Wood  Frames. 

211  +  14    13s.  Oi.  each. 

22  +  16    16    0    „ 

24+18    19    6    „ 

■26+20    23    6    „ 

28  +  24     30     0    „ 

3ll+-'4     32     6     „ 

Intermediate  sizes  charged 
proportionately. 

GLASSES    FDR   WALL 

FRUIT. 
HALLIMAN'S    FRUIT  PRO- 
TEnTOR,.Kegistered  March 
22,  1850. 

FISRN  SHADES. 

WASP    TRAPS,    3s.  M.   per 

dozen. 
LORD       CAMOYS'       MILK 

STPHON. 
GLASS  OHtjRNS. 
HYACIMTH  AND  FLOWER 

DISHES. 


C  0  T  T  A  M 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET, 


AMB      HALLS  ^, 

AND  76,  OXPOKD  STEEET,  LONDON. 


APPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL     LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,    and   Prices   of 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-elass  Frames 
G.LUie  Netting 
Ilutdies 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Syringes 
Do.     Hollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticlts 
Garden  Borderiijg 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 


Glass  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fish  Globes,  Lamp  Glasses, 
Self-registering  Thermometers  for  Greenhouses,  Pianoforlo 
.Insul'itorfi,  &c.  &c. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
Btitish  Manufacture,  at  prices  varjiog  from  '2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
icet  of  wriich  are  kept  ready  pricked  for  immedia-e  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
<5LASSBS,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  85,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Oardeners'  Chronwle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  pnperior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  lOO-feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6.1  by  45      13s.  Ori. 

,7  „  5  and    74  by  64       15     0 

8         „         Sand   8    by  6|      15    0 

8  „  6  and    84  by  6J       17     6 

9  ,,         7  and  10    bj  S        20    0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
aODGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  Jin. thick,  best  manufactured. 

la  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot.  ' 

,,        ,,        35     „       Sd,        ,, 

„        „        SO     „      94d.      „ 

„        „        75      „       12<i.        „ 

Milfc'Pans,  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  GIabs  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
fltreet  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
EHtablished  100  years. 

HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 
■WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


ZROMT  HUSBEiSS,  ST3.alIirEa  ■WIRE  FENCZTSm,  GAIHE  WBTTIKTG,  &C. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 

EVERY     DESCRIPTION     OF    PLAIN,     ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    .WORK. 

IlXHIBtTIOIT  PEIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND    EUAMELLED  MAUGERS. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


1 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Buhder,  Claremont- 
Place,  Old  Kent-eoad,  lidS  200  CU0U.V1BKR  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  ell  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  and  of  well-sea.ioned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES.  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  ot 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  tl.e  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  Ihe  conuiies  of  England. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   Vi^ATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CO^^ISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  VfORKMANSHIP. 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
^^  •  Horiicultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  find  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  M:inufactnrers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  er.-ct  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kinu's  Road, 
'Clhelflea.  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
■*>oniervai cries.  Pits,  itc,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com. 
mtiing  all  miidern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
■can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
reqairert  pi.rpnue. 

THE  HOT.WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
ana  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  aitcntion,  and  are 
■erected  in  ,il  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c..  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
-Ucat,  and  m  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  -plendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
,in  (ho  hiBhest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Al  o  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pots 
Irom  ryes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plan«,  Models,  and  Estimalesof  Horticultural  Buildings ;  also 
.Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  ic,  forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS .mD  CO.,  KiMG'a  Soad,  Cbeuea,  Lohson. 


/?[.RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
^^  LoDdon,  haviog  hhd  considerable  experience  in  the  coo- 
fltruction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  ot 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combineil  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  ihe  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  poasible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nuraerymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
conHdence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  ou  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  prlncipleB,  for  all  purpoRCS  to  which  the 
application  of  Heatinp  bv  Hot  Water  oun  be  made  availablpi. 


ROSE  S. — Tlie  attention  of  Rose  Gardeners  and 
Amateurs  is  called  co  tfe  "  FLORUMHRA  "  or  Rose- 
preserver,  by  which  Brown's  Fumigatoris  rendered  applicable 
to  Roue  trees,  for  the  purpose  of  freeint:  them  from  the  Aphis. 
The  "Florumbra,"  which  was  introduced  with  success  last 
season,  will  at  the  same  time  protect  choice  Roses  intended  fur 
exhibition  from  sun  or  rain.  They  may  be  bad  wholesale  from 
Messrs.  Berber  and  Groom,  London  ;  and  retail  of  moat  iron- 
mouffers  and  Seedsmen,  and  of  W.  J.  SANCaTEE,  75,  Cheapside. 
Further  particulars  on  application. 

Green'  and  "hothouses,  maiie  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis*  Horticultural  VVorks,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. —  A  List  n*  I'rirep  «eni  hv  enclosing  2  postaire  stamps 


L  INGHAM  BROTHERS,  170,  Hampton-street, 
BiniiiiiEham,  Sole  Manufacturers  of  the  lrapr.jved  WOOL* 
and  ZINC  MENOGRAPH,  or  Label  for  Garden  Borders,  Flower- 
pots, &c,,  in  boxes  of  100,  &c.  The  Zinc  Labels  are  highly 
approved  of  for  Lheir  lasting  durability  ;  can  be  written  upon 
with  the  greatest  eace,  and,  when  dry  a  permanent  inscription 
is  secured.  Directions  for  uoe  sent  with  each  box,  including 
bottle  of  Metallic  Ink. 

Sole   Agents  in  London,   G.  and  J.  Deane,   Horticultural 
Implement  Warehouse,  46,  King  William-atreet,  Londoo-bridge. 


HO,T.HOiJS.ES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  "WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Cbelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  la  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kinadom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  pocverful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di-^patch,  and  foi'  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  coaipetition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materialti  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  evtry  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IG  U.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  23;  Qs.Sd.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  o2f;  tt.,  80i.  133.  8d. ;  3S  ff.  6  ins.  UlDg, 
15  ft.  ra'ter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  6d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walla,  &c,.  Id.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 

D "JANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS— 
Horticulturists,  and  all  interested  m  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEANE,  DRAY,  and  CO 's  extensive 
Stock  of  6ARDEMNG  and  PRUNINW  INPLEMENTS,  best 
London-made  Garden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Coiebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 


Averuncators  Garden  Scrapers 

Axes  Gidney's     Prussian 

Bagging  Hooks  Hoe 

Bills  Griipe  Gath.ererB  &, 

Borders,       various       Scissors 

patterns  Gravel  Rakes    and 

Botanical  Boxes  Sieves 

Brown's  Patent  Fu-   Greenhouse     Doors 

migator  and  Frames 

Cases  of  Pruning  In-    Hammers 

Btruments  Eland-glass  Frames 

Daisy  Rakes  Hay  Knives 

Dibbles  Horticultural  Ham- 

Dock  Spuds  mers  ds  Hatchets 

Draining  Tools  Hoes  of  every  pat- 

Edging    Irons    and       tern 

Shears  Hotbed  Handles 

Flower  Scissors  Ladies' Set  of  Tools 

,,        Stands     in    Labels,  various  pat- 
Wires  ds  Iron  ternp,     in      Zinc, 
Fumigatora  Porcelain,  d:c. 
Galvanio      Borders    Lines  and  Keels 

and    Plant   Pro-    Marking  Ink 

lectors  Mattocks 

Garden  Chairs  and    Menographs 
Seats  Metallic  Wire 

„     Loops  Milton  Hatchets 

„    Rollers  Mole  Traps 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.  are  sole  Agents  for  LINGHAM'S 
PERMANENT  LABELS,  samples  of  which,  with  their  Illus- 
trated List  of  Hcirucultucal  Tools,  can  be  sent,  post  paid,  to 
any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Also.  Wbolenale  and.Ketail 
Agents  for  SaYNOR'S  celebrated  PRUNING  KNIVB"^.  used 
exclusively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  United  Kingdom. — • 
DEANE,  DRAY,<fe  CO.  (Opening  to  the  Monument),  London- 
bridge.  


Mowing  Machines 
Pickaxes 
Potato  Forks 
Pruning  Bills 

„    Knives,various 

,,     Saws 

„     Scissors 

„     Shears 
Rakes  in  ;grest  va- 

riety 
Reaping  Hooks 
■^cythes 
Scythe  Stones 
Shears,  various 
Sickles 
Sickle  Saws 
Spades  and  Shovels 
Spuds 

Switch  Hooks 
Thistle  Hooks 
Trurif  planting  Tools 
Trowels 
Tu'fiug  Iroaa 
Wall  Nails 
Watering  pots 
Weed  Hooks 
Wheelbarrows 
Youths'  Set  of  Tools 


DRAINAGE   OF   LAND. 

MR.  HENRY  WEBBER  begs  to  inform  Land- 
owners and  the  public,  that  hnvin?  had  considerable 
practical  experience,  be  is  prepared  to  undertake  the  Dramage 
of  Estates  to  any  extent,  upon  the  most  improved  principles, 
ei'her  by  contract  or  on  commission.  Orders  execu'ed  with  a 
due  regard  to  economy  and  efficiency.  Reference  given.— 
Ad^re-s,  Halbertnn  Court,  near  Tiverton,  Dt-vnn. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Koa'J  Chelsea,  by  special  appnintme  t  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R.  H.  Peince  Albert.  — ORN  A  M  ENTAL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egypiian,  Canada, 
China,  bavoacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Getse.  Shieldrakes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  GHd«all,  Labrador, 
Sbo'vellery,  gold-ejed  and  duo  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  dsc, 
domtfttica'ed and  pinioned  :  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Malay, 
foland,  Suirey,  and  Dorking  Fowls;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  and  at  3,  Half-mooa 
Passage,  Graoechurch-street,  Loudoa. 


20—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


319 


f^  HEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
"^  NETTING,  5ci.  perruaaiugyiird; 


'PERRA    COTIA   VASES,  of    classic  shapes,  more 

*~  durable  tnau  iroQ,  inauut'ac-tured  by  a  uew  pioueaa,  eait- 
uble  for  the  d<awing-room,  [mrlour,  or  cooservatory,  at  various 
sizes,  from  GU.  upwards  ;  also  Strawberry  Ti!es,  Melon  Tiles, 
Celsry  Sockets,  and  o'her  horticuUural  appliaiic^i*  manufac- 
tured by  J.  RoBERTa,  Upnor  P.ittery  and  Ti'e  Works,  rear 
Rochester,  Kent,  of  wbnm  muy  be  had  a  Piuni.hlet  descriptive 
of  vaiious  improvements  iu  horucuUural  appliances,  for  hix 
postage  stamps. — London  Agen**  :  Meflsra,  Cooan  and  Co.,  48, 
Leicester-square;  and  Messia.  PLiNAOAN  and  Son,  SeedsmeD, 
Mansion. hoase-atreo  ,  City. 


GALTANISEB  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised, 

34  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesb,  7d.  per  yard.        ...        5d.  per  yard. 
30  iQ.     „       2  in.     „        9J.         „  ...         Hd.        ,, 

36  m.     „       2  in.     „       lO^d.       „  ...        T^d.        „ 

48  in.    „      2  in.    ,,      Is. '2d.    „  ...      lOd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Nettinff,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  waa  showu  at  the  "  Great  Exh'biiion,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  qppedrance.  and  ac- 
knowledired  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
everoffered.  Ex'ra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Nettioe,  3  feet  high. 
Is.  Gd.  and  23.  3d.  per  yard.  Als-o  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainera,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Archet't  Bord'-ring,  Flower 
Stands,  Tyine  Wire,  TrcIUs  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  (or  Horticultural 
purposes  — Illustrated  Gataloiruea  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  applicafion  to  T.  H.  Fox.  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  14,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

5-inch  mesh,  Hffht,  24  inches  wide    ...    Id.  peryd.    ^d.  per  yd. 
.2-iDch      ,,       Etrong  ,,  ...     9       ,,  6i      ,, 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ...  12      „  9       „ 

l|.inch      „       light  ,»  ...     8       „  6        „ 

15-inch      ,,       strong  „  ...  10       „  8        „ 

l|-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  14      „  II       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
OBerfounb.  Galvanised  sparrow.proof  netting  for  Pbeasantries, 
3d.  per  sqti'»re  foot.     Patferns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARN.'^.Rt)  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  a-id  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borouifb,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


TANNED  NETTING  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  frost,  blight,  and  birds,  and  for  the  tecurity 
jOF.fceeb-grown  seeds,  either  in  Gardens  or  fields,  at  Id.  per 
(iqoare  yard,  200  vards  for  14s.,  500  yards  for  ZOs. ,  1000  yards 
t)r  5Qs. ;  waxed  Netting  for  Aviaries,  ttc,  at  3d  per  square 
yard.  Scrim  c.inva*»3  for  wall  fruit,  netting  for  sheep  folds  ;  a 
■  centiderable  ^avin;^  of  labour,  and  less  expense  than  hurd  es. 
Sim  blinds  in  great  varieties,  rick  cloths,  with  poles,  &.c. 
M.irqueea,  teotn,  .-iwaiogs,  and  temporary  rooms,  with  boarded 
•Woore,  elegantly  lined  and  lighted  for  fgi^es.  &c.,  on  sale  or 
hire.  Carrinse,  cart,  and  truck  covers  impervious  to  rain  ; 
cloths  for  the  covering  of  farniturein  cbangeof  residence,  &c. 
Tarp<iu'inir«  on  hire  for  booses  under  repair,  at  THOMAS 
EDGINGTON  &  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield-birs.  and  Old  Kent-road. 
N.B.  Orders  and  inquiries  per  post  punctually  attended  to. 


DESTRUCTION    OF 
BLIGHT    AND    FUMIGATION    SUPERSEDED, 

DPON 

WALLPRniT      TREES,      STUVS      AND     GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,  ROSES,  CaCUMBERS.  MELONS,  &c.  ^c.    ... 

PAGE  AMD  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Southampton, 
have  much  pleasure  in  offerioi;  tdeir  COMPOSITION, 
which  ba^  proved  the  moit  effectual  remedy  ever  introduced, 
and  be(?  lo  anirex  two  tentimonials,  onhj,  ot  the  great  numbers 
Tcceived  wiUi  orders  ttis  season. 

Ij.  p«r  quart,  to  which  add  three  of  water. 

From.  Mr.  .7.  WUktnt,  gardener  to  H.  F.  K.  BoUoway,  Etq, 
Oentlpmen.  — I  highly  approve  of  your  Composition,  as  it 
answered  adir-iritbly.  aaviog  my  Wall  Tree?  from  an  untimely 
deaih,  und  quite  recoreriog  my  Roses,  killing  every  insect  it 
t/)uctie4  in  au  inntant.  I  intend  to  bav^  a  quuntiiyof  it  this 
1  for  all  my  plants. 


JrvmMr.A,  DoKlin^/.  gar-lmer  to  the  Right  Bon.  Lord 

JJenry  C'liQlrno7vieU:]/ . 

C«Dt!cnien,— Ymar  Cooipokitinn  is  mo^t  destructive  to  all 

bhtfht.    Uy   Wa:l  Tr«»  mast  have  died,   had  I  not  availed 

io%«elf  of  »t.     I  c'*n»tder  it  applicable  to  ull  caneB.  ai  It  in  not 

riie  leutt  iiijuru.ui  to  iho  follaxo  of  the  ramt  tender  plants. 

'Tfou  will  be  good  enough  Uj  send  inu  four  giiUons,  itc. 

frnrdenera   and    Land.S*e?rardtt'   Registry  Ofiice,  »7  ami  38 
•iijLCttd.%tr*t^ ,  Sontluirnp'on,  ' 


CI  ARSON'S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
'  PAiNt',  ii|f^clully  pntrooUfltl  by  the  Britls'i  and  rtthi)r 
Qovcmm^n'fl,  Iho  Hon.  £a«t  Indiii  Compitny,  tliu  prlncipnl 
'])«ek  Coiiipnnift*,  most  public  bodiop,  nnd  by  ttiu  Nobility, 
^Jvntrj.  and  ClerKy,  for  out-d<jor  work  at  their  country  seaia'. 
Tbe  Anti-Corroiion  Im  ptiriioulntly  rucommi-n>l«^d  u«  the  mont 
-dorab'ft  out.d-ior  Paint  over  Invented,  for  the  preacrvutlon  o( 
*T<ry  detcrlpiion  of  Iron,  Woptd,  Stone,  Br|r:U,  Compo,  Cement, 
•*<:.,  work.  a<  h««  bceii  proved  by  '\  o  pracilcnl  tent  ot  upward- 
■Of  04>aara,  nnd  by  thtj  ntituerou*  (hcttvocri  &0I)  and  fi  0)  lu^tl- 
tnoniaU  In  I-h  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  In 
sooUtv  of  Iho-e  who  havo  ({Ivcn  tln-rn.  have  n«vi.-r  ynt  bt<;ii 
rqualled  by  anylblog  uf  the  hind  iiilherto  brought  butoru  tbi- 
puMlc  notice. 

UtTs  of  Cobiurt,  Pilcci,  together  wiih  n.  Copy  of  tho  Tentl- 
mnnUlf,  will  b«  ««nc  on  appllca<ioN  to  WALrra  Cakson  uo'I 
tto«,  «o  'J,  Oreat  Wlnchcarcr-streHt,  Old  Mrourl-sirnvt,  Koyiil 
KccbanKe,  London.  — No  Ageat».  All  trders  are  particularly 
rer(u«tt(:d  tg  be  acat  direct. 


npERRA-COTTA    VASES, 

-*-    PENDANT   BASKETS,  BRACKETS, 
ORNAMENTAL  FLOWER-POTS,  &c., 

MANPFACXURED  BY 

HENRY   DOULTON   &   CO., 

HIGH  STREET,  LAMBETH,  LONDON. 

"Weat-End  Show  and  Sale  Rooms, 
Espottition,  Baker-atreet,  Portman-^quare. 

H.  D.  and  Co.'d  Terra-Cotta  is  vitrified, 
and  consequently  iuiperiehable,  returning 
its  freshness  and  bharpness  unimpaired  by 

^2Ei-  -^    time  nr  exposure  to  the  weather. 

Drawings  and  Prices  on  Application. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  wilh  Drawing"  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,127,  High 
Hoiborn,  London. 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  6r3t 
and  foremost,  in  my  opiuion,  stands  Mr,  Taylor'b  EighuBar 
Hive,  and  Meserp.Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbour."  — J".  H.  Payne. 
(See  tiie  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  11)9,  170). 
Agents. — Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  Kine-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 


CUNDY'8    PATENT    PRIZE    STOVE. 
\K[    HODGES,  lute  of  123,  Oxford-street,  begs  to  an- 

>*  •  nouoce  that  lie  ha-,  trdUNtcrred  thp  license  tor  munu- 
facturing  fhe  above  STOVES  to  Messrs.  CUTLER  and  SONS, 
16,  Great  Qupen-street.  Lioco'n'd-inn,  wliere  a  large  a^so'tment 
is  always  k.-pr  on  wale.  Opi^n  tire.  Warm  Air,  Vt^milating  Stoves, 
suitable  for  Churches,  Stjhool-rooms,  Publiij  Offices,  Halls,  and 
otberronms,  ot  all  dmieoieions  ;  and  Smo^e-c-xpelltng  Register 
Stoves,  which  are  guaranteed  as  a  perfect  cure  for  Smoky 
Chimneys 


G 


UTTA  PERGHA   TUBING  FOR  WATERING 
GARDENS,    ETC. 


Testimonial. 
From  Mr.  J.  Farrah,  Gardener  to  Boswell  Middleton  Jalland, 

Esq  ,  of  Holderness  Mouse,  near  Mull. 
"I  have  had  400  teetof  yourGutta  Pt-rcf.a  Tub'ng  {in  lengths 
of  100  leet  each,  with  union  joint)  in  mefo-rtJie  last  twelve  mon'hs 
for  watering  these  garcl€7is,  and  I  find  it  to  answer  better  tJian  any- 
thing I  have  ever  yet  tried.  The  ipressure  of  the  wa'er  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  the  dlnhtest  eff  ct  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  valuable  indention 
for  Gardeners,  ioasmuch  as  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gardens 
in  about  cuie-baif  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour  for- 
merly required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    ANP    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adnptaiion  and  superioiity  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  from  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  tiinhly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following — 

Testimonials. 
From  C.  Macker,  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  the  Duhe  of 
Bedford,  fVobam  Park. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Wobutn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  1852. 
•'Gentlemen, —  In  annwer  to  your   inquiries  respectinj;   the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (after  two  years'  trialj, 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  leaot,  altbougli 
it  will  eat  lead  through  in    twit  years  j    we  have  adop'ed   it 
largely,   both  on  account  of  beins    cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fi.ted,  arid  a  more  perfect  job  " 

From  Sir  Raymond  Jarvis,  Bart,,  of  Ventnor,  Ide  of  Wight. 
•'  Venin-  r,  March  10,  1652. 
"Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  this  morning 
respeciinn  the  Outta  Perihu  Tuoing  for  Pump  Service,  I  can 
state,  with  mucii  satisfaction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
buildtrw,  and  other  perhons,  have  lately  examined  it,  and  there 
is  no'  the  'east  nppai  ent  dirterence  since  the  lirs'  laying  down, 
now  tieveval  yearH  ;  and  I  am  intonued  that  it  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  the  hounOH  that  are  being  erected  here — building 
going  on  to  a  coiisidt'r.tble  exTell^ 

**  I  am,  Oeutlemeo,  your  obediiuit  servant, 

"  R.  Jabvis. 
"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  fixing  the 
tube  to  tho  t'ump  barrel,  Tho  i  luinbur  eniploytid  being  averflc 
to  (he  job,  did  no'  properly  secure  it,  and  uir  gut  into  tiio  tube  ; 
o'herwiHc,  ciireftiHy  arrnngfd,  tlieru  la  no  quuBtiOu  it  Huper- 
roduH  Ua'J  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  It.  J." 

From   William  IJird  fferapalh.   Esq.,  M.U  C  8.,   Surgeon  to  St. 
Peter's  and  Queen  i^lizabeth'a  Mospitalut  Brietul. 

"  September.  1850. 

"T  have  UHod  Gutta  Porcha  ns  a  lining  to  a  ciBteru,  with 
tubing  of  the  Huinu  mutoria",  to  condoci  the  water  into  u.y  din- 
piiiHury;  thoy  ai.HWi-r  udiiilnibly.  Ai  (IrBt  boojo  i]iM-Ji;ruuablo 
lliivour  wuti  coiiiinuiitc'Ated  to  tho  water,  but  it  noou  dihup- 
pOiirer), 

"  My  plumb'jf  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  It  from 
jour  printed  dlrootioim." 


Bvijry  variety  of  Gutta  I'oroha  Goods  may  bo  had.  Mannfac- 
tiiri-d  t.y  tli«  Odita  I'orcha  Company,  I'lit^meu^  Loodoo  ;  nnd 
-old  itf.  (ho  Whol.'rtalo  City  D..pot  of  M«>Mr-.  UtiMOKHM  iin  I  KfcY, 
108,  Nowgnte-Dtreof,  who  will  forward  Lints  of  i'riueft  ou 
uppllcatloa. 


NEW  MODE  OF  APPLYING  HEAT,  SUITED  FOR 
VINERIES,  RINERIES,  AND  EVERY  STRUCTURE 
REQUIRING    ARTIFICIAL    HEAT. 

q-'HE  ARNUTT   STOVE,  BOILER,  and  EXPAN- 

i-  SION  PIPES,  may  be  hid,  and  fitted,  if  required,  hv  W. 
BEALE3,  wbole-ale  Ironmonger  and  working  Engineer,  Louth, 
Lincolnshire.  The  above  is  an  entire  deviaCiou  from  the 
prt^sent  system  of  heating  by  hot  water,  and  attended  by  the 
greatest  success,  being  the  beht  in  deaiun,  the  "best  in  con- 
struciion,  and  the  simplest  in  principle.  Reference  in  'own  will 
be  given  on  application,  and  at  i he  Nurseries  of  Messrs.  Rivers, 
Sawbridgewurth,  Herts;  where  it  may  be  seen  in  full  work, 
and  pronounced  by  them  to  be  the  bust  mode  of  heating  yet 
invented;  for  early  forcing  it  is  unequalled,  as  ripe  '-Jrapea 
were  cut  in  quantity  on  the  8th  of  April,  at  the  cost  of  24<i. 
for  24  hours'  fuel.  Every  description  of  building  fitted  and 
heated  at  half  the  usual  cbar^re  ;  boilers,  25^.  each. 
Manufactory — Lou'h.  Lincolnshire. 

^rO  BOTH  SEXES,  SEEKING  RESPECTABLE 

J-  EMPLOYMENT.— Mr.  ALLEN  Wood,  of  Hi'),  Hi^h-street, 
Rocbtster,  continues  to  send  free,  and  with  the  greatest  satis- 
faction, to  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  his  Sixteen  eas^y  and 
valuable  methods  of  RESPEC  TABLE  EMPLUYMENf,  by 
any  of  whieb,  either  sex,  with  ordinary  industry,  may  realise 
1(,  to  51.  per  week.  Upwards  of  twelve  months  has  A,  W. 
advertised  those  methods,  and  has  positively  beneficed  tiundreda 
— a  pile  of  thankful  lette'8  prove  that  fact.  Send  a  directed 
stamped  envelope  and  twelve  postage  stamps,  and  the  tutle&t 
instructions  will  be  forwarded  by  return  of  post.  Emigrants 
oui;ht  to  poospbs  ihera. — N,E,  Depend  this  ie  entirely  free  from 
deception  or  falBchood. 


THE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
inveuied,  very  siuall,  powertu),  waistcoat-pocket  Glass, 
the  size  of  a  Walnut,  to  diecurn  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
4  to  5  milfs,  which  is  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTING, 
and  to  SPORT-sMEN,  GBNTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKBKPERS. 

TELESCOPES.— Anew  and  most  important  INVENTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  possessing  such  extraordinary  ptiw<  rs  that 
niime,  3iJ  inches,  wilh  an  ex'ra  eye-piece,  will  show  disiinctly 
Jupiier'd  Moou,  Saiur.^.'3  Ring,  and  the  Double  Stars.  They 
supersede  every  oiOer  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes — for  the  waisf- 
(roa*-pocket,  Shooting,  Military  purposes,  &c.  Opera  and 
Race-course  Glasses  with  wondLrful  powers;  a  minute  object 
Clin  be  clearly  seen  from  ten  to  twelve  miles  disranf. —  lo- 
vahiabie  Acoustic  Instruments  for  relief  of  extreme  Dealness. 

Messrs.  S.  and  B  SOLOMONS,  OpnctANs  and  Adeists, 
39,  Albeoiarle-sireet,  opposite  the  York  Hotel,  London. 

HEAL  AND  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 
Or'  BKDSTEADS,  sent  free  by  post,  contains  de^-lgns 
and  price?  of  up'^ards  of  One  Honbhed  different  Brd^teads, 
iu  Iron,  Brass,  JHpanned  Wood,  polished  Birch,  Mahojany, 
Rose-wood,  and  Walnut-tree  Woods;  also  tboir  Priced  Liot  of 
Beiiding  ;  and  their  ne.w  ware-rooms  enable  them  to  keep  one 
of  each  design  Cxed  for  inspection.  They  have  also,  iu  addition 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  de-i«n8  of 
PARISIAN  BEOSTBADS,  both  in  wood  and  iron,  whiih  they 
have  just  imported,  He&l  and  Son,  Bedstead  and  Bedding 
Manufacturers,  196  (oppoaite  the  ChapelJ,  Tottenham  Court- 
road,  London. 


r^ORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  are,  beyond  doubt,  the 

^  most  scientific  and  really  useful  improvement  in  ibe  art 
of  Shirt-makitig.  T'heir  superiority  does  not  rest  solely  upon 
their  being  entirely  differ-^nt  from  all  otherH,  but  upon  the 
combination  of  perfect  novelty  of  design  with  sound  prac  ical 
use,  resulting  Irom  a  study  of  scientific  principles,  making 
them,  in  fact,  the  only  solid  and  thorouiihly  sensiblo  alieration 
from  the  old  shapes  worthy  of  notice.  There  are  two  qualiiiea, 
in  both  of  which  the  principle  is  strictly  carried  out,  viz,,  Six 
for  4li3. ;  Second  quality.  Six  for  30s. 

List  of  Prices,  nnd  uiode  of  helf-measurement  sent  per  post 
free.     RiCBABD  Ford,  3i,  Poultry,  late  of  185,  Strand.  Lontlon. 


GLENFIELO  PATENT  STARCH.— NOW  USED 
IN  THE  KOYaL  laundry.— The  Ladies  are  respect- 
fully  requeneil  to  make  a  trial  of  the  GLSNFIELD  PATENT 
DOUBLE-REFINED  POWDER  STARCH,  which,  lor  Domestic 
Use,  now  stands  dnbivalled.  Sold  by  nearly  all  the  Oil  and 
Colourmen  and  Chandlers  in  London,  and  throuuliout  tho 
Kingdom.— Agents  wanted  ;  apply  to  Mr.  11.  Wotheespoon, 
40,  Dunlop-Btreet,  Glasgow. 

Loudon  D;pot :    Wotbehspoon,  Mackay,  and  Co.,  40,  King 
William-street,  City, 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  pauks  iu  a  sponge  bath,  is  aOmi  ably 
adapted  for  bummer  u-e  on  account  of  its  extreme  cooluesa, 
and  can  be  changed  in  one  mouieiit  from  a  bed  to  a  lounge  or 
hota  for  the  titting-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and   HALLEN'S,  7G,  0.\  ford -street, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  ureat  variety  of  Metallic  BedsteadF, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rbeocline,  i;c,  Jtc,  together 
with  a  large  asiiorttueut  of  the  Patent  Rudiating  and  other 
Stoves,  a'  d  every  otb-r  description  of  Ironmonifcrv. 

ETCALFEand  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 

BRUSH  and  SMYRNA  SPONG  ES.— Tlie  Tooih-lJrush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  tho  mout  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  tho  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— la.  An  Improved  Clothcs-Bruali,  that  cleaua  in  a  third 
part  of  the  u^ual  lime,  and  incapable  of  injuriu);  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair- Branhefl,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Ruh- 
siun  bristles,  which  do  not  soltun  like  common  linlr.  Flesh- 
Brushesof  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  Burpribing  and  BUi-ceBstul 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponwe,  with  Itn  plo^el•ved 
valuable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  duraldlity,  by 
muauH  of  direct  tmportaiions,  dispensing  with  :ill  iiitei mediate 
purrlus'  protits  and  dustruutlvc  bluaehing,  iind  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  (loniiino  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNGLKY,  and  Co.'s  Solo  liiHtablUbiuont,  liiOu,  Oxtoid-uii'uet, 
one  door  from  Ilolles.Mtreot. 

MEfOALI-'E'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER.  23.  perbox. 

Caution. —  Beware  of  tho  words  "From  Metoalfe's,'* 
ridoort'd  hy  xronn  lioiitoiH, 

A  LLSOPP'S   east    INDIA  PALE  and  OTHER 

-tX  BURION  ALES.— The  public  is  reppecltully  tnroimed 
the  A  i.KS  of  tills  hcuhoh'm  1 1  row  lugs  are  now  rc:idy  for  de  11  very, 
and  may  bu  ubtntnud  (Jenuino  in  Cuakt*  ot  18  Callous  and 
upwurdH,  either  Hingly  or  in  any  quuntity,  at  their  rcpo.  tive 
Storun,  an  under,  whurimlHoii  list  ol  chu  Hotel ers  uiuy  he  hud  : — 
Tlio  Brewery,  Burton. on-T rent;  (Jl,  King  WiUKiin  aireor, 
City,  London;  Cook-ntrect.  Liverpool ;  Hlgd-Btreet,  JJli  niiiig- 
huiu;The  ICxchiingc,  Miinchoater;,  Royttl  Rrowory,  Dudley; 
audUS,  Vlrgluid-Htrout,  Glai^KOW. 


320  THE     GARDENERS'     CHRQNICLB     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.         [May  15. 


THE  ORIGINAL  PENNY  PLANT  GENTLEMAN 


IS  NOW   OFFERING 


EEDDIMG-OUT    PLANTS    FOR    THE    MILLIOF, 


At  Is.  6(i.  per  dozen,  if  6  to  20  dozen  are  tnUen 
,  Is.  Sd.  per  dnzen,  if  20  to  5(1  dozen  are  taken 
,  ONE  PENNY  EACH,  if  50  dozen  are  taken 


5  dozen  added  if  100  dozen  are  taken 

100  dozen  added  if  lOOO  dozen  are  taken 

10,001)  dozen  addtd  if  100,000  dozen  are  taken. 


Carriage  Free  to  all  Railway  Stations  in  Britain^  to  BaUinf  Palis,  am.d  Ainstcrdam, 
BASKETS  AT  COST  PRICE,  AND  NO  CHARGE  FOR  PACKINa. 

DAVID     FERGUSON,     STOWE,     BUCKINGHAM. 


VICTORIA   REGIA. 

J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  friw^  fine  siron?  Plants  for  Sale  of  VICTOftiA  HEGIA, 
Nymp'iffia  cffiruloa,  Nymphaia  deotata,  Nymphyea  stellata,  itc. 
As  also  a  splendid  Collection  of  Stiive  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
all  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation  — Plans  and  Estimates 
for  buil'Untr  Aquariuoifi  and  all  oiher  Ilortiimltural  erections. 
J,  Wefks&Co's  HOT- water  APPARATUS  is  well  adapted 
for  Warming  large  Ponds,  lor  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heatiog 
extensive  rangeR  <.f  Porcing-house. 

HOHTIOULTURE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


ROBERT  M.  STARK  begs  to  intimate  that  his 
SPIUNG  CATALOGUE  ol  FLORISTS'  FLUWSRS. 
BKDDIN':*  PLANTS,  »bc.,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on 
applitactun.  Among  o'her  new  and  rare  plants  it  contains,  he 
wonLi  puriicularly  notice  the  beautiful  purple  LlNARlA 
RETICULATA,  figured  in  the  "Garden  Conipatiion "  for 
April,  and  diisciihed  a**  a  '"  very  pretty  plant,  flowering  freely 
in  summer."  It  is  well  suited  for  rockwork  or  bedding  pur- 
poees.  R.  S.  has  the  entire  stock,  and  will  be  ready  to  supply 
plants  the  flrst  week  in  May  at  5s.  each. 
EdgehiU  Nursery,  B^an,  Edinburgh,  May  15. 


NEW    AND    FIRST-RATE    BEDDING    PLANTS. 

JOHN  CATTELL  begs  to  say  that  his  Spring  Cata- 
loKue  of  new  and  choice  Florist,  Fancy,  and  other 
GERANIUMS  and  BEDDING  PLANTS,  &c.,  is  now  ready, 
and  may  be  bud  on  prepaid  application,  enclosing  one  penny 
stamp. 

The  following  selection  will  show  the  moderate  rate  at  wblcb 
the  plants  are  offered  : —  Each.         Duz. 

Geranium  "  Flower  of  the  Day  "  la.  Od.      93.  M. 

„  "  Mountain  of  Light,"  extra  strong  10    6 

,»  ,,  ,,  smaller,  53.  to  7    6  ...  60    0 

„  Scarlets,  of  the  finest  sons —    ...6    0 

„  Pinka  of  the  scarlet  habit —     ,.,6     0 

Calceolaria "  Kentish  Hero" —    ...    6    0 

„  "  Sultan,"  line  crimson —     ...     9     0 

.«  „  fine  yellow  varieties  —     ...     6     0 

Petunia  "  Purple  Perfectioa,"  the  best  purple      —    ...    i    0 

„       "Crimson  King."spleiidid  crimson  ..     1     0  ...     9     0 

"Verbenas  of  the  beat  established  sorts,  33.  to  4    0 

Oxalit*  Bowei  _     ,..     6     0 

Lobelia  erinus  maxima,  finest  dwarf  blue     ...       —     ...     4     0 
,,       fulgens  mu  tiflora,  finest  scarlet       ,„     0     9  ..,     8    0 

Heliotropes  of  sorts  —     ...     6     0 

The  Scarlet  and  other  Geraniums,  Heliotropes,  Calceolarias, 
&c.,  arebt'mt  bushy  plants,  having  been  several  times  topiied, 
and  regular  y  shifted  into  larger  po's,  so  that  they  will  almost 
make  mi  imnu'd'are  (  fF-ct, —  Wfs'erham.  Kent.  Mav  15. 

HEXACENTRAS  MYSORENSIS.— This  extraor- 
dinary and  beautiful  new  Climber  (requiring  the  tempe- 
rature of  a  stove  or  warm  greenhouse),  is  perfectly  distinct  in 
its  character  trom  anything  yet  introduced.  It  was  exhibited 
by  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son  at  Chiswick,  on  Saturday  the  8'h 
of  May,  and  received  the  First  Prize  for  New  Plants  ;  and  was 
iodeed,  on  that  occasion,  the  admiration  of  all  who  saw  it. 

It  is  a  most  abundant  bloomer,  producing  its  long  pendulous 
clusters  of  large  golden  yellow  and  deep  crimson  flowers  in 
greiit.  abunduiice,  continuing  in  peifeciion  fur  several  months. 
The  hitbi''.  of  the  plant  is  excellent,  with  neat  dark  green 
foliage,  and  is  of  easy  culture.  It  is  altogether  a  plant  of 
such  first-rate  quality  and  great  beamy,  that  Messrs.  Veitch 
and  Son  I'eel  every  confidence  in  highly  recommending  it. 

Good  es'ahliabed  plants  will  be  ready  for  delivery  in  the 
monih  of  August  next,  at  21s.  each.  One  plant  over  to  the 
Trade  on  every  three  taken.  Orders  executed  in  strict  rotation 
as  received. — Exeter,  May  15. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

CHOICE     GERANIUMS,    fine     strong    plants.— 
See  names  advertised  in  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ot  April  3d, 
lOtb,  24cb,  and  Ma\  8'h.  s.    d. 

25  fine  show  varieties,  2'2s.  ;  or  12  vara,  for  12    0 

25  superb  and  best  prize  vars.,  3-53. ;  or  12  for      21     0 

12  best  new  vars.  of  last  season         ...50    i) 

12  tine  fancy  vars.,  9s  ;  12  superb  fancy  for  15    0 

9  best  new  fancy  vars.  of  last  season         23    0 

Scarlets  of  best  sorts,  per  dozen,  5s.  to  9s, 

ACniMENES,  12  best  vars.,  10s. ;  12  fine  vars 6     0 

GLOXINIAS,  12  bedt  vars.,  203.,  including  Petoiana, 
Maria  Tan  Houtte,  and  others,  as  before 
advertised. 

Po.    12  fine  vars 12    0 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  fine  and  select,  50  vara.      ...  45    0 

Do.     25  varn.,  24s.;  12  vars.  12     0 

To.     1,;  extra  choice,  new  and  select         25    0 

STOVE    PLANTS,    fine    and    select,    50    vars.,    GG«.  ; 

25for35s.;  12  for IS     0 

The  DESCRlPllVE  SPUING  CATALOGUE  supplied  fur 
four  penny  stamps  ;  or,  gratis,  to  purchasers. 

Goods,  ciirioge  free,  tu  London,  or  on  the  Ipswich  and  Nor- 
wich hue,  and  e.\tra  plants  presented  with  orders  ot  ids.  and 
upwards. 

Post-olfico  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Baown  ;  or  to 
Bass  and  Beown,  Su'ihury,  Pufi'ulk. 


CORNER   OF    HALF   MOON-STREET,  PICCADILLY. 
PURNXP  SEEDS. 

alobes  and  Tankards  of  sorts 


Vellow  Globe  JIangold  Wurzel 
Luug  red  do.  do. 


Purple-top  Swedish  Turnip 
Grecn-'op  do.  do, 
SUirviiig'G  Swedoa 
Gibba'     Oreeo-top     Yellow 

Hybrid 

GRASS  SEEPS  for  Permanent  Pastures  and  Meadowp,  and 
all  kinds  ot  Agnculioral  and  other  Seeds. 

THOMAS  GIBBS  AND  CO,  the  See'lsmen  lo  the  "ROYAL 
AGHICULTITRAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND,"  corner  of 
Half  MOON-STREET.  Piccadilly. 


TURNIP   SEEDS   DIRECT   FROM   THE   GROWERS. 

T  OHN  SUTTON  and  SONS  respectfully  recommend 

*^  Turnip  Grmxtru  to  favour  them  with  their  orders  early, 
while  ihej  have  a  good  Stoek  of  New  genuine  Turnip  Seeds, 
of  their  own  growth,  whieh  ihey  can  warrant  new  and  true  lo 
their  Itinds,  and  whii-h  aie  the  best  vnrielies  of  Swedish, 
Hybrid,  and  other  Turnips  in  cultivation.  Priced  Lists  may 
be  bad  gratis,  and  po^t  free. 

Address  John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading. 
Berks.  »  b. 


FINE    NEW     HARDY     PATAGONIAN     CONIFERS. 

SAXE-QOTH.aEA  CONSPICUA  (Lindlet),  and 
FITZ-ROYA  PaTAGONICa  (LlouKEaj. 

jl/TESSRS.  VEITCH  and  SON   beg  to   inform   the 

■i-*J-    Public  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  '»he  orHere  for  fine 
pLinis  of  the  above-named    beautiful    HARDY    NRVV  CONI. 
FBRS,  which  will  be  ready  for  distribution  on   and  after  the 
lOth  of  June  next,  at  the  f>>llo*ing  f-cale  of  pric^-t :— - 
Isi  size  plants  of  Saxe-'-JothiEa  cunspicua  6  is,  Od  }  The  two  to- 

Do.         do.  Fiiz-Ro3a  iiatagunica...   63     o     Jeether  lOSs. 

2d  size  plants  of  Saxe-GotliiEaconspicua  42    0    JThetwoto- 

Do.         do.  Fitz-Rnya  patagonica  ..   42     0     J   ifevher  7t)3. 

3d  size  plants  of  Saxe-Gothaii  conspicua  31     6     1  The  two  to- 

Do.        do.         Fitz-Ruja  patjigonica...   31    G     j    cQ'her  5iis. 

The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade,  and  where  a  number  are 
taken  itdditional  plants  given  over  in  proportion  to  the  quantity. 

These  plants  are  fully  deycribed  by  Dr.  Lindley  and  Sir 
W,  J.  HooKPE,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  S  'Ciety  for 
Oc'ober,  1851;  in  the  "Botanical  Magazine"  for  November, 
1851;  and  in  "Paxtoo's  Flower  Grden"  for  October,  1851. 
They  were  exhibited  at  Chiswick  on  the  8ih  and  each  had  a 
First  Peize  in  ita  Class. 

Litbngraphed  Flutes,  with  full  descrip'ions,  are  now  in  pre- 
paration, the  distribution  vt  which  will  be  announced  in  a 
future  Advertisement— Exeter,  May  15, 


OREEN'S    SCARLET    KING    DAHLIA.— As   no 

'^  more  Plants  can  be  supplied  by  the  agent,  until  the  30th 
of  May,  itppticants  are  referred  to  Messrs.  ToRNEa,  Keynes, 
Bhagq,  Saltee,  Locehart,  and  others  of  the  trade,  whose 
wholesale  orders  are  executed  in  full.  84,  Fleet-street,  London. 
May  15. 


SKIRVING'S    IMPROVED    TURNIP    SEEDS. 

WILLIAM  SKIRVING  begs  to  announce  to  his 
friends  and  the  public,  that  he  has  fixed  tbe  price,  for 
thisseason.of  his  IMPROVED  SWI5DE,andalB0  the  PURPLE- 
TOP  YELLOW   BULLOCK,  at  9d.  per  lb. 

W,  S.  can,  with  pt_'rfect  confidence,  recommend  those  Turnips 
as  being  the  best  now  in  cultivation,  in  every  respect,  wheiher 
for  the  greatest  crop,  the  best  quality,  or  for  keeping,  accordmg 
to  the  time  of  sowiog.  At  i.he  same  time  he  begs  to  i^tafe  that 
he  has  no  agent  in  town  or  country,  and,  of  course,  is  not 
accountable  for  the  low-priced  spurious  Turnip  Seeds  offering 
under  his  name. 

All  other  kinds  of  Turnip  and  Agricultural  Seeds  in  general, 
of  the  best  quulity,  at  very  moderate  prices.  A  remittance  or 
ref'-rence  is  requested  from  uo  known  correspondents. 

Queen-square,  Liverpool,  May  1-5, 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED, 

JOHN  RIVERS  solicits  the  attention  of  the  Agri- 
culrurisi  to  his  quick  growing;  STUBBLE  SWKDE 
TURNIP;  though  this  variety  originated  from  a  cross  be- 
tween a  large  white  Stone  Turnip  and  the  old  Oreen-top 
Swede,  by  careful  selection  it  ha^  tne  colour,  solidity,  and  the 
hardinesbi  of  the  true  Swede.  As  it  was  extensively  distributed 
last  year,  experience  has  proved  it  superior  fur  sowing  in  May, 
for  early  feed  ;  its  growth  being  matured  before  tlfe  mildew 
attacks  it  in  the  autumn,  being  better  adapted  for  giving  more 
time  in  the  preparation  of  the  Land  than  any  other  kind  from 
its  quickness  of  growth,  and  it  is  a  heavy  cropper.  It  may  be 
sown  for  a  full  crop  throughout  the  month  of  June.  Price 
Is,  Gd.  per  lb. 

Orders  to  the  amount  of  10s.  carriage  paid  to  London.  Post- 
office  orders  arc  requested  of  unknown  correspondents. 

Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 

TO    NURSERYMEN    AND    FLORISTS, 

PARTNERSHIP.— A  young  Man, having  no  previous 
knowledge  of  the  business,  wishes  to  purcbuse  a  sharein 
a  concern  whk^re  he  could  attend  to  tbe  books  and  undertake 
other  light  duties. — Direct  to  X.  Y.  Z.,  Mr.  Waterman's, 
Threadneedle-street,  London. 


.Saks  &g  Suction. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
IV/j  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell  by 

l-'A  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  MONDAY, 
May  17th,  and  THURSDAY,  20th,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate 
collection  of  Dahlias,  Calceolarias,  choice  Fuchsias,  Verbenas, 
Climbing  and  other  Roses  ;  Geraniums.  Hfansease,  and  other 
Plants,  in  bloom  ;  with  a  large  and  rich  assortment  of  useful 
and  ornamental  Plan  is  for  bedding.  May  be  viewed  the 
morning  of  sale;  Cataloaues  hud  at  tbe  Mart;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonetone,  Essex. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit 
to  public  competition,  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  uppn. 
site  St,  George's  Church,  Wellt-3lreet,CumberwoiI,  on  FRIDAY, 
May  21,  at  12  o'clock,  without  reserve  (by  order  of  the  pro- 
prietor, leaving  the  business),  the  entire  stock  of  GREEN- 
HOUSE  PLANTS,  coneisting  of  choice  Scarlet  and  other 
Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Dahlias,  Carnations  and 
I'icoteee,  Pinks,  Heartaeaj^e,  &c.;  aleo  four  capital  Green, 
bouses,  three  Pits,  twu-iight  Boxes,  together  with  a  quantity 
uf  Hand-lights,  Flower- pots,  Ci>mpoBt,  &c. —  May  be  viewed 
prior  CO  the  8a'e.  Catalogues  muy  be  had  on  tbe  Premises  ; 
of  the  principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American 
Nur»ery,  Le)toD8tone,  Essex, 


TO  TULIP  FANCIERS,  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS, 
AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
directed  by  Mr.  Muwiitt  lo  t-t-ll  by  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  opposite  the  Model  Prison,  Caleclnnian-road,  liirg's- 
crosa,  on  MONDAY,  May  24ch,  at  1  o'clock  (in  consequence  ol 
the  land  being  required  tor  building  purposes),  the  whole  of 
bis  choice  cullec'-ion  of  TULIPS,  conbisting  of  several  beds, 
amongst  which  are  many  new  varieties  and  seedling  breeders  ; 
lUo  several  variegated  Anierican  Aloea,  Lilies,  Gladiolus,  &c. 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale;  Catalogues  may  be  had  on 
the  premir.ea  ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  Londnn  ;  and  of 
the  Auctioueere,  American  Nui-aery,  Lbytonslone,  Essex. 


TO  TULIP  FANCIERS,  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS 

AND  OTHERS, 
lyrESSRS.   PROTHEROE   and   MORRIS  are  ifi- 

^'A  Btruc'od  by  Mr.  Willmee.  to  Sell  by  AucHon  on  the 
premises  Sunbury  Nursery,  Middlesex,  on  TUESDAY,  May 
•rn/P^^  at  I  o'clock,  a  splendid  and  cottly  collection  of 
TULIfS.  comprisiag  all  the  leading  and  most  approved  kinda 
in  cultivat'oo,  and  many  kinds  that  are  only  in  tuis  collection 
—may  be  viewed  one  week  prior  to  the  sale.  Catalogues  may 
be  had  of  the  principal  seedsmen  in  London  ;  on  the  premises  ; 
and  o^  the  Auc  'nripprs.  Leytons'onp,  E^bpx. 


ORCHIDS    FROM    GUATEMALA. 
j\/rR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell   by  Auction  at  his 

nlv  -lo'uw'^'*'*""-  ^^'  K:'"S-"treet,  Ooveut-jHrieu,  on  TUES- 
DAY, 18  h  May,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  an  Importation  of  ORCHIDS 
from  Guatemala,  includiug  many  of  the  magn'ficent  varietiea 
or  that  rich  district,  mch  aaOattieyu  and  Lvciste  Skinneri.  in 
the  fiuest  masses  and  condition  ;  Odonto^'lossuna  graode,  Bic- 
tonente,  and  pulcheHum.— May  be  viewed  on  Monday  and 
morning  of  Rale,  and  Catdlogues  had. 


MESSRS.   LODDIGES'    FIRST    SALE. 

HAROY  CONIFERS, 

WHICH    HAVE    BEEN    EEMOVED    FOB    THE    C0NV3NIENCE    OF 

PDRCHA8EHS. 

yiR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 

ivj.  «rea'  Room,  SS,  K'ng-street,  Covent  Garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY. 25tb  Mav.  at  12  for  I  o'clock,  the  eurire  collection  of 
HARDY  CONIFEas,  IN  POTS,  and  well  sulked  for  imme- 
diate  planring;  they  comprise  many  new  and  rare  speeiop, 
with  good  specimens  of  the  most  ornamental  kinds.  May  be 
vit^wed  the  day  prior  and  morning  of  salp.  find  Catalogue^  had. 


LODDIGES'    NURSERY. 

The  Entire  Stock  at  this  renowned  Establi-^hment.  the  Sale  of 
which  will  extend  over  a  period  of  several  months.— By 
direction  of  the  surviving  Partner  of  the  old  and  respected 
Firm  of  CoNEAD  LoDDiQES  and  Sons,  who  is  reliDquishing 
the  business  (in  consequence  of  the  Lease  expiring  at  Lady- 
day  next.) 

]\/j  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 
L'i  to  sell  by  Auction,  without  any  reservation,  during  the 
Months  of  June,  July,  August,  September,  and  October  next, 
on  the  PremisoK  at  llacknev.  and  at  his  Great  Roum  38  King- 
street,  Covent. garden,  THE  UNRIVALLED  ASSEMBLAGE 
OF  EXOTIC  AND  OTHER  PLANTS  iu  the  ahovp-named  esta- 
bUshment,  including  the  far-famed  COLLECTION  OF  PALMS, 
The  ORCHIDS,  comprising  upwards  of  2ii00  species,  many  of 
which  are  only  to  be  found  in  this  cuUec'i>>n.  STOVE 
PLANTS,  among  which  will  be  incladed  an  immense  number 
of  imported  novelties  which  have  not  yet  fl  iwered,  FERNS, 
includingsomeof  the  rarest  Arbore-icent  species.  CAMELLIAS, 
from  3  to  18  feet  in  height,  of  the  finest  varieties  and  perfect 
form.  Heaths,  New  Holland  and  other  Greenhouse  Plants, 
ConiferEB,  (be.  ic.  Also  the  Glass  Erections  and  Implements 
of  Trade — Moie  detailed  Particulars,  and  the  days  of  Sale, 
will  be  announced  in  future  advertiperaent-*,  N.  t-t.  The  first 
Sale  wl'l  take  glace  at  Mr.  J.  0.  Stevens's  Auction  Rootn,  on 
TUESDAY,  25th  iost  ,  and  consist  of  Hardy  Conifers  (vide 
8ep.irate  advertisement.) 
38,  King-sfreet.  0  ivent-garden,  May  15. 


FULHAM-ROAD.   BROMPTO^. 

SALE    OF    GREENHOUSE    PLANTS,    ETC. 
Vj  R.  D.  A.  RAMSAY  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  th& 

^'A  premises.  Brompton  Nurserv,  Futh'tm-road,  Bromptoo, 
on  THURSDAY,  May  20,  at  2  o'clock  precisely,  without 
reaerve,  a  large  colltiotion  of  GERANIUMS,  including  Tom 
Thumb  and  other  Scarlet  varieties.  Fuchsias,  Verbenae,  Cal- 
ceolarlas.  Petunias,  and  various  plants  tit  for  be'^diog  out ;. 
fine  Pinks,  Carnations,  and  Picutees  to  name,  Ma-hroom 
Spawn,  &c.— May  be  viewed  prior  to  sale,  and  Catalogues  bad 
on  the  premises. 


SALE    OF    CHOICE    TULIPS. 
]\/TR.  ALEXANDER   will   sell  by  Auction,  on  the 

i-*J-  premi-ies.  North-street,  Poplar,  on  WE  JNESDAY, 
May  2G,  at  12  u'c'ock,  acboice  Collection  of  TULI  S,  the  pro- 
perry  of  Mr.  Dark,  comprising  Beteral's  Brulante  'Cclatante, 
Louis  XVI,,  Strong's  King,  Camuse  de  Craix,  Brow.  Ulfsses, 
Lord  Uroughani,  Thalia,  Duke  ot  Devonshire,  Jeffe  *  BliEa- 
betb.  Rose  Magnificent,  ZuiU's  Flora,  Lady  Stanley  leen  of 
the    Bizarres,  Raid's    Prince  Albert,    Richard  Cobt  Miolen 

Faucit,  Gibbons*  Emperor,  Thomas  Brown,  Dark  ■;- 

sack.     Dangerous,    Voltaire,    Samsoo,    Lady   Florh  'I 

Soult,  Midway,  Water  Witch,  Manfred,  itc. ;   also 
of  newly  broken  flowers.— May  be  viewed  two  daj 
Sale.      Ciitatogues   had    on    the  premises  ;    City  ol 
Poplar;    White  Swan,   West  Ham;    and  of  the  Aut 
Shacklewell. 


OLD  BOND-STREET.-TO  AMATEURS,  GENTU. 
MEN,    FLORISTS,   AND   OTHERS. 

MR.  C.  FUHBER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Auction  Gallery,  21,  Old  Bond-strcet,  on  MONDAY, 
May  17,  at  11  for  12  o'clock,  a  Collection  of  CHOICE  PLANTS 
of  a  Celebrated  Amateur  Honiculturist,  comprising  a  variety 
of  prized  Dahli<is,  Verbenas,  Fuchsias,  several  fine  specimens 
of  Geraniums,  Araucarias,  Cedrus,  Dfod'iran,  Ericas,  Cinera- 
rias, Azaleas,  CHmellias,  &c  ,  &c.,  in  all  the  most  approved 
varieties. — May  ha  viewed  tbe  morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues 
had  at  tbe  Rooms,  and  at  tbe  Auction  Offices  iu  Warwick- 
court,  Gray's  Inu,  London. 


TO     MARKET     GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  LET,*  in  consequence  of  the  present  tenant 
going  into  another  line  ot  bU'^iness,  a  lirol-raie  GARDEN 
FARM,  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  in  ihe  parishes  of  Hlgham 
and  Fiindsbury,  two  miles  from  the  Railw-iy  Station  at  Strood, 
consisting  of  73  Acres,  with  good  Farm  Buildingi.  Bates  and 
Tithes  low. — For  further  paniculai  s,  enquire  of  J.  Lewis,  Esq., 
Solicitor,  Riohe^ter,  Kent.  


C1  LAHEE  AND  CO.,  Estate  Agents  aud  ValderSj. 
•^  •  98,  Piccadilly,  Londoo,  having  Duaien)Us  applications 
for  Country  Properties  for  Sale  or  Hire,  furnished  and  unfur- 
nished, respectfully  beg  the  proprietors  of  such  to  favour  them 
with  the  particulars,  for  registering  which  they  make  no 
charge,  unless  they  succeed  in  procuring  purchasers  or  tenants. 
Officea,  98,  Piccadilly,  London,  four  doors  west  of  Oumbridge 
House. ^__ 

r)RIZE     SHANGHAI     FOWLS'     EGGS     FOR 

-t  HA 'CHlNiiJ,  183,  per  dozen.  Also  White  Cochin  China 
Eggs,  20s  per  dozen  ;  Buff  Cochin  China  Eggs,  63.  per  dozen  ; 
Pulibh  and  white-faeed  Spanish,  Gs  per  dozen.  The  above  are 
warranted  fresh  and  genuine,  and  can  bo  forwarded  on  the- 
receipt  ot  Post-office  orders  on  Islington,  Loiters  to  incloso 
dtamp.     P.S.  Gold  Pheasants  to  be  sold  chi-ap. 

Wm.  Tdeneh,  Tufnell  Park,  Holloway,  London. 


Printed  by  William  BmAr-BDB*,  of  No  13,  Uoper  Wcburo-place.  In  the 
pxrlishofSt  PniicraB,  itnd  Khkdsbics  Mullbtt  fclvAita,  of  ^o.  7.  CbuTCti- 
row  StoKe  NewtuKtOD.  both  Iu  theCoun'y  01  MoldleHPX  fiiniers,  atiheir 
Office  m  LombHrd-nreet.  in  tbe  freciutt  of  Whieffiarc,  in  the  City  of 
LuodciD ;  tind  puDlivhed  by  thecn  ot  the  office.  No  b,  C'liirlea- street,  lU 
the  pariah  ot  St.  Paul's,  Covent  garden,  In  the  said  County,  where  all 
AdvertiRemento  nnd  CnrnmuDlcatioUD  aie  to  be  ADuttssats  10  thb  ISDlTOft- 
— Satubdat,  Mai  lb,  l9b-2. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley» 


No.  21— 185a.] 


SATUEDAY,  MAY  22. 


[Price  6d, 


Agri.  Soclefrof Eoglaud 

Beaa,  proline 

Books  received 

Calendar,  horticottaral 

CiitUe  b.ies 

Cbeltenham  Hort.  Society .... 

Climate 323  c.  325  c. 

Com,  remedj'  for  sprouted  .,.. 

DUiiias  ia  pots 

Dieljrtra  BpertabiliB 

FarmlQf ,  eTldencet  of  Roman  . 

Fixs  at  Worthing 

7ucbiiia,the 

PomlKatin<    

Grapes,  restorinc:  blosm  to  ... 
Guano, a-lalieratel  ....  323  6— 

Hort.  Sd.'tetie-,  trish 

Ifsland,  weatlier  ID, 

Land,  transierof 

Liw     relating     to      copyhold 
teoore 


INDEX 

331  b 
3-25  c 
327  1 


3-25  f 
331  a 
3-:5  c 


letter    to    a 


Law  reflpectlni;  traoarer  of  laad  3 
Lawet' (Ur.),expeiimeats ....  3 
Noriolk  I-..naa a 

Oa«f,  Kirth  of 3 

Ofchapd  hou?es    3 

Orchtda,  eale  of   , 
0  chid     grower, 

youoK     ••• 

Pnnsy  ebow.  Hammersmith  ..  . 
Plant  houses,  to  fumigaie    .... 

PrenerviDK  fruits,  &c 

Pfuniue  forest  trcB 

Rnthnm'ted  experimentH 

Royal  Bot.  Society 

Soils.  P'of.  Way's  lecture  on  .. 

Sienm  cultivsdoa  , 

TretrB  fo-est.  to  prune 

Tulip  Kxhib'tion.  National .... 
Weather,  the  323  c— 

^    In  Ireland  

Worthing,  Fieaat 


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.— 
NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  that  the  NEXT 
EXHIBITION  of  FLOWERS  and  FRUIT,  in  the  SOCIETY'S 
GARDEN,  will  taUe  place  on  SATURDAY,  JUNG  12,  at  2  p.m. 

Tickets,  price  55.  each,  can  be  procured  at  this  Office,  upon 
preseatiog  the  order  of  a  Fellow,  or  oa  the  day  of  the  meeting, 
at  Turnham  Green,  price  7s,  6d.  each. 

PRIVILEGE  OP  FELLOWS.— Each  Fellow  of  the  Society 
has  free  personal  adoiissioa  to  these  Exhibitions  nithout  a 
Ticket.  A  Fellow  may  also  personally  introduce  a  friend  with 
aa  Admission  Ticket  at  half.past  Twelve,  at  Gate  No.  4,  in  the 
Duke  of  De'^onahire'a  Road  ;  nr,  if  unable  to  attend  personally, 
the  privilege  may  be  transferred  to  a  brother,  sister,  son, 
daughter,  father,  mother,  or  wife,  residing  in  the  Fellow's 
house,  provided  the  person  to  whom  the  transfer  ia  made  bo 
famished  with  a  Ticket  siloed  by  thac  Fellow. 

21,  Recent-street,  London. 


THE  GREAT  NATIONAL  TULIP  SHOW,  in 
connection  with  a  grand  Plant  Exhibition,  will  be  held 
in  the  Town  Hall,  Birmingham,  on  THUliSDAY  next,  May  27. 
The  band  of  the  16tb  Lancers  will  be  in  atxndance.  Admission 
to  the  private  view,  from  12  to  3  o'clock,  Two  Shillings  ;  and 
from  3  10  8  o'clock,  One  Shilling.  Offices,  2-i,  Bennett's  f?iIL 
Cbablbs  JAMEa  Pebb,y\>.  Local 
Job  CoI/E  i  Secretariee. 


OPEN    TO    ALL    ENGLAND. 

A     GRAND      NATIONAL     HORTICULTURAL 
MEETING  will  be  held  in  LEWES,  on  Wednesday  and 
TBtmsDAT,  tbe  14th  and  15ih  days  of  July,  1852,  during  the 
week  of  the  Meeting  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  Eng- 
land.     Tbe  list  of  Premiums  and  Regulations  can  be  had  on 
and  after  the  24th  of  May  ioat.,  by  application  to  the  Secretary. 
Edwin  Neale,"*    tt-  t,  n       »  l, 
J.HNilEAD,      I   High  Constables. 
GEoaoE  Whitfeld,  Esq.,  Honorary  Secretary. 
H.  J.  Bautlext,  Assistant  Secretary. 
Lewefl.  May  15tb.  1852. 


THE      CHELTENHAM      AND     COUNTY      OF 
6L0UCE3TKR  MONSTER  EXHIBITION  OF  USEFUL 
AND  ORNAMENTAL  POULTRY,  at  tbe  Rotal  Old  Wells, 
Cbiltehhau.    oo  THURSDAY,  tbe  3d  of  JUNE,  I8i2, 
OPEN    TO    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 

UnDEE  the  PATaoNAOB  OF 

Tbb  Lobd  Liedtenakt  of  the  Coontt  op  Gloucesteb, 
The  Wobsbipfol  toe  Maioe  of  Glodcestee, 
Tbe  Lobd  of  the  Mahob  of  Cbeltenham, 
Tbe  Rev.  F.  Close,  Incumbent  of  Cheltenbam, 
And    the   Nobility,    tJlergy,    and    G--ntry   of  the   County, 
At  which  Exhibiiion  will  he  given  lOD  Sovereigns  as  Prizes. 
Schedules  to  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Secretaries, 
Hesars.  Jessop,  BblTHebs  Cheltenhnm.— Tickets  of  AdmiusioD, 
if  taken  on  or  before  the  29  h  of  May,  33.  6d. ;  after  that  dav,  5a. 
Sabdcrlption?  of  10^.  6d.  will  entitle  Subacriber  to  Four  Tickets 
of  Admlfiioo.    The  Subecription  Book  to  be  closed  on  Satur- 
day, tbe  15th  May,   ISSi*.    Children,  under  12  years  of  age, 
admitted  at  haif.price. 

Oarilena  open  at  12  o'clock.     Music  cnmraence  at  2. 

THE    ROYAL    GARDENERS'    BENEVOLENT 

INSTITUTION. 

A     COLLECTION    OF  GUATEMALA  ORCHIDS 

-tX  havinic  been  presented  by  a  Gentleman  to  this  Institution 
Notice  i«  b-^reby  Oiven  that  they  will  be  sold  by  Auctl-^n  on 
FRIDAY  next,  the  28tb  inst.,  by  Me  STEVENS,  at  his  Rooms, 
Kiog.street.  Coven t-gird*n  ;  tbe  net  proceeds  of  the  Sale  to  be 
appropriated  to  the  purpoies  o(  the  Charity. 

It  i»  hoped  that  a  large  atterid>ince  of  buyers  wi'l  he  present 
•o  tbit  tbe  infenil'iDB  -ji  the  Donor  may  be  realised,  and  tbe 
roods  of  tbe  Charity  greatly  increased. 

Edwabd  R.  CoTLgB.  J^fci-efary.  i)7.  Fhrrlngdon-Btreet.  May  22. 

OTANDISH  AND   NOBLE,    Nuiiserymen,    Bagehot! 

*«-'  Surrey,  have  to  offer  th<3  roilowing  new  and  select  Pjunts 
all  of  wbicb  are  hardy,  except  Azalea  vittata:  ' 

ABIES  JLZOEN^H,«e«niing  plunt%  na  each  ;  this  Is  one  of 
the  la«t  oi>Tcmei  in  Cof»if»;nt  ;  form^  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in 
height,  and  o(  verv  rH«flnct  charac'or  (very  hardy). 

AZALEA  VITTATA.— A  «p"(:imen  of  thin  unlntie  variety 
WW  awarded  a  Kr.l«hilan  Me-iul  when  eihlblted  at  tbe  Ilorti. 
Coltaral  Society's  Room  'ait  April  ;  the  ground  colour  of  the 
flower  ia  white,  beauiifully  nrlped  with  purple,  after  the 
maDner  of  a  Carnation.  Ic  Is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to 
1  fttot,  2 If.  each, 

CUPKErtSUS  PONEBRIS.— Seedling-,  Tm,  to  2Ii.  each. 

CEPHaLOTaXCIS  FOltTUNI.malc,  long  leaves,  seedliDRS 
3I«.  eacb. 

CBFHALOTAXUS  POItTUNI,  ftmnlfi.  Pihort  leaves,  seed- 
llage.  2li.  ea- h.  Tht-se  have  withstood  tbe  luta  front  and 
drying  wlnd«  without  losing  any  of  their  verdure  (vwy  hardvi. 

ILEX  PUR(UTA.2]j  fuch. 
.,       MAOROCARPA,  !ilj   poch. 

QUERCUi  HCLKKOIMIYLLA,  21i,  to  12(.  each. 
INVKRSA,  2J.   t.)4V».  earh. 

■P"^*^A  f^ALLO^A,  fin  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
Hbu  tarrttcoryriibfiof  ro»y  purple  bloB«om»,  and  Id  a  huod. 
«»me  addltUm  to  our  ihrabbei?  pliats.    lOj.  Qd,  each. 


NEW  HARDY  HYBRID  RHODODENDRON 
"BLA-NCHE  SUPEKWe;."— This  tine  hardy  Rhododen- 
dron wart  exhibited  at  Chisvpick  on  Saturday  last,  and  was 
great'v  admired.  It  was  awiirded  the  Banksian  Medal.  It  ia 
H  Seedling  of  Mesara.  Veitch,  who  can  supply  nice  established 
pl»nta  of  It  at  10s.  Gd.  each.  Discount  to  the  trade. 
Exeter,  May  22. 


FINE    NEW     HARDY     PATAGONIAN     CONIFERS. 

SAXE.Q0THJ3A  CONSPICUA  (Ltndlet),  and 
FITZ  ROYA  PATAGONICA  (Hookee). 

MESSRS.  VEITCH  and  SON  beg  to  inform  the 
Public  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  take  orders  for  fine 
plants  of  the  above-named  beautiful  HARDY  NEW  CONI- 
FERS, which  will  be  ready  for  distribution  on  and  after  tbe 
10th  of  June  next,  at  the  following  scale  of  prices  :— 
Ist  alze  plants  of  Saie-Gothaea  consptcua  63».  Od  )  The  two  to- 

Do.  do,  Fiiz-Roya  patagonica...  63  0  (cether  lOSs. 
2d  size  plants  of  Saxe-Gothsea  conspicua  42    0    |  The  two  to- 

Do.  do.  Fitz-Rnya  pntagonica...  42  0  j"  KetherTOs. 
3d  size  plants  of  Saxe-Gothsaa  conrtpicua  31    6    iThetwoto- 

Do.        do.         Fitz-Roja  patagonica..,  31    G    j    gether  50s. 

The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade,  and  where  a  number  are 
taken  additional  plan's  givenoverin  jjro/JOrtioJito  thequantitj-. 

These  plants  are  fully  described  by  Dr.  Lindley  and  Sir 
W.  J.  Hookee,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  for 
October,  1851;  in  the  "B'tanica!  Magazine"  for  November, 
1851;  and  in  "  Fax  ton's  Flower  G-rden  "  for  October,  1851. 
They  were  exhibited  at  Ghiswick  on  the  8th  and  each  had  a 
FiBST  Pbize  in  its  Class. 

Lithographed  Plates,  with  full  descriptions,  are  now  in  pre- 
paration,  the  distribution  of  which  will  be  announced  ia  a 
future  Advertiaement. — Exeter,  May  32. 


PLANTS   FOR  BEDDING    OUT. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  have  a  large  stock  of  the  fol- 
lowing, well  established,  strong,  and  in  good  condition: 
VERBENAS. — New  varieties  of  last  year,  comprising  the  best 
raised  by  Turne--,  Sraih,  Barker,  Chauviere,  Dufoy,  &c.  (See 
Catalogue.)  We  have  still  a  good  stock  of  last  year's  struck 
plan's,  fine  and  huahy  planta,  for  early  Q>jwering.  12  varieties 
forl2».,  or  20  for  18s. 

Beat  of  previous  introduction,  Ss.  6d.  to  75.  Gd.  per  doz. 

50  well  a)>sorted  and  fine  varieties,  I8s.  s.  d. 

PETUNIAS,  strong  plants,  choice,  perdoz.  ...  4s.  to     9     0 

Beat  do.,  all  of  last  year'a,  new,  per  doz 12     0 

25  well  asaorted  and  choice  varieties  for         15     0 

FUCHSIAS,  fine  plants,  choice,  per  doz 45.  to    9    0 

Best,  all  of  last  jear'a,  per  doz 15     0 

50  well  assorted  and  choice  varieties  for        20    0 

SCARLET  GERANIUMS,  best  sorts,  per  doz.     ...  5s.  to    9     0 
FANCY  GER  ANIUMS,  extra  strong,  choice,  p,  doz.,  9s.  to  15     0 

DAHLIAS,  choice,  per  doz 5j.  to    9     0 

Best  Fancy  do  ,  per  doz 9     0 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,   laroe  Floweeino   Tabieties, 

last  year's  sfuck,  choice,  per  doz 55,  to    9    0 

Do.,  Lilliputian  Tariet[eb.  do.,  perdoz 7    6 

Anagallia,  in  three  best  varieties,  per  doz 4 

Bouvardia  Bplendens,  perdoz 6    0 

Campanula  vidilla,  per  doz G    0 

Calceolaria,  shrubby  varieties,  per  dos 6    0 

Gantuadependens,  per  doz 155.  to  24    0 

Cuphea  platycentra,  per  doz 6    0 

Gaillardia,  in  three  fine  varieties,  per  doz 6     0 

HeliDtrope,  in  seven  fine  varieties,  including  Keptans, 

Gem,  Lilacea,  &o.,  per  doz 6    0 

Lantana  erocea  and  delicatisBima,  per  doz.  6    0 

Lobelia  erinus,  in  two  vars.,  white  and  blue,  per  doz.    ...    4    0 
Mimulus,  four  best  vars.,  including  Prince  of  Wales, 

Criterion,  4;c.,  per  doz.  9     0 

MyoBOtis  azorica  and  alpestris,  per  doz 6     0 

Plumbago  Larpentaa,  per  doz 9    0 

„  capenflis,  per  doz      9    0 

HARDY    PLANTS    FOR    BEDDING. 
Anemone  japuoica  and  bybrida,  extra  strong,  per  doz.  ...    6    0 

Antirrhinum,  beat  varieties,  per  doz.  6     0 

„  beat  of  new  varieties,  perdoz 10    0 

,,  Primrose  Perfection,  each 2    C 

Campanula  carpaiica,  blue,  perdoz.  5    0 

ErinuB  alpious,  per  doz.  5     0 

Dielyira  ppecabilis,  eavh         la.  to    1     6 

Geum  graudtflorum  splendens,  large  fine  scarlet,  p.  doz.    5    0 

Delphinium  Wheslerii,  each 2    C 

Pentstemon  azureum,  Buckii,  MarshallU,  &  Cluaii,  p.  dcz.     9     0 

Other  fine  varieties,  per  doz 6    0 

Phlox,  beat  varieties,  per  doz 6a.  to    9    0 

Saponaria  ocymoidet*,  perdoz.  6     0 

Saxifraga,  six  Sne  varieties,  per  doz.  4     0 

Silene  Schafia,  per  doz 6     0 

Escholtzia,  ne*  white,  perdoz.  6     0 

100  distinct  und  showy  varieties  of  Herbaceous  Flanta  ...  SO    0 

50  ditto   for  17     6 

100  varieties,  including  superior  new  50    0 

50  ditto   for  30     0 

2.1  fine  Rock  Planta       ..  12     " 

12  ditto,  for  7    6 

CLIMBERS. 
Ipomcoa  Loirii,  la  Gd.  to  28.  Gd.  each  ;  Calempella  flcaber,  Gs. 
to  'Ja.  per  dnZ'-n  ;  Loph  ispermuma,  of  sorts,  Od.  to  Is.  Gd.  each  ; 
Maurnndya  Barclnjana,  3  vat B.— white,  roue,  nnd  blue,  9d. 
each  ;  extra  htrong,  la. ;  Sul'inum  jiinmlnoidefl.  la,  Grf.  Cdch  ; 
Troiifoolurn  WugueriuTium,  la.  (id.  each  ;  aprcioamn,  la.  fid.  to 
Va.  iid. ;  Sml'hli,  la.  tid,  Ui  'in  Gd. ;  Bignonia  radirnns  mnjor, 
la.  CMch;  Ciilyhtegia  pubefCDDH,  la.  each;  Cltmatia,  Houoy- 
■ucklMB,  J«*mti)uru<,  Climbing  Rohl-s,  Ac,  in  i/reiit  variety. 

The  Descrtptlvo  Priced  Hi»ring  Cutitlogue  supplied  for  fimr 
penny  Kturnpi.  The  Autumu  Catalogue,  which  coulainK  chicdy 
tba  Iliirdy  Plant",  for  two  pouny  atampa,  which  umoutit  may 
be  deducted  irom  orders. 

OitodB  iicnt,  ciirrl«j(e  free,  to  London,  or  any  Station  on  tho 
Iptwich  and  Nurwlcii  line  ;  and  with  goods  of  :^^  and  upwards, 
extra  planta  prefiontod  gra-ln. 

Rciiiit'anc'  a  rcnulred  from  unknown  corrflapondentH.     PoHt- 
offlce  ord.rn   lo   no  made  payublo  to  Bahb  and   BaowN,  or 
to  Stei-iiem  Hhowm. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  EstabHshment,  Sudbury,  SafT^lk. 


YANDA  C^aULEA,  DENDROBIUM.  a  new  and  distinct 
variety,  rivalling  Dendrobium  nobjle,  together  with  D, 
Devonianum  and  Camhridgjanum  ;  Aerides  affine  and  affine- 
rubra ;  Vanda  teres,  Plelones,  and  other  Orcbidaceotu 
plants. 

MAULE  AND  SONS  beg  respectfully  to  inform 
the  growers  of  Orchidaceous  plants,  that  their  Vanda 
c^ruleas  are  now  eetahli^bed,  together  with  the  above-named' 
varielies,  which  thev  have  received  from  India,  and  will  be 
offered  by  Mr.  STEVENS,  at  his  Great  Room,  Kiog-atreet^ 
Covent-garden,  on  FRIDAY  nest,  the  28th  of  May. 
Vide  Advertisement  at  page  336. 
Stapleton-road  Nurseriea,  Bristol,  May  22. 


TO    CALCEOLARIA    GROWERS,    GENTLEMEN'S 
GARDENERS    AND    OTHERS. 

A  Collection  of  SEEDLING  CALCEOLARIASy- 
now  in  bloom,  for  Sale.  May  be  seen  any  day  during  this 
month,  Sundays  excepted,  on  application.  No.  5,  Surinam- 
terrace.  Stratford,  Epsex. — May  22. 

<c  ri^HE  FLOWER  OF  THE  DAY,"  VARIEGATED 

-L  GERANIUM. — Thia  elegant  plant  proved,  last  season, 
to  be  the  gayeat  and  moat  attractive  ever  beheld.  The  excellent 
habit  and  beautiful  form  of  the  plant,  and  its  green  and  silver 
leaves,  contrasted  with  the  brilliant  light  scarlet  bloom, 
rendered  it;  an  object  of  the  highest  admiration.  Those  who 
have  not  yet  adopted  it  aa  a  bedding  plant,  are  strongly  recom- 
mended  to  do  so  this  season,  as  it  is  wicbout  a  rival. 

John  and  Chables  Lee  beg  to  oCfdr  fine  well-established 
plants  at  93.,  123  ,  and  iSs.  per  dozen.  A  few  large  planta  for' 
Vaaea  at  3s.  Gd.  &n<\  5s.  each. — Nursery.  HammerHmith. 

REEN'S    SCARLET    KING    DAHLIA.-As   no 

more  Plants  can  be  supplied  by  tbe  agent,  until  the  30th 

of  May,  applicants  are  referred  to  Meaars.  Tdrneb,  Keknes,. 

Bbaoo,  Salteb,   Lockhaet,   and  others  of  the  trade,  whoae- 

wholesale  orders  are  executed  in  full.    84,  Fleet-street,  London. 

May  2'2. 

NEW    CALCEOLARIAS,    SCARLET     PELAR- 
GONIUMS, &c. 
-  CALCEOLARIAS.—  C»nwaj's   Ruby  Bicolor  and  Crimson 
King,  choree  varieties  for  bedding,  2s,  Gd.  eucb.     Oth*"-  good 
sorts  Gs.  pT  dozen. 

SCARiET  GERANIUMS.— Conway's  Kiog  of  Nepaul  and- 
Pet  Superb,  23.  Gd.  each.     All   the  beat  varieties  at  moderate 
priceH.     G'lod  plants  for  bedding,  63.  to  9s.  per  dozen. 
VERBENAS.— A  good  selection,  63.  to  9s.  per  dozen. 
Geraniums,    Fancy  Geraniums,    Heliotropes,  Antirrhinums, 
Phloxes,  Petunias,  die.  &c.,  at  reasonable  prices, 

A  Catalogue  may  be  had  on  application. 
Maet  Conway,  Karra-curt  Nursery,  Old  Brompton.  London  ^ 

SENECIO     ROSEA     GRANDIFLORA, 

A  NEW  BEDDING  PL.'VNT, 

BAINBRIDGE   and   HEWISON  are  prepared  ta 
send  out  the  above  plant,  post  free,  at  3s.  each. 
BAI"JBRIDGE'S     GUIDE     TO    THE     CONSERVATORY, 
5s.  each. 

BAINERIDQE'S    ALKALINE    EXTRACT,   for   destroying 

the  Red  Spider  and  Mildew,  to  be  procured  by  gentlemen  in 

tbe  country  from  their  stationers,  in  their  book  parcels,  froin.- 

Baldwin.  Publisher,  Paternoater  Row,  London,  at  3<i.perpint. 

Hope  Nursery.  York.  May  22, 


HUGH  LOW   AND   Co.   have  to  oflfer  the  under- 
named Plants  : — 
OTAHEITE  ORANGES,  extra  fine,  full  of  bloom,  7jt.  6d.  each, 

or  G^s.  per  dozen. 
SWEET  do.  do.  do.       and  Fruit,  7a.  6d  each-. 

DEUTZIA    GRACILIS    (Japan),   one  of  the  prettiest  hardy. 

shrubs  yet  introduced,  well  adapted  for  early  forcing,  2s.  Qd. 

to  7s.  Gd.  each. 
MIUULI,  five  tkfvi  varieties,  raised  by  A.  Clapham,  Esq.,  of 

Scarborough,   the  most  successful  cultivator  of  this  genus, 

5s.  each,  or  17s  Gd.  the  set. 
El'IMEDlUM  RUBRUM,  a  new  and  handsome  hardy  herba- 
ceous plant,  with  blood  red  flowers,  7s.  fid.  each. 
SCARLET    GERANIUM    "THE    AMAZON"    (see    former 

Advertisement),  5s.  each, 
OXaLIS,  new  fpeotea  from  the  Pacific  T'.landa,  with  charmiag^ 

rose-coloured  fl  iwers,  quite  distinct,  7a.  (id.  each. 
DELPHINIUM  HYBRIUUM,  a  very  fine  variety,  with  deep- 
blue  flowers,  3s.  Gd.  each. 
BOUVARDIA  LEIANTHA,  this  ia  the  finest  and  moat  distinct 

of  its   spfcies,  with  beautiful  orange  scarlet  flowers,    well 

suited  for  either  the  greenhouse  or  flower  garden,  la.  6rf, 

each,  or  V2s.  per  dozen. 
GaSTROLOBIUM    CUNEATUM,    a    very    handsome    New 

Holland  plant,  with  large  splkea  of  orauge.coloured  flowers, 

very  free  bloomer,  Sa  Gd.  e»ch. 
BRACIIYSIOMA    ACUMINATA,    an    excellent    conservatory 

climber,  habit  quite  distinct,  Huwera  bright  scarlet,  6a.  each. 
SOLLYA    Bpecirifi,    Swan    River    (Drunimond),    a    very  rapid- 

climber,  tor  the  greenhouse,  with   woolly   leaves  and  bright 

blue  flowers,   which  appear  during    the    autumu    mouths, 

3a  Gd  «Hch. 
OXYLUHIUM  LEAKEANUM  (Swan  River),  a  beautiful  plant' 

for  the  greenhouMO,  5.i.  each. 
ACACIA,  throe  spccieB  from  Swan  Itivnr,  dletioct  in  habit  and 

mnnt  tiDundatu  b  oomora,  -l.i.  (irf.  each. 
DAVinSlA  .-lOOLOI'ENORKiDES,   a    magnificent  apecies  of 

thin  Miiinb  adtniio')  >,'eiHi'<,  ;.!lfl.  ftuoh, 
LILIUM  COLGlllCUM  (CiuicaauH),  of  dwarf  habit,  perfectly 

hai'dy,  with  -pleniHil  golden  yellow  flowerH,  lOs.  Gd.  each. 
LIBOCEDRUS    CH  ILIiNSI^^,  u   lirmdHomo   Conifer,  from  the 

AU'lpH  of  Chili,  and  one  of  the  finest  Evergreen  Treep  yet 

inirodu'ied,  5»,  to  7a.  Gd.  each. 
VEUHENA8,  the  boat  of  last  year's  continental  varieties,  9s. 

lo  12k  pt  r  doKiMi. 
CintY.SANTUEMUMS,        do.       do.       98.  to  12a.  per  dozen. 

i'onipon  do.  do.         do.       12a.  to  18a.        ,, 

PMLOXKS,  do.         do.        lis.  to  12a.         „ 

Also  II  aoN'ctlon  of  the  oldur  Vorbounfl,  Potunlaa,  Lantanas,. 
FucIihIuh,  IIuliotro])ea,  Budding  GeruniutDB,  &c,  die,  at  from 
20.  Gd.  to  48.  per  dozin. 

Clapton  Nursery,  Loudon,  May  22, 


322 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[May  22, 


CHOICE      B  EDBIMG     FLA  NTS,      ETC. 
YOU   ELL      AND       C   O. 

BEG  TO  CALL  ATTENTION  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  :— 


CALCEOLAKIA  SULTAN,  this  finest  dark  variety  (in  fact 
none  of  the  others  will  bear  any  comparison  with  itj,  strong 
plants,  9s  (jer  di>zen. 

CALCEOLARIA  KENTISH  HERO,  this  fine,  dark,  orange 
varietv,  93.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  VISCOSISSIXf A,  light  orange,  splendid 
trusEer.  excellent  for  pot  culture  or  bedding,  a  first-rate  variety, 
Os.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  VULCAN,  superb,  dark,  velvety  crimson^ 
good  habit,  and  very  free  bloomer,  65.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  CAlEANA,cauary,goodhabit  and  excellent 
traaser,  6s.  per  dizen. 

CAI.CEOLARIA  (ROLF'S  SUPERB),  light  bronze,  excelleut 
for  bedding,  and  very  distiimt,  6s.  per  dozen. 

CALCEOLARIA  SALVOEFOLIA,  bright  yellow,  Gs.  per  doz. 

CALCEOLARIA  GRANDIS,  thirt  very  diatinct  and  strong 
species  produces  very  large  flowers,  of  a  pale  yellow,  and  with 
a  little  caro  may  be  induced  to  bloom  throughout  the  wiuter. 
Is.  Gd.  each. 

VERB  EN  AS.— We  are  well  known  as  ponsessing  a  large  and 
very  select  collection  of  this  charming  flower,  ineludiug  the 
best  of  the  Continental  varieiiea  of  last  year,  as  well  as  o( 
those  raised  at  home.  Our  stock  is  very  lart,'e  this  season,  and 
when  the  selection  is  left  to  us,  we  shall  be  happy  to  supply 
good  busby  plants  from  cold  pits  at  is.  per  dozen. 

CHEIRANTHU3  MARSHaLLII  — This  is  a  fine  thing, 
flowering  when  nut  more  than  3  inches  high,  in  spikes  of  rich 
orange.     It  is  verv  fragrant.     125.  per  dozen. 

LOBELIA  ERINUSLUCIDAaud  COMPACTA,  two  of  the 
best  blues,  4s.  per  dozen. 

ANAGALMS  ANDOMARIENSIS,  purplish  crimson,  of  a 
compact  and  bushy  habit,  an  abundant  bloomer,  quite  a  little 
gem,  Gs  per  dozen. 

ANARaLLIS  BREWBRII,  fine  blue,  4s,  per  dozen. 

PETUNIAS  in  line  variety,  includiog  Crimson  King,  Rosy 
•Circle.  &c  ,  'S.  per  dozen. 

HELIOTROPES.— Triompfae  de  Liege,  Voltairianum,  &c. 
(strong),  Gs.  per  dozen. 

CENOTrlERARIPARIA,  the  prettiest,  perhaps,  of  the  genus, 
of  trailing  habit,  and  small  lanceolate  foliage;  it  is  literally 
.a  mass  of  canary  coloured  bloom  through  the  BUmmer  and 
autumn,     6s.  per  dozen. 

TENTSTEMON  VARIABILIS,  "Salter's"  new  variety, 
Is.  Gd.  each. 

CAMPANULA  CORALLINA,  strongly  recommended  for 
bedding  where  neat  dwarf  plants  are  desirable,  of  trailing 
habit,  bearing  pretty  blue  star-shaped  flowers  ao  abundantly  ae 
almott  to  conceal  the  foliage.    Gs.  per  dozen. 

OXALIS  FLORIBUNDA,  one  of  our  handsomest  hardy 
plants,  excellent  for  bedding  ;  universally  admired  for  its 
pretty  rose-coloured  flowers,  which  it  yields  in  profusion  all 
through  the  summer  and  autumn.     63.  per  dozen. 

ANTIRRHINUMS  in  great  variety.     6s.  per  doz. 

SAPONARIA  OCYMOIDES.— This  fine  old  favourite  is. 
per  dozen. 

CHOICE    AND    NEW    PLANTS. 

EPACRIS,  fine  bushy  plants,  in  large  48*8,  full  of  flower,  9s. 
per  dozen, 

ERICAS,  fine  bushy  blooming  plants,  of  choice  varieties, 
^principully  in  large  48'3,  9s.  per  dozen. 

ERICAS,  in  large  Git's,  nice  bushy  plants,  many  showing 
flower,  Gs.  per  dozen,  comprit-ing  ventricnsa  euperba,  v, 
tenuifolia,  v.  fasciculata  superba,  v.  breviflora,  v.  carnea, 
Cavendishiana,  mirabilis,  perspicua  nana,  h>acinthoide»,  aris- 
tata  vittata,  Sindriana,  troseula,  exurgenscoccinea,  viridiflura, 
LinnfBoides  superba,  ditto  nana,  Wentcottiana,  VVillmoreana 
superba,  intermedia,  Linnsa  nova,  mammosa,  Bowei  rubra 
calyx,  echifloi'a  purpurea, ourviflora.ova'a,  hybrida,  gracilis,  <fcc. 

APHELii^XIS  HUMILIS,  bushy  plants,  in  large  48'8,  with 
flowers,  12s.  per  dozen. 

VERONICA  ANDERSONIL— This  choice  variety  is  of  the 
easiest  culture,  a  good  specimen  plant  producing  its  pretty 
spikes  of  lilac  flowers,  from  early  spring  till  late  autumn. 
Is.  Gd.  each, 

CRAaSULA  NITIUA  ODORATA.— This  makes  a  splendid 
specimen  plant,  is  very  fragrant,  and  should  be  in  every  col- 
lection. Large  plantain  48's,  Is.  Gd.  each;  smaller  ditto, 
Os.  per  dozen. 


CRASSULA  "NAPOLEON  BUONAPARTE,"  a  fine  new 
variety  ;  brilliant  scarlet,  far  superior  to  C.  cocclnea,  2s.  each. 

FANCY  GERANiaws.  choice  sorts,  9s.  per  dozen. 

GERANIUM  ARDENS  MAJOR,  strong  plants.  9s.  per  doz, 
Tlii'i  fine  Cape  species  stands  unrivalled  for  brilliancy  of 
colour,  being  a  rich  ruby. 

FDCHSIAS.— Our  collection  of  this  lovely  flower  comprises 
all  the  novelties  of  merit  as  well  as  the  old  standard  varieties. 
Where  the  selection  is  left  to  us  we  shall  supply  strong  plants 
of  last  PeaKQti's  growih  or  of  this  at  Gs.  per  dozen. 

FUCHSIA  MACRANTHA,  a  fine  species,  with  long  purple 
flowers,  habit  <if  [luirboldt's  Splendeos,  Is.  Gd.  each. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS— Much  improvement  has  been  made 
in  these  of  late  years,  and,  being  particular  favourites  of  ours, 
we  have  spared  neither  pains  nor  expense  in  our  pursuit  of  new 
and  fine  varieties'.  Our  specinaen  plants  are  every  year  the 
admiration  of  all  who  see  them.  The  collection  at  present 
comprises  nearly  200  varieties,  which  we  shall  be  happy  to 
supply  in  strong  plants,  the  large  and  dwarf  varieties  55,  per 
duzen. 

GLOXINIAS. — Matiy  fine  new  varieties,  93.  per  dozen. 

GLOXINIA  PETOIANA.— This  superb  light  variety,  sent 
out  by  us  last  season,  coloured  all  round  with  crimson  lake, 
in  the  way  of  Fyliana  ;  the  finest  of  its  class,  strong  bulbs, 
33.  Gd.  each, 

HOYA  BELLA— This  plant  has  proved  itself  well  worthy 
the  high  character  given  it  when  first  circulated  ;  it  is  one  of 
the  most  lovely  plants  we  know.  Plants  extra  strong,  showing 
bloom,  'is.Gd.  ■  smaller,  2s.  Gd. 

ESCALLONIA  MACRANTHA,  the  finest,  perhaps,  of  our 
new  hardy  shrubs  ;  strong  plants,  9s.  per  dozen. 

MITRARIA  COCCINEA.— This  fine  hardy  bhrub  produces 
numerous  scarlet  flowers,  very  similar  in  form  and  colour  to 
Erica  splendens;  stromr  plants,  9s,  per  doz.;  a  few  specimen 
plants.  3s  Gd.  each.  We  are  happy  to  say  it  proves  itself  a 
remarkably  free  bloomer,  as  most  of  our  plants  in  large  4S'ii 
aru  showim;  flower. 

CALYSTEGIA  PUBESCENS  fl.  pL,  or  Double  Convolvulus. 
—This,  first  introduced  as  a  stove  plant,  proves  to  be  perfectly 
hardy,  and  one  of  our  most  ornamental  climbers  ;  it  is  admir- 
ably adapted  for  trellis  work,  dec,  being  of  robust  habit.  The 
flowers  are  produced  at  the  axils  of  the  leaves  in  great  pro- 
fusion, of  a  deUoate  rose  colour,  and  very  double,  9s.  per  dozen. 

DEUTZIA  GRACILIS,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

DIfiLYTRA  SPECTABILIS,  Is.  each. 

CEANOTHUS  RIGIDUS.— This,  so  strongly  reccmmended  in 
the  Gardeners' Chronicle  as  decidedly  the  hardiest  and  best  of  the 
new  Caiifornian  species,  produces  numerous  spikes  of  light 
blue  feathery  flowers  ;  strong  bushy  plants,  Is.  Gd,  each  ; 
smaller,  12s,  per  dozen. 

CEANOTHDS  DENTATUS,  Is.  Gd.  each.  These  are  re- 
markubly  free  bloomers. 

M I M  U  LU3,— Leo,  Prince  of  Wales,  Duke  of  Wellington,  and 
Sagi  Hurafl,  Is.  each, 

FORTUNE'S  YELLOW  ROSE,  2s.  6i«.  each. 

LESCHENaULTIA  FORMOSA,  strong  plants,  in  flower, 
9s.  per  dozen. 

OXALIS  ELEGANS  and  ELEGANS  MAJOR,  Is.  6d.  each, 
Theee  are  purple  with  a  dark  eye, 

EUONYMUS  FIMBRIATUS,  Is.  6d.  each. 

SOLLYA  DRUMMONDII,  fine  new  species,  light  blue 
ereeHhouse  ciimber,  colourof  Lobelia  compacta  ;  strong  plants, 
1  to  1^  foot,  IS3.  per  dozen.  This  is  of  very  robust  habit  and 
quick  urowtb — excellent  for  trellis  work. 

PHLOXES,  in  many  fine  new  varieties,  strong  plants,  in 
pots.  Gs.  per  dozen. 

Finest  Mixed  ANEMONE  SEED,  of  this  year'd  growth,  from 
selected  sorts,  (by  post  free),  at  2s.  per  oz. 

For  other  choice  and  new  plan's  we  beg  to  refer  to  our 
Advertisement  of  April  10th.  The  Conifers,  and  nearly  all  the 
others,  being  in  pots,  may  still  be  removed  with  perfect  safety, 

PICEA  PINSAPO,  4  inches,  from  seed,  very  robust,  in  pots, 
12s,  per  dozen. 

YOUELL  AND  CO.'S  NEW  PLANT  CATALOGUE,  having 
the  newbpaper  stamp  to  go  free  by  pose,  will  be  published  In  a 
few  days,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 


All  orders  of  21.  and  upwards  delivered  free  to  any  Railway  Station  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 


CHEAP  BEDDING  PLANTS  FOR  THE  MILLION. 

JOHN  HAYES,  Florist,  Farnham,  Surrey,  begs  to 
say  that  bis  Plants  at  Is.  per  dozen  are  strong,  and  the 
greater  part  in  bloom.  One  dozen  sent  gratis  to  every  five 
dozen  taken;  2s.  per  dozen  if  a  hamper  is  sent;  Is.  id.  per 
dozen,  post  free,  when  three  dozen  are  taken. 

This  Advertisement  will  not  be  repeated. — May  22. 


CHEAP  &.  EXTRA  STRONG  DAHLIAS  FOR  1852, 

HENKY  WALTON,  Floiust,  &c,.  Edge-end, 
MarMden,  near  Burnley,  begs  to  ufl'er  extra  tine  DAHLIAS 
at  the  prices  nam-d,  as  follows  : — New  varieties  of  1851,  9s.  to 
12s.  per  dozen  ;  older  varieties,  4s.  Gd.  to  6s,  per  dozen.  Also 
strone:  plant*  of  the  yet  unequalled  dark  PANSY,  "JEN- 
NING'S  KING,"  55.  6rf.  each  ;  to  the  Trade,  bOs.  per  dozen  ; 
one  over  when  three  are  ordered.  H.  W.  offors  the  above 
Paney  with  full  confidence  that  it  will  give  satisfaction,  having 
received  several  testimonials  as  to  its  merit  from  parlieg  who 
have  already  purchased  it.  The  "Midland  Florist"  of  April, 
1852,  says,  that  it  is  "  a  very  beautiful  dark  purple  self;  petals 
of  good  substance,  and  excellent  in  form."  12  good  Show 
Pansies,  with  a  plant  of  King,  123.  Gd.  ;  or  20,  with  a  King,  11. 
All  the  New  Fuchsias  of  last  year.  Is.  each,  or  10s.  Gd.  per 
dozen  ;  New  Verbenas  of  last  year,  12  for  7s.  Gd.,  or  24  for  l;is  ; 
New  Petunias  of  last  year,  73.  Gd.  per  dozen.  Also  a  choice 
selection  ot  Scarlet  and  other  Geraniums,  Verbenas,  Anliir- 
hinums,  aiid  other  plants  suitable  for  bedding,  at  equally 
low  prices. 

H.  W.  begs  to  refer  purchasers  to  his  detailed  Advertise- 
ment in  the  CJirouicle  of  May  1st.  Strong  well-rooted  plants 
may  be  depended  on,  securely  packed,  so  as  to  insure  safe 
delivery.  It  is  respectfully  requested  that  all  orders  be  accom- 
panied  with  a  Post-office  OrUer,  made  payable  at  Marsden, 
Lancashire. 

^•*^'  Catalogues  of  the  above  may  be  had  for  one  stamp. 

LANDSCAPE    GARDENING. 
"jYJR.  THOROLD,of  Thorpe- Bower,  near  Norwich, 

/I  A  Dr,^i?-.fc?M'^^®'"''**^''^^^»^'^N^^CAPE  and  ORNAMENTAL 
GARDhNER.  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art,  including  Decora- 
tions round  the  House,  Formin?  Water,  Approaches  Pic- 
tureoque  and  Distant  Scenery,  Vistas,  &c. ;  correcting  the 
ettorts  of  amateurs,  and  directing  the  practical  evecution  of 
Sade^'^hateVer'.  ^""^  °°  connection  with  Nurserymea  or  any 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN  RIVERS  solicits  the  attention  of  the  Agri- 
culiurist  to  his  quick  growim;  STUBBLE  SWtiDE 
TURNIP;  though  this  variety  originated  from  a  cross  be- 
tween  a  large  white  Stone  Turnip  and  the  old  Green-top 
Swei^e,  by  careful  selection  it  has  tne  colour,  solidity,  and  the 
hardiness  ot  the  true  Swede.  As  it  was  extensively  distributed 
last  year,  experience  has  proved  it  superior  for  sowing  in  May, 
for  early  f^ed  ;  its  growth  being  matured  before  the  mildew 
attacks  it  in  the  autumn,  being  better  adapted  for  giving  more 
time  in  the  preparation  of  the  Land  than  any  other  kind,  from 
its  quickness  of  growth,  and  it  is  a  heavy  cropper.  It  may  be 
sown  for  a  full  crop  throughout  the  month  of  June,  Price 
Is.  6d.  per  lb. 

Orders  to  the  amount  of  10s.  carriage  paid  to  London.  Post, 
office  orders  are  requested  of  unknown  correspondents. 

Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 

CORNER   OF   HALF   MOON-STREET,  PICQADILLY. 
T^URNIP  SEEDS. 

Globes  and  Tankards  of  sorts 


Yellow  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel 
Long  red  do.  do. 


Purple-top  Swedish  Turnip 
Green-top  do.  do. 
Skirviog's  Swedes 
Gibbs'     Green-top    Yellow 

Hybrid 

GRASS  SEEDS  for  Permanent  Pastures  and  Meadows,  and 
ail  kinds  of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds. 

THOMAS  G18BS  and  CO-,  the  See-lsmen  to  the  "ROYAL 
AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND,"  corner  of 
Half   MOON-STREET.  Piccadilly. 


SKIRVING'S    IMPROVED    TURNIP    SEEDS. 

WILLIAM  SKIRVING  begs  to  announce  to  his 
friends  and  the  public,  that  he  has  tixed  tbe  price,  for 
thisseaaon.  of  his  I  \1  PROV  ED  S  W  ED  fc,  undalso  the  P  URPLE- 
TOP  YELLOW   BULLOCK,  ai9d.  perlb. 

W,  S.  can,  with  pt- rfect  confidence,  recommend  these  Turnips 
as  being  the  best  now  in  cultivation,  in  every  respect,  whe'her 
for  the  greatest  crop,  the  best  quality,  or  for  keeping,  according 
to  tbe  time  of  sowiog.  At  the  same  lime  he  be^s  to  ctaie  that 
he  has  no  agent  in  town  or  country,  and,  of  course,  is  not 
accountable  for  the  low-priced  spurious  Turnip  Seeds  o£fering 
under  his  name, 

Alt  other  kinds  of  Turnip  and  Agricultural  Seeds  In  general, 
of  the  best  quality,  at  very  moderate  priees.  A  remittance  or 
ref'-rence  la  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 

Queen-fiqaare,  Liverpool,  May  22. 


CCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS 
^  EMPEROR  STOCK,  a  perennial  species,  and  hardv 
1400  seeds,  Is.  " 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  25U  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
500  of  the  latter,  lif.  each  paper. 

MY0S0TI3  AZORICUS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  verv  beautiful ;  200  seeds.  Is, 

CALENDRINIA  UM8ELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
and  moat  brilliant  flowering  of  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds.  Is. 

SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds,  la. 

Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stampt.. 

Jeyes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 

'T' ARES.— Several  acres  to  be  disposed  of  at  Wood- 
J-  lane.  Shepherd's  Bush,  at  per  acre>  For  Particulars, 
apply  to  FRfcDEBicK  MlTCHEL  OH  the  premises.— May  22. 

Private  Gentleman  residing  about  20  miles  from 
London,  approached  by  Railway,  and  within  one  mile 
and  a  half  of  a  county  town,  is  disposed  to  LET  his  GARDEN, 
about  Two  Acres,  with  Eight  large  Glass-houses  therein  well 
stocked.  To  any  respectable  Man  accustomed  to  market 
buHiness,  this  will  be  an  exoeljent  opening.— Apply  to  A,  B.  C.^ 
Office  of  this  Paper.  *■ 

TO     MARKET     GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  in  consequence  of  the  present  tenant 
iroing  into  another  line  of  business,  a  tirst-rate  GARDEN 
FARM,  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  in  the  parishes  of  Higham 
and  Frindsbury,  two  miles  from  tbe  Railway  Station  at  Strood, 
consisting  of  73  Acres,  with  good  Farm  Buildings.  Rates  and 
Tithes  low,— For  further  particulars,  enquire  of  J,  Lewis,  Esq.. 
Solicitor,  Rochepter,  Kent. 


A 


LAND.— WANTED,  about  Three  or  Four  Acres, 
for  Gardening  purposes,  with  or  without  a  Cottage,  within 
10  miles  of  London,  immediately.— P.S.  The  north  of  London 
preferred— W.  TuasEE,  Tufnell  Park,  HoUoway,  London. 


PRIZE  SHANGHAI  FOWLS'  EGGS  FOR 
HATCHING,  18s.  per  dozen.  Superior  Cochin  China 
Eges,  white-faced  Spanish  Eggs,  and  Polish  E^g«,  Qs.  per  doz. 
White  Cochin  China  Eggs,  20s.  per  dozen.  The  above  are. 
genuine  and  fresh.  W.  T.  begs  to  suggeot  this  as  the  best 
time  to  purchase  Eggs  for  Hatching,  as  more  chickens  are 
obtained  from  now  to  the  middle  of  June  than  earlier  in  the 
seaiion.  Letters  to  inclose  stamp. 
Wm.  Tdenee,  Tufnell  Park,  Holloway,  London. 


WARRANTED  GARDEN   TOOLS. 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  Co.'s  STOCK  OF  GARDEN 
TOOLS  for  tbe  season  is  now  complete,  and  includes 
every  recent  approved  invention,  in  addition  to  their  usual 
large  assortment,  selected  from  all  tbe  best  makers. 

Deane,  Dray,  and  Co.  are  London  Agents  for  GIDNEY'S 
PRUSSIAN  HOE,  which  obtained  the  First  Prize  Silver  Medal 
at  the  Tarvin  Grand  National  Exhibition;  also  Sole  Agents 
for  Lingbam's  Menographs  and  Metallic  Labels,  samples  of 
which  may  be  had  on  application,  post  free.  They  have  always 
on  band  a  stock  of  BROWN'S  PATENT  FUMIGATORS, 
which  have  stood  the  test  of  three  seasons,  and  continue  to  give 
general  satisfaction;  also  Eppa'  Registered  Rulphurator  for 
destroying  Mildew  upon  Grapes,  Hops,  Roses,  Fruit  Trees,  &c. 
An  Ulustrated  Priced  Catalogue  sent  per  post,  free. 

Deane,  Dbat,  and  Co.  (opening  to  the  Monument),  Londoiu 
Bridge. 


pLARKE'S  PREPARATION  for  DESTROYING 

\y    WHITE    MEALY    BUG.    SCALE,    THRIP,    AND    ALL 
OTHER  INSECTS,  WITHOUT  INJURING  THE  PLANTS. 

Chaeles  Claeke  begs  to  acquaint  all  who  are  troubled  with 
either  of  the  above  insects  on  their  plants,  that  his  preparation 
has  been  thorouKhlv  tested  in  the  Gardens  of  the  Horticultural 
Society,  and  pronounced  a  perfect  remedy,  (see  Report,  p.  278, 
Gardeners'  Chronicle,  May  1).  C.  C.  having  received  intimation 
from  various  parts  that  the  quantity  sent  is  sufficient  only  to 
dip  very  small  plants,  he  intends  for  tbe  future  to  send  it  oat 
in  9s.  as  well  as  5s.  bottles  (on  reoeip":  of  a  post-office  order  or 
postage  stamps)  the  former  to  make  two  gallons,  and  the  latter 
one ;  directions  will  be  found  on  each  bottle.  Post-o^ce 
orders  payable  at  Brompton. 

Also, 

CLARKE'S  TOBACCO  PAPER  for  fumigating  Greenhouses, 
(tc.  This  article  is  acknowledged  to  be  more  efiFective  than 
Tobacco,  and  is  very  much  cheaper ;  price  giren  on  application. 
The  trade  supplied. 

p.  roy  Cross  Nursery,  TlValham-green,  Pulham 

L  INGHAM  BROTHERS,  170,  Hampton -street, 
Birmingham,  sole  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  WOOD 
and  ZINC  MENOGRAPH.orLabelforGarden  Borders,  Flower- 
pots, <bc.,  in  boxes  of  100,  *tc.  The  Zinc  Labels  are  highly 
approved  of  for  their  lasting  durability  ;  can  be  written  upon 
with  the  greatest  eaee,  and,  when  dry,  a  permanent  inscription 
is  secured.  Directions  for  use  sent  with  each  box,  including 
bottle  of  Metallic  Ink. 

Sole  Agents  in  London.  G.  and  J.  Deane,  Horticultural 
Implement  Warehouse,  16,  King  William-street,  London-bridge, 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING,— 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvaa-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide    .,,    7d.peryd.    Sd.peryd. 
2-inch     ,,      strong  it  •••  ^      "  ^     >* 

2-inoh     ,,      extra  strong     „  ,..  12      „  9       „ 

IS-inch      ,,       light  ,»  -■•     8      »  6        „ 

IS-inch     „      strong  „  ■■.  lO      ,t  8       n 

l|-incb     „      extra  strong     „  ,..  It     „         11       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  wilt  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanisedsparrow-proof  nettingtor  Pheasantries, 
3d  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  po^t  free, 

Mauufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle, 


21—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


323 


VICTORIA   REGIA. 

J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  few  tine  strong  Plants  for  Sale  of  VICTORIA  REGIA, 
'i^ympbaea  cEerulea,  Nymphsea  dentata,  Nympha3a  stellata,  «Sic. 
As  also  a  splendid  Colleotion  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
all  in  the  hi'^hest  state  of  cultivation  —Plans  and  Estimates 
for  buildine  Aquariums  and  all  other  Horticultural  erections 
J.  Weeks  &  Co.'s  BDT- WATER  APPARATUS  is  well  adapted 
■for  Warming  large  Ponds,  for  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heating 
■eitenaive  ranges  of  Forcing-house. 

HORTICULTURE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


9s.  Qd. 


EXHIBITION    OF   TULIPS. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham-Rise,  near  London, 
Flobist  by  appointment  to  Hee  Majesty  tde  Qoeen, 
and  to  His  Majestt  thb  Kino  of  Saxony,  respt-ctfuHy 
informs  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  Amatenrs,  and  Public  that  his 
EiTEHSiVE  Collection  of  TULIPS  is  now  in  FLOWER,  and 
can  be  viewed  every  day  from  9  o'clock  until  6  (Sundays 
excepted).    Admittance,  is.;  Children  half-price. 

NEW  CAMELLIA. 
TACKSON'S  "COUNTESS  OF  ELLESMERE."— 
V  To  be  sent  out  in  the  first  week  of  June,  price  42a.  each  ; 
and  for  every  three  ordered  one  added  gratis.  On  the  8ch  of 
April  last  it  was  awarded  by  the  National  Floricultural  Society 
of  London  a  first-class  Certificate,  and  received  the  highest 
commendation  ;  it  is  described  as  being  of  first-rate  form,  with 
brt>ad  cupped  petdle.  of  a  blush  white,  faintly  striped  with  rose 
Bee  Gardeners' ChrOHicic  &n^  Gardeners' Joimial,  for  report  of 
meeting,  April  17).  It  is  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  May, 
■1851,  and  is  again  menrioned  in  the  "Florist"  for  this  month, 
as  having  been  exhibited,  and  deserving  to  be  placed  in  every 
collection.  It  has  the  beautiful  form  of  the  Coup  d'llebe  Rose. 
.—Thomas  Jace.son  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Kingston,  near 
rLondon'^on  the  South  Western  Railway). 


NEW    AND    FIRST-RATE    BEDDING    PLANTS. 
JOHN  CATTELL  begs  to  say  that  his  Spnug  Cata- 

*'      loL'ue     of    new   uod    clioicn    Florist,    Fancy,    and    other 

GERANIUMS  and  BEDDING    PLANTS,   &.C.,   is  now  ready, 

and  may  be  bad  on  prepaid  applicntion,  enolosiog  one  penny 

stamp. 
The  following  selection  will  show  the  moderate  rate  at  which 

the  plants  are  offered  : —  Each.         Doz. 

Geranium  "  Flower  of  the  Day  "  Is.  OcZ. 

„  "Mountainof  Light,"  extra  strong  10    6 

„  „  ,,  smaller,  Ss.  to  7    G  ., 

„  Scarlets,  of  the  finest  aorta —     ., 

,,  Pinka  of  the  BCiirlet  habit —     ,, 

Calceolaria  "  Kentish  Hero" ,,      —    ., 

,,  "Saltan,"  hue  crimson —     ., 

,,  fiue  jellow  varieties  ...  ...       —     ., 

Petunia  *'  Purple  Perfection,"  the  best  purple 
,,       "Crimson  King, "sp'endid  crimson  .. 

Terbeoas  of  the  best  established  sorts,  Zs.  to 

Oxalip  Bowel  

Lobelia  Erinus  maxima,  finest  dwarf  blue    ... 
,,       fulgen>4  Tou  tifiora,  finest  scarlet 

Heliotropes  of  sorts 

The  Scarlet  and  other  Geraniuma,  Heliotropea,  Calceolarias, 

&c..  are  stout  bushy  plants,  haviug  been  several  times  topped 

and  regular  y  shifted  into  larger  po^s,  so  that  they  will 

make  an  immediate  tffi-ct.  —  Wesierbam,  Kent,  May  22. 


DAHLIAS. — If  Certificates  are  any  criterion  of 
merit,  the  under-mentioned  received  Thirty-three  out  of 
Fifty-five  given  to  all  England,  at  the  Great  National,  Surrey 
eardeuB,  Trowbridge,  Newbury,  Walsall,  Sbacklewell,  Taun- 
ton,  Notling-hUl,  London,  and  Slough.  They  stand  on  this 
recommendation.  Fine  plants  are  now  ready,  with  all  the 
leading  varieties,  on  application  to  John  Keyn£S,  Nurseryman, 
Salisbury 


1    0  , 


0    9  , 


Triumphant  (Keynes),  crimson 

Una  (do.),  white 

Douglas    Jerrold    (do.),    buff- 

edged  scarlet 
Laura  Lavington  (do.),  fancy, 

faivn  and  white 
Nancy  (do.),  fancy,  scarlet  and 

white 

Catalogues,  showing  the  three  best  varieties  of  each  colour, 
may  be  had  on  application.— Salisbury,  May  22. 


Aurora  (Keynes),  buff 
Cricket  (Dodd'd),  fancy,  peach 

and  white 
MisB    BathuTSt    (do.),    fancy, 

lilac  and  white 
Cloth  of  Gold  (.Hooper's),  fine 

yellow 


s. 

d. 

12 

U 

21 

(1 

50 

0 

15 

0 

28 

0 

SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

CHOICE     GERANIUMS,    fine    strong    plants.  — 
See  names  advertised  in  Gardeners*  Chronicle  of  April  3d, 
10th,  2ith,  and  May  8th. 

26  fine  show  varieties,  223. ;  or  12  vara,  for  

25  superb  and  best  prize  vars.,  353. ;  or  12  for      

12  best  new  vars.  of  last  season        

12  fine  fancy  vars.,  ds.  ;  12  superb  fancy  for  

9  best  new  fancy  vars.  of  last  season         

Scarlets  of  best  sorts,  per  dozen,  5s.  to  93. 

ACHIJJENES,  12  best  vara.,  10s.;  12  fine  vara 

GLOXINIAS,  12  beat  vars.,  203.,  including  Petoiana, 
Maria  Van  Houtte,  and  others,  as  before 
advertised. 

Do.     12  fine  vars 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  fine  and  select,  60  vara.      ... 

Do.    25  var^.,  24a.;  12  vara.  

Do.     12  extra  choice,  new  and  select        

STOVE    PLANTS,    fine    and    select,    50   vars.,    65s. 

25  for  355.  ;  12  for 

The  DESCRIPtlVE    SPRING  CATALOGUE   supplied  for 
f  our  peony  stamps  ;  or,  gratis,  to  purchasers. 

Goods,  carriage  free,  to  London,  or  on  the  Ipswich  and  Nor- 
wich line,  and  extra  plants  presented  with  orders  of  403.  and 
upwards. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Beown  ;  or  to 
Bass  and  Bbown,  Surlbury,  Suffolk. 


.  18     0 


NEW   CATALOGUES    FOR   1852. 

EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Welliugtoo-road,  St,  John's  Wood,  London,  are  now 
lending  out  tbeir  new  plants  as  advertised  for  this  month, 
also  the  following  choice  plants : 


Abronia  umbellata 
Ageraium  cun^picunm 
Balsamiiia  lutilolii  alba 
Calceolaria  "Crimson  King" 

,,  Sbankleyuna 

-Campanula  coronata 
Deu'zia  Krac-ilis 
Dianthus  lulgens 
Oallardla  Rfsniplena 
Geaoera  zebrina  compacta 
Heliotropium  pantculatum 
Lantana  purpurea 
Lob«lla  Erinus  racemosioldes 
XychnU  dioica  alba  pleno 
Faa«iflora  Itecaiilana 

K-ermealna  major 


Pentstemon  Californious 

,,         mutabUis 
Petunia  meredes 

,,        striata  superb 
Phlox  Drummondi  Mayi 

,,  ,,         Thompaoni 

,,  „         Leopold! 

Superb 

,,  ,,         Jarratti 

Rose     Fortuoi,    '*  new,"    not 

Fortune's  yellow 
Statice  Halloidi 
Scutellaria      macrantha, 

"  strong" 
TropBBolum  Triomphe  deGand 
VibernumsuBpensum"  strong'' 


For  de«cription8ftnd  prices  of  the  above  see  new  Catalogues, 
"wbicb  will  be  forwarded,  post  free,  on  application. 

ROSE    NURSERIES.    HERTFORD. 
T^DWARD    P.     FRANCIS    offers    the     following 

-*~^     Bedding. out  PlantH,  strong  and  vlgoroos,  la  60-Rize  pots, 
■  carriage  pitd  to  LoDd«»n  :     _  Per  dozen— s.  d. 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


flcarlet  O'rraoiums,  Tom  Tbamb  and  Frogmore 

Verbeoat,  thebe^t  Tarietlci ...  3j.  to 

SalvlM,  blue  and  rwl         

Foefaftia*,  belt  varieUai 

HeUotropCR,  itrong,  ln48-ftzepoU        „ ], 

,,  mn'illBr  plant*  '         ^,| 

PentBlemoTi",  fineTarieli?g  

Ageratam  c/)  e^ttnum        

CalceoUriafl,  vlMcoilailnia,  floribuodaf  amplexloauliB 

-Anagalli",  bltio         

JllereaQberglan  ,. 

Cuphea  p)a  yeorrtra 

'GaLlardla  p'cta         

Petoniai,  Beauty,  BpleodoiUjiAc. 

Dooble  Beoeclo        , 

LobsUa  racemoaa 

„       EribUA  • 

lEoothn-a  nvipara , 

Trr/Meolqm  cantrienie       4     ( 

T»rie((Bl*'d  Oer^mlumii,  utronjif H     ( 

Fia«inis»d  'ortK  do,,  ln4Hand  8V.«i/,e  potR U     ( 

Colleotton  of  the  bent  lioHyhockA,  in  [lOtit,  It.  onob. 
£.  P.  T.  «ogaf{Cff  to  supply  oodu  but  itroog  boultby  piaolB, 
Hay  22, 


N 


HEXACENTRIS  MYSORENSIS.  —  This  extraor- 
dmary  and  beautiful  cew  Climber  (requiring  the  teoipe- 
rature  of  a  stove  or  warm  greenhouse),  is  perfectly  distinct  in 
its  character  from  anything  yet  introdui;ed.  It  wan  exhibited 
by  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son  at  Chiswiclt,  on  Saturday  the  8th 
of  May,  and  received  the  Firbt  Prize  for  New  Plants  ;  and  was 
indeed,  on  that  occasion,  the  admiration  of  all  who  saw  it. 

It  i^  a  most  abundant  bloomer,  producing  its  long  pendulous 
clusters  of  large  golden  yellow  and  deep  crimson  flowers  in 
great  abundance,  continuing  in  perfection  for  several  months. 
The  habit  of  the  plant  is  excellent,  with  neat  dark  green 
foliage,  and  is  of  easy  culture.  It  is  altogether  a  plant  of 
sucb  first-rate  quality  and  great  beauiy,  that  Messrs.  Veitch 
and  Son  feel  every  confidence  in  highly  recommending  it. 

Good  established  plants  will  be  ready  for  delivery  in  the 
month  of  August  ceit,  at  2l3.  each.  One  plant  over  to  the 
Trade  on  evei'y  three  taken  Orders  executed  in  strict  rotation 
as  received. — Exeter,  May  22. 

E  W     ROSE  S.— The  following  varieties    are 
fine  healthy  plants  in  pots,  worked  on  iheManetti  Rose  : 
HYBRID    PERPETUALS.  Each. 

Blanche  de  Portemer,  when  fully  open  nearly  pure 

white  lOs.  6d. 

Mere  de  St.  Louis,  white  tinted  with  rose,  a  seedling 

from  La  Reine ...10  6 

Eugene  Sue,  bright  rose,  a  seedling  from  Duchess  of 

Sutherland,    with  flowers   as  large  as    Baronne 

Prevost        10  6 

General  Bedeau,  bright  red         5  0 

Graziella         5  0 

Inermis,  rose,  thornless  and  very  robust        7  6 

Ihocrate,  rose,  tinted  with  salmon,  from  La  Reine  ...    7  6 

Laure  Ramand         5  0 

Louise  Peyroony  ...  5  0 

Le  Lion  des  Combats,  deep  crimson     7  6 

L'Etendard  du  Grand  Homme 5  0 

L'EIegante  Nouvelle  2  G 

L'Enfant  du  Mont  Carmel,  fine  crimson         7  6 

Madame  Andry,  bri^ihtrose,  a  seedling  from  William 

Jesse,  fine 5  0 

Madame  Hilaire,  rose         5  0 

Madame  Fiemion,  brilliant  carmine 3  6 

Madame  Ducber,  delicate  rose 5  0 

Madame  Seigneur,  brightrose     -     5  0 

Palais  de  Criatal       7  G 

Souvenir  de  la  Reine  defl  Beiges,  carmine       7  6 

Souvenir  de  I'Empire,  crimson  scarlet 5  0 

Victoria  (Paul)  10  6 

William  Griffiths      6  0 

The  new  White  Banksian  Rose  (Rosa  Fortuniana), 

with  flowers  as  large  as  Noisette  Aimee  Vibert     ...     5  0 
Carri.ige  paid  to  Loudon. 
Thomas  Rivebs,  the  Nurseries,  Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


pHOICE     CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Young   Plants 

Vy  of  the  above,  for  flowering  this  autumn,  are  now  ready 
for  se'iding  out.  Best  sorts,  lis.  per  dozen  ;  good  sorts  for 
planting  out,  Gs.  and  9s.  per  dozen.  A  Catalogue  may  be  had ; 
also  an  extensive  stuck  of  bedding-out  Plants,  'is.  and  ds.  per 
dozen. 
Chanbleb  and  Sons'  Nursery,  Wandsworth-road,  Surrey, 


I^fie  Oartrener-si'  Clirowtcle< 

SATURDAY,  MAY  W,  1862. 


Tdbsdat, 


MEETINGS    rOU  THE  E^SUING  WEEK. 

LlDDean  (ianivceary) 1  p.m. 

GeoKrapbical  C^^ttu)  1  p.u. 

Hnrtkultural  3  p.m. 

Civil  GnKiceerB     8  p.m. 


May 


'  i  MpilicalBDd  Cbicur|i;lc&l  . 


P.M. 


Zoological 9  p 

J  Snciely  of  Art. s  p.m. 

—  I  Microtuopiciil    s  p.m. 

{National  Floricultural  3  p.m. 
Royal  Soc.of  Literature 4  p.m. 
NuLuiHinalic  7  p.m. 
intiquariau 8  P.M. 
Royal  8 jp.M . 

M-Uoyai  Institution Sip.M. 

(  Royal  Botanic  Carileoa  (Ameri- 

"'        "'       '  2  P.M. 

8  P.M. 

CoD.TBT  Bhowo. — TuPwJfy,  May  'la:  Oxford.liire  Horticultural  and 
Noriharoplon  Tulip -Wedntedny,  May  16:  IJerby  and  Colclieatcr  llor'icul- 
lurni.-ThurB'iay.  May  J?:  biminiibani  Na'ionnl  Tulip,  and  Hull  Horti- 
cultural.—I'lldny,  May  2bi  Wailmitrord  Hoiticultuial. 


TatJBBOAT, 
FCIDAT 

Satc&dat. 


should  be  sold  as  genuine,  in  order  to  destroy 
the  exclusive  trade  possessed  by  the  Peruvian 
Government! 

The  cases  now  alluded  to  admit  of  no  explanation ; 
the  evidence  concerning  them  is  clear  and  conclusive 
— and  shows  that  people  are  not  alarmed  with  so 
little  reason  as  we  have  thought  it  necessary  to 
suppose. 

It  is,  however,  by  no  means  a  necessary  inference 
that  because  two  cases  have  been  exposed  there  are 
plenty  of  others.  There  may  or  may  not  be  ;  and 
we  cannot  undertake  to  decide  the  question.  Buyers, 
however,  may  do  it  for  themselves  by  very  simple 
proce.sses,  thus  described  by  Mr.  Nesbit  :—  * 

"  Procure  from  any  druggist  a  common  wide- 
mouthed  bottle,  with  a  solid  glass  stopper  ;  one 
known  as  a  wide-mouthed  6-oz.  bottle  will  do  very 
well.  Let  this  bottle  be  filled  with  ordinary  water, 
the  stopper  inserted,  and  the  exterior  well  dried. 
The  scales  to  be  used  ought  to  turn  well  with  a 
couple  of  grains.  In  one  pan  of  the  scales  place 
the  bottle,  and  exactly  counterpoise  it  in  the  other 
by  shot,  sand,  or  gravel.  Eemove  the  bottle  from 
the  scale,  pour  out  two-thirds  of  the  water,  and  put 
in  4  ozs.  avoirdupois  of  the  guano  to  be  tested. 
Agitate  the  bottle,  adding  now  and  then  a  little  more 
water ;  let  it  rest  a  couple  of  minutes,  and  fill  with 
water,  so  that  all  the  froth  escapes  from  the  bottle  ; 
insert  the  stopper  carefully,  wipe  dry,  and  place  the 
bottle  in  the  same  scale  from  which  it  was  taken.  Add 
now  to  the  counterpoised  scale  14  oz.  avoirdupois,  and 
a  fourpenny  piece,  and  if  the  bottle  prove  the  heavier, 
the  guano  is  in  all  probability  adulterated.  Add  in 
addition  a  threepenny  piece  to  the  counterpoise,  and 
if  the  bottle  and  guano  prove  the  heavier,  the  guano 
is  certainly  adulterated.  By  this  simple  experiment, 
the  admixture  of  a  very  small  amount  of  sand,  marl, 
&c.,  is  distinctly  shown. 

"  We  venture  also  to  propose  another  method, 
founded  on  the  properties  of  the  mineral  constituents 
of  guano.  When  guano  is  burnt  to  ashes  at  a  red 
heat,  the  ash  has  a  pearly  white  appearance,  which 
is  owing  to  the  absence  of  iron  and  other  colouring 
metallic  oxides.  As  iron  is  always  found  in  marl, 
clay,  &c.,  the  ash  of  any  sample  of  guano  con- 
taminated with  them  will  not  only  be  coloured,  but 
its  weight  will  be  increased." 

Having  used  these  two  methods,  the  last  of  which 
may,  as  we  long  ago  pointed  out,  be  tried  in  a 
common  tobacco-pipe,  the  buyer  will  be  pretty 
certain  whether  he  has  a  genuine  sample  or  not. 
And  we  strongly  advise  those  concerned  to  apply 
the  test  to  the  following  instances — viz. : 

1.  The  cargo  of  the  Dart,  of  Ostend,  which  sailed 
about  the  beginning  of  this  month. 

2.  The  seven  bags  sent  not  long  since  to  Mr.  Page, 
of  Colchester. 

3.  The  16  bags  sent  about  the  same  time  to 
Mr.  Haydon,  of  Buntingford. 

4.  The  cargo  of  the  Hudgill,  of  Newcastle,  which 
sailed  about  the  middle  of  April  for  that  port. 

5.  The  cargo  of  the  Jack  of  Dundee,  which  sailed 
about  the  same  time  for  Port  Soy,  in  Banffshire. 

6.  The  cargo  of  the  Ebenezer,  from  London  to 
Ayr. 

7.  The  cargo  of  the  Albion,  of  Goole,  which  saileii 
for  Goole,  with  "  British  goods  "  on  board. 

8.  The  cargoof  the  Georgina,of  Perth,  from  London 
to  Invergordon,  which  reported  herself  as  having  90 
tons  of  guano  on  board  in  bags. 

We  have  no  doubt  that  the  public  will  derive 
much  advantage  from  knowing  how  these  cargoes 
stand  a  chemical  analysis  ;  and  it  cannot  be  other- 
wise than  gratifying  to  both  vendors  and  consignees, 
to  find  that  their  customers  are  satisfied  with  the 
genuineness  of  their  purchases. 


11^      'cau  Plaut  SUowi  . 
j  Medical 


Messrs.  Rendle  and  Co.,  of  Plymouth,  have 
forwarded  us  a  circular,  wherein  they  charge  some 
person,  unnamed,  with  dealing  in  Adulterated 
Guano,  which,  they  say,  reached  the  Commercial- 
wharf,  Plymouth,  in  the  early  part  of  March  last,  in 
a  vessel  called  the  Chester,  and  has  been  ascertained 
by  Professor  Way,  upon  analysis,  to  consist  of 
two-thirds  gypsum,  salt,  and  sand.  Here,  then,  is 
.a  clear  case  of  adulteration,  for  no  foreign  guano 
whatever  consists  of  such  ingredients ;  but  it  is 
useleHS  to  publish  the  case,  because  Messrs.  IIendlr 
and  Co.  shrink  from  making  known  the  name  of 
the  swindler,  and  therefore  do  nothing  to  guard 
the  public  against  his  further  frauds. 

In  another  case  we  remark  tljat  the  detected 
offenders  set  up  a  cry  of  anii-nionnpoly,  and  seek  to 
justify  fraud  by  protending  that  guauo  of  no  value 


We  pointed  out  last  week  the  more  striking  facts 
which  belong  to  the  late  ungeisial  Spring.  But  the 
subject  is  not  exhausted. 

Vicissitudes  similar  to  those  which  have  fre- 
quently occurred  in  the  climate  of  a  country  may 
be  reasonably  expected  to  occur  again.  Such  as 
have  been  experienced  at  somewhat  regular  intervals 
are  usually  better  provided  against  than  those  which 
occur  irregularljj.  In  some  countries  \Ainter  and 
summer  maintain  their  respective  characters  through- 
out distinctly  limited  periods.  The  climate  of 
Britain  has  no  such  constancy  ;  on  the  contrary,  it 
is  known  to  be  most  precarious,  its  irregularities 
prove  more  especially  injurious  to  subjecis  of  horti- 
culture ;  those  wlio  would  wish  to  protect  such 
ought  to  make  themselves  acquaiuleil  with  the 
nature  of  the  climate  against  which  they  may  have 
to  contend. 

The  geographical  position  of  the  British  Isles 
renders  their  climate  peculiar.  They  lie  in  the  way 
of  a  current   which   proceeds  from  the   equatorial 

'  On  /'crUoian  Ouauo;  Ua  llietorjt.  Composition,  and  Fertilising 
QmtHleit  (to.  Bj  J,  C.  Nbbiiit,  F.G.H.  LuaK>iiunti.  An  able 
hhlilliiK  pitmplUot,  of  which  wo  BCD  that  a  soooDil  otlltloa  has 
JUBt  upliuurutl. 


324 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[May  22, 


ocean  and  circulates  round  them,  carrying  with  it 
sufficient  heat  to  prevent  freezing  of  the  ocean,  even 
on  the  northern  coasts.  In  consequence  of  this  the 
average  mean  temperatures  of  summer  and  vi'inter 
differ  less  in  Britain  than  in  any  other  country  in 


the  world  equally  distant  from  the  equator.  The 
following  table,  calculated  from  26  years'  obser- 
vations of  daily  maxima  and  minima  temperatures, 
exhibits  the  average  mean  range  throughout  the  year, 
at  Chiswick : 


AVEEAGE    TEMPEBATUEE  AT  ChiSWICK,    1826—1851  =  26  TEABS. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Murcb. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

72.14 
49.07 
60.61 
23.07 

Ja!y. 

74  07 
62.73 
63.40 
21.34 

August 

73.20 
51.04 
62  12 
22.16 

Sept. 

October. 

58.9!i 
42.08 
60.50 
16.85 

Nov. 

49  99 
36.17 
4308 
13  82 

Dec. 

46.30 
31  (17 
39  69 
11  23 

42.21 
31.37 
36.79 
1084 

47  41 
32.71 
40.H6 
14.71 

50,88 
34  16 
42  .52 
16.72 

57.48 
37.13 
47.30 
211.35 

65.03 
43.11 
54  117 
21  92 

67  49 
46  81 
67.15 
50  68 

MeanMnnthlvrnTiirc 

From  the  above  it  appears  that  the — 
Mean  temperature  of  the  whole  year  is      =  49.78° 
Mean    temperature  of  the    three  hottest 

months,  June,  July,  August =  62.04 

Mean   temperature  of  the   three   coldest 

months,  December,  January,  February    ^  38.84 
These  months  comprise   the  summer  and  winter 
seasons,  as  the  year  is  divided  by  meteorologists. 
Accordingly,  the 

Difference  in  mean  temperature  of  summer 
and  winter  is     ...         ...         ...         ...  =  23.20° 

And  of  the  hottest  and  coldest  months...  =  26.61 

Near  the  sea,  whether  on  the  east,  west,  south,  or 

even  north  coast,  the  range  of  temperature  is  less 

than   the   above.      We   may  select,   for  example, 

Penzance  in  Cornwall,  lat.  50°  7' ;  and  Sandwick, 

Orkneys,  lat.  69°  5'.    These  places  are  on  parallels  of 

latitude  which  are  upwards  of  600  miles  apart ;  and 

they  are  situated  respectively  almost  at  the  extreme 

south  and  north  limits  of  the  island. 

At  Penzance,  Cornwall, 

The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is   =  51.78° 

Difference  of  summer  and  winter  ...     =  16.18 

Difference  of  hottest  and  coldest  months^  19.48 

At  Sandwick,  Orkneys, 
The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is   =  46.25 
Difference  of  summer  and  winter  ...     =  14.31 
Differenceof  hottestand  coldest  months^  17.45 
These  places  have  comparatively  little  variation 
of  mean  temperature ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  its 
nniformity  is  greater  in  the  Orkneys  than  in  Corn- 
wall.    It  is  also  found  that  at  Sandwick  the  mean 
temperature  of  December  and  January  averages  2° 
higher   than  that  of  the   corresponding  months  at 
Chiswick.     The  former  place   must,  therefore,   be 
more  immediately  under  the  influence  of  a  warm 
current  of  the  ocean.     It  is  impossible  to  account 
for  the  circumstance  in  any  other  way. 

Probably  these  currents  may  act  at  times  with 
gieater  or  less  intensity  than  usual.  It  is  certain, 
however,  that  they  maintain  ^permanent  modification 
of  the  climate  of  this  country.  Were  not  this  the 
ease  our  shores  would  become  ice-bound,  and  most 
evergreens  and  South  of  Europe  plants  that  now 
flourish  throughout  the  kingdom  would  soon  dis- 
appear. How  much  our  climate  is  mitigated  by  the 
warmness  of  the  ocean  currents,  may  be  inferred 
from  the  following  comparative  temperatures  of 
places  situated  on  the  same,  or  very  nearly  the 
same,  parallels  of  latitude. 

At  Gosport,  Hampshire,  lat.  50°  47',  the  mean 
temperature  of  January  is  40°. 

At  Orenburg,  Russia,  lat.  50°  46',  the  mean  tem- 
perature of  January  is  0°. 

Dublin,  Liverpool,  and  Manchester  are  almost  on 
the  same  parallel  of  latitude  with  each  other,  and 
with  Barnaul,  in  Siberia ;  and  the  following  is  the 
respective  mean  temperature  of  January  : — 

Dublin,  lat,  S3°  21'     38.49° 

Liverpool,  lat.  53' 25'  ...         39.95 

Manchester,  lat.  53°  29'        ...         36.70 

Barnaul,  lat.  53°  20' —5.57 

Selecting  another  parallel  of  latitude,  we  find 
Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  Copenhagen,  Moscow,  and 
Kasan,  all  between  lat.  55°  41'  and  55°  58',  and  for 
the  purpose  in  hand  may  therefore  be  considered  as 
being  on  the  same  line.  The  mean  temperature  of 
January  is,  at 

Glasgow  38.23° 

Edinburgh      37.38 

Copenhagen     ...         ...         ...         29.25 

Moscow  13.57 

Kasan  ...         ...         ...         ...  3.45 

At  Uist,  in  Shetland,  lat.  60°  45',  the  mean  tem- 
peratu"e  of  January  is  40°.  At  Tomsk,  in  Siberia, 
lat.  56°  30',  it  is  4°  below  zero.  At  Yakout.^k, 
in  Siberia,  lat.  62°  1',  the  mean  temperature  of 
January  is  45°  below  zero,  or  85°  colder  than  in 
Shetland. 

In  order  to  find  as  high  a  mean  temperature  in 
January  as  that  of  Uist,  if  we  except  places  near 
bays  and  estuaries  accessible  to  the  tropical  currents, 
we  must  go  to  the  south  of  France,  or  of  Italy.  In 
January,  Uist  is  only  1°  colder  than  Constantinople, 
although  the  latter  is  20°,  or  1390  miles,  farther  to 
the  south. 

Frum  these  instances  it  appears  evident  that  much 
heat  is  continually  conveyed  by  cuiTents  urged  from 
the  tropical  ocean,  so  as  to  render  the  winters  in 


the  British  Isles  comparatively  mild — not  only  in  the 
southern,  but  even  in  the  northern  parts,  where,  in 
the  winter  season,  little  heat  can  be  derived  from 
the  sun,  then  scarcely  appearing,  and  but  for  a 
brief  period  of  the  day,  above  the  horizon.  The 
tendency  of  these  currents  is  to  produce  a  constant 
mildness,  as  appears  from  the  averages  here  given ; 
and  many  things  are  in  consequence  cultivated, 
which  could  not  otherwise  be  attempted  in  the  open 
air  in  so  high  a  latitude.  But  it  must  be  observed 
that  this  tendency,  and  these  averages,  are  liable  to 
be  greatly  interfered  with  by  a  variety  of  causes, 
some  of  which  may  be  pointed  out  on  another 
occasion,  in  order  that  their  injurious  effects  may 
be  guarded  against  in  cases  where  this  is  possible. 


LETTER  TO  A  YOUNG  ORCHID  GROWER. 
I  AH  glad  you  have  begun  to  collect,  and  am  very 
willing  to  send  you  all  my  experience  in  the  matter. 
First,  as  regards  the  mode  of  growing  or  management,  I 
have  little  to  add  to  the  papers  wliich  appeared  in  tlie 
Chronicle — "  Orchids  for  the  Million."  Having  a  fancy 
to  grow  a  few  of  the  more  showy  and  easily  culti- 
vated kinds,  I  began  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Wil- 
liams ;  and  1  persuaded  him  to  classify  his  observations, 
and  publisli  them  in  the  Chronicle  for  the  use  of 
others.  He  has  now  collected  these  papers,  and  with 
some  additions  printed  them  in  a  small  volume—"  The 
Orchid  Grower's  Manual."  I  am  soiTy  he  has  rejected 
the  old  title,  "  Orchids  for  the  Million,"  which  got  him 
his  fame  ;  but  this  is  the  old  story,  as  we  get  on  in 
life  we  are  always  striving  after  the  genteel  and  the  aris- 
tocratic. If  you  recollect  even  the  bear  leader  in  one  of 
Goldsmith's  plays  assures  the  ladies  that  his  bear  only 
danced  to  the  most  genteel  tunes.  But  never  mind  the 
new  name  ;  you  cannot  do  better  than  use  this  book  as 
the  manual  for  yourself  and  your  gardener,  if  he  is  not 
already  a  sldlful  cultivator.  1  however  think  Mr. 
Williams  might  have  made  up  his  number  of  plants 
described  to  300,  but  1  suppose  he  has  only  enumerated 
those  which  he  himself  cultivates.  Again,  1  think  it 
would  have  been  well  if  he  had  said  a  little  more  about 
tlie  cultivating  and  flowering  those  which  are  especially 
difficult  to  manage,  or  to  make  bloom — such  as  the 
Renanthera  coccinea,  which  few  flower,  the  particular 
treatment  for  Phaius  albus,  Epidendrum  bicornutura, 
Zygopetalum  rostratura,  Paphinia  cristata,  Epidendrum 
rhizophorum,  and  some  others  which  are  either  difficult 
to  grow  or  to  bring  into  blossom. 

As  regards  the  forming  of  the  collection  :  if  you  are 
very  rich,  the  way  is  to  go  to  Messrs.  Veitch,  Messrs. 
RoUisson,  and  Mr.  Loddiges,  with  yom*  bankers' 
check-book,  and  order  well-established  plants  of  all  the 
most  ornamental  kinds  ;  and  as  to  new  plants  give 
orders  to  Mr.  Linden  and  Mr.  Skinner,  en  attendant  the 
sending  out  your  own  collector  to  South  America  and 
the  East ;  but  as  this  is  not  convenient,  you  must  be 
content  to  go  to  work  more  humbly.  I  can  tell  you 
what  to  avoid.  Of  course  you  will  ask  all  your  friends  who 
are  collectors,  and  whom  you  will  find  willing  to  give  you 
small  plants  of  the  more  common  Epidendrums,  Cattleya 
Forbesii,  Acanthophippium  bicolor,  Acroperas,  Gongoras, 
and  some  of  the  Stanhopeas,  and  some  of  the  more  easily 
grown  and  not  showy  plants.  However,  do  not  despise 
them ;  they  will  do  at  first  to  fill  your  shelves,  and  if 
you  intended  to  make  a  general  collection  would  be 
useful,  but  as  you  only  want  those  which  are  showy  or 
curious,  you  will  (looking  to  the  smallness  of  your 
house),  be  soon  obliged  to  discard  these.  Having  got 
what  you  can  from  your  friends,  1  recommend  you  to 
buy  well-estabhshed  plants.  Do  not  do  as  I  have  done, 
import,  nothing  is  more  disappointing,  and  in  the  long 
run  more  expensive  ;  with  plenty  of  friends  ^p  the  West 
and  the  East,  1  am  certain  I  have  paid  five  times  as 
much  for  heaps  of  bad  plants,  and  for  baskets  of  dead 
and  dying  ones,  as  I  should  have  paid  for  two  or  three 
dozen  of  good  plants  at  Messrs.  Veitch  or  Messrs. 
Rollisson's.  At  Rio,  there  are  collectors  who  send 
home  baskets  at  lOZ,  or  bl.  a  basket;  half  come  rotten, 
and  in  general  those  that  are  alive,  are  nearly  all 
worthless.  Formerly  a  few  used  to  be  obtained  from 
the  Calcutta  gardens,  through  some  India  director,  if 
you  have  a  friend  ;  but  of  late  very  little  is  to  be  done 
in  this  way.  There  are,-  however,  some  people  who 
advertise  in  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle  to  send  over  the 
Orchids  of  Assam,  from  whom  1  have  had  a  valuable 
parcel  of  Dendrobiums,  and  in  good  condition;  but  even 
these  are  got  cheaper  (seeing  you  only  want  one  plant 
of  a  kind),  at  Messis.  Low's  of  Clapton,  who  are  great 
importers,  and  sell  off  nearly  as  soon  as  they  receive 
their  pl.ants,  ata  reasonable  profit.  Again,  you  will  now 
and  then  get  a  bargain  at  Mr.  Stevens's  auction  rooms, 
either  when  a  collector  disposes  of  liis  plants,  or  when 
Mr.  Skinner  or  Messrs.  RoUisson  sell  their  imported 
collections,  and  here  will  be  your  principal  chance  of 


getting  now  and  then  a  new  plant.  But  within  these  last 
six  months  it  is  quite  clear  that  the  collectors  have 
multiplied  in  a  great  degree,  and  I  believe  this  is  prin- 
cipally owing  to  Mr.  Williams's  "  Orchids  for  tlie 
Million."  In  my  own  neighbourhood  there  are  two  new 
collections  which  have  started  up  this  spring;  and  at  the 
great  sale  of  South  American  (Orchids  the  other  day, 
although  it  was  stated  in  the  Chronicle  that  collectors 
might  go  there  and  obtain  plants  for  shillings  which 
before  could  not  be  bought  for  pounds,  the  contrary 
was  the  fact,  and  plants  were  selling  for  pounds  that  in 
the  same  room  1  had  two  years  ago  bought  for  shillings, 
I  have  no  doubt  but  that  the  supply  will  be  soon  equal  to 
the  demand,  and  that  if  you  wait  a  little  longer  we  shall 
soon  have  more  importations,  and  sold  at  a  more  reason- 
able price.  I  should,  however,  caution  you  to  buy  only 
on  the  advice  of  some  one  well  acquainted  with  the 
state  of  the  plants,  and  who  has  examined  them  care- 
fully. It  is  said  (but  how  truly  1  do  not  pretend  to  say) 
that  the  demand  for  Vanda  C£erulea  was  so  great  that  it 
is  suspected,  in  some  instances,  to  have  been  supplied  by 
Vanda  Roxburghii.  Although  1  do  not  recommend 
importation,  others  entertain  a  different  opinion  on  this 
subject;  a  friend  of  mine  who  sends  to  the  East  and 
to  the  West  describes  the  delight  of  receiving  first 
the  letter  of  advice,  then  the  basket  or  box  icom 
the  ship  agent,  and  all  the  anxiety  of  its  opening, 
and  then  the  unknown  plants,  and  the  chance  of  some- 
thing good,  or  at  least  something  new.  All  this  I  have 
experienced  ;  but  he  says  nothing  of  not  seldom  finding 
all  the  plants  rotten,  or  finding  that  what  he  fancies  was 
rare  turns  out  an  ugly  inconspicuous  Eria,  or  an  old 
yellow  Oncidium  or  brown  Epidendrum— to  say  nothing 
of  a  box  overland,  filled  with  Vanda  multiflora,  &c. 
Although  there  has  been  already  published  in  the 
ChronicU  two  or  tliree  lists  of  the  best  Orchids  for  a 
small  collection,  1  add  an  enumeration  of  what  I  think 
the  best  worth  cultivating  for  a  very  small  collection. 
The  different  species  of  Aerides,  Vanda,  and  Sacco>- 
labium,  are  among  the  best,  and  they  are  all  easily 
grown,  but  they  are  all  dear  ;  the  cheapest,  and  one  of 
the  best,  is  Aerides  odoratum  ;  but  you  must  get  a  small 
plant  of  Aerides  crispum,  and  wait  some  two  or  three 
years  for  its  flowering;  it  is  a  slow  grower.  Saccolabium 
guttatum  must  be  had  as  soon  as  you  can  afford  it  ;  and 
mind,  it  is  an  object  to  begin  early  with  these  slow  grow- 
ing plants,  as  it  will  be  some  years  before  they  will  make 
good  sized  plants.  The  two  best  Angraecums  are  ebur- 
neum  and  caudatum  ;  both  are  dear.  Anguloa  Clowesii 
and  Ruekeri  are  both  desirable,  but  dear  ;  uniflora  is  the 
least  desirable,  but  is  handsome,  and  not  so  rare  as  the 
two  first. 

Barhcrias. — The  two  best  are  spectabilis  and  Skinneii ; 
both  should  be  obtained. 

Blctias  are  not  very  showy — but  the  best  is  campann- 
lata  ;  hyacinthina  is  a  common  and  nearly  hardy  plant. 
Bolbophyllums. — None  very  showy ;   the  best    Hen- 
shallii,  and  now,  I  believe,  not  very  dear. 

Bnasavola. — The  best  is  Digbyana,  but  it  is  very  rare  ; 
but  you  should  have  one  species,  glauca,  and  probably 
you  will  find  your  friends  supply  you  with  others,  none 
of  which  are  very  showy. 

Brassias  are  curious  and  free  flowerers  ;  Lawrenceana 
and  maculata  are  good  and  not  rare. 

Broitghtonia  sanguinea  is  pretty  and  not  dear. 

Burlingtonia,  —  t)o  not  grow  rigida,  it  is  not  a  free 

flowerer,  and  not  handsome  when  it  does  flower  ;  vennsta 

or  Candida  may,  I  believe,  now  )be  had  at  no  great  cost. 

Calanthe.  —  Veratrifolia  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  one  of 

the  best  of  our  terrestrial  Orchids,  lasting  in  flower  for 

months.  C.masucaandvestita  are  both  beautiful  but  rare. 

Camarotis  purpurea. — Unless  you  have   a  large  plant 

of  this,  like  those  of  Mr.  Holford  or  of  Mr.  Rucker,  I  do 

not  recommend  it, 

Catasetum. — You  should  have  one  species  ;  they  are 
much  alike,  tridentatum  perhaps  would  be  the  best. 

Cattleya. — This  genus  comprehends  on  the  whole  the 
most  desirable  of  all  the  Orchids,  but  most  of  the  kinds 
are  dear.  Crispa  and  Harrisonife  or  violacea  are  the  least 
rare,  but  you  should  have  C.  Mossise,  C.  Skinneri,  and 
C,  intermedia,  in  addition  to  those  just  named. 

Chysis. — Aurea,  Isevis,  and  bractescens  are  good,  bat 
rare, 

Cirrhcea. — The  different  specimens  are  not  very 
showy,  and  the  same  applies  to  the  genus  Gongora,  but 
you  should  have  one  species  of  each,  especially  as  they 
are  sweet, 

Cailogyne.—Sojae  of  the  species  are  very  handsome, 
especially  cristata,  Wallichii,  speciosum,  and  macniata  ; 
these  are  not  very  dear.  I  wifl  continue  the  list  in  my 
next.  Dodman. 


THE  FUCHSIA. 
This  genus  now  contains  an  immense  number  of 
varieties,  many  of  which  are  worthy  of  being  ranked 
with  our  finest  ornamental  plants.  All  flower  very 
profusely,  remain  long  in  perfection,  and  all  ^  are  of 
comparatively  easy  culture.  Most  of  the  varieties  may 
be  readily  induced  to  make  strong  vigorous  growth 
during  the  winter  and  spring  months,  but  they  have  a 
natural  tendency  to  produce  bloom  towards  June,  after 
which  time  it  is  nearly  impossible  to  excite  them  to 
active  growth.  Large  well-formed  specimens  are  more 
easily  grown  from  cuttings  than  from  old  cut  back 
plants— these  come  in  very  useful  for  autumn  flowering ; 
out  the  symmetrical  form, luxuriant  foliage,and  increased 
display  of  blossom,  which  young  plants  furnish,  when 
|iroperly  managed,  can  hardly  be  expected  from  old 
plants.  Cuttmgs,  destined  to  form  large  specimens 
durmg  one  season's  growth,  should  be  selected  about 


21—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


325 


-the  end  of  July  ;  rather  firm  pieces  of  the  young  wood 
should  be  chosen,  and,  if  possible,  that  which  shows  no 
indication  of  flowering.  Let  them  be  planted  in  light 
sandy  soil,  and  placed  in  a  shady  situation  where  the 
temperature  will  be  but  a  few  degrees  higher  than  that 
in  which  the  plants  from  which  they  were  obtained  were 
growing  ;  and  as  nothing  is  so  efficient  in  checking  a 
jremature  production  of  flower  as  a  uniformly  moist 
atmosphere,  this  should  be  secured  by  covering  with 
>a  bell-glass. 

As  soon  as  the  cuttings  are  sufficiently  rooted  to  bear 
handling,  pot  them  singly  in  4-inch  pots,  and  keep  them 
-close  and  moist,  until  they  are  fully  established.  A 
temperature  of  about  from  45'^  at  night  to  50°  or  55'' 
during  the  day,  will  be  sufficient  during  winter  ;  and  if 
kept  free  from  insects,  and  allowed  pot  room,  and 
.properly  supplied  with  ( water  and  a  moist  growing 
atmosphere,  their  progress  will  be  very  rapid.  But  it  is 
probable  that  some  of  the  plants,  especially  the  weakly 
growing  varieties,  will,  despite  of  every  precaution, 
prove  more  inclined  to  flower  than  to  make  strong  rapid 
■growth.  Such  had  better  be  set  aside,  as  there  is  but 
little  chance  of  their  forming  large  handsome  specimens; 
andl  need  not  say  that  this  casualty  should  be  provided 
for,  by  rooting  and  preparing  a  sufficiency  of  plants 
from  which  to  select  the  most  promising  of  each 
variety.  The  plants  should  be  strong  vigorous  examples, 
in  8  or  9-inch  pots,  ready  for  a  final  shift  in  March. 
The  size  of  the  pots  to  be  used  must  be  regulated  by 
the 'habit  of  the  variety.  The  stronger  growers,  if 
properly  managed,  will  fill  18-inch  pots  ;  while  12  or 
15-inch  ones  will  be  sufficiently  large  for  others.  Keep 
the  plants  rather  close  after  shifting,  in  order  to 
encourage  root  action  ;  syringe  over-head  freely,  and 
keep  the  atmosphere  moist,  but  water  very  carefully  till 
the  growth  indicates  that  ^ey  have  taken  to  the  fresh 
soil.  Beginners  should  be  especially  careful  in  this 
respect,  as  it  is  easy  either  to  over  or  under  water  after  a 
large  shift.  When  the  plants  appear  to  have  laid  hold  of 
the  fresh^soil,  admit  air  freely  whenever  the  temperatiore 
rises  above  SO*',  but  shut  up  early  in  the  afternoon; 
syringe  over-head,  and  keep  the  atmosphere  as  moist  as 
possible  by  sprinkling  the  floors,  &c.,  frequently  during 
the  day.  Clear  manure  water  should  be  used  as  soon 
as  it  is  supposed  that  the  pots  are  moderately  well  filled 
with  roots.  When  the  sun  becomes  powerful  use  a  thin 
shade  on  the  forenoons  of  bright  days,  but  apply  this 
sparingly,  and  afi'ord  the  plants  all  the  light  possible, 
-without  subjecting  them  to  the  direct  rays  of  a 
mid-day  sim. 

Some  attention  will  be  requisite  to  secure  the  desired 
form  of  plant.  If  the  pyramidal  shape  is  preferred 
(and  it  is  the  best,  as  it  is  most  in  accordance  with  the 
habit  of  the  plant)  a  stake  for  the  support  of  the  leading 
shoot,  and  a  timely  and  systematic  stopping  of  any  over 
luxuriant  side  branches,  are  all  that  will  be  required 
■until  the  shoots  become  loaded  with  blossom,  when  a 
few  strips  of  matting  or  soft  string  so  tied  to  the  stake 
-and  side  branches  as  to  preserve  ^the  symmetry  of  the 
specimen,  may  be  found  necessary.  Some  growers  stop 
their  plants  once  or  twice  after  they  are  fully  grown  and 
showing  flower ;  this  causes  them  to  break  back,  greatly 
adds  to  the  number  of  shoots,  and  of  course  to  the 
display  of  blossom,  but  plants  treated  in  this  way  do 
cot  continue  so  long  in  beauty. 

A  cool  airy  shady  house  is  the  proper  situation  for  the 
plants  while  in  blossom,  and  dxmngtbis  time  they  should 
be  liberally  supplied  with  manure  water,  and  carefully 
guarded  against  attacks  of  insects.  The  weaker 
growers  are  rather  subject  to  red  spider,  and  all  the 
sorts  to  thrips  ;  but  if  insects  are  kept  under  during  the 
growing  season,  and  the  plants  are  perfectly  clean  when 
placed  in  the  show-house,  there  will  be  Uttle  to  appre- 
hend in  this  respect.  When  the  beauty  of  the  plants 
is  over,  they  may  be  removed  to  a  shady  situation  out 
of  doors;  and,  previous  to  any  danger  from  frost,  cut 
back  rather  closely,  disrooted  and  repotted  in  9-inch 
pots,  using  light  sandy  soil.  If  placed  in  a  dry  situation 
out  of  the  reach  of  frost  in  winter,  and  put  in  a  cool 
house  when  they  commence  growth  in  spring,  potted 
when  necessary,  and  set  in  a  shady  situation  out  of 
■doors  aa  soon  as  the  danger  of  frost  is  over,  they  will 
make  useful  specimens  for  autumn  flowering. 

The  Fuchsia  delights  in  a  light  rich  porous]  soil. 
Turfy  sandy  loam,  two  parts,  and  two  parts  thoroughly 
■decomposed  cow-dung  and  leaf-soil,  with  a  sufficiency 
of  clean  sharp  sand  to  ensure  the  free  percolation  of 
water  through  the  mass,  will  form  a  suitable  compost 
for  it.  For  weakly  growers  turfy-peat  will  be  preferable 
to  leaf-Boil,  and  for  these  V017  little  cow-dung  should  be 
used.  Alp/ui. 


room.  At  the  back  there  is  a  row  of  Cherries,  and  on 
the  front  border  there  are  Peaches  and  Apricots  planted, 
and  in  both  borders  there  will  be  trees  in  pots — Cherries, 
Pears,  Figs,  and  Apricots,  and  Raspberries  also  for 
early  forcing.  The  back  and  fx'ont  have  loose  shutters 
made  of  half  inch  deal,  in  lengths  of  about  3  feet,  which 
slip  into  a  groove,  or  may  be  fixed  on  by  a  thumb 
button  ;  these,  when  the  weather  is  fine,  may  be  entirely 
removed.  They  are  only  necessary  during  the  very 
cold  winds  in  spring — such  as  are  now  blowing. 
**  — Whea  the  tyrannous  breathing  of  the  north 
Shakes  all  our  buds  from  growing." 

In  addition  to  the  back  and  front  ventilation,  and  that 
obtained  from  the  doors  at  each  end,  there  is  a  top 
shutter  9  inches  wide,  which  may  be  opened  throughout 
the  whole  length,  but  I  think  Mr.  Rivers'  plan  of 
making  his  back  of  a  clipped  Hornbeam  hedge  better 
than  my  board  shutters,  as  this  will  ensure  perpetual 
ventilation,  and  yet  there  will  be  no  violent  currents  of 
air.  You  will  observe  that  the  glass  lights  are 
fixtures,  and  will  not  be  moveable  in  the  summer,  and 
this  I  fear  will  render  much  syringing  necessary  to 
avoid  red  spider  and  green  fly  ;  however,  this  year  we 
shall  have  Mr.  Rivers'  experience  of  his  houses  both 
with  wooden  and  hedge  backs  ;  but  after  the  frost  the 
other  night,  I  fear,  except  where  mats  or  hay  has  been 
put  over  the  lights,  the  trees  under  glass  havj  been 
injured.  In  a  Vine  shed  glazed,  such  of  my  Vines  as 
were  near  the  glass,  and  as  were  just  coming  into 
leaf,  have  been  frozen  ;  and  I  am  now  satisfied  that 
this  will  be  the  fifth  or  sixth  consecutive  failure  of  Pear 
crops.  I  begin  to  think  that  crops  of  the  more  tender 
kinds  of  Pears  in  England  is  a  myth,  and  that  my 
friend  Mr.  Rivers,  writing  about  root-pruned  Pear  trees 
covered  with  fruit,  &c.,  was  in  a  dream.  The  following 
will  give  some  idea  of  the  general  arrangement  and  coU' 
struction  of  my  orchard  house. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Orchard  //owe^.—  l  !xm  not  Horry  that  I  omitted  to 
Bend  you  the  account  of  my  orchard  house,  and  which  in 
some  respects  I  thought  an  improvement  on  Mr.  Rivers', 
because  your  correspondent  in  a  late  Number  has  given 
an  account  of  the  one  he  haw  erected  ;  but  hiH  la  one  built 
on  a  more  expenoive  plan  than  mine.  My  object  was  to 
get,  at  the  least  cost,  a  good  glum  covering  for  tre..-8  in  a 
border,  and  also  f  jr  trees  in  poLs  to  he  wH  on  tlie  fjorder 
for  the  roots  to  paws  into  it,  an  HUggoBU,*d  by  Mr. 
Rivers,  The  oV^ject  was  to  get  head-roorn,  and  yet 
to  have  the  building  &h  low  as  poBsible,  and  to  have 
«omplctc  ventilation.  Mine  is  a  span  roof,  and 
I  have  a  long  front  su-ih  running  down  to  within 
IB  inchcH  of  the  ground  ;  the  back  sasii  Ih  not  so 
Ittnz,  and  the  b-ock  is  4  feet  from  tho  ground  ;  the 
path  in  th**  middle  is  Hunk  2  feet,  bo  as  t<>  give  liend- 


A,  front  moveable  upright  shutters  ;  B,  back  moveable  abut- 
ters ;  C,  9-inch-wide board  on  a  hinge,  opening  for  top  ventila- 
tion ;  D  D,  back  and  front  sashes,  12  feet  and  4  feet  ;  E, 
sunken  path  ;  F,  trellis  for  Peaches,  &c.,  iu  front  border  ;  G-, 
row  of  espalier  Cherries  ;  H  H,  rows  of  pots.  N.B.  Tlie  sash- 
bars  are  very  light,  being  the  same  as  are  u^ed  at  the  Crjstal 
Palace,  with  a  sunken  groove,  into  which  the  glass  slips,  and 
no  putty  is  used.  T>odman, 

Fumigatmg. — I  am  surprised  that  gardeners  should 
persist  in  advancing  argument  in  support  of  the  old 
mode  of  fumigating,  now  that  we  have  a  means  of  effect- 
ing this  without  raising  the  temperatm'e,  by  introducing 
fire  into  the  building,  and  with  a  saving  of  tobacco  ;  for 
whatever  may  be  said  about  other  material,  tobacco  is 
found  to  be  the  best,  and  does  not  injm'e,  but  rather 
benefits  the  plants.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  that  to 
keep  up  a  combustion  of  any  substance,  a  draught  of 
air  is  necessary,  and  if  the  substance  to  be  consumed  is 
placed  within  a  building,  this  draught  must  be  created 
by  natural  or  artificial  means  :  if  natural,  the  house  is 
not  properly  closed,  and  there  will  be  a  great  waste  by 
escape  of  smoke  ;  if  artificial,  it  is  usually  done  with 
bellows,  generally  by  the  operator  going  into  the  build- 
ing, in  order  to  stir  up  the  machine  occasionally.  It  is 
always  a  disagreeable,  and  sometimes  a  dangerous  job, 
and  for  this  reason  not  effectually  performed.  In  proof 
of  this,  if  proof  is  wanting,  I  may  state  my  own  case  ; 

1  have  a  conservatory  abutting  from  my  hall,  standing 
over  the  ground  offices;  I  availed  myself  of  this,  in  order 
to  introduce  air,  and  fixed  four  tin  pipes,  about  2  feet  long, 

2  inches  in  diameter,  to  communicate  from  below.  The 
lower  pair  of  these  tubes  had  funnel-shaped  mouths,  just 
under  the  ceiling,  and  to  these  I  suspended  small  iron 
crates,  made  something  in  the  form  described  by  "  G.  E., 
Fife,"  in  one  of  your  late  Papers.  I  expected  that,  owing 
to  the  current  of  air  below,  the  pipes,  acting  as  funnels, 
would  draw  the  smoke  up;  but  no,  there  was  no  draught 
above,  in  consequence  of  the  conservatory  being  closely 
shut  up,  and  I  could  not  get  the  apparatus  to  act,  even 
with  the  assistance  of  bellows.  I  have  since  procured 
the  patent  fumigator  ;  in  fact,  I  have  the  three  sizes. 
For  all  purposes,  even  for  frames,  I  prefer  the  middle- 
sized  one,  and  with  this  and  a  quarter  of  a  pound  of 
tobaccojl  can  fumigate  my  house  (which  is  -iOft.  by  I4ft.), 
effectually,  in  about  10  minutes.  The  small  one  is, 
however,  very  useful  for  fumigating  specimen  plants, 
putting  the  plant  under  an  inverted  pot  or  cask,  and 
turning  down  the  nozzle  of  tho  instrument  into  tho 
hole.  It  is  olijected  to  the  patent  fumigator  that  it  is 
too  small  for  large  houses;  the  same  objection  would 
apply  to  filling  a  large  ca^k  with  a  small  tea-cup.  These 
machines  are  made  of  all  sizes.  I  saw  some  tlie  other 
day  at  Messrs.  Deanc  and  Dray's,  capable  of  taking  a 
couple  of  pounds  of  tobacco  or  other  material  at  a 
charge,  and  I  presume  they  can  be  manufactured  of  any 
size  required,  the  principle  being  the  sanio— of  drawing, 
instead  of  forcing  tho  smoko  tiirough  tho  nozzle,  and 
operating  from  without,  avoiding  tho  iieccssity  for  enter- 
ing tin;  building,  or  admitting  air  after  it  is  once  cloned 
up.  There  sec.'niH  to  be  u  proper  way  of  using  tho 
fnmii^ator  an  well  as  any  other  tool.  I  lind  it  best,  after 
igniting   the   tobacco  with    a   bit  of  brown   paper   and  , 


lucifer  match,  not  a  live  coal,  at  the  top,  just  like  a 
tobacco-pipe,  to  turn  the  handle,  not  too  briskly,  and 
not  to  disturb  the  charge  until  it  is  nearly  burned  out ; 
in  fact,  to  treat  it  just  as  a  smoker  does  his  tobacco- 
pipe.  A.  D.,  Wimbledon. 

The  Brown  Turkey  i?/f/.— Having  noticed  that  your 
reply  to  «J.  D.,"  at  p.  312,  does  not  contain  aU  that 
might  be  said  respecting  this  Fig,  as  an  inhabitant  of 
Worthing,  where  it  is  much  cultivated,  I  have  taken 
the  opportunity  of  forwarding  more  information  for 
your  correspondent  on  the  subject.  By  reference  to 
the  Catalogue  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  p.  70,  the 
Brown  Tm-key  is  mentioned  as  of  the  first  order,  in  size 
and  quality,  colour  brown,  shape  pyriform,  and  the  tree 
an  abundant  bearer.  Its  varieties  are  known  under  the 
following  different  names,  viz : — Jerusalem,  Brown 
Naples,  Italian,  Brown  Italian,  Murrey,  Lee's  Per- 
petual, Early,  Howick,  Walton,  Fleur  Rouge,  Ashridge 
Forcing,  Blue,  Blue  Burgundy,  Large  Blue,  Small  Blue, 
Common  Purple,  Purple,  Blue  Ischia  (of  S3me),  See 
Catalogue  of  Fruits,  as  above.  The  honour  of  being  the 
first  county  in  the  British  Isles  in  which  the  first  tree 
was  planted  and  cultivated,  after  being  imported  by 
Thomas  A'  Becket,  is  claimed  by  Sussex  ;  and  it  is  still 
grown  with  gi'eater  success  in  Worthing  and  its  vicinity, 
than  in  any  other  spot  along  the  south  coast.  One  of 
the  greatest  novelties  as  to  form,  beauty  of  foliage,  and 
bearing  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Head,  florist. 
Worthing.  Trained  in  the  form  of  a  wheel,  its  branches 
form  12  spokes,  each  expanding  as  it  leaves  the  trunk 
into  a  fanlike  shape,  till  at  the  circumference  its  per- 
pendicular height  is  14  ft. ;  its  diameter,  from  tip  to  tip, 
30  ft.   VeHtas. 

Dielytra  spectahilis. — To  aid  the  late  inquiry  respect- 
ing the  hardiness  of  this  Fumewort,  I  may  mention  that 
1  obtained  a  plant  last  year  which  I  planted  out  in  a 
flower  border,  sheltered  from  the  north  and  west  by  a 
high  wall,  in  common  soil,  where  it  flowered,  and  soon 
afterwards  died  down.  It  was  not  at  all  protected 
during  the  winter,  and  shot  up  strongly  early  in  the 
spring,  and  sustained  no  injury  from  any  frosts  till  the 
latter  part  of  April,  when,  just  as  it  was  in  flower,  wft 
had  two  very  sharp  frosts.  Its  succulent  flower-stems 
were  injured,  and  all  the  flowers  dropped  off" ;  but  it 
soon  recovered,  has  thrown  up  fresh  floweriug- stems, 
and  even  those  branches  which  appeared  to  be  destroyed 
are  putting  forth  fresh  leaves.  The  plant  is  somewhat 
sheltered  from  the  east  wind  by  a  large  double  Wall- 
flower, which  has  grown  too  luxuriantly  and  encroached 
upon  it.  As  a  proof  of  the  severity  of  the  frost,  I  may 
mention  that  all  the  unexpanded  buds  of  a  large  Wis- 
taria consequana  on  the  adjoining  wall  were  destroyed. 
The  racemes  in  which  the  flowers  were  wholly  or  par- 
tially expanded  have  not  suffered  ;  Chanthus  puniceus, 
Ery  thrina  Crista-galli,  and  Sutherlandia  frutescens,  wez*e 
not  hurt.  The  young  shoots  of  the  Silver  Fir,  Beodar, 
Abies  Morinda  and  cephalonica,  were  generally  destroyed, 
as  were  the  flower-buds  of  the  flowering  Ash  and  of 
Deutzia  scabra.  W.  M,  Tweedy^  Alva-ton,  TrurOy  CovTb- 
wall,  May  15. 

Prolific  Bean.— One  self-sown  Tick  Bean  came  up 
last  summer  in  my  garden  ;  it  had  four  stalks,  on  one 
of  which  was  83  pods,  the  whole  produce  from  the  one 
root  being  531  Beans  of  excelleut  quality.  W.  B. 
Bwnhairif  Spital  Cottage,  near  Birhenheady  May  14, 

RestoHng  Bloom  to  Grapes. — Having  noticed,  at  p.  309, 
that  some  one  has  been  inquiring  how  to  put  an  artificial 
bloom  on  Grapes,  I  take  the  opportunity  of  expressing 
my  dislike  to  the  system  of  exhibiting  fruit,  flowers, 
or  anything  else,  under  other  than  natural  conditions. 
A  florist  might  as  well  ask  how  to  put  a  petal  into  a  bad 
flower,  in  order  that  it  might  win  a  prize.  If  such  a 
thing  were  done,  however,  and  the  transaction  discovered, 
he  would,  or  ought  to  be,  expelled  the  Society,  as  a 
frauduleut  exliibitor  ;  and  I  think  it  nothing  more  than 
right  that  any  one  showing  fruit  bloomed  by  artificial 
means  ought  to  be  treated  in  a  similar  manner.  I  ti'usfc 
that  your  correspondent  does  not  wish  to  bloom  his 
Grapes  artificially  for  any  pecuniary  advantage,  but 
only  to  please  his  own  fancy.  Cobnut.  [We  take  for 
granted  that  was  our  correspondent's  object.] 

Planing  Forest  Trees.— I  quite  agree  with  «  J.  T." 
(see  p.  277),  on  the  subject  of  pruning  young  Oak  ; 
from  all  I  can  gather  the  proper  method  seems  to  be 
that  in  young  timber  it  is  not  disadvantageous  to  cut  off 
a  branch  close  to  the  trunk,  a  small  knot  over  which 
the  bark  grows  being  the  only  cousequence  ;  of  course 
I  suppose  the  tree  to  be  in  condition  to  afford  such  a 
loss  of  foliage ;  if  not,  it  is  preferable  merely  to  top  tho 
branch  for  the  present,  which  wiU  induce  it  to  send  out 
small  lateral  shoots,  but  not  to  increase  in  size;  and  on n, 
future  occasion  it  may  be  cut  off  close.  In  the  selection 
of  a  leader  care  should  be  taken  to  choose  one  with  an 
upright  tendency,  if  possible  ;  if  not,  one  which  the  pre- 
vailing winds  will  induce  to  become  so.  If  it  be  neces- 
sary to  cut  off"  a  branch  from  a  full-grown  tree,  a  suag 
of  from  2  to  3  feet  should  be  left,  which  will  live,  and 
the  knot  will  bo  on  tho  outside  when  the  tree  is  felled; 
whereas,  if  cut  close  to  the  trunk,  or  what  is  worse,  a 
few  inches  from  it,  a  decayed  place  in  the  timber  will 
result.  Fpsilon,  Devon. 

Climate.— in  a  late  Number,  a  correspondent  remarks 
that,  apart  from  the  absonco  of  tho  sun,  climate  is  influ- 
enced by  various  unknown  or  unexplained  causes;  yet 
he  appears  to  consider  that  an  inferior  breadth  of  land 
in  small  islands,  and  distance  from  tho  continent,  ai'e 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  winter  warmth  of  certain 
Scotch  islands  pointed  out  by  him.  That  a  surrounding 
ocean  of  a  temperature  above  freezijig  will,  to  aonio 
extent,  moderate  tho  cold  of  small  islands  in  the  winter  ia 


326 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


[Mat  22, 


a  high  latitude,  is  tolerably  evident ;  but  these  circum- 
stances may  not  be  the  cause  of  tlie  high  temperature  of 
the  localities  named.  Grain,  we  are  informed  on  good 
authority,  will  not  ripen  at  a  height  of  more  than  1200 
feet  in  Teneriffe,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  but  it  will 
come  to  maturity  equally  well  at  a  height  of  12,000  feet 
in  the  Himalaya  valleys  ;  yet  the  former  is  an  island 
of  moderate  size,  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
mainland  of  Africa,  and  the  latter  is  in  the  interior  of  a 
broad  continent :  the  former  is  also  nearer  the  equator 
by  about  12**.  The  cause  of  this  difference  is  probably 
to  be  found  in  the  different  action  of  aqueous  vapour  in 
the  two  cases.  About  the  Scotch  islands,  in  the  winter, 
vapour  is  constantly  rising  from  the  comparatively  warm 
■water  of  the  sea,  and  a  portion  of  this  vapour  is  regu- 
larly condensed,  particularly  during  the  night,  by  the 
colder  air,  when  it  gives  out  heat  to  the  air.  This  con- 
densation therefore  prevents  the  temperature  from  sink- 
ing to  so  low  a  degree  as  it  commonly  does  in  the  driei- 
regions  of  the  south,  where  no  vapour  is  condensed  to 
furnish  heat  to  the  air.  Is  not  this  sufficient  to  account 
for  the  higher  winter  temperature  found  in  the  north" 
western  islands  of  Scotland  ?  T.  If.,  Ma/nchesierj  May  1 0. 

Oak  Trees. — The  Lucombe  Oak  mentioned  by  "  M.  S.'* 
at  p.  294,  appears  to  have  been  37i  inches  in  circum- 
ference, breast  high,  when  29  years  of  age.  I  measured 
a  common  Oak  tree  growing  in  the  County  Meath,  in 
May,  1843,  which  was  then  about  29  years  of  age,  and 
it  was,  at  the  height  of  2  feet  G  inches,  42  inches  ;  and 
at  5  feet,  32^  inches,  I  have  measured  it  almost  every 
year  since,  and  I  find  it  has  increased  annually  1  ~  inch  on 
the  average — being  now  at  the  same  heights  65^  inches 
and  4.5  a-  inches.  /.  2' 

Norfolk  Islmid.-A.n  a  late  number  of  the  "  Household 
Words"  is  a  description  of  Norfolk  Island,  particularly 
interesting  to  the  gardener,  as  being  the  habitat  of  the 
grand  Pine  wliich  is  named  from  this  island.  The  follow- 
ing extracts,  descriptive  of  the  scenery,  will,  I  think, 
amuse  such  of  your  readers  (only  a  few,  however,  I 
suspect),  who  have  not  read  the  paper.  I  am,  however, 
rather  sceptical  as  regards  "  tlie  delicate  Cinnamon,  and 
*the  rough  stout  old  English  Oak,"  gi'owing  side  by  side, 
Dodmwtt. — '"  The  first  glimpse  of  Norfollc  Island  that 
one  gets  from  a  ship's  deck,  is  made  remarkable  by  a 
tree — well  known  by  means  of  pictures  and  descriptions 
—the  grand  Norfolk  Island  Pine  ;  which  clothes  the 
hills  to  their  summit." — "  Norfolk  Island  consists  of  a 
series  of  hills  and  valleys  beautifully  intei-folded,  rising 
in  green  ridges  one  above  another,  till  they  all  culminate 
in  the  summit  of  Mount  Pitt,  the  highest  point  in  the 
island,  about  3000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea."^ 
"Through  a  cutting  in  the  ledge  of  rock  which  over- 
hangs the  sea,  I  come  now  upon  an  amphitheatre  of 
hills.  These  hills  are  all  richly  dressed  in  a  thick 
clothing  of  wild  shrubs,  flowers,  and  Grapery.  On  one 
side  is  a  mount  covered  to  the  top  with  the  gigantic 
Norfolk  Island  Pine  ;  on  another  side  down  goes  a 
ravine  that  seems  to  offer  a  short  cut  to  the  interior  of  the 
earth  :  a  short  and  a  most  pleasant  cut ;  for  intricate 
dark  foliage  is  lighted  up  by  Lemon  groves,  where,  here 
and  there,  the  sun  is  playing  on  their  golden  fruit.  I 
descend  by  the  path  into  the  ravine.  Foliage  shuts  me 
out  from  the  sun  ;  magnificent  cx'eepers  (for  in  nature, 
as  in  society,  there  are  creepers  which  take  rank  as  the 
magnificent),  twist  and  twirl  themselves  about  my  path. 
The  birds  that  perch  upon  them  glitter  like  their  flowers  : 
lories,  parrots,  parroquets,  beautiful  wood-pigeons.  But 
the  forest  is  dark,  and  I  ascend  again,  and  get  among 
such  quaint  aspects  of  vegetative  life  as  are  made  by 
clusters  of  large  Fern  trees,  rising  with  a  lean— some  to 
this  quarter  and  some  to  that — trees  sadly  wanting  in 
uprightness  of  character,  but  carrying  their  crests  15  or 
20  feet  above  the  ground.  These  look  like  Grass  among 
the  Norfolk  Island  Pines,  which  pile  one  dark  feather- 
crown  upon  another — crown  above  crown,  to  a  height  of 
some  200  feet  above  the  soil.  From  the  summit  of 
Mount  Pitt,  which  I  have  now  reached,  I  have  Norfolk 
Island  in  complete  subjection  to  one  of  my  senses.  I 
can  see  it  all.  Rock,  forest,  valley,  corn-fields,  islets, 
sunshine  on  sea,  sunshine  on  birds,  no  sun  in  gloomy 
glades,  rays  darting  into  darkness,  and  revealing  para- 
sites and  creepers  exquisitely  coloured,  and  the  bright 
green  fans  of  tlie  Pahnetto  rising  out  of  a  froth  of  white 
Convolvulus  ;  Guava  and  Lemon,  a  delicious  air,  clear 
sky,  and  the  sharp  outline  of  every  light  feather  of  the 
foliage  picked  out  against  it.  There  used  to  be  Oranges ; 
but,  once  upon  a  time,  there  lived  in  Norfolk  Island  a 
wise  commandant,  who  voted  Oi*anges  too  great  a  luxury 
for  convicts,  and  caused  the  trees  that  grew  them  to  be 
extirpated.  They  are  now,  liowever,  being  reintroduced. 
In  a  garden  belonging  to  the  commandant,  called  Orange 
Vale,  sight,  taste,  and  smell  enjoy  a  paradise.  Delicate 
Cinnamon  grows  by  the  rough  stout  old  English  Oak. 
Tea,  Coffee,  Tobacco,  Sugar-cane,  Banana,  Figs,  Arrow- 
root, and  Lemon,  grow  in  company  with  Englisli  fruits 
and  vegetables,  th-at  have  been  forced  by  the  climate 
into  an  ecstatic,  transcendental  state.  The  spirituality 
of  a  Carrot  gets  to  be  developed  when  it  grows  up  in 
such  good  company  as  that  of  sweet  Bucks  and  Bananas. 
Sweet  Bucks  are  sweet  Potatoes,  which  are  very  kisses 
to  the  palate  ;  and  are  served  out  daily  as  rations  to  the 
evil  and  the  good,  the  convicts  and  the  othcers.  But, 
truly,  there  is  need  of  a  fine  cUmate  to  make  compen- 
sation for  the  other  details  of  a  residence  in  Norfolk 
Island." 

The  Weather  In  Ireland. — After  a  long  continuance  of 
dry  weather  and  easterly  winds,  it  has  broken  here,  and 
■we  have  had  heavy  gales,  cold  showers,  and,  with  very 
few  exceptions,  anything  but  genial  May  weather. 
Nevertheless,  we  have  fine  crops  of  fruit  set ;  all  sorts 


of  Pears  freely,  Cherries  in  abundance  ;  the  small  fruits, 
Gooseberries,  Currants,  Strawberries,  looking  remai'k- 
ably  well.  Apples  (the  last  season  was  so  prolific),  are 
also  well  set  ;  1848  was  the  best  year  for  Pears  in  my 
remembrance  :  the  Christmas  of  that  year  I  had  2985 
in  my  fruit-house,  without  any  consideration  of  the  quan- 
tities used  in  the  end  of  summer  and  the  autumn  ;  1852 
promises  much  better.  The  standards  are  all  in  bearing, 
and  the  rare  kinds  ail  with  a  fair  crop  on  them.  I 
cannot  help  saying  that  all  Pear-trees  I  have  ever  got 
or  seen  from  Mr.  Rivers,  Sawbridgeworth,  Herts,  are, 
more  or  less,  good  bearers,  and  his  kinds  true.  Peaches 
have  suffered  severely  in  my  own  and  neighbours' 
gardens.  Vegetables  ai'e  excellent ;  this  Broccoli 
season  exceeded  any  I  ever  saw  :  ihe  Asparagus,  long, 
green,  and  high  flavoured.  All  things  being  in  abund- 
ance, let  us  hail  it  as  "  an  omen"  that  we  shall  not  be 
"stricken"  with  the  Potato  blight  this  season,  and  that 
we  shall  have  what  we  have  not  had  now  for  "seven 
years"— a  plentiful  and  abundant  harvest.  J.B.  Warren, 
Warren's  Grove,  County  Cork,  Irelcmd. 


?octetiesf* 


RoTAX  Botanic,  Regent's  Pahk,  ^fay  39. — This  Society 
waa  favoured  by  a  fine  day  for  its  tiret  fSfe  thiti  seaBOo.  Without 
anyihiog  partrjularly  striking,  the  exhibition  may  be  eaid  to 
have  been  a  gond  one.  It  wa?  iDS^iected  by  the  Queen,  his 
Royal  Highness  Prince  Albert,  and  other  members  of  the  Royal 
family,  a  Bhoit  time  previous  to  the  admission  of  the  public. 
As  regards  plantfc,  a  latKe  proportion  of  those  brought  together 
on  thin  occasion  had  been  previouely  exhibited  to  the 
Horticultural  Society  at  Chiswick,  when  they  were  reported 
upon  by  us.  We  therefore  conbne  oar  remarks  to  the  more 
important  of  the  Bubjects  now  produced  for  the  first  time. 

In  the  fine  collection  of  30  Stovb  and  Greenh(idse  Plants 
furnished  by  Mr.  May.  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  of  Ealing  Park, 
were  pretty,  medium  sized  examples  of  Hovea  pungens, 
Acrophyllum  venosum,  Pultenxa  stipuIarU,  and  one  or  two 
other  plants  of  that  kind.— Mr.  Cole,  gr.  to  H.  Coljer,  Esq  , 
(who  was  placed  2d,  but  whose  plants  were  scarcely  inferior  to 
those  wliich  gained  the  1st  prize),  had  charmicg  specimens  of 
the  Willow-leaved  Ixora,  Dipladenia  splendens,  tiueiy-tlowered, 
Hoya  imperialip,  with  glorious  clusters  of  its  singular  blosBoms, 
Cyrtoceras  refiexum,  hardly  sufficiently  expanded,  the  pretty 
rosy-tinged  Adenandra  fragrans,  and  other  plants  in  beautiful 
condition. — Messrs.  Fraeer  sent  the  white  Vinca,  the  charming 
Pimelea  Ilendersoni,  and  Lescbenaultia  intermedia,  a  variety 
in  the  way  of  Baxteri,  but,  if  anything,  brighter  than  that 
kind  ;  £  collection  from  Mr.  Pamplin  completed  the  exhibitions 
under  this  head, 

A  beautiful  group  of  20  Stove  and  Gheenhouse  Plants  was 
produced  by  Mr.  Speed,  of  Edmonton,  in  which  we  remarked 
an  admirable  plant  of  Gardenia  Fortuui  covered  with  its  large 
double  white  fragrantr-  flowers ;  Coleonema  pulchrum,  a 
brilliant  Clerodendron  fallax,  and  Ixora  coccinea,  wiih  flowers 
in  glowing  scarlet  heads  that  could  not  have  measured  less 
than  half  a  foot  across.  Mr.  Green,  who  was  2d,  sent  the 
rosy  variety  of  Aphetexis  sesamoides,  and  a  Gardenia  Fortuni 
as  large  and  well  flowered  as  that  to  which  we  have  just 
alluded.  These  two  plants  were  the  admiration  of  every- 
body. Mr.  Taylor,  gr.  to  J.  Cos'er,  Esq.,  who  was  3d,  had 
Leschenaultia  formosa  ;  an  Everlasting  ;  and  Pimelea  hiepida, 
a  nice  variety  iu  the  way  of'-pectabilis,  but  smaller. 

Ten  Stove  and  Geeenhouse  Plants  were  furnished  by 
Messrs.  Carson,  Dods,  Kingborn,  Williams,  and  Over.  In 
these  groups  we  remarked  Erica  tubiflora,  Polygala  cordi- 
t'ulia  ;  an  Everlasting;  a  very  fine  Daviesia  flonbunda,  the 
violet  flowered  Tetratheca  verticillata.  Pimelea  decussata, 
Leacheoaultia  formosa  (very  fine),  and  Pimelea  spectabilis. 

Azaleas  were  shown  by  Measrs.  Lane,  Green,  and  Fraser, 
but  they  were  not  near  so  numerous  or  well  flowered  as  they 
were  at  Chiswick,  and  thereforej  as  a  matter  of  course,  they 
were  far  less  striking. 

The  RiioDODENDBONs  of  Messrs.  Lane  and  Ivison  were  also 
inferior  to  those  shown  to  the  Horticultural  Society,  the  time 
that  elapsed  between  the  Sth,  when  they  were  in  perfection,  and 
the  19th,  together  with  the  travelling  to  and  fro,  having 
considerably  impaired  their  beauty. 

OflCHiDS  were  numerous  and  made  a  good  display.  In  Mrs. 
Lawrence's  group  of  25,  we  observed  a  finely  managed 
Sohralia  macrantha  with  seven  open  flowers  on  it ;  and  Lacasna 
bicolor,  with  six  flower  S'pikes,  three  of  which  were  in  perfection. 
Mr.  Schibderhad  a  small  but  nice  specimen  ofDendrobium 
Pierardi  latifolium. — Mr.  Williams,  gr.  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq., 
sent  the  pretty  little  Dendrobium  triadenium,  the  large  white- 
lipped  Zygopetalum  rostratum,  and  Dendrobium  pulcheilum 
purpureum. — Good  groups  of  20  plants  c:ime  trom  Messrs. 
Veitch  and  RoUisson.  The  former  had  Lfelia  m;'jalis,  with  one 
fine  floweropen  and  one  coming  ;  an  unusually  h!.;hIy-coloured 
Dendrobium  monititorme,  the  lar^je  variety  of  D.  longicornu, 
the  scarce  D.Dalhoasieannm,  D.  pulcheilum,  and  a  magnificent 
Cattleya  Mossiffi,. — Mesars.  Rollisson  produced  good  examples  of 
Saccolabium  priemoraum  and  gutlatum  ;  the  pretty  Oncidium 
divaricatum,  the  Dalbousie  Dendrobe,  Aetides  crispum,  a 
well  bloomed  Acineta  Humboldti,  and  the  cuna^y-coloured 
Perifiteria  cerina.  In  Mr.  Carson's  esceUent  coUeciion  of  15 
were  nice  plants  of  Epidondrum  aloeifulium,  finely  flowered  ; 
Acanthophippium  bicolor,  in  capital  condition  ;  Brassia  verru- 
cosa, Saccolabium  guttatum,  and  Caniarotis  purpurea;  the 
latter  w;i9,  however,  scarcely  sufficiently  in  bloom.  Mr. 
Woolley  had  liarkeria  spectabilis,  in  charming  ord<r;  Dendro- 
bium  pulcheilum  and  Paxtoni,  the  Aloe-leaved  Cyiubidium, 
and  Atrides  euavi.-sinium — i^ix  plants  were  fwrniehed  by 
Mepsrs.  Kinghorn,  Ivison.  and  Green.  Among  these  were 
Cattleya  intermedia,  beautifully  blossomed,  but  somewhat 
spoiled  by  travelling;  Aerides  odi'raium,  Oncidium  roseum 
and  divaricatum,  and  the  sweet-smelling  Epidendrum 
selligerum. — Of  new  Orchids,  Messrs.  Veirch  had  a  Dendro- 
bium in  the  way  of  nobile,  and  Phalseinpsis  Lobbit ;  Messrs. 
Rollisson  sent  a  Burlingtonia  and  a  MUtonia  from  Brazil,  in 
the  wiiy  of  speciabilis, 

Roses  in  i-Ots,  well-grown,  and  excellently  flowered,  were 
produced  (in  the  Nurserjmeu's  class)  by  Mesftrs.  Lane,  Paul, 
and  Francis;  and  (in  the  Amateur's  Class)  by  Mfsers.  Rowland, 
Chiity,  Roser,  and  others.  Among  these  the  favourite  Souvenir 
d'un  Ami  might  be  frequently  seen  ;  also  Geant  dee  Bataillep, 
Baroone  Prevost,  Duches>8  ot  Sutherland,  Devoniensis,  Blairil, 
Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison,  and  other  popular  kinds. 

Cape  Heaths  were  numiroua  and  well  blocmed.  They  were 
supplied  by  Mosers.  timith,  May,  Cole,  Roser,  Rollisson,  Epp'^. 
Williams,  Over,  and  Chiiiy.  With  the  exception  of  a  bufi'- 
cotoured  variety  named  Alberti  euperba,  and  two  new  and 
handsome  varieties  of  tricolor  from  Mr.  Epps,  m  d  did  not 
remark  much  dift'crent  in  this  claes  of  plants  from  what  was 
shown  at  Chiswick. 

The  best  Single  Specimens  consisted  of  a  huge  Chorczema 
Lawrenceanum,  from  Mr.  Laybank;  Piinelea  Hendersoni,  from 
Messrs.  Fraser  ;  a  splendidly  bloomed  StephaniHis  flonbunda, 
trom  Mr.  Norris  ;  Borouia  pinnata,  from  Mr.  Kiufrhorn  ;  and 
a  capital  Leschenaultia  formoaa,  from  Mr.  Williams,  gr.  to 
MiFS  Traill,  ot  Bromley. 

iJEw  Plants.— A   Silver  Medal   was    awarded   to    Messrs, 


Veitch  for  their  Mysore  Hexacentris,  which  was  much  shaken 
and  broken  from  travelling  ;  a  small  Silver  Medal  to  Mr.  ColCj, 
for  Ilemiandra  pungens,  a  slender-growing  labiate,  lilac- 
flowered  plant ;  to  Messrs,  Jackson,  of  Kingston,  fur  Gompho- 
lobium  Brownii ;  to  Messrs,  Standiah  and  Noble,  for  their  pretty 
Azalea  amceoa,  and  one  for  their  A.  vittata  ;  Bronzt:  Medal  tC' 
Mr.  Cole,  for  Gastrolobium  gracile  ;  to  Mr.  Over,  gr.  to  J. 
McMullen,  Esq.,  for  Hoya  Paxtoni,  a  variety  resembling  H. 
belln  ;  to  Messrs.  Jackson  for  Ataccia  cristata  ;  to  Messrs. 
E.  G,  Henderson  for  Uo>a  Paxitoni ;  and  to  Messrs.  Standish- 
and  Nohle  for  Trollius  Cbinensls,  a  perfectlyl  new  and  very 
handsome  hardy  herbaceous  plant,  sent  from  China  by  Mr, 
Fortune.  Some  very  handsome  Moutans  were  also  shown  by 
the  same  firm ;  but  tbey  were  not  seen  under  advantageous 
circumstances,  bavintr  scarcely  had  time  to  acquire  their  true 
character  since  they  have  been  imported.  Messrs.  Rollisson 
showed  a  noble  specimen  of  their  charming  Cissus  discolor,  a 
Java  plant,  with  exceedingly  handsome  foliage. 

Pelaeqoniums  were  shown  in  considerable  numbers.  In 
the  Nurserymen's  Class  the  Gold  Medal  was  awarded  to  Mr. 
Turner,  Royal  Nursery,  Slough,  for  Magnet,  Mocbanna,  Prince 
of  Orange,  Ajax,  Chieftain,  Chloe,  Magnificent,  Pride  of  the 
Iiles,  Constance,  Rosamund,  Litilo  Nell,  and  Alonzo;  2d,  the 
Large  Silver  Medal  to  Mr.  Dc^bson,  W»odlanda  Nursery,  Isle- 
worth,  for  nice  examples  of  Vanguard,  Ro-amund,"  Cuyp, 
Mont  Blanc,  Arethusa,  Loveliness,  Harriett,  Gloff-wormj 
Incomparable,  Delicatisgimum,  Purpureum,  atid  Exhibitor. 
Silver  Medal  to  Mr.  Gaines,  Battereea,  for  Aspasia,  GulielmOj,.. 
Mars,  Virgin  Queen,  Grandifloriun,  Salamander,  Mont  Blanc, 
Bruno,  Rosamund,  Cecil,  Marquis  of  Stafibrd,  Nonsuch, 
Amateurs  :  Gold  Medal  to  Mr.  J.  Robinson,  Pimllco, 
for  Alderman,  Pride  of  the  Isles,  Ajax,  Norah,  Alonzo, 
Salamander,  Constance,  Magnificent,  ^onsiu'h,  Star,  GoD« 
splcuum,  and  Forgei-me-Noc  The  Large  Silver  to  Mr.  Carragon, 
gr,  to  J.  E.  Lawrence,  Esq.,  Kentith-town,  for  Prince  of 
Orange,  May  Queen,  Major  Uumo,  Ajax,  Mont  Blanc,  Marion, 
Gulielma,  Alonzo,  Rosamund,  Oceilatum,  Msgnificent,  and 
Virgin  Qu^en.  Three  collections  of  6  Plants  in  ll-inch  pots 
were  exhibited  by  Mi-.  Westwood,  Turnhani-green;  Mr. 
Bray,  Regent's. park ;  and  Mr.  Weir,  gr.  to  J.  Hudson, 
Ebq.,  Hampstead.  Fancies  were  numerous  and  iu  good 
condition.  Large  Silver  to  Mr.  J,  Robinson,  for  Empress, 
Madame  Miellez,  Queen  Superb,  Alboni,  Fairy  Queen,  and 
Hero  of  Surrey.  2d,  the  Silver-gilt  to  Mr.  Roser,  gr.  to  J. 
Bradbury,  Esq,,  for  Queen  Victoria,  Ibrahim  Pacha,  Mudestumo 
Alboni,  Formosa,  and  Madame  Miellezt  3d,  The  Silver  to 
Mr.  Miller,  Edgeware-road,  for  Jehu  superb,  Duchess 
d'Aumale,  Jenny  Lind,  Statiaski,  Queen  Victoria,  and  Orestes. 
Nurserymen  :  Ittt,  The  Large  Silver  to  Mr.  Turner,  for  Hero 
of    Surrey,     Reine    de    FrangaiB,    Minerva^   Cariotta    Grisij.. 

Fairy  Queen,   and  Empress,    2nd,   Silver-giit  to    — ,    for 

Princess  Maria,  Galltzln,  Signora  Cassaloni,  Defiance, 
Odoratum,  Mannifiorum,  and  Fairy  Queen.  Sd,  Silver  Medal 
to  Mr,  Westwood,  fur  Empress,  Statiaski,  Lady  Cooper, 
Magoificum,  Reine  de  Frangais,  Madame  Miellez^  Recom- 
mended :— Mr.  Ayres,  Blackheath,  for  Jennv  Lind,  Fairy 
Queen,  Duchess  ti'Aumale,  Reine  de  Fracgais,  ff  ormosum,  anA- 
Statiaski. 

Calceolabias. — These  were  shown  by  Mr.  Gaines  and  Mr, 
Westwood,  of  Acton-lane.  Ihesorts  were  :  Variabilis,  Honorl, 
Black  Prince,  Monarch,  Magnificent,  Rembrandt,  Mabel, 
Alpha,  Redworth,  Admiral,  Sapphire,  and  Hebe. 

CiNEEAEiAs  in  good  condition  were  shown  by  Messrs.  LoOhner 
and  Miller. 

Pansies.— A  stsnd  of  36  finely  grown  flowsrs,  in  beautiful 
colour,  was  shown  by  Mr.  Turner;  they  consisted  of  Sir  J. 
Cathcart,  National,  Sir  J.  Paxton,  GliflT,  Diadem,  Eupbemia, 
Great  Britain  (Parker),  Duke  of  Perth,  Adela,  Pompey,  Sir  R.. 
Peel,  Sambo,  Blanche,  Mrs.  Hamilton,  Bellona,  Thishe,  Elegant, 
Rising  Sun,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Juventus,  Ot-helia,,  Royal  Visit, 
Climax,  Qneeu  of  England,  Rainbow,  Alfred  the  Grent,  FraDCe 
C.vcole,  Chieftain,  Lady  Emily,  Supreme,  ICabtrt  Burns, 
Caroline,  Commander-in-Chief,  and  three  seedlings,  2d,  Mr=- 
Bragg,  Star  Nursery,  Slough. 

Seldhnqs.— But  few  seedling  PeUrgoBlums  were  shown; 
Mr.  Hojle  sent  Basilisk,  a  bright  scarier,  very  sinking,  and  of 
fiee  habit;  Leonora,  watmro&e,  large  spoton  the  tup  petals,  with 
white  centre,  a  fljwer  with  the  best  bottom  petal  we  have  seen 
— very  good  shape;  and  Oscar;  a  deep  crimson  red.  Mr.  Black, 
gr.  to  E.  Foster,  Esq.,  sent  National  and  Wee  Pet,  two  flowers 
of  good  properties,  with  nearly  black  top  petals,  but  they  were 
not  much  in  flower.  A  Cineraria  of  Messrs.  E.  G  Henderson's 
had  a  certificate  ;  it  is  white  with  blueifh  purple  tip,  good  in 
general  form,  but  notched  on  the  petals,  it  somevvhat  resembles 
Lady  Hume  Campbell.  Mr.  Turner's  Pansy,  Sir  J.  Caihcarfc, 
aUo  had  a  certificate  ;  it  h;is  been  described  before  by  tis.  Sir 
Joseph  Past  n,  National,  and  Monarch,  were  also  thown  in 
fine  condition. 

Among  MiscELLANEoce  Subjects  were  Bon;e  Ferns  and 
Lycopods,  a  lew  Alpines,  Hydrangeas,  and  some  fruit. 


CoDNTT  OF  GloooesterTand  Cheltenhah  Hoswodltdbal, 
—  Tde  first  exhibition  of  this  Society  for  the  prtsent  year  was 
held  at  the  Old  Welts,  in  Cheltenham,  on  the  13th  inst.  Before 
entering  into  the  details  of  the  Show,  however,  it  may  perhaps 
not  be  out  of  place  here  to  remark  thut,  even  in  a  gardening 
point  ot  view,  Cheltenham  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns 
in  Enuland.  It  has  grown  into  importance  within  a  very 
limited  period,  ftud  consequently  a  great  proportion  of  the 
buildiogs  are  characterised  by  the  happiest  efioits  of  modem 
architecture  ;  for  apart  from  the  older,  or  street  portion  of 
the  town,  it  can  be  regarded  as  nothing  else  than  au  accumu- 
lation of  miniature  palaces  dropped  amidst  groves  of  trees. 
Some  portions  of  it  reminds  us  much  of  the  most  beautiful- 
continental  cities,  inasmuch  as  parts  are  laid  out  in  long 
avenues  of  trees,  between  which  are  broad  drives  and  walks. 
We  remember  nothing  in  England  that  surpasses  the  one 
reaching  from  the  High-streefi  to  the  Queen's  Hotel,  the  effect 
of  which  is  truly  grand;  and  would  have  been  much  more  so- 
had  the  trees  been  all  of  one  kind,  and  planted  at  the  same 
period.  This  in  some  degree  spoils  the  efi'ect,  owing  to  the 
want  of  preconception  when  the  planting  was  first  eff'ected. 
The  Garden  of  the  Old  Weils,  both  from  its  situation  and 
extent,  is  eminently  suited  for  a  horticultural  sxbibitiOD,  A 
broad  walk  runs  through  the  grounds,  flanked  by  magnificent 
Elm  trets  of  stupenduus  growth.  In  looking  down  this  walk 
the  eye  rests  in  the  distance  upon  a  beautiful  spire  belonging 
to  one  of  the  many  magnificent  ohurches  of  which  Cheltenham 
can  boast.  At  the  entrance  is  the  Music  Hall,  a  building  of 
great  magnitude,  iu  the  Corinthian  style  ;  and  we  understand 
that  it  contains  the  largest  room  in  the  kingdwro.  In  this  Hall 
and  two  teut6  were  placed  the  numerous  subjects  sent  for 
exhibition,  which  on  the  whole  reflected  great  orebit,  not  only 
on  the  exhibitors  but  also  upon  the  Society,  which  held  out 
such  liberal  iuduc-ements  for  tbe  cultivator  and  amateur  to 
attend.  The  exhibition  was  firat-rate,  Many  of  the  specimens 
would  have  done  creoit  to  a  metropolitan  show,  as  the  seqtiel' 
will  prove.  The  weather  unfortunately  was  un/avouiable,  a 
drizzling  rain  setting  in,  and  continuing  at  intervals  liuring. 
the  day.  This  did  not,  however,  deter  a  large  number  of 
visltorn  from  attending.  The  1st  prize  of  loi.,  for  15  Stove  and 
Greenhouse  Plants,  waa  awarded  to  Mr.  Carmichael,  gr.  to- 
G.  C.  Tugwell,  Esq.,  of  Bath,  for  a  finely  bloomtd  Pimelea 
spectabilis,  4  by  U  feet;  Erioslemon  huxifolium,  5  by  ?;J  feet,, 
a  periect  pyramid";  Statice  raacrophylla,  in  good  bloom;. 
Aphelexia  macrantha  purpurea,  2i  by  3feet;  Eriostemon  ouspi- 
datum,  in  good  health  ;  Isora  coccinea,  a  grand  plant  loaded 
with  flowers  ;  Erica  propendens.  5by2ift.;  and  perspicua  nana, 
both  in  finecondition  ;  Azalea  Gledstanesii  and  piaaatantissima 
were  in  first-rate  flower;  but,  above  all,  was  a  truly  grand  plant 
of  Acrophyllum  venosum  3  by  2i  feet,  exemplitiin^j  the  highest 


21—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


32/ 


possible  culture,  aud  never  do  wo  remembi^r  seeintf  it  pro- 
duced in  better  condition.  Tbia  collection,  as  a  TOhole,  was 
turned  out  in  a  clean  and  masterly  manner,  Tbe  2d  prize  was 
awarded  to  H.  Bmwn,  Esq.,  M.P.,  who  had  a  pood  Choruzema 
variumnanum,  3iby  3feet ;  Eriostemon  buxifolium,  3  by  o  feet, 
indifferently  tlowei-ed;  Erica  Sindryana,  Franoiscea  latifolia, 
3  by  5  feet;  Epacria  grandiflora,  Geaoera  Cooperii,  fine; 
Boronia  macrophjlla,  and  a  noble  plant  of  Boronia  pinnata. 
The  3d  prize  was  asaifined  to  G.  Reed,  Esq.,  who  had  a  fine 
Pimelea  spectabilis  in  capital  condition,  and  a  lovely  plant  of 
Pimelea  Ni«ppergiana  in  superb  order  ;  Hoya  bella  maintained 
its  reputation  fully ;  there  was  also  a  Rood  Eriuatemon  buxi- 
folium, and  Aphelexis  purpurea,  besides  which  there  was  a 
fine  specimen  uf  a  novel  plant  named  Ilibbenia  rudiona,  with 
an  abundance  of  bright  yellow  flowers.  Lord  Beauchamp  was 
placed  4th.  lie  bad  a  good  Pimelea  Bpectabilis,  3  ^y  3A  feet  ; 
Leschenaultia  formosa,  Statice  imbricata,  exquisitely  fiue ; 
Kennedja  inophylla  on  a  trellis,  and  some  well  flowered 
Chinese  Azaleas.  Messrs.  Caraway,  Mays,  and  Co.,  of  ihe 
Bristol  Nursery,  was  5th  ;  dmongst  their  collection  was  a  noble 
Specimen  of  the  old  Brunsfelsia  Ainerlcana,  a  complete  mass 
of  bloom.  The  collections  of  12  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 
were,  upon  the  whole,  creditable.  The  first  on  the  list 
was  Mr.  Hodges,  of  Cheltenham,  who  had  a  fine  Pimelea 
Henderson!,  and  a  beautiful  P.  Neippergiana,  Erica  Caven- 
dishii  and  Azalea  prEestantlssima  were  also  fine.  Mr. 
Bassett,  gr.  to  It.  Holford,  Esq.,  was  placed  2d.  In  his 
collection  were  fine  plants  of  Flcnelea  Hendersoni,  Lesche- 
naultia biloba  major  and  formosa  ;  Eriostemon  buxifolium,  and 
Boronia  serrulata.  Mr.  Head,  gr.  to  C.  Shaw,  Esq  ,  was 
8d.  In  his  group  wa^  a  good  Henfreya  scandens.  For 
collections  of  8  plants  E,  Sandurs,  Esq.,  w;is  1st,  A .  M'Douell, 
Ssq.,  2d,  and  Lord  Northwich,  .3d.  In  collections  of  4  Stove 
and  Greenhouse  Plants,  E,  Armatage,  Esq.,  was  1st,  Miss 
March  Phillips,  2d,  and  Lady  Agar,  3d.  Orchids  were  not 
only  abundant,  bat  in  many  instances  first-rate.  Messrs. 
Veitch,  of  Exeter,  were  first  in  the  collections  of  10  plants. 
Although  they  were  nearly  the  same  as  tho°e  they  had  at 
Chiswicb,  they  had  sustained  little  injury  from  the  journey  to 
Iiondon  and  back  again  to  Exeter,  and  thence  to  Cheltenham. 
Mr.  Ba,8sett  was  2d,  having  a  boautiful  Camaroiis  purpurea 
2  feet  through  and  5  feet  high,  covered  with  flowers;  Dendro- 
bium  densiflorum,  Aerides  crispum,  Cattleya  intermedia, 
Barkeria  spectabilis,  Epidendrum  selligernm,  and  Cuttleya 
Mossise,  all  in  good  condition.  In  collections  of  5  Orchids, 
G.  Reed,  Esq.,  was  1st,  with  Saccolabium  guttatum,  a  grand 
plant,  with  seven  flowtr  spikes,  fuliy  expanded  ;  also  a  good 
Cattleya  Mossiie,  and  a  noble  Saccolabium  prfeoaorsuui.  In 
this  class  Messrs.  Caraway  and  Co.  were  2d,  and  C.  Shaw, 
Esq.,  3d.  In  Cape  Hearhs,  6.  Reed,  Esq.,  jus'ly  claimed  the 
1st  award,  with  tortuliflora,  Sprengelii,  Cavendishii,  coccioea 
minor,  elegans,  and  a  good  propendens.  Mr.  Carmichael 
was  a  creditable  2d  ;  but  his  plants,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
were  generally  ol  inftrior  varieties,  and  as  an  exhibition,  not 
uniform  in  size  ;  they  were  notwithstanding  in  vigorous  health. 
Indian  Azaleas  were  shown  in  sixes  ;  Mr,  Bassett  took  the 
lead  with  a  fine  variegata,  3  by  3  feet,  covered  with  flowers  ; 
lateritia  graudiflora,  2^  by  3  feet ;  Holfordiana,  2J  by  4  feet ; 
Prince  Albert,  3  by  4  leet ;  Giedstanesii,  2^  by  2.^  feet ;  all  in 
fine  condition,  H.  BiOwn,  E^q.,  M.F.,  was' 2d  ;  in  his  group 
were  gcod  plants  of  triumpbans  superb,  Hebe,  magnifica,  tfec. 
To  the  3d  prize  no  letter  was  attached.  In  AzhIchs,  in  threes, 
J,  Webster,  Esq.,  was  1st,  with  a  striking  variegata  amongst 
his  lot ;  and  Lady  Agar  was  2d,  Fancy  Feiargoniums,  in  sixes, 
were  abundant,  and  the  competition  was  very  great ;  A. 
McDoneil,  Esq.,  jus'ly  won  the  lot  prize  ;  Mr.  Hurstnne  was  a 
good  2d  ;  and  ilessrs.  Pope  and  Son  a  fair  3d  ;  Mr.  Hodges  was 
awarded  a  cerdticate.  Roses,  in  pots,  were  not  abundant,  but 
nevertbeltss,  there  weie  some  good  specimens;  H.  Brown, 
Esq,  M.P,,  took  the  1st  piize  ;  in  cullections  of  sixes  Mr. 
Hodges  stood  2d;  and  Mr.  Hopwood  3d.  Cinerai'ias  were 
plentifat,  and  well  cultivated ;  in  sixes  Col.  Fiddes  was  Ist; 
Mr.  Hopwood  2d  ;  and  Miss  March  Phillips  3d.  Pansies,  in 
pots,  were  really  excellent;  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this 
style  of  culture  must  eventually  banish  from  exhibitions  the 
artificial  ironed  out  fragments  which  have  hitherto  presented 
themselves;  In  these  C.  H.  Velley,  Etq.,  waslat;  Mr.  Hopwood 
3d;  and  ilr,  Hodges,  3d.  In  new  plants,  Messrs,  Veitch  had 
Hexacentris  Mysorensis,  together  with  Medinilla  magnifica. 
The  same  firm  also  claimed  the  first  specimen  Otchid.  viz., 
Catlieja  Moshias ;  Mr.  Basaett  was  2d,  with  a  splendid 
tJamarotig  purpurea,  fresh,  and  loaded  with  iDnumtrabte 
flowers  :  Messrs.  Veitch  took  the  1st  prize  for  plants  not  in 
flower,  with  a  new  species  of  Sarracenia  ;  H.  Brown,  Esq.,  was 
3d.  with  Anffictfichilas  Lowii.  Messrs.  Veitch  gained  the  prize 
for  the  best  specirnen  greenhouse  pUnt,  with  Helichrysum 
sesamoides  ;  and  Lnrd  Beauchamp  the  2d.  In  single  specimen 
Ericap,  Messrs.  Veitch  was  first,  with  Erica  Peziza.  Messrs. 
Orr,  of  London,  offered  tbe  following  prizes  for  "Collections 
of  plants  in  or  out  of  bloom,  being  of  the  most  ornamental 
character,  and  di».plajiDg  the  greattet  taste  in  arrangement." 
Ist,  the  "Gardeners'  Magazine  of  Botany,"  3  vols,,  value  3 
gaioeas,  to  Mr.  Basset;  2d,  "Cottage  Gardeners'  Dictionary 
of  Botany,"  and  "  Cuvier'd  Animal  Kingdom,"  I  vol.,  value 
11.  Os.  6d.,  to  C.  Shaw,  E?q. ;  3d,  "Tbe  Gallery  of  Nature," 
Talue  18*.,  to  H.  Brown,  Esq.  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Sou,  of 
Exeter,  gave  2  guineas  for  a  new  plant  in  flower,  which  was 
gained  by  Mr.  Basset,  for  Tcicbopilia  coccinea.  The  Pltcher- 
planls,  exhibittd  by  Messrs.  Veitch,  attracted  universal  and 
deserved  afention.  C.  Shaw,  Esq.,  gave  a  prize  of  one 
guinea  for  ihe  best  four  plants  in  10-inoh  pots,  displaying 
the  greatest  dkill  in  culture  and  training,  eo  aa  to  make 
tbem  plants  fie  for  exhibition  in  1853.  This  was  obtained 
by  Mr.  Banset.  There  were  prizes  offered  for  what  are  termed 
ba»keU  of  plants,  the  merits  of  which  lay  more  in  their  several 
diflaeaiioos  than  in  any  useful  object  that  appeared  likely  to 
be  obtaiued  by  such  exhibitions.  Messrs.  Garaway  and  Co, 
bad  tome  very  fine  Amaryllida,  well  flowered  and  excellent 
klads,  well  denervlngof  eBptcial  notice,  A  tent  was  exoiusiv.  ly 
appropriated  to  fruit  uud  vegetables.  Some  good  Grupes  were 
broQirhtrorWBrdby  Mr.  UiiuUton,  which  were  well  ripened,  and 
for  which  he  obtained  a  1st  prize  ;  Mr.  J(.hn  Durey  wae  2d  ■ 
tbe  colour  of  tbe  latter  was  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  first! 
6ood  Strawberries  wtre  shown  by  J.  Surmao,  Es-q,,  let  prize  ■ 
James  Taylor,  Eaq.,  2'J.  The  vegeta'-lcs  were  SAcellenc,  ami 
we  may  mention  CaeambeTS  In  particular  ;  Cabbages,  Broccitli, 
A»p8ragu»,  and  Kidney  Ueans,  were  fine  and  pleuiilul.  Foca- 
toe«  were  kou'id  und  ripe,  and  of  fine  size.  Indeed,  in  ihis 
departineot  fcltogeihtr,  much  gaidemog  ekill  was  displaytd, 

33oofe0,  See,  leteceifeelr. 

— — ♦ — _- 

TIic  VerjAtfU^f/a  of  Bu/Tf/pp. ;  its  Cfynditions  and  cavjicn. 
By  A.  Heiifrey.  ]2mo.  Van  VooTHt.— Considered  in 
a  general  way,  fiotanieal  Geography  is  ono  of  tlio  rnoKt 
oseful  branches  of  Natural  HiHWiry,  provided  tlio  fucti 
Connected  with  it  are  applied  hy  the  mind  of  a  maHtr-r. 
To  how  much  it  may  lead,  the  Hueeena  of  Dr.  lioyle'a 
tea  and  CftUm  Hpeeulationn  in  Indiii — or  if  the  reader 
prefeTH  that  illufjtpation,  the  Btato  of  Kn^^linh  hortt- 
caltore — ahandanily  proves  j  on  the  other  hand,  whim 
confincl  to  mere  detatlH  of  factH,  or  suppOHtd  faeti,  it  m 
thcbttirencfttof  topicH,  leading;  to  nothing,  and  not  huviii[^ 
even  the  merit  of  umwhlw^  the  mind,  urdeKi  in  the 
concoction  of  drcarny  liyjiotheiKrs,  typified,  wo  presume, 


in  the  work  before  us,  by  the  strange  figure  of  a  drunken 
lion,  with  a  glass  of  wine  in  one  hand  and  a  pen  in  the 
other.  We  would  not,  however,  insinuate  that  sueh  ia 
the  character  of  Mr,  Henfrey's  book,  which  is  in  reality 
a  large  collection  of  notes  relating  to  the  distribution  of 
plants,  formed  with  care  and  put  together  with  as  much 
skill  as  his  subject  admits  of. 

Report  of  the  SoiUh  Devon  Botanical  and  Horticultural 
Society  for  1851.  (First  year.)  Receipts,  147^.  8s.  ; 
expenditure,  164Z.  8s.  11*^.;  value  of  prizes  awarded, 
^Ql.  Us.  6d. 

The  Pnze  Essay  on  tlie  Application  of  recent  Inventions 
collected  at  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  to  the  purposes 
of  practical  Banlcirig.  By  Granville  Sharp.  Waterlow 
and  Sons.  A  pamphlet. — A.  very  useful  account  of  the 
many  inventions  which  were  found  in  the  Crystal  Palace 
applicable  to  the  wants  of  merchants,  tradesmen,  and 
ordmaxy  housekeepers. 

The  Wavcrley  Novels.  Library  edition.  Vol.  I.,  pp. 
564,  8vo. — Although  1"20,000  copies  of  these  famous 
works  of  fiction  have  already  been  sold  in  this  country 
alone,  the  demand  for  them  is  unabated,  and  will  so 
continue  for  many  years  to  come.  The  idea  of  pub- 
lishing a  Library  edition  is,  therefore,  one  that  cannot 
fail  to  be  welcomed  by  all  those  who  would  place  the 
great  novelist's  works  on  their  shelves,  in  a  form  really 
worthy  of  the  rank  these  imperishable  works  of  fiction 
have  gained  by  common  consent.  It  seems  that  each 
novel  is  to  fill  a  volume.  That  before  us  contains 
Waverley, beautifully  printed,  and  illustrated  by  a  frontis- 
piece and  v^nette,  both  of  which  are  charming  works 
of  art. 

Philosophers  and  Actresses.  (The  second  volume  of 
Readable  Books.)  With  35  engravings  on  wood  ;  12mo. 
Vizetelly. — A  collection  of  French  stories,  amusing 
enough,  no  doubt,  but  too  free  for  readers  on  this  side 
the  Channel,  and  of  very  unequal  merit. 

The  Island  of  Alderney  ;  its  early  history ,  d'c.  By 
Louisa  L.  Clarke.  24mo.  Longmans. — We  recommend 
this  guide  book  to  those  about  to  visit  the  curious  little 
island  ;  but  not  for  the  sake  of  its  natural  history. 

Class  Booh  of  Botany.  By  J.  H.  Balfour.  8vo. 
Black,  Edinburgh  ;  Longman,  London. — New  discoveries 
are  not  to  be  expected  in  works  of  this  kind  ;  we  can  only 
say  that  the  book  before  us  is  a  good  useful  class-book, 
illustrated  with  numerous  wood-cuts,  many  of  wdiich, 
like  those  of  Professor  Lindley,  purchased  from  the 
French  publishers,  set  our  artists  an  example  that  they 
would  do  well  to  follow. 


FLORICULTURE. 


Dahlias. — As  this  is  about  the  time  when  Dahlia 
orders  are  being  executed  by  the  *'  trade,"  we  have 
thought  it  advisable  to  offer  a  few  remarks  respecting 
the  successful  treatment  of  plants  thus  supplied.  Let  us 
therefore  suppose  that  a  hamper  of  well  packed  Dahlias 
has  just  come  to  hand,  containing  the  numbers  and 
varieties  for  which  due  instructions  have  been  given, 
being  the  results  of  our  scrutinising  observations  last 
autumn.  The  plants  will  generally  be  found  carefully 
tied  to  a  small  stick,  with  cotton  wadding  employed,  to 
prevent  injury  frpm  bruising.  The  pots  will  be  mossed 
down  and  securely  tied  with  bast  matting,  so  that  under 
the  ordinary  casualties  of  transit  no  serious  damage  may 
occur  ;  yet  how  often  have  we  found,  that  if  one  has 
been  injured,  it  has  cui'iously  enough  turned  out  to  be 
a  sort  we  most  prized.  In  unpacking,  be  cautious  not 
to  expose  the  plants  to  the  open  air  an  instant  longer 
than  is  actually  necessary  ;  let  the  operation  be  per- 
formed in  your  potting  shed,  forcing,  or  greenhouse  ;  or, 
in  the  absence  of  these,  in  the  dwelling  house  rather 
than  in  the  open  air  ;  and  once  freed  from  moss  and 
ligatures,  place  them  immediately  in  a  close  frame  (if 
with  a  little  bottom-heat  so  much  the  better),  and 
permit  them  to  remain  there  for  a  day  or  two,  until  by 
their  improved  appearance  all  signs  of  confinement  have 
disappeared.  With  a  view  to  save  weight  and  expense 
of  carriage,  it  will  doubtless  be  found  that  these  young 
plants  have  been  sent  out  in  some  2-inch  pots,  so  that 
a  speedy  shift  into  a  4-inch  pot  will  not  only  be  desirable 
but  necessary,  using  good  soil,  and  so  drained  that  there 
may  be  but  little  need  for  at  any  time  disturbing  it  ; 
replace  the  plants  in  the  frame,  and  keep  close  for  a 
day  or  two  longer,  afterwards  giving  air  by  degrees,  so 
as  to  insure  robust  growth.  While  all  this  is  going  on, 
look  sharply  after  aphis  or  green-fly,  to  which,  when 
detected,  give  no  quarter.  Inthis  early  stage  of  pot  culture, 
promote  by  syringing  and  general  attention  to  cleanliness 
a  vigorous,  rapid,  and  robust  growth ;  for  with  Dahlias,  as 
with  other  plants,  unless  a  good  and  sound  foundation 
be  secured,  little  success  will  attend  the  superstructure. 
We  would  rather  siiake  out  a  plant,  reduce  the  fibres, 
and  repot  into  the  same  sized  pot,  than  permit  a  plant 
to  be  pot-bound  from  which  wo  hoped  to  derive  good 
blooms;  therefore  pot  on  up  to  planting-out  time  rather 
than  keep  your  stock  sliort  of  root  room.  To  conslrain 
a  plant  in  that  way  is  to  throw  it  into  premature  bloom  ; 
with  ample  pot  room,  stout  plants  are  all  but  insured  ; 
as  the  time  arrives  foi'  planting  out,  the  necessai'y  pre- 
caution :is  regards  hanhjniiig  olT  is,  of  course,  a  matter 
of  routine  on  whiclt  wo  do  not  intent!  at  j)rcstnt  to 
enlarge,  our  oljjcct  being  merely  to  direct  attt^ntion  to 
tho  itnportaneo  of  treating  young  plants  well  before  they 
are  placed  in  tho  Dahlia  qiutrtcr,  to  wliich  we  look 
forv/ard  with  all  those  hopes  and  fears  ever  attendant  on 
an  exhibiting  IloriHt.  J.  E. 

National  Tutji-  KxmitrfroN.  —  Your  remarks,  at 
p.   21^5,  relative  to  tho  Bchcdule  for  tho  forthcoming 


exhibition  on  the  ■27i\\  inst.,  appear  to  me  to  require 
some  reply,  from  the  probability  of  the  schedule  being 
misunderstood.  I  will  therefore  endeavour  to  explain 
the  matter  at  issue.  It  has  been  the  wish  of  the  com- 
mittee of  management,  as  far  as  possible,  to  give  prece- 
dence to  popular  opinion  ;  but,  in  the  absence  of  that, 
they  have,  as  far  as  was  expedient,  represented  the 
various  opinions  that  exist  on  the  subject.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  a  national  gathering,  like  that  under  con- 
sideration, should  fairly  represent  all  localities;  and  it 
is  generally  understood  by  Tulip-growers  that  the 
opinions  of  the  nortixern  and  southern  florists  are  rather 
at  variance  with  each  other  on  the  subject  to  which  you 
allude  ;  for  instance,  the  Southerns  acknowledge  but 
thx'ee  classes,  and  the  Northerns  six.  For  these  reasons 
the  two  classes  were  provided,  so  as  to  suit  the  ideas  of 
both  parties — Class  A.  embodying  the  views  of  the 
North,  on  the  one  hand,  by  having  six  x'ectified  flowers  ; 
and  Class  B.  that  of  the  South,  by  having  four  of  each 
class  (they  acknowledge  only  three  classes,  which,  by- 
the-bye,  appeal^  to  me  the  best,  as  it  avoids  a  confusion 
of  names).  I  admit  that  the  classification  should  have 
beeix  more  fully  explained  ;  but,  believing  that  all  would 
look  on  the  schedule  as  one  framed  for  a  national  pur- 
pose, it  was  thought  it  should  be  perfectly  understood. 
Touching  the  questio  vexata,  viz.,  that  no  one  variety  iB 
allowed  to  win  all  through  the  class,  even  although  it  is 
worthy,  I  think  it  would  be  rendering  Tulip-growex's  a 
service  if  the  contending  points  were  to  be  entertained, 
according  to  the  circumstances,  by  two  competent  indi- 
viduals, and  a  report  of  the  same  made.  I  quite  agree 
with  you  as  to  the  sufixcient  expansion  of  the  flowers  to 
judge  of  their  mei-its.  I  contend  that  the  censors  should 
not  of  necessity  touch  the  flowers  to  judge  of  their 
purity  or  impurity  ;  sufficient  expansion  should  be  de- 
manded and  enforced.  /.  Cole,  Bimiingham.  [We  are 
glad  that  the  remarks  we  ventured  to  make  at  p.  296 
have  not  passed  unnoticed,  inasmuch  as  Mr.  Cole  him- 
self admits  that  more  explanation  was  wanted  ;  and 
now,  we  think,  the  matter  has  been  made  so  clear  that 
few  will  find  any  difficulty  ia  imderstanding  it.  /.  ^.] 


HammehgmitH  Heaetsease  Society,  May  12. — As  we  anti- 
cipated, there  was  a  brilliant  meeting  on  this  occasion.  We 
have  with  much  care  classified  tlxe  flowers  staged,  in  order  that 
no  difficulty  shall  exist  in  obtaining  a  full  knowledge  of  the 
several  and  respective  merits  of  ihe  varitties  now  in  cultivation 
as  show  flowers,  and  of  the  arranpemi  nt  which  the  different 
exhibitors  thought  best  to  adopt.  Stands  used  by  dealera  for 
36  varieties  consist  of  four  ro^vs,  each  containing  nine  blooms  ; 
amateurs  24,  are  four  rows  of  sisblooma;  our  enumtra  iOa 
ccmraeocea  at  the  left  hand  corner  of  the  back  row,  which  row 
being  completed  we  continue  with  the  next  row  below  it,  left 
hatid  end,  then  again  with  the  third  row,  concluding  wiih  the 
fourth  or  froht  row;  we  are  ihus  explicit,  in  order  that  not 
only  may  the  colours  be  readily  known,  but  a  knowledge  of  size 
be  obtained;  the  back  rows  being  formed  of  the  largest 
specimens,  gradually  decreasing  as  thry  approach  the  front. 
Tbe  colours  may  be  known  ty  the  following  abbreviations  : — 
A,  yellow  ground  varieties;  B,  white  ground  varieties;  C, 
yellow  setfs  ;  D,  white  selfs  ;  E,  dark  self's.— Amateurs  :  let 
prize,  Mr.  S.  Treachei,  with  Juventa,  A  ;  Duke  of  Perth,  B  ; 
Queen  of  England,  B  :  Masttrpiece,  A  ;  Lady  Carrington,  B  ; 
Pandora,  A  ;  Aurora,  B  ;  Timour,  A  ;  Flower  of  tho  Day,  E  ; 
Royal  Visit,  B  ;  Diudein,  A  ;  Duchess  of  Rutland,  B  ;  Lord, 
Carrington,  B  ;  Maid  of  Athens,  A  ;  Nimrod,  A  ;  Lucy  Neal, 
E  ;  Helen,  B ;  Supreme,  A  ;  Const&ntine,  E  ;  Thisbe,  A  ;  Al- 
manzor,  B  ;  Iron  Duke,  A  ;  Sambo,  E  ;  Kate,  li.  2d,  Mr.  A, 
Lane,  with  President;  Climax,  B;  Pompey,  E;  Ethelred,  A; 
Royal  Visit,  B;  Ophir,  C;  Matchless,  B  ;  Sir  J.  Sidney,  A; 
Maid  of  Athens,  B ;  Disraeii,  B ;  Diiiaem,  A ;  Queen  of 
England,  B  ;  Androcles,  A  ;  Mr.  Beck,  A  ;  Blanche,  D  ;  Timour, 
A ;  Mrs.  Trotttr,  B  ;  Elgiva,  C  ;  Helen,  B  ;  Duchess  o(  Rutland, 
B;  Polj-phemus,  C;  Aurora,  B;  Eustace,  A;  Esqaisue,  B; 
Rubens,  A. — Dealers  :  Ist,  Mr.  Turner,  with  Great  Britain,  A; 
Mrs.  Hamilton,  B;  Robert  Burns,  A;  Almanzor,  B  ;  Gliff,  A; 
Duke  of  Perth,  E  ;  Lady  Emily,  A  ;  Euphemia,  B  ;  Thisbe,  A  ; 
Seedling.  E;  Duke  of  Norfolk,  A;  Sir  R..  Peel,  B;  Adda,  C; 
Ro>al  Visit,  B;  Duke  of  Rutland,  B;  MiriaiTi,  B  ;  Alfred 
the  Great,  A;  Privateer,  A  ;  Sir  J.  Cathoart,  A;  Natiunal, 
B;  Salt  Hill  Rival,  A;  Pompey,  D;  Sir  J.  Pranklin,  A; 
Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  A  ;  Seedling,  B;  Diadem,  A;  Auror<i,  B; 
Supreme,  A  ;  Sambo.  E  ;  Mr.  Beck,  A  ;  Criterion,  B  ;  France 
Cycole,  A  ;  Seedling,  C;  Seedling,  A  ;  Black  Diamond,  E  ;  Pan 
dura,  A,  2d,  Mr.  Bragg,  witb  Latrres,  A  ;  Queen  of  England, 
B;  Hercules,  E  ;  Lady  Carrington,  B;  Duke  of  Ptrth,  E  ;  Al- 
manzor, B  ;  Grace  Darling,  A^  Flower  of  the  Day,  E  ;  Pandora, 
A;  Aurora,  B;  Timour,  A;  Pride,  B  ;  Kate,  D;  Ophir,  C  ; 
Elegans,  A  ;  Mulberry,  E  ;  P.lyphemu-,  C  ;  Criterion,  B  ;  Con- 
stance, A  ;  Royal  Vibit,  B  ;  Constellation,  A  ;  Royal  Purple,  E  ; 
Lady  Emily.  A  ;  Rojal  Wliire,  D;  Supreme,  A;  Rotunda,  B; 
Commander-in-Chief,  B  ;  Masterpiece.  A  ;  Nnx,  E ;  Rubens,  A  ; 
Rotunda  (Hunt's),  B  ;  Androcles,  A  ;  Lucy  Neal,  B  ;  Cowper,  C  ; 
Post  Captain,  A ;  Helen,  B.  First  Class  ■Oertiticates  were 
awarded  to  Fearless  (Schotield),  A  ;  a  flower  remarkably 
Hmootb,  both  on  surface  and  edges,  colours  pure  and  bright, 
wiih  well  displayed  eye  ;  similar,  but  an  admirjible  improve- 
ment on  Supreme.  Monarch  ( Turner),  A  ;  bold  and  of  good 
(j.^lour.  National  (Turner),  B  ;  a  flower  peculiar  for  the  extent 
of  ground  colour  and  regulaiiiy  of  the  border  marUiiig  ;  Sir 
J.  Cathcart  (Turner),  A,  prcviv-u^ly  deticribed  ;  on  thin  occa- 
sion it  was  in  famous  condition.  These  four  flowers  «ill  be  for 
some  time  valuable  acquisitions  to  our  best  collections.  J.  E. 


ANTiBBHiNDMa:  B^qvArcr.  If  wanted  for  flowering  in  August, 
they  may  now  be  potted  into  their  blooming  pots  ;  and  unless 
the  plants  are  Vii-y  bushy,  put  throe  into  an  8-inoh  pot.  We 
h'lve,  however,  seen  single  plants  in  8  inch  pots  half  a  yard 
through,  pjramidid  iti  foim,  and  wirli  from  8  to  2l)  spikes  of 
flowern  moHtly  expanded.  An  exhibition  of  plants  urowu  in 
this  stylo  would  tend  to  enlist  inoro  attention  in  favour  of 
the  Antirrhinum.  Can  any  one  give  us  a  Hat  of  good 
sorts  ?  J.  E. 

Camellia  Mahtinti  :  Z.  Wo  saw  thin  varieiy  nt  ono  of  the 
Horticultural  Society'e  meetings  this  Hpring.  It  i«  the 
nearest  approach  to  scnrlct  uf  any  flower  posBCSsing  quliUty 
with  which  wo  are  acquiiinted.  J.  E. 

Oataliigck  ro(!eivcd  from  Muhhih.  Hugh  Low  and  Co.,  of  the 
Nurferies,  Olaptim  ;  and  Iroin  Messrs,  E.  G.  Henderson 
ond  Son,  St.  John'r*  Wi^od,  ALo  tho  "  QroonhouMo  ftad 
GiirdtMi"  (Birmlnnliau))  for  May.  J.  E. 

ExniinTioNs:  Sub.  Vnu  will  lind  tlin  kind  of  information  you 
iviitit,  gtvoti  every  niotith  in  Tui  nor'a  "  Florist  and  Oardon 
MUccUaiiy." 

Fancy  pAiir.iAa :  G,  Wo  understand  that  ^Iibh  Mathews 
(Biiigtf)  will  not  ho  let  out  this  Bprlng.— A'.  Adniiriilion 
(Hrlmmor)  h«H  been  fiubmlitcd  to  our  lUHpcciloD.  It  is  very 
dark  niaroou,  niiproaoliiug  black,  with  pure  white  tips  ;  for 


328 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[MA-g   22, 


decornlive  purposes  ic.  will  prove  attractive  ;  it  was  ehown 
at  H  ghgate.  J.  E. 

Fdchsias  :  York.  Tou  will  find  a  selection  of  light  and  dark 
kinds  at  p.  183  of  our  current  year's  volume.  J.  E. 

Pelaboonidms  :  J"  A'eMy  You  sbuuld  have  etattd  whetherjour 
plants  were  young  or  old.  If  younu,  the  bt  st  plan  would  be 
to  slop  them  at  once,  and  shift  intu  a  size  larger  pot.  Ilo 
not  tut  the  roots  hack  ;  merely  rub  thcin  round  with  the 
hand.  By  these  meana,  you  may  possibly  have  them  in 
flower  in  September,  % 

Yekbenas  :  D  R  S.  There  is  3uch  a  white  Verbena  as  the  one 
you  mention  ;  but  its  name  is  pulchella  alba.  The  one  called 
Shrubland  AmethTstina  is  the  samel  is  Uuuhesae  de  Wemourp. 
<?  -5".  Received.    Many  thanks.  J.  E. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 
<3iNEEAEiA:   C  K  S.  h  flower  of  good  properties,  not  the  least 
of  which  are  its  pure  and  stronj;  colours  and  great  substance. 
-Paksieb  :  Messrs.  D  and  H.  Of  no  value.  J.  E. 


recommended,  than  suffer  them  to  remain  subjected  to   to    seed    from,  and    cross-breed    accordingly  ;    many 


Miscellaneous. 

Preserving  Fruits,  Flowers,  and  Roots. — In  procuring 
and  preserving  organic  substances,  great  attention  must 
be  paid  to  the  following  rules  : — Roots,  herbs,  and 
flowers  must  be  collected  at  a  proper  time,  and  guarded 
against  spoiling.  Roots  are  collected  in  spring,  before 
the  leaves  are  perfectly  formed,  or  in  autumn,  when  the 
leaves  have  decayed  ;  however,  there  are  some  plants 
the  roots  of  which  may  be  also  collected  whilst  they  are 
in  full  vegetation.  The  roots  must  be  cleaned,  the  thick 
ones  even  sliced,  and  dried  slowly  at  a  gentle  heat  not 
■exceeding  130°  Fahr.,  and  placed  afterwards  in  well- 
■elosed  boxes,  in  a  dry  place.  Barks,  woods,  and 
branches  are  gathered  in  spring,  and  even  in  autumn 
•from  young  and  healthy  plants  or  trees.  In  spring  also, 
.'  'budsand  spores  are  collected.  They  are  dried  and  kept 
.  ■in  the  same  way  as  the  roots.  Hex'bs  and  leaves  are 
.  gathered  when  the  plant  is  near  flowering,  on  a  fine  dry 
■morning.     Narcotic  plants  form  therein  an  exception, 

•  'most  of  them  being  most  pregnant  with  active  principles 
■when  in  full  flower  Herbs  thus  collected  are  generally 
dried  in  the  shade  in  a  well- ventilated  room  ;  however, 
if  the  season  be  wet,  we  must  resort  to  artificial  heat. 

'Flowers  are  gathered  when  in  full  perfection,  at  noon 

on  a  fine  dry  day,  and  dried  as  quick  as  possible.    Some 

^  flowers  are  freed  from  their  calyx  ;  others  are  gathered 

^together  with  the  tender  stem,  and  are  called  summi- 

Vtates,  as  Abshithum.  Fruits  are  generally  collected 
■when  full  ripe  ;  some,  for  instance  Oranges,  when  in  an 
unripe  state.  Some  are  dried  like  roots,  others  used 
immediately,  when  fresh,  to  make  extracts,  like  Momor- 
■dica  elaterium,  or  made  into  confections.  Annals  of 
Pharmacy  and  Practical  Chemistry. 

Irish  Horticultural  Societies. — It  may  be  interesting 
to  know  that  a  Horticultural  Society  has  just  been 
established  in  Clonrael,  with  a  view  to  promote  the 
improvement  of  gardening    in    Tipperary.      Its     first 

^exiiibition  is  announced  to  take  place  next  month.  From 

■  a  circular  sent  us  along  with  the  rules  and  bye-laws  we 
learn  that  the  committee  are  anxious  to  have  a  garden 

.  in  connection  with  the  Society,  and  they  have  opened  a 
-  list  for   donations  for  that  purpos?.     When  sufficient 

■  money  has  been  collected,  they  propose  taking  a  few 
.  acres  of  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town,  and  laying  them 

out  as  an  ornamental  garden,  sufficiently  attractive  to 
'  -  interest  all  'lovers  of  the  beautiful,  and  containing  the 

means  of  instruction  in  all  brandies  of  horticulture,  and 
^  ■  the  elements  of  botany,  for  those  anxious  to  avail  them- 
--'  selves  of  it.     This  garden  is  to  be  placed  under  the  care 

•  of  a  respectable  foreman,  who  will  take  apprentices  to 
■■  do  the  work  under  his  direction,  and  to  be  instructed  in 
■   evey  branch  of  horticulture    I'equired   for   filling    the 

■■■situation  of  gardeners  in  the  most  respectable  establish- 
vments — for  wliich  purpose  a  sufficient  portion  of  the 
:ground  will  be  set  apart.  We  wish  the  undertaking  success, 
and  trust  that  the  inhabitants  of  Cloumel  may  heartily 
co-operate  with  the  committee,  in  order  to  ensure  the 
successful  establishment  of  so  excellent  an  institution. 

Sale  of  Orchids. — A  small  importation  from  Guatemala 
was  sold  tlie  other  day  by  Mr.  Stevens.  It  consisted  of 
Lyeaste  Skinneri,  Odonto^^lossum  grande,  pulchellura, 
and  Bictonense ;  Cattleya  Skinneri, Comparettia  coccinea, 
LEeliaacuminataandpeduncularis,Oncidium  Cavendishii, 
Epidendrum  macrochilum  roseum,  aurantiacum,  and 
Skinneri  ;  Cyrtochilum  filipes,  Barkeria  spectabilis,  the 
handsome  Arpophyllum  giganteum,  the  Twisted 
Trichopil,  and  one  or  two  other  kinds.  They  fetched 
.from  \l.  to  3^.  per  lot,  each  containing  from  three  to 
•en  plants. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the   ensuing  weeh.J 


PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

As  the  time  during  which  plants  are  in  bloom  is  the 
■only  interesting  period  of  their  growth  to  the  majority 
of  their  admirers,  it  is  always  desirable  to  prolong  the 
period  to  which  this  interest  attaches,  and  to  allow  them 
to  be  examined  without  subjecting  visitors  either  to  an 
overheated  or  over  moist  atmosphere.  For  this 
purpose,  where  there  is  no  conservatory,  a  suitable 
house  should  be  set  apart  to  contain  the  more  showy 
■flowering  specimens,  and  Avhere  the  necessary  shading 
and  attention  to  internal  neatness  and  order  can  be 
kept  up.  The  want  of  such  a  structure  is  moi'e  gene- 
rally felt  in  the  gai'dens  of  the  country  gentry,  where  a 
variety  of  plants  is  frequently  grown  in  the  Pineries 
and  Grape  houses,  &c.,  and  where  their  beauty  is  often 
lost  for  the  waut  of  some  house  in  which  they  may  not 
only  be  seen  to  advantage,  but  have  their  period  of 
blooming  considerably  lengthened.  Of  course  these 
remarks  do  not  refer  to  regular  plant  houses  ;  but  even 
■with  these  it  will,  at  some  seasons,  be  preferable  to 
-a:emove  very  showy  plants  to  such  a  house  as  we  have 


treatment  not  always  favourable  to  keeping  them  for  a 
length  of  time  in  beauty.  As  a  house  of  this  kind  is 
always  attractive,  it  should  be  placed  in  a  situation 
easily  accessible  to  the  family,  and  where  the  surrounding 
objects  bear  some  kind  of  affinity  to  the  floral  display 
witliin.  Part  of  the  stock  of  Achimenes,  Gloxinias,  and 
similar  plants,  started  in  pits  or  frames,  now  they  have 
made  some  progress,  may  be  removed  to  the  stove  or 
intermediate  house  ;  stake  out  neatly  the  Achimenes  as 
they  advance,  and  water  them  liberally.  As  they  will  not 
bear  strong  sunshine,  place  them  in  a  shady  part  of  the 
house  ;  a  further  supply  for  late  blooming  may  be 
potted  ;  continue  to  shift,  as  they  require  it,  any  free- 
growing  plants,  and  let  the  necessary  training  always 
precede  the  plants'  growth,  that  a  free  natural  habit  may 
be  encouraged.  In  addition  to  the  hardy  plants  named 
in  a  former  Calendar  to  be  potted  and  prepared  for  next 
season's  work,  we  strongly  recommend  the  common 
Mandarin  Orange,  as  valuable  for  autumn  and  winter 
blooming  purposes :  the  above,  with  Daphne  indica 
rubra,  and  several  varieties  of  the  Chinese  Azalea,  may 
be  made  to  bloom  at  almost  any  period,  provided  care 
has  been  taken  to  prepare  them  for  the  purpose  ;  select, 
therefore,  suitable  plants  of  the  above,  and,  if  they 
require  it,  give  them  a  small  shift,  and  place  the  Oranges 
and  Azaleas  iu  any  house  at  work  ;  they  will  bear  forcing 
freely  (which  the  Daphne  will  not).  Keep  the  tops  as 
they  grow  in  some  desirable  form,  and  allow  them  to 
remain  in  heat,  till  the  Azaleas  have  formed  their  buds, 
and  the  shoots  of  the  Oranges  are  firm  and  hard  ;  they 
may  then  be  placed  in  an  open  situation  in  the  sun,  till 
October,  when  forcing  may  begin  at  any  time  they  are 
wanted  to  bloom. 

FORCING-  DEPARTMENT. 
Pinery. — Still  continue  the  requisite  attention  to  the 
advancing  crop.  The  plants  intended  for  autumn 
fruiting  should  now  be  shifted  into  their  fruiting-pots. 
The  best  kinds  for  swelling  their  fruits  well  in  the  winter 
are  the  smooth-leaved  Cayenne  and  the  Black  Jamaica, 
adding  a  few  Queens.  To  insure  these  showing  fruit 
within  the  next  two  months,  it  will  only  be  necessary 
either  to  remove  them  into  a  house  with  a  drier  atmo- 
sphere, or  apply  it  to  them  where  they  are  growing.  As 
they  have  made  their  first  growth,  there  is  generally  no 
difficulty  in  getting  them  to  show.  If  the  conditions  of 
good  cultivation  have  been  given  the  successions,  they 
will  by  this  time  have  filled  their  pots  with  roots,  and 
should  have  larger  pots  without  delay.  Let  the  pots  be 
large  enough  to  allow  for  a  good  portion  of  turfy  loam 
round  the  ball,  pot  them  firm,  and  rather  deeper  than  at 
the  previous  potting.  In  plunging  them  afresh,  allow 
them  considerably  more  room,  and  bring  them  near  to 
the  glass.  They  will  now  grow  freely,  and  should  have 
abundant  room  to  throw  out  their  leaves  in  an  horizontal 
position  ;  and  it  is  likewise  important  that  both  light 
and  air  should  be  able  to  act  on  every  part  of  the  plant's 
surface.  Pines  planted  out  in  open  beds  must  have  the 
same  conditions  applied  to  them,  and  the  roots  kept  in 
a  moist  state  by  waterings,  which  at  this  period  may  be 
given  them  over-head,  provided  the  pits  are  closed  up 
warm  ;  keep  the  bottom-lieat  to  the  whole  of  the  stock 
at  a  steady  point.  Peach-House. — That  the  ripening 
fruit  may  enjoy  all  the  advantages  of  light  and  air,  tie 
close  in  the  shoots  intervening  between  the  trellis  and 
the  glass,  and  take  off"  any  leaves  shading  the  fruit  too 
much.  Liberal  quantities  of  air  must  be  given  to 
Peaches  during  the  last  stage,  to  improve  the  colour 
and  flavour  ;  and  unless  urgent  reasons  exist  to  the 
contrary,  allow  them  plenty  of  time  to  ripen,  which  will 
much  improve  both  the  size  and  appearance  of  the 
fruit.  A  net  should  be  suspended  loosely  underneath 
the  trees  before  the  crop  gets  ripe,  to  catch  any  fruit 
which  may  get  overlooked  in  gathering  them.  Figs  are 
now  ripening  their  first  crop,  and,  as  the  fruit  soon 
gets  injured  from  damp,  considerable  care  should  be 
taken  not  to  wet  such  as  are  approaching  that  state. 
The  house  should,  however,  have  frequent  sprinklings, 
and  every  means  taken  to  keep  down  the  red  spider. 
Figs  in  pots  must  be  plentifully  suppUed  %vith  weak 
manure- water. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Use  all  diligence  in  filling  the  beds  of  the  flower 
garden  ;  the  present  showery  weather  will  assist  the 
plants  in  getting  hold  of  the  soil,  without  much  watering. 
Stake  or  peg  down  such  plants  as  require  it,  as  the 
planting  proceeds,  or  the  boisterous  winds  will  break 
many  things  off".  Plant  out  in  rich  soil  a  good  supply  of 
Stocks  and  Asters  for  the  autumn  ;  and  sow  a  succession 
of  annuals  for  making  up  any  vacancies  which  may 
occur  ;  and  likewise  another  sowing;  of  Mignonette,  in 
pots,  for  the  rooms  or  for  filling  window  boxes.  The 
hardy  climbers  will  require  going  over  ;  thin  out  surplus 
shoots,  and  tie  or  nail  in  the  remainder.  Roses,  both 
against  walls  and  in  open  beds,  will  require  frequent 
washings  with  the  engine,  to  keep  down  blight ;  and  take 
every  means  of  destroying  that  pest  to  the  Rose-grower, 
the  Rose-maggot,  which  may  now  be  found  coiled  up  in 
the  leaves  and  amongst  the  young  buds.  Keep  the 
lawns  in  order,  by  frequently  mowing  and  rolling  them, 
to  obtain  a  close-bottomed  sward  ;  and  take  advantage 
of  rains  to  well  roll  the  gravel  walks. 

FLORISTS*    FLOWERS. 

The  amateur  who  is  now  delighting  in  the  beauty  of 
his  Tulips,  should  not  forget  that  even  in  his  favourite 
flower  there  is  an  onward  movement ;  "perfect  purity" 
is  now  the  sme  qua  non.  In  order  to  aid  in  the  general 
improvement  let  him  raise  seedlings;  and  in  order  to 
obtain  them  distinct,  pure,  and  of  good  form,  let  him, 
now  they  are  in  full  flower,  select  the  varieties  he  wishes 


florists  are  now  bitterly  repenting  that  they  saved  seed 
from  impure  cupped  flowers — after  years  of  care  and 
anxiety,  they  now  find  that  the  produce  is  comparatively 
worthless.  Care  should  be  taken  that  the  flowers  from 
which  seed  is  saved  are  of  the  same  class — for  instance, 
it  would  be  folly  to  cross  a  bizarre  with  a  bybleemen  or 
rose,  a  mongrel  would  result ;  but  rose  should  be 
crossed  with  rose,  bizarre  with  bizarre,  and  so  on.  In 
other  floral  matters  atteod  to  directions  lately  given, 
especially  take  care  that  nothing  suffers  for  waut  of 
water. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

The  work  in  this  department  will  chiefly  consist  in 
giving  the  various  crops  the  requisite  culture  to  bring 
them  on.  The  hoeing  and  thinning  out  of  Onions, 
Carrots,  &c.,  should  be  proceeded  with  in  dry  weather. 
Potatoes  should  be  well  loosened  between  the  rows,  and 
iu  a  few  days  afterwards  well  earthed  up  ;  not  drawing, 
however,  the  earth  close  up  to  the  stem.  In  this  neigh- 
bourhood the  crops  above  ground  were  killed  down  by 
the  frosts  of  the  2d  and  3d  inst.  Sow  more  dwarf 
French  Beans,  or  transplant  those  advised  to  be  sown 
for  the  purpose,  as  in  all  likelihood  those  sown  in  the 
open  ground  are  killed.  Examine  narrowly  the  state  of 
the  different  crops,  and  see  that  nothing  has  been  omitted, 
and,  where  failures  have  occurred,  take  immediate  steps 
to  make  good  the  deficiencies,  in  the  way  most  likely  to 
meet  the  end.  As  the  soil  in  the  ridge  intended  for 
hand-glass  Cucumbers  will  now  be  slightly  warmed, 
the  plants  may  be  turned  out,  and  a  few  Vegetable 
Marrows,  in  addition,  to  come  in  early. 


TATE  OF 

R  LONDON. 

s 

rHE  WEATHER  NEi^ 

For  the  week  coding  May  20,  18o-.'.  aaobnervedat  the  Horticultural  Gardens, 
Chiawick. 

6 

TXUFBUATUBB. 

May. 

'a 
26 

Of  the  Atr 

Of  the  Earth. 

Wind. 

« 

Max. 

Min. 

Max, 

Min. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday.. 

14 

29.953 

29,536 

62 

3S 

50.0 

52 

49 

w. 

.02 

Satur.  .. 

15 

3L'.077 

29.935 

G6        39 

52.0 

F>l 

5ni 

.W 

Sunday 

Ifi 

29.825 

29.811 

74        47 

60.5 

62 

50 

w. 

.m 

Monday 

IV 

8 

29.!*bl 

29.7119 

66        47 

nfi.i 

a4A 

51 

s.w. 

Tuea.   .. 

IK 

£9.662 

29.569 

sa.!. 

54^ 

52 

Wed.    .. 

IH 

? 

29.937 

29.7Si 

73         43 

57.5 

53 

W. 

S.E. 

.00 

Thura... 

UO 

3 

29.985 

29.971 

67         43 

57.5 

55 

hi 

Average  ... 

29.893 

29.763  1    68.3  '   43.8 

56.0 

53.4 

51.1 

.56 

Uay        14— Boisteroue;  showery;  liue,  but  windy  ;  clear. 

—  15— Clear;  very  fine;  clear  a' Di;;bt. 

—  16 -Very  clear;  exceedingly  fine;  clear. 

—  17— Slight  drizzle;  lain ;  overcast;  hdzy;  thander  with  llghtniag 

and  ruin. 

—  18— Uuifcra  haze;  very  fine;  close  hftze;  densely  overcast. 

—  19— Fine;  very  fine,  with  larH^  white  clouds  ;  cl*ar  at  ni^bt. 

—  20— Fiae;  slight  dry  hMze;  fine;  showers;  deusely  clouded. 
Meaa  temperature  ot  the  weelc,  2  As^.  above  the  avoraife. 

STATE  OF  TflE  WEATHER  AT  CHI9WICK, 
During  the  last  26  years,  for  the  easuing  week,  ending  May  29, 1832. 


an 

No.ot 
years  ID 
which  it 

Baiiied. 

Greateat 
auantlty 
ot  Eain. 

FreTailiDfT  Windi 

. 

May. 

1  5 

2  5 
110 

1  9 

I    8 

-.1 

1    11    6:5 
3    1    2'  5'  3 

6  115    2 

7  14    S|  2 
)}  2' 4    5I  4 

Sunday  23 
Uon.     24 
Tues.     25 
Wed.      26 
Thura.  2? 
Friday  1.8 
Satur.   29 

69.3 

63.2 
66.2 

6;. 9 

68.4 
68.0 

66  5 

46.2 
45.8 
45.5 
4i.9 
45.7 
45.5 
45.7 

57.3 
57.0 

65  3 
55.4 
57.1 
567 
56.1 

7 
9 
9 
U 
13 
9 
9 

0.53  ia. 

0.54 

0.64 

0.27 

0.41 

0.97 

0.97 

I 
1 

The  higheBt  temperature  dunn;;  tl 
1817— therm.  91  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  o 


I  above  period  occurred  on  the  2Stll 
I  the  25th,  1S39— therm,  29  deff. 


Notices   to  Correspondents, 

Books:  JRM.  Koch's  "  Flora  Germanica." 

Calceolabias  :  J  R.  Tour  bloom  jireaenta  aa  example  of  what 
is  called  technically  a  Peloria,  i.  e.,  of  an  irregular  flower 
recovering  its  regularity  from  the  operation  of  some  aaknown 
cause,  t 

CoNiFEEs :  H  We  will  ask.  But  would  not  Messrs.  Lawson's, 
or  Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry's  Catalogues  aaswer  the  same 
purpose  ? 

Glass  :  C  D.  Use  Hartley's  by  all  meaos  ;  it  answers  perfectly 
for  Vineries.  Flues,  if  well  managed,  and  well  coaetructed, 
are  quite  as  good  as  hot-water  pipes  for  common  VioerieB, 
The  upper  tiles  should  be  dished  out,  so  as  to  hold  water. 

Gourds:  MJB.  We  are  unacquainted  with  the  seed— which 
is  sown.    It  has  probably  had  the  origin  you  attribute  to  it. 

Hawthorns:  Fontefract.  Bud  them  in  the  autumn  when  the 
buds  are  ripe  and  the  bark  runs.  J 

Insects  :  E,  Waterford.  You  do  not  state  in  what  manner 
the  insects  have  attacked  your  Fear  tree.  Is  it  by  devour- 
ing the  young  leaves  or  by  lajiog  their  eggs  in  the  bnda  S 
The  insects  sent  a>e  the  CurcuUo  (Polydruaus)  oblongus. 
It  would  be  serviceable  to  lay  a  large  cloth  under  the  tree  ia 
the  dusk,  and  then  shake  the  branches  violently,  when  the 
weevils,  which  are  then  feeding,  would  fall  on  the  cloth,  and 
should  be  burnt.  —J  S.  The  grub  ibund  in  numbers  at 
the  roots  of  your  PaBonia  is  the  caterpillar  of  the  brown  swift 
moth  (Ilepialus  fuscus).  The  only  plan  Ig  to  examine  the 
roots  when  the  plant  shows  indications  of  being  attacked,  and 
destroy  the  caterpillars  and  chryBalids.  W. 

Mulberry  Teeeb:  S  R.  These  are  raised  in  the  nurseries 
from  layers  ;  you  cannot  do  that  in  your  garden.  An  old 
l-mb,  as  thick  a9  the  arm,  well  shortened  back,  and  planted 
3  feet  deep  in  September,  will  often  grow. 

Names  of  Plants  :  C  M  H.  Pittosporum  viridiflorum,  a 
greenhouse  plant.— -4  Subsci-tbcr.  No.  1,  seeds  of  some  Cucur- 
bitaceous  plant;  2,  pod  of  the  Cotton  plant ;  3t?);  4,  Cjtisus 
biflorus  ;  5,  Cytisus  elongatus  ;  and  a  Juniper  of  some  sort. 

Peaches:  T  3  L.  The  varieties  of  this  fruit  cannot  be  certainly 
named  from  leaves  and  flowers.  If  you  will  forward  the 
fruit,  when  ripe,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  sajing  what  it  is. 

Vines:  JB  S.  Our  coluranshave  formerlycoatained  abundant 
discussion  concerning  "shanking;"  a  disease  wholly 
produced  by  the  Vine  roots  beinff  either  in  a  cold  soil,  away 
from  air,  or  absolutely  rotten  off.  Bust  is  caused  by  any 
circumstance  which  destroys  the  skin  of  the  berry  when 
young  and  tender.  Fingering  the  berries,  or  rubbing  them 
airaiiist  greasy  hair,  or  sudden  cold,  or  excessive  sulphuring, 
all  may  have  a  hand  in  it. 

Miec  ■  G  F  U.  The  highest  number  on  Fahrenheit's  thermo- 
nieter  at  which  there  will  be  the  slightest  frost  is  32".  The 
slightest  frost  will  appear  white  on  the  Grass  in  the  morning, 
if  there  is  any  dew.  The  Pear-shaped  Quince  will  answer 
for  Pear  stocks  as  well  as  the  common  or  French  Quince.— 
A  H.  Dieljtra  eximia  is  much  like  D.  formosa,  but  hand- 
somer. Anemone  ranunculoidee  inhabits  woods  in  the  same 
way  as  A.  nemorosa,  both  on  the  Continent  and  in  this 
country.  It  is  said  to  have  been  seen  near  King's  Langley, 
in  Herts,  and  Wrotham,  in  Kent. 


21—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


329 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  bein^  notorious  that  extensive   adulterations  of  this 
MANUR^  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OP  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Parmers  and  ail  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchafic  will 
of  course  be  the  beat  aecurity,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  ramiud  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  'price  at  which  sound  Pentvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
31.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
«ither  leave  a  loss  to  Uiem.  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


^PHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*-  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agriculcural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibba  and  Sons,  at  91. 10s.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
9J.  5*.  in  Dock.  Edward  PoasEB,  Sec. 

40.  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  La  WEs's  factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  IVilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
■Ammonia,  dl.  Ids.  per  ton;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
■Cod,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


MANURE   DEPOT.-PEAT   CHARCOAL. 
TO    FARMERS,    AGRICULTURISTS,    AND    OTHERS. 

GH.  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea-bridge, 
•  Middlesex,  Agent  to  the  Irish  Amelioration  Society  for 
the  sale  of  the  above.  All  needful  particulars  will  be  given  on 
application  at  the  above  address. 

Price  of  the  unmixed  Charcoal,  553.  per  ton,  sacks  included. 
Mixed  with  Nightsoil,  50s.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Mixed  with 
Crine,  70j.  per  ton,  sacks  iacluded.  Carriage  to  any  of  the 
Wharfs  or  Railway  Stations,  from  3s.  Gd.  to  5s.  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 


TURNIP     SOWING, 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  coudition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  vi.  Part  2.  It  is  ulbo 
suitable  tor  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Make 
FoTHEBQiLt,  ^01,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


NITRO-SUPERPHOSPHATE   OF    LIME. 

WM.  SWANTON  &  CO,  respectfully  invite  attention 
to  their  new  preparation  of  animalised  NITRO-SUPER 
PHOSPHATE  OF  LIME.  This  valuable  and  much  improved 
manure  for  Turnips  contains  not  only  the  usual  proportion  of 
Bone  or  mineral  Phosphate  of  Lime,  but  a  large  quantity  of 
Dried  Blood,  warranteo  to  yield  Nitrogen  equivalent  to  more 
than  15  per  cent,  of  Ammonia.  According  to  the  analysis  by 
Professor  Way,  it  contains  organic  or  auimal  matter,  salts  of 
ammonia,  i;c.,  four  times  greater,  and  nitrogen  nearly  double 
and  treble  as  compared  with  some  of  the  best  samples  of 
ordinary  Superphosphate  of  Lime,  besides  a  high  percentage  of 
soluble  phosphate,  while  the  moisture,  sand,  and  sulphate  of 
lime  is  considerably  less. 

For  Cash  on  delivery.  per  ton. 

Bone  Nitro-SuperphosphateofLimepulverieed,  in  bags  £8    0    Q 
Mineral  do.  do.  do.  ...    7    0    0 

Coprolite  and  acid     ...    5    0    0 

AiUmalised    fxcal  manure,  with  a  large  portion  of 

dried  blood  5    0    0 

Cartage  to  rail  or  wharf  not  exceeding  5s.  per  ton. 

The  Note  on  Dried  Blood  aa  a  Manure,  by  Professor  Way, 
in  the  Journal  of  the  R.  A.  S.,  vol.  xii.,  Part  2,  p.  5Si,  ig 
founded  on  various  samples  of  this  article  manufactured'  by 
Wm.  Swanton  and  Co.,  and  first  converted  by  them  into 
Nltro-Superphosphate  of  Lime.  Mr.  Way  says,  "  A  mixture  of 
dried  blood  and  mineral  superphosphate  of  lime  would  be  an 
admirable  drill  manure  for  Turnips.  Dried  blood  is  likely  to 
be  effective  on  atl  soils,  but  especially  on  sandy  land." 

Belle  Isle  Manure  Works,  Maiden-lane, King's-cross,  May  22. 


CHALLENGE    FOR    £10  0. 

TO  THE  LANDOWNERS  AND  AGRICDLTURISTS  OF 
ENGLAND  AND  SCOTLAND. 

THE  TYNE  MANURE  AND  CHEMICAL 
COMPANY,  of  Newcastle-ou-Tyne,  being  desirous  to  test 
the  Talue  of  GUANOS  of  Foreign  Importation,  Peruvian 
included,  against  Eoiae-made  Arlijicial  Manures,  are  now 
prepared  to  back  their  AMMONIauaL  GUaNU,  a  Manure 
made  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  for  ONE  HUNDRED  POUNDS, 
for  the  Turoip  Crop,  weight  for  weight,  agaiust  any  other 
Manure  or  Guano  now  made  or  Imported  into  this  country. 

In  ordfcr  to  convince  Farmers  and  Agriculturists  that  this 
Challeoi^e  ia  'yondjide.  they  are  also  prepared  to  furciah  One  'Jon 
o/  their  AminoixxaoaJ,  Ouajio,  ff'atuUously,  to  the  Farmers'  Club 
of  any  particular  district,  if  of  known  reputtition,  for  a 
preliminary  trial ;  and  further,  to  guarantee  to  farmers  ualng 
it  lt»  productive  properties  against  any  other  Guano  or  AriU 
flclal  Manure,  weight  for  weit<ht,  per  acre,  on  the  same  aoiln 
on  the  principle  ibat  if  the  Crop  la  less  in  weight  from  It  than 
that  produced  from  any  Guano  or  ArtiBcial  Manure  uaod 
againatit,  they  will  make  good  the  d-^ficiency  to  the  user,  at 
the  curr*!.Tt  market  rate  ;  bu'.  if,  on  the  oiher  hand,  the  Crop 
produced  by  It  nhould  oiceed  in  weight  that  produced  by  any 
other  Guano  or  Artificial  Manures,  then  that  they  Hhall  rcL-eivc 
tbe  value  of  such  excess  In  weight  of  tljo  Crop  at  the  eamo 
current  rate,  In  compensation  for  tbc  riHk  of  bucIi  i;uarant<-o 

The  Company  wish  it  to  be  diJitinctly  undergtood,  that  Bi.  lOj 
net  ca»ih,  or  'Jl.  credit  per  Ton  In  b*K»,  i»  the  price  of  their 
Ammonidcal  Guano.  Parties  anxioui  to  try  It  «ro  requested 
to  make  early  application,  and  any  dciilrou'*  of  accptinK  tho 
above  Cbaliengo  (each  party  d..■pl^^iting  the  caKh),  will  bi> 
immediately  accommodated  on  application  to  the  Company  at 
2Iewca»tIf.'.upon.Tjae. 

The  %ame  Manure  now  ofTcred  in  at  prenont  under  trial  by 
leveral  of  the  prlncip-il  Parmem'  Chiba  in  Scofl.»n'l,  and  Ia^t 
year,  In  «tverol  instance!,  thtlr  Arninonlacnl  SupLTphonphuto, 
when  tried  weight  for  weight,  beat  the  bo»t  Peruvian  Ouau", 
In  some  fanes  by  Ci.  pT  aero,  In  others  by  I'Jj,  per  nerd,  anil  in 
favourable  chamh  hy  \l.  lit.d'i.  per  aery.— Lottern  tobe  JiddrcMttciJ 
to  the  TruE  Mandrc  ani;  CitKMJOAL  Comi-ant,  Ohmi-houtic 
t|uay,  NewcajttltT'Ution-Tyno. 

Neircaetle'Dpon'Tyne,  May  22. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOGOPROLITES. 

(FHOM   THE   aOFFOLK    CEAG.) 

EDWAKD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phoaphatic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  icality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  Gupplytbem  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Disfolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  thecheapest  source  of  Phosphite  of  Lime  ia  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone.  ■   .    ■ 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  PACEAaD  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


pHARCOAL    AND   SEWAGE   MANURE.— Pro- 

y^  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAU. 
COAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  lieces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  43.  per  cwt.,  2s.  Sd.  per 
half  cwt. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i.  5s.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferii'.ising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  ia  equally  as 
portable  and  diS'usible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Roud-lane. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphaieof  Lime,  aud  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDEN  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gutta  Percha.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  great 
satisfaction.  Also,  KaSE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  moat  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lons per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price  Gi.  ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  71. 7s. 
Bdegess  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


HAY      HARVEST. 
Q      G.     RENNET'S     ORIGINAL     RICK-CLOTH, 

0»  TENT,  AND  MARQUEE  WaRCHOUSE,  (established 
upwards  of  40  years,)  25U,  Tooley-street,  opposite  Topping's- 
wharf,  where  may  be  had  rick-cloths,  with  poles,  pulleys,  and 
lines  complete,  on  the  shortest  notice,  and  mobt  reasonable 
terms,  to  meet  the  times.  Orders  by  post  promptly  attended 
to.  N.B.  A  large  marquee,  in  excellent  condition,  to  be 
disposed  of,  remarkably  cheap:  dimensions,  140  feet  by  30. 

CHEAP  AND  DURABLE  ROOFING. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 


FM'NEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
•     row,  London,  tbe  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purpoeea,  to  protect  flants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which   has  bi^en  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
Pei?E9,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  parronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  Woods  and  Forests, 
honodhable  boabd  of  ofidnance, 
Honourable  East  Indta  Company, 
Honodbable  Commissioners  of  Cdstoms, 
Her  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Butanic  Gardens,  Regent'8  Pare, 
Aad  on  the  Estates  of  tbe  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  {at  Richmond), 
and  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  at  the  Royal  Aqricdltceal  Society's  Hodse,  Hanover-sq, 
It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  det<cription  of  roofing,  and 
effects  a  great  saviog  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  per  Square  Foot. 
^i,"  Samples,  with  Directions  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  year&'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  executeii. 

ij^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  the  above  Roofing  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  and  CO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Laidb's-buildings,    Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancbllor't  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West. 
mioBter  Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R,A.  Her  Majesty'o  Commiesioiiers  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
80  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  IIoufc^  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Quantity  altogether  used,  24,000  feet. 

Note.  — Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lengths  best  euited  to  their  Roofs,  so  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  uil'.>rded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  the  Felt. 


WATERPROOF  PATH.S.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardoos  during  ihe  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  POKTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus: — "  Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
Ib  at  yresent  made  from  llio  loam  which  Is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  ahurp  river  sand.  To 
fivii  partH  of  Huch  equal  mUlure  add  one  of  Portland  Ccmont, 
and  incorporate  iho  whole  well  In  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  mny  then  bo  laid  on  'Z  inches  thick.  Any 
Ijibourcr  cim  mix  tind  Hpread  it.  No  tool  Is  required  beyond 
llio  spiido,  and  In  'IB  hours  it  becomes  an  hard  aH  a  rock. 
Vc(foi,ur.l.in  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  It  rimlHts  thu 
Hcttoii  of  the  HcvercHt  IroMt,  It  i»  neceHnary,  us  water  does  not 
B'jiik  thrrnigli  It,  to  give  a  full  from  the  middle  of  the  [lath 
towardH  tlio  «idi'n,  — ManufiHiturers  of  the  Ccmont,  J.  U.  White 
and  UuHi),  MUlbank.gtrcct,  Westminster. 


BATH  AND  WEST  OF  ENGLAND 
AQKIOaLTURAL  SOCIETY. 
The  First  Summer  Meeting  of  this  Society  will  be  held  at 
Taunton,  on  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY,  and  FRIDAY,  the 
9th,  10th,  and  11th  days  of  June,  185-',  when  Phizes  to  the 
amount  of  JTlt.  will  be  awarded  for  Cattle  and  Implements. 
Particulars  of  which  may  be  obtained  of 

H.  St.  John  Madle,  Secretary. 
Newton  St.  Loe,  Bath,  May  22. 

ROYAL   AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY    OF 
ENGLAND.-LEWBS  MEGTING.~Tbe  la-t  day  for  the 
entry  of  Stock  is  TUESDAY,  Ibt  of  JUNE.     Prize  Sheets  and 
Forms  of  Certificate  can  be  obtained  on  application,  by  prist  or 
olherwise,  to  the  Secretary,  No.  12,  Hanover-square,  Londott. 
By  Order  of  the  Council,        James  Hudson,  Secretary. 


€M  ^sttcttltural  ®a>ette* 

SATURDAY,  MAY  22,  1852. 


UEETINOS  FOE  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wbdmkbeai.    May   26— ARricultural  Society  of  Eneland- 
TaUHSDAi,         —      27— Aitnculrural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland, 
Wedn.siiat,   Juue     2— AKricultural  Society  of  KnKland. 
TuuBBD&T,         —       3— Agricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland, 


We  have  already  expressed  our  wish  that  the 
bill  which  has  passed  the  House  of  Commons,  to 
provide  for  the  gradual  enfranchisement  of  the 
Copyhold  Tenure,  may  pass  into  law  in  the  present 
session.  There  is  probably  no  measure  which 
Parliament  could  pass  which  would  more  relieve  the 
landed  interest  than  this.  Arbitrary  fines  are  a 
direct  check  upon  agricultural  improvement,  heriots 
are  a  disgrace  to  the  country,  and  the  fees  of  the 
steward  and  the  other  incidents  to  copyholds  a  most 
serious  burden  on  the  enjoyment  and  alienation  of 
land.  The  bill  which  stands  for  second  reading  in 
the  House  of  Lords  on  Tuesday  next  (2oth),  will,  if 
it  become  law,  gradually  extinguish  these  evils, 
and  give  a  fair  compensation  to  the  lord  for  his 
rights.  Its  provisions  were  most  carefully  considered 
and  settled  by  the  select  committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons  last  session,  and  it  has  thus 
passed  through  that  House  mthout  any  opposi- 
tion, far  less  any  division.  We  have  great 
hopes,  therefore,  that  it  will  pass  the  House  of 
Lords  also ;  but  we  feel  a  little  alarmed  at  a 
notice  given  by  Lord  Ellesmere  to  refer  the  bill 
to  a  select  committee,  and  to  allow  counsel  to 
be  heard  against  the  bill.  Now  it  is  obvious  that 
if  this  course  be  taken,  the  bill  cannot  pass  this 
session.  We  do  hope,  therefore,  that  this  motion 
will  not  be  adopted  by  the  Lords,  but  that  the  bill 
will  be  allowed  to  pass,  and  that  this  opprobium  to 
our  law  of  real  property  will  cease  to  exist,  due 
attention  being  paid  to  secure  to  all  parties  a  just 
equivalent  for  their  rights. 


When,  at  some  future  day,  and  by  some  pen  not 
yet  out  of  straight  strokes  and  pothooks,  there  shall 
be  written,  for  the  edification  of  the  agricultural 
public,  an  historical  sketch  of  the  '  Rise  and  Pro- 
gress of  Steam  Cultivation,'  it  is  to  be  feared  that 
some  of  the  reflections  will  not  be  of  the  most 
complimentaiy  kind  to  the  genius  or  the  faith  of  tbe 
generation  that  witnessed  the  Great  Exhibition  of 
1851, — that  embraced  nearly  in  one  experience  the 
development  of  Steam  Navigation,  of  the  Kailroad 
system,  the  Electric  Telegraph,  and  other  kindred 
appliances  in  the  many-pathed  field  of  practical 
science. 

'  It  was  strange,'  we  may  suppose  our  future  annalist 
to  write,  '  that  amidst  the  blaze  of  surrounding 
discovery  in  the  arts  that  economize  the  labour  and 
advance  the  condition  of  man,  an  application  of 
steam-power  that  must  surely  have  pressed  with 
such  powerful  motive  and  exigency  on  a  period 
when  an  extensive  change  of  commercial  policy 
seemed  especially  to  evoke  the  mechanical  resources 
of  the  kingdom,  by  way.  of  set-off  to  its  often- 
urged  disadvantages  in  climate  and  in  fiscal  burthens, 
— should  have  been  long  regarded  rather  with  the 
apathy  evinced  towards  the  cobweb  speculations  of 
dreaming  enthusiasm,  than  dealt  with  as  a  practical 
question  by  practical  minds.  While  zealous  agri- 
culturists were  eloquently  excited  once  a  year  over 
the  weight  of  an  ox,  or  the  twist  of  an  improved 
mould-board,  'Science'  was  satisfied,  and  'Practice' 
seemed  to  tread  on  the  heels  of  perfection.  Under 
such  patronage,  '  Improvements'  in  the  established 
implements  of  tillage,  were  of  course  as  numerous 
as  the  moiety  of  20  acres  of  ground  could  con- 
veniently accommodate  for  annual  Exhibition.  A 
revolution  impending  over  Tillage  itself  was  of 
course  the  last  thing  dreamt  of.  It  is  ever  so. 
True,  a  few  lilack  funnels  might  be  seen  smoking  in 
the  show  yard,  and  the  whirring  drum  of  the  steam- 
driven  Threshing-machine  had,  thanks  to  the 
prcirions  invention  of  a  certain  Scotch  lawyer, 
iiL'tde  the  agreatial  mind  i'oi'get  to  expect,  or  its 
prizes  to  stimulate,  improvements  in  the  Flail.  But 
the  principal  and  time-honoured  act  of  agriculture 
proper,  of  cultivation  itself — still  laboured  under  its 


330 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[May  22, 


ancient  tribe  of  horse-adapted  implements.  The 
Plough  and  the  Harrow  were  still  in  the  ascendant : 
the  instruments  of  equine-tillage  were  still  re- 
ceived as  its  essential  agents ;  and  people  who 
would  have  smiled  at  the  mechanical  curiosity 
of  a  StesLm-Flail,  gravely  anticipated  the  day 
when  some  such  combination  would  be  triumphantly 
achieved  for  the  darling  tool  whose  Heaven- 
invoked  '  speed '  had  long  supplied  the  toast  and 
figure-head  of  Agricultural  Prosperity. 

'  Yet  it  can  hardly  be  wondered  at,'  our  aggra- 
vating Critic  will  continiie,  '  that  men  should  have 
slowly  and  with  such  difficulty  eradicated  from 
their  minds  a  mode  of  tillage  so  long  compelled  by 
the  very  nature  and  necessity  of  animal-power : 
every  child  that  has  wept  and  smiled  over  the 
'  Death  of  Cock-robin  '  knows  when  he  hears 

"Who'll  toll  Ibe  belli 
'  I'  says  the  Bull, 
'Because  I  can  pull/** 

that  Mr.  Bull  was  guilty  of  a  pun  ;  that  tire '  pull ' 
of  a  qnadiTiped  is  only  liori~ontal ;  that  his  strength 
can  be  applied  in  no  other  way ;  and  that  when  you 
employ  a  four-footed  beast  to  cultivate  the  soil  you 
have  no  choice  left  but  horizontal  traction,  from 
one  end  of  the  field  to  the  other  ;  a  mode  of  action 
which  commenced  when  the  spade  was  abandoned 
in  field-culture  for  the  plough,  and  which  was  to 
continue  so  long  as  horse-power  tillage  continued  ; 
and  no  longer :  since  it  formed  (as  the  spade  had 
already  shown)  no  necessary  element  of  cultivation, 
and  had  no  relevance  whatever  with  the  action  or 
capabilities  of  the  Steam-engine. 

'  Steam-power  having  however  been  hitherto 
chiefly  employed  in  Mannfactnres,  and  its  versatile 
modes  of  application  being  unfamiliar  to  the  agri- 
culturist, we  can  scarcely  be  surprised,  that  even 
those  few  who  gave  a  serious  thought  to  the  subject, 
looked  upon  the  Steam-engine  rather  as  a  piece  of 
concentrated  horse-power  to  be  harnessed  as  best 
it  might  to  the  existing  horse-worked  implements, 
than  as  a  New  Agent,  whose  entry  on  the  scene  of 
action  enabled  him  to  reconsider  the  whole  philo- 
sophy of  Tillage,  to  analyse  it  into  its  elements,  to 
see  what  it  was;  what  it  had  been  when  confined 
to  manual  power  under  the  primeval  dynasty  of 
the  Spade  and  Hoe  ;  what  it  was  under  the 
advanced  but  equally  special  limitations  of  animal 
power,  as  exhibited  in  the  Plough  and  every  other 
implement  of  draught ;  and  what  it  might  he  under 
the  wider  sphere  of  available  process  which  the 
Steam-engine  presented.  What  was  cultivation? 
Did  Steam-power  ofi'er  any  cheaper,  better,  or 
more  direct  mode  of  performing  it,  than  manual  or 
animal  power  had  done  ?  Could  it  accomplish  in 
one  act  the  problem  of  converting  the  hard  clod  into 
fine  soil  ?  Could  it,  like  the  mole,  cut  a  seed-bed  out 
of  the  solid  ?  If  so,  why  entangle  it  with  imple- 
ments foreign  to  its  nature,  unessential  to  its  action, 
and  behind  it  in  that  order  of  inventive  progress 
whose  deep-cut  label  is  '  Vestigia  nulla  retrorsum  ? ' 

'  But  the  Plough  had  left  its  ridge-and-furrow 
impress  not  more  in  the  fields  than,  alas  !  on  the  mind 
of  the  agriculturist  of  that  day.  It  was  long,  and 
naturally  so,  before  he  could  bring  an  imagination 
preoccupied  with  the  old-established  system  of  field- 
culture,  to  recognise  its  impending  emancipation 
from  the  whole  chain  of  subordinate  necessities  ex- 
acted by  the  employment  of  horse-labour.  The  old 
fable  had  become  rever.sed :  the  quadruped  was 
riding  the  man  :  and  to  shake  him  oif  was  now  the 
diflicultv!  For  a  century  after  itsinvention,theSteam- 
engine  lay  still-born  to  the  soil,  and  the  virtue 
unappreciated  of  a  new  Power  which  could  antiquate 
mere  implements  altogether,  and  convert  the  culti- 
vating agent  into  a  machine,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the 
word  ;  a  machine  whose  locomotion  across  the  field 
was  a  mere  collateral  incident,  not  a  means:  just  as 
the  sheep,  or  ox,  walks  over  the  pasture  that  he  may 
feed,  and  yet  is  not  fed  hy  walking. 

'And  yet  it  was  somewhat  strange,  too,  that  recog- 
nition should  have  been  so  tardy,  and  accustomed 
thought  so  ineradicable  on  this  point,  when  we 
reflect  that  modes  of  tillage  already  existed,  so 
totally  and  specifically  different  in  action  from  all 
horse-worked  implements,  as  those  both  of  the  Spade 
and  its  more  ancient  congener  the  Hoe  ;  *  and  that 
the  perpendicular  and  very  effective  action  of  these 
manual  tools,  contrasted  with  the  farm-implements 
of  draught,  might  have  dimly  suggested  the  possible 
discovery  of  otlier  means  of  cultivation  as  diflerent 
from  all  of  these  as  they  were  from  each  other. 
Any  one  who  had  ever  seen  a  nutmeg  rasped  away 
into  fine  atoms  against  the  armed  surface  of  a  grater, 
or  sawdust  scattered  in  heaps  from  timber  by  the 


teeth  of  a  circular  saw,  and  could  find  room  in  his  i 
imaginative  faculty  for  the  contemplation  of  this 
mechanical  process,  side  by  side  with  the  agricultural 
fact  that  a  seed-bed  was  only  a  layer  of  comminuted 
soil  a  few  inches  in  depth,  might  surely  (one  should 
now  suppose)  have  saved  the  credit  of  his  generation 
by  some  more  congenial  suggestion  for  the  effectu- 
ating of  tillage  by  Steam-power,  than  attempting  to 
bind  it  down  to  an  apprenticeship  in  which  Ploughs 
and  Harrows,  Rollers  and  Scufilers,  or  even  the 
Spade,  were  still  to  figure  as  the  rude  terms  of 
the  Indenture,  as  out  of  keeping  with  its  genius  and 
aptitude,  as  they  were  irrelevant  and  non-essential 
to  tillage  itself  analytically  regarded,  apart  from 
its  conventional  modes  necessitated  by  horse  or 
hand-power.' 

Such  Avillbe  the  kind  0^  after  reflection  thrown  back 
upon  his  forefathers  of  this  generation  by  our  future 
agricultural  historian.  '  It  is  true '  he  will  be  obliged 
to  add, '  there  were  not  wanting  heaps  of  patents  and 
pretensions  crowding  in  confused  succession  on  the 
public  notice,  during  this  period  of  mental  vacuity 
and  decrepitude  of  invention.  Wherever  there  is 
a  lack  of  grain  there  are  plenty  of  weeds  to  fill  the 
gaping  space.  There  were  plough-dragging  engines, 
stationaiy  and  locomotive,  there  were  '  plough- 
shares oncircular  frames,'  '  revolving  spades,'  and  all 
the  train  of  piebald  monstrosities  and  biform  incon- 
gruities which  mark  those  periods  of  false  gestation 
and  miscarriage  in  the  annals  of  invention,  when 
would-be  discoverers  dashing  blindfold  at  uncon- 
sidered combinations,  are  each  profoundly  busy 
putting  new  wine  into  old  bottles;  never  devoting 
one  serious  hour  of  study  to  the  simple  elements  of 
the  problem  they  undertake, — the  mechanical  act 
to  be  accomplished,  and  the  mechanical  means 
necessary  to  accomplish  it;  but,  (like  the  scribe 
Dickens  tells  of,  who  ventured  a  treatise  on  Chinese 
Metaphysics,  by  looking  out  '  China '  and  '  Meta- 
physics '  in  the  Cyclopasdia  !) — taking  a  plough  and 
a  steam-engine — or  a  spade  and  a  steam-engine — 
as  the  inevitable  sire  and  dam  of  the  fore-deter- 
mined 'cross,'  plunged  headlong  into  the  laby- 
rinth of  complex  and  solitary  contrivance  how  to 
join  things  which  Nature  had  put  asunder. 

'*  velnt  ip^i  Somnia,  vmaz 

Fingentur  fipecies;  ut  nee  pes,  nee  caput  uni 
Reddatar  fonnre.        *        *        *        • 
Infelix  otierle  Summa.  quia ^mci-e  toima 
Neioiat !  *' 

Thus  have  we  attempted  to  anticipate  the  storm 
of  keen  reflection,  to  be  showered  over  our  graves  by 
some  writer  of  the  end  of  this,  or  beginning  of  next 
century,  who  looks  back  upon  the  origin  of  Steam- 
agriculture  from  just  such  a  point  as  we  do  now  on 
that  of  Steam-navigation  ;  who  will  be  as  familiar 
with  the  sight  of  soil  pulverised  a  foot  deep,  in  one 
act,  by  surface  abrasion  from  a  steam-driven  cylinder 
[armed  with  the  Talparian  claw  that  "  works  i'  the 
earth  so  fast,"  and  solves  in  the  dark,  beneath  our 
veiy  feet,  a  harder  problem  !  ]  as  we  are  with  ships  of 
2000  tons,  driven  through  the  water  like  a  duck  with 
her  web-feet  at  work  beside  or  behind  her,  only 

obedient  to  the  steam-law  of  circular  motion. 

We  have  called  aloud  :  will  no  man  hear  1  We 
have  piped  often :  will  no  one  dance  ?   C.  W.  H. 


5f,^»tL'm.'d',lf',s"""^;""'  '"'"''"■  "'  ^■uT,i,a",i;mbj' forbid': 
S;rMand:eide.°onber'nS,!°'°°"'  obllgingbin.  ,„  sta^od  upo, 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «  R." 

Since  the  writer  "  R."  has  already  thrown  off  his 
mask,  and  commenced  his  counter  reply,  whilst,  pub- 
licly at  least,  we  were  still  ouly  on  the  threshold  of  our 
own,  we  think  it  may  be  well,  at  this  stage,  to  make  a 
few  remarks  on  the  general  position  of  this  discussion, 
which  otherwise  we  might  probably  have  postponed 
until  the  several  individual  points  of  it  had  themselves 
been  passed  in  review.  Beibre  doing  so,  however,  we 
wish  to  state  what  was  the  plan  we  proposed  to  our- 
selves when  we  first  commenced  any  notice  of  the 
criticisms  of  "  R.,"  and  to  what  extent  this  plan  has 
been  already  executed ;  for  in  Mr.  Russell's  reply 
No.  1,  he  has  assumed  that  what  had  then  appeared 
from  ourselves  was  to  constitute  at  least  the  substance 
of  our  reply,  and  hence  it  might  appear  that  anything 
further  than  had  then  been  published  was  contrary  to 
our  original  intention,  and  only  drawn  from  us  by  Mr. 
Russell's  somewhat  menacing  assurance  conveyed  in  the 
following  stntences  ; — 

"  We  are  afraid  we  must  snap  the  fragile  cord  with 
which  they  imagine  they  have  bound  us,  when  we  come 
to  point  out  the  wide  differences  which  are  yet  betwixt 
us."     And,  .igain  :  — 

"  We  have  been  rather  amused  with  the  character  of 
our  position,  at  which  we  will  request  our  readers  to 
take  a  glance,  as  we  point  out  what  were  the  subjects  of 
dispute,  and  what  are  the  differences  between  Mr. 
Lawes'  opinions  and  our  own  ;  and  then  we  shall  pro- 
ceed to  tile  discussion  of  those  differences,  wlikli  are 
viuch  wider  and  more  important  than  one  woidd  he  led 
to  helicvc  hij  the  rejoinder  from  '  Mothamsted.'  " 

We  have  to  say,  then,  that  at  the  outset  we  ventured 
again  to  commit  our  old  sin  of  arr.ingeniL-nt  and  classifi- 
cation, by  bringing  the  numerous  and  miscellaneous 
objections  and  iUustrations  which  have  been  arrayed 
against  us,  under  the  three  following  headings  : — -^ 


1st.  So  far  as  they  relate  to  our  classification  of  the 
main  elements  of  agricultural  practice. 

2dly.  As  to  our  views  on  the  subject  of  the  growth  of 
the  Turnip  in  our  rotations.    And, 

3dly.  As  to  the  chemical  circnmst,aHce3  of  the  growth 
of  the  Cereals. 

The  course  taken  with  regard  to  each  of  these  main 
divisions  of  the  subject  being  to  show,  Istly,  that  the 
objections  made  were  not  founded  in  facts  ;  and,  2dly, 
that  the  illustrations  brought  were  in  accordance  with 
the  facts  and  principles  embodied  in  oiu'  papers  ;  and 
in  regard  to  the  execution  of  our  plan,  we  would  add 
that  the  whole  of  our  remarks  on  the  first  and  second 
of  these  heads,  and  partly  those  on  the  third,  were 
written  before  our  first  number  appeared  in  the  columns 
oi  the  Agricidtural  Qaiettc;  and  that  there  is  still  un- 
published a  considerable  portion  on  the  Turnip  question 
which  was  forwarded  to  the  Editor  of  the  Gazette  on  the 
28th  of  April.  On  this  point  we  have  only  further  to 
say,  that  it  is  our  intention  to  adhere  to  the  plan  thus 
far  executed,  iiTespectively  of  any  reiterations,  should 
such  appear  in  the  mean  time,  from  Mr.  Russell's  pen. 
Indeed,  we  think  we  have  found  sufficient  matter  for 
comment,  for  the  present  at  least,  in  what  he  has  already 
written  ;  and  as  he  has  had  the  discussion  all  his  own 
way  for  a  twelvemonth  or  so,  we  think  that  confusioDj 
rather  than  any  aspect  of  IViimess  on  his  own  part,  would 
result  fi'om  any  additions  just  now. 

For  ourselves  we  did  not  need  to  be  told  who  was  the 
wiiter  of  the  articles  signed  *'  R. ;"  and  we  were  well 
aware  that  there  were  circumstances  quite  independent 
of  the  merits  of  the  case  which  would  render  it  neces- 
sary to  take  up  our  owu  cause,  if  it  was  to  be  advocated 
at  all  in  the  columns  of  the  AgriruJturuf.  frazcttc.  We 
have,  indeed,  for  some  time  obsei-ved  that  "storms"" 
were  gathering  in  the  north — a  quarter  where  it  would 
seem  their  mode  of  development  has  been  studied,, 
perhaps  not  without  a  view  to  some  practical  result ; 
and  it  is  much  to  be  deplored  that,  at  least,  the  occasion 
and  the  spirit  of  these  sustained  attacks  are  too  cleatly 
traceable  to  the  discussion  which  arose  in  consequence 
of  Mr.  Pusey's  memorable  comments  on  Scotch  farming, 
and  about  the  same  time  his  favourable  notice  of  our 
papers.  But  we  are  willing  to  hope,  now  Uiat  the 
winds  have  blown  and  the  showers  have  fallen,  and  we 
have  again  gleams  of  sunshine  in  what  would  seem  to 
be  assurances  of  "candour  and  honesty  of  purpose," 
and  "a  sincere  desire  for  the  furtherance  of  truth,"  we 
are  willing  to  hope  that  now,  slight  differences  in 
geogrjiphical  position,  however  much  they  may  have  to 
do  with  the  real  subject-matter  of  discussion,  will  no 
longer  render  it  necessary  to  uphold  "  Scotch  practice  " 
to  the  disparagement  of  ''English  science." 

But  to  go  back  from  the  future  to  the  past.  We  say, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  that  in  the  articles  in  question  the 
misrepresentation  of  our  papers  has  been  complete;  and 
that  whilst  the  scope,  spirit,  and  bearing  of  them  in 
reference  to  the  several  main  points  of  discussion,  have 
been  generally  either  ignored  or  reversed,  many  of 
the  facts  and  principles  involved,  have  at  the  same 
time  been,  to  a  greater  extent,  practically  adopted  by 
the  writer,  "  R,"  than  by  any  other  that  we  have  met 
with.  This,  we  say,  is  the  simple  fact  of  the  case.  But 
whether  or  not  this  misrepresentation  has  been 
intentional  is,  we  freely  grant,  quite  another  question ;. 
and  it  seems  to  us  that  Mr.  Russell  has  the  proof  of  his 
claim  to  acquittal  on  this  ground  entirely  in  his  own 
hands  :  namelj',  in  the  acknowledgment  of  superficial 
view  and  misapprehension  of  our  papers.  We  have, 
indeed,  recognised  throughout  his  articles  a  fundamental 
difference  of  method  from  our  own,  such  as  of  itself 
might  account  for  much  of  the  diversity  of  result,  and 
his  consistency  in  this  respect  would  perhaps  have  led 
us  to  attribute  his  treatment  of  our  views  to  misrepre- 
sentation i*ather  than  to  intentional  unfairness,  but  that 
his  clearness  of  perception  on  other  points,  and  the 
animus  manifested  in  his  remarks,  seemed  to  forbid  any 
such  lenient  interpretation.  And  here  we  would  observe 
that  we  were  not  a  little  amused  to  find  Mr.  Russell 
expressing  any  surprise  that  his  criticisms  had  "  not 
been  received  in  so  friendly  a  spirit  as  we  expected."  (!) 
For  we  have  yet  to  learn,  that  a  critic,  who,  of  our 
experiments,  says  "  delibei'ately  "  that  we  have  om'selves 
sho\vn  them  "  to  be  entirely  devoid  of  value,  as  the 
foundation  for  general  conclusions" — of  our  plan  and 
carefulness,  "  that  what  was  locally  and  only  circum- 
stantially correct,  we  have  without  hesitation  or  inquiry 
deemed  to  be  so  absolutely" — of  our  views,  that  they  are 
"  false  science,  inflexible  and  unnatural  theories,"  and 
"  a  dilemma  about  which  so  much  ingenuity  has  been 
wasted," — of  any  one  who  trusts  them,  that  he  "only 
wondere  at  his  creduUty ;  the  stratum  of  errors, 
although  covered  by  a  mass  of  debris,  yet  crop  out  at 
his  very  feet"—  and  lastly,  of  oiw  pa^iers  themselves,  that 
they  are  "  absurd  articles  !" — we  say,  that  we  have  yet 
to  learn,  that  either  the  writer  who  manifests  such  a 
spirit  as  is  shown  in  these  passages,  or  those  who  have 
sanctioned  it,  need  be  much  surprised,  if  after  showing, 
not  by  mere  assertions  but  by  copious  quotations,  that 
there  has  been  copious  misrepresentation  also,  if  we 
freely  comment  upon  the  result  as  it  turns  up  under  this 
process,  and  if  we  fail  to  discover  that  all  was  fair  and 
"friendly,"  aud  only  calculated  to  promote  the  cause  of 
ti-uth. 

But  we  have  said,  that  there  is  much  in  the  diversity 
of  method,  which  we  are  willing  to  believe  may  account 
for  much  of  the  difference  between  our  critic  and  our- 
selves ;  and  we  must  here  appeal  to  his  discrimination 
and  candour,  whilst  we  attempt  to  direct  his  attention 
within  such  limited  space  as  we  can  devote  to  it,  to- 


21—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


331 


what,  if  there  have  been  no  intentional  unfairness,  may, 
we  think,  serve  to  explain  muoli  of  the  difference  tliat 
has  ah'eady  been  manifest,  and  at  the  same  time,  if  he 
appreciate  our  meaning,  and  is  so  disposed,  may  tend 
much  to  lessen  it  henceforth. 

We  would  say.  then,  that  when  we  had  commenced  a 
systematic  and  laborious  experimental  investigation  into 
the  chemistry  of  agricultural  practices,  it  very  soon 
appeared  to  us  that  hitlierto  there  had  been  much  need 
of  plan  and  classification  of  the  facts  and  practices  of 
agriculture  in  the  treatment  of  this  subject,  and 
tliat  such  phiu  and  classification  were  absolutely  essen- 
tial to  any  convenient  view  and  grasp  of  the  almost 
infinite  accumulation  of  individual  fact  arising  from  dif- 
ference of  crop  and  of  other  general  elements  of  rotation 
on  the  one  hand,  and  from  local  circumstances  of  soil, 
climate,  and  other  influences  on  the  otlier.  It  appeared 
to  us,  we  say,  absolutely  essential  to  arrange  this  va^t 
gathering  of  miscellaneous  items  into  a  few  main  divi- 
sions or  groups,  whicb,  when  they  had  been  satisfactorily 
studied,  and  the  main  cliaracteristics  of  each  pointed 
out,  might  again  be  subdivided,  and  so  on,  descendino- 
from  the  genei-al  to  the  particular-,  till  the  individual  and 
local  facts  would  themselves  receive  their  due  share  of 
attention.  It  is  obvious  that  such  a  classification  as  is 
here  supposed,  might  be  adopted,  either  having  reference 
to  certain  prominent  elements  of  rotation  generally,  oi' 
to  the  influences  of  soil,  climate,  or  other  circumstances  ■ 
and  it  is  also  obvious,  that  upon  whichever  of  these 
fouadations  our  grouping  was  arranged,  the  otber  classes 
of  circumstances,  however  importint,must  be  considered 
to  take  a  place  to  some  extent  but  secondary.  Upon 
mature  consideration  we  then  decided,  and  we  do  now 
decide,  tliat  the  characteristic  elements  of  rotation 
should  constitute  the  basis  of  our  main  or  broadest  clas- 
sification ;  and  that  local  and  other  secondary  influences 
should  guide  us  in  any  suhdividoncd  treatment  of  the 
subject. 

But  Mr.  Russell,  having  chiefly  given  his  attention  to 
the  effects  of  climatic  circumstances  on  agricultural 
practice,  looks  at  the  subject,  we  would  submft,  tbrough 
this  medium  too  exclusively  ;  and  since  he  finds  clearly 
enough  that  these  influences  effect  very  different  results 
upon  the  individual  members  within  our  respective 
groups,  and  even  according  to  theii*  variations  upon  the 
same  individual  member,  he  therefore  repudiates  our 
classification  altogether,  prefeiTiug  rather  to  view  each 
individual  fact,  the  result  of  climatic  circumstance,  sepa- 
rately, and  on  its  own  merits.  The  result  of  such  a 
course  would  be  tbat  we  should  be  left  to  cast  our  eye 
wearily  over  the  almost  illimitable  space  of  individual 
and  miscellaneous  agricultural  fact,  without  a  restint^- 
place  or  any  broad  lines  of  demarcation,  or  any  proml- 
Bent  cenu-es  ai-ound  which  otlier  points  would  naturally 
wrange  themselves.  In  fact,  looking  at  the  subject  from 
the  same  point  of  view  or  centre,  Mr.  Russell,  on  the  one 
hand,  wiih  a  great  practical  appreciation,  and  logic  enou<^li 
in  dealing  with  individual  facts,  and  with  climate  as 
his  telescope,  has,  we  tliink,  sought  to  reason  upon 
the  materials  before  him  too  much  one  by  one  ;  we, 
on  the  other  band,  have,  from  one  common  centre' 
attempted  to  throw  around  them  and  draw  them  within' 
the  circumference  of  rotation,  and  tlien  to  divide  our 
circle  into  so  many  sections,  within  each  of  which  we 
beheve  the  varied  facts  of  agriculture  arrange  them- 
selves more  naturally  and  witli  less  of  intersection  than 
were  the  elements  of  climate  or  of  any  otlier  influence 
taken  as  oar  guide.  /.  JB.  Zawcs. 

{To  be  continued,) 


interest  in  tracing  these  evidences  of  the  former  occu- 
pation of  the  land  for  raising  of  corn,  for  they,  like  the 
gigantic  Druidical  remains  in  this  counh'y,  the  ruins  of 
gigantic  structures  in  South  America,  the  canal  net- 
works in  the  East,  ike,  are  monuments  of  past  history 
which,  with  the  lost  characters  of  the  writings  of  past 
days,  stand  up  to  tell  us  of  a  past  condition  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  people,  of  which  we  know  little,  and  on  which 
the  more  we  reflect  the  more  occasion  we  shall  find  to 
confess  our  very  uncertain  knowledge  of  the  past.  In 
my  examination  of  the  land's  surface,  I  continually  find 
marks  of  former  general  cultivation  which  point  to  a 
period  in  England's  history,  when  agriculture  was  prac- 
tised with  a  skill  that  has  afterwards  been  lost ;  and,  as 
Mr.  Bailey  Denton  calls  on  me  to  give  my  reasons 
for  dating  this  to  the  time  of  the  Romans,  I  will 
endeavour  to  do  so.  We  know,  for  a  certainty, 
that  the  pastures  to  which  I  allude  have  been  in  Grass 
from  time  immemorial,  and  that  our  population  and  its 
want  of  corn  become  less  and  less  as  we  go  back  in 
English  history  ;  and  we  find  the  marks  of  cultivation 
belong  to  a  very  distant  time,  for  across  these  pastures 
may  be  still  traced  the  lines  of  furrows  cut  asunder  by 
ancient  highways,  and  they  are  generally  seen  extending 
in  directions  independent  of  existing  boundaries.  Of  all 
this  an  instance  is  to  be  found  in  Windsor  Forest,  and 
about  the  park.  There,  although  the  land  has  not 
required  to  be  landed  up,  the  ancient  plough  furrows 
and  divisions  may  still  be  traced  upon  the  ground  now 
occupied  by  gigantic  ancient  Oaks,  which  are  hollow  and 
in  decrepitude,  from  extreme  old  age — trees  that  have 
occupied  centuries  to  attain  maturity  and  centuries  after 
to  reach  their  present  decay.  To  what  page  in  history 
are  we  to  look  for  the  cultivation  of  this  land,  and  a  state 
of  civilisation  and  security  that  such  employment  of  the 
soil  points  to  ?  and  when  can  we  suppose  the  wants  of 
man  can  have  called  for  such  general  cultivation  ?  My 
answer  is — to  the  latter  period  of  the  Roman  dominion  of 
Britain,  when  her  powerful  sway  had  given  ages  of 
internal  peace,  and  had  called  forth  the  cultivation  of 
the  useful  ai'ts  and  sciences,  and  of  which  we  have  other 
remains — to  those  times  of  luxury  and  repose  which 
are  described  as  having  been  fatal  to  the  martial  spirit 
of  the  Britons,  and  to  have  laid  the  country  open  to 
barbarous  invasions  when  Roman  protection  was  with- 
drawn. The  open  field  tillage,  the  diffused  popula- 
tion, the  civilisation,  the  call  for  general  cultivation,  with 
the  security  and  occupation  of  the  people  in  tillage,  of 
which  we  have  such  indisputable  evidences,  could  not 
have  existed  whilst  the  country  was  the  prey  of  Picts 
and  Scots,  of  Danes  and  Normans.  It  was  not  under 
the  ever-shifting  Government  of  the  Heptarchy,  nor 
after  the  Norman  conquest,  when  barons  found  security 
only  in  their  castles;  but  if  we  go  back  to  the  Roman 
times,  we  alight  on  a  state  of  affaii's  that  at  once  admits 
of  it,  and  wants  that  called  for  it.  The  occupation  of 
the  Romans  lasted  nearly  four  centuries.  We  are  told 
they  at  first  oppressed  the  natives  by  employing  them 
in  making  roads,  drainage,  and  public  works,  all  of 
which  had  reference  to  the  general  occupation  of  the 
country  for  cultivation,  and  it  was  at  the  latter  period 
of  their  dominion,  as  we  are  informed  by  their  his- 
torians, that  they  drew  large  supplies  of  grain  from  the 
island,  and  of  which  we  have  such  strong  proof  in  their 
indiscriminately  calling  both  the  Isle  of  Man  and  of 
Anglesey,  the  granary  of  the  Western  provinces. 
Here,  then,  was  a  condition  of  tlie  counti-y,  em- 
ployment of  tlie  people,  and  a  consumption  for 
its  corn,  accounting  for  the  general  application  of 
the  land  to  tillage,  which  certainly  cannot  be  recon- 
ciled with  the  condition,  the  population,  or  the  wants 
of  the  country  since  the  Romans  left  it.  I  might 
considerably  extend  tliis  letter  by  giving  other  examples 
of  cultivation  found  in  the  woods,  over  oui*  commons, 
and  high  up  the  hills.  I  might  also  enlarge  on  the  con- 
sequence the  Romans  attached  to  the  possession  of  the 
island,  the  large  forces  they  kept  liere,  the  evidences  of 
civilisation  and  luxury  they  left  behind,  which  can  only 
be  accounted  for  by  supposing  their  receipts  from  the 
island  were  proportionably  important,  and  that  they 
were  so  there  can  be  no  doubt.  But  what  could  they 
have  drawn  from  here — but  corn  'i  and  corn  supphes  to 
them  were  indeed  important.  Rome,  with  her  four  or 
five  miUions  of  inhabitants,  and  all  her  principal  towns, 
were  fed  for  centuries  with  foreign  corn  drawn  from 
her  provinces,  and  among  which  Britain  we  know 
ranked  high.  Hewitt  Davis,  3,  Frederick^ s-placc.  Old 
Jewi'y,  Londoiiy  May  10. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Adidterated  Oamio.  —  Having  been  kindly  supplied 
with  a  sample  of  the  adulterated  guano,  exposed  by  Mr, 
Clarance's  letter  in  your  Paper  of  the  8th  inst.,  I  sub- 
mitted it  to  the  test  of  burning  to  a  red  heat.  This 
immediately  detected  the  imposture,  as  I  believe  will 
always  be  the  case  in  such  adulterations.  Tlie  pure 
guano  burns  to  a  wiiite  ash  like  that  of  a  goud  cigar, 
the  earth  and  clay  in  the  adulterated  burns  to  a  red  or 
brown  powder  ;  this  is  a  test  any  one  may  adopt  with 
the  assistance  of  an  iron  ladlo,  or  tobacco  pipe.  I  have 
^ed  it  on  several  samples,  and  it  has  never  failed. 

The  Evidences  of  Roman  Cultivation  4M  visible  on  the 
Swfa£c  ofmmiy  of  our  old  Ptw/wcs.— That  the  greater 
part  of  the  present  pastures  of  England  have  at  some 
distant  time  been  in  tillage  will  be  seen  by  every  one 
practiised  in  agriculture,  wlio  examines  the  ridges  and 

furrowB,  the  bajiks,  roadways,  cuttings,  &c.,  still  to  be " " 

found  upon   th.:m.     In   many   in.staucefl,   the  carefully  ^OCl'ftlfS* 

rouudcd  uplands,  tlic  raised  lieadlands,  the  soil  w(,rkod 
away  from  the  higher  t*>  tlie  lower  ground,  the  termination 
of  the  lands  benide  brooks  at  the  points  where  occasional 
floods  limiie<l  the  application  of  the  ground  to  the  growth 
of  com,  are  unniibtakoable  evidences  of  the  plough 
having  for  af^es  been  at  work  there  ;  ami  wIil-u  we 
reflect  upon  the  care  and  tiino  which  has  been  Bpent  in 
working  up  many  of  these  old  landB  into  their  present 
higli-backud  f->rmH,  and  the  time  wpent  in  plougliing 
down  »idea  of  hills  into  the  deeps  »o  often  to  bo  rnet 
with,  we  sbaU  be  convinced  that  these  murks  of  culti- 
vation were  not  fonned  by  the  occasional  breaking-up  of 
wastes  for  an  occasional  crop  of  corn,  anfl  then  leaving 
the  exliaust4'd  stubble  to  again  return  tc*Oras«,  as  is  the 
prat'tice  of  thinly-occupied  and  rudely-farnied  couiitiicH 
at  tills  day,  but  that  these  remains  owe  their  origin  to 
ages  of  tillage,  conducled  with  grrut  skill,  and  to  the  u«o 

ol  plouglm  very  supi-rior  to  tlioHO  w«  see  delineated  on  1  their    view,    ho    should   slioi-lly 
fa*Jion  coins  or  drawingH.     1  cunnot  help  taking  great,  cipal    pointa    of    hia    previous 


aOYAL  AGRlCULTUaAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 
LECTURE  ON  SOILS. 

PnOFESSOR  Wav,  Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Society, 
delivered  to  the  MembevHjin  the  Council  Hoom  of  the 
Society,  the  i'ollowing  lecture  "  On  the  Absorptive  Power 
of  Hoiks,"  on  Wednesday,  the  2iith  of  April  ;  Mi'.  I'usEY, 
M.P,,  Trustee,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Wav  conimcncud  his  lectui'e  by  saying  that  ho 
proposed  on  the  present  occasion  to  report  to  the 
Society  the  progress  which  had  been  made  in  the  investi- 
gation ol  tliih  inli!reHLitig  fiubject.  It  would  be  ronieni- 
bcred  that  ho  ha'I  bei'oro  had  tlio  pleasure  of  atldi'L'SHing 
them  on  tin:  sanio  topic,  and  had  hulmequ(rnLly  published 
a  more  detailed  report  in  the  Journal  )»f  the  .Socidty. 
To  facilitate  the  cornprelicnHion  (ff  what  ho  had  to 
say,  and  to  place  the  whole  suhjcct  diHtinctly  before 
rcapitulali)  iho  prin- 
lecturo    uud    report. 


Before  the  singular  property  of  soils  in  reference  to 
the  salts  of  manure  had  first  been  observed,  it  was  usually 
considered  that  the  soil  was  an  inert,  dead  mass;  tliat  it 
did  indeed  possess  certain  substances  essential  for  the 
growth  of  plants,  but  that  it  was  principally  as  ^  place 
for  the  roots  of  plants  to  find  attachment  to,  and  irt 
which  the  various  salts  and  compounds  of  manure  might 
be  presented  to  them— where  also  changes  might  take 
place  between  those  compounds  either  internally  or 
by  atmospheric  influence,  and  not  as  being  absolutely 
or  in  a  distinct  way  connected  with  the  preparation 
of  those  substances,  that  the  soil  was  to  be  ref^arded. 
It  was  not,  of  course,  denied  that  physiologists  and 
chemists  had  looked  to  the  soil  to  yield  to  vegetation  its 
necessary  silica,  its  indispensable  phosphates  or  alkalies  -. 
but  there  was,  he  believed,  little  or  no  idea  of  how  this 
was  to  be  effected.  We  were  in  the  habit  of  reasoning 
on  the  action  of  different  salts  upon  vegetation  in  the 
soil  by  the  effects  that  we  observed  to  follow  from  their 
use  out  of  the  soil.  How  numerous  were  the  experi- 
ments that  had  been  made  of  growing  plants  in  different 
solutions  !  how  constantly  had  the  results  been  quoted 
and  applied  to  the  probable  and  expected  action  of  the 
same  salts  when  added  to  the  soil  !  Sulphate  of  ammonia 
or  nitrate  of  potash,  when  used  as  manure,  and  incorpo- 
rated with  the  soil,  were  still  viewed  cts  sulphate  of 
ammonia  and  nitrate  of  potash  ;  no  change  was  expected 
to  occur  to  them,  but  it  was  a  matter  of  speculation 
what  tlie  plant  would  do  with  these  salts,  how  it  would 
appropriate  the  pai'ts  tliat  it  wanted,  and  get  rid  of  that 
which  was  unnecessary  and  objectionable  ;  substances  in 
every  possible  form  of  combination,  and  in  solution  of 
every  imaginable  and  constantly  varying  strength,  were 
supposed  to  come  witti  equal  welcome  to  the- 
growing  plant,  which  of  course  had  the  fullest  power 
to  compound  and  recompound  according  to  circum- 
stances and  the  necessity  of  its  requirements.  ThiSp, 
Mr.  Way  believed,  was  tlie  general  impression — an 
impression  not  confined  to  the  ordinary  observer,  but 
shared  by  those  who  had  made  vegetable  physiology  their 
special  study.  Now,  however,  it  became  necessary  to 
take  another  view  of  these  matters  ;  it  had  been  shown 
that  most,  if  not  all,  the  salts  of  manure  underwent  an. 
immediate  and  radical  change  directly  they  were  incor- 
porated with  the  soil  ;  that  sulphate  of  ammonia,  for 
instance,  directly  it  reached  the  soil,  was  no  longer  to  be 
found  in  it,  no  longer  existed  there  as  such  ;  that  water, 
which  waslied  it  in,  would  notwash  it  out  agam  ;  that  all 
salts  of  the  same  base  and  of  most  other  bases  underwent 
similar  changes,  and  that  they  were  reduced  to  one 
general  form,  in  which  they  were  to  be  presented  to  the 
growing  vegetable.  It  would  be  shown  that  the  soil  was- 
hy no  means  a  passive  or  idle  spectator  of  what  took  place 
in  it ;  that  it  was  not  a  mere  meeting-place  for  the  roots- 
of  plants  and  the  food  they  were  to  grow  upon,  but  that 
it  was  actually  the  stomach  of  the  plant ;  or  he  might  go 
further,  and  say  that  nature  had  actually  given  to  the  soil 
the  function  and  oflice  which  in  animals  is  performed  by 
the  gastric  juice  and  the  chyle— that  of  preparing  and 
digesting  the  food  of  plants.  If  this  position  could  be 
established' — and  he  believed  that  it  followed  as  a  logical 
deduction  from  the  facts  which  he  had  to  bring  before 
them — he  thought  that  we  should  have  gained  a  new  and 
a  cliarming  insight  into  the  worlung  of  nature,  and 
should  have  supplied  a  link  hitherto  wanting  in  that 
chain  of  phenoiaena  wliich  we  perceive  to  connect 
animate  and  inanimate  existence.  The  passage  from 
vegetable  to  animal  life  was  comparatively  easy  ;  the 
proximate  forms  of  the  one  are  changed,  indeed,  in 
organisation,  but  appropriated  without  change  of  com- 
position in  the  othei\  Gluten  in  Wheat  and  Barley 
becomes  albumen  in  the  egg,  and  fibrine  in  the  flesh  of 
the  fowl ;  and  these  substances  aa'e,  in  the  act  of  decay,, 
by  easy  processes  readily  explainable  on  the  laws  of 
chemistry,  again  reduced  to  a  few  simple  forms  of  com- 
bination :  the  egg  and  the  flesh  putrefy,  and  form 
intermediate  compounds,  which  ultimately  unite  with  the 
oxygen  of  the  air,  and  carbonic  acid,  ammonia,  and. 
water,  with  various  mineral  salts,  are  the  final  results. 
But  the  building  up  of  these  various  compounds  again 
into  the  form  of  plants  was  a  somewhat  long  step  in  the 
ladder;  at  the  best  it  was  difficult,  and  might  always 
remain  difficult,  to  conceive  liow  carbonic  acid  and 
ammonia,  with  a  certain  portion  of  sulphur  and  phos- 
phorus, were  to  be  converted  into  starch  and  gluten.;  but 
at  all  events  it  was  highly  desirable  to  reduce  this  diffi- 
culty as  much  as  possible,  and  it  appeared  that  if  it  could 
be  proved  that  the  soil  was  entrusted  witli  the  duty  of 
changing  the  various  salts  and  compounds  resulting  frora- 
the  decay  of  animal  life  into  one  general  and  uniform 
state,  suited  to  the  delicate  organs  of  plants  and  releasing, 
them  from  the  necessity  of  dealing  with  the  hetero- 
geneous miitei'ials  which  they  might  otherwise  have  tO' 
encounter  and  make  use  of,  a  certain  and  not  un- 
important step  had  been  made  in  the  perception  of  that 
unity  and  simplicity  which  cannot  but  obtain  in  alt 
the  great  outlinea  of  nature.  Henceforth  wo  should 
consider  the  soil  not  as  a  dead,  inert  mass,  but  endowed 
by  virtue  of  chemical  laws  with  a  species  of  activity,, 
Bubordinato  and  inferior,  but  somewhat  more  uena'ly 
ajiproat'hiiig  than  wo  have  been  in  the  habit  of  thinking,, 
to  that  of  lilt!  plants  that  live  on  it.  To  return,  however, 
ti>  the  hisfory  of  tlicHo  (liHcovcries  :  whilst  the  state  of 
laiowiedgu  was  such  as  he  had  descrlboil  it,  observations 
were  nuiiio  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  lluxlablo  and  Mr.  H.  S. 
Thompson,  hut  more  pspfcially  by  the  latter,  which 
tliri'w  a  new  ligiit  upon  the  subjeot.  Solutions  of  differ- 
en(,  hmUh  of  aiunionia,  and  the  drainagu  of  manure 
heaps  were  found,  when  filtered  thrt  ugli  beds  of 
ordinary  Boi),  to  bu  enLirely|]altered  in  chivracterj:  the 


332 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  22, 


■colouring  matter  and  smell  of  the  manure  were  removed, , 
and  in  the  case  of  ammoniacal  salts,  the  ammonia  was , 
arrested  and  retained  by  the  soil.  This  was  a  curious  , 
and  most  interesting  result :  it  indicated  a  power  in  the  i 
soil  to  combine  with  certain  organic  substances  and 
salts,  and  to  render  them  insoluble — a  power  which  pre- 
viously had  never  been  supposed  to  exist.  When  he 
(Mr.  Way)  took  up  the  subject,  he  soon  found  that  this 
property  was  not  confined  to  the  salts  of  ammonia,  but 
extended  more  or  less  to  all  the  different  alkaline  com- 
pounds of  manure — that  it  was  shared  by  salts  of  potash, 
magnesia,  lime,  &c.,  and  that  phosphoric  acid  and 
soluble  phosphates  were  included.  He  also  observed 
that  the  power  of  the  soil — its  tendency  to  retain  the 
compounds — only  applied  to  the  hasCj  and  not  to  the 
whole  salt ;  that  is  to  say,  that  if  a  solution  of  sulphate 
■of  ammonia  were  filtered  through  a  soil,  the  sulphuric 
acid  was  found  in  the  liquid,  not  indeed  in  the  free  or 
uncombined  state,  but  as  sulphate  of  lime,  or  in  combi- 
nation with  some  other  earthy  or  alkaline  substance. 
'The  filtration  process,  too,  did  not  appear  to  be  neces- 
sary. A  salt  when  in  solution  had  only  to  be  incor- 
porated with  the  soil,  and  could  not  afterwards  be 
washed  out  of  it.  This  action  was  instantaneous,  or 
almost  so  :  no  length  of  time  was  needed  for  its  occur- 
rence. With  regard  to  the  extent  of  the  action,  it  was 
found  that  100  parts  of  an  ordinary  loamy  soil  would 
imite  with  2-lOths  or  3-lOths  of  ammonia,  and  a  larger 
quantity  of  potash  ;  or  in  other  words,  1000  lbs.  of  soil 
would  unite  with  from  2  to  3  lbs.  of  ammonia.  This 
-quantity  might  at  first  seem  small,  but  it  was  not  so 
when  taken  in  connection  with  the  vast  mass  of  the 
soil  which  in  agriculture  we  have  to  deal  with.  Every 
inch  in  depth  of  a  soil  over  an  acre  of  land  was  calcu- 
lated to  weigh  100  tons ;  and  if  6  inches  of  the  soil  were 
-cultivated,  that  quantity  would  weigh  600  tons,  and 
would  be  found  equal  to  unite  with  nearly  1^  ton  of 
ammonia — a  quantity  which  would  be  furnished  by  about 
7^  tons  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  or  10  tons  of  Peruvian 
guano.  It  was  plain,  therefore,  that  the  power  of 
absorption  was  fully  twenty  times  as  much  as  was  neces- 
sary, or  likely  to  be  ever  put  in  force  ;  so  that,  allowing 
for  a  very  large  portion  of  the  soil  not  being  brought 
into  contact  with  the  manures,  the  power  in  question 
was  practically  ample  for  all  purposes.  He  had  endea- 
voured to  show  how  important  the  property  was  in  rela- 
tion to  many  details  of  agriculture— for  instance,  in  the 
preservation  of  manure  ;  since  it  was  plain  that  alkaline 
salts  did  not  remain  in  the  soil  in  such  a  state  that  they 
might  be  washed  away  by  the  first  shower  into  the 
-drains — that  manure  consequently  might  with  safety  be 
entrusted  to  the  soil,  and  that  the  manuring  for  a  rotation 
of  crops  was  not  so  wasteful  a  process  (with  due  allow- 
ance for  the  nature  of  the  soil)  as  might  otherwise  have 
"been  supposed.  It  was  important,  also,  as  removing 
any  fear  of  the  effects  of  drainage,  and  indeed  threw 
an  additional  light  on  the  benefit  of  drainage  as  a  means 
•of  bringing  the  manure  into  contact  with  a  depth  and 
quantity  of  the  soil  which  would  ensure  its  retention. 
It  had  been  shown,  too,  that  this  discovery  had  given 
a  new  feature  to  irrigation,  and  to  the  use  of  liquid 
manure,  since  water  might,  and  did,  carry  into  the 
soil  in  solution  substances  which  it  would  leave  there 
in  the  most  available  form  for  the  uses  of  vegetation. 
Thus  a  solution  of  carbonate  of  lime  as  it  was  met 
■with  in  hard  water  would  leave  in  the  soil  a  dressing 
•of  chalk,  which  although  perhaps  not  large  by  absolute 
^weight,  was,  on  account  of  its  more  perfect  and  equal 
■distribution,  more  tlian  equal  in  effect  to  a  mechanical 
addition  of  the  same  manure.  Liquid  manure  might 
have  been — he  might  say  had  been — supposed  only 
so  far  available  for  vegetation  as  it  could  be  at  once 
■taken  up  by  the  plants  :  if  it  were  used  in  such 
quantity  as  that  any  liquid  were  to  escape  into  the 
■drains,  that  liquid  was  supposed  to  be  the  manure  itself. 
Now,  however,  we  saw  that  liquid  manure  might  be 
applied  to  the  soil,  without  reference  to  whether  plants 
were  or  were  not  growing  on  it ;  and  that  manure  was 
■even  more  safe  when  so  laid  on  than  if  applied  in  the 
■Golid  state.  All  these  conclusions,  and  many  more 
-which  time  would  not  allow  of  his  dwelling  on,  had 
resulted  from  the  discovery  of  the  power  of  soils  to  unite 
with  manure.  But  two  important  questions  had  now 
naturally  presented  themselves  : — 1st.  What  is  the  cause 
rand  nature  of  the  change  which  the  different  salts  of 
manure  undergo  by  mixing  with  the  soil  ?  2dly.  How, 
supposing  these  fertilising  ingredients  to  be  rendered 
"insoluble  in  the  soil,  do  plants  ultimately  get  at  them  for 
their  nourishment?  It  was  in  respect  to  these  two 
questions  that  he  hoped  to  give  the  members  of  this 
Society  some  further  information  ;  but  he  would  remark 
that  he  did  not  pretend  at  present  to  give  more  than  a 
report  of  the  progress  that  had  been  made.  The  subject 
was  still,  and  would  probably  remain  for  a  long  time, 
under  investigation  ;  and  as  he  hoped  to  have  the  pleasure 
to  publish  a  paper  on  it  in  the  Midsummer  number  of 
the  «  Society's  Journal,"  he  should  content  himself  in 
the  present  instance  with  a  brief  outline  of  the  principal 
results.  And  first,  as  to  the  cause  of  these  changes.  In 
the  last  paper  it  had  been  shown  partly  what  were  not  the 
causes-— that  it  was  not  a  surface-attraction,  such  as, 
according  to  Lord  Bacon  and  others,  sand  possessed, 
■enabling  it  to  remove  common  salt  from  sea-water — 
for  m  that  case  the  whole  salt  was  removed  ;  whereas,  in 
the  case  of  the  soil,  it  was  only  the  base  of  the  salt  that 
was  detamed.  It  had  been  supposed  to  be  due  to  car- 
bonate of  hme  in  soils  ;  but  independent  of  the  fact  that 
tlie  change  of  a  salt  such  as  sulphate  of  ammonia  into 
carbonate  of  the  same  base  by  tlie  influence  of  carbonate 
of  hme  would    still  leave   it  soluble    and    capable    of 


removal  by  water,  clay,  absolutely  free  from  chalk,  had 
been  found  to  possess  the  absorptive  property  to  a  large 
extent,  and  the  addition  of  chalk  to  it  did  not  increase 
that  power.  Again,  it  was  supposed  to  be  due  to  cer- 
tain organic  compounds  capable  of  forming  insoluble 
combinations  with  ammonia  ;  but  although  he  did  not 
deny  that  such  compounds  might  exist,  the  property  in 
question  was  clearly  not  referable  to  them,  for  not  only 
did  a  clay  dug  from  a  pit,  white  and  free  altogether 
from  organic  compounds,  absorb  ammonia,  but  a  soil 
when  burnt  so  as  to  destroy  its  vegetable  contents,  still, 
in  a  great  measure,  retained  its  power.  The  power 
therefore  did  not  reside  in  sand,  nor  in  carbonate 
of  lime,  neither  did  it  belong  to  the  organic  bodies 
of  the  soil  ;  and  it  could  only  therefore  pertain  to 
the  clay,  or  some  substance  in  the  clay.  That  it 
was  not  shared  by  the  whole  clay  he  was  early  con- 
vinced ;  because,  if  so,  the  amount  of  the  power  would 
have  been  far  greater  than  it  really  was.  He  (Mr.  Way) 
had  early  believed  that  it  was  connected  with  the 
existence  of  some  double  class  of  silicates  ;  and  he  had 
mentioned  this  belief  fully  twelve  months  ago,  when 
lecturing  to  them  on  the  use  of  lime.  And  knowing 
that  clay  contained  portions  of  the  felspar,  and  other 
minerals  which  had  existed  in  the  rocks  from  which  the 
clay  was  originally  formed,  he  was  induced  to  try  whether 
they  were  the  substances  of  which  he  was  in  quest. 
Felspar  is  a  double  silicate  of  alumina  and  potash  ;  it 
might  be  supposed  capable  of  yielding  its  potash  up  to 
certain  acids  and  taking  ammonia  from  them  instead. 
Accordingly,  powdered  felspar  was  digested  in  sulphate 
of  ammonia,  but  no  kind  of  result  was  obtained.  He  had 
observed  that  wherever  a  solution  of  a  salt  of  ammonia 
was  poured  upon  a  soil,  although  this  soil  contained  no 
soluble  salt  of  lime,  yet  the  resulting  liquid  always  con- 
tained lime  in  solution.  It  was  thought,  therefore,  that 
soils  might  contain  an  insoluble  silicate  of  lime  capable 
of  uniting  with  ammonia  in  place  of  lime,  and  so 
giving  rise  to  the  results  observed.  Silicate  of  lime 
was  therefore  prepared  by  adding  to  a  solution  of  a  salt 
of  lime  a  solution  of  silicate  of  soda,  or  soluble  glass, 
as  it  was  sometimes  called  ;  but  the  resulting  silicate, 
after  being  collected  and  washed,  had  not  the  requisite 
action  on  salts  of  ammonia.  It  was,  therefore,  necessary 
to  look  further  ;  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  produce 
artificially,  and  without  the  aid  of  heat,  a  class  of  com- 
pounds similar  to  felspar  and  other  natural  silicates 
existing  in  granitic  rocks.  Such  a  class  of  compounds 
had  hardly  been  known  to  chemists^  or,  if  known,  had 
been  but  little  studied,  and  certainly  not  with  re- 
ference to  their  agricultural  bearings.  The  present 
attempt  to  form  them  had  been  eminently  successful, 
and  had,  as  he  hoped  to  show,  served  to  clear  up 
the  difficulty  in  regard  to  the  absorptive  powers  of  soils. 
Mr.  Way  here  showed  to  the  meeting  the  way  in  which 
these  silicates  were  formed.  A  solution  of  common 
alum  gave,  with  a  solution  of  silicate  of  soda,  a  bulky 
precipitate,  which  was  not  silicate  of  alumina  only,  but 
a  compound  of  silicate  of  alumina  and  silicate  of  soda. 
Mr.  Way  explained  that  the  best  plan  to  get  this  com- 
pound of  definite  composition  and  containing  the  highest 
proportion  of  alkali,  was  to  dissolve  pure  precipitated 
alumina  in  caustic  soda,  and  to  add  to  this  a  solution  of 
silicate  of  soda  in  which  the  silica  was  in  relation  to 
the  soda  in  the  proportion  of  rather  less  than  one 
equivalent.  The  resulting  silicate  might  be  washed  with 
distilled  water,  and  dried.  Mr.  Way  went  on  to  say 
that  this  double  silicate  of  soda  and  alumina  was  the  j 
type  of  several  others  which  could  be  formed  from  it. 
He  represented  it  in  a  diagram,  thus — 

Siliuate     f  /Silica 

of  Soda    J    1   Alumina 
and        j     fSilica 

Alumina  I    \  Soda 

and  stated  that,  when  the  water  was  driven  off  by  heat, 
its  composition  in  100  parts  was — 

Silica       52.40 

Alumina  29  G8 

Soda        17  91 

or  in  the  relation  of  two  equivalents  of  sihca  to  one  of 
soda  and  one  of  alumina.  This  silicate  was  chiefly  of 
interest  as  the  source  of  others  ;  thus,  when  digested  in 
a  solution  of  a  salt  of  ammonia,  soda  dissolved  out  in  the 
shape  of  a  muriate  or  sulphate,  as  the  case  might  be, 
whilst  the  silicate,  when  washed  and  dried,  would  now 
be  found  to  contain  ammonia.  On  the  table  were  several 
of  these  silicates,  which  were  white  powders.  He  would, 
on  the  present  occasion,  direct  their  attention  principally 
to  the  silicate  of  alumina  and  ammonia.  He  had  not 
yet  succeeded  in  obtaining  it  with  the  full  theoretical 
proportion  of  ammonia ;  but  it  was  found  with 
as  much  as  six  or  seven  per  cent,  of  ammonia. 
It  was  a  salt  only  very  slightly  soluble  in 
plain  water  ;  indeed,  it  was  hardly  to  be  said  to  be 
dissolved  by  water,  for  water  did  not  dissolve  the 
whole  compound,  but  left  the  silicate  of  alumina  undis- 
solved. The  solubility  was  such  that  one  part  of 
ammonia  dissolved  in  70,000  parts  of  water,  or,  in  other 
words,  an  imperial  gallon  of  water  would  dissolve  out 
from  the  silicate  one  grain  of  ammonia.  Upon  consi- 
deration, this  would  be  seen  to  be  an  excessively  slight 
degree  of  solubility  ;  for  an  equal  quantity  of  water,  quite 
free  from  carbonic  acid,  would  dissolve  twice  as  much 
(or  two  grains)  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  was  usually 
reckoned  an  insoluble  -substance.  One  of  the  great 
questions — namely,  as  to  how  plants  got  their  ammonia 
from  the  new  compounds  —  was,  therefore,  partly 
answered.  These  compounds  were  not  absolutely 
insoluble,  although  water  dissolved  so  little  of  them  that 
he  might  be  pardoned  forhaving  believed  at  first  that  no 
I  portion  of  ammonia  passed  through  the  soil.     But  the 


With  water  of  combination ; 


silicate  of  ammonia  was  much  more  soluble  in  water 
containing  carbonic  acid  gas,  as  all  natural  water  did. 
It  had  been  found  that  one  gallon  of  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  carbonic  acid  dissolved  about  two  grains  and 
a  half  of  ammonia  from  the  double  silicate,  or  more  than 
twice  as  much  as  pure  water.  If  the  quantity  of  water 
that  annually  fell  on  an  acre  of  land,  and  which  was  as 
much  as  from  2000  to  3000  tons,  was  taken  into  con- 
sideration, and  that  part  of  the  water  was  always 
in  the  soil,  and  might  be  engaged  over  and  over  again 
in  dissolving  the  ammonia  and  presenting  it  to  the  plant, 
there  was  no  difficulty  in  understanding  how  the  few 
pounds  of  ammonia  required  by  the  Wheat  crop  might 
be  supplied  to  it  with  sufficient  rapidity  for  its  ordinary 
growth.  But  still  it  was  possible  that  under  certain 
circumstances  the  slight  solubility  of  the  silicate  of 
ammonia  might  somewhat  retard  vegetation,  and  thatthis 
might  explain  the  action  of  common  salt.  He  had  found 
that  a  solution  of  common  salt  dissolved  the  ammonia  in 
much  larger  quantity  than  even  carbonic  acid  water  ; 
thus,  one  gallon  of  water,  containing  two  grains  of 
common  salt,  would  dissolve  20  grains  of  ammonia  from 
the  silicate,  or  twenty  times  as  much  as  plain  water. 
How  very  likely  it  was  that  this  was  the  real  explanation 
of  the  action  of  common  salt !  but  in  order  that  they 
might  fully  understand  this  part  of  the  subject,  he  must 
explain  to  them  an  idea  which  he  had  taken  in  reference 
to  this  double  silicate  of  ammonia  and  alumina.  He  had 
already  stated  that  water  did  not  dissolve  the  whole  salt, 
but  that  the  silicate  of  alumina  remained  undissolved, 
whilst  the  silicate  of  ammonia  was  dissolved  in  small 
quantity.  Now  he  had  found  that  this  solution  of  sili- 
cate of  ammonia,  when  carefully  evaporated,  dried  up  on 
the  sides  of  the  dish  into  thin  transparent  scales,  like 
very  thin  glass,  and  these  scales  were  found  upon  exami- 
nation to  be  silica ;  the  ammonia  having  evaporated  with 
the  water,  and  leaving  the  silica  as  a  transparent  varnish 
on  the  dish.  Was  it  not  likely  that  this  fact  formed  the 
true  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  silica  was  depo- 
sited on  the  straw  of  Wheat  ?  He  thought  it  might  be- 
Chemists  had  always  had  a  difficulty  in  accounting  for 
this  deposition  of  silica  on  the  straw  of  cereal  plants  by 
reference  to  the  soluble  silicates  of  potash  and  soda;  and 
tlie  solubility  of  silica  in  ammonia  had  not  been  before 
observed.  By  the  easiest  and  simplest  process  a  weak 
solution  of  silicate  of  ammonia,  in  passing  through  the 
plant,  might  leave  its  silica  behind  ;  and  the  probability 
of  this  explanation  was  increased  by  Mr.  Lawes'  obser- 
vation of  the  loss  of  ammonia  from  the  soil  in  the  growth 
of  corn  crops.  Mr.  Lawes  had  found  that  for  every 
pound  of  ammonia  of  which  the  nitrogen  was  fixed  in 
the  Wheat,  in  the  shape  of  aluminous  constituents,  other 
4  lbs.  were  lost  to  the  soil  in  the  growth  of  the  crop — 
that  is  to  say,  that  5  lbs.  of  ammonia  were  required  to 
produce  a  quantity  of  Wheat  containing  nitrogen  equal 
to  1  lb.  of  ammonia.  This  loss  would  at  once  be  accounted 
for,  and  would  inevitably  result,  if  the  deposition  of 
the  silica  were  due  to  the  action  to  which  he  had 
referred.  This  argument  might  seem  opposed  to  the 
general  experience  that  ammoniacal  salts,  whilst  they 
rendered  Wheat  very  luxuriant,  and  increased  the 
produce,  were  attended  with  the  objection  of  frequently 
causing  the  crop  to  lodge  from  want  of  strength  in  the 
straw.  But  this  difficulty  he  could  meet.  If,  as  he 
had  shown,  the  power  of  the  soil  to  convert  salts  of 
ammonia  into  an  all  but  insoluble  double  silicate  were 
twenty  times  more  than  was  usually  called  into  play, 
it  followed  as  a  necessai-y  consequence  that  in  soils 
containing  a  fair  proportion  of  clay,  all  ammoniacal 
compounds,  when  fairly  incorporated  with  the  soil, 
would  pass  into  that  state.  It  further  followed  that  in 
ordinary  and  natural  circumstances,  the  form  of  silicate 
of  ammonia  or  of  carbonate,  formed  by  the  decomposition 
of  the  silicate  by  carbonic  acid  water,  would  be  the  only 
one  in  which  the  ammonia  could  be  presented  to  the 
plant.  In  other  words,  that  silicate  and  carbonate  of 
ammonia  were  the  only  compounds  of  ammonia  natu- 
rally available  to  supply  that  important  substance  to 
vegetation.  He  might  mention,  by  the  way,  how  probable 
this  view  became  when  the  mild  and  harmless  nature  of 
these  acids  (the  silicic  and  carbonic)  was  considered,  as 
fitting  them  for  the  nutrition  of  the  delicate  organs  of 
plants.  Now,  in  the  case  of  manuring  with  ammoniacal 
salts,  especially  in  the  form  of  top- dressings,  which  was 
the  mode  usually  adopted,  it  was  quite  possible  that  _a 
portion  of  the  salts  were  taken  up  by  the  Wheat  in  their 
unchanged  condition,  without  having  undergone  the  ne- 
cessary elaboration  and  conversion  into  the  true  form  of 
food,  the  silicate  or  carbonate  ;  the  ammoniacal  salts 
might  therefore  make  the  Wheat  unhealthily  gross,  with- 
out affording  it  the  necessary  silica.  Such  an  explana- 
tion was  consistent  \vith  experience,  which  proved  that 
all  highly  forcing  and  stimulating  manures,  such  as 
guano  and  ammoniacal  salts,  soot,  and  animal  matters, 
should  be  brought  into  thorough  incorporation  with  the 
soil  by  being  used  before  the  time  of  sowing  ;  then  there 
was  never  any  fear  of  the  result ;  the  maxim  of  never 
manuring  for  the  Wheat  crop  was  evidently  founded  on 
this  principle.  If  this  reasoning  were  correct,  every 
pains  should  be  taken  to  form  compounds  of  the 
manure  with  the  soil ;  and  the  use  of  compost  heaps  of 
manure  and  soil  had,  since  he  commenced  these  experi- 
ments, always  appeared  to  him  by  far  the  most  philoso- 
phical mode  of  employing  manure.  He  would  even 
suggest, /tM*  ti-iaJ,  the  mixing  of  guano  and  other  concen- 
trated manures  with  dry  loamy  soil  some  months 
before  it  was  needed,  watering  and  turning  over  the 
heap  occasionally  in  a  shed  ;  or  if  sufficient  earth  were 
employed  it  might  be  done  uncovered  in  the  comer  of 
the  field  wliere  the  manure    was  to  be  used.     When 


21—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


333 


eventually  this  compost  was  used,  it  would  no  longer 
be  guano,  but  ready  formed  compounds,  after  the 
model  of  nature,  and  such  as  plants  delight  in. 
Mr.  Way  observed  that  he  had  a  great  deal  more  to 
say  on  these  various  silicates,  but  he  must  now  call  their 
attention  to  another  character  which  the  silicates  of 
lime  and  soda  possessed,  namely,  that  of  abstracting 
a^nmoniafrom  the  air.  This  would  be  seen  to  be  of  the 
highest  importauce.  When  siHcate  of  ammonia  and  soda, 
or  the  corresponding  silicate  of  lime,  was  placed  under 
a  bell-jar  or  glass  shade,  upon  the  bottom  of  which  a 
few  lumps  of  carbonate  of  ammonia  were  strewed,  it  was 
found  that  in  two  or  three  days  the  silicate  would  have 
absorbed  three  per  cent,  of  ammonia  or  upwards.  Here 
the  volatile  carbonate  of  ammonia,  being  dififused  through 
the  atmosphere,  came  in  contact  with  the  silicate,  and 
the  ammoniaeal  silicate  was  produced,  whilst  carbonate 
of  soda  remained  mixed  with  it.  The  action  would  go 
on  till  the  silicate  was  saturated  with  ammonia.  Here, 
then,  was  one  explanation  of  the  fertility  produced  by 
cultivating  tlie  soil.  The  presence  of  these  silicates  iu 
clay  enabled  the  soil  to  abstract  ammonia  from  the 
atmosphere,  and  this  abstraction  would  of  course  be  in 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  sui-face  of  the  soil  that  is 
exposed.  It  had  always,  indeed, been  understood  that  clay 
possessed  tliia  power  of  acquiring  fertility  by  exposure, 
and  that  it  was  on  its  collecting  ammonia  that  the 
advantage  depended.  But  the  power  had  been  referred 
to  a  wrong  cause,  namely,  the  free  alumina  or  oxide  of 
iron, in  the  soil.  It  had  usually,  also,  been  supposed 
that  rain  or  dews  were  necessax'y  to  bring  down  the 
riches  of  the  air  to  the  earth  ;  bat  it  would  be  plain  that 
at  all  times  a  good  soil,  freely  opened  to  the  air,  would 
be  getting  richer  in  ammoniaeal  compounds.  The 
power  of  clay  to  absorb  ammonia  from  tlie  air  was  most 
marked.  If  air  saturated  with  carbonate  of  ammonia 
were  passed  through  a  tube  containing  dry  clay  in  fine 
fragments,  it  would  be  found  to  issue  quite  free  from 
ammonia  ;  whereas,  passed  through  a  tube  similai*ly  filled 
with  sand,  the  ammoniaeal  gas  was  in  no  degree  removed. 
Mr.  Way  then  exhibited  to  the  meeting  the  experiment 
above  described,  and  showed  from  the  absence  of  any 
action  of  the  air  which  had  passed  the  tube  on  reddened 
solution  of  litmus,  that  the  ammoniaeal  vapours  were 
retained  by  the  clay  ;  the  air  passing  through  the 
sand,  however,  immediately  turned  the  solution  blue. 
He  stated  his  intention  of  repeating  the  experiment  at 
his  next  lecture  with  a  tube  containing  some  of  the 
double  silicate  of  alumina  and  soda,  instead  of  clay. 
The  subject  was  of  the  highest  mterest,  but  he  should 
have  another  opportunity  of  enlarging  upon  it.  He 
should  now  only  further  add,  that  these  various  silicates 
were  convertible,  one  into  the  other,  under  given  cir- 
cumstances, which  were  being  carefully  studied,  and 
that  a  knowledge  of  these  was  necessary  for  the  under- 
standing of  the  real  action  of  many  salts  used  as  manure. 
Thus  sulphate  of  ammonia,  when  added  to  the  soil,  pro- 
duced sulphate  of  lime  or  gypsum,  and  this  gypsum 
would  be  capable  of  effecting  all  that  it  usually  does 
when  added  as  manure.  Manuring  with  sulphate  of 
ammonia  is  also  then  indirectly  manuring  with  gypsum 
as  well,  and  so  on.  Mr.  Way  had  speculated  on  the 
possibility  of  making  these  double  silicates  for  agricul- 
tural use.  If  they  could  be  made  cheaply  enough,  they 
would  undoubtedly  be  beneficial  to  light  lands,  which, 
owing  to  their  position,  it  was  impossible  to  dress  with 
clay  J  and  a  few  cwts.  of  the  artificial  compound  might 
serve  much  of  the  purposes  of  a  heavy  coat  of  clay, 
Agam,  they  might  be  used  to  abstract  potash,  and,  more 
importantly,  ammonia,  from  tank-water  or  sewage ;  and 
the  liquids  might  be  thus  deprived  of  their  valuable  parts 
and  allowed  to  run  away.  No  known  substance  was 
capable  of  doing  this,  and  it  might  prove  of  great  use  j 
but  at  present  he  did  not  wish  to  raise  such  expectations, 
for,  independently  of  the  question  of  cost,  there  were 
many  other  points  which  could  not  then  be  entered  into 
which  would  have  to  be  taken  into  consideration.  Mr. 
Way  concluded  his  lecture  by  apologising  for  its  desul- 
tory character.  He  had  more  materials  than  he  knew 
what  to  do  with,  and  could  easily  have  occupied  their 
attention  for  several  hours  instead  of  one.  He  should 
have  the  pleasure  of  again  addressing  them  on  this  and 
kindred  subjecU,  when  he  would  endeavour  to  fill  up 
any  gap  which  he  might  have  left. 

On  the  motion  of  Col.  Clialloner,  seconded  by  Lord 
Lovaine,  the  best  thanks  of  the  meeting  were  expressed 
to  Professor  Way,  for  the  valuable  and  interesting 
lecture  he  had  then  delivered  before  the  members,  as  the 
opening  of  a  course  during  the  present  season,  which 
would  not  fail  to  advance  tho  objects  of  the  Society. 


Miscellaneous. 

Traru/cr  of  Land.— It  haw  been  apparently  the  busi- 
ness of  almost  all  past  h-gislation  with  respect  tf>  land  to 
weave  round  it  a  niont  artificial  network,  which  pre- 
vents all  dealing  with  it  afu-r  tho  ordinary  fashion. 
The  old  story  of  tho  agriculturist  who  thought  it  abso- 
lutely nccossary  that  the  extraction  of  a  tooth  should  be 
preceded  by  dragging  thfi  pationt  tlirce  times  round  tho 
room,  flppllfeH  to  hin  present  idea  with  respect  to  buying 
a  piece  of  land.  It  is  by  no  m'-ans  neceHsary  that  all 
the  expense  and  delny  which  now  accompany  it  uliould 
take  place.  They  are  not  inKcpurahie  fnnn  »uch  trans- 
actions,  and  he  is  a  deluded  agriculturiHt  if  he  thinks  so. 
Ho  might  be  nnUAy  entnintcd  with  much  more  power, 
even  over  settled  land,  under  the  control  of  some  cli(;ii[) 
and  aceedtjjhlc  trilmnal  ;  such  aw  the  powers  uhuully 
iniKrrt«d  in  wsttlemenls,  and  even  und'jr  certain  circum- 
stances with  the  power  of  sale  of  part  of  the  kud  to  pay 


off  incumbrances.  Land,  also,  now  vested  iu  corpora- 
tions, and  at  present  unalienable,  might  be  thus,  under 
certain  regulations,  brought  into  the  market.  In  fact, 
the  power  to  deal  freely  with  land  might  be  thus  ob- 
tained, and  thus  a  great  increase  of  value  be  conferred 
upon  it.  The  whole  subject  is,  in  fact,  well  worthy  the 
attention  of  the  Government.  The  Lord  Chancellor,  as 
we  have  seen,  declared  that  they  are  anxious  to  carry 
into  execution  measures  relating  to  the  laws  which 
affected  property,  and  some  other  members  of  the 
Government  have  realised  this  intention  by  assisting 
particular  bills  having  this  object.  We  do  not  know 
that  any  fresh  inquiry  is  necessary  ;  but  if  it  does  take 
place,  we  trust  that  the  lay  element,  which  has  been 
found  so  useful  in  the  Chancery  Commission,  maybe 
again  brought  into  use  ;  and  we  do  believe  that  the  art 
and  mystery  now  attending  the  practice  of  conveyancing 
may  become  as  intelligible  as  the  once  inexplicable 
oracle  of  Dodona.  This  perhaps  is  best  shown  by 
reference  to  what  is  actually  taking  place.  The  opera- 
tions of  the  Inclosure  Commission  have  been  lately 
extended  to  many  familiar  conveyancing  transactions. 
The  recent  Inclosure  Act*  and  its  subsequent  Amend- 
ment Acts  have  clothed  the  Commissioners  with  most 
extensive  powers  for  effecting  exchanges  and  partitions 
of  land.  Under  the  provisions  of  private  Inclosure 
Acts  power  was  ordinarily  given  to  the  Commissioners 
thereby  appointed  to  carry  out  exchanges  of  lands 
entitled  to  common  right  within  the  district  dealt  with. 
The  Inclosure  Commission  has,  in  addition  to  its  juris- 
diction in  the  matter  of  waste  and  commonable  lands, 
power  to  authorise  exchanges  of  lands,  irrespective 
of  inclosure  proceedings.  The  extended  power  thus 
given  will  be  found  in  practice,  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  to  be  of  the  utmost  value  to  the  landowners  of 
the  kingdom.  These  powers  have  been  in  force  since 
the  autumn  of  1 845.  For  a  time,  however,  they  were 
very  little  known  or  acted  upon ;  whilst  in  some 
quarters  the  validity  of  such  exchanges  was  held  not  to 
be  free  from  doubt.  All  such  doubts,  however,  have  now 
been  set  at  rest ;  and  many  professional  men  of  the 
highest  eminence  have  availed  themselves  of  these 
powers  of  exchange  ;  whilst  even  suitors  in  the  Court  of 
Chancery  are  now  in  the  habit,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Masters,  of  effecting  exchanges  and  partitions  through 
the  Inclosure  Commission.  On  referring  to  the  annual 
reports  of  the  Inclosure  Commissioners,  we  find  that, 
according  to  the  report  for  1846,  there  was  only  one 
application  for  exchange  ;  in  that  for 

ISt7  there  were   9  applicatioQB. 

1848  „    13     „ 

1849  „    39     „ 

1850  „    51     „ 

1851  „    73     „ 

1852  „    96 

This  list  proves  that  the  landowners  of  the  kingdom  are 
now  beginning  duly  to  estimate  the  benefit  conferred 
by  these  provisions.  Not  only  portions  of  estates,  but 
even  entire  estates,  may  be  thus  exchanged.  The 
whole  expenses  to  which  the  parties  are  thus  subjected 
are  very  trifling  iu  amount,  ranging  ordinarily  from  3^. 
to  71.,  the  cost  of  the  requisite  advertisements  being  the 
main  expense,  and  the  only  stamp  duties.  Assuming 
the  exchange  to  be  between  two  parties,  three  engrossed 
orders  of  exchange,  with  maps  attached,  are  required  ; 
one  remains  for  deposit,  and  one  for  each  party.  The 
form,  however,  of  the  order  is  simple  and  concise,  and 
consequently  inexpensive.  The  cost  of  the  valuations, 
on  which  such  exchanges  are  *baaed,  is  not  included  in 
the  above  estimate  of  expenses  ;  but  those  of  our  readers 
wiio  are  acquainted  with  transactions  of  this  nature, 
which  have  been  effected  in  the  usual  manner,  will 
appreciate  the  great  saving  of  expense  made  in  ex- 
changes effected  through  this  commission.  Nor  is  there 
anything  remarkable  in  this.  We  merely  adduce  it  as 
an  instance  of  what  may  be  done  in  cases  where  the  will 
and  the  power  exist  to  render  the  dealings  with  pro- 
perty simple,  cheap,  and  expeditious  ;  and  we  are  sure 
that  these  principles  may  be  safely  and  wisely  extended 
to  many  other  similar  transactions.  Here,  then,  we 
have  a  safe  and  practicable  field  of  operation  for  a 
Government  bound  to  relieve  the  land  from  the  burdens 
which  now  oppress  it.  We  see  that  the  agriculturists 
are  reminding  Lord  Derby  that  the  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Lords  on  the  Burdensof  Land  (184G),of  which 
his  lordship  was  a  member,  agreed  only  iu  one  recom- 
mendation, "the  necessity  for  thorough  revision  of  the 
whole  subject  of  conveyancing,  and  the  disuse  of  the 
present  prolix,  expensive,  and  vexatious  system." 
Political  friends  and  foes  agree  in  calling  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  this  recommendation  ;  and  we  would  not  enforce 
it  if  we  did  not  feel  certain  that  it  is  practicable — that 
the  transfer  of  land  may  be  assimilated  to  the  transfer  of 
stock  ;  that  the  transfer  of  the  one  may  be  made  as  free, 
as  simple,  and  nearly  as  cheap  as  the  other.  It  will  be 
our  duty  to  redeem  this  promise,  and  to  prove  to  the 
landowner  that  on  this  subject  he  is  far  behindhand, 
and  that  he  has  it  now  in  his  power  to  pursue  a  policy 
which  impoveri.shes  no  one, 

*'  But  1D&U08  hira  rich  indeed." 
— Zaw  Review. 

Remedy  for  '^Sprouted,  "  Corn. — A  quantity  of  Wlic:>t 
had  been  greatly  damaged  or  "sprouted,"  and  a  Hinnpio 
was  mIiowu  lor  which  at  market  no  bidder  could  be  found  ; 
it  wuH  offei-ed  at  Q.  a  load  and  refused  ;  tho  price  for 
good  Wheat  at  the  time  being  'M.  Sifting,  winnowing, 
and  shaking  in  a  variety  of  ways,  were  renorted  to,  in 
order  to  efleet  a  separation,  litit  to  no  purpose.  Grown 
or  germinated  eonis  are  Hpecilically  lighter  than  iho 
Hound,     Tho  experiment  was  tried,  if  it  was  likely  that 

•  B  and  &  Victoria,  0. 18. 


they  would  swim  in  water,  but  did  not  answer,  the 
whole  sulking  instantly.  The  density  of  the  water  was 
increased  by  means  of  salt,  and  the  heavy  or  sound 
Wheat  remanied  at  the  bottom,  while  the  grown, 
spongy,  and  otherwise  imperfect  grains,  floated  and 
admitted  of  easy  separation.  Both  kinds  were  well 
washed,  to  remove  the  salt,  and  dried  ;  and  of  the  two 
samples,  one  was  pronounced  better  than  good  Wheat 
usually  is,  and  worth  from  9^,  to  lOi.  a  load,  the  other 
all  damaged,  but  worth  about  \l.  a  load,  for  feeding 
poultry  and  cattle.  Annals  of  Pharmacy  and  Practical 
Chemutry, 

Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Cattle  Boxes:  Sub.  If  you  support  the  manger  on  pins 
passing  through  the  end  pieceBinto holes  in  two  uprights  (one 
at  either  end),  you  will  he  able  to  shift  them  a  notch  higher 
when  jou  choose,  placing  the  pins  into  higher  holes  neces- 
sarily as  the  animal  rises  with  its  lair.  And  if  you  furnish- 
the  manger  with  two  such  pins  at  each  end,  the  one  above 
the  other,  JOU  will  be  able,  by  pulling  out  the  upper  one  of 
each  pair,  to  let  the  manger  swing  round  bottom  upwards 
(banging  on  its  lower  pins)  whenever  you  please.  And  if  this 
be  always  done  as  soon  as  the  cattle  finish  feeding,  you  will 
be  able  to  keep  the  manger  always  clean. 

Ldcerne  :  JR.  We  would  rather  sow  Ireeh  Beed  in  the  blanks 
than  trust  to  transplanting. 

PouLTRT  :  G  E.  Cochin  China  and  Spanish  chickens  are  the 
most  subject  to  this  malady.  From  their  fast  growth,  their 
lege  are  not  sufficiently  strong  to  support  the  weight  of  their 
bodies.  They  easily  recover  from  it,  and  nothing  is  so 
conducive  to  their  restoration  as  generous  diet.  Vary  the 
food  constantly,  give  Wheat  instead  of  Barley  meal  slaked 
with  water,  and  give  ihem  every  other  day  some  crustB 
steeped  In  old  strong  ale,— B  A,  Edinburgh.  Trim  the  tower 
bills  of  your  ducks  with  a  razor  or  very  sharp  knife.  Never 
allijw  them  to  project  beyond  the  upper  one.  If  eoreness 
ensue,  which  I  do  not  anticipate,  feed  on  meal  put  into- 
water.  You  should  not  lose  your  ducks  from  such  a  cause, — 
J  B.  Theground  of  yourpheasantries  is  become  tainted,  and 
the  birds  are  roupy.  They  are  na  subject  to  it  as  fowls. 
Move  them  to  a  fresh  grassy  spot,  discontinue  feeding 
entirely  on  whole  corn,  and  give  meal  slaked  with  warm 
water,  and  mixed  with  some  pounded  peppercorns.  Give 
them  crusts  steeped  in  strong  old  ale  every  day  while  they 
are  ill.  It  will  give  them  strength  and  courage  to  throw  off 
the  disease,  I  cannot  give  better  advice  to  poultry  audi 
pheasant  keepers  ia  confined  spots  than  to  urge  them  to 
vary  the  food  as  much  as  possible,  and  above  all  not  to 
confine  themselves  to  Barley.  I  prefer  Wheat,  but  a  change 
is  absolutely  necessary . — SEC.  It  ia  not  an  uncommona 
thing  for  a  fcpanish  fowl  to  moult  white,  or  partly  so ;  it  is 
not  the  effect  of  fright  or  anything  of  the  sort,  I  myself  had 
last  year  a  cock  that  moulted  with  a  white  neckiace  like  a 
Brent  Goose.  I  also  had  a  ben  moult  perfectly  white,  but 
(he  produce  of  both  these  birds  was  the  original  colour, 
J.  Baily.  113,  Mount-ttreel. 


COTENT  GARDEN,  MAY  22. 
Vegetables  and  fruit  are  plentiful.  The  sale  for  Englfsb 
Pine-apples  is  heavier  than  lest  week.  Hothouse  Grapes 
continue  to  realise  fair  prices.  A  few  dessert  Apples  may  still 
be  obtained.  Oranges  are  plentifully  supplied,  and  very  good. 
Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted.  Strawberries  are- 
plentiful.  Young  Carrots,  Beans  (both  French  and  Mazagao), 
Peas,  Lettuces,  and  Artichokes  continue  to  be  supplied  froii> 
France,  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  New  ones 
from  open  borders  in  the  west  of  England  are  coming  ic 
pleutifnlly,  aa  are  also  green  Peas  of  excellent  quality 
Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths^ 
Epacrises,  Cinerarias,  Mignonette,  Roaest  Acacias,  Azaleas, 
Primulas,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  and  other  bulbs. 


Pine-applea,  per  lb.,  Ss  to  lOs 
Grapes, bothou8e,p.lb.,6s  to  10s 

—    Lisbon,  per  lb.,  2s  to4s 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  16s  to  30b 
Cherries,  per  lb.,  15s 
Strawberries,  p.  oz.,  6d  to  Is 
Aj-'ples,  kitchen,   per  bushel, 

2s  to  3s  6d 
Pears,  dessert,  per  doz.,  2s  to  6s 


FRUIT. 


Almonds,  per  peck.  Ss 

—  sweet,  per  lb,,  2s  to  Ss 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  lb  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s6dto  IDs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  8a 
Lemonfl,  per  doz.,  is  to  2b 
Nuts,  BarceloDa,p.bsh.20ato22a 

—  Brazil,  p.  bah.,  128  to  14s 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs.,  lUOs 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  Sd  to 
French  Beans,  p.  100,  2a  to  3e 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  9d  to  2s 

—  beads,  each,  2d  to  4d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  le  to  48 
Qrtiens,  per  doz,,  28  6d  to  is 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  fid 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  per  owt.,  2b  to  Ss 

—  per  bush,,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 

—  Frame,  per  lb.,  Is  to  2s 

—  New  (border),  do.,  3d  to6d 
Turnips,  p. doz., 28  6d  to  3b  6<1 

—  new,  p.  bun.,  Is  to  Is  fid 
Cucumbers,  each,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
C:trrot8,  p.  bun..  Is  3d  to  28  fid 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,lb3dto  3rt 
Beet,  per  doz.,  la  10  2n 


VEGETABLES. 


Leeks,  per  buncb,  3d  to  6d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb,,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab,,  per  score  4d  to  Gd^ 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  Is  6(i 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  9i  10  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  Sd 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,l8tol3- 
Mushrooms,  p,  pott.,  8d  to  le 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.  sieve, Is  3dtols8d> 
Artichokes.  Jerua.,do.^  9d  to  lo^ 
li'ennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bocbs.,  2s  to  3b^ 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 6d  to9d 
Marjoram,  do.,  8d  tD4d 
Wan'r(!reaseB,p.l2  bun.,9dtolf- 


HAY.-  Per  Loud  of'36  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  May  20, 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  783  to  848 
Inferior  do.  ...  65         74 

Rowon  68         — 

New  Hay 


Clovt, 
2d  cut 
Straw 


Meadow  Hay  lower,  with  a  very  heavy  sale. 
CuMHEiiLAND  Mabket,  Muy  20. 


...  868  to    9P& 
...  80         86 
...  24  28- 

J.  COOPEU, 


I'rimo  Meadow  Hay  78ato8ts 

liilcrior  do tiC        72 

New  Huy      —        — 

Old  Clover 90        9fi 


,  76s  to  81b 


Inferior  Clover 

New  do —        — 

dtraw  2G        80 

Joshua  Baeeb. 


COAL  MARKET.— PaiDAT,  May  21. 
Edtm    Mnin,  ISh.  •     Wallsund    RIddoll,    13s,  9d.  ;    Wallfieod 
Mh.;    Walir^ond  H<aton,    lOs. ;    Wullsond    Lnmbton, 
Wiillsond  Stewarts,  Ifis.— ?*hipH  at  market,  244. 


lIiMilon, 
15h.  fid. 


noP.S.— Rouornn  Mahket,  May  21. 
MoHHrB,  riittttiiilon  and  iSrnltb  ruwurt  that  tho  demand  for 
Hops  oontlnucH  unabated,  at  Into  prices. 


WOOL. 

BaADFOBD,  TiiimSDAT,  Miiy  20,— The  English  Wool  marlo!: 

hns  bcun    qnlot  during  the  current  weoU,   but  nil  the  trnns- 

iictltrnx  oiitured  into  have  boon  uharactorlHud  by  a  ItrmnosB  la 

the  tone  of  prices.  Tho  arrivals  from  the  couutry  uro  unusually 


334 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  22, 


small  and  Bioclis  in  tbe  hands  of  stapiera  hew  are  much 
diminiGhed.  Appearances  seeia  now  to  point  to  a  continuance 
■of  firm  rates  for  all  clasjiefl  of  good  wool,  and  an  iaaprov«ment 
in  the  general  trade  of  the  district  wou'd  in  all  probabiliry  be 
immediately  followed  by  an  advance.  Short  wool  and  Noils 
are  in  t;ood  reqtieat,  and  command  full  prices.  Tbe  feeHnjr 
•that  tlie  sale  of  O'oloDial  Wools  which  opens  to-day  will  gooff 
firmly  gains  ground,  and  gives  a  toae  of  Himness  to  holders  ot 
that  uUbs  here. 

POTATOES.— SoDTHWAEK,  May  17. 
Tbe  committee  report,  that  during  the  past  week  the  arrivals 
^30ih  coastwise  and  by  rail  have  been  extremely  limited, 
iin't  more  money  has  been  realised  for  good  eamplea.  The 
following  are  this  daj's  quotations  : — York  Reffents,  lOOs.  to 
240s.;  Scotch  do,  91)6.  to  100b.  ;  Cups  and  Reds,  70s.  to  8i)s. ; 
Wisbeach  and  Cambridge,  80s.  co  lIOs,;  Kent  and  Essex, 
■90a.  to  1108.  

SMITHFIELD.— MoNDAT,  May  17. 
"We  have  a  shorter  supply  of  Beasts,  and  a  pretty  good 
<lemand,  consequently  prices  have  advanced  a  Uctle ;  a  few 
■choice  ScotB  have  realised  3s.  8d.  The  number  of  Sheep  and 
Lambs  is  smaller;  trade  is  cheerful  at  rather  higher  rates. 
Calves  are  plentiful ;  inferior  kinds  are  still  very  low,  but 
choice  onesaro  rather  dearer.  From  Gernjany  ami  Hclland 
there  are  427  Beasts,  790  Sheep,  and  149  Calves  ;  from  Spain, 
79  Beasts;  from  Scotland.  400;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk, 
'  5100;   and  100  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  ofSlbs.- 
Best  Scots,  Here- 

forJs,  Jjc.  ...  3 
Best  Short-htirns  3 
"2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds  ...  0 
Do.  Shiirn 


0  —  0 


Per  St.  of  81ba.— 3  d       8  d 

Heat  Long-wools  .0  0  to  0  0 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3  4  —  3  8 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  0  0-00 

Do.  Shorn 2  8—3  2 

Lambs      4  8  —  5  4 

Calves      2  8  —  4  4 

Pigs  2  G  — ; 


Beasts,  3714  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  22,980  ;  Calves,  207  ;  Pigs,  340. 
Friday,  May  21. 
We  have  considerably  more  I3easts  than  on  Friday  last ;  tbe 
demand  has  also  increased,  and  consequently  Monday's 
'quotations  are  fully  supfiorted.  Sheep  and  Lambs  are  more 
plentiful;  trade  is  cbeeriut  for  tliem,  and  in  a  tew  instauces 
prices  have  advanced.  The  number  of  Calves  is  very  large; 
on  the  average  prices  are  lower,  but  a  fair  clearance  is  effected. 
From  Germany  and  Holland  we  have  110  Beasts,  240  Sheep, 
and  303  Calves  ;  from  Spain,  180  Sheep  ;  from  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,    500  Beasts  ;  and  135  Milch   Cows   from  the  bouje 


counties. 

PorBt.  ofSlbs s 

d      s    i 

Per  St.  of  Slbs.— 8 

d     8    a 

Best  Scots,  Kere- 

Best  Lonij.woolB.  0 

too    0 

fords,  i-c.       ...  3 

4toS    e 

Do.  Sborn          ...  8 

4  —  3    8 

Best  Stioft-borna  8 

a  — 8    i 

Ewes  lb  2d  quality 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

S  — 3    0 

Do.  Shorn          ...  2 

8  —  3    2 

3L'*t  DonDs  and 

Lambs     4 

8  —  6    4 

Ilalf.breds      ...  0 

0  —  0    0 

Calves      2 

8  —  4    2 

Do.  Sborn          ...  3 

e  — 8 10 

Piss          2 

6  —  3    4 

Beasts,  997;  Sheep 

and  Lamb 

s,  9750 ;  Calves,  634  ; 

Pigs,  395 

MARK  LANE. 
MoMDAT,  May  17.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  by  land 
carriage  samples  to  this  morning's  market  was  moderate,  and 
disposed  of  on  tbe  terms  of  this  day  se'nnight.  The  demand 
■for  foreign  continues  limited,  and  its  value  unaltered. — Flour 
'being  held  with  some  degree  of  firmness,  little  business  is 
doing  in  it. — To  the  value  of  Barley  we  observe  no  alteration  from 
ihis  day  se'unight. — Beans  and  Peas  are  very  scarce,  and 
command  full  prices. — The  Oat  trade  is  hrm  at  late  rates. 

Pee.  Impeuial  Qdahter. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  44—45 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  45— 47 

—  —     Talavera  45—50 

—  Norfolk 38—411 

—  Foreign 3G— 52 

"Barley.grind.i;  distil., 2tisto29d.,.Chev,  bO—Zb 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  22 — 29 
"Oats,  Esses,  and  Suffolk 20—2 

—  Scotch  «nd  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  22 — 25 

—  'Irish Potato  21—24 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  20—22 

Rye     1    — 

■Jlye-meal,  foreign 


Beans,  Mazagau 26s  to  293 Tick 

—  Pigeon  28   —  31s. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 298  to  S23 Grey 

Maize     White 

^lour,  be«t  marks  delivered ., .per  sack 

—  SulTol-k ditto 

—  Forekn per  barrel 


27—32 


28—81 
35—37 
28-30 


Ued  , 
lied  , 


Red   , 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

foreign 


Harrow  . 
Long pod 
vptian 

Suffolk.., 
Foreign  , 

Tellow... 
Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


39—40 
40—41 


29—31 


21—23 
20— ?  3 
18-21 


Abbivals  in  tbe  Pobt  of  London  laut  vv'eee. 


27—32 


24—25 
;i6-38 
28—35 


25-3 
28-3 


'Flour,  SSSe^ks 
—  3^1335  hvU 
English 


Irish 
^treien 


(Ji-s. 
2130 


3B7'! 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
923 
1160 
8380 


Qrs. 

lUO 

9S 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

442 

12110 

39116 


237 


Qrs. 
20 


raiDAY,  May  21.— The  arrivals  of  grain  and  Flour  this  week 
■;have  been  small.  This  morning's  market  was  badly  attended  ; 
neverthelesB,  in  the  little  business  transacted  Monday's  prices 
for  Wheat  were  fully  maintained. — In  floating  cargoes  there  is 
little  or  nothing  doing.  Flour  is  held  firmly,  and  in  some 
instances  atrifiiug  udvancehas  been  paid  for  American  barrels. 
— Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  are  without  alteration  in  value. — 
The  Oat  trade  is  firm;  there  is  but  little  business  doing, 
-arrivals  bein)7  small. 

Imperial  Avebaqes, 


■April  10.. 

—  17.. 

—  24.. 
May    1.. 

—  8.. 

—  15.. 


Aggrpg.    Aver.       40  II 


Wheat.  Bahley.  Oats    Rte.    Beans.    Peas. 


s.  d. 

29  4 

29  1 

27  8 

28  6 
2S  1 
28  3 


28  0 


19  9 
19  8 
19  10 


s,    d. 
29  11 

29  10 

30  3 
30  0 

30  S 

31  0 


s  d. 

29  2 

29  11 

30  2 

29  4 

30  5 
29  2 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS, 

rOR    RIDSE    AND    fPRROW    ROOFS,    GREE^f HOUSES,    RAILWAY    STATIONS     ENGINE     SHEDS 
MARKET-HALLS,  AND   PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  GENERALLY. 


MILLS, 


Fofl    CoNSEftVATOaiES,    PdBLIC    BUILDINOS,    MAMUFACTOftlES, 

Skylights,  itc,  die. 


Pacebd  in  Crates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  :- 

30  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  „  60  to  70    „  


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FLUCTnATIONS  IN  THE  LAST   SiX   WeEK's   AVEEAQES. 


Phioeb.  atr.  10.  Apr.  17.  Apr.  24.    May  1.    May  8.  May  15 


41s  id 
41  8 
•iX  I 
-40  10 
-40  6 
•JO     4 


-.    I 


a„t.  t,?  ^'m;  ^"^""-i,  Mayl8.-There  was  a  better  attend- 
t„r„ir„  5"  ?"*  ''='''«"  »'  «"■•  Corn  Exchange  this 
Whe.t  *'.►  ^  '""  ^'""■"  »*■  business  was  transacted  in 
v.l.iL      Tk  improvement  of  Id.  per  bushel  on  American 

Hon  ,nd  Am?  ■"""  "".'"''■ance  on  red  Wheat,  but  this  .lescrip- 
1  "  „^Sh.  1?  '"?  '^'™''  "alised  the  full  prices  of  this  d»y 
r.r^  %  f'y'.P"''?.  '*'^n«  Sd.  per  qr.  lower.  Oats,  Barley, 
^uesdryfa/t?'""'  ^"^  ^-"^  ^»*  Voted  the  sam'e  as   o'n 


In  Squabes,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    G       

by    6  and  under  10  by    8       


10  by    8         „ 

14 

14  by  10 

U 

l^feetsup.  „ 

S 

8         ,.        „ 

4 

4 

5 

5 

e 

0 

8 

8 

10 

1"         .■        , 

12 

l2           ..         „ 

15 

14  by  10 

I^  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

or  if  above  20,  and  nob  above  30  inches  long... 


20 
SO 
35 
40 
45 
55 
70 


40 
45 
59 
70 
85 


ithinch 
thick. 


0    6 


l-lGth  inch 
thick. 


0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


k  inch 
thick. 


s.  d. 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  lOi 

0  H 

1  0 
1  1 
1    2 


Packed  in  Boxes  of  50  Feet  Each  : 
Ins.    Ins.        Ins.     Ins.  a.   d. 

6  by  4  and  64  by  44  10    G 

7  by  6     „    n.  by  5^  12    0 

8  by  6     „    8J  by  6J  13    0 

9  by  7     „    9i  by  74  and  10  by  8  15    0 

Note. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  the  superficial  con- 
tents, except  where  tbe  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  tbe  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 


3-16</is,  9c?.;  J  inch.  Is.  jper 


Bending, — 1-8^^, 
foot,  net. 

Irregular  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 
When  Crates  are  ordered,  the  30-inoh  widtlis  will  ie 
otherwise  specified. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MBBCHANTS,  116,   BISHOPSGATE-STREET   WITHOUT: 


THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eiiihth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  tbe  foot,  has  cow  become  au 
article  ot  very  extensive  and  increasing  consumption. 
/(  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  best  and  most  suit- 
able Olass  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Qreenhouses, 
Factories,  WorTcshops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  subati. 
tute  for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strength,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds ; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occv,re. 

Where  still  greaterstrength  is  required  the  3-16ths  and  }  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.  Samples  wiil  be  forwarded  on.  application,  by  applying  to 


LONDON. 


GLASS    MILK    PANS. 

TAMES  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  IIG,  BISHOPS- 
"  GATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  BEG  TO  INFORM  THEIR 
FRIENDS  THEY  ARE  PREPARED  TO  SUPPLY  GLASS 
MILK  PANS  THE  SAME  SIZE  AS  THE  FOREIGN  ONES, 
BUI  SUPERIOR  IN  COLOUR,  MAKE,  AND  QUALITY,  AT 
2s.  EACH,  OR  21s.  PER  DOZEN. 
IP  A  LARGE  QU.ANTITY  ARE  TAKEN  A  DISCOUNT 

WILL  BE  ALLOWED. 

LORD  CAMOY'S  MILK  SYPHONS,  LACTOMETERS, 

GLASS  CREAM  POTS,  ic.  Ac. 


T^HOMAS  MILLINGTON'S  FOREIGN  SHEET 
-'L  GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  lOO-feet  boxes  pacaed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    61  by  4.j      13s.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    74  by  Si       15    0 

8  „  Sand    8    by  ,').t       15     0 

8  ,,         6  and    84by  6i      17    6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    bj  8         20     0 

12         „       10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  I  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  per  foot. 

„        „        35     „       8d.        „ 

„        „        50     „      9.K      „ 

„        „        76      12ci.       „ 

Milk  Pans.  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway, — 
Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATEll-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London, 

See  Gardeners^  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawint^s  may  be  Been,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained: — Messrs.  Kni^'ht  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
pea  ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co,,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London;  MeBsr3.  Whitley  and  OBborn,  Nurserymen,  &c., 
Fulham,  London;  Mr.  Glendinninp,  Nurseryman,  A;c.,  Chia- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  DicUsun,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull,  Nurserymtn,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford- 
shire; Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the  beet  nrinciple.     Esiatinjf  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES, 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
^  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kinn'a  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  *c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  Ac,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  tbe  Stoves. 

Tbe  oplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
intbe  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  AUo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  aleo 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  dec,  forwarded  on  application, 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  Kino's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT. THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  ANp  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLODR  Mebchants,  125,  Queen-sTeet,  Portaea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  whole&ale  prices,  Crown  and  Horticuliural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  tor 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee,Cucum. 
ber,  und  Pri>pa«ating  Glasbes,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  die.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Plumbero'  Brass  Wurk,  Brushes,  Tarnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 

N.B,— Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  sarpaased  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms.  , 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 

ROSE  S.— The  attention  of  Rose  Gardeners  and 
Amateurs  is  called  to  tbe  "FLORUMBRA,"  or  Rose- 
preserver,  by  which  Bbown's  Fumigatoris  rendered  applicable 
to  Rose  trees,  for  the  purpose  of  freeiuki  them  from  the  Aphis, 
The  "Fiorumbra,"  which  was  introduced  with  success  last 
season,  will  at  the  same  time  protect  choice  Roses  intended  for 
exhibition  from  sun  or  rain.  They  may  be  had  wholesale  from 
Messrs.  Barber  and  Groom,  London  ;  and  retail  of  most  iron- 
mongers and  Seedsmen,  and  of  W.  J,  Sangsteb,  75,  Cheapside. 
Further  particolass  on  appUaation. 


21— -1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


335 


BY  HER 

MAJESTI'S 


KOYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kino's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  id  every 
respect  of  tbcse  Structures  bavioir  beto  proved  1q  all  parts  ot 
the  United  KiDgdoaa,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
thaa  E,  D-  could  tsecute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  (o  have  perfect 
aud  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection' 
with  dispatch,  aud  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  couipetitlon! 
Patent  Hothouses,  witn  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  ro  sli.ie  dotvn, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  material:'  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  r^^quire  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is,  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
beea  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  \G  ft.  S  inches  long,  ]2ft.  ralter,  400  ft.,23Z  6s  8d.  ■ 
3i  ft.  6  ins.  long.  do.  do..  526  ft.,  801.  iSs.  Sd.;  23  ff,  6  ins.  long,' 
15  fc.  ralter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
mo^^t  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  ic,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
fooc,  super. 

p  REEN    AND 

VZ*      Machinery,  at  J.  L 

IliU,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 

En)(land. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 

DRAINAGE   OF   LAND. 

MR.  HENRY  WEBBER  begs  to  inform  Land- 
owners and  the  public,  that  having  had  considerable 
practical  experience,  be  is  prepared  to  undertake  the  Drainage 
of  Estates  to  auy  extent,  upon  the  most  improved  principles, 
eiiher  hj  contract  or  on  commission.  Orders  execu-ed  wiih  a 
due  regard  to  economy  and  efficiency.  Reference  given. — 
Ad<lr€^s,  Halberton  Court,  near  Tiverton.  Devon. 


D    HOTHOUSES,    made    by 

Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 


'■PERRA  COTTA  VASES,  PENDANT  BASKETS, 

X  BRACKETS,  OR£fAMENTAL  FLOWBR-POTS,  &c., 
macufiictured  by  IlENRT 
DuULTON  and  Co.,  High- 
street,  Lambeih,  London. 
West-end  Show  and  Sale 
Rooms,  Exposition,  Baker- 
street,  Portman-equare. 

H.  D.  and  Co.'e  Terra 
Cotta  is  vitrified,  and  cro- 
sequently  imperishable,  re- 
taining its  fresbne-8  and 
sharpness  unimpaired  by 
time  or  exposure  to  the 
weather. 


dbawinqs  ano  peices  on 
Application. 

TERRA  COTTA  VASES,  of  classic  shapes,  more 
durable  than  iron,  manufacturtd  by  a  new  process,  suit- 
able for  the  drawing-room,  parlour,  or  conservatory,  of  various 
sizes,  from  Gd.  upwards  ;  also  Strawberry  Tiles,  Melon  Tiles, 
Celery  Sockets,  and  other  horticul'.ural  appliances  manufac- 
tured by  J.  RoBEETS,  Upnor  Pottery  and  Tile  Works,  near 
Rochester,  Kent,  of  whom  may  be  had  a  Pamphlet  descriptive 
of  various  improvements  in  horticultural  appliances,  for  six 
postage  stamps.— London  Agen's  :  ilessrs.  Cuoan  aud  Co.,  48, 
Leioester-sqaare  ;  and  Messrs.  Flanagan  and  Son,  Seedsmen, 
Manaioo-house-Htree  ,  City.  ' 


TPANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Emit 

■*-  Tieea  trom  Fiost,  Bligbt,  and  Bi  ds,  and  for  the  security 
of  Freslusown  Seeds,  either  in  Girdena  or  Fields,  at  Id  per 
vard  ;  200  yurda  for  Us.,  500  yards  for  30s.,  lOoQ  jards  for  50s.  • 
Waxed  NettiuK,  for  aviaries,  &.c.,  at  3d.  per  square  yard.' 
Scrim  Canvas  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  varieties  • 
Rick  Cloths,  with  poles,  &c.  Marqueea,  Tents.  Tarpaulings' 
■fee— At  Edqington  and  Co.'s,  17,  Smith  field-bars,  and  Old 
Kent-road,  London. 


TRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING 

J-  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  in 
wrought  and  casuiroa  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  Foa 
Cash.  Price  of  lion  Hurdli?s,  wirh  6  bars,  G  feet  long  by 
3  feet  6  inches  hiiih,  havinir  dodble  pai)NGs  addi'inna!  for 
fixing  id  the  ground,  3s.  l\^d.  eaoli.  Es'imiles,  Drawings, 
ttc,  OQ  application. —  William  DuDDs  and  Co.,  !02,  Leadeo- 
huD-street,  London,  Aeeiits  for  the  sale  of  Alex.  Shanks  and 
Son's. Improved  Grab>8  Cutting  aud  Ro'.liag  Maubiaea, 

ALSO 

ARTIFICIAL  MANURES  of  superior  quality,  at  the  foUow- 
injr  very  low  rates  :— Superphosplnte  of  Lime.  6i.  2s.  6d.  per 
ton  ;  Patput  Manure.  51.  Ss.  per  ton  ;  highly-concentrated  faoal 
Manure,  31.  lOs.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Mauuru,  4',.  10s.  per  t^m,  from 
3  to  4  ewl.per  acre,  amply  sufficient.  Guttapercha,  coated  aud 
lined  canvas  hose  for  liquid  manure  and  farm  purposes. 
Apply  as  above. 


WATER    YOUR   GARDENS  AND   MANURE^YOUR 
LANDS  WITH   GUTTA  PERCHA    TUBING 

FARMERS,  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  and  all 
who  have  a  garden,  will  save  a  deal  of  trouble  in  water- 
ing  and  manuring  eardens  or  land,  by  using  Gurta  Percha 
Tubing.  Testimonials  to  its  economy,  eflSciency.  durabilitv 
and  convenience,  are  beiop  coostantly  received.  It  can  be  had 
in  any  length  from  l-lfJh  of  an  inch,  internal  diameter  (suit- 
able for  smoking  tubes,  <fcc.),  to  6  inches  internal  diameter  • 
half-inch  Tubing  for  gardening,  3d.,  3Jd.,  and  4d.  per  foot.        ' 

Braes  or  Gutta  Percha  Unions  for  attaching  to  Butts  or 
Cisterns.     Spreaders,  Stopcocks,  Jets,  and  Roses  complete. 

Price  Lists  of  Tubing  can  be  had  or  sent,  on  application"  to 
James  Sheath  and  Company,  at  the  Patent  Gutta  Percha 
Warehouse.  35.  Old-street-rond,  London. 


GUTTA  PERCHA   TUBING   FOR  WATERING 
GARDENS.    ETC. 


M'^J^Mwf'/^.'"'°  ^"-'^  N^^W  PATTERN  TOOTH 
BllUbll  and  SMYItNA   .SPnwpire      ti      t      .u  m       , 

ordinary  manner,  and    is  famonB    .7  V'J^'" '"  .''"^  "'"sc  extra- 
loose.-L.     An  Improved  CIoXsEm^.fh.^'r    not  coming 

Brushes,  which  act  m  the  most  surprisiog  and  sueceasfui 
manner.  The  Renuine  Smyrna  Spon'e  with  it,  nr.7„Jl,j 
valuable  properties  of  absorption,  vltalitj,  and  durablht/  b? 
means  of  direct  importations  dispensing  with  all  intermediatf 
parties'  profits  and  doatructl.e  bleaching,  and  8ecur"ne  thl 
luiury  of  a  yenume  Smyrna  SpooRe.  Only  at  MeicIlpe 
BiNQLET,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment.  180  b,  Oxford  »trp«f" 
one  door  from  Holies-Street.  ""oro-street, 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER  2j  perboi 
Cadtion.  —  Boware   of   the    words    "from    Metcalfe's  "' 
adopted  by  some  houses.  ' 


DESTRUCTION    OF 
BLIGHT    AND    FUMIGATION    SUPERSEDED, 

UPON 

WALL-FRUIT     TREES,      STOVE      AND     GREENHOUSE 
PLANTS,  ROSES,  CUCUMBERS,  MELONS,  &c.  &c. 

PAGE  AND  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Southajnpton, 
have  much  pleasure  in  offering  their  COMPOSITtON, 
wliich  has  proved  the  naoit  effectual  remedy  ever  introduced' 
aad  beg  to  anuei  two  tesiimonials,  onhj,  of  the  great  numbers 
received  with  orders  tbis  season. 

It.  per  quart,  to  which  add  three  of  water.  Bottlee  Zd. 
Ftoia  Mr.  J.  Wilkins,  gardener  to  S.  F.  K.  BoUoway,  Esq. 
Gentimnen.-I  highly  approve  of  your  Compositiou,  as  it 
«tswered  adiPirabty,  saving  my  Wall  Trees  from  an  untimely 
death,  and  quite  recovering  my  Rosea,  killing  every  insect  it 
•touches  in  au  instant.  I  intend  to  have  a  quantity  of  it  this 
season  for  all  my  plants. 

From.  Mr.  A.  DoioUng.  gardener  to  the  Right  Eon.  Lord 
Henry  Cholmondelei/. 
Gentlemen, — Tour  Composition  is  most  destructive  to  all 
bligbt.  My  Wall  Trees  must  have  died,  had  I  not  availed 
myielf  of  It.  I  consider  it  applicable  to  all  cases,  as  it  is  not 
the  Uast  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  the  most  teijder  plants, 
you  will  be  good  enough  to  send  me  four  gallons,  &c. 

Gardenerft  and   Land-Stenardtt'  Registry  Oflace,  37  and  38 
Osford-fttreet,  Soutbampton.  ' 


A     NEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without   detaching 

.  °°y  o'»t»  P^rt".  packs  in  a  sponge  hath,  ia  admi.ably 
adapted  for  Bummer  u»e,  on  account  of  its  extreme  coolness 
elwl  cin  b«  chaDg*d.io  one  tnomeot  from  a  bed  to  a  loaoee  or 
»o!a  for  the  ^Hilnjf.room,  may  be  peen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLKN'S.  Hi,  Oxford-street, 

I!'?J?:!1*'  -.  **?  J"*''^  ^  '"■*^*'  "^"""'^'y  «'  Metamc  Bedsteads. 
«etB4  irtlh  and  wiihont  the  Patent  Rheocline,  &c.  Aic  ,  toeeth^'r 
wlih  »  larg*  kMortmeot  of  the  Patent  UHdiatir.g  and  other 
Ht«,*e<^^d  ev.rjr  other  daacriptinn  of  IronroonK«rv 


AJOTWITHSTANDING  the  numerous  preparations 

I>ANf»:*  MACA.SHAK  OIL  continuea  unrivallt-d.  and  ihe 
■ucceiifQl  roiuli.ot  the  )a.t  half  century  havo  proved  be,  ond 
.,ue»c*cm  that  it  i.  endowed  wtth  .IngulaTl,  nourUblng  powers 
la  lb*;  gfonrib  and  rotoratloa  ol  the  humaD  hair-  and  when 
twry  other  knowo  kpccidc  has  fMlbd,  it  prr.erve*  aiMrrenro 
dttc«  the  h»ir—provent»lt  from  turi.iDttgray.or,  it  nochauied 
rettercs  It  to  iu  origlnftl  colour- frc<ii  U  from  icnrf-rendors 
n  »oU,  liJky,  curly,  and  glyiiy— and  retalnii  It  In  curl  antl 
«!*'«■  decorauve  form  unafr';cted  by  the  »aria»ioii»i  of  the  atrno- 
•  jbere,  or  the  eff.rote  of  the  crowded  MHombly^factii  abun- 
lUmUj  proved  by  oumeroa*  teMlmonlald.  Por  children.  It  U 
•>*t>ec)alljr  recommended,  aa  forming  thu  ban  In  of  a  beautiful 
n*mil  ot  balr,  and  readerlng  the  u*e  of  the  bn«  comb  utinofie-t- 
«W7.  ThU  oil  Is  the  friend  of  both  ftoxe*,  fur  while  it  oddi  to 
tiu  charm*  of  female  beauty,  It  euh«nci:i  the  ({r"Cf;i  of  man- 
w>M),  b>  (ifoduclnK  wrjUkeri*,  mouatMcbton,  Ac,  Prlc<-  3a  V.d. 
-ltd  It.  ;  or  Inmhy  bottles  (e'lpjol  Ut  (our  nm%U)  at  Vtt.  e,d.  • 
*M  doible  that  kU",  2I«. 

C*0Ti»?<.— On  the  wrapper  of  cacli  bottle  are  tho  wordi, 
**'^"*"1»*  M*<«"«rOII,  In  two  lines;  the  •ame  ore  engraved 
Oi  Ihe  back  of  iha  wrapp-:r  nearly  IMO  tlme»,  nontnlninir 
'i*.m  Ie't«ri._.Sold  by  A.  ROWLAND  ^  »oNrt,  20,  UaUon 
liirwD,  L  'DdoD  ;  and  by  all  cbemliu  and  perfumer*. 


TjESTIMONIAt. 

From  Mr.  J.  Farrah.  Gardener  to  Boswell  Middleton  Jalland, 
JSsq  ,  of  Eoldemess  JSoitse,  near  Suit. 

"I  have  had  400  feet  of  your  Gutta  Petcr.a  Tub'ug  (in  lengths 
of  100  teet  each,  with  union  joint)  hi  use  for  the  last  twelvemonths 
for  toaterhig  these  garden.^,  and  I  find  it  to  answer  better  than  a7iy- 
thing  I  have  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  the  water  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  the  slightest  efffot  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  valuable  invention 
for  Gardeners,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gardens 
in  about  one-baif  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour  for- 
merly required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 
OF    WATER. 

The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superioiity  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor. 
taut  coDbideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  irom  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  hii;bly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gulta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following— 

Testimonials. 
From  C.  Hacker,  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  the  Duhe  of 
Bedford,  ffobui-n  Pai-k. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  1852. 
"Gentlemen, — In  answer  to  your  inquiries  respecting  the 
Gutta  PerchaTuhing  for  pump  suctions  (after  two  years'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  afftcted  it  in  the  least,  although 
it  will  eat  lead  through  in    two  years;    we  have  adop'ed   it 
largely,  both  on  account  of  beint:  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job." 

From  Sir  Raymond  Jarvis,  Bart.,  of  Vcntnor,  hie  of  Wight. 
•'  Ventu'T,  March  10,  1852. 
"Geotlemon,— In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  this  morning 
respecting  the  Gutta  Peiiha  Tubing  for  Pump  Service,  I  can 
state,  with  much  satisfuetion,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
bulldtr.t,  and  other  perhous,  have  lately  examined  it,  and  there 
is  no'.  the  least  apparent  difference  since  the  brat  laying  down, 
now  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  It  is  to  he  adopted 
generally  in  the  boU'>es  that  aro  bL-ing  erected  here — building 
going  on  to  a  conhidi-rable  exien'. 

"  I  am,  Gcutlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  R.  Jabvis, 
"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  fixing  the 
tube  to  the  pump  barrel.  The  j.lumber  employed  being  averse 
to  the  j(»b,  did  not  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  tlio  tube  ; 
otherwiKO,  curetuDy  urrangud,  there  is  no  question  It  supcr- 
mdv*  lend  or  any  Kind  of  metal  jtlpes.  11.  J." 

From  WWiam  Bird  Uerapath.   Esq..  M.R.C  S.,   Surgeon  to  St. 
I'ctcr'a  and  QufCn  Elizabeth's  UoipitaU,  Bristol. 

"  tioploiiibor,  1860. 
I  havo  used  Gutta  Percha  an  a  lining  to  a  clBtirn,  with 
tubing  of  the  sumo  material,  to  couddot  tho  water  into  my  dls- 
[t'-niftry  ;  timy  aiiswur  admirably.  At  lirHt  some  disaKreoablu 
(iavour  wuH  commuiiiouied  to  ihe  water,  but  It  «oon  dUap- 
pcar'jd, 

"  My  plumhnr  rofidlly  loarnt  the  modo  of  manugiux  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 


TO    ALL    PERSONS    OF    TASTE. 
l\/rR.  MECHI,   4,   Leadenhall-street,   invites   public 

-L»J-  attention  to  his  display  of  Elegaucies  suirable  for  use  or 
for  presentation.  Thone  who  inspected  Mr.  Mechi's  displav  of 
manutactures  at  the  Great  Exhibition,  will  be  able  to  torm  a 
proper  e-timate  of  the  general  style  and  quality  of  bis  produc- 
tions. He  has  endeavoured  to  combioe,  for  those  who  study 
economy,  cheapness  with  elegance,  and,  in  fact,  to  give  to  the 
cheapest  article  he  manufactures  a  pleasing  form  and  style 
For  instance,  the  ShiUing  Penknives  and  Sixpenny  Tooth^ 
brushes  are  as  useful  in  their  class  as  the  SO-guioea  Driissine- 
case.  The  external  and  internal  fittings  of  his  Premises  have 
been  much  improved,  so  as  to  harmanise  more  completely  with 
the  progressive  elegance  of  his  stock,  and  have  been  designed 
and  earned  out  under  bis  immediate  plan  and  direction, 
ELEGANCIES  FOR  PRESENTATION,  Xc. 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen's  Dressing-cases  from  17s.  Gd.  to  200i.  • 
Work-boxes  from  lOa.  to  401. ;  Envelope-cases  from  6a  to  7£*  • 
Writing-desks  from  105.  to  551.,  and  an  iutinite  variety  of 
articles  in  Papier  MSclie. 

LEADING  ARTICLES  FOR  EVERY-DAY  USE, 
Table  Cutlery  of  every  description  ;  Razord,  Scissors  Pen- 
knives, flair.  Nail,  and  Tooth  Brushes,  Combs,  Electro-plated 
Forks  and  S,.oonB  ot  very  superior  character  and  finish.  Illus- 
trated Catalogues  gratis.— N.B.  All  articles  of  Cutlery,  die, 
ground  and  repaired  on  the  premises  daily. 


Thread 

King's 

Pattern. 

Pattern. 

.    Sii. 

..    363. 

.     6»s. 

..    58s. 

.     563. 

..    62s. 

.     65s. 

..     70s. 

.     70s. 

..     75s. 

;ks,  ifcc, 

ac  proper. 

-yHE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER  — 

X  The  REAL  NICKEL  SILVER,  introduced  15  years  aeo 
by  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  when  plated  by  the  patent  process 
of  Messrs.  Elkington  and  Co.,  i.s  beyond  all  comparison  the 
very  best  article  next  to  sterling  silver  tliat  can  be  employed  as 
such,  either  usefully  or  ornamentally,  as  by  no  possible  test 
can  it  be  distinguished  from  real  silver. 
Fiddle 
Pattern. 

Tea-spoon=,  per  dozen  18s.    . 

Dessert  Forks      „  30*.     . 

Dessertspoons    „         30s,    . 

Table  Forks  „  40s.     . 

Table  Spoons        „  40s.     . 

Tea  aiid  Coffee  Sets,  Waiters,  Candlesticks^ 
tionate  prices.    All  kinds  of   replating    done  by'  tbe'^patent 
process. 

CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fiddle.      Thread.    King's. 
TableSpoons&  Fork8,fuUHize,p.doz.l23.     ...     28s.     ...     30s. 

Dessert  ditto  and  ditto  10s.     ...    21s.       '     25s 

Tea  ditto    5s.     ...     lis.     ..'.    12s'. 

-pHE    BEST    SHOW  of   IRON    BEDSTEADS    in 

J.  ihe  KINGDOM  is  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S.— He  has 
added  to  his  Show-rooms  two  very  large  ones,  which  are  de- 
voted to  the  exclusive  Show  of  Iron  and  Brass  BfcdsteadH  and 
Children's  Cots,  with  appropriate  Bedding;  and  Mattresses. 
Many  of  these  are  qaite  new,  and  all  are  mai  ked  in  plain 
figures,  at  prices  proportionate  to  those  that  h-ive  tended  to 
make  iiis  establishment  the  most  distinguished  in  this  country. 
Common  Iron  Bedsteads  from  12s.  Gd.  ;  Portable  Folding  Bed- 
steads  trom  13s.  Gd. ;  Piitenc  Iron  bedsteads,  fitted  with  dove- 
tail joints  Hud  patent  Backing,  from  16s.  Gd.  ;  and  Cots  from 
20s.  each  ;  handsome  ornamental  Iron  and  Brass  Bediiteuds  in 
great  variety,  from  3i.  5s.  to  3U. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW- 
ROOMS (all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  de- 
voted solely  to  the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRON- 
MONGERY (includiug  Cu'ltry,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated,  and 
Japanned  Wares,)  so  arranged  and  classified  that  purchasers 
may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  tper  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD-STREET    (corner  of  Newman-street);  Noa.  1 
and  2,  NEWMAN-STREET;  and  4  and  5,  PERRY'S-FLACE, 
ESTABLISHED  A,D.  1820. 


Every  variety  of  Outtu  Poroba  GootJii  may  bo  had.  Monufac- 
turwd  l.y  the  Oiitta  IVrehfi  Coinpnny,  Piituntc)i<t,  London;  and 
"Old  ut  the  Wholc^ato  Cily  Di-i.ot  of  Mo. urn.  Hukokbh  iin'l  Krr, 
103,  Nowguto-Btrcot,  why  nlll  forward  LUts  of  I'rlccB  ou 
aiJpUcatloD. 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  SCHOOL.—The  care 
of  the  Hair  in  Infants  and  young  children  is,  by  ioe,v- 
perienced  motbers  and  nurses,  too  little  regarded.  No  mistake 
can  be  more  injurious  than  the  supposition  that  neglect  in  this 
particulsr  can  continue  with  impunity.  The  seudf  of  strength 
or  weakness  are  laid  in  the  nursery  ;  and  the  majority  of  the 
fine  flowing  ringlets,  or  bald  heads  of  after  yf  ar^,  iire  traceable 
to  tbis  early  period.  OLDRIUGIS'S  BALM  OF  COLUMIUA, 
long  celebrated  for  its  genial  and  iovigoratiQi;  qualities  in  pro- 
moting and  restoring  tlie  growth  of  tho  hair,  i^  peculiarly  fitted 
for  applicuLion  during  tlio  tender  years  of  infancy  and  child- 
hood j  and  no  nursery  or  school,  where  personal  advauages 
are  held  in  any  estimation,  sbould  be  without  it.  For  Clunnsing 
the  Hair  the  Balm  is  most  valuable,  as  it  efl'ucta  this  essential 
object  on  the  first  application,  and  immeiiiutoly  removes  the 
scurf.  Pur  Einbcllis-hing  the  Hair  the  Balm  is  pre-eminent. 
A  smooth,  ricii,  and  beautiful  appeiirance,  with  a  gentle  wave, 
or  glossy  ringlets,  full,  luxuriant,  and  gracelul,  bumt;  ihe  ad- 
mirable results  ot  Its  use.  Sold  by  all  rmiijieutublo  Chemists, 
Perfumers,  and  Statiouera,  Prico  83.  Gd.,  (is.,  and  Us.  per 
bottlo  ;  no  other  prices  are  genuine.  Ask  lor  "  Oldridgo'd 
Balm,"  and  never  be  persuaded  to  use  any  other  article  as  a 
Bubsiitute.—lH,  Wollington-Btreot  North,  seven  doors  uorlh  of 
the  Strand,  London. 

ALLSOPP'S  PALE  AND  BITTER  ALES.— The 
-  recent  disqulHllIonti  on  tho  components  of  "  Palo  Ale  or 
Bitter  Beer"  have  given  ucuaslou  to  u  runuvval  trom  all  quarCors 
of  tliot'O  rticommendatlotm  of  tho  Fneulty  whicli  origluully 
((uvo  the  start  to  Us  great  popuhiriry  In  this  ottuntry.  A 
ri'giMtry  of  cortlficatos  from  Iho  mos'.  eminent  Pbjalidins,  as 
well  as  a  llHt  of  the  ugentit  uuthorlt>od  for  the  sale  of  Alltopp'a 
Palo  Alet  (ho us  to  preclude  tlia  poHHibllli.y  ot  adulturalloi),  and 
injure  a  conBtuiit  Hiipply  of  this  oelebra:cd  bevenige)  may  be 
obtained  from  tho  IJrowury,  Hurtoii-on-Tront ;  aud  tho  vaiioua 
brunch  olUuea  ot  MuHHrs.  AllHopp  und  Sons,  lu 
London  utOl,  King  Wm.-st.,  City  j  BiHMfNOUABi  ut  Markot  RnU 

LiVKKi-ooL  at  Oook.strrot     UuDLKY  at  tho  Hyl.  Brewery 

MAMODBt>Tt:a at  Duole-pluou  |  OhAtOitvi.  115,  St.  Viuuout-8t, 

DojiLiH ot  Ulster  Ohamburs,  I>umu-Btireot, 


333 


THE     G.IRDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


|nd 


AGRICULTURAL     GA.ZETTE.         [May  22. 


GAKDEN  ENGINES,  SYRINGES,  &c.,   &c.,  npon  tie  most  Improved  Principles. 


/ 


MAKHFACTOBED  ONLY  BY 


RICHARD    READ, 

INSTRUMENT  MAKER  (BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT)  TO  HER  MAJESTY, 

35,  REGENT  CIRCUS,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON. 

CAUTION.— InfltrumeDts  of  tbe  very  commonest  deBcription  being  extensively  circulated  throuu'hout  the  Kingdom,  and  Bold  as 
"  KEAU*6  ! "  please  observe  that  none  are  genuine  except  stamped  with  the  Royal  Arms  and  "  READ'S  PATENT." 

*^*  A  liberal  Discount  allowed  to  Seedsmen,  Florists,  <S:c.,  <tc. 


C  0  T  T  A 


ANB      HALLE  N, 


2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


APPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,   containing    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,   and   Prices   of 
Hand. glass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hurdles 
Garden  Chairs 


ConBcrvatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Founlains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Sjringes 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pota 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 

IRON'  BURDXiZS,  STRAXXO-ED  "^XTIRC  FBIfCinrG,  GB.ni&  XTSTTIirG,  &.C. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITION  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND    ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


OHN   WARNER   AND    SONS,- 
Ceescent,  Jewin  Street,  London, 

MANDFACTDEEftS  OF 
FIRE   ENSINES,  GARDEN 

ENGINES.  AND  SYRINGES, 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 
GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
J  IS    strongly  recommended    for    dur- 
-  ability  and  low  price,  viz. : — 
£3     0     0 


May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 


WHITSUNTIDE    HOLIDAYS. 
'T'HE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

-*~  PARK,  are  open  to  ViBitors  daily.  The  CollectiDn 
^'l^^o*'"*^^'"^  upw:.rda  of  1500  specimens;  a  fine  Series  of 
T^T  PPM    VT^  having  been  added  to  the    HIPPOPOTAMUS, 

All  IT'  '^  Calf,  and  other  rare  animals,  during  the  winter. 
ViTrJifli'^l,^  ^""^  "°"  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's  coUection  of 
HUMMING  BIRDS,  without  any  estra  charge. 

The  BAND  of  the  1st  LIFE  GUARDS  wilt  perform,  by  per- 
miseionof  Cul.  Hail,  on  every  SATURDAY,  at  Four  o'clock, 
until  further  notice.— Admission,  Sixpewcb  evbby  dat  in 
Whitbuh  Week,  except  Saturday. 


MCCORMICK'S   AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London, — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Report  on  the  Agri. 
cultural.  Implpm-nt  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  "Mr. 
M'Coemice's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  eince 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira. 
lion  of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Husse.v's  someiimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechui-ch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS, "and  Conservatory  and  Hothoaae  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efEcacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  bv  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  vporks  they  have  executed,  references  of 
tbe  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars 
furnished  on  application. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawings  and  Prices,  sent  on  receip' 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  WEIGHBODR  and  SON,127,  High 
Holborn,  London. 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight.  Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.Neigbbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbaur."— J.  S.  Payne. 
(See  tlie  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nob.  169.  170J. 
Agents. — Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury, Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow:  Austin  and 
McAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmoudson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 


SaU5  &2  S[uction* 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
ly/I  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  selj 
^  -*-  bv  Ai]ction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  WED- 
NESDAY, May  26tb,  1852,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  a 
first.rate  collection  of  DAHLIAS;  the  newest  varieties  of 
FUCHaiAS.  VERBENAS,  CALCEOLARIAS,  CLIMBING 
and  other  ROSES;  also  GERANIDMS,  and  other  Plants  ia 
Bloom,  with  a  large  assortment  of  useful  and  ornamental 
Plaats  for  Bedding.  May  bo  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale. — 
Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auotioneera,  American 
Nursery,  Leytonatone,  Essex. 

TO  TULIP  FANCIERS,  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS, 

AND  OTHERS. 
|\/rESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
^'J-  directed  by  Mr.  Mowatt  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  opposite  the  Model  Prison,  Caledonian-road,  King's- 
crosB,  on  MONDAY.  May  24th,  at  1  o'clock  (in  consequence  of 
the  land  being  required  lor  building  purposes),  the  whole  of 
bis  choice  collection  of  TULIPS,  consisting  of  several  beda, 
amongst  which  are  many  new  varieties  and  seedlin?  breeders  ; 
also  several  variegated  American  Aloes,  Lilies,  Gladiolus,  Ac, 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale;  Catalogues  may  be  had  on 
the  premises  ;  of  tbe  principal  Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of 
the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

MESSRS.   LODDIGES'   FIRST    SALE. 

HARUY  CONIFERS, 

WHICH    HATE    BEEN    REMOVED    FOE    THE    CONVENIENCE    OP 

PDRCHASEBfl. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  aeU  by  Auction,  at  his- 
Greai  Room,  38.  K-ng-street,  Covent  Garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY. 25th  May,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  the  entire  collection  of ' 
HARDY  CONIFERS,  IN  POTS,  and  well  suited  for  imme- 
diate planting;  they  comprise  many  new  and  rare  species, 
with  good  specimens  of  the  most  ornamental  kinds.  May  be 
viewed  the  day  prior  and  morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

ORCHIDS  FROM  THE  EAST  AND  WEST   INDIES,, 

AND  A  NEW  CONIFER  FROM  SOUTH  AUSTRALIA. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  28th  May,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a  Collection  of 
ORCHIDS  FROM  THE  EAST,  imported  some  months  since, 
and  now  in  a  healthy  and  growing  state,  including  40  plants 
of  Vanda  Casrulea ;  22  of  a  new  Dendroblum,  in  the  way  of 
Nobile;  30  Aerides  aflSae  ;  12  of  Vanda  teres,  and  many  othe? 
favourite  varieties  ;  also  an  Importation  from  South  America, 
comprising  Cattleya  Mossiae  superba.  and  other  Cattleyas  ; 
Oncidium  papilio,  &c. ;  some  Guatemala  Orchids,  the  sale 
proceeds  of  which  will  be  presented  to  the  Gardeners' 
Benevolent  Institution ;  and  a  few  plants  of  a  new  Conifer 
from  South  Australia,  presumed  to  be  hardy.  May  be  viewed 
on  tbe  morning  of  sale,  and  Oatalogaes  had. 

SALE    OF    CHOICE    TULIPS. 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  on  the- 
preminea,  North-street,  Poplar,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
May  2C,  at  12  o'clock,  a  choice  Collection  of  TULIPS,  the  pro- 
perty of  Mr.  Dark,  comprising  Beteral'd  Brulante  Eclatanie, , 
Louis  XVI.,  Strong's  King,  Camuse  de  Craix,  Browu's  Ulrsses,. 
Lord  Brougham,  Thalia,  Duke  oi  Devonshire,  Jeffery's  Eliza- 
beth, Rose  Magnificent,  Zuill's  Flora,  Lady  Stanley,  Queen  or 
the  Bizarres,  Reid's  Prince  Albert,  Richard  Cobden,  Helen 
Faucit,  Gibbons*  Emperor,  Thomas  Brown,  Dark's  Don  Cos- 
sack, Dangerous,  Voltaire,  Samson,  Lady  Flora,  Marshal 
Soult,  Midway,  Water  Witch,  Manfred,  ic. ;  also  a  qaantity- 
of  newly  broken  flowers. — May  be  viewed  two  days  prior  %o 
Sale.  Catalogues  had  on  the  premises  ;  City  of  Canton, 
Poplar;  White  Swan,  West  Ham;  and  of  the  Aaciioneer^ 
Shacklewell. 

NEW&  MOST  SCARCE  CONIFEROUS  PLANTS, 
SPECIES  ARTHROTAXUS. 

MAULE  AND  SONS  beg  to  inform  the  lovers  of 
rare  Plants,  that  Mr.  STEVENS  will  vffer  to  public 
competition,  at  his  Sale  Room,  King-street,  Covent  Garden, 
May  28'h,  on  the  same  day  as  the  Vanda  cEaruleas  and  other 
Orchids  are  sold.  Eight  Plants,  being  the  entire  stock  of  this 
new  and  rare  CONIFEROUS  PLANT,  which  has  stood  the  test 
of  the  last  winter,  and  will  in  all  probability  prove  hardy  : 
also  a  few  Plants  of  Artbrotaxus,  Saliginoides,  or  Imbricata. 
The  original  plant  of  each  variety  will  be  exhibited  to  show  the' 
habit  ot  growth  of  this  most  valuable  and  quite  new  class  of 
Plants,  the  former  of  which  has  never  before  reached  Europe. 
Stapleton  Road  Nurseries,  Bristol. 


TO    NURSERYMEN    AND    FLORISTS. 

PARTNE  RSHIP. — A  young  Man,  having  no  previous 
knowledge  of  the  business,  wishes  to  purchuse  a  share  in 
a  concern  where  he  could  attend  to  the  books  and  undertake- 
oiher  ligiit  duties.  Capital  about  5001.,  or  more  couid  be 
advanced,  it  required.— Direct  to  A.  B.,  30,  NorfoUi-street, 
Strand,  London. 


MANUFACTURERS 

BV 

SPECIAL 


APPOINTMENT 

TO 

THE    :Q  U  E  E  N* 


Obtained  live  Prize  Medal,  Great  Exhibition,  1851. 

NEW  FRENCH  CHOCOLATES.— Chocolats  de  la 
Reine  Victoria,  du  Prince  Albert,  and  other  varieties 
a  la  Frangaise.  Important  directions  are  enclosed  in  each 
package. 

Chocolats  Pastilles,  Chocolat  de  Voyage,  and  FRY  Ani> 
SONS'  other  Bon  Bons,  are  delicious  and  nutritious  condi- 
ments. They  confidently  recommend  these  Chocolates  as  com- 
bining the  results  of  the  most  refined  foreign  taste,  that  rich- 
ness and  delicacy  of  flavour,  with  that  ptcuiiar  softness  on 
the  palate  which  is  rarely  to  be  met  with.  S  ild  by  Tea 
Dealers,  Grocers,  and  Confectioners,  of  whom  FRYS  Church- 
man's and  other  Cake  Chocolates,  .their  Patent  Soluble,  Homoe- 
opathic, and  other  Cocoas  may  be  obtained.  j     *  j 

Their  elegant  French  Chocolates  are  particularly  adapted 
for  presents.  See  their  Pamphlet,  "containing  tuH  direcUons 
(or  preparing  these  articles  for  the  table,  an  account  of  the 
i^ocoa  tree,  Liebig'e  analyses  of  Cocoa,  showing  its  adaptation 
tv.r  human  tood,  &c.  «bc.."  to  be  obtained  gratis  where  Fet 
and  S»N8*  ariiclea  are  sold;  or  on  application,  personaUy  or 
by  letter,  at  12,  Union-street,  BristoL 


Printed  by  Wuliam  BsAfBUBT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wobnrn-placfc  in  the 
parish  of  St.  fancras,  and  FaKD-aicK  Mui,i,btt  LvANa.  of  .>o.  /.  Church- 
row  Stohe  NewiuKton  both  In  the  County  or  aiiddlesex  Printers,  gt  Ibeir 
OfflceTu  U^b .Xtr'eet,  in  the  Freci.ct  of  Wh  -efrmr.  in  the  City  of 
London;  and  publiehed  by  them  at  the  office,  No.  5,  Cbarlea-street.  in 
the  pariBb  of  St.  Paal'a,  Co  Tent  garden,  in  ibe  eald  County,  where  all 
AdTcrtieementa  and  CommunicatLonB  are  to  be  AOD&Esais  lo  tqb  Eoitob 
— Sa*ubdat,Mat  22,  1852. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  Oeneral  News -The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Llndles^. 


No.  22—1853.] 


SATUEDAY,  MAY  29. 


[pRXCir  ^d': 


Agri.  Society  of  Endlatid.., 

—  —      ol  Ireland  .., 

Ants,  tok  II 

AzEtleas,  Mr.  Lane's   ■ 

Barker,  the  late  Mr 

Bee,  early  *prm<  wild  ...., 

Bonorden'ri  Mycology 

Books  received 

Brassicsf,  ^arihios  up  ••••■ 

Broccoli,  tinpular  ,. 

Butter,  10  mafee  , 

Cabbages,  eaithiagup 

Calatbea  dietillatorja  ..... 
Caledoaian  Hort.  Society.. 
Calendar,  horticultural 

—  af^icultur>il 

Caaliflowera,  culture  of 

Clarke's  Fen  Sketches 

Cinerarip,  hArdmeis  of.,., 

ClimntP.  

Cooifere.  saleof .,.,.. 

Copj'hold  tenure 

Draining,  clay 

Entomolojjical  Society.... 
Eiperimi-nta,  Mr,  Lawes'  , 
Fen  Sbetcbefl,  by  Clarke,  rev.. .  i 

facusatin^    , 

Gas  from  n'ood 

Goano,  adulterated. 339  6- 

—  new  ,... 


INE 

E5. 

144 

3U  c 
313  a 
341  b 
.1-10  6 
34C  c 
343  a 
311    c 

Hoeing    346 

Horticultural  Society    343 

Irish  Hort.  Sodetv 349 

Lane's  (Mr.)  Nursery    313 

Law     relating      to     copyhold 

tenure  -.     ...., 3-15 

Lavveft' (Mr  ),  experiments  ,.,.  'Mb 
Maltdiyins: 3l9 

343  c 
341   c 
3n  a 
31-2  0 

344  a 
350  a 

Manure.  forfiBin  or  home 

Mycologv,  BoDorUen  on 

Orchard  bouses    

Peal  pulverised   

Plants,  material  for  tyinif   .... 
Plant  shades 

816 
342 
341 
346 
344 
342 

349  c 

343  6 
339  e 

344  a 
343  b 

Potatoea,  to  plant  late  

Rats,  poison  for   

Roses,  rhafnodiea  about  

Kotbamftte'l  experiment  a 

Royal  South  Loudon  Floricul 

311 
343 
343 
345 

349  c 
341  b 

S'ephanolisfloribunda 

String,  guttapercha 

341 
344 

TIT 

346 

346  c 

Wood,  gas  from   - 

313 

HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.— 
NOTICE  IS  HEREBY"  GIVEN,  that  the  NEXT 
EXHIBlfloy  of  FLOWERS  and  FRUIT,  in  the  SOCIETY'S 
GARDEN,  will  take  place  on  SATURDAY,  JUNI^  12,  at  2  p.sr. 
Tickets,  price  5s.  each,  can  be  procured  at  this  Office,  upon 
presea'-in^  the  order  of  a  Fellow,  or  on  the  day  of  the  meeiing, 
at  TarahatD  Green,  price  7s.  6d.  each. 
21,  Regent^street,  London. 

THE  ROYAL  GARDENERS*  BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUT  ION. 
The  NINTH  ANNIVERSARY  FESTIVAL,  in  aid  of  the 
funds  of  this  Society,  will  be  celebrated  at  the  London  Tavern, 
Bishopsjate-street,  on  MONDAY,  June  litii,  CHARLES 
DICKENS,  Esq,,  in  the  Chair;  supported  by  the  followiog- 
influential  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen,  who  have  kindly  con. 
seated  to  act  as  Stewards  :— 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 
The  Ri^'ht  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Ellecmere, 
The  Kiijht  Hon.  Lord  Robert  Grosvencr,  M.P. 
The  Baron  Lionel  de  Rothschild,  M.P. 


Sir    John     Y.    B,    Johnston, 

Bart.,  M.P. 
Sir  Brook  W.  Brjdges,  Bart., 

MP. 
Sir  Joseph  PaTton 
J.  L.  Bartiard,  Esq, 
E.  L.  Betta,  Eeq. 
William  Henry  Bodkin,  Esq. 
Joseph  BroTvn,  Esq. 
Pater  Car  hew,  Esq. 
Robert  Haubury,  Esq. 
John  Henderson,  Esq. 
Robert  Steiner  Holf.jrd,  Esq. 

DiNNEE  Tickets,  21s.  each.    The  Gallery  will  be  opened  for 
the  admission  of  Ladies,  Tickets,  33.6d.  each. 

The  Musical  Arrangements  will  be  under  the   direction  of 
Mr.  Genee.  Edwaed  Roqee  Cotlee,  Sec. 

May  29.  97,  Farriiigdon-^treet. 


Henry  Ttioa.  Hope,  E^q.,  M.P. 
George  W,  Johnson,  Esq. 
Charles  Knight,  Esq. 
J.  E.  Lane,  Esq. 
Charles  Lawson,  Eaq.,  jun. 
Thomas  Moson,  Esq. 
6eorj,'G  AVurde  Noroian,  Esq. 
John  Cracs  Steveni,  Esq. 
James  Thomson,  Esq. 
James  Thome,  Esq. 
J.  Iiif,'ram  Travers,  Esq. 
C.  B..  Warner.  Esq. 
Alderman  Wilson. 


THE  ROYAL  GARDENERS'  BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION.— Notice  is  Heeeey  Givew,  That  the 
Half-yearly  General  Meetinp  of  the  Members  of  this  Society 
will  take  place  at  the  HORTICULTURAL  SOCTE  IT'S 
KOOMS.  No.  21,  REGENT-STREET,  on  WEDNESDAY,  the 
3(liH  JUNE,  for  the  purpose  of  Electing  Two  Pensioners  on 
the  Fauds  of  the  Instimiion. 

The  Chair  to  be  taken  at  Twelve  o'CIock  precisely. — The 
BalM  will  close  at  TWO  o'CIock  precisely. 

«7,  Farriogdon-street,  May  29.  Eow.  R.  Cutleb,  Sec. 


EXTRA  GRAND  DAHLIA  AND  HOLLYHOCK 
COMPETITION',  OPEN  TO  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 
— The  Nurserj  men  of  Scotland  who  originated  the  above,  beg 
to  intimate  that  it  is  now  arranged  to  take  pl;ice,  throuch  the 
Cdle'tonian  fTortirultural  Society,  at  their  G.^ltDGNS,  INVER. 
LEITH,  EDINBURGH,  on  the  18th  of  SEPTEMBER  next, 
when  Four  Silvtr  Cups  (one  of  which  in  ^iven  by  the  Caledoni  in 
Horticulturut  Sociuty),  with  other  Prizes,  will  be  awardtd. 
Pall  particulars  and  conditions  of  Compeiition  will  hereafter 
appear  In  Ihtlr  Schedules  and  Advertisements. 

As  it  is  detlrable  that  the  other  Prizes  ofl'sred  should  be  as 
lirge  and  numtroui  afl  possible,  Subficriptions  for  that  purpose 
are  a'^liclted,  and  will  be  received  by  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  Geeiq, 
of  Jamks  Diceioh  and  Sows,  Hanover-street,  Edinburgh  :  or 
the  Secretary.  Mr.  BANDAavDe,  Muxielburgh. 


rpHE   CHELTENHAM   AND   COUNTY   OF 

X     GI-OU(;KDTKIt  MONrfTER  EXIirUITION  (»F  U-^EFUL 
AND  ORNAMENTAL  POULTRY,  tit  tho  Royaf.  Old  Wells 
CurLTXWHAM    on   TiiUUHOAY,  th'j  ^n  of  JUNE,  18^2. 
OPEN    TO    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM, 

U.IDEE  TIIR  PaTEOKAOE  OF 

The  Loed  Liedtkwant  of  tub  Coontt  op  Glodcestee, 
The  WoEsriippuL  the  Matoe  op  Gliidckstee, 
The  Lord  or  the  Manoe  op  CriELTExiiAM, 
TiiE  Rev,  F.  Close,  Incumbent  or  CuELTENnAH, 
And   tho   NobilUy,   Clergy,   and   Gentry   of  the  County, 
At  which  Exhibition  will  be  given  lOg  Hovcrolgns  a*  Prlzon. 
Schedule*  to  bo  obtained  on  appllca'.lon  to  the  St-oreturios, 
Menars.  Jcsnop,  Beotiiebh.  Cbdtcnhnm.— Tickets  of  Admjnalitn, 
If  taken  on  or  b«foro  iho  2'J  h  of  May,  34.  dU. ;  after  that  duy,  [>t. 
SabtChpttoDi  o(\Ut.iUi.  Will  tntltNjMubucrlbcr  to  Kour  TIckott 
of  Atlmliilon.     The  Subscription  Bo'^k  to  bu  cloivd  on  Hu'ur. 
day,  tho  IGih  Mny,  1852.    Children,  under  12  joars  of  Eg";, 
Admitted  at  half-price. 

OardeoB  opea  at  12  o'clock.    Manic  cmmoncc  at  2, 


EXHIBITION    OF   AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  that  his 
unrivalled  collection  of  RHODODENDRONS.  AZAI.EAS, 
&c.,  is  now  on  view  at  the  ROYAL  BOTANIC  GARDENS, 
Regents'  Park,  and  may  be  seen  gratis  by  orders  from  members 
of  the  Society. 

His  collection  at  the  Nursery,  comprising  many  thousand 
specimens,  is  also  in  perfection,  and  may  be  seen  gratis. 

The  American  Nursery.  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near  the  Farn- 
horough  Station,  South- Western  Railway,  and  three  miles  from 
Blackwater,  South-Eastern  Railway;  conveyances  may  be 
obtained  ac  either  station. 


EXHIBITION  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS. 
Knap  HiLLNtDESEET,  Woking,  Sdrret.  — The  AMEKICAN 
PLANTS  at  this  Nursery  are  fast  coming  into  bloom,  and  will 
afford  during  the  ensuing  month  of  June  probably  the  grandest 
display  of  flowers  to  be  witnessed  in  this  country.  The  Azaleas 
are  now  in  high  perfection. 

The  Knap  Hill  Nursery  is  near  the  Woking  Station,  South 
Western  Railway,  which  may  be  reached  in  about  40  minutes 
from  the  Waterloo  terminus.  Ail  Trains  stop  at  Woking,  and 
capiial  conveyances  may  be  obtnined  there. 

HosEA  Watebee  begs  to  inform  his  customers  that  he  is  in 
no  way  concerned  with  the  Exhibition  of  American  Plants  in 
the  Botanic  Garden,  Regent's  Park.  The  Nursery  may  be  seen 
daily,  Sundays  excepted,  gratis.— Knap  Hill,  Woking,  29th  May. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

CHOICE     GERANIUMS,    fine     strong    plants.— 
See  names  advertised  in  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  April  3(1, 
10th.  24th,  and  Mav  S-.h.  s.    d. 

25  fine  show  varieties,  225.  ;  or  12  vara,  for  12     (» 

25  superb  and  best  prize  vars.,  35s.  ;  or  12  for      21     0 

12  best  new  vars.  of  last  season         50     (i 

12  fine  fancy  vara.,  9s,  ;  12  superb  fancy  for  15     0 

9  beat  new  fancy  vars.  of  last  season         28     0 

Scarlets  of  best  sorts,  per  dozen,  5s.  to  9s. 

ACHIMENES,  12  best  vara.,  10s. ;  12  fine  vars G     0 

GLOXINIAS,  12  best  vars.,  20s.,  including  Pecoiana, 
Maria  Van  floutte,  and  others,  as  before 
advertised. 

Do.     12  fine  vars 12     0 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  fine  and  select,  50  vars.      ...  45    0 

Do.     25  vars.,  24s. ;  12  vars.  12     0 

Do.     12  extra  choice,  new  and  select         25     0 

STOYE    PLANTS,    fine    and    select,    50    vara.,    65s.; 

25  for  35s. ;  12  for IS    0 

The  DESCRIPTIVE  SPRING  CATALOGUE  supplied  for 
four  penny  stamps  ;  or,  gratis,  to  purchasers. 

Qoods,  cirrlagc  free,  to  London,  or  on  the  Ipswich  and  Nor- 
wich line,  and  extra  plants  presented  with  orders  of  40a.  and 
upwards. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  Stephen  BfioWN ;  or  to 
Bass  and  BaowN,  Sudbury,  Sufl'L>lk. 


N  EW     ROSES. 

WOODLANDS    NURSERY,    MARESPIELD,    NEAR 

UCKFIELD,    SUSSEX, 

QUPERB  NEW  ROSES  OF  1851,  in  pots,  worked 
^^    on  the  Manetti  Stock,  ofl'ered  by  Wn,  Wood  and  Son. 

HYBRID    PERPETUALS.  Each-s.  d. 

Baronne  de  Morel,  delicate  rose  7  6 

Blanche  de  Portemer,  nearly  pure  white      10  G 

Ciipitaine  Charpine,  bright  chcrrj  colour,  shaded  ...  10  G 

C(jmte  de  Bourmont,  deep  rose  ...         .,,     5  0 

Diodore,  a  seedling  from  La  Reine,  shape  and  colour  of 

Coupe  d'Hebe  , 10  6 

Docteur  JuUiard,  crimson  shaded      7  6 

Egerie,  shaded  rose         5  0 

Etendard  du  Grand  Homme,  apricot  shaded         5  0 

Eug'-ne  Sue,  bright  rose,  flowers  as  large  as  Baronne 

Prevost,  euperb         10,6 

General  Bedeau,  bright  red,  fine         5  0 

General  Castellans,  bright  carmine 10  6 

Inermia,  rose,  very  robust        7  6 

Isocrate,  a  seedling  fr^m  La  Reine,  bright  rose,  cupped.,.    7  G 

Joseph  Decaisne,  bright  rose,  of  exquisite  form 10  C 

La  Seduisaute,  brij;hc  red         7  6 

L'Enfantdu  Mont  Carmel,  crimson 7  6 

Leon  le  Quay,  in  the  way  of  Chereau,  but  deeper  red     ...     7  G 

Lion  dcH  Combats,  deep  crimson         7  6 

Madiime   Andty,  blight  rose,   superb,   a  seedling  from 

William  Jesse  5  0 

Madame  Ducher,  delicate  roae  5  0 

Madaoio  Flory,  lilac  rose  7  G 

fliiidame  Hil:ilre,  rose 5  0 

Mada'iie  Sei;;neur,  bright  roae,  fine 5  0 

Mure  de  St.  Louin,  nearly  white,  larga         10  6 

Miss  Jane  Gurolina  Meymott,  deep  flesh  colour,  imbri- 
cated, fine       ...         ...         ...  10  6 

Paluia  de  Ciistttl,  deep  flesh  colour 7  6 

Queen  Victoria  (Paul) 10  G 

Robert  Burns  (Paul),  dark  climber 7  G 

Souvenir  do  lu  Rein<;  dcs  Beiges,  carmine 7  6 

The.y.e  de  St.  Remy       5  0 

Triompho  de  Meaus,  pale  roso  7  G 

BOURBON. 

Arch6vUquo  do  Camhrai,  crimBon      7  6 

Beauifi  Lyonriaise,  liLic  rose,  Huperb 10  C 

Louluo    O'licr,    bright    rose,    form    of    Coupe    d'Hcbi-, 

splendid  7  G 

Mandarin  Chinola,  crimson  shaded 7  G 

Plkforon^  bright  red  ...     5  0 

Houvetiir  do  i'Rmpiro,  crimson  scarlet,  very  aliowy        ...    fl  0 

Houvonlr  de  I'lixpoBltloii,  rich  puce 7  0 

TEA-SCENTED. 

M'idimc  SylvcBfro,  white,  with  yclhjw  ccnT)        C  0 

Miiliinlu  Ogcr,  iollowiah  white,  deeper  cotitro       7  0 

Extra  plants  presented  for  distant  canHagc. 


E     L 


R     G     0     N 

188.  per  dozen. 


I     U     14     S, 


Beck's  Hebe's  Lip, 
„         Symmetry. 
„         Cassandra. 
„        Princeis. 
„         Ruby. 
„        Pain'er. 

Select  show  aorta, 


Beck's  Mont  Blanc,  No.  £i 

,,         Centurion. 

„         Mount  Etna. 
Foquett's  Lalla  Rookha 
Hoyle's  Crusader. 
Beck's  Marc  Antony, 
per  dozen. 


The  above  are  fine  blooming  plants.  Carriage  pauf  ta^ 
London.— Thomas  Rivees,  Sawbridgeworth,  Herts, 

LANDSCAPE    GARDENING. 

MR.  THOROLD,  of  Thorpe-Bower,  near  Norwi^,. 
offers  his  services  as  a  LANDSCAPE  and  ORNAMENTAL  . 
GARDENER,  in  the  highest  style  of  the  art,  including-  Deooira- 
tiona  round  the  House,  Formioe  Water,  Approachea,  Kc- 
turesque  and  Distant  Scenery,  Vistas,  dsc.  ;  correcting  tlso-- 
efforts  of  amateurs,  and  directing  the  practical  execution  of 
works. — Mr.  T,  has  no  connection  with  Nuraerymea  os  &b^ 
trade  whatever. 

SKIRVING'S    IMPROVED    TURNIP    SEEDS. 

WILLIAM  SKIRVING  begs  to  announce  to-  Ms^ 
friends  and  the  public,  that  he  has  fixed  tbe  priee,  for* 
this  season,  of  his  IMPROVED  SWEDE,  and  alflo  the  PORPLS- 
TOP  YELLOW  BULLOCK,  at  9d,  per  lb. 

W.  S.  cau,  with  perfect  confidence,  recommend  these- Turnips  y 
as  being  tbe  best  now  io  cultivation,  in  every  respect,  Tvhetber- 
for  the  greatest  crop,  the  best  quality,  or  for  keeping,  according, 
to  tbe  time  of  sowing.  At  the  same  time  he  begs  to  state  that 
he  has  no  agent  in  town  or  country,  and,  of  course,  is  not- 
accountable  for  the  low-priced  spurioua  Turnip  Seeds  offerisjg- 
under  hia  name. 

All  other  kinds  of  Turnip  and  Agricultural  Seeds  In  general,  ; 
of  the  best  quality,  at  very  moderate  prices.  A  remittanee  03^ 
reference  is  requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 

Queen-square,  Liverpool,  May  29. 

CORNER   OF   HALF   MOON- STREET,  PICCADiLLV: 
T^URNIP  SEEDS.. 

Globes  and  Tankards  or  awts^ 


Yellow  Globe  Mangold  Wurssl 
Long  red  do.  do. 


Purple-top  Swedish  Turnip 
Green-top  do.  do. 
Skirving's  Swedes 
Gibbs'     Green-top    Yellow 

Hybrid 

GRASS  SEEDS  for  Permanent  Pastures  and  Meadows,  aad'- 
all  kinds  of  Agricultural  and  other  Seeds. 

THOMAS  GIBBS  and  CO.,  the  Seedsmen  to-the  "ROYAL 
AGRICULTURAL     SOCIETY     OF    ENGLAND,"    corner     oi  ■ 
Half  MOON-STREET.  Piccadilly. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Roai,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointineit  to  her  Majest''"  > 
and  H.  R.  H.  Princs  Albert.  — ORNAMENTAL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada  j 
Chuia,  b:irnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese,  ShieldraUes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadnall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  Divers,  Caroliua  Ducks,  &c-,.. 
domeatica'edand  pinioned  ;  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Mal>iy, 
Po'and.  Suirey,  and  Doriiing  Fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and-' 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs ;  and  at  3,  Half-mooa.- 
Passage.  Gracechurch-street,  London. 


O  LIGHT    WASH,    for    effectually    destroying    th©^ 

^^  Thrip,  Mealy  Bug,  Green. fly,  and  other  Insects  on  Roses  ■ 
and  other  Plants,  giving  them  a  healthy  and  luxuriant  appear- 
ance ;  with  directions  for  use.  To  be  had  in  bottles  at  2*.  Gd, 
each,  of  J.  M  ANLEY(iate  Hembery)  at  his  English  and  Foreign- 
Fruit  Wareh  luse,  41,  Watlinn-slreet,  Cheapside,  London ; . 
noted  house  (or  genuine  Orange  and  Lemon  Juice,  so  mach^ 
recommended  by  the  faculty  for  Gout,  Rheumatism,  (be. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS— 
Horticulturists,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Puisuits; 
are  invited  to  examine  DBANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.'S  extenaiwa 
Stock  of  GARDE.MNG  and  PRUNING  INPLEMENTS,  best 
Loudou-made  Garden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dolo., 
Garden  Seata  and  Chairs. 
AveruDcators 


Garden  Scrapers 
Axes  Gidnej'a     Prussian 

Bagging  Hooks  Hoe 

Bills  Grape  Gatherers  & 

Borders,       various       Scissors 

patterns  Gravel  Rakes    and 

Botanical  Boxes  Sieves 

Hoyd'sP^teutScythe  Greeahouse     Doors 
Brown's  Patent  Fu-      and  Frames 

migator  Hammers 

Ciisesof  Pruning  In-   Hand-glass  Frames 

struments  Hay  Knives 

Daisy  Rakes  Horticultural  Ham- 

Dibbles  mer^  &  Hatchuta 

Draining  Tools  Hot-s  of  every  pat- 

Edging    Irons    and       tern 

Shears  Hotbed  Handles 

Flower  Scis'tors  Ladies' Set  of  Tools 

„        Sriinda     in    Labels,  various  pat- 
Wires  Jj  Iron  ternn,     in     Zim-, 
Fumigators  Porcolain,  «Sic. 
Galvanic      Borders    Liiii^s  and  Reels 
aud    Ptaut   Pro-    Marking  Ink 
tectors                        Muttoclta 
Garden  Chairs  and    Mciiogriipha 
Seuta              Muiiillit)  Wlro 
„     LoojiB                    Milton  Hatchets 
,,    IloUera               Mole  Traps 
DEANE,  ORAY,  AND  00.  are  solo  Agents  for  LINGIIAM 
PEItAIANKNT  LABELS,  fumploft  of  which,  with  their  lUus". 
tratod  LlHt  of  Hor'icultu>«l  Tools,  can   bo  f-unt,  post  paid,  to, 
any  pail- of  the   United  Kin^'doin.     Also,  WholoHitlo  and  Retail 
Agouta  for  SAYNOR'.S  c-jh.-brattd   PRUNING  KNIVES,  used. 
oxoluHlvt  ly   by  the  iUnt  (Jardcnors  lu  tho   United  Kingdom.—. 
DEANIO,  DRAY,  ds  CO.  (Opening  to  tho  Monument),  Loiidya." 
brldgf, 


Mowing  MachiDes- 
Pickaxes 
Potato  Forks 
Pruning  Bills 

J,    Knivea^variottS'^ 

,,    Saws 

„     Soissora 

„    Shears 
Rakes  in  great  Ta*.. . 

riety 
Reaping  Hooks  , 
Scythes 
Scythe  Stones 
Shears,  various- 
Sickles 
Sickle  Saws 
Spades  and  Shovels 
Spuds 

Switch  Hooka 
Thistle  Hooka 
Triinsplanting  'Soola. 
Trowels 
Tuifiiig  Irons 
Wnll  Nails 
Wtitering  pots 
Weed  Hooka 
Whiolbiirrows 
Youths' Set  of  Tools 


GLASS    MILK    PANS. 


TAMES  PHILLIPS  AND  CO.,  116,  BISHOPS- 
"  GATB-STKEET  WITHOUT,  BEGl  TO  INFORM  THEIR 
PRIEND3  THEY  ARE  PREPARED  TO  SOPPLY  GLASS 
MILK  PANS  THE  SAME  SIZE  AS  THE  FOREIGN  ONES, 
BUT  SUPERIOR  IN  COLOUR,  MAKE,  AND  QUALITY,  AT 
2s.  EACH,  OR  2l3.  PER  DOZEN. 
IE  A  LARGE  QUANTITY  ARE  TAKEN  A  DISCOUNT 

WILL  BE  ALLOWED. 

LORD    CAMOY'S   MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 

GLASS  CREAM  POTS,  Ac.  Ac. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
Biiiish  Manufacture,  at  prices  varjiag  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  tliouRand 
feet  of  wliicli  are  kept  ready  pacited  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
CLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London, 

See  Gardeners'  Chroniolc  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


G  LASS. 

THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  ns  well 
as  cheaper.    Iq  lOO-feet  bosea  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6.^  by  4^      Vis.  Qd. 

7  „  5  and    74  by  5*       15     0 

8  ,,  Sand    8    by  5^       15     0 

8  „         6awd    8i  by  6i      17    6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20    0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  larye  Sheetd,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2U.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  Jin.  thick,  best  manufactured. 
In  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot, 

„      „      35    „     ;.  sa.      „ 

„        „        50     , 9\d,      „ 

„         „         75      „       12tZ.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  G-lass  Tiles 
and  SlatBB  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Qlasaes ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopegate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildicgs,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  (fee,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  pplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Aleo  a  tine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tinea  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


'M 


1 » 


Q,RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
^^  London,  having  bad  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
atrtictiou  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  ot 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
fcrentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
conhtlence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scienliOc  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
•application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


--^, 


.=-      ? 


Xf 


TAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Claremont- 
:,.^y''t,'^S\S^^  Kest-road,  has  200  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOX  tS  and  LIGHTS  of  £;11  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  and  ot  well. seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kmgdom. 

HOTHOUSES.  CiJNSBRTATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  England. 

HOTHOUSES, 


ETC, 


GREENHOUSES, 

KOTAL  LETTERS 


MAJESTY'S 


PATENT. 


P  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
i-J  •  King's  Road,  CuELSEA.-The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  ol  these  Structures  having  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  h.  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
1  ateut  Hothouses,  wito  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  I 
Greenhouse  10  ft.  6  inches  long,  12ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  28!.  6s.  8d  • 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long  do.  do..  526  It.,  801,  13s.  Sd.;  28  ft.  B  ins.  long,' 
15  ft  ralter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  Jsc,  7<J.  and  Sd.  per 
foot,  super.  ^ 


r^REEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
^,  .,'^i'j ,'■''""'''■'"  ■'•  ^^''"'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.-A  list  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


J^IQUID    MANURE    conveyed    over 

Land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

HiDEAnLic  Emoineeb,  70,  Steand,  London. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC     RAM. 

Wells  stiNK  and  Boeing  done  in  all  paets 
of  Town  or  Coontet. 


J 


J 


OHN  WARNER   AND    SONS, 

Cbescent,  Jewin  Street,  London, 
manufactdeehb  of 

fire  engrngs,  garden 
Engines,  and  syringes. 


With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
is   strongly  recommended    for    dur- 
ability and  low  price,  viz. : — 
JE3    0    0 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 


WATER  and  MOW  your  LAWNS  with  M. 
WEDLAKE  and  CO.'S  improved  GARDEN  ENGINE 
and  GRASS  MOWING  MACHINES;  and  grind  and  dress, 
ready  for  use,  your  Wheat  into  good  flour  with  their  domestic 
Mill — Ret  pure  Bread  in  spite  of  the  baiter  and  the  doctor.  For 
your  Horse,  bruise  your  Oats;  one  saclt  well  crushed  makes 
nearly  two. — 118,  Fenchurch-street,  London.  A  Pamphlet  on 
cither  operation,  \s.,  free  per  post.  Also,  How  to  make  Hay  at 
half  the  usual  expense,  in  any  county  and  in  any  weather.  Is. 


WATER    YOUR   GARDENS  AND   MANURE  YOUR 
LANDS  WITH   GUTTA   PERCHA   TUBING. 

FARMERS,  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  and  all 
who  have  a  garden,  will  save  a  deal  of  trouble  in  water- 
ing  and  manuring  gardens  or  land,  by  using  Gutta  Percha 
Tubing.  Testimonials  to  its  econoaiy,  eflBciency,  durability 
auti  convenience,  are  being  constantly  received.  Tubing  for 
gardening,  3d.  light;  and  Sid.  to  id.  per  foot  half  inch  bore 
•Stout,  which  is  the  best  and  most  ecoQomical,  copper  branch 
and  rose  complete. 

Braes  or  Gutta  Percha  tTniona  for  attaching  to  Butts  or 
Cisterns.     Spreaders,  Stopcocks,  Jets,  and  Itoses  complete. 

Price  Lists  of  Tubing  can  be  had  or  sent,  on  application  to 
James  Sdeath  and  Company,  at  the  Patent  Gutta  Percha 
Warehouse,  35,  Old-street-rn^d,  London, 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus  : — ■"  Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  m's  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  apade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resistB  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  neceSBary,  us  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  nive  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  hides,  —  Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
and  Sons,  Millbank-streetj  WestmiDSter. 


FOR    WATERING     GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC 

PATENT  VULCANISED    INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPES 


JAMES  LYNE   HANCOCK,   (Sole  Licensee  and) 

^  MANDFACTOaEE,    GOSWELL   RoAD,    LoNDON. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Waterinir  Gardens,  con- 
veymg  Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
O as  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  perfectly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  Is  required.  They  are  particularly 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedingly  useful  ia 
Uwellina-.housea  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  &c. 

Hose  Reels  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  lengths 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac 
tured  by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

JV.B.— Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Roses,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  Hancock, QoswellMewB, 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attention. 


IRON    HURDLES,   FENCING,    ETC. 

QTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Grace  church-street, 

*-^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  beg  to 
inform  their  friends  and  the  public  generally  they  are  now 
manufacturing  Iron  Hurdles,  at  the  following  low  prices  :— For 
sheep,  6  ft,  long  3  ft.  high,  5  bars,  3s.  2d.  each  ;  and  for  cattle, 
6  fc.  long,  3  ft.  3  in.  high,  5  bars,  Zs.  6d.  each. 


TRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING-, 
-L  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  ia 
wrought  and  cast-iron  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  Fob 
Cash.  Price  of  lion  Hurdles,  with  6  bars,  C  feet  long  by 
3  feet  6  inches  high,  havine  dodble  peongs  additional  for 
fixing  in  the  ground,  3s.  U^d.  each.  Estimates,  Drawings, 
&c.,  on  application.— William  Dodds  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
hall-street,  London,  Agents  for  the  sale  of  Ales.  Shanks  and 
Son's  Improved  Grass  Cutting  and  Rolling  Machines. 

ALSO 

ARTIFICIAL  MANURES  of  superior  quality,  at  the  follbw- 
log  very  low  rates  :— Superphosphate  of  Lime,  51.  2s.  6d.  per 
ton  ;  Patent  Manure,  51.  5g.  per  ton  ;  highly-concentrated  faecal 
Manure,  U.  lOs.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Manure,  4f.  10s.  per  ton,  from 
3  to  4  cwt.  per  acre,  amply  sufBcient.  Guttapercha,  coatedand 
lined  canvas  hose  for  liquid  manure  and  farm  purposes. 
Apply  as  above. 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard; 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Not  Galvanised 
5d.  per  yard. 
6id.        ,, 

lOd.         „ 
per  square  fool. 


Galvanised. 
2'1  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard, 
30  in.    „      2  in.    „        9d.        ,, 
36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „ 
48  in.     ,,       2  in.     ,,       Is.  2d.    ,, 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  8  feet  high. 
Is,  6d.  and  2s  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes.— Illustrated  Catalocuea  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox.  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Sklnner-atreet,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 

7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


,  12 


.  10 
.  14 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  21  inched  wide 

2-inch      ,,       strong  ,, 

2-inch      ,,       extra  etrong      „ 
Ig-inch      ,,       light  ,, 

Ig-inch      „      strong  ,, 

l§-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „  ....  14      „  11 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  pricep. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-f"urih.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netiingf>ir  Pbeasantries, 
od.  per  square  foot.     Pat'eros  foruarded  po,-t  free. 

Manufactured  by  BaRNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place. 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  Londonj  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


22— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


339 


CHOICE  CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Young  plants  of 
the  above,  for  flowering  this  autumn,  are  now  ready 
for  sending  out.  Best  sorts,  12s.  per  dozen  ;  good  sorts  for 
plantinff  out,  6s.  and  9j.  per  dozen.  A  Catalogue  may  be  had  ; 
also  an  extensive  atock  of  beddiag-out  plants,  3s.  and  is.  per 
dozen. 
Chandleb  and  SoNg' Nursery.  Wandswirth-roa'l,  Surrey. 

WOODLANDS    NURSERY,    ISLEWORTH. 
(Near  the  Railway  Station.) 

JOHN  DOBSON  respectfully  invites  the  lovers  of 
Floriculture  to  his  EXHIBITION  OF  PELARGONIOMS, 
FUCHSIAS,  CALCEOLARIAS.  Ac.  &c.,  which  will  take 
place  at  bis  K'uneiy  and  Floral  Grounds,  on  Wednesdat  and 
THOBSDiT  next,  June  2d  and  3d,  from  12  o'clock  until  dusk. 

J.  D.'s  varieties  of  Pelargoniums,  which  have  secured  the 
leading  prizes  ac  the  Horticultural  Fetes,  are  now  in  full  bloom, 
and  present  an  unusually  gay  appearance. 

J,  D.'s  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Pelargonium,  so 
favourably  noticed  in  the  Oardenei-a'  Chronic'.e,  sent  on  receipt 
of  eight  stamps,  and  a  Catalogue  of  Plants  for  one  postage 
stamp. 


VICTORIA   REGIA. 

J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  few  fine  strong  Plants  for  Sale  of  VICTORIA  REGIA, 
NymphBea  cceruloa,  Nymphsea  dentata,  Nymphrea  stellata,  &,c. 
As  also  a  splendid  Collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
all  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation  — Flans  and  Estimates 
for  buildiogr  Aquariums  and  all  other  Horticultural  erections. 
J.  Weeks  &  Co.'3  HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  is  well  adapted 
for  Warming  large  Ponds,  for  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heating 
eitMieive  ranges  of  Forcing-bouse, 

HORTIOULTPRE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 

■*'  ryUE  FLOWER  OF  THE  DAY,"  VARIEGATED 

J-  ■SRHANIDM. — This  elegant  plant  proved,  last  season, 
to  be  the  gayest  and  most  attractive  ever  beheld.  The  excellent 
habit  and  beautiful  form  of  the  plant,  and  its  green  and  silver 
leaves,  contrasted  with  the  brilliant  light  scarlet  bloom, 
rendered  it  an  object  of  the  hi;;hest  admiration.  Those  who 
have  not  yet  adopted  it  as  a  bedding  plant,  are  strongly  recom- 
mended to  do  so  this  season,  as  it  is  without  a  rival. 

John  and  Chables  Lee  beg  to  offer  fine  well-eBtabHshed 
plants  at  93.,  12s,  and  18s.  per  dozen.  A  few  large  plants  for 
Yases  at  gs.  Sd.  and  5s.  each. — Nursery,  Hammersmith. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
EMPEROR    STOCK,   a    perennial  species,  and  hardy. 
1100  seeds.  Is. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  6nest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
300  of  the  latter,  Is.  each  paper. 

MT0S0TI3  AZ0RICU3,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  very  beautiful ;  200  seeds,  Is. 

CALENDRINIA  UMBELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 

and  most  brilliant  flowering  of  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds,  Is 

SWEET  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties;  10,000  seeds,  Is. 

f  ayment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps, 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurfleriea,  Northampton. 

STANDISH  AND    NOBLE,    Nuhserymen,    Bagshot, 
Surrey,  have  to  offer  the  following  new  and  select  Plants, 
all  of  which  are  hardy,  except  Azalea  vittata  : 

ABIES  JEZOEN3I3,  seedling  plants,  21s.  each  ;  this  is  one  of 
the  last  novelties  in  Conifera  ;  forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in 
height,  and  of  verv  distinct  character  (very  hardy). 

AZALEA  VITTATA.— A  specimen  of  this  unique  variety 
was  awarded  a  Kaightian  Medal  when  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
cultural Society's  Room  last  April ;  the  ground  colour  of  the 
flower  is  white,  beautifully  striped  with  purple,  after  the 
manner  of  a  Carnation.  It  is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to 
1  foot,  2!s.  each. 

CUPRES3TJ3  F0NEBRIS.— Seedlings,  5s.  to  Sis.  each. 

CEPHALOTaXUS  FORTUNI,  male,  long  leaves,  seedlings 
21».  each. 

CEPHAL0TAXU3  FORTUNI,  female,  short  leaves,  seed- 
lings,  2Is.  each.  These  have  withstood  the  late  frost  and 
drying  windt  withoat  losing  any  of  their  verdure  (very  hardy). 

ILEX  FURCATA,  21s.  each. 
„       M  ACROCARPA,  21s  each. 

QUERCU3  SCLEROPHYLLA,  2l8.  to  42fl.  each. 
INVER3A,  2l3  to  42s.  each. 

3PIR.£A  CALLOSA,  an  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
it  has  large  corymbs  of  rosy  purple  blossoms,  and  is  a  hand- 
some addidon  to  our  shrubbery  plants.    lOs.  6^.  each. 


HUGH  LOW    AND    Co.    have   to   offer   the   under- 
named Plants  : — 
OTAHEITE  ORANGES,  extra  fine,  full  of  bloom,  7s.  Gd.  each 

or  635.  per  dozen.  ' 

SWEET  do.  do.  do.       and  Fruit,  7s.  Gd  each 

DEUTZIA    GRACILIS    (Japan),   one  of  the  prettiest  hardy 

sbmbs  yet  introduced,  weU  adapted  for  early  forcing,  2s.  Gd. 

to  7$.  Gd.  each. 
MIMCLI,  five  new  varieties,  raised  by  A.  Clapham,  Esq.,  of 

8carbf»rough,  the  most  successful  cultivator  of  this  genus 

5».  each,  or  17j  Gd.  the  set.  * 

EPIMEDIOM  RUBRUM.  a  new  and  handsome  hardy  herba- 

ceODB  plant,  with  blood  red  flowers,  7s.  Gd.  each. 
SCARLET    GERANIUM    "THE    AMAZON"    (gee    former 

Ad»ertia€ment),  Bs.  each. 
OXALIS  new  "pecieB  from  the  Pacific  I'lande,  with  charming 

rote-coloured  fl  iwem.  quite  distinct,  7-f.  Gd.  each 
DELPHINIUM  UYBRIUUM,  a  very  fine  variety,  with  deep 

blue  fl  jweri,  3i.  Gd.  each. 
BOCTAaDiA  LEIANTHA,  thia  is  the  fineet  and  roost  distinct 

of  iu   BprciM.  With  beautiful  orange   scarlet  flowers,    well 

iuit«d  for  either  the  greeohouso  or  flower  garden,  Is.  Gd. 

«ftch,  fir  Jii.  utr  dozen. 
OAHTKOLOBICM    CHNEATUM,    a    very    handsome    New 

Holland  plant,  with  large  aplhes  of  orange-coloured  flowers 

»*r>  frc«  bloomer,  8».  6'/.  each.  '  ' 

BRACHVBKMA     ACUMINATA,    an     excellent    conservatory 

chmr>cr,  habit  quite  dUtlnL-t,  (It.wer*  brinht  ncarlet,  5a  each 
SOLLVA    »pecie«,    Swan    River    (Dr-immond;,    a    very   rapid 

cllmbpp,  tor  the  ftrcenhoave,  with   woolly  leavoA  and  bright 

blae  floweri,    Tiblch   »i)pear  during    the    autumn    months 

Z$  Gfl.  each.  ' 

OITLOBIUM  LEAKEANUM  (Swan  River),  a  beautiful  plant 

for  ihc  grcenhoono,  Ci.  rnch. 
AOaCIA,  ihrM  Rpirciei  from  Hwan  Riv«r,  dlBtloct  In  habit  and 

mo*'  ftMjridant  bioomcri,  ^i.  G^l.  each. 
DAVIESlA  .^COLOPENDRiODES,  a   mognlflcent  ipecloi  of 

thi*  fiiiir;h  .'idrnlred  g«nu4,  21*.  each. 
LIKIUH  COLCincUM  {C«iicaim).  of  dwarf  habit,  perfectly 

hardy,  wtfh  'pl^nflid  g'>ld«n  yellow  flowers.  \()k.  Gd.aneh. 
LIBOCeUKUS   CMILEN.SM,  a    h.nd-iornu    Coijlf«r,  from  the 

An'let  of  O'hlll,  and  one  of  the  fincit  Evergreen  TrcfiR  yet 

Inrro^urfid,  6».  to  7f.  t4.  each. 
VSHRENak,  the  best  of  last  year'*  continental  varlotlo*,  &«, 

to  Wi  p>r  dox«;n. 
CIIRY^A.f  TIIEMUM8,        do.       do.       'Ji.  to  12*.  por  dozen. 

P./m&..n  do,  do.         do,       Vit.  to  18*. 

PIII-OXdH,  do.         do.        »*   t..l?#.        „ 

AI»o  a  tcUcUon  of  the  oldur  VirbenoH,  I'eiunlai,  Ltntannn 
FBrh*i.t  i|,ii,„r„pe«,  HeddlogOoroQlumi,  ifcc.  Ac,  at  froii* 
2».  M.  X  .  (i,  per  d-z- n. 

<;i»r."  fi  .^uri«rjr,  London,  May  29. 


NEW    CAMELLIA. 
JACKSON'S  "COUNTESS  OF    ELLESMERE."— 

^  To  be  sent  out  in  the  first  week  of  June,  price  42s.  each  ; 
and  for  every  three  ordered  one  added  gratis.  On  the  8ih  of 
April  last  it  was  awarded  by  the  National  Floricultural  Society 
of  London  a  first-class  Oertificate,  and  received  the  highest 
commendation  ;  it  is  desi:ribed  as  being  of  first-rate  form,  with 
broad  cup|)ed  pet^ils,  of  a  blush  white,  faintly  striped  with  rose 
(see  Gardeners'  CJironide  and  Gardeners''  Journal,  for  report  of 
meeting,  April  17).  It  is  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  May, 
1851,  and  is  again  men'iooed  in  the  "  Florist "  for  this  month, 
as  having  been  exhibited,  and  deserving  to  be  placed  in  every 
collection.  It  has  the  beuutiful  form  of  the  Coup  d'll^be  Rose. 
— Thomas  Jaceson  and  Son,  Nureerymen,  Kingston,  near 
Loudon  (on  the  South  Western  Railway), 


NEW     ROSE  S.— The  foHowing  varieties  are 
fine  healthy  plants  in  pots,  worked  on  the  Manetti  Rose  : 
HYBRID    PERPETUALS.                 Each. 
Blanche  de  Portemer,  when  fully  open  nearly  pure 

white  10s.  Gti. 

Mere  de  St.  Louis,  white  tinted  with  rose,  a  seedling 

from  La  Reine      10  6 

Bugeoe  Sue,  bright  ro^e,  a  seedling  from  Duchess  of 

Sutherland,    with   flowers  as  large  as    Baronne 

Prevost        10  6 

General  Bedeau,  bright  red         5  0 

Graziella  6  0 

Inermis,  rose,  thoroless  and  very  robust         7  6 

I-ocrate,  rose,  tinted  with  salmon,  from  La  Reine  ...    7  6 

Laure  Ramand  5  0 

Louise  Peyroony  ...  5  0 

Lb  Lion  des  Combats,  deep  crimson     7  6 

L'Etendard  da  Grand  Homme 5  0 

L'EleK^inte  Nouvelle  2  6 

L'Eotant  du  Mont  Carmel,  fine  crimson  7  6 

Madame  Andry,  bri^iht  rose,  a  seedling  from  William 

Jesne,  fine    ...         5  0 

Madame  Hilaire,  rose        5  0 

Madame  Fremion,  brilliant  carmine 3  6 

Madame  Ditcher,  delicate  rose 5  0 

Madame  Seigneur,  bright  rose 5  0 

Palais  de  Crista!       7  6 

Souvenir  de  la  Reine  de?  Beiges,  carmine       7  6 

Souvenir  de  I'Empire,  crimson  scarlet 5  0 

Victoria  (Paul)  10  6 

William  Grifliths      5  0 

The  new  White  Banksian  Rose  (Rosa  Fortuoiaua), 

with  flowers  as  large  as  Noisette  AiroSe  Vibert    ...    5  0 
Carriage  paid  to  London. 
Thomas  Rivers,  the  Nurseries,  Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


EUt  ^Kxtstmx^'  Ciirotitcle. 

SATURDA  Y,  MA  Y  29,  1852. 

MEETINGS    FOE  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

MoMDAT,        May     31— British  irchjlectB   8  P.M. 

TcBSSAT,       Jane       1— Lianean   S  f.m. 

W3»,».„,,  -    2{|™'S2;i'.".".::;;:;;:::;;;;;;:;l,J:S: 

Fbthay  _         .[Botanical 8  p.«. 

lEIDiT  -         1 1  Royal  lastUution SJf.a. 

r&eiatic :  2  p.m. 

SaTtranAT         _         c^  Royal  Botanic  Gnrdena  (imerU 

SilDEDiT,        -         6i        can  Plant  Show)  ...,. 2  p.m. 

(  Royal  Botanic 3ilP.B. 

CoDiTTBY  Show.— Thuraday,  June  3 1  Cheltenham  Poultry. 
♦ 

In  order  to  throw  a  little  more  light  upon 
the  discussion  going  on  respecting  the  uses  of 
Loam,  we  now  venture  to  ask  a  few  questions, 
candid  replies  to  which  cannot  fail  to  assist  the 
public  in  arriving  at  a  just  conclusion.  We  put  the 
questions,  moreover,  for  the  express  purpose  of 
assisting  our  friends  the  guano  dealers,  in  satisfying 
the  world  that  they  are  cruelly  misrepresented  or 
misunderstood. 

1.  Of  whom  did  Mr.  Essery  buy  the  "guano" 
shipped  for  Plymouth  on  board  the  Chester,  and 
proved  by  Professor  Way  to  consist  of  1  ton  of  guano 
mixed  vfith  2  tons  of  gypsum,  common  salt,  and 
sand  1 

2.  Of  vihom  did  Messrs.  Marsh  and  Co.  buy 
the  "guano"  exposed  the  other  day  by  Messrs. 
Clarance  and  Co.  ?  As  no  loam  was  found  in  these 
samples,  it  will  be  evident  that  a  reply  would  be 
useful  in  a  negative  point  of  view. 

3.  Upon  what  authority  did  FALKNEK,the  labourer, 
tell  Mr.  Plaxton  that  Lord  Mornington's  loam  was 
used  for  guano  making,  whereupon  Mr.  Plaxton 
stopped  the  sale  ? 

4.  What  do  the  Bow  and  Wanstead  labourers  mean 
by  saying,  when  the  loam  carts  pass  them,  "  Ah  ! 
there  they  goes,  robbing  the  poor  farmers  again  ? " 

5.  Where  did  the  loam  (?)  come  from  that  was 
conveyed  a  few  weeks  since  in  a  cart  belonging  to 
"  R.  Wilson,  Lambourne  Hall,  Essex?" 

G.  To  what  purpose  do  Mr.  Carey,  of  West  Ham, 
and  others,  apply  the  loam  which  is  so  largely 
carted  for  them.  What  is  it  sent  to  the  Abbey 
Mills  wharf  for  ?     Perhaps  Farmer  Burton  can  tell. 

7.  There  is  a  place  called  Rhodes'  Well,  up  the 
Regents' Canal.  Where  did  the  " gypsum  "  come 
from  that  was  loaded  on  a  barge  about  the  12th  of 
.^pril,  at  Clarkk's  dust-yard  there  ;  and  why  did 
the  gypsum  look  so  very  much  like  loam  tliat  the 
workmen  said  it  was  guano  from  ]5ow  Common  ? 
Who  was  the  person  for  whom  the  barge  took  it  to 
Dockhead? 

8.  Why  are  boards  hung  over  the  names  of  (he 
barges  that  take  in  loam  from  Mr.  Cook's  yard  in 
Coxjonhagen  Place  ?  Tlie  owners  cannot  be  asliamed 
of  being  known,  and  can  have  no  objection  to  say 
where  the  loam  is  barged  to.  Perhaps  they  will 
do  us  the  favour  to  inform  us. 

n.  Who  i8  the  person  in  Rothorhilho  to  whom 
RicriAKiKo.'i  carts  Iho  clay  that  ho  hoals  up  in  that 
arch  which    ho    rents  of  the  Jilackwall  Railway 


Company  ?  No  doubt  Richardson  can  tell  us,  like 
an  honest  man,  what  the  sifted  clay  is  used  for.  It 
did  not  go  to  Ostend,  did  it,  or  any  of  it,  on  board  the 
Panther?  ' 

10.  To  what  purpose  does  Mr.  Pooley  apply  the 
clay  that  is  brought  out  of  Kent  to  his  wharf  by  the 
side  of  the  Surrey  Canal  ? 

11.  Where  does  the  loam  come  from  that  is  so 
frequently  barged  out  of  the  Surrey  Canal ;  and  how 
does  it  happen  that  no  loam  ever  goes  up  it  ? 

12.  What  became  of  the  loam  from  Bow  Creek 
brought  into  the  river  in  the  Jane,  on  the  1st  of 
May  ;  and  why  was  she  lying  alongside  the  wharf 
so  long  after  she  was  loaded  ?  She  could  not  have 
been  afraid  of  weather,  for  she  is  a  decked  boat. 
Will  Mr.  Gilbert,  her  owner,  be  so  good  as  inquire 
of  young  Hawkins,  and  let  us  know  ? 

13.  What  is  doing  in  the  loam  line  in  that  place 
just  by  Plaistow  ?     Mr.  Reynolds  may  possibly  tell. 

14.  For  what  purpose  was  the  loam  carted  to 
Hungerford-market  vaults  a  month  ago  ?  the  man 
who  helped  to  unload  it  says  it  was  for  Mr.  Coles, 
the  seedsman,  of  43,  Cranbourne.street,  and  that  he 
has  a  great  deal  of  it.  We  are  sure  that  Mr.  Coles 
will  readily  state  to  what  use  it  is  applied  by  him. 
As  he  deals  in  garden  seeds,  he  is  peculiarly  -well 
qualified  to  reveal  the  novel  application  of  loam, 
which  we  are  so  anxious  to  ascertain. 

We  ask  these  questions  with  a  most  sincere  desire 
to  elicit  truth  ;  to  guard  the  public  against  miscon- 
ceptions or  mistakes  ;  and  to  gain  for  our  gardening 
friends  what  cannot  fail  to  be  very  interesting 
information  concerning  the  uses  to  which  loam  may 
be  applied  beyond  those  of  which  they  at  present 
possess  any  knowledge. 

A  very  curious  circumstance  has  just  occurred  in 
a  crop  of  Legge's  Broccoli,  which  we  do  not  recol- 
lect to  have  noticed  before.  A  large  quantity  of 
the  plants  were  forked,  the  one  division  remaining 
blind  with  two,  or  at  most  three  leaves  arranged 
spirally  after  the  fashion  of  those  on  the  main  stem, 
situated  in  the  axilla  of  one  of  the  normally  dis- 
posed leaves,  the  corresponding  members  of  the 
spiral  being  deficient  towards  the  centre,  where  a 
fissure  existed  leading  into  the  heart  of  the  stem, 
and  extending  for  many  inches  towards  the  root. 
The  other  division,  meanwhile,  was  fully  developed, 
and  produced  very  fine  and  perfect  heads.  It  was 
evident  that  the  anomalous  appearance  of  the  stem 
did  not  depend  on  any  union  of  two  distinct  shoots, 
for  the  general  arrangement  of  the  leaves  was  not 
in  the  least  deranged,  but  seemed  to  arise  from  a 
fissure  of  its  medullary  substance  communicating 
constantly  with  the  atmosphere  at  the  point  of  junc- 
ture of  one  of  the  main  leaves. 

In  consequence  of  this  communication,  not  only 
had  the  tissue  acquired  a  layer  of  epidermal  cells, 
like  the  fissures  so  common  in  Potatoes,  but  in  pro- 
portion as  the  parts  were  near  the  orifice  a  layer  of 
woody  fibre  had  been  produced  beneath  it,  in  some 
parts  of  great  thickness  and  solidity,  especially  in 
that  portion  which  produced  the  perfect  heads,  and 
in  some  instances  the  cavity  was  quite  filled  with 
roots  produced  from  its  walls,  most  of  which,  how- 
ever, proceeded  from  above  where  the  woody  tissue 
was  the  most  completely  developed. 

Nothing  is  of  more  frequent  occurrence  than  the 
production  of  roots  in  Willows,  from  the  sound  por- 
tions running  into  those  parts  which  are  decayed  ; 
and  instances  are  on  record  of  the  growth  of  the 
most  intricate  masses  of  fibres  from  wood  constantly 
immersed  in  water,  or  in  Elm  pipes  used  for  drainage, 
but  we  do  not  recollect  any  case  in  which  a  mass  of 
roots  like  that  before  us  had  been  produced  under 
circumstances  altogether  similar  to  those  under  con- 
sideration. The  axillary  leaves  forming  part  of  a 
spiral  belong  doubtless  to  the  bud,  which  was  at 
once  brought  into  life  by  the  rupture  of  the  cellular 
pith  of  the  stem,  and  by  the  same  action  deprived  of 
that  portion  which  was  nearest  to  the  axis. 

We  have  in  vain  tried  to  ascertain  the  reason  of 
the  rupture  being  alwcays  directed  to  the  axilla  of  one 
of  the  stem  leaves,  but  such  is  clearly  the  case,  even 
where  no  actual  division  has  taken  place  ;  and  in  such 
cases  the  qu,antity  of  rootlets  contained  in  the 
cavity  is  most  abundant.  The  complete  conversion 
of  a  uniform  tissue  like  that  of  the  centre  of  the 
stem  into  one  of  much  complication  is  full  of 
physiological  interest.  M.  J.  B. 


It  will  be  remembered  that  north  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean basin,  the  region  of  middle  Kurope,  taken  as 
between  the  Alps  and  the  Baltic,  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
and  the  Ouial,  lllls  up  the  largest  space  of  land  in 
this  quarter  of  the  globe  ;  hulijuct  always  to  the 
same  law  of  decreasing  winter  teniperalure  and 
increasing  summer  heat  as  the  regions  north  and 
soutli  of  it,  in  proportion  to  the  latitude  and  longi- 
tude, as  bofiiie  laid  down. 

The  central  part  of  thia  space  contains  tho  birth- 


340 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[May  29, 


place,  apparently,  of  all  that  may  be  called  the 
very  common  plants  of  Europe,  as  well  as  of  those 
peculiar  Alpine  species  which  do  not  thrive  by 
temperature  alone,  but  whose  distribution  depends 
on  other  exceptional  conditions.  Some  of  all  these, 
common  as  well  as  uncommon,  are  prolonged  upon 
the  smaller  mountain  ranges  and  high  grounds  on 
all  sides,  and  make  up  a  great  part  of  the  Flora  of 
the  hilly  and  inland  districts  of  Italy,  South  of 
France,  Hungary,  Turkey,  &c.  This  is  only 
mentioned  to  complete  the  sketch,  as  it  is  a  fact 
that  calls  for  no  remark  as  to  climate,  and  is  in  fact 
what  might  be  expected. 

But  the  two  extremities  of  the  central  region, 
the  western  shores  of  France  and  the  eastern  plains 
of  Russia,  form  the  natural  connection,  respectively, 
between  the  contiguous  extremities  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean flora  and  the  next  to  be  described,  par- 
taking in  the  mildness  of  the  one  and  the  extreme 
character  of  the  other. 

The  Northern  region  alone  remains  to  be 
described  ;  so  much  narrower  than  the  rest  of  the 
European  continent,  and  so  much  divided  by  waters, 
it  offers  far  less  to  botanical  observation  than  the 
middle  and  southern  regions  already  described.  Its 
Flora,  however  comparatively  scanty,  is  sufficiently 
remarkable,  being  partly  a  small  repetition  of  the 
Alpine  Flora  of  middle  Europe,' and  partly  con- 
sisting of  its  own  peculiar  and  delicate  species. 
Limited  in  extent  in  Europe,  it  is  nevertheless  the 
only  Flora  which  in  general  character,  and  even  in 
many  of  its  species,  encircles  the  whole  globe 
within  its  own  latitude,  stretching  through  Scan- 
dinavia, Canada,  Siberia,  and  the  Arctic  lands. 

Even  this  northern  region  of  Europe  (by  which  is 
intended  generally  the  lands  north  of  the  Baltic,  and 
their  parallel  districts  east  and  west  of  that  sea), 
bears  its  testimony  to  that  law  of  western  mildness 
and  eastern  intensity  of  climate,  though,  of  course, 
within  narrower  limits  than  either  of  the  two  more 
favoured  regions  to  the  south  of  it. 

Taking  first  the  eastern  portion  of  it,  we  find  that 
in  Lapland,  and  in  northern  Russia,  the  severity  of 
the  winter  is  such  as  to  check,  or  to  prevent  the  vege- 
tation of  many  common  European  trees,  and,  of 
course  of  smaller  plants  ;  in  the  depths  of  the  forests 
towards  the  Oural  eternal  ice  is  found  a  few  feet 
beneath  the  soil ;  at  Archangel,  and  in  the  White 
Sea,  the  waters  are  annually  frozen,  and  the  peculiar 
plants  of  the  country,  Pedicularis  Sceptrum  caro- 
linum,  Linnea  borealis,  and  others  of  what  may  be 
termed  the  hyperborean  Flora,  resist  the  arts  of  cul- 
tivation in  a  better  climate — they  shun  the  heat — 
they  require  the  cold.  As  the  forests,  on  proceeding 
north,  become  dwindled  and  scanty,  the  Grasses 
give  way  to  Moss ;  the  ground  is  covered  with 
Ledum,  Andromeda,  Vaccinium,  dwarf  Willows, 
Oxycoccus,  small  Rubi — reminding  one  of  the  shores 
of  Hudson's  Bay. 

Yet  the  heat  of  their  short  summer  is  such  as  to 
render  the  cultivation  of  corn,  especially  Rye,  not 
only  possible  but  successful,  as  to  quality  ;  tobacco, 
both  of  the  occidental  and  oriental  sorts,  can  be 
grown  in  lat.  60°  ;  Cucumbers  of  some  kinds  are 
cultivated  in  the  open  fields  at  Petersburg ;  and 
even  the  Water  Melon  and  Indian  Corn,  Hemp,  and 
Flax,  in  vast  quantities,  are  capable  of  perfecting 
their  vegetation  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Moscow  and 
Cazan,  where  our  Farze,  Laurustinus,  Tree  Mallows, 
and  Laburnum,  are  the  common  furniture  of  the 
greenhouse.  Such  is  the  north-eastern  climate  of 
Europe. 

Turning  now  to  the  north-western  portion  of  our 
continent,  the  climate  is  precisely  reversed.  The 
whole  coast  of  Norway,  some  say  Iceland  also,  the 
British  Islands,  and  we  may  include  the  north  and 
north-west  of  France,  as  far  as  Brittany,  form  a 
succession  of  lands  in  which  the  Vine  may  be  grown, 
but  not  ripened.  Cucumbers  must  be  artificially 
helped  at  the  beginning  or  ending  of  their  growth  ; 
the  fruit  of  Indian  corn  is  precarious  and  seldom 
matured  ;  many  of  the  trees  and  evergreens  of  the 
south  may  be  grown  in  all  perfection,  save  fruit, 
and  sometimes  they  barely  flower  ;  but  the  sea 
does  not  freeze ;  open  winters  are  the  rule  rather 
than  the  exception ;  and  in  some  places,  as  for 
example  the  west  of  Ireland,  the  north  and  south 
so  meet  and  mingle  together,  that  Alpine  and 
Mediterranean  species  grow  promiscuously  in  the 
same  turf,  independent  of  level  above  the  sea. 
This  north-western  tract,  stretching  from  Brittany 
to  Norway  and  comprehending  these  Islands, 
exhibits,  owing  to  the  mildness  of  its  climate, 
a  prolongation  of  that  great  extension  of  a  part 
of  the  Flora  of  southern  Europe,  which  was 
described  in  the  beginning  of  this  paper;  just 
as  the  north-eastern  tract,  reaching  from  the  Oural 
to  Lapland,  is  an  extreme  prolongation  of  that 
hot  and  cold  tract,  the  vegetation  of  which  connects  the 

'  ira  of  the  Mediterranean  with  that  of  Central  Asia. 


Flo 


Allowance  must  of  course  be  made  for  latitude  i 


all  cases  ;  the  hottest  or  coldest  regions  will  be 
hotter  or  colder  as  they  stand  respectively  more 
north  or  south  (on  the  same  meridian) ;  it  is  the 
difference  of  maximum  and  minimum — not  mean 
temperature,  that  is  the  circumstance  so  remarkable 
on  the  same  parallels  ;  a  fact  so  well  established  in 
its  principal  bearings  that  it  might  be  possible  to 
represent  it  by  a  diagram. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 

The  Eaelt  Speing  Wild  Bee. 

One  of  the  earliest,  and  consequently  pleasantest 
indications  of  the  return  of  spring,  is  the  appearance  of 
a  particular  species  of  wild  bee,  whose  peculiar  motions 
must  have  attracted  the  notice  of  every  lover  of  a  garden. 

To  those  who  have  not  paid  much  attention  to  ento- 
mology, it  may  be  useful  to  mention  that,  in  addition  to 
the  hive  bee,  and  the  different  kinds  of  humble  bees,  all 
of  which  live  in  societies,  either  permanent  or  annual, 
there  are  a  great  number  of  other  species  which  belong 
to  the  same  family  (Apidce),  which  are  solitary  and  not 
so;ial  in  their  habits,  and  of  which  there  are  conse- 
quently no  neuters  or  workers,  each  female  making  its 
own  nest,  and  providing  its,  cells  with  a  store  of  food  for 
the  supply  of  the  young  larvae  when  hatched.  The  bee 
which  is  the  subject  of  this  notice  is  one  of  these  soli- 
tary species. 


The  earliest  flowering  of  the  common  white  Alyssum 
seems  to  be  the  period  when  this  bee  first  appears. 
Then  may  be  observed  darting  about  with  wonderful 
agility  a  brownish  orange-coloured  bee,  with  a  body  much 
thiclcer  .and  more  hairy  than  that  of  the  hive  bee,  wliich 
ever  and  anon  stops,  and  poising  itself  with  remarkable 
ease  in  front  of  a  flower,  it  unfolds  a  tongue  as  long  as  its 
whole  body,  which  it  thrusts  into  the  depths  of  the  blossom, 
to  extract  its  honey.  Should  you  approach  too  near,  the 
bee,  ever  on  the  alert,  wheels  round,  and  facing  you, 
regards  you  for  a  short  period,  during  which  it  seems  to 
be  immoveable.  Its  large  eyes  and  peculiarly-spotted 
face  give  it  a  striking  character,  which  a  lady  of  my 
acquaintance  likened  the  other  day  to  the  face  of  a 
monkey.  This  orange-brown  bee  is  a  male  insect,  and  is 
especially  distinguished  by  the  remarkable  brush-like 
appendages  to  its  middle  legs.  In  about  a  fortnight 
after  the  first  appearance  of  the  males,  some  other  indi- 
viduals make  their  appearance,  quite  unlike  the  former, 
being  entirely  jet  black  in  the  colour  of  their  coating. 
These  ai*e  the  females,  which,  in  addition  to  the  habit  of 
sucking  the  honey  from  flowers,  in  the  same  manner  .as  the 
males,  occupy  themselves  in  collecting  the  pollen  from  the 
anthers,  which  they  knead  into  little  masses,  and  carry  off 
on  their  hind  shanks,  which  are  formed  for  that  purpose. 
It  is  rare  to  see  one  of  these  females,  unaccompanied 
by  her  attendant  partner,  whose  movements  whilst 
fluttering  round  her,  or  hovering  over  her,  while  she, 
with  great  coolness  collects  the  honey  from  flower  to 
flower  withoutbestowing  any  attention  upon  him, are  very 
amusing;  if  she  departs  he  departs,  and  if  she  returns  he 
returns  likewise,  rem.aining  as  it  were  suspended  in  the 
au',  while  she  quietly  pillages  the  sweets  from  a  flower. 
These  males  exhibit  au  amount  of  jealousy  at  the 
approach  of  a  rival  quite  ludicrous.  1  have  observed 
a  pair  of  males  fighting  in  the  air  for  a  considerable 
length  of  time,  rolling  to  the  ground,  and  biting  each 
other  with  their  powerful  jaws. 

"  During  the  season  of  courtship,"  says  Mr.  Kirhy, 
*'  the  whole  employment  of  the  male  seems  to  be  to 
attend  upon  his  partner,  but  when  the  halcyon  days  of 
love  are  over,  like  many  other  husbands,  he  goes  about 
his  business,  and  leaves  her  to  take  her  flight  in  solitude." 
The  personal  appearance  of  the  male,  however,  under- 
goes a  considerable  change  for  the  worse  ;  a  few  weeks 
turning  his  bright  orange-brown  coat  into  a  dh-ty 
clayish- coloured  grey,  so  that  he  is  hardly  to  be  re- 
cognised as  the  same  individual  we  had  at  first  so  much 
admired. 

*'  The  female  makes  her  nest  in  hard  banks  of  gr.avel 
or  clay,  containing  several  cells  of  an  oval  or  ellipticil 
shape,  covered  within  with  a  thin  white  membrane,  each 
being  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  not 
quite  half-an-inch  in  diameter,  they  are  placed  in  no  regu- 
liti'  order.  In  NorthamptGnshire,  as  we  learn  from  R;  y, 
it  makes  its  nest  in  stone  walls.  I  found  it  myself  lu 
great  abundance  frequenting  the  walls  built  with  Ketter- 


ing stone  at  Wansford  and  Ufford,  in  that  county  ;  and 
once  at  Norwich  I  was  much  amused  at  seeing  a  female, 
one  sunny  morning,  very  busily  employed  upon  a  brick 
wall,  and  exerting  all  her  might  to  pull  the  mortar  from 
between  the  bricks  ;  but  whether  this  was  to  prepare  a 
place  for  a  cefl,  or  only  a  sheltered  cavity  to  pass  the 
night  in,  according  to  the  observation  of  Rossi,  I  could 
not  ascertain."  Kirby,  Mon.  Apum  Angl,  vol.  i.,  p.  188. 

In  the  great  lime  pit  at  the  west  end  of  Gravesend, 
between  Rosherville-gardens  and  the  river,  a  large  mass 
of  lime,  thickly  intersected  with  narrow  strata  of  gravel, 
as  large  as  a  house,  has  been  left  standing,  the  southern 
side  of  which  may  be  called  the  metropolis  of  this  insect, 
as  it  occurs  there  in  countless  myriads.  I  spent  several 
hours  there  on  the  10th  of  April  last,  examining  their 
nests,  and  had  only  to  pull  down  a  small  portion  of  the 
gravelly  strata  to  expose  great  numbers  of  the  nests, 
nearly  every  one  of  which  then  contained  a  perfect  bee, 
ready  to  make  its  escape  at  its  appointed  time.  In  a 
few  of  the  nests  I  found  the  white  larvse  full  grown  and 
unchanged  ;  in  still  fewer  the  pupai  ;  in  some  the  bee 
of  a  previous  year  arrived  at  its  full  perfection,  but 
dead  and  mouldy  ;  and  in  others  the  Melecta  punctata, 
another  species  of  wild  bee  which  is  parasitic  in  the 
nests  of  the  Anthophorie. 

Mr.  Rennie,  in  the  interesting  little  work,  "Insect 
Architecture,"  p.  33,  describes  the  nest  of  a  mason  bee 
(evidently  Anth.  retusa  from  his  figure),  which  he  had 
found  on  the  wall  of  Greenwich  Park,  about  4  feet  from 
the  ground,  in  the  month  of  December,  in  the  perpen- 
dicular line  of  cement  between  two  bricks.  Externally 
there  was  an  irregular  cake  of  dry  mud,  precisely  as  if 
a  handful  of  wet  road-stuff"  had  been  taken  from  a  cart- 
rut  and  thrown  against  the  wall  (though  upon  closer 
inspection  the  cake  contained  more  small  stones  than 
usually  occur  in  the  mud  of  the  adjacent  cart-ruts), 
having  a  circular  hole  on  one  side  of  it,  indicating 
the  perforation  of  some  insect,  and  which  proved  to 
be  the  orifice  of  a  cell  about  an  inch  deep,  exactly 
of  the  form  and  size  of  a  lady's  thimble,  finely 
polished,  and  of  the  colour  of  plaster  of  Paris,  but 
stained  in  various  places  with  yellow.  This  cell  was 
empty,  but  on  removing  the  cake  of  mud  another  cell 
was  discovered  separated  from  the  former  by  a  partition 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  in  it  a  living  male 
Anthophora,  which  was  supposed  to  have  just  changed 
to  the  winged  state.  The  accompanying  figure  repre- 
sents the  interior  cavity  of  the  patch  of  mud,  with  the 
two  oval  cells  and  the  aperture  above  described,  which, 
however,  seems  to  be  an  opening  common  to  both  ;  and 
as  the  plan  of  forming  the  cells  in  a  patch  of  mud 
brought  by  themselves,  bit  by  bit,  from  a  distance,  is 
not  the  ordinary  habit  of  the  Anthophorse,  whilst  it  is 
that  of  the  Osmise,  an  aUied  genus  of  bees,  I  apprehend 
th.at  Mr.  Rennie's  Anthophorse  had  simply  made  use  of 
the  deserted  abode  of  one  of  the  Osmite. 

Mr.  Curtis  informs  us  that' Mr.  Mathews  "found  a 
nest  of  this  insect  in  a  wall  at  Chiswick,  where  tkey 
destroyed  the  Grapes  in  the  garden  in  Septemhe}' ;  and 
having  caught  a  male  and  confined  it  in  an  open  box, 
he  was  enabled  to  take  many  specimens  of  the  female 
which  came  and  settled  there.  This  led  him  to  think 
that  the  first  was  a  female  ;  "  he  also  observed  a  con^ 
siderable  number  of  Melecta  punctata  entering  and 
coming  out  of  this  nest,  as  if  they  lived  together,  which 
renders  Mr.  Kirby's  supposition  very  probable,  that 
they  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  nest  of  A.  retusa."  The 
late  appearance  of  the  insect  mentioned  in  this  paragraph, 
and  the  fact  of  its  injuring  Grapes  in  September,  are 
worthy  of  notice,  whilst  the  supposition  of  the  parasitism 
of  the  Melecta  is  rendered  positive,  by  my  having  found 
it  in  the  unopened  cells  of  the  Anthophora,  as  above 
mentioned. 

Our  figures  represent  the  male  and  female  Anthoj- 
phora  of  the  natural  size,  the  female  having  her  tongue 
fully  extended,  together  with  a  mass  of  their  nests,  with 
the  larva  in  one  of  them.  /.  0.  W. 


PLEROMA  ELEGANS. 

It  was  predicted  when  the  Elegant  Pleroma  was  first 
introduced,  that  it  would  prove  the  most  beautiful  green- 
house plant  hitherto  known  to  cultivators ;  and  the 
matchless  soft,  rich,  violet-purple  colour  of  the  blossom* 
which  are  produced  in  bountiful  .succession  for  a  long 
time,  and  the  comparative  ease  with  which  the  plant  is 
cultivated,  fully  justify  the  prediction. 

It  is  very  easily  propagated.  Cuttings  of  the  young 
side-shoots  taken  off  early  in  the  season,  planted  in  light 
sandy  peaty  soil,  covered  with  a  bell-glass,  and  placed 
in  a  gentle  bottom-heat,  root  freely,  and  with  care  form 
nice  plants  in  5-inch  pots,  before  winter  arrives.  The 
young  plants  should  be  wintered  in  a  house  or  pit  where 
the  temperature  averages  about  45".  In  February 
place  those  intended  for  specimens  near  the  glass, 
where  the  temperature  may  range  from  50°  to  60". 
If  they  have  been  properly  managed  up  to  that  time, 
they  wiU  require  a  shift  at  once,  but  this  should  not  be 
given  unless  the  roots  are  active  and  abundant,  and  in 
this  case  shift  into  pots  two  sizes  larger  than  those  they 
are  in  ;  admit  very  little  air,  keep  the  atmosphere  moist, 
and  water  over-head  with  the  syringe  frequently,  but 
give  no  more  at  the  roots  than  sufficient  to  keep  the  ball 
moist  until  they  have  rooted  into  the  fx-esh  soil.  When 
fairiy'established  admit  air  freely,  but  guard  against  cold 
dry  currents,  which  disfigure  the  young  foliage  ;  the 
syringe  may  be  used  morning  .and  evening  during  bright 
weather,  and  the  atmosphere  should  be  kept  as  moist  as  is 
convenient  during  the  whole  of  the  growing  season.  The 
foliage  is  Uable  to  suffer  if  exposed  to  the  direct  action 


22—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


341 


of  a  bright  sun,  therefore  a  thin  shade  will  be  necessary; 
if  very  rapid  growth  is  desired,  it  will  be  requisite  to 
maintain  a  rather  high  temperature  during  the  summer 
months,  but  the  plants  will  thrive  very  well  during  this 
season  in  a  cold  frame,  where  they  can  be  kept  rather 
close,  and  shut  up  early  in  the  afternoon,  after  being 
sprinkled  over-head. 

A  second  shift  will  probably  be  required  early  in  June  ; 
if  the  plants  are  growing  in  a  rather  high  temperature 
the  most  promising  specimens  may  be  put  into  13-ineh 
pots.  Any  of  the  plants  that  may  not  have  made 
sufficient  progress  to  need  shifting  in  June  will  not 
prove  good  flowering  specimens  the  following  season, 
and  therefore  they  had  better  be  treated  on  the  cool 
system  during  the  remainder  of  tlie  season  ;  after  another 
seasOTi's  growth,  such  will  make  specimens  of  almost 
any  size.  After  shifting,  treat  the  plants  as  before,  and 
keep  them  as  close  and  warm  until  the  middle  of 
September  as  can  be  done  without  drawing  the  young 
wood.  Frequent  waterings,  with  clear  rather  weak 
manm-e-water,  will  be  of  service  while  the  plants  are  in 
active  gi-owth.  I  have  said  nothing  respecting  stopping 
and  training ;  but  these,  as  a  matter  of  course,  should 
receive  attention  from  the  commencement.  The  nature 
of  the  plant  is,  however,  such  tliat  very  little  trouble  is 
required  to  induce  a  compact  bushy  habit. 

The  plants  should  not  be  kept  growing  later  in  autumn 
than  will  admit  of  the  young  wood  being  properly 
ripened  previous  to  the  dark  cloudy  days  of  winter. 
This  Pleroma  requires  a  plentiful  supply  of  water  at  the 
roots  while  in  active  growth,  but  very  little  during  its 
season  of  rest  ;  and  no  more  should  be  given  at  that 
time  than  is  absolutely  required  to  preserve  the  soil  in 
a  healthy  state.  The  portion  of  plants  that  has  been 
kept  actively  growing  in  a  rather  warm  and  moist 
atmosphere  until  late  in  the  autumn,  should  be  wintered 
in  a  house  where  the  temperature  will  average  about 
45°  ;  those  that  have  been  treated  more  coolly  may  be 
placed  in  the  warmest  end  of  the  greenhouse.  The 
flowei*ing  specimens  should  not  be  excited  by  a  high 
temperature  early  in  spring;  they  should  have  abundance 
of  air  and  light,  and  therefore  an  intermediate  house,  or 
the  warm  end  of  a  close  greenhouse,  will  suit  tliem  at 
that  season.  When  in  flower,  a  sheltered  [rather  shady 
place  in  the  conservatory,  greenhouse,  or  elsewhere, 
will  answer  for  them. 

After  flowering,  the  plants  should  be  slightly  cut 
back,  and  placed  in  a  rather  close^  moist,  warm 
atmosphere,  to  encourage  growth,  and  they  should  be 
potted  if  necessary,  which  will  be  required  where 
very  large  bushes  are  desired.  Plants  intended  to  be 
grown  a  second  season  before  flowering,  should  be 
placed  in  .a  growing  temperature  early  in  March, 
shifted  as  soon  as  requisite,  and  treated  throughout  the 
season  nearly  as  recommended  for  those  of  last  season. 
But  as  they  will  be  much  larger  to  begin  with,  they 
need  not  be  kept  quite  so  warm.  With  ordinary 
management  these  will  fill  15-inch  pots,  and  form  very 
handsome  large  specimens  before  winter. 

For  soil,  use  rich  fibry  peat,  and  light  turfy  sandy 
loam,  in  about  equal  quantities,  with  a  sufficient 
proportion  of  silver  sand  to  keep  the  mass  porous,  A 
sprinkling  of  clean  potsherds,  or  charcoal  broken  into 
pieces  of  the  size  of  Beans,  will  also  assist  to  ensure 
efficient  drainage.  The  peat  and  loam  should  be  carefully 
broken  up,  without  rendering  it  too  small,  and  intimately 
mixed  with  the  sand,  &.c.  The  pots  must  be  carefully 
drained  ;  and  in  potting,  guard  against  the  drainage 
being  choked  by  the  finer  particles  of  soil  being  carried 
down  by  the  water  ;  this  is  best  done  by  covering  the 
draining  materials  with  some  of  the  rough  turfy  pieces 
of  the  peat.  Alpha. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Cvlture  of  Calathea  distillatoria. — I  have  often 
remarked,  when  guiding  parties  round  an  extensive 
^rdening  establishment,  that  there  were  a  number  of 
such  who  admired  fine  foliage,  quite  as  much  as  others 
admired  fine  flowers.  Knowing  this  to  be  a  fact,  I  have 
been  induced  to  call  the  attention  of  leaf  lovers  to  this 
Calathea,  feeling  assured  that  it  will  speedily  become  a 
favourite  with  them.  It  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies, 
from  whence  it  has  been  imported  by  the  proprietors 
of  the  Sheffield  Botanic  Garden.  The  Distilling  Calathea 
is  a  most  appropriate  name  for  this  plant,  for  wonderful 
indeed  m  its  distilling  power;  when  the  plant  is  in  full 
vigour,  and  the  air  very  moist,  a  multitude  of  drops  of 
clear  water  exude  through  the  porea  of  the  leaf,  and 
fall  in  an  almost  conBtant  shower  from  its  point,  forming  ' 
a  vegetable  fountain  of  extraordinary  beauty  ;  this 
operation  fteemw  a  spasmodic  one  :  the  beholder  being 
almost  penniaded  that  he  can  sec  ihia  hydraulic  pump 
mechanically  force  out  the  water  through  the  cuticle. 
Had  I  no  other  plea  than  this  to  advance  in  favour  of 
this  noble  plant,  some  would  wish  to  become  acquainted 
with  it  for  its  di.stllling  powers  ;  but  it  possesses  other 
attractions.  It  has  leaves  far  superior  to  those  of  the 
Masa,  or  any  other  leaf  with  which  I  am  acquainted — 
they  arc  cordate,  bright  green,  and  pendant,  on  their 
first  appearance  ;  the  colour  gradually  det-pf^-ns  as  they 
become  older,  running  through  a  variuty  of  shades, 
until  it  wHtlefl  in  a  fine  rich  green,  'i'hey  attain  iheir 
maximum  size  in  about  nine  days  from  tholr  firnt 
appearance  ;  and  when  three  or  four  days  old,  generally 
in  the  rniddl';  of  the  day,  their  margins  recuiTO,  con- 
tributing no  Hmali  share  of  graceful  beauty  tfj  the  young 
foliage.  The  whole  of  the  leaf  at  this  st/ige  of  its  growth 
is  charmingly  tinted  with  colours  varying  from  the 
laoit  delicate  to  the  deepest  and  richest  grecu.     From 


their  ponderous  size  the  leaves  require  support  during 
their  development,  but  they  ultimately  attain  suflicient 
strength  to  stand  erect,  becoming  afterwards  somewhat 
horizontal.  I  have  not  yet  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
the  Calathea  in  flower,  and  therefore  I  am  unable  to 
speak  of  that  from  observation;  lam  credibly  informed, 
however,  that  it  blossoms  freely,  and  that  the  flower 
possesses  considerable  attraction.  I  know  from  expe- 
rience that  the  plant  is  very  easily  propagated,  and  that 
it  is  a  free  and  rapid  grower.  The  specimen  here  came 
into  my  possession  in  February  last  ;  it  was  then  in  a 
7-inch  [  ot ;  in  the  beginning  of  March  I  removed  it 
into  a  pot  5  inches  larger,"]  using  a  compost  of  one-third 
lumpy  loam,  one-third  rotten  dung,  and  one-third  half- 
decayed  leaves,  some  chopped  sphagnum  moss,  and  a 
little  sand.  The  plant  is  usually  immersed  in  water,  a 
plan  I  have  not  followed  ;  it  requires  large  doses  of 
water  to  the  soil,  with  frequent  syringing  over-head. 
Having  under  my  management  an  admirably  con- 
structed house,  I  can  give  any  quantity  of  aqueous 
vapour  I  require. "^  The  following  is  the  result  of  this 
treatment :  the  plant  stands  7  feet  high,  the  smallest 
leaf  is  36  inches  long  and  24  inches  broad,  and  the 
largest,  not  yet  one  week  old,  measures  44  inches  long 
and  30  broad.  To  what  dimensions  the  leaves  would 
ultimately  attain,  if  the  plant  were  placed  in  rich  soil, 
and  in  a  suitable  atmosphere,  is  not  for  me  to  guess  ; 
but  when  it  forms  such  splendid  foliage  in  a  pot  we  may 
fairly  conclude  that,  undermore  favourable  cii'cumstances, 
it  would  form  one  of  the  most  magnificent,  as  well  as 
most  curious  objects  at  present  in  cultivation.  My 
employer  would  be  glad  to  make  a  present  of  a  small 
plant  of  the  Calathea  to  any  gentleman  who  may  wish 
to  grow  it.  William,  Payne,  gardener  to  Edmard  Smith, 
Esq.,  Fir  Vale,  near  Sheffield. 

Planting]  Potatoes  Late. — Before  the  Potato  blight 
first  showed  itself  in  this  country,  the  following  method 
of  procuring  late  crops  proved  pei'fectly  successful  with 
us,  and  should  the  disease  not  again  manifest  itself, 
good  results  from  the  practice  may  still  be  expected  ; 
we  would  therefore  recommend  its  adoption  on  a  small 
scale.  About  the  first  week  in  June,  we  selected  early  ; 
kinds  of  ordinary  size,  and  cut  them  into  sets.  We 
then  drew  shallow  drills  on  reserve  ground,  or  on  any 
spare  corner  ;  and  after  watering  them,  planted  the  sets 
thickly,  with  the  eyes  upwards,  covering  them  slightly, 
so  as  to  be  transplanted  (with  sets  entire)  about  mid- 
summer, or  the  beginning  of  July.  By  carefully  raising 
them  with  a  fork,  the  sets  will  adhere  to  the  roots,  and 
nothing  grows  more  freely  when  transplanted  than  the 
Potato.  A  little  watering,  if  the  weather  is  dry,  will 
start  them  into  full  growth.  By  thus  planting  in 
advance,  due  time  is  given  for  clearing  off  early  crops 
of  Potatoes,  Peas,  Cabbages,  &c.,  and  for  the  ground  to 
be  fresh  manured  and  well  prepared  for  their  reception. 
This  practice  is  far  better  than  planting  between  them, 
with  the  view  of  obtaining  a  second  crop.  Hardy  and 
Son,  Maldon. 

Fumigating. — Many  plans  have  been  recommended 
for  fumigating  conservatories,  &c.  I  have  found  the 
following  to  be  most  effectual :  put  some  red  hot  cinders 
into  a  flower  pot,  place  it  upon  a  couple  of  bricks  so  as 
to  leave  the  hole  free  to  admit  air,  throw  in  shag 
tobacco  according  to  the  size  of  the  house,  which  must 
be  carefully  shut  up  for  12  hours,  get  out  of  the  way 
as  quickly  as  possible,  unless  you  wish  to  be  smothered  ; 
a  little  milk  of  sulphur  added  will  make  the  smoke  more 
pungent  and  destructive.  The  dead  insects  must  be 
washed  off  with  the  syringe — not  a  greenfly  will  escape 
such  treatment.  Falcon. 

Suedia  :  the  late  Mr.Barlcei'. — The  following  is  an  ex- 
tract from  the  work  of  Mr.  Neale — "^  Eight  Years  in 
Syria,  Palestine,  and  Asia  Minor."  It  refers  to  the  late 
Mr.  Barker,  who  contributed  more  than  one  kind  of  fruit 
tree  to  this  country;  and,  I  believe,  it  was  from  him 
that  the  Duke  of  Northumberland  received  the  seeds  of 
the  Nectarine  which  has  been  called  the  Stanwick  Nec- 
tarine, and  which  he  has  so  wisely  distributed  to  the  public. 
Mr.  Neale,  in  his  book  above  noticed,  mentions  more 
than  once  a  very  large  Quince,  double  the  size  of  an 
ostrich  egg,  and  teeming  with  rich  and  delightful  per- 
fume, called  the  China  Quince,  Is  this  the  variety  we 
grow  in  England  1  There  is  one  variety  sent  out  by 
Mr.  Rivers,  the  flavour  of  which  is  far  more  delicate 
than  that  usually  cultivated  in  our  gardens.  Have  any 
attempts  been  made  to  produce  any  hybrids  of  this 
fruit,  so  as  to  produce  a  fruit  with  the  flavour  of 
the  Quince,  but  less  austere  %  Dodman.  "  Suedia,  or, 
as  it  is  termed  by  the  Syrians,  Zectoonti,  embraces 
a  wide  range  of  Mulberry  gardens,  extending  over 
a  space  of  10  miles  by  3,  and  containing  a  scattered 
and  mixed  population,  equal,  if  not  exceeding  in  num- 
ber, that  of  Antioch.  The  village  is  spread  chiefly  on 
the  banks  of  the  Orontes,  and  lomning  parallel  with  the 
beach,  which  forms  a  boundary  to  t!ie  waves  of  the 
Seleueian  Gulf,  where  the  Oi'ontes  ends  her  course,  and 
Nature  has  scattered  around  her  choicest  gifts.  It  is 
difficult  to  describe  in  adequate  colours  this  garden  of 
I  Eden.  Mulberry,  Lemon,  and  Grange  tx'ccs  form  an 
i  uninterrupted  succession  of  gardens,  surrounding 
picturesque  little  cottages,  cacli  one  eclip.Hing  the  other 
I  in  ii(;at.ii(_'8B  and  beauty  of  situation.  The  peasants 
themselves  are  halo,  robust,  and  sturdy,  and  simple 
in  their  habits  and  eharncter.  To  this  quiet 
retreat,  Mr.  Barker,  after  zealously  serving  his  king 
and  country  for  a  long  period  of  years,  retired, 
on  quitting  Egypt,  to  ttijoy  in  seclusion  the  pensioi: 
awarded  him  by  tli(!  fJovernmcnt,  and  dovoto  tin 
;  remainder  of  his  days  to  the  peaceful  pursuit  of  agricul- 
ture.    Few  men  could  better  appreciate   Ihu  rich  gifts 


Nature  had  lavished  on  this  spot.     A   perlect  botanist, 
and  skilled  in  agriculture,  his  time  and  income,  during 
a  period  of  nearly  20  years,  were  spent  in  promoting 
every  improvement   in  cultivation   of    the    soil  ;    and 
many  have  grown  rich,  directly  or  indirectly,  from  the 
methods  of  tillage  introduced  into  the  country  by  him. 
On  taking  possession  of  his  wife's  landed  inheritance, 
Mr.  Barker's  first  steps  were  to  erect  an  edifice   be- 
coming his  means   and  station,  and   one   that  would 
render  his  sojoui-n  in  the  country  agreeable  to  himself 
and  his  family,  and  many  friends  and  strangers.     His 
gardens  have   been  long  celebrated   for  the   quantity, 
variety,  and  excellent  quality  of  theii- fruit.     In  tlie  piece 
of  ground  attached  to  his  own  private  residence,  I  have 
plucked    from   the    trees  the    Guava,   the   sweet-ker- 
nelled  Apricot,  the    Stanwick    Nectarine    (for    which 
tho  Duke  of  Northumberland  obtained  for  him  a  Silver 
Medal),  the  sweet-kernelled  Peach,  the  Shucarpara,  the 
celebrated  Apricot  of  Damascus,  the  Diospyrus  kaki, 
the  Loquat,  or  Mespilus  japonica,  the  Mandarin  and  the 
Malta  Blood  Orange  ;  in  short,  the  fruit  of  every  counti-y 
in  the  world.     At    Mr.  Barker's   request,  I  wrote  to 
Peuang  and  China  for  seeds  of  some  rare  fruits  and 
spices,  which  Colonel   Butterworth    and    Sir    George 
Boutram  had  the    kindness   to   send  me  ;  and  though 
previously  produced  solely  in  those  climes,  they  have 
since  sprung  up  in  these  charming  gardens.     Besides 
introducing  the  finest  fruit  trees  in  the  world,  and  many 
rare  ornamental  trees,  from  the  cuttings  and  graftings 
of  which  the  whole  of  the  gardens  of  Suedia  have  been 
supplied,  Mr.  Barker  greatly  ameliorated  the  condition 
of  the  natives  by  obtaining  from  Italy  regular  supplies 
of  the    best   silkworm   seed,  which   was   then  divided 
amongst  them.     Originally,  the  silk  produced  was  of  a 
very  inferior  quality  ;  it  has  now  become  the  finest  ia 
any  part  of  the  east.     As  for  the  flowers,  it  was  a  per- 
fect sight  to  see  the  gardens  attached  to  Mr.  Barker's 
house  at  any  season  of  the  year,  even  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  when  the  surrounding  mountains  were  covered 
with  snow,   and  everywhere   else   vegetation  had   dis- 
appeared, thousands  of  Bengal  Roses,  and  other  rare 
and  beautiful  flowers  here,  presented  the  appearance  of 
perpetual    summer.     Spring  brought  us  all  the  sweet 
smelling  flowers,  from  Violets  to  Tuberoses,  and  many 
delicious  fruits,  as  Strawberries  and  the  Mespilus  japo- 
nica, or  Loquat,  and  Apricots.     Summer  fanned  us  with 
cool  sea  breezes,  \vhich  one  could  inhale  at  will,  lolling 
under  the  shade  of  some  broad  spreading  lofty  tree,  and 
reading  of  other  lands  and  other  days.     The  luscious 
Melon,  the    Nectarine,   and   the  Peach,    now   pom-ed 
their  abundance  upon  us.     Autumn,  with  almost  cloud- 
less skies,  trellised  the  houses,  the  gai'dens,  the  very 
hedges  with  every  variety   of  the  Vine,  bending  with 
the  weight  of  rich  Grapes.    Even  winter  had  its  harvest, 
and  in  the  coldest  season  the  rare  Diospyrus  kali  (or 
Plaqueminier)  yielded  its   fresh   and   inviting  fruit  to 
vary  the  insipid  flavour  of  preserves."     [We  have  taken 
the  liberty  of  correcting  the  typographical  errors  found 
in  the  original  of  this  extract.] 

Stephanotis  Jlorihunda. — From  recent  articles  in  your 
pages  it  appears  that  the  fruiting  of  this  beautiful  stove- 
climber  is  a  circumstance  of  rare  occurrence.  In  one  of 
the  Pine  stoves  here  there  is  a  plant  with  five  large 
fruit  upon  it ;  it  is  said  by  some  that  the  fruit  is  eatable, 
but  we  have  the  high  authority  of  Professor  Lindley 
that  it  is  acrid  and  deleterious.  I  can  therefore  discover 
no  utility  in  allowing  the  plant  to  produce  fruit,  except 
in  special  cases,  to  perpetuate  the  species,  when  cuttings 
cannot  be  obtained  :  for  if  the  fruit  was  removed  in  a 
young  state  it  would  economise  the  secretions  of  the 
of  the  plant,  and,  doubtless,  cause  it  to  bloom  more 
abundantly.  G.  Qrey  Watson,  Ribston-hall  Oardensg 
Wetherhy,  YorJcshire,  May  26.     [Quite  right.] 

Earthing  ii^p  the  Brassica  Tribe. — Like  your  Calendar 
writer,  I  am  an  advocate  for  discontinuing  the  practice 
of  earthing  up  any  of  the  Brassica  tribe.  I  consider  the 
practice  unnecessary,  especially  when  the  plants  have 
been  properly  treated  in  and  after  they  have  been 
removed  from  the  seed-bed.  Of  course  they  must  not 
be  allowed  to  become  drawn.  When  this  is  the  case 
earthing-up  is  absolutely  necessary  to  prevent  them 
from  being  torn  up  by  strong  winds.  The  utility  of 
stirring  the  soil  between  crops  is  now  generally  admitted 
both  by  the  theorist  and  practical  man,  and  this 
cannot  be  readily  performed  where  earthing-up 
is  practised.  I  have  invariably  found  plants  which 
I  did  not  earth  up  succeed  better  by  far  than  those 
that  were  earthed.  The  following  is  my  method 
of  growing  and  bringing  Cauliflowers  to  maturity. 
When  the  young  plants  are  of  sufficient  size,  I  prick 
them  out  into  well-prepared  nursery  beds,  where  they 
are  allowed  to  grow  freely  and  receive  plenty  of  air,  by 
which  treatment  I  have  nice  healthy  plants  with  short 
stems.  In  planting  out,  the  ground  is  prepared  by 
digging  in  dung,  and  making  all  perfectly  level.  The 
drills  are  marked  out  and  drawn  with  a  good-sized  hoe. 
The  plants  are  then  put  into  tho  drill,  and,  when  they 
have  begun  to  root  and  grow  vigorously,  the  whole  plot 
ia  forked  over,  taking  care  to  level  the  ridges  which  are 
on  each  side  of  the  rows.  These  afford  support  enough 
against  strong  winds  ;  and  the  necessary  operations  of 
hoeing,  &c.,  between  the  plants  can  be  very  easily 
ucconiplished.  In  these  go-a-head  days  we  should  not 
follow  implicitly  the  old  rule-of-thumb  system  of  our 
predccessorB,  but  keep  pace  witli  the  times  in  which  we 
live.  //.  /.  JL,  Dublin,  May  2G. 

Orriiurd  JhniscH.—l  have  been  much  pleased  with 
"Dodman's"  letter,  at  p.  32G,  giving  a  sketch  and  aa 
account  of  his  orchard  house.  Tho  objection  I  should 
I  feel  to  his  plan  is  tho  difficulty  of  getting  at  the  Peaches 


342 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[May  29, 


on  the  treilis  F,  to  train  them,  &c.,  during  the  growing 
season.  This  might  be  avoided  by  adopting  the  system 
of  glazing  invented  by  Mr.  Kent,  of  Chichester ;  for  then 
a  few  squares  might  at  any  time  be  removed  to  allow  of 
reaching  any  tree,  or  portion  of  a  tree  that  was  desired. 
But  independently  of  this,  I  question  whether  such  a 
plan  makes  the  most  of  the  room.  1  think  a  larger 
crop  of  fruit  could  be  obtained  from  plants  in  pots.  In 
my  own  case  I  have  my  orchard  house  not  only  well 
filled  with  fruit  trees,  but  the  intermediate  spaces  are 
occupied  with  Roses  and  Pinks,  Azaleas,  Kalmias, 
Dielytra  spectabilis,  &c.,  &c.,  and  the  effect  is  very 
pleasing,  whilst  the  slight  shade  which  the  Peaches, 
Vmes,  &c.,  afford  is  rather  favourable  than  otherwise  to 
the  preservation  of  the  flowers,  which  are  brought  into 
the  orchard  house  from  a  forcing  pit  whilst  yet  in  bud. 
My  Vines  have  suffered  in  the  same  way  as  "  Dodman's  " 
from  the  frost,  but  all  my  other  trees  are  looking  most 
luxuriant,  some  of  them  loaded  with  fruit.  Moreover, 
my  root-pruned  Pears  in  pots  have  also  a  good  show 
of  fruit  ;  so  that  I  hope  Mr.  Rivers  was  not  dreaming 
when  he  encouraged  the  hope  of  success  which  I  have 
realised.  0.  /.,  Parnlmm. 


Horticultural,  May  25.— Sir  Philip  de  Malpas 
Grey  Egerton,  Bart.,  M.P.,  in  the  chair.  Viscount 
Cauning,  Lady  Shelley,  A.  Hambro,  Esq.,  H.  Barnard, 
Esq.,  C.  Leach,  Esq.,  G.  Miller,  Esq.,  J.  Murray,  Esq., 
J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  J.  Beruers,  Esq.,  Sir  T.  Pai-kins, 
Bart.,  Mr.  A.  Dancer,  and  Mr.  J.  Fairbairn,  were 
elected  Fellows  ;  and  as  foreign  members,  the  following, 
viz.,  his  Excellency  Prince  Woronzow,  his  Excellency 
Count  Francis  Von  Thun  Ilohenstem,  Prof.  Alphonse 
de  Candolle,  Prof.  Adrien  de  Jussieu,  Prof.  W.  H.  de 
Vriese,  Prof.  W.  Gasparrini,  Prof.  H.  Mohl,  and  Prof. 
Treviranus.  Among  subjects  of  exhibition  was  an 
interesting  collection  of  Orchids  from  Messrs.  Loddiges,  in 
Tvhich  were  three  species  of  Odontoglossum,  two  kinds  of 
Brassia,  Acineta  Humboldti,  with  a  long  pendulous  spike 
of  brown-spotted  flowers  ;  a  small  example  of  the  some- 
Vfhdki  scarce  Dalhousie  Dendrobe  (D.  Dalhousieanum), 
Aerides  crispum,  the  purple  variety  of  A.  odoratum,  the 
singular  looking  Sarcopodium  Lobbii,  whose  slightly- 
hinged  lip  keeps  continually  moving  with  every  breath 
of  air  ;  and  the  dark-purple  variety  of  the  Bearded 
Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedium  barbatum  atropurpureum). 
A  Knightian  Medal  was  awarded  for  the  four  last- 
named  plants. — J.  Allnutt,  Esq.,  of  Clapham  Common, 
furnished  a  large  semi-double  Azalea  called  Fulgens,  and 
a  hardy  hybrid  Rhododendron  which  he  has  found  to 
flower  well  this  year,  while  the  blossoms  of  other  hybrids 
of  the  same  nature,  associated  with  it,  have  been  all  killed 
by  the  cold  wiuds  and  frosty  nights  of  the  late  peculiar 
Spring. — Mr.  Floud,  gr.  to  C.  Bailey,  Esq.,  M.P.,  sent 
a  Providence  Pine  apple,  weighing  9  lbs.,  for  which  a 
Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded.  A  similar  award  was 
also  made  to  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill,  East  Barnet,  for 
a  basketful  of  very  fine  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes.  A 
Certificate  of  Merit  was  likewise  given  to  Mr.  Keith,  gr. 
to  Mrs.  Smythe,  Ashton  Court,  near  Bristol,  for  a  dish 
of  good  Royal  George  Peaches.  Murray  Nectarines, 
well  swelled  and  highly  coloured,  from  Mr.  Fleming, 
gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  at  Trentham,  were 
similarly  rewarded.  The  same  establishment  also 
furnished  two  examples  of  the  Trentham  Hybrid 
Melon,  weighing  respectively  2  lbs.  10  oz.,  and  3  lbs. 
4  oz.  —  The  true  Bailey's  Green-fleshed  Melon, 
a  round  netted  kind,  weighing  in  this  instance  5  lbs. 
11  oz.,  was  sent  by  Mr.  Bailey,  of  Shardeloes  Gardens, 
Amersham,  who  raised  the  variety  from  seed  upwards 
of  20  years  ago.  It  was  stated  by  Mr.  Bailey  to  be  a 
finely  flavoured  variety  ;  but  as  the  fruit  was  not 
permitted  to  be  cut  up,  the  meeting  had  no  opportunity 
of  satisfying  itself  on  the  point. — Mr.  Smith,  of  Mauch- 
line,  in  Ayrshii'e,  exhibited  specimens  of  what  he  called 
a  "transplant  shade"  which,  he  expects,  will  prove 
better  than  flower-pots  for  sheltering  newly  J)edded 
out  plants,  &c.,  from  the  heat  of  the  sun  in  the 
day-time,  and  from  cold  at  nights.  These  shades, 
which  are  to  be  made  of  eai'thenware,  resemble 
an  inverted  flower-pot  set  on  feet,  which  enable  the 
plant,  while  it  is  efficiently  shaded,  to  receive  as 
much  air  under  the  circumstances  as  it  can  possibly 
require.  Two  models  were  shown,  one  without  a  top, 
the  other  with  a  top  perforated  with  small  holes,  and 
surrounded  by  a  rim.  The  fault  of  the  fii'st  was  stated 
to  be  that  it  permitted  radiation  from  the  soil  at  night 
to  go  on  about  as  freely  as  if  the  plant  was  exposed  ; 
and  that  of  the  latter  that  while  it  allowed  water 
to  pass  through  the  top,  it  kept  its  inmate  nearly 
as  dark  as  under  a  common  flower-pot.  Instead  of 
fixed  tops,  or  no  top  at  all,  it  was  suggested  that 
moveable  lids  should  be  used,  and  then  it  was  thought 
the  contrivance  might  be  a  considerable  improvement 
on  the  common  flower-pot,  for  purposes  of  shading. — 
From  the  Garden  of  the  Society  came  a  fine  specimen 
of  Saccolabium  guttatum,  the  handsome  Ceanothus 
dentatus,  a  large  Russellia  juncea,  Boronia  tetrandro, 
and  one  or  two  other  plants,  among  which  was  a 
new  Diplacus  raised  from  Californian  seeds.  It 
proves  to  be  a  very  distinct  and  handsome  kind, 
with  large  showy  buff  flowers  shaded  with  salmon.  The 
following  proposed  alteration  in  tlie  bye-laws  was  read  a 
first  time  : — «  The  Council  hereby  give  notice  that  they 
propose  to  substitute  for  Chapter  8,  Article  1,  of  the 
present  bye-laws,  namely,  '  The  number  of  honorary 
members  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  five,*  the  foUowiug 


words :  '  The  number  of  honorai'y  members  shall  not 
at  any  time  exceed  ten.'  "  Jj 

Caledonian  Horticultural,  May  S.  —  On  this 
occasion  the  display  of  productions  was  varied  and 
extensive.  Prizes  were  awarded  as  follows  :  —  Two 
finest  shrubby  Greenhouse  Plants:  1st,  Mi*.  Reid,  gr. 
to  Professor  Syme,  with  Leschenaultia  formosa  and 
Pimelea  Henderson! ;  2d,  Mr.  Ritchie,  gr.  to  G.  Innes, 
Esq.,  with  Aphelexis  humilis  and  Pimelea  Hendersoni. 
There  was  no  proper  competition  for  the  prize  offered 
for  the  finest  Rhododendron  ;  but  an  honorary  award 
was  voted  to  Mr.  Crocket,  gr.  to  Colonel  Ferguson,  who 
produced  a  fine  specimen  of  R.  formosum.  Cape 
Heaths:  1st,  Mr.  Ritchie,  with  ventricosa  coccinea 
minor  and  spuria  ;  2d,  Mr.  Reid,  with  Linnseoides 
superba  and  odorata  ;  3d,  Mr.  Veitch,  with  elegans  and 
ovata.  Finest  specimen  of  a  trained  perennial  Climbing 
Plant :  1st,  Mr.  Thomson,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Balfour,  with 
Tropseolum  tricolorum  grandifiorum,  trained  in  a  balloon 
form  ;  2d,  Mi*.  Reid,  with  Gompholobium  polymorphum, 
trained  in  an  elongated  conical  form.  Azaleas:  1st, 
Mr.  Ritchie,  with  Prince  Albert  ;  2d,  Mr.  Reid,  with 
Gledstanesii.  Auriculas:  1st,  6  varieties,  Mr.  Hender- 
son, gr.  to  C.  K.  Sivewright,  Esq.,  with  Waterhouse's 
Conqueror  of  Europe,  Wilmer's  Squire  Chilman, 
Kenyon's  Ringleader,  Lightbody's  Star  of  Bethlehem, 
Clegg's  Imperator,  and  Smith's  Britannia ;  2d,  Mr. 
Campbell,  Falkiri;,  with  Fletcher's  Ne  plus-ultra, 
Booth's  Freedom,  Ashton's  Prince  of  Wales,  Cheetham's 
Countess  of  Wilton,  Campbell's  Diana,  and  Sykes's 
Complete,  Best  two  pots  of  Forced  Strawberries:  1st, 
Mr.  Reid,  with  Keens'  Seedling  ;  2d,  Mr.  Pender,  with 
the  same  variety.  Tlie  prize  of  one  guinea,  offered  by 
Messrs.  Diclcsons  and  Co.,  for  the  best  four  Indian 
Azaleas,  was  gained  by  Mr.  Sleigh,  gr.,  Lauriston  Castle, 
with  prsestantissima,  Cupid,  elata  plena,  and  Holfordii. 
The  prize  of  one  guinea,  offered  by  Messrs.  J.  Dickson 
and  Son,  for  the  6  best  Cinerarias,  let  out  since  Septem- 
ber, 1850,  or  Seedlings  not  yet  out,  grown  in  8-inch 
pots,  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Henderson,  Cargilfield,  who 
produced  well  flowered  plants  of  Amy  Robsart,  and 
five  seedlings  of  1851.  In  addition  to  articles  sent  in  for 
competition,  there  was  a  good  display  of  productions 
sent  for  exhibition  only.  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Co. 
contributed  greenhouse  and  Alpine  plants.  Messrs. 
Dickson  and  Sons  Exotics,  including  Deutzia  gracilis. 
Phlox  Mayii,  a  number  of  Heaths  and  Epacrises,  and 
named  Cinerarias.  Among  greenhouse  plants  sent  by 
Messrs.  Lawson  and  Son  were  Heaths,  Azaleas,  Gera- 
niums, and  a  fine  plant  of  Salvia  gesueriflora.  Mr. 
Carstairs  exhibited  Pelargoniums  and  other  greenhouse 
plants,  together  with  two  bouquets,  and  25  heads  of 
Asparagus  weighing  33  ozs.  From  Mr.  Stark  were 
plants  of  Leschenaultia  formosa,  Ceanothus  papillosus, 
and  Deutzia  gracilis,  with  Heaths  and  Azaleas.  From 
Mr.  Methven  hybrid  Rhododendrons,  Cupressus  fune- 
bris,  and  greenhouse  plants.  From  Messrs.  Downie 
and  Laird  stands  of  Cmerarias  and  Pansies,  and  the 
new  double  crimson  Rocket  ;  and  from  Messrs.  Urqu- 
hart  and  Sons  Auriculas  in  cut  blooms.  From  the 
garden  of  I.  Anderson,  Esq.,  were  Azaleas,  for  which 
an  honorary  award  was  voted.  From  the  garden  of  C. 
K.  Sivewright,  Esq.,  named  Cinerarias,  and  several 
Seedlings,  for  one  of  which  a  Certificate  of  Merit  was 
granted.  From  the  garden  of  John  Henderson,  Esq., 
Erica  Caveudisliii,  E.  intermedia,  ventricosa  alba,  and 
other  varieties.  From  John  Mood,  Esq.,  Cinerarias. 
From  P.  N.  Fraser,  Esq.,  Alpine  plants,  including 
Primula  capitata  in  fine  condition,  Polemonium  pulcher- 
rimura,  &c.  From  G.  Innes,  Esq.,  an  Azalea  ;  and 
from  Mr.  Anderson,  St.  Andrews,  a  bunch  of  superior 
Asparagus.  Mr.  Sleigh,  Lauriston  Castle,  exhibited 
Rose  Comtesse  Mole,  and  Azaleas.  Mr.  Baxter,  gr.  to 
Sir  W.  Gibson-Craig,  Bart.,  border  Auriculas,  for  which 
an  honorary  award  was  voted,  Mr.  Anderson,  gr,  to 
the  Earl  of  Stair,  Strawberries.  Mr.  Forrester,  a  dark- 
coloured  double  Auricula,  and  a  stand  of  stage  Auriculas. 
Mr.  Richardson,  Pansies,  and  six  stage  Auriculas.  Mr. 
Grieve,  two  stands  of  Pansies.  Mr.  Stirling,  three  baskets 
of  Alpine  plants.  Seedling  Cinerarias  were  exhibited 
by  Mr.  H.  Gibb,  Mr.  Munro,  and  from  Grange  House. 
Mr.  Aitlien  exhibited  very  large  Flanders  Spinach, 
treated  with  liquor  from  the  Dalkeith  Gas-works.  Mr. 
Schlochow  exhibited  a  series  of  mmiature  succulent 
plants,  on  rustic  stands  of  various  forms  ;  and  Miss 
Hepple  a  vase  of  wax  flowers.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
the  display  in  the  Winter  House  was  much  enhanced 
by  a  number  of  fine  plants  fi-om  the  Society's  collection. 


scale-like  seeds  of  Paliurus,  arranged  symmetrically  ;■ 
and  the  other  from  Pernambuco,  being  of  a  conical 
shape,  suspended  by  a  slender  peduncle,  3  inches  long, 
and  surrounded  by  seven  rows  of  scale-like  appendages.. 
He  also  exhibited  various  interesting  species  of  Coleop- 
tera,  brought  from  the  Himalayas  by  Dr.  Hooker, 
including  new  species  of  Cicindela  and  Cercidocerus. 
Likewise  specimens  of  a  species  of  Poduridse,  brought 
from  the  Arctic  regions  by  Dr.  Sutherland,  who  was 
present,  and  stated  that  it  was  found  in  immense  num- 
bers in  the  neighbourhood  of  Wellington  Channel,  in 
June,  upon  the  Nostoc,  and  was  also  frequently  met  with 
on  the  ice  at  considerable  distances  from  the  land.  Mr. 
White  pointed  out  its  close  relation  to  Desoria  glacialis, 
found  on  the  ice  in  the  glaciers  of  Switzerland. — A  note 
by  Mr.  Ainger  was  read  on  a  successful  mode  of 
destroying  cockroaches  by  sinking  a  basin  into  the 
hearth-stone  at  the  side  of  the  fire-place,  which  was 
dm'iiig  the  day  covered  with  an  iron  plate. — Mr.  S, 
Stevens  exhibited  some  splendid  specimens  of  Goliathus- 
Polyphemus  from  Cape  Palmas,  and  Callithea  Batesii 
and  sapphinna  from  South  America. — Mr.  Douglas 
read  a  note  from  Mr.  Fortune's  new  work  on  China, 
on  the  employment  of  fumigation  with  the  saw-dust  of 
Juniper  or  other  resinous  woods,  as  an  effectual  mode 
of  getting  rid  of  mosquitoes.  Mr.  Douglas  also  read  a  . 
note  by  H.  Schreuier  on  the  specific  identity  of  Lithosia- 
depressa  and  helvola. — A  paper  by  Mr.  Hewitson  on 
five  new  exotic  species  of  Papilio  was  read.  Also  a 
sketch  of  the  entomological  productions  of  China,  with 
descriptions  of  some  new  species  of  Cetonidse,  brought 
by  Mr.  Fortune  from  Shanghai,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Sauudei'S^ 
— Mr.  Smith  also  read  descriptions  of  a  number  of  new 
species  of  Hymenoptera,  brought  home  by  Mr.  Fortune  ^ 
and  Mr.  Dallas  the  description  of  a  new  species  of 
Dinidor  from  Brazil. 


Entomological,  May  3. — J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq., 
President,  in  the  chair.  Among  the  donations  announced 
was  an  extensive  series  of  the  insects  of  Ceylon,  col- 
lected by  G.  H.  K.  Thwaites,  Esq.,  the  Director  of  the 
Botanical  Gardens  atColombo,  presented  by  Mr.  Spence, 
and  containing  a  great  number  of  very  rare  species. 
The  President  announced  that  a  new  Part  of  the  Transac- 
tions, completing  the  volume,  was  ready  for  delivery  ; 
and  likewise  that  the  Council  had  resolved  to  offer  a 
prize  of  five  guineas  for  the  best  essay,  to  be  illustrated 
by  original  experiments,  upon  the  duration  of  life  of  the 
three  diff'ereut  kinds  of  individuals  in  the  hive,  with  the 
view  to  clear  up  some  of  the  physiological  as  well  as 
practical  questions  connected  with  that  subject. — Mr. 
Edwin  Shepherd  exhibited  a  living  specimen  of  the  very 
rare  Notodonta  Carmelita,  taken  at  West  VVickham  ; 
and  Mr.  Aug.  Shepherd  aseries  of  Halias  chlorana,  reared 
from  catei-pillars,  and  a  remarkable  variety  of  Cerura 
Vinula. — Mr.  Adam  White  described  two  remarkable 
spiders'   nests,  one  from   Albania,   covered  with   the 


Handhucli  der  allgemeinen  Mycologie  ah  Anleitwig  zwii- 
Studium  derselben,  nebst  sp&iiellen  Beito^'cU/en  zur 
VervoUkommnung  dieses  Zweiges  der  Natwhu/nde,- 
Von  Dr.  H.  F.  Bonorden.  Stuttgart,  1851.  8vo, 
pp.  xii.  and  33G,  tab. 12. 
If  the  German  mycologists  of  the  present  day  were  to 
any  great  extent  taken  as  the  student's  guide,  the  whole' 
science  must  soon  become  a  mass  of  confusion.  While 
in  Sweden  the  venerable  Fries  is  still  adding  day  by 
day  to  our  knowledge,  and  constantly  impi-oving  andf 
correcting  his  former  labours — while  in  France,  Mon*- 
tagne,  Leveille,  Tulasne,  and  others,  aro  illustrating 
the  obscurest  groups,  so  as  to  throw  quite  a  new  Wghtt. 
on  the  science,  the  utmost  respect  meanwhile  being'^paid 
to  the  labours  both  of  their  predecessors  and  content- 
poraries  —  while  in  England  various  mycologists  are 
proceeding  in  the  same  fair  and  philosophical  spirit — ■ 
while  In  Anierica,  Curtis  is  collating  the  thuusand-and- 
one  new  species  of  the  United  States  with  those  of  the 
mother  country — the  German  mycologists  seem  bent  on 
bringing  the  science  altogether  into  disrepute  l)y  neglect 
not  only  of  the  writers  of  other  countries,  but  even  by 
a  disregard  of  many  of  the  earUer  authors  of  Germany,, 
or  even  of  their  contemporaries.  The  inaccuracies,  for 
instance,  of  the  voluminous  collection  of  Rabeuhorst  are- 
beyond  all  belief  ;  some  of  the  most  glaring  have  been 
corrected  from  time  to  time,  but  many  still  remain  to- 
perplex  those  who  have  not  a  pretty  good  acquaintance 
with  species,  and  whose  [herbaria  are  not  stored  with 
authentic  specimens.  The  same  may  be  said  of  Fiedler's- 
less  numerous  fasciculi  ;  and,  if  we  turn  to  illustrations,, 
we  find  the  mischief  which  was  commenced  by  Corda, 
notwithstanding  all  his  merits,  continued  in  a  host  of 
separate  memoirs,  and  more  especially  in  the  volume- 
before  us,  where  well-known  species  are  constantly 
describedas  new ;  while  mistakes  which  have  been  pointed' 
out  for  ages  are  still  continued.  If,  for  instance,  we  com- 
pare thefigure  of  Sporocyhe  hyssoidcs  with  thatof  Nees  von*' 
Esenbeck,  which  certainly  must  be  accessible  to  any  Ger- 
man botanist,  it  will  be  seen  at  once  that^ they  cannot  be, 
the  same  thing.  The  true  species  is  probably  intended  by 
Periconia  pyj-iformis,  which  is  certainly  much  more  like 
the  real  plant.  Unger's  erroneous  interpretation  of 
Greville's  genus  Cylindrosporium  is  still  continued, 
though  the  true  structm*e  of  Greville's  plant  has  been 
pointed  out  in  more  than  one  place  ;  Crateromyces 
candidus,  which  has  long  been  recognised  as  the  egg  of  aa 
Hemerohia,  is  still  continued  ;  CephalotkeGiuvi  ccmdid/umh 
is  the  eai'ly  stage  of  THchoihecmin  rosewu,  aud  many 
other  instances  might  be  brought  forward.-  Meanwhile 
many  of  the  most  important  genera,  long  since  published, 
are  totally  neglected  ;  and  though  tlie  plates  of  Corda's 
sixth  fasciculus  are  in  the  hands  both  of  French  and 
English  mycologists,  the  author  seems  qiuhe  ignorant  of 
theii-  existence.  Indeed,  the  list  of  mycologists,  given  at 
the  beginning  of  the  work,  is  pei-fectly  ridiculous.  And 
all  this  is  the  more  to  be  lamented,  because  the  author 
has  evidently  powers  which  would  maks  him  a  moat 
valuable  writer,  did  he  but  take  the  pains  to  become 
even  moderately  au  coii/rani.  What,  let  us  ask,  would 
be  thought  of  Phsenogamic  botanists  who-should  attempt 
the  publication  of  volumes  illustrative  of  particular 
natm-al  orders  of  plants,  without  any  attempt  to  recog- 
nise the  species  of  Decandolle,  Decaisne,  or  Hooker,, 
not  to  mention  a  host  of  botanists  renowned  for  the 
extent  of  theii*  herbaria  ;  and  why  should  a  different 
principle  be  applied  to  Cryptogams  I  Every  man  who 
undertakes  to  write  on  a  subject  is  bound  to  obtain  all 
possible  information,  and,  within  reasonable  limits,  to 
examine  the  most  recent  information ;  and  if  he  does  not- 


22—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


343 


take  such  pains,  he  will  have  no  right  to  complaia  if  his 
works  are  thrown  aside  as  calculated  to  mislead.  We 
would,  however,  by  no  meansspeak  unjustly  of  Bonorden's 
work.  Where  his  own  observations  are  recorded,  there 
is  often  much  to  command  attention  ;  and  were  it  not 
the  fact,  that  he  has  given  some  excellent  figures,  and 
proposed  some  good  genera,  we  should  not  have  recom- 
mended the  purchase  of  his  work  to  several  of  our 
friends,  as  we  have  felt  justified  in  doing.  It  is  a  sad 
drawback  even  to  Corda's  useful  volumes,  that  it  is 
necessary  to  examine  everything  most  paiufully.  before 
it  can  be  considered  as  a  fact  acquired  to  science,  and 
the  same  observation  is  equally  applicable  in  the  present 
case.  The  work  is  highly  suijgestive,  and  so  far 
extremely  valuable ;  but  it  is  one  the  conclusions  of  which 
must  not  be  too  hastily  adopted  by  the  student. 


A  Jowrney  to  Katmandu  (the  Capital  of  Nepal),  with 
the  Camp  of  Jung  Bahadour,  etc.  By  L.  Ohphant. 
12mo.  Murray. — This  little  volume  forms  a  part  of 
Murray's  Railway  Reading,  for  which  it  is  well  suited. 
The  remarkable  personage  whom  Jlr.  Oliphant  accom- 
panied, his  jewels,  his  attendants,  and  his  adventures 
here  and  in  Paris,  are  so  fresh  in  the  memory  that 
everybody  must  wish  to  know  something  of  him  as  he 
is  in  his  own  country.  That  information  the  author 
conveys  in  an  agreeable  manner.  We  hope,  however, 
that  his  political  and  social  statements  are  to  be  more 
rehed  upon  than  his  natural  history  ;  for  we  are  rather 
startled  at  bemg  assured  (p.  25)  that  the  Baobab  tree 
was  discovered  in  Java  by  Mr.  Adt^anson.  We  had 
thought  that  every  schoolboy  knew  by  this  time  that  the 
Baobab  was  an  African  Xtqq,  first  observed  in  Senegal  by 
the  celebrated  French  botanist  M.  Adanson. 

CwrtWs  Beauties  of  the  Rose.     Part  X. 


St.  Louis,  a  large  white  Hybrid  Perpetual,  w;is  in 
flower,  as  were  also  Eugene  Sue  and  Diodore  ; 
all  promising  kinds  of  the  same  class,  which  we  hope  to 
see  again  under  out-of-door  cuUui'e.  Cinerarias,  of 
which  Messrs.  Lane  have  a  fine  collection,  were  in  full 
bloom.  Among  them  were  nice  examples  of  Lady 
Hume  Campbell  and  other  leading  kinds.  The  stock 
of  "union"  and  other  Azaleas,  and  of  yellow  Rhodo- 
dendrons in  pits  is  extensive,  and  in  excellent  condition. 
Among  the  Rhododendrons  the  charming  bright  orange 
Java  species  (R.  javanicum)  will  soon  be  in  flower. 
Those  who  are  interested  about  gay  border  plants  may 
like  to  be  reminded  of  the  common  European  TrolHus. 
It  is  now  producing  its  large  bright  yellow  flowers  here 
in  abundance,  and  is  very  showy. 


FLORICULTURE. 


4to. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs.  Lane's  Nursery,  Great  Beekhampstead, 
Herts. — The  Azalea  houses  here  are  at  present  one 
mass  of  bloom  ;  and  owing  to  the  size  of  the  plants, 
together  with  the  various  shades  of  colour  which  the 
different  varieties  possess,  the  effect  on  entering  is  truly 
striking.  Some  idea  of  the  kind  of  display  produced 
may  be  formed  when  we  state  that  two  houses,  each 
npwards  of  60  feet  in  length  and  about  20  feet  in  width, 
arefilled  with  these  showy  plants.  The  largest  specimens 
are  arranged  in  beds  in  the  centre,  and  the  smaller  ones 
on  shelves  and  borders  along  the  sides.  The  centre 
plants  are  nearly  all  between  4  and  5  feet  high,  and 
many  of  them  are  "  unions,"  i.  e.,  two  and  three  different 
kinds  worked  on  one  stock,  the  effect  of  which,  when  the 
sorts  are  judiciously  selected,  so  as  to  bloom  at  the 
same  time,  is  very  good,  owing  to  the  charming 
contrast  created  by  the  intermixture  of  so  many 
different  colours.  The  varieties  that  have  been  found  to 
associate  best  together  here  are  Gledstanesii,  lateritia, 
and  variegata  ;  but  no  doubt  there  are  others  which 
would  answer  equally  well.     Such  kinds  as  optima  and 

picturata,  however,  should  not  be  "worked"  together,    ,       „  ^  ,-,  t      •  ax,  i  . 

as  they  do  not  flower  at  the  same  time.     Some  of  the  j  ^^^^^^y)  ^^^  ^  misspend  five -and- twenty  yeai-s.     Then  I 


Rhapsodies  about  Roses. — 

01(1  England's  emblem  is  the  Rose  ; 

There  is  no  otlier  flijwer 
Willi  half  the  graces,  that  adom 

This  beauty  of  the  bower  ! 
And  England's  daughters  are  as  fair 

As  auy  bud  that  blows  ! 
"What  aon  of  hers  that  hath  not  loved 

Sotce  boony  Eoglitih  Rose  \ 

I  blush,  almost  as  deep  a  crimson  as  "  G^ant  des 
Batailles,  H.  P.,"  when  I  confess  that  for  a  quarter  of  a 
century  I  walked  "  this  goodly  frame,  the  earth," 
with  about  as  much  appreciation  of  the  beauties  of 
Flora  as  a  hippopotamus.  If  in  childhood  I  had 
some  respect  for  the  Cowslip,  it  was  only  in  antici- 
pation of  its  sparkling  wine  ;  and  no  sooner  was  I 
promoted  to  port,  than  I  coldly  abandoned  my  former 
friend  to  its  graminivorous  synonyme.  Pomona  was  the 
goddess  of  my  youth  ;  and  the  sacrifices  which  I  made 
unto  her  (upon  the  altar  of  our  family  medicine-chest) 
were  great  indeed.  ^'  0  dura  puerontin  ilia!"  it  makes 
me  shudder  to  recall  how  I  cranched  those  huge  green 
Gooseberries  !  Mine  early  manhood  brought  no  change, 
though  oft  I  gave  my  guineas  for  bouquets  ;  and,  when 
there  was  a  Show  at  Chiswick,  wore  raiment  which 
defied  the  showers,  and  laughed  expense  to  scorn.  There 
might  have  been,  so  beautiful  was  my  apparel,  a  special 
prize  for  "gent's  best  primrose  kids,"  and  a  Baulisian 
medal,  as  big  as  a  warming-pan,  for  the  neatest,  glossiest 
pair  of  patent  morning  boots  !  "  Accoutred  as  I  was,'* 
have  I  many  a  time  strolled  through  those  tented  gardens, 
and  never  (for  I  will  make  a  clean  breast  of  it)  never 
looked  at  a  flower.  Those  Pinks,  Carnations,  Roses, 
and  Tulips,  which  require  the  protection  of  a  bonnet, 
monopolised  my  admiring  gaze,  until  I  sought  for 
"  Heartsease  "  within  my  breast,  but  found  (oh,  dash 
my  "  Bachelor's  Buttons  !  ")  nothing  but  "  Love-Lies- 
Bleeding!"  "Have  you  seen  the  beautiful  Polly- Au- 
thus  ? "  I  was  asked  one  day  by  a  friend.  *'  No,"  I 
replied,  "rfo  point  her  out  ;  and  may  I  beg  you  to  intro- 
duce me?"  Of  course,  he  never  forgot  it,  and  had 
great  subsequent  fun  at  my  expense  in  inquiring  "  if  I 
wished  an  introduction  to  il/«r!/-Gold,  or  ff^amm/i-Gallis, 
or  Jl/m-Embryanthemum,  or/oAn-Q,uil,  or  5i7^-Bergia." 
Thus  "  sans  eyes,  sans  nose,"  (floricul- 


ing.  But,  by  mistake,  that  Pauline  and  another  pot  of 
three  young  plants  of  Georgiana  were  left  out  of  the 
frame,  and  frozen  hard  and  stiff.  Yet  that  same  Pauline 
has  now  another  small  truss  of  flowers  coming  from  the 
same  stem,  and  two  or  three  young  ones  are  shooting 
up  -vigorously  from  under-ground.  Two  also  out  of  the 
tiiree  of  Georgiana  have  now  recovered,  one  above 
ground,  and  one  from  the  roots,  so  that  I  hope  your 
correspondent  has  not  lost  his  stock,  whatever  may  have 
become  of  his  bloom  for  the  season.  George  JeamSy 
Tetneg,  Lincolnshire. 

Royal  Sodth-Lqndon  Flqhicdltueal  Society,  May  20.— 
As  a  whole,  this  show  was  above  the  average  May  displays 
under  the  auspices  of  this  Society. — 15  miscellaneoue  plants 
were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Cole  (1).  Mr.  Over  {2),  Mr,  Roeer  (3), 
Mr.  Hamp  (4),  and  Mr.  Rhodes  (5).  DeaJera  :  18  plaatg, 
Mepsrs.  RoUisaoQ  (1),  Mr.  Pawley  {2).— Cape  Heaths :  Mr.  Cole 
(i),  Mr.  Roser  (2),  Mr.  Over  (3).  Dealers  :  Messrs.  Rollisaoa 
(1),  Messrs.  Fairbairn  (2),  Mr.  Pawley  (3).— 6  Orchids  were 
shown  by  Mr.  Cole  and  Messrs,  Rollissoa. — Pelargoniums: 
G  varieties,  Mr.  Robiason  (1),  with  Nora,  Salamander, 
Constance,  Ajax,  Alonzo.  aod  Alderman.  Dealers:  Svarieties, 
Mr.  Turner  (1),  with  Rosaraood,  Little  Nell,  Pride  of  the 
Isles,  Magnificent,  Mochanna,  Constance,  Alonzo,  and  Prince 
of  Orange  ;  Mr.  Gaine*  (2). — G  Fancy  ditto,  Mr.  Robinson  (1), 
Mr.  Roser  (2).  Dealers  :  Mr.  Gaines  (1),  Mr.  Turner  (2j.— 
4  Azaleas  :  Mr.  Cole  (Ij,  Mr.  Over  (2).  Dealers  :  Mr.  Lane  (l), 
Mr.  Ivery  (2),  Messrs.  HoUissoQ  (3). — 12  Tulips  :  Mr.  Betteridee 
(1),  with  Due  da  Bouffleurs,  Aglaia,  Violet  Alexander,  Platoff, 
Glory  of  Abingdon,  La  Belle  Nanette,  Sir  E.  Codrington,  King 
(Holmes),  Madame  Vestris,  Roi  de  Navarre,  Pass  Salvator 
Rosa,  and  Claudiana  ;  Mr.  Treacher  (2),  with  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire,  Lac,  Violet  Brun,  Shakspeare,  Lady  Jane,  Salvator 
Rosa,  Queen  Adelaide,  Kiop  (Holmes),  Vivid,  Catalani,  La 
Belle  Nanette,  and  Hamlet;  Mr.  Hardsione  (3),  Mr.  Lane  (4), 
Mr.  Phillips  (5j.  Dealers:  12  varieties,  Mr.  Lawrence  (I), 
wi'-h  Fabius,  Madame  Vestris,  Pandora,  Glencoe,  Emily, 
Salvator  Rosa,  Aglaia,  Byzantium,  Everard,  Catalani, 
Maid  of  Ork-ans,  and  Vivid;  Mr.  Turner  (2),  with  Madame 
Vestris,  Royal  Sovereien,  Purple  Perfection,  Triomphe 
Royale,  Triumph  de  Lisle,  Aglaia,  Champion  of  England, 
Pandora,  Midland  Beauiy,  Pilot,  Maid  of  Orleans,  and 
King  (Strong) ;  Mr.  Wilimer  (3),  Mr.  Norman  (4).  — 
24  Pansies  :  Mr.  Laoe  (1),  with  Ethelred,  Blanche,  Fompey, 
,  Queen  of  England,  Diadem,  Matchless,  Viceroy,  Pandora, 
Exquisite,  Ophlr,  Climax,  JIasterpiece,  Bertha,  Androcles, 
Lucy  Neal,  Duchess  of  Rutland,  Commander-in-Chief,  Notabilis, 
Eustace,  Aurora,  Polyphemus,  Mrs.  Trotter,  Virgo,  and  Keep- 
sake ;  Mr.  Bettertdge  (i),  Mr.  August  (3).  Dealers  :  36  varieties, 
Mr.  Turner  (1),  with  the  leading  kinds  as  shown  at  Hammer- 
smith, and  noticed  in  a  tormer  page  ;  Mr.  Bragg  (2),  Messrs, 
Hart  and  Nicklin  (3).  —  Pot-Roses  were  shown  by  Messrs. 
Lane  (1) ;  Messrs.  Paul  and  Francis  being  equal  (2).  Pansy, 
Sir  J.  Cathcart,  received  a  fir,-.t.cla8S  certificate  ;  National  was 
deserving  of  one.  Pansies  and  Tulips  were  certainly  inferior 
to  what  we  have  seen  ihem,  both  in  numbers  and  quality. 


larger  plants  are  standards,  and  very  handsome,  with 
compact  different  coionred  heads.  Of  other  good 
varieties,  besides  those  we  have  already  named,  there 
were  Broughtonii,  Alurrayana,  and  Andersonii,  three 
distinct  and  fine  kinds  ;  Perryana,  a  brilUant  glossy 
salmon  crimson,  fine  in  form  and  good  in  substance, 
one  of  the  very  best  Azaleas  in  cultivation  ;  and  Lanei, 
white,  stained  at  the  base  of  the  npper  petals  with  very 
pale  green,  giving  the  flowers  the  appearance  of  having 
a  faint  sulphur-coloured  centre  ;  it  occasionally  comes 
striped  with  pink.  Among  showy  kinds  not  very 
remarkable  for  good  sliape,  were  magniflora,  refulgens, 
and  some  others.  Intermixed  here  and  there  with 
the  Azaleas  were  plants  of  Rhododendron  am-eura 
superbum,  with  large  globular  heads  of  bloom,  contaming 
on  an  average  20  pips  or  flr.wers  in  each.  Much  as 
Messrs.  Lane's  fine  lUiododendron  sulphureum  was 
admired  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  and  elsewhere,  last  year, 
we  expect  that  this  will  prove  a  still  greater  favourite  ; 
for  it  ia  a  deeper  and  brighter  yellow  than  sulphureum, 
or,  indeed,  tJian  any  Ithododendron  of  its  class,  with 
which  we  are  acquainted.     We  also  noticed  here  the 


was  converted,  and  thus,  one  evening,' 

*"T  was  ia  the  prime  of  summer  time, 
An  evening  cairn  and  cool," 

I  wandered  to  my  favourite  garden-chair,  with  a  cigar 
de  la  premiere  qualiic,  to  digest  my  dinner  and  the  last 
new  novel.  There  was,  I  remember  in  both,  a  consider- 
able proportion  of  calf's  head  ;  and  altogether,  having  left 
Oxford,  and  not  being  particularly  in  love  at  the  time,  I 
felt,  what  the  author  of  the  novel  aforesaid  would  term, 
"  ^r^'s/^"  and  "  omtt^V,"  doubtful  of  the  veracity  of  the 
poet  who  wrote  about  "  Home,  sweet  home,"  and,  like 
Goldsmith's  "  Traveller," — 

"Remote,  unfriended,  melancholy,  sloiv." 
In  such  a  mood,  and  resting  my  eyes  for  a  moment  from 
the  wearisome  trash,  so  liberally  administered  to  the 
public  at  lialf-a-guinea  a  volume,  something  flashed 
before  them,  and  I  saw — A  Rose  !  It  glowed  with  such 
an  intensity  of  vivid  crimson  ;  it  shot  such  sparks  of  fire 
from  its  brilliantly  scarlet  centre,  that  I  believe  it  was 
a  special  missionary  from  Flora,  and  that  such  a  bloom 
of  Rose  "  D'Aguesseau,  Gallica,"  was  never  seen  before 
nor  since.     Away  went  the  cigar,  and  the  still  more 


singular  hybrid,  raiwed  between  R.  ponticum  and  ,  wcc^/y  novel,  and'l  stooped  over"  the  flower  with  all  the 
Azalea  8mei)«iH,  which  was  shown  at  Cliiswick  on  the  love  and  enthusiasm  of  a  neophyte.  Mr.  Vincent 
8th  irutt  While  Hptaking  of  Rliododt-ndrona  we  may  i  Crummies  could  not  have  felt  more  admiration  when  he 
mention  that  the  compai-ativcly  now  deep  purple  j  first  saw  the  future  Mi's.  C,  as  "she  stood  upon  her 
hardy  kind  called    Vict<jria    waa    nicely   in  bloom    in  ,  head  on  the  butt-end  of  a  spear,  surrounded  by  blazing 

the.  open    ground,    ha   was  also    a    good  wliito    sort  ;  fireworks  !" But,  seriously,  and  passing 

named  conocfcum.  Ghent  Azaleaa,  too,  ^ were  begin- /' from  gay  to  grave,  from  lively  to  severe,"  I  count  that 
ning  to  make  a  good  display.  Among  other  planrn  hour  among  the  happiest  of  my  life,  for  I  date  tlierefrom 
tpccimens  of  the  common  yellow  Jlroom,  aii<i  of  the  ,  so  many  of  its  purest  pleasures ;  and  then  first  I  expe- 
purjile,  white,  and  yellow  dwarf  CytiHUHea,  worked  on  rienced  that  indcscribiiblo  but  intense  feeling  of  reveren- 
high  fitandardH,  were  also  beautifully  in  flower  ;  planted  j  tial  joy,  which  the  true  florist  knows  when  lie  "looks 
m  Huitabic  Bituations,  as  by  the  Miden  of  long  Hlraight  through  Nature  up  to  Nature's  God,''  and  "admiring, 
walks  or  near  terraccH,  thc8c  have  a  pretty  effect.  As  cannot  but  adore."  .  .  .  The  next  evening  found 
regards  tlib  CytiHUses  people  complain  that  they  mon  die  I  me  seated  as  before,  but  my  book  was  "  Rivera  on  the 
with  tliem  ;  but  the  fault  layH  in  their  pruning  them  in  j  Rone."  ,S.  H.  11. 

too  much,  when  Iho  fttoek  (cominon  Laburnum;  being  |  JIauihnfjis  op  i'iik  Cinkrauia  (see  p.  \VS). — A  few 
too  vigoroufi  for  them,  killu  thorn.  If  tliey  wore  ptir-  days  aft<jr  I  was  found  fault  with  fur  cauBing  tho  loss  of 
mitt«d  Ut  form  good  heada,  ho  oh  to  exhauHt  tho  st^Mik  of  a  hlock  of  CinerariaB,  by  asserting  their  liurdinc^iH,  an 
more  of  ita  nap,  tliey  would  be  found  Uj  succeed.  .Some  (  accid<'nt  occurred  among  mino  whicli  it  may  be  of  iiho 
new  gjuwt  liouttes  liave  lately  been  ere('t<;d,aiid  more  are  '  to  ini-iition.  A  feeble  jilant  of  Pauline,  in  flower,  wiih 
contemplated.     The  working  of  the  R(jHe-hou«e,  whieli    removed  to  the  nurHcry  pit  to  be  kept  somewhat  cloHcr 


Antibebindms  :  Enqxdrer.  Autumn  struck  cuttings  once 
stopped  will  soon  be  in  flower.  Lists  of  half  a  dozen  good 
and  distinct  sorts  would  be  acceptable. 

ClNEaABiAs  :  A')ax.  We  are  unable  to  comply  with  your  request. 
We  scarcely  ever  know  by  whom  blooms  are  sent ;  if  we  did 
we  would  give  a  summary  at  ttie  close  of  the  season. 

FocasiAs  :  EnqvXrew  We  know  of  no  white  variety  possessing 
good  qualitiBrt  whose  tube  is  purple  ;  such  are  much  wanted, 

Nemophila  :  Header,  It  appears  to  be  a  croiis  between  dis- 
coidalis  and  iasigois. 

Pansies  :  K  if.  Early  flowering  plants  in  pits  will  ba 
degenerating  rapidly  ;  if  any  uf  ihe  sorts  are  scarce,  put  in  a 
few  cuttiniiS  at  once,  before  mildew,  &c.,  commence  the 
work  of  destruction  among  them;  however,  you  have  beea 
prudent,  and  possess  some  "young  stuff;"  throw  the  old 
plants  to  the  rubbish  heap. 

Tdlips  :  MJB.  About  four  weeks.  We  will  havo  something 
to  say  on  the  subjec.  before  that  ttiae.—H  J.  It  may  be  and 
doubtless  is  Bij^iu  (Scarnell),  which  has  this  season,  so  tar 
as  we  have  seen,  gone  far  astray;  the  three  bulbs  we  are 
blooming  are  worthless. 

Verbenas:  Benjaviiii.  Tiiey  arevery  accommodating,  and  may 
btj  had  ia  flower  nearly  all  the  year  round. 
SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

CiNEHAKiAs:  Winshw,  We  cannot  venture  an  opinion  from 
mere  impressions  of  flowers.  Wo  should  like  to  aeeS  and  l, 
which  are  stated  to  be  pink  and  vermilion  selfd.  You  will 
find  a  good  method  of  packing  blooms  at  p.  295. 

Fancy  Pelabgonidm:  EJ.  In  the  way  of  Hero  of  Surrey,  but, 
apparently  scarcely  so  good. 

Pansies  :  N  B.  I,  surface  smooth,  ground  white,  eye  bold,  and 
well  displayed  ;  margin  and  upper  petals  deep  purple  ;  2, 
cream  groulid,  nurrowly  margined  with  light  purple,  much 
in  the  way  \it'  Miss  Edwards.  3,  eye  radiates  through  the 
deep  yellow  ground  colour,  whicFi  is  also  too  square  ;  edges 
rough.  4,  a  bold  and  well  marked  variety  ;  the  side  petals 
meet  well  in  the  centre  of  the  flowor,  and  the  eye  is  well 
displayed.  5,  possesses  much  to  recommend  it,  as  does  6 
and  3.  7  has  a  model  eye  and  belling.  9  wants  smoothness 
of  surface. 

Pelaugonidms:  E  W  3.  Of  no  value  to  a  florist,— iro.  Not 
wonh  house  room. 

Tulips  :  IV  D.  In  good  condition,  and  as  a  bed  flower  remarks 
ably  showy,  but  of  no  other  value. 


^t>\ib&Uiii  on  the  Polmftibe  principle,  liiui  been  found  to 
be  very  efficient  nnd  j*atiHftteU)ry,  tho  plants  exliibitini:; 
the    best    of    health.      Among    new    boHh,    Mere    do 


than  ordinary.  It  waa  then  freezing  every  night  ;  and 
tliat  particular  night  tlio  white  frowt  waH  ho  liitrd  that 
the  ground  wan  quite  white  at  U  o'clock  tho  next  morn- 


Miscellaneoug. 

A  Poison  for  Rais. — Mix  twelvo  ounces  of  starch 
thoroughly,  with  eight  ounces  of  cold  water,  and  add  40 
ounces  of  boiling  water.  When  by  stirring  the  starchy 
jelly  is  formed,  put  into  it  an  ounce  and  a  half  of 
I)hosphorus,  and  cover  tho  vessel  for  a  few  minutes. 
Then  mix  tlie  mass  well  with  a  spatula  ;  when  cold,  add 
some  powdered  Valerian  root,  or  Aniae-seed.  To  pre- 
serve the  paste,  fill  some  small  wide-mouth  jars  with  it, 
and  close  the  jars  carefully  to  prevent  access  of  air. 
Dr.  Hanlo  recommends  that  tho  pasto  should  be  spread 
on  slices  of  bread,  and  these  placed  near  holes  through 
which  tho  rats  pass,  taking  care  tliat  they  are  constantly 
renewed  as  consumed.  Annals  of  Pharmacy  and  Prac- 
tical Chcmislry. 

Manufacture  of  Gas  from  Wood. — Two  years  ago,  Dr. 
Pettunlcofcr  showed  by  experiment,  at  a  meeting  of  tho 
Polytechnic  Instituto  of  liavaria,  that  a  very  consider- 
able amount  of  illuminatiiig  gas  could  bo  disengaged 
from  'J  o/,.  of  wood.  Its  practicability  on  a  large  scale 
has  sinco  been  tho  subject  of  much  doul)t.  The  in- 
ventor's process  ia  now  in  oijcration  at  Basle,  and  it  is 
also  ai)out  to  bo  introduced  at  Zurich,  Stockholm,  and 
JJronthoiin.  Tho  procows  is  Bai<l  to  bo  far  less  expensive 
than  tho  inanui'acturo  from  fossil-coal,  and  furnishes  a 
gaB   which    is   free   from   sulplmretted   hydrogen,   and 


344 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[May  29, 


several  ust:iul  (juil;i.tt:riii  pruaac&Sj  a.y  ciiarcoul,  wood-tai* 
-  and  wood-vinegar.  Central  Blatt.,  March  10,  1852  ; 
Chemical  Gazette. 

^atta  Percha  String  is  infinitely  the  neatest  article 
ve  have  yet  seen  for  tying  plants.  It  is  soft,  flexible, 
sufficiently  strong,  and  withal  so  imperceptible  as  to  be 
acafi-cely  visible.  It  is  made  of  various  sizes,  at  a  price 
moderate  enough  to  admit  of  general  employment.  We 
saw  it  in  use  in  the  garden  of  J.  H.  Schroder,  Esq., 
Stratford,  a  short  time  since,  and  at  a  little  distance  it 
was  Hot  perceivable — though  strained  from  a  pot  up- 
wards to  the  flower-spike  of  an  Orchid,  with  bright 
yellow  blossoms.  Gardcnera^  Record. 

Sale  of  Conifers. — Messrs.  Loddiges'  first  sale  took 
.place  at  Stevens's  on  Tuesday  last.  It  was  confined  to 
hardy  Conifers  in  pots.  Some  idea  of  the  kind  of  prices 
•they  realised  may  be  gleaned  from  the  following  :  lots 
-consisting  of  Abies  (Picea)  amabilis,  Pinus  Winces- 
t6riana,  and  other  good  varieties,  4s.  ;  Abies  (Picea) 
rgrandis,  Abies  (Pinus)  Pinsapo,  and  others,  5s.  Gd.  ; 
Abies  grandis,  diffusa,  and  others,  from  55,  6d.  to 
'7s.  6d ;  Abies  grandis,  Pinus  Lambertiana,  and  others, 
■  ts.  ;  other  lots  fetched  from  5s.  to  125.  each  lot. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

.(For    the   ensumg  week.) 


PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
^Orange  trees,  and  other  large  specimens  of  green- 
'  iionse  plants,  for  decorating  the  flower  garden,  courts, 
&c.,  may  now  be  placed  in  their  summer  quartez's  ; 
Iprevions  to  this,  see  that  the  drainage  of  each  is  perfect, 
and  that  in  watering  the  water  passes  freely  through  the 
'ball,  and  does  not  escape  round  the  sides.  If  you  liave 
■choice  in  the  matter,  place  tliem  in  a  situation  sheltered 
from  violent  winds,  and  yet  exposed  to  the  full  sun.  If 
there  is  any  appearance  of  aphides  on  them,  give  thera 
a  fumigating  before  removing  them  out  of  doors.  Keep 
A  damp  growing  heat  to  Camellias,  Azaleas,  &c.,  now 
making  their  young  wood  ;  the  latter  are  very  liable  to 
ihrips.  The  instant  these  are  detected  recourse  must 
^e  had  to  fumigation,  followed  up  each  alternate  evening 
^for  a  week  ;  syringe  them  at  the  same  time  with  weak 
tobacco-water,  until  all  appearance  of  the  pest  is  gone. 
The  utmost  vigilance  will  now  be  required  in  keeping 
fhe  more  choice  plants  in  a  healthy  growing  state,  and 
at  the  same  time  preserving  that  proper  uniformity  of 
growth  to  insure  a  perfect  and  well-bioomed  specimen. 
To  judge  which  is  the  proper  time  to  suspend  the  plant's 
Active  growth,  and  direct  its  energies  to  maturing  the 
jT&ung  wood,  is  a  question  the  cultivator  must  decide, 
after  considering  over  the  precise  time  in  which  he 
wishes  the  plant  to  bloom,  and  its  habit  in  regard  to  the 
j>ariod  it  ought  to  rest.  Young  plants  growing  into 
specimens — and  where  for  a  season  or  two  bloom  is  no 
Object— may  have  a  partial  rest,  for  a  mouth  or  six 
weeks,  and  afterwards  started  into  a  fresh  growth. 
This  will  save  much  time  in  growing  them. 
Another  plan  presenting  many  advantages  in  growing 
yoKug  Heaths,  Epacris,  and  similar  plants,  is  to  make 
raised  beds,  about  1  foot  high,  of  suitable  compost,  and 
fturn  out  the  young  plants  at  a  sufficient  distance  apart 
to  allow  for  their  summer's  growth  ;  these  will,  in  one 
summer,  grow  into  nice  bushes,  and  form  better  plants 
for  specimens  than  when  kept  in  pots  ;  provided  they 
are  taken  up  and  potted  sufficiently  early  for  their 
wood  to  become  ripened  before  the  dark  days  of  winter, 
«r  damp  and  mildew  will  spoil  the  summer's  growth. 
Apply  manure  water  frequently  to  Brugmansias  and 
«ther  free-growing  conservatory  plants,  to  keep  up  their 
^rigour  ;  this  treatment  will  likewise  benefit  such  plants 
as  scarlet  Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  Kalosanths,  &c.,  now 
■  developing  their  flowering  buds,  and  requiring  to  be 
^ept  up  by  stimulants.  Keep  the  plants  intended  for 
autumn  blooming  in  a  moderately  progressive  state  ;  a 
6oo  vigorous  growth  should  be  checked  by  a  free 
exposure  to  the  aii',  that  the  wood  may  become  ripe 
early.  Attend  to  the  tying  and  training  of  plants  as 
t&e  growth  proceeds,  that  no  confusion  may  occur,  which 
will  be  the  ease  even  with  a  few  days'  neglect.  Pick  off 
the  withered  bloom  and  seed-pods  from  Azaleas  and 
other  plants  going  out  of  bloom  ;  give  them  a  good 
washing  with  the  syi-inge  ;  and  now  will  be  the  proper 
time  to  prune  any  of  the  above  requiring  the  knife  : 
tiiey  should  afterwards  be  placed  in  a  cool  steady 
temperature,  until  they  begin  to  show  signs  of  renewed 
action,  keeping  them  damp  with  the  igyringe,  to  encourage 
theii'  breaking. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
As  soon  as  the  beds,  borders,  &c,,  of  the  flower-garden 
■are  furnished,  the   baskets  and  vases  filled,  and    the 
general  spring  planting  out  brought  to  a  finish,  the 
'remaining  stock  of  bedding  stuff  should  have  a  look 
over.     A  portion  will  be  required  for  stock,  and  as  a 
^considerable  number  of  plants  will,  in  all  probability,  be 
^yet  required  to  make  good  failures,  or  to  replace  beds 
•iiow  occupied  with  plants  continuing  only  a  short  time 
>in -bloom,  a  corresponding  reserve  must  be  kept  on  hand, 
•to  meet  the  additional  demands  through  the  season. 
This  extra  stock,  with  few  exceptions,  had  better  be 
«ept  in  pots  ;  and  therefore  if  any  unpotted  cuttings  yet 
!  remain,  let  them  be  potted  off  and  repot  others  requiring 
;'.a  shift.     They  should  afterwards  be  plunged  in  ashes,  in 
^a  cool  shady  situation,  and  the  early  blooms  picked  off ; 
-  theyr  will  thus  be  ready  for  immediate  turning  out,  when- 
ever required.     A  few  kinds  of  annuals  for  the  same 
^purpose  should  likewise  be   sown   on  a  light  soil  and 
Ihady  border  j  these,  when  up,  should  be  fi'equently 


iraiisjtiiiiited  and  stopped  ;  tins  will  stop  tiieir  tendency 
to  bloom,  encoux-age  the  formation  of  roots,  and  tliey  will 
be  found  to  bear  removing  to  the  permanent  beds  at  any 
time  without  injury.  It  will  add  much  to  the  effect  of 
vases,  &c.,  if,  after  they  are  filled,  a  few  trailing  plants 
are  put  in  to  peg  over  the  surface  of  the  mould,  and 
ultimately  to  hang  over  the  sides.  For  this  the  different 
kinds  of  Mauraudyas,  Lophospermums,  &c.,  are  well 
adapted  for  the  larger  ones  ;  while  for  the  lesser  vases, 
baskets,  &c.,  dwarf  Lobelias,  Ivy-leaved  Geraniums, 
Saponarias,  the  trailing  Loose-strife,  and  plants  of  similar 
habit,  will  add  mucli  to  the  beauty  of  the  group,  and 
have  a  better  appearance  than  moss,  which  we  so 
frequently  see  used  for  the  purpose. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
If  the  cold  east  wind  we  have  liad  for  the  past  three 
or  more  months  continues,  it  will  be  better  to  defer 
planting  out  Dahlias  for  a  few  days.  Seize,  however, 
the  first  favourable  opportunity.  Go  through  the  col- 
lection of  Tulips,  carefully  marking  those  which  are  out 
of  place,  rearranging  thera  according  to  their  respective 
heights,  either  in  the  1st,  2d,  3d,  or  4th  rows;  also 
note  those  which  have  impure  stamens— this  is  a  serious 
defect.  Some  flowers  will  be  cloudy  at  the  base  of  the 
petals  when  in  a  flamed  state,  which  are  perfectly  pure 
when  feathered,  but  we  never  knew  an  instance  of  a 
variety  with  stained  stamens  becoming  pure  in  either 
character.  Carefully  attend  to  Ranunculus  beds;  water 
between  the  rows  in  the  evening,  if  they  require  it  ;  let 
the  water  be  soft,  and  warmed  by  exposure  to  the  sun 
during  the  day.  Divest  Pinks,  intended  for  exhibition, 
of  their  laterals,  leaving  one,  two,  or  three  buds  on  each 
stem,  according  to  the  strength  and  variety  of  the  plant. 
Water  Hollyhocks  occasionally  with  weak  liquid 
manure,  takiug  care  that  the  ligatures  do  not  chafe  the 
rising  stems. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  present  is  a  busy  period  in  this  department,  and 
much  vigilance  and  perseverance  will  be  requisite  to 
keep  pace  with  the  advancing  growth  in  preventing  and 
keeping  down  the  different  pests  which,  this  season, 
appear  moi*e  than  usually  numerous,  assisted,  no  doubt, 
by  the  prevalence  of  cold  easterly  winds.  As  we  Imve 
before  directed,  tobacco-water  must  be  instantly  applied 
whenever  the  black  or  green-fly  makes  its  appearance, 
endeavouring  to  make  it  act  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves.  When  the  foliage  becomes  mucli  curled  from 
bliglit,  a  good  sulphm'ator,  charged  with  snuff  and  a 
small  portion  of  sulphur,  will  be  found  the  most  effectual 
implement ;  before  using  this,  damp  the  trees  with  the 
syringe,  and  apply  the  snuff  before  the  trees  become  dry, 
that  it  may  more  effectually  adhere  to  the  leaves.  Pay 
close  attention  to  Apricots,  Pears,  &c.,  to  dislodge 
the  maggot  which  coils  itself  up  in  the  foliage,  and  not 
unfrequently  spoils  some  of  the  finest  fruit.  In  disbud- 
ding Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries,  the  fore-right  shoots, 
and  those  not  wanted  for  laying  in,  should  remain  for 
the  present,  as  stopping  theni  at  this  time  would  only 
cause  a  fresh  breaking  into  wood,  either  of  the  eyes  at 
the  base  of  the  stopped  shoot  or  of  some  portion  of  the 
spurs,  and  would  destroy  the  end  aimed  at,  viz.,  the 
converting  the  eyes  at  the  base  of  each  shoot  into  fruit 
spurs  ;  as  they,  however,  look  unsightly  on  well-regu- 
lated tx'ees,  it  will  be  better  to  tie  them  slightly  to 
the  main  branches  for  the  present — this  will  give  a 
better  appearance  to  the  trees,  and  bending  the  shoot 
will  in  some  measure  stop  the  free  action  of  the  sap,  and 
help  the  object  in  view.  The  precise  time  at  which  the 
shoots  should  be  shortened  must  be  regulated  by  the 
vigour  of  the  tree,  and  should  be  deferred  till  all  danger 
of  the  remaining  eyes  again  breaking  into  wood  is  over. 
Where  a  large  number  of  Strawberries  is  yearly 
forced,  the  plants,  after  the  fruit  is  gathered,  will  be 
found  valuable  for  planting  out,  producing  a  most 
abundant  crop  the  following  year  :  the  later  forced  ones 
will  answer  best  for  this,  as  they  are  not  so  liable  to 
bloom  again  in  the  autumn  ;  turn  the  plants  into  rich 
soil,  and  if  they  are  only  to  remain  one  year  (which  is 
our  own  practice),  they  may  be  planted  pretty  thick  ; 
water  them  till  they  get  established.  Place  straw  or 
some  similar  material  between  Strawberries  now  in 
bloom,  to  preserve  the  fruit  clean  in  heavy  rains,  and  to 
keep  the  ground  moist. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Stick  advancing  crops  of  Peas  and  Scarlet  Runners, 
and  sow  a  fresh  supply  of  the  above  and  the  dwarf 
French  Bean.  Peas,  if  the  land  is  dry  or  sandy,  should 
be  sown  in  a  shallow  trench,  that  the  waterings  they  will 
require  during  hot  weather  may  well  soak  their  roots. 
Carry  on  the  different  successional  sowings  of  vegetables, 
and  stir  the  soil  between  those  advancing ;  frequently 
water  Cauliflowers,  Spinach,  Turnips,  and  other  vege- 
tables depending  for  their  excellence  on  the  rapidity  of 
their  growth.  Plant  out  Tomatoes,  either  against  vacant 
places  on  the  walls  or  warm  slopes  :  a  portion  should  be 
kept  under  glass  for  an  early  supply.  Chillies  are  best 
planted  out  under  glass  ;  see  the  newly  planted  Celery 
gets  no  check,  and  prick  out  in  beds  of  rich  soil  that  sown 
in  the  open  ground  for  later  crops.  Transplant  Leeks  into 
similar  trenches,  as  directed  for  Celery,  only  plant  two 
rows  of  plants  in  each  trench,  which  need  not  be  more 
than  2  feet  apart.  They  will  require  an  abundance  of 
water,  and  should  be  earthed  up  when  sufficiently 
advanced.  Cut  the  flowering  stalks  off  from  Rhubarb, 
Seakale,  and  other  roots,  when  the  ripening  of  the  seed 
would  be  injurious  to  the  vigorous  growth  of  foliage. 
In  cutting  Asparagus  for  the  table,  take  all  the  shoots 
as  they  spring  from  the  ground  ;  to  leave  any,  however 


small,  would  only  prevent  tlie  growth  oi  the  dormant 
buds  below.  On  young  beds,  not  yet  at  their  best, 
cutting  should  be  discontinued  early  ;  the  remainder 
should  not  be  cut  later  than  the  middle  of  June,  unless 
there  are  beds  going  to  be  broken  up,  which  may  be  cut 
while  any  shoots  come  up.  It  is  a  waste  of  time  to  save 
old  beds  for  forcing,  as  they  rarely  pay  for  the  trouble, 
and  the  finest  forced  "  grass"  is  always  obtained  from 
roots  not  older  than  four  or  five  years. 


Ebeatdm.— Under  the  head  Plant  Beparfment,  at  p.  328, 
19  lines  from  lop  of  column,  for  "the  common  Mandariu 
Orange,"  read  "the  common,  Mandarin,  and  Otaheitiun 
Oranges." 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  ending  May  3/,  ISs'i.  aRobnerved  at  tbe  Horticultural  Gardens, 

ChiBWick. 


t 

Tbmpbbatdbh. 

May. 
Friday..  21 

a 

Of  the  Air. 

Or  the  Earth. 

1  footlS  (eel 
deep.    deep. 

Wind. 

H 

Max. 

UiD. 

filax. 

Mia. 

Mean 

■2 

29.992 

29  972 

61 

4G 

53.i 

h^}^ 

516 

N. 

.CO 

3    31M139 

20,995 

CI 

^7 

51.0 

54 

N,K. 

.00 

Sunday  .  23 

4    30.1  G3 

3tl.027 

67 

45 

51.(1 

h^\ 

51 

K. 

.00 

Mod  day    2J 

5,  30  0;i6 

29.970 

66 

49 

57.5 

5.1^ 

50i 

Tuea.    ,,  2a 

6    211.955 

29.876 

61 

49 

i.5.0 

54j 

hi* 

Wed.    .,  16 

]>'   2'J.850 

119.790 

54 

49     '  5)..S 

51          51 

N.K, 

.35 

ThurB...  27 

8 

20.902 

29jJ7a 

5J 

47        50.5 

63       1  51 

N.t;. 

.11 

Average  ... 

29.976 

29.796 

59.1 

17-4 

5S.3 

53.8 

51.0 

.57 

21— Hrtzy;  overcast:  fine;  deasely  overcaat  at  night. 

22-Cloudy;  clear  at  nl^bt. 

23— Uniformly  overcast;  cloudy;  overcaat, 

24— Overcast;  fine;  overcast. 

i'5— Overcast;  ram  ar  ni^bt;  at  times  boisterous. 

26  — Ralo.  with  cold  north-east  wiod  ;  overcsst. 

27  — Duiformly  overcast;  slinht  drizzle  ;  overcast. 
Meaa  temperature  ol  the  week,  3  de^.  below  the  avetage. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  ycaro,  for  the  ensuing  week,  endioK  Juue  5, 1S32. 


«. 

No.  of 
Years  in 
which  it 

Kaiaed. 

Prevailing  Winds 

May 

and  June 

m 

Ill 

-a 
3S 

Greatest 
Quantity 
ol  Halo. 

^ 

4 

*•  to 
6  — 

1 

6    Z 

Sunday  30 

6S.6 

45.7 

57.2 

7 

0.22  in. 

Mon.      31 

70.4 

4.1.8 

h>\.\ 

8 

0.3S 

6    5;- 

3   7i  3| 

Tues.       1 

71.1 

46.5 

59  8 

8 

0.:27 

8    2- 

».  8    1 

Wed.        2 

46.5 

58.4 

U 

0.33 

-\A]  2    2   3    5'  5 

Thure.    3 

71.3 

45.8 

58  6 

9 

0.91 

—    1    4'  1|  5    8    3 

Friday    4 

71^ 

46.8 

t.9.() 

10 

0.76 

13    2    2    3    6;?. 

Satur.      5 

70.7 

47.1 

5S.9 

14 

0.0 1 

2 

3 

y— 

4 

61  61 

The  highest  temperature  during  thG  above  period  occurred  on  the  2d> 
1834.  3d,  1346,  and  5th,  lS49-therm.  S5  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  on  the  30th,  133^ 
—therm.  36  de^. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Ants  :  i/  W  J.  Try  the  effect  of  placing  rags  steeped  in  turpen- 
tine in  their  holes  and  runs.J 

AspARAQDs:  IF  C  The  proper  way  ta  to  salt  in  March,  making 
the  beds  qui'e  white,  and  again  in  July. J 

Bananas:  J H G.  Grow  them  in  a  mixture  of  peat  and  loam, 
and  treat  them  as  Btove  plants. 

EsirGEAiiON  TO  Adstbalia  ;  A  Suh.  Such  a,  young  man  must 
succeed,  if  he  has  industry,  strength,  and  good  conduct.  AU 
men  possessing  these  indispensuble  qualities  will  find  Aus- 
tralia a  land  of  prosperity  to  them, 

GoosEBEEBiEs  :  W  C.  Ic  is  too  late  topi-une  them  now.  Wait 
till  winter.J 

Geeen  Slime;  MJB  will  feel  greatly  obliged  by  any  of  our 
correspondents  pointing  out  a  remedy  against  the  occurrence 
of  the  green  slimy  stratum,  consisting  of  minute  Algae,  which 
is  so  destructive  to  pots  of  seedlings  raised  in  frames.  The 
most  perfect  drainage,  he  adds,  is  ineffectual. 

HuNETsucKLEs  :  H  uill  be  obliged  to  any  of  our  correspondents 
who  would  give  the  names  of  a  good  variety  of  Honeysuckles 
to  fill  a  large  bed  ;  it  would,  of  course,  be  desirable  that  they 
should  flower  at  different  periods  through  the  eumroer. 

Insects:  Jiev.  TW.  The  insects  you  have  sent  are  Lichobiua 
forcipatus,  and  GeophiluB  subterraneus,  two  species  of  Centi- 
pedes, which  are  of  caroivorons  habits.  The  mischief  in 
jour  garden,  of  which  jou  complain,  is  probably  caused  by 
some  other  insect.— C  O.  We  have  carefully  examined 
the  leaf  of  the  Brugmansia,  but  cannot  find  any  insect. 
The  slits  along  the  mid-rib  do  not  seem  to  be  the  work  of 
an  insect. — E  L.  Syringe  your  Gooseberry-trees  well  with 
strong  lime-water,  and  sprinkle]  quick-lime  over  the  leaves 
and  caterpillars;  also  laying  a  quantity  under  the  trees. 
Water  heated  to  140"  Fahr.  will  also  destroy  the  caterpillars 
without  injuring  the  trees.  The  beet  way  in  winter  and 
early  spring  is  to  batten  the  earth  down  as  hard  as  possible, 
instead  of  loosening,  as  you  have  done ;  the  former  plan 
prevents  the  flies  (which  are  the  parents  of  the  prei-ent 
caterpillars)  from  making  their  way  out  of  the  earth, 
in  which  they  have  passed  their  pupa  state. — Annette. 
Tour  Peas  have  been  eaten  by  Julus  pulchellua  (one  of 
the  species  of  hundred-legs);  the  best  plan  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  which  is  to  lay  traps  for  them  by  burying  slices  of 
Potato  or  Turnip  fixed  on  a  stick,  in  your  beds,  or  sinking 
pottles  of  damp  moss  iu  the  earth,  and  examining  them 
every  raorniDg.    W. 

Melons  :  Jonea.  Owing  to  the  bruised  condition  in  whlcb  your 
Melon  leaves  arrived,  we  are  unable  to  say  what  ails  them, 
with  any  degree  of  certainty;  but  they  look  as  if  excessive 
moisture  was  the  cause  of  the  mischief.} 

Names  of  Plants:  FF.  Hydnum  auriscalpium.— .4 ff.  Appa- 
rently a  shrivelled  morsel  of  Oxalia  floribunda. — O  J  C. 
Pyrus  Aria.  —  Redwood,  Camassia  eeculenta,  Cerastium 
tomentosum. — P  Joy.  Mespilus  grandiflora. — One  or  two 
inquiries  under  this  head,  which  require  time,  will  ba 
answered  next  week. 

FiNE-APPLEs :  X.  The  night  temperature,  or  top  heat,  of  a 
good  succosBioa  Pine-house,  supposing  the  day  heat  varies 
from  80"  to  90",  should  be  Gti".  The  smooth-leaved  Cayenne 
has  large  brownish-yellow  pyramidal  fruit  and  grey  leaves, 
divested  of  spines.  Close  pipes  will  be  found  best  for  bottom 
heat  +  ,      . 

Rats  :  F  Benson.  Try  phosphorus  balls,  or  the  remedy  givea 
in  another  coluo3D.{ 

Rbodoleia  :  HP.  As  this  plant  is  from  Hong-Kong  it  may  he 
expected  to  require  the  same  climate  as  Chinese  Azaleae.  It 
certainly  is  not  hardy.  ,„,«., 

Seed  Lists  :  In  our  notice  of  Carter's  Seed  Catalogue,  at 
p.  104,  we  remarked  that  no  such  plant  as  Lusania  calydntt 
was  known  to  us.  The  seed  has  produced  two  species  of 
Antirrhinum.  ,  ,     ,  . 

Sdlphdbatok  :  R.  We  never  recommend  dealeri.  J 

Misc :  EHH.  Send  12  postage  stamps,  with  your  address,  and 
they  shall  be  forwarded. 


I 


'  •  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
*late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  alao  beg  for  the  indulgence 
of  those  numerous  correspondents,  the  ineertiun  of  whose 
interesting  contributions  is  still  delayed. 


99- 


-1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


345 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  esteaeive   aduUeraiions   of  ihis 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Guvernment  ami 

to  the  Public  agaiuto  recommend  Farmers  and  ail  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefuiiy  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchaee  wiU 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  toparticulor 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

TJie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  bee^i  sold  by  them  duHng  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  orthe  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr,  La WEs'e Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9M0s.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


'pHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-L  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Limo,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  91.103.  per  ton,  orforStons  and  upwards, 
91.  6j.  in  Dock.  Edward  Pdksee,  Sec. 

40.  New  Bridee-street,  Blackfriars, 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i,  35.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferti'is-ing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowltdged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  foragricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tooB  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Roud-lanc. 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  IS  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furniahiug 
at  least  3  per  cent,  of  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  CheiDist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


M'CORMICK'S    AMERICAN     REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London. — Extract  from  Air.  Pussy's  Ktport  on  the  Agri- 
cultuval  iniplemi'Ut  Deparrraeut,  Great  Exhibition. — "  Mr, 
M'Cormick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  i*:  bas  eince 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elpewhere,  to  the  admira- 
'ion  of  pr.>ictical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


POYD'S    PATENT    SCYTHE    and   the  celebrated 

t-)  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK?.-BoTD'B  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacltsaiith  ;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  tlius  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Butd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  esperieuce,  especially  with  his  late  im^enious 
!tnd  very  useful  improvement." — G.  C,  ISth  May,  1S52.  The 
Steel  Digging  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  ilr.  Mechi. 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  tffect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour," —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wji.  Drat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF 
ENGLAND,— LEWES  MEETING.— The  la?t  day  for  the 
entry  of  Stock  is  TUESDAY.  1st  of  JUNE.     Prize  Sheets  and 
Forms  of  Certificate  can  ba  obtained  on  application,  by  post  or 
otherwise,  to  the  Secretary,  No.  12,  Hanover-square,  London- 
By  Order  of  the  Council,         James  Hudson,  Secretary. 


THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  AND  POULTRY 
SHOW,  1S52.  The  fourth  GREAT  ANNUAL  ESHIBI- 
TION  of  FAT  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  PIfiS,  and  the  various 
kiods  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  the  14th,  I5th,  16th,  and  17th  of 
Decembeh  next.  The  PRiZR  LISTS  are  now  ready,  and  may 
be  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary. 

John  Mobgan,  Jun.,  Secretary. 
Offices,  No.  2,  Insurance  Buildings,  Union  Passage,  Birmingham. 


iw  asrtcttltttral  iBmtttt* 

SATURDAY,  MAY  29,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  "POLLOWING  WEEKS, 
Wkdmbsuat,   June     2— Ai[ricuUurRl  Society  of  Encland. 
TuuKaiiAY,  —        3— Airriculiurftl  Imp.  Soc.  nf  Ireland. 

Wkdnbedat,      —        9— Auricuitural  Society  of  England. 
TugiiSDAi,         —      10— AKnculturallmp.  Soc.ol' Ireland. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

(FEOU   THE   eOFFOLE   CB&G.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  ixD  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  purposeof  reduc- 
ing these  Phosphatic  Nodules  to  a  fine  Powder,  and  being  in 
the  immediate  1  icality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Diaeolved  in  Acid.  They 
form  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

Prices  aod  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwabd  Paceard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Maaare  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 


TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
oaly,  equal  iu  qaalitj,  but  iu  euperior  conditiou  to  that 
manulacturtid  by  the  UDder&iKned,  as  reported  ia  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society'.  Journal,  Vol.  VI.,  Part  2,  It  is  also 
suitable  for  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Gtiano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mabk 
FoTBEBQiLL,  H)l,  Upper  Tbames-street,  London , 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  aod  Wealth  uf  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAU- 
COAL,  Impregnated  with  the  fertliiBing  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fasces  are  ab- 
sorbed, aod  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fnlbam,  Middlesex,  at  6O5.  per  ton,  is.  per  cw(.,  2s.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 

SCOTLAND. 
n-'O    AGRICULTURISTS.-The    Subscribers    have 
-*-     always    on    sale,    and  which  can    be  delivered  at  any 
Tallway  station  in  Scotland, 

BONE  MANUEB  iltn  BONE  CHARCOAL. 

KoBiNsoN  and  NiVEK, 
Weit  Burn  MiUi,  Ma;  20,  1852.  Drysalters,  Greenock. 

Messrs.  R.  and  N.  request  the  nttentioo  of  Agriculturists  to 
the  undemotcd  Chemical  Analtsis  of  their  Bone  Charcoal, 
which  contains  the  following  fertilising  Ingredients  : 
^' Pho«pba!es  cf  Lime  and  Magnesia  83,5 

Carb'^nate  of  Lim. 47 

Garbonata  of  Magnesia      ]       [[[       [[[     oy 

Charcotl  "I        '"      jj 

Alkaline  sulphates  and  chlorides  „,       **,'       [[[      },'(} 

Water "'      2  1) 

SUlcloaa  and  olajey  matter^  and  oaide  of  iron  1,0 

100.0 
"It  will  be  observed,  from  the  foregoing  Analysis,  that  this 
lobstance  Is  particularly  rich  In  phosphates  of  lime  aod 
cnagnesla,  containing  83i  per  cent,  of  these  ingredients  ;  on 
this  Bccoant  it  is  ..dinlrably  adapted  for  use  as  manure,'  for 
tliese  phoipbktes  rank  amongst  ilio  most  powerful  of  fertilising 
agents.  (Signed)  FmlDzaicE  PmHxr,  Professor  of  Chemlxiry, 
Andersonian  University,  Giasgow." 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
•^^  makes  Butter  in  iO  minutes,  (t  obtained  the  award  of 
the  flreat  Exhibition  Medal,  and  nlso  a  prljie  at  vvery  onti  of 
the  numerous  Agricaltural  meetings  at  which  It  has  been 
shown,  it  Is  now  acknowledged  to  b«  the  best  Chum  ever  pro- 
du«d.    3M>  have  b«n  sold  In  one  year. 

Bmsxm  and  Kit,  103,  Ktwgate-ttrect,  I.,ondon. 


No  act  of  the  Earl  of  Derby's  Government  has 
done  his  party  so  much  injury  as  the  course  which 
the  Lord  Chancellor  has  been  permitted  to  take 
with  the  Copyhold  Enfranchisement  Bill,  If  ever 
a  bill  had  been  thoroughly  considered  by  men  best 
able  to  judge  of  its  effect,  it  was  that,  which,  after 
struggling  with  adverse  majorities  for  years,  at  last 
passed  the  House  of  Commons  triumphantly.  It  was 
so  framed  as  to  put  an  end  gradually  to  one  qS  the 
most  frightful  incubi  by  which  land  was  ever 
oppressed  ;  and  while  it  fully  indemnified  the  lord 
for  the  loss  of  his  manorial  rights,  it  offered  compen- 
sation to  the  steward  for  that  of  his  personal 
interests,  thus  providing  equitably  for  the  just 
claims  of  all  parties. 

We  need  not  say  what  copyhold  tenures  are. 
Our  readers  are  unfortunately  too  well  acquainted 
with  their  operation.  As  the  Times  most 
justly  remarks,  the  whole  theory  of  copyholds 
would  appear  to  have  been  contrived  by  a  Brahmi- 
nical  priesthood  for  the  sake  of  maintaining  society 
in  a  given  position.  For  the  last  quarter  of  a 
century  the  Houses  of  Parliament  have  struggled  to 
liberate  the  country  from  so  distressing  a  servitude ; 
and  now  that  a  measure  which  has  met  the  approval 
of  men  of  all  parties  is  ready  to  pass  into  a  law,  the 
Government  steps  in  to  shelve  it.  To  quote  the 
words  of  our  great  contemporary,  "  Since  the  period 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel's  bill  there  has  been  discussion 
after  discussion — measure  after  measure — committee 
after  committee.  The  intelligence  of  the  Houses  has 
been  completely  saturated  with  the  subject.  In  the 
present  session  a  bill  was  introduced  founded  upon 
all  the  past  experience,  and  after  many  secret  heart- 
burnings and  unnoticed  struggles,  was  successfully 
carried  through  the  Commons.  When  the  bill  was 
carried  up  to  the  Lords,  it'  was  just  one  of  those 
occasions  when  it  was  necessary  to  take  time  by  the 
forelock  and  improve  the  oppoitunity.  Every  one 
expected  that  as  the  support  of  the  Government  had 
been  given  to  the  measure  in  the  Lower  House,  it 
would  meet  with  the  same  patronage  in  the  Upper 
Chamber.  The  knell  of  the  copyhold  system  was 
supposed  to  have  been  rung.  It  needed  but  the  fiat 
of  the  CiiANCRLLOR  to  havo  relieved  the  country  from 
a  burden  which  hits  weighed  upon  the  springs  of 
agricultural  industry,  and  affected  the  interests  of 
the  landlord  in  a  far  more  important  manner  than 
the  removal  of  any  duty  upon  the  produce  of  his 
estate." 

But  the  fiat  was  withheld  ;  difficulty  upon  diffi- 
culty was  Hugge.sted  ;  the  CiiANciii.i.oit armed  him.self 
with  bis  legal  magnifying  glass  ;  a  speck  was  seen 
here,  a  [larticle  of  dust  there,  and  instead  of  brushing 
ificni  off  in  committee  it  was  pronounced  indis- 
pensalilo  that  the  final  poliKh  should  be  thu  work  of 
a  select  committee  I  Well  miglit  Lords  Ciianwoiitii 
and  CA.Mi'Bur.L  express  tlieir  apprehension  lliat 
sending  tin;  hill  to  a  select   committee  practically 


meant  that  it  should  not  become  law  this  session. 
Nobody  doubts  that  such  is  the  purpose  of  the 
Government. 

To  be  sure,  the  Lord  Chancellor  hoped  that  he 
might  have  credit  for  stating  that  /le  had  no  such 
object;  and,  on  the  part  of  her  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment, that  they  had  no  such  object,  but  that  they 
would  go  into  the  committee  with  the  determination 
to  give  the  measure  their  best  attention,  and  to 
render  their  honest  assistance  in  carrying  it  into 
effect.  But,  unfortunately,  the  present  Government 
has  contrived  in  a  few  short  months  to  earn  such  a 
reputation  for  insincerity  that  men  are  indisposed  to 
trust  their  assurances.  The  Prime  IUikister  says 
one  thing,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
another,  and  the  Colonial  Secretary  something 
else.  The  Solicitor-General  has  his  own  way 
of  representing  matters,  and  some  other  exalted 
functionary  his.  The  result  of  which  is  that 
no  person  knows  what  the  Government  is  at,  and 
all  belief  in  what  are  supposed  to  be  official 
projects  is  shaken.  We  must  therefore,  for  the 
present,  look  with  much  doubt  upon  the  Lord 
Chancellor's  good  intentions  ;  if  his  acts  should 
prove  to  be  what  he  leads  us  to  hope  for,  we 
shall  be  among  the  first  to  admit  that  the  public 
suspicion  was  groundless. 

That  Lord  Derby's  position  is  one  of  extreme 
delicacy  and  difficulty  must  be  admitted ;  he  is 
wholly  unable  to  do  that  which  has  been  most 
expected  of  him,  for  the  country  will  not  suffer 
him  to  reimpose  taxes  upon  food.  But  he  is  well 
able  to  relieve  the  landed  interest  from  many  of 
its  real  burthens ;  he  could  if  he  chose  carry  a  sound 
measure  for  facilitating  the  transfer  of  land,  and  thus 
augment  largely  the  value  of  every  estate  in  the 
country  ;  he  can,  if  he  thinks  fit,  secure  the  passing 
of  this  Copyhold  Enfranchisement  Bill  during  the 
present  session ;  and  he  will  do  a  grievous  wrong  to 
his  party  if  he  leaves  such  a  suicidal  measure,  as 
the  shelving  it,  to  be  justified  on  the  hustings. 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «R." 

{Continued  from  page  331.) 

We  will  not  here  forestall  what  will  be  found  further 
on  iu  our  remarks,  more  than  to  say  that  we  conceive 
that  we  do  not  one  whit  less  than  Mr.  Russell  recognise 
and  take  into  our  calculations  the  vast  influence  of 
varying  climatic  agencies  ;  indeed,  were  there  no 
evidence  to  the  contrary,  it  would  be  simply  ridiculous, 
paying  as  we  do  every  yeai'  agi-icultural  visits  to  the 
eastern,  the  western,  and  the  southern  counties  of 
England,  sometimes  also  to  the  northern,  and  spending 
as  we  do  the  largest  portion  of  the  "  Twuip  season" 
every  year  in  Scotland — it  would,  we  say,  on  this 
ground  alone,  be  simply  ridiculous  to  suppose  that 
we  do  not  fully  recognise  and  appreciate  the 
influence  of  varying  climatic  and  other  local  circum- 
stances upon  the  various  crops  of  our  rotations.  But 
granting  that  it  were  shown  that,  owing  to  these 
influences,  some  of  the  characters  of  the  individual 
members  of  a  class  intersected  those  of  another,  this 
would,  by  none  of  the  requirements  of  scientific  or 
useful  classification,  disprove  the  legitimacy  of  such 
grouping,  provided  there  were  certain  main  character- 
istics which,  either  iu  common  or  in  contrast,  belong  to 
the  members  of  each  class  as  such.  Surely,  the  very 
idea  of  class  involves  also  the  idea  of  diversity  among 
the  elements  which  compose  it ;  if  the  elements  were 
identical,  they  would  be  one,  and  could  not  be  classed  ; 
a  "  type,"  surely,  represents  not  elements  identical  with 
itself,  or  these  would  equally  be  types,  or  rather  there 
would  be  no  types  at  all.  And  here  we  would  remark, 
in  passing,  that  it  appears  to  us  that,  when  Mr.  Kussell 
speaks  of  ^'  f/encralisatimi"  or  of  "general  conchcsiotis"  he 
exactly  reverses  the  accepted  meaning  of  those  terms ; 
at  any  rate,  we  eay  "  deliberately "  that  it  is  pre- 
eminently "  as  the  foundation  for  general  conclusions  " 
that  our  experimental  results  are  most  directly  appli- 
cable, whilst  they  are  so  "  locally  and  circurastantially  " 
only  when  intelligent  deduction  has  been  exercised  upon 
them. 

Classification  then,  we  say,  essentially  brings  within 
each  group  elements  differing  fx'om  one  another ;  and 
in  agriculture  climate  is  admitted  to  be  one  of  the  most 
influential  of  the  agents  which  determine  the  wide 
diversities  of  character  of  an  individual  member  of  a 
class,  and  wider  still  between  different  members.  Still, 
wo  say,  the  classification  we  have  adopted  is  not  only 
legitimate  but  highly  useful  in  aiding  our  study  of  the 
vast  fund  of  otherwise  miscellaneous  fact  whicli  agricul- 
ture presents  to  our  view.  Whilst  then  we  would  by 
no  means  tlirougli  the  lens  of  Chew.iHry  bring  the  rays 
of  agricultural  light  which  surround  us  to  a  "focus^' — 
nor  attempt  to  study  them  by  the  telescope  of  Meteor- 
ology in  their  variations  duo  to  seasons  and  geographical 
))osition  alone,  and  blended  and  scattei'ed  as  they  then 
would  be  over  the  whole  sphere  of  a  strained  and  even 
iwaiHted  vision — yet  wo  do  believe,  that  iu  spito  of  tlie 
intor8c;ctiona  tliat  miglit  still  remain  we  have  in 
the  priwrn  of  rotatlo/i  a  means  at  once  of  analysis  and 
of  arrangement,  hucIi  ay  will  tend  materially  to  facilitate 
tliu  elimination  of  tho  broadest  and  most  fundamental 
jiriiiciple«  involved  in  UritiHh  agriculture. 

.So  mucii,  then,  for  what  wo  consider  to  be  the  natv^'al 
method  and  arrangement,  in  any  systematic  investigatioa 


346 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  29, 


into  the  chemistry  of  British  agriculture  ;  and  although 
it  is  true  that,  excepting  so  far  as  departmental  points 
of  interest  have  come  under  examination  almost  neces- 
sai'ily  in  the  course  of  treating  the  main  question — 
although  except  in  this  incidental  and  collateral  way, 
we  have  hitherto  confined  our  attention,  to  a  great  extent, 
to  the  chemical  principles  involved  in  the  main  and 
characteristic,  or  "  broadest  fea,tures "  of  agricultural 
practice,  as  we  have  arranged  them,  we  have  always 
looked  forward  to  the  subjects  of  soil,  of  climate,  and  of 
the  variety  of  items  witliin  each  of  our  agricultural 
classes — these  being  mainly  involved  in  the  variations  oi' 
agricultural  practice  and  result— as  those  which  should 
in  due  order  receive  our  attention  as  separate  and 
distinct  points  of  inquiry,  should  they  not  in  the  mean 
time  have  been  satisfactorily  undertaken  by  others  ;  nay, 
we  ai'e  sure  that  there  are  none  who  more  fully  agree 
with  Mr.  Russell  than  ourselves,  when  he  says  : — "  It  is 
surely  proper  that  we  should  become  acquainted  with 
the  aberrations  due  to  diversity  of  circumstances,  and 
to  know  the  limits  to  which  the  truth  of  a  proposition 
extends," 

And,  as  to  the  subject  of  climate,  it  is  one  which  has 
already  peculiarly  occupied  our  attention,  having  for 
years  been  engaged  in  collecting  materials,  with  a  view, 
at  some  future  time,  to  a  systematic  treatment  of  it  in 
its  relations  to  British  agriculture  ;  and  having,  at  one 
time,  actually  arranged,  and  to  a  great  extent  prepared 
for,  a  tour  over  the  corn-growing  disti-icts  of  Europe, 
"witii  a  view  to  gathering  parallel  climatic  and  agricul- 
tural information,  unavoidable  circumstances  at  the 
time  only  having  prevented.  And  surely  there  is  some- 
thing like  enthusiasm,  if  not  of  arrogance,  in  assuming, 
as  the  wi'iter  "  R.""'  lias  done,  that  no  one  is  disposed  to 
assign  a  due  importance  to  bis  own  pet  influence— 
climate — but  himself  ! 

It  is,  however,  only  owing  to  the  magnitude  of  the 
labour  involved  in  an  experimental  treatment  of  our 
present  subject — such,  indeed,  as  we  ourselves  little 
anticipated,  and  we  are  sure  none  will  suppose — that  we 
have  as  yet  not  been  able  to  publish  more  than  a  fraction 
of  our  results  relating  to  the  Turnip  and  to  the  Cereals, 
and  only  mere  incidental  indications  of  those  relating  to 
our  other  two  main  elements  of  agricultural  practice,  viz., 
the  chemical  circumst:inces  involved  in  the  growth  of 
Leguminous  crops  and  in  the  feeding  of  animals,  for  the 
double  purpose  of  meat  and  manure.  And  here  we 
may  observe  that  we  have  been  not  a  little  amused  at 
the  inconsistency  of  the  writer  "  R.,"  in  the  freedom 
with  which,  though  so  boastfully  asserting  his  inde- 
pendence of  the  *'  dicta"  of  any  one, he  has  occasionally 
sat  in  judgment  upon,  and  condemned,  experimental 
evidence,  using  as  his  precedents  what  are  peculiarly 
only  the  "  dicta  "  of  authorities,  without  bringing,  either 
on  their  behalf  or  his  own,  a  shadow  of  experimental 
proof.  Nothing  is  more  easy  than  this  summary  method  ; 
but  in  a  scientific  argument  nothing  is  more  misplaced. 

But  in  illustration  of  what  we  have  assumed  in  our 
papers  to  be  the  task  we  were  now  fulfilling,  and  wliat 
that  which  would  be  required  were  it  once  accomplished, 
we  will  quote  the  following  paragraph  from  one  of  them. 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  X.j 
Part  ],p.  276:~ 

"Much  bas,  however,  been  done  of  late  years,  both  by 
societies  and  individuals,  towards  providinji  that  basis  of  facts 
without  ivhicfi  fixed  principles  in  agriciiltuve,  and  a  right 
understanding;  of  the  practices  already  approved  by  experience, 
cannot  be  attained;  jet,  much  remains  to  he  done  befoie 
even  the  more  general  and  fundamental  usatres  can  he  satisfac- 
torily explained  ;  whU.'t  the  circurastances  of  their  local  adaptation 
may  he  said  to  consiitute  a  distinct  and  not  less  important,  and  at 
the  same  time  more  extensive  and  permanent,  field  of  inquiry," 

Surely  in  this  sentence  the  importance  of  studying 
"the  aberrations  due  to  diversity  of  circumstances "  is 
sufficiently  prominently  urged  when,  as  contrasted  with 
that  of  "  the  more  general  and  fundamental  usages,"  it 
is  stated  to  be  "  a  distinct  and  not  less  important,  and 
at  the  same  time  more  extensive  and  permanent  field  of 
inquiry."  Nay,  surely,  had  the  expressions  been  con- 
cocted for  the  special  purposes  of  this  discussion,  they 
could  scarcely  have  been  more  apt,  as  meeting  the 
totally  groundless  insinuations  that  are  attempted  to  be 
cast  upon  us  on  tliis  head.  /.  B.  Lawes, 

( To  he  continued, ) 


for  treble  its  worth  in  preference.  The  inconsistencies 
of  man  are  strange  and  unaccountable,  proving,  how- 
ever, a  weakness,  and  sliowing  the  necessity  of  reliance 
on  a  higher  Power  for  sti'ength  and  guidance  both  in 
small  and  great  things.  To  accuse  half-cultivated  land 
of  being  unproductive  is  bad  policy,  particularly  when 
relief  is  claimed  for  the  landed  interest.  Let  every 
exertion  be  made  to  bring  the  soil  into  average  bearing 
before  an  attempt  is  made  to  excite  commiseration. 
Farming  is  a  commercial  speculation  requiring  capital. 
The  old  plan  of  tillage,  on  the  faith  of  a  fictitious  price 
for  grain,  kept  up  by  an  extravagant  protection,  is  no 
longer  tenable.  A  crop  of  from  18  to  20  bushels  per 
acre  from  good  stiff  land,  tells  a  tale  not  much  to  the 
credit  of  the  agriculturist.  Falcon. 

The  Dmirjlieap  at  Lohos  and  the  Dunghea'p  at  home. — 
Lord  Malmesbury  has  lately  given  dire  offence  to  certain 
agriculturists  by  refusing  to  take  possession  of  the 
Lobos  Islands,  and  thereby  afford  to  them  guano  at  hi. 
per  ton.  I  should  like  much  to  know  how  many  of  the 
gentlemen  who  are  so  anxious  for  protection  to  guano 
at  Lobos  extend  their  fostering  care  to  their  own  dung- 
hills. How  many  of  those  who  are  anxious  to  pay  hi. 
per  ton  for  guano  take  any  care  to  arrest  in  its  progress 
to  the  nearest  pond  or  ditch  the  liquid  guano  which  is 
continually  flowing  from  their  own  cow-stalls,  piggeries, 
aud  stables.  For  my  own  part,  having  an  objection  to 
pay  for  manure  which  I  can  make  at  home,  1  have 
formed  a  tank  which  receives  the  whole  of  the  runnings 
from  my  house  and  stables  ;  close  to  this  tank  I  propose 
to  erect  a  large  two-hogshead  barrel  on  a  raised  stage, 
and  just  in  front  of  the  barrel  I  shall  put  a  tank,  the  top 
of  the  tank  being  on  a  level  with  the  bottom  of  the 
barrel.  About  2  inches  from  the  bottom  of  the  barrel 
I  shall  insert  an  inch  u-on  or  lead  pipe,  which  will  be 
carried  down  to  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  tank. 
The  tank  will  be  filled  with  charcoal  and  gypsum  or 
other  matter,  and  the  barrel  will  be  pumped  full  of 
liquid  manure  from  my  large  tank.  By  this  means  the 
liquid  manure  descending  through  the  inch  pipe  from 
the  barrel  to  the  bottom  of  the  tank  will  ascend  through 
the  charcoal  and  gypsum,  the  water  being  carried  away 
from  the  surface  by  a  waste  pipe,  while  the  fruitful 
properties  of  the  liquid  will,  I  trust,  remain  in  the  tank. 
By  this  means  I  hope  to  obtain  during  the  year  a  large 
quantity  of  a  cheap  but  powerful  manure.     I  am  very 


Hoeing. — In  your  "Notice  to  Correspondents,"  in 
No,  20,  you  say,  "  A  man  will  hack  or  hoe  deeply,  with 
a  heavy  tool,  between  plants  2  feet  apart,  an  acre  of 
ground  in  five  days."  Having  some  hoeing  betwixt 
Potatoes  to  do,  the  rows  rather  above  2  feet  apart,  I 
noticed  what  a  man  who  has  always  been  considered  a 
good  hard-working  man  did  in  one  day,  and  I  had  my 
eye  upon  him  most  of  the  time,  and  found  him  constantly 
at  it,  and  no  signs  of  idleness  ;  it  was  merely  hoeing  or 
hacking  dee]),  no  earthing  up,  and  I  found  at  the  rate  he 
was  working  it  would  take  him  at  least  15  days  to 
complete  an  acre.  The  soil  is  gravelly  and  light,  but  a 
good  many,  weeds.  Am  I  to  conclude  he  did  not  do  his 
duty,  or  is  your  correspondent, "  Agapenthus  "  in  error  ? 
Buffer.  [The  ordinary  price  for  hacking  Potatoes  in  our 
neighbourhood  is  8s.  or  9s.  per  acre  ;  and  if  they  are  to 
be  moulded  up  as  well,  12s.  per  acre.  It  is,  however^ 
quite  possible  so  to  hack  as  to  double  the  labour,] 

TroithUsome  Weeds. — In  a  field,  denuded  of  its  turf, 
ploughed  up,  and  subsequently  sown  with  Oats,  the 
enclosed  weed  has  sprung  up  in  such  quantities  as  to 
occupy  the  entire  field.  Will  you  kindly  give  me  its 
botanical  and  common  name  %  Novice,  Derby,  [It  i& 
Sanguisorba  officinalis,  the  common  Burnet.] 

Adulterated  Ouano.—  Ia  the  eirly  part  of  March  last,  a 
carRO  of  Peruvian  guano  arrived  at  the  Commercial  Wharf.. 
Plymouth,  brought  by  a  vesstl  called  the  "CheBttr."  We 
found  that  it  waa  6hii>ped  in  London,  withput  any  name,  nor 
was  there  any  name  on  the  manifest  to  whom  it  was  to  be 
delivered.  We  had  reason  to  believe  that  a  good  deal  of 
adulterated  guano  came  to  thifl  port,  and  we  determined  to 
take  samples  of  this  cargo;  which  we  accordingly  did,  and 
sent  one  to  ProfeFsrir  Way,  the  Coneuliing  Chemist  to  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society,  and  another  to  Mesbrs.  Antony 
Gibbs  and  Sons,  London,  In  a  few  posts  we  peoeived  the 
following  analysis  from  Professor  Way. 


'  March  15,  1852  :  — 

Moisture        

Organic  matter  and  salts  of  ammonia 

Sand,  tfcc 

Phosphate  of  lime ,        

Sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum) 


percent . 
.  7.45 
.  15.72 
.  10.3t 
.  9.40 
35.04 


Alkdliue  sulphate  and  muriates  (chiefly  common  salt)   22,05 


Nitrogen 4.24 

Equal  to  Ammonia  5.15 

"I  send  you  the  analysis  of  the  guano  forwarded  to  me  last 
weeh.  It  is,  of  course,  anything  bu'  genuine  Peruvian  guano  ; 
but,  judging  from  the  relation  between  the  phosphates,  the 
orgaiiic  matter,  and  the  ammonia.  I  believe  it  to  he  an  article 


Home  Correspondence. 

The  Adulteration  of  Guano  is  enougli  to  ruin  any 
farmer  who  uses  much  of  the  cheap  description. 
The  waste  of  manure  on  a  large  holding  is  immense,  and 
would  supply  guano  for  all  ordinary  purposes.  The 
house  refuse  and  liquid  sewage,  mixed  with  either  road 
scrapings,  ashes,  charred  weeds,  silted  lime  fj'om  an  old 
•wall,  sawdust,  or  smother-burnt  clay,  and  allowed  to  dry 
under  cover,  would  form  a  compost,  as  a  forcer  or 
fertiliser,  almost  equal  to  any  importation  from  abroad, 
and  at  less  than  one-fourth  of  tlie  price- — no  slight  con- 
Bideration  to  an  agriculturist's  pocket  How  often  do 
people  say,  when  living  near  a  marvellous  natural 
curiosity,  a  splendid  view,  interesting  historical 
locality,  or  the  excavated  remains  of  British  or 
Roman  antiquities,  "  We  have  never  been  near 
the  place  ;  residing  within  a  few  miles,  we  can  go 
at  any  time  ;"  thus  remaining  ignorant,  during  the  best 
paii;  of  their  lives,  of  what  would  be  both  pleasing 
and  mstructive  ;  at  the  same  time  taking  long 
journeys  into  foreign  countries  to  see  sights,  neglecting 
the  beauties  and  wonders  of  their  own.  So  it  is  with 
gardeners  and  farmers  ;  they  have  within  their  reach 
every  requisite  for  manufacturing  a  valuable  assistant  to 
vegetation,  but  because  the  ingredients  ai-e  on  their  own 
premises,  they  are  overlooked,  and  an  article  purchased 


far  from  a  large  town  or  a  railway,  and  consequently  i  nianutactured  by  the  mixing  of  one  ton  of  good  guano  with 

both  charcoal  and  gypsum  are  expensive  articles;  my    '—'■*""'■'•'■  ""  *  ""^  ■* *■" 

object,  therefore,  in  writing  this  letter  is  to  ask  you 
whether  you  can  suggest  to  me  any  other  medium 
through  which  to  pass  the  liquid  manure — burnt  ashes 
or  burnt  clay,  for  example  ?  Aoi  Economist.  [Burnt  clay 
sufficiently  often  renewed  will  answer  the  purpose.] 

Pulverised  Peat. — I  take  this  opportunity  of  inquiring 
whether  finely  pulverised  and  sifted  peat,  if  it  could  be 
introduced  into  London  at  a  moderate  price,  would  find 
an  extensive  sale  I     As  a   deodoriser  and  fertiliser,  in 

conjiinction  with  night-soil,  it  is  second  only  to  guano,  i  t^e  Peruvian  army  hid  possesKion  of  the  city  of  Lima  and  the 
and  in  this  neighbourhood  the  scientific  farmers  are  j  country  around,  while  the  Rojalist  army,  under  the  command 
bedding  down  all  their  animals  with  it,  to  absorb  and    of  General  Rndil,  held  the  port  and  castles  of  CaUao     '*  ^" 


two  toaa  of  gypsum,  common  aalt,  and  sand  ;  this  is,  in  pointof 
fact,  its  composi'iim  in  round  numbers.  As  it  only  contains 
one-third  of  its  weight  in  guano,  its  value  does  not  exceed 
Zl.  5s-  per  ton. — I  am,  dear  sir,  your's  truly,  J.  Thomas  Wat,"" 
—  Wi'liam  E.  RcwUe  and  Co.,  May  7. 

Mr.  Eseery,  of  Launceston,  Co-nwall,  \^  the  party  alluded  to 
in  th-.s  circu'ar.   William  E.  Rcnd'e  and  Co.,  Plymouth,  May  26. 

Island  of  "Lobos  dc  i4/Mera."— Respecting  the  island  of 
"  Lobos  de  Afuera"  about  which  so  much  good  law  has  been 
thrown  away,  allow  me  to  rela'e  a  tale  of  the  times  of  1824  oq 
the  cooBt  ot  Peru.  In  the  months  of  March  and  April  of  that 
year  I  commanded  my  own  ship,  then  lying  in  the  port  of 
Callao.     Those  were  troublesome  and  even  dangerous  times- 


retain  the  ammonia.  Pulverised,  dried,  and  finely  sifted, 
I  can  sell  it  on  the  spot  at  8c?.  the  sack  ;  not  sifted  and  not 
so  fine,  about  bd.,  that  is,  I  can  deliver  it  on  the  Great 
Western  Railway,  at  Highbridge,  at  these  prices,  and  I 
believe  they  will  deliver  in  London  at  from  Ul.  to  Id 
per  ton  per  mile.  This  may  be  worth  the  consideration 
of  nurserymen,  manure-makers,  &c.  I  have  this  spring 
planted  my  Potato  seeds,  &c.,  with  peat  charcoal  and 
pulverised  peat,  and  the  luxuriant  appearance  of  the 
leaf  is  most  gratifying.  A  little  night-soil  in  addition 
gives  a  guano  equal  to  Peruvian  at  very  much  less  than 
half  the  price.  John  Lilly,  Glastonbury. 

Is  not  Bush  and  Tile  Draining  letter  than  simple  Tile 
Draining  for  a  Clay  Soil? — Regarding  the  object  of 
draining  to  be  the  lowering  of  the  water-table  below  the 
plough  instead  of  letting  it  lie  on  the  surface,  I  wish 
to  know  the  use  of  draining  to  a  very  great  depth  on  a 
clay  soil,  free  from  swamps,  but  cold  from  the  wet  that 
lies  on  it,  and  stiff  and  clogged  for  the  same  reason — 
laud  that  will  grow  as  sound  an  Oak  as  Britain  can 
boast,  but  yet  starve  a  donkey.  My  object  is  to  get  my 
land  warm  and  dry,  and  if  I  drain  a  foot  deeper  than 
the  deepest  plough  can  go,  am  I  not  as  likely  to  succeed 
in  that  object  as  if  I  went  5  feet  deep  ?  On  the  Oak 
clays,  I  cannot  imagine  that  if  a  deep  drain  run  through 
a  field  on  the  bottom  of  which  there  is  a  pipe,  that  the 
water  will  be  draw^n  on  either  side  to  that  pipt.  through  7 
or  8  yards  of  clay  ;  but  I  can  imagine  that  if  I  drain 
as  close  as  the  Regent's  Park  is  now  drained,  and  cut 
my  drains  in  the  shape  of  a  V  (putting  a  collared  pipe  at 
the  bottom  and  filling  up  the  top  with  bushes)  that  the 
bushes  will  prevent  the  clay  irom  closing  over  in  a 
compressed  state,  and  admit  the  air,  and  thereby  permit 
the  water  to  soak  through  it  on  either  side,  to  reacli 
the  pipe,  which  will  carry  it  off,  and  thus  my  land 
become  gradually  friable,  and  more  warm.  The 
incredulous  iarmer  is  told  to  go  and  look  at  the  water 
coming  out  of  the  tiles,  and  he  must  judge  for  himself 
how  it  got  it.  In  a  porous  soil  that  argmnentuni  ad 
oculum  will  do,  but  in  a  Sussex  clay  I  fancy  you  would 
look  a  long  while  before  you  saw  any  water  coming  out  of 
a  6  foot  drain,  and  yet  find  plenty  of  signs  of  there  being 
water  not  a  foot  below  the  surface.  Simplex.  [Suppose 
you  have  a  very  long  sugar-loaf,  and  wish  to  keep  1  foot 
of  the  top  dry,  it  is  not  enough  that  you  hold  1  foot  of 
it  up  out  of  the  water  ;  you  would  need  to  hold  3  or  4 
feet  of  it  out,  because  by  capillary  attraction  the  water 
would  be  drawn  up  so  high.  In  the  same  way  a  greater 
deptli  of  the  soil  above  the  "  water  table"  is  necessary, 
and  hence  the  need  of  deep  drains.]  J 


It  be- 
hoved every  person  who  had  businese  to  transact  between  the 
two  places  to  beep  his  eyes  open,  his  mouth  shut,  and  carry 
little  money  in  his  pocket ;  and  lucky  was  he  who,  withal,  did 
not  pet  shot,  robbtd,  or  maltreated  by  one  or  other  of  the  con. 
tending  parties.  The  British  Consul-General  was  shot  on  his 
way  from  Callao  to  Lima;  the  most  grievous  and  vexatious 
exactions  were  attempted  to  be  p'aced  upon  ships  and  com- 
merce ;  old  and  obsolete  laws  were  renewed  to  cover  new 
robberies,  under  one  of  which  10  doubloons  were  taken  from 
me  by  the  order  of  General  Rodil,  although  part  of  thai  money 
was  to  pay  hit;  own  Custom-bouse  expenses.  I  protested 
against  this  noon-day  robWery,  and  was  ihreatened  to  be  pijfr 
into  the  "  Casas  Matah"— dungeons  so  called  in  the  castle. 
The  day  before  I  sailed  1  was  required  to  get  some  responsible 
person  residing  in  the  place  to  join  me  in  a  bond  of  20,00(^ 
duUarfi  as  securitj  that  my  ship  sliould  not  touch  at  or  trade 
to  any  enemv's  port.  I  took  the  bond  on  board  H  M.S.  Tartar, 
and  appealed  to  the  captain  of  that  frigate ;  und  had  it  not 
been  for  the  judicious  and  manly  bearing  of  that  officer,  my 
ebip  would  bate  been  detained  ;  lo  sign  such  a  bond  was  quitp 
out  of  the  question.  By  the  mate's  log-boob,  now  before  me, 
I  see  that  the  ship  sailed  about  2  o'clock  on  Sunday  morning 
the  9th  May,  bound  to  Payta,  Previous  to  sailing  I  was  offered 
a  considerable  sum  to  land  or  transhhip  goods  at  Lobos  de- 
Afuera,  which  offer,  although  tempting,  I  declined.  ThejalaniS 
of  LobOB  de  Afuera  is  in  the  direct  track  of  ships,  in  their 
passage  from  Callao  to  Payta;  it  is  SS-J  nautical  miles  from 
the  land;  the  coast  tbereahout  furma  an  iiidentor  bay.  The 
island  of  Lobos  de  Tierra  is  just  10  nautical  miles  from  the 
land;  ships  usually  go  within  the  one  and  outside  the  other;, 
as  there  in  alwajs  a  heavy  twell  setting  in  upon  the  coast,  the 
fisbfrmea  of  Lambayeque,  and  coast  oppoiite,  go  to  the  Lobo 
islands,  to  catch  thtir  tish  under  the  lee  of  the  land,  and  in  the 
small  creeks  ;  tht  large  sailing  *' Balsas  "from  Guayaquil,  also 
go  to  the  outer  ishind  to  fish,  trade,  and  smuggle.  My  ship 
anchored  in  Payta  bay  about  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of 
Wednesday,  the  ISth  of  May.  The  merchant  who  hud  char- 
tered my  ship  and  I  went  on  shore  as  usual.  We  had  been  on 
shore  about  two  hours  when  the  military  conjaqdante  sent  for 
us,  and  after  many  questions  put  U8  both  upder  arrest,  placed 
two  sentinels  over  each,  with  drawn  bajonets  ;  spot  thecaptain 
of  the  port  on  hoard,  with  30  men,  an-d  took  possession  of  the 
vessel;  sent  all  the  crew,  with  the  exception  of  the  ™at^,, 
steward,  and  one  buy,  to  prison;  demanded  of  the  mate  alt 
the  money  and  papers  belonging  to  the  merchant  and  myself, 
as  well  as  the  arms  and  ammunition  belonging  to  the  ship. 
All  this  violation  of  the  British  flag  was  committed  under  the 
prt-ttxt  that,  as  the  ship  had  only  the  half  of  a  cargo  on  board, 
the  other  part  had  been  transshipped,  or  landed  at  the  island  of 
Lobos  de  Afuera.  We  were  thus  kept  prisoners  two  da>s  and 
two  nights,  with  not  even  prisoners'  allowance,  or  even  pens, 
ink,  or  paper;  slept  upon  a  stiol  in  our  clotbee,  to  prevent 
them  from  being  htolen  by  the  soldiers;  and  looked  to  the 
charitable  donations  of  our  friends  for  i,ood.  In  the  meantime 
a  gentleman  volunteered  his  services  to  go  to  the  capital,  San 
Miguel  de  Pleura,  to  acquaint  the  Intendente  of  the  province  ;. 
that  chief  fortuniitely  nae  my  personal  friend.  I  had  served 
branches  of  bis  family  in  sickness,  in  sorrow,  and  in  exile;  to 
him  in  return  I  looked  for  protection,  and  was  not  disappointed. 
An  order  reached  Pajia  in  the  evening  of  Priday,  14th  May». 
and  my  ship  was  restored  to  uie,  with  everything  taken  fron* 
her,  at  10  o'clock  ihe  same  nieht.  Thus,  you  ste  that  in  the 
midst  of  all  the  turmoil  of  battle  and  strife,  the  Peruvians 
never  relinquished  their  sovereignty  over  the  island  of  Lobos  de 
Afuera.  Sintad,  London,  May  14.  t^.!,!,^  ,_ ^. 


22—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


.347 


Guano  or  Muano. — "Fai-mers' friends"  are  as  plen- 
tiful as  blackberries,  but  many  of  them  not  so  valuable  ; 
they  are  of  all  denominations,  all  no  doubt  willing  to 
serve,  but  lacldug  the  means,  are  just  as  HUely  to  lead 
the  farmer  astray.  There  are  many,  no  doubt,  well- 
intentioned  gentlemen,  who  would  wish  to  procure  for 
themselves  aud  friends  good  Peruvian  guano  at  51.  the 
ton,  I  wish  also  that  I  could  assist  them  in  attaining 
tlieir  object,  as  it  would  no  less  benefit  me,  as  the  occu- 
pier of  530  acres  of  my  own  land,  than  other  agi'icul- 
turists.  From  many  years'  acquaintance  with  the  guano 
districts  of  Peru,  and  the  price  of  that  staple  article  of 
commercCj  from  the  year  1817  to  1829,  I  know  that 
the  farmers  of  tliis  oounti'y  have  no  prospect  of  obtaining 
good  Peruvian  guano  at  51.  the  ton  ;  unless,  indeed,  it 
be  stolen  from  the  island  of  Lobos  de  Afuera,  as  pro- 
posed, and  brought  here  at  an  extremely  low  freight. 
The  ships  that  I  commanded  on  the  west  coast  of  South 
America  dui-ing  12  years,  were  much  too  large  for 
goaneros ;  moreover  I  had  no  great  ambition  to  drive 
my  own  "  night-cart,"  as  the  guanero  was  contempt- 
uously called.  Many  of  my  friends  made  good  return 
freights  with  guano  from  the  bay  of  Arica  to  Chili  ; 
by  notes  now  before  me,  1  see  the  price  paid  from 
1821  to  1825  was  for  dark  brown,  with  a  mixture  of  seal 
guano,  21.  1 5s.  ;  Ught  brown,  3^.  as.  ;  best  light  colour, 
Bl.  155.  the  ton.  In  this  calculation  I  have  turned  the 
measure  by  which  guauo  is  sold  into  weight,  and  taken 
the  Spanish  dollar  at  4s.  To  embark  the  guano,  always 
attended  with  risk,  from  the  heavy  swell  setting  in  upon 
the  coast  from  the  westward,  was  about  5s.  per  ton 
more  ;  so  that  the  relative  prices  in  Arica  bay,  placed 
oa  board,  were  3^.,  3^.  10^.,  and  il.  per  ton  on  an  average  ; 
these  prices,  however,  fluctuated  according  to  demand. 
The  highest  freight  for  guano  to  London  has  been  61.  1  Os. 
and  1 0  per  cent,  primage  ;  the  lowest,  by  return  Cali- 
fornia ships,  30.^.  and  5  per  cent,  primage  ;  the  average 
freight  about  3?.  Insurance,  loss,  wai-ehouse  rent,  bags, 
and  commission,  about  2/.  per  ton  more.  Unless  the 
Peruvians  are  disposed  to  lower  theii-  price  for  the 
article,  I  see  no  prospect  of  guano  being  much  lower  in 
price,  except  by  the  extremely  low  freight  of  30s.  the 
ton  by  the  retui'n  California  ships.  The  case  between 
the  Peruvians  and  the  Wheat  growers  may  be  stated 
thus  :  the  Peruvians  inhabit  almost  a  rainless  country, 
the  soil  of  wliich  will  not  grow  Wheat,  except  in  patches 
on  the  mountains,  at  a  high  elevation  ;  those  who  take 
Wheat  and  flour  to  them  get  a  high  price  for  them.  I 
have  traded  in  Wheat  many  times,  bought  it  in  Valpa- 
raiso at  1  dollar  and  in  a  few  days  after  sold  it  to  the 
Peruvians  at  17  dollars  the  fanega  ;  both  were  extreme 
prices.  Providence,  on  the  other  hand,  has  furnished 
the  Peruvians  with  an  abundance  of  rich  fertilising 
mamn-e,  which  the  Wheat  growers,  or  the  people  of 
Chili  require  (for  Chih  is  the  granary  for  Peru).  Will 
any  commercial  man  step  forward,  and  give  a  reason 
why  the  Peruvians  are  not  as  much  entitled  to  a  profit 
npou  their  guano  as  the  Chilenosare  upon  their  Wheat  ? 
Before  the  Enghsh  ask  them  to  give  it  away,  it  appears 
to  me  the  holders  of  Peruvian  bonds  ought  to  tear  up 
then:  bonds  and  abandon  all  fui-ther  claim  against  the 
Peruvian  Government.  Sinbad,  London,  May  13. 

Rotting  of  Swedes. — Our  farms  are  here  situated  on 
the  upper  chalk  formation,  the  chalk  being  on  the  hills 
from  2  feet  to  4  feet  below  the  surface.  An  enterprisino- 
farmer,  a  neighbour  of  mine,  broke  up  a  portion  of  down 
land  which  was  covered  with  Fern,  Furze,  and  Heath, 
■with  an  admixture  of  rough  Grass  of  little  value  for  any- 
thing. After  having  taken  a  crop  or  two,  he  found  the 
produce  of  such  "sour"  land  would  be  small  until 
clmlked.  It  is  one  of  those  red  soils  so  often  found  in 
the  upper  chalk  ;  it  is  a  poor,  thin  soil,  but  by  a  liberal 
use  of  superphosphate  of  lime  blended  with  compost,  an 
abundance  of  sheep  food  is  obtained,  which  is  generally 
followed  by  corn  and  Grass  crops  equally  good  ;  this,  as 
muBt  be  understood,  is  the  I'esult  of  heavy  manuring  at 
short  intervals.  What  I  have  to  complain  of  is  the  rotr 
ting  of  Swedes  in  early  spring,  when  preserved  on  this 
land  for  late  feed.  After  the  land  was  chalked,  this  has 
invariably  been  the  result  of  all  attempts  to  save  the 
Swedes  for  late  feed,  as  is  practised  in  adjoining  fields  of 
different  oliaracter.  Its  altitude  is  high  ;  the  aspect 
north,  and  much  exposed.  Any  information  on  the 
subject  will  greatly  oblige  0.  Summers^  Houfjhton  Farm. 
An  to  Mi'dif;iriefor  S/acp. —  iJuring  14  years'  farming 
I  rarely  had  to  uae  any  medicine,  except  occasionally 
during  lambing  ;  and  1  never  lost  by  death  but  one 
sheep,  although  my  flock  annually  amounted  to  from 
200  U>  (Hid  heiui  of  Southdown  ewes,  mine  being  a  breed- 
ing flock,  celling  off  the  lambs  at  proper  time,  &c., 
and  Uie  ewe  which  dic/1  was  ojic  of  17  I  selected  from 
a  flock  of  200  1  had  bouglit  at  a  fair,  which  I  suspected 
had  Bympt/jnih  of  the  rot.  Hut,  on  taking  thcBo  17  into 
the  barton,  and  there  amfiuing  them  for  a  fow  weeks  on 
dry  food,  and  mt  mucli  common  salt  as  they  would  cat, 
they  all  recovered,  except  one  only  i  I  may  now  be 
asked  how  I  raanaged  my  Hhecp  at  80  little  Iohh  during 
14  years  J  It  was  done  by  supplying  them  freely  with 
that  wcll-knoivn  cijudimeiit  which  tbt-y  so  dearly  love, 
viz.,  common  salt  I  !  My  shepherd  was  supplied  with 
a  bag  of  it  every  nigh*,  wliich  he  took  with  him  in  the 
morning  to  the  told  or  the  [)abtun3  in  whicli  tlio  sheej. 
were,  and  the  fjuantity  was  rt-gulated  by  the  number  he 
ba/1  in  flock,  averaging  'Jounws  per  head, and  wliich  he 
plaod  in  several  of  the  trougliH  ;  and  so  sensible  of  and 
delighted  were  they  at  seeing  him  arrive  with  their 
morning's  sweetmeat  on  his  back  or  in  his  hand,  tliat 
tlie  whole  (lock  ran  towards  iiim  with  an  avidity  tliut 
astonishtd  him  at  hrHt,  although  ho  had  been  10  yoarw  u 
shepherd.     Their  bleating  might  bv  heard  all  over  the 


neigiiboui'huod,  and  some  of  the  neighbours  who  had  a 
view  of  the  farm  inquired  of  mo  the  cause  of  such  a 
distm-bance  among  my  flock  every  morning  on  the 
shepherd  making  his  appearance.  I  will  only  state 
farther  a  case  in  point  as  to  the  effects  of  salt.  One 
year,  after  selling  my  lambs  and  lat  ewes,  I  determined 
not  to  add  to  my  flock  of  them,  or  to  purchase  any 
others  as  usual  tliat  season,  the  price  and  prospects 
being  so  very  unfavourable.  On  this  being  known,  a 
neighbom-iug  farmer  requested  me  to  take  in  a  flock  of 
his  own  of  160  to  winter.  This  I  agreed  to.  A  few 
days  after,  being  on  the  point  of  going  away  for  8  or  1 0 
days,  I  visited  every  part  of  my  farm  to  give  orders  to 
my  bailiff  respecting  it,  and  then  examined  my  neigh- 
bour's flock,  which  1  observed  to  be  in  a  very  miserable 
condition,  their  coats  staring  apart  in  all  directions. 
Fesring  that  the  rot  might  be  among  them,  I  directed 
that  they  should  be  kept  apart  from  my  own  flock  for  a 
time,  and  that  they  should  be  amply  supplied  with  salt 
in  their  chaffed  hay,  as  well  as  the  usual  troughs  with 
salt  in  them  placed  in  the  pasture  field  they  exclusively 
occupied  until  my  return.  This  was  duly  attended  to. 
On  my  return,  after  a  fortnight,  I  went  to  see  them,  and 
on  my  way  overtook  tlieir  owner,  who  had  come  to  see 
them,  for  the  first  time  ;  and,  in  our  way,  passed  through 
a  flock  of  good-looking  wether  sheep.  He,  not  knowing 
his  own  sheep,  asked  me  if  they  were  mine,  to  which  I 
rephed,  "  No  ; "  for  mine  were  all  ewes.  At  that 
moment,  my  bailiff  met  us,  wdien  I  inquii'ed  of  him 
respecting  this  strange  flock.  "  Oh,"  he  said,  they  are 
Mr. 's  flock."  When  he  expressed  great  astonish- 
ment, and  observed  that  he  never  could  have  expected 
such  an  improvement.  "  Now,"  said  I,  "you  seethe 
effects  of  salt  !  I  left  tliem  a  fortnight  ago  in  a  sad 
state,  and  you  see  how  they  liave  improved  on  chaffed 
hay  and  salt  !  I  would  give  them  no  roots  until  I  had 
ascertained  the  real  cause  of  their  very  miserable  con- 
dition ;  and  I  am  convinced  that  had  tliey  remained  on 
your  farm,  the  rot  would  have  been  confirmed  in  them  I " 
To  which  he  fully  agreed,  as  well  as  my  bailiff,  wdio  was 
an  experienced  and  intelligent  man  ;  and  he  frankly 
confessed  that  he  did  expect  to  hear  of  some  of  tlieir 
deaths.  I  then  directed  their  being  supplied  with 
machhie-cut  Swedes  and  Mangold  Wurzel,  mixed  with 
chaffed  hay  aud  salt,  as  usual.  There  is  nothing  so 
perfectly  efficacious  as  salt  when  rot  may  be  expected 
to  affect  sheep — which  is  readily  produced  by  humid 
pastvu'e  land  ;  and  which  I  found  afterwards  these 
sheep  had  been  confined  to.  Delta,  in  Bath  and  Chelten- 
ham Gazette. 


^ocfetieg. 

ROYAt,  AGRICnLTDHAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover  Square,  on  Wednesday,  tlie  5tlx  of  May. 
The  following  Members  of  Council  and  Governors  of 
the  Society  were  present :  The  Earl  of  DuciE,  President ; 
Lord  Camoys,  Lord  Berners,  Lord  Southampton,  Lord 
Portman,  the  Hon.  R.  H.  Chve,  M.P.,  Sir  John  ViUiers 
Shelley,  Bart.,  Sir  Matthew  White  Ridley,  Bart,  Sir 
Charles  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P,,  Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  Colonel  Austen,  Mr.  Bailward,  Mr.  Ray- 
mond Barker,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr.  Bramston,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Brandreth,  Rev.  Thomas  Cator,  Mr.  W.  G.  Cavendish, 
M.P.,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr.  Foley,  M.P., 
Mr.  Garrett,  Mr.  Gadeaden,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr. 
Grantham,  Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Fisher  HobbSj  Mr. 
Hornsby,  Mr.  Hudson  (Castleacre),  Mr.  Jonas,  Rev. 
C.  E.  Keene,  Mr.  Langston,  M.P.,  Mr.  Lawes,  Mr. 
Walter  Long,  M.P.,  Mr.  Miles,  M.P.  (Leigh  Court), 
Mr.  Millward,  Mr.  Sauford  (Nynehead  Court),  Prof. 
Sewell,  Mr.  Shaw  (London),  Mr.  SiUifant,  Prof.  Simonds, 
Mr.  Simpson,  Mr.  Slauey,  M.P.,  Mr.  Smith  (Exmoor), 
Mr.  Stansfield,  M.P.,  Mr.  Turner  (Barton),  and  Pro- 
fessor Way. 

The  Earl  of  Darnley,  of  Cobham  Hall,  Kent,  and 
John  Mainwaring  Paine,  Esq., of  Fai'nham,  Surrey,  were 
elected  Governors  of  the  Society. 

The  following  new  members  were  elected  : — 
Oliver,  Thomas,  jun.,  Sunderl.in<],  Durham 
Frcelanri,  H.  W,,  The  Albnny,  Londun 
ClarliL',  John,  Ipanich.  Suffolk 

Tatchell,  Joho  T.,  Sjdlititr-house,  Dorchester,  Dorset 
TucUer,  John,  Abboy  Print  Works,  West  Ham,  Essex 
Ilutehinson,  William,  Ipswich,  Suffolk 
Riubardeon,  James  M,,  Wilton.place,  Tonbridije  Wells 
Kale,  John,  South  Crealio,  Faltenbam,  Norfolk 
Kinj;,  John,  1  tiorrie-Abhols,  Scole,  Norfolk 
Sexti.n,  George,  Whersiead,  Ipswich 
Hillman,  John,  jun,,  LtweB,  Sussex 
Ranelagh.  ViscouDf,  Parlt. place,  St.  James's 
Hottiiii/,  William,  Wostuiealoii,  Lewes 
Ilardwiek,  Arthur,  llan(/let<,n,  Sliorohsm,  Sussex 
Younx,  Charles  D.,  North-bridge,  Edinburgh 
Milkens,  John  IJorrien,  llammerwood.  EasuGrinstead 
Daws,  Walter  Williari,,  Lordine.  Kwliurst,  Ilurst-grecn 
llolmes,  WlUiaui,  Dorovere-cottage,  Alton,  Uaata 

FiNANCBS.' — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  laid  before  tlie  Council  the  monthly 
report  on  the  accounts  of  the  Society  ;  from  whicli  it 
appeared  that  the  current  cabh-balance  in  the  hands  of 
tlio  bankers  waa  2T-i'U.  He  explained  the  various 
Hpccial  balanccH  of  accounts  included  in  this  general 
Huni  ;  and  laid  on  the  table,  for  tlio  information  of  the 
iiieniberH,  the  quarterly  atalemcnts  of  income  and  ex- 
penditure, iuvcDled  capital  and  life  componitioiiB,  asnets 
and  liabilities. 

CiMJNTitv  Mkktino  of  1  D.'i,'!. — The  Report  of  tliu 
Inapcction  Committee  iiavini;  bi-eii  read,  the  CnuniNl 
were  favoured  by  doputatioiiH  (viiiiprising  the  following 
gcutkuicu  ; — The  Hoa,  Admiral  Berkeley,  C.B.,  M.l'., 


the  Hon.  and  Rev.  W.  W.  Cbetwynd  Talljot,  iM.A.,  the 
Hon.  General  Lygon,  M.P.,  Sir  C.  W.  Codriiigton, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  T.  E.  Winnington,  Bart.,  Sir  John  B. 
Walsh,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Captain  Rushout,  M.P.,  Colonel 
Clifibrd,  M.P.,  Mr.  Booker,  M.P.,  Mr.  Brown,  M.P.,. 
Mr.  A.  Bubb,  Mr.  Clutlerbuck  (Mayor  of  Gloucester), 
Mr.  Hill  (Town-clerk  of  Worcester),  Mr.  H.  Hudson, 
Mr.  Jenkins  (Town-clerk  of  Gloucester),  Mr.  A.  G. 
Jones,  Mr.  H.  Kerr,  Mr.  Knight,  M.P.,  Mr.  La-slett, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Cornewall  Lewis,  M.P.,  Mr.  Lucy  (Mayor  of 
Worcester),  Mr.  R.  Potter,  Mr.  Ricardo,  M.P.,  Mr. 
C.  H.  Saunders,  Mr.  John  SoUey,  Mr  Joseph  Stallard,. 
Mr.  James  Trebb,  Mr.  Alderman  Walker,  Mr.  J.  W. 
Walters,  Mr.  Gregory  Watkins,  Mr.  Wegg  Prosserj, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Westhead,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  F.  Woodward. 
These  gentlemen  having  communicated  to  the  Council  the 
fullest  local  information  connected  with  the  South  Wales 
district,  derived  from  their  respective  personal  know- 
ledge, and  answered  satisfactorily  every  enquiry  made  of 
them  by  the  Council  ;  the  President  expressed  to  them 
tlie  best  thanks  of  himself  and  the  Council  for  their 
kindness  in  having  attended  the  meeting  of  that  day, 
and  for  the  deep  interest  they  had  evinced  in  promoting 
the  objects  of  the  Society.  The  deputations  then  with- 
drew ;  wheu  the  Council  proceeded  to  the  consideration 
of  the  particular  locality  best  suited,  under  all  circum- 
stances, for  the  holding  of  the  Country  Meeting  next 
year  ;  and,  after  a  lengthened  discussion  of  the  respective 
advantages  of  each  position  to  which  their  attention  had 
been  called,  it  was  finally  carried,  on  the  motion  of  Lord 
Portman,  seconded  by  Mr.  Brandreth,  that  the  city  of 
Gloucester  should  be  the  place  of  such  mteting. 

District  of  1856. — The  Council  appointed  a  com- 
mittee, consisting  of  Sir  John  i'helley,  Mr.  Raymond 
Barker,  Col.  Challoner,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr. 
Miles,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  Shaw,  to  take  into  consideration 
the  subject  of  the  district  for  the  Country  Meeting  of 
1856. 

Essay  Prizes. — Mr.  Pusey,  M.P.,  Chairman  of  the 
Jom'ual  Committee,  transmitted  to  the  Council  Mottoes, 
of  Essays  to  which  prizes  had  been  awarded  by  the 
Judges.  The  sealed  motto  papers  being  opened  by  the 
President,  the  following  successful  candidates  were 
announced  : 

I.  To  William  Dickinson,  of  North  Mosses,  near 
Cockermouth,  the  Society's  prize  of  501.,  for  the 
best  report  on  the  Farming  of  Cumberland. 

IL  To  Hugh  Raynbird,  of  Laverstoke,  near  Andover 
Road,  Hampshire,  the  Society's  prize  of  201.,  for 
the  best  Essay  on  the  Management  of  the  Clovers, 
Rye-grass,  &c.,  with  the  best  remedy  for  Clover 
Sickness. 

LiFE-CoMPOsiTiONS. — On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Raymond 
Barker,  the  consideration  of  the  general  question  of 
the  principle  on  which  the  Life  Compositions  of  the 
Society  are  founded,  as  connected  with  any  alterations 
it  may  be  thought  desirable  or  otherwise  to  make  in  the 
bye-laws  affecting  them,  was  referred  to  the  special  con* 
sideration  of  a  committee,  consisting  of  the  Finance 
Committee  and  the  Trustees,  with  the  addition  of  Sir 
John  Shelley,  Sir  Matthew  Ridley,  and  Mr.  Shaw. 

General  Meeting. — The  Council  decided  on  the 
arrangements  connected  with  the  general  meeting  to  be 
held  on  Saturday,  the  22d  of  M.ay,  at  U  in  tlie  forenoon  j 
and  agreed,  by  ballot,  to  the  House  List  required  by  the 
bye-laws  to  be  recommended  by  the  Council  to  the 
members  on  that  occasion. 

Lectures. — Mr.  Gadesden's  suggestion  that  Prof. 
Way's  lecture  "  On  Jethro  TuU's  Principles  of  Agri- 
culture," fixed  for  Wednesday,  the  26th  of  May,  at  12 
o'clock,  should  be  delivered  in  the  previous  week  on 
.account  of  that  date  falling  on  the  "Derby  day"  at 
Epsom  having  been  brought  under  consideration,  the 
Council,  being  desirous  that  no  disappointment  should 
occur  among  those  members  who  might  wish  to  be 
present,  decided  that  an  adjournment  should  take  place 
over  the  Derby  day,  and  that  Professor  Way's  lecture- 
should  be  delivered  on  Wednesday,  the  19th  of  May,  at 
noon,  in  the  Council-room  of  the  Society. 

Veterinary  Committee. — On  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Shaw,  and  with  the  concurrence  of  Col.  Challoner,  the 
Chairman  of  the  Veterinary  Grant  Committee,  the 
Report  of  that  Committee,  then  laid  on  the  table,  and 
about  to  be  read,  was  withdrawn  for  another  months 
for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  Committee  to  take  the 
subject  into  fui'ther  consider.ation  before  presenting  their 
final  recommendations. 

FiNiis  FOR  NoN-ExHiniTioN. — The  names  of  those 
parties  who  still  refused  to  pay  the  fines  incurred  by 
them  at  the  Windsor  meeting  were  read  ;  when  orders 
were  given  by  the  Council  that  legal  steps  should  at 
once  be  taken  to  enforce  their  payment  in  the  West- 
minster County  Court. 

Judges'  Committees. — Lord  Portman,  Chairman  of 
the  Past  President  and  Stewards'  Committee,  reported 
the  names  of  the  Committee  nominated  by  them  for  the 
selection  of  the  Judges  of  Stock  at  the  Lewes  meeting. 
The  Council  adojjted  this  list,  and  proceeded  to  appoint, 
as  usual,  the  Connnitteo  for  tho  Selection  of  the  Judges 
of  Implements  on  that  occasion. 

STiiWAitns  OF  Imi'Lementb. — On  the  motion  of  Sii? 
John  Sukllev,  seconded  by  Col.  Challoner,  Mr.  Miles, 
M.P.  (the  senior  Stewardol  luinluments of  the  Society), 
was  rc(|uested  by  tho  Council  to  supjily  tlie  place  at  the 
Lewes  meeting  whicli  would  have  been  filled  by  the  late 
lion.  Captain  I'elbam,  had  his  life  been  spared  ;  a 
request  to  wliich  Mr.  Miles  (willing  to  lend  his  aid  on  all 
occasions  to  promote  tlie  good  of  the  Society)  cheerfully 
assented.     Un  the  motion  of  Mr.  Shaw,  seconded  by 


£48 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[May  29, 


Mr.  Jonas,  Mr,  Fislier  Hobbs  was  appointed  theSteward- 
£lect  of  Implements  on  the  same  occasion. 

Poultry  Enthies. — The  Council  adopted  the  sugges- 
tion of  Mr.  Davej,  of  Lewes,  that  the  non-members'"  fee 
for  entering  poultry  for  exhibition  at  tlie  Lewes  meeting 
should  be  reduced  from  1  Os.  to  2s.  6d.,  in  order  to  enable 
cottagers  to  compete  in  that  department. 

Farmers'  Flax  Mill.— The  Hon.  R.  H.ClivEjM.P., 
Informed  the  Council  that  he  had  paid  a  visit  by  invita- 
ftion  to  the  worlds  of  Mr.  Donlan,  in  the  Warwick  lload, 
Kensington,  where  he  had  inspected  the  construction 
and  operation  of  the  farmers'  Flax  machines  invented  ! 
■by  tliat  gentleman.  Having  taken  with  him  a  sheaf  of 
his  own  Flax  straw,  from  which  the  seed  had  been 
removed,  this  straw  was  divided  into  four  equal  portions ; 
and  three  of  these  being  subjected  to  the  action  of  Mr. 
Donlan's  machines,  the  result  was  then  submitted  by 
Mr,  Clive  to  the  Council.  The  first  portion  was  the 
original  straw,  on  which  no  operation  had  been  per- 
formed ;  the  second  was  tlie  next  portion,  which  had 
gone  through  the  first,  or  beating  process  ;  the  third 
portion  had  gone  through  the  beating  process,  and  had 
Also  been  passed  through  the  double  roller  press,  and 
■undergone  the  rolling  process  ;  the  fourth  portion  had 
been  subjected  to  all  the  three  processes — namely,  those 
of  beating,  rolling,  and  scraping,  and  gave  the  final 
results  of  about  25  per  cent,  of  marketable  farmers' 
Flax,  and  about  12^  per  cent,  of  tow.  The  whole  of 
these  machines  were  constructed  in  the  simplest  man- 
ner, but  with  the  most  exact  adaptation  of  mechanical 
means  for  effecting  the  separation  of  the  woody  matter 
contained  in  the  Flax-stalk  from  the  fibre  required  by 
the  manufacturer ;  all  the  weak,  imperfect  fibres  being 
retained,  and  only  the  strong  and  perfect  ones  being 
-allowed  to  pass  through.  They  were  not  of  an  expensive 
character  ;  and  could  be  worked  either  by  men,  women, 
or  children,  and  by  one  person  singly,  or  by  several  at 
the  same  time  ;  horse,  water,  or  steam-power  might  also 
■be  used,  according  to  circumstances.  The  whole  of  the 
a-esults,  then  submitted  to  the  Council,  had  been  attained 
by  one  man  in  the  course  of  20  minutes.  This  farmers' 
Flax,  produced  under  favourable  conditions  of  the  straw, 
was  valued  at  32^.  per  ton,  and  the  tow  at  about  12^. 
per  ton  ;  and  for  the  marketable  article  thus  obtained, 
the  farmer,  who  under  present  circumstances  could 
only  dispose  of  his  Flax  straw  at  about  21.  or  3^.  per 
ton,  or  not  at  all,  would  find  in  this  country  and  on  the 
continent  a  ready  sale,  the  ton  of  straw,  by  this  me- 
chanical operation,  yielding  farmers'  Flax  of  commerce 
and  tow,  which  together  might  be  estimated  at  nearly 
10^.  ;  a  sum  from  which  would  have  to  be  deducted 
enly  the  very  small  proportional  part  of  the  cost,  rent, 
and  wear  and  tear  of  the  machines  employed,  and  the 
labour  required  to  work  them.  The  Flax,  when  dry, 
might  be  taken  at  once  from  the  field  without  stacking, 
and,  after  the  removal  of  the  seed,  was  ready,  without 
any  other  preparation,  for  this  mechanical  process, 
which  was  alike  available  to  the  smallest  cottager  or 
the  largest  occupier,  and  adapted  either  for  manual 
labour  or  the  application  of  machinery  worked  by  any 
motive  power.  He  could  not  but  regard  this  subject  as 
one  of  great  importance  to  the  English  farmer  ;  and, 
as  it  had  often  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Council, 
whose  members  had  long  considered  such  mechanical 
aid  as  this  now  referred  to  as  a  great  desideratmn,  he 
felt  that  he  was  only  discharging  his  duty  as  one  of 
tiieir  body  in  calling  their  particular  notice  to  the 
machines  in  question  ;  at  the  same  time,  as  the  Council 
could  not  collectively  deviate  from  their  usual  course, 
by  giving  any  opinion  themselves  on  an  invention  like 
the  present,  he  would  request  a  few  of  the  members  in 
their  private  capacity  to  accompany  him  to  Mr,  Donlan's 
works  at  an  early  convenient  day,  in  order  that  they 
might  inspect  his  operations  more  accurately  in  detail, 
and  inform  themselves  of  the  full  bearing  of  the  ques- 
tion iu  a  practical  point  of  view. 

Lewes  Meeting.— Mr.  Manning,  of  High  Holbom, 
the  Society's  contractor  of  works,  reported  the  favour- 
able progress  of  his  operations  connected  with  the 
erection  of  the  receiving,  exhibition,  and  trial  yards,  at 
Lewes,  agreeably  with  the  plans  approved  by  the  Council. 

Poultry  Show.— Mr.  Miles,  M.P.,  laid  before  the 
Council  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Earl  of  March  by  Mr. 
Baily,  of  Mount-street,  suggesting  that  a  distinct  class 
of  prizes  should  be  offered  by  the  Society,  for 
"  Chickens,"  at  the  Lewes  meeting,  and  that  the  classi- 
fication of  some  of  the  prizes  should  be  altered.  The 
Council  directed  information  to  be  sent  to  Mr.  Baily 
that  Poultry  of  any  age  might  be  exhibited  under  the 
present  schedule  ;  but  no  alteration  could  now  be  made 
in  any  of  the  prizes,  which  were  settled  for  each  country 
meeting  at  a  given  date,  agreeably  with  the  bye-laws  of 
the  Society ;  his  suggestions  would,  however,  be  re- 
served for  consideration  when  the  prizes  of  another 
year  came  under  the  notice  of  the  Council. 

Horses'  Feet, — Mr.  Turner,  of  Barton,  submitted  to 
the  inspection  of  the  Council  various  inventions  of  Mr. 
Pope,  of  Bridge-street,  Exeter,  for  protecting  the  foot 
of  the  horse  from  injury.  The  chief  of  these  was  a 
compact  felt,  pressed  into  proper  shape  to  adapt  it  as  a 
covering  for  the  outer  hoof,  and  a  protective  shield  for 
the  bottom  of  the  foot  inside  the  shoe.  Mr.  Turner  had 
found  the  felt  in  these  cases  infinitely  superior  to  leather, 
as  It  was  cheaper  in  the  first  instance,  and  very  durable 
m  wear  ;  much  softer  in  its  substance,  which  never 
became  hard  or  cracked,  like  that  of  leather  ;  and  when 
moistened  with  water,  it  retained  its  flexibility  and  damp- 
ness for  a  considerable  time,  to  the  great  benefit  of  the 
horses  feet,  which  were  thus  maintained  cool  and  moist, 
and  prevented  from  cracking,  whUe  the  horses  were  kept 


standing  in  the  stable  ;  the  protective  part  of  the  felt,  for 
the  inside  of  the  shoe,  being  well  adapted  for  tender- 
footed  horses.  Mr.  Pope's  mode  of  shoeing  also  super- 
seded the  necessity  of  more  than  a  very  few  nails  being 
driven  into  the  hoof  to  effect  that  object. 

Beet-hoot  Beer. — Mr.  Baker, of  Writtle,  presented 
to  the  Council  a  Paper  on  the  preparation  of  a  Strong- 
bodied  Bitter  Beer  or  Stout  from  the  Beet-root  ;  and 
submitted  to  their  inspection  a  sample  bf  this  proposed 
new  branch  of  domestic  economy  for  the  adoption  of 
farmers. 

The  Council  then  adjourned  to  "Wednesday,  the  12th 
of  May,  at  noon,  when  Mr.  Trimmer  would  deliver, 
before  the  Council,  and  such  other  members  of  the 
Society  as  would  favour  them  witii  their  attendance, 
his  lecture  "On  Agricultural  Geology  in  its  practical 
bearings." 

The  May  General  Meeting  of  this  Society  was  held 
as  usual,  at  the  Society's  house,  in  Hanover 
Square.  The  chair  was  taken  at  eleven  o'clock  by  the 
Earl  of  Ducie,  the  president  for  ihe  current  year. 
Among  the  members  present  were  Lord  Camoys,  Mr. 
Barker,  Col.  Challoner,  Sir  P.  Pole,  Bart.,  Sir  R. 
Jodrell,  Bart,,  Mr.  Shaw,  and  a  large  attendance  of 
other  promoters  of  agricultural  improvement. 

The  first  business  being  that  of  electing  a  president 
for  the  ensuing  year, 

Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Chairman  of  tlie  Finance 
Committee,  said  he  felt  great  pleasure  in  proposing  a 
nobleman  who  had  shown  his  attachment  to  the  Society 
by  constant  attendance,  and  who  had  been  restored 
to  that  position  in  the  Council  which  he  lost  during  a 
period  wlien  he  could  not  give  his  attention  to  the 
Society's  affairs  in  the  manner  that  he  had  done 
recently.  Of  late  that  nobleman  had  shown  as  much 
zeal  for  the  Society's  interests  as  during  the  time  of  his 
earliest  connection  with  it  ;  and  though  he  might  not 
possess  in  so  eminent  a  degree  as  their  present  chair- 
man the  qualification  of  uniting  science  with  practice,  he 
had  shown,  by  the  ability  which  he  had  displayed,  by 
the  speeches  whch  he  had  made,  and  by  his  general 
devotion  to  the  pursuits  of  agriculture,  that  he  was 
quite  capable  of  conducting  the  affairs  of  the  Society 
successfully,  and  was  fully  adequate  to  all  the 
requirements  of  the  office.  Without  detaining  the 
meeting  longer,  he  begged  to  propose  Lord  Ashburton 
for  the  office  of  President,  convinced  that  they  would 
do  themselves  credit  by  electing  his  lordship  to  fill  that 
important  post  during  the  ensuing  year. 

Mr.  H.  Blanshard seconded  the  motion,  and  expressed 
his  conviction  that  the  selection  was  an  exceedingly 
good  one.     The  motion  was  put  and  carried. 

Mr,  Shaw  moved  that  the  following  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  should  be  the  trustees  for  the  ensuing  year  : — 
Sir  Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  Bart.,  M,P. ;  Lord  Bray- 
brooke  ;  Colonel  Challoner;  Hon.  Robert  Henry  Clive, 
M.P.;  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  Graham,  Bart.,  M.P.; 
Joseph  NeeJd,  M.P.;  Lord  Portman;  Philip  Pusey, 
M.P.;  Duke  of  Richmond;  Duke  of  Rutland;  Earl 
Spencer;  and  Duke  of  Sutherland. 

Sir  Peter  Pole  seconded  the  motion,  which  was 
adopted  unanimously. 

Mr.  Blansiiard  moved  that  the  following  gentlemen 
should  be  the  Vice-Presidents,  observing  that  they  were 
so  well  known  that  it  was  quite  unnecessary  for  him  to 
dilate  on  tlieir  qualifications  or  character  :— Thomas 
Raymond  Barker,  Earl  of  Chichester,  Marquis  of 
Downshire,  Earl  of  Ducie,  Earl  of  Egmont,  Marquis  of 
Exeter,  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  Earl  of  Hardwicke,  Viscount 
Hill,  William  Miles,  M.P.,  Duke  of  Wellington,  and 
Earl  of  Yarborough. 

The  motion  having  been  seconded  by  Ml*.  Bramston, 
M.P.,  and  agreed  to, 

Mr.  Barker  said  he  could  not  help  individually 
expressing  his  sense  of  the  compliment  which  had  just 
been  paid  to  the  Vice-Presidents  by  their  re-election. 

The  meeting  then  proceeded  to  elect  25  General 
Members  of  Council,  and  for  that  purpose  the  list 
recommended  by  the  Council  was  handed  to  the 
members  present. 

Colonel  Challoner  observed  that  if  any  person  wished 
to  scratch  out  a  name,  and  to  substitute  for  it  another, 
it  was  competent  to  him  to  do  so.  The  Council  were 
required  by  the  bye-laws  to  recommend  a  list,  but  the 
meeting  was  not  bound  to  adopt  it  without  alteration. 

After  the  lapse  of  a  few  minutes,  it  was  announced  by 
the  Chairman  that  the  Council  hadbeen  re-elected  with- 
out any  change. 

The  Secretary,  Mr.  Hudson,  read  the  following  report 
from  the  Council. 

REPORT. 

Since  the  last  General  Meeting  in  December, 
37  members  have  died,  and  the  names  of  120  been 
removed  from  the  list,  while  104  candidates  have 
during  the  same  period  been  elected :  so  that  the 
Society  now  consists  of  93  Life  Governors,  156 
Annual  Governors,  711  Life  Members,  4002  Annual 
Members,  and  19  Honorary  Members— making  a 
total  of  4,981  members  on  the  list  of  the  Society  at 
the  present  time :  a  census  which  shows  a  slight 
decrease,  since  the  last  general  meeting,  in  the  governors 
and  members  paying  annual  subscriptions,  but  an 
increase  in  those  who  have  connected  themselves  more 
permanently  with  the  Society  by  payment  of  the  com- 
positions for  life. — The  Council  have  appointed  Mr. 
Miles,  M.  P.,  of  Leigh  Court,  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents 
of  the  Society,  in  the  place  of  Sir  Thomas  Gooch,  Bart., 
I  deceased ;  and  have  elected  the  Earl  of  Mai'ch  a  general 
1  Member  of  the  Coimcilj  to  supply  the  vacancy  thus 


created  in  that  list  by  the  transfer  of  Mr.  Miles's  name 
to  the  list  of  the  Vice-Presidents. 

The  Council  have  the  satisfaction  of  stating,  that  at  no 
former  period  in  the  history  of  the  Society,  have  its 
finances  been  iu  a  more  favoui'able  condition  than  at  the 
present  time. 

The  arrangements  for  the  Country  Meeting  at  Lewes, 
in  the  middle  of  July  next,  are  nearly  completed.  The 
entries  of  implements  for  exhibition  and  trial  at  this 
meeting  exceed  in  amount  those  made  for  any  former 
occasion  ;  and  the  entries  of  live-stock,  although  not  yet 
closed,  promise  to  be  equally  numerous.  The  Council 
have  adopted  this  year  new  regulations  for  the  nomina- 
tion and  selection  of  the  Judges  of  Stock;  and  they 
have  limited  the  duties  of  the  Veterinary  Inspector  to  a 
general  examination  of  the  animals  in  reference  to  con- 
tagious or  infectious  disease,  and  to  such  special 
investigation  on  doubtful  points  as  the  Judges,  in 
considering  their  awards,  may  think  proper  to  direct  his 
attention.  They  have  concluded  their  arrangements  in  the 
show-yard  at  Lewes  for  such  an  exhibition  of  poultry  as 
may,  in  their  opinion,  best  promote  competition  among 
those  varieties  of  breed  which  have  been  found  by 
experience  to  be  most  profitable  in  an  agricultural  point 
of  view;  and  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  cottagers  to 
compete  for  the  prizes  in  this  department  the  Council 
have  I'educed  the  non-members'  exhibition-fee  from  ten 
shillings  to  half-a-crown. — The  Council  have  accepted 
the  invitation  of  the  authorities  of  Gloucester  to  hold 
the  Country  Meeting  of  next  year  for  the  South- Wales 
District  in  that  city. 

The  chemical  investigations  instituted  by  the  Society 
are  in  a  state  of  active  and  favourable  progress  in  the 
laboratory  of  Professor  Way,  the  consulting  chemist  to 
the  Society,  who  has  already  this  season  delivered  before 
the  members  two  interesting  lectures  on  the  peculiar 
agency  of  certain  soils  in  promoting  the  supply  of 
manuring  matter  as  food  to  plants,  and  on  the  light  thrown 
by  the  agricultural  principles  established  more  than  a 
century  ai,'0  by  the  celebrated  Jethro  Tull,  on  practical 
results  obtained  at  the  present  day  under  certain  con- 
ditions of  soil  and  culture.  Mr.  Trimmer,  the  author  of 
the  Society's  prize  essay  on  agricultural  geology,  has 
also  favoured  the  members  with  a  lecture  on  the 
geological  distribution  of  soils  throughout  the  country; 
a  subject  of  much  practical  importance  to  the  farmer 
who  is  desirous  at  any  time  of  transferring  analogically 
the  system  of  one  district  to  another  locality  identical 
with  it  in  the  circumstance  of  soil  :  a  result  not  always 
to  be  inferred  from  the  ordinary  geological  maps,  in 
which  the  rocks  or  subsoils  are  represented  in  their 
denuded  state,  and  irrespectively  of  the  actual  drift  or 
soil  that  may  happen,  from  various  causes,  to  rest  upon 
their  strata. 

The  Council  are  aware  of  the  great  caution  required 
in  the  application  of  science  to  the  practice  of  agri- 
culture ;  and  of  the  guarded  manner  in  which  any  new 
or  striking  facts  of  cultivation  ought  to  be  enunciated, 
in  order  that  the  particular  circumstances  of  their 
occurrence  may  be  most  clearly  defined.  These 
circumstances,  they  conceive,  must  be  accurately  under- 
stood by  the  farmer  before  he  can  safely  transfer  to  his 
own  locality  a  mode  of  management  that  may  have  been 
adopted  with  success  elsewhere.  Science,  so  called,  can 
only  mislead,  when  its  quality  is  unsound,  or  its 
application  erroneous :  sound  science,  indeed,  consisting 
only  of  principles  derived  immediately  from  facts, 
which  principles,  when  duly  applied  to  practice, 
constitute  an  art  of  any  kind;  and  this  art — whether  that 
of  agriculture  or  any  other  branch  of  industry — is  only 
to  be  perfected  by  the  application  of  improved  principles, 
whether  tliese  be  accidentally  discovered  or  ascertained 
by  direct  investigation.  The  Council  feel  how  much  the 
modification  or  establishment  of  such  principles  of 
improvement  depend  on  the  extended  practical  obser- 
vation and  actual  test  of  their  members;  and  while  they 
are  most  desirous  on  the  one  hand  to  aid  in  theLr 
legitimate  development,  they  are  most  anxious  on  the 
other  to  prevent  their  hasty  adoption.  The  really  best 
practice  in  agriculture  always  includes  as  its  prime 
mover  the  best  science;  but  it  is  only  by  obtaining  the 
distinct  knowledge  of  such  included  science  that  the 
conditions  can  be  ascertained  under  which  the  practice 
itself  may  be  transferred  successfully  to  other  circum- 
stances :  and  the  Council,  in  endeavouring  to  carry  out 
that  union  of  *'  oractice  with  science,"  which  has 
become  the  well-known  motto  of  the  Society,  invite  from 
its  members  such  communications  of  successful  instances 
of  management  or  cultivation,  as  will  either  at  once 
become  models  for  adoption,  or  serve,  by  comparison 
with  other  results,  to  modify  the  character  and  extent 
of  the  deductions  to  be  drawn  from  them.  With  such 
practical  aid,  the  Council  feel  assured  that  the  Society 
will  continue  to  proceed  in  its  steady  course  of  public 
usefulness,  gradually  developing  those  national  objects 
for  which  it  was  originally  estabhshed. 

By  order  of  the  Council,  James  Hudson,  Secretary. 


Sir  Peter  Pole  said  from  the  report  which  had  been 
just  read,  it  was  evident  that  tlie  Council  had  done  their 
duty  in  relation  to  the  interests  of  agriculture  generally, 
and  though  there  might  be  a  few  members  less  among 
the  annual  subscribers,  the  permanent  members^  had 
increased,  and  that,  on  the  whole,  the  Society  was  in  an 
improved  position.  (Hear,  hear.)  He  was  very  glad 
to  have  that  opportunity  of  thanking  the  Council  for 
having  determined  that  the  next  show  to  that  which 
was  approaching  should  be  held  in  his  own  county. 
There  had  been  a  strong  feeling  in  the  county  of  Glou- 
cester that  it  wouldj  be  a  great  advantage  to  that  part 


22— 1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


349 


of  the  country,  and  even  to  Wales,  if  a  show  were  held 
there  ;  and  he  rejoiced  exceedingly  at  the  resolution 
which  had  been  adopted  on  that  subject. 

Mr.  Hekcy  having  expressed  the  pleasure  it  gave 
him  to  second  the  adoption  of  the  satisfactory  and  able 
report  just  read,  the  motion  was  then  put,  and  carried 

unanimously. 

ilr.  Barker,  as  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee, 
then  read  the  following  balance-sheet :  — 

HALF-TEARLr  ACCODNT  ENDING  SlsT  DEC.  1851. 
Receipts. 
Balance  in  the  hands  of  the  Banker?,  1st  July,  1851 
EaliiDce  in  the  hands  of  the  Secretary,  1st  July,  1851 

Dividends  on  Svock  

Liie-Compositious  of  Members  

Annual  Subscriptions  of  Governors 

Annual  Subsorip'iona  of  Members 

Receipts  on  account  of  Journal  

Receipts  on  account  of  Country  Meetings 


£ 

2584 

0 

160 

179 

141 

1570 

201 


9     5 


Fitments. 
Purchase  of  10291.  Stock  in  the  SJ  per  cents. 

Permanent  Thargea         

Taxes  and  Rates  

Establishment       

Postage  and  Carriage      

Advertisements     

Pavmen'S  on  account  of  Journal       

Chemical  Grant :  two  quarters  

Chemical  Investigitions  

Frizes  of  the  Society        

Payments  on  account  of  the  Country  Meetings 

Transfers  of  Subscriptions       

Sundry  items  of  petty  cash       

Balance  in  the  hands  of  the  Bankers,  SlstDec,  1851 
Balanceinthehandsof  the  Secretary,  3l3t  Dec, ' 


...  1010 

0  0 

...   178 

12  G 

1.5 

19  5 

...   «2 

16  9 

19 

11  0 

2 

16  6 

...   303 

3  2 

...   100 

0  0 

...   200 

0  0 

...  1820 

0  (1 

...  2S50 

♦  2 

7 

0  0 

5 

5  IC 

851  1020 

«  11 

1S51   20 

13  11 

£7983 

12  2 

1st  day  of 

Ma  J, 

Examined,  Audited,  and  found  correct,  this 
1852— 
Thos,  Ratmond  Babeeb,  Chairman,"^ 
C.  B.  Chall^nes,  >  Finance  Committee. 

Henet  Blanshard,  J 

Jlr.  RowLANDSON  Said  that,  in  rising  to  move  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  auditors  for  their  care  in  auditing  the 
accounts,  he  was  happy  to  be  able  to  congratulate  the 
Society  on  the  very  favoiu'able  position  in  which  it  was 
placed  in  a  financial  point  of  view,  (Hear,  hear.)  He 
felt  quite  certain  that  the  onerous  duties  which  had 
fallen  upon  the  auditors  had  been  much  lightened  by  the 
care  and  attention  which  had  been  bestowed  upon  that 
department  by  the  talented  secretary  and  his  assistants ; 
but  at  the  same  time  the  mass  of  accounts  which  neces- 
sarily accumulated  in  that  Society  must  require  much 
care  and  attention  in  the  auditors,  and  all  present  would 
feel  that  they  were  entitled  to  the  cordial  thanks  of  the 
meeting.  The  names  of  the  auditors  were  alone  a  suffi- 
cient guarantee  for  the  ability  and  skill  which  had  been 
exerted  in  the  supervision  of  the  accounts. 

Sir  P.  Pole  said  he  could  not  feel  a  moment's 
hesitation  in  seconding  the  motion.  That  all  parties 
concerned  in  the  management  had  done  their  duty,  was 
proved  by  the  exceedingly  favourable  statement  to 
which  they  had  listened. 

The  Chairjian  formally  conveyed  to  Mr.  Dyer,  as 
one  of  the  auditors,  the  thanks  of  the  meeting,  and 
declared  his  belief  that  there  was  no  society  in  the 
country  whose  finances  were  better  attended  to  than 
those  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society. 

Jlr.  Dyer,  in  returning  thanks,  said  he  had  never  seen 
any  aceomits  which  manifested  more  care  than  those  of 
the  Society.  The  books  were  so  plain  and  clear,  that  a 
person  of  the  humblest  capacity  might  understand  them  ; 
and  he  felt,  with  a  preceding  speaker,  that  the  Society  was 
greatly  indebted  to  the  secretary  and  his  assistants.  As 
regarded  the  motion,  it  was  to  the  finance  committee 
that  thanks  were  most  due  j  the  labours  of  the  auditors 
were  comparatively  light. 

Mr.  SiLLiFAiNT  said,  that  amongst  the  many  ways  in 
which  the  Society  sought  to  promote  its  objects,  he 
could  see  none  more  important  than  that  of  encouraging 
and  providing  weekly  lectures.  They  all  knew  that  the 
motto  of  the  Society  was  "  Practice  with  Science."  The 
practice  of  agriculture  could  only  be  pursued  in  the 
fields  of  the  country,  but  the  science  required  the 
quietness  of  study  ;  and  science  was,  he  believed,  greatly 
promoted  by  the  lectures  given  in  that  building  by  the 
gentlemen  to  whom  he  had  risen  to  move  a  vote  of  thanks. 
The  two  names  which  he  would  especially  mention 
were  those  of  Professor  Way  and  Mr.  Trimmer.  Those 
only  who  ha*!  been  sufficiently  fortunate  to  hear  those 
gentlemen  during  the  past  year  could  fully  appreciate  the 
value  of  their  lectures ;  but  he  was  sure  the  cordial 
thanks  of  the  meeting  would  he  given  to  those  gentle- 
men, for  the  deep  attention  which  they  had  paid  to  the 
science  of  agriculture,  and  fur  the  admirable  manner  in 
which  they  had  illujttrated  it  in  that  room. 

Mr.  Gka.ntham,  of  Sussex,  seconded  the  motion, 
which  was  then  a/ioptcd. 

The  Chairman  said  it  was  the  practice  on  tliat  occa- 
sion for  the  Chairman  to  put  one  general  qucHtion  to 
the  members  before  the  meeting  terminated  ;  Ijut  before 
ho  did  that,  he  wifthcd  to  call  the  attention  of  tlie 
meeting  to  one  or  two  points.  One  point  had  respect  \Ai 
an  alteration  wiiich  had  bf^cn  made  in  the  mode  of 
electing  judges  ;  and  lie  would  first  read  thr  reHolntion 
which  the  Council  had  agreed  to  on  that  subject.  IJc 
then  rea'l  the  reeolution,  the  effect  of  which  was 
to  allow  members  of  the  Society  to  challenge  the 
competency  of  the  judges  selected,  and  to  comniunicat^.' 
in  writing  any  remarks  which  they  might  wish  to  make 
in  reference  Vy  the  merits  of  tlio  respective  candida'e-f. 
As  thin  was  a  new  rule  (continued  the  Chairman;,  be 
had  thought  it  right  to  dircct^ttention  to  it.     (iiwir, 


hear.)  The  list  was  hanging  up,  and  if  any  gentleman  . 
objected  to  any  of  the  names  he  could  state  his 
objection  in  writing,  and  it  would  be  laid  before  the 
Committee  of  Selection.  He  then  stated  that  the  usual 
Weekly  Meeting  would  not  be  held  on  the  following 
Wednesday,  and  concluded  by  observing  that  his  chief 
reason  for  rising  was  this,  that  it  was  usual  on  that 
occasion  for  the  Chairman  to  ask  the  members  generally 
wlio  were  present,  if  they  had  any  remark  to  make  on 
any  matter  connected  with  the  Society.  He  now  put 
that  question. 

After  the  lapse  of  a  few  seconds.  Lord  Camots  said 
he  had  no  remark  to  make  in  the  sense  which  was 
intended  by  the  noble  Lord  in  the  chair  ;  but  he  rose 
for  the  purpose  of  proposing  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
noble  Lord,  not  only  for  his  conduct  in  the  chair  that 
dav,  but  also  for  his  conduct  as  President  of  the  Society 
during  the  whole  of  the  past  year.  (Cheers.)  He  was 
sure  that,  though  many  persons  might  do  greater  justice 
to  that  motion  than  himself,  no  person  could  feel  more 
sincerely  than  he  did  that  the  noble  Lord  was  entitled 
to  tlieir  best  acknowledgments. 

Colonel  Challoner  said,  as  having  the  honour  to  hold 
the  situation  of  one  of  the  Trustees  of  that  Society,  he 
trusted  he  might  be  allowed  to  express  his  sense  of  how 
due  the  thanks  of  the  Society  were  to  its  President, 
Lord  Ducie.  (Cheers.)  Whether  it  were  in  the  small 
finance  room— whether  it  were  in  the  show-yard — 
whether  it  were  in  the  implement-yard — or  whether  it 
were  in  promoting  the  general  good  of  the  Society — 
Lord  Ducie  had,  ever  since  the  Society's  formation, 
made  himself  eminently  useful,  (Cheers.)  His  name  as 
an  agriculturist,  his  name  as  one  of  those  who  first 
opened  the  dooi",  he  might  say,  to  the  adaptation  of 
science  to  agriculture,  was,  he  thought,  a  sufficient 
guarantee  that  they  acted  wisely  in  electing  the  noble 
earl  as  their  President — (hear,  hear) — and  he  was  happy 
to  say  that  up  to  that  moment  he  had  fully  answered  the 
expectations  of  those  who  proposed  him.  He  had 
therefore  great  pleasure  in  seconding  the  motion  pro- 
posed by  Lord  Camoys  ;  and  he  thought  it  was  due  from 
that  Society  to  give  not  a  mere  cold  and  formal  vote  of 
thanks,  but  its  real  heartfelt  acknowledgments  to  the 
nobleman  who  occupied  the  chair. 

Colonel  Chalioner  put  the  motion,  which  was 
cordially  adopted. 

The  Chairman  said  it  was  always  very  difficult,  even 
for  a  man  who  felt  that  he  deserved  approbation,  to 
return  thanks  for  such  a  compliment  in  appropriate 
terms.  But  on  the  present  occasion  the  difficulty  was 
increased  by  the  circumstance  that  the  difficulties  of  his 
office  were  really  none,  and  that  he  had  positively 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Society  for  doing  nothing. 
(A laugh.)  He  should  be  most  ungrateful  if  he  were 
not  to  acknowledge  that,  owing  to  the  kind  and  con- 
tinuous attention  of  many  old  members  of  that  Society, 
he  had  become  instructed  on  points  on  wliich  he 
was  previously  ignorant,  and  that  his  path  had  been 
made  smooth  and  e5,sy.  He  should  also  he  most 
ungrateful  if  he  did  not  allude  to  a  gentleman  who  had 
been  already  referred  to  by  Mr.  Dyer — if  he  did  not 
say,  not  only  that  he  himself  had  found  everything 
made  easy  and  plain  before  him,  but  that  he  was 
sure  that  the  noble  Lord  who  had  been  elected  to 
succeed  him  for  the  ensuing  year  would  also  find 
everything  made  smooth  and  easy  to  him  by  the  con- 
tinued and  able  exertions  of  their  secretary,  Mr.  Hudson. 
(Cheers.)  He  was  quite  sure  that  he  should  not  have 
done  his  duty  if  he  had  not  alluded  to  the  exertions  of 
that  gentleman,  and  he  would  never  have  forgiven 
himself  if  he  had  not  mentioned  in  the  strongest  terms 
the  benefits  which  the  Society  had  received  from  that 
gentleman.  As  Mr.  Dyer  had  stated,  the  accounts 
were  laid  before  the  auditors  in  the  plainest  and  clearest 
manner  ;  and  being  ignorant  to  an  extent  which  he 
ought  not  perhaps  to  own,  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Society,  he  (Earl  Ducie)  had  found  no  difficulty  in 
transacting  what  little  business  he  had  to  perform. 

The  meeting  then  separated. 


Committee,  to  promote  the  holding,  this  year,  of  a  large 
influential  meeting  in  the  metropolis  ofConnaught  ;  and 
looking  to  the  revisal  of  the  Society's  premium  sheet — 
the  enlargement  of  the  premium  lists  for  some  kinds  ol 
«tock — the  substitution  of  gold  and  silver  medals  for 
implements,  in  place  of  the  small  money  prizes  pre- 
viously offered,  and  the  general  spirit  manifested  by  the 
public  as  to  the  Galway  show,  the  Council  entertain  a 
favourable  anticipation  that  it  will  reflect  credit  alike 
upon  the  counti'y  and  this  Society  ;  nor  shall  any  ex- 
ertion be  wanting  on  the  part  of  the  Council  to  induce- 
exhibitors  to  come  over  to  Ireland  from  the  great 
cattle  shows  of  England  and  Scotland,  which  have  been 
so  arranged  as  to  precede  that  at  Galway — thus  afford- 
ing an  excellent  opportunity  to  all  exhibitors  to  bring 
over  their  cattle,  sheep,  and  implements,  after  the 
several  annual  shows  on  the  other  side,  and  of  disposing 
of  them  to  breeders  and  cultivators  in  this  country,  at 
a  suitable  period  of  the  year. 

The    Council's    Monthly    Evening   Discussions. 

Various  well  prepared  papers  have  been  read  at  these 
evening  meetings,  followed  by  an  interchange,  among 
the  members,  of  scientific  and  practical  information,, 
which,  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  press,  cannot 
fail  to  diff'use  a  knowledge  of  the  results  of  various  ex.- 
periments,  well  calculated  to  forward  agricultural 
improvement,  more  especially  among  the  proprietary  and 
tenantry  connected  with  the  Society,  which  has  resolved 
carefully  to  prepare  and  circulate  among  them,  through- 
its  jom'nal,  the  reports  and  proceedings  at  such  discus- 
sions, along  with  other  appropriate  agricultural  in- 
formation. 

The  Society's  Journal. — This  organ,  resolved  upon 
to  circulate  such  matter,  is  described,  in  its  pi'ospectus, 
as  a  periodical  of  rural  economy,  to  be  established  foi' 
"  the  encouragement  and  circulation  of  practical  and 
useful  knowledge,  connected  with  husbandry  and  agri- 
culture in  all  their  branches." 


♦ 

Fen  Sketches,  <&c.     By  John  Algernon  Clarke,  author  of 
the  Prize  Report  on  the  Great  Level  of  the  Fens  in 
the  Jom'nal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.     Hallj. 
Virtue,  and  Co.,  25,  Paternoster-row. 
This  little  volume,  by  one  who  is  himself  a  Fen-man,, 
deserves  the  perusal  of  agriculturists,  as  a  most  inspi- 
riting testimony  to  the  reward  which  follows  energetia 
and  well-directed  effort  in   farming,   as   in   other  pro- 
fessions ;  and  it  deserves  the  perusal  of  those  who  may 
have  no  professional  interest  in  its  subject,  as  a  mosS 
interesting  chapter  in  English  history. 


Agricultural  of  Ireland  :  Half  Yearly  Meet- 
ing.—  The  half-yearly  meeting  of  this  Society  was  held 
on  Thursday,  May  13,  at  their  Rooms  in  Sackvilie- 
street.  The  chair  was  occupied  by  Viscount  Monck. 
Mr.  Harkness,  the  Secretary,  read  the 

Half-yearly  Report  of  the  Council,  of  which  the 
following  is  part  : — The  Council  have  much  satisfaction 
in  expressing  their  conviction  that  while  improved 
culture  and  farm  management  are  extending  throughout 
Ireland,  cheering  prospects  are  generally  presented  of 
marked  amelioration  in  the  industrial  resources  of  the 
country.  The  accession  of  upwards  of  100  additional 
members  to  the  Society,  since  its  last  half-yearly  meet- 
ing in  December,  and  the  approbation  expressed  by 
many  early  and  zeahjus  supporters  of  the  Society,  of  the 
well  conducted  evening  discussions  on  agricultui'al  sub- 
jects—its  proposal  of  publishing  a  journal  of  its  friins- 
actions,  and  a  farmers*  club,  to  be  called  "Tlio  Dul)lin 
Chamber  of  Agi'iculture,"  with  alibrary — all  tiicse  show 
unequivocally  that  the  principle  on  which  tiiis  Society 
Ih  based,  coupled  with  its  exertions  to  Htinmlato  and 
lnMielit  Irinh  husbandry,  are  daily  bccnmiiig  more 
appreciated,  thereby  holding  out  a  reasonable  expoctii- 
tion  of  additional  subscribers,  whereby  tlio  means  of 
UHffulnesH  of  the  Society  will  bo  augmented.  Tlio 
CduntMl  have  to  report  of  the  national  hIiow,  which  is 
fixf.'d  to  be  held  at  Galway  on  tlio  Ullh  and  Ifnii  of 
AnguHt  nr-xt,  that  every  arrangement  hilherto  ]irac- 
ticabto  has  been  made  by  the  parent  society  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  zealous  co-operation  of  tho  Galway  Local 


Miscellaneous. 

New  Mode  of  Making  Butter. — The  following  process^ 
for  the  manufacture  of  butter  is  recommended,  by  which' 
jits  quality  is  improved  and- its  disposition  to  become 
rancid  prevented.  When  butter  contains  only  the  fatty 
portions  of  milk,  it  changes  slowly  under  the  influence 
'  of  the  atmosphere.  It  contains,  however^  generally  a 
I  quantity  of  casein,  derived  from  the  cream,  whicli  retains 
this  nitrogenous  substance.  This  casein  acts  as  a 
ferment  on  the  fatty  acids  of  the  butter,  and  produces- 
j  those  changes  which  give  the  character  of  rancidity  tO' 
j  it.  By  washing  butter,  this  cause  of  its  rancidity  cannot 
I  be  completely  removed,  because  water  will  not  dissolve- 
I  casein  when,  by  the  acids  of  the  cream,  it  has  been  con- 
verted into  an  insoluble  modification.  It  could  be 
entirely  removed  if  these  acids  were  neutralized,  as  the 
casein  could  then  be  washed  from  the  butter.  To 
accomplish  these  objects,  proceed  in  the  following  way  :. 
— The  cream,  in  small  portions,  is  with  constant  agita- 
tion to  be  carefully  neutralized  with  milk  of  lime,  and 
agitation  proceeded  with  in  the  churn  until  the  butter 
separates  from  it,  but  not  so  as  to  form  a  mass,  as  is 
usually  the  practice.  The  buttermilk  is  then  poured 
off,  fresh  water  added  to  the  butter,  and  churning  con- 
tinued until  the  butter  combines  into  a  mass  ;  the  butter- 
is  then  finished  in  the  ordinary  method.  By  this  pro- 
cess, it  is  stated,  butter  is  best  obtained,  and  keeps  good 
much  longer  than  that  made  in  the  usual  way.  The 
buttermilk  thus  produced  loses  its  disagreeable  smell 
and  its  laxative  properties  on  men  and  animals  ;  and 
besides,  in  this  state  they  will  more  readily  partake  of  it 
than  in  the  common  form.  It  is  found  that  when 
butter  has  become  too  rancid  to  be  consumed  as  food,  it 
maybe  again  restored  by  washing  it  with  lime  water,- 
i'or  this  purpose  lime  water  can  be  replaced  by  any 
other  alkaline  fluid.  Annals  of  Pharmacy  and  Practical 
Chemistry. 

Patent,  Sept.  4,  1851.' — Benjamin  Hallewell,  of  LeedSj, 
wine-merchant,  for  improvements  in  drying  ninlt.  These 
improvements  consist  in  tho  employment,  for  drying 
malt,  of  numerous  jets  of  gas,  alone  or  in  combination 
witii  tlie  use  of  steam.  The  gas  or  steam  pipes  are 
placed  alternately  under  the  floor  of  tho  malt-house, 
wliich  is  constructed  of  perforated  tiles,  for  the  ready. 
transnil.'iHion  of  the  heat,  and  the  burners  of  the  gas- 
jiipes  are  j)laccd  on  each  side  of  tho  same,  so  as  to  play 
on  tlio  outside  of  the  steam-pipes,  as  well  as  against  the 
underside  of  tho  perforated  tiles.  The  advantage  of 
using  gas  is,  that  it  admits  of  the  heat  applied  being 
regulated  with  groat  nicety  ;  and  at  the  san)o  time  it 
prcvL'iitH  the  condensation  of  tJio  steam  in  passing 
llir'iugh  the  steam  pipes.  Claim  :  The  employment  of 
niimei'(Kis  jets  of  gas,  alone  or  combined  with  tho  use 
of  steam,  for  drying  malt.  From  the  Mechmdcs''  Magazine 
of  March  G,  )  U52. 


350 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[May  29, 


Calendar  of  Operations . 

MAY. 
Dorset  Fabm,  May  17.— Since  last  report  the  weather  has 
T)een  drier  than  usual  for  April  and  May  ;  but  just  as  we  were 
ijeRinninp;  to  despair  about  food  for  our  stock,  wp  pot  Bome 
fine  nourishing  showers  about  the  end  of  April.  The  Wheat 
^a't  preserved  a  good  appearance  through  the  season.  Badey 
and  Oats  generally  look  healthy.  The  only  drawbacU  is  in 
Grass,  of  which  a  pood  deal  has  been  fed  up  to  the  present 
time,  that  should  have  been  laid  up  for  hay  about  th>!  end  of 
last  month,  and  this  will  render  the  hay  crop  lijjht,  for 
the  Clover  thit  has  not  been  spring  fed,  is  coming  to  maturity 
"fast,  before  it  attains  any  weight ;  hut  still  we  see  a  go^A  many 
-old  hay-ricks  standing  about,  whiirh  most  be  set  a^-aiast  this 
<3rawback.  All  kinds  of  stock  are  doing  well,  better  than 
when  they  seemed  to  have  a  more  plenti'ut  supply  of  food, 
-from  which  we  may  inf^'r  that,  bulk  for  bulk,  Grass  is  more 
nutritious  in  dry  weather  than  in  wet;  and  taking  everythiog 
into  consideration,  we  must  report  favourably.  We  have  got 
our  Mangold  Wuizel  in,  and  most  of  it  is  showing  itself  aga-n. 
We  have  also  sown  some  Turnips  and  Rape,  which  look  well. 
Potatoes  generally  appear  healthy.  We  are  about  to  begin 
flowing  Swedes,  which  we  mu^t  not  be  too  quick  «ith.  as  the 
•earlier  sowings  generally  get  affected  by  mildew,  and  the  fly  is 
--also  moe  annoying  in  the  early  pare  of  the  season,  and  This 
year  she  seems  to  possess  more  than  her  usual  vigour  ;  but  the 
"best  preven'ive  of  her  ravages  is  a  little  stimula  ing  mun  ire 
to  push  the  young  plant  up  at  first :  and  we  will  now  rtjuice  in  a 
supply  of  [genuine  artirtcial  manure,  as  we  bear  that  there  is  now 
DO  such  ihingas  aduUeratitiU  carriud  on.  On  this  point  I  hope 
jour  brother  Editor  will  not  cea.'^e  to  bring  those  commercial 
jrentlemen  of  fair  dealing  before  the  public,  so  that  we  may 
•Itnow  who  to  trust— 1  was  going  to  say  distrust—bat  as  Dr. 
Liodley  is  not  admitting  anything  but  plain  legal  evidence,  I 
■■suppose  I  musf;  not  yet  use  the  extra  syllable  ;  but  I  believe 
those  gentlemen  who  eart  the  loam  and  chalk,  »Sic.,  had  betti.'r 
louk  out,  or  some  of  them  will  have  to  pay  high  for  their 
whistle,  for  farmers  generally  know  that  they  can  have 
manures  analysed,  and  there  will  be  more  samples  in  the 
-chemists'  laboratory  this  year  from  them  than  have  ever  been 
4)efore.  We  have  found"  chemistry  useful,  we  will  try  and 
make  the  chemists  useful  also.  G.  S. 

Lammermdie.  Sheep  Farm,  Mail  ^"- — T'or  once,  at  leas^  that 
■oft  appealed  to,  though  somewhat  erratic  personage— the 
•'  oldesc  inhabitant,"  may  affirm,  without  much  fear  ot  contra- 
diction, that  the  past  seed  time  and  lambing  season  have 
^beeo  the  most  fHVourable  he  remembers  to  have  seen.  Tne 
Oats  in  the  Lammermuirs  were  all  got  in  good  season,  and,  as 
fai-  aa  our  ob.^ervaiion  has  extended,  iire  looking  well,  espe- 
cially where  sown  alter  Turnips.  Unquestionably  both  grain 
■crops  and  pas'ures  require  rain,  but  notwithstanding  this,  and 
-the  frequent  frosty  nights  we  have  had  of  late,  everything  is 
■looking  better  th-m  is  usually  the  case  in  the  beginning  uf  May, 
and  as  rain  has  beaun  to  fall  since  wc  commenced  writing,  a 
few  days,  we  expect,  will  make  everything  wear  a  bright 
aspect.  The  lambiug  is  now  ab  >ut  a  clo&e,  though  a  few 
•stragglers  will  con'inue  to  come  for  another  fortnii,'ht.  Fiom 
■some  cause  we  are  unable  to  explain,  we  have  rather  more 
barren  ewes  this  jear  than  usual,  still,  unless  some  unf^treaeeu 
■casualties  occur,  we  shall  have  a  very  full  crop  of  lambs,  there 
lieing  a  much  larger  proportion  of  twins  than  u*ual — a  remark 
■Which  applies  to  ihe  ewe  flcks  of  the  district  generally.  It  is 
i3tiU  rather  premature  to  speculate,  with  any  degree  of  cer- 
tainty, upon  the  probable  turn  out  of  hill  lambs  in  autumn,  but 
if  we  may  hai^ard  nn  opinion,  we  would  at  once  say  that  it  will  be 
■very  superior,  both  as  regards  numbers  and  quality.  In  the 
i)order  districts  ewes  are  everynhere  in  good  condition,  conse- 
quently the  lambs  are  well  nursed  and  vigorous,  wbil-;  from  ihe 
•fine  weathi-r,  there  has  been  nothing  to  reduce  the  numbers 
beyond  a  few  ordinary  casualties  which  occur  in  any  year. 
We  intend,  should  the  weather  prove  f;ivou.i-able,  to  have  the 
.joint  operations  of  cflstrating  and  docking  pi;rformec1  this  week, 
with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  BlHckfaces,  which  will  be 
left  over  for  a  few  days  longer,  as  we  purpose  selecting  some  of 
the  b^st  lambs  fur  rams,  and  prefer  having  these  as  old  as  pos- 
sible, before  making  the  final  decision,  as  ibis  breed  m'lkes  many 
etrange  mutations  during  the  d'fferent  stages  of  ita  growth, 
Wbei'e  the  hogs  are  wimered  by  themselves  they  are  gene- 
rally removed  dui-ing  this  month  to  the  grounds  they  are  ulti. 
•maiely  to  occupy.  The  present  spring  lias  been  highly  favourable 
for  this  iige  of  hill  sheep,  as  well  as  for  wedders  ;  tae  latter  on 
the  border  grazings  will,  we  are  sure,  turn  out  well  this  year  ; 
the  almost  total  absence  of  snow,  and  general  mildness  of  the 
-seapon,  having  enabled  them  to  range  the  higher  grounds 
jnuch  earliti-  ttiau  usual,  where,  from  the  same  causes,  many 
-of  ihe  alpine  pasture  plants  are  now  in  perfection.  On  the 
arable  portion  of  the  farm,  we  are  busy  preparing  for  Turnip 
■fiowtng,  which  we  hope  to  commence  about  the  2iJih,  beginning 
■wiih  .Swedes  and  a  few  white  Gobes,  to  be  lifted  early  in 
■autu-mn  for  young  cattle.  A  Lammermuir  Farmer. 

West  Somersetshire,  May  14.  — After  a  longer  continuance  of  , 
■dry  hiirsh  weather,  with  east  winds,  than  has  b;en  known  I 
for  some  years  at  this  period  of  the  year,  the  late  genial  i-ho  were 
partaking  more  ol  the  character  of  the  preceding  month,  have 
■been  txtremely  welcome,  and  have  done  immense  good  both  to 
the  ticfld  and  the  garden.  Indeed,  the  supply  of  water  was  so 
scanty,  that  some  of  the  visitors  and  residents  of  the  village 
here  suffered  from  the  want  of  it,  and  have  even  had  to  remove 
■to  other  placep,  for  being  near  the  sea  we  have  few  if  any 
springs  on  the  limestone  hills  above,  though  the  fiats  further 
inland  in  the  valleys  have  continued  gren  and  comparatively 
fresh  uf  pasture  during  the  late  drought ;  the  water  lying  close 
under  the  surface  has  this  effect,  so  that  draining  to  much 
extent  would  be  here  injurious,  even  though  they  ai-e,  after 
■winter  heavy  rains,  under  water  in  places.  Crops  have  of 
■C'lurse  fetched  up  with  the  rain,  and  late  sown  Peas,  spring 
"Wheat,  Barley,  and  seeds  are  working  up  cut  of  the  ground  in 
fine  style.  Sheep  and  Iambs  are  also  in  good  condition  about 
here.  With  respect  to  agricultural  machinery,  this  part  of  the 
county  is  not  very  forward  yet ;  the  fact  is.  much  is  in  dairy  and 
grazing  farms,  so  that  you  still  see  the  flail  used  for  threshing  ; 
though  in  ploughs  we  have  improved,  the  iron  ones  being  used, 
au'i  generally  a  pair  of  horses  only  worked.  As  you  were  kiod 
enouj^h  to  insert  an  extract  from  an  Annual  Register  on  the 
iibuve-named  subject  in  a  late  number  of  your  Paper,  I  enclose 
■another  which  I  chanced  to  light  on  for  April,  1770,  with  the 
description  of  a  trenching  plough  then  apparently  first  invented. 
The  last  one,  you  may  remember,  was  an  account  of  a  reaping 
machine  invented  in  the  year  lti04  by  two  Americans,  which 
Vfas  applicable  to  the  present  time,  there  having  been  one 
brought  to  perfection  at  the  Great  Exhibition.  Extract,  April, 
1770  ;  "  On  Friday  the  plough  for  making  trenches  for  drains, 
brought  out  of  Suffolk,  and  invented  by  one  Makings,  a  poor 
farmer,  was  tried  at  Upton,  near  Stratford,  on  the  grounds 
•belonging  lo  Mr.  Pearce,  before  a  committee  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  (tc.  It  cut  in  the  space  of  34  minutes  a  complete  trench 
ot  about  18  inches  deep,  2^  inches  broad  at  the  bottom,  and  of 
the  length  of  6(J0  feet ;  executed  in  a  manner  that  cannot  he 
fcffected  by  the  spade,  even  with  any  degree  of  labour.  The 
■force  used  for  this  performance  was  that  of  six  horses,  managed 
by  two  men,  and  without  any  greater  strain  than  would  have 
permitted  them  to  have  done  a  full  day's  wurU.  It  is  computed 
that  by  this  means  trenches  for  close  drains  may  b3  cue  at 
.■^d.  per  rod,  or  considerably  less,  where  the  work  of  men  and 
ziorses  IS  cheap."  II,  E. 


Gates  :  Porta.  No.  2  is  -jrrongest ;  No.  1  is  no  duubt  perfectly 
strong  enough  ;  N  i.  3  is  not  bound  snfficiently.  The  arched 
hack  is  the  only  bond  in  ir.  The  circumstance  of  its  being 
"  nearly  an  entire  surface'  is  n^t  enough. 

Gohse  :  tr*?  IK.  See  Vol.  VI.,  Journal  of  the  Agricultural 
Society  of  England.  One  farmer  there  spo^aks  of  giving  it  to 
sheep.  It  is  used  in  winter  and  early  spring — from  October 
or  November  till  the  cucl<oo  c  tm?8. 

GuTTA  Perciia  Tdbing  ;  T^cho.  The  Board  of  Health  quote  it 
at  2s.  a  yard;  pnd  the  Gutta  Percha  Company  offer  it  at 
Is.  Zd.  a  foot.    How  is  this  ? 

llAT-MiKiNQ  Macoine:  J^  Y Z.  Wedlake,  of  Romford  ;  but 
most  of  the  agricultural  machine-makers  now  make  the 
double  action  hay-making  mach'ue. 

Lead  Mine  :  ABC.  We  are  unab'e  to  give  legal  advice;  but  it 
is  surely  the  common-sense  view  of  the  case  to  suppose  that 
if  A  injures  B,  compensation  may  be  claimed  from  him. 

Peat:  .ffortulus.  It  is  peat  uncharred  that  is  referred  to. 
Its  character,  undoubted  we  believe,  as  an  ab^o^bent  and 
deodorizer,  rests  mainly  on  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Anderson, 
chemist  to  the  Highland  Agricultural  Society. 

Permanent  Covin  foe  Hat  :  Andre  Th?  cost  of  erectinj  such 
a  cover  on  Larch  pilhirs,  let  into  stone  pedestals,  and  with  a 
light  and  well  tarr-.d  sheet-Iron  roof  on  a  Pine  framing,  to 
contain  270  cubic  yards,  hsis  be?n  loi.  lUs.  The  roof  is 
lowered  in  rain  by  pulleys  at  the  corners,  or  by  a  l-idder 
applied  by  two  or  more  men  to  each  corner  in  succession,  a 
boy  shifting  the  iron  bdta  in  the  holes  of  the  pillars.  The 
surface  covered  i-^  6  yards  square,  and  the  poles  are  21  feet 
high.  So  e^ya  Mr.  Dickinson,  in  his  Agriculture  of  West 
Cumberland. 

Poultry:  DF.  As  regards  eggs  of  pure  breeds,  our  advertising 
columns  are  the  only  part  of  our  Paper  in  which  we  can 
help  you. 

Sainfoin  :  Ahi'rdeensMre  Farmer.  It  will  a:row  in  cold  and 
exposed  situations  un  a  free  soil,  of  sufficient  depth,  wiih  a 
rocky  subsoil,  though  it  be  not  calcareous.  On  this  point  the 
experience  of  some  of  our  correspondents  would  be  usefu'. 

Southdowns:  X  YZ.  Some  of  the  Sasaex  fairs.  If  you  apply 
to  any  of  the  well-kaowa  breeders,  we  dare  say  they  will 
tell  you. 

Stetl  Mills  :  BradwelL  Will  any  of  our  readers,  who  use  steel 
mills,  sive  ihe  result  of  their  ex^ierience  with  theun,  stating 
the  name  of  tlie  maker. 

Weeds:  Constant  Reader.  Can  any  one  help  our  correspondent 
to  eradicate  the  leaser  CeUndine  and  ihe  common  Chervil 
from  his  pastures  ?  The  latter  is  generally  seen  in  hedges, 
from  "hich  it  may  be  removed  by  ordinary  attention  to  the 
condition  of  the  fi-'oce.  Tiieotlier  is  sometimes  hopelessly 
master  of  the  ground.  Bucks  and  geese  will  eat  its  flower 
and  leaf,  and  may  tend  to  keep  it  under. 


iiflarRets* 

COVENT  GARDEN,  MAT  29. 
Tegetables  and  fruit  are  plentiful,  although,  owing  to  the 
coldness  of  the  weather,  the  former  have  received  a  slight 
check.  The  sale  for  English  Pine-apples  continues  rather 
dull.  Hothouse  Grapes  are  plentiful,  and  cheaper.  A  few 
dessert  Apples  may  still  be  obtained.  Oranges  are  plentifully 
supplied,  and  very  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  last 
quoted.  Strawberries  though  plentiful  maintain  their  prices. 
Young  Carrots,  Beans  (hoth  French  and  Mazagan),  Ptas, 
Lettuces,  Endive,  and  Anichokes  continue  to  be  supplied  from 
Prance.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  New  ones 
from  open  borders  in  the  west  of  England  are  coming  in 
plentifully,  a?  are  also  green  Peas  of  excellent  quality 
iVlushroomB  are  cheaper.  Cut  tiowers  consist  of  Heaths, 
Epacrises,  Cinerarias,  Mignonette,  Roses,  Acacias,  Azaleas, 
Primulas,  Li'^y  of  the  Valley.  «nd  other  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 

Almonds,  per  peck,  5a 

—  fiweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  Ss 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  perlOO,  SsSdto  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Nuts,  Barcelona, p.  bsh, 2ns  to2  2s 

—  Brazil,  p.  bsh.,  12s  to  143 
Cobs,  perlOUlbs.,  lOOs 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  6s  to  lOs 
Grapes, hothouBe,p.lb. ,4s  to  lOs 

—     Lisbon,  per  lb.,  ^s  to43 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  12s  to  243 
Melons,  each,  3s  to  10a 
Cherries,  per  lb.,  43  to  12s 
Strawberries,  p.  oz.,  6d  to  Is 
Apples,   kitchen,   per  bushel, 

23  to  3s  6d 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  3d  to  la 
PrenchB6an8,p.l(10,ls6dto2£6d 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  9d  to  28 

—  heads,  each,  4d  to  6d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Is  to 4s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  2s  6d  to  4s 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  6d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  SOs 

—  per  cwt.,  23  to  Ss 

—  per  bush.,  Is  fid  to  2s  6d 

—  Frame,  per  lb.,  Is  to  23 

—  New  (border),  do.,3dto6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  Ss  6d 

—  new,  p.  bun..  Is  to  la  fid 
Cucumbers,  each,  t!d  to  Is 
Celery,  per  bundle,  6d  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  buo,,  Is  3d  to  2s  6d 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish, p.doz-.lsSdto  3i 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2a 


VEGETABLES. 


12lls. ;  Scotch  do,  8i)>.  to  lUOs.;  Scotca  Cups,  70.s.  to  SOa." 
Wisbeaeh  and  Cambridge,  TOs.  to  WOs. ;  Kent  and  Essex', 
853.  to  lOOs. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Truaaes. 

Smitqfield,  May  27. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  753  to  80s 

Clover 

Inferior  do.            ...  GS         72 

2d  cut 

Rowen         60        — 

Straw 

New  Hay     —        — 

Trade  dull. 

CotaBERX-AND  Mare:et,  May  27. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  8ts 

Inferior  Clover 

Inferior  do...-.         ...  65         72 

New  do. 

New  Hay      —        — 

Straw 

Old  Clover 90        96 

Jo 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  May  24. 
We  have  rather  fewer  Beasts  than  on  Monday  last,  and  the 
dead  markets  are  very  clear;  our  trade  to-day  is  therefore 
active,  at  an  advance  of  fully  2d.  per  stone  on  that  day's 
quotations.  The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  rather  larger, 
but  the  demand  has  increased;  fur  the  former,  higher  prices 
are  on  the  average  obtained  ;  aadforthe  la  ter,  late  quotations 
are  fally  maintained,  wiih  a  brisk  sale.  We  have  a  cheerful 
trade  fur  good  Calves,  but  it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  obtain 
better  prices.  From  Germany  anil  Holland  there  are  311 
Beasts,  1300  Sheep,  and  147  Calves  ;  from  Scotland,  600 
Beasts;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2100;  and  160  from  the 
northern  and  midland  counties. 


Leeks,  per  bunch,  3d  to  6d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  Sd  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundl6,lsto48 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  8d  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p.  hf.  sieve, Is  3d  to  ls8d 
Artichokes,  Jerus.,do,,9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  buoch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch.  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  23  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch,6d  to  9d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Watercres8e8jp.l2  bun.,9dtolH 


...  35s  to    95s 
...  75  84 

...  24  28 

J.  Cooper. 


,  26 


30 


Per  8t.  of  81b, 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.       ...  3     6  to  3 

Best  Short-horns  3    4  —  3 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3 

Best  Downs  and 

Ilalf-breds      ...  0     0  —  0 

Do.  Shorn    3 

Beasts,  3681 


Perst.  of  81bs.— g  d  s  d 
Best  Long-woola  .0  0  to  0  0 
Do,  Shorn  ...  3     6  —  3     B 

Ewes  tfc  2d  quality  0     0  —  0     0 

Do.  Shorn 2  10  —  3    4 

Lamba      4     8  —  5     4 

0     Calves      2     8  —  4    4 

0     Pigs  2     8  —  3     8 

Sheep  and  Lambs,  25,U0;  Calves,  221;  Pigs,  450. 
Friday,  May  28. 
We  hare  a  fair  supply  of  Beasts,  but  there  being  very  little 
on  hand  trade  is  cheerful,  at  fully  Mondaj'n  quotations. 
There  is  a  larger  number  ot  Sheep  and  Lamba  ;  choice  qualities 
are  not  very  plentiful,  consequently  fur  these  Monday's  prices 
are  readily  obtained  ;  trade  is,  however,  slow  fur  inferior 
kinds.  The  choicest  Calves  are  rather  dearer,  but  there  is  not 
a  quotable  advance.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  IGO 
Beasts,  470  Sheep,  and  216  Calves;  the  number  of  Milch  Cows 
ie  125. 

Perst.  of  81b3.— s  d  s 
Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  &Q.  ...  3  6  to  S 
Best  Short-homs  3  4  —  3 
2d  quaUiy  Beasts  2  10  —  3 
Best    Downs    and 

Half-breds  ...  0  0  —  0 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3     8  —  4 

Beasts,  1089  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  II  ,020  ;  Calves,  493  ;  Pigs,  330, 

MARE  LANE. 
Monday,  May  24.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  by  land 
carriage  samples  to  thii  morning's  market  was  small,  and 
realised  the  full  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight.  Foreign  was  in 
limited  demand  at  our  qootatioos.  Flour  was  in  many 
instances  held  for  a  slight  advance,  which  restricLS  business; 
but  the  extreme  prices  of  last  week  were  obtainable.— Barley 
meets  a  fair  inquiry,  at  fully  last  week's  rates. —  Beans  and 
Peas  are  without  alteration.  — Having  a  large  supply  of  Oatfl, 
factors  can  only  realise  at  a  reduction  of  6d.  per  qr. 

Pee   ImperTsL   QoAaTER.  8.       9. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &.  Suffolk...  White  44—45 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  45 — 47 

—  —     Talavera  45 — 5U 

—  Norfolk 38—41 

—  Foreign 36 — 5: 

Barley, grind. ifc  di-itii.,2'isto'29s,..Chev.  aO — 85 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  i2 — 29 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 20—2.' 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato, 22 — 25 

—  Irish Potato:21— 24 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

i^CDLTEBATlON  :  An  Aberdeemhire  Farmer  asks  bow  he  may 
imow  wliether  B.uley.meal  hae  baea  mixed  with  Oatmeal  for 
the  put  pose  of  adulteration. 


Joshua  Baker. 

HOPS.— Borodoh  Market,  May  28. 
Messrs.  Fattendon  and  Smith  report  that  the  Hop  market 
continues    without    variation.      A  few  fly    have  made  their 
appearance.    Duty  as  yet  not  named. 

WOOL. 
BrAbford,  Thursday,  May  27. — The  advanced  prices  realised 
at  the  colonial  wool  sales  now  progressing  in  London  have 
contributed  to  improve  the  firmness  of  tone  which  has  charac- 
tarised  the  English  Wool  market  for  some  time  previous.  We 
caonot,  however,  report  any  decided  advance  of  price  in  wool 
generally  Lere,  and  the  favourable  change  appears  to  extend  no 
further  than  that  most  classes  of  good  wool  can  be  readily  sold 
at  the  full  quotations  ot  the  previous  week  or  two.  Any 
fur' her  advance  is  firmly  resisted  by  spinners,  and  their 
position  certainly  does  not  warrant  the  Mlightect  being  con- 
ceded. Short  wool  and  noils  are  a  good  sale,  at  firm  rates. 
The  Yarn  and  Piece  markets  continue  much  the  eame  as 
reported  for  some  weeks  past;  the  demand  is  steady,  but 
there  is  no  improvement  in  prices. 

POTATOES.— SooTHWARK,  May  24. 

The  committee  report,  that  during  the  past  week  the  supply 

has  been  more  than  i-qu'il  to  the  demand,  which,  together  with 

mild  weather,  has  caused  a  fall  in  prices,  wiih  a  heavy  trade. 

Thefollowing  are  this  daj'squotations : — York  Regents,  lOOe.  to 


fl 

Per  St.  of  81bs.— B 

i      B 

d 

Best  Long-wools.  0 

0  too 

0 

H 

Do.  Shorn          ...  3 

6-3 

8 

6 

Ewes  &  2d  quality 

a 

Do.  Shorn          ...  2 

8  —  3 

4 

Lambs     4 

8  —  5 

e 

0 

Calves      2 

8  —  4 

4 

0 

Piss          2 

8-4 

0 

23—31 

-37 
28—30 


87—40 

26- 

17—23 


Red  . 
Hed  . 


aed 


Malting 
Malting 

Peed 

Feeii 

Feed 

c'oreign 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Bgvptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 

fellow... 
Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


89^0 
40—41 


29—31 


21—23 
20—23 
18-21 


24- 
36 
28—; 


■25 


—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew!20 — 2: 

Rye     !    — 

Rye-meal,  foreign j    — 

Beans,  Mazagan 26s  to  293 Tick  27—32  Harrow  .  27—32 

—  Pigeon  28    —  3is... Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 29b  to  328 *^rey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  befit  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto  26— 3i  ."Jortolk  .  25-32 

—  Foreign perbarrell7 — 23  Per  sack  28— 34 

Feidat,  May  28. — The  arrivals  of  foreign  Wheat  and  Oats 

this  week  are  considerable.  This  morning's  market  was  not 
well  attended  ;  and  in  Wheat  a  limited  business  only  was 
transacted  at  Monday's  prices,  millers  holding  off  in  hopes 
that  the  arrivals  will  induce  holders  to  accept  lower  terms, 
which  is  not  probable,  there  being  now  but  little  afloat.  In 
floating  cargoes  of  Wheat  from  the  Mediterranean  there  is 
nothing  doing. — Indian  Corn  meets  a  lively  inquiry,  and  any- 
thing near  at  hand  would  meet  an  easy  sale. — Barley  sells 
slowly  at  Monday's  prices. — Beans  and  Peas  are  unaltered  in 
value. — To  effect  sales  of  Oats  it  is  necessary  to  submit  to  a 
decline  of  6d.  per  qr.  on  Monday's  prices. — Flour  is  in  rather 
better  demand  at  former  rates. 

Impe&ial  Avebaoes. 


April  17.. 

—  24.. 
May    1.. 

—  8.. 

—  15.. 

—  22.. 


Aggreg,  Aver. 


s.    d. 
40  10 


Wheat.  Bablet.  Oats    Rye.    BEAtrs.    Peas, 


s.    d, 
29  11 


s.  d. 

29  1 

27  8 
23  5 

28  1 
28  3 
27  10 


19  4 
19  3 
19  9 
19    8 

19  10 

20  1 


19 


30    0 
30    5 


30    6    28    0 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Aeeivals  this  Week. 


Wheat. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Flour. 

English  ... 

Irish    

Foreign  ... 

Qrs. 
2350 

13870 

Qrs. 
1410 

4760 

Qrs. 

840 

1420 

40090 

2380  sacks 
420  Backs 

Fldctcations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Averaqes. 


Peices.  Apk.  17.  Ape.  24.    MatI.    Mat  8.  Mat  15  Mat 


41s  Zd 
41  1 
40  10  - 
40  6 
40  6 
40     4 


_£I 


LiiVE&PooL.  ToLBDAT,  May '25. —At  this  momtng's  market  we 
bad  several  Irish  millers  purchasing  Wheat,  Flour,  and  Indian 
Corn  for  shipment  to  the  sister  country.  The  demand  for 
local  consumption  was  moderate,  but  on  the  whole  a  fair 
business  was  transacted.  Fresh  qualiLies  ot  red  and  white 
Wheat  commanded  an  advance  of  Id.  per  bushel  over  the  price 
of  this  day  se'nnight;  American  and  French  Floor  brought 
lull  prices,  and  Indian  Corn  fully  sustained  ihe  advance  of  le. 
per  quarter  established  during  tbe  week.  Oats,  Barley, 
Bean-,  and  Peas  remain  as  quoced  on  Tuesday  last,  with  a 
moderate  demand. Fbidai,  jMay  21.  — Uulness  has  pre- 
vailed in  the  grain  trade  bince  Tue&doy  ;  and  at  this  morning's 
market  the  bu-iuess  transacted  in  auy  article  was  moderate. 
A  small  advance  was  demanded  and  obtained  on  American 
while  Wheat,  but  in  other  things  there  was  no  p^rceptiblo 
alteration  of  value.  This  week's  return  of  the  deliveries  of 
Wheat  by  the  British  farmer  is  larger  than  anticipated,  being 
91,297  quarters,  at  41s.  3d,  per  imperial  quarter. 


22—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


351 


MANUFACTURED  SOLELY  BY 

If      FEEEAEEE      AlB      SOFS, 

PHCENIX  IRON  WORKS,  NEAR  STROUD,  GLOUCESTERSHIRE, 

BUDDING'S  LAWN  MOWING  MACHiNES  FOR  HAND  AND  HORSE  POWER, 


J  0 


WITH  REGISTERED  IMPROVEMENTS,  No  3074. 


Sales  fig  Suction* 

♦ 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND    OTHERS. 
]\/rESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and    MORRIS  will    seU 

i'JL  by  Auc;ion,  ut  the  Mart.  Barthol<jineiv-laoe,  on  TUES- 
DAY, June  1,  an  t  THUIISDAY,  June  3,  at  12  o'clock,  a  hrst- 
rate  collection  of  Dalilian,  the  newest  varieties  of  Fuchsias, 
Verteuas,  Caiceolarijs,  die.  ;  Geraniums  in  bloom,  with  a 
large  and  rich  assortment  of  Plants  fur  Bedding.— May  be 
viewed  the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues  had  at  tbe  Mart ;  and 
of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nu^ser^,  Leytonstone.  EHsex. 


H0R3S  MACHINE.— Ha7/-inc/i  Scale. 

JFERRABEE  and  SONS,  who  were  the  Sole  Manufacturers  of  BUDDING'S 
•  MACHINES -under  the  Patent,  and  who  have  produced  and  6old  nearly  Fode  Thousand 
of  them,  hare  this  year  tffccled,  and  protected  by  Reiiistration,  great  improvements  in  their  con- 
struction. These  improvements  coni-ist  in  the  adrption  of  a  new  form  for  the  fixed  blade,  a  reductioa 
in  the  nnmber  of  cutting  edjies,  and  the  application  of  regulating  wheels  outside  their  axis— ibeir 
combined  effect  being  to  simplify  the  use  and  management  of  the  Machines,  to  cause  them  to  work 
much  easier,  aod  to  render  their  motion  over  the  ground  so  true  and  steady  that  any  one  may  use 
tbem  either  by  pushing  or  drawing  them  forward,  without  requiring  the  least  practice,  thus  com- 
pletely obviating  every  difficulty  experienced  with  the  old  Machines. 

The  Horse  Machines  are  very  strong  and  powerful,  and  adapted  for  cutting  Grass  of  the  utmost 
length  usually  met  with  oti  Lawns  and  Pleasure  Grounds.  In  addition  to  the  Registration  Number— 
3074,  the  improved  Machines  have  the  name,  '-J.  Feebabee  &  Sons,"  cast  oa  the  frames  ;  and  none 
shottld  be  purchased  without  this  guarantee.  a?^^ 


SIZES  AND  PRICES. 

HAND  MACniNE,  cutting  16  inches  wide    ... 
Ditto  „        ]9  „ 

Ditto  ,,         22  ,, 

HORSE  MACHINE     „         80  „ 

Ditto  ,,        36  ,, 


£  s. 

d 

5  10 

0 

6    0 

0 

6     0 

0 

13    0 

0 

15  10 

0 

Hand  Machine.— Sri/.mcft  ScaXe. 


COTTAM      AND      HALLE  N, 

2,    WINSLET    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


RARE    AND    VALUABLE    ORCHIDS 

THE    FIRST    PORTION    OF    THE    COLLECTION    OF 
MESSRS.  LODDIGES  AND  SUNS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Rreat  Room,  38,  Klng-Bt^ee^  Uovenu^'ardeo,  on  TUES- 
DAY, June  15,  at  12  fori  o'clock,  the  First  I'oBTroN  of  thin  cele- 
brated Collection  of  ORCHIDS  {which  containa  upwards  of 
2000  specieaj ;  it  will  be  found  to  comprise  many  fine  specimens 
of  the  moat  rare  anl  beautiful  varieties,  too  numerous  to  mea- 
tion  ;  the  smaller  plants,  which  are  in  remarkably  fine  health, 
will  be  lotted  in  a  msmner  that  will  afl'urd  persons  commencing 
the  cultivation  of  this  interesting  tribe  an  <jpportuiiity  of  pur- 
chasing, which  has  never  before  o  curred.  — Catalogues  are 
prep^riiic,  and  will  he  ready  a  week  before  the  sale. 

LODDIGES'  NURSERY. 
The  Entire  STOCK  of  this  Renowned  Establishment,  tbe 
Sale  of  which  will  extend  over  a  peiiod  of  several  months. 
By  direction  of  the  surviving  Partner  of  the  old  and  resi-ected 
firm  of  CoNEAD  LoDDiGES  and  :;ons,  who  is  reliuqiiishiug 
the  business  in  coueequeuce  of  the  lease  expiring  ac  Lady- 
day  next. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 
to  SeU  bv  Auction,  without  any  reservaoiou,  during 
the  months  of  June,  July,  August,  September,  and  October 
next,  on  the  Piemises  at  Hackney,  and  at  his  Great  Rr)om, 
33,  King-street.  Ci  veol-garden,  the  UNRIVALLED  ASSEM- 
BLAGE OF  EXOTIC  AND  OTHER  PLANTS  in  the  above, 
named  Establishment;  more  detailed  particulars  of  which 
and  the  days  of  Sale  will  be  announced  in  subsequent 
advertisements.  33,  Kioe-street,  Covent-garden,  May  29, 


APPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL     LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,    and   Prices   of 


I  Conservatories 
OKcnhouses 
Hot  Water  Apparatus 
Garden  Yases 

X&OIT  HX7RZ>X.£S,  STX£j&.INX:S  T^IRE  TtiNCZNG, 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-glass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hurdlea 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Eogioes 
Do.  Sjringea 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 


G^INLH  -NUTTING, 
AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITION  PEIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


DESTRUCTION    OF 
BLIGHT    AND    FUMIGATION    SUPERSEDED, 

DPOK 

WALL.PROIT    TREES.      STOVE      AND     GREENHOUSE 

PLANT.^,  ROSES,  COCUMBERS,  MELONS,  &c.  &,c. 
■pAGE    AND   Co.,   Seed    Mehcua-nts,   Southampton, 

Jt  have  much  pleanare  In  offering  their  COMPOSITION, 
ilch  h.-i«  prured  the  mo»t  cfTfciual  remt-dy  ever  introduced, 
d  tMK  to  annex  two  to<itiinonla)i,  only,  ol  the  groat  numbers 

nocivcd  with  ''fdeni  (Mr  %tn*.on. 

1#.  per  quart,  to  which  add  three  of  water.    Bottles  Zd. 

FroTA  Sir.  J.   \ydkiru,  ganliiKr  to  TI.  F.  K.  UoUoway,  Esq. 
0»fiCl"-n)ni,  -  I  bi{(hly  apiirovo  of  yoor  Componltlou,  itit    It 
trtA  atlrplrably,  saving  my  Wall  Tree*  from  nn  untimely 
I,  ««»!  qaltc  rcorering  my  Rontn,  killing  every  luHect  It 
1*4  In  Bti  irmtanr.     I  intend  to  have  a  rjurmllty  of  It  thin 
MMon  fur  fell  my  planti. 

From  Mr.  A.  DwiUnff.  gardener  (o  ih^  Right  Von.  Lord 
J/enrtj  ChotrnottdeUif. 

KOtotlemen,— Your  Conipoxidon  \n  moMt  'lentruciWo  to  all 
!l^'.  My  WaU  Trvn  tiiii<it  htvo  died,  had  I  not  aviHed 
tMlf  ot  It,  I  conitldcr  it  opplW;ftbI«  to  alt  cnKtn,  ai  It  In  not 
•  Ui»t  lt.j<jrt',u«  fi  ihc  foliage  of  the  mont  toKilct  plants. 
ton  Mill  l>«  good  enongli  t'^  Hctid  mo  four  gnllooa,  iic. 
flar>}fni'T%  and  Lnnd.Hioftardt'  RvgiHry  Office,  87  AOd  38, 
llfurd'*lrc<!\  SouUiornp'Oji. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Bi  ds,  and  for  the  security 
of  Fresh-sown  Seeds,  either  in  Giirdens  or  Fields,  at  Id.  per 
yard  ;  200  yards  for  Hi.,  500  yards  for  30s.,  lOnO  jarde  for  50s,  ; 
Waxed  Netting,  for  aviaricH,  tbe,  at  '3d.  per  square  yard. 
Scrim  Cunvaa  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  varieties  ; 
Rick  Cloths,  with  poles,  &o.  Marquee",  Tents,  Tarpaulings, 
(fee— At  Edoinoton  and  Co. 'a,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old 
K'-nt-road,  London. 


/^ARSON'S       ORIGINAL       ANTI-CORROSION 

v>'    PAINT,  especially  patronised  by  the  British  and  other 

GovernraentB,   the    lion.  East   Indi:i  Company,   the  principal 

Dock   Cotiipanlea.    most  public    bodies,    and    by  the  Nobility, 

I  Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work    at  their  country  seatH. 

The  Anti-Corrosion  Is  particulaily  recomniended  as  the  mont 

I  durable  out-door    Paint  over  invented,  for  the  prcBervation  of 

I  every  deHcriptlon  of  Iron,  Wo^d,  Stone,  Brick,  Compo,  Cement, 

I  iio.,  work,  as  han  been  proved  by  ihe  practical  tost  ot  iipwiirdw 

of  CO  yearn,  and  by  the  numerous  (between  &00  and  G  Ml)  tcsti. 

moniuls  in  its  favour,  and  which,  fmm  the  rank  and  station  in 

BOclLty  of  tlio'to  who  have  given  them,     have   never  yet  been 

.  equiitled  by  anything  of  the   kind  hitherto  brought  bolol'O  the 

puhllc  nnttco. 

I      LintH  ot  Colotirw,  with  Prlcett,  togt:ther  whh  a  Copy  of  the 

I  TchtlinonlaJH,  will  b«  m-nt  on  npidlcrition  to  Waltkh  Oabson  and 

Hnw.  No,  0,  Hrotit  Wlnchflfllur-Hlrcdt,  Old  Uroad-atroot,    Uoyal 

Exiliungd,    London,  — No  Agcntis,     All  ordtra  are  particularly 

I  requested  to  be  seot  direct, 


SALE   OF   CHOICE   TULIPS. 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction  at  No.  8^ 
Bartholomew-place,  Hertford -road,  Kmg&laod,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  June  2d,  at  12  o'clock  precisely,  a  choice 
colleciiim  of  TULIPS,  the  propeny  of  the  late  Mr,  Wade, 
deceased.  They  comprise:  Pandora,  Louis  XVI.,  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  Thalia.  Strong's  King,  M  iruellus,  Musidora, 
Ciuiuse  de  Cratx,  Franklin's  Ariadne,  Victory,  &.c.;  also  a 
quantity  of  fine  breeders,  including  aevtral  line  broken  flowers. 
May  be  viewed  any  day  piior  to  Sale.  Catalo^'Ues  had  on  the 
premises.  Auction  Mart,  City  ;  White  Swan,  West  Ham;  City 
of  Canton,  Poplar  ;  and  of  H.  Alexander,  Shacklewell. 

TO   NURSERYMEN  AND  FLORISTS. 

PARTNERSHIP. — A  young  Man,  having  no  previous 
knowledge  of  the  business,  wishes  to  purchase  a  share  in 
a  concern  where  he  could  attend  to  the  books  and  undertake 
other  light  duties.  Capital  about  5Wl.,  or  more  could  be 
advanced,  if  required. — Direct  to  A.  B.,  30,  Norfolk-street, 
Strand,  London, 


L  INGHAM  BROTHERS,  170,  Hampton-street, 
Birmingham,  sole  Maiiufacturers  ot  the  liiipr.ivcd  WOOD 
and  ZINC  MENOGRAPII,  or  Label  forGarden  Borders.  Flower- 
pots,  Jic,  in  boxes  of  100,  *kc.  The  Znic  Labtls  are  highly 
approved  of  for  their  lasting  durability'  ;  can  be  «ritten  upon 
with  the  greatest  eaee,  and,  when  dry  a  permanent  inscriptioa 
is  secured.  Directions  for  use  sent  with  each  bos,  including 
bottle  of  Metallic  Ink. 

Sole   Agents  in   London.   G.  and   ,T.  Deane,   Horticultural 
Implement  Warehouse,  46,  King  William-street,  London-bridge. 


npERRA-COTTA    VASES, 

-*- PENDANT  BASKETS,  BRACKETS, 
ORNAMENTAL  FLOWER-POTS,  &c., 

MANOFACT0BED  BY 

HENRY   DOULTON   &   CO., 

HIGH  STREET,  LAMBETH,  LONDON. 

West-End  Show  and  Sale  Rooms, 
Expoeitiun,  Baker-street,  Poftman-square. 

H.  D.  and  Co.'s  Terra-Cotta  is  vitrified,  ^        . 

and  consequently  imperishable,  retaining  f'''J\^}h 

its  freshness  and  sharpness  unimpaired  by  ^4-  - -^ 

time  or  exposure  to  the  weather-  ^     '''" "''™' 


Drawings  and  Phices  on  Application. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OP  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawingn  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  London. 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  tbe  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  staudq  Mr,  Taylor's  Eight- Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs. Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs,  Neighbour."— J.  M.  Payne, 
(See  tbe  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Noa.  169,  170). 
Agents.— Liverpool:  Wm.Drury, Castle-street.  Manchester; 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Ghisgow  ;  Austin  and 
McAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co,,  61, 
Dame-street.  ^ 

TO    ALL    PERSONS    OF    TASTE. 

MR.  MECHI,  4,  Leadenhall-street,  invites  public 
attention  to  his  disphiy  of  lileKaiioies  euiiable  for  use  or 
for  preeentatioo.  Thone  who  inspected  Mr.  MEcnTs  display  of 
manufactures  at  the  Great  Exhibition,  will  be  able  to  form  a 
proper  c-timate  of  the  general  style  and  quality  of  his  produc- 
tions. He  has  endeavoured  to  combine,  for  those  who  study 
economy,  chei'pno-As  with  elegance,  and,  in  fact,  to  give  to  the 
cheapest  ariicle  ho  manuf»cturo«  ii  pluaHlntf  form  and  stylo. 
For  instance,  the  Shilling  PonkHives  and  Sixpenny  Tooth- 
brushcH  arc  as  useful  in  their  clii'ss  oh  the  SO-guineii  Drcssiog- 
oase.  The  oxtornal  and  internal  tittings  of  his  PruminfS  have 
been  mticli  improved,  so  as  to  harnnniso  nioro  completely  with 
tho  prunreSHivo  fU'giinco  of  hit  stock,  niul  li-ivo  been  designed 
and  carried  ou'  under  IiIh  imnmilliitc  pl.ui  mid  direction, 
ELEGANCIES     FOR     PRESENTATION,     &c. 

L.'idicH  an. I  OL-iitl<oiion'»  Dressing-casi-n  fnmi  lis.  Qd.  to  2001.  ; 
Work-boxes  IVnni  lOa  to-JOf.;  I'lnvelopi'.c  iho«  from  G3  toll.  ; 
Wi'iil(ig-<lexkH  from  IOn.  to  6U.,  and  uu  Innnitn  variety  ul' 
urlicI.^H  In  I'liplta-  Mflctio. 

LEADING    ARTICLES     FOR     EVERY-DAY     USE. 

Taiiiu  Ciiili-ry  -f  nvrry  d.ocrtp'Ini.  ;  U;ir-itr-4,  SoIhm.is.  Pen- 
knlvc-H,  lliitr.  NiiU,  lu.d  Tooth  .llru-h-n,  Comli-*,  Kk-crnvplaicrt 
[■'orltH  and  S,.oonii  ot  vto'y  superior  clMrnotci''  and  llniHli,  IIIun- 
trati-'d  CatalonuL-H  gratis.  — N.H,  All  anlolus  of  Ouilury,  ifco., 
ground  uud  reputrod  oa  the  prcmUus  dully. 


352 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [May  29. 


^m^  New  Pictorial  Work— "THE  PEOPLE'S  ILLUS- 
TRATED JOURNAL"  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  Practical  Science, 
and  Social  Economy. 

The  First  Monthly  Part,  embellished  with  nearly  ONE 
HUNDRED  BEAUTIFUL  ENGRAVINGS,  is  now  ready,  price 

Elevenpence  !       Ako  Publishing  in  Weekly  Numbers,  price  2d. 
OpncE,  11,  Boutehie-Street. 


On  the  31st  inst.  will  be  published,  price  7d.,  Part  18  of  the 
Collected  Bdition  of  the 

WRITINGS  OF  DOUGLAS  JERROLD, 
cciDiaining  the  fir«t  portion  of  "CAKES  AND  ALE." 
Volutne«  I.,  II.,  and  III.  containing  "ST.  GILES  AND  ST. 
J.\MR.S."  "  MEN  OF  CHARACTER,"  and  "MRS.  CAnoLE'S 
LECTURES."  and  the  "STORY  OF  A  FEATHER,"  are 
ready,  price  43.  eat  h  in  cloth, 

PDNCn  Office,  85,  Pleet-sfreet. 

NEW   SERIAL   WORK   BY    MR.   CHARLES    DICKENS. 

On  the  3l8t  iost.   will   be  published,   price  Is., 

the  Fourth  Nutnber  of 

BLEAK  HOUSE.  By  CHARLES  DICKENS. 
With  Illuatrations  by  Hablot  K.  Browne.  To  be  com- 
pleted in  Twenty  Monthly  Numbers,  uniform  with  "David 
Copperfieid,"  &c. 

Bradbdby  and  Evans.  11.  Bouve'^ie-Htreet. 


NEW  SPORTING  WORK,  WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS 

BY  JOHN    LEECH. 

Now  publishini^,  in  Monthly  Nnmtters  {to  be  completed 

in  Twelve),  price  }s   each, 

MR.  SPONGE'S  SPORTING  TOUR. 
By  the  Author  of  "  Handltjy  Cross,"  "  Jorrocks's  Jaunts," 
.fee.  Edch  Number  containfl  One  Coloured  Engrrtviug  and 
numerous  Woodcuts,  by  John  Leech. 

%"  Five  Numbers  are  published,  and  the  eisth  will 

appear  June  lat. 

Phadbohy  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-sfreet. 


H 


This  diiy  is  published,  price  2s,  Gd.,  bnund  in  cloth, 

OW     TO     SEE     THE     BRITISH     MUSEUM. 
In  Four  Visits.    By  William  Blanchard  Jereold. 
Bradbury  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. 

NINTH     EDITION,    PRICE    ONE    SHILLING. 
Now  ready,  with  an  Account  of  the  Last  Yeai's  Crops, 

A    WORD    IN    SEASON  ;    or,    How    the    Corn 
Growers  ma.?  yet  Grow   Hicn   and  the    Labourers 
Happy,  by  foilowiuj^  the  Weedon  System  of  Aij;ri culture. 

Ninth   Edition,  greatly  enlarged,   with  Complete  Directions 
for  carrying  out  the  Plan. 
London:  James  Ridgway,  Piccadilly ;  and  all  Bookfiellers. 

OFFICIAL    INFORMATION    FOR    EMIGRANTS 
TO    AUSTRALIA. 

DOUGLAS  JERROLD  edits  LLOYD'S  WEEKLY 
LONDON  NEWSPAPElt.  The  Number  tor  Sunday  next, 
May  30  (Price  Threepence,  post  free),  contains  Sixiy  Large 
Columns  of  the  Latest  Intelligeiice  (to  the  Moment  of  Pubiica- 
lion)  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  by  express  Electric  Telef^raph, 
and  other  means,  regardless  of  expenee.  The  number  for 
Sunday  next  will  also  contain  :— Editorial  Articles  :  the  Militia 
Man  in  High  Life  ;  Politics,  Powder,  and  Ball ;  Derby's  Corn- 
law  Conundrum;  Maynooth  Day— Derby  Day;  Scarcity  of 
Shipping  ;  M.P,  an  A.S.S.  ;  Probable  Peers  of  Norfolk  Island  ; 
London  Dead  and  Old  Nobility  ;  The  Golden  Calf  on  Bribery  ; 
The  Russian  Eagles  in  Prussia,  tfcc. — Gardening  Jor  June  by 
Mr.  Glenny — Garotte  Murder  and  Rubbery  at  Hull— Gull  and 
Wormwood  for  Oxford  Dons — Emigration  :  Important  Letter 
from  ihe  Emigration  Secretary,  Caution  to  Em  grams  not  to 
Purchase  Colonial  Land  while  in  England,  Account  of  the 
States  of  America,  and  Where  to  Settle — The  Racing  at  Ep?om 
— The  Rnwing  Match  between  Coombes  and  Cole — Application 
of  tbe  Working  Man's  Memorial  to  Sir  R.  Peel — Parliament  o! 
the  Week,  .tc.  &c. 

Lloyd's  Weekly  London  Newspaper  is  Published  every 
Saturday  night  in  time  tor  Post,  Price  only  Threepence  !! ! 
Post  Free.  Send  Three  Postage  Stamps  to  Edward  Llovd, 
No,  12,  Salisbury-square,  London,  and  receive  one  copy  aa  a 
sample,  or  order  of  any  Newsvender. 


G.  WILLIS'S   MONTHLY    PUBLICATIONS. 

On  June  Ist,  in  demy  4to,  with  Pour  Fine  Coloured  Plates, 

No.  1,  price  2s.,  of 

A     NEW  MEDICAL  and  SCIENTIFIC  HERBAL, 

-L\.  or  an  Encyclopasdia  of  Useful  and  Ornamental  Plants, 
used  in  the  Arts,  in  Medicine,  and  for  Ornament ;  with  copious 
Scientific  and  Popular  Descriptions  of  each,  their  Uses  and 
Mode  of  Culture,  &c.  By  the  late  Gilbert  TnnMAS  Bcrnett, 
Esq.,  Professor  of  Botany  at  King's  College,  London. 

On  June  1,  No.  18,  price  Is.  Gd.,  of 
THE  ORNAMENTAL  FLOWER-GARDEN  AND 

SaRUBBERY.— This  cheapand  beautiful  coloured  Periodical 
Comprises  the  works  of  tbe  first  writers,  iucluding  Professor 
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No.  XVIII.  is  now  ready,  completing  the  First  Volume. 

On  June  1,  No.  2  of  a  New  Edition  of 
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On  June  1,  No.  1,  price  3s.  Gd.  of  a  new  edition  of 
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G.  WILLIS,  GREAT   PIAZZA,  COVENT  G.'SRDEN. 


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npHE      BOOK      OF      THE      GARDEN. 

-*-  By  Chaelfs   M'Intosh  jF.R.P.S.,   «bc.  &c., 

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HoRTICULTUaAL     ERECTIONS  —VENTILATION  — VlNERIES  :      with 

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Analytical  Chemist,  and  Principal  of  the  Chemical  and  Agri- 
cultural  School,  Kennington,  London. 

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NEW    EDITION    OF 

PROFESSOR    UNDLEY'S   INTRODUCTION    TO 

BOTANY. 

Just  published,  in  2  vols.   8vo,   with  Six  Copper-plates  and 

numerous  Wood  Engravings,  price  2la.  cloth 

TNTRODUCTION        TO       BOTANY. 

-»-  By  Professor  Lindlet,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Botany 
in  University  College,  London,  &c.  4th  Edition,  with  Correc- 
tions and  numerous  Additions. 

It  has  been  the  Author's  wish  to  bring  every  subject  that  he 
haK  introduced  down,  as  nearly  as  possible,  to  the  state  in 
which  it  is  found  at  the  present  day.  In  doing  so,  he  has 
added  so  very  considerable  a  quantity  of  new  matter,  especially 
in  what  relates  to  Vegetable  Anatomy  and  Physislogy,  that  the 
present  Edition  may  be  considered,  in  those  respects,  a  new  work, 

EXTHACT   FROM   PREFACE. 

In  this  new  and  enlarged  Edition,  the  Author  has  followed 
very  nearly  the  method  recommended  by  the  celebrated  Pro- 
fessor De  Candolle,  than  whoru  no  man  is  entitled  to  more 
deference,  whether  we  consider  the  soundness  of  his  judgment 
in  all  that  relates  to  order  and  arrangement,  or  the  great  ex- 
perience which  a  long  and  most  successful  career  of  public  in- 
struction has  necessarily  given  him. 

The  Author  has  begun  with  what  is  called  Oeqanographt 
(Book  I.) ;  or  an  explanation  of  the  exact  structure  of  plants  ; 
a  branch  of  the  subject  comprehending  what  relates  either  to 
the  various  forms  of  tissue  of  which  vegetables  are  constructed 
or  to  the  external  appearance  their  elementary  organs  assume 
in  a  state  of  combination.  It  is  exceedingly  desirable  that  these 
topics  should  be  well  understood,  because  they  form  the  basis 
of  all  other  parts  of  the  science.  In  physiology,  every  function 
is  executed  through  the  agency  of  the  or^'ans :  systematic 
arrangements  depend  upon  characters  arising  out  of  their  con- 
sideration ;  and  descriptive  Botany  can  have  no  logical  pre- 
cision until  the  principles  of  Organography  are  exactly  settled, 
A  difference  of  opinion  exists  among  the  most  distinguished 
botanists,  upon  some  points  connected  with  this  subject,  so 
that  it  has  been  found  expedient  to  enter  occasionally  into 
much  detail,  for  the  purpose  of  satisfying  the  student  of  the 
accuracy  of  the  facts  and  reasonings  upon  which  he  is  expected 
to  rely. 

To  this  succeeds  Vegetable  Physiology  (Book  II.) ;  or  the 
history  of  the  vital  phenomena  that  have  been  observed  both 
in  plants  in  general,  and  in  particular  species,  and  aUo  in  each 
of  their  organs  taken  separately.  It  is  that  part  of  the  science 
which  has  the  most  direct  bearing  upon  practical  objects.  Its 
laws,  however,  are  either  unintelligible,  or  susceptible  of  no 
exact  appreciation,  without  a  previous  acquaintance  with  the' 
more  important  details  of  Organography.  Much  of  the  subject 
is  at  present  involved  in  doubt,  and  the  accuracy  of  some  of 
the  conclusions  of  physiologists  is  inferred  rather  than  demon- 
strated ;  so  that  it  has  been  found  essential  that  the  grounds  of 
the  more  popularly  received  opinions,  whether  admitted  aa  true 
or  rejected  as  erroneous,  should  be  given  at  length. 

Next  follows  Glossology  (Book  III.) ;  or,  as  it  was  formerly 
called.  Terminology  ;  restricted  to  the  definition  of  the  ad- 
jective terms,  which  are  either  used  exclusively  in  Botany,  or 
which  are  employed  in  that  science  in  some  particular  and 
unusual  sense.  The  key  to  this  book,  as  also  to  tbe  substantive 
terms  explained  in  Organography,  ivill  be  found  in  a  copious 
Index  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


'X'HE    RUDIMENTS  OF  BOTANY.— A  Familiar 

J-    Intsodoction  to  the  Stodt  of    Plants.      By    Arthdk 

Henfrey,  F.L  S.,  Lecturer  on  B-tany  at  St.  George's  Hospital. 

IGmo,  with  Illustrative  Woodcuts,  price  3s.  Gd. 

John   Van    Voorst,    1,  Pflternoster    Row,    London. 

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T^HE    VEGETATION    OF    EUROPE:    Its    Con- 

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John  Van  Voobst,  1,  Paternoster  Row,  London. 


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New  Species.     By  W.  C.  Hewitson,  Author  of  "  Illustra- 
tions of  tbe  Begs  of  British  Birds," 

John  Van  Voorst,  1,  Paternoster  Row,  London. 


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England,  Professor  of  Chemisiry  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
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^~ — _ 

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passed." — Lhihlin  University  Magazine. 

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A  SYSTEM  OF  POPULAR  GEOMETRY  ;  coo-. 
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as  is  necessary  and  sufficientfor  a  right  understanding  of  every 
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Sciences  are  rendered  as  familiar,  and  brought  as  near  to  ouj 
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/COMPANION  TO  THE  POPULAR  GEOMETRY 

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Taylor  Walton,  and  Maberly,  BookseUers  and  Pnbhsbei 
to  University  College,  28,  Upper  Gower-street,  and  27,  Ivj.lam 
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jioied  bv  William  BBAi>B«aT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  'Wo  burn -pi  see.  lu  1 
p^riBh  of  St.  PancraB,  an.l  Fkkdbrick  Mullett  EvA?i8.  of  fto.  7.  Cljure 
rnw  SiiiKe  NewiuttloQ.  both  lo  tlie  County  oi  Middlcffx  PrlDiern,  at  the 
Offire  in  Lomb.irri-f'trepr.  in  the  I'reciuct  of  Whtefriam,  in  the  City 
liOndoD ;  and  t;iibUBhcd  bv  them  at  tbe  office,  No  &,  CiiarleB-atreet,  i 
ih^  parish  ol'  St.  Paul's.  CoventRttrden,  Id  the  said  County,  wberf  , 
AiiTertiBementsandCominunicutioua  arc  to  be  iPDUEsaBD  iotcb  Kdiic 
— SiTuaoAi,  Mai  21),  Ibi-*. 


I 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRON 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZET 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Liindleyv 


No.  23—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  5. 


[Pricb  &d: 


INDEX, 

A?TicaltQre  in  France    3R6  a 

Apri,  Society  of  England 364  6 

Aiit  poisoa 3i7  c 

B«tti  Hotieoltural  Society  ...  3SS  6 

Books  received    35S  6 

Botanical     Society    of   Edio- 

barcli  35S  a 

Calendar,  horticulttttal 3m  a 

Cattle  tioutea     ..     .,.., .,  'd6i  b 

Ceanothei,  CaliforaiaQ. .,..*..  357  i 

Climate  ..., 357  a 

Coffee  a  cure  for  woands 360  a 

Crops,  amel  orating   3*^1   e 

—    roat'onof 3G5  c 

Dah  ias,  new 359  c 

D-i  CandoUe's  ProdromuB,  rev   3iS  b 

Echevera  retuna    ,.  3oG  a 

EJucaiion,  airicultural 363  a 

Endive,  green  curled  ..........  35G  c 

Farming,  (Joita^e,  rev 3G3  6 

Fe  .  digtrinKS 302  c 

Fig.  Brown  Torliey 357  c 

Fumigators    357  t> 

G^rdea  glfan'oif),  foreign   ....  366  b 
Gardeoern'   Benevolent   luBti- 

tution 355  c 

G'^oloiij'.  Trimmer'a  lecture  on  361  b 

Guat  miili 364  a 

Guino,  adulteration  of 355  c 


Giiano. new .,, 363  c 

—  Peruvian 364  *• 

Habranthus  inlermcltus,  hardy  357  b 

HandswortU  Hurt.  Show 359  6 

Ho-ticultural  Society's  garden, 

noticed 353  c 

Iri-.io  hybrldlBe 355  b 

Lianean  Society 357  c 

Manufp,  poultry  dung  as 357  c 

—  liquid    3ri7  e 

MicroBCopical  Society  353  a 

Mildew,  cure  for 357  b 

National  Floricultural  Society  359  b 

Pffiony,  large  tree 359  a 

b*aiQt,  to  remove S^^O  e 

Patent 306  a 

Potzdam,  gardflDB at 356  6 

Renplng  machine,  trial  of,  ou 

Wheat  etuhble 3G5  e 

Rothamsted  experiments 362  a 

Royal  Botanical  Society 35/   c 

S'rawberry, early    357  a 

Titoher,  hedgerow  ■>>.•  3*^^  c 

Tobncco,  Mosquito 359  c 

Trout  spawn 364  a 

Tulip  show,  National 359  a 

Vfi.ntiUtlon  of  cattle  houBSB....  Sfil  b 

Wounds,  coffee  a  cure  for 3.^9  c 

Wtjy  do  we  make  duoKheapB  ?  366  a 


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  LONDON.— 
NOTICE  IS  HEREBY"  GIVE>r,  that  the  NEST 
EXHIBITION  of  FLOWERS  and  FRUIT,  in  the  SOCIETY'S 
GARDEN,  will  take  place  on  SATURDAY,  JUNR  12,  at  2  p.m. 
Tickets,  price  5s.  each,  can  be  procured  at  this  Office,  upou 
presenting  the  order  of  a  Fellow,  or  on  the  day  of  the  meeting, 
at  Turnhatu  GreeQ,  price  73,  6d.  each, 
21,  Reient-Btreet,  London. 


KOYAL  BOTANIC  SOCIETY  Regent's  Park. 
—The  SECOND  EXHIBITION  this  season,  of  PLANTS 
FLOWERS,  and  FRUIT,  will  take  place  on  WEDNESDAY 
A^EXT,  JUNE  9th.  Tickets  of  admisaion  can  be  obtained  at 
the  Gardens,  by  orders  from  Fellows  of  the  Society,  price  5s. 
or  on  the  day  of  the  Exhibition,  7s.  Gd.  each.  The  AMERICAN 
PLANTS  will  be  in  perfection  on  Wednesday. 

N.  B.  The  gates  open  at  2  o'clock. 


ROYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIETY.— Under  the  Fa-rona^e  of  her  Most  Gracious 
Majesty  the  Qoeen.— The  Third  EXHIHITION  for  the  Se -sod 
will  take  place  at  the  ROYAL  SURREY  ZOOLOGICAL 
GARDENS  on  WEDNESDAY,  231  June  {open  to  all  Exhi. 
bitors),  when  Prizes  will  be  awardfd  for  the  following  produc- 
ttona,  viz. :— Stove,  Greenhouse,  OrchideoLie,  had  --.pecimeu 
Plants  ;  Pelargoniums,  Cape  Hea'he,  Roses,  Pinks,  Rauuncu- 
luses,  and  Fruit.  In  addition  to  the  Prizes  offered  by  the 
Society,  J.  Powell,  Esq.,  off.;r8  a  small  Stiver  Linuean  Medal 
for  20  specimens  of  Wild  Flow  rs,  with  name  and  place  of 
growth;  by  Messrs.  J.  and  J.  Fairbairn,  a  large  Silver  Vic- 
toria Medal  for  6  Cape  Heaths  ;  by  Mr.  C.  Turner,  a  large  Silver 
Victoria  Medal  for  6  Pelargoniums,  sentou'  since  August,  1851  • 
by  Messrs.  Paul  and  Son,  a  email  Stiver  Victoria  Medal  for 
1.'  new  Roses;  and  by  Mr.  E.  Denyer,  of  Brixton,  four  prizes 
for  12  Roses,  to  amateurs  and  gentlemen's  gardeners. 

The  following  Exhibitions  will  also  take  place  at  the  Royal 
ScEBET  ZoiLOGrcAL  Gabdens  :  on  Wednebdat,  July  21,  and 
Wedmesdat,  Septemoer  8.     List  of  Prizes  and  Rules  for  the 
Eibibitions  m^y  be  obtained  from       John  Taylor  Neville 
Ebenezer  House,  Peckbara,  Surrey.  Secretary,     ' 

The  Committee  will  meet  at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kennington, 
on  the  frjllnwing  days,  f.>r  the  production  and  awarding  tii-Btl 
class  Certifica'es  for  Seedling  Flnrist  Flowers  fur  such  as  are 
deserving  of  the  same,  viz. :  — Tliursday,  June  17,  July  15 
August  19,  September  2,  Oct'.ber  11,  Novemtier  11,  and  Decem- 
ber 9,  in  addition  to  the  Exhibitions  as  above. 


I /BOUNTY  OF  GLOUCESTER  AND  CHELTEN- 

Vy  HAM  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— The  SECOND 
IeXWIBITION  of  the  above  Society  will  be  held  at  the 
i  ROYAL  OLD  WELLS,  Cheltenham,  on  TUESDAY,  the  15th 
I  of  June  next.  All  parties  intending  to  exhibit  are  particularly 
1  requested  to  observe  the  regulations  (as  laid  down  in  the 
i  Schedule),  and  give  the  theee  days*  notice  requested,  in 
order  that  sufficient  space  may  be  reserved. 

As  the  Prizes  to  be  awarded  at  this  show  amount  to  upwards 
of  One  Hondred  and  Thirty-nine  Poonds.  it  is  expected  a 
large  number  of  Plants,  &c.,  will  be  exhibited,  rendering  it 
highly  necessary  that  the  rules  be  strictly  adhered  to. 

J.  H.  Williams,  Hon.  Sec. 
Committee  Room,  882,  High- street. 

FINE    NEW    HARDY    PATAGONIAN     CONIFERS. 
SAXE-QOTHiEA.  CONSPICUA  (Lindley),  and 
FITZ-ROYA  PATAGONICA  (Hooker). 

MESSRS.  VEITCH  and  SON  beg  to  inform  the 
Public  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  take  orderg  for  fine 
plants  of  the  above-named  beautiful  HARDY  NEW  CONI- 
FERS, which  will  be  ready  for  distribution  on  and  after  the 
10th  of  June  next,  at  the  following  scale  of  prices  : — 

1st  aize  plants  of  Saxe-flothaea  conspicua        ...  633.  Od. 

Do.        do,         Fitz-Roya  pataijonica 65    0 

2d  size  plants  of  Saxe-Gothcea  conspicua         ...   42     0 
Do.        do.         FUz-R'>ya  pataKonica...        ...  42    0 

3d  size  plants  of  Saxe-GothM  I  coaspicua        ...  31    6 

Do.         do.  Fitz-Roya  patagonica 31     6 

The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade,  and  where  a  number  are 
taken  additional  plants  given  over  ia  proportion  to  the  quantity. 
These  plants  are  fully  described  by  Dr,  Lindlet  and  Sir 
W.  J.  HooKPK,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society  for 
October,  1851;  in  the  '* Botanical  Magazine"  for  November, 
1851;  and  in  "  Fax  ton's  Flower  Girden"  for  October,  1851. 
They  were  exhibited  at  Chiswick  on  the  8tb  and  each  had  a 
First  Prize  in  its  Class. 

Lithographed  Plates,  with  full  descriptions,  are  now  in  pre- 
paration, the  distribution  of  which  will  be  announced  in  a 
future  Advertisement. — Exeter,  June  5. 


NEW  HARDY  HYBRID  RHODODENDRON^, 
"BLANCHE  SUPBRBE."— This  fine  hardy  Rhododen- 
dron  waa  exhibited  at  Chiswick  on  Saturd;iy  May  8,  and  waa - 
greatly  admired.  It  was  awarded  the  Bank-ian  Medal.  It  is  ■ 
a  Seedling  of  Messrs.  Veitch,  who  can  supply  nice  establiflhed 
plants  of  It  at  lOs.  Gd.  each.  Discount  to  the  trade. 
Exeter,  Jane  5. 


IX^TAIDSTONE    HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 

-L*X  The  First  Exhibition  of  this  Society  for  the  present 
Beason  will  be  held  in  afield  adjoining  Rockj-hill-terrace  (near 
the  Railway  Terminun),  Maidstone,  on  the  24th  of  Juoe  when 
in  addition  to  tbe  usual  Subscribers'  Frizes,  the  following  wi'l 
be  given  (open  to  all  England)  :— 

Pur  the  best  collection  of  Eight  Stove  or  Greenhouse    £.    s.  d. 
FlttotB,  exclusive  of  Calceolarias,  Geraniums,  and 

FuchiitB      5    5     0 

For  the  lecond  best  ditto '        \\      2    2    0 

Entrance  Fee  to  Non-tubscribers,  7s.  M. 
So  Exhibitor  will   be  entitled  to  receive  both  Prizes,     The 
Flaatt  muit  be  on  the  Ground  before  10  o'clock,  and  notice  of 
init^ntion  to  compete  is  required  to   be  given  to  the  Secretary 
before  June  IC  By  order  of  the  Committee 

^0,_VVeek-iiireet,  Maids-one.  J.  G.  bMiTU.  Hon.  Sec. 

NOTTINGHAM    ARBORETUlIV]~~      "~~ 
"PLORAL  AND  HORTICULTURAL  EXHIBITION 

A  Open  to  all  Euiflaod.— On  Midsummkr-day,  June  24  185;;' 
a  Grand  Exhibition  of  Flowers,  Fruits,  uiid  VeKet'-ibles' 
Floricultural  De.i^nn,  Bouquets,  and  Wax  FJowera,  will  be 
held  at  the  Arboretum,  Nottingham. 

Three  dllver  Cijp».  value  51.  each,  and  a  considerable  earn  in 
money,  will  be  awarded  as  I'rlzei.     .Schedules  ma?  be  had  on 
application  to  the  Town  Clerk,  Nottinghjmi. 
Admln-lon,  Ptd  each, 

Wm.  Cuaphak,  7  „ 

June  5. J,  p.  Wood.  F.JI.S,,    j-HO".  Sccq. 


EXHIBITION  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS. 
Knap  Hill  Ndrsery,  Woeinq,  SoRREY—The  AME  RICAN 
PLANTS  at  this  Nursery  are  just  now  in  tbe  highest  perfection, 
and  will  afford  during  the  ensuing  month  of  June  probably  the 
grandest  display  of  fljwers  to  be  witnessed  in  this  country.  The 
Azaleas  are  now  In  high  perfection. 

The  Knap  Hill  Nursery  is  near  the  \v"olting  Station,  South 
Western  Railway,  which  may  be  reached  in  about  40  minutes 
from  the  Waterloo  terminus.  All  Trains  stop  at  Woking,  and 
capical  conveyances  may  be  obtained  there. 

tlosEA  Waterer  begs  to  inform  his  customers  that  he  is  ia 
no  way  concerned  with  the  Exhibition  of  American  Plants  in 
the  Botanic  Garden,  Regent's  Park.  The  Nursery  may  be  seen 
daily,  Sundayaeicepted,  gratis. — Knap  Hill,  Woking,  June  5. 


THE  VALE  OF  TAUNTON  DEANE  HORTI- 
CULTURAL ASD  PL0IUCUI>TUR*L  SOCIRIY  will 
bold  fto  extra  Exblb-tion  in  thf:  Vivary  Purk,  T.iunton  on 
WftdoMday  and  Thurftday,  the  9'.h  and  lO'.h  of  Juno  instant 
durioKthe  Bath  on  l  WuHt  of  Eni/land  Agricultural  Meeting.  ' 
FBtZM  f!>n.  Ni/BuKRyMKH.— Opkn  to  all  Unglano. 


2d  [.riz'-, 


£ 


VA  pr 
£    8. 


.  1  10     0  ...  1     0     0 


Int  priZ' , 
Porthob««tcollection  of  Stove,  £  «,    d. 

Ore«nhou*e,      and     AH*cci. 

l»neoa«  Plant*  2  10    0 

P\ir  the  btxt  Mew  and  Rare 

Pt»nu  In  Flower       0  10    0 

ForHeedllog  PIaut«of  pecallar 

„'"**^^  , 0  10   0  ...  (J    7   0  ...  0   r,   0 

fri!**.\*  Intendln?  to  ctjmpiiits  are  reqij<:Htpd  to  comnmnhrat.. 
*lth  iha  Hon.  Htc,  Mr.  J.  Ki«o»BUttr,  10,    Hammct.fitr..-t, 


,  0     C     0 


CHOICE   CINERARIA   SEED. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  have  now  ready  for 
sending  out  some  exceedingly  fine  CINERARIA  SEED, 
carefully  saved  from  a  very  select  collection  of  all  the  newest 
and   finest  varieties   of  the  season,   in  packets,    sealed   and 
warranted  by  them,  free  by  poet,  2s.  Qd.  each. 
L.  P.  and  Co.  have  also  some  very 

SUPERIOR  CALCEOLARIA  SEED, 

Saved  from  well-ahaped,  highly  coloured,  well  marked  flowers 
which  they  can  strongly  recommend  ;  in  packages,  sealed  and 
warranted  by  them,  tree  by  post,  2s.  6d.  each. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.  have  great  pleasure  instating  that  they  have 
received  numerous  testiiuonials  of  the  (satisfaction  which  their 
Cnlceolaria  and  Cineraria  Seeds  gave  last  sefisou,  and  they 
respectfully  solicit  early  orders,  as  strong  plants  for  early 
flowering  will  be  obtained  by  sowing  now. 

Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  June  5, 

TURNIP    SEEDS. 
I  OHN    SUTTON  and    SONS  are  now   sending  out 

t^  their  differentvarietiesof  HYBRID  AND  other  TURNIPS 
AND  SWEDES,  suved  from  the  same  pure  stocks  which  have 
given  so  much  satisfaction  in  former  seasons. 

ASHCROFT,    large,    hardy,    and    of   quick 
growth  

SKIRVIN'G'S  LIVERPOOL,  grown  from  seed 

received  from  Mr.  Sklrving      

LAIKO'S  SWEDB,  fine     '■ 

PUitPLE- TOl'PED       YELLOW        SWEDE 

(Suttun's  fine  stock)       

GKIiEN-TOPPED   YELLOW    SWEDE,   very 

RIVERS'    STUBBLE    SWEDE," direct  from 

Mr.  Rivers  ...         ...         

DALB'S  HYBRID 

SUTTON'S     PURPLE  -  TOPPED     YELLOW 

HYBRID,   tlje    hardiest,    litrgest,    and  most 

nuiriti'iUH  of  ull  hybrid  Turnips         

YRLLUW  BULLOCK  and  YELLOW  ABER- 

DEEM     

POMKRANIAN,  large  white        ^ 

fJRKKN  OLOBl-;,  Hupcrior  Htock  

WHITE  OLOHB,  fin.- largo        

LINCOLNSHIRE    RED    GLOBE,    a   fiuperior 

van.jty,    prcMcuted  to   us    by   Philip   Fusty, 

(■«'!.,  M.I'.  ... 
JRIOKN  ROUND  (bij«t  variety  of) 
IaNKAUU:  R|;|),    WMITK,  or  fJRREN     .,. 
VKLLOW  TANKARD  (or  Tankard  Swede)  .., 
NORKOI.K    WIIITK.  largo 
VIIITK  ,M'(JN1-;  HTUmtLE 
SUTTON'S    EARLY  SIX  WEEKS,  very  onrly 

find  l.iigi'.      I  hiM  jFt  v.-jy  Bii|..Tlor  to  the  sort 
commonly  nold  hh  "Six  Weeks" 


SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS- 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE  and  CO.  intend  sending    out,  , 
on  the  5th  of  July  next,  the  following  very  beautiful  new  ■ 
FUCHSIAS:— 

APOLLO  (PrNCE's),— Rofly  tube  and  sepals,  well  reflexed ; 
corolla  purplish  lilac,  finely  expanded.     lOa.  6d. 

ASP  ASIA  (Pince's).— Scarlet  tube  and  sepals,  finely  reflexed  ;-. 
corolla  beautitul  blue.    10a.  Qd, 

PRINCEPS  (Pince's).— Biilliant  scarlet-lake  tube  and 
sepals,  reflexed  to  a  greater  extent  than  any  other  Fuchsia, 
which  produces  a  novel  and  moat  attractive  efi'ect ;  corolla' 
deep  blue,    lOa.  6d. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.,  as  the  raisers  of  "Exoniensis  "  and  "  Corol-  ■ 
Una,"  which  gave  such  general  satisfaction,  can  with  confidenco 
recommend  the  above  to  all  cultivators  of  this  favourite  flower, 
having  fully  tested  their  qualities  last  season,  during  tbe  wbolo 
of    which,  in  their  new   Show    House,    they   were    seun    and 
adtnired  by  numerous  visitors.     They  possess  waxy  firmness, 
and  are  particularly  smooth  and  fine  in  quality,  void  of  all- 
coarseness,  of  excellent  habits,  and  blooming  most  profusely  ; 
indeed,  the  high  character  which  these  Fuchsias  havt:  obtained,    . 
from  their  having  been  so  generally  seeu  in  all  their  stages,  . 
render  it  unnecessary  to  say  any  more  in  their  praise. 

F,S.  Allowance  to  the  Trade,  one  over  when  three  of  each 
are  ordered. — Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  June  5. 

N  EW     ROSES. 

■WOODLANDS     NURSERY,     MARRSFIELD,     NEAR 
UCKFIBLD,    SUSSEX. 

qUPERB  NEW  ROSES  OF  1851,  in  pots,  worked  ' 
^    on  the  Manetti  Stock,  offered  by  Wjh.  Wood  and  Son, 

HYBRID    PERPETUALS.  Each-5.  d. 

Baroune  de  Morel,  delicate  rose         7    6 

Blanche  de  Portemer,  nearly  pure  white      10     6 

Capitaine  Charpine,  bright  cherry  colour,  shaded  ,.,  10    fr 

Comte  de  Bourmont,  deep  rose  5-    (>. 

Diodore,  a  seedlinj;  from  La  Reine,  shape  and  colour  of 

Coupe  d'Hebe  ,..        „.  10    6 

Docti3ur  JuUiard,  crimson  shaded      7    e 

Egerie,  shaded  rose         6     O- 

Etend;ird  du  Grand  Horame»  apricot  shf  Jtd         5     0  - 

Eug^me  Sue,  bright  rose,  flowers  as  large  as  Bai-onne 

Fri-vost,  superb         If)    6- 

General  Bedeau,  bright  red,  fine        5     O- 

General  Cahtellanu,  bright  carmine 10     6 

Inermis,  rose,  very  robust 7     g 

Isocrate,  a  seedling  from  La  Reine,  bright  rose,  cupped...    7    6 

Joseph  Decaisne,  brightrose,  of  exquisite  form 10    G 

La  S^duiaante,  hrij^h:;  red         7     g- 

L'Etifantdu  ilont  Carmel,  crimson 7    g. 

Leon  le  Qnay,  in  the  way  of  Chereau,  but  deeper  red     ...     7     6  - 

Lion  des  Combats,  deep  crimson        7    g 

Madame    Andry,  bright  rose,    superb,    a  seedling  from 

William  Jesse  5 

Madame  Ducher,  delicate  rose  6 

Madame  Fiory,  lilac  rose  7 

Madame  Hilaire,  rose     ...         5 

Mada'tie  Sei;;neur,  bright  rose,  fine 5 

Mere  de  St,  Louis,  nearly  white,  large         lu 

MibS  Jane  Carolina  Meymott,  deep  flesh  colour,  imbri. 


Pound. 

s.  d. 

0  10 

Gallon. 

s.  d. 

..6    0 

0    8 
0    9 

..4    0 
..    4    6 

1    0 


0    8    . 

.    4 

0 

0    8    . 

.     4 

0 

0  10     . 

.     h 

0 

0     (J     . 

.   ;i 

II 

(1     9     . 

4 

(1 

010    . 

.     f) 

0 

0     0     . 

.     3 

0 

0    0    . 

.    3 

u 

cated,  tine 
Palais  de  Cristal,  deep  flesh  colour  ... 

Queen  Victoria  (Paul) 

Robert  Burns  (Paul),  dark  climber    ... 
Souvenir  de  la  Reine  dee  Beiges,  carmine  , 

Theje,-te  de  St.  Remy       ,..      " 

Triomphe  de  Meaux,  pale  rose 

BOURBON. 

Archevequede  Cambrai,  crimson      

Beaui6  Ljonnaise,  lilac  rose,  Huperb 

Louise    Odier,    bright   rose,    form    of    Coupe    d'Heb^, 

splendid  ...         

Mandarin  Chinois.  crimson  shaded 

Pigeron^  bright  red 

Souvenir  de  I'Empire,  crimson  scarlet,  very  showy 

Souvenir  de  I'lixposltion,  rich  puce 

TEA-SCENTED. 

Madame  Sylvestre,  white,  with  yellnw  centro         

Mfilaoiu  Oger,  jQllowish  white,  di.'epcr  centre        

Extra  plants  presented  for  distant  carriage. 


0  10 


John  Sutt-n  an-l  Sowa,  8eed  Growers,  Reading,  Berk". 


BEAUTIFUL  NEW  PLANT, 

/ESCHYNANTHUS     SPLENDIDUS. 

LUCOiVIBE,  PINCE,  AND  CO.  beg  leave  to  inform'  . 
the  Public  that  they  purpose  sending  out,  on  the  5th  o?  • 
July  next,  ctrong  heallhv  I'hints  of  their  much  admired  NEW 
HY'BkID    iE;OHYNANTIlUS,    which     they     can    with     full- 
conhdonoe  n-oonimcnd  to  nil  culdvmora  as  :i  ptnnt  that  cannot   . 
fail  to  give  gi'neral  Hatisfac'lon.     Excellent  diawl»i;H  of  it  wllL 
hi;  found  in  the  "  Gardeners'  Magfiz'no  of  Botany,"  Dec,  1861  ; 
and  In  the  *'  Floricultural  Cabinet"  of  last  montii,   to  whioh 
they  respi^c'fnlty  refer,  and  also  invito  attention  to  the  folio wirg- 
remarks  : — 

"  A  hi'brid  production,  and  a  very  beautiful  one.  It  ia,  nov 
ilwiht,  thu  fiiiuft  of  ItH  race  ;  wlilch,  as  is  well  known,  now- 
(■iuituln«  many  very  uplt'ndld  Ituportod  sjiuciofi.  It  will  prove  a 
most  UKi'ful  orn'uiiental  plant  of  vory  eaHv  culture,  and  the 
briUlmiett  of  ils  largo  clusters  of  fliiwt^rs  will  make  it  conspi- 
cnoiiH  iimntiK-it  th«  moat  uhowy  i»lan(a."~Garrf(;»e?-a'  Maaamine 

of  uotmnj,  /ho,  mm. 

"The  i>p(!ctos  under  conslderutlon  ('.J^lHchynanthus  spten- 
itdus 'J,  )«  one  of  tb(^  most  recently  Introduced,  anil  certainly 
ono  ol  the  very  Upf,t,"—aaydcncrs'  Jourva^,  March  13,  1852, 

Pilcu  '2la.  odcli,     Allowunco  to  tho  Tiaiio,   ono  over  whCu.' ' 
three  arc  ordered,— Exc'cr  NurH<ry,  IJIxoter,  j{iiio  &. 


354 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[June   5, 


YOUELL  AND  CO.'S  NEW  PLANT  CATALOGUE, 
havin]]:  the  newspaper  stamp,  to  no  free  bv  post,  may  be 
had  on  application.  It  will  also  be  tbrwariled  post  tree  to 
America,  Austria,  Australia,  Belgium,  France,  Germany, 
Holland,  Prusbia,  and  Russia. 

They  take  the  present  opportunity  of  referring  the  readers  of 
the  Oardenevs'  Chronic'.e  to  their  advertisement  of  the  22d  May. 

Possessintr  a  fine  stock  of  the  true  Yellow  Violet,  iotruduced 
by  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Sons,  they  are  enabled  to  offijr  the  same 
at  9s.  per  dozen.     This  has  proved  to  be  perfectly  hardy. 

Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth. 


TRUE  DRUMHEADS  FOR  CATTLE, 
by  Thomas  Welland,  Surrey  Gardens,  near  GodalmioK, 
Surrey,  well  packedj  and  delivered  at  Godaltuing  Station,  at 
3s.  9d.  per  1000.  ___^_^ 


DORKING-  FOWLS The  Advertiser  is  desirous 
of  purcha'iing  a  few  Sittings  of  EGGS  of  the  pure 
DORKING  FOWL,  from  birds  of  great  weight  and  bizo.— 
Apply  by  letter,  giving  full  particulars,  price,  &.C.,  addressed 
D.  F.,  Box  0,  62,  Post-office,  Liverpool. 


PRIZE  SHANGHAI  FOWLS'  EGGS  FOR 
HATCHING,  18,'.  per  dozen  ;  Buff  Cochin  Cbiaa,  Spanish, 
and  Polish  Eggs,  Gs.  per  dozen  ;  China  Silk  Fowls'  Egg»,  20^. 
per  dozen.  A  pair  of  first-rate  White-faced  Spanish,  a 
pair  of  choice  Cinnamon  Cochin  China,  and  a  pair  of 
White  Cochin  China  Fowls  for  sale  ;  also  Cochin  China 
Chickens  and  Gold  Fheasants.  A  remittance  to  accom- 
pany all  oi'dtrs,  and  letters  to  enclose  a  stamp.  Wm.  Tueneb, 
Tufaell  Park,  Holloway,  London.  P.S.  Any  quantity  of 
Pheasant  Poults  in  season.  Post-office  orders  payable  at 
Islington. 

WARRANTED  GARDEN    TOOLS. 

DEANB,  DRAY,  and  Co.'s  STOCK  OF  GARDEN 
TOOLS  for  the  season  is  now  complete,  and  includes 
«very  recent  approved  inveniion,  in  addition  to  their  usual 
large  assortment,  selected  from  all  the  best  makers. 

Deane,  Dray,  and  Co.  are  London  Agents  for  GIDNEY'S 
PRUSSIAN  HOE,  which  obtained  the  First  Prize  Silver  Medal 
at  the  Tarvin  Grand  National  Exhibition;  also  Sole  Agents 
for  Lingham'3  Menographs  and  Metallic  Labels,  samples  of 
■which  may  be  had  on  application,  post  free.  They  have  always 
on  hand  a  stock  of  BROWN'S  PATENT  FUMIGATORS, 
which  have  stood  the  test  of  three  seasons,  and  continue  to  give 
general  satisfaction  ;  also  Epps'  Registered  Sulphurator  for 
destroying  Mildew  upon  Grapes,  Hops,  Roses,  Fruit  Trees,  &c. 
An  Illustrated  Priced  Catalogue  sent  per  post,  free. 

Deane,  Deat,  and  Co.  (opening  to  the  Monument),  London. 
Bridge. 

BLIGHT  WASH,  for  effectually  destroying  the 
Thrip,  Mealy  Bug,  Green-fiy,  and  other  Insects  on  Roses 
and  other  Plants,  giving  them  a  healthy  and  luxuriant  appear- 
ance ;  with  directions  for  use.  To  be  had  in  bottles  at  2s.  Gd. 
each,  of  J.  M  ANLEY  (late  Hemberj)  at  his  English  and  Foreign 
Fruit  Warehouse,  il,  Watling-street,  Cheapside,  London  ; 
noted  house  for  genuine  Orange  and  Lemon  Juice,  so  much 
recommended  by  the  faculty  for  Gout,  Rheumatism,  &c. 


TERRA  COTTA  VASES,  PENDANT  BASKETS, 
BRACKETS,  ORNAMENTAL  FLOWER-POTS.  &c.. 
manufactured  by  HENRY 
DUULTON  and  Co.,  High- 
street,  Lambeth,  Loudon. 
West-end  Show  and  Sale 
Rooms,  Exposition,  Baker- 


i^i  .i-(r^ 


street,  Portman-square. 

,  H.  D.  and  Co.'s  Terra 
Cottft  is  vitrified,  and  cen- 
sequently  imperishable,  re- 
taining its  freshness  and 
sharpness  unimpaired  by 
time  or  exposure  to  the 
weather. 


Drawings  anb  Peices  on 
Application. 


rOHN  WARNER   AND   SONS, 
Cbescent,  Jewin  Street,  London, 
mandfactdeees  of 
FIRE  ENGINES,  GARDEN 

ENGINES,  AND  SYRINGES. 


W  ith  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
lb  strongly  recommended   for    dur- 
-^.-^.  ability  and  low  price,  viz. : — 
£3    0    0 

May  he  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Conntry. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Bi  ds,  and  for  the  security 
of  Fresb-aown  Seeds,  either  in  Gardens  or  Fields,  at  Id-  per 
yard  ;  200  yards  for  14s.,  500  yards  for  30s.,  1000  yards  for  50s. ; 
Waxed  Netting,  for  aviaries,  &c.,  at  dd.  per  square  yard. 
Scrim  Canvas  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  varieties  ; 
Hick  Cloths,  with  poles,  &c.  Marquees,  Tents,  Tarpaulings, 
&c.— At  Edoington  and  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old 
Kent-road,  London. 


RIPE   FRUIT,  STRAWBERRIES,  AND  SEEDBEDS. 

NEW  TWINE  NETTING  (Tanned  if  required).  One  yard 
wide,  l^d.  per  yard  ;  2  yards  wide,  Zd.  per  yard ;  4  yards 
wide,  Gd.  per  yard  ;  half-inch  mesh  ditto,  2  yards  wide,  5d. 
per  yard. . 

THE  ELASTIC~HO:AGON  GARDEN  NETTING, 
76  meshes  to  the  square  inch,  eft'dctually  excludes  birds, 
wasps,  flies,  &,c,,  from  fruit-trees,  flower  or  seed-bede,  4id.  per 
square  yard.  Tanned  Neiting,  2  or  3  yards  wide,  lirf.  per  yard  ; 
4  or  6  yards  wide,  Zd.  per  yard— exactly  the  same  as  advertised 
by  others  at  double  the  above  prices.  Coir  or  Hemp  Sheep- 
folding  Net,  of  superior  quality,  4  feet  high,  id.  per  yard. 
Lamb  Net,  Gd.  per  yard.  Rabbit  Net,  lid.  per  yard  4  feet 
wide.  Each  Edge  Corded,  2d.  per  yard,  suitable  for  fowl- 
fencing.  Square  Meah  Cricketing  Net,  fix  its  full  width  and 
length,  made  of  stout  cord,  3d.  per  r-quare  yard  ;  this  is  the 
best  article  made  for  fencing,  against  fowls,  cats,  &,c.  The 
largest,  cheapest,  and  best  stock  in  the  world,  at  W.  Cdllinq- 
FORD'a,  1,  Sirathmore-terrace,  Shadwell,  London.  The  Trade 
supplied.  Orders  by  post  punctually  attended  to. 
k_. ...    -i_,  fishing  Nets  of  aU  kinds  in  Stock. 


GLASS    MILK    PANS. 


s^  _ 

TAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    116,    BISHOPS- 

*^    GATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  BEG  TO  INFORM  THEIR 

FRIEND^  THEY  ARE    PREPARED    TO    SOPPLY  GLASS 

MILK  PANS  THE  SAME  SIZE  A3  THE  FOREIGN  ONES, 

BUT  SUPERIOR  IN  COLOUR,  MAKE,  AND  QUALITY,  AT 

2s,  EACH,  OR  21s.  PER  DOZEN. 

IF  A  LARGE  QUANTITY  IS  TAKEN  A  DISCOUNT 

WILL  BE  ALLOWED. 

LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK    SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 

GLASS  CREAM  POTS,  &c.  &c. 

CUCUMBER  TUBES,  PROPAGATING  AND  BEE  GLASSES, 

SHADES     FOR     ORNAMENTS,    FISH     GLOBES,     PIANO 

INSULATORS,  &c.  iic. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100-feet  boxes  pauned  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6Jby4J      13a.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    7.^  by  5|       15    0 

8  ,,         Band    8    by5i      15    0 

8  ,,  Band    8,i  by  6^       17     6 

9  „         7  and  10    by  8        20    0 

12         „       10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  lOi),  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet, 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  per  foot. 

„         „         35      ,,       8d.         ,, 

„        „         50      „       9\d.      „ 

„        „        75     „      12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Railway. — 
Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT   FRAMES.   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass, 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  in  boxes,  containing  100 
square  feet  each,  atthe  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  —  Inches.  Inches.        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    6  by  4     at      IJd.   is  £0  12    6 
From    6    by   4        „  7    „    5      „      2d.      „    0  16    8 

7  „     5        „  8     „     6       „       2id.     „     0  IS     9 

8  „     6        „         10     „     8      „       2^d.    „     1     0  10 
10    „    8        „        12    „    9      „      2|d.    „    12    11 

Larger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
16  oz.  from  3d.  to  3Jd.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size, 
21  oz.    „    3.^d.  to  6d.  „  „  „ 

26  oz.     „     34d.  to  7^d.  ,,  ,,  „ 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cnoomber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Watei  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass. 

PATENT  PLATE  GLA^aS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  tash  is  required. 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Prices,  since  the  removal  of  the  excise  duty,  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
London. 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLona  Merchants,  125,  Queen-street,  Portsea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  wholesale  prices,  Crown  and  HorticuUural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee, Cucum- 
ber, and  Propagating  Glasses,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  HorticuUural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  &c.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Plumbers'  Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.B.— Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
'-'  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  «fcc.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  descriptiou  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  «Sic.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  oplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  AUo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 

Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  itc, forwarded  on  application, 

J.  "WEEKS  AND  CO    King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


P  DENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
-■— ^  •  King's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  beun  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  codld  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  witn  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph, 
wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  la.  2d.  per  foot  super,,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter.  400  ft.,  23i.  6s.  Sd.'- 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do..  523  ft.,  30i.  133.  8d.;  23  ft.  fi  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ratter,  712  ft.,  4lt.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pita  and  Peach  VValls,  &c.,  7d.  and 8d.  per 
foot,  super, 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis*  HorticuUural  Worlis,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  beat  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps, 

hTO RTTc ULT URAL    B U I LD I NlS^ANCTliEATrNG" 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  he  made  available. 


GREENHOUSE  8c    CONSERVATORY    BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT, 

HOT-WATER    APPARATUS    MANUFACTORY, 
Kemsall-qeeek,  Harhow-eoad,  London. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  binds  of  Green- 
houses, Conservatories,  Forcing  Pits,  &c.,  and  all  other  build- 
ings for  Horticultural  purposes,  combining  all  the  most  modern 
improvements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
heating  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  &,c.,  has  received  the  greatest 
approbation  from  the  Nobility  aind  Gentry  by  whom  he  had 
been  extensively  engaged. 


TO    GARDENERS    AND    OTHERS. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  cheap,  a  large  quantity  of  COCKLE- 
SHELLS, for  Garden  Walks,  as  used  in  the  Regent's 
Park,  Surrey  Zoological,  and  Rosherville  Gardens,  &c,,  price 
43.  per  yard,  on  Wharf. — Apply  to  Messrs.  Coles,  Shadbolt, 
and  Co.,  St.  James's  Lime  and  Cement  Wharf,  Caledonian- 
road,  Islington,  London. 


n^O  BE  SOLD,  a  few  Acres  of  TARES,  abundant 
-L  crop,  and  ready  for  immediate  cutting.  For  Terms, 
inquire  on  the  field,  at  Wood-lane.  Shepherd's  Bush,  to 
Feedebick  Mitchel- — The  Land  to  he  Let. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawings  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  London. 

'*  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbour."— J".  H.  Payne. 
(See  the  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169,  170). 
Agents. — Liverpool:  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-street,  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  168,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 

L'~INGHAM  BROTHERS,  170,  Hampton -street, 
Birmingham,  sole  Manufacturers  of  the  Improved  WOOD 
and  ZINC  MENOGRAPH,  or  Label  for  Garden  Boidera,  Flower- 
pots, (tc,  in  boxes  of  100,  &c.  The  Zinc  Labels  are  highly 
approved  of  for  their  lasting  durability;  can  be  writtenupon 
with  the  greatest  ease,  and,  when  dry,  a  permanent  inscription 
is  secured.  Directions  for  use  sent  with  each  box,  including 
bottle  of  Metallic  Ink. 

Sole  Agents  in  London,  G.  and  J.  Deane,  Horticultural 
Implement  Warehouse,  46,  King  William-street,  Londou-bridge. 

WATER   YOUR   GARDENS  AND   MANURE  YOUR 
LANDS  WITH   GUTTA   PERCHA   TUBING. 

FARMERS,  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  aud  all 
who  have  a  garden,  will  save  a  deal  of  trouble  in  water- 
ing and  manuring  gardens  or  land,  by  using  Gutta  Perc'ha 
Tubing.  Testimonials  to  its  economy,  efficiency,  durability 
an*)  convenience,  are  being  constantly  received.  Tubing  ior 
gardening,  3d.  light;  and  3Ad.  to  4-/.  per  foot  half  inch  bore 
stout,  which  is  the  best  and  most  economical,  copper  branch 
and  rose  complete. 

Brass  or  Gutta  Percha  Unions  for  attaching  to  Butts  or 
Cisterns.     Spreaders,  Stopcocks,  Jets,  and  Hoses  complete. 

Price  Lists  of  Tubing  can  be  had  or  sent,  on  application  to 
James  Sheath  and  Company,  at  the  Patent  Gutta  Percha 
Warehouse,  35,  Old- street-road,  London. 


23— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


355 


CARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
'  EMPEROR  STOCK,  a  perennial  species,  and  hardy. 
)0  seeds.  Is, 

3INERA.RIA  and  CALCEOLARIA.,  selected  from  collections 
Plants,  tbat  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
the  finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
)  of  the  ta'ter,  \s.  each  paper. 

JY0S0TI3  AZ0RICU3,  a  bed   of  this   on  an  eastern  or 
rthern  aspect  is  verv  beautiful ;  200  seeds,  Is. 
}ALENDRINIA  T7MBELLATA,  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
d  most  brilliant  flowering  of  all  beddinp  plants;  X5Uf>  seeds.  Is. 
iWEET  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  oeods,  Is. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamp?. 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 


EXHIBITION  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS. 
3HN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  that  his 
unrivalled  collection  of  RaOBODENDRO^^S,  AZALEAS, 
.,  is  n)w  ou  view  at  the  ROYAL  BOTANIC  GARDENS, 
;ent's  Park,  and  may  be  seen  gratia  by  orders  from  members 
he  Society. 

:is  collection  at  the  Nursery,  comprising  many  thousand 
jimens,  is  also  in  perfection,  and  may  be  seen  gratia, 
he  American  Narsery,  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near  the  Farn- 
i3ugh  Station.  South- Western  Railway,  and  three  miles  from 
ckwater,  South-Easteru  Railway;  conveyances  may  be 
I  lined  ac  either  station. 

,:ANDISH  and  noble,  Nurserymen,  Bagshot, 
1  Surrey,  have  to  offer  the  following  new  and  select  Plants, 
If  which  are  hardy,  except  Azalea  vittata  : 
3IES  JEZ0ENSI3,  seedling  plants,  21s.  each  ;  this  is  one  of 
I  ast  novelties  in  Oonifera  ;  forms  a  noble  tree  of  120  feet  in 
|ht,  and  of  very  distinct  character  (very  hardy). 
^^ALEA   VITTATA.— A   specimen  of  this   unique  variety 

I  awarded  a  Knightian  Medal  when  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
iral  Society's  Room  last  April ;  the  ground  colour  of  the 
i'r  is  white,  beautlfally  striped  with  purple,  after  the 
oer  of  a  Carnation.  It  is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to 
t,  -21$.  each. 
PRESSUS  FUNEBRIS.— Seedlings,  55.  to  21s.  each. 
^PHALOTAXOS  FOETUNI,  male,  long  leaves,  seedlings, 
■tach, 

"PHAL0TASU3   FORTUNT,  female,  short  leaves,  seed- 
21s.   each.    These  have  withstood  the  late  frost  and 
JT  wind'!  without  losing  any  of  their  verdure  (very  hardy). 
'pX  FURCATA,  2l5.  each. 

MACROCARPA,  21».  each. 
BBCU3  SCLEROPHTLLA,  21».  to  42s.  each. 

INVERSA,  21a.  to  42s.  each. 
ItRJEA  CALLOSA,  an  abundant  and  continued  bloomer. 
h  large  corymbs  of  rosy  purple  blossoms,  and  is  a  hand- 
B  addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants.    Ids.  6d.  each. 


M^ 


VICTORIA   REGIA. 

"  "V^'EEKS  AND    CO.,  King's  Road,   Chelsea,  have 

-  one  strong  Plants  for  Sale  of  TICTORIA  KE&IA, 

.  eruloa,  Nymphsea  dentata,  Nymphsea  stellata,  &c. 

-nlcndld  Collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 

!.^hest  state  of  cultivation  — Plans  and  Estimates 

.'  Aquariums  and  all  other  Horticultural  erections. 

.      c  Co. '9  HOT- WATER  APPARATUS  is  well  adapted 

■   -rmiDg  large  Ponds,  for  Stove  Aquatics,  and  for  Heating 

to  ive  ranges  of  Forcing-house, 

HORIICGLTURE  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


ESSRS.    J.    AND  H.    BROWN'S    New   List   of 

Beddinq-out  Plants,  die.  can  be  had  by  Post.  They 
also  offer  t  ic  tollowiD;:^  selected  Plants,  which  they  will  forward 
to  any  part  of  the  Kingdom.  Per  dozen. — s.    d. 

Aistroe  nerias,  new  sorts  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  12 

Anagallid,  fine  lar^e  blue  and  red  do.  6 

Bouvardiaa,  of  sorts,  stroni:^  plants    ...         ...         9 

Calceolarias,  shrubby  yellow,  orange,  scarlet,  and  spotted  6 
Dahlias,  show  and  fancy  varieties      ...         ..,         ...  6s.  to  12 

Cupbaeas  and  Salvias,  of  sorts 4s.  to     6 

Verbenas  and  FetunUs,  new  sorts     43.  to     6 

Lobelias,  tall  and  dwarf  varieties      6s.  to    8 

CEnothera,  large  jell'iw  and  white      ...  6s.  to    9 

Pentstemoiis  and  Antirrhinum?,  in  colours ...     6 

12  Tea-scented  Roses,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name,  in  pots  ...  9 
12  Fairy  Roses,  crimson,  white,  and  pink,  for  edgings  ...     S 

12  Bourbon  Roses,  best  sort^  for  beds,  in  pots      10 

Climbing  Roses,  choice  sorts,  in  pots,  per  doz.      ,..         ...     6 
Passifloras,  Clematis,  Jasmines,  Wistaria,  Lonieeras,  and 
other  hardy  and  tender  Climbers,  Is.  Gd.  each,  or,  per 

dozen,  in  pots 12 

12  Azaleas,  new  hardy  Belgian  varieties,  on  their  own 

roots,  in  pots,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name,  very  tine  ...  12 

12  Rhododendrons,  including  scarlet,  white  and  rose  ...  12 
12  Greenhouse  Azaleas,  one  ot  a  sort,  blooming  plants  ...  25 
50  Choice  flowering  Greenhouse  plants,  by  name  ...  45 

24  Cho'ce  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name 16 

12  Orchiilaceous  plants,  choice  species,  and  good  plants  30 
12  Gloxinias,  At^himenes,  and  Gesneras,  one  of  a  sort  ...  10 
Fancy  show  and  scarlet  Geraniums,  best  sorts  for  beds, 

per  dozen  Gs.,  9s.,  and  12 

12  Phloxes,  new  Belgian  perennial  varieties         8 

6  Potentillas,  beautiful  new  varieties         6 

Chrysanthemum,-*,  fine  show  varieties         per  dozen,  6s.  to  8 

Dwarf  Pompon  varieties,  by  post     ...  „         6s.  to  8 

25  Choice  hardy  Herbaceous  plants,  by  name        10 

Hardy  Ferns,   and  other  plants  for  rockwork,  per  dozen     3 

All  the  choice  Conifers,  Pinus,  Araucariaa,  Cryptomerias. 
and  Taxodiums,  of  various  sizfs,  in  pots.  List  of  prices  on 
application. — Albion  Nursery,  Stoke-Newington,  London,  June  5. 


THROUGH  a  mistake  of  one  of  our  growers,  we 
have  sent  out  a  considerable  quantity  of  a  PEA  for  our 
Earl  1/ No.  1,  nhichheara  no  resemblance  to  it.  We  are  very 
eorry  it  should  have  happened  so,  and  beg  to  say,  on  applica- 
tion, the  money  will  be  returned  to  all  «ho  have  had  the  wrong 
article,  or  the  same  quiniity  will  be  delivered,  carriage  free,  nex: 
November.  We  are  now  going  over  our  orders,  to  enable  us  to 
eee  to  whom  they  were  sent. 

HAT,   SANGsTER,   and    CO.,  Newington  Butts,   London, 
June  5. 


C  X  HAYES,  Florist,  Farnham,  Surrey,  begs  to 
•that  he  has  300  dozen  of  autumn-struck  VERBbiNAS 
potted  early  in  February ;  he  will  turn  them  out  of 
I,  and  send  them  for  Is.  id.  per  dozen,  naming  colours 
I;  7  dozen  well-rooted  plants,  in  varieties,  with  good 
t  earth,  for  5«,,  and  It*  per  dozen,  seat  post  free  where 
D  are  taken. 


I^ERLOCK'S  NEW  BROWN  COS  LETTUCE. 
rhe  parent  was  selected  In  1850,  and  produced  seed  in 
■*"  a  crop  in  1351,  from  which  that  now  offered  was 
It  in  now  proved  to  be  correct,  by  a  bed  of  lOdO  in  full 
jion,  turned  in  without  tying,  like  a  sugar-loaf  Cabbage  ; 
•lid  weighed  2J  Iba.  Its  habit  is  dwarf,  growing  close  to 
gaud,  and  appeara  very  hardy.  A  packet  will  be  sent 
t|-  pose,  on  receipt  of  orders  enclosing  30  postage 
m,t  by  H.  SiLVEaLocK  and  Son,  Chichester.— June  5. 


(.GH  LOW   AND    Co.   have   to   offer  the  under- 
named Plants  :— 
iSITE  ORANOEB,  extra  fine,  full  of  bloom,  7s.  6d.  each, 
'.  ptr  dozen. 
r  do.  do.  do.       and  Fruit,  7s.  ed.  each. 

W'.IA  GRACILIS  (Japan),  one  of  the  prettiest  hardy 
l!  •  yet  introduced,  well  adapted  for  early  forcing,  2a.  Gd. 
tCd.  each. 

I.I,  Ave  ntw  varietlea,  raised  by  A.  Clapham,  Esq.,  of 
■'oroaxb,  the  roost  succesBfui  cultivator  of  tbis  genus, 
fizh,  or  17j   M.  the  set. 

jJOIUM  KUBRCM,  a  new  and  handsome  hardy  herba- 
plin^.  with  blood  red  flowers.  It.  fid,  each. 
ET    GBRA5IUM    "THE    AMAZON"    (see    former 
luemeiit),  it.  eaob. 

5,  new  'pccle*  from  the  Pacific  Inlands,  with  charming 
oloared  fl  .wer«,  quite  distinct,  la.  Gd.  each. 
INIOM  HYBRIUOM,  a  very  6ne  variety,  with  deep 
owerff,  Zt.  *H.  e«ch. 

RDIA  LEIA5THA,  thU  Is  the  flnest  and  most  distinct 
ntclen.  with  beautiful  orange  scarlet  flower«,  well 
for  either  the  greenfaotue  or  flower  garden,  is.  fld. 
or  12>.  p«rr  doMO. 

>LOBIDi(  CUNEATCM,  a  very  bandnomo  New 
id  planr,  with  largo  spikes  of  orangc-coloured  flowers, 
«•  blo'>mer,  Di.  IW.  each, 

rSEMA  AOOMIJfATA,  an  excellent  conservatory 
fj^fliabit  quite  distinct,  tlowora  brlf^ht  scarlet,  i5j.  oach. 
L  tpecie*,  Swan  River  (Drrimmond;,  a  very  rapid 
r,  for  the  greenhouse,  with  woolly  leaves  and  bright 
MTtrs,  which  appear  daring  the  autumn  months 
•ub, 

llVtf  LEAKBANUM  (Swaa  Ulver},  a  boatitlfal  plant 
jBWenhoave,  Ot.  each. 

tWtii  »p.-ciBs  from  Hwan  Ulvisr,  distinct  in  habit  and 
Nwant  i/ftf>mf.ra,  'At.  M.  each. 

U  bCOLOPENDRIOUES,  a   magniflcent  species  of 
■Mb  admired  genus,  'iU.  each. 

CJtCHICDM  (Caucasus),  of  dwarf  habit,  perfectly 
J"*™  tpitndld  goMen  yellow  flowers,  10*,  6(/.  oncb. 
DB08  CHlLfTNSIS,  a  handsome  Conifer,  from  the 
Of  CWIl,  and  otw  of  tb«  finest  Evergreen  Trees  yet 
w»J.  »i.  t'.  7*.  (id.  .ach. 

[AS,  ib«  best  of  last  year's  continental  varieties,  9*. 
psrd(»fn. 

ilTUEM  OMB,  do.  do.  9s.  to  12f,  nor  dozen. 
'  *1^'  'lo.        do.      12».  to  Itts.        „ 

'"'  do.        do,        'Jt.  t*»  Vis.        „ 

••Uctimi  of  the  oMcr  Virbenas.  Petunias,  Lontaoas, 
ir«Motroi«s,  Bedding  Oeranlam.,  &c.  Ac,  at  from 
M,  p»rr'l  .x*n.  ' 

.  Kwury,  London,  Juu  6, 


HEXACENTRIS  MYSORENSIS.— This  extraor- 
dinary and  beautiful  new  Climber  (requiring  the  tempe- 
rature of  a  stove  or  warm  greenhouse),  i?  perfectly  distinct  in 
its  character  from  anything  yet  introduced.  It  was  exhibited 
by  Messrs,  Veitch  and  Son  at  Chiswick,  on  Saturday,  the  8th 
of  May,  and  received  the  First  Prize  for  New  Plants  ;  and  was, 
indeed,  on  that  occasion,  the  admiration  of  all  who  saw  it. 

It  is  a  most  abundant  bloomer,  producing  its  long  pendulous 
clusters  of  large  golden  yellow  and  deep  crimson  flowers  in 
great  abundance,  continuing  in  perfection  for  several  months, 
The  habit  of  the  plant  is  excellent,  with  neat  dark  green 
foliage,  and  is  of  easy  culture.  It  is  altogether  a  plant  of 
such  fir^t-rate  quality  and  great  beauty,  that  Messrs.  Veitch 
and  Son  feel  every  contidence  in  highly  recommending  it. 

Good  established  plants  will  be  ready  for  delivery  in  the 
month  of  August  next,  at  21^.  each.  One  plant  over  to  the 
Trade  on  every  three  taken.  Orders  executed  in  strict  rotation 
as  received. — Exeter,  June  5. 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  5,  1852. 


MEETINGS    FOR  THE  EMSHING  WEEK. 
MoHDAT.       Jane       7 


EDlomological ...,8  f.u. 

Cb^^mical s  p.u. 


Satdbdat,        — 
ConHTAT  Snow.- 


_     ^nd  ChirurKlcal „.j 

(ZoolOKiral 9  p.m. 

rRnyak  fiotanic  GardeoB  2  r-u. 

g  '  Society  of  ArtH S  p.h. 

i  Pharmaceutieal    Sip.H. 

(  Ethnolnsical  84p.«. 

r  Royal  Soc.  of  Literature 4  P.M. 

10<  iDtiqaarian 8  p.Bf. 

(Royai 8JP.M. 

t  PhiioloKical 8  p.m. 

11  ^  Astronomical     8  p.u. 

(  KoyBl  In.titiitioa S^p-m, 

io  rHorticnltotal  Gardens  2  pjt. 

I  Royal  Botanic SSp.m. 

Wcdneaday,  June  9 :  Scottish  Pansy. 


apply  it  to  the  viscid  surface  within  the  slit  of  some 
other  Iris  ;  or  he  may  dispense  with  the  brush  and 
simply  knocli  the  anther  against  the  open  slit,  so  as 
to  cause  the  pollen  to  fall  in.  We  hardly  need 
add  that  the  stamens  of  the  flower  to  be  operated 
upon  should  be  removed  before  their  anthers  have 
opened. 

As  a  guide  to  those  voters  of  the  Gardenebs' 
Benevolent  Institution,  atthenextanniversary,who 
have  no  personal  interests  to  serve,  we  think  it  as 
well  to  place  the  candidates  in  the  order  in  which 
their  claims  appear  to  us  to  stand,  with  reference  to 
the  support  each  has  given  to  the  Charity  while  he 
was  in  a  condition  to  subscribe  to  it ;  for,  as  we 
have  formerly  observed,  it  seems  very  unfair  that 
those  who  have  aided  it  most  by  their  subscriptions 
should  be  placed  in  a  worse  position  than  they  who 
have  done  less,  or,  nothing  at  all.  That  all  are 
equally  deserving  of  the  assistance  of  charitable 
persons  we  can  well  believe,  and  we  should  be 
happy  to  know  that  all  could  be  elected ;  but  as 
there  is  only  room  for  two,  the  following  list  will, 
we  think,  show  distinctly  which  the  two 
should  be :— ^ 

No.  of  years 

during  which 

he  has 

subscribed. 

12 

11 

10 

7 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 


NAU£, 

Green,  James  ... 
Oliver,  Kobeet 
Jackson,  William 
Baitey,  James 
Lawrence,  Jacob 
Thacker,  William 
Robinson,  Cornelius 
Snow,  John 
Blacke,  John  ... 
Marshall,  Edward 
Applebt,  John 
Hopkins,  John 
Schneider,  Henrv 
Carter,  William 
Mearns,  John 


A  correspondent  says :  "  I  hear  nothing  of  the 
hybridising  of  the  beautiful  and  hardy  genus  Iris  ; 
but  it  ought  to  be  done  extensively.  The  structure 
of  the  flower  makes  it  difficult.  Could  you  not 
explain,  in  words  intelligible  to  very  stupid  people, 
how  it  should  be  effected  ?  " 

We  cannot  admit  that  anyreader  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  .should  be  ranked  among  very  stupid 
people  ;  and  therefore  we  must  decline  addressing 
ourselves  to  that  unfortunate  class.  To  the  intelli- 
gent part  of  society  we  say,  in  reply  to  this  question, 
that  the  method  of  proceeding  is  very  simple,  as 
the  following  statement  will  show.  Take  the 
common  large  purple  German  Iris  ;  it  will  be  found 
to  have  three  dark  floral  leaves  which  are  turned 
downwards,  and  three  others  of  a  much  paler  colour 
which  stand  erect.  Cut  off  all  these,  and  a 
part  will  remain  having — 1,  a  somewhat  triangular 
base,  containing  young  seeds ;  2,  a  smooth  tubular 
neck,  from  which  the  floral  leaves  have  been  cat ; 
and  .3,  a  set  of  three  thin  erect  convex  blades, 
which  are  cloven  at  the  upper  end  .and  firmly 
united  at  their  lower.  These  are  styles,  in  the 
state  of  petals.  Beneath  each  style,  and  concealed 
within  the  cavity  which  it  forms,  is  a  stamen  of 
the  usual  structure,  .lust  below  the  cleft  of  the 
styles  there  is  a  transverse  slit,  of  which  the  cloven 
part  forms  the  upper  li 


In  the  prosecution  of  our  researches  into  the  use  of 
Loam,  we  last  week  suggested  that  Mr.  Coles,  the 
seedsman  of  Cranbourn-street,  would  perhaps  tell 
us  for  what  purpose  the  loam  is  used  which  has  been 
carted  for  him  to  Hungerford-market  vaults.  That 
suggestion  has  produced  us  the  following  letter  : — 

"  Sir, — In  answer  to  the  leading  article,  paragraph  14, 
in  last  week's  paper  respecting  the  adulteration  of  GuanOj 
I  beg  to  say,  that  as  far  as  I  am  concerned  in  those 
nefarious  transactions,  I  deny  in  toto  every  word  that 
your  informant  states,  and  defy  him  or  anybody  else  to 
prove  the  delivery  .of  a  single  particle  of  loam  to  either 
the  vaults  in  Hungerford  market,  or  to  the  Wharf  at  the 
bottom  of  Salisbury  Street,  Straud,  and  more  than  that 
I  am  not  a  Guano  dealer,  but  in  an  article  known  under 
the  name  of  the  Compound  Animal  Manure,  of  which 
I  have  sold  a  great  quantity  during  the  last  four  years, 
and  of  which  I  beg  to  enclose  you  a  prospectus,  and 
court  the  most  strict  enquiry  as  to  tlie  genuineness 
and  fertilizing  properties  of  the  above,  and  am  willing 
to  send  Samples,  or  if  more  satisfactory  any  party  may 
come  and  take  samples  themselves  direct  from  the 
premises,  and  I  shall  be  happy  to  giveanyexplanation  they 
may  require  respecting  it.  That  rubbish  is  sold  as  manm'e 
I  am  quite  aware,  as  sometime  ago  I  ordered  of  a  party 
in  the  city  several  tons  of  a  certain  mamu:e  (not  Guano), 
to  be  sent  in  according  to  the  sample  shewn  at  tlie  time 
of  its  being  ordered,  but  upon  its  beiug  sent  it  was  no 
more  like  the  sample  than  chalk  to  cheese,  consequently 
I  sent  it  back,  before  a  bag  was  shot,  and  if  every  body 
that  had  an  impure  article  sent  were  to  do  the  same,  we 
should  soon  have  no  more  complaints  about  the  adultera- 
tion of  manures,  saying  nothing  about  the  robbery 
committed  upon  the  consumers.  Trusting  that  you  will 
insert  the  above  in  vindication  of  the  foul  accusation 
made  against  me, 

"  I  am,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

"H.  Coles. 

"  43,  Cranbom-n-street,  Leicester-square." 

It  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Coles  supposes  our 
observations  to  have  related  to  the  adulteration  of 
guano  ;  but  if  he  will  refer  to  what  we  said,  he  will 
perceive  that  the  inquiry  was  entirely  confined  to 
the  use  of  loam— quite  another  matter.  He  says 
that  he  is  not  a  guano  dealer ;  we  never  said  that  he 
was  ;  we  did  not  suppose  that  he  was  ;  as  far  as  we 
had  any  knowledge  of  his  transactions,  we  had  every 
reason  to  think  that  he  did  not  deal  in  guano :  and 
we  now  entirely  exonerate  him  from  any  paiticipation 
in  the  trade.  The  people  at  Hungerford-market  may 
assert  as  roundly  as  they  please  that  he  is  a  guano 
dealer ;  we  believe  the  exact  contrary. 

He  seems,  however,  to  know  a  great  deal  about 
the  guano  trade,  and  to  havo  a  very  bail  opinion  of 
it.  He  says  he  is  aware  that  "  iiunnisii  "  is  sold  as 
manure  ;  and  even  adds  that  he  has  bought  some 
of  it — and  sent  it  back ;   which  was  not  unnatural. 


■  lip,  and  the  curved  eml  of  the 
concave  portion  forms  the  lower  lip.     If  these  two 

lips  arc  gently  opened  they  will  bo  found  to  present  j  Finally,  he  calls  the  report  that  loam  is  brought  for 
a  viscid  surface,     'J'hat  surface  is  the  stigma,  and    him  to  Hungerford  vaults  "  a  foul  accusation,"  and 
all   which  the  operiilor  has  to  do  is  to  bnmh  the 
pollen  out  of  the  anther  of  one  kind  of  Iris,  and  to 


denies  that  lie  ever  received  a  single  particle  of  it 
eitljcr  there  or  elsewhere.    Aa  we  have  repeatedly 


356 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


rjUNE    5 


said,  we  do  not  understand  why  people  should  be  so 
sensitive  about  being  suspected  of  dealing  in  loam  ; 
loam  is  a  very  useful  material  in  gardening,  espe- 
cially when  containing  calcareous  matter,  and  it 
seems  to  us  the  most  surprising  thing  in  the  world 
that  the  mere  assertion  that  he  receives  loam  at 
Hungerford  vaults  should  be  regarded  by  Mr.  Coles 
as  a  foul  accusation. 

For  ourselves  we  accuse  no  man  ;  we  merely 
state  such  circumstances  of  horticultural  interest  as 
come  to  our  knowledge  ;  and  we  will  now  explain 
out  of  what  "  the  foul  accusation/'  that  Mr.  Coles 
is  a  receiver  of  loam,  arose. 

There  is  a  warehouse  adjoining  the  Surrey  Canal 
belonging  to  Mr.  Pooley,  a  builder,  we  believe. 
To  that  warehouse  clay  is  brought  out  of  Kent  and 
other  districts.  At  that  warehouse,  too,  vans 
belonging  to  Hungerford  Wharf  were  loaded  one 
Saturday  in  April  with  bags  of  loam  or  dried  clay, 
as  was  believed.  They  could  not  have  been  bags 
of  guano,  for  Mr.  Pooley  is  not  known  to  deal  in 
the  article.  These  vans  were  emptied  at  Mr. 
Coles'  vaults.  A  sample  of  the  substance  they  were 
loaded  with  was  taken,  and  is  now  before  us.  A 
portion  has  also  been  analysed  by  Prof,  Way,  who 
finds  it  to  consist  of 

Per  cent. 

Water  and  organic  matter       12.00 

Fine  sand  48.00 

Clay       17.50 

Carbonate  of  lime         9.80 

87.30 
Now  we  submit  that  this  is  calcareous  loam,  and 
very  good  loam,  too.  So  that  Mr.  Coles  must  be 
quite  mistaken  in  saying  that  loam  is  not  carted 
into  his  vaults.  As  to  its  being  the  "  Compound 
Animal  Manure"  alluded  to  in  his  letter,  it  is 
impossible  that  it  can  be  that ;  for  the  compound 
animal  manure  is  sold  at  from  51.  to  8^.  a  ton, 
and  we  are  sure  that  Mr.  Coles  would  be  the  last 
man  to  sell  as  manure  any  substance  nearly  nine- 
tenths  of  which  is  loam. 


ECHEVERIA  RETUSA. 

This  can  scarcely  be  considered  to  be  a  first-class 
plant,  as  respects  either  beauty  or  fragrance,  but  its 
natural  season  of  blooming  being  from  November  to 
April,  it  is  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  those  who 
value  winter  flowers.  Its  culture  is  very  simple,  and 
when,  guarded  from  damp  and  kept  in  a  temperature  of 
from  40"  to  45°  it  will  remain  in  beauty  for  a  very  long 
time. 

It  is  quite  possible  to  propagate  and  grow  the  plants 
to  moderate  sized  specimens  in  one  season,  but  the 
better  way  is  to  root  a  sufficient  stock  of  plants,  and 
have  them  established  in  5-inch  pots  previous  to  winter  ; 
these  are  ready  to  be  placed  in  a  growing  temperature 
early  in  spring,  and  form  finer  specimens  than  can  be 
made  of  plants  propagated  and  grown  in  one  season. 
The  cuttings  may  be  selected  any  time  previous  to  mid- 
summer, and  as  leaves,  or  any  part  of  the  plant,  root 
fi-eely,  and  produce  plants,  these  are  readily  obtained. 
Before  planting,  expose  the  cuttings  in  a  dry  place  until 
the  wounds  become  dry.  Use  light  sandy  soil,  and 
insert  them  very  lightly  ;  cover  with  a  glass,  place 
them  in  a  shady  situation  in  a  moderately  warm  house, 
and  give  no  more  water  than  is  just  sufficient  to  keep 
the  surface  slightly  damp  until  roots  are  emitted,  when 
there  will  be  no  further  danger  of  rotting  or  dampino- 
off";  and  when  this  is  the  case  the  glass  may  be 
removed,  and  water  be  applied  more  liberally. 
Pot  singly,  in  5-inch  pots,  as  soon  as  the  cuttings  are 
moderately  well  rooted,  and  place  them  in  a  close  shady 
situation  for  a  fortnight,  till  they  become  established. 
They  may  then  be  removed  to  an  airy  place  in  the 
greenhouse,  or  elsewhere,  where  they  can  be  protected 
from  drenching  rains.  During  winter  they  will  merely 
require  protection  from  frost  and  damp— and  at  that 

season  very  little  water  should  be  applied  to  the  soil 

but  they  should  be  set  near  the  glass.  If  any  of  the 
plants  throw  up  flower  stems  tliese  should  be  removed; 
but  unless  they  are  kept  in  too  high  a  temperature,  and 
over  freely  watered,  this  will  not  happen. 

Early  in  March,  place  the  plants  in  a  moist  growing 
temperature  of  about  50° ;  gradually  increase  the  supply 
of  water,  and  encourage  active  growth.  As  soon  as 
the  pots  are  moderately  filled  with  active  roots,  shift 
into  a-iuch  pots,  and  place  the  plants  in  a  rather  close 
part  of  the  house  till  the  roots  get  hold  of  the  fresh 
soil.  When  they  appear  to  be  well  established,  after 
potting,  they  should  be  freely  exposed  to  sun  and  air 
on  all  favourable  occasions.  About  the  middle  or  end 
of  Miiy  they  may  be  removed  to  a  cold  frame,  which 
■will  afford  a  very  suitable  situation  for  them  during  the 
summer  mouths— but  if  the  weather  should  prove  cold 
and  damp  immediately  they  are  placed  there,  the  frame 
must  be  kept  rather  close,  to  prevent  the  plants  from 
susUmmg  a  check.  Admit  air  freely  during  bright 
aa}'s— sprmUle  overhead  and  shut  up  early  in  the 
atteruoon.  If  all  goes  on  properly  a  second  shift  will 
be  required  m  June,  and  ou  this  occasion  the  plants 
may  receive  12.inch  pots.  Keep  the  frame  rather 
Close,  and  wuh  a  moist  atmosphere,  lowerin^^  the 
tempei-atm-e  by  means  of  a  slight  shade  dm-ing  bright 


sunshine ;  water  cautiously  at  the  root,  but  freely  with 
the  syringe  overhead,  till  the  roots  appear  to  have  laid 
hold  of  the  fresh  soil. 

In  order  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  display  of 
blossom,  it  will  be  necessary  to  havethe  growth  perfectly 
ripened  during  autumn  ;  this  will  be  easily  effected  by 
gradually  reducing  the  supply  of  water  to  the  soil,  and 
exposing  the  plants  to  the  sun's  rays,  and  the  freest 
possible  circulation  of  air.  I  need  not  say  that  while 
the  object  is  to  mature  the  growth,  the  plants  should 
occupy  a  situation  where  they  will  be  protected  from 
rain.  Towards  the  end  of  September  they  may  be 
placed  in  the  closest  end  of  the  greenhouse,  and  if  a  few 
are  placed  in  a  pit  where  a  little  artificial  heat  can  be 
afforded  them,"  they  will  be  in  blossom  early,  and  the 
flowering  season  may  be  prolonged  from  the  beginning 
of  November  to  the  middle  of  April,  by  a  little  attention, 
in  bringing  a  portion  of  the  plants  into  a  warmer  place, 
at  intervals  of  about  six  weeks,  leaving  some  to  flower 
in  ordinary  greenhouse  temperature.  The  flower  stems 
should  be  tied  to  neat  stakes,  so  placed  as  to  give  the 
plants  the  desired  form,  and  this  should  be  attended  to 
soon  after  the  stems  begin  to  elongate,  as  they  are  liable 
to  be  broken  and  injured,  when  this  is  deferred  until 
they  attain  their  full  length.  As  already  intimated,  a 
rather  dry  atmosphere,  with  a  temperature  of  about  45**, 
is  most  suitable  during  the  flowering  period.  If  there 
is  a  stock  of  young  plants  in  hand,  the  specimens  may 
be  thrown  to  the  rubbish-heap,  as  soon  as  their  beauty 
is  over  ;  or  the  flower-stems  may  be  cut  back,  and  the 
plants  placed  in  the  greenhouse,  and  watered  very 
carefully  until  they  commence  growth.  If  treated  during 
summer  and  autumn  as  recommended,  they  wiilprobably 
make  large  specimens,  and  flower  as  freely  as  they  did 
last  season,  but  especial  care  must  be  observed  not  to 
overwater  at  any  time  ;  for  if  the  soil  ever  gets  into  a 
soddened  condition,  the  plants  will  probably  do  but  little 
good  afterwards. 

The  soil  for  this  Echeveria  should  be  light  and  rich, 
such  as  water  will  pass  through  freely.  Two-thirds 
light  turfy  loam,  one-third  rich  turfy  peat  or  leaf-soil, 
with  a  liberal  admixture  of  silver  sand,  small  potsherds, 
or  charcoal,  will  answer  perfectly.  Alpha. 


FOREIGN  GARDEN  GLEANINGS. 

In  the  few  notes  I  sent  you  on  German  gardens  I  did 
not  mention  Potzdam.  I  had  an  old  prejudice  against 
Sans  Souci,  derived  from  a  dislike  to  Frederick  theGreat 
and,  moreover,  all  who  have  not  been  there,  have,  I  suS' 
pect,  a  notion  that  Potzdam  is  in  the  midst  of  a  sandy 
desert.  We  were,  indeed,  agreeably  disappointed  ;  the 
terrace,  or  rather  the  series  of  (I  believe)  six  terraces, 
mounted  by  broad  flights  of  steps,  was  by  far  the 
grandest  garden  feature  I  ever  saw — finer  than  anything 
at  Versailles.  At  the  top  was  a  long  range  of  Villa  or 
Casino-building,  in  which  Frederick  so  much  delighted 
and  no  wonder,  for  the  garden  at  his  feet  was  exquisite, 
and  instead  of  the  sandy  desert,  the  view  was  very 
pleasing — wood,  water,  green  plains  and  low  hills,  and 
fine  groups  of  trees.  The  sides  of  the  terraces  are  faced 
by  high  brick  walls,  against  which  Grapes  and  other 
fruit  trees  were  planted,  and  protected  by  upright  glazed 
sashes.  I  suspect  that  there  had  been  a  failure  of  the 
Grape  crop  at  Sans  Souci  or  elsewhere  last  autumn, 
for  I  did  not  see  a  single  bunch  of  iruit  ;  the  Vines 
and  trees  did  not  appear  to  have  been  much  pruned  or 
thinned.  Along  the  edge  of  each  terrace  there  were  gay 
flower  borders  of  showy  common  plants,  and  espe- 
cially those  having  fine  shaped  or  beautifully  coloured 
leaves.  I  have  already  noticed  the  taste  in  Berlin  and 
elsewhere,  in  the  north  of  Germany,  for  groups  of  herba- 
ceous plants  with  fine  leaves,  and  I  hope  soon  to  see  this 
introduced  into  England,  and  that  there  will  be  some 
addition  made  in  the  eternal  pattern  beds,  the  ill-kept 
shrubbery  borders,and  the  herbaceous  bordersof  our  best 
gardens.  Rhubarb,  Beet,  Angelica,  New  Zealand  Flax, 
Palraa  Christi,  and  all  the  Cannas,  especially  Canna 
discolor,  are  the  principal  plants.  In  addition  to  the 
vases  and  sculpture,  there  were  placed  along  the  whole 
line  of  the  edges  of  the  terrace,  at  equal  distances, 
immense  yellow  Gourds  (Poterium  jaune),  and  others  of 
a  large  kind,  ribbed,  and  of  different  shapes,  which  had 
been  cut  and  were  left  to  ripen  in  the  sun  before  storing 
for  winter  use.  This,  I  was  told,  was  the  especial  taste 
of  the  king  ;  this  being  his  favourite  garden,  and  his 
usual  summer  residence.  The  effect  was  excellent ;  and 
at  a  distance  looked  like  a  line  of  gilt  and  bronze  vases. 
The  king,  however,  is  not  singular  in  his  admiration  of 
gourds  ;  his  taste  is  shared  by  one  of  the  most  elo- 
quent and  original  of  modern  American  writers. 

"  Speaking  of  summer  Squashes,  I  must  say  a  word  of 
their  beautiful  and  varied  forms.  They  presented  an 
endless  diversity  of  urns  and  vases,  shallow  or  deep, 
scalloped  or  plain,  moulded  in  patterns  which  a  sculptor 
would  do  well  to  copy,  since  art  has  never  invented  any- 
thing more  graceful.  A  hundred  Squashes  in  the  garden 
were  worthy,  in  my  eyes,  at  least,  of  being  rendered 
indestructible  in  marble  ;  if  ever  Providence  (but  I  know 
it  never  will),  should  assign  me  a  superfluity  of  gold, 
part  of  it  shall  be  expended  for  a  service  of  plate,  or 
most  delicate  porcelain,  to  be  wrought  into  the  shapes  of 
summer  Squashes,  gathered  from  Vines  which  I  will 
plant  with  my  own  hands.  As  dishes  for  containing  vege- 
tables they  would  be  peculiarly  appropriate." 

Independently  of  the  originality  and  beauty  of  the 
garden,  and  the  view  from  the  terrace.  Sans  Souci  must, 
from  historical  associations,  always  be  interesting — the 
retirement  of  old  Fritz,  the  grave  of  his  horse  and 
his  dogSj  perhaps  the  only  creatm'es  he  really  loved:  and 


where,  probably,  many  of  his  plans  for  his  campi 
and  conquests  were  first  thought  over  and  worked 
But  notwithstanding  its  assumed  nominal  absenc 
care,  I  dare  say  neither  the  King  nor  his  courtiers 
able  to  charm  away  that  which  must  have  been  insf 
able  from  one  with  his  objects,  and  those  who  ] 
under  him.  There  reigns  through  the  garden 
all  the  adjoining  garden  buildings  an  Italian  air, 
perhaps,  well  suited  to  the  climate  ;  long  wreatl 
Vines  and  Ivy  are  grown  so  as  to  twine  round 
Oranges  and  other  trees  placed  on  the  terrace,  and 
edges  of  most  of  the  borders  are  festooned  with 
shoots  of  Vines,  planted  at  intervals,  while  in 
roads  leading  to  the  house  Vines  are  festo< 
from  tree  to  tree  so  as  (but  for  the  climatE 
bring  all  Italy  to  one's  mind — whilst  we  were  t 
a  fierce  cold  continual  northern  wind  was  I 
ing,  and  made  one  think  more  of  coughs  and  ^ 
coats  than  Italy.  By  the  side  of  the  road  alac 
Italian  arbour  walks,  consisting  of  a  low  brick 
with  open  lattice  work  with  brick  columns  and  tr 
verse  rafters  of  wood  covered  with  Vines,  but 
grown  for  the  leaves,  I  suspect.  There  is  also  nei 
Sans  Souci  a  beautiful  little  Pompeian  viU%  carel 
executed  and  decorated  according  to  authority 
Zhann,  who  had  published  an  elaborate  work  ou  F 
peian  ornaments  ;  and  two  or  three  miles  from 
town  is  a  small  castellated  house  built  by  the  Cr 
Prince  near  the  lake  ;  the  grounds  are  beautiful, 
as  far  as  I  could  judge,  the  very  best  imitation  of  En| 
park  grounds  and  garden  I  ever  saw.  I  unders 
Prince  Puckler  was  the  person  who  directed  the 
position  and  the  planting  of  the  grounds,  and  his  ^ 
ou  gardening  shows  that  he  was  a  master  of  the 
The  house  and  the  gardens  both  of  Sans  Souci, 
Pompeian  villa,  and  the  Crown  Prince's  Cassinc 
shown  to  all  comers  with  the  greatest  liberality 
understood  that  there  was  a  large  forcing  establishi 
for  fruit  at  the  Royal  gardens  at  Potzdam,  but  tl 
did  not  see.  It  is  well  to  have  reports  from  diffe 
persons  of  the  same  place.  The  reports  already  print* 
the  C/tronicZe  speak  well  of  the  Berlin  nurseries.  I 
although  I  took  some  pains  at  Berlin  to  find  a  j 
nurseryman''s  garden,  and  although  a  distinguii 
botanist  took  me  to  one  which  he  said  was  the  be 
own  I  was  much  disappointed  ;  everything  seeme 
bad  condition — the  Camellias  and  Azaleas  spine 
and  drawn — the  orchidaceous  plants  ill-grown 
crowded — and  the  few  flowers  there  were  rotting  in 
cold  and  damp  of  the  house.  But  yet  the  numbe] 
well-grown  plants  one  sees  in  the  plant-cellars 
shops  prove  that  there  must  be  some  places  wl 
floriculture  is  well  imderstood.  Dodman. 


GREEN  CURLED  ENDIVE. 

It  is  now  nearly  30  years  since  Mr.  Kershaw, 
gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland  at  West  Hill  Hi 
Wandsworth,  had  given  him  by  some  traveller  a  di 
green  curled  and  very  compact  Endive,  which  no, 
possessed  but  himself ;  and,  being  one  of  the  old  s(j 
of  practitioners,  he  took  good  care  to  keep  it  exclnsj 
for  his  own  use  as  long  as  he  could.     Up  to  that  p 
green  Endive  was  not  curled,  but  large  coarse  bi 
leaved,  and  very  tough  to  eat.     Now,  however, 
markets  are  supplied  with  this  valuable  sort,  whi 
grown  very  fine  and  sold  cheap.    When  the  winter 
not  very  wet,  the  markets  are  generally  well  furn 
with  Endive.     All  through  the  past  season  it  nevei 
finer,  many  heads  weighing  from  a  half  to  three  qaa 
of  a  pound  undressed,  compact  and  finely  blaa 
The  harder  the  frost  the  better  Eudive  keeps,  J 
growers   now  all    resort    to    that    famous    prot* 
material,  straw. 

Endive  seed  is  sown  at  various  times,  beginni.' 
June  and  sowing  monthly  afterwards.      The  p; 
which  are  generaUy  of  good  size  before  plantin 
put  in  pretty  deep  in  light  ground,  in  order  to  assi 
blanching.     They  generally  stand  a  footer  so  apart 
way.     The  first  plantations  are  made  amongst 
crops,  which  succeed  them  ;  but  for  winter  it  is  m 
planted  in  sheltered  places,  such  as  under  walls,  h  i 
and  ou  prepared  ridges,  sloping  to  the  south  or 
the  grand  secret  being  to  have  it  high  and  dry 
well-drained  light  land.     Should  the   winter  hap 
be  very  wet,  the  plants  are  hfted  and  put  into  fi 
sheds,  lofts,  and  other  out-houses  ;  but  if  frosty 
are  covered  with  straw.     The  value  of  this  coverii 
not  sufficiently  appreciated  many  years  ago,  and  ev( 
some  take  the  plants  up,  which  soon  get  rotten  and 
Market  gardeners  not  onlycover  their  Endive  with 
but  they  also  employ  it  as  a  protection  for  other 
Many  of  them  now  use  it  for  early  out-of-doors  Rb 
Mr.   Randall  protects  the  whole  of  this  crop,  t 
putting  a  small  forkful  on  the  crowns.     When  th  |fl 
begins  to  grow,  it  lifts   up  the   straw,  which, 
affords  ample  protection  against  frost,  no  wind  ca," 
off.     Under  this  covering,  the  leaves  are  not  tf* 
large,  the  stems  are    pink-coloured,  the   skin  1' 
half  so  thick,  nor  half  so  acid  ;  and  when  cookejl" 
sugar  is  required.     This  year  Mr.  Martiu,  one  i^ 
oldest    market  gardeners  here,  covered,  for   tl  6 
time,  about  half  an  acre  of  early  Rhubarb,  and  I|* 
est  uncovered.     When  I  saw  it,  that  protected  |»s 
foot  hiMi,  while  the  uncovered  portion  was  just^? 
uiug  to  grow,  producing  broad  leaves  and  shori, 3" 
Straw  forms  an  excellent  shading  for  the  grour  * 
afterwards  it  is  a  good  manure.     It  is  therefore  ^ 
important   covering   for   Endive,    which   it    eff(  >* 
{o-otects  in  winter^  and^  at  the  same  time,  it  peri  ^ ' 


3ulate  amougst  the  plants,  thereby  keeping  them 

rotting  ;  iu  mild  weather  the  straw  is  taken  oif. 

t  ler  ordinary  management,  Endive  is  plentifully 

,{  ed  to  the  markets  all  the  winter.     Owing  to  the 

tss   of  the   weather,  and   this   Iting   of  coverings, 

,  it  wag  had  in  good  condition  this  year  up  to  the 

af  March.     Late  planted  Globe  Artichokes  might 

oe  preserved   by  a  handful  of  straw   being  laid 

I  them  in  autumn  ;  and  in  fact  it  is  one  of  the  very 

protecting  materials  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

not  only  valuable  for  covering  vegetables  with,  but 

rere  seasons,  like  that  we  have  just  experienced,  it 

saves   the  crop   of  fruit  on  wall  trees.    James 

Uj  Denmarh  Hill,  Camherwell. 


Home    CorreBpondenoe. 

irdiness  of  the  recently  introduced  Califomian 
olhes. — Believing  that  a  few  observations  relative 
B  hardiness  of  Ceanothus  papillosus,  dentatus,  and 
08  might  prove  interesting,  I  have  sent  you  the 
ffiDg  facts  respecting  them  : — In  May,  last  year, 
Is  requested  to  plant  out  one  of  each  sort  against  a 
Ihaving  a  west  aspect;  I  prepared  a  compost  of 
and  loam  in  about  equal  parts,  in  which  I  planted 
;  they  grew  rapidly  until  late  in  the  autumn,  when 
jan  to  entertain  some  doubts  as  to  their  safety 
ig  winter  without  protection,  but  as  they  were 
«d  for  the  purpose  of  testing  their  hardiness,  they 
left  uncovered,  and  to  my  great  satisfaction  they 
stood  the  winter  without  sustaining  the  least  injury, 
ipillosus  has  been  covered  with  flowers  since  the 
lie  of  April ;  our  plant  is  about  5  feet  high  and 
■-t  in  width  ;  C.  dentatus  is  now  coming  into  bloom, 
is  equally  full  of  pretty  blue  flowers,  which  are 
what  darker  than  those  of  papillosus,  but  not  so 
;  C.  ri;^idu3  does  not  show  any  sign  of  flowering  at 
;nt,  probably  it  will  blossom  in  autumn.  One  of  each 
e  above  kinds  was  planted  out  in  the  open  quarter 
me,  and  tliey  also  made  rapid  growth,  but  they  did 
tand  the  winter  so  well  as  those  planted  against 
irall.  C.  rigidus  stood  without  the  least  injm-y,  C. 
Uosos  was  injured  at  the  points  of  the  shoots,  and 
sntatus  was  quite  kiUed.  As  evergreens  for  a  wall, 
re  such  plants  are  required,  these  fine  Ceanothes 
ifot  be  too  extensively  planted ;  their  beautiful 
ng  foliage,  and  exquisite  blue  flowers,  render  them 
rta  of  universal  admiration.  O.  W.  Mason,  Foreman, 
hgaU  Nursery,  Chichester. 

imate  of  (he  far  North  of  Scotland. — Being  particu- 
■  interested  iu  subjects  relating  to  climate,  I  beg 
fer  a  few  observations  suggested  by  reading  "J.  H.'s  " 
r  (see  p.  325)  to  your  correspondent  Mi\  Webster 
p.293).  But  as  I  have  afew  remarks  to  make  on  each 
le  articles  just  alluded  to,  I  shall  notice  them  in  the 
|fr  iu  which  they  appeared.  That  the  climate  of  the 
|h  of  Scotland  is  comparatively  uniform  I  have  had 
I  le  opportunity  of  observing ;  but  I  must  dissent  from 
I  Webster's  opinion  in  supposing  that  tlie  causes 
;h  influence  the  temperature  there,  *'  apart  from  the 
nee  of  the  sun,"  are  either  "  unknown  "  or  "  unex- 
led,"  as  he  would  have  us  to  believe.  On  tlie 
rary,  philosophers  have  established  facts  from  which 
}  easy  to  adduce  that  the  causes  which  operate  so 
hficially  in  promoting  a  uniformity  of  climate  in  the 
I  them  Islands  of  Scotland,  are  by  no  means 
terminable.  In  fact,  it  would  be  more  difficult 
pply  a  theory  that  would  account  for  the  chmate 
■e,  were  it  other  than  uniform,  as  a  reference  to 
records  of  distinguished  men,  who  have  made 
1  matters  their  study,  will  show.  The  great 
rent  of  the  Atlantic,  to  which  you  have  already 
lied,  and  which  has,  at  its  commencement,  its  surface- 
;r  heated  to  SO**  or  85°,  and  which  in  its  circuit 
aps  the  shores  of  those  blands,  contributes  materially 
litigate  the  cold  of  winter  in  such  places  coming  so 
lediately  under  its  equalising  influence  as  those 
ids  do.  Although  we  cannot  account  for  the  mild 
ters  enjoyed  by  the  inhabitants  of  tliose  inlands, 
lout  having  recourse  to  this  warm  current,  I  canno:, 
!  leave  of  it  without  expressing  my  belief  that  it  is  not 
his  cause  alone  that  the  unilormity  of  temperature 
>lely  attributable  ;  for  in  these  northern  wlaiids  only 
nail  amount  of  evaporation  takes  place  during  winter, 
)naequence  of  the  sky  being  almost  always  ovei-spread 
1  clouds,  which  not  only  prevent  the  earth  from 
Ig  cooled,  but  radiates  heat  to  it  —  heat  which 
/  have  been  absorbed  in  the  formation  of  vapour 
ho  tropical  seas.  These  causes,  combined  with  the 
ospheric  currents, being,  I  believe.sutticient  to  account 
the  climate  "  in  the  far  north,"  I  shall  turn  my 
mtion  to  wanner  latittidcH,  and  notice  the  information 
itribuled  to  us  by  "J.  H."  in  reHpect  to  the  altitudes 
ffhich  Wheat  ripens  on  Teneriffe  and  tho  Himalaya. 
mot  the  circum.HtanrM--  bo  accounted  for  more 
rectly  than  *' J.  H.V  opinion  docs  \  At  all  events 
know  that  a«  a  great  pf>rtion  of  the  warmth  of  tho 
lOHphr^ro  comes  Ui  it  indirectly  from  tho  earth,  and 
Himalaya  mountains,  having  a  vaut  hmus  of  elevated 
d,  muHt,  as  a  couHcquence,  place  tho  Hituation  at 
ich  Wheat  will  ripen  at  a  greater  altitude  than  at 
lerifTe  ;  notwithstanding  ita  being  nearer  the  eipiatrjr 
■o  the  IlimalaynH,  itn  Hurariiit  preflentH  a  much 
*!!«•  «urfaco  to  receive  and  communicato  radiant 
It  /.  /C. 

^rly  SirawJjerry. — Cuthiira  "  Black  Princo"  appears 
dtterve  a  place  in  every  collection  ;  if  I  waa  near 
ndoo  I  «liould  like  to  H'.-nd  you  a  few  fruit  gathf;red 
it«rd&y  (May  2G;,  off  plantH  near  a  wmiU-i-iwt  wall, 
1  ripened  without  any  artiflcial  appliance.    Hiza  good 


r 


_i 


for  so  early  a  period  ;  this  being  the  third  season  since 
the  plants  were  set,  they  are  stronger  and  promise  better 
than  at  first.  The  fact  of  the  slugs  attacking  them 
vigorously  is  no  bad  proof  of  their  ripeness  and  quality. 
J.  Abdl,  Limerich. 

New  Ilardy  Bulboits  Plant. — Will  you  oblige  me  with 
the  name  of  the  enclosed  bulb  I  I  received  it,  with 
many  other  rare  things  from  Dr.  Drayton,  of  the  Royal 
Hospital,  Greenwich,  in  the  shape  of  seed,  15  years  ago, 
and  this  is  the  first  time  of  its  flowering.  It  has  been 
exposed  to  all  weathers  for  these  six  years,  in  as  unsheltered 
a  situation  as  could  well  be  conceived,  and  treated  hke 
Scillas,  Hyacinths,  and  Narcissi.  I  believe  that  it  was 
collected  in  India,  on  high  mountains,  above  16,000  feet 
above  the  sea.  John  H.  Thomas,  16,  John-street,  Green- 
wich. [This  is  Habranthus  intermedins,  a  Brazilian 
bulb  :  its  hardiness  is  a  very  unexpected  discovery.] 

Ficinigators. — Perhaps  the  accompanying  section  of 
my  fumigator  will  fni-nish  the  best  answer  to  "Delta's" 
inquiry  respecting  it,  and  help  to  illustrate 
my  previous  description.  I  consider  that 
having  the  top  riveted  on  gives  strength 
and  steadiness  to  the  apparatus,  the  only 
moveable  part  being  the  funnel.  Of  course 
the  contrivance  admits  of  various  modi- 
fications ;  for  example,  the  top  might  be 
made  moveable,  so  as  to  slip  over  the  sides 
of  the  cylinder,  like  a  lid ;  or  the  funnel 
might  be  made  "  funnel  mouthed,"  to  slip 
over  in  the  same  manner,  &c.  The  expense 
of  our  fumigator,  which  is  a  very  strong 
one,  calculated  to  last  for  many  years,  was 
8s.  6d.  With  reference  to  the  section  :  a 
is  the  ash-pan  ;  ft,  the  grating  or  fire-bars ; 
c,  charcoal ;  d,  tobacco  ;  e,  flange  ;  /, 
1  funnel  (slightly  raised 

I  V/"!^      ^^  show  how  it  fits 

^-^  on)  ;  ^,  handle.  In 
your  Number  for 
May  22,  p.  325,  I 
observe  an  article  by 
"A.  B.,  Wimbledon,"  in  which,  while 
advocating  the  cause  of  the  fanner- 
blast  fumigator,  he  aUudes  to  the  one 
above  described  in  a  way  wliich  I  con- 
sider calculated  to  mislead.  Any  one 
conversant  witli  the  rationale  of  cur- 
rents of  air,  or  fire-draughts,  is  aware  that  such 
a  choffer  as  that  now  represented  will  draw,  and 
that  even  in  a  close  house.  In  fact  it  can  be  kept 
burning  in  any  house  of  ordinary  construction,  for 
any  length  of  time,  with  neither  door  nor  ventilator 
open.  And  as  a  house,  40  feet  long  by  14  feet  wide, 
can  be  filled  with  smoke  in  five  minutes,  "  A.  B."  need 
not  be  anxious  about  the  deterioration  or  heating  of  the 
air  ;  and,  as  tobacco  can  be  put  in  the  apparatus  from 
time  to  time,  as  necessary,  a  long  range  of  houses  may 
be  fumigated  without  re-lighting,  and  in  a  very  short 
time.  It  is  not  necessai'y  that  the  operator  should  be 
constantly  in  the  house  with  the  apparatus,  &o  he  can 
ascertain  from  the  outside  whether  or  not  it  burns  too 
fast ;  or,  if  preferred,  the  fumigator  itself  can  be  kept 
outside  ;  for  a  knee'd  or  bent  tube  might  be  fitted  on  to 
the  top  of  the  funnel,  to  turn  in  any  direction,  or  be 
carried  any  distance.  The  experiment  made  by  "  A.  B." 
is  altogether  inconclusive  ;  hanging  fire  in  a  crate  under 
a  funnel  is  a  very  difierent  affair  from  enclosing  it  in  a 
cylinder,  and  causing  the  air  to  pass  tlirough  it.  Q.  E., 
Fife. 

Care  for  Mildew  on  the  Vine  and  other  Plants. — The 
first  spot  of  mildew  which  has  been  publicly  recorded 
to  have  been  seen  on  the  Grape  Vine  in  this  country,  was 
noticed  by  myself  in  the  gardens  of  the  Horticiiltural 
Society,  in  the  year  1846,  This  is  a  very  interesting 
fact,  MS  it  is  certain  that  the  same  species  of  oidium  had 
previously  attacked  a  great  many  otlier  plants,  native 
as  '.veil  as  exotic  ;  and  it  is  marvellous  that  all  at  once 
it  should  break  out  so  generally  on  the  Vine,  both  in  this 
country  and  on  tiie  Continent,  at  the  same  time  that  the 
Botrytis  infe^taiis  was  devastating  the  Potato  crop, 
Various  remedies  have  at  times  been  suggested  for  both 
species  of  mildew,  although  not  tho  slightest  encourage- 
ment, byway  of  reward,  has  been  hitlierto  offered,  either 
by  our  Government  or  our  great  national  societies, 
notwithstanding  produce  to  the  amount  of  millions  was 
every  year  falling  a  sacrifice  beneath  tlieir  insidious 
attacks.  Why  matters  of  such  great  importance  to  tli 
landed  interest  should  be  treated  with  such  apathy, 
while  palatial  Schools  of  Design  can  be  erected  and 
supported  for  tho  benefit  chiefly  of  those  concerned  iu 
trade,  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know.  Yet  it  is  certain  that, 
but  for  tile  discoveries  of  men  who  have  devoted  the  best 
part  of  their  lives  to  tiie  study  of  these  fungi,  with  no 
other  hope  than  that  of  increasing  the  stock  of  natural 
science,  we  might  still  have  been  in  ignorance  of 
the  cause  of  the  destruction  both  of  the  Potato  and  the 
Vine  crops  ;  and  without  a  knowledge  of  the  cause,  to 
attompt  a  remedy,  it  is  at  best  but  groping  in  the  dark. 
I  Imvu  myself  tried  various  experiments,  some  of  wliich 
have  been  [>artially  aucce.saful  ;  but  1  am  happy  to  say 
that  I  have  at  leuj^th  hit  upon  a  very  simple  method  of 
a[)[ilyitig  Hulphur,  which  has  in  a  sh';rt  time  accomplished 
all  that  I  couhi  desire,  nami--ly,  tho  total  extirpation  of 
the  mildew  from  every  part  of  my  Vines.  In  tiio  firnt 
plau(;,  I  had  the  stems  and  old  hranch<;n  painted  with 
Hulpliur  and  triiiii  oil;  but  in  Kjilto  of  thiH,  a  i'orlnight 
ago,  HpotH  of  mildew  aiipcarud  on  many  of  the  leaves, 
I>r;tioI(:M,  anrt  yoiirii^  wotxl.  My  vcxutiou  at  tho  thouj^ht 
of  loHing  my  (rrop  for  tho  third  time  drove  mo  almont 
to  tho  rugiouD  of  despair  j  but  after  a  littlo  rufloction  I 


threw  an  ounce  of  powdered  sulphur  into  a  water  pot 
nearly  filled  with  water,  and  taking  up  a  syringe  (one 
of  Eead's)  repeatedly  squirted  the  water  upon  the 
sulphur  till  it  was  properly  mixed  ;  and  while  thus  iield 
in  suspension,  immediately  syringed  the  Vines  in  every 
direction,  uamg  considerable  force.  This  was  within 
two  or  three  days  of  their  coming  into  bloom.  When 
I  examined  the  Vines  next  day,  I  rejoiced  greatly,  for 
not  a  particle  of  living  mildew  was  visible  even  under 
my  microscope,  but  merely  the  dark  spots,  where  the 
tiny  forests  had  recently  luxuriated,  covered  with  heaps 
of  their  demolished  stems,  thrown  together  and  glued 
into  a  paste  by  means  of  their  own  viscous  covering, 
incrnsted  with  the  fine  particles  of  sulphur,  so  as  to 
resemble  rocks  of  yellowish  coral.  If  the  mixture  be 
applied  properly,  every  portion  of  the  Vines  will  be 
sprinkled  with  the  sulphur;  for,  by  using  sufiicient 
force,  it  will  fall  like  a  mist  or  fine  spray,  and  wherever 
it  falls  no  mildew  can  live.  I  have  ascertained,  however, 
that  it  is  not  killed  by  the  application  of  dry  sulphur, 
but  continues  to  thrive  in  the  intervals  of  the  particles 
of  sulphur,  which,  in  a  dry  form,  do  not  come  into 
immediate  contact  with  it.  Another  disadvantage  of 
the  dry  application  is,  that  it  does  not  adhere  to  the 
smooth  upright  petioles  and  other  parts,  as  will  be  found 
to  be  the  case,  when  applied  in  the  manner  I  have  above 
described.  Should  the  mildew  appear  again  on  the  new 
foliage,  which  I  think  very  probable,  the  operation  must 
be  repeated  until  the  berries  begin  to  colour,  after  which 
there  is  no  danger,  for  the  juice  has  then  undergone  a 
change,  which  this  pai-asite  does  not  affect.  When  I 
call  to  mind  the  pleasant  smiles  of  some  of  my  friends, 
the  mocks  of  others,  and  the  triumphant  postulate  of  a 
third  party,  that  studies  of  this  kind  were  mere  waste 
of  time,  it  will  be  some  consolation  to  learn  that 
the  result  has  been  as  successful  with  others  as  I 
have  found  it,  for  it  does  not  the  slightest  injury  ; 
and  when  all  danger  of  the  mildew  returning  is 
past,  may  be  washed  off  with  clear  water  with  the 
same  instrument  that  applied  it.  This  plan  is 
equally  available  to  Vines  out  of  doors,  and  no  doubt 
will  prove  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  Viueyards 
abroad,  as  also  to  Peach,  Rose,  and  other  trees,  and 
Verbenas  and  other  plants  in  pits,  which  are  commonly 
infested  with  the  same  species  of  mildew,  which  for  this 
reason  I  have  named  "  Oidium  commune."  I  have  no 
doubt  that  it  will  also  be  found  equally  efficacious  in 
stopping  the  Potato  mildew,  at  least  in  pits  and  small 
plots,  but  upon  this  plant  I  have  not  yet  tried  it. 
F.  J.  d'aham,  Cranford,  Jime  1. 

Poison  for  Ants. — Ferrocyanide  of  potass,  1  drachm  ; 
raspings  of  quassia,  1  drachm  ;  boil  together,  and  add 
sugar  to  make  a  syrup.  The  ants  will  eat  this  greedily, 
and  repent  when  too  late.  G.  J.,  Farnham. 

Liquid  Manure  made  from  Poultry  Dung. — I  have 
read  with  considerable  interest  various  articles  on  adulte- 
rated guano,  and  my  reason  for  writing  is  to  call  atten- 
tion to  a  home-made  manure  equal,  if  not  better,  than 
any  guano  ever  imported — I  mean  poultry  dung.  I 
have  used  it  for  a  considerable  time,  and  I  now  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  it  ought  always  to  be  employed  in 
a  liquid  state.  I  find  it  to  be  an  excellent  manm*e  for 
almost  all  sorts  of  soft-wooded  plants,  as  well  as  vege- 
tables, which  it  is  desirable  to  grow  quickly  ;  hard- 
wooded  plants  do  not  form  an  exception,  but  for  them 
it  requires  to  be  u«ed  with  greater  caution.  I  put  one  ' 
spadeful  of  maniire  to  fifty  gallons  of  water,  stirring  it 
up,  and  it  is  fit  for  use  ;  half  that  quantity  of  dmig  is 
sufficient  for  plants  in  pots.  J.  Rust,  Enfield. 

The  B'roinn  TurJcey  Fig. — There  are  two  fine  specimens 
of  this  Fig  growing  here  against  a  west  aspect  wall  ; 
extension  from  one  extremity  to  the  other  58  feet, 
height  17  feet,  being  8  feet  above  the  top  of  the  wall ; 
branches  projecting  from  the  wall  7  feet  ;  projecting  on 
each  side,  at  the  top  of  the  wall,  making  1 4  feet  through. 
To  give  an  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  these  trees  a 
moderate  size  bower  has  been  made  within  their  gigantic 
branches,  containing  seats  and  a  flower-basket  in  the 
centre.  The  contrast  between  the  bright  flowers  and 
the  beautiful  dark  foliage  of  the  Fig,  which  forms  a 
fining  to  the  bower,  has  a  very  pleasing  effect.  ^  The 
trees  are  loaded  with  fruit,  and  are  swelling  nicely, 
many  being  as  large  as  pigeons'  eggs.  We  seldom  fail  in 
having  a  good  crop  of  Figs;  this  I  partly  impute  to 
leaving  the  trees  to  take  their  natural  course,  never 
applying  the  knife  to  them  by  any  chance;  if  they  grow 
too  luxuriant  the  best  plan,  I  find,  is  to  lay  in  as  many  of 
the  branches  as  is  convenient,  which  soon  throws  them 
into  bearing.  /.  /.,  Bodrhyddany  North  Wales, 


Societies?* 

RovAL  Botanic,  Regent's  Park,  May  29.~In  con- 
sequence of  an  exhibition  of  American  plants  having 
been  announced  to  take  place  this  day,  we  attended. 
With  tho  exception  of  a  few  of  tho  earlier  kinds,  tho 
plants  were  not  in  bloom.  Owing  to  tlie  i-ain,  whicli  fell 
heavily,  nobody  was  there;  and  although  the  ground  had 
been  put  in  order  for  tho  reception  of  company,  it  was 
suffering  much  from  tho  wet,  which  poured  in  between 
tho  ridges  of  tho  canvas  covering. 

LiNNHAN,  May  24  :  Annivichsary.  —  Tho  following 
gentlomou  wore  elected  oHiccrs  for  tho  euHuing  year  : 
R.  Hrown,  Esq.,  President  ;  W.  YaiTell,  I'^sq.,  Trea- 
surer ;  J.J.  Bennett,  Esq.,  Secretary  ;  and  R.Taylor, 
Ewq.,  Under- Secrotary.  Tho  following  five  Fellows 
wero  elected  members  of  tho  Cimncil  :  C.  Dauliony, 
M.D.,  W.  U.  FittoijjM.D.jG.  K  Gray,  Esq.,  J.  Reeves, 


Esq., and  J,  F.  Stephens,  Esq.,  in  the  room  of  T.Bell,  Esq., 
G.  Busk,  Esq.,  J.  Hogg,  Esq.,  E.  Lankester,  M.D,,  and 
W.  Spenee,  Esq.,  who  retired.  The  Secretary  read  over 
the  usual  obituary  of  the  Fellows  and  Associates.  From 
the  Treasurer's  account  it  appears  that  the  Society 
I'eeeived  last  year  751^.  155.  4fZ.,  and  had  paid  670Z.  5s.  5rf., 
leaving  a  balance  of  81Z.  9^.  \ld.  During  the  year 
531.  18s.  2d.  had  been  paid  off  the  debt  of  the  Society, 
ivhich  now  amounted  to  the  sum  of  7G4Z.  Os.  Bd. 

Jv/ne  1. — R.  Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  chair.  Dr.  J.  B. 
Hicks  was  elected  a  Fellow.  A  collection  of  dried 
specimens  of  Orchidaceae,  made  by  Capt.  Strachey  and 
Mr.  Winterbottom,  in  the  Himalaya,  was  presented  by 
the  East  India  Company. — Mr.  Blofield  exhibited  a  bird 
in  spirit  from  St.  Helena. — A  paper  was  read  from  the 
Kev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  on  two  new  genera  of  fungi. — A 
paper  on  Acradenia,  a  new  genus  of  Diosmete,  was  read 
by  K.  Kippist,  Esq.  Tliis  plant  was  discovered  by  Mr. 
J.  Milligan,  on  the  Franklin  River,  near  Macguire 
Harbour,  Van  Diemen's  Land,  The  genus  is  distin- 
guished by  possessing  ovaries,  surrounding  a  disk-&haped 
gynophore,  with  a  villous  gland  seated  on  the  apex  of 
each  ovary.  The  species  was  named  A.  Franklinise, 
after  Lady  Franklin,  who,  with  Sir  John,  was  with  Mr. 
Milligan  when  the  plant  was  discovered  in  1842.  This 
plant  is  now  in  blossom  at  the  Kew-gardens. — A  paper 
was  read  from  Mr.  Thomas  Moore,  containing  a  descrip- 
tion of  two  new  species  of  Papilionaceous  plants,  which 
had  recently  blossomed  in  the  nui'sery  gardens  of  the 
Messrs.  Henderson.  The  plants  were  both  natives  of 
Swan  River,  and  were  called  Gastrolobium^  pyramidale 
and  Chorozema  nervosum. 


Microscopical, ^j;n7  20lh. — G.  Jackson,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  A  paper  was  read  from  Mr,  Simon  giving  an 
account  of  a  small  cyst  found  in  the  olfactory  nerve  of 
a  horse,  in  the  intei'ior  of  which  was  found  a  single 
octahedral  crystal  of  oxalate  of  lime  about  one-twenty- 
fifth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  occurrence  was 
worthy  of  notice,  inasmuch  as  oxalate  of  lime  was  a 
salt  seldom  found  iu  the  tissues  of  the  horse.  —  Mr. 
Ruckett  exhibited  specimens  and  described  the  micro- 
scopic structure  of  the  teeth  of  the  Echinus.  These 
organs,  which  exist  iu  the  structure  called  by  Aristotle 
the  lamp  of  the  sea-egg,  are  found  to  contain  the  two 
elementary  structures— tubes  and  bone-cells — which  are 
characteristic  of  the  osseous  tis§ue  in  the  higher  animals. 
At  present  this  is  the  earliest  instance  in  which  the 
true  bone-structure  is  met  with  in  the  animal  kingdom. 
He  also  described  the  microscopic  structure  of  the 
species  of  Cidaris,  which  are  covered  with  a  calcareous 
coating  deposited  in  organic  cells,  and  which  is  absent 
in  the  genus  Echinus. — Mr.  Brooke  drew  attention  to 
the  marldngs  observed  in  Navicula  hippocampus  and 
N.  angulata.  The  hexagonal  spots  which  were  charac- 
teristic of  the  latter  he  believed  were  produced  by  tiie 
action  of  the  rays  of  light ;  he  believed  that  both  species 
presented  a  series  of  elevated  ridges  with  gradually 
undulating  furrows.  Dr.  Kingsley,  Rev.  W.  Keade, 
James  Hilton,  Esq.,  K.  S.  Boswell,  Esq.,  and  Robert 
Ceeley,  Esq.,  were  elected  members. 

May26. — G.Jackson,  Esq.,  in  the  chair.  Messrs.  C.  T. 
Roper,  H.  Coles,  and  G.  W.  Cooke  were  elected  members, 
Mr.  Busk  read  a  paper  on  the  Structure  and  Development 
of  Volvox  globator.  His  observatious  had  been  made  on 
the  species  Volvox  globator,  V.  aureus,  V.  stellatus,  and 
Sphcerosira  Volvox,  of  Ehrenberg,  which  he  believed  to  be 
all  forms  of  the  same  organism.  He  entered  in  detail  into 
the  structure  of  these  beings,  and  especially  with  regard 
to  some  points  in  their  structure  alluded  to  by  Professor 
Williamson  in  a  paper  he  had  recently  published  on 
this  subject.  Whilst  diifering  from  Professor  William- 
son on  some  points  of  their  structure,  he  agreed  with 
him  that  they  were  truly  plants  and  not  animals. 
They  were  plants  in  the  homologies  of  their  structure 
and  in  their  chemical  composition.  On  testing  their 
tissues  with  iodine  and  sulphuric  acid,  he  had  discovered 
in  them  both  cellulose  and  starch.  The  analogies  of 
their  development  with  those  of  Protococcus  nivalis  and 
P.  viridis  were  very  strong,  as  also  with  the  supposed 
animalcules  called  Eugleua  viridis.  The  author  believed 
that  the  whole  of  the  Mouadince,  the  Cryptomouadina^, 
and  the  Volvocina  of  Ehrenberg,  belonged  to  the  vegetable 
rather  than  the  animal  kingdom.  Dr.  Carpenter 
defended  the  view  which  had  been  taken  hy  Mr. 
Williamson  of  the  cellular  structure  of  the  interior  of 
the  Volvox,  which  was  denied  by  Mr.  Busk. — A  paper 
was  read  by  Mr.  Mummery,  of  Dover,  on  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  young  of  Tubularia  indivisa.  The  author 
had  had  an  opportunity  of  watching  the  development  of 
the  ova  of  these  creatures,  and  had  found  that  in  their 
earlier  stages  they  were  Iree,  moving  rapidly  through 
the  water  until  they  found  some  fit  spot  on  which  to 
fix  themselves,  and  from  which  they  grew,  and  attained 
their  usual  form  and  characters. 


Botanical  of  Edinburgh,  May  13. — The  President 
in  the  chair.  A  note  was  read  from  the  Rev.  W.  A. 
Leighton,  transmitting  specimens  for  the  Society's 
Herbarium  of  a  new  lungus  detected  by  the  Rev.  A. 
Bloxam  on  fallen  Firs  at  Gopsall,  Leicestershire,  and 
named,by  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  Patellaria  constipata. 
— Dr.  Balfour  read  a  letter  from  Dr.  Dickie,  mentioning 
that  he  had  added  two  mosses  to  the  Flora  of  Ireland, 
not  recorded  in  Macka^'s  '*  Floi-a  Hibernica,"  viz., 
Polytrichuni  hercynicum  and  Hypnum  rufescens, 
"  northern  forms  and  associated  with  the  Spanish  forms, 
so  called,  by  Professor  E.  Forbes."  Dr.  Balfour  also 
read  a  letter  from  Professor  M'Cosh  respecting  the 
angles  of    plants.      It    was    mentioned    that    several 


donations  had  been  made  to  the  Museum  since  last 
meeting.  The  following  papers  were  I'ead  : — 1,  Notice 
of  Chinese  Vegetable  Products,  by  Mr.  Fortune. 
Among  these  were  two  kinds  of  Arrow-root  made  from 
the  root-stocks  of  Nelumbium  speciosum.  This 
substance  is  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  Chinese,  and 
is  extensively  used  in  the  central  parts  of  the  Empire. 
A  bottle  of  fruit  of  Gardeuia  radicans  :  it  furnishes  a 
yellow  dye  used  in  colouring  wood,  the  dye  is  boiled 
with  a  small  portion  of  glue  rubbed  on  the  wood  which 
is  thus  oiled  over.  The  wood  is  much  used  for 
ornamental  work  and  for  boats.  Liquid  Indigo  made 
from  Isatis  indigotica,  largely  used  in  the  northern 
province  of  China  :  it  is  the  Tein-Ching  of  the  Chinese, 
and  is  used  exclusively  in  dyeing  cotton  cloth  ;  it  is 
much  used  in  China.  It  is  produced  in  a  district  near 
Shanghae  and  is  hence  called  Shanghae  Indigo. 
Specimens  of  the  fibre  of  the  Hemp  Palm  (Chamserops 
sp.)  :  this  is  a  most  beautiful  Palm  tree  which  grows  in 
the  northern  province  (Chekiang  and  Kiangnan)  where 
the  winters  are  excessively  cold,  and  where  other 
tropical  forms  of  vegetation  are  unknown.  It  produces 
large  quantities  of  the  brown  fibre  on  its  stem,  which  is 
probably  intended  by  Nature  to  protect  it  from  cold. 
These  trees  are  very  valuable  to  the  natives,  who 
remove  a  quantity  of  fibre  from  them  every  year.  Its 
fibre  is  converted  into  ropes,  cables  for  junks,  and 
brushes ;  hats  and  cloaks  are  also  made  of  it  and  worn 
in  wet  weather  by  the  agricultural  labourers  and  others. 
Tt  makes  excellent  bottoms  for  beds  and  couches,  and  is 
used  in  many  other  ways.  I  believe  that  this  Palm  is 
much  more  hardy  than  any  of  its  tribe  ;  indeed  it  has 
been  living  in  the  open  air  at  Kew  for  some  years.  Sir 
W.  Hooker,  to  whom  I  sent  plants  in  1848,  says  in  the 
"Botanical  Magazine,"  March,  1850,  that  it  "has 
braved,  unharmed  and  unprotected  by  any  sort  of 
covering,  the  severe  winters  now  passed  (1849-50)." 
We  may  therefore  hope  to  see  this  fine  tree  growing  on 
our  hill  sides,  as  it  does  in  Northern  China,  particularly 
in  the  milder  parts  of  England,  Ireland,  and  about 
Edinburgh. — 2.  On  Plants  foimd  in  Yorhskirey  Westmore- 
land, and  Cumherland,  in  April,  185"2.  By  Mr.  J.  B. 
Davies. — Prof.  Balfour  exhibited  a  young  plant  of  Vic- 
toria Regia,  from  one  of  the  hothouses  in  the  Botanic 
Gai'den,  showing  the  remarkable  difference  in  the  form 
of  the  leaves  produced  in  its  early  stage  of  growth  from 
those  afterwai'ds  formed.  The  plant  showed  the  first- 
formed  linear  leaf,  followed  by  the  sagittate  form,  after 
which,  leaves  of  a  more  or  less  rounded- cordate  form 
are  produced.' — Fom*  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows. 

Bath  Royal  United  Horticdltdral, — This,  the  seconci 
exhibitioD  for  the  preaent  season,  held  on  ihe  loth  ult.,  excelled 
any  that  have  hitherto  taken  place  utider  the  auspices  of  this 
Sficiety.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  awards  ;— -SfOL-e  or 
Orecnhoiue  Flants. —  iBt,  Mr.  Yteles,  (gr.,  Mr.  f-alter),  with 
Epacris  grBiidiflorn,  Bnca  propendeus,  Tetratht-ca  verticilhita, 
Polytiala  aeumiQata,  Epacris  miniata,  the  sweet-scented  Gar- 
denia Fortuoi,  and  Adenandra  fragrans ;  2d,  Mr,  L&wrence, 
{^r.  Mr,  Dingle),  with  Pimelea  llendtrsoni,  Buronia  tetrandra, 
Rliododfndroo  Gibsoni,  Statice  HoUurdiana,  Eriostemon  buxi- 
fuJiiim,  Tetratheca  verticillata,  the  sweet-scented  Hhjncho- 
speroium  jdsminoides,  and  a  beautiful  Letchcnauliia  biloba 
major,  wliose  luve  y  eky-blue  flowers  were  much  admired. 
In  Collections  of  0  varieties,  there  were  three  exbibitors,  vz : 
—Q,  C.  Ttit'w'l.  i'-t^q-.  J-  Jairett,  Esq.,  and  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Rhodes,  In  these  groups  were  nice  plants  of  Erica  Sindrjena, 
Acrophyllum  venosum,  Statice  macrophylla,  Tremandra 
verticillata  Azalea  variecata,  Boronia  serrulata,  and  Pimelea 
Hendersoni. — In  Collections  of  6  varieties,  there  were  two 
exhibitors,  viz.  : — G.  H.  Simms,  E?q.,  and  Miss  Bailey. — Mr. 
Griffin  and  Mr.  Drummond  tihowed  in  the  Nurseryuien's  Clas<;. 
— Mr.  Yeeles  obtained  the  1st  prize  for  the  best  3  Orchids, 
viz.  ;— Sobratia  macrantha,  Saccolabiuni  fiutratum,  and  Den- 
drobium  densiflirum.  Mr.  Simras,  who  obtained  the  2d  prize, 
and  also  a  Ctrtificaie  of  Merit,  had  ^acolabium  guttatuui, 
Aeridea  crispum,  and  Cattleya  iutermedia.  Messrs.  Maule 
and  Son,  of  Bristol,  sent  titanhopea  gt  audiflori  and  oculata. 
Cape  Heaths  were  shown  by  Messrs.  Yeelts  and  Tugwell.  For 
CoUcctioiis  of  3  plants,  thts  1st  prize  was  obtiiined  by  A.  Law- 
rence, Ei^q. — Mr.  Griffin  was  the  only  exhibitor  in  the  Nursery- 
men's Class.  For  Azaleas,  the  Silver  Cup  offered  by  the 
,  Committee,  for  the  bett  coUec'ion  ot  9,  was  so  cksoly  competed 
for  by  J.  M.  Yeeles,  Esq.,  and  A.  Lawrence,  Esq.,  that  the 
censors  rewarded  them  equally.  In  Oroups  of  Four,  there 
were  five  exhibitors. — Mr.  Griffin  was  fi'st  in  the  Nurserymen's 
ClasH.  For  Pelargoniums,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rhodes  obtained  a 
1st  prize  for  some  beautifully  finwered  plants,  considering  the 
early  season.  Mr.  Jarretc  was  2d.  In  collections  in  pots  not 
exceeding  6  inches  in  diameter,  Mr.  Jarrett  was  1st,  and  Mr. 
J.  Chaffin  2d.  Nurserymen. — Mr,  Griffin,  iHt ;  Mr.  Scott,  2d. 
Of  Calceolarias,  Mr.  Carmicliael,  gr.  to  G.  C.  Tugwell,  Esq  , 
sent  Mayor  of  Bath,  Mr.  Disraeli  |a  well  shaped  flower),  Lord 
Derby,  Joseph  Hume,  Richard  Cobden,  J.  !!«>  wood  Hankins, 
Pull  Mi»on,  Earl  of  Dundonald.  and  Earl  of  Dalhousie.  In 
Cinerarias,  Miss  Bailey  wae  the  only  exhibitor.  Of  Roses  in 
Pots,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rhodes  obtained  the  1st  prize  icr  a  very 
fine  collection,  comprising  William  Jesse,  La  Koine,  Duchess 
of  Sutherland,  and  other  favourite  kmds.  Single  Specimens. — 
let,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rliodes,  wiih  Azalea  lateritia  j  2d,  Mr.  Yeeles, 
with  Pimelea  Hendersoni ;  and  Sd,  Mr.  Griffin,  with  P.  tpecta. 
bilis.  Ill  collections  ot  six  Tulips,  prizes  were  awarded  — Ist,  to 
MibS  Bailey;  2d,  R.  Godfrey,  Esq. i  3d,  Mr.Cole  ;  4th,  Mr  Hooper. 
In  collections  of  three  varieties.  Miss  Bailey  was  Ist,  Mr. 
Hooper  2d,  and  Mr.  Godtrt-y  3d.  -4»emo;ics.— 1-t,  Mr.  Grifflu  ; 
2d,  A.  Lawrence.  Esq.,  ^a«H?^CMIwse^■.— 1st,  Mr.  Griffin  ;  2d,  J. 
Wiltshire,  Esq. ;  3J,  Air.  Hooper.  Pamies. — Si  me  good  collec- 
tions were  exhibited,  and  prizes  awarded  to— 1st,  H.  Fowler, 
Esq.  ;  2d,  Mid-^  Bailey  ;  3d,  Mr.  R.  U.  Taylor.  In  the  Nursery- 
men's class  Messrs.  Garaway,  Mayes,  and  Co.  were  1st ;  Mr. 
Grifiiu  2d  ;  and  Mr.  Hooper  3d.  The  stand  of  24  varieties,  in 
pots,  sent  by  Messrs.  Gataway,  Mayes,  and  Co.,  was  vtrj' 
pretty,  and  much  admired,  Fndt  was  but  scantily  supplied. 
There  were,  however,  some  very  fine  Strawberries.  The  Ist 
prize  was  deservedly  awarded  to  a  dish  of  Trollip's  Victoria, 
a  aeedliog  sent  out  lartt  year.  It  is  a  well-formed  fruit,  with 
capital  flavour,  and  we  doubt  not  will  prove  one  of  the  moyt 
useful  Strawberries  in  cuUivation.  Ihere  was  also  a  tine 
difh  of  Peaches  sent  by  Mrs.  Smjth,  of  Ashton-court,  and 
good  Nectarines  by  the  same  lady.  Bath  Journal. 


with  a  few  pages  occupied  by  Diapensiacese  ai 
PlantaginacesB,  the  last  from  the  pen  of  M.  Decaisn 
We  cannot  but  think  it  unfortunate  that  the  first  - 
these  orders,  so  large,  so  difficult,  and  so  careful 
elucidated  as  it  lias  been  by  our  coijutryraan  Mr.  Miei 
should  have  been  entrusted  to  the  learned  Professor 
Montpellier,  to  whose  reputation  it,  we  regret  to  sa 
adds  nothing.  The  multiplication  of  species  is  carrit 
beyond  the  limits  of  even  German  minuteness  ;  aud 
the  example  were  lilcely  to  be  followed  by  the  leadoj 
in  botanical  science,  it  would  speedily  cast  t^ 
vegetable  kingdom  into  a  ten  times  darker  chaos  th; 
that  from  which  Liuneeiis  formerly  extricated  : 
Only  imagine  almost  a  score  species  made  out  ■ 
the  Potato,  and  as  many  more  from  the  bla( 
Nightshade  (S.  nigrum)  !  No  wonder  that  the  gem 
Solanum  has,  in  the  hands  of  Professor  Dimi' 
been  declared  to  comprehend  nine  h  undrcd  spccU 
exclusive  of  Lycopersicons.  On  the  other  hand,  tl 
enumeration  of  what  has  been  published  is,  we  suspec 
by  no  means  so  complete  as  it  might  have  been,  i 
least  we  can  find  no  trace  of  Weddell's  Withering 
superba,  long  since  published  iu  the  "Annales  di 
Sciences,"  and  actually  cultivated  ia  the  Garden  ■ 
Plants  at  Paris  —  an  omission  the  more  remarkab! 
when  it  is  remembered  that  it  is  the  only  species  i 
Poecilochroma  known  to  exist  in  Europe  in  a  livii 
state.  When  we  add  that  above  GO  species  of  Capsicu: 
are  admitted  into  this  volume,  we  shall  have  sa 
enough  to  show  what  opinion  must  be  formed  of  it  I 
all  naturalists,  except  such  as  believe  that  the  gardt 
varieties  of  Apples  and  Pears  are  to  be  regarded  i 
so  many  distinct  species. 

Sketches  in  Canada,  hy  Mrsp  Jameson^     l*3mo,  Lonj 
mans.— Two  excellent  parts  of  the  Traveller's  Librar 


— t — 

J)e  CandolUs   Prodroimis.    Part   13,  Sect.   1. — This 
new  volume  contains  Solanacece,  by  Professor  Duual, 


Garden  Memoranda,. 

HonTicuLTURAL  Sociexy's  Garden,  Tuunhah  Gree 
— The  arboretum  is  now  nearly  in  full  summer  dres 
although  not  quite  so  flowery  as  it  will  be  a  week  i 
two  hence,  when  the  Rhododendrons  will  be  in  bloor 
Some  of  the  eaidier  kinds  are  already  displaying  the 
lovely  blossoms ;  but,  owing  to  the  backwardness  ■ 
the  season,  the  majority  of  them  have  not  yet  opem 
their  fiower-buds.  The  red  and  white  Hawthorr 
Horse  Chestnuts,  Magnolias,  and  other  ornamental  ear 
summer-flowering  trees  and  shrubs,  with  which  th 
part  of  the  garden  abounds,  are  in  full  beauty  ;  the  tu 
is  in  capital  condition — smooth,  soft,  and  dry,  an 
owing  to  the  late  leafing  of  the  different  trei 
this  year,  the  fohage  yet  wears  all  the  peculij 
freshness  and  delicacy  of  early  spring.  The  late  fros 
we  sometime  ago  experienced  having  killed  its  buds,  tl 
large  Wistaria  on  the  conservative  wall  is  not  fiowerii 
well  this  season — a  circumstance,  we  believe,  which 
pretty  general  everywhere.  This  proves  that  if  v 
wish  to  enjoy  the  beauty  of  this  fine  wall  plant,  v 
must  afford  it  some  slight  protection,  at  least  in  unfi 
vourable  seasons  like  the  past.  Mr.  Fortune's  Moutai 
in  pits  in  front  of  the  stoves  ha>;,e  been  in  fine  flower  ;  b 
their  beauty  is  now  nearly  over  ;  picta,  a  large  ai 
striking  salmon-coloured  kind,  was  however  still  i 
bloom,  as  were  also  atropurpureaandglobosa.  Thelatt* 
is  a  beautiful  white  variety.  The  difi'erent  California 
Ceanothes,  of  whose  hardiness  some  account  will  I 
found  in  another  column,  have  bloomed  profusely  in  tl 
garden  this  year— their  lively  blue  flowers  of  varioi 
shades  producing  a  gi-and  effect.  Few  ornament 
shrubs  of  recent  introduction .  liavej  proved  great 
acquisitions  than  these. 

The  new  Rose  house,  considering  the  sliort  time 
has  been  planted,  now  begins  to  look  tolei'abjy  gay;  ai 
notwithstanding  what  has  been  said  to  the  contrar 
thei'e  is  every  reason  to  beUeve  that  it  will  eventual 
realise  all  that  has  been  expected  from  it.  Tl 
blossoms  of  the  various  Tea  Roses,  with  which  it 
to  a  great  extent  furnished,  are  very  large  for  the  sL 
of  the  plants,  and  so  fragrant  as  at  times  to  quite  perfun 
the  house.  A  raised  square  bed  near  the  entrance  < 
this  house  has  been  planted  with  difiei'ent  kinds  > 
Tropteolums,  which  when  in  bloom  cannot  fail  to  I 
interesting.  A  plant  iu  a  pot  of  the  California 
Evergreen  Plum  will  soon  be  ui  full  flower  ia  tl 
small  conservatory  erected  by  Messrs.  Hartley  ;  tl 
blossom  buds  ai'e  thickly  arranged  on  short  flow( 
spikes.  We  also  noticed  here  Siebold's  new  evergree 
Privet  ( Ligustrum  ovalifolium),  which  doubtless  will  proi 
an  acquisition  ;  and  in  an  adjoining  pit  was  a  handson 
new  hybrid  Columbine,  the  result  of  crossing  tlie  Ca! 
fornian  kind  with  the  fragrant  Himalayan  species.  Tl 
flowers  are  very  pretty,  the  upper  half  being  purple,  ar 
the  under  yellow.  Associated  with  it  were  the  channii] 
new  Diplacus,  which  was  shown  at  the  last  meeting  i 
Regent- street,  and  described  at  p.  342,  together  wit 
Lopezia  macrophylla,  a  ovimson-flowered  half-hard 
shrub,  which  will  be  useful  on  account  of  its  bloomin 
in  winter  ;  a  new  Russian  Primula  (P.  undulata)  wit 
small  starry  lilac  flowers  placed  on  the  summit  of 
slender  flower  stalk  ;  and  Allium  acuminatum,  a  hard 
bulb  of  considerable  beauty. 

The  American  garden  will  soon  be  well  furnishe 
with  flowers.  The  Rhododendrons  promise  to  be  ver 
fine,  and  the  sides  of  the  banks  are  already  gay  wit 
such  rock  plants  as  the  white  Gibraltar  Iberis,  a  mor 
compact  and  better  khid  than  sempervirens;  the  yello^ 
Alyssum,  the  Sweet  Pink  (Dianthus  suavis),  the  whit 
Cerastium  villosuni,  the  lively  blue-flowered  Russia 
Forget-me-not,  and  Aubrietia  deltoidea.  These,  intei 
mixed  with  the  handsome  fronds  of  some  of  the  better  sort 


23—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


359 


of  our  native  Ferus,  render  the  declivities  of  this  gai'den 
at  present  highly  attractive.  It  may  be  useful  to  those 
far  removed  from  stone,  to  know  that  burrs  run  into 
masses  by  means  of  Portland  cement,  washed  all  over 
witli  a  thin  mixtm'e  of  the  same  and  sprinkled  with  coke 
dust,  form  when  dry  an  excellent  substitute  for  grey 
rocks.  Several  of  these  imitations  are  placed  on 
the  banks  here,  and  with  vei-y  good  effect.  Among 
the  rarer  shrubs  to  be  found  in  this  interesting  corner 
are  the  female  Garrya  elliptica  bearing  fruit,  those 
preWously  sent  to  this  country  by  Douglas  being, 
singularly  enough,  all  males  ;  Weigela  rosea ;  Ceanothus 
integerrimus,  which,  in  addition  to  its  beautiful  flowers, 
forms  a  graceful  evergreen  shrub ;  C.  papillosus,  and  the 
other  Californiau  species. 

The  erection  of  Messrs.  Cotfcim  and  Hallen's  Peach 
frame  in  the  Orchard  department  is  completed,  and  it 
looks  as  if  it  would  answer  ;  but  this  of  course  has  yet 
to  be  proved.  It  is  a  light  and  neat  contrivance,  which 
can  either  be  kept  closej  or  tlu-own  open,  as  may  be 
desired.  The  Peach  trees  on  the  wall,  against  winch 
this  frame  is  put  up,  are  in  the  most  thriving  condition, 
and  bearing  a  good  crop,  especially  where  they  were 
protected  by  [straw  screens.  Pears  on  walls  are  also  well 
set  with  fruit,  and  it  is  still  believed,  notwithstanding  the 
unfavourable  spring,  that  there  will  be  a  fair  crop 
in  the  open  quai-ters.  The  kitchen  gai'den,  as  well  as  the 
orchard,  is  in  good  order,  and  since  rain  has  come 
things  are  progressing  satisfactorily.  We  may  mention 
that  since  we  last  visited  the  garden  a  trial  of  skill  in 
Decimals,  Principles  of  Perspective,  Surveying,  and 
Geometry  has  been  made  by  the  young  men,  and  prizes 
awarded  to  them  for  their  proficiency  ;  the  men  were 
placed  in  the  following  order  : — T.  Williams  1,  Spriggs  2, 
Tanton  3,  Carpenter  4,  Eobinson  5,  Ford  6,  Laing  7, 
W.  Williams  8,  and  Nelson  9.  Great  satisfaction  was 
expressed  by  the  examiner  at  the  creditable  manner  in 
which  the  different  competitors  acquitted  themselves. 
It  will  be  interesting  to  know  that  other  prizes  are 
offered  as  inducements  for  another  trial  in  Surveying, 
which  cannot  fail  to  be  productive  of  advantage  to  all 
■who  thus  test  their  skill,  whether  they  get  notice  or  not. 
Jilay  31. 

Miss  Stafelton's,  Gueys  Court,  Oxfordshike. — 
There  is  now  a  Moutan  or  Tree  Pseony  in  blossom  in 
the  gardens  here,  which  is  5  feet  3  inches  in  height, 
measures  30  feet  in  circumference,  and  has  at  the 
present  time  202  blossoms  on  it,  one  of  which  was 
measured  and  found  to  be  2  feet  round — it  is  most 
beautiful. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Great  National  Tdlip  Exdibitionat  Bibmingham,  May  27. 
— At  CO  similar  meetirg  has  it  ever  fallen  to  our  good  fortune 
to  witnes-  a  national  demoDBtration  at  ooce  stumped  with 
entire  onanimitj  and  realising  the  I'tiiideBt  desires  uf  all  who 
by  their  interest,  Bupporr,  and  counleiiaace  deserved,  if  tot 
commanded,  &uch  a  result.  That  a  moat  live  y  and  wide- 
spread fetUng  had  been  arcused  is  evident  irom  the  fact  that 
Koilinghamfcl  ire,  Wurwick&bire,  Staffordshire,  Derb.\  shire, 
Buckinghamshire,  Lancashire,  and  Middlesex,  each  sent  forth 
its  resi'eclive  repitsenlative,  amongst  whom  must  be  classed 
the  leading  growers  of  the  Tulip.  Those  of  our  metropolitan 
friends  who  abstained  from  witnessing  this  eshibiLion  have 
lost  a  treat  which  it  will  be  difficult  tu  regain,  for  never  w&s 
the  Town  >fa]!  more  inierepiinglj  occupied  than  at  iLi-  monster 
Tulip  exhibition.  With  ibe  keenest  foresight  was  there  appro- 
priated a  "place  for  evtryihiLg  "  and  "  everj  thing  in  its  place  ;" 
and  spacious  qa  is  the  Hall  alluded  to,  there  was  not  an  inch  of 
table  room  to  spare.  To  the  lot:al  committee,  to  the  honorary 
Bccretariee,  to  ihe  eshibitorF,  and  lo  the  censors,  great  praise 
is  due,  lor  ail  was  harmony  and  order ;  and  that  the 
Birmingham  public  bad  faith  in  the  executive  to  whom  the 
arrangtmeots  were  entrusted,  is  tvident  from  the  fdct  that  the 
receipts  Jor  admiseiou  eiccedtd  5ui.  To  particularise  the 
seieral  ituprovements  that  were  brought  to  bear  on  this  meeting 
would  hll  too  much  i,f  our  t-pace  ;  we  cannot,  however,  relrain 
from  regarding  the  new  siands  as  the  mont  prominent,  and 
that  tbej  were  accepted  as  suth  by  the  exbibitorn,  wms  shown 
by  their  use  beir  g  all  but  geueral.  Of  absolute  "novelties" 
there  were  but  few,  siill  there  were  much  in  the  way  of 
"  fctrangere  "  tu  interest  Southerns,  Mitllaudors,  and  Nortberns, 
AmoDgbC  varieties  claiming  their  oi  i^iu  in  the  first  division, 
there  were  in  Bizarrts,  Albion,  Luke  of  Devonshire,  Glencoe, 
Hamlfct,  PoJii»beDiiis,  Priam,  SLeet  Anchor,  King,  Vivid-  of 
Byblceoieiib,  Geueral  iSournavelde,  Mutidora,  Pandora 
Salvator  liota,  Victoria  Kegimi  ;  and  of  Hoses,  Aglaiu[ 
A»tODi)>hirig,  Madame  VestriM,  Walworth,  &c.  ;  while  the 
ECCODd  and  third  disifiona  claim  and  dtserve  full  honours 
■with  Pilot,  ilidUnd  Beauty,  Princess  Koyal,  Maid  of  Orleans, 
Porplu  Peifection,  Hiuo,  Piince  Arthur,  Agnes,  Napoleon^ 
Bebtccs,  Lord  Jjeuman,  G,  Gltniiy,  Prince  of  WaIeK,  d:o. 
A  bjblremeD,  shown  by  Air.  Uoiighton  aa  Coup  d' llebC-,  was 
jHir  cxc€ilinct  the  bloom  cf  the  met-ting;  Lizzy,  a*  a 'rose 
shone  pie-tiiiincnt,  Upon  computation  of  the  8](uce  occupied' 
we  give  a«  an  efclimat-j  thut  Itom  8(JfJ  to  lijOU  bluoma  must 
hMe  been  ttaged  for  adjudication,  and  douhtlcbs  each  was 
bj  Jlt  owDtr  couiidered  to  poB^esd  eome  cluim  to  merit; 
u  thi*  uutnb«r  was  the  aeUction  from  Htile  short 
of  lOO.iOO  bloumi,  Bome  idea  may  be  nuthered  of  the 
dUplay  a»  (I  whole,  and  of  the  patience  needed  by  the 
jud^eft  ill  making  the  foMonlog  award* :— Six  bluoraE,  one  of 
each  cUttn,  the  Ootil  Aledal  lo  Mr.  iltushtOD,.  of  Haoipe  lIllJ, 
Notts,  whofit  virit:tic»  vvc-re  Kojal  SoTtrelKn  ex.  feaihertd 
bizarre  ;  Captain  \Shile.  Iltiintd  bizarre  ;  Coupe  o'llehe  «x  ex 
JeatLcrtd  b>hl(juai«D;  Queen  Cbarlottc,  ilHiucd  bjbcxjrnen' 
IleroioL-,  ftuih«r*d  ro»o ;  and  1  ri<>mphe  Ilu>ule,  fliimed  roHel 
Tht)>*  were  o.o»t  aAturtdly,  vxttpUziA  Capiutn  VVbitu,  tlio  jic 
yVuj  t't.Yj  of  fjuahiy  wi'h  Krowih.  CJan4  A.,  Iroai  which  the 
pr»a>it;r  fctmu  woh  fclotted :— ],  Mr.  Godfri-y,  of  Cheilunton. 
Willi  (Jiifj'Min  Wi.ite.  Uo>al  Hovereijjn,  Van  Aiiihiirgh.  Muld  of 
Orltftid,  Tnoij-idie  Kojftle,  and  ilerohieex;  H,  Mr.  Turner,  ot 
BUiuich,  hIiIi  Irioiztpbii  iUyyaiir,  Lord  lJt:iiiiiiiii,  UuyalHovureltcti, 
Arlet'.e,  C^iecn  Vioivria  (tiroim),  Poljphuniu«  (iliu  bujie  of  thin 
bloom  buttd  piiJudrctalJy  lo  a  rr^oio  tornurd  phico  of  iho 
•taud)  ;  3,  Mr,  1.  Ad.»n()i,  of  iJethy,  with  Ucjai  Kovcreign, 
Captain  White,  ft:a  bt^rcd  b^blwrn^n  unttruiwii,  Quion  Char, 
lotto,  iUruiuo,  Tiicuipl.e  iUi^ttJe  ;  4,  Mr.  Varttdeit,  nitli  Coptulii 
Whiift,  L'fikri''Hii,  bitthh  Ann,  Anibamiudciir,  Lndy  Jiino  Orty, 
La  Bfrllti  >uf)ica«;  lU  paim  mere  fttniitd  (or  the  it  e  prlKvH,  in 
ClaiA  B.,  l2dl*iiiujilur  blooum,  4  ot  each  Kj\tiUt,  ICficunOH  were 
ktafttd,  1,  Mr.  Wiiiiiore,  ot  liirmliiKhuiD,  with  LuOy  Pioni 
Batltiigi,  Earl  l;oufila»,   Uukc  of  JJtvoiiEhIre,    Washington, 


King  (Strong).  Triomphe  lloyale,  Aglaia,  Waterloo,  Thalia 
(Insufflcientlyin  flowerj.  Heroine,  Bi'itiuinia,  Camuza  do  Craix  ; 
2,  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slough,  with  Thalia,  Duke  of  Devonshire, 
Triomphe  Royale,  Maid  of  Orleans,  Madame  Vestris,  Triomphe 
de  Lisle,  King  (Strong),  G.  Glenny,  Pilot,  CataJani,  Claudiana 
(a  dangerous  fluwer  to  stage),  Polyphtmus  ;  3,  iMr.  J.  Edwards, 
of  Holloway,  with  Purple  Perfection,  Priam  (anthers  scarcely 
pure).  Astonishing.  Princess  Royal,  Junius  Brutus,  Viijlet  le 
grande.  General  Bouruavelde,  Miss  Caiherine, Triomphe  Royale, 
Pilot,  Catalani,  Hamlet;  4,  Mr.  Lymbery.  with  Captaiu  White, 
Lord  Milton,  Donztilli,  Lord  Saadon.  Seedling,  Seedlimr.  Prince 

,  Sarah,  MciUtua  Ducal.   Baguet,  La  Vandickeo,  Bacchus. 

Iq  Glass  C,  9  dissimilar  varieties.  8  stands  competed  : — 1,  Mr. 
Houghron,  with  Triomphe  Royale,  Royal  Sovereign,  Queen 
Chariotte,  Emperor  of  Austri-i,  Victor^-,  Pirst-rate,  Princess 
Royal,  Abercrombie,  and  Heroinu ;  2,  Mr,  Pirkius,  with  Hose 
Walworth,  Britannia,  Lord  Duncan,  Aglaia,  Shakspeare.  Royal 
Sovereign,  YeiiU",  Heroine,  and  Emma;  3,  Mr.  Adams,  with  Cape. 
White,  Pilot,  Royal  Sovereign,  Heroine,  M^dd  of  Orleans, 
Enchantress,  Triomphe  Royale,  Princess  Royal,  and  Cornelius  ; 
the  latter  bloom  s^idly  injured  thepreten'-ions  of  this  otherwise 
good  stand.  +,  Mr.  Turner,  with  Priucess  Royal.  Champion  of 
England,  Midlaud  Beiiutv,  Glencoe,  Triomphe  Royale,  Lady 
Stanley,  Gibbons  No.  2,  Purple  Perfet;tion,  and  Albion. 
Clasrt  D.,  Premier  feathered  rose,  A^nes,  Rev.  S.  Cresswtll ; 
Premierfeatht:i-edbyblo3men,  Priucoof  VVales,R6v.  S.Cresswell; 
Premier  feathered  bizarre,  Pass  Perf^cta,  Mr.  Parkins. 
Class  E.,  Single  Specimens.  Feathered  Bizarres  :  1,  Charles  S,, 
Mr.  Dixon;  2,  Vivid,  Mr.  Thornily ;  3,  Magnum  Bonum,  Mr. 
Parkinson  ;  4,  Colbert,  Mr.  Dixon;  5,  Catafalque,  Mr.  Spencer; 
6,  Prince  Arthur,  Mr.  Lymbery.  Feaiher  and  Flamed  Bizarr^'s  : 
1.  Captain  White,  Mr.  Godfrey;  2,  Pilot,  Mr.  Asde ;  3,  Lord 
Milton,  Mr.  Frearson  ;  4,  Kiog  (Strong),  Mr.  J.  Edwards;  5, 

Glencoe, ;  6,  Polyphemus, .    Feathered  Bybloemens  :  1, 

Maid  of  Orleans,  Mr.  Thornily  ;  2,  ditto,  Mr.  Adams ;  3, 
Victoria  Regina,  Mr.  Speucer  ;  4,  Sarab,  Rev.  S.  Creflawell ; 
5,  Washington,  Mr.  Ackerly ;  6,  Baguet,  Rev.  S.  Cresswell. 
Feathered  and  Flamed  Byblcemens  ;  1,  Princess  Royal,  Mr. 
Houghton;  2,  Qut^eu  Ctiarlocte,  Mr.  Thornily;  3,  General' 
Bournavelde,  Mr.  H  irtland  ;  4,  Lord  Yernou,  Mr.  Parkinsou  ; 
5,  Salvator  Rosa,  Mr.  Dixon  ;  G,  Lord  Denman,  Mr.  Astle. 
Feathered  Roses  :  1,  Heroine,  Mr.  Spencer ;  2,  Napoleon,  Rtv. 
S.  Cresswell ;  3,  Rose  Baguet,  Mr.  Dixon  ;  4,  Biou,  Mr.^Dixon  ; 
5,  Lady  Crewe,  Mr.  Ackerly  ;  6,  Rebecca,  Rev.  S.  Cresswell, 
Feathered  and  Flamed  Roses  ;  1,  Vicar  of  Brailford,  Rev. 
Si  Cresswell  ;  2,  Aglaia,  Mr.  Parkinson  ;  3,  Triomphe  Royale, 
Mr.  Parkins;  4,  La  Vandieken,  Mr,  Paruios  ;  5,  Triomphe 
Royale,  Mr.  Godfrey ;  6,  Fanny  Cerito,  Mr.  Astle.  Class  F., 
Flume  or  BL>am :  1,  King  (Holmes),  Mr.  Wills;  5,  High 
Admiral,  Mr.  Wilmore ;  the  other  blooa:s  in  this  class  to  which 
prizes  were  awarded  proved  so  difiercnt  from  the  necessary 
requirements  that  we  purposely  omit  to  ^ive  their  names  ;  this 
arose  from  an  erroneous  reading  by  the  censors.  It  will  be 
interesting  to  ouc  absent  friends  to  know  that  no  monopoly 
existed  in  regard  to  the  many  prizes  offered  ;  for,  so  far  as  we 
■were  able  to  ascertain,  Nottingham,  Diirby,  Manchester, 
Birmingham,  Slough,  and  Loudon  each  bad  its  share  of  the 
hard  won  honours.  The  censors  were  Messrs.  Liwrence,  Wood, 
Buon,  Bromily,  and  Moreton  ;  and  on  behalf  of  the  many, 
exhibitors,  and  at  their  express  desire,  we  are  entrusted  to 
cordially  thank  them  for  the  determination,  punctuality,  and 
strict  impartiality  with  which  their  labours  were  cooducced. 
Also  Mr.  J.  Cole,  for  his  indefatigable  zeal  and  atteniiun  as 
hon.  secretary,  and  the  local  gentry  who  so  liberally  con- 
tributed the  "sinews  of  war ''for  the  Great  National  Annual 
Exhibition  of  Tulips  of  1852. 
lu    connection    with    the    above,    the    Handswoeth    and 

LOZELLS     FloEAL      AND       HoRTICULTDRAL      SoCIETT      held      ilS 

May  Meeting.  VVe  were  greatly  interested  by  the  many  fine 
examples  of  skill  which  were  presented.  Here  Mr,  J,  Cole, 
gr.  to  J.  Wilmore,  Esq.,  shone  conspicuously  ;  his  6 
Azaleas  (1),  Variegata,  Lateritia,  Optima,  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, Relulgens,  and  Purpurescens  ;  6  Ericas  (1),  Elegans, 
Triumphans,  Jasmiuiflora,  ifcc;  6  Orchids  (1),  the  best  being 
Saccolabiuni  guitatum  ;  9  Stove  and  Greenluuso  plants  (1  , 
give  some  idea  of  his  varied  qualifications.  Other  exbihiiions 
were  furnished  by  A.  Itenriok,  Esq.,  Lord  Calthorpe,  J.  A. 
Rutter,  Esq.,  T.  C.  Salt,  Esq.,  Mr.  J.  Coudery,  Messrs. 
Cole  and  Sharp,  W.  Wills,  Esq.,  and  E.  Davies,  Etq.  Paul's 
new  Rose,  Queen  Victoria,  nai  shown  (four  bloomt-)  by  Messrs. 
Cole  and  Suaip.  Fuchsia-*,  for  which  Birmingiium  is  far 
famed,  were  marvels  of  good  management  at  this  early  season, 
being  pyramidal  plants  varying  trom  3  to  8  feet  high,  and 
absolutely  solid  with  healthy  foliage  and  magnificently  coloured 
tiowers.  Dr.  Jephsi  n,  Scarletina  lleflexa,  Splendida,  Sedonia, 
Gameboy,  Hebe,  and  One  in  the  Ring,  were  of  the  group 
furnished  by  W.  Wills,  Esq,  The  popular  varieties  of 
Cinerarias,  Pelargoniums,  Calceolarias,  and  Rhododendrons, 
&c.,  were  all  freely  contributed,  and  more  or  less  "  well  done." 
Before  we  close,  ic  may  be  well  to  observe  that,  at  the 
evening  meeting,  Nottiuuham  was  selected  and  accepted  as  the 
Jncality  for  the  Great  Tulip  Meeting  Jor  lt>53  ;  and  further, 
that  ihe  florists  of  Birmingham  availed  themselves  of  the 
opportunity  of  preHeuting  Mr,  C.  J.  Peiry,  for  his  many  years  of 
indefaii;;ablu  toil  in  the  cause  of  floriculiure,  with  a  handsome 
service  of  plate  of  the  value  of  70  jiuiiieus.  These  matters,  with 
the  usual  loyal  proceedings,  closed  oue  of  the  most  harmonious 
meetings  with  which  we  remember  to  have  been  associated. 
J.E. 

National  FLOHicrLTOEAL  Soctett,  jl/ay  27.— Mr.  Stains  in 
the  Chair.  Pelargoniums  were  staged  by  Messrs.  Beck,  Story, 
and  Ambrose,  and  cut  blooms  by  Air.  Ayres.  A  Cei-libcate  of 
Merit  was  awarded  to  Empress  (Beck),  colours  vermilion  scarlet 
with  rich  crimson  shaded  spot,  torm  tolerable,  dislioct,  and 
desirable.  A  fancy  variety,  named  Magnum  bouuin  ( AmbroscJ, 
was  similarly  rewarded  ;  uppi'r  petals  crimson  purple,  lower 
petals  ]jencilled  and  shaded  with  crimson  violer,  form  and  s-ub- 
Btance  good.  A  Cineraria  named  Beauty  of  Hamilton  Terrace, 
received  a  Label  of  Comniendatiou  lor  its  distinct  colours  and 
Btrikinjf  apptaiance  ;  much  in  the  way  of  Lady  Iluiub  Camp- 
bell. Calcuoltirias  Wtre  sent  by  Messrs.  A.  lUnderson  and  Co., 
but  no  award  was  nnule  ;  one  called  Heywood  Hawkins,  a 
half-bhrubby  eort,  had  mtrif,  and  was  requested  to  he  shown 
again.  Azakas  and  Ericas  were  contributed  by  Messrs. 
lltnderson  ;  and  Pimait-B,  Fuchsias,  and  Tulips,  by  T.  >I. 
Brown,  Eb(j.,  Mr,  R.  Drake,  and  Mr,  J.  Edwards.  Mr.  J, 
Hodge  was  elected  u  member. 

June  3.  —  Mr.  Lidgaud  in  the  chair.  Calceolarias  were 
numerous  ond  iniureBtlntr ;  Labels  of  Commendatlou  were 
awarded  to  Heywood  Hawkins,  previously  m'.'ntifjned  as  being 
an  (xcelltnt  balf-nhrubby  dwarf  kind,  bearing  proluee  masses 
ol  conuplcuoUH  flow  ers,  having  a  clear  yellow  ground,  unihx  mly 
broken.by  rich  brown-crlnisim  in;irking8;  to  Fascination,  whoso 
colours  lire  novel  and  dchiruble,  betog  a  sbnocd  ilamed  red, 
of  moderate  for ui  and  good  habit ;  tu  Aramintii,  y el lon'-^ round 
heavily  niarUed  with  richly  bhudtd  crlmsou — form  good,  habit 
only  hi  cond.rate  ;  to  FlrL-iiall,  colour  now  and  dcslniblo,  being 
a  richly  matked  oraoge-'-corlet  on  a  yellow  ground  ;  ouilino 
Kood  and  nmooth,  of  uverai^o  hize  and  hubtt :  these  were  all 
trom  McBfirB.  Hvnderson,  of  the  Wollngton  Komi.—  Pdusles 
were  jiroduccd,  and  n.  CertlHciilo  of  Merit  awarded  tu  Mrit. 
liouNo  (Uriigg).  white  ground,  with  puip'o  belting  mid  upptT 
pctiiln  ;  Duphiio  (J.  11.  Hrownj,  wjis  ol  cheerful  colour  und  in 
many  rtHpeetH  cotnoiendiibkv  — A  Luhcl  of  Commundutlon  wan 
uwiirded  tu  a  Fuiicy  I'elargoniiim  niiined  Ariel,  of  wliicli  tliu 
cenHMm  reported  ihut  If  It  niaiiilatiiH  Its  jiroperticH  when  mure 
in  llowct'  it  will,  doubtlCBH,  ri-cuive  a  higher  awiird.  ThlH 
came  fiom  A.  Hcndersoti  and  Co.  The  breeder  Tullji,  King, 
tOKCther  HltU  a  puiul  of  a  broken  Howvr  of  ihu  huiiiu  varhny, 
wore  Bcot  by  Mr.  WilliBOo  ;  Jor  form  and  uubHtaiico  the  blouin 


WAA  good  ;  the  same  flower  was  sent  last  year,  when  it  was  iu 
better  condition. 


Colour  :  Alplia.  Verbena  Heloisa  makes  a  good  blue  bed. 

Makchesiee  ExuiBiTioN  : /^cpoWer.  Much  obliged;  but  to  bo 
useful,  the  names  of  the  winning  flowers,  as  well  as  the 
aw&rd'!,  should  have  been  given. 

New  DAQtiAS  :  BegUmer.  Scarlet  King  (Green)  ;  Alice  (Drum- 
mond)  ;  Dr.  Frampton  (llawlinee)  ;  Una  (Keynes);  Laura 
Lavington  (Keyuesj  ;  Sir  F.  Thesiger  (Rawlings)  ;  Triun:- 
phaut  (KeyueK);  Nancy  (ICeynesj;  Sir  R.  Whittington 
(Turner);  E.  Foster  (Turner);  Morning  Star  (Turner); 
Doutjias  Jerrold  (Keynes);  Malvina  (Turner), 

Received;  A  schedule  of  prizes  of  the  National  Horticultural 
Show  at  Lewes,  which  takes  place  on  July  14  and  15. 

Seedlings  :  VoHlgcm.  So  much  depends  on  what  a  flower  hae 
done  to  make  it  popular,  as  well  as  on  other  circumstances 
connected  with  it,  that  we  cannot  even  guess  what  price  a 
good  seedling  ought  to  bring.  A  good  Dahlia  might  bring 
100!.,  while  another  miebt  not  fetch  lOi.  A  good  Pansy 
might  realise  the  latter  sum,  while  another  might  only  bring 
6J. ;  and  as  much  as  \H.  might  be  given  for  a  Carnation,  which 
5i.  migtit  be  all  another  fluwer  would  fetch.  These  matters 
can  only  be  arranged  between  the  buyer  and  the  seller. 

Tulips  :  W  W  Whiibi/.  Next  week. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

Azaleas:  A  B  C D.    A  worthless  variety,   which  we  would 

advise  you  to  throw  away  at  once,  and  replace  by  a  better 

one. 

Calceolarias:  B  B.  Dry  and  Bhrivellod  even  unto  powder; 

blooms  put  loose  into  a  box  with  no  damp  material  about 

them,  can  scarcely  be  expected  to  keep  good  for  any  length 

of    time. — ff  H.    1.  Dull  yellow  ground,   profusely  covered 

with   deep  maroon.     2.  Similar,  but   less    densely  marked. 

3.  Buff   ground,   nicely    marked    with    deepish    red,    good 

outline,  smooth,  and,  when  inflated,  possesses  fair  globular 

properties.     4.  A  tricolor,  being  bufl",  red,  and  marooa  ;  but, 

like  Nos,  1  and  2,  collapsed,  so  that,  although  much  pains 

were  taken,  we  failed  to  get  it  into  sufficient  form  to  report 

further.     3  was  in  famous  condition,  J,  E, 

CiNEaARiAS  :  C  IT.  Dried  up,  almost  past  recovery;  however 

we  trace  remarkably  broad  petals,  both  indented  and  reflexed, 

with  flat  disk  ;   colour    bluish  lilac,  boldly    marked  on  a 

purely  white  ground.  J  E. 

Gloxinias:  B  V  C.  Handsome,  but  not  more  so  than  kinds 

possessing  similar  colours,  already  in  cultivation. 
PANbiES  :  R  S  M.  Goldfinch,  upper  petals  mottled  dull  purple 
and  bright  yellow,  side  and  lower  petals  bright  yellow,  with 
good  solid  eye,  is  a  fancy  variety  of  very  good  shape  and 
substance.  Spot,  sifuil^r  colours  as  the  foregoing,  but  with 
spots  instead  of  being  mottled  ;  sadly  deficient  in  form  and 
substance.  Lady  Sale,  of  no  value  as  a  show  flower  ;  Dido, 
ditto,  ditto;  Addison,  ditto,  ditto  ;  No,  lin  the  way  of  Dido, 
but  of  no  value  ;  Duchess  of  Norfolk  will  not  do,  being 
coarse  on  the  surface  and  irregular  on  the  edges. — J  P, 
Flowers  2^-  inches  in  diameter,  with  creamy  ground  and 
large  bold  eye,  sufficiently  displayed  in  the  lower  three 
petals;  belling  and  upper  petals  deep  purple,  of  average 
form,  flat  and  moderately  smooth  both  on  the  surface  and 
edges  ;  much  iu  the  w-^y  ol'  Mrs.  M.  Hamilton. 
Veebena:  Sub.  A  U'lat  looking  blush  flower  with  darker  eye 
radiating  Irom  the  centre  ;  deficient  in  form. 


Miscellaneous- 

Mo&quito  Tobacco. — Iu  the  evening  we  stopped  with 
some  other  boats  lilce  our  own  near  a  small  village, 
where  we  proposed  to  pass  the  night.  The  day  had 
been  very  warm,  and  the  moschetoes  were  now  be- 
coming very  troiiblesome.  The  night  before  this, 
neither  my  servant  nor  myself  had  been  able  to  close 
our  eyesj  and  I  now  saw  witli  dread  these  pests  actually 
swarming  around  us,  and  anticipated  another  sleepless 
night.  Our  boatmen,  who  heard  us  talking  about  them, 
asked  Sing-Hoo  why  he  did  not  go  and  buy  some 
moscheto  tobacco,  which  they  said  might  be  had  in  the 
village,  and  which  would  drive  all  the  moschetoes  out  of 
the  boat.  I  immediately  despatched  him  to  procure 
some  of  this  invaluable  substance.  In  a  few  minutes  he 
returned  with  four  long  sticks  iu  his  hand,  not  uuUke 
those  commonly  used  for  burning  incense  in  the  temples, 
only  somewhat  longer  and  coarser  in  appearance.  He 
informed  me  that  they  only  cost  two  cash  each — cer- 
tainly cheap  enough  if  they  answered  the  purpose. 
Two  of  these  sticks  were  now  lighted  and  suspended 
from  the  roof  of  the  boat.  They  had  not  been  burning 
five  minutes  when  every  moscheto  in  the  boat  sought 
other  quarters.  ,We  were  quite  delighted,  and  enjoyed 
a  sound  and  refreshing  sleep,  for  which  we  were  most 
thankful.  I  had  always  dreaded  these  insects  dm'ing 
this  journey,  as  I  did  not  carry  cm-tains  with  me,  on 
account  of  their  bulk.  I  now  found,  however,  that 
there  was  no  need  of  them  wherever  we  could  procure 
the  moscheto  tobacco.  Various  substances  ai'e  em- 
ployed by  tlie  Chinese  to  drive  away  moschetoes.  This 
which  we  had  just  purchased  was  made  from  the 
sawings  of  resinous  woods — I  believe  procured  from 
Juniper  trees — and  mixed  witli  some  combustible  matter 
to  make  it  burn.  A  piece  of  split  Bamboo,  'd  or  4  feet 
in  length,  is  then  covered  all  over  with  this  substance. 
When  finished  it  is  as  thick  as  a  rattan  or  small  cane. 
The  upper  end  of  the  Bamboo  has  a  slit  in  it  for 
hooking  on  to  any  nail  in  the  wall,  or  to  the  roof  of  a 
boat.  When  once  lighted,  it  goes  on  burning  upwards 
until  within  G  inches  of  the  hook,  beyond  which  there 
is  no  combustible  matter,  and  it  then  dies  out.  A 
somewhat  fragrant  smell  is  given  out  during  combus- 
tion, which,  at  a  distance,  ia  not  disagreeable.     Some- 

I  times  the  sawdust  is  jiut  up  in  coils  of  paper,  and  is 
then   burned    on   the   iloora   of  the    houses.      Various 

I  species  of  Wtu-inwood  aro  likowise  employed  for  the 
Hjtnie  pur[)0.st).  The  stems  and  leaves  of  these  plants 
are  twi.-ited  and  dried,  and  probably  dipped  in  some 
preparation  to  make  tlioni  burn.  The  moscheto  has  a 
niortiil  aversion  to  itll  theso  Hulistances,  and  wherever 
tliey  aro  biu'niu^  there  tho  littlo  turmeiitora  will  not 
conio.  I  jirocurod  the  sticks  in  ({uostion,  and  biu'nt 
tlicrn  daily,  alter  this;  and  although  the  insects  were 
of'lx'M  ^>wa^nling  when  I  entered  tho  boat  or  an  inn,  the 
nioniont  their  *' tol)acco  "  waa  lighted  thoy  quickly  dis- 
appeared, and  left  nio  to  sit  at  my  ease,  or  to  enjoy  a 
I'olreshing  sleep.      Whoovei*  discoveredj  this  precious 


360 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


[Juke  5, 


touaccu  was  a.  ut;iiiji,iciur  lu  lus  country,  ;iin-l  yhduld 
'have  been  honoured  with  the  blue  button  and  peacoL-k's 
feather  at  the  least.  But  I  suppose,  like  all  other 
Chinese  discoveries,  it  is  so  old  that  the  name  of  its 
'Original  discoverer  cannot  now  be  traced.  Fortune^s  Tea 
■^istrictsof    China. 

Coffee  a  cure  for  Fresh  Wowids. — Never  have  we  seen 
on  any  skull  such  severe  scars,  or  any  attended  with  the 
-loss  of  so  much  of  the  bone.  On  the  head  he  has  four 
-cuts,  more  than  four  inches  long  and  one  and  a  half 
broad,  in  which  one  could  easily  conceal  his  thumb  : 
•only  the  inner  bone  plate  remains,  and  in  one  of  these 
cuts  there  is  such  a  loss  of  tlie  bony  r^^ubstance  that  the 
:puIflation  of  the  brain  can  be  felt.  We,  laughing,  asked 
.him,  if,  when  he  received  these  wounds,  he  wore  his 
4i;mulets  against  sabre  cuts  :  he  replied,  that  he  had  them 
not  on,  as,  if  he  had,  no  sabre  would  have  harmed  hira. 
'We  also  learned,  from  what  he  said,  that  men  hold  the 
tiahabitants  of  Abyssinia,  who  are  Christians,  to  know 
:somewimt  of  the  black  art,  believe  them  to  have  an 
-understanding  with  the  devil,  and  that,  to  make  this 
puwer  innocuous,  some  special  papers  or  extracts  are 
'necessary.  Sobi,  in  spite  of  his  fearful  wounds, 
'was  sound  again  within  four  v/eelcs,  these  being  healed 
.^y  application  of  burnt  coffee  and  brandy,  the  prescrip- 
•■^ion  of  an  Abyssinian  doctor.  Werners  African 
''/Wixndcrings. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 


(For    the 


weeJc.J 


PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
OucHiDS  are  now  making  rapid  growth,  which  should 
'.be  encouraged  by  an  atmosphere  charged  with  as  much 

moisture  as  it  is  possible  to  maintain,  more  especially  for 
'the  East  Indian  species  and  their  allies.  Shade  so  as  to 
-exclude  the  sun's  rays,  and  yet  allow  sufficient  light  to 

preserve  the  foliage  of  a  dark  healthy  green.  Those 
•  requiring  less  heat  should  have  the  same  attention  as 

to  shading,  &c.  Avoid  watering  by  dashes,  but  let 
-every  plant  be  daily  examined  ;  a  moist,  not  a  wet  state 

of  the  material  in  contact  with  the  roots,  should  be  the 
■object  aimed  at.     Where  plants  are  large,  and  extra 

Sue  spikes  of  bloom  are  desired,  remove  all  weak  growth 
■-■3S  they  advance,  and  retain  only  the  strongest  shoots, 

■  Stop  the  growths  on  Dendrobium  nobile,  and  similar 
-plants,  except  those  starting  from  the  bottom,  to 
encourage  regularly  formed  plants.  Orchids  now  opening 
their  blooms  should  be  removed  to  a  cool  shady 
house,  to  prolong  their  beauty.  The  stock  of  Balsams 
and  other  annuals,  grown  for  filling  the  vacant 
places  in  the  plant-houses,  should  have  every 
encouragement  by  frequent   shifts,  and  by  being  kept 

■'iu    deep    frames    or    pits    near   the   glass.     Pick    off 

■  the  early-formed  bloom  buds — the  plants  should  attain 
■a  considerable  size  before  they  are  allowed  to  bloom. 
A  considerable  number  of  greenhouse  plants  will  now 

■lae  benefited  by  being  placed  out  of  doors.  Shady 
places,  sheltered  from  strong  winds,  and,  if  possible, 

■exposed  to  the  east,  are  preferable.  The  more  tender 
should  be  placed  under  a  slight  frame  work,  with 
'tarpanling  or  painted  canvass  attached,  to  put  over 
■them  during  heavy  rains.  A  portion  of  the  more  hardy 
stove  plants  may  be  removed  to  the  houses  emptied  for 
■the  above  purpose.  This  exposure  to  a  larger  amount 
of  air  will  benefit  the  growth  of  many  soft-wooded 
-plants,  and  the  habit  induced  by  the  change  will  be 
perceptible  in  the  more  intense  colour  of  the  flowers, 

^■and  prolonged  period  of  blooming. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
CaiTy  out  the  routine   treatment   of  the  succession 
-'Vineries,  as  directed  in  former  Calendars  ;  fires   will 
still  be  required  both  to  Grapes  now  ripe,  and  to  the 
latest  houses,  till  the  Vines  are  out  of  bloom  ;  for  the 
former,  it  will  only  be  necessary  to  apply  suflicient  to 
-keep  the  house  dry,  and  to  allow  for  extra  ventilation. 
When  Grapes  are  required  to  be  kept  for  some  con- 
siderable time,   shading  must   be   used    during   bright 
■-v/eather,  or  the  fruit  will  become  shrivelled.     If  the 
shoots  have  beeu  stopped  at  one  or  two  joints  above  the 
fniit,  the  laterals  (which  should  be  taken  clean  out  up 
-to  the  bunch),  should  be  stopped  back  to  one  joint,  unless 
<;he   previously   formed  leaves   are  already  sufficiently 
'Close  together,  when  they  should  be  stopped  close  back  ; 
encouraging  after  growths,  particularly  when  the  foliage 
-ah'eady   occupies    all   the   space   beneath  the  glass,  is 
productive  of  moi*e  harm  than  good.     Peach  House. — 
-The  ripe  fruit  should  be  looked  over  each  morning,  to 
gather  such  as  are  likely  to  ripen  in  a  day  or  two.     The 
fruit  will  be  higher  in  flavour  than  wdien  allowed  to 
'■ripen  on  the  tree,  and   will   save   them   from   getting 
■bruised  by  falling,  to  which  heavy  fruit  of  the  Peach  is 
/very  liable,  with  the  best  contrivances  for  catching  them. 
Melons. — As  soon  as  the  fruit  is  cut  (if  it  is  intended 
-they  should  bear  a  second  crop),  prune  back  the  shoots 
•to  where  the   fresh   growth   proceeds.     Two  or  three 
-inches  of  fresh  loara  should  be  spread  over  the  surface  of 
the  bed,  which  should  at  the  same  time  have  a  good  soak- 
ing of  manure-water,  to  assist  the  plants  to  make  a  fresh 
■growth  :  an  additional  stimulus  at  the  same  time  should 
'be  given  to  the  roots,  by  slightly  increasing  the  bottom 
tieat  ;  bring  forward   the  succeeding   crops,   and  take 
-every  means  to  keep  down  red  spider,  which,  when  once 
established  on  the  foliage,  is  most  difficult  to  destroy;  as 
a  preventive  keep  the  air  of  the  house  or  pit  moist  by 
frequent  sprinklings,  and  wash  the  walls  with  the  mixture 
recommended   in   former    Calendars.      Cucumbers,   at 
-!u6  season,  do  best  with  a  considerable  amount  of  shade: 


tins  aliould  be  atieaaed  to,  and  tlie  ueceasary  bottom 
heat  and  moisture  kept  up.  Keep  the  Vines  thin  and 
regular  by  frequent  stopping  ;  in  planting  out  at  this 
season  use  a  rather  poor,  in  preference  to  a  rich  soil, 
which  in  cold  wet  seasons  induces  canker. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
The  newly  planted  things  will  require  constant 
watching,  as  under  the  best  management  failures  will 
sometimes  occur  ;  these  should  instantly  be  made  good, 
and  the  tying  and  staking  of  every  tiling  requiring 
support  on  no  account  delayed.  Where  an  immediate 
display  of  flowers  is  not  wanted,  the  buds  may  be  pinched 
off  for  a  week  or  two,  to  encourage  tlie  plants  to  cover 
the  ground.  Remove  Pansies,  Anemones,  double 
Wallflowers,  and  other  spring  plants  as  they  go  out  of 
bloom,  to  make  room  for  autumn  flowering  ones;  the 
beds  will,  however,  require  to  be  made  up  with  fresh 
compost.  Put  in  cuttings  of  double  Wallflowers, 
Pansies,  iScc.,  for  next  spring's  blooming.  A  shady  piece 
of  ground,  or  reserve  garden,  should  be  appropriated  for 
the  above.  In  addition,  a  stock  of  the  more  showy 
herbaceous  plants  sliould  always  be  kept  on  hand,  as 
well  as  the  spare  bedding-out  plants,  so  that,  in  case  of 
failures  or  alterations,  a  supply  may  always  be  ready  for 
immediate  planting.  In  large  places  a  ground  of  this 
kind  is  indispensable,  and  no  less  so  for  those  of  less 
extent,  as  a  continuous  show  of  bloom  cannot  be  kept 
up  without  a  reserve  stock  being  kept  ready  to  remove 
whenever  wanted.  Creepers  against  walls  or  trellises 
should  be  constantly  gone  over  to  tie  or  nail  them  in, 
Standard  and  pillar  Roses  should  likewise  be  looked 
over,  to  see  they  are  properly  secured  to  their  stakes 
take  every  means  to  eradicate  all  the  broad-leaved 
plants  and  coarse  growing  Grasses  from  the  lawns,  which 
they  much  disfigure,  and  keep  them  closely  cut  with  the 
scythe  or  machine. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Still  continue  active  operations  against  aphides  and 
other  pests  to  fruit  trees,  or  their  ravages  will  spoil 
your  best  hopes  for  a  crop.  The  shoots  of  Cherry  trees 
infested  with  the  black  fly  should  be  dipped  in  tobacco- 
water  immediately  they  are  detected,  to  prevent  the 
shoot  from  curling,  which  would  stop  its  growth  ;"either 
pick  off  with  the  hand  or  apply  a  wash  of  lime  or  clear 
soot-water  to  Gooseberries  and  Currants  infested^with 
the  caterpillar  ;  these  increase  so  rapidly  that  a  constant 
watch  must  be  kept  up  for  some  time,  if  time  permits. 
Pinch  back  all  shoots  off  the  latter,  not  wanted  for 
wood  ;  the  fruit  of  Gooseberries,  &c.,  like  those  of  more 
value,  will  be  considerably  improved  by  summer  stopping 
of  the  young  wood— a  fact  well  known  to  those  who 
have  paid  attention  to  this  mode  of  pruning,  which  is 
much  better  understood  on  the  continent  than  in 
England,  and  is  perhaps  the  only  department  of 
gardening  in  which  English  gardeners  are  behind  their 
neighbours,  and  in  many  cases  this  arises  more  from 
want  of  time  than  knowledge  ;  in  France,  cheap  labour 
helps  to  cai'ry  this  out  to  the  greatest  perfection. 
KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Continue  to  plant  out  fresh  crops  of  Cauliflowers, 
Cabbages,  Savoys,  and  Celery,  in  proportion  to  what  the 
future  demand  is  likely  to  be,  and  keep  sowing  at 
intervals  of  a  fortnight  such  plants  as  Lettuce,  Spinach, 
Radishes,  &c.,  lasting  but  a  short  time  in  perfection. 
Select  a  cool  and  rather  moist  situation  for  the  above 
through  the  summer  months.  The  young  Asparagus 
beds  will  be  benefited  by  a  dressing  or  two  of  salt 
applied  in  wet  weather  during  the  period  of  active 
growth.  Seakale  beds  may  have  the  same  treatment, 
Salt  on  old  worn-out  soils  acts  most  beneficially  as  a 
manure,  in  addition  to  its  completely  destroying  slugs, 
worms,  and  other  vermin  ;  and  it  assists  the  growth  of 
Celery  and  other  cultivated  marine  plants  considerably. 
Plant  out  Cardoons  raised  in  pots  into  trenches  similar 
to  what  was  recommenaed  for  Celery.  Hoe  between, 
and  eai'th  up  Potatoes,  which  in  this  neighbourhood 
look  healthy  ;  and  for  the  first  time  these  last  seven 
years  our  frame  Potatoes  have  shown  no  trace  of 
disease,  the  foliage  and  crop  having  been  healthy  and 
good  throughout.  Peas,  especially  the  tall  growinj_ 
kinds,  should  be  stopped  when  they  show  bloom  ;  this 
will  not  only  throw  them  into  bearing  eaidier,  but  make 
them  more  productive.  Scarlet  Runners  treat  the 
same,  for  similar  reasons.  Make  up  the  deficiencies  in 
the  herb  compartment  by  transplanting  Thyme,  Savory, 
&c.,  from  the  seed  beds.  Put  in  slips  of  Sage,  and,  with 
the  exception  of  such  herbs  as  are  wanted  for  drying, 
remove  the  flower  stems  as  they  appear,  to  encoui'age 
such  parts  only  as  are  of  use. 


STATE  OF  THE  ■WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


» 

TBMPBBiTDBE. 

May. 

o 
9 

Of  the  Air 

Of  the  Earth 

Wind 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  lect 
dfce|). 

Uax. 

Min. 

Uftx. 

Mm. 

Uenn 

Friday. . 

2S 

29.844 

29  779 

57 

4fi 

51.^ 

52 

50 

NK 

ort 

Sfttur.  .. 

':u 

!<l 

29.BS9 

29.011 

51 

:i5 

4-AM  ' 

52 

51) 

N.E. 

■.'5 

SundHy 

w\ 

11 

29.763 

29.f.86 

hi 

38 

47.5 

60 

49 

N  W. 

01 

Monday 

•M 

f.' 

29.817 

29.79i 

(0 

a4 

47,0 

h\ 

:,ti\ 

W, 

Tuea.   .. 

1 

i;i 

29.3S9 

29.819 

66 

43 

''7,0 

52 

50 

W. 

C'l 

Wed.    .. 

2!).S66 

29.791 

63 

50     '  hCb 

hi 

61 

s  w 

l"1 

ThurB... 

a 

5 

29.3)8 

29,709 

6d 

41        53,0  !  53 

51 

s.w. 

.03 

A'flraL'p    . 

29.819 

29.74  i 

59.S      41  7      50  S      518 

50.2 

.43 

2S— Uoiformly  overe«st;  colil  N.E.  wind;  densely  clouded. 
29— Rain;  clear  with  frosty  ttimt  Dii:ht, 
30— Fine;  deocely  clouded,  cold  al  ni^ht. 
31— fine;  larite  masses  of  while  clouds,  and  some   dueVy; 
f'OBty  air 

1— Clear  ;  fine;  eliglitly  clouded. 

2-Cloudy;  fine;  rsllier  windy  ;  partially  overcast. 

S^-Cloudy  tbroushout;  li»zy  at  iilj{ht. 
Mean  temperature  ol  the  week,  7  deg.  helow  the  aveiage. 


STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  years,  for  the  euauinR  week,  ending  Juue  12, 1362. 


■ii*- 

Is- 

It 

No.  Of 
Teara  in 
which  it 

Bained. 

GreatcBt 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

Prevailing  Winds. 

June. 

4 
3 

3 

1 

z 

4 

D 

5 
4 
6 

5 

I 

1 
3 

'A 

1 
3 

2 
1 

1 
1 

3 
4 

4 
3 

1 

5 

I 
9 

6 
S 

I 

4 

K 

Snnday    p 
Moo.        7 
Tuea.       fi 
Wed.       9 
Tliurn.  HI 
b-ridi.y    11 
Satur.    12 

61.3 
68.4 
G9.S 
71.0 
71.2 

72J 

47.0 

47.6 
■ir>.7 

43.1 

4a.7 
49.4 
50.7 

67.9 
5S0 

5SJ 
59.5 
59  9 
60.9 
01.4 

13 
10 
9 
11 

n 

8 
10 

0,23  in. 

0.53 

0.10 

0.50 

(1.95 

0.47 

0  78 

.1 
5 

The  hixheat  tem 
ISlG-therm.  'JO  de> 

perature  during  the  above  period  0 
.;  aud  the  loweat  on  theSth.  13::8-t 

ccurred  oq  the  7ih' 
heiiii.  35  deg. 

Notices   to  Correspondents! 

AOBTEALIA  :  A  Reader.  Great  numbers  of  very  cheap  gaide 
books  to  thi^  colony  have  been  piiblishedj  and  may  be  had  of" 
the  booUseliers  ntar  the  Hoyal  Exchange.  As  they  coat  very 
little,  you  bad  better  t^et  as  many  ua  you  can,  and  judge 
between  them.  Probably  the  best  advice  we  can  give  is  to 
go  out  with  nothing  more  than  a.  little  linen,  a  little  money, 
some  cierlit,  and  a  determinafion  to  work  hard. 

BiBDs  :  Syltianus.  The  little  bird  found  hanging  near  ita  nest, 
which  wa^  Imed  with  horsehair,  and  supptised  to  h'ave  been 
accidentally  hanged,  appears  to  have  beea  hung  there  by 
some  person,  inasmuch  as  the  hair  was  not  twisted  round 
the  neck:  but  lied  very  firmly  in  a  regular  knot.  We  are. 
however,  unable  to  say  whether  it  had  been  hung  up  alive  or 
after  it  waa  dead ;  but  probably  the  latttr.J 

CrcnMBERs:  T L F.,  Essex.  The  leaves  you  havesentiook  aa 
if  the  plants  were  suffering  from  excessive  moisture  ;  but  it 
is  imposiiible  for  us  to  say  with  certainty  whether  that  is  the 
c;iuse  of  the  mischief  or  not.  The  origin  of  such  mishaps 
can  only  be  satisfactorily  ascertained  ou  the  spot, J 

Geeenbouse  :  R  O  T.  Your  plan  appears  to  us  judi'.ious.  with 
the  following  exceptions.  We  bhould  uot  carry  the  border 
round  the  inside  of  the  low  front  wall ;  it  will  be  too  dark. 
You  mipht  have  a  nice  set  of  small  trained  plants  outside 
against  the  wall  in  the  flower  garden.  If  ycu  have  rockwork, 
endeavour  to  connect  it  with  your  proposed  fountain,  =0 
that  the  rock  plants  may  have  a  dump  atmosphere.  Wo 
Bhould  not  plaster  the  wail,  but  should  merely  trellis  it.  Bv 
all  means  collect  the  rain-water  and  use  it  for  your  plan's 
as  far  ae  it  will  go.  Perkins's  pipes  are  too  email ;  and 
besides,  bis  apparatus  works  under  high  pressure,  which  ih 
objectionable  in  gardens.  Use  2.inch  or  3-inch  hot-wator 
pipes  instead.  With  regard  to  climbers,  please  say  whether 
they  are  to  be  shrubs  or  annuals  ;  and  ad  regards  Magnolia, 
grandiflora,  name  your  C'unty,  as  we  have  iio  clue  to  the 
climate  from  which  yuu  write. 

Insects:  J  S.  \Staff3.)  Tiie  grubs  which  have  destroyed 
21  acres  of  Oals,  sown  after  Clover,  are  the  larvae  of  the 
common  daddy-long-legs,  now  full  giown.  You  mustemploy 
children  to  catch  the  flies  when  they  appear,  and  so  save 
your  next  crop.  There  is  Utile  chtince  of  any  application, 
now  being  serviceable  against  the  grubs  themselves. — A'. 
The  insects  found  in  your  bacon  box  are  the  larva  or  cater- 
pillars  and  perfect  insects  of  the  commoo  bacon  beetle, 
Derniestes  lardariuB.  The  beetles  must  be  carefully  bunted 
for  and  destroyed,  and  those  in  the  bacon  may  be  killed  by 
immersing  it  for  a  short  time  in  boiling  water.— /t/no^ws.  The 
white  matter  upon  the  bark  of  t'e  Beech  is  a  covering  of 
maesea  of  insects  belont;ing  to  a  tpeciea  ot  Coccus  allied  to 
the  Vine  Coccus.  Water  heated  10  140''  washed  over  tho 
ba'kwill  destroy  them,  as  wetl  ae  any  oleaginous  fluid  op 
spirits  of  turpentine.— J  ^.  The  insects  which  have  injured 
jour  Asparagus  are  the  real  wireworm  or  larvse  of  Elater 
striatus.  The  best  plan  for  thtir  destruction  is  to  lay  traps 
in  the  beds  of  slices  of  Potato  or  Turnip  stuck  on  sticks, 
which  will  attract  ihem  in  great  numbers,  and  which  must 
be  examined  every  morning  and  the  insects  destrojed. — 
J  D.  The  black  and  red  flies  found  in  great  numbers  on  the 
Pear  leaves  are  the  Bibio  Marci,  which  are  in  no  wi?e 
injurious,  the  grubs  feeding  on  decaying  vegetable  matter. 
The  dark  spots  on  the  young  Pears  do  not  appear  to  ba 
cau-^ed  by  the  attacks  of  insects.— C  W.  Your  motha  are— 

1,  Cabera  pusaria  ;  2,  Aspilates  citraria ;  3,  Harpalyce 
sylvatica  ;  4,  Lampetia  capreolaria ;  5,  Cilix  compressa  ; 
6,  Nomophila  hybridalis  ;  7,  Diuruea  Fagi ;  8,  Emmelesia 
candidulata;  9,  Pyralia  forficalis ;  10,  Hepralus  obliquus  ; 
11,  Euclidia  glyphica  ;  12,  Orthosia  lota.    W. 

Melons:  a  B,  Manchester.  We  never  recommend  dealers.}— 
J  A.  We  regret  to  say  that  v.6  have  no  means  of  determining 
what  ails  your  leaves.  That  can  only  be  ascertained  by 
yourself,  who  know  all  the  circumstances  attending  their 
mauHgemeut.  We  can  only  say  that  they  look  as  if  they  were 
suffering  from  too  much  moisture,  or  perhaps  too  little  light, 
which  is  almost  the  same  thing. 

Names  OF  Plants:  E.  The  "  blight  "obsfrved  upon  Cupressus 
Uhdeaua  ia  a  natural  st-cretion  of  lehin  from  the  backs  of 
the  leaves.  It  is  rather  an  indication  of  health  than  the 
contrary.  We  cannot  imagine  that  your  Cupressus  thurifera 
could  have  been  killed  bv  it  —Mr  SkiLhech  Lunaria  rediviva, 
or  common  Honesty.— IT  S.  1,  Ab'CS  cephalonica,  or  else 
Pinsapo;  2,  Araucaria  imbricata ;  3,  Coronilla  Emerus  ;  4, 
some  Conifer,  quite  indeterminable.  — C  F.  Galium  uligi- 
noRum  and  Orchis  latifolia,  as  far  as  it  is  possible  to  judge 
from  bad  specimens.— Tim.  1,  LimnsnthfS  Do'iglai-u  ;  2, 
Gesnera  faucialia  ;  3.  Gesnera  Suttoni  ?- J3/.fl.  Hjacintbus 
Romanus,  now  called  Bellevalia  romaoa.— Joftn  George.  Rooa 
alpina,  a  common  Swiss  plant,  little  cultivated,  except  m 
botanic  gardens.- .7o/i»  Thomas.  It  is  hlabranthus  inter- 
mediuB.  a  very  tine  thing,  lr>m  Brazil  not  India;  it  has 
alwayii  been  taken  for  a  tender  bulb,— A  G.  1,  Salix  aquatica ; 

2,  S.  iucana,  at  least  we  believe  so  ;  but  it  is  not  practicable 
to  determine  with  accuracy  had  specimens  of  Willows  in 
fruit  only.  We  are  unable  to  explain  the  circumstance  you 
name.— is  B.  Carex  tereliuscula;  not  a  Gr^SB.—M A.  Ceo- 
nothus  thyr.«iflorus,  ill  figuvedin  the  "Botanical  Registtr 
for  1814,  t.  Z8.—  TVB.  1,  Hippeastrum  Johnsoni;  2,  Bruns- 
felsia  americaoa  ;  3,  Streptocarpus  RfXii. 

Paint;  B  W  F.  Hiphly  rectified  spirits  of  turpentine  will  pro- 
bably remove  it,  if  rubbed  on  with  parience.  Last  year  a 
basket  of  Mushrooms  was  left  all  night  upon  a  painted 
counter;  in  the  course  of  the  night  some  of  the  juice  ran 
through,  and  wherever  it  touched  the  counter,  the  paint  was 
removed  clean  down  to  the  wooo  ■ 

Panceatidm  lAH.Vfe  know  nothing  of  a  bulb  cultivated  aa 
hardy,  and  called  Pancraiium  riparium. 

Peach-trees:  WD.  We  can  express  no  opinion  as  to  wtiat 
ails  jour  Peach-trees.  It  is  only  on  the  spot  that  the  cause 
can  bo  discovered.  Encourage  them  as  much  as  possiDle  to 
mafaewoi.d,  which,  if  the  autumn  should  prove  favourable, 
mav  possibly  ripen  before  winter.J  _  ..     ,     j  ». 

Peae"  Leaves:  SF.  They  look  as  if  they  were  just  attacked  by 
some  raining  insect;  if  so,  the  mischief  ia  only  begun.  We 
are  unabie  to  suggest  a  remedy.  j  i.     j 

RiQiDELLA  :  A  H.  The  roots  of  these  are  not  considered  hardy. 

Stephanotis  :  Marianm.  It  might  doubcIet=B  be  wintered  in  u 
greeohnuse  ;  but  a  stove  is  the  proper  place  for  it. J 

UTRiCDLARiA  ;  Aline  is  making  a  water  garden,  with  a  collection 
of  native  Britis-h  aquatic  plants  ;  and  wishes  to  know  at  what 
time  of  the  year  she  can  move  the  common  Utricularia,  and 
how  she  can  best  manage  it,  as,  except  when  in  flower,  itis  so 
diflicult  cu  find  it.  As  we  never  heard  of  this  plant  being 
cultivated,  we  are  ob'iged  to  refer  the  icqtiiry  to  our  more 
experienced  corresponden's. 


23—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


361 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURIST  S.— 
V>   It  being  QotoriouB  that  exteoslpe  adulterntionB  uf  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  thtir  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

TIte  lowest  whohsale  price  at  vjliich  sound  Peruvian 
Oiiaiio  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  thertfore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  ihem,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


"•PHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*-  following  ilanures  on  the  best  terms,  warraating  evtrj 
article  strictly  geoumet—PeruviaQ  Guano,  SuperpLospbate  of 
time,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  ol 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cuke. 
Peruvian  Suano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Cibbs  and  Sons,  at  9J.  10s.  per  ton,  or  for  .5  tons  and  upwards. 
•M.  5s.  in  Dock.  Edwabd  PcasEE,  Sec. 

4Q.  New  Sridee-street.  lllacltfriars.  London. 


TX/TANURES. — The   foUowiug    Manures  are    manu- 
-'--'-  fsciured  at  Mr.  Lawes'sP aotorj,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  ilanure,  per  ton  £^    o    o 

Superpliospliate  of  Lime  ...        '..*.        1",      7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  ]!.  ''.      5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  IVilliam. street.  City,  London. 

N.3.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent   of 

Ammooia,  n.  10s.  per  ton;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9J.  Ss.  per 

ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  ic. 


TO  AGRICULTURISTS 
QWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
y-f  at  2!.  OS.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi. 
momals  from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferli-.i.ing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Dcnmarlt 
where  It  has  been  extensively  used  for  agticultural  purposes  as 
no  less  than  26,0IJ0  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  iise  having  no  occasion  lo  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  ioiv  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  m  this  cuntry  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  Commi.Kioii  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agejiis.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  cuun 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co..  3  Rood-iane 
Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OP  LIME  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  16  per  cent'  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  *'  Analysis '' 
is  made  Ij)  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Rijyal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  7i.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS,    GARDENERS,    ETC. 
pOiMPOUND  ANIMAL  MANURE.-This  Manure, 

V-^  fit  cither  for  the  drill  or  for  casiiog,  is  conijjosed  of  a 
combination  of  highly  fertilising  artificial  subst-jnces,  with 
aaturul  iinimal  products,  so  as  to  contain,  in  a  concenti-attd 
state,  all  the  elements  that  are  best  calculated,  not  only  for 
promoting  the  gtrmination  of  seeds,  and  luxuriance  of  growth 
in  vegetation,  but  increiisiug  the  produce,  as  well  as  improving 
the  quality  of  the  crop  to  which  it  has  been  applied.  It  is 
prepared,  eifber  tobo  6uit:tble  for  general  purpowep,  or  expressly 
for  each  particular  kind  of  crop  a.s  mi»y  be  required,  according 
to  the  constituents  that  are  found,  from  analysis,  to  enter  into 
the  structure  of  the  atems,  seeds,  or  tubers  of  the  plants  ;  and 
its  beneficial  tfFects  upon  the  soil  will  continue  for  several  j  curs 
after  its  application. 

DIRECTIONS  HOW  TO  APPLY  THE 
COMPOUND     ANIMAL     MANURE. 

The  quantity  recommended  to  be  applied  to  each  acre  of  land, 
is  at  the  rate  of  3  to  4  cwt.  ;  but  as  it  may  prove  rather  too 
powerful  by  being  put  into  the  drill  alone  aloni:  with  the  Reed, 
it  had  better  be  thoroughly  incorporated  previously  with  an 
equal  bulk  of  common  iveU-dried  earth.  If  used  as  a  top- 
dre^ising  when  the  growth  of  the  seed  bns  made  seme  progress, 
it  will  not  be  necessary  to  mix  it  with  anithirg,  but  merely 
strew  it  in  the  first  stated  proportion  on  the  surface  around  the 
roots  of  the  young  plants.  For  general  iipplication,  11,  ins.  per 
ton  ;  il.,  \  ton  ;  '11.  5s.,  i  ton  ;  10s.  per  cwi ;  for  Cereals,  8!.  per 
ton  ;  for  Turnips,  Potatoes,  71.  per  ton  ;  for  Grass,  Clover,  ic, 
ol.  per  ton. 

To  be  bad  of  H.  Coles,  43,  Cranbourn- street,  Leicester 
square,  London. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


pOYD'S    PATENT    SCYTHE    and   the  celebrated 

l^  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.-BoTD's  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  Jingle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  ui^e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clnsp-knife.  The  Gardeners'  Chroiiicle  thus  cummenis 
upon  it : — "  AVe  glad'y  state  that  Mr.  Boyd's  Scjthe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  ixperience,  especially  with  his  late  intjenious 
and  very  useful  improvement."— G.  C,  tsth  May,  185?.  The 
Si  eel  Diggiusf  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  iir.  Mechi. 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  nevei-  worh 
with  any  othtr  implement  for  digging.  They  tffcct  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour."—  Wholesale  and  Rbtail  at 
War.  Drat  and  Co.'a  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


FOSSIL  BONES  AND  PSEUDO-COPROUTES. 

(FROM   THE    SUFFOLK    CEAO.) 


ET^TVA"DT^    ■D»r'i-*rtTv            /-T^         y.^         .,                       from  tne  extensive  work 
DWARD  PACIvARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having    the  highest  respectability 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  tor  the  purpose  of  rcduc-    furnished  on  application. 
Ing  these  PhosphaticNoduies  to  a  lino  l-owdur,  and  being  in'  \ T" 


C  TEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gi-acechurch-street, 
^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Suuthwark,  Jlanufac- 
turers  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILEKS,  end  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  methoo 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildinj.'S  by  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  execufcd.  references  of 
can  be  given,  and  full  particulars 


the  immediate  1  eality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms  in  onv 
quantity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  in  Acid  They 
formthecheapestsourceof  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market 
and  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
olLimein  cnnjunctioQ  with  Oone. 

Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edwabd  Packard  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suflolk. 


TURNIP    SOWING. 
CUPERPHOSPHATE  QF  LIME,  made  from  bone 

*~>  only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superioi-  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  U.e  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  iioyal 
Agricultural  Sucieiy's  Journal,  Vol.  VI.,  Part  2.  It  is  aKo 
suitable  (or  use  with  Chandler's  liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Goano,  Niirate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid 
and  aU  other  Manures  of  known  value.— Apply  to  Maek 
FoiHEBOiLL.  got,  Upper  Thames-street,  London 


/CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
v,^  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  ol  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CilAK- 
COAL,  imi  regnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fieces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft, 
Suld  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewiige  Works,  Stanley-bridge 
Fnlbam,  Middlesex,  at  OUa.  per  tou.  Is.  per  cwt.  2s  id  uer 
half  cwt,  *  *^ 

SCOTLAND. 
n-'O    AGRICULTURISTS.-Tl.e    Subscribers    have 
-L     always    on    sa'e.    and  which  can    bo  delivered  at  any 
railway  station  in  Scotland, 

BONE  MANURE  and  BONE  CHARCOAL. 

„  RoniNsON  ai.d  Niven, 

West  Born  Mill.,  May  20,  1862.  Dry.allcrs,  Greenock. 

MeMrs.  R.  and  N.  request  the  atlenlion  of  Agriculluiists  lo 
the  underiioted  CiitMiCAi.  Analvsis  ol  iheir  done  Charcoal 
which  contain*  ihe  ftjliowing  fer.ilising  iof^redients 
"  Phosphates  cf  Lime  and  Magnesia        

Carbooale  »f  Lima 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia 

Cbarcoil  '"       "' 

Alkaline  sulphates  and  cblorldoi 

Water "       |" 

Sillcloai  aod  clayey  matter,  and  oxide  of  iron ' 


83.6 
4.7 
0.0 
5.7 
1.0 
2  0 
1.0 


"It  will  be  ohserveil,  from  tho  foregoing  Analysis,  that  this 
tuUtance  la  particularly  rich  In  phosphates  of  lime  and 
magoesla,  conlalninK  83J  per  cent,  ol  these  Inurcdlenrs  ■  on 
this  aicount  it  is  .  (Tmirably  adapted  for  use  us  manure,' for 
these  pbotphfites  riink  rimongst  the  most  powerful  ..f  f.rililslng 
•genii.  (.SIgncdl  I'aiDitaicK  Pi;»!<i;r,  Professor  of  Cliemlnrj" 
Andersontan  Uiiiver^liy,  Glasgtiw." 


I  M'CORMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London. — Extract  from  Mr.  Pusej's  Keport  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implemrnt  Department,  Great  Exhibition.— "  Mr. 
M'ColiMicK's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worlted  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinctittn." — Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


lilt  ^grfcttUisral  ^untu* 

SATURDAY,  JUNE  5,  1852. 


MEETINOS  FOB  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WFDnFsiiAI,   June     9-AKrieulturRl  Society  of  Enuland. 
TuusBDAY,  —      10— AKiiculteral  Imp.  soc.  of  Ireiaiid. 

WsDHBSEAT,       —      16— AjricuiturHi  Society  of  EiiKlat.d. 
TauaauAT,         —      17— Agricultural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 


U  O.SE  POB  LJCiUID  MANURE,  FIRK  ENGINES, 
■*■'■  or  BAHDES  nlUl'O.'SK.H,  mndo  of  Ciinvn.,  lined  and 
coalad  win,  Outtii  I'ercha.  It  U  exclusively  used  by  iigrlcul- 
turiits,  and  at  Ibe  Oovcrnment  Public  Works,  giving  gnat 
•atlsfaclloti.    Alst),   KAHK'.I  FOKCE  and  KU(;T10N   I'll  .MP, 


There  are  few  things  more  deserving  of  notice 

than      THE     VENTILATION     OF     CATTLE     HOUSES  ;     for     a 

proper  supply  of  pure  air  is  as  necessaiy  as  a 
proper  supply  of  solid  food.  Without  the  former 
the  latter  can  never  be  wrought  up  into  the  animal 
system.  The  industry  and  economy  of  the  bee  have 
long  been  proverbially  admitted,  and  perhaps  there 
is  no  department  more  interesting  than  the  ventilation 
of  the  hive,  where  gangs  of  working  bees  relieve  each 
other  alternately,  and  by  means  of  their  wings 
keep  up  a  fanning  operation,  thus  expelling  the 
products  of  combustion,  and  circulating  within  the 
hive  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  air  for  respiration. 
But  .short-horns  have  no  such  mechanical  ingenuily   resul 

about  them — hence  the  difficulty  of  maintaining  a  on  to  produce  a  normal  growth;  for  when  an  in- 
pure  atmosphere  of  a  proper  temperature  for  before  creased  produce  or  abnormal  growth  is  stimulated 
a  proper  supply  is  obtained  the  body  too  frequently  by  cultivation,  these  very  ameliorating  crops,  apart 
suffers  from  currents  of  cold  air — a  result  which  is  from  the  means  employed,  do  not  appear  to  exert 
thus  accounted  for.  |  any  improving  influence  ;  indeed,  from  the  constant 

Horses,  oxen,  and  sheep  require  a  much  larger  demanit  for  manure,  they  are  scourging  crops  — 
area  of  space  for  the  purpose  of  respiration  than  is  the  kitchen  garden  is  proverbially  severe  on  the 
generally    imagined  ;- 


present  in  the  house,  cattle  have  to  breathe  a 
vitiated  atmosphere.  Under  such  circumstances 
it  IS  impossible  that  the  food  consumed  should  be 
turned  to  the  best  account :  indeed  the  loss  sustained 
is  scarcely  credible,  and  although  not  perhaps  per- 
ceptible m  all  cases,  in  the  majority  it  is;  the 
poor  animal  is  not  unfrequently  drenched  in 
its  own  perspiration  —  restless  and  excited. 
Now,  the  water  which  drenches  the  animal's  coat, 
and  the  condensed  vapour  trickling  down  the  roof 
and  walls,  prove  the  loss  sustained  by  the  farmer  ; 
for  it  arises  partly  from  the  elements  of  food  which 
under  proper  ventilation  would  have  been  worked 
up  into  fat,  but  chiefly  from  the  combustion  of  fat 
whose  carbon  is  given  off  in  the  insensible  perspira- 
tion in  the  shape  of  carbonic  acid,  and  whose  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  are  given  off  in  the  shape  of  vapour 
loaded  with  the  other  elements  already  noticed. 
The  thermometer  may  stand  in  the  beehive  during 
winter  at  355" ;  but  if  you  lap  on  the  hive,  arousing 
the  inmates,  combustion  becomes  more  active,  and 
the  thermometer  soon  rises,  while  the  interior  atmo- 
sphere becomes  loaded  with  carbonic  acid—a  state 
of  things  at  variance  with  the  industry  and  economy 
of  the  bee.  Hence,  organised  bands  immediately 
start  from  their  slumbers,  and  arrange  themselves  in 
working  order,  soon  lowering  the  temperature  again, 
expelling  the  vitiated  atmosphere,  and  filling  the  hive 
with  pure  air ;  but  in  the  feeding-house  of  the 
farmer  there  is  no  such  industry,  economy,  and 
mechanical  ingenuity.  Instead  of  this,  it  but  too 
frequently  occurs  that  every  door  and  cranny  is 
carefully  crammed  with  straw  to  prevent  the  ingress 
of  cold  air,  under  the  notion  that  heat  is  favourable, 
and  that  a  sweated  coat  once  a  day  is  good  for  the 
fattening  ox  !  "  Doctors  differ,"  and  so  do  bees  and 
farmers  in  their  notions  of  ventilation  ;  and  probably 
if  the  English  bull  had  wings,  like  the  great  Assy- 
rian bull  in  the  British  Museum,  instinct  would  in 
this  instance  also  triumph  over  reason  ;  but,  in  the 
absence  of  such  appendages,  the  position  of  the 
farmer  is  obvious. 

A  loom,  to  be  properly  ventilated,  requires  a  supply 
of  4  cubic  feet  of  pure  air  per  minute  for  every 
person  in  it  under  ordinary  circumstances,  but  if  the 
party  is  under  excitement  the  quantity  of  carbonic 
acid  and  vapour  given  off  in  the  insensible  perspira- 
tion may  be  double,  so  that  it  may  not  unaptly  be 
said  that  the  evils  arising  from  an  overcrowded 
house  beget  themselves  indefinitely, — the  more 
you  are  annoyed  by  the  heat  and  impure  air,  the 
more  active  becomes  combustion,  giving  off  propor- 
tionally a  larger  amount  of  heat  and  impure  air  in  a 
given  time.  Sensations  and  results  are  similarly 
experienced  among  cattle  ;  but  with  this  difference 
that  in  the  latter  case  a  larger  amount  of  nauseous 
gases  is  emitted  from  excrementitious  matter  and 
decomposing  litter,  requiring,  proportionally,  a  larger 
supply  of  pure  air.  Now,  it  has  been  estimated  that 
the  ox  consumes  about  6  lbs.  ot  carbon  daily  in 
the  respiratory  process,  while  that  used  by  a  man 
is  stated  at  7  oz.  ;  hence  the  additional  quantity  of 
pure  air  required  by  the  former  is  very  great ;  so 
that  the  moment  we  exclude  the  free  operation  of 
the  external  atmosphere  it  will  readily  be  perceived 
that  to  obtain  a  sufficient  supply  wilhin  is  no  easy 
task.  This  will  be  better  understood  when  we  come 
to  glance,  in  another  article,  at  the  different  modes  oj. 
ventilation,  confining  ouiselves  to  principles  rather 
than  practical  details. 

It  seems  rather  gratuitously  assumed  that  certain 
crops  are  of  themselves  ameliorating;  we  are  dis- 
posed to  think  that  their  ameliorating  effects  arise 
from  the  circumstances  which  attend  their  culti- 
vation, rather  than  from  any  quality  inherent 
in  themselves. 

All  normal  vegetation,  it  is  true,  appears,  under 
favourable  conditions  of  soil,  to  allow  of  the  accu- 
mulation of  the  elaborated  constituents  of  vege- 
tables ;  and  virgin  soils  are  found  to  have  thus 
acquired  a  fertility  which  will  admit  of  many  years' 
severe  cropping  with  heavy  produce.  Yet  this 
It  appears  to  occur  only  when  the  land  is  called 


hence  in  the  erection  of 
buildings  we  are  too  often  led  astray  by  a  penny- 
wine  economy,  confining  stock  of  every  kinil  within 
too  narrow  a  circle.  We  build  our  houses  loo 
small,  and  then  to  make  them  hold  our  stock,  crowd 
tlir;  aninials  loo  closely  together;  Iho  consequences 


dunghill. 

It  has  been  said  that  these  crops  are  ameliorating, 
as  they  are  consumed  on  the  farm  ;  but  even  in  this 
sense  it  is  not  true,  for  ihey  can  return  no  more  lo 
Ihe  land  than  what  lluiy  have  taken  from  it,  and 
this  is  also  foreign  lo  the  feililising  properties  ihey 


,  -- . - .- I  "f  which  are  obvious;  for,  owing  lo  Ihe  large  amount '  are  siipposeil   to   possess  in  theniselvea,  for  a  grain 

:».'p.';  m.;u";::iJ';eTt';r;b'',  svi"!:  'Z  :'."„;i"n;bie  !„";.!; "'  r"  '"•■'''^.  ■■'f,''  li'r,  "^ '"'";  ^''f  '""^r'  '''"•'  rr  ""^"'f  ^^  r  ^i^'^'^-    ... 

ou^ofOTder,    Price  6!,  1  on  wheels  and  stand,  71. 7».  siole  peisjiiration  ol  the  animals  UiemselveK,  anj  Uio        Ihe   large   leaf,  m    its  smothering  cover,  in  its 


£t;>oisi  and  Ktr,  103,  Newgate.ilrcol,  Loilduii. 


vapour  and    gases     containing    putiefying    matter   nilrogen-collecting  power,  in  di awing  more  largely 


362 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[June  5, 


on  the  atmosphere,  and  in  the  different  constitution 
which  it  exhibits  when  compared  either  with  itself 
when  allowed  to  seed  or  with  cereal  crops  cultivated 
for  their  grain  produce,  has  been  assumed  as  a  cause 
of  the  ameliorating  effects  of  certain  crops. 

For  the  ameliorating  consequences  resulting  from 
the  cultivation  of  these  crops  we  think  there  are 
more  obvious  reasons  to  be  found,  although  they 
seem  to  obtain  less  consideration,  if  they  are  not 
thrown  together  out  of  the  account,  in  the  working 
of  the  ground  both  previous  to  depositing  the  seed 
and  in  the  after  tillage,  and  in  the  supply  of  ex- 
traneous fertilising  matters  in  the  way  of  manures, 
all  which  ^ve  find  absolutely  necessary  for  that 
abnormal  produce  which  is  needed  to  render  these 
crops  remunerative. 

Surely  these  fertilising  operations,  so  much  greater 
than  are  required  by  the  so  called  exhausting  crops, 
do  not  indicate  the  ameliorating  qualities  we  are  so 
fond  to  attribute  to  them  :  one  would  take  them  as 
proofs  of  far  heavier  demands  on  the  soil. 

But,  if  the  larger  leaves  of  the  so-called  amelior- 
ating crops  enable  them  to]  draw  their  food  more 
largely  from  the  air,  they  also,  from  the  larger  surface  I 
they  expose  to  the  action  of  evaporating  causes, 
must  in  the  same  proportion  draw  upon  the  soil,  and 
thus  be  more  exhausting  than  plants  with  smaller 
leaves,  while,  from  the  recumbent  position  of  their 
leaves,  with  their  thousand  open  mouths,  they  more 
readily  imbibe  the  vapour  as  it  rises  from  the  earth. 

Whether  plants  throw  off  excremental  matters 
by  their  roots  or  not,  it  is  certain  that  they  throw 
off  very  much  excremental  matter  by  their  leaves. 

From  the  greater  number  or  larger  size,  therefore, 
of  the  leaves  of  the  so-called  ameliorating  crops,  they 
must  not  only  draw  in  more  largely  from  the  soil 
such  matters  as  their  roots  find  in  solution,  but  dis- 
charge them  into  the  air  in  greater  volumes,  propor- 
tional to  the  surfaces  exposed  to  evaporation,  than 
the  so-c:illed  exhausting  crops  can  from  their  smaller 
or  less  numerous  leaves. 

When,  in  addition  to  these  considerations,  we 
recollect  the  heavy  draught  of  the  great  quantity  of 
"water  we  draw  in  from  our  fields  with  root  crops, 
the  cutting  up  and  compressing,  the  kneading  and 
poaching  which  the  land  thus  suffers — the  chilling 
effecta  of  the  quantity  of  cold  water  we  throw  into 
the  stomachs  of  our  cattle,  the  heavy  manurings 
these  crops  require,  and  the  late  period  to  which  the 
Wheat  sowing  is  deferred  by  them — it  will  become 
a  matter  of  calculation  whether  it  may  not  be  more 
profitable,  in  making  our  grain  crops  fallow  ones,  to 
depend  more  on  grain  and  Pulse  crops  for  feeding 
than  we  have  done,  without,  however,  superseding 
altogether  the  root  and  green  crops. 

Crops  of  inferior  grain  for  cattle-feeding,  as 
autumn-sown  Rye,  Oats,  and  Bere,  would  come  off 
before  the  general  harvest ;  and  if  these  were  fol- 
lowed by  stolen  crops  of  Turnips  or  Rape,  an  amount 
of  superior  cattle  food  would  probably  be  obtained 
greater  than  a  full  crop  of  Turnips.  It  may  be  also 
found  in  practice  to  answer  to  sow  Turnip  or  Rape 
seed  in  the  intervals  with  portable  manures  before 
the  crops  are  fit  for  harvesting,  and  thus  a  heavier 
return  of  these  crops  be  obtained.  This  certainly 
may  be  safely  done  in  Mr.  Smith's  practice,  and 
might  perhaps  in  the  2-feet  intervals  of  another 
experimenter.   G, 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «  R." 

(Continued  from  page  34G.) 

But  we  will  now  adduce  some  passages  emphatically 
defining  the  character  of  the  experiments,  and  in  which 
the  reader  is  cautioned  again  aud  again  against  any 
indiscriminate  or  ill-considered  dzVeci  application  of  them 
to  practice  ;  and  these  seuteuces  will,  we  think,  carry 
home  a  word  of  admonition  to  Mr.  Russell  as  to  the 
future  conduct  of  his  task,  if,  as  the  champion  of  practice, 
he  would  assume  to  himself  the  office  of  mediator  and 
censor  between  it  and  science — if  he  would  really  put 
no  check  upon  the  progress  of  that  science  which  he 
professes  to  have  so  much  at  heart — and  if  it  be  really 
his  "  wish,  in  dealing  with  the  subject,  to  do  it  with 
impartiality  to  all  parties." 

Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  VIII., 
Part  2,  p.  496  :— 

"  At  the  outset,  however,  it  may  he  well  to  caution  the  agri- 
cultufist  apiinst  expecticK  wh»t  we  by  no  means  prebume  to 
exbib  t.  The  object  of  the  ouperimen's  has  not  been  the 
produdion  of  immense  crops,  but  to  trace,  as  far  as  we  were 
able,  the  real  euuditiona  of  pr^'owth  required  by  the  Turnip, 
and  to  distinguish  these  from  those  of  the  crops  to  which  it  is 
to  a  great  extent  subservient.  To  attain  our  object  it  will  be 
necesfiary  to  ppealc  of  amounts  of  produce  which  may  at  first 
sight  excite  tbe  ridiru'e  of  those  who  do  not  lully  appreciate 
the  na'ure  of  the  question  at  issue  ;  but  those  who  clioose  to 
go  through  the  lietailG  which  we  are  about  to  quote  will,  it  is 
thoueht.  and  that  a  true  understMnding  of  them  tends  much 
to  explain  the  principles  upon  which  the  best  agriculture  is 
founded." 

Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultui-al  Society,  Vol.  Vllf ., 
Part  2,  p.  502 :—    "'         °  •"  » 

""We  would  again  remind  our  readers  that  the  object  of  the 
expenmeuta  was  not  the  production  of  larL'e  crops,  but  to  learn, 
by  the  eftects  of  different  and  known  conditi.nis  ot  supply,  in 
What  respect  and  to  what  extent  the  plant  was  dependant  upon 
tbe  resuurces  which  must  be  kept  up  by  the  laruier,  and  how 


far  he  may  rely  upon  the  natural  yield  of  the  atmosphere;  for 
it  is  the  item  of  soitrceofcouhtituents,  as  wellas  that  of  quantity 
and  quality,  which  should  iofluence  our  selection  of  plants 
and  manures  under  a  truly  rational  aad  economic  system  of 
agriculture." 

Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  VIII., 
Part  2,  page  504  :— 

"  Were  we  to  look  at  the  results  of  Ibis  table  with  a  purely 
agricultural  eye,  t!ie  column  of  acreage  weight  of  bulb  would 
be  Bufflcient  to  guide  our  judgment  as  to  the  efficiency  of  the 
VHrioua  raanures ;  but  since  the  object  of  the  experiments  is 
rather  to  provide  a  key  to  the  requirementa  of  the  Turnip  than 
to  afford  exact  examples  of  manuring,  other  iteme  than  that  of 
the  actual  acreage  resulta  obtained  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration in  forming  an  estimate  respecting  the  nature  of  the 
conditions  which  cultivation  hhould  be  calculated  to  supply." 

Journal  of  the  Royal  Agricultiu'al  Society,  Vol.  VIII., 
Part  2,  p.  560  :— 

"It  should,  therefore,  be  diatinctly  understood  that  the 
objects  of  these  experiments  is  not  to  piovide  any  examples  fur 
direct  imitation  in  practice,  but  to  enable  us  to  ascertaiu  the 
real  characters  of  season,  soil,  and  manuiing  required  for  the 
growth  of  the  Turnip,  in  order  that,  the  principles  of  its  culture 
being  better  understood,  the  practice  of  it  may  be  more  econo- 
mically carried  out." 

We  do  not  conceive  it  possible  more  clearly  to 
disclaim  for  our  experiments  the  idea  of  their  being  of 
interest  as  affording  instances  of  large  produce,  or  of 
their  being  directly  applicable  to  practice,  as  providing 
exact  examples  of  manuring  ;  aud  the  idea  of  tlieir 
being  compared  in  these  respects  with  experiments 
arranged  for  7)iore  directly  practical  purposes,  is  surely 
clearly''  enough  repudiated.  But  on  this  point  our 
experiments  have  received  the  treatment  from  Mr. 
Russell  which  science  is  very  apt  to  meet  with  from 
practical  men  when  she  is  doing  her  best  to  help  them. 
The  following  is  Mr.  Russell's  comment  upon  some  of 
them  : — ■ 

Agricidtural  Gazette,  July  26,  1850  : — 

"Mr.  Lawes  found  that  hi*i  Wheat  field,  which  yielded 
17  bushels  per  acre  without  any  manure,  did  not  produce  as 
many  cwts.  of  Tur-jips  without  any  application  ;  but  a  certain 
weight  of  supeiphosphate  of  lime  raised  the  crop  to  12  tons. 
This  was  a  very  interes'ing  result;  but  practically  the  question 
and  matter  for  discussion  by  farm«rs  in,  how  the  Turnip  crop 
can  be  increased  from  12  to  20  tons  or  upwards."  *  ■?  %  * 
"We  suspect,  however,  that  carbon  ivithout  ammonia  ia 
powerless  ;  and  al^o  that  ia  all  soils  which  are  capable  ot" 
raieing  17  bushels  of  Wheat  annually,  20  ions  and  upwards  of 
Turnips  can  be  raistd  by  applying  phosphoric  and  ammooiacal 
manures,  if  common  sense  and  ^^ood  management  in  the  details 
are  followed." 

And  again  ;  Agricidtural  Gazette,  Dec.  13: — 

"  We  have  already  given  our  opinion  of  Mr.  Lawes'  experi- 
ments, and  we  by  no  means  underrate  his  labours— he  has 
done  much  to  consolidate  our  opinions  on  many  special  points. 
The  elaborate  experiments  of  Mr.  Hannnm  and  Mr.  Gaiduer 
in  the  Transactions  ot  the  Highland  Society  are,  however,  as 
valuable  for  practical  purijoses,  seeing  that  these  were  made 
under  less  artiQcial  conditions.  For  on  this  account  Mr. 
Lawes'  figures  will  by  no  means  bear  that  rigid  application 
which  many  imagine." 

Now,  it  ia  because  we  so  entirely  agree  with  Mr. 
Russell  in  the  remark  last  quoted,  and  because  we  have 
ourselves  so  fully  insisted  upon  the  point  as  shown  by 
the  sentences  already  quoted  from  our  papers,  that  we 
would  complain  of  Mr.  Russell,  so  comparing  our 
experiments  with  those  of  a  totally  different  plan  and 
object,  without  reference  to  our  own  disclaimers  on  this 
point,  as  to  give  the  aspect  that  we  had  ourselves  claimed 
for  them  that  plan  and  object  ;  and  we  think,  too,  that 
it  is  much  wanting  either  in  discrimination  or  ingenu- 
ousness, to  insinuate  that  the  produce  would  be  *'  20 
tons  or  upwards,"  if  "common  sense  and  good  manage- 
ment in  the  details  are  followed,"  especially  when  it  is 
actually  stated  in  our  papers  that  20  tons  and  upwards 
were  in  the  ordinary  farm  management  obtained. 

See  paper  on  Turnip  Culture,  p.  563,  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  VIII.,  Part  2  : — 

"  That  the  soil  on  this  farm,  althougli  not  a  Turnip  soil,  is 
capable  of  producing  good  root  crops,  under  a  proper  supply  of 
manure,  may  be  inferred  frum  the  fact  that  this  year,  whiLti  is 
anything  but  a  Kood  Turnip  season,  an  acre  of  Swedes  was 
weighed,  the  bulbs  of  which  gnve  20  tons  lo  cwt." 

Again,  in  his  rejoinder  No.  1,  May  1,  1852^  Mr. 
Russell  writes  : — 

"Even  in  our  ordinary  farm  rotations,  were  we  io  supply 
ammoniacal  salts  as  freely  to  our  Wheat  crop  as  is  done  by 
Mr.  Lawes,  we  should  blight  every- p-traw  of  it." 

Now,  the  large  amounts  of  ammonia  referred  to  by 
Mr.  Russell  were  applied  in  our  experiments  upon 
Wheat  ;  and  as  for  our  treatment  of  that  crop  in  our 
ordinary  farm  rotation,  we  never  have  puljlished  a 
word  on  the  subject  ;  and  certainly  we  should  not  then 
apply  such  large  amounts  of  ammoniacal  salts  ;  nor  can 
we  be  supposed  to  have  in  any  way  advocated  such 
practice  as  generally  applicable  in  farm  rotations. 

Nothing,  indeed,  is  required  but  a  little  clever  writing 
to  dispai'age  or  expose  to  ridicule  with  practical  men 
those  results  of  scientific  experiment  which  are  the 
most  significant,  aud  which,  when  intelligently  inter- 
preted, tend  most  to  explain  and  enforce  the  best 
practices.  The  respective  provinces  of  art  and  of 
science,  should,  however,  never  be  confounded,  if  the 
two  are  healthily  to  re-act  upon  each  other.  It  should 
never  be  forgotten  that  what  in  agriculture  are  called 
practical  experiments,  as  distinguished  from  scientific 
ones,  are  designed  to  provide  results  for  direct  adoption  ; 
whilst  the  most  significant  and  important  of  scientific 
ones  will  most  certainly  not  be  fitted  for  direct  imitation 
in  practice,  but  are  to  provide  materials  for  deduction, 
which,  if  intelligently  applied,  having  reference  to  local 
circumstances,  will  tlius  have,  though  an  indirect,  yet 
not  less  important  influence  on  actual  practice  itself. 
To  treat  scientific  experiments  in  any  other  way,  may 
indeed  serve  very  well  as  a  piece  of  stage  efi'ect  with 
practical  readers,  but  a  triumph  thus  gained  is  surely 
of  an  inglorious  kind,  and  it  is,  moreover,  exceedingly 
disparaging  to  the  usefulness  of  scientific  effort.  We 
are    disposed  believe,    however,    that    were    Mr. 


Russell's  eminently  practical  talents  more  duly  balanced 
by  the  requirements  of  science  in  tliis  respect,  he  would 
have  exercised  a  wiser  discrimination  on  these  as  well 
as  on  some  other  points.  /.  B.  Lawes. 
{To  le  continued.) 


DIGGINGS  BY  A  FEN  FARMER.— No.  II. 

The  first    "floor"  of   our    diggings,   namely,  that 
referring  simply  to  the  surface  of  the  Fen  district,  will 
not  occupy  much  space  and  time.     AVe  shall  descend  as 
quickly  as  possible  under  ground.     To  give  the  reader 
an  idea  of  the  present  practice  of  farming,  we  will  take 
the  Great  Level  in  its  separate  districts.     The  northern 
half  is  entirely  in  Lincolnshire,  and  is  thus  divided. 
The    Witham   Fens,   the   Black-Sluice  Drainage,  and 
Deeping  Fen,  form  a  band  of  peaty  land,  skirting  the 
western  uplands   from  Lincoln  to  the  river  Welland. 
West,  north,  and  north-east  of  Boston,  lie  Holland  FeOj. 
Wildmore  Fen,  West  Fen,  and  East  Fen  ;  the  three 
former  for  the  most  part  consisting  of  clay  aud  loamy 
the  latter  being  principally  peat  earth.     And  extending 
between  these  and  the  sea  are  the  marsh  lands,  and 
those  intervening  tracts  of  stiflf  clay  called  Highland 
Fen  ;    the    largest   tract  of  this   clay   and   marsh  is 
named   South   Holland.      The   Witham    Fens,    about 
30,000  acres  in  extent,  have  received  their  chief  im- 
provement at  a  comparatively  modern  date.     In  the 
middle  of  last  century  they  were  a  perfect  sea  diu-Ing 
the  winter  inundations  of  the  river  Witham  ;  and  it  is 
a  remarkable  fact  that  no  longer  than  about  Q5  years 
ago  a  thousand  acres  in  Blaukuey  Fen  (now  one  of  the 
richest  districts)  were  let  annually  by  public  auction  at 
Horncastle,  the  reserved  bid  being  10^.     The  first  act 
of  Parliament  for  embanking  and  draining  this  waste 
passed  about  1788,  aud  during  the  enclosure  the  com- 
missioners  sold    portions    to   speculators    at   14Z,  per 
acr3  ;  these  were  immediately  cropped  for  three  years 
with  Oats,  each  crop  making  more  than  the  purchase- 
money.      Windmills   were     employed    to  lift  out  the 
drainage-water  ;  but  since  1831,  a  considerable  number 
of  steam-eligines  have  been  erected,  and  the  windmills 
removed.     The  peat  soil  has  suffered  from  bad  manage- 
ment ;  but  claying  and  oilcake,  yard  manure  and  bone- 
dust  are  now  raising  from  it  good  yields  of  grain  and 
abundance  of  green  food.     They  have  been  farmed  by 
tenants  whose  "  home  farms"  were  upon  the  neighbour- 
ing highlands  j  and  the  straw,  mown  seeds,  &c.,  have 
been  carried  off  the  Fen  to  the  upland  farms,  uo  manure 
being  returned  beyond  the  few  bones  sown  ■with  the 
Coleseed.     There  are  many  superior  managers,  however, 
who  consume  tlieir  straw,  »S:c.,  on  the  Fen,  giving  their 
beasts   large    quantities    of  linseed   oilcake  during  the 
winter  to  enrich  the  maimre.     The  old  system  of  fai*m- 
ing  was  to  tear  up  an  immense  quantity  of  the  black 
earth  into  heaps,  with  an  implement  called  a  "  bob," 
and  then  burn  it — the  ashes  making  a  manure  for  the 
Coleseed  then  sown.     After  this,  one  or  two  crops  of 
Oats  were  taken,  and  the  land  then  laid  down  to  Grass 
for  three  or  four  years.    No  regular  course  of  cropping 
is  pur&ued,  but  a  six-field  system  is  much  approved  of  ; 
thus:    1st,   Coleseed;    2d,   Wheat;    3d,   Seeds;    4th, 
Wheat  ;  5th,  Oats  ;  6th,  Wheat.     About  two-thirds  of 
the  seeds  are  grazed  with  long-wool  sheep  ;  and  it  may 
be  noticed  that  whenever  the  seeds  are  eaten  off  so  as  to 
leave  the  land  bare,  the  following  Wheat  crop  is  very 
deficient.     This  light  soil  is  very  subject  to  "honey- 
comb ;"  that  is,  sudden  drying  breaks  the  surface  into 
lumps,  the  separating  cracks  running  in  all  directions, 
and  as  minutely  as  the  meshes  of  an  eel  net.     A  rather 
new  method  has  been  tried  for  preventing  this,  and  so 
preserving  the  young  Wheats  from  being  drawn  up  by 
the  roots  and  blown  away.     By  means  of  a  drill,  made 
with   coulters   similar   to   the  tines  of  a  scarifier,  the 
Wheat  is   sown   upon   the   Coleseed   stubbles  without 
ploughing.     The  well-trodden  and  compressed  siu'face 
is  thus  left  unmoved  and  solid — unparched  by  the  sun, 
and  its  moisture  uuabstraeted  by  the  wind.     Compara- 
tively little   oilcake   is  used  in  these  fens  ;  but  about 
12  bushels  of  boue-dust  per  acre  are  commonly  sown 
with  the  Coleseed.     The  average  produce  is — of  Wheat 
4i  quarters.  Barley  C,  and  Oats  8  quarters,  per  acre. 

"The  Black-Sluice  Drainage  district  (not  including 
Holland  Fen),  comprising  both  black  and  loamy  land, 
was  formerly  imperfectly  drained  by  wind-engines,  and 
one  steam-engine  still  remains.  Recent  improvements, 
however,  in  the  main  outfall  promise  a  natural  drainage 
for  the  whole  tract.  The  rotation  of  Coleseed,  Oats, 
Wheat,  Seeds,  and  Wheat,  is  very  generally  followed. 

Deeping  Fen,  of  about  25,000  acres,  is  di'ained  by  two- 
steam-engines,  of  80  horse  and  60  horse-power,  both 
under  one  roof  ;  which  in  the  years  1824-25  were  erected 
to  perform  the  work  of  more  than  40  windmills.  About 
4000  acres,  lying  farthest  from  the  engines,  in  tlie  "  pan  " 
or  lowest  portion  of  the  district,  ai-e  not  well  drained ; 
the  water  in  the  ditches  during  winter  being  seldom 
lower  than  15  inches  from  the  surface.  This  is  consi- 
dered a  good  drainage  by  many  who  were  accustomed 
to  the  wretched  system  of  windmills,  which  frequently 
were  unable  to  etfect  their  duty  until  the  water  had 
remained  so  long  upon  the  soil  as  to  dissolve  and  wash 
out  much  of  the  nuti'itious  salts  and  manures  it  con- 
tained. Nothing  is  more  certain  than  tliat  water,  stag- 
nating near  the  surface  of  the  Fen  lands  for  any  consi- 
derable time,  greatly  injures  the  roots  of  growing  Wheat, 
and  likewise  destroys  Clover  and  all  those  valuable 
Grasses  which  strike  their  roots  deep  into  the  ground. 
Besides  this,  it  washes  out  of  the  soil  and  carries  away 
with  it  the  soluble  fertilising  particles,  tlms  occasioning 
a  lasting  injm'y  to  the  productive  powers  of  the  land. 


23—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


303 


Hence  there  can  be  uo  doubt  that  many  lands,  usually 
regarded  as  well  drained,  do  in  reality  suffer  very  much 
from  the  causes  here  stated,  even  when  water  is  seldom 
or  never  seen  level  with  their  surface.  A  testimony  to 
the  truth  of  this  remaa'k  may  be  drawn  from  the  dark 
blood-coloured  water  which  is  thrown  out  by  mills  ; 
whereas,  in  those  parts  where  the  drainage  is  tolerably 
rapid,  the  water  in  the  drains  is  colourless  and  trans- 
parent. The  truth  is,  that  all  the  water  whicli  cannot 
be  retained  by  the  soil,  evaporated  by  the  air,  or  absorbed 
by  vegetation,  ought  to  be  di-awii  off  the  soil  without 
being  suffered  to  stagnate  ;  it  has  then  no  time  to 
dissolve  the  soluble  matters  mixed  with  the  soil,  but, 
on  the  contrary,  by  its  slow  and  uniform  filtration 
through  the  earth,  communicates  and  mixes  the  various 
substances  in  that  equal  manner  which  is  most  conducive 
to  fertility.  To  accomphsh  this,  a  perfect  subsoil  drain- 
age is  requii'ed  ;  but  tifst  of  all  the  water-level  must  be 
kept  at  least  '3\  or  3  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  land, 
and  the  outlet  always  kept  open  in  winter,  so  that  every 
shower  of  rain  falling  in  excess  upon  the  soil  begins 
without  a  moment's  delay  to  pass  gradually  away. 
Deeping  Fen  cauuot  expect  to  acquire  a  natural  drainage 
for  a  long  time  to  come  ;  but  a  great  improvement 
might  be  effected  by  lowering  the  scoop-wheels  of  the 
engines,  so  as  to  bale  out  the  water  to  a  lower  level. 
This  is  the  moi'e  needful,  because  the  surface  of  the 
w-hole  Fen  has  subsided  at  least  2  feet  since  the 
steam  drainage  was  begun.  That  these  powerful 
engines  are  capable  of  thoroughly  drying  the  Fen,  pro- 
viding the  highland  water  were  excluded  Irom  the 
,  ditches  instead  of  being  taken  in  to  refresh  the  crops  in 
summer,  is  demonstrated  by  experiments  made  with 
a  Dalton  gauge  ;  the  engines  removing  exactly  the 
excess  of  downfall  water  over  that  evaporated.  A 
register  is  kept  of  the  quantities  of  water  raised  ;  and 
the  results,  when  compared  with  the  amounts  of  rain 
fallen,  are  instructive  to  those  who  liave  low  lands  to 
di'ain,  and  who  wish  to  ascertain  the  quantity  of  water 
requisite  to  be  drawn  off,  and  the  power  needed  to 
effect  its  removal — useful  also  to  every  one  who  has 
lands  of  similar  character  to  underdrain.  The  average 
annual  fall  of  rain  upon  Deeping  Fen,  during  the  six 
years,  1838  to  1843,  was  27.5  inches,  or  69,632,393 
tons  of  water  on  the  whole  25,000  acres.  The  average 
weight  of  water  lifted  by  the  engines  in  those  years  was 
24,704,828  tons.  This  is  equivalent  to  35.4  per  cent,  of 
the  quantity  of  rain  fallen  ;  but  as  much  water  was 
admitted  from  the  upland  rivers  in  summei*,  the  quantity 
remaining  to  be  evaporated  and  used  by  vegetation  was 
probably  about  75  or  80  per  cent.  The  average  down- 
fall throughout  England  within  the  same  period  was 
26.8  inches,  and  the  evapoi-ation  57.4  per  cent  ;  by 
comparing  which  facts  it  appears  that  this  Fen  was 
superfluously  charged  with  water.  But  in  1848,  the 
fall  of  rain  on  the  fen  amounted  to  the  great  quantity 
of  34.3  inches,  or  86,850,585  tons  :  the  quantity  taken 
off  by  the  engines  was  42,695,663  tons,  equal  to  49.1 
per  cent.  So  that  if  the  upland  water  was  never 
admitted,  the  engines  ai'e  of  sufficient  strength  and 
magnitude  to  leave  only  50.9  per  cent,  of  the 
heaviest  downfall,  or  as  much  as  61.3  per  cent. 
of  the  average  annual  downfall.  To  do  this  effectually 
for  25,000  acres,  the  steam-engines  are  of  the  united 
power  of  140  horses,  raising,  when  in  full  work,  300 
tons  of  water  per  minute,  on  an  average  7  feet  high, 
with  a  consumption  of  1700  tons  of  coal  for  the  above 
42,695,063  tons  of  water. 

Dui'ing  the  last  20  years  this  fen  has  been  wonder- 
fully benefited  by  "claying"  ;  but  now  there  is  scarcely 
any  need  for  performing  this  operation  with  the  spade, 
as  the  subsoil,  both  of  silt  and  clay,  is  in  most  places 
ploughed  up  and  mingled  with  the  upper  soil  of  peat. 

In  the  year  1799,  Arthur  Young  writes — "Twenty 
years  ago  the  kind  sold  for  about  3^.  per  acre  ;  some 
was  then  let  at  75.  or  8^.  per  acre,  and  a  great  deal  was 
in  such  a  state  that  nobody  would  rent  it  ;  now  it  is  in 
general  worth  20s.  per  acre,  and  sells  at  20^.  per  acre." 
This  great  improvement  was  effected  under  mill  drain- 
age, and  at  a  time  when  the  system  of  paring  and 
burning  for  Oats,  Coleseed,  and  Rye,  was  in  fashion  ; 
the  same  land  now,  in  consequence  of  steam-drahiage 
and  claying,  has  doubled  in  value  ;  tlie  average  rental 
of  Deepinj;  Fen  being  about  35s.,  while  a  great  breadth 
is  let  at  21.  per  acre. 

Landowners  !  here  you  perceive  what  skilful  and 
bold  engineering,  and  intelligent,  enterprising,  able- 
zoutded,  able-bodied,  able-pocketed  occupiers  can  do  for 
you — when  yonv  estates  are  in  unfortunate  circum- 
stances. 

And  here  we  must  "  liave  a  minute  "  to  rest  ourselves, 
promising  to  dig  again  anotiier  week.  /.  A.  C. 


AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION, 
I  RB.\D  with  much  plcruiurc  many  of  tho  observations 
which  are  made  from  time  to  time  in  your  Gazelle  with 
rewpect  to  our  a^icultural  labourers  ;  and  whilHt  1 
cannot  itbut  my  ey<:«  to  the  fact  that  very  many  of  them 
are  Ht<M:pett  ill  poverty,  and  not  a  few  in  recltlessneHS 
and  crime,  I  do  not  conoidwr  their  cawe  liopeleas.  Their 
pauperism  in  thefo  partM  i«  not  to  l>e  a«cribed  to  inade- 
quate wage.^,  for  I  f+hall  preaenCly  hIiow  that  their  wagcB 
arc  amply  Hiilficient  to  procure  for  them  tho  neceHHarieH 
of  life,  but  to  their  iinprovidenee,  induced  by  ignorance — 
an  ij^orance  of  their  duty  to  God,  to  their  neighbour, 
and  to  them»4;lveK. 

In  the  agricultural  parieh  in  which  I  reside,  having  a 
population  of  about  2000  personM,  there  have  been  for 
many   years  u  boyb*   school,  a  girU*  school,   and    two 


infant  schools,  and  yet  tlie  ignorance  of  the  labouring 
population,  both  male  and  female,  not  only  as  respects 
reading  and  writing,  but  also  as  regards  the  right 
management  of  themselves,  their  families,  and  property, 
is  beyond  expression  great  ;  and  it  arises,  I  conceive, 
in  this  way  :  Many  of  the  girls  are  taken  from  school 
as  soon  as  their  parents  consider  them  old  enough  to 
look  after  the  younger  children  at  home,  and  others 
because  their  ignorant  parents  think  they  have  had 
education  enough,  although  they  have  hardly  entered 
their  teena  ;  and  these  half-educated,  and  finally  igno- 
rant girls,  are  those  who  afterwards  become  the  mothers 
of  famihes  in  the  parish  ;  for  the  girls  who  continue  at 
school  until  they  become  young  women,  usually  go  into 
domestic  service,  and  rarely  become  the  wives  of  agri- 
cultural labourers.  As  respects  boys,  your  agricultural 
readers  will  probably  agree  with  me  that  the  lad  who 
is  to  earn  his  living  at  the  plough's  tail  can  hardly  begin 
his  apprenticeship  too  soon  in  the  stable  aud  the  field  ; 
but  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  long  before  that  apprentice- 
ship is  ended,  the  lad  has  forgotten  nearly  all  he  learned 
at  school.  Now  your  correspondent,  Jlr.  Batson,  some 
time  since  showed,  in  a  most  convincing  manner,  that 
gentlemen  who,  like  himself,  farm  extensively,  have  it 
in  their  power  to  employ  many  boys,  and  so  train  them 
that  they  may  ''  become  a  more  skilful  and  better  con- 
ducted class  of  men."  Much,  too,  might  be  done  by 
means  of  evening  schools  for  lads  in  their  teens,  and  by 
puttmg  into  their  hands,  at  the  period  of  life  when  they 
are  attaining  to  puberty,books  calculated  to  teach  them  to 
*•  eschew  the  evil  and  choose  the  good."  As  respects  the 
daughters  of  our  peasantry,  it  is  of  the  last  importance 
thattheyshould  bewell instructed, formighty  will  be  their 
influence,  for  good  or  for  evil,  as  wives  and  mothers. 
We  cannot,  indeed,  say  to  their  parents,  "  You  ahall 
continue  to  send  yoiu*  daughters  to  school  until  they 
shall  have  attained  a  certain  age  ;"  but  as  the  parents 
are  usually  very  desirous  to  obtain  a  certain  amount  of 
schooling  for  their  children,  or  at  least  to  transfer  the 
care  of  them  during  that  portion  of  the  day  when  they 
themselves  are  at  work  in  the  fields  to  teachers,  the 
managers  of  the  school  might,  I  conceive,  with  pro- 
priety condition  that  they  shall  make  a  small  weekly 
payment,  the  amount  of  which  they  should  be  entitled 
to  receive  back  on  theu'  daughter  attaining  a  certain  age, 
and  being  still  a  scholar.  The  payment,  being  small, 
would  rarely  be  objected  to  ;  and  penny  added  to  penny 
would,  after  the  lapse  pf  a  few  years,  become  in  their 
eyes  a  large  sura.  Education  should  be  based  on 
Christian  principle,  and  children  should  be  taught  thr-ir 
duty  to  God,  to  their  neighbour,  and  to  themselves  ;  but 
I  object  to  making  the  Bible  and  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  the  child's  class  and  task  booUs.  In  these  days 
there  is  no  lack  of  books  well  calculated  to  amuse  and 
to  imbue  with  useful  and  religious  knowledge  the  youth- 
ful mind.  And  here  I  would  draw  the  attention  of 
teachers,  and  of  all  who  have  the  management  of  childi'en, 
to  the  admirable  work  by  the  late  Dr.  Andrew  Combe, 
on  the  "  Improvement  of  Physical  and  Mental  Educa- 
tion." "  In  some  infant  schools,"  he  observes,  "  uo 
playgrounds  have  been  provided,  and  the  very  best 
means  of  moral  as  well  as  physical  training — play  with 
companions — has,  to  the  great  injury  of  the  poor 
children,  been  wholly  omitted."  ''Under  judicious 
direction,"  he  goes  on  to  say,  '•  The  playground  affords 
the  most  valuable  and  effective  aid  to  the  parent  and 
teacher,  not  only  in  eliciting  the  highest  degree  of  phy- 
sical health,  but  in  developing  the  general  character,  by 
the  practical  inculcation  of  moral  principle,  kindness, 
and  affection  in  the  daily  and  hourly  conduct  of  the 
children  committed  to  their  cUai-ge."  Whilst  I  object 
to  making  the  Bible  a  lesson  book,  I  am  very  far  from 
wishing  to  exclude  it  from  our  schools  ;  it  should  be 
read  daily,  and  the  scholars  should  be  taught  to  regard 
it  as — as  it  is  in  truth — the  word  of  God  ;  but  it  is  dis- 
tressing to  the  Christian  visitor  to  witness  the  irreverence 
with  which  that  book  is  read  and'treated  by  them.  Our 
village  schools  should  be  as  much  as  possible  self-sup- 
porting schools.  It  is  a  great  mistake  to  educate  the 
children  of  the  labouring  class  gratuitously.  Exceptions 
must  be  made,  but  as  a  general  rule  the  parents  should 
contribute  towards  the  education  of  their  children  ;  and 
the  more  largely  they  contribute  the  more  they  will 
value  it,  and  the  more  desirous  they  will  be  that  their 
cliildren  should  profit  by  it.  Land  should  be  attaclied 
to  the  schools,  and  allotted  to  the  boys  in  gardens,  which 
they  should  daily  cultivate  for  an  hour  or  two  ;  and  the 
master  should  be  supplied  with  books  on  gardening,  the 
better  to  enable  him  to  instruct  them  in  that  delightful 
art.  Their  gardening  should  not  be  confined  to  esculent 
vegetables  ;  the  cultivation  of  flowers,  by  inspiring  a 
taste  for  the  beautiful,  is  calculated  to  refine  and  elevate 
the  mind.  Vegetable  and  fiower-seeds,  and  gai'den  tools, 
would  be  suitable  and  grateful  rewards  of  merit. 

1  have  said  that  the  wages  of  tho  agricultui'al  laboui'ers 
in  these  parts  are  amply  suflicient  to  procure  for  them 
i  the  necesHaries  of  life.  Now,  1  will  take  the  case  of  an 
agricultural  labourer  of  good  character,  who,  at  the  age 
of  20,  can  do  any  description  of  work  usnally  required 
from  a  labourer  on  a  farm,  and  who  is  in  the  receipt  of 
Us.  a-week  ;  and  f  will  show,  that  alter  having  ju-o- 
vided  himself  with  necoHsary  food,  lodging,  and  clothing, 
ho  may  with  the  remainder  of  his  earnings  become  a 
member  of  a  benefit  club,  which  will  allow  hini  8^. 
a-week  dnring  illnusf*  ;  Unit  he  may  by  a  Hmall  annual 
payment  purchaHo  an  aruinity  of  12/.  lO.j.,  piiyablo  to 
Iiiin  at  tho  age  of  60,  foi'  tin;  remainder  of  IiIh  life  ;  and 
by  another  HMiall  yearly  payment  insure  IiIh  life  fur  lOD/., 
payable  at  lii.4  death  toany  pi  rHon  or  perHonw  he  nuiy  tlijjik 
proper.     Having  done  all  which,  he  will  Htill  be  enabled 


to  deposit  4/.  Is.  9(/.  annually  in  a  ttavnigs^  Bunk,  which, 
if  allowed  to  accumulate  there,  will,  when  he  shall  have 
attained  the  age  of  27  years,  amount  to  40/.,  or  there- 
abouts ;  and  in  the  same  proportion  for  other  sums  and 
different  periods  of  time.  With  such  a  sum,  he  will  be 
in  no  small  measure  prepared,  should  he  then  take  to 
himself  a  prudent  wile,  adorned  with  a  gentle  spirit 
(woman's  best  endowment),to  meet,  with  God's  blessing, 
the  many  eontingeneies  of  the  married  state.  This 
fund,  moreover,  will  when  his  family  increases  and  he 
can  perhaps  no  longer  save  any  portion  of  his  weekly 
earnings,  enable  him  to  continue  his  payments  to  the 
benefit  club,  and  pay  the  annual  premiums  of  assurance, 
securing  to  liimself,  as  I  have  said,  an  annuity  of  12/.  lOs. 
every  year  he  may  live  after  having  attained  the 
age  of  GO,  and  to  his  family  the  sum  of  100/.,  payable  at 
his  death. 

The  case  stands  thus  : —  g_  (i_ 

Weekly  Earnings         n    o 

Weekly  Expenses:  s.   d, 

Breud,  2  lbs.  per  day,  at  M.  the  4  lbs.  loaf        ...     1     5^ 
Bacon,  4  lb.  per  day,  at  Id.  per  lb.  ...         ...     2     Oi 

Cheese,  2  oz,  per  day,  at  Id.  per  lb 0     6| 

Millt,  1  quart  per  duy,  at  2ti 1     2 

Tea  or  G'lfl'fcre,  per  weeli         0     3^ 

Sugar,  per  week  0     2^ 

Lodgiiit^  and  washing  ...    2    0 

Sundries  0    3J 

— ^-^    *6  0- 


AsEurance  of  lOOt. 

Benefit  Club         

121. 10s.  Deferred  annuity 


Weekly  savtnga 
3?.  X   52  weeks  = 


£.1  1ft    ©■ 
1  U  U 
10    0 
12     4 

— ^^  a  14  & 


Balance  to  be  deposited  in  a  Savings'  Bank         ...    £4    1    a 

His  extra  earnings  in  summer  will  provide  him  with 

clothing  ;  and  by  occupying  a  piece  of  garden  ground, 

he  may  abundantly  supply  his  tajple  with  Potatoes  and 

other  vegetables.  Senex. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Hedge-row  Timber. — I  rent  40  acres  of  land  adjoining 
my  own,  on  which  are  a  number  of  small  Elm  trees,, 
varying  from  6  to  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  worth 
from  2s.  Gd.  to  75.  6d.  each.  An  arrangement  has  been 
made  with  the  trustees  to  take  them  down  at  a  valuation. 
One  of  tbe  fields  was,  during  winter,  ploughed  12  inches 
deep,  aud  whilst  forking  the  furrows  10  inches  below 
that,  I  was  surprised  to  see  the  forkers  embarrassed  by 
roots  the  size  of  an  ordinary  cart-whip,  so,  stepping  the- 
distance  to  the  small  trees  before -mentioned  it  was 
found  to  be  32  full  yards  !  My  men  told  me  the  roots 
extended  very  much  further  into  the  field.  It  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  these  roots  ramified  in  every  direction, 
below  the  cultivated  soil,  and  I  found,  in  another  of 
these  fields,  that  they  searched  the  soil  to  a  very  con- 
siderable depth,  passing  under  an  open  ditch  in  order  to 
take  the  lion's  share  from  the  growing  crop.  It  strikes 
me  that  landlords  generally  cannot  be  aware  of  the 
insidious  and  extensive  damage  done  by  these  com- 
paratively worthless  stems.  By  a  rule-of-tlu-ee  sum^. 
if  an  elm  worth  only  35.  6d,  to  5s.  extends  its  roots  35 
yards,  how  far  are  we  to  look  for  those  of  more  gigantic 
proportions  1   Although  a  strenuous  advocate  on  common, 

j  sense  principles  tor  the  abolition  of  trees  in  hedge-rows 
(such  timber  is  generally  defective),  I  by  no  means 
recommend  the  general  denudation  of  a  country. 
Elegant  and  well-cultivated  plantations  should  break 
the  force  and  divert  the  current  of  the  pitiless  storm. 
Trees  should  never  be  seen  in  fences,  for  you  cannot 
have  a  perfect  fence  under  a  tree.  A  Devonshii-e 
clergyman  who  visited  my  farm  last  week,  shewed  me 
in  his  note-book  the  size  of  his  fields,  varying  from 
half  an  acre  to  3  acres  1  Free-trade  in  corn  will 
remedy  this.  It  is  cleai'ly  impossible  that  occupiers  of 
such  small  enclosures  can  maintain  a  home,  or  foreign 
competition,  with  other  more  open  districts.  This  dry 
spring  affords  a  fine  opportunity  for  estimating  the 
extent  of  damage  done  by  roots  of  hedge-row  timber 
and  by  fences.  Bright  yellow  discolonrations  in  the 
growing  crops,  having  a  wide  base  and  extending  into 
the  fields  witu  acute  angles,  indicate  fearfully  the  greedy 

'  capillarities  of  the  gigantic  and  costly  intruders.  It  is 
hopeless,  as  a  matter  of  calculation,  to  compete  with 
Nature's  vast  forests,  whose  carbon  aud  ammonia,  as 
Liebig  truly  says,  are  furnished  by  air  and  by  moisture 
/.  /.  Mcchi,  Tiptree  Hall,  May  lU/t,  1852. 

The  Lobos  Qiiano  Islands.  —  The  question  as  to 
whether  or  not  this  country  shall  have  the  benefit  of  the 
inexhaustible  su)>ply  of  guano  which  these  islands  afTord,, 
I  trust  the  landowners  aud  farmers  of  Britain  will  not 
allow  to  be  answered  by  tbe  reply  that  Lord  Malmesbury 
has  given  to  tbe  mercantile  firms  who  have  shown  such 
readiness  to  send  their  ships  for  it.  The  quantity  thia 
country  has  taUen  tbe  last  three  years  has  reached  from 
100,000  tons  to  200,000  tons  per  annum,  and  for  this 
we  have  been  charged  by  tho  Peruvian  Government 
between  dL  and  5^.  a  t(tn  ;  so  that  tho  price  to  the  British 
consumer  has  been  between  !>/.  and  10/.  a  ton,  whilst  it 
is  possible  to  geL  any  <piantity  from  these  islands  at  51, 
a  ton  ;  and  thun  tliu  com  growers  have  been  paying  a 
tax  of  half  a  nullion  a  your  to  a  foreign  Govermnent 
which  it  is  now  in  their  power  to  get  relieved  from  if 
our  own  Government  will  only  assist  them.  This  is  a 
question  of  imnionso  interest  to  both  landowners  and 
iarniors.     Guano  afi'ords  to  the  occupiei'S  of  ill-situated 

•  I  (l->  not  inuun  ro  siiy  that  tho  labnurlnfj  miiu's  luod  t-hould 
niTiHlst  I'xnaUy  of  the  lUticlcH  above  BppciHed,  but  I  am  very 
fliiro  tlmt  III)  cnnM  provldu  blnisolf  with  ii  Hulbolent  quaptity  of 
proviiiunB  lor  the  Htim  whtuh  I  bavo  muntloued. 


364 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


[June  5, 


I:.nd,  of  worn-uQt  suiIa  a  ineiuis  of  Itrcility  hardly  to  be 
supplied  by  any  other.  When  Sir  llobert  Peel,  iu  lfi47j 
met  the  Tainworth  farmers  (the  year  after  tlie  repeal 
of  the  Corn  Laws),  he  called  their  attention  to  guano  as 
one  of  the  means  within  their  reach  to  increase  the 
fertility  of  their  land,  so  as  to  make  the  increase 
in  their  produce  compensate  for  the  loss  in  price. 
But,  large  as  his  views  were,  he  could  hardly  have 
contemplated  the  extent  to  which  the  consumption 
of  this  manure  has  since  arrived.  Had  that 
great  statesman  lived  and  been  the  minister  of  this 
country,  is  it  to  be  supposed  he  would  have  met  the 
application  with  the  indifference  that  Lord  Malmesbury 
has  shown  ?  Would  he  not  rather  have  seized  the 
opportunity  for  giving  this  country  a  cheap  and  abundant 
supply  of  this  valuable  manure  ?  The  question,  it  is  to 
be  hoped,  canuot  be  left  where  it  is.  The  shipping 
already  gone  from  this  country  and  from  America  will 
not,  it  is  to  be  supposed,  be  turned  back  by  the 
Lilliputian  force  the  Peruvian  Government  has  to 
support  its  pretensions  ;  and  in  the  meantime  let  land- 
owners and  farmers  use  every  means  to  urge  on  the 
Government  the  necessity  for  its  interference,  to  rid 
them  of  such  an  oppressive  tax,  and  to  gain  for  them 
so  useful  an  assistant  to  meet  free  trade.  Z>. 

Trout  and  Salmon  Spawn. — I  beg  to  acquaint  you  of 
the  premature  appearance  of  the  trout  and  salmon  from 
the  spav^Ti  placed  under  my  charge  for  conveyance  to 
Hobart  Town.  We  observed  them  for  the  first  time  on 
the  29th  of  February,  being  fifteen  days  before  the 
time  you  stated,  and  as  we  have  two  sorts  I  conclude 
they  are  trout  and  salmon  :  the  one  we  can  distinctly 
ebserve  the  bright  silvery  sides  of,  and  the  other  is  not 
so  large  and  well  formed,  but  it  must  be  the  salmon. 
We  have  also  another  kind,  which  we  canuot  account  for; 
it  is  a  long  dark  fish,  such  as  are  seen  in  the  ditches  in 
England — -I  imagine  they  must  have  come  on  board 
with  the  water.  We  gave  the  spawn  water  at  the  rate 
of  2-i  gallons  per  day  until  >vithin  the  tropics,  after 
which  36  gallons,  and  immediately  losing  the  trade  winds, 
8  times  per  day,  or  48  gallons.  All  the  eggs  lying  on 
the  top  of  the  gravel  became  addled  :  those  in  the 
interstices  retained  their  bright  appearance  throu:;hout. 
I  am  afraid  the  tub  will  be  small  for  them,  as  by  the 
time  of  our  arrival  they  will  be  a  tolerable  size,  but  you 
may  depend  upon  the  greatest  attention  being  paid  them, 
as  I  feel  perfectly  aware  of  the  great  acquisition  such  a 
sliipment  must  be  to  the  colony.  You  shall  hear  from 
me  by  every  opportunity,  which  I  hope  will  continue  to 
fee  favourable.  Daniel  Smith,  Barque  Columhus^  March  9, 
iat.  1°  30'  N.,  long.  21°  30'  W.  To  Mr.  Bocdus.  [The 
ifiiree  kinds  of  fish  spoken  of  are  the  two  kinds  of  trout 
in  the  Wandle  ;  the  other,  which  he  thought  he  had 
seen  in  ditches  in  England,  is  the  salmon.  We  are 
indebted  for  the  above  to  the  kindness  of  Mr,  S. 
Gurney,  jun.] 

The   Milk   of  the  Goat   in  Domestic  Economy. — The 
-comforts  and  convenience  derived  from  an  ample  supply 
■of  really  pure  milk  are  felt  by  all^  but  to  say  nothing 
of  the   fraudulent   adulterations   so   fully   exposed   by 
Charles  Dickens'  "  Household  Words,"  in  the  article 
headed  "  The  Cow  with  the  Iron  Tail,"  persons  residing 
in  the  country,  at  a  distance  from  a  town,  find  it  difficult 
to  obtain  a  regular  supply,  unless  they  fortunately  occupy 
land  sufficient  to  keep  two  cows,  for  one  is  not  sufficient. 
However,  it  is  not  intended  to  write  upon  cow-keeping 
and  its  concomitant  dairy  operations,  our  express  object 
being  to   prove,  beyond  question  or  doubt,  that   any 
economical  housewife  can  always  provide   her  family 
with  the  best  and  richest  new  milk  twice  a-day,  if  the 
premises  contain  a  few  poles  of  garden  ground,  a  yard, 
and  an  open  shed  or  two;  for, by  such  simple  appUauces. 
and  almost  without  expense,  two  or  thi*ee  milch  goats, 
yielding  each,  upon  an  average,  a  quart  of  milk  per  day, 
can  be  kept.     It  is  with  great  satisfaction  that  I  have 
seen  an  article  on  the  subject  of  goat's  milk,  to  the 
ability  and  truthfulness   of  which,  my  own   repeated 
observations  for  some  years  enable  me  to  bear  testimony. 
The  author  (Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson)  I  have  known  long, 
and  the  near  vicinity  of  our  residences  facilitates  careful 
inspection.     Without  apology,  I   shall  borrow  several 
passages  from  the  treatise,  and  I  hope,  to  the  profit  of 
those  domestic   economists   who   feel   and   are   candid 
enough  to  confess,  that  the  objections  raised  against  this 
milk  on  the  score  of  strong  and  rank  flavour,  are  utterly 
without  foundation.     On  this  point,  our  author  observes: 
— "  It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  taste  of  the  milk 
of  the  goat  differs  in  any  degree  from  that  of  the  cow; 
it  is,  if  anything,  sweeter,  but  it  is  quite  devoid  of  any 
taste  which  might  reasonably  be  supposed  to  be  derivable 
fi-om  the  high-flavoured  shrubs  and  herbs  upon  which 
the   animal    delights   to   browse."      This   statement  is 
true   to   the  letter.      I  have  proved  the  fact  many  a 
time     with     parties     in     the     drawing-room    of     the 
writer  ;  but  now  to  cite  authorities  on  the  food  of  the 
goat,  and  the  extreme  hardihood  of  the  animal.     There 
is  hardly  a  weed  or  a  plant  which  is  rejected  by  the 
goat ;  it  has  been  calculated  that  while  the  cow  eats 
276  and  rejects  218  common  plants,  the  goat  eats  449, 
but  rejects   only    126.      "In   the  garden,"   says  Mr. 
Johnson  «  (if  by  chance  they  are  allowed  to  browse),  I 
notice  that  they  select  the  Rose  trees,  common  Laurels, 
Arbutus,  Laurustinus,  and  the  Labunmm."     It  is  well 
known  to  dairymen  that  the  milk  and  butter  of  cows 
are  rendered  rank  by  the  fallen  leaves  of  autumn,  but 
the  goats  "  carefully  pick  up  the  leaves,  whether  green 
or  autumnal,  of  timber  trees  ;  of  these,  they  prefer  those 
of  the  Oak  and  Elm,  and  delight  in  Acorns  and  Oak- 
apples.     The  waste  produce  of  a  garden  is  exceedingly 
useful  m  the  keep  of  a  goat.     By  them  almost  every 


rel'use  weed,  all  the  cuttings  and  clearings  that  are 
wheeled  into  the  rubbish  yard,  are  carefully  picked  over 
and  consumed.  The  trimmings  of  Laurels  .ind  other 
evergreens,  Pea-haulms,  Cabbage-stalks,  tS:c.,  are  all 
grateful  variations  in  their  food.  In  winter,  a  little 
Sainfoin,  hay,  or  a  few  Oats,  keeps  them  in  excellent 
condition.  In  summer,  the  mowings  of  a  small  grass 
plot,  watered  with  either  common  or  sewage  water,  will, 
with  the  aid  of  garden  refuse,  keep  a  goat  from  April  to 
October."  In  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Agriculture, 
1847,  p.  511,  Mr.  Fennel  observes,  "  When  left  to  graze 
for  themselves,  goats  generally  select  for  food  bitter  and 
slightly  astringent  plants,  as  the  leaves  and  buds  of 
Spurge,  Hemlock,  Birch,  Privet,  Birch-cherry,  and  the 
tender  tops  of  Furze  and  Heath."  Want  of  space 
prohibits  quotations  from  the  classics  ;  I  only  add,  that 
"  During  winter  goats  will  feed  on  indifferent  hay  or 
straw,  Furze,  Heath,  Thistles,  Cabbage-leaves,  Potato- 
peelings,  cold  boiled  Potatoes,  old  ship  biscuits,  or,  in 
fact,  almost  anything  that  is  presented  to  them."  I  have 
repeatedly  observed  the  gentleness  and  playfulness  of 
the  female  goats  ;  the  growing  kids  follow  one  like  a 
lamb,  and  by  gentle  and  kind  treatment  these  animals 
accommodate  themselves  to  any  situation.  I  could 
extract  many  more  interesting  passages  from  Mr. 
Johnson's  article,  but  must  refrain.  On  the  quality  of 
the  milk,  however,  a  few  remarks  are  required.  By 
chemical  analysis,  it  has  been  shown  that  it  is  much 
richer  than  that  of  the  cow;  "100  parts  of  each, 
according  to  M.  Regnault,  gave  on  an  average : — 

Cow.  Goat, 

Water      8i  7     ...    82.6 

Butter      4.0     ...       4.5 

Sugar  of  milk  and  soluble  salts    ...    5.Q    ...      4.5 
Caseine    (or  cheese  curd)   and  in- 
soluble salts 3.6     ...       9  0." 

"  When  mixed  with  more  than  its  own  bulk  of  luke- 
warm water,  it  is  then,  in  every  respect,  superior  to  the 
milk  supplied  by  the  London  dairymen."  As  a  closing 
word,  and  one  not  the  least  impressive,  the  best  and 
most  ancient  authority  iu  the  world  gives  assurance  as 
a  reward  for  diligence — "  Thou  shalt  have  goats'  milk 
enough  for  thy  food,  for  the  food  of  thy  household,  and 
for  maintenance  (or  life)  for  thy  maidens." — Proverbs, 
ch.  xxvii.,  v.  27.  /.  T. 

Peruvian  Guano. — It  appears  really  to  be  a  prominent 
and  disastrous  consequence  of  the  protective  system, 
that  it  has  extinguished,  to  a  great  extent,  the  logical 
acumen  and  moral  rectitude  of  large  classes  of  men  ;  and 
amongst  these  of  none  so  much  as  of  the  so-called 
farmers'  friends.  If  I  am  not  much  mistaken,  the 
quantity  of  fertilising  matter  in  a  ton  of  Peruvian  guano 
has  been  stated  in  your^columns  to  be  equivalent  to 
14?.  105.  of  good  stable  manure.  The  Peruvian  Govern- 
ment furnishes  this  quantity  for  9L  5s.,  or  30  per  cent, 
under  its  actual  value,  and  yet  people  complain,  and 
propose  no  less  than  the  perpetration  of  piracy  and 
national  aggression,  to  redi'ess  their  fancied  wrongs 
Surely  we  have  only  to  cast  our  eyes  on  the  map  of 
South  America  to  be  convinced  of  the  absurdity  of 
claiming  any  right  to  islands  so  close  within  the  shores 
of  Peru  as  Lobos,  &c.  ?  Furthermore,  deducting  the 
expenses  of  loading,  and  those  incurred  for  freight, 
insurance,  commission,  and  landing  charges,  the  Peru- 
vian Government  obtains  in  reality  only  dl.  \0s.  per  ton 
net  for  this  guano,  of  which  a  lai'ge  amount  is  surren- 
dered to  the  English  creditor.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
the  statement  about  the  intrinsic  value  of  guano  be 
correct,  is  it  not  clear  that,  supposing  the  trade  to  be 
perfectly  free,  importers  would  extort  the  full  value  of 
\U.  lOs.  per  ton  from  the  farmer,  or  else  reduce  the 
value  of  stable  dung  down  to  the  figure  at  which  they 
would  sell  their  guano  I  Not  to  benefit  the  farmer, 
but  to  enrich  themselves  at  his  expense  is  their  object, 
and  for  that  purpose  alone  they  advocate  acts  becoming 
buccaneers  and  pirates.  Captain  Lawson  was  once  in 
command  of  an  unregistered  Danish  gun-brig,  and  may 
have  contracted  a  fancy  for  such  adventurous  enter- 
prise, but  surely  it  would  be  unbecoming  for  our 
merchants  and  seamen  to  engage  iu  the  same  ;  and  I 
doubt  its  benefiting  our  farmers.  Mercator,  Old  Broad- 
street,  City. 


tomtits* 

ROTAL  AQKICULTCIUAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's-house 
in  Hanover  Square,  on  Wednesday,  the  12th  of  May, 
Mr.  PusET,  M.P.,  Trustee,  in  the  chair;  when  the 
following  lecture  was  delivered  befoz'e  tlie  members  by 
Mr.  Trimmer,  author  of  the  Society's  Prize  Essay  ou 
Agricultural  Geology  : — 

The  True  Gelations  of  Geology  to  Agriculture  form 
the  subject  on  which  I  am  to  have  the  honour  of 
addressing  you  to-day.  There  ought  to  be  an  intimate 
connexion  between  them — between  the  art  of  cultivating 
the  earth,  and  the  science  which  treats  of  the  materials 
of  which  the  eai'tli's  crust  is  composed  and  the  order  in 
which  they  are  arranged.  The  connexion  is  often  denied. 
It  is  denied,  or  doubted,  however,  only  by  those  who 
know  nothing  of  geology,  or  who  have  heard  only  of  its 
theoretical  researches.  They  have  been  told  much  about 
the  wonders  which  it  has  revealed  respecting  the  ancient 
uatui'al  history  of  the  eai'th;  but  the  mass  of  facts 
capable  of  application  to  tlie  useful  arts,  and  more 
especially  to  agriculture,  have  been  kept  of  late  too 
much  out  of  sight  by  geologists.  They  may  therefore 
thank  themselves,  if  they  are  very  generally  regarded  as 
a  set  of  visionary  enthusiasts,  who  go  about  the  country. 


hammer  in  hand,  collecting  "  curiosities  "  for  museums, 
or  breaking  stones,  as  Walter  Scott  said,  "like  road- 
makers  run  daft."  The  earlier  researches  of  geology 
were  essentially  practical.  Werner  applied  his  dis- 
coveries to  mining;  Smith,  the  father  of  English  geology, 
applied  his  to  mining,  general  engineering,  and 
agriculture.  Were  I  called  upon  to  prove  the  services 
which  geology  can  render  to  the  art  of  cultivation,  I 
might  appeal  to  the  many  instances  of  its  successful 
application  by  Smith.  I  presume,  however,  such  an 
audience  .13  this  to  be  sufficiently  aware  of  "these  facts; 
and  I  would  rather  draw  your  attention  to  the  remark- 
able circumstance,  that  all  these  triumphs  of  applied 
geology  wei-e  achieved  by  one  man,  in  the  infancy  of 
the  science,  and  that  scarcely  anything  of  a  similar  kind 
has  been  effected  by  the  many  more  highly  accomplished 
geologists  who  have  succeeded  him.  This  has  been,  not 
because  the  resources  of  geology  are  exhausted,  but 
because  the  field  has  been  neglected,  or  very  imperfectly 
cultivated.  Smith  was  a  practical  man,  conversant 
with  agriculture  ;  of  agricultural  origin,  the  son  of  a 
yeoman  farmer;  agricultural  in  his  occupation,  which 
was  that  of  a  land-surveyor,  engaged  in  surveying  and 
valuing  for  enclosures,  draining  land,  and  forming  water 
meadows.  His  practice  extended  also  to  the  construction 
of  canals  (the  railways  of  his  day),  and  the  superintend- 
ence of  collieries — branches  of  engineering  which  now 
constitute  separate  departments,  rarely  followed 
conjointly  by  the  same  individual.  The  only  professional 
men  who  have  siuce  cultivated  geology  have  beea 
engaged  in  mining  :  the  Buddies,  the  Taylors,  and  the 
Sopwiths,  who  have  cultivated  it  so  successfully. 
Pi'actical  men  who  have  Smith's  opportunities  of  applying 
it  to  agriculture,  have  neglected  it  too  much;  and  the 
majority  of  the  geologists  who  have  succeeded  him  have 
been  naturahsts  and  philosophers,  occupied  more  with 
theoretical  than  practical  questions  It  may  be  as  well 
to  define,  before  we  proceed,  the  sense  in  which  I  use 
the  terms  "practical  geology,"  "applied  geology," 
"  theoretical  geology,"  and  "  geology  of  the  surface." 

Practical  or  descriptive  geology  directs  its  researches 
to  facts — to  the  structure  of  the  earth's  crust,  the 
materials  of  which  it  is  composed,  the  order  in  which 
they  are  arranged,  the  areas  occupied  by  their  several 
varieties,  the  unstratified  rocks  most  commonly 
associated  with  cert.ain  parts  of  the  stratified  series,  the 
useful  metals  and  minerals  peculiar  to  each,  the  changes 
which  the  intrusive  igneous  rocks  have  produced  in  the 
texture  and  composition  of  the  strata  with  which  they 
are  iu  contact,  the  direction  in  which  the  strata  dip,  ■ 
the  angles  at  which  they  dip,  the  height  to  which  they 
have  been  thrown  up  by  disturbances  which  produced 
our  chains  of  hills  and  mountains,  the  faults  or  fractures 
which  have  broken  the  continuity  of  the  strata;  with  the 
other  accidents  to  which  they  have  been  subject,  and 
which  afl'ect  the  drainage  of  certain  areas. 

By  applied  or  economic  geology  1  mean  the  employ- 
ment of  the  knowledge  of  these  facts  in  aid  of  the  miner, 
the  engineer,  the  architect,  and  the  farmer. 

Theoi-etical  or  speculative  geology  investigates  the 
causes  of  phenomena,  and  is  occupied  with  such  ques- 
tions as  the  following  :  the  processes  by  which  the  strati- 
fied and  unstratified  rocks  were  formed,  the  nature  of 
the  agencies  by  which  they  have  been  disturbed  and 
altered,  the  successive  races  of  plants  and  animals  which 
have  peopled  the  earth  at  diff'erent  stages  of  its  exist- 
ence, their  relations  to  existing  races,  the  changes  of 
climate  which  they  indicate,  the  causes  which  produced 
those  changes,  and  the  causes  which  effected  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  lost  races— whether  they  died  out  one  by  one, 
or  were  cut  off  suddenly  by  phjsical  convulsions  ;  the 
geographical  distribution  of  certain  organic  forms  during 
the  ancient  periods  of  the  earth's  history,  and  the  modes 
in  which  their  migrations  were  effected  in  past  geological 
epochs,  as  well  as  during  the  present. 

The  geology  of  the  surface  constitutes  a  department 
of  the  science  hitherto  much  neglected,  but  of  great 
importance  to  agriculture.  It  treats  of  the  superficial 
deposits,  formerly  called  diluvium,  but  now  better  known 
by  the  name  of  drifts  or  erratic  tertiaries— deposits 
which  ai'e  excluded  from  geological  maps  as  at  present 
consti'ucted.  This,  like  the  geology  of  the  substrata, 
may  be  divided  into  practical  and  theoretical.  The 
former  investigates  the  depth,  composition,  and  distri- 
bution of  the  superficial  deposits  ;  the  latter  endeavours 
to  discover  the  agencies  ^^  hich  produced  them. 

Smith's  great  discovery,  that  strata  may  be  identified 
by  their  fossils  under  a  complete  change  of  mineral  type, 
was  a  discovery  of  gre.at  practical  utility.  It  has  con- 
tributed, nevertheless,  to  lead  geologists  away  from 
practical  to  theoretical  questions.  It  is,  in  effect,  a 
discovery  tliat  there  have  been  several  successive 
creations  of  plants  and  animals  before  that  creation  of 
which  man  forms  a  part.  Geologists  have  been  fasci- 
nated by  the  wonders  thus  brought  to  light,  and  by  the 
strange  forms  which  they  have  disinterred  from  the 
depths  of  the  earth.  They  have  thus  been  led  to  pursue 
palaeontology,  or  the  science  of  ancient  natural  history, 
with  such  avidity  that  it  has  almost  superseded  geology, 
and  has  led  many  besides  farmers  to  doubt  whether 
there  is  anything  practical  in  geology  itself. 

Geologists,  moreover,  have  not  only  cultivated  theo- 
retical researches  too  exclusively,  but  when  they  have 
endeavoured  to  apply  their  science  to  agriculiure,  they 
have  applied  them  on  erroneous  principles.  They  have 
attempted  to  construct  a  system  of  agricultural  geology, 
not  upon  soils,  subsoils,  and  substrata,  as  they  exist  in 
nature,  but  upon  the  conventionalities  of  geological 
maps.  Those  maps  exclude  the  superficial  deposits  ; 
they  sink  the  mineral  variations  of  the   strata  which 


23— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


365 


tliey  represent  as  the  surface,  both  those  which  take 
place  vertically  and  those  which  take  plaee  horizontally  ; 
and  they  convey  by  their  colours  no  other  information 
than  that  mthin  certain  areas  certain  groups  of  clays, 
sandstones,  and  limestones  are  to  be  found,  which 
contain  a  peculiar  group  of  fossils  not  to  be  met  with 
hio'her  or  lower  in  tlie  series,  and  which  remain  constant, 
however  the  mineral  characters  of  the  beds  containing 
them  may  change.  These  changes  of  mineral  character 
are  often  so  rapid  and  so  great,  that  in  a  distance  of 
100  miles,  or  even  less,  clay  will  have  passed  into 
sandstone  on  the  one  hand,  and  into  limestone  on  the 
other.  Let  us  illustrate  this  by  one  example — that  of 
the  greensand.  A  belt  of  bright  green  stretches  across 
our  geological  maps,  from  the  coast  of  Dorsetshire  to 
the  banks  of  the  Humber.  Another  girdles  the  Weald 
of  Kent  and  Sussex,  at  the  base  of  the  North  and 
South  Downs.  These  belts  add  much  to  the  beauty  of 
our  maps.  They  have  caused  many  an]  animated 
discussion  at  the  Geological  Society  on  questions  now 
set  at  rest.  They  have  afforded  much  sport  to  the 
fossil  huntere,  and  have  enriched  their  cabinets  with 
many  beautiful  specimens.  But  what  information  do 
they  convey  to  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  the  estates 
which  lie  within  them  ?  Merely  that  they  are  upon 
the  greensand.  And  what  is  the  greensand  ?  It 
consists  of  an  upper  and  lower  sand  separated  by  the 
gault,  a  calcareous  clay.  The  upper  sand  is  generally 
calcareous,  passing  upwards  into  the  chalk,  and 
downwards  into  the  gault.  The  lower  sand  is  chiefly 
ferruginous  and  siliceous,  with  concretions  of  cherty 
beds,  and  beds  of  calcareous  stone.  It  also  contains, 
locally,  beds  and  nodules  of  phosphate  of  lime.  This 
is  the  southern  form  of  the  greensand,  but  the  upper 
greensand  does  not  extend  further  to  the  north  than 
Cambridgeshire,  nor  the  lower  greensand  than  Lincon- 
shire.  In  the  latter  county  and  Jin  Yorkshire,  the 
upper  greensand  is  represented  by  red  chalk  containing 
greensand  fossils  ;  and  at  the  northern  termination  of 
the  chalk  ranges  in  Yorkshire,  the  white  chalk  rests 
immediately  on  blue  and  green  clay  (Speeton  clay),  the 
upper  portions  of  which  represent  the  gault,  and  the 
lower  the  Kimmeridge  clay.  The  majority  of  geological 
maps  include  the  three  subdivisions  of  the  greensand 
under  one  colour.  The  maps  of  the  Government 
Geological  Survey  distinguish  them  by  different  tints. 
Even  these  maps,  however,  excellent  as  they  are,  fail 
to  convey  any  useful  agricultural  information  ;  for  they 
do  not  show  the  variations  of  soil  on  each  subdivision, 
and  the  lower  greensand  alone  includes  the  extremes 
of  barrenness  and  fertility.  As  examples  of  fertility 
we  have  the  rich  grazing  grounds  of  the  Vale  of 
Aylesbury,  the  valuable  hop-grounds  of  Farnham  and 
Maidstone,  the  celebrated  gardens  of  Sandey  and  Biggles- 
wade. As  examples  of  sterility,  there  are  Dersingham 
Heath,  in  Norfolk  ;  Leith  Hill  and  Hind  Head,  Surrey; 
with  parts  of  Woolmer,  and  Alice  Holt  Forest,  Hamp- 
shire. Similar  examples  might  be  adduced  from  most 
of  the  other  groups  of  strata  which  our  geological 
maps  represent  as  constituting  the  surface.  And  yet 
we  are  told  these  maps  represent  the  variations  of 
soils,  and  that  the  agricultural  characters  of  a  district 
may  be  known  by  the  bare  inspection  of  thera.  Every 
intelligent  farmer,  who  has  paid  any  attention  to  strata 
and  geological  maps,  knows  that  this  is  not  the  case. 
He  knows  that  on  every  group  of  strata,  united  by  the 
possession  of  a  common  assemblage  of  fossils,  there  are 
a  great  variety  of  soils  of  very  different  values.  He 
knows  that  these  are  intermixed  with  the  utmost  irregu- 
larity, and  he  sees  no  traces  of  such  variations  on  the 
maps  respecting  which  he  is  told  such  wonders.  Is  it 
surprising,  then,  that  farmers  treat  geology  as  a  delusion 
or  an  imposture  ^  Is  it  surprising  that  the  question 
should  have  been  lately  raised  in  a  farmers'  club,  whether 
a  knowledge  of  geology  is  of  any  use  to  the  farmer,  and 
tliat  it  should  have  been  decided  in  the  negative  1  If 
properly  cultivated,  however — if  directed  to  practical 
questions — and  if  made  to  combine  the  geology  of  the 
surface  with  that  of  the  substrata — geology  is  of  the 
utmost  value  to  agriculture.  Had  I  been  present  at 
this  discussion,  I  should  have  met  the  question  by  a 
series  of  other  questions.  1  should  have  asked,  for 
instance  :  Is  it  of  any  advantage  to  the  farmer  to  know 
anything  of  the  composition  and  qualities  of  the  soils 
and  subsoils  which  he  cultivates?  All  the  discrepancies 
which  prevail  in  the  practice  of  different  and  often 
adjoining  districts,  and  all  the  discordant  results  of 
agricultural  experiments,  are  attributed  to  certain  unde- 
fined mysterious  peculiarities  of  soil  and  climate.  Surely  ' 
it  would  conduce  much  to  the  improvement  of  the  art 
of  cultivation  to  know  in  what  these  peculiarities  consist. 
I  would  have  asked,  again— Is  it  of  any  advantage  to 
the  farmer  V)  be  able  to  classify  soils,  and  to  describe 
thera  by  names  which  shall  be  intelligible  beyond  his 
own  immodiato  neighbourhood  i  What  would  conduce 
more  to  the  improvement  of  agriculture  than  to  obtain 
a  knowledge  of  the  most  successful  practices  of  the  best 
cultivated  districts,  and  to  know  wliich  are  capable  of 
general,  and  which  capable  of  only  local  application? 
iint  when  farmerH  in  different  districts  dcHcribo  the  I 
successful  or  unHucoesiful  rc5iult«  of  certain  proceBHes  of 
cultivation  or  of  certain  manures,  it  is  eHsential  that  we 
should  know  whether  the  soils  to  which  they  are  ap|ilied 
are  the  same  or  different.  How  fan  we  know  tliiH,  so 
long  an  they  use  names  for  them  which  convey  no 
meaning,  or  names  whicli  convoy  a  im:aning  the  very 
reverfw  of  that  int'inded  ?  They  uv.  names  which 
convey  no  ideas  beyond  very  limited  diHtrictH,  where 
they  tmployuuch  provincial  terms  a«  redland,  whit/,'land, 
hhokhadf  woodland,  woodcockland,  duaf-land,  rammel, 


foxbench,  clum,  clunch,  cledge,  keale,  pinnock,  hassock, 
stone  shatter,  malm  rock,  coombe,  and  blackhover, 
with  many  others,  not  forgetting  bear's-muck.  They 
use  expressions  which  convey  ideas  the  very  reverse  of 
those  intended,  when  they  employ  the  ordinary  terms, 
saud,  loam,  and  clay,  in  so  vague  and  loose  a  manner, 
that  what  one  man  calls  sand  is  the  loam  of  another, 
and  the  clay  of  a  third,  as  the  soil  described  happens  to 
be  more  or  less  tenacious  than  the  average  of  a  district 
in  which  strong  or  light  soils  prevail.  I  would  have 
asked,  again,  whether  it  is  of  any  advantage  to  the  farmer, 
looking  out  for  a  farm,  to  know  anything  of  the  distri- 
bution of  soils,  that  is  to  say,  in  what  districts  he 
may  expect  to  find  the  most  extensive  tracts  of  land 
suited  to  his  particular  requirements,  whether  he  wants 
strong  Wheat  and  Bean  land,  light  dry  soils  for  stock 
farming  on  arable  land,  rich  grazing  land  for  the  fatten- 
ing'of  cattle,  or  ordinary  pasture  for  the  dairy  and  for 
rearing  young  stock.  This  is]a  kind  of  knowled'ge  which 
most  farmers  consider  it  part  of  their  business  to 
acquire  from  personal  observation  respecting  tlieu*  own 
immediate  neighbourhood.  They  know  the  qualities  of 
all  the  farms  in  their  own  and  the  adjoining  parishes, 
under  the  system  of  cultivation  to  which  they  have 
been  accustomed.  They  possess  some  general  know- 
ledge of  the  quality  of  the  land  in  remoter  portions  of 
the  district  in  which  they  reside,  and  to  which  their 
business  occasionally  leads  them.  However  they  may 
despise  geology,  they  are  thus  unconsciously,  and  for  a 
limited  district,  geologists.  Agricultural  geology  merely 
combines  and  generalises  the  knowledge  of  other 
observers  equally  competent  ;  and  why  should  that  be 
regarded  as  useful,  practical  knowledge  so  long  as  it  is 
confined  to  a  parish,  or  a  county,  and  be  scouted  as 
"all  theory"  when  it  embraces  many  parishes  and 
counties,  or  even  takes  a  wider  range,  and  investigates 
the  agricultural  capabilities  ■  of  Australia  and  North 
America  ?  Such  knowledge  is  valuable  to  the  farmer 
whose  operations  are  confined  to  one  locality,  who,  like 
the  Vicar  of  Auburn,  has  "  never  changed,  nor  wished  to 
change  his  place  :"it  is  more  valuable  to  the  landowner 
whose  property  lies  in  different  counties  under  different 
conditions  of  soil  and  climate  ;  and  to  the  land-agent, 
who  frequently  represents  several  such  landowners,  and 
whose  business  it  is  to  develope  to  their  full  extent  t\fe 
property  under  his  care.  Such  knowledge  is  valuable 
to  the  farmer  in  an  old  country ;  it  is  more  valuable 
to  the  settler  in  a  new  country  where  cultivation  is  only 
commencing.  The  competition  which  arises  from  the 
consolidation  of  farms,  and  the  increase  of  the  farming 
class,  both  from  within  and  by  accessions  from  other 
classes  from  without,  is  driving  many  farmers  and  sons 
of  farmers  to  look  to  new  fields  of  enterprise  in  the 
British  colonies  and  the  United  States.  If  it  is  advan- 
tageous to  those  who  cannot  make  up  their  minds  to 
emigrate,  to  know  where  they  will  find,  within  our 
own  shores,  land  similar  to  that  which  they  are  leaving, 
and  in  the  cultivation  of  which  they  have  had  the  most 
experience  —  such  knowledge  is  more  valuable  to  a 
settler  in  a  new  country,  where  the  quality  of  the  soil 
cannot  be  known  from  the  appearance  of  the  crops,  and 
where  the  spontaneous  veget.\tion,  being  different  from 
that  to  which  the  settler  has  been  accustomed,  cannot 
be  relied  upon  as  an  indication  of  fertility,  except  after 
long  observation.  Geological  structure,  however,  may 
be  relied  on,  all  the  world  over.  The  mineral  characters 
of  the  rocks  when  free  from  a  covering  of  transported 
matter,  and  the  substances  composing  that  covering 
when  present,  are  indications  of  the  agricultural  capa- 
bilities of  a  country  immediately  and  implicitly  before 
a  plough  has  been  put  into  the  ground,  and  while  every 
plant  which  springs  up  on  its  surface  is  a  stranger  to 
the  settler, 

[  Mr.  Trimmer's  lecture  will  be  continued  in  our  next.  ] 


Ecfatctos. 

The  Elementary  Catechisms. — Cottage  Farming. 
Groombridge  and  Sons. 
If  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allotment  tenantry  or  the 
cultivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  their  land  more 
profitably  than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustomed 
to  do — we  venture  to  recommend  this  little  catechism, 
as  likely  to  be  very  useful  for  distribution  among  them. 
As  a  sample  of  the  contents  we  give  a  portion  of  the 
chapter  on  the  "  Management  of  a  Two-acre  Farm." 

"  Are  there  any  fixed  rules  by  which  small  farms  in 
general  should  be  cultivated  ? — There  are  no  fixed  rules 
by  which  small  farms  should  be  cultivated,  because  dif- 
ferent circumstances  may  render  different  methods 
equally  good.  A  cottage  farmer  living  near  a  town, 
may  find  that  Potatoes  and  garden  vegetables  are  the 
most  profitable  productions  in  his  case  ;  but  if  he  can 
make  more  money  by  keeping  cows  and  pigf,  he  should 
grow  Vetches,  Clover,  cattle  Beet,*  Parsnips,  &c.  for 
them,  as  largely  as  possible. 

"  May  not  the  two  acres  he  left  beneficially  in  pasture 
for  a  cow? -No:  it  would  be  very  extravagant  in  a 
cottage  farmer  to  liccp  his  small  piece  of  land  under 
pasture,  unlesM  it  were  low  ground,  liable  to  be  over- 
flowed by  water.  One  acre  of  tillage  will  yield  as  much 
food  for  a  cow  as  three  in  pasture. 

"Are  there  any  rules  which  every  cultivator  should 
always  follow?  if  ho,  what  are  they. — TIktc  are  nilus 
for  the  guidance  of  every  cultivator,  viz. :  to  dig  deeply, 
manure  jilentifully,  koL-p  the'i^round  loose  and  clean^ 

*  Cittld  Mmt  Jn  moru  cn*liy  prnnounccd  than  the  German 
uaiDcof  ttw  lame  plant— Mno^uld  Wuizol.  ; 


and  avoid  taking  the  same  sorts  of  crops  immed: 
after  each  other.  He  should  also  try  to  obtain  ; 
and  quick  successions. 

"  What  might  a  cottager  expect  to  obtain  fron 
acres  of  good  ground  ?— From  two  acres,  a  col 
might  obtain  food  (except  hay  for  winter  fodder 
two  milch  cows,  two  or  three  pigs,  with  some 
Potatoes,  and  all  garden  vegetables  for  the  use  c 
family, 

«  How  would  you  economise  two  acres,  so  as  to 
them  yield  milk,  pork  or  bacon,  corn,  Potatoes 
other  vegetables  ?— I  would  divide  the  two  acre 
simple  fun'ows  into  six  portions,  to  be  cropped  as  fo 
after  the  manner  of  Mr.  Tower's  plan  of  manage 
for  100  acres. 

"  What  is  the  chief  excellence  of  Mr.  Tower's  pi 
cropping  ? — The  chief  excellence  of  Mr.  Tower's  p 
cropping  is  the  variety  of  the  ameliorating  crops, 
of  which  p,  dry  rich  loam  is  suitable  ;  and  the  freqi 
of  corn  crops  (if  they  were  profitable),  in  the  rota 

ROTATION  OP  CROPS  ON"  A  TWO-ACRE  FARl 


First 

Second 

ThirJ 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixt 

Year. 

Year. 

Year. 

Year. 

Year. 

Year 

Perches. 

Perches. 

Perches. 

Perches. 

Perches. 

90  Wbeat 

30      Tur. 

15  Barlej 

45  Clover 

45  Wheat 

30    Po 

(lips   and 

or  Oats 

Cabbages 

9Vetcl 

16   Cattle 

d  Bean 

Beet  anu 

'Carrots 

30    Pota- 

45  Wheat 

30     Tur- 

45 Barlej 

45  do 

oes 

nips  and 

or  Oats 

9  Vetches 

Oabba;,'es 

6  Beans 

15  Cattle 
Beet  and 
Carrots 

45  Clover 

45  Wheat 

30    Pota- 

90 Wheat 

30     Tur. 

45  Bar 

toes 

nips  and 

or  Oat 

9  Vetches 

Cabbages 

6  Beans 

15  Oatile 
beet  and 
Carrots 

3i)     Tar- 

45  Barley 

45  Clover 

30    Pota- 

45Wh< 

aips    and 

or  Oats 

toes 

Cabbages 

9  Vetches 

15  Cactle 

C  Beans 

Beet  and 

Carrots 

43  Barley 

45  Clover 

45  Wheat 

30    Pota- 

45 Wheal 

30      Tl 

or  Oats 

toes 

9  Vetches 

alps  a 
OabbaE 
16  Cut 

30    Pota- 

15 Wheat 

30     Tur. 

G  Beans 

toes 

nips   and 

Beet  a 

9  Vetches 

Cabba?,es 

Carrot 

6  Beans 

15  Cattle 
fteet  and 

45  Barlej 
or  Oats 

45  Clover 

45  Whe 

Uarrots 

270             270            1 

270 

270 

270             370 

40  perches  of  Lucern,  10  perches  of  Garden  ;  Total,  320  pei 

*'Is  the  table  of  crops  which  yon  have  prese 
capable  of  clianges  that  might  be  better,  or  eq 
good  ? — The  successions  and  proportions  stated  i 
table  of  crops  may  be  advantageously  changed  in 
of  the  details,  according  to  the  quality  and  conditi 
land  and  other  circumstances,  and  yet  without  de 
ing  from  the  general  arrangement,  by  which  the 
suitable  classes  of  crops  follow  each  other  with  be 
to  each  other  and  to  the  soil. 

"  Look  at  the  table,  and  point  out  changes  that 
be  good  in  certain  cases. — Soil,  though  not  too  cl 
for  Wheat,  may  be  unfit  for  Barley  ;  on  such 
Wheat,  Rye,  or  Oats  should  be  brought  into  the  : 
tions  in  its  stead  ;  Carrots  should  be  left  out,  and  Bi 
Drum-head  or  Scotch  Cabbages,  put  in  their  pi 
Rape,  also,  would  be  better  on  such  soil  than  any 
of  Turnip,  or  cattle  Beet.  But  it  is  to  be  rememl 
that  thorough  draining  and  careful  tillage  will  ma 
clayey  soil  fit  for  Barley  and  the  other  crops  whici 
unsuited  to  it  in  its  natural  state. 

"  On  a  very  sandy  soil,  what  cropping  would  be 
ferable  to  that  stated  in  the  table  ? — On  a  very  s 
soil.  Rye  and  Oats  should  come  instead  of  Wheat 
Barley,  and  Peas  and  Carrots  should  be  in  plac 
Beans  ;  and  so  in  other  details,  changes  should  be  n 
according  to  the  quality  of  the  soil. 

"  Might  intercalary  *  crops  be  introduced  beti 
some  of  the  successions  above  recommended  ?—I] 
calary  crops  might  be  introduced  between  those 
have  been  above  recommended  ;  for  example,  in 
first  year,  first  column,  stubble  Turnips,  Rape  or  7 
Hum  incarnatiim  might  be  sown  immediately  afte] 
removal  of  the  Wheat,  except  on  a  part  intended 
winter  Vetches." 

We  will  only  add  that  the  Table  of  Contents  incl 
chapters  on  Enclosing  a  Farm— on  Land  Draining 
Manures— tho  Management  of  a  Two-acre  Farm — ( 
keeping — the  Dairy — Pig-keeping — Bees  and  Poult 
on  the  Culture  of  a  Ten-acre  Farm — on  Flax  and  ] 
— on  the  Culture  of  a  Twenty-acre  Farm,  and  on  I 
Ofiicea. 


Miscellaneous, 

Trial  of  J^eaplng  ^fa€hinc  on  Wheat  StitMlc,  Ja\ 
1(1,52. — "That  corn  may  be  cut  by  machinery  is 
an  ascertained  fact,  and  while  we  are  indebted  to 
Crosskill,  of  Beverley,  for  first  introducing  Husi 
colobrated  Chainjiion  Reaper  into  the  Northern  Cour 
wo  aro  glad  (o  find  iliat  our  Yorkshire  farmers 
already  ailopt.ing  it  with  a  spirit  which  bids  fair  to  b 
it  iiit't  cunimon  use  next  harvest.  Mr.  Charles  Ii 
of  Cridling  Siubbs,  was  present  when  the  first  Husf 

'  Intorcnlury  mcanH  anytlilnff  that  may  bo  trough 
botweeQ  other  tliiiigH,  out  of  rcgu'ar  ordar. 


366 


THE    AGRICULTUaAL      GAZETTE. 


[June  5, 


reaper,  made  by  Ci-osskill,  was  publicly  tried  last  harvest 
near  Driffieldj  and  was  so  satisfied  with  its  success  that 
he  lately  ordered  one  from  Beverley.  Mr.  Crosskill 
offered  to  arrange  for  his  traveller,  Mr,  T.  W.  Naylor 
(late  of  Doncaster),  to  personally  attend  the  first  starting 
of  the  reaper,  and  have  a  public  trial  on  a  field  of 
stubble.  The  trial  took  place  at  Mr.  Ingle's  farm  last 
Friday.  In  some  parts  of  the  field  the  stubble  was 
nearly  rotten,  and  also  much  trodden  down  by  the  crowd 
of  visitors  present ;  but  fearless  of  the  bad  season  and 
the  effect  of  the  late  frosts,  Mr,  Naylor  started  the 
reaper  across  ridge  and  furrow,  and  fully  proved  its 
superior  cutting  propensities,  notwithstanding  so  many 
unfavourable  circumstances.  The  trial  was  witnessed 
by  many  of  the  principal  practical  farmers  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Pontefract,  who  expressed  their  full  apppro- 
bation  of  its  efficiency,  in  a  certificate  to  Mr.  Naylor, 
and  we  very  willingly  add  the  names  of  several  other 
enterprising  gentlemen,  well  known  in  this  locality,  who 
have  given  orders  to  Mr.  Crosskill  for  reaping  machines, 
viz.  : — Captain  Newton,  Womersley,  Pontefract  ;  C. 
Charnock,  Esq.,  Ferrybridge,  Pontefract ;  E.  Brook, 
Esq.,  Hampole,  Doncaster;  T.  Taylor, Esq.,  Darrington, 
Knottingley  ;  M.  Faviell,  Esq.,  Snydal  Hall,  Pontefract'; 
J.  Brown,  Esq.,  Rossington,  Doncaster  ;  W.  Poskitt, 
Esq.,  Birkin,  Knottingley  ;  W.  Boulton,  Esq.,  Kensall, 
Snaith.  Doubtless  many  more  will  adopt  this  most 
valuable  invention  ;  and  the  plan  of  testing  one  reaper 
in  every  parish,  at  this  season  of  the  year,  upon  stubble 
or  winter  Tares,  is  deserving  of  consideration,  as  it  may 
enable  many  to  decide  to  cut  by  the  machine  before 
next  harvest."  Doncaster  Gazette. 

Patent. — Richard    Drover,    of    New-street,    Spring- 
gardens,    merchant  —  for    improvements    in    treating 
sewage,  in  obtaining  products  therefrom,  and  in  com- 
bining such  products  with  other  matters  patent,  dated 
October    16,    1851.      These    improvements   consist  in 
deodorising  putrescent  sewage  by  the  addition  of  muriatic 
or  other  similar  mineral  acid,  with  a  salt  or  salts,  or 
other  chemical  compounds,  and  in  applying  the  solid 
products  to  the  manufacture  of  manure  by  combining 
the  same  with  fertilising  matters.     The  acid  which  the 
patentee  prefers  to  use  is  muriatic  (otherwise  called 
lydroehloric)  acid,  which  he  adds  to  the  sewage-water 
u  the  proportion  of  5|lbs.  to  every  ton,  ^vith  chloride  of 
lodium  in  the  proportion  of  3  ounces  to  the  ton,  and 
>rotosuIphate  of  iron   6   ounces  to  the  ton.       In  lieu 
tf  using  chloride  of  sodium,  other  chlorides,  as  of  potas- 
ium,  magnesium,  and  calcium  may  be  employed,  and, 
n  place  of  the  protosulphate  of  iron,  the  sulphate  of 
leroxide  of  iron  and  other  salts  which   are  capable  of 
'  aving  their  bases  separated  or  precipitated  from  the 
cids  with  which  they  are  combined  by  the  action  of 
le  chemical  constituents  of  sewage  may  be  used.     In 
ddition  to  the  above-named  salts,  there  is  also  ad<ded  to 
le  sewage  under  treatment  a  small  portion  of  proto- 
liloride,  otherwise  called  muriate  of  iron.     The  several 
latters  having  been  mixed  together,  are  added  to  the 
;wage,  and  liaving  been  combined  therewith  by  mixing, 
le  whole  is  filtered  to  obtain  the  solid  portions.     These 
■e   then   mixed  with  marl  or  other  substances,  and 
)plied  as  manures,  or  the  substances  employed  as  filter- 
,g  beds,  such  as  charcoal,  gypsum,  or  peat,  may  be 
;     ixed  with  the  solid  portions  for  producing  fertilising 
.    impounds.     The  solid  matters  may  be  treated  with 
,  lemicals  to  obtain  products  therefrom,  and  the  liquids 
issing  through  the  filters  may  be  similarly  treated  to 
ttam  the  ammoniacal  salts  contained  in  them.    From 
,,    e"  Mechanics'  Magazine,"  of  April  24,  1852. 
1''    Agriculture  in  Fi'am;e. — The  following  details  oii'the 
'     'esent  state  of  agriculture  in  France  are  taken  (says 
e  Siecle)  from  the  most  recent  statistical  tables.     We 
ssess  53  millions  of  hectares  of  land,  and  the  gross 
oduce  of  the  soil  amounts  to  about  6  milliards,  being 
ircely  113f  per  hectare  (2|  acres).     But  it  is  known 
it  a  good  tillage  gives,  in  gross  produce,  about  10  per 
it.  on  the  value  of  the  land,  of  which  6,  7,  or  8  per 
it.  is  for  the  cost  of  tillage  and  manure,  and  for  the 
mer's  profit,  and  2,  3,  or  4  per  cent,  for  the  land- 
iier's  i-evenue.     In  France  good  land  is  worth,  on  an 
;rage,  about  3000f.  the  hectare,  and  gives  300f.  of 
ss  produce.     There  are  many  pieces  of  land  which 
e  500f  or  600f.,  without  speaking  of  land  cultivated 
gardens  or  nurseries,  which  must  not  be  included  in 
consideration  of  the  average  returns.     Every  piece 
land  which  does  not  give  10  per  cent,  of  gross  pro- 
e  must  be  considered  a  bad  soil  or  badly  cultivated, 
>urchased  above  its  value.     In  fine,  every  piece  of 
1  which  gives  less  than  250f.  in  gross  produce  calls 
spensably  for  some  amendment  in  the  tenns  of  its 
g  held — such  as  to  enable  it  to  furnish  at  least  such 
turn.    If,  then,  the  average  return  of  land  in  France 
ily  113f.  per  hectare,  that  is,  a  little  more  than  one- 
i  of  what  it  ought  to  be,  the  reason  is,  that  nearly  * 
thirds  of  France  are  composed  of  land  exceedingly 
,  and  often  even  totally  unproductive.    The  districts 
'h  show  the  most  sterility,  throughout  a  great  part  j 
heir  extent,  are — Berry,   Bourbonnais,  Auvergne, ' 
.[jz,   Velay,   Gevaudan,   Rouergue,  the   Landes,  La 
l!'3ee,  Brittany,  Limousin,  Sologne,  and  Champagne.  I 
r  these  come,  in  degree  of  sterility,  Anjou,  Artois, 
:  ce.  La  Bi-esse,  Lorraine,  Maine,  'Poitou,  and  Pro- 
\     The  disU-icts  which  ai-e  the  best  cultivated  and 
productive  must  be  considered  the  Nord,  Nor- 
l|j,  iy,  and  Beauce. 

'hydo  wcmahe  Dung  jEfeaps?—MeTe}y  to  rot  and 
'■  mise  the  straw.  This  is  an  expensive  process,  in- 
'  ng  much  labour,  cartage,  and  waste,  which  would 
voided  by  having  covered  yards,  and  allowing 
y  animals  to  consolidate  the  manure  whilst  under- 


going gradual  carbonisation  and  decomposition.  When 
we  fold  sheep  on  land,  we  consider  it  sufficiently 
manured,  and  do  not  regret  the  absence  of  carbonised 
straw.  I  hope  the  time  will  come  when  straw  will  be 
better  appreciated  and  used  as  food.  Mr.  Mechi^s  Second 
Pamper. 

Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Americaw    Chdrns  :  J  B.    We    have  received    from  Messrs. 
Bal■g;e^s  and  Key  a  reference  to  the  jury's  report  on  Class  9 
ci  the  Exhibition,  in  proof  of  all  that  they  claim  on  behalf  of 
the  American  Churn. 
Bdtter-makinq  :  Lord  Belhavcn's  letter  ha9  been  received  just 
befoi-e  gome  to  prenH.     The  p-irapraph  to  which  his  lordehip 
alludes  Kh;ill  be  explained  in  detail  next  week, 
CoiiSfB  OF  "Wheat  :  J  G  M.  It  eontaiae  4  imperial  bushels. 
Damp  House  :  F Benson    Ruu^h  catting  it  oacside  will  help  to 
kuep  the  liouBe  dry  ;  bat  your  beat  remedy  will  be  to  batten 
and  to  lath  aud  pla'^ter  it  inside.     We  are  unable  to  help  you 
about  soap. 
Drainage;  An  rnslinian.  Stephens  *'0q  Draining  " — beiog  ao 
enlargement  and  republication  of  hiB  observations  on  that 
fiuhjcet  in  the  "  Booli  of  the  Farm." 
FoALS  :  P  A  D.  It  will  be  well  to  give  the  mare  a  mild  dose  of 
physic,  such  H3  4  drnchms  of  aloes  or  2  pints  of  Linseed  oil  ; 
and  the  colt,  when  attacked,  1  d'*aohm  of  tincture  of  opium 
and  1  drachm  of  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  and  repeat  in  bis. 
huurs.   }rcs. 
Guano  :^  Subsci-iber  in  N^oHh  Staffordshire.  We  cannot  publish 
your  question  unless  you  give  us  (confidtniially,  if  you  lilte) 
your  real  name  and  addrefes.     Such  inquiries  viust  be  authen- 
ticated. 
Loss  CF  EwEB  :  A   Stihscriber.  Your  bailiff  we  think  is  right 
the  deaths  being  due  to  the  I'ichnea^  of  the  Grass,  W  C  S.    , 
Mange::  E  F  A.  A  similar  questiim  was  answered  a  short  time 
since.     Well  scrub  the  buildini^s  with  soap  and  hot  water, 
and  then  whitewash,    )V  C  S. 
Milk  :  Dairy  J-arme)'.  It  is  not  deteriorated  for  dairy  purposes 
by  bt'ing  carried  one  mile  from  tlie  field  in  "  a  mefil  or  other 
vessel  on  wheels."     It  is  a  common  practice  in   Gloucester. 
Bhire  to  milk  iu  the  fields,  and  carry  the  produce  thus  to  the 
d:iiry, 

~  ~     We  presume  the  seeding  vegetated  ia  the 
possibly  it  may  have  beea  buiied  too  deep 


'  SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  May  31. 

The  number  of  Eeasca  is  small,  and  there  is  a  considerable 
falling  off  in  quality.  Some  of  the  choicest  Scots,  therefore 
make  nearly  43.,  but  we  cannot  quote  more  than  3s.  lOd.  as  aa 
average  for  best  descriptions.  There  are  a  few  more  Sheep 
and  Lambs,  and  this  being  holiday  week  trade  U  dull.  Oa  the 
average  prices  are  lower.  The  supply  of  Calves  ia  fully 
adequate  to  the  demand;  indeed,  it  is  difficult  to  clear  out 
inferior  kinds.  The  choicest  descriptions  are,  however,  quite 
^^  IV,  ^^  °°  Friday.  From  Germany  and  Holland  there 
fni?  IJ'  Beasts,  1060  Sheep,  and  210  Calves  ;  from  Spain. 
100  Sheep  ;  from  Scotland.  400  Beasts;  from  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  1901 ;  and  200  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 


8     8  to  3  10 


Per  fit.  ofSIba. 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  tfcc. 

Beet   Sbort-horna  3 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3    4 

Best  Downs  and 
Half-breds      .,,0    0  —  0    0 

Do,  Shorn    3     8  —  4     0 

Beasts,  3390  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 


Teefoil  :  H  L. 
second  yoar ; 
at  first. 


COYENT  GARDEN,  Jdne  5. 
Tegetables  and  fruit  are  plentiful.  The  sale  for  English 
Pine-apples  still  continues  rather  dull.  Hothouse  Grapes 
have  not  altered  in  price  since  our  last  report,  A  few  dessert 
Apples  may  still  be  obtained.  Oran^ea  are  plentifully  supplied, 
and  very  pood.  Muta  are  nearly  the  same  as  last  quoted. 
Strawberries  though  plentiful  maintain  their  prices.  A  large 
quantity  of  Frencli  Cherries  has  been  supplied  during  the  week, 
some  ot  them  bringing  only  Is.  per  lb.  Young  Cairots,  Beans  , 
Ftas,  Lettuces,  Endive,  and  Ardchokes  continue  to  be  supplied 
from  France.  Potatoes  are  generally  good  in  quality.  New 
ones  from  open  borders  in  the  west  of  England  are  coming  in 
plentifully,  a?  are  also  green  Peas  of  excellent  quality. 
MuBhrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  tlinverB  consiBt  of  Heaths, 
Epacrises,  Cinerariaa,  Mignonette,  ttoses,  Acacias,  Azaleas, 
Primulas,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  nnd  other  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb,,  6s  to  10s 
Grapes, hothouee,p.lb.,4B  to  10s 

—     Lisbon,  per  lb.,  '£s  to43 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  128  to  24g 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,  12s  to  24s 
Melons,  each,  3s  to  lOd 
Cherriey,  per  lb.,  43  to  123 
Strawberries,  p.  oz,,  fid  to  Is 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  23 

VEGETABLES, 


Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  l9  fid 

—  per  100,  3s6dto  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz,,  Is  to  3s 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  eweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3s 
NutB,Barcelona,p.bsh,203to22s 

—  Brazil,  p,  bsh.,  12s  to  Us 
Cobs,  per  100  lbs,,  100s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  3d  to  Is 
French  Beans, p. 100,lB6dto'2E6d 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  9d  to  2s 

—  heads,  each,  4d  to  Gd 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Is  to4B 
Greens,  per  doz.,  28  6d  to  43 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  Gd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  per  cwt.,  2s  to  5a 

—  per  bush..  Is  fid  to  28  6d 

—  Frame,  per  lb.,  Is  to  23 

—  New(border),  do.,3dto6d 
Turnips,  p.  doz, ,  25  fid  to  3s  fid 

—  new,  p.  bun.,  Is  to  la  fid 
Cucumbers,  each,  fid  to  la 
Celery,  per  bundle,  fid  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p,  bun.,  Is  3d  to  2$  fid 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  Is 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,l&3d  to  35 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  23 


Leeks,  per  bunch,  3d  to  fid 
Shallots,  per  lb,,  8d  to  lOd 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  la 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  13  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  fid 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4B 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  8d  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  p. hf.  sieve, Is  3d  toIsSd 
Artichokes,  Jerus.,do,,  9d  to  la 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnehs.,  Ss  to  8s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, fid  to9d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
Wattrcresses,p.l2  bun.,9dtola 


HAY.— Per  Lo.td  of  dfi  Trusses. 
SaiiTBFiELD,  June  3. 
Prime  Meadow  ffay  75a  to  843  i  Clover 
Inferior  do.  ...  63         72    I  2d  cut 

Rowen         fiO        —      Straw         ... 

New  Hay     —        —    | 

A  slight  improvement  in  the  trade, 
Cdmberland  Mabket,  June  3. 


,..  8Sst0  95s 
,..  75  84 
...  24  80 

J.  COOPEK. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78a  to  848 

Inferior  do fi5        75 

New  Hay     —        — 

Old  Clover 84        90 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


,  2fi 


30 


Joshua  Baker, 


HOPS. — BoaooGH  Mabket,  June  4. 

Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  demand  for 

Hops  continues  unabated,  and  that  the  stock  of  1849,  1850,  and 

1851  is  very  nearly  exhausted.    Fly    is   reported  in  various 

places.    Nothing  as  yet  doing  on  the  duty, 

WOOL. 

Beadfobd,  Thubsdat,  June  3.— From  the  opening  of  the 
colonial  sales  great  spirit  has  prevailed,  and  an  advance 
established  beyond  what  was  expected.  The  purchases  are  to 
a  great  extent  for  foreign  account,  and  the  quantity  coming  to 
this  district  by  no  means  an  average  of  the  eaily  sales  of  past 
years.  The  business  doing  in  English  Wool  does  not  partici- 
pate in  the  activity  of  colonial,  for  this  being  for  actual 
consumption,  there  is  great  caution  manifested  in  the  pur- 
chases of  the  spinners,  who,  from  their  profitless  avocation, 
are  only  buying  for  hand  to  mouth  consumption,  and  prices 
are  firm.    Noila  and  brokea  are  ready  sale,  and  prices  dearer. 

POTATOES.— SoDTHWABK,  May  31. 
The  committee  report,  that  during  the  past  week  the 
arrivals  both  coastwise  and  by  rail  have  been  liberal  for 
.he  season,  and  a  reduction  of  prices  has  been  submitted  to. 
The  following  are  this  day 'squotations; — York  Recents,  809.  to 
llOs.  ;  Scotch  do,  80s,  to  9Us. ;  Scotch  Cup3,  65s.  to  703.  ; 
Wisbeach  and  Cambridge,  70s.  to  90b. 

COAL  MARKET.— Feidat.  June  4. 
Hollywell,  14b.  ;  Eden  Main,  ISs.  ;  Townley,  123.  fid. ;  Walls- 
end  Haswell,   Ifis. ;    Wallfcnd  Lamblon,    153.  fid, ;  Wallsend 
Stewarts,  16s.;  Watlaend  Merthyr, 22a.— Ships  at  marKet,  260, 


Per  St.  of  8Ib8.— s  d  s  d 
Best  Long- wools  .0  0  to  0  0 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3     6  —  3    8 

Ewes  <fc  2d  quality  0     0  —  0     0 

Do.  Shorn   2    8  —  3    4 

Lambs     4    6  — 5    4 

Calves      2     8  —  4    4 

Pigs  2     8  —  3     8 

26,8G0  ;  Calves,  317  ;  Pigs,  415, 
FaiDAT,  June  4. 
We  have  a  considerable  supply  of  Beasts  and  a  smaller 
demand,  consequehtly,  on  the  average,  lower  prices  are  taken; 
some  of  the  choicest  things  still  maintain  Monday's  quotations, 
but  this  IS  only  in  few  instances.  Sheep  and  Lamb  s  are  also 
more  plentiful,  and  are  making  fully  2d.  per  8  Ihs.  less  than 
on  Monday  last ;  indeed,  a  clearance  cannot  be  effected  at  this 
reduction.  There  is  a  larger  number  of  Calves  than  for  a  long 
time  past.  Second  rate  quality  are  considerably  lower  ;  a  few 
choice  ones  make  48.,  but  this  is  an  extreme  quotation.  Our 
fofeign  supplyCQnsiBl8  0f96  Beasts,  1270  Sheep,  aud  360  Calves* 
from  Scotland,  40  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  80O  ; 
and  115  Milch  Cows  from  the  hoine  counties 


Per  St.  of  81bB.— 3    dad 

Per  St.  of  8!bs.~B 

d      s    d 

Best  Scots,  Here- 

Best Load-wools .  0 

OtoO    0 

ford^,  &c.       ...  3    6  to  S  10 

Do.  Shorn          ...  3 

4  —  3    6 

Best   Short-horns  3     4  —  3     8 

Ewes  tb  2d  quality 

2d  quality  Beasts  2    8  —  32 

Do.  Shorn          ...  2 

8  —  3    2 

Best   Downs   and 

Lambs     ...        ...  4 

4  —  5    2 

Half-breds      ...  0    0  —  0    0 

Calves     2 

G  — 4    0 

Do.  Shorn          ...  3    6  —  3  10 

Pigs          ...        ...  2 

8  —  3    8 

Beasts,  1147 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs 

12,«90;  Calves,  649; 

Pigs,  480. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  May  31.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  moderate,  and  met  a  slow  aale  on  the 
terms  of  this  day  se'nnigbt.  The  large  arrival  of  foreign 
induces  buy.-rs  to  hold  off  for  the  present;  where  sales  were 
imperative  late  prices  were  obtainable,  and  the  business 
transacted  was  small.  The  Flour  trade  is  dull  at  our  quota, 
tions. — Barley  moves  off  in  retail,  at  rather  under  last  week's 
rates. — Beans  and  Peas  fully  support  their  late  value.— Oats 
must  be  Written  Is.  per  qr.  cheaper  from  this  day  sennight, 
and  out  of  condition  parcels  are  very  difficult  to  quit  at  tha 
decline. 

Pee  Iuperi.l  Qdartee,  e 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  <t  Suffolk.. .White  44—4.5 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  45—47 

—  —    Talavera  45—5(1 

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.d!  distil. ,26b  to  29s. ..Chev. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  i 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk.. 


36—51 
30—85 
21—28 
■0 
-25 


—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  2.' — 25  Feed 

—  Irish  Potato  21— 24  Feed 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew!l9— 21  Feed. 

Bye     , —      Foreign 

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagan 27s  to  29s Tick'28— 32  Harrow 

—  Pigeon   28   —  34s...Wlnds.l    —      Longpod 

—  Foreign SmaUI23— 31   Egyptian 

Peae,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  135 — 37  Suffolk. 

—  Maple 29s  to  32s Grey  28— 30  Foreign 

Maize     White! 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  Back  37—40  Yellow 

—  Suffolk dittoi25— 32  Norfolk 

—  Foreign perbarrel|l7 — 23  Per  sack 

Feidat,  June  4.— The  arrivals  of  grain  and  Flour,  either 

English  01*  foreign,  have  been  small  this  week.  This  morning'a 
market  was  thinly  attended.  English  AVheat  supports  our 
quotations  of  Monday  last,  and  in  foreign  but  a  very  retail 
business  was  transacted  on  the  terms  lately  submitted  to, 
which  may  also  be  said  of  Flour.^Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas 
remain  unaltered  in  value. — The  Oat  trade  is  slow,  and  to 
effect  sales  to  any  extent  it  is  necessary  to  accede  to  a  reduc- 
tion  of  6d.  per  qr.  upon  inferior  qualities. 
Imfeeial  Aveeaoes. 


Red 
Bed 


Red 


-Malting 
Malting 


39—40 
40—41 


29—81 


21-23 
20-28 
17—20 


28—32 

24—25 
36-38 
28—35 


25—82 
28-34 


April  24.. 
May    1.. 

—  8.. 

—  16.. 

—  22.. 

—  29.. 


Aggreg.  Aver. 


Wheat. 


Baelet, 


27  8 

28  5 
28  1 
28  3 
27  10 
27  11 


28    0 


Oats. 


Rye. 


Beans. 


FZASt 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Aebivalb  this  Week. 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreign  . 


Wheat. 


Qvs. 
2980 


Barley. 


Qrs. 

Qrs. 

70 

21)40 

160 

6930 

3590 

13320 

Flour, 


2160  sacks 


Fldctdations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Avebaqes. 


■^ 


:iJ 


LiivEB-ruoL,  ToEsDAT,  Junc  1. — The  receipts  of  grain  and 
Flour  since  last  Tuesday  have  been  light,  both  from  our  own 
and  foreign  ports,  whilst  the  exports  to  Ireland  and  coastwise 
contiaue  to  be  liberal.  There  has  been  no  particular  change 
of  price  in  any  article  of  the  corn  trade  during  the  v?eek; 
holders  have  not  pressed  sales,  and  buyers  will  only  accom- 
modate themselves  by    moderate    purchases.      There    is    no 

alteration  in  the  price  of  any  article  in  the  trade. Fbidat, 

Mat  28.  —  The  arrivals  from  Ireland  and  coastwise  smce 
Tuesday  have  been  quite  insignificant,  and  from  foreign  porls 
we  have  only  received  598  qrs.  of  Indian  Corn,  and  27ir2  barrels 
of  Flour.  At  this  day's  market  there  was  the  usual  attendance 
of  the  town  and  country  trade,  and  a  moderate  iusiness  was 
done  in'Wbeat  and  Flour  at  the  full  prices  of  Tuesday.  Oata 
were  in  slow  request,  and  without  change  in  value;  but  Oat- 
meal met  wit'a  a  fair  demand  at  late  rales,  barley,  Beans, 
and  Peas  were  neglected,  and  nominally  as  last  quoted. 
Indian  Com  was  again  in  good  request,  and  about  6d,  per  qr^ 
dearer,  ©■  alatz  on  the  apot  bringing  33s.  per  480  Ibe. 


23—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


367 


COTTAM      AMD      HALLE  N, 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFOKD    STREET,    LONDON. 


^■:^  M 


APPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,   containmg    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,   and  Prices  of 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


M'oTrio'r  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-glass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hurdles 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Sji'ingea 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  ArcheSj&c, 


zHOiar  Hirsiaxss,  straikteb  istire  e'ewcietg,  game  wbttiwo,  &o. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,    CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHTBITIOIJ  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND    ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


TRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING, 

JL  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  in 
wrought  and  i-ast-iron  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  For 
Cash.  Price  of  Iron  Hurdles,  with  6  bars,  6  feet  long  by 
3  feet  6  inches  high,  having  double  phonos  addiiional  for 
fixing  in  the  ground,  Zs.  ll^d.  each.  Estimates,  Drawings, 
&c.,  on  application. — William  Dodds  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
hall-street,  London,  Agents  for  the  sale  of  Alex.  Shanks  and 
Son's  Improved  Grass  Gutting  and  Rolling  Machines. 

ALSO 

ARTIFICIAL  MANURES  of  superior  quality,  at  the  follow, 
iag  very  low  rates  : — Superphosphate  of  Lime,  51.  2s.  Gd.  per 
ton  ;  Patent  Manure,  51.  5s.  per  ton;  highly-concentrated  fcecal 
Manure,  31.  lOs.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Manure,  4L  10s.  per  ton,  from 
-J  to  4  cwt.  per  acre,  amply  sufficient.  Gotta  percha,  coated  and 
Uned  canvas  hose  for  liquid  mailare  and  farm  purposes. 
Apply  as  above. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


-'-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide 
--  uch     ,,      EtTong  ,, 

--  nch      ,,       extra  strong      „ 
_  iQch     „      light  ,, 

l:.lnch      ,,      strong  ,, 

IJ-inch      ,,      extra  strong     „ 


Oalvan-  Japanned 

ised.  Iron. 

Id.  per  yd,  5d.  per  yd. 

!>       „  6i      „ 

12       „  9"      .. 


...  10       „  8        ,, 

...   1*         M  11  „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 

If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,   it  will  reduce  the  prices 

nne-fonrth.    Galvanised  sparrow. proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 

i.  per  square  fool.     Patterns  forwarded  po-.t  free. 

'iioufactured  by  BARNARD  and    BISHOP,  Market-place, 

r-.vich,  a-id   delivered  free  of  expense  in   London,   Peter- 

''i((h,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


U  WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 

their  Oardena  daring  the  wint«^r  months  «)hoiild  con- 
■  I'-t  their  walirt  of  POKTLaND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
h  »re  f'lrmnA  tlint:— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
^  1'.  present  made  from  the  loam  which  Is  mired  with  it  and 
to  erery  pftrt  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sliarp  river  aand.  To 
^T«tnrt«nf  inch  eqaal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
BDd  Intorporftte  the  whole  well  In  the  dry  «tate  before  applyine 
tba  water.  It  mny  then  be  laid  on  2  Inchen  thick.  Any 
Uboarvr  cm  m'z  und  sprpnd  It.  No  tool  ts  required  bey<intl 
Iha  apxle,  arc)  In  48  hoars  It  becomes  an  hard  as  a  rock. 
Tff»B»tt«»n  cannot  (frow  through  or  upon  It,  and  It  rcHists  the 
■  of  the  *eveTi*itt  fro^l.  It  Is  necrSHnry,  nn  water  doei  not 
1krMij(h   i'.,   to  e^Tc  a  full  from   the  middle  of  tin-  juith 

Mm  the  *id«r».  —  Manuficturers  of  the  Coiiient,  J.  D^  Wiiite 

aodSoM,  Uilibftnk-*itrf(-t.  W«Mitmia*'er. 


nVLLOCK'S  SEMOL/V.— This  substance  h  entirely 

^^  T»((et«blw,  iind  yet  mor«  nutrliloufl  thm  any  kind  of  meat, 

"1*M  1'  i«  e^iM-clally  adaptvd  for  all  Invnlidi  wlio  require  much 

nooH.hfiKnt  but  are  unablo  to  take  anlrnul  fond.     It  l«  aNo 

■  r<  (■  mmendrd  and  !h  now  In  very  extcnnlvo  nHe  for 

■I'i'l   by  lartten  who  ore  nnrslnpf,   nn   it   sappUcii   Iho 

'<']<iin-'I  (or  the  forrnnUon  of  milk  and  ific  growth 

I.     The  public  I*  ciinlioncd  nifalrist  viirlout  hubitU 

"I    uLfler    ihe    name    of    fiemoln,    ."^cfnolinn,    Ac, 

Hcm<itm  U  nlwtyt  nold  in  puckei*,  Ij.,  2/.  tut.,  and 

'■■■'^.,   ™i,.i  can  bo  obtatni:d  at  T2,  Cottdul-stroet,  IlegcuU 

*irt*i,  LoodoOf  and  of  oU  otiemi«ti  and  drugginta. 


CHEAP     AND     DURABLE     ROOFING 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


JA*vr^(^^     ROYAL  LETTERS 


PATENT. 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb"s-buildings,  Bunhill. 
•     row,  London,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Sheddinf^,  Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which   has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  Two  Silteb,  Medal 
PfiizES,  and  is  the  Felt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  "Woods  and  Forests, 

HONODBABLE  BOABD  OF  OeDSANCE, 

HoNODEABLE  East  India  Company, 
honodrable  commissioners  of  ccstoms, 
Her  Majesty's  Estate,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic  Gaedens,  Regent's  Pare, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut. 
land,  Newcastle,  Northumbtttland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
andattheRoTAL  Aoricoltobal  Societt's  Hodse,  Hanover-sq. 
It  is  half  the  price  of  any  other  description  of  roofinp,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  pee  Sqoabe  Foot. 
%*  Samples,  with  Directirus  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  pnat  executed. 

i^"  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  where  the  above  Roofing  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  C0.*3 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-buildings,    BnnhiU-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor'r.  Courts,  at  the  entrance  of  West 
minster  Hall,  were  rooted  with  F,  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  of  Chas.  Barry,  Esq., 
R.A.  Her  Miijesty'n  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Foreats  are 
so  satisfied  with  the  result  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee Rooms  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  he  roofed  with 
their  Felt.     Qtiantity  altogether  used,  24,000  feet. 

Note.  — Consumers  sending  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lengths  best  suited  to  their  Roots,  so  that  they  pay  for 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  information  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposed  particular  application  of  tho  Felt. 


TO    ALL    PERSONS    OF    TASTE. 

MR.  MECHI;  4,  Leadenhall-street,  invites  public 
attention  to  hi^  display  of  Elegancies  suilable  for  use  or 
for  preeentatlon.  Tho^e  who  inspected  Mr.  Meohi's  display  of 
maoufacturci  at  the  Great  Exhibition  will  be  able  to  form  a 
proper  evtimate  of  the  general  Htyle  and  quality  of  his  produc' 
tions.  lie  has  endeavoured  to  combine,  for  those  who  study 
economy,  cheipne^s  with  elegance,  and,  in  fact,  to  give  to  the 
cheapest  arilcle  ho  manufaciures  h  pltjaHinji  form  and  style. 
For  Instance,  tho  Shilling  Penknives  and  Sixfrenny  Tooth- 
brushes areas  useful  in  their  ola^s  as  the  £>l)>(;uinua  Dressing- 
cHfle.  Tho  external  and  internal  htlings  of  his  Premises  have 
been  much  improved,  so  ns  to  harminiue  nioro  completely  with 
tho  projtresPilve  elegance  uf  hia  htoek,  iifid  huvy  bt-cn  designed 
and  carried  out  under  his  immediate  plan  aud  direction, 

ELEGANCIES     FOR    PRESENTATION,     Xo. 

Lndlf's  and  Ocntlemcn'K  Drcssting-cuaes  from  17a,  Gd.  to  2001. ; 

Work-boxes  from    lOa,  tolOi.;   Envolopc-cnttefl  from  Ga.  tu  7i.  ; 

Wrltltig.(l.!»k«   from    Via.   to  651.,   and  uu   ialinlto  variety  of 

artlclcH  In  J'apiur  Machu. 

LEADING     ARTICLES     FOR    EVERY-DAY     USE, 

Tflblo  Cutlery  of  ev.-ry  description  ;  ItuJiorH,  HoiBSorH,  Pen- 
Itnlvoti,  ilnlr.  Kill,  and  Tooth  Bru"h')»,  Combs.  lOleotro-platcd 
Fork^  nrirl  R,,ooni  ol  vi-ry  suporlor  ehiir(icn.T  unil  llntnli.  IIIub- 
trftted  Catalo;(ucH  gratis.— N.M.  All  articles  of  Cutlery,  «ko., 
ground  and  rojiaircU  on  tho  premluos  dully. 


GUTTA  PERCHA   TUBING   FOR   WATERINa 
GARDENS,  ETC. 


Testimonial. 
From  3fr.  J.  F'Mrrali,  Gardener  to  Boswell  Middlcton  Jalland, 

Esq.,  of  Holdetniesa  House,  near  Hull. 
"1  have  had  400  feet  of  your  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  (ia  lenjths 
of  100  feet  each,  with  union  joini)  iit  use  for  the  last  twelve  months 
for  watering  these  gardens,  and  IJind  it  to  answer  better  than  any- 
Vdr.g  Uiaae  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  ^ha  water  is  very 
considerable,  but  this  has  not  the  slightest  eff-^ct  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  moat  valuable  invention 
fat  Gardeners,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gardens 
in  about  one-halt  the  time,  and  witb  one-half  the  labour 
formerly  required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superiority  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  Irom  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  highly  injurious  in  the  u^e  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following — 

Testimonials. 
From  C.  Haclzer,  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  the  Ihike  of 
Bedford,  Woburn  J'arlc. 
"  Office  of  Worlce,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  1852. 
"  Gentlemen, — In  answer  to  your  inquiries   respecting  the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (after  two  years'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 
it  will   eat  lead   through  in  two  years  ;  we  have  adopted  it 
largely,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much, 
easier  fixed,  and  ft  more  perfec^^  job." 
From  Sir  Raymond  Jarois,  Bart ,  of  VentnOTj  Tile  of  Wight. 

"Vemnor,  March  10,  1852. 
"  Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  yonr  letter,  received  this  morning, 
respecting  the  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  Pump  service,  I  can 
state,  vrith  much  satisfaction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
builders  and  other  persons  have  Utely  examined  it,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  apparent  difference  since  the  first  lading  down, 
now  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  it  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  the  houses  that  are  being  erected  here— building 
going  on  to  a  considerable  extent. 

"  I  am,  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  R.  Jaevis. 
"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  Bsiug  the  tube 
to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  averse  to 
the  job,  did  not  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
otherwise,  carefully  arranged,  thereis  no  question  it  supersedes 
leader  any  kind  oPmetal  pipes.  R.  J." 

From  William  Bird  Herapath,  F.sq.,  M.R.C.S.,   Surgeon  to  St. 
Fetcr's  a)id  Queen  Flizabeth's  Ho^^pital,  BriUol 

"  September,  1850. 
"I  have  used  Gutta  Percha  as  a  lining  to  a  cistern,  with 
tubing  of  the  same  material,  to  conduct  the  water  into  my 
dispensary  ;  they  answer  admirably.  Ac  first  9o:iie  disai^reeable 
flavour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap- 
peared, 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  be  had.  Manufac- 
tured by  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  Patentees,  London  ;  and 
sold  at  the  Wholesale  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  Bdrqess  and  Key, 
103,  Newgate-street,  who  will  forward  Lia'tB  of  Prices  oa 
application. 

NOTWITHSTAINDING  the  numerous  preparations 
for  the  hair  which  are  daily  put  before  the  public,  ROW- 
LANDS' MACASSAR  OIL  continues  unrivallfd,  and  the 
successful  rebults  of  the  last  half  century  have  proved  beyond 
question  that  it  is  endowed  with  singularly  nourii^hiug  powers 
in  the  growth  and  restoration  of  the  human  hair ;  ami,  when 
every  other  known  specific  has  failed,  it  preserves  and  repro- 
duces tiie  hair — prevents  it  from  turning  gray,  or,  it  so  changed, 
restores  it  to  its  original  colour— frees  it  from  scurf— renders 
it  soft,  silky,  curly,  and  glossy — and  retains  it  in  curl  and 
other  decorative  form  unaffected  by  the  variations  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, or  the  effects  of  the  crowded  assembly — facts  abun- 
dantly proved  by  numerous  testimonials.  For  children,  it  is 
especially  recommended,  as  forming  the  basis  of  a  beautiful 
head  of  hair,  and  rendering  the  use  of  the  flnu  comb  unnecea- 
eary.  Thiti  oil  is  the  friend  of  both  sexes,  for  while  it  ndd-i  to 
the  charms  of  female  beauty,  it  enhances  the  graces  of  man- 
hood, by  producing  whiskers,  mouatachios,  Jic.  Priffo  33.  Cti. 
and  Is.  ;  or  family  bottles  (equal  to  four  smrtll)  at  10s.  6d,  ; 
and  double  that  size,  2\s. 

Caution. —On  the  wrapper  of  each  bottle  are  the  words, 
Rowlands*  Macassar  Oil,  in  two  lines  ;  tho  sumo  lire  engraveti 
on  the  back  of  the  wrapper  nearly  151)0  times,  containing 
;J9,028  letters.— Sold  by  A.  ROWLAND  Jj  SitN^  20,  Hutton 
Garden,  London  ;  and  by  all  chemintfl  and  perfumRr", 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGIfiS.— The  Tor>rh.lIi'usU 
has  tho  impiu'taut  iidvantago  of  eoarching  thoroughly  into  tho 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  moat  e.\tr-i- 
ordinary  manner,  nnd  is  i'amous  for  tho  hairs  not  coming 
loose.- la.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brusli,  thut  clemis  in  a  third 
port  of  the  UMiial  time,  nnd  incnpftblcof  itijuvin^  tho  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  lIiur-lJruHh(jH,  with  tlie  durable  unblcachud  Huy- 
ftian  bristles,  which  do  nut  softun  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
It  i-ushcs  of  improved,  graduated,  and  poWerfu  I  friction.  Volvet- 
Hi-uahoH,  which  act  in  the  moKt  Burprisiiig  nnd  aueoeesful 
manner.  Tho  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  Its  preserved 
valuable  proporliOH  of  absorptiiiii,  vitality,  and  duraliillty,  by 
niuaDM  of  direct  tmiiortations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  dostruutlvo  bli'iichtng,  mid  sccurmi;  tlie 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Spi»ngo,  Only  (it  Metcalfe, 
BiNfiLKY,  anrl  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  HIOii,  Oxtbid-Btl'cot, 
one  door  from  Hollo*. strt-ot. 

MKrCALFC'S  ALICALINR  TOOTH  POWDER.  23.  por box. 

Caution.—  Uawaro  of  tho  words  •'From  AiETOALFE'a,'* 
adopted  by  ttoino  houMos. 


333 


THE     G.iRDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTUR.iL     G.VZSrrE. 


[JjNE    5, 


New   Pictorial    Work. 


THE 


'Sitts,  fHanufactures,    practical    .Science, 

AND 

SOCIAL    ECONOMY. 

Hhe  FiBST  Monthly  Part,  embellished  with  nearly  One  Hundred  beautiful  Engravings,  is  now  ready,  price  11(2. 
Also  Publishing  in  Weekly  Numbers,  Price  2d. 


OFFICE,  11,  BOUVERIB  STREET. 


This  daj/  is  Puhlislied,  price  4s.  doth,  with  Plates, 

THE  BRITISH  WINTER  GARDEN, 

it  ^Practical  Ercattsc  on  lE&ergrccns ; 

SHOWING   THEIR   GENERAL 

UTILITY  IX  THE  FORMATION  OF  GARDEN  AND  LANDSCAPE  SCENERY, 

AND  THEIR  UOt)E  OF 

PROPAGATING,  PLANTING,  AND  REMOVAL,  FROM  ONE  TO  FIFTY  FEET  IN  HEIGHT, 
AS  PRACTISED  AT  ELVASTON  CASTLE. 

By   WILLIAM   BARRON,    Head    Gardener. 


BRADBURY  &  EVANS.  11,  BOUVERIE  STREET. 


Price  3a.  6d.,  bound  in  cloth, 

HOW    TO    LAY    OUT    A    SMALL    GARDEN. 
Intended  as  a  Guide  to  Amateurs  in  ChooBing,  F  Tining, 
or  Improving  a  Place  (from  a  Quarter  of  an  Acre  lo  Thirty 
Acrea  in  esteot),  with  reference  to  both  design  and  execu'".i'in. 
ByEDWABD  Kemp,  Landscape  Gardener,  Birkenhead-parb. 

By  the  same  Author,  pt-ice  "is  , 
THE  HAND-BOOK  OF  GARDENING.     For  the 
use  of  all  persons  who  possess  a  Garden  of  limited  extent. 
The  Tenth  Edition,  enlarged  and  improved. 

Beadboei  and  Evans.  11,  Bnuverie-street. 


MR.   BRODERIP'S    NEW    WORK. 

Post  Octavo,  10s.  Gd  , 

T  EAVES    FROM    THE    NOTE-BOOK     OF     A 

jLj  NATURALIST.  _  By  W.  J.  BuoDEatP,  E^q.,  F.R.S,. 
Author  of  "  Z  lologicul  Recreations. "  Reprinted  troni 
**  Praser'fl  Magazine." 

London  :  John  W.  Pareer  and  Son,  West  Strand. 


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BLACK'S     PICTURESQUE     TOURIST, 
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Price  5s.,  a  Third  Edition  of 

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TO  THE  ENGLISH  LAKES,  witu  an  Essay  on  the 
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and  a  copious  Itinerary, 

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of  SCOTLAND,  coutatnins  an  accurate  Travelling  W  p 
and  Itinerary,  with  D-r'Scrip'.ive  Noticus  of  all  the  rem-irUai 'e 
objects  along  the  several  roada,  and  F.iur  Engraved  CUartc  >f' 
tboBe  localities  which  possess  peculiar  historical  or  picturestjue 
interest. 

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Price  2s.  Gd.,  a  Seventh  Edition  of 

BLACK'S  GUIDE  THROUGH  EDINBURGH, 
with  a  DESCRIPTION  of  the  ENVIRONS.  Illuatrated 
with  a  Plan  of  the  City,  a  Map  of  the  Country  Ten  Miles  round, 
H'ld  numerous  Views  of  the  Public  Buildings  of  the  Neigti- 
bjuring  Scenery. 

A.  in.  C.  Black,  Edinburgh  ;  and  sold  by  all  Booksellers. 


Just  'pablished,  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is. ; 
or  by  post  for  la.  Qd. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Kemmen, 
anl  Self-Management;  together  with  inatructiouo  for  securinj; 
pi^rlect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiitess 
only  attain!>ble  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  life.    By  a  Physician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Qd. ;  by  post,  3s.  6(i., 
A     MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
I'cactical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
iletilth  and  Dineaae.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
p  -rsons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  syniptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
ttit>  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London:  James    Gilbert,   49,    Paternuster-row ;    Hannay, 
fcS,  Oxford. street;  Man.'*,  39,  CornhiU;  and  all  Booksellers. 


Now  ready,  and  to  be  had  of  all  Booksellers, 
T^HE    KITCHEN     GARDENERS'    SHEET 
J-    CALENDAR.     By  some  of  the  Departmental  Writers  of 
the  "  Cottage  Gardener." 

The  object  of  this  Calendar  if  to  present  Oii  one  page,  and  on 

one  co'iti'iuoiis  iinfl  (to  facilitate  reference),  the  treatment  each 

crop  requires  in  each  month.     To  place  it  within  the  reach  of 

everybody,  it  will  be  sold  for  Twopence. 

London  :  W.  S.  Oaa  and  Co.,  Amen-corner,  Pateraoster-row. 


NEW    EDITION,    CORRECTED    TO    1852. 

Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  8vo,  with  Woodcuts,  price  31. 

cloth  ;  or  %l.  5a.  half-bound  in  russia,  with  flexible  back, 

BRANDE'S  DICTIONARY  OF  SCIENCE, 
LITERATURE,  AND  ART.  Comprising  the  History, 
Description,  and  Scientific  Principles  of  every  branch  of  Human 
Knowledt;e  ;  with  the  Derivation  and  Definition  of  all  the  Terms 
in  general  uae.  Second  Edition,  corrected;  with  a  Supplement, 
coiitainicg  numerous  Additions,  together  with  the  chief  Scien- 
tific Terms,  Processes,  and  Imprav^ments  that  have  c  jme  into 
general  use  since  the  publication  of  the  First  Edition. 

%*  The  Supplement  may  be  had  separately,  price  3s.  Qd, 
London:  Lonouan,  Beo.wn,  Gheew,  and  Longmans. 


MRS.  JAMESON'S  TRAVELS  IN  CANADA,  ETC. 

Just  published,  in  Two  Parts,  price  One  Shilling  each  ; 

or  in  One  Volume,  price  Half-a-Crowo, 

CKETCHES  in  CANADA  and  RAMBLES  among 
^  the  RED  ME>T.  By  Mrs.  Jameson,  author  of  "Sacred 
and  Leiicndary  Art,"  &c.  Forming  the2lBt  and  22d  Parts  of 
The  Traveller's  LiDttARY. 

Just  published,  price  2s.  Qd.;  or  in  Two  Parts,  price  Is.  each, 
WERNE'S  AFRICAN    WANDERINGS.     Trans- 
lated for  ttie  Traveller's  Library,  by  J.  R.  Johnston. 

*•  This  yulume  will  be  read  with  an  ioterftst  as  great  as  was 
felt  on  the  first  appearance  of  the  travels  of  Bruce  and  of 
Mungo  Park." — Literary  Qazeite. 

London  :  Longman,  Brown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


Just  published,  price  One  Shilling, 
A  N     ESSAY     ON    THE    COMPOSITION    AND 

ry.  FERTILISING  QUALIVIES  OF  PBKUVIaN  GUANO  ; 
with  Descriptions  of  the  best  Modes  of  its  Application  to  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  Crops.  By  J.  C.  Nesbit,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S., 
Analytical  Chemist,  and  Principal  of  the  Chemical  and  Agri- 
cultural School,  Kennington,  London. 

Lonion  :  Longman  and  Co.,  Paternoster  Row ;  and  to  be  had 
of  all  Booliaellers. 


SIR  W.  J.   HOOKER'S  KEW  GUIDE. 

A  New  Edition,  in  Ifimo,  with  numerous  Wood  Engravings, 

price  Sixpence,  sewed, 

KEW   GARDENS  ;   or,  a    Popular    Guide   to  the 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens  of  Kew.     By  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker, 
K.H.  D.C.L.  F.R.A.  and  L.S.  &c.  <bc.  Director. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  8vo,  price  14s.  cloth, 
"^HE  GREAT  EXHIBITION  AND  LONDON  IN 

1851  REVIEWED  BY  DR.  LARDNER,  &e. 
London:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


THE    DISGRACED    GOVERNOR    AT    PORTSMOUTH. 

DOUGLAS  JERROLD  edits  LLOYD'S  WEEKLY 
LONDON  NEWSPAPER.  The  Number  for  Sunday  next, 
June  6  (Price  Threepence,  post  free),  contains  Six'y  Large 
Columns  of  the  Latest  Intelligence  (to  the  Moment  of  Publica- 
tion) from  all  parts  of  the  world,  by  express  Electric  Telegraph, 
and  other  means,  regardless  of  expense.  The  number  for 
Sunday  next  will  also  contain: — Editorial  Articles:  English 
Blood  at  Austriun  Price  ;  Wat  Tyler  and  Yankee  Doodle  ;  The 
Anti-Sati-faction  Society  ;  Important  from  France;  Venetian 
Laws  iu  England  ;  Homes  for  the  Homeless  ;  the  Providence  of 
the  Hustings,  die. — Emigration  :  Bars  to  Emigration  ;  An 
Emigration  Parish  Rate;  America,  and  Where  to  Settle; 
Vessels  Proceeding  to  Australian  Colonies ;  Answers  to 
Intending  Emigrants;  Shipping  News,  A'.c. — Feargus's  Freaks 
in  Westminster  Hall— Departure  of  the  First  Australian 
Steamer — Sir  H.  Smith  and  the  Governorship  of  the  Cape- 
Fall  of  the  Floor  of  the  Liverpool  Corn  E.xchanee :  Loss  of 
Life— Collision  on  the  Shropphire  Rnilway— Inauguration  of 
tlie  Preston  Peel  Munument — The  War  at  the  Cape — The  Foot 
Race  for  the  Ciiampionship,  ifcc. 

Lloyd's  Weekly  London  Newspaper  is  Published  every 
Saturday  nig'it  in  time  lor  Post.  Price  only  Threepence  !! ! 
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No.  12,  Salisbury-square,  London,  and  receive  one  copy  as  a 
sample,  or  order  of  any  Newsvender, 


NINTH     EDITION,     PRICE    ONE    SHILLING. 
Noiv  ready,  with  an  Account  of  the  Last  Year's  Crops, 

A  WORD  IN  SEASON ;  or,  How  the  Corn 
^^  GaowEfts  MAr  yet  Grow  Rich  and  the  Laboubers 
Happy,  by  fulioivinii  the  Weedon  System  of  A-.;riculture. 

Ninth  l3di:ion,  greatly  enlarged,  with  Complete  Directions 
for  carrying  out  the  Plan. 

London:  James  Ridgway,  Piccadilly ;  and  all  BookseUers. 


Price  3d.,  or  5s.  for  25  copies  for  diBtcibutiou  among  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivered  anywhere  in  London,  on  a  Post-office 
oriier  being  sent  to  the  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Gardeners'  CUronicle.  In  conseq'ience  of  the 
new  postal  arraugeiuents,  parties  in  the  country  who  desire 
it  can  have  copies  sent  by  post ;  six  stamps,  in  addition  to 
the  cost  of  the  numbers,  will  pass  10  copies  free  by  post.  The 
cottof  a  single  copy,  free  by  post,  it.  Id. 

THE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR    OF    GARDEN 
OPERATIONS. 
By  Sir  Joseph  Paxton, 
Reprinted  from   the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  ;  above  71,000 
have  already  been  sold. 

Price  3s.  Gd.  (post  free.) 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical  Instructions  for  its 
Formation  and  Culture.      Illustrated  by  21  Woodcuts. 
Reprinted  from  the  Gardeners*  Chronicle,  with  additions 


Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  Sa.  6d.,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

RURAL        CHEMISTRY 
By  Edward  Solly,  F.R.«.,  F.L.S..  F.G.S., 
Honorary    Member  of    the    Royal    Agricultural    Society  ot 
England,  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Hon.  E.  I.   Co.'ft 
Military  Seminary  at  Addiscombe,  &c.  dec. 


Price  53.  6d.,  clotb. 
Second  Edition.  Revised  and  Enlarged, 

ORNAMENTAL  AND    DOMESTIC    POULTRY; 
their  History  and  Management.      By  the  Rev.  Edmund- 
Sadl  Dixon,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Intwood  with  Keswick. 

*'  This  book  is  the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  can 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry."— iSiir- 
ling  Observer. 


Just  Published,  price  Is.  Gd.,  free  by  post  Is.  lOd. 

LABELS    FOR    THE     HERBARIUM, 
CONSISTING  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  THE 

Classes,  Alliances,  Orders,  and  Sub-Orders 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'S  "  VEGETABLK  KINGDOM." 

So  printed,  in  large  type,  that  they  can  be  cut  out  and  pasted 

into  The  Herbaridm. 

Published  by  J.  Matthews,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street, 

Covent-garden,  London. 


Sales  6g  auction* 

LODDIGES*  NURSERY. 
The  Entire  STOCK  of  this  Renowned  Establishment,  the 
Sale  of  which  will  extend  over  a  period  of  several  months. 
By  direction  of  the  surviving  Partnerof  the  old  and  respected* 
firm  of  Conrad  Loddiges  and  Sons,  who  is  relinquishing 
the  buslneSb  iu  couseqneace  of  the  lease  expiring  at  Lady- 
day  nex^ 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 
to  Sell  bv  Auction,  without  any  reservation,  during 
the  months  of  June,  July,  August,  September,  and  October 
next,  on  the  Premises  at  Hackney,  and  at  his  Great  Room, 
33.  King-street.  Ctvent-gnrdeo,  the  UNRIVALLED  ASSEM- 
BLAGE OF  EXOTIC  AND  OTHER  PLANTS  in  the  above-  ■ 
naued  Eatab'iBhment ;  mnre  detailed  particulars  of  which 
and  the  days  of  Sale  will  be  announced  in  subsequent 
adverti-.einentB. — 38,  Kinc-street,  Covent-garden,  June  5. 


RARE    AND    VALUABLE    ORCHIDS. 

THE    FIRST    PORTION    OF    THE    COLLECTION    OF 
MESSRS.  LODDIGES  AND  SONS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  seU  by  Auction,  at  hi&  ' 
Great  Room,  3S,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY, June  15,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  the  First  Portion  of  this  cele- 
brated Collection  of  ORCHIDS  (which  contains  upward*  of 
20130  speci'^B) ;  it  will  be  found  to  comprise  many  fine  specimenE^^ 
of  the  most  r^re  aui  beautiful  varieties,  too  numerous  to  men- 
tion ;  the  smellier  plants,  which  are  in  remarkably  fine  health, 
will  be  lotted  in  a  manner  that  will  afford  persons  commencing 
the  cultivation  of  this  interesting  tribe  an  opportunity  of  pur- 
chasing:, which  has  never  before  o.'curred. — C:italogueB  ara 
prepirini:,  and  will  be  ready  a  week  before  the  sale. 

TO   GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell. 
by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholooaew-lane,  on  THURS-  j 
DAY,  June  10,  an1  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rata 
collection  of  DAHLIAS;  the  newest  varieties  of  FUCHSIAS, 
Vb^RB^NAS,  CALCEOLARIAS,  CLIMBING  and  other 
ROSES;  also  GERANIUMS,  a^id  other  Plants  in  bloom, 
with  a  large  assortment  of  useful  and  ornamental  Plants 
fir  Bedding. — May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  sale.  Catalogues 
had  at  the  Marc ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery, 
Leytonstone.  Ecsei. 

''pO  BE  LET,  and  entered  upon  at  Michaelmas  next^ 
-L  TWO  Farms,  si.uate  at  Coleshili,  near  Faringdon, 
Berks,  one  containing  ahou'  35D  acree,  the  other  280  acres ;  the- 
Imter  has  been  occupied  by  the  proprietor  since  Michaelmas 
1:^47,  during  which  time  the  whole  has  been  thoroughly 
dritined,  Ino  acres  of  pasture  converted  to  tillage,  the  olo- 
iiriible  land  brought  into  a  high  state  of  fertility,  and  the 
whole  of  the  buildings,  fences,  die,  either  renewed  or 
tlioroughly  repaired. —  Mr.  Moore  will  be  happy  to  furnish 
any  geutliiraan  desirous  of  in>-pectiDg  these  farms  with  all 
needful  particulars,  and  believes  both  are  very  desirable- 
ncL-upatioas.  Shrivenham  Station,  on  the  Great  Westera 
llailway,  is  ah  ut  four  miles,  and  Swindon  eight  miles  froni 
Coleshili.— Address  to  Edward  W.  Moore,  ColeshiU,  near 
Higuwortlij 

FERNS.  —  Twelve  distinct  species  of  BRITISH 
FEItNS  corrcL-Llv  Darned  and  adapted  for  north  border 
or  rocliwork,'one  of  each  sort  for  5s. ;  two  of  each  for  83.,  four 
■  ,f  each  for  15s.,  or  nine  of  each  for  25s.— Address,  John 
Llotd.  Post-office,  Eaat  Hill,  Wandsworth,  Surrey. 

PrlntRil  by  William  BBi"fln(ii.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place.  In  the  ' 
p^rinh  of  Sr  I'^ncrHS.  am!  Fbkusbick  Mullktt  t;rA>8,  of  \o.  7,  Charcb- 
roiv  Stoke  NewniKioo.  both  lu  tlie  County  oi  Middlesrx  FriQiers,  £i  their 
Otn^e  in  LombHrd-otreet,  in  tbe  rreciuct  of  Wh  tefnarn.  in  the  City  of 
L'lodon;  h.kI  publieheJ  by  them  at  tLie  otBce,  No.  h,  Ciiarlea-street,  io 
the  parish  ot  St  I'aul's.  Covent  Bftrden,  to  the  aald  Countr,  where  all 
Advertisem-ntn  nad  UommuniciitioDB  are  to  be  ADDiiitHaBD  it>TaE  £l>irOB. 
— Satukuai,  Ju.1'1  5,   13a-. 


HE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindleyi. 


No.  24—1852.] 


SATURDAY,  JUNE   12. 


[Price  6d. 


Agri.  Society  of  EnKland 

—       —    at  TauntoD,.377  b 

AiU=,tokm   

Azi'eas,  h^rdy 

379  e 

-331  A 

374  fi 

374  c 

—    new  mo'Te  of  roakinR. . . 

Ca'cndar,  hnrticulturttl 

Cattle  hoQ-ei    

3SI  a 
37G  a 
3S-2  a 

Climate  in  the  far  north 

—    in  Cor^w^ll  a -d  DeToo 

Cornwall  Hon.  Soc  ety 

Dresden  A-rricultural  Show    . 

373  c 

374  a 
374  b 
379  a 

Grapes,  out-door 

GuADO,  aiiulteratioQ  of 

37-t  6 
379  a 
374  a 

"Hoeing    

Land,  traasfer  of. 

378  C 
377  c 

Law  of  transfer  of  land  ... 
Lawe*'  (Mr  ) . espfrimeDts 

Letchenaul' las    

Uaourp,  liquirl 

—    poultry  dung 

Orchie,  lizard     

Ozoae  in  pUntH  

Pe-t  a  deodoriaer    

Plan's,  ozone  in   .. 

Polmaisp  heat'Dg 

Riln  at  Chi«w<ct[ 

Rbodi>dendr')n«,  hardy 

Robin  in  d<fficultie«   

RosBM.  rhnpiod'ee  sbint    

Rothams  e:l  ^xneriments   

[loyal  Botanic  Sncieiy 

Stiawberry.  farly 

TreD'bani.  furciDi;  houses  at  .. 
Ventlla'lnn  of  csttle  housea    ,, 

Vine  borders,  coocreted    

WaipB     .. 

Wateroi's   (the  UeaiTi.).  Nur- 

■eri's,  noticed  


373  c 
371  b 
371  a 


374  a 
3:3  3 
377  c 


ROYAL  BOTANIC  SOCIETY,  REGENT'S  PARK. 
— Iq  consequence  of  the  unfavourable  atute  of  the  weather 
on  Wedoesday  last,  an  EXTRA  DAY,  WEDNESDAY,  the 
16th  iagtaot,  has  been  appointed  for  the  Exhibitinn  of 
AMERICAN  PLANTS  (Rbodo'^eodroaB.  Azaleaa.  KUmias, 
&c.),  which  continue  in  undiminished  beauty.  The  Bands  of 
the  Ist  and  3ii  Life  Guards,  and  the  Royal  Horse  Guards 
(Blue),  will  attend  at  the  Gardens  from  2  until  6  o'clock. 

The  Exhibition  Tickets  already  issued  will  be  available  on 
this  occasion,  and  Tickets  will  be  issued  as  ueaal  to  the  orders 
of  Fellows  0*^^  the  Society,  at  the  fixed  pince^f  5*.  each,  and  on 
the  day  itself  Is.Sd.  each.  The  Tickets  Tor  the  Protnenade 
are  also  available  on  this  occasion. 

IH.B.  The  Gates  will  not  be  opened  aotil  2  o'clock. 


-VfATIONAL      FLORICULTURAL      SOCIETY. 

J-N  OFFICES,  21,  REGENT-STREET. 

NOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  the  Seventh  Meeting  of  the 
Season  will  be  held  on  THURSDAY,  the  17  h  inst.,  for  the 
exannoation  of  Azaleas,  Pelargoniums,  Ericas,  Antirrhinums, 
Finks,  Ranunculuses,  Rosea,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Calceolarias, 
Petania<i.  Cactuses,  Carnatioas,  Picoteas,  Pansies,  &.c. 

All  subjects  mast  be  entered,  staged,  named,  and  ready  by 
1  o'clock. 

CxHaona. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Hamp 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON 
Wellington-r 'ad  Nursery,  St  John's  Wood.  London,  are 
now  prepared  ro  forward  by  post,  CIN  ERAUI A  SEED,  saved 
from  the  beot  formed  flowerp,  such  aq  Ctrito,  Lady  Hume 
Campbell,  Adela  Villiere,  Pauline,  Rosy  Murn,  Marianne,  David 
Copperfi.  Id,  Effie  Deans,  Carlotta  Gri>-i,  Prim;i  Donna,  &c. 

E.  G.  H.  and  Sow  also  hep  to  say,  that  the  varieties  of 
Calceolarias  from  which  the  seed  is  naved  can  nt)w  be  seen  in 
fa'l  bloim  at  the  Nursery.  Early  orders  are  r^qui'tite  to  insure 
this  siied,  which  will  be  sent  out  in  July,  at  Sa,  per  packet. 


Jf  r.  W.  Barnes 
„    W.  Holmes 
„    W.  Cock 
„    H.  Groom 
„    T.  Osborn 
„    J.  Cook 


T.  Moore 
„    W.  Catleugh 
„    J.  a.  Lane 
,,     W.  Pearson 
Rev.  R.  Garth. 


The  Eighth  Meeting  will  tike  place  on  THURSDAY,  the  Ist 
of  July.    The  Censors  summoned  are  ; 


Mr.  J.  Cole,  Birmingham 
J.  Keynes,  Salisbury 
J.  Sharp,  Ampthill 
T.  Birnes.  Stowmarket 
J.  Riley,  Huddersfield 
Wood,  Nottingham 


Mr.  C.  J.  Perry,  Birmingham 
I,    J.  Dodds,  Salisbury 
I,    J.  Veitch,  Exeter 
„    Epp':,  Maidstone 
„    W.  Paul.  Cheshunt 
„    Bayley,  Derby. 
John  Edwards,  Hon.  Sec, 


rriHE    GREAT    NATIONAL    ANNUAL 

X  EXHIBITION  OF  TDLIP3 

(ADJ'>uaNED  FaoM  THE  TowH  Hall,  Biruinoham). 

At  a  Mee'ing,  held  at  the  As^embly  Room?,  iu  Nottingham, 
on  Wednesday,  the  2d  June,  and  adjourned  to  Wednesday,  the 
9:h  June,  S,  WaioaT,  Esq.,  in  the  Chair,  it  was  Resolved, — 

That  this  Meeting  regards  with  much  pleasure  the  expressed 
determination  of  the  National  Tu'ip  Society  to  hold  its 
Exhibition  for  1853  in  this  Town  (aciurdinjf  to  the  dei-ire  of 
the  Nottingham  Horticultural  Sociery),  and  pledges  itself  to 
use  it<  belt  ende^ours  for  the  successful  carrying  out  of  that 
object. 

That  it  be  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Nottingham 
Horticultural  Society. 

That  a  subscription  be  forthwith  entered  into  for  defraying 
the  peccsaarj  expenses  which  will  be  thereby  incurred. 

That  a  Committee  be  now  appointed  to  make  the  necessary 
■rraoEjemenifl,  and  that  such   Committee  do  consist  of  the 
following  gentlemen,  with  power  to  add  to  their  number  :  — 
president— William  Felkcn,  E-^q.,  Mayor. 
Vice.  President— TuoMAfl  Ball,  Esq.,  Sheriff. 


J.  Heard.  G<  q  ,  Alderipan 
William  Han  .ay,  Esq. 
William  CripOM,  Esq 
T.  Herb*Tt,  K*q  ,  Alderman 
B.  Birktn,  Eiq  ,  Aldi;rman 
I>.  Heymann,  K»q  ,  Aldermin 
J,  Rechlwt,  E-q.,  Alderman 
Tb<-ima*  Olmson,  Esq. 
3'jUa  Tbackeray,  Esq. 

Treasurer- 8.  Wuion 
Honorary  Becretarj- 3.  K.  P, 


The  (lev.  S.  Creswell 

William  Windley,  Esq. 

John  Brown,  Esq. 

J.  Neviil,  E«g. 

Mr.  J    F.  Wo.,d.  F.H.S. 

Mr.  '!'.  Oascoigno 

Mr.  John  Uardy 

Mr.  J.  Hcd.lerly,  Jan. 

Mr,  U.  Lymbery 

r.  E^q. 

Shilton,  Esq. 


/CHOICE  AND  RARE  SEEDS,  confidently  recom- 
V->  mended,  sold  by  WILLIAM  DENVER,  Seedsman  and 
Flobist,  82,  Graoechurch- street,  London,  near  the  Spread 
Eagle,  iit  the  following  price  per  paoer  :  — 

ANTIRRHINUM,  or  SNAPDRAGON.  6d.  Saved  by  an 
amateur  from  a  most  splen  lid  collection. 

BELLI3  PERENNi!*,  or  DAISY,  very  double,  6d.  Saved  from 
the  new  Rerman  varieties  ;  brilliant  eolour«.  varying  from  the 
deepest  crimson  to  white,  through  all  the  different  shades. 

CALCEOLARIA,  saved  by  an  amateur  from  the  most 
splendi  I  show  fl  jwere,  Is, 

GAILLARDI A  SPLENDIDISSIMA  PLENA,  Is.  A  new  and 
heauiiful  perennial  variety. 

PANSY,  from  the  best  named  flowers,  1  s.  Saved  by  Thomson 
and  other  eminent  growers. 

New  perpetual  Giffantic  Emperor  double  STOCK.— Colour, 
rosy  crimson.     This  is  a  splendid  nove'ty.  lasting  several  years. 

Autumnal.flowering  double  STOCKS,  6  best  and  brightest 
colours,  2s. 

TRITOMA  UVARIA,  Is.  A  hardy  perennial,  growiog  from 
4  to  5  feet  high,  producing  long  spikes  of  crimson  and  orange, 
coloured  flowera. 

Wallflowers,  singular  colours,  6  double  B'Bantlc 
varieties,  2*.  Saved  by  a  celebrated  Continental  grower,  who 
has  on  several  occasions  gained  the  first  prize  for  double  Wall- 
flowers 


NOTTINGHAM    ARBORETUM. 

FLORAL  Asij  HORTICULTURAL  EXHIBITION, 
open  to  all  Kfiglniid.- Oa  Mfoin;MMM-D*T.  .lane '^4.  !8rij, 
a  Giaiid  Exhibition  of  Flow«;r»i,  I'.uit'*,  and  VL-i{ftiihleH, 
FlxrlcUHurM)  J)e<i.'n«,  Boikiuc's,  and  Vfux  Flowers,  will  be 
beldstthf)  Art'oruMim,  Not'iiighuni. 

Three  silver  Cups,  value  61.  t:iich,  and  a  constderdblo  rum  in 
znooe;,  will  be  aw-4id>;d  as  Prizci.    Schedules  may  be  bud  on 
BpplLcatioD  to  the  Tu»n  Clerk,  Notiinghum. 
Admission,  lid   f^iu-h. 

J   F.  Wood.  F.^.•^„P**°*^'''"• 


Jooe  13  * 


_  CHOICE    CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

(^UASDLh'Ai    A.VD    SONS,    Nr;iiHr'.UYMi'.,v,    Wandti- 

^ -^  wonli-r.iafJ,  H'jrrtrv.  are  turn  s'li'lliig  ou'  (Ine  strooK 
j.lin'11  of  the  bent  CHKYSA  NTIUCM  UMS,  at  lUi.  per  AhZri*  ; 
tttt't  wf-ry  gonA  (oris  nt  Gs.  and  'Jn.  iif.r  doz'  n,  A  goo  i  collection 
Of  th«  Pompont,  or  Dwarf  Chinese  varieties,  at  iis.  and  VU. 
I'tr  d  icn. 


HEXACENTRIS  MYSORENSIS.— This  extraor- 
dinary  and  beautiful  new  Climber  (requiring  the  tempe- 
rature  of  a  stove  or  warm  greenhouse),  is  perfectly  distinct  in 
its  character  from  anything  yet  introduced.  It  was  exhibited 
hi  Messrs  Veitch  and  Son  at  Chiswick,  on  Saturday,  the  8th 
of  May,  and  received  the  First  Prize  for  New  Plants  ;  and  was, 
indeed,  «m  that  occasion,  the  admiration  of  all  who  saw  it. 

It  is  a  most  abundant  bloomer,  producineic<i  long  pendulous 
clusters  of  large  golden  yellow  and  deep  crimson  flowers  in 
great  abundance,  continuing  in  perfection  for  several  months. 
The  habit  of  the  plant  is  excellent,  with  neat  dark  green 
foliage,  and  is  of  e^sy  culture.  It  is  altogether  a  plant  of 
suoh  Gr'*t-rate  quality  and  great  beauty,  that  Messrs.  VEiTcn 
and  Son  feel  every  confidence  in  highly  recommending  it. 

Good  esiabtisbed  plants  will  be  ready  for  delivery  in  the 
month  of  August  next,  at  2I5.  each.  One  plant  over  to  the 
Trade  on  every  three  taken.  Orders  executed  in  strict  rotation 
as  received. — Exeter.  June  12. 


NOTICE. 

JOHN     SALTER'S     splendid    collection     of    IRI&- 
GERMANIGA    is   now  in  full  bloom,   and  maybe  seen 
every  day,  exceiJt  Sunday. 
Versailles  Narserv,  near  Hammersmith  Turnpike,  Middiesex. 


SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS- 

LUCO-VIBE,  PINCE  AND  CO.  intend   sending   out^. 
on  the  5th  of  July  next,  the  following  very  beautiful  new 
FUCHSIAS  :— 

APOLLO  (Pince's).— Rosy  tube  and  sepals,  well  reflexedjV  - 
corolla  [FUrpii-ih  lilac,  finely  expanded.     10a.  Gd. 

ASPASIA  {PiNce's).— Scarletiubo  and  sepals,  finely  refleied  p 
corolla  beautil'ut  blue.     his.  Gd. 

PRINCEPS  (Pimoe's).— Brilliant  scarlet-lake  tube  aadU 
sepals,  refl--xed  to  a  greater  extent  than  any  other  Fuchsia,  ~ 
which  produces  a  novel  and  moet  attractive  effect;  corolla 
deep  blue.    IO5  Gd 

L,,  P.,  and  Co.,  as  the  raisers  of  "  Exoniensis  "^and  "  CoraU 
Una,"  which  gave  such  general  satisfaction,  can  with  con&lenc0* 
recommend  the  above  to  all  cultivators  of  this  favourite  flower, 
having  fully  tes'ed  their  qualities  last  seaeon,  during  the  whole 
of    which,   in   their  new   Show    House,    they    were  seen    and; 
admired  by  numerous  visitors.     They  possess  waxy  firmness,    - 
and  are  particularly  smooth  and   fine  in   quality,  void  of  all 
coarsf  ness,  of  excellent  habits,  and  blooming  most  profusely  ;    . 
indeed,  the  high  character  which  these  Fuchsias  have  obtained,  . 
from  their  having  been  so  generally  seen  in  ail  their  stages,  . 
render  it  unnecessary  to  say  any  more  in  their  praise., 

P.S.  Allowance  to  the  Trade,  one  over  when  three  of  each- 
are  ordered. — Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  June  12. 

CHOICE   CINERARIA  SEED. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO,  have  now  ready  for- 
sending  out  some  exceedingly  line  CINERARIA  SEED^ 
carefully  saved  from  a  very  select  collectioo  of  all  the  newest 
and  finest  varieties  of  the  season,  in  packets,   sealed  and.    . 
warranted  by  thorn,  free  by  post,  2s.  Gd  each, 
L.  P.  and  Co.  have  also  some  very 

SUPERIOR  CALCEOLARIA  SEED, 

Sa^ed  from  well-shuped,  highly  coloured,  well  marked  fiowera;  — 
which  they  can  strongly  recommend  ;  in  packages,  sealed  and  " 
warranted  by  them,  free  by  post,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.  have  gretit  pleasure  instaing  that  thay-  have 
received  numerous  testimonials  of  the  eatisfuction  which  their 
Crtlceolaria  and  Cineraria  Seeds  gave  last  season,  and  they 
respectfully  solicit  early  ordtrs,   as   strbhg  plants  for  early     - 
flowering  will  be  obtained  by  sowing  now. 

Exeter  Nursery,  Exeier,  June  12. 


TO  BE  SOLD,  hy  Private  Contract,  a  Valuable 
Collection  of  STOVE  and  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS, 
comprising  choice  specimens  of  Palmt,  Exotic  Ferns,  Camellias, 
&c..  a  few  Orchids,  and  a  splendid  plant  of  the  Nepenthea 
distillatoria  ;  either  singly  or  in  lots. — Apply  to  Mr.  Pass, 
Gardener,  at  Dee  Hills,  Che=iter. 


PARTNERSHIP. 

WANTED,  an  active  PARTNER,  one  who  is 
thoroughly  qualified,  and  of  persevering  habits,  to  join 
in  an  extensive  first-rate  Londtin  Nurserv  of  high  standing. 
Capital  required  from  5001.  to  lOOOI. —Address  V.  R.  W,  I/., 
Fosl-o£fice,  Brompton,  near  London, 


TO    FLORISTS,   SEEDSMEN,    ETC. 

PARTNERSHIP.— A  young  Man  having  a  small 
capital  is  desirous  of  obtaining  a  JU.VIOa  rARTNEIl. 
SHIP  in  a  concern  of  the  above  description. — Address,  A.  B., 
30,  Norf'ilk-street,  Strand,  London, 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.- 
Horticulturists,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEANR,  DRAY,  and  CO.'.s  ex'ensive 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNING  INPLEMENTS,  best 
London-made  Garden  En^'incs  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 

Averuncators  Garden  Scrapers        Mowing  Machines 

Axes  Gidney's     Prussian    Pickaxes 

Bagging  Hooks  Hoe  Potato  Porks 

Bills  Grtipe  Gatherers  &.    Pruning  Bills 

Borders,       various       Scissors  ,,    Knives.various 

patterns  Gravel   Rakes    and        „     Saws 

Botanical  Boxes  Sieves  „    Scissors 

B(lyd'BP^tent-■^cythe  Greenhouse     Doors        „     Shears 
Brown's  Patent  Fu-       and  Frames  Ralie.s       iu       great 

migat^or  Hammers  variety 

Cases  of  Pruning  In-    Hand-nlasa  Frames    Reaping  Hooks 

sfrumeiits  Hay  Knives  -^cythes 

Daisy  RaUes  Horticultural  Ham-    Scythe  Stones 

Diobies  mer:i  &  HatchutH     Shears,  various 

Draining  Tools  Hots  of  every  pat-    Sickles 

Edgim,'    Irons    and       tern  Sickle  Saws 

Sheirs  Hotbed  Handle"*         Spades  and  Shovels 

Flower  Scls^iors  LadiuH*  Sot  of  Tools    Spuds 

,,        Sfinds     in     LtibelB,  various  p!»t-    Switch  Hooka 

WircHitolron  teriip.     In     Zim-,    Thiatlo  Hooks 

Fumigutors  Porcolain,  «bc.  Trunflplaniing  TooIb 

Gftlvfinio      Borders     Liii'm  itnd   Reels  Trowels 

and     Plant    Pro-     Miirklng  Ink  Tui  fiog  Irons 

tvctors  Mutiucks  Wall  Nails 

Garden  Chairs  and    Mcnogr/iphs  Watering  pots 

Seats  Mctalhc  Wire  Wrcd  Hooks 

,,    Loops  Milton  Ilatchots  WlKelbiirrowa 

„     lloll.:rs  Molo  Triipi  Youthh'Set  of  Tools 

DEANB,  DRAY,  ano  CO.  uro  solo  Atrcn's  tor  LINOII  \M'S 
PBlttMANKNT  LiBKLS,  numploH  ol  which,  wllli  llirlr  Illus- 
triittMl  LiNt  of  llorilcoltii'-ul  Tools,  can  he  htoit,  post  paid,  lo 
any  paclof  ihd  Uolfd  Kingdom.  Also.  Whol'-Hiiln  and  Rfltnll 
Agouti  for  SAYNOR'.S  cukhriitcd  PRUNING  K-NIVRS,  usod 
i^xcliiKlvcly  l>y  tii<;  lii-tt  Oardciiurs  In  tliu  Uniti:d  KtiiKdoin.— 
DEANi:,  DRAY,  &.  CO.  (Opening  to  the  MonumcntJ,  London- 
bri'lKc 


BEAUTIFUL  NEW  PLANT.. 

yESCHYNANTHUS     SPLENDIDUS.  . 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  beg  leave  to  inform 
the  Public  that  they  purpose  sending  out,  on  the  5th  of 
July  next,  strong  healthy  plants  of  their  much  admired  NEW 
HYBHID  .^iCHYNANTHDS,  which  they  can  with  full 
confidence  recommend  to  all  cultivators  as  a  plant  that  cannot 
fail  to  give  general  satisfaction.  Excellent  drawings  of  it  will 
be  found  in  the  "  Gardeners'  Magazine  of  Botany,"  Dec,  1851  ;  - 
and  iu  the  "  Floricultural  Caoinet "  of  last  month,  to  which 
ctiey  respec  fully  refer,  and  also  invite  attention  to  the  foHc^ring  : 
remarks  : — 

"  A  hybrid  production,  and  a  very  beautiful  one.  It  is,  no 
doubt,  the  finest  of  its  race;  which,  as  is  well  known,  now 
Contains  many  very  splendid  imported  species.  It  will  prove  a- 
most  useful  ornimcntal  plant  of  very  easy  culture,  and  tho 
brilliance  of  its  large  clusters  of  flowers  will  make  it  conspi-i 
cuous  amongst  the  moat  showy  plants." — Gardeners'  Magazine 
of  Botany,  Dec  ,  1851. 

"The  (.pecies  under  consideration  {' .^schynanthus  Bplen<^ 
didus 'J,  is  one  of  the  most  recently  introduced,  and  certainly, 
one  of  the  very  beat."— Gardeners'  Joto-jiol,  Mardi  13,  185i, 

Price  2I5.  each.  Allowance  to  the  Trade,  one  over  when 
three  are  ordered. — Eie'er  Nursery,  Exoter,  June  12, 

n¥w~~mTm  U  LI. 

ROBERT    SIM    begs    to   offer  the    following  'sevy  ~ 
dvitinct  and  fine  varieties  raised  by  A.  Clapdam,  hsq.,  oi' 
Scarbro'. 

fcCAllBRO'  DEFUNCE.—Clear  yellow,    wiih    large   d&rft   . 
crimson-brown  blotches.  Extra  fine  shape,  8<ze,  aud  bubstance. 
ProQOunc^ed  by  Mr,  Ciapham  to  be  the  finest  variety  he  hos- 
yet  raised,  Ba. 

QUEEN  VICTORIA.— Wliite.  very  bandfiomely  blo^checl' 
with  velvety  maroon,  A  large,  novel,  und  very  attractlve- 
vaviety.  5s. 

VENUS. — White,  with  a  broad  and  even  belting  of  rich -^ 
crimson,  59. 

YbLLOW  PICT  A.— Straw. grountl,  prettily  covered  with 
larije  and  small  maroon  spotn,  3s.  Gd.  The  set  for  I63.  Discount 
to  this  trade  if  ihrc'i  of  each  be  taken. 

Nursery,  Foot's  Graj,  ICent,  Jun"  12. 

GLASS    MILK    PANS. 


TAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    116,   BISHOPS-" 

'J    GAT1:.STR1-:ET  WITHOUT,  BEG  TO   INFORM  TIIEIP,. 

FRIEND  i  THRY   ARE    PREPARED    TO    SUPPLY  GLAS&- 

MILK  PANS  Till:;  SAME  SlZl'J   AS  THE   FORICIQN  ONES, 

BU  L-  SUPERIOR  IN  COLOUR,  MAKE,  AVD  QUALITY,  AT 

*2«   EACH.  OR  IU    PER  DOZEN, 

IP  A  LARGE  QUANTITY  H  TAKl^N  A  DISCOUNT, 

WILL  BE   ALLOWED. 

LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK    SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS,. 

r.LA4S  CREAM    I'Ol'S,  &c.  Jrc. 

CUnUMIIER  TUBE-*,  PilOP.\n  ATINQ  AND  llEE  GL  A.^SRS, 

fiIl\Dl;S     FOR     ORNAMENTS,     FHH     OLOBIiS,     PIANO 

INSULATtU^,    Ac.  A-c. 


370 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE 


[June  12, 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH      PLATE     GLASS, 

POR    RIDSE    ASD    FOIHIOW    R,  )0F3,    (jaBEMIIDUSES,    RAILWAY    STATION'S,    ENQINB     SHEDS,.  MILLS, 
MAIiKBT-'IAi.LS.   AND    PUBLIC  BDILDINGS  GRNERALLY. 


]?oa  CoN8EttVAToaiE9.    Public  Buildings,   MA^UPACT0BIE3, 
Sktliqhts,   ic,  ttc. 


Packed  in  Cbates,  for  catting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  : — 

30  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or20  „  „  50  to  70    „  


In  SQUABE9,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    G       

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8 


10  by 
14  by  10 
IJ  feet  sup. 


14  by  10 
l-i  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long... 
20  ,,  30        ,, 


4 
5 
G 
8 
10 
12 
1.5 


30 
3.5 
40 
46 
55 
70 


35 
40 
45 
65 
70 
85 


i'hinch 

3.16th  inch 

4  inch 

thick. 

thicli. 

thick. 

E.  d. 

3.  d. 

s.  d. 

0    G 

0    8 

0  10 

0    i 

0    0 

0   -7 

0    44 

0    7 

0    8 

0     6 

0    7 

0    9 

0    54 

0    7 

0    9 

0    C 

0    8 

0  10 

0     G4 

0    8 

0  10 

0    7 

0    8i 

0  10 

0    7i 

0    0 

0  lOJ 

0    8^ 

0    di 

0  11 

0     8i 

0  10 

1    0 

0    9 

0  11 

1    1 

1     0 

1     2 

Paceed  in   Boxes  of  50  Feet  E\cu: 
Iq3.    Iqs.        Iq3.     Ins.  s.    d. 

6  by  4  aad  6h  by  44  10    6 

7  by  5     „     7^  by  5^  12     0 

8  by  G      „     8A  by  64  13     0 

9  by  7     ,,    H  by  7^  and  10  by  8  15    0 

Note. — Sfjaares  are  charpeti  aRcor-linij  to  the  nuperflcial  coo. 

toats,  oxcept  where  the  length  oxceodB  the  restriction  above,  it 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents 

Bendiiif/, — l-8i7t,   6d.  ;  3-16;As,  9d.;  ^  inch.  Is.  per 
foot,  neU 

*^*  Irregular  shapes  are  charr/ed  as  squares. 

Wheii  Crates  are  ordered^  the  30-hick  widt/is  will  he 
sentf  unless  otherioise  specified. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS 


THE  P.\TENT  UOtTGH  PLATE,  one-el-hth  of  an  iDch 
thick,  and  weijihing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
;n'ticlo  of  very  eifeneiveand  increasinfr  consumption. 

it  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  hesiand  most  suit- 
able Olass  for  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Greenhouses, 
Factoricsy  Workshops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obacured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminUbing  the  light.  Its  non. 
transparency,  strenRtb,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
acorahing  occun. 

Where  still  greater  strength  is  required  the  S-lSths  and  }  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Roui:h 
Plate.   Samples  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 

AND     CO., 


HORTICULTURAL  GLASS   MEKCHAVTS.   110.    BISHOPSSATE-STREET   WITHODT,  LONDOfT. 


COTTABI      AND      HALLE  H, 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON, 


APPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,   containing   Illustrations, 
Descriptions,   and  Prices  of 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Watpr  Apparatus 

Garden  Tases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Rand-clas^  Frames 
G  line  Netting 
Hm  d'es 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Syringes 
Do.      Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pota 
Garden  Arches,  dsc. 


AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTIOIM     OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITIOIT  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND    ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT   WATER,, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICKS  COM-ISTENT    WTTH  GOOD 
MAIRUIALS  AND  WOUICMANSHIP. 


Q.RAY    AND    ORMSON,   Danvers   Street,   Chelsea, 

\^  London,  having  hsid  Cinsideiuble  exptrience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  tor  etetianee  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  wurkuiauship.  conibiue  i  wiih 
economy  and  praciical  adaptation,  Ciii,n..t  bo  8ur,m8sod  by 
anything  of  the  Uind  in  the  cmntry,  are  now  in  a  poaulon  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  ttrms. 

n»nf^r  .  /r^®  l'®*^"  extensively  empi  yed  by  the  Nobility, 
?nv«    h..     *!■   ^""""^r   Nurserymen,   aud    to  all   by   whmn  tbey 

confidence  .iv'^M*'"*'  ™''^  ^'■''^"   '^'^  "'"'  "'^»»  ^''«   greatest 
?h«f,.  hJ  w"'  must  satisfactory  relerenres. 
1  heir  Hot. Waier  Ai,,,araiu^  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  8cieniific  pnncipl.-s,  fov  all  porp.,4s  u  which  the 
application  ot  Heating  by  Hot  witer  can  be  made  available. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


TAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Claremont- 

«^  Place.  Old  Kent-Road,  has  2U0  CUOU.vi  ti  hJK,  and 
MELON  BOXKSiind  LIGHTS  of  Ul  sizes,  readj  for  immediate 
use,  aud  of  well-seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOIHOUSES.  CiiNSERVATORTES,  &c..  made  and  6xed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Giirdea  Lights  oi 
every  descriptiuo.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobiiiry, 
Gentry,  and  tho  Trndc.  in  most  of  the  cmin'ies  nf  Rn(ri>inH, 


OARER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 

L*  Roiiil,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R.  H.  Pbince  Albert.  —  ORNAMENTAL  WaTEK 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  aud  white  Swans,  Egyptian.  Canada, 
Chiaa,  barnucle,  brent,  and  luuj^hing  Geese,  Shieliira\es,  Pin- 
tail, Widgton,  .summer  and  wiuter  Teal,  Gad»vall,  Labrador 
Sbovellerc,  cold-ejed  and  dun  Divtrs,  (JaroHua  Pucks,  die. 
domtsiica'edand  pinioned  ;  aUo  Spanish,  Cochin  China.  Alal  i>| 
Poland,  SuTt^v,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pe;i-fowl,  an  1  pure  China  Piijs ;  and  at  3,  Half-moou 
Passage,  Gracechurch-acreet,  London. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
B'ltish  Manuiacture,  ai  prices  varjing  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  toot,  fur  the  u^ual  sizes  require<l,  nniny  tlioueand 
feet  ot  wnitih  are  l<ept  ready  p;tcked  tor  immedia'e  delivery. 
Li^ts  nf  Prices  and  Ei'imates  forwarded  ')n  application,  for 
PATF.NT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  W  ATE  It- PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMBNTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co..  3d,  Soho-squnre,  London. 

See  Gardeners^  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

"T^HOMAS    MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN    SHEET 

*-  GLASS  is  tar  eucerior  to  any  o'her  mana':ic»ure,  as  well 
as  cheaijer.    In  lOO-feet  boxes  packed  for  Immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6^  by  4}      l:ls.  Od. 

7  ,,  5  and    7^  by  5*       15     0 

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  5i       15     0 

8  „  Gawd    8.i  by  6^       17     6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    bv  8         20     0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sized,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  30O  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  beet  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  per  foot, 

,,         „         35      „       8ci.         ,, 

,,        „         50      „       9.K       „ 

„         „         75      „       12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  25.  to  65.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  SlatOR  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shadea,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87.  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.— Established  100  years. 

HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


T      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's     Road,    Chelsea, 

f-'  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Mnnufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  er'Ct  HoriicnlturHl  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothou'^e  Works,  Kind's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  6.xtensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Cunservaiories,  Pi's,  Ac,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  m>>dern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  se'pct  the  description  of  HouEe  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  fwbich  are  efficient 
and  ecnnomical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pirs,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

Theopleodid  eoUeclion  of  Stove  and  Greenlmuse  Plants  is 
in  the  hitthest  state  of  cultivation,  ^nd  For  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Al-o  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pots 
from  eye**,  all  the  best  sort.". 

Plant,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  TTorticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  iic.,  forwarded  on  application, 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,      ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  iht'se  Structures  havinp-  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E  D.  could  execute;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di'-pafch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  eori'petitlon. 
Patent  Hothousus,  witti  excellent  glass,  3  feel  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  everv  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulUy  niHde  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
RailwHy  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  evtry  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IG  fc,  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratte--,  40O  fc.,  23i  6s.  8d.  ; 
24  ti.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do..  52ri  ft.,  30i.  133.  8d. ;  26  {'.  d  ins.  loog, 
15  ft.  ra'ter.  712  ft,,  ill.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
moi^t  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Wails,  &c.,  Id.  andSi.  per 
foot,  super. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  Listot  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 

pOCHlN^CHlNA    FOWLS    AND    EGGS.  —  An 

V^  Amateur,  hnving  overstocked  himself  with  this  valuable 
breed,  wishes  to  dicpose  of  aftw,  at  ihe  following  low  prices  :— 
A  handsoote  liyht-red  Cock,  cost  51  i&^t  summer  when  seven 
mon  hs  old,  j'nd  au  imported  Hun,  for  21.  lOs,  ;  also  a  Hen  and 
einht  China  Chickens,  one  month  old,  for  U.  5s.  A  bandtome 
young  Cock,  remaikably  fine,  and  a  Hen.  f.ir  U.  15s.  ;  or  the 
i~"ock  and  twn  Hens  for  21  53.  A  Hen,  with  six  China  Chickens, 
fur  II.  EgkTS  from  mipor'ed  Birds,  all  warranted  73.  per  dozen, 
box  included.  Persons  in  the  country  wishit.g  t'j  obtain  this 
valuable  breed  can  have  them  packed  with  care,  and  forwarded 
ti  Hoy  part,  by  Sf U'  inn  a  Po-r-office  order  to  R.  Wakelt,  5, 
Avebiir>-'-treet,  Fool  street,  New  i^orth-roid,  Hox'on, 

N.B.    A  hMndsonie  Malay  Cock  for  lOfi.     Malav  E.'gs  6d.  each. 


w  LIGHT     WASH,    for    effectually    destroying    the 

'  Tlinp,  Mealy  Bog,  Green  fly,  and  ociier  Inaects  on  Roses 
a  d  other  Plants,  giving  them  a  healthy  and  luxuriant  appear- 
a  ce;  »vith  directions  for  uue.  To  be  bad  in  ho'iles  at  2s.  Qd, 
e  h.  ot  J.  MANLET(iaefre'ober.i)at  hi=En::lish  and  Foreign 
,■  1  uit  Warth  luse,  41,  Watlinj-s'reet,  Clieaps'de,  London; 
ii.ited  house  for  genuine  Orange  and  Lemon  Juice,  so  much 
racomiuended  by  the  faculty  for  Gout,  Rheumatism,  &c. 


24— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS  '     CHRONICLE. 


TURNIP       SEEDS, 

DIRECT  FROM  TRE  GROWERS, 

JOHN  SUTTOM  and  SONS  are  now  sending  out 
theip  various  HYBKID  AND  OTKEIl  TURMPS  AND 
SWEDES,  wh  cb  have  g'weu  co  much  aatisKaction  ia  former 
fleasona.  the  sots  and  prices  of  w*iich  may  be  seen  by  reference 
to  the  6rst  page  of  last  week'a  Chronicle. 

%*  Carria/e  free  to   Lnmioii,  Hrlsiol.  Exeter,  Southampton, 
Dorchester,  «tc..  as  see  former  Adyertisemeuts. 
Reading.  Herks.  June  12. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
EMPEROR    STUCK,    a    perenQi;il  species,   and  hardy; 
■1100  seeds.  Is. 

CINERARIA,  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  coUectiona 
of  Plants,  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  co 
be  the  6ne9t  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
SOO  of  the  larter,  Is.  pach  paper. 

MTOSOTIS  AZORtCOS,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  asoee'  «3  verv  bi^aatiful ;  200  seeds,  Is. 

CALENDKIMIA  DMBELUTA,  one  of  tha  neatest  ffrowin^ 
and  most  bri'liio'  ao>*eriogofaU  beddini,' plants;  1500  seeds,  Is, 
SWEET    WILLIAM,  in  li)0  varieties  ;  10,000  deeds.  Is. 
Paymeut  may  be  m^de  in  postage  starapi^. 

Jetes  Hod  Co.,  Nurseries,  Norrh^mp'on. 


EXHIBITION  OF  AMERICAN  PLANTS. 
Knap  Hfll  MoRaEET,  Wokino,  Sorrey  —The  AMErtlCAN" 
PLANTS  at  this  Nursery  are  just  now  in  the  highest  perfection, 
and  afford  probably  the  grandest  display  of  fljwers  to  be 
witnessed  in  thi-  country. 

The  Knap  Hill  Nursery  is  near  the  Woking  Station,  South 
Western  Rnilway,  wbici  may  ba  reached  in  .sb  »ut  40  miau'es 
from1;he  Waterloo  terminus.  All  Trains  stop  at  Wotting,  and 
capital  convey-iQces  may  be  obtained  there. 

HosEA.  Wateeee  be:<8  to  inform  his  customers  that  he  is  ia 
no  way  coucerned  wiih  the  Exhibition  of  American  Plants  m 
the  Botanic  Girden,  Regent's  Park.  The  Nursery  may  be  seen 
daily,  Sandayst-xcep'ed.  gratia, — Knap  Hill,  WoKing,  June  5. 


CHEAP    DAHLIAS    ANO    OTHER    FLORIST    FLOWERS. 

J  PERKINS,  Bedford  Road  Nursery,  Nortiiiimpton, 
•  bens  to  itller  a  tine  C.»llecti.>n  of  I)  lublo  DaHLIaS, 
trii''  to  name,  3s.  G'l.  per  dozen,  or  25s.  per  100. 

VERB  lNA^^.  — Favourite,  Wo..i1cock,  M;ii:ni6cent,  Beauty 
Suprecne,  MeHndres  BunerOi,  Elleri,  Charlwoodii,  Boula  de 
Feu,  2s   p"r  d  >z.,  or  \5s.  per  100. 

ANAOALLI-^.  -23.  per  dozen. 

CALCR0L/\KIAS  Milierii  and  ruenaa,  23.  per  d^z^n. 

SCARLET  GERANIUMS  Tom  Thumb,  Dwarf  Shrubland, 
Treocham.  Mrs.  Mayler.  Lucia  R.l^^■a,  t'linctss  Alice.  2s.  per 
doznn.     The  a'^ovH  >ire  all  in  small  pots 

PELARGONIDMS,  go-d  named  coIlecHon,  dwarf  bu?hy 
plants,  in  60-8  ze  pote,  3s.  to  is.  per  dozen;  in  Iti-size  pota, 
4s    to  6s    p-r  doz^n, 

Riiiiiit'itMce  pxpfcted  from  un'<nown  coTPspondentd, 


371 


Eixt  <5aitrenerg'  CUromcle. 

SATURDAY,  JUNE  12,  1852. 

MEETINGS     FOR  THE  EixSUIVG  WEEK. 

MoNDAt,       June      H  f  r'Ul^^^V"''','"''*''   8  p.m. 

TuKBD.*.  —        l.i-LuinpsH    8  p.m. 

Wbukkidat,     —         16-Geoloilca1 gjp  „ 

f  National  PloricuUural 3  p.'m| 

TiiuBSDAT,       —       ]7<  Antiquarian 8  p  a 

I  Royal  .'!*8'F  m". 

S»TWRDiT,        —        19 -Royal  Botanic 3dp.M. 

CoowET 'innw-.— Tii"»dav,  Ju"e  13:  C'le  t  nhsm.— Werincad-y,  Jnne  16: 
Gmldford.  Wycimbe  D 11  ham.  Learnm^ ton,— Friday,  June  13-  Nen'burv  — 
Saturday,  June  Ibl:  Staiues. 


EXHIBITION    OF   AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  that  his 
unriTalled  collection  of  RHODODENDRO 'JS.  AZAr^EAS, 
&c.,  is  niw  OQ  Wew  at  the  ROYAL  BOrANIG  GARDENS,' 
Regent's  Park,  and  may  be  Been  gratia  by  orders  from  caemberd 
of  the  Society. 

His  collecnoo  at  the  rTursery,  comprising  many  thousand 
specimens,  is  also  in  perfection,  and  may  be  heeo  gratis. 

The  American  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near  the  Farn. 
borough  S  atioo,  Sou'h- Western  Railway,  and  three  tniles  from 
Blackwa^e.-,  South- Eastern  Rail  tray ;  conveyances  may  be 
obtained  at  either  station. 

STANDISH  AND    NOBLE,    NaasERYMEw,    Bagshot, 
Surrey,  have  to  offer  the  follotviue  new  and  select  Plants, 
all  of  which  are  hardy,  except  Azalea  vittata  : 

ABIES  jeZOEN-ils,  seedling  plants,  21s  each  ;  this  is  one  of 
the  last  novelties  in  Cooifera  ;  forms  a  noble  jree  of  120  feet  in 
height,  and  of  v^r\  distinct  character  (very  Hard  v. 

AZALEA  VITTATA — -A  specimen  of  this  nn'que  variety 
was  awarded  a  Kmiihtian  Uedal  when  exhibited  at  the  Horti- 
cultural Society's  Room  last  April ;  the  (ground  colour  of  the 
flower  is  white,  beautifully  striped  with  purple,  after  the 
manner  of  a  Carnation.  It  is  a  very  free  bloomer,  9  inches  to 
1  foot,  2\s.  each. 

CUPRBSSUS  FDNEBRIS.— Seedlings,  5s.  to  21s.  each 

CBPHALOTaXOS  FOliTDNI,  male,  long  leaves,  seedlings, 
21j.  each. 

CEPHALOTAXU^  FORTUNI,  female,  short  leaves,  seed. 
lings,  2l3.  ea  h.  Th:-se  have  withstood  the  late  frost  and 
drying  wind-  wi  hout  losing  any  of  their  verdure  (very  hardvl 

ILEX  FOROATA,  213.  each. 
,,       MuCROCAIlPA,  2l3  each. 

(JUERCU3  Si-.LEIIDPHYLLA,  21j.  to  42s.  each. 
IN  VERSA,  21s  to  423.  each. 

SPIRjEA  OALLOSA,  an  abundant  and  continued. bloomer  • 
it  has  large  corymbs  or'  rosy  purple  blossoms,  and  is  a  haod- 
aome  addition  to  our  shrubbery  plants.    lOs.  6d.  each. 

IMPORTANT    SALE    OF  PINE    PLANTS.— The 
properly    of  a    Lady   declining  the  (^rowh    of  Pines,  and 
wishing  to  dispose  of  the  remaitiing  s'ock,  consistioi;  of  about 
10  fine  strong  Fruiiin/.  and  200  healthy,  vigorous.  Sncce-si  'H 
Plants,  all  perfeetly  clean  ;  principally  Ripley  Queens,  a  few  i 
Koscow  and  BUt.lt  Jamaicas.    May  be  b^d  at  a  very  low  price.  ' 
— For  particulars,  apply  to  Mr.  Joseph  Faiebairn,  Nurseries 
Clapham.— June  12.  ' 

SUTTON'S  PERMANENT  GRASSES  — 
The  SUPERIOR  QUALITY  of  StftTON'S  BRASS  SEEDS 
is  plainly  indteatcd  by  the  numerous  Orders  tn.-y  are  daily 
receiving,  through  the  recommendation  of  furiner  customers. 

Some  interesting  particulars  of  Land  laid  down  wHh 
tfiese  Seeds  is  published  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of 
March  27th,  page  1 95. 

l%e  prices  for  the  test  quality  are  as  wider,  tut  for 
poor  reclaimed  Lands  or  otiier  cases  where  tlie  cost  is  the 
piincipal  consideration,  mixtures  at  about  half  the  price 
may  be  had. 

For  best  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,      Per  acre. 

mixed  expre-Biy  to  suit  the  (toil      243  to  2j3. 

For  beat  Cloveri  and  Grasses  (for  one,  two, 

or  three  years' lay)      Us.  to  203. 

The  sorts  conOat  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers  as 
named  par  ii^ul.rly  in  our  Adveni'.emeot  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Oar(/tfn<r«' C'/tronitrfe  of  2  ith  March. 

John  suttom  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 

FINE    NEW    HARDY     PATAGONIAN     CONIFERS 
8AXB-'i<iTH/KA  CONSPICUA  iLiNDDEi).  and 
FIT/,  liOVA  PATAGONIOA  (Uoontnl 

A/TESSRS.  VEITCII  and  SON    beg  to    inform   the 

iJIX.  Public  that  ib.'y  are  now  prepared  lo  -iike  ttrderi.  for  hne 
pUnta  of  the  aO'iVB- named  beautiful  IIARIJY  N  h:  tv  CONI- 
FERS, which  will  be  ready  for  distribution  on  and  after  the 
lOtb  ot  Junw  n-xt,  at  the  fidlowing  scale  of  prices  :— 

lit  alzo  plants  of  Saxe-'Jotliaja  ct>n«pli;ua        ...  ol*.  (id. 
Do.         iltt.  Pltz-Rttjn  patagiinica...         ..'.   C;J     o' 

2d  size  plants  of  SnzcGothina  conspluua        ...  42    0 

Do.        do.         Fliz.  R'lya  pataKonlca 42    0 

3d  Also  plant*  of  Hnzc-Oothina  conipicua        ...  81    G 

Do.        do.         Pitz-Roya  patsgi.idca 31     o 

The  usual  i\W.(,iinl  to  the  Trade,  inid  where  a  number  are 
takes  od.JitiooMl  plan's  given  over  in  propfirthn  m  tlio  quantity. 
The«o  p'no's  are  fully  describet]  \iy  lir.  LirtDLzr  and  Sir 
W.  J.  Hook  I  a.  In  the  Journal  of  the  llorilcu|ru,tti  s  cietv  for 
*>o«ober,  l»5l;  In  the  "  ll'-tanfcul  Mngiiziti- "  (or  November, 
1851;  and  m  "  raz't)n's  Flower  G  ■rilen  "  for  Oiitottur,  IH.'iL 
Tb«y  wore  czhibl  etl  at  Chlawlck  on  the  8tn  and  each  had  a 
Piaar  Paizz  In  It*  OLiss. 

Ltlhttgraidifd  Plttes,  with  full  drscrlp'lons,  arc  rittw  In  pre. 
paratlon,  ihi-  tilstilhution  t,f  wlili;h  will  bo  auriouticed  lu  a 
lature  Advertlietnoat.~Ezeter,  June  12. 


In  a  lecture  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Edwin  Sidney, 
to  the  Royal  Institution,  on  the  14lh  of  May,  some 
very  curious  statements  were  made  respecting  the 
presence  of  Ozone  in  Plants.  A  facetious  friend 
calls  ozone  "the  smell  of  electricity,"  and  this 
may  serve  as  a  definition  of  it,  by  way  of  intro- 
duction to  the  following  memorandum  with  which 
Mr.  Sidney  has  favoured  us  : — 

"In  my  discourse  on  May  14,  at  the  Royal 
Institution,  on  the  'Rise  of  the  Sap  in  Spring,' 
I  mentioned  that  I  had  reason  to  believe  that  I  had 
detected  the  presence  of  ozone  in  plants.  It  has 
struck  me  that  it  might  be  interestini;  to  yourself 
and  a  numerous  class  of  the  readers  of  your  valuable 
Paper,  if  I  addressed  to  you  a  few  remarks  on  the 
subject,  explanatory  of  the  methods  by  which  I 
arrived  at  this  conclusion.  We  have  frequently 
been  told  by  vegetable  physiologists  that  the  oxygen 
in  plants  was  not  in  tlie  same  slate  as  in  the  air 
and  I  have  for  some  time  suspected  that  ozone 
was  its  not  unfrequent  condition.  I  have  thought 
also  that  it  may  ultimately  appear  that  many  of  the 
chemical  changes,  now  so  mysterious  in  vegetable 
tissues,  are  due  to  this  agent.  Before  describing  my 
own  experiments,  which  are  very  simple,  I  would, 
that  they  may  be  the  better  understood,  ask  per-  i 
mission  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  the  properties  of 
ozone  itself,  for  a  knowledge  of  which  we  are 
principally  indebted  to  Sohonbein. 

"  Ozone  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  allolropic  or  variable 
condition  of  oxygen,  and  has  a  peculiar  odour,  but 
it  is  not  soluble  in  water.  Respiration  in  air,  where 
there  is  a  considerable  portion  of  it,  isimpeded,  and  it 
is  even  fatal  to  small  animals.  Ozone  is  produced 
easily  by  an  electrical  machine,  from  a  moist  wooden 
point  on  the  conductor,  and  in  most  electrical  dis- 
charges in  air,  as  well  as  when  water  is  decomposed 
by  the  galvanic  battery.  When  it  is  wished  to 
obtain  it  for  experiments,  the  simplest  method 
is  to  scrape  a  stick  of  phosphorus  about  half  an 
inch  long,  putting  it  into  a  good  sized  glass  bottle, 
keeping  it  at  a  temperature  of  about  60°  Fahr., 
and  adding  as  much  water  as  will  half  cover 
the  phosphorus.  Ozone  will  be  formed,  and  in 
a  few  hours  will  be  in  abundance,  when  the 
phosphorus  may  be  removed,  the  acids  formed 
washed  out, and  the  bottle  stoppered  for  experiments. 
Ozone  instantly  decomposes  iodide  of  potassium, 
and  recourse  is  therefore  had  to  this  salt  for  a  test 
of  its  presence,  and,  as  I  shall  soon  show,  was  the 
leading  ingredient  in  the  one  I  used.  It  is  that  of 
ScHoNBEiN,  and  consists  of  bibulous  paper  dipped 
into  a  solution  of  one  part  of  iodi'le  of  potassium, 
10  of  starch,  and  200  of  water,  boiled  together  for  a 
few  moments.  The  paper  is  then  dried.  If  a  strip  of 
this  paper  is  brought  into  contact  with  ozone,  and 
removed  ami  moistened,  it  becomes  blued  bv  the 
evolved  iodine  acting  on  the  starch.  Put  a  piece  into 
the  bottle  containing  ozone,  and  this  eifect  instantly 
appears.  The  chemical  effects  of  ozone  are  most 
remarkable.  It  has  a  power  similar  to  that  of  chlorine 
in  bleaching  vegetable  colours;  while  it  refuses  to  unite 
with  nitrogen  in  a  general  way,  it  will  when  lime- 
water  is  present,  and  nitrate  of  lime  is  formed  ;  and 
it  produces  the  highest  possible  oxidation  of  most 
metals.  Phosphorus  is  converted  by  it,  in  time,  into 
phosphoric  aciil,  and  it  combines  with  chlorine, 
iodine,  and  bromine.  There  are  scarcely  .'iny  organic 
compounds  which  have  been  submitted  to  its  action, 
on  which  it  has  not  been  found  to  pioiluce  oxidising 
efftfcts,  while  certain  metallic  piotosalts,  as  of  iron 
and  tin,  an;  converted  into  persalts  :  its  Mctions  are 
indeed  similar  to  those  of  the  peroxide  of  hydrogen  ; 
heat  prevents  its  formaiion,  but  il  the  vapour  of 
ether  is  mixt.'d  with  air,  anil  a  hot  filatiiia  wire  or 
glass  roil  inlrodnced,  the  ether  Im,ciitiii:s  partially 
oxidised,  to  produce  acid,  and  also  produces  ozouo. 


"  It  is  impossible  to  contemplate  these  properties 
of  ozone,  and  t(5  know  at  the  same  time  that  the 
tests  indicate  its  presence  in  the  atmosphere  iu 
different  degrees  at  different  periods,  and  especially 
during  snow  and  thunder-storms,  without  being 
struck  with  the  extensive  field  it  opens  for  physical 
inquiry.  Ever  since  I  became  acquainted  with  the 
.subject  I  conceived  the  idea  that  it  might  be  present 
in  plants,  and  hereafter  be  discovered  to  be  the 
cause  of^  many  phenomena  hitherto  inexplicable. 
With  a  view  to  see  if  I  could  delect  it  in  vegetable 
tissues,  I  applied  last  autumn  to  my  indulgent  friend. 
Professor  Faiiaday,  for  a  supply  of  ozonometrie 
tests  that  might  be  relied  upon.  He  most  kindly 
acceded  at  once  to  my  reqm^st,  though  unaware  of  my 
object ;  and  there  is,  therefore,  no  doubt  of  the 
excellence  of  my  tests.  I  inserted  small  slips  of  them 
in  incisions  in  parts  of  plants  during  autumn  and 
winter,  with  very  slight  indications  of  ozone  in  any 
case,  and  generally  none,  though  sometimes  there 
were  signs  of  its  presence  in  the  air.  But  in  the 
spring  of  the  present  year,  in  inserting  them  into 
the  tissues  of  growing  plants,  I  found  very  often 
my  slips  of  test  [.aper  blued  as  decidedly  as  if  they 
had  been  in  a  vessel  containing  experimental  ozone. 
Geraniums  e.specially  gave  these  indications,  and 
also  a  Paeony  ;  and  particularly  the  old  stems  of 
two  Vines  in  pots  where  the  sap  was  risinir.  In 
every  trial  these  Vines  blued  the  paper ;  but  no 
such  result  occurred  when  a  test  was  inserted  in  a 
young  green  shoot.  Calceolarias  and  Petunias,  and 
some  other  plants,  gave  no  indication.  In  those 
plants  in  which  I  have  found  it  there  was  no  uniform 
result ;  sometimes  none,  sometimes  feeble,  and 
frequently  extremely  decided.  There  was  always 
the  most  powerful  effect  in  the  night.  On  several 
occasions  the  paper  that  had  been  discoloured  by 
vegetable  juices  was  bleached  completely,  being  a 
further  sign  that  ozone  was  present. 

"  In  the  present  state  of  these  experiments,  I  of 
course  abstain  from  hasty  inferences,  and  have  made 
them  known  thus  early  to  induce  abler  person.s, 
and  more  experienced  than  myself,  to  pursue  the 
inquiry.  May  not  even  these  resulis  indicate  the 
cause  of  rapid  growth  of  Vines  after  thunder-storms, 
and  open  at  least  a  new  way  to  an  explanation  of 
the  chemical  changes  in  the  contents  of  vegetable 
cells  at  particular  periods  ?  The  properties  already 
known  of  ozone  show  that  its  action  is  siojjicient 
for  such  agency,  and  in  the  paits  of  many  plants 
I  have  tried,  the  tests  show  the  presence  of 
it,  or  at  least  of  oxygen  tending  to  this  condition. 
As  far  as  my  imperative  clerical  avocations  will 
permit,  I  shall  endeavour  to  make  more  trials  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year;  and  if  others  will  also  turn  > 
their  attention  to  the  matter,  it  may  be  found  to 
repay  them  ;  for  the  existence  of  such  a  powerful 
agent  plainly  indicates  that  effects  may  be  expected 
commensurate  with  the  ascertained  properties  I 
have  briefly  noticed." 

It  must  be  admitted  that  this  statement  is  one 
quite  unexpected  by  physiologists,  and  may  lead  to 
important  consequences.  If  the  test  employed  by 
Mr.  Sidney  can  be  relied  upon,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  ozone  is  present  in  plants.  We  have  ourselves 
seen  the  test  paper  which  he  had  employed,  and  the 
violet  colour  was  still  perfectly  distinct.  The  only 
question  is,  whether  it  is  quite  certain  that  plants 
contain  nothing  capable  of  decomposing  iodide  of 
potassium,  unless  it  be  ozone. 

But  what,  it  may  be  asked,  has  the  presence  of 
this  element  in  plants,  if  it  be  there,  to  do  with 
horticulture  ?  To  that  question  we  may  reply  by 
another.  When  the  laborious  chemist  first  succeeded 
in  obtaining  from  animal  matters  of  the  vilest  kind 
the  combustible  substance  called  phosphorus,  who 
could  have  thought  that  this  product  would  have  had 
the  remotest  value  in  the  art  of  cultivation  1  And 
yet  we  now  kno-.v  that,  in  combination  with  oxygen, 
it  forms  one  of  the  most  important  of  all  the 
substances  upon  which  plants  feed,  as  is  sufficiently 
shown  by  Mr.  Lawes's  gieat  factory  of  superphos- 
phate of  lime  at  Deptford  Creek ;  and  by  the  vast 
consumption  of  guiino,  whose  principal  value 
depends  upon  ammonia  and  the  phosphoric  acid 
that  it  contains,  in  combination  with  lime  or  other 
bases. 

That  being  so,  who  caD  tell  what  may  not  come  of 
a  diligent  investigation  of  the  relation  borne  to 
vegetation  by  ozone  ? 


It  may  interest  our  readers  to  know  the  depth  of 
rain  which  liail  fallen  near  London  up  to  the  9th, 
inclusive,  of  the  present  month  : —  June  1,  1852, 
.07  inch  ;  June  2,  .0!) ;  June  3,  .03 ;  June  4,  .02  ; 
June  5,  .03;  June  0,  .03;  June  7,  .41;  Jane  8, 
.45  ;  June  9,  1.48  ;  in  all,  2.G1  indies.  The  quantity 
whicli  fell  on  the  7th,  8th,  and  Olh,  amounted  to 
2.34  inches,  and  was  greater  than  has  fallen  near 
LiHiilon  on  any  three  consecutive  days  for  at  least 
20  years. 


372 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[June  12, 


NEW  FORCING  HOUSES  AT  TRENTHAM. 

I  SEND  you  a  plan  of  some  forcing-houses  recently 
erected  here  by  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  which  answer 
po  well  that  I  have  thought  Bome  of  your  readers  might 
like  to  know  something  of  the  pnnciple  on  which  they 
are  constructed,  and  the  uses  for  which  they  are  adapted, 

I  find  narrow  upright  houses,  like  those  now  repre- 
sented, easily  heated,  and  the  crops  to  advance  more 
rapidly  in  them  than  in  lean-to  houses.  Rain  or  snow, 
which  lowers  the  temperature  of  flat-roofed  houses  very 
much,  has  scarcely  any  effect  upon  these,  owing  to  the 
greater  part  of  the  glass  being  protected  by  the  ii'on 


gutter  at  the  top  of  the  front  upright  sashes.  The  sun 
acts  more  powerfully  during  the  short  days  about  mid- 
winter upon  upright  sashes  than  upon  sloping  ones  ; 
while,  during  the  heat  of  the  day  in  summer,  the 
rays  fall  obliquely  upon  them,  thus  affording  a  great 
advantage  over  the  old  system.  Air  is  given  at  the  top 
by  moving  round  the  upright  shaft,  which  raises  simul- 
taneously the  whole  of  the  sashes  on  one  side  of  the 
ridge,  which  in  one  of  the  houses  is  1 00  ft.  long.  The 
front  upright  sashes  are  moved  by  a  handle,  as  shown  in 
the  plan  ;  and  as  both  the  top  and  front  lights  are  opened 
and  shut  from  the  centre  of  the  house,  the  whole  opera- 
tion can  be  effected  almost  instantaneously,  and  without 


moving  from  one  spot.  A  very  small  quantity  of  fuel  is 
sufficient  to  expel  damp  from  houses  constructed  on 
the  plan  now  under  consideration,  as  there  is  the  whole 
surface  of  the  wall  (which  is  flued),  and  two  rows  of 
piping,  to  counteract  the  damp  arising  from  3  feet  of 
border  ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  when  moisture  is 
required  the  troughs  on  the  pipes  supply  it  abundantly. 
When  it  is  necessary  to  remove  a  tree  from  the  front 
of  the  house,  the  upright  sashes  and  the  iron  plates  upon 
which  they  run  can  be  easily  lifted  out  of  their  places. 

This  mode  of  covering  walls  may  be  applied  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  England,  where  no  heating  apparatus  is 
required,  with  much  advantage,  merely  as  a  protection 


SECTION   SHOWIKG  BOOF   VENTILATING  APPAEATUS. 


SECTION   ON  LINE   A  B  IN   IRON   PLATE. 


SECTION   SHOWING   EOOF   VXNTaATING   APPAEATU8. 


CENTSE   COLUMNS.  COBNEE  COLUMNB. 


IBON  PLATE   BETWEEN  THE   COLDMNS,   To 
BDPPOBT  THE    UPEIGHT  SASHES. 


^ 


I  V   IVX''  r\  .\i\,r^r^,-\/x^ 


PSONT  V£HTILATIHO  AfPABlTCS, 


24— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


373 


from  spring  frosts,  which  of  late  years  have  destroyed 
at  least  half  the  Peach  trees  ia  the  country.  The  plan 
ia  question  would  obviously  effectually  provide  against 
such  catastrophes. 

The  first  house  of  this  kind  which  we  erected  was 
commenced  in  November  last  year,  and  the  last  of 
them  was  completed  in  February  1 852,  the  total  length 
being  Z60  feet,  ia  five  divisions.  The  first  that 
was  finished  is  a  Cherry  house  75  feet  long,  on 
the  w.ill  of  which  were  some  established  May 
Duke  ^Cherry  trees.  These  were  started  early  in 
January,  and  we  had  an  excellent  crop  of  fine 
Cherries  ripe  early  in  April,  some  of  which  are  stil! 
hangia:^  upon  the  trees.  There  are  Apricots  on  the 
front  trellis  ;  and  on  one  tree  shifted  from  a  wall,  the 
crop  is  now  beginning  to  ripen.  They  are  so  near 
the  glass,  and  the  temperature  required  for  the  Cherries 
is  so  moderate,  that  I  have  no  doubt  of  the  Apricots 
succeeding.  The  wall  is  fined,  and  a  flow  and  return 
4-inch  hot-water  pipe  runs  along  within  5  inches  of  the 
front  trellis.  Another  house  with  Figs  against  the 
back  wall,  and  Apricots  in  front,  is  100  feet  long  ; 
and  the  remaining  three  are  Peach-houses,  two  of  which 
are  only  heated  by  the  fined  wall.  The  late  kinds  of 
Peaches,  such  as  the  Admirable,  Bari'ington,  &c.,  will 
succeed  well  under  this  treatment ;  and  for  such  fruit 
as  Coe's  Golden  Drop  Plum,  which  keeps  long  after  it 
is  ripe,  the  front  trellis  of  these  houses  would  answer 
admirably.  The  trellised  arches  shown  in  the  plan 
being  10  feet  apart,  might  have  Grapes  grown  upon 
them  without  injury  to  the  other  crops  ;  indeed,  these 
houses  are  in  every  respect  well  adapted  for  Vineries, 
and  more  particularly  for  Grapes  which  are  required 
to  hang  during  winter,  for  the  drying  surface  is  so  great, 
compared  with  tliat  which  gives  off  moisture,  that 
no  damp  can  possibly  injure  the  fruit 

The  plan  of  ventilating  well  deserves  attention,  even 
if  there  were  nothing  else  worthy  of  notice.  In  the 
Fig-house,  which,  as  before  stated,  is  100  feet  long,  there 
are  ten  pairs  of  upriglit  sashes,  each  5  feet  wide ;  every 
other  one  of  which  opens  simultaneously  by  moving  the 
handle  :  and  so  easily  that  a  lady  can  open  them 
without  inconvenience.  The  sashes  being  10  feet  high, 
a  space  of  500  feet  can  be  obtained  for  the  admission 
of  air  in  a  few  seconds,  and  at  the  top  a  similar  opening 
of  150  feet  may  be  had  in  about  the  same  time  :  thus 
throwing  open  exactly  one-half  of  the  whole  structure 
in  about  half  a  minute,  which  is,  I  believe,  more  than 
has  ever  been  accomplished  in  any  plan  of  ventilating 
yet  brought  into  notice.  One  of  the  most  important 
things  in  such  glass  structures  is  securing  ample  and 
easy  means  of  ventilation,  and  I  feel  much  satisfaction 
in  recommending  a  plan  I  find  to  answer  so  well. 

Some  may  imagine  that  the  trellis  in  front  of  the 
houses  will  shade  the  back  wall;  but  the  shade  of  the  top 
of  a  trellis,  6  feet  high,  falls  at  noon,  at  this  season,  on 
the  soil  at  the  foot  of  the  wall,  in  a  house  6  feet  wide. 
The  price  per  running  foot  for  a  house  4  ft.  9  in.  wide, 
including  the  ventilating  apparatus,  was  265.  ;  for  the 
house  6  feet  wide,  somewhat  higher  :  but  now  that  the 
patterns  are  made,  the  castings  can  be  done  for  less. 
0»  Fleming. 


LESCHENAULTIAS. 

What  can  be  more  beautiful  than  a  well  grown  and 
well  bloomed  blue  Leschenault,  or  more  delightful  than 
the  ever-flowering  red  kind  ?  These  plants  are,  however," 
dissimilar  in  habit,  and  require  somewhat  different 
treatment.  The  blue  sort  (L.  biloba),  flowers  in  spring 
or  early  in  summer,  and  its  growth  should  be  well 
matured  before  winter  ;  its  habit  is  somewhat  straggling, 
and  unless  perseveringly  stopped  while  young,  compact 
specimens  will  not  be  obtained  ;  but  plants  intended  to 
flower  the  following  spring  should  not  be  stopped  later 
than  the  beginning  of  August,  and  staking  will  probably 
be  found  necessary  for  the  formation  of  handsome  speci- 
mens. The  red  kind  (L.  formosa),  has  a  tendency 
to  produce  flowers  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and 
young  plants  from  which  rapid  growth  is  expected 
mxist  be  divested  of  these  as  they  appear,  otherwise 
wood  will  be  formed  but  slowly ;  its  habit  is  so  compact 
tliat  stopping  will  be  unnecessary,  except  in  the  case  of 
any  side  branch  obtaining  a  decided  lead,  which  seldom 
occurs — and  a  stake  for  the  leading  shoot,  together  with 
a  few  sapporta  from  this  for  the  side  branches,  is  all 
that  will  be  required.  With  these  exceptions,  the 
treatment  which  suits  one  will  answer  for  the  other. 

An  csHcntial  point  towards  securing  good  specimens 
consists  in  aclecling  young  plants  proper  for  the  purpose  ; 
these  should  be  stiff  and  bualiy,  in  perfect  health,  and 
not  potrbound.  Another  important  point  is  to  induce 
active  growth  as  early  in  spring  as  it  can  bo  obtained 
of  a  healthy  character.  If  the  plants  arc  placed  near 
the  glass,  in  a  situation  where  air  can  bo  freely  admitted 
oa  all  favourable  occasions,  a  night  U;mpcraturo  of  about 
■IS",  allowing  it  to  rise  lO'-*  or  15'^  on  clear  dayn,  with  a 
free  circulation  of  air,  will  bo  safe  after  the  buginniiigof 
March  ■,  but  at  this  early  season  th<.>  teinpuraturo  should 
be  greatly  regulated  by  the  amount  of  light.  As  soon 
Mgrowtli  is  apparent  examine  the  stat'jof  the  roots,  and 
give  a  moderate  shift  if  more  space  is  required.  One 
of  the  most  critical  periods  of  a  jjatit's  oxistcnco  Is  that 
immb'Jiatoly  after  potting  ;  tho  water  is  apt  to  pass  off 
through  the  fresh  soil,  the  ball  wh'rre  tho  roots  aro 
becomes  dry,  the  new  soil  sodden,  and  uninviting  to  the 
root*  ;  tliesG  dangers  arc  best  avoided  by  having  the 
ball  and  soil  in  a  properly  moist  condition  when  the 
potting  i»  performed,  and  maintaining  a  close  moiht 
atmosphere  until  the  pj^nts  appear  ^to  have  struck  root 


into  the  fresh  soil ;  this  prevents  rapid  evaporation,  and 
the  necessity  for  giving  much  water  at  the  root.  When 
established  in  their  pots,  and  growing  freely,  both 
varieties  require  a  liberal  supply  of  water  at  the  root  ; 
and  the  atmosphere  should  be  kept  moist  by  frequently 
sprinkling  the  floors,  &c.,  and  the  plants  will  be  bene- 
fited by  sprinkling  over-head  with  the  syringe  on  the 
afternoons  of  bright  days.  As  regards  temper;iture,  the 
maximum  already  mentioned  should  not  be  exceeded 
during  the  spring  months,  except  in  connection  with  a 
very  free  circulation  of  air,  and  this  must  not  be  allowed 
to  pass  over  the  plants  on  its  entrance  into  the  house, 
as  the  Leschenaultia  is  particularly  impatient  of  cold 
drying  currents. 

If  the  plants  can  be  placed  in  a  cold  frame  during 
the  summer  months,  provision  will  be  afforded  for 
promoting  active  robust  growth.  A  thin  shade  for  a 
few  hours  on  the  forenoons  of  bright  days  will  be 
beneficial  during  June  and  July,  but  use  this  very 
sparingly,  and  discontinue  it  altogether  early  in  August. 
Water  the  coal  ashes  on  which  the  pots  may  stand 
frequently  during  bright  ,weather,  sprinkle  the  plants 
over-head  on  the  afternoons,  and  keep  the  frame  close 
during  evening,  but  raise  the  lights  for  the  night.  Some 
of  the  specimens  will  probably  require  a  second  shift 
early  in  July  ;  attend  to  this  as  early  as  it  may  be 
necessary,  and  avoid  large  shifts  at  this  season.  Towards 
the  end  of  August  the  plants  should  be  considered  to 
have  completed  their  season's  growth,  and  should  be 
prepared  for  winter  by  full  exposure  to  sun  and  air. 
Avoid  over-watering  at  the  root  and  maintain  a  rather 
dry  atmosphere. 

Leschenaultias  are  very  liable  to  suffer  from  damp  in 
winter  ;  they  should  therefore  be  placed  where  a  rather 
dry  atmosphere  can  be  maintained.  Wlien  they  are 
watered  it  should  be  done  early  in  the  day,  and  avoid 
wetting  the  foliage,  especially  during  damp  cloudy 
weather.  At  this  season,  and  early  in  spring,  they  are 
very  subject  to  the  attacks  of  a  minute  aphis,  and  unless 
a  sharp  watch  is  maintained,  beginners  will  probably  not 
detect  it  until  considerable  mischief  is  effected  ;  fumiga- 
tion must  be  resorted  to  immediately  it  is  observed.  If 
the  specimen  plants  are  considered  sufficiently  large  for 
flowering,  keep  them  in  ordinary  greenhouse  temperature 
during  spring,  otherwise  adopt  the  same  treatment  this 
season  as  recommended  for  last ;  but  if  good  young 
plants,  in  5-inch  pots,  were  selected,  with  which  to 
commence,  they  should  be  handsome  specimens  at 
the  end  of  the  first  season's  growth.  If  a  second 
season's  growth  is  decided  upon,  the  blue  one  will 
require  to  be  slightly  cut  back,  to  prevent  it  from 
becoming  straggling  ;  and  the  flowers  must  be  picked 
off  the  red  kind  as  they  appear.  The  beauty  of 
the  blue  sort  will  be  prolonged  by  shading  the  plants 
during  bright  sunshine.  After  flowering,  cut  back  the 
plants  sufficiently  to  secure  compact  growth,  and  give  a 
moderate  shift  if  required,  as  soon  as  they  start  into 
growth.  As  regards  the  red  sort,  while  in  flower,  if  the 
plants  are  kept  in  health  no  particular  care  will  be 
required  to  prolong  its  season  of  beauty,  as  it  will 
continue  in  bloom  most  of  the  summer  and  autumn. 
The  flowers  should  be  piclced  off  previous  to  winter,  as, 
if  allowed  to  remain  on  the  plant,  they  frequently  do 
much  injury  by  promoting  damp.  With  proper 
management  the  specimens  will  last  several  years,  but 
keep  up  a  stock  of  young  plants,  and  so  be  provided  for 
the  occasional  loss  of  a  specimen. 

Cuttings  selected  of  rather  firm  pieces  of  the  young 
wood,  as  early  in  spring  as  they  can  be  obtained,  planted 
in  sandy  peat,  covered  with  a  bell-glass,  and  placed  in  a 
bottom  heat  of  about  70",  will  root  in  a  few  weeks. 
They  should  be  potted  in  small  pots  as  soon  as  sufficiently 
rooted,  and  replaced  in  bottom-heat  until  they  have 
become  established.  Their  treatment  after  this  need 
hardlyjdiffer  from  that  recommended  for  young  speci- 
mens. Supply  them  with  pot  room  as  they  require  it, 
and  aim  at  obtaining  dwarf  strong  plants. 

Rich  fibry  peat  in  the  best  possible  condition  as  to 
age,  &c.,  is  necessary  for  the  successful  culture  of  the 
Leschenaultia.  This  should  be  broken  up  into  pieces 
about  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  and  liberally  mixed  with 
silver-sand,  and  a  sprinkling  of  clean  small  potsherds 
will  be  useful.  A  small  portion  of  mellow  fibry  loam 
may  be  added  with  advantage,  if  tho  peat  is  not  of  a 
rich  nature,  but  this  aliould  not  exceed  one-sixth  of  the 
whole.  Use  clean  porous  pots,  and  ensure  perfect 
drainage  by  a  sufficiency  of  potsherds  properly  arranged, 
and  covered  with  the  rough  turfy  pieces  of  the  soil,  to 
prevent  the  finer  particles  being  washed  down  amongst 
the  draining  materials.  Alpha. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Oal'door  Orapcs.  —  Will  you  give  a  corner  to  tho 
memory  of  Clement  Hoare  ?  So  far  ashis  work  upon  "Tho 
Culture  of  tho  Vino  on  Open  Walls"  is  concerned,  ho 
deserves  well,  indeed,  of  his  countrymen.  I  acknowledge 
myself  under  grateful  obligation  to  him  ;  and,  at  this 
season  of  the  year,  would  draw  the  attention  of  all  who 
have  out-door  Vines  to  his  excellent  treatise.  His 
"  Weekly  Calendarial  Ilegistci',"  therein,  is  worded  iit 
such  a  manner  that  in  whatever  mode  Vinos  happen  to 
be  traiiieil,  his  direntions  aro  of  value,  therof'iiro  all 
should  study  it  ;  but  I  wotdd  particularly  direct  attention 
to  tlie  simplicity,  tho  Having  of  labour,  HhredM,  and  nails, 
and  to  Iho  wonderful  increase  of  fruit  to  ho  obtained  iiy 
following  his  favourite  method — cutting  away  iitl  old 
wood  exe(!pt  what  is  barely  neceHMary  to  furnish  tho 
young  shoots  annually  n-quired,  and  training  these  on  tho 
long-rod  system,  ouch  rod  to  boar  in  tho  succeeding  year, 


and  then  to  be  cut  out  at  two  or  three  eyes  Irom  its 
base.  Notwitlistanding  his  recommendation  to  "cut 
down"  established  Vines,  and  begin  de  rtovo,  I  accom- 
modated my  Vines  gradually  to  the  system  and 
have  now  four  successive  tiers  at  the  back  of  my 
house ;  that  is,  a  succession  of  short  horizontal 
branches,  at  the  ground  and  at  three  different 
heights,  and  these  furnish  rods  which  are  serpentined  in 
their  first  year,  and  in  the  second  year  branch  out 
right  and  left,  amply  cropped.  These  side  branches  are 
so  nailed  as  to  leave  perpendicular  intervals  for  the  rods 
of  the  current  year  to  occupy  ;  each  tier  is  6  or  8  feet 
in  height.  My  success  has  been  remarkable,  and  I 
have  had  large  Black  Hamburghs  so  well  ripened  that 
they  have  occasionally  had  quite  a  nuance  of  Fi'ontignan 
flavour  ;  and  I  have  often  thought  that,  like  tlie  Bictou 
Pines,  they  are  a  proof  of  what  perfect  ripenin;^  in  the 
open  air  accomplishes.  How  can  horticulturists  be 
contented  with  stagnant  warmth  in  then:  hothouses  I 
G.  W.,  June  8. 

Wasps. — The  annual  sport  "of  the  youths  of  Helper 
has  again  come  to  a  close.  This  is  the  third  year  in 
which  J.  Strutt,  Esq.,  of  Bridge  Hill,  Belper,  has  given 
a  penny  for  every  wasp  that  could  be  brought  to  his 
steward  during  a  limited  time.  Early  in  April,  on 
account  of  the  remarkably  dry  weather,  the  wasps 
came  freely  out  of  their  lurking  places.  The  29th  of 
May  was  the  day  appointed  for  them  to  be  taken  in  and 
paid  for,  when  it  was  found  that  more  than  13,000  wasps 
had  been  caught.  This  makes  great  havoc  among  the 
destructive  little  pests.  A  wasp  is  a  great  rarity  in 
Belper,  and  if  all  the  proprietors  of  large  establishments 
were  to  act  on  the  same  principle,  a  wasp  would  soon 
become  as  great  a  rarity  in  our  gardens  as  a  fox  is  oa 
the  hills  of  Derbyshire.  Amos,  Belper^  June  9. 

Climate  of  the  North-  West  of  Scotland. — Having  long 
felt  considerable  interest  in  the  subject  of  the  various 
climates  that  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  I 
have  sought  for  information  respecting  them  in  books 
that  treat  of  meteorology,  without  being  able  to  find 
sncli  as  would  enable  me  to  account  for  them.  It  is 
sufficiently  evident  that  heat  may  be,  to  a  certain  extent, 
communicated  directly  to  the  atmosphere  by  a  smTound- 
ing  body  of  water,  or  by  land  ;  but  it  is  not  clear  that 
the  warmth  of  climate  found  in  many  parts,  such  as 
Scotland,  has  been  obtained  from  either  of  these  sources. 
The  philosophers  alluded  to  by  your  correspondent 
"  J.  K.,"  appear  to  have  been  unaware  of  the  important 
agency  of  evaporation  of  water,  and  subsequent  conden- 
sation of  aqueous  vapour,  in  transferring  heat  from  ouQ 
locality  to  another,  which  may  be  at  a  great  distance. 
If,  however,  we  suppose  that  the  winter  climate  of  tho 
north  of  Scotland  is  produced  principally  by  the  conden- 
sation of  vapour  brought  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by 
wind,  the  peculiar  miMness  of  it  will  be  more  in  harmony 
with  numerous  other  facts  which  might  be  named,  than 
it  will  be  by  assigning  any  other  cause  for  it.  The 
winter  temperature  of  the  American  Gulf  stream  is 
much  higher  off  the  island  of  Newfoundland,  than 
that  of  the  sea  about  the  north  of  Scotland  ;  but  the 
water  of  that  stream  does  not  warm  the  atmosphere 
there  to  any  considerable  distance  from  its  surface,  as  is 
proved  by  the  cold  of  the  winter  over  the  adjoining  land 
being  intense.  We  have,  however,  the  accompanying 
fact,  that  vapour  is  not  there  condensed  within 
the  body  of  the  atmosphere,  making  it  misty  and  cloudy 
to  a  considerable  height,  as  it  is  about  Scotland  ;  and 
therefore  the  climate  of  Newfoundland  is  not  rendered 
warm  by  condensation  of  vapour.  In  the  southern 
hemisphere,  Cape  Horn  and  Terra  del  Fuego  are  nearly 
as  far  from  the  equator  as  Scotland  is  in  the  northern. 
There  is  no  warm  ocean  current  similar  to  the  Gulf- 
stream  running  to  these  southern  parts,  nor  do  winds 
generally  blow  towards  them  from  warmer  latitudes  ; 
yet  the  winters  are  so  very  mild  as  to  be  almost  aa 
warm  as  the  summers,  and  vegetation  is  said  to  be  but 
little  affected  by  the  cold  of  winter.  But  condensation 
of  aqueous  vapour  within  the  body  of  the  atmosphere 
is  still  more  abundant  in  Terra  del  Fuego  than  in  Scot- 
land ;  and  it  would  not  be  easy  to  point  out  any  adequate 
cause  for  the  extraordinary  mildness  of  the  winter  in  a 
latitude  so  far  removed  from  the  equator,  but  the  copious 
condensation  of  vapour  which  is  there  taking  place, 
almost  without  intermission.  With  reference  to  warmth 
of  climate  at  considerable  elevation,  I  am  not  aware 
that  grain  will  ripen  at  great  heights  in  any  part  of  the 
world  where  the  atmosphere  ia  dry  ;  that  is,  where  heat 
is  not  carried  to  the  elevation  by  vapour,  and  given  out 
there  by  its  condensation.  The  higher  parts  of  Teneriffa 
aro  represented  by  travellers  as  being  dry,  and  that 
appears  to  be  tho  reason  that  vegetation  is  stopped  at  so 
inferior  an  elevation.  Being  in  the  latitude  of  only 
about  23",  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  tho  hot  African 
desert,  as  well  as  surrounded  by  water,  it  appears  rather 
surprising  that  Wheat  will  not  ripen  at  a  greater 
height  than  about  l-'JOO  feet;  and  tho  want  of  rain, 
or  rather  of  the  heat  liberated  by  the  condensation 
that  precedes  tho  rain,  seoms  to  bo  the  only 
cause  that  can  bo  traced  for  the  fact.  At  least  2** 
farther  north,  on  tho  western  aide  of  tho  Himalaya 
mountains,  where  Wheat  will  ripen  at  a  far  greater 
elevation,  indeed,  at  ton  times  tho  height,  the  south- 
west monsoon  convoys  vapour  from  a  distant  ocean  to 
that  height  during  tho  whole  of  tho  season,  and  the,  con- 
tinuous warmth,  as  well  as  tho  moisture  thus  conveyed, 
eMal)les  grain  to  ripen  at  an  elevation  which,  on  other 
movintains  not  farther  from  tho  equator,  ia  locked 
up  in  eternal  frost.  As  to  tho  broad  expanse  of 
land  at  tho  bases  of  mourtains  imparting  heat 
to    tho    higher   portions,   it   is    sufliciont    to    observe 


374 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[June  12, 


that  it  is  not  so  imparted  wliere  coiiiiensat:oii  is 
absent.  I  would  i-elei*  your  correspondent,  "J.  K." 
to  Major  Areher'a  *'  Tr-iVels  in  tlie  Himalaya  JVIouii- 
taina "  for  further  informatioa  on  this  interesting 
subject.  T.H, 

Famigators. — I  find  that  "  G,  E.'s"  contrivance, 
described  last  week,  is  exactly  the  same  as  tliat  exhi- 
bited by  me  at  the  Horticultural  meeting,  Regent- 
street,  March,  1850,  with  this  di£fereuce  only  :  mine 
has  the  funnel  fixed  on  a  portable  top,  which  shuts  o;i 
like  the  lid  of  a  saucepan  ;  there  is  also  a  piece  of  tin 
suspended  over  the  top  of  the  funnel  by  a  stout  wire. 
Having  used  it  a  great  deal  in  pits,  and  very  low  houses, 

1  found  this  necessai-y,  as  it  prevented  the  cracking  of 
the  glass,  1  had  this  apparatus  in  use  some  time 
previous  to  the  introduction  of  Brown's  fumigator,  and, 
having  used  it  ever  since,  can  speak  practically  to  its 
being  the  best  of  "  self-acting  contrivances,"  thus 
described  in  the  report  of  the  Horticultui'al  Society's 
meeting.  Qeorge  Fnj,  Mcmor  HomCyLee. 

Early  Strawberry. — 1  observe,  at  p.  357,  a  notice 
from  Ireland  of  a  dish  of  Strawberries,  gathered  from 
plants  of  Cuthill's  Black  Prince,  in  the  open  air,  on  the 
26th  of  May.  On  that  day  my  gardener  gathered  a  dish 
of  the  same  sort,  grown  under  exactly  similar  circum- 
stances, under  a  south  wall,  from  plants  put  in  last 
autumn.  A  Constant  Reader,  Sandhurst^  Kent,  Jane  8. 

Polfiiaise  Heatiiiff, —Bui'ove  the  remembrance  of  the 
weeks  and  months  of  east  wind  prevalent  in  the  spring 
has  become  so  faint  as  to  cause  no  shivering  among 
your  readers  at  its  mention,  I  think  it  right  to  acquaint 
you  with  the  lesson  it  has  taught  me.  I  can  no  longer 
advise  Poimaisers  to  be  content  to  let  the  whole  open 
hollow,  under  their  floors,  act  as  and  for  a  cold  air 
di*ain — the  air  must  be  more  confined  and  be  specially 
directed  to  the  bottom  of  the  stove.  In  one  of  the 
instances  alluiied  to  in  my  former  communication,  there 
was  on  a  bitter  day  an  upward  current  from  the 
grating  in  the  floor  ;  we  covered  each  external  ventilator 
with  clay — still  the  current  was  upward  !  We  then 
discovered  small  fissures  in  the  basement  of  the  building, 
where  the  ground  fell  away  below  the  plinth,  and  the 
masonry  was  rough,  into  one  of  which  a  mason  could 
thrust  his  rule  ;  these  were  stopped,  and  all  suspicious 
places  pointed,  but  without  effect;  for,  besides  an  ample 
rush  through  the  stove-chamber,  air  actually  continued 
to  ascend  through  the  grating.  Wh:it  a  proof  of  the 
searching  power  of  that  "subtle  fluid"  air!  Tlie 
remedy,  however,  was  easy  : — three  boards  were  taken 
up,  a  special  drain  m:ide  from  a  grating  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  the  room  (which,  by  the  bye,  I  think  may  be 
shown  to  be  the  best  position)  all  done  in  little  more 
than  a  day,  and  the  east  wind  was  laughed  at.  0.  W., 
Jime  8. 

Liquid  Manure  made  from  Poultry  Dung. — At  p.  3-57, 
Mr.  J,  Rust  mentions  having  used  the  dung  of 
poultry  in  a  liquid  state.  I  have  done  so  for  several 
years  with  great  success,  both  with  hard  and  soft- 
wooded  plants.  T.  0. 

The  Lizard  Orchis. — If  the  curious  in  British  botany 
attach  any  interest  to  this  Orchis  (Satyrion  hircinum  of 
"Withering),  which  lias  sometimes  been  supposed  to  be 
extinct,  you  may,  perliaps,  think  Ihe  following  worth 
insertion  in  your  pages.  Two  plants  wex-e  purchased  in 
the  early  spring  from  an  itinerant  collector,  wliich  he 
stated  to  have  been  found  in  a  wood  between  Crayford 
and  Dartford.  One  of  these  plants  has  just  come  into 
flower,  and  agrees  with  tiie  coloured  figure  in  Sowerby's 
"English  Botany,"  vol.  i.  plate  34.  The  present  plant 
is  18^- inches  liigh,  and  has  40  flower-buds  on  a  single 
Stalk.  The  part  which  represents  the  lizard  is  larger 
than    in    Sowerby's    figure,    being    in    some    instances 

2  inches  long.  In  the  early  flower-bud  this  part  is 
curiously  rolled  up,  as  hair  is  rolled  upon  a  curl-paper, 
beginning  at  the  point.  The  smell,  I  should  say,  is  not 
*' goat-like,"  but  j?i7ii/;  it  strikes  me  as  precisely  like 
the  smell  of  a  roacn  or  dace,  whioli  has  been  kept  for  a 
day  or  two,  and  is  beginning  to  change.  The  colour  of 
the  flowers  is  rather  paler  than  in  the  figure.  The 
present  plant  has  been  kept  in  a  greenhouse.  Its  com- 
panion has  made  no  attempt  to  flower,  and  looks 
unhealthy.  It  is  possibly  too  young  to  flower.  If  any 
of  your  readers  should  wish  to  see  the  plant  in  flower, 
it  will  be  readily  shown  to  them  on  calling  at  Colonel 
Thompson's,  Eliot  Vale,  Blackheath.  'I\,  June  7. 
P.S.  Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  ascertained  that 
the  name  of  the  collector  was  Hughes.  I  take  the 
opportunity  to  add,  that  I  am  pretty  certain  tliere  is 
another  Orchis  wliich  has  a  strong  *' goat-like"  smell. 
There  may  consequently  have  been  the  mistake  of  a 
describer,  in  attributing  this  smell  to  the  wrong  kind. 

Climate  of  Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  —  In  the 
various  notices  of  plants  that  flourish  and  bloom  in  this 
county  (Cornwall),  I  have  not  observed  the  following, 
which  are  now  in  flower  at  this  place,  namely,  Panlownia 
imperialis  blooming  beautifully,  every  branch  terminated 
Ti  Vf  '^""''^^  °*  ^^'"^^  ^^^^  flowers  very  similar  to  the 
old  Oloxinia  caulescens,  in  size  and  colour  ;  also  a  plant, 
t-  .i"^*^'  °^  Abutilon  vitifolium,  clothed  with  lar-^e 
white  Malvaceous  flowers  from  the  ground  to  its  summit, 
blooms  as  large  as  Malope  grandiflora,  a  beautiful  tree 
and  quite  hardy,  having  stood  out  three  winters  here  ; 
also  the  old_  Melianthus  major,  7  feet  high,  with  three 
spikes  of  Its  curious  blooms,  from  wliidi  honey  is 
copiously  distilled;  this  phmt  has  likewise  stood  three 
Winters  without  the  least  injury  to  its  beautiful  foliage 
Calhstemnn  lophanthus  is  flowering  finely  in  a  very 
open  situation,  with  various  other  plants  too  numerous 
to  mention,  from  New  South  Wules,  Mexico,  &c. 
F,  Ejiston,  Antony  Bouse,  East  CornwaUj  Jzine  3 


I  have  Paulovvnia  imperialis  in  fine^  bloom  ;  also  Cea- 
nothus  divaricatus,  18  feet  high  and  nearly  as  much 
through,  together  with  C.  rigidua,  papillosus,  and  den- 
tatus,  and  Solanum  crispura  giganteum,  about  10  feet 
high,  with  several  hundreds  of  bunches  of  bloom  on  it. 
Grevillea  rosmarinifoiia  and  (i.  sulphurea  have  been  in 
flower  for  these  last  two  months,  and  several  other 
plants  that  I  have  never  seen  planted  out  before. 
G.  W.  B.,  South  Devon.  [It  is  stated  at  p.  387,  1849, 
that  the  Paulownia  has  once  flowered  at  Claremont,  and 
we  find  that  Hampton  Court  also  claims  the  honour.]  — 
I  saw  at  Maidencoombe,  yesterday  (about  three  miles 
from  Torquay,  Devonshire,  uear  the  coast),  strong 
healthy  plants,  in  bloom,  of  Epacris  heteronema,  Erica 
intermedia,  Acacia  armata.  Salvia  gesneriflora  (finely 
in  flower),  Fabiana  imbricata,  with  spikes  of  bloom  from 
1  foot  to  H-  foot  in  length:  all  of  which  have  been 
exposed,  without  any  protection,  during  several  winters 
in  the  borders  and  rockwork.  J.  J?.— There  is  now 
flowering  in  the  garden  here  a  plant  of  the  Melianthus 
major  in  the  open  air ;  it  has  been  in  the  same  spot  for 
nearly  19  years,  and  has  never  blossomed  before. 
W.  Stackhouse,  Irehane,  ProbitSj  St.  Austell,  June  8. 

Ants. — Having  been  much  troubled  with  ants  in  my 
plant- houses,  I  have  tried  nearly  every  thing  recommended 
in  your  pages,  but  without  success.  Spirits  of  Juniper 
and  turpentine  only  drive  them  away  while  the  scent 
remains,  but  I  find  a  mixture  of  levigated  mercury  and 
treacle  will  destroy  them  ;  I  put  the  treacle  on  small 
plates  with  a  very  small  portion  of  the  mercury,  which 
soon  attracts  them.  31.  C.,  Birmingham,  June  Q. 


Societies;* 


Royal  Botanic,  Regent's  Park,  June  9. — The  second 
exhibition  of  the  season,  held  under  the  auspices  of  this 
Society,  took  place  on  Wednesday  last.  The  weather 
was  most  unpropitioua,  heavy  rain  falling  without  inter- 
mission duriiig  the  whole  of  the  day  ;  and,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  there  was  comparatively  little  or  no  company. 
As  all  the  most  important  plants  assembled  on  the 
occasion  may  be  expected  to  be  present  at  Chiswick 
to-day,  we  defer  giving  any  special  report  of  them  until 
next  week. 


RoTAL  noETlcoLTURAr.  OF  CrtRN WALT..— This  Society  held 
itstjdl  ExhiDuion— cue  fir^r,  for  hi3  year — at  Truro,  on  the 
iShult.  The  display  ot  fl  >wer9  was  prooouaced  by  all  to  bd 
equal,  if  nut  superior,  to  any  former  exhibi'ion.  The  following 
I  are  some  uf  the  prizes  awardeil ;  Fruit. ~&eat  Piiie-apple, 
I  Queea— liev.  T.  Puillpiitt^  ;  2d,  Mr.  Wilu>im9  ;  Apples,  Aro- 
uidtiu — RdV.  Canon  Rogers.  F'.Oivers.  —  Orndcaenfui  Plant,  in 
bloom,  nit  prcviou-ily  exhibited,  Oryptolepis  longifljra  — Su-  C. 
Lemoii,  Bdrt  ,  M.f.;  2d,  Mitraria  coccinea  — Mr.  D^uba*. 
Best  Stove  and  lireenhouse  Plantu:  Mitraria  coccinea,  fciriua 
vestira  cocciiies,  Gardenia  Fortuni,  Jiiaticia  carnea,  Epncria 
miiiiata,  &,c. —  Mr.  W.  M,  Tweedy;  2ii,  Euiaxia  myrtifolia. 
Le-icheoRultia  form  »sa.  Eriostemnn  intermeiiiuoi,  Ixora  coc- 
cinea, Franciscea  acuminata.  Statics  Holfordd,  Achimeaes 
veuusta,  iSsc  — .vlr,  DauOuz ;  3d,  Jusiicia  carnea  superba, 
Ardisia  crenaiata,  Ac— Vlrs.  Fus  ;  4  th,  iE -chynanthus  speci- 
0SU9,  Cboi-.izema  varium,  Jic. —  Re?.  T.  Philip  it's.  Uest  six 
varieties  of  ditto:  Stephanoria  floribunda,  Torenia  asiatica, 
tSie. -Mrs,  Pent;  2d,  Mr.  Daubuz.  Best  apefcimen -S  ove  Plants: 
Scephanocis  floribunda— Mr.  Fiieod;  2d,  diDto,  Mr.  Wtlliama. 
Beif.  Greeuhou-'e  Specimen  :  Tropseolu  ii  tricolorum  — Rev.  T. 
IMiillpott').  Hi-st  SIX  Urcuids  :  Odout-'mlossum  citrjamum, 
Pnaius  Wallichii,  Lycaste  tetragona,  Phalasnopsis  anabiliji, 
Calamhe  veratri'olia.  Odcidinm  amplia;um— Rev.  T.  Phiil- 
poLis ;  2d,  Deiidrubium  Devonianum,  G-on^ora  maculata, 
Kpidt-ndrum  ciiiare,  Phaiteaopsis  amabilis — >ir  C.  Lernon, 
Bart..  M  P.;  3d,  Dendrobmn  de.isifljrnui,  Oocidiuin  amplia- 
tum,  Cattkya  Forbeeii,  Epidendrura  cu-*pidaium  — Mr.  W.  M, 
Tweedy.  Be-.t  Specioien  :  Cattleya  Mossis— Rev,  T.  Pnillpotts  ; 
2d,  Ljcaste  oroeota — Mr.  SiniFnons.  Best  Gloxinias,  Ges- 
neras,  or  Acbimenes,  Gl.)xinia  maxima,  Achimenes  Jongiflora 
alort,  A.  nirtjjr.  Gesnera  zebrina— Mr.  Daubui  ;  2d,  Achi- 
menes picta.  Gloxinia  Fjtjana,  G.  TeacUlerit,  G.  Candida. 
G.  Pasftirinhamii — Mr.  Vv  uiiams.  Best  Specimen:  Geanera 
Douglasii-Kev,  T.  Pbillpots.  Best  Geraniums  :  R.s  .moud, 
Hypeiion,  Beeswing,  Eie^ans,  Lady  Poltimore,  Prince  of 
Oiaa^e — Mr.  Daubus  ;  2d,  Popping's  elegans.  Arnold's  Virgin 
Qijoen,  For^ec-m^-not,  Negress,  Oiiun,  Deadijmona — Mr. 
Friend.  Best  "Fancies:"  Anaia,  Hero  of  Surrey,  Jenny 
Liiid,  La  Belle  African  a,  Lady  Rivers,  Jehu  superb  -Mr. 
Diuhuz;  21,  La  Belle  Afiicana,  Anais,  Beauty  of  Wmcbester, 
Unique,  Hero  of  Surrey  — Mr.  Friend.  Beat  Healis:  Mr. 
Daabuz.  Beat  Spicimen  :  Clowesiana — Mr.  Diubaz  ;  2d, 
Uavendishii — vlr.  siinmjus.  Best  Azaleas,  Ilhodudendrous 
or  Kalmia"— Mr.  Simmons;  2d,  Mr.  Uaubuz.  Bsst  Bpe-imen 
of  ditto:  Azsilearosea— Rev.  T.  Phillpotts.  Besi  Cinerarias: 
Annie,  Oompaca,  Nfiviugton  Beauty,  Brilliant,  Amanda,  Ro^ea 
jilba — Vlr.DauhuB;  2d,  Adela  ViUiera,  Qu  ea  of  England,  Amy 
H.ob>art,  Uavid  C^ppertieid,  Bessie,  Cuth.-rine  Hayes— Mr. 
Williaujs.  Best  Calceolarias  :  Gem  of  the  West,  Elegaus, 
Eclipse,  Lucy  Neal,  RiiOecca,  Jenny  Lind — Mr.  Daubnz.  Best 
specimen  ut  ditto:  llaben'a  Gi-in  of  the  West— Mr.  Dauhuz. 
Best  Heartsease:  MastiTpiece,  Emma,  Cornish  Lass,  Supreme, 
Princes'",  Polynices,  Optiinus,  Pliny.  Samfio.  Attraction,  Mary 
Jane,  Climax,  Piinceof  Orange,  Queen  of  England.  Addison, 
Indian  Queen.  Oudine,  DuchcSs  ot  Norfolk,  Diadem,  Poiy- 
pheuius,  Andfocles,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Duchess  of  Rutland, 
Juveuius — Mr.  Woolcoci. ;  2d,  C  iroline,  Noiorie-y,  Supem^] 
Ibrariiin  Pacha.  Oreatea,  Robert  Buroa,  France  Cycole,  AUredi 
i-diMiax.  Audrocles,  Rjinbow,  Aurora,  Loveliness,  Mr.  lieck, 
Almauzor,  Beliooa,  Beriba,  D.adcm,  Polyphemus,  Mra.  Trotter' 
Gem,  Masterpiece,  Con-iCaatme,  Tbisbe,  Euithemia — Mr.  'Vii- 
liama.  Best  Roses  in  pots  :  Paul  Kicant,  Geitic  des  Biraillea, 
Diichess  of  Suiberland,  Chateaubrfand,  Ljimoriciere,  Cliireaux 
—  Mr.  Williams.  Beat  Ranunculuses  — Rev.  CanOn  Rogers; 
ditti)     Anemones — Mr.     WUIiam-j.       i'iCf^-a. —Calceolarias — Mr'. 

Smith  ;  3  Seedling  irerauiums — Mr.  IIiji;ltm  ;  Cercus  crenutua 

Sir  C.   Lemon,   Bart.,   M.P. ;   Cacti— Mr,  Simmons.    Cornwall 
Gazette, 


know  of  the  way,  awd  time,  and  place — the  how,  the 
when,  and  the  where— that  are  found  by  experience  the 
best  for  planting  ornamental  trees ;  and  of  that 
experience  they  have  had  as  much  as  anybody.  They 
have  also  profited  skilfully  by  the  experience  of  au 
'  extensive  circle  of  correspondents,  whose  vi2ws  ave 
incorporated  with  their  own.  In  fact,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  facts  included  in  this  work  have  been 
derived  from  valuable  "  returns"  made  from  all  parts 
of  the  country.  Having  seen  some  of  them,  we  can  say 
of  our  own  knowledge  that  they  deserve  the  entire 
confidence  of  the  public.  The  *'  li-^ts  of  plants  for  particular 
soils  and  situations,"  given  at  the  end  of  the  volume,  are 
particularly  useful,  as  we  know  from  the  numerous 
inquiries  addressed  to  ourselves  upon  this  subject  ;  we 
only  I'egret  that  the  lists  are  not  much  more  full.  It  is- 
true  that  the  plan  of  Messrs,  Standish  and  Noble's  work 
includes  ornamental  trees  only  ;  but  in  onr  view  all 
trees  are  ornamentalin  places  to  which  they  are  adapted. 
We  shall  refer  to  this  nseful  book  on  a  future  occasion, 

27i(?  British  Winter  Garden.  By  W.  Barron,  head- 
gardener  at  Elvaston.  l2mo  ;  pp.  121,  Bradbury  and 
Evans, — The  connection  of  the  author  with  the  remark- 
able works  that  have  been  carried  ou  at  Elvaston  for 
more  than  20  years,  gives  peculiar  interest  to  this  book, 
the  matters  in  which  are  too  important  to  be  dismissed 
in  a  mere  notice.  We  shall  offer  some  observations 
upon  it  at  a  very  early  opportunity. 

Tidasne,  Monographia  Podostemacearum.  4  to.  Paris. 
Baudry.  Pp  208,  tt.  xiii. — One  of  the  most  beautiful 
works  that  have  appeared  on  systematical  botany,  and 
only  second  to  the  same  learned  author's  admirable 
monograph  of  Truffles.  The  plates,  executed  at  the 
cost  of  Dr.  Weddell,  are  among  the  best  specimens  of 
the  French  school  of  natural  history.  The  obscure 
plants  to  which  the  work  refers  hi-ve  long  ranked  among 
the  perplexities  of  botanists  ;  scarcely  anything  can  be 
said  to  have  been  known  of  them  till  the  appearance  in 
1834  of  an  indifferent  memoir  by  the  Russian  botanist 
Bongard,  who  understood  so  ill  their  real  structure  as 
to  have  taken  them  for  Endogens  instead  of  Exogens, 
And  to  this  day  their  natural  affinities  remain  unsettled. 
That  they  are  a  reduced  form  of  vegetation,  pro- 
bably bearing  the  same  relation  to  some  more  perfect 
natural  order,  as  Leraaa  to  Arads,  or  Hippuris  to 
Onagrads,  could  not  escape  the  observation  of  any 
botanist  accustomed  to  regard  the  vegetable  kingdom 
in  a  philosophical  point  of  view.  If  M.  Tulasne  does 
not  even  now  decide  the  question,  he  has  at  least 
furnished  other  botanists  with  abundant  details  of  such. 
exact  minuteness  that  the  means  of  forming  a  reason- 
able judgment  are  in  the  possession  of  us  all.  This  is 
not  the  place  to  opeu  a  dry  scientific  discussion,  but  we 
may  be  permitted  to  suggest  that  if  no  other  views  are 
regarded  as  tenable,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  iustitnte' 
a  comparison  between  Podostemacese  and  Littorella, 

De  Vriese,  Descriptions  et  Figures  des  Plantes  nouvdle^ 
die  Jardin  de  Lelde,  Sec.  &c.  2  Livrais.  Grandfolio,— 
Contains  fine  coloured  plates  of  Hymenocallis  Borskiana, 
a  Venezuelan  plant,  and  some  elaborate  figures  of  species 
of  Cycas, 

Walpersj  Annales  Botaniccs  Systemi-tlcce.  Vol.  II. 
Fasc.  6.  8vo. — Goes  as  far  as  Mouotropaceoe,  and 
completes  the  volume, 

Lcdehoitr,  Flora  Eossica.  Fasc.  12.  8vo. — Includes 
Monocotyledons  as  far  as  the  beginning  of  Cyperacese. 


— « — 

Practical  Bints  on  Planting  Ornamental  Trees.  By 
Standish  and  Noble.  r2mo,;  pp.200.  Bradbury  and 
Evans. — Tliis  is  one  of  those  excellent  practical  works 
from  which  the  most  unleirned  may  profit  as  much  as 
the  most  learned.  To  science  it  lays  no  claim  :  its 
purpose  is  to  tell  in  plain  words  as  much  as  the  authors 


Garden  Memoranda. 

The  American  Nurseries  at  Knap- hill  and- 
Bagsuot. — Those  who  have  only  seen  American  plants 
cooped  together  under  canvas  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
smoky  London  can  form  little  idea  of  the  grandeur  and 
magnificence  of  the  fields  of  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas, 
and  Kalmias,  which  have  been  planted  and  reared  during 
years  of  care  and  solicitude  by  Messrs.  Hosea  and  John 
Waterer,  at  Knap-hill  and  Bagshot.  Every  season 
about  this  time  many  acres  are  studded  with  the  lovely 
blossoms  of  these  charming  plants,  and,  notwithstanding 
the  unfavourable  spring  that  has  just  passed  by,  they 
are  as  fine  at  the  present  time  as  ever  we  remember  to 
have  seen  them.  It  is  true  that  the  blossom  buds  of 
some  of  the  early  flowering  tender  scarlet  kinds  hare 
been  killed  by  tiie  late  spring  frost,  but  this  is  a  circum- 
stance the  less  to  be  regretted,  for,  thanks  to  the  skill  of 
the  Messrs,  Waterer,  we  can  now  enjoy  the  beauty  of 
scarlet,  or  at  least  deep  crimson  Rhododendrons,  which 
flower  sufficiently  late  to  be  out  of  the  reach  of  such  a 
calamity.  This  has  been  effected  through  years  of 
judicious  and  repeated  cross  breeding  in  the  right 
direction  ;J  and  it  must  certainly  be  regai'ded  as  an 
acquisition  of  no  ordinary  kind,  and  one  which  cannot 
fail  in  time  to  materially  alter  for  the  better  the  general 
aspect  of  ornamental  grounds  ;  for  once  it  shall  have 
become  generally  known  that  high  coloured  Rhododen- 
drons exist,  which  will  flower  every  year  without  fear  of 
disappointment,  we  shall  have  them  scattered  profusely 
over  every  lawn  ;  and  who  shall  not  long  for  the  event  ? 
For  what  can  be  compared  with  the  beauty  and  effect  of 
a  fine  specimen  of  the  scarlet  "Rose-tree"  in  bloom? 

At  Mr.  Hosea  Waterer's,  at  Knap-hill,  whose 
extensive  groundsarenowone  blaze  of  beautiful  colours  of 
almost  every  shade,  we  noticed  standard  Rhododendrons 
10  and  12  feet  high,  with  clean  stems  5  feetin  length  and 
6  inches  in  diameter,  bearing  heads  30  feet  round,  and 
loaded  with  flowers.  Trees  of  these  dimensions  are  not 
uncommon  here  ;  and  a  knowledge  of  this  fact  alone, 
independent  of  the  thousands  of  bushes  and  standards 
of  less  size,  will  serve  to  furnish  lovers  of  American 
plants  with   some  idea  of  the  kind  of  treat  a  visit  to 


24—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


375 


these  nurseries  may  be  expected  to  afford.  The 
scarletj  orange,  and  buff  colours  of  the  Azaleas, 
too,  form  an  interesting  intermixture,  which  renders 
the  whole  striking,  varied,  and  effective.  The  broad- 
leaved  Kalmias,  of  which  there  are  immense  speci- 
mens here,  were  scarcely  sufficiently  in  bloom  when 
we  saw  them.  Among  Rhododendrons,  perhaps  the 
best  of  the  newer  kinds  is  Brayanum,  a  charming  sort, 
with  good  shaped  truss  and  flowers,  which  possess  a 
colour  about  as  fine  as  that  of  the  standard  of  Marengo 
Rose  ;  Barclayanum,  a  vivid  crimson,  was  just  coming 
into  blossom,  showing  that  it  is  really  late  ;  Atrosan- 
guineum  is  very  dark,  and  Archimedes  is  one  of  the 
very  best  of  bright  rose  colours  ;  Brutus  is  desirable, 
and  so  is  Desdemona  ;  Nero  and  Onstowianum  are  two 
Dew  and  valuable  kinds,  as  are  also  maculatuni  nigrum 
and  rubrum,  the  former  having  exchanged  the  spots 
that  ai'e  usually  on  the  upper  petals  for  .1  blotch  of  deep 
chocolate,  which  gives  it  a  distinct  and  striking  appear- 
ance. Other  fine  kinds' consisted  of  Rembrandt,  Titian, 
Vandyck,  Victoria,  and  Vervaneanum,  to  which  must 
he  added  Currieanum.  Fastuosum  is  a  well-known 
double  kind,  which  still  maintains  its  good  character. 
The  foUowing  free  blooming  and  free  growing  varieties 
of  catawbiense  should  be  in  every  garden,  viz,  :  elegans, 
azureum,bicolor,  coslestinum,  c.  pictum,candidissinuun, 
dehcatissimum,  Everestianum  (an  old  hut  very  fine 
kind),  graudiflorum  ;  purpureum  elegans,roseum  elegans, 
splendens,  multimaculatum,  and  liyacinthiflorum.  The 
latter  has  a  lovely  effect  in  the  shape  of  a  standard, 
and  the  flowers  last  longer  in  perfection  thau  those  of 
the  single  kinds.  Of  Azaleas,  one  of  tlie  best  scarlets  is 
coccinea  miijor,  but  cruenta  is  also  a  good  one  ; 
aurantiaca  cuprea  is  a  fine  orange,  and  carnea  deli- 
catissima  a  pretty  light  pink,  and  a  good  trusser  ; 
decus  hortorum  is  rose,  with  the  back  petal  yellow  ;  and 
of  buffs,  none  sm-passed  pontica  globosa.  Of  other  fine 
kinds  of  various  colours  we  remarked  Gloria  Patri*  and 
Mnndi,  triumphans,  imperatrix,  monstrosa  variabilis, 
Morterii,  Ne  plus  ultra,  persoluta,  pontica  imperialis, 
p. monstrosa, and  p.  princeps;  prieniteiis,crocea  distincta, 
and^Nilens.  These  are  all  first-rate  kinds,  in  which  no 
one  need  fear  to  be  disappointed.  Seedling  Azaleas  and 
Rhododendrons  are  very  plentiful  here,  but  it  is  only 
now  and  then  that  such  gems  as  Br.ayanum,  and  some 
others  we  have  mentioned,  can  be  picked  from  among 
them. 

Me,  John  Waterek's  Nhkseey  at  Bagsiiot  is  charm- 
ingly sitvuited  on  two  sides  of  a  valley,  over  which  a  fine 
view  can  be  obtained  from  tlie  rising  ground  on  either 
side  ;  and,  seen  from  such  elevated  positions,  the 
scene  presented  at  the  present  time  is  magnificent. 
Standard  Rhododendrons  of  no  ordinary  magnitude 
ornament  the  margins  of  the  main  walks,  as  well  as  the 
interior  of  the  compartments  into  which  the  nursery  is 
divided  by  Arbor-vit:e  hedges  ;  and  the  fine  broad,  deep 
banks  of  Azaleas,  which  exist  here  and  there,  are  truly 
striking,  and  assist  materially  in  setting  off  to  advantage 
their  associates,  the  Rhododendrons.  In  addition  to  the 
varieties  of  -izalea  mentioned  above,  all  of  which  we 
saw  here,  we  remarked  some  promising  seedlings,  the 
result  of  crossing  the  yellow  Chinese  kind  with  the  large 
light-coloured  viscosissima ;  some  of  the  produce  from 
this  cross  look  aa  if  they  would  be  striped.  Among 
liigh  coloured  Rhododendrons  none  were  more 
striking  than  Grand  Arab,  Soleil  d'Austerlitz, 
Blandianum,  vestitumjcoccineum,  and  Charles  Truffaud. 
These  ai-e  exceedingly  bright  and  beautiful,  and 
we  trust  that  future  experience  will  prove  them 
to  be  snSciently  l:a'-dy  to  resist  our  sharp  late  frosts, 
Leopardi  is  a  very  fine  spotted,  rosy-lilac  kind,  and 
Towardianum  has  large,  very  finely-shaped  blossoms, 
which  must  ever  render  it  a  favourite,  Captivation  is 
worth  attention,  on  account  of  its  compact,  neat,  conical 
heads.  Blatteum  is  a  very  dark  kind,  with  large  Irusse'^  ; 
and  Nobleanum  hicolor  is  good,  as  is  also  Mammoth, 
Lady  Eleanor  Cathcart  is  reported  to  be  a  very  tine 
sort ;  but  we  were  not  fortunate  enough  to  see  it  in 
bloom.  Calawbiense  splendens  and  grandiflorum  make 
charming  standards;  C,  album  elegansand  delicatissimum 
are  certainly  the  best  whites  ;  egregium  makes  a  pretty 
standard  ;  and  Marriageanum  is  a  fine  kind,  as  are  also 
mirandum,  perspicuum,  and  roseum  elegans.  We  also 
remarked  here  a  very  excellent  variety  o-  Victoria, 

Besides  these  fine  Uhododendrrins  and  Azaleas  there 
were  abundance  of  nice  bushes  of  the  charming  genus 
Kalmia.  It  may  perliaps  be  worili  recording,  in  con- 
nection with  this  »lirub,  that  the  Myrtle-leaved  kind 
has  been  budded  here  on  the  broad-leaved  sort, 
fomisliing  another  means  of  increasing  it  besides 
layering   and  graftin;^. 

At  Knap  hill  and  Bagshot,  Conifers  grow  splendidly 
in  the  bog  cartli,  which  prevails  all  over  that  dintriet, 
and  many  fine  examples  of  all  the  leading  kinds  are  to 
be  found  at  both  places.  A  tree  of  I'iiiuH  macrocar|ia 
at  Knap-hill  m  at  least  30  feet  high,  and  junt  now  it  is 
extremely  bariduoMie,  on  account  of  the  hunches  of 
Orange  blo<i,'xims  with  which  every  branch  is  ti.rniinated. 
Some  time  ago  it  produced  a  large  cone,  from  the 
ripe  seeds  contained  in  which  many  jjlnnti  have  been 
raised.  \Vu  also  noticed  a  nnigniiicojit  Laburnum 
(Watercr'H  variety)  forming  a  lino  tree,  clothed  to 
the  very  groimd  with  inunense  cluHl<r«  of  golden 
flowers.  At  Ibo  entrance  of  Mr.  .loliri  Watcrcr's 
Nursery,  next  Uugaliot  town,  slanrl'i  jjcrhaps  the  largest 
Weeping  Bicch  in  the  country  ;  it  is  cxeecilingly 
pendulous  and  haudwime.  While  speaking  of  Coiiilojs 
wo  almont  forgot  Ui  mention  that  jilaiitH  of  the  Finiereal 
Cypress,  both  hero  and  at  Knnp  Mill,  liavo  hud  their' 
leaders  killed  by  the  Intc  frosts.     Young  Cryptomcrias 


at  Bagshot  have  also  suffered  in  a  similar  manner,  while 
older  plants  have  escaped.  We  therefore  trust  tllat 
larger  plants  of  the  Cypress,  whose  growth  will  be  less 
succulent,  will  share  a  better  fate. 

Two  propagating  pits  have  been  erected  at  Knap 
Hill,  each  60  feet  long,  with  a  path  up  the  middle,  and 
beds  on  either  side  warmed  with  hot  water  in  two  4-ineh 
il'on  pipes,  an  arm  of  which  is  passed  round  the  top  for 
surface  heat.  They  are  glazed  with  Hartley's  patent 
rough  plate.  The  roofs  are  fixed  ;  but  here  and  there 
a  pane  opens  outwards,  and  meaus  of  ventilation  are 
also  provided  at  the  sides. 

The  Abutilon  vitifolium  is  now  in  full  flower  in 
Antony  ^Gardens,  the  seat  of  W.  H,  Pole  Carew,  Esq., 
M.P.  It  there  forms  a  most  beautiful,  hardy,  evergreen 
shrub,  now  1'2  feet  high,  and  covered  with  large  white 
blossoms  from  top  to  bottom. 


.      FLORICULTURE. 

4 

Rhapsodies  ABOUT  Roses  {contimiedfrom,  %^.  343.) — 
I  cau  (juite  corroborate  what  Shakspere  says  of 

*'  Books  in  the  running  broolis," 
for  I  found  a  most  fascinating  volume  in  Rivers,  ancl 
I  dived  into  its  contents  delightedly  and  eagerly,  like  as 
hot  boys  upon  a  summer's  day  plunge  into  rivers  of 
water — truant  it  may  be,  and  doomed  after  their  ablutions 
to  the  coarsest  kind  of  towelling,  but  for  the  time  as 
oblivious  of  all  the  ills  which  the  fleshy  parts  of  youth 
are  iieir  to,  as  though  they  bathed  in  Lethe.  And  as, 
moreover,  the  young  gentlemen  aforesaid  are  wont  to 
diversify  their  sport  by  periodical  excursions  to  the 
shore,  where,  "  cool  and  classical,"  (as  Mrs.  Jarley 
would  say)  they  revel  in  the  flowery  mead,  so  did  I 
at  intervals  emerge  from  Rivers,  and  wander  to  my 
Roses,  "  born "  so  long  "  to  blush  unseen,  and  waste 
their  sweetness  on  the  desert  air."  As  a  pupil  at 
Dotheboys  Hall  would  be  requested,  after  spelling  the 
word  "  horse,"  to  go  and  clean  the  animal  in  question,  so 
I  went  from  description  to  reality,  first  studying  the 
portraits  iu  this  book  of  beauty,  and  then  doing  homage 
to  the  originals.  How  delighted  I  was,  first  to  read, 
and  then  to  have  ocular  proof,  that  Boula  de  Nanteuil 
was  a  standard  of  excellence;  that  Kean  was  always 
beautiful,  in  size  first  rate,  and  in  shape  perfection  ; 
that  Coupe  d'  He'be  was  the  gem  of  its  family,  &c.  ; 
and  how  ashamed  I  felt  when  I  saw  that  *' Madame 
LafFay  ought  to  be  in  every  garden,"  yet  could  not  find 
her  in  mine;  but  I  was  soon  consoled  by  the  presence 
of  the  Duchess  and  Baronne  Prevost,  and  I  had  almost  as 
much  pleasure  in  my  introduction  to  these  belles  of  the 
parterre,  as  the  author  of  my  book,  when  one  morning 
in  June,  looking  over  the  first  bed  of  Roses  he  had  ever 
raised  Irom  seed,  he  saw,  growing  with  great  vigom*, 
the  Rose  afterwards  called  (perhaps  because  robust  as 
Brummell's"  fat  friend")  Rivers's  George  the  Fourth.  I 
had  but  1*2  trees  in  all,  butthey  were  of  the  best,  and  con- 
sequently (ponder  this,  0  nurserymen,  when  executing  a 
first  order  for  a  tyro)  I  have  now  1200.  Yes,  though  the 
sceptical  Irishman  did  say,  when  told  that  "  Virtue  was 
its  own  reward"  that  he  "considered  the  circumstance 
fortunate,  for  he  never  saw  it  get  any  other,"  yet  I 
shall  venture  to  repeat  the  adage  for  the  benefit  both  of 
buyer  and  seller.  As  an  individual  purchaser,  I  have 
no  complaint  to  urge ;  on  the  contrary,  1  have  uniformly 
received  the  most  liberal  treatment  from  the  dealers ; 
but  the  trade  is  now  in  so  many  hands,  in  consequence 
of  the  wide-spread  mania  for  Roses,  that  I  can  do  no 
harm  in  sharpening  the  teeih  of  the  good  old  saw, 
"  honesty  is  the  best  policy,"  Send  out  then,  I  say, 
the  best,  and  you  give  a  man  a  chance  of  being  a  florist 
and  a  customer.  Once  make  him  really  an  amateur, 
and  he  will  come  at  you  like  a  pike  at  abait,  if  not  over- 
"  gudgeoned,'^  Give  him  the  most  select,  and  he  will 
have  others  ;  for,  as  "every  man  in  his  time  swallows  a 
pec);  of  dirt,"  so  every  florist  in  his  time  buys  a  deal  of 
rubbish.  But  send  him  rubbish  at  first,  and  he  will 
never  be  a  florist ;  men  do  not  lay  in  wine  from 
samples  that  are  *'  corked  ;"  nor  do  we  look  for  much 
enthusiasm  on  the  subject  of  guano  from  those  who  may 
have  purchased  "  loam  "  in  lieu  of  the  genuine  Peruvian 
article  !  Rose  trees  themselves  give  a  lesson  on  this 
subject,  for  the  best  are  (with  few  exceptions)  the 
eiisiest  to  propagate.  Wliat  trees,  for  instance,  so  soon 
make  a  display  in  the  budding-ground  as  Gcant  des 
Batailles,  Dncliees  of  Sutherland,  and  Paul  Ricaut  I 
"  That  Paul  Ricltotts,"  said  a  quaint  old  gardener  to 
me  ;  *'  that  Paul  Ricketts  sets  to  work  at  top  of  a  briar, 
like  a  weasel  on  a  rabbit's  back;  sucks  up  the  sap  like 
a  horse-leech,  and  shows  a  flower  as  big  as  a  Preony 
afore  some  of  the  others  can  make  a  start  of  it."  But 
to  return  to  my  history;  I  finished  my  book  just  at 
that  hour — 

"  When  in  the  ciiniBon  cloud  of  even. 

The  ni>|,"Tiiin  liKlitdcciiys; 

And  llurpcr,  oil  thi'  ffnnt  of  ITeavcD, 

llf»  iillttiiilinf  «cm  (lisid/iyH." 
And  that  night  I  iiarl  an  extraordinary  dream.  "I 
drifanit,"  not  "that  1  dwelt  in  marble  halls;"  but 
tlmt  I  went  with  a  largo  party,  many  members 
of  whicdi  were  rtjauscitated  for  the  occaHion,  but 
appeared  qtiito  at  their  case,  to  sec  the  gardens 
of  M.  haJluy,  ncnr  Paris.  1  noticed  among  our 
company  ShaltHporo  in  a  coat  of  rich  crirnHim  velvet, 
converHiiig  with  tlio  (incen  of  iJenmark  (Hamlet's 
mother),  about  that  unpli-aHant  little  aduir  tii  the 
oi'cliard  ;  the  licantilul  UucIh-hs  of  Suthc^'land,  in  an 
elegant  roHC-coI(Hin;d  silk  (watered),  reprimanding  a 
pretty   ff:mmo    dc  chambrc   Jenny,   for    tallung    to    a 


Grenadier  in  brillimit  uniform  ;  froserpine  witii  her 
papa,  Jupiter,  and  her  mama,  Ceres  ;  Pius  IX. 
discussing  with  Lord  John  Russell  the  bill  about 
Ecclesiastical  Titles ;  Mrs.  Elliott  escorted  by  William 
the  Conqueror  ;  and  Miss  Glegg  by  Charlemagne. 
After  M.  Laftay  had  kissed  all  the  party  on  both  cheeks 
(to  the  considerable  disgust  of  the  Duchess),  we  were 
shown  over  the  groumis  by  a  gardener,  who  {Mr.  Rivers 
confidentially  informed  me)  was  the  celebrated  WilUam 
Jesse.  And  oh  !  what  brilliant  Roses  he  showed  us  ! 
Yellow,  scarlet,  sky-blue,  and  every  colour  known.  As 
to  size,  M.  LafFay  himself  assured  us,  that  his  childrea 
put  him  to  considerable  expense  by  playing  at  "  hide  and 
seek"  in  the  blooms.  Hereupon,  Mr.  Rivers,  boldly  but 
incautiously,affirnied  that  he  had  a  seedling  atSawbridge- 
worth,  wiih  flowers  at  least  3  yards  in  diameter,  and 
that  it  was  his  intention  to  call  it  Waterloo.  Immediately 
(as  I  dreamed)  there  arose  a  frightful  yell  of  Mort  aux 
Anglais  !  Soldiers  bearing  the  Standard  of  Marengo 
surrounded  those  peaceful  gardens  ;  and  just  as  a 
gigantic  officer,  a  regular  case  of  Grand  Capitaine,  was 
going  to  cut  me  down — I  awoke  ! 

"  In  tenor  I  woke,  crjing  '  This  is  no  j-ke  ! ' 

And  jumpM  dU'.  i»f  btd  like  kinp  Priam,  king  Priam! 
And  I  've  but  to  remai  k.  if  you  're  still  in  the  dark, 
You're  not  a  whit  worse  off  than  I  am,  than  I  am," 
,5'.  H.  ff. 


CHELTENnASi  HoETicDLTDBAL  SociETT  :  We  Icaro  that  the 
Rec'otid  txhibicinn  wli  tai^e  place  at  ihe  Royal  Old  Wells  on 
Tuesday  nex',  when,  owing  to  the  varied  anri  liberal  charac- 
ter of  the  schtriule  now  b'-tbre  us,  we  ma>  exppct  a  flatisfac- 
tory  display.     We  pball  not  fail  toi,'ive  S"me  ac<;ouot  of  it. 

New  Dahlias:  Beginner  The  few  enuintraied  at  p.  359,  were 
ti'O'e  i-xhibnefl  ihr.iughout  the  whole  ot  last  season;  they 
phoulf)  bo  planted  now, 

New  Roses:  a  B.  We  are  unable  to  assist  you.  laquh-e  of 
Bdtne  of  ihe  laiye  Roce  growers. 

Ef-CEIVED:  RuleH  of  the  Shacklewell,  Stoke  Newington,  and 
HHckney  Floriculural  Society;  meetings  ihe  second  Thurs- 
day in  each  nmnth,  at  8  o'clock.  Aiso  Ecbeduio  of  the 
Wycombe  Hi»rticul'U'al  Society's  Prizes  ;  ehow  days,  June  16 
and  Au:;ust'25.  The  Maidstone  HonicuHural  Society  ;  show 
days,  June  2+  and  Scpicmber  8.  And  the  Prize  Liat  of  the 
I^l8wich  Horiicui'ui'ul  Sucie'y  ;  show  day,  June  30,  on  which 
occasion  we  find  that  a  SiWer  Cup,  value  5i.,  is  offered  for  the 
best  citllectioii  of  24  varieties  ol  out  Ro^es.  Other  prizes, 
varjinp  (rom  5s.  to  50s.,  are  also  offered  by  the  same  Society 
fur  exhibi'ionp  <>f  tbis  flower. 

SCBEDOLEs:  ExkihiLor,  We  are  of  your  opinion  ;  it  is  unfair  for 
any  Suci.  ty  to  issue  its  prize  list  only  a  few  days  before  the 
exhibition  taket!  place.  Many  prizes  offered  under  such  cir- 
cumstances fail  t>  produce  couipetiiiuD,  Cau  euch  a  course 
be  less  th;iu  piejad'cial  ? 

The  National  Cabnation  and  Picotee  Societt  bo'ds  its 
annual  meeting  ibis  year  at  i^orwicb,  on  VVedneiday,  the28th 
oF  July 

Tdlip:  WW.  The  breeder  flowers  steadily  maintain  the  esti- 
maie  fotiU'  d  of  them  at  the  National  Socicy  last  year  ;  the 
pt-ial  of  ihe  broken  fii>wer  also  in  every  way  justifies  the 
opinions  that  were  then  expressed  of  it. 

SEEDLING    FLOWERS. 

CALCUOLAlirA  :  R  C.  Very  much  flattened  and  crushed,  but 
Bpporeiuly  nolbioK  remarkable.     Below  ibe  average  size. 

CiNaftABTAS:  M  ^V.  Quie  withered  up  when  received. — J  C 
Windov}.  We  regrtt  y"ur  loss,  as  the  colours  would  have 
have  proved  most  disirahle,  even  iC  other  properties  were 
wanting,— i2  C/iT.  1.  white  self;  2,  Heep  purple  tips  ;  3,  lilac 
tips  ;  4,  maroon  self  ;  5,  purple  self;  G,  crimsun-paiple  Gelf ; 
7,  blue  ti|S;  8,  crimson  tips;  9,  wiiite  sel' ;  10,  ditto;  11, 
blue  eetf ;  I'J,  purple  tips  ;  of  these,  3  is  by  far  the  best,  and 
may  prove  to  be  a  valuable  flower,  possessing  more  quality 
than  all  the  rest  combined;  Sis  attramive,  and  should  be 
tried  stg'in. — H  E  H.  Of  averane  size;  white  ground,  with 
dee|>i?h  lilac  rips;  uetals  not  broad  enough  to  form  even  a 
moOTate  outline. 

HiBisccjs:  -V.  Whitmore. — A  very  fine  variety;  flowers  large, 
ami  of  nood  substance  ;  colour,  bright  scarlet  crimson. 

Pansies  ;  T  Todd.  All  inferior  to  kinds  already  iu  cultivation. 
— J  i^.  The  ereamy  urouud  colour  will  possibly  bleach  wliite  ; 
at.  a  shuw  flowei-  it  will  lanlt  as  a  bold  back-row  variety. 
"What  dii  jO'i  intend  to  cull  i'  ?  Asa  rule  we  are  not  p;vrticu- 
Isrlj  foiidot  large  flowers— stilj,  size  has  its  rtcommeudations; 
these  remarks  appy  to  the  flower  ooiiced  last  week  as  being 
much  in  the  way  utMrs.  tlamlUoo. 


Miscellaneous. 

A  Rohm  in  D'lfficidiiea, — While  Mr.  Kewall,  granite- 
hewer  in  Dalbeattie,  was  lately  plying  his  vocation  at 
Craignair  Quarry,  his  attention  was  arrested  by  cries 
strongly  indicative  of  distress  proceeding  from  one  or 
other  of  the  feathered  denizens  of  the  wood.  On 
throwing  from  hira  his  tools  and  hurrying  to  the  spot 
whence  the  sounds  proceeded,  he  discovered  a  robin 
apparently  in  a  state  of  the  greatest  agitation,  whose 
movements  immediately  certified  him  of  the  true  cause 
of  the  alarm.  An  adder  20  inches  long,  and  one  inch 
in  circumference,  had  managed  to  drag  itself  up  the  face 
of  the  quarry,  and  was  at  that  moment  in  tho  very  act 
of  jjrotrudiiig  his  ugly  head  ovei'  the  eJge  of  a  nest  built 
amoiig  the  stumps  of  the  cut-down  hruahwood,  and  con- 
taining pour  mother  robin's  unfledged  offspring — her 
maternal  instinct  jH-omptiiig  her  to  tho  only  defence  of 
wiiich  she  wiis  capable.  She  was  engjiged  when  Mr. 
Newall  fir.st  got  his  eye  upon  her  in  alternately  coming 
down  the  one  moment  upon  the  Bjioliator,  darting  her 
healt  into  his  forehead,  and  anon  rising  on  the  other  to 
the  height  of  a  yard  or  so  above  the  scene  of  danger. 
It  was  tho  act  of  a  moment  for  Mr.  Newall  to  dislodge 
the  aggi'cHHnr.  But  in  doing  so  two  of  (he  little  birds 
were  thrown  out  of  their  nest,  where,  howover,  tliey 
were  flpeedily  and  carul'uUy  replaced.  While  Mr. 
Newall  waH  klUiug  the  adder,  tho  joy  of  the  parent  bird 
was  HO  excessive,  that  shu  actually  iicrched  on  tho  loft 
arm  of  her  benefactor,  and  watched  with  an  unmista!:e- 
alilo  and  intenso  delight  every  blow  infiicted  by  his 
right  on  her  moreilens  and  disapiiointed  enemy  ;  and 
when  that  ent-'iny  lay  dead,  nhe  alighted  upon  and  peclicd 
the  lileloHH  tiunk  with  ail  her  vigour  ;  ami  revenge  thus 
laken,  (■iiti-red  her  newt,  and  having  ascertained  that  all 
was  safe,  Bwiftly  repaired  to  a  UL-ighltouring  branch, 
and  pipedj  as  she  best  could,  what  was  no  doubt  meant 


3/6 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[June   12, 


for  a  song  of  gratitude.  When  at  work  since  Mr. 
Newall  hiis  beeu  evidently  reco^^uised  by  the  tiny  biped. 
Dumfries  Courier. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the    ensuing   week.) 


PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
"To  keep  down  insects  in  the  conservatory  and  plant 
houses  frequented  by  company  is  somewhat  difficult,  as 
fumigating  cannot  always  be  resorted  to.  On  this 
account  syringing  must  be  well  followed  up  on  the 
"permanent  plants.  Those  infested,  which  can  be 
removed,  should  be  taken  out  and  well  cleaned,  and 
weak  ammoniacal  water  will  destroy  the  green-fly,  and 
leave  but  faint  traces  of  its  use  in  the  houses  after- 
>  vrards.  Pay  every  attention  in  keeping  the  greatest 
neatness  and  order  in  plant  houses,  more  especially 
tliose  visited  by  the  family  or  company.  The  conser- 
vslory  borders  must  at  this  season  have  frequent 
waterings,  and  should  afterwards  be  neatly  raked  over. 
-Kemove  Chinese  Azaleas,  now  getting  past  their  best, 
'.as  theh'  flowers  fade,  to  make  room  for  Pelargoniums 
and  so>nie  of  the  raoi'e  liardy  stove  plants.  Keep  the 
climbing  plants  in  proper  form  by  frequent  looking 
over.  Shade  by  day  and  keep  down  the  temperature 
by  large  admissions  of  air,  allowing  a  good  portion  to 
remain  on  during  tlie  night.  As  before  directed,  pick 
off  the  blooms  fi'om  plants  directly  they  begin  to  fade  ; 
this  will  be  the  more  necessary  with  well-bloomed 
^eclraens,  or  they  will  take  a  considerable  time  to 
recover  their  lost  energies.  These  will  require  to  be 
Irept  some  time  in  a  cool  shady  situation,  to  induce  them 
to  break  strongly.  No  attempt  should  be  made  to  pot 
them,  even  if  they  require  it,  till  the  young  growth  has 
made  some  progress,  or  tlie  loss  of  many  delicate  plants 
will  be  the  result.  Continue  the  necessary  attentions 
to  Fuchsias  and  other  soft-wooded  plants,  which  will 
■be  required  next  month  in  bloom  for  tlie  conservatory 
■iScc.  Stake  neatly  Japan  Lilies  and  other  plants  growing 
for  the  same  purpose  ;  as  these  latter  are  nearly  hardy, 
.    fh.Q  lights  need  only  be  kept  over  them  during  heavy  rains. 

^J'ORCINQ  DEPAaTMENT. 
"Do  not  neglect  the  Vines  in  the  early  house,  because 
ihe  crop  is  cut  ;  frequently  syringe  them,  to  destroy  any 
rtd  spider,  established  since  the  ripeniuff  of  the  crop  ; 
'they  may  be  easily  eradicated  now ;  both  inside  and 
outside  borders  will  require  water  occasionally  (see 
Caiendai',p.  312).  Admit  air  freely  atalltimes;  the  object 
should  be,  by  careful  inaua^jemeut,  to  preserve  the 
foliage  in  a  healthy  state  for  the  next  two  or  more  months, 

-  that  a  supply  of  properly  elaborated  sap  may  be  stored 
'    aj!i  for  next  season's  supply.     In  thiiming  the  later  crops 

of  Grapes  well  tie  out  the  bunches,  and  leave  the  berries 
thinner  than  fm*  the  early  ones ;  the  Grapes  will  keep 
all  the  better  from  not  being  too  thickly  set  in  the 
bunch.  Muscats  and  St.  Peter's  will  require  constant 
fiji'es  to  set  their  fruit  freely  ;  the  px'csent  is  a  favourable 

■  season  for  furnishing  new  Vineries,  &c.j  with  plants;  the 
roots  of  the  Vine  being  now  in  an  active  state,  an 
•  isn.mediate  start  may  be  expected.  Plant  only  those 
Knds  iu  tlie  same  house  which  require  similar  treat- 
ment, and  ripen  about  the  same  time.  If  a  succession 
of  fruit  is  desirable  better  appropriate  different  houses 
-for  the  purpose  (even  if  smaller),  than  plant  two  such 
^Vines  as  Hamburgh  and  the  Muscat  in  tlie  same  house. 
''The  fire-heat  required  to  ripen  the  Muscats  would  prove 
V  injurious  to  the  Haniburghs,  independent  of  the  extra 
•■cost.  PiNKRY. —  Withhold  water  to-fruit,directlyacliange 
of  colour  is  discei'nible.  If  the  fruit  is  growing  in 
pots  lift  them  on  the  surface  of  the  bed,  which  will 
-help  to  improve  both  colour  and  flavour.     Contiime  to 

■water  and    syringe    occasionally    those    yet   swelling. 

:  Fires  will  be  required,  to  allow  for  extra  ventilation, 
wkicli,  at  this  period  of  the  crop's   ripening,  is  more 

•'    than  ever  necessary.     Do  not  allow  the  bottom-heat  to 

•  decline  much.  That  portion  of  the  fruiting  stock  which 
did  not  show  fruit  in  February  will  now  be  most  likely 
to  show;  these  should  be  taken  care  of,  as  they  will 
■bring  heavy  fruit  in  October.  To  assist  them,  remove 
the  suckers  and  gills,  and  keep  them  regularly  supplied 
with  weak  manure  water,  and  frequently  damped  with 
'the  syringe.  Allow  plenty  of  air  to  the  successions  ;  a 
little  water  may  be  given  those  first  potted  ;  keep  the 
bottom-heat  at  a  uniform  point,  somewhere  between 
■ -SC**  and  90",     Peach-house. — Give  all  the  air  possible 

-  to  the  ripe  fruit  ;  shade  where  it  is  desirable  to  prolong 
■  the  season.     Bring  on  the  second  house  by  an  increased 

temperature,  kept  damp   by  the  frequent   use   of  the 
"  engine,  and  sprinkling  the  floors,  &c.  ;  at  closing  time 
-give  the  inside  border  a  good  soaking  of  weak  manure- 
water.     Turn  out  Cherries,  in  pots,  removed  from  the 
^Jiouses,   into  an  open  quarter    of  the  garden,   placing 
■seme  turfy  loam  round  the  balls  ;  this  will  invigorate 
them  much  better  than  keeping   them    in   pots  tlirough 
the  summer  ;  they  will  take  up  wiih  good   balls  in  the 

-  aatumn  for  repotting.      Commence  as  soon  as  possible 
;  pcggmg-down  runners  of  Strawberries  for  next  season's 

-  siook  cf  forcing  plants. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

"The  present  rains  will  greatly  assist  the  recently 
'tia-ned  out  plants  into  growth,  and  when  the  plants 
are  properly  staked  and  pegged  down,  the  beds  sliould 
■be  neatly  finished  off.  Avoid  by  all  means,  when  the 
ground  is  wet,  treading  on  the  beds,  which  would 
render  them  too  close  for  delicate  plants  to  root  iu  ;  in 
^boi-t,  -boards  or  other  contrivances  should  at  all  times  ' 


be  used  when  the  beds  are  being  dressed,  to  prevent 
them  from  being  trampled  on  by  workmen,  if  they  are 
too  large  to  be  managed  without.  Stakes  of  the  proper 
height  will  have  been  placed  against  each  plant  requiring 
support  at  the  time  of  planting,  to  secure  them  as  tliey 
advance  ;  take  advantage  of  showery  weather  to  cut  Box 
edgings.  Thrift  and  other  substitutes  for  Box  should 
hi  regulated  when  tliey  go  out  of  bloora  ;  frequently 
examine  Koses,  to  stop  the  ravages  of  the, "maggot;" 
where  they  are  wanted  to  bloom  in  August  some  of  the 
Perpetuals  and  hybrid  Roses  should  now  have  their 
buds  removed,  and  the  shoots  slightly  tliinned  and 
shortened  back.  Phloxes,  Delphiniums,  and  some  other 
herbaceous  plants,  will  frequently  throw  up  too  many 
shoots  ;  when  tying  them  up,  thin  out  sufficient,  to 
prevent  them  having  an  overcrowded  appearance,  and 
where  the  roots  are  very  large,  three  stakes  should  be 
placed  instead  of  one,  for  the  same  purpose  ;  the  heads 
of  bloom  will  be  finer,  and  show  to  more  advantage, 
than  when  crowded  together  round  one  support. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Tulips. — We  do  not  imagine  that  the  late  heavy 
drenching  rains  will  be  of  much  good  to  Tulip  bulbs  — 
we  much  fear  that  they  will  get  (it  we  may  so  express 
it)  overgorged  with  moisture.  From  memoranda  and 
observation,  during  a  series  of  years,  we  have  found  that 
after  excessive  wet,  either  iu  spring  or  immediately 
succeeding  the  blooming  season,  the  next  year  we  have 
been  deficient  in  perfectly  feathered  flowers.  We  are 
again  experimenting  by  having  one  bed  exposed  to  all 
weathei's,  whilst  the  otiierhas  had  no  moisture  for  three 
months,  neither  will  it  till  the  bulbs  are  safely  harvested, 
and  stowed  away  in  their  proper  places  in  the  cabinet. 
Carnations  and  Picotees. — These  must  be  carefully 
watched  as  the  flower-stems  elongate,  taking  cai*e  that 
the  ligatures  are  eased  if  they  bind  too  hard  on  the  stalk, 
and  tying  others  up  that  may  require  it.  Pinks  and 
Ranunculuses  will  also  require  constant  attention. 
Aphis,  or  green-fly,  is  often  a  serious  pest  to  the  former. 
These  must  be  brushed  away  with  a  camel-hair  brush. 
Dahlias  of  course  are  all  planted  out,  or  should  be. 
Stake  immediately,  and  the  sooner  they  are  attached 
thereto  the  better. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
We  must  again  repeat  our  previous  directions  respect- 
ing following  up  the  blight,  which  really  appears  this 
year  more  numerous  than  we  ever  remember.  Besides 
the  havoc  the  fly  is  making  with  wall-fruit  trees,  we 
have  seen  some  orchards  infested  with  the  maggot  to  an 
extent  sufficient  to  desti'oy  the  whole  crop  and  leaves 
together.  The  only  remedy  is  to  make  fires  of  any 
rubbish  at  hand,  to  the  windward  of  the  trees,  and  keep 
up  as  constant  a  body  of  smoke  as  your  means  permit 
through  the  trees. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Take  advantage  of  the  present  showery  weather  to 
finish  the  planting  of  such  crops  as  yet  remains  to  be 
done.  Prick  out  from  the  seed  beds  the  young  plants 
of  Broccolies,  Kiiles,  Cauliflowers,  &.C.,  to  get  stocky  by 
the  time  they  are  wanted.  Make  a  sowing  of  Endive, 
both  curled  and  the  Batavian  ;  these  useful  vegetables 
ought  to  be  grown  in  every  one's  garden,  for  cooking 
purposes  ;  thin  out,  when  the  ground  becomes  suffi- 
ciently dry.  Carrots,  Parsnips,  Beets,  Onions,  &c., 
allowing  them  to  attain  their  full  growth,  with  the 
exception  of  any  requiring  to  be  drawn  as  wanted. 
Autumn  Onions  planted  for  early  use,  showing  flower- 
buds,  should  be  topped,  to  make  them  bulb.  Take  every 
opportunity  of  destroying  slugs,  &c.,  by  dusting  the 
vegetable  quarters  with  quicklime  on  damp  mornings, 
and,  in  addition,  lay  down  heaps  of  spare  vegetables  as 
traps  for  them. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

Forthe  week  euding  June  10,  1852.  at  observed  at  the  QorticiUtur&l  Garilena, 
ChianiclE. 


Friday.. 

4 

Satur.  .. 

h 

Sunday . 

fi 

Mouday 

Tuea.   .. 

K 

Wed.    .. 

9 

Tbura... 

IU 

•> 

TBMPBaATDBI. 

or  the  Air 

01  the  Earth. 

1  foot'2  leet 
deep.  1  deep. 

Max. 

MiD. 

Uax. 

Mln. 

Mean 

29.901 

297'6 

56.i 

6S 

52 

17    29.970 

29.8,-3 

69 

51 

lil.S 

55 

13    29.839 

29.678 

71 

62 

fil.5 

56 

19    39  579 

29.F.39 

62 

hi 

56.5 

57 

20,   29.617 

29.5SI) 

fi9 

51 

60.0 

57 

((1   29..^7» 

129,518 

61 

51 

ftei) 

57 

22 

2D.348 

29.539 

69 

«     so- 

5/ 

29.717 

29.634 

PS  .8 

49.1 

57  5 

56  0 

52.S 

2  60 


4— Overcast ;  vry  floe ;  clfar  at  nif(ht. 
6— Vfrry  flue;  cloudy  ;  oTercast;  ralo. 
6— Khiu;    pariially  overcBRr;   sunshine  at  intervals;  hazy  round 

the  lior'izaQ  ;  clear  Hbova 
7— Raip,  aliiioHt  coiisuTit  ihrou;;hout;  clear  «t  niRht. 
8— Fiue;  allnht  haze;  heavy  cIuuiIb;  low  fojc  io  the  evenioK;  rain. 
9  -Contiiant  hetvv  raiu  during  the  day  and  night— uearly  an  inch 
bndabalf  fell. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  li  deg.  below  the  aver  nga. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
DuriDg  the  laat  26  years,  for  the  eDBUioK  week,  endins  Juue  19,  1Sj2. 


u 

No.  of 
leara  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Prevail  in 

S  WiDi]fl. 

June 

6-g.a 
55^ 

SB 

Oreateat 
Quantity 
ol  Bam. 

5   3'  1 

.9. 

Sunday 

73.2 

49.4 

61.3 

IL 

036  in. 

r> 

Kan 

73.7 

49.8 

10 

0.21 

4    8    5 

1 

Tuea. 

73.;i 

50.2 

61. 4 

U 

0.38 

14    4    2 

4    5    2 

4 

reed. 

72.3 

COS 

10 

0.17 

2    3    4    1 

6    h    3 

Tburs. 

7S.1 

60.0 

617 

14 

(i.SO 

1    4    2- 

5    7    3 

4 

Friday 

IH 

73.2 

51.1 

6'.!.  I 

14 

0.25 

2    2    2    2 

3    5    8 

'2 

19 

71.3 

49.9 

60.6 

12 

0  37 

13    12 

1    2  10    6 

The  hijheBt   tpoiperatnre  durinji  thtt  nbove  per'od  occurred 
^81G- therm.  93  deg. ;  and  the  lowt-st  on  the  15th,  1850-therm.: 


on  the  ] 
iO  deg. 


Notices  to   Correspondents. 

AosTaiLiA  :  A  Reader.  You  have  a  fijrtune!  Go  to  Port 
Philip,  aad  in  ih.A  tirst  instance  en^^age  jourself  witb  soin'j 
experienced  settler,  who  ivill  bo  too  happy  to  payyouwel'. 
Spend  iiothi'ig  whatever  aQiil  yoii  have  become  used  t-j  the 
country,  aud  can  juJi^e  for  yourself.  With  prudence  and 
iudQ3ti*y  you  are  quite  safe. 

Bine  Asues:  HP.  Tb°se  are  barnt  boneg. 

Bugs:  R  \V.  Scrape  off  and  ^iiini  on  the  spot  all  loOBe  pap^r. 
hanjjiog  or  simil;ir  substances  that  can  harbour  them.  Mix 
corrosive  sublimate  with  soft  soap,  and  till  with  the  compn. 
Bition  every  crevice.  Add  corroaive  sublimate  to  plaster  of 
Paris,  and  (ill  every  chink  in  the  ceilings  and  similar  places. 
Take  the  b^dBteads  to  pieces,  and  put  the  soap  composi'ion 
thickly  into  the  juints  and  holes.  Fill  all  holes  in  furnitufe 
wiLh  the  same  substance,  and  jou  will  destroy  every  one  of 
these  pests  for  ever. 

CoNCftETED  Vine  Bordeks  :  J  Ahell.  la  reply  to  yoar  question, 
Mr.  Spencer  says,  "that  if  the  pipes  in  your  Vina  border 
havu  been  plu^giid  to  make  them  water-tiijht,  u  stick  thrust 
down  them  will  show  how  fir  water  is  necessary.  In  tbU 
respect  someihing  will  depend  on  whether  the  Vines  hive 
been  forced  or  not;  if  they  have,  and  ihe  fruit  ia  bwelliajr, 
water  may  safely  be  ijiven,  particularly  to  a  border  eituated 
and  drained  as  you  describe.  The  time  when  Vines  require 
the  most  water  is  from  when  they  are  out  of  bloom  till  the 
wood  approHohes  ripeninjj.  During  this  period  of  their  active 
growth,  on  well-drained  and  porous  borders.  Vines  may 
have  liberal  quantities  of  water,  without  dani^er,  but  cautiou 
sbould  be  used  at  other  times  in  giving  only  little  ;  and  when 
the  borders  are  flat  (which  is  the  case  with  my  owo).  nune 
is  required,  with  a  concreted  surface  over  them.  Perhaps 
trial  holes  might  assist  you,  male  8  or  10  inches  f-quare  (tvjo 
or  three  for  each  border  will  serve);  insert  in  each  a  wooden, 
frame,  4  inches  deep,  with  a  cup  to  6t,  and  keep  the^u  water- 
tight. Through  these  theborder  can  at  all  times  no  examined.* 

CoEEANT  Leaves:  J  C  S.  They  are  attacked  by  swarms  of 
aphides  (n;rt;eii-Hy).  Dust  the  brauchea  well  with  ground 
tobicco  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  immediately  after  having 
Byrlaged  the  b  anches,  and  continue  the  dose  till  the  bushes 
are  clear.  Some  patience  is  necessary.  You  may  do  it  more 
quickly  by  fumigating  with  tobacco,  if  you  can  cover  your 
buHhes  with  canvas,  so  as  to  prevent  the  eacape  of  the  smoke. 
Gaiitua  dependens  may  be  treated  like  a  Fucbaiaj  but  it  is 
more  impatient  of  frost. 

Diseased  Vines  :  A  oery  Old  Svbscriher.  The  leaves  are  in  a 
state  of  '■  hypertrophy. "  That  is  to  say,  the  atmosphere  iu 
which  they  have  been  growu  has  been  so  warm  and  damp, 
or  else  the  soil  has  been  so  rich,  that  the  whole  surface  of  the 
leaves  on  the  underside  is  broken  up  into  cellular  pimples. 
The  disease  comes,  in  fact,  of  good  living :  it  is  probably 
of  no  consequtnce, 

Frdit  Trees  on  Sandstone  Walls  :  EW.  You  do  not  state 
what  kind  of  inseota  infests  your  trees.  Tf  they  are  aphides, 
tbev  may  be  destroyed  by  dusting  the  leaves  and  branches 
with  finely  powdered  tobacco,  while  they  are  sufficiently  wet 
to  make  it  adhere  to  them  ;  but  if  they  consist  of  other  pests 
in  the  crevices  and  holes  of  the  stone,  then  the  latter  must 
be  stopped  with  some  material  that  will  prevent  their  ingress 
or  egress  % 

Gardenebs'  Benevolent  Institution:  B  D.  Apply  to  the 
Secretarv,  97,  Farringdon-street,  London. 

Glass:  JR.  No  kind  of  white  glass  will  do  for  propagation 
without  shading.  The  description  you  give  of  what  your 
glazier  calls  Hartley's  patent  rough  plate  does  not  at  all 
apply  to  tbe  real  article.  Shade  can  only  be  obtained  by 
opaque  materials.  You  might  indeed  use  violet  glass,  but  ic 
is  very  expensive,  and  we  cannot  recommend  it. 

Greenhodses  :  R  O  T.  Magnolia  graudiflora  will  live  with  you 
a»  a  standard,  if  you  can  screen  it  from  wind.  We,  too,  say 
a  conical  boiler.  Can  you  not  run  some  pipes  from  it  into 
your  proposed  pli  ?  You  might  easily  sop  off  either  arm  of 
tbe  pipes  it  you  wished  to  do  so.  It  not,  heat  your  pit  with 
a  common  brick  flue,  unless  you  are  indifferent  to  expense, 
in  whicn  case  have  a  small  hocwater  apparatus  on  purpose. 
Your  gardener  ia  right  about  the  dung.  For  annual  climbers, 
take  Lophospermum.  the  Maurandyas,  Trop»olum  canarieuaa 
aud  Lobbianum,  Coboea  scandens,  Ipomoei  Qunmoclit, 
coccinea,  die.  For  perennials,  take  Keanedyas,  Roses, 
MandevtUa,  Rhjnchospermum,  Jasminum  Sambac,  Clematis 
azurea  aud  biebuldiaua,  <l(u. 

LucoLiA  QEATissiMA.  Angus.  It  is  a  greenhousc  plant.  % 

Mice  :  Sub.  Try  some  of  tne  rat  poisons  ;  as,  for  example,  the 
paste  mentioned  at  p.  313.  What  will  destroy  rats  will  kill 
mice.  X 

Names  of  Plants:  A  Constant  Reader.  1,  Edwardsla  chryao- 
phylla;  2,  Burchellia  capeosis ;  4,  Ardisia  lendginosa;  5, 
Xylophylla  angustifolia ;  6,  Ubaphis  flabelliformia ;  7, 
Dracaena  ferrea ;  8.  Dii:horizflndra  thyrsitiora ;  9,  Ruscua 
androgynus;  10,  Cisiua  purpureus  ;  II,  Pomegranate; 
13,  a  common  Myrtle  ;  14,  Edwardsia  microphylla.  Is  it  not 
rather  too  bad  that  a  gardener  should  not  know  the  names 
of  such  things  as  these  ?  Suppose  a  farm  bailiff  did  not 
know  a  pigeon,  or  a  oat,  or  a  pig,  or  a  horse,  and  was  obliged 
to  send  to  us  tor  assibtance,  what  would  be  thought  ot  him  i" 
— jCiss.  Dorouicum  Pardalianches.— i^  f.  If  you  will  do  us 
the  favour  to  refer  to  the  replies  on  May  29.  your  ladyship  will 
see  that  the  plant  was  then  named  Hydnum  auriscalpium. 
It  is  a  fungus. —^71011,  t*i(ft  (luocorfcs,  An  Omithogalum,  and 
apparently  umbellatum. — O  PlumUy.  Ononis  roiundtfolia.— 
Rev.  S  S  Y.  Polygaluspeciosft,  a  Cape  plant. —L  1,  Veronica 
officinalis,  starved;  2,  V.  serpyllifolia ;  8,  Mespilus  graudi- 
flora.—G  IK  B.  All  the  three  names  are  conect. 

Peaches:  Old  Subscriber.  A  volume  is  required  to  tell  you  all 
you  desire  to  know.  Such  a  volume,  and  a  very  cheap  one, 
is  Errington  on  "  the  Peach,"  which  we  recommend  to  jon. 
He  gives  excellent  advice.  Tobacco  in  the  form  of  coarse  snuff 
liUe  powder,  or  used  with  a  fumigator,  ia  a  ceitam  remeoy 
for  green.fly.  Yon  cannot/orce  on  a  fresh  growth  of  shoots  ; 
they  will  come  naturally  with  patience.  As  to  ripening  the 
wood,  your  climate  may  render  that  impossible  without  glasp. 
In  that  case  place  glass  sashes  over  your  trees  iu  September, 
and  keep  them  and  ihe  soil  round  them  aa  dry  as  you  can. 

Rates:  J  W  Warner.  We  cannot  give  legal  advice. 

Roses  :  Anon.  There  are  now  so  many  good  Roses  suitable  fir 
greenhouse  culture  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  are  the 
be>t.  The  following  will  afford  variety  and  couiinuance  cf 
bloom.  Tea :  Vicomtesse  Decazes,  Devoniensls,  Niphetos, 
Souvenir  d'ua  ami,  Goubault;  and  China  Henry  the 
Fifth  ;  this  latter  for  variety  of  colour.  Macartney  Maria 
Leonidas  may  perhaps  be  the  most  evergreeu  Rose,  but  it  n 
not  the  freest  to  flower.  Gloire  de  Rosamene  is  one  of  the 
most  bhowy  crimeona  for  a  wall,  and  it  retaius  its  leaf  a  long 
time.  Bourbon  Pierre  de  St.  Cyr,  rose  colour,  would  be  very 
suitable,  t  •     j  i.  c  -» 

Truffles:  Bam.  Your^Truffle  was  at  once  recognised,  before 
the  seal  was  broken,  by  its  abominable  odour  (resembling 
that  oi  Asafaslida),  as  Mdanogaster amhiguus.  U  occurs  occa- 
fiionally  in  the  Truffle  layers  which  produce  Tuber  oiitivam, 
but  it  is  a  much  earlier  bpecies  ;  and  when  that  la  in  perfec- 
tion only  a  few  effete  or  corrupted  epeciiuens  remain, 
Melanogaster  varUgatus,  which  it  closely  rehenibles,  but  which 
has  a  very  different  odour,  and  far  smaller  apurea,  is  often 
sold  in  the  market  at  Bath  under  the  name  ot  Red  Truflie. 

Vines  :    J  E    There  is  no  mildew  on  them  at  present  that 

we  can   discover.     If  it  should,  however,   appear,  sulphur 

instantly,  }  __„^ 

%*  As  ueual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 

Jate,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 

inquiries  can  be  made. 


24— 1&52.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


377 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 

v^  It  being  notorioua  that  exieusive  aduUeialiouu  uf  this 
MANURE  are  etill  carried  oD, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.   AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Guvernment  and 

to  the  I'ublic  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

bay  to  be  caremlly  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  aecarity.  and,  in  addition  toparricular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBi  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  'price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  tonj  less  "2^-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  mu<it  therefore 
either  le>4Te  a  losn  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

'THE  LONDON    MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-L  folLOfftug  Manures  on  the  beat  terms,  warrautiug  every 
article  strictly  genuine  :  — Peruvian  Guano,  Superpboaphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrite  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P-jat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Ooruwill,  also  a  cousiant  supply  of 
Salt  for  ai^ricuUural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genume  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibtja  a. id  Sons,  at  91. 10s.  per  ton,  ort'orS  tons  and  upwards, 
9l.5s.ia  Dock.  Edwah.d  PoaseB,  Sec, 

40,  New  Uridee-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


MANUREd, — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Depttord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Uanure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

SuparphoMphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolitea  5     0     0 

Ulfice,  69,  King  IViUiam-street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  eo  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  dl.  105.  per  coo ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  5s.  per 
con,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  iu  qualicy,  but  in  uUtjerior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  VI.,  Part  2.  It  is  aho 
suitable  for  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill ;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mabe 
FoiHBBQiLL,  204,  Upper  Thamus-street,  London. 


M'CORMiCK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London.— Extract  irom  Mr.  Pu8ty'e  Keport  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Iniplem-ut  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  "Mr. 
MM?ormick's  Reaper,  in  this  tiial,  worked  as  it  has  Bince 
woiktd  at  Cireiicesier  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
rion  of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr,  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clog^'^'^.  ss  in  tlu" 
former  trial  at  T'ptree,  and  iheretore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  25^ 


T   IQUID    MANURE    conveyed    over 
-■-^  Land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

HiDEADLic  Enolneeb,  70,  Steand,  London. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC     RAM. 

VTeLLS  SDNK  and   BoflING   DONE   IH   ALL  PABTS 

CF  Town  or  Codntkt, 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  uf  Towu  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAll- 
COAL,  im^jregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE,  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  tffices  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
.Bold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Scanley-bridge, 
Fulbam,  Middlesex,  at  GOs.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt.,  2^.  Qd.  per 
half  cwt. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottaees,  Manure  Tanlis,  and  Shal- 
low Wells.  £  3-    «• 

PiitontPurap 11^     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bi>lts  and  nuis  ready  for 

fixinff    ,..2    8     0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May  be    obtained    ot    any    Iron- 
monger or  Plumber   in    Town    or 
Country,   or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER  X   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jasvin-sireet,  London. 
Every  description    of    Machinery 
for  Raising  and  Forcinit  Water  either  by  Steam,  Horse, 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Engmes.  &c. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


FOSSIL  BONES   AND  PSEUDOCOPROLITES. 

(FBOU   THE   SDFFuLK   CBaO.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Miichinery  for  the  pur^joseof  reduc- 
ing these  PQosphaCic  Nodules  to  a  tine  Powder,  and  beiut;  in 
the  immediate  I  cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  chem  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  any 
?ia3atity,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dissolved  iu  Acid.  They 
orm  the  cheapest  source  of  Phosphate  of  Lime  in  the  market, 
And  are  peculiarly  eligible  for  mauufacturiog  Superphosphate 
•of  Lime  in  conjunction  with  Bone. 

■Prices  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  application  to  Edward  Paceasd  and  Co.^  Artificial 
Hanore  Manufacturers,  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 

TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  13  now  for  Sale, 
at  2£.  5i,  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
-doced,  with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growih  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  teeti- 
mooials  from  the  piautera.  The  powerful  ferti'Uing  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  lon^  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
aoless  th»n  26,0(10  tons  have  already  be^n  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  u^e,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
{lortable  and  diffa^ible  aa  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
CAQ  be  *old  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
rocommendation.  A  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agent*.  For  c  Mpies  of  thd  testimonials  uf  its  uiiliiy  iu  this  coun- 
try, also  fur  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane, 
London. 

Messra.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SDPERPHOSPH ATE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phospba'Oof  Lime,  and  capable  of  I'urnishio); 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Anulysis  " 
iimadebj  Profeaaor  J.  Thou^s  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
Che  Royal  Agricultural  Suciery.  The  price,  in  Loridim,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 

SCOTLAND.  "" 

fyO    AGRICULTURISTS.— The    Subscribers    have 

■*-  always  ..n  Ba  e,  and  which  can  bo  delivered  at  any 
rallffAj  sration  tn  Scotland, 

BONE  Manure  and  bone  charcoal. 

RijDiNflOM  atid  NiVEM, 
Weit  Burn  Mills,  May  29,  1852.  Drysalters,  Greenock. 

Meiirn.  R.  and  N    requMt  the  attention  of  Afjrlculturista  to 
tb«  uaderuo  ed  Chemical  Awaltbis  ot  their  Bono  Charcoal,  I 
which  containv  tho  'ollowiaK  f*:r.lll8iti^  loffredients  : 
**  Fhoipba'es  of  Lime  and  Magnesia         ,,.  ,.         ...     83,5 

Carh  'oate  -^f  Lime .*       4.7 

Cftrb->Da'a  of  M>i;{nesla       0.0 

Charcoal  6.7 

Alkaline  sulphates  and  chlorides  l.Q 

Water 2  0 

SUlclous  and  clayey  matter,  and  oxide  of  Iron  ...      i.O 

100.0 
*'  It  will  be  ohserred,  from  the  foreRoIng  Analynii,  that  this 
Mlbstance  Ls  partlrulurly  rich  in  phosphate*  of  llrno  and 
magoetia,  contaiolnff  83i  per  cent,  of  these  In/rodlentA  ;  on 
this  account  it  It  dmlrably  adapted  for  unn  as  mnnurn,  for 
the««  pbo*pbateii  rank  amont^^t  tlie  rno<t  iiowerfui  of  f'^riillnlnif 
•fffloti.  (Signed)  FaEDREfCK  Pkmkkt,  Profnuiior  cf  i'tieml«try, 
Andersontan  (Jnlvemliy,  fJla^gow," 


HIGHLAND  AND  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY 
OF  SCOTLAND. 
PERTH  SHOW— 3d.  4Tn,  5th,  and  6th  of  Acgdst. 
Stock  and  Implements  mu-t  be  entered  with  the  Secretary 
not  later  than  the  :'5th  inst.     Certihcatcs  wid  be  furnished  on 
application.  John  Hall  Maxwell,  Secretary. 

6,  Albyu-place,  Edinburgh,  June  12. 

ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    ENGLAND. 
q^HE    ROYAL   AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY  OF 

■i-  ENGLAND  desires  to  receive  Tenders  from  lunUeepers 
or  others  to  contract  for  the  eujplyof  a  Co'd  Dinner,  at  Lewes, 
on  Wednesd  iy,  the  Hth  of  July  next,  in  the  Suciety's  Pavilion, 
con3'ructed  to  accommodate  1000  persons. 

Priuied  Forma  of  ftn'er  noav  be  obtained  on  application  to 
the  Secretary,  at  the  Office  of  the  Society,  No.  12,  Hanover- 
square,  Loudon,  and  must  be  returned  to  him  filled  up  on  or 
befoie  Tuesday,  the  15th  inst.,  the  Socety  not  binding  itself  to 
lake  the  lowest  Tender.         By  order  of  the  Council, 

London,  June  12.  James  Hudson,  Secretary. 


i^fte  ^sitcultttral  @a>ette. 

SATUHDAY,  JUNE  12,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOE  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WedhisiijIT,    Juqc    16  -  Aicricultural  Sociery  of  Eui{land. 


TauRfliiAK, 

TuUliSDAI, 


17— AirricuUural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 
23~Ai[ric;uiturai  Society  of  Eueland. 
£-1  -A.<ncaltural  Imp.  Soc.  ot  Irelaod, 


IRON  HURDLES,  FENCING,  ETC. 
OTEI'IIENSO.V  A.Ni,  I'KILL,  (Jl,  fJracccliurch-strcet, 
*^  Lofi'Ion,  •n'1  17,  ^rvt  i'/irk-pnrnot,  Houttiwiirk,  b«(f  to 
Inform  Ihcir  frii^ricli  nii'l  th«  pubHn  jfnor'illy  thny  nro  now 
mftQuraAtnrloK  Tron  (Iur'll«ii,  at  tho  followlntf  low  prico*  ;— For 
■tiMP.  ft  ft.  lonfc  3  It.  hUh,  &  burn.  »f.  'iil.  onch  ;  aoU  for  cattlo, 
<  ft,  looZf  '  '<•  3  I",  hlnh,  D  bar»,  Zt.  M.  each. 


Our  columns  to-day  bear  ample  witness  to  the 
efforts  agriculturists  are  making  to  illustrate  and 
improve  their  profession.  Mr.  Trimmeh's  lecture 
on  Geology  to  the  members  of  the  English  Agri- 
cultural Society — a  very  valuable  contribution  to 
the  theory  and  practice  of  the  art— and  the  Agri- 
cultural Shows  also  reported  to  us — the  collected 
results  of  skilful  practice,  when  guided  by  soupd 
theory — all  show  that  the  agricultural  world  is 
thoroughly  awake,  and  not  in  the  least  benumbed 
or  enfeebled  by  its  unprotected  condition.  From 
Dresden  we  have  the  account  of  an  agricultural 
meeting — more  a  social  fete  than  a  professional 
demonstration,  as  such  things  are  with  us  ;  and  in 
Taunton,  during  the  past  week,  there  has  been  the 
first  meeting  of  an  important  provincial  agricultural 
association,  which  has  exceeded,  both  in  the  extent 
and  in  the  merits  of  its  display,  the  early  meet- 
inijs  of  even  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England.  The  report  of  this  meeting,  published  iu 
another  column,  short  as  it  may  be,  is  instructive 
on  more  than  one  point ;  it  proves  the  energy  and 
vigour  of  the  "agricultural  interest"  in  spite  of 
the  political  adversities  under  which  it  is  said  to 
languish ;  it  shows  that  the  withdrawal  of  legis- 
lative partiality  in  favour  of  our  profession  has  not 
in  the  least  tended  to  check  individual  effort  or 
slacken  local  energies  on  its  behalf;  and  it  proves 
also,  we  must  add,  how  great  a  power  for  good 
resides  in  resolute,  pains-taking,  and  intelligent 
minds ;  for  Mr,  Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  and  the 
gentlemen  whom  he  has  .succeeded  in  indoctrinating 
with  his  own  feeling  on  the  subject,  mav  well 
congratulate  themselves  on  the  success  of  this  the 
first  nieetirii;  of  their  West  of  England  Agricultural 
.Society.  It  has  taken  place  amid  the  rain  and 
storms  of  tho  most  unpropitious  weather  we  h.ave 
bad  lor  many  months ;  but  it  has  succeeded,  not- 
withstamling,  in  all  tiie  aims  and  objects  to  which 
such  meetings   are  competent ;  it  hits  thrown   the  ' 


agricultural  and  other  industrial  classes  together 
more  closely  than  they  ordinarily  come  ;  it  has 
drawn  large  numbers  of  agriculturists  from  distant 
localities,  to  discuss  varying  practices  and  communi- 
cate varying  experience  ;  it  has  brought  landlords 
and  their  tenantry  together  for  the  promotion  of  a 
common  object ;  and  it  has  collected  large  numbers 
of  the  best  agricultural  machines  and  the  best 
agricultural  results,  for  the  instruction  of  all. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  in  his  recent 
address,  declares  that  "  nothing  contributes  more  to 
the  enduring  prosperity  of  a  country  than  the 
natural  deposit  of  its  surplus  capital  in  the  improve- 
ment of  its  soil."  We  are  glad  to  find  this  great 
truth  thus  acknowledged  ;  but  if  this  be  a  proof  of 
prosperity,  we  fear  it  must  be  looked  for  in  vain  in 
this  country.  Surplus  capital  is  not  in  the  possession 
of  many;  but  among  the  few  who  have  it,  who  thinks 
of  investing  it  on  land  ]  We  agree  with  Mr. 
Disraeli  in  his  opinion,  we  only  ask  him  to  act 
upon  it.  Let  him  boldly  apply  himself  to  give  the 
land  that  facility  of  transfer  which  it  should  have, 
but  which  by  the  present  practice  of  conveyancing  it 
has  not.  We  have  already  shown  how  this  may 
be  effected  (see  the  Numbers  for  April  24  and 
May  15),  and  we  shall  proceed  with  our  inquiries. 
So  far  we  are  not  aware  that  our  propositions  are 
disputed.  "  Justice  to  the  land,"  says  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer  ;  and  we  willingly  echo 
the  cry,  believing  that  it  is  both  possible  and  politic, 
by  taking  the  right  steps,  thus  to  benefit  all  classes 
of  the  community,  and  especially  the  landowner. 
It  would  be  idle  to  say  this,  if  we  had  not,  to  the 
best  of  our  ability,  proved  that  it  may  be  done. 


Ventilation  may  be  said  to  be  effected  in  two . 
different  ways.  The  pure  air  and  vitiated  air  may 
be  made  to  pass  each  other  in  different  and  opposite 
currents,  through  one  opening  or  area  of  the  building. 
Thus  the  pure  air  may  be  admitted  at  the  top  of  the 
walls  under  the  eaves,  and  from  its  greater  density 
will  consequently  descend  to  the  bottom,  whence,  after 
having  served  the  purposes  of  respiration,  it  arises 
in  the  middle  of  the  building,  making  its  escape  at 
louvre  board  openings  at  the  ridge.  By  the  other 
mode  the  fresh  air  is  admitted  at  the  bottom,  or 
towards  it,  and  after  having  served  the  purposes  of 
respiration,  as  in  the  former  case,  makes  its  escape 
at  the  ridge  in  a  similar  manner,  forming  only  one , 
upward  current  of  air. 

The  former  of  these  modes,  we  may  mention,  is, . 
in  principle,  that  by  which  the  House  of  Lords  is 
ventilated,  and  the  latter  that  by  which  the  House 
of  Commons  is  ventilated  ;  differences  in  detail  to 
meet  the  differences,  from  the  circumstances  of  the 
cattle  shed  or  byre  being,  we  presume,  little  in 
favour  of  the  Palace  ;  for  our  correspondent,  who 
has  been  attending  the  committee  of  the  House, 
of  Commons  on  the  subject,  purposely  to  glean, 
information,  appears  to  have  been  somewhat  disap- . 
pointed,  as  he  tells  us  that  "  Our  political  friends 
who  reproach  us  so  loudly  with  having  fallen  behind 
in  the  march  of  improvement,  may  be  silent  on  the ' 
topic  of  ventilation." 

The  great  objection  to  the  first  of  these  modes! 
arises  from  the  compressibility  and  expansibility  of 
air,  when  unequally  heated,  and  from  the  rapidity 
with  which  foreign  gases,  such  as  carbonic  acid,  and 
the  other  products  of  combustion,  intermingle  with, 
it,  contaminating  the  whole  interior  atmosphere. 
Were  these  confined,  as  in  a  balloon  or  chimney,, 
they  would  instantly  ascend  ;  but  being  free,  their 
natural  tendency  is  to  diffuse  themselves  equally 
over  the  whole  interior  volume  downwards,  as  well 
as  upwards.  The  fresh  droppings  of  the  horse 
illustrate  this  very  forcibly ;  for  although  the 
temperature  of  the  stable  may  be  only  50°,  while 
that  of  the  gaseous  matter  emitted  from  this  source  is 
98",  besides  being  ot  less  specific  gravity  otherwise, 
yet  in  a  moment  it  spreads  itself  over  the  whole 
area.  We  have  here  a  difference  of  about  50° 
between  the  temperature  of  the  air  in  the  stable  and 
the  horses' breath — a  difference  which  would  increase 
the  former  one-tenth  of  its  volume  ;  but  this  heat 
has  an  equal  tendency  to  diffuse  itself,  so  that  before 
the  exhaled  air  or  breath  has  lost  the  force  with 
which  it  is  discharged  from  the  nostrils,  it  will  have 
given  off  .some  25"  of  its  heat  to  the  surrounding 
atmosphere,  producing  an  upward  current,  not 
merely  of  the  air  exhaled,  but  of  the  surrounding 
ail',  so  that  the  air  which  escape.s  at  the  ridge  of  a 
stable  may  be  mainly  composed  of  the  fresh  air 
coming  in  at  the  eaves,  having  only  a  small 
proportion  of  the  vitiated  air  in  it.  If  we  crowd  the 
building  equally  over  the  floor  the  velocity  of  the 
.ascending  current,  between  the  eaves  and  the  ridge, 
may  bo  such  as  to  hinder  the  fresh  air  from  falling 
downwards  to  the  anim.als  on  the  floor,  so  that 
eventually  the  case  may  be  fatal,  fiom  the  inhaling 
of  tarbonic  acid.     Instances  of  this  kind  have  been 


378 


THE    AGRICULTURA.L     GAZETTE. 


[June  12, 


experienced  in  the  holJs  of  vessels,  or  where  cattle 
have  fallen  into  pits,  when  fresh  air  could  not  be 
obtained  at  the  bottom. 

The  second  mode  of  ventilation,  although  it  has 
perhaps  more  to  recommend  it  than  the  first,  is  yet  far 
from  being  free  from  imperfections  ;  for  whenever  air 
is  admitted  at  opposite  sides  of  the  building,  currents 
are  experienced;  and  when  only  at  one  side,  it  is  liable 
to  be  affected  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  ami  adverse 
winds,  so  that  the  openings  designed  for  the  ingress 
of  pure  air  become  occasionally  the  egress  of  foul, 
as  in  the  case  of  a  smoky  house.  On  the  other 
hand,  carbonic  acid  does  not  ascend  according  to  the 
law  of  fluids,  from  its  being  of  less  specific  gravity 
than  common  air,  because  rarified  by  40°  or  50" 
of  higher  temperature ;  for  with  this  difference 
it  is  still  much  heavier,  but  because  it  still  forms 
only  a  very  small  part  of  the  air  exhaled,  with 
which  it  has  considerable  affinity,  and  though 
there  is  at  fir^t  a  slight  tendency  to  ascend 
until  an  equilibrium  takes  place,  that  result 
is  soon  effected  by  the  diffusion  of  heat,  and  then 
the  whole  is  dissolved  in  the  atmosphere  of  the 
■  building  ;  so  that  to  cany  off  the  vitiated  air  at  the 
louvre  boards  at  the  top  is  as  difficult  a  task  as  our 
forefathers  experienced  in  the  ventilation  of  their 
halls  when  the  fire  was  kindled  in  the  middle  of 
the  floor ;  foi'  the  ox  in  its  feeding-box  is  like  a  little 
fire  thus  situated,  requiring  a  chimney  to  carry  off 
the  products  of  combustion. 

Such  are  the  two  modes  of  ventilation,  with  a  few 
of  the  difficulties  with  which  they  are  surrounded. 
The  former  system  is  obviously  that  of  the  bee-hive: 
the  ingress  of  pure  air  and  egress  of  foul  at  the 
same  opening  or  area  of  the  building,  so  that  before 
success  can  attend  the  practice  we  must  either  have 
an  arrangement  of  workini,'  bees,  giving  direction  to 
opposing  currents,  or  a  chimney  to  every  feeding-box ; 
and  under  the  second  we  have  arrived  at  a  similar 
conclusion — a  smoky  house  in  the  absence  of  this 
latter  auxiliary.  Unless  in  some  very  closely  con- 
structed houses,  and  the  holds  of  vessels,  it  is  seldom 
that  the  former  is  to  be  met  with  in  practice,  there 
being  generally  an  abundance  of  air  flowing  in  or 
out  at  the  doors,  &c.,  so  that  it  not  unfrequently 
happens  that  the  winds  blow  in  at  one  side  down  on 
the  feeding-box,  and  out  at  the  other,  instead  of 
making  their  escape  at  the  ridge.  The  latter  is  the 
hall  fire  of  the  olden  time — and  in  the  absence  of  a 
chimney  in  either  case,  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion 
that  pure  air  and  plenty  of  room  in  the  feeding- 
house  go  together. 


R0THAM3TED  AND  THE  WRITER  "  R." 

{Continued  ffO>n  pa;je  382.) 

So  much,  then,  for  what  we  conceive  to  be  the 
peculiar  position  of  agriculture  in  its  mutual  rela- 
tionship with  chemistry  and  meteorology,  with  science 
and  with  practice.  And  we  would  submit  that  a 
careful  and  candid  consideration  of  what  we  have 
endeavoured  to  indicate  would  tend  to  much  more  of 
unison  in  action  in  those  who,  travelling  each  by  a 
different  radius,  have  still  one  common  centre  in  their 
view.  Before  concluding  these  general  remarks,  we 
will  adduce  a  few  quotations  from  the  articles  of  the 
writer  "  R.,"  whicli  will,  we  think,  sufficiently  account 
for  our  having  taken  up,  just  now,  a  subject  so  important 
in  itself,  so  much  in  the  diseussional  form,  rather  tliau  to 
have  treated  it  more  exclusively  on  its  own  merits. 
Certainly  none  of  the  individual  epithets  which  have 
been  applied  to  our  views  or  our  papers,  nor  all  of  them 
together,  would  have  been  sufficient  to  call  forth  this 
notice  had  they  been  the  result  only  of  miscanception  or 
more  intentional  misrepresentation,  and  simply  of  a 
passing  kind  ;  and  especially  if,  being  of  this  kiud,  they 
had  come  forth  only  on  the  authority  of  their  writer. 
It  happens,  however,  that  in  this  case  the  writer  had 
secured  the  auspices  of  a  higldy  respectable  and  widely 
circulated  agricultural  journal,  and  whether  arising  only 
from  a  want  ofaual^'sis  and  discrimination,  or  whether 
from  any  other  cause,  we  think  the  following  quotations 
will  show  that,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  was  the  object  of 
this  writer  to  contravene  and  dismiss  some  of  our  views 
which  might  stand  in  the  w.ay  of  the  development  of 
Others  ;  and  hence  it  was,  seeing,  as  we  think  we  clearly 
do,  what  was  the  nature  of  the  views  in  question,  and 
that  the  development  of  them  must  inevitably  lead  to 
such  as  are  in  accordance  with  the  indications  relating 
to  them  in  our  papers,  we  were  not  disposed  to  allow 
the  opinions  of  these  to  be  systematically  discussed  and 
finally  ignored  or  reversed,  with  a  view  of  showing  their 
antagonism  to  what,  though  not  themselves,  yet  should 
constitute  their  closest  allies.  The  following  are  the 
sentences  in  question  from  the  writer  "  E." 

SpeaUing  o(  Wheat  he  says  {AgricuUmal  Gazette, 
July  5,  Ibol)  : 

iT,rt!?,?..'.'„'„T'""'''  """""  "f  subsistence  and  capabilities  of 
SlhHr  !..„, -7  '^°°''  """  ">"•>  """='  '■     ""US  thesarne  am.run. 

ard  folU?;!^,?  H°  ""  "■•  '""""1=^  «  Apart  from  aU  par,, 
ard  political  i-onsideratio  .a,  the  answer  t .  this  ques.ioa  vv  .u  'A 
affi.ra.ini,o,ta„t  t,.„,osror  discuMion."  «  <.^.  "  I-  will  b 
SaliTr'n""  """"Bwilh  ,h,  subject  to  d„  it  wi'hhn.ar. 
il,^  /«     ►  "•'""■     '"  "">  P^-ecation  of  our  inquir,  wo 

which  l,es  on  ■«   threshold,    and   t„r  this  end  we  h.tead  to 
revieiv  some  of  the  deduenoos  which  Mr.  Lawes  has  arrived  at 


in  liift  excellent  papers  oa  *  agricultural  ctiemidtry,'  so  far  as 
they  lie  ia  our  way." 

Agricultural  Gazette,  J \x\y  19,  1851  : — 

"  Thu9,  while  tha  experiments  t^iemgelves  are  extremely 
interesting,  their  interpretation  affords  a  wide  field  for  dis- 
ugreeinenr, ;  f.ir  it  ia  on  triia  territory  that  the  cheooistry  aad 
luetBoridogv  of  agriculture  meet,  j,nd,  we  think,  iatersect 
each  other." 

Agrlcidtitral  QazettCf'Dec.  13^  1851  : — 

"  Before  we  attempt  to  apply  the  meteorological  figures' 
which  we  gave  in  a  former  number,  in  explaining  some  of  the 
ctLuses  of  (lur  varied  eysteoiH  of  ai;ricult.are,  w«  must  first  ba 
convinced  tha*:  tlieae  Bysrems  are  actuiily  required.  For  this 
end  we  shall  take  a  general  view  of  thi.'  auhjeut  in  its  broadest 
feafurea  :  and  we  think  it  will  appear  patent  to  everv  one  that 
onr  chemistry  of  vegetation  must  have  a  little  more  of  elasticity 
in  it  if  it  i»  to  assist  u^  in  solving  the  numerims  problems  uf  a 
practical  nature  by  which  wa  are  heser  Mr.  Pusey,  in  tlie 
l.ist.  Nu'nbar  of  the  Rival  Agricultural  Journal,  is  still  con- 
fident that  at  present  Rttharnsted  must  be  considered  '  as  the 
principal  source  of  iruS'vFortliy  scieniific  inform  ttion  on 
agricultural  chemistry.'  Now  we  would  say  to  Mr.  Pu-iey  what 
we  would  say  to  any  one  elue,  *  If  you  think  you  can  account 
for  the  varifd  systems  of  Briii-.h  at^riculture  by  the  lighi  of  Mr. 
Lawea'rt  chemistry,  ju-^t  try  it.'  "  •  *  <■  *'  His  lant  contribution 
to  the  Journal  ol  Agriculture  is  but  an  iteratio  i  of  his  former 
opinions;  but  as  he  draws  particular  atiention  to  a  subject 
whica  happen"  to  lie  acro-s  our  path,  we  make  his  propositions 
the  basis  for  bectar  developing  the  principles  which  wa  are 
ende  vouring  to  trace.  And  to  show  thiit  soma  of  th'j 
difHcuUiea  with  which  he  i.s  struggling  are  of  his  own  creation, 
we  appeal  from  the  narrow  and  liinitod  horizon  of  Rothamated 
to  that  of  a  much  wider  experimental  field." 

And  lastly,  in  his  reply  to  US,  No.  1,  May  1st,  he  says ; 

"  For  some  time  back  it  appeare  1  as  if  we  hvd  cone  to  a 
sort  of  finility  in  agricultural  thei*rv,  which  i.le  i  hid  to  be 
dissipated  before  there  was  roiim  left  for  further  proj^ress." 

From  these  sentences  it  was  certainly  clear,  as  a 
simple  matter  of  facty  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the 
writer  to  discuss  some  of  our  opinions,  with  a  view,  if 
possible,  to  their  dismissal  from  the  page  of  recognised 
agricultural  theory,  or,  as  he  now  expresses  it,  to  make 
"  rooiJh "  for  something  further  ;  and  that  this,  an 
admittedly  worthy  enough  addition  to  agricultural 
theory — though  stated  as  opposed,  yet  is  really  in  the 
main  in  accordance  with  our  own  opinions,  is  to  us  clearly 
enough  shown  by  the  indications  of  its  chai'acter,  not 
only  in  the  sentences  quoted  above,  but  by  the  wliole 
tenor  of  these  anonymous  articles  ;  and  it  is,  we  think, 
furtlier  foreshadowed  in  the  ioUowing  remark,  which  he 
quotes  from  Sir  Humphrey  Davy  :  Agricultural  Gazette, 
July  19,  1851, 

"  In  ca-^es  where  plants  cannot  absorb.  BuEScient  moisture, 
they  must  take  up  more  manure." 

And  again,  in  his  reply  No.  1,  'Agricultural  Gazette, 
May  1,  1852,  Mr.  Russell  says  : 

"  If  we  can  once  agree  a  little  more  closely  on  the  sourcsg  of 
ammonia  and  carbon  in  plants,  and  the  i-elation  which  one 
bea'S  to  anotlier  in  manures,  we  shall  then  be  bi-tter  prepared 
to  appreciate  and  examine  the  mintTal  question," 

We  believe,  indeed,  that  the  only  legitimate  inter- 
pretation of  the  indications  in  our  papers  on  this  subject 
would  shovv  that  we  do  agree  much  more  closely  with 
Mr.  Russell  in  regard  to  it  than  his  aspect  of  our  views 
would  convey  any  idea  of  ;  yet  if  we  are  able  rightly  to 
gather  his  own,  we  believe  that  there  are  still  some 
poiats  connected  witli  it  on  which  we  differ. 

It  was,  then,  in  the  face  of  so  plainly  an  avowed 
undermining  process,  with  a  view  to  some  new  super- 
structure, that  we  thouglit  it  might  be  well  to  expose  to 
view  the  engineering  operations  tliat  were  in  progress, 
and  to  renew  the  marks  of  identification  on  the  old 
materials,  which  so  much  labour  and  ingenuity  were 
bsing  expended  to  efface  ;  so  that,  when  these  materials 
should  be  re-dressed,  mixed  up  with  new,  and  submitted 
to  a  new  architecture,  they  miglit  still  be  I'ecogaised. 
But  surely  there  is  "  room "  enough  for  good  and 
honourable  service  in  the  as  yet  almost  untrodden  path 
of  meteorology,  as  applied  to  agriculture,  without  first 
perverting  or  displacing  the  truths  elicited  by  that 
science,  to  which  the  former  should  be  the  closest  ally,  i 
At  any  rate,  the  subject  of  the  properties  and  variations 
of  soils  is  at  this  moment  being  sncuessfully  and  usefully 
studied  in  the  south,  without  anything  of  result  antago- 
nistic to  our  own  ;  and  we  are  sure  tliat  there  is  nothing 
in  the  subject-matter  of  climate,  as  applied  to  agriculture, 
which  should  prevent  its  satisfactory  investigation  in  the 
north,  with  as  little  of  antagonism.  /.  B.  Lawes, 
Roihamsted,  May  6. 

P.S. — RoTHAMSTED,  May  29, 1 852. — Since  our  remarks 
on  the  general  position  of  this  discussion  in  this  and  pre- 
vious Numbers,  and  called  forth  by  Mr.  Russell's  rejoinder, 
"  No.  1"  (Ma}'  1).  were  written  and  sent  to  the  Gazette, 
his  "  No.  2"  has  also  appeared.  Much  of  the  matter  of 
this  rejoiufler  is  only  a  reiteration  of  previous  state- 
ments, to  which,  therefore,  we  need  not  give  any  special 
notice  in  this  place ;  and  as  to  the  manner  of  it,  we  have 
only  to  congratulate  the  author  on  his  progress.  We 
shall  now  proceed,  then,  in  ordinary  course,  with  the 
simple  task  before  us  ;  viz.,  that  of  exposing  misrepre- 
sentation in  the  articles  of  the  writer  "  R. ;"  and  in  the 
execution  of  this  duty,  the  subject  will  be  taken  up  in 
our  next,  where  we  left   it  in   our   communication   of 

April  3.  (^o  f'C  covtinued.) 


Home    Correspondence, 

Deep  Tillage. — There  is  a  story  told  of  a  man  who, 
wheo  he  was  dying,  called  his  sons  to  his  bedside,  and 
informed  them  chat  there  was  a  treasure  buried  on  his 
farm  ;  the  exact  spot  he  could  not  point  out,  but  recom- 
mended them  to  dig  deeply  over  the  land  and  they  would 
certainly  be  rewarded.  Kxcellent  advice  !  Neither 
silver  nir  gold  was  concealed  in  the  sod,  but  it  con- 
tained properties  requiring  exposure  to  the  atmosphere 
to  become  a  mine  of  wealth,  in  the  shape  of  heavy  crops. 
i  The  moral  of  this  fable  is  worth  the  attention  of  agri- 


culturists, rich  or  poor,  holders  of  small  or  large  farms  ; 
for  without  deep  tilth  it  is  in  vain  to  anticipate  px'ofitable 
returns.  On  this  point  there  can  be  but  one  opinion 
amongst  those  wlio  have  experienced  the  results 
following  four-inch  ploughing  aud  nine-inch  subsoiling. 
The  expense  of  the  latter  is  not  greater  in  comparison 
with  the  usual  method  of  cultivation,  and  for  this  reason ; 
one  requires  manure  with  the  crop,  the  other  is  better 
without  it  ;  but  when  it  is  dressed  the  muck  will  tell 
doubly  upon  the  subsoiled  land.  The  operation  of  deep 
trenching  should  not  be  performed  annually  on  stiff 
soils  ;  the  under  stratum,  which  has  probably  not  seen 
the  light  for  centuries,  and  has  been  absorbing  particles 
of  manui'e,  will  need  a  few  years  to  mellow  it  before  it 
is  again  consigned  to  its  old  resting-place.  The  subsoil 
will  never  become  hard  and  impervious  again,  provided 
the  land  is  drained  atid  treated  with  common  skill. 
The  expression  "  There  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun," 
when  analysed  will  not  be  found  quite  correct.  It  would 
certainly  be  a  novelty  if  men,  after  years  of  prejudice 
and  ignorance,  were  converted  in  a  moment,  and  made 
to  comprehend  how  much  it  would  be  to  their  advantage 
to  bring  science  and  the  practical  knowledge  of  others 
to  their  aid.  Hence  the  necessity  of  constantly  recurring 
to  the  same  subject.  Not  long  ago,  a  well-known  con- 
tributor to  a  floricuUural  periodical  found  fault  with 
notices  being  published  which  so  often  leaned  to  the 
same  point,  and  had  a  tendency  to  weary  the  readers 
of  hebdomadal  chronicles,  journals,  &;c.  The  publica- 
tions of  the  same  individual  have  been  diligently 
perused  of  late,  without  discovering  anything  to  excite 
attention  on  the  score  of  originality  of  thought.  Useful 
hints  have  been  raked  up,  and  placed  before  the  public 
in  an  agreeable  manner,  with  valuable  experience  to 
induce  others  to  follow  in  the  same  steps.  When 
an  attempt  is  made  to  teach  a  schoolboy,  one  lesson 
is  not  enough  —  repetitions  of  particular  instruc- 
tions are  absolutely  necessary,  and  in  some  instances 
not  for  days,  but  weeks  and  months.  If  the  young 
mind  is  more  ductile  than  the  old,  and  yet  has  to  be 
daily  reminded  of  the  task  to  be  learnt,  how  obvious 
is  the  necessity  of  keeping  before  the  eyes  of  adults 
(obstinate  in  their  own  views,  and  unwilling  to  engage  in 
works  costing  trouble  and  mone}'),  projects  which  are 
beneficial  to  the  enterprising  and  well-educated.  Land 
is  slow  in  manifesting  its  gratitude  to  the  farmer,  many 
months  passing  before  vegeta.tion  speaks  of  improve- 
ments. Nevertheless,  there  are  so  many  examples 
of  the  success  of  experimentalists,  that  a  moderate 
outlay  can  no  longer  be  termed  a  chance  speculation,, 
though  a  man  has  to  wait  some  time  for  the  interest  of 
his  money.  Falcon. 

Peat. — The  paper  of  your  correspondent  "J.  L."  on 
the  deodorising  property  of  pulverised  peat  is  deserving 
of  attention.  I  will  attempt  to  forward  the  object  he 
has  in  view  by  suggesting  that  dried  clay  reduced  to 
powder,  or  coa  ashes,  might  be  substituted  for  peat  where 
peat  is  not  found  ;  the  former  being  a  powerful  deo- 
doriser, as  recently  proved  by  Professor  Way  in  his 
communication  on  that  subject  to  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society.  Having  found  the  materials,  peat,  clay, 
or  ashes,  the  only  quest'ou  is  how  most  effectually  to 
apply  them.  In  the  country  all  privies  or  water-closets 
uiight  be  cliang  d  into  dust  lo.^es.  In  towns,  combined 
wth  a  scavengit'g  sj  stem  which  would  pay  itself,  might 
not  the  same  be  done  ;  and  a  great  step  taken  in  securing 
from  waste  tie  guano  of  England,  pnrilying  tlie  air  and 
water,  multiplying  food,  and  mending  the  health  ?  It  is  an 
axiom  in  chemistry  that  waste  and  production  are  equal. 
It  is  only  our  ignorance  or  negligence  in  applying  the  waste 
of  all  kinds  that  prevents  our  realising  the  full  crop  of 
production — a  crop  only  pax'tially  grown  at  present,  the 
value  of  which,  if  universally,  would  ba  estimated  by 
millions.  I  trust  the  time  is  come  when  the  sulgectwUl 
be  studied  fully  and  worked  out  into  practice,  for  the 
good  of  gentle  aud  simple;  stinking  drains  and  ditches 
should  all  be  destroyed,  by  converting  them  into  sweet, 
odorous  flowers  and  luscious  fruits.  Ceres,  Flora,  and 
Pomona  will  then  dance  and  sing,  where  now  corruptionj 
disease,  and  death  riot.  T.  C.  B. 

Hoeing. — In  your  Journal  of  Saturday,  the  29th  ult,, 
there  is  a  notice  on  hoeing  signed  "  Buffer."  That 
gentleman  asks  the  question,  "  Am  I  to  conclude  that  he 
(the  man)  did  not  do  his  duty?"  Most  certainly  he  did 
not  do  ills  duty  ;  such  a  workman,  if  he  was  iu  the 
enjoyment  of  good  health  while  working  at  the  rate  of 
an  acre  in  \B  days,  ought  never  to  have  employment 
again,  excepting  on  the  mill.  On  soil,  somewhat  like  to 
that  which  "Buffer  "describes,  I  employed  an  oldish  man, 
lately,  to  hoe  between  Peas  and  other  plants  set  out  at 
2  feet  apart;  the  price  I  offered  was  As.  per  acre,  and 
that  by  larmers  is  considered  a  great  price  in  this  part 
of  the  country  ;  and  at  this  price  he  made  from  2s.  to 
2s.  Grf  per  d;iy.  One  evening  after  he  had  left  working, 
I  had  hia  day's  work  measured  up,  when  I  found  that,  for 
that  day,  he  had  moved  the  surface  of  no  less  than  110  . 
poles  of  ground  to  the  full  depth  of  the  blade  of  his  hoe 
(a  9-inch  one);  this  he  did  with  ease.  [It  is  not  meant, 
we  presume,  that  he  moved  110  poles  of  land  9  inches 
deep.  It  is  quite  possible  to  bury  the  blade  of  a  9-inch 
hoe,  and  yet  not  move  the  land  to  the  depth  of  an  inch.] 
There  were  a  good  many  weeds  on  the  ground,  such  as 
purple  Fumitory,  Shepherd's-purse,  Groundsel,  Sows' 
Thistle,  and  dwarf  Convolvulus,  although  they  had  not 
attained  to  any  great  size.  Onlyafortnight  ago,  I  employed 
the  same  man  to  hoe  3.^  acres  of  drilled  Barley;  this 
he  did  in  4  days,  at  25.  6rf.  per  acre;  and  did  it  so  well 
that  the  cmp  will  not  require  to  be  hoed  anymore. 
This  may  strike  "  Buffer  "  as  extraordinary,  but  I  assure 
him  it  is  a  fact.     Early  last  month,  with  a  9-iuch  hoe 


24—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


379 


in  my  own  hands,  I  moved,  for  some  inches  deep,  the 
sm-face  of  90  poles ;  there  were  not  a  great  many  weeds  to 
contend  with,  but  even  were  this  the  case  (I  mean  where 
■weeds  are  plentiful),  if  taken  in  time,  they  can  make 
very  little  difference  to  the  working,  particularly  in  a 
dry  season  like  the  present.  There  is  nothing  like  atrial 
of  the  hoe  by  one's  own  hands  for  half  a  day,  to  come  at 
the  value  of  the  labour.  Candour,  however,  requires 
that  I  should  say  tiiat  such  an  amount  of  work  is  more 
than  a  man  could  be  expected  to  hold  out  to  from  day 
to  day,  for  any  great  length  of  time,;  yet  I  must  tell 
"Buffer,"orratherhis  man,  that  thelabourer  who  cannot, 
within  the  hours  of  6  to  6,  hoe  half  an  acre,  or  00  poles, 
without  distressing  himself,  ought  to  be  sent  to  some 
other  job;  of  com'se,  I  speak  of  crops  that  are  not  over- 
run with  weeds.  I  know  of  some  instances,  this  very 
season,  where  Wheat  has  been  hoed  for  2s.  per  acre,  the 
land  beins:  dry,  and  not  many  weeds  ;  but  the  usual 
price  seldom  exceeds  4s.  per  acre.  Surely,  after  all, 
"Buffer"  must  have  made  some  mistake  when  he 
calculated  that  it  would  take  15  days,atleast,to  hoe  an  acre 
of  Potatoes  set  2  feet  apart;  at  tills  rate,  the  labourer 
was  only  hoeing  little  more  than  10^  poles,  of  30^  yards 
per  pole,  a  day.  Why,  an  ordinary  spadesman  will  dig 
the  same  quantity  of  grouud  with  the  spade  in  a  day. 
*' Buffer."  must muke  a  mistake.  AConstant Reader,  North- 
amptonshire.  [To  hoe,  may  mean  anything  between  the 
mere  surface  operation  adopted  between  rows  of  drilled 
corn  and  the  deeper  tillage  of  the  laud  between  rows 
of  Potatoes;  and  its  cost  varies  therefore  from_^35.  to 
upwards  of  8s.  per  acre.] 

Guano. — A  correspondent  asks,  where  and  from  whom  | 
Mr.  Vyse,  of  Blythe-bridge  Station,  purchases  the  sub-  j 
stance  sold  by  him  as  Peruvian  guano,  at  lOZ.  10s.  a  ton.  ■ 
He  would  also  be  obliged  by  being  informed  by  whom 
the  mixture  of  about  two-thirds  sand  and  loam,  with 
one-third  guano,  was  compounded.  A  true  answer  to 
these  inquiries  wmild,  he  thinks,  be  of  importance  to  the 
Affi'iciUtui-ist^  of  North  Stafvi'chhire.  ■ 

JBad  Batter. — In  a  part  of  Warwickshire,  where  the 
pastures  are  of  the  richest  quality,  it  happens  every 
year  that  about  the  middle  of  May  the  cream  becomes 
bitter,  and  the  butter  rancid  and  uneatable.  This 
unfortunately  lasts  till  the  middle  of  June,  wlien  the 
butter  and  cream  return  to  their  usual  excellence.  The 
plants  in  these  pastures  are  not  known  to  be  injurious, 
and  the  dairy  utensils  are  in  perfect  order.  Can  any 
clever  dairy  correspondent  solve  this  problem  \  R. 


Foreign  Correspondence, 

Agricultukal   Show   at   Dresden.  —  Returning   to 
England  through  Saxony,  I  could  not  refrain  from  once  ) 
more  paying  a  visit  to  Dresden  ;  I  accordingly  took  my  [ 
ticket  by  the  Leipzig  aud  Dresden  railway,  and  arrived 
on  the  morning  of  the  25th   of  May  at  the   German 
Florence,     i   had   never   seen   the   old   town    in  such 
splendour  ;  crowds  of  well-dressed  peo[>le,  and  peasants  ' 
in   their    holiday    costumes,  thronged    the   roads  and . 
squares  ;  omnibuses  and  droskies,  to  an  extent  I  had  { 
never  seen  before  in  this  usually  quiet   town,  rattled 
through  the  sti-eets,  and  the  whole  aspect  of  the  place 
exhibited  unusual  excitement  and  activity, 

Dresden  is  a  curious  aud  interesting  town ;  avenues  of 
Acacias  and  Lime  trees  intersect  it,  and  gardens  {or 
rather  promenades  laid  down  with  Grass, and  planted  with 
noble  Horse-Cltestnutsand  flowering  shrubs)  are  scattered 
through  it  ;  the  Laburnum,  white  and  purple  Lilac, 
Guelder  Roses  and  Ribes,  vie  with  each  other  in  the 
richness  of  their  colours  ;  and  the  soft  rain  which  has 
fallen  during  the  last  few  days  has  given  a  fresh  green 
to  the  Grass,  seldom  to  be  seen  in  this  part  of  Germany. 
A  noble  promenade  overhanging  the  river,  called  the 
"Bruhlische"  Terrace,  with  rows  of  shady  trees  and 
handsome  coffee-houses,  commands  a  beautiful  view  of 
the  windings  of  the  Elbe  and  of  the  neighVjouring  Vine 
hills  ;  narrow  streets  with  quaint  old-fashioned  houses, 
and  curious  balconies  and  "  Erker-fenster,"  or  pro- 
jecting windows,  abound  ;  and  the  broad  stream  of  tlie 
Elbe  (spanned  by  two  magnificent  bridges),  whicli 
divides  Dresden  into  the  new  and  old  towns,  impart  to 
it  a  beauty  and  character  exceeded  by  few  cities  in 
Germany. 

On  alighting  at  my  hotel,  I  found  that  the 
continuous  stream  of  Imman  beinga  whicli  1  had 
remarked,  waa  wending  its  way  to  the  Grand  Cattle- 
show  and  Exhibition  of  Agricultural  Implements, 
the  fir-t  which,  I  wag  informed,  had  ever  been  held 
in  Dresden,  and  would  be  found  unrivalled  in  extent, 
as  well  as  in  excellence,  in  any  part  of  Germany. 
My  interest  in  all  such  mattcrH  decided  mc  at  once  to 
devote  the  next  two  or  three  days  to  Drendcn  and  its 
cattlc-fihow  ;  and  divide  my  time  between  fatted  beeves 
and  prize  piga  on  the  one  aide,  and  MuriUos,  Raphaels, 
and  TitiuMH  on  tlie  other.  The  exhibition  is  held  about 
half  a  mile  from  tlic  town,  on  the  "  Vogelwicsc,'*  a  largo 
common  where  ahooting  matcliea  take  place  every  year. 
I  may  Kayj/m/roH-^ani,  that  tlicae  annual  ieativitiea  abound 
in  Germany,  and  are,gcnerally  Hpealiing,vcry  intcrcHting. 
The  Drf-H/lcn  club  waa  formed  ao  long  ago  aa  in  the 
year  1577  ;  it  meets  in  August,  and  the  ahooting  laf^ta 
for  eight  daya.  The  King  and  I'l-inccs  mix  freely  with 
the  people,  and  take  their  «hot4  in  turn  with  the  other 
membcra  of  (lie  club ;  for  the  (^uecn  and  l'rlnce««eB 
»oparat<^  target  1  are  provided,  and  tlio  shooting  for 
them  ia  pcrlonned  by  deputy. 

For  the  cutlle-ahow  a  apace  of  1  o  to  20  acroa  Iiad  been 
eticloaed  bya  wooden  hoarding,  and  at  the  five  entrancea 
BOldiera  were  stationed,  to  receive  the  ticketaand  preservo 
order.   The  price  of  a  single  admission  was  about  '2.\d.  of 


our  money,  and  for  a  cai'd,good  for  five  visits,  6rf.  The 
enclosure  pi'esented  a  very  pretty  sight  ;  it  was  divided 
into  three  very  long,  wide  streets,  formed  by  tents  for  the 
visitors,  and  wooden  sheds  for  the  visited;  the  various 
inn-keepers,  brewers,  and  confectioners,  in  and  around 
Dresden,  had  here  mustered  their  forces,  and  certainly 
the  trays  of  "  bifsticks  de  bceuf"  and  "  bifsticks  de 
mouton,"  the  bushels  of  Potatoes,  yards  of  sausages, 
piles  of  cakes,  and  barrels  of  beer,  here  brought 
together,  induced  a  high  respect  for  the  "assimilating" 
powers  of  our  worthy  brother  farmers  in  Germany,  I 
counted  40  tents  oi'uamented  with  flags  for  the  poorer, 
and  3'1  for  the  better  class  of  visitors,  in  which  eating, 
drinking,  and  smoking  continued  unabated  from  9  o'clock 
in  the  morning  till  late  into  the  night  ;  one  very  Iiand- 
some  tent  was  devoted  exclusively  to  the  excellent  wines 
of  Saxony,  another  to  cakes  and  ices,  and  others  to  eatables 
and  drinkables  of  all  sorts  ;  different  breweries  had 
provided  tents  for  the  exclusive  sale  of  their  own  beer  ; 
modest  booths  dispensed  Potato  and  corn  brandy  to  the 
lovers  of  that  cheap  and  popular  liquid  ;  besides  tliese 
maijazines  of  refreshment,  I  observed  upwards  of  40 
booths  for  the  sale  of  cakes,  gingerbread,  aud  spring 
Radishes. 

The  animals  were  lodged  in  spacious  wooden  sheds, 
plentifully  provided  with  clean  straw,  good  hay, 
and  fresh  water,  and  attended  diligently  by  their  male 
aud  female  guardians.  As  there  was  no  catalogue 
of  the  animals,  and  immense  crowds  of  people 
obstructed  the  way,  I  had  considerable  difficulty  in 
calculating  the  number  of  beasts  and  implements 
exhibited.  As  well  as  I  could  make  out,  there  were 
about  170  horses,  upwards  of  400  head  of  cattle,  550 
sheep,  nearly  100  pigs,  sibout  20  head  of  poultry,  and  a 
few  goats.  There  were  50  exhibitors  of  agricultux'al 
produce,  and  140  of  machines,  besides  about  48  of  things 
not  immediately  in  connexion  with  agriculture.  My 
first  and  longest  visit  was  to  the  bulla,  cows,  fat  beasts, 
aud  calves,  and  I  certainly  was  surpi-ised  to  find  such  a  fine 
collection.  The  bulls  did  not  appear  to  me  equal  to  the 
other  cattle — they  were  strong  and  large,  but  not  fine 
bred  ;  the  cows  and  calves  excellent,  remarkably  clean 
and  sleek ;  and  the  fat  cattle  in  prime  condition,  not 
certainly  brought  to  that  absurd  state  of  useless 
fat  which  was  the  fashion  with  us  a  few  years  ago,  but 
reasonably  fat,  firm  in  the  flesh,  and  having  the 
appearance  of  animals  enjoying  perfect  heaUh.  I  was 
agreeably  surprised  to  see,  with  very  few  exceptions,  the 
diligent  use  of  the  curry-comb;  and  the  clean,  healtiiy 
milkmaids  and  farm  servants  seemed  quite  as  fit  subjects 
for  exhibition  as  the  dignified  looking  beasts  they 
attended.  The  finest-looking  beasts  I  saw  were  English, 
the  property  of  a  Mi*.  Smith,  an  English  gentleman,  who 
has  an  admirably  conducted  farm  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Thai'and,  not  far  from  Dresden;  there  were  also 
some  fine  cows  of  the  Swiss  and  of  the  Algauer 
breed  ;  the  animals  of  the  last-named  race  are  small, 
of  a  light  dun  colour,  and  are  good  both  as  milk  cows 
and  for  fattening.  1  next  went  to  the  horse  department, 
and  here,  I  own,  I  was  disappointed  ;  with  the  exception 
of  a  very  few  animals,  there  was  nothing  which  we 
would  tolerate  inareasonably  good  pri /ate  stable.  Saxony, 
however,  is  not  celebi-ated  in  any  way  for  her  horses; 
and  people,  who  were  more  conversant  than  I  am  with 
Saxon  studs,  pronounced  this  show  as  much  more  credit- 
able than  they  had  any  reason  to  have  expected.  The 
best  horses  I  saw  were  from  Yorkshire  sires,  or  "  Jork- 
shiere,"  as  they  were  labelled  ;  out  of  the  550  sheep, 
there  were  some  magaificent  specimens  of  the  Saxon 
breed. 

Saxony  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  and  fineness 
of  her  wool,  and  was  certainly  here  well  represented  ; 
there  were  a  i'ew  of  an  English  breed,  but,  though  larger 
in  carcase,  were  far  inferior  in  fineness  of  fleece.  In 
this  neighbourhood  were  some  of  the  largest  and 
finest  gouts  I  ever  saw  ;  amongst  them  two  enormous 
ones,  and  two  kids,  each  with  double  sets  of  horns. 
Here,  also,  were  specimens  of  hens,  contributed  by  Dr. 
Struve,  the  famous  mineral-water  manufacturer  of  Dres- 
den ;  tliey  were  the  most  magnificent  birds  I  ever  saw  ; 
some  of  them  labelled  Brabanter  Hiesen  (giants),  and 
Eleplianten,  were  nearly  as  lai'ge  as  turkeys.  The  pigs 
formed,  however,  the  greatest  at  traction  of  the  whole  show, 
and  from  morning  till  night  held  a  continued  and  crowded 
levee;  the  beat  were  of  the  Essex  breed,  and  many  of  them 
appeared,  as  an  old  woman  expressed  hersdf,  as  if  one 
could  lay  them  on  their  sides  and  roll  them  along  the 
road  like  a  ball.  There  were  many  much  larger,  but 
very  coarse  ;  but  all  were  perfectly  clean,  anil  none 
over-fattened. 

In  themachinerydepartment  there  was  little  of  peculiar 
intoreat,  the  usual  superabundance  of  indifferent  ploughs, 
complicated  threshing-machines,  and  self-acting  churns, 
pi'cvailed  ;  but  I  could  ace  nothini;  superior,  and  indeed 
liardly  anything  equal,  to  our  own.  The  chaff-cutters 
and  <3at-bruiaera  generally  jierlortned  their  work  well  ; 
but  they  were  clumsy  and  heavy  in  construction,  and 
required  a  considembly  greater  expenditure  of  labour 
than  waa  at  all  neceasary  to  perform  tho  same  work  in 
a  given  time,  A  small  Hteam-cngino,  by  Pfaff,  of 
Chemnitz,  in  lull  work,  excited  great  attention  ;  and  tlio 
wondering  looka  and  curious  observationa  of  tho 
peaaanta  were  very  umnaing  to  listen  to.  There  were 
bundloa  of  giant  lieada  of  AH]»ara;;us,  and  very  lilipntian 
CuulinoworH,  good  HpccimonH  of  ln»me-hpun  Flax  (fine  as 
silk),  home-made  aui^ar,  and  honn'-grown  Tuliacco  ;  and 
cigarM,  which  were  to  bo  aidd  at  th'i  rat<;  of  live  dollara, 
or  15tf.  per  thou^^and.  Our  lovern  of  the  fragrant  weed 
Minat  not  turn  up  their  noHca  at  cigai's  ior  15«,  per 
thouband ;  1  can  aa&ure  tlicm  from  experience,  from  tho 


experience  of  an  old  smoker,  that  the  Tobacco  is 
genune  and  unadulterated,  which  ia  far  more  than  I 
could  guarantee  to  the  "  genuine  old  Havanuahs'*  at 
M.,  or  *■' prime  Cubas"  at  2rf.  each,  which  we  are 
accustomed  to  get  at  home.  The  specimens  of  Mani-old 
Wurzel  were  very  poor,  but  the  seeds  in  general  good. 
A  small  collection  of  models  from  Crosskill's  a^n-i cultural 
implements  were  looked  at  by  all  classes,°high  and 
low,  with  marked  and  deserved  interest. 

I  am  afraid  my  friends  at  home  will  look  aghast 
at'the  verbosity  of  ray  epistle,  and  wish  that  1  and  my 
British  top-boots  had  remained  quietly  at  home  in- 
England,  instead  of  boring  them  with  my  "foreign 
correspondence."  I  must,  however,  beg  their  patience 
for  one  moment  longer  before  I  close.  A  small  collection 
of  stuffed  birds,  from  whose  manure  guano  is  supposed 
to  be  produced,  had  been  borrowed  from  the  Royal 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  was  prettily  arranged 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  some  two  or  three  dozen  sacks 
of  genuine  Peruvian  guano.  In  different  parts  of  the 
show  were  small  booths  occupied  by  soldiers  selling 
lottery  tickets  ;  the  committee — and  a  harder  working, 
committee  I  never  saw — had  issued  tickets  to  an 
unlimited  amount,  at  Is.  each,  for  a  lottery  of  horses, 
cows,  pigs,  and  instruments  ;  in  short,  specimens  of 
everything  exhibited.  The  sale  of  the  tickets  was  closed 
at  the  end  of  the  second  day,  when  upwards  of  60,000 
had  been  disposed  of  ;  a  tenth  of  the  sum  received  was 
reserved  for  the  expenses  of  the  exhibition,  but  about 
2700^.  remained,  to  provide  purchases  for  the  lottery. 
There  were  about  1100  prizes,  and  amongst  them  I 
observed  60  head  of  fine  cattle,  consisting  of  one  bull, 
about  a  dozen  fatted  beasts,  and  the  remainder  milk 
cows  and  calves  ;  14  horses,  29  pigs,  and  five  litters,  a 
splendid  goat,  four  dozen  sacks  of  guano,  and  innu- 
merable agricultural  machines,  carts,  barrows,  and 
harness.  The  prizes  for  excellence,  awarded  by  th& 
committee,  consisted  of  medals,  silver  goblets,  and.^ 
certificates,  or,  as  they  are  here  called,  diplomas.  The 
show  was  on  the  whole  a  most  successful  one,  but  some 
unquestionable  faults  there  were  in  the  arrangements  t 
the  cattle  had  not  all  arrived  before  the  opening  of  the 
exhibition,  and  many  had  already  left  before  its  close;  there 
was  no  catalogue  of  beasts  or  implements,  and  no  power- 
of  ascertaining  the  number  of  the  former,  the  nature  of 
the  food  on  which  they  had  been  fattened,  or  the  length  of 
time  occupied  in  the  process.  Moreover,  although  the 
thermometer  stood  at  88*^  in  the  shade,  the  groundj 
which  was  of  bare  sand,  was  veiT'  scantily  watered  during 
the  day,  a  neglect  severely  felt  by  all  but  the  vendors 
of  beer  and  wine.  I  will  now  finish,  and  only  hope  that 
this  very  imperfect,  though  long-winded  account  of 
the  *' Grosse  Landes-Thier  und  Producten-Schau  zu. 
Dresden,"  will  afford  a  half-hom''s  amusement  to  some- 
farming  friends  at  home. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  ENGLAND. 
{Coniinued  from  page  3C5.) 

The  lecturer  then  pointed  out  the  connexion  of" 
geology  with  the  three  principal  modes  of  improving 
land — draining,  irrigation,  "and  the  use  of  mineral 
manures.  The  importance  of  geologic?.]  kn^vyledge 
to  the  success  of  operations,  undertaken  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  a  supply  of  water  by  means  of 
artesian  wells,  was  insisted  on.  Reference  was  made- 
to  Mr.  Prestwich's  work  on  the  water-bearing  strata 
round  London,  and  to  his  plan  for  supplying  the 
metropolis  by  means  of  deep  artesian  wells  carried 
down  to  the  lower  greensand,  like  that  of  Grenelle,, 
near  Paris.  The  importance  of  such  wells,  in  an, 
agricultural  point  of  view,  was  also  shown  in  the  event 
of  the  extensive  adoption  of  the  use  of  liquid  manure, 
one  great  impediment  to  which,  in  some  situationSj. 
would  be  the  want  of  water  to  dilute  it  sufficiently.  The 
value  of  geological  knowledge  was  next  adverted  to,  in 
enabling  the  farmer  (including  in  the  term  the  landowner 
and  land-agent)  to  decide  questions  which  would  often 
come  before  him  ;  namely,  where  the  best  and  cheapest 
materials  for  erecting  farm  buildings,  filling  drains,  and 
repairing  roads,  were  to  be  procured.  Two  extensive 
districts  were  pointed  out,  in  which  the  greatest  improve- 
ments, as  well  as  economy,  had  resulted  from  the 
use  of  road  materials  brought  from  a  distance  of  100 
miles  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  an  instance  was  shown, 
of  wretclied  clay  roads  converted  into  good  metalled 
roads  by  the  discovery  of  beds  of  stone  at  an  accessible 
depth  in  the  Weald  clay.  Lastly,  it  was  shown  how 
geological  structure  affects  the  value  of  land  by  the 
non-agricultural  emplovnient  to  which  it  gives  rise,  the 
masses  of  population  which  it  causes  to  congregate  on 
certain  localities,  and  the  consequent  demand  created 
for  agricultural  produce.  The  three  industrial  districts 
of  England  dependent  on  -geological  structure  were 
traced — the  eastern  or  purely  agricultural  ;  the  central 
or  coal  district,  ngricultural,  manufacturing,  and  mining ; 
and  tliG  western,  a  district  of  mines  and  mountain 
pasture.  The  agricultural  characters  of  each  district 
were  referred  to  tho  joint  influence  of  the  stratified 
and  unstratified  rocks  on  tho  one  hand,  and  the 
fluporfiinal  depoHita  on  tho  other.  Tho  order  of 
Huccestiion,  the  dip  and  outcrops  of  tho  strata,  were 
illustrated  by  a  serica  of  books  laid  in  an  inclined 
|)nsition.  Their  relation  to  tho  unafratified  rocks  which 
iiavo  diHlnrhcd  tln-m  from  their  original  horizontal 
condition  wire  explained  by  means  of  a  largo  root  of 
Mangold  Wurzel,  ayainst  which  tho  books  leaned,  and 
which  roprCBcntcd  tho  intrusive  rocks  forming  the  axis 


380 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[June  12, 


of  a  mountain  chain.  The  distribution  of  the  superfi«ial 
deposits  which  form  the  loose  covering  of  the  rocks  was 
represented  by  some  Wheat  scattered  irregularly  over 
the  books,  tliinnest  on  the  slopes  and  summits,  and 
deepest  in  the  depressions  between  the  hills.  The 
superficial  deposits,  again,  were  described  as  of  three 
classes — those  produced  by  existing  aqueous  currents, 
acting  at  the  present  levels  ;  those  produced  by  marine 
currents,  acting  independently  of  existing  levels  and 
lines  of  drainage,  and  having  power  to  transport  large 
blocks  hundreds  of  miles  from  their  parent-rocks  ;  and 
lastly,  a  class  of  deposits  which  indicate  a  less  degree  of 
transportation,  but  which  still  acted  irrespectively  of 
present  lines  of  drainage  and  levels,  and  have  mixed 
and  spread  over  the  surface  of  hills  and  plains  the 
materials  of  several  adjoining  formations. 

If,  continued  the  lecturer,  we  examine  the  agri- 
cultural character  of  any  of  these  districts  in  detail, 
we  shall  find  them  to  depend  on  three  geological 
conditions — the  mineral  composition  of  the  rocks ; 
the  height  to  whi'jh  they  have  been  thrown  up  by 
local  disturbances;  and  the  depth,  composition,  and 
distribution  of  the  covering  of  transported  matter, 
AU  soils  are  composed  of  the  fragments  of  the  stratified 
and  unstratified  rocks— either  of  the  rocks  immediately 
below,  or  the  fragments  of  other  rocks  lying  at  various 
distances,  which  have  been  transported  by  currents  of 
water  now  in  action,  or  by  currents  which  have  ceased 
to  act.  The  changes  from  heat  to  cold,  from  wet  to 
dry,  from  frost  to  thaw,  separate  the  particles  of  the 
hardest  and  most  compact  rocks.  Some  decompose 
more  rapidly  than  otliers,  but  all  crumble  more  or  less. 
JSTow,  if  the  crumbling  matter  derived  from  each  rock 
remained  on  the  rock  from  which  it  was  derived,  the 
composition  of  the  soil  would  always  be  identical  with 
that  of  the  rock  below.  Sandstones  would  then  in- 
variably be  covered  with  sandy  soils  ;  clays,  shales,  and 
clay-slates  with  clayey  soils  ;  and  limestones  with  cal- 
careous soils  ;  and  the  only  modifying  influence  would 
be  that  of  elevation  and  aspect.  But  the  fragmentary 
matter  produced  by  the  weathering  of  rocks  does  not 
remain  on  the  spots  where  it  is  formed.  The  rains 
wash  it  into  the  brooks  ;  the  brooks  convey  it  to  the 
rivers  ;  the  rivers  transport  it  to  the  sea.  Wherever, 
from  the  diminished  declivity  of  the  river-bed,  the 
current  slackens,  there  the  stream  deposits  the 
matter  which  it  is  hurrying  along.  The  coarser 
fragments  are  deposited  the  nearest  to  their  source 
•in  the  form  of  gravel  ;  particles  of  smaller  size  travel 
farther,  and  fall  down  as  sand,  while  the  finest  particles 
are  borne  tp  the  greatest  distances  to  form  silt  and  mud, 
I-n  this  way  those  rich  alluvial  flats  which  border  our 
rivers  have  accumulated,  when  in  seasons  of  flood  the 
turbid  waters  overflow  their  ordinary  channels,  and 
leave  a  rich  sediment  behind  them.  Again,  where  the 
tide  and  the  freshets  meet  near  the  mouths  of  rivers,  a 
further  deposit  takes  place.  In  this  way  have  been 
formed  those  alluvial  marshes  near  the  mouths  of  the 
Humber,  the  Thames,  and  the  Severn,  many  of  which, 
from  the  Imman  remains  and  works  of  art  contained  in 
them,  must  have  been  formed  since  the  Roman  invasion. 
Besides  the  soils  produced  by  this  drifting  and  mixing 
of  the  materials  of  different  rocks  along  the  existing 
Hues  of  drainage,  and  at  present  levels,  by  causes  still 
acting.  :iJliere  is  auother  class  of  deposits  of  older  date, 
which 'fe'Jtlnbit  proofs  of  a  much  more  extensive  trans- 
portation by  currents  which  have  ceased  to  act,  and 
which  acted  independently  of  the  present  lines  of 
drainage.  These  currents  had  power  to  transport  great 
blocks  of  stone,  weigliing  many  tons,  to  points  distant 
hundreds  of  miles  from  their  parent  rocks.  In  an 
essay  in  your  Journal,  which  you  recently  honoured 
with  your  prize,  I  described  these  deposits  in  great 
detail  ;  I  described  their  distribution,  depth,  and 
composition,  so  far  as  it  is  known  in  the  present 
neglected  state  of  the  geology  of  the  surface  ;  I  described 
flie  heights  to  which  they  extend  up  our  mountain 
chains,  and  the  districts  most  free  from  them  ;  I 
■  pointed  out  also  the  evidence  of  their  having  been  formed 
beneath  the  sea  by  the  submergence  of  the  land,  and  of 
that  sea  having  been  an  icy  sea  which  overspread  a  large 
portion  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  I  will  not  go  over 
that  ground  again,  but  will  content  myself  with  pointing 
out  on  the  map,  as  briefly  as  possible,  the  different  lines 
along  which  the  transported  matter  has  travelled,  in 
«rder  to  impress  you  more  strongly  with  the  extent  of 
these  deposits,  and  the  influence  which  they  have  exerted 
over  large  areas,  in  masking  or  modifying  the  characters 
■which  the  rock  immediately  below  would  have  imparted. 
I  have  thus  pointed  out  five  lines  of  drift  north  of  the 
Thames,  influenced  by  the  position  of  the  mountains 
and  hills:— 1,  that  east  of  the  chalk  range  ;  2,  that 
between  the  chalk  and  the  oolitic  chain  ;  3,  that  between 
the  western  escarpment  of  the  oolites  and  the  Penine 
chain— the  great  central  chain  of  England  ;  4,  that 
between  the  Penine  chain  and  the  Cotswolds  on  one  side, 
and  the  Cambrian  and  Cumbrian  chains  on  the  other  ; 
5,  that  on  the  western  side  of  the  Cambrian  chain.  I 
have  shown  also  the  interlacing  of  the  different  lines  of 
"^^*^^  ^y  the  transport  of  detritus  at  certain  points  across 
?fl  ?^"^*  BO  that  fragments  of  gr;inite  and  other  well- 
defined  rocks,  easily  recognised,  have  been  carried  from 
Lumberland  to  the  shores  of  the  German  Ocean,  and 
there  blended  with  others  from  the  east  of  Scotland  and 
JNorway.  J  have  shown  how  fragments  of  the  red  chalk 
ol  Yorkshire  and  Lincolnshire  have  been  carried  to 
Moreton-m-the-Marah,  and  there  mixed  with  peculiar 
pebbles  derived  from  the  Bromsgrove  Lickey,  and 
spread  over  the  midland  counties.  These  quartz  pebbles 
.bave  also  been  carried  across  depressions  in  the  oolitic 


range  into  the  valley  of  the  Thames,  and  the  gravel-pits 
of  Hyde-park  ;  wliile  fragments  of  the  peculiar  chalk  of 
the  county  of  Antrim  have  been  transported,  in  Irelantl, 
as  far  south  as  Wexford,  and  across  the  bed  of  the  Irish 
Channel  to  Carnarvonshire  and  Pembrokeshire, 

The  district  south  of  the  Thames  must  be  considered 
separately.  It  is  extensively  covered  with  superficial 
accumulations,  hut  they  are  of  a  different  kind.  Besides 
the  marine  strata  which  were  formed  on  the  bed  of  the 
erratic  sea,  there  is  another  class  of  superficial  deposits, 
which  is  only  beginning  to  excite  the  attention  which 
they  deserve,  and  which  have  exercised  an  important 
influence  on  the  distribution  of  soils.  There  are  certain 
districts,  both  on  our  own  island  and  on  the  continent, 
in  which  we  find  no  traces  of  the  erratic  tertiaries,  but 
which  appear  to  have  been  subject  to  aqueous  operations 
of  some  kind  or  other,  which  have  produced  a  certain 
degree  of  local  transport  different  from  the  effects  of 
ordinary  marine  action,  different  from  ordinary 
atmospheric  action,  and  different  from  that  peculiar 
marine  action  which  is  characteristic  of  the  erratic 
tertiaries.  They  consist  of  thin  deposits  of  clay,  loam, 
and  sand,  containing  angular  fragments  of  the  subjacent 
and  neighbouring  rocks.  They  are  spread  irregularly 
over  the  surface,  being  deepest  and  most  free  from 
coarse  fragments  on  the  plains;  thinner  and  more  mixed 
with  them  on  the  slopes  and  fiat  summits  of  hills  j 
entirely  absent  from  steep  sides  and  sharp  ridges.  They 
appear  to  have  been  formed  subsequently  to  the  desic- 
cation of  the  bed  of  the  erratic  sea,  for  they  are  spread 
(when  the  two  deposits  are  present  in  the  same  district) 
over  its  denuded  surface.  In  the  meantime,  England 
appears  to  have  been  repeopled  by  many  of  the  species 
of  land  animals  now  extinct,  which  lived  there  before 
the  erratic  submergence.  Whenever  shells  are  found 
associated  with  these  deposits,  which  are  chiefly  those 
of  the  land  and  fresh  water,  they  belong  to  existing 
specimens,  and,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  to  the 
very  species  now  inhabiting  the  neighbourhood.  These 
deposits  containing  angular  detritus,  and  their  effect 
on  the  variations  of  soil,  were  first  described  by  me  in 
your  Journal,  as  they  exist  in  Norfolk.  Subsequently, 
in  a  paper  yet  unpublished,  which  was  written  five 
years  since,  at  the  request  of  Sir  Henry  De  la  Beche, 
for  the  Memoirs  of  the  Government  Geological  Society, 
I  described  them  as  they  exist  in  South  Wales  ;  and  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  for  last  year,  I 
described  them  as  they  exist  in  North  Kent.  I  called 
them  "  warp."  They  have  since  been  described,  by  Mr. 
Austen  for  Devonshire,  under  the  name  of  *'  head  ;" 
and  by  Sir  R.  Murchison  and  Mr,  Frestwich,  for 
Sussex  and  the  neighbourhood  of  Calais.  Sir  R. 
Murchison  calls  them  "angular  flint-drift."  Of  the 
nature  of  the  agencies  which  produced  them  we  know 
notliing  ;  and  I  will  not  detain  you  by  enumerating  the 
conflicting  opinions  which  prevail  on  that  subject.  Tiie 
points  of  agricultural  interest  are  their  existence,  their 
extensive  distribution,  and  their  influence  on  the  varia- 
tions of  soils.  These  facts  are  quite  independent  of 
theories  regarding  their  origin.  The  district  south  of 
the  Thames  is  one  in  which  we  have  no  traces  of  the 
most  peculiar  of  the  erratic  deposits — the  till,  boulder 
clay,  or  lower  erratics  — though  it  comes  down  to  the 
north  side  of  London.  There  are,  however,  some  beds 
of  partially-rolled  gravel,  which  I  think  may  be  a 
modification  of  the  upper  erratics  of  the  district  north 
of  the  Tiiames,  overlapping  the  lower.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
these  beds  of  gravel  are  extensively  distributed,  varyin^ 
in  their  maximum  depth  from  1 5  feet  to  30  feet.  But 
the  greater  portion  of  the  superficial  deposits  in  that 
region  consist  of  that  "  warp  "  or  "angular  flint-drift," 
which  exhibits  a  certain  amount  of  mixing  of  the  mate- 
rials of  more  than  one  formation,  but  not  so  great  a 
degree  of  transport  as  the  erratic  tertiaries.  This 
angular  drifted  matter  is  spread  indifferently  over  flat- 
topped  hills,  over  their  long  slopes,  and  over  plains,  on 
which  last  it  is  the  deepest.  The  coloured  section  of  a 
road  cutting  near  Hartley  Rectory  (for  the  use  of  which 
I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  the  Council  of  the 
Geological  Society)  exhibits  this  deposit  as  it  exists  on 
the  chalk  of  Kent.  A  diagram  of  it  was  repeated,  by 
their  permission,  in  your  Journal.  For  the  two  other 
coloured  sections,  I  have  to  thank  Sir  Roderick 
Murchison,  as  well  as  the  Council  of  the  Geological 
Society.  They  exhibit  two  instances  of  this  deposit ;  in 
one  case  on  the  top  of  Shakespeare's  Cliff,  in  the  other 
on  the  outcrops  of  the  chalk  and  greensand  near  Folli 
stone.  The  Weald  denudation,  between  the  North  and 
South  Downs,  enjoys  the  reputation  of  being  a  district 
wholly  free  from  transported  matter,  and  of  being  com- 
posed of  soils  derived  exclusively  from  the  rocks  below. 
In  the  essay  on  the  "  Agi'icultural  Geology  of  England 
and  Wales"  in  your  Journal,  I  expressed  an  opinion, 
founded  on  my  own  observation,  that  it  contained  more 
matter,  indicating  some  degree  of  transport,  than  is 
generally  supposed.  In  corroboration  of  this,  I  cited 
some  notices  of  such  deposits  from  Dr.  Mantell's 
"  Geology  of  the  South-East  of  England."  These  views 
by  Sir  R.  Murchison  and  Mr.  Martin,  of  Pulborough 
have  been  confirmed  by  twG  papers  recently  published. 
From  these  it  appears  that  the  detritus  of  this  district 
is  arranged  in  east  and  west  zones  ;  that  two  of  those 
zones  are  exterior  to  the  escarpments  of  the  chalk, 
both  on  the  north  and  on  the  south,  and  two  within  the 
denudation  of  the  Weald  which  is  bounded  by  them. 
The  outermost  of  these  exterior  zones  is  described,  by 
Mr.  Martin,  as  composed  of  slightly-worn  flints  mixed 
with  many  rolled  pebbles,  derived  from  the  older  tertia- 
ries of  the  London  clay  series.  These  are  the  beds 
I  which  I  consider  a  modification  of  the  upper  erratics  o£ 


the  north  of  the  Thames.  That  nearest  to  the  chalk 
escarpment  is  described  as  composed  either  exclusively 
of  angular  and  subangular  flints,  or  of  the  same  mate- 
rials sparingly  mixed,  near  tertiary  outliers,  with  their 
rolled  pebbles  before  mentioned.  It  is  this  which 
prevails  on  the  chalk  of  the  Sussex  coast.  The  two 
zones  within  the  chalk  escarpment  are  called,  by 
Mr.  Martin,  the  subcretaceous  and  the  wealden  zones. 
In  the  subcretaceous  zone  there  are  many  localities, 
both  on  the  north  and  south  of  the  central  ridge  of  iron 
sand,  covered  with  heaps  of  drifted  and  sharply  fractured 
flints,  mixed  with  chert,  ironstone,  and  sandstone  derived 
from  the  neighbouring  and  subjacent  rocks.  They  fill 
hollows  in  the  eroded  surface,  and  are  piled  up  in  heaps 
at  heights  varying  from  30  ft.  to  300  ft.  above  the  existing 
drainage.  They  are  mixed  with  a  few  rounded  pebbles, 
resembling  those  of  the  tertiary  deposits,  The^  lower 
chalk,  the  upper  greensand,  and  the  gault,  wliich  lie 
between  the  lower  greensand  and  the  chalk  with  flints, 
are  generally  free  from  this  detritus,  but  a  spread  of 
flints  occurs  at  intervals.  From  this,  Sir  R.  Murchison 
infers  that  they  were  not  derived  from  the  chalk  escarp- 
ments on  the  north  and  south,  but  were  transported  by 
currents  from  the  west,  where  the  ranges  of  the  North 
and  South  Downs  unite.  The  transverse  gorges  by 
which  the  waters  of  the  Weald  escape  northwards  to  , 
the  Thames  and  southwards  to  the  sea,  also  contain 
considerable  accumulations  of  clay,  sand,  and  frag- 
mentary chalk.  With  respect  to  the  wealden  zone  of 
detritus,  the  slopes  of  the  hills  and  valleys  of  the  really 
central  ridge  of  iron-sand  are  described  as  destitute,  or 
nearly  so,  of  chalk-flints,  or  other  extraneous  fragments ; 
but  the  valleys  occasionally  present  thick  accumulations 
of  reaggregated  clay  or  loam,  derived  from  the  adjoining 
hills.  Sir  R.  Murchison  notices  the  effect  of  these 
deposits  in  modifying  the  sterile  character  of  the  Weald 
clay  by  an  admixture  of  loam,  and  also  in  producing 
the  rich,  ai-able  plain  of  Little  Hampton  and  Bognor, 
composed  of  the  same  materials  as  the  thinner  deposits 
i>n  the  higher  slopes  of  the  Downs,  but  mixed  in 
different  proportions.  The  flints  which  prevail  on  the 
hills  are  more  sparingly  mixed  with  loam  and  clay  in 
the  low  grounds,  where  loam  prevails  ;  and  between  the 
thin  deposits  of  the  hills  and  the  deep  deposit  of  the 
plains,  he  declares  that  it  is  impossible  to  draw  any  line 
of  separation.  This  is  virtually  identical  with  thestate- 
ment  I  had  previously  made  in  your  Journal  and  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  as  to  the  dependence, 
of  the  variations  of  soils  in  Norfolk  and  North  Kent  on 
contours,  and  on  the  varying  depth  and  composition 
of  the  "  warp,"  i.  e.,  the  "  angular  drift "  of  Sir  R. 
Murchison.  I  therefore  hall  with  great  satisfaction  the 
accession  of  so  powerful  an  ally.  I  have  been  engaged 
for  five  years  in  a  struggle  for  the  advancement  of., 
agricultural  geology  against  tliose  geologists  who  regard 
fossils  as  the  alUin-all  of  their  science,  and  whose 
speculative  views  respecting  the  distribution  of  plants  and 
animals  require  that  soils  should  be  formed  from  the 
rocks  on  which  they  rest  by  the  sole  influence  of  atmo- 
spheric action.  Those  views  prevent  them  from  "  recog- 
nising warp  as  a  distinct  deposit."  It  is  now  proved, 
however,  on  the  evidence  of  some  of  our  best  field 
geologists,  with  Sir  Roderick  Murchison  at  their  head, 
that  by  wliatever  name  we  call  it,  and  however  unable 
we  may  be  to  explain  the  causes  which  produced  it, 
there  is  such  a  deposit,  and  that  it  exercises  an 
important  influence  on  the  distribution  of  soils.  It 
results,  then,  from  the  collection  and  generalisation 
of  our  present  stock  of  facts  respecting  the  superficial 
deposits,  that  there  is  scarcely  a  district  in  England  and 
Wales  exempt  from  some  kind  of  transported  matter, 
in  which  are  blended  the  materials  of  more  than  one 
formation,  when  even  the  thinnest  are  of  sufficient  depth 
to  form  the  soil,  and  in  many  cases  the  subsoil  also. 
To  be  useful  to  agriculture,  therefore,  geological  maps 
must  include  the  geology  of  the  surface  as  well  as  of  the 
substrata.  We  must  lay  down  soils  and  subsoils  as 
they  actually  exist,  and  then  determine  their  relations  to 
the  rocks  beneath  ;  not  deduce  the  former  hypothetically 
from  the  latter.  Such  maps  may  be  of  two  kinds.  We  " 
may  have  maps  of  estates  on  the  large  scale  of  the  tithe 
maps.  On  these  the  variations  of  soil  may  be  denoted 
by  colours  after  a  plan  which  I  proposed  about  two 
years  since.  The  depth  of  soil  and  subsoil,  and  of  the 
substrata  down  to  the  rocks,  which  form  the  assumed 
surface  of  ordinary  geological  maps,  may  be  indicated 
by  a  system  of  figures  and  of  conventional  signs.  Tiie 
mineral  characters  of  the  rocks  may  also  be  shown  by 
words  written  along  the  strike  — as  sandstone,  clay, 
limestone,  &c.  The  fossiliferous  group  to  ^yhiuh  they 
belong  may  be  shown  by  words  written  in  another 
character  across  the  strike— as  coal  measures,  lower 
greensand,  &c.  From  their  minuteness  of  detail  these 
maps  would  be  of  great  practical  utility,  and  could  not 
fail,  if  executed  by  competent  persons,  to  furnish  much 
information  respecting  the  agricultural  capabilities  of 
the  property,  and  to  lead  to  the  development  of  dormant 
resources.  They  should  always  accompany,  if  not  be 
preliminary  to,  draining  operations.  By  combining 
the  two,  the  expense  of  the  mapping  will  be  reduced, 
since  the  trial  holes  necessary  for  the  draining  will 
give  much  of  the  information  required  for  the 
maps.  The  remainder  will  be  furnished  in  greatir 
detail  during  the  cutting  of  the  drains.  Inferiti' 
to  these  maps  in  practical  utility,  but  more  inte- 
resting to  science  —  because  they  would  condense' 
and  epitomise  information  which,  on  the  larger  scale, 
would  be  too  much  diffused  for  general  and  con  - 
prehensive  views  of  the  surface  geology  of  large  distrii  ts 
— would  be  the  Ordnance  sheets  coloured  like  the  map 


24—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


381 


of  Norfolk  before  you,  to  represent  the  variations  of  s>il.  | 
These  would  be  maps  of  the  surface  geology,  as  | 
companions  to  the  Governmeut  maps  of  the  substrata. 
On  a  scale  so  small  as  that  of  the  Ordnance  maps  it  is 
impossible  to  combine  the  geology  of  the  substrata  with 
that  of  the  surface  ;  they  must  be  shown  by  separate 
maps.  On  the  lai'ger  maps  of  estates  they  may  be 
exhibited  together,  by  the  plan  indicated  above.  In 
illustration  of  these  'three  methods  of  constructing 
geological  maps,  let  us  suppose  the  floor  of  this  room 
to  be  composed  of  different  kiuds  of  wood — Fir,  OaU, 
Elm,  Mahogany.  &c. — arranged  alternately.  These  will 
represent  the  strata.  Tlie  carpet  which  covers  them 
will  represent  the  superficial  deposits,  which  comprise 
the  soils  and  subsoils  of  agriculture,  except  where  lioles 
in  the  carpet  expose  the  floor.  By  means  of  these  holes, 
and  of  our  knowledge  of  the  strike  of  the  strata,  which 
is  at  right  angles  to  their  dip  or  inclination,  and  is  here 
represented  by  the  direction  in  which  the  planks  lie, 
we  obtain  the  data  on  which  our  geological  maps  are 
constructed.  We  represent  the  strata  as  they  would  be 
if  the  carpet  were  removed.  Such  maps,  therefore, 
can  convey  very  little  information  respecting  soils  and 
subsoils,  unless  accompanied  by  another  map,  showing 
tlieir  variation ;  that  is  to  say,  the  pattern  of  the  carpet. 
On  the  Ordnance  sheets  I  give  a  separate  plan  of  the 
carpet.  The  Government  maps  give  a  plan  of  the  floor. 
On  the  larger  maps  of  estates  I  purpose  to  exhibit  the 
pattern,  thickness,  and  composition  of  the  carpet.  By 
means  of  the  mineral  characters  of  the  strata,  written 
along  the  strike,  and  of  the  fossiliferous  groups  to  which 
they  belong,  written  across  the  strike,  I  propose  to 
render  this  map  of  the  carpet  ti'ansparent,  so  that  the 
construction  of  the  floor  may  be  seen  through  it.  In 
the  outset  of  such  an  undertaking  the  want  would  be 
felt  of  a  systematic  nomenclature  of  soils,  capable  of 
general  application.  The  authors  of  the  reports  to  the 
Board  of  Agriculture  complain  repeatedly  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  describing  soils,  or  of  laying  them  down  on 
maps,  from  the  confusion  existing  as  to  nomenclature, 
as  well  as  from  the  irregularity  and  intricacy  of  their 
distribution.  Allow  me  to  ask,  how  many  of  the  local 
names  which  I  enumerated  in  the  early  part  of  this 
address  you  understand  ?  I  would  ask  a  Kentish  man, 
what  idea  he  attaches  to  the  terms  rammel,  fox-bench, 
keale,  and  bears' -muck  ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  I  would 
ask  a  farmer  from  Lincolnshire,  Northamptonshire,  or 
Cheshire,  what  he  supposes  to  be  meant  by  pinnock, 
hassock,  stone-schatter,  cledge,  and  blackhover.  Soils 
require  a  double  classification — chemical  and  geolo- 
gical. The  chemical  classification  would  arrange  them, 
and  name  them  in  conformity  with  their  composition, 
dividing  them  into  sands,  sandy  loams,  loams,  clay 
loams,  clays,  marls,  calcareous  and  vegetable  soils, 
according  to  the  proportion  of  sand,  separable  by 
washing,  of  lime,  and  of  vegetable  matter  which  they 
contain.  The  geological  classification  would  express 
their  relations,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  rocks  on  which 
they  rest,  and  on  the  other  to  the  superficial 
deposits.  I  know  of  no  system  which  would  answer  the 
purpose  so  well  as  that  which  divides  them  into  alluvial, 
erratic,  and  local.  Alluvial  soils  will  be  those  formed, 
as  I  have  described,  by  existing  aqueous  action  along 
existing  lines  of  drainage.  Erratic  soils  will  be  those 
which  were  formed  by  currents  which  have  ceased  to 
act,  and  which  acfed  irrespectively  of  the  present 
drainage.  Local  soils  will  be  those  composed  exclusively 
of  the  material  of  the  rock  on  which  they  rest.  Under 
this  double  classification  we  shall  have  local,  erratic,  and 
alluvial  sands,  loams,  and  clays,  &c. ;  on  the  chalk,  oolite, 
greensand,  &c.  These  particulars,  together  with  the 
depth  and  colour  of  the  soil,  and  the  depth  and  com- 
position of  subsoil,  might  be  concisely  expressed  by 
signs  and  symbols  in  a  manner  which  would  convey 
more  information  than  could  be  gained  from  whole  lines 
of  description,  or  from  heaping  together  such  epithets 
as  fine,  deep,  rich,  mellow,  putrid  loam — or  poor,  cold, 
sour,  hungry,  barren  clay.  Such  information,  with 
notices  of  the  elevation  and  aspect  of  the  land  and  its 
elevations,  would  be  nearly  all  that  is  required  to  enable 
a  judgment  to  be  formed  respecting  the  present  quality 
of  the  soil,  its  future  capabilities,  and  the  available 
means  of  improvement.  The  test  by  which  to 
discriminate  between  local  and  erratic  soils,  when  the 
rock  is  covered  only  by  a  thin  film  of  the  latter,is  this  :  — 
Do  they,  or  do  they  not,  contain  any  pebbles  or  frag- 
ments of  stone  which  are  not  found  in  the  rock  below, 
and  which  could  not  have  reached  them  by  ordinary 
atmosipheric  action  \  If  any  coarse  foreign  detritus  is 
present,  we  may  be  sure  that  it  is  present  also  in  finer 
particles  ;  and  that  the  soil  differs  som'jwhat  in  compo- 
sition from  the  subjacent  rock.  Tried  by  tliis  test,  I 
believe  that  local  aoils  will  be  found  extremely  rare. 
To  eatablihd  Huch  a  system,  we  should  require  the 
co-operation  of  many  agricultural  surveyors, conversant 
with  soils,  to  map  their  variations  on  different  geological 
formations  ;  they  should  act  in  conjunction  with  a  central 
body  of  agriculturiftts,  chemists,  and  gcolitgists,  in  order 
to  insure  uniformity  of  colours,  signn,  and  nomenclature. 
A  syBtematic  study  and  classification  of  soils  such  a^ 
this,if»iiitimaU:iy  connected  with  tlioHo  rescurclieB  which 
\'rfi(vBV)V  Way  is  carrying  on  with  so  mu<!h  huccchh 
rc»pectingtheabwrptivc  powers  of  soils,  Ii  it  luo  niufili 
to  hope  that  et)ju(i  of  the  most  pcrplf^xing  anoniali-n 
of  agricultural  practice  and  agricultural  experiincnt  will 
fijjiappoar  btiforo  af:curatc  and  Hyst^.-iniitic  reHcardics 
of  UiiM  kind  ?  I  have  occupi<;d  you  vtry  long;  but 
th/jTo  JH  one  point  connected  with  tho  fluperficinl  d^-posits 
t^  which,  before  1  c/jnclude,  I  must  beg  leave  to  di'uw  your 
attention,  in  consequence  of  its  bearingi  on   th-.*  vt-x-d 


question  of  the  best  distance  and  depth  of  drains.  You 
will  observe  in  the  sections  before  you,  by  Sir  K. 
Murchison  and  myself,  as  well  as  in  some  otliers  which 
I  formerly  gave  in  your  Journal,  in  a  paper  on  the 
"  Geology  of  Norfolk,"  the  manner  in  which  the  "  warp," 
or  angular  drift  which  forms  the  surface  soil,  fills  cavities 
in  the  subsoil  on  which  it  rests.  Most  of  these  cavities 
are  the  transverse  sections  of  furrows  which  communicate 
with  the  deeper  cavities,  which  are  of  the  form  of 
cylinders  and  inverted  cones.  These  cavities  are  most 
conspicuous  where  the  warp  rests  on  chalk,  but  they  are 
also  found  wiien  it  rests  on  sandstone  or  clay.  Mr. 
Austen  has  lately  stated  in  a  paper  read  before  the 
Geological  Society  that,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Guild- 
ford, a  loamy  soil,  requiring  to  be  drained,  rests  on  clay, 
the  surface  of  which  is  furrowed  in  this  manner.  He 
states  also  that  the  farmers  have  found  that  drains  cut 
across  these  furrows  lay  dry  a  much  larger  area  than 
wlien  they  are  cut  parallel  with  them.  This  is  precisely 
what  might  have  been  expected.  These  furrows  act  as 
so  many  parallel  natural  drains,  and  the  artificial  drains 
crossing  them  become  submains.  Perhaps  some  of  the 
contradictory  statements  which  are  made  respecting  the 
superior  efHcacy  of  deep  and  shallow  drains  might  be 
reconciled  by  examining  the  relations  of  the  drains  to 
these  furrows,  and  determining  whether  they  were  cut 
across  them  or  parallel  to  them,  and  whether  they 
extended  into  the  impervious  clay  much  below  these 
natural  subterranean  channels,  or  just  coincided  with 
their  average  depth.  That  average  depth  I  apprehend 
would  be  the  most  effective  depth,  whether  more  or  less 
than  3  or  4  feet.  I  throw  out  these  views  as  suggestive 
of  inquiry.  I  may  add  that  when  acting  in  Ireland,  in 
1847,  as  Government  Inspector  of  the  Cavan  Union 
under  the  Temporary  Relief  Act,  I  h  id  few  opportunities 
for  geological  research,  I  could  not  avoid  observing,  in 
traversing  the  county,  "fresh  sections  of  the  soil  and 
subsoil  laid  open  by  the  relief-road  cuttings  of  the 
Board  of  Works.  Sections  abounded  exhibiting  this 
irregular  junction  of  the  soil  with  a  retentive  subsoil  ; 
and  I  observed  that  the  surface-water  drained  out  along 
this  irregular  line  of  junction,  whether  it  extended  to 
the  depth  of  four  feet,  or  was  only  two  feet  deep.  I 
have  since  made  similar  observations  in  fresh  railway 
cuttings  in  this  country. 

On  the  motion  of  Lord  Berners,  seconded  by  Sir  John 
v.  B.  Johnston,  Bart,  M.P.,  the  best  thanks  of  the 
meeting  were  voted  to  Mr.  Trimmer,  for  his  kind  trouble 
in  preparing,  delivering,  and  illustrating  by  special 
diagrams,  the  lecture  they  had  then  heard. 

(Our  space  obliijtiB  m  to  dettr  ihe  discassional  remarks, 
among  the  members  present,  to  wbich  this  lecture  garo  rise.] 

GuANO  MoNoPOLT. — -At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Society,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
PoRTMAN,  trustee,  in  the  chair,  it  was  carried,  on  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  seconded  by  Mr.  Shaw, 
that  a  deputation  should  be  appointed  to  wait  upon  the 
Earl  of  Derby,  as  First  Minister  of  the  Crown,  for  the 
purpose  of  representing  to  his  lordship  **the  importance 
of  taking  every  possible  means  to  effect  a  reduction  in 
the  price  of  guano  ;"  that  the  deputation  should  consist 
of  such  members  of  the  Council  and  of  the  Society  as 
may  think  fit  to  attend  ;  that  the  Earl  of  Ducie,  as  the 
President  of  the  Society,  should  be  desired  to  commu 
nicate  with  the  Earl  of  Derby,  and  request,  for  the 
deputation,  a  day  of  interview  with  his  lordship  ;  and 
that  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  should  be  forwarded  to 
the  Duke  of  Richmond. 


WEST  OF  ENGLAND  AGRICULTURAL. 

Tadnton, /«fie  10. — During  the  past  week  this  town 
has  been  full,  and  to-day  it  is  overflowing  with  visitors 
drawn  together  by  the  implement  and  cattle  show  of 
this  Society.  The  streets  are,  for  tlie  time,  avenues  of 
trees,  and  the  houses  are  almost  hid  in  the  flags  which 
have  been  unfurled  in  honour  of  the  concourse. 
Exeter  was  extraordinarily  bedecked  on  the  occasion  of 
the  meeting  of  the  English  Agricultural  Society,  but 
Taunton  is  certainly  still  more  lavish  of  this  outward 
show  of  welcome.  The  weather  until  this  afternoon 
has  been  most  unpropitious,  but  the  business  of  the 
meeting  has  proceeded  successfully  notwithstanding,  and 
that  in  the  presence  of  very  large  numbers  of  spectators. 

The  Society  is  formed  on  the  model  of  the  English  Agri- 
cultural Society  ;  or,  perhaps,  more  strictly  on  that  of 
the  Yorkshire  Society  ;  and  is  intended,  like  the  latter,  to 
maintain  the  agricultural  spirit  within  its  own  provincial 
district,  in  tlie  different  towns  of  which  it  will  hold  its 
annual  meeting.  It  originated,  we  believe,  with  Mr. 
Acland,  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Acland.  His  letter  on  the 
subject,  to  Mr.  William  Miles  last  year,  led  to  the 
formation  of  a  connmittee  and  to  various  public  meetings 
in  the  counties  of  Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall,  at 
which  the  scheme  of  the  Society  was  proposed,  and  the 
present  meeting  planned.  According  to  the  literal  truth 
of  tlie  matter,  the  Bath  and  West  of  England  Agricul- 
tural Society,  for  that  is  its  full  designation,  is  a  develop- 
ment, extension,  and  renewal  of  a  very  old  society,  and  it 
is  thus  holding,  perhaps  wc  ought  toadmit,ita  75th  instead 
of  its  first  annual  meeting  ;  but  as  to  all  the  results, and 
almost  all  tho  purposes  of  an  agricultural  association, 
thin  meeting  is  tho  inauguration  of  a  now  society, 
which  the  country  owes  to  tho  energy  and  efforts  of  Mr. 
Aclaml. 

Comparing  it  with  the  Yorkshire  Society,  to 
which  it  bears  greatest  reHomblimco  in  its  scope  and 
dirn(MiMion9,  wo  considL-r  tlio  present  meeting  fully  equal 
in  merit  to  the  average  of  tlio'H.i  in  tlui  north— exceeding 
thfjin  tiH  r  -ftr  Is  tin.'  extent  of  the  imjilomoit  show  ;  «nd 
if  wc  may  pit  the  Duvoiis  against  the  Sliort-horu  j,  equal 


to  it  as  regai'ds  the   cattle    exhibited,   though    much 
inferior  as'regards  the  horses,  the  sheep,  and  the  pigs. 

The  cattle  were  arranged  in  two  main  classes,  namely, 
"  Devons "  and  "  other  pure  breeds  ;  "  these  being, 
however,  as  it  liappened,  confined  to  the  Short-horns  ; 
for  only  one  Hereford,  a  yeariing  bnll,  was  to  be  seen. 
There  were  about  GO  lots  of  Devons  arranged  in  six 
classes,  and  26  lots  of  Short-horns  also  arranged  in  six 
classes.  Among  the  exhibitors  were  Messrs.  Quartly 
Fartliing,  Turner,  and  many  others,  whose  names  will 
be  seen  in  the  prize  list  of  Devons  ;  and  the  principal 
prizes  for  Short-horns  were  carried  off  by  Mr.  Stratton 
of  Swindon.  Nearly  100  lots  of  sheep  were  shown  the 
Leicesters  and  the  Dorsets  being  remarkable  for  merit 
in  their  classes.  About  50  lots  of  pigs  and  a  few  horses 
completed  the  exh;bition.  There  was,  however,  also  in. 
the  yard  a  considerable  show  of  poultry,  including  some 
very  nice  lots  of  Cochin  China  fowls,  a  few  of  the 
Spanish  breed,  and  some  handsome  silver-pencilled 
Hamburghs. 

The  implement  yard  contained  50  different  stands, 
many  of  them  belonging  to  the  leading  agricultural 
implement  makers  ;  among  whom  we  may  mention 
Biirrett  and  Exall,  of  Reading  ;  Clayton,  Shuttleworth, 
and  Co.,  of  Lincoln  ;  Howard  and  Sons,  of  Bedford  ; 
Hornsby  and  Son,  of  Lincoln  ;  and  many  others. 

We  are  unable  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  imple- 
ments exhibited,  but  shall  mention  some  of  the  more 
important.  There  were  many  steam-engines  shown— 
and  Messrs.  Clayton,  Shuttleworth,  and  Co,  received  the 
prize  for  theirs.  Many  threshing-machines  have  been 
exhibited — and  Messrs.  Cambridge  and  Co.,  of  Bristol, 
exhibited  an  ingenious  shaker,  consisting  of  six  parallel 
rollers,  so  to  speak,  only  not  of  round  but  of  square 
sections,  and  about  6  inches  in  the  side.  These  placed 
parallel  and  close  together,  are  made  to  revolve,  and 
the  straw  and  grain  is  transmitted  over  them,  beii^ 
thrown  up  and  down  by  the  difference  between  the 
diagonal  and  side  of  the  revolving  pieces,  while  the  grain 
falls  through  the  spaces  between  them. 

Mr.  Fry,  of  Bristol,  exhibited  his  draining-machine, 
and  the  wet  state  of  the  land  was  admirably  adapted  for 
its  successful  operation.  Large  crowds  of  people  wit- 
nessed its  performance,  and  appeared,  as  we  think  with 
reason,  to  be  satisfied  that  in  the  circumstances  in  which 
it  was  being  tried,  it  would  economise  the  process  of 
draining  without  endangering  its  efficiency. 

A  very  excellent  and  simple  Barley  hummeller — the 
best  we  have  seen — has  been  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Bruismead,  of  Torrington.  It  would  answer  their 
purpose  to  register  the  invention,  and  we  hope  they 
will  exhibit  it  at  Lewes,  when  we  shall  be  able  to- 
describe  it  in  detail. 

Hussey*s  reaping-machine  was  exhibited  at  several  of 
the  stands,  and  was  tried  successfully  on  some  standing 
Rye 

We  hope  to  be  able  to  give  the  prize  list  of  the 
implement  yard  next  week.  The  following  is  the  prize 
list  of  the  live  stock. 

PRIZiS  LIST  FOR  CATTLE. 

Jddge9 — For  Devons  and  loDg.woolled  sheep  :— Mr.  Trethewy- 
of  Grampound,  Coin  wall  ;  Mr.  Partridge,  of  Bow,  Dei'on  ■  Jdr. 
Robert  Smith,  Emmett's  Grange,  Somereet.  For  other  cattle^ 
Mr.  Gray,  of  Kingwe»ton,  Somerset ;  Mr.  Leech,  of  Kiiming ton- 
Wilts  ;  Mr.  Beavis.  ot  Chard. 

DEVONS. 

Mr.  Tucker,  of  Staplegrove,  near  Taunton,  afouryaars  and 
four  months  old  bull,  12L 

Mr.  Webber,  of  Halbertoo-court,  near  Tiverton,  a  four  years- 
and  two  months  old  pure  bull,  51. 

Mr.  Wright,  of  Moor-farm,  near  Taunton,  a  two  years  and 
four  monthB  old  ball,  121. 

Mr.  Q'lartly,  of  Champsen  Mollaod,  near  Soutbmolton,  a  on3 
year  aad  five  months  old  bull,  51. 

Mr.  Qibbs,  of  Bighop'a  Lydeard,  near  Taunton,  a  one  yeas 
and  five  months  old  bull,  51. 

Mr.  Farthing,  of  Scowey-court,  near  Bridgewater,  a  three 
years  and  two  months  old  in-milk  cow,  101. 

Mr.  Farthing,  of  Nether  Stowey,  near  Bridgewater,  a  three 
years  and  five  months  old  in-millt  cow,  51. 

Mr.  Gibbs,  of  Bishop's  Lydeard,  a  two  years  and  six  montha 
old  in-milk  heifer,  lyi.;  ditto,  51. 

Mr.  Hole,  of  Knowle-hoase,  near  Diinster,  two  one  year  and. 
aix  montha  old  jearling  hei'era,  51. 

OTHER  BREEDS. 

Mr.  Abbott,  of  Long  Ashtoo,  neir  Bristol,  a  three  yeara  and' 
one  month  old  ahoi-t-horned  buil,  121. 

Mr.  Lu'.ley,  of  Canniogton,  near  Bridgewater,  a  four  yeara 
and  one  month  old  ball,  51. 

Mr.  Stratton,  of  Bishop's  Hinton,  near  Swindon,  a  one  year 
and  four  months  old  bull,  12;, 

Mr.  Bult,  of  Kini^ston,  near  TauatoD,  a  two  years  and  four 
months  old  short-horned  bull,  51. 

Mr.  Stratton,  of  Bisliop'd  Hinton,  near  Swindon,  a  one  yeorr 
and  one  month  old  ball,  51.  ;  a  four  years  and  eight  months  old 
cow,  lOi  ;  a  three  years  and  three  mouths  old  cow,  51.  ;  a  two 
years  and  four  moiiths  old  heifer,  1<H. ;  a  two  yeara  and  three 
months  old  heifor,  in  calf,  51. ;  two  one  year  and  four  months- 
old  vearliDg  heifers,  51. 

SHEEP. 

Mr.  Radmore,  of  Thorverton,  near  Collumpton,  a  Leicester 
shearling  ram,  IG  monthH  old,  5£. 

Mr.  Bodlcy,  of  Horkely  Potnoroy,  near  Crcdlton,  a  Ion?. 
woolled  ram,  14  months  old,  SI.  • 

Mr.  Moon,  of  Liipford,  near  Crediton,  a  Leicester  ram,  61 
months  old,  51. 

Mr.  Bodley,  of  Horltley  Pi>mcroy,  near  Croditon,  a  long- 
woolled  ram,  2G  months  old,  o'.. 

Mr.  Limhriclt,  o(  OitoQ,  near  Chipping  Sodbury,  a  pen  of 
live  ewfl-i,  51,. 

Mt's.  B  )n<},  of  Ciieddon  Fitzpaine,  near  Taunton,  a  pen  of 
livt!  long-w  lollod  sliuiirlliig  owes,  1(1  months  old,  51. 

Mr.  Moore,  of  Ll'tle  ot-farm,  near  JTowsey,  Wilts,  a  South:- 
down  mm,  IS  months  old,  51. 

Sir  J.  Konniiwiy,  of  End,  noar  OttoryS!-.  Mary,  a  Southdown 
runri,  10  monlliH  old,  St. 

Mr.  Mooi'f,  of  Li'.tlocot-farm,  noor  Pcwsoy,  a  Southdowa 
ram,  27  months  old,  51. 

hie.  Vfnit*,  of  l'')eHhford,  n^ar  Bath,  a  Southdown  ram,  42" 
mnrithn  old,  M. 

Mr.  Illrtd  tn,  of  Birlihnm,  near  Dunstcr,  a  pen  of  five  South- 
down t"W«H,  &i, 

Mr.  Morle,  of  Cinnington-park,  near  Bridgewater,  a  pen  of 
five  Sonilidown  owes,  3L 


382 


THE     AGrxiCULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[June  12, 


Sir  John  Kennaway,  a  pen  of  five  Southdown  Bhearliog 
©WPS,  16  months  o^<\.  5L 

Mr.  D-nger,  of  Huutatile.  near  Bri(lp<?water,  a  yearling  raiu, 
17  momhs  old,  first  prize.  51.  ;  rterond,  3(. 

The  same,  a  Silver  Cup,  given  by  Mr.  Frederick  Ho^g,  of  40, 
St.  Janie't'H-strter,  Londnn,  fur  name, 

Mr.  Kidtier,  of  Bickley,  near  Milverton,  Somerset,  a  ram, 
oi  inonihs  old,  3i. 

Mr  Coombe,  o;  Creech  St.  Michael,  near  Taunton,  a  Dorset 
ram,  53  moutUB  old,  5i. 

Mr.  J^me-iCulverwell,  of  North  Petberton,  near  Bridgewater, 
a  pen  of  five  Uorht-t  ewta,  51. 

Mr.  Coombe,  of  Creech  St.  Michael,  near  Taunton,  a  pen  of 
■five  D  irset  ewes.  53  m  >nih8  oM,  3f, ;  a  pen  of  five  Duraet 
shciirliiig  ewes,  17  uiontliB  old,  51. 

Mr.  Nurcombe,  of  Uo(>cott.  near  Minebead.  a  Mountaio  ram, 
40  month*  old,  il  ;   a  Mountain  ram    61  mtnifhs  old,  '21. 

Mr.  Q'lartly,  of  Mi.lland,  near  SjuthnioUoii,  a  pen  of  five  pure 
2xmoor  ewep,  52  monlhn  old,  4.1. 

Mr.  Nurunmbe.  of  Hopcott,  a  pen  of  five  pure  Exmoor  ewes, 
2Smo!iihsold,  21. 

FIGS. 

Mr.  Blandford,  of  Sandridge,  iieir  Melksbam,  a  Berkshire 
boar,  one  vear  and  11  mmths  old,  4t. 

Dirio,  ot'Orrihard  Portman,  ntar.  Taunton,  a  boar,  two  years 
and  6ve  mimih'^  old,  21. 

Ditto,  III  Sandriilgf,  a  Berkshire  sow,  10  months  old,  41. 

Di'-ti),  of  Orctiard  Poriman,  a  breediriff  sow,  one  year  and 
fire  III  nibs  old,  '21.  ;  a  pen  ot  three  brttding  sows,  21.;  a  pen  of 
three  breefiiiig  oO«6,  four  months  old.  II. 

'Mr.  Norib*-y,  of  Lake  Liftoii,  neir  Launcestou,  Cornwall,  a 
baai',  '  wo  ytars  and  six  months  old.  41. 

Mr.  Rindnn,  of  B  rkham,  near  Dunster,  a  Leicester  boar,  one 
year  and  11  mouths  old,  2£. 

Mr.  Nurihey,  of  Lake  Lifton,  near  LauocestOD,  a  breeding 
£OW,  three  icurs  old,  4J. 

Mr.  Moo.),  of  Lapiord,  near  C- editon,  a  breeding  sow,  one 
year  old,  2^  ;  a  pen  of  three  breediajj  sows,  seven  months 
old,  21. 

Mr.  Northy,  of  Lake  Lifton,  near  Lauoceston,  a  pen  of  three 
breeding  some,  II, 

HOUSES. 

I^Ir.  Wicox,  of  Meare,  near  VVelis,  a  cart  mare,  six  years  and 
one  mi)nih  old,  1(^1. 

J.lr    C.Toer.  of  Torwxston,  near  Williton,  a  mare   and  f^al, 
about  III  years  old,  Si- 
Mr.   Champenej,  of   Theale,  near   Wellf,  a  thorough-bred 
horse,  101.  

Miscellaneous. 

Necessity  for  Good  Bidldlngs. —  I  believe  my  mos 
inveterate  opponents  will  agree  with  me  that  there  is 
no  mode  of  obtaining  manure  so  cheaply  as  by  feeding 
animals.  How  important  then  is  it,  that  the  Lincoln- 
shire customs  should  extend  to  tlie  many  poverty- 
striiiken  and  cattleless  districts  of  this  kingdom  ?  (We 
should  then  hear  no  more  of  the  difficulty  of  getting  the 
s.traw  "  stamped"  into  manure.)  The  whole  question 
of  cattle  feeding  is  worthy  the  most  serious  considera- 
tion of  agriculturists  ;  for  if,  as  in  my  case,  they  show 
such  a  considerable  charge  for  manure,  having  every 
comfort  and  couveuience,  and  without  disease  and  other 
casualties,  wliat  must  be  the  loss  where,  as  too  often 
described  by  the  Times  commissioner,  no  proper  build- 
ings exist  for  their  accommodation.  The  benefit  of 
shelter  is  too  obvious ;  but  let  those  who  doubt  it 
^•eraeinber  that  it  is  no  uncommon  occurrence,  during 
severe  weather,  that  whole  fields  of  frozen  Turnips  are 
consumed  by  sheep,  which  absolutely  lose  condition, 
their  food  being  worse  than  wasted.  A  reference  to  the 
"Royal  Agricultural  Society's  Journal,"  Vol.xi.,  Parti., 
will  show  that  a  complete  new  range  of  farm-buildings 
,may  be  erected,  with  steam-engine,  threshing  machine, 
&c.  &c.,  complete,  for  about  bl.  per  acre.  Good 
buildings  often  let  a  farm — particularly  a  heavy  land 
one — at  an  increased  rent  to  an  improving  tenant,  and 
add  a  permanent  value  to  the  fee-simple.  The  waste  of 
time  and  money,  owing  to  the  misplacement  of  buildings 
and  mal-arrangeraents  of  fields  and  roads,  call  loudly  for 
a  simplicity  of  transfer  by  which  proprietors  might 
■e.^eliange  and  square  their  fields,  as  readily  as  they 
would  their  consols,  if  mutually  so  inclined.  Everythinf 
•in  agriculture  is,  owmg  to  its  enormous  area,  so  vast, 
ithat  a  statistical  table  on  this  subject,  as  well  as  on 
noxious  fences  and  timber,  would  be  astounding  and 
'liardly  credible.  The  necessity  we  are  under  of  com- 
petiug  with  the  whole  world  in  the  growth  of  corn  will 
compel  a  complete  revolution  in  our  agricultural 
•economics.  Mr.  MecJii's  Second  Paper. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Atlesbdet?  Bdttee:  Cleveland.  Perhaps,  if  bu  ter-making  on 
the  Aylesbury  system  is  not  a  profound  secret,  some  of  our 
torrfspf.ndt-nts  might  help  you. 

^r.w  Mode  of  making  BoTTEa:  We  beg  to  ref. r  ajain,  at  the 
sutigeBium  of  Lord  Btlhave..,  lo  ihe  pnragraph  on  this 
suhjtiL-t  in  page  3J9.  The  explanation  there  given  of  tbe 
difiii-ulties  in  tbe  way  of  mak'nij  buaer  that  shall  keep  is 
ciirrect  enough  ;  but  the  sugnfs  iim  founded  up  -n  i'-  ia,  we 
fear,  more  curious  than  usefu  .  The  ca«ein  uf  milk  and 
-cream  is  the  ferment  which  first  causes  ihe  sutjar  of  milk  to 
Mssume  the  form  of  lactic  acid,  and  then  chaises  this  laciic 
ncid,  inducing  it  the  naore  rapidly  to  ab-ioib  oxyi^en  and 
become  "ne  or  other  of  the  fetid  acids  lo  which  the  uflFeiieivn- 
nesc  of  rancid  butier  is  owing.  Ab  co.in  as  rhe  luetic  or  any 
of  these  acids  is  formed  it  unites  wah  and  detaiheB  the 
alkaline  solvent  of  the  casein  in  the  milk,  and  the  casein 
assumes  its  proper  form  a9_  an  iosotubt*;  curd.  The  object, 
tiitn.  of  the  pruposed  mix'uro  of  ibe  cream  wirh  lime  pre- 
viously to  putting  it  in  the  churn  is  to  ntutralise  ihtse  aci.ls, 
HO  that  the  casein  shyll  remain  in  solution  while  the  butter 
•is  being  i^eparaied  bj  auitation  in  the  ehurn.  And  while  the 
butter  Btill  remains  niotribuftd  through  the  huner-milk  in 
small  pariictea,  it  is  proposed  to  sepura  e  it,  by  straitiing,  we 
imagine,  well  nabbing  it  at  ihe  same  time  wi'h  water,  ho  ap 
to  carry   (jff  all   this   soluble  CaMtin,    and   render  tlie  butter 

^  when  "ininatelycollecied  free  from  'his  mischier^u-^  ferment. 

^oultky:  J  L.  It  is  not  an  unusual  thu.g  tor  one-  bird  of  the 
oeo3  in  a  jard  to  be  clucking  at  thia  ^ea-on  ot  the  ^ear.  I 
am  HiwajB  averse  to  deviatioDB  from  Nature  iu  thirrespecf, 
h^l  I  them  fet  when  ihej  will.  The  penalty  of  making 
old  «  7  "*"'  ''^  *^"'  '^""'"'^  ^''  '*"*'  t^'^J  be...me  premaiurely 
o  d  and  v^■orn  our.-B  C.  I  recomm.„d  mea!  in  preference  to 
wnuie  corn,  because  I  have  found  fr.n 


do   Tnn,.h  i.',r • '.^.^  IUU..I.  lioii.  ex|  erience  ihat  tVm'ls 

use  Or  av  '^^  "P**"  ^h  ^""^  ^'"'^"^^  '*'^""S  ecnnum,  in  itH 
"iVendmW  tr  ^'"'^.  ""  ^  "i-'ul-nt.  but  need  only  be 
^  matfon«  ^Th  «^*^«^'y  "i-'ds.  in  wet  weather,  ur  in  dimp 
aituationa.     They  ebould  be  chopped  tine,  put  into  a  pail  and 


covered  with  boiline  watpr.  A  [lo'h  bbould  thi-n  be  placed 
over  the  vcy  el  or  pan  containing  the  crenvea.  and  the  sTt^am 
conlitied  till  they  ate  sodi-leo.  Fowls  wUI  starve  on  whole 
corn  if  confined  pniirely  to  it. —  /I  Qy,  Haverfordwest.  1  should 
think  the  ground  is  overstocked  wii  h  cfucktnis  at  this  season 
of  the  year,  and  i>  become  tainted.  I  infer  'bis,  bec-iuse  you 
s  y  thw  dine^itie  alwuys  appi*ars  at  thi-'  sea-on  every  jear. 
Remove  them,  if  pnssible.  to  n^w  ground  ;  if  jou  cannot, 
then  I  advise  you  to  lessen  tbennmbi-r,  and  to  feed  (gene- 
rously ;  give  thtm  oatmeal  slaked  witn  mi  k,  and  add  pouniieil 
Pepperiiorns.  Give  every  morning  and  tvenini'  Home  f'tale 
bread  Foaked  in  strnnn  old  a'e.  This  will  gve  the  chicl<enH 
strength  to  throw  off  he  cotniila'tit. —  .4  Subscriber  of  Some 
Years^  Standvig  In  Sp  miah  chickeim  white  tuathers  ar« 
admissible,  but  as  soon  as  they  are  fully  feathered  and  full 
pronn,  they  aie  serious  diilects.  I  sb'-uld  not  for  a  few  of 
them  consider  a  bird  impure  ;  but  should  rai her  impute  ibe'r 
appearance  to  degeneracy  and  vieakneps.  The  fihh  claw  in 
Cochin  Chma  fowls  ia  a  certain  iodic  ition  of  impurity  ; 
there  has  been  a  cross  at  some  time,  and  they  are  thmwing 
back.  An  egg  cannot  be  judged  by  its  colour  as  t'^  purity  of 
breed,  but  impurity  roHy  be  detected  where  the  deviation  is 
too  grear  ;  for  ins'ancf,  al'h'Ugh  Coehin  China  (owls  and 
pbeasanti  lay  lij;ht  egL-s,  I  h,ivf  n  ver  known  either  lay  them 
perfectly  white    J.  Baily,  113   Mount. street. 

Salt:  J Pincut.  The  mu-iate  of  hoda,  which  cmmon  palt  is 
when  ill  solution,  will,  when  it  int^ets  carb  ^nate  i>f  animonia 
in  aolu'ion,  in  a  measure  decompise  it  and  suffer  decom- 
position. Tbut  is,  the  carbonate  of  soda  and  inuiiute  of 
ammitnia  will  be  formed  ;  and   as  ihe  latter  is  a  fixed  halt  of 

"  aiiinonia,  while  ibe  cai  b<na'e  of  ammonia  is  vol-itile,  this 
process,  in  so  far  as  it  maij  take  place  in  the  dung  heap,  would 
bo  a  desirable  icbuIc  o'  tlie  ptauiice  of  salti-ig  tnrm-yard 
manure.  But  the  practice  is  also  beneficial  simply  io  the 
addition  of  so  much  comm.m  Fait  to  the  land,  whii^b  often 
benefits  from  the  mdepeo'ien'  application  of  that  subi>tance. 

Ventilation  :  Female  Amatenr.  The  subj-ct,  so  far  as  the 
principles  are  conceiuc-d.  ii  beiiiK  refeiredtoin  the  leading 
eection  of  this  paper,  l-'or  the  repi>rta  of  the  English  Agri. 
cultural  Society's  meetings  we  are  indebted  to  the  kindness 
of  the  secretary. 

Water:  ABC.  A  brook  or  stream  of  water,  u^^ed  for  the 
purpose  of  washing  the  ore  of  an  extensive  lead  mine,  for 
the  purpose  of  cleansing  and  separating  it  from  the  gravel, 
calomine,  and  the  earthy  particles  adhering  to  it,  would 
certainly  be  injur'oas  lo  the  health  of  man  or  beast  whi) 
minbt.  subsequently  to  its  being  u^ed  for  this  process,  drink 
of  the  same. 


COVENT  GAUDEN.  Jdnb  12. 
Vegetables  and  Irui'  ar-j  pitntitul.  fhe  sale  for  English 
Pine-up|)leM  still  continues  rather  dulL  Hothouse  Grapes 
have  much  improved  since  our  last  repo  ',  both  as  respects 
supply  and  quali'y.  A  few  dessert  Apples  may  still  be  obtained. 
Oraone:<  are  plentifully  supplied,  and  Very  j£Ood.  Nuts  are 
nearly  the  s.iuie  as  last  qu'ited.  Forct-d  Strawberi  ies  are 
plentiful,  and  a  few  Keen^'  Seedling  have  made  their  apppar- 
ance  from  the  open  ground.  A  large  quantity  of  French 
Clierriea  hn6  been  suuphed  duting  the  werk,  Borne- of  them 
biingiog  onlj  la  per  ib.  Ytmng  Crttrots,  Beans,  P'-.as,  Lertnca.^, 
Endive,  and  Ar  ichokes  couiinue  to  be  s'lpplied  from  France. 
Poiatoe-i  are  generally  f;oo(l  in  quality.  New  ones  from  open 
borders  are  coming  in  pleurifully,  as  are  also  gieen  Peas  of 
excellent  quality.  MuBtiro<oo.>.  are  cheaper.  Cut  flower» 
corihiMt  of  HKBtlib,  Epacrip-es,  Cinciariat),  Mii^nonette.  RoMes, 
Acacias,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Li'..y  of  the  Valley,  and  other 
bulbs, 

FRUIT, 


Pine-applefl,  per  lb.,  Gs  to  liis 
Grapes, hothouHp.p.  Ib.,4-  io8s 
PfBches,  per  dnz.,  128  to  249 
Nee  arines,  per  doz,,  12s  to  24s 
Melons,  eiich,  2b  to  6s 
Cherrie?',  per  Ib  ,  2fi  to  8s 
StrawDerries,  p.  oz.,  fid  10  Is 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—     sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3« 

VEGETABLES. 


Lemonp,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Oraugefl,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  perlDO,  3s  Gd  to  103 

—  Seville,  per  di>z.,  1^  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20d 

to  2J8 

—  Brazil,  p.  b.sh.,  12d  toils 
Cobs,  perlUO  lbs.,  lOUs 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  3d  to  1 
French  Beans,  p.  IHU.  Is  to  a. 
Broccoli,  p.  bunch,  9d  tn  2a 

—  head-,  eaCH,  4,d  to  6d 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle.  Is  to 4s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  23  6d  to  4s 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  Gd 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  45s  to  8Us 

—  per  cwt.,  2b  to  5s 

—  per  bush.,  If  6d  to  2a  6d 

—  Frame,  per  lb  ,  la  to  2s 

—  New(borrier),  co..3dto6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  2b  to  3s 

—  new,  p.  bun  ,  6d  to  9d 
Cui.'umbtTS,  each,  3rt  to  Is 
Celery,  per  buiidlf,  Gd  to  Is  Gd 
C  irrotfl,  p.  bun.,  9d  -o  Is  Gd 

S  pinacb,  per  eievf  ,9d  to  Is 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  ^panibb.p.doz.  l?3dto  3- 
Beet,  per  doz.,  la  lo  2^ 


bs.  per  bunch.  3J  to  6d 
-^bailors,  per  bunch,  4d 
Garl'c,  per  lb.,  81  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  t-core,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz  ,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  SJ  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.ttumiLe.lstols 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  8d  tola 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  Is 
"*orrel.  p.  hf.  sieve.  Is  8d  t<>  Is8d 
Artichokes  JeruB.,do.,  9d  to  Is 
pL-nnel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3J 
Savory,  per  bunch,  'Jd  to  3d 
rh>me,  per  banch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz  bticbs.,  2a  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch.  2d  to  4d 
Baytl,  green,  p.  bunuh.Gd  to  9d 
Vlarjoram,  do.,  3d  to  4d 
'.Vatfrcresses.p.12  buii.,9dtola 


HAY — P^r  Lo.d  ot  dti  Truaaes. 
Sai.THFiELo,  June  10. 


rnme  Meadow 
Inferior  do. 

Uay  7&S  to  atis 
...  G1          72 

(jlover 
2d  cut 

Rowen 

.,.  60         — 

Straw 

New  Hay     ... 

...  —         — 

TV'HlTECnAP 

SL,  June  10. 

Fine  old  Hay 

...  TJstofOs 

Old  Clover 

New  Hay 

..    —        — 

Inferior  do. 

[iiferior  do,... 

...  55        70 

New  Clover 

Straw 

...  22         2G 

Inferior  do. 

.  84s  to  953 
.  75  84 

.  24  28 

'.  CoOPEft. 

..  843  to  908 
..  70         80 


HOPS. — BoRODGH  Market,  June  11. 
Me.'iars.  Paieiiden  and  Smith  reoort  that  the  accounts 
from  Kent,  Worcester,  and  Fatnham  apeak  of  a  general 
increase  of  flv,  in  some  ins  -incea  40  to  50  on  a  leat.  The 
market  in  consequence  is  more  active,  with  prices  advancing. 
Supply  very  limited.     Duty  not  yet  named. 

VVOUL.. 
Bbadfobd,  Tbubsday.  June  10.— From  the  opening  of  the 
co'onial  sales  great  epirit  has  prevailed,  and  an  advance 
established  beyond  what  was  espected,  Tbe  purchas<  a  are  to 
a  great  extent  for  foreign  aci^ount,  and  the  quantity  coming  to 
thia  distric  by  no  means  an  average  of  the  ea'  ly  sales  of  past 
years.  Tbe  businesa  doing  in  Engliah  Wool  does  not  partici- 
pate in  tbe  activity  of  colonial,  for  thia  being  fur  actual 
consumption,  there  is  great  caution  manifested  in  the  por- 
cha^es  of  the  spinners,  who,  from  their  profitlesa  avo.  a'lon, 
are  only  buying  for  hand  to  mouth  cnusumption,  anJ  prices 
are  firm.     Noils  and  br<die'  are  reatU  sae,  and  pricea  dearer, 

FOTA'IOES.— booTUWARK.,  June  7. 
The  committee  report,  that  duiiug  the  past  week  the 
supply  has  been  moderate,  eiill  quite  equal  to  the  demand. 
The  following  are  this  day 'r  quota tu»>i8  :— York  Regents,  80^.  to 
llOs.  ;  Scotch  do.  8ii&.  co  9ob. ;  Scotch  Cups,  65s.  to  70a.; 
VViabeachand  Cambt-idire.  70s.  to  9i)s. 

COAL    M  AKKbl  .— fsibAY.  June  11. 

Holywell,   148.  6d. ;  Eden  Main,  15-  ;  Wallaend  Braddyll'e, 

158.  6d.;   Wallaend   Haawtll,    IGa. :    Walleeud   Hetton,   16a.: 


d      s 

a 

Pit  sf.  of  Slbs.- a 

d      s 

rt 

Rest  Long- wools  .  0 

0  too 

n 

6  to  3 

8 

Do,  Shorn           ...  3 

4  —  3 

6 

2-8 

4 

Ewffi  dj  2d  quality  0 

0  —  0 

0 

6  —  3 

0 

Do.  ShorQ   2 

6—3 

8 

Lambs     4 

4—6 

« 

0  —  0 

(1 

Calves      2 

8  —  4 

0 

6  —  3 

10 

I'ius          2 

8  —  3 

8 

d 

Per  St.  of  8ibs.— 8 

d      s 

(I 

Best  Lonu-woolB  ,  0 

0  too 

0 

10 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3 

4  —  3 

B 

6 

Ewesit  2d  quality 

U 

Do.  Shorn          ...  2 

8  —  8 

tt 

Lambs      4 

4  —  5 

0 

0 

Calves      2 

8—4 

0 

10 

PiRS          2 

8  —  3 

8 

WalKend  Lamb'oo,  ISs.  6d, ;   Wallsend  Stewarta   I63  •   Walls- 
end  Teea,  158.  9d.— Sh-p'-  «■  ra«ri<e',  2  )3.  ' 

SMTTHFIELD.— ilot-DAi,  June  7. 
Tho  advance  in  price  la>*t  weed  has  hri>ught  an  unusually 
lai'L'e  number  o(  Be'iSts  to  market,  and  consequently  all  descrip- 
tions are  lower.  There  is  al>;o  an  increased  supply  of  Sheen 
and  Lambs  ;  trade  tor  the  former  !■*  alow  at  a  reduciioa  of  2d. 
per  8  lbs.,  and  for  the  latter  at  fully  4d.  per  8  lbs.  lower. 
Calves  are  plentiful,  and  prices  on  the  average  lower.  From 
GerniHoy  and  Heliaod  there  are  460  B-:ascs,  2480  Sheep, 
and  226  Oalven  ;  from  Sco'land.  600  Beasts;  from  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk,  280');  and  100  from  the  northern  and  midland 
counties. 

Per  at.  of  Slbtt.— s 
Best  Scots,  Here- 

fnrds,  d-c.  ...  3 
Rest  Sbort.horns  3 
2ii  quality  Beasts  2 
Best    Downa   and 

Hali'-breds      ...  0 

Do.  Shorn    3 

Beasts,  4375  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  29,170  ;  Calves,  319";  Piga,  310^ 
FaiDAT,  June  II. 

We  have  a  good  supply  ot  Beasts,  althou'jh  not  bo  large  as 
was  expected.  The  weather  being  more  favoui  able,  trade  is 
cheerful,  at,  in  some  insianccFi,  a  alight  advance  on  Monday's 
quotations.  The  number  of  Sheep  and  Ijambs  i-*  considerably 
oinaller  than  on  Friday  last.  There  is  a  fair  d.  mand  for  Sheep 
tit  rather  het'er  prices  ;  but  trade  is  no  better  for  Lanoba.  Good 
Calves  are  by  no  means  plentiful,  and  make  4*.  readily; 
middling  ones  are,  however,  with  difficulty  disposed  of.  Our 
foreign  hupplyouHists  of  12ii  Beasts,  l.'OO  Sheep.  426  Calves,  and 
19  Pijis;  from  Scotland.  110  Beasts  ;  from  Norf.dk  and  Suffolk, 
400  ;  and  120  Mtlcb  Cowe  from  the  home  countiea. 

Per  St,  of  Slbs.— s 
Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  A'.c.  ...  3 
Besi  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Be^t   Dovins  and 

Half-breda  ...  0 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3 

Beasts,  899;  Sheep  and  Lamhs.  97- 0  ;  TalveB,  681  ;  Pigs,  470, 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  June  7.— The  supply   of  Engliah  Wheat  by  land 
curriage  samples  to   this  rooming's  market  was  (^matl,     Tho 
weather  being    wet,    fiictora   cummenced   by    holding   for  aa  N 
advance,  but  were  Fubsequently  compelled  to  accept  the  rates  fl 
of  this  day    se'nnight.      Foreitjn    was  neglected,    aud  prices  '■ 
muft  be  contidertd  noniinal, — In  Flour  there  is  notbiog  doing, 

—  ■'^here  is  a  fiir  inquiry  for  Barley  at  about  last  week's  rates. 

—  Beans  and  Peas  are  very  scarce,  and  command  hiyh  pricee, 

—  The  Oat  trade  is  much  ihe  same  as  on  Friday,  say  6d.  per 
qr.  cheaper  for  inferior  qualities  since  tbia  day  week. 

Pee  Impeeial  Qoantee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &,  Suffolk...  White  4 

—  —    fine  aelected  runa.  ditto  4 

—  —     Talavera  . 

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreitrn 

Barley, grind. it  distil.,  2i1b  to 293... Chev 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  1 
Oats,  E-'sex,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  und  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish Potato  5 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew  ] 

Rye      

Rye-meat,  foreign  . 

Beans,  Mazagan 273  to  29s Tick  28— 32  ' 

—  Pigeon   28s  — 3lB... Winds. 

—  Foreign :.. Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  2 

—  Maple 298  to  32a Orey  ; 

Maize     White 

Flour,  be=t  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  i 

—  Soffolk ditto 

—  Foreiiin per  barrel  1 

Feidat,  June    11. — The    aupplies  of   grain  and   Flour  this 

weik  have  been  moderate.  Ihe  attendance  of  1  uyurs  at  this 
morning's  market  was  email,  and  litile  disposition  evinced  to 
purchase;  the  business  was  eonsequi>ntly  limi'ed,  and  prices 
of  Wheat  unaltered  from  Monday. — Barley,  Beaue,  and  Peafl 
remain  as  last  quoted.— The  Oat  trade  is  du'i,  and  to  effect 
Bales  less  money  1:4  accepted  on  inferior  qualities.  Flour  meetl 
rather  more  inquiry. 

lUPEBTAL   ATEBA0E9. 


44-45 

Red  

39—10 

15-47 

lied  

40— « 

45— .511 

38— 4ii 

Hea  

_ 

36— 5i 

nO— 35 

Malting  . 

29-31 

21—28 

MalliDg  , 

— . 

20-2.' 

2-'— 25 

F^ed 

21—2! 

21-24 

Feed 

20—28 

19—21 

F.ed 

17-20 

— 

t'oreign  . 

— 

28—82 

ITarrow  . 

28-32 

— 

r.onppod 

— 

23—31 

Kg\ptian 

24—26 

35—37 

Suff.ilk... 

36-88 

28- 3U 

Foreign  . 

28-86 

87-40 

fellow... 

25— 3V 

Norfolk  . 

25-82 

17—23 

Per  sack 

28-8* 

May    1.. 


15.. 
22.. 


June    5.. 


Aggrpg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  B4bi,et.  Oats    Rye.    Beans.    PbaSm 


41    S 
40    6 


s.  (i. 
28  5 
28  1 
28  3 
27  10 
27  11 
27    6 


s.  d. 

19  9 

19  8 

19  10 
21)  1 

20  1 
20  8 


20     0 


s.  rf. 

31  0 

311  8 

30  0 

3il  5 

30  0 

30  6 


s.  d. 

80  0 

30  6 
SI  0 

31  6 
31  7 


30     5 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr, 
AaEIVALB  THl.'S    WeEE. 


English  . 
Iri,h  .... 
Foreien  . 


Qra. 
4410 


Barley. 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

40 

260 

2(110 


Qrs. 

270 
2150 
17820 


2620  sacka 


Fldctdations  in  the  last  six   VVeek's  Avebaqeb. 


Pkices.    Mat  1.     Mat  S.  ,  Mai  15  Mai  22.  Mai  29.  JoME  5, 


41s  Zd 
41     1 


^ 


bivEBPooL,  loEsDAT,  Juno  8.— Pair  quantitit-s  ot  Oats  anc 
Oatmeal  have  been  received  from  Ireland  this  week,  bu 
scarcely  any  Wheat  and  Flour,  wliich  articles  the  sistei 
connlry  still  requires  to  import.  Of  foreien  produce  we  hay. 
lol.raWy  good  receipts  silica  last  Tuesday  of  Wheat,  Flour 
and  Beans.  But  few  transactions  have  been  passing  u 
Brunsivick-street  during  the  week  in  any  article  ot  the  trade  | 
and  prices  generally  have  shghtly  receded.  1  here  appearetr 
rather  a  good  attendance  of  millers  and  dealers  at  the  Con. 
Market  held  this  morning.  Wheat  was  in  moderate  rcqaeB'; 
for  consumption,  at  a  decline  ot  Id.  to  2d.  per  70  Jbs.  i  lou  , 
was  6d.  per  sack  and  barrel  lower.  Oa'S  declined  4d.  pel| 
bushel.  Oatmeal,  Gd.  per  load,  and  Egyptian  Beans  bd.  per  qr^ 
Peas  and  Barley  without. change  in  value.— -FaiDAT,  .luoe  4 
-Our  market  this  morning  was  necessarily  held  in  the  open 
street,  and  evinced  lit  le  animation  in  any  of  its  deparimente 
The  operations  in  Wheat  wore  consequently  upon  a  mot^erat, 
scale  only,  at  a  reduction  of  Id.  per  70  lbs.  In  French  an. 
Iri~h  FloiSr  we  have  no  change  to  note.  B,.rlty,  Malt,  aU' 
Peas  moved  slowly  at  late  price»,  and  Egjptian  Beans  dechnej 
3J  per  qr.  Oats  merely  sustained  their  previous  value, 
Oatmesl  was  taken  sparingly  at  our  last  qaotations. 
Corn  met  a  moderate  inquiry  at  6d  per  qr.  reduction. 


India 


24—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


383 


MANUFACTURED   SOLELY  BY 

1      FEREABEE      AlfB      SOMB, 

PHCENIX  IRON    WORKS,    NEAR    STROUD,    GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

BUDDING'S  LAWN  MOWING  MACHINES  FOR  HAND  AND  HORSE  POWER 


J  0 


WITH  REGISTERED  IMPROVEMENTS,  No  3074. 


TO  NOBLEMEM,  LANDED    GENTRY,  AGRICULTURISTS 

AND  ROAD   AMD  RAILWAY    CONTRACTORS.  ' 

XT/ IRE  STRAND  FENCING,  as  lurnislied  »vUh  all 

'  '  im  tiitlii|!».  by  R.  S.  NbWjLL  and  Oc,  tmving  .-licitod 
theunqiialifl«;(l  Mppro>al  of  (irHciicai  men,  is  cinifiduDlly  recom- 
me.^dcd  as  ihe  best  Fencii.;;  f..r  Park  and  Farm  Rnclnsures 
(inEtead  of  any  kind  of  hutd'os),  for  Road-side  aad  aii  otlier 
Fencing. 

Tlie  PATENT  WIRE  STRAND  FENCE  po  so=ses  an 
economy,  Becurily,  and  da'abili^y,  not  to  be  f.iund  in  any  other 
Ft-nce  hiriierfn  introduced,  Thli  Fence,  as  fit'e-l  by  11.  S, 
Newall  and  Co.  (attfr  (h.i  Model  of  'he  Fences  of  ttiis  material' 
ia  the  Slopes  and  Home  Parlt  at  Windsor),  has  the  inherent 
property  ot  remaiiiin;^  equally  tight  and  rigid  wvlcir  anyoat-ialions 
of  temperature.  Thouifh  the  'Strands  yiald  aodec  the  »vi;i.;ht  of 
persons  climbing  over  the  Fence,  they  d.i  not  take  the  per- 
mitnent  set,  wliieh  often  renflers  oidliiai-y  Wire  Fencing 
unsightly;  and  owing  to  the  great  elasticity  and  strengch  of 
the  \vhole  Frame,  it  sustains  any  pressure  from  Cattle  without 
injury  or  lonS  of  symmetry. 

Estimates  given  at  so  moch  per  running  yard  for  Fencing, 
fixed  comp'e'e.  Specimens.  Sketches,  or  any  other  particulars, 
will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

N.B.  The  Fencing  of  U.  S.  Newall  and  Co.  is  sufEL-iently 
pilpable  to  Bight  to  prevent  all  risk  of  accidcDta  to  Cattle 
from  invisibility. 

OFFICE  AND  WAREHOUSE,  130,  STRAND,  LONDON". 


BOaSB  MACHINE,— ffijJ/.inoft  docile. 

JFERRABEE  and  SONS,  who  were  the  Sole  Manufacturers  of  BUDDING'S 
•  IIAC.HI.MES  under  the  Patent,  and  who  have  produced  and  sold  nearly  Fodr  Thousand 
of  them,  have  this  year  tffrcled,  and  protected  by  Eetistration,  sreat  im,rovemenls  m  their  con 
structinn.  These  improvements  consist  in  the  ad..ption  of  a  new  foim  for  the  6ied  blade,  a  icauotioa 
in  the  number  of  cutting  edecs,  and  the  opphcation  of  re  gulating  wheels  ouiside  then-  B.^i8—  neir 
.■ombined  effect  being  to  simplify  ihe  use  and  manHgement  of  the  Machines,  to  cause  them  to  w  rK 
much  easier,  and  to  render  their  motion  over  the  ground  so  true  and  steady  that  any  one  may  use 
them  cither  by  pushing  or  drawing  them  forward,  without  requiring  the  least  practice,  thus  com. 
pletely  obviating  every  difficulty  experienced  with  the  old  Machines. 

The  Horse  Machines  are  very  strong  and  powerful,  and  adapted  for  cutting  Grass  of  the  utmost 
length  nsu.^lly  met  with  on  1  awns  and  Pleasure  Grounds,  In  addition  to  the  Eegisiralion  Nuinber— 
3074,  the  improved  Machines  htive  the  name,  "  J.  Febeabee  t  Sons,"  cast  on  the  frames ;  and  none 
should  be  purchased  without  this  guarantee.  g^ 


SIZES  AND  PRICES. 

Hand  machine,  cutting  le  inches  wide    ... 
Ditto  „        19  „ 

Ditto  „        22  „ 

HOKSB  MACHINE    „        30  

Ditto  „        36  „ 


^l^f?^  ^   ^^ 


5  10 

0 

6     0 

0 

6     0 

0 

13    0 

0 

15  10 

0 

Hand  IVTachinz.— Sa'/ incft  Scale. 


M 


OHN   WARNER    AND    SONS, 
Cbesoent,  Jewin  Street,  London, 
siandfactorebs  of 
FIRE  ENGINES,  GAllDBN 

E.NGINBS,  AND  SYRINGES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 
GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
is  atroogly  recommended   for    dur- 
ability and  low  price,  viz.  :— 
£3    0    0 


JCay  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 


WATER    BASINS. 
— ♦ — 

T     SEELEY  begs  to  inform  Gardeners        '|ffi 
dDgftged  in  large  grounds,  that  he  is  prepared  .1/^^ 

i'lW 

to  tufflj  iljS^ 


ORNAMENTAL 

■COPING  FOR  WATER  BASINS, 

4f  roriotu  patterns,  and  to  suit  any  circura- 


rt 


s.  1-1,  KEl'PEL  ROW,  VEVf  IIOAD, 
REQEIn'T'S  PAUK,  J.OlfVO^. 


'PANNin)  NETTING,  for  tlic  Protection  of  Fi-uit 

■*■  T  *v»  'rorn  Kro»r,  UUuiiK,  anil  l»rd-.  und  for  ihe  •«.•«. irtiv 
■or  Fre*li.«own  Seed*,  cither  in  Ojird.rnn  or  Pi«IcI»,  at  M.  per 
*"»;  20fi  jartU  for  Hi..  .V)0  j;irfl«  for  3'»j  ,  lOOM  yjird*  f.,r  Cl)«  ; 
(  Nt-Uiii(f,  for  iivinrifi,  itc,  «t  3-/.  j.cr  iiq>iaro  )(ir«l,' 
I'n  C,f,»«i  f„r  w«ll  (rtiit,  Hull  JUlluiI"  fn  Kn-iu  varhtio- ; 
i  Cii.Ui*,  wi  h  1)0  en,  &7,  Uarqiiois.  TuiH*.  Tiirj/^iiillnifK, 
-At  Hbaiumtm  and  Co.'»,  17,  Uinithfldd-bari,  and  O.d 


GALVANISED     WIRE      GAME      NETTING.- 
7d.  per  jard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  lifibt,  2-t  jnche3  wide    ...    Td.peryd.    ."id.peryd. 
2-iiich      „       strong  ,,  ...     9       ,,  GA      ,, 

2-inoli      ,,       extra  strong      ,,  ...  12       ,,  9"      ,, 

I^inch      ,,       light  ,,  ...     8       „  6        ,, 

1^-inch      „      strong  ,,  ...  10      ,,  8       ,, 

lEi-inc^l      ,,       extra  strnnff      „  ...  14       ,,  11        ,. 

All  the  above  can  be  mude  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
It' the  upper  half  is  a  coar-se  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
nne-f"urch.  Galvanised  sparrow. proof  netting  fur  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  Bqiiqre  fnot.     Patterns  forwarded  po-t  fre^. 

Manufactured  by  BaRNMIH  and  MS  HOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  a'ld  delivered  free  of  e.ipense  ia  London,  Peter- 
borou^ri,  Hull,  (ir  Newcastle. 


p  HEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
Vy  NETXINa,  5d.  per  running  yard ; 


GALVANl.SliD  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Kot  Galvanised. 

24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard.         ...         5d.  per  yard, 
aoin.     ,,       2  in.     „         9d.         ,,  .,,         6Jd.        ,, 

at;  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ..,        T^d. 

48  in.     „       2  in.     ,.       Ij,  2d.     „  ...       lOd. 

Spiirrow  Proof  NettinK,  Galvanised,  3d.  pnr  aqunre  foot, 
rnudo  10  (my  i-ize  for  the  flanio  proportionate  price.  Thin 
article  wun  shuwri  at  the  "  Ore^t  Exh>t>iiion,"  where  it  whb  bo 
niUL-li  ailiiiired  for  itn  I'niUt  and  ilur;ib!f  appenranco.  and  ac- 
Itdowludncd  to  bu  the  cheapest  and  beat  article  of  the  kind 
everotfered.  Ex'ra  Btri.ng  Wire  sheep  Nettliiif,  3  feet  high, 
la  fid.  and  2fl  3d  jtcryard,  AI>o  every  dcKcription  of  Flower 
Tralncm,  nuhllii  Kudu,  Garden  Aich.B,  Boidfiing,  Flower 
Stiiiids,  T>inK  Wlrp,  Trellis  WorU,  Invieihlo  Wire  Fencing. 
Ilordlcfl,  and  every  dcHerfption  of  Wire  Work  for  HorMculturuI 
purpoBOB,— IlhjHtrated  CataloL'uea  of  Patterna  forvrarded,  poi'- 
freo,  on  ai»i»iica'lon  to  T,  11.  Fox.  City  of  London  Wtro  Work 
and  Iron  Pence  Munufuctory,  41,  aUlnnor-girect,  and  (J  and  8, 
8iiow-hHI,  London. 


ANTHONY'S    PATENT    AMERICAN    CHURN 

ii-  iiiJik'.-«  H.i'ur  111  U)  mlimtcfl.  1'-  obt-'ilimd  the  uward  of 
ihflOnat  Exhibition  M.-dai,  and  nlso  u  prize  at  cver^' ono  «d' 
tho  nurn-rouH  AKrhulturrd  umetlngH  at  which  it  hiiH  b.'i-n 
Khowii.  I'  U  now  (.ekn.i«l«dir<id  to  hu  tho  hyht  Churn  over  pro- 
duced.    2'lO    lifivn  h<rn  n.dd  Iri  <n,v  year. 

HuiiQEii  and  Kar,  loa,  Nowgatc-stroit,  London, 


TRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED  WIRE  FENCING, 

-L  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  in 
wrought  and  i-ast-iron  and  wire  work,  at  very  hiw  prtceK  For 
Cash.  Price  of  Iron  HurdUs,  wi^h  6  hars,  G  feet  long  by 
3  tett  6  inches  hijih,  h^vinir  dodble  prongs  addi  ixial  for 
fixing  in  the  ground,  3.t.  ll^d.  each.  Es'ima'es,  Drawingg, 
&,(!.,  on  application. — William  DuDDs  and  Co.,  102,  Lnaden- 
hali-street,  London,  Afrents  for  the  sale  of  Alex.  Snanks  and 
Son's  Improved  Grass  Cutting  and  Itolliag  M.ac>bine8. 

ALSO 
ARTIFICIAL  MANURE3  of  superior  qualify,  at  the  follow- 
inc  very  low  rates  : — Superpho3ph^ite  of  Linie,  51  2s.  Gil.  per 
ton  ;  Patent  Manure,  51.  5s.  per  ton;  highly-contentrated  fascal 
Manure,  Zl.  10s.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Manur-',  4',.  lOs,  per  t  m,  trom 
3  to  4  ewi,  per  acre,  amply  sufficient.  Gutta  percha,  coated  and 
lined  canvas  hoae  for  liquid  manure  and  farm  purposes. 
Apply  as  above. 

p  ARSON'S       ORIGINAL       ANTI -CORROSION 

VV  PAIN  r,  especially  patronised  by  the  BritiS'i  and  other 
Governmen's,  the  Hon.  East  India  Companv,  the  principal 
Dock  Companies,  mo.st  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gen'.ry.  and  Clercy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  cnuntry  seats. 
The  Anti-Corrosion  is  parcieulaily  reeommi-n''ied  as  tiie  most 
durable  out-dnor  Paint  ever  invented,  for  ibe  prestrvaiion  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wod,  Stone,  Bricit,  Coiipo,  Cement,^ 
(tc  ,  work,  as  has  been  jiroved  by  'be  practical  t«t.t  »il  upwards* 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (between  500  and  6  U)  testi- 
monials in  i's  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
socifCv  of  tho'^e  who  have  given  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  of  the  kind  hithtrto  brought  berore  the 
public  notice. 

Lints  ot  Colourg,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Ciipy  of  the 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  application  to  Walter  Cabson  and 
SmN.  Nil.  9,  Great  Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-s'teet,  Royal 
E.'ichange,  London.— No  Agents.  All  orders  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct. 


DAMP    WALLS. 
TSJEW  PATENT  PAINT,  as  used  at  tlie  TOWER, 

-^*  by  order  of  li'-r  Majus'v's  llonoui  ai">ie  Huard  of  i  »rd nance  ; 
attlie  TUNNEL;  ZOOLlig'IC A.L  GAliDE^.S,  Re-eiu's  Park, 
and  various  othsr  public  and  private  buildings  ;  in  quun:icies 
to  finish  20  squMre  yard?  for  IO5. 

Patent  liquid  cement  for  the  fronts  of  houses,  for 
beauty  pre-eniuenf,  givintr  the  appearitnci!  of  fine  cu'.  stone, 
and  only  one-eg^ith  tlie  cost  of  oil  paint.  In  casks  of  I,  2,  anil 
3  cwt.,  at  8s  ,  \5s  ,  and  21s    each. 

PATENT  MINERAL  ZINC  PAINTS,  invaluable  for  cheap- 
ness,  beauty,  and  permanence,  ready  for  u^e.  White  S  one 
and  Lead,  5s.  ;  Greens  and  RlueM,  6s.  per  r^ailnn. 

BLACK  lMINERAL  PAINT,  very  pefmiinent,  half  the  usual 
price,  only  2.*.  per  gallon. 

NEW  PATENT  COLOURforinside  work,  may  be  applied  on 
Wood,  Stucco,  Cement,  or  over  (HI  Paint.  No  bmell,  and  will 
diy  in  an  hour.     In  cas^ks  of  1  owt,  at  14s. 

G.  BELL  AND  CO.,  Steam  Mills,  2,  Wellington-street, 
Goewfll-street,  London, 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Tiiose  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  shouM  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTL.VND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  ihu^  :  —  dcretn  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  euch  equal  mixtufe  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  betnre  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  cun  mis  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  requii-ed  beyond 
tho  spade,  and  in  43  hours  it  beL'omes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  troet.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides.  — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
and  Sons,  Milibank-street.  Westminster. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


F)OYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
^  STKEL  DIGGING  FORKS.- BoYD'8  Scythe  la  cnpuhle  of 
being  adjusted  to  »ny  imgle  by  the  peism  using  it,  and  never 
re(piiro3  the  old  of  a  bUickHudth  ;  when  out  ot  u-c  it  Ehut-*  up 
like  a  claep-Uidfe.  Tho  Oardcner.^'  Chroviale  tliut  coniments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr,  Boyd's  scythe  fitiiiids  well 
the  great  toht,  experience,  enpcciallj  wlh  IHa  late  injonious 
(ind  very  useful  improvement/' — G.  C,  ISth  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digglnif  Fnrks  are  thoflo  cololriiti'd  by  fcir.  MechI, 
*•  When  a  labourer  has  once  UHed  them,  he  will  n- ver  worls 
wltti  any  oihir  implement  for  digging.  Tlioy  iff  i!t  »  t-aving  of 
neiirly  CO  per  cent,  la  labour."—  Wholt-aalo  and  RetiiU  at 
Wm.  l>iiAlf  and  Co.'a  Agricultural  Implitinent  and  Maclilneiy 
Wtirehouuo,  tSwdU-laiie,  Up[)tir  Thamus-ulrctit,  near  London- 
bridge^ 

ALLSOPP'S  PALTil  ALE.— PnorKssoR  Liedio  on 
Allbop^'b  1'alic  Ali^:— "I  am  myjtelf  un  adtmroi'  of  thin 
buvur'igu,  and  my  onn  experience  enahlcH  mo  to  recoino  ei  d 
i  ,  in  ficeiird.infco  with  tlio  opinion  of  tho  nio-.!  eminent  1' iiulish 

i.t'Mvihm-.  (iH  It  vijry  (igi iihlo  iiml  elllcient  'otdo,  and  as  a 

geooral  bovoriifio  both  for  tho  inviilld  nnd  iho  robust." — l6tte%' 
0/  JJaron  Lkbig  to  Mr.  Uonry  AUaojrp,  May  6,  1802, 


381 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURA.L     GAZSrrB.        [Jons  12. 


This  day  is  Published,  price  As-  cloth,  with  Plates, 

THE  BRITISH  WINTER  GARDEN. 

^  practical  treatise  on  Ebcrgmns  ; 

SHOWING   THEIR   GENERAL 

UTILITY  IX  THE  FORMATION  OF  GARDEN  AND  LANDSCAPE  SCENERY, 

AND  THEI&  MODE  OF 

PROPAGATING,  PLANTING,  AND  REMOVAL,  FaO\I  ONE  TO  FIFTY  FEET  IN  HEIGEIT, 
AS  PRACTISED  AT   ELVASTON  CASTLE. 

Br    WILLIAM    BARRON,    Head    Gardener. 


BRADBURY  &  EVANS.  11,  BOUVERIE  STREET. 


Price  3^.  Gd.,  bouQd  in  clotb, 

HOW    TO    LAY    OUT    A    SMALL    GARDEN. 
Intended  as  a  Guide  to  Amateura  in  ChoosiOf,',  F  rmiii^, 
or  I(i;proving  a  Place  (from  a  Qaarter  of  an  Acre  to  Thirty 
Acres  in  extent),  with  reference  tu  both  desii;n  and  execu'i  'n 
By  Edwabd  Kemp,  Landscape  Gardener,  Birlienhead-  park. 
By  the  same  Author,  price  Is  , 

THE  HAND-BOOK  OF  GARDENING.     For  the 

use  of  all  persons  wbo  possess    a  Gardun  of  limited   extent. 
The  Tenth  Edition,  eolirKed  arid  improved. 

Bbadbobt  and  Evans.  II.  Biuverie-street. 


NEW  WORKS  ON  GARDENING  AND  BOTANY. 

PAXTON'S  BOTANICAL  DICTIONARY. 
Comprioing  the  Name*,  History,  and  CuUure  of  all  Plants 
known  in  Brirata  ;  with  a  full  Esptanation  of  Technical  Terms. 
Crown  Svo.     IBs. 

THE  LADIES*  COMPANION  TO  THE  FLOWER 
GARDEN.  By  Mrs.  LoDDON.   The  Fifth  Edition.  Price  7d. 
cloth. 

I^AXTON'S  FLOWER-GARDEN.  Edited  by  Sir 
J-  Joseph  Paxt-'n  aud  Dr.  Lindley.  Each  voium«  U  illus- 
trated by  3(>  hii^hly-fiaiehed  Plates,  and  more  than  "201  beau- 
tiful VVood  Engravinijs.  Volumes  I.  and  II.  are  published. 
Price  33s.  each,  elegantly  bjuad  in  cloth.  AIbo  in  Parts, 
price  25.  Gd.  each. 

BsADBOBY  and  EvAKS,  11,  Bouverie-street. 


POPULAR     WORKS     ON      BOTANY 
BY    DR.    LINDLEY 

THE    ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY,    Structural 
AND    PBYSicLoaicAL.      With   a  Glossary   of    Technical 
Terms,  and  numerous  Illustrations.    12s.  clotb. 

''PHE  ELEMENTS  OF  MEDICAL  AND 
-1-  ECONOMICAL  BOTaNI.  Numerous  Illuatrationa.  Svo. 
Price  lis  cloth. 

CCHOOL  BOTANY  ;  or,  The  Rudiments  of 
^J  Botanical  Science.  400  Illustrations.  Svo.  Price  5*.  6ci. 
hilf.  bound. 

Bradbdey  and  Evanb,  11,  Bouverie-street. 


NEW  WORK  ON  THE  ENGLISH  LAKE  DISTRICT. 

Just  published,  in  fcap.  Svo,  wiih  Two  Lithographic 

lUustra'ions,  price  ba.Gd.  cloth, 

^^ALES    AND    LEGENDS  OF    THE    ENGLISH 

i-    Lakes  and  mountains,  collected  from  the  beat  and 
most  autrientic  Sources.     By  Lobenzo  Tdvae. 

London  :  Lonohan,  Beown,  Gbeen,  and  Longmans. 


In  Two  Volumes,  royal  8vo,  handsomely  half-bound,  price  31., 
A  New  Edition  of 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  FARM 
By  Henbt  Stephens,  F.R.S.E. 

Entirely  re-written,  and  embractni;  every  recent  application  of 
Science  to  Agriculture ;  with  upwards  of  600  lUustrati  .ns. 

"  The  best  practical  book  I  have  ever  met  with." — Professor 
Johnston, 

*'  There  are  few  books  of  bo  high  9  character,  or  so  eminently 
useful  as  this." — The  Magnet. 

"  A  worlt,  tb  e  excellence  of  which  is  too  well  known  to  need 
t^ny  remark  of  ours." — Farmers'  Magazine. 

"  Oue  of  the  completest  works  on  agriculture  of  which  our 
literature  can  bo^^t."— Agricultural  Oazelte. 

"  A  work  admitted  on  all  hands  to  be  the  beDt  on  the  subject 
of  which  it  treats."— -fiuana'  EmigranVs  Ouide. 


A  New  Edition,  price  63  Gd.,  of 
STABLE      ECONOMT: 
A  Treatise  on  the  Management  of  Horses  in  relation  to 
Stabling,  Groommg',  Fetdiog,    Watering,   and   Working.    By 
John  Stewabt,  Y.S. 

By  the  sarao  Author, 
ADVICE  TO  PURCHASERS  OF   HORSES. 

Price  2s.  Gd. 
WiLliTAM  Blackwood  and  Sons,  Ediaburgh  and  London. 


Just  pablished,  New  and  Cheap  Edition,  price  Is.; 
or  by  post  for  I3.  6d. 

'■pHE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
A.  What  to  Live  for  ;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  llegimen, 
aiii  Self-Management;  together  with  instructiooa  for  becuring 
lierlect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
(iQly  attainable  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well- 
re^fulated  course  of  life.    By  a  PutsiciAN. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  Gd., 
A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Obaervacions.  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Pl.ites,  m 
Ujalth  and  Diaease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
uiamber  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
t'Tiicticat  experienci-,  is  addrtissed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
p  Tsons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquireilin  earl> 
Ife.  In  its  pages  will  he  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
"ucurreoce,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  ad  ipted  for  their  removal. 

Londim:  James    Gilbert,    49,    Paternoster-row;    TTannat, 
m,  Oxford  street;  Mann.  39,  Cornhill ;  and  all  Booksellers. 


Just  published,  price  One  Shillinf^. 

AN     ESSAY     ON    THE    COMPOSITION    AND 

.-*:  J'ERril.I^ING  QUALITIES  OF  PEHUVIAN  GUANO; 
^vitd  Uescriptions  of  the  ben  Modes  of  its  Appiicalion  to  dif- 
Ijrent  variaties  of  Crops.  By  J.  C.  Nesbit.  P.G.S.,  F.C.S., 
Analytical  Chetni^t,  and  ['rincipal  of  the  Chemical  and  Agri- 
c  iVural  School,  K«oniniTton,  London, 
of  airB^ooka^e'e^s"'"  '"'  *""-  Paternoster  Row ;  and  to  te  h.d 


THE  PEOPLE'S  ILLUSTRATED  JOURNAL 
fir  i^uturday,  Jime  12th.  cm  tains  :  — 
THR  BURMESE  WAR.  with  a  view  of  RdUgoon.— GOSSIP 
ABOUT  BUTTERFLIES,  with  numerous  Woodcuts,—  A 
TOUR  THROUGH  THE  NORTH  AND  WEST  OF  IH^L^ND. 
with  numerous  Sketches  of  Loc  tl  Scenery  — PU  BLTC  OPIN 10  V 
AND  THE  PRESS— THE  WO'IKSHOPS  OP  ENGL.\ND  ; 
No.  II.  Stocking  Weaving.  Illustrated  by  an  Engraving.— 
The  First  of  a  Series  -f  Lec'urei  on  "TRUE  AND  FALSE 
PRINCIPLES  IN  DECORATIVE  ART,"  by  Mr.  Owen  Jones, 
Sic,  <kc. 

Publishing  Weekly,  price  2d.,  aud  in  Monthly  Parts.  The 
First  Part,  containing  neirlv  Oue  Hundred  beautiful  Illus- 
trations, is  now  r*^adv,  pricH  lid. 

0ff[ce.  11,  RnovERie  Street.  Fleet  Street. 


This  day  is  publisiie'l.  in  fcap.  8vo,  price  Ss.  in  cloth, 

PRACTICAL  HINTS  ON  ORNAMENTAL 
PLAVTS  AND  PLANTING— with  a  description  of  all 
Evergreens  adapred  for  the  climate  of  Great  Britain— Soil  and 
Situation  suitable  for  eafih,  aud  proper  time  for  Planting  ; 
with  a  Treatise  on  the  Cultlvatioa  of  American  Plants,  the 
new  Sikkim  Rhododendrons,  &c.  By  Standibh  and  Noble. 
Printed  for  the  Autiiors,  by  BBADsoar  and  Evans, 
11,    Bouverie-street. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawing*  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,r27,  High 
Holborn,  London. 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  6r8t 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  .Messrs. Neighbour  and  Son'»  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbimr."— J.  S.  Payne, 
(See  tlie  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169,  170). 
Agents.— Liverpool ;  Wm.  Drury,  Castle-etreet.  Manchester  : 
Hall  and  Wilson,  60,  Kinir-street.  Glasgow:  Austin  and 
McAslan,  163,  Irongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmoudson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 


•pERRA-COTTA    VASES, 

■^  PENDANT  BASKETS,  BRACKETS, 
ORNAMENTAL  FLOWER-POTS,  &c., 

MANDFACTDHED  BT 

HENRY   DOULTON   &  CO., 

HIGH  STREET,  LAMBETH,  LONDON. 

West-End  Show  and  Sale  Rooms, 
Exposition,  Baker- "Street,  Portman-square. 

H.  D.  and  Co.'s  Terra-Cotta  ie  vitrified, 
and  consequently  imperlehable,  retaining 
its  freshness  and  eharpness  unimpaired  by 
time  or  exposure  to  the  wea'her. 

DBAWINGS  and   PbICES  ok   ArPLtCATION, 


AMONG  the  numerous  GARDEN  VASES  which 
have  been  produced  by  Adbtin  and  Seelet  during  the 
last  20  years,  there  is  one  to  which 
particular  attention  is  invited,  as 
suitable  for  the  centre  of  a  Flower- 
bed, or  beside  steps  on  a  Garden 
Terrace.  The  Vase,  of  which  an 
enpraviHg  is  here  given,  was 
specially  modelled  for  her  lato 
Majesty  Queen  Adelaide;  and  the 
price  at  which  it  ie  now  oflfered  to 
the  public  is  four  guineas  each. 

The  various  Patterns  of  Vises 
modelled  by  Austin  and  Seelev, 
amount  in  all  to  193. 
J.  Seelet  (late    Austin   and  Seelet),  Nos.  1  to  4,  Keppel 
Row,  New  lload.  Regent's  Park.  London. 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE-PIPES. 


["AMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  and) 
*^  Mandfactdber,  Goswell  Hoad,  London. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Waterine  Gardens,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  racking  Bt!er  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  p^rfictly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  Tljey  are  particularly 
suitab'e  for  Fife  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedinglv  useful  in 
Dwellinj-houses  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  &.e. 

Hose  Reels  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  len-rths 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L.  IlANCncK,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B. — Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Roses,  Jets,  and  Brtmcliei?  complete,  with  union  joints  read* 
ti>  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  HAKCocK,Goswell  Mews, 
Qoawell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attention. 


LODDIGES'    NURSERY. 

The  Entire  STOCK  of  this  Renowned  Gstiblishmeut,  the 
Sale  of  which  will  extend  over  a  peiiod  of  several  months. 
By  direction  of  the  "uretving  Partner  of  the  old  and  respected 
firm  of  Conrad  Loddiqes  and  Sons,  who  U  relinquishing 
the  business  in  conseqaeace  of  the  lease  expiring  at  Lad;- 
dav  ne.i'. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  favoured  with  instructions 


W 


to  Sell  bv  Auction,  without  any  renervation,  during 
the  months  of  Jiiqp,  July,  August,  September,  and  October 
next,  on  the  Premise->  at  Hackney,  and  at  his  Gr<)at  Room, 
3S.  King-street  C 'veot-gardeo,  the  UNRIVALLED  ASSEM- 
BLAGE OF  EXOTIC  AND  OTHER  PLANTS  in  the  above- 
naiied  E-tib'it'hment;  mire  detailed  parficalars  of  which 
and  the  days  of  Sale  will  be  aonnunced  in  subseqaeat 
adi/erti-«ementB. — 3S,  Kintr-street,  Covent-earden,  June  12. 


RARE    AND    VALUABLE    ORCHIDS. 

THE   FIRST    PORTION    OF    THE    COLLECTION    OF 

Mra-^SR-!.  LODDIGES  AND  SONS 

V]  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS    wUl  sell   by  Auction,  at  his 

'-'^  Great  Room,  33,  King-stree'^,  Oovent-sarden,  on  TUES- 
DAY,  June  15,  at!  J  fori  o'clock,  the  First  PoaTioNof  thiscele- 
brated  Collection  of  ORCHIDS  (vrhich  containa  upward*  of 
2U00  Bpecii-s) ;  it  will  be  found  to  comprise  many  fine  speoimenfr 
of  the  most  r*re  ani  beautiful  varieties,  too  numeroui  to  men- 
tion ;  the  smaller  plants,  which  are  in  remarkably  fine  health, 
will  be  lotted  in  a  manner  that  will  afford  persons  commencing 
the  cultivstion  of  this  iotereating  tribe  an  opportu'iity  of  pur- 
chasing which  has  never  before  o  curred  ;  also  a  few  Ferniik 
— May  be  viewed  the  day  nrior  and  morning  of  sale  ;  and  Cata- 
logues h  id  at  Messrs  Loddiqes',  Hacknev  ;  and  of  Mr,  J.  Oi 
Stevens,  36,  Kmg-street,  Covent-gardeu  —June  12. 

LOD  DIG  ES'    NU  RSERY, 

ST0V=5  AND  GRERNHOUSE  PLANTS.  WITHOUT  ANY 
RESERVE.  TO  CLEAR  THE  PREMISES— yirfe  AITVBR- 
TISEVIENT   ABOVE. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wUl  sell  by  Auction,  on  the 
premises,  at  Hiicknej,  on  FRIDAY,  June  25,  and 
following  dav,  at  12  o'clock,  a  Portion  of  the  STOVE  ANI> 
GRBES:H0U<4E  plants,  iacludiog  many  fine  and  rare 
specimens  — Catalouues  are  preparing,  and  more  detailed 
Adverti8Hm''nt'*  will  appear  in  a  few  days. — Ju^e  Vl. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  Sell 
bv  Auciio'i,  at  the  Mart,  Barrholomew-lane,  oa 
TUESDAY,  June  15.  and  FRIDAY.  June  18.  at  12  o'clock,  » 
first  class  collection  of  DAHLIAS,  comprising  Sparkler, 
Edmond  Poster,  Tom,  Dr.  Frampton,  Morning  Scar,  Alice, 
Albert,  Sir  F.  Thesiger,  Malvina,  Laura,  Kossuth,  Sir  R. 
Whittington,  Triumphant,  Douglas  Jerrold.  Wro.  Penn,  Clotb 
of  Gold,  Una,  Scarlat  King,  Cricket,  Miss  Bathurst,  &c. ;  also 
the  newest  varieties  of  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Calceolarias^ 
Climbing  and  other  Roses,  and  Geraniums  and  other  Flante 
in  bloom,  with  a  large  assortment  of  Plants  forbeddiae'.  May 
he  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale. — Catalogues  may  ba  had  at  the 
Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Americin  Nursery,  Leytonstone, 
Eneex. 

FULHAM. -VALUABLE    NURSERY  STOCK. 

AUCTION   OF    NEW    GREENHOUSE,  28  ft.  bt  13  ft.,   A 

3.LIGHT   BOX,  AND  EFFECTS. 

MR.  PRICE  will  Sell  by  Auction  on  the  Premises,. 
Smallbine's  Nursery,  Percj'n-cross,  Fulham,  on 
MONDAY.  June  21.  1852.  at  11  for  12  o'clock,  the  valuable 
STOCK-IN-TRADE,  comprising  about  4000  healthy  Planto, 
in  S  how  Geraniums,  Azaleas,  Gardenias  (radlcans  and  Fortunl), 
Ixoras,  Ardesias,  Camellias,  Achimenes,  Euphorbias,  ^sohy- 
nanthus,  Torenlas,  Mesembryanthemums,  OrchidaceEe.  Cactv 
Cytisus,  Mimilu",  Gi<rantia;  20  noble  specimens  of  Srove  and 
Greenhouse  Plants  ;  250  Standard  Roses,  100  dw.irf  ditto,  seven 
beds  Show  Pinks,  700  Iris,  1000  Dahlias,  Chrysantbemum't. 
Verbenas,  isc,  and  a  few  Lots  of  Furniture  and  Miscellaneous 
Items.— May  be  viewed  on  Saturday  preceding  the  Sale,  and 
Catalogues  had  on  the  Premises,  and  at  Mr.  Pbice's  Offices, 
4S,  Chancery-lane,  London. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  Sell  by  Auction,  a| 
the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  MONDAY,  June  14th, 
1352,  at  12  o'clock,  a  large  Assortment  of  useful  and  orna- 
mental  Plants  for  bedding,  consisting  of  fine  Dahlias,  FucbsUs, 
Verbenas,  Calceolarias,  Geraniums,  Heliotropes,  PaosfeVi, 
Clirysauthemumi,  Jkc. ;  also  a  fine  Collection  of  Plants  in 
Bloom,  and  a  quantity  of  yellow  Noisette  Roses.  Mav  be 
viewed  the  morning  of  sale  ;  Catalogues  to  be  had  at  the  ^ait 
a'ld  of  the  Auctioneer,  50,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebe  iser 
Nursery,  Sliacklewell. 

Important  Rale  of  valuable  and  costly  Tulips,  Orchideie, 
Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants,  Carnations,  Pinks,  choice 
Fruit  Trees,  Standard  Roses,  Pines,  and  Vines;  together 
wi'h  the  extensive  ranges  of  Glass  Houses,  Stoves,  Boilers, 
and  Pipes.  Iland-trlaises.  Garden  Tools,  Ac. 

MR.  S.  L.  WALTER  respectfully  intimates  that  he 
is  instructed  by  the  Executors  of  the  late  William 
Turner,  Esq.,  of  Flaxmosa  House,  Helm-ihore,  near  ifaslingdcDt- 
to  sell  by  Auction,  on  MONDAY  and  TUESDAY,  the  2Sth  and 
29!h  days  of  June  instant,  the  whole  of  thg  truly  vhluahle  and 
costly  collection  of  TULIPS,  which  was  purchased  regardleis 
ofc-xpense,  and  includes  almost  every  variety  grown  ;  Orchidese, 
a  number  of  which  have  very  recently  been  imported,  Stove 
and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Carnations.  Pinks,  Standard  Roses, 
choice  Frui'-  Trees.  Pines,  and  Vines ;  together  with  the 
extensive  ranges  of  Glass  houses,  Stoves,  Boilers,  and  Pipes, 
Hand-Rlasses,  Garden  Toole,  the  Frame"  and  Covers  to  the 
Tulip  Bedf',  and  several  hundred  yards  of  Flags,  which  form 
the  walks  of  the  carden.  The  Garden  is  situate  on  the  north 
side  of  the  llelmshore  Station  of  the  East  Laacashire  Railway, 
near  Ha'^linirden.  The  Tulips,  which  are  now  in  full  bloom, 
may  be  inspeced  from  Monday,  the  7th  of  June,  to  Saturday, 
the  r2th,  both  days  inclu'iive,  nnd  the  remainder  of  the  stock 
until  the  days  of  sale.  Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application 
at  the  Garden  ;  or  at  the  Auctioneer's  OffiL-e,  15,  St.  AnnV 
square,  Manchester,  on  and  after  Monday  next. 

St.  AnnV-sqiinre,  Manchester,  June  12.  ^ 

T^O  BE  LET,  and  entered  upon  at  Michaelmas  next,; 
TWO  FARMS,  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Kadnor,  si-oafe 
at  Coleshill,  near  Faringdon,  Berks,  one  containing  about  350 
acre?,  the  other  280  acres;  the  latter  has  been  occupied  by  the, 
projtrietor  since  Michaelmas  1847,  during  which  time  the  whole: 
has  been  thoroughly  drained,  IflO  acres  of  pasture  converted  to 
tillage,  the  old  arable  land  brought  into  ahigh  state  of  fertility, 
and  ih-i  whole  ot  the  buildinKS,  fences,  4;c.,  either  renewed  ori 
thoroughly  repaired. —Mr.  MooBE  will  be  happy  to  furnish 
any  gentleman  desirous  of  iu'^pecting  these  farms  with  aH  [ 
ntcdful  particulars,  and  believes  both  are  very  desirablej 
ocnipations.  Shrivenham  Station,  on  the  Great  Western; 
Riilwav,  is  ab  ut  four  miles,  and  Swindon  eii^ht  miles  from 
Colesbi'li.— Addi-cBB  to  Edwabd  W.  Moobe,  Coleshill,  near 
Hi-iiwortli.  ., 


eriuted  bv  \ViLi.i*M  Beakbubt.  of  No  13,  Upper  Wobiirn-pUce.  la  th. 
ptiriBli  of  St  Pdiicrfls,  anil  Fkhdbbick  Mullktt  Evanb,  of  No.  7,  Cburch 
row  Strike  NewnKton,  both  In  tbe  Couniy  or  M'iiilles''\  Printers,  Etthei 
OfTice  in  Lomb.ird-«treet,  in  the  Preciuct  of  VVbipfriaiB,  in  the  City  0 
L.indiin:  and  piibliphed  by  them  at  tbe  offic**,  No  5,  C-ftrleF-Btreei,  1; 
the  pariah  of  St  Paul's.  Coven t- garden.  In  th?  said  County,  where  £' 
AitveTiivem'-niii  nn'l  OommuniciitiaaB  are  to  be  addkecsbd  iothb 
—  Satubdat,  Ju«s  12,   1S53. 


GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.-The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Llndley, 


No.  25—1852.1 


SATtJRDAY,  JUNE  19. 


[Price   Tk/. 


Aettcu'hue,  ancient 

•—    politicsot  rev 

Attricu'turO  'nur.-   -  ,  •-- 

—  Imp.  Soc.  oflreUna 

Books  receivf d ■  • 

Caleudar  honirultur^l 

Crt'cory  as  cattle  [lOd  

Climate  ..      .     -■■■   ■ 

Coni  era  at  Eil:e^fOfd    

Crops,  cilluie  nt  urCCQ 

—  intrrcilary .... 

DrainiDR     

ElTa«Mnsardpns 

Eiperlai'"it-.  Rotliiintted 

Food.  Chicory  »-.  fir  caitle   ., 

Fowls.  CochiD  China 

Frvit.  bow    10  foiWdrd   ripen- 
ing oT   ..  

PuiBiKatioa    

Gardeoers'   Benevolent   Ibatl- 

tation 

Guano  frautls 

—  l.lftnd-,  new      .. 


IX 

355   c 


UEX. 

Horticultu  al   Sor-lety*8     exbi- 
bition    387  c-i 
—  —        —     reiiortof  :i 

Imolcmc  t«,  cheap 3 

Laboac  ttencuHural.  price  of ..  ; 
Lawea  {Mr  ).expeiiinenE3   ....  3 


3as  6 

39?  b 


Lnso  rli- 


Mildew.  Vine 3; 

Moutaiis     'i 

N«tto'ial   FloricuUural  Society  3 

Oichlds  Britiatt    3 

-^    vAriei^ated  ..  ■ '^ 

PUntB  for  wer.  places 3 

Rhubaibjum. ^ 

—     wine 3 

Rolbamatfd  experiments ?. 

Salt  for  sheep    3 

Slieep,  ailt  for ^ 

■I  renthitn.  new  houfea  a'. 3 

Utricularia.  to  transplant    ....  ii 

Vinemddew  -^ 

Worms 3 


ROYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
POCIKTY  — Unfier  the  Patp.mnee  of  htr  Most  Graciius 
Majesty  the  QoEEN.-The  Third  EXHIBITION  for  tli«  Se -son 
^sin  'aUc  place  nr:  the  ROYAL  S0RREY  ZOOLOGICAL 
fJAKDENT-i  OD  WEDNESDAY.  23  1  Juue  (open  to  all  Exhi- 
bitors), wheu  Prizes  will  be  award,  d  for  the  following  produc- 
tions, viz. :— Sti.ve,  Gre^nhou'^e,  OrchMeous,  and  ;-pecimen 
Plants;  Pelarff..nium!i,  Cape  Hea'hp,  Roees,  PinUs,  Ranuncu- 
]ii3es  and  Frui'.  In  adiitino  to  the  Prizes  oftered  by  th^ 
Society,  J  Powell,  Esq.,  tff-rs  a  smull  Silver  Linnean  Medal 
for  20  specimen-  of  Wi  d  Flow  r-,  with  name  and  place  of 
crowih  •  bv  Mes-rs.  J.  aod  J.  Fairbairn,  a  large  Silver  Vic- 
toria Medal  for  G  d^ve  Heaths  ;  by  Mr.  G.  Turner,  a  large  Silver 
Victoria  Medal  tor  6  Pelargoaiums,  sent  on'  since  Anions'",  1851  ; 
by  Messrs.  l*aul  and  Son,  a  siimll  Silvt-r  Victoria  Medal  for 
12  neiv  Ro^ea ;  an"!  by  Mr.  E.  Denyer,  of  Brix'OD.  four  prizes 
for  12  Rises,  to  aniart-urR  aod  eentlemen's  gardeners. 

The  fullowinjj  l-'XHiBiT(oN5  will  also  taUe  place  at  tbo  Rotal 
ScaaET  Zo  LOGtCAL  Gardens  :  on  Webnesday,  July  21,  and 
WEDNL9DAY,  seiHf-to'"er  8.  List  of  Prizes  arid  RuleR  for  the 
Exhibi'ioQs  tmy  beob  ained  from        John  Tatlor  NEVitLE, 

Ebenezer  Hiuse,  Peckham.  Surrey.  Secrefary. 

The  Co'iimit'ee  will  meet  at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kennineton 
on  the  following  day-i,  forthe  production  and  awariiiii<r  first- 
clasi  Ctrtifica'es  for  Seedling  Florist  Floners  for  8uch  as  are 
deserving  of  'he  same,  vtz.  :~Tliursday,  June  17,  Ju'y  15, 
August  ID,  September  2,  Octob-^r  14,  November  11,  and  Decem- 
ber 9.  io  adriiiim  »o  the  Exhibitions  as  above. 


SYDENHAM  FLORICULTUllAL  SOCIETY.— 
The  .-^KCOND  FETE  uf  the  season  will  take  place  on 
Tuesday,  22d  ioHt.,  within  two  minutes'  walk  of  the  Sydenham 
Railway  -Miiiioa.  The  at'endance  of  the  band  of  the  Cold- 
stream Guard"*  has  been  secured.  The  Gardens  open  at  half 
past  2  o'clock,  and  the  music  will  commence  at  3  o'clock 
precisely.  Admittance  by  licke'B  only,  price  2s  6d.  each,  to  be 
obtained  of  M  .  Chartrts,  Florist.  71,  King  William-stieet,  City, 
at  the  Grejbound  Ion,  and  the  Railway  Station,  Sjd-n'  am. 


NOTTINGHAM    ARBORETUM. 

FLORAL  AND  HORTICULTURAL  EXHIBITION, 
Open  to  al-  Eniilaud.— On  Midsummbe.dax,  June  24.  18.52, 
a  Grand .  Exhibiiion  of  Flowers,  Fruits,  and  VegetahleHl 
FloricuUural  De^ijn^,  Bouquets,  and  Was  Flowers,  will  be 
held  at  the  Arboretum,  Not'ingham. 

Three  oilver  Cups,  value  51.  eacb,  and  a  considerable  eum  in 
money,  will  be  awriided  as  Prizes.    Schedules  may  be  had  on 
application  to  the  Town  Clerk,  Notiingham, 
Admis-iou,  Gd.  ea(;h. 
Wm.  Chapman, 
June  19.  J.  F.  Wood,  F.H.S. 


y  Hon. ; 


LANDSCAPE  GARDENING.  —  The  Advertiser 
und-rrt-ikea  La>iDg.ou-.  La«*ns  and  PJeaaure-trroand", 
Piantint;  Shrubberies,  Making  Terraces,  Ornamental  Water, 
Rockwork,  Roadrt,  and  Excavating  Ground  to  any  extent  ■ 
also,  the  complete  Formation  of  Fruit,  Flower,  and  Kiicheri 
Gardens,  wi'h  evervihiog  Decennary  for  the  supply  of  a 
nobleman's  or  gemletnan's  eslablishment,  or  alter  and  im- 
prove any  exifl<ing  Garden.  The  work  personally  superlntertded. 
All  neceanary  relerfuce  can  be  bad  ot  previoufl  emplovers  in 
difTernnc  parts  of  the  country.  — Direct  to  H.  PATNE,*IIook, 
near  Kiognton-on-Thamea,  Surrey. 


JW.  THOMSON,  Landscape  Gaudener,  Hothouse 
•  UEinlONEa  AND   H01LDK&,   IlAMMtERMITH. 

Every  kind  ot  lloniuuliural  Structure  denigned,  erected,  and 
heated  bj  Ilol-water,  Common  Flue*-,  and  other  modcH,  on  the 
moHt    economical    and 


proved    modern     principli;;!. 
Tea'imonlalB  and  refurences 


from  noblemen  and  tentle- 
m':n  who  have  kindly  i.atron- 
iaed,  for  more  than  15  icarH 
pa«t,  J.  W.  THOM-ON'.S 
modern  und  flmplumode  of 
Corrtructing,  Huildiuy, 

Whrmli.g,  iirid  Vcntilalinii 
Garden  blruciurcH.  1I«  b^gt 
to  draw  ttarlic-ulur  »itenti..n 
*0  hU  newlj-ioveoti'd  plan  for  moving  all  Llghtn,  front  and  top. 
for  admitting  nlr,  b?  one  ncfon  or  p^lmultHDeously,  at  vtry  littli; 
inor«  cKpcDKe  than  by  the  old  and  Inconvenient  modn  ot  oopdn 
aod  puMeyo.  Thitt  I'mplf!  plan  can  hn  up^ilied.  ut  a  modfratu 
CMt,  to  honarii  alrnirty  vcniiluttd  by  ihti  old  and  lrouble80Rie 
•ord  and  pinlcy  «>at«m. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  tlio  Protection  of  Fruit 
T  en  Irorn  FroK,  Bl>t(hr,  and  lllrd*,  and  for  ilio  necurity 
ftf  Fiu'h.town  Heed",  either  In  QardenH  or  Fieldn.  at  Id.  pi?r 
infd  ;  200  yard*  for  Ub..  SOU  yfird»  for  3(H  ,  1000  yiirdo  f-.r  tiOii  ; 
Whx  N«-t'.injf,  for  avtarl'B,  die,  ut  '6d.  pi-r  nqo-iro  )nr<l.' 
t'C'loi  C'diViiK  for  Wall  /ruit.  fmi  lilind*  In  (jrcat  varii  tu!-  ■ 
Rick    Cloth*,    wi  \t    \i(i'ti».   Sir.     Marqrici'*,  TtiiH,  'I'urpaullnyH,' 

Ac— At  KboiHCT'iM  aod  Uo.'fj  17,  tiialtbUdd.burs,  und  O.d 
Kcauroad,  London, 


ROYAL  BOTANIC  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK. 

GEORGE  BAKER  bega  to  announce  his  Collection 
of  AMERICaM    PLANTS  \»  n.>w  in  perfection,  an  1  may 
be  viewed  gratia,  by  orders  from  Members  of  the  Society. 

The  large  collcCion  at  the  Nursery,  consisting  of  many 
thou'^and  Rhodo-leadrons.  Azaleae,  Kalmia?,  Ledums,  &c., 
is  now  in  perfection,  and  may  be  seen  gratis. 

American  Nursery,  Windieaham,  nenr  Bagahot.  Surrey ; 
seven  miles  from  Staines  Station,  three  from  Virginia  Water, 
where  conveyances  may  be  obtained. 


TO  WOBLEMEIM,  LANDED    GENTRY,  AGRICULTURISTS, 
AND  ROAD  AND   RAILWAY  CONTRACTORS. 

WIRE  STRAND  FENCING,  as  furnished  with  all 
its  tittiogfi,  by  R.  S.  Ne-Wall  and  Co.,  li;iving  elicited 
the  unqualified  approval  of  practical  men.  iscoofidenlly  rccnm- 
meiided  as  the  be-.t  Fencing  for  Park  and  Farm  Enclosures 
(inetead  of  any  kind  of  hurdles),  for  Road-side  and  all  other 
Fencing. 

The  PATENT  WIRE  STRAND  PENCE  possesses  an 
economy,  security,  and  durabiliry,  not  to  be  fi)und  in  any  other 
Fence  hi'herto  introduced.  Thi^i  Fence,  as  fitter^  by  R.  S. 
NewaLl  and  Co.  (after  th^i  Model  of  'he  Fences  of  this  inatTiai 
in  the  Slopes  and  Home  Park  ar  Windsor),  has  the  inherent 
property  ot  remaining  eqaa^Xy  tight  and  rigid  un- 1 er  any  vanai ions 
of  temperature.  Though  the  Strands  yield  under  the  wei.ihc  of 
persons  climbing  over  the  Fence,  they  do  not  take  the  per- 
miineut  set,  which  often  renders  ordinary  Wire  Fencing 
uneightly;  und  owing  to  the  great  elas  icity  and  strength  of 
thrt  «huie  Frame,  ic  sustains  any  preseuro  from  Cattle  without 
injury  or  loss  ot  symmetry, 

Esiimalett  given  at  so  much  per  running  yard  for  Fencing, 
fixt^d  complftti.  Specimens,  SkeLches,  or  any  other  particulars, 
will  be  f-  rwardtd  00  appli  aiion. 

N.  B.  The  Fencing  of  R  S.  Newa!.!.  and  Co.  is  sufficiently 
palpable  to  sight  to  prevent  all  risk  of  acetdents  to  Cattle 
from  invisibili'y. 

OFFICE  AND  WAREHOUSE,  130,  STRAND,  LONOON. 


RIPE  FRUIT,  STRAWBERRIES,  AND  SEED 
BEDS— NEW  TWINE  N  ETTING  (Taoued  it  required). 
1  yard  wide,  l^d  per  yard  ;  2  y  -r  Is  wide,  id.  per  yard  ;  +  ya  ds 
widi;,  iJd.  per  yard  ;  half-inch  me-h  ditto.  2  yards  wide,  5d.  per 
yard.  The  ELASTIC  HEXAOON  GARDEN  NETTING, 
7')  meshes  to  the  square  iiicb,.ort"i;cttiany  cvcluiies  birds,  wat^ps, 
tites,  ifcc,  from  fruit-trees,  flo'ver  or  se^d-beds.  ij^d  per  square 
yard.  Tani-d  Netting.  2  or  3  yu>'d-t  wide,  lid  psr  jaid;  4  or 
a  yards  wid  ,  od.  per  j  ard— exactly  'he  same  as  advertised  by 
others  at  double  the  above  pi  ices.  Coir  or  Ilenip  Sheepfolding 
Net,  of  superior  quality,  4  feer.  hi^h,  4d.  per  yard.  Lamb  Net, 
Gd.  per  yard.  Rabbit  Net,  l^d.  per  yard,  4  teet  wide  ;  each 
Edge  Citrded,  2d.  p'-r  yard,  euitab'e  for  fowl  fencing.  Sijuare 
Me^h  CricUetiog  Net,  tix  its  full  width  and  length,  made  of 
stout  cord,  3d.  per  square  yard ;  this  is  the  best  ariicle  made 
lor  fencing,  against  lowls,  cat^t,  A;c  The  lariiest,  cheapest, 
aod  best  stock  in  the  w -rid,  at  W.  Cdllingfjbd's,  1,  Stra  b- 
more-te.  race,  Shadwell,  London.  The  trade  bupplied.  Orders 
by  post  puuciually  attended  to.  Fishing  Nets  of  all  kinds  in 
istock. 


pOCHIN    CHINA    AND    SHANGHAI    FOWLS' 

VV    EGGS,  from    hiids  wetghing  17  lbs.  to  19  lbs.  the  pair,  a'. 
li's.  the  tiding  of  13  Egira,  b  'X  included,  caretuUy  packed,  and 
sent  to  any  part  ot  the  Kingdom. 
Apply  to  Mr.  II.  Copland,  Chelmsford,  Essex. 


pOCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS.— A  gentleman  who  has 

Vy  some  pplendid  Huff  and  Cinnamon  Bird*  from  the  stocks 
that  gained  the  two  First  Pr  z-sat  Hirminnham,  can  part  with 
some  Eggs  at  Is.  each,  or  12  for  lOs.  ;  also  two  pair  of  ono- 
jear  old  birds,  and  a  few  very  fine  young  Cockere's  and 
PuiIetB  ;  also  some  Spanish  Chicks  from  pure  bred  biidti. 
They  can  be  seen  on  appliculion. — Address  H.  C,  PoEt-otHce, 
Kingston,  Surrey, 


PRIZE  SHANGHAI  FOWLS'  EGGS  for  hatching, 
IBs,;  BufF  Ci^chiu  China,  Ga.  ;  White-faced  Spanish,  Ga.  ; 
and  PuU'iti  Fowls'  Eggs,  63.  Cochin  Cuiua  Chickens  and  Gold 
Pheasants  for  sale.  A  remitianco  to  accompany  all  orders; 
and  letters  to  enclose  a  eaunp,— W.  Tokneb,  Tufnell  Park, 
Holloway,  London. 
P.  S. — A  few  pair  of  Carrier  Pigi'ons  for  sale. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PKIZG  MEDAL  FOR  SUPERIOR  LOCKS  WAS 
AWAUDED  TO  J,  M.  ROOBRYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION   OF   1851. 

PATENT  SPADES,  DAISY  RAKES,  SCYTHES, 
Draining,  aud  other  Oan],-n  Tools.  Mule  Tr.ips.  fis.  per 
dozen.  Uarpenitrs'  and  Siniiha'  Tool^,  ikc.  Riibbeis  foi' 
bhuipening  Scythes,  '2s.  GU.  pir  (!oz.  Patent  fuiniuatMrs  for 
rtehtro>ing  inittctB  on  Plants,  in  greinhouHeH,  <kc  :  at  Measrh. 
J.  11.  BooBn?Ea  and  Co  'a  (late  Stuuch  and  B  >oijbyeh),  Iioo- 
mongeiy,  Bi  uas-foundry.  Nail  and  Tool  Wim-hotifio,  14, 
>tanliope-Bireot.  C'are-mHrket,  London.  Es'ubli>-hed  nearly 
200  yeari!  for  tho  sale  ot  g  iodn  (rom  the  best  ManulactorieB  at 
'hu  lowcHt  price*.  GooOm  fi.rwarded  10  any  part  uu  the  receipt 
of  remittance.     Li^ts  ttent  by  p'ist. 


q;0  BE  LET,  a  email  NURSERY,    which  may  be 

-*-  entered  on  unnicdiafely,  con-lM'ttig  of  a  Mu-hr ooni-lioiine, 
two  Gnenhou-es,  a  Orimvllia-liouho.  Burk  Stovo.  three  l'l'» 
H.flulit  FruiucH.  Tho  PJtH  imd  Htovo  are  partly  Hlled  with 
young  Planlf.,  chit-fU  Fuch^i'tH,  The  t-xt.nt  of  iht-fou-'  Imii^eK 
i-  III  r«tt  long  by  II  (eot  wldn,  all  well  fitted  up  with  H'agt'H, 
I  in  n  tt'or-.ugh  statu  of  rfp,ilr.  A  OwolinK-liou-o  la  "ii  tho 
Kroond.  thi<  Fuintlun-  ot  whurh  can  bu  bad,  an  ihu  lonFiiit  in 
giv  ng  up  l.u-lni-Hrt.  ICunr,  T^l,  per  annum.  — Apply,  personally, 
.ir  by  letter  (prrspaldj,  to  D.  Ooant,  OyBtor-BbuU-housc,  Ruih- 
lan?  tiamry,  Ni)Wcuttle>ou.Tyuu, 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BRST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  PO.SSIBLE  PRICES. 


h 


aMk'': 


:-l 


i 


r      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's    Road,    Chelsea, 

^  •    Horticultural   Architec's,  Holhouso  Builders,   and   Hot- 
water    Apparatus    M  inufacturers.     The   Nobility    and  Gentry 
about    to    eri-c    IlonicuUuril   buildings,    or    fix     Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our   Hothouse  Works,  Kind's  Road, 
Cheltiea,    ail    e.v tensive    variety    of    Hothouses,    GreenhouseB,  - 
CMin>erva>Dries,  Pi  s,  &,c.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- - 
biftV>^*Ifl  mndern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  geatlemaa  ■ 
can  select  (be  description  of  Hou&e  best  a,dapted   for  every- 
required  purpose, 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient- 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  aca 
erected  in  all  th^^  Houf.es,  Pits,  .Sic.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  m  conataot  <iperation  in  the  Stoves, 

The  "pleudid  eollectiou  of  Stove  and  Greenhnuse  Plants  is 
in  the  iiij;hest  state  of  cul'ivation,  nnd  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices,  Alo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
froui  eye^,  all  the  bent  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Rst-maf  es  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plan's,  Vines,  Seeds,  &C.,  forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 

4%  ^  ^ 


mi^^%^^ 


MAJESTY'S        0|g 


ROYAL  LETTERS. 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS^ 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea.  — The  superior  qualities  m  every 
respect  of  tht'se  Stiuctores  having. been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  theoi 
than  E  D.  could  execute;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  m-ichinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  c.in  no'v  execute  any  am  lunc  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di'-parch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  coinpeiilion* 
Patent  Hothousia,  witn  excellent  glass,  Sleet  long  by  I  fooJr 
wide,  every  front  sash  10  open,  and  every  top  one  to  sli'io  down, 
with  pullfj  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegrapfcr 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railwuy  Station,  at  Is.  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  compli-te,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  \G  f  -  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ralter.  400  fc.,  •i.U  Gs  8d,  ; 
24  tt.  e  ins.  long.  do.  do..  521  tt.,  SOi.  133.  8d. ;  24  f'.  fi  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ra'ter,  712  ft.,  i\l.  10s.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &g..  Id.  andSd.  per 
foot,  suppr. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street,. 
London,  and  17.  New  Park-street,  Southwurk,  Mauufae-- 
tiirers  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILER"^,  end  Conseivatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility,. 
Gentry,  and  Nureerjmen  to  tbclr  simple  but  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildinns  b,-  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  relerences  of 
the  liiL^hest  respectability  can  be  giren,  and  lull  particulars 
furnishdd  on  a|.iplieation. 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
Id.  peri  ard,  2  feoC  wide. 


2-inch  mosh,  light,  21  inchca  wide 


Galvan-       Japanned 
tsud.  Iron. 

.    .  Td.  peryd.    fiti.  per  jd.. 

2-inch      ,,       etroiiff  ,,  ...     9       ,,  G),      „ 

2-Mi(!h      ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ,..  12      ,,  o"      ,. 

Ig.tnch     „      light  8      „  C       „ 

I6-I«icli      ,,      strong  „  ...  10      ,,  8       „ 

Ifi-inch      ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ...  14      „  11       ,, 

All  tlip  nbovd  ('an  b»  itintlu  any  width  at  proportionate  pricofl. 
(t  the  iippiT  hiilf  is  n  iioapHo  nirsh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
onc-f'unh.  Giilvanlsed  spurr.iw-ijroof  notlingtor  Phcasautrlcs, 
M.  per  cqiptro  font.     Piit'crns  forwardoil  po-t  fre'*. 

Miiiiuf«ctun-d  by  llAllN^R)  nud  HLSHOP.  Murket-place, 
Norwich,  ai.d  dollv*'rod  free  of  ovpouso  In  London,  Potcr- 
burougli,  [lull,  or  Ncrcastlo. 


386 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[June   19, 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON^ 

EXHIBITION  AT"THEi  GARDEN,  JUNE  12;:  1852. 

A  "W  A  R  B      ©"F      T  H  H      JU-B  S  'i^  'S . 


THE    LARGE    GOLD    MEDAL.. 

1  To  Mr.  May.  'hardener  to  Mrs    Lnwrence,  F.H.S.j  for  a  co'.- 

laction  Iff  20  Stove  anii  Greenliouse  Pianta 

2  To  Mr.  Blake,  Girdti.icr  to  J.  H.  St^bio  ler,  Esq.,  F.H.S-i  for 

2U  species  of  Exotic  Urcliiils. 

THE    GOLD    KNIGHTIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  C<ile,  Gardener  to  H.  Clyer,  Esq.,  of  Darlford,  for 

a  collection  of  ^0  Siovc  and  GieenhiiU3e  I'lati's 

2  To  Mr.  Green,  Giirdener  to  tiir  R   Aitrubus,  Bai-t.,  F.H.S., 

for  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse  rimi'S 

3  To  Mr.    Mdy.  Garden.n'  M   Mrs.  Lawrence,  F.H.S.,  for  six 

Stove  and  15 rue n house  Plant?,  in  2i)-iiicli  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Fiaiiubn,  Gardener  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  F.H.S,,  for 

20  bptcies  of  Exotic  Uichida. 

THE    GOLD    BANKSIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Ta>lor,  Gardener  to  J.  Coster,  E-q.,  of  Streatham, 

for  a  collectioTi  of  20  atove  and  Gieenhouse  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Carson,  Gardener  lo  W.  F    G.  Farmer,  Eaq,  F.  H.S,, 

for  15  Stove  and  Greenlmuse  Planes 

3  To  the  BHme,  for  Id  speciea  of  Exotic  Orchids 

4  To  Mr.  K  nghoi-u,Gard«ner  totheEarluf  Ki'morey,  F.H.S. , 

for  (j  -Stove  and  Greenh  U'^e  Plants,  in  2U-inch  pota 

5  To  Mr.  WiUianiH,  Oardi;ni-r  to  C.  U.  Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S,, 

for  20  species  of  Exotic  Orchids 

6  To  Messrs.  Veitcii,  of  Exeter,  for  15  species  of  thoi  same 

7  To  Mr.  Smith,  Gardener  to  VV.   Quilter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  10  varieties  ol  Cape  Heath, 

8  To  Messrs.  Itollipson,  of  Tooling,  for  the  same 

9  To  Mr,  Terry,    Gardeoor  lo    Udy    PuMer,    of  Youngsbury, 

FertB,  for  12  var'etii;s  of  R.  sea  in  pits 

10  To  Me&s.rG.  Lane,  of  Great  BerUhauipstead,  for  the  same 

11  To  Mr.  D..bson,  ol   laiewonli,  for  12  varieties  ofFelargo- 

niuoi,  in  6-inch  pots 

THE    LARGE    SILVER-GILT    MEDAL. 

1  To  Messrs'.  Fraser.  of  Lea  Bridge  Road,  Essex,  for  a  collec- 

tion of  20  St.jve  and  Grtenhouae  P'flnts 

2  .To  Mr.  Dods.  Gnr'iener  to  Sir  J  hn  Cathcart,  Bart ,  F.H.S., 

for  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

3  To     Mr.    Kint^horn,    Ganlener    lo   the   Earl    oF    Kilmorey, 

F.H.S,,  f"r(>  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in  1-3-iuchpota 

4  To  Me-srfi.  Ronissiin,  for  15  spec  es  i>t  Rxouc  Orchids 

5  To  the  same,  for  a  ool  ecti  )n  of  Variegated  Plants 

6  To  Mr.  Wooltcy,  GardmertoH    B.  K^^r,  Esq.,  ofCheshunt, 

for  10  PpycieS  of  Eso'-ic  Orchid'* 

7  To  Mr.  Ivisoii,  Gurdeiierto  tbo  Duke  of  Northumberland, 

F.H.S  ,  for  fi  ftpecies  of  the  same 

8  lo  Mr,  Fleming,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  F.H.S,, 

at  Trentham   for  nix  of  the  newer  kinds  of  Greenhouse 
Azalea,  ill  B-iiuth  pots 

9  To  Mr.  Giet-o,  Gardener  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.,  F.H.S,, 

for  G  distinct  varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 

10  To  the  same,  for  6  varieties  of  Tall  Cacli. 

11  To   A.    Howlaud,   Esq,   F.H.S.,   for  12  varieties  of  Roses 

in  pots. 

12  To  Messrs.  Paul,  of  Cbeshunl:,  for  the  same 

13  To  Mr.  May,  Gardener   to  Mrs,  Lawrence,  F.H.S.,  for   10 

varieiie-  of  Cape  H«afh 

14  To  Mr.  Pairbairu,  ot   Claj;ham,  for  the  same 

15  To  Mr.  Ro&er,  Gardener  tn  J.  Uradburv,  Ksq,,  of  Streatham, 

for  10  varieti'  6  of  Cape  Heaths,  in  ll-incb  pots 

16  To  Mr.  Epps,  of  Mai'istone,  for  the  pame 

17  To  Mr.  Oaraon,  Gardener  t^  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  E(=q.,  F.H.S., 

for  a  smjilu  Kpecinien  of  Denlrobium  raoschatum 

18  To  Messrs.  B  iclihous",  ot  York,  fir  Lcelia  purpurata 

19  To  E,   Lawrence,   Esq.,    of  Gr^jve-Ierrace.    Kentish    Town, 

for  12  varieiies  of  Pelargonium,  in  S-inch  pota 

20  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  Sluugh,  for  tne  aame. 

21  To  the  same,    for  6   varieties   of  Fancy    Pelargonium,    io 

8-tnch  pots 

22  To  Mr.  Parktr,  Gardener  to  J.  "M.  Slr:icbfln,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  6  varieties  iif  Pdlarijonium  in  ll-ioch  poa 

23  To  Mr.  Westwood,  ol  Acioo-lane,  for  ijie  same 

24  To  Mr.  Robinson,  Gdrdeuer  to  J.  Simpson,  Esq.,  of  Thames 

Bink,  Pimlico,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelargonium,  ia 
8-inch  pots 

THE   CERTIFICATE   OF   EXCELLENCE. 

1  To  Mr.  Stanly.  OardL-nerto  H.  Berens,  Esq.,   F.H.S,,  for  a 

collection  of  20  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Speed,  of  Edmoaton,  for  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse 

Plants 

3  To  Mr.  Over,  Gardener  to  W.  McNfuUen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham, 

for  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in  13  inch  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Green.  Gardener  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bare,  F.H.S,, 

for  6  tpefies  of  Exotic  Ori  hida 

5  To  Messrs.  Veitcb,  for  a  collecion  of  Helichrysuaafl 

6  To  the  i-ame,  for  a  collection  of  Nepenthes 

7  To  Mr.  Wotdiey,  Gardener  to    H.  B    Iver,  Esq.,  ofCheshunt, 

for  a  collectum  of  Hmhouse  Ferns 
6  To  the  same,  for  a  similar  esbibtiion  produced  in  May 
9  To  Mr.    Bruce,   Gnrdeuer  to  B..  Miller,    Esq.,    of  Collier's 

Wood,  Merton,  for  a  slogle  specimen  of  Eri'-a  Mnasoni 
10  To  Mr.  May,  Gardener  to   Mr:",   LaAreoce,   F.H.S.,  for  6 

distinct  varieties  of  Greenhouse  Azalea 


U  To  Mr.  Rosor,  Gardoticr  to  J.  BradbuFy,-Esq.,  of  Streatbam, 

for  12  variuties  of  llosesin  pots 
l2-T(J'ilie   samo  for   6  Varieties  of  Faocy    Pelargonium,    in 

8-inch  outs 
13  To  Mr.  Francis,  of  Hertford,  forl2  vaTietieao&Ro3e&-iapot)3 
11  To  Mr.  Cole,  Gardener  to  II.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 

1  u  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 
15  To  MeSBrs.  Fraser,  for'the  sama. 
IG  To  Mr.  Wat-^on,  Gardener  to  Mr".  Tredwell,  of  St.  John's 

Lodge,    Norwood,   for  10    varieties^  of  Cape   Heath,  in 

11-inch  pota 
17  To  Mr.  Clarke,  of  Streatham-plnce,  Brixton,  for  tha  same 
IS  To  Mr.  Taylor.  GardeTier  to  J,  Coster,  E-<q.,  of  Streatham, 

for  6  varieties  of  Capa  Heath,  in  S-ioch  pots 

19  To   Messrs.  Stindish  and  Noble,    of  Bagshut,  for  two  now 

everprcea  pinnated  Chinese  Berberries 

20  To  Mr.  Franklin,  Gardener  to   Mrs.  Lawrence,  F.H.S.,  for 

a  8in£le  specimen  of  Aeridea  odoraturn 

21  To  Mr,  Weetwood,  of  Acton-laue,  for  12  varieties  of  Fancy 

Pelargonium,  in  8-inch  pots 

22  To  the   same,  for  6  varieties  of   Fancy  Pelargonium,  in 

8  inch  pota 

23  To  Mr,  Turner,  of  Slough,  for  6  varieties  of  Pelargonium, 

in  ll.inch  pots. 

24  To  Mr.  Conetantine,  Gardener  to  C,  Mills,  Esq.,  of  Hilling- 

don,  for  G  varieties  of  Calceolaria,  in  8-inch  pots 

25  To  Mr.  Gaines,  of  Baltersea,  for  the  same 

2G  To  Mr.  ColUnson.  Gardener  to  tlie  Marquis  of  Westminster, 
Eaton  Hall,  Cheshire,  for  a  Queen  Pine-apple,  wtighing 
4  lbs. 4  oz. 

27  To    the    aame,    for    a    Providence    Pine-apple,    weighing 

lOlba.  8  oz. 

28  To  Mr.  Turnbull,  Gardener  fo  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, 

at  Blenheim,  for  a  smoo.Ii  Cayenne  Pine-apple,  weighing 
4  lbs.  lUoz. 

29  To  Mr.  Dod's,  Gardener  to  Sir  John  Cathcart,  Bart,,  F.H.S., 

for  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

30  To  Mr.  Davia,  of  East  Barnet,  for  the  same. 

31  To  Mr.  Lushey,  Gardener  to  J.  Hill,  Eaq.,  of  the  Rookery, 

Streatham  CoDim  n,  for  Black  i'rioce  Crapes 

32  To'Mr*  Allport,  Gardener  toll.  Arkro>d,  Etq,,  of  Boddington 

Park,  Nantwich,  tor  Muscat  Grapes 

33  To  Mr.    Summerby,   Gardener  to   Myjor  Martin,   of  Fern 

Cottage,  Windsor  Forefct,  for  White  Frontiguau  Grapes. 

THE   LARGE   SILVER    MEDAL, 

1  To  Messrs.  PampUn,  of  Lea  Bridge  Road,  Essex,  for  a  col- 

lection of  20  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

2  To  the  same,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  in  11-ineh  pots 

3  To   Mr.  Lajbank,    Gardener    to    T.    Maudslay,    Esq  ,    of 

Knighi's   Hill,   Norwood,   for  6   Stove  and   Greenhouse 
Plaiita,  in  13-inch  pots 

4  To  the  same,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 

5  To*Ir.  Dods  Gardener  to  Sir  J.    Cathcart,  Bart.,   F.H.S,, 

for  6  species  ol  Exotic  Orchids 
G  To  Mr.  Green,  Gardener  to  Sir  E,  Antrobus,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 
for  a  collection  of  Helichrysuios 

7  To  Mr.  Over,  Gardener  to  VV.  M'Muilen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham, 

for  a  sinKle  specimen  of  Hoya  bella 

8  To  Mr.  Williams,  Gardener  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  a  collection  of  Hothouse  Ferna 

9  To  the  same,  for  a  collection  of  Variegated  Orchid3 

10  To  Mr.  Pawley,  of  Bromley,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 

11  To  Mr.  Jarvia,  Gardener  lo  J.  Ruck,  E?q,,  of  Croydon,  for 

10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  io  11-inch  pots 

12  To  Mr.  Speed,  of  Edmonton,  for  6  varieties  of  Cape  Heath, 

in  8-ioch  pota 

13  To  Mr.  Terry,  Gardeni^r  to  Lndy  Puller,   of  Youugsbury, 

Herts,  for  25  varieties  of  Cu'.  Ro-:es 

14  To  Mr..Ivison,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 

F.H.S,,  for  two  leaves  of  Victoria  regia 

15  To  Mr.  Ayres,  of  Blackheath,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelai;- 

gooiuiii,  in  B  inch  pota 

16  To  Mr.  Franklin,    Gardener   to   Mr'.  Lawrence,    F.H.S., 

for  eix  varieties  of  Cak-olaria,  in  S  inch  pots. 

17  To  Mr.  Driiper,  Gardener  to  the  Bisho^^of  Salisbury,  for  a 

t^aeen  Pine-apple,  weiRhing  4  lbs.  1  oz. 

18  To  Mr.  Davis,   Gardener  to  Lord  Boston,  F.H.S.,  for  a  Pro- 

vidence Pine-apple,  weighing  8  lbs.  7  oz. 

19  To  Mr.  Grieiiger,  Gardener  to  S.   Smith,  Esq.,  F.H.S,,  for 

Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

20  To  Mr.  Mitchell,  of  Kemp  Town,  Brighton,  for  the  same 

21  To  Mr.  Martin,  Gardener  to  Sir  H,  Fleetwood,  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

for  Black  Prince  Grapes 

22  To  the  same,  for  Black  Frontignan  Grapes 

23  To  Mr.    Smith,  Gardener  to   S.  Ricardo,    Esq.,   of  Titoess 

Park.  Sunning  Hill,  for  White  Muscadine  Grapes 

24  To  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Oatlanda  Palace  Gardens,   VVej  bridge, 

for  Muscat  Grapes 

25  To   Mr.   Fleming,    Gardener   to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland, 

F.H.S.,  at  Trenlham,  for  6  Royal  George  Peaches 

26  To  the  same,  for  G  ilurray  Nectarines. 

THE    SILVER    KNIGHTIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Stuart,  Gardener  to  T.  Huggins,  Ei^q,,  of  Norwood, 

for  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in  13-inch  pota 

2  To  the  same,  for  a  collection  of  Holichryauraa 

3  To  Mr,   Kinghorn,   Gardener  to  the  Earl    of   Kilmorey, 

F.H.S.,    for  G  Bpeciea  ofExotic  Orchids 


5 
6 

To 
To 

7 

To 

8 

To 

9 

To 

10 

To 

U 

12 

To 
To 

13  To 

It 

To 

16 

To 

16 
17 

To 
To 

18 

To 

19 

To 

20 

To 

21 

To 

22 

To 

23 

To 

2t 

To 

25 
26 

To 
To 

27 
28 
29 

To 
To 
To 

Mp.  May;. Gardener  to  Mrs..  Lawrence,  F.H.S.,  for  a 
single   specimeoof  Erica  Cavendsshii 

Messrs.  R-iUts8on.  for  Ciasu^  discolor 

Mr,  Wooih-y,  Gardener  to  II.  B.  Ker,  Eaq..^  of  Cheshuut, 
for  a  collection  of  Lycopodn 

Mr.  Stanly,  Gardener  to  H.  Beren'',  Esq.,  F.H.S.,  for  10 
varieties  ot  Cape  Heath,  in  U-inch  pots 

Mr.  Harap,  Gardener  to  J.  Thome,  E?q  ^  oP^South  Lam- 
beth, for  6  varieties  ot  Cape  Heath,  in  8  inch  pots 

Mr.  Parker,  Gardener  to  J.  M.  Strachan,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 
for  6  ep?cies  of  Cape  Pelargonium 

Mr,  Cole,  Gardener  to  H.  Colyer.  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 
a  siOHle  specimen  of  Cattleya  Mo=.sia; 

Messrs.  Kackhous*^,  for  Cleisostoma  ?  crussifolium 

Mr.  Williams,  Gardener  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S,, 
for  Lemons,  Citrons,  and  Oranges 

Mr.  Brat-'g,  of  Slough,  for  12  varieties  of  Pelargonium,  in 
8-inch  pofs 

Mr.  Gaines,  of  Battersea,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelargo- 
nium, in  8.inch  pots 

Mr,  Willmer,  of  Sunbury,  for  12  varieties  of  Finks,  in 
8-iuch  pots 

the  same,  for  24  varieties  of  Pinks  in  boxes 

Mr.  Roser,  Gardener  to  J,  Biadbury,  Esq.,  of  Streat- 
ham, for  6  varieties  of  Calceolaria,  in  8-incb  pota 

Mr.  Turner,  of  Slougb,  for  12  varieties  ot  Pansies,  in 
8-inch  pota 

Mr.  Jarvia,  Gardener  to  J.  Ruck,  E<q.,  of  Croydon,  for  a 
(iueen  Pine-apple,  weighing  3  lbs.  9  oz. 

Mr.  Davies,  Gardener  to  J.  Dixon,  Esq.,  of  Astle  Park, 
Knutaford,  Cne.-'hirc,  lor  a  Providence  Pine-apple, 
weighing  8  lbs  6  oz. 

Mr.  Frost,  Gardener  to  Lady  Grenville,  F.H.S.,  at  Drop- 
more,  for  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

Mr.  Harrison,  Gardener  to  M,  Ricardo,  Esq.,  F.H^.,  for 
Black  Prince  Grapes 

Mr.  Rust,  Gardener  to  J,  Maclaren,  Esq.,  F.H.S,,  for 
White  Muscidiiie  Grapes 

Mr.  Cot'inson,  Gardener  to  the  Marquis  of  Westminster, 
Eaton  Hall,  Cheshire,  for  6  Royal  George  Peaches 

the  same,  for  an  Egyptian  Green-flesh  Albion 

Mr.  Tilijard,  Gardener  to  Lord  Southampton,  F.H.S., 
for  6  iilruge  Nectarines 

Mr.Smith,ofTwickenham,  for  British  Qiieen  Strawberries 

the  same,  for  the  same  variety  ;a  pots 

Mr,  Wortley,  Gardener  to  Mrs.  Maubcrt,  of  Norwood, 
for  British  Queen  Strawberries. 

THE    SILVER    BANKSIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Hamp,  Gardener  to  J.  Tliorne,  Esq,,  of  Soath  Lam- 

beth, for  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  in  13-inch  pots 

2  To  Mr.  Taylor,  Gardener  to  J.  Coster,  Eaq  ,  of  Streatham, 

for  a  collection  of  Helichrysums 

3  To  Messrs.  Veltch,  for  Rhododendron  album  gvandifiorum 

4  To  the  same,  for  Streptocarpua  bifl>rns 

5  To  Mr.  Stuart,  Gardener  to  T.  lluggina,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  a  collecion  of  Lycopods 

6  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  Hotloway,  for  12  Alpine  Plants 

7  To  Mr.  Smith,  Gardener  to  W,  Quilter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  a  single  specimen  of  Erica  Bergiana 

8  To  Mr.  Bragg,  of  Slough,  for  12  varieties  of  Pansies,  in 

8-incb  pots 

9  To  Mr.  Wiiliarasi  Gardener  to  C.  B.Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S. 

for  White  Muscadine  Grapes 

10  To  Mr.  Chapman,    Gardener  to  J.  B,  Glegg,    Esq.,  F,H.S,, 

for  6  Helltgarde  Peaches 

11  To  the  same,  for  6  Brugnon  Nectarines 

12  To  Mr.  Bailey,  Gnrdener  to  G.  Harcourt,  Eaq.,  F.H.S.,  for 

G  Brown  Ischia  Figs 

13  To  Mr.  Judd,  Gardener  to  Earl  Spencer,  F.H.S,,  at  Althorp, 

for  B'itiah  Queen  Strawberries 

14  To  Mr.  Mann,  of  Mogden-lane,  Isleworth,  forth'*  same 

15  To    Mr.  Fleming,    Gardener   to    the   Duke   of    Sutherland, 

F.H.S,,  at  Trentham,  for  a  Treniham  Hybrid  Mt-lon 

16  To  Mr,  Cole,  Gardener  to    H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 

a  Hoosainee  Scarlet-fleshed  Melon, 

THE    CERTIFICATE    OF    MERIT. 

1  To  Mr.  Cole,  Gardener  to  H,  Co'yer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  for 

a  sin^'le  specimen  of  LeschenauUia  foi  mosa 

2  To  Mr.  Turner,   of  HoUoway,  for  a   collection  of  British 

Orchids 

3  To  Messrs,  Standish  and  Noble,  for  Liltum  sinicnm 

4  To  Mr.  Over,  Gardener  to  W.  M'Muilen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham, 

for  Hoya  bella,  var.  Paxtoni 

5  To  Messrs:  E.  G.  Henderson,  of  Wellingfcon-road,  St,  John's- 

wood,  for  a  Seedling  H\brid  Pelar^'onium 

6  To  Mr.  Braid,  Gardener  to  H.  Perkins,  Esq  ,  F.H.S.,  for  C 

Brown  Turkey  Figs 

7  To  Mr,  Turnbull,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  at 

Blenheim,  for  British  Queen  Strawberries. 

N.B. — Among  Nurserymen  who  showed  10  varieties  of  Cape 
Heath,  Mr.  Ep^is,  of  Maidstone,  would  have  stood  first  if  he 
tiad  complied  with  the  regulations. 

The  Judges  much  commended  the  Muscat  Grapes  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Turnbull,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Marlbiirough,  at 
Blenheim  ;  but  could  award  no  prize,  in  consequence  of  their 
unripeness. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADji'USTING    SCYTHE. 


T>OYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
•f  STEEL  DIGGING  FOIlli-i.- BoTD's  ^c>the  is  capable  of 
being  adjus'od  ro  any  Hnyle  by  the  petsnn  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  uid  of  a  blackMrith  ;  when  out  ot  u^e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  claep. Unite.  The  Garileners'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it ; — "  We  glad  y  mate  that  Mr.  Boyd's  scythe  stands  well 
the  great  tebt,  txpeiience,  espi^ciaHy  wi  h  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  u-^clul  impiovement  "— G  C,  ISth  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Diggiinf  Furka  are  ibose  cdebrdt'-d  by  Jv.r.  Mechi. 
"When  a  labiiurt^r  hna  once  used  ihtm,  he  will  n^ver  Work 
with  any  oih.  r  inn, lament  for  dig^inn,  The\  « ff  ei  a  caving  of 
nearly  fill  ( er  ten-,  i,.  labour.''—  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  ItRAf  and  Co.s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-laLe,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge, 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  ^ by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  beat  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stampa. 

OHN    WARNER    AND    SONS, 
Crescent,  .Tewin  Stueet,  London, 

MANUFACTDREaS   OF 

FIRE  ENSINES,  GARDEN 

E:)GINES,  AND  SYRINSES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 

GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
is  strongly  recommended   for    dur- 
ability and  low  price,  viz.: — 
£3    0    0 

May  be  olj'.ained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 


^"'HE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S 
.1-  PARK,  are  open  to  Visitors  daily.  The  Collection 
now  coDtains  upwards  of  1.500  specimens,  iocludinEj  the 
HIPPOPOTAMUS  (presented  by  II  H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt), 
ELBPHANTS,  RHINOCEROS.  GIliAPFES,  and  young 
LKUOORYS,  ELlNDS,  BONTE-BOKS,  CAMELS.  ZEBRAS, 
LIONo,  TIGRKS,  JAGUARS,  BEARS,  OSTRICHES,  and 
the  APTEKYX  presented  by  the  Lieinenant-Governor  of  New 
Zealand.  Alt  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's  collec- 
tion ot  HUMMING  BIRDS  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  BAND  of  the  1st  LIFE  GUARDS  will  perform,  by  per- 
mission of  Cid.  Hall,  on  every  SATURDAY,  at  Pour  o'clock 
until  further  notice. 

Admission,  One  Shillino  ;  on  MONDAYS,  Sixpence. 

ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detacliing 
any  of  its  parts,  packs  iu  a  sponge  bath,  is  admirably 
adapted  for  summer  u~e,  on  acciunt  of  its  c-xiieuic  coulocss, 
and  which  can  be  changed  iu  one  moment  from  a  bed  to  a 
louoge  or  sola  for  the  oitting-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLEN'S,  70,  O-vford-street, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  viiriety  of  Metallic  Bedsteads, 
titled  with  and  wiihout  the  Patent  llheoc'ine,  &c.  djc,  together 
with   a  large  ai-ortrnent  ot    he   Patent  Radiating  and  other 
btovee,  atd  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery. 


25—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


387 


EXHlBITtON    OF   AMERICAN    PLANTS. 
JOHN    WATERER    begs     to    announce    that    his 

O  unrivalle,!  collection  oF  RHODODENDRONS  AZAI.EAS, 
&c.,  i?  n.w  OQ  view  at  the  ROYAL  BOTANIC  GARDENS, 
Regent's  Park,  and  may  be  seen  gratia  by  orders  from  members 
of  the  Society.  . 

His  collection  at  the  Nursery,  corapn-iing  muny  thousand 
speiiimBas,  is  also  in  perfecion,  and  may  be  seen  Rratis. 

The  American  Nursery,  Ba?Bhot,  Surrey,  near  the  Farn- 
birough  Sation,  Sou'h.  Western  Raihvay,  and  three  miles  from 
I31;ickn-a'-er.  Sonih-Eastern  Railway;  convejaoces  may  be 
obtained  at  either  statiun. 


NEW.  PLANTS     INTRODUCED    BY    MR.    FORTUNE. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE  *beg  to  announce  that 
they  possess  all  the  highly  inteiesiing  plants  intruduceil 
by  Mr.  Fortuoe,  and  mentioned  by  iiim  in  bis  recent  pr. polar 
work  on  China.  Many  of  them  are  now  on  sale.  Oi  ilie 
others,  due  notice  will  be  given,  as  they  are  ready  lo  send  out. 
Every  particular  may  be  obtained  by  appVjing  to  the 
Advertisers.— BuL'shot,  June  19. 

GLOXINIAS. — Selections  from  the  following 
variet'es,  strong  flowering  p'ants,  from  I2s.  to  ISs.  pur 
dozen  : —  Alba  sanuuinea,  argyroBtigma  splendeis,  Candida, 
Cartoni,  canaina's  splendens.'caulescens,  FyBaua,  marginata 
macrophjlla  varieRata.  maxima  alba,  Passinghami.  Prnfensor 
Decaiane,  rubra  graodflora,  Bpatioea  major,  TeucbbTii,  Vic- 
toi-ia  regina.  violacea,  and  Wortleyana.  No  charge  fur  package. 
J.  and  J.  Fea££B,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen,  Lea  BriJge- 
road,  Essex. 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON 
Wellington-r  -ad  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  are 
now  prepared  lo  forward,  by  post,  CINERAHtA  SEED,  saved 
from!  the  best  formed  tlowerc,  such  as  Cerito,  Lady  Hume 
Campbell,  Adela  Villiers,  Pauline,  Rosy  Mum,  Marianne,  David 
CopperfiL-ld,  Effie  Deans,  Carlotta  Grisi,  Prima  Donna,  &c. 

E.G.  H.  and  Son  also  beg  to  say,  that  the  varieties  ot 
Calceolarias  from  which  the  seed  is  saved  can  now  be  seen  in 
full  bloom  at  the  Nursery.  Early  orders  are  rtquisite  to  insure 
this  seed,  which  will  be  sent  out  in  July,  at  53.  per  packet. 

SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
EMPEROR    STOCKj    a    perennial  species,  and  hardy; 
1100  seeds.  Is. 

CINERARIA  and  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
SOO  of  the  la'ter.  Is.  each  paper. 

MTOSOTI"^  AZOaicns,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  very  bpautiful ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALENOUINIA  UMBELLATA,  one  of  tha  neatest  growing 
and  most  brilliant  flowering  of  all  bedding- plants;  1500  seeds.  Is. 
SWEET   WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds.  Is. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps. 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 

FUCHSIA     RICKARDIANA. 

JOHN  RICKARD,  Florist,  Truro,  Cornwall,  begs 
attention  to  his  new  Seedling  of  1851 — a  novel,  gl  ibose 
flower,  of  good  quality,  beautifully  reflexed,  appro^iching  to 
Glenny's  Ideal  in  this  respect,  smooth,  and  well  contrasted  ;  it 
is  a  free  bloomer,  of  good  habit,  and  a  strong  grower.  The 
following  are  the  npioions  of  the  Chronicle  and  "  Cabnet"  : 

Gardeners^  Cftronicle,  October  18,  1851 : — *'  A  dark  variety,  of 
the  uUra-reflexed  class;  corolla  deep  purple,  stout  and 
smooth,  tube  an'1  sepals  bright  crimson." 

Florieulturai-  Cabinet,  October  1,  1851:— "Tube  and  sepals 
ahinini;  red,  the  lacier  reflexing  much,  and  fully  exposing  its 
rich  plum-coloured  corolla  ;  neat  and  pretty," 

Plants  are  now  ready,  at  Sa.  each ;  also  a  good  dark  variety 
(Sambo)  at  Sa.  Cd.  each. 


NEW    CAMELLIA. 
TACKSON'S  "COUNTESS  OF  ELLESMERE."— 

<-'  The  undersigned  are  now  sending  out  the  above,  price 
■<2*,  each  ;  and  f.ir  every  three  ordered  one  added  gratis.  On 
the  8;h  of  April  last  it  was  awarded  by  the  National  Flortcul- 
toral  Society  of  Londdn  a  firat-class  Certitieate,  and  received 
the  highest  commendation ;  it  is  described  as  being  of  tirst- 
rate  form,  with  b  oad  cupped  petals,  of  a  bluish  whire,  faintly 
fltriped  with  t'Se  (s-^e  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  Gardenera' 
Jcumal  for  report  of  meeting,  April  17).  It  is  fiiiui  ed  in  the 
*' Florist"  fur  May,  1851,  and  is  again  mentioned  in  the 
"Florist"  for  thii  month,  as  having  been  exhirlred,  atid 
■deserving  to  be  placed  in  every  collection.  It  has  the  baaufiful 
form  of  the  Coop  d'iieb^  Rose, — Thomas  Jackson  and  Si>n, 
Wariorymen,  K  ngston,  near  London  (on  the  South  Western 
R&ilwar). 


/"CHOICE  AND  RARE  SEEDS,  confidently  recom- 

vy  mended,  sold  by  WILLIAM  DENVER,  Seedsman  and 
FtOBiBT,  8;;,  Gracechurch-fltreet,  London,  near  the  Spread 
Ea;'ie,  at  the  follovsing  price  per  paper: — 

ANTIRRHINUM,  or  SNAPDRAGON,  Gd.  Saved  by  an 
a;/iiteur  from  u  most  splenild  collection. 

Ii.=:LH-i  PEitENNis,  or  DAISY,  very  double,  6tl.  Saved  from 
iht  new  Gtraian  vdrit-ties  ;  brilliant  colours,  varying  from  the 
dc'piBt  crimson  to  winte,  through  all  the  diff'ureot  shades. 

CaLCEOLahIA,  saved  by  an  amateur  from  the  most 
sp'cndii  dhow  fluwcrB,  Is. 

GAILLARDIA  ftPLENDIDISSIMA  PLENA,  Is,  A  new  and 
wCftQiifal  perenuial  variL-ty. 

PANSY,  Irofii  ihe  beat  named  flowers,  Is.  Saved  by  Thomson 
and  otber  eminent  t^rowerA, 

HcwperpeiualOitfantic  Emperor  double  STOCK,  la.— Colour, 
«0»7  crtmiion.     'Jhit  is  a  iplendui  noviiU;/,  laeling  several  years. 

AUtnmn»l.floweriDij  double  STOCKS,  6  best  and  brightest 
COlourt,  '2$. 

XniTOMA  UVARTA,  ^t.  A  hardy  perennial,  Rrowlng  from 
4  to  5  feet  high,  producing  long  splbeH  of  crimson  and  orange- 
coloared  fi<)wra. 

WALLFLOWERS,  singnlnr  colours,  C  double  gigantic 
varietiea,  Vi,  haved  ly  u  celebrated  Continental  itrower,  who 
bu  DO  MTural  occanloiJ*  ^aiaed  the  firat  prlio  for  double  Wall- 

CHOICE   CINERARIA  SEED. 

LUCOMBE,  I'INCK,  am*  CO.  Iiavo  now  reafly  for 
»ftiidliig  out  Kuiuf)  fJtcet'llngly  »ln«  CINKRAItiA  nKED, 
CtnfuJly  SBve'l  from  a  very  nclcct  collccllon  of  all  iho  newcnt 
and  flont  viirl«tle<i  of  the  Beaaon,   in   pfickcts,   sculed   uud 
warrtnled  by  thrm,  free  by  po»t,  2ji.  Gd  caoh, 
L.  I',  ao  1  C'».  have  aUo  nomo  very 

SUPERIOR  CALCEOLARIA  SEED, 
U*ed  from  wi;tl'iih.ip(;d,  highly  coloured,  well  m>irked  flowcrji, 
■■•hlcli  th«-7  can  »tr'fiigly  rt-commend  ;  In  piickageK,  neiiltd  uud 
^(irr»nted  b»  ih<  m,  irun  by  po^tt,  '2t.  (id.  each. 
L-,  I'  ,  and  Co    buv«)  Kreat  plcimuro  In  ntn  Ing  thit  they  Iiavd 
•    -"I  nuMi<-r<.*i"  t«-i|'iifirit«lfi  of  iho  >a'liif.»c[loii  wbli-h  tiieir 
!■    -iirtu   wti«(  Oi'icr.iria  S^cdi  gave  lii»t  (i«-.Hon,  und    tli.y 
«P  i-ttul(y  ti,\\r.ii   c.rly   ordt-m,    itn   ktrong  iiluu'8   for  curl* 
■■ -'Wtftng  «*UI  i>«  .,b  H>n.  d   by  dowlnff  now. 
£x«i«r  Nuricry,  iiieier,  June  19, 


MELON     SEED. 
TOHN  H.\YE3,  Florist,  Farnliam,  Surrey,  begs  to 

J  sajhehasKro-^n  the  VIOTOKV  OP  nATK  MELON,  and 
does  not  hesitate  to  say  that  it  is  tho  best  Melon  grown,  it 
being  early  and  a  good  setter  ;  with  good  managemont  can  be 
riueued  this  year.— J  H.  will  fiend  6  Seeds  for  12  postage  stamps. 
A  quantify  of  Bedding  Plants  left,  at  a  very  low  price. 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN  RIVERS  begs  to  inform  the  Agriculturist,  that 
the  STUBBLE  SWKDE  may  be  sown  Irom  the  present 
time  until  the  middle  of  Joly,  for  a  full  winte  ■  crop. 

Orders  addressed  to  John    Rivers,  Seedsman,  Sawbridt:e- 
worth,  Herts,  to  the  amount  of  lOs,,  will  be  carriage  paid  to 

London. Post-office    oidjrs    are    icquetted    of    uukuowu 

correspondents^ 


BEAUTIFUL  NEW   PLANT. 

/ESCHYNANTHUS     SPLENDIDUS. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  beg  leave  to  inform 
the  Pubiic  that  they  purpose  sending  out,  on  the  5th  of 
Julv  next  strong  heal'hy  plants  of  thuir  much  admired  NEW 
HYB^aD  ^E^CilYNANTHUS,  which  they  can  with  full 
contideoce  recommend  to  all  cultivators  as  a  plant  that  cannot 
fail  to  give  general  satisfaction.  EsceHeiit  drawinca  of  it  will 
be  found  in  the  "  Gardeners'  Magazine  of  Botany,"  Dec,  1851  ; 
and  in  the  "  Fioricultural  Cariiiiet"  of  last  mouth,  to  which 
they  respec  fdV.y  refer,  and  alto  invite  attention  to  thefollowipg 
remurks  : — 

"  A  hybrid  production,  and  a  very  beautiful  one.  It  is,  no 
doubt,  "the  finest  of  its  race;  which,  as  is  well  known,  now 
contains  many  very  splendid  imported  species.  It  will  prove  a 
mnst  useful  ornsmental  plant  of  very  easy  culture,  and  the 
brilliance  of  its  large  clusters  of  flowers  will  make  it  conspi- 
cuous amonirst  the  moat  showy  planis." — Gardeners'  Magazine 
of  Botany,  Dec  ,  1851. 

"The  species  under  consideration  (' iE.^chynanthus  splen- 
didus'j,  is  one  of  the  most  recently  introduced,  and  certainly 
one  of  the  very  best." — Gardeners'  Journal,  March  13,  1352, 

Price  2  Is.  each.  Allowance  to  the  Trade,  one  over  when 
three  are  ordered.— Exeter  Nore'vv    '-'x^^-p-  .T.-.^ 'q 


NEW    CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  can  supply  the  following  new 
varieti'-s,  strong  and  well  established. 

POMPON  OR  DWARF  CtlRYSANTHEMUilS.— TIio  an. 
nexed  set  of  IS  best  new  varieties  for  21s.,  or  155.  per  dozen  ; 
our  selection  12s.  per  dozen— viz.,  Adonie  or  No  plus  Ultra, 
Argentine,  Asmodee,  Autumn  a,  Chamelion,  Cronstignac, 
Eliza,  Gil  Bias,  La  Gitani,  Madame  Lemichtz,  Mii,'nonette, 
Modele,  Ninon,  Perfecta,  Rui  de  Liliput,  Sacramento,  Solfa- 
lerre.  Surprise. 

LARGE  FLOWERING  VARIETIES,— Tbe  following  12 
suficib  varieties  for  125.  viz.,  Anaxo,  Atrorubetis,  Erione, 
Madam*  Laborde,  Miss  Kate,  Mon^•e,  Nandee,  ^e  plus  Ultra, 
Plutus,  Raeinp,  Uo-ia  Mysd.-a.  llendertonii. 

Choice  Chrytauihemums  of  best  of  older  varieties,  6s.  and 
7s.  6d,  per  doz-n. 

NEW  AND  SELECT   PLANTS. 

Azalea  vitlaia,  7s.  6d  each;  Azalea  Symmetry,  5s.  each. 

Ipomcei  palmata  (figured  in  Mag.  ol  Botany  for  February), 
7*-.  6(i.  each. 

Gloxinia  tricolor,  superb  and  first-rate  form,  ^s.  each. 

Paul't-  Q'leen  Victoria  Rose,  strong  plants,  7s  Gd.  each. 

Gesnera  purpurea  macratiiha,  2s.  6j.  each. 

Antirrhinum  Primrose  Perfection.  23.  6d.  each. 
.,  H-'udersonii,  2s.  Cd,  each. 

Cap^nia  grandiflora,  fine  plants.  Is.  Gd.  each  ;  extra  sfroi5g, 
3s.  G(i!.  to  53. 

Medinilla  magnifica,  fine  plants,  10s.  (id.,;  extra  strong,  153. 
each.  Alldmanda  neriiflora,  2s.  6d.  each. 

Cantua  dependcns,  strong,  Is.  Cd.  each,  15s.  per  dozen  ;  extra 
strong,  2s.  tJd.  each. 

Dielytra  spectabilia,  123.  per  dozen. 

Deutzia  (gracilis,  2s.  Gd.  each ;  2is.  per  dozen  ;  extra  Btrong, 
33-  Gd.  each. 

Hoya  bella,  strong,  Is.  6tZ.  to  2s.  Qd.  each  ;  extra  strong,  in 
flower,  33.  Gd. 

Achimt-ne^,  12  fine  varie'ies,  6s,  ;  12  snperb  new,  10s, 

Gloxinias,  12  fine  vars,,  Vis.  ;  12  superb  new,  20s. 

Greenhouse  Plants,  50  vars.  fine  and  select,  45s.  ;  25  vars., 
24s.  ;  12  vars.,  12s  ;  12  new  and  select,  25s. 

Stove  Plants,  50  vars.  fine  and  select,  65?,  ;  25  vars.,  35s. ; 
12  vars.,  18:i. 

Petunias,  our  three  new  vars.,  Braganza,  Ricartonii,  acd 
Mazeppa,  23.  Od.  each. 

Our  Descriptive  Priced  Spring  Catalogue,  free  by  post  for 
four  penny  etampa,  or  gratis  to  purchasers. 

Goods  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich,  N;  rwich,  or  any 
Station  on  the  same  line,  and  with  orders  of  21.  and  upwards 
extra  plants  added  gratis. 

Remittances  required  from  unltnown  correspondents. 

Pos'-oflice  orders  payable  to  Bass  and  BauiVN,  orto  Stephen 
Bbown. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk, 

~"         SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS. 

LUCOMiJE,' PINCE  and  CO.  intend  sending  out, 
ou  the  5i,h  of  July  next,  the  following  very  beautiful  new 
FUCHSIAS  :— 

APOLLO  (Pince's).— Ropy  tube  and  sepalp,  well  reflexed; 
corolla  purplirth  lilac,  finely  expanded.     10s.  Gd, 

ASP  A  SI  A  (Pince's).— Scarlet  tube  and  sepals,  finely  reflexed  ; 
corolla  bcauiitul  blue.     lus.  GJ. 

PR1NCEP3  (Pince's).— Brilliant  scarlet-lalte  tube  and 
sepals,  reflexed  to  a  greater  extent  than  any  other  Fuchsia, 
which  produces  a  novel  and  most  attractive  effect;  corolla 
deep  blue.     10s.  Gd. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.,  as  the  raisers  of  "  Exoniensis  "  and  "  Coral- 
Una,"  which  gave  such  genei  al  satiHfac'ion,  can  with  confidence 
recommend  the  above  to  all  cubivators  of  this  favourite  flower, 
having  fully  tested  their  qualities  laat  seanon,  during  the  whole 
of  which,  in  their  new  Show  House,  they  were  seen  and 
admired  by  numeiouH  viaitore.  They  possess  naxy  firmness, 
and  are  particularly  smooth  and  lino  in  quality,  void  of  all 
coarsi  ness,  of  excellent  Lubits,  and  blooming  must  profusely  ; 
indtJid,  tho  high  character  which  the-e  Fuchsiaa  haveobtaioed, 
from  their  having  been  so  goneritlly  seen  in  all  their  stages, 
'render  it  unneeehsary  to  say  any  niiiro  in  iheir  praise. 

P.S.  Allowance  to  the  Trade,  one  over  when  three  of  each 
ara  oideri'd.  — Exeter  Nursery,  EKfier,  June  19. 


AGRICULTURAL    SEEDS. 

PETER  LAWSON  and  SON'S  PRICED  LISTS 
OF  SEEDS  to  be  had  frei*,  by  prist,  or  on  application, 
from  their  Agent,  J,  C.  SoMMtas,  159,  Fenchurch-strtet, 
London. 

GARDENERS'  BENEVOLENT  INSTITUTION. 
—  HuGir  Low  and  Co,  prcBent  thtiir  compliments  to  the 
Subscribers  of  the  Gardenern'  Benevolent  Instiiutioa,  aud  will 
take  it  Kind  if  any,  whoRo  Votes  are  not  prtviouyly  engaged, 
will,  at  the  foribc  'ming  Election,  use  their  influence  in  behalf 
of  JAMES  GREEN,  who,  althou^'h  perbapH  one  of  the  youugeet 
on  the  list  ot  applicant-*,  is  afsuredly  ihe  tno^t  necessitous  ;  aud 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  Institution,  has  the  greatest  claim, 
upon  its  fiupiinrterB,  he  having  been  a  Sutiscriber  to  the  funds 
for  Twelve  Yeaes. 

J.  GRtEN  has  been  confined  to  his  cottage  for  nearly  six 
vears,  from  an  attack  of  Paralysis,  by  which  he  has  lout  the 
"faculty  of  one  side  entirely,  and  cannot  k-ave  his  Bed-room, 
except  when  carried.  He  lived  for  about  18  sears  in  his  lust 
bituation,  at  Williamstrip  Park,,  near  Faiilord,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, and  had,  bj  strict  tconomy,  savtd  a  little  to  help  in  his 
declining  years  ;  but  this  small  sjm  has  been  swallowed  up  by 
doctors'  bills  and  oiher  i:ece>-sary  expenses  attendant  on  his 
illness,  which  c<  muels  him  now,  iu  hia  extremity,  to  appeal  to 
the  supporiers  of  chia  Insiiution. 

Proxies  in  his  beoalf  will  be  most  thankfully  received  by 
Mr.  CoGttnoBN,  Gardener  to.  the  Lurd  Mansfield,  KenwooJ, 
Hampi-tettd  ;  and  by  il.  Low  aud  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery, 
Lonfion— June  19. 

SATURDAY,  JUNE  19,  1852. 


MEETINGS    FOR  THE  EPSUING  WEEK. 
MoTiDAT,       June 


rCbPinicHl 8  p. 

i.  Statistical 8  f. 

anrti'-'ultural   3  f. 

Medical  and  Chirarp;lcal 84f. 

.  Znologica' D  e. 

I  Itoyiil  South  Loudoa 1  f. 

t  Microfuopicul    8  r. 

f  Itoyal  Soc.of  bltemturfi 4  e. 

I  Nuiuismatir  (ina'vesary) 7  r< 

Royal    Hoiaaic    Gaidene    (Rose 

Show)    2f- 

Royal  Uoianic 3iF. 

CoomthtSdowb— TuPfday,  Tur.e22:  Great  Bla  low.- We^lnesd^y, 
Oxfordshire  BU<!  East  E^SGK.—TliurBiJay.  June.  24;  NottiDcli""!,  Mi 
Ch  c' Cater.  Bath,  Liverpool,  Hull,  Aylcbuiy,  aud  Kiikcjildy.- 
Juue25:  Mcath. 


TUEBDAV, 

Wbdhkbdav, 

Tuua6DA.x 

Satdbdat, 


-  H» 

-IS 


Junf 23: 
3iJ^tone, 
■i'ritlay. 


WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS. 

DEANE,  DHAY,  and  Co.'s  tjTOCK  UF  GARDEN 
100L.">  for  tlio  bcuaun  iu  now  cmipk'tc,  Hnii  Includes 
every  recuiit  up|)rovei)  liivcri'ton,  In  udditlnn  totholr  usuul  largo 
ufliorlinmit,  Kbii-ctcd  tVoiii  nil  tlie  bunt  iniiUcrA. 

DmnK,  Dhay.  ati.l  0".  uro  J.oiulon  AKinita  for  GIDNEY'S 
I'llUiiSIAN  IIkK,  wlilch  obi.ihKcI  the  Flr»t  I'rizo  Silver  Mc-il;il 
lit  ihu  Titivlri  Orund  Nuibinal  lOxlilldtiori  ;  iiIho  811I0  AKcnlB  for 
l'liiK>>tir)i'H  MciiOKrfiitliH  and  Muiiilllc  LiibulH,  hUnripleB  of  vvliiuli 
miiy  bii  hjid  ctn  iipiiiiciitttin,  tumt  fro.  Tlioy  liiivo  always  on 
hiin.l  a  »i..i:li  of  IIUOWN'S  I'ATKNT  I'U  « lU ATORS,  which 
loivo  srood  the  tcHt  ut  three  scaHinis,  and  contliiue  to  ^Ive 
Ki-n'r.il  Hiitifcfiicilon  ;  aUo  !■  pjiH'  Ueglstercrl  Hnlphurator  fur 
di'.trojln)(  Mihieiv  u(»on  Orripcs,  lloph,  Itose'.  Kiuic  Trees,  die. 
All  llliiHtr.iti'd  Pilccd  Oaliilo^iiu  ^elit  per  post.  fiec. 

I>p.ANE,  DuAr,  uiid  Oo.  (ojieulug  tu  lUo  Muuutticiit),  London- 
brldgo, 


On  the  12lh  inst.  took  place  the  second  of  the 
great  Horticultukal  Displays  at  Chisivick.  For 
the  previous  week  it  had  rained  in  torrents,  all  day 
long,  or  at  intervals.  The  ground  was  therefore 
damp,  for  neither  sun  nor  wind  had  carried  off  the 
water  ;  but  the  Grass  v»as  as  green  as  emeralds,  and 
the  trees  in  their  freshest  foliage.  At  6  in  the 
morning  many  believed  that  it  had  frozen ;  the 
thermometer  1  eally  stood  at  44°  at  that  time,  and 
had  been  at  40°  two  hours  earlier ;  by  noon  the 
temperature  had  risen  with  difficulty  15°,  and  at 
G  P.M.  it  wa,s  only  56°.  Not  a  gleam  of  sunshine 
cheered  the  scene  ;  but  it  did  not  rain,  and  4719 
visitors  examined  the  tents  with  all  the  gratification 
which  the  love  of  flowers  on  the  one  hand,  and  an 
endless  variety  of  most  beautiful  specimens  of 
cultivation  on  the  other,  could  create. 

That  the  splendid  efl'ects  pioduced  at  the  previous 
meeting  by  the  ChineseAzaleas  were  missed  could  not 
but  be  perceived ;  but,  on  the  other  hand.  Heaths  were 
much  fi  ner  ;  Cacti  made  their  appearance,  and  a  good 
many  Azaleas,  some  of  surprising  beauty,  still  lingered 
on  the  scene.  Our  reporter  tellselsewhere of  theseand 
all  the  other  plants,  as  fully  as  our  columns  will  permit. 
For  ourselves,  we  have  only  to  point  to  a  most 
glorious  La;lia,  from  St.  Catharine's  in  Brazil,  called 
purpurata,  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Backhoose  of  York, 
and  to  two  charming  evergreen  Berberries  from 
China,  exhibited  by  IWessis.  Stanuish  aud  Noble. 
These  were  the  great  novelties  of  the  day,  and  rank 
among  the  highest  of  their  respective  classes. 

To  return  to  the  consideration  of  the  half-hardy 
Mediterranean  species,  of  the  group  before 
mentioned  ;  it  is  remarkable  that  many  of  the 
species  alluded  to,  able  to  hear  winter  cold  but 
requiring  summer  heat,  gradually  extend  thtir  natural 
region  of  spontaneous  production  in  the  direction  of 
the  Black  Sea,  the  Crimea,  the  Steppes  of  Southern 
Russia,  the  borders  of  the  Caspian,  and  the  south- 
eastern steppes  of  even  Tartaiy  and  Siberia.  Not 
only  genera,  but  species— wliich  in  Britain,  not  from 
too  mild  a  wintei',  or  too  wet  a  summer,  or 
flourishing  a  short  time  in  our  gardens,  dwindle  and 
fail  eventually  from  not  forming  or  perfecting  their 
seed,  owing  to  the  absence  of  dry  heat,  which  they 
meet  with  for  a  short  season,  a.s  well  in  Siberia  as 
in  Spain — are  found  identical  in  that  long  range  of 
diversified  lempeiature.  The  nece.isary  conditions 
are  fulfilled,  and  there  is  all  the  climate  tliat  the 
plant  requires. 

Besides  the  characteristic  indigenous  genera  of 
this  north-eastein  extension  of  the  Soutli  Kuiopean 
Flora,  there  are  some  cultivated  amaials  which 
equally  mark  tlie  climate. 

Wilhout  giving  a  long  list,  tlie  following  genera 
may  be  named,  asexleiidiiig  liom  Iho  Medilerranean 
into  the  regions  of  I'lasturn  Russia. 

Aslragalu.'i,  Heilysarniii,  Oxyliopia,  AUiagi,  Gly- 
cynbiiza,  Rlius,  Tiibiilus,  Salsolu,  Artemisia,  &c., 
all  wild,  and  in  such  quantity  as  to  give  a  marked 
character  to  tlio  districts  lliey  abound  in  ;  wiiile 
among  cultivated  plants  of  the  south  (exclusively 
annuals,  as  might  Ijo  expected  in  such  a  climate), 


388 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[June  19, 


the  Jl^liin,  Water  Melon,  Maize,  Millet,  Sesatnam, 
some  C  ipsicutns,  and  Cucumbers,  are  common  arti- 
cles of  cultivation  in  the  open  fields.  The  Vme, 
though  perennial,  being  regularly  buried  under 
ground  every  autumn  before  the  snow  falls,  and  not 
uncovered  till  late  in  the  spring,  will  give  a  correct 
measure  of  the  climate,  ripening  in  open  Vin'?yards  in 
summer,  so  that  its  treatment  may  almost  be  said 
to  be  that  of  an  annual.  Among  ornamental  plants, 
the  herbaceous  species  of  Hibiscus,  which  rarely,  if 
ever,  reach  their  flowering  period  in  England,  flourish 
in  great  beauty.  Althasa  Hcifolia,  the  wild  Yellow- 
flowered  Hollyhock  is  a  native  both  of  Sicily  and 
of  the  steppes  of  the  South  of  Russia. 

All  this  takes  place  in  a  climate  whose  winter 
temperature  will  not  allow  a  Chestimt,  a  Laburnum, 
a  Laurel,  or  a  Box  to  live  :  where  Daisies  and  Prim- 
roses are  unknown,  though  considerably  south 
of  London. 

In  some  instances  the  converse  of  the  proposition, 
as  it  may  be  called,  is  proved  true,  by  the  uninjured 
state  of  several  Silierian  plants  even  under  the  sun 
of  Na|jles  and  Sicily. 

Tliirdly,  there  is  another  group  of  plants  forming 
part  of  the  Flora  of  the  Mediterranean  which,  un- 
like those  last  described,  demand  but  a  low  degree 
of  summer  temperature  to  complete  all  the  pro- 
cesses of  growth,  flowering,  and  ripening  seed  ;  but 
which  absolutely  lequire  a  mild  winter,  not  neces- 
sarily so  temperate  as  that  of  the  south  of  Europe, 
but  far  more  so  than  that  to  which  the  species  of 
the  last  group  are  able  to  accommodate  themselves. 
These  will  be  found  to  extend  their  native  localities 
as  far  to  the  north-west  of  the  Mediterranean  basin 
as  those  of  the  former  group  were  seen  to  do  towards 
the  north-east ;  stretching  through  the  Pyrenees, 
Portugal,  Brittany,  England  (chiefly  but  not  exclu- 
sively on  the  west  coast)  to  Ireland  and  west  of 
Scotland. 

Such  are  Rubia  peregrina,  Scilla  autumnalis, 
Ulex,  Erica  ciliaris,  Inula  crithnioides,  Linum  an- 
gustiiolium,  Lithospermum  purpuro-ceBruleum,  Irish 
Ivy,  Pinguicula  lusitanica,  some  Ferns,  Euphorbia 
paralias  and  hyberna.  Cyclamen  neapolitanum 
(wrongly  called  europseum),  Cyperus  longus,  and 
other  less  conspicuous  species,  among  natives  ;  while 
the  privilege  of  being  able  to  adorn  our  gardens  with 
the  bulbous  plants  of  Spain,  Italy,  and  Greece,  and 
our  shrubberies  with  the  evergreens  of  every  southern 
land  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Caucasus  (which  in 
middle  Europe  are  not  to  be  seen  but  in  the  green- 
house, or  even  stove),  sufticiently  attests  the  supe- 
riority of  our  climate. 

Tlie  remaining  climates,  or  regions  of  climate  in 
Europe,.'  will  be  more  quickly  described,  being 
simpler  in  their  character,  and  not  so  important  in 
their  bearing  on  horticulture. 

Everybody  knows  Arthur  Young's  map  of  the 
climate  of  France,  as  represented  by  her  principal 
productions  of  the  soil ;  a  demonstration  adopted  as 
correct  by  French  works  on  agriculture.  There 
may  be  seen  a  series  of  lines  following,  more  or  less 
regulaily,.  a  diagonal  direction  from  south-west  to 
north-east,  in  proof  of  the  extreme  limits  of  certain 
main  objects  of  cultivation  :  one  line  ranging  behind 
the  other,  in  proportion  to  the  greater  summer 
warmth  required  for  its  maturity.  One  line  alone, 
and  that  the  most  southerly,  is  seen  to  pursue  an 
irregular  course,  and  not  to  follow  the  general 
slanting  direction  of  the  others.  The  reason 
is  obvious  ;  it  is  the  line  of  cultivation  of  the 
Olive,  a  truly  southern  plant,  demanding  both 
mild  winters  for  its  existence  as  a  tree,  and  hot 
summers  for  the  ripening  of  its  fruit.  Why  do  not 
the  two  other  chief  cultivated  plants  follow  a  like 
devious  but  parallel  line  ?  Because  one,  Indian 
Corn,  is  an  annual,  and  provided  it  has  summer  heat, 
winter  warmth  is  no  object ;  and  the  other,  the 
Vine,  tliougli  a  ligneous  perennial,  is  so  hardy  that 
it  withstands  far  more  severe  winters  than  those  of 
any  part  of  France,  though  it  is  not  every  part  of 
France  that  has  summer  heat  strong  or  rather  constant 
enough  to  bring  its  fiuit  to  perfection.  Therefore 
summer  temperature  alone  rules  the  cultivation  of 
the  Vine,  Lidian  Corn,  and  similar  hardy  annuals 
or  perennials,  while  the  necessity  for  a  combination 
of  tile  requisite  summer  heat  and  winter  mildness,  is 
the  pri[iciple  that  draws  that  restricted  outline  within 
which  such  plants  as  the  Olive,  the  Orange,  &c.,  are 
capable  of  culture. 

One  thing  is  wanting,  however,  to  the  climate- 
map  of  France.  We  should  have  a  corresponding 
indication  of  lines  within  which  certain  agricultural 
roots,  garden  winter  vegetables.  Peas  and  Beans  in 
winter,  &c.,  are  produced.     It  is  hardly  a  presump- 

1  M  '  V^  ^'^  '*■■  "'  '^'''  '^°^^°'  ^"'=li  l'"es  would  pro- 
fa  ibly  be  found  to  follow  quite  a  different  direction 
Irom  the  others,  namely,  from  south-east  to  north- 
west, and  would  be  confined  to  the  south-western 
part  ot  France  for  some  species,  but  would  be  pro- 
loqged  lutq  tfce  oqnh-westem  lines  fgr  others.     In 


the  latter  case,  the  principle  at  work  for  both  Vines 
and  Maize  and  winter  Greens  would  be  the  same,  the 
damp  mildness  of  the  climate,  which  discourages  the 
cultivation  of  the  former,  being  the  very  cause  most 
favourable  to  the  latter.  Thus  France  would  repre- 
sent an  epitome  of  the  climate  of  western  Europe, 
as  containing  within  her  western  provinces — pro- 
bably near  the  mouth  of  the  Loire,  the  very  turning 
point  of  the  milder — or  it  might  be  termed — the 
Atlantic — modification  of  the  European  climate. 

The  same  thing  would  be  seen  on  a  smaller  scale, 
and  less  strongly  marked  on  account  of  the  minor 
importance  of  the  plants  cultivated,  in  a  map  of  the 
British  Isles  similarly  divided.  But  as  a  pheno- 
menon of  climate,  it  would  be  still  more  remarkable 
than  the  case  of  France,  inasmuch  as  it  occurs  in 
more  northern  latitudes. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  in  laying  two  such  maps, 
one  of  France  and  one  of  England  side  by  side,  the 
winter  lines  in  the  north  of  France  and  south  of 
England  would  run  in  dilferent  directions ;  those  of 
northern  France  being,  as  before  stated,  coincident 
with  the  summer  lines  of  Arthur  Young,  while 
those  of  southern  and  western  England  would  be 
parallel  to  the  analogous,  though  far  distant  line-i 
supposed  to  be  drawn  in  the  south  of  France  :  that 
is,  from  south-east  to  north-west.  The  reason  of 
this  is,  that  the  British  Channel  must  be  considered 
as  a  repetition  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  reproduced 
in  a  colder  climate,  but  with  the  same  relation  to  the 
Atlantic  on  the  west,  and  to  the  mass  of  the  conti- 
nental lands  on  the  east  •.  in  other  words,  to  the 
origin  of  drought  on  the  one  hand,  and  humidity  on 
the  other,  which  are  the  tu-o  great  modifiers  of 
heat  and  cold  in  every  part  of  Europe. 

Tliis  points  out  the  natural  conclusion  to  which 
we  must  come,  namely,  that  it  is  scarcely  possible, 
except  in  very  favoured  situations,  to  combine  a 
mild  winter  temperature  with  a  warm  summer  one ; 
and  that  a  climate  like  ours  where,  to  omit  other 
ppecies  of  greater  delicacy,  the  Pomegranate,  the 
Magnolia,  the  Rhododendron,  the  evergreens  of 
Spain  and  Italy,  the  Pines  of  Mexico  and  India,  the 
various  plants  that  daily  reach  us  from  New  Zea- 
land, Van  Diemen's  Land,  California,  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  and  even  some  few  from  North  and  South 
Africa,  can  all  be  grown  out  of  doors,  and  be  planted 
or  transplanted  during  more  than  half  the  year,  is, 
perhaps,  ihe  best  garden  climate  in  ihe  world. 


During  our  researches  into  the  uses  of  loam  we 
have  met  with  a  substance  the  existence  of  which 
ought  to   be  made   known,   for  the  benefit  of  the 
ingenious  producers.     It  appears  that  there  exists 
at  Newcastle  an  article  of  export  called  "  British 
wares  various,"  so  much  like   Peruvian  guano  in 
appearance  that  the  one  may  be   mistaken  for  the 
other.     Some  time  since  the  Agenora  brought  about 
120  tons  of  this  substance  to  London,  and  discharged 
it  into  barges  which  took  it  to  Mr.  Ashton's  ,wharf. 
As  we  have  s  lid,  it  is  called  "  British  wares  various," 
at  least  the  cargo  in  question  was  so  entered  at  the 
Custom-house. 

At  first  we  thought  the  substance  was  guano,  to 
which   its    likeness    was    striking ;     but    a    little 
reflection   showed  that   that  could   hardly   be    the 
case ;  firstly,  because  it  had  no  smell,  and  in   the 
second   place,  because   guano   is   not  a  Newcastle 
export.     We  then  imagined  it  to  be  loam  ;  but  its 
fineness  and  smoothness  negatived  that  supposition. 
So  we  sent  it  to   Prof.  Way,  who  found  it  to  be 
composed  as  follows,  viz. : — 

Per  cent. 
Moisture  and  organic  matter    ...         ...       1.00 

Sand  and  clay    ...         ...         ...         ...       6.88 

Earthy  phosphates        ...         ...         ...     15.19 

Gypsum  69.12 

Carbonate  of  lime,  alkaline  salts,  &c. ...       7.81 


100.00 
"  British  wares  various "  appear  then  to  be  a 
mixture  of  ground  coprolites  and  gypsum,  in  the 
proportion  of  one  part  of  the  former  to  two  parts  of 
the  latter.  Can  any  of  our  correspondents  possibly 
assist  us  to  a  knowledge  of  the  use  to  which  this  is 
applied  1  A  Mr.  Coles  is  entered  at  the  Custom- 
house as  agent  for  the  Agenora ;  some  one  who 
sees  this  may  possibly  be  acquainted  with  the 
gentleman,  and  in  that  case  will  easily  learn  what 
is  done  with  it  ? 

Is  it  used  as  a  substitute  for  loam  ?  or  by  the 
plasterers?  or  as  a  new  ingredient  in  snuff?  or  for 
some  secret  gardening  purpose  ?  We  are  very 
curious  to  know. 


GARDENERS'    BENEVOLENT    INSTITUTION. 

The  NiQth  Anniversary  Dinner  of  tbia  Ipsu'utioii  was  held 
<jn  Moaday  liirt  at  the  Loodan  Tiivera  ;  ami  we  have  mui^h 
■iatisfac'.t'U  in  r(.'Cordinj;f  it''  c  mjtlete  suctiena,  not  only  in  all 
rho  e4BentialB  of  the  fesiive  buard,  but  in  the  presence  ot  many 
inHaeotial  supporcers  of  the  charity,  and  their  coatritiutions  to 
the  funds  of  the  Institution. 


I'ne  clidir  was  taken  by  Mr.  CUASLts  I'lCKEva  ;  andamon^'^c 
the  ifentleraeii  present  were,  Sir  Joseph  Paxcuo,  Sir  John  Y. 
B.  JohiiHf.Ki.  Bart.,  M  P.,  Robert  Hanburv,  E*q.,  H.  T.  Hopei 
Efiq.,  il.P.,  CtidrUs  Kniffht.  Esq.,  James  Thomion,  Riq.,  C.  B. 
Warner,  Bsq.,  J.  H,  S^bioler,  Esq,  Thomas  Moxoa,  Esq., 
John  Murrav,  E^q.,  Robert  Wrench,  Eeq  ,  J.  M  Wrench,  Esq., 
C4pt.  Wrench,  T.  N.  Farquhar,  E^q.,  P.  Fuller.  Esq.,  Mark 
Lemon,  E>q  ,  J.  Sect  Unssell,  Eeq.,  J.  Mechi,  Enq  ,  E.  Law- 
lord,  Esq.,  E.  Purser,  Esq.,  and  others,  to  the  Duoiber  of  mora 
•  han  150.  \  larije  assembly  of  ladiea  was  present  in  the  gaU 
lery.  The  detserc  was  worthy  of  the  company  ;  and  an  admir- 
ab  e  eflfeet  was  produced  by  a  profuse  display  of  natural  flowers 
upon  the  tables  and  in  the  decora'ion  of  the  room.  It  ia, 
itiiieed,  much  to  be  reijretted  that  the  miserable  artificial 
flowers  generally  used  at  publio  dinners  are  not  altogether 
Bupersbdud  by  the  productions  of  Nature,  which  they  so  feebly 
imitate. 

Iq  proposing  the  health  of  "The  Qieen,"  the  Chaieman 
ob-terved  thai:  it  might  bd  well  assumed  that  her  Miij-jsty  had  a 
Hener^l  iaterest  in  gardens,  as  dff,)rding  a  ino-it  agreeable  relief 
from  the  cares  of  state  and  the  gold  and  silver  spleii'lours  of 
the  palace;  that  bh«  also  feic  an  interest  in  ijardenera  was 
pr<ived  in  the  moet  emphatic  and  gracious  manner,  by  a  dona- 
tion of  50i.  to  the  funda  iif  the  InstituLi.iu.  (Loud  cheers.)  The 
toast,  as  well  as  that  of  the  "  Prince  Albert  and  the  Royal 
Ftmiiy,"wa«  drank  with  greit  enthu-iasm.  The  toast  of  "  The 
Army  and  f^itvy"  was  drank  in  coooection  with  the  name  of 
C'ipain  Wbench,  who  acknowledged  the  compliment  with  tru& 
military  spirit. 

The  Chairman  8»id  that  he  had  next  to  offer  to  the  company 
the  roast  which  must  express  their  intere-tin,  and  their  cordial 
good    wishea   for,    the    Institution  ii    whuse    behalf  they  haiJ 
assembled.      For    three    times    three    year*    the     Gardeners' 
Benevolent  Inatituiiun  had  been  stimula'ed  and  encouraged 
by    such    o>eetings ;     and    by    three     times    three    cheers 
they  would  urj^e   it  onward  in  its  prosperous    career.      (The- 
cheers  Wr re  w-irmly  given.)    Occupyinij  the  post  he  then  did, 
he  felt  soinethi  g  like  a  counsel  for  the  plaintiff  with  nobody 
on  the  other  Miiie  ;  but  even  if  he  li  id    b -ea  placed  in   that 
poaiii;>n  ninety  times  nine  it  would  still  he  hi*  duty  to  state  a 
few  facts  frou  the  very  short  brief  with  which  he  had  been 
provided.      The    Institution    was  f^mnded  in   the  year    183S. 
Uurint:  the  first  five  years  of  its  existence  it  was  not  partica- 
larly  robaat,    and   seeoied  to   have    been   placed  in  rather  a 
shfied  posi'Lon;  receiving  somewhat  more  ihan  its  needful 
allowance  of  cold  water.     In  1843  It  was  removed  into  a  more- 
favourable  positiun,  and  grafted  on  a  nobler  stock  ;  and  it  had. 
now  biirne  fruit,  and  become  such   a  vigorous  tree  that  at 
present.  35  old  people  daily  sat  within  the  shelter  of  its  branched 
(ch-ers) ;  and  all  the  pensioners  upon  the  list  hud  been  veri- 
table gardeners,  or  the  wives  of  gardeners.    It  was  managed 
by  i^ai'denefs  ;  and  it  had  upoaits  book))  ih-)  ezcelleat  rule  that 
any  gnrdeu'-r  wio  had  subscribed  to  it  for  15  years,  and  con- 
formed to  the  rules,  might,  if  be  would,  he  placed  upon  the  pen- 
sioners' list  without  election,  without  caova^s,  without  solicita- 
tion,  and  as  his  independeaC  right,  lie  laid  very  ^  re  at  stress  upon 
that  honourable  characteristic  of  the  chaiity,  becautie  the  main 
principle  of  any  sucb  ingtitu'.ion  should  bd  to  help  those  who 
bel|jed  them-eives.     (Cheers.)     Tbat  the  SocietyS  pensioners, 
did  not  become  suuh,  so  long  as  they  were  able  to   support 
themselves,  was  evinced  by  tlie  significant  tact  that  the  averag© 
age  of  those  now  upon  the  list  was  77  ;  that  they  were  not 
w^ste'ul  was  proved  by  the  fact  that  the  whole  eu  u  expended' 
on  their  relief  was  but  5^)01.  a-year  ;  that  the  Ins'.itutlon  did 
not  restrict  itself  to  any  narrow  confines  was  shown  by  the 
circumstance,  that  the  pensioners  came    from  all   parts    of 
Eagaod;  whilst  all  the  expenses  were  p-iid  trom  the  annual 
income  aud  inierast  on  stock  ;    and  therefore  were  not  dispro- 
portionate to  itH  means.    (Oueers.)     Such  was  the  institution 
which  appealed  lo  them  through  him,    as  a  moat  unworthy 
advocate,  for  sjmpathy  and  support ;  an  iDStiiution  which  had 
for  it&  pTHsideut  a  nobleman  whose  whole  posse-isions  were 
remai k-ible    for  taste    and    beauty,     and    whose    gardener's 
laurels   were   f>tmou3    throu[;hout  the   world.     (Loud  cheers.) 
In  the  list  of  its  vice-presidents  there  were  the  names  of  many 
not^lemen  and  gentlemen  of  great  influeuce  and  station,  and  he 
had  b>^en  struck  in  glancing  througli  the  list  of  its  supporters 
witn  tha  sums  writ^e.i   against  the  narnes  of  the  numerous 
nurserymen  and  seedsmen  therein  comprised.     He  h  >ped  tho- 
ddy  would  come  when  every  gardener  in  England  would  be  a 
member  of  the  charity.  The  gardener  particularly  needed 6ucli> 
a  piovisiou  as  the  institution  afforded;   his  gains  were  not 
greac;  he  knew  gold  and  silver  more  as  being  of  the  colour  of 
fruit-  and  flowers  than  by  its  presence  in  his  pockets  ;  he  was 
subjecei     to    thit    kind    of    labour    which    rendered    him 
peculiarly  liable  to  infirmity;  and  when  old  age  c^me  upon, 
him,   too  gardener   was    of    :ill    men    perhaps    beat    able    to 
appreciate  the  merits  of  such  au  institution.    To  all  indeed, 
pri:Bent    and    absent,     who    were   descended    from    the    first 
gardener    Ad  im  and  his   wile,  the  benefits  of  such  a  society 
were  obvious.      In   the  culture  of    flowers   there    could  not, 
by     their  very    nature,    be     anything    solitary    or    exclusive. 
The    wind  that  blew   over   the    cottager'tj    porch,    swept    also 
over  the  grounds  of  the  nobleman;  and  as  the  rain  descsnded 
OD  the  jujt  and   on   the  unjust,   so  it   communiuated  to  all 
gardeners,  both  rich  and  poor,  an  interchange  of  pleasure  and 
enjoyment;  and  the  nardenec  of  the  ricb  man,  in  developinj 
and  euhanciGg  a  fruiiful  flavour  or  a  delightful  scent,  was,  in 
some  sort,    the   gardener   of  everybody    else.     (Cheers.)     The 
love  of  K^''deuing  was  associated  with  all  condicioos  of  men> 
and  in  all  periods  of  time.      The  scholar  and  the  statesman- 
men  of  peace   and  men  of  war— had    agreed  in  all   ages  to- 
delight  in  gardens  ;  the  most  ancient  people  of  the  earth  had 
gardens  w.iere  there  was  now  nothing  but  soli-ary  heaps  of 
earth;  the  poor  man  in  crowded  cities  gardened  still  in  jugs 
and  basins  and  bottles;    in  factories  and  workshops  people 
gardened  ;  and  even  the  prisoner  was  found  gardening  in  his 
lonely    c<-l<,    after  years   and  years   of  soli  ary   confinement. 
Sut  eiy,  then,  the  gardener,  who  produced  shapes  and  objects  so- 
lovely  and  lo   comfort'D;?,  should  have  some  hold  upon  the 
world's   remembrance   when   he   h'mself   became    in    need  o£    . 
comfort.      (Ghf  ers.)      He    would   call   upon    them    to    drink, 
'■  Pro-perity  to  the  hardeners'  Bunevoleni;  Institution,"  and  he 
bejjged  to  couple  with  iliat  toast  the  name  of  its  noble  president, 
the  Duke  of  Devonehiro,  whose  worth  was  written  in  all  his. 
deeds,  and  who  had  communicated  to  bis  title  and  his  riches  a 
lustre  which   no    title   and  no  riches   could  confer.     (Great 
applause.) 

Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  in  responding  to  the  toaa'',  on  behalf  of 
his  Grace  -he  Dnke  of  Devonshire,  obaerved  that  the  two- 
objects  which  it  embraced  were  both  very  near  and  dear  to 
him,  and  he  therefore  considered  it  most  impressive  and 
important.  Hia  warmest  and  most  generuu^  pympathiea  were 
enlisted  in  thecause  of  the  Institution,  which  it  had  been  his  good 
fortune  to  be  m  a  position  somewhat  to  assist;  and  hi.*  warmest 
love  and  gratitude  were  due  to  his  Gr^ce.  tne  President,  for 
the  manner  in  which  he  bad  been  for  hix-ond-cwenty  years 
cotinected  wi(h  him.  (Loud  cheers.)  He  felt  rhat  he  need  not 
dilate  upon  the  advantage  to  the  charity  of  having  tha 
Uulieof  Devonshire  as  its  pre-ideut  (Cheers);  no  man  bad 
given  more  assidl^ince  to  horticultural  BCieoue  than  that 
noblemaii  •  and  ho  hoped  it  would  not  be  thought  egotistical  lo 
him  to  say  that  the  great  advances  which  that  study  had 
made  were  lar^ety  due  to  the  support  wnich  the  Duke  had 
given,  through  bun,  to  every  branch  of  it ;  inasmuch  as  tha: 
support  and  encouragement  had  stimulated  the  energies  of 
many  oihers.  (Cheers.)  Twelve  years  a^o  a  gicit  impetu& 
was  tiiveu  to  horticulture  by  the  erection  of  the  Urge  Qon- 
servatory  at  Ciiatsworth,  buiU,  as  it  wa«,  upon  an  entirely 
new  principle,  an>l  covering  nearly  an  acre  of  gmuud  ;  and  the 
Crystal  Falace  wa9  in  fact  the  result  of  tbat  great  coaserrft- 


25— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


389 


tory,  and  of  the  encourapt-m-'Ot  given  to  him  by  the  Duke  of 
Devonshiro.  The  Crystal  Palace  was,  in  fuct.  as  ma<h  the 
work  of  the  Duke  as  of  himself;  for  throoph  his  Orau^'s 
support  bo  ha-i  beea  enabl^-d  to  try  every  necensarv  experim-nt 
as  to  its  coosTUCtioa,  (Cheers)  The  pfoji-ci  for  the  Cry>tiil 
Palace,  as  they  were  all  aware,  was  brought  forward  when  ihe 
pafalic  had  condemned  the  notion  of  a  brick  and  murtar 
building  in  Hide  Park;  and  in  ttH  the  tri-ila  and  (iifhcultiea 
which  he  had  to  encounter  he  had  been  supported  by  ihe  Duke 
orf  Devonshire.  It  had  been  decided  that  rhebuiMingsliouId  be 
removed  ;  and  he  had  been  requepted  by  the  spirited  company 
which  had  embarked  ia  it  to  lend  hie  aid  and  assistance  in  i's 
removal  to  a  new  site.  In  'his  also 'he  Duke  had  most  cardial  ly 
supported  him.  and  had  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  new 
movement.  The  design  for  the  re-erection  of  the  buildio?  at 
Sydenham  had,  ha  believed,  enchanted  his  Grace  more  than 
the  oiriginal  plan.  It  bad  certainly  bad  more  cinsideration 
from  him,  and  had  b-^en  improved  by  the  experience  he  acquired 
in  designing  the  baildtng  for  the  Amer'can  Exhibition  ;  and 
the  public  would  now  see  a  Crystal  Palace  of  the  utmost 
possible  maguificence.  In  the  former  building  gardening,  and 
the  exhibitioii  of  flowers,  was  prohibited  ;  bu'-  in  the  new  one 
it  would  fortn  a  prominent  characteristic  ;  and  if  carried  out 
by  the  Fpirited  gentlemen  engaged  in  it  in  the  uianaer  at 
present  indtcated,  he  was  con6dent  by  tbit  day  12  months  he 
should  be  able  to  give  a  very  good  account  of  the  removal  of 
the  Crystal  Palace.  (Loud  cheera  )  He  could  not  find  words 
to  express  his  gratitude  to  the  Chairman  tor  the  warm  and 
eathuEiastic  manner  in  which  be  had  advocated  the  causae  of 
the  Gardeners'  Benevolent  Institution,  intended  as  it  was  for 
the  benefit  of  a  class  of  men  than  whom  nune  connected  wi'h 
the  indusTy  of  the  country  were  more  deserving  of  sympathy 
and  suppirt.     (Loud  cheers.) 

Sir  JoH«  Johnston,  M.  P.,  regretted  that  throuRh  the  absence 
of  two  noblemen  who  had  been  expected  at  the  dinner,  the  tn^k 
O"?  proposing  the  nest  toast  devolved  upon  him.  The  toast, 
however,  needed  no  edoeium  from  him,  bi'iog  'he  heitl'h  of  one 
whose  name  was  as  familiar  in  the  mouths  of  Eaglishmeo  as 
liis  own  "  Household  Words."  (Great  applause.)  Tue  Cbair- 
man  had  been  a  great  and  a  most  succei-sful  labou'"er  in  the 
garden  of  literature  ;  he  had  on  various  occasions  culled  from 
that  garden  bouquets  and  nosegays  of  every  form  and  hue  ;  the 
fragrance  of  which  still  remained  ;  and  there  was  no  brighter 
wish  that  could  be  offered  to  bim  than  that  all  his  anuuals 
might  become  perennial-  ;  and  that  the  latest  posterity  might 
derive  as  much  pleasure  from  them  as  the  prei^eut  age.  (Loud 
cheera.)  The  charity  could  not  but  most  deejily  appreciate 
the  attend'ince  and  tbe  advocacy  of  their  distinguished  Chair- 
man, whose  health  he  called  upon  the  company  to  drink  with 
cine  times  nine,  (The  toast  was  drank  with  the  greatest 
enthusiasm.) 

The  CHAiEMiK  begged  most  unaffjctc^ly  and  heartily  to 
thank  the  company  for  the  honour  ihej  had  done  hini ;  but, 
looking  to  the  othir  toasts  upon  the  list,  be  would  at  once 
proceed  to  say  that  it  wis  most  Important  to  all  such  chariiies 
to  have  the  aid  of  efficient  honorary  officers,  who,  not  merely 
under  the  excitement  of  an  occasional  fe-^tival,  but  at  all  times, 
were  prepared  to  do  them  service.  Among  nuch  offii^ers  none 
were  more  important  than  the  vice-presidents,  aud  he  hud 
much  pleasure  therefore  in  proposing  "  Tde  Vice-President?," 
and  the  health  of  one  of  them,  who  was  present,  Mr.  H. 
Hanbury. 

Mr.  Hanbdbt  exp'-essed  his  deep  intere=.t  in  horticultural 
pursuits  ;  and  his  sincere  thanks  for  the  honour  conferred 
upon  bim. 

The  Secbetaet  (Mr.  Cdtlee)  read  a  long  list  of  subscrip- 
tions and  donaiion=i,  including  the  names  of  the  Duke  o' 
Devonshire,  20  guineas  ;  the  Cbairman,  5  guineas  ;  Sir  Josefih 
Paxton,  in  addiiioa  to  many  former  subscriptions,  li»  cu'neas  ; 
Mr.  H.  T.  Hope,  M.P,,  10  guineas  ;  R  Hanbury,  E^q  ,  2U.  ; 
Truman,  Hanbury,  and  Co.,  IQl.  IQs.  ;  S.  Garnev,  Esq  , 
Itlt.  IOj.  ;  C.  Birclay,  Esq..  10!.  10s,;  T.  N.  Farquhar.  E«q., 
101.  lOs. ;  F.  Fuller.  Esq..  lOl.  10s.  ;  J.  Murray.  Esq.,  10!.  10s. ; 
J.  H.  Svbroder,  Esq  ,  101.  lOj.  ;  T.  Moion,  Esq  ,  lOi.  10s.  ;  J. 
Reeves,  Esq.,  Uil.  10s  ;  C.  A.  Skinner,  Esq.,  the  proceeds  ot 
a  sale  of  Orchids,  3")!.;  Baron  Rothschild,  lOE.  105.  j  Mr.  J. 
Johnston,  51.  5s.  ;  making  a  total  of  upwards  of  30  it. 

Tbe  CoAlKMAH  Baid  ttiat  his  office  had  compelled  him  to 
burst  into  bloom  so  often  that  he  could  wish  there  were  a 
closer  parallel  between  himself  and  tbe  American  Aloe.  It 
wai  particularly  agreeable  and  appropriate  to  know  that  tbe 
parents  of  the  lostitutioa  were  to  be  tound  in  the  seed  and 
nursery  trade ;  and  the  seed  buving  yielded  such  good  fruit, 
and  the  nursery  naviug  produced  such  a  healthy  child,  he  had 
the  greatest  pleasure  in  proposing  "  The  Health  of  the  Parents 
of  the  Institution."  and  to  couple  with  the  toast  the  name  ot 
Mr.  James  Thompson,     (Cheers.) 

Mr.  Thompson  replied,  and  expressed  tho  pleapure  which  he 
felt,  and  wmcn  must  be  shared  by  those  with  whom  he  had  been 
joined,  in  iho  facr.  that  the  toast  bad  been  proposed  by  the 
godfather  of  Sam  Weller.  Oliver  Twist,  and  Mariin  Chuzzlewit; 
the  biograpbt-r  of  tbe  Dombey  family,  and  mMny  cht-r  cele- 
brated iodividuala  ;  tbe  architect  of  Bleak  House ;  and  last,  not 
least,  the  rep.rter  of  that  most  extraordinary  of  all  suits— 
Jarndyce  tJcrjt/3  Jarndyce.  (Cheers.)  In  humble  imitation  of 
an  Individual  with  whom  they  were  all  acquointed — the  cele- 
brated and  in. mortal  Captain  Cuttle— he  should  not  fail  to 
"  make  a  note"  of  an  event  ao  gratifying.    (Chee-e.) 

The  Cb AlBUA tt  next  proposed  "The  Horticultural  and 
BotaoicAl  Socieies  of  London,"  and  Mr.  11.  T.  Hope.  Thar 
gentleman  bad  objected  to  the  aBSOciation  of  his  name  with 
tbe  toast;  becuuHO  he  was  not  now,  sm  be  had  been,  connected 
with  those  Societiea.    Mr.  Hope,  however,  was  not  a 

" flower  born  to  blufth  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air  ;" 

and  therefore  he  called  upon  the  meeting  to  do  all  honour  to  a 
geotlcmnn  whose  mpri-n  were  so  well  known  t-  them.  (Cheera.) 

Mr,  H(jpe  ai:knowI''d;fed  the  toast.  The  Chiiirman,  whose 
adrocacf  of  the  Society  he  wnrmly  eulogized,  had  tiealed  him 
o*  a  forced  fl.iwer,  and  he  could  not  tliHrefore  refuHe  to  bloB- 
iiom  ;  buf  his  bloom  and  frMgrance  would  bu  far  inferior  to  thjit 
of  the  natural  finwer*  which  B')  agproprlately  adorofd  the 
room.  He  sincerely  thanked  them  for  the  honour  'hey  bad 
done  bim,  and  trusted  the  icault  of  the  eveoinK'd  proccedinwH 
would  smoo'.h  'he  downward  pa'h  of  tho-e  wliofle  cures  and 
torrows  the  charity  wai  lntend(;d  to  relievo.    (Cheers.) 

In  proposing  the  health  of  "  The  Trcj^urern,"  the  Cqaibman 
faid  thftt  his  obiervati->n  of  the  sign-bonrdi  of  thi*  country  bad 
taught  him  that  its  convmiooal  gardt^n'-rs  were  alwayfl  jully, 
and  alwdj"  threo  In  numbrr,  (Liui;hter,)  Whe'her  that  con- 
ventionality had  ref'-rence  to  tho  ihrte  Grace",  or  lo  thoHe  ver\ 
Mffoiflcftnt  Iftt^rs,  £  a.  d  ,  he  did  not  know.  Those  mysttc 
Ijltera  were,  however,  most  Important;  and  no  society  could 
likve  ofDcers  of  m<>re  imitortanco  thnn  Itn  Trt-nMurors  *  nor 
could  It  t>o«»lbly  KivB  them  too  much  to  do,     fC-Utvrn.) 

Mr.  Wbemch  reipond^tl  to  the  ton*',  nnd  ft-lt  iiH«urod  that 
tb«  service!  of  Mr.  Dickcnti,  as  ih<-ir  Chatrmim,  had  uttrAoted 
Urxe  ad'lltionn  to  the  off-irs  Crf  .htrnKOlf  and  his  colleague,  an 
Treasurers  of  the  Sodcy, 

The  Cif  AttMAit  ga^e  the  health  of  Mr,  Spencor,  and  "  Horti. 
tnlture,"  ttod  adverted  to  tbe  valuable  and  practical  rcinurks 
of  tbtt  g>D*leni&n  at  the  ti*t  antilverwary  fentlv^l. 

Mr.  flrsHCKft,  in  reply  outogiied  thcju'igin-ntdi^playfld  bv  the 
Of)nimltt*a  to  lh*-Ar  iielrcnoM  UHihalrmun  of  tho  day  of  it  gon'If. 
nun  who«o  wholt  Uft  bnd  b**en  one  dfin'>n->tra'lon  aguinn' 
■ftlftshneii,  and  who  In  i-very  way  had  oh  wn  his  syiiipathy 
With  the  d(»tre«sed.  Mr.  Hpenccr  cl«lm*^d  n  hUh  p  i-lt|on  (or 
hoTll'Tul-u'-e  tn  this  ooun'ry,  ibouKli  irknowledulnK  thnt  It  wiis 
mitaoetaUfd  as  tn  Prancw  or  Oerm  my  ;  nn'l  concluded  hU 
T/ rnarhs  wl'h  a  gricoful  reference  (o  the  prcserire  of  Hir  .Io*«-i,li 
TaxtOD,  the  orlnlaator  of  tbo  great  Tcuiplo  of  Foucc,  ttio  very 


existence  of  wh  ch  would  form  an  epoch  in  ilio  hist'jiy  of  tn« 
world. 

"  The  S  ewards,"  "  The  Secretary, "and  "  The  Ladies,"  were 
the  concludiog  »o:itits  ;  in  proposing  each  of  which  the  Chsiir- 
man  delighted  the  company  by  the  point  and  eloquence  of  his 
r^marks  ;  r  erettini?,  in  reference  to  tho  last,  'hit  he  could  nor 
address  the  meetinir  as  "  Lndies  and  Gent  tmen  "  by  the  stupid 
cnnventiontility  which  made  the  ladies  spectators  only,  and  not 
parfnlierw  in  th'-ir  feittvities. 

Thn  Mia-^e*  Wells,  >rr.  Genge,  and  Mr.  F.irqnharson  Smith, 
contributed  by  'heir  profes-ioiial  exenio'is  to  the  enjoyment  of 
thf  evening  ;  and  it  it  i^ue  to  Mr.  E.  R.  Cutler,  the  Secretary,  to 
acknowledire  ihe  entire  bucO'^bs  of  the  general  management, 
which  devolved  solely  upon  him. 


Home    Correspondence, 

Vine  Mildeio.  —  I  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Graham, 
when  he  asserts  that  sulphur  used  in  a  dry  state  does 
not  efFectually  destroy  mildew  amongst  Vines,  &c.  No 
one,  I  think,  has  had  much  more  to  contend  with,  in 
regard  to  this  pest,  than  myself;  and  having  at  all  times 
applied  the  sulphur  in  as  dry  a  condition  as  possible 
most  successfully,  which  the  Grapes  exhibited  at  the 
Horticultural  Society's  Rooms  in  October  last  amply 
showed,  I  am  confident  that  its  action  is  most  powerful 
in  a  dry  state.  I  have  never  found  any  difficulty  in 
diffusing  the  sulphur,  or  making  it  adliere  to  every  part 
of  the  plants ;  to  facilitate  this  I  generally  slightly 
syringe  the  house  at  night,  and  apply  the  sulphur  before 
air  is  given  on  the  following  morning,  when  the  plants 
and  house  are  in  a  nice  humid  condition.  After  its 
application  the  temperature  is  raised  considerably,  which 
causes  a  gaseous  evolution  to  take  place,  with  which  the 
air  of  the  house  is  very  perceptibly  impregnated,  and 
which,  in  my  opinion,  has  a  most  salutary  and  puri- 
fying effect,  even  on  such  mildewed  parts  as  may  have 
escaped  a  dusting.  In  the  application  of  sulphur, 
whether  it  be  through  the  medium  of  water  or  other- 
wise, I  deem  it  of  paramount  importance  to  increase  the 
temperature  of  the  internal  air  by  employing  stronger 
fire  heat,  and  dispensing  with  water  in  any  form  for 
some  few  days.  I  recollect  some  time  since  being  told 
by  a  person  who  stated  that  he  had  several  large 
Vineries  under  his  superintendence,  that  he  arrested 
the  mildew  entirely  by  creating  a  high  temperature, 
without  the  use  of  sulphur  or  anything  else,  which,  if 
correct,  is  worth  knowing  ;  but  not  having  tested  the 
advice  I  cannot  speak  to  its  accmacy.  So  far,  however, 
as  my  experience  leads  me,  I  am  induced  to  believe 
that  were  a  higher  heat  employed,  avoiding  those 
fluctuations  which  are  sometimes  allowed  to  occur, 
mildew  would  have  no  existence,  and  our  patience  would 
not  be  tired  by  its  intrusion.  Where  houses  are  densely 
filled  with  plants  of  an  ornamental  character  Vines 
have  not  fair  play  ;  they  sliould  be  comparatively  free, 
and  at  liberty  to  inhale  air  in  its  purest  form.  Nothing 
is  so  conducive  to  the  growth  of  the  Vine  fungus  as  a 
stagnant  atmosphere  surchai'ged  with  humidity,  and  a 
transitory   ever-varying    climate.     George   Fry,   Manor 

House^   Lee. Permit   me    to  add    my   testimony   in 

favour  of  sulphur,  as  recommended  by  Blr.  Graham,  for 
the  cure  and  prevention  of  mildew  on  the  Grape  Vine, 
&c.  I  have  used  it  as  stated  for  several  years,  and  I 
have  never  suffered  from  mildew  ;  but  I  have  found 
that  it  should  be  used  fully  a  week  before  the  Vines 
come  into  bloom,  so  that  tlie  powerful  fumes  may  pass 
off  before  that  time  ;  otherwise,  if  the  weather  is  hot 
and  sunny,  it  is  Hkely  to  cause  "rust."  I  only  use  one 
dressing,  which  I  never  wash  off,  and  that  is  the  only 
syringing  nty  Vines  receive  from  their  coming  in  leaf 
till  the  fruit  is  cut;  the  minute  particles  of  sulphur 
adhere  to  the  foliage,  and  footstalks  of  the  bunches  and 
berries  (the  fruit  being  perfectly  clean)  all  tije  season  ; 
and  any  person  passing  through  the  houses  and  not 
knowing  that  sulphur  had  been  applied,  would  not  notice 
it,  except  by  taking  hold  of  and  examining  the  backs  of 
the  leaves.  It  will  also  prevent  the  ravages  of  red 
spider,  as  my  leaves  are  generally  as  green  and  healthy 
when  the  fruit  is  ripe  as  when  the  Vines  are  in  bloom. 
R.  O.,  June  1 5. 

Bm  of  Conifers  at  Eggesford. 


Height- 

-ft. 

in. 

Hoi 

eht- 

-ft.  in 

AbieB  Douelafii 

58 

1 

Girth  at  1  foot  from 

Ginh  at  1  foot  from 

the  ground 

3  10 

6 

1 

Pious  in-iLTiis  (2d) 

35    4 

Ditro  at  5  *«-et 

5 

0 

,,    pnnderosa 

411     2 

Thia    flourishine    tree 

,,     Menxiesii 

25    9 

was       plaDted      ia 

,,     Ciluadensifl 

21    6 

1835. 

,,    ex<;elsa... 

21     5 

Abies  Deodara 

22 

8 

,,     Cembra 

15     2 

^raacaria  imbricata 

20 

B 

„    apu'censis 

it  10 

40 

2 

„    orientHlis 

17     0 

,,     103igni3 

81 

G 

,,    Banksiana 
,,     balupei'SiH 

25     6 
20     8 

Jolm  Woods,  Gardener  and  Forester  to  ike  Hon.  Neioton 
Fellowcs,  Eggesford,  Chumkigkf  Devon,  June  12. 

Fumigation. —  Perhaps  the  following  plan  may  be 
found  useful.  In  }  lb.  of  sjiUpetre,  dissolved  in  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  water,  soak  1  lb.  of  tobacco,  and 
after  it  ia  well  dried,  place  a  portion  on  some  red-hot 
coals  in  a  pan  in  the  houwe,  which  it  is  necessary  to 
fumigate.  Thia  will  do  away  entirely  with  the  un- 
pleasant attention  necessary  with  the  plan  mentioned  at 
p.  .'i57,  and  not  leave  a  speck  of  tobacco  unburnt,  as  is 
gcneruUy  tho  case  when  tho  other  method  is  resorted 
to.  A  Constant  Reader^  Worcester'. 

Chisvnclc  ExhihitlonH, — As  1  am  entirely  ignorant  of 
the  rulcH  and  regulations  of  the  flower  sliows  nt 
Chihwit-k,  I  beg  to  ask  y(Mi  if  it  is  alhiwablo  for  one 
*'xhibitor  tf>  "borrow"  plants  of  another,  and  exhibit 
them  UH  hJB  own  property  ?  I  know  it  is  done  to  Homo 
fjxt«nt,  and  I  lliink  it  unjust.  Nemo.  [It  in  not  tolerated, 
nor  do  wo  bchevo  that  it  is  doiio.  At  all  cvcntH,  if  you 
will  prove  the  practiro  upon  any  one,  Iio  will  find  very 
disagreoublo  notice  taken  of  it.] 


Wornis.—  'Vhc  otiier  evening,  rather  late,  and  alter  a 
heavy  thunder-shower,  I  walked  round  the  garden  (not 
a  large  one),  and  was  much  struck  by  the  immense 
number  of  huge  worms,  varying  from  5  to  8  inches  in 
length,  which  had  come  up  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth 
to  enjoy  the  sweets  of  the  upper  regions.  The  thought 
immediately  occurred  to  me  that  the  sustenance  of  tbig 
slimy  crew  must  be  prejudicial  to  the  shrubs  and  trees 
in  the  garden  ;  so  I  set  to  work,  and  in  a  comparatively 
short  time  collected  about  a  gallon  of  the  destructive 
grubs.  I  considered  the  number  enormous  for  half-an- 
hour's  work  ;  was  it  so  ?  Likewise,  was  the  space  they 
occupied  beneath  the  beds  more  desirable,  or  more 
necessary  to  the  welfare  of  the  garden  than  their 
presence  ?  H.  I.  P.,  Carlisle.  [Let  the  worms  alone. 
They  do  you  more  service  than  you  think  of.  It  is  only 
in  garden  pots  and  in  lawns  or  walks  that  their  presence 
is  undesirable.] 

How  to  Transplant  the  common  Uiricularla.  —  If 
"Aline"  (see  p.  360),  finds  the  plant  in  bloom,  she 
should  take  it  up  carefully  with  as  many  roots  attached 
to  it  as  possible,  wrap  it  in  wet  Moss,  on  no  account 
letting  it  get  dry,  and  remove  it  to  where  it  is  to 
planted,  which  should  be  in  water  not  more  than  1  foot 
deep  ;  the  same  treatment  will  apply  to  all  British 
aquatics.    W.  Turner. 

Rliuharl)  Jam To    make    thia  for  present  use,  is 

simply  to  cut  the  Rhubarb  into  slices,  and  boil  it  gently 
for  an  hour,  then  strain  and  press  it,  and  add  sugar  to 
suit  the  palate.  Without  the  straining  process,  it  is  not 
so  good  for  tarts  or  puddings  ;  it  is  then  most  palatable 
and  conducive  to  health,  as  its  acidity  is  thus  removed. 
But  it  is  better  eaten  with  plain  bread  than  with  pastry, 
and  it  is  thus  found  to  be  most  agreeable  for  children. 
It  allays  thirst,  and  gently  subdues  habitual  costiveness. 
When  eaten, a  little  cream  ornew  milk  is  a  good  addi- 
tion. Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon. 

Moutans. — Seeing,  at  p.  359,  some  account  of  a  large 
Moutau,  at  Grays  Court,  induced  me  to  count  the  flowers 
on  one  here,  while  cutting  off  the  seed-vessels,  and  I 
found  them  to  be  351  that  had  expanded,  and  18  that 
remained  to  open — in  all  369,  The  dimensions  of  the 
bush  are,  height  6  feet,  breadth,  one  way  11  feet,  and 
the  other  8  feet,  caused  by  a  principal  walk  being  close 
to  it.  The  plant  has  received  no  protection,  and  is 
fully  exposed  to  north  and  east  winds.  It  is  evidently 
very  old,  but  I  am  unable  to  say  when  it  was  planted  ; 
some  say  it  is  the  finest  tree  in  the  kingdom.  Has  an}'- 
body  one  larger  ?  Edgar  Sanders,  gardener  to  J.  R.  Mills, 
Esq..,  Kingswood  Lodge^  June  14. 

The  Mango. — Captiiin  Egerton  seems  to  agree  with 
the  late  Sir  James  Mackintosh  in  his  love  for  the  Mango. 
"  Another  luxury  we  had  here  (Bombay)  was  the  Mango. 
I  think  I  had  tasted  it  in  the  West  ludie.s  befoi*e,  but  I 
don't  think  I  ever  saw  any  hardly  so  good  as  they  are 
here,  although  it  is  too  early  in  the  year  for  them  to 
have  reached  perfection.  I  am  told  tliat  a  rich  Parsee 
has  for  years  been  endeavom'ing  (but  without  success) 
to  get  some  sent  to  the  Queen  ;  they  never  got  home 
fit  to  be  eaten.  He  was  still  however  going  to  persevere; 
so  I  hope  her  Majesty  may  one  day  taste  what  I  think 
certainly  the  most  delicious  iruit  I  ever  tasted.  To  my 
notion  it  smells  and  tastes  something  like  the  most 
exquisite  Geranium."  (Journal  of  a  Winter's  Tour 
in  India,  by  the  Hon.  Captain  Egerton.)  1  can  fancy 
the  smell  being  like  a  Geranium,  but  the  only  Geraniums 
I  ever  tasted  were  sour.  I  hope  the  Parsee  may 
succeed,  and  that  her  Majesty  may  some  day  taste  this 
concretion  of  the  Geranium.  Perhaps  some  of  your 
loyal  correspondents  may  be  able  to  assist  the  benevolent 
Parsee  in  his  good  intentions  in  catering  for  the  Queen. 
I  recollect  George  IV.  was  long  anxious  to  ascertain 
whether  the  white  Truffles  which  are  principally  found 
near  Turin  so  far  surpassed  tbe  black  ones  as  Italian 
gourmand  travellers  reportM.  But  it  was  in  vain  that 
the  quickest  couriers  brought  this  rare  delicacy,  they 
were  always  spoiled  before  they  crossed  the  sea. 
Railroads  we  may  hope  will  now  place  this  delicacy 
within  the  reach  of  royalty.  Bodvian. 

Elvaston  GardcJis.—WWX  you  oblige  by  inserting  in 
your  Paper  a  correction  of  a  report  to  the  effect  that 
the  gardens  at  Elvaston  Castle  have  been  dismantled  by 
the  sale  of  the  choice  trees.  It  is  quite  true  that  some  of 
our  many  supei-numerary  trees,  wliich  are  undoubtedly 
fine  have  been  sold,  but  not  a  single  specimen  has  been 
parted  with  that  has  in  the  least  injured  the  appearance 
or  grandeur  of  these  gardens;  and  the  public  may  rest 
assured  that  such  never  will  be  the  cose.  Williaiii 
Barron,  Elvaston  Castle,  June  17. 

The  New  Class  Houses  at  TrmtJiam. — My  attention 
has  been  directed  to  the  article  published  at  page  372, 
by  Mr.  Fleming,  giving  particulai's  of  new  forcing 
houses  erected  at  Trentham,  with  illustrations.  I  was 
pleased  to  observe  the  satisfactory  manner  in  which  he 
spoke  of  moving  the  lights,  &c.  ;  but  as  it  is  a  direct 
infringement  of  my  patents  for  "  Moving  and  Fastening 
Windows,  &c ,"  I  thought  it  right  at  once  to  apprise 
you  of  it,  in  order  that  (if  you  thought  proper)  you  might 
put  your  readers  upon  their  guard  ;  for  although  I 
shall  be  glad  to  see  tho  mode  generally  adopted,  it  can 
only  bo  by  making  terms  with  mo.  Tho  invention  has 
been  long  since  known  to  you,  and  you  wero  good 
enough  to  exhibit  a  mnnher  of  models  at  a  meeting  of 
tho  Horticultural  Society  in  18'17,  and  in  the  same  year 
you  noticed  it  by  roniarka  with  scmio  illustrations 
(October  23)  in  the  Gardeners*  Chronicle.  George  Bur- 
wood,  College-street,  Ipswich. 

Muharb  Wine. — To  make  this,  wait  till  tho  Rhubarb 
is  ripo,  at  the  end  of  June,  or  beginning  of  July.  Cut  it 
into  thin  slices,  about  8  lbs.  to  a  gallon  of  boiling  water  ; 


390 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[June  19, 


cover  it  and  stir  it  daily  for  a  week,  then  strain  it  tiirougU 
a  cloth,  and  add  3  lbs.  of  sugar  to  each  gallon,  which,  at 
Sd.  per  lb.,  makes  a  cost  of  about  l5.  per  gallon  (loaf- 
sugar,  however,  is  best).  It  may  then  be  casked  up,  or 
put  into  large  stone  bottles,  and  in  six  months  it  will  be 
delicious.  Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon. 


^octttiesf. 


HoUTicnLTDRAL  :  Gauden  ExniDiTioN,  June  12. — 
The  leading  features  of  this  brilliant  midsummer  display 
of  flowers  and  fruits  being  touched  upon  in  another 
column,  we  shall,  as  before,  confine  oui-selves  here 
entirely  to  details. 

In  collections  of  20  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
the  first  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  May,  gi*.  to  Mrs. 
Lawrence,  of  Ealing-park,  for  as  good  a  group  of  plants, 
perhaps,  as  ever  was  staged.  At  the  back  stood  a 
Polygala  acuminata,  upwards  of  7  feet  in  diameter,  and 
profusely  covere<l  with  flowers  ;  the  gi'aceful  Coleonema 
rubrum,  equally  fine  ;  Azaleas  coronata,  magnifiora  and 
lateritia,  still  "mountains  of  flower  ;"  the  blue  Lesche- 
naultia,  more  than  3  feet  through,  and  a  mass  of  blossoms; 
Stephanotis  floribunda,  fresh,  sweet,  and  beautiful; 
a  very  fine  specimen  of  the  red  variety  of  Erica  tri- 
color, and  the  Cavendish  and  Other  Heaths,  together 
with  the  handsome  pink-blossomed  Adenandra  fragrans, 
one  of  the  better  kinds  of  Everlasting,  the  ever-flowering 
red  Leschenanltia,  Ixora  crocata,  the  clear  yellow 
Gompholobium  splendens,  in  the  shape  of  a  little  bush, 
which  looks  much  better  than  when  it  is  trained  stiffly 
on  a  trellis;  Boronia  serrulata,  the  Showy  Rondeletia, 
the  brilliant  Epacris  miniata,  Pimelea  mivabilis,  in  the 
way  of,  but  rather  handsomer  than,  decussata;  and  a 
noble  Clerodondron  Kcempferl, — The  second  prize  was 
awarded  to  Mr.  Cole,  gr.  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,of  Dartford, 
for  a  fine  exhibition,  which  comprised  a  huge  Allamanda 
Schottii,  Dipladenia  splendens,  unusually  well  flowered; 
the  charming  D.  erassinoda,  the  pale  yellow-blossomed 
Allamanda  grandiflora,  Clerodendron  paniculatum, 
bearing  enormous  panicles  of  gaudy  flowers,  the  White 
Ixora,  hardly  sufficiently  advanced  in  bloom,  the  Gled- 
stane  Azalea,  a  well-flowered  Ph:enocoma  proliferum, 
Leschenaultia  formosa  a  depressed  pyi'amid  of  red 
blossoms,  the  sweet  Stephanotis  floribunda,  an  Ever- 
lasting, Pimelea  Hendersoni  richly  ornamented  with 
rosy  blossoms.  Erica  Cavendishii  and  two  varieties  of 
E.  tricolor,  the  Hoya-like  Cyrtocei'as  reflexum,  Poly- 
gala acuminata  and  cordifolia,  the  rosy-eyed  wdiite- 
flowered  Vinca,  Pimelea  mirabilis,  au  immense 
Pimelea  decussata,  and  an  example  of  Azalea  latentia, 
Gledstanesii,  and.  variegata,  all  "worked"  together 
on  one  stock.  ■ —  A  third  group  was  contri- 
buted by  Mr,  Taylor,  gr.  to  J.  Coster,  Esq., 
of  "Streatham.  It  consisted  of  a  good  Stephanotis 
floribunda,  the  favourite  white-flowered  Gardenia 
florida,  a  finely  blossomed,  Chirouia  gtutinosa,  Erica 
Cavendishii,  a  complete  mass  of  yellow  blossoms;  and 
the  ever-flowering  E.  mutabilis,  the  red  Leschenault, 
Boronia  serrulata  and  pinnata,  the  Scai'Iet  Ixora,  the 
bright  yellow  Allamanda  cathartica,  Polygala  cordifolia, 
and,  one  or  two  other  plants. — In  Messrs.  Eraser's 
collection,  which  was  iourth,  we  remarked  Epacris 
miniata  and  grandiflora,  a  fine  Pimelea  Hendersoni, 
Clerodendron  Kjempferi,  with  two  spikes  of  scarlet 
flowers;  tlie  much  esteemed  Stephanotis  floribunda, 
a  neat  bush  of  Chnrozema  varium  nanum,  Erica 
Wilsoni,  the  best  of  all  the  varieties  of  tricolor  ;  the 
Diosma-leaved  Pimelea,  Polygala  acuminata;  one  of 
the  best  of  the  Everlastings  ;  the  red  Leschenaultia, 
the  wdiite-blossomed  sweet-scented  Sphenotoma  gracilis, 
Ixora  coccinea,  Allamanda  cathartica,  the  Azaleas 
Gledstanesii  and  lateritia  united  in  one  plant  ;  Pimelea 
mirabilis,  Aphelexis  humilis,  and  the  Cavendish  Heath, 
—  Mr.  Stanly  sent  creditable  examples  of  Cyrtoceras 
reflexum,  Pimelea  Hendersoni,  the  Saftron-coloured 
Ixora,  the  Showy  Pimelea,  Gloriosa  superba,  Chironia 
glutinosa,  Leschenaultia  formosa,  an  Everlasting, 
some  Azaleas,  and  Cape  Heaths — Mr.  P.implin  had  the 
pretty  Chinese  indigofera,  Cyrtoceras  reflexum,  Alla- 
manda grandiflora,  the  lovely  violet-blossomed  Tetra- 
theca  verticillata,  Stephanotis  floribunda,  the  Wilson 
variety  of  Erica  tricolor,  Pimelea  decussata,  some 
Azaleas,  and  other  plants. 

In  collections  of  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 
the  first  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir 
E.  Autiobus,  Bart.,  of  Cheam,  whose  group  consisted  of 
the  variegated  Azalea,  almost  as  gay  as  in  the  month  of 
May  ;  a  nice  Polygala  acuminata,  Stephanotis  floribunda, 
loaded  with  snowy  blossoms,  an  excellent  specimen  of 
Eondeletia  speciosa,  a  luxuriant  Allamanda  cathartica, 
scarcely  at  its  best  as  regards  bloom  ;  Azalea  vivicans 
and  prtcstantisbima,  both  pyramids  of  brilliant  flowers  ; 
Leschenaultia  formosa  and  Baxteri,  the  Wilson  variety 
of  Erica  tricolor,  the  Scarlet  and  Saffron  Ixoras,  both 
iusufHciently  advanced  in  bloom  ;  Polygala  Dalmaisiaua, 
an  Everlasting,  and  Erica  depressa.— Mr.  Carson,  gr. 
to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam,  sent  the  next 
best  group,  the  crown  head  of  which  was  decidedly 
Gardenia  Fortuni,  a  fine  plant  covered  with  large 
double  white  sweet-scented  flowers  ;  then  came 
Allamanda  grandiflora  and  cathartica,  both  hand- 
somely furnished  with  yellow  blossoms  ;  a  lar.^e 
lipacns  mnnata,  the  charming  rosy  flowered  Dipladenia 
crassuioda,  the  red  Leschenault,  Azalea  Gledstanesii 
and  variegata,  the  Scarlet  Jxora,  Polygala  opposit.loiia, 
the  purple  variety  of  Aphelexis  maerantha,  Crowea 
sahgna,  and  small  plants  of  Polygala  Dalmaisiana 
Leschenaultia  Baxteri,  aud   Coleonema  rubrum— Mr 


Dods,  gr.  to  Sir  J.  Cathcart,  Bart.,  sent  a  huge  Epacris 
miniata,    Allamanda  cathartica,    Azalea  Danielsiana,  a 
perfect   mass   of    brilliant    flowers ;    the   small   yellow  i 
blossomed    Dillwynia    floribunda,    Pimelea   hiopida    (a , 
neat  kind),  and  P.  Hendei"Soni  ;  Tetratheca  verticillata  ; ' 
an    Everlasting  ;    the    Scarlet    Ixora,    a    pale    variety 
of    Erica    tricolor,    Clerodendron    fallax,   and    a   neat 
Leschenaultia    formosa. —  Mr.    Speed,    of    Edmonton, 
sent  well  cultivated  plants  of  Clerodendron  Krempferi, 
Stephanotis    floribunda,    perhaps     hardly     sufficiently 
advanced    in    bloom  ;    the    brilliant    Epacris   miniata,  ^ 
Allamanda  cathartica,  the  rosy  Dipladenia  erassinoda, 
the    Scarlet    Ixora,   Aphelexis    maerantha    purpurea, 
Cyrtoceras  reflexum,  the  Cavendish  Heath,  two  Vincas, 
Leschenaultia  formosa,  and  Pimelea  hispida. 

In  the  class  of  6  Stove  aud  Grkemiouse  Plants  in 
20-inch  pots,  the  best  group  was  shown  by  Mr.  May, 
gr,  to  Mrs.  Lawrence.  It  consisted  of  large  bushes 
of  Coleonema  rubrum,  P(»lygala  acuminata,  Pimelea 
mii'abilis,  the  Box-leaved  Eriostemon,  the  large-flowered 
variety  of  the  blue  Leschenaultia,  and  Aphelexis 
purpurea  grandiflora. — Mr.  Kinghorn,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of 
Kilmorey,  was  second,  with  huge  examples  of  Allamanda 
Schottii,  Erica  Cavendishii,  Pimelea  decussata,  scarcely 
sufficiently  in  bloom  ;  Stephanotis  floribunda,  a  pyra- 
midal Azalea  variegata,  rather  past  its  best  ;  and  a 
lovely  Boronia  pinnata. — In  groups  of  six  plants  in 
13-inch  pots,  Mr.  Kinghorn  was  first,  with  Coleonema 
rubrum.  Azalea  colorans,  Epacris  miniata,  Erica  per- 
spicua,  Chorozema  varium  nanum,  and  Adenandra 
uniflora. — Mr.  Over,  gr.  to  W.  il'iMullen,  Esq.,  of 
Clapham,  was  second,  with  Allamanda  cathartica,  a 
large  Hoya  imperialis,  the  sweet-scented  white-flowered 
Sphenotoma  gracilis,  Epacris  miniata,  Cyrtoceras 
reflexum,  and  Erica  ventricosa  breviflora. — Mr.  Lay- 
bank,  gr.  to  T.  Maudslay,  Esq,  of  Norwood,  who  was 
third,  sent  Acrophylla  venosa,  a  useful  and  rather 
handsome  plant  ;  Tetratheca  verticillata,  not  sufficiently 
advanced  in  bloom  ;  the  purple  variety  of  Aphelexis 
maerantha,  Erica  jasminoides,  Azalea  lateritia,  and  a 
GomphoIobium.^Mr.  Stuart,  gr.  to  11.  Hug^^ins,  Esq., 
of  Norwood,  had  Sphenotoma  gracilis,  an  Everlasting, 
Cyrtoceras  reflexum,  Polygala  Dalmaisiaua,  Bossitea 
linophylla,  and  the  Chinese  Azalea  called  Hebe. — Mr. 
Hamp,  gr.  to  J.  Thorn,  Esq.,  of  South  Lambeth,  pro- 
duced Ixoi'a  crocata,  the  Cavendish  HeD.th,  the  sweet- 
scented,  and,  as  yet,  somewhat  scarce  Rhynchospermum 
jasminoides,  Pimelea  mirabilis,  a  pretty  Azalea  variegata, 
and  Cyrtocei'as  reflexum, — Mr.  Watson,  gr.  to  Mrs, 
Tredwell,  of  Norwood,  contributed  a  well-flowered 
example  of  the  red  Ixora,  the  Oleander-leaved  Alla- 
manda, less  showy  but  more  shrubby  than  the  other 
species  ;  Clerodendron  fallax,  the  Wilson  variety  of 
Erica  tricolor,  and  Azalea  Murray;tna, 

Helichhysums. — Collections  were  shown  by  Messrs. 
Veitch  (1),  Green  (2),  Stuart  (8),  and  Taylor  (4).  In 
these  we  remarked  Aphelexis  maerantha  purpurea 
and  m.  rosea,  speciosissima,  purpurea  grandiflora, 
humilis  and  h.  rubra,  spectabilis  grandiflora, 
sesamoides  and  its  large  variety,  and  rupestris. 

Orchids. — These  were  plentiful  and  exceedingly  flne, 
though  perhaps  they  scarcely  had  the  freshness  and 
delicate  beauty  about  them  which  they  possessed  in  May. 
In  the  group  of  20  plants  from  Mr.  Blake,  gr.  to  J.  H. 
Schroder,  Esq.,  to  which  the  first  prize  was  awarded, 
we  remarked  Galeandra  Baueri ;  a  large  plant  of  Aerides 
odoratum,  hardly  sufficiently  advanced  in  bloom;  the 
pretty  A .  Larpent£e,and  other  species  of  that  lovely  genus ; 
the  white  Dendrobium  Heyneanum,  Lfelia  cinnabarina, 
Saccolabium  prsemorsuni  and  guttatum,  the  Bearded 
Lady'sSlipper  (Cypripedium  barbatum),  a  very  fine  white 
Butterfly  plant  (Phaltenopsis  grandiflora),  one  of  the 
many  varieties  of  Cattleya  Mosslse,  a  fine  plant  of  Vanda 
tricolor,  the  Slender-leaved  Maxillaria,  Lacsena  bicolor, 
well  flowered  ;  Calanthe  veratrifolia,  in  admirable  con- 
dition ;  the  Wray  Brassia,  Lycaste  aromatica,  and 
Vanda  teres. — Mr.  Franklin,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  sent 
the  next  best  collection,  in  which  were  Sobralia  maeran- 
tha bearing  some  15  or  16  glorious  purple  blossoms, 
Aerides  purpurascens  and  odoratum,  the  broad-leaved 
Epidendrum,  Oncidium  flexuosum,  Lacsena  bicolor  with 
six  flower-spikes  ;  Vanda  tricolor,  insignis,  and  Bate- 
mannijthe  latter  with  a  strong  spike  of  beautiful  blossoms; 
Saccolabium  Blumei  and  S.  guttatum,  Trichopiiia  tortilis, 
tlie  brown-spotted,  gi-e en- flowered  Brassia  Wrayse, 
Oncidium  Papilio,  bearing  five  glorious  flowers  ;  the 
Dalhousie  Dendrobe,  a  good  Cattleya  Mossise,  Epiden- 
drum alatum,  with  two  fine  flower  spikes  ;  the  useful 
Oncidium  pulviuatum,  and  Odontoglossum  hastilabiura. 
— Mr.  Williams,  gr.  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  had  a  large 
Aerides  odoratum,  in  good  condition  ;  A.  crispum,  with 
four  fine  flower  spikes  ;  A,  purpurascens,  iusufficiently 
in  bloom  ;  the  charming  A.  maculosum,  the  large 
Butterfly  plant,  Oncidium  flexuosum,  a  small  Dendro- 
bium Wallichii,  a  beautiful  Saccolabium  guttatum, 
bearing  10  flower-spikes,  some  of  which  were  nearly  18 
inches  in  length  ;  Cattleya  Loddigesii,  fresh  and  fine  ; 
a  nice  plant  of  C.  Mossire,  Calantlie  veratrifolia,  the 
favourite  Epidendrum  cinnabarinum,  Oncidium  ampli- 
atura  major,  rather  past  its  best  ;  the  Bearded  Lady's 
Slipper,  Vanda  tricolor  and  V.  suavis,  the  large  white- 
lipped  Zygopetalum  rostratum,  and  the  as  yet  somewdiat 
scarce  Trichopiiia  coccinea. 

In  the  Nurserymen's  Class  of  15  Orchids,  Messrs. 
Veitch  and  Rollisson  produced  collections.  The  former 
sent  Sobralia  maerantha  with  four  large  highly  coloured 
blossoms  on  it  ;  the  charming  Dendrobium  Devonianum 
not  stiffly  trained,  as  it  is  generally  met  with,  but  hang- 
ing gracefully  over  tlie  sides  of  the  basket  in  which  it 
was  growing  ;  Dendrobium   densiflorum,  tolerably  well 


bloomed  ;  Brassia  verrucosa,  Aerides  roseum,  odoratum, 
and  crispum  ;  a  small  PhaUenopsisamabilis,  Saccolabium 
prremorsum  and  S.  guttatum,  the  latter  having  four 
flower-spikes  ;  a  well  managed  Cattleya  Mossiae,  Den- 
drobium nobile  in  beautiful  condition  ;  Epidendrum 
aromaticum  and  Cypripedium  barbatum  finely  bloomed. 
— Messrs,  Rollisson  had  Dendrobium  moschatum, 
densiflorum,  and  chrysanthum,  a  fine  bush  of  Aerides 
odoratum,  Saccolabium  guttatum,  with  two  flower-spikes;. 
Vanda  suavis  and  teres,  the  White  Butterfly  plant,  the 
Twisted  Trichopil,  one  of  the  better  varieties  of  Cattleya 
Mossite,  Oncidium  pulvinatura,  and  a  pale  variety  of 
Epidendrum  macrochilum. 

Collections  of  10  Onciiins  were  contributed  by  Mr,. 
Carson,  gr.  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam,  and 
Mr.  Woolley,  gr.  to  H.  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  of  Cheslmnt.  The 
former  s?nt  the  Aloe-leaved  Cymbid,  Aerides  Larpentse 
and  affine,  the  white-lipped  Zygopetalum  rostratum^ 
Dendrobium  nobile,  3  feet  high  aud  as  much  through  ;. 
Odontoglossum  citrosmura,  a  fine  specimen  of  Camarotis 
purpurea,  a  beautifully  flowered  Cattleya  Mossiae^ 
Epidendrum  longipetalum  producing  multitudes  of 
yellow  and  reddish  brown  blossoms,  and  the  Spotted 
Saccolabe. — Mr.  Woolley  sent  the  rare  Dendrobium 
cretaceum,  the  beautiful  D.  Devonianum,  Aerides 
crispum,  a  variety  of  the  Roxburgh  Vanda,  a  well 
flowered  Cattleya  Mossice,  a  pretty  C.  intermediaj 
the  charming  Epidendrum  cinnabarinum,  Sobralia 
maerantha,  the  Spotted  Saccolabe,  with  four  flower- 
spikes;  and  Barkeria  spectabilis,  the  latter  a  good 
specimen  of  its  kind. 

Groups  of  6  OncHiDS  were  communicated  by  Messrs. 
Ivison,  Green,  Dods,  and  Kinghorn.— Mr.  Ivison  had'  a 
very  good  Oncidium  luridum,  with  long  graceful 
spikes  of  dull  yellow  and  brown  blossoms  ;  the  large 
variety  of  0.  ampliatum,  with  an  npright  branched 
spike  of  gay  yellow  flowers;  Epidendnim  macrochilnmj 
Aerides  odoi-atum,  scarcely  enough  advanced  in  bloom  ;  ^ 
a  vigorous  Vanda  tricolor,  and  Acropera  Loddigesii. 
Some  of  these  plants  had  the  baskets  and  pots 
in  which  they  were  grown  encased  in  moss.  — 
Mr.  Green  sent  Aerides  crispum,  the  broad-leaved 
Epidendrum,  a  very  flne  specimen  of  Oncidium  Lancea- 
num  producing  numerous  spikes  of  lovely  blossoms,  a 
small  divaricatum,  one  of  the  better  varieties  of  Stan- 
hopea  tigrina,  and  a  nice  Dendrobium  nobile. — Among 
Mr.  Dods'  plants  was  a  magnificent  Dendi-obium 
densiflorum,  literally  loaded  with  large  bunches  of  bright 
yellow  or  rather  orange  blossoms — this  was  by  far  the 
best  example  of  the  kind  exhibited;  associated  with  it 
were  Brassia  caudata,  Stanhopea  tigrina,  with  foui^ 
glorious  flowers  fully  expanded,  and  several  more 
coming  forward;  Aerides  affine,  a  small  white  Butterfly 
plant,  and  the  rare  Anguloa  Ruckeri,  bearing  six  highly- 
coloured  blossoms,  and  all  in  the  highest  perfection. — 
From  Mr.  Kinghorn  came  a  large  and  fine  Phaius 
grandifolius,  Dendrobium  crerulescens,  3  feet  high,  and 
as  much  through  ;  Sobralia  maerantha,  the  White 
Butterfly  plant,^  Calanthe  veratrifolia,  and  Cattleya 
Forbesii. 

Of  Specimen  Orchids,  Mr.  Carson  sent  a  magnificent 
Dendrobium  moschatum ;  Mr.  Franklin  a  large  and 
fine  Aerides  odoratum  ;  and  Mr.  Cole  a  good  Cattleya 
Mossice,  whose  flowers  however  had  sustained  much 
damage  from  travelling. 

Of  Variegated  Okchids,  Mr.  Williams  had  the 
following : — AuEectochilus  argenteus,  with  silvery 
markings  ;  A.  intermedius,  having  dark  green  foliage 
veined  with  gold  ;  A.  Lowei,  a  fine  specimen  with  leaves 
veined  with  gold,  4  inches  long  and  3  inches  broad  ;  A. 
maculatus,  a  flne  kind  with  silvery  markings ;  A.. 
setaceus,  a  remarkably  handsome  species,  beautiJfuUy 
veined  with  gold  ;  A.  striatus,  a  scai'ce  sort ;  A. 
xanthophyllus,  and  Goodyera  discolor. 

British  Orchids. Mr.    Turner,    of    Tufnell  Park^ 

Holloway,  sent  Listera  ovata.  Orchis  ustulata,  latifoUa, 
and  maculata  ;  Gymnadenia  conopsea,  Habenaria 
bifolia  and  albida  ;  Aceras  anthropophora,  Ophrys 
apifera,  and  O.  muscifera. 

Pitcher  Plants.— Messrs.  Veitch  had  a  charming 
little  group,  consisting  of  Nepenthes  sanguinea  and  its 
varieties. 

Azaleas  were  again  produced  by  Mr.  Green  and  Mrs, 
Lawrence,  but  this  time  their  brilliancy  was  much 
impaired.  The  sorts  consisted  of  magniflora,  decoray 
lateritia,  Gledstanesii,  variegata,  Rawsoni,  optima,  rosea 
].)unctata,  and  exquisita  alba.  Mr.  Fleming,  gr.  to  the 
Duke  of  Sutherland,  at  Trentham,  sent  small  plants 
of  some  of  the  newer  kinds,  among  which  were  Amai'an- 
thina  (a  good  sort,  with  large  rosy  blossoms);  Comosa, 
Grandis,  Iveryana,  Decora,  and  Beauty  of  Reigate. 
Messrs.  Lane  had  a  collection  of  small  plants,  in  which 
two  and  three  sorts  wei*e  "worked"  together  on  one 
stock. 

Messrs.  Veitch  received]  a  Silver  Banksian  Medal  for 
Rhododendron  album  grandiflorum,  a  hardy  looking 
kind,  the  produce  of  a  cross  between  R.  catawbiense 
and  maximum  album.  The  flowers  are  of  good  shape 
and  white,  marked  in  the  upper  petal  with  a  straw- 
coloured  slain. 

Tall  Cacti  in  flower  were  furnished  in  good  condition 
by  Mr.  Green,  who  produced  the  large-flowered  variety 
of  the  white  Epiphyllum  crenatum,  E.  Ackermanni, 
E.  speciosum  aud  its  nmch  handsomer  variety  elegans  ; 
E.grandiflnrum  and  Cereus  speciosissiraus. 

KosES  in  pots  were,  as  usual,  much  admired,  and  flue 
for  June.  The  gems  of  Messrs.  Lane's  group,  which 
was  first,  were  Paul  Kicant,  certainly  one  of  the  very 
finest  Roses  we  possess,  being  both  excellent  in  shape 
and  brilliant  in  culom* ;  Great  Westeroj  Magna  rosea^ 


25—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


»91 


a  large  blush  but  rather  loose  ;  Paul  Perras,  Emperor 
Probus,  Duchess  of  Sutlierlaiid,  and  Q,ueeii. — Messrs. 
Paul  produced  Barbot,  buff,  with  a  salmoa  centre  ; 
Goubalt,  the  favourite  Souvenir  do  la  Mahnaison, 
Mi'j.  Bosanquet,  Paul  Perras,  and  Madame  Plantter,  the 
latter  liardly  sufficiently  in  bloom.  Mr.  Francis  had  a 
fine  plant  of  Brennus,  a  tall  Coupe  d'  HebJ,  Pauline 
Plantier  with  small  pale-yellow  flowers,  and  Warricus. 
— In.  the  Amateurs'  Class  the  1st  prize  was  awarded  to 
Mr.  Terry,  gr.  to  Lady  Puller,  of  Youngsbury,  for 
admirably  managed  plants,  among  which  were  Sophie 
de  Marcilly,  blush,  with  a  pink  centre,  neat  and  beau- 
tiful ;  Elise  Sauvage,  Las  Casas,  a  very  fine  example  of 
Souvenir  de  la  Malniaison,  which  is  deservedly  the  most 
esteemed  of  Roses  ;  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  Paul  Perras 
fresh  and  fine.  La  Ville  de  Bruxelles,  Armosa,  and 
Laraarque. — Among  Mr.  Rowland's  plants  that  which 
elicited  most  attention  was  Paul  Ricant,  which  is  a  grand 
acquisition  to  the  class  of  Hybrid  Bourbons.  The 
same  gentleman  had  also  good  examples  of  Coupe 
d'  Hebe,  Emperor  Probus,  Queen,  Paul  Perras,  Ne  plus 
ultra,  Che'nedole,  and  Louis  Bonaparte. —  From  Mr. 
Roser,  gr.  to  J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  came  our  old  friends 
Baronne  Prevost  and  La  Reine,  together  with  Miellez 
and  other  good  kinds. — Jlr.  Terry  showed  two  boxes 
of  cut  Roses  in  tolerably  good  condition. 
..  Cape  Heaths  were  plentiful,  well  cultivated,  and 
beautifully  flowered.  Among  Nurserymen,  Mr. 
Epps,  of  Maidstone,  had  the  best  plants  ;  but  they 
were  disqualified  on  account  of  two  of  the  sorts  being  so 
much  alike  as  to  be  hardly  distinguishable  one  from  the 
other,  the  schedule  requiring  entirely  distinct  varieties. 
The  plants  in  question  consisted  of  tricolor  Wilsoni  and 
a  seedling  from  it.  The  1st  prize  was  therefore  given 
to  Messrs.  RoUisson  ;  the  2d  to  Messrs.  Fairbairu  ; 
the  3d  to  Jlessrs.  Frazer  ;  and  the  4th  to  Mr.  Pawley. 
— In  the  Amateurs'  Class,  Mr.  Smith,  gr.  to  W.  Quilter, 
Esq.,  was  1st  ;  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  2d  ; 
Mr.  Cole,  3d  ;  and  Mr.  Laybank,  4th.  For  plants 
in  11-inch  pots,  "Mr.  Epps  was  1st,  Mr.  Clarke  2d,  and 
Mr.  Pamplin  3d  ;  and  among  Amateurs,  Jlr.  Roser 
'  was  1st,  Mr.  Watson  2d,  Mr.  Jarvis  3d,  and  Mr. 
Stanly  4th.  Three  groups  in  8-inch  pots  were 
furnished  by  Messrs.  Taylor,  Speed,  and  Hamp.  In 
the  difiereut  collections  we  remarked  the  following 
varieties :^Ventricosa  grandiflora  (a  very  fine  sort); 
V.  breviflara,  v,  tumida,  v.  superba,  v.  prsegnans; 
inflata,  i.  rubra,  vestita  coceinea,  Caveudishii,  Ber- 
giana,  depressa;  tricolor,  t.  Leeana,  t,  elegans,  t.  Wilsoni, 
t.  rubra  ;  halicacaba,  Massoni,  Vernoni,  mutabilis^ 
gemmifera,  elegans,  perspicua,  Beaumontia,  metulte- 
liora,  eximia,  Alberti  (buff),  Batemauni,  jasminoides, 
Thunbergia,  jubata,  florida,  dilecta,  obbata,  tortiliflora, 
Westphalingia,  Maids tonensis,  Savilleanaj  and  odora 
rosse. 

SiXGLE  Specdiens. — 'The  best  of  these  were  Erica 
Massoni  from  Mr.  Bruce,  gr.  to  B.  Miller,  Esq.,  of 
Merton  ;  a  good  example  of  the  charming  Hoya  bella 
from  Mr.  Over  j  Erica  Cavendishii  from  Mr.  May,  gr. 
to  ilrs.  Lawrence  ;  a  large  E.  Bergiana  from  Mr.  Smitli, 
gr.  to  W.  Qiiilter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood  ;  LeschenauUia 
formosa  from  Mr.  Cole ;  and  Mitraria  coceinea  from 
Messrs.  Veitch. 

Ne%v  Plants. — Messrs.  Backhouse,  of  York,  sent  the 
beautiful  Ljelia  purpurata  mentioned  in  another  column, 
Cleisostoma  ?  crass i folium,  and  the  Californian  Diplacus  ;  | 
Messrs.  Veitch  had  Streptocarpus  biflorus  ;  Messrs. 
Standish  and  Noble  the  orange-scarlet  Chinese  Liliuni 
sinicura  ;  and  Mr.  Over  the  variety  of  Hoya  bella  called 
Paxtoni  ;  Mr.  WuoUey  had  Dendrobium  clavatum  ;  and 
Messrs.  RoUtsson  a  variety  of  Oncidium  Papilio  called 
pnlchellum. 

Foremost  among  New  or  Rare  Plants  not  in  flower 
wei'e  the  evergreen  pinnated  Chinese  Berberries 
(trifurca  and  Bealii),  adverted  to  elsewhere,  furnished 
by  Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble  ;  these  were  the  admira- 
tion of  everybody.  Then  came  the  beautiful  variegated- 
leaved  Ci83U3  discolor,  from  Messrs.  ii-oUisson  ;  two 
magnificent  leaves  of  the  Royal  Water  Lily,  from  Mr. 
Ivison,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Northumberland  at  Sion  ; 
and  Fitz-Roya  patagonioa  and  Saxe-Gotha3a  couspicua, 
from  Messrs.  Veitch,  of  Exeter. 

Mcesra.  lloUisaon  again  produced  a  miscellaneous 
collecllou  of  plants,  remurkaljlo  for  the  beauty  of  their 
foliage.  The  namtjs  of  a  few  of  tlie  more  striking 
among  them  will  be  found  in  our  report  of  tho  May' 
Meeting,  at  p.  311.  The  samo  firm  also  furnished  a 
a  fine  fipccimen  of  the  Venus'  Flytrap,  which  was  shown 
under  a  large  bell-glass. 

Lycopods  were  contributed  by  Messrs.  WooUoy  and 
Stuart.  Among  these  were  L.  stoloniferum,  cicsium 
arboreum,  apodum,  Louifliaaum^  cordatum,  cuapidatum, 
and  denticulatum. 

lIOTiiOL.SK  Fsavs. — The  following  wore  shown,  inter- 
mixed with  i)vrMvhi,  by  MeHstr«.  Woolh-y  and  Williams  ; 
viz.,  Adtaiituin  foi'ianum,  furm'^wum,  cniifjatuni,  conctn- 
num  (fine),  tr.ap<;zi forme,  au'l  macrophylhim  ;  Gymno- 
gramma  Kulpliurua  (iinu),  Gonigpterii*  vivipnra,  Dar<;a 
cicularia(niic*),  and  Blechiuim  braHiiienHC. — Mr.  VVooll<;y 
alao  receive  I  a  Certificate  of  Excellence,  for  a'collection 
which  U6  showed  in  May  la»t. 

ALPi.ME.-t, — All  interoHting  coUeotion  w&s-produced  by 
Mr.  'l\imor,  of  llolloway. 

In  pKLAiiooNiWMs,  I '2  varieties,  tho  Ist  prize  wan 
withhold.  Tin;  21  pri&j  was  awarded  to  Mr  I). 
Lawr(;nce,  for  Gulichna,  Alonzo,  CoiiHtancc,  Ajax, 
Marianne,  Connpicuum,  Governor,  Ocellatuni,  Star, 
I'rinco  of  Orange,  and  Ilfjaamond.  Doftlerfl  ;  1,  Mr. 
J.  Dobsrjn,  of  Woodlandn  Nursery,  I^tleworth,  whoao 
plants  were  finely  (lowered,  and  "  to  the  day."     They 


consisted  of  Gertrude,  Magnihcent,  Painter  improved, 
Mont  Blanc,  Jupiter,  Ambassador,  Purpureum,  Silk- 
mercer,  Diadem  ex.,  Delicatissiinum,  Vanguard,  and 
Star  ex.  ;  2,  Mr.  Turner,  of  the  Royal  Nursery,  Slough, 
with  plants  scarcely  at  their  best,  of  Constance,  Rubens, 
Rowena,  Alonzo,  Ganymede,  Magnificent,  Rosamond 
ex.,  Gulielma,  Ajax,  Narcissus,  Beatrice,  Enchantress 
ex.  ;  3,  Mr.  Westwood,  of  Acton-lane  ;  4,  Mr.  "Bragg, 
of  Slough.  Six  Pelargoniums  in  11-inch  pots  :  1,  Mr. 
Parker,  of  Teddington,  four  of  whose  plants  were  marvels 
of  good  cultivation.  The  sorts  were — Thisbe,  Bertha, 
Rosamond,  Guhelma,  Centurion,  and  Star.  Dealers: 
I,  Mr.  Westwood,  with  BJanca,  Star  ex.,  Cuyp  ex, 
Sarah,  Rosamond  ex.,  and  Painter  ex.  ;  2,  Mr.  Turner, 
with  Constance,  Pride  of  the  Isles,  Narcissus,  Rowena, 
Alonzo,  and  Noi'ah.  Six  Fancies  :  1,  ^Ir.  Robinson,  of 
Thames  Bank,  with  Queen  Superb,  Madame  Miellez, 
Fairy  Q,aeeii,  Princess  Maria  Galitzin,  Perfection, 
and  Richard  Cobden  ;  2,  Mv.  Roser,  with  Statiaski, 
Hero  of  Surrey,  Picturatum,  Prospero,  Magnificum, 
Jenny  Lind. — Dealers:  1,  Mr.  Turner,  with  Princess 
Maria  G.L!itztn,  Defianee,  Miss  Sheppard,  Anais, 
Exquisite,  and  Triumphant  ;  2,  Mr.  Westwood,  with 
Orlando,  Mrs.  S.  Lefevre,  Reine  des  Franrjais,  Nourmajed, 
Mrs.  Bailey,  Purity  ;  3,  Mr.  Ayres,  of  Blackheath,  with 
Celestial  ex.,  Queen  Superb,  Itolinski,  Picturatum, 
Conspicaum  ex,  Alboni ;  4,  Mr.  Gaines.  The  Five  Guinea 
Cup  for  the  new  varieties  of  fancy  Pclagoniumssent  out 
in  autumn  1051,  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Ayre?,  of  Blackheath, 
was  awarded  to  Mr.  Robinson,  and  reflected  credit  both 
on  the  grower  and  the  raiser;  the  sorts  were  Conspicuum, 
Caliban,  Mirandum,  Gipsy  "  Queen,  Advancer,  and 
Forraosissimum,  the  last  two  received  first  class 
Certificates  ;  and  Certificates  of  Merit  were  awarded  to 
the  second,  third,  and  fourth  varieties  enumerated  by 
the  National  Floricultural  Society.  Of  seadling 
Pelargoniums,  we  noticed  Beck's  Empress,  described 
by  us  in  a  former  Number;  and  Turner's  Queen  of  May,  a 
conspicuous  and  striking  variety.  Pasha  (Dobsou),  is 
distinct,  and  in  many  respects  good.  Optimum  (Foster), 
was  in  capital  condition,  although  the  plant  was  by  no 
means  well  grown. — An  interesting  h}'brid  Pelargonium 
from  Mr.  E.  G.  Henderson  received  a  Certificate  ;  the 
tricolordeaved  sort  from  Mr.  Kinghorn  was,  as  it  is 
named,  "  Attractive "  for  decorative  purposes,  but  it 
could  not  be  termed  one  of  an  entirely  new  cross. 
While  on  the  subject  of  Seedlings  we  may  mention  that 
Fuchsia  Perfection  (Banks)  will  be  tlie  best  dai*k 
variety  "out;"  corolla  deep  purple,  sepals  and  tube 
coral  red,  smooth,  the  sepals  reflexed  sulflciently,  and 
reraarlcable  for  their  breadth  ;  Model,  by  the  same 
raiser,  also  has  many  sterling  qualities  ;  not  so  Gi'andis, 
which  is  comparatively  worthless. 

Cape  Pelargonidms  were  produced  in  good  condition 
by  Mr.  Parker,  of  Teddington,  who  has  paid  great  atten- 
tion to  the  culture  of  this  class  of  plants. 

We  were  agreeably  surprised  to  find  PrNKS  so  early 
in  the  season,  both  growing  and  in  a  cut  state,  *'  so  well 
done"  as  they  were  on  Saturday  last.  These  came 
from  Mr.  Willmerj  of  Sunbux'y,  who  was  awai'ded  let 
prizes  for  them. 

Pan3[es,  in  pots,  were  again  shown  in  excellent  order 
by  Mr.  Turner  1st,  and  Mr.  Bragg  2d. 

Ranunculuses. — A    collection    of    50  varieties    was 


Knutsford. — Mr.  Jack^son,  gr.  .u  U.   iJeaufoy,  K^<p,  and 
IMr.  Fload,  also  sent  Providences. 

Grapes. — The  best  Black  Hamburghs  were  commu- 
nicated by  Mr.  Dods,  gr.  to  Sir  John  Cathcart,  Bart.;  but 
excellent  exampk-s  also  came  from  Mr.  Grien^er,  gr,  to 
S.  Smitii,  Esq.,  Churman-Deau,  Sussex  ;  Mr.'' Frost,  of 
Dropmore;  Mr.  Boyd,gr.toViscouat Dillon;  Mr.  Perkins, 
gr.  to  Viscount  Combermere  ;  Mr.  Martin,  gr.  to  Sir  H. 
Fleetwood,  Bart.  ;  and  Mr.  Wortley,  of  Norwood. — In 
the  Market  Gardener's  Class  first-rate  specimens  of  this 
kind  of  Grape  came  from  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  llill,  and 
Mr.  Mitchell,  of  Brighton.  Mr.  Harrison  and  Mr, 
Sparey  also  contributed  Black  Hamburghs.  Mr.  Lushey, 
gr.  to  J.  Hill,  Esq.,  of  Streatliam-common,  sent 
excellent  bunches  of  Blaclc  Prince  ;  as  did  also  Mr. 
Martin  and  IMr.  Harrison,  gr.  to  JI.  Ricardo,  Esq. 
^White  Muscadines,  well  ripened  and  extremely  good, 
were  communicated  by  Mr.  Smith,  gr.  to  S.  Ricardo, 
Esq.  ;  Mr.  Rust,  gr.  to  J.  Machiren,  Esq.  ;  and  Mr. 
Williams,  gr.  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.  The  best  Muscats, 
as  we  have  already  stated,  came  from  Mr.  Turnbull,  gr. 
to  the  Duke  of  Marlborougli,  at  Blenheim  ;  but  they 
would  have  required  to  have  hung  a  long  time  before 
they  had  become  sufticiently  well  coloured  to  have 
satisfied  the  requirements  of  the  Society's  schedule  ; 
they  were  therefore  disqualified,  and  Mr.  Allport,  gr. 
to  H.  Arkroyd,  Esq.,  received  the  first  prize  for  an 
exhibition  of  ripe  Iruit.  Mr,  Harrison,  of  OatlandSj 
also  sent  good  examples  of  this  Grape.  The  best  White 
Frontiguans,  beautiful  examples,  were  produced  by  Mr. 
Summerby,  gr.  to  Majur  Marty n,  of  Windsor  Forest  ; 
and  the  best  Black  Frontiguans  ,by  Mr.  Martm,  gr.  to 
Sir  H.  Fleetwood,  Bart. 

Peaches  were,  with  one  exception,  confined  to  the 
Royal  George,  Ml*.  Fleming,  gr.  to  the  Dnke  of 
Sutherland,  at  Trentham,  sent  excellent  fruit  of  this 
kind,  as  did  also  Mr.  Collinson.  Mr.  Chapman,  gr.  to 
J.  B.  Glegg,  Esq.,  had  Bellegarde.  Mr.  Tillyard,  gr.  to 
Lord  Soutliampton,  Mr.  Turnbull,  and  Mr.  Mitchell,  gr. 
to  the  Earl  of  Shannon,  at  Castle  Martyr,  contributed 
dislies  of  Royal  George. 

Murray  NiiCTAUiNES,  well  swelled,  and  highly 
coloured,  were  sent  from  Trentham  by  Mr.  Fleming  ; 
Mr.  Tillyard  had  a  good  dish  of  Eh-uge,  and  Mi'. 
Chapman  another  of  the  Brugnon  variety. 

Pjgs. — Good  examples  of  brown  Ischia  were  furnished 
by  Mr.  Bailey,  gr.  to  G.  Harcourt,  Esq.,  of  Nuneham; 
and  Mr.  Braid,  gr.  to  H.  Perkins,  Esq.,  of  Hanworth- 
park,  had  a  good  exhibition  of  Brown  Turkey.  The 
only  other  sort  was  the  Neril,  which  came  from  Mr. 
Constantine,  gr.  to  C.  Mills,  Esq.j^of  Hillingdon. 

Strawberries. — The  best  British  Queens  were  sent 
by  Mr.  Wortley,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Maubert,  of  Norwood. 
These  were  very  large  and  highly  cobmred.  The  same 
variety  was  also  shown  by  Mr.  Judd,  gr.  to  Eaid  Spencer 
at  Althorpe  ;  Mr.  Turnbull,  Mr.  Perkins,  and  Mr. 
Elliott,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Bootliby,  of  Acton.— In  the  Market 
Gardeners'  Class,  Mr.  Smith,  of  Twickenham,  was  first, 
and  Mr.  Mann,  of  Isleworth,  second.  The  latter  like- 
wise showed  Keens'  seedUng,  as  did  also  Mr.  Turnbull 
and  Mr.  Forsyth,  gr.  to  Baron  de  Rothschild,  at 
Gunnersbury  ;  Mr.  Smith,  of  Twickenham,  pi'oduced 
excellent  exhibitions  of  the  British  Queen  in  pots,  and 
Mr.  Elliott,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Boothby,  also  sent  pots  of  the 


furnished  by  Messrs.  Tyso,  of  Wallingford,  among  which    same  kind. 

were  fine  blooms  of  the  following  Seedlings  of  their  own  I  The  first  award  for  the  best-flavoured  Melon,  was 
raising,  viz.  : — Flaminius,  Minos,  Exhibitor,  Amasis,  on  this  occasion  given  to  Mr.  Collinson,  for  an  Egyptian 
D:.edalion,  Cathcart,   Dtlectus,  Dido,  and  a  new  yellow  igreen-fieshed;  and  the  second  to  Mr.  Fleming,  for  his 


called  California  ;  also  Lightbody's  Herald,  Thompson's 
Seedling,  Giles'  Eliza,  Gomerj  Lentulus,  Costar's  Apollo, 
and  Charlotte. 

Calceolarias  were  brought  out  better  than  hereto- 
fore ;  but,  to  maintain  their  position,  more,  much  more, 
must  be  accomplished.  The  1st  prize  was  awarded  to 
Mr.  Constantine  ;  2d,  to  Mr,  Franklin  ;  and  3d,  to  Mr. 
Roser.  Dealers :  1st,  to  Mr.  Gaines,  for  Cruenta, 
Baron  Eden,  Endyraion,  Confidence,  Christine,  Horatio  ; 
Mr.  (Jaines  also  staged,  am")ng  many  others,  a  showy 
Seedling,  named  Alderman ;  and  Messrs.  Henderson 
reproduced  the  sorts  described  in  the  Last  report  of  the 
National  Floricultural  Society. 

Fruit,  without  anything  very  remarkable,  was  gene- 
rally good.  Pine-apples  were  not  very  heavy,  but  all 
of  them  wero  well  swelled  and  ripened.  Black  Grapes 
may  be  said  to  have  been  all  that  could  be  desired  both 
as  to  growth  and  colour  :  but  some  of  the  white  kinds 
were  not  ripe.  This  was  particularly  the  case  with 
beautiful  bunches  of  Muscats,  furnished  by  Mr, 
Turnbull,  gr.  to  the  Dnke  of  Marlborough,  nt  Blenheim, 
to  which  no  award  could  be  made,  on  account  of  the 
green  state  in  which  they  wore  shown.  Peaches  and 
Nectarines  were  fair  examples  of  their  forced  cultivation. 
Strawberries  of  the  Britisli  Queen  kind  wero  largo  and 
finely  coloiired  :  this  sort  is  fust  driving  Keens'  Seedling 
from  our  exliibltion  tables. 

PiNK-APPLiis. — A  Queen,  4  lbs.  4  oz,,  was  contributed 
by  Mr.  Collinson,  gr.  to  the  Marquis  of  Westminster; 
another,  4  lbs.  1  oz.,  was  sunt  by  Mr.  Draper,  gr.  to  tho 
Uihliop  of  Salisbury  ;  and  Mr.  Jarvi.s,  gr.  to  J.  Ruclt,  iOsq  , 
of  Croydon,  had  Olio  3  Hm.  Doni.— Other  Queens  of  less 
merit  came  from  Air.  Dixon,  gr.  to  Mrn.  ViIlel)oi,^  ;  Mr. 
Hoaro,  gr.  to  J.  Bailey,  I'^sq.,  M,P.;  Mr.  Floud,  gr. 
to  C.  Bailey,  Esq.,  ALL'.;  and  Mr.  Harrison,  Oatlund 
Palace  G.irden.s,  Weybridgo.  Of  CayennoH,  Mr.  Turn- 
bull  S'-nt  a  Iruit  of  tlio  Hinoolh-loavcd  vari.Hy  Wfjigbing 
4  ib><.  11,^  oz. — Mr.  Terry  had  an  Enville.  (^f  Provi- 
dt-'iices,  Mr.  CoUiuHon  contributed  a  lino  spccimon, 
weighing  10  lbs,  11  ox.  ;  Mr.  DavJH,  gr.  to  Lord  Boston, 
Bent  one  ft  lbs,  7  oz,  ;  and  another  U  lbs.  G  oz.,  came 
from  Mr.  DavicH,  gr.  to  J.  Dixon,  Esq.,  of  Astlo  Park, 


Trentham  Hybrid.  The  best  searlet-flesiied  was 
Hoosainee,  from  Mr.  Cole,  gr.  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of 
Dartford.  Other  sorts  consisted  of  the  Persian  Hybrid, 
Terry's  Green-fleshed,  Beechwood,  Hybrid  Greeu- 
fleshed,  Cassabar,  Masulipitan,  Arundel  Hybrid,  Scarlet 
Cantaloupe,  Windsor  Scailet-fleshed,  and  a  good  example 
of  Brown's  Superb. 

Other  kinds  of  fruit  comprised  a  collection  of  Oranges, 
Citrons,  and  Lemons,  from  Mr.  Williams,  gr.  to  C.  B. 
Warner,  Jiisq.,  of  Hoddesdon, 


JlJooIig  3iACCciiietr, 


Blade's  Picturesque  Tourht  in  Scotland.  9th  edition. 
A.  and  C.  Black,  Edinburgh.  l'2mo  ;  pp.  543,  with 
numerous  maps,  copperplates,  and  woodcuts.  —  We 
can  pay  no  higher  compliment  to  this  moat  useful 
book  tlian  by  saying  that  it  is  us  indispensable  to  a 
tourist  as  the  best  of  Murray's  Handbooks.  That  the 
public  entertains  tlie  same  opinion  is  sufficiently  proved 
by  its  having  reached  a  ninth  edition  ;  and  one,  wo 
must  add,  so  superior  in  every  respect  to  its  predecessors 
that  it  may  be  almost  regurded  as  a  new  work.  The 
■woodcuts  aro  extremely  clever,  and  the  railway  maps 
constructed  upon  true  pniiciples  of  utility.  The  only 
thing  we  lira  disposed  to  criticise  is  an  engi-aving  of 
Ediidiurgh  old  town,  which  is  quite  unworthy  the  beau- 
tiful volume  in  which  it  appears, 

Wavcrhy  NovrJs :  Tho  Library  Edition.  Vol.  2.  Gay 
Mamieiinr/.  Edinburgh  :  BlacU.— This  second  volume 
of  tho  beautiful  new  series  whoso  appearance  wo  lately 
announced,  j-iclds  in  no  ri.'spect  to  the  preceding.  The 
engravings  represent  scones  in  which  tho  artists  have 
caught  most  ha|)pily  tho  iilea  of  the  gifted  author, 
and  tho  lettcrpri-ss  renders  the  volume  worliiy  of  a 
placo  anu)ng  the  bent  specimens  of  moilern  typography. 
In  the  intniductory  matter  aro  some  now  incidents, 
illustrating  tho  circumHtancca  wliich  led  to  the  compo- 
sition of  tho  novtd  itself^ 


392 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[June  19, 


STATU  OF  THE   WBiTilER  AT  OllISWlCK, 
Dwfiiisr  'lie  la*t  25  y  an,  fo^  th-  eoaulnK  week,  eadinc  June  26.  135-. 


FLORlCULTURh. 


National  Floricoltdeal  Societt,  June  17. — Mr.  Colman 
in  the  Chair.  There  was  a  full  meeting  on  this  occasion. 
Verbena-*  were  produced  by  Mrs.  Cunwaj  and  Mr.  T.  BitrneH  ; 
Petunias  by  Mr.  Barnes;  Pans'e'*  by  Messrs.  Youell,  of  Yar- 
mouth, Mr.  Brac^,  and  Mr.  Turner;  PeUr^riniunin  by  Mr. 
Hoyle,  Mr.  BLiclt,  Mr.  Turner,  Mr.  Bragpf,  Mr.  Dobarm.  Mr. 
Robinson,  Mr,  B.  G.  Hender^on.  and  Mr.  Ayrei ;  Ranuncu'us 
by  Mr.  Tyso ;  Fuchsiae  by  Mr.  Turner  and  Mr.  G.  Smith; 
Pinkg  by  Mr,  Turner;  a  Rhododendron  bv  Mr.  Onffin ; 
AntirrhinumB  bv  Mr.  Lochner  and  Mr,  J.  EiJwards;  Calceu- 
laiias  by  Mr.  Hendernon  ;  and  Ericas  by  Mr,  J.  Edvi-ar-is. 
Among  the  tew  old  subjects  contributed,  by  wbich  mnny  of  the 
new  I'nea  were  tested,  Aniirrhiimm  Primrnse  Perfection  war 
most  conspicuous;  ibr-o  plan's  of  it  were  staged  by  Mr.  J. 
Edwards,  and  one  by  Mr,  L"chiier  ;  these  were  well  gr.'wn  ami 
beautifully  fluwered,  stiowin;,'  to  good  advantage  this  vcrj 
desirabi*;  vai  iety.  Of  Fancy  Pe'argoniums,  Advar.cer,  Caliban. 
Perfestiun.  R.  Cohden,  Fairy  Qne-n,  Gip6'\v  Queen,  Celestia', 
Formoeissitnum,  Jjc  ,  were  amongst  the  best.  Among  Pan- 
aiefl.  Lady  Emily,  Duke  of  Perth,  An'onio.  Dai-hesn  nf  Rut- 
land, B  )adicea,  Lord  Hanlinge,  and  Pandora,  proved  good. 
Among  Mr,  Turner's  Pink«  were  Marlboroutth  Budt,  Diana, 
Optima,  Emi.ress,  Mrs.  Herberr,  Lord  J.  Husstll  Lola  Montes, 
cue. ;  five  plant°  of  Pelargonium  Optimum  st-rved  to  prove  ihitt 
■  it  is  a  firct-dass  flower  ;  Dobson's  Model,  Spetz,  Pachi,  ami 
Firtflv,  al' hough  in  cut  flowers,  di-played  m'?ricorious 
/X^3''*icafi(iT)s.  Thecensors  awarded  Liibelsot  C"mmt'nd.itl(>n 
lu  Petunia  Lady  CuUam,  from  Mr,  Barnes,  of  Stowmarke";  dit'o, 
to  I'elargnn'um  Astrcu.  from  G.  W.  Iloyle,  Esq.  ;  dirto,  to 
P.  Miye  ICmily  Field,  from  A,  Hendt'r.-.on  and  Co.  ;  ditto,  to 
P.  Kin:  sbijry  Favourite,  from  the  same  firm;  and,  ditto,  to 
P.  Hebe,  from  Mr.  W.  P.  Ayres ;  Certificate^*  of  Merit  to 
Pelargouium  Wonder,  from  Mr.  Black,  gr.  tu  E.  Foster.  Esq.  ;  to 
Fuchsia  Ur,  Liadley  (C.  Turner),  and  to  Peldrgonium  odora- 
tifl&imum  punctanim  intm  Mr  Ayres ;  and  a  tirat-clasa 
CortitJcate  was  given  to  Fuchsia  Glory  (Banks).  The  latter 
was  a  fine  bold  flower,  with  violet  corolla,  and  brilliant 
crimson  sepals  much  leflexed. 

Mk.  John  Dheson,  of  Isleworth,  hid  a  special  eKbibition  of 
his  show  Pelargoniums,  and  other  fl  iwerin^  plants,  t'le  other 
day,  in  bis  Ilur^ely  at  Woodlands.  A  good  company  assembled 
on  the  occation,  and  everjbjdy  seemed  satisfied  witb  the 
entertainment. 

JtECBiVED  schedules  of  the  Tliirsk  Floral  and  H'^rticuUural 
Society,  Show  days,  Ju'y  C  wnd  September  7  ;  Trowbridge 
Hor  icuUural  Society,  meeting,  Augu>4t  25  ;  Salisbury  Dahiifi 
SJfOw,  fixed  for  Augusi  31  ;  and  Barnsley  Floral  aud  Horti- 
-cultural  Society,  meeting,  August  31. 


SEEDLING    FLOWERS. 
-ANTiRttHiNnsia  :  W  J.  None  sufficiently  gojd  to  claim  further 
no'ice. 

FocuaiAs  :  O  E.  Both  pretty,  but  nothing  new. 

Gloxinias  :  A  UB.  1,  blush,  veined  and  mottled  in  the  throat 
with  rosy  lilac  ;  a  deltcate  looking  and  fine  kind,     2,  white, 

■   large,  and  showy. 

Tansies  :  Y  Y.  All  received  in  a  Fatidfactnry  condition  ;  1-52  a 
nice  variety  ;  eyefuHy  di-iplayed,  margin  true,  and  moderately 
distinct ;  edges  waniing  decision,  and  surface  gre;iter  smnoth- 
nesB,  2-52,  too  young  tor  cri'ical  inspection.  3-52,  cheerful 
purple  belting  witti  creamy  ground  ;  not  sufficiently  meri- 
torious for  prnpHgiition,  4-52,  a  poor  yellow  self.  5-53,  will 
■not  do  now,  when  we  have  ao  muny  good  yellow  tTiiund  sorts, 
5-51,  rich  ground  colour,  the  crumples  at  'be  juncture  of  the 
side  petals  deract  from  its  value,  and  will,  we  tear,  be 
permanent.  29,  yellow  self  the  indenture  in  the  lower  petal 
prevents  nur  saying  aught  iu  its  favour.  30,  a  wiiiery- 
colnurpd,  Himsv,  worthless  Sitrt. 

FlLARiioMiPM  :  5  and  Co.  Of  uo  vilue  as  a  fl-irists'  fl'iwer. 

PoTENTiLLis:  YandCo.  A  very  flue  clear  jellow,  double  kind, 
well  worth  at'en'ion. 

ScABLET  Gebanium:  ]V  T.  a  frre  flovverer,  of  good  average 
co'ou'' ;  [letiN  deficient  in  bea  lib. 

Yerbenas  :  A  T P.  A.  pink  of  no  value;  2  has  some  merit; 
4,  worCtiless  ;  3,  quite  withered  up. 


Miscellaneous. 

R'vpening  Fruit  on  Trees. — A  late  number  of  a  Paris 
journal,  devoted  to  agriculture,  gives  a  plan  for  for- 
•T/arding  tiie  ripening  of  fruit  on  trees.  Every  one 
connected  with  horticulture  knows  that  there  exist  in 
trees  two  kinds  of  sap,  one  rising  and  the  other  falling  ; 
the  former  nourishing  the  wood,  and  tlie  latter  the 
flowers  and  the  fruit.  The  process  alluded  to  consists 
in  binding  tightly  round  the  lower  part  of  the  branch, 
on  which  the  fruit  is,  a  piece  of  wire,  iu  order  to  stop 
the  descending  sap,  wliich,  thus  arrested  iu  its  progress, 
flows  with  great  abundance  to  the  fruit,  increases  its 
size,  and  brings  it  to  maturity  a  fortnight  or  tlu'ee  weeks 
earlier  than  iu  tlie  natural  way.  Leeds  Merciory. 

Sale  of  Orchids.  —  The  first  portion  of  Messrs.  Lod- 
diges'  fine  collection  of  these  favourite  pla,nts  was  sold 
the  other  day  by  Mr.  Stevens,  The  kind  of  prices  they 
fetched  may  be  gleaned  from  the  following  :  Dendro- 
bium  cEerulescens,  fine  specimen,  21.  Qs.  ;  D.  chrysan- 
thum,  ditto,  2L  6s.  ;  D.  Dalhousieanum,  ditto,  U.  5s.  ;  D. 
-ceerulescens,  Huntleya  violacea,  and  Cymbidium  bicolor, 
21.  2s.  ;  the  charming  Lielia  ciiinabarina,  iu  flower,  and 
Aerides  crispum,  21.  15s,  ;  the  Dalhousie  Dendrobe 
and  Cypripedium  barbatura,  21.  10s.  ;  Ccelogyne  Lowei 
and  Oacidium  Lanceanum,  21.  ;  the  Harrison  Cattleya, 
a  fine  specimen,  21.  10.v,  ;  C,  crispa,  ditto,  4^.  15s,  ; 
C.  marginata,  21.  12s.  Gd.;  C.  pumila,  21.  Us.  6d.  ; 
Sophronitis  grandiflora,  good  plant,  2L  6s.  ;  Cymbidium 
giganteum,  fine  specimen,  U.  ;  Sobralia  sessilis,  21.  ; 
and  Aerides  odoratum,  a  good  plant,  21.  IBs.  Other 
lots,  of  which  there  were  in  ail  183,  fetched  from  5s.  to 
30s.  a  lot,  each  consisting  of  several  plants. 


iiduU  lor  :i  tew 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the    ensuing  weeJc.) 


PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

Chinese  Primroses,  Cinkrarias,  and  other  plants 
required  to  bloom  early  next  spring,  should  now  be 
forwarded,  that  they  may  get  well  established  early.  In 
addition,  the  stock  of  Epacrises  and  other  hard-wooded 
plants  for  the  above  purpose  should  have  abundance  of 
air,  to  promote  the  ripening  of  the  wood.     Epacrises 


siiKuM  DC  [M.n.-ua  wiieiy  Liiey  can 
hours  during  t!ie  mi  Idle  of  eacli  bright  day.  Look  over 
the  stock  of  plants  placed  out  of  doors,  that  the  drainage 
acts  properly  ;  all  the  more  delicate  and  newly-potted 
plants  must  be  protected  from  heavy  rains  by  canvas 
screens,  made  water-tight,  and  tarpauiiug, 

FORCINS  DEPAHTMENT. 
7iNERY. — -Where  new  borders  have  been  made  this 
spring,  it  will  prove  of  much  benefit  to  them  if  some 
means  can  be  taken  to  preserve  them  from  the  present 
heavy  rains  ;  for,  although  on  well-made  borders 
no  stagnation  of  water  will  take  place,  yet  continual 
drenching  rains  will  render  new  borders  in  an  unfavour- 
able state  for  the  growth  of  young  Vines,  and  the  extreme 
points  of  their  roots  often  damp  off  (in  rich  borders) 
during  long-continued  wet  weather.  Fires  must  still  be 
kept  up  in  every  department,  to  keep  down  damp  and  to 
allow  for  good  ventilation.  Melons. — In  planting  out 
tiie  last  crop  of  Melons,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
to  have  them  with  any  sort  of  flavour,  tliey  should  be 
assisted  by  a  hot-water  pipe,  or  fire  heat.  The  period 
when  Melons  can  be  obtained  of  high  flavour  from 
common  dung  frames  is  limited  to  three  or  four  of  tiie 
summer  months,  and  even  then  they  are  much  better  in 
every  respect  when  grown  in  low  houses  and  assisted  by 
fire  heat  ;  for  the  latest  crops,  this  will  be  the  more 
necessary,  as  the  fruit  may  not  all  ripen  before  November, 
and  will  consequently  require  both  light  and  ventilation 
to  produce  them  in  perfection. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Nothing  can  be  done  during  the  present  heavy  rains 
except  seeing  that  the  recentiy-pkuited  stuff  is  properly 
secured  from  the  effects  of  high  winds.  Commence  the 
propagation  of  plants,  which  require  time  to  get  esta- 
blished, as  early  as  cuttings  can  be  obtained.  Novelties 
should  be  planted  out,  to  see  how  far  they  are  adapted 
for  bedding  purposes,  wlien  this  cannot  well  be  ascer- 
tained by  keeping  them  in  pots.  1  need  scarcely  say 
that  notes  of  their  habits,  &c.,  should  be  made  during 
the  season,  as  data  for  next  season's  planting.  Follow 
up  the  mowing  and  cleaning  the  lawns  ;  and  let  every 
part  of  the  grounds  be  kept  iu  the  neatest  order. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Ranunculuses,  though  rather  late  this  season,  will, 
in  many  instances,  be  iu  bloom,  according  to  the  locality ; 
the  awning  should  be  put  over  them,  and,  sliould  the 
weather  set  in  very  hot,  the  paths  may  be  watered,  but 
they  have  had  so  much  wet  lately,  that  they  will  hardly 
require  any  more.  We  need  not  again  impress  on  the 
amateur  the  necessity  of  keeping  the  beds  free  from 
weeds,  and  destroying  the  insects  which  may  harbour 
about  them.  Tulips  on  the  offset  and  exposed  beds 
will  require  taking  up  at  an  earlier  period  than  those 
which  have  been  covered  ;  as  soon  as  the  foliage  begins 
to  change  they  should  be  taken  up,  choosing  a  dry 
day  for  the  operation.  They  should  be  stowed  away  in 
some  dry,  airy  place,  wiiere  mice  cannot  have  access  to 
them,  allowing  the  fibres  and  husk  or  skin  to  remain 
till  the  bulb  is  thoroughly  dry.  Auricul.y  and  Poly- 
anthus seed  must  be  attended  to  ;  as  soon  as  the  capsules 
turn  the  least  brown  they  should  be  gathered.  Pinks. 
— Take  care  that  the  pods  do  not  burst  ;  those  which 
have  had  ligatures  round  them  will  require  easing  and 
retying.  The  longest  Grass  may  bo  "piped,'"  the  plants 
will  then  put  out  an  abundant  stock  for  later  cuttings, 

HARDY  FRUtT  GARDEN, 

Those  gardens  near  London  whicli  we  have  visited 
the  present  week  appear  much  more  free  from  blight 
than  those  in  the  country.  Nothing  but  the  closest  per- 
severance will  keep  down  this  enemy  to  wall  trees. 
Glass  cases  and  orchard-houses  will  be  more  than  ever 
necessary  where  the  finer  fruits  are  grown. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

As  soon  as  a  crop  is  cleared  off  dig  up  the  ground, 
to  prepare  it  fur  the  succeeding  one,  la  cutting  the 
different  vegetables  clear  away  every  part  of  the  plant 
at  the  same  time,  that  the  crops  may  present  a  tidy 
appearance  at  all  times,  and  to  allow  no  harbour  for 
vermin.  Stick  advancing  crops  of  Peas  and  Runner 
Beans  ;  transplant  on  dry  borders  or  slopes  a  good 
stock  of  Parsley,  to  be  sheltered  in  the  winter  ;  and  fill 
in  tlie  vacant  spaces  at  the  foot  of  south  walls,  for  the 
chance  of  a  supply  of  this  vegetable  in  hard  weather. 
Continue  to  plant  out  different  crops  for  succession  as 
ground  becomes  vacant,  and  thin  out  the  proper  distance 
those  still  requiring  more  room. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


i 

Tbm 

FBHATUa*. 

June, 

"1 

C3 

or  the  Air. 

Uithe 

1  fool 
deep. 

Earih. 

2  leei 
deep. 

Wind. 

Max. 

Mio. 

Max. 

Uln. 

Ueao 

Fntiay.,   1) 

29.69S 

29  490 

ST 

40 

'I''.. 

54 

5-^ 

W 

Saiur.  .,    12 

29,733 

39.589 

61 

51.6 

SH 

N  VV. 

Sunday  .  13 

Jd 

2y.719 

29.476 

4S 

56.5 

63 

62 

w. 

Muiiaay    14 

3";  29.:i74 

29.214 

fT 

46 

66.5 

54 

b;{ 

W. 

Tuee.    ..   15 

'21  \  29.570 

•29.477 

67 

44 

55.6 

56 

64 

VV. 

Wed.    ..   16 

23    29.411 

29.;iS  1 

fiH 

40 

54  0 

b7 

51 

s.w. 

Thurn. ..  l? 

e 

29.490 

29-137 

67 

50     I   68.. 

.; 

55 

s. 

Average    . 

29.5S7 

29.4ri3 

64  5 

413 

54  4 

.=14  7 

S3  ."2 

U-OvercAst ;  bfavy  clouds;  c|pa' ;  cold  Mt  nlsht 

12— Overcast :  slidu  ebowir  ia  the  moniiug,  and  ia  afterooon. 

13  — Fine;  overnast .  rain  at  nixht. 

j4-Clou'iy;  Bhiwety;  beavy  clouil!. 

15  — Fine;  ehowery;  clear  a'  niebt:  rain. 

16— Ha'u;  bhowfry  ;  ovcrcaRt  at  ni(rht, 

17— Cloudy;  su  >BLine  occasionally  ;  Roe;  rain  at  night. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  6  dcy.  below  the  aveiage 


Suuday ' 
Mna  : 
Tues.  •: 
Wed.  : 
Tlnira_  ; 
Friday  '. 
Satur.    '. 


No,  of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Prevailio 

K  Winds 

ill 

<5^ 

m 

S3 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

2- 

1 

.1 

I    1 

2 

73.1 

5i.n 

6,'l 

10 

0.21  in. 

1 

71.9 

517 

63.3 

9 

O.fiS 

1 

3    3    2 

1  121  4 

7.1.5 

488 

61.3 

U 

0.69 

1  i:  1 

2-  9    S 

3 

73.7 

49.5 

r<1.6 

6 

0.<4 

1 

ll  3    1 

3    14 

a 

73.3 

50.3 

61  K 

9 

0  49 

3   4    1 

2    9    4 

2 

50  ft 

60  9 

It 

0/2 

I    I    6    2    4    71  -1 

72  8 

60.C 

Cl.7 

12 

lUO 

1 

2 

4    1 

2   S    7 

1 

Th"  hiirhent    ipmperature  duriU!;  thn  abo^e   penoil  occuTed   oa   the   19th 
and  22d,  ISlG-therm  93  deg. ;  and  the  loweal  on  th«  23d,  1351— therm,  36  deff. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

British  Plants  :  \V  T,  The  judges  were  wholly  wroo^,  accord- 
ing to  the  evideoce  you  have  furnished  We  place  the  groups 
without  hesitation  1,  2,  3.  There  is  n  ithin-j  in  your  collec- 
tions that  ought  to  have  been  objected  to,  unless  it  was 
Pilemonium.  But  the  judges  were  barred  from  entertaining 
th't  question,  in  consequence  of  the  Society  hivinir  acknow- 
leiiged  the  Catalogue  of  the  London  Bo'an  cal  Sjciaty  as 
the  authority  by  which  the  judges  were  to  he  bound. 

CoNiFEEs:  H.  The  question  has  been  considered  and  decided 
in  the  negative.  No  objection  would  be  made  to  any  gentle- 
man publishing  the  Ust  at  his  own  exppo-e. 

Dkied  GiiASSES  :  F  P.  Moore's  Irish  Graspen  will  probably 
answer  jour  purpose.  They  are  in  a  volume  published  in 
Dublin.  ShanUs's  machine  ia  the  one  generilly  employed, 
and  we  hear  it  extremely  well  spoken  of. 

6eape3  :  D  J.  Your  etaremen'^,  and  the  gp'^cimens  that  accom. 
pany  it,  le-id  to  the  inference  that  your  Grapes  have  been 
injured,  when  very  young  aud  tender,  by  a  current  of  cold 
air,  which  has  half  killed  the  skin  and  produc.d  ru3t.  We 
see  no  other  cause.  If  so,  you  had  betti;r  hin  out  as  many 
of  the  rusty  berries  as  you  can  spare,  and  the  evil  may  go  no 
further.     The  leaves  seem  very  healthy. 

Greenhouse  -.LSD.  Use  Hartley's  patent  rough  plate  for 
the  roof.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  it  is  too  dark.  Take 
the  smallest  boiler  you  can  procure,  and  mind  that  the 
expansion  cistern  Is  nmply  large. —  ]Voolion.  You  mafitcon6ne 
your  Vinery  to  fruit  and  vegetables  ;  in  addition,  have  a  pit 
cjnstructed  for  forced  vegetables,  required  when  the  Vinery 
is  at  rest.  At  that  time  employ  the  "Vmery  a-*  shelter  for  any 
plants  also  at  rest,  such  as  Azaleas,  C  imellas  itc.  Give  a 
little  beat  to  your  cold  frame,  if  you  can,  or  add  a  few  yards 
of  span-roofed  warm  pit,  for  bringing  forward  plants  wanted 
for  the  greenhouse,  Jic.  If  you  construct  your  hothouse,  use 
Hartley's  rouiih  plate  ;  but  the  plan  proposed  is  a  bad  one. 
The  plants  will  "'draw"  in  it.  Can't  you  put  it  on  the  east 
of  the  Vinery  ?  Although  the  ground  slopes,  it  may  be  level 
inside. 

Heating:  XX.  We  cannot  advise  you,  so  much  depends  oa 
circumstances.  If  you  are  certain  that  your  apparatus  will 
be  sUilfuUy  constructed  and  carefullv  m  ina:red,  we  should 
Bay  Polmaise  :  if  you  have  any  doubt  upon  that  point,  then 
we  say  the  other. — A  Clergyman.  There  is  no  reason  why 
your  kitchen  boiler  should  not  be  u^ed  in  the  way  proposed. 
The  dimensions  of  the  pit  are  immaterial  ;  say  8  feet  wide, 
and  as  long  as  it  suits  you  to  make  it.  Your  d  fficulty  will 
be  the  ventilation.— .4n  oJd  Sui).  The  plan  of  heating  as  em- 
ployed by  Mr.  Beck,  and  explained  in  our  volume  for  1351, 
p.  726,  appears  to  meet  your  case.  We  did  not  see  Parnell's 
Artificial  Climate  Producer,  nor  do  we  know  anything  of  it. 

Insects;  X  Y Z.  Tbe  wireworm  is  the  larva  or  caterpillar 
stHte  of  a  narrow  brown  beetle  (Elater  lineatua  or  sputator)  ; 
the  larva  of  thedaddy  long-legs  is  a  cylindrical  tjrub  without 
lews,  and  not  eg  tou«h  a  bjdy  as  thit  of  the  wireworm.  The 
best  mode  of  attacking  the  wireworm  is  to  mnne  lecoys  for 
them,  by  burying  slices  of  vegetables  in  the  ground  stuck  on 
sticks,  so  that  they  may  be  ea-^i'y  exainiued  every  other 
morning.  Soda-ash  or  a  crop  of  Hemp  mu-.t  be  but  a  partial 
remedy. — J  C  M.  Ihe  insects  found  iu  knotted  hunches  eating 
into  your  Strawberries  are  the  cylindrical  centipede  (Julus 
pulchellus).  We  know  no  better  remedy  than  that  given  in 
the  preceding  answer.  Damp  clods  <if  hay  will  also  attract 
them. — JO,  There  must  be  some  mistake  about  the  earwigs 
producing  young  from  the  segments  of  its  body.  It  is 
possible  the  supposed  young  were  parasitic  larvae  of  some 
species  of  lebneumonid.  The  youui;  earwigs  have  legs, 
and  are  very  like  their  parents. —  Dr.  M.,  Lonionderry. 
Your  Cherry  leaves  are  attacked  by  a  species  uf  aphis. 
Fumigation  with  tobacco,  or  syringing  with  tobacco-water, 
will  destroy  them,  —  G  O.  The  caterpillar  which  has 
attacked  your  Caulifl  >wers.  Broccoli,  &c.,  attacking  the  stem 
under-ground,  is  the  larva  of  some  of  the  radictvorous  species 
of  moths  belonging  to  the  family  Noctuidaa.  The  roots 
should  be  carefully  examined  a.A  soon  as  the  leaves  droop. 
The  Utile  white  mai'eo's  which  you  regard  as  its  young,  are, 
doubtless,  the  larvce  of  some  dipterous  Hy.    IF". 

Melons:  J  M,  Therecan  b)  little  doubt  ihat  excessivemoisture 
is  the  cause  of  the  miachief  of  which  you  complain.  Keep 
them  drier,  both  at  the  root  and  over-head,  and  we  expect 
you  will  not  be  troubled  with  a  recurrence  ot  the  evil,  J 

Names  of  Plants  :  Buhus.  Rubus  suberectus, — dyina  Emilp. 
Listeri  ovata ;  it  arrived  quite  tredh.  — C'o)iicaj/.  We  are 
oblitted  to  decline  naming  Cryptogamic  plants,  having  no 
relation  to  horticulture. — J  OldJikm.  You  were  answered 
last  week,  under  "  Anon,  with  two  corks."  The  plant  was 
certainly  not  a  Snowdrop,  but  what  we  6t:ited  it  to  be.^ 
64,  Brook-street.  Celsia  c  re  tic  a ;  the  seed  must  have  been 
sent  to  Australia  and  then  returned,  for  the  pi  mt  is  a  native 
of  the  Mediterranean. — C  A.  1,  Platanthera  hifolia ;  2,  Ce- 
phalan  hera  ensitoUa.  We  cannot  name  Crj  ptogamic  plants, 
having  no  relation  to  horticultme.— J  B.  The  Lombardy 
poplar  is  Populus  fHStigiata  ;  we  do  not  believe  that  the 
Black  Italian  is  distinct  from  the  Canadian  P.  monilifera. 
It  ii  certainly  not  an  Italian  plant.  The  "  S^ceolahium  " 
is  CleifOJtoma?  cr  issifolium. — J  H  if.  Rhinanihus  Criata- 
galli.— Jff,  Letoisham.  Probably  Araucaria  Cunuiaghami. — 
iSir  J  A.  Olit  iria  lematea. —  Caernarvon.  Trigonella  ornitho- 
podioides.  starved. — Hardy.  Lavandula  Staechae.— Consfaiit 
Jfcader.  1,  Agrostis  canina;  2,  Anthuxanihum  odoratum; 
3,  Aira  praecox. 

Pears  :  M  W.  We  apprehend  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
your  Pt-ars  have  been  frost-bitten,  although  the  symptoms 
are  only  now  appearing.  The  different  varieties  of  Fears 
have  very  diffureat  powers  of  resisting  cold. 
Plants  for  Wet  Places:  X  YZ.  Messrs.  Srandish  and  Noble, 
in  their  "Practical  Hints  on  Planilng,"  recommeod  the 
following,  to  which  we  have  added  the  live  last: — Chamae- 
cjparis  sphEeroideu,  Juuiperus  virginiana,  Pinus  rigida,  P. 
seiotina,  P.  Tada,  Taxodiuai  disLichum.  Thuja  occidentalis, 
Dirca  palustriH,  Viburnum  Opulus,  Cedar  of  Lebanon,  Myrica 
Gale,  and  M.  Caroliniana.  % 
Snakes  :  J  OUiham.  The  common  harmless  slowworm,  Anguis 

fragilis. 
St.ive  Plants:  BC.  Under  the  circumstances  you  mention, 
the  urtiuii  oa  the  lett  hand  side,  or  No    1,  would  be  the  best.j 
The  Truffle  :  A  Bantsman.  It  has  not  been  analysed  that  we 

kuow  of.  It  is  most  like  a  good  Mushroom  in  flavour. 
Misc  •  a  M.  Preonia  is  Latin,  Psony  is  Engliah.— a  0.  The 
FleurdeLisis  believed  to  be  Iris  florennna.  There  is  no 
book  at  present  on  the  flora  of  New  Holland  ;  bur,  we  believe 
Dr.  Hoi'ker  is  preparing  one.— If  T  B.  Your  Burdock  leaves 
are  attacl<ed  by  some  mining  insect.  The  pale  lines  are 
the  passage"  formed  by  the  grub,  which  you  will  readily  see 
if  yoQ  hold  the  leaf  up  against  the  hght. 


25—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


393 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURIST  S.— 
It  beiQ;^  ntt'irioai  that  exteasive  aiiiiltaraiions   of  this 
MANDRE  are  still  carried  OQ, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,   AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF   PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peravian  Gi>verDnient  ami 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  othera  who 

buy  to  be  care'uHy  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  puvchaRo  will 
of  course  be  the  he-^t  security,  aod,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONd  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  wliich  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS.  per  ton,  less  2^-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  mu^t  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  aduUerafed. 


•T^HE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

J-  foliofflng  Mdnures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  geoume:  — Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Iiime,  Nitrate  of  Sjda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P^at  Chircoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Sale  frjm  'Jornwill,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guauo,  warranted  the  genume  imporcaiion  of  Messrs. 
A.  GibOs  and  Sous,  at  91.103.  per  ton,  orforo  tons  and  upwards, 
9(.  53.  iu  Dock.  Edward  Poasea,  Sec. 

40,  New  SridjQ.itreot,  Blackfriars.   L  nido-i. 


MANURES. — The    following    Manures  are    manu 
fcctured  at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptrord  Greek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  tYilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  con-iain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia.  91.  105.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91,  os.  per 
con,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 

TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  iu  qualicy,  hut  in  bUf*erior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  3.)ci«ty'9  Journal,  Vol  YI.,  fart  2.  Ic  is  also 
suitable  tor  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Orill;  also  Peruvian 
G-nano,  Nicraie  of  Soda,  Gypsum.  Boutf-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
stad  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Ap^ily  to  Mark 
FoxaEHQELL,  20t,  Upper  Tnamis-strjet.  Loudon. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  WeaUh  of  To^vn  and  Cuunrry  by 
increaaing  the  use  of  that  valuable  man  ire  PEaC  CHAU- 
■COAL,  imiJFtfgnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ainmonia,  phosphaces,  and  liBces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bri^h'-,  p^latahle,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Cciarcoal  and  Sewige  Works,  Scauley-Dridge, 
Fnlbarn,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  2^.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANLMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i.  55.  per  ton  in  bulk. — Tnis  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneticial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Su^ar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferti  i:%iag  proper'Jes 
of  the  Carbon  h  ive  long  since  been  ackoo'vledgod  in  Ueninark, 
■where  ic  has  be-?n  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  :i6,Ui)0  tons  have  already  bedu  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  havio:^  no  occasion  lo  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  io  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  Commiision  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  c  ipies  of  the  testimonials  ot  its  u  imy  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane, 
London. 

Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SDPERPtfoSPdArE  OP  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  16  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  SulubU  Phospha-e  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furni:ihing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  An-ilysis  " 
is  made  b,  Professor  J.  fHoiiAfl  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Sooiery.  The  price,  ui  Load.m,  uf  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  oa 
London. 


FOSSIL  BONES  AND  PSEUDO-COPROLITES. 
(FEoa  Tae  sdff  »lk  caAO.) 

EDWARD  PACKARD  and  CO.,  of  Ipswich,  having 
erected  very  powerful  Machinery  for  the  pur^oseof  reduc- 
ing these  Pnosphatic  Nodules  to  a  line  Powder,  and  beiui'  in 
the  immediate  I  -cality  of  where  they  are  found,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  supply  them  on  the  most  economical  terms,  in  ;iny 
?niatlty,  either  Ground,  Whole,  or  Dis-olved  in  Acid.  They 
oral  the  cheapest  -lource  of  Phosph  tte  of  Lime  in  the  market 
and  are  uecu'iarlyoliifible  for  manufacturing  Superphosphate 
of  Lime  iQ  cmjunctlon  with  Bone. 

Price*  and  every  information  connected  with  their  use  for- 
warded on  luplication  to  EowkBD  Packabd  and  Co.,  Artificial 
Manure  M  inufacturers,  Ipswich,  Sufl.>lk. 

MANURE  DEPOT.-PEAT  CHARCOAL. 
TO  Farm'':ih,  aghicdlturish,  and  otiirrs. 

GH.  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea  Bridge, 
*  Midd  e-e«,  Ai<ent  to  the  Irinh  Am*;lloratlon  Society  fur 
the  ia'e  of  the  ab-tve.  All  net^dful  particulars  will  be  given 
on  apphcati  -n  at  the  above  addrexs. 

Price  "t  the  unmixed  Charcoal.  5ji.  per  ton,  Backs  included  ; 
mixed  with  N'gbtnoTl.  60*.  pur  ton,  <iacka  inclu  led  ;  mtxt-d  with 
C'rine,  70(.  per  ton,  sucbH  Includi^d.  Curriuge  to  any  of  the 
WharU  or  Hiilway  HtallonB,  from  y«.  Od.  to  5j,  pur  ton  extra 
accordini(  U>  di*'ance. 

HOSE  port  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  OA'tljRS  PtntPOii;-*,  in.uU  of  Canvas,  lined  ai.d 
coated  wif]  Giiiti  P.-rch  i.  it  In  fxcl'inlvely  imcd  by  .iifricul- 
turliU,  and  at  the  ''I'lVernmflnt  f'tihllc  W(»rk»i,  giving  grciit 
MtUfac^loM.  Aldo,  KVSK'S  FOftCK  and  SUCTION  I'U^P 
Which  U  thn  moDt  Mlmplo  and  complete  ;  It  will  throw  40  gaU 
too*  per  roltju'e  40  f«";t  high,  «nd  It  U  i.ot  at  all  liable  lo  got 
Out  of  ord^r.     Pric*-  Ptl  ;  on  whceld  und  B'und,  71.  7b. 

Bnft<]f,ii  a<i  I  K^r,  103,  Niwga'e-*tr(!et,  Loiirlnn. 


BEE  HlVbiS.  —  A  Nli:W  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SEI.EUTIOM  OF  THE  MOST  APPflOVEO  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawinij-i  and  Prices,  sent  'm  receipt 
o''  Ttvo  Stamps.  GEOllGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  l.*?.  High 
Holborn,  London. 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight-IHar 
tlive,  and  Messrs.  Noighbour  and  Son'i  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  MfSsrs.  Neighbour."-./.  3.  Payne. 
(See  tne  "  Cottaije  Gardener,"  Nos.  109^  170). 
Agents. —  Liverpool:  VVm,  Drury,  Castle-Btreet.  Manchester; 
Hall  aud  Wilson,  50,  KioLr-street,  Glasgow  ;  Austin  and 
McAslan,  163,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-streot. 


TRON  HURDLES,  STRAINED   WIRE  FEiNCiNO, 

I-  GAME-PROOF  NETTING,  and  other  manufactures  in 
wrought  and  rast-iron  and  wire  work,  at  very  low  prices  Foa 
Cash.  Price  of  Iiou  Hurdles,  with  6  bars,  fi  feet  long  by 
3  feet  fi  inches  hitrh,  bavinif  double  phonqs  addiiional  for 
fixing  in  the  ground,  3s.  ll^d.  each.  Estimates,  Drawings, 
die,  on  application. —  William  Dddds  and  <Jo.,  102,  Leaden, 
hall-street,  London,  Agents  for  the  sale  of  Alex.  Shanks  and 
Son's  Improved  Grass  Cutting  and  RoUiug  Machines. 

ALSO 

ARTIFICIAL  MANURES  of  superior  quality,  at  the  follow- 
insj  very  low  rates  : — Superphosph^ite  of  Lime,  6f.  2^.  Gd.  per 
ton  ;  Patent  Manure,  51.  5s.  per  ton  ;  highly-concentrated  faecal 
Manure,  3L  10s.  per  ton  ;  Turnip  Manure,  it.  Ids.  per  ton.  from 
3  to  4  cwt.  per  acre,  amply  sufficient.  Gatta  pen-ha,  coated  and 
lined  canvas  hose  for  liquid  manure  and  farm  purposes. 
Apply  as  above. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  (hus  ;— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  thepath 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  niistureadd  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  beture  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  ctn  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyimd 
the  epade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  (he  aides.  — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
and  Sons,  MiUhank-s'reet.  Westminsher. 


/BATTLE    SHOW    of    the    ROYAL    AGRICUL- 

V^    TDKAL  IMPROYGMENT  SOCIETY  of  IRELAND. 

The  ANNUAL  ME  E  TING  and  NATION  AL  CATTLE  S40W 
of  thi'i  SOCIETY  will  take  place  this  year  in  GALWAY,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  the  18th  of  AUGUST,  and  following  days,  on 
which  occasi.m  O^E  THOUSA>^D  POUNDS  a. id  upwards 
(includimr  the  C  H  ALLENG  E  COP  and  M  R  U  A  LS  of  'he  Society), 
will  be  oiFdred  in  Premiums  for  Cattle,  Horses,  Sheep,  Swine, 
Poultry,  Dairy  Produce,  Flax,  aud  Agricultural  Implements, 
the  particulars  of  which,  together  with  Prize  Sheets  and  Blank 
Forms  of  Entry,  can  oe  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary, 
in  Dublin,  or  the  Local  Secretaries,  Gal  way,  namely,  Richaed 
A.  KiRWAN,  and  Editond  0'FLAHF.aTY,  Esqs. 

Mood'ty.  the  26ih  of  July,  will  be  the  last  day  for  lodging 
notices  of  Entry  for  the  Shofv,  after  which  day  none  can  be 
received. 

Implements  will  be  received  in  the  Show  Yard  on  Saturday, 
the  Uth,  and  Monday,  the  16th  August,  eo  as  to  eoable  the 
Judges  to  commmce  theiriiispection  on  Tuesday  morning  early. 

All  Stock  and  other  ai  ticies,  except  Horses,  must  be  in  Show 
Yard  before  6  o'clock  on  Tuesday  evening,  tlie  17th  August, 
when  the  gates  will  be  closed. 

Hordes  and  Mares  will  be  admitted  only  between  the  hours 
of  7  and  8  o'clock  on  Wednesd-iy  morning. 

Arrangements  are  in  progress  for  the  conveyance  to  Galway 
of  Stock  and  Implements,  duly  entered  for  Exhibition,  by 
steam-boats  and  railways,  the  particulars  of  which  arrange- 
ments will  be  Communicated  on  application. 

All  imendmg  Exhibitors  wishing  to  see  the  List  of  Premiums 
to  be  awarded,  will  please  apply  or  write  to  the  Secretary  here, 
or  to  the  Local  Secretaries  at  Galway,  wlio  will  forward  the 
Premium  Sheet  as  required. 

Signed  by  Order.  Thomas  Haheness,  Sec. 

Sncie^v's  Room-,  41,  Unp-r  S^ickville-sfreBt.  OnoMn. 


M'CORMICK'S    AMERICAN    REAPER. 
T>UUC;p:SS  a.^d   key,  AgentH,  103,  N«wgatc-streot, 

-*-*  London.  — Extract  from  Mr,  l'\iH-y'n  K<'p  .rt  on  the  AgrI 
ealtufil  Impl-m  nt  DopJir-ment,  'Jn-at  Kxliibitjon,  — '*  Mr 
M'f^iEHiCK'tt  fUaper,  In  thli  trial,  worked  nn  it  han  olnci- 
trorkr^l  4  Cir<>ncM<i'fir  CoHugQ,  and  «l->'W'H!r»',  to  the  admin 
H«n  of  pr«ciicai  firmom,  an  1  thortjforo  rccwivod  a  Council 
U'dkl.  Mr.  Un-nof'n  ■omo'lrnei  bi-cimfl  clogged,  im  In  th< 
f«rm«f  tHal  a-  T-p'ren,  «nd  th-re(oro  could  not  j/onlbly  obtain 
that  dU  tine  Hod.  "—Price  of  Reaper,  2fi(. 


ROYAL      AGRICULTURAL       COLLEaE, 
CIRENCESTER. 
PiTttON-His  Ri.yal  Highness  PRINCE  ALBERT. 
PflESlDENT  OF  CoDNCiL— Earl  BATHURST. 

VicE-pHESiDENT—Earl    DUCIE. 
Pbincipal— Rev.  J.  S.  HAYaARTH,  M.A. 
PaoFESSOBS,  tfcc. 
Chemistrp-J.  A.    C.  Yoeicker,  Ph.D.,  F.C  S. 
Oeoi.ogy.  Zoology,  and  Botany— J 3.tuea  Buckman,  F.G.S.,  F.L.S. 
Veterinary  Afedicine  and  Surgery— G.  T.  Hrowo,  M.R.C  Y.S. 
Sui'veyiiig,   Civil  Engineering,    and   Jilaihetnalics—W.   Sowerby, 

A.I.C.E. 
AfanagerofFarm—'R.  VaMentine. 
AssiUantto  Chemical  Professor— h.  WiUianoP,  M.R.C. S. 

The  NtXr  SESSION  will  begin  on  Monday,  August  9th. 
Students  are  admitted  either  as  Boarders  or  as  Out-Students. 
The  annual  fees  fir  Bo  irdera  vary  from  45  to  8!)  guineas, 
according  to  age  and  other  circumstances.  The  fee  for  Out- 
StudentH  ii  401.  per  annum.  The  College  Course  of  Lecures 
and  Practical  Instruction  is  complete  in  one  twelvemonth — 
though  for  younger  students  a  longer  time  is  recommtinded. 
There  is  a  department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural 
education. 

PronpectusGs  and  information  can  be  had  on  application  to 
the  principal. 

Cirencester,  June  15,  1852. 


Cite  Agricultural  (Sajette^ 

SATURDAY,  JUNE  10,  1852. 

MEETINOS  FOK  THE  TWO  FOLLOWINQ  WEEKS. 
WED^.HnAT.   June   211 -Agricultural  Saclcty  of  Eni;lan'l. 
TuifasoAV,  —      2'1—AKrlcuUufftl  Imp.  ^oc.iif  Ireland. 

Wan.iKfEAT,      —     30— Atfricutfural  Society  of  England, 
TuuunuAi,       July      1  —  A<ricul<ural  Imp.  Soc.  of  Ireland. 


It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Captain  WF.NTwon™ 
BuLLEii  should  not  have  made  himself  acquainted 
with  some  of  the  facts  belonging  to  the  territorial 
limits  of  Peru  before  he  induced  so  many  gentle- 
men to  follow  him  into  the  presence  of  Lord 
Ukiuiy,  for  the  purpose  of  persuading  the  liritish 
Government  to  dispute  the  unquestionahlo  rights 
of  that  country.  The  object  was  to  force  the 
Peruvian  fiovernment  to  sell  Ouano,  the  only 
valuable  article  they  possess,  upon  such  terms 
as  lOiiglish  buyers  may,  in  their  liber.ality,  bo 
willing  to  p.ay.  The  gallant  Captain  thought  that 
there  were  circumslanccs  w/tieh  placed  Peru  at  the  I 


MERCY  OF  ouii  Government  ;  and  therefore  he  recom- 
mended Lord  Derby  to  adopt  measures  which  might 
deprive  Peruvian  bondholders  of  every  .shilling  of 
dividend,  and  the  Peruvian  Government  of  the  best 
part  of  their  revenue.  Mr.  Hildvard,  as  a  lawi/cr, 
was  satisfied  that  no  right  or  title  had  been  esta- 
blished by  Peru  to  certain  islands  called  the  Lobos, 
on  which  guano  was  deposited  in  abundance  •  we 
presume  tliat  he  meant  to  add,  that  therefore  we 
ought  to  lay  hold  of  the  islands  in  question  for  our- 
selves. Let  us  say,  however,  that  no  others  of  the 
deputation  urged  upon  the  Premier  such  an  argu- 
ment. Mr.  Hudson,  of  Castleacre,  most  truly  said 
that  guano  was  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the 
farmer,  of  far  more  importance  than  a  duty  on  corn; 
and  the  Dukes  of  Buccleuch  and  Kichmond  con- 
firmed this  statement,  but  neither  they  nor  any  one 
else,  except  Captain  Buller  and  Mr.  Hildyard, 
suggested  that  the  English  Government  should 
employ  force  to  procure  it.  It  is  of  the  more 
importance  that  this  should  be  distinctly  stated, 
when  we  find  such  men  as  Mr.  Robert  Clive, 
Sir  Jami^s  Graham,  Sir  John  Shelley,  Sir  Charles 
Lemon,  Sir  Robert  Price,  and  Professor  Way 
among  the  gentlemen  who  joined  Captain  Boller 
in  the  deputation  that  waited  on  the  Premier. 

And  what  could  Lord  Derby  say,  except  that 
"  the  legal  right  of  the  Peruvian  Government  over 
the  Lobos  Islands  had  been  finally  settled  by  the 
opinions  of  former  law  officers  of  the  Crown,  fully 
confirmed  by  the  present.  So  far  back  as  1834  the 
question  was  raised  with  respect  to  the  seal  fishing, 
and  was  referred  to  the  late  Sir  Herbert  Jenner, 
who  gave  the  strongest  opinion  that  these  islands 
properly  belonged  to  Peru,  which  for  an  unlimited 
period  of  time  had  exercised  sovereignty  and  juris- 
diction over  them.  The  opinion  further'stated  that 
the  Peruvian  Government  had  full  right  to  prevent 
any  seal  fishing  close  to  those  islands.  That  opinion 
of  course  applied  to  the  guano  question,  and  there- 
fore he  must  deal  with  the  question  on  the  assump- 
tion that  the  Peruvian  Government  had  absolute 
sovereignty." 

Of  course  Lord  Derby  added  that  he  should  most 
gladly  profit  by  any  opportunity  which  might  occur 
of  persuading  the  Peruvian  Government  to  sell  their 
guano  cheaper,  and  that  he  would  cause  it  to  be 
impressed  with  the  advantages  that  would  result 
from  a  largely  increased  demand  ;  but  the  Peruvians 
"  knew  the  value  of  guano  as  well  as  we  did,  and 
they  knew  that  the  consumption  was  increasing, 
notwithstanding  the  increase  in  price.  It  had  been 
suggested  that  it  should  be  represented  to  them  that 
the  consumption  was  falling  off,  but  our  agent  in 
Lima  said  that  he  could  not  have  the  face  to  make 
such  a  statement  with  the  returns  in  the  possession 
of  the  Peruvian  Government.  By  these  returns  it 
appeared  that  in  1848-49  the  consumption  was 
68,000  tons,  1849  50  77,000  tons,  and  1850-51 
91,645  tons.  As  long  as  it  got  on  at  that  rate  it  was 
vain  to  hope  anything  from  the  Peruvian  Govern- 
ment on  the  score  of  the  decline  of  consumption." 

Nothing  can  be  truer  than  this  ;  unfortunately  it 
is  too  true  ;  and,  as  we  have  before  stated,  there  is 
a  very  serious  danger  that  the  Peruvian  Government, 
finding  from  such  repeated  incautious  representations 
that  their  guano  is  indispensable  to  this  country, 
may  raise  the  price.  And  who  could  blame  them  ? 
Do  not  Captain  Buller  and  his  friend  Mr.  Hild- 
yard get  the  very  highest  price  for  their  Wheat  that 
can  be  squeezed  out  of  the  millers  ?  Do  not  people 
clamour  for  Government  interposition,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  enabled  to  obtain  even  higher  prices 
than  the  best  which  the  natural  market  will  bear  ? 
and  yet  the  Peruvians  are  blamed  for  acting  just  as 
we  should  act  ourselves  had  we  the  opportunity. 
Men  call  upon  the  first  minister  of  the  Crown 
to  help  them  to  steal  the  guano,  which  they 
want ;  for  that  is  the  plain  English  of  their  demand. 
They  say,  "  the  Peruvians  are  weak,  we  are  strong ; 
let  us  then  go  up  against  them  with  our  ships  of 
war,  and  help  ourselves  to  what  we  want,  for  are 
they  not  at  our  mercy,  and  may  we  not  do  as  we 
please  1  What  care  we  for  their  creditors,  to  pay 
whom  they  sell  this  guano  ?  They  may  be  our  own 
countrymen,  but  what  are  they  to  us  "i  It  is  very 
well  to  talk  of  the  interests  of  bondholders,  but  are 
farmers  and  shipowners  to  be  sacrificed  to  them  '(" 
We  wonder  the  gallant  captain  did  not  recollect 
that  the  bondholders,  with  whonr  lies  the  right, 
might  inquire  whether  they  are  to  he  sacrificed  to 
farmers  and  shipowners  who  have  none. 

We  must  say  that  Captain  Duller  stands  in  an 
unfortunate  position  in  this  business  ;  for  that  the 
effect  of  his  representations  to  Lord  Derby  was  such 
as  we  have  stated,  no  person  can  deny.  At  the  s.ame 
lime  we  acipiit  him  of  everything,  except  a  want 
of  knowledge  of  the  subject  of  which  he  was  the 
exponent.  The  gallant  officer  bears  a  noble 
character  for  honour  and  high  principle,  which  we 
should  be  the  last  to  challenge  ;  but  we  must  bo 


394 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[June  19, 


permitted  to  say  that  he  was  bound  to;  make  himself 
acquainted  with  facts  before  he  misled  others  into 
joining  him  in  the  bootless  errand  upon  which  he 
went.  The  most  ordinary  inquiry  among  Peruvian 
merchants,  or  even  an  application  to  the  Foreign- 
office,  would  have  informed  him  of  the  following 
notorious  facts  : — 

There  is  not  a  man  in  any  Peruvian  port  that  does 
not  as  well  know  that  the  Lobos  Islands  belong  to 
Peru,  as  we  know  that  the  Isle  of  Wight  is  ours. 
This  is,  indeed,  admitted  by  the  English  admiral  on 
the  station,  as  was  clearly  announced  a  short  time 
since  by  Lord  Stanley  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  and  formal  notice  of  it  has  also  been  given 
in  the  most  public  manner,  by  the  Peruvian 
Minister,  in  this  country.  There  is  a  printed 
Spanish  book,  called  "A  Geographico-historical 
History  of  the  Western  Indies,  or  America," 
written  by  Colonel  Antonio  de  Alcedo,  a  captain 
in  the  Royal  Spanish  Guards,  and  published 
at  Madrid  in  1787,  a  work  recognised  by  all 
geographers  as  one  of  the  highest  authority ; 
among  the  Spanish  possessions  is  expressly  men- 
tioned (Vol.  II.,  p.  599)  "the  Lobos  island  in  the 
province  and  corregimiento  of  Sana,  called  Barlo- 
vento  (windward),  in  order  to  distinguish  it  from 
another  island  of  the  same  province  called  Sotovento 
(leeward),  lying  off  Aguija  (or  Ahuja)  point ;"  and 
the  same  author  (at  Vol.  IV.,  pp.  171  to  173), 
enumerates  among  the  barbarian  nations  and 
principal  places  of  Peru  the  same  Lobos  islands. 
The  territorial  rights  of  Spain  became  those  of  Peru 
when  that  Republic  took  its  place  among  nations. 

The  question  raised  in  1834,  and  to  which  Lord 
Djsrby  referred,  was  this.  The  British  Minister  at 
Lima,  Col.  Belford  Wilson,  differed  with  Lord  James 
TowNsiiF.ND,  the  Admiral  on  the  station,  as  to  the 
light  of  the  Peruvian  Government  to  prevent  all 
nations  from  sealing  at  the  Lobos.  The  papers 
relating  to  the  question  were  sent  home,  and  laid 
before  the  legal  advisers  of  the  Crown.  The  result 
was  that  Lord  Palmerston  decided  that  the" Peruvian 
Government  had  an  indisputable  right  to  deal  With 
these  islands  as  it  thought  fit.  This  occurred  full 
eight  years  before  the.  first  cargo  of  guano  arrived  in 
Ed  gland. 

But  the  title  of  Peru  to  the.  guano  islands  in 
question  would  not  be  the  less  incontestible,  had  no 
such  recognition  been  made  by  Lord  Palmerston  ; 
for,  exclusive  of  the  rights  of  sovereignty  constantly 
exercised  by  Peru  over  these  islands,  of  which 
some  examples  have  been  afforded  by  one  of  our 
correspondents  well  acquainted  with  the  coast 
(see  p.  346),  there  is  the  following  other  fact. 
These  Lobos  guano  islands  lie  off'  the  port  of 
Lambayeque,  where  there  is  a  custom  house ;  and. for 
years  past  no  persons  have  been  suffered  to  visit  the 
islands  without  first  taking  out  a  permit  from  that 
custom  house. 

These  are  facts  that  admit  of  no  question  ;  and 
yet,  in  the  face  of  them,  gentlemen  insist  upon  the 
propriety  of  obtaining  by  force  a  valuable  com- 
modity which  is  as  much  the  property  of  Peru  as 
our  Cornish  tin  mines  are  of  England.  Mr.  Hild- 
YARD  says  that  the  Peruvian  Government  has  no 
title  to  the  islands,  they  being  "  uninhabited,  and 
their  products  not  the  result  of  human  industry." 
So  that  if  one  of  the  Shetlands  was  to  become 
uninhabited,  and  a  gold  mine  were  to  be  found  in 
it,  that  island  would,  according  to  this  docLrinej  not 
belong  to  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain. 

The  Times  talks  of  "booty."  The  Daily  News ^ 
in  order  to  escape  from  the  consequences  ot  having 
misled  the  public,  pretends  that  there  are  many 
Lobos  islands,  and  that  those  in  question  were  first 
laid  down  by  Capt.  Fitzroy,  in  the  voyage  of  the 
Beagle;  whereas  the  very;  precise  declaration  of 
Alcedo  that  his  Lobos  Liid  off  Aguija  point,  leaves 
no  doubt  whatever  that  the  guano  islands  now  occu- 
pying attention  are  what  he  meant,  and  no  others. 
The  same  journal  blames  Lord  Derby  for  "opening 
the  juggling  chapter  of  national  title,'*  a  phrase 
which  sufficiently  shows  in  what  spirit  the  question 
is  treated  in  its  columns.  As  to  \hQ  Economist^  \t 
seems  to  imagine  that  the  Lobos  are  newly 
discovered  or  rediscovered,  is  wholly  in  the  dark 
as  to  every  fact  relating  to  them,  and  reasons 
accordingly ;  while  the  shipowners  of  Dundee 
think  that  possession  of  the  islands  should  be  taken 
for  the  British  Crown,  or  that  atall  events  the  Peruvian 
Government  should  be  compelled  to  allow  guano  to 
be  carried  off  by  everybody  who  chooses  to  fetch  it. 
Comment  upon  such  piratical  propositions  is 
!  nperfiuous. 

We  should  rejoice,  as  much  as  anyone  at  finding 
that  guano  was  reduced  in  price  ;  for  none  can  know 
better  than  we  do  how  great  its  value,  as  ought 
indeed  lo  be  evident  from  the  steps  we  have  been 
taking  with  respect  to  the  trade  in  it.  But  con- 
sidering the  extraordinary  doctrines  promulgated 
by  a  part  of  the  press,  and  the  language  held  by 


gentlemen  uninformed  of  the  facts  of  the  case,  we 
are  bound  not  to  shrink  from  the  public  duty  of 
attempting,  by  such  humble  means  as  we  possess, 
to  put  an  end*  to  the  delusion  under  which  so  many 
agriculturists  are  labouring.  We  are  bound  as  honest 
men  to  oppose  an  aimless  or  discreditable  agitation, 
which  raises  expectations  that  cannot  be  fulfille.d, 
and  exposes  the  Government  to  the  imputation 
of  neglecting  important  interests,  which  it  is  impos- 
sible for  it  to -assist,  without  an  infraction  of  the 
laws  of  nations. 


NOTES    OF   A   RECENT   TOUR 

THROUGH  GLOUCESTERSHIRE   AND    NORTH 

WILTSHIRE.— (No.  I.) 

Genial  showers  were  falling  when  I  reached  the 
railway  station  at  Cirencester.  Under  the  protection  of 
an  umbrella,  I  trudged  off  to  the  Royal  Agricultural 
College  by  a  road  which  was  then  in  the  pomatum  state, 
so  frequently  alternating  in  Gloucestershire  with  that  of 
powder.  I  was  soon  within  the  precincts  of  the  college, 
which,  with  its  (south)  front  of  nearly  200  feet  and 
handsome  chapel,  has  a  very  noble  aspect — quite  in 
keeping  with  the  important  designs  for  which  it  was 
instituted  a  few  years  ago. 

Having  naid  my  compliments  to  the  Rev.  S.  S. 
Haygarth,  the  principal,  I  was  conducted  through  the 
lectm-e-rooms,  museum,  laboratories,  private  study- 
rooms,  and  ranges  of  dormitories  for  200  students,  which, 
with  the  apartments  of  the  resident  professor.^,  and  the 
galleries  into  which  all  these  apartments  open  (on  the 
upper  fl6or),  occupy  much  space  ;  and,  in  their  excellence 
of  arrangement,  exceeded  all  the  preconceived  notions  I 
had  formed  from  what  I  had  seen  or  read  of  continental 
agricultural  colleges.  The  rates  of  payment,  however, 
being  much  higher  at  the  Cirencester  seminary  than  in 
the  foreign  ones,  superior  comt'ortg  aud  advantages  are 
necessarily  to  be  expected  by  the  students.  The  senior 
ones,  from  16  to  18  years  of  age,  pay  70  guineas,  and 
those  above  that  age,  80  guineas  per  annum.  This  class 
of  students  have  the  privilege  of  occupying  separate 
sleeping-rooms  and  a  half  share  of  a  private  study. 
Pupils  are  received  also  into  a  boarding-house  in  the 
adjacent  town  of  Cirencester,under  the  care  of  a  resident 
master,  at  the  latter  rate  ;  and  pupils  under  14  years  of 
age"pay  45  guineas ;  and  tliose  from  14  to  16,  55  guineas. 
No  private  farmer  of  eminence  in  this  country  is  dis- 
posed to  take  a  pu  il  into  his  family  under  100^,  a  year, 
at  the  least,  and  in  many  instances  much  higher  sums 
have  been  paid  for  fewer  advantages  ;  for  where  is  the 
practical  tenant-farmer  who  can  provide  the  scientific 
instruction  which  a  seminary,  with  its  staff  of  professors 
of  all  the  branches  of  science  connected  with  agriculture, 
maintains  %  At  the  Cirencester  College  I  found  many 
young  gentlemen  employed  in  ciiemical  operations  in  tiie 
large  and  well  supplied  laboratory,  wliich  is  under  the 
management  of  Professor  Voelcker,  and  the  alterna- 
tions of  class  lectures,  of  practical  employment  in  the 
chemical  laboratory,  geology,  botany,  and  surveying, 
iScc,  in  the  fields,  with  practical  instruction  in  the  routine 
of  husbandry,  fill  up  tlie  time  of  young  men  disposed  to 
make  the  most  of  their  opportunities.  Sessional  examina- 
tions are  held,-a.nd  questions-are  -pr-oposed  in  carefully- 
prepared  papers,  which  test  tlie  knowledge  of  the 
students  in  the  various  subjects  iu  which  they  have  been 
instructed.  Forex:imple — "Describe  a  plon^^h,  with  its 
various  parts  aud  uses."  "State  thedifFerence  in  principle 
between  the  plough  infuse  on  the  college  farm  aud  the 
swing  plough."  This  involves  all  the  mechanical  princi- 
ples on  which  a  plough  is  constructed,  and  its  triple  atjtion. 
Again— "  What  are  the  two  objects  of  subsoiling  ?" 
What  a  wide  field  does  not  this  opfen  to  the  respondent  ? 
Other  questions  of  detail  in  practical  points,  and  not 
involving  abstract  science,  are  copiously  propounded ; 
such  as  "  What  is  the  avera2;e  weij^ht  per  bushel  of 
Wheat,  Barley,' Oats,  Beans,  Peas,  Vetches,  Turnips?" 
Nor  are  the  advantages  of  the  establishment  conlined 
to  those  only  who  can  afford  to  board  in  it.  Out-of- 
door  students  are  privileged,  at  40/.  each,  to  attend 
the  lectures  and  the  farm  operations.  The  number  of 
students  is  steadily  increasing,  and  there  is  no  ground 
for  supposing  that  this  will  not  be  henceforth  a  self- 
supporting  institution,  as  it  ought  to  be  with  such  liher.al 
payments  from  the  pupils,  and  such  excellent  land 
attached  to  it. 

Though  possessing  a  royal  charter,  it  is  altogether 
independent  of  aid  fi*om  the  public  purse  ;  and,  when 
extrinsic  assistance  has  been  requu'ed  for  its  extension 
or  maintenance,  this  has  been  entirely  supplied  by  the 
shareholders  and  promoters  of  the  establishment.  The 
farm  contains  700  acres,  including  roads  and  the  sites 
of  the  buildings.  The  rent  amounts  to  995/.,  and  the 
taxes  to  175^.     The  labour  averages  12/.  a  week. 

The  soil  (oolite)  is  very  fertile,  and  sufficiently  raried 
in  quality  to  admit  of  different  modes  of  treatment. 
Mr.  Valieutine,  the  farm-manager,  with  whom  I  con- 
versed for  a  short  time  only,  obligingly  gave  me  a  map 
of  the  farm,  which,  though  it  appears  on  paper  exceed- 
ingly irregular  as  to  the  field  divisions,  does  not  present 
on  tlie  actual  survey  of  the  land  any  striking  deformities. 
The  outlines  are  so  completely  oat  of  regular  mathe- 
matical shape  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  divide  the 
area  into  large  rectangular  figures.  Almost  every  con- 
ceivable form  of  field,  excepting  the  circular  or  semi- 
circular, is  traced  on  the  map,  and  the  divisions  on  it 
are  very  numerous.  The  manager  gets  his  sheep  stock 
over  three-fourths  of  the  land  every  year,  and  finds 
more  profit  on  mutton  than  on  beef ;  he  sells  straw  and 


buys  artificial  maimres,  aud,  as  he  has  nearly  300  acres 
of  corn,  the  amount  of  straw  must  be  very  considerable. 
He  departa  from  tlie  modern  system  so  far  as  to  take 
two  white  crops  (Wheat  and  Barley  or  Oats),  on  oue- 
half  of  the  laud  which  had  been  previously  under  root 
crops  ;  the  other  half  is  sown  with  Barley  and  Clover 
in  the  usual  manner.  Where  the  Wheat  is  followed  by 
'Barley,  a  root  crop  succeeds  ;  aud^aiterwards  Barleyrop 
Oats  with  Clover.* 

There  are  nearly  80  aci'es  of  Sainfoin  on  this  farm, 
and  60  acres  of  permanent  pasturage.  The  number  of 
horses  is  only  13, 

The  amount  of  stock  is  taken  everyTyear;  and  the 
college  establishment  and  farm  are  [.kept  so  perfectly 
distinct  that  the  accounts  of  each  can  be  accurately 
balanced,  without  that  rather  arbitrary  and  capricious 
giving  and  taking  of  credit  which  an  individual  farmer 
is  likely  to  pursue  when  calculating  the  items  of  farm 
produce  consumed  in  his  domestic  economy.  A  man 
anxious  to  make  it  appeari^to  his  own  delusion,  that  his 
farm  produces  more  than  it  really  does  in  point  of  market 
value,  debits  his  housekeeping,  &c.,  too  heavily  for  the 
bread,  meat,  Oats,  hay,  &c.,  consumed  ;  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  if  ho  wants  to  show  a  falling  scale  as  to  his  farm 
produce,  he-  debits  his  domestic  expenses  too  lightly. 

Mr.  Vallentine,  therefore,  sells  his  corn  and^heep-in 
the  market  to  the  highest  purchaser  ;  and  the  superin- 


tendent of  the  college  buys  his  meat,  fi our,  &c.,  there  V 
from  the  cheapest  vendor.  Thus  the  farm  presents  th&  ^ 
accurate  arrangements  of  a  commercial  concern.  D. 


CHICORY. 
Chicory  will  turn  out  to  be  one  of:  the  most  important 
aa;ricultural  as  well  as  horticultural  roots' that,  perhaps. 
Nature  has  ever  given  us  ;  overy  part  of  it  is  of  great 
value — top  and  bottom,  blanched  as  salads,  green  for 
cattle,  sheep,  and  lambs,  roots  for  cattle  as  well  as  for 
coffee,  &c.  I  do  hope  that  immediate  attention  will  be 
given  it  this  season.  Every  seed-merchant  of  London 
possesses  the  seed  of  it,  and  it  is  exceedingly  cheap.  I 
liave  no  doubt  that  if  Chicory  was  largely  grown  by  tlie 
cattle  and  sheep  farmers,  that  much  less  disease  would 
prevail,  and  more  milk  and  butter  would  be  produced,  and 
more  healthy  meat,  as  it  is  so  fine  a  bitter  and  purifier 
of  the  blood  ;  and  we  are  well  aware  that  this  root  is 
largely  grown  in  Yorkshire,  to  mix  with  coffee  ;  and,  as 
Mr.  Booth  says,  our  fault  is,  that  by  trying  to  get 
a  large  crop  we  injure  the  flavour.  That  may  be  so  in 
part  ;  but  have  we  got  the  climate  to  elaborate  the  sap  ? 
Considering  that  Chicory  will  become  of  immense  import- 
ance to  every  country,  I  have,  through  the  kindness  of 
a  rxermau  merchant,  at  present  residing  in  London, 
obtained  answers  to  questions  put  by  me,  and  with  much 
frankness,  and  from  the  very  centre  cf  Germany.  Tastes 
differ  ;  for  the  Germans  do  not  use  it  as  a  salad, 
although  it  is  so  used  over  nearly  all  the  continent  of 
Europe.  James  Oathill,  Cainberwdl, 

1.  It  thrives  in  all  soils  that  will  grow  Carrots  ;  and 
prefers  rich  loose  land  to  heavy  binding  ditto. 

2.  It  exhausts  the  soil  a  little  more  than  Carrots  do. 

3.  Decayed  stable  dung,  but  almost  any  manure  will 
do;  but,  if  grown  for  coffee,  it  is  not  desirable  togrowit 
too  Lai'^e,  as  it  diminishes  its  flavour  and  consistency. 

4.  Cultivated  to  the  depth  of  l.J  foot,  dug  or  ploughed, 

5.  From  the  beginning  of  April  to  nearly  the  end  of 
May.     (Sown.) 

6.  Exactly  like  Carrots.     (To  be  singled.) 

7.  Transplanting  is  never  practised,  as  it  would  not  do, 

8.  Nobody  is  foolish  enough  to  growit  on  the  same  soil 
without  intermission  for  several  yeavs.  Nevertheless, 
if  the  laud  can  always  be  manured  afresh,  the  crops 
might  prove  tolerably  satisfactory  ;  but  change  of  soil 
is  best  for  it  as  well  as  every  other  crop. 

9.  It  will  do  with  much  or  little  water,  as  may  happen. 

10.  The  foliage  is  a  fodder  liiyhly  esteemed  for.  lamhSf 
sheep,  or  cattle,  and  increases  the  i^roduce  of  milk, 

11.  1st,  the  wild  ;  2d,  the  cultivated,  best  for  coffee  ; 
3d,  the  vei'y  large  broad-leaved  (not  for  coffee)  ;  and 
■ith,  the  spotted-leaved. 

12.  The  cultivated  2d  sort,"  which  is  neither  very 
narrow  nor  very_  broad-leaved,  is  the  best  for  every 
purpose. 

13.  The  chief  value  of  it  is^that  of  converting  it  into 
coffee  of  a  very  wholesome  nature  ;  the  next  is  for 
feeding  cattle,  but  it  is  seldom  cultivated  for  this 
purpose,  as  Carrots  and  Turnips  are  considered  equally 
good  and  much  more  productive.  [Us bitterness  would 
unfit  it  for  food.] 

14.  They  are  fed  in  a  green  state,  not  driedi'f 

15.  In  a  cellar  or  other  darkish,  warmish  place,'bmld 
up  a  wall  of  roots  aud  dryish  sand  (more  dry  than 
moist),  tlie  tops  being  outwards  and  having  freedom  to 
grow;  they  will  sprout  forth  by  tlie  warmer  temperature, 
and  appear  white  or  blanched  ;  the  young,  when  about 
2  inches  long,  may  be  picked  off  and  prepared  as  salad, 
like  the  Dainleiion. 

16.  They  are  lifted  in  autumn  and  well  washed  ;  then 
cut  into  small  oblong  squares  of  }i  inch  to  %  inch  ;  thea 
thoroughly  kiln  dried,  after  which  they  may  be  roasted 
and  ground. 

17.  If  wanted  for  salads,  vide  No.  15.     It  is  never 

«  On  this  point  we  have  been  favouviid  by  Mr.  Vallentine 
with  the  foHowiiig:  note  :  "  I  ratber  think  your  eorreapondent  I 
went  away  ni-h  the  impressinn  that  our  c.-ui-ee  of  cropping: 
upon  one  pait  of  the  College  Farm  was  invariably  Bjriey  after 
Whear,  over  one  half  of  the  Wheut  grown  in  auy  year.  NoW 
onr  iurended  rotation  is,  to  sow  eiiber  B-irley,  Outu,  FlflX, 
e'eas,  or  Beans,  alter  all  the  Wheat  grown  after  Turnips,  so  that 
Clover  mav  not  be  grovvn  too  frequently.  This,  you  will  perceivOj 
is  very  difftjrent  from  aoniog  Barley  after  Wneat  always," 


25— 1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


395 


blanched  in  the  open  ground;  it  is  altogether  a  salad 
not  much  cared  for  in  Germany,  and  never  brought  to 
market,  because  tlie  forced  Lettuces  are  abundant,  and 
both  milder  and  more  in  custom. 

13.  The  crop  depends  entirely  on  the  soil,  the  richness 
or  poverty  of  it,  the  tillage  it  has  received  or  not,  and 
other  circumstances  ;  the  fault  in  England  is  the  striving 
to  grow  as  heavy  a  crop  as  possible,  to  the  very  great 
detriment  of  the  quality  of  the  root  as  coffee.  The 
exact  quantity  per  acre  may  bo  best  ascertained  by 
applying  to  some  of  the  extensive  cultivators  of  Chicory 
in  Yorkshire  and  other  parts  of  the  island.  From  Messrs. 
Booth  and  Co.j  Altona. 

1.  CHICOE.Y  requires  miiidling  soil,  mixture  of  clay 
and  sand  ;  it  very  seldom  tlu'ives  in  heavy  clay  laud — ■ 
never  in  sand  or  wet  land. 

2.  It  requires  much  manure,  and  draws  much 
nourishment  from  the  soil ;  but  Oats,  or  perliaps  Barley, 
may  be  grown  on  the  land  without  any  further  manure. 

3.  Any  manure,  only  plenty  of  it. 

4.  The  best  way  is  to  dig  the  land,  but  ploughing  will 
do  also. 

5.  Seed  time — end  of  April  or  beginning  of  May. 

6.  The  seed  is  sown  like  Rapeseed  or  corn  ;  it  would 
not  do  to  plant  it  in  rows.     [Why  not  ?] 

7.  It  cannot  be  transplanted,  at  least  not  when  young. 

8.  After  one  year's  crop,  the  land  can  only  be  used 
agaiii  for  the  cultivation  of  Chicory-after  thi*ee  j  better, 
four  or  live  years. 

9.  During  growth  ifc  requires  much  attention,  must 
be  weeded  two  or  three  times,  after  which  the  root 
grows  better.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  the  Beet- 
root. 

10.  The  tops  (leaves)  are  used  as  food  for  cattle, 
lanibs,  and  sheep  ;  pigs  do  not  like  it. 

11.  There  are  several  sorts;  but,  for  mixing  with 
coffee,  we  only  grow  the  broad-leaved  (native  of 
Brunswick)  or  the  small-leaved,  which  has  long  roofs, 
and  is  a  native  of  Magdeburg.  The  former  is,  howevei*, 
preferred,  on  account  of  its  being  the  richest. 

12.  Nobody  eats  here  salad  of  Chicory  ;  in  Switzer- 
land some  people  use  the  leaves,  before  they  are  large, 
for  salad,  which,  however,  tastes  very  bitter  ;  it  is  said 
to  be  purifying  to  the  blood. 

1 3.  The  Chicory  root  has  much  juice,  and  tastes  very 
bitter  ;  it  is  almost  exclusively  cultivated  for  the  Chicory 
manufactories. 

14.  They  are  only  used  as  fodder  when  green.  Not 
dried  out  of  doors. 

15.  The  tops  are  never  blanched. 

16.  After  the  tops  have  been  cut  off,  the  root  is 
washed,  cut  in  slices  by  machines,  then  dried  and 
roasted  and  ground  ;  in  this  state  it  may  be  kept 
for  years. 

17.  The  roots,  with  the  leaves  cnfc  off,  .are  thrown  in 
heaps  of  from  4  to  6  feet  in  length,  width,  and  height, 
on  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  some  straw  and  then 
some  earth  are  put  around.  But  generally  the  growers 
deliver  the  root  to  the  manufacturers  in  the  latter  end 
of  August  till  November,  by  whom  they  are  imme- 
diately dried. 

Vd.  The  root  is  from  2  to  4  inches  thick,  and  from 
3  to  7  inches  long.  We  grow  from  4  to  6  tons  per 
Brunswick  acre,  according  as  the  crops  turn  out. 

19.  The  price  of  the  roots  in  their  original  state  is 
from  205.  to  35.?.  per  ton,  according  as  the  crops  have 
been  good  or  bad  ;  and  one  acre  would  realise  from 
about  5/.  to  11.  The  cost  for  cultivating  is  about  3^.  IS5. 
to  4/.  10s. 

20.  Germans  certainly  prefer  salad  of  Endives. 

21.  Englishmen  may  have  eaten  the  latter,  but  surely 
never  of  Chicory. 

22.  Chicory  is  never  used  here  in  beer  instead  of 
Hops  ;  neither  the  roots  nor  the  leaves,  as  they  are  not 
nearly  bitter  enough,  and,  in  a  dried  state,  would  only 
dye  the  beer,  without  imparting  tliat  bitter  taste  to  it 
which  Hops  do.  Briimwick,  May  12,  1852. 

P.S.  In  order  to  save  room,  I  have  not  put  in  my 
questions  ;  the  answers  will  be  understood  without. 
With  regard  to  Chicory  transplanting  when  young,  I 
have  practised  it,and  no  root  transplants  better  ;  neither 
can  I  see  any  reason  against  dry  uig  the  leaves  for  fodder. 
The  beat  length  of  leaves  I  have  found  for  salad  is  G  to 
8  inches  long  ;  and  the  highest  price  per  acre  in  tliis 
country  wjw  30/,,  for  the  aso  of  mixhig  with  coffee. 
Jam^.i  CiUluil,  CamJjcrwtU. 


ROTIIAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «R.» 

i  C'OtitlnvcI  from  pnrjc  378.) 

Resuming  our  remarks  on  iho  statements  made  by 
the  writer  *-  R,,*'  in  the  Arfricullural  Oazdie,  as  to  what 
arc  the  vicwH  niaint^iincd  in  our  various  papers,  we  pro. 
pose  now  to  call  attention  to  his  represeiitutioiiB  of  our 
opinions  on  the  Hubjcet  of  the  manurca  required  by  ihc 
Turnip  when  grown  in  our  rotations  for  feeding  and 
manaring  purposcH.  It  will  be  Hcen  that  on  this  point 
ho  ha8  not  liad  recourse  to  such  puro  inventions  aa  those 
which  wc  hud  occaHion  to  cxpo«o  in  our  former  articleH, 
but  that  a  method  tiiuch  more  plausible,  though  equfdly 
wide  of  fairnbH4  and  camlour,  ban  boon  adoptcl,  viz., 
that  of  giving  an  aLiolulc  and  imconditt/j/ial  interpreta- 
tion to  ecntcncea,  which  cither  hy  tlRniHelvcH,  tiicir  con- 
text, or  both,  arc  inaiiifcHtly  whown  to  have  a  meaning 
ttrictlf/  rdativ,  and  conditional.  it  wonhl  appear, 
however,  that  ho  haw  Bet  hiniw;!f  the  taflt  of  allowing, 
to  UM)  an  exprcHHJon  of  Wix  own,  that  "  .Scot(;li  practice 
w  far  in  advance  of  Knglinh  HL-i'-nco,"  and  it  may  hu 
tiiat  BO  worthy  an  end  nuiy  require  audi  unworthy 
meana ;  but  neitlicr  the  cud  nor  the  means  art:  what 


we  might  expect  from  oue  who,  scarcely  a  year  ago, 
read  his  brethren  on  both  sides  the  Tweed  a  lesson  for 
theii'  occasional  outbursts  of  absurd  antagonism,  and 
who,  even  in  the  course  of  the  very  articles  of  which  we 
complain  has  given  to  his  readers  a  sort  of  pledge  of 
"impartiality  to  all  parties  I" 

As  in  the  case  of  the  previous  subject  of  discussion, 
we  propose,  then,  to  show,  by  means  of  quotations  from 
the  writer  "R.,"  and  from  our  own  papers — 

First— TJiat  we  have  not  maintained  the  views  attri- 
buted to  us.     And, 

Secondly — That  the  views  we  have  maintained  are  in 
accordance  with  the  facts  aud  opinions  cited  against  us. 

And  in  the  course  of  our  remarks,  we  shall  discuss  at 
some  length  some  of  the  points  of  interest  and  im- 
portance that  will  be  brought  witliiu  our  notice. 

In  the  Agrlctdtiual  Gazelte  of  July  26,  1851,  «R," 
writes  thus  : — 

"  The  experimcnta  nf  Mr.  L^wes  on  Tai-nlps  nro  not  so  satia- 
factory  as  tlioae  on  Wheat.  Many  of  tho  deiliiotiona  which  he 
has  30  extensively  drawn  will  not  stand  the  test  of  exptrieoce  ; 
fur  he  has  fireiieralised  too  freely  on  local  aud  special  results, 
and  applied  these  to  explain  and  reRulate  the  wUule  principles 
of  manaring  where  the  chcuuistancea  were  totally  diffttreai." 

Again,  in  the  same  article  he  says — 

"  ilr.  Lswps  has  been  led  by  his  experiments  to  believe  that 
in  ordinary  farm  mauagement  carboa  must  be  add^d  to  the 
superphosphate  of  lime,  and  that  ic  is  tbe  esfeeDt'al  end  lict've 
principle.  We  suspect,  however,  that  carbon  loiOiout  ammoma 
is  powerless." 

Further  on  be  says — 

"In  market  (^ardeniog  no  one  believes  that  the  value  of  tho 
manure  applied  to  the  Taroip^  depon(^^  noon.  it3  phos2}hat€s  and 
carbon  aione,  both  aro  no  doubt  essoQ'ial." 

And  he  winds  up  his  article  thus  : 

"  The  conclusions  which  Mr.  Lawes  has  arrived  at,  in  re:?ard 
to  the  fffect  of  nitro"  nous  manures  on  Turnips,  cannot  be 
defended  on  any  other  grounds  than  that  hii  experiments  were 
made  at  a  season  too  far  advanced  to  give  the  nitmgenons 
dressing'!  the  necessary  conditions  to  increase  the  weight  of 
buib.  This  supposition  appears  to  us  to  afford  the  only  way  of 
escMpefrom  a  dilemma  about  which  so  much  ingeuuiiy  has 
been  wasted."  {!) 

Resuming  the  subject  on  January  17th,  1S5"2,  he 
says  :— 

"  Perhaps  one  of  the  groatest  discrepancies  at  the  present 
moment  between  the  'Gcitnce'  and  'practice*  of  agricu'. 
ture,  is  found  in  the  iheoi't'ticil  assernoii  that  an  a'^iicaltur.il 
crop  of  Turnips  cun  dispense  nith  ammonia  as  a  manure.  No 
less  an  amhority  than  Dr.  D:inbeny  has  given  countenance  to 
this  opiaion  in  his  late  e!eg:int  and  well-iirai-d  Jeccuro,  wbere 
he  says;  '  Turnips,  which  contain  m'tre  nitrogen  in  proportion 
than  ihe  Grasses,  (?)  can  dispense  witli  amnioniaciil  manures, 
provided  only  sufficient  auperphosphate  be  admioiatertd  to 
them  in  an  early  sta-e of  their  growth.'  He  thus,  so  far,  coin- 
cides with  ilr.  Lnwes,  &c." 

We  shall  make  other  quotations  further  on,  but  in 
the] mean  time,  in  reference  to  the  representations  of 
our  views  made  in  these  sentences,  we  beg  to  say,  that 
any  statements  which  would  make  it  appear  as  an 
opinion  maintained  in  our  papers  that  "  carbon  without 
ammonia,"  or  "  phosphates  and  carbon  alone,"  are  sufh- 
cient  for  the  Turnip  crop,  or  that  it  "  can  dispense  with 
ammonia  as  a  manure,"  are  simply  untrue. 

It  is  true  that  there  are  some  incidental  remarks  in 
our  paper  on  Wheat,  and  published  earlier  than  ihe  one 
Oil  ^' Tier  nip  Ctdlitrej"  upon  which  the  writer  "R.," 
perhaps,  relies,  to  justify  his  representations — though 
these  could  only  serve  him  by  lirst  disallowing  their 
obviously  intended  meaning.  We  shall  presume,  how- 
ever, that  it  is  not  from  our  eai'lier  or  incidental  re- 
marks that  our  .opinions  are  to  be  taken  when  they 
have  been,  given  both  more  recently  and  more  fully. 
It  is,  then,  to  our  paper  on  "  Turnip  Culture,"  and 
to  those  that  have  followed  it,  that  we  shall  refer  for 
our  own  statements  of  our  views  on  this  subject  ;  and 
surely  no  one  who  has  taken  the  trouble  to  ascertain 
the  spirit  and  intention  of  those  papers,  can  fail  to  dis- 
cover that  our  statements  I'especting  the  manures  re- 
quired for  the  favourable  growth  of  the  Turnip,  refer 
to  its  production  as  a  crop  in  rotation  with  grain  ;  that 
is  to  say,  that  our  object  has  been,  not  so  much  to  pro- 
vide specific  rules  I'egarding  its  culture  under  varying 
circumstances  of  cliriiate  and  soil,  but  to  point  out,  as  far 
as  tiie  results  of  our  experiments  would  allow,  what  are 
its  ciiAUACTEttisric  requirements  as  contrasted  with 
those  of  the  crops  with  which  it  is  grown  in  alternation  ; 
and  it  is  in  this  sense  alone,  viz.,  a^  an  essential  element 
in  attaining  the  fallow  result  of  the  Turnip  ci'op,  and,  as 
contrasted  with  the  CcrealSj  that  we  have  called  attention 
to  the  necessity  of  providing  organic  manures  abounding 
in  carbonaceous  matter,  rather  than  in  nitrogen. 

Nor,  again,  can  any  cai'eful  and  candid  reader  fail  to 
see  that  we  tlo  distinctly  claim  the  importance  of  am- 
monia as  a  manure  for  the  Turnip,  only  guarding  against 
aucii  an  "  exckss"  of  it  as  might  tend  to  its  expendi- 
ture, or  to  lessen  tlie  accumuhition  of  it  from  natural 
sources,  and  thereby  diminish  the  rotation  effect  of  the 
crop  ;  and,  further,  that  it  is  only  when  loolciiig  at  the 
8ubj<?Ct  in  this  point  of  view,  and  at  the  same  time 
a»stnning  that  in  practice  carbon  woidd  bo  supplied  by 
farm-yard  dimg,  that  wo  havo  supposed  that  in  it,  chjk- 
cialbj  provided  that  a  liberal  amount  of  imported  cattle 
food  he  used  in  its  marAtfactwCf  any  sulHciont  supply  of 
carbon  would  bo  aKSOciatcd  with  a  coiiHiderable,  and 
fre.quj^ntl  11  Huflicient  rcl-itivo  supply  of  nitrogen  ;  it  is, 
wo  say,  under  such  circuniHtiinces,  and  such  alono,  tliat 
wc  havo  HUppoHcd  that  further,  ami  direct  nitrogenous 
mannrcH  will  frequently  not  be  nec-HHary. 

lint,  whiliHt  Inying  down  tiiiH  liroad  principle,  ap- 
plicahl'!  at  tho  dlHcrotioti  of  the  roudi.ronly,  at^corfliiigly 
im  Im;  uuiy  know  th:it  in  IiIh  ca^o  the  suited  conditlonr^ 
are  fidfiMud, — wo  have  at  tho  Kariio  tiniu  called  parti- 
ctiliir  attention  to  the  fa(;t  that  tlio  effect  of  annnoniacal 
manuroH  upon  tho  Turnip  Jy  greatly  to  increaso  tho 


"  vitality  "  and  '*  luii;;evity  "  oi  tht:  plant,  uiid  we  liave 
further  distinctly  admitted  that  where,  as  in  Scotland, 
owmg  to  "  the  natural  agencies  of  season,"  the  orbit  of 
growth  of  the  plant  is  much  extended  compared  with 
many  other  localities,  under  such  circumstances  direct 
ammoniacal  manures,  such  as  Peruvian  guano,  will  be 
advantageous.  /.  B.  Lames. 

i'J'o  be  continued.) 


Home  Correspondence. 

Salt. —  In  your  Number  for  May  29  there  is. an 
article  on  the  management  of  sheep,  copied  from  a  west 
country  paper,  strongly  recommending  the  use  of  salt, 
at  the  rate  of  2  oz.  per  day,  to  breeding  ewes.  Now,  as 
this  practice  is  strongly  condemned  by  many  writers, 
when  applied  to  animals  during  their  period  of  gestation, 
as  likely  to  occasion  the  dropping  of  iambs  or  calves,  I 
have  read  the  statement  with  some  surprise.  You  are, 
no  doubt,  aware  that,  at  the  instance  of  Baron  Mertens, 
on  behalf  of  the  Belginn  Government,  this  particular 
question  was  last  year  brought  under  consideration  ia 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  the  Belgian  farmers 
having  experienced  great  losses  by  the  cows  slipping 
their  calves,  arising,  as  they  believed,  from  a  recently 
introduced  practice  among  them  of  giving  salt  to  the 
cows  —  adopting,  as  they  supposed,  a  practice  com- 
mended in  England.  The  general  result  of  the  discus- 
sion in  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  was  against  the 
use  of  salt  to  breeding  cows  and  stock  generally.  I 
also  know  a  case,  in  tins  vicinity,  in  which  a  farmer 
having  given  to  his  breeding  ewes  some  hay,  cut  from  a 
stack  which  had  been  salted  when  it  was  made,  many  of 
the  ewes  dropped  their  lambs.  Gn  his  considting  a 
neighbouring  farmer  respecting  it,  he  asked  if  he  had 
given  them  any  salt,  to  which  he  replied,  "  No  ;  but  had 
given  them  hay  which  had  been  salted."  He  was 
advised  to  discontinue  it,  and  from  that  time  had  no 
more  lambs  dropped.  How  are  we  to  reconcile  these 
facts  with  the  astounding  averments  of  "  Delta  ?  "  If 
the  latter  is  right,  salt  is  the  best  thing  in  the  world; 
but  "  who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree  ?  ".  /.  0. 

Agriculture  in  England  informer  Times.— I  have  been 
much  interested  in  the  discussion,  which  has  been  carried 
on  in  your  columns,  upon  the  state  of  agriculture  in 
England  in  former  times  ;  and  I  beg  to  forward  to  you 
lor  insertion,  should  it  be  thought  worthy  of  a  place,  the 
following  proofs,  extracted  from  *'  Henry's  History  of 
Britain,"  of  tlie  ti'uth  of  the  arguments  advanced  by 
Mr.  Hewitt  Davis,  of  the  high  state  of  cultivation,  aud 
great  produce  of  corn  in  this  island,  when  under  -the 
dominion  of  the  Romans. 

[From  Hcnry'3  History  of  Britain,  Vol.  //.,  p.  lOG,  ed,  1805, 
Zoo.  — "  As  soon  as  the  Romans  had  obtained  a  Hrui  esiablish- 
ment  in  Briiatu,  agriculture  bpgau  to  be  very  much  improved 
and  extended.  This  was  an  ait  in  wbich  that  renowned  people 
greatly  deliij;hted,  and  which  they  encouraged  iu  all  the 
provinces  ot  tiieir  empire.  *  When  the  Romans  (says  Oato) 
desigued  to  bestow  tlie  hii-hest  praise  upon  a  good  man,  they 
used  to  say,  he  understands  agriculture  wellaoo  ia  an  excellent 
husbandman,  for  this  wm  esteemed  the  greatest  and  most 
honourab  e  characttr,'  ttc.  As  soon,  therefore,  as  the  Romans 
had  subdu'^d  any  of  the  British  states,  they  endeavoured,  by 
various  uieaos.  to  bring  their  new  subjects  to  cultivate  their 
land?,  in  order  to  render  their  conquest  more  va'uable.  The 
tribute  of  a  certain  qaan•-i^y  of  corn,  which  they  imposed  on 
these  states  as  they  fell  under  their  dominion,  obliged  the 
people  to  apply  to  agriculture.  Ttie  colonies  of  veterans,  who 
were  as  ex(jert  in  f^uidini^  the  plough  aa  at  wielding  the  sword, 
which  they  planted  in  tbe  most  convenient  places,  set  before 
the  native  Britons  an  example  both  of  the  triethods  and 
advantiiges  of  this  art.  In  a  word,  the  Rnmans,  by  tieir 
power,  pi'ticy,  and  example,  so  effectually  reconciled  the  Britons 
to  the  cultivation  of  their  lands,  that  in  a  little  time  this  island 
became  one  of  the  most  plen  it'ul  provinces  of  tbe  empire,  and 
not  only  produced  a  sufficient  quantity  of  corn  for  the 
support  of  its  own  inhabitants  and  the  Roman  troopa, 
but  afforded  every  year  a  very  great  surplus  for  ex- 
portation. Thia  becarno  an  object  of  so  great  import, 
ance  that  a  fleet  of  ships  was  provided  for  this  par- 
ticular eervice  of  bringing  corn  from  Britain;  and  capacious 
granarii-s  were  built  on  the  opposite  continent,  fur  the  recep- 
tion of  that  corn;  which  frum  thence  was  conveyed  to  Ger- 
many and  other  countriep,  for  tho  u;e  of  the  Roman  armies. 
'  He  aUo  bu'lt  new  granaries  (says  A'mmianus' MarcolHnuB  of 
Ihe  EmpL-ror  Julian)  in  tho  room  of  those  which  had  been 
burnt  by  the  enemy,  into  which  he  might  jiut  the  corn  usuully 
brought  Irom  Bntain.'  The  great  number  of  ships  which 
were  employed  by  the  same  Emperor,  A.D.  359,  in  bringing 
corn  Irom  this  island,  must  give  ns  a  very  bitjh  idea  ot  tho 
fertility  and  ouUivation  of  it  in  these  times.  '  HavingooUected 
prodigious  qutmtiiies  of  timber  fiom  Iho  woods  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine,  he  built  a  fleet  of  8(10  shipn,  larger  than  tho 
common  burUs,  which  lie  sent  to  Britain,  to  biing  corn  from 
thence.  When  this  corn  nirived^  ho  eont  it  up  the  Rhine  in 
boars,  an'l  furnished  the  iiihubit»nta  of  thoho  towns  and 
countries,  which  had  been  plundircd  by  the  emn-.y,  with  a 
flufflcient  quuntiiy  to  support  them  during  the  winter,  to  sow 
their  lundH  in  tho  spring,  and  to  maintain  them  till  next 
harvest.'— ZoMml    Illst.,  1.3] 

So  great  and  happy  aro  tho  effects  of  well-directed 
industry.  To  enumerate  tho  many  improvements  in 
husbandry  which  were  introduced  by  tiie  Romans,  and 
produced  tins  aninKing  plenty,  would  swell  thisi  article 
beyond  all  proportion.  John  Branshy,  Klng^s  Lynn. 

Braining. — 1  cannot  seo  tho  analogy  between  .a 
sugar-loaf  or  any  other  substancu  dipped  in  water  and 
a  Ijed  of  stiff  cUiy  rnquiring  to  bo  dnvincd.  Capillary 
attraction  will  doubtless  operate  in  both  cases  ;  but  if  it 
ahould  turn  out  that  tlio  clay  does  not  rest  on  water,  as 
tbe  sugar  ia  supposed  to  ilo,  but  is  saturated  from  above, 
and  Jiot  from  below— and,  moreover,  that  under  the 
active  soil  it  contans  more  water  after  draining  lihau 
hoforo — I  scarcely  see  how  tho  sugar  will  settle  the 
proi)cr  depth  of  di-ains.  The  argtuneuts  of  many  seem 
to  show  that  ('lay,  when  driiincd,  absorbs  aud  retains 
water  wliero  foriLierly  it  contained  little  or  nono,  and 
that  in  ciniHcqnencn  tliu  crop.s  are  comparativcdy  safo 
during  drought.  N(tw,  tliis  is  not  a  bad  argument, 
because  its  truth  in  horno  out  by  facta  ;  and  it  is  incum- 
bent on  tho^o  wlio  differ  from  it  to  prove  iho  truth  oi' 


396 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[June  19, 


their  own  theories,  i'or  it  is  dangerous  to  lay  down  a 
system  of  drainage  for  clay  except  on  sound  principles. 
In  the  meantime,  let  no  one  be  deceived  ;  make  every 
man  prove  his  case  by  the  strictest  evidence  before 
ti'ustint;  to  it,  and  it  may  then  be  found  that  the  views  of 
some,  instead  of  being  sound  and  philosophical,  are  based 
on  assumptions  which  all  experience,  since  the  creation 
of  the  world,  goes  to  controvert.  James  Donald.  [The 
analogy  between  loaf-sugar  and  clay  lies  in  their  both 
possessing  porosity,  and  in  their  consequent  relation- 
ship to  water  being  regulated  by  the  laws  of  capillary 
attraction.] 

Cheap  Implements. — In  your  Number  for  May  15, 
there  appears  an  extract  from  a  letter  written  by 
a  correspondent  who  favras  largely  in  Berwickshire.  In 
that  letter  the  writer  tries  to  throw  cold  water  on  the 
scheme  of  a  company  who  propose,  on  certain  conditions, 
to  furnish  the  public  with  the  most  improved  implements, 
at  a  decreased  cost.  I  know  nothing  of  the  company  in 
question,  nor  have  I  ever  as  yet  bought  an  implement 
of  them,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  their  scheme,  if  fairly 
carried  out,  would  be  as  great  a  boon  as  in  the  present 
day  could  well  be  conferi-ed  on  agriculture,  I  conceive 
that  improved  machinery  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
■enable  our  farmer  to  meet  the  foreign  market;  but 
from  the  high  price  hitherto  asked  by  agricultural 
implement  makers,  not  one  small  farmer  out  of  every 
five  hundred  can  afford  the  purchase.  Such  being  the 
case,  it  seems  to  me  that  such  a  scheme  as  the  one  in 
-question  deserves  every  encouragement  that  can  be  given 
to  it.  The  only  objection  which  your  Berwickshire 
correspondent  can  find  is,  that  the  firm  alluded  to 
advertise  two  horse  rollers  at  from  8?.  to  \2l.  each,  and 
that  oi'dinary  makers  are  sending  out  metal  rollers,  in 
halves,  for  a  single  horse,  at  bl.  lbs.     On  comparing  the 

.price  of  Messrs.  and  Co.,   for   two-horse  metal 

rollers,  with  that  of  other  makers,  I  fiud  that  the  first- 
named  company  cliarge  from  8?.  to  V2l.  ;  other  makers 
charge  from  10/.  lOs.  to  161.  16s. ;  and  from  what  source 
your  Berwickshire  correspondent  draws  his  conclusion 

that  the  scheme  of  Messrs. and  Co.  is  a  failui-e, 

hecause  they  do  not  sell  two-horse  rollers  cheaper  than 
the  ordinary  maker  sells  a  single  horse  one,  is,  1  confess, 
beyond  my  comprehension.      On  comparing  the  price 

list  of  Messrs. and  Co.,  under  their  new  scheme, 

with  the  price  list  of  other  eminent  makers  now  lying 
"before  me,  I  find  the  price  of  a  Norwegian  harrow  in 
.the  first  list,  is  from  51.  18s.  to  Gl.  6s.,  in  the  other  lists 
from  13Z.  10s.  up  to  20^. ;  Crosskill's  roller  in   Messrs. 

and  Co.-s  list,   lU.  IO5. ;   in  others,  17/.;   and 

■  other  implements  in  the  same  proportion.  As  I  before 
said,  I  have  no  knowledge  of  the  company  in  question, 
and  have  seen  none  of  their  work  ;  but  if  they  send  out 
a  good  article  there  is  no  question  that  they  ought  to  be 
supported  most  gratefully  by  agriculturists.  Tliat  such 
a  scheme  will  meet  with  the  greatest  opposition  from 
other  agi'icultural  implement  makers  I  have  no  doubt. 
That,  however,  will  weigh  but  little  with  me  ;  and  to 
-your  readers  I  would  say,  compare  tlie  list  of  Messrs. 

and  Co.  with  others,  and  if  they  are  cheaper,  give 

them  a  fair  trial.  An  Economist. 

Cochin  China  Fowls. — Cyrus  Clark,  of  Street,  bought 
•of  Sturgeons,  Grays,  Essex,  a  Cochin  China  cock  and 
two  hens,  about  the  23d  January,  1852.  He  has  had 
liatched  up  to  the  31st  May,  from  the  eggs  of  these  two 
•birds,  the  astonishing  number  of  98  chickens,  all  of 
which  are  alive.  The  three  old  bii'ds  and  some  of  the 
chickens  are  entered  for  the  coming  exhibition  at 
Taunton. 


^ocietitiS* 

Agricultural  Improvement,  of  Ireland,  June  1, 
-evening  meeting. — Mr.  Ball  read  an  essay  "  On  Qreen 
Crop  Culture,^'  from  which  we  make  the  following 
extracts  :— «  Next  in  succession  to  the  Turnip  and 
Mangold  Wurzel;  to  which  my  observations  on  the 
former  evening  were  principally  confined,  the  crop  that 
seems  to  claim  a  large  share  of  our  attention,  and  to 
•which,  within  the  last  year  or  two,  a  vast  amount  of 
public  attention  has  been  drawn,  in  consequence  of  the 
expectations  held  out  of  its  becoming,  ere  long,  of  not 
less  commercial  than  agricultural  importance  in  this 
country,  is  the  White  or  Silesian  Beet.  1  propose,  there- 
fore, to  treat  the  Sugar  Beet  question  in  a  strictly 
agricultural  point  of  view.  Now,  as  regards  the  farmer, 
the  matter  resolves  itself  into  two  questions,  the  first 
and  least  important  of  which  is — At  what  price  can  the 
Irish  farmer  afford  to  sell  and  deliver  his  Beet  to  the 
manufacturer?  And  the  second  is— Supposing  a  price 
obtained  that  shall  be  to  the  full  as  high  as  the  farmer 
would  seem  to  have  any  right  to  demand,  is  it  a  safe  or 
a  sound  principle  of  action  to  sell  that,  for  the  sake  of 
present  profit,  which  all  former  experience  has  taught 
us  to  be  the  master-key  to  present  plenty  and  future 
fertility  ?  First,  then,  as  to  the  price  we  can  afford  to 
sell  the  roots  at.  This  obviously  depends  on  another 
question,  viz.,  the  average  acreable  weight  that  can  be 
obtained  by  average  management  on  land  of  average 
quality,  and  with  the  assistance  of  only  a  moderate 
allowance  of  manure,  whether  that  be  farm-yard  or 
artitioal,  or  a  mixture  of  both.  At  our  last  meeting 
tiere,  1  mentioned  an  experiment  I  made  last  year  in 
grownig  Sugar  Beet,  upon  land  decidedly  above  the 
average  fertility  of  this  country,  in  an  excellent  state  of 
cultivation, and  with  the  assistance  of  40  tons  of  superior 
quality  of  manure,  together  with  3cwt.  of  guano  to  the 
acre  ;  the  result  of  which  was  a  return  of  33  tons  of 
Clean  roots.     A  much  more  valuable  part  of  my  own 


experiment  was,  that  I  grew  alongside  the  Beet,  and  1 
with  exactly  the  same  management  and  manure,  two 
varieties  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  and  Skirving's  Swede,  the 
result  being  25  per  cent,  exactly  in  weight  in  favour  of 
the  Yellow  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel  and  Swede,  as 
compared  with  the  Sugar  Beet  ;  and  this  result  nearly 
agrees  with  other  results.  Now  I  have  consulted  prac- 
tical men  of  great  experience  from  different  parts  of 
this  country,  as  to  what  would  be  a  safe  average  to 
talie  of  the  acreable  weight  of  Swedes  or  Mangold  Wur- 
zels  that  is  at  present  grown,  and  they  are  all  agreed 
that  25  tons  to  the  Irish  acre  is  rather  a  liberal  estimate 
of  these  crops.  If  this  be  so,  it  follows  that  about  18 
tons  of  Beet  will  be  the  average  crop  to  be  expected 
from  the  land.  Some  manufacturers  already  talk  of  r2s, 
a  ton  as  a  fair  price,  but  we  will  take  the  highest  price 
yet  named,  by  the  Sugar  Beet  Company — 155.  per  ton. 

13  tons  of  Beet,  at  153 £13  10     0 

We  will  afis'ime  the  delivery  to  he  within  the  reach  of 
two  turns  of  a  hor-^e  and  cnrt  in  the  day,  and,  from 
its  Rroat  bulk,  and  consequent  Cfiat  of  carriage,  it 
shoul  I  not  bo  grown  further  from  the  factory, 
carrying  on  an  average,  15  cwt.  each  turn,  or  say 
3s.  per  ton  for  delivery      2  14    0 

£10  IG    0 
The  immediate  los9  to  the  farmer  by  the  aa^o  of  the 
groen  crop"  that  should  otherwiae  have  fed,  say,  two 
beasts    and  a  hilf  five   months,    the    manure    of 
which  cannot  be  valued  at  leas  than  II.  10s.  each,  or      3  15    0 

^7     10 

Leaving  71.  Is.  to  pay  rent,  taxes,  and  expenses  of  cul- 
tivation, not  to  speak  of  the  farmer's  profit.  From 
these  calculations,  and  on  consultation  with  many  prac- 
tical friends,  I  have  been  irresistibly  led  to  the  conclu- 
sion that,  under  any  circumstances,  the  lowest  price  at 
which  the  crop  can  be  grown  and  delivered,  to  leave  a 
present  profit,  is  11.  per  ton.  If  that  were  the  price 
obtained,  the  account  would  then  stand  as  follows  : 

18  tons  Beet,  at  U ^18    0    0 

Delivery,  at  3s ^2  14     0 

Loss  to  farmer      3  15    0 

6    9    0 

^11  11  0 
There  is  another  circumstance  which  bears  upon  this 
branch  of  the  question,  that  ought  not  to  be  lost  sight 
of  ;  it  was  touched  upon  here  at  our  last  meeting,  by 
Mr.  Dargan,  who  drew  attention  to  the  fact,  that  it  was 
one  thing  to  grow  large  crops,  and  another  to  grow  good 
crops  ;  and  instanced  the  case  of  the  Sugar  Beet,  which 
I  find  has  been  ascertained,  by  the  most  careful  analy- 
sis, to  contain  as  nmch  as  two  or  three  per  cent,  more 
sugar  in  bulbs  that  did  not  weigh  more  than  two  or  three 
pounds,  as  compared  with  those  that  weighed  six  or  seven. 
In  consequence  of  tliis  fact  being  well  known  in  France, 
Prussia,  and  in  Flanders,  where  the  manufacture  has 
been  for  some  time  established,  I  find  that  a  considerably 
higher  price  is  freely  given  for  roots  that  do  not  average 
more  than  2  or  3 lbs.,  than  for  those  of  a  large  size  ;  in 
fact,  that  a  high  premium  is  given  for  growing  the  small 
roots,  and  it  must  be  said  this  is  only  as  it  should  be. 
My  second  query  is — Is  it  a  safe  or  a  sound  principle  of 
action,  to  sell  tliat,  for  the  sake  of  present  profit,  which 
all  former  experience  has  taught  us  to  be  the  master 
key  to  present  plenty  and  future  fertility  ?  The  first 
principle  of  all  good  farming  is,  to  increase,  by  all 
possible  means,  the  size  of  your  manure-heap,  and  to 
this  end  to  dispose  of  nothing  off  your  farm  but  white 
corn  and  live  stock.  The  cases  in  which  this  rule  can 
be  departed  from  with  impunity  only  proving  the  rule — 
namely,  in  the  vicinity  of  a  large  town,  where  manure 
can  be  had  as  back  carriage  for  every  load  of  produce 
sent  to  market.  What,  then,  are  we  to  say  of  a  system 
that  necessitates  the  annual  sale  of  a  certain  proportion 
of  what  should  go  to  increase  the  manure-heap,  without 
offering  any  corresponding  benefit  to  the  grower  \  I 
have  heard  the  question  asked,  how  have  they  got  on 
now  for  several  years  past  in  France,  and  the  other 
continental  countries,  that  have  been  growing  Beet  for 
sugar  for  many  years  ?  What  if  I  say  I  am  not 
prepared  to  answer  the  question  ?  That  will  not  prove 
me  wrong  ;  climate,  soil,  political  and  social  differences, 
of  which  we  know  nothing,  no  doubt  have  an  effect  in 
modifying  the  evil  consequences  of  transgressing  the 
principles  of  good  farming.  There  are  one  or  two  facts, 
however,  within  our  knowledge,  that  may  help  to 
account  for  the  trade  prospering  there  in  a  manner  tliat 
it  cannot  do  here:  from  the  refuse  of  the  Beet,  after 
the  sugar  is  extracted,  a  brandy  of  medium  quality  is 
distilled,  thus  enabling  the  manufactux'er  to  make  a 
profit,  and  pay  the  grower  a  price  which  we  never  can 
hope  to  see  realised  in  these  countries  through  the  same 
means.  What  conclusion,  then,  do  I  draw  from  these 
facts  ?  Do  I  say,  do  not  attempt  to  grow  Beet  ?  By  no 
means.  The  farmer  has  an  interest,  and  is  bound,  iu 
common  with  every  other  member  of  the  community,  to 
co-operate  in  advaucingthe  general  good, as  longas  he  can 
do  so  with  safety.  My  advice,  then,  would  be,  first'  not 
to  attempt  Beet  at  all,  unless  within  a  very  short 
distance  (say  five  miles)  of  a  sugar  factory,  trecond, 
not  to  be  carried  away  by  glowing  representations, 
or  expectations  of  large  and  immediate  profits.  The 
advantage  to  the  farmer  from  this  trade,  if  once  esta- 
blislied,  will  be,  in  my  humble  opinion,  quite  as  much  or 
more,  from  the  stimulation  of  capital  and  industry  in  his 
neighbourhood  than  any  direct  profit  he  may  make  by 
the  sale  of  his  Beet.  Third,  let  him  not  be  induced,  by 
the  aforesaid  glittering  prospects,  to  sow  more  than  a 
very  limited  proportion  of  his  manured  ground  with 
Beet,  recollecting  that  every  acre  so  sown  deprives  him 
of  the  keep,  on  a  moderate  calculation,  of  two  beasts 
and  a  half,  or  of  a  proportionate  number  of  young  stock. 


sheep,  or  pigs.  It  is  impossible  to  lay  down  auy  rulej 
as  much  must  depend  on  the  facilities  of  procuring  farm- 
yard manure,  and  of  the  intentions  or  capabilities  of  the 
grower  to  apply  a  portion  of  the  money  received,  by 
the  sale  of  the  Beet,  to  the  purchase  of  guano  or  bones, 
to  keep  up  his  fertility  in  the  ensuing  year  ;  but  I  would 
say,  as  a  general  rule,  that  to  sow  more  than  a  fifth  or 
a  sixth  part  of  the  crop  in  Beet  would,  in  a  majority  of 
cases,  be  unwise.  Fourth,  to  successfully  carry  on  the 
growth  of  Sugar  Beet,  it  would  be  absolutely  essential 
to  adopt  the  most  active  and  energetic  measures,  to 
compensate  to  tlie  farm,  for  the  permanent  drain  that 
will  be  thus  established  upon  its  fertility— by  increased 
care  and  attention  to  the  collecting  every  morsel  of 
manure,  the  formation  of  manure  tanks,  even  of  the 
rudest  and  most  inexpensive  description,  by  which  tho 
most  valuable  portion  of  the  ammoniacal  salts  contained 
in  farm-yard  manure  may  be  preserved  and  given  back 
to  the  land — the  use  of  turf-mould  and  other  substances 
of  a  like  nature,  to  soak  up  water — the  establishment  in 
the_farm-yard  of  a  receptacle  for  almost  every  descrip- 
tion of  refuse,  particularly  old  bones,  hoofs,  horns,  &c., 
which,  even  wliere  the  means  are  not  at  hand  for  pur- ' 
chasing  the  more  expensive  manures,  will  go  far,  with 
care  and  forethought,  to  make  up  for  their  loss  ;  in  fine, 
never  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact,  that  lie  has  become 
debtor  to  his  farm  in  exactly  the  amount  of  manures 
extracted  by  the  sale  of  his  crop,  and  that  unless  he 
speedily  and  regularly  makes  good  this  claim  in  some 
other  way,  when  harvest  time  comes  round,  and  the 
balance  sheet  has  to  be  made  up,  that  it  will  not  con- 
tinue to  honour  his  drafts  as  formerly.  Dublin  Farmers 
Ouzeite. 


The  Politics  of  Agriculture  ;  with  an  Appendix :  are  Mr. 
Meclus  intentions  honourahle?  By  W.  Walter  Good. 
Author  of  "  The  Theorists  Confuted  ;  or,  Practical 
Farmers  Vindicated."  J.  Kidgway,  Piccadilly. 
To  attacic  Mr.  Mechi  ia  the  main  object  of  Mr.  Good's - 
present  pamphlet,  and  it  is  accordin^^ly  addressed  to  the 
members  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  who  are  supposed  to 
have  been  deceived  and  misled  by  the  former  gentleman's 
recent  address.  We  are  not  about  to  analyse  the  antidote 
which  is  here  offered  to  that  paper,  nor  to  sift  the  worth- 
less from  the  valuable  parts  of  the  composition.  It  is 
to  only  one  aspect  of  the  mattei*,  and  that  not  the  agri- 
cultural, that  we  shall  now  advert.  Mr.  Mechi,  as  every 
one  knows,  can  write  English  ;  now,  judging  from  the 
"  Politics  of  Agriculture,"  we  fear  that  Mr.  Good  cannot. 
Language  is  necessarily  the  first  department  of  study — all 
other  learning  comes  by  its  means  ;  and  we  recommend 
Mr.  Good,  who  has  no  small  portion  of  Mr  Mechi's  spirit 
and  energy,  to  obtain  his  acquaintance  with  the  English 
before,  in  that  language  at  all  events,  he  ventures  to 
expose  the  follies  and  the  rogueries  of  Tiptree-had.  No 
one,  we  are  sure,  will  be  more  ready  than  our  author  to 
take  this  advice  in  good  part ;  for  his  opening  passages 
so  expressly  acknowledge  the  importance  of  using 
"  plain  and  simple  terms,"  when  addressing  "  the  business 
men  of  a  community,"  that  he  adds,  "  after  reading 
these  opening  remarks  carefully  over,  I  have  concluded 
that  I  shall  be  believed  when  I  say  that  my  object  is  to 
be  understood  '  iu  what  it  is  that  I  mean  to  say.' "  If 
this  was  his  object,  we  have  merely  to  add  that,  talking 
of  f.ailures,  there  never  was  a  greater  tiian  Mr.  Good's 
pamphlet  on  the  "  Politics  of  Agriculture  " — Tiptree-hall 
farm  is  nothing  to  it  !  What  can  you  make  of  writing 
full  of  such  passages  as  the  following  : — "  One  of  the 
important  reasons  why  that  policy,  or  reckless  '  experi- 
ment,' which  the  State  was  bullied  into  the  adoption  of 
a  few  years  since,  and  this  by  Chartists, '  Free  Trade  ' 
agitators,  and  the  various  other  divisions  which  assisted 
in  throwing  a  light  on  the  blessings  of  freedom  and 
equality — sects  composed  of  Modified  Radicals,  Radicals 
Patriotic,  and  Patriotics,  where  a  scramble  was  likely  to 
happen — made  thus  noble,  perhaps,  by  the  stimulating 
circumstances  of  continental  convulsions,  and  a  senti- 
mental alarm  of  famine  in  our  land  when  there  was 
enough  and  to  spare — by  all  these  lesser  'streams' 
being  brought  to  a  focus,  bearing  power  near  by  the 
'  Constitutional  Fountain,'  there  were  strong  symptoms 
of  the  spring  being  '  tapped,'  which  might  have  ran  it 
'  clean  off,'  had  not  the  raging  been  allayed  by  diverting 
one  or  two  of  the  stronger  rivulets,  so  that  they  emptied 
themselves  below  the  shrine  of  English  boast  and  pride  ! 
—that  policy,  or  '  experiment,'  which  was  resorted  to  as 
an  expedient  at  this  perilous  moment,  has  not  proved 
itself  to  be  a  total  failure,  from  the  effects  of  the 
extr.aordinary  circumstances  which  I  am  just  about  to 
allude  to,  and  with  becoming  respect ;"  &c.,  &c.  !  ! 

Now,  notwithstanding  such  egregious  failures  .^s  this, 
in  his  attempt  to  attain  the  object  with  which  he 
professedly  started,  we  have  this  author  more  than  once 
coming  before  the  public,  and  always  with  the  view  of 
exposing  the  failures  of  others.  He  criticises  unmer- 
cifully, and  can  therefore  claim  no  consideration  for 
himself.  Mr.  Mechi  has  more  than  once  taught 
that  which  he  has  since  been  the  readiest  to  denounce 
as  agricultural  heresy — his  failures  have  instructed  him; 
but  Mr.  Good's !— the  strongest  evidence  of  his 
incapacity  appears  in  this— that  he  seems  unconscious 
of  them.  The  failures  of  Mr.  Mechi  on  Tiptree  faim 
have  been  such,  that,  seeing  its  owner  and  cultivator  S 
not  thereby  hindered  from  continuing  to  record  his 
experience,  this  gentleman  is  constrained  to  ask  "  Are 
his  intentions  honourable  \ "  The  failures  of  Mr.  Good 
in  his  "  Politics  of  Agriculture"  are  so  ludicrous  and 


25—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


397 


glaring  that  wh.it  kis  iuteutious  may  have  been,  we  are 
utterly  unable  to  divine. 

Oae  generally  desires  some  guide  to  the  character  of 
a  hook  before  lie  yields  to  the  advice  of  its  advertisement 
aud  becomes  its  purcbaser  ;  but  in  the  present  instance 
uo  such  guidance  is  necessary — the  advertisement 
speaks  plainly  enough  for  itself.  Tlie  writer  whose  aim 
is  to  overthro^v  theory  rather  than  assist  in  building  it 
up,  who  desires  rather  to  vindicate  practice  than  to 
improve  it,  need  not  expect  to  number  intelligent  men 
among  his  readers. 


Miscellaneous. 

Iiiterciildnj  Ci'ops. —  What  other  crops  might  be  ob- 
tained between  the  regular  ones? — Cabbage  plants  (with 
liquid  manuring)  might  be  put  down  between  drills  of 
early  Potatoes,  when  nearly  ripe,  and  moulded  after  the 
Potatoes  are  removed  ;  these  Cabbages  would  be  con- 
sumed before  the  season  for  Wheat-sowing.  In  the 
same  eoln.un.  Rape  plants  might  be  introduced  among 
the^  Beans  ;  Rape  seed  might  be  sown  after  the  last 
hoeing  of  the  Beans,  and  tlie  plants  would  atford  some 
green  food  in  the  autumn  before  Wheat-sowing.  Thus 
every  year  additional  crops  could  be  obtained,  also,  by 
dropping  Beans  thinly  into  Potato  drills  some  additional 
produce  may  be  gained  without  injury  to  the  Potato 
crop.  You  liave  named  Trifolium  incarnatum;  what  is  it? 
— IMfolium  incarnatum  is  a  variety  of  the  Clover  family  : 
it  bears  a  beautiful  crimson  blossom,  and  3'ields  one 
good  cutting.  By  sowing  it  in  autumn,  it  is  fit  for 
cutting  in  the  next  year  iu  time  for  a  crop  of  Turnips, 
or  for  transplanted  iield  Beet,  or  Swedes,  Cabbages,  &c. 
Afterwards  it  is  valuable  for  filling  up  any  bare  spaces 
that  may  appear  in  autumn  in  the  spring-sown  Clover. 
How  should  stubble  ground  be  prepared  for  Rape, 
sti)ue  Turnips,  or  Trifolium  incarnatum  ?  — Stubble 
ground  should  be  lightly  dug  or  forked  for  Rape,  or 
other  crops,  the  stubble  and  weeds  raked  off  and  burnt, 
or  carried  to  the  cow-house  or  pig  stye  :  the  seed  should 
be  sown  broadcast.  There  remain  50  perches  to  be 
apportioned  ;  how  will  you  dispose  of  them  ? — I  would 
have  40  perches  under  Lucern,  if  tlie  soil  were 
suited  to  it,  and  It)  perches  lor  a  garden.  Suppose 
a  cottager  to  get  possession  of  two  acres  of  Urass 
or  old  ley  land  at  Michaelmas,  by  what  manage- 
ment can  he  bring  it  under  cropping,  on  Mr.  Tower's 
plan,  in  thesliorCesc  time  ?— Let  him  first  dig  45  perches 
very  deeply,  turning  the  grassy  sides  of  the  sods  down, 
and  laying  them  as  evenly  and  closely  as  blocks  of  stone 
or  wood  are  placed  for  pavement.  On  this  portion, 
winter  and  spring  Vetches  m:iy  be  sown  in  drills,  formed 
with  a  hoe,  1 J  inches  apart,  and  raked  in.  Thus  green 
food  for  cjw-feeding  in  the  next  summer  will  be  provided. 
What  next  I  —  Let  him  dig  45  perches  in  the  same 
manner,*  fur  Wheat  ;  45  more  at  leisure,  in  the  course 
of  the  winter  for  spring  Oats  (if  the  wire-worm  do  not 
infest  ^the  ground),  with  which  Clover  may  be  sown  ; 
90  perches  in  the  same  way,  either  for  winter  or  spring 
Beans,  as  time  may  allow — and  trench  all  the  remainder 
during  the  winter,  for  Potatoes,  cattle  Beet,  Swedish 
Turnips,  garden  roots,  and  Lucern  if  the  soil  suits  it. 
Whyj  is  so  large  a  portion  to  be  laid  apart  for  Beans  ? 
— Beans  are  a  good  preparatory  crop  for  Wheat  ;  they 
are  prolitable,  also,  and  raised  with  little  labour,  and 
this  quantity  of  the  land  will  exactly  suit  for  the  pro- 
portion of  Wlieat  to  be  sown  every  year  according  to  the 
table.  Will  manure  be  necessary  for  lieans  or  fresh  ley  ? 
—^Manure  will  be  necessary  for  the  Beans  or  ley,  unless 
the  soil  be  very  rich.  Short  dung  or  compost  manure 
should  in  such  case  be  spread  on  the  surface  before 
digging.  How  should  Beans  be  put  into  the  ground  ?  — 
Beans  should  be  planted  with  a  dibble,  in  rows  16  inches 
apart,  with  8  inches  between  the  holes  (2^  inches  deep) 
in  each  row,  and  about  three  Beans  should  be  dropped 
in  each  hole,  after  which  a  rake  should  be  passed,  or 
a  basil  drawn  over  tlie  rows  to  cover  the  seed.  What 
advantages  have  winter  over  spring  Beans? — Winter 
Beans  usually  ripen  a  fortnight  earlier  than  spring  Beans, 
and  the  produce  is  generally  greater.  When  stubble 
Turnips  are  to  follow,  this  early  ripening  is  important. 
I3  there  any  special  adva-ntage  on  the  other  hand  in 
favour  of  spring  Beans  ? — The  quality  of  spring  Beans 
is  usually  becter  than  that  of  winter  Beans,  and  the  time 
for  sowing  them  (t'ebruary),  interferes  very  little  with 
other  field  labour,  whereas  the  planting  of  winter  Beans 
may  interfere  much  with  Wheat  sowing.  Could  a  culti- 
vator bring  atubble  or  fallow  land  as  quickly  as  ley  into 
the  particular  MyaU;m  ofcropj»ingwe  have  recommended  ? 
-—It  would  be  more  easy  to  bring  stubble  or  fallow  land 
into  immediate  cropping,  according  to  the  plan  laid 
down,  than  ley  land,  inasmuch  as  the  labour  of  digging 
and  preparing  it  would  be  less.  How  many  perches  of 
stubble  Jaiid  could  a  man  roughly  dig,  14  inches  deep, 
in  a  winter's  day  ? — A  man,  withouf,  overworking  him- 
self, could  roughly  but  very  deeply  dig  from  »  to  10 
perches  in  a  wiiiicr'sday,  and  for  many  succesBivedaya  ; 
and  if  the  winter's  digging  bo  well  done,  the  Hpring  dig- 
ging will  be  more  quickly  executL*d.  Will  not  a  cot- 
tager who  is  ooliged  Ui  attend  to  his  employer's  work, 
feel  it  ditncuU  to  find  time  for  the  spring  digging 
necessary  U)  prepare  Ins  own  ground  for  «o  many  sorts 
of  cropi  as  he  will  have  Uj  how  and  plant  in  spring  J — 
All  the  spring  crops  will  not  require  to  be  put  into 
the  ground  at  the  same  time  ;  for  instance,  if  the 
setting  of  Cabbages  and  Beans,  and  early  Potatoes 
be  cofnia-jneed   iu  February,   tlio  digging  or  forking  of 


*  fnffr.mii'ltu  wtil<:  I  ii<--mn*!4  tiivo  romefl  rJeo(dy.  it  will  IjO 
better  c*  turn  -iVKr  ili'j  uj^por  lO'l  iri'jry  ll>;litly,  aii'I  r.o  ciiot  u 
tf.otid  Mpli  oKiie  u  la  order  to  acaoUiur  tbo  Uranicn  eirectunlly. 


the  soil  for  them  may  be  easily  done  after  the  previous 
deep  digging  ;  there  will  then  bo  some  weeks  for  digt^ing 
the  divisions  intended  for  spring  corn  ;  after  this  is  over- 
ground, drills  may  be  opened  and  completed  for  cattle 
Beet.  What  wext  ? — If  time,  orcompostof  lime  and  earth, 
liad  been  scattered  over  tlie  surface  intended  for  the 
main  crop  of  Potatoes,  it  will  be  only  necessary  at  tlie 
planting  season  to  dig  at  first  narrow  strips,  30  or  36 
inches  apart,  into  which  the  sets  might  be  dibbled, 
without,  at  that  time,  digging  the  spaces  between  the 
rows.  Or  drills,  barely  wide  enough  for  receiving  a 
due  allowance  of  dung,  might  he  planted  and  covered, 
and  the  spaces  between  them,  as  in  the  other  case,  dug 
in  the  course  of  a  month  or  six  weeks  afterwards,  when 
the  Potato  plants  have  clearly  appeared  :  thus  time 
would  be  economised  without  any  injury  to  the  first  or 
succeeding  crop.  The  preparation  for  Turnip  land 
would  not  be  necessary  until  all  other  work  was  over. 
Is  a  spade  the  best  implement  for  digging  land  gene- 
rally I  —A  spade  is  the  best  implement  for  digging  lnara 
or  any  crumbling  soil,  but  a  fork  is  better  for  digging 
clay,  because  it  enters  the  ground  more  easily,  and  turns 
it  over  equally  well.  What  is  the  best  sort  of  digging 
fork  1 — Dr.  Yellowley's  three-tined  fork  is  probably 
the  best  for  digging  stiff  land.  The  fork  part  is  13^  inches 
in  length,  and  weighs  10  lbs.  ;  the  whole  length  is  3  fset 
3,V  inches,  and  the  wooden  handle  is  '2  feet  2  inches.  A 
workman  will  dig  more  clay  land  with  it  in  a  day  than 
witli  a  spade,  and  also  with  less  fatigue.  Fro'ni  Groom- 
hrldye's  Elementary  Catechism. 

Pvlce  of  Ar/rictdtanU  Labour. — Amongst  our  many 
agricultural  discrepancies  is  the  price  of  agricultural 
labour  in  different  counties.  In  Suffolk,  parts  of  Essex, 
and  other  counties,  6s.  6d.  to  75.  6d.  per  week  is  a  com- 
mon price  ;  whilst  in  parts  of  Yorkshire,  Lancashire, 
Kent,  Surrey,  and  elsewhere,  lis.  to  135,  is  no  uncom- 
mon rate,  particularly  in  the  manuiacturing  districts. 
Surely,  this  is  powerful  evidence  of  the  necessity  for 
setting  labour  free  by  a  national  rating,  iu  lieu  of  the 
local  trammels  of  parish  or  union  relief.  Labour  being 
the  parent  of  capital,  should  be  as  free  as  air,  following 
the  great  principle  of  commercial  equipoise  ;  not  that  I 
think  cheaply-paid  labour  is  by  any  means  the  most 
desirable.  The  physical  condition  of  a  man,  as  of  a 
horse,  is  the  limit  of  his  powers,  minus  his  intelligence  ; 
but  with  extreme  low  wages,  we  see  miserable  ragged- 
ness  and  ill-conditioned  cottages,  disgraceful  alike  to  the 
locality  and  to  humanity,  and  evidencing  a  low  scale  of 
rent  for  land,  with  inferior  farming.  But  tliere  is  no 
j  end  to  agricultural  dis*i*epancy.  In  Norfolk  I  can  find 
I  a  farm  of  1000  acres,  with  only  four  fields  of  250  at-res 
1  each,  the  fences  neatly  trimmed,  free  from  hedgerow 
timber,  and  the  whole  a  pattern  of  good  farming.  I  turn 
to  Devonshire  and  many  other  counties,  and  there  I  see 
60  and  70-acre  farms,  with  25  fields  on  an  average  of 
I  about  2^-  acres  each.  Who  can  wonder  at  the  complaints 
of  agricultural  distress?  Imagine,  on  such  a  farm,  25 
gates  to  open,  shut,  and  keep  in  repair  ;  25  squares  of 
hedgerows  and  timber  trees,  eating  up  the  poor  farmer's 
crops  ;  25  squares  of  headland  to  turn  upon  and  destroy, 
and  yet  all  these  nuisances  are  measured  to  the  tenant 
as  land,  and  he  has  to  pay  rent,  I'ates,  tithes,  and  taxes 
upon  them.  Again,  in  parts  of  Norfolk,  Lincolnshire, 
and  Scotland,  steam-engines  are  almost  as  plentiful  as 
Blackberries,  whilst  in  most  other  counties,  they  have 
few  or  none.  In  my  own,  with  a  million  of  acres,  we 
have  less  than  half-a-dozen.  Well,  look  at  our  tileries 
for  drainage.  When  I  visited  Devonshire  last  year,  I 
found  a  recently-erected  one  on  Lord  Fortescue's  estate, 
the  first  in  this  county  of  1,500,000  acres.  If  manufac- 
tures and  commerce  had  been  as  slothful  as  agriculture, 
we  should  have  been  as  dependent  on  foreigners  for 
clothing  as  we  have  been  for  food.  Mir.  Mechi's  Second 
Paper.  

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Beanb  '.  F  C.  It  ii  a  common  cnmpHint,  tind  'he  winder  Beans 
are  as  peculiarly  Urtlde  to  this  hlaclt  miUfwy  blight  as  ihe 
spring  Bowii  ones  are  to  inju'y  by  infiecta.  We  have  Inst  our 
whole  Ci'op  befce  now  with  the  black  bliKht,  which  h;is 
d«»tro.ed  the  fiJia^'e  before  the  Beans  were  f'ullv  f>imfid. 
Wet  iviathpr  sn*!  bu'ky  foliige  favour  the  evil — IF  U^.  Wo 
are  unab'e  to  h^lp  you.  We  have  ourBclvea  had  2i,'  acri^s  of 
winter  Bean3  flestroyed  ani  chanced  (rom  Iuxuri.tnt  green 
to  utter  bl.icknes3  in  a  week,  before  the  blussominy  was 
cnmitleted  The  present  wet  w..*atber  is  favourable  to  such 
rapid  tlijih's. 

CoL'ioaED  Tiles:  An  Amxhur  T'de-niaker  Kays:  "As  i^  is 
matter  conaidyrably  u tit'..- c tin;,'  the  picturesquenees  of  our 
coltaKO  sC'-nep.v,  I  hope  I  ehuli  not  hi  taxing  your  Paper 
beyond  its  p  ovince  wben  I  ask  if  you  or  eome  correspondent 
c  uld  in'orm  my  what  is  the  proper  mixture  to  apply  to  p  ain 
tiles  In  iheir  green  st'te,  tuac  when  burnt  their  flaring' 
rcdnta^  may  ba  penirmoutly  suhdned," 

DAiar  :  IVoodyalc.  Y'  ur  question  was  too  lute  to  appear  last 
wei;k.  A  Hutjii  Alilernty  c  iw  win  yield  20  quarts  oC  imlk 
daily,  and  In  IbH.  of  buce.  welily,  in  the  «pniii;  and  summer 
inonclis,  A  coW  mny  cOBt  It.  83.  a-ycar,  Perhaps  smiij  ot  our 
currespondeuifl  may  be  uuie  to  give  you  more  dttiuito  iiifor- 
niation  t»n — Ur.,  Hie  average  amount  of  butter  a  g-md  Jera^y 
c.>«  wi  1  jield  a-muully  ;  26,  how  many  may  be  placcl  undtr 
tho  muaageujcut  of  onu  dairymaid;  iid,  the  coat  uf  Ueeji  of 
I'OO  cow  per  annum. 

GtJANo:  Ayricola.  Apply  about  4  cwt.  per  ncio  in  a  compost 
with  BOiutt  louuy  MOil,  (,0  as  to  mitk't  tuiee  or  four  cart-loada 
per  acre  of  the  ailxiui'u.  !<,  will  inrich  the  land  BuiUciciiily 
to  Ki-t  u  crcp,  by  ihi;  co  mumption  of  which  on  tliu  laud 
fcr  lilly  may  ou  nride  nt-urly  1  ermnnont. 

i'KAT  (JuAiiOiAL;  A  '^uhsofibct:  "The  clamps  which  I  eon- 
iiti  uctcd  in  La'ic  ihhtru  were  cma'*,  bum,;  ahoun  '2  j  u'  dtt 
Hijutio  wiliin,  and  lli>!  wuIIh  ab  uc  1.^  jard  high.  TluBu 
WL-ru  rapidly  and  ci  nvu  dootly  bulit  of  maHHivo  uodn  cut  from 
the  nuprllidul  bog-curil),  widen  liad  been  locuutly  turiii'il 
(•Vcr  by  a  pecul'ur  pl>iu^ii,  lii  hIicuh  miiichuH  broud  by  SJ  locliuB 
(loop.  T lie  join 'H  01  ihu  wiiHh  were  piahtei'itii,  wIjOio  iieydud, 
with  toft  HLtilV  obtuliiud  fi'om  ii'ijacen'.  draiiu.  Thi  ui;  or 
four  hinud  lioluN,  fiiiy  i  liicb<.'H  Hquari>,  aro  lufi  in  the  walU  ut 
buttorii  (o  give  atr  for  klndiin^^  iliu  i'l-.u,  which  Ih  tini  iiiudo 
pretty  Hirong  with  d>lod  peaitt,  Iu  urdur  to  us'ubdali  u  m  ihb 


of  red-hot  fuel  at  botrom.  These  aperturea  are  rtiminifched 
Uri  the  proitHB  goe^.  on,  and  finally  sttppud  up.  If  the  peat 
to  be  charred  be  nearly  dry,  ihe  clamjj  may  he  upeedily  filled, 
alwaya  uniiig  the  driest  peat  lirat,  au<i  c.»verin«  ih**  top  with 
damp  HO(Js  or  iiiggngH.  The  air-hi)lefl  mu-.  bu  quite  closed 
whc-n  it  is  juflged,  by  the  api.earaiice  of  the  volume  and 
clearness  of  the  smoke,  that  sufficient  heat  th  ai  quired  below 
to  carry  on  the  operation.  As  the  coDtentg  tub-ide  fresh 
stuff  is  addtd,  care  being  tak-n  to  maintain  the  kiln  quite 
Jull,  to  close  all  iot^rsticesin  ihe  walU  and  to  fill  up  holts  at 
top  as  they  occur  from  shrinkage  produced  by  combustion. 
Flame  must  never  be  allowen  to  appear  on  ihe  bu'  (ace.  The 
clamp  ia  known  to  bu  i-ufficietitly  filled  with  charcoal  when 
tile  added  fiinff  settles  but  Uitle,  The  operation  should  ba 
Btopped  ivbeu  ihe  chaired  masa  apj.riidchea  witLio  18  or 
12  inches  ol  the  top  ;  otherwise,  the  iucumbeot  air,  parti- 
cularly in  windy  weather,  may  reach  thw  charcoal,  which, 
wiiuid  then  be  quickly  reduced  to  ashei?.  The  6re  will 
gradually  go  out  on  carefully  otojiping  the  access  of  air,  and- 
smo'hi-ring  the  surface  with  wet  stuff,  but  the  bt-st  plan  is  to 
extinguish  with  water,  which  also  prevents  the  Ouer  dust 
frnm  beinir  blown  away  when  tlie  clamp  is  emptied."  Mr^. 
Par/ces,  in  AgricuUural.  Oazetle,  1814. 

PoLi  iiCAL  QoteiloNS  :  Q  IK.  It,  is  our  wish  to  steer  as  clear  au 
possible  of  ad  parly  questiony,  and  we  hope  we  do  so  ;  but 
it  it  impossible,  in  a  journal  like  ihis.  to  avoid  altogether 
those  great  public,  not  party,  questions  which  are  incidental 
to  iho  occupatioti  of  laud,  and  which  are  hardly  second  to- 
the  cultivation  of  it.  Agriculture  is.  huwi-ver,  our  great 
object,  and  from  that  we  are  not  ut  all  likely  to  depa.rt. 

Steaming:  F  R.  You  had  better  auply  to  bume  of  the  manu- 
faciurer«  ;  Mo'srs.  Richmond,  of  Salfuid,  are  noted  for  their 
Steaoiiog  appara  us. 

Soeatx  Fairs  foe  Sodthdowns  :  Borsham,  July  18.  Wethes 
lambs,  from  rhe  bid  tiocks  ot  West  Su-scx.  aud  a  tew  wether 
sheeiL— i^iJirfoji,  Sept.  14.  Draft  ewes,  wether  lambs,  cub 
ewe  JambN.  rams,  and  vveiher  sheep  for  grazing. — Lewes^ 
Sep!-.  21.  Firr-t  jireat  fair  for  draft  ewes,  weiher  lambs,  cub 
ewe  lambs,  aud  wether  sheep  ;  rams  and  ram  lamb-  not  sold 
or  let.  At  the  annual  sale  ot  the  priticip>il  breed'  rs,  some  of 
the  track  dock-,  their  draft  sale  ewes  are  disposed  of  beforo 
the  fair,  as  are  also  some  of  the  best  s-oek  in  the  nei^ihbour- 
hood  of  Goodwood,  wlu-ro  his  Urace  the  Duke  of  lUchmoud- 
ha.s  an  annual  sale  ot  his  Av-'ft  ewes,  and  letting  of  rame, 
early  in  September.  We  should  have  stated  that  the  5tb  oS 
Augu-t  is  Lincbtield  lamb  fair,  and  the  2d  of  October  ia  tha- 
Lewes  second  fair  for  sheep  aud  lambs. 


EaaAiDM  — Inclosuee  Act  :  In  the  note  to  an  article  on  tha^ 
"  Ttansk-r  tif  Lanti,"  in  page  333  of  the  /igricuUiLral  Gazelto, 
the  IiKlo&ure  Act  is  stated  to  be  8  ib  9  Vxccuria,  c.  13  ;  ic. 
should  be  118-   T.  S. 


;i¥iarfens. 

COTENT  GARDEN,  Jdne  19. 
Tegetables  and  truit  are  pUntiful.  'ihe  sale  for  English* 
Pint-appte»  is  still  dull.  Hohouse  Grapes  continue  to  im- 
prove boih  in  supply  and  quality.  A  few  dest-eri  Apples  may. 
still  be  obtained.  Oraugca  are  plentifully  supplied,  aud  very 
(iood.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  as  laat  «)uitted,  Straw- 
berries, owing  to  the  unfavouiablene^s  of  the  weather,  are 
very  scarce.  A  large  quantity  of  French  Cherries  has  beeiv 
supplied  during  the  week,  some  of  them  b  ingiiig  only  la, 
per  lb.  Young  Cai rots,  Beans,  Ptas,  Lettncen,  Endive,  aud  Arti- 
chokes continue  to  be  supplied  from  France.  New  Potatoes 
are  coming  in  pretty  pleniilully,  as  are  also  gieen  Peas  of 
excellent  quality.  Muahrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowerSr 
cuoHiMt  of  Heatlis,  Epacrices,  Cinerarias,  Mii,'iinnette,  Roaesj. 
Azaleas,  Primulas,  Lily  of  the  Valley,  aud  other  bulbs. 
FRUIT. 


j  Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  Cs  to  Ids 
'  Grapes, hothou8e,p.  ib.,  I'^toSa 
I  Peaches,  per  doz.,  lOs  to  249 
I  Nee  arines,  per  doz.,  lOs  to  248 
\  Melons,  each,  2s  to  &a 
■  Cherries,  per  lb,,  2s  to  Ss 

Strawberries,  p.  lb.,  Is  to  12b 
'  Almonds,  per  peck,  59 

—     eweet,  per  lb,,  2s  to  Sa 

VEGETABLES, 


Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2a 
Orangec,  per  doz..  lb  to  Is  (id 

—  per  100,  38  6dto  10s 

—  Seville,  perd"Z.,  la  to  Sb^ 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  200' 

to  2. 'a 

—  Brazil,  p.  bbh.,  123  to  Ue 
Cobs,  perlUOlba.,  lUOs 


Cabbages,  per  doz,,  fid  to  Is  3d 
Freni-h  Beans,  p.  100,  2a  to  3^ 
Caulifljwtrs,    per     dozen,    2a 

to  6a 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle.  Is  tola 
Greens,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  Gd 
Rhubarb,  p,  bundle,  3d  to4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  SOs 

—  per  cwt.,  2a  to  Ss 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  Gd 

—  Frame,  per  lb  ,  Is  to  2s 

—  New(horder),  do.,3dto6d 
Turnips,  per  doz.,  43  to  l-'s 
Cucumbers,  each,  3d  to  Is  Gd 
Celery,  per  bundle,  1?  to  2s 
Curro'ts,  p.  bun.,  7d  'o  Is 
Spiuach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  !•*  3d 
Onions,  pur  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,l=3dto  3d 
Beet,  per  doz,,  Is  lo  2s 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 


Shallots,  per  buneh,  4d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  la 
Lettuce, Cab.,  per8core4d  tols- 

■ —     Cos,  p.  bcore,  3d  to  la 
(ladishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip.  9d  10  la  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d' 
Horse  Radish,  p.l>undle,lstol6-' 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  8d  lo  9d 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  9d 
•iorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes.  Jeru8.,rio,,  9d  to  la^- 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunuh,  Wd  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch.  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz  biichs.,  2s  to  3s- 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, Gd 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  Gd 
WatercreBHeB,p.l2  buu.jSdtolo" 


HAY,  — Per  I.o<d  of  3C  T 
SsiiTliFiELD,  June  17, 


Prime  Meadow  Ilay  78a  to  84  s 

Clover 

...  85s  to  95s 

Inferior  do. 

...  GS         72 

2d  cut 

...  76          84; 

...  63         — 

Straw 

...  26           SO 

New  Hay     .. 

—         — 

J.  CoopEn, 

The  supply  short 

and  trade  brisk. 

COMBEKLAND    M 

ABEET,  Jutie  17. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  73BtoK4t 

Inferior  Clover 

...  758to8ta 

Interior  do. ... 

...  G8         75 

New  do. 

...  —        — 

New  Hay      .. 
Uld  Clover  ... 

_         — 

Straw 

...  23         32 

.     88        95 

JOSBUA  BAKCB. 

WHITECIIAP 

UL.  Juno  17. 

Fine  ohl  Hay 

...  75atofc03 

Old  Clover  ... 

...  853  to  950 

..    —        — 

Interior  do.... 

...  70        80 

Inferior  do.... 

...  b'i        70 

New  Clover  .,. 

...  —         — 

Straw 

...  2t         27 

Inferior  do.,.. 

...  —         — 

HOPS.— BouoooEi  Maeket,  Juno  18. 
MeHsre.  Paitendeii  and  Smith  reuort  that  the  advance 
is  well  supported,  which  may  bu  considered  on  tlio  whole  fully 
8h.  per  cwt.  on  Weald  Kcnt«,  and  6g.  on  Sussex  and  othet' 
dcforiptions.  The  stock  of  last  year's  growth  ia  almost 
exiiausted.     Nothing  has  been  done  on  the  duty.     Currency: 

Mid  is  ICiirtt  ICenta  12Ga  to  laus  I  SuHsex      1228til32o. 

VVuuld  IConta      ...  12Gft  to  117«  |  Yearlings 20a  to    BOa 

woor.. 

Beadfoud,  TnuHSDAT,  Juno  17.— Tho  transActlons  in  the 
English  Wool  market  duilng  ilie  current  week  have  been 
chiirac'erlsod  by  great  flrmm'Shi  of  tone,  cinully  induced  by  the 
liudled  supply  of  good  wool  iu  tho  hands  uf  the  trade,  and 
pricuti  muat  be  considered  u>4  decidedly  In  tuvour  uf  the  soller.- 
Thu  rates  thua  fur  asked  by  giowi-rs  for  new  wool  are  much, 
heyund  those  which  can  bu  ruitll-<ed  at  present  hero,  and  the 
Ci'MicqiiOiice  in,  that  Htapters  are  only  lliniiod  purchancrfi,  the 
bulk  uf  the  QfW  wool  being  dlspoBcd  of  to  a  tew  coueumers, 


398 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[June  19, 


who,  in  the  early  part  of  clip  geneniUy  appear  ae  prominent 
buyers  of  a  ceriuiu  class  ot  wo.l,  and  nut  uiifrequen-ly  give  an 
unnatural  firmnefis  to  prices  which  the  actual  position  of  the 
traiie  does  not  justify.  Short  woola  aad  noils  are  a  good  sale, 
at  full  prices.  

COAL  MARKET.— Feidat,  June  13. 
Eden  Main,  15t  ;    WaHscnd  Braddyli'y.  15a.  Gii.;    Wallsend 
Heaton,  lis.;    Wall-^eud  Uaswell,  ItJs.  3d.;   Wallsend  Hetton, 
IGs.  ■  Wallseud  Stewarts,  IGi. — Sbip«  a:  market,  1U4. 

S\IIT!IP[3L  D.— MoNDAV,  June  H. 
Having  a  smdHer  supply  of  Beasts  and  ihe  dead  markets 
faaiiig  dear,  trade  hi9  recovered  frwm  the  dypres&ioa  it  expe- 
rieuGed  on  Monday  last,  und  in  a  few  iiif.tances  411.  is  obtained 
fur  choice  Scots.  The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  also 
smaller,  con^equf^ntly  tr^idd  id  more  cheerful.  There  is  an 
advauce  of  abuut  2d.  per  8  lbs.  on  Sheep,  but  we  cannot  quote 
higher  for  Lambs.  Good  Calves  meet  with  a  ready  sale,  but 
liviees  on  the  average  are  not  hiuher.  From  Ot-nnaiiy  and 
liclland.  there  are  418  Beasts,  lt;50  Sheep,  und  238  Galvefi  ; 
from  ScoUan-d.  620  Beasts;  from  Norfolk  and  Sufiblk,  2000; 
and  141  from  the  nortliora  and  midland  counties. 


Per  Bt.  of  81bfl.— 8  d  B  d 
Best  Scots,  Uere- 

for<ip,  <tc.  ...  3  8  to  3  10 
Best  Short. hnriia  3  6  —  38 
Hd  qualify  Beaits  2  lU  —  3  4 
Best   Downs    aud 

Half-bredB  ...  0  0  —  0  0 
Do.  Shorn    3  10  —  4     0 


Per  St.  of  8Ibs.— s  d       b 

Best  Long-wools  .0  0  to  0 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3  6  —  3 

Ewes  «b  2d  quality  0  0-0 

Do.  Shorn   2  8  —  3 

Lambs      4  4—5 

C:Uve8      2  8  —  4 

Pigs           2  10 


BeastSj  3990  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  24,610  ;  Calves,  350  ;  Pigs,  455. 
Friday,  June  25. 
The  number  of  BeaHta  Ib  not  lar^e— adequate,  however,  to 
the  demand  ;  prii;eft  are  about  as  on  Monday,  with  a  slow 
trade.  Sheep  aud  Lamhg  ai-e  more  plentiful ;  there  is  a  pretty 
grtod  demand,  bu'.  Monda>'s  quotations  can  scarcely  be 
maintained.  We  have  an  unu'^ually  lart,'e  suL.ply  of  Calves, 
consequently  they  are  couriiderablv  lower.  From  Germany 
and  Holland  we  have  l-'U  Beasts,  lll'i  Sheep,  and  463  Calves  ; 
from  Scotland,  10  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  aud  Suffolk,  500  ;  and 
160  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 


Per  Bt.  of  81b3. 
Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  &c.  ...  3  8  to  E  10 
Best  Short-horna  3  6  —  38 
2d  qualiry  Beasts  2  10  —  3  4 
BsHt  Downs  and 

Half.breds  ...  0  0  —  0  0 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3     8  —  3  10 

Beasts,  952 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 


Per  St.  of  81bs.— B  d       b  d 

Best  Lonn-wools  .0  0  to  0  0 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3  6  —  3  8 
liwesifc  2d  quality 

Do.  Shorn           ...  2  8  —  3  2 

Lambs      4  4  —  5  0 

Calves       2  4  —  3  8 

Pies           2  8  —  3  6 

12.830;  Calves,  760  ;  Pigs,  350. 


MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  June  14.— Tbe  supply  of  Wheat  to  this  morning's 
m'lrket  from  the  neighbouring  counties  was  small,  and  for  the 
very  finest  samples  of  white  an  aWance  of  Is.  per  qr.  upon 
the  prices  of  this  day  se'iinight  was  ob  aiued.  Fine  foreign, 
particularly  old,  was  rather  more  in  demand,  but  we  are 
unable  to  note  any  improvement  in  its  value. — The  foreign 
Flour  trade  is  heavy.— For  grinding  Barley  there  is  a  fnir 
denjand  at  late  rates.— Beans  and  Peas  are  fully  as  dear.— 
The  Oat  trade  is  heavy,  and  to  effect  sales  it  is  necessary  to 
accede  to  a  reduction  of  6d.  to  la.  per  qr.  on  the  prices  of 
•Itiis  day  week. 

Per  Impeutal  Qciatiter. 
Wheat,  Essex.  Kent,  &.  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —    fiae  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  ■ —     Talavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley, grind. &  distil,, 2iis  to 293,.. Chev, 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling 
OatH,  E^ises,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  .md  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  2 

—  Irish  Potato!2fl 


u—ir> 

45-47 

45—5(1 
38-4(1 
:16— 52 
■lO- 35 
^1—28 
20—21 
24 
.2:1 


Foreigu   Polandand  BrewHS — 20 

Rye     

Rye-maal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagao 273  to  29^ Tick 

—  Pigeon   283  —  31s. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Smalli23 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  K>!nt Boilers  35—37 

—  Maple 29fl  to  32a «rey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  beet  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreiiin per  barrel 

raiDAT,  Jun"*   18. — The  arrivals  of  grain  this    week,  both 

English  and  furei(j;n,  have  been  moderate,  hut  those  of  Flour 
are  considerable.  To-day's  market  was  only  tolerably 
attended,  aud  rather  more  disposition  evinced  to  purchase 
Wheat,  but  sales  were  limited.  Floating  cargoes  of  Wheat 
■from  the  Mediterranean  meet  a  good  inquiry. —  For  Barley  there 
is  a  retail  trade  at  Monday's  prices. —  Beans  and  Peas  remain 
as  last  quoted. — The  Oat  trade  is  slow,  inferior  qualities  almost 
•unsaleable. — Flour  continues  neglected, 
Impertal  Aveeaoes. 


3— 3j 


28—30 


37-4fi 
25—3/ 
17—23 


Red  , 
Ued  . 


iled  , 


Malting 
Maltiug 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

c'o reign  . 

Harrow  . 
Long pod 
Bgvptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 


fellow. 
.V  or  folk 
Per  sack 


39—40 
40—41 


29-31 


20—22 
19—22 
17-19 


23-32 

24—25 
i6-33 
28—35 


25-32 
28-34 


Wbeat. 

Eablet. 

Oatb 

Bte. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

May    8 

s.    d. 
41    1 
41    8 
40    6 

411    6 
40    7 
40  11 

s.    d. 
28    1 
28     3 
27  10 
27  11 
27    5 
27    6 

s.    d. 
19    8 

19  10 

20  1 
20    1 
■JO    8 
20    0 

s.    d. 

3J    8 

:)0      0 
31)     6 
30     0 
30     6 
!0    8 

s.    d 

30  6 

31  6 
31    0 
31    C 
81    7 
31  10 

s    d. 

—    15 

—  22 

—  29 

30    2 

June    5 

:;i    2 

—    12 

Afftrrpp.    Avpr 

4"  10 

27  10 

JO     0 

30     3 

31    4 

29  11 

Duiiea  on  ForeieQ  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FLBCTOATlONfl    IN  THE   LAST    SiX    WeEK'S    AVEaAOES. 

Trices. 

Mat  8. 

May  16 

May  22. 

Hay  29. 

June  5. 

June  12. 

41s  Id 

...    p 

1 

:::  ^ 

_!ij 

40    7 
40    6 

... 

LivEtLi-u.tL.  lotsDAV.  June  15. —  I  he  di-rivals  since  Tuesday 
from  Ireland  and  ooaslwise  are  moderate  of  Oaimeal.  but 
light  of  other  arliclen.  At  this  morninff's  market  there  was  a 
good  att-ndance  of  lown  and  country  dealers.  Wbeat  met  a 
fnir  sale,  at  the  full  prices  of  last  Tuesday,  and  fine  qualities 
of  sack  and  barrel  Flour  were  in  improved  request  at  rather 
better  prices.  Oats  and  Oa-meal  we-e  in  limiled  demand,  at  a 
decline  of  4il.  to  Id.  per  45  lbs.,  and  3d.  to  Gd.  per  load.  Barley, 
Beaps,  and  Feas  s^upporied  late  rates.  Indian  Corn  met  a 
slow  sale,  buters  holdine  off  in  anlicipalion  of  lower  pric  B. 

lElDAY.  June  11.  — We  hare  had  very  few  ariis-alsinto  ihis 

port,  cither  coastwise  or  from  Ireland,  since  Mond-ay  last. 
Ihis  morning's  market  was  tolerably  well  attended,  i.nd  a  fair 
tusmesH  transacted,  ctiiell.v  in  the  tiner  descriptions  of  white 
Tnlrt!.r,  r?"'  "'  "■="  ■"  EgSl'tian,  at  the  currency  of 
LZl^.'  !;  /'""'•  ""PP'irled  la-e  p.ic.s.  Barley  wasBieadv 
in  value,  and  Kea...  hvo.ly  main.ained  their  price.  In  Mal't 
and  Peas  no  variation.  Oas  and  Oaimeal  »ere  in  very  slow 
request,  and  lo  have  made  pr..press  in  sales  raiher  less  money 
must  have  been  conceded.  Transactions  of  Indian  Corn  were 
of  Imited  amount,  without  alteration  in  price. 


d  0  T  T  A 


A  L  L  E 


2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


A  PPLICATION    is    requested    for    their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 
■^-^  Descriptions,   and  Prices  of 


Conservatories 

Greentiouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-glass  Frames. 
Game  Netting 
Hurdles 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Sviingea 
Do.      Hollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  ifcc. 


AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,    CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK, 

EXHIBiTIOH  PaiZE  MEDAL   GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENH0DSE3,    FIT    FIIAME.S,    ic. 
fAMES    PHILLIPS    A^D    CO.   beg    to    hand    their 
prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash 


Cut  to  order  in  Panes    not 
above  40  inches  long. 

16  oz 3d.   to  iid. 

21  do SJd.  to5ii. 

26  do 6<i.    to  7»rf. 

In  Orates  of  300  ft,,  16  cz,, 
id.  per  foot. 


Paobed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each.  £.  s.  rf. 

e  by4,  Ciby4i     ...    0  13    0 

7  by  5,  71  by  51     ...     0  i5     0 

8  by  6,  8"  by  si     ...    0  15    0 
Shy  S,  Sibyo"     ...    0  17    6 

9  by  7,  10  by  8       ...10    0 
ANY  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  SIZES  at  18s.  9i.  per  lOOfeet. 

Boxes,  2s.  each;  returnable  at  full  price. 

22  by  16  ...  22  by  15  ...  22  by  13  ...  20  by  IS  ...  20  by  14 

"  ■   '     "         18  by  13  ...  18  by  12  ...20  by  12 

17  by  12  ...  14  by  II  ...18  by  11 

15  by  11  ...  16  by  10  ...  15  by  10 

13  by  10  ...  13  by    9  ...  12  by  10 


20  by  13  . 
15  by  12  , 
17  by  11  , 
14  by  10  . 
12  by    9 


18  by  H  . 
16  by  12  . 
16  by  11  . 
14  by  11  . 
.  11  by    9  . 


ALL  SIXTEEN  OUNCES  TO  THE  FOOT. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  RODGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Cod. 
servatories,  Public  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c., 
J  inch  thick.     Packed  in  buxe^  of  50  teet  each. 

6  by  4  and  ej  by  44. ..Ins,  dd.  I  7  by  5  and    7i  by  5J...12s.  Od. 

8  by  G  and  8»  by  64. ..13s.  Gd,  |  9  by  7  and  lO"  by  8  ...15s.  Od. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  ver.y  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  38s,,  40s  ,  to  42s   per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans,  from  2s.  to  6s.  each,  Propagating  and  BeeGIasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoys'  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamenial 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shadoi,  and  every  article 
in  tbe  Trade. 

HORTICOLTHRAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  IIG,  Bishops, 
gate-street  Without,  London. 


GLASS    MILK    PANS. 


TAMES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    UC,    BISHOPS- 

'-'    GATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  BEG  TO  INFORM  THEIR 

FRIENDS  THEY  ARE    PREPARED    TO    SUPPLY  GLASS 

MILK  PANS  THE  SAME  SIZE  AS  THE  FOREIGN  ONES, 

BUI  SUPERIOR  IN  COLOUR,  MAKE,  AND  QUALITY,  AT 

2s  EACH,  OR  21s    PER  DOZEN. 

IF  A  LARGE  QUANTITY  IS  TAKEN  A  DISCOUNT 

WILL  BE  ALLOWED. 

LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 

GLASS  CllEAM  POTS,  <!io.  &q. 

CUCUMBER  TUBES,  PROPAGATING  AND  BEE  GLASSES, 

SHADES    FOB     ORNAMENTS,    FISH    GLOBES,    PIANO 

INSULATORS,  <fco.  &c. 


TPHOMAS  MILLINGTON'S  'FOREIGN  SHEET 
-^  GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
aS  cheaper.    In  100-feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    G,\by4i      13s.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    74  by  5|       15     0 

8  ,,  6  and    8    by  64       15     0 

8  ,,         6a»d    84  by  GJ      17    6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  larjie  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in,  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Cd.  per  foot. 

„        „        35     „       8d.        „ 

„        „        60     , 9.Jd.      „ 

„        „        75      „       12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  fis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucuoiber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'asses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgale- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way,— Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand- 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  fnrwardid  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATINft 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co..  35,  Sobo-square,  London. 

See  Oardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month, 

E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  opplicallon  to 
whom  drawings  may  he  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained : — Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine.apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c.| 
Fulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserjmen,  Exeter: 
Messrs.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  ilessrp.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull,  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.II.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentbam,  Stafford, 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea ;  Messrs, 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St, 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  or 
tbe  best  nrinciple.    Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 

THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLona  Meechakts,  125,  Queen-street,  Porteea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  wholesale  prices,  Crown  and  Horticultural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee, Cucum- 
ber, and  Propagating  Glasses,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  die.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Piumbero'  Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Tarnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.B.—  Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Clielsea, 
London,  having  had  consideiable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  wnrkmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  e  position  to 
execute  orders  on  tbe  lowest  possible  terms.  ,,t  i..,.. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  tbe  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  tbe  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  salisfactonv  relereuces. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purpos-es  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  avaUable. 


25— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


390 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATE-NT  CAST-IRON 
PUMP6,  for  rbe  use  of  Farms, 
Cottapres,  ilaoure  Tanks,  and  Siial- 
low  Wella.  £  s.    d. 

PatentPump 1  12    0 

Patent  Pump,  wiih  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

fliin;;    ...  2    8    0 

Larger  &ize3  if  required. 
May   be    obtair.ed    ot"    any    Iron- 
monger or    PluQibiT    in    Town    or 
Country,    or  of  ibe  Patentees   and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER  &   SONS, 
S,  Crescent,  Jenin-s'reet,  London. 
Every  description    of   Machinery 
for  Raising'  and   Forcing    Wa'er  eithftr  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Knffinos.  ifcc. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


Just  out,  Ts  ,  post  free, 

HOW  TO  MAKE  HAY,  Cut,  Make,  and  Stack,  at 
one-half  the  u-^ual  chur^fes,  in  any  weather  nnd  in  any 
country.  A  Pampliiet  on  the  above  itperation,  or  HtSTS  ON 
HAY-MAKING;  bein?  Plain  and  Intelligble  Directions  for 
Making  Hay  ec.innm'cally,  and  for  securing  the  crop  in  any 
weather.     [Third  Edition.) 

Farmers,  extensive  Proprietors  of  Land,  and  others  bave 
been  in  the  habic  of  complaining  of  the  heavy  expenses  attend- 
ing the  Mailing  of  Hay,  and  at  this  present  period  of  ^ow  prices, 
it  becomes  imperatively  nece-sary  for  all  those  connecfed  with 
the  cultivatiim  of  the  soil  to  curtail  every  item  of  expense,  and 
to  economise  in  every  department,  so  as  to  be  able  to  stand 
times  such  as  these  ! 
London^  M,,  WfDLAEc  and  Co.,  ItS,  Fencburcb-straet,  City. 


Habt  Wedlake's  Orieinal  DOUBLE  ACTION"  EAY- 
SlAKING  MAUHlJiE,  which  obtained  the  Medal  at  the  Derby 
Show, — Beware  of  bpuriaua  mjcbines.— 118,  Feuchurch-slreeC. 


CHEAP     AND     DURABLE     ROOFING. 
BY  HER  ---'"-^}i">T?>^^-S^^  PvOYAL  LETTERS 


MAJESTY'S 


PATENT. 


rp     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildings,  Bunliill- 

-*-    •     row,  Lrjodnn,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 

THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses.  Farm  Euildmgs,  Shedding',  "Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  I'lants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  Xa'ional  Agricultural  Shows,   it  is  this  Felt 
which   has   b-en  exhibited   aod  ob.ained  two  Silver  Medal 
Prizes,  and  is  the  Felc  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  Woods  and  Fosests, 

HoMnnftABLE  B)ASD  OF  OeDXANCE, 

HoNOuaaELE  East  India  Company, 
Hovudkable  *>)simissiijner3  of  CaST>MS, 
Heb  Majesty's  KsTate,  Isle  op  Wight, 
Royal  Botanic Gacdens,  Regent's  Pake, 
And  on  the  Es'ateo  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  N.irtbumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late   Earl  Spencer,  ar)d  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Geniry, 
andauhe Royal  agbicoltdeil  SticiPTr's  IIddse,  Ilsinover-sq. 

It  18  half  the  price  of  any  o'her  deaciip'-ioa  of  rooting,  and 
effects  agreat  eaving  of  Timber  in  the  conslractiou  of  Roofs. 
Uade  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

PaicE  OsE  Penny  pee  ."^QnAaE  Foot. 

%*  Samples,  wifb  Direci  n*  for  its  Uf^e,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  jearb'  exporieoce,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
Xovra  or  countrj,  and  orders  by  p  i?t  executed. 

1^"  The  Public  ifc  cau'ioned  that  the  only  Work?  in  London 
Or  Great  Britain  wbire  th^  above  Roofing  if  made,  aro 

F.  M'NEILLand  C0.'.S 
Patent    Felt    ifaoufactory,    Lamb's-buiidings,    Bunhill-row, 
London,  where  Uimtij  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chdocdlor^  C'-urts,  at  tlio  tmrance  of  West- 
mioster  Ball,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  FcU  about 
two  years  einte.  U'ider  the  Stirveyorahip  of  Cbas.  Barry,  E^q., 
R.A.  Her  MajpBiy'i,  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Foreats  are 
BO  «atifr6ed  wtib  the  result  that  tbey  have  ordered  the  Cooi- 
mtlteo  Koom<  at  the  Honeei  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with 
their  Felt,     Q-iannty  altogether  used,  24,lj00  feet. 

Note.  — Cnntuiner«  Rendinj;  direct  to  the  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  leni{tD9  be<it  fulled  to  their  Roois,  so  that  they  pay  for 
DO  more  tbaii  ihey  rcfjoire. 

Efery  latotmiiiuu  aflorded  on  the  confilrtiction  of  lioofd,  or 
any  propoied  particular  application  ol  the  Felt. 


'T'HE  SUMMER  SUN  AND  DUST  are  sources  of 

-*-  B«loa*  iriconr  niitnco  to  peraons  of  delicate  eompltxion. 
On  the  drive,  the  prom'-ntide,  the  aquatic  txcureiuD,  Ladies 
«boaId  CTcr  be  firuvidcd  with 

ROWLANDS'  KALYDOR, 
which  will  be  found  Kr'.aily  refrcs^JiDK  to  the  complexion, 
dit[.c>linx  the  cloud  <>i  l.iiieuor  and  n-lAxailon,  alluymz  nil 
Irritability  ufj'l  Jte-nr,  und  imnicdiaiely  iifT-inlinfc  the  pluaftinj; 
MTflift'lon  att«n(lii(it  on  flavored  clanilrrlty  nod  lionlthful  umtu 
of  the  ftkla.  Frccklf*,  Tan,  f^potii,  Pimplen,  and  i)l»coloru- 
tloiu  are  ompkii^ly  crtidicatftd  by  the  Kaltd'ir.  and  Kive  pluco 
to  a  deilfat'ly  denr  and  fair  Complvxioii.  lu  ca*u«  of  Mun- 
bom,  or  •■'tiiiifii  ut  fn4<-c-M,  it*  virtue*  havu  lon^f  beun  avkaow- 
(•dsed— Pricu  Ai.  Gd.  and  Ht.  lid.  per  ljo-,tlf. 

ROWLANDS'    AQUA    D'ORO. 

Thli  frxxririi  und  •pirituou*  p.rlumo  r<-fre»b(«>i  imd  invl- 

? orate*  the  *>iteiii  dnnnic  iho  heat  of  fiuinnivr,  trnd  will  be 
oood  lift  en  o'liir*!  acrompinimcnt  for  the  oper«,  tho  pub  Ic 
atMBibly,  b(i(l  the  pr.>ii>eaade.  In  nil  cuHm  of  exoltorut  itt, 
Ustttude,  Of  ov«r  ex- rtion.  It  will  prova  ol  (frcttt  niJvimtutfo 
t»k*n  a\  a  hvvtirunti,  diluted  with  water.— Prluu  3j.  Gi 
ptr  br^tlU. 

8 (.11  b/  A.  IIovLANb  nnd  Honji,  20,  Ilatton-gardeD,  LoDdoD  ; 
and  by  ad  Chemuu  and  i'erluioorf. 


-ITIE  NURSERY  AND  THE  SCHOOL.— The  caie 

■*-  of  the  llair  in  Infants  and  younj^  c-ildren  is,  by  inex- 
perienced mothers  and  nurses,  tuO  little  regarded.  No  mistake 
can  be  more  injurious  than  the  supposition  that  noj^'ect  in  tlii'^ 
piirticulnr  can  continue  with  impuuity.  The  seedy  of  strength 
or  weakness  are  laid  iu  the  nursery  ;  and  the  majority  of  the 
fine  fl.)wini  ringlets,  or  bald  heads  of  after  years,  are  traceable 
to  this  early  period.  OLDllIDGG'S  BALM  OF  COLUMBIA, 
long  Celebrated  for  its  gonial  and  invigorutin^^  qualities  in  pro- 
m  Jiing  and  festering  the  growth  of  Iho  hair,  i^  peculiarly  titted 
for  apphcalion  during  the  tender  yoai's  of  infancy  and  child- 
hood ;  and  nij  nursery  or  scliool,  where  personal  advaa'agci^ 
are  held  in  any  eptimation,  should  be  without  it.  For  Cleansing; 
the  Hair  the  Balm  is  most  valuable,  as  it  tffects  this  essenti.il 
object  on  the  Hrst  application,  and  immodtu.toly  removts  the 
scurf.  For  EuibeHishing  the  Hair  the  Balm  is  pre-eminent. 
A  smooth,  ricn,  and  beau'iful  apjiearance,  with  a  irentle  wave, 
or  glossy  ringlets,  full,  luxurianc,  and  graceful,  beinp  the  ad- 
mirable  results  of  its  use.  Sold  by  all  respectable  Chemists, 
Perfu  ners,  and  Stationers.  Price  3s.  Cd.,  Gs.,  and  lis.  per 
bottle;  no  other  prices  are  genuine.  Ask  for  "  Oldridge'd 
Balm,"  and  never  be  persuadetl  to  use  any  other  article  as  a 
substitute. — 13,  We'lington-street  North,  seven  doars  norili  ol 
the  Strand,  London. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHlSlvERS,  Arc.  ?-MiS3  Ellen  Gbauam,  U,  Hand- 
court,  llolborn,  L  indon,  will  send,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  21 
postage  stamps,  her  celebrated  NIOUKRENE  (elegantly 
scented,  and  sutiicieut  for  three  months'  use),  for  reproducing 
tlie  hairi'i  balduesH,  from  whatever  cause,  preventing  the  hair 
faUiufT  off, otrengtheuing  weak  hair,  and  checking  greiness,  <S;c. 
It  is  also  guaranteed  to  produce  Whiskers,  Moustaeluo';,  tfce., 
io  three  or  four  weeks  with  the  greatest  certainty. — "  My  h  lir 
has  become  thicker  and  darker  by  using  your.  Nioukrene  " — 
Mr,  Merry,  Eton.  "My  hair  now  curU  biautifuUy  and  looks 
very  glossy." — Mi?s  Main.  "  I  have  now  a  full  pair  of  'whis. 
kers.     Send  me  another  pot." — Maj  jr  Ilutton. 

0     YOU     WANT     LUXURIANT     HAIR, 

WHISKERS.  &c.  I-Emily  Dean's  UKINILENE  has 
been  pronounced  by  thou^a^ds  to  be  the  only  preparation  that 
can  be  relied  upon  tor  the  Restoration  of  the  Hair  in  Baldness 
from  any  cause,  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengthening 
weak  Hair,  and  checking  Gre^nees,  and  for  the  production  of 
Whiskers,  Moustachios,  Eyebrons,  <fcc.,  in  a  few  weeks  with 
certainty.  It  is  elf-gantly  scented,  and  suffii^ient  for  three 
months' use  ;  will  ha  sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  2ip>stage 
stamps,  by  Miss  Dean,  4s.  Liverpool-street,  King's  Cross, 
London. — Testimonial:  Dr.  Thom^^on  Bay^,  "It  is  a  beautiful 
preparation,  and  the  only  one  I  can  recommend." — "  It,  perfectly 
restored  my  Hair,  after  seven  jear.^'  balduess."  M^jor  Heen. 

BEDSTEADS.    BATHS,    AND    LAMPS. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  FOUR  LARGE 
SHOW-R013MS  devoted  esclusively  to  the  SEPARATE 
DISPLAY  of  Limps,  Bath^,  and  Metallic  Bedsteads.  The 
stock  of  each  is  at  ouce  the  largest,  newest,  and  most  varied 
ever  subaiittcd  to  the  public,  and  ni:\rUed  at  prices  propor. 
tion-ite  with  those  that  have  tended  to  mike  his  establishment 
the  most  distii.guished  in  this  country. 

Bed^tuads,  from  lOs.  (Id.  to  121.  03.  each. 

Shower  Baths,  from      7     0      to    5  15       ,, 

Lamps  (Palmer's),  from  ...     1     6      to    5     0       ,, 

(All  other  kinds  atabe  same  rate). 

Palmer's  Candles ...  G^(i.perlb. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW- 
ROOMS (all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  de- 
voted srdely  to  the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IK.ON- 
MONGi^RY  (including  Cu-ltry,  Nickel  Silver,  PLUed,  and 
Japanned  Wares),  so  arranged  and  classified  that  purchasers 
may  easily  and  at  once  make  t'neir  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Eu^raviugs,  seat  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OSFORD-SniEET  (corner  of  Nei^inan-street) ;  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NEWMAN-STREET;  and  4  and  5,  PERRY'S-PLACE, 
London. 


TO    ALL    PERSONS    OF    TASTE. 
"j\/|R.  MECHI,   4,   Leadenhall-street,   invites   public 

-L-^-*-  attention  to  his  display  of  Elegancies  suitable  for  use  or 
for  presentation.  Those  who  inspected  ilr.  Mechi's  display  of 
manufactures  at  the  Great  Exhibition  will  be  able  to  form  a 
proper  e»timate  of  the  general  style  and  quality  of  his  produc- 
tions. He  has  endeavoured  to  combine  for  those  who  study 
economy,  che.+  pne^-s  with  elegance,  and,  in  fact,  to  give  to  the 
cheapest  article  ho  manufactures  a  pleasing  form  and  style. 
For  instance,  the  Shilling  Penknives  and  Sixpenny  Tooth- 
brushes are  as  useful  in  their  class  as  the  SO-guinea  Dressing- 
case.  The  external  and  internal  fittinfrs  of  his  Premises  have 
been  much  improved,  so  as  to  harminise  more  completely  with 
the  progressive  elegance  of  his  btock.  and  have  been  designed 
and  carried  out  under  his  immediate  plan  and  direction. 
ELEGANCIES  FOR  PRESEWTATION,  Xc. 
Ladies  ami  Gentlemen's  Uressing-tases  from  I7s.  6d.  to  2001.  ; 
Work-bo.'sos  from  lOs,  to40i.;  Envelope-cases  from  Gs.  to  7i.  ; 
Wriiing-def-ks  from  IDs.  to  53J.,  and  an  ^nMnite  variety  of 
articles  in  Papier  Maclic. 

LEADING  ARTICLES  FOR  EVERY-DAY  USE. 
Table  Cutlery  i  f  evtry  <i,."criprion  ;  Razors,  Scissors,  Pen- 
knives, Hair,  Nail,  and  ToolU  Brui^hys,  Combs,  Electro-plated 
Forky  and  S,.oonii  of  vvry  superior  character  and  finish.  Illus- 
trated CatalOf^ues  gratis.  — N.IL  All  articles  of  Cutlery,  ttc, 
ground  and  repaired  on  the  premises  daily. 


DAIVfP    WALLS. 

NEW  PATENT  PAINT,  as  used  at  the  TOWER, 
by  order  of  IIt  Majesty's  llonouialile  B(iard  of  Ordnance  ; 
at  the  TUNNEL;  ZOOL'JGICAL  GARDENS,  Rctrenl's  Park, 
and  various  o'ht^r  public  and  private  buildings  ;  in  quantities 
t'J  finish  2'l  square  yard'i  for  10s. 

Pa'IENT  LIQUID  CEMENT  for  the  fronts  of  houses,  for 
beauty  pre-o  iiinent,  giving  the  appearance  ot  fine  cut  stone, 
and  only  one-ogoth  ilie  rost  of  oil  paint.  In  casks  of  1,  2,  and 
3  cwt,,  at  88  ,  158  ,  MUd  2ls.  i-nch. 

PATENT  MINRiiAL  ZINC  PAINTS,  invaluablB  for  cheap- 
nes8,  htauty,  and  ptrinaiience,  ready  tor  use.  White  Stone 
and  Lead,  bs.  ;  Greens  and  lilutiM,  Ga,  per  gallon. 

BLACK  MINERAL  PaINT,  very  permanent,  half  the  usual 
price,  only  2i.  per  gallon, 

HEW  PATENT  COLOUR  for  inside  work,  maybe  applied  on 
Wood,  Stucco,  Cemeut,  or  over  Oil  Paint.  No  smell,  and  will 
dry  in  nn  hour.     In  cat-ka  of  1  cwt.,  at  Ma. 

O.  BELL  AND  CO.,  Steam  Mills,  2,  Wellington^Btrcet, 
GoBwell-htreet,  London. 


UNOJJJECTIONALE  PROTECTION  from  the 
ItAlN  1h  .IVeeuaily  rouli^<ld  iu  BhUDOE'S  well  known 
1,1  rj  IIT  OVER-COAT,  fhe  Waferpr..of  p;il)luin,  which, 
WITHOUT  onhTiiDCTlNO  FREE  vkntilation,  r.-ststH  (iiiy  amiiunt 
of  rain,  and.  Ironi  iih  lijjii  noHn  and  rc^pi^ct.iblo  «fipi;iiranco.  Is 
ftdaytid  f.)r  g.rieral  usu  at  all  ilmen  equally  un  for  iiainy 
W'Uther,  and  ha«  loon  lnon  reputed  one  of  ilui  most  convi^nlcnt, 
pconoiiilciil,  and  viiiu  iblo  cannonti*  ever  Invented.  Price  1^>8. 
ixi>i]  Tyi  A  v.iry  hirgo  Hoclt  for  Hclcctiori  alBu  of  CAPES, 
HIIdOriNO  .fAi;KKr.i.  LAGGINGS.  CLOAKS,  MANTLES, 
IMBIT-*,  Ac,  tor  Lanie*.  .,||  ihortijily  wae-proof,— 
ItKilUOE,  'I  AiLoii,  die,  aii,  New  Bond  btuket;  and  OU,  ConN- 
niLL,  London  (lUiy). 


pOR  SALE,  a  PURE  DEVON  BULL,  4  years  old, 

t  b,s  too-ia.iily  8trrod  cows,  and  ltd  only  on  ordinary 
rood  (Balned  the  second  prize  at  the  Bath  and  West  of  Eriitland 
Jhoiv,  held  at  launtou)  ;  his  stock  can  be  seen  on  the  Farm. 
For  particularj  appi,  to  the  owner,  Mr.  WcuBEa,  Halberton 
Court,  Tiverton,  Devon,  dmant  two  miles  from  iha  livertott 
Junction  Btaiion  of  the  Bristol  and  Exeter  Railway 


G 


UTTA  PERCIIA    TUBING   FOR  WATERING 
GAUDENS,  ETC. 


1-3- 


^  Ski  a     ^?    r-*-  / 


Testimonial. 

From  Mr.  J.  F'xrydit,  Gardener  to  BosweU  Miidleton  Jalland, 
£sq.,  of  Moldeniess  House,  near  Bull, 

"1  have  had  ■luU  feet  of  your  Gutta  Percha  Tuning  (in  lenijths 
of  100  feet  each,  with  union  ji)in')  in  use  for  the  last  twelve  months 
for  watering  tJie.'e  gardens,  and  I  fad  it  to  answer  better  Vtan  any- 
thuiglhave  eoer  i/et  tried.  The  precsure  of  ihe  water  is  very 
cmsiderable,  but  this  baa  not  the  slightest  efF^ct  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  valuable  invention 
fot  Gardeners,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gaide  ^ 
in  about  one-halt  the  time,  and  with  one-half  the  labour 
formerly  required." 

FOR    SUCTIOIMS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 
OF    WATER. 

The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adiptation  and  superiority  to  metal  p'pes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  Jrom  those  corrosiva 
properties  which  have  proved  wo  highly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following— 

TE5TTMONI4LS. 

From  C.  Hacker,  Esq.,  Sia-veyor  to  Ms  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Bedford,  Woburn  Park. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  10th,  155?. 
"  Gentlemen. — In  answer   to  jour  inquiries   respscting  the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (after  two  years'  irial), 
I  find  that  the  wa'er  has  not  nfficted  it  in  the  li^ast,  althougti 
it  will   eat  lead  through  in  two  years;  we  have  adopted  iC 
largely,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much, 
easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfeci  job." 

From  Sir  Raymond  Jarvis,  Bart ,  of  Ventnor,  Ide  of  Wight. 

"  Veutnor,  March  10,  1852. 
"  Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  tliis  morning, 
respecting  the  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  tor  Pump  service,  lean 
state,  with  much  sati.-faclion,  it  answers  periectly.  Many 
builders  and  other  persons  have  lately  examin'id  it,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  apparent  difference  since  the  first  fa>ing  down, 
now  several  yesrs  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  it  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  the  houses  that  are  beieg  erected  here — building 
going  on  to  a  considerable  extent. 

"  I  amj  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"R.  Jabtis. 
"P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  fixing  the  tube 
to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  eniptojed  being  averse  to 
the  job,  did  not  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
oiherM  jse,  carefully  art  anged,  there  is  no  question  it  supersedes 
lead  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  R,  J." 

From  William  Bird  Herapatk,  Esq.,  M.R.G.S,,   Surgeon  to  St. 
Feter's  and  ^tieeft  ElizabeUi's  Hospital,  Bristol. 

"  September.  1850. 
"I  bave  used  Gutta  Percha  as  a  lining  to  a  cistern,  with 
tubing  of  the  ssme  ra-aterial,  to  conduct  the  water  into  niy 
dispensary  ;  they  answer  adm'rably.  A-,  first  some  disagreeable 
flavour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap- 
peared. 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 


Every  varietyof  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  behad,  M'anuFac- 
tured  by  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  Patentees.  London  ;  and 
sold  at  the  Wholesnle  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  Borqess  and  Key, 
103,  Newgate-street,  who  will  forward  Lists  of  Prices  oa 
application. 


WATER  YOUR  CARDEMS  AND   [VIANURE  YOUR  LANDS 
WITH  CUTTA  PERCHA  TUBING. 

'C'ARMERS,  GARDENERS,    FLORISTS,    and   all 

JL  who  have  a  Garden,  will  save  a  deal  of  trouide  in  wa'ering 
and  manuring  Gardens  or  Land,  by  usiii;;  GUTTA  PEROHA 
TUBING.  Tesiim  iriials  to  its  efficiency,  economy,  durability, 
and  ci^nveuicnce,  are  being  con^tintly  received,  llalt-hicli 
bore  Tubing,  for  Gardening,  3d.  light,  3iti.  medium,  and  4d. 
per  foot  stout,  which  is  tiie  boat  and  more  flexible.  Copper 
branch,  Stopcocks,  and  Rose  complete,  48.  Gd-,  5s.  Gd.,  fis  lit^  , 
and  10a.  Gd  each.  Brass  or  Guitii  Percha  Unions,  nnd  UniuuJ 
and  Stopcocks,  to  attich  to  Cisterns  or  Butt^,  a  I  e  z  ;h. 

Price  lints  Bent  on  upplication  to  JAMHS  SIIEAIH  and 
COMPANY,  at  the  Patent  Gutra  Percha  and  India  Rubber 
Warehouse,  35,  Old  Street  Road,  London. 

METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooih-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  (loarching  ^horiAlghly  into  the 
divtuions  of  tho  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  moat  extra- 
ordinary  manner,  nnd  Is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— 1«.  An  Improved-CiothcB-Brnsh,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  tho  U'Ua!  linio.and  inc»piible»>f  Injuring  the  finest  nap, 
Ponetratinu  llalr-Brushes,  witli  the  durable  uublcnched  Rus- 
sian brlailes,  which  dn  not  Hoftou  like  oonnnon  luiir.  Flesh- 
BrushcB  of  improvi'd,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvot- 
BrushoH,  widch  act  in  the  most  Bur[)rh>liig  and  HueceBstul 
manner.  The  gonuino  Smyrna  Sporiue,  with  ItH  pict-crvod 
valuable  propertlen  of  iibaorptlon,  vitality,  inid  duruUillty,  by 
means  of  direct  im|iortntlons,  (HHpenshig  with  uU  Intcrmudtnte 
partleu'  prolits  and  destruottve  bleacliltig,  and  secunii^^  tho 
luxury  of  a  KOimlno  Smyrna  Spongn.  (Mily  nt  Mktcalfe, 
UlNOLP-Y,  nnd  Co.'h  Sole  EHtahlihlunont,  1;I0  u,  Oxfui  d-street, 
one  rloni'  JV<itii  Holies. Bti'i-ot,  London. 

ME  ICaLPE'S  ALKALINE  TOOt'lI  POWDER,  2j.  per  box. 

Caiition,  —  Buware  of  tho  words  "From  MitTCALFiS's/* 
adopted  by  eomu  housesi 


4  00  THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [June  19. 


Third  Edition,  Carefully  Revised,  price  Six  Shillings,  cloih. 


T 


V 


OR, 

A  MQNTH  IN   SWITZERLAND   IK   THE  SUMMER  OE  1848. 
BY    JOHN    FORBES,    M.D.,    F.R.S., 

PHIBICJAN  TO  HEE  MAJfiSTS's  HOUSEHOLD. 

WITH     A     MAP     AND     ILLUSTRATIONS. 


LONDON:    WILLIAM    S.   ORR    AND    CO.,    2,    AMEN    CORNER; 

JOHN    CHDECHILL,  PRINCES   6TEEET,   SOHO. 


Completion  of  MacGillivray's  British  Birds. 

In  Five.  Vols.,  demy  Svo,  price  21.  10s.,  cloth,' lettered, 

A  HISTORY  OF  BRITISH  BIRDS, 

INDIGENOUS  AND  MIGRATORY: 

INCLUDING  THEIR 

ORGANISATION,  HABITS,  AND  RELATIONS;  UEMAUK3  ON  OLiSSIFICATION  AND  NOMENCLATURE; 

AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL' ORSANS  OP   BIRDS;  AND  OBSERVATIONS 

EELATIVE  TO  PRACTICAL  URNITHOLOGY. 

Illustrated  by  numerous  Engfavings  and   Woodcuts. 

BY     WILLIAM     MACGILLIVRAY,     A.M.,    F.R.S.E., 

PuoFEssoa  OF  Natohal  IIistort,  King's  College,  Aeebdeen. 

The  Fourth  and  Fifth  Volumes  of  tiiis  Work,  comp'etiog  the  History  of  the  Feathered  Tribes,  are  now  ready  for  publication, 
price  18^.  ejch  Volume.  

LONDON:  WILLIAM  S.  ORU  AND  CO.,  2.  AMEN  COHNEU. 


BOOKS     FOR      EMIGRANTS. 

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A  Series  of  Booka  la  all  Pranthes  of  Liti-rature  and  Science, 

adapted  for  Popular  and  Family  Reading. 

Ju&t  ready,  Secoud  Edition,  co'itaining  the  Latest  Information 
from  the  Gnid  CoU'itry, 

'-pHE      GOLD      REGIONS      OF      AUSTRALIA. 

jL  A  Descripiive  Acdiun"  of  the  Colonies  of  New  South  Wales, 
Vicforia,  and  S"Uth  Australia  ;  with  Particular.-  of  the  Recent 
Gobi  Di'Coveriee.     iJy  Samuel  Mossman. 

TEN    YEARS    IN    AUSTRALIA.     By   the  Rev. 

D.  Mackenzie.  M.  A.,  with  an  Introductory  Chapter,  coutaining 
the  Latesc  luformaiioo  rtegarding  the  Colony. 

By  the  same  Author,  ju'^t  returned, 

THE  GOLD  DIGGER.     A  Visit  to  the  AustraUan 

Gold  Fielde,  with  remarlis  ami  hints  t,v  Intending  Eiuii^rants, 
mid  the  Latest  Accounts  of  the  Condition  of  the  Colony,  hy  the 
Jtev.  David  Mackenzie,  Author  of  Ten  Yeard'  Practical 
Experienctj  iu  the  Col'  ny. 

W.  S    Oer  and  Co.,  Ltndon. 


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XX  FERTIi.ISItJG  QUALITIES  OP  PEHUVIAN  GCANO; 
with  Descriptions  of  ihu  beu  Modes  of  its  Applicauun  to  dif- 
Umwi  variaiies  of  Crops.  By  J.  C.  Nesbit,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S., 
Analytical  Chemist-,  j,nd  Principnl  of  the  Chemical  and  Agri- 
Caliui'ul  School,  Kenniiigton,  London. 

Lon-loa  :  Lonqman  and  Co.,  Palernoster  Row ;  and  to  be  had 
of  all  CookseUera. 


In  crown  8vo,,  wiih  Woodcuffl,  price  145.  cloth. 

THE   GREAT    EXHIBITION   and   LONDON  iu 
1851  revieived  by  Dr,  LiUDNEK,  Jic. 

"An  instiucive  and  varied  memento  of  the  Great  E:£bi> 
bilion." — ispeolatcr. 

"Dr.  Lanlutr's  book  is  not  so  much  a  detailed  account  of 
the  objects  exbihited  or  all  the  facts  concerning  thatiemarkuble 
display,  us  essays  on  bcv- ral  branches  of  art  iiiuati'aced  by 
objects  that  were  in  the  Exhibition.  His  work  will  be  long 
valuable  as  a  record  of  ibe  progress  of  knowledire.  It  h;ts 
much  scieiitiHt!  accur^icy  without  it-  harshnesa." — Economist. 

■'  This  i»  a  reprint  in  one  thick  volume  of  articles  conributed 
by  Dr.  Lurdner  to  the  columns  of  the  Times  during;  the 
progress  of  the  Great  Exhibition.  It  irtclud<;8  practical  essays 
on  the  Fubjects  of  ateaui  power,  artificial  light,  photography, 
lighinin;^  couductorp,  the  safety  lamp,  electro-metallurgy, 
the  eleciric  telegraph,  pottery,  glass  manufacture,  railway 
machinery,  railways  of  the  United  Kingdom,  locomotion  by 
river  and  railway  in  the  United  States,  and  a  synopsis  oi  rail- 
way traat^pnrt  at  home  nnd  abroad.  It  treats  of  the  fteam 
murine,  calico-printing,  Foncjult's  e^pelinlea^,  the  pianoforte, 
and  other  metiers  ;  all  of  them  discussed  in  a  popular  way,  and 
tmb')dyiut,'  in  the  most  readable  form  a  large  niahS  of  those 
scientific  I'acts  which  have  in  our  own  day  been  preeaed  into 
the  Etrvice  of  soeiery.  To  Dr.  Larduer's  cs&aj  s  {which  are 
masterpieces  of  popu'ar  scitniific  exposition)  there  are  added 
ill  'he  present  volume  criticisms  called  forth  aminji  the  most 

intelligent  of  our  French  neighbours  by  the  late  Exhibi  ion 

These  articles,  collected  within  the  pages  of  one  ample  volume, 
furnish  a  large  ina-^s  of  material  for  thouj^ht,  and  rejireseDt  in 
a  mobt  interesting  manner  the  present  character  of  European 

industry  iu  many  of  ila  branches We  need  add  no  more; 

becauB  •■  a  simple  s'alemcnt  of  the  contents  will  hjive  sufficed 
to  recommend  the  book  as  one  of  the  beat  class  of  records  left 
t  >  fell  our  ciiildreu  of  the  Great  Exhibition  and  London  in 
ISJl."— i"ica)ni?icr.    ' 

Lnndini  :  LoNOMAN,  Bbown,  Green,  and  T.onqmanb. 

THE    traveller's"  LIBRARY. 

On  Wcdne.^day,  June  3'),  will  be  published,  in  Iflmo,  price 
One  ShiliiiiL'. 

HTHE  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  CREATION. 
•^  By  T.  LiNDLEi-  Kemp,  M.P.  Author  of  "Agricultural 
Physiology,"  &LC. 

Also,  on  ihe  snnic  dny,  in  16mo,  price  One  Shilling, 
Bl.ITTANY  and  the  LiI..LE:  With  Remarks  on  the  French 
i'onpe  and  ihtLr  Affju-s.     Dy  I.  UoPE. 

.*  The  i.hovev.urUy  willJurm  the23d  and2Uh  Parteof  The 

TRAVELLEE'S    LlBRARr. 

■»fno    T    »r  JoP'  published  in  Ihis  Series, 

.MRS   JAMESON'S  -KKTCUES  in  CANADA,  and  RAMRLES 

limong  the  UliD  MtN.    Price  Half-a-Crowu  ;  or  in  two  Parts, 

Oue  Shillltig  each. 

London:  Lonomak,  Beoiyn,  Geeen,  and  Lokgmanb. 


Second  Rdiii.in    in  8vo,  price  14s.  t-loth, 

ENGLISH  AGRICULTQRE  in  1850  and  1851  ; 
It-  Condition  an  I  P'O'^pects:  With  Descriptions  in  detail 
of  the  best  modes  of  llusb;indry  practised  in  nearly  every 
Counf.y  of  England.  By  James  Caihd,  Esq  ,  of  Baldoon,  The 
Tlmen'  Commissioner.     Repiiuted  by  jiermission. 

"The  most  extensive,  and,  talien  as  a  whole,  the  most 
complete  account  of  the  actual  state  of  Engli.ih  husbandry 
w'iich  bai  appeared  since  t^^e  publica'ions  of  Arthur  Young 
and  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  eminently 
serviceable  to  the  causo  of  proeressive  as  distinguished  from 
routine  aiiricu'ture." — Economist. 

London:  Ldnouan,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


Just  published,  Ne^v  and  Cheap   Edition,  price  Is. ; 
or  by  post  for  Is.  Gd. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
^ni  Self-Management;  together  with  instructione  for  becurin^ 
perfect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judicinus  ot)aervance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  life.     By  aPavsiciAN. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s.  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  Gd., 

A      MEDICAL      TREATISE      ON      NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
mennher  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experience,  is  add-i^ssed  to  the  numerous  classps  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pn^es  will  be  found  the  causes  whicli  lead  to  their 
occ  irrente,  the  syinp'oms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  -ueans  to  be  adupted  for  their  removal. 

iiidon;  James   Gilbert,   49,    Paternoster-row;    Hannat, 
G3,    Kfnrd  street;  Mann,  39.  Cornhiil ;  and  all  HonUseUers. 


TABLES   ON    CATTLE,   HAY,   AND    DRAINING. 

Eiyh'h  Edition,  price  2s.  Gd.  cloth,  of 

A     NEW    SET    OF    TABLES    for   computing   the 

^  Weight  of  Cuttle  by  Measurement,  the  Quantity  of  Hay 
in  "'■cks  of  different  Form",  the  Value  of  Land,  ifcc.  tiic.  To 
wh  h  is  now  added,  a  Concise  Sy»tem  of  FARM  BOOK- 
KI     PING.     By  James  Strachan,  Fochabers. 

~    The  Bcok-ktepmg  is  also  suld  separately,  price  6i. 
Sec'ud  Edition,  price  2s.  Cd.  clolh,  of 

'    STRACHAN'S    TABLES   on   DRAINING, 

with  Practical  Directions. 
Oliver  and  Botd,  Edinburgh  ;  Simpkin,  Marshall,  and  Co., 
London. 


NEW   EDITION,  CORRECTED  :T0   1852. 

Just  published,  in  One  Vidume,  Svo,  with  Woodcuts,  price  6P5. 
c  O'h  ;  <>r3(.  5s   haif-bi>und  in  russia,  with  flexible  back, 

BRANDE'S  DICTIONARY  of  SCIENCE, 
LITEkaI  URE,  and  ART.  Second  Edition,  corrected; 
with  a  Supplement,  c^iit-ining  many  Additions,  with  the  chief 
Scientitic  lernis,  Procesee.^,  and  Improvements  th  it  have  cou^e 
mto  general  use  since  the  puhlicatmu  of  the  First  Edition. 
%'*  Tht)  Supplement  may  be  had  separately,  price  3s.  Gd. 
"Professor  Brande's  valuable  '  Di.-.tionary  *  hag  reached  a 
second  edition  ;  and  is  rendered  still  more  valuable  by  a 
supplemetit,  which  exfenda  the  original  1313  pages  to  nearly 
a  bun<ired  mure,  in  which  some  of  the  latest  discoveries  are 
very  lully  treated  of.  We  may  cite,  for  instance,  the  accounis 
given  of  the  screw  propelling  power  and  the  tubular  biid.^es." 

Exaininer, 
London  :  Longman,  BRowfJ,  Greew,  and  Lonohans. 


MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION, 
LEGALLY  ESTABLISHED.  18(9.  Head  Offioes.- 
London:  Lincoln's. Inn-Fields  Chambers,  and  2,  Poit  niout  . 
street,  Lincv>ln's-Inn-Fields.  Branch  Offices  :  Liverpoil,  BrmtMl, 
York,  Manchtster,  Aberdeen,  and  Dublin.  Confidential 
Referee:  R.  VVarrick,  Esq. 

MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIAIION.  Conducted 
on  the  sjs'em  so  BucceeSfully  adopted  on  the  Coniinen*, 
Legally  established  as  a  medium  for  the  introduction  of  boih 
sexes  unknown  to  each  other,  who  are  de>irou3  of  entering  in^o 
Matiimiiny.  N-ne  but  respectable  p  iriies  uegoiated  with. 
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HerlsfliRD.  Esq..  Stcretury.  Registrar's  Offices:  Lincuh.'d- 
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Price  37.,  or  53.  for  25  copies  for  distribu'iou  a'lioos  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivi-red  anywhere  in  London,  nn  a  Poat-office 
or'ier  \)o\n\i  sent  "1  the  I'uhbsher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  In  coiiseq>eoce  of  the 
new  postal  arrau^C'iients,  parties  in  the  coumry  who  desire 
it  can  (lave  copies  sent  by  post;  (-is  sta'nps,  in  addition  to 
tlie  cost  of  the  nu'iiberi,  will  pass  10  cnp'.es  ire^  by  post.  The 
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T^HE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN 

-*-  OPERATIONS. 

By  Sir  J'lSEPU  Paxton. 
Reprinted  from   the  Gardeners*  Chronicle  ;  above  7Ij005 
have  already  been  soN). 

Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  53.  Gii.,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

RURAL        CHEMISTRY. 
Bt  Edward  Solly,  F-R.-^.,  F.L.S.,   F.G.S., 
Ho'iorary    Member  of    the    Rojal    Agricultural    Society   0* 
England,  Profess. >r  of  Chemistry  to  the   Horticultural  Society 
of   London,   Lecturer  on   Cnemistry  in  the   Hon,  E.   I,    Co.'ft 
Military  Seminary  at  Addisciunbe,  &c.  &c. 

Price  5s.  Gd.,  cloth, 

Second  Rdition,   Revised  and  Enlarged, 

r^RNAMENTAL  AND    DOMESTIC    POULTRY; 

^^  their  History  and    Management.      By  the  Rev.  Edmdnd 
Saol  Dixon,  M.A.,    Rector  of  Intwood  with    Keswick. 

*'  This  book  is  the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  can 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry." — Stb- 
UiJg  Observer, 

Just  Publiahed,  price  Is.  Gd.,  free  by  post  Is.  lOd. 
T   ABELS     FOR     THE      HERBARIUM^ 

■Li  aONSISTlWG  OF  TUE  NAMES  OP  THE 

Classes,  Alliances,  Orders,  and  Sub-Orders- 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'S  "  VEQETABLK  KINGDOM." 

So  printed,  in  large  type,  that  they  can  be  cut  out  and  pasted 

into  The  Herbarium. 

Published  by  J.  Matthews,  5,   Upper   Wellington.-3treet, 

^ Covent.garden,  London, 


Sales  tig  Auction, 

■*■ 

.TO  GENTLEMEN,   FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

WINDING-UP  SALE   FOR  THE  SEASON. 

\/jESSRS.  PROTHEROE    and    MORIUS  will  sel} 

1'  ■  by  Auction,  at  ihe  Mirr,  Banholi.mew.laue,  on  MON- 
DAY, June  21,  Ht  12  o'elock,  a  first  class  cotlecti<mof  DAHLIAS, 
comprising  Dr.  Frampton,  Alice,  Sparkler,  Tom.  Cloth  of  Gold, 
Cricket,  Flora  McTvor,  Laur-a,  Sir  F.  The-^iner,  Wm,  Penn. 
Albert,  Douglas  Jerrold,  Triumphant,  Kos-iuth,  Edraond 
Poster,  Malvina,  Una,  Morning  Star,  Nancy,  Aurora,  Scarlet 
Ki  >g,  Rosanan'e,  Miss  Bathurst,  &c.  ;  also  the  newes'j' 
varieties  of  FuL-h-^ias  and  Verbenas,  Climhine  and  other  Roses, 
Geranium"  and  other  plants  in  bloom  ;  with  a  large  assort- 
ment ol  Plants  for  bedding. — May  be  viewed  the  morning  of 
sa'e;  Ca'ali'gues  had  at  the  Mart;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
Ameiicin  Nurserv.  Levonst'one,  Essex. 


LODDIGES'    NURSERY. 

STOVE  AND  GKEENHOUSE  PLANTS,  WITHOUT  ANY 
RRSRRVR.  TO  CLEAR  THE  PRRMHES. 

\|R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction,  on  the- 

iVi  Premises,  af  Hackney,  on  FRIDAY,  June  2oth  and 
t'oll'iwing  day,  at  12  fur  1  o'clock,  a  Portion  of  ffie  STOVE 
and  GKEE^ilOU.-iE  PLANTS,  including  many  fine  and  rar& 
sitecimdns.  — May  be  viewed  on  Thurid  ly,  and  mornings  of 
Sale,  and  Catalogues  hid  at  Messrs.  Lddoiges*,  Hackney  ; 
and  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  33,  King-street,  Coveat-Garden,. 
London. 


ORCHI  DS. 

THE  COLLECTION  OP   A  GENTLKMAN,  DECEASED. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wiU  Sell  by  Auction,  at  bis- 
Great  Ronm,  38,  Kioir-street,  C'lven'-garden,  on  UES- 
D\Y,  29th  nf  June,  at  12  for  1  o'clock— a  good  general 
COi.LECTiOV  OF  ORCHIDS,  including  Pha'ieiiopsia  amabilip. 
and  grandifl'ra,  Saccolabium  Blumi?i,  and  many  of  the 
favourite  Aerides,  Cattle*  as,  Dendrobium^^,  Odontoglo^^'ums,. 
&c...  in  fine  health  — May  be  viewed  on  the  morning  o  Sale,,, 
and  Cii'alo.'ue-'  had. 


COCHIM    CHINA    FOWLS   OF  THE   PUREST  BU     >D. 

MR.  J,  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  .  bis- 
Great  Roiiui,  38,  King-street,  CovenUgarden,  on  T  "JES- 
DAY,  June  29,  at  11  for  12  o'clock  precisely,  some  fine  ■  pe^i- 
mens  of  these  much  admired  FOWLS,  including  two  lairs 
bred  in  IS51,  from  imported  birds,  selected  in  China-f'  the 
purity  of  their  breed;  also  a  pair  of  the  same  stock  ■^.  i  the 
Prize  Birdm  at  Birmiui-ham,  1851;  several  pairs  of  Cbi  iens 
bred  from  the  above  ;  together  with  a  pair  of  extremely  -malP 
Black  Han^anis,  a  Cock  and  six  Hens  of  the  pure,  »rey 
Speckled  Dorl^ing,  and  a  pair  of  Egyptian  Geese  (male  and 
female),  two  years  old,  in  fine  plumage,  being  the  genuine 
pr-percy  of  an  amateur. — May  be  seen  on  the  m'U'ning  of  sale  ; 
and  Catalogues  hud  of  Mr.  J.  C,  Stevens,  33,  King-street^ 
Covenr-gardeo,  London. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,^  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
[\/i  R,    C.    FUKBER    will  sell   by    Auction,   on   the- 

IVX    premises.   The  Grove,  Kingsbury  Red    Hill,  near  the  6th     I 
mile  stone  on  the  Edgeware-road,  on  WEDNESDAY,   June  23, 
at  11  for    12   o'clock,    a  choice  Collection  of  many  thousand- 
Plants  of  varinuH  varieties.    Mr.  Harris  has  been  long  cele*    ' 
bi-ated  a.9.  a  Hornculturisf,  and  he  will'  throw  open  hia  grounds 
to  the  public  im  the  Monday  and  Tuesday  preceding  tbe  sale. 
Catalogues   may    be  had  on  the  premises,  and    at  tbe  Auc-     | 
til  intern'    Offices.    Warwick-court,    Gray's-inn,    London,    who    ,' 
will  he  happy  to  forward  Catalogues  on  receipt  of  two  postage   j 
btamps. 

TO  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

■|\/l  R.  PRICE  will  Sell  by  Auction,  on  the  Premises, 

i»l  Smallbme'a  Nuroery,  Percy's-crost,  Fuiham,  on 
MONDAY  next,  at  11  for  12  o'clock,  the  valuable  STOCK-IN- 
TRADE  of  a  Florist  and  Nurseryman,  comprising  about  4000 
healthy  Plants,  in  Show  Geraniums,  Aaa'eas,  Gardenias 
(radicans  and  Fortuni ).  Ixoras,  Ardesias,  Camellias,  Achi- 
meues.  Euphorbias,  jE-tchynanthus.  Torenias,  Mesembryan- 
th  'inuma,  Orchideous  Plants,  Cacti,  Cytisus,  Mimilu-^,  Gigantia; 
20  n 'h'e  specimen-*  of  Siove  and  Greenhouse  Plants;  250 
Standard  Ko-es,  lOD  dwarf  ditto,  seven  beds  of  Show  Pink^ 
700  Iris,  lOilO  Dahlias,  Chrysanthemum-,  Verbenas,  &o. ; 
erection  of  Greenhouse,  23  ft.  by  18  ft..  Garden  Implements, 
&c,  Jlc— May  be  viewed  this  day  and  morning  of  Sale,  and 
(J.iia'OL'ues  had  on  the  Premises,  and  at  Mr.  Price's  Offices, 
43.  Chuncery-lane.  London. 


'ntiied    by    vVuliam    IJuaiiiulii,  of  i>io    13,   Uppwr    Woburu-place,  In  the 
purishofSt   PHtiCraa.  an.l  KbiiDKnicG  Mullett  Evanb,  of  1^0.  7,  CbuTCh* 
row  Stcike  New'uBton,  both  lo  tUe  County  01   MidilieB'-x    Prioierii,  zt  their  i 
Office  in  Lonib.i'tl-Mreet,  in    the  Preciuct  of  WhtefriKre.  ia  the  City  of  ' 
Londnn;    nud  publlpbert   by  them  at   the  office.  No   b,  C'«arteft-Btree(,  iD    > 
tbe  parish   oi   Sl   Paul's    Cov^ni  gardca,   la  tbe  eald   CouDty,  wiiereHtl 
Aiiverti^eiiK^Dis  an  J  CiramuuictttionB  are  to  be  Ai>i>B£esipiDTBB£DlX0Bi      i 
— Satubdat,  Jurb  19,  ISiii.  I 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News -The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  26— 185^.] 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  26. 


[Price  6i, 


AKTlcaTtar.il     Coleite     Farm, 

^de  to 

Beans,  runner 

Blicbt 

Books  noticed , 

Butte-,  b^d  tasted 

Caledoninn  Uort  Sociely....,, 

Calendar,  hfirticultoral 

Catileon  bo^rJs 

Cboro 

Climate  ofNorth  A.meiica  .... 

Coal,  BmaU    

Cultiva'ioQ,  (Jeep 

Draining,  deep ,., 

Fari^lDff,  FcH   

Flax 

Fruit  crop  

FaoEi ., -103  &  - 

Gardioei",  William,  death  of  .. 

Geoloicy.  ssricaUoral 

Grass  the  Hunch  ............. 

Hanthoms    

Hoeing    - 

Horticultural  Society   

Ic^  buti , 

ladiai  Cora ,. 

Ixora  coccmea 

LtoncAQ  Socle t; 

Maize 


IITDEX. 

M>inu'e,  liquil,  to  apply  ,..■., 

Mice,  in  pUnutiooa 

Mildt  WB.  pr-valence  of 

vIdk  michioe 

M  oon.  aciioD  of,  OQ  plAOta  .... 
Oxford  Horr  cultural  Sociely.. 

Pansy  S  Jciety,  Scoitlsb    

Peat  a  deoiio'is-r 

Plaatp,  action  uf  moou  oa    .... 

--    climbing 

Pntato  diaeAse 

Poultry 

Iteapiiif  macliines , 

Itbubirb  wine    

Ronei,  waah  for    

thHmsiea  experiments 

Riiyal  Sou'h  L-jndoQ  Floricul- 

tursl  Society  ..    

Soc  eties  horticaUural     

Toidi- tools 

TubAcco,  in  .Arabia 

Tour,  agricultural  

TrentHam  new  houses  at 

U-ricul-ria     

Vaa    D  emen's   Land,   Eardea- 


•113  6 

405   c 

401  b 

4ns  e 

411  a 

4t;fi  6 

J13  6 

413  6 

409  c 

413  a 

41-1  a 

4-2  c 

411    c 

413  a 

403  a 

4U-1  a 

409  6 

412  c 

405  c 

431   a 

40S  a 

405  c 

409  c 

401   c 

406  c 

409  c 

4t3  c 
405  b 
407  c 
410  b 


Violets  turning  white.. 

Wht>at  BOwinE;   

Wioe.  Rbubnrb    


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.— 
Hi3  Grace  toe  Peesident  has  kindly  directed  the 
Grounda  of  Coiswick  Houae  to  be  opened  for  the  reoepnon  of 
the  Visitors  to  the  Society's  Gardens  at  the  NEXT  EX  HI- 
BITION.  on  SATURDAY,  the  lOih  JULY.  Ticliets  are  issaed 
at  this  OfBce.  price  55. ;  or  at  the  Garden,  in  the  afiernoon  of 
the  lOih  July,  at  7s,  6d.  each.  Respet:t»b!e  strangers,  or 
residents  in  tne  country,  who  wilt  forward  their  addresses  in 
writing  to  the  Vice-Secretary,  21,  Reuent-street,  on  or  hefore 
Thursday,  the  8'h  of  Jaly,  may  obtain  from  that  Officer  an 
authority  to  procure  Tickets. — 21,  Reeent-atreet,  London. 


ROYAL  BOTANIC  SOCIETY,  REGENT'S  PARK. 
—The  last  EXHIBITION  this  Season  of  PLANTS, 
FLOWERS,  and  FRUIT,  will  take  place  on  WEDNESDAY 
nezt,  June  30. 

Ticket*  to  be  obtained  at  the  Gurdens,  by  Orders  from 
Fellows  i)f  the  Society,  price  5s.  ;  or  tm  'be  day  of  Exhibition 
7s.  6d  ejch.— N.B.  The  gates  open  at  2  o'clock. 


TVJ  ATIONAL    FLORICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF 

X^  LONDON —Offices,  21,   Rlgent  fTEEET. 

NOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  the  Eighth  Meeting  of  the 
Season  will  be  held  on  THURSDAY,  the  1st  of  July,  for  the 
eiainination  of  PelargoniumH,  Erica",  Finks,  AntiThinunn, 
Carnattijn-<,  Pif-nties,  Facbsias,  Rosea,  Phloxes,  Verbenas, 
Petunias.  Cactuses,  djc. 

All  eubjtcta  must  he  eatered,  staged,  named,  and  ready  by 
1  o'clock,  P.M. 

Censobs. 


Mr.  J.  Cole,  Birtniogham 
,,   J.  Kejnes,  Salisbury 
„    J.  Sharp,  Ampthill 
„    T,  Raroes,  Stowmarket 
„    J.  Riley,  IladdersGeld 
„   Wood,  Nottingham 


Mr.  C.  J.  Ferry,  Birmingham 
„   J.  nodd',  Salisbury 
„    J.  Veitch,  l-ixeter 
>i    ^W*'  Mii'-d'tone 
„    W.  Paul,  Cheshunt 
,,    Bayley,  Derby 
ji'HN  Edwards,  TTon.  Sec. 


THE  GRAND  NATIONAL  HORTICULTURAL 
SHOW,  at  LEWES,  on  the  lUh  and  15th  days  of  July. 
1952,  during  the  ^eek  of  the  Country  Meeiing  of  the  Il-iya,! 
Agricultural  Societv  of  England.  ADDITIONAL  PREMIUMS 
will  be  ofi^red  as  foilowa  : 
CIa«8.  Ist.     2d.    3d. 

80  Geraniums  in  ll-innfa  Dots,  8  varieties  ,..  8O3.    505.    — 

81  Do.         in  S-inch  pot-,  12  varieties  ...  60s.     353.     — 

82  Fancy  do.,  ia  11-inc'^  1  ots,  8  varieties  ...  6'is.     35s.     — 
88  Do.        in  8-inch  po-?,  li  varieties  ...  403.     3rta.     — 
84     Heaths,  in  collection'*  of  9  varieties       ...  8O3.     503.     25fl, 
Aote. — The  entrance  money  to  each  of  these  classes  will  be  53. 

Mr.  Kdwin  Neal,  }  High  Cunscables  ot  the 
Mr.  John  FIead,     j"     Brirough  of  Lewea. 
Treasurer,  Ge*.eoe  Moltnedx,  jun,,  Esq. 
Honorary  Secretary,  George    WniTFELD.  Esq, 
A-iSiatant  Secretary,  Mr.  11.  J.  Bahtlett. 
Suptrioteiident   ot    the    Exhibiion,    Mr.   Edward    Spaet, 
{Queen's  Graperies,  Brighton. ) 
•»*  All  persons  intending'  to  cjmpete  at  this  Show  must  give 
notice  on  Forms  properly  hiltd  up  (which  may  be  obtained  of 
the  S'Cretary),  nn  or  befT*;  the  Qh  Jnlv  nexf. 


f^^O    LET.— A  SMALL    NURSERY    AND    SEED 

-1-  BUSINESS,  within  one  mile  from  tli>:  KegeaiV-park,  with 
two  GrecnhijU*e»  and  lieveral  riui,'f;8  of  Pits. —  For  further 
partlr.ulari  apply  to  Me-^ars.  PaoTnEaoE  and  M'EBis,  American 
J(ur«erv.  L*»ytonitone.  E-wex. 


'■pO    BE    LET,  with    imineiJiate    pOBsesaiou,  or    at 

X  Micbaelmis  next.  It  AOicES  OF  L\ND,  situated  three 
mlleH  from  Hjde  Park  Cornir,  on  the  Uxbridge  Road,— For 
part'eularn  inquire  at  Meners.  Lacy  dc  Bhidoeb,  I'i,  King's 
Armt-yard.     ^^^ ^^ ^^ 

TANNED  NETTING,  for  tlie  Protection  of  Fruit 
Tier*  from  Frost.  BliKht,  and  illrd*,  and  ror  ihu  seuurlty 
of  Pre»h.fiowD  Hced<i,  either  In  Onrdenn  or  Fields,  at  Id.  per 
jard  ;  200  yards  for  Mb.,  fl'Ji>  yardn  for  '4Us  ,  1000  yiirdi  fur  Ofio.  ; 
Wftx  NfittUi^f,  for  aviari'H.  irn.,  ft  dd.  per  Kqiiure  jurd. 
Hcrlm  Car.Tft*  for  wall  fruit,  ''un  Blind*  in  great  varlotlo^  ; 
Elck  Clotht,  with  poles.  ^'',  ilrirq'ioirft,  TfMitf,  TfirpjuillntfH, 
Ac  — At  Kdoihotom  and  <,'o.'»,  17,  .Smltlifluld-hars,  and  O.d 
Kea'-ruad,  Lon-Jon,  ^____^^         ^^__ 

AKEK'S  PHEASANTRY,  Ucaufort-strcct,  King's 

lUin'l,  Cheliea,  by  npfriial  aifpoiittnic  <t  to  her  Majkbty 
4nd  H.  H.  H.  Peiwoe  Aloert. —  ORNAMENTAL  WATKR 
JPOWL,con«l»tiogof  black  and  whtt«  -wans,  Kgyp'tun,  Canada, 
Ch)*i«.  b^rnAcle,  brent,  and  laughing  (iennn.  Hhl«ldrnUpn,  IMn- 
tall,  wldg»ff>D,  "Ummcr  and  winter  Teal,  Oiidwall,  Labrador, 
SboTfdl«r«,  Kold-oycd  and  dun  Dlvcrti.  Oarollini  Duc-kn,  Ac, 
dom««tii;«-(;d  and  pinioned  :  nlioHj.nnUh, Cochin  China,  Mai  ly, 
FoUnd.  Hti  r.-y,  and  Dorking  Fowls;  whitv,  Japan,  pled,  and 
common  Pt3;i-foivl,  and  pure  China  Plg^;  and  at  8,  uair.moim 
PaiiOif*,  0  race  eh  arch,  street,  London. 


Packed  in  BoxeB 

of  100  feet 

each. 

£.  s.  d. 

6bj4,  Cibjll     . 

.    0  13    0 

7  by  5,  71  bj  6*     . 

.    0  15    0 

8  by  5,  8    by5j     . 

.    0  15    0 

8  by  6,  85  bj  6       . 

.    0  17    6 

9by7,  lUbjS 

,10    0 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,  &c. 
TAMES    PHILLIPS    A^D    CO.    beg    to  hand    their 
J  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes   not 
above  40  inches  long. 

16  oz.  ■ 3d.    toSid. 

21  do 84d.  to5(t. 

26  do 5d.    to  7M. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  oz., 

2yi.  perfoot. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Con- 
servatories, Public  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c. 
i  inch  thick.     Packed  in  boxe.i  of  50  l>et  eai;h, 

6  by  4  and  6J  by  44  ..Ifls.  M.  I  7  by  5  and    7A  by  5,i...l2s.  Od. 

8  by  6  and  8ft  by  64. ..133.  Qd.  I  9  by  7  and  10    by  8  ...los.  dd. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 

in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  J4  by 

30  inches,  at  :183..  40s  ,  to  42s  per  case. 

HARTLKY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 
GLASS  MILK  PANS,  the  same  size  as  the  foreign  ones,  but 
superior  in  colour,  m-ike.  and  quality,  a:  2s,    each,    or  2Is.  per 
dozen,  as  recommended  by  C:ip'a'n  Stanley  Carr. 

GLASS    CHURN    THERMOMETERS,    for   regulating   the 
Temperature  of  Cream. 
LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK    SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 
GLASS  CREAM   POTS,  dec.  &c. 
CUCUMBER  TUBES.  PROPAGATING  AND  REE  GLASSES, 
TILES    AND    SLATES,    WASP   TRAPS, 
PLATE,    CROWN,    AND    OKNAMRNTAL    GLASS, 
SH.\DES  FOR  ORNAMENTS.  FERN  SHADES, 
And  every  Article  in  the  Trade. 
HORTICULTURAL  GLASS    WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Without,  London. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacturej  as  well 
as  cheatjer.    In  lOO-feet  boxes  pacned  for  immediate  delivery, 
G  inches  by  4  and    6.^by4i      13s.  Oti. 

7  „  Sand    7i  by  5*       15     0 

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  5|       15    0 

8  ,,  6  AMd    84  by  6^       17     6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    by  S         20     0 

13  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  c<it  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 

Cases  containing  lar^e  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 

2ls.  per  ion  feet.  -.^.^ 

ROUGH  PLATE,  perfeclly.flat,  J  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  'i^j|j)'gs Gd.  per  foot. 

„        „        75      , I2d. 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  fis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucu(iib(;r,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'asses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shidei,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bisbopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.—R>itahli«hed  iOO  vars. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  i6-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  piiues  varying  from  'id.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usuiil  sizes  vcquireil,  ninny  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  p;4eked  for  immedia-e  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Ei'imates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.   35,  Soho-squnre,  London, 

See  Oardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


MILK  PANS  AND  DAIRY  GLASS.— The  Royal 
Agricultural  Meetinir  at  Le'ves,  Sussex,  will  be  held  in 
the  week  commencing  Mondny,  the  12th  of  July,  when  Messrs. 
COGAN  and  00.  intend  (as  usual)  exhibiting  Articles  in  Glass, 
for  Dairy  and  Faun  purim^ca. 

GERM'\N  GLASS  .MILK  PANS,  as  rerommendpd  by  Captain 
Stanley  Carr.  Crown.  Plate,  and  other  Giass  Milk  Pans  and 
Tra\s,  at  very  reduced  prices.  Crf;im  Pot-j,  Glas.-*  Sla'es  and 
Tiles,  Bee  Glaaset,  Tnick  Glass  for  Hoof-,  Floors,  &c.  Venti- 
lating i-JlartM  for  D'lirieiH,  &c.  Lord  Cimoj'B  Syi.bons. 
"Among  Mes-rs  C  iGan  and  Co.'s  New  Invi^ntions  are  Glass 
Milk  Pails  (I'qua'ly  u->trul  for  Chemical  purpo^ies). 

GLA-S  MILK  TEsT.s  f.i*  Unions,  A^jlumt.,  &c. 

GLASS  CHURN  THEK.MOMETERS,  for  regulating  the 
Temjierature  uf  Cream 

Glasa  Butter  Prints.     Glass  Butter  SLihfl,  &.c. 
PATF.NT  GLA^.S  CHURN. 

Messrs.  CooAN  and  Co.  b'g  to  announce  that  thr-yhnve  mudo 
important  ImprovemimtH  in  their  Churn'),  and  reflpoctfuliy 
Invite  all  persons  interested  in  Butter  making  to  an  ineiJCCtion 
ot  the  same. 

Catalogue  of  Prices  nnd  particulars  may  be  had  at  the 
[n.plumtnt  Yard  of  the  Agricultural  SoiAicty,  L<>wes,  during 
the  Cattle  Show;  or  of  M  s-^rs.  CoOAN  and  Co.,  48,  Loicustcr- 
Bquare,  L  mdon. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PItl/JO  MKD\L  FOi*.  SUPKRIOlt  LOCKS  WAS 
AVVaRUKD  TO  J.  M.  liOOBBYGR,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIIil  HON    OF    IS')!. 

''rHE  CELEIJKATED    STEEL  DIGGING   FOUK, 

J-  Patent  Hp.idc»,  Diiiy  RakuH,  Hc.\thiiH.  Druhiing,  and 
other  Gardtm  TooU.  Mole  Tnip-i,  Ha.  per  doz'-n.  UarptmtcrM' 
nnd  Smlihtt'  Toolii,  4;.:.  Rubbers  for  nharponlng  ScythiB, 
2b.  fi'i.  por  dozvn.  Patent  fiimi^utorfl  Cor  dostrojing  Insects 
on  I'htiitft,  In  KrcinhousoH,  Air.  :  iit  McSNri.  J.  H.  Boouii?T:a 
and  Co  *H  (lato  HTUitarf  nnd  BioilIlYKli),  IronmongH'y,  Hjh;hh. 
foundry,  Nail  and  Tool  Wurili  lUho,  U,  ^t:inliopo  fl'rcot. 
O'art-miirkot,  Londfm.  Efl'ahh-hed  iiwirly  200  yen rn  for  tho 
Biilu  of  g'-odn  from  thu  best  Manul'uctorlcfl  at  ihu  lowoHt  jirlcoB. 
Goods  forwarded  to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remlttaD;e. 
Ll^tft  sent  b>  pnst. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 
WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST   POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


r      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's    Road,     Chelsea, 

^  •  Horticultural  Arcliitecfs,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot. 
water  Apparatus  MLinufacturTS.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  biuldiugs,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kin;;'s  Road, 
Ohelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits',  Ac,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvemiMitB,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  wortliy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  aH  tho  Houses,  Pirs,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operafioo  in  the  Stoves. 

The  pplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  la 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices,  Alro  a  fine.collectioa  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  HorticulturaT  Buildings  ;  also 
Cataloguesof  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  <kc., forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  Kinq'3  Road,  CHEtSEA,  Lond6w. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Claremont- 
PL.VCE,  Old  Kbnt-eoad,  has  200  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  cM  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  and  of  well-seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kmgdooa. 

HOTHOUSES.  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  6xed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  tht3  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  Encland. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  TtlE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT    WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


jllMdiHi^i 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvera  Street,  Cliclsea, 
Lor.don,  having  had  cmslderable  cxpcrionco  in  tlic  cou- 
fltruction  of  Ilonlculturnl  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
detlgn,  good  mfi't'rla'B,  nnd  worUinanship,  comhtnod  with 
economy  nnd  practical  ndaptation,  cannot  bo  surpasflcd  by 
iitiythlng  of  tho  hind  in  tho  country,  arc  now  In  a  position  to 
uxeout  1  ordcrH  on  the  InwuHt  |ios»lblo  turniH. 

G.  and  0.  hove  boen  locKiiMivoIy  omployotl  by  tlio  Nobility, 
Gentry,  nnd  London  Nuracrynion,  and  to  alt  by  whom  they 
hiivo  boon  favoured  with  oi-dt-rs  thoy  ctin  with  tho  greatest 
oonfldf5iico  gtvo  tho  most  H.UiHrnrtory  referoncos. 

Thoir  Hot- Water  Apparatui  is  also  construotcd  on  the  most 
approved  and  sdcntlfio  prlnoiph's,  for  all  purpoHcs  to  which  the 
ai)I)lloation  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 

/^  R  E  E  N     AND    HOTHOUSES,    made    by 

^T  Miichinory,  at  .1.  Lt-wis'  Horticultural  Works.  Stnmford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  llio  chunpest  In 
England.— A  Llotot  t'riooB  sent  by  enclo8lug2  postage  atanopB. 


402 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[June  26, 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BT  nEU 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  KiKo'fl  Road,  Coelsea.— Tlie  superior  qiUiULica  id  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  havinp-  been  proved  in  a!!  parts  of 
the  Uuiteii  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  ^renter  demand  (or  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  haa  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  mett  the  uuuieroua  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  qaalHy  and  price  to  dify  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  witli  excellent  plass,  S  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  e^ish  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  Bli'io  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  Buper.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  ponioa  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhoude  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  l2  ft.  ralter,  400  ft.,  23;  Gs  Sd.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do..  52t:  ft.,  30t.  ]3s.  8d.;  23  fr.  B  im.  long, 
15  ft.  rafter,  71-3  ft,,  4ll.  10s.  8d.  H-jating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
moat  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walla,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS— 
HorticulturiatH,  and  all  interested  in  Gfardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DBANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.'-S  extensive 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNING  IMPLEMENTS,  best 
London-made  G'^rden  Eu^ined  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 

Averuneatora  Garden  Scrapers        Mowing  Machines 

Axes  Giduej'a     Prussian    Pickaxes 

Bagging  Hooks  Hoe  Potato  forks 

Bills  Grape  Gatherers  &    Pruning  Bills 

Borders,       various       Scissors  ,,    Knives,various 

patterns  Gravel  Riikes    and       ,,     Saws 

Botanical  Boxes  Sieves  „     Scissors 

Boyd'aPrttent  Scythe  Greenhouse     Doors       ,,     Shears 
Brown's  Patent  Fu-      and  Frames  Rakes      in      great 

migator  Hammers  variety 

Cases  of  Pruning  In-   Hand-^lass  Frames    Reaping  Hooks 

struments  Hay  Knives  >^cythe3 

Daisy  Hakes  Horticultural  Ham-   Scythe  Stones 

Dibbles  mers  &  Hatchets    Shears,  various 

Draining  Tools  Hoes  of  every  pat-   Sickles 

Edging    Iroua    and       tern  Sickle  Saws 

Shears  Hotbed  Handles         Spades  and  Shovels 

Flower  Scissors  Ladies'  Set  of  Tools    Spuds 

,j        Stands     in    Labels,  various  pat-   Switch  Hooks 

Wires  di  Iron  tern?,     in     Zinc,    Thistle  Hooks 

Fumigators  Porcelain,  &c.  Transplanting  Tools 

Galvanic     Borders    Lines  and  Reels  Trowels 

and     Plant    Pro-     Marking  Ink  Tuifing  Irons 

tectors  Mattocks  Wall  Nails 

Garden  Chairs  and   Menographs  Watering  pots 

Seats  Metallic  Wire  Weed  Hooks 

„    Loops  Milton  Hatchets  Wheelbarrows 

3,    Rollers  Mole  Traps  Youths'  Set  of  Tools 

DEANE,  DRAY,  AND  CO.  are  sole  Agents  forLINGHAM'S 
■PERMANENT  HEELS,  samples  of  which,  with  their  Illus- 
trated List  of  Horticultu.-al  Tools,  can  be  sent,  post  paid,  to 
any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Also.  Wholesale  and  Retail 
Agenta  for  SAYNOR'S  celebrated  PRUNING  KNIYES,  used 
exclusively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  United  Kingdom.— 
DEANEj  DRAY,  &  CO.  (Opening  to  the  MonumentJ,  London- 
tridge. 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 
,     PATENT  VULCANISED    INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE-PIPES. 


JAMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  and-, 
Mandfactueer,  Gosw£LL  Road,  London. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Watering  Gardens,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  perfectly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  They  are  particularly 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedinglv  useful  in 
Dwelling-Tiousea  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  &c. 

Hose  Reels  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  lengths 
of  the  Tulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tared  by  J.  L,  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B. — Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Roses,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  HANC0CK,Go8wellMewa, 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attention. 


WATER  YOUR  GARDENS  AND   MANURE  YOUR  LANDS 

WITH  CUTTA  PERCHA  TUBING. 
'PARMERS,  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  aud  all 
-*-  who  have  a  Garden,  will  save  a  deal  of  trouble  in  watering 
and  manuring  Gardens  or  Land,  by  using  GDTTA  PERCHA 
TUBING.  Testimonials  to  its  efficiency,  economy,  durability, 
and  convenience,  are  being  cons^tantly  received.  Halt-inch 
bore  Tubing,  for  Gardening,  3d.  light,  Hd.  medium,  and  4d. 
per  foot  stout,  which  is  the  best  and  more  flexible.  Copper 
branch.  Stopcocks,  and  Rose  complete,  43.  Gd.,  5s.  Gd.,  6s.  lid., 
and  10s.  Gd.  each.  Brass  or  Gutta  Percha  Unions,  and  Unions 
and  Stopcocks,  to  attach  to  Cisterns  or  Butts,  all  sizes, 

r,^-*^/^°.i'^*^  ^^^^  0°  application  to  JAMES  SHEATH  and 
tjOMPANY,  at  the  Patent  Gutta  Percha  and  India  Rubber 
Warehouae,  35,  Old  Street  Road,  London. 


^n.^J^^^    HURDLES,    FENCING,   ETC. 
CTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-sti-eet, 

if  ^o°?o°./.i<i  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  beg  to 
inform  their  friends  and  the  public  generally  they  are  Sow 
manufaoturmg  Iron  Hurdles,  at  the  following  low  prices  :-For 
shoep,  6  ft  long  3  ft.  high.  5  bars,  Ss.  2d.  eacti ;  and  for  cattle, 
6/c.  long,  3  ft.  3  in.  high,  5  bars,  Ss.  6d.  each. 


COTTAIS      AID      HALLE  H, 

2,    WINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


APPLICATION    is    reijuested 


for 


their    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,   aud  Prices  of 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  Apparatus 

Garden  Vases 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-glass  Frames 
Game  Netting 
Hurdles 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do,  Syringes 
Do.      Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  <fcc. 


AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION     OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBIl?I02ir  PHIZE  MEDAL  GATES  A1!TD   ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


FOR  SALE,  a  PURE  DEVON  BULL,  4  years  old, 
h-is  consiantly  served  cow^,  and  fed  only  on  ordinary 
food  (gained  the  second  prize  at  the  Bath  and  West  of  England 
Show,  held  at  Taunton) ;  bis  stock  can  be  seen  on  the  Farm 
For  particulars  "pply  to  the  owner.  ¥r.  WEBBEa,  Halberton 
Court,  Tiverton,  Devon,  distant  two  miles  frum  'he  Tiverton 
Junction  station  of  the  Bristol  aiu!  E>:fcter  Railway. 


M'CORMICK'S     AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London.— Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Keport  ou  the  Agri. 
cultural  lmp!em-nt  Department,  Great  Exhibition. —  "  Mr. 
M'CoEMicE.'8  Reaper,  in  this  tiial,  worlted  as  it  haa  since 
worked  at  Cirencester  College,  and  elj=ewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  f^irmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hnssey's  someiimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Rt^apcr,  251. 


GALVANISED      WIRE      GAME      NETTING.— 
7c?.  per  jardj  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide    ...    Td.peryd.    Sd.peryd. 
2-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...    9      „  Ci     ,, 

2-iuch     „      extra  strong     „  ...  12      ,,  9       ,, 

l|-inch      „       light  „  ...     8      „  6        „ 

j|.inch      ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10      ,,  8       „ 

Ig-inch     ,,      estra  strong      ,,  ...14      ,,  11       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-  proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3ti.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hu'l,  or  Newiastle. 


pHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
V^  NETTING,  Id.  per  running  yard 


^..^^^i^^^'^'' 


GALTANISED  ditto,  Id.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised. 

2i  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh.  Id.  per  yard.        ...        5d.  per  yard. 
30  in.    „      2  in.    „        ^d.        „  ...        G\d.        „ 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lOid.      „  ...        I^d. 

48  in.     „       2  in.     ,,       Is.  2d.     ,,  ...       lOd.  ,, 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  Thia 
article  was  shown  at  the  *'  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  aud  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high, 
Is.  Gd.  and  2s  3d.  per  yard.  Also,  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arcbos,  Bordpring,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalotruea  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  4.4,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawings  and  Prices,  sent  im  receipt 
of  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  aud  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  London. 

**  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr,  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.  Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbour."— J,  H.  Payne. 
{See  ttie  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169,  170,1 
Agents. — Liverpool:  Wm,  Drury,  Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow  ;  Austin  and 
McAslan,  16S,  Trongate.  Dublin  :  J.  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-street. 

FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shal- 
low Wells.  £  s.    d. 

PatentPump 1  12    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
holts  aud  nuts  ready  for 

fixing    2     S     0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May  be    obtained    of   any    Iron- 
monger or  Plumber    in    Town    or 
Country,   or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER   S   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jewio-street,  London. 
Every   description    of    Mechinery 
for  Raising  and  Forcing  Water  either  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Engines,  &o. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
'  STKEL  DIGGING  FORKS.— BoTD'a  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Qarde^iers'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Boyd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement." — G.  C,  15th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Diggini  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Mr.  Mechi. 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  othtr  implement  for  digging.  They  eff^-ct  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Deat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


OHN   WARNER   AND   SONS, 
Ceescent,  j£wiN  Street,  London, 

MANnFACTUEERa  OF 

FIRE  EN9INE5,  GABDBiT 

E^GfINES,  AND  SYBINSES. 
No.  12 
QA.LTANISED 

IRON  TDB 

GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
is  strongly  recommended   for    dur- 
ability and  low  price,  yiz. : — 
£8    0    0 


May  Ije  obtained  of  any  Ironnionger  in  Town  or  Country. 


26—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


403 


NEW    CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  can  supply  the  following  new 
Tarieti"^,  strong  and  well  estabUsliefl. 

POMPON  OR  DWARF  CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— The  an- 
nexed set  of  IS  best  new  varieties  for  2U.,  or  15^\  per  dozen  ; 
onr  selection  12j.  per  dozen— viz.,  Adonie  or  Ne  plus  Uura, 
Argentine,  Asmodee,  Autumna,  ChiimeHon,  Cronatignac, 
Eliza,  Gil  Bias,  L;i  Gitani,  Madame  Lemichtz,  Mii^nonette, 
Modeie,  Ninon,  Perfects,  Roi  de  Liliput,  Sacramento,  Solfa- 
terre.  Surprise. 

LARGE  FLOWERIN'G  VARIETIES.— The  following  12 
flODerb  varieties  for  12s.,  viz,,  Anaxu,  Atrorubeiis,  Erinne, 
Madamp  Lahorde,  Miss  Kate,  Mon^e,  >'aadee,  Ae  plus  Ultra, 
■piutus,  Rncinp,  Ro-'a  MystiL-B,  l-Iecdersonii. 

Choice  Chryi-anthemums  of  best  of  older  varieties,  5s.  and 
7s.  Cd.  per  doz'^o. 

NEW  AND  SELECT   PLANTS. 

Azalea  vittara,  7s.  Gd-  each  ;  Azilea  Symmetry,  5s.  eacb. 

Iporaosa  palmata  (figured  in  Mag.  oi  Botany  for  February), 
7s.  Gd.  each. 

Gloxinia  tricolor,  superb  and  Qrst-rate  form,  6s.  eich. 

Paul':?  Q'leen  Victoria  Rose,  strong  plants,  7s.  Gd.  each, 

Gesiiera  purpurea  macrantha,  2s.  6d,  each. 

Antirrhinum  Primrose  Perfection,  23.  6d.  each, 
,,  H'lidersonii,  2s.  Gd.  eacb. 

Capania  graoditijra,  fine  plants,  Is.  Gd.  each  ;  extra  strong, 
-3*.  Gd.  to  5s. 

MediuiUa  magniSca,  fine  plants,  10s.  6if. ;  extra  strong,  15s. 
each,  Allamanda  neriiflora,  2s.  Gd.  eacb. 

Cantua  dependens,  strong,  Is.  Gd.  each,  15s.  per  dozen  ;  extra 
strong,  2s.  6^.  each. 

Dielytra  spectabilia,  12s.  per  dozen. 

Deutzia  gracilis,  2t.  Gd.  each  ;  24s.  par  dozen  ;  extra  strong, 
33.  Gd.  each. 

Hoya  bella,  strong,  Is.  Gd.  to  2s.  Gd.  each  ;  extra  strong,  In 
flower,  3s.  Gd.     ' 
■  Achimenes,  13  fine  varieties,  6s. ;  12  superb  new,  10s. 

Gloxinias,  12  fine  vars-,  12s.  ;  12  superb  new,  20s. 

Greenbouse  Plants.  50  vars.  fine  and  select,  45s.  ;  25  vara,, 
2l3. ;  12  vars,,  l'2s.  ;  12  new  and  select,  25s. 

Stove  Plants,  50  vars,  fine  and  select,  65s. ;  25  vars.,  35s. ; 
12  vars.,  I8s. 

Petunias,  oar  three  new  vara.,  Braganza,  Ricartonii,  ar.d 
Mazeppa,  2s,  Gd.  eacb. 

Our  Descriptive  Priced  Spring  Ca'alogue,  free  by  post  for 
foor  penny  stamps,  or  gratis  to  purchasers. 

Goods  carriage  free  to  London,  Ipswich,  Norwich,  or  any 
Station  on  the  same  line,  and  with  orders  of  2t.  and  upwards 
extra  plants  added  gratis. 

RemUtances  required  from  unknown  correspondents. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  Baas  and  BaowN,  or  to  Stephen 
Bbown. 

Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishmont,  Sudbury,  Suffolk, 

NEW    PLANTS     INTRODUCED    BY    MR.    FORTUNE. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  possess  all  the  highly  interesting  plants  introduced 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  mentioned  by  him  in  his  recent  popular 
work  on  China.  Many  of  them  are  now  on  sale.  Ot  the 
■Others,  due  notice  will  be  given,  as  they  are  ready  to  send  out. 
Every  particular  may  be  obtained  by  appljing  to  the 
Adrertiaers.— Bagshot,  June  19. 

SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
BMPEROa    STOCK,   a    perennial  species,  and  hardy; 
-1100  seeds.  Is. 

CINERARrAand  CALCEOLARIA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
he  the  finest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
■600  of  the  latter.  Is.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTIS  AZORICA,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
■northern  aspect  is  very  beautiful ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALENDKINIA  UMBELLAT A,  one  of  tha  neatest  growing 
end  most  brilliant  flowering  of  all  bedding  plants;  1500  seeds.  Is. 
SWEET   WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties  ;  10,000  seeds,  la, 
PaymijUt  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps, 

Jetes  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Northampton. 


NEW    CATALOGUE    OF    PLANTS. 

A  VAN  GEERTj  Nurseryman,  Ghent,  Belgium, 
•  bei^s  to  ini'orm  the  Trade  and  Am'iteurs  tlmt  his  new 
CATALOGUE  OF  PLANTS  is  just  publi  hed,  and  may  be 
had  on  apitlication  to  his  Agent,  Mr.  K.  SiLiiEREAD,  5,  Harp- 
lune,  Great  Towfr-street,  London. 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON 
Weilington-r  ad  Nursery,  St,  John's  Wood,  London,  are 
-aow  prepared  to  forward,  by  post,  CINERARIA  SEED,  saved 
from  the  be»t  formed  flowers,  such  as  Ctrito,  Lady  Hume 
'Campbell,  Adela  Villiere,  Paulino,  Rosy  Morn,  Marianne,  David 
Copperficld,  Effie  Deans,  Oarlotta  Grisi,  Prima  Donna,  &c. 

E.  G.  n.  and  Sot*  also  beg  to  say,  that  the  varieties  of 
<;alceolari3S  from  which  the  seed  is  saved  can  now  he  seen  in 
full  bloom  at  the  Nursery.  Early  orders  are  requisite  to  insure 
this  seed,  which  will  be  sent  out  In  July,  at  5s.  per  packet. 

ROYAL  BOTANIC  GARDENS,  REGENT'S  PARK. 

GEORGE  BAKER  begg  to  announce  his  Collection 
of  AMERICAN    PLANTS  is  now  in  perfection,  and  may 
be  viewed  gratis,  by  orders  from  Members  of  the  Society. 

The  large  colleclion  at  the  Nursery,  consibting  of  many 
thousand  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  Kalmias,  Ledums,  <tc., 
ia  now  in  perfection,  and  may  be  seen  gratis. 

American  Nursery,  Windlesham,  near  Bugshot,  Surrey  • 
•even  miles  from  Staines  Station,  three  from  Virginia  Water,' 
*where  conveyances  may  be  obtained. 

G  LOX  I  NI  AS.  — Selections  from  the  following 
varietiQB,  strong  flowering  plants,  from  123.  to  I83.  per 
dozen:— Alba  sunguinea,  argyrostlgma  splendens,  Candida, 
<3artoni,  carminata  splendens.  caulescens,  Fyfiana,  marginata. 
macropbylla  variegata,  maxima  alba,  Passingljami,  Professor 
DecalBne,  rabra  grandiflora,  epeciofia  mnjor,  Teucblerii,  Vic- 
toria renlna,  vlolacea,  and  Wortleyana.  No  char^'e  for  package. 
J.  and  J.  FaAi!E&,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen,  Lea  Bridge- 
road,  Enuix. 

NEW    CAMELLIA. 

JACK.SON*S  *' COUNTESS  OF  ELLESMERE.'*— 
The  undemlgnf-d  are  now  Bending  out  the  above,  price 
42l.  each  J  and  f..r  every  three  ordered  one  added  gratis.  On 
the  8th  fj/ April  last  It  was  awarderJ  by  the  National  Florlcul- 
toral  Society  of  Loiidon  a  flrdUclass  Cortlficate,  and  received 
tiie  hlyhes'.  commendation ;  It  U  dc«cribcd  as  being  of  flrst- 
T«t«  form,  with  bioad  cupped  potaU,  f.f  a  bluish  white,  faintly 
•triped  wiib  r"Be  (B'jo  Oardcncr$'  Ohronkic  and  Gardeners' 
Jounial  for  report  of  mceilDg,  Anril  17;.  It  Is  fi({urod  in  ihe 
"Flori»t"  for  May,  1851,  and  Is  again  tnontlonud  In  the 
"FlorUt"  for  ihU  month,  at  having  been  exhli-ited,  and 
dtterrlng  to  be  placed  In  ftvery  collecilon.  It  hat  the  bouutiful 
form  of  iho  Coup  d'HCW  ItoBo.— TjjoJlAS  Ja«k«on  and  Hi>N, 
Nurterjmen,  Kiogitoo,  near  Loodon  (on  the  Bouth  Western 
lUUwaj). 


SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS- 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE  and  CO.  intend  sending  out, 
on  the  5th  of  July  next,  the  following  very  beautiful  new 
FUC!15I\S  :— 

APOLLO  (Pince's),— Rosy  tube  and  sepals,  well  reflexed ; 
corolla  purplish  lilac,  finely  expiindet*.     IO3.  Gd. 

ASP  ASIA  (Pince's). — Scarlet  tube  and  sepals,  finely  reflased  ; 
corolla  beautUul  blue.     Ins.  GJ. 

PRINCPIPS  (Pince's).— Brilliant  Fc-arlet-lake  tube  and 
Bepal«,  refli-xed  to  a  greater  extent  than  aiiy  oilier  Fuchsia, 
which  produces  a  novel  and  most  atiractive  elTect ;  corolla 
deep  blue.     lUs  Gd. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.,  as  the  raisers  of  "  Exonien^is  "  and  •'  Coral- 
Una,"  which  gave  such  general  satisfac'ion,  can  with  confidence 
recommend  the  above  to  all  culiivators  of  this  favouriie  flower, 
having  fully  tested  their  qualities  last  season,  during  the  whoh' 
of  which,  iu  their  new  Show  House,  they  were  setn  and 
admired  by  numerous  visitore.  They  possess  waxy  firmness, 
and  are  particularly  smooth  and  fine  in  qua'ity,  void  of  all 
coarsi  ness,  of  excellenfhabits,  and  blooming  mnst  profusely  ; 
indeed,  tbe  high  ctiaraeler  wliicb  tliese  Fuchsias  have  obtained, 
from  their  having  been  so  generally  seen  in  all  their  siagus, 
rendi^r  it  unnecessary  to  say  any  more  in  ibeir  praise. 

P.S.  Allowance  to  the  Trade,  one  over  when  three  of  each 
are  ordered.— Exerer  Nursery,  Exeter,  June  26. 


CHOICE   CINERARIA  SEED. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  have  now  ready  for 
sending  out  some  exceedingly  tine  CIiV  ER  ARIA  SEED, 
carefully  saved  from  a  very  select  collection  of  all  the  newesr 
and    finest  varieties    of  the   season,    in   packets,    sealed    and 
warranted  by  them,  free  by  post,  2s.  Gd  each. 
L,  P,  and  Co.  have  also  some  very 

SUPERIOR  CALCEOLARIA  SEED, 

Saved  from  well-shiiped,  highly  coloured,  well  murked  flowers, 
which  tht-y  can  strongly  recommend  ;  in  packages,  seuled  and 
warranted  by  them,  Iree  by  post,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.  have  great  pleasure  in staing  that  they  have 
rei^eived  numerous  te^timomals  of  the  i-aiisf^criou  which  tlieir 
Ciilceolaria  and  Ciaertiria  Seeds  gave  last  se.son,  and  thpy 
resptcti'ully  solicit  early  orders,  as  btrong  planls  tor  early 
fliiweriog  will  be  obtained  by  sowing  now. 

Exeter  Nursery,  Exe'er,  June  26. 


BEAUTIFUL  NEW    PLANT. 

/ESCHYNANTHUS     SPLENDIDUS. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  beg  leave  to  inform 
the  I'ubjjc  that  they  purpose  sending  out,  on  the  5th  <-.f 
July  next,  strong  heal'by  plants  of  their  much  admired  NEW 
HYBRID  iESCHYNANTHUS.  which  they  can  with  full 
contidence  recommend  to  all  cultivators  as  a  plant  that,  cannot 
Jail  Lo  give  general  satisfaction.  Excellent  dravvint's  of  it  will 
be  found  in  the  "  Gardeners'  Magazine  of  Botany,"'  Dec.,  1851  ; 
and  in  the  "  Floricultural  Cabinet"  of  last  month,  to  which 
they  respecifuUy  refer,  and  also  invite  attention  to  the  following 
remarks  : — 

"  A  hybrid  production,  and  a  very  beautiful  one.  It  is,  no 
doubt,  the  finest  of  its  race  ;  which,  as  is  well  known,  now 
Contains  many  very  splendid  imported  species.  It  will  prove  a 
most  useful  orn'-imental  plant  ot"  very  ea«y  culture,  and  the 
brilliance  of  its  large  clusters  of  flowers  will  make  it  conspi- 
cuous amongst  the  most  showy  planis." — Gardeners*  Magazine 
of  Botany,  Dec  ,  1851. 

"The  fpi^cies  under  consideration  (' ^schynanthus  splen- 
didus '),  is  one  of  th«  most  recently  introduced,  and  certainly 
one  of  the  very  beat," — Gardeners'  Journal,  March  13,  1S5?. 

Price  2Is.  each.  Allowance  to  the  Tra'le,  one  over  when 
three  are  ordered. — Exe'er  Nursery.  Exeter.  June  26. 


GARDENERS'  BENEVOLENT  INSTITUTION 
—  Hugh  Low  and  Co.  present  their  c  implim-JUts  to  the 
Subscribers  of  the  Gardeners'  Benevolent  Institution,  and  will 
take  it  kind  if  any,  whose  Votes  are  not  previously  engaged, 
will,  at  the  forthcoming  Election,  use  their  influence  in  behalt 
of  JAMES  GREEN,  who,  althounh  ptrhaps  one  of  tbe  youngest 
on  the  list  of  applicants,  is  assuredly  the  mo-t  necessitous  ;  and 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  Institution,  lias  the  greatest  claim 
upon  its  supporters,  he  having  been  a  Subscriber  to  the  funds 
for  Twelve  Yeahs. 

J.  Geeen  has  been  confined  to  his  cottage  for  nearly  six 
years,  from  an  attack  of  Paralysis,  by  which  he  has  lost  the 
faculty  of  one  side  entirely,  and  cannot  U'avo  his  Bed-room, 
except  when  carried.  He  lived  for  about  18  \ears  in  his  last 
situation,  at  Williamstrip  Park,  near  Fairford,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, and  bad,  by  strict  economy,  saved  a  little  to  help  in  his 
declining  years  ;  but  this  small  sum  has  been  swallowed  up  by 
doctors'  bills  and  other  necessary  expenses  attendant  on  his 
il)n!'S3,  which  ccmpeU  him  Now,  iu  his  extremity,  to  appeal  to 
tbe  supporters  of  this  Institution. 

Proxies  in  his  behalf  will  be  most  thankfully  received  by 
Mr.  CocKBDKN,  Gardener  to  the  Lord  Mansfield,  Kenwood, 
HampBtead  ;  and  by  11.  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery, 
London, — June  19. 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN   lUVEK.S  t>c((H  to  inform  Agric«IturlHt8,  that 
tho  HTUBULK  HWhDK  may   bo   Hown  from  the   presint 
■time  antll  the  middle  of  July,  for  a  full  winter-  crop. 

Order*  addrepised  to  Jodw  /tivElfl,  Htcdflmnn,  Hawbrldgc- 
worth,  H«ru,  to  the  amount  of  I'lt.,  will  bo  carrlago  paid  to 
London.—  Poit-ofllco  ordcm  aro  rtqucdcd  of  unknown 
KJurrupoDdeatt, 


iTIve  (BaiUcwet^'  Ciironicle, 

SATURDAY,  JUNE  26,  1852. 

MEETINGS    FOK  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

MoWDAT.       June     C^— Briti.h  ArchltectB   8  p.m. 

Wkskusdai,    —       30  — il'iyHl  Bolanlc  Gardens 2  p.u. 

liiu«B»»t,     July       Itzooloitical 3  p.«. 

PaiDAT  —  2-BotMDiCul ,,H  P.M. 

S.TUuD.Tt        —         3— iniatlc :  2  p.m. 

Coohtbt  Siiown — Tupfidnv,  June  29:  Ilandnvnrtli  An(lLnz«lls  ttt.d  Norlb- 
aiDptnn  Ko.e  xnd  Pink.— WctlnOBdi-y,  June  ;j»:  York,  Mfincbcatcr,  IjiBWlcli, 
and  Thsmc,— TliurarlRy,  July  li  Ireland  Koyal  IlOTticuUural. 
♦ 

In  all  directions  blight  is  making  havoc  ;  that  is 
to  say,  the  fungi  which  produce  the  appearances 
popularly  known  by  the  name  of  blight  are  showing 
themselves  in  great  force.  Beans  are  so  attacked 
by  Uredo  Fahm  that  farmers  are  ploughing  them 
up  ;  Wheat  is  withenng  under  the  joint  or  .separate 
infliction  of  the  Uredo.':  Ilubirjo  and  ncgclum ; 
JlCrAdium  canccllalum  is  ravaging  Tliorns  and  I'ear 
trees ;  Oidium  Tuckcri  is  smothering  Vines ; 
Ert/Hiphcs  are  oveiTunning  the  Pea  crops ;  and  as  a 
matter  of  course,  our  old  enemy  Botrj/tis  is  once 
more  a  visitor  to  the  I'otato  grounds  of  Sussex.  In 
all  'pjarters  men  are  alarmed,  and  making  anxious 
enquiries  as  to  what  should  be  their  course  of 
proceeding. 

We  fear  there  in  no  immediate  remedy  within 


reach ;  for  sulphur,  the  only  agent  that  has  stood 
the  test  of  experience  as  a  specific  for  Vine  mildew, 
could  not  be  applied  on  a  large  scale,  and  might  not 
answer,  even  if  it  were  applied  regardle.^s  of  cost. 
But,  at  the  same  lime  that  we  acknowledge  our 
present  helplessness,  it  may  po.ssibly  lead  hereafter 
to  some  result,  if  we  can  succeed  in  drawing  atten- 
tion to  certain  points  connected  with  fungi  and  their 
manner  of  lile. 

The  seeds  of  mildew  or  blight  fun^i  appear  to 
exist  everywliere^dispersed  through  the  air  and 
lying  in  the  soil.  Drawn  into  the  .system  of  a 
plant  with  the  water  absorbed  by  roots,  or  possibly 
through  the  pores  of  Ihe  leaves,  they  are  ready  to 
grow  wherever  they  find  themselves  in  presence  of 
matter  on  which  they  can  feed,  and  in  circum- 
stances favourable  to  their  deveiopement.  Hence 
they  appear  every  year  in  some  degree,  particular 
species  infesting  particular  kinds  of  plants,  just  as 
each  animal  is  preyed  upon  by  vermi  n  peculiar  to 
it.  The  mildew  fungi  must  be  coaeval  with  other 
ci'eated  things ;  but  they  attracted  little  attention 
until  the  mischief  produced  by  them  became  serious. 
It  would  seem  that  their  abundance  has  been 
coincident  with  the  march  of  cultivation  ;  and  it  is 
an  almost  universal  opinion  that  now,  when  horti- 
culture and  agriculture  have  arrived  at  a  state  of 
perfection  unknown  befoie,  mildews  too  are  pro- 
ducing a  degree  of  havoc  to  which  theie  is  no 
parallel.  We  believe  that  opinion  to  be  well 
founded.  Is  the  fact,  if  it  be  one,  capable  of 
explanation  ? 

The  injury  inflicted  upon  crops  by  fungi  is  owing 
to  the  action  of  their  mycelium  or  spawn,  a  cobweb- 
like substance  of  extreme  tenuity,  which  escapes 
observation,  in  consequence  of  its  being  buried  in 
the  tissues  beneath  the  .■'kin  of  a  plant.  The 
mycelium  constitutes  the  larger  part  of  all  fungi,  and 
is  so  much  alike  throughout  the  entiie  race,  that  it 
is  a  fair  inference  to  assume  that  the  ascertained 
habits  of  some  species  correspond  with  the  habits  of 
others  that  have  never  been  examined,  or  which, 
from  their  nature,  are  perl laps  unexaminable.  Now, 
among  the  great  peculiarities  of  the  race  are  these, 
firstly,  that  they  exhale  hydrogen  and  nitrogen,  and, 
secondly,  that  they  abound  iu  the  latter  element. 
Hence,  they  feed  greedily  upon  water  which  they 
decompose,  and  upon  nitrogen  which  they  separate 
from  substances  with  which  it  is  in  a  state  of  com- 
bination. In  the  absence  of  damp,  they  refuse  to 
appear,  as  is  known  to  builders  and  dockyard  men, 
who  only  find  dry  rot,  the  mycelium  of  fungi,  on 
timbers  in  damp,  ill-ventilated  places.  When  a 
fungus  which  has  sprung  up  in  a  meadow  decays 
there,  immediately  the  Grass  where  it  was  becomes 
rank,  and  acquires  that  deep  blackish-green  colour 
which  indicates  the  absorption  of  nitrogenous  matter. 
The  phenomenon  called  a  fairy  ring,  caused  by  the 
decay  of  fungi  growing  in  circles,  is  a  familiar 
example  of  this  fact.  M.  Maeoet,  of  Geneva,  in  his 
enquiries  into  the  respiration  of  fungi,  obtained  the 
following  result : 

Hyiiroi^en.  NitrogcD. 

Sphseria  digitata  gave  off .. .  65  ...  33  in  10  hours. 

Agaricus  ericeus         „      ...  55  ...  44   „  10      „ 

„     deliquescens     „      ...  70  ...  30   „  8      „ 

„     phy-salodes       „      ...  57  ...  43   „  2      „ 

„     ieucocephalus  ,,      ...  42  ...  56   „  6      „ 

So  that  it  is  fully  demonstrated  that  hydrogen 
and  nitrogen  are  most  abundant  elements  in  the 
composition  of  fungi ;  and  it  seems  a  fair  inference 
that  they  will  abound,  or  the  contrary,  in  proportion 
to  the  supply  they  may  find  of  these  gases. 

When  a  tuft  of  Wheat  is  accidentally  in  contact 
with  manure,  it  grows  dark-gieen  and  rank,  and  is 
invariably  mildewed.  When  a  bush,  a  Rose, 
makes  stout  watery  shoots,  in  consequence  of 
strong  manure  applied  to  its  roots,  or  from  any 
other  cause,  those  shoots  are  sure  to  mildew.  In 
like  manner  the  watery  wood  of  Peaches  is  the  first 
to  exhibit  signs  of  disease  connected  with  fungi.  The 
evidence  obtained  in  the  long  inquiry  made  into  the 
Potato  disease  all  went  to  show  that  rich  manures 
and  wet  soils  were  among  the  most  certain  causes 
of  that  terrible  malady.  In  each  of  the  instances 
now  quoted,  water  yielding  hydrogen,  together  with 
nitrogen,  existed  in  excess.  Theie  is  a  firm  belief  that 
fungi  appear  in  abundance  after  thunder-storms  ; 
the  Irish  maintained  in  1845  that  in  all  the  north 
of  their  island  the  Polato  disease  bioke  out  after 
vivid  lightning;  botanists  often  call  fungi  "meteoric" 
plants.  These  circumstances  may  be  explicable 
with  reference  to  an  excessive  quantity  of  ammonia 
(a  source  of  nitrogen),  proiluced  in  the  air  during 
storms,  and  brouglit  down  in  rain. 

On  the  other  hand  corn  is  never,  we  believe, 
niildeweil  extensively  in  dry  unmanurcd  land.  The 
small  well-ripened  wood  of  Kosea  and  I'each-trees 
Hufl'er  little  from  mildew.  I'otato  disease  was 
scarcely  felt  in  the  dry  hungry  sands  of  England, 
and  always  produced  least  injury  where  no  manure 


404 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[June  26, 


was  employed.  Gard-ners  find  no  mildew  upon  the 
hard,  short-joinled  bushes,  which  they  force  into 
abundant  flower  with  so  much  skilL  In  these  case^ 
the  quantity  of  water  is  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and 
supplies  of  nitrogenous  matter  are  wholly  withheld, 
or  very  sparingly  applied,  in  the  form  of  weak  liquid 
manure. 

It  becomes  then  a  question  whether  the  alarming 
prevalence  of  mildews  may  not  be  traced  to  our 
high  cultivation,  and  whether  we  ought  not  to  seek 
for  the  means  of  increasing  our  crops  by  other  means 
than  the  excessive  application  of  ammoniacal 
manures.  That  question  we  venture  to  put  to  our 
readers,  and  we  hope  to  receive  an  abundance  of  well- 
considered  communications  upon  the  subject,  not 
advocating  any  particular  view,  but  recording  any 
ascertained  facts  on  either  side  of  the  question.  It 
is  one  of  the  deepest  importance.  If  it  should 
turn  out  that  mildew  does  not  prevail  more  exten- 
sively in  highly  manured  land  than  in  poor  land, 
then  we  shall  be  able  to  proceed  with  renewed 
confidence  in  the  application  of  ammoniacal  sub- 
stances. If,  on  the  contrary,  it  should  appear  that 
mildew  does  in  fact  accompany  in  a  serious  degree 
the  use  of  strong  manures,  then  we  must  set  about 
devising  some  means  of  dispensing  with  them. 

We  would  more  especially  invite  attention  to 
this  subject  from  the  able  author  of  the  "  Word  in 
Season,"  *  a  pamphlet,  the  interest  of  which  cannot 
be  overrated,  and  which  is  destined  ere  long  to 
produce  a  great  change  in  the  system  of  both  field 
and  garden  cultivation.  We  know  that  many 
persons  of  much  intelligence  regard  the  nameless 
author  of  this  work  as  an  amiable  enthusiast, 
converting  an  instance  of  accidental  success  into  a 
hobby-horse,  which  he  is  riding  to  death.  But  in 
that  opinion  we  do  not  concur  ;  on  the  contrary,  we 
firmly  believe  that  he  advocates  the  soundest  views 
of  cultivation,  and  we  confidently  appeal  to  the 
gardeners  who  read  this  journal  for  confirming  our 
judgment. 

FUNGI. 

The  failure  of  fruit  trees,  &c.,  after  much  expense 
and  attention,  has  been  a  source  of  great  annoyance  to 
the  owner,  who,  without  knowing  the  true  cause,  often 
attributes  his  loss  to  a  want  of  skill  in  their  management. 
After  two  or  three  years' existence,  they  often  either  die  or 
become  sickly  and  stunted.  It  is  true,  the  experienced  and 
intelligent  cultivator  may  show  great  assiduity  and  skill  in 
tlie  procuring  and  mixing  his  compost  heaps,  the  analy- 
tical chemist  may  give  the  constituents  of  plants,  both 
organic  and  inorganic,  and  tell  what  elements  must  be 
present  in  the  soiliu  which  they  are  planted,  to  secure 
healthy  growth  ;  he  will  inform  you  that  for  the  Cerealia, 
a  large  amount  of  silica  is  needed  ;  for  Beana  and  Peas, 
potash  ;  for  Clover,  Saiufoin,  Linseed,  &c.,  lime  ;  and 
that  Beet  will  flourish  best  where  there  is  soda.  All 
these  substances  the  cultivator  can  supply  ;  but  they 
are  not  all  that  is  wanted.  There  are  circumstances 
over  which  he  has  little  control,  as,  for  instance,  the 
combined  action  of  water  and  soil;-and  equilibrium 
in  the  motion  of  the  sap,  depending  on  the  temperature 
and  hygrometric  state  of  the  atmosphere.  Evaporation 
will  take  place  in  proportion  to  the  density  of  the  latter, 
and  by  the  combined  force  of  atmospheric  pressure  and 
evaporation,  food  is  supplied  to  the  plant,  and  the 
motion  of  the  sap  is  carried  on  (Hales). 

When  the  air  is  dry,  evaporation  goes  on  so  fast  that 
the  mots  are  unable  to  supply  the  demands  made  on 
them,  the  wood  becomes  dry,  the  energies  of  the  plant 
exhausted,  and  it  either  dies  or  keeps  in  a  sickly  state. 
To  restore  vigour  and  activity,  therefore,  the  judicious 
practice  of  cutting  back  is  resorted  to. 

Again,  in  low  damp  situations,  where  the  air  in  con- 
sequence is  dense,  an  opposite  result  is  experienced  in 
the   shape   of    over- vigorous    and     luxuriant    growth. 
Wliere  this  occurs,  plants  often  become  suddenly  struck 
with  blight,  which    sometimes   proves    fatal   to   them. 
When  tliis  is  the  ease,  the  remedy,  in  regard  to  ligneous 
plants,  is  to  reduce  the  amount  of  roots,  so  as  to  make 
them  disproportionate  to  the  branches,  i.  e.,  root  prune. 
From  causes  such  as  the  above,  plants  become  debili- 
tated, and  atford   suitable  resting  places  for  parasitic 
fu.igi    and    insects.       Although    it    is    contended    by 
some    of    the    iiighest    authorities    that   the    simplest 
kind  of  fungi  will  attack  healthy  living  plants,  yet  there 
are  others  who  question  whether  fungi  can  be  developed 
at   all,  except  some   disturbance   takes    place    in    the 
tissues  of  the  subject  of  their  attacks.      Of  this  we  are 
at  least  certain,  that  when  once  a  footing  is  effected, 
these  insidious  vegetable  germs,  whose  diameter  is  not 
more  than  y^'g-ij  of  an  inch,  increase  the  malady  and 
hasten  the  subject  to  a  state  of  decay  ;   and    what   is 
worthy  of  remark,  there  are  two  kinds  of  fungi  peculiar 
to  the  two  classes   of  plants  I  have  been  describing  ; 
I.  e.,  one  for  dried  tissues,  and  one  for  dropsical  or  over- 
luxuriant  vegetation  ;  and,  from    experiments,  I  have 
proved  that  the  one  will  uot  exist  in  company  with  the 
other.     I  have  never  found  the  Oidium  on  the  Chrys- 
anthemum while  growing  in  the  open  air;  but,  on  taking 
it  to  a   lorcing-house,  it  soon   made    its    appearance. 
Takea  Potato  plant,  with  Botrytis  infestans  on  it,  treat  it 
in  the  same  way,  and  the  disease  will  immediately  cease 


to  fructify.  For  several  years  I  have  had  my  Cinera- 
rias affected  with  a  species  of  Oidium.  This  season  I 
kept  them  in  a  cool  frame  under  a  cold  north  wall  till 
threatening  frosts  compelled  me  to  move  them  to  a 
warmer  quarter,  and  the  disease  has  not  made  its 
appearance. 


successful.  I  believe  tlie  disease  made  its  appearance 
with  me  before  it  was  observed  by  any  one  else,  and  I 
have  never  failed  to  ripen  a  crop.  Edioard  Tucier^ 
Gardener  to  J.  Slater^  Esq.,  Ramsgate. 


Potato. 

1.  A  more  bishly  magr.ifieii 

spore  of  Potato  mould. 


.  \^  ^^\^  '"  Season  ;  or  how  the  Corn-grower  may  yet  grow 
iich,  aad  biB  labourer  happy.    Ninth  edition.    Ridoway, 


Cabbage. 
1.  Average  diameter  of  spores 
their  long  axes  1-lOOOth  of 
an  inch,   short    diameter. 
l-llOOthof  an  inch. 

The  accompanying  sketches  (the  result  of  my  own  ob- 
servation) will  show  the  different  structures  of  the  two 
classes  of  fungi  just  mentioned  ;  the  one  having  simple 
articulated  or  moniliform  stems  is  called  Oidium  ;  the 
other  with  nonarticulated  but  branched  stems  is  termed 
Botrytis.  Here  we  have  an  instance  of  the  care  with 
which  Nature  provides  for  every  necessity.  The  fungi 
that  attack  plants  whose  cells  have  become  distended 
from  suppressed  evaporation,  are  furuished  with  a  large 
amount  of  surface,  by  which  evaporation  is  much 
assisted,  their  branched  and  multifarious  stems  enabling 
them  to  effect  this  with  facility  ;  while  in  my  locality, 
where  the  rarification  of  the  air,  and  consequent 
excessive  evaporation,  scarcely  permit  plants  to  grow, 
the  mould  which  attacks  them  is  evidently  designed  to 
serve  another  purpose.  The  Grape  mildew  is  an 
example  of  the  class  of  Fungi  to  which  I  now  allude, 
as  I  believe  this  disease  is  seldom  seen  in  cool  damp 
situations.  Do  not  these  facts  suggest  a  preventive  to 
the  Grape  mould  ?  The  Vine  is  well  known  to  be  an 
abundant  and  gross  feeder,  and  its  open  texture  would 
permit  capillarity  and  absorption  to  be  carried  on 
rapidly,  consequently  an  excessive  amount  of  water  (if 
manure  water  the  better)  applied  to  the  roots,  and  if 
practicable  keeping  the  surrounding  air  moist,  would,  I 
believe,  arrest  the  spread  of  the  disease.  As  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  follow  it,  I  have  found  this  plan  to  be 


IXORA  COCCINEA. 

The  glossy  green  foliage  and  large  heads  of  bright 
scarlet  flowers,  which  well  managed  specimens  of  this 
noble  plant  produce,  form  an  ample  recompense  for  any 
,  attention  that  may  be  bestowed  on  its  culture.  The 
beauty  of  the  leaves  alone  renders  the  plant  agreeable 
at  all  seasons  ;  but  when  covered  with  its  strikingly 
showy  blossoms,  which  last  during  three  or  four  months 
of  the  year,  it  is  a  perfect  gem. 

This  Ixora,  being  a  native  of  the  East  In  dies,,  requires 
a  warm  temperature  for  its  successful  cultm-e.  WhiSe 
growing  it  should  be  freely  supplied  with  water  at  the 
root,  and  it  enjoys  a  moist  atmosphere  ;  but  when  the 
wood  is  formed  from  which  flowers  are  expected,  it 
must  be  subjected  to  a  period  of  comparatively  dry 
ti'eatment,  to  thoroughly  ripen  the  growth,  without 
which  flowers  will  not  be  satisfactorily  produced.  The 
plant  is  particularly  accommodating  as  regards  its 
season  of  flowering  ;  and  by  the  exercise  of  a  little  fore- 
thought it  may  be  had  in  blossom  at  any  period  when 
it  may  be  most  desired,  as  thoroughly  ripened  wood 
will  hardly  fail  to  produce  flowers  when  the  plants  are 
subjected  to  a  moist  growing  temperature.  Mealy  bug 
and  thrips  have  an  especial  liking  for  this  plant,  and 
beginners  should  be  careful  to  procure  stock  not 
infested  with  these  pests. 

Young  plants  may  be  placed  in  a  sharp  growing 
temperature  of  about  65^  to  75**,  as  early  in  spring  as 
is  convenient,  and  an  eff'ort  should  be  made  to  aff"ord 
them  a  bottom  heat  of  75*^  or  80**,  which  will  be  highly 
beneficial  during  the  whole  of  their  growing  seasoa. 
At  that  stage  the  plants  should  be  kept  near  the  glass, 
and  allowed  all  the  light  possible,  to  prevent  long-jointed 
weakly  growth,  and  air  must  be  admitted  whenever  the 
state  of  the  weather  will  permit,  especially  after  growth 
has  commenced.  If  the  plants  selected  are  dwai*f  au-d 
short-jointed,  with  several  shoots  each,  the  point  of  each 
shoot  may  be  pinched  out,  and  the  branches  pegged 
down  near  the  surface  of  the  soil ;  but  if  the  plants  are 
long-jointed  and  straggling  it  will  be  necessary  to  cut 
them  back  freely.  Shitting  should  be  performed  when 
the  pots  are  moderately  well  filled  with  healthy  roots  ; 
and  when  this  is  the  case  they  should  be  shifted  into^ 
pots  about  two  sizes  larger  than  those  in  which  they 
have  been  growing.  Plants  iu  bottom  heat  requii'e 
to  be  watered  with  great  caution,  as  it  is  not  ao 
easy  to  judge  of  the  state  of  the  soil  as  wheu 
the  pots  ai-e  exposed ;  and  this  advice  particularly 
applies  for  a  fortnight  or  so  after  potting.  Have  tlie 
balls  and  soil  when  the  potting  is  performed  moist, 
keep  the  atmosphere  damp  and  close,  and  sprinkle 
the  plants  over-head  frequently  with  the  syringe,  aiul 
the  roots  will  soon  lay  hold  of  the  fresh  soil,  when 
water  may  be  given  more  freely  without  danger. 
In  all  stages  of  growth,  defer  watering  until  it  is  re- 
quired, and  then  give  sufficient  to  thoroughly  moisten 
the  ball.  It  will  probably  be  necessary  to  afford  the 
plants  some  slight  protection  from  the  midday  sun  ;  aad 
as  the  season  advances,  use  a  very  thin  shade,  but  only 
if  scorching  cannot  be  avoided  without  it. 

When  tlie  young  shoots  have  attained  the  length  si 
about  a  foot,  which  should  be  the  case  by  the  end  of 
May,  gradually  expose  the  plants  to  a  free  circulation  of 
air,  with  exposure  to  sunshine,  aud  a  drier  atmosphere, 
for  about  a  mouth.  This  will  ripen  the  wood,  and  the 
buds  will  break  much  more  freely  than  if  the  plants 
were  kept  growing  the  whole  summer  without  any  rest. 
Previous  to  afl'ording  them  a  close  moist  atmosphere,  to 
encourage  a  second  growth,  pinch  out  the  points  of  the 
shoots,  and  peg  the  latter  down,  so  as  to  cause  the  lower 
buds  to  start  iuto  growth.  If  a  second  shift  is  necessary, 
which  will  be  the  case  if  all  has  gone  on  properly,  give 
this  at  once,  as  it  is  desirable  to  have  the  pots  well  filled 
with  roots  previous  to  whiter.  Until  growth  fairly 
commences  the  average  heat  should  not  exceed  70°,  as 
a  high  temperature  at  this  stage  would  not  tend  to 
promote  a  bushy  habit  of  growth  ;  but  wheu  the  buds 
are  once  broken,  it  may  be  allowed  to  range  about  85** 
by  day  and  75*^  at  night,  always  admitting  air  freely  on 
mild  bright  days. 

If  the  plants  can  be  placed  in  a  pit  or  house,  where 
the  temperature  may  range  from  55°  to  Qb°,  this  will 
form  a  suitable  situation  for  them  during  the  winter 
months  ;  and  if  they  can  be  afforded  a  bottom-heat  of 
about  65°  the  roots  will  be  kept  in  a  healthy  condition. 
If  the  plants  are  deemed  large  enough  to  produce  flowei"S, 
the  atmosphere  should  be  kept  rather  dry,  with  a  free 
circulation  of  air  on  all  favom*able  opportunities  dming 
the  autumn  and  winter,  and  water  should  be  sparingly 
applied  to  the  roots  ;  and  if  a  second  season's  growth  is 
to  be  afforded  before  flowering,  the  same  treatment  will 
be  necessary  to  mature  and  harden  the  wood.  ^  As 
already  stated,  properly  ripened  wood  will  invariably 
produce  flowers  ;  and  this  will  be  the  case  irrespective 
of  the  size  of  the  plant.  The  taste  and  convenience 
of  the  cultivator  must  decide  as  to  whether  the  plants 
are  sufficiently  large  for  flowering  after  the  first  season's 
growth  or  not.  If  a  second  growth  is  deemed  proper, 
they  may  be  treated  as  recommended  for  last  season. 
Before  exciting  them  cut  back  and  thin  out  any  weakly 
shoots,  and  tie  them  out  iu  a  regular  manner,  so  as 
to  admit  light  and  air,  aud  encoiu*age  the  lower  buds 
to  start. 
If  it  is  desirable  to  have  the  plants,  or  a  portion  of 


26—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


405 


them,  in  fiowei"  during  the  winter  months,  this  will  be 
easily  secured  by  thoroughly  ripening  the  first  growth, 
and  afterwards  keeping  the  plants  in  a  rather  dry  airy 
house  until  within  six  or  eight  weeks  of  the  time  that 
they  are  wanted  in  blossom,  when  they  should  be  plunged 
in  a  bottom-heat  of  about  lo^  or  80°,  with  a  close  moist 
atmosphere.  While  ia  flower,  a  temperature  of  from 
C0°  to  70°  will  be  necessary  to  the  health  of  the  speci- 
mens. With  proper  treatment  the  plants  will  last  many 
seasons.  After  flowering,  allow  them  a  period  of  com- 
parative rest,  to  recruit  their  exhausted  energies  ;  then 
cut  back,  thin  out  weak  shoots,  and  encourage  an  active 
growth.  The  soil  most  suitable  for  the  Ixora  is 
lightj  rich,  fibry  peat,  broken  up  into  small  pieces,  and 
mixed  with  about  one-sixth  of  sliarp  silver  sand,  adding 
a  quantity  of  small  potsherds  or  charcoal ;  use  clean, 
porous,  thoroughly  drained  pots. 

Cuttings  of  moderately  firm  young  wood  will  root  in 
a  short  time  if  planted  in  sandy  peat,  covered  with  a 
bell  glass,  and  placed  in  a  sharp  bottom  heat  of  from 
30°  to  90°.  Alpha, 


Home  Correspondence. 

The  New  Ola^s-kouses  at  Trentham. — Mr.  Hurwood,  in 
bis  letter  at  page  389,  demands  a  royalty  from  his  Grace 
the  Duke  of  Sutherland  for  an  infringement  by  me  of 
his  patent  for  moving  and  fastening  windows,  &c.  Now, 
unless  ^Mr.  H.  can  claim  for  his  owu  invention  the 
application  of  the  screw  as  a  motive  power — which  he 
certainly  cannot  do^it  is  far  from  being  clear  to  me  in 
what  the  supposed  infringement  consists  ;  for,  with  the 
exception  of  the  liglits  being  moved  by  a  screw,  there 
does  not  appear  to  be  any  other  resemblance  between 
Mi\  Hurwood's  method  of  ventilating,  and  the  plan 
shown  in  your  Paper  of  June  r2th.  It  is  true  that 
in  Mr.  H.'s  "  Illustrated  Catalogue,"  which  he  has  been 
kind  enough  to  send  me,  there  is  a  house  which  is 
described  as  being  ventilated  on  the  screw  principle  ;  but 
in  this  there  is  a  screw  and  four  wheels  to  every  pair 
of  sliding  sashes,  while  in  the  plan  in  question  the  whole 
of  the  hanging  lights  in  a  house  100  feet  long  are  lifted 
simultaneously  by  one  screw,  and  there  is  only  one 
small  wheel  to  each  sash.  I  do  not  profess  to  know 
enough  of  the  laws  which  regulate  patents  to  enable  me 
to  say  positively  whether  we  have  infringed  upon  Mr.  H. 
in  this  case,  or  not ;  but  so  numerous  are  the  ways  in 
which  this  principle  is  applied,  that  I  cannot  see  how 
we  are  more  liable  to  be  called  in  question  than 
thousands  of  others  who  adopt  this  very  common,  but 
not  the  less  effectual  means,  of  gaining  power.  If  any 
of  your  readers  will  be  kind  enough  to  throw  a  little 
light  upon  this  subject,  they  will  much  oblige,  not  only 
m^'self,  but  many  others  who  may  be  desirous  of  adopting 
this  mode  of  ventilation,  without  fear  of  restrictions 
from  patentees.  Q.  Fleming. 

Potato  Disease. — I  am  sorry  to  state  that  disease  has 
again  made  its  appearance  in  this  part  of  the  countiy 
(Sussex).  I  fii-st  noticed  it  on  the  17th  ult.  ;  it 
appeared  then  on  the  margin  of  the  leaves  ;  but  since 
that  it  has  made  great  progress  down  the  stem.  Beans 
and  early  Peas  are  also  affected.  Should  the  weather 
continue  wet  and  cloudy,  with  thunder,  such  as  we  have 
been  visited  with  for  the  last  14  days,  disease  is  likely 
to  extend  itself  over  all  crops,  both  early  and  late. — 
P.S.  Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  examined  the 
different  crops  of  fruit,  and  find  them  as  follows,  viz., 
Pears,  very  light ;  Apples,  ditto  ;  Plums,  ditto  ;  Apricots, 
very  good  ;  Cherries,  ditto  ;  Peaches,  light ;  Nectarines, 
dkto ;  Gooseberries,  good  ;  Currants,  ditto  ;  Rasp- 
berries, ditto.  John  Daniel%  Woodiidcj  Frant. 

Vio'ets  tuminrj  white.— Enqn'wy  was  made  some  time 
ago  in  your  Paper,  whether  any  one  had  experienced 
the  disappointment  of  blue  violets  becoming  white  ; 
unable  at  the  time  to  notice  the  question,  I  now  beg  to 
say  that  it  is  the  case  in  my  garden  the  third  year,  and 
I  am  obliged  to  get  a  regular  succession  of  plants  from 
other  gardens  ;  nor  is  change  of  colour  confined  to  this 
plant  ;  StrawbeiTies  fade  in  like  manner,  and  if  left  to 
the  fourth  year  show  a  very  large  proportion  of  fruit, 
white,  witli  loss  of  flavour  ;  in  this  way  I  lost  Myatt's 
Eiiza,  a  fine  variety,  but  which  suffered  more  rapidly 
than  others.  I  do  not  know  the  cause.  An  Ulster 
Ourdener. 

/mj/roved  Mowing  Machine. — Last  autumn  I  took  up 
inypen  to  Mrritcan  article  for  insertion  in  your  columns 
wherein  I  intended  to  make  known  certain  improvements 
which  we  had  made  in  our  mowing  machine,  and 
6ugge«t  further  alterations.  But  ere  1  had  transcribed 
a  sentence  it  atruck  me  that  what  I  was  about  to  say 
might  affect  the  pat'intces  of  such  contrivances.  Hence 
I  wrote  to  Mcssm.  I'errabec  and  Soph,  the  manufacturers 
of  Budding's  patent  machine.  Between  them  and 
myself  a  corrcHpondencc  wa«  thuH  opened.  Improve- 
mentii  necesfwiry  to  the  perfection  of  a  mowing 
cootrivunce  were  BU(,'ge8ted.  1  found  that  tliey  were 
of  opinion  that  the  old  macliine  whh  faulty,  and  were 
trying  Itt  improve  it.  The  rcHuJt  ban  been  the  bringing 
oat  of  an  improved  implement  by  .J.  IV-rrabee  and  SonB, 
which  I  am  anxiou«  to  introduce  to  the  notice  of  my 
brother  gardenerH.  The  fii-Rt  machine  which  MeHHr». 
FcrraJ>ee  finished  thia  Bpring  wa«  Bent  to  mo  Ut  be 
examined  and  tcflted.  AfU-T  trying  it,  wo  pointed 
out  to  them  what  waft  obj'.-etionabic.  Since  then,  th(*y 
hare  made  uoino  ftlight  a!U;ration  in  the  conHtrnction, 
which  hafl  greatly  improved  it.  Ltuii  I'riday  and  tliiM 
week  we  have  w:cn  a  machine  embodying  the  hUcwt 
iraproTcmentH,  well  tentwl  in  a  lieavy  crop  of  Grasa,  and 
whilo  it  wa«  raining  heavily.  'Jhe  re«ult  was  quit/; 
Batiafaelory.      The   wooden   roller   of  the   uninqirovcd 


implement  was  most  objectionable,  as  it  caused  the 
machine  to  be  difficult  to  draw  and  hold,  and  would  not 
allow  it  to  cut  wet  Grass.  In  the  improved  contrivance 
we  have  no  wooden  roller,  hence  it  is  more  easily  drawn, 
runs  more  steadily,  and  cuts  wet  Grass.  Rain  never 
stops  our  machine  now,  till  it  sends  the  men  in-doors. 
The  construction  of  the  fixed  blade  of  the  old  implement 
was  objectionable.  The  revolving  cutters  were  apt  to 
rub  against  it  ;  and  when  they  did,  it  was  horse-work  to 
draw  the  machine.  Many  gardeners  and  their  assist- 
ants, not  knowing  how  to  prevent  this,  have  condemned 
the  contrivance,  and  returned  to  the  good  old  scythe. 
In  the  improved  article,  the  fixed  blade  is  admirably 
constructed  and  placed,  so  that  the  cutters  cannot  play 
against  it.  The  improved  machine  of  John  Ferrabee 
and  Sons  will  become  a  great  favourite  with  gardeners 
and  their  men.  That  it  is  capable  of  further  improve- 
ments, I  firmly  believe  ;  and  should  an  alteration  be 
made,  or  a  better  machine  produced,  I  shall  be  glad  to 
see  and  recommend  it.  I  am  enamoured  of  the  mowing 
machincj  though  I  know  many  gardeners  prefer  the 
scytlie.  At  this  place  it  takes  four  men  with  scythes 
31  hours  to  cut  our  Grass  ;  i.  c,  124  hours'  mowing  of 
one  man.  Now,  two  men  with  a  machine  cut  the  same 
Grass  in  35  hours  ;  i.  e.,  70  hom's  of  one  man.  The 
machine  cuts  the  Grass  more  neatly,  and  requires  no 
sweeping  after  it.  I  consider  that  a  machine  with  two 
men  is  better  than  four  men  with  scythes.  For  cutting 
verges  and  amongst  small  beds  the  wooden  roller  is 
better  than,  and  may  be  substituted  for  the  two  wheels. 
The  22-incli  machine  1  recommend  as  best  for  most 
gardens  ;  with  this  size  11  inches  of  Grass,  or  half  the 
breadth  of  the  implement,  is  cut  every  time  it  crosses 
the  lawn.  To  cut  the  whole  breadth  in  thick  heavy 
Grass  is  too  hard  work.  Where  a  machine  is  got,  the 
men  who  are  to  work  it  ought  to  study  the  directions 
which  are  invariably  sent  by  the  manufacturers.  I  am 
fully  convinced  that  when  a  mowing  contrivance  is 
thrown  aside,  it  is  because  the  men  know  not  how  to  use 
it.  If  this  letter  makes  any  resolve  to  try  one,  let  me 
say  that  a  machine  embracing  the  latest  improvement 
ought  to  be  sought,  A.  Peiiigrewj  Cheetham-hill,  Man- 
chester. 

Action  of  the  Moon  on  Plants. — In  the  interest- 
ing work  of  "  Lives  of  Celebi*ated  Travellers,"  by 
J.  A.  St.  John  (H.  Colbm*n's  edition,  1832),  there  is  one 
(vol.  3)  of  Antonio  de  UUoa,  a  Spanish  naval  officer, 
despatched  to  South  America  on  scientific  purposes  in 
1736.  When  arrived  at  Quito,  "  he  observed,  among 
many  remarkable  natural  curiosities,  a  species  of  Cane, 
from  35  to  50  feet  in  height,  and  about  6  inches  in 
diameter  ;"  and  states  that,  "from  the  time  of  their 
first  appearance  till  they  attain  their  full  perfection, 
when  they  are  cut  down  or  begin  to  dry,  most  of  the 
tubes  contain  a  quantity  of  water,  but  with  this  remark- 
able difference,  that  at  full  moon  they  are  entirely  or 
very  nearly  full,  and  with  the  decrease  of  the  moon  the 
water  ebbs,  till  at  the  conjunction  little  or  none  is  found. 
I  have  cut  them  at  all  seasons,  so  that  I  here  advance 
nothing  but  what  1  know  to  be  true  from  experience. 
I  have  also  observed  that  the  water  during  the  decrease 
appears  turbid,  but  about  the  time  of  the  full  moon  it 
is  clear  as  crystal."  That  the  influence  of  the  moon  on 
vegetation  is  very  considerable  I  entertain  no  doubt, 
and  would  strongly  commend  its  study  to  those  who 
have  opportunities  of  practical  observation.  /.  C.  M., 
Hastings,  June  19. 

Climbing  Plants.  —  One  of  the  most  natural  and 
pleasing  forms  in  which  these  can  be  employed  in  a 
flower  garden  is  in  covering  unsightly  portions  of  trees, 
rustic  grottoes,  vases,  &c.  Many  species  of  the  less 
rampant  growing  kinds  also  make  excellent  edges  for 
flower  beds,  either  on  Grass  or  otherwise  ;  for  this 
purpose  low  semi-cylindrical  wire-work,  laid  with  the 
open  side  upon  the  ground,  from  6  inches  to  a  foot  or 
more  in  width,  according  to  the  size  of  the  bed,  and  in 
pieces  of  any  length,  so  as  to  fit  exactly  the  shape  of  the 
beds,  will  be  required  for  the  plants  to  scramble  along, 
and  which  they  will  soon  fill  up,  so  as  to  completely  hide 
the  wires,  and  when  neatly  kept  in  order  they  have  a 
very  pretty  effect.  Amongst  common  genera  adapted  for 
this  purpose  may  be  mentioned  Maurandyas,  CobEea, 
Lophospermums,  Lathyrus,  and  the  weaker-growing 
varieties  of  Tropcenlum  :  the  stronger  sorts  being  more 
suitable  for  covering  the  branches  of  trees.  Cotoneasters 
and  other  plants  of  like  habit  form  very  beautiful 
permanent  edgings,  and  even  the  common  Ivy  contrasts 
well  with  a  bed  of  scarlet  Geraniums,  forming  with  very 
little  trouble,  and  in  a  short  time,  a  neat  compact  edge, 
without  the  need  of  any  support.    W.  II. 

Phuharh  Wine. — I  do  not  wish  to  find  fault  with 
Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son's  recipe  for  Rhubarb  wine,  but 
1  can  supply  your  readers  with  one  far  better  ;  and  if 
any  one  will  take  the  trouble  of  trying  both  metliods,  1 
have  little  fear  of  the  result.  I  have  met  with  many 
people  who  have  experimented  a  little  on  Rhubarb- 
wine-making,  and  with  very  few  wbo  have  succeeded  in 
getting  more  than  a  vapid,  tasteless,  and  perfectly 
harmlcHH  concoction,  and  the  reason  of  their  fniluro  has 
bf-en  bccauHO  it  was  a  concoction.  Tlioy  had  boiled,  or 
tljrown  boiling  water  on  their  bliced  Rhubarb.  1  bclicvo 
thiw  to  bo  a  mistiike.  If  your  readers  will  try  the 
following  method,  they  will  ]irovide  thumsolvcH  witli  a 
Hummer  beverage,  li;^lit,  frcHli,  racy,  and  nparkling  like 
cbami)»yno  : — To  every  jiallon  of  water  (rain  water  is 
bent),  add  5  lb«.  of  ripe  Rhubarb  cut  into  thin  slicoH;  let 
it  Ht/ind  nine  dayw,  Htirrlng  it  thrc;e  tlmt-H  a  day,  and 
it  iH  well  to  cover  tlie  pan  or  tub  willi  a  blanl(<:t  or  cloth. 
Strain  or  Hqucczo  lii«  maeerati;d  fiiibHlaiicu  through  a 
coarBO    cloth  ;    to   every   gallon    of    the    liquor    thus 


procured  add  4  lbs,  of  white  sugar,  tho  juice  ol  two 
Lemons,  and  the  i-ind  of  one  ;  then,  to  fine  it,  1  ounce 
of  isinglass  to  every  9  gallons  ;  and  this  part  of  the 
operation  may  be  thus  performed  :  take  about  a  pint  of 
the  liquor,  in  which  melt  the  isinglass  over  the  fire  ;  be 
sure  that  it  is  cold  before  pouring  it  into  the  vessel 
containing  the  rest  of  the  liquor.  That  done,  cask  it. 
When  the  fermentation  is  over  bung  it  down.  Bottle 
in  March  ;  and  the  following  June  it  will  be  fit  for  use. 
You  will  see  that  my  recipe,  which  has  stood  the  trial 
of  many  years  and  never  failed,  varies  in  some 
important  particulars  from  that  of  Messrs.  H.  and 
Son.  "  Utrum  horum  mavis  accipe."  A  Country  Curate. 
Wlien  to  transplant  the  Common  Uiricularia. — "Aline  " 
should  move  her  Utricularia  in  September.  I  have  at 
present  a  trough  full  of  fine  plants  which  were  removed 
at  that  time  last  year.  Residing  near  a  locality  where 
the  above  and  the  beautiful  Hottonia  palustris,  &.c., 
abound,  I  study  the  cultivation  of  aquatics  with  tolerable 
success,  C.  S.  /.,  Diclccring. 

Pulverised  Peat. — This  substance,  known  in  Ireland 
as  turf-mould,  is  announced  in  a  late  Chronicle  as  being 
discovered  to  possess  valuable  deodorising  properties. 
Let  me  assure  you  that  it  is  practically  and  long  known 
in  Ireland  to  possess  them.  When  it  can  be  obtained 
by  short  carriage  it  is  used  in  place  of  straw  by  the 
poor  in  cowhouses,  and  forms  a  most  valuable  manure. 
If  can'ion  has  to  be  buried,  a  few  barrowfuls  of  turf- 
mould  prevents  any  odour  from  arising.  In  my  garden 
the  house  sewer  passes  down  the  fencing  ditch,  which 
has  a  sharp  fall.  I  rail  across  at  intervals,  wattling 
pretty  close.  Beginning  at  the  lower  end  I  fill  in  above 
the  railing  with  turf-mould  ;  the  sewer-water  passes 
through  this,  and  comes  out  beyond  quite  pure  and 
clear.  When  this  is  saturated  I  do  the  same  at  a 
railing  above  this  one,  and  so  secure  invaluable  manure, 
and  which  is  removed  without  stench.  An  Ulster 
Gardener. 

Scarlet  Runners — I  see  by  your  Calendar  of  Operations, 
p.  392,  that  you  recommend  Scarlet  Runners  to  be 
"  sticked,"  to  use  an  expressive  term.  Surely  is  it  not 
better  and  more  economical  to  do  as  the  market-gar- 
deners do  with  them,  viz.,  nip  off  the  shoots  as  they 
appear,  and  keep  them  dwarf  \  I  did  so  with  a  couple 
of  rows  in  my  kitchen-gai'deu  last  year,  and  had  a  most 
abundant  and  continuous  crop,  and  saved  sticks  into  the 
bargain.  Birlchurst. 

The  Haiothom. — Few  objects  adorn  our  landscapes  iu 
early  summer  more  than  the  Hawthorn.  The  large 
isolated  trees  covered  with  "  milk-white "  blossoms, 
scenting  "  the  evening  gale,",  call  forth  scarcely  less 
admiration  than  those  greater  masses  grouped  and  con- 
trasted with  the  foliage  of  other  trees  in  untrimmed 
hedges.  In  the  place  where  I  reside,  and  in  good  situa- 
tions, the  Hawthorn  grows  well  as  a  tree  ;  but  when 
planted  and  trimmed  into  hedges,  it  often  becomes 
sickly,  and  frequently  dies  in  the  com*se  of  a  few  years. 
It  never  blooms  here,  not  even  those  trees  which  have 
been  planted  for  a  great  number  of  years,  with  a  good 
aspect  and  in  favourable  soils.  The  village  is  situated 
about  1560  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  nearly 
surrounded  with  hills,  rising  some  500  feet  or  600  feet 
higher.  At  GarrJgill,  the  neighbouring  dale,  situated 
360  feet  lower,  the  Hawthorn  grows  well  in  hedges,  and 
also  blooms  well.  Hence  it  appears,  that  in  the  north 
of  England,  and  at  an  elevation  of  1600  feet,  the 
Hawthorn  will  scarcely  exist.  Wni.  Wallace,  Nenthcad, 
Cumherland,  June  22. 

Mice. — About  30  years  ago  an  extensive  tract  of 
moorland  was  planted  with  Larch,  the  chief  portion 
whereof  having  suffered  from  blight  has  lately  been 
felled,  and  the  ground  has  this  spring  been  re-planted 
with  Spruce  and  hard-wood  trees.  Mice  are  swarming 
on  the  ground,  and  Iiave  attacked  the  young  trees 
recently  planted,  sparing  neither  bark,  trunk,  nor  root. 
I  shall  feel  obliged  by  advice  as  to  the  means  of  getting 
rid  of  these  vermin.  B. 

Ice  //u(s.  — Permit  me  to  inform  your  correspondent, 
on  the  subject  of  above-ground  ice-huts,  that  I  followed 
this  year  the  directions  given  iu  your  columns  for 
constructing  these  depots— choosing  a  high  and  dry 
site,  making  a  good  drain,  using  rather  more,  than  less, 
straw  than  the  recipe  prescribed— thatching  it  carefully, 
and  on  examining  it  lately,  1  found,  that  of  the  fom*  or 
five  loads  of  ice  deposited  under  this  covering,  not  a 
single  trace  remained.  E.  Q.,  Castle  Carey. 

Gardens  of  Van  Diemcn's  Land.  —  The  following 
extract  from  Colonel  Mundy's  amusing  volume  "Our 
Antipodes,"  giving  an  account  of  the  gardens  of  Van 
Dieinen's  Land,  is  interesting,  especially  as  regards  tlie 
pleasure  ho  seems  to  have  derived,  in  common  with 
others,  at  finding,  so  far  away,  old  friends.  The  use  of 
Mint  in  place  of  Box  for  edging  is  new  tome.  Bodman. — 
"The  luxuriance  of  the  common  red  Geranium  at  this 
season  makes  every  spot  look  gay;  attho  distance  of  miles 
tlie  sight  is  attracted  and  dazzled  by  the  wide  patches  of 
scarlet  dotted  over  the  landscape.  Th  ;  hedges  of  Sweet- 
briar,  both  in  town  gardens-  and  couuti'y  enclosures, 
covered  with  its  delicate  Rose,  absolutely  monopolise  the 
air  as  a  vehicle  for  its  iicculiar  perfume :  the  closely- 
clipped  Mint  borders,  supplying  the  place  of  Box, 
sometimes,  liowever,  overpower  the  Sweotbriar  and 
every  other  scent  of  the  gardens.  Every  kind  of 
English  flower  and  fruit  appears  to  benefit  by  transpor- 
tation to  Van  Diemcn's  Land  ;  well-rcmembuied  shrubs 
and  plantH,  to  which  the  heat  of  Australia  is  fatal,  thrive 
in  iho  utmost  luxuriance  under  this  more  southern 
cliniato.  For  fivo  years  I  had  lost  night  of  a  rough, 
but  rt'spcctcd  old  friend — tho  Holly,  or  at  most  I 
had     contemplated     with     chastened     allection     ono 


40G 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[June   26, 


wretched  little  specimen  in  the  Sidney  Botanic  . 
Garden  labelled  for  the  enlightenment  of  the  corn- 
stalks. But  in  a  Hubart  Town  garden,  I  suddenly  [ 
found  myself  in  the  presence  of  a  full-grown  Holly,  1 
20  feet  hii;h,  and  spangled  with  red  berries,  into  whose  | 
embrace  1  incontinently  rushed,  to  the  astonishment  of 
a  lai'ge  party  of  the  brave  and  fair,  as  weW  as  to  that  of 
my  must  prominent  feature.  The  Fuchsia — the  old 
original  Fuchsia  gracilis,  attains  here  an  extraordinary 
growth  ;  edging  the  beds  of  a  fine  garden  near  where 
I  lived,  there  were  hundreds  of  yards  of  Fuchsia  in 
bloom  ;  and  in  the  middle  of  the  town  I  saw  one  day  a 
young  just  married  military  couple  smiling  in  all  the 
plenitude  of  honey-lunacy,  through  a  cottage  window, 
■wholly  suri-ounded  by  this  pretty  plant,  which  not  only 
covered  the  entire  front  of  the  modest  residence,  but 
reached  above  its  eaves.  Here,  too,  to  get  back  to  my 
botany,  I  renewed  my  acquaintance  with  the  Walnut  and 
the  Filbert,  just  now  npe  ;  the  Spanish  and  Horse- 
Chestnuts,  ,the  Lime  tree  with  its  bee-beloved  blossom 
and  the  dear  old  Hawthorn  of  my  native  land.  As  for 
Cherry  and  Apple  trees,  and  the  various  domesticated 
berry  bushes  of  the  English  garden,  my  regard  for  them 
was  expressed  in  a  less  sentimental  manner.  I  defy 
any  school-boy  or  'midship-mite' to  have  outdone  me 
in  devotion  to  their  products,  however  much  these  more 
youthful  votaries  may  have  beaten  me  in  the  digestion 
of  them." 

Bt'cUh  of  William  Gardiner. — I  had  the  pleasant 
prospect  in  view  of  sending  you  a  letter  about  this  time, 
announcing  the  complete  recovery  of  the  botanist  in 
whom  you  were  so  interested;  for,  in  point  of  fact,  he 
had  begun  to  look  among  his  specimens,  and  was 
superintending  a  fourth  edition  of  the  first  series  of  bis 
"Mosses,"  which  is  nearly  through  the  press;  and 
cheering  hopes  were  springing  up  for  the  future  before 
him:  but,  alas!  in  this  I  am  wofully  disappointed,  and 
instead,  the  painful  duty  now  devolves  upon  me  of 
apprising  you  of  the  melancholy  fact,  that,  while  out  for 
a  very  short  distance,  for  a  draught  of  the  fresh  air  on 
Thursday,  the  10th  current,  though  carefully  protected 
by  a  plaid,  he  caught  fever.  He  told  me  that  he 
feared  it  was  so.  It  proved  to  be  the  malignant  typhus; 
which,  in  a  day  or  two  afterwards,  clouded  his  reason, 
and  completely  prostrated  him,  and  then  this  morning 
at  2  o'clock  closed  Ins  career.  Be  assured  all  that 
medical  skill  ;  nd  the  kindness  of  various  watchlul  and 
anxious  Iriends  could  suggest  or  do,  was  done  for  the 
poor  sufferer,  but  without  avail.  This  humble,  laborious, 
and  enthusiastic  botanist,  now  in  the  room  where  he 
studied  and  laboured  so  long,  and  surrounded  by  his 
books,  shells,  bir^ls,  and  insects,  and  many  thousand 
specimens  of  wild-iiowers  of  his  own  gathering  from 
the  sea-shore,  and  from  many  a  wood  and  stream, 
mountain  and  glen,  lies  unconscious  of  them  all,  a  cold 
and  inanimate  corpse.  On  Thursday  we  bury  him  in 
the  ancient  Houff  of  Dundee,  by  the  side  of  his  departed 
wife.  His  little  boy  (named  after  the  great  Naturalist, 
Sir  James  Edward  Smith),  alone,  of  all  his  kindred, 
survives  to  bewail  him.  James  ScrymrjeouVjW,  Reform- 
street,  Dundee^  21s^  Jime^  1862. 


^ottetiesf* 


Horticultural,  Xunc  22. — J.  B.  Glegg,  Esc^.,  in  the 
Chair.  Lady  Jane  Walsh,  C.  Townley,  Esf^.,  Lady 
Cook,  J.  S.  Tench,  Esq.,  and  —  Bartlett,  Esq.,  were 
elected  Fellows.  Among  plants  exhibited,  perhaps  the 
most  interesting  was  a  new  Clematis,  discovered  in  the 
north  of  China  by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  produced  by  Messi's. 
Standish  and  Noble,  of  Bagshot.  It  resembles  azurea, 
but  is  nevertheless  different  from  that  species,  and 
there  are  reasons  to  suppose  that  it  will  be  hardier. 
The  blossoms,  even  iu  their  present  state,  were  large  and 
handsome  ;  but  they  were  not  seen  under  favourable 
conditions,  for  the  plant  is  as  yet  but  small,  and  had 
been  forced  into  bloom  somewhat  prematurely.  A 
Silver  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded  it. — Mr.  John 
Waterer,  of  Bagshot,  sent  a  deep  purplish  crimson 
Rhododendron  called  Celebrandum,  with  large  heads  of 
well  shaped  flowers  of  good  substance.  It  will  no  doubt 
prove  an  acquisition,  as  it  appears  to  flower  sufficiently 
late  for  the  blossoms  to  be  out  of  the  reach  of  spring  frost. 
It  was  stated  to  be  a  cross  between  R.  maximum  and  alta- 
clerense.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  it. — From 
Mr.  JIacintosh,  nurseryman,  Stranraer-place,  Maida 
Vale,  came  an  example  of  Cantua  pyrifolia  in  bloom.  It 
has  a  fine  glossy  green  foliage  and  pale  lemon-coloured 
fliwers,  which  are,  however,  perhaps  liardly  sufficiently 
striking  to  make  it  anything  more  than  a  second-rate 
plant. — A  cut  specimen  of  a  seedling  Pelargonium, 
resembling  Luceum  roseum,  was  shown  by  Mr.  Miadle- 
wood,  of  Horiisey-road.--The  Hon.  W.  F.  Stnmgways 
contributed  flowering  branches  of  the  following  plants, 
which  have  been  proved  to  be  hardy,  at  Abbotsbury,  in 
Dorsetshire,  viz. ,  the  blue  Veronica  formosa,  a  handsome 
shrub  which  is  seldom  met  with  ;  V.  decussata,  a 
white-flowered  kind  ;  the  Thyme-leaved  Melaleuca,  the 
Mexican  Echeverla  secunda,  Biplaeus  glutinosus,  the 
New  Holland  Epacris  heteronema,  GreviUea  acantlii- 
ioia,  Swammordamia  glomulifera,  Iris  Monnieri, 
Gladiolus  segetuni,  and  a  piece  of  a  branch,  split  in 
two.  and  nearly  2  inches  in  diameter,  of  Callitris 
quadrivalvis,  a  Conifer  remarkal.ilo  for  the  durability 
of  its  wood.  It  was  mentioned  that  should  the  success 
which  has  attended  the  planting  out,  at  Abbotsbury,  of 
many  plants  previously  considered  tender,  induce 
persons  in  other  parts  of  the  couutry  to  try  the  experi- 


ment, at  least  with  such  over-grown  New  Holland  and 
Australian  plants  as  could  not  be  conveniently  accom- 
modated longer  in  greenhouses,  that  warm  sheltered 
places  were  not  the  most  suitable  situations  for  them. 
In  such  positions  they  became  early  excited  into  growth, 
and  got  injured  by  late  frosts.  Behind  a  western  wall, 
or  before  shrubs  where  they  would  not  receive  the 
morning  sun,  was  suggested  as  the  most  likely  places  to 
secure  the  object  in  view, — As  regards  fruit,  Mr.  Jones, 
nr.  to  Sir  J.  Guest,  Bart.,  sent  two  handsome  Ripley 
Q,ueen  Pine-apples,  weighing  respectively  4  lbs.  and 
5  lbs.  3  ozs.  ;  a  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  for 
tlie  latter.  From  Mr.  Martin,  gr.  to  Sir  H.  Fleetwood, 
Bart.,  came  a  dish  of  Elruge  Nectarines.  The  same 
grower  also  sent  examples  of  Black  Prince  and  Black 
Hamburgh  Grapes.  Sir  J.  Guest's  gardener  likewise 
furnished  a  dish  of  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes.  From 
Mr.  Summerby,  gr.  to  Major  Martyn,  came  a 
specimen  in  a  pot  of  what  was  considered  by  him  to  be 
a  new  kind  of  Vine.  It  proved,  however,  to  be  only 
the  Alexandrian  Ciotat,  a  variety  remarkable  for  its 
singularly  cut  foliage,  but  seldom  cultivated,  on  account 
of  its  want  of  productiveness.  Mr.  Chapman,  gr.  to  the 
Earl  of  Gainsbury,  sent  fine-looking  examples  of  a 
hybrid  Melon,  weighing  respectively  3  lbs.  B  ozs.,  and 
4  lbs.  2  ozs.  It  was  stated  to  be  a  cross  between  the 
Trentham  Hybrid  and  a  small  Melon  called  the  Chinese 
Green-fleshed.  It  had  something  of  the  appearance  of 
the  Bromham  Hall,  and  was  ibund  to  be  excellently 
flavoured.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  it. — 
From  the  Garden  of  the  Society  came  Adamia  versicolor, 
Mitraria  coccinea,  the  deep  violet-purple  Myosotis 
azorica,  a  tender  kind  which  is  sometimes  confounded 
with  the  hardy  Russian  Forget-me-not;  a  neat  bush 
of  Epacris  miniata,  the  pale  yellow  Lilium  Loddigesii, 
and  a  large  brick-red  kind  called  by  the  Belgians 
L.  grandifloiTim ;  Tropseolum  edule,  and  Fome  other 
plants;  together  with  cut  specimens  of  the  Californian 
Cerasus  ilicifolia,  or  evergreen  Plum,  which  is  now 
flowering  in  the  garden  for  the  first  time.  Its  blossoms 
resemble  those  of  a  Portugal  Laurel,  and  they  are  said 
to  be. succeeded  by  fruit  as  large  as  a  Sloe,  and  which  is 
eatable;  but  it  was  mentioned  that  as  it  belongs  to  a 
suspicious  family  any  trial  of  its  eatable  quality  must  be 
made  with  caution. — The  alteration  in  the  bye  laws, 
printed  at  p.  342,  was  read  a  second  time, 

Caledonian  Horticultural,  June  3. — J.  Edmond, 
Esq.,  iu  the  Chair.  On  this  occasion  there  was  a  good 
display  of  productions,  to  which  prizes  were  awarded  as 
follows  :  Finest  Shrubby  Greenhouse  Plants — 1st,  Mr. 
Reid,  gx*.  to  Professor  Syme,  for  Aphelexis  speciosissima 
and  Polygala  cordifolia  ;  2d,  Mr.  Cameron,  gr.  to  S. 
Hay,  Esq.,  for  Azalea  prcestautissima  and  A.  lateritia 
raagnifica.  Cape  Heaths — 1st,  Mr.  Reid,  for  Erica 
tricolor  and  ventricosa  Brownii.  Pelargoniums  grown 
in  10-inch  pots — 1st,  Mr.  Cameron,  for  Forget-me-not, 
Gulielma,  Negress,  and  Painted  Lady  ;  2d,  Mr.  Cossar, 
gr.,  Kingsmeadows,  for  Rosy  Circle,  Negress,  Matilda, 
and  Queen  Anne.  Fancy  Pelargoniums,  grown  in 
8-inch  pots — 1st,  Mr.  Cossar,  for  Reine  de  Fran^aise, 
Jehu  Superb,  Anais,  and  Decorum  ;  2d,  Mr.  Henderson, 
gr,  to  C.  K.  Sivewright,  Esq.,  for  Fairy  Queen,  Mignon 
(Miellez),  Queen  Victoria,  and  Modestum.  Cinerarias 
—  1st,  Mr.  Henderson,  for  Hammersmith  Beauty, 
Pauline,  Marianne,  and  Agnes  (seedling).  Pansies,  in 
8-inch  pots — 1st,  Mr.  Henderson,  with  Duke  of  Perth 
(Handasyde's),  Supreme  (Youeirs),  Robert  Burns 
(Campbell's),  and  Sir  Philip  Sydney  (Fellowes')  ;  2d, 
Mr.  Mitchell,  gr.  to  Lady  Keith,  for  Sambo,  Supreme, 
Alboni,  and  Queen  of  England.  Twelve  blooms — 1st, 
Mr.  Reid,  gr.  to  W.  Wilson,  Esq ,  for  Supreme,  Duke 
of  Perth,  Lucy  Neal,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Helen  (Hunt's), 
Royal  Visit,  Queen  of  England,  Superb  (Hooper's), 
Lady  Emehe,  St.  Andrew,  Rainbow  (Hall's),  and  Sir 
Joseph  Paxton  ;  2d,  Mr.  Stenhouse,  for  France  Cycole, 
St.  Andrew,  Supreme,  Mrs.  Beck,  Elegant,  Helen, 
Flower  of  the  Day,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Magnificent, 
Constance,  Jerome,  and  Lucy  Neal ;  3d,  Mr.  Grandison  ; 
4th,  Mr.  M'Auslane,  Inveresk.  Red  Stocks,  with  an 
account  of  the  mode  of  culture — 1st,  Mr.  Mackay,  gr.. 
Primrose  Bank  ;  2d,  Jlr.  Sanderson.  Purple  Stocks — 
1st,  Mr.  Dunn,  gr.  to  J.  Bridges,  Esq.  Tulips  (Roses, 
Bybloemens,  and  Bizarres),  four  of  each  class — Ut, 
G.  B.  Simpson,  Esq.,  for  Bizai'res — Commandant  de 
Berlin,  Calypso,  Gloria  Mundi,  and  Grand  Patriarch  ; 
Bybloemens — Washington,  Sang  de  Beauf,  ^ero,  and 
Holmes'  King ;  Roses — Elephas,  Surpasse  Triomphe 
Royale,  Noble  Blanche,  and  Cerise  de  Moroc  :  2d,  Mr. 
Oliver,  Larbert,  for  Roses — Prince  de  Galles,  Breeder 
Broke  1852,  Walworth,  and  Duchess  of  Newcastle  ; 
Bybloemens — Maid  of  Athens,  Princess  Royal,  Holmes' 
King,  and  Irlandaise  ;  Bizarres — John  Bright,  Nouri 
Effendis,  Waterloo,  and  Hampden.  Alpine  Plants — 1st, 
Mr.  Falconer,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Eraser,  for  Ramonda 
pyrenaica,  Linaria  origanifolia,  Trientalis  europsea,  and 
Trifoiium  uniflorum.  Hardy  Herbaceous  Perennials — 
1st,  Mr.  Crombie,  gr.,  Ciaremont  Crescent,  with  a  large 
plant  of  Dielytra  spectabilis  ;  an  extra  award  was 
voted  to  Mr.  Falconer,  for  a  well  flowered  specimen  of 
Primula  sikkimensJs.  Vegetables— 1st,  Mr.  Whytock. 
gr.  to  Count  de  Flahault ;  2d,  Mr.  Pender,  gr.  to  D, 
Anderson,  Esq. ;  3d,  Mr.  Thomson,  gr.  to  E.  S.  Wilson, 
Esq.  The  prize  of  one  guinea,  offered  through  the  Society, 
by  Messrs.  Dicksons  and  Co.,  for  the  best  four  Cape 
Heaths,  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Reid,  for  fine  specimens  of 
Cavendishii,  prregnans,  tricolor  Wilsoni,  and  ventricosa 
graudiflora.  In  addition  to  the  articles  sent  in  for 
competition,  there  was  a  good  display  of  productions 
sent  for   exhibition.     Messrs.  Dicksons    and  Co.  con- 


tributed Greenhouse  Plants,  including  specimens  of 
Aphelexis  humilis,  Statice  Holfordii,  Tropseolura  edale,. 
and  other  good  plants,  with  Gloxinias  and  Azaleas,  and 
a  box  of  Seedling  Pansies.  Messrs.  J.  Dickson  and 
Sons  also  sent  Greenhouse  Plants,  including  Chorozema 
Lawrenceanura,  and  an  assortment  of  Cinerarias  and 
Gloxinias.  Messrs.  P.  Lawson  and  Son  exhibited 
Seedling  Cinerarias,  Eriogonum  sericeum,  Zichya 
Beaumontiana,  Thuja  orientalis  argentea,  Ilex  micro- 
carpa,  Exacum  viscosura,  Gloriosa  virescens,  Erysimum 
Arkansanum,  and  a  new  double  Rhododendron.  Mr, 
Stark  sent  Greenhouse  Plants,  including  Pimelea  specta- 
bilis ;  also  Linaria  reticulata,  a  new  species  from 
Portugal,  and  a  variety  of  L.  tristis  ;  with  Alpine  Plants, 
rare  British  Ferns,  and  a  stand  of  Tulips.  From 
Warriston  Lodge  were  a  number  of  Greenhouse  Plants,, 
and  a  basket  of  seedling  Calceolarias.  From  Mr. 
Handasyde,  Musselburgh,  were  Ghent  Azaleas  and 
Pansies ;  from  Mr,  Methven,  Rhododendron  niva- 
ticum,  Blandyanum,  fastuosum  flore  pleno,  and  other 
sorts  ;  from  J\Iessrs.  Downie  and  Laird,  Pentstemoii 
Coboea,  Kellerraanii,  and  seedling  varieties,  with  Calceo- 
larias and  Cinerarias  ;  from  Messrs.  Young  and  Mackay, 
Pelargoniums,  Ranunculuses,  Anemones,  and  Tulips  ; 
from  Mr.  Lightbody,  two  stands  of  Tulips  ;  from  Mr. 
Grieve,  a  plant  of  Calceolaria  Sultan,  and  a  stand  of 
Pansies  ;  and  from  Mr.  Ferguson,  two  stands  of  Tulips, 
From  the  garden  of  Mrs.  Eraser,  there  was  a  collection 
of  Alpine  plants,  including  Primula  capitata  and  other 
species  ;  from  Professor  Syme,  .^Echmea  fulgens,  and 
Stephanotis  floribunda  in  flower  and  fruit,  for  which  a 
certificate  for  excellence  of  growth  was  granted  to 
Mr.  Reid  ;  fi-om  I.  Anderson,  Esq.,  good  plants  of 
Gaylussacia  pseudo-vacciuium.  Rhododendron  Vervane- 
anum  flore  pleno,  R.  fragrans,  and  some  well-flowered 
Azaleas  ;  from  J.  Mood,  Esq.,  three  well  grown  Fuchsias; 
from  the  garden  of  J.  Adam,  Esq.,  Calceolarias  and 
Cinerarias,  and  a  plant  of  Epacris  miniati  ;  and  from 
S.  Hay,  Esq.,  Pelargoniums.  Mr.  Addison  exhibited 
a  box  of  fine  flowers  of  Dodecatheon  elegans  ;  and  Mr. 
Munro,  a  collection  of  good  Stocks.  G.  B.  Simpson, 
Esq,,  sent  a  seedling  Tnlij}  named  Queen  Victoria,  but 
the  flower  being  past,  the  committee  recommended  the 
variety  to  be  grown  and  exhibited  another  year.  Mr. 
]\leldrum  showed  a  stand  of  Tulips.  From  the  garden 
of  D.  Anderson,  Esq.,  came  Grapes,  Peaches,  and 
Strawberries  ;  from  R.  S.  Wilson,  Esq.,  well  preserved 
Royal  Russet  and  Newton  Pippin  Apples  ;  and  from 
Mr.  Niramo,  four  stalks  of  seedling  Rhubarb.  Messrs. 
Ballantyne  and  Allan  exhibited  samples  of  a  new  kind 
of  plant-label,  made  of  thick  glass,  the  lettering  being 
vitrified  ;  and  Mr.  G.  Edwards  produced  a  Fumigator 
which  he  had  invented  for  smoking  large  plant-houses. 
On  this  occasion  many  new  names  were  added  to  the 
roll  of  members. 

LhNNEAN,  June  15. — R.  Browk,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 
The  Rev.  G.  Armitage  and  J.  P.  Pascoe,  Esq.,  were 
elected  Fellows.  A  leaf  of  the  Victoria  regia,  mea- 
suring 6  feet  in  diameter,  was  exhibited.  A  letter 
was  read  from  Colonel  Thomson  stating  that  he  had 
purchased  of  an  itinerant  vendor  of  plants  a  root  of  the 
Lizard  Orchis,  which  was  now  in  full  bloom.  Mr, 
Babington  stated  that  this  plant  was  still  to  be  found  wild, 
though  very  rare,  in  some  part?  of  England. — A  paper 
was  read  from  Mr.  Heiifrey  on  the  Development  of 
the  Spores  of  Ferns.  The  paper  went  minutely  into 
the  structure  and  growth  of  the  prothallium,  antheridia, 
spermatozoids,  and  archegonia,  as  the  result  of  obser- 
vations made  on  various  species  of  Ferns.  The 
prothallium,  which  is  the  result  of  the  growth  of  the 
spore,  produces  on  various  parts  of  its  surface  the 
antheridia  and  the  archegonia,  the  former  being  by  far 
the  most  numerous.  The  spermatozoids  are  formed  ia 
cells  contained  in  the  antheridia.  They  consist  of  a 
flat  band,  twisted  twice  or  three  times,  and  covered 
with  long  vibratile  cilia.  They  escape  from  the  anthe- 
ridia by  the  bursting  of  this  organ,  and  are  to  be  seen 
upon  the  surface  of  the  prothallium.  The  archegonia- 
consist  principally  of  a  cell  like  the  embryo  sac,  which 
eventually  becomes  the  young  embryo.  Mr.  Henfrey 
denied  that  the  spermatozoids  entered  the  embryo  sac  ;. 
but  inferred,  without  having  observed  any  direct  com- 
munication between  the  spermatozoids  and  the  embryo 
sac,  that  the  former  were  necessary  to  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  embryo. — A  discussion  followed,  in 
which  Mr.  Bowerbank  stated  that  he  had  not  observed 
the  spermatozoids  to  be  so  completely  covered  with 
cilia  as  those  represented  by  Mr.  Henfrey.  It  was 
probable  there  might  be  a  difference  in  this  respect  m 
different  species. 


ffonidd,  Plcmice  Javanicm  mriores,  edited  by  Robert 
Brown,  assisted  by  John  Jos.  Bennett,  of  the  British 
Museum,  Part  4  and  last.— It  was  tlie  misforlune  of  Dr. 
Horsfield  to  place  the  very  important  collections  of  plants 
which  he  formed  in  Java  in  the  early  part  ot  this 
century,  in  the  hands  of  a  gentleman,  who  to  an 
extensive  acquaintance  with  the  details  ot  systematical 
botany  adds  habits  of  procrastination,  concerning  which 
we  shall  only  say  that  they  are  fortunately  unparalleled 
in  the  annals  ot  natural  history.  One  coi)seciuenc& 
has  been  that  a  work  commenced  about  the  year  1820, 
could  not  find  its  way  into  light  till  1838,  and  has 
only  arrived  at  an  abortive  end  in  1852,  with  an  account 
of  just  50  species  of  plants  out  of  2196,  which  Dr. 
Horsfield    had    placed    in    tho    editor's   hands.     The 


26— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE. 


407 


fatigue  of  describing  these  50  iu  the  course  of  30  years 
was  moreover  found  to  be  so  excessive  that  a  second 
editor  had  to  be  added  to  the  first,  in  order  that  the 
Herculean  labour  might  be  accomplished.  Another 
consequence  has  been,  that  the  honour  to  which  Dr. 
Horsfield  had  a  most  unquestiouablo  claim,  has  passed 
away  into  the  hands  of  Dutch   and   other  continental 


an  advertisement  just  received,  that  much  of  what  we 
have  been  complaining,  is  about  to  be  remedied. 


Royal  Sodth  London  Flobicdltdral  Societt,  June  23  — 
There  was  a  goi)d  show  on  this  occjision,  and  the  day  bein^ 
fine,  it  wa9  well  attended.  Collcctioua  of  Stove  and  Green- 
house Plants  were  furnished  in  preat  variety  and  profusion  by 
Messrs,  Cole, Over,  Ruser,  Stanly,  Hamp,  and  Rhodes  ;  and  in  the 
■I     .  '  •  .  Tiii.1  Liir  ji  ij1  NarpeiTtnen'a  Class,  bv  fttessrs.  Roliisson  and  Piimolin.     Ciipa 

botanists,  and  that  he  now  stands  before  the  world  Heaths  were  contributed  by  Messrs.  RolU.s.n,  Fairb^irn, 
as  the  poor  collector,  in  Java,  of  about  50  plants,  Smith,  Cole,  Over,  and  others  ;  and  Roses  in  potH  by  Me^s^s. 
(several  of  whicli  had  been  known  before),  dni-ing  I  Paul  and  Son.  From  this  firm  we  noticed  two  blooms  of  a 
the   long    period    whicli    elapsed    between    the     year 


1800,  when  he  first  visited  Batavia,  and  1819,  when 
he  quitted  the  island.  A  greater  wrong  could  not 
have  been  done  him  than  has  been  thus  inflicted,  and  we 
at  least  feel  bound  to  protest  agaiust  the  treatment 
which  he  has  received,  and  which  few  other  men  would 
have  borne.  We  protest  too,  more  especially  on  behalf 
of  the  public,  which  after  subscribing  to  a  work  that  was 
announced  as  having  for  its  object, "  to  give  descriptions 
and  figures  of  the  more  remarkable,  new,  or  imperfectly 
tnown  plants,  contained  in  an  herbarium  of  two  thousand 
species,"  and  after  paying  8^.  lis.,  is  put  off  with  a 
miserable  half  hundred  species,  many  of  which  are 
neither  *■  remarkable,  new,  or  imperfectly  known." 
Even  in  this  last  part  of  the  work  before  us,  in  which 
one  would  have  expected  to  find  some  atonement  on  the 
part  of  the  editors  for  former  short-comings,  out  of  the 
five  plants  which  it  includes,  three  Iiave  been  confessedly 
published  before,  and  a  fourth  (named  by  one  editor  in 
compliment  to  the  other) .  has  already  been  well 
described  in  France  ;  for  Dr.  Brown's  Bennettia, 
brought  fortli  in  April,  18.52,  is  no  other  than  M, 
Tulasne's  Creraostachys,  well"  described  in  the  Annales 
des  ScioiceB,  Vol.  XV.,  No.  5,  which  appeared  in  Paris 
mlSol. 

The  Bookselling  System.  By  a  retail  Bookseller. 
Bigg  and  Sons,  8vo.  A  Pamphlet. — If  we  buy  a  horse 
for  20/.  and  clioose  to  sell  it  for  20^.  10s.  no  one  disputes 
om*  right  to  do  so,  or  even  to  sell  it  at  a  loss.  But  if 
we  buy  a  book  for  35.  we  are  not  to  be  allowed  to  sell  it 
for  less  than  4s.  ;  to  take  Zs.  \d.  is  not  to  be  permitted, 
according  to  the  Booksellers'  Association  and  according 
to  this  author.  "We  wholly  differ  from  him,  as  we 
believe  does  every  disinterested  person,  who  can  see  a 
plain  proposition  through  the  smoke  which  the  book 
trade  has  produced. . 


new  hght-co!  urad  Tea  Hose,  which  we  hope  to  see  a^^iio 
under  batter  circu  instances.  Pelargoniums  were  plen'iful 
and  in  titir  condition.  Six  varieties :  1st,  Mr.  Rof^inson, 
with  Rowena,  Alderman,  Salamander,  Pearl,  Emily, 
and  Norah  ;  2d.  Mr.  Lochner,  with  Gu'ielmn,  Constance, 
Fo^t,'0^me-^ot,  OiinD,  Star,  and  FalstafF.  The  plants  in 
this  last  collection  were  finely  grown  ;  but  they  were  insnffi- 
ciently  advanced  in  blocm  In  the  Nurserymen's  Cla  s 
Mr.  Gaines  whs  1st,  with  Cuyp,  Giantess.  Ajux,  M-igniScenr, 
Mars,  Virgin  Queen,  Peerless,  and  Electra.  Mr.  Westwood, 
of  Acton-lane,  was  2d,  with  Norah,  Rowenit,  Rosamon  1, 
Aepasia,  GuUelraa,  Salamander,  Fort^et  me-Not,  and  Pearl  -, 
3d.  Mr.  I-Iunt.  Fanciefi ;  1st,  Mr.  liobinson,  with  Richard 
Cobden,  Perfeeiion,  Delicatum,  Stiitiaski,  Fairy  Qu'-en,  and 
Princei^s  Maria  G.ilitzin  ;  2d,  Mr.  Moseley,  with  MoJestum, 
Jeni)y  Lini],  Madume  Mie  lez,  Reine  des  Franc  ua,  Orestes,  and 
Princess  Maria  Galilzin  ;  3d,  Mr.  Roser.  iJealers  :  1st,  Mr. 
Hui",  with  Albiui,  Eiripre?s,  Queen,  Statiaski.  Boaquet  tout 
Fait,  and  Kc-iue  des  Frangais;  2d,  Mr.  Westwooil,  who  also 
obtained  an  ex  ra  prize  for  0  well-i^rown  plants  uf  the  common 
kind.  ^r.  Robinson  obtained  Mr.  Turner's  Medal  for  the 
best  G  plants  sent  out  since  I:ist  Au;;a&t,  wi'h  Rubena, 
Aiiaine,  Magnet,  Pulcbrum,  Ophelia,  and  Euryuice.  Mr. 
Roser  had  a  col.ection  of  Calccolariiis,  anions  which  wtre 
H-ilyrood,  Prospero,  Cleopatra,  Joe  Miller,  and  Voltigeur.  A 
nice  proup  of  Gloxinias  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Over,  in  which 
were  Grandi-^,  Queen  Victoria,  Fyfina,  Wurdeyana,  Teuehlerii 
&c.  The  Pink  show  was  very  indifferent,  scarcely  any  of 
the  blooms  being  in  gooil  character.  The  best  were  furnished 
by  Mr.  Baker,  who  had  VVinches'er  Rival,  Lola  Moates,  Mrs, 
Hooper,  Laura,  Countes-i  Rtssi,  Morning  Star,  Dr.  Fox,  Jenny 
Lind  (Read's),  PickiviL'k,  Jenny  Liiid  (Pierce's),  Kate,  and  Mrs. 
Barman  ;  2d,  Mr,  Ilardstone;  3d,  Mr.  Halliday  ;  4th,  Mr.  Kltis. 
Dealers:  Isr,  Mr.  V/ard,  with  Huntsman,  Queen,  Laura,  Win- 
cheitf-r;  Rival,  Prince  Albert,  Favourite.  J.  Neville,  Morning 
Star.  Pierct!*s  jtunj  Lind,  Stow's  Edwin,  Mel"na,  Pickwick;  2J, 
Mr.  Wi'miir.  Ranunculuses  were  produced,  but  they  were  also 
iiiferi  r 'o  what  we  huve  seen  them.  Mr.  Phillips  had  thebyst, 
amou;  which  nereBeileayrieable,  Dilectus,  Dr.Giirdincr,  Queen, 
tfeli'id.ra,  Mais  Prince  Albert,  Hogarth,  Felicitus,  Fhimintus, 
and  Milo.  In  ihe  Dealers'  Class  Mr.  Parker  was  tirsC.  Some 
Pausios  were  furnished  by  Mr.  August,  of  Beddington,  and  a 
collection  of  seed  ing  Irises  by  Mr.  Salter  ;  Mr.  Mocket,  of 
Forest-hi;l,  received  a  Certiticate  for  Verbena  (seedling) 
Purple  King,  a  large  bold  flower,  and  good  in  colour.  Some 
Fuchbias  wt-re  shown,  and  wa  noticed  plants  of  Antirrhinum 
Primrose  Perfection  (Edwards),  which  is  certaioly  "  the  flower 
of  the  day"  in  ibis  class  of  plants. 


FLORICULTURE. 

HonTi CULTURAL  EXHIBITIONS. — So  mucli  depends 
on  tlie  judicious  selection  of  subjects,  and  on  the  proper 
distribution  of  funds  for  the  successful  gathering  of 
competitors,  and  the  satisfactory  issue  of  horticultural 
and  floricultural  exhibitions,  that  we  feel  it  to  be  our 
duty  to  call  the  attention  of  the  management  of  the 
Grand  National  Horticultural  Show  to  be  held  at  Lewes, 
on  the  14th  and  15th  of  July  next,  to  the  sad  want  of 
experience  which  is  evinced  by  their  schedule  of  prizes 
lately  received  and  acknowledged.  At  a  time  when  the 
town  and  neiglibourhood  of  Lewes  are  sure  to  be  well 
filled  with  visitors,  a  floral  meeting  will  form  an 
atti*action  of  no  ordinary  kind, — and  however  zealous 
our  agricultural  friends  may  prove  to  be  in  the  cause 
for  which  they  will  be  then  and  there  assembled,  yet 
we  ti'ust  they  will  "  find  time "  to  contemplate  the 
beauties  of  Flora,  and  to  enjoy  them  -with  as 
much  fjouie  as  they  will  the  short-horns,  the  south- 
downs,  the  implements,  &e.,  collected  there  through 
the  all-powerful  agency  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England,  with  whose  annual  meeting  Lewes 
has  been  favoured, — We  are  anxious  that  the  success 
of  the  great  horticultural  undertaking,  in  connexion  with 
this  Jiliow,  sliould  be  complete.  We  therefore  urge  the 
necessity  of  some  alterations  being  effected  in  the 
arrangements  ;  for  instance,  12  varieties  of  Pelargoniums 
are  invited  in  11 -inch  pots,  the  prizes  offered  being  25s., 
10*,,  and  7s. ;  and  for  12  varieties  in  8-iiich  pots  similar 
rewarda  are  held  out.  Now  these  sums  cannot  prove 
sufficient  inducement  to  tempt  even  local  gi'owera  to 
produce  their  plants  ;  and  then  again,  except  those  who 
cultivate  for  exhibition,  few  have  their  Pelargoniums  in 

1 1  inch  or  in  8-inch  pote,  and  that  in  the  middle  of  July. 
Fancies  are  invited,  under  similar  conditions,  as  to  size 
of  pots,  but  in  collectiona  of  (>.  rucliHias,  Balsams, 
Cockscombs,  Calceolarias,  Heaths,  and  Salvias,  consti- 
tute the  other  ptanta  required  ;  while  in  cut  llowers. 
Petunias,  Stocks,  Lupins,  Pentfltenions,  and  other  sub- 
jects,  form    ftcparatc   clawcs   in    whicli   collections   of 

12  varieties  arc  invited  and  handsome  rewards  offered 
for  tliem.  Now  we  do  not  complain  of  want  of  liberality 
or  of  means,  but  wc  think  it  ba*!  policy  to  give  so  much 
to  thes<!  ihiiigB  and  so  little  Ui  such  Htandard  suhiecta 
as  PelargoniumH,  Heaths,  and  Fuchsias.  To  these 
at  loQBt  preference  should  have  been  given,  if  display  be 
tho  object  aimed  at;  12  J'etunia  blooms,  in  as  many 
varielicB,  may  obtVtn  a  mim  erjiial  with  12  Pelargoniums 
in  11 -inch  pots,  and  this  is  extended  lo  Anlirrhtitums, 
Zinnias,  PansieK, and  other  subjeclB already  enumerated; 
Can  a  "grand  show"  (hercforc  he  calculated  upon  with 
such  a  bill  of  fare  ?  Wc  would  ndvlec  a  limitation  of 
the  variety  of  Hubjecta  invited,  and  ati  improvement  in 
tJio  priiu-ii  /jffcred  for  plants  of  popular  sliindiiif;,  in  tiic 
prop<rt*lfon  laid  down  for  cotleetions  of  miseellaneouH 
plans  and  to  fruits  ;  under  judicious  management,  and 
with  a  sum  of  IfiO/.,  whicli  is  now  offered  in  prizes,  a 
firKt-elam  show  might  have  been  secured,  and  wo  trust 
that  ihcw:  remarks  may  t^.nd  to  promote  thisdoHideratum, 
bpr  drawing  llio  attention  of  those  iu  power  io  tho  formic 
iJon  of  a  new  Bcliodule.    P.S,_Wo  art  glad  to  find,  by 


Oxford  Hgeticdltoeal  Societx,  Ji(jie23.— This  Exhibition, 
which  is  considered  ihe  "  Show  "  o£  the  season,  took  place  in 
the  gvounda  of  WorceBter  College,  and  was  well  attended. 
Miscellaneous  Plants  were  Bbown  iu  ijood  condition  by  Mr. 
Bailey,  of  Nunebam,  and  by  Mr.  Brag.g  and  Mr.  Turner,  of 
Sloub'li  ;  tluise  from  tbo  latter  not  for  competition.  Florist 
Flowers  and  Fruit  werescarce  andindifl'ei'enE.  Pet^firj^onium';  ; 
8  varieties  ;  1st,  Mr,  Bragg  ;  2J,  Mr.  Day.  C  varieties  :  1st,  Mr. 
Bragir ;  2d,  Mr.  King,  gr.  to  tlie  Warden  of  Wjidham  College. 
The  kailing  linds  were,  P-uwena,  Virgin  Queen,  Jallleu,  Claudi- 
aiia,  Scar,  Narci-isus,  and  Maguiliceur.  Sinnegood  Uanuuculuses 
were  6bo"n  by  Mr.  West,  Mr.  Qistcr,  and  Mr.  I  ochner.  Pinlts, 
by  Mr,  Culcutt  and  Mr.  Bractr.  aad  a  box  by  Mr,  Turner. 
Optima  SaiJpbo,  Lola  Mootef,  Cri'erion,  Double  X,  Whipper- 
in,  Empress,  Dr.  llawtrey,  und  Hebe,  were  the  bi  st.  The 
four  best  Ericas,  by  Mr.  Bailey,  were  neat,  well-grown  plants, 
ol  the  following  Itinds,  viz.,  depreesa,  ventricosa  faseiculata, 
V.  ma^;D^flca,  and  Bergiana.  In  Mr.  Turoer'a  gi'oup  of 
Pelar^'oniums  wo  noticed  Magnet,  Enchantress,  Optimum, 
Virgin  Queen,  Oscar,  Novelty,  Pretty  Polly,  Magnificent, 
Constance,  Ariadne,  Elise,  £urydice,  Mocbauna,  and  8  woll- 
bloomed  plants  of  Fancies,  tO(;ether  with  a  collection  of  eut 
blooms.  L^rge  numbers  of  Paosiea  were  shown,  but  generally 
they  were  out  of  colour.  Fuchsi.is  and  cut  flowers  were  very 
good,  but  the  Pelargoniums  from  Oxford  were  but  indift'erent. 

Sct^TTisn  Panst  Society. —The  eighth  annua]  competition  of 
this  Society  was  held  in  Glasgow,  on  the  Dcli  insC,  ginmlfa- 
ueously  with  the  Glasgow  riurticul'ural  Soeietj's  Spring  Show. 
A  largo  tent  was  literally  crammed  with  Pansiea.  The  conipe- 
tition  stands  in  every  class  were  in  excellent  condition,  and 
approached  each  o'her  so  closely  in  qunlity  that  in  eome 
instances  there  w;ie  not  above  half  a  point  more  value  in  the 
hrst  irlze  dtand  than  in  the  second.  Iu  almost  every  instance 
there  was  not  more  than  iowv  or  five  poiuts  betwixt  the  tirot 
and  fourth  s  auds.  These  f.icts  tell  well  iu  favour  of  the 
lively  interest  t»Uen  throogbout  the  country  in  the  cultivation 
ofthia  favourite  tlower.  Tho  prizes  were  awarded  a-t  foll-jws : 
i\^i(rj-erT/mcn.— Twenty-tour  blooms  :  1st,  Messrs.  Dowiiie  and 
Laird,  Edinburnh,  with  Ajax  (Downie  and  Laird),  Africanns 
(DicUBons  and  Co.),  Duke  ot  Perth  (IlandaejdO,  Fiower  ot  the 
Uaj  (D.  and  L,),  Magnibcent  (Neifson),  Polyphemus  (Thtim^on), 
Premier  (Russell),  St.  Andrews  (D.  and  L  ),  S.imb  >  (Hales), 
Diadem  (FtlluWeH),  DuUe  of  Nnr'olk  (Bell),  Elegant  (Thomnonj, 
Juventun  ( lloopcrj,  Lady  Etnilie  (I),  and  L.),  Pont  Cuptain 
(Maii*hment),  R-tiert  Burnt  (Camj.bell),  Uoyul  Visit  (D.  and 
C».),  Supremo  (Youell),  Duchess  ol  Ptrh  (Dlekaons  and  Sonn). 
Trance  Cycole  (Grieve),  Mrs.  Heck  (Turner),  Mmh  Maxwell  (D. 
and  L.),  Miss  Talbot  (D.  and  Co.),  and  Queen  of  England  (Fol- 
ic vr  eft) ;  2d,  Mr,  Gileve,  Edinburgh,  with  Almanzur,  Lady  Einilio. 
Jerome  (NoU^  n),  Duke  of  Peitti,  Queen  of  England,  Duke  of 
Nurfolit,  Iron  Duko,  Misa  Talbot,  Franco  Cycolo,  Miriam, 
Qliff,  Magiilbtent,  Euphemiu,  New  Gown,  JIra,  Ti  otter,  Sir 
WiUium  itrio,  Lucy  Neal,  Sir  Robert  Peel,  St.  Andrews,  Wir 
Pliill|)  Sidney,  Blanche,  Mr.  liccU,  Mth  Lockbart,  and  Kiegant ; 
IJil,  Mr.  Kiiljei  tsim,  P-iinley.  (/arf/t'iicrs.  — Eighteen  bhiomH  — 
iHt,  Mr.  Ilnmnay,  UelcUMbuigh,  with  Juvontua,  Duko  of  Perth, 
Yellow  CliiniiJt,  Queen  of  England.  Douglus,  ElegantiBnima, 
Lucy  Nt;ul,  t'niiiCu  Cjcolc,  Mrs,  Beck,  Pandora,  Helen,  St. 
Aii'TcWB,  lli'c'or,  Marrlil.uiCHS  of  Lolhiiui,  Hobort  Bui  n-*, 
piilyphemuft,  Ht)>'il  Vinlt,  und  SmolonBlto ;  2d,  Mr.  Peddto, 
with  Qureii  of  England,  i)ukti  ol'  Noifolk,  Almnnxor, 
Robert  BiiriiD,  Aurora,  Didte  «f  Forth,  Lady  Ennlle, 
l!lancho,  Mnripitfl  qi  LnMiinn,  C'tUHtellntion,  Hupremo,  Sir  Wm, 
Ihrnelu  11,  .liivi!iitu»,  Frnnce  Cycolc,  DlHrncIl,  Pundora,  Kh-- 
dnn'-,  nnd  Adrda  ;  8d,  Mr.  BtenhouHo  ;  Itli,  Mr.  GraiidUon, 
Hi.'»t  12  bifomn,  Int,  Mr.  Hong,  Pauley,  with  Franoo  Ojcolt", 
Dukd  of  Perth,  It  diirU  miedlu'g  (liii  own),  RnlnhiMV,  Ji'r<'inti 
(Ncl'H.n),  Sir  Win.  Rue,  Sir  JoHiph  Paxttm,  DucheflH  iif 
Pi-rih,  Duli'i  of  No  f"IU.  Juventu:*,  tinren  ot  MnKl'Mid,  nnd 
Hnprt-nie  ;  2>1,  Mr  Hii«(l.r«on,  Rr.  U)  (L  K.  Hivewi'iKh',  Knq., 
Kdpi>biir|{h,  with  Dukt!  of  Purlb,  Uobert  BurufjQu'jenof  KnKluml, 
Of.bir,  JuveiituH.  IlilrnMiiy,  a  needling  (hin  u^n),  Supreinu, 
r<.hp'.cm'  H,  HIr  Ji».«-ph  P.ixton,  Sir  PhlU|»  Sldri-y,  and  Samho; 
Hil,  Mr.  Mulehtll;  Ith,  P.  H,  MoirUMn,  V.*.(\.  lJ^«t  fl  Blnom.t ; 
N',  Afr*f,  Whiiiiio.  d,  Arlirr>atl),  with  Robert  liumH,  Ru.\al 
\\%\i,  Countei*  oi  .Strii'tiiiiorit,  Afrlcnnus,  Iron  Dtiko.  iiikI 
riowur  of  ihe  Day  ;  'Jd,  Mr,  Ml'inlionio,  wi'lt  I'ri'iitkT,  Mr.  Btek, 
Oirifltdnce,  Ht,  AndrewH,  Aur  Ta,  iinil  Prluui  ;  3d,  Mr,  Grandi- 
ftOi'ilth,   P,  4.   Morrliuti,    En'i.    Twblvo   Bluoinn,  v\z,,   tou 


yellow  grounds,  four  white  ground  ,  and  tuur  bel's.  Open  to 
all  classes  :  1st,  Mr.  Peddto.  Aitkenhead,  with  Queen  of 
England,  Climax,  Royal  Visit,  Fracce  Cjcole  (white 
gfoundf).  Diadem,  Robert  Burns,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Iron 
Duke  (yell  iw  grounds),  Adele,  Flower  of  the  D.iy,  White 
Sergeant,  Disraeli  (selfn)  \  2.1,  Messrs.  Downie  and  Laird, 
with  Ajax,  Duke  of  Perth,  Knox,  St.  Andrew's  (•■elfd)  ; 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  Diadem,  Ftubcrt  Burn?,  Lady  Emilie  (yellow 
ground-i)  ;  France  Cjc  de.  Queen  of  England,  Mrs.  Beck,  and 
Helen  (white  grounds)  ;  3d,  Messrs.  Dicksone  and  Co.,  Edin- 
buri^h  ;  4th,  Mr.  Rams.iy,  Brandon  Grove.  The  principal  part 
of  the  SieJUogs  produced  wire  from  Messrs.  Dicksona  iind  Co., 
who  exhibited  upwards  of  20  ve''y  C!0  li table  new  sorts,  among 
which  were  their  Royal  Sundard  and  Sovereign,  the  tirst  a 
white-ground  flower,  the  sec. md  a  gulden  yellow  &elf ;  bo'.h  w^re 
considered  by  the  Judges  second  to  none  iu  their  classes,  and 
were  u:iariimou'Iy  awarded  a  first-clas^  CerliHca'e  by  the 
Society. — The  Ninth  Meeting  villi  bo  held  in  Dunfermline. 

Pelaboonioms:  J  C.  They  are  afFkicted  by  the  "b.-O^"  a  dieeaBe 

caused  by  cold  and  damp. 
Roses  :  Young  Fo-e-grower.  Hybrid  Perpatuals  are  most  like  the 
Damask  or  GaUici  liases  iu  their  foliage,  and  very  sweet. 
Boutbons  more  resenib'e  ^be  Cliiua  or  Indica,  and  vei-y  few 
of  ihera  are  sweet,  but  they  arc  much  crossed  one  wifh  the 
other.  The  Tea  Hose  has  a  lirger  capFule,  or  Meed-veesel, 
basidos  being  so  much  sweeter  than  the  China.  For  deslmy- 
ing  in5^cts  use+lb  of  tobacco,  1  pint  of  boiling  watfr,  and 
in  two  or  thres  houro  3  pintFi  more.  Thie  wilt  free  your 
bushes  from  the  pests  you  mention.  A  Rose-huuse  Bhould 
not  b?  too  lofty;  Gfeec'side:^  would  be  better  than  10  feet; 
16  or  2o  oz.  glass  will  be  sufiieieutly  good  for  your  purpose. — 
Reader.  Roses  are  crosstd  by  takiug  the  flo.ver  of  one  sort  of 
Rose  and  dusting  the  pMlleiion  tbes'.igmaorstyleof  another. 
The  "  Rose  Garden,"  by  William  Paul,  gives  a  full  account  of 
hybridising  Roses. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 
Calceolarias:  J  J.  Certainly  not  species;  the  spotted  flower 
with  pale  straw  ground  coluur  is  handsomely  marked  with 
crimson,  and  a  free  flo^erer,  of  medium  size  aud  average 
outline;  nothing  striking  or  no^el.  The  self  coloured 
variety  is  bold  and  desiraDle,  of  deep  g.dden  yellow,  clear, 
and  larger  than  the  average  ;  we  are  desirous  of  seeing  this 
variety  again,  should  it  bo  convenii-nt  for  you  to  oblige  us. 
EsGHSCHoLTZiA  \  O  G,  K  Striking  flower,  which  mu5t  epeedily 
bicome  a  favourite.  Try  to  save  as  much  good  seed  as  you 
can  of  it.  Your  other  request  has  been  complied  with. 
FooHSiA  :  J  W,  A  bold,  siou-,  dark  variety,  with  very  widely 
expanded  sepals,  but  not  absolutely  reiliixed  ;  the  corolla  is 
good,  but  if  it  had  been  darker  in  colour  it  would  have  been 
an  improvement  as  regards  contrast ;  if  of  gojd  habit  and  a 
free  fiowerer  it  will  prove  desirable. 
Pavsies  :  N  B.  1,  side  petals  somewhat  rough  at  their  junction 
in  centre  of  flower;  2,  one  of  the  flattest  flawtrs  we  have  seen— 
colours  bright  edges,  and  surface  good,  as  is  also  the  out- 
line ;  4,  a  yellow  self  of  much  merit,  the  substance  might  be 
better;  3,  out  of  condition,  and  I'ough  ;  5,  another  bold 
tlower  of  a  creamy  grou'id,  eye  wanting  density  and  edges 
smoothness  ;  6,  very  similar  in  colours  lo  No.  2,  with  better 
eye,  but  not  so  fl;it,  nevertheless  good;  7,  rich  and  showy, 
but  deficient  in  oudiue,  and  in  the  v/ay  of  Royal  Visit— the 
eye  is  not  clear  of  the  margin  ;  9,  poor  ;  10,  althou;j;h  remark- 
ably bold,  is  t>o  rough  on  the  edges  ;  11,  same  fault ;  12,  ia 
the  way  of  2  and  S.  As  asunimary,  1,  2,  4,  5,  G,  S,  and  12  are 
equal  to  the  best  we  have  "out,"  and  for  particular  qualities 
surpass  most  sorta.  Asa  batch,  they  possess  greater  substance 
thau  the  average,  and  the  colours  are  mostly  glowing  and 
dense.— i2  5  M.  Ne  Plus  Ultra  a  mulberry  seif,  remarkable 
for  its  flatness  ;  moderately  smooth  ou  the  edges  and  very 
much  so  on  the  sui-Kice.  We  sUould  like  to  see  a  tiowei' 
wheu  well  grown,  as  ;ve  have  aome  fears  for  the  side  petals. 
—J  L.  7-52,  jellow,  with  fatuc  edging;  wanting  texture 
iind  smoothness.  4-62  was  faded  past  recovery.  9-52,  a  dark 
self,  of  good  colour;  not  smooth  enough  on  the  edges.  1-52, 
very  large  ;  but  that  is  all. — J.  B  P.  A.  beautiful  flower  in  all 
but  the  edges  ;  we  pos-ess  few  that  will  surpass  it  •  i""""" '. , 
creamy,  eye  bold,  Ci-liu,  ^..^lU  Weil  u.splayeu,  ^-.-„-r  — ," 
purple,  as  are  albo  the  back  petals ;  texture  good,  size  barely 
large  euough.  Mis3  Morgan,  with  smoother  edges,  is  highly 
debirable  ;  perhaps  you  will  favour  us  with  another  bloom  or 
two  before  the  season  is  ovei-,  as  we  are  desirous  of  lurther 
noiicing  a  trifling  defect  in  the  back  petals,  which  may  not 
prove  permanent.— ££f.  1,  although  rimarkably  circular,  has 
a  poorness  about  it  which  must  prevoutiis  becoming  popular  ; 
2,  worthless  ;  3,  a  style  we  cannot  admire;  4,  the  remarks 
relative  to  No,  1  apply  to  this.  Mary  Blanche,  the  two 
flowers  sent  on  this  occasion  Ecarceiy  Uiiiintaiu  the  former 
character  of  this  variety,  but  it  is  now  latj  iu  the  season  for 
it ;  and,  althiugh  tar  hum  pcrfectiou,  itmust  prove  desirable 
as  a  bai;k-row  flower  in  auy  coUeotiou.  All  arrived  in  first- 
rate  condition. 
Pelaugonioms  :  J  A  ^f.  A  desirable  variety  in    the    way  o 

Luceum  ruseum,  hut  deeper  coloured. 
Putemtilla:  Y.  and  Co.  2-53,  bright    scarlet  crimson,    and 
apparently  very  striking,  but  it  bud  fallea  to  pieces  before  it 
J  eacht:d  us. 
VBBuNiCi:    ir    T.    A    pretty   variety,     apparently    bL-tweon 
speciosaandsalicifolia,  butiiotaohaudsomeas  V.  Andertionii, 


Miscelianeous. 

Uses  of  Tobacco  in  Arabia. — In  general  the  Turks  and 
Arabs  of  l^gypt  are  great  smokers,  but  not  those  of 
the  other  tribes.  Before  the  Turkish  invasion,  tobacco- 
smoking  (dogahnj  smoke),  was  uuktiown  to  the  SL'haigies, 
and  even  yet  it  is  not  practise  J  by  anything  Uke  a  fourth 
part  of  tlieso  natives.  Among  the  i\lograbins  it  is 
hardly  known  at  all, — but  chewing,  each  portion  of 
tobacco  being  acconii)anied  by  a  piece  of  natron,  is  the 
order  of  tho  day.  Master  and  servant,  rich  or  pour,  all 
carry  about  them  a  bag  with  tobacco  and  pieces  of 
natron  in  it,  ami  they  do  not  carry  their  cpiid  as 
Europeans  who  indulge  in  this  bad  habit  do,  in  tlieir 
cheek,  but  in  front,  between  tho  teeth  and  upper  iip. 
The  blacks  of  Gcsira  liave  another  melhod  ot  enjt)ying 
this  plant.  They  niako  a  cold  infusion  of  tobacco,  and 
dissolve  tho  natron  in  it.  Of  this  precious  mixture, 
called  bucca,  they  take  a  mouthful,  which  they  keep 
rinsing  about  in  their  mouths  lor  some  quarter  of  an 
hour  ere  they  eject  it.  So  much  do  they  delight  in 
this  buccn,  that  it  is  tho  liighest  treat  they  can  oiler  to 
their  dearest  friends.  Tlie  wliolo  party  sit  in  solemn 
wilenco,  the  bucca  cup  makes  its  round,  each  takes  his 
nionLhi'ul,  and  notliing  is  heard  savo  tho  giu'gllng  and 
woi'king  inside  lliu  dotted  moulhs  ;  at  such  a  moment 
these  blacks  will  give  no  reply  to  tho  moat  important 
(pieations,  as  to  open  tho  mouth  would  bo  to  lose  tho 
cherised  bucca,  so  signs  are  only  used.  All  these  races, 
however,  blacks  and  all,  lire  murh  addicted  to  Knuflf- 
taking  (nuschuk)  ;  the  snulf  LJiey  usually  carry  in  small 
oval-bhapud  cases,  made  out  of  the  i'ruit  of  tlio  i>om- 
palm  J   thoao  havo  n  vory  small  opening  at  one  cud 


408 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


rjuKE  26, 


stopped  up  by  a  woodeix  peg,  and  tUe  snuti'  is  not  tukfii 
iu  pinches,  but  shaken  out  on  the  back  of  the  liand. 
WcJ'ne's  African  Wanderings. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing   weeTc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

Azaleas  and  Camellias,  intended   to   bloom  early, 
and  which  have  by  this  time  completed  their  growth, 
should  be  gradually  exposed  to  more  air  and  light,  pre- 
paratory to  placing  them  out  of  doors.     This  will  be  the  j 
most  ehgible  time  for  repotting  such  as  require  it ;  and  : 
if  caution  is  used  to  prevent  exciting  them  into  a  second  j 
growth,  the  blooms  will  be  much  finer  next  season  than  j 
when  the  operation  precedes  the  year's  growth.     Plants  ; 
intended  for  forcing  should  on  no  account  be  overpotted  i 
at  any  time,  the  object  being  ratlier  to  obtain  a  com- 
pact plant,  well  set  with  bloom,  than  large  specimens  ; 
another  reason  is,  that   those  required  for  decorating 
iiving  rooms  are  not  unfrequently  turned  out  into  vases, 
tazzas,  &c.,  and  should  have  well  filled  their  pots  witli  . 
roots,  that  no  injury  may  arise  to  the  plants  from  the 
ball  breaking  during  the  operation.  Araaryllids  and  their  ' 
allies  (if  started  early)  will  soon  be  out  of  bloom  ;  when  I 
such  is  the  case,  some  little  attention  should  be  bestowed  i 
on  this  ornamental  tribe,  to  enable  them  to  perfect  their  j 
growth  ;  a  hot  water  pit  is  the  best  structure  to  grow 
them  in,  filled  up  to  within  two  or  three  feet  from  the 
gla^s,  with  materials  to  furnish  a  sliglit  bottom  heat ;  in  j 
this  the  plants,  as  they  go  out  of  bloom,  may  be  plunged,  ] 
and  freely  exposed  to  the  light.     The   potting  should 
always  be  done  when  the  bulbs  are  in  a  dormant  state. 
Pancratium    speciosum,  fragrans,   and    distichura,   are 
■valuable  plants  for  room  decoration,  although  a  season 
of  rest  is  requisite  to  cause  them  to  bloom  freely  ;  they 
will  require  a  little  water  occasionally,  to  prevent  their 
leaves   turning    yellow.       As   the   atock    of   plants   for 
summer  blooming  may  be  supposed  established,  atten- 
tion   should    be    directed   to    those   intended    to    take 
their    place    during    the    autumn    and    early    winter 
months.     Eranthemums,  Justicias,  Poinsettias,  Euphor- 
bias,  Jasminums,    and    similar    stove    plants,    should 
be   grown   mto  nice   bushy  plants,  some  in  small  pots 
will  be  the  better  for  another  shift,  but   if  they  are 

,  required  to  bloom  early  it  will  not  be  wise  to  defer 
this  much  longer,  as  the  wood  will  scarcely  have 
time  to  ripen  sufficiently  to  insure  a  good  bloom.  Look 
over  Fuchsias,  Kalosanthes,  Pelargoniums,  &c.,  and 
give  them  their  final  staking  and  tying  out  before  they 
getinto  bloom.  Repot  the  spring-struck  Chrysanthemums, 

..  using  rich  medium  loam,  well-rotten  dung,  and  sand; 
they  should  be  plunged  in  coal-ashes  in  an  open 
situation,  and  when  they  begin  to  grow  again  have 
frequent  waterings  with  liquid-manure;  set  them  at  a 
srifticient  distance  apart,  so  that  the  bottom  leaves  may 
be  preserved  healthy.  They  will  require  stopping,  to 
mduce  them  to  form  three  shoots  each;  commence  the 
propagation  of  plants  for  spring  flowering,  if  not  already 
done.  Forcing  Pelargoniums  (not  forgetting  a  supply 
of    the    Fancies)    should    be    put    in    without    delay. 

:  In  addition  Heliotropes,  Salvias,  the  Cape  Plumbago, 
and  similar  late  flowering  plants,  should  be  grown  on  iu 

..  good  sized  pots,  to  embellish  the  plant-houses  during 
the  autumn  montlis.  Get  the  last  lot  of  Achimenes 
and  Gloxinias  potted,  and  remove  those  showing  bloom 
iiito  the  show-house  or  conservatory.  Tall  greenhouse 
plants  out  of  doors  must  be  secured  from  the  effects 
of  high  winds  ;  do  not  crowd  them  together,  but  allow 
room  for  each  to  grow  in  its  natural  form.  During  heavy 
rams  it  will  prove  of  advantage  to  protect  the  roots  of 
Orange  trees,  and  large  specimens  in  general;  common 
felt  may  be  fixed  on  slight  frames  to  effect  this  at  a 
cheap  rate;  Iieavy  rains,  in  connexion  with  the  present 
low  temperature,  are  unfavourable  for  such  plants  as  the 
Orange,  when  exposed  to  their  effects. 

FORCING   DEPARTMENT, 

Pinery. — To  preserve  a  lengthened  supply  of  ripe 
fruit,  it  will  perhaps  be  necessary  to  retard  a  part  of 
those  swelling  off,  by  shading  and  larger  supplies  of  air. 
We  do  not  recommend  removing  them  from  the  house, 
as  such  a  step  invariably  stops  the  swelling  of  the  fruit. 
A  canvass  shade,  frequently  wetted  during  the  hot  days 
■%vith  the  garden  engine,  will  (with  the  sashes  kept  down) 
^iroduce  a  sufficiently  low  temperatui-e  to  retard  the 
swelling  fruit  for  a  considerable  time,  which  in  the 
-  eounti-y  is  often  of  importance  for  particular  occasions. 
Hemove  the  suckers  from  the  stools  after  the  fruit  is 
cut,  and  plant  them  iu  5-inch  pots.  These  should  be 
plunged  in  a  brisk  bottom-heat  near  tlie  glass.  By 
taking  them  off  as  the  fruit  ripens,  and  potting  them  a 
few  at  a  time,  the  chances  are  in  favour  of  their fiuiting 
in  regular  succession  ;  whereas,  if  potted  in  large  numbers 
at  once,  it  will  be  found  they  often  all  show  at  one  time, 
producing  a  glut  at  one  season  and  a  comparative 
scarci^  the  rest  of  the  year.  Succession  plants,  new 
they  are  again  on  the  move,  will  require  large  admissions 
of  air  boUi  from  the  front  and  back.  No  shading  need 
be  applied  after  this,  if  the  plants  are  in  a  healthy  state. 
Water  as  they  require,  and  after  this  manure-water 
may  be  given  freely,  minding  it  is  well  diluted  and  clear, 
that  the  drainage  properties  of  the  soil  do  not  get 
choked  by  its  application.  The  best  foundation  for  next 
year's  success  will  be  found  more  in  the  culture  given  to 
produce  a  healthy  vigorous  plant  the  present  season 
than  the  best  subsequent  treatment  can  supply.  The 
latter  stock,  growing  in  open  beds,  should  have  the 
same  attentions  to  air  and  water,  and  the  bottom- 
lieat  kept  steady  by  timely  additions  to  the  linings. 
Peach   House.  —  The   early  house,  directly  the  fruit 


is  gathered,  should  be  gone  over,  to  remove  any  weak 
or  extra  wood  more  than  is  needed  for  bearing  next 
season  ;  tie  in  the  remainder,  that  the  leaves  may  be 
fully  exposed  to  the  light ;  for  a  deal  of  next  year's 
success  will  depend  upon  the  next  two  months' 
management.  As  there  will  now  be  no  more  wood  than 
necessary  for  the  ensuing  crop,  care  must  be  taken 
of  the  foliage,  to  ensure  the  proper  ripening  of  the  wood, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  prevent  exciting  them  into  fresli 
growth,  which  at  this  time  would  prove  more  injurious 
than  the  contrary.  To  keep  down  the  red  spider,  well 
engine  the  house  every  morning,  and  allow  plenty  of  air 
during  the  forenoon  ;  early  in  the  afternoon  the  house 
may  be  nearly  closed,  to  maintain  a  somewhat  high 
temperature  for  a  few  hours.  Towards  evening,  make 
use  of  all  the  ventilation  you  have,  to  ensure  as  low  a 
night  temperature  as  the  season  will  allow.  By  this 
practice  the  trees  will  keep  their  foliage  green  and 
healthy  for  some  time,  and  the  wood  will  gradually 
assume  that  firmness  and  solidity  so  necessary  to  future 
success.  Pay  attention  to  succeeding  houses,  by  exposing 
the  fruit  to  the  light,  and  the  unilorm  admission  of  air 
to  all  parts  of  the  houses,  so  that  the  flavour  and  colour 
of  the  fruit  may  be  perfect.  Water  the  borders  inside  the 
house,  which  may  probably  not  require  more  after  this. 
To  Melons  ripening,  avoid  any  sudden  transitions  fi'om 
dryness  to  moisture,  which  often  causes  the  more  deli- 
cate kinds  to  ci'ack.  A  dry  airy  temperature  must  be 
kept  up,  to  ensure  their  becoming  high-flavoured,  and 
which  will  be  assisted  by  not  allowing  them  to  be  over- 
cropped. Attend  to  succession  crops  by  a  daily  look 
over,  keeping  the  vines  thin  by  timely  pinching  off 
extraneous  growth.  In  watering  Melons,  the  greatest 
caution  is  requisite,  particularly  in  common  frames, 
where  but  small  quantities  should  only  be  given.  On 
the  contrary,  those  growing  in  houses  in  which  the  air 
is  dryer,  and  consequently  evaporation  takes  place  from 
the  leaves  more  freely,  will  requre  larger  quantities. 
As  one  means  of  avoiding  excessive  watering  (parti- 
cularly when  the  fruit  approaches  maturity),  cover  the 
surface  of  the  bed  with  flat  tiles  or  slates,  to  intercept 
evaporation  from  the  soil,  and  at  the  same  time  keep 
the  internal  air  congenial  to  the  final  I'ipening  of 
the  fruit. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

The  present  puddled  state  of  the  ground  will  render 
a  complete  surface  stirring  of  the  beds  necessary,  when- 
ever it  gets  dry  enough  for  the  purpose  ;  making  good 
at  the  same  time  the  failures  by  damping  off",  which 
appear  numerous  enough,  more  especially  with  delicate 
plants.  Take  up  the  various  spring-flowering  bulbs  as 
they  get  ripe,  and  dry  them  preparatory  to  stowing  them 
away  ;  the  beds  should  be  refilled  with  plants  from  the 
reserve  stock ;  for  an  autumnal  display  proceed  with 
propagating  the  more  desirable  kinds  of  perennials, 
as  double  Wallflowers,  Rockets,  &c.,  of  which  latter  the 
double  scarlet  is  a  real  acquisition.  The  American 
shrubs  are  now  in  lull  bloom,  and  their  beauty  ought  to 
obtain  for  them  a  more  general  distribution,  especially 
when  we  considtr  that  the  more  common  varieties  are 
not  only  hardier  than  the  common  Laurel,  but  will  even 
grow  where  the  Laurel  would  starve.  Frequently 
examine  Roses,  for  causes  before  adverted  to  ;  remove 
suckers,  and  keep  closely  tied  in  those  supported  by 
poles,  or  against  walls  or  trellising.  When  dry  weather 
occurs,  the  shrubbery  borders  will  require  hoeing  and 
raking,  to  stir  and  clean  the  surface  ;  peg  down  the 
lower  branches  of  shrubs  near  the  outsides  of  the 
borders,  that  they  may  hi  time  cover  the  gromid  ;  see 
that  all  newly  planted  trees  and  shrubs  are  properly 
secured  against  the  action  of  high  winds.  Those  which 
have  been  some  time  staked  should  be  looked  at,  to  see  the 
tie  is  not  doing  injury  by  friction,  or  the  swelling  of 
the  bark. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN, 

We  hear  that  numerous  Peach  and  Nectarine  trees 
are  injured  by  the  heavy  rains  and  cold  sunless  weather  ; 
in  addition,  the  blight  has  made  sad  havoc  in  this 
neighbourhood.  Continue  to  follow  up  our  previous 
directions  ;  and  either  use  the  sulphm'ator  chai'gedwith 
snuff  and  sulphur  or  use  tobacco-water.  Nail  iu  shoots 
when  sufficiently  advanced  ;  their  chance  of  ripening 
will  increase  by  being  close  to  the  wall.  The  same  rule 
should  be  followed  with  other  wall  trees  iu  general. 
Wash  Cherries  frequently,  and  thin  out  the  fruit  of 
Morellos,  when  too  thick  ;  remove  those  suckers  from 
the  Raspberry  plots  not  required  for  next  season's 
wood,  tliat  a  larger  share  of  sun  and  air  may  be  admitted 
to  the  ripening  fruit  ;  for  the  same  reasons  pinch  off"  the 
extra  shoots  on  the  Gooseberry  and  Currant  bushes,  and 
as  the  fruit  would  now  be  disfigured  by  washings  of  lime 
or  soot  water,  employ  women  and  children  to  pick  off  the 
caterpillars,  if  you  find  them  still  ti'oublesome. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Still  take  every  opportunity,  where  vacant  ground 
occurs,  to  put  in  successional  crops  ;  varying  of  course 
the  rotation,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  soil.  Carrots, 
Onions,  Parsnips,  Beets,  &c.,  should  now  be  finally 
thinned  out.  Proceed  with  making  trenches  for  the  late 
crops  of  Celery.  A  good  breadth  of  Turnips  should  be 
sown  ;  and  a  few  Horn  Carrots,  to  draw  young  in  the 
autumn.  Transplant  the  various  Broccolies  and  Kales, 
to  get  strong  before  their  final  planting  out.  Finish 
earthing  up  Potatoes,  if  not  already  done  ;  and  make 
frequent  sowings  of  Lettuce,  Endive,  Radishes  and 
similar  vegetables  of  short  duration.  When  di'y  weather 
sets  in,  go  over  the  whole  of  the  growing  crops,  and  well 
stir  the  soil  between  each  plant.  Continue  sowing  Peas, 
Beans,  and  French  Be;ins  ;  the  more  early  kinds  of  Peas 
should  now  be  substituted  lor  the  larger  growing  sorts. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  endiag  Juoe  24,  i'AyZ.  a*  o^iM^rred  at  tbe  Horticultural  Gardens 

Chiswick. 


<  I     BABOMBTEa. 


Friday. ,    IR 

Satur.  ,,   ly 
Suaday  .  1Q 
Uouday   "■ 
Tuea.   .. 
Wed.    .. 
Thura- .. 


Averaee  . 


Tsar  Bit  AT  DUB. 


29.576 
2'J,7i)0 
20.7S0 
29.6;2 


Min.    :  Uax.    Mln.    Mean 


29.771       29,645      69.7      49  3      59.5 


1  foot  1 3  feet 
deep.  I  deep. 


63.0 


55.1 


S.W. 

s.w, 

S.W 

w. 


.nO 


IS-Rbid;  c  oudy  and  ahiiwtfry  ;  heavy  rair. 

19 -Heavv  Clouds;  flue;  lialf-past  3  r.M   ligtxtnicB. heavy  thunder 

and  rail);  clear  at  niKht. 
20-Uoiloim'y  overcH&i;  irineBeB  of  white  c'ouds;  ove'cait, 
21-Raln;  cloudy;  bl«ck  clouils  at  night  and  clear  aky  between. 
22-Clouily  ftiid  floe  ihroushout, 
23— Fine;  cloudy;  clear  and  cold  at  otght. 
24— Fine;  shower  Iu  forrnojn  ;  fine;  cl«ar. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  weeti,  Vj  deg.  below  the  averag?* 


STATE  OP  THE   WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
iriDK  the  last  26  years,  for  the  eoBuia;;  week,  endioK  July  3,  1352. 


June 

and  July 

Hi 

gi     ."O"'    !G„.t„t 

PrevsilinB  Windi 

. 

as 

whicti  it 
Eained. 

Quantity 
of  Bain. 

•z. 

Sunday  27 
Mon      2- 
Tuea.     29 
Wed.     30 
Thura.     1 
Friday     2 
Satur.     3 

73.4 

73.4 
74.8 

61.3 
503 
49.5 
50.5 
53.3 
53.8 
52.9 

62.4 
6i.6 
61.2 
61.6 
62.7 
63.6 
63.8 

14 
9 
7 
9 
10 
12 
12 

0.30  in. 

0.65 

0.20 

0.80 

1.18 

0.:^3 

0,78 

2 

1 
1 

1 

2'  2    2    4'  3    6 
2   512    5    3 

-1,  3—  1,  9,  5 
4M    S    4    6    4 

2  5,-4    7,  0 

3  3.—    5.  C|  7 
3    2—1  4    7'  8 

6 
2 

2 
S 

\ 

The  hi^hesi  temperature  durm^  the  above  period  occurred  oa  the  3d, 
lS2G-therm.  89  de?. ;  and  the  lowest  on  the  30tb  of  June,  1648,  and  1st  of 
July,  1S37 -therm.  3?  des^ 


Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Ammonia;  C A.  The  quantity  that  falls  in  this  country  is 
alwaja  small  and  difficult  to  measure  accurately  ;  so  tbat 
your  inquiry  is  perhaps  not  susceptible  of  ati  answer.  The 
application  of  liquid  manure  would  not  be  affected  by  any 
supposed  difference  one  way  or  the  other. 

Bedding  Plants:  Birkhunt.  Heliotrupeaandscarlet Geraniums 
look  wt'll  together,  and  form  a  good  bed.J 

CsDABS  OF  Lebanon  :  J  W.  It  is  probable  that  their  roots  have 
reached  the  limestone  rock,  which  is  likely  to  occasion  their 
death. 

CuLTSFJOT :    Cornuhian.    Destroy  the  leaves  when   they  first  i- 
ajpear,  and  c-jniinue  to  destroy  them  immediately  that  they  : 
reappear  until  the  plants  die.     You  will  thus  be  rid  of  them 
in    a  season.      The   Strawberry   story  is   what  is   vulgarly 
called  "humbug." 

Gdm:  GH.  We  regret  to  say  that  we  do  not  know  what  is 
meant  by  "  Gum  or  material  used  for  seLticg  or  perpetuating 
the  bloom  of  cut  flowers." 

Insects;  T  H.  Your  Cherry  trees  are  infested  by  a  species  of 
aphis.  The  best  plan  ia  to  dip  the  ends  of  the  brauches  ia 
tobacco  water,  and  shortly  afterwards  in  clear  water, 
repeating  the  operation  several  limes.  The  ants  are 
attracted  by  the  eaccharine  secretion  of  the  aphides. — 
W  L.  Your  Pinna  insignis  is  infested  by  the  larvae  of  a  saw- 
fly,  probably  Lopbyrus  rufus,  which  we  will  attempt  to  rear. 
They  are  difficult  to  kill ;  but  by  burning  weeds  to  the  wind- 
ward of  the  trees  they  become  stupified,  and  may  then  bo 
shaken  to  the  ground  and  trod  to  dtath.  In  a  couple  of 
months  they  will  have  formed  their  cocoons  on  the  ground 
near  the  trunks  of  the  trees  among  moss,  &c.,  which  must 
be  collected  imd  burnt. —  X  T  Z.  There  are  at  least  a 
score  of  species  of  click-beetles,  whose  larvaj  are  wiie-worms, 
and  have  precisely  similar  hablls.  You  will  find  a  full 
history  of  several  of  the  species  in  one  of  Mr.  Cur  is'a  excel- 
lent papers  in  the  5th  volume  of  the  "  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Soiiety,"  as  well  as  in  the  Oardeiiers*  Chronicle, 
1845,  p.  3i4.  We  doubt  whether  in  a  state  of  nature  tbe 
larva  state  lasts  five  years.  We  fear  they  wUl  attack  your 
Potatoes.  There  is  an  irregularity  about  their  proceedings 
which  it  is  not  possible  to  explain.  After  they  are  full  grown 
they  become  pu^ee.  and  then  perfect  beetles.   W. 

Names  of  Plants  :  J,  Oldham.  It  is  as  much  like  a  Snowdrop 
as  an  adder  is  like  a  frog.— J* P.  5,  6  or  9,  Holcus  mollis  ; 
7,  ditto;  6or9,  Cynoeuruscrista'us;  8,  Alopecurusarvensis ; 
3,  Arrhenatherum  avenaceum ;  4,  Dactylis  gUimerata ;  1, 
Bromus  mollis;  2,  Poa  pratensis.  All  the  vulgarest  of  the 
vulgar.— IF  5.  1,  Saxifraga  sarmentosa ;  4,  i:*yrus  arbuti- 
folia-  the  rest  not  determinable  from  most  wretched  moreels, 
— fl. 'Xylophyllaliuifolia.— IFi-.  Cotoneaster  acuminata.— 
JKL.  Cer;iBUs  Mabalfcb.— £  5  B.  Ic  is  a  mule  between  a 
Khododendron  and  an  Azalea.— £  U.  7,  Crataegus  tanacetl- 
folia;  8,  Crauegus  Crus-galli ;  4,  Centranthus  ruber;  1, 
some'  Thalictrum,  without  leaves  ;  5,  Dictamnui  ruber  ;  6, 
Asphodelus  albus  ;  2,  some  Ornithogalum,  perhaps  pjra- 
midale ;  9,  Cyiisus  Adami,  a  well  known  sport ;  6,  Veronica 
pallida.—  T  L.  Asphodelus  albus.- P  B.  The  Thorns  are 
attacked  by  the  fungus  called  ^cidium  cancellatum.  The 
name  of  the  Epid«ndrum  you  shall  have  next  week.— X>i«. 
CeanothuB  thyrsiflorus. 

NiOHT-BLowiNQ  Ceheus  :  Reudcv.  It  will  not  expand  its  buds 
except  you  give  it  more  warmth  ;  you  possibly  also  keep  it 
too  wet  at  the  Ti  ot  % 

Oak  Babe  :  R  D.  You  will  prevent  Oak  bark  from  becoming 
mildewed  by  keeping  it  stacked  in  a  dry,  well  ventilated 
place.     There  ia  no  other  way. 

Pots:  £ H.  All  the  sizes  are  correct,  except  the  S-incb  or 
forty-eighfe,  which  should  be  5  inches  deep,  and  the  same  in 
width,  and  the  1  i-inch  or  twelves,  which  should  be  llj  inches 
in  width,  and  10  inches  in  deptb.j 

Red  Spider:  Youvg  Gardener.  Try  the  effect  of  sulphur,  apphed 
as  recommended  at  p.  389, J  d    „„ 

Seeds;  ZZZ.  What  jou  call  "Rap  sama"  is  probably  ttape 
seed.t  ,  ,     ,        + 

Theemumetees:  T  E.  We  never  recommend  dealers.! 

Thobnb:  Tom  Pouce.  Provide  clean  healthy  Whitethorn 
stocks.  Let  them  grow  for  a  year,  so  aa  to  be  well  esta- 
blished. 1  hen  bud  them  with  ripe,  but  not  sprung  buds, 
when  tbe  bark  runs  in  the  autumn ;  or  graft  them  in  the 
spring  as  you  would  Apple  trees.  It  ia  of  no  conseqiience 
how  high  the  stock  is  ;  if  standard  high  you  vrll  have  a  large 
*  ,    ., -^       TU-,  ^i^i^ijnf  hiidflinff  ifl  the  same 


plant  so  much  the  sooner, 


The  mode  of  budding  is  the  same 


as  that  empIo\ed  in  budding  other  things. 

Toadstools:  South  Derbyshire.  They  come  from  decaying 
wood  buried  in  the  ground.  Make  a  hole  with  a  rake-handle 
ibvough  tbe  middle  of  a  patch,  and  pour  into  the  hole  a 
littlu  corrosive  sublimate  dissolved  in  water.  Plant  out  your 
Miitle  now.  Any  shrubs  will  grow  under  a  north  wall. 
Under  trees  plant  Laurels,  Hollies,  Yews,  Privets,  Berbens 
aquifolium,  and  cover  the  ground  with  Ivy. 

Wood  Enoeaving  :  A  B  C.  You  can  no  more  execute  tbis  by 
reading  about  it  than  you  could  make  shoes  by  the  same 
means.  It  is  a  very  difficult  art,  and  requires  a  long 
apprenticeship.  As  to  etching,  you  should  ask  some  artist 
of  your  acquaintanceship  to  put  you  in  the  way.  It  jou  can 
draw  tcell,  JOU  may  contrive  to  etcb  after  a  reasonable 
amount  of  failure;  but  as  for  wood  engraving,  we  think 
that  would  be  a  hopelets  attempt.  "We  know  of  no  book  on 
such  subjects.  Probably  you  would  learn  somelhing  by  con- 
Bultiog  Rees'e  "  Ciclopasdia." 


26—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


409 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  beiQg  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANDK£  are  still  carried  OQ, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  GoTernment  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

bnj  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  coarse  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that— 

Tlie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouayio  has  been  sold  by  them  during  tkelasi  two  years  is 
01.  5s.  per  touy  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  muat  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'THE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  oflfer  the 

-^  followiug  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  91,105.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
5i.5i.  in  Dock.  EDwian  PoasEE,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London, 


IVTANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
■^■^  factured  at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     o     Q 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  6    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  W^illiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  lOs.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5s.  per 
Con,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &,c 


pHARCOAL    AND    SEWAGE    MANURE,— Pro- 

vy  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAU. 
COAL,  imprdgnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faces  are  ab- 
aorbed,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 

Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Scanley-bridge, 
^nlbam,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt.,  2^.  Gd.  per 
hilf  cwt. 


ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY 
OF  ENGLAND. 

LEWES      MEETING. 
PROGRAMME. 

THURSDAY,  JuLT  8.— Last  day  of  receiving  (before  Five 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon)  the  Implements,  Seeds,  J:c.,  to  be 
exhibited  in  the  Implement  Yard,  and  arranged  by  the 
Stewards  for  the  Judges'  inspection. 

TUESDAY,  13 —Stock  received  in  the  Show-yard  from  Eight 
in  the  Morning  till  Four  in  the  Afcernoon.  At  Six  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  (provided  the  Julges  of  Implements 
have  completed  their  trials  by  that  hour)  Memberi  of 
Council  and  Governors  of  the  Society  will  have  the  privilege 
of  admission  into  the  Implement  Yard,  at  2a.  Gd.  each 
person. — At  six  o'clock.  Professor  Simond's  Lecture  in  the 
County  Hall. 

WEDNESDAY,  11.— The  Implement  Yard  open  to  the  public 
from  Eight  in  the  morning  till  Six  in  the  evening  ;  admis- 
sion 25.  6d.  each  person.  The  Judges  to  inspect  the  Live 
Stock  and  award  the  prizL-s.  At  one  o'clock  (or  as  soon 
after  as  all  the  Judges  shall  have  delivered  io  their  awards) 
the  public  to  be  admitted  into  the  Cattle  Yard,  on  the 
paymem  of  Ss.  each  person,  at  the  special  entrance  • 
Members  of  Council  and  Governors  being  admitted  by 
Tickets,  to  be  purchased  at  the  Finance  Department  of  the 
Society,  at  the  Show-yard.  N.B,  Notice  will  be  posted  up 
over  such  entrance  when  the  Judges  have  completed  their 
awards.  At  Eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  the  Yard  will  be 
closed. 

THURSDAY,  15.— The  Cattle  and  Implement  Yards  open  to 
the  public  from  Six  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  Six  in  the 
evenin;^  ;  admission  23.  6d.  each  person.— The  Dinner  of 
the  Society  in  the  Pavilion,  at  Four  o'clock.  Doors  open 
at  half-paet  Three. 

FRIDAY,  IG.— The  Cattle  and  Implement  Yards  open  to  the 
public  Irom  Six  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  Six  in  the 
evening  ;  admission  Is.  each  person. — General  Meeting  of 
the  Members  in  the  County  Hall,  at  Ten  o'clock  in  the 
forenoon. 


Cattle 

Implements 

Finance 


MANURE   DEPOT.-PEAT   CHARCOAL. 

TO    F.\RMc;R5,    AGRICULTURISTS.    AND    OTHERS 

GH,  FOLEY,  Essex  Coal  Wharf,  Lea  Bridge, 
1  MiddCiex,  Agent  to  the  Irish  Amelioration  Society  lor 
the  sale  of  the  above.  All  needful  particulars  will  be  given 
on  appiicatiin  at  tbe  above  address. 

Price  of  the  unmixed  Charcoal,  553.  per  ton,  sacks  included  ; 
mixed  with  NigbtBOil,  505.  per  ton,  sacks  inclmied  ;  mixed  with 
Urine,  70s.  per  ton,  sacks  included.  Carriage  to  any  of  the 
■Wharfs  or  Railway  Stations,  from  3s.  6d.  to  53.  per  ton  extra, 
according  to  distance. 


TURNIP  SOWING. 
CUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LLME,  made  from  bone 
^  only,  equal  in  qualicy,  but  in  superior  condition  to  that 
tnanufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Souioiy's  Journal,  Vol  VL,  Part  2.  It  is  also 
■suitable  tor  nse  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Goano,  Ni'.rate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bune-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Maek 
FoiHEBQiLL,  204,  Upper  Thames-street,  London, 


TO  AGRICULTURISTS 
/^  WEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
V,^  at2i.  5*.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St,  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caoe,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  hdve  lone  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark 
-where  it  has  beenertensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes  as 
no  less  than  26,0U0  tons  have  already  bean  sold.  It  is  ready 'for 
immediate  u?e,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  aa  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A.  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  c  ipies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  miiiiy  in  this  coun- 
try. aUo  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3.  Rood-lane 
Cjondon.  * 

Messra.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME  of 
th9  Ter>  beat  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent'  of 
Neutral  S.jluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishinc 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ol  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
<fl  made  b/  Proressor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  The  price,  in  London  of  this 
piwerful  Manure,  la  7i.  per  ton,  caah,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


T   IWID   MANURE    conveyed    over 

Land  by 

FREEMAN     ROB, 

IlToaAULic  Engimeeb,  70,  Steand,  Lonoon. 

Farms  *npplled  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC     RAM. 

YnXi  SOME  AND   BoaiNO   DONE   HI   ALL  PABTS 
or    TOWM   OE    CoUWTUT. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
miikc«  Butter  In  10  mlnntea.  It  obmlned  tho  award  of 
the  Or«at  Eihlbitlon  Medal,  and  alno  a  prize  at  every  one  of 
the  nnmorouq  Agricultural  meetiiii^ii  at  which  It  han  been 
shown.  It  la  now  ickoowlcdgcd  to  bo  tho  best  Churn  over  pro- 
duced.    2000  hive  h«en  nold  in  one  year. 

A  few  ctp'ta'  Rick  Clotbk  for  Male  at  cheap  prlcei. 

BnxoKt*  and  Ke7,  109,  NeWKnte-Btrect,  London. 


President,  the  Earl  of  Ddcie. 
Stewards  of  Departments. 

Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Barnett. 

fMr.  Miles,  M.P.;  Sir  Matthew  White 

\     Ridley,  Bart.  ;  Mr.  Hamond. 

Col.  Austen,  Col.  ChaUoner, 

Sale  of  Tickets Mr.  Henry  Wilson, 

Receipts  and  Admtssioni  .,     r.  ^  -n     t 

to  Show-yard j  ^^-  It^ymond  Barker. 

}  Hon.  R.  H.   Clive,  M  P. ;    Sir  John 

Pavilion  Dinner >     V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P. ;  Mr, 

J      Shaw,  Sir  J.  Villiers  Shelley,  Bart. 

*^Show  ^."^°^'!"'°\°*j  ^f^-  Brandreth  Gibbs. 

By  order  of  the  Council,       James  Hddson,  Secretary. 
London,  June  16. 

By  the  Regulations  of  tbe  Society,— All  persons  admitted  into 
the  Show-yard  or  other  places  in  the  temporary  occupation  of 
the  Society  during  the  Meeting,  shall  be  subject  to  the  Rules, 
Orders,  and  Regulations  of  the  Council. 


SALE  OF  TICKETS,  AT  THE  FINANCE  DEPARTMENT 
OF  THE  SHOW-YARD. 

I.  Cattle-yard  TiCKEia  and  Admission. — To  Members  of 
Council  and  Governors  only;  for  admission  into  the  Cuttle- 
yard,  on  the  afternoon  and  evening  of  Wednesday,  23. 6d.  each  ; 
sold  on  Tuesday,  from  1(J  a.m.  till  6  p.m.,  and  on  Wednesday 
from  10  A.M.  till  3  P.M.— The  public  will  be  admitted  into  the 
Implement-yard  on  the  Wednesday,  and  into  the  Implement 
and  Cattle-yards  on  the  Thursday  and  Friday,  on  payment  of 
the  respective  prices  of  admission  above  stited  in  the  Pro- 
gramme, at  the  public  entrances  of  tbe  Show-yards. 

II._  Lectdbe  Tickets.- To  Members  or  their  Friends  ;  for 
admission  to  Prof.  Simond's  Lecture  in  the  County  Hall ;  dis- 
tributed gratis  on  Tuesday,  from  10  A.M.  till  6  p.m. 

III.  Pavilion  Dinnee  Tickets  :  price  lOs.  each  (including  a 
pint  of  wine).— (1.)  To  Members  only;  on  Tuesday  and  Wed- 
nesday, from  lu  A.M.  till  6  p.m.  (2.)  To  Members  or  their 
Friends;   on  Thursday  from  8 a.m.  till  3p.m. 

Subi^criptions  due  to  the  Society  will  be  received  by  the 
Finance  Committee,  at  the  Show-yard. 


EOYAL    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE, 
CIRENCESTER. 
Patron — His  Royal  Highness  Peince  Albert, 
Presideotof  Council — Earl  BathdeeiT, 

Vice  President — Earl  Ddcie. 
Principal — Rev,  J.  S.  Hatgaeth,  M.A. 
The  next  Session  will  begin  on  Monday,  August  9.    Students 
are  admitted    eiiher  as   Boarders  or   as   Out-Students.     The 
annual  Fees  for  Boarders  vary  from  45  to  80  guineas,  according 
to  age  aud  other  circumstances.     The  Fee  for  Out-Students 
is  4lli  per  annum.       The  College  Course  of  Lectures  and  Prac- 
tical Inetruction  is  complete  in  one  twelvemonth — though  for 
younger  students  a  longer  time  is  recommended.     There  is  a 
department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural  education. 
Prospectuses  and  io  formation  can  be  bad  on  application  to 
the  Principal. — Cirencester,  June  26. 


STfte  ^srtculttttal  ^unttu 

SATURDAY,  JUNE  26,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE   TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wbdwkbday.  June    30— Agricultural  Society  of  England. 
Tut;nBDAi,       July      I— AKrlcu'turul  lm|».  iiorlply  of  Ireland. 
Wrdw.bdat,      —        7-Ak(1cu1  ural  Socieiy  of  E.iKl«niJ. 
TuHiiBDAi,         —       «— Adricultural  Imp.  Oociety  of  Ireland. 


IIT'ATKRPROOF  PATHS.— TIiobo  who  would  enjoy 

"■  th^fr  rjarflnn*  flarinjf  iho  wlnt.r  mnnihii  ^h'lnl'l  ccni, 
timet  their  w.lhi  of  POIlTr,<ND  CKVIBNT  CONCIIETK, 
wblch  Ire  formed  'hijit; — Screen  tho  Rruvcl  of  which  thti  fjulh 
Uat  i;re«Bnt  madfl  from  the  loftrn  which  in  rnlinrl  with  It,  iind 
to  OTcry  part  of  clean  gravel  afM  onoofthnrp  river  .and.  To 
nr.  p.rt.  of  vuch  (rqiinl  mlxfuro  a'id  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
•tld  Incorporata  ih.  whole  well  In  the  dry  ntate  before  U|i|)lylnK 
the  water.  It  ma/  then  be  laid  on  '.;  Inche.  thlcit.  Any 
nbonrer  cun  m<z  and  spread  It.  No  tool  l«  required  beyond 
the  apade,  and  In  48  hoar*  I',  becornen  a.  hard  a.  a  rock, 
v«f  elation  cannot  grow  throotfh  or  upon  It,  and  It  reninta  thr; 
action  of  the  eevereet  frovt.  It  la  neoeniiiiry,  an  water  doroi  not 
•oak  ihrouiih  It,  to  (tiro  a  fail  from  the  middle  of  the  prith 
tnwarde  the  .Idn — Manufaetfirrrii  of  the  Cement,  J.  [).  Wuilt 
•ad  »o«.,  MUibank-itreet,  Weitmlnitcr. 


Fancy  the  astonishment  of  some  voyager,  little 
versed  in  the  my.steries  of  seamanship,  who,  while 
hundreds  of  leagues  distant  from  shore,  suddenly 
hears  the  captain  announce  a  long  batch  of  news 
but  a  few  days  old  from  the  port  to  which  they  are 
sailing.  It  is  many  weeks  since  he  embarked,  and 
he  knows  that  no  vessel  has  passed  them  within 
speaking  distance  :  canabiid  of  the  air,  then,  have 
revealed  the  matter  ?  Upon  inquiry  he  finds  that 
the  captain  has  seen  with  his  telescope  an  outward- 
bound  ship  far  away  in  the  offing,  has  signalled  it, 
been  perceived  by  it,  and  been  inlormed  by  the  (lags 
exhibited  how  things  public  and  private  were  pro- 
ceeding at  home. 

.lust  so  great  a  marvel  can  the  Gkolooist  excite 
in  the  brain  of  the  unlearned  by  the  aid  of  lih 
"colours."  Ho  will  declare  re.specting  a  remote 
locality  in  the  kingdom,  of  which  particularly  he 
has  seen,  heard,  or  read  nothing,  what  is  the  cha- 
racter of  its  soil,  the  facilities  that  exist  for  its 
drainage,  the  strata  lying  within  it  likely  to  improve  |  chemical  analysis  of  these  two  grains,  is  just 


the  surface  by  application,  the  beds  of  fossils  which 
offer  a  ready  and  appropriate  manure,  the  system  of 
husbandry  probably  pursued,  the  peculiar  processes 
practised  in  tillage,  the  varieties  of  cropping  most 
cultivated,  the  forwardness  or  otherwise  of  the  seed- 
time and  harvest,  the  probable  produce  per  acre  of 
different  crops,  the  proportion  of  arable  and  pasture, 
the  respective  amounts  of  sheep  and  cattle  kept ; 
nay,  perhaps,  even  the  rent  of  the  land,  the  expense 
of  weeding,  the  implements  used,  &c. ;  and  all  this 
pretty  near  to  the  truth,  merely  from  examining  a 
map  of  the  country. 

The  navigator  knows  the  story  belonging  to  each 
one  of  his  signs,  and  also  of  these  in  combination, 
no  matter  where  he  may  be  when  seeing  them  ;  in 
the  same  way  the  geologist  knows  the  history  attached 
to  each  of  the  tinted  stripes  of  his  map,  and  the  re- 
sults following  from  their  relative  postures  and  juxta- 
positions. The  question  is  continually  before  us, 
"  What  can  Science  do  for  the  farmers? "  And  many 
who  plainly  perceive  the  great  assistance  they  have 
received  and  are  receiving  from  the  facts  and  prin- 
ciples of  chemical  science,  are  but  little  impressed 
with  the  advantages  flowing  from  the  discoveries  of 
geology.  Now,  it  is  obvious  that  a  science  which 
by  means  of  investigation  and  arrangement  so 
classifies  and  .systematises  the  soils  of  a  country  as 
to  enable  us  to  judge  of  the  whole  surface  or  any 
portion  of  it,  from  an  examination  of  only  a  frac- 
tional area,  must  be  of  great  economical  value  to 
landowners,  to  capitalists,  to  agents,  to  farmers  who 
contemplate  a  change  of  property  or  agricultural 
pursuit,  giving  them  data  upon  which  to  proceed  in 
their  choice,  furnishing  them  with  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  capabilities  and  requirements  of 
the  district  to  which  they  may  remove  ;  so  that 
they  do  not  enter  it  entirely  uninformed  of  its  pecu- 
liarities, but  already  acquainted  with  it,  and  pre- 
pared with  plans  and  materials  for  its  management. 

An  advantage  of  this  kind,  however,  is  not  sulE- 
cient  of  itself  to  recommend  geology  as  a  science  of 
great  importance  to  the  farmer.  Of  what  practical 
use  is  it  to  the  individual  farmer,  who  may  not  be 
liable  to  flit  from  clay  to  chalk,  and  from  gravel  to 
salt-marsh  1  Now,  we  believe  that  the  teachings  of 
geology  tend  to  the  advancement  of  the  whole 
science  of  agriculture,  to  perfect  its  principles  and 
to  mould  its  precepts,  rather  than  to  guide  the 
husbandman  in  his  daily  labours  ;  and  the  ground 
upon  which  we  would  urge  its  study  upon  young 
farmers  is,  that  geological  facts  of  an  order  calcu- 
lated to  assist  agriculture  will  come  to  light,  and 
the  practical  utility  of  agricultural  geology  be  aug- 
mented in  proportion  as  the  science  is  appreciated 
and  enquired  into  by  those  whose  every-day  busi- 
ness is  with  the  soil.  If  the  former  part  of  this 
belief  be  admitted,  viz.,  that  geology  is  of  advantage 
to  agriculture  in  its  scientific  character  (that  is, 
rather  than  in  its  business  operations),  the  latter 
part  may  be  left  to  the  common-sense  judgment  of 
all  those  who  value  instruction  in  fundamental 
principles  as  preparatory,  to  the  acquirement  of  an 
art,  and  who  regard  the  painstaking  practical  re- 
searches of  qualified  operators  as  of  more  service  to 
a  science  than  the  speculations  and  criticisms  of 
i  mere  writers.  Of  the  assistance,  then,  which  geo- 
logy offers  agriculture,  we  propose  in  a  few  articles 
to  discourse. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  in  North  America,  it 
is  a  well  authenticated  fact  that  Indian  Corn  has 
been  grown  on  the  same  soils  year  after  year, 
without  any  manure,  from  time  immemorial.  But 
on  those  very  same  soils  crops  of  Wheat  cannot 
be  raised  without  a  considerable  expenditure  of 
manure.  The  analogy  in  the  requirements  of  other 
plants  for  manure,  according  to  the  atmospheric 
conditions,  is  thus  well  seen  in  regard  to  Maize. 
This  plant  is  of  summer  growth,  and  like  our 
common  Grasses  its  vegetative  powers  are  in  great 
vigour  during  the  flowering  process,  and  even 
during  the  ripening  of  its  seeds ;  whereas  the 
Wheat  in  that  part  of  the  world  is  grown  in  the 
cold  months  of  spring,  and  ripens  its  seeds,  as  in 
Italy,  early  in  summer.  So  long  as  Maize  is  grown 
manure  will  be  less  required. 

We  have  already  shown  that  there  is  a  veiy 
wide  and  striking  difference  in  the  necessities  of 
Cereals  for  certain  kinds  of  manure,  according 
as  they  are  grown  in  early  spring  or  wdien  they 
admit  of  being  grown  in  summer.  In  order  that  the 
Wheat  plant  can  ripen  its  seeds  in  Scotland  it  must 
he  sown  in  autumn  or  early  in  spring,  and  it  has 
to  be  forced  in  spring  under  a  cold  dry  atmosphere, 
lint  Hero  or  Bigg  will  ripen  its  seeds  when  .sown 
ill  .Tune;  this  dilferenco  in  the  nature  and  habits 
of  the  two  plants,  whereby  they  are  developed 
under  such  opposite  atmospheric  conditions,  is  the 
principal  cause  why  Wheat  requires  more  manure 
than  liere.     Tho  atlempt  to  solve  tbe  question  by 

much 


410 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


[June  26, 


out  of  place  as  it  would  be  to  explain  why  a  Turnip 
grown  by  a  market  gardener  requires  more  manure 
than  one  raised  by  a  farmer  in  his  ordinary  rotation. 
In  the  general  farming  of  a  country,  cattloare  the 
chief  instruments  in  the  progress  of  its  agriculture. 
The  discovery  of  the  guano  islands  has  not  yet  done 
much  to  set  aside  this  principle,  which  political 
economists  have  so  long  recognised.  It  is  univer- 
sally agreed  upon  that  the  western  and  northern 
parts  of  our  island  are  best  adapted  for  the  growth 
of  root  crops  used  as  cattle  food.  But  if  we  inspect 
the  arable  lands  in  Norfolk  and  in  Wales  or  Scot- 
land, where  the  same  proportions  of  Cereals  are 
grown,  it  will  be  found  that  a  much  greater  amount 
of  meat  is  sold  off  the  arable  lands  of  Norfolk  than 
in  the  west  or  north.  This  is  particularly  seen 
where  a  great  proportion  of  spring  crops  are  grown 
in  the  north  or  west ;  thus,  to  grow  Bare,  requiring 
much  less  manure  than  Wheat,  fewer  stock  may  be 
kept,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  invariably  found 
when  Wheat  is  increased  on  a  farm  the  stock  must 
also  be  increased. 

Were  we  to  suppose  the  climate  of  Scotland 
equal  to  Norfolk  for  the  growth  of  Wheat,  but  that 
other  kinds  of  spring  com  could  be  grown  with  much 
less  manure  in  the  north  or  west,  then  in  that  case 
the  facility  with  which  these  grains  could  be  grown 
in  the  latter  localities,  would,  for  various  reasons, 
give  a  greater  force  to  those  systems  of  agriculture 
where  more  reliance  is  placed  on  natural  than  the 
artificial  results.  The  shortest  way  will  always  be 
taken  in  agriculture,  if  it  will  possibly  do.  There  is 
noother  business  where  the  respective  amounts  of  net 
produce  that  can  be  gathered  from  the  two  extremes — 
of  small  investment  and  large  outlay — meet  and  enter 
so  freely  into  competition  with  each  other  as  in  that 
of  farming.  Our  primitive  systems  have  their 
science  as  well  as  our  most  intensified,  and  the  former 
are  as  well  worthy  of  our  study  as  the  latter.  We 
have  seen  a  vast  deal  of  ingenuity  displayed  in 
endeavouring  to  account  for  so  few  Turnips  being 
grown  and  cattle  fed  on  the  arable  lands  of  the 
western  counties,  in  comparison  to  the  eastern ; 
but,  if  the  truth  is  to  be  told.  Cereals  can  be 
grown  with  fewer  cattle  in  the  one  case  than 
in  the  other.  If  there  was  any  meaning  in 
Talpa's  sly  cut  at  the  weak  parts  of  our  system, 
it  falls  with  ten-fold  greater  force  When  applied  to 
those  counties  where  four  white  crops  in  succession 
still  form  the  standard  rotation.— "  Turnips  :  they've 
no  stock  to  give  'em  to;  what's  the  use  o' them 
growing  Turnips  1  that's  not  their  sort  o'  business." 
A  very  amusing  instance  of  overlooking  the 
practical  workings  of  a  question,  when  we  are  intent 
on  the  current  theory  of  the  day,  occuri'ed  at  a 
meeting  of  the  London  Farmers'  Club,  in  dii^cussing 
the  peculiarities  of  Scotch  and  English  farming. 
The  subject  was  in  excellent  hands,  but  the  old 
materials  were  simply  wrought  up  and  obtained  the 
assent  of  all,  with  the  exception  of  one  individual 
who  keeps  his  eyes  about  him  when  abroad,  and 
■who  overturned  the  whole  fabric.     He  said  : — 

"I  feel  much  indebted  to  our  friend  Mr.  Baker  for 
the  very  able  manner  in  ■which  he  entered  into  the 
seientifiG  part  of  the  question,  though  I  differ  from  him 
very  much  in  respect  to  the  conclusions  which  he  has 
drawn.  I  do  not  consider  that  climate  is  the  primary 
agent  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  I  was  particularly 
struclt  with  that  by  this  circumstance.  In  passing 
through  North  Devou,  which  is  especially  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  Turnips,  I  saw  most  miserable  Turnip 
crops  ;  whereas,  in  travelling  along  the  east  coast  of 
Norfolk,  an  arid  district,  which  is  most  adverse  to  such 
I'oots,  I  found  excellent  crops.  Every  one  knows  what 
has  been  done  by  Mr.  Hudson  on  the  Castleacre  estate  ; 
when  I  turn  from  his  farm  to  the  western  districts 
blessed  with  all  the  elements  of  fertility,  I  find  such  a 
different  state  of  things  existing,  I  must  say  that  pro- 
duction depends  more  upon  art  than  upon  climate." 

But  whence  this  art  ?  It  is  necessity.  So  long 
as  the  secondary  grains  are  grown  in  the  west,  there 
is  not  much  tendency  to  increase  the  stock  on  the 
aiable  lands.  The  Turnip  crop  in  Norfolk  lequires 
a  liberal  outlay  in  regard  to  manure,  and  besides,  the 
large  quantities  of  artificial  food  consumed  by  stock 
in  the  consumption  of  this  root,  tend  to  render  it  a 
very  unremunerating  one,  still  it  must  be  grown, 
because  they  cannot  raise  com  crops  without  this 
large  expenditure.  But  this  expensive  system, 
which  was  founded  about  a  century  ago,  by  the 
more  forward  of  the  practical  men  of  the  day,  seems 
yetto  be  the  cheapest  way  in  their  circumstances  of 
mamtaming  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  R, 


NOTES  OF  A  RECENT  TOUR 
THROUGH  GLOUCESTERSHIRE  AND  NORTH 
WILTSHIRE.— (No.  II.) 
_  If  previously  to  my  oljeervation  of  Stroud  and  its 
vicimty,  I  had  entertained  doubts  of  the  benefits  con^ 
lerred  upon  the  working  classes  generally  by  the  free- 
trade  m  corn,  these  doubts  would  hnve  been  removed 
by  my  subsequent  visit  to  Captain  Budd,  R.N.,  who, 


though  a  tenant-farmer  at  a  high  rent,  and  deeply 
interested  in  maintaining  a  high  market  value  for  "Wheat 
w^ould  not,  even  if  he  could,  undo  that  great  legislative 
act  by  which  the  prices  of  all  grain  have  been  so 
decidedly  diminished.  This  gentleman  having  signalised 
himself  in  many  naval  actions,  and  fought  at  Acre  under 
Sir  Sidney  Smith,  retired  with  many  wounds  and  dis- 
proportioned  honours  from  the  naval  service,  and 
entered  upon  the  occupancy  of  a  farm  of  1100  acres 
(including  40  acres  of  glebe  land),  in  the  parish  of 
Winterbourn  Bassett,  which  contains  altogether  2600 
acres,  held  by  three  tenant-farmers.  At  the  period 
stated  there  was  neither  resident  clergyman  nor  school- 
master, and  the  neglected  and  ignorant  population  was 
huddled  together  in  cottages  of  a  miserable  description. 
In  several  cases  one  bed-room  accommodated  a  family, 
including  three  generations  and  single  males  and  females 
of  adult  age.  The  people  had  no  certain  and  regular 
employment ;  poor  rates  were  high,  and  paupers  were 
continually  sent  to  execute  profitless  and  lazily-executed 
labour  on  the  roads.  This  was  the  general  condition  of 
a  very  extended  district.  The  three  tenants  cordially 
co-operated  in  taking  their  due  proportions  of  labourers, 
according  to  their  respective  rates,  and  engaged  to  find 
remunerating  work  for  them  and  their  male  children 
from  the  age  of  eight  years  upwards.  The  cottages 
were  enlarged  and  improved,  the  proper  separation  of 
sexes  was  provided  for  among  the  unmarried,  and  the 
moral  renovation  of  all  was  in  various  ways  promoted. 
On  Captain  Budd's  farm,  the  only  one  which  I  had  the 
opportunity  of  inspecting,  the  rent  of  each  cottage  is 
but  Is.  a  week  ;  and,  besides  the  kitchen  garden  connected 
with  it,  an  allotment  of  as  much  land  as  any  family  can 
cultivate  m  their  spare  hours  is  given.  There  is  a 
nominal  charge,  but  since  the  failure  of  the  Potato 
crop,  it  has  not  been  demanded.  Tliis  piece  of  (fresh) 
land  is  manured  and  ploughed  by  the  employer. 

The  cottages  were  built  by  Captain  Budd;  and  these, 
which  are  now  old  and  in  some  instances  dilapidated  in 
external  appearance,  from  the  decayed  state  of  the 
thatched  roofs,  are  neat  and  sufficiently  commodious. 
There  have  been  provided  an  infant  day-school  and  a 
Sunday-school  which  the  grown-up  children,  employed 
duringtheweek-daysat  farm  work,  are  expected  to  attend; 
and  an  active  resident  clergymiui  has  the  gratification 
of  knowing  that  the  farmers'  families  and  all  their 
labourers  attend  the  Sabbath-day's  services  with 
exemplary  regularity,  and  no  labourers  are  kept  on  the 
farms  to  attend  cattle  during  church  hours. 

Captain  Budd  acts  in  the  management  of  his  cottager's 
families  in  a  manner  resembling  the  discipline  of  a 
ship's  company.  He  expects  that  every  man  shall  do 
his  duty,  respect  his  superiors,  and  obey  orders.  He 
also  classes  his  labourers  in  the  naval  fashion — as  able 
bodied,  &c.,  and  pays  wages  accordingly,  as  accurately 
as  circumstances  will  permit.  The  class  of  his  able- 
labourers  comprises  shepherds,  carters,  head  ploughmen, 
and  hedgers.  The  men  of  this  class  receive  from  8s.  to 
lOj.  a  week,  and  the  hedger  gets  faggots,  which  are 
delivered  for  him  at  his  house;  they  have  the  allotments 
of  land  also  to  which  I  have  referred,  and  the  carters 
and  ploughmen  with  their  boys  get  beer  every  day. 
The  head  shepherd  has  privileges  equal  to'  3s,  a  week 
over  hisTegular  wages. 

The  other  classes  receive  from  Qs.  to  7s.  ft  Week, 
boys  of  course  much  less,  women  from  35.  ta  4s. ^- 
going  to  work  at  7  a.m.,  resting  from  11  to  1,  and 
leaving  work  at  6,  or  dusk  in  winter;  and  the 
system  of  piece-work  is  encouraged  in  all  departments 
in  which  it  is  practicable,  a's  the  most  equitable  to  the 
able-bodied  or  skilful  labourer,  and  the  fairest  for  his 
employer.  For  reaping  Wheat  the  men  are  paid  from 
8s.  to  9s.  an  acre,  with  abundance  of  beer;  for  (twice) 
hoeing  Turnips,  from  7s.  to  9s,;  Beans  and  Peas,  6s. ; 
and  all  the  day-labourers  receive  from  10s.  to  12s.  a  week 
during  6  weeks  in  harvest;  and  carters  and  ploughmen 
from  IZ.  to  '61.  for  extra  work  during  that  period,  and 
each  family  may  obtain  by  gleaning  from  2  to  4  sacks  of 
Wheat. 

There  was  not  an  individual  in  the  Marlborough 
poor-house,  on  Lady-day  last,  from  the  parish  of 
Winterbourn  Bassett,  and  there  were  only  26  indivi- 
duals in  the  receipt  of  otit  door  relief. 

Captain  Budd  is  his  own  executive  officer;  he  merely 
employs  a  sub,  with  small  extra  pay,  to  apply  to  him 
for  orders  every  evening  at  8  o'clock,  and  this  person 
gives  daily  reports  to  the  captain,  who  enters  in  his  log- 
book every  return  and  necessary  account  with  his  own 
hand.  The  few  petty  officers  employed  to  work  out 
the  orders  of  the  chief  occasion  an  expense  that  is 
very  inconsiderable,  compared  with  the  sum  paid  to 
bailiffs  iy  farmers  who  attend  less  assiduously  to  their 
professicn.  Some  of  the  labourers  have  received 
honorary  and  pecuniary  gifts  for  length  of  servitude. 
On  the  same  farm  I  saw  one  case  of  50  years'  service, 
and  another  of  39  in  the  same  establishment.  Many  of 
the  men  have  been  there  from  the  age  of  0  yenrs,  and 
others,  afttr  a  complete  training  on  this  fjirm,  have 
been  taken  into  other  services  as  trustful  and  efficient 
servants.  So  comfortable  is  the  clothing,  and  so  ample 
are  the  means  of  providing  it,  that,  except  among  the 
old  stagers  of  peasantry,  a  smock-frock  is  not  to  be  seen 
in  Winterbourn  church  on  Sundays.  B. 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  CRITIC  "  R." 

(ConCinucd  frora'page  S95.) 

But  to  refer  to  our  papers  themselves.  Let  na  see 
how  far  the  following  quotations  justify  the  representa- 
tion of  them,  that  th^y  maintain  that"aH&o?t  without 


ammonia,''^  or  '■^  'phosphates  and  cai'bon  alone,'  are  suf- 
hcient  for  the  Turnip  crop  ;  or  that  it  "  can  dispense 
with  ammonia  as  a  manure  ;" — or  whether,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  utility  of  ammonia  as  a  manure  for  Turnips  is 
not  distinctly  stated  in  some,  and  fully  imphed  in  all  of 
them. 

(See  Paper  on  Turnip  Culture,  Journal  of  the  Royal 
AgriculturalSocietyof  England,  Vol.  viii.,  Part  2, p.  509.) 

"  Of  the  Fubstances  which  we  may  term  pure  constittientSt 
'  organic  matters,'  and  especially  such  as  abound  io  carbont 
must  be  supplied  fyt  the  production  of  aUricuUnral  crops  of 
Turnip  bulbs.  These  manui-es,  aswell  as  those  whiokare  cldefttf 
nitrogenous  J  ghould  never  be  conceatrnted  near  to  tbe  plant  la 
its  earliest  stages  of  growth,  but  only  within  ite  re'tch,  when, 
under  the  immei^iate  influence  of  mineral  manures,  tbe  yoUHg 
plant  has  so  far  depeloped  its  organs  of  aocumulation  and  i+s 
heal'hy  vigour,  as  to  be  competent  to  grow  faster  than  the 
natural  atmospheric  and  soil  resources  ot  mirogcn  a&d  car&o?v 
enable  it  to  do," 

(Turnip  Paper,  p.  532)._*' Admitting,  then,  that  the  organic 
manure  required  for  the  growth  of  Turnip  ImTbs  ehould  be  car- 
bonaceous rather  than  nUrogenoufl,  there  \»  stil  evidence  that 
under  the  influence  of  a  due  provision  of  )n7)'Oj7e>i  the  vitality 
or  longevity  of  the  plant  is  greatly  increased." 

(Turuip  Paper,  p.  533).— We  say  "that  after  the  early  stages 
of  the  plant  are  passed,  its  rapidity  of  grovvth  depends  Upon  an 
abundant  provision  in  the  soil  of  conatituentefor  orgatiic  f>irm&- 
tion,  eepccially  of  carbon -that  nitrogen  must  be  provided  liy 
cultivation,  though  ssldom  by  special  manures." 

(Turnip  Paper,  p.  563). — "  Peruvian  guano,  -which  contains  _ 
a  large  quantity  of  ammonia  as  well  as  phosphated,  is  found  to 
he  a  much  more  certain  manure  for  Turnips  in  Scotland,  whei'e 
the  fail  of  rain  is  large,  than  in  thoeo  parts  of  England  vrhere  it 
is  much  less." 

We  shall  recur  further  on  to  the  subject  of  the  effect 
of  climate  upon  the  growth  of  the  Turnip,  but  We  may 
here  x'emark,  in  reference  to  the  sentence  last  given, 
that  "  R."  has  quoted  it  to  make  it  appear  that  it  is  to 
an  increased  fall  of  rain  exclusively  that  we  attribute  the 
superiority  of  the  Turnip  season  In  Scotland  over  that 
of  some  parts  of  England,  and  with  this  view  he  has  . 
chosen  to  omit  the  immediately  succeeding  sentence,  in 
which  we  speak  of  "the  natural  agencies  of  season"  an 
expression,  surely,  having  no  meaning,  or  unnecessary  if 
the  fall  of  rain  which  had  already  been  mentioned  were 
all  that  was  to  be  included  in  it.  The  following  is  the 
sentence  referred  to  : — 

"Indeed,  the  'oiatural  agencies  of  season'  are  much  more 
favourable  to  tbe  growth  of  Turnips  in  Scotland  and  the  north 
and  west  of  England  than  in  tbeeastern  counties,  where  the 
application  of  skill  and  capital,  upoil  a  soil  well  sailed  to  the 
plant,  has  gained  for  them  a  high  reputation." 

In  the  following  quotations  also  the  importance  of  a 

due  supply  of  nitrogen  is  fully  implied,  it  being  only 
relaii'Vehj  to  carlon^  and  in  this  respect  as  contrasting  the 
Turnip  with  the  Cereals,  that  nitrogen  is  spoken  of  as 
being  in  a  less  degree  the  peculiar  or  characteristic- 
manure  for  the  Turnip  ;  the  adaptation  of  manuring 
according  to  variety  of  Turnip,  or  varying  seasons,  or 
local  circumstances,  being  of  course  an  entirely  distinct 
and  separate  question. 

(TUinip  Paper,  p.  514).— "That  the  defect  is  carbonaceous 
rather  than  ni  rogenous  ia  learned  from  a  careful  compiu-ison 
of  the  effects  of  Rape  cal^e  and  of  ammoniaca'  sal's."  (Rapo 
cake,  it  be'nR  reracmba'ed,  itself  containing,  bBaidts  a  large 
quantity  if  carhon,  about  5  per  cent,  of  nitrogen,  though  much 
less  til  an  the  aramonincal  salts.) 

(Turnip  Paper,  p.  5'25.)— ''The  results  already  selected  from 
the  table  do  not,  however,  thow  us  whether  this  required  supply 
by  manure,  of  matter  tor  organic  formations,  should  be  mors 
prominehUt;  nitrogenous,  as  in  the  case  of  Wheal,  or  carbonaceous" 

fTu?nip  Paper,  p.5o0)— "The  contrasts  observed  iu  the 
effects  of  amnioniacEt]  sal's  upon  Wheat  and  u^on  Turnips  iB 
very  rem^irUahle,  and  affords  a  striking  illustrtiiion  of  the 
widely  differing  requirements  and  sources  of  growth  of  the 
corn  espoVting  'white  crops' and  the  home  consumed,  meat 
producinp  'j^reen'  or  *  fallow'  crops,  of  which  classes  respec- 
lively  iho  two  plants  may  be  considered  as  the  tjpes."  <*  *  * 
"  It  has  been  seen  that  a  liberal  supply  of  available  phosphates 
and  df  orf,'anlc  manures  abounding'  in  carbonaceous  matter 
are  pre-eminently  favourable  to  tbe  'Jesired  habit  of  tbe  plant, 
and  that  nitrogenous  supply,  so  essentia!  lo  increased  growth 
of  corn,  is  ko  htre  only  to  a  very  limited  extent." 

(Turnip  Paper,  p,  518.)— "  Indeed,  the  e  results  will  confirm- 
the  opinion  alreanj-  urged,  viz.,  that  Turnip  bulb  formation  is 
very  dependent  nn  an  abundant  supply  of  caiboiiaceous  matter 
to  the  root^,  and  that  ttie  more  the  nitrogenous  condition  of 
manarine iJrevaUs  over  the  carbonaceous,  the  more  will  vascu- 
larity, and  the  less  Will  special  deposition  be  enhanced." 

(Turnip  Paper,  p,  553.)— tf,  theU,  the  powers  of  reliance  ufion 
norma!  supptics  of  nitrogen  here  obaerved  aVe  to  be  fiilly  ; 
dfcvelopi^d  and  turned  to  economical  account,  it  is  more  espe- 
cially by  means  of  au  artificial  provision  of  the  other  consti- 
tuents that  this  object  TVill  ht  attained.  We  think  that  in 
thcF©  facta  we  have  a  beautiful  illustratidn  of  some  of  the 
physical  and  physiological  characters  upon  which  depend, 
materially  at  leabt,  the  economic  value  of  tUe  Turnip  inrotaiion 
with  corn," 

And,  lastly,  the  following  quotations  will  show  that 
it  is  only  provided  a  liberal  supply  of  carbonaceous 
manure,  containing  also  a  considerable  quantity  of 
nitrogen,  be  employed,  that  further  and  direct  ammo- 
niacal  supply  is  supposed  to  be  frequently  unnecessary  j 
and,  further,  that  it  is  only  against  such  an  "excess  of 
nitrogen  relatively  to  carbon  as  would  tend  to  an  ovei- 
production  of  leaf,  and  lessen  the  rotation  effect  of  the 
crop,  that  the  farmer  is  cautioned. 

(Turnip  Paper,  p.  532  )-"  The  excess  of  nitrogenous  manure, 
however,  is  seen  greatly  to  enhance  the  lpr.f-formmg  ten-^encres 
of  the  plant,  whit-h,  it  is  true,  may  prabfibly  aid  carbonic  :;Cid 
accumulation  from  the  a'mo.pbere.bur  at  the  same  t,me  gives 
a  less  pi-dmable  Ai.^n:nT\ntion  of  the  rasauroes  wrrb.n  the  ?or\' 
aod  we  .hall  aft^i'^ards  see  it  ta  be  by  no  means  c'ear  .bat 
there  i?,  wiih.a  iar^'e  production  of  lea?,  a  proportional  gain  of. 
nitrogen  from  the  atmosphere." 

"We  believe  however,  thatin  tbeord  nary  courseof  farming-^, 
the  special  supplv  of  lutrOKen  tothe  Turnip  crop,  by  means  of 
ir  ificial  manurfs.  is  seldom  if  ever  ueces&avy  ;  for  there  is  no^, 
ample  source  ofavaUab'e  carbon  u-liich  docs  not  provide  at  the  same 
time  a  considerable- amount  of  vHrogcn." 

(Turnip  Paper,  p  ISi.)—" If  a  proper  quantit}/  of  imporied' 
food  be  consumed  upon  a  farm,  the  direct  supply  of  ijurogen  to 
the  Turnip  cri'P,  bv  means  of  urtiBiial  manures,  will  ceitainly 
not  be  necessary.  *An  crccss  of  nitrogen  in  the  soil  pr>>tUices  too 
large  a  proportion  of  leaf,  and  too  little  temiency  to  (<a-m  bulb. 
It  is  true  that  a  crop  of  Turnips  having  a  large  proiiortiun  of 
leaf  will  give  a  larger  amount  of  manure  to  the  land  ;  but  it^ 


26—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


411 


jield  of  food  will  be  comparatively  email.  Buc  since  the 
manure  obtained  in  such  a  case  previously  esis:ed  in  the  soil, 
the  economy  of  the  crop,  even  »o  far  aa  its  manuring  iofluence 
is  concerned,  may  be  doubted.  In  fact,  so  far  aa  our  experi- 
ments  on  thu  sut^j-ct  en,ible  us  to  judge,  we  believe  that  where 
the  supply  of  nitrng^>n  to  the  soil  is  visry  great,  the  amount  of 
it  collected  from  the  atmosphere  is  less,  and  thus  a  part  of  the 
benefit  of  tfie  crop  would  be  lo^t.  All  the  specimens  iu  which 
we  found  a  high  [ler  ceiitage  of  nitrogen  wi-re  those  in  which 
there  was  a  great  development  of  leaf,  with  a  comp;iradve 
small  ten '^en-y  to  furm  bulb ;  and  we  believe  that  the  high  per 
centage  of  nitrogen  was  due  to  a  deficient  accumulation  of 
carbon  by  the  plant.  Whilst,  then,  a  high  per  centage  of 
nitrogen  may  indicate  an  abundanceof  it  in  the  soil,  the  growth 
of  the  plant  has  been  in  other  respects  defective.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  the  full-grown  bulb  of  such  a  plant  as  has  only  a 
due  proportion  of  leaf  will  seldom  have  a  per  centage  of 
nitrogen  much  higher  than  that  which  has  be(^n  usually 
observed;  for,  with  au  increased  supply  of  nitrogen,  there  ia 
an  excessive  production  of  leaf,  and  a  bulb  which,  though  lich 
in  nilrogeu,  is  not  profitably  developed." 

{Agricultural  Cbemis'ry,  Journal  of  the  Ro\al  Agricultural 
Society  of  Bnglan-i,  v.,!.  Xtl.,  Part  1.  p.  2S)— "Neither 
mitieral  manures  nor  oarbon,  then,  are  indica  ed  by  our  experi- 
ments as  the  apeckil  or  direct  manures  for  the  growth  of  Wheat. 
Not  so,  however,  wi^h  the  Turnip,  for  the  successful  cultivation 
of  which,  a  libtral  supidy  with'n  the  soil  of  csrbiTnaceous  bub- 
Etance  and  pho=pha'es,  is  found  to  be  iujportant.  We  hare 
here,  then,  a  re  narkabie  conirast.  for  if  in  practice  the  Wheat 
plant  be  supplied  with  a  suflBcient  amount  of  nitrogen,  it  is  not 
likely  to  be  deficient  in  carbon  or  iu  mineral  matter  ;  while  the 
Turnip,  on  the  o'her  hand,  will  not  be  provided  with  a  due 
quantity  of  carbf>n,  independently  loith  acoincidcnt,  and  frequently 
sn^cUnt,  Htpply  of  nitrogen," 

(Agricaltural  Chemis-rj,  Ibid.  p.  35  )—"  Collateral  esperi- 
ments  also  clearly  prove  the  importance  of  a  liberal  supply  of 
organic  substance  rich  in  cafbon  — which  always  contains  a  C07i- 
si^erabU  quanfAty  of  nitrogen  aJso—\i  we  wuuld,  in  practical 
agriculture,  incre^ise  the  yield  much  beyond  the  amount  which 
can  be  obtained  by  mineral  manures  alone  ;  and  these  conditions 
heingfiOfilUd,  the  direct  sapply  of  nitiogen,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  by  no  means  so  gene.-aUy  essentia!." 

What,  then,  are  tlie  views  developed  in  the  papers 
which  the  readers  of  the  Agricultural  Gazette  have  been 
told  maintain  that  the  manures  required  by  the  Turnip 
are.  "carbon  -nnithout  ammonia,"  "phosphates  and 
carbon  alone,"  or  that  it  "can  dispense  with  ammonia 
as  a  manure."     They  are  these  : — ■ 

First — That  ammoniacal  manures  are  required  by  the 
Turnip. 

^  Secondly — That  when  groAvn  successfully  in  our  rota- 
tions for  feeding  and  manuring  purposes,  the  Turnip,  cts 
cohipared  with  Wheats  requires  a  manure  more  promi- 
nently carbonaceous  than  nitrogenous. 

Thirdly — That,  as  iu  practice,  farm-yard  dung  will 
constitute  the  chief  carbonaceous  manure  employed  ; 
and  as  any  ample  supply  of  it  will  contain  a  considerable 
quantity  of  nitrogen  also,  the  direct  supply  of  nitrogen 
by  artijicial  manures  will  frequently  not  be  necessary, 
provided  a  liberal  amount  of  imported  fcod  be  con- 
sumed upon  the  farm,  by  which  the  richness  of  the  dmig, 
in  nitrogen  more  particularly,  will  be  increased. 

Fom'thly —  That  nitrogenous  manures  increase  the 
"vitality  "  and  "  longevity  "  of  the  plant,  so  that  where- 
evcr  the  natural  orbit  of  growth  of  the  plant  is  greater, 
so  may  the  supply  of  nitrogen  by  manures  be  increased 
with  advantage. 

^  Fifthly — That  an  "excess'"  of  nitrogen  in  the  manm-e 
diminishes  the  tendency  to  form  bulb,  and  tends  to  an 
excessive  production  of  leaf,  by  which  the  amount  of 
nitrogen  fixed  in  the  crop  from  natural  sources  will 
frequently  be  diminished,  and  hence  the  value  of  the 
crop  in  rotation  may  be  reduced. 

Sixthly— That  although,  other  things  being  equal, 
nitrogenous  manures  increase  the  per  centage  of  nitrogen 
in  the  produce,  the  value  of  the  crop  for  feeding  pur- 
poses will  frequently  not  be  equivalently  increased,  and 
even  may  be  much  dimmished. 

These,  then,  are  the  views  developed  in  the  papers 
which,  it  is  said,  "will  not  stand  the  test  of  experience," 
and  it  is  a  source  of  peculiar  satisfaction  to  us  to  know 
that  wliilst  tiiey  point  iu  a  very  interesting  manner  to 
some  of  the  characteristic  requirements  and  uses  of  the 
Turnip  as  grown  in  our  rotations,  they  are,  at  the  same 
time,  in  accordance  with  the  very  varied  practices  in 
diHerent  parts  of  England  and  Scotland,  So  essentially 
various,  indeed,  must  be  the  manuring  of  the  Turnip 
according  to  variety,  soil,  climate,  and  oth(!r  circum- 
stances, that  rules  in  regard  to  tliis  subject  must  neces- 
sarily bo  of  tlie  nature  of  a  sliding  scatc,and  we  claim  it 
as  a  prominent  peculiarity  of  our  views  that  they  have  an 
"elasticity"  and  a  "flexibility,"  without  which  they 
would  Dot  be  foand  so  generally  in  accordance  with  the 
wide  range  of  cuiTont  and  recorded  experience.  It  is, 
too,  a  peculiar  satiBfaction  to  us  to  find,  that  in  spite  of 
the  aasiduouH  and  ftuBtained  efforts  that  the  writer  "  R." 
bafl  made  to  find  ua  in  error,  he  has  in  no  case  been  able 
to  attain  a  sJiow  of  fiuccoas  except  by  direct  misrepreaenta- 
tion  of  our  yicw«  ;  and,  further,  tliat  in  the  vast  fund  of 
miflccllancouH  fact  which  lie  lias  brouglit  against  us,  wo 
can  only  hail  additional  contirmalion  to  liiosc  views 
which  we,  in  our  taroi  have  showu  to  bo  maintained  in 
oar  papcTH. 

So  much,  then,  for  the  diHcrlmination  and  candour  of 
the  writ*r  "  U,"  in  his  crilieiHni  of  our  vIcwh  on  the 
•object  of  Uie  growth  of  the  Tui-nlp  in  our  rotationw  j 
and  we  proftoHo  in  our  next  to  recur  to  HOtiio  of  the 
point*  of  interest  and  importance  which  have  come  before 
us  iu  the  counw  of  our  remarkH,  /,  JJ.  Lawcs* 
(To  Uc  cwxtinuc't.) 


manure  question  ,to  which  such  frequent  reference  has 
already  been  made  in  our  columns.] 


APPLICATION   OF   LI<IUID   MANURE  IN 
AYUSMIRK. 

[Tub  foHowing  I«  a  more  particular  account  of  some 
of  thefarmft  dftucribi-d  by  tho  iJononrablo  J>.  I'ortescuo 
in  No.  I,  of  till)  Agricultural  (Jo^Hc.  It  is  f.xli'acted 
from  the   "Minutes  of   Information'"  on   tho   liquid 


Mr.  James  Kennedy,  Myer  Mill  Farm,  Ayrshjre. 
— In  visiting  the  farms  in  Ayrshire  1  derived  much  in- 
formation and  assistance  from  Mr.  Young,  engine- 
maker  of  Ayr,  who  accompanied  me.  The  irrigation 
works  here,  and  also  at  Mr.  Telfer's  dairy  farm  and  Mr. 
Ralston's  farm,  have  been  constructed  under  his  manage- 
ment. He  is  now  engaged  in  laying  down  similar  works 
on  a  home  farm  of  60  to  80  acres,  belonging  to  the 
Marquis  of  Ailsa,  about  nine  miles  south  of  Ayr,  on  the 
sea  coast. 

Myer  Mill  farm  is  an  instance  in  which  the  applica- 
tion of  liquid  manures,  and,  indeed,  all  other  aiTange- 
ments  for  scientific  farming,  have  been  carried  to  great 
perfection.  The  land,  consisting  of  400  acres,  was 
formerly  drained  only  18  to  '^0  inches  deep,  but  it  is  now 
being  drained  from  3  to  4  feet  all  over  the  farm.  I 
need  not  enter  into  a  full  description  of  the  works,  because 
that  has  been  done  by  others  who  had  previously  visited 
the  place.  Pursuing  my  object,  however,  of  making  the 
question  one  of  figures,  and  of  bringing  out  the  result  in 
pounds,  shillings,  and  pence,  it  may  be  necessary  to  say, 
that  the  stock  consists  of  about  200  feeding  bullocks  and 
other  horned  cattle,*  140  pigs,  1200  to  1400  sheep,  20 
horses,  and  4  or  5  dairy  cows.  The  urine  and  drainage 
from  all  the  farm  buildings,  from  the  house,  and  the  per- 
colations and  washings  from  the  solid  manure,  are 
received  into  large  covered  tanks. 

In  some  respects  this  farm  labours  under  peculiar  dis- 
advantages, as  water  for  the  purpose  of  diluting  the 
liquid  has  to  be  raised  70  feet,  and  from  a  distance  of 
more  than  400  yards.  There  dl*e  four  tanks,  of  the 
following  dimensions  in  feet,  namely — 48  by  14  by  12, 
48  by  14  by  15,  72  by  14  by  12,  72  by  17  by  12,  The 
tanks,  with  the  agitatoi's,  cost  about  300/.  There  is  a 
steam-engine  of  12-horse  power,  working  aboutSO  strokes 
per  minute,  and  consuming  15  cwt.  of  coals  per  day,  at 
6s.  per  ton.  The  engine  works  ou  the  average  10  hours 
perday,buttheirrigation  does  not  require  quite  one-half  of 
the  power.  There  are  two  pumps  with  five-inch  barrels, 
two-feet  stroke,  and  25  strokes  per  minute,  raising  about 
80  gallons  per  minute  ;  equal  to  a  discharge  of  48,000 
gallons  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  steam-engine  cost 
150^.,  and  the  irrigation  pumps  80Z.,  making  230^. 
togethei'.  The  iron  pipes  and  hydrants  in  the  fields 
throughout  the  farm  cost  lOOOZ.,  equal  to  2Z.  10s. 
per  at;re. 

The  distribution  from  the  hydrants  is  by  lengtlis  of 
gutta  percha  pipe,  connected  by  union  joints,  so  as  to 
obtain  a  reach  of  upwards  of  300  yards  every  way  round 
the  hydrant.  The  discharge  is  from  a  brass  hand-pipe, 
such  as  is  used  for  fire-engines.  The  jet  reaches  the 
ground  in  the  form  [of  a  shower  at  a  distance  of  40  or 
50  feet  from  the  man  in  charge  of  the  pipe.  It  will  he 
obvious  from  this  that  the  capability  of  distribution  is 
very  great  ;  and  I  find  that  a  man  with  the  discharge- 
pipe,  and  a  boy  to  move  the  flexible  hose,  can  cover 
iO  acres  in  an  ordin.^ti'y  day's  work. 

Taking  the  discharge,  therefore,  as  given  above,  the 
quantity  laid  on  at  each  dressing  would  be  4800  gallons 
per  acre.  With  such  an  economical  distribution  Mr. 
Kennedy  is  able  to  dilute  the  fluid  in  warm  weather  to 
three  or  four  parts  water  and  one  of  liquid  manure,  and 
to  lay  it  on  the  laud  six  or  seven  times  per  annum, 
much  more  cheaply  than  the  two  applications  given  at 
Glasgow.  In  wet  weather,  when  the  ground  is  com- 
paratively saturated,  the  irrigation  is  still  carried  on, 
but  with  equal  parts  of  water  and  manure. 

The  advantages  resulting  from  this  varying  dilution 
fully  prove  the  propriety  of  what  I  have  m'ged  on  the 
subject  in  the  earlier  part  of  this  report.  In  wet 
weather  manure  m  a  soluble  state  is  added  to  the  water 
from  the  clolids,  and  in  dry  weather,  when  the  ground 
is  parching,  the  operation  combines  both  watering  and 
manuring. 

There  is  a  man  to  attend  the  engine,  and  a  man 
and  boy  distributing.  Their  united  wages  are  less 
than  21.  per  week.  The  gutta  percha  pipe  is  bought  by 
weight,  and  when  broken  or  worn  out  will  sell  at  8cZ. 
per  lb.  There  are  300  yards  of  2  inches  diameter, 
which  cost  3s.  \}^d.  per  yard  run;  but  the  article  is 
cheaper  now,  and  50  yards  of  pipe,  1^  inches  diameter, 
coat  only  2s.  per  yard.  Somo  of  the  pipes  in  use  at  the 
time  of  my  visit  were  purchased  two  years  ago,  and  will 
still  last  a  considerable  time.  They  appeal*,  however,  to 
bo  stronger  than  necessary,  and  this  extra  strength  gives 
an  amount  of  rigidity  suiHcient  to  cause  crinks  here  and 
there,  from  folding  and  imfolding  tho  lengths.  On 
every  occasion  the  pipes  give  way  again  at  the  same 
pointfl,  and  this  goes  on  until  the  tenacity  of  the 
material  is  desti'ojcd,  and  a  transverse  fracture  takes 
placo,  about  half  the  cii'cumferencG  of  tho  pipe.  I 
think  it  would  be  well  to  substituto  canvas  hoHo  pipe  for 
this,  as  being  clicai)er  and  more  durable  ;  bul.  if  gntta 
percha  be  profcri'ed,  a  nuich  thinner  pipo  wouM  suflico, 
ami  licing  moro  flexible,  I  believe  it  would  hist  longer.  A 
conMiduiable  saving  would  also  be  effected  in  tlio  trannport 
and  nianagcinoht  of  thu  Iiohc  )jy  tho  adnption  of  a  hand- 
winch,  similar  to  that  deHcribcd  ami  figured  in  my 
rej)ort  on  (own  cleansing,  by  tho  Iiuho  and  jet, 
|)rintuil  in  tho  roportw  of  your  honinirablo  Board  ou 
water  «npply. 

Taking  into  tho  irrii^atron  account  tlio  whole  coat  of 
tho  engitic,  and  the  whole  of  the  Inid  and  wngcH — 
altliougli  half   titcso    might  have    been    deducted  — tho 


following  appears  to  be  tlie  capital  account  and  working 
expenses  for  fertilising  Myer  Mill  farm  : 

Tnnlis  complete £300  0  ft 

Steam-eagine       15,,  q  0 

Pumps        8l>  0  {>• 

Iron  pipes,  iajinp,  and  hydrants      looo  0  0 

Guttapercha  distributing  pipes,  &c.         ...      f>G  0  0 

£1580  0  C- 


Annual  interest  on  158CJ.,  and  wear  and  tear, 

at  7.i  per  cent £118  19  0 

Annual  wages      104     0  0 

FulI 58  10  0 


£.'81     9     0 

This  amount,  divided  by  the  number  of  acres,  is  equai 
to  the  annual  sum  of  14s.  per  acre. 

I  now  come  to  the  practical  result  of  so  cheap  a  mode 
of  fertilising  land.  Mr.  Young  informed  me  that  in  one 
of  the  fields  he  had  himself  measured  the  growth  of  Italian 
Rye-grasS)  and  had  found  it  to  be  2  inches  in  24  hours  ^ 
and  that  within  seven  months  Mr.  Kennedy  had  cut 
from  a  field  we  were  passing  at  the  time  70  tons  of 
Grass  per  acre.  Where  the  whole  is  cut,  four  or  five- 
heavy  crops  are  thus  taken  ;  but  upon  some  of  the  land 
during  the  last  two  years  20  sheep  to  the  acre  have  been 
penned  in  hurdles,  and  moved  about  the  same  field  from 
time  to  time  ;  after  each  remove  the  fluid  has  been 
applied,  and  immediately  followed  by  an  abundant 
growth  of  food.  There  is  not  the  slightest  appearance 
of  "exhaustion  in  the  laud — its  fertility  appears  to  in- 
crease.  I  was  informed^  that  before  the  liquid  manure 
was  used  the  laud  would  not  keep  more  than  a  bullock 
or  five  sheep  to  an  acre  ;  now  it  will  maintain,  if  the 
crops  are  cut  and  carried  in,  five  bullocks  or  20  sheep 
to  the  acre.  Some  Beans,  bran,  and  oilcake  are  bought 
for  the  stock,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  one-third  or  more 
of  the  farm  is  kept  in  grain,  notwithstanding  the  great 
number  of  live  stock. 

I  took  plans  of  some  of  the  farm  buildings,  apparatus, 
&c,,  on  this  farm,  intending  to  show  how  admirably 
everything  is  arranged  in  the  way  of  economy  and 
efficiency,  both  as  to  materials  of  every  kind  and  labour  ;. 
and  how  many  ingenious  contrivances  have  been  adopted 
by  the  owner  and  his  tenant  for  the  comfort  and  health 
and  happiness  of  hoi'ned  cattle  and  sheep  and  pigs.  Such 
arrangements  have  been  made  not  merely  from  humane 
feelings,  but  from  a  prudent  regard  to  the  pecuniary 
interests  of  both  landlord  and  tenant  ;  and  in  this 
latter  respect  it  would  have  been  difficult  to  find  a 
better  investment.  Mr.  Lee^s  Heport  to  the  Board  of 
Health. 


•  Diy  cowK  ttivo  conftldcriibty  moro  urlno  than  miloh  COW0, 
cflpcclblly  while  fcodlcig  on  Turnlifi, 


DIGGINGS  BY  A  FEN-FARMER.— No.  III. 
Holland  Fen,  22,000  acres  of  fine  loamy  soil,  lying, 
west  of  Boston,  was  drained  and  enclosed  shortly  after 
1795  ;  before  which  it  was  an  open  common,  stocked 
by   persons   who   claimed   rights.      The   rental  before; 
enclosure  was  3600/.,  but  directly  after,  it  let  for  25,300?. 
A   farmer   is  mentioned  by  Young,  who,  "  before  the 
draining  and  enclosure,  paid  20s.  rent  for  a  cottage  and- 
croft.     His  stock  on  the  fen  ^vas  400  sheep,  500  geese,  - 
7  milch  cows,  10  or  12  young  horses,  and   10  young 
beasts.     Such  a  person,  if  ever  one  was  heard  of,  must 
have  been  injured  by  an  enclosure  ;  for  never  could  be 
known  a  more  perfect  contrast  between  the  rent  and 
stock   of  a  holding.     But  he  now  rents  (1798)  about 
50  acres  of  the  enclosure  at  25s.  an  acre,  and  greatly 
prefers  his  present  situation,  not  only  for  comfort,  but . 
profit  also."     And  since  that  prodigious  increase  iu  the 
value  of  this  land,  it  has  still  been  progressing,  lettmg 
now  for  upwards  of  2?.  per  acre,  and  producing  abmidant. 
crops  of  corn,  and  Puls' « 

WiLDMORE  Fen,  West  Fen,  and  East  Fen,  east  of. 
the  river  Witham,  and  north  of  Boston,  comprise  about . 
40,000  acres.  Previous  to  the  commencement  of  the 
present  century,  these  districts  formed  a  hazy  region  of 
boggy  fci'age-ground  and  dreai'y  swamp.  In  1793  it 
was  estimated  that  40,000  sheep, or  one  per  acre,  rotted, 
on  the  three  fens.  Nor  was  this  the  only  evil,  for  the 
number  stolen  was  incredible  j  so  wild  a  country  nursed 
up  a  race  of  people  as  wild  as  the  fen,  and  the  sheep- 
were  taken  off  by  whole  flocks.  One  who  visited 
Wildmore  Fen  at  the  close  of  the  last  century  says  :— 

"  Whole  acres  ore  covered  with  Thistlts  and  Nettleo,  4  tee 
h'Rh  and  more.  There  are  men  that  have  vast  numbers  oE 
L'eeso  even  to  1000  and  more  ;  if  there  are  any  pevsona  who 
profit  it  is  thusn  who  Ul'pi*  noeae.  There  nuiy  bo  live  sheep  au 
acre  kept  in  summer  on  Wildmore  and  West  lens,  henidi-a  many 
lior^cH,  young  cuttle,  and  KCertC.  Upnu  driving'  AVost  Fen  in 
1784  there  were  found,  l(!lh  ami  ITth  September,  803G  liead  of 
honied  cattle.  In  dry  years  It  Is  perfectly  whlre  with  t-heep- 
In  East  Ton  nre  20Ul)  ueres  of  water  Sir  Jnaeph  Banka  had 
the  goiidniHS  to  order  a  boat,  iind  aocompunied  mu  Into  the. 
heart  of  this  feu.  which  in  this  wet  seatou  hud  the  appearance 
of  a  rhaln  of  laiicfl,  bonlortd  by  Ki'eat  crops  of  veerl.  It  is  in 
cenertil  from  3  feet  u>  4  feet  duep  iu  walur,  und  In  one  placo,  a 
ehanntil  betwieii  two  liiUim,  5  ft'ot  to  0  ft-et.  The  bottom  a  blue- 
(lay,  uiidiT  a  Ioomo  IdiiiU  mud,  '2  feet  to  2^  foet  dui-p.  In  both 
lilaBt  and  Wlldniuro  fms  the  poor  horaes,  called  WildmiMo  tits, _ 
L'et  iin  tile  Ice  In  wlntur,  und  arc  ^t!l•(;cwc(i,  Umt  is.  their  legs 
(tpriiadinK  outward,  tho  wretched  unimals  arc  »pllt-*' 

Ho  also  mentions  "an  ingenious  and  very  simple  tooV 
in  UHC  in  Kaat  Fun,"  vW..,  a  ulcilgo  lor  going  on  tho  ice..' 
"It  in  a  small  IVunu',*'  ho  says,  "  that  slides  on  four 
horHi!  lionoH,  ihu  driver  ]iusliiiig  himaolf  iorward  with  a 
pitchfork."  TheKo  notes  will  Hulllcieiitly  indicate  the* 
nature,  aHpcct,  and  agricultural  nuuiagonient  of  theso' 
low  landH  at  that  period  ;  wo  may,  however,  add  ihafi 
about  (>000  aeroH  of  tho  lowest  and  wettest  fcii,  viz,,: 
EaHt  I'cn,  weru  water  or  Hhiiklng  bog,  the  water  from 
4  feet  to  C)  fuet  deep,  Htanding  in  pools  from  (iO  to  tiOO 
acres  in  c,\lont,  and  abouniling  in  fish  and  wild-fowl. 
About  300  acres  wore  denominated  the  Hoasborry  or 


412 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[June  26, 


Cranberry  Fen,  from  the  quantity  of  Cranberries  which 
gl'ew  upon  it.  Several  decoys  for  entrapping  wild-fowl 
were  established  here,  and  at  that  time  the  metropolis 
was  principally  supplied  with  ducks,  widgeon,  and  teal, 
from  these  decoys.  In  one  season,  a  few  winters  prior 
to  the  enclosures,  10  decoys  furnished  the  astonisliing 
number  of  31,200  birds  for  the  London  market.  A 
writer  who  lived  in  Kyme  Fen  says  ;  "  I  liave  times  out 
of  number  seen  cows  loosed  out  of  their  hovels  and  swim 
across  a  river  with  nothing  but  their  faces  and  horns 
above  water,  and  then  take  footing  at  mid-rib  deep,  or 
less,  but  not  one  spot  of  dry  land,  and  then  forage  till 
weary,  and  return  to  their  hovels  in  the  like  swimming 
position.  I  have  also  known,  in  the  whole  parish  of 
Dockdyke,  not  two  houses  communicable  for  wliole 
winters  round,  and  sometimes  scarcely  in  summer.  We 
-used  to  carry  the  sheep  to  pasture  in  a  flat-bottomed 
boat,  clip  them  in  ditto,  and  afterwards  fetch  tliem 
-away  in  the  same  conveyance." 

The  drainage  of  these  tracts  was  executed  by  Mr. 
Rennie,  in  pursuance  of  an  Act  passed  in  1801  ;  and 
■it  was  here  that  the  principle  of  providing  separate 
outlets  for  the  low-land  and  hill  waters  was  first  carried 
into  effect.  The  rapid  floods  of  the  upland  becks  are 
intercepted  by  catch-water  drains  surrounding  the 
district,  whilst  the  sluggish  fen-water  seeks  the  outfall 
through  canals  upon  a  lower  level.  Wheat,  Oats,  and 
Beans  are  grown  upon  the  clay,  and  Wheat,  Oats,  and 
Barley,  on  the  sandy  land  in  West  and  Wildmore  fens, 
the  intermediate  crops  being  seeds.  Turnips,  and  Cole. 
About  half  tlie  seeds  are  grazed  by  long-wool  sheep,  the 
-rest  being  mown  for  hay.  Under-drainage  has  been 
extensively  carried  on  ;  but  much  land  yet  remains  to 
be  made  friable  by  its  influence.  The  farm  buildings 
are  pretty  good,  the  hedges  neat,  the  stock  well  fed  ; 
^nd  there  is  every  appearance  of  superior  cultivation.  In 
East  Fen  all  the  peat  lands  have  been  clayed,  and  a 
iarge  portion  several  times.  Under-draining  is  practised 
to  some  extent,  the  pipes  being  laid  in  the  subsoil  of 
•clay.  The  courses  of  cropping  are  very  various,  but  the 
best  farmers  take  three-fifths  of  white  corn.  Many 
beasts  are  wintered  with  oilcake  and  straw,  and  sheep 
are  grazed  on  the  seeds,  and  fattened  on  the  Cole.  Cole- 
seed, Wheat,  Oats,  and  seeds  are  the  principal  crops  ; 
and  the  land  is  manured  frequently  in  consequence  of 
its  moisture  and  porosity.  Oilcake  for  cattle  in  the 
■farm-yards,  and  bones  for  the  green  crop,  are  universal 
items  in  fen  husbandry.  The  peat  soil  is  not  difficult  to 
work,  but  is  peculiarly  infested  with  twitch  (couch)  ;  the 
light,  yet  rich  earth  forms  a  fine  matrix  for  the  growth 
of  its  long  penetrating  fibres,  and  great  labour  is  neces- 
sary in  constantly  eradicating  it.  Field  mice  undermine 
the  land,  and  devour  immense  quantities  of  cropping. 
The  wireworm  also  revels  here,  as  neither  pressing  with 
the  roller,  nor  trampling  with  the  flock,  can  give  a 
-solidity  to  the  ground  sufficient  to  check  its  ravages. 
Young  Wheats  are  much  blown  and  destroyed  ;  and  the 
•best  preventive  hitherto  is  Crosskill's  clod-crusher,  and 
perliaps  some  other  rival  implements,  which  astonish- 
ingly compress  the  soil,  and  improve  the  crop. 

In  the  parishes  on  the  coast,  north-east  of  Boston,  are 
■three  different  kinds  of  land  and  management.  The 
oewer  marsh  lands  are  arable  and  pasture,  chiefly  the 
former  ;  the  Grass  is  well  adapted  for  feeding  horses, 
and  the  sheep  upon  it  produce  a  great  quantity  of 
meat,  and  fleeces  of  great  weight.  The  ploughed  land 
is  of  the  best  quality,  bringing  heavy  crops  of  Wheat, 
Oats,  and  Beans.  More  inland  is  the  higher  ground 
on  which  the  villages  stand  ;  and  here  is  some  of 
the  luxuriant  grazing  land  for  which  Lincolnshire  is 
noted.  The  herbage  is  thick,  forming  a  sward  of  a  soft 
and  carpet-like  texture  ;  sometimes  swelling  into  tufts, 
but  generally  even  and  smooth,  and  always  soft  to  the 
feet.  It  is  in  small  enclosures,  and  neither  tlie  fences 
iior  ditches  are  kept  in  good  order.  The  arable  land  is 
iiot  generally  well  managed,  though  considerable 
improvements  have  been  made  of  late  years.  The 
principal  care  of  the  farmer  was  to  manage  his  live-stock 
■and  keep  his  pastures  in  order,  whilst  the  working  of  his 
arable  land  was  neglected,  and  the  Grass  received  more 
tiian  a  fair  proportion  of  the  weak  manure  from  the 
yard  and  stable.  The  practice  of  taking  two  or  three 
corn  crops  and  a  fallow  has  not  been  forgotten,  and  but 
little  Clover  or  seeds  are  sown.  There  are  instances, 
however,  of  more  judicious  management :  root  crops 
and  Coleseed  are  grown,  oil-cake  is  given  to  the  beasts  in 
■winter,and  under-draininghasbeencommenced.  Between 
tills  belt  of  land  and  the  proper  fen  is  a  line  of  meadow- 
land,  called  now,  as  in  the  days  of  our  Saxon  pro- 
genitors, the  "  Ings  ; "  a  considerable  portion  is  mown, 
and  the  hay  partly  consumed  on  the  land,  the  remainder 
•carried  to  the  farmsteads  situated  upon  the  ground  just 
referred  to.  The  drainage  improvements  so  ameliorated 
this  low  ground  that  much  has  been  brought  under  the 
plough,  and  it  now  produces  good  Oats,  Wheat,  Turnips, 
and  Coleseed.  The  superior  grazing  lands  extend  south- 
■westward  from  Boston.  The  beasts  fed  are  generally  of 
«ie  Lincoln  breed,  that  is,  they  are  large  short-horns ; 
though  both  Scotch  and  Hereford  cattle  are  sometimes 
purchased.  Ihey  are  bought  in  spring,  usually  at 
Boston  May  fair,  and  sold  fat  in  autumn  ;  the  best  land 
Jeeding  a  bullock  an  acre,  without  any  supply  of  Linseed 
•cake  or  other  additional  food.  The  sheep-pastures  will 
often  carry  eight  or  nine  sheep  per  acre,  and  they 
Jatten  the  animals  without  the  assistance  of  other  green 
or  dry  food  to  finish  them  off'.  The  arable  laud  inter- 
mingled with  tins  pasture  is  very  productive  in  corn, 
"  ="    and   root-crops,  and  large  breadths   have  been 


through  South  Holland.  Peculiar  value  belongs  to 
certain  spots  ;  and  the  grazing  farms  of  first  quality  are 
known  throughout  the  whole  district  by  their  names  ; 
and  many  of  the  better  fields  are  famed  as  "  the  hill- 
piece,"  the  '^  doles,"  the  "  Jew's  meadows,"  &c.  The 
Grass-land  in  the  marsh,  nearer  the  sea,  causes  scouring 
in  young  stock,  and  great  injury  is  occasioned  by  the 
saltness  of  the  water  in  the  creeks  and  ditches  ;  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  sheep,  however,  are  there  bred. 
On  the  friable  soil  of  the  marshes  large  crops  are  grown, 
both  of  Turnips,  Coleseed,  Oats,  Wheat,  Peas,  Beans, 
and  Potatoes. 

We  have  now  noticed  the  northern  or  Lincolnshire 
half  of  the  Great  Level  ;  in  our  next  Number  we  will 
endeavour  to  ccmplete  our  superficial  survey  ;  and  then 
enter  into  another  class  of  topic  and  remark.  I.  A.C. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Wheat  Sowing  and  Growiuf/. — That  there  is  a  'great 
difference  in  the  yield  of  Wheat,  for  quantity  sown 
in  an  acre  of  ground,  is  a  fact  known  to  and  acknow- 
ledged by  all  farmers.  One  man  sows  2  pecks  per 
acre,  and  obtains  as  much,  or  nearly  as  much,  corn  at 
harvest  as  another  who  sows  12  pecks  ;  so  great  a 
difference  in  the  yield  per  peck  of  seed  cannot  be 
accounted  for  by  the  difference  in  the  natur.al  cap.ability 
or  quality  of  land;  for  by  cultivation,  the  natural  is 
changed  for  an  artificial  capability,  so  that  more 
appears  to  depend  on  the  method  of  cultivation  than  on 
the  original  quality  of  soil,  or  the  kind  of  Wheat  sown. 
When,  then,  so  much  corn  may  be  unnecessarily  wasted 
in  seed,  or  saved  for  the  profit  of  the  farmer  and  food 
for  the  people,  some  consideration  of  the  method  of 
cultivation  is  interesting  no  less  to  the  consumer  than 
to  the  producer,  and  may  not  be  time  or  application  of 
mind  entirely  thrown  away.  Doubtless,  the  two  quantities 
of  seed  above  mentioned  are  extreme,  and  a  saving  of 
10  pecks  per  acre  in  economical — over  wasteful  and 
extravagant — sowing  is  too  much  for  any  calculation  to 
be  founded  upon  ;  but  take  a  saving  of  8  pecks  per 
acre,  and  see  what  it  will  amount  to  in  a  middling- 
sized  parish.  Let  200  acres  be  supposed  to  be  under 
Wheat  in  a  parish  of  2000  acres,  with  a  population  of 
500  persons.  In  such  a  parish  the  saving  of  8 
pecks  of  seed  per  acre  will  liberate  for  food,  without 
costing  the  farmer  one  sixpence,  1600  pecks  or  50 
quarters  ;  and,  allowing  one  quarter  of  Wheat  for  the 
consumption   of   an    adult    person  for   one  year,  this 


gets  only  300  feet  of  Wheat,  I  get  about  448.  At  present 
my  Wheat  looks  well,  promising  a  good  crop  ;  and  if 
my  rows  be  nearly  as  productive  as  Mr.  Smith's,  I  ought 
to  have  more  than  34  bushels  of  corn  per  acre.  The 
quantity  of  seed  drilled  per  acre  was  about  5  pecks, 
which,  if  drilled  early  in  the  season,  I  think  too  much. 
In  some  stiff'  soils  18  inches  of  space  may  possibly  not 
be  sufficient,  and  in  the  opinion  of  some  persons  it  may, 
ill  other  soils,  be  more  than  necessary.  Without  pre- 
suming to  do  more  than  put  this  subject  before  your 
readers,  I  would  state  that  at  present  I  like  the  system 
of  two  rows  and  a  wide  space,  as  economical  of  ground, 
and  practising  in  a  moderate  degree  the  mixture  of 
fallow  with  the  growing  crop  ;  in  fact,  very  nearly  making 
Wheat  a  fallow  crop,  and  a  system  that  tends  to  keep 
the  crop  robust  and  healthy.  Winter  Beans  I  have 
drilled  two  rows  1  foot  apart,  and  a  space  of  3  feet,  so 
that  each  foot  of  Beans  takes  up  an  average  of  only 
2  feet  of  ground  ;  but  one  side  of  the  row  is  exposed  to 
a  space  of  3  feet.  This  communication  has  already 
extended  to  too  great  a  length,  or  it  might  be  interesting 
also  to  pursue  the  same  question,  of  how  much  will  an 
acre  of  ground  profitably  take  up,  with  regard  to  stock 
and  labour  ?  Francis  Olerlce,  Eydon. 

The  Bunch  Grass.— la  the  volume  of  the  "  National 
Illustrated  Library"  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
"  Mormons,"  at  p.  227,  is  the  following  passage,  where  it 
speaks  of  the  physical  features  and  the  productions  of 
their  present  locale,  on  the  shores  of  the  "  Great  Salt 
Lake  :" — "  The  territory  of  the  Mormons  is  unequalled 
as  a  stock-raising  country.  The  finest  pastures  of 
Lorabardy  are  not  more  estimable  than  those  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Utah  Lake  and  Jorda  i  River."  We  find 
here  that  cereal  anomaly,  the  Bunch  Grass.  In  May, 
when  the  other  Grasses  push,  this  fine  plant  dries  upon 
its  stalk,  and  becomes  a  light  yellow  straw,  full  of  flavour 
and  nourishment.  It  continues  "  thus  through  what  are 
the  dry  months  of  the  climate,  till  January,  and  then 
starts  with  a  vigorous  growth  like  that  of  our  own  winter 
Wheat  in  April,  which  keeps  on  till  the  return  of  another 
May.  Whether  as  straw  or  Grass,  the  cattle  fatten  on 
it  the  year  round."  Should  facts  bear  out  the  above, 
the  addition  of  this  to  our  list  of  pasture  Grasses  would 
be  a  boon  to  this  country  and  Ireland,  should  its 
climate  suit ;  for  it,  too,  has  some  claims  to  consideration 
as  a  stock-raising  country,  its  future  well-being  will 
likely  depend  on  its  great  capabilities  in  this  way.  Could 
such  a  valuable  Grass  as  this  be  induced  to  establish 
itself  over  Connemara  and  our  other  "  houseless  wilds," 


saving  of  seed  alone  will  provide  bread  for  one-tenth  '  how  would  the  stoekmaster  rejoice  in  the  "early  bitej 
of  the  population  of  the  parish  for  12  months.     No  one    and   winter  store  "full  of  flavour  and  nourishment, 


Puis: 


broken  up  for  Woad,  Mustard  and  Chicory.     The  rich 
grazing  land  continues  from  Spalding,  south-eastward. 


can  calculate  on  the  present  or  probable  future  range  of 
price  of  Wheat,  leaving  room  for  waste  and  extravagance 
in  seed,  wherefore  the  question  as  to  what  is  the  best 
quantity  of  seed  per  acre  is  important.  I  would  not, 
however,  assume  that  either  of  the  two  quantities 
above  mentioned  is  the  right  quantity,  for  one  may 
be  nearly  as  much  under  the  mark  as  the  other  is 
above  ;  nor  would  I  wish  to  fall  into  the  error 
of  examining  how  little  seed  will  produce  a  crop, 
but  would  rather  inquire  how  much  seed  an  acre  of 
ground  will  profitably  take  up  and  bring  to  maturity. 
If  2  pecks  will,  on  an  average  of  years,  produce  as  much 
corn  at  harvest  as  10  or  12,  it  would  appear  to  be  the 
better  quantity;  but  if  4  or  6  pecks  per  acre  will  produce 
a  more  than  an  equivalently  heavy  crop  than  2  pecks, 
that  extra  quantity  would  appear  to  be  profitably  used 
for  seed ;  and  if  it  will  pi'oduce  as  much  as,  or  more 
than,  10  or  12  pecks,  it  will  be  the  better,  the  more 
economical,  and  profitable  quantity.  Uniform  narrow 
spaces  between  the  rows  render  sufficient  cultivation  of 
the  land  difficult;  and  if  one  side  of  a  row  of  Wheat  be 
as  good  as  exposure  to  a  wide  space  (as  I  think  it  is), 
alternate  wide  and  narrow  spaces  would  be  the  most 
economical  method  of  drilling.  The  best  width  of  spaces 
will  vary  according  to  circumstances  and  nature  of  soil, 
and  be  determined  by  each  person  for  himself.  In 
growing  Wheat  the  object  of  the  farmer  is  to  grow  that 
which  is  most  profitable,  viz.,  much  corn  in  proportion 
to  straw,  and  in  a  manner  as  little  exhausting  to 
the  land  as  possible.  A  large  ear  at  the  end  of  a 
healthy  straw,  with  as  few  weeds  as  possible  wasting  the 
strength  of  the  ground,  is  what  is  to  be  desired.  Next 
to  growing  noxious  weeds,  growing  a  superabundance  of 
weak  Wheat  roots — matting  the  ground  and  throwing  up 
dwindling  unhealthy  straws,  yielding  but  a  scant  pro- 
portion of  corn — is  wasteful  extravagance  and  unduly 
exhausting  the  ground.  The  Rev.  Samuel  Smith,  of 
Lois-Weedon,  clearly  shows  the  advantage  of  space,  and 
frequent  tillage  of  the  space,  as  fallow  in  his  crop;  but 
whether  his  space  be  the  best  quantity,  or  be  more  than 
necessary,  is  a  fair  subject  for  other  trials.  Where 
Wheat  is  grown  in  the  same  field  every  year 
without  the  application  of  manure,  his  very  wide 
spaces  may  be  necessary;  but  are  they  under  a 
rotation  of  crops,  with  the  application  of  manure  for 
some  of  them  ?  By  his  plan,  in  a  strip  of  land  5  feet 
wide  (the  width  of  his  bed  and  alley)  and  100  feet 
long,  containing  500  feet  of  ground,  he  has  three  rows  or 
300  feet  of  wheat,  so  that  the  average  quantity  of  ground 
laken  up  by  1  foot  of  his  Wheat  is  20  inches  ;  but,  with 
a  rotation  of  crop  and  change  of  ground,  does  Wheat 
require  so  much  space  ?  Holding  to  the  principle  of 
space,  for  the  roots  healthily  to  spread  under  ground 
and  the  air  to  percolate  in  the  crop  above  ground,  I  have 
this  year  drilled  about  18  acres  of  Wheat  in  rows,  with 
spaces  alternate  of  9  inches  and  1 8  inches,  so  that  each  row 
of  Wheat  has  one  side  exposed  to  an  18  inch  space.  By 
this  plan,  each  foot  of  Wheat  takes  up  1 3,^  inches  of 
ground,  so  that  in  500  feet  of  grouud,  where  Mr.  Smith 


aff'orded  by  this  Grass.  As  I  suppose  it  is  neither  the 
"Gynerium  of  the  P.ampas,  or  the  Tussack  of  the 
Falkland  Islands,  or  that  called  the  Buff'alo  Grass," 
all  of  which  I  know  have  been  long  introduced,  I  would 
feel  greatly  obliged  if  you  or  any  of  your  correspondents 
would  kindly  give  its  botanical  name,  and  say  if  it  as  yet 
has  found  its  way  into  Britain.  In  the  same  paragraph 
we  are  told  that  "  hogs  fatten  on  a  succulent  bulb,  or 
tuber,  called  the  Seacoe  or  Seegose  root,  which  I  hope 
will  soon  be  naturalised  with  us.  It  is  highly  esteemed 
as  a  table  vegetable  by  Mormons  and  Indians  ;  and  I 
remark  they  are  cultivating  it  with  interest  in  the 
French  Garden  of  Plants."  Is  this  the  Melluco,  if  I 
recollect  the  name  rightly,  alluded  to  in  tlie  Chronicle 
some  years  since  as  likely  to  prove  a  substitute  for  the 
Potato  1  if  not,  the  same  information  asked  for  respecting 
the  Bunch  Gr.iss  is  soUcited  with  regard  to  this  useful 
plant.  A.  B. 

Beep  Braining. — If  any  of  your  numerous  corre- 
spondents who  are  advocates  for  deep  and  wide  drainage, 
that  is,  from  4  to  S  feet  in  depth,  and  at  intervals  of 
from  10  to  12  feet  in  widtli,  would  kindly  furnish 
replies  to  the  three  simple  questions  given  below,  it 
would  tend  much  to  settle  a  point  in  which  there  is  at 
present  great  diversity  of  opinion,  namely,  the  most 
efficient  depth  and  width  for  draining  land.  It  appears 
tliat  the  practice  of  deep  drainage  is  more  especially 
defended  on  the  plea  of  preventing  capillary  attraction 
from  raising  the  moisture  to  the  roots  of  the  plants,  in 
which  you  also  seem  to  concur  by  your  illustration  of 
it,  by  the  sugar-loaf  in  the  Gazette  of  the  29th  May. 
1st.  How  deep  is  it  necessary,  for  the  promotion  of  the 
most  healthy  growth  of  agricultural  plants  in  general, 
that  the  soil  or  bed  on  which  they  are  placed  should  be 
laid  perfectly  dry  1  2d.  At  what  depth  below  the  dry 
bed  will  water  be  raised  by  aapillary  attraction,  so  as 
to  be  injurious  to  the  plants  thereon  ?  3d.  Would  not 
many  plants  receive  benefit  in  dry  seasons  by  their 
roots  being  within  i-each  of  moisture,  brought  to  them 
by  capillary  attraction  1  It  may,  perhaps,  with  reason 
be  said  in  reply  to  the  second  question,  that  subsoils,  by 
their  difi'erent  degrees  of  porosity,  vary  as  to  their 
powers  of  supplying  moisture  by  capillary  attraction  ,•  but 
this  cannot  be  considered  of  any  importance  by  the  deep 
and  wide  interval  drainers,  as  we  see  daily  before  our 
eyes  commissioners  and  professional  drainers,  employed 
by  large  landed  proprietors,  expending  thousands  of 
pounds  in  draining  loams,  gravels,  marls,  and  clays, 
over  hill  and  valley,  arable  and  pasture,  on  one  uniform 
system  only-that  is,  4  to  5  feet  deep  and  10  to  12  feet 
apart,  with  1  and  2-inch  pipes.  After  nai-rowly 
watching  this  system,  with  the  advantage  of  an  experience 
of  40  years'  practice  in  all  kinds  of  land-drainage  on 
my  own  occupations  and  on  that  of  others,  I  must 
candidly  confess  that  if  this  system  is  correct,  it 
seems  to  prove  that  no  judgment  is  required  in 
draining,  but  merely  to  draw  straight  lines  and 
preserve  a  fall,  the  latter  not  so  carefully  done 
sometimes,  being  rather  a  matter  of  chance;  and  that. 


26—1 


^52.] 


THE 


ULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


41  8 


after  all  the  writing  and  bother  made  about  it  for  the  i 
last  10  years,  it  turns  out  to  be  a  very  simple  affair. 
But  should  this  system  not  prove  correct  for  all  soils 
and  situations,  then  it  will  eventually  be  found  that  the 
pockets  of  the  landlords  and  tenants  have  only  been 
drained  efficiently,  and  the  land  remains  to  be  operated  ' 
upon  by  a  future  generation  who  will  combine  "  science 
with  practice."  Richard  Smith,  WestacrCy  Broitwich. 

fioem;/.— Your  correspondent  "  A  Constant  Reader," 
who  has  kindly  noticed  my  remarks  on  the  above 
subject,  is,  I  expect,  not  aware  of  the  tool  used  by  my 
man  in  hacking  and  hoeing  the  Potato  land.  It  was  a 
planter*s  mattock  weighing  5  lbs.,  each  stroke  sending 
the  tool  5  or  6  inches  into  the  soil,  and  by  the  pull  turn- 
ing it  over.  Notwithstanding  the  greater  time  this 
would  take,  I  am  not  satisfied  but  the  man  could  have 
done  at  least  half  as  much  more  than  he  did.  Remarks 
of  this  kind,  published  in  your  very  useful  and  interest- 
ing Journal,  are,  I  doubt  not,  beneficial  to  employers 
and  employed  ;  showing  one  what  may  reasonably  be 
expected,  and  the  other  what  is  really  due  for  his  day's 
pay.  Buffer. 

Flax. — To  bring  this  subject  to  a  close,  which  in  a 
previous  article  could  not  be  done  for  want  of  space, — 
I  must  observe,  that  Mr.  IM'Dermott  asserts  distinctly, 
at  p.  238  of  ihe  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  that  Flax, 
"  when  properly  managed,  is  not  an  exhausting  crop,  as 
was  clearly  demonstrated  at  the  meeting  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Society  in  February  ;"  and  he  then  cites  several 
respectable  authorities,  whose  names  are  given  in  the 
paper,  "  On  Claussen's  Flax  Cotton,"  to  which  the 
reader  is  referred.  Whatever  be  the  facts,  I  take  my 
stand  on  the  theory  of  feecal  exudation  by  the  roots  of 
every  species  of  plant,  believing  it  to  be  the  most  trust- 
worthy interpreter  of  rotation — subject,  however,  to 
serious  modification,  dependant  upon  the  peculiar  cha- 
racter and  condition  of  the  land.  This  I  hope  to  notice 
more  minutely  on  a  future  occasion.  The  exhaustion 
of  land  is  a  subject  involved  in  too  much  mystery  to  be 
entirely  understood  or  clearly  interpreted.  I\Iacaire 
proved  by  chemical  solutions,  in  which  the  washed  roots 
of  various  plants  were  long  immersed,  that  certain 
matters  were  ejected  ;  but  his  experiments  led  to  no 
elucidation  of  causes.  Chemistry,  iu  truth,  does  neither 
detect  the  agency  of  the  vital  principle,  nor  show  why 
manure  of  any  kind,  however  rich  aud  compounded  it 
may  be,  cannot  restore  the  fertility  of  an  individual  plot, 
so  as  to  enable  it,  in  continuity,  to  support  any  one  plant 
which  fails  under  reiterated  cropping.  Liebig  (4tliedit. 
p.  75)  says,  that  "  plants  return  to  the  soil  all  matters 
unnecessary  to  their  existence."  If  this  be  admitted,  is 
it  reasonable  to  suppose  that  Wheat  or  Oats,  for  exam- 
ple, can  continue  to  thrive  year  after  year  on  the  same 
ground,  progressively  saturated  with  exuded  fsecal 
matter  ?  Liebig  further  observes,  in  his  chapter  on 
Rotation,  at  p.  150 — "  When  two  species  of  plants  are 
cnltivated  on  a  field  of  the  same  nature  throughout, 
the  one  plant-  will  exhaust  a  soil  of  certain  inor- 
ganic constituents,  but  it  may  still  remain  in  a 
good  condition  for  a  second  kind  of  plant  requiring 
other  constituents."  The  processes  by  which  the  great 
natural  agents  (electro-magnetism?)  effect  the  deconi' 
position  of  organic  substances  in  a  soil — converting 
them,  first,  into  raw  sap,  and  then  causing  its  absorption 
by  the  spongioles  of  the  roots,  are  mysteries  which 
cannot  be  grasped  or  interpreted  by  analytic  chemisti'y. 
It  is,  however,  to  this  decomposition,  varying  in  its 
results  according  to  the  habits  and  requirements  of 
each  individual  plant,  that  we  ought  to  ascribe  the  prin- 
cipal exhaustion  of  a  soil.  Ciiemistry  is  indeed  a  com- 
petent interpreter  of  numerous  secondary  phenomena, 
as  is  demonstrated  by  experiments,  detailed  in  the 
article  on  Claussen's  Flax  Cotton  (pp.  245-6),  from  which 
the  following  particulars  are  collected.  To  split  or 
divide  the  fine  hair-like  fibre  by  hundredweights  at  a 
time,  and  to  do  it  at  a  trifling  cost,  was  a  problem  to  be 
solved.  What  ordinary  mechanical  powers  failed  to 
accomplish,  has  been  not  only  successfully  but  instan- 
taneously performed  by  chemical  forces.  In  pi-eparing 
the  article  for  the  cotton-spinner — as  well  as  for  linen 
manufacture — the  Flax  is  boiled  in  a  solution  of  caustic 
fioda ;  after  which  cleansing  process  it  is  taken  out  of 
the  vat,  washed,  and  placed  in  auotlier  vat  containing 
carbonate  of  soda,  in  which  it  remains  till  fully  satu- 
rated with  tliat  salt  ;  it  is  then  placed  in  a  third  vat, 
containing  a  weak  solution  of  sulphuric  acid.  The 
hollow  cylindera  of  the  tubes  speedily  become  charged 
with  the  acid-diluted  solution  ;  and  the  acid  coming  in 
-contact  with  the  soda  which  the  fibres  had  taken  up  in 
the  fir-tt  and  second  solutions,  devclopes  the  carbonic 
acid,  the  expansive  force  of  which  splits  the  fibres  into 
a  va«t  number  of  filaments,  which,  examined  under  the 
roicroacofM?,  present  the  appearance  of  raw  cotton.  The 
philf>«ophy  of  tlii4  faithfully  abbreviated  passage  will  be 
easily  comprehended  in  all  its  bearings — and  they  are 
multifarioua — hy  the  chemical  reader.  /.  7'. 

finvi'i  Coal. — It  appears  to  mc  that  a  very  valuable 
manure  for  stiff  land  exiMts,  both  in  the  county  of 
Northmijljcrhmd  and  other  dintricts,  where  there  are 
extcnHiv'j  coal  mines.  The  slack,  or  siftings,  are  at  prt;- 
9ent  wa«if-:d,  forming  immense  fireH  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  piU.  Why  should  not  this  refuse  ho  applied  an 
»  drcHoing  to  di.-»lnt^;grate  clay  HoiU  ?  I  think  I  have 
before  Htigge^t'id  a  trial  of  Bniall  coal  as  likely  to  be  of 
use  to  th«  agriculturiiit ;  1  tru»it  Home  intelligent  indi- 
vidual will  experiment  with  it  ;  it  can  do  no  harm,  and 
muttt  do  good — to  what  extent  remainH  to  be  provtnl. 
Iq  this  neighbourhood, even  small  coal  is  too  expcriHivc 
for  the  purpose  recommended  ;  however,  I  intend 
proving  its  value  on  a  small  scale,  when  pulverisod,  to 


mi.-L  with  liquid  manure,  and  the   CkronicU  shall   be 
informed  of  tlie  result.  Falcon. 

Churn. — I  purchased  a  Drummond  churn,  being 
attracted  by  its  plausible  appearance  and  the  promises  of 
its  performance.  These  1  have  not  been  able  to  realise. 
A  4  gallon  churn,  with  2  gallons  of  cream,  is  represented 
to  produce  butter  in  a  little  more  than  6  miimtes  ;  in 
evex'y  trial  with  me  it  required  a  little  more  than  30  ; 
in  fact  it  is  in  every  respect  inferior  to  the  barrel-churn 
which  is  used  here.  You  would  oblige  me  much  by 
stating  the  result  of  your  own  experience,  or  that  of  your 
friends,  since  the  parties  are  so  respectable  that  I  cannot 
but  suspect  that  there  has  been  some  mistake  on  my 
part,  rather  than  any  misrepresentation  on  theirs.    Verus. 

Poultry. — One  of  your  correspondents  complains  that 
the  committee  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  should 
have  given  their  highest  prize  in  the  poultry  list  to  the 
*'  Dorking  fowl,"  and  thinks  it  should  have  been  awarded 
to  the  "  Spanish  breed."  Had  the  "  Spanish  breed  " 
been  selected,  a  "  Cochin  China  fancier  "  would  have 
troubled  you  with  similar  grumblings,  because  his 
favourite  breed  had  not  been  preferred.  These  men 
proclaim  their  individual  partialities,  but  do  not 
represent  the  general  opinion.  The  "  Spanisli  Poultry 
Fancier  "  refutes  his  ai'guments  by  saying  "  it  is  easier  to 
get  many  good  Dorking  chickens  than  one  good  white- 
faced  Spanish  fowl."  Surely  this  is  a  high  recommen- 
dation to  a  man  who  farms  for  profit;  especially  when  to 
this  is  added,  by  the  Spanish  \"  Fancier "  "  the 
Dorking  is  unrivalled  at  table." — I  have  before  me  now, 
and  have  kept  as  an  amateur,  game,  Dorking,  Spanish, 
and  bantam  fowl.  For  beauty  of  form,  and  general 
elegance  of  carriage,  I  certainly  prefer  the  Spanish 
breed.  But,  tried  by  the  farmer's  standard,  namely 
that  of  profit,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  stating  that  the 
Committee  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  have 
acted  wisely  in  giving  the  chief  prize  to  the  Dorking 
breed.  It  is  moreover  a  proper  compliment  to  the 
county  in  which  their  annual  meeting  will  be  held,  for 
throughout  Sussex,  as  in  Surrey  itself,  the  Dorking  breed 
is  the  one  in  greatest  repute.  My  Dorking  fowl  lay 
eggs  as  heavy  as  those  of  the  Spanish — the  heaviest 
weight  produced  by  either  kind  (for  a  single  egg)  being 
3  J  ounces  avoirdnpoise.  The  birds  are  kept  in  separate 
and  remote  yards,  and  there  is  no  possibility  of  con- 
founding the  eggs  of  the  two  birds.   /.  M. 

Cattle  on  Boards.— \\\  the  "Sporting  Magazine"  of 
the  year  1803  is  the  following  paragraph  : — "  In  the 
royal  stables  of  Sweden  the  horses  are  allowed  no  litter, 
but  stand  on  a  raised  floor  composed  .of  boards  with 
open  joints.  This  plan  is  also  common  in  Norway  and 
Denmark,  where  cows  and  even  pigs  are  housed  on  a 
similar  platform.  The  Duke  of  York  has,  by  way  of 
experiment,  directed  some  barracks  to  be  constructed 
on  the  Swedish  plan." 


lucl;  where  lU  per  cent,  ot  the  sheep  are  annually  lost. 
Large  sheep  farmers,  both  in  England  and  Scotland, 
reckon  the  loss  of  4  per  cent,  annually,  very  moderate, 

"  There  is  a  bit  of  this  old  Saintfoin  ploughed  up,  it 
seems  ;  what  is  that  intended  for  ? — For  Turnips.  That 
is  ploughed  very  thin,  so  that  it  may  dry  readily,  and 
the  earth  be  separated  from  the  turf  for  burning.  It 
will  be  stifle-burned  soon. 

"Is  stifle-burning  a  good  thing?— No  doubt  of  it. 
Stifle-burning  appears  to  have  been  followed  in  this 
district  for  several  centuries  past,  with  the  best  effects. 
Burnt  ashes  are  reckoned  worth  a  halfpenny  per  bushel. 
Six  hundred  bushels  are  frequently  burned  upon  an 
acre,  and  produce  more  of  a  manui-ing  effect  upoa 
Turnips  than  12  bushels  of  bones.  Six  hundred  bushel& 
of  ashes,  at  a  halfpenny  a  bushel,  amount  to  25s.  An- 
acre  of  stifle-burning  seldom  costs  so  much.  Bm'nt 
ashes  form  a  very  good  manure,  when  made  from- 
calcareous  soils,  for  any  kind  of  crop.  Ashes,  alone^ 
produced  as  good  Turnips  here  last  year  as  any  other 
manure.  Their  tlieoretical  value  is  reckoned  by  their 
soluble  potass  and  soda,  their  power  to  attract  ar^l 
absorb  ammonia,  &c.  Any  one  sceptical  as  to  whether 
burnt  ashes  are  of  practical  value  or  not,  might  be  con- 
vinced that  they  are  so,  by  going  through  the  country 
and  observing  how  industrious  labourers  are  in  their 
spare  time,  in  paring  fragments  in  all  parts  for  burning, 
to  produce  ashes  to  apply  to  the  growth  of  vegetables." 

Again,  as  they  pass  through  the  museum,  the  following 
remark  is  made  : — 

"  Geology  may  be  all  very  well  for  a  miner,  but  to  a 
farmer  who  works  chiefly  on  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
it  surely  cannot  be  of  much  service— can  it  1 — It  has 
already  conferred  vast  service  to  the  agricultural 
interest,  both  in  a  direct  and  an  indirect  manner.  The 
discovery  of  coals  in  many  places  has  been  made  by  the 
science  of  geology  where  perhaps  coals  would  have  never 
been  sought  for  without  it.  The  want  of  geology  has 
cost  large  fortunes  to  some  persons,  in  a  fruitless  search 
after  coals  where  none  could  exist.  Geology  now  pre- 
vents more  fortunes  being  spent  in  this  way.  Geology 
has  pointed  out  the  readiest  source  for  procuring  water 
in  many  instances  ;  it  shows  where  coals,  water,  sand, 
clay,  and  stones  may  be  found,  and  where  they  cannot 
be  found.  Geology  is  frequently  of  service  in  ordinaiy 
draining — in  well  sinking — in  finding  building  materials 
—  in  finding  road  metal — in  discovering  limestone — in 
discovering  sand  for  mortar,  white  sand  for  glass,  and 
clay  for  tiles  or  bricks.  It  has  been  of  service  in  many 
such  cases,  and  will  be  more  and  more,  as  it  is  midep- 
stood." 


A  Qiddc  to  the  Royal  Agricultural  College  Farm.  By  the 
Farm  Manager.     Hamilton  and  Co. 

This  is  just  a  transcript  of  the  conversation  which 
Mr.  Vallentine  would  hold  with  intelligent  visitoi's,  as 
they  might  be  walking  together  over  the  grounds  and 
offices  of  the  Agricultural  College  at  Cirencester.  There 
are  few  farmers  who  would  not  be  glad  of  an  opportunity 
to  join  such  a  party  as  that ;  and  this  pamphlet  will  go 
far  to  make  up  for  their  misfortune  to  those  who  have 
not  got  such  an  opportunity.  It  is,  of  course,  a  succes- 
sion of  questions  by  the  visitors,  and  of  very  instructive 
answers  by  their  guide.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  catechism  of 
the  present  condition  of  the  institution,  and  of  the 
opinions  of  those  who  are  at  its  head.  We  extract  a 
question  or  two  in  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  author  has  executed  his  performance.  The  party 
are  supposed  to  have  arrived  at  Field  No.  37,  old  Saint- 
foin, where  the  lambs  are  which  have  just  been  weaned, 

"Are  not  lambs  more  difficult  to  rear  and  manage  than 
sheep  of  any  other  nge  \ —  Yes.  There  must  be  especial 
care  taken  that  lambs  do  not  scour,  &c.  When  the 
symptoms  appear,  they  require  particular  and  immediate 
treatment. 

"  But  what  treatment  ?— If  the  Iambs  scour  from  the 
succulence  of  their  food,  or  their  mothers'  milk,  they 
frequently  require  to  be  weaned,  and  changed  to  fresh 
pasture,  old  bents,  or,  what  is  better,  to  old  Saintfoin. 
They  should  also  be  kept  from  water.  Malt  is  a  good 
thing  to  give  to  lambs  when  scoured  ;  it  acts  botli  as  a 
medicine  aud  as  food.  It  is  too  dear  to  doctor  much 
with.  When  Iambs  are  scoured  very  much,  they  of 
course  require  a  medicine  to  act  quiclily.  It  so  luippcns 
that  scour  breaks  out,  as  it  were,  all  at  once,  wliere 
there  is  no  apparent  reason,  and  many  die  ;  but,  nine 
times  out  of  ten,  early  treatment  and  close  attention  to 
tiie  flock  would  prevent  such  fatal  occurrences.  It  is 
frequently  useless  to  think  of  recovering  a  lamb,  or 
indeed  any  animal,  alter  it  is  nearly  dead.  There  is 
nothing  ho  good  as  daily  and  close  observation  of  the 
flock.  A  sliepherd  should  have  a  quick  perception, 
;iH  well  as  judgment  and  attentive  industry  ;  and  tin.; 
i!in[(Inyer'8  care  is  also  necessary  to  see  that  whac 
y.hould  he,  in  done. 

"What  per  ceiitage  of  Iambs  usually  dio  ? — Various. 
Vuv  Ihofo  lambed  -alive,  A  or  5  per  cent,  is  moderate 
good  luck  for  the  iiiHt  nix  montlm  of  their  ago.  We 
liavo  been  lucky  no  far,  this  ycur.  in  losing  less  than 
'1  per  cent,  since  the  laniljing  concluded.  Last  year  we 
lost  numy  mon*.  At  pi-escnt  there  is  little  danger  ol 
greater  losH,  as  the  lam ba  are  weaned  now.     It  ia  bad 


Miscellaneous. 

American  Reaping  Machines. — Harvesters.  —  Under- 
this  division,  15  patents  have  been  granted.  For  the  last 
two  years  much  attention  has  been  given  to  this  class  of 
agricultural  machines.  At  first,  they  were  confined  to 
the  cutting  of  grain  chiefly,  then  to  grain  and  Grass,  and. 
now  they  have  been  extended  to  almost  every  herba- 
ceous growth  of  the  soil.  Thus  we  have  grain  and  Grass 
harvesters,  corn  harvesters,  corn-stalk  harvesters,  cotton 
harvesters,  cotton-stal  k  harvesters,  Clover-head  har- 
vesters, hemp  harvesters,  &c.  I  shall  notice  several  of 
these,  as  they  present  something  of  interest  to  prairie 
farmers  especially.  The  first  machine  that  I  shall  men- 
tion in  this  class,  is  a  machine  to  harvest  cotton-stalks 
in  the  fields.  It  is  a  machine  having  two  horizontal 
shafts,  running  from  side  to  side.  The  upper  and  for- 
ward one  has  radial  knives  or  beaters,  which  rotate 
rapidly,  and  beat  down  the  stalks,  while  the  rear  shaft  is- 
supplied  with  radial  longitudinal  knife-edges  extending 
from  side  to  side  ;  and  as  the  blades  come  down,  they 
chop  the  stalks  in  pieces.  The  second  machine  noticed 
under  this  division,  is  a  grain  and  Grass  harvestei",  pre- 
senting two  principal  points  of  invention.  First,  the 
cutters,  which  -consist  of  two  horizontal  saw  blades,, 
lying  flat  upon  each  other,  with  the  teeth  looking  for- 
wardSj  and  vibrating  upon  each  other  as  the  face  of  the 
saws  is  pushed  forward  against  the  standing  Grass.  The 
peculiarity  of  these  teeth  consists  in  tlieir  being  made 
concave  on  their  inner  faces,  so  that  when  they  slide  past 
each  other,  they  cut  somewhat  on  the  scissors  principle, 
and  are,  to  some  extent,  self-sharpening.  Second,  thei*e 
are  wliat  are  called  cyma-reversa  fingers,  working  in 
combination  with  certain  rake-teeth,  designed  to  hold 
the  charge  while  the  fingers  take  it,  and  deposit  it  on 
the  ground.  The  third  machine  of  this  division  is  a  corn- 
stalk harvester,  the  frame  of  which  resembles  a  low 
three-wheeled  truck,  nnd  beai-ing  upon  its  upper  surface, 
near  its  middle  part,  two  broad  metallic  discs,  armed 
with  teeth  on  their  peripheries,  which  teeth  slightly  over- 
lap each  other,  and  are  capable  of  seizing  and  holding 
within  their  grasp  any  herbaceous  matter,  and,  as  the 
machine  moves  forward,  to  tear  it  up  by  the  r<tots.  The 
meeting  of  these  teeth  is  near  the  central  part  of  the 
machine,  anterior  to  which  the  space  is  perfectly 
clear,  so  that  when  the  machine  is  driven  over  a 
row  of  the  corn-stalks,  the  latter  are  successively 
brought  against  thu  teeth  of  tlio  metallic  discs,  and 
drawn  out  of,  and  deposited  upon  the  ground. 
The  fourth  nuichine  is  an  ingenious  contrivance  for  dis- 
tributing the  cut  grain  of  a  harvester  into  suitable 
parcels  fur  bundlcH,  by  the  weight  of  tho  grain.  It  is 
called  a  grain  bindur.  It  consists  of  a  so  If- regulating 
rotary  cylinder,  mounted  on  the  rear  end  or  extreme 
right  side  of  the  maehino,  and  having  its  axle  parallel 
with  the  rear  end  of  tho  machine.  This  cylinder  is  sup- 
jjlicd  with  catches  and  springs,  and  so  arranged  that 
when  a  certain  weight  of  grain  is  received  into  one  of 


414 


THE     AGRICULTURAL 


TTE. 


[June  26, 


ts  three  compartments,  it  performs  a  third  part  of  the 
revolution,  and  deposits  the  amount  received  for  a 
bmidle,  while  the  next  compartment  of  tlie  cylinder  is 
being  char^red  for  a  second  bundle,  and  so  on.  One 
patent  has  been  granted  for  a  machine  to  harvest  hemp, 
a.  prominent  peculiarity  of  which  consists  in  the  method 
of  severing  the  stallc,  by  means  of  an  oblique  chop  stroke 
of  the  cutters  falling  obliquely  across  the  spaces  between 
the  fingers,  and  upon  the  edge  of  the  finger  on  the  fur- 
ther extremity  of  the  finger  space  ;  the  oblique  stroke 
being  given  by  tlie  shaft  on  which  all  the  cutters  are 
arranged,  which  shaft  is  semi-rotated  in  screw-thread 
bearings,  so  that  the  shaft  in  so  rotating  and  re-rotating 
^s  to  raise  and  depress  the  cutters,  shoulJ,  in  perform- 
ing this  operation,  give  the  oblique  motion  which  severs 
the  stalk,  as  set  forth.  Two  macl)ines,  adapted-  to  har- 
rest  Maize,  have  been  patented.  The  first  of  these  con- 
tains a  thresher  to  husk  and  shell  the  grain.  The  har- 
-^'ester  consists  of  a  machine,  in  its  general  arrange- 
ment, not  unlike  a  Clover-head  liarvester.  But  it  has 
a  series  of  pairs  of  rollers,  one  pair  between  every  pair 
-of  teeth,  to  seize  the  stalks  and  pull  them  downwards, 
until  the  ear  is  drawn  against  the  tops  of  the  fingers, 
hy  which  the  ear  is  severed  from  the  stalk.  The 
ear  then  rolls  down  an  inclined  plane  to  the  thresher. 
A  second  machhie  foj-  harvesting  Maize  or  grain  has  also 
been  patented.  The  gist  of  this  invention  consists  in 
the  construction  of  the  grain  reel,  made  with  rows  of 
iingers,  px'ojecting  radially,  and  rotating  over  or  through 
the  standing  grain.  The  stalks  being  received  between 
the  fingers,  the  ears  are  pulled  oft'  and  deposited  on  an 
inclined  endless  apron.  A  Grass  Harvester  of  a  novel 
<:onstruction  has  been  patented,  which  it  will  be  difficult 
to  describe  without  the  aid  of  drawings.  Some  idea  of 
its  general  cliaracter,  howevei',  may  be  formed,  by  sup- 
posing a  fiat  washer-like  ring  of  metal  to  be  cut  out  of  a 
■sheet  of  metal,  and  placing  it  in  a  horizontal  position. 
Now  place  upon  its  surface,  symmetrically,  a  series  of 
sliarp  razor  blades,  a  few  inches  apart,  having  the  shank 
confined  to  the  ring  by  a  screw  or  rivet,  and  the  ends  of 
the  blades  projecting  beyond  the  periphery  of  the  ring. 
If  now  the  ring  be  rotated,  so  that  the  cutting  faces  of 
the  blades  be  forward,  and  in  this  state  be  brought 
against  the  standing  Grass,  it  is  contended  by  the  in- 
ventor that  the  machine  will  be  a  successful  instrument. 
The  cutting-blades  are  supported  in  their  position  by 
suitable  contrivances,  and  the  ring  with  its  cutlers  has 
also  suitable  devices  for  supporting  it,  and  rotating  it  as 
the  carriage  moves  forward,  which  it  is  unnecessary  to 
refer  to  here.  EorseRakes. —  Only  one  apparatus  under 
this  division  is  regarded  worthy  of  special  notice, 
although  six  patents  have  been  granted.  This  invention 
is  denominated  a  machine  for  binding  grain.  The  frame 
of  it  resembles  the  platform  of  an  ordinary  harvester, 
so  constructed  that  the  curved  rake-teeth,  projecting 
■upward  through  the  floor,  and  passing  across  the  same 
from  side  to  side,  collect  the  grain  at  the  opposite  side, 
where  it  is  brought  against  a  curved  arm,  between  which 
ami  and  teeth  the  grain  is  pressed  ;  and  at  the  same 
moment  another  curved  figure  rises  through  the  floor 
from  behind,  to  support  that  half  of  the  bundle,  while  at 
the  same  time  the  curved  rake-teeth,  by  means  of  the 
machinery,  fall  backward  through  the  floor,  and  are 
oarried  back  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  platfoi'm,  or  to 
the  starting-place,  for  a  new  charge.  The  only  duty 
^required  of  the  attendant  with  the  machine  is,  to  tie  the 
band  for  each  bundle  or  sheaf.  Prom  the  American 
Patent-office  Report  for  1850-51,  in  the  Mechanics^  Maga- 
zine for  Jan.  1852. 

Deep  Cultivation. — The  enormous  cost  of  producing 
manures  for  our  soil  should  teach  us  to  I'ely  more  on 
deep  cultivation.  It  seems  a  preposterous  assertion 
that  our  agricultural  pie-crust  on  this  globe  is  only  the 
depth  of  a  common  wine-glass ;  but  I  do  sincerely 
believe  from  my  actual  observation,  that  5  inches  in  the 
solid  ground  is  a  full  average  depth  of  our  ploughing. 
Practically,  I  have  found  considerable  advantage  in 
trebling  this  depth  by  subsoiling  ;  and  I  am  sure  that 
those  farmers  who  know  the  benefits  of  frequent  plough- 
ings  would  benefit  extremely  by  allowing  one  plough  to 
follow  in  the  track  of  the  other,  or  by  much  deeper 
ploughing — I  speak  of  course  of  drained  lands.  It  is 
■evidently  depth  of  cultivation  that  gives  our  gardens 
such  superiority  over  the  farm.  The  recent  practice  of 
the  reverend  author  of  "A  Word  in  Season"  confirms, 
in  an  extraordinary  manner,  Jethro  TuU's  principles, 
and  appears  to  confii'm  Liebig's  mineral  theory.  There 
can,  however,  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  addition 
of  good  manures  greatly  increases  the  natui'al  pro- 
ductions  and  economises  time.  Our  gardeners 
consider  the  oft-cultivated  soil  exliausted,  and  bury  it, 
bringing  up  fi'om  below  fresh  soil  to  admix  with  it.  Good 
farmers  can  afford  to  do  the  same.  We,  as  farmers, 
certainly  forget  that  dui'ing  summer  our  crops  send  their 
roots  many  feet  into  the  subsoil  (if  in  a  proper  state), 
tliere  to  absorb  that  liquid  food,  organic  and  mineral, 
which  is  denied  to  them  on  the  dry  surface.  All  crops 
will  find  out  manure  at  a  great  depth.  Perhaps,  I  may 
be  allowed  to  remark  here,  that  the  fattening  quality  and 
density  of  my  root-crops  have  greatly  increased  with 
the  fertility  of  my  soil,  and  that  my  Wheat  seldom  weighs 
less  than  63  lbs.  per  bushel.     Mr.  Mechi's  Second  Paper. 


cause  of  the  unpleasant  taste  in  y'-ur  corre-pondeui.  R.'s' 
butter  19  ■wiiii  Garlic,  or  what  in  Devonshire  is  known  by  the 
n^moe  of  Ramsey  [Rameon],  which  ip  of'en  f 'und  here  in  rich 
pastures.  The  leaf  is  muuh  like  the  Lily  of  the  Villey,  and 
bears  a  while  flower  The  reason  of  its  not  affectinij  the 
butter  after  the  middle  of  June  is,  that  it  is  then  in  fl  iwer, 
when  the  rows  will  ni">t  eat  it.  The  be-it  way  is  to  dig  it  up 
early  in  May,  or  now,  if  not  cover-d  with  Grass."  The 
following  in  from  Cliaabire  :  — "  I  have  not  met  with  any  case 
si  nilar  to  the  one  you  speak  of  rc^pec^ing  butter,  although 
I  have  heard  of  instances,  in  some  pars  of  North  Walea, 
whefe  the  butter  ie  not  so  good  flavoured  at  certain  eea'^ons 
of  the  year,  and  the  cause  was  attributeil  to  ill-flavoured 
plants  makine  their  appearance  at  tiioae  times,  ni'>re  espe- 
cially t'le  wild  Onion.  The  herbage,  certainly,  has  a  great 
deal  to  do  with  the  flavour  of  butter  and  chei."8e,  and  I  find 
that  Red  Clover,  even.  afft:*eis  i^. ;  in  tills  county  tliere  is 
n'jthing  to  pqual  old  pastures  for  the  dairy.  Perhaps  if  the 
farmers  in  Warwickshire  would  fx:imine  their  lacd  carefully 
Ihey  miKht  be  able  to  diwco^T  the  rtai  cause." 

Fl4ck  Blight  in  Beans:  If"  IF.  The  di'-ease  is  not  uncom- 
mon amongst  Beans.  A  wliole  tield  at  Citon.  near  Norih- 
amjiton,  wap  des'royed  by  it  a  year  fir  two  ago,  as  described 
in  the  Agricultural  Gazette,  1849,  p.  345.  There  is  no  remedy, 
from  the  very  natU'-e  of  the  c:ise.  A  plant  which  runs  only 
an  annual  course  is  necessarily  desioyed  by  such  attacks. 
The  only  way  is  to  removu  the  crop'  and,  if  practicable,  to 
gnt  a  crop  of  Turnips  instead.  M.  J-  B. 

Chtckwefd:  X.  It  cao  be  destroyed  at  this  time  of  year  only 
by  hoeing  and  dry  weather. 

CoLnuRFD  Tiles  :  Constant  Beader.  TbanUs  for  your  notice  ; 
but  the  only  part  which  is  in  direct  reply  to  the  practice  of  an 
amateur  tile-maker  is  the  words  "m'x  mancauese,"  Now, 
will  you  be  good  enough  to  give  this  inetruction  in  a  little 
more  detail  ? 

Flax  Cr'iP  :  H  Haycroft.  The  seed  which  has  sprung  up  among 
your  Flax  appears  to  have  bsen  that  of  Woad,  Irakis 
linc'oria,  as  far  as  we  can  judge  from  the  very  young  speci- 
meoH  you  have  sent.  It  may  have  beeo  mixed  with  Clover, 
but  if  so  it  was  probably  done  accidentally. 

Grass  Seeds  :  X.  If  sown  during  the  late  wet  weather  they 
will  do  weil  enough. - 

Ib  a  Cow  is  Calf  ?  X.  Experienced  people  can  generally  tell 
by  feeling,  although  thev  are  somt^times  deceived,  W.  C.  S. 

Milk  of  Lime  :  Dor?-et.  We  have  not  a  recipe  by  ua,  but  it  is 
obtained  by  slacking  quick-lime,  and  then  adding  water, 
until  the  mixture  is  about  the  consistence  of  a  tbinoii^h 
cream. 

OsTEBB  :  T  B.  We  know  of  no  book  specially  on  the  subject 
Tuu  will  find  the  subject  treated  in  ElacUie's  '*  Cyclopaedia 
of  Agriculture."  Lojk  at  the  indices  of  past  vols,  of  the 
OarUenera'  chronicle. 

Wateh-pro'Fing  :  Z.  We  will  endeavour  to  procure  a  re  ipe. 

Will  Oiling  Gad  flt  Tdmoobs  destroy  the  Gecb  ? 
W  W R  We  do  not  think  ic  would,  ihoUiih  uo  doubt  the  oil 
Tpould  prevent  the  deposition  of  the  gad-fly.   W,  0.  S. 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Jdne  26, 
Vegetables  and  fruit  are  plfntitul.  ihe  supply  of  English 
Pine-apples  ie  remarkably  gond.  but  the  prices  are  getting 
lower;  the  eame  may  he  eaid  of  Hothouse  Grapes.  Straw- 
berries exhibit  the  ill  effects  of  the  late  unfavourable  weather, 
A  few  dessert  Apples  may  still  be  obtained.  Orangea  are 
plentifully  supplied,  and  very  goud.  Nuts  are  nearly  the 
name  as  last  "quoted.  A  large  quantity  of  French  Cherries 
has  been  tuppbed  during  the  wetk,  some  of  them  bringing 
only  3d  per  Ib.  Young  Carrots,  Bciins,  and  Anichokes  continue 
to  be  supplied  from  France,  New  Potatoes  are  corning  in 
very  plentifully  ;  240  tons  were  ►■old  in  the  market  IdSt  week. 
Peas  are  improving  in  quality.  Mushrooms  are  dearer.  Cut 
dowers  consist  of  Huaths,  Epacrises,  Cinerariaa,  MiRnooette. 
Roses,  Azaleas,  Primulas,  Lilvof  the  Valley,  and  other  bulbs. 

FRDIT. 
Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  Sa 
Grapes, hothouse.p.  lb,,  3s  to  8s 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  lOa  to  243 
Neciarines,  per  doz.,  10s  to  2i8 
Melons,  each,  2s  to  63 
Clierriey,  per  lb.,  4d  to  3s 
Strawberries, p. pott., 6d  tolsGd 
Almoude,  per  peck,  Ss 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  3r 

VEGETABLES, 
Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  Is  3l1 
Freneh  Beans,  p.  100,  Is  to  2k 
Cauliflowers,    per     dozen,    2s 

to  6s 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Is  to  Is 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  453  to  80s 

—  per  cwt.,  28  to  Sa 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 

—  New(horder),  c'o,,3dto6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  39  to  68 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  bun.,  7d  'ols 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  1^  3d 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  l*paniMh,p,doz.,ls3dto  Za 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  23 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Shallots,  per  bunch,  4d 


Lemons,  per  doz,,  Is  to  2s 
Orangep,  per  dnz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  perlOO.  3s  6d  to  10a 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  33 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  228 

—  Brazil,  p.  bsh,,  12s  to  143 
Cobs,  perlOOlba.,  lOUs 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  tola 

— -    Cos,  p.  ecore,  3d  to  H 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun,,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.ban'lie,lsto4fl 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  dd  to  ls6d 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  9d 
Sorrel,  per  lif.  sieve.  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes.  Jerus.,do,,  9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  buoch-,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch.  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bncbs,,  2s  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 6ii 
Marjoram,  do,,  3d  to  6d 
WatcrcresseSj  per  12  bunches, 

gd  to  iB 


HAY.— Pt£r  Loud  of  S6  Truaaef. 
Smitbfield,  June  24. 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  78sto84s     Clover 
Inferior  do.  ...  70         75      2d  cut 

Rowen         65         —      Straw 

New  Hay      —         — 

The  supply  short  and  trade  brisk. 
Comberland  Mabket,  June  24. 


8Gs  to  97s 
,  78  86 

.  28  32 

.  COOPEH. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  h68to90B 

Inferior  do 70         80 

New  Hay      —        — 

Old  Clover  , 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
■Straw 


,.    94       100 

Whitechapbl,  June  24. 

Old  Clover   . 

Inferior  do.., 

New  Clover . 

Inferior  do.. 


2S         33 

JosBDA  Bakes. 


,  60 
.  23 


.  90s  to  963 
,  70         84 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Bad  tasted  Bdtter  :  R.  We  have  obtained  auBwers  from 
Warwickshire,  Cheshire,  Gloucestershire,  and  Devonshire. 
Some  of  them  suppose  the  annual  occurrence  of  the  nuisance 
to  be  due  to  the  yrowth  of  some  ill-tasted  weed  at  that  time  • 
others  appear  to  have  had  no  experience  of  the  evil  com- 
|rl9;Ded  ot ;  the  only  one  who  speaks  positively  says  :— "  The 


Fine  old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferioi*  do.,.. 
Straw 

HOPS.— BoEotjGH  Mabket,  June  25. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  accounts 
from  the  plantations  are  generally  of  a  favourable  nature  ;  the 
low  stifi*  soils  are  suffering  from  too  much  wet.  Worcester  has 
still  a  good  deal  of  blight,  and  it  is  reported  there  is  an 
increase  of  fly  at  Farnham,  Our  market  is  firm  at  the  late 
advance,  with  scarcely  anytliing  on  off'er.  Nothing  doing  on 
the  duty. 

POTATOES.— Soothwaek,  June  21. 
The  committee  report,  that  during  the  past  week  there 
has  not  been  any  arrivals  either  coastwise  or  by  rail  worth 
mentioning,  Salesmen  have  been  enabled  to  realise  more 
money  of  Jew  Potatoes  that  are  left,  owing  to  the  wet  weather. 
This  will  close  the  report  for  the  season.  The  following  are 
this  day's  quotatiouB: — York  Regents,  1408,  to  1608.  ;  Scotch 
Cups,  1203,  to  150s. 


WOOL. 

Beadford,  Todbsdat,  JuDe24.— The  demand  for  the  better 
clashes  ot  English  Woo!  durini:  the  preceding  week  has  been 
active,  and  owing  to  ihe  limited  supply  in  the  bands  of  the 
trade,  and  the  very  high  rates  which  tHrmers  are  realising  for 
their  new  clips,  prices  have  ranged  strongly  in  favi.ur  of  the 
sellers.  Considerable  exeitemeot  prevails  in  almost  all  the 
wool-growing  distiicts,  and  it  remains  to  bo  seen  whether 
spinners  teel  so  far  Ealis6ed  with  the  actual  position,  or  the 
immediate  prospects  of  the  trade,  as  to  concede  the  hi^h  prices 
now  current.  Noils  and  brokea  are  a  good  saie,  at  fi[  m  prices. 
CO.'iL  MAItlCST— t'BiDAT.  June'JS. 

Eden  Main,  153  ;  Hasting's  Hartlev,  149,;  Wallsend  Ha&well, 
16s.  3d. ;  Wailserid  Hett.u,  16?.  ;  Wailsend  Laiiibton,  Ijs.  6d.  ■ 
Wallsend  Stewarts,  le-t.—Shi^H  a'  marUet,  1(|5. 

SMITIIFIELD.— Monday,  June  21. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  small,  and  thu  aviirage  quality  very 
middling;  con-equendy  there  is  a  briik  dem^u'l  for  choice 
descriptions,  a.  advanced  rates.  Our  top  quotmion  has  been 
rather  exceedel  for  a  few  choice  Scots.  The  supply  of  Sheep 
and  Lamb=  is  large  ;  however,  there  is  a  demand  tor  ihem,  at 
rather  lower  prices  th.tn  on  Monday  lasr.  Trade  is  very  heavy 
tor  Calves,  and  to  effect  a  c'earance  lower  prii-en  are  hubmitted 
to.  From  Geniiaiiy  and  Hcllaod  there  are  497  Beasts,  2540 
Sheep,  nnd  272  CalveH  ;  from  Seo-land.  450  BeaB.ts  ;  from 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2400;  and  200  from  the  northern  and 
midland  counties. 


0 


Perst.  of  Slbs.— s  d      b 

Best  Long- wools  .0  0  to  0 

Do.  Shorn  ...  3  6  —  3 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  0 


Do.  Shorn 
Lambs 
Calves 
Pigs 


,  2     8 


0  —  0     0 

—  3  a 

4  —  5  0 
4  —  3  8 
8  —  3  6 
Pigs,  340. 


Per  s't.  of  Slbe.- 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.        ...  3  10  to  4 
Best  Short-horns  3     6  —  3 
2d  qualify  Beasts  2  10  —  3 
Best    Downs    and 
Half-breds      ...  0    0  —  0 

Do.  Shorn    3     8  —  4 

Beasts,  3639  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  29^690  ;  Calves, : 
Feidat,  June  25. 
We  have  a  fair  supply  of  Beapts  for  the  time  of  year  ;  there 
ie  a  demand  for  them,  at  about  the  same  rati-s  as  on  Monday 
la9t.  Tlie  number  o'  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  considerable.  The 
weather  setting  in  hot  has  caused  a  depression  m  the  trade  for 
Sheep  ;  but  for  lambs  it  ia  not  worse.  Although  there  is  a 
lar^e  number  of  Calves  at  market,  choice  ones  are  not  very 
plentiful.  Quotations  remain  unal'ered.  From  Germany 
and  Holland  we  have  157  Boast?,  1260  Sheej',  4J5  Calves,  and 
10  Pig^;  from  Spain,  420  Sheep;  from  Scotland,  6  Beasts; 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  3(i0  ;  50  from  the  northern  and 
midland,  and  1 1 3  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 

Per  St.  of  Sib:*.— s  d  s 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  A'c.  ...  3  8  to  4 
Best  .Short-horna  3  6  —  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3 
Beat   Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  0     0  —  0 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3    8  — 4 

Beasts,  866;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  13,V20;  Calves,  724  ;  Pigs,  640, 
MARK  LANE^ 
MoNDAT,  June  21.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  by  land  carriage  sam|iles  was  small,  and 
disposed  of  at  an  advance  of  Is.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices  of  this 
day  se'nnigbt.  Foreign  met  an  impmved  inquiry,  but  buyers 
are  unwillii  g  to  comply  with  any  advance,  Fluur  is  unaltered 
in  value. — Barley  sells  slowly  at  late  rates.— Beans  and  Peas 
must  be  written  Is.  to  2s.  per  qr.  dearer.— The  Oat  trade  is 
dull,  and  infL-rii>r  qualities  are  6d.  per  qr.  cheaper. 

Per  Imperial  Quarter.  is,      p. 

Wheat,  Eeses,  Kent,  &l  auff'olk...WhiteU5— 47  I 
—           —    fine  selected  runs...dittoJ46 — 49  I 
—     Talavera  45 — 5ii 


d 

Per  St.  i.t81b6.— ft 

d      s 

d 

Best  Lone-wools,  0 

OtoO 

n 

(1 

Do.  Shorn          ...  3 

4  —  3 

s 

8 

Ewes  &  2d  quality 

4 

Do.  Shorn          ...  2 

6  —  3 

(1 

Lambs     4 

0  —  5 

0 

0 

Calves      2 

4  —  3 

R 

0 

Pigs          2 

8  —  8 

8 

39—41 
36— 5J 
bO— 35 
21—28 
20-21 


—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley. grind. <t  distil,,  2i;s  to  293... Cbev. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Eftsex,  and  Suff\jlk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  21 — 24 

—  Irish  Potato  20— 2-; 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  BreW|18 — 20 

itye     I    - 

Rye-meal,  foreign I     — 

Beans,  Maza(,'aii 273  to  3l8 Tick  28 — 32 

—  Pigetin  28s —31s. ..Winds.!    _ 

—  Foreign Small|23— 33 

Peas,  white,  Eseexand  Kent lioilers  37 — 39 

—  Maple 3Us  to  343 Grey  30—32 

Maize     While 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreien per  barrel 

JRIDAT,  June  25. — The  arrivals  of  grain  tijis   week,  have 

been  moderate,  but  go^d  of  Flour.  To-day's  market  was 
badly  attended,  and  sc;ircelj  any  business  in  Wheat  and  Flour 
was  transacted  ;  prices  may  be  considered  nominally  the  same 
as  on  Monday,  The  Sitme  will  apply  to  all  descriptions  of 
spring  corn.  We  do  not  hesr  of  any  transactions  in  floating 
cargoes  from  the  Mediterranean  to-day. 

Imperial  Averages. 


Red  , 
tied  . 


40—41 
41—43 


Ked  

Malting  , 
.Malting  , 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

foreign  , 

Ifarrow  . 
Longpod 
Kgvptiau 
SuStolk... 
Foreign  . 

fellow... 
Norfolk  , 
Per  sack 


29-31 


20—22 
19—22 
16-19 


28-32 

26—27 
38-40 
30—38 


25—82 
28-34 


May  15.. 

—  22.. 

—  29.. 
June    5.. 

—  12.. 

—  19.. 


Aeereg.   Aver 


Wheat.  Barley.  Oats    Rye.    Beans.    Pbas, 


s.  d. 

41  3 

40  6 

40  5 

40  7 

40  11 

40  9 


40     9 


s.  d. 
28  3 
27  10 
27  U 
27  6 
27  6 
27    5 


27    9 


s.    d. 
19  10 


s.  d 

31  6 

31  0 

31  6 

31  7 

31  10 

S.>  0 


31    7 


j 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Floctdateons  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Aveeaoes. 


Pbices.  Mai  15  Mat  22,  Mai  29,  Jdne  5.  Jdne  12.  Juke  19, 


41s  id 
10  11  - 
40    9 
40    7 
40    6 
40    5 


IS 


£J 


I 


L,.vfciihuuL,  lufcsUAi.  June  22.— Ihe  market  this  moroing 
was  well  attended  by  buyers.  Wheat  was  in  good  requeat  for 
consumption,  fresh  qualities  commanding  an  advance  of  fally 
Id.  per  bushel  over  the  price  of  this  day  se'nnight.  American 
Flour  was  not  any  dearer.  Indian  Corn  h'ls  declined  fully 
Is.  8d.  per  qr.  on  the  week.  Oats  slightly  easur  m  price,  but 
in  fair  demand.  Egyptian  Beans  were  6d.  to  9d.  per  qr.  higher, 
and  not  many  off'eiLug.  Oatmeal,  Barlev,  and  Peas  wera 
without    change  in    value.     The  weather  coniinuea   cold  and 

unpromising Feidat,  June  18.— The  arrivals  since  Tuesday 

from  Ireland  and  coastwise  are  very  light.  At  this  morning's 
market  there  was  a  fair  attendance  of  town  and  country 
dealers,  and  a  good  demand  was  experienced  for  Wheat  and 
the  best  marks  of  sack  and  barrel  Flour,  at  the  extreme  rates 
of  Tuesday  last.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  were  much  neglected,  but 
our  last  quotations  were  supported.  Be^ns  were  in  improved 
demand,  at  fully  late  rates.  Indian  Corn  met  a  very  dull  sale, 
and  all  descriptions  were  freely  offered  at  a  decline  of  6d.  par 
480  lbs.,  without  leading  to  much  basinesB.  No  change  ia 
:  Other  articles 


26— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


415 


HAY  WILL  BE  DEAR  THIS  YEAR,  SO  USE 
ALL  MEANS  TO  GET  IT  UP  WELL. 
(CopjJ  "Neatham,  nenr  Altou,  Hants,  July  J,  1850. 
"Madam.— Your  tliiymdkiof;  Macbioe  ami  U;iUe  do  their 
work  remarkably  well ;  last  year  I  employed  30  haymakers 
teddins  the  Grass  aad  turning  it ;  this  year,  o:i  the  same  Vmd, 
I  have  used  your  Machine  with  two  horses  and  ouo  man,  and 
will  defy  any  hand-power  to  equal  ir. 

"I  am.  Mad'im.  yours  truly,  Thomas  Lillvwhite." 
*' To  Maby  Wedlaee,  113,  Fenehureh-sueet." 

DAMP    WALLS. 

NEW  PATENT  PAINT,  as  used  at  the  TOWER, 
by  orderof  Il-^r  itajosiy's  Honourable  Board  of  Urdiiauce  ; 
fit  the  XUNiNEL;  ZOOLOSIGAL  GARDENS,  R8;;eai's  Fark, 
and  various  o'hcr  public  and  privite  buildings  ;  in  quanuiies 
to  finish  20  square  yarda  for  10s. 

PATENT  LIQUID  CE.MENT  for  the  fronts  of  houses,  for 
beauty  pre-euiueat,  giving  the  appearance  ut  tine  cat  stone, 
and  only  one-eTgoth  lUe  cust  of  oil  paiut.  Iq  casks  of  1,  2,  and 
3  cwt.,  at  8s  ,  15s.,  and  "213.  each. 

PATENT  MINEHAL  ZING  PAINTS,  invaluable  for  cheap- 
ness, beauty,  and  perujaueiice,  ready  lor  \i>e.  Whita  Stone 
and  Lead,  5s. ;  Greens  and  Blue-,  Gs.  per  gallon. 

BLACK  MINERAL  PAiN  I',  very  permaneut,  half  the  usual 
price,  only  2s.  per  gallon. 

i^EW  PATENT  COLOUR  for  inside  work,  may  be  applied  on 
Wood,  Stucco,  Cement,  or  over  Oil  Paint.  No  smell,  and  will 
dry  in  an  hour.    In  casks  of  1  cwt.,  at  14s. 

G.  BELL  AND  CO.,  Steam  Mills,  2,  WellingtOQ-street, 
Goswell-street,  London. 

ARSON'S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
PAINT,  especially  patronised  by  the  Britisu  and  other 
Governments,  the  Hon.  East  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Coujpanies,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  seata. 
The  Anti-Corrosion  is  partioulaily  recommeniled  as  the  most 
durable  out-door  Faint  ever  invented,  for  the  preatrvation  of 
every  description  uf  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  Brick,  Coiiipo,  Cement, 
&c.,  work,  as  has  beea  proved  by  the  practical  test  of  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (betwetn  500  and  6  '0)  testi- 
monials in  iis  favour,  and  whicb,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  giveCi  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  betore  the 
public  notice. 

Lists  ot  Colours,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  application  to  Waltee.  Cakson  and 
Son,  No.  9,  Great  Winchaater-atreet,  Old  Broad-s:reet,  Royal 
Exchange,  London. — No  Agents.  All  criers  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct. 

NEW   MODE  OF  APPLYING    HEAT, 

SUITED     FOR     VINERIES,      PINERIKS,     AND      EVERY 
STRUCTURE    REQDIRING    ARTIFICIAL    HEAT. 

THE  ARNOTT  STOVE,  BOILER,  and  EXPAN- 
SION PIPES,  may  be  had  of  W.  Bl-JALES,  wholesale 
Ironmonger  and  Woikin^;  Engineer,  Louth,  Lincolnshire. 
The  abive  is  an  entire  deviation  from  the  present  system  of 
heating  by  hot  Wdttfr,  and  at:ended  by  the  greatest  success; 
being  the  best  in  diisign,  the  beat  in  construction,  and  the 
simplest  ia  princ  pie.  Reference  in  Town  wiil  be  given  on 
applicatii>n.  and  at  the  Nurseries  of  Alessrs.  Rivers,  Saw- 
bridgewortb;  Herts,  where  it  may  be  seen  at  work,  and  is 
pronounced  by  them  to  be  the  best  mode  of  heating  yet 
invented,  as  ripe  Grapes  in  quantity  were  cut  by  this  plan  on 
the  8ih  of  April,  at  the  cost  of  2id.  for  24  hours'  fuel. 
Every  description  of  building  fitted  with  hot  water,  in  any 
part,  if  requu-ed  ;  and  Boilers  at  2ds,  each,  halt*  the  usual 
charge,  of  first-rate  workmanship. 

Establishment,  Louth,  Lincolnshire. 


BEDSTEADS,  BATHS,  and  LAMPS. 
WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  FOUR  LARGE  SHOW- 
ROOMS devoted  excluf.ively  to  the  SEPARATE  DISPLAY  of 
Lamps,  Bathe,  and  Metallic  Bedsteads.  The  stock  of  each  Is 
at  once  the  largest,  newest,  and  most  varied  evur  submitted  to 
the  public,  and  marked  at  prices  proportionate  with  those  that 
have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most  dislingutahed 
in  this  counirv. 

Bedsteads",  from lOs.  Gd.  to  12^.    Os.  each. 

Shower  Baths,  from 7a.  Od.  to    5^.  15s.  each. 

Lamps  (Palmer's),  from Is.  Gd.  to    51..    Oj.  each. 

(All  other  kinds  at  the  same  rate). 
Palmer's  Candles .....6.i'i.  per  fi>, 

TEA  URNS,   of  LONDON   MAKE   ONLY.— The 

largest  assortment  of  Londou-mide  TEA-U^NS  in  the  world 
(Inclnding  all  the  recent  novelties,  many  uf  which  are  reijie- 
t«red),  IB  on  Sale  at  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S,  from  27a.  to  tl. 

CUTLERY,    WARRANTED.  — The    most    varied 

ftSBortroent  of  TABLE  CUTLERY  in  he  world,  all  warranted, 
UOQ  SALE  at  WILMAII  S.  BDR  ION'S,  at  prices  that  are 
remunerative  only  because  of  the  Isirgeness  of  the  sale^.  3J-inch 
ivory  handled  table  knives,  with  high  shoulders,  lUa.  per  aozeu ; 
desBerts,  to  match,  Os. ;  if  to  balance,  Is.  per  dozen  extra  ; 
carver:*,  /j.  Gd.  per  pair  ;  larger  Bize.>4,  io  proportion,  to  253.  per 
dozen;  if  extra  tine,  witn  bilver  feriules,  from  ^Gs.  ;  white  bone 
table  knives,  'Ja.  per  doztn  ;  dtsserta,  4a.  ;  carvers,  2a,  per  pair  ; 
black  born  table  knlvei",  7s.  id.  per  dozen  ;  desserts,  63  ;  carvers, 
2«.  Gd  ;  black  wood-handled  table  knives  ani  forks,  t's.  per 
dozen  ;  table  BteeN,  from  Is.  each.  The  largest  stock  of  plated 
desBert  knives  and  forks,  in  canea  and  otheiwise,  and  of  the 
new  pla'ed  fish  carrer".  in  existence.  AUo  a  large  asbortmeut 
Of  UAZOltb,  PENKNIVES,  aCiSaOUS,  &c.,  of  the  best 
quality. 

WILLIAM  S.  BUaTONhasTEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  cutamonlcaling),  excluslvu  of  rhe  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  thow  of  OENEUAL  Ft'KNI.SIIIN'i  IRONMONGERY 
(includ^n^  Cutlery,  Nickel  Sdver,  Plated  and  Japanned  Wares, 
Iron  uitd  Braia  Btdsteadii},  bo  arranged  and  claoslfied  that 
porcluuerB  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  Belection:*. 

Cata!<»gue<,  with  En^ravinjci,  sent  (per  po»t)  free.  The 
mOD^y  remrned  fur  every  article  not  approved  uf. 

39,  OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Newman-strf  el)  ;  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NbWMAN. STREET  ;   and  4  and  .0,  PBRRY'S-FLACE. 


\f  ETCALFEand  Co.'fl  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 

^VX  BRUall  and  8MYRMA  3FON0E8,— The  Touth-BruBh 
haa  the  important  advantage  of  BearchinK  thoroughly  Into  the 
dlrUlont  of  the  teeth,  and  cleanlnt{  them  In  the  i/ioHt  extra. 
ordinary  manner,  and  is  famouB  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
looB«.— It.  An  Improved  ClothcH'Dru8>',  that  cleans  In  a  third 
part  of  the  usual  time,  and  Incnpublo  of  Injuring  the  ttnentnup. 
FmctratInK  nalr-Bru%hes,  with  the  durublu  unbleached  Run. 
llan  bristlen,  which  do  not  nofttjo  like  common  hair.  Fk-Hh. 
Bru«he«of  Improved,  graduated, and  powerful  I rlctlon.  Velvet- 
Briubet,  which  act  in  the  moBt  lurprislufc  and  nucceBHlui 
m«OD«T.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Spun^o,  with  Its  proMorvcd 
Taluabiepropertleii  of  abnorption,  vitality,  un<l  durability,  b> 
lB*ails  of  direct  Importations,  dispensing  with  all  intei  mediate 

fitrtlst'  profits  and  dentructlvo  bleaching,  and  securing  tlu- 
tuary  of  a  genulno  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Mrtcalvk, 
fiiHOLKT,  and  Cu.'s  Sole  EBtablUhmoDt,  ISIJU,  Oxford-Hlrvet, 
fjna  door  from  HulIeS'Street,  London. 

'fRTCALFK'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWIJER,  2$.  per  box. 
'At'liom.  -  tl«fV4trv  <)1  the  vktjiit  "rron  McTOAtfe'B," 
I'jplcd  by  BuUio  nouses. 


TO    ALL    PERSONS    OF    TASTE. 

MR.  MEClil,  4,  Leadeiihall-sti'eet,  invites  public 
attonuoa  to  his  display  of  Eiei^ancies  eui'ablo  for  use  or 
for  presentation.  Those  who  inspected  Mr.  Mechi's  display  of 
mauutactures  at  the  Great  ExhiOttion  will  be  able  to  form  a 
proper  e-timate  of  the  general  style  and  q  jality  ol  his  produc- 
tions, lie  has  endeavoured  to  combine  for  those  who  study 
economy,  chedpne:is  with  elejianeo,  and,  in  fact,  to  give  to  the 
cheapest  article  ho  manufactures  a  pleasing  form  and  style. 
For  instance,  the  Shilling  Fenkuives  and  Sixpenny  Tooth- 
brushes are  as  useful  in  their  class  aa  the  5U-guinea  Dr>.semg- 
case.  The  external  and  internal  fittings  of  hi3  Premissea  have 
beea  much  improved,  so  as  to  harm  >nise  move  comple'cly  with 
the  pro.^'res'iive  trk'gaiice  of  his  btock,  and  have  been  designed 
and  carried  ou"".  under  his  immediate  plan  aud  direction, 
elegancies'    for    PRESENTATION,    &c. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen's  Dressing-cases  from  17s.  6^.  to  200i. ; 
Work-b-jxes  from  lOs,  tO'iOi.;  yuvolope-cases  from  Cs  to  7i.  ; 
Writing-desks  from  10a.  to  55J.,  and  an  in^nite  variety  of 
articles  in  Papier  Maclie. 

LEADING    ARTICLES     FOR     EVERY-DAY     USE. 

Table  Cutlery  <.-f  every  de.cription  ;  Razors,  trciasois,  Pen- 
knives, Hair,  Nail,  and  Tooth  Brushes,  Combs.  Eleciro-pla'ed 
Fork-j  aud  S.-ooui  ot  very  superior  chiracier  and  finish.  Illus- 
trated Catalogues  gratis. — N.U.  All  articles  of  Cutlery,  ic., 
ground  and  repaired  on  the  premises  daily. 

THE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
invented,  very  smaU,  powerful,  waistcoat-pocket  GltibS, 
the  size  of  a  Walnut,  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distanoe  of 
i  to  5  miles,  which  ia  f-.uod  to  be  iuvaluuble  for  YACHTING, 
and  to  SPORTSMEN,  GtlNTLEMExN,  and  GAMEICR  iCPERS. 

TELESCOPES.— A  new  and  most;  important  INVENTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  possessing  such  extraordinary  puwers  that 
Bums; — 3:^  inches,  wiifi  an  exa-a  eje-piece — will  show  distincily 
Jupiter's  Moon,  Satur.-.'s  Ring,  and  the  Double  Stars.  They 
supersede  every  oiUer  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes— for  the  waist- 
coat-pocket, Shooting,  Military  purposes,  &c.  Opera  and 
Racecourse  Glasses  with  wonderful  puwers ;  a  minute  object 
can  be  clearly  seen  from  ten  to  twelve  miles  disranr. — In. 
valuable  Acoustic  Instruments  for  relief  of  extreme  Deafness. 

Mes'-es.  S.  and  B  SOLOMONS,  Opticians  and  Adeists, 
30,  Albetuarle-strtiet,  opposite  the  York  Hoti;i,  Loudon. 


n^HE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

^  PARK,  are  open  to  Vi^^iturs  daily.  The  CoUectiun 
now  contains  upw.irds  of  1500  specimens,  including  the 
HIPPOPOTAMUS  (presented  by  H  H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt), 
ELEPHANTS,  RHINOCEROS.  GIllAFFES.  and  young 
LEUCORYX,  ELANUS,  B0NTE-BOK3,  CAMELS,  ZEBRAS, 
LIONj,  TIGERS,  JAGUARS,  IJEaRS,  03  IRIiJtiES,  and 
the  APTERYX  presented  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  New 
Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's  coUec- 
lion  of  HUMilING  BIRDS  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  BAND  of  the  1st  LIFE  GOARD^  will  perform,  by  per- 
mission of  Col,  Hall,  on  every  SATURDAY,  at  Fuur  o'clock 
until  further  notice. 

Admission,  One  Shiluno  ;  on  MONDAYS,  Sixpence. 


PROTECTION  FROM  THE  RAIN  without  Detri- 
ment to  HEALTH.—BliKDOE'S  well  known  LIGHT  OVER- 
COAT, the    Waterproof  P.iUium,   rtsists  any  am  >unt  of  rain, 

WITHOUT   OBHTftDCTtNG    FREE   VENTILATION    (  fie     fatal  obj  JCtion 

to  all  oiher  waierproofs),  and,  from  its  lightness  and  re- 
spectability, is  adapted  for  general  use  at  all  times 
equally  as  for  eaini:  weather,  and  has  long  been  reputed  one 
ot  the  most  cooveuient,  ecouoiuicat,  and  valuable  ^'arnienis  ever 
invented.  Price  453.  and  Si's  A  very  large  stock  for  selec- 
tion also  of  CAPES.  SlIOOTING  JACKETS,  LEGGINGS, 
(tec.  CLOAKS,  MANTLES,  HABITS,  Ac,  for  Ladies.— 
W.  BERDOE,  Tailor,  &c,,  96,  New  Bond-steeet;  and  69, 
Cobnhill,  Loudon  (only). 


NOTWITHSTANDING  the  numerous  preparations 
for  Hie  hair  which  are  daily  put  before  the  public,  ROW. 
LANDS'  MACASSAR  OIL  continues  unrivalled,  and  ibe 
successful  results  of  the  la^-t  half  century  hava  proved  bei  ond 
question  that  it  is  endowed  with  singularly  nourii-hing  powers 
in  the  growth  and  restoration  of  Hie  human  huir;  and,  when 
every  other  known  specific  ha^  failed,  It  preserves  and  repro- 
duces the  hair— prevents  it  from  turniog  gray,  or,  it  so  changed, 
reetorts  it  to  its  original  colour— frt;es  it  from  scurf — renders 
it  soft,  silky,  curlj,  and  glossy — and  retains  it  in  curl  and 
other  decorative  form  unaffecteti  by  the  variations  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, or  the  effects  of  the  crowded  assembly — facts  abun- 
dantly proved  by  numerous  tes'imonials.  For  children,  it  ia 
especially  recommended,  as  forming  the  basis  of  a  beautiful 
head  of  hair,  and  rendering  the  use  of  the  fine  cnmb  unneces- 
sary. This  oil  is  the  friend  of  both  sexes,  for  while  it  add*  to 
the  charms  of  female  benuty,  it  enhances  the  graces  of  mao- 
hood,  by  producing  whiskers,  moustachios,  &,c.  Price  3s.  Cd. 
and  7^.  ;  or  family  bottlea  (equal  to  four  small)  at  10s.  Gd.  ; 
and  double  that  size,  2ls. 

Caution.— On  the  wrapper  of  each  bottle  are  the  words, 
Rowlands'  Macassar  Oil,  in  two  lines  ;  the  same  are  engraved 
on  the  back  of  the  wrapper  nearly  1500  times,  containing 
29,0^8  letters.-Sold  by  A.  ROWLAND  &;  S^'NS,  20,  Ilattun 
Garden,  London  ;  and  by  all  chi^mists  aud  perfumers. 


YOURSELF  !  What  You  are,  and  what  Fit  for. 
—  ELLEN  GRAHAM  continues  to  give  her  novel  tind 
interesting  deliiieattona  of  character  from  an  examination  of 
thtj  Handwriting,  in  a  style  of  description  peculiarly  her  own 
filling  the  four  pages  of  a  sheet  of  paper.  Persona  desirous  of 
knowjng.their  truu  character,  or  ihat  of  t>ny  fi  lend,  must  send 
a  fipcoimen  of  the  wriiing,  stating  sex  and  age,  or  supposed 
aae  (inclosing  13  postage  btamp->),  to  Mi^s  Gbaham,  H,  Hand- 
court,  llylliurn,  London,  ani  thuy  will  receive,  in  a  few  dayn, 
a  minute  detail  of  the  gilts,  defects,  tiilentu,  tasto-t,  aflfi-'Ctiuns, 
dec,  ot  the  writer,  with  many  oihi-r  thin^^s  hitherto  unsuspeced. 


DO  YOU  "WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WIil8KERS,  djc.  ?-EMiLr  Dean's  ORINILENE  ha« 
been  pronounced  by  thousands  to  be  the  only  pr<)paruri(m  that 
can  bb  relioil  upon  tor  the  llostoralion  of  the  Iluir  in  Baldni-ss 
from  any  cause,  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengthening 
weak  Hair,  and  checking  Gre^nuss,  and  for  the  production  of 
WhlskerH,  Illoutttachios,  Eyebrui^s,  &c,,  in  a  few  weeks  with 
certainty.  It  Is  elegantly  scented,  and  BuiIiL;ient  for  three 
months'  UHc  ;  will  bti  sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  21  postage 
ntuiiipH,  by  MIsH  Dean,  48,  l.ivei'pool-street,  King's  Cross, 
London. — Testlmoniuls:  Dr.  Tliomfton  sayx,  "  It  is  u  beautiful 
pri'pariition,  and  the  iitily  one  I  can  rf^coinmend." — "  It  pcrl'ectly 
rtstured  m>  Hair,  after  huvoq  year*'  baldness."  Major  Heen. 

RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 
I  \li.  JiARKER  continues  to  Hupply  tliu  iilllictud  with 

■■^  lii«  cek-briiled  Remedy  for  thin  ai.irnilng  coinpliiint,  Ihu 
groat  snceois  of  which,  for  muny  year»  pnHt,  renders  any 
fiiriln-r  C'ltiimimt  unnoteBiiary,  It  Is  ea»<y  and  puliilvs".  in  use, 
caufcing  no  iNconvunloiioo  or  confim  im-nt,  and  U  a|(jdk-ublo  to 
every  variety  of  Hlnglu  and  double  Rupture,  however  bud  nr 
of  long  Mlnudlng,  In  nuik-  or  furiiaht  of  iin>  ago,  Tliu  remedy, 
whli  full  ifiHtructtoriH  fr)r  utie,  will  bo  sunt  post  fri;o  to  any  puit 
ot  the  Kingdom,  on  receipt  of  7b  In  postngo  luampB,  or  Posi- 
1  (Ilco  ftyiUr,  by  Dr.  Alfefd  Haukeu,  48,  Llverjiool-strect, 
Ktdg'H  (>()«■,  London,  where  ho  muy  Ob  cotmulicd  dally,  from 
10  till  1  ui*d  i  iHl  a  o'clock  ( junditys  cxtepteJ). 


WANTED,  in 
DEI'ACHliD 
Hanipstead  or  Hi[,'hg, 
dry,  within  six  miles 
six  best  beil-rooms, 
servants'  bed-rooms, 
t^mall  grounds,  &,c. 
86,  New  Bond-sue 
Taxes.  &c. 


October  next,  an  UNFURNISHED 

RESIDENCE,  in  th^  neigrmourljuod  of 
;ate,  or  any  other  locali'y  equally  hi^-li  and 

of  London  ;  to  contain  three  si,  ting  rooms, 
n-i'h  une  or  two  dresting-rooms,  and  four 

double  coach-houKe,  and  two-stall  stable, 
-Address,  Mrs.  Dee,  at  Mr.  Bucklee's, 
:t,    fita'ing    particulars,    with    Rent    aud 


RIPE  FRUIT,  STRAWBERRIES,  AND  SEED 
BEDS-NKW  TWINE  NETTING  (Tat.ned  if  required) 
1  yard  wide,  l[d  per  yard  ;  2  yards  wide,  3d.  per  yard  ;  i  yaid-i 
wide,  Od.  per  yard  ;  half-inch  me-h  ditto.  2  yards  wide  5d  ner 
yard.  The  ELASTIC  HEX  AGON  GARDEN  NETTING 
76  meshes  to  the  squire  inch,  eft'ectually  cxcludei  birdw,  wasps* 
flies,  lire.,  from  fruic-trees,  flo^ver  or  se.d-beds.  if^d  per  square 
yard.  Tanf  .  d  Netting,  2  or  3  yards  wide,  lid  per  jaid  ;  4  or 
6  yards  wide,  3d.  per  jard—exactly  the  same  as  adveniaed  by 
othe 'B  at  double  the  ab  fve  prices.  Coir  or  Hemp  Sheepl'ulding 
Not,  of  iuperWr  quality,  4  feet  high,  id.  per  yard.  Lamb  Net, 
6d,  per  yard.  Rabbit  Nor,  l^d.  per  yard,  4  feet  wide;  each 
Edge  Curded,  '2d.  pi^r  yard,  suitable  for  fowl  feiicin,'.  Square 
Mesh  Cricketing  Net,  fix  its  full  width  and  length,  maOe  of 
stout  cord,  3d.  per  square  yard;  this  is  the  best  ariicle  made 
for  fencing,  against  lowls,  catd,  Ajc,  The  lar;;est;,  cheapest, 
and  best  stock  in  the  w  >rld,  at  W.  Cdllingf  jed's,  1,  Strath- 
more-te  race,  Shadwell,  London.  The  trade  i-.uppiied.  Orders 
by  post  punctually  attended  to.  Fishing  Nets  of  all  kinds  in 
btock. 

VALUABLE    REMEDIES    FOR   THE  AFFLICTED. 

DR.  ROBERTS'S  CELEBRATED  OINTMENT, 
called  the  POOR  MAN'S  FRIEND,  is  conhdeotly  recom- 
mi^nded  to  the  Public  aa  an  unfailing  remedy  for  Wounds  of 
every  description,  a  certain  cure  for  Ulcerated  Sore  Legs,  if  of 
20  jears'  standing  ;  Cuts,  Burns,  Scalds,  Brui-es,  Ciiilblains, 
Scorbutic  Eruptions  and  Pimples  on  the  Face,  Sore  and 
Inflami-d  Eyes,  Sore  Heads,  Sore  Breasts,  Piles,  Fibt'ila,  and 
CanceiQus  Humours,  and  is  a  specific  for  those  afii  c'iog 
Eruptions  that  sometimes  follow  vaccination.  Sold  In  Pots  at 
Is.  Hd.  and  25   Od.  each. 

Also  his  PILULE  ANTISCROPHUL-Sl,  confirmed  by  more 
than  40  jears'  expeii  nee  to  be,  without  exception,  one  of  the 
best  alterative  medicines  ever  compounded  ior  purifjing  the 
Ulood,  and  assi^iiug  nature  -a  ail  her  operatiuns.  Hence  they 
are  used  ia  Scrofulas,  Scorbutic  Complaints,  Glandular 
Swellings,  particularly  those  of  the  Neck,  &c.  They  form  a 
mild  and  superior  Family  Aperient,  that  may  bj  taken  at  all 
times  without  confinement  or  change  of  diet.  Sold  in  Boxes, 
at  la.  Ud.,  '2s.  9d..  4s  (id.,  lis.,  aud  2is. 

Su(d  Wholesale  by  ttie  Proprietors,  Beach  an  1  Baenicott, 
at  their  Dispensary,  Bridport ;  by  the  Lon'lon  houses.  Retail 
by  all  respec;able  Medicine  Vendors  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Observe  — No  Medicine  sold  under  tha  abuve  na  ne  can 
possibly  be  genuine,  unless  "Beacb  aud  Baenicott,  late  Dr. 
Roberts,  Bridport,"  is  engraved  on  the  Government  Stamp 
affixed  10  each  package. 


PARR'S  LIFE  PILLS  ARE  ACKNOWLEDGED 
TO  BE  THE  BESl'  MEDICINE  IN  THE  WORLl.*.— 
Economy  should  be  practised  in  all  things,  but  more  p  iriicu- 
lariy  in  matters  of  Medicine.  The  restoration  to  heahh  has 
generally  been  purchased  at  a  costly  price;  aud  certainly  if 
heahh  cDuld  not  b*  procured  at  any  other  rate,  a  co.^tiy  price 
3b"uld  U'lt  bo  an  objtct  of  scruple.  But  where  is  the  wisdom, 
where  is  the  economy  in  spending  vast  sums  on  a  physician's 
attendance,  when  toand  health  and  long  life  may  be  ensured 
by  the  cheap,  aafe,  and  simple  remedy  of  Paee's  Life  Pills  ? 

TO     LADIES. 

Paee's  Life  Pills  are  especially  efficacioi;_sin  all  tbe  variety 
of  ailments  incident  to  the  Fair  Sex.  Ladies  even  of  the  most 
delicate  constitutions  will  find  them  particularly  beneficial 
both  before  and  after  confinement;  and  for  general  use  in 
Schools  they  cannot  be  too  strongly  reeommended.  They 
mildly  and  speedily  remove  all  SiHn  Eruptions,  Sallowness  of 
Complexion,  Nervous  Irritability,  Sick  Head-ache,  Depre-aion 
of  Spirits,  In  egularity,  or  general  derangement  of  the  by^tem. 

Sold  by  Hanoay  and  Co.,  and  Sanger,  Oxford-street;  E. 
Edwards,  C7,  St.  Paul's  Cnurcbyard  ;  Barclay  aud  Sons,  Far- 
iingdon-sfrtfet ;  Suttou  and  Co.,  Bjw  Cliurchyard,  Loudoni 
Price  la.  Ud.,  23.  Dd,,  and  family  packets  lis.  each;  and  by 
all  Cbeiui-ts. 


A     ^^^y  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without   detaching 

-^^  any  of  its  parts,  packs  iu  a  sponge  bath,  ia  admiably 
adapted  for  summer  u->e,  on  account  of  its  extreme  coolness, 
and  which  can  ha  changed  iu  one  moment  from  a  bed  to  a 
lounge  or  sola  for  the  aittiug-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  aud  HALLEN'S,  7G,  Oxford-street, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Metallic  Bedsteads, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  ttc.  tfcc,  together 
with  a  large  asbortmont  of  the  Patent  Radiating  and  other 
^stoves,  ai  d  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery. 

X'HE     BEST     IS      THE      CHEAPEST. 

i-     The  best  CuNGOU  TEA per  lb.,  Sa.  Sd, 

The  best  IMPERIAL  SOUCHONG  TEA  „  4  0 
The  best  MOYUNE  GUNPOWDER  TEA  „  5  0 
The  best  PLANTATION    COFFEE         ...     „       1     0 

The  bcpt  MOOUA  COFFEE  ,,14 

Tea  or  Cnffee  to  the  value  of  40a.  sent  CARRIAGE  FREE  to 
any  p.irt  of  England,  by 

PHILLIPS  AND  COMPANY",  TEA  MERCHANTS, 
No.     8,     KING     WILLI  AM.sTREET,     CITY,      LONDON. 


'PHE  COMFORT  OF  A  FIXED  WATERCLOSET, 

*■  for  11. — Places  in  gardens  converted  into  cofufin-tuble 
Waterclo'-etB  by  the  PATENT  HERMETICALLY  SEALED 
P/\N,  with  its  self-acting  valve,  entii-ely  inoveniing  Hie  return 
of  cold  air  or  efiluvia.  Price  11.  Any  cavpcntur  can  fix  it  in 
trto  hours;  can  eaHlty  be  removed  when,  leaving  iho  house. 
Sid.l  only  by  the  Patentees,  FIFE  and  CO.,  2G,  Taviyloek- 
8'reet,  Covent-garden,  London,  Also  Patent  Hermetically 
Sealed  Inodorous  C'tmmodes,  for  the  sick  room.  Price  11.  is., 
'21.  Us.,  and  3i.  Thousands  have  been  supplied  within  the  luat 
oliiht  years  with  uni'oim  approval. — A  PruBpoctus,  with  en- 
gravings, Cornarded,  by  enclosing  a  postage  ►tump. 


j\/I  ATIUMONIAL    ALLIANCE     ASSOClATiuN, 

I'l  LEGALLY  ESTABLISHED,  1819.  Head  Otn.ieB.— 
London:  Lincoln's-Inn-Fleids  Chamhcrs,  and  2,  Poit  mnuth. 
street,  Lhicoln's-Iun-Fiolda.  Branch  Olluea:  Liverpool,  Uruitol, 
York,  ManclU'Hter,  Aberdeen,  and  Dublin,  CotiHdential 
Riltfrro:  R.  Wunlok,  VW\. 

MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION.  Conduetod 
on  t'nu  system  ho  HUccensfully  adopted  tm  the  Conllncut. 
LH^alty  ostubtlshed  UB  it  medium  lor  ihu  introduction  uf  bmli 
hrxen  unltiiown  to  each  other,  who  are  dcHliouH  ot  entering  Into 
Mitiimuny.  Nruu  but  rcspectabto  pariiuu  ncgoiinted  with. 
A|i|)lii'uniii  limy  Hign  by  initial  or  uLherwise.  Full  pankuUirB, 
with  prlntt'd  foniiH  of  appll>'ailoii,  lint  of  ngen'R,  and  hn-t>'uc- 
lliins,  aent  i'l'eii  on  receipt  of  six  PoHtngu  stamps,  by  Huqo 
IIeuvsfiiUd,  Ghq.,  SLoreiary.  Registrar's  Oillciis  :  Llncolii's- 
Iiiii-FiiiI<Ih  OIiHinberfi,  uud  No.  2,  Portsmouth-Hircut,  Llncolu'a- 
Inii.Fleldx,  London, 


I 


416 


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'T'HE     BOOK     OF'tHE     GARDEN- 
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Contents : — 

FRniT-HonsEs  :  viz.  Vineries,  Pineries,  Peach-Houses, 
Jjhorry,  Fig,  Plum,  and  Apricot  Houses  ;  Tropical  Fruit-House. 
i'LANT-HoDSts  :  viz.  Conservatories,  Greenhonse.^  Orangeries. 

tQgriVii.gH  of  Houses  and  Gardens  at  Frogmore,  and  of 
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tJp^?«A?c^^^^L     of"' AGRICULTURE,    AND 

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has  appeared  since  the  publications  of  Arthur  Young  and  the 
Hoar  1  of  Agriculture,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  eminently  service, 
able  to  the  eaufle  of  piogressive  as  distioguished  from  routine 
agriculture."— £(;o»ioniii(. 

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COLLECTION  OF  ORCHIDS,  including  Pha'aenopsis  araabilis 
and  grandifl-ra,  Saccolabium  Blumei,  and  many  of  the 
favourite  Aerides,  Cattleyas,  Dendrobiums,  OdonnoglosBumi, 
die.,  in  fine  health.  Al>;o  some  eeeds  of  the  Cedru-t  deodara, 
Jjc,  from  India,  and  Bulbs  from  America.— May  bd  viewed  on 
the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

COCHIN    CHINA   FOWLS   OF  THE   PUREST  BLOOD. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wiU  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  Kmg-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY, June  29,  at  H  for  12  o'clock  precisely,  some  fine  spe;i- 
mens  ot  these  much  admired  FOWLS,  including  two  pairs 
bred  in  1851,  from  imported  birds,  selected  in  Cuina  for  tho 
purity  of  their  breed;  also  a  pair  of  the  same  stock  as  the 
Prize  Birds  at  Birmini^ham,  1351 ;  several  pairs  of  Chickens 
bred  from  the  above;  together  with  a  pair  of  extremely  small 
Black  Han^ams,  a  Cock  and  six  Hens  of  the  pure  Grey 
Speckled  Dorluog,  and  a  pair  of  Egyptian  Geese  (male  and 
female),  two  years  old,  in  fine  plumage,  being  the  genuine 
property  of  an  amateur. — May  be  seen  on  the  morning  of  sale  ; 
and  Catalogues  had  of  Mr,  J.  C.  Stevens,  33^  King-street, 
Covent-gariieo,  London, 

SPECIMEN    PLANTS. 

MR.  J.  C,  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
TUESDAY.  July  6,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  the  COLLECTION  of 
SPECIMEN  STOVE  AND  GREENHOUSE  PLANT?, 
removed  from  Sidcup,  Fool's  Cray,  Kent,  the  property  of 
George  Stanley,  Gardener  to  the  late  Henry  Berens,  Esq. — May 
be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale  and  Catalogues  had. 

NOTICE. 

\/f  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will    include   in  his  sale  of 

■-'X  ORCHIDS.  onTUEJSDAY  next,  some  recently  imported 
specimena  from  India  and  South  America,  comprising  fiiu" 
Cattleyas  aod  several  plants  of  the  new  Dendrobiom  clavatum 
recently  exhibited  at  Chianick  and  the  Regent's  Park. 

NURSERY      FOR     SALE,  I 

Within  lA  mile  of  tbe  City.  I 

MESSRS,  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  av 
instructed  to  sell  by  Private  Contract,  a  most  eligib! 
and  compact  KURSERY,  which  has  had  a  good  market  an. 
piivate  connection  for  j  ears.  The  extent  of  Glass  in  House 
and  Pits  is  about  4000  feet  super.  The  Stock  is  of  the  ordinar; 
market  descripiion.  Messrs.  P.  and  M.  beg  to  say  they  hav 
seldom  had  such  an  opportunity  to  offer  to  the  public- 
American  Nursery,  Leytoostone,  Essex. 

Prluted  by  William  Bbai*bdbt,  of  No  13,  Upper  Woburn -place.  Id  tl , 
pariah  of  St.  pHncras,  and  FasrsEiCK  Mullett  Evans,  of  ^o.  7.  Cliurc 
TOW  Stoke  NewiuKtOD.  botb  Id  the  County  oi  MiJdlespx  Priniers,  xt  tbe 
Office  in  Lombard-Ftreei,  in  the  Precinct  of  Whtefrlflrd,  ia  tbe  City 
LoDdnD  ;  and  putili^hed  by  them  at  the  office,  No  5,  Cl'arle«-Bfreet, 
tbe  parish  of  St  Paul's,  Coveul  garden.  Id  the  eaid  County,  whe'C  i 
Advert ii> erne Dte  and  CnmniUDictitiouE  are  to  be  addbbssbd  iotqs  £i>ito 
— SATUaUAT,  JuNB  28,  J85i. 


\ 


THE  G-ARDENERS^  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  <$f  feural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  27.— 1852.] 


SATUEDAY,    JULY  3. 


[Price  6d, 


■i-2l  c 


4:3  6 


AgiTicultare  nnd  geolofn'  ., 

ATTicuUu'al  tour 

Allotments     

Beans,  Scir'etrunner  .... 

Books  noticed  

Bread,  Darnel  

Brinirtls  

Calendar,  horticultural.,,, 

—     aericuliursl    

Chelteoliam  Ron.  Society  . 

Climbers,  hardy     411  a 

Corn  and  present  prices    -iig  c 

Baniel  bread 4i:i  e 

Dielytra  Bpectabilis  -121  a 

Drains,  d^ep    425  b — li^D  a 

Docks,  Muscovy ,.....,  42S  a 

Ferm  acconDta 4'2'i  a 

Farming,  F^n    426  c 

Farmers*  Club,  Eaet  Berwick- 
shire   429  a 

Garae  laws 4^3  6 

Gardening,  kitchen 424  e 

Gardiner,  the  la'e  Mr 423  c 

GeolojTy  and  figricukure Alb  c 

Grape  mildew   419  A 

Heroaiium,  poisoninzplint^in  4i\  6 
Horticul'ual  Society's  Rarden  422  c 

Hy«cintli9 421  a 

Lnni,  relations  of  li;ht  to  ,...  4^6  ft 
Lime  as  Manure,  cisayoa....  420  fi 
Lucerne 42'J   c 


INDEX. 

^Tacliines,  roowint,  _ .   _ 
Manu'e,  liquid,  to  npply 


421  a 

.....         .....     427  A 

Jllce  iu  plantRtiona   .,   42     c 

■    ■  "    ■  42i  b 


M'c-o«coo'c-il  Society 

Mildew  Giape hij  " 

MimuU.  hybrid    421  n 

Mo'h,  sm-ll  wax 420  a 

Howi  iR  m-chiaes 421  a 

OichU  shows   421    c 

Ozone  in  plHDta    42')  a 

Pastures  old 4:9  c 

Pautovniaimpe-'Talia ,.  421  c 

Pimelea  iipecinbihs 420  c 

Flaots,  ozone  in    420  a 

—  in     the     he.bsrium,      to 

pnison  421  K 

—  herbi^Ci^ouS 421   c 

Potatoes,  AphU  on 421   c 

PolB  cork    421   6 

Poultry  list     423  n 

REtiu  in  June ,. 420  a 

Riiyul  Bot.iDJc  Sociity 422  a 

Seed  for  an  acre    430  „ 

TsuntOQ    Agricultural    Society  429  a 

Timber,  hedgerow   4?S  « 

Trout  fishiug 428  a 

Tulips     423  a 

Vlcla  Bj-IvHtica 421  a 

VineraiUlew  .,,,,   .,,...  -119  (, 

Waterproof  cloth 430  t 

Wux  moth 420  ^ 


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON^— 
Hie  Grace  the  Peesident  has  kin  illy  directed  the 
Grounds  of  Ctiiswick  House  to  ba  opened  for  the  reccp'ion  of 
the  Ttsitora  to  the  Soeietj's  Gardens  at  ihe  NEXT  EXHI- 
BITION, on  SaTDRDAT,  the  10th  JULY.  TieUets  are  i>eued 
at  this  Office,  price  5s, ;  or  at  the  Garden,  in  the  afiernooQ  of 
the  lOth  July,  at  75.  Gd.  each.  Respect  ibte  str-ingers,  or 
reeideots  in  tue  couotry,  who  will  forward  thtir  addresses  in 
■writiOK  to  the  Vice-Secretary,  21,  Regent-street,  on  or  before 
Thursday,  the  8;h  of  July,  may  obtain  from  thiit  OfScer  an 
authority  to  procure  Tickets. — 21,  Rejjent-street,  Lnndi'n. 


rpHE   GRAND 
J-    SHOW, 


1st. 

2d. 

..  SOs. 

.in.i. 

.  603. 

Sos. 

.  Gfls. 

35s. 

.  ids. 

SOs. 

.  SOs. 

SOs. 

NATIONAL   HORTICULTURAL 

,  at  LEWES,  on  the  Itth  and  15fh  days  of  July 
1^52,  during  the  week  of  (he  Country  Mee'ingr  of  the  Rnyal 
Agricultural  Societv  of  England.  ADDITIONAL  PREMIUMS 
will  be  ^  ffered  as  foI[i.'W3  : 

Clas  1st.     2d.    3d. 

St>^    Giraniums  in  ll-inch  p(>tg,  8  v-irieUes 
81  Do.         :n  3:inch  pot-,  12  varieties 

S2     Fancy  do.,  in  ll-incU  [.ots,  8  varieties 
63  Do.         in  S-inch  pots,  VI  varieties 

S4     Heaths,  in  collections  ^^l  9  varieties 

NqU. — Tbfl  entrance  money  to  each  of  these  clas'^ea  will  be  55. 
Mr.  Kdwjm  Neal,  ^  High  CoDS;able  of  the 
Mr.  John  Head,     J       Borouj^h  of  Lewes. 
Treasurer,  Ge"E(3e  Molynedx,  jun..  Esq. 
Honorary  Secretary,  Geobqe   Whitfeld,  Esq. 
A-Bi4tant  Secretary,  Mr.  H.  J.  Babtlett. 
Superintendent   ot  the   Exhibition,    Mr.   Edwabd   Spaet, 
(Queen's  Graperies,  Brighton,) 
•,•  All  persons  intending;  to  compete  at  tliia  Show  must  give 
notice  on  Forms  properly  fiUtd  up  i  which  may  be  obtained  of 
the  Secretarv)  on  or  fiefore  thi'  6fh  July  next. 

THE     GARDENERS'    ROYAL     BENEVOLENT 
INSTIIUTION,— At  a  General  Meetine  of  the   Members 
of  this  Society,  held  on    Wedvesdat,  the  30th  June,  1852,  at 
the  Horticuliural    Souietj'a  Rooms,  21,  Regent-street,  for  the 
election  of  Two  Peniionera   on  the  funds  of  the  charity,  the 
following  was  the  result  of  the  ballot: — 
Name. 
Edwabd  Marshall 
John  Applebt    ... 
Jaues  Battet    ,., 
CoBNELios  Robinson 
JoHK  Show 
JoHK  Hopkins     .., 
Henht  Schneidee 

WiLLIAU  CAaTEE 
JaUES  GaEEK 
WiLLIAU  JaCCSON 
Jr.BN  >1EARSS 
JOBIf  BtACSE 

Sabab  Lawrence 
Robert  Oliveb  ,,, 

WiLLIAU  ThaCSEE 

The  meeting  then  declared  William  Jackfion,  as  having 
the  ^reatett  number  of  votes,  duly  elected  a  Pensiouer  of  this 
Society. 

From  the  Bcmtinoorn' report,  it  appeared  that  the  votes  for 
Jftmes  Batiey  an'l  John  Mcarns  were  equaU 

It  wa«  lett'ed  by  iht;  meeting  that  the  election  between  these 
two  candidates  khould  b<:  decided  by  a  rhow  of  bands. 

Cpon  the  question  being  put  from  the  chair,  there  were  16 
hand*  f'.>r  Buttey  (he  havmg  been  a  tubscriber),  and  cue  for 
M»-nrn«, 

The  chairman  then  dcclari'd  James  Battey  duly  elected  a 
Pcniloner  ot  tbts  Society,  Edwabd  Roof-e  Cdtllb,  Sec, 

July  8.  97,  FarrlDgdon-atrect. 


TURNIP  SEEDS  DIRECT  FROM  THE  GROWERS 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  now  on  hand  a  verv 
limited  stock  of  each  of  iho  leading  kinds  of  TUc*  i 
SEEDS  of  the  growth  of  1851,  which  they  are  delivering 
CAHBiAGE  FREE  BS  Kailwat  to  almost  all  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
at  the  luweot  market  prices.  This  year's  crop  vrill  be  ready 
for  delivery  very  shortly. 

Orders,  or  applications  for  prices,   to  be   addressed  to  John 
ScTTON  and  So^■s,  Seed  Growprp.  Rending,  Berks. 


STUBBLE    SWEDE    TURNIP    SEED. 

JOHN  RIVERS  begs  to  inform  Agriculturists,  that 
the  STUBBLE  SWKDE  may   be  sown  from  the  present 
time  until  the  middle  of  July,  for  a  full  wioter  crop. 

Orders  addressed  to  John  Rivees,  Seedsm^in,  Sawbridge- 
worth,  Herts,  to  the  amount  of  IO5,,  %vill  be  carriage  paid  to 
London.  —  Post-office  orders  are  requested  of  uukoown 
Correspnndenf-s. 


q^HE      BEST      TWO      TURNIPS     FOR     LATE 

-*-  SOWING.— These  Turnips  a'e  of  very  quick  crowth, 
will  thrive  well  on  poor  foil,  ava  as  solid  a.nd  nutiiave  as  Swedes, 
and  will  keep  in  the  tield  or  in  clainps  till  May. 

SUTTON'a  PORPLE-TOPPED  YELLOW  per  lb.    per  gall. 

HYBRID  10  CO 

SUTION'SEARLYSIX  WEEKS^'URNIP     0  10  5     0 

Carriage  free  by  Rail  for  quantities  not  less  than 
two  gallons. 

RIVERS'S  STUBBLE  SWEDE.— We  have  some  of  Ihi?  now 
on  hand,  received  direct  from  Mr,  Rivtrs,  price  Is  GtJ.  per 
pound,  and  a  dne  crop  of  seed  now  growing  for  next  year's  sale. 

The  following  have  been  received  from  some  of  the  largest 
Turnip  growers  in  the  kingdom,  and  leading  Members  of  the 
Rotal  Apriiiulturat  Soeie'j  : 

I'rom  HamUedon,  near  Hon^ey-on-Thames.  —  Your  Hj  brid 
Turuips  and  Swedes  are  particularly  true  and  fine.  You  may 
men'^ion  my  mime  to  any  one  you  pleise. 

From  Meoustokc  Rectory,  Bants.  —  My  Turnip  crops  are  the 
admiration  of  all  the  farmers  round,  tspecially  the  Swedes  and 
yiiur  Purple-topped  Hybrid. 

Froin  EynsJiam,  near  Oxford. — I  was  much  pleased  with  your 
Early  Six-weeks  Turnips,  and  thall  be  a  cuitomer  agaiii  next 
Season. 

From  Brecon.— I  am  happy  to  tell  you  my  Turnips  aro  really 
Splendid.  ,^  ;„ 

John  Sdttow  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Rf^ading,  Bqiks. 


G. 


EXHIBITION    OF    ROSES. 
CLARKE,     Nurseryman-^      Streatham-  place, 

Brixton-hil!  (3^  m'lesfrom  London),  iuforonshis  patrons 
and  admirers  of  ROSES  tliat  his  unrivalled  collection,  con- 
sisting of  ;:bova  IJOO  varieties,  comprjoing  all  the  new  varielies 
from  Belgium,  France,  &c.,  txtending  over  10  acres  of  ground, 
will  ba-in  full  bloom  by  the  14'h  of  July,  free  to  visitors. 
Orders  taUeu  for  plants  now  in  bloom,  and  executed  ia 
November.  A  good  collection  of  specimen  Ericas,  Azaleas, 
Conifers,  Evergreens,  &c. 

PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  THE  SDN.-Use  E,  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
perfect   non-conductor   of  heat,  aud  aduiiiting  light  without 
heat,  where  a  covering  is  rrqnired  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
len^jth,  at  Is.  id.  pi  r  yai  d,  and  much  cheaper  than  Bass  Mats, 
E.  F,  Archer,  451,  Oxford-street,  London, 


CHOICE  CINERARIA  AND  CALCEOLARIA  SEED, 
JOHN  HENCHMAN  begs  to..inform  Ms  friends  that 

^  be  has  ready  a  fsw  Packe[s^f:-iP'SB>S.D,  saved  wit^'t  great 
care  from  his  well  known  and  -choice  '(Collection  of  Cinerarias 
and  Calceolarias,  at  2a,  Gd.  each. — Edmonton,  July  3. 


NEW    PLANTS     INTRODUCED    BY    MR.    FORTUNE. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  possess  all  the  highly  interesting  plants  introduced 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  uieutiftned  by  him  in  his  recent  popular 
work  on  China.  Many  of  them  aro  now  on  sale.  Of  ihe 
o'hera,  due  notice  will  be  given,  as  they  are  ready  to  send  out. 
Every  particular  may  De  obtained  by  applying  to  the 
Advertisers.  — Bai;8bot,  July  3, 


'J'ANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of   Fruit 

JL  Ti  ees  from  Frost,  Bl'j^ht,  and  Birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  Fresh-sown  Seeds,  either  in  Gardens  or  Fields  at  Id  per 
yard  ;  200  yards  for  14s.,  500  yards  for  Zn.i.,  lOOO  yards  for  50s  - 

Wax  Netting,  for  aviaries,  <tc,,  at  Zd.  per  sqiia'e  yard' 
Scrim  Canvas  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  varieties  • 
Rick  Cloths,  wi'h  poles,  &e.  Marquees,  Tents,  Tarpaulincs' 
tc— At  Edgington  and  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield-bars,  and  Old 
Kent-road,  London. 

TJIPE    FRUIT,    STRAWBERRIES,    AND  SEED 

iV  BEDS-NEW  TWINE  NETTINQ  (T.inned  if  required) 
1  yard  wide.  l.ld  per  yard  ;2  j  rjs  wide,  3d.  per  yard  ■  4  yaids 
wide,  (id.  per  yard  ;  half-inch  me-li  ditto,  2  yards  wide  r^'d  ner 
yard.  The  ELASTIC  HEXAGON  GARDEN  NETTINO 
70  meshes  to  the  pquare  inch,  elTectually  exelufiea  birds' 
watps,  i:.o,,  from  fruit-trees,  flower  or  seed  beds,  iAd  persqnare 
yard.  Tanivd  Netting,  2  or  S  yards  wide,  I'd,  per  yard  -  4  or 
li  yards  wide,  Sd.  per  yard— exactly  the  eam'e  as  advertised  by 
othe-e  at  double  the  above  prices.  Coir  or  Hemp  Sheepfolditiff 
Net,  of  superior  quality,  4  ft.  bipb,  id.  per  yard.  Lamb  Net 
6(4.  per  yarlj.  Habbit  Net,  1  j<!.  per  yard,  i  ft.  wide  •  eacli 
EdgeGordedl,  2d.  per  yard,  suitable  for  fowl  fencing.  Square 
Mesh  Cricketing  Net,  fix  ils  fuH  width  and  Icngtli,  made  of 
stout  cord,  3d.  per  square  yard;  this  is  tlie  best  ariicio  made 
lor  fencing,  against  (owls,  cats,  <fco.  The  larjest,  cheapest 
and  best  stock  in  the  w^rld,  a^  "W.  Gdilingfoed's,  1,  Stra'h'- 
roore-te  race,  Shadwill,  Londos.  The  trade  supplied  Orders  by 
post  punoiually  atlenJed  to.     Fishing  Nets  of  all  kinds  in  Stock 


FOUNTAINS. 
■JYI  R.  SEELEY  haviiig  lu-inted  a  List  of  some  Small 
XtX  De^isna  of  FOUNTAl.  '^  suitable  for  Conservatories  or 
small  Gardens,  will  be  happy  to  forward  a  copy  lo  a!>v  gentle- 
man requiring  such  an  ornament.  ' 
Nos.  I  to  4,  Keppel  Row,  N.  w  Road,  Regent's  Park,  London 
N.B.— Several  litw  designs  for  Sun-dial  pedestals  have  bcea 
lately  modelled. 


Application. 

Age. 

Votes. 

...    11th    . 

.    73 

..    309 

...      7th    . 

.    60 

..    159 

...      Clh    . 

.    69 

.,    400 

...      5th    . 

.    75 

..    135 

...      Sth    .. 

69     . 

..    388 

...      4th    .. 

.    66    . 

..      29 

...      4lh    .. 

.    87    . 

.     162 

...      3d      .. 

72    . 

.       11 

...      3d      .. 

62    . 

.    373 

...      2d      .. 

70     . 

.    422 

...      2d      .. 

73    . 

.    400 

...      Ist     .. 

78    . 

9 

...        l9t      .. 

«t    . 

.      94 

...      Ist     .. 

70    . 

.      59 

...      1st     .. 

65    . 

3 

NEW    CATALOGUE    OF    PLANTS. 

A  VAN  GKERT,  Nlti.hkicvma.v,  GlK-nt,  Belgium, 
*  beg*  to  iitfijrm  the  Trade  ond  Atntiti^urH  that  hin  new 
Catalogue  op  plants  in  just  publl  hcl,  and  may  be 
bad  on  ap|>llc<it|on  to  hlf  Agent,  Mr,  U,  SiLiicaBAD,  &,  Hurp. 
■np,  Qrtat  ToWT-strfOt.  London, 


OCAUCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS, 
^^  EMPBROfl  ttXUOK,  ft  perennial  RpucieB,  and  hardy; 
U(iO§tt'ln,  1«. 

CLHERAltfA  and  CALCEOLAUIA,  itlccted  from  coltfntlon» 
of  FUnti  that  wcru  admitted  by  nil  pcr^onn  who  miw  them  to 
b«  the  nne«t  they  hud  ev«r  nccn  ;  'ZHO  seeds  uf  the  former,  and 
SM  fit  the  latter,  U.  each  paper, 

IfTOHOTIS  AZOHfCA,  ft  bed  of  thin  on  an  eantcrn  or 
northern  a«pfec»  In  t«tv  b'-autlful ;  200  needs,  It, 

CALBNOHINI*  CMliELLATA,  ono  of  tho  ncntcm  ({rowinK 
and  rno*'  I'rilM^n'  How^rlngof  all  heddin/  plnnin;  \MU  n-<nh,  1$. 

iiWKBT  WILLIA,M,  In  loO  vnrlellcn  ;  I'J,000  -codl,  Ij. 

Cafaj^nt  timy  be  mndu  in  pontage  ntnmp^. 

Jtiei  and  Co.,  5urierlc«,  Northamp'on, 


EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON 
Wellington-r.>ad  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  are 
now  prepared  to  forward,  by  post,  CINERAIIEA  SEED,  savi-d 
trom  the  best  formed  flower?,  EUfh  as  Cferito,  Lady  Hume 
Campbell,  Adela  Villiers,  Pauline,  Rosy  ^f(Jrn,  Mariauge,  David 
CopperfiLld,  Effie  Deans,  Carlotta  GrLsi,  Prima  Donn^&c. 

li.  G,  H.  and  Son  also  beg  to  say,  that  the  varieties  of 
Calceolarias  from  which  the  seed  is  saved  can  nuw  ba  seen  in 
full  bloom  at  the  Nursery.  Early  orders  are  ri  quisite  to  insure 
this  seed,  which  will  be  sent  out  In  July,  at  5s.  per  packet. 

NEW    CAMELLIA. 
TACKSON'S  "COUNTESS  OF  ELLESMERE."— 

^  The  undijrsigni'd  are  now  sen'Hng  out  the  above,  price 
■12fl.  each  ;  and  fur  every  three  ordered  one  added  gratis.  On 
ihe  8ih  of  April  last  it  was  awarded  by  the  National  Floricu). 
tural  Society  of  London  a  firBt-cIass  Cerii'ficate.  and  received 
the  higliest  commendatinn ;  it  is  described  as  being  of  h rat- 
rate  form,  with  b^oad  cupped  petals,  cf  a  bluihh  whiie,  faiutly 
tttriped  with  rnse  (See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  Gardeners' 
J  urnal  for  report  of  meetmg,  April  17).  It  is  fij;ured  in  the 
"Florist"  for  May,  1851,  and  is  again  monliuned  in  the 
"Florist"  fur  this  month,  as  having  been  exhit  ited,  and 
deserving  to  he  plticed  in  every  colleciinn.  I(  has  the  beauMful 
form  of  the  Coup  d'llebe  Ko^e. — Thomas  Jackson  and  Sun, 
Nureerjmen,  Kingston,  near  London  {on  the  South  Western 
Railway), 


eludes 

arge 


WARRANTED    GARDEN    TOOLS 
■pvEANE,  DRAY,  and  Co.'s  STOCK  OF  GARDEN 
■■-'    TOOLcs  for  the  season  is  now  complete    and  inch  ' 
every  recent  approved  invention,  in  addition  to  their  usual  1 
assortment,  felected  from  all  the  best  makera. 

Deane,  Bray,  and  C.  are  London  Agent's  for  GIDNFV'=1 
PRUSSIAN  HOB.  wliich  obtained  the  First  Pri.e  Silier  Melai 
at  the  larvin  Grand  Nanonal  Esliibition  ;  also  Sole  Agents  for 
Lingham's  Menographs  and  Sletallic  Labels,  samples  of  which 
may  be  had  on  application,  post  frre.  They  have  alwavs  on 
handaslock  of  BROWN'S  PATENT  FUMIQATORS  which 
have  stood  the  test  of  three  seasons,  and  continue'to  cive 
general  satisfaction  ;  also  Fpps'  Registered  Sulphurator  for 
destroying  Mildew  upon  Grapes,  Hops,  Roses,  Fruit  Trees  Ac 
Au  Illustrated  Priced  Catalogue  sent  per  post,  free.  ' 

Deake,  Dbat,  and  Co.  (opening  to  the  Monument),  London- 
bridge,  't 


pOCHIN    CHINA    CHICKENS.— Price    255.    per 

Vy  pair.  A  lemon-coloured  Coolt,  12  months  old  and  a  very 
euperior  Hon,  21.  10s.  A  Malay  Cock  and  Si.«  Hfi'ns  dl.  3s—- 
Address  to  Thomas  Page,  Chatteris,  Cambridgefihire.' 


SUPERB    SEEDLING    FUCHSIAS. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
the  following  new  FUCM^lAS:— 

APOLLO  (Pince'b). — Rot«y  tube  and  sepalc,  well  rcflexcd  ; 
coiolln  )'Ur|i]ihh  lilac,  finely  expanded.     10a.  Gd. 

ASP,\SIA  (I'lNce'a).— Scarlettubo  and  sepals,  finely  reflexed  ; 
cornlla  heautliul  blue.     11)3.  Gd. 

PKINCICPS  (Pinck's).— Brilliant  flcarlet-lake  fuhe  and 
BCpah,  rtflixcd  to  a  greater  extent  than  any  other  FuL-liaia, 
which  produces  a  novel  and  most  attractive  cfiect;  corolla 
deep  blue,    IiM.  Gd. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.,  aft  the  raisers  of  "  Exonlcnflia  "  nnd  "  Corat- 
linii,"  which  gave  nuch  gunerHl  flfttiefaction,  can  with  confldonct) 
rrcommi'Dd  t\n-  above  tn  all  cuhivalors  of  this  f/ivourlto  flower, 
having  fully  ton-oil  their  qualities  liift  Bcnnon,  during  thy  whole 
of  which,  In  their  new  .Show  Uoune,  they  wore  fioi^n  and 
admired  by  numerous  vigltorR,  They  poHwcfls  Mnxy  (limncMii, 
and  arc  piirlicularly  Binnoth  and  (Ino  in  quality,  void  of  all 
toarn- ntnn,  of  eici'Ilent  huhlls,  and  blonnitng  muiit  prt)furtoly  ; 
indeed,  Iho  high  cliaruc'or  which  tlioMu  FucliHtab  Imv.'  obtained, 
from  their  having  been  no  gei.irnlly  kcoii  In  all  their  hliigto, 
render  it  unrwccfBary  to  gay  any  more  hi  ihclr  praihc. 

HpocliniMi  platitH  i.f  tlio  ithovfl  may  now  bo  ftceii-  In  (lower  at 


OHANGHAI  AND  COCHIN   CHINA  CHICKENS 

^  from  the  first  prize  birds  ;  the  Cock  Chickens  are  i  mouths 
old,  weiirht  4^  lbs, ;  the  Pullets  are  2  months  old,  weight  2  lbs. 
line  buff  coluur,  heavily  feathered  legs.     W.  Turnee,  Tutnell- 
park,  Holioway.  Loudon,— P.S.  Gold  Pheasants  for  sale  •  also 
a  pair  of  white  Cochin  China  lowla. 


JOHN   WARNER   AND   SONS^ 
Cbescent,  Jewin  Stueet,  London, 

MANDFACTnRERB  OP 
FIRE   ENGINES,  GARDEN 
ENGINES,  AND  SYRINGES. 


No.  13 
GALVANISED 

IKON  TUB 
GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

With  Warneh's  Roglfltered  Spreader, 
is  strongly   recommended    for    dur- 
ability nnd  low  price,  viz,  :— 
X3    0    0 


May  bo  obfnined  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 
/:j.REKN     AND    HOTHOUSES,    made    by 

^  -■      Mtidhlnery,  at. I.  Li-wia'  Horticultural  Works.  Stamford 


the  Bxutor  Numory,  to  wliirh  they  particularly  bog  iouvo  to     Hill,  Middlefn-x,  warraiitrd  boat  materials,  nnd  the  c'heapoptin 
cull  attention.— ExciorNurBcry,  Exeter,  July  8.  |  Bnnlund.— A  Llctof  Prlccp  ficnt  by  enclosing  2  postage  stumps. 


418 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[July  3, 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS, 

FOR    KIDSE    AND    FCT.aaOW    ROOFS,    GBEEMIIOUSES,    RAILWAY    STATIONS,    ENGINE     SHEDS,    MILLS, 
MAItKET-ltAt.LS.   AND    PUBLIC   KUILDINC9  SENERALLY. 


Packed  in  Crate3,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  : — 

3iJ  iQches  wide  andfi'oul  ii)  CD -51)  ioag  

Or  20  ,,  ,,  50  to  70    ,,  f 


Foe'  CoirsEflVATOBiEs,  ruBLic  ButLDih-cra,  MAN^EiCroJUES, 
Setliguts,   ibc,  ifcc. 


Squares,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : 

Under    8bj    G      

by    G  and  under  10  by    8 


10  by    8         „ 

li 

U  by  10 

M 

IJfeetsup.  „ 

3 

3          >.        <> 

^ 

*          »        » 

6 

6          „ 

e 

^          „ 

8 

8 

10 

10 

12 

•2 

15 

libylO      

H  feet  auner.,if't'lie  lenath  dd'esTlot  osffeed  20  i 


iches 


or  if  above  20,  and  not  above'SOincbeslong 


20 
30 
35 
40 
15 
56 
70 


Jhinch 

3.16lh  Inth 

4  inch 

thick. 

thick. 

thick. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

0    C 

0    8 

0  10 

0    i 

,     0    G 

0    7 

0    ii 

'     0    7 

0    8 

0    5' 

0    7 

0    9 

0     64 

0    7 

0    9 

0    6 

6    S 

0  10 

0     GS    . 

0    8 

0  10 

0    1h 

0    0 

0  104 

a  8 

0   94 

0  11 

0    84 

0  10 

1    0 

0    9 

0  11 

1    1 

1    0 

1    2 

Packbd  in  Boxsa  of  50  Feet  Each: 
Ins.    Ins.        laa.     Ins.  5.   d. 

6  by  4  and  Gi  by  4.i  10     6 

7  by  5      „     7i  by  5,^  12     0 

8  by  6     „    84  by  6^  U    0 

9  by  7     „    9|  by  7.i  and  10  by  8  15    0 

UoTE. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  the  superficial  con- 

tents,  esCBpt  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restrictioa  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

-l-^tJt,  Gd.  ;  3-16;7t5,  9d,;  I  inehj  Is.  ^er 


Bsndiiig, 
footy  net. 

*^*  In'cgidar  shapes  are  citarged  as  sjKarcs, 

When  Orates  drs  ordered,  the  ^0-inch  ivldtlis  will  he 
sent,  imless  otherwise  specified. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

nORTIC.PLTURAL   gLASS   MBRCqANTS,    116.    BIS  ffOPSG  ATR-STRF,ET    WTTTTnTTT 


THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  Iba.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  extensive  and  increasing  consumption. 

It  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  hcstand  most  suit- 
able Glass  for  Ridge  and  Farroio  Roofs,  Oreenhouses, 
Factories^  WorlcshopSj 
And  all  such  libe  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
tranpparency,  strength,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  In  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occurs. 

Where  still  greateratrength  is  required  the  3-16ths  and  }  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.   Sampleswillbetorwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 


LONDON. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  chefiijer.     In  lOO-feet  boxes  paciied  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6iby4J      13s.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    7.^  by  5^       15     0 

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  5^       15     0 

8  ,,         6asid    8.^by  6i      17    6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  Ihicknesses. 
Oases  containing  large  Sheeta,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
KOUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.thick,  beat  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  pfer  foot, 

„        „        35     „       &d.        ,, 

„         „         50      „       QXd.      „ 

„         „         75      „       12rf.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  As.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slate=,  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'iisses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.— Established  100  years. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT   FRAMES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass, 
of  British  ManufactuTo,  packed  in  bnxes,  containing  100 
square  feet  each,  at  the  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  —  Inches.  Inches.        Per  foot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    6  by  4      at      IJd.   is  £0  12    G 
From    6    by    +        „  7    „    5      „      ^d.      „    0  16    8 

7  „     5         „  8     „     6       „       2kd.     „     0  18     9 

8  „     G        ,,         10     „     8       ,,       24(i.     „     1     0  10 
10     ,,     8        „         12     „     9       „       2-id.    „     1     2  11 

Larger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long-. 
16  oz.  from  3d,  to  Zlfd.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size. 
21  oz.     ,,     ^d.  to  5d.  „  J,  „ 

26  oz.     ,,     3^d.  to  lid.  „  „  ,, 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Siilk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass. 

PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  tash  is  required. 

<3-LASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Pricea,  since  V-e  removal  of  the  excise  duty,  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
London. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


r      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's    Road,     Chelsea, 

'-'  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot- Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Koad, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  HothouRCs,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  tfec,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining  all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  Ac,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  Bplendid  coHection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  hit-hest  slate  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  AKo  a  fine  eoHection  -of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogue^;  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  Arc, forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO..  King's  Road,  ^Ibelsea.  London, 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  tn  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kinjjdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E  D.  could  execute;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di'-patch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothoust^s,  witli  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  toot 
wide,  everv  front  eash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pullty  made  of  the  same  materialn  as  the  electric  telegraph  ■ 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Whart  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super,,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  evtry  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  10  U.  G  inches  long,  12  ft.  rMtte--,  400ft.,23;  6s  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ms.  long,  do.  do..  52ti  tt.,  SO!.  ISa,  8d. ;  25  fr.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ratter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hoc  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c„  7d.  and  8i.  per 
foot,  super. 


v_^ 


T      W.    THOMSON,    Hothouse    Builder,    &c., 

^  •  Hammebsmith. 

J.  W.  T.  haviuT-  had  full  25  yoars'  experience  as  a  practical 
HORTICULTUiUST,  LANDSCAPE  GAUDENER,  and  GAR- 
DEN AROHITltCT  in  HER  MAJESTY'S  KOTAL  GARDENS 
at  WIND^Oa,  KEW, 
and  other  p'aces  where 
the  most  effr-ctive  and 
simple  modes  of  con- 
structing, Warming,  and 
Ventilating  Horticul- 
tural El  ections  havo 
been  adopted,  begs  to 
solicit  the  attention  of 
the  nobility  and  persons 
interested  in  Horiical- 
tu:e  to  his  newly-in- 
vented plan  of  moving  all  lights,  top  atid  front,  for  admitting 
air,  by  one  action  or  '■imiiUf»neo jsly,  at  very  little  more 
expense  than  by  the  old  and  incon\enient  mode  of  cord  and 
pulley  system. 

Every  description  of  Horticultural  Structures  designed, 
erected,  and  heated  by  Ilot-water,  Common  Flues,  aiid  other 
modes.on  the  mnst  economical  and  improved  modern  principles. 

THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL^ 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE   PItlCES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  "W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  COLODR  Merchants,  125,  Qiieensireet,  I'ortsea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  wholesale  prices ,  Crown  and  HoriicuUnral 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Hough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee.Cucum- 
ber,  nnd  Propagating  Glas&es,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  tfcc.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Gnrden  Pumps. 
Plumberb'  Br.ias  Work,  Brushes,  Tarnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.B.— Experienced  workmen  Bent  tn  any  part  of  the  country 


WATER  YOUR  GARDENS  AND  MANURE  YOUR  LANDS 
WITH   GUTTA  PERCHA  TUBING. 

FARMERS,  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  and  all 
who  have  a  Garden,  will  save  a  deal  of  troutile  in  watering 
and  manuring  Gardens  or  Land,  by  using  GUTTA  PERCHA 
TUBING.  Testiraunials  to  its  eEBciency,  economy,  durability, 
and  convenience,  are  being  constantly  received.  Half-inch 
bore  Tubing,  for  Gardening,  3d.  light,  3.4d.  medium,  and  4d, 
per  foot  stout,  which  is  ttie  best  and  more  flexible.  Copper 
branch,  Stopcocks,  and  Rose  complete,  is.  Gd.,  5s.  Gd.,  Gs.  Gd.t 
and  10s.  Gd  each.  Brass  or  Guita  Percha  Unions,  and  Unions 
and  Stopcocks,  to  attach  to  Cisterns  or  Butt-i,  all  e  zes. 

Price  lists  Bent  on  application  to  JAMES  SHEATH  and 
COMPANY,  at  the  Patent  Gutcu  Percha  and  India  Rubber 
Warehouse,  35.  Old  Street  Road,  London. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


pOYD'S    PATENT    SCYTHE    and   the  celebrated 

1^  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.-BoTD's  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  peison  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  u«e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Botd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  lute  ingenious 
and  very  uselul  improvement." — G.  C,  l-Tth  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digging  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Air.  Mechi. 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  olhtr  implement  for  digging.  They  tff.  ct  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour."—  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wai.  Drat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  hud  considerable  experience  in  the  con. 
struction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purpo-iies  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


GREENHOUSE     &     CONSERVATORY    BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT, 

HOT.WATER    APPARATUS    MANUFACTORY, 
Kewsall-qbeen,  Harrow-road,  i  ondon. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Green- 
houses, Conservatories,  Forcing  Pits,  &c  ,  and  all  other  build- 
ings for  Horticultural  purposes,  combining  all  the  moat  modern 
improvements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
heating  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Puhljc 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  &,c.,  has  received  the  greatO'^t 
approbaiion  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  bad 
been  ex.teiisirely  engaged. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PRIZE  MEDAL  FOR  SUPERIOR  LOOKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1351. 

THE  CELEBRATED  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 
Patent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakes,  Scjthes,  Draining,  and 
other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  6s.  per  dozen.  Carpenters' 
and  Smiths'  Tools,  &c.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
23.  6d.  per  dozen.  Patent  fumigators  for  de-,trojing  insects 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouses,  *fcc.  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H.  BooBRTEa 
and  Co.'ii  (late  Stohch  and  BooBBYEa),  Ironmongery,  Brass- 
f  undry,  Nail  and  Tool  Warehouse,  U,  stanhope-street, 
C  are-market,  London.  Established  nearly  200  years  for  the 
s*tle  of  goods  Irom  the  best  Manufactories  at  ihe  lowest  prices. 
Goods  firwarded  to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 
Lists  sent  by  post. 

BEE  HIVES. —  A  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MOST  APPROVED  KINDS.— 
A  detailed  Catalogue,  with  Drawings  and  Prices,  sent  on  receipt 
0  Two  Stamps.  GEORGE  NEIGHBOUR  and  SON,  127,  High 
Holborn,  London, 

"  In  noticing  the  hives  exhibited  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  first 
and  foremost,  in  my  opinion,  stands  Mr.  Taylor's  Eight-Bar 
Hive,  and  Messrs.  Neighbour  and  Son's  Improved  Cottage  Hive, 
both  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Neighbour."— J^.  H.  Payne, 
(See  the  "  Cottage  Gardener,"  Nos.  169,  170.) 
Agents.— Liverpool :  Wm,  Drury,  Castle-street.  Manchester: 
Hall  and  Wilson,  50,  King-street.  Glasgow  :  Austin  and 
McAslan,  163,  Trongate,  Dublin  :  J,  Edmondson  and  Co.,  61, 
Dame-9  treat. 

ETCALFEand  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 

BRUSH  and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  To..lh-Brush 
haa  the  impiirtaat  advantage  of  eeaicbing  tboroughlj  into  tl  e 
divirions  of  tbe  tcetb,  and  cleaning  tbein  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinarj  manner,  and  is  fam(in«  for  the  hairs  not  ci  ming 
loose.— Is.  An  Improved  Olothes-Brnsh,  that  cleans  in  a  third  , 
partof  the  usnal  lime,  and  incapaLleofinjunnu  the  Bnestnap. 
Penetrating  llair-Brusbie,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Bus. 
sian  bridtles,  which  do  not  soften  like  ooMimon  hair.  Flesh.  1 
Brusbesof improved.graduated.andpo'verfnilnction.  Velvet. 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Spon.!e,  with  its  preserved 
valuable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  proflta  aud  destructive  bleaching,  and  seuuring  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smvrna  Spnnite.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNQLEY,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Eatablishraeut,  130  b,  Oxfoid-9treet,i 
one  door' from  Holies-street,  London. 
METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  perboT.' 
.,..,.. nu   Raivnrp    nf    the    words     "From     MetcALFE'B." 


Cadtion. —  Beware    of   the    words 
adopted  by  some  houses. 


■From   Meioalfe'9,'" 


27—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


419 


N 


EW    PLANTS    SENT^OUT    THIS    SPRING. 

ANTIRRHINnXf  HENDERSOM         1 

CHRYSANTHEMUM  HRNDERSONI        )-2s.  Gd.  e&ch. 

HELIOTROl'IUil  VOLTAIREANUM  NANDM) 

A  large   stock    of  CHRYSANTHEMUMS    (large    flowering; 
varieties  and  Pompons)  now  ready.    Strong  Plants  Irom  6s.  lo 
:9s.  per  dozen. 
Mabt  Co^wAT,  Earl's  Court  Nursery,  OldBrompton,  London. 


PLANTS    OF    CABBAGE,    SAVOY,    KALE, 
BROCCOLI,     CAULIFLOWER,     AND     CELERY. 

JOHN  CATTELL,  Nuiuervman  and  Seedsman, 
Westerbaiu,  Kent,  bega  respectfully  to  inform  the  public, 
tbat  Plants  of  his  superior  true  sorts  of  ihe  above  are  now 
ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  as  usual,  to  order,  on  receipt  of 
4)nstage  stamps  or  Post-office  order,  made  p:iyable  here,  at  the 
under-named  price",  bas-ket  or  mat  and  package  included. 

All  the  sorts  of  Early  Cabbape,  Savoy  and  Kale,  including 
Erussels  Sprouts,  -Is.  6ti.  per  lOUO ;  all  the  sorts  of  Autumn 
and  Spring  Broccoli.  55.  6d.  per  lOuO  ;  all  the  sorts  of  C- lery, 
6s,  6d.  per  1000  ;  Ciulifl  'wer.  Early  and  Late,  and  Red  Cabbage, 
'9d.  per  100.  Gd.  per  lOOO  less  when  no  mat  or  package  is 
required.  Packages  of  1000  and  upwards  delivered  frte  of 
carriage  to  the  Edenbridge  Station  of  the  South-Eaetern 
Railway. 

Seed  of  Cattell's  Dwarf  Barnes,  and  of  his  superior  Dwarf 
Reliance  Cabbage,  may  be  had  in  packets,  by  post,  for  12  penny 
stamps  per  packet,  tba  former  containing  1  ounce,  as  usual, 
-^nd  the  latter  half  aji  ounce. 

HEATHS,   ETC.,  FOR    EXHIBITION. 

ERICAS,  fine  plants,  iu  6  and  8-incli  pots  : — , 
Metulaetiora  (iruej,  lOs.  Gd.  ;  Wassonii,  IBs.  lo  2ls. ;  per- 
■spicaa  rosea,  5s.  ;  p.  nana.  53.  ;  Parmentieri  rosea,  10s.  M.  ; 
tricolor  rubra,  7s  Gd.  ;  t.  Wilsonii,  Ta.  Gd. ;  t.  Dunbarii,  73.  6d. ; 
t,  major,  10s  6d.  ;  t.  damosa,  75.  Gd.  •  ampuUacea  vittata, 
73.  6d. ;  jasminitiora  nana,  5s.-  Cavendishii,  5s.;  gemmifera, 
7s.  Gd.;  depre?sa  multiflora,  5s. ;  ferruginea,  lOs  6d.  :  Htn- 
dersonii,  7s.  Gd  ;  Hartnelli,  7s.  Gd. ;  dilecta,  7s.  Gd.  ;  aristata 
vittata,  5s.  ;  eximia,  7s.  Gd. ;  Savilleana,  5s.  ;  splendens,  7s  6d.  ; 
rubella,  5s. ;  ventricosa  rosea,  5s.;  v.  superba,  53.;  v.  brevi- 
flora,  5s.  ;  v.  deosa  carnea,  5s. ;  retorta  majo  ■,  7s.  Gd.  ; 
Bowiena,  5s. ;  obbata,  21s,  ;  Juliana,  5s.  ;  denticulata  mos- 
chata,  53-  ;  speoic-a,  5s. 

Fine  plants  of  the  following,  in  4S-sized  pots,  ISs.  to  '21$.  per 
dozen:  Irbyana,  Macnabiana  rosea,  tricolor  Leeaua,  tricolor 
dumosa,  t.  Wilsoni,  t.  rubra;  aristata  vittata,  9.?.  per  doz. ; 
Bacchus,  Os.  per  doz. ;  propendens,  Sindryaua,  ve-^tita  fulgida, 
vestita  rosea,  Juliana,  splendens,  elata,  Cav<-ndish'i,  san- 
guinea,  intermedia,  Bowieana,  physoides,  veotricosa  (in  vars.), 
aristata  major,  Shannnnii,  jasmmiflora  alba,  j.  nana,  ferru- 
giuea,  gemmifera,  perspicua  nana,  favoides  elegans,  mammosa, 
Conninghamii,  Banksiana,  cerinthoides,  coronata,  Eassoniana, 
E.  purpurea,  Vernonii  superb,  depressa,  d.  muliiflora. 

AZALEAS.— Fine  bushy  plants  of  all  the  leading  and  best 
Tarieties,  I2s.  to2l3.  per  dozen. 

Fine  bushy  plants  of  the  best  CAMELLIAS,  not  to  be 
equalled  in  the  trade,  305.  to  425.  per  dozen. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PLANTS. 

Ceanothus  rigidus,  Is.  Gd.;  C.  denta'.us,  Is.  fid. ;  Mitraria 
coccinca,  Is.  Gd. ;  Berberis  Darwinii,  25.  Gd.  ;  Escallonia  ma- 
«Tantba,  Is.  Gd.  to  '3s.  Gd. :  Deutzia  gracilis.  Is.  Gd.;  Cuprea^us 
fonebris,  Is.  t>d.  to  5s.;  Dielytra  epectabilis.  Is.  Gd.;  Cantua 
dependens.  Is. ;  Hoja  bella.  Is.  Gd.  ;  Cassia  corymbosa,  Ss  per 
dozen  ;  Epacris  miiiiata  grandiflora,  fine  planti  in  bloom,  12s. 
per  dozen  ;  Pimelea  mirabiliN,  6ne  plants  in  48  pots,  in  bloom, 
2t.  6ff.  each ;  LeschenauUia  formosa,  Is.  Gd.  ;  Chorozeima 
ilicifolium,  'is.  Gd.  ;  C.  varium  superbum,  23.  Gd.  ;  C.  rotundi- 
folium,  25.  Gd. ;  Lawrenceanum,  25.  Gd.  ;  Aphelexis  (sorts), 
l5,  6d.  to2s.  Gd.  each. 

W.  J.  E  PPa  be^is  to  remark  that  be  has  a  large  and  splendid 
stock  of  yount;  specimens  generally,  which  are  well  worthy  the 
notice  of  eibibiiors. 

Bower  Jiurseries,  Maidstone,  July  3. 


NEW     ORANGE- JELLY     TURNIP, 

FOR  AUGUST  SOWING. 

yyO  EORGE  CHIVAS  respectfully  acquaints  noblemen, 

vJT  land»^d  proprietors,  and  agriculturists  generally,  that  he 
will  EXHIBIT,  at  STALL  94,  at  the  approaching  Show  of  the 
Boyal  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  at  Lewes,  specimens  of 
the  past  and  prebent  year's  growth  of  his  ORANGE-JELLY 
TURNIP,  which  he  introduced  last  year ;  and  fur  tbe  heaviest 
■crop*  of  which,  from  July  and  August  sowings,  he  offered,  in 
December  last,  s'x  guineas  in  prizes,  one  of  which  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  William  Beecroft,  of  Upton,  near  Chester,  weight  22  tons 
per  statute  acre;  and  the  other  to  Mr.  Barbi-r,  of  Balt^tn, 
Warrington,  weight  29  tons  per  statute  acre,  which  leaves  no 
doubt  of  its  superiority  to  every  other  variety  for  late  sowing. 

SEED,  of  the  prei^ent  year's  growth,  will  be  ready  f<.r  delivery 
after  the  20ih  JUl.Y,  price  23.  per  lb.  ;  and  all  orders  received 
at  the  Sbow,  or  forwarded  to  Chester,  previous  to  that  date, 
will  be  delivered  Feee  in  London  and  Birmingham,  A  lull 
description  of  the  OKANGE-JELLY  TURNIP  has  just  been 
published,  to  which  is  anaextd  a  report  on  ICO  varieties  of 
natural  GrafiscB,  and  will  be  forwarded,  on  application,  frcm 
Chester,  an^l  in»y  be  had  at  the  Stall  free  of  charge. 

From  Bell's  iVeekly  Messenger.  May  8,  1852  :— "  Orange-J^Ily 
Taraip. — We  huve  received  fmm  Mr.  Cuivab,  the  Seedsman,  of 
Chester,  a  f>pectm*-n  of  this  Turnip,  sown  on  AuriUHt24,  and 
Stored  December  24.  The  specimen  sent  looked  as  ihounh  it 
bad  becH  just  pulled  from  the  field,  and  is  one  of  the  hand- 
SOmMt  vaneiieh  we  have  seen.  We  cannot  speak  to  flavour, 
as  we  have  plant*:'!  the  root  for  seed." 

From  ttie  Sutrtx  Exprets,  May  8,  1852  :—"  CniVAS*  Orange- 
Jelly  Tarnlp, —  We  receivtd  last  week  a  specimen  ot  this  new 
Turnip  from  Chester,  which  is  at  our  offices  forinspeciion.  The 
, peculiar  merit  ftecDiA  to  bo  for  late  sowing,  and  the  iolluwiog 
trials  were  made  last  year,  for  prizes  awarded  by  the  pro- 
.f  rletor,  Mr.  Chlvua  :— 

FOR  FIRST  PRIZE.  ^'*""      P''"^"'^* 

Mr,  William  Ctccroft,  Upton,  Chester,  per 

rood  of  f-4  yardi  

B.J.  Ford.  E»ff,  Ltyn^werae,  MQch}Ql1eth, 

per  rr»od  ol  G*  >nrds 

Mr. John  Tuyior,  Dalton,  Freaton,  Brook, 

ptr  rood  ot  (■;(  )ordti 

Mr.  Jofcepli    Act'.n,   WalloD,  Worrlnglon, 

per  rood  of  B4  jardii  ,,.         ,,,         

rriu  awarrted  lo  Mr,  William  Bcvcroft. 

FOR  F'hIZE  fJo.  n. 

Mr,  J.  BarbT,   Ilatton,   Wurrioglon,    per 

rood  of  fi4  >8rdB  

William   Huwdrt,   Uiq.,  Tuddfngtoo,    per 

rood  of  64  )Brds  

Mr.  J.    Wii|i«nif,    FwllhoU,    per    rood    ol 

etjardd (Au?.    H 

J.   P.   Ford,   Evi,,    LUogiverne,   per    rood 

Cf6»y«rd4         ..        ...        ...        

I'rizt)  Hwnrd'-d  to  Mr,  J.  IJarber. 

•*  Thffw  trtn  R  pr<Arc  ihJt  the  weight  prown  has  oicofdod 
2ft  too*  p«r  flf-rc,  «nd  ihfit  It  nurpasnen  oth«r  trnru  (or  widnht ; 
/rcca  l«t«  «o»in«  In  highly  nulrltloui,  and  aufllclcntly  hardy  to 
'mmd  the  winter," 


Aug.  20 


Julj28 

0    3    20 

J  a]  J  29 

4    3    21 

Aug.  6 

4    0      0 

July  30 

4    1    11 

A  as.  22 

7    3    2C1 

Au(f.     8 

a  1  10 

pHOlCE  AND  RARE  SEEDS,  confidently  recofn- 

V-^  mended,  sold  by  WILLIAM  DENVER,  Seedssian  and 
Florist,  %2,  Grncechurch-streer,  London,  near  the  Spread 
Eaule,  at.  the  fnl'owing  prices  per  p'iper  : — 

ANTIRltHINUM  or  SNAPDKaGON,  Gd.  Saved  by  an 
ama'eur  from  a  mnut  Fploi.did  cnlleclion. 

BFLLIS  PEliENNIS, orDAISY, very  double,  G(i.  Saved  from 
the  new  German  varieties  ;  brilliant  colours.  varjLng  frt>m  thi.' 
deepest  crimson  to  white,  through  all  ihe  dift'jretit  shades. 

CALCEOLARIA,  saved  by  an  amateur  from  the  mpst 
splendid  show  flowers,  Is. 

CINE  It  ARIA,  Is.,  saved  by  a  ceJt-brated  florist  from  a  mcsi 
superb  collection  of  named  prize  flowtrs. 

GAILLARDIA  SPLENDIDISSIilA  PLENA,  Is.  Anew^nd 
beautiful  perennial  variety. 

PANSY,  from  the  best  named  floTi'erSj  Is.  Saved  by  Thomson 
and  o'her  eminent  growers. 

Ntw  perpetual  Gigantic  Pmperor  double  STOCK,  Is.— Colour, 
rosy  crimson.     This  is  a  tplcndvl  novdti/,  lasting  several  jears. 

Autumnal-flowering  double  ST0CK:3,  G  beht  a{id  brightest 
co'ours.  2s. 

TRITOMA  UVARIA,  Is.  A  hardy  perennial,  growing  from 
4  to  5  feet  high,  producing  long  spikes  of  crimson  and  orange- 
coiourcd  flowers. 

WALLFLOWERS,  singular  colours,  6  double  gigantic 
varieties,  2s.  Saved  by  a  celebrated  Continental  grower,  who 
has  on  several  occasions  gained  the  first  prize  for  double'Wall- 
flowerp. 


SATURDAY,  JULY  Z,  1852. 

MEETINGS    Foil  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

MoMDAT,        July       5  — Enloraoloffical S  p.m. 

Satuudat,        —        10 -Horticultural  Gardens 2  p.bi. 

ConSTET    Sbowb,— Tuetdav,   July  6:    Thirst  aril   Wliitby   Amateur.— 
Friday,  July  9:  Chiclie.Kr,  Miil-Calder,  and  Wiiitcliavea  liuk. 


8    2      0 
1    1    20 


Now  that  the  Vine  Mildew  is  reappearing,  it 
may  be  useful  to  lay  before  the  public  certain  state- 
ments respectiDg  it,  made  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
scientific  bodies  of  Paris.  They  will  show  in 
what  light  our  intelligent  neighbours,  who  are  so 
much  more  interested  than  ourselves  in  repelling 
this  unwelcome  visitor,  regard  the  practical  manner 
of  dealing  with  it. 

M.  PrangiS  (C.  R.,  September  8,  1851),  doubts 
whether  the  disease  is  solely  caused  by  the  Oidium 
Tuckeri,  or  whether  the  latter  is  induced  by  a  pre- 
viously diseased  state  of  the  plant.  It  appears  that 
the  disease  showed  itself  last  season  at  an  early  period 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Paris.  It  attacked  the  Vines 
when  they  were  in  flower,  and  spread  with  great 
rapidity.  The  Chasselas  variety  suifered  most.  In 
many  cases  the  berries  did  not  attain  the  size  of 
small  Peas,  and  many  of  them  split.  A  wrinkled, 
yellowish  grey,  inert  coating  was  formed,  and  as  the 
juices  continued  to  flow  into  the  interior,  this  non- 
elastic  envelope  was  burst  and  the  seeds  were 
exposed.  The  disease  also  attacks  the  Vine  shoots. 
Their  surfaces  exhibit  irregular  yellowish  grey 
tracings,  and  sometimes  the  whole  assumes  a  blackish 
tinge,  with  the  exception  of  the  extremities  of  the 
shoots.  The  stalks  and  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves 
are  often  similarly  affected.  Tire  mildew  powder, 
which  appears  so  abundantly  on  the  fruit  stalks 
and  leaves,  giving  the  whole  plant  a  melancholy 
aspect,  is  soft  and  unctuous  to  the  touch.  From 
this  it  is  evident  that  the  disease  is  not  confined  to 
the  fruit,  and  that  changes  are  caused  in  other  parts 
of  the  plant ;  but  the  more  superficial  cortical 
layers  appear  only  to  be  attacked.  It  is  remarkable 
that  this  general  affection  does  not  obstruct  the  vege- 
tation of  the  plant,  for  the  latter  pushes  as  vigorously 
as  if  it  had  been  in  a  healtliy  state.  The  conse- 
quences of  the  disease  are  visible  on  the  fruit,  shoots, 
and  leaves  ;  but  on  the  old  wood  they  cannot  be 
detected  by  the  naked  eye. 

The  results  of  all  attempts  to  remedy  the  disease 
having  been  unsatisfactory,  M.  Prang:§  proposes  to 
bury  the  Vines.  He  stales  that,  in  1850,  a  Vine 
trained  in  a  small  garden  at  Montmartre  was  attacked 
by  the  disease.  It  was  an  old  Vine,  and  was  buried 
by  layering  it  in  the  ground,  in  March,  1851.  The 
shoots  from  it  continued  healthy  throughout  the 
season,  although  all  the  Vines  near  it  were  diseased 
The  fruit  which  it  bore  was  likewise  perfect ;  and 
when  the  most  minute  examination  was  made,  no 
trace  of  disease  could  be  found  in  any  part  of  the  tiee. 
This  is  a  simple  mode,  and  the  operation  may  be 
performed  in  November  or  in  March.  All  the  old 
stems  should  be  buried,  otherwise  the  .sporules  of 
the  oidium,  supposed  to  lodge  in  the  bark  of  the 
old  wood,  might  develnpe  themselves,  and  again 
invest  the  young  growing  parts. 

GnisoN's  method  for  the  prevention  and  cure  of 
this  disease  appears  to  merit  particular  attention. 
It  is  detailed  by  Gustave  HeutziS,  Secretary  to  the 
Seine-et-Oi«e  Horticuliural  Society,  in  ihe  "  Mcvue 
//orticole,"  for  May,  1862. 

Hoiticulturists  having  so  frcrjuently  obtained  only 
negative  results  from  the  different  modes  of  treating 
Vines  atlacked  by  the  Oidium  Tuckeri,  in  the  past 
seaHoii,  M.  Giuson,  head  gardener  of  tho  forcing- 
hoMKCH  in  tlio  Kitchen-garden  of  Versailles,  was 
induced  to  employ  a  very  simple  inetliod  against  ll 
troubleHome  diKcase.  Convinnoil  that  tho  means  ho 
had  diHcovereil  weio  more  efficacious  than  all  those 
previously  tried,  M.  Giiison  requested  the  attention 


of  the  administration  of  the  de|jailnieiu  lu  liis  pro- 
ceedings. The  prefect,  wishing  to  have  tlie  opinion 
of  competent  persons,  requested  the  above-mentioned 
Horticultural  Society  to  appoint  a  commission  to 
take  into  consideration  the  advantages  resulting 
from  this  new  mode  of  resistance.  The  commission 
was  unanimous  with  regard  to  the  excellent  effects 
obtained  by  the  mode  of  treatment  employed  by  M. 
GnisoN;  and  they  also  agreed  that  this  skilful  horti- 
culturist was  entitled  to  a  reward. 

M.  Giuson's  peculiar  method  consists  in  syring- 
ing the  Vines  with  hydrosulphate  of  lime.  In 
order  to  obtain  this  liquid,  M.  Giiison  employs 
1  lb.  of  flowers  of  sulphur  and  an  equal  volume,  or 
quantity  by  measure,  of  fresh-slaked  lime.  When 
these  substances  are  intimately  mixed,  they  are  put 
into  an  iron  or  glazed-earthenware  pot  containing 
five  pints  of  water  ;  the  mixture  is  made  to  boil  for 
10  minutes,  and  kept  stirred  all  the  time.  The  pot 
is  then  taken  off  the  fire,  and  the  mixture  allowed 
to  settle  ;  when  it  has  done  so,  about  four  pints  of 
the  clear  liquid  is  bottled  for  use. 

This  liquid  is  not,  however,  directly  applied  to 
the  Vines.  Before  using  it,  100  parts  of  water  is 
added  to  1  part  of  the  liquid  [or,  in  other  terms, 
each  pint  of  the  liquid  is  mixed  with  12  J  gallons  of 
water].  Thus  diluted,  M.  GnisoN  has  ascertained  that 
1  litre  of  hydrosulphate  will  be  sufficient  for  100 
superficial  metres  of  wall.  This  is  at  the  rate  of 
one  pint  for  C8  square  yards ;  or  5 1  feet  along  a  wall 
12  feet  high. 

This  method  is  much  more  economical  than  that 
of  employing  the  flowers  of  sulphur.  The  pound  of 
sulphur  employed  for  the  preparation  of  the  hydro- 
sulphate of  lime  does  not  cost  [in  France]  above 
l-jd.  The  lime  costs  almost  nothing;  and  as  one 
pint  of  the  liquid,  mixed  with  12J  gallons  of  water, 
is  sufficient  to  prevent,  check,  or  destroy  the  Oidium, 
it  follows  that  for  the  value  of  a  halfpenny  we  may 
secure  a  considerable  extent  of  Vine-wall  from  the 
ravages  of  the  mildew. 

The  inventor  of  this  very  simple  mode  applied 
the  liquid  at  three  different  periods  ;  but  he  thinks 
that  one  syringing  before  the  Vines  are  in  flower, 
and  another  when  the  Grapes  are  formed,  will  be 
sufficient,  and  that  a  third  syringing  may  be  dis- 
pensed with,  unless  the  Oidium  should  re-appear. 
But  a  vigilant  inspection  of  the  Vines  is  necessary ; 
for  it  is  well  proved  by  experience  that  the  mildew 
is  much  easier  destroyed  in  the  commencement  of 
the  attack  than  it  is  after  it  has  overrun  the  whole 
plant. 

When  we  compare  the  facility  with  which  the 
above  remedy  is  applied  with  the  inconveniences 
which  attend  the  use  of  dry  flowers  of  sulphur,  we 
must  certainly  give  the  preference  to  the  former. 
We  know  that  before  the  dry  sulphur  is  scattered 
on  tlie  Vine  it  is  necessary  to  moisten  the  foliage  ; 
and  that  frequent  repetitions  of  the  operation  are 
required.  We  know  likewise  that  these  powderings 
injure  the  beauty  and  quality  of  the  Grapes; 
whereas  the  Vines  treated  last  year  by  M.  GkisoNj 
according  to  the  method  above  detailed,  had  a 
vigorous  growth,  and  produced  large  bunches  and 
very  fine  berries. 

This  new  mode  of  stopping  the  ravages  of  the 
Oidium  is  known  under  the  denomination  of  the 
pi-ocede  Grison.  The  French  commission  of  enquiry 
has  thought  it  right  to  adopt  such  designation.  No 
doubt  experiments  have  already  been  tried  with 
sulphate  of  lime  dissolved  in  water  in  the  pro- 
portion of  1  gramme  to  the  litre,  or  1  oz.  to  25 
quarts  ;  Mr.  Tucker  has,  in  England,  in  1846,  em- 
ployed 1  part  of  sulphur,  1  part  of  lime,  and  100 
parts  of  water  against  the  Grape  disease.  Neverthe- 
less, the  means  proposed  by  M.Ghison  are  all  his  own 
in  regard  to  the  preparation,  and  to  him  the  merits 
01  this  KSthod  should  accrue  if,  as  is  to  be  hoped, 
this  year's  trial  should  confirm  tnem  uj  J"'..!  ™nfi'\ 
ficial  results  as  were  obtained  by  him  last  season. 

Since  M.  Grison's  preparation  can  be  so  easily  and 
cheaply  made,  it  might  be  tried  extensively  for  the 
destruction  or  prevention  of  mildews  which  infest 
vaiious  crops.  Most  liinds  of  fruit  trees  are  liable 
to  be  attacked,  and  particularly  Peaches  and 
Apricots.  Kitchen  garden  crops  have  of  late 
years  suffei'ed  much.  The  application  might  even 
be  extended  to  field  crops  of  Turnips  and  Potatoes  ; 
and  to  the  Hop  plantaiions.  The  expense  of  the 
substances  is  a  mere  item.  At  the  rate  at  which 
sulphur  was  employed  by  M.  Giiison,  18  lbs.  would 
be  sufficient  to  dress  an  acre  once  over ;  the  materials 
for  this  extent  of  surface  may  be  had  for  less 
than  6.?. 
A  different  method  hasbeen  adopted  byM.BuncMAN, 
gardener  to  Baron  Hutiisciiii.d,  Paris.  When  the 
Vines  begin  to  push,  and  before,  or  at  all  events, 
iinmedialely  the  mildew  makes  its  appearance,  M. 
BmioMAN  moJNtons  the  surface  of  tho  hot-water 
jiipes  and  Hprinklca  them  over  with  sulphur.  The 
sulphurous  vapour  was  found  to  desti'oy  the  Oidium, 


420 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  3, 


M.  Truffant,  a  very  intelligent  gardener,  who 
has  a  market  garden  forcing  establishment  at  Ver- 
sailles, states  that  up  to  the  25th  of  April  of  the 
present  year,  his  forced  Vines  were  in  fine  condition. 
They  had  been  attacked  by  the  mildew  as  soon  as 
they  commenced  to  vegetate  ;  but  a  single  sprinkling 
of  the  hot-water  pipes  was  sufficient  to  cause  its 
disappearance. 

We  learn  that  in  the  course  of  his  examination 
of  what  is  supposed  to  be  Ozone  in  plants,  Mr. 
Sidney  has  observed  the  following  additional 
phenomena.  It  seems  that  during  the  last  fortnight 
in  many  plants  the  appearance  has  ceased,  especially 
in  those  that  have  flowered,  looking  as  if  the  ozone, 
having  effected  its  object,  was  no  longer  present ; 
and  Mr.  Sidney  thinks  that  the  internal  chemistry 
of  the  vegetable  system  may  possibly  take  another 
direction  at  this  period  of  growth.  The  effect  on 
the  test  papers  is  said  to  be  exactly  the  same  to  the 
eye  as  when  they  are  inserted  in  a  bottle  of  pre- 
pared and  unquestionable  ozone  ;  and  he  has  also 
noticed  the  bleaching  power  which  is  another  of  its 
properties,  and  that  with  an  energy  similar  to 
chlorine.  Mr.  Sidney  does  not,  therefore,  think 
that  these  results  are  due  to  anything  else  contained 
in  the  vegetable  juices;  and  if  the  discolouration 
were  effected  by  such  a  cause  it  would  hardly  be, 
as  it  is,  alike  in  all  cases.  Two  test  slips  deeply 
stained  came  out  of  young  shoots  of  Laurels,  and 
two  from  a  tender  one  that  had  not  flowered  of  a 
Tom  Thumb  Geranium.  A  Tom  Thumb  that  had 
flowered  afforded  no  result. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  those  who  try  these 
experiments  must  be  sure  their  iodide  of  potassium 
is  pure,  and  the  papers  prepared  as  formerly 
directed,  and  they  must  not  be  discouraged  if  they 
find  in  some  instances  no  indication.  Mr.  Sidney 
is  quite  convinced,  we  understand,  that  either  ozone, 
or  oxygen  tending  to  act  like  ozone,  is  present  at 
certain  times  in  certain  parts  of  plants,  and  no 
doubt  for  peculiar  chemical  purposes,  to  which 
experiments  show  it  is  equal  in  the  highest  decree. 
It  is  curious  that  while  the  old  wood  of  the  Vine 
yields  the  indications  abundantly,  the  observer, 
after  many  trials,  never  found  it  in  any  young  shoot. 

The  Amount  of  Rain  which  fell  at  Chiswick  in 
June,  1852,  was  4  inches  69  hundredths.  This  is 
more  than  has  fallen  in  any  corresponding  month 
for  at  least  26  years.  Nearly  an  inch  and  a  half 
fell  on  one  day,  the  9th. 

One  inch  deep  of  rain  is  equal  to  22,622^  gallons 
per  acre ;  consequently,  the  above  quantity  of 
4-1^  inches  which  fell  last  month,  was  at  the  rate 
of  106099.7  gallons  per  acre,  equal  to  a  weight  of 
473  tons  13  cwt.  21  lbs. ;  or  on  30  acres,  about 
the  area  of  the  Horticultural  Garden,  the  enormous 
quantity  of  upwards  of  14,200  tons.  This  has 
not  proved  too  much,  owing  to  the  previously 
very  dry  state  of  the  ground.  But  however 
sufficient  the  moisture,  many  things  do  not  grow 
well,  evidently  from  the  coldness  of  the  soil. 
French  Beans,  for  example,  have  still  a  yellowish 
tinge.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  earth  at  2  feet 
deep,  for  the  last  month,  has  been  only  54°,  instead 
of  60*^,  which  it  fully  averages  in  good  seasons  ; 
indeed  the  ground  is  quite  as  warm  in  May  as  it 
has  been  in  June  of  the  present  year.  R.  T, 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
The  Small  Wax  Moth, 
As  the  wax  moths  are  now  in  full  vigour,  it  may  be 
useful  to  some  of  our  apiarian  readers  to  detail    the 
habits  of  one  of  the  species. 

There  are  two  species  of  moths  more  especially 
destructive  in  the  larva  state  in  beehives,  namely,  the 
Phalcena  cereana  of  Liimseus  (Systema  Naturae,  or  the 
Tinea  mollonelh  of  his  Fauna  suecica),  the  moth  of 
which  measures  about  1^  inch  in  the  expansion  of  the 
fore-wings,  and  the  G;illeria  alvearia  of  Fabricius, 
which  only  measures  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in 
expanse.  These  destructive  insects  are  moreover 
"  extensively  aided  in  their  mischievous  operations  by 
the  Tinea  sociella  and  T.  colonella  of  authors,  and  I 
suspect  also  by  the  Noctua  tragopoginis,  and  even 
Pyralis  farinalis,  the  two  former  of  which  feed  on  the 
stores  of  tlie  industrious  bee,  spreading  desolation  in 
every  hive  they  can  find  access  to."  (Haworth,  Lep. 
Brit.  393.)  Our  observations  are  more  especially  devoted 
to  the  Galleria  alvearia,  or  smaller  wax  moth. 

Having  reason  to  suspect  that  some  hives,  which  I 
received  during  the  past  winter,  were  infested  with  the 
wax  moth  caterpillars,  I  have  paid  particular  attention 
to  the  appearances  which  they  have  from  time  to  time 
presented  ;  and  during  the  past  month  I  have  observed 
a  considerable  number  of  the  smaller  raoths  on  the  out- 
side ol  the  hives  in  question.  It  must  be  observed  that 
my  apiary  is  closed  in  front,  with  holes  only  for  the 
alighting  hoards,  and  that  it  opens  behind.  It  required, 
theretore  some  care  to  discover  the  moths,  becsiuse  their 
habits  led  them  to  keep  on  the  front  side  of  the  hives. 
Which  was  both  the  darkest  and  warmest  5  and  it  was 


only  by  looking  sideways  from  behind  that  the  fronts  of 
the  hives  could  be  seen.  In  genera!,  two  or  three  of  the 
raoths  were  to  be  seen  at  a  time  ;  and  as  their  wings 
were  kept  in  a  flutter,  lilte  those  of  the  male  silk  moths, 
it  was  evident  that  the  courtship  and  coupling  of  these 
insects  took  place  on  the  outside  of  the  hive.  If,  there- 
fore, a  sharp  look-out  were  kept,  the  moths  might  be 
easily  destroyed  and  the  hives  secured  for  the  following 
year,  especially  as  the  moths  rarely  fly,  although  it  is 
necessary  to  be  very  quick  in  killing  them,  by  pressing 
them  with  the  finger,  as  they  run  with  great  agility  ;  and 
it  is  a  cui'ious  circumstance,  that  the  bees  themselves, 
when  clustered  on  the  outside  of  the  hive,  do  not  appear 
to  be  at  all  irritated  by  the  near  approach  of  the  wax 
moths,  as  I  have  seen  them  running  among  the  detached 
bees  at  the  outside  of  the  cluster,  without  creating  any 
alarm.*  I  need  hardly  dwell  upon  the  great  advantage 
of  destroying  the  moths  when  they  make  their  appear- 
ance, so  as  to  prevent  future  mischief.  And  in  order 
to  ascertain  whether  the  insects  have  arrived  at  the 
winged  state,  it  will  be  even  advisable,  from  time  to 
time,  during  the  months  of  May  and  June  (according  to 
the  temperature),  to  draw  the  hives  backwards,  so  as  to 
be  able  to  see  their  fronts,  and  then  replace  them. 

The  perfect  moth  varies  in  the  expansion  of  its  fore 
wings  from  8  to  11  lines  ;  in  repose  the  wings  are  nearly 
horizontally  incumbent  ;  they  are  entirely  of  a  very  pale 
brownish  ash  colour,  the  fore  pair  rather  darker,  and 
with  the  head  yellow.  The  palpi  are  very  short,  almost 
concealed  by  the  hairs  of  the  front  of  the  head  ;  the  eyes 
are  red  bronze,  and  the  antennse  are  short.  In  the  shape 
of  the  wings  and  the  length  of  the  palpi  this  insect 
differs  from  the  other  w.ix  moth,  and  it  has  accord- 
ingly been  separated  by  Iliibner  under  the  generic  name 
of  .ichroia. 


After  coui>linghas  taken  place  the  female  moths  con- 
trive to  enter  the^  mouth  of  the  hive  for  the  purpose  of 
laying  their  eggs  within  and  upon  the  comb.  This  they 
adroitly  effect  by  their  very  rapid  mode  of  walking, 
which  enables  them  to  baffle  the  endeavours  of  the 
guards  at  the  mouth  to  keep  them  out.  Reaumur  even 
states  that  he  liad  observed  two  or  three  bees  chasing 
one  of  the  moths  at  the  bottom  of  a  hive,  which  they 
were  unable  to  catch.  I  liave  myself  seen  one  of  the 
moths  seated  within  the  hive,  at  not  more  than  half-an- 
inch  distance  from  a  cluster  of  bees,  without  their  taking 
the  least  notice  of  it,  not  even  when  I  disturbed  it. 

As  soon  as  the  eggs  are  hatched,  the  young  caterpillars 
commence  the  construction  of  silken  tubes,  which  they 
never  quit  during  their  caterpillar  st-ate  ;  so  long  as 
they  find  food  in  front  of  their  heads  they  lengtlien 
their  tube,  and  according  as  they  increase  in  size  they 
increase  its  diameter.  Our  figure  shows  the  manner  in 
which  this  tube  is  formed  in  the  midst  of  the  cells  ;  the 
mischief  is  not,  however,  confined  to  a  single  row  of 
cells,  as  the  larva,  when  it  has  bored  into  one  cell,  nibbles 
the  wax  both  right  and  left,  and  so  destroys  the  cells 
on  each  side,  into  each  of  which  it  extends  a  few  fine 
threads,  and  so  injures  three  rows  of  the  cells.  The 
silken  web  of  which  this  tube  is  formed  is  not  thick,  but 
the  diameter  of  the  tube  is  increased  by  particles  of 
gnawed  wax  and  by  grains  of  excrement  which  the  larva 
lias  the  instinct  to  place  on  the  outside  of  the  tube,  so 
as  not  to  impede  its  progress  backwards  or  forwards  ; 
by  means  of  this  tubular  gallery  the  larva  is  protected 
from  the  stings  of  the  bees,  which  are  unable  to  ascer- 
tain on  which  part  of  the  tube  it  is,  whilst  the  coating  of 
excrement,  &c,,  renders  it  impervious  to  their  stings. 
The  rapidity  of  the  operations  of  these  caterpillars  is 
so  great  that  Reaumur  observed  that  in  24  hours  one  of 
them  had  formed  a  gallery,  covered  with  wax,  which 
traversed  five  or  six  cells.  Sometimes  the  caterpillar, 
instead  of  confining  itself-to  one  layer  of  the  cells,  will 
form  its  burrow  along  the  bases  of  the  cells,  and  so  make 
double  havoc  by  destroying  the  cells  on  both  sides  of  the 
comb.     It  has  been  stated  by  [some  writers  that  it  is  upon 


*  This  is  a  circumstance  inlimotely  connected  with  one  of 
the  physiological  problems  of  the  hive.  Do  bees  know  their 
own  brethrfn,  and  are  they  at  enmily  with  the  bees  of  other 
communities  and  other  insects  ?  My  own  observations  would 
lead  me  to  doubt  their  pos.sessin;^  Buch  intelligence  ;  and  bence 
1  Rhou'd  be  induced  to  believe  that  they  vrould  not  molest  an 
Odyiierus,  which  should  choo?e  to  mnke  its  nes*.  in  the  inteiior 
ot  a  hive,  its  entrance  and  exit  being  unattended  by  any  violence 
'o  tlic  bees,  on  the  part  of  the  Odynerus.  A  liitle  controversy 
between  Mr.  Curtis  and  myBelf,  on  this  subjecf,  will  be  found  iu 
Uus  work  fpr  18*8, 


the  honey  that  these  caterpillars  subsist,  but  itjis  simply 
tlie  wax  itself  which  serves  them  for  food.  This  is  the 
more  remarkable,  because  the  nourishment  of  an  animal 
must  arise  from  the  decomposition  of  their  food,  and 
chemists  do  not  know  any  solvent  of  wax  :  in  fact,  the 
caterpillars  carefully  avoid  the  honey-cells,  confining 
themselves  to  those  which  are  empty,  or  in  which  the 
young  bees  are  undergoing  their  transformations,  and 
hence,  as  Swammerdam  (who  recorded  the  history  of  tlie 
two  wax  moths,  under  the  names  of  the  greater  and 
lesser  bee-wolf),  says,  "  they  are  not  only  destructive  to 
the  wax  but  to  the  bees  themselves,  for  it  buries  and 
kills  many  of  them,  but  this  only  happens  by  chance.  I 
saw  one  of  these  little  worms  whilst  it  was  small,  and 
breaking  the  cells  in  which  the  nymphs  of  the  bees  lie, 
and  eating  the  wax  there  cover  the  nymphs  also  with 
its  excrements,  insomuch  that  they  could  scarce  be 
known.  To  this  may  be  added  that  the  worm  itself, 
when  in  order  to  get  food  it  creeps  everywhere  round 
about  the  nymphs,  compresses  and  destroys  them  ;  this 
mischief  is  occasioned  chiefly  by  one  that  is  more  grown, 
the  body  of  which  demands  somewhat  more  space."  The 
excrement  of  the  larva  likewise  proves  that  it  is  upon 
wax  tliat  the  insect  has  subsisted,  as  it  possesses  much  of 
the  cliaracter  of  wax,  which  has  no^,  in  fact,  been  entirely 
assimilated.  Swammerdam  noticed  that  if  the  excrement 
be  placed  on  a  thin  plate  of  glass,  and  put  over  a  burning 
coal,  it  melts  at  first  like  wax,  but  afterwards  hardens, 
and  like  the  burnt  bee-bread,  becomes  friable  between 
the  fingers  ;  and  Reaumur  (who  instituted  some  curious 
experiments,  in  order  to  ascertain  its  nature),  kept  and 
reared  some  of  the  moths  from  caterpillars,  which  had 
no  other  food  than  the  excrements  of  their  predecessors, 
kept  in  the  same  glass  vessels. 

When  full-grown  the  caterpillars  form  elongated  oval 
cocoons,  covei-ed  on  the  outside  also  with  particles  of 
excrement,  within  which  they  assume  the  chrysalis  state. 
1  have  observed  in  this  chrysalis  a  character  which  I 
have  not  seen  in  any  other  lepidopterous  pupa,  namely, 
a  double  ridge  along  the  back,  extending  to  the  extremity 
of  the  body,  which  is  armed  with  several  minute  horny 
points.  Our  figures  represent  a  piece  of  honey-comb, 
with  the  tube  of  the  larva,  five  cocoons  attached  together, 
the  chrysalis  of  the  natural  size  and  magnified,  and  the 
moth  of  the  natural  size,  seated  on  the  comb,  and  also 
magnified.  /.  0.  W. 


PIMELEA  SPECTABILIS. 

This  Pimelea  has  a  free  habit  of  growtli,  and  is  a 
most  profuse  bloomer.  It  is  easily  cultivated,  and  must 
certainly  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of 
greenhouse  plants.  Under  proper  management  large 
symmetrical  specimens  may  be  obtained  in  a  compara- 
tively short  time  ;  and  if  the  young  wood  is  sufficiently 
ripened,  each  shoot  will  be  terminated  by  a  large  cyme 
of  showy  blossoms. 

In  nurseries  this  species  is  usually  propagated  by 
grafting  it  on  P.  decussata  ;  and  although  it  may  be 
grown  successfully  on  its  own  roots,  I  prefer  grafted 
plants,  and  beginners  may  safely  do  the  same,  P.  decus- 
sata is  a  very  hardy  strong  growing  kind,  and  unless  my 
experience  deceives  me,  P.  spectabilis  will  exist  and 
make  some  progress  on  this  stock  under  circumstances 
which  would  be  fatal  to  it  on  its  own  roots.  Plants 
intended  for  specimens  should  be  in  a  healthy  growing 
state,  and  not  pot-bound.  Having  obtained  such  early 
in  March,  place  them  where  the  temperature  may 
average  from  45"  to  55"  with  a  circulation  of  air,  and 
keep  the  atmosphex'e  somewhat  moist.  A  shift  will 
probably  be  necessary  as  soon  as  growth  commences  ; 
this  should  be  deferred  until  the  roots  are  gi'owing,  and 
these  should  not  be  allowed  to  become  matted  before 
it  is  performed.  Water  very  carefully  after  potting 
until  the  roots  appear  to  have  struck  into  the  fresh  soil, 
and  keep  the  atmosphere  moist,  and  rather  close  and 
warm.  As  the  season  advances  the  temperature  may 
be  allowed  to  average  some  5?  higher,  particularly 
during  clear  sunny  weather,  but  the  plants  should  be 
placed  near  the  glass,  in  order  to  induce  a  short-jointed, 
stocky  habit  of  growth;  and  stopping  must  be  attended 
to  as  may  appear  necessary.  The  lower  branches 
should  be  pegged  down;  and  any  over  luxuriant  shoot 
curbed  by  pinching  out  the  point  or  bending  it  dcmi- 
wards.  The  general  stopping  should  not  be  performed 
until  the  young  wood  is  moderately  firm,  and  then  all 
the  stronger  shoots  should  be  cut  back  sufficiently  to 
preserve  a  compact  habit  of  growth.  Plants  expected 
to  flower  the  following  season  must  not  be  stopped  later 
than  July. 

A  cold  frame  will  be  a  suitable  situation  for  the 
plants  during  summer.  If  very  rapid  growth  is 
desired  the  lights  should  be  kept  over  them,  giving  air 
freely  at  ail  times,  and  maintaining  a  rather  moist 
atmosphere  by  frequently  sprinkling  the  plants  over- 
head, and  using  a  very  thin  shade  during  the  forenoons 
of  sunny  days.  In  the  case  of  healthy  vigorous  plants, 
a  second  shift  will  be  required  in  June  or  early  in  July, 
but  stopping  and  shifting  must  not  be  done  at  the  same 
time  ;  and  it  will  be  better  to  defer  the  shift  until  the 
plants  are  in  active  growth  after  having  been  stopped,  i 
As  soon  as  they  are  fairly  established  after  the  secondl 
potting,  keep  them  freely  exposed  to  light  and  air  ,;j 
discontinue  sprinkling  over-head,  and  endeavour  to 
obtain  short,  well-matured  wood  previous  to  winter.  | 
When  damp  cold  weather  occurs,  remove  the  plants  t(, 
a  situation  near  the  glass  in  the  greenhouse,  and  avoit' 
over  watering  during  winter,  and  turn  the  plants  at  leas 
'  every  fortnight,  to  prevent  their  becoming  one-sided 
I  If  a  second  season's  gi'owth  is  deemed  necessary  befor 


27—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE 


421 


allowing  tliem  to  fluwei'j  they  mfty  be  ti-eated  as  tliey 
were  last  year,  or  they  may  be  allowed  to  flower  in  the 
greenhouse  ;  aud  if  good  plants  were  obtained  to  begin 
with  they  should  be  sufficiently  large  after  the  first 
season's  growth  to  be  worth  attention  as  blooming 
specimens.  The  blossoms  will  last  longer  if  shaded 
from  the  forenoon's  sun. 

As  soon  as  the  beauty  of  the  flowers  is  over  cut  the 
plants  back  to  about  the  second  joint  on  the  young 
wood,  and  cut  out  altogether  any  weakly  shoots  ;  water 
rather  sparingly,  and  place  them  in  a  shady  pit,  or 
part  of  the  greenhouse,  until  they  start  into  growth, 
and  then  shift  aud  encourage  a  vigorous  growth.  Old 
plants  will  be  benefited  by  occasional  waterings  with 
weak  clear  manure-water  ;  but  this  should  only  be 
applied  when  they  are  in  active  growth,  and  when  the 
pots  are  full  of  roots,  and  this  need  not  be  used  "until 
the  size  of  the  specimens  renders  it  inconvenient  to 
afibrd  them  an  annual  shift. 

Three  parts  turfy  peat  and  one  part  light  turfy  sandy 
loam  form  a  suitable  soil  for  this  Pimelea.  The  loam 
and  peat  should  be  carefully  broken  up  by  the  hand, 
rejecting  all  but  the  prime  pieces,  and  add  a  liberal 
quantity  of  silver-sand,  the  proportion  of  which  should 
be  regulated  by  the  nature  of  the  soil  ;  use  enough  to 
keep  the  latter  open  and  porous.  A  sprinkling  of  small 
potsherds  or  lumpy  pieces  of  charcoal  may  also  be 
added  with  advantage  ;  use  clean  pots,  and  secure  \ 
thorough  drainage  by  placing  plenty  of  potsherds  in  the 
bottom  ;  an-ange  these  carefully,  and  cover  with  some 
rough  fibry  pieces  of  peat,  broken  small,  so  that  they 
can  be  partially  mixed  with  sand,  to  prevent  them  from 
becoming  sour  and  unhealthy  for  the  roots.  Alj)ha. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Byacinths  and  hardy  Climlers. — I  find  the  Hyacinths 
which  I  buy  in  London  in  the  autumn,  and  plant  out  in 
the  borders,  flower  extremely  well  the  first  spring,  and 
after  that  get  worse  and  worse  every  season,  until  at 
last  I  am  obliged  to  throw  them  away  :  and  thus  I  am 
under  the  necessity  of  renewing  my  stock  every  year. 
If  there  is  any  mode  of  preventing  the  roots  from  thus 
degenerating,  or  any  treatment  by  which  they  can  be 
restored  to  their  first  state,  perhaps  some  of  your 
correspondents  would  have  the  kindness  to  point  it  out ; 
for  all  my  neighbours  I  find  to  be  as  ignorant  of  the 
remedy  as  myself  You  often  recommend  climbing 
plants  for  particular  situations  ;  will  you  allow  me  to 
recall  to  your  notice  our  native  Vicia  sylvatica  ?  I  have 
a  plant  of  it  growing  in  the  angle  of  a  wall  15  feet  high, 
and  covered  from  top  to  bottom  with  its  profuse  flowers, 
relieved  by  graceful  and  elegant  foliage.  It  excites  the 
admiration  of  every  one  who  sees  it  ;  and  is  looked  upon 
as  a  choice  and  new  introduction  from  abroad.  1  got 
the  seed  out  of  a  wood  in  the  north  of  England,  t. 

Didijtra  spectahilis. — A  few  weeks  ago  I  sent  (in 
answer  to  a  correspondent)  a  description  of  a  Dielytra 
spectahilis,  and  promised  a  further  account  on  a  second 
inspection.  I  saw  it  again  on  Thursday  last,  June  24th, 
and  it  is  indeed  a  splendid  specimen,  4J  feet  in  height, 
by  22  in  circumference,  with  several  hundred  flowering 
stems  on  it.  The  owner  this  time  was  at  home,  and 
he  assured  me  it  would  continue  blooming  freely  for 
the  next  two  months,  and  of  course  would  be  much 
larger  than  at  present.  The  plant  has  received  no  more 
support  than  I  formerly  mentioned.  My  own  plant 
spoken  of  as  having  been  cut  down  by  the  frost  is 
growing  freely  and  promises  to  bloom  well.  T.  T., 
Colchester. 

Improved  Mowing  Machines After  Mr.  Pettigrew's 

intelligent  article,  at  p.  405,  no  doubt  there  will  be 
great  inquiry  after  mowing  machines  of  the  very  best 
consti-uction.  There  are  several  in  this  neighbourhood 
(Manchester)  and  all  of  them  profess  to  have  made 
improvements  in  Budding's  old  machine :  there  are 
also  some  who  maintain  that  the  old  machine,  for 
quality  of  work,  cannot  be  surpassed.  I  can  affirm 
wliat  Mr.  Pettigrew  says,  that  useful  implements  have 
often  been  cast  aside  for  want  of  perseverance.  For 
the  benefit  of  the  public  would  it  not  be  as  well  if  these 
various  machines  could  be  tested,  the  same  as  agricul- 
tural implement  usually  are  1  It  might  be  well  if  the 
Council  of  our  Manchester  Botanic  Garden  would  take 
the  matter  up,  and  give  some  small  premiums  to  be 
competed  for— plots  of  ground  might  be  allotted  to  each 
mower  on  the  large  lawn  at  their  garden— perhaps  on 
the  day,  or  the  day  before,  an  exhibition  might  be  as 
well.  Proper  rules  and  regulations  might  be  formed 
for  them  to  abide  by,  and  the  gentlemen  of  the  Council 
would  be  the  most  filling  to  judge  of  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  their  work.  I  know  of  two  or  three  who 
wish  to  try  the  merits  of  their  machines ;  Mr. 
Pettigrew,  no  doubt,  would  be  willing  to  send  his  for 
the  same  purjjosc.  T.  JJiyijIes,  Jliijher  Brmijhlon.  [An 
excellent  suggestion.] 

Uyhrid  jV/i/;ik;;.— Many  years  ago  I  imposed  upon 
myself  the  task  of  raising  the  Mimulus  to  the  rank  of  a 
floriut's  flower  ;  for  this  fmrpose  in  IBI.'J  I  obiained  M. 
Moodii  (which  was  the  only  tolerable  variety  then  in 
cpltivatiori;,  also  a  few  inferior  sorts,  including  M. 
rirularis,  and  a  small  crimson  and  white  North  American 
seedling  ;  since  then  I  have  atlen)pled  to  hybridise 
with  M.  moschaluH,  ringcns,  eardinalis,  and  tricolor,  but 
these  species  refuse  to  cross  willi  variigntiis  and 
rivularis.  For  several  years  scarcely  any  inTceptiblo 
iniprovemcnt  was  visible,  and  it  was  only  in  I  fill)  that 
mberriniuB,  and  a  few  other  pretty  seedlings,  induced 
the  opinion  that  great  success  might  be  atlained  ;  since 
thin  the  advance  has  been  so  marked  and  rapid  that  I 


feel  perfectly  wai-ranted  in  asserting  that  any  amateur 
who  pleases  to  adopt  the  few  short  instructions  that  I 
am  about  to  offer  may  feel  confident  that,  at  a  very 
trifling  cost  of  labour,  he  can  raise  still  handsomer 
seedlings  than  the  beautiful  varieties  that  I  have  had  the 
pleasure  of  introducing  to  the  public.  As  to  the  treatment 
of  seedlings,  the  first  sowing  of  seed  may  be  made  in 
pans  about  the  middle  of  March  ;  so  soon  as  the  plants 
can  be  conveniently  handled  prick  them  out  into  shallow 
bo.xes,  at  intervals  of  1^  inch,  where,  in  10  or  12 
weeks  from  sowing,  they  will  begin  to  bloom ;  the  moment 
that  a  fiower  expands,  the  plant  must  be  potted  off  or 
weeded  out,  according  to  its  merits.  Any  good  thing 
should  at  once  be  seeded  into  suitable  established 
vai'ieties ;  the  seed  must  be  sown  the  moment  that  it  is 
ripe,  and  the  plants  be  treated  the  same  as  the  first 
batch — with  this  exception,  that,  in  order  to  economise 
greenhouse  room,  a  part  of  the  boxes  may  be  placed  in 
a  sheltered  part  of  the  garden  ;  by  adopting  this  plan  I 
have  bloomed  1600  plants  iu  one  season,  at  the  expense 
of  a  very  limited  space  of  greenhouse  accommodation. 
The  second  crop  of  seedlings  may,  with  good  manage- 
ment, be  induced  to  yield  seed  for  the  ensuing  spring, 
wdiereby  a  season's  work  is  anticipated.  As  one  pod  of 
seed  of  any  particular  cross  is  amply  sufficient,  great 
care  ought  to  be  exercised  to  register  every  fiower  that 
is  fertilised.  To  accomplish  this  a  small  metallic  paper 
diary  should  be  ruled  in  the  following  form  : — 


1 

Punctata 

Y. 
2 

W. 
3 

G. 

4 

2 

Brenda 

B. 

1 

8 

Blnndina 

Y. 
2 

4 

Picta 

B. 

1 

Tiie  first  column  shows  the  number  that  represents  the 
names  which  stand  in  the  second  column  ;  the  other 
numbers  indicate  with  what  variety  the  plant  has  been 
fertihsed.  The  letters  give  the  distinguishing  mark. 
The  first  line  reads  thus:— No.  I,  or  Punctata,  is 
crossed  with  No.  2,  or  Brenda,  and  is  marked  with 
yellow  silk  ;  ditto  with  No.  3,  or  Blandina,  and  is  marked 
with  white  silk  ;  ditto  with  No.  4,  or  Picta,  and  is  marked 
with  Gentian  silk.  It  is  impossible  to  give  any  definite 
advice  relative  to  the  crossing  of  different  flowers, 
experience  alone  can  furnish  that  information.  I  may, 
however,  observe  that  the  male  plant  seems  to  impart  a 
considerable  share  of  its  properties  to  the  seedling.  As 
there  is  no  excuse  for  not  raising  really  good  things,  the 
amateur  must  not  be  too  easily  satisfied  with  his  pro- 
duction. Nothing  but  decided  improvements  should  be 
tolerated,  and  nothing  should  be  reserved  for  the  border 
that  would  disgrace  the  greenhouse.  The  properties  of 
a  good  Mimulus  are  robustness  of  habit,  with  a  tendency 
to  profuse  blooming.  The  flowers  should  be  large,  round 
in  the  outline,  and  of  good  substance,  possessing  a  short 
tube,  and  a  wide  throat.  Three  distinct  shades  of  colour 
ought  always  to  be  visible  on  the  light  varieties.  A. 
Clapham,  Scarborough. 

Cork  Pots. — Much  difference  of  opinion  exists  both 
as  regards  the  material  and  the  shape  of  garden  pots. 
Slate  is  expensive,  and  could  never  be  employed 
(economically  at  least)  except  for  the  larger  plants. 
But  slate  is,  'n\  common  with  the  burnt  clay  pot,  open 
to  a  serious  objection,  viz.,  its  capacity  as  a  conductor  of 
heat.  It  is  not  so  deficient  iu  this  respect  as  the  clay 
pot,  but  still  the  fine  roots  which  go  to  the  sides  of  the 
slate  are  liable  to  be  scorched  whenever  the  slate  is 
heated  by  the  sun.  The  objection,  however,  arising 
from  the  evaporation  (and  the  consequent  cold)  pro- 
duced by  the  porous  clay  pot  scarcely  exists  in  the  case 
of  a  slate  pot.  Wood,  aa  being  a  bad  conductor,  is  held 
as  having  great  advantage  over  both  slate  and  clay.  I 
was  led  to  the  consideration  of  this  question  by  observing 
that  the  Portuguese  and  Spaniards  supply  the  places  of 
clay  and  slate  by  making  rude  pots  of  cork  bark.  The 
bark  is  either  taken  oft'  whole,  in  rings  of  6,  8,  or  10 
inches  long,  or  if  this  cannot  be  done,  there  is  a  slit 
down  the  middle  and  the  bark  is  taken  off  in  half 
circles  and  joined  by  nails,  and  a  bottom  either  of  board 
or  cork  I'oughly  fixed  on  ;  the  imperfections  in  the 
fitting  leaving  quite  space  enough  for  drainage.  I  have 
in  Portugal,  during  the  hottest  season,  seen  collections 
of  Camellias  arrive  by  the  steamers  from  Oporto  in 
these  cork  pots,  and  which  were  perfectly  fresh  and 
vigorous  (cork,  it  being  observed,  is  one  of  the  most 
imperfect  conductors  of  lieat)  whereas  I  am  certain  that 
in  a  clay  pot  no  amount  of  watering  could  have  pre- 
vented the  sun  from  burning  up  evei'y  root  as  soon  as 
it  had  once  touched  the  side.  1  believe  that  as  regards 
plants  in  common  pots  which  are  to  be  exposed  to  the 
sun,  the  best  preventative  of  this  evil,  arising  from 
evaporation  and  bcorcliing,  is  to  put  them  in  a  double 
pot  ;  tiiifi,  however,  is  I'athcr  clumsy,  and  if  the  plants 
arc  not  carefully  attended  (o,  there  is  often  an  accu- 
mulation of  Blfignant  water  between  the  first  and  the 
second  prit.  iJoduum. 

Poiionhif/  Pluntti  in  Ike  //crharium. — TIio  following 
recipe  for  thiH  purpose  has  lalely  hern  transmitted  by 
the  Kev.  M.  A.  Curtiw,  who  received  it  fi-om  Mr.  iJurand, 
of  I'liilndelpliia,  a  chemiBt  and  bolanlHt.  It  is  uii 
improvement  on  the  usual  tui'pontini!  mixture,  in  which 
the  corrohive  Hihliniatc  is  only  held  in  HUBpension,  and 
an  alcoholic  Kolution  is  in  many  cnHCH,  as,  for  instance, 
in  fungi,  inapplicable,  from   btaining  the  paper.     Mr, 


Curtis  finds  the  mixture  effective,  and  free  from  any 
objectionable  qualities  ;  it  is,  however,  very  inflam- 
mable. Corrosive  sublimate,  2  drs.  ;  sulphuric  ether, 
3  drs.  Dissolve  and  add —  alcohol,  3  oz. ;  spirits  of 
turpentine,  2  oz.  M.J.  B. 

jDarnel—Can  any  correspondent  of  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  produce  evidence  in  proof  or  disproof  of  the 
poisonous  qualities  of  bread  made  from  the  Darnel, 
Loliuni  temulentum  ?  Can  it  possibly  be  true  that  this 
Grass  is  poisonous  ? 

Scarlet  Runners. — In  reply  to  "Bu-khurst,"  I  may 
observe  that  the  economy  of  sticking  Scarlet  Runners 
depends  mainly  on  the  supply  of  wood  for  the  purpose. 
It  would  not  pay  the  London  market  gardeners  to*' stick  " 
on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  procuring  wood  at  a  cheap 
rate.  In  the  country,  where  proper  wood  is  in  most 
places  easily  procured,  sticking  is  much  the  tidiest  plan, 
and  the  produce  is  greater,  letting  alone  the  rather 
oi'namental  appearance  of  Scarlet  Kunners  when  sup- 
ported by  poles  or  sticking  wood.  The  WHier  of  the 
Calendar. 

Paulovma  impericdis. — This  has  at  last  flowered  with 
me,  after  seven  yeai-s'  expectation,  but  it  has  only  opened 
one  bloom,  though  there  were  a  dozen  spikes  of  buds  on 
the  tree  last  autumn.  Its  flower  much  resembles  a 
Gloxinia,  but  is  delightfully  sweet-scented.  It  evidently 
requires  a  hotter  and  drier  summer  than  we  usually 
have  to  bring  it  into  bloom;  the  weather  last  September, 
and  my  tree  having  been  transplanted  and  root-pruned, 
were  no  doubt  the  causes  of  its  setting  bloom  buds.  C.  D., 
Chichester.  [It  would  be  well  worth  while  writing  this 
more  in  detail,  for  the  purpose  you  mention.] 

Mice  in  Plantations.  —  If  your  correspondent  (see 
p.  405),  cannot  poison  the  mice  he  complains  of  by 
laying  arsenic  in  oatmeal,  he  should  sink  a  few  earthen- 
ware pans  into  the  soil,  about  18  inches  deep,  leaving 
the  top  edge  level  with  the  soil,  and  fill  them  little  more 
than  half  lull  of  water  :  the  pans  should  be  well  greased 
between  the  water  and  the  top.  The  mice  will  reacli 
eagerly  after  the  gi'ease,  and   fall  in  by  dozens.  Thorp 

PtiTow. An   efficient  remedy  for  your  correspondent 

may  be  found  in  procuring  a  few  live  weasels  to  turn 
out  in  the  plantation  ;  these  not  only  prey  upon  mice 
like  cats,  but  pursue  them  into  their  holes,  and  would 
soon  thin  the  number  of  the  vermin,  and  eventually 
exterminate  them.  But  if  the  proprietor  wishes  to 
preserve  game  this  plan  will  not  do,  for  the  game  eggs 
would  be  destroyed  by  them,  and  young  leverets  are 
favourite  food  of  weasels.     In  this  case  poison  must  be 

laid,  or  wire  traps  baited  with  cheese  or  bacon.  C.  D. 

I  would  recommend  your  correspondent  to  entrap  them 
by  open  pit-falls.  The  process  is  simple,  and  will  be 
found  eftectual.  With  a  round  backed  spade  dig  a 
sufficient  number  of  holes  about  18  inches  deep,  9  inches 
at  the  mouth,  and  from  15  to  18  inches  wide  at  bottom, 
and  make  the  inside  as  smooth  and  free  from  corners 
as  possible.  Bait  the  pits  with  a  little  lialf-burnt  oat- 
meal or  roasted  cheese,  examine  them  every  morning 
and  remove  those  that  are  taken.  The  best  way  to  do 
this  is  to  have  a  little  box  with  a  fall-door  put  into  the 
pit,  and  by  using  a  short  stick  in  driving  them  into  the 
opened  door  they  will  be  easily  caught,  and  may  then 
be  put  into  a  larger  box  and  killed  as  thought  most 
desirable.  After  the  mice  go  into  the  pits  they  cannot 
get  out  if  the  latter  have  been  properly  formed, 
/.  Loclchart  Morton,  Edinburgh. 

Aphides,  and  the  Potato  Disease. — On  looking  over  my 
store  of  Potatoes,  I  found  a  quantity  of  them  covered 
with  blight  (green-fly),  and  on  naming  it  to  Sir  John 
Guise,  he  wished  me  to  forward  some  to  you,  and  request 
you  would  be  kind  enough  to  give  your  opinion,  as  to 
whether  you  thought  it  had  anything  to  do  with  the 
disease,  as  I  fancy  I  remember  Mr.  Smee  having  referred 
to  something  of  a  similar  kind  three  or  four  years  ago. 
The  particulars  are  as  follows  :  —  Prince  of  Wales 
Potatoes  dug  in  October  last,  greened  on  the  surface  ten 
days  J  since  then  they  have  been  laid  out  on  the  floor  of 
a  granary.  Please  to  observe  that  none  but  diseased 
tubers,  such  as  those  sent,  are  affected  with  aphis,  all 
sound  ones  being  perfectly  free  from  it.  P.S.  We  find 
spots  of  the  disease  appearing  about  us.  Craig  Pillans, 
Rendcoinb  PaiJc,  near  Cirencester.  [The  aphis  has  no 
relation  to  the  Potato  disease.  It  has  attacked  your 
sprouting  Potatoes,  as  it  will,  under  favourable  circum- 
stances, attack  anything  else.  It  may  be  also  killed  with 
tobacco-smoke,  just  as  it  may  be  killed  upon  any  other 
plant.  It  is  probable  that  the  sprouts  of  the  diseased 
Potatoes  contain  more  sugar  than  the  others,  and  are 
therefore  preferred  by  the  aphis]. 

Orchid  Shoif;s.—I  find  I  was  quite  wrong  in  advocating 
in  your  paper  the  exhibiting  at  Chiswick  of  collections 
of  small  specimens  of  rare  or  beautiful  Orchidaceous 
plants.  The  Council  of  the  Horticultural  Society,it  seems, 
had  the  same  view  as  I  had,  or  at  least  were  inclined 
to  make  the  experiment,  by  offering  several  lower 
prizes  for  collections  of  smaller-sized  plants.  It  seems, 
however,  that  the  giants  liave  the  day,  and  that  till 
some  new  grower,  within  reach  of  the  Chiswick  shows, 
shall  start  up,  we  shall  have  little  more  than  the  same 
old  plants  of  the  great  cultivators  sliown  over  and  over 
again,  increased  however  in  size,  and,  if  it  bo  possible, 
showing  a  more  successful  cultivation.  The  company 
at  Chiswick  is  general,  and  liavo  been  taught  to 
flBBOciato  largo  and  splendid  specimens  with  the  idea  of  an 
Orchidaceous  exhibition,  and  would  look  down  on  the 
smaller  and  the  rai'cr  specimens  having  only  two  or 
p(;rh»pH  one  cherished  ilowcr.  When  the  "  well-known 
aeturs"  quitted  tiie  stage  their  eyes  would  "  be  idly  bent " 
on  what  lollowcd  after;  however,  I  do  not  like  to  give  up 
the  subject,  and  am  willing  that  the  battle  should  bo 


422 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  B, 


adjourned  to  the  monthly  meetings  of  the  Horticultural    the   most   &triuiiig 

Society,  and  wliere  the  company,  it  is  to  be  assumed, 

will  consist  in  a  great  measure  of  those  who  take  an 

especial  interest  in  rarity  and  variety,  and  can  submit 

to  look  at  an  Aerides  or  a  Vanda  with  only  one  or  two 

spikes  of  flowerj  or  a  Cattleya  with  only  one  or  two 

breakSj  if  new  or  rare.  Dodnum. 


Societies!, 


RoTAL  Botanic,  Regent's  Park,  June^O.—M  no  previous 
exhibition  have  we  seen  so  large  a  display  of  Pelarponlums  as 
■was  produced  od  this  occasion,  and  it  ip  well  that  it  was  so ; 
for  the  show  would  have  loet  very  much  of  its  interest  without 
them,  for  Orchids  wiere  scarce,  and  so  were  Stove  and  Green- 
house Plants  ;  Heaths  were  T'l-^ntiful  and  pood.  Fruit,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,  was  more  remarkable  for  quantity  than 
quality. 

.  In  large  collections  of  Stove  and  Greenhodse  Plants,  Mr, 
Cole,  gr.  to  H.  Colyer.  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  obtained  the  first 
prize,  with  a  beautiful  group  of  plants  for  this  season  of  the 
year.  In  addition  to  large  Allainandas,  Stephanoli*;,  Dipla- 
denias,  Pol.\gala8,  and  Heaths,  all  of  which  werein  admirable 
CJodition,  he  bad  one  of  the  best  plants  of  Roella  ciliata 
that  perhaps,  ever  waa  etaged.  This  as  usually  grown  cannot 
be  considered  more  than  a  second-rate  plant ;  but  as  eeen  on 
Wednesday  it  was  truly  handsome,  the  point  of  every  shoot 
being  ornamented  by  an  inverted  pale  blue  bell,  with  a  band 
of  darker  blue  round  the  mouth  of  tbe  throat.  The  plant 
itself  could  not  measure  less  than  3  feet  across.  Associated 
■with  this  was  also  an  excellent  Rondeletia  speciosa.— 
Mr.  May,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrfuce,  of  Ealing  Park,  was 
Bficortd  with  plants  remarkable  for  large  size  and  good 
cultivation  ;  but  many  of  them  were  nearly  out  of  bl66m. 
Among  thObfi  whi.b  were  in  good  condition,  were  Dipladenia 
urophylla,  a  distinct  kind,  which  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation, 
on  account  of  the  coufraotit  makes  with  other  kinds.  Anolher 
uncommon  plant  in  this  collection  was  Ahelia  floribunda,  a 
shrub  with  dmoping  rosy  flowerfl,  somewhat  resembhng  those 
of  a  Fuchsia,  and  very  handsome.  This,  we  believe,  is  hardy 
in  Devonshire,  where  the  blooms  acquire  a  brilliancy  which  is 
Eot  to  be  acquired  under  g'a^s  in  the  neighbonrhiod  of  London. 

The  best  group  of  '21)  Stove  and  GaEE>  house  Plants  came 
from  Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir  E.  i^ntrobus,  Bart.  The  position 
in  which  the  group  was  placed  by  the  judges  will  furnish  some 
Idea  of  us  merits.  It  contained  Rondektia  speciosa  still  in  good 
flower,  though  it  was  shown  at  the  different  exhibitions 
early  in  the  season;  Dipladenii  craasinoda,  and  Ixora 
crocata,     the    latter    scart;ely    out    enough.       The    gem    of 

'  J  P^- J  ^  P'^°f9.  to  which  the  second  prize  was  awarded, 
was  decidedly  Ixorajav!inica  in  the  shape  of  a  most  beautiful 
specinien  some  3  feet  high,  and  loaded  Irom  top  to  bottom  with 
us  rich  heads  of  orange-salmon  flowers.  Among  stove  plants 
this  13  certainly  a  great  acquisition. 

Collections  of  10  Stove  and  GaEENnonsE  Plants  were  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Taylor,  gr.  to  J.  C.ster,  Esq.;  Mr.  May,  gr.  to 
f  XT  ^^^''i'  0^  Bromlo.v  ;  and  Mr.  Watson,  gr.  to  Mrs,  Tredwell, 
ol  .Norwood.  Among  these  we  remarked  the  fi-.vourite  Ixora 
javanica,  Stephanotis  fioribunda;  rhienncoma  proliferum, 
bloomed,  a. rare  occurrence;  LeBchenaultia  furmosa, 
Bome  Heaths,  Ealosanthes,  which  are  ju'^t  beginning  to  make 
their  appearance,  and  one  or  two  other  plan's. 

Uechids,  as  we  have  stated,  were  scarce.  Tbe  best  collection 
ot  ^3  varieties  was  produced  by  Mr.  Franklin,  gr.  to  Mis. 
^awrence.  In  u  we  remarked  Od.^ntogl.^ssum  citrosmum, 
faaccolab.um  Blumei,  the  white  and  yellow  flowered  Anguloas 
(uniflora  and  Clowesi).  Chysis  aurea,  the  Dalhousie  Dendrobe, 
^anua  liatemaniu  sMll  in  pood  condition,  and  other  plants, — 


From  Mr, 


mong 
Rosali,  Beauty  Supreme,  11.  Cobden,  Anne,  Princess  Maria 
Galitzin,  Triumphane,  and  Anais.  Amitnurs— lat,  Mr.  Robin- 
son ;  2d,  Mr.  Milltr  ;  3d,  Mr.  Stains.  Some  g  od  Cape  kinds 
were  produced  by  Mr.  Parker.  As  regards  new  sorts,  Optimum 
was  shown  in  excellent  condliiun,  and  it  is  a  very  tine  variety, 
being  large,  free  in  flowering,  and  aood  in  the  petal,  with  rich 
dark  colours.  Another  kind  was  Queen  of  May,  noticed  by  us 
a'.  Chiswick.  These  were  shown  by  Mr.  Black,  gr,  to  E.  Foster, 
Esq.  Mr.  Hoyle,  ol  Reading,  had  Z:iria,  an  orange  rose  distinctly 
spotted  on  all  the  petals.  The  tiowers  are  of  very  good  form, 
and  altogether  it  is  an  exceedingly  atirdctive  variety,  which 
will  be  sure  to  find  a  ready  marker.  Portia  has  a  free  habit 
aiid  flowers  like  those  of  Desdemona.  Novelty,  sent  by  Mr. 
Turner,  Is  a  showy  crimson,  with  strongly  marked  bottom  petals. 
Mr.  Gaines  sent  Earl  Spencer.  Soinecertiticates  were  awarded, 
but  on  what  principle  nubody  could  discover,  as  it  was  uni- 
versally admitted  that  tbe  best  flowers  were  unrewarded.  The 
judgment  in  the  case  of  collections  was  also  most  remarkable, 
i^nd  proved  a  source  of  much  dissatisfaction  to  all  intena  el. 
We  had  nearly  forgotten  to  mention  that  Mr.  Ambrose  had 
some  pretty  fancy  varieties,  among  which  Eminent,  Dandy, 
and  Madame  Soatag  wer^'  much  admired,  Mr.  Kinghorn  sent 
ft  variegaied-Ieaved,  rich  sahnon-coluured  kind,  belonging  to 
the  race  of  Scarlets,  which  will  be  useful.  He  had 
alao  Silver  King.  Messrs.  Lee  produced  their  Flower  of  the 
Day  and  Wilmore's  Surprise. 

Fuchsias.— Well-grown  plants  of  Dr.  Smith,  Miss  Robarts, 
Pearl  of  Eng  a"nd,  Elizabeth,  Kossuth,  and  Sir  K.  Peel,  were 
shown  by  Mr.  Bray. 

There  were  several  e-xhibltionB  of  Pinks,  among  which  some 
wei  e  in  good  colour,  well-laced,  and  of  average  size.  Amateurs 
—1st,  Mr.  Baker,  Woolwich;  2d,  Mr.  Edwards,  lioUoway. 
Nurooyuien,  21  blooms  — 1st,  Mr.  Turner  In  the.ie  collections 
we  observed  several  vi-ry  promibing  seedlings,  eppecially  Arthur, 
Perfection,  Esther,  Sarah,  Glory,  and  Koh.t-noor.  The 
following  better  known  kinds  were  in  good  condition  :— Sappho, 
Optima.  Mrs.  Herbert,  Mrs.  M'Lean,  Morning  Star,  Criterion, 
Antagonist,  Lola  MontCB,  Jenny  Lind,  Narborough  Buck, 
Iluntsman,  and  Kate, 

Pansies.— 36  blooms  :  Ist,  Mr.  Turner;  2d,  Mr.  Bragg,  who 
also  produced  a  good  dark  seedling.  Mr.  Thomson  contributed 
a  good  pan  of  this  favourite  flower. 

ItANoiNccjLDSEa. — One  or  two  nice  pans  were  exhibited.  Tbe 
vaiieties  were  not  different  from  those  mentioned  in  former 
reports. 

FauiT  was  plentiful,  more  especially  Grapes  ;  but  most  of 
the  white  kinds  did  not  appear  to  be  ripe.  This  was  the  case 
with  nearly  all  the  Muscats.  In  the  follovving  memoranda  we 
place  the  exiilbitious  in  the  order  in  which  we  found  them 
placed  by  the  judges,  without  intending  to  express  any  opinion 
of  our  owu  upon  their  respective  merits. 

For  collections  the  first  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Davis, 
Oak-hill,  who  had  Black  Haaiburgb  and  white  Muscat  Q[apc5, 
two  diehes  of  Peaches  and  Nectannes,  a  dish  of  Cheirieti,  and 
several  Pine-apples.  The  next  best  was  thatot  Mr.  Flemini:,  gr. 
to  the  Duke  oi  Sutherland,  Trentham,  who  sent  two  Providence 
Pilie-upples,  Black  llambuvgU  Grapes,  a  white-fleshed  ahd  a 
greeu-flesbed  Melon,  wi-h  dishes  of  i'eaches.  Nectarines,  l''igs, 
and  May  Duke  Cbenies. 

Collections  of  Six  Pine-atples  were  contributed  by  Mr. 
Fleming  (Isi)  ;  Mr.  M*Ewen,  gr.  to  the  Dulie  of  Norfolk  (2(1)  ; 
and  a  third  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Kray,  who  showed  in  the 
wrong  class.  Mr.  Fleming  had  a  Montserrat,  2  lbs.  ;  a  Provi- 
dfUL-e,  7  lbs.  13  oz. ;  a  smooth-leaved  Cayenne,  2  lbs,  13  oz,  ; 
and  a  prickly-leaved  Cajcnne,  3  lbs.  6  uz.  Mr.  M'Ewen  pro- 
duced some  fine  examples  of  similar  kinds,  the  heaviest  being 
8  Ibe.  5  oz.  Jlr.  Bray's  were  chiefly  Queens.  The  btst  siiiglo 
Providence  was  ihat  of  Mr.  Dode,  gr.  to  Col.  Baker,  Salisbury, 
which  weighed  8  lbs.  12  oz.  Mr.  Doda  had  also  a  Queen, 
6  lbs.  7  oz.  Mr.  Fleoiing,  and  Mr.  Jacks-n,  gr.  to  J,  Beautoy, 
Esq.,  were  equal  2d,  The  former  had  a  fine  fi  uit  weighing 
8  lbs.  4  oz.,  and  the  latter  oiie  ot  7  lbs,  6  oz.     A  third  prize  wa 


the  groups  were  Madame  author's  original  view,  that  the  greeu  bodies  were  the; 
Origiual  protoplasms  of  cells  which  were  developeay 
and  remained  attached  to  thte  primary  cell  whieh 
enveloped  tlie  whole  being.  Dt*.  Lankester  thought 
that  the  discrepancy  between  Mr.  Williamson  and 
Mr.  Busk  might  be  accounted  foi"  by  their  having  ex- 
amined either  different  species  of  Volvox,  or  the  same  at 
different  periods  of  their  development.  The  Chaii'man 
announced  that  the  Council  of  t!ie  Society  had  made- 
arrangements  with  Dr.  Lankester  and  Mr.  Busk,  who- 
were  about  to  edit  a  new  Microscopical  Journal,  to- 
publish  in  that  journal  the  Transactions  of  the  Society. 
These  Transactions  would  be  supplied,  as  heretofore,  to- 
the  members  of  the  Society  gratuitously,  but  those 
members  who  wished,  could  have  the  journal  in  additioa 
to  the  Transactions,  by  the  pajTnent  of  I*,  per  quarter. 


II.  Flora  of 
4  to.     Part  1. 


^  _..  Williams,  pr.  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq,,  came  tbe  pretty  |      ■      V^""'  vr    r^""  ■"     ""     :    ~r~W ^""'  r~   ";  "  "  * ■■" 

httle    Den'irobium  triadenium.   a  finely-blossomed   Qalanthe  ^TL^''^^'^  .^**,  ^''' ^^'''>  G"'- ^° '^^  ^'""^'^^  ^'*1 »  ^°^ '^^ '^'^^  «^'"' 
masuca.  and  nthpr  snPt-ipa  '  iDS'  weight. 


maSuca,  and  other  species. 

Mr.  Blake,  gr.  lo  J.  H.  Schroder,  E?q.,  contributed  the  best 
collection  of  15.  Among  thpm  was  Galeandri  Baueii,  a  first- 
rate  specimen.  From  Mr.  Woolty,  gr.  to  H.B.  Ker,  Esq.,  came 
among  others  Peristcria  elata,  the  curious  Bolbophyllum 
Heushalli,  and  one  or  two  Airides. 

Collections  of  G  plants  were  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Ivison  and 
Green.  The  latter  had  a  remarkably  well-flowered  Cattleya 
crispa  ;  and  the  same  fine  Oncidium  luridnm  whith  Mr.  Ivison 
showed  at  Chiswick  was  reproduced  on  this  occasion,  still  in 
great  perfeciioQ. 

A  large  collection  of  Oechids  came  from  Messrs.  RolUsfion, 
who  likewise  cOi>tributed  a  croup  of  variegated  stove  plants 
as  did  also  Mr.  Wiilii.ms.  M^-ssrs.  Henderson  showed  a  good 
plant  of  Cjrlnchiliim  flavescens. 

Tall  Cacti.— The  following  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Green  ; 
Epipbyllu.n  formo-um,  Greeoii,  rubrum  crerulcum,  grandi- 
florum,  and  Green's  Hybrid. 

Cape  IIeatbs.— By  fur  the  best  plants  were  contributed  by 
Mr.  Smirh,  gr.  to  W.  Q.iilter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood,  to  whom  the 
two  prmcipal  first  prizes  ^ere  awarded.  Mr.  May  and 
Mr,  Cole  hkewise  sent  good  plants,  as  did  also  Messrs. 
Ivolluson,  Fairbairn,  Williams,  Laybank,  Green,  and  Ovei-, 
As  the  best  kinds  may  be  expected  at  Chiswick  on  the  10th 
inst,,  we  defer  their  enumeration. 

Roses.— Messrs.  Pa;ul  produced  a  collection  in  pots,  ahd 
there  were  several  boxes  of  cut  blooms  ;  hut  they  were  not  seen 
under  the  moat  favourable  circumstances,  it  being  ai  jet  too 
early  in  the  season  for  them.  One  Ro.e-growev  informed  us 
that  even  at  this  da-e  he  was  unuble  to  cut  40  blooms  fit  for 
exhibition,  from  one  of  the  most  extensive  collections  in  far- 
famed  Ro?y  Hertfordshire. 

Among  SINGLE  spfciMtNs  the  best  were  Erica  Massoni,  from 
Mr.  Snrfiih;  E,  Cavendishii  from  Mr.  Kin-horn,  and  the  yellow- 
flowered  Kelhaniii  squarrofia  froih  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  Mrs. 
Lawrence. 

Of  novtlty  there  was  little.  Mr.  Lane  sent  a  variety  of  the 
Java  Rhndudondron,  Mr.  Blake  a  Dendrobium  with  small 
orange  flowers  of  little  beauty  ;  and  Mess ro.  Henderson,  Klugi, 
zeylanica.  ill  bad  condition.  Measrs.  Rollisson  had  a  new  Java 
Pitcher.plant,  and  Musa  zehrina  «itb  brown  blotched  leaves  - 
and  of  uncommon  plants,  Mr.  Ivisoa  sent  aa  example  of  the 
Bread-fruit  trte  in  flower. 

Among  MiECELLANEi'DS  Subjects  were  Phlo?:  Mnyii  vario- 
S&ta,  and  ano'her  kind,  from  Messrs.  Henderson  ;  plants  of 
the  white  LiMum  eximium  from  Mr.  Brav  ;  groups  of  boih 
hothouse  and  British  Ferns  from  Messrs.  'Wooley,  WilHumo, 
Alchin,  Smith,  and  others.  There  were  also  sJttie  hardy 
Alpuie  and  vHriegated  plants. 

Pelabqonidms.— As  we  have  stated,  these  were  fui-nished  in 
tne  greatest  profusion,  and  but  for  ihem  there  must  buve  been 
a  beggarly  account  of  en.p-y  hench-s."  they  rtere  in  much 
Detter  condition  than  is  usually  the  case  at  thts  season. 
Amateurs,  12  varieties:  l,^t,  Mr.  Robin-con;  2d,  Mr.  Stains- 
t,'  ^^'■-  ^'ii?'^  ;  """^  I'l^-  il''-  Lochner.  The  leading  kmds  were 
gleaner.  Cloth  of  Gold.  Enchantress,  Katibnah  Optimum, 
Mfl^nfrt"  ^^''^"^f-  L.vini-i.  Pu'chrum.  Flyihg  Dutchman.  Ilosa, 
Magniticent,  and   Ut<Ie  Nelly.     Nurserymen  :  1st,  Mr.  Gainer 

Mr.  Dobson"";;  ;  •  ''"■-  ^^^^"^^^  '  ^'~^'  ^^'-  B^'agg  ;  and  5th 
cood    rS;i  f'ese  croups  w6  remarked  the  following  in 

Lav^nN'  Enchnntress,  Optimum,  Nand.e,  Aj«k-,  Em  ty 
and  Painfer  l'.^  ""'"'T'  ^^"^^"i"'^.  Kqsam,-;nd.  Coim.nder 
li  Mvf^Ll?^Z't'  Kr^f^^"s-Nu.ser.vmen.  6  varieties 
Mr   G-ine«      t,."r*    i^^'"'  ^Vest«-„od  ;  3d,  Ntr.  Hunt  ;  and  4th. 

done  "  beiAc.  IZ^T  '°1  ^"^  '^'^^  "'^'^  ^'^^t  is  tef hied  <*  wel 
done,     bems    V    y  d  ^.^^   ^^^.^^^^  ^^^^ 

flowers  were  of  good    quality.    Pei-taps 


the   pot,  while  ihe 


iight. 

The  best  Single  Queen  was  that  of  Mr.  Bray,  gr.  to  E, 
L6usada,  Esq.,  whicti  weighed  4  lbs.  G  oz.  The  next  best 
ca!me  from  Mr.  Turnbull,  who  had  a  line  example  of  the  pame 
sort,  ana  a  prize  of  the  same  value  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Jones, 
gr.  10  Sir  J.  Guest,  Bart.,  whose  fruit  weightd  i  lbs.  D  oz. ;  this 
was  a  Moscow  Queen.  Mr.  Forbes,  gr.  to  the  Dnke  of  Bedford, 
took  a  od  prize  for  a  fruit  weighing  4  lbs.  1  oz.  Ctrtiticatts 
were  awarded  to  Mr.  iM'Ewen  and  Mr.  Consiantiue.  Mr. 
Forsyth,  Gunnersbury,  showed  a  Black  Prince,  which  weighVd 
4  ibs.  2  oz.     This  was  awarded  a  Ist  prize. 

GaAPfcs.— Tbe  best  colIei.tion  of  Vi  lbs.  (Black  Hamburgh), 
came  from  Mr.  Mitcheil,  of  Brighton;  thtse  were  well-groi^n 
and  coloured.  The  next  best  was  iroai  Mr.  Solomons,  of 
Covent-garden.  Mr.  Spary,  of  Brighton,  contributed  an 
equally  well-grown  collection.  Mr.  Harrison,  Weybriuge,  tooU 
a  3d  prize  for  the  same  sort.  The  beststngle  dish  of  this  Grape 
was  thai  of  Mr.  Taylor,  gr,  to  J.  Coster,  Esq.  Mr.  Hendtreou 
and  Mr.  Eaton  were  equal  as  the  next  best,  Mr.  Davis  and  Mr. 
Constance  were  equal  3d.  Muscats  wtre  wantmg  in  colour. 
Mr.  Taylur  and  Mr.  TurnbuU  sent  tlie  best  fruit  of  this  sort  in 
siugle  diehes.  Other  Ashite  Grapes  were  coutribuLcd  by  Mr. 
Mitchell,  Apley  Castle,  Shropshire,  who  sent  some  good 
Muscadines.  A  3d  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Williams,  gr. 
to  C.  B.  Warner,  Etq.,  lor  Sweetwater.  Vmes  in  pots  weie 
shown  by  Mr.  Jacksou;  the  plants  had  from  10  to  10  buncUes 
each.  Mr.  Constantino  had  three  pots,  the  plants  having  h-om 
7  to  9  bunches  eaeh. 

Peaches  andNectaki[je9. — The  beetcoUectionof  four  dishes 
came  from  Mr.  Turnbull,  who  showed  Royal  George  Peaches 
and  Elruge  Nectarines.  A  2d  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr. 
Monro,  and  a  od  to  Mr.  Fleming,  whose  fruit  appeared  to  have 
been  much  injured  by  can  iage.  The'best  2  dibhes  were  shown 
by  Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  the  Earl  de  Grey,  who  had  Noblesse 
Peaches  and  Violette  Hative  Nectarines,  The  nex.t  best  wero 
from  Mr.  Chapman,  gr.  to  J.  B.  Glegg,  Esq.  Mr,  Brown,  gr. 
to  C.  Cartwrigbr,  Esq.,  Northampton,  was  awarded  a  bronze 
medal  fjr  large  fruit  of  the  Nobientc  Peach,  and  Violette  Uative 
Nectarine,  which  would  probably  have  received  a  higher  award 
h;id  they  been  riper. 

Melon.i.— The  best  of  Hybrid  Greon-fleehed  sorts  was  that  of 
ilr.  Muoro, gr.  to  Mrs.  Oddie.  Tbe  next  best  was  shuwu  by  Mr. 
M'Ewen  ;  and  an  equally  fine  fruit  of  tbe  Trentbam  Hybrid 
c.ime  from  Mr.  Fleming.  The  best  scarlet-lleshed  was  cou- 
tributed  by  Mr,  Robertson  :  Mr.  M'Ewen  showed  the  Arundel 
Hybrid. 

CntEEiEs.— Some  beautiful  fruit  of  Knight's  Early  Black  and 
White  Elton  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Snow;  the  next  beet  came 
from  Mr.  Vj'Evieo,  who  showed  May  Duke. 

Strawbekries.— The  best  four  dishes  were  furnished  by 
Mr.  M'Ewen,  wlio  had  La  Lequoiee,  Myati's  Eleanor,  Keens* 
Seedling,  and  British  Queen.  Air.  hyotard,  of  Bath,  showed 
tlie  next  best,  the  sorts  being  British  Queen,  Kitlej'a  Goliah, 
Alice  Maude,  and  Keins*  Seedling. 

Other  fruit  c  msisted  of  early  prolific  Pluns,  from  Mr. 
Gonstantine  ;  atid  Mr.  Ivls.>n,  gr.  to  the  Duko  of  Northutnber. 
land,  Bi^nt  samples  of  Vnnilla,  Nutmeg,  Plantain,  and  one  or 
two  others,  for  nhich  a  large  Silver  Gilt  Med.tl  wts  awarded. 


33oolts  iacceibetf. 

The  Sotany  of  the  Antarctic  Voyage. 
New  Zealand.  By  J.  D.  Hooker,  M.D. 
Reeve  and  Co. — At  length  we  may  hope  for  some- 
connected  account  of  the  botany  of  our  Australasian 
Colonies,  Dr.  Hooker,  whose  energy  and  knowledge 
so  eminently  qualify  him  for  the  task,  has  now,  with 
the  aid  of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  taken  up  New 
Zealand,  of  whose  vegetation  five  parts  of  the  present 
work  will  give  ample  details.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  Floras  of  Tasmannia  and  Australia  itself  will  follow 
in  succession.  The  worlc  is  written  iu  good  plain- 
English,  with  a  view  to  the  convenience  of  colonists^ 
but  without,  on  that  account,  being  rendered  in  the 
smallest  degree  unscientific.  Quite  the  contrary.  It 
contains  all  the  natural  orders  up  to  Saxifragece  ;  is- 
illustrated  by  20  excellent  plates,  and,  as  far  as  it  goes,. 
gives  the  New  Zealand  colonist  the  means  of  knoAving  all 
that  Europeans  can  tell  them  concerning  the  singular 
vegetation  of  their  island,  which,  "although  luxuriantly 
clothed  with  vegetation,  possesses  remarkably  few  kinds 
of  plants  ;  the  little  island  of  Tasmannia  has  nearly 
twice  as  many  flowering  plants,  though  fewer  fiowerless 
ones."  Let  us  add,  that  the  beautiful  execution  of  the 
work  renders  it  a  "  library  book,"  even  for  those  who- 
are  not  interested  about  natural  history. 

Plantce  Wrighliance  Tcxano-neomexicance,  &e.  '^  By 
Asa  Gray.  Part  1.  4to,  Pp.  146  j  10  plates.  Pub- 
lished by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  of  "Washington. — 
A  very  careful  systematical  account  of  a  collection 
formed  in  Texas  and  New  Mexico, by  Mr.  Charles  Wrightj. 
with  additions  from  the  discoveries  of  Dr.  Wizlizenns 
and  the  late  Dr.  Gregg.  The  plates  are  occupied  by 
neiw  genera,  drawn  and  engraved  by  Mr.  Sprague,  in  his- 
best  style.     This  first  part  ends  with  Composite  plants. 

The  Search  for  Franhlin.  Longmans. — A  pamphlet 
by  Mr.  Petermann,  advocating  the  search  for  th& 
missing  voyagers  being  conducted  along  the  Asiatic  side 
of  the  Polar  Ocean,  by  a  course  taken  between  Spitz* 
bergen  and  Nova  Zembla,  in  the  direction  of  New 
Siberia  and  Behring's  Straits.  It  is  accompanied  by  a. 
very  useful  chart  of  the  Polar  regions. 

The  Traveller''s  Library  (Longmans),  No.  23  :  BrU~ 
iany  and  the  Bible.  By  J.  Hope. — A  dissertation  upon 
the  religious  and  political  state  of  France  as  it  is,  by 

one  who  is  familiar  ^vith  his  subject. No.  24  :  ThQ 

Natural  History  of  the  Creation,  By  T.  Lindley  Kemp» 
—  An  able  and  very  familiar  explanation  of  the 
principal  phenomena  of  life.  We  have  seldom  seen  a 
book  in  which  sound  science  has  been  so  successfully 
clothed  in  plain  language. 

Murray's  Guide  to  the  Gold  Diggings.  Stewart  and 
Murray. — A  pamphlet  consisting  of  lettei*s  and  descrip- 
tions of  what  is  going  forward  in  the  gold  fields  of 
Australia.  The  work  would  have  had  more  claim  ta 
confidence,  if  its  title  had  not  been  a  decoy  ;  neither  in 
matter  nor  manner  can  it  be  named  in  the  same  day 
with  those  admu'able  handbooks  for  travellers  which 
aU  the  world  knows  under  the  name  of  Murray's. 


Microscopical,  June  23. — G.  Jackson,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  W.  Wooler,  Esq.,  was  elected  a  member.  A 
paper,  entitled  "  Further  Observations  on  the  Struc- 
ture of  Volvox  Globator,"  by  Professor  Williamson, 
of  JIanehester,  was  read.  The  paper  went 
minutely  into  the  detailed  structure  of  this  organism, 
ilnd  was  especially  directed  to  the    silppdrt    of   the 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  Turnham  Green, 
— The  Orchids  in  the  different  houses  are  now  for  th& 
most  part  in  full  growth,  which  is  encouraged  by  the 
maintenance  of  a  moist  genial  climate.  Under  this 
treatment,  the  huge  Lffilia  snperbiens  "which  has 
blossomed  so  magnificently  for  these  last  two  or  thl'ee 
years  is  pushing  Very  vigorously;  and  judging  fi'om  past 
experience  audits  present  appearance, we  should  say  that 
its  flbWering}  next  ;year  may  again  be  looked  forwai'd 
to  with  confidence.  In  the  greenhouse  next  tlie  Orchid- 
house,  which  is  gay  with  the  usual  summer  occupants  of 
such  structures,  we  remarked  examples  of  two  kinds  of 
Orange  Lilies,  to  which  the  Belgians  have  given  the 
names  of  croceum  and  grandiflornm.  They  form  good 
additions  to  this  class  of  plants.  Speaking  of  bulbs 
reminds  us  of  a  bed  of  Gladiolus  byZantinus,  which 
is  now  in  blossom  iu  the  little  flower  garden  in 
front  of  the  council  room.  Its  purple  flowers, 
whieh  are  produced  in  abundance,  make  a  good- 
display  now,  when  showy  bedding  pl.ints  are  scarce. 
The  small  greenhouse,  near  the  carpeiitei-'s  'shop,, 
is  at  present  as  gay  as  a  house  of  that  kind  could  pbs- 
sibly  be — a  result  obtained  chiefly  by  means  of  Cape  anil 
other  Pelargoniums.  Among  scarlet  kinds  of  the  lattery- 
were  one  or  two  very  fine  specimens  of  Tom  Thumb. 
It  has  been  found  that  old  plants  of  this  useful  sort  flower 
much  better  than  young  ones  ;  and  therefore  if  showy 
specimens  are  desired,  a  few  of  the  best  plants  in  open 
beds  should  be  potted  up  in  autumn,  trimmed  in,, 
wintered   quietly    iu    any    out-of-the-way    place,   fre& 


27—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


423 


from  frost,  and  encouraged  to  grow  in  spring.  Tliese 
will  render  a  greenliouse  gay  all  the  summer.  Rol- 
lisson's  Unique  is  a  fine  purple  variety  that  may  be 
had  in  bloom  nearly  all  tlje  year  round  ;,  and  we  also 
noticed  a  good  plant  of  ?.  lateripes,  a  white- flowered 
ivy-leaved  kind,  which  is  showy  and  effective,  on  account 
of  the  contrast  it  malies  with  the  dark  vai-ieties.  The 
most  striking  subject  by  far  at  present  in  tlie  large 
conservatory  is  Brugmansia  Knightii  in  the  form  of 
a  tree,  with  a  head  some  7  feet  in  diameter,  and 
literally  loaded  with  large  white  trumpet  -  shaped 
flowers  that  are  very  fi'agrant.  This  of  itself  is  a  sight 
worth  travelliug  many  miles  to  see.  B.  sanguiuea 
has  also  been  very  finely  in  bloom,  but  its 
beauty  is  now  nearly  over.  The  New  Zealand 
Flax  (Phormium  tenax)  is  in  full  blossom,  its  flower 
spikes,  three  in  number,  being  from  7  to  8  feet  high;  and 
the  Str.iwberry  bearing  tree  (Benthamia  fragifera),  will 
soon  be  as  gay,  with  large,  creamj',  saucer-shaped 
flowers  as  it  usujilly  is  in  the  open  air  in  Devon  and 
Cornwall.  It  would  be  unfair  to  leave  this  house 
without  mentioning  the  largo  plants  of  Calceolaria 
integrifoli.a,  or  at  least  some  variety  of  it  which 
ornament  the  side  .shelves.  These  are  quite  3  feet 
across,  and  such  masses  of  bright  deep  yellow  flowers 
as  to  command  universal  admiration.  This  Calceolaria, 
and  the  scarlet  Pelargoniums  above  alluded  to,  require 
nearly  the  same  treatment,  and  the  display  they  make  is 
such  that  even  of  themselves  they  are  capable  of  ren- 
dering a  house  exceedingly  gay.  When  they  reach  three 
years  old  or  so  they  should  be  thrown  away,  and  their 
places  supplied  by  young  plants,  which  are  readily 
obtained  in  the  way  we  have  pointed  out.  The  Rhododen- 
drons in  the  American  g.arden  have  blossomed  as  pro- 
fusely as  could  have  been  expected,  but  their  beauty  is 
now  nearly  past.  We  found  Lilium  giganteum  planted 
out  on  the  banks  where  it  has  been  all  winter,  only 
protected  occasionally  by  a  hand-glass.  Near  it  was  a 
fine  specimen  of  the  Pamp.as  Grass  (Gynerium  argen  teum), 
noticed  at  p.  737,  and  further  on  the  new  Acer  villosum 
and  Myrica  californica  ;  the  latter  makes  a  good  h.ardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Several  plants  of  the  blue  Gum  tree 
(Eucalyptus  globulus),  wliose  huge  timber  attracted  so 
much  attention  iu  the  Crystal  Palace  last  year,  have 
survived  the  winter  here  unharmed,  except  in  the 
foUage,  which  has  been  slightly  browned,  thus  offering 
an  additional  proof  to  the  many  already  advanced  of  the 
suitability  of  numerous  AustraU.an  plants  to  our  climate. 
The  Roses,  standards  and  others,  on  either  side  of  the 
walk  leading  from  the  school  gate  towards  the  kitchen  I 
garden,  are  beginning  to  open  their  flowers  freely  ;  and 
by  the  exhibition  day,  on  the  10th  inst.,  we  expect  that 
they  will  be  in  full  beauty.  They  are  exceedingly  clean, 
havmg  been  weU  washed  by  the  late  heavy  rains.  An 
example  of  the  old  George  the  Fourth  Rose  against  a 
wall,  is  worthy  of  notice,  on  account  of  its  brilliant 
appearance,  its  blooms  being  nearly  as  good  a  colour  as 
those  of  that  glorious  gem  Geaut  des  Batailles.  Blairii 
is  also  well  in  flower  now,  but  Ruga  will  require  10 
days  or  more  yet  before  it  is  in  perfection.  The  flower- 
beds on  the  east  side  of  the  arboretum  are  beginuini' 
"  to  colour,"  and  the  difiereut  Conifers  which  have  been 
planted  in  tlieir  neighbourhood  are  thriving  satisfac- 
torily. Among  them  we  remarked  Lobb's  variety  of 
the  Japan  Cryptomeria,  a  very  close  habited  kind  ; 
the  African  Cedar  (Abies  atlantica),  which  looks  as  if 
it  were  a  cross  between  a  Deodar  and  a  Cedar  of 
Lebanon,  and  it  grows  freer  th.an  the  latter ;  Cupressus 
Goveniana  (fine  bushes),  and  C.  maerocarpa  ;  together 
with  Pinus  Nordmaimiana,  a  handsome  kind,  which 
grows  sufficiently  late  for  the  young  shoots  to  escape 
spring  frosts,  a  point  of  some  importance  with  .Silver 
Firs,  to  which  this  evidently  belongs. 

In  the  orchard  department.  Peaches  and  Nectarines  on 
the  wall  progress  sitisfactorily,  as  do  also  Pears.  The 
latter  are  dropping  off  very  umch,  but  still  a  good  crop 
will  be  left.  Willi  the  exception  of  Gooseberries,  crops 
of  open  ground  fruit  are  light.  Strawberries  are  late 
this  year ;  but  not  nnplentiful.  Keens'  Seedling  is 
ripe,  as  is  likewise  Hooper's  Seedling,  a  large  and 
very  prolific  kind,  but  rather  acid  perhaps;  and 
these  are  about  all  among  the  many  sorts  existing 
here,  that  are  as  yet  (June  28)  fit  for  table.  Two 
or  three  new  French  kinds  are  coming  forward ; 
but  they  are  not  yet  in  a  condition  to  report  on  their 
merits.  Many  new  Peas,  Broccoli,  Cabbages,  and  Let- 
tuces, are  under  trial  hi  the  l{itclien  garden  ;  but  on 
these  we  sliall  liavc  sometliing  to  say  hereafter.  Since 
the  occurrence  of  the  late  rains,  vegetation  has  pro- 
gressed favourably,  but  still  the  ground  is  unusually 
cold,  as  is  eviuccd  by  the  sickly  yellow  appearance  of 
Frencli  Beans  ;  mid  Gourda  do  not  as  yet  move  much, 
whereas,  in  ordinary  seasons,  they  should  bo  good 
plants  by  this  time.  The  Grape  mildew  has  appeared 
both  on  wall.*  and  under  glass ;  but  its  progress  is 
stopped  by  timely  apiilications  of  milpliur.  The  latter 
has  also  Ijcen  tried  on  Potatoes,  in  order  to  ascertain 
whether  or  not  it  will  have  any  cQect  iaari'esting  the 
dis^-asc  in  that  esculent. 

Wc  m.ay  just  mention,  by  woy  of  conclusion,  that  the 
long-expected  cxiiinple  of  Jiwing's  glass  walls  is  at  last 
in  course  of  construction.  There  is,  therefore,  a  chance 
of  teeing  it  completed  by  the  next  l&te. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Tiair-H, — Wc  fifti'l  a  viHit  to   th*;  coII'rcUonH  /^rowing 
Ihiii  MiuMtn  at  Sl-jugli,  when  tliey  wcrout  llioir  l;c-bt.    At  j 
Mr.  iJr;it;(5'»    woro    121    row^   of  well  (;rown    flowertj; 
forcmr/fit  aiuong  them  wua  Urowii'a  Vviyiihcmuu,  true  ] 


and  ill  fine  condition;  it  is  a  fuurth-row  flower  with 
stout  stem,  bold  and  erect,  the  yellow  being  as  pure 
as  unalloyed  Californian's  latest  produccj  and  the 
marking  as  black  as  a  Virginian  nigger;  the  air  of 
Slough  evidently  suits  this  sort  admirably;  Lawrence's 
Polyphemus,  of  which  the  bed  contained  many  specimens, 
was  iu  better  condition  than  has  been  generally  the  case 
tins  season;  for  Tulip?,  like  other  things,  have  their 
"times  and  seasons."  i)uke  of  Devonshire  was  abun- 
dant and  fine;  as  a  showy  bed-flower  we  observed  a 
first-row  bizarre,  called  Gold  Cup,  a  northern  flower 
we  believe;  Lady  Catherine  Gordon,  from  the  same 
quarter,  is  a  delicately  feathered  rose,  which  when 
stroug  and  iu  good  character  will  be  striking;  Rose 
Magnificent  was  not  good,  it  possesses  neither  form 
nor  marking;  Catalani  was  fine,  as  was  Goldham's 
iVIaria,  so  far  as  colour  was  concerned;  we  have 
seldom  seen  this  variety  succeed  better  than  duriug 
the  past  season.  Bybloamens  furnished  Modena,  a  very 
attractive  third-row  flower  ;  Euphrates  is  a  first-rate 
feathered  variety,  obtained,  we  learn,  from  the  collection 
of  Dr.  Sanders,  of  Stains  ;  Bijou  d' Amateur  was  better 
than  usual,  and  fine  ;  Musidora  mostly  full  of  colour, 
a  fault  to  which  this  sort  is  very  liable  ;  Rutley's 
Queeu  was  quite  a  fourth-row  flower,  with  broad 
petals^  and  eveu  on  the  surface,  but  somewhat  narrow 
at  their  baSe  ;  Triomphe  Royale,  David,  and  other 
sterling  sorts  were  amongst  the  collection  which,  as  a 
whole,  displayed  much  merit. 

At  the  Royal  Nursery  we  found  180  rows  iu  the  best 
bed,  which  for  general  arrangement,  growth,  and  neat- 
ness must  have  proved  very  acceptable  to  the  many 
visitors  who  inspected  it.  During  the  few  years  which 
Mr.  Turner  has  devoted  to  the  Tulip,  much  has  been 
accomplished,  and  good  strains  of  the  leading  aud 
valuable  sorts  collected;  hence,  fewer  are  to  be  found  of 
those  now  considered  second-rate  or  doubtful,  than 
perhaps  in  any  collection  grown;  that  this  nursery 
was  once  famous  for  Tulips  is  proverbial,  and, 
ere  long,  we  expect  it  will  be  as  rich  in  this  flower 
as  it  is  in  other  florist's  favourites.  In  bizarres 
we  remarked  in  capital  condition  Strong's  King, 
Hamlet,  Pilot,  Duke  of  Devonshire,  aud  Royal  Sove- 
reign ;  in  bybloemens — Pi'incess  Royal,  Pandora, 
Purple  Perfection,  Maid  of  Orleans,  and  Queen  Victoria 
(Groom)  :  and  of  roses — Arlette,  Midland  Beauty, 
Madame  Vestris,  Cerise  belleform,  Persiani,  and  Flora 
M'Douald.  This  establishment  also  contains  a  tolerably 
full  collection  of  the  far-famed  Chellastons,  than  which, 
as  a  batch,  few  can  equal,  none  excel  them.  Although 
we  shall  hiive  more  to  say  on  the  subject  of  "  breaking," 
we  cannot  permit  the  present  opportunity  to  pass  by 
without  stating  that  at  Mr.  Turner's,  as  well  as  at  Wace 
Cottage,  the  numbers  broken  this  season  prove  to  be 
very  great  ;  this  shall  form  the  topic  of  an  article  at 
another  time.  /.  F. 

Glodcestee  and  Cheltenham  Horticoltueal  Society, 
June  15. — This  Society  bad  a.  boisterous  and  sbowery  day  fur 
its  exhibition  on  thi-i  occ^ision  ;  uevertlielesi  tbe  grounds  aod 
promenadea  of  the  Old  WelU  wave  filled  with  the  elite  of  Che' 
teiihano  and  neighbourhood,  and  everythini?  "went  off" 
satisfaciocily.  In  Q.iacellaneous  ct.'lleciiuns  ot- 15  Stove  aud 
Greenhouse  plants,  the  first  iiiizo  was  awarded  to  J.  M. 
Yeeles,  Ksq.;  am' ng  the  more  striking  plants  which  ho  fur- 
nished Were  Aphelexis  sesnmoides  rosea  and  A.  purpurea 
grandiflora,  Erica  Cavendishii,  and  a  LescheuauUia.  The 
seCvuid  group  cjime  from  II.  BrowtJ,  Esq.,  M.P.,  and  contained 
StephanotistlorlbuQda,  Staticema'^ropb^Jl  i,  and  tbe  CaveDdish 
Heath,  G.  Iteed,  Esq.,  had  a  third  prize  for  Polygai:!  cur- 
difolia  and  oilier  well  grown  plants.  Iu  CoIJections  of  12,  A. 
Lawrence,  Esq  ,  was  placed  Ist ;  C.  Sbaw,  E.-q  ,  2d  ;  a.^d  Mr, 
Hudfies  3.i  ;  the  best  plan'.s  being  Ixora  ooccinta,  Biugmansia 
Knii^ht.i,  Iloja  bella,  &c.  lii  8  Miscellaneous  Plants,  the  Ibt 
prize  Mas  awarded  to  Mr.  Griffin,  in  wl  03e  group  Erica  pul- 
chei'a  was  conspicuous;  2d,  A.  E.  Alacdunell,  Eaq.;  31,  E. 
Saunders,  Ksq.  There  were  ecvtral  oolJectiona  of  fours; 
lit,  J.  Webster,  E>q  ,  wiih  admirable  i-lants  of  Toreuia 
asiatica;  Brugmanaia  Knighti',  and  Stephanotia  floribunda, 
the  latter  in  trui'-  as  well  os  in  tiower  ;  2,  Lord  de  Saumarez  ; 
3,  E.  Armiuue,  Esq. — A  nice  display  of  Orchids  was  produced 
by  Messrs.  Vi^icb,  R.  S.  Holford,  C.  Sbaw,  and  ii.  ll'^ed, 
EFqrs.  The  first  furnished  Dtndrobium  Devoneanum,  D.  dea- 
siflurum,  Hras  ia  verrucosa,  Succolabium  priertiorsum, 
Sobralia  macrantha,  d:c.  ;  Mr.  Ilolford  staged  Aeiides  odo- 
ratum,  Saccolabium  guttaium,  Dendrobtum  cupreutu,  but  the 
pi'int  of  the  meeting  was  an  Aerides  odoratum  froai  Mr. 
Holford,  with  more  than  30  racemes  of  fl-twtrs  on  it,  ail 
extremely  well  coloured  ;  this  was  tho  bei^t  specimen,  aud 
dcFcrvedly  received  ihe  highest  an-nrd.  Mauy  collections  of 
Hentbs  were  produced  in  admirable  coitdiiion.  A  spleodid 
bu^h  of  EjjacriB  oiiniata  received  tho  specimen  piiz's  lor 
Gieenhi'U6B  Plants;  thin  was  sent  by  Mr.  Yeelea,  Several 
Nepenthes  wei-e  shown  by  Mi-asis.  Veitch.  CaIC'?olarias, 
Petunia',  Verbenas,  Pansits,  Uanu^^culu^es,  and  PinUs  were 
all  more  or  Itits  abuudant.  Of  PelarKoniums  there  was  a  b  ink 
extending  the  Icng'h  of  one  tide  of  a  large  tent,  tbo  fancies 
occupjiiig  ibo  "  op[iOfii'ion  beaches."  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slougli, 
contributed  12  iu  8  inc'i  pots,  G  fancies,  24  Pinli-i,  and 
2t  Pansit-e  ;  to  tach  of  these  first  prizes  were  awarded. 
Tho  varielica  were  li  Pciargoniums  — First  of  May,  Beaivice, 
AloiZ'i,  Rubens,  Narcissus,  MagiiiHcent,  Mairne*-,  Euchanlic  s, 
Aj  IX,  OuliehiM,  Loveliness,  and  llubanioud;  G  Fauiii^^s — Anala, 
KxquiKire,  Carhitta  Grisi,  jjefiauce,  l:teligUt,  and  Triumphant; 
21  Pirilip— Nnrboro'  Bijck,  Rubens,  Optima,  Winchester  Riva', 
Clii>,  ItoBalirid,  Brlltiuiit,  Mrs.  Ilerben,  Aiitogni*',  Lucrelia, 
(Miertcm,  Omega,  Uai-rietf,  Diana,  Supiiho,  Lord  J.  Eus'^ell, 
Allied  Morrison,  Empreefl,  Lola  Montes,  lIi;ro  of  Sluiigh,  Mr:,. 
Judd.  Conquering  Hero,  Laura,  und  Chiinuer;  24  Panhiefi  — 
Alired  tho  Gr.  afi,  Diadem,  Antonla,  Thisbe,  SoodHuff  No.  20, 
Ortjat  Britain,  I-'raiicc  Creole,  Lady  Kmlly,  Jllack  llilimuiid, 
liord  llardiria*',  Uoiyul  Viai't,  Suprtmo,  Adda,  Lord  Wa'aingiiiui, 
['ompey,  DuUu  of  Perth,  CJimux,  Seedling  No.  19,  Oro-u 
Western,  Flowur  of  ilio  Day,  OldF,  Ekgint.  lloadicuo,  imd 
Kubeni'  ;  other  col'eeiloiitt  were  furwardvd  by  Mr.  lIurlMtou, 
Mr.  IIod|{u->,  Me«Mrtt.  Pipe  i-nd  Son,  A,  E,  Maodonno  1,  Lsq.,  MV. 
Clirli,  Mr.  Clif',  Co'.  Fiddcrt.  Ac.  Ornamciiwi'  baHlto  e  of 
[lautu  — !-(',  Mr.  llU'lu'Od  ;  2d,  Moftrn.  Jung  and  Suliiiondi'r ; 
:)  t,  Mr.  lli.djtiN.  Wu  urin  Hiiy  nothing  in  prti  bd  of  fru  U\ ; 
hi%lier  \i>  \Zf»  uil){ht  pottviLly  jiroduco  butter  (ixunipU'K,  fur  vm 
Ciin  ooiircily  HCcept  that  Hrii((iid  ua  a  Kunijilu  of  ChidttDioni 
<riilr-ifr'>vvinif,  wh«n  ftidu  by  t-tdu  wore  coliuciioiiH  of  the  IliuHt 
v<*|{taHb'u4  iiiiaiilniiblo  — CjuililliwurK,  PrU'i,  Ai<pJtr<iguH,  Cok-ry, 
Mukliroouitt,  Kld[i»y  Hfunfl,  &a  ,  Am.,  were  quite  a  "  itight  to 
h>  hold."  Mr,  Mulder  and  Mr.  Dovoy  wuru  tliu  iiioit  HUucesBful. 
TUu  clokluii  vxbibliluu  llila  jcur  \»  iixcd  for  Augutt  "Glh.  J.  IC, 


_  Newbouv  lloaTicuLToaAL.— This  Society  held  an  cxliibition 
of  fruits  and  tlawer^  on  the  18th  ult.  ;  but  we  have  onlv  been 
furnisbei  with  a  tUt  ol  tho  awdrds  without  the  names  "of  tho 
subjects  lor  which  they  were  given. 

Antierhinctm  :  J /C  T.  Primrose  Perfection  U  one  of  the  very 
beet  yellow  varietiea  with  which  we  arc  acquainted,  and 
miy  be  Sttfelj  aided  to  aoy  t  o'lecion  ;  for  habii  of  growth, 
for  profusion  vf  hloom,  ^ud  for  qualltv,  few  can  compare 
with  it  ;  any  of  tbe  Londou  nurfiervnien  can  supply  you 
with  it. 

Fuchsias  :  Alpha.  Tho  dwarf  or  bedding  varieties  form  pret^ 
objects  on  roL'kworlf. 

Gladioli:  Z.  They  cannot  bo  wintered  with  safety  in  damp 
6ituationa.  We  have  received  many  complaints  eimilar 
to  youro, 

Roses:  Thorn.  We  have  not  seen  any  eeedllnsa  this  season- 
it  is  too  early  yet.  We  are  as  anxious  about  them  as 
yourself. 

Vadxhall  :  Beta.  We  believe  that  a  little  movement  is  on  foot 
to  hold  a  complimentary  Floral  meeting  in  these  gardens. 
To  state  that  tbe  proprietor  deserves  such  a  mark  of  respect, 
ii  but  lo  secure  tbe  co-operation  of  those  whose  desire  it  is 
ever  to  be  doing  good.  Tuesday,  the  13th  instant,  is  the  day 
fixed.  J.  E. 

SEEDLINGS. 

Calceolaria:  RBHB.  Two  blooms,  collapsed  and  shrivelled 
up,  from  being  packed  in  dry  moss. 

Gloxinia:  N R.  Too  smaU  lo  become  a  favourie. 

Pansy  ;  J  IK  The  wide  difference  of  the  ground  colour  between 
the  lower  and  side  petals  at  once  stamps  it  as  inferior; 
although  smooth  on  the  surface  it  is  scarcely  so  on  the  edges, 
nor  i'j  the  outline  at  aU  passable. 

Pelahqoniosis  :  M  IF.  1  and  2  had  fallen  to  pieces,  and  were 
so  mixed  that  we  were  unable  to  make  anything  of  them, — 
Z>  Zf .  A  box  of  loose  petals  of  a  pink  variety,  whose  pttals 
are  very  small ;  a  profu&e  flowerer,  if  we  may  judge  from  the 
footstalks,  which  numbered  over  40  in  one  truss.  A  frag- 
ment of  fiomelhing  else  also  accompanied  this,  but  so 
wi'bered  that  we  failed  to  recognise  to  what  it  balonged. — ■ 
N  R.  1,  the  veins  in  the  upper  petals  detract  from  an  other- 
wise fair  flower  ;  2,  we  are  familiar  with  this  variety,  but  at 
the  moment  we  fail  to  remember  what  it  resembles  ;  3,  upper 
petals  of  famous  texture  and  smooth,  lower  petals  a  cheerful 
rosy  pink,  wbicli  are  spoiled  by  tbe  veins  of  darker  colour, 
and  by  the  colour  not  terminating  sufficiently  abrupt  at  the 
base  of  petals  ;  4,  one  of  the  high  coloured  class,  not  smooth 
enough  on  ihe  edges  of  the  upper  petals,  as  a  comparison 
with  No.  2  will  testify,  nor  broad  euough  in  lower  petals,  as 
will  be  evident  when  side  by  side  with  IS'o.  1. 

Pines:  J  1£.  1,  lacing  evenly  laid  on  and  colour  bright;  our 
standard  is  broad  petals,  this  has  narrow.  2,  wmilar  faults 
as  in  No.  1 ;  3,  too  rough  on  the  edge^ ;  4,  a.  nice  looking 
flower,  with  good  pod  and  plenty  of  *' stuff ;"  propagate  it 
ireely  ;  5,  worthless  ;  G,  apparently  identical  with  ICirtland's 
Prince  Albert. 
PoTENTiLLAB  '.  B  Jj  B,  All  very  handsome  kinds,  and  well 
worthy  of  cultivation  ;  but  decidedly  the  most  etriking  is 
No.  21,  a  deep  scarlet  crimson  measuring  upwards  ol  IJ  inch 
in  diameter. 
Ranoncolus:  L.  A  nicely  marked  flower.  Wo  Ecai'cely  dare 
venture  to  speak  of  its  diasimilarity. 


Miscellaneous, 

Air.  William  Gardiner. — A  correspondeut  has  for- 
warded us  the  following  meraoraudum  respecting  this 
naturalist,  whose  death  was  recorded  in  our  last.  He  was 
a  native  of  Dundee.  His  parents  were  of  humble  circum- 
stancesj  and  his  youth  was  spent  in  the  privations  which 
are  the  lot  of  no  small  portion  of  our  labouring  popula- 
tion. Like  most  Scotch  boys  he  got  some  schoohng,  but 
the  sum  and  substance  of  his  education  wag  only  rudi- 
mentary instruction  in  reading  and  writing;  with  an 
indomitable  spirit  of  perseverance,  he  was  enabled  to 
give  himself  a  good  education,  as  is  evinced  by  his 
various  publications.  From  his  earliest  years  Mr. 
Gardiner  manifested  a  great  love  for  flowers;  this  tasto 
was  encouraged  by  his  father — himself  no  mean  botanist 
— who  was  in  the  habit  of  accompanying  hira  in  hia 
rambles  after  the  day's  work  was  over,  und  from  the 
habit  thus  acquired  may  be  traced  tliat  enthusiasm 
which  afterwards  characterised  him.  In  the  year  1819, 
when  about  10  years  of  age,  Mr.  Gardiner  was 
apprenticed  to  an  uuibrella-maker,inwhoseestablishraent 
he  remained  five  years.  After  the  expiration  of  his 
apprenticeship  he  removed  to  the  shop  of  Mr.  G. 
Robertson,  hosier  and  umbrella- maker^  where  he 
remained  till  1844.  Durhig  )iis  leisure  liours  he  visited 
the  various  localities  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town, 
examining  and  collecting  their  various  botanical 
treasures,  and  when  a  holiday  occurred,  extended  his 
rambles  to  tlieSidlaw  Hilla,  Auchmithie,  the  Ked  Head, 
&c.,  and  by  the  kindness  of  his  employer  he  was  allowed 
to  extend  his  excursions  to  various  parts  of  tbe  Forfar- 
shire and  Perthahite  Highlands,  thus  greatly  increasing 
his  knowledge  of  tlie  vegetable  kingdom.  These 
excursions  he  was  enabled  to  make  by  various  individuals 
employing  him  to  collect  plants  for  them.  Amongst 
others,  the  Botanical  Society  of  Edinbin-gh  employed 
him  in  li!38  to  collect  Alpine  ^jlants  for  them;  and  so 
well  pleased  were  they  with  the  collection  made,  that  he 
was  elected  an  associate  member  by  tho  Society.  The 
Botanical  Society  of  London  also  employed  him  for  a 
similar  object.  Being  thus  so  well  encouraged,  the  idea 
occurred  to  him  that  ho  niiglit  make  a  kind  of  business 
by  collecting  Scottisli  jjlants;  in  this  idea  he  was  not 
mistaken;  fur  from  1841  to  the  time  of  his  last  illness, 
ho  continued  to  make  a  Iriulo  of  collecting  and  selling 
botanical  apecimcnB,  many  thousands  of  which  ho 
distributed  to  all  piirts  of  the  country,  as  well  iis  to  tho 
continent.  There  are  fow  IJiititih  botanists  whose 
collections  have  not  been  enriched  by  Rome  of  tliorariLies 
collected  by  Mr.  Gardiner.  In  June  Ifl  14  Mr.  Ganliuer 
made  an  extensivo  botanical  tour  nniung  tho  inoimtains 
of  Aberdeen  and  Purthi<biro,  An  account  of  this 
journey  w:i.s  publiahed  by  him  in  1815,  uuficr  the  title 
of  "  JJotiinical  Hambles  in  liraeniar."  This  was 
folluwcil  by  a  small  work,  published  at  .*ia.  Qd.^  entitled 
"Twenty  LcKSons  on  BriLitili  Mosses,"  illustrated 
with  real  epeciinena  of  tho  plants',  instead  of 
ongravingM.  Tliiu  npcedi!y  ran  through  tlu*eo 
editiuna,  and  a  fourth  wan  in  the  press  at  tho  time  of  hie 
dcalh.     'J'he  eucccbS  of  this  led  to  a  second  series,  which 


424 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[JULTf    3, 


\v^3  i(,.5  s|pi.t;ai]y  buu-.iL  uj-.  lie  also  i  -at:u  n  woriv  ul 
upwards  of  300  pages,  entitled  "The  ?lora  of  Forfar- 
shire," giving  au  account  of  tij  localities  of  all  the 
various  plants  found  in  the  county.  In  this  latter  work 
he  notices  some  of  the  original  aiscoveries  he  himself 
made— such  as  the  discovery,  for  the  first  time  in 
Britain,  of  the  Buxbaumia  aphylla;  the  discovery  of 
the  fruit  of  the  Alcctoria  jubata,  and  the  discovery  of  a 
new  Spliaeria,  which,  in  compliment  to  Mr.  Gardinei", 
was  named  by  Mr.  Berkeley,  S.  Gardineri.  A  number 
of  years  ago,  Mr.  Gardiner  delivered  a  series  of  lectures 
on  botany,  to  the  members  of  the  Dundee  Watt 
Institution.  He  has  left  behind  him  a  son,  about  7  years 
of  age,  his  only  surviving  relative,  who  is  totally 
unprovided  for. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the   ensuing  week.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

During  the  time  when  house  creepers  are  in  an  active 
state,  make  it  a  rule  to  go  over  them  frequently,  that 
they  may  not  grow  into  a  confused  state.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  creepers  in  pots  which  require  attention, 
for  the  same  reason,  every  few  days.  Any  shoots  which 
have  done  flowering  should  be  cut  back,  and  a  crowded 
growth  avoided,  A  number  of  hard-wooded  plants, 
which  were  cut  back  some  weeks  since  will  now  have 
recovered  themselves,  and  be  commencing  a  fresh 
growth.  This  is  the  proper  time  to  shift  into  larger 
pots  any  plants  requiring  it.  Carefully  loosen  the  out- 
side roots  with  a  small  pointed  stick.  After  potting, 
keep  the  plants  closer  for  a  few  days,  and  syringe 
them  daily ;  but  avoid  giving  any  more  water  to  the 
roots  than  is  sufficient  to  preserve  the  old  ball  moist. 
To  prevent  watering  so  quickly  after  potting,  mind  the 
•  roots  of  the  plan^  are  well  moistened  before  beiiig  potted. 
The  greenhouse  plants  out  of  doors  will  i-equire  the 
canvas  or  tarpauling  being  drawn  over  them  during 
heavy  rains.  Tliose  still  remaining  in  the  house  must 
have  abundance  of  air*.  Watch  narrowly  for  green-tiy, 
^vhich  often  does  considerable  damage  to  such  things  as 
Leschenaultias  before  it  is  found  ;  fumigate  or  wash  with 
weak  tobacco-water,  wherever  there  is  the  least  indica- 
tions of  its  appearance.  Wlienever  room  occurs  in  the 
plant  houses,  take  in  a  few  of  the  mostforwavd  Fuchsias, 
Japan  Lilies,  and  Gladioli,  to  assist  in  keeping  up  the 
floral  display.  Brugniausias  and  other  very  vigorous 
growing  plants  should  be  frequently  assisted  with 
manure-water  ;  and  as  they  arc  liable  to  get  infested 
with  insects,  keep  the  syringe  well  at  work  to  keep 
them  under  before  they  get  into  bloom.  In  the 
Orchid-house  a  warm  moist  atmosphere  must  be  main- 
tained to  plants  in  active  progress.  Such,  however, 
as  have  made  their  growth  (known  by  the  pseudo-bulbs 
having  attained  their  full  size),  should  have  less  water, 
and  be  gradually  inured  to  a  lower  temperature,  and  a 
greater  degree  of  dryness.  It  should,  however,  be 
borne  in  mind,  that  this  progression  to  a  state  of  rest 
in  all  plants  should  be  slow,  and  take  a  considerable 
time  to  effect.  So  fai'  as  Orcliids  are  concerned,  those 
showing  indications  of  matured  growth  may  be  first 
removed  to  the  cool  end  of  the  house,  for  a  few  weeks, 
aud  afterwards  placed  in  quarters  where  the  tempera- 
ture and  atmospheric  moisture  will  not  interfere  with 
the  slow  progress  of  the  plant  towards  a  state  of  rest. 
Dendrobiums,  and  others  of  that  class,  should  be  grown 
on  till  the  shoots  are  of  sufficient  length.  Wash 
any  plants  infested  with  insects  with  a  lather  of  common 
brown  soap,  using  a  sponge  for  the  purpose  ;  destroy,  by 
■every  means  in  your  power,  beetles  and  other  pests  to 
Orchid-houses. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

ViiNERV. — The  present  state  of  the  weather,  may 
render  fires  still  necessary  to  the  more  tender  kinds  of 
Grapes  ;  both  to  keep  up  the  requisite  temperature  and 
to  insui-e  liberal  ventilation.  Regulate  the  growth  of  the 
later  houses  as  they  advance  ;  and  continue  to  thin  the 
bunches  as  soon  as  the  berries  are  sufficiently  discernible 
— remembering,  however,  that  some  kinds  of  Grapes,  as 
the  Damascus  and  West's  St.  Peter's,  often  present  the 
appearance  of  a  good  set,  when  afterwards  one-half 
the  berries  never  swell,  from  imperfect  fertilisation  ; 
a  short  time  with  these  kinds  should  therefore  elapse, 
to  see  what  number  of  berries  really  swell,  before 
thinning  commences.  Figs  will  be  swelling  off  their 
second  crop  ;  to  assist  them  pinch  out  the  point  of  each 
shoot,  this  will  not  only  assist  the  present  crop,  but  aid 
the  development  of  embryo  fruit  for  the  first  crop  next 
season.  Keep  the  inside  borders  moist  by  frequent 
waterings.  Cucumbers  in  this  neighbourhood  suffer  the 
present  season  as  they  did  the  last,  from  some  kind  of 
disease  resemblinggum  or  canker;  so  virulent  is  this,  that 
not  one  fruit  in  ten  swells  off  after  the  plant  is  attacked ; 
ail  the  remedies  tried  have  had  but  little  effect  in  either 
pi'eventing  or  arresting  its  progress.  Complete  the 
laying  of  Strawberry  runners  for  next  season's  crop. 
For  earliness  and  productiveness  none  are  yet  better 
than  Keens' Seedling,  Alice  Maude  is  fine  but  rather 
insipid ;  while  the  Queen  is  pre-eminent  as  a  late 
forcer,  combining  beauty  with  high  flavour. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
The  recently  planted  beds  will  still  require  watching, 
to  get  the  plants  in  them  fairly  on  the  start.  The  heavy 
rams  of  the  last  month  have  chilled  the  ground,  and 
some  of  the  more  tender,  or  badly  rooted  things,  look 
sickly.  As  the  grounds  and  shrubberies  are  much 
Irequentedby  company  at  this  season,  pay  the  more 
attention  m  keeping  the  greatest  neatness  and  order  in 


every  |>iut,  wiierc  ttiure  uic  bands  to  ailmit  of  it; 
flowering  shrubs,  as  they  go  out  of  bloom,  should  have 
the  dead  flowers,  &c.,  removed,  and  be  slightly  cutback. 
For  the  same  reasons  remove  the  seed  pods  from 
Rhododendrons,  Tree  Paionies,  &c.  ;  these  little  atten- 
tions (where  they  can  be  given  without  infringing  onmore 
important  matters),  will  be  followed  by  an  increased 
growth  pf  the  plant,  and  with  the  greater  certainty  of  their 
blooming  every  season.  The  propagation  of  Carnations, 
Picotees,  Cloves,  &c.,  should  not  be  longer  delayed. 
As  cuttings  of  the  young  Grass  will  succeed  at  this 
season,  a  slight  hotbed  should  be  made,  ou  which  place 
a  few  inches  of  very  sandy  compost.  Select  the  weakest 
Grass  for  cuttings,  and  place  an  air-tight  hand-glass 
over  them.  The  stronger  shoots  left  will  answer  for 
layering.  The  present  is  a  favourable  time  for  putting  in 
cuttings  of  all  the  more  showy  herbaceous  plants, 
selecting  for  the  purpose  the  small  shoots  not  furnished 
with  bloom.  A  north  border  is  a  suitable  place  to  strike 
them,  and  a  hand-glass  will  facilitate  their  rooting 
quickly.  Pansies  for  autumn  blooming  may  be  treated 
in  the  same  way.  Hedges  .should  be  well  cut  in  with  the 
shears,  unless  when  formed  of  large  leaved  plants,  as 
Laurel,  Turkey  Oak,  &c.,  when  the  knife  only  should 
be  employed,  as  the  leaves  look  bad  when  clipped  with 
the  shears.  As  a  deciduous  plant  for  hedges,  nothing  is 
better  than  the  Turkey  or  hybrid  Lucombe  Oak,  and 
Taxodium  sempervirens  will  be  found  a  most  eligible 
plant  for  making  evergreen  hedges,  as  it  grows  quickly, 
bears  the  knife  well,  and  has  an  agreeable  appearance. 

FLORISTS'    FLOWERS. 

Tulips  ^may  now  be  taken  up  ;  allow  the  skin  and 
roots,  after  carefully  removing  the  soil,  to  remain ;  these 
can  be  better  taken  off  when  the  bulb  is  dry.  Store 
them  away  either  in  cabinets  with  the  drawers  properly 
numbered,  or  put  them  in  thin  paper,  allowing  them  to 
dry  gradually  in  an  airy  shady  place.  Continue  to  put 
in  cuttings  or  pipings  'of  Pmks  ;  these  root  freely  on  a 
gentle  hotbed,  under  hand-glasses,  or  they  will  succeed 
in  the  open  border  if  kept  duly  shaded.  Any  one  who 
is  desirous  to  improve  the  race  of  this  beautiful  and 
fragrant  flower  shuuld  attempt  to  do  something  in  the 
way  of  cross-breeding,  after  becoming  acquainted  with 
the  organs  of  fructification  ;  a  little  perseverance  will 
ensure  success.  Push  Dahlias  on,  by  watering  freely 
when  the  weather  is  dry  ;  also  assist  them  by  mulching 
tlie  ground  with  decayed  stable  manure  ;  take  care  that 
he  plants  do  not  chafe  where  attached  to  the  blooming- 
sticks.  Take  up  seedling  Ranunculuses,  these  are  often 
very  small  and  scarcely  distinguishable.  "We  have 
found  it  the  safest  and  most  expeditious  plan  to  put  the 
soil  to  the  depth  of  two  inches,  in  which  they  have 
grown,  in  a  fine  wire  sieve;  by  pumping  through  them 
and  stirring  the  soil  it  passes  tiirough  with  the  water, 
leaving  the  roots  ;  these  are  afterwards  spread  on  sheets 
of  paper,  aud  gradually  dried  in  the  shade. 
HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Our  previous  directions  should  be  looked  over  ;  the 
nailing  and  tying  in  of  the  current  year's  wood  should 
be  continued.  Many  fine  trees  are  in  a  deplorable 
state,  from  the  uncongenial  state  of  the  weather  during 
last  month  ;  pinch  out  the  point  of  the  present  year's 
wood  of  the  Fig  before  nailing  them  in.  Stop  and  nail 
in  Vines,  and  still  continue  to  watch  the  progress  of  the 
green-fly.  Where  new  Strawberry  plantations  are 
intended,  prepare  the  ground  by  deep  trenching  and 
well  manuring  with  rotten  dung;  lay  into  3-inch  pots 
a  sufficient  number  of  the  desired  kinds  of  plants  for 
the  purpose  ;  this  little  trouble  will  be  amply  repaid  by 
the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  first  year's  crop. 


"STATE  OF 

THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON. 

For  the  week  eadiuf;  July  1, 1852,  as  obaerv ed  at  the  Horticultural  GardeaF.fl 
ChiBwick. 

TBUPBEATUEa. 

June 
and  July. 

or  tbe  Air. 

Oftbe  Earth 

Wind. 

1 

Mai. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

1  foot  2  feel 
deep.    deep. 

S. 

Friday..   25 

30.048 

29  904 

67 

r...5 

60 

67 

Satur.  ..  26 

« 

2D.8N 

29.703 

71 

h-> 

61,S 

60J 

57 

s  w 

,32 

Sunday  .  2/ 

10, 

29.321 

29.7C0 

71 

51 

6141 

»n 

67 

S  IV 

1? 

.Vloiiday    23 

'^ 

29.;SG 

29.761 

u 

W 

62.0 

60.1 

53 

s  w 

04 

Tuea.    ..  2Q 

ii;' 

29.713 

Ii7 

53 

60.0 

601 

57 

s.w 

03 

Wed.    ..  30 

i:i 

29."J37 

29.314 

71 

47 

69  0 

591 

671 

SH', 

(10 

Tliurfl. ,.     1 

1 

30.107 

29.99.i 

72 

5-2 

62.0 

60 

57 

S.W. 

.00 

iverase  . . . 

29.000   1  29.312 

70.5      52  5  '  61.5  (  60  2 

67.2 

.^2 

-Heavy  dew;  tine;  uniiurmly  overcast. 
26 -Rain;  heavy  Bhnwer» ;  BliRbily  overciot. 
2/— Overcast ;  heavy  sliowera  ;  nverc«at  at  niRht. 
2S—Clnuils  in  strata;  fine;  Bli);ht  sliowera;  densely  overcast. 

29  — Ovfcasl  ;  cloudy  ;  clear  at  iiinht ;  raiu. 

30  — Fine,  ralhc' Miiidi';  tine;  clpur at  night. 
1— Fine;  cloudy;  Bllyliily  overcast. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  i  deg.  below  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
Duriog  the  last  26  y^ara,  for  the  eusuin^  week,  endiog  July  10,  18j2. 


Ss 

3^ 

No.  of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greateat 
Quantity 
of  KaiB. 

Frevailing  ^Vlnds. 

July. 

-1  4'  2  1'  110  7 
1    1    ■)    I    ^    7    H 

-3-4575 
IM    3    1    5    8    4 

-'-;  3,  1, 1 10  7 

3    1--    2    8    8 
I    1    1    1 '  3 12    3 

Sunday   4 
Mon        5 
Tues.       6 
Wed.       7 
Thura.    8 
Friday     9 
Satur.    10 

76.2 
77.9 
7e.it 
73.4 
73.3 
7^\9 
74  2 

53.2 
53.0 
53.5 
54.0 
51.9 
51.3 
52.5 

61.7 
65.4 
64.9 
M.7 
63  9 
621 
C3.3 

a 

5 
ID 
10 
14 
9 
7 

0.7S  in. 

0.24 

0,59 

0.45 

0.46 

0,67 

0  36 

1 
3 

4 
4 
4 

The  hiKheat  temperature  during  the  above  period  occurred  oq  the  j 
1846- therm.  9 J  deg.;  and  the  lowest  00  the  Sth,  ISao-tberm.  39  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Bees  :  Birhhurst,  You  have  acted  very  properly  in  trying  straw 
caps  as  well  aa  glasses,  hut  you  must  n-it  expect  either  to  be 
taken  to  until  the  stock  hives  are  first  filled.  Up  to  the 
present  time  this  season  there  has  been  so  much  against 
their  collecting  honey,  and  the  hives  you  employ  so  rarely 
succeed,  that  there  ia  little  chance  of  your  obtaining  any 
honey  in  either,    la  another  year  put  some  of  your  swarms 


in  acj-tat)  iiivet;,  cijusfiuctcd  so  as  to  hold  the  glasses  on  the 
top.  The  imprnved  cotta<re  hive  ie  perhaps  one  of  the  best, 
and  by  tbe  use  of  it  or  a  similar  one  your  present  difficultiefl 
will  vanish,  and  you  will  easily  obtain  that  you  have  for  a 
"few  years"  sought  for  in  vain.  Y. 

Blight  :  Mr.  Ncvile's  blight  is  Frotococcua  communis 
(Lepraria  viridis,  of  authors),  and  is  extremely  common  on 
leaves  of  evergreens  in  damp  situations.  It  is  not  a  fungus, 
but  a  low  form  of  Confervae, 

BKtNjALB  :  HUB.  Firstly,  they  must  bo  ripe,  which  is  rarely 
the  case  in  England,  although  they  becime  richly  coloured  ; 
then  they  must  he  sliced,  or  scored  and  rubbed  with  salt,  to 
draw  out  the  slimy  juice.  Lasily,  the  salt  must  be  washed 
out,  and  they  are  ready  for  thii  co^k.  We  never  saw  a  ripe 
one  in  an  English  garden.  They  will  probably  come  here  ia 
the  autumn  by  railway  ;rom  Marseilles,  and  if  ko.  will  appear 
in  Covent  Garden.  Enquire  for  tJiem  in  October.  Thei/ 
require  very  little  preparation. 

De  >dae3  :  E  IFF.  We  have  no  idea  what  ails  your  specimpn, 
unless  it  was  transplanted  last  year,  and  has  been  uaable  to 
bear  this  dry  spriui^.     Wet  soil  will  not  do  it, 

Gardenebs'  Benevolent  Institdtton:  TFS.  Apply  to  the 
Secretary,  97,  Farringdon-street. 

Grapes  :  Suh.  Dutch  Black  Hamburgh  and  the  common 
Black  HambufKh  are  not  required  to  be  shown  in  separate 
classes  at  Chiswick.  The  judges  were  perfectly  aware  that 
the  Grapes  to  which  you  allude  were  Dutcb  Hamburgh. 

Heating:  Ignis.  Any  country  bricklayer  can  build  yon  a  brick 
Hue.  Pits  GO  heated  are  not  constructed  in  any  way 
differently  from  pits  heated  otherwise.  Loudon's  "Encyclo- 
paedia of  Gardening"  will  tell  you  all  you  want  to  know  on 
the  subject. 

Herbaceuds  Plants:  WK.  We  scarcely  know  how  to  answer 
your  inquiry,  because  such  things  are  so  much  out  of  cultiva- 
tion thai  you  will  probably  not  he  able  to  procu'^e  them.  The 
best  way  is  to  visit  the  nurseries  and  oh^^erve  what  will  suit 
you.  Spring  bulbs.  Aconites,  Delphiniums,  Thalictrums, 
Adunia  vernalis,  Saxifrages,  Algsmm,  Aubrietia.  Arabis,  Gla- 
dioli, Iberis,  autumn  bulbs.  Scduvi,  Sempei-vivums,  hardy 
Ferns,  Linaria  cijrahilaria,  Stenactfs,  Michaelmas  Daisies, 
Chrysantliemums,  Anemones,  Astrantias,  Hieracium  auran- 
tiacum,  Statices,  Heiicwitfteinuins,  are;.among  the  most  useful 
procurable  plants  ;  those  in  italics  for  rockwork. 

Insects  :  R  M.  The  leaf  of  the  Rhododendron  robustum  appears 
to  have  received  an  injury  of  long  standin.',  the  small  cir- 
eul.tr  injured  portion  shrivelling  up,  and  separating  from  the 
sound  part  with  jagged  eJges.  We  do  not  believe  it  to  have 
been  ciiused  by  insects.  The  little  spider  was  doubtless  an 
intiuder.  Jr. 

Kitchen  Gardening:^  D  and  S  C.  From  what  you  state 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  your  garden  is  in  good  heart  and 
well  drained,  and,  under  proper  management,  we  should 
think  that  all  kinds  of  vegetables  might  be  grown  in  it  with 
success.  But  you  have  omitted  to  mention  whether  you  have 
any  glass,  as,  without  that,  you  will  always  find  a  difficulty 
in  supplying  your  table  through  the  early  summer  months. 
If  you  have  no  glass,  we  would  advise  you  to  lay  down  one  or 
more  beds  of  Asparagus,  according  to  your  demands;  also  a 
good  breadth  of  rieakale,  which  should  be  covered  about  the 
bei,Mnning  of  March  with  tiower-pots.tubs,  boxes,  or  anything 
else  that  wilt  exclude  light;  it  will  be  fit  for  table  from  the 
end  of  March  till  the  end  of  May.  Also  sow  and  plant  plenty 
of  Snow's,  Southampton,  Eiletsou's  Mammoth,  and  Sprouting 
Broccoli  ;  Early  York,  and  Fulham  or  Shilling's  Queen  Cab- 
bages. Early  Horn  Carrots  sown  in  January  on  the  south 
border  ;  also  plant  early  Potatoes  close  under  the  south  wall. 
Sow  plenty  of  Carrots,  red  Beet,  Parsnips,  Jerusalem  Arti- 
chokes,  Scorzonera,  &c.,  and  preserve  in  sand.  But,  if  you 
have  a  frame  or  two,  you  can  be  better  supplied,  as  Cauli- 
flowers mny  be  sown  in  August  and  wintered  in  the  frame, 
when  they  will  come  in  a  month  or  more  before  those  sown 
in  spring ;  also  one  or  two  lights  might  be  devoted  to  Horn 
Carrots  and  Lettuce**,  which  will  be  fit  for  table  about  May. 
Peas  may  be  sown  on  sods,  protected  till  February  or  March, 
and  then  planted  out,  which  will  forward  them  a  month. 
Broad  Beans  should  also  be  sown,  as  recommended  at  p.  790, 
1351,  and  transplanted.  A  light  or  two,  if  a'  command,  may 
be  devoted  to  Dwarf  Kidney  Beans  sown  in  February  on  a 
little  heat,  to  come  in  early;  also  one  or  two  lights  can  be 
set  apart  for  Potatoes,  or  they  may  hi  grown  on  a  bed  arched 
over  with  sticks  and  protected  with  mats  and  straw.  AU 
these  things  will  serve  to  enrich  your  table  at  the  season  you 
mention. 

Lawns  :  A  B.  The  best  implement  for  eradicating  Plantain  or 
other  roots  from  a  lawn  is  that  of  which  the  accompanjiog 
is  a  representation,  t 


Mice  :  R  A  H.  You  will  find  some  recommendations  by  a 
correspondent  in  another  column. 

Names  of  Plants:  HRI  Claytonia  perfoliata,  escaped  from 
some  garden.  —  T  S.  1,  Eucomis  punctata  ;  2,  an  HEemanthui 
of  some  sort,  not  determinable  by  such  a  fragment.— i)euo»ian. 
It  is  the  commonest  of  our  Britirfa  Yiolete.  The  V.  syivatica 
of  Babington  and  Continental  botanists;  the  Y.  cauina  of 
Hooker  and  Arnott.— Tait.  10,  Tradescantia  virginica  ;  5, 
Asperula  longiflora ;  4,  Yeronica  Chamtedrys  ;  6,  Lamium 
maculatum  ;  7,  Sedum  glaucum ;  1,  Linaria  cymbalaria; 
2,  Cerastium  tomentosum ;  8,  Polygonum  Bistorta;  13, 
Scabiosa  alpina;  II,  Craiaegus  punctata;  3,  Calamintha 
vulg:iri3  ;  9,  Solidago  virgaurta. 

PEAca  Leaves  :  Doceo.  They  look  as  if  they  had  been  ruined 
bygreen-lly,  whicli  has  now  apparently  lelc  them.  They  should 
be  well  cleaned  with  the  garden  engine,  and  if  any  aphides 
still  remain,  they  should  be  eradicated  by  ducting  the  parts 
affected  with  tobacco,  ground  to  powder.J 

Poison  fob.  Ants  :  Z>  G.  Try  the  following  :—Ferrocyamde  of 
potass,  1  dr.chm;  raspings  of  quassia,  1  drachm;  boil 
tOjjether,  and  add  sugar  to  make  a  tyrup.  The  ants  will  eat 
this  greedily,  and  repent  when  too  late." 

YiNEGAH  :  An  Old  Sub.  The  time  required  to  convert  sugar  and 
water  into  vinegar,  depends  upon  the  temperature  at  which  it 
is  kept,  and  other  circumotances.  Six  weeks  suffice  under 
good  management.  You  cannot  prepare  spirits  from  any 
source  without  coming  under  the  operation  of  the  excise  laws. 

YiNEs  :  J  E,  CartmcL  We  are  unable  to  point  out  the  cauve  of 
your  ill  luck.  Setting  with  a  brush  is  useless,  or  worse.  You 
should  admit  warm  air  freely  at  the  setting  time.  Yournight 
temperature  is  far  too  high— that  is  cle.ir.  No  cultivation 
can  be  worse  than  that  of  keeping  Yineries  hot  at  night,  unless 
for  a  few  weeks,  when  the  fruit  is  ripening  off.  Tne  plant  is 
X5  lopliylla  angustifoUa.  Your  letter  was  accidentally  over- 
looked last  week. 

Misc.:  Cri/pto^cripta.  Your  letter  was  accidentally  ovei  looked. 
You  can  find  au  accountof  the  granular  movements  exhibited  , 
in  Yallisneria,  in  the*'AnnaIes  des  Scieoces,"  new  series, 
iv.,  257;  and  ''Archives  de  Botaniqae,"  11.,  425.  See  also 
"  Annals  of  Natural  History,"  sviii.,  6.  The  new  edition  of 
the  '*  Vegetable  Kingdom"  may  be  looked  for  about  the  end 
of  the  year.  De  Vriese's  paper  on  the  "Anatomy  of  the 
Roots  of  Orchids"  was  published  at  length,  we  believe.  In 
the  *'  Nederlandsch  Kruidkuodig  Archiet."  The  extract 
was  sent  us  by  a  foreign  correspondent.  Summski's  and 
Hotmeister's  observations  on  the  impregnatiuu  ot  the  pro- 
embryo  or  proiballium  in  Ferns  are  ably  examined  by  Mr, 
Henfrey  in  the  last  number  of  the  "AnuaU  of  Natural 
History." 


^/  — ISo^J.J 


1  rt  ii     i\  u  11 1  crrrcr 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
V_y  It  being  notoriou3  that  exteQ8lve  adulterationa   of  this 
MANUKE  arQ  still  carried  OD, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  reLfommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  beat  security,  and,  in  addicioa  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  QIBB3  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that— 

T]ie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  heen  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  c&n 

Any  resales  m^de  by  dealers  a  f.ower  price  mu^t  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


^PHE  LONDON    MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*-  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genmne  :— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  coostant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  9i.  IO5.  pertou,  orfor5  tons  and  upwards, 
M.5s.  in  Dock.  Edward  Pdssek,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptl'ord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.E;  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16, per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  os.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  A:c. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.^Pro- 
mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAlt- 
COAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fjEces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  sofc. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  6O5,  per  ton,  4s.  pec  cwC,  2s.  Gd,  per 
half  cwt. 


TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  VI.,  Fart  2.  It  is  also 
suitable  for  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mark 
FoiHEBQiLL,  201,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i. -5s.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  ilaoure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  ferti'lt-iDg  properties 
of  the  Carbon  h.ive  tone  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  beu-n  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,0U0  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  uae,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  Commission  allowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agenis.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  ia  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co..  3,  Roud-laue, 
London. 

Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent'  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "Analysis" 
is  made  b^  Professor  J.  Thomas  Way,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
p-jwerful  Manure,  is  71,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


F)  OYAL  "AGRICULTURAL     SOCIETY 
t  *  OF  ENGLAND. 

L  EWES      MEETING. 

TUESDAY,  July  13,  Profeasor  SIMOMDS,  of  the  Royal  Vete- 

riiiary  College,  will  deliver  a  LECTURE  before  Members  of 

the  Society  and  their  friends,  in  the  County  Hall,  at  G  P.M. 
WEDNESDAY,    July    l-l,    the  Implement    Yard    open   to  the 

Public  from  8  a.w.  till  6  p.m.,  at  23.  Gd.  ;  the  Cattle  Yard 

open  in  the  Evening  at  53. 
THURSD.^Y,    July    15,    the    Implement    and    Cattle    Yards 

(thrown  together  into  one  general  show)  open  ti  the  public 

from  6a.m.  till  6p.m.,  at  23.  Qd.    The  Pavilion  Dinner  at 

4  P.M.     Tickets  IO3. 
FRIDAY,    July  16,   the  General   Show  of    Implements   and 

Cattle,  open   to  the  Public  from  6  a.m.   till  Gp,m.,    at  la. 

General  Meeting  of  the  Society  in  the  County   Hall,    at 

10  a.m. 
By  order  of  the  Council*        James  Hddson,  Secretary. 
London,  June  21,  1852. 


ROYAL      AaRICULTURAL       COLLEGE, 
CIRENCESTER. 
Patron— His  Royal  Highness  PRINCE  ALBERT. 
PRESIDENT  OP  CooNciL— Earl  BATHURST. 

VicE-PREflinENT— Earl  DUCIE. 
Principal— Rev.  J.  S.  HAYGARTH,  M.A. 
The  NEXT  SESSION  will  begin  on  Mmday,    August  9th. 
Students  are  admitted  either  as  Boarders  or  as  Out-Students,- 
The  annual  fees   fur  Boarders   vary   from  45    to   80   guineas, 
aocordiog  to  age  and  other  circumstances.     The  fee  for  Out- 
Students  id  iOl.  per  annum.     The   College  Course  of  Lectures 
and  Practical  Instruction  ia  complete  in  one  twelvemonth — 
though  for  younger  studeots  a  longer  time  is  recommended. 
There  is  a  department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural 
education. 

Prospectuses  and  information  can  be  had  on  application  to 
the  Priocipal. 
Cirencester,  July  3,  1852. 


OPEN    TO     THE    UNITED     KINGDOM. 

YOEKSHIRE  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
The  Fifceenth  Annual  Meeting  will  be  held  at  Shlffield 
on  the  ith  and  5ih  of  Aoqost  next.  (Two  days'  Show.)  Tlie 
Entry  Closes  on  the  22d  of  July.  Free  transit  for  Stock,  both 
ways,  and  half  rates  for  Implements,  are  conceded  by  the  Rail- 
ways of  the  district.  Prize  Sheets  for  Stocli,  Implements,  or 
Poultry,  with  forma  of  Certificate  for  each,  may  be  had  free  by 
application  to  M.  M.  Milbdrn,  Secretary. 

Sowerby,  Thirsk. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Sbal- 
low  Wells.  £  s.    d. 

PatentPump 1  12    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

fixing    2    8     0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May   be    obtained    of    any    Iron- 
monger or  Plumber    in    Town    or 
Country,   or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHIM   WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jewiu-street,  London. 
Every  description    of  Machinery 
for  Raising  and  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manual  power.    Fire  and  Garden  Engines,  &c. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDE.^  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  Hoed  and 
coated  with  Gutta  Percha.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agricul- 
turists, and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  great 
satisfaction.  Also,  KASE'S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  ia  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal' 
ions  per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order-    Price  Gl.  ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  71.  7s. 

BoaoEaa  and  Ket,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17.  New  Park-street,  Southwurk,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copp'ir  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobiliry, 
Ocntry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  melhod 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
Prom  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
tbe  hi^beat  respectability  can  be  given,  and  lull  particulars 
farDlftfaed  on  application. 


MCORMICK'S     AMERICAN    REAPER 
T>URGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 

-L*  London.— Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Keport  on  the  Ajrrl. 
caltural  Implem-nt  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  — "Mr 
M'Cobmick'b  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worked  as  it  has  since 
worked  at  Clrencfjftter  College,  and  el-ewhere,  to  the  ndmira- 
tion  of  practical  firmerB,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr,  Uti'^ney's  iomeUmei  becjmo  clogjced,  as  in  the 
former  trial  a*  Tipiree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  dlBtinction," — Price  of  lUapor,  20i. 

ATERPROOF  PATHS— Those  who  would  enjoy 

tbtlr  Gardenn  during  ihc  winter  mfinlhH  uliould  con- 
struct  their  walks  of  POKTLAND  CEMENT  COMCItlCTK 
which  are  formed  ihm  :— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
I*  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  U  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  erery  ptirt  of  clean  gravel  ndd  oneofnhnrp  river  snnd.'  To 
flT«  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Ct-mcnt 
and  Incorporate  the  whole  well  In  tlie  dry  ntnti)  before  npptyinK 
the  water.  It  mny  then  be  laid  on  2  Inched  thick.  Any 
labourer  c'ln  m'z  nnd  spread  It.  No  tool  Is  rc'jiilred  bcytind 
the  kpnde,  and  in  (8  hours  It  bcconnos  as  hard  an  a  mck. 
Vegetatl'^n  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  It,  and  It  rosUts  tin. 
action  ot  the  S'sverest  (ro»t.  It  is  necessary,  un  water  <l>n-^  not 
•oak  through  It,  to  give  a  full  from  thi!  mlddly  of  the  ptitb  | 
towards  tbe  »lde«.— Manufiifrturcrs  of  iho  Cement,  J.Ii,  Wutra  I 
and  Sopi,  MUlbank-atreet,  WcBtminBtcr,  j 


'lie  asticttUutal  ©alette* 

SATURDAY,  JULYS,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WbdmebD4T,    July      7— A&ficultural  Society  of  England. 
TaiiBBDAY.         —       S-Asricu'turul  Imp,  Society  of  Ireland. 
WEDBBSDAr,      —      H  I  Agrieul  Ural    Socie'y'a    Meeting 
TnuBBDAT,         —      15  I         at  Lewe?. 
THDH3DAT,        —     15— Agricultural  Imp.  Socicty  of  Ireland. 


The  controyersy  on  the  proper  depth  of  Drains 
does  not  seem  even  yet  to  be  effectually  laid. 
There  are  still  writers  who  contend  for  shallow 
drains  in  clay  soils — arguing  that  if  30  inches  of  any 
medium  be  so  nearly  impervious  to  water,  60  inches 
must  be  at  least  a  double  barrier  to  its  passage  : 
there  are  still  those  whose  sole  object  in  draining 
is  to  get  rid  of  the  "  superabundance  of  water  "  in 
the  soil,  "  for  this  is  the  cause  of  its  sterility  :"  and 
as  long  as  such  opinions  are  maintained,  it  is  not 
likely  that  controversy  on  the  subject  will  cease. 

It  is  not  the  superabundance  of  the  water  in  the 
soil  that  is  the  evil,  it  is  its  stagtiation  there  which 
causes  its  sterility.  That  is  the  way  in  which  we 
would  enunciate  one  of  the  most  important  theorems 
in  our  agricultural  Euclid.  And  we  would  demon- 
strate our  proposition  by  appeals  both  to  experience 
and  to  theory — to  the  former,  by  reference  to  the 
case  of  the  water  meadow — and  to  the  latter  thus : — 
Fancy  a  soil  full  of  water,  so  that  any  rain  which 
falls  on  it  just  rolls  over  the  surface  into  the  next 
ditch,  without  getling  into  the  land.  The  water  in 
such  a  case  will  sour  the  land — it  will  probably 
convert  what  would  have  been  good  food  for  plants 
into  poison  for  them  ;  but  even  supposing  it  should 
not  do  this,  the  plants  would  soon  starve.  For  yon 
must  remember  a  plant  in  the  soil  is  much  what  a 
man  would  be  who  should  be  chained  by  the  leg  to 
one  place  in  his  larder.  The  larder  might  be  full 
of  food,  but  !\H  soon  as  the  man  had  eaten  all  that 
was  within  his  reach  he  would  starve,  though  in  the 
niidst  of  plenty — that  .is,  he  would  do  so  if  there 
were  not  some  contrivance  in  operation  for  carrying 
tliB  difTerent  dishes  by  liim  as  he  stood,  so  that  lie 
might  take  a  bit  here  and  a  bit  there  as  they  passed, 
just  as  ho  pleased.  Now,  in  a  well-drained  soil,  the 
r;iin-watcr  is  just  such  a  contrivance  as  this.  U 
dissolves  out  the  soluble  parts  of  a  soil  and  carries  , 


them  by  the  roots  of  plants,  so  that  they  may  take 
a  bit  here  and  a  bit  there  as  they  choose,  and  thus 
they  are  fed.  But  if  the  land  be  not  drained  the 
water  soon  fills  it,  and  then  no  more  rain  will  sink  in, 
and  the  water  is  stagnant  in  the  land— there  is  no 
current  through  it— the  dishes  in  the  larder  are 
lying  still  on  their  shelves,  and  as  soon  as  the  poor 
plant  has  consumed  the  food  within  its  reach  (i.e. 
supposing  it  be  food  and  not  poison,  as  under  such 
circumstances  much  of  it  will  soon  become),  it 
must  starve,  for  it  cannot  go  about  after  its  food  as 
most  animals  can  ;  it  is  like  an  animal  chained  to  a 
spot,  it  is  stationary  and  must  die  if  food  be  not 
brought  to  it.  The  use  of  draining,  then,  is  not  to  get 
rid  of  water— it  is  to  make  use  of  it — it  is  to  induce 
a  current  of  water  through  the  land,  that  it  may 
feed  the  roots  of  the  plants  by  which  it  flows. 

And  one  of  the  great  questions  of  the  day — for 
anything  which  has  so  important  an  influence  on 
the  nourishment  of  plants  may  well  be  called  a 
great  question — relates  to  the  mode  in  which  this 
current  is  to  be  produced.  One  thing  is  clear — 
gravitation  is  the  agent  in  bringing  it  to  pass — it  is 
the  attraction  of  the  earth's  mass,  for  the  water  which 
falls  upon  the  soil  that  causes  it  to  trickle  through 
every  available  passage  towards  those  exit  holes  or 
conduits  laid  below  the  surface  by  which  it  escapes 
to  a  lower  level  out  of  the  field.  Another  thing  is 
also  plain  enough — namely,  that  as  upon  this  current 
of  water  through  the  soil  depends  the  proper  feeding 
of  the  plants,  it  is  desirable  that  the  conduits  by 
which  it  is  to  escape  be  entirely  below  the  whole 
mass  of  earth  in  which  it  is  intended  that  the  roots 
of  the  plants  shall  expatiate.  And  a  third  thing, 
which  has  a  most  important  bearing  on  the  subject, 
will  also,  we  think,  be  generally  admitted;  and  this 
is,  that  as  the  attraction  of  gravitation  is  the  force 
which  impels  the  passage  of  the  water,  so  the  capil- 
lary attraction  of  the  medium  itself  through  which  it 
passes — is  commonly  the  only  obstacle  to  its  passage. 
This  hindrance,  we  say,  has  to  be  overcome  by 
gravitation,  in  order  to  the  maintenance  of  a  current 
through  the  land :  that  is  to  say,  if  in  any  case  this 
capillary  attraction  is  unusually  powerful,  a  greater 
weight  of  water  above  the  obstacle  will  be  needed 
to  force  it.  Well !  in  clay  soils — in  all  whose 
particles  are  fine  -=—  this  capillary  attraction  is 
unusually  powerful,  and  the  natural  conclusion  of  the 
argument  is  that  in  such,  drains  ought  to  be  unusually 
deep.  If  a  number  of  very  fine  glass  fubes,  open  at 
both  ends,  be  filled  with  water  when  in  a  horizontal 
position,  and  then  put  to  stand  upright,  the  water  in 
each  will  drop  out  so  long  as  the  weight  of  water 
above  the  lower  extremity  is  suflicient  to  overcome  the 
capillary  attraction  acting  there  to  retain  it ;  and,  as 
the  finer  the  tube  the  more  powerful  is  this  attraction, 
so  the  finer  the  tube  the  deeper  is  it  found  that  the 
exit  hole  needs  to  be  below  the  upper  surface  of  the 
water  which  the  tube  retains.  Now,  a  soil  is  a  mass 
of  such  tubes  ;  and  the  closer  it  is,  the  finer  they  are, 
the  deeper  does  the  exit  hole  or  conduit  for  the 
escape  of  the  water  need  to  be  below  the  surface,  in 
order  that  between  the  two  there  may  be  height 
enough  or  weight  enough  of  water,  to  force  all 
hindrances,  and  so  ensure  a  current  downwards  in 
wet  weather. 

People  may  refuse  their  assent  to  this  a  priori 
reasoning— but  they  surely  cannot  disbelieve  state- 
ments of  actual  experience.  And  if  any  one  still 
denies  the  efficiency  of  deep  drains  in  clay  soils, 
just  let  him  apply  to  Mr.  Parkes,  or  Mr.  Thomson, 
or  Mr.  Hewitt  Davis,  or  any  land-drainer  acquainted 
with  the  wealds  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  and  we  are 
quite  sure  they  will  point  out  many  a  case  perfectly 
corroborating  what  we  have  said. 


How  DOES  Geology  assist  Agriculture  ?  The 
case,  we  imagine,  is  very  simple,  and  may  be  easily 
understood — that  is,  in  a  general  way — not  as  to 
particulars;  for,  like  many  other  things  that  we 
could  in  no  wise  dispense  with,  yet  cannot  always 
detect  in  actuiil  operation  upon  us  ; — as  our  civil 
law,  our  armaments,  &c. ; — geology  may  be-  plainly 
shown  to  us  as  being  of  the  utmost  importance  to 
the  agriculturists  as  a  body,  when  its  private  help  to 
ourselves  may  not  be  at  first  sight  apparent.  Will 
not  a  manufacture  be  aided,  processes  improved, 
new  combinations  introduced,  &c.,  by  a  full  and 
elaborate,  yet  generalised  and  organised,  gathering  of 
information  respecting  the  raw  materials  it  has  to 
work  1  Every  one  admits  that  in  manufacture,  in 
art,  in  any  branch  of  industrial  pursuit,  just  as  in 
mathematics,  in  natural  science,  in  government,  we 
are  aided  in  our  operations  and  investigations  by  a 
knowledge  of  the  elements,  their  laws  and  varia- 
tions, with  which  we  have  to  deal.  Nay,  we  are 
not  considered  fit  practitioners  in  any  of  these  pur- 
suits, unless  we  have  been  well  grounded  in  the 
theory,  the  principles  educed  from  all  the  hitherto 
observed  facts,  of  the  art  or  philosophy  in  which  we 
engage.    Agriculture  is  certainly  an  art  as  well  as  a 


fmTTrrrw. 


[July  3, 


business  •   it  also   aspires  to  the  ranli  of  a  science  :  /      By  the  analysation  of  accounts,  as  set  forth  iu  my 
and  how' shall  it  be  able  to  march  abreast  of  the   system,  each  mode  of  cultivation   can  be  tested,  and. 


other  sciences,  while  scorning  the  very  constitution 
which  maintains  their  strength  unfatigued  and 
unexhausted  ? 

And  it  is  most  reasonable  that  agriculture  should 
proceed  but  lamely  when  the  Tai-ious  members  of  its 
body  move  not  in  concert  to  accomplish  the  steps, 
but  independenily,  capriciously,  or  in  opposition  to 
each  other  ;  when  there  is  nothing  mutual  in  their 
endeavours  ;  when  the  practice  of  one  district  cannot 
be  compared  with  that  of  another,  because  of  the 
■want  of  knowledge  as  to  the  localities  themselves — 
in  what  they  differ,  in  what  harmonise.  The  piac- 
tice  of  farming  in  England  is  likely  to  gi-ow  in 
improvements  most  quiclcly  when,  from  accurate 
understanding  of  the  varying  districts,  we  are 
enabled  to  compare  or  contrast  the  diiferent  modes 
of  husbandry  upon  different  parts  having  the  same 
kind  of  soil.  Hence,  we  believe,  the  main  value  of 
geology,  which  has  classified  the  soils  for  us,  laid 
down  the  boundaries  of  each,  and  can  supply  us 
with  the  required  infoimation  as  to  their  respective 
properties  and  capabilities.  A  century  and  a  half 
ago,  treatises  had  been  written  by  the  learned  upon 
the  nature  of  soils  and  the  principles  of  fertility  ; 
but  in  a  strangely  conjectural  manner.  Evelyn's 
"  Terra,"  published  about  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century,  was  one  of  these,  of  which  the  ^  following 
passage,  from  an  edition  of  as  late  a  period  as  the 
year  1778,  is  a  specimen : — 

•'Those  who  have  written,  He  arte  combbuitdy'td,  reckon  up  no 
fewer  than  one  hvMdred  and  sevctily-nlne  mUlions  one  thousands 
and  sixty  different  aorte  of  earihe ;  bat  of  all  this  euormous 
number,  as  of  all  olher  good  thing-,  it  seem9  tliey  do  not, 
acquaint  us  with  above  eitfht  or  nine  eminently  useful  to  our 
purpose  ;  and  truly  I  can  hardly  yet  ai-rive  at  so  many.  Suifh 
as  1  find  naturally  and  usually  to  rise  from  the  pit,  I  shall  here 
spread  before  you  {Ihe  Council  of  the  Koyal  Sueiefy),  in  tbeir 
order.  The  most  beneficial  sort  of  mould  or  earth,  wppearing 
on  the  surface,  is  the  natural  under-turf  earth  ;  but  for  a 
descripti  n  of  the  rest  which  succeed  it  in  strata  or  layers 
till  Ave  arrive  at  the  barren  aod  impenetrable  roclc,  I  shall 
refer  the  critical  reader  to  the  old  Geoponic  authors."  .  .  . 
•'My  Lord  Bacon  directs  to  the  observaiion  o(  the  rainbow, 
where  its  extremity  seems  to  rest  as  pointing  to  a  more  ro:cid 
and  fertile  mould  ;  but  this,  I  cornceive,  may  ;be  veiy  fallacious, 
it  having  two  horns  or  haBes  which  are  ever  oppodte.^' 

Every  schoolboy  that  has  heard  anything  of 
"simple  bodies"  in  chemistry,  and  "forma- 
tions" in  geology,  can  now  smile  at  the  doctrines 
and  facts  enunciated  by  the  learned  member 
of  a  scientific  society  100  years  ago,  who  was 
ignorant  of  the  main  constituents  of  soil,  and 
seems  to  have  supposed  all  the  strata  of  the  earth 
to  be  alike  in  character  and  order  of  superposition, 
in  every  place.  With  no  better  data  than  these, 
no  deeper  or  broader  examinations  of  the  hills  and 
valleys,  moors,  and  marshes  of  our  country,  was  it 
possible  that  the  sour'oes  of  the  earth's  fertility,  and 
the  best  methods  of  preserving  or  of  adding  to  that 
fertility,  could  be  determined  ^^■ith  any  certainty,  or 
that  the  vast  improvements  which  are  now  being 
based  upon  a  knowledge  of  these  points,  could  be 
attempted  or  even  dreamed  of?  It  is  clear  that 
without  geology,  agricultural  improvers  would  have 
all  been  shooting  at  random  ;  the  mark  never  could 
have  been  attained.  V(e  hope  to  show  in  a  future 
article  what  use  is  being  actually  made  of  geological 
knowledge  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture. 


after  a  series  of  years,  collated,  and  the  best  adopted 
but,  after  all  that  can  be  said  or  done  in  farming,  it  is 
not  within  human  control — seasons  vary,  and  frustrate 
all  our  (considered  judicious)  efforts;  and  s^'stems,  appa- 
rently correctly  carried  out,  will  often  fail.  But,  not- 
withstanding all  this,  accounts  faithfully  kept,  fail  not. 


and  must  show  the  source  of  gain  or  loss  ;  which,  at  all 
events,  is  some  satisfaction,  and  ought  never  to  be 
neglected.    W,  F.,  Gay  Boivers,  Danhury,  Essex, 

[We  shall  in  the  present  article  give  the  Cash-book 
merely  ;  the  Labour-book  is  not  given.  In  the  next 
article  we  shall  give  the  Day-book,  tilled  with  items  froni 
the  Cash-book  and  the  Labour-book  ;  in  the  third  article 
we  shall  give  the  Journal,  and  in  tlie  fotu'th  the  Ledger.] 


Br. 
1350. 
Oct.  1.  To.CQBll 


tOASH. 


WOO 


C/.        1 
£     s.  d. 


PER  CONTRA. 
1850, 
Oct.    4.  By  John  Jones,  for  valuation  ... 

6.      Labour  account,  see  Labour-book 
William  Mason,  for  50  Ewes 
Labour  account 
Richard  Wright,  for  OatB     ... 

Labour  accouDt  

William  Simmonds,  for  seed  Wheat    4.—    10  10 

Labour  account  4. — ■      1    1 

Housekeepiog 4. —    10    0 

Balance  carried  to  next  month      ...  4S4    9 


10. 
13. 
18. 
20. 
27. 
27. 
81. 
31. 


8.—  449  0 
4.—  1  17 
4.—  60  0 
4.—  1  19 
4.—  9  0 
4—      2    3 


Dr.  CAsn. 

1360.  -e    s.  d. 

Nov.  1.  To  balance  brought  from  last  month        ...      4S1    9    6 


TER  CONTRA. 
1850. 
Nov.    3.  By  labour  account,  see  labour  booli 
10,  ditto  ditto 

17.  ditto  ditto 

24.  ditto  ditto 

80.      Balance  carried  to  next  month 


Dr.  CASH. 

1850.  £     s.  a. 

Dec.  1.  To.balance  brjjughtirom  last  month      ...      44G  13    6 


PER  CONTRA. 
18S0. 
Dec.    1.  By  labour  account,  see  labour  book 
8.  ditto  ditto 

15.  ditto  ditto 

15,      Housekeeping     

22.      Labour  account,  see  labour  boolt 
29.  ditto  ditto 

31,      Balance  oarriedlo  next  month 


£1000    0 

0 

Cr. 

£      s. 

d. 

6.—     1  19 

U 

C—    1  19 

0 

6.—    1  19 

t) 

6  —    1  19 

0 

41B  13 

K 

£tSi    9 

6 

er. 

S     e. 

d. 

8.—    1  19 

0 

8.-    1    I 

0 

8.—    1     1 

« 

8.—  10     0 

0 

8-11 

0 

8.-    2  11 

0 

429     0 

1! 

2        Sri  CASH. 

1851. 
Jan.  1.  To  balance  brou&bt  from  last  month 


3,  d. 
0    6 


PEE  'OOKTaA. 


&146  13    6 

■Or.        2 


*  If  the  party  farniioj;  Ueeps  an  ac-^onnt  with  a  banker,  it  may  be-beuer-to-  head,  the  nccount-with  the  name  of  th£  fiiQ}^ 
as  in  fact  it  will  be  debited  for  all  monies  deposited  with  it. 


FAUM  ACCOUNTS.— No.  I. 

I  HAVE  the  pleasure  of  Iianding  you  a  fah*  copy  of 
the  accounts  for  the  fann  during  a  period  of  three 
months.  Upon  maturely  considering  the  subject,  and 
looking  at  it  in  all  its  bearingSj  I  entertain  an  opinion 
that  every  object  will  be  answered  Ijy  what  1  have  now 
done,  and  save  a  vast  deal  of  printing  and  perhaps  unin- 
teresting detail,  for  whatever  might  subsequently  find 
place  in  the  carrying  out  the  accounts  for  the  other  nine 
months,  it  can  only  be  a  varied  number  of  entries  to  the 
same  end.  Perhaps  a  few  observations  on  the  accounts 
handed  you  will  sum  up  everj-thiug. 

You  will  observe,  I  nave  not  given  you  a  copy  of  a 
*'  Labour-book."  There  are  so  many,  and  all  answering 
the  same  purpose,  that  I  \\  ould  allow  any  one  to  be 
chosen  best  suited  to  the  party's  mode  of  fai'ming,  so 
long  as  one  is  kept ;  then  from  it,  and  the  '^Cash-book," 
the  "Day-book"  must  be  weekly  entered  up,  and  jour- 
nalised monthly,  as  I  have  shown  ;  which  being  effected, 
a  *' Ledger"  has  to  be  prepared  and  "opened,"  which 
must  embrace  every  transaction,  as  of  a  separate  con- 
cei'n  ;  so  that  each  field,  or  each  engagenient,  must  stand 
01"  fall  by  its  own  merits,  in  the  same  manner  that  the 
vai-ious  speculations  of  the  merchant  are  brought  foi-- 
ward,  and  showing  the  profit  or  loss  on  each.  Now, 
then,  nothing  more  is  required  in  conducting  my  ac- 
counts to  a  close,  than  to  debit  each  field  witli  its  pro- 
portion of  rent,  according  to  the  estimated  value  of  the 
same,  with  taxes,  titiies,  &c.,  and  all  out-goings;  and 
alter  harvest,  credit  the  same  with  the  produce,  whether 
consumed  by  stock,  or  sold ;  so  with  stock,  debit  it  with 
farst  cost,  attendance,  and  food,  then  the  difference  on 
the  sale  of  sucli  stock  will  show  the  loss  or  gain. 

Finally,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  make  a  valuation  of 


all  the 


property  on  the  farm,  which  bring  forward  in 


^."  ^^'"l^P^-^''^^^'"  and  the  real  situation  of  the  farmer 
will  be  faithluUy  arrived  at. 


RELATIONS  OF  LIGHT  TO  THE  LAND. 

It  is  necessary  to  add  but  a  very  few  words  to  the 
remarks  on  this  subject  which  have  already  been  made 
in  the  article  "  Leaf."  The  main  fact  is,  as  there 
stated,  that,  under  the  influence  of  sunshine,  and,  in  a 
less  degree,  of  daylight,  the  leaves  of  plants  emit  oxygen 
gas,  retaining,  at  the  same  time,  the  carbon  of  the 
carbonic-acid  gas,  from  whose  decomposition  this 
oxygen  lias,  directly  or  indii-ectly,  been  derived. 

The  sunbeam  includes  three  sorts  of  agent ;  one,  pro- 
ducing the  sensation  of  light  ;  another,  producing  the 
sensation  of  heat;  and  a  third,  called  actinism,  pro- 
ducing a  number  of  chemical  phenomena.  The  light 
and  heat,  as  well  as  the  actinism  of  solar  light,  are,  of 
course,  essential  to  vegetation  ;  but  it  is  the  last  to  which 
is  attributed  the  special  influence  of  light  on  those 
chemical  processes  into  which,  for  the  most  part, 
vegetable  life  resolves  itself.  That  these  three  com- 
ponents of  the  sunbeam  are  really  separate  ingredients, 
so  to  speak,  and  not  merely  difierent  phases  of  one 
common  agent,  appears  in  the  fact  that  they  are  separ- 
able :  they  suffer  refraction  in  different  degrees  on 
passing  through  a  prism  ;  and  the  spectrum,  or  image 
of  the  sun,  thus  produced,  when  received  upon  a  screen, 
exhibits  in  separate  places  not  only  the  differently- 
coloured  rays  of  which  light  consists,  but  tiie  heat  ray, 
where  no  light  is  visible,  and  the  chemical  ray,  where 
neither  heat  nor  hght  can  be  detected.  The  position  of  the 
last  may  easily  be  determined  by  the  use  of  a  properly- 
prepared  screen  ;  as  a  sheet  of  pai>er,  satm-ated  with 
some  salt  of  silver,  which  is  easily  acted  upon  by  light. 
The  darkened  patch,  produced  upon  such  a  sheet, 
denoting  the  actinism  of  the  ray,  will  be  seen  to  lie 
much  beyond  the  position  of  the  coloured  spectrum,  and 
to  extend  comparatively  but  a  little  way  into  it.  The 
detail  of  this  subject,  much  of  which  we  owe  to  Mr. 
Hunt,  whose  experiments  on  the  effects  produced  by 
coloured  transparent  media  on  the  growth  of  plants  are 
to  be  found  recorded  in  the  reports  of  the  British 
Association,  is  more  likely  to  be  of  use  to  the  horticul- 
turist than  to  the  farmer.  The  influence  of  coloured 
light  upon  the  growth  of  plants  is  a  subject  well  worthy 
of  investigation  by  those  who  can  bring  artificial 
climates  to  bear  upon  their  productions.  To  the  farmer 
the  main  point  alone  is  important,  that,  other  things 
being  equal,  it  is  upon  the  quantity  of  light  wdiich  his 
plants  receive,  whatever  the  ingredient  in  the  sunbeam 
to  which  the  result  is  to  be  attributed,  that  the  amount 
of  cai'bon  depends,  which  they  can,  in  a  given  time, 
build  up  in  their  structures.  This  principal  fact  he  can 
make  use  of  by  sowing  early  in  the  season,  so  as  to 
obtain  the  use  of  a  larger  quantity  of  solar  light  between 
seed  time  and  harvest  ;  by  sowing  thinly,  so  that  one 
plant  shall  not  injuriously  stand  in  the  light  of  another  ; 
by  mowing  a  luxuriant  Wheat  plant  in  April,  or  eating 
it  off  with  sheep,  so  as  to  let  the  solar  light  in  upon  the 
succulent  stems  of  the  young  plant,  which  may  be 
blanching  under  the  shade  of  the  overhanging  leaf  ;  and 
lastly,  the  farmer  may  learn  one  additional  lesson  from 
this  subject,  on  the  evils  attending  an  excessive  growth 
of  hedgerow  timber.  As  to  the  precise  course  of 
conduct  which  it  may  be  his  interest  to  take  on  all  these 
points,  that  will  be  taught  him  by  experience.  The 
science  of  the  subject  has  vindicated  its  importance  and 
utility,  when  it  has  pointed  out  to  the  practical  man  a 
matter   deserving   his   attention,  and    shown   him  the 


natural  tendencies  of  things  in  connection  with  it. 
Whether,  and  iu  whatever  degree,  it  maybe  the  interest 
of  the  farmer  to  work  with  or  against  these  tendencies, 
at  all  events  it  cannot  be  his  interest  to  remain  in- 
ignorance  of  them.  /.  C  M.,  in  BlacUe^s  Cyclopedia  of 
Agricidture. 


DIGGINGS  BY  A  FEN-FARMER.— No.  IV. 

The  southern  half  of  the  Great  Level  of  the  Fens 
occupies  the  northern  portion  of  Cambridgeshire, 
together  with  parts  of  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  HuntmgdoD, 
and  Northampton  shires. 

The  Bjsdford  Level  consists  of  310,000  acr«s  of 
this  tract ;  and  is  divided  into  the  North,  Middle,  and 
South  Levels,  the  first  draining  by  the  river  Nene,  the 
two  latter  by  the  Ouse. 

The  North  Level,  of  about  48,000  aci'es,  was  in  a 
most  deplorable  state  previous  to  t!ie  improvement  of 
the  Nene  outfall.  In  the  year  1770,  a  great  breach  in 
one  of  the  river  banks  inundated  the  level,  laying  the 
whole  of  it  7  or  8  feet  deep  under  water.  In  1795 
again  occurred  terrible  floodings ;  and  in  1799,  were 
still  more  ruinous  devastations.  The  necessity  for- 
improving  the  outfall  rather  than  the  internal  works 
became  more  apparent,  as  these  destructive  calamities 
increased  in  spite  of  precaution  and  assiduous  repair. 
The  aa'tificial  drainage  of  this  tract  by  30  windmills 
and  one  steam-engine  was  superseded  by  a  complete 
natural  drainage,  in  consequence  of  the  great  improve- 
ments in  the  outfall  of  the  Nene,  which  were  completed 
in  1831,  the  head  of  water  in  the  drains  having  been 
considerably  lowered.  The  commencement  of  "paring 
and  burning  "  in  the  Bedford  Level  seems  to  have  been 
in  this  district  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 
The  pai-ing  plough  here  used  was  called  the  French 
plough,  and  was  probably  introduced  by  a  colony  of 
Frencli  Protestant  refugees,  who  settled  here  about  the 
year  1650.  These  French  families  had  been  driven 
into  Holland,  and  thence  came  to  this,  their  final  settle- 
ment, brought,  most  likely,  by  the  report  of  the  Dutch 
engineers,  who  were  at  that  time  employed  in  the 
drainage  of  the  feus  ;  and  there  is  little  doubt  but  that 
these  emigrants  introduced  the  practice  of  paring  and 
burning  in  this  part  of  the  kingdom,  as  we  know  that  it 
was  common  in  France  50  yeai's  before  that  period. 
The  old  pi'actice  was  to  pare  and  burn  for  Coleseed  j 
tiike  two  crops,  one  of  Oats,  the  other  of  Wheat,  and 
then  lay  down  Grass  seeds  for  three,  or  perhaps  more, 
years.  JIucli  of  the  old  pasture  has  been  broken  up, 
and  now  claying  and  under-draining  have  been  exten- 
sively followed.  Coleseed,  Oats,  Wheat,  seeds,  aud 
Beans  cover  most  of  the  surface  ;  neat,  well-constructed 
farmsteads  are  general,  aud  agricultural  improvements 
are  being  constantly  iutroduced  and  extended  through 
!  the  district. 

The  Middle  Level,  containing  aboiit  150,060  acres^ 
is  the  largest  of  tlie  three  divisions.  The  drainage  is 
chiefly  by  windmills,and  therefore  precarious  in  certain 
seasons  ;  the  number  of  mills  is  about  150.  There  are 
also  upwards  of  10  public  and  private  steam-engines, 
draining  more  than  40,000  acres  ;  but  it  is  expected 
that  tlie  outfall  and  internal  works  now  in  progress  will 
furnish  a  large  portion  of  the  district  with  a  natural 
drainage,  and  materially  relieve  the  labours  of  the  mills 
and  steam-engines,  besides  havmg  laid  dry  the  bed  of 


27—1  852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


42T 


Whittlesey  Mere,  formerly  a  lake  four  miles  iu  breadth. 
The  surface  is  generally  peat- earth,  from  2  to  5  feet  in 
depth,  with  good  clay  under  it,  forming  a  very  productive 
soil.  In  solue  of  the  Huntingdonshil-e  fens,  however, 
the  boggy  soil  is  of  still  greater  depth.  Some  parts 
consist  of  a  gravelly  clay  ;  thei*e  is  also  a  portion  of 
silty  land,  and,  bordering  the  highlands,  the  peat  is 
usually  mixed  with  brown  clay,  the  whole  being  gene- 
rally of  good  quality. 

The  South  Level,  mth  an  area  of  120,000  acres,  is 
almost  entirely  drained  by  steam-engines,  which  throw 
their  water  into  the  various  main  drains  and  natural 
rivers  intersecting  the  district.  There  are  about 
20  engines,  some  of  them  very  powerful.  The  greater 
portion  of  this  Level  has  a  surface  of  moor  resting  upon 
clay ;  but  this  is  not  so  commonly  applied  to  the  top 
soil  as  iu  other  parts  of  the  fens,  as  it  often  lies  very 
deep,  particularly  in  those  districts  but  recently  steam- 
drained.  Adjacent  to  the  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  high 
lands,  the  subsoil  is  sand ;  the  soil,  in  the  absence  of 
clay,  being  very  weak  and  poor,  though  clay  has  been 
carted  upon  it  with  excellent  effect.  In  some  localities 
there  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  moor  ;  and  near  the 
Cambridgeshire  high  lands,  there  is  some  loamy  clay 
resting  upon  peat.  Other  districts  consist  of  strong  fen 
land,  mixed  with  brown  clay,  lying  upon  moor  and 
gravel  ;  these  lands  having  been  di'owned  for  years  by. 
floods  from  the  upland  clays,  which  thus  deposited  a 
quantity  of  good  warp  upon  them,  forming  strong 
useful  land. 

The  former  system  of  husbandry  in  these  two  Levels 
was  that  which  depends  upon  the  operation  of  paring 
and  burning  ;  and  perhaps  it  was  necessary  then  to 
combat  one  element  with  another,  to  apply  fire  to  the 
laud  that  was  choked  with  water  ;  but  modern  sagacity 
has  made  the  fire  assist  the  wind  in  drying  the  soil 
instead  of  consuming  it ;  and  with  good  drainage  and 
claying,  a  better  mode  of  tillage  has  arisen.  The  rota- 
tions at  present  are  somewhat  as  follows  : — Coleseed, 
with  bone  manm-e ;  Oats  ;  Wheat ;  half  seeds,  half 
Beans  ;  Wheat,  or  Coleseed,  with  bones  ;  Wheat ; 
Oats  ;  Wheat  ;  seeds  ;  Wheat.  The  fallow  crop  is 
almost  invariably  Coleseed,  with  a  few  roots  on  the 
higher  grounds.  The  Coleseed  is  a  most  valuable  crop, 
producing  on  these  vegetable  and  carbonaceous  soils  a 
great  bulk  of  rich  food  for  sheep,  the  stalks  being  thick  and 
juicy,  and  ruuning  up  to  2,  3,  or  even  4  feet  in  height. 
It  is  fed  off  by  Lincoln,  Leicester,  and  half-bred  sheep. 
Great  numbers  of  cattle  are  wintered  in  the  farm-yard, 
being  supplied  with  oilcake  to  enrich  the  manure,  at  the 
rate  of  3  lbs.  to  5  lbs.  per  head  daily  ;  and  the  animals 
are  sold  out  as  "stores,"  to  be  fattened  on  the 
gi-azing  lands. 

A  very  large  quantity  of  land  in  the  Middle  Level 
was  subject  to  he  drowned  by  a  heavy  downfall,  and 
this  within  comparatively  a  few  years  ago  ;  but  the 
improved  drainage,  and  the  practice  of  claying,  have 
advanced  the  value  of  the  land  cent,  per  cent.,  and  there 
ai'e  many  instances  of  farms  being  purchased  (within 
the  last  70  or  80  years)  at  5^  per  acre,  which  are  now 
worth  from  30/.  to  50/.  per  acre.  Thirty-five  years  ago, 
a  farm  of  upwards  of  500  acres  was  bought  for  QL  per 
acre,  and  is  now  worth  more  than  35?.  per  acre. 

North-east  of  the  Middle  Level,  a  breadth  of  peaty 
land  stretches  between  Wisbech,  Lynn,  and  Dowuham, 
partitioned  into  several  small  districts,  unitedly  con- 
taining about  15,600  acres.  Some  of  these  fens  are  still 
dependent  upon  the  fickle  power  of  wind  for  the  safety 
of  their  cropping ;  but  within  a  few  years  some  of  them 
have  wisely  and  satisfactorily  substituted  the  steam 
cylinder  for  the  mill-sail  as  the  prime  mover  of  their 
drainage  machines.  As  an  example  of  the  worth  of 
good  drainage  and  the  application  of  clay,  it  may  be 
stated  that  a  tract  of  fen  land  near  Downham,  which, 
before  the  improvement  of  the  Ouse  outfall  in  1821,  was, 
almost  always  under  water,  was  offered  for  sale  for 
1300?.,  about  30  years  since  ;  it  is  now  drained  and  well 
dressed  with  clay,  and  produces  a  clear  rent  of  more 
than  1300?.  a  year! 

^  West  of  these  fens,  and  south  of  Wisbech,  are  some 
rich  pastures,  and  fine  arable  land,  that  formerly  pro- 
duced Hemp  and  Flax  in  considerable  quantities. 

Marsiilano,  a  district  of  about  30,000  acres,  lying 
between   Lynn,  Wisbech,  and  the  sea,  has  generally  a 
surface  of  marine  clay.     The  whole  of  it  has  been  a 
present  from  the  ocean  ;  ranges  of  bank  at  a  distance 
from    each   other,    showing    the    successive    advances 
which  industry  has  ma^le,  eager  to  seize  the  spoils  whicli 
BO  dreaded  an  enemy  relinquished.    The  country  is  liable 
to  be  inundated  by  breaches  in  the  outer  baiTier  bank  ;  ■ 
and   liifttrtry    fu'rniHhes  numerous  inslnnces  of  sucii   a 
catastroplic,  one  of  the  mont  terrible  having  occurred  in 
the  year   1013.     On   the  Ibt  of  November,  late  in  tho 
night,  tho  Hca  broke  in,  through  the  violence  of  a  nortli- 
eaat  wind  mwiting  with  a  Bprnig  tide,  the  iosa  of  pro- 
perty  from  the  deluge  amounting  to  37,000/.     So  wide 
wa«  tlie  devafltation  of  the  waves  tlittt,  besides  thousandw  ' 
of  cattle  and  sheep  swept  away,  vast  qnantition  of  Graws, ' 
hay,and  Corn  were  lost,  and  liundredn  of  dwellin'.i-houHC8  I 
utterly  destroyed  ;  immbcrf*  of  peoph;  wore  drowned  in  ' 
their   bed.i.      There   \h  now  little    dangor   of  ftiieh  an  j 
irruption,  tm  tlio  barriorH  have  been  extended  fnrther  ' 
seaward,  and   Htrottgor   banks  cohBtructcd   round    tho 
more  recent  inclosures, 

Tho  diHtrict  JH  chiefly  under  arable  culture,  producing 
largo  crops  of  Wheat  and  BoaiH.  Tho  more  common 
courw  of  management  is— Iwt,  a  bare  fallow,  HomotimcH 
Coleseed  or  TiirnipH  ;  2d,  Wheal ;  3d,  iJeann  or  Clover; 
4th,  Wheat,  If  the  fallow  bo  a  Turnip  crop,  tlio  land 
isBOwu  to;  2d,  Oats;  3d,  Wheat;   -Jth  Bcflna;   5th, 


Wheat.  In  each  parish  there  is  a  little  fine  old  pasture 
land,  although  a  great  deal  has  of  late  years  been  con- 
verted into  arable. 

After  these  hurried  notices  of  the  general  husbandry 
and  drainage  of  the  great  Level,  we  shall  proceed  to 
other  subjects  of  interest  connected  with  the  country, 
and  endeavour  to  show  how  the  land  itself  originated, 
and  how  it  has  become  what  it  is.  I.  A.  C 


APPLICATION    OF    LIQUID    MANURE    IN 
AYRSHIRE. 

Canning  Patik,  Mr.  Telfeu's  Farm,  near  Ayr.- 
This  is  a  small  dairy  farm  of  40  acres,  near  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  the  town 
of  Ayr.  The  subsoil  is  beach  gravel  with  a  slight 
admixture  of  clay.  Water  is  too  abundant.  It  lies 
dead  within  about  20  inches  of  the  surface,  and 
winter  neai-er  than  that.  The  whole  arrangements  of 
the  b}Te,  steaming-room,  dairy,  iS:c,,  are  so  admirable, 
that  any  one  must  be  highly  gratified  by  a  visit  to  the 
establishment.  I  was  almost  induced  to  give  a  plan 
of  the  byre,  erected  to  contain  48  milk  cows,  the 
number  kept  on  the  farm,  and  showing  the  mode  of 
collecting  and  conveying  tho  liquid  manure.  No 
bedding  or  litter  is  used  here.  The  cows  lie  on  Cocoa- 
nut  mats.  Tlie  ventilation  is  perfect,  and  the  air 
s\Veeter  than  in  the  majority  of  th5  dwelhng-houses  of 
human  beings. 

It  will  he  seen  that  behind  the  standings  of  the  cattle 
there  is  a  long  row  of  perforated  plates  18  inches  wide  ; 
the  urine  passes  through  these,  and  is  conveyed  in  hollow 
semi-circular  channels  to  the  tank,  placed  at  the  end  of 
the  byre,  whei'e  it  is  diluted  iu  the  same  manner  as  at 
Myer  Mill  farm,  with  three  or  four  times  its  own  bulk 
of  water  in  dry  weather,  and  less  in  wet  weather.  The 
cOst  of  the  tank  did  not  exceed  30?.  The  engine,  of 
thl-ee-horse  power,  is  used  to  raise  the  fluid,  and  also 
for  churning,  grinding  Oats,  chopping  hay,  pumping 
water  to  supply  the  cattle,  &c.  The  comparatively 
small  extent  of  land  only  requires  the  engine  to  be  occa- 
sionally used  for  irrigation  ;  and,  as  the  surface  is  flat, 
and  the  height  to  which  the  liquid  manure  has  to  be 
lifted  small,  "the  engine,  when  in  use,  is  capable  of  doing 
the  other  work  of  the  farm  at  the  same  time.  The  cost 
of  the  engine  was  60?.,  and  there  are  two  pumps  for 
liquid  manure,  having  4-inch  barrels,  and  14-incli  stroke, 
making  25  strokes  per  minute.  The  capability  of  the 
pumps  is  therefore  about  31f  gallons  per  minute  or, 
about  19,000  gallons  per  day  of  10  hours.  The  quan- 
tity of  the  liquid  laid  on  at  each  application  is  about 
5000  gallons  per  acre,  so  that  the  whole  farm  could  be 
covered  iu  10  days,  if  required,  so  far  as  the  power  of 
tlie  pumps  is  concerned.  Iron  pipes  3  inches  diameter 
extend  from  the  engine  pumps  through  the  fields,  laid 
in  the  manner  already  described,  and  not  exceeding  in 
cost  the  sum  of  2?.  \0s.  per  acre.  The  hose-pipe  is  of 
gutta  percha,  making  a  total  length  of  150  yards,  and 
costing,  with  the  discharge- pipe,  about  20?.  I  was  in- 
formed that  the  engine  is  used  for  irrigation  about  six 
hours  per  week  on  the  average,  and  therefore  the  wages 
of  an  engine-man  and  distributor,  and  the  fuel  used, 
would  not  be  due  to  the  hrigation  account  for  more  tlian 
31  days  out  of  the  12  months  ;  taking  them  for  that 
time,  the  annual  amount  of  working  expenses  would  be 
about  11?.  The  following  appears  to  be  the  coat  of  car- 
rying out  the  system  at  Mr.  Telfer's  faTm  : — 

Tank           £30  0  0 

Eni<iDe        ... .,.  60  0  0 

Iron  pipes  aad  hydrants         100  0  0 

Disiributing  Koae-pipe,  &;c 30  0  0 


£210    0    0 


Annual  intereat  on  210Z , 

tear,  at  7A  per  ceut.    ... 
Wages  and  fuel.., 


and  wear  And 


£15  15    0 
11    0    0 


£3G  15    0 

This  amount,  divided  by  the  number  of  acres,  is  only 
13s.  4  Jc?.  per  acre,  when  spread  over  the  whole  40  acres 
of  land. 

The  liquid  manure  is  applied  to  all  kinds  of  crops 
upon  Mr.  Telfer's  farm  ;  aud  though  Italian  Rye-grass 
is  the  favourite,  it  is  also  used  for  Turnips,  Mangold 
Wurzel,  and  Cabbages,  Rhubarb,  and  fruit. 

In  summer  the  cows  have  a  quantity  of  oilcake,  as 
well  as  Grass  ;  and  iu  winter  they  have  Turnips  or 
Mangold  Wurzel,  Bean  or  Barley  meal,  and  cut  hay  or 
Grass  ;  the  whole  mess  being  steamed  together.  Miss 
Bell,  the  cousin  of  Mr.  Telfer,  manages  the  dairy,  and 
said,  that  the  hay  bought  would  amouut  to  from  30?.  to 
40?.,  and  she  should  think  the  grain  to  not  less  tiian 
200/.  In  general  terms,  the  other  food  is  produced  upon 
tho  farm.  As  to  the  produce  of  (ili'ass,  wliich  is  the  chief 
article,  the  iirst  cutting  during  the  present  year  was  in 
the  latter  end  of  March,  about  18  inches  thick.  The 
second  was  from  10  inches  to  2  feet  thick.  The  third 
was  from  3  feet  to  4  feet  f!  inches  thiulf.  Tho  fourth 
nearly  tho  same.  The  fifth  was  2  feet  thick  ;  and  Ihe 
sixth,  in  the  process  of  cntthig  at  the  time  I  was  there, 
wo  measured  at  18  inches  thick.  Taking  tlie  mejin, 
wliere  two  dimensions  aro  given  for  the  same  crop,  I 
find  tho  Aggregate  depth  of  Grass,  grown  and  cut  off 
this  farm,  within  Hi-vi.-n  montliH,  to  ijo  not  h'ss  than  14 
fct  3  inchoH.  All  thin  ih,  however,  eaten  upon  tho  ju-e- 
iniHOH,  ami  tlie  whole  inarlictablo  produce  of  tho  furm  is 
repn.-Hented  by  the  milk  tuiil  butter,  * 

Ah  to  the  quantity  and  value  of  theso.  Miss  Bell 
slafcd,  that  tho  previouH  week  the  butter  waH  IM  lbs. 
and  120  Ibj)— togi'iher,  2;m  lbs.;  hoM  at  l.v.  per  lb. 
Thit^,  dho  stated,  was  about  the  averiigo  quantity  and 
price.      TJio  _ainouut   for  butter  would]  thcrefoi'c    bo  [ 


11?.  14if.  per  week,  or,  per  annum,  G08?.  8y.  She  in- 
formed me  further,  that  during  about  eight  months  in 
the  year,  the  cold  milk  realises  about  the  same  amount 
as  the  butter.  In  the  summer  months,  during  hot 
weather,  the  market  value  of  the  milk  is  only  about  half 
that  of  the  butter.  From  these  data,  the  amount  i'ov 
milk  sold  per  annum  is  507?.  The  total  receipts  for  the 
two  articles  of  milk  and  butter  amount  to  1 1 15?.  85.  per- 
annum.  I  only  need  to  add,  that,  previously  to  the 
adoption  of  the  present  system  of  farming,  tliese  40 
acres  of  land  were  barely  sufficient  to  support  eight  or 
nine  cows,  and  would  have  been  well  let  at  a  rental  of 
305.  an  acre.  Mr.  Lee's  Report  to  the  Board  of  Health, 


NOTES    OF    A    RECENT    TOUR 
THROUGH   GLOUCESTERSH[RE  AND    NORTH 

WILTSHIRE.— (No.  IU.) 

A  BRIEF  notice  of  Captain  Budd's  farm  and  system  of 
husbandry  remains  to  be  made.  The  offices,  wliich  arfe^ 
cotnmodious  aud  were  built  at  the  joint  cost  of  the  land- 
lord and  tenant,  cover,  including  the  dwelling-house 
arid  extensive  stack-yard,  an  area  of  nearly  7  acres. 
The  live  stock  consists  of  24  half-bred  farm  horses,  and 
16  oxen,  from  900  to  1000  Southdown  ewes,  and  300  tegs, 
wintered ;  and  the  summer  flock,  with  the  lambs,  is 
usually  about  2000.  Many  pigs  are  kept,  but  no  cattle, 
excepting  two  or  three  milch  cows  for  the  family. 

For  this|,farm  (exclusively  of  the  rented  glebe)  of  1066 
acres,  the  tenant  pays  1100?.  rent  and  3207.  tithes  ;  the 
poor  rates,  &c.,  are  about  2s.  in  the  pound  sterling  j 
and  the  labouv  costs  about  1200?.  a  year. 

There  are  760  acres  arable,  ISO  meadow  and  Grasseis, 
and  150  permanent  pasture  and  down-land.  Tlie 
subsoil  is  chalk  ;  but  much  of  the  surface-soil  has  a 
ve*i'y  dull  unatniable  loolc,  apparently  more  suited  ti> 
Oats  than  to  Wheat  or  Barley  ;  yet  the  high-farming 
and  good  ploughing  cause  it  to  yield  very  luxuriant 
Wheat.  A  considerable  part  is  Oolite.  With  the 
exiception  of  some  pasture  aud  meadow  fields  near  the 
homestead,  there  are  no  enclosures,  not  even  for  the 
external  boundaries.  THiere  is  no  waste  ground  what- 
ever ;  a  vast  extent  of  open  cultivated  land  in  liigh. 
tilth  and  feitility  meets  the  eye. 

Tlie  rotations  are — The  tivo-coitrse  system  :  1,  Wheat, 
manured  and  well  fallowed  ;  2,  S^vedes,  Globe  TurnipSj 
Rape,  Vetches,  Clover,  alternately,  so  that  each  comes 
once  in  eight  years  (fed  off  and  then  a  summer  fallow)  ;, 
3,  Wheat  ;  4,  root  and  green  crops,  with  the  due  alter- 
nations. Three-course  system:  1,  Wheat  ;  2,  Barley 
or  Oats,  with  mixed  Grasses  or  Vetches  j  3,  Grasses,  &c.,. 
fed  off  by  sheep.  Four-course  system :  1,  Wheat  j 
2,  Turnips  ;  3,  Barley  or  Oats;  4,  Grasses,  fed  off. 

The  first  course  is  considered  the  most  beneficial  j 
and,  as  there  is  a  dressing  for  every  crop  (Clover 
excepted),  the  crops  are  heavy,  and  the  land  is  fully  able 
to  bear  Wheat  every  alternate  year. 

On  the  meadow  land,  a  portion  of  the  aftermath  is- 
reserved  for  the  ewes  and  lambs  until  spring,  before 
they  go  to  the  Swedes,  and  a  standing  pen  in  different 
sheltered  places  is  arranged  for  the  ewes  and  lambs  ;. 
abundance  of  short  straw  is  laid  for  them  on  the  flinty, 
bed,  and  hay  and  Turnips  are  supplied  in  the  usual  way  ; 
while  the  lambs  have  free  access  through  the  hurdles  to 
the  tender  Grass.  The  straw,  full  of  ammonia,  is  scattered 
over  the  Grass  late  in  spring,  and  thus  vegetation 
is  stimulated  ;  and  the  longer  straws,  which  have  not 
penetrated  into  the  ground  through  the  agency  of  earth- 
worms, is  raked  oft'  and  applied  again  lor  litter.  The 
masses  of  manure  created  in  this  manner  by  the  sheep 
are  enormous.  In  some  fields,  they  lie  iu  winter  under 
a  long  rick  of  straw  on  the  head-land  of  a  field,  which 
they  gradually  convert  into  manure. 

It  is  rarely  that  a  tenant  farmer  sees  clearly  and 
acknowledges  the  inexpediency  of  reverting  to  the  old 
system  of  protection  for  corn.  Captain  Budd,  no  inex- 
perienced man,  nor  lightly  interested,  is  one  of  those 
who  would  leave  the  law  as  it  is.  This  energetic 
gentleman,  at    the    period    of    the    agrarian    riots    in 

,    mainly    preserved    by    his    determination    and 

gallantry  the  peace  of  his  district,  for  which  he  received 
the  thanks  of  the  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury.  His 
principle  is  that  the  masses  should  have  food  as  cheap 
as  is  consistent  with  a  healthy  state  of  the  social  system, 
and  that  if  there  be  diftieulties  and  short  allowance  gene- 
rally, no  pal"t  of  the  community  should  be  stinted  out  of 
proportion.  He  would  have  the  burdens  and  short- 
comings whicli  effect  the  landed  interest  fairly  divided 
among  the  three  parties  —  landlords,  tenants,  and 
labourers.  Suppose  a  reduction  of  25  percent,  to  be 
divided  thus,  the  landlord  to  abate  (of  rack  rents)  from 
15  to  20  per  cent,  (say  from  7s.  per  bushel  at  protection 
]irice  to  5s.  at  free-trade  price,  the  highest  probable  for 
the  future),  he  would  theh[|;  divide  the  remainder 
between  the  other  two  parties,  so  that  tho  labourers' 
wages  may  be  reduced  ^  or  4.  With  steady,  unvarying 
employment,  and  such  extra  privileges  as  Captain  Budd 
allows  to  his  work-peojtle,  (ho  labourer  could  live  very 
well;  and  tho  tenant  by  increased  exertion  aud  skill,  and 
the  relinquishment  of  indulgences,  such  as  in  Other 
grades  of  iil'e,  with  tho  same  amount  of  capital  invested,, 
he  would  not  think  of  enjoying. 

'I'hu  a  riculturist  who  treala  his  labourers  kindly  and 
fairly  will  llnd  that  tlu'y  aro  the  most  easily  satisfied  class- 
in  the  community.  Landlords  who  have  lot  farmsat  corn 
l-ents  have  little  todo  in  tho  way  of  readjustment ;  many 
who  have  lot  at  fixoil  rents  have  nobly  reduced  them. 
Till!  J^uico  of  Portland,  for  example,  1ms  taken  off  a 
third  ;  and  to  this  amount  of  reduction,  no  doubt,  .the 
laud  proprietary  must,  in  many  instances,  lower  their 


428 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  3, 


rates  of  rent.     It  is  astern  necessity,  butthe  staple  food 
■of  the  people  should  be  free  from  taxation,  D. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Poultrij.—Yowv  correspondent  "J.  H."  is  dissatisfied 
with  some  remarks  I  sent  you* about  tlie  prize  list  for 
poultry,  issued  by  the  AgriculUiral  Society,  in  which  I 
complained  of  a  bij^her  prize  being  awarded  to  the 
DorUing  than  to  the  Spanish  fowls.  I  think  any  unpre- 
judiced poultry  fancier  will  agree  with  me  in  my  con- 
demnation of  the  arrangement  of  the  Agricultural 
Society's  prizes,  if  they  will  compare  it  with  the  admir- 
:able  list  of  prizes  just  published  for  the  great  poultry 
show  at  Birmingham  in  December.  I  do  not  however 
wish  the  "Spanish  breed"  to  have  been  awarded  the 
best  prize  (as  I  infer),  but  I  "grumble"  at  the  best 
prize  being  given  to  one  breed  (the  Dorking),  whilst  a 
smaller  prize  is  to  be  contended  for  by  three  breeds 
(the  Spanish  being  one).  My  argument  is,  that  each 
breed  ought  to  have  had  a  separate  prize.  As  it  is,  I 
wish  the  unfortunate  judges  joy  of  their  occupation.  I 
am  very  much  mistaken  if  the  council  will  not  give  the 
best  proof  that  their  first  poultry  prize  list  is  not  well 
framed,  by  having  a  very  different  arrangement  in  any 
future  exhibition.  As  for  "J.  H.'s"  argument,  that 
this  arrangement"  is  a  proper  compliment  to  the  county 
in  which  the  annual  meeting  is  held,''  I  will  remind  him 
that  the  show  is  open  to  all  England,  and  that  if  this 
argument  were  to  hold  good,  the  liigber  prize  should 
then  be  given  to  "  Bolton  Greys,"  should  a  meeting  be 
held  in  Yorkshire  or  Lancashire  any  other  year.  ^  My 
notion  is,  that  the  chief  object  of  these  meetings  is  to 
encourage  the  best  breed  of  poultry,  for  the  profit  of  the 
farmer  or  cottager.  I  keep  two  sorts  of  poultry,  Dork- 
ings and  Spanish,  and  I  am  convinced  from  experience 
there  is  as  much  (or  more)  profit  to  be  made  by  the 
Spanish  as  by  the  Dorkings,  which  have  one  advantage 
r(aud  one  only)  over  the'Spanish,  that  of  being  better 
for  the  table.  The  Spanish  will  during  the  year  lay 
>4hree  eggs  to  the  Dorking's  two,  and  that  at  a  time  of 
year  when  eggs  are  scarce  and  dear.  "J.  H.,"  I  think, 
will  find  that  the  average  weight  of  the  Dorking  egg 
will  not  be  above  2|  ozs.  The  average  weight  of  my 
Spanish  eggs  will  be  3^  ozs.  ;  they  often  weigh  4  ozs. 
I  conclude,  therefore,  that  "J.  H.'s"  Spanish  fowls  are 
second  rate.  In  beauty  of  shape  and  plumage  "J.  H."" 
"  prefers  the  Spanish  breed  ;"  and  if  he  will  try  one  of 
his  Spanish  at  his  table,  I  thinli  he  will  own  that  it  is 
excellent.  (The  cook  and  therefore  the  poulterer  deny 
his  dark  legs.)  I  believe  your  poultry  correspondent  is 
Mr.  Baily,  than  whom  is  no  better  judge.  I  should 
'be  glad  to  hear  what  he  thinks  of  this  argument  ; 
whether  he  agrees  with  "J.  H."  as  to  the  weight  of  the 
Dorking  egg  ;  what  he  thinks  of  the  mei'its  of  the 
Dorking  (as  a  layer)  compared  with  the  Spanish,  and 
what  is  the  value  of  good  live  birds  of  each  sort  com- 
paratively. When  I  hear  of  such  prices  being  offered 
^and  refused  for  Spanish  fowls  as  have  lately  been,  I 
must  still  believe  that  there  are  many  who  think  of  them 
■■■as  highly  as  the  "Spanish  fancier,"  and  who  will  be 
inclined  to  agree  with  him,  that  they  deserve  to  have 
had  as  good  a  place  assigned  to  them  in  the  prize  list  as 
the  Dorkings  hold,  and  that  the  Spanish  fancier  is  not 
■*^  merely  proclaiming  his  own  individual  partiality " 
■when  he  presumes  to  criticise  the  arrangement  made  by 
•Ihe  Council  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  A  Spanish 
Poxdlry  Fancier, 

Small  Enclosu7'es  and  Hedgerow  Timher. — Mr.  Mechi, 
an  a  letter  quoted  in  a  recent  Number,  speaks  of 
*^Hedge-rowa  and  timber  eating  up  the  poor  farmer's 
-crops,"  and  mentions  as  a  grievance,  "  that  these 
uuLsances  are  measured  to  him  as  land,  and  that  he  has 
■to  pay  rent,  &c.,  for  them."  I  wonder  it  has  not 
•occurred  to  so  clear-headed  a  man  as  Mr.  Mechi,  that 
these  nuisances  eat  up  the  poor  landlords'  rent  in  reality. 
Hej  or  his  agent,  may  make  what  measurements  they 
'please,  but  they  cannot  compel  a  tenant  to  pay  for  what 
he  considers  impediments  to  cultivation.  I  never  look 
■out  of  my  window  without  seeing  a  lovely  vale  whose 
beauty  is  entirely  occasioned  by  hedge-row  timber  grow- 
ing in  small  enclosures.  I  will  never  be  a  party  to  the 
destruction  of  this  beautiful  scenery,  but  I  am  quite 
-aware  that  I  must  pay  for  my  whistle  in  the  shape  of 
reduced  rent,  and  I  am  content  to  do  so.  M.  P. 

Muscovy  Ducks. —  I  was  surprised  on  reading  the 
He'v.  Mr.  Dixon's  valuable  and  interesting  work  on 
Poultry,  to  find  that  he  is  of  the  opinion  that  Muscovy 
d,ucks  do  not  take  to  the  water,  and  if  compelled  to  do 
«o,  with  great  reluctance.  Now,  there  are  one  or  two 
places  in  my  immediate  neighbourhood  where  these 
birds  are  kept,  and  I  have  observed,  instead  of  avoiding 
the  water  on  the  approach  of  a  stranger,  they  imme- 
diately take  to  it  as  their  natural  refuge.  Their  move- 
ments on  this  element,  to  be  sure,  are  not  rapid  ;  but, 
instead  of  being  clumsy,  are  very  graceful.  F.  P.,  B — . 

Trout  Fishinr/  in  the  Vale  of  Keswick,  Cumberland. — 
The  correctness  of  our  correspondent  "L.'s"  views  as 
to  the  preservation  of  the  trout  in  the  lakes  of  the  vale 
■of  perwentwater,  Cumberland,  during  the  late  drought, 
whilst  so  many  of  the  finny  tribe  have  perished  in  the 
rivers  and  streams  unconnected  with  lakes,  has  been 
proved  by  the  excellent  sport  which  has  been  enjoyed 
by  the  anglers  who  have  flocked  to  the  water  side  since 
.  the  ramy  weather.  Whilst  the  river  fish  in  the  district 
Jiave  been  found  to  be  badly  fed,  soft  and  flabby,  those 
issumg  Irom  the  lalies  up  the  various  streams  have 
been  got  in  fine  condition,  and  red  fleshed.  So  long  as 
thelakes  contain  such  an  abundant  supply  of  sheUfish, 


P'i-rch,  and  other  food,  all  that  is  required  is  to  keep 
down  the  pike,  and  to  protect  the  streams  during  the 
spawning  season,  which  is  now  effectually  done  in  the 
vale  of  Derwentwater. 

A  Remedy  against  Poachers.  —  Having   argued   the 
Game-laws   with  the  Rev.  George  Wilkins,  and  finding 
tiiat  his  princijjal  objection  was  in  the  midnight  bandits 
and  common  trespassers  upon  other's  land,  I  think  that  it 
would  not  be  fair  in  me  not  to  try  and  point  out  remedies, 
and  which  remedies  shall  be  two  in  number — the  first, 
a  most  stringent  trespass  act ;  the  second,  garden  allot- 
ments to  every  person  residing  in   the  country,  to  be 
under  the  immediate  eye  of  the  clergyman  and  the  more 
respectable  men  of  the  parish.  But  before  entering  upon 
this,  just  let  us  look  back  to  what  gardening  was  about 
yO  years  ago,  by  way  of  encouragement  to  those  under- 
taking allotments.     Gentlemen's  places  then  might  have 
been  kept  very  clean,  and  soma  things  middling  well 
grown.     Well,  then,  begin  with  the  king  of  fruits— the 
Pine-apple.     A   Q,aeen   Pine   grown    in   those    days  to 
■2:^  lbs.  was  considered  enormous  ;  and  I  myself  was  a 
witness,  having  then  lived  with  three  of  the  first  Pine 
growers   round    London  — Kensington   Palace  ;  Wyke- 
bonse,    Brentford  ;    Ashbur ton-house,    Putney    Heath. 
Even  the  West  India  Pines  of  the  pi'esent  day  are  far 
superior  to  the  ordinary  English  growth,just  as  far  behind 
at  that  time  as  the  cottage  allotments  are  now  behind 
the   market   gardeners"  round    London.     Again,  where 
were  the  Grape  growers  ?    Dowding,  at  Oak  Hill,  Barnet, 
was  the  first  to  set  the  Grape  growers  to  put  their  houses 
in  order.     He  came  out  upon  a  new  system  of  having 
only  one  stem  or  single  Vine  up  under  each  rafter,  the 
majority  of  growers  having  their  wood  nearly  as  thick 
laid  in  as  a  wicker  basket.     The  berries,  when  Un;ky 
enough     to     have   them     set,     and     when    ripe,    were 
the    size    of  a   Knight's  Marrowfat    Pea.     The  kitchen 
garden  things  were  managed   in   proportion.     As   for 
greenhouses  and  conservatories,  they  looked  more  like 
a  thickly  planted  Larch  wood.   The  Horticultural  Society 
of  London  and  its  managers  first  led  the  way.     To  Dr. 
Lindley  and  Sir  W.  Hooker,  at  Kew,  much  praise  is  due. 
Have  gardeners  neglected  their  places  through  attendin^ 
floral  exhibitions  ?    Quite  the  reverse;  and  even  now  those 
gentlemen  who  do  not  encourage  exhibitions,  their  places 
are  just  as  bad  as  they  were   30  years  ago.     All  exhi- 
bitors read  much  ;  the  non-exhibitors  do  not  read  any. 
Then  if  the  above  be  true,  garden  allotments  want  two 
grand   fundamental  principles  —  simple   reading  what 
relates  to  crops,  and  exhibiting  the  crops  on  the  ground 
at  a  certain  time  of  the  year,  about  the  1st  of  July  ;  the 
judges  to  be  gardeners  in  the  neighbourhood,  the  prizes 
ought  to  be  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  the  allot' 
ments  ;  for    10    lots   two   prizes,  20    lots   four   prizes, 
30  five  prizes,  and  one  prize  for  every   10   allotments 
afterwards.     To  avoid  the  judges  having  any  knowled 
of  parties,  perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  have  them  from 
a  distance,  and  lyice  versa.     This,  then,  would  not  cause 
unpleasantness  in  the  villages  ;  and  if  this  were  properly 
arranged,  there  would  be  no  need  of  cottagers  losing 
time  and  carrying  their  produce  to  distant  exhibitions. 
The  day  could  be  fixed  for  the  exhibitions  ;  the  judges, 
three  in  number,  on  the   morning  of  that  day  would 
perform  their  task,  and  at   12  or  1  o'clock  the  public 
would  be  admitted  on  the  grounds  either   by  paying 
Sd.  or  6d.  ;  this  money  to  go  to  the  prize  fund,  or  for 
finding  tools  for  the  most  deserving  ;  every  allotment 
ought  to  be  numbered,  and  the  names  of  all  should  be 
hung  up  upon  large  cards  at  various  parts  of  the  ground  ; 
,  and  it  would  not  be  amiss  to  state  their  general  calling. 
The  lots  being  all  num'iered  the  judges'  task  would  be 
easy  ;  No.  so-and-so  1st  prize,  and  which  would  be  put 
on  the  large  cards,  huug  up,  as  is  done  at  our  great 
exhibitions.     This  plan  would  far  surpass  taidng  things 
to  the  exhibitions,  as  the  whole  neighbourhood  would 
then  see  them  ;  there  would   be   no  after-saying  that 
those    Onions,   or    Beans,   or    Turnips,    or    Cabbages, 
were   borrowed  from  some   one    else.     And  to   carry 
it  still   further    out,  each   man   or   woman,   or    both, 
should  on  the   afternoon   of  that   day   be    upon   their 
own  allotment.     To  those,  then,   who   got  prizes   and 
recommendations,    it    would    be    highly   pleasing ;    to 
those  a  little  behind  it  would  be  a  stimulant ;  and  to 
those  that  were  very  bad  it  would  be  a  lesson  far  more 
teaching  than  speaking  would  be.     But  in  this  last  case 
I  think  that  it  ought  to  be  in  the  power  of  the  judges  to 
reprimand  ;  and  if  by  next  year  they  would  not  improve, 
to  remove  them  and  fill  their  ground  by  some  one  else. 
This   would  be  an  understood  thing,  and  take  off"  all 
nnpleasantnesss  from  the  gentleman  who  lets  the  ground 
for  this  benevolent  purpose— and  at  a  cheap  rate,  id. 
per  rod  ;  it  ought  never  to  be  less  nor  more,  that  is 
about  53s.  an  acre.     Letting  land  to  any  one  too  cheap 
at  all  times  has  its  bad 'effects.     This  makes  persons 
careless  and  less  industrious.     Allotments  ought  to  be 
fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  never  surrounded  with  trees 
excepting  to  the  north,  and  it  would  also  be  cruel  to 
give  bad  ground.     In  arranging  the  ground  and  allot- 
ments, some  regulations  in   the   first  place  ought  to  be 
made,  such  as  dividing  it  into  straight  paths,  and  those 
paths    to    be   made    so  that   persons   will    crop   their 
grounds  in  lines  always   south  and  north.     All  crops 
thrive  best  this  way.     Supposing,  then,  yon  divide  your 
allotments,  beginning  first  with  the  smaller  ones,  five 
rods.     Well,  let  those  be  all  together,  then  eight  rods, 
ten  next,  and  so  on.     By  doing  it  in  this  way  the  paths 
would  then  be  in  straight  lines  each  way.     Road  sand  or 
coal  ashes  make  fine  paths.     Every  allotment  ought  to 
have  a  hole  in  one  corner  for  weeds,  leaves,  and  dung  ; 
and  this  hole  must  not  be  looked  upon  as  a  rubbish 
hole,  for  it  is  quite  the  reverse.     Farmers  need  not  fear 


of  a  man  not  doing  them  justice  because  he  has  a  small 
piece  of  ground.     It  has  been  proved  that  it  has  made 
him    a    butter    man    and    a    more    thinking    servant 
to  his  master.     A  very  famously  conducted  allotment 
1  saw  at  Minster,  an  ancient  village,  four  miles  west  of 
Ramsgate,  in  Kent,  of  four  acres,  all  laid  out  into  about 
60  allotments  ;  they  had  been  granted   promiscuously, 
according  to  tlie  size  of  the  family,  and  without  much 
order.  Mr.  Buddel,  a  market  gardener,  showed  me  over, 
and  most  kindly  answered  everything  I  put  to  him, — 
Whose  land  is  it?     It  belongs  to  the  vicar. — How  long 
have  these  allotments  been  parted  ?     Ten  years. — Was 
the  ground    drained  ?     No. — What  sort   of  soil  is  it  ? 
A  deep,  rich,  soft,   loamy  soil. — Its  declivity  is  to  the 
south,  is  it  not  ?     Yes.— Do  the  cottagers  use  that  water 
that  runs  along  the  south  bottom  much  ?     Yes. — What 
sort  of  manure  do   they  use  ?     Anything  they  can  get  ; 
they  save  night-soil,   parings  of  ditches,    scrapings  of 
roads,  ashes,  leaves,  dead  Grass,  soot,  salt  ;  anything  they 
can  get  or  buy  cheap. — Have  the  allotments  been  pretty 
regularly  kept  these  1 0  years  ?     Yes. — H;ive  you  been 
obliged  to  get  rid  of  any  ?     Very  few. — What  do  they 
do  with  all  their  vegetables  ?     Some  are  not  so  lucky  as 
others  ;  and  those  who  are  lucky  sell  to  the  others  at  a 
very  cheap  rate,  and  so  oblige  one  another. — What  price 
per  rod  is  paid  1     id. — Do  they  say  this  is  high  I     No  ; 
I  have  never  heard  a  complaint. — Can  an  allottee  have 
as  much  land  as  he  likes  ?     No  ;  that  depends  on  the 
number   of  his  family. — What  say  the  farmers  about 
allotments  ?     They  all  said  that  the  parson  was  going  to 
destroy  all  their  labourers  when   fir-t  started. — What 
say  they  now  ?     I    am    a  farmer   myself,    as  well   as  a 
market  gardener,  and  I   have  several  men  belonging  to 
the  allotments,  and  I  have  found  great  advantage  from 
their  observations  upon  many  things.     And  instead  of 
squandering  their  time  elsewhere,  they  are  to  be  found 
on  the  bit  of  land  working  and  conversing  together  of  a 
summer's  evening.     And  the  wives  and  childi'en  have 
many  spare  hours  which  they  employ  on  the  groimd  ; 
and,    says   Mr.  Biiddel,  it   is  a   great  ti'eat  for   a  poor 
family  to  go  into  his  garden  and  dig  Potatoes,  or  cut  fresh 
Cabbages. — Have  you  any  poor  ?     Hardly  any. — Does 
any  one  near  here  preserve  game  ?     No  ;   not  within 
several  miles. —  Then,  yon  have  no  poachers  ?     None  be- 
longing  to    Minster  ;    some    come    from    Margate   and 
Ramsgate,  but  they  get  nothing,  as  every  one  of  us  keeps 
a  gun.     Such  were  the  answers  given  to  me  ;  and  I  must 
say  that  a  more  beautiful,  cleanly  village,  and  intelligent 
people,  I  have  not  seen  anywhere  than  the  village  of 
Minster  and  the  people  in  it.     As  this  allotment  suc- 
ceeds so  well,  why  not  everywhere  ?     This  is  the  sort  of 
way  to  do  away  with  idleness  and  bad  characters;  there 
is  no  existence  for  them  in  such  a  place  ;  if  there  is, 
they  must  turn  to  honest  industry.     But  they  are  not  to 
be  found  in  such  a  district ;  poachers,  like  smugglers, 
do  away  with  the  temptation ;    it  is   then   at   an  end. 
Poachers  and  bad  characters  are  only  to  be  found  in 
towns  and    villages  where  there    is    in   the  immediate 
neighbourhood  plenty  of  game  ;  and  this  game  is  very 
often  a  pretence,  as  they  get  hardened  to  their  game, 
until  they  get  banished,  their  families  being  kept  in  the 
woi'lchouse    at  the  farmers'  expense.       I  have  lived  in 
Fulham-fields,  as  they  are  called,  where  thousands  of 
acres  are  cultivated  for  the  London  markets,  where  hun- 
dreds of  poor  of  all  sorts  live,  and  did  any  one  ever  read 
of  a  robbery  having  been  committed  there  1     It  is  not, 
then,  a  benefit  altogether  conferred  upon  the  labourer  ; 
but  it  is  a  much  greater  benefit  to  the  landlord  and  the 
farmer,  by  making  their  labourers  happy  and  comfortable, 
and  a  more  thoughtful  race  of  men  ;  that,  instead  of  those 
men  spending  their  odd  hours  elsewhere,  and  very  often 
hearkening  to  bad  advice,  and  engendering  and  nursing  too 
often  a  dislike  for  their  masters,  which  in  time  makes  them 
callous  ;  and  when  a  chance  takes  place,  they  do  not  fail 
to  show  it,  which  in  the  end  sends  the  labourer  50  years 
beliind.    And  instead  of  raising  his  labour,  it  has  always 
cheapened  it ;  a  mechanist  or  town  workmen's  strike 
has  always  the  reverse  effect  to  what  they  wish  it  ;  and 
it  is  good  for  the  public  it  is  so,  because  things  get 
cheaper  always  afterwards  ;  but  a  tiller  of  the  soil  is 
different,  he  cannot  get  3^.  a  week,  although  he  has 
served  seven  years  in  quite  as  useful  a  trade  as  the  other ; 
and  being  a  stationary  people,  ought  to  have  a  bit  of  land 
at  a  cheap  rate  for  the  use  of  their  family.     Farmers, 
after  finding  that  labourers  who   have   allotments  act 
well,  are  glad  to  give  them  an  hour  or  two  now  and  then 
at  extraordinary  times  ;  the  labourer,  on  the  other  hand, 
having  been  obliged,  would  be  too  proud  to   oblige  his 
master.     Allotments  in  the  country  have  a  similar  effect 
to  town  Athenreums  ;  they  bring  neighbours  to  better 
understanding  with  one  another,  and  break  down  many 
prejudices.     General  allotments  throughout  the  country 
to  the  labourer  would  be  a  lasting  link  between  man  and 
master,  and  to  the  great  good  of  society  at  large.     Beer 
shops  would  diminish ;  no  home  for  midnight  robbers  ; 
empty  workhouses  (but  for  the  old)  ;  parish  expenses 
diminished,      A  happy   and   connected  and   contented 
people  must  be  the  result.     Every  man  having  a  bit  of 
land  would  have  a  much  greater  respect  for  property  in 
general,  and  having  this  respect  a  sharp  look-out  would 
be  kept  upon  any  loose  character  that  might  spring  up 
in  the  neighbourhood.     In  conclusion,  I  beg  to  say  that 
the   most   easy,    simple,   and   cheap    work   for    cottage 
allottees  is  Sir  Joseph  Paxton's  Zd.  book,  containing  all 
that  is  necessary  for  a  cottager's  garden.     The  above  are 
a  few  ideas  thrown  together  by  myself,  as,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Isle  of  Thanet  one,  I  have  had  no  com- 
munication from  any  one,  and  no  doubt  the  plan  is  not  so 
perfect  as  it  might  have  been,  but  1  have  done  my  best 
for  the  present.  James  Cuthillf  Camho-wcll,  London, 


27—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


429 


Drainage.— In  the  Oazeite  of  last  Saturday  I  see 
an  inquiry  about  drains  ;  that  is,  whether  deep  or 
shallow  drains  are  best.  In  my  opinion  no  iixed 
rule  on  this  subject  can  obtain.  The  sole  object 
of  draining  is  to  take  away  the  superabundant  water, 
which  is  t  ;e  cause  of  sterility  of  the  soil  ;  if  you  can  do 
this  it  matters  not  by  what  depth  of  drain.  In  some 
soils,  water  standing  at  the  depth  of  5  feet  or  5}^  feet 
will  keep  the  surface  wet.  I  know  this  from  experience; 
for  on  this  same  farm  tliat  I  refer  to  there  have  been 
drams  cut  to  the  depth  of  3  feet,  and  they  never  have 
answered  the  purpose,  for  no  water  can  be  found  till 
you  go  down  to  the  depth  of  4  feet  or  5  feet ;  3  feet  or 
3i  feet  di'ains  in  such  laud  was  only  throwing  away 
"money.  On  another  fai'm,  whei'e  the  drains  had  been 
cut  to  the  depth  of  2  feet  and  2^  feet,  30  feet  apart,  I 
would  say,  about  10  years  ago  they  did  little  or  no 
good  at  all ;  the  farmer  wished  more  drains  cut  in  the 
same  field,  and  about  the  same  depth,  2.^  feet ;  but 
this  I  could  not  agree  to,  but  would  have  them 
cut  to  the  depth  of  3  feet  to  3i  feet,  30  feet  apart, 
alternately,  the  mains  being  4  feet.  Now,  the  farmer  is 
a  complete  convert  to  deep  drains  :  he  says  the  4  feet 
drain  is  the  best,  although  he  and  I  were  at  war  all  the 
time  the  drains  were  cutting  ;  there  is  one  advantage 
that  deep  drains  have  over  shallow  ones,  that  is,  that 
deep  drains  answer  the  same  purpose  that  shallow  ones 
do,  as  they  take  away  the  superabundant  water  from 
the  sui'face,  and  at  the  same  time  take  away  the  water 
at  1;he  extreme  depth,  which  latter  is  the  greatest  evil. 
In  the  month  of  March  I  drained  another  field,  the 
principal  part  was  to  be  3  feet  deep,  but  a  3  feet  drain 
di'ew  no  water,  so  t  cut  them  all  3.^  feet  deep,  and  I  got 
plenty  of  water  running  in  every  drain  at  30  feet  apart. 
Now,  the  late  tenant  of  this  farm  did  not  think  that  the 
field  required  draining,  although  the  field  produced 
plenty  of  Couch  Grass,  that  he  never  could  get  rooted 
out,  in  consequence  of  its  wetness.  I  am  busy  with 
another  field  just  now,  and  I  may  say  that  drains 
shallower  than  3feet  would  just  be  throwing  moneyaway. 
My  practice  is  when  I  am  going  to  drain  a  field,  the 
first  thing  I  do  is  to  get  pits  cut  through  all  the  field  at 
various  depths,  from  2^  to  5  feet,  according  to  my 
idea  of  the  nature  of  the  locality.  I  have  dried  a 
moderate  sized  field  with  two  pits,  6  feet  deep  and  6  feet 
in  diameter,  filled  with  stones  to  the  bottom  of  a  2^-  feet 
drain,  which  took  away  the  water  from  them  as  it  rose 
to  the  bottom  of  the  drain.  B.  W. 


^on'eties* 


WEST  OF  ENGLAND  AaRICDLTURAL  SOCIETY, 
TAUNTON. 

The  following  wa<*  the  awarJ  of 

PRIZES  FOR  IMPLEMENTS. 

CLASS,  No.  I.— Bt;8t  ploughs  for  deepploughing  :  Mr.  Busby. 

The  best  plough  fnr  g.  noral  purp. sea  :  Mr.  Busby. 

The  best  ^larlag  plough,  to  be  worked  bj  two  horses  :  Mr. 
Comins, 

The  beat  subaoil  plough,  to  be  worked  by  not  esceedhig  three 
horses:  Deane,  Dray,  and  Co. 

The  best  turawreft.  plough  :  Mr,  Eddy. 

The  best  ht^avy  harrow  :  Howard's  pointed  harrow. 

The  best  cultivator  :  Smith  and  Ashby. 

The  best  scarifier,  to  be  worked  by  two  horses  :  Fcwler 
and  Fry. 

The  best  iron  roller  :  Wi;;htman  and  Denninff. 

CLASS  No.  II.— Cultivation  of  crops. 

The  best  ctirn  drill  for  small  occupations  in  hilly  districts  : 
Messrs.  HeoBman, 

The  best  Turnip  manure  drill :  Mr.  Cheek,  Halae. 

The  best  economical  Turnip  and  manure  drill,  for  small 
occupations  in  bill^  dis'-ricd  :  Mr.  Holmes. 

The  beat  ceueral  manure  distributor ;  Holmes. 

The  best  horse  boe  :  Mr.  Bushy. 

CLASS  No.  III. — Harvesting  crops  and  preparing  for  market. 
— The  beat  one-burco  can  for  general  purposes  :  Mr.  Busby, 

The  best  two-borsr;  waggon:  Mr,  Milfoid. 

The  best  bay-making  aiachitie  ;  Mr.  Smith, 

The  best  horoe-raUe  fur  hay  or  corn  ;  Mr.  Howard  ;  Rendle's 
American  commendod,  with  1/.  prize. 

The  best  poitable  s  enm-eji^ioe,  not  exceeding  fo.ur-horse 
power  :  The  [jrize  to  Clayton,  Shuttlowortb,  and  Co.  Mr.  Amos, 
civil  engineer,  of  London,  came  down  wlib  bis  dynamouicter, 
for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  power  of  the  different  engines. 
The  re«alt  Id  this  insfance  was  as  follows  : — Power,  4  tjorse  ; 
time  of  getting  up  the  steam,  42.50  ;  the  fuel,  20.38  ;  coal  per 
hour,  46J  lbs.,  equal  to  horsi;  power  per  hour,  U.02o,  coosumirig 
coal  per  day,  of  1')  hours,  485  lbs.  ;  cost,  at  ISs,  per  ton,  3^.  Zd. 
per  day,  showing  i:  to  be  ihe  most  economical  engine  exhibited. 

The  best  reapiniy  machine  :  Meflwrfl.  Ueane,  Dray,  and  Co. 

CLASS  No.  III.  part  of  Class  No.  4.— The  best  chaff-cutter, 
worked  by  hand:  ilr.  Corne"!. 

The  belt  corn  and  puUe  bruiser:  Mr.  Cox,  Richmond  and 
Chrindler  inventors. 

The  b?8t  ch^ff  and  Utter  cutter,  worked  by  borao  or  steam 
power:  Mr,  Churlefi  Corni^a. 

CLAS-j  No,  IV,— Pn-pdration  of  food  for  stock. 

The  btBt  turnip-cutter  for  sheep:  Mr.  Carson,  f^r  Moody 'k 
pattern. 

The  ht  St  com  and  pulse  bruiser  :  Mr,  Cox,  Richmond  and 
Chandler  invcntorfi. 

CLASS  Nf).  v.— MUcellaneouP.— The  best  Churn  :  Meflsre, 
Younj,    The  be«t  ch^eie  press  ;  M»rB<irh.  Voung, 

Tbe  best  Apple-mtll  (crushing  pipe  at  the  same  time;  :  Mr. 
March, 

CLAij.S  No,  VI.— Collection  of  Implempnts  for  small  nccnpa- 
tfoDS,— Tbe  bc«t  and  rno«t  enonomlcHl  collecil  m  of  ImpIomcniH 
suited  (o  tCDfinti  occupjfng  arable  land,  not  txctOJiug  liiO 
acret:  Butby,  wltb  Dray  and  Co. 


Farmers^  Clubs. 

Ka«t  BEfiwicK.sirifiK. — At  a  nn-;^;tinj,'  held  on  the 
)2lh  June,  the  Iti^'ht  Hon,  tho  Karl  of  (Jomf-, 
President  of  t'lc  Club,  in  the  chair,  it  was 
unanimously  resolved,  ii[jon  the  motion  of  Mr.  .Tolin 
Wilson,  Farmer,  Kdinyton  Mainw,  seconded  hy 
David  Milne,  Ksq,,  that  the  cordial  thanks  of  th<r 
Club  be  ThUinuai  to  the  Editor  of  the  Gardmcrn' 
Chronicle  for  his  valuable  researches  into  the  u>*c-* 


of  loam,  and  the  shipment  of  guano  from  London  to 
Berwick  and  other  ports  in  Scotland  ;  and  most 
especially  for  the  good  service  he  has  done  to  the 
agricultural  community  by  drawing  attention  to  the 
cargo  of  the  Pandora,  which  the  meeting  was  that 
day  discussing. 


An  Essay  on  the  Use  and  Ahuse  of  Lime  as  a  Manure. 
By  Thomas  Morgan.     H.  White  &  Sons,  Carmarthen. 

This  tract  is  the  result  of  a  prize  offered  by  Lord 
Cawdor  for  the  best  essay  on  the  subject  which  its 
title  page  announces.  Mr.  Morgan's  essay  won  this 
premium,  and  has  therefore  been  published  by  the 
Carmarthenshire  Agricultural  Society,  in  connection 
with  which  the  prize  had  been  offered.  It  is  a  modestly- 
written  and  instructive  statement  of  the  mode  in  which 
lime  acts,  and  the  abuses  into  which  ignorance  on  this 
subject  is  apt  to  lead  the  farmer.  We  shall  give  two 
extracts  in  illustration  of  the  author's  style.  First,  on 
the  modes  in  which  Ume  acts  as  a  manure  : — 

"In  the  first  place  it  does,  though  to  a  small  extent, 
enter  into  the  composition  of  plants,  and  to  this  extent 
it  may  be  considered  as  necessary  food  for  tliem  ;  but 
for  this  purpose,  as  we  have  already  seen,  the  quantity 
required  is  very  small  indeed.  Many  soils  contain 
more  than  sufficient  for  this  purpose,  and  probably  one 
ton  per  acre  would  be  more  than  enough  to  supply  this 
requirement  of  any  soil,  under  any  system  of  cropping 
for  twenty  years.  In  the  second  place,  lime  may  convert 
a  part  of  a  soil,  which  has  previously  possessed  qualities 
poisonous  to  vegetation,  into  a  valuable  manure,  by 
converting  sulphate  of  iron  into  gypsum  and  rust  of  iron, 
and  possibly  by  other  similar  chemical  combinations; 
but  I  do  not  think  it  can  have  this  or  any  other  similar 
power  on  all  soils,  and  possibly  it  may  not  have  it  even 
on  the  majority  of  them.  No  doubt  this  power  can 
often,  with  great  advantage,  be  called  into  requisition 
on  the  breaking-up  of  heaths  and  moors  ;  but  it  does 
not  apply  to  the  every-day  requirements  of  our  agricul- 
ture. In  the  third  place,  lime  has  the  power  of  altering 
and  improving  the  texture  of  both  sands  and  clays, 
thereby  increasing  the  productive  powers  of  each,  as 
well  as  economising  the  labour  attendant  on  their  culti- 
vation. In  the  fourth  place,  it  has  the  property  of 
improving  the  filtering  power  of  soils,  enabling  them  to 
retain  whatever  fertilising  matters  may  be  placed  in 
contact  with  them  ;  and  it  is  to  this  property,  I  believe, 
in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge,  we  must  attribute 
its  chief  value  as  a  manure.  We  know  what  great 
difficulties  we  encounter  in  endeavouring  to  arrest  the 
waste  of  our  manure  heaps,  and  what  losses  we  sustain 
by  the  occasional  torrents  of  rain  which  carry  from  our 
hill  sides,  to  the  neighbouring  streams  and  rivers,  the 
very  essence  of  those  heaps,  after  our  having  gone  to 
the  expense  of  their  removal  to  soils  from  whence  we 
had  looked  forward  for  their  return  to  us  in  more 
valuable  forms.  It  must  therefore  be  some  gratification 
for  us  to  hope  that  we  have  it  in  our  power,  simply  by 
the  application  of  lime,  of  causing  the  rain-water  which 
falls  on  our  soils,  to  fix  in  them  such  fertilising  matters 
as  it  would  otherwise  have  carried  off  to  unavailable 
positions." 

On  the  point  here  referred  to,  however,  Mr.  Way 
has  thrown  more  light  than  Mr.  Morgan  was  in  possession 
of  at  the  time  when  his  essay  was  written. 

Again,  on  the  abuses  of  this  manure : — 

"  Its  application  to  wet  undrained  soils  is  undoubtedly 
an  abuse,  because  in  such  situations  it  is  entirely  thrown 
away.  The  rain-water  which  fulls  on  such  soils  does 
not  pass  through  them,  but  over  them  ;  and  the  water 
with  which  they  are  saturated  being  stationary,  obstructs 
that  free  access  of  air  which  is  found  to  be  essential  to 
the  growth  of  all  our  ordinary  cultivated  plants.  Again, 
on  poor  unproductive  clay  soils,  lime  haa  but  little 
effect  until  it  is  followed  by  ample  dressings  of  animal 
or  vegetable  manures.  Its  power  on  this  kind  of  land 
is  comparatively  dormant,  and  has  proved,  in  many 
instances,  to  be  quite  insufficient  to  repay  the  expense 
of  its  application.  This  is,  however,  not  the  case  when 
lime  is  followed  by  an  abundance  of  farm-yard  manure, 
1  have  known  the  productive  powers  of  poor  clay  soils 
increased  in  this  manner  to  the  extent  of  four  or  five 
fold,  while  the  application  of  lime  alone,  or  of  farm-yard 
manure  alone,  would  have  produced  very  meagre  results. 
For  reasons  which  I  have  alrearly  attempted  to  explain, 
it  may  well  be  considered  an  abuse  of  lime  to  apjjly  it 
either  immediately  before,  or  immediately  after,  manures 
containing  ammoniacal  salts,  such  as  farm-yard  manure 
or  guano.  I  have  myself  suffered  some  loss  from  having 
on  one  occasion  undcr-etitimated  the  evil  consequences 
which  attend  the  action  of  fresh  lime  on  such  manures. 
I  applied  hmc  to  a  Clover  lay  on  one  part  of  a  field, 
leaving  the  other  part  uiilinied  ;  I  saw  no  difierence  in 
the  t^ucceeding  crop  of  Wheat,  but  tlio  Turnips  which 
followed  tiio  Wheat,  and  to  wliicli  guano  was  the  only 
miinuro  applied,  were  perceptibly  better  on  the  unlimud 
than  thoy  were  on  the  limed  poi'tion  ;  all  the  Buececling 
cropH,  however,  have  been  much  better  on  the  limed 
than  on  tlio  unlimr*(l  portion,  'i'hc  application  of  lime 
in  cxccHHivo  quantities  can  hardly  he  conHidcrcd  an 
abuse  in  this  part  of  tho  country,  bocauHO  it  rarely,  if 
i^vcr,  occni-B.  Many  of  the  Hoila  of  tho  county  of 
Cnrmarthon  contain  acarcely  a  truco  of  lime,  and  in  few 
does  it  oxiHt  in  cxccuHive  quantities.  There  are,  no 
loubt,  instances  of  lime  having  hcen  applied  wilhout 


producing  any  material  effect,  pimply  because  there  was 
previously  sufficient  in  the  soil  for  all  the  purposes 
required.  In  such  instances  it  may,  with  considerable 
advantage,  be_  superseded  by  guano,  bones,  &c.  ;  but  I 
deny  the  possibility  of  permanently  injuring  any  soil  in 
this  county  by  its  application,  provided  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  putrescent  manures  are  made  to  succeed  it  ; 
though  I  do  not  deny  that  there  may  be  a  probability  of 
the  farmer's  purse  becoming  lighter  by  the  experiment.'* 

Letters  to  Farmers.  By  James  Heywood. 
Simpkin,  Marshall,  and  Co. 
A  YOUNG  farmer  could  not  have  a  more  instructive 
correspondent  than  Mr.  Heywood,  The  letters  here 
collected  and  published  give  in  simple  language  a. 
condensed  statement  of  the  subjects  treated  of  in  detail 
in  the  larger  works  of  Johnston  and  others.  The  author 
informs  us  in  Ins  Preface  that  they  are  published  at  the 
x-equest  of  the  Blyth  Farmers'  Club — being,  in  fact,  the 
substance  of  a  series  of  lectures  delivered  before  th& 
gentlemen  of  that  association. 


Miscellaneous. 

On  Improving  Old  Pastures,  hy  Sutton  and  Sons. — 
Having,  as  far  as  possible,  eradicated  the  strong  growing: 
weeds  and  coarse  Grasses,  and  improved  the  condition 
of  the  land,  according  to  its  requirements,  if  any,  heavy 
harrows  should  be  drawn  over  the  old  turf  early  in  the 
spring,  to  loosen  the  soil  for  the  admission  of  seeds 
of  the  finest  and  most  nutritive  kinds  of  perennial 
natural  Grasses  and  Clovers,  which,  if  sown  freely,. 
will  occupy  the  numerous  small  interstices  between  the 
plants  of  Grasses  already  growing,  and  thereby  prevent 
the  luxuriant  growth  of  coarse  Grasses  and  noxious 
weeds.  It  is  a  good  practice  to  sow  these  seeds  at  the 
same  time  as  the  top-dressing  is  applied,  but  this  is  by 
no  means  necessary. 

Can  Corn  he  Remuneratively  Produced  at  Present 
Prices  ? — I  am  frequently  asked  this  question,  and  I 
answer,  certainly  not,  with  old  rents  and  old  expenses;: 
and  I  would  respectfully  advise  those  landlords  who  are 
still  receiving  high  rents  on  old  leases  to  commute  them 
for  a  corn  rent  (based  on  the  present  price  of  Wheat^. 
Barley,  and  meal)  before  their  tenants'  capital  becomes 
absorbed.  Landlords  certainly  can  live  and  keep  their 
establishments  at  infinitely  less  cost  now  than  at  any 
former  period,  I  know  several  large  farms  held  on 
corn  rents,  and  the  tenants  do  not  complain.  In  fact,  it 
is  the  only  just  system  by  which  landlords  and  tenants 
can  *'  sail  in  the  same  boat,  be  it  fair  weather  or  foul." 
Such  a  system,  to  my  certain  knowledge,  retains  a  good 
tenantry,  and  prevents  changes.  It  has  been  long  and 
successfully  adopted  by  some  of  the  most  noble  and 
wealthy  landed  proprietors,  I  am  satisfied  that  if  this 
question  of  rent  is  arranged,  farmers  can  have  little  else 
to  complain  of  ;  labour,  tithe-rates,  seed,  and  "  farmers'' 
clothing  and  houselceeping,"  being  all  in  accordance  with 
a  low  price  of  food.  Commerce  and  manufactures  have 
done  their  duty  ;  and  by  costly  steam  with  intricate 
machinery,  have  supplied  the  farmer's  family  abun- 
dantly, cheaply,  and  elegantly.  No  doubt,  whatever  the- 
price  of  food  may  be,  the  land  of  this  kingdom  will  con- 
tinue to  be  cultivated.  No  one  can  seriously  suppose 
for  a  moment  that  the  large  and  active  population  of 
this  kingdom  is  to  be  unemployed  or  unfed.  The  two 
main  charges  of  agriculture  are  rent  and  labour.  A 
reference  to  the  statistics  of  agriculture  will  show  the 
expenses  of  an  arable  farm  to  be  on  the  gross  produce- 
of  41  rents, 

Rerit        23  per  cent. 

Horse  labour 20       „ 

Miinunl  labour 22      „ 

Seed  6       „ 

Tradesmen's  bills        5      „ 

Rates  find  tilbcs  8      ,, 

Cafiualtiea  5      ,, 

Intt  rest  for  capital  and  farmer's  profit  12      „ 

Total       100 

No  estimate  is  made  of  artificial  manure,  because- 
such  ought  to  pay  in  increased  produce.  Now  it  is 
self-evident  that  any  disturbing  influences  in  the  relative 
per  centages  must  have  a  material  effect  upon  the 
farmer's  mai'gin  of  12  per  cent.  If  the  rent  remains 
undiminished  with  falling  prices,  it  would  absorb  the 
farmer's  profit  ;  because  the  horse-keep  is  essentially 
dependent  on  rent  ;  seeing  that  in  an  average  of  farms, 
the  horses  consume  one-fifth  of  the  whole  produce  of 
the  farm.  By  a  corn-rent,  landlords  would  benefit  by  a 
rise  in  prices,  of  which  they  would  otherwise  bo  depriveiJ. 
I  apprehend  nobody  expects  that  corn  will  long  continue 
at  the  present  low  prices.  Such  an  expectation  would 
be  contrary  to  all  our  historic  evidence  of  fluctuations.. 
Landlords  should  consider  that  at  least  one-fifth  of  every 
farm  is  required  for  the  keep  of  farm-horses,  and  that 
another  tenth  at  least  is  occupied  by  fences,  buildings, 
roads,  ditches,  Sec.  Now  it  is  quite  clear  that  the  farmer 
is  entitled  to  a  considerable  reduction  on  the  rent  of  this- 
portion,  or  he  cannot  meet  the  times,  if  prices  are  to-be 
permanently  reduced.  Mr.  Mcchi'a  Second  Paper. 

What  kind  of  Plant  is  Luccrn  h-Lnceni  is  a  long- 
lived  plant  of  tlie  Clover  family,  but  far  more  nourishing 
and  productive,  on  soil  suited  to  it :  it  wilMlourish  for 
10  or  12  years,  if  jn'operly  ti'eatcd.  What  is  the  best 
soil  for  Ijucern  '. — The  best  soil  for  Lucern  is  a  very 
deep,  calcareous  loam,  resting  on  an  undersoil  of  lime- 
stone gravel,  or  free  chall;.  Tho  roots  penetrate  to  a 
l^reat  d<q)th,if  thoy  are  not  stopped  by  a  hard  substance, 
HMch  as  clay.  The  quality  of  the  undersoil,  then,  is 
iinjiortant  in  tho  rase  of  Lncorn  ? — Tho  quality  of  tho 
undersoil  is  highly  im|iortant  in  the  case  of  Lucern,  for 


430 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  3, 


tlie  roots  of  this  plant  soon  perish  when  they  reach  a 
wet  clayey  bottom  ;  they  require  a  free  and  sound  under- 
soil. AVhat  depth  of  upper  soil  is  needful  for  Lucern, 
au  order  that  it  may  fully  succeed? — Two  or  three  feet 
■depth  of  good  surface  soil  is  necessary  for  the  perJcction 
■of  Lucern,  but  a  lesser  depth  of  it  with  a  good  deep 
(undersoil  will  suffice.  How  should  ground  be  prepared 
for  Lucerni — Ground  should  be  trenched  deeply  with 
^  spade  for  Lucern.  If  a  ley  field  be  broken  up  for  it, 
ihe  turf  should  be  laid  at  the  bottom  of  the  trench. 
'Couch,  and  indeed  all  weeds,  should  be  ciirefiilly  collected 
:and'burnt,  and  manure  should  be  mixed  with  the  soil  for 
the  support  of  the  growing  plants,  until  it  becomes  neces- 
-sary  to  give  them  top  dressings.  What  is  the  season 
-for  sowing  the  seed  ?— The  beginning  of  April  is  the 
time  for  sowing  Lucern  seed.     How  should  it  be  sown  ? 

The  seed  may  be  sown  in  drills  12  or  14  inches  apart, 

■or  broadcast,  if  care  be  taken  not  to  crowd  the  plants. 
Should  Lucern  be  sown  alone,  or  with  Barley  ?— Lucern 
may  be  sown  with  Barley,  as  Clover  is,  provided  the 
Barley  be  not  thickly  sown  ;  or  it  may  be  sown  more 
safely  with  Flax  SLc'd.  Would  not  the  pulling  of  the 
Flax  crop  loosen  the  roots  of  Lucern,  or  drag  them  oi  t 
of  the  ground  ?— Unless  the  Flax  crop  be  drawn  out  of 
the  ground  very  violently,  and  with  great  carelessness, 
uo  injury  will  be  done  to  the  young  plants  of  Lucern. 
"When  will  Lucern  be  fit  for  cutting  from  the  time  of 
^sowing  I — Lucern  will  be  fit  for  cutting  very  early  in 
the  year  after  that  in  which  it  has  been  sown.  Two 
cutlings  may  be  expected  in  this  second  year,  fully  equal 
■in  bulk  to  the  produce  of  a  good  Clover  crop  throughout 
-any  entire  season.  In  the  third  year  it  will  yield  three 
cuttings,  and  afterwards  four,  or  perhaps  five  in  tlie 
year,  if  always  mown  before  the  blossoms  fully  appear. 
Would  a  rood  of  Lucern  maintain  a  milch  cow  during  the 
summer  half-year  1 — A  rood  of  prime  Lucern  would 
probably  support  a  moderately-sized  cow  from  the 
middle  or  end  of  April  to  the  fii'st  of  November,  without 
other  food.  The  addition  of  some  field  Beet  leaves  along 
with  the  Lucern,  towards  autumn,  would  insure  her, 
however,  against  any  stint  of  food.  Every  perch  of  it 
may  be  mown  once  in  every  five  or  six  weeks,  for  six 
months,  as  its  growth  is  much  more  rapid  than  that  of 
Clover  ;  in  short,  on  laud  perfectly  suited  to  it,  no  crop, 
for  soding,  equals  it,  except  Sainfoin,  which  is  very  like 
it  in  many  particulars,  and  is  much  cultivated  on  the 
chalk  soils  of  England.  What  is  the  most  economical 
manner  of  using  Lucern  1  —The  most  economical  manner 
of  using  Lucern  is  to  give  it  green,  as  soiling,  to  all  kinds 
of  live  stock.  Milcli  cows  thrive  well  on  it,  but  as  it  is 
apt  to  fill  greedy  cattle  with  wind,  if  they  eat  it  in  too 
juicy  a  state,  it  should  be  cut  a  few  houi's,  and  exposed 
to  sunshine,  before  it  is  given  to  them.  May  not  Lucern 
be  saved  for  hay  ? — Lucern  hay  is  capital  food  for  horses 
or  cows,  but  it  is  very  uneconomical  not  to  keep  a  cow 
or  two  to  eat  Lucern  in  its  green  state.  I^rom  Groom- 
bridge's  Elementary  Catechism. 

Quantities  of  Seed  to  the  Acre,  hy  Sutton  and  Sons. — 
The  quantity  of  seed  sown  per  acre  varies  greatly  in 
different  localities  ;  but  the  following  table  may  be  a 
guide  to  gentlemen  ordering  seeds.  It  is  a  good  genex'al 
rule,  that  seeds  sown  late  in  the  season,  and  all  kinds  of 
seeds  sown  ou  poor  laud,  should  be  sown  rather  thicker 
^han  usual. 


Per  acre.— Iba. 
*2  to 


Swedish  Turnips 
Other  Turnips 

Rape     

Mustard 

Mangold  Wurzel 

Carrot 

Parsnip 

Cow  Cabbage,  to  transplant    1 

•Kohl  Rabi,  ditto      1 

Ditto,  drilled  4 

Trifoliumincarnatum  20  to  21 


3 
2 

...  4 
U  to  21 
3  to  4 
5  to  6 
5  t3    6 


Per  acre.— Ibg. 

Lucerne  16  to  3o 

Furze,  for  feed         8 

Chicory  4 

I  aiian  Rye  Grass,  2  bushels. 
Vetches,  3  bushels. 
Buck  Wh«at,  3  to  4  peckB. 
SainLfoin,comin-in,-i  ti)4bshls. 

—  fiiaut,  4  to  5  hushtla. 
Linseed,  for  Flax,  9  pedis. 

—  for  need,  3  to  4  pecks. 
Maize,  dibbled,  2  pecks. 


Calendar  of  Operations 

JUNE. 
Lammebmdir  Sheep  Farm,  Jdne  28. — There  has  been  a 
complete  change  in  the  weather  since  our  last  report.  A^;  that 
tima  very  lit'le  rain  had  fallen  for  two  months;  with  easterly 
winds  prevailing,  the  average  temperature  was  low,  and,  jis 
the  con^equenre  of  all,  our  pas'ures  were  dry  and  parched. 
During  the  past  month,  however,  we  have  had  an  unusual 
quantity  of  rain,  scarcely  a  day  passing  without  it,  more  or 
less.  The  thermometer  has  also  bafn  low,  rarely  rising  above 
62°,  and  more  frequently  falling  below  Sn".  As  might  be 
expected,  our  moors  are  -as  comuletelj  soaked  aa  they  usually 
are  in  November,  the  eurface  drains  being  soineiimes  insuf- 
ficient to  carry  off  the  water.  Dry  warm  weather  being  most 
favourable  for  shet-p,  we  need  scarcely  add  that  the  Lammer- 
^  muir  flocks  are  neither  looking  so  well  as  we  ci  uld  have 
wished,  or  indeed  expected  to  have  seen  them  at  this  date. 
This  is  not  so  observable  in  wedders,  which  we  are  still  inclined 
to  think  are  above  au  average  in  condition  ;  but  amon?  ewes 
and  lambs  the  eff.  cts  are  very  marked.  At  the  bejiinning  of 
June  l;jmbs  had  thar,  fre>h  coat,  plump  look,  and  "  swaggerin? 
gait,"  which  are  sure  indications  of  their  doing  well  ;  but,  with 
this  continued  wet  their  skins  are  now  bleuched-looking,  they 
are  less  playlul,  and  too  many  of  them  are  exhibiting  that 
enlargement  of  abdomen  which  is  quiie  out  of  prdp.rtion  to, 
and  never  accompanied  by  any  relative  incieaae  ot  condition 
«rgrowthof  frame.  Let  us  not  be  misunderstood,  however, 
as  if  we  now  considered  ihem  below  an  average  in  quality. 
We  are  probably  calling  them  worse  than  they  really 
are ;  for,  as  nobi>dy  ever  saw  sheep  looking  well  during 
rainy  weather,  and  as  we  have  seldom  seen  oura  qui'e  dry 
during  the  last  month,  it  is  very  probable  that  a  week  of  sun- 
shine and  heat  would  restore  them,  in  a  great  measure,  to 
tneir  former  healthy  look,  and  of  course,  to  ..ur  previous  good 
■estimate,  as  they  have  abuudance  of  Grass  now  to  pu-^n 
in^m  n  rward.  Having  some  years  ago  paid  smartly  for  com- 
SfJ^H  L  J""'"'S  in  a  »et  and  eld  aeason,  before  there  was 
«L/hol  "Ppeurance   of  a  favourable   change   of  weather 

ZJl^^^^'^V?'"'  ^'""  very  cautious  in  depriving  sheep  of 
iSse  a  f^wTb^^'T  '^"  *""'  ^^^'^  ''f  J""^'  ^«'^^^  preferring  to 
coldtfstTr^;,nr"'''r  '^''^  *°  SO  out  some  morning  Mter  a 
lyinV  wbere  il^j!  T"'^  ^°5  '■^'°'  """^  *^"*^  several  carcases 
2™i,  ■  "\^«ft  hvmg  sheep  the  evening  before  Ic  is 
from  havmg  Buch  a  remei^brance  that,  with  the  eTception  if 


tt;e  ram-,  none  of  our  bheep  are  ehorn.  We  purpose,  however, 
commencing  washing  operations  to-day,  and  hope  to  have  our 
feheip  shearing  finis'ied  in  the  course  of  10  days.  The  sheep 
are  waslini  by  stvimming  them  four  or  five  limes  through  a 
defp  pool  aboui;  20  yards  broad — through  which  there  should 
be  a  gentle  current— and  n<it,  as  in  Lowland  districts,  singly, 
each  ^beep  (ja-*sing  throuj;h  several  bunds  before  being  turued 
off.  Indeed,  in  grazing  di-lricts,  where  there  are  few  bands, 
and  the  flocks  are  large,  the  latter  method  is  impractieab  e  ; 
while  experience  has  shown,  that  by  simply  swimming  them, 
the  wool  is  rendered  as  white  and  Iree  from  impurities,  as  by 
tliG  mi  St  careful  hand-wasliing.  Three  nrfour  dais  are  allowed 
to  intervene  between  washing  and  shearing.;.  It  viould  certainly 
be  an  advantage  could  more  time  be  given  for  the  j  oik  to  return 
into  the  wool,  bat,  as  with  us,  there  are  so  many  earth  banks 
wliera  sheep  are  sure  to  avail  themselves  of  the  luxury  of 
rubtdng,  the  owner  has  no  choice  but  to  Rccure  the  Heeco  before 
it  is  fillid  with  sand  or  prat  mould.  Everything  being  ready, 
the  shepherds  from  a  few  Rrazings  conveniently  situated,  meet 
on  a  fee  day  at  one  of  the  farm  t^leadings.  In  thii  wny  a  large 
flock  can  be  got  over  in  a  short  time,  aa  seldom  fewer  than  a 
dozen  men  aserable,  and  each  is  expected  to  finish  about  50 
sheep.  Roughly  indeed  ;  but  in  hiuh  districts  it  is  found  to  be 
much  safer  to  want  a  little  wool,  than  to  leave  them  with  no 
other  protection  than  a  bare  skin.  While  the  men  should  be 
supplied  with  abundance  of  substantial  food,  we  strongly 
deprecate  the  pracdce  of  giving  them  spirits,  which  is  only 
encouraging  a  vicious  habit,  and  the  not  unfrequent  conee- 
quence,  where  this  i-  done,  bting  that  the;flt'ece  is  abused,  and 
what  is  worse,  the  slieep  so  much  cu"  as  to  cause  death.  Our 
Tu'uip  sowing  was  completed  on  the  Gth.  and  we  expect  to 
commence  thinning  in  a  few  days.  Notnithsianding  the  cold 
and  wet,  the  Oat  crop  is  looking  well,  though  there  is  little 
appearance  of  an  early  harvest.    A  Lammermuir  Faitner, 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Sheep:  R  V.  The  present  is  a  good  time  for  dipping  Sheep  for 
the  tick.     Buy  BiggV  Composition  anrf  dip  the  sheep  in  it. 

WATERPaooFiNQ  Cloth  :  Z.  DisEolve  3  lbs.  of  alum  in  water, 
and  2  lbs.  of  sugar  of  lead  in  a  separate  jur.  Then  mix  the  two  ; 
let  the  mixed  solution  stand,  and  pour  o£F  the  clear  liquor. 
Dissolve  1  lb.  of  glue  in  water,  making  a  weak  solution,  and 
add  it  to  the  other  soiuti'm.  Let  the  whole  he  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  about  180'' or  190°,  and  put  in  the  cloth  and  Jet  it 
remain  for  10  minutes.  Then  take  it  out,  and  throw  it  into 
clear  running  water.  Ennugh  material  is  named  for  30  yards 
of  cloth,  and  encugh  water  must  be  used  to  £oak  that 
quaatiiy, 


COVENT  GARDEN,  JoLT  3. 
Vegetables  and  fruit  are  picntitul.  The  supply  of  English 
Pine-apples  is  remarkably  good,  but  the  prices  are  getting 
lo\ver ;  ihe  e;mie  may  be  said  of  Hothouse  Grapes.  Straw- 
berries are  improving  in  quality.  A  very  few  dessert  Apples 
may  still  be  obtained.  Oranges  are  plentifully  supplied, 
and  very  good.  Nuts  are  nearly  the  same  aa  last  quoted. 
Large  quantities  of  French  Cherries  continue  to  be  suoplied 
some  oJ  ibem  bringing  only  3d.  per  lb.  Young  Carrots,  Beans, 
and  Artichokes  also  continue  to  be  supplied  from  France. 
New  Potatoes  are  coming  in  very  plentifully.  Peas  are  im- 
proving. MuehrooniB  are  dearer.  Cut  (lowers  coneiat  of 
Heaths,  Epacrlses,  Pelargoniums,  Miguonettej  Roses,  Azaleas, 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  &c. 

FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb,,  4s  to  83 
Grapes, hothou8e,p.  lb.,  3-'*  to  83 
Peaches,  per  duz.,  lOs  to  243 
Nee  arines,  pur  doz.,  lOs  to  2-Js 
Melons,  each,  2s  to  tis 
Cherries,  per  lb.,  4d  to  Ss 
Strawbenies,p.pott.,6d  tolsCd 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 
—    BWeet,  per  ib.,  2s  to  Ss 

VEGETABLES, 


Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s6dto  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  203 

to  22fl 

—  Brazil,  per  bushel,  12s 
to  Ha 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  le  3d 
French  Beans,  p.  100,  Is  to  2e 
Cauliflowers,    per    duzen,    2s 

to  6s 
Asparagus,  p,  bundle.  Is  to  4s 
Greens,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  too,  453  to  803 

—  per  cwt.,  2s  to  5i 

—  per  bush..  Is  fid  to  2s  Gd 

—  New(border),  do.,3dto6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  33  to  63 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  fid 
Celery,  per  bundle,  Is  to  Is  fid 
Carrots,  p.  bun.,  7d  'ols 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  li  3d 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanibh,p.doz..la3dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  I3  to  23 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  4d  to  fid 
Shallots,  per  bunch,  4d 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce.Cab.,  perscore4d  tola 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  3d  to  la 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Tiirnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4e 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Isfid 

—  per  punnet,  fid  to  9d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  Jerus.,do.,  9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch.  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  Ss  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buuch,6d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Watercresses,  per  12  bunches, 

9d  to  Is 


HAY.— Pfi-  Load  ot  »(>  Truasea, 

SjMiTHFlELO,    July  1. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  783  to  81s 
Inferior  do.  ...  63         72 

Rovven  70 

New  Hay     55 


Clover 

New  do. 

Straw 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  b43  to  90s 
Interior  do.  ...         ...  70         76 

New  Hay      65        — 

Old  Clover 95      100 


70 
A  dull  trade. 
Cdmbeeland  Market,  July  1, 
Inferior  Clover 


...  85s  tolOOE 
...  fiO  70 
...  28  82 

J.  C00P£B, 


New  do. 
dtraw 


29         83 

Joshua  Bakeh, 
HOPS. — BoaouQH  Market,  July  2. 
Messrs.  Pa'teiiden  and  Smith  report  that  the  accounts 
receiv(-d  from  Ken',  Susses,  and  Farnham  speak  more  favour- 
ably ot  the  coming  crop,  the  bine  for  the  most  part  being  free 
from  vermio,  and  in  a  very  growing  state.  Prices  remain 
unaltered,  with  a  very  short  supply.     Duty  not  named, 

WOUL. 
Bbadfoud,  Thubsdat,  July  1.— The  demand  for  the  best 
class  ot  English  Wool  during  the  current  week  has  been 
active,  and  ibe  supply  in  the  hands  of  the  trade  here  being 
exuemely  limited,  prices  have  ranged  decided'y  in  favour  of 
the  Sellers.  The  rates  which  are  now  establit'bed  to  some 
extent  among  growers  for  the  new  clip  render  operations  by 
staplers  here  a  work  of  both  difficulty  and  hazard,  inasmuch 
as  it  would  appear  impossible,  without  a  considerable  altera- 
tion for  the  better  in  the  general  state  of  trade,  to  realise  cost 
price  upon  their  purchases.  Exceptional  cases  certainly 
exist  where  the  supply  is  likely  to  be  comparatively  limited, 
and  the  dtmund  continuously  good,  and  this  is  chiefly  evidencd 
in  the  best  clastt  of  Yorkshire  Wool,  for  which,  although 
ranging  at  hi^h  rates,  the  demand  seems  to  be  strictly  legiti- 
mate, and  thus  based,  the  probability  exists  that  present  prices 
will  be  hrmly  maintained.  Other  descriptions  of  brighr-hwired 
wool  are  in  active  request,  and  command  lull  rates.  Noils  and 
broken  are  a  ready  sa'e,  at  late  prices. 

SMITHFIELU.— Monday,  June  28. 

We  have  a  large  supply  ot  Beasts,  and  the  weather  being 

rather  unfavourable  for  slaughiering,  trade  is   slow   at   a 


reduction  of  2d.  per  8  lbs  from  Monday  last.  There  are  a  fe 
more  Sheep  than  on  that  day,  and  iu  most  cases  prices  ar 
lower;  however,  almost  all  are  disposed  of.  There  is  a  goo 
demand  for  Lambs,  and  late  quotations  are  fully  supportet 
Calves  are  a  very  heavy  trade,  and,  although  a  few  chanc 
ones  (being  scarcej  make  3j.  8d.,  it  must  be  considered  a: 
extreme  quotation.  From  Germany  anH  Hclland  there  ar 
G70  Beasta,  30iU  Sheep,  2tf3  Calvep,  and  70  Pit,'s ;  from  Spain 
620  Sheep  ;  from  France,  20  Pigs  ;  from  ScoiJaud,  460  Beasts 
from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1900;  and  fiOO  from  the  northen 
and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  of  81bs.— 9    d       b    ( 
Best  Long-wools  .0    0  to  0    ( 


Do.  Shorn  ...  3     i 

Ewes  &  2d  qualiti  0     0  —  0 

Do.  Shorn  2    8  —  8 

Lambs     4 

Cilves      2 

Pigs  2 


4—5 

4  —  3 


Per  St.  ofSIbs.- 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  die.        ...  3     8  to  3  10 
Best  Short. horns  S    4  — 3     fi 
2d  qualiiy  Beasts  2     8  —  3     2 
Best    Downs    and 

Half-breds      ...  0     0  —  0     0 

Do.  Shorn    3     8  —  3  10 

Beasts,  3977  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  31^370  ;  Calves,  -121  ;  Pigs,  620. 
FaiDAY,  July  2. 
We  have  not  a  very  plentiful  supply  of  good  Btasts;  these 
are  therefore  ruadily  sold,  but  trade  1^  dull  lor  middlm.;  kinds. 
Sheep  ttade  is  no  better  than  on  Monday.  There  is  a  con- 
siderable demand  for  Lamb,  the  average  quuliiy  is  very  inferior; 
biiwever,  all  kinds  are  rather  dearer.  Trade  is  more  cheerful 
fiT  Calves,  but  only  in  few  instances  is  more  uioney  obtained. 
From  Germany  and  Holland  we  have  2:^3  Boasty,  1310  Sheep, 
and  S71  Calves;  from  Norfolk  and  Suff.lk.  -'50  Beasts;  50 
from  the  northern  aud  midland,  and  124  Milch  Cons  from 
the  home  Cuunties. 


Per  Bt.  of  81ba.— s 

d       B    d 

Per  6t.  of  81bs.— a 

d    s  a 

Best  Scols,  Here- 

Beat  Lone-wools  .  0 

0  too   0 

fords,  tSic.       ...  3 

8  to  S  10 

Do.  Shorn          ...  3 

4  —  3    6 

Best  Short-horns  3 

4  —  3    6 

Ewes  (b  2d  quality 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

8  —  3    0 

Do.  Shorn          ...  2 

8—3    0 

Best   Donns   and 

Lambs      4 

6  —  5    2 

Half-breds      ...  0 

0  —  0    0 

Calves      2 

6  — 3  10 

Do.  Sborn          ...  3 

8  — 3  10 

PiBB          2 

8  —  3    G 

Beasts,  777 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs 

1?,220 ;  Calves,  732  ; 

Figs,  450, 

MARK  LANE, 

Monday,  June  28.— Although  the  supply  of  Wheat  from 
the  ne'ghbouriiig  counties  to  this  morning's  market  was  un- 
usually small,  factors  were  unable  to  obtain  the  prices  of  this 
day  se'nnigbt,  and  the  bulk  of  the  samples  remained  unsold 
towards  the  Close.  Foreign  met  a  retail  demand,  tind  where 
sales  were  efft^cted,  rather  lower  prices  were  .generally 
accepted. — Fluur  is  unaltered  in  value;  the  sale  is  very 
limited. — The  price  of  Barley  remains  as  last  week. — Beans 
and  Peas  are  Is.  per  qr.  dearer.— The  Oat  trade  is-elow,  but 
we  observe  no  alteraiii>n  in  price. 

PEB  Imperial  Qoamtee 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent.  &  Suffolk. ..White  45—47  Red  , 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  46—49  Red  , 

—  —    Talavera 

—  Norfolk 39--11  Red  , 

—  Foreign 

Barley, grind.tt  distil., 2(js  to29s...Chev, 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  E:*ses,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish Potato 

—  Foreiga   Polandand  Brew  18—20 

Rye     

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagan 27s  to  328 Tick 

—  Pigeon  28s  — 36s. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 328  to  35s Grey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37—40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25- 

Foreign per  barrel  17 — 28 


45—47 
46-^49 
45—50 
39--11 
36—5-.' 
oO— 36 
il— 28 
20—21 
21—24 
20— 2  H 


28—33 

23—34 
33—411 
31—33 


Malting  , 
Malting . 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign 


flarrow  . 
Long pod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 

Fellow... 
Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


Aerivals  in  the  Pobt  of  London  IiAst  Week. 


40—41 
41—43 


29—31 


20—22 
19—22 
16-19 


26—28 
38-42 
30—40 


25-33 
28—34 


Flonr,15269alis 
—  20241  bil,. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

ilalt. 

Oats. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Qrs. 

4060 

10502 

Qrs. 

147 
190 
6443 

Qrs. 

2786 

50 

Qrs. 

640 

4969 

20639 

Qre. 

316 

£ 

971 

Qrs. 
106 

Irish    

Foreign  

134 

FaiDAT,  July  2.— The  arrivals  of  grain  this  week,  both 
English  and  foreign,  have  been  moderate,  and  good  of  Americaa 
barrel  Flour.  Notwithstanding  a  modera'e  inquiry  for  foreign 
Wheat,  trade  was  dull,  and  sales  were  exceedingly  limited  at 
Monday's  prices  ;  the  value  of  English  is  unaltered  from  that 
day.  In  filiating  cargoes  of  Ghirkaand  Matianople  Wheat,  an 
extensive  business  was  transacted  jesterday  at  39s.  to  40s., 
cost,  freight,  and  insurance  for  Irish  account. — Fiour  is  heavy, 
and  extensive  eales  could  only  be  effected  at  some  reduction 
from  our  quotatioas. — In  spring  corn  there  is  little  doing,  and 
prices  remain  as  on  Monday. 

AaaivAiiS  THIS  Week. 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreign  . 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
1790 


Barley. 


Oats. 


Qrs. 
1810 


Qrs. 

810 

1230 

6610 


Flour. 


1780  sacks 
10,74  0  brlj. 


lUPEAIAL  AVEEAOES. 


May  22.. 

—  29,. 
June    5.. 

—  12.. 

—  19.. 

—  26.. 


Aggreg.    Aver.       40    8 


Wheat.  Bablet.  Oats    Rye.    Beans.    Peas. 


s.  d. 
40  6 
40  6 
40  7 
40  11 
40  9 
40  10 


s.  d. 
27  10 
27  11 
27  5 
27  6 
27  5 
27    6 


27     7 


s.  d. 

31  6 

3L  7 

31  e 

31  10 
S!  0 

32  4 

31  9 


30  9 
27  2 

31  0 
31  2 
31  9 

n  9 

30  7 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  pei-  qr. 
Fldctdations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Averaqes. 


Pkices.  Mat  22,  May 


40sllci 
40  10 
40    9 
40    7 
40    0  - 
10    5 


JU 


June  6.  Jdne12.  Joiie19.  Jdne  26, 


11 


Li  V  t,B.f-ooi.,  FaiDAX,  .rune  25.— Ot  Eu^iish  and  Iri-.h  pro- 
duce we  have  again  to  report  very  scanty  supplies  ;  and  those 
from  abroad  into  this  port  since  Monday  last  Hro  light  com- 
pared with  the  large  arrivals  noted  on  Tuesday.  Our  market 
this  morning  lost  much  of  the  animation  previously  observable, 
yet,  with  a  moderate  demand  for  Wheat  of  amsc  de.-criptiong, 
the  full  prices  of  Tuesday  last  were  eteadiiy  mamtained. 
Flour  was  saleable  to  a  fair  extent  on  the  same  terms.  A. 
moderute  demand  for  grinding  Barley,  as  wtll  as  Peas,  at 
previous  rates  ;  and  Egyptian  beans  lound  more  free  buyers 
at  3d.  to  6d.  per  qr.  advance.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  continue  dull 
of  sale,  at  prices  aloaost  nominally  the  same  as  before,  ilaviog 
several  Irish  hujers,  and  a  more  general  demand  for  Bhipment 
in  moderate  quantities,  yellow  Indian  Corn  brougbt  to-day  fid. 
per  qr.  more  money;  white  desoriptjonfl,  however,  were  still 
obtainable  at  28.  6d.  to  29s. 


•27—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


431 


Sales  fig  ^uctiotu 


SPECIMEN    PLANTS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  33,  King-etreet,  CovcMiC-jrarden,  on 
TUESDAY,  July  6,  at  12  for  I  oVIoclt,  tbe  COLLECTION  of 
SPECIMBS  STOVE  AND  GaEKSIIOU^B  PLANTS, 
removed  from  Sidcup,  Fool's  Craf,  Kent,  the  pruperty  of 
George  Stanley,  Gardener  to  the  late  Henry  Berens,  Esq — May 
be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale  and  Catalogues  had. 


ORCHIDS. 

VALUABLE  SELECTION.  AND  WELL  D'HSERTISG 
ATTENTION. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  3S,  Kioff-street  CoTtnt-g^i-ileti,  on 
MONDAY,  July  12,  at  12  for  1  u'clock,  the  .S«con.l  Portion  of 
ORCHIDS,  removed  fri^m  Sles^rs.  L<^ddioeh'  Nursdpy  at 
Hackney,  which  will  iDcIude  some  of  the  rnreat  and  tinest 
plants  in  tlie  collection. —  Mny  be  viewed  o;i  the  m-rniug  of 
Bale  and  CaCalo;:u63  bad  of  Messrs.  LoDoroEa  ;  and  of  Mr.  J. 
C.  Stevens,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  Lond.m. 


CHEW    STOKE,    SOMERSET. 

TO  BE  LET,  at  a  moderate  rent,  from  Christmaa 
next,  HERRINI5S-GREEN  FARM,  containing  about  94 
acres  of  usefol  Land,  eligibly  situated  nine  miles  from  Bi'istol. 
The  Proprie'op  id  prepari-d  to  ontt-r  into  an  arr.inirement  for 
possession  to  be  had  at  Michaelmss  next,  and  to  assist  liberally 
in  improvement  by  draioage.^-Aiiply  to  Mr.  JiiSftAED,  Chelten- 
ham.— July  3. 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


2-incIi  mesh,  light,  21  inches  wide 


2-inch     , 

,      strong 

2-inch     , 

extra  strong 

I  .inch     , 

light 

1  -inch     , 

,      strong 

1  -inch     , 

extra  strong 

...  10       ,, 

...  u     „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow.proof  netting  fur  Pheasautries, 
3d.  per  equnre  fiot.     Paferns  forwardc'l  po-t  frep. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  hlSUOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  e^pen3e  ia  London^  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  New<;a3tle. 


CHEAP     AND    DURABLE     ROOFING. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Larab's-buildings,  Bunhill- 
•      row,  Luodon,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Pateutees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  PELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Ceases,  Farm  Buildings,  Sheddinjjf,  WorUehops,  and  for  Garden 
{tarpoees,  to  protect  riants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National   Agricultural   Shows,   it  ig  this  Felt 
which   ha"*    bi^en  exhibited   and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal 
PfifzES,  and  is  the  Folt  solely  patronised  and  adopted  by 
Hee  Majesty's  Woods  and  Forests, 

HoN'iDBABLE  B 'ABD  OF  OaDKANCG, 

HoKotraAELE  East  India  Company, 

HowaOBABLE  <3oMMI9&IONER8  OF  CtTeTIMe, 
HEB   MaJZSTT'S   BpTaTE.   I9LE  OP   WiGBT, 

Royal  Botanic  QAnDENS,  Heoent'b  Pabe, 
Atld  on  the  Esrale^  of  the  Dukea  of  Sutherland.  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Ncwcastie,  Ni>rthumberland,  Bufl^-leuch  (at  Kichmondj, 
and  late   Earl  Hpencer,  and  most  of  the  Nubili'y  and  Gentry, 
aod  atlht;  RoiAL  Aqricoltoeal  Socie-tt's  Hodse,  Hinovor-t^q 

It  ia  half  thi;  price  oC  any  o-her  dCNCrlpuon  of  roofing,  and 
effects  a  (rre:it  saving  of  I  imh(;r  in  the  uonetructiou  of  Roofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  Inches  wide, 

PaicE  One  Penny  PF.a  sqoare  Foot. 

•«*  Sample*,  with  nirec'i  n*  for  i's  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  levetjjeftrf.' experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Huilderfl,  sent  free  to  any  purt  of  the 
town  or  coaniry,  and  orders  by  p  '«t  execute''. 

5^  The  Public  U  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Oreat  Britain  whtre  th>;  abo»e  Roofing  i-  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Fitont    Ftolt    ManufMC'ory,    Laoib'w-bui: dings,    Bunhlll-row, 
London,  wh«re  Roofs  cov«rod  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  n<iW  Vice-Chrtnc<;llor'«  C'urts.  at  th-;  miranweof  West- 
minster  Mull,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'a  Ftlt  about 
twoycar«  etnio,  u'ldcr  the  Surveyorshtp  of  Clrin.  Barry,  E-q., 
K.A,  Ilcr  .MBJruty'.*  CommUslonors  of  Woods  and  Fore*tB  are 
■O'tatisfiud  with  the  re»uU  that  they  huvo  ord<:red  the  Cooi. 
mttlee  Nfjoms  at  xhn  llonvoi  of  Parliament  to  bo  roofed  with 
their  Felt,     (^lan'ify  altot(eth<}r  u«cd,  :f4.<j0')  fut^, 

Note,— Con*um«r*  sending  direct  to  th«  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied In  len/thH  be4t  tuUvd  to  their  Rools,  so  tliut  tli<;y  pay  for 
no  more  than  ih*^y  rcqolre. 

Every  Inform  tilon  itJorded  on  the  conn  I  ruction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proposfrd  particular  ajipllcitlon  ol  the  Felt. 


THE  EARLY  PXtOUOGATION  op  PARLIA- 
MENT.-SKWBLL  nnd  CO.  re«(MrctfuMy  inform  iho 
lUbllUy  and  nf.Mry  Uavtm^  London,  thnt  thvy  hnvo  (lotvrmlnad 
on  •ubiDittliitC  (ill  ttieir  tmiii'  non  soiiiniir  stock  ut  Fiiiiny 
Ooods,  oiriprieing  :  a  rivh  and  coalv  (mworiintMit  of  Ki'ku, 
Frtnch  and  Kii.:hito  {ir)i>t«d  MuhIIiii»,  Ituiri/t-s,  FnulardH,  and 
all  the  diiliiiKulollVd  nijv«Ulr-s  for  ln<liB<i'  niud'.u^t  nrvHtvn, 
m'lap'ed  tor  fn'vn  nnd  l>all  cos'uiduh,  Hhawli,  Mtiotk-s,  Funuy 
Lace,  and  Hibtfon*.  The  Oiirly  i<.TiiiiiiH(ion  of  the  i-uiittnor 
•eason,  ocmslon^d  by  iho  dl^solullon  of  f'nrllnnif-nf,  hiin 
Induced  Hje«r>.r.L  sni  Co,  to  tnnUe  a  great  sacrittuu  tii  l  lolr 
4tock.  AH  itiu>r  K"odii  are  r«.iiirirk«d,  uo'l  mil  bi;  HUbrnl«t<d 
tbl*  and  f  >ll>)trir»f(  weuka.  Hkwkli.  nod  <'»,  would  <;R|)t:cliil  y 
Invite  laoi-1  to  c»ll  it  COM  PI  ON  MOU^K  bHioru  tioiy  tunvo 
town.  4i,  45,  iC,  Old  Cotninon  street,  i'J,  il,  X-'rlth -street, 
8oho,  London. 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
anv  of  its  parts,  packs  iu  a  spongo  bath,  is  admimbly 
adapted  for  summer  use,  on  account  ol  its  extrenoe  coolness, 
and  which  can  be  changed  lu  one  mo!nt;nt  from  a  bed  to  a 
lounge  or  sofa  for  the  eitting.room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  IIALLEN'S,  76,  Oxford-sti'cet, 

where  also  ia  on^iew  a  preat  variety  of  Metallic  Bedsteads, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  P.itent  Rheocline,  i.fcc.  itc,  together 
with  a  large  assortment  of  the  Patent  Radiating  and  other 
Stoves,  and  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery. 

nPHE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

-*-  PARK,  are  open  to  Visitors  daily.  The  Collection 
now  cootains  upwards  of  1500  specimens,  includitr,'  the 
Hippopotamus  (presented  by  II.  H.  the  Viceroy  of-E^fypO, 
Elephiiuts,  Rhinnceros.  Girafft'S.  and  young  Leucoryx,  Elands, 
Bonte-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Linns,  Tigors,  Ja;»uars,  Bears, 
Ostriches.and  the  Apteryx  presented  liy  the  Lieutenant- Governor 
of  New  Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's 
collection  ot  Humming  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Band  of  the  1-t  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permission 
of  Col.  Hall,  on  every  Saturdiiy.  at  Four  o'clock,  until  further 
notice. —  Admission,  One  Shilling  ;  on  MONDAYS,  Sixpence. 


PROTECTION  FROM  THE  RAIN,  without 
DKTRiMENT  TO  HEiLTii.  — BERDOE'S  well-known  LIGHT 
OVER-CO  A.  r,  tbe  Waterproof  Pallium,  resists  any  amount  of 
rain,  witdodt  ousTHDcriNQ  free  ventilation  (the  fatal 
objection  to  all  other  waterproof.^*),  and,  from  its  lightness  and 
respecabilUy,  is  adapted  ior  general  u?e  at  all  times,  and 
has  long  b-  en  reputed  one  of  the  moat  convenient,  economical, 
and  valuiible  garments  ever  invented.  P^ice  455.  and  50s.  A 
verv  large  stnck  for  selection  also  of  CAPES,  SHOOTING 
JACKBTS,  LEGGINGS,  &,c.,  &c.  CLOAKS,  MANTLES, 
HABITS,  ttc,  for  Ladies.— W.  BERDOE,  Tailor,  J;c,,  96, 
New  Bond.steeet;  and  69,  CoRNniLL,  London  (only). 


SOUND  AND  WHITE  TEETH  are  not  only  iadis- 
peusably  requisite  to  a  pleabiog  exterior  in  male  and 
female,  but  they  are  peculiarly  appreciated  through  life  as  a 
blessing'  highly  conducive  to  tbe  purposes  of  health  andloogevity. 
The  great  esteeo)  in  which  tbe  public  have  long  held 

'  ROWLANDS'  ODONTO,  OE  Pbael  Dentifrice, 
precludes  the  necessity  here  of  entering  into  a  minute  detail  of 
its  merits,  aod  the  singular  advantages  it  so  eminently  possesses 
over  the  usual  powders  sold  for  the  teeth.  It  is  sufficient  to 
observe  that  Rowlands'  Odonto  is  a  pure  prepMration  of  the 
most  etBcient  Eastern  Herbs,  which  not  only  has  tlie  property 
of  rendering  the  above  bcautitul  organs  of  the  mouth  dazzhngly 
white,  but  it  strengtliens  their  organic  structure,  and  fulfils 
the  pleasing  ta?k  of  rendering  the  breath  sweet  and  pure.  It 
sboiild  never  (iu  particular)  be  forgotten,  that  when  used  in 
early  life,  it  ttFeotually  prevents  all  aches  in  the  Teeth  and 
Guma— eJTrtces  all  spots  and  disc'Iourations  whatsoever— eradi- 
cares  scurvy — and,  in  a  word,  soon  realises  the  chief  attribute 
of  Health  and  Beauty— A  FINE  SET  OF  PEARLY  TEETH! 
Price  2s.  Od.  per  box. 
***  Bewaee  of  SptJRioDS  Imitations.  The  genuine  article 
has  the  wordi  "  Rowlands'  Odonto  "  on  the  Libel,  aod 
*'  A.  Rowland  and  Son«,  20,  Ilatton  Garden,"  engraved  on  the 
GoVToment  Sramp  affixed  On  each  box.  Sold  by  them,  and 
by  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 


MANUFACTURERS 

BY 

SPECIAL 


APPOINTMENT 

TO 
THE      QUEEN. 


Obtained  the  Prize  Medal,  Gnat  Exhihition,  1851. 
^V  EW  FRENCH  CHOCOLATES.— Chocolats  de  la 

-^^  Reins  Victoria,  du  Prince  Albert,  and  other  varieties 
a  la  Fraijgaise,  Important  directions  are  enclosed  in  each 
package. 

Cli.icolats  Pastilles,  Chocolat  de  Voyage,  and  FRY  ANd 
SON^'  oiher  Bon  Boiis,  are  deiicioui  and  nutritious  condi- 
ments. They  confidently  recommend  these  Chocolates  as  com- 
bining the  resuiia  of  the  most  retiued  foreign  taste,  that  rich- 
ness and  delicacy  of  flavour,  with  tlia:  pi  culiar  eoftnese  on 
the  palate  which  is  rarelj'  to  be  met  with.  Sold  by  Tea 
Dealers,  Grocers,  and  Confectioners,  of  whom  FRYS'  Church- 
man's and  other  Cake  Ctiocolaies,  their  Patent  Soluble,  Homce- 
opatliic,  aod  other  Cocoas  may  be  obtained. 

Thetf  elegant  French  Chocolates  are  particularly  adapted 
for  presents.  See  their  Pamphlet,  "containing  lull  directions 
for  preiiaring  tnese  articles  for  the  table,  an  account  of  the 
Cocoa  tree,  Liebig'a  analyses  of  Cocoa,  showing  its  adaptation 
for  huuian  toud,  die.  itc,"  to  be  obtained  gratia  where  Fsr 
and  S»N8' articles  are  sold;  or  on  application,  personally  or 
by  letter,  at  Vi,  Union-street,  Bristol. 

BEDSTEADS,  BATHS,  and  LAMPS. 
WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  FOUR  LARGHl  SHOW- 
ROOMS devoted  exclusively  to  the  SEPARATE  DISPLAY  of 
Lamps,  Baths,  and  Metallic  Bedsteads.  The  stock  of  each  is 
at  once  the  largest,  newest,  uiid  mo8t  varied  ever  submitted  to 
toe  pub  ic,  and  marked  at  prices  proportionate  wiih  those  that 
have  tended  to  uiuke  his  estublishmenc  the  most  distinguished 
in  rhis  coun'rv. 

Bedsteads,  from 103.  &d,  to  121.     Os.  each. 

Shower  Baths,  from 73.  Orf.  to     bl.  153.  each. 

Lamps  (Palmer'M),  from Is.  <ud.  to     5i.     Us.  each. 

(A'l  otiier  liluds  at  tlie  same  rate). 
Palmer's  Caudles G^'/.  per  fi). 

TEA  URNS,  of  LONDON   MAKE   ONLY.— The 

largest  a-isoi'tmeut  of  London. mide  TEa-U'INS  in  the  world 
(Inoiudliig  all  the  recent  novelties,  many  uf  which  are  regii-- 
icred;,  i»  on  Sale  at  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S,  from  273.  to  oi. 

CUTLERY,    WARRANTED.  — The    most,  varied 

assoniiietit  (if  TABLE  OU  f  LliRY  in  he  world,  all  warrauted, 
in  on  SALE  ut  WIL'-lAil  S.  BURfOiN'S,  at  prices  that  are 
remunerative  only  beeuu-'e  ol  the  largeness  ot  the  sales.  3.i-ioch 
Ivory  handled  table  knivts,  with  high  shoulders,  lU3.  per  uuzon; 
desiertH,  to  match,  Urt.  ;  il'  to  hulaiico,  Is.  per  dozen  extra  ; 
carverH,  -'s.  Gd.  per  puir  ;  lurgcr  sizoa,  in  proportion,  to  253.  per 
dozen  ;  tf  extra  hue,  wiiu  silver  fotruies,  Iroin  •ids.  ;  white  bone 
talale  hnlvea,  fia.  pur  duzin  ;  deaserth,  4s.  ;  carvers,  23.  per  pair  ; 
blacU  boili  table  kniv«H,7a.  id.  per  dozen  ;  doHScrta,  03.  ;  carvers, 
2tf.  6d  ;  blucK  wood.hunillvd  table  knives  and  lorkH,  (Js.  per 
dozen  ;  tublu  sleel-,  from  Is.  each.  The  lurguHtstOek  of  plaicd 
dexBerckntves  and  lorks,  Iu  cnues  and  olhuiwise,  aiil  of  the 
new  plii'ed  hah  carvern,  in  exitttence.  Alho  u  largo  ust-ortmoot 
of  RaZOR.^,  penknives,  bClSSORS,  «fce„  of  the  beat 
(juult'y. 

WILLIAM  8.  HURTONhasTEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  cominonlciilInK),  cxcIuhIvd  of  ih>i  Mhop,  devoud  Holeiy  to 
ihu  Hiiow  of  OhiNbRAl,  FURNI.->IIIN.>  lltONMU.N  (iliilY 
(inulud  iit{  Cutlery,  Nlukol  Silver,  Plutuit  und  Jii|tiiiiiied  WaruH, 
iron  find  MriivH  BedstvadH),  Bm  arrung<'d  und  clatmllied  that 
purcliuners  louy  eU'>ily  und  ut  mice  muitu  their  kuluuLlonXi 

Catiihiguo%  with  lingravhiifrt,  Hont  (por  po«t)  frot).  The 
niuiify  ruHiriied  tor  evt.rj  urtlulo  not  approved  of, 

:•>'.>,  OXFOKDSf  RKliT  (corner  of  Newman-slreot)  ;  Noh.  1 
and  2,  Ni:.WMAN.«TRIiET  ;   und  4  uud  C,  I'ERUY'd.l'LAUE. 


LJ  EAL  AND  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 

OF  BEDSTBAD3,  sent  free  by  posr,  contaius  d.:Biga8 
and  puces  of  upwards  of  One  IIoNDEtD  different  Beds-ieada 
111  iion.  Bras^  jupaaned  Wood,  polished  Binh.  Mahogauy 
Roae-wood,  and  VValnuUtree  Woods ;  also  their  Priced  List  of 
Bedding;  and  iheir  new  ware-rooma  c-nabie  them  to  keep  one 
of  each  design  hxed  for  in-pecioo.  They  have  also,  in  addition 
to  their  U"ual  stocU,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  desiL-us  of 
PARISIAN  bedstead's,  both  in  w'ood  and  iron  wMc'h  they 
have  just  imporLBd.-llEAL  and  Son,  Bed^tead  and  Beddtoff 
Maoutacturer.-^,  10  J  (opposite  the  ChiipelJ,  Tottenham  CourU 
road,  London, 


J->0  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR 
A^  WllI^SKERS,  &c.  I-Emily  Dean's  URINILENE  has 
been  proaoatieed  by  thoasatrds  to  bo  the  only  prepai  ation  that 
can  be  relieJ  upon  for  the  Restoration  of  the  llair  in  Baldness 
from  any  cause,  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengmeoinjf 
weak  Hair,  and  checking  Gre>ness,  and  for  the  production  of 
Whiskers,  Moustachioa,  Eyebrows,  .Sjc,  In  a  few  weeks  with 
certainty.  It  is  elegantly  scented,  and  sufficient  for  three 
mmths'use;  will  bi  aenf,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  2t  pjatage 
Htaoipa,  by  Miss  Dean,  i6,  Liverpool-street,  King's  Cross 
London.— Testimonials  :  Dr.  Thomson  say.",  "  It  ia  a  beautiful 
preparation,  and  the  only  one  I  can  recommend." — "  Ic  perfectly 
restored  my  Hair,  after  sevea  year;^'  baldness."  Miijor  Hern. 


RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 

DR.  BARKER  contiuuea  to  supply  the  afflicted  with 
his  celebrated  Remedy  for  this  aiarmiug  coaiplaint,  tha 
groat  success  of  which,  for  mnay  years  past,  renders  any 
further  comment  uunev.esBary.  It  is  easy  and  painles-!  in  use, 
causing  no  inconvenience  or  confinement,  and  ii  applicable  to 
every  variety  of  single  and  double  Rupture,  however  bad  or 
of  long  standiag,  in  male  or  female  of  any  age.  The  remedy, 
with  full  instructions  for  use,  will  be  sent  post  free  to  any  part 
of  the  Kingdom,  on  receipt  of  7s.  in  postage  stamps,  or  Post- 
I  ffice  order,  by  Dr.  Alfred  Barker,  48,  LiverpooUbtreet, 
Kiog's  Cross,  London,  where  he  may  be  consulted  daily,  from 
10  till  1  aod  4  till  8  o'clock  (Sundays  excepted), 

HOLLOWAY^S  OINTMENT  AND  PILLS  ARE 
SUPERIOR  RBMEUIBS  FOR  BAD  LEGS  AND  ALL 
KINDS  OF  WOUNDS.— The  surprising  sale  of  these  invaluable 
medicines  in  every  part  of  the  civilised  world  is  the  moat  con- 
viiicin,.^  proof  of  their  efficacy  in  curing  bad  legs,  old  wounds, 
ecrofuia,  and  diseases  of  tbe  skin.  Thousands  of  persons 
suftering  from  these dreiidful  maladies  have  been  cured  by  their 
use  after  every  other  means  had  failed  ;  and  it  is  a  face  beyond 
all  doub^  that  theve  is  no  case,  however  objtinate,  bad,  or  long 
standing,  but  may  shortly  be  cured  by  theee  wonderful  medi- 
cines, therefore  the  afflicted  should  immediately  try  Hollo  way's 
Ointraent  and  Pills, — Sold  by  all  Druygidts ;  and  at  Professor 
Holloway's  Establishment,  244,  Strand,  London. 

RUPTURES. 
\ /[■  R,  TOD,  Surgeon,  inventor  of  a  new  Truss  and 
i^*A  Author  of  an  Essay  on  Hernia,  may  be  consulted  every 
day,  from  9  till  12  a.m.,  and  from  6  till  9  p.m.,  at  5,  Upper 
Fiizroy-atreet,  Fitzrny-sqaare.  The  above  Essay  should  be 
read  by  all  persons  afflicted  with  Hernia.  Sold  by  the  Author  ; 
and  by  Mr.  Rensdaw,  35G,  Strand,  London.  Price  2d.  "  We 
h;iveseen  this  truss  in  uae.  It  is  an  exceedingly  simple,  clever 
instrument,  and  may  be  worn  with  extreme  ease  and  the  best 
possible  effect." — Lancet,  July  4,  1816. 


ENGINEERING    SCHOOL   CLASS  BOOKS. 


In  crown  8vo,  4s.  Gd.  bound,  with  220  Diagrams  engraved  for 
the  Work, 

EUCLID'S  ELEMENTS  OF  PLANE  GEOME- 
I  TRY;  with  Explanatory  Appendix  and  Supplementary 
Propositions  for  Exercise.  Adapted  for  the'Use  of  Schools,  or 
for  Self-instruction. 

By  W.  D.  CooLET,  A.B.,  Author  of  the  "  Ilistory  of  Maritime 
and  Inland  Discovery,"  "  The  Negro-land  of  the  Arabs,"  &c. 

"The  editor  has  done  all  that  could  be  done  to  make  Euclid 
easy  to  beginners." — Caiiibi-idge  Chronicle. 

"  Mr.  Cooley  seems  almost  to  wish  to  contradict  his  own  motto, 
that '  there  ia  no  royal  road  to  Geometry,'  for  following  in  the 
steps  of  Playfair,  he  has  considerably  diminished  both  the 
volume  of  the  work  as  well  as  the  labour  of  the  student.  Pre- 
fixed to  the  Elements  are  some  remarks  on  the  study  of  mathe- 
matics, as  valuable  for  the  elegance  of  their  style  as  for  the 
correctness  of  their  Teasonins"— Civil  Engineer  and  Architect's 
Journal. 

"  This  is  the  best  edition  of  the  Elements  which  has  yet  ap- 
peared."  ^Wienfettm—"  which,  for  brevity,  clearnese,  and  dis- 
cerning attention  to  the  wants  of  learners,  cannot  be  easily  sur. 
passed."- I>i(6Iin  UniversUtf  Magazine. 

•*  Will  be  found  of  considerable  value  as  an  aid  to  teachers  of 
the  Mathematics."— iVew  Monthly  Magazine. 

1  ately  publishea, 

BARLEY'S  SCIENTIFIC  LIBRARY,  for  the  Use 
of  Schools,  Private  Students,  Artists,  and  Mechanics. 
It  is  the  purpose  of  this  Work  to  furnish  a  Series  of  Ele- 
mentary Treatises  on  Mathemntical  Science,  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  the  public  at  large.  To  youth  of  either  bex  at  publi- 
and  private  schools  ;  to  persons  whose  education  has  been  neg- 
lected, or  whose  attention  has  not  been  directed  in  early  life  to 
such  studies  ;  and  to  Artiste  and  Alechanics,  these  little  works 
will  be  found  particularly  suited.  The  principles  of  the  various 
Sciences  are  rendered  as  familiar,  and  brought  as  near  to  our 
commonest  ideas,  as  poseibie  -.the  demonstratious  of  proposi- 
tions are  made  plain  for  the  mind,  and  brief  for  the  memory  ; 
and  the  Elements  of  each  Science  are  reduced  not  only  to  their 
simplest  but  to  their  shortest  form. 


A  SYSTEM  OF  POPULAR  GEOMETRY  ;  con- 
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T 


VII 

vm. 


HE       QUARTERLY       REVIEW, 

No.  CLXSSL,  is  published  THIS  DAY. 
Contents:— 
ART  AND  NATURE  UNDER  AN  ITALIAN  SKY. 
KAYE'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    WAR    IN    AFFGHAN- 

ISTAN. 
NEW  REFORMATION  IN  IRELAND, 
COUNT    MOLLIEN— THE   FINANCE  MINISTER  OF 

NAPOLEON. 
LORD  COCKBURN'S  LIFE  OF  JEFFREY. 
CONTEMPORARY    HISTORY— MR,  ROEBUCK  AND 

MISS  MaRTI-^EAU. 
LADY    THERESA   LEWIS'  CLARENDON  GALLERY. 
LOUD  HOLLAND'S  MEMOIRS  of  the  WHIG  PARTY, 
POSTSCRIPT— THE  GENERAL  ELECTION. 
John  Mdeeay,  Albemarle-street,  London, 


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London  :  Printed  and  Published  by  Charles  Bevan,  South 
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PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'3  MEDICAL  BOTANY, 

This  day  is  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo,  with  numerous  woodcut&, 

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MEDICAL  AND  (ECONOMICAL  BOTANY  j  or. 
An  Account  of  the  Principal  Plants  employed  in  Medicine 
or  Domestic  (Economy. 

exteact  feom  the  author's  peeface. 
"  The  Vegetable  Kingdom  contains,  among  a  large  quantity 
of  plants  of  no  known  importance  to  man,  various  useful  spe-  ■ 
cies  employed  in  medicine,  the  arts,  or  in  the  many  branches  of 
domestic  ceconomy.  The  principal  part  of  those  which  can  be 
brought  by  teachers  in  Europe  under  the  notice  of  students,  or 
which,  Irom  their  great  importance,  deserve  to  be  among  the 
earliest  subjects  of  study,  are  mentioned  in  the  following  pages, 
where  they  are  arranged  in  the  manner  projiosed  in  the  'Vege- 
table Kingdom'  of  the  authoi*,  with  the  sequence  of  matter 
departed  from  in  a  few  instances,  when  it  was  believed  that  the 
convenience  of  younger  students  would  be  consulted  by  doing 
so.  The  author  trusts  that  this  selection  will  be  found  to  have 
been  made  in  such  a  way  that  all  teachers  who  possess  reason- 
ably extensive  means  of  illustrating  their  lectures,  and  all 
Botanic  -Gardens,  may  furnish  the  larger  part  of  the  species 
which  are  mentioned,  A  small  selection  was  indispensable- 
firstly,  because  a  greater  work  would  have  been  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  m'ljority  of  purchasers  ;  and  secondly,  because 
experience  shows  us  that  those  who  have  to  study  a  science  of 
observation,  such  as  Botany,  require  to  concentrate  their  atten- 
tion, in  the  fir  ;:  instance,  uoon  a  limited  number  of  objects," 
Bradbdry  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. 

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T^HE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN  '■' 

J-  OPERATIONS. 

By  Sir  Joseph  Paxton.  ; 

Reprinted  from  the  Gaedenees'  Chronicle  ;  above  71,000    ' 
have  already  been  sold. 

Price  33.  Gd.  (post  free). 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical  Instructions  for  it& 
Formation  and  Culture.     Illustrated  by  24  Woodcuts, 
Reprinted  from  the  Gaedenees'  Cheonicle,  with  additionsB. 
.  CONTENTS. 

Planting  out,  ar-  * 
rangement  of 
trees,  &c. 

Pushing  eye,  spring 
treatment  of  dwarf 
shoots  from 

Roses,  differentsorts 
on  the  same  stock 

Roses,  short  list  of 
desirable  sorts  for 
budding  with  a 
pushing  eye 

Sap-bud,  treatment 
of 

Shape  of  trees 

Shoots  and  buds, 
choice  of 

Shoots  for  budding 
upon,  and  their 
arrangement 

Shoots,  keeping 
even,  and  remov- 
ing thorns 

Shortening  wild 
shoots 

Stocks,  planting  out 
for  budding  upon ; 
the  means  of  pro- 
curing ;  colour, 
age,  height;  sorts 
for  different  spe- 
cies of  Rose  ;  tak- 
ing up,  trimming 
roots,    sending  a 


distance,  shorten* 
ing  heads,    &e. 
saw    proper    for 
the  pm'pose 
GRAFTING. 

Aphides,  to  keep' 
down 

Free-growers,  re- 
marks on 

Graft,  binding  up> 
and  finishing 

Grafting,  advantage- 
of 

Grafting,  disadvan- 
tage of 

Operation  in  differ- 
ent months 

Preliminary  obser- 
vations 

Roses,  catalogue 
and  brief  descrip- 
tion of  a  few  sorta 

Scion,  preparation 
and  insertion  of 

Scion,  choice  and 
arrangement  of 

Stock,   preparation 
of 
APPENDIX. 

A  selection  of  vari- 
eties 

Comparison  be- 
tween budding 
and  grafting 

Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  5s.  Sd.,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

RURAL        CHEMISTRY. 
By  Edwaed  Sollt,  F.R.^,,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S., 
Honorary    Member  of   the  Royal    Agricultural   Society  of 
England,  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Hon.  E.  I,    Co.'a 
Military  Seminary  at  Addiscombe,  &c.  &c. 

Price's*.  Gd.,  cloth. 
Second  T^Idition,  Revised  and  Enlaeqed, 

ORNAMENTAL  AND    DOMESTIC   POULTRY; 
their  History  and  Management.     By  the  Rev.  Edmdh1> 
Sadl  Dixon,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Intwood  with  Keswick. 

*'  This  book  is  the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  can  ! 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry."— 5£ir- 
ling  Obsermr. 

Printed  by  William  Buatibdbt,  of  No  13,  Upper  Woburn-place,  In  the  t 
pariBh  of  St.  PHncras,  nnd  Fbkdbhick  Muli.ett  Evans,  of  ^o.  7.  Church-  ( 
row  Stoke  NewiujjtoQ,  both  in  the  County  oi  MiddleHex  Printera.  at  their 
Office  in  Lombard-ntreet,  in  tbe  PreciDcl  of  Wh'iefriar*.  in  the  City  of 
London-  and  publiehed  by  them  at  the  office.  No.  5,  Cimrlea-street, in 
the  parish  oi  Si  Paul's.  Coveni  Karden,  in  the  H&id  County,  where  all 
AdvertiBcments  and  Communicatious  are  to  be  addbbsssqtotubEuitos* 
— SATuanAl,  JuLl  3,   ISii, 


Annual  pruning 
time,  principle  of 
execution,  tSic. 

Binding  up 

Budding  knife 

Budding,  time  of 
year,  day,  time  of 
day,  state  of  the 
plantjcareof  buds 

Budding  upon  body 

Bud,  insertion  of, 
into  stock 

Bud,preparation  of, 
for  use 

Buds,  dormant  and 
pushing 

Buds,  failing 

Buds,  secm'ing  a 
supply  of 

aterpil  lars,  slugs, 
and  snails,  to 
destroy 

Causes  of  success 

Dormant  buds, 

theory  of  replant- 
ingwith  explained 

Guards    against 

Labelling        [wind 

Loosing  ligatures 

March  pruning 

Mixture  for  healing 
wounds 

Pruning  for  trans- 
plantation 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Hural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  28.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY;   JULY  10. 


[Price  6d. 


Acconnls.  farm 441  a 

Auricnlm'al  College  examitia- 

lion  paperB .^...441  c— 442  b 

Bees.baUlcf 439  c 

BoTBnical     Society    of    Edio- 

bnreU  43S  a 

Calendar,  hnrticultural 440  a 

Cattle,  to  reed   4i-2  a 

—  hydropathic  treitmeat  of  4  IS  a 

CcaDOlliaB-B 437  c 

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Dahti49,  select 439  6 

D-hlii  Bhow 439  a 

Dairy  f-rmiuK .,  44i  a 

DraloiDZ • 443  6 

EatamoToKicn)  Society 437  ^ 

Farm  accoaats 444  a 

Flax 44.i  b 

Foofl  for  cattle, 442  n 

FuQKibii;hC 435  b 

—  —    causeof 437  a 

Grapep,  ble'ting  in    ...,. 440  e 

—  oi<t-Hoor 437  a 

Grape  mildew 435  6-417  c 

GiuDO,  treatises  on,  DOt'ced  ..  443  c 

—  new  Eources  of 446  a 

Harvey'B  Slanne  Aljffi,  rev.  ,.  433  c 

Har-  to  salt  445  b 

Hetlebnres    439  c 

HyaciDtlis 437  0 


INDEX. 

Iron,  corrtitrflteii  ea'vaalBed  ..  ft/  6 

If'illHtioii,  ,M«-cbi  on ir 

Lawns.  i^Nlitainn  on 41 

Lum  Q^Bltr  in  plant 436^6 

Miinue*  Tiroductivcof  bliijhi.-  4^ 

—  liquid  T^.  444  c 

Mildew    435^-437  c 

—  cBu"e  of 4371 

Natinnul  Florlru'tarnl  Society  i'vi  a 

NyniphK'"".  hybrid 43i  a 

P.D'iea.  >tlcct 439  " 

Pauperism    441  c 

PelarKonmra,  Mrs.  Wilmoie'B..  A'iJ  c 
Plants  lumluoua  ..,., 43S  b 

—  Bsleof 439  c 

Poultry 44i  a 

Rain  in  June 437  6 

Red  aplder  to  kill    437  * 

Rose".  Mr.  Fortune'rt 4:i6  c 

Strawbeme",  lartce' 439  c 

SuperpboBphaicof  lime,  adulte- 
ration of 441  b 

ToreniaaBlatica 436  a 

Viftoria     KeijiB,     Injluauce   of 
Q>werinic  of,  DQ   lempe<ature  4-10  a 

Wfti-rLUieB,  liybnd  43t  a 

WaterpippB 437  " 

Weather  in  Su'BCx 437  * 

Wcpiia, 'n -radk-ale    43r  a 

"Wood  enzraviQi;  ,.    ■ 437  f> 


EOYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIETY.  Uoder  the  Pain.nRge  of  Her  M..at  Gracious 
Majesty  the  Qaeen— The  Fourth  KXHIBITIOV  of  the  sea'^on 
will  be  held  at  the  Royal  SUllREY  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS, 
OQ  Wednesday,  Jdly  21  (open  to  all  Exhibitdrs),  when  prizen 
will  be  awarded  for  the  tullowing  jtroductlons,  viz.,  Stuve, 
Greenbouae,  and  Specimen  PlaatB,  Oppe  lleiitha.  Fuchsias, 
RoseB,  Cirnations,  Picotees,  Verben^te,  Cut  Flowers,  Fruit, 
aod  Honey.  The  foUowin!?  extra  prizes,  offered  by  MemberB, 
will  also  be  awarded,  viz.,  by  Mr.  E,  Deoyer,  of  Bristol,  to 
amateurs,  two  prizes  for  12  Roses  (cut  blooraH) ;  by  Mr.  C. 
Turner,  to  .Amateurs,  for  6  C^ruationc,  varieties  went  out  by 
him,  smiiU  ^iKer  Victoria  medal ;  for  a  Picotees,  ditto,  small 
silver  Victoria  medal ;  and  for  six  yellon'-jj round  I'icotees,  small 
silver  Linoffian  medal;  by  aubscriptiun,  t.j  ama'eurs.  for  12 
varieties  of  Verbenas,  sinele  trusses,  a  silver  cup,  value  five 
goint'Es  ;  and  by  W.  T.  Iliff,  Esq  ,  as  an  op'-n  prize,  for  30  cut 
specimens  of  British  Plants  in  flower,  wirh  tinme  and  plaee  of 
growih,  "-mall  siWer  Linnffi  tn  medal.  Tht  Goinmitlee  will  meet 
at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Ktnuinift'n,  on  rbe  fullowinji:  days,  for 
awarding  first-clasa  certjticates  f()r  SeedUn^  Florists'  Flowerw, 
for  such  as  are  deserving  the  same,  viii.,  Thursday,  Jutj  15, 
Aai.'QSt  19,  September  2,  October  14,  Kovcriiber  11,  and  De- 
cember 9,  in  addition  to  the  exbibitioud.  List  of  Prizes,  aud 
the  Rules  of  the  Exhibitions,  may  be  bad  of 

John  Tav-lob.  Neville,  Secretary, 
Ebenezer  House,  Peckham,  Surrey. 


ROSES. — The  collection  at  Sawbriiige worth  is 
in  bloomy  Ti'ains  per  Eastern  Counties  Ruilwayrun  r 


13  now 
way  run  daily. 

The  most  convenient  m<rninf;  train  is  ihe  Express  at  11  h.  3i)m, 
;to  Harl'.w  station,  about  one  mile  from  tbe  Nurseries. — 
I^Bos.  Rivers. 


EXHIBITION    OF    ROSES. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  respectfully  invite  admirers  of 
•  tbia  fl  'Wer  to  an  inspection  of  the  Collection  at  the 
Cheshunt  Nurseries,  whit-h  are  now  in  full  hlonm.  As  every 
novelty  obtat'  able  has  been  added,  the  collection  will  prove 
unusually  intcrostinE  this  senBoli, 

Trains  of  the  EuH'ern  Couatiee  Railwny  Jeave  Shoreditch  for 
Waltham  or  Ch^Hhunt  a-i  follows  :— 7,  9.  9.30,  10.40,  1l>.31),  1.40, 
2.30,  3,20.  4.  4  20,  5,  5. 'JO,  6.20,  7.20,  9,  li>.30.  returning  almost 
hourly  till  dftfk.— Nursprlcs,  Cheshunt.  Herts,  July  10. 


ROSES. 

EDWARD  DENVER,  Nurseryman, Loughborough- 
road,  B'ix'on,  three  tntles  from  Loud.>ii,  informs  his  kind 
Patrons  in  geneial,  that  his  unrivalled  collection  of  ROSES 
Is  now  in  bloom,  and  free  to  the  inspection  of  all  viaitors 
{Sundays  excepted;.  Orders  taken  at  this  time,  and  executed 
in  November  next.  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  tfcc.  &.C., 
also  may  be  seen  in  grent  varieties  ;  a  select  collection  of 
Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  »tc.  ic,  are  now  in  hh-otn. 

K.  O.  in'ornis  liis  fripn'H  h*^  hns  no  St'erl-';hr»p  in  London. 


BRITISH  QUEEN  STRAWBERRIES.  —  The 
invitation  from  Mr.  Rdbeegall.  nteward  of  Robeet 
GCNTER.  Esq  ,  of  Kensing'on,  to  Mr.  Hamilton,  of  Harnmer- 
smith  Gate,  to  cotnpeti'ioa  wi'h  a  hundred  British  Queen 
Strawberries,  was  decided  on  Friday  last,  by  the  umpires, 
unanimously  in  favour  of  Mr.  Hamilton. 


IMPROVED  CRASS  CUTTING  &  ROLLING  MACHINE. 


DAHLIA     SWEEPSTAKE. 

BOTANICAL  AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY 
OF    DURHAM,    NORTHUMBERLAND,    AND     NE  W- 
CASTLE-ON-TYNE. 

Agreeably  to  suggestions  made  at  the  Anniversary  Meeting, 
the  Committee  have  arranged  the  foUowinij  Sweepstake  Dahlia 
Prize,  Opem  to  all  England,  to  take  place  at  the  Great 
Autumn  Exhibition,  to  be  held  at  the  Society's  Show  Ground, 
BarraH  Bridge,  September  Ist  and  2d,  1852. 

Eiich  Compecitur,  whether  a  Member  of  the  Society  or  not, 
to  pay  a  &iubBCrip'ion  of  Five  bhillin^^s  ;  and  whatever  such 
■ubscriplfons  collectively  may  amount  to,  the  Society  will  add 
the  same  amount  to  it,  provided  such  addition  does  not  exceed  Vie 
turn  of  Ten  Pounds;  and  the  wnole  will  ha  divided  ino  Six 
Aliquot  Parts,  uiid  apportioned  to  each  Prize  in  the  following 
maDuer: — 

Stand  of  36  dissimilar  BIoohb,  1st  Prize,  3  Aliquot  Farts, 
Do.  Do.  2d      „       2  „ 

Do.  Do.  3d      „       1  ,, 

Parties  iotending  to  compete  must  siKnify  the  snme  in 
writing,  enclosing  Subscriptioi,  at  least  seven  days  previous 
to  the  Exbtbition. 

This  Clans  to  be  subject  to  .he  same  Rules  and  Regulations 
which  govern  the  other  Cfases;  and  parties  intending  to 
convpete,  who  are  not  memleis  of  the  Society,  can  have  a 
Copy  of  such  Rules  and  Itgnlations  on  applying  to  tbe 
GtoaoK  Belt,  ' 


q-'HE      BEST      TWO      TURNIPS     FOR     LATE 

*~  SOWING. — These  Turntps  a'e  of  very  quick  L'rowth, 
will  thrive  well  00  poor  "oil,  are  as  solid  and  nutriiive  as  Swedes, 
and  will  keep  in  the  Held  or  in  cUiTius  till  May. 

SUTTON'.s  PUReLE-TOPPED  YKLLOW  per  lb.    per  call. 

HYBHID  1     0  6     0 

SUTTON'S  EARLYSIX  WEFKS  TURNIP    0  10  5     0 

Carriage  free  by  Rail  for  quantities  not  less  than 
two  gallons. 

RIVERS'3  STUBBLE  S  W  tUB.— We  have  some  of  this  now 
on  hand,  received  direct  from  Mr,  Rivers,  price  I5,  Gd.  per 
pound,  and  a  fine  crop  of  seed  now  Rrowiog  for  next  year's  suly. 

The  followint;  have  been  received  from  some  of  the  largest 
Turnip  growers  in  the  kingdom,  and  leading  Members  ot  the 
Ko\al  AKriiiulru'-al  S"cie  y  : 

From  Sarnhledon,  near  Ucnhyon-Tliames.  —  Your  Hybrid 
Turnips  and  Swedtia  are  particularly  true  aud  fine.  You  may 
men 'ion  my  name  to  any  one  vou  please, 

From  Meoiistoke  Iieot07'if,  iTa-it*.— My  Turnip  crops  are  the 
admiration  of  ail  the  tarmere  ;Mund,  e.sr,ecially  the  Swedes  and 
your  Purple-topped  Hybrid. 

From  Ei/nsham,  near  Oxf>^-l.'-~-\  n-as  much  pleased  with  your 
Early  Six-Weeks  TuruipOj.«lid  hail  be  u  customer  again  next 
Season.  \  ' 

From,  Brecon.—  I  am  happy  to  tell  you  my  Turnips  are  really 
splendid.  ' 

John  Sottow  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


Secre'ariea. 

Nt-wi-aitle.  July  10. 


K<  beht  <'Lht 


Secretaries. 


"^EW    MIMULI  raised  by   R.   Clapham,   Ebq.,  of 

-*-^  hcart.ro'  — SCARBKO  DEFrANOK,  QUlSEN  VIC 
TORIA.   VESOa,  andYELIOW   PICTA. 

K' uzaT  Si«  Clin  now  fluppy  Fiowenn^  Phinia  of  the  above 
unique  -nd  v^ry  hnod»onifc  arielien,  at  15a.  per  set  uf  four. 

Nuiiery,  Foot'»  Cray,  Keo,  July  lo, 

pHOrCE  AND  RAR:  SEEDS,  confidently  recom- 

V^*  mcndftd,  t/.M  by  WIXIAM  DENVER,  Seedsman  and 
FLOBlftT,  HI,  Oracechurch-ireer,  London,  near  the  Spread 
E«kIo.  at  ihf  f  fl'owing  pric<  per  p-iper  :  — 

ANTlRliniNUM  or  SNA'DIlAGO.V,  V.d.  Saved  by  on 
atnatouc-  from  a  mo«t  vplecrd  collection. 

BBLLIS  l'EKK.N.SlS,or  lAlSY,  very  double,  W.  Bavndfrom 
the  new  German  varictie*  ;)rllllniit  colour*,  varylnj;  from  the 
<l«epe<>t  crimBoii  to  white,  tfouifh  oil  the  difl'.irent  hhadvii. 

Calceolaria,  navcd&y  an  amateur  from  tbe  most 
■pl«ndid  show  fl'ywcr*,  \i. 

CINERAUIA,  !«.,  ifcvedya  e^-kbrfitcd  florist  from  a  most 
•apftfb  coll»irl'o;i  of  named  rlxc  flowtrs. 

OAlLLAUiJlA  ^PLENlj:*l43lMA  PLENA,  \e.  A  new  and 
beautlfril  pfri-nnial  variety 

PANHY,  from  (he  be»t  nned  flowcffl,  If.  Saved  by  Thonmon 
and  other  eminent  growers 

New  per[>etualOii(nntfc  toperordonbioHTOCK,  la. -Colour, 
ray  crtrnnon.     'fhi*  it  a  tj/mlUi  novc'tij,  Itindng  Hevcrnl  jriini. 

Autuuinai-flowerlDg  doiJe  6I0CKH,  ti  bent  and  hrlffhttHt 
colour*,  2/. 

TUITOMA  L*VARIA,  I  A  hardy  porpnniril,  ((rowing  from 
4  to  ft  rc«t  hiffh,  jfTuduclnKOng  spliicR  of  crlriiinm  and  orange- 
«olmirrd  flower*. 

WALLPLOWRKS,  ulrolar  colours,  0  double  gigantic 
^■rlctlca,  2i.  f^av*^)  by  adebratcd  0'»ntln«rt.lul  grower,  who 
huM  on  kcTcral  occatiooii  Uoed  the  first  jirlze  for  Uoublo  Wall. 
tfowtri, 


NEW   WHITE    BROCCOLI-"  DILCOCKS     BRIDE" 
OAINBRIDGE   and   HEWISON  beg   to  announce 

■L'  that  they  have  purchased  of  Mr.  Dilcoik  the  entire  slock 
of  the  above,  which  is  a  Broccoli  ot  the  highest  merit,  eur- 
pafieing  every  other  (even  the  far-Iauied  '*  Mammoth"),  as  the 
following  will  testify.  It  has  been  sold  in  the  York  market  ac 
Is.  per  head. 

"York  Horticultural  Society,  June  18,  1852. 

"  In  reply  to  your  inquiries  I  tiod  'Dikock's  Bride  Broccoli' 
was  awarded  first  and  third  prizes  1850,  tirHt,  second^  and  third, 
1851,  and  tirsr,  second,  and  third  in  the  present  year.  It  ought 
to  be  Rrown  by  every  Kentl.;inaii's  gardener,  tRpecially  where 
any  are  grown  for  competition.  Market  gardeners  also  will 
find  it  to  their  profit  to  posbess  it.— Yours  truly, 

"  R.  Dempset,  Hon.  Secretary.** 

The  Seed  will  be  sent  out  in  the  au'uinn  in  sealed  packets  at 
2s.  6d.  ench,  containing  about  1306  Seeds,  aud  may  be  had  of 
tnemselves.  or  their  iig.nts  who  will  be  appointed. 

B.  and  H.  will  treat  liberally  with  reapectable  bouacB  who 
wish  to  become  agents,  and  an  tarly  application  is  desirable, 
as  tbe  number  appointed  will  he  limited. 

Hope  Nursery,  York.  July  10, 


UNDER  ROYAL   PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Makeks,  Arbroath,  Forfarshire,  respectfully  solicit  notico 
»o  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLINi* 
MACHINE  FDR  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which, 
and  its  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
machines  of  the  kind,  have  now  been  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monials and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents  for  London  :  Mesflrs.  W.  Dodds  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
hall-i?treet ;  Messrs.  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen  aod  Seedsmen. 
Hammersmith  ;  Hertford  ;  Mr,  George  Folkaid,  Ironmonucr  ; 
Liverpool :  Messrs.  Charles  D.  Young  and  Co.,  Castle  Build- 
ings, Derby-square;  Sheffield:  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator  of  the 
Botanic  Gardens;  Chester:  Messrs.  F.  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Glaeijow  :  Messrs.  Chae.  D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Etioch-square ;  Edinburgh  :  Meosrs,  Chas.  D.. 
Youns;  and  Co.,  48,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth  :  Messrs.  Dickaon  and 
TurnbuU,  Nurserymen  aud  Seedsmen. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE, 


pOYD'S   PATEN7'   SCYTHE   and  the  celebrated' 

^f  SrytJL  LiIGGUSf'  rORK  .  -BoTD'fl  Scjtheia  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  tmule  by  the  i-t^rson  using  it,  and  never 
reiiU'res  the  aid  of  u  b).' ^1  nmitb  ;  when  ^ut  of  use  it  shuts  up 
liko  a  cittsp.ktdfe.  (i^io  Gi'.rdencrs'  Chroinoie  thus  Cominenta 
upon  it : — "  V/e  gladly  atate  that  Mr.  BoTd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  esppciaily  with  his  late  inneuious 
and  very  useful  impiovement." — G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  Tt>B 
Steel  Digginif  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Air.  Mechi. 
'■  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  oth^r  implement  for  digging.  They  <ffect  a  paving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour," —  Wholesale  and  Retail  ac 
VV'm.  DaAY  and  Co.'a  Agricultural  Implemient  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Sv?an-lane,  Upper  Thamea-atreet,  near  London- 
bridge. 


pOCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS.— A  Gentleman  having 

Vy  Home  beautiful  Cinnamon  aud  Buff  Hens  from  prize  birds, 
perfect  in  every  respect,  is  willing,  an  account  of  absence,  to 
sell  some  Eggs  at  83.  the  12,  and  some  Young  Birds  very  mode- 
rate ;  alHO  some  Spanish  Eggs  at  bs.  tbe  12,  and  a  few  Young 
Birds,  all  quite  pure  bred.  Address,  H.  M.,  Poat-ofiice, 
Kichmond,  Surrey. 


TURNIP  SEEDS  DIRECT  FROM  THE  GROWERS. 
wUTTON  AND  SONS  have   now   on   hand  a  very 

^-^  limited  atotk  of  each  of  iho  leailing  kinds  of  TURNIl' 
SEEDS  of  the  growth  of  la51,  which  they  are  delivering 
CAEaiAQE  FaEE  BX  Kailwai  to  almost  alt  part?  of  the  kingdom, 
at  tho  lowest  market  pricea.  This  year's  crop  will  bo  ready 
lor  delivery  very  shortly. 

Ordi^rs,  or  applications  for  prices,  to  bo  addressed  to  John 
ScTTON  and  Sons,  Seed  Growcrp.  Readimr,  Berks. 


RIVEKS'S  LARGE  YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 
SEbD.  price  I3.  per  ih— This  is  a  remarkably  quick- 
growing  yellow  flt'sh  Turnip,  It  is  superior  to  all  other  kinds 
of  yeilow  Turnip  in  planting  well,  is  very  hardy  and  uutriiiouH, 
and  may  be  "own  as  late  as  the  middle  _ol  August,  with  a 
pf  OHpect  of  a  fair  crop. 

Orders  to  the  amount  ef  lOff  carriage  paid  to  London.    Post- 
oflice  Orders  are  requested  of  unknown  correspniidentfl. 

Address  to  Joun  ItiVfens,  Seedisroan,  Sawhiidgewortb,  IlerfP. 


SKIRVING'S  IMPROVED  TURNIP  SEEDS, 

FOR  ;\III  U.MN  SOWING. 

VyiL^IAM    SKIRVING    begs    to    rctiommcnd   to 

'•  Turulp  grow(.-r»  the  following  kinds,  which  he  has 
proved  by  long  oxjturlciicu  to  be  the  best  adapted  for  autumn 
■owlnu,  viz,  : 

l^KIKVINO'S  nYrilUI),  or  Purple  Top  Yellow  R.iIIock,  a 
Turnip  of  excellent  quality,  which  if  sowed  this  month  pro- 
duce* (I  Iiirj(()  t-rop  tor  fcvtlug  before  ui-itig  the  Swodo. 

HKlRVINfJ'H  HAKDY  GUKKN  GLOliG,  the  best  of  the 
Noriolk  klodB  for  giving  a  largo  crop  and  long  keeping,  prli-e 
of  th«  above  9J.  per  lb.,  and  for  tho  la*t  sowing  SktrvliiK'-i 
Ini(.rov«il  Hcarlsbrlck  (or  Liveipool  eiirly  Orimgo  Yellow) 
Turnip,  A  Turnip  of  vary  rxcclliiit  quality  and  ritjtid  growth  ; 
the  bett  of  all  known  Turnip*  ;  for  «owli.g  curly  In  Hpi  ing,  or 
lain  In  Autumn  ;  price  I0,  per  lb. 

A  rcmtttanti'  or  i.TiiDncu  U  n  (jnostcJ  from  niiktiowu  cor- 
rCipOOilto'p.-Q'ii'cn  Hquurtf,  Llverpjol,  July,  18j2  |j 


WHITE  COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS*  EGGS,  from, 
pure  White  Biids,  well  feuchered,  to  be  disposed  of,  at 
243.  per  pozen  ;  also  some  White  Cochin  China  Chickens. 

Address,    Alfeed   Salteb,    Willi  am- street,    Hammersmith' 
Turnpike,  London. 

RIPE  FRUIT,  STRAWBERRIES,  AND  SEED 
BEDS.— NEW  TWINE  NETTING  (Tanned  if  required) 
1  yard  wide,  Hd  per  yard  ;  2  yords  wide,  3d.  per  yard  ;  4  ya  da 
wide,  (jd.  per  yard  ;  half-incb  mthh  ditto,  2  yards  wide,  fid.  per 
yard.  The  ELASTIC  HEXAQON  GARDEN  NETTliNG, 
in  meshes  to  the  square  li.ch,  effoutually  excludes  birds, 
waKps,  *Uc.,  from  fruit-trcet.,  flower  or  seed-beds,  4^d  per  pquure 
yard.  Tanued  Netting,  2  or  3  yards  wide,  l\d.  per  yatd  ;  4  or 
6  yards  wide,  3d.  per  yard— exactly  ihe  same  an  adverliHed  by 
others  at  double  the  above  prices.  Coir  or  Hemp  Sbeeplhlding 
Net,  of  superior  quality,  4  ft.  high,  \d.  per  yard.  Liimb  Net. 
(id.  per  yard.  Hiibblt  Net,  IJd.  per  yard,  4  ft.  wide;  each 
tid^e  Corded,  2d.  per  yard,  suitable  for  fowl  fencing.  Square 
Me^h  Cricketing  Net,  fix  its  Juil  width  and  length,  made  of 
atout  cord,  3d.  per  stjuaro  yard  ;  tliiu  is  thu  betit  itrciclu  mado 
tor  fencing,  agalnsr,  lowls,  catn,  die.  Tbe  largest,  ohoapeat, 
and  best  Ktock  in  the  w  irld,  at  W.  Odllinqfoiid's,  1,  Sira'h- 
more-tcrruce,  Shadwell,  Lundon.  The  trade  supplied.  Ordero  tky 
post  punctually  attended  to,      FlHhiui^Neta  of  all  kinds  in  block. 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  THE  SUiV.-UboE.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  h 
perfect   non. conductor  of  heat,  and  ndiiiUtiiif^   light  wiihouc 
huut,  where  a  covering  lu  required  ;  U  Is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  Ifl,  \d.  pi  r  yaid,  ami  much  cheaper  than  Baas  Mais, 
E.  F.  AaciiEii,  -IBI,  0«tord.Blrc»t.  Loudon. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort- street,  King's 
Hoa-l,  CliclsDii,  by  sptciul  apiiolntiiieiit  to  her  MAJtsTif 
and  II.  R.  II,  Puinoe  Aliikut.  —  ORNa  MKNTaL  WaTIIR 
!•■(;  WL,  coiiHlatlng  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Caniida, 
China,  barnaole,  brent,  and  laughing  Geene,  Slileldraliea,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  ami  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
p»bovi;lIurM,  gold-oyod  and  dun  Divers,  Carolina  Ducki,  »bc,, 
dotiK^HlliMi'cddndphilonod  ;  alH<i  Spanish,  Couhin  China,  Mal.iji,, 
Poland,  Huiroy,  and  forking  l-'owls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  audi 
tjoinmou  Poii-fowl,  uud  pure  China  Pig.^ ;  and  at  3,  llalf-muou 
PuoHugo,  Qruoccliuruh-Btriiut,  London, 


434 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[July  10, 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUM  P8,  for  the  u3e  of  Farms, 
Cotfat-'fH,  Mauuro  Tanks,  aiul  Slial- 
low  Wells.  £  8-    d. 

PatentPump 1  12     0 

Patent  Pump,  wiih  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
boUa  aud  aiitg  read;  for 

tixiDC    2     8     0 

Larger  bizes  if  required. 
May    be    obtuiced    ot    any    Icon- 
monger   or    I'lumber    ia     Town    or 
Coudtry,   or  oi'  the  Putenteeb  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Juniu-gtreet,  London. 
Every  description    of    M-^cbinery 
for  Raising  and    Forcinir  Wa^er,  either  by   Steam,  Horse,  or 
ilanuai  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Eti£rines.  &c. 
The  usual  allowance  to  ibf  Trarte. 


Faobed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 

£.  s. 

d- 

6by4,  Ciby4i     . 

..     0  13 

0 

7bv6,  TJDjSi     . 

..     0  15 

D 

8  by  5,  8    bv5i    . 

..     0  15 

0 

8  bj  S,  8J  by  <j 

..     0  17 

ti 

9  bv7.  HI  by  8 

..     1     0 

U 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 
GREENHOUSES,    PIT    F11A.MES,  iic. 
TAMES    PHILLIPS    A^D    CO.    beg   to  haad    their 
t)  prices  of  SHEET  ^L.^SS  for  cash  : 

Cat  to  order  iu  Paneu   uot 
above  40  inches  lonif . 

IGoz 3d.    toiid. 

21  do Sid.  to  Sol. 

26  do 5(i.    to7J<i. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  oz., 

2Ad.  perfoof, 
Ha'aTLBY'S  patent  rough  plate  glass  for  Con. 
servatories,  Public  Buildini^s,   Manufactories,  Skylights,  ifcc. 
J  inch  thick.     Packed  in  boxes  of  50  leet  each. 

6  by4  and  6i  by  IJ  ..h<s  Sd.  I  7  by  5  aud    7J  by  5,i...l2s.  (Id. 

8  by  6  and  8*  by  Ii.i...l3j.  6d.  |  9  by  7  and  10    by  8  ...15s.  Od. 

POaEIGN  s"HEBT  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 

in  oases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  35  by  20  to  ii  by 

30  inches,  at  .i8s..  403  .  to  42s   per  case. 

H4BTLKVS  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 
GLASS  MILK  PANS,  the  same  size  ai  the  f  treiffn  ones,  hut 
superior  in  colour,  mike,  and  quality,  a   2s    each,  or  2ls.  per 
dozen,  as  recommooded  bv  Cap'a>n  Stanley  Carr. 

GLASS    CHUItM    THERaOilETBHS,   for  regulating   the 
Temperature  of  Oeam. 
LORD    CAMOY'S    MtLK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 
GLASS  CREAM  POTS,  ic    &o. 
CUCUMBER  TUBES.  PaOPlGAT[>lG  A>JD  «EE  GLASSES, 
TILES    AND    SLATES,    WASP    IRAPS, 
PLATE,    CROWN,    AND    OitNAMR!*TAL    GLASS, 
SHADES  FOR  ORNAMENTS.  FERN  SHADES, 
And  tvery  Ar^iele  in  the  Trade. 
HORTICULTURAL  GLASS    WAREHOUSE,  IW,  Bishops- 
,gate-Btreet  Without,  London.  


THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  suiierior  to  nny  other  manufacture,  as  well 
-as  cheaper.     In  lOO-feet  brtsea  pacned  tor  immediate  delivery, 

6  inches  by  -t  and    6i  by  43      13s.  Od. 

7  ,,  5  and    7^  by  5^ 15     0 

8  ,,  6  and    8    by  5i       15     0 

8  ,,  G  awd    S4  by  6^       17     6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  aud  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sized,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thickneSBes. 
Cases  containict;  lar^e  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  I  In. thick,  best  manufactured. 

Insi^es  under  ISiuches Gd.  per  foot. 

,,         ,,         35      „       8d.         ,, 

„         „         60      „       9ld.       „ 

^,         „         75      I2d.        „ 

Milk  Pans, '23.  to  i\s.  each  ;  Motal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  SLate-i  ;  Cucuuiber,  Propauatinj^,  and  Bee  G  nssee ;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glaus  Shades,  aud  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  BishopB^ate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  aa  Eastern  Couutied  Rail- 
way.—  R-tahli>ihefl  lO'l  vavfl, 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
8r-ni,sh  Manutac'ure,  at  prices  varjinj;  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  requireii,  many  thousand 
feet  of  wnich  are  kept  ready  pnuked  for  immediit-e  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Ei'imates  fnrwardi-d  tin  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  OilOWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  W  ATE  ft- PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMBNTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlex  and  Co.   35,  Soho-square,  London, 

See  Gardeners'  Chroniole  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILD/NG    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 
WARRANTED  BEST  MATEIUALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  M  inufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Geotry 
about  to  er^cr  Ilnrticulturrtl  huildinga,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  wiU  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kin^-'s  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  HothouRes,  Greenhouses, 
Con-*erva' cries.  Pits,  ifec,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining  all  modern  improvem'?utB,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  ihe  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpoHe. 

THR  HOT-WATRR  APPARATUSFS  fwhich  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  th^  Houses,  Pi's,  &c..  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  m  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  opitndid  Eollectiou  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  ia 
in  the  hinhest  state  of  cultivation,  Hud  fnr  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Alo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  ViDes  in  pots 
■from  fje^,  ail  the  he-^t  eortfi. 

Plan-t,  Modf  Is.  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
■Catalogue^,  of  Plin^SjVints,  Seeds,  ,fcc.,  forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AMD  CO.,  KiMo'a  RoiD,  Chelsea,  Lomdon, 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC 

ft^-,-A/^;i7S&n^!S'-    ROYAL  LETTERS 
FATEMT. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  CsELaEA.  —  The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structure-t  havitiL'  been  proveil  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kinedom,  han  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  exucu'e ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  macbinury  mado  10  meet  the  numeroun  orders, 
atid  can  now  executuaoy  am  )unt  of  wurk  to  greitt  perfection, 
with  diipatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  tu  defy  all  coiupetition. 
Patent  lloth.jusca,  witii  excellent  glasrt,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  tvery  top  one  to  blide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  ni'iterialw  as  theeltctrictelegrapli 
wires,  which  require  uo  painting;  £5elivered  free  to  Whart  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  makinR  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ralter.  400  fc,  •i'il  Us  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins,  long,  do.  do..  52-^  It.,  30i.  13s.  8d. ;  2S  fr,  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ralter,  712  ft.,  4U.  H'^.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  oa  the 
moat  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super.  .__ 


HOTHOUSES   AND   CONSERVATORIES. 


JAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Bhildek,  Clakemont- 
PliCB,  Old  Ke»t.eo»d,  has  200  CUCU,aBBtt  and 
MELON  BOX ES  and  LIG HTS  of  t,ll  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  and  of  well-seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  of  the  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES,  ONSBRVATORIBS,  &,<:..  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  the  Trade,  in  most  of  the  eouuties  of  England. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY   HOT   Vi/ATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elecance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
esecuto  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  aod  to  all  by  whom  tbey 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hoc-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  List  o*  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps 


OHN    WARNER    AND    SONS, 
Ceescent,  Jewin  Street,  London, 
mandfactoreks  of 
FIRE  ENGINES,  GARDEN 

ENGINES,  AND  SYRINGES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 

GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

-  With  Warnee's  Registered  Spreader, 
]  is  strongly  recommended   for    dur- 
]  ability  and  low  price,  viz. : — 
£3    0    0 


May  he  obtained  of  any  Ironmong^er  in  Town  or  Cotintry. 


T'HE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
inveuted,  very  small,  powertul,  waistcoat-pocket  GU&s 
the  size  of  a  Walnut,  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
4  to  5  milfs,  which  is  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTING, 
and  to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKEEPERS. 

TELESCOPES.— A  new  and  moat  important  INVENTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  possessing  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
some— 3^  inclies,  with  an  ex'ra  eye-piece— will  show  distinctly 
Jupiter's  Moon,  Saturu's  Ring,  and  the  Double  Stars.  They 
supersede  every  oiber  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes — for  the  waist- 
coat-pocket, Shooting,  Military  purpose'*,  &c.  Opera  and 
Race-course  Glasses  with  wond- rful  pnwera ;  a  minute  object 
can  be  clearly  seen  from  ten  to  twelve  miles  distant, — In- 
valuable  Acoustic  Instruments  for  relief  of  extreme  Deafness. 

Messrs.  S.  and  B.  SOLOMONS,  OpnciANs  and  Aobists, 
3d,  Albemarle- street,  opposite  the  York  Hotel,  LondoB. 


FOR     WATERING     QARDEIMS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE-PIPES. 


TAMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  and) 
^  Mandfactdreb.  Goswell  Road,  London. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adap'ed  tor  Waterincr  Gardens,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  rnckin^'  Beer  and  CidT.  for  portable 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  p^rfictly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  They  are  particularly 
Buitab'e  for  Fire  Enuinea,  and  are  found  exceedinglv  useful  in 
Dwellinj-housea  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  lo  Baths,  &c. 

Hose  Rpeli  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  lengths 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B.— Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Roses.  Jets,  aud  Branches  complete,  with  union  Joints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumpa  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  OnJers  addressed  to  J.  L.HAKCocEjGoswellMeWB, 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immtidiate  attention. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan- 

Japanned 

ised. 

Iron, 

7d.peryd. 

Sd.peryd, 

9      „ 

n  „ 

12      „ 

0     „ 

8      „ 

6     „ 

10      „ 

8        » 

1*      .. 

11     ,. 

2.inch  mesh,  light,  21  inches  wide 

2-incfa      ,,       strong  „ 

2-ioch     ,,      extra  strong     ,, 
IS-inch      „       light  „ 

l|-inch     „      strong  „ 

l|-inch     „      extra  strong     „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fiurth.  Galvanised  sparrow- proof  netting  tor  Piieasautriefi, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  po^t  frep. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  ia  Loudon,  Peter- 
borougb,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

CHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND       POULTRY 
NETIINO,  5ii.  per  running  yard. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  Id.  par  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised. 

24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  periyard.        ...        5d.  per  yard, 
30  in.     ,,       2  in.     ,,        9d.        i,  ...         CJd.        ,, 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      i,  ...        Tijd.       „ 

48  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is.  2d.    {  ...      lOd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Gafvanised,  8d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  sahe  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  f.hown  at  the  "  Grest  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  an!  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
koowlediied  to  be  the  cheapea  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wite  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high. 
Is,  6d.  and  2.-!  Sd.  per  yard.  Alp  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Gardei  Archus,  Bo^d^^i^g,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  \V>rk,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  d"  Wire  Work  (or  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  CataloL'ue  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fol.  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44lSliinner-8treet,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


FOR  PORT  PHILLIP  direct.  Passage  20?., 
including  a  liberal  Dietary.  The  remarkai'ly  fast  sailing 
first  class  ship,  BRIQHTMAN,  00  tons  burden  ;  J.  F.  Chap- 
MAN,  Commander;  lying  at  th(  Jetty,  London  Dock.  This 
fine  Hhip  has  lofty  and  well  veo'ilted  'twteQ  decks,  and  carries 
an  experienced  Surt;eou  ;  and  aeentleman,  with  his  family, 
proceeds  in  the  ship,  who  will  fiord  Possengera  the  latest 
information  from  the  Gold  Fiids.  The  poop  cabins  are 
adapted  for  the  comfortabLe  accoi^odation  of  a  limited  parly 
of  Cabin  Passengers.— For  Dietaii  Scales.  Terms,  Jsc,  apply 
to  the  Owners,  Messrs.  R.  and  HSootter,  49,  Lower  Shad- 
well  ;  to  the  Captain,  on  board  ;  oto  Lachj,aN3  and  MacLeod, 
62,  c'ornhill,  London.  I       


q^HE     ZOOLOGICAL     G^^DENS,     REGENT'S, 

-L  PARK,  are  open  to  Visits  daily.  The  Collection 
now  contains  upwards  of  1500  pecimens,  including'  the 
Hippopotamus  (preiented  by  H  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt), 
Elephiints,  Rhinoceros.  Giraffes,  ai  young  L'-ucurjx,  Elands, 
Bonte-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  LI  i,  Tigers,  Jaj:U!irs,  Bears, 
03frTchta,and  the  AptTyspresentec  y  the  Lieiuenant-Governor 
of  New  Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  i  w  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's 
CfiUectioo  oi  Humming'  Birds  witha  any  extra  charge. 

The  Hand  of  the  l^tLife  Guards  II  perform,  hy  i^ermission 
of€o].  Hall,  on  every  Sa'urd:iy.  ar" 
notice,— Admission,  Ohe  Shu.i.i«q  c 


r'our  o'clock,  until  further 
ou  MONDAYS,  SiiP£MC^ 


28— 1S52.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE 


435 


NEW  PELARGONIUMS. 

CHARLES  TURNER  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
tbe  eniire  8'ork  ot   Foater'a  aud    H.iyle's  beautiful  Seed- 
line    PELAK^OSltTMS.      Purticulara  of  price,  and   lime   of 
sendinp  out,  will  ai.pear  iu  future  adverastments. 
Roval  Nur<^ery.  Sl.m?h,  ^ 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
EMPEilOH    STOCK,    a     perenaial  aptcies,  and  hardj'; 
liOO  seeds,  15. 

CI>'ER.4RrA.  and  CALCEOLARIA,  aelected  from  collections 
•of  Plants  that  were  admitted  by  ail  persons  wlio  saw  lliem  lo 
be  the  finest  they  hud  ever  ^een  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
600  of  the  latter,'  \s.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTIS  aZORIGA,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  aspect  is  verv  bfnutiful ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALENDIUNIA   UMBELLATi,  one  of  tha  ueatest^rowinj; 
landmosthrilii'Dt  floweringofaU  beddin?  plants;  ISOOseei^,  Is. 
SWEET   WILLIAM,  in  I'JO  vjirietics  ;  10,000  seods,  la. 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postage  stamps, 

Jeies  and  Co.,  Nuraei'ita,  Northampton. 


NEW    PLANTS     INTRODUCED    BY    MR.    FORTUNE. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE  beg  to  announce  that 
thsv  possess  all  the  highly  inteie-iing  plants  introduced 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  mencioued  by  him  in  his  recent  popular 
work  on  China.  Many  of  them  are  now  on  sale.  0:  'he 
otbera,  due  notice  will  be  given,  as  ihej  are  ready  to  send  oat, 
Every  paiticulir  may  t>o  obtained  by  appliing  to  the 
Advertisers.— Baashot,  July  10. 

DWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 

Wellingtoo-r 'ad  Nursery,  St.  John's  vVoud,  London,  are 
Tiow  prepared  TO  forward,  by  post,  CINERARIA  SEED  saved 
from  the  best  formed  flower=,  such  as  C*-ritn,  Lady  Hume 
-Campbell,  AdeU  Villiers,  Pauline,  Rosy  Mi-rn,  Marianne.  David 
Oopperfi^id,  Effie  Deans,  Carlotta  Gri>i,  Prima  Donna,  &,c. 

E.  G.  H.  aod  Sos  also  be;j  to  say,  that  the  vnrietiea  of 
Calceolarias  from  which  the  seed  is  saved  can  nuw  be  seen  in 
full  bloom  a'-  the  Nursery.  Early  orders  are  requisite  to  insure 
this  seed,  which  will  he  sent  out  in  July,  at  5s.  per  packet. 

NEW    CATALOGUE    OF    PLANTS. 

A  Van  GEERT,  Nurseryman,  Ghent,  Belgium, 
•  beija  to  inform  the  Trade  and  Amnttiurs  that  hts  new 
CATALOGUE  OF  PLANTS  is  just  publi  hfd,  and  may  be 
had  on  apnlication  to  his  Agent,  Mr.  R.  Silberead,  5,  Harp- 
ane,  Gi-ea*  Tow  r-atrpet.  London. 


CHOICE  CINERARIA  AND   CALCEOLARIA  SEED. 

JOHN  HENCHMAN  begs  to  inform  his  friends  that 
he  has  ready  a  few  Packets  of  S8ED.  9nved  with  great 
care  from  his  well  known  and  choice  collection  of  Cinerarias 
and  Calceolarias,  at  U.  6d.  each.— Edmonton,  July  10. 

~  EXHIBITION    OF    ROSES. 

G  CLARKE,  Nurseryman,  Streatham-  place, 
*  Brirt'.n-hiU  (3;^  miles  from  Loudon),  iofonnshiM  patrons 
and  admirer- of  KOSI-jS  that  bis  unrivalled  collection,  cnn- 
siBtiofi  of  ab"ve  1400  varieties,  comprising  all  the  new  varieties 
from  Belgium,  France,  &c.,  extending  over  10  acres  of  ground, 
will  be  in  full  bloom  by  the  14th  of  July,  free  to  visitoro. 
Ojdera  taken  for  plants  now  in  bhtom.  and  execut«d  in 
November.  A  good  collection  of  specimen  Ericas,  Azaleas, 
Conil>rB.  P'.verjr''ens.  ifec.        


PLANTS    OF    CABBAGE,    SAVOY,    KALE, 
BROCCOLI,     CAULIFLOWER,    AND    CELERY. 

JOHN  CA.TTELL,  Nursekyman  and  Seedsman, 
Wes^erhdra,  Kent,  beea  reapecltully  to  iott.rm  the  pubUc, 
li-at  Plaa'3  ni  his  superior  true  B'Tte  of  ihe  above  are  now 
readr.  and  will  be  forwarded,  as  usual,  to  order,  on  receipt  of 
postage  stamps  or  Post-offiae  order,  made  payable  here,  at  the 
under-named  price",  ba-kct  or  mat  and  packaire  included. 

All  the  «orti  of  Early  Cabbage,  Savoy  and  Kale,  including 
Brussels  Spro-its.  4$.  Gd.  per  lOUO ;  all  the  sorts  of  Autumn 
and  Spring  Broccoli,  5j.  fid.  per  lOUO;  all  the  Burls  of  C-lery, 
5*.  6(i.  per  lOOU  ;  Caulifl'iwer,  Early  and  Late,  and  Red  Cabbage, 
9d.  per  100.  Gd.  per  lOO'l  less  when  no  mat  or  package  ia 
reOHired.  Pacbagei  of  1000  and  upwards  delivered  free  of 
carriage  to  the  Edenbridge  Statioa  of  the  Soutb.Eastern 
Bailway.  ,„  ,     ,  ,_.  .      „        , 

Seed  of  CiTTELL'a  Dwarf  Bamea,  and  of  bia  aaperior  Dwarf 
Reliance  Cabbage,  may  be  had  in  packets,  by  post,  lor  12  penny 
stamps  pe--  pat-ket,  the  former  containing  1  ounce,  as  uaual, 
and  the  latter  half  an  ounce. 


were  allowed  to  perish,  and  that  experiment  came 
to  nothing. 

At  this  moment  there  is  actually  flowering  at 
Chatsworth  a  mule  produced  by  crossing  Nj/mphwa 
rubra  with  iV.  Lotus. 

Seeds  were  obtained  in  the  autumn  of  1850,  and 
from  them  in  the  following  summer  Sir  Joseph 
PiXTON  had  the  gratification  of  finding  himself  in 
the  possession  of  a  most  beautiful  liybrid,  whicli  he 
named  Devoniensis,  after  the  duke,  his  patron.  In 
leaf  and  flower  it  has  a  great  advantage  in  point  of 
size  and  robustness  of  growth  over  eitlier  of  it,s 
parents  ;  but  its  most  valuable  property  is  its  conti- 
nuing to  flower  the  whole  of  the  season  without 
intermission.  The  parent  plant  produced  its  fiist 
flower  as  early  as  the  12th  of  April,  1851,  and 
continued  to  flower  until  the  middle  of  October, 
when  it  \v*s  removed,  with  a  fine  succession  of 
flower-buds  still  upon  the  plant,  to  its  winter  quar- 
ters. During  this  period  it  often  had  two  expanded 
flowers  and  live  buds  in  difi^erent  stages  of  develop- 
ment. It  produces  its  flowers  quite  as  freely  as 
N.dentata;  audits  beautiful  colour  (which  is  not 
quite  so  deep  as  its  parent),  together  with  its  large 
size,  which  has  often  been  as  much  as  8  inches  in 
diameter,  together  with  its  fine  leaves,  which  have 
been  seldom  less  than  13  to  17  inches  acro^s,  renders 
it  one  of  the  best  Nyiuphseas  in  cultivation. 

Let  us  hope  that  this  example  will  notice  thrown 
away.  The  season  has  come ;  the  Nymphaeas  are 
all  in  flower,  or  nearly  so  ;  and  there  can  be  no 
difficulty  in  operating  to  any  extent  upon  the  white 
Nymphsea,  which  we  should  take  for  the  mother  of 
the  brood  that  it  is  hoped  will  come. 


Ctie  ©atuenersi'  Chronicle, 

SATURDAY,  JULY  10,  1852. 

MEETI>"GS    FOB  TBE  ESSUING  WBEK. 

ToBiQti.      July     1.1— Zoolotfi'Ml 9  r.u. 

W.BKuoAT,    —        n— Llterarj  Fund      3  p.m. 

CoQVT.T    ^«ow»  — Tu'i«(iar,  July    3 :  South  Devon  a-d  Wolvc  liampton. 
— Wedneulax,  Juljr  14,  aD<lTbur.(lB7,  .'ul;  15:  Lewca  lioiticuUural. 


How  is  it  that  aquatic  ilants  are  seldom  or  never 
brought  under  the  influence  of  mybridism  ?  They 
are  objects  of  great  beauty,  are  and  always  must  be 
moch  in  request,  and  appear  to  be  just  as  submissive 
to  man  a.s  other  plants.  Their  constitutions  may 
certainly  be  affected  by  crossing,  quite  as  much  as  a 
Bbododendron.  Yet,  while  the  tender  crimson 
Kpeciex  of  Indian  Khodod^ndron  are  brought  to  act 
upon  the  hardy  pale  facen  of  the  United  States,  the 
delicate  white  Water  Lil/  of  our  rivers  is  loft  to 
wild  nature  in  the  presaice  of  the  most  glowing 
tints  poKsensed  by  her  tropical  kindred. 

It  may  be  said  that  thee  are  phynical  difllculties 
in  the  way  of  cro>«ing  Water  Lilies.  We  grant  it. 
The  yellow  Nuphars  are  not  likely  to  breed  with 
the  white  and  blue  and  crimson  Nymphw^is,  and 
perhapK  Victoria  may  reftse  all  alliance  with  either. 
Bat  then  it  is  the  same  e'ery where ;  a  Currant  will 
not  breed  with  a  Oooscbirry,  nor  an  Apple  with  a 
Pear.  Nevertheless,  Gooseberries  find  kindred 
blood  among  Oooseberres,  and  Currants  among 
Conaiils :  and,  why  maj  it  not  also  happen  to  ihe 
Nymphffi.is  themselveft?  This  sort  of  crossing  is 
certainly  possible.     It  hat  been  dime. 

Home  years  since  mubs  were  obtained  in  the 
Horlicultiiral  Garden  fcetween  the  tender  blin; 
Nymphiea  of  the  Ca|)e  ofOood  (lope  and  the  hardy 
white  one  of  England,    lut  owing  tci  neglect  they 


We  to-day  lay  before  our  readers  further  Con- 
tinental observations  on  the  Vine  Mildew. 

M.  F.  E.  Guerun-Meneville  observed,  in  the 
south  of  France,  an  Oidiura  which  rendered  the 
fields  of  Siiintfoin  as  white  as  if  they  had  been  dusted 
over  with  flour.  On  examining  this  Oidium  he 
could  discover  no  decided  difference  between  it  and 
that  which  attacks  the  Vine.  Yet  he  states  as  a 
remarkable  fact  that  these  fields  of  Saintfoin  so 
excessively  mildewed  were  surrounded  with  double 
rows  of  fine  heallliy  Vines,  loaded  with  fruit,  which 
exhibited  no  symptom  of  disease. 

M.  BoNjEAN,  chemist,  Chambery  (in  the  C.  R., 
September  15,1851),  reports  that  tlie  disease  has 
appeared  in  several  parts  of  Savoy,  after  the  unfa- 
vourable weather  experienced  in  the  end  of  June. 
The  Vines  of  Iialy,  Switzerland,  and  France  have 
been  attacked  by  it ;  and  likewise  those  throughout 
the  whole  of  the  Duchy  of  Parma,  where  it  has 
even  extended  its  ravages  to  other  kinds  of  fruits. 
It  is  stated  that  the  disease  has  chiefly  attacked  the 
Vines  against  walls  and  trellises,  the  low  Vines 
being  generally  free  from  it.  The  diseased  bunches 
are  usually  those  that  are  the  most  sheltered,  or 
those  that  are  hid  under  the  foliage ;  such  as  are 
well  exposed  to  air  and  light  are  mostly  safe. 

According  to  M.  Bonjean,  the  mildew  envelopes 
the  berry  with  a  close  net-work,  paralyses  the  air 
"vessels,  or  closes  them  hermetically,  thus  stopping 
their  double  function  of  inhalation  and  exlialation,  so 
that  the  berry,  containing  a  very  acid  juice,  becomes 
wrinkled,  dried  up,  and  veritably  in  a  state  of 
asphyxia. 

With  reference  to  this  opinion,  M.  Foukcault 
remarked  that  the  asphyxia  here  described  was  evi- 
dently analogous  to  that  which  he  could  produce  at 
will  in  birds  and  beasts  by  means  of  various  imper- 
meable sticking  substances  applied  to  the  skin.  He 
adds,  that  he  agrees  with  M.  Bonjean  in  attributing 
the  Grape  disease  to  atmospheric  vicissitudes, 
which  have  exercised  an  injurious  influence  on  the 
whole  plant,  and  especially  on  the  fruit.  He  is  of 
opinion  that  in  consequence  of  this  disturbing 
influence,  the  altered  secretions  by  the  .skin  give  rise 
to  or  form  a  propagating  medium  for  the  mildew  ; 
and  that  this  unctuous  coating  is  mechanically ' 
opposed  to  the  double  phenomenon  of  inhalation  and 
exhalation,  of  endosmoae  and  exosmose,  so  indis- 
pensable to  the  vital  movement,  hi  the  first  stage 
of  the  disease,  when  the  mildew  begins  to  appear, 
it  would  be  advisable  to  endeavour  to  remove  it  by 
washing  and  syringing,  the  advantages  of  which  are 
clearly  shown  both  by  facts  and  induction.  In 
experimenting  with  some  animals  which  had  j 
cutaneous  aspbxyia,  brought  on  by  the  application  of 
impermeable  plasters,  M.  Foukcault  was  sometimes 
able  to  recover  the  animals  alter  they  were  almost 
dead,  and  had  lost  .'iO"  of  their  internal  temperature, 
the  niciins  employed  being  merely  the  romoval  of 
the  adhesivii  suhslances  from  tin- skin. 

On  the  2»tli  of  September,  1851,  M.  Pavkn  laid 
before  the  Academy  of  Sciences  two  bunches  of 
Grapes,  cut  from  the  same  bramdi.  The  one  which 
was  hitualed  hjwest  had  reached  full  niatinity,  and 
was  free  fnmi  disease  ;  but  the  other,  situated  at 
the    top,   was    found    covered  with    the    Uidium 


Tuckeri  ;  the  skins  of  all  its  berries  were  cracked 
at  an  early  stage  of  their  growth,  so  that  the  fruit 
remained  small  and  green. 

The  circumstance  of  healthy  and  diseased  bunches 
existing  on  the  same  Vine  is  very  general.  Many 
gardeners  have  remarked  numerous  instances  of  the 
fact,  that,  bunches  growing  so  low  as  to  be  in  contact 
with  the  soil  were  healthy,  whereas  most  of  those 
higher  situated  were  affected  with  the  disease. 

M.  Gensoiil  (C.  R.,  October  13, 1851)  having  em- 
ployed camphor  for  the  destruction  of  an  Acarus 
which  he  found,  on  examining  his  Vines  growing 
against  a  wall,  is  of  opinion  that  this  substance  will 
prove  efficacious  as  regards  the  mildew.  He  had  in 
his  greenhouse  a  fine  collection  of  Cacti ;  but  many 
of  them  were  infested  with  insects  and  fungi.  AU 
means  had  failed  to  clear  the  plants  of  these  para- 
sites. Spirits  of  wine  saturated  with  camphor  were 
then  employed,  in  the  idea  that  the  effects  of  cam- 
phor on  the  insects  would  be  similar  to  that  of 
strychnine  on  the  higher  animals.  He  first  tried 
the  lotion  on  some, common  plants,  fearing  the  effects 
of  the  spirits  of  wine  ;  but  he  had  the  satisfaction  of 
observing  that  the  plants  were  safely  and  completely 
cleaned  wherever  the  lotion  was  applied.  It  was 
then  employed  for  the  other  plants,  and  in  a  few 
seconds  all  insects  and  mildew  were  destroyed, 
without  injuring  the  plants.  As  camphorated  spirits 
of  wine  are  too  expensive  for  being  employed  on  a 
large  scale,  strongly  camphorated  water  may  be  used 
instead.  This  may  be  prepared  by  dissolving  some 
camphor  in  warm  spirits  of  wine,  and  then  throwing 
the  solution  into  tepid  water. 

In  the  "  Comptes  Kemlus  "  December  1st,  1851, 
the  principal  varieties  of  Vines  are  noticed  in  regard 
to  their  aptitude  for  resisting  the  disease,  in  a  com- 
munication by  M.  Bouohardat.  The  following 
general  results  are  extracted  from  a  table  compre- 
hending upwards  of  2000  observations  made  among 
the  collection  of  Vines  in  the  Luxembourg. 

It  appears  that  there  are  certain  groups  of  which 
all  the  varieties  have  been  stronf;ly  attacked  by  the 
disease ;  others  have  been  comparatively  spared ; 
but  it  is  remarkable  that  the  natural  groups,  formed 
on  important  characters,  such  as  those  of  the  Muscats, 
Chasselas,  Teinturiers,  have  been  attacked  in  a 
uniform  manner ;  whilst  the  less  natural  groups, 
such  as  those  of  the  Pineaux,  Gouais,  Savignons, 
present  some  remarkable  anomalies. 

All  the  varieties  belonging  to  the  extensive  group 
of  Muscats  are  very  strongly  attacked.  The  group 
of  the  Chasselas,  so  rich  in  varieties,  does  not  afford 
a  single  fortunate  exception ;  from  whatever  country 
they  may  have  been  de lived,  not  one  has  been 
spared.  The  varieties  comprised  in  the  important 
gioup  of  Malvasias,  which  have  come  from  all  the 
Vine  countries  of  Europe,  are  all  attacked.  The 
Teinturiers  are  cultivated  in  perhaps  the  greatest 
number  of  localities ;  the  varieties  of  these  in  the 
Luxembourg  are  much  diseased.  The  FoUes 
blanches,  which  afford  the  brandies  of  Charentes, 
have  been  severely  attacked.  The  Aramons,  and 
the  Terets-bourets,  constituting  some  of  the  most 
productive  new  sorts  of  Vines  in  the  south  of 
France,  have  not  escaped.  The  greater  part  of  the 
Clairettes,  and  Picpouilles,  whether  of  French  or 
other  origin,  have  been  severely  attacked.  Among 
the  groups  of  varieties  cultiyated  in  the  middle  of 
France  there  are  several  in  which  every  individual 
variety  is  affected.  The  Ganiais  have  suffered  much, 
especially  the  Liverdun,  Plant  de  la  dole,  and  Gros 
Plant. 

We  now  come  to  the  Vines  which  fnrnish  the 
most  distinguished  wines  of  France.  Among  these 
the  Pineaux  occupy  the  first  rank.  They  yield  the 
fine  wines  of  Burgundy  and  Champagne,  and  con- 
tribute to  heighten  the  quality  of  the  wines  of  many 
celebrated  vineyards.  Almost  every  variety  of  this 
group  has  been  severely  attacked.  The  Franc 
Piueau  Tioir,  from  Burgundy,  Champagne,  or  other 
provinces,  has  suffered  much  ;  but  the  plant  desig- 
nated Pincau  Noir  de  Bourgogne  [the  true  old 
Black  Burgundy]  is  comparatively  free  from  disease. 
Some  of  the  varieties  which  furnish  the  principal 
wines  of  Bordeaux  have  been  partially  spared.  The 
Carmenet  has  resisted  the  atlack.  The  Sauvignons 
and  the  Cols  have  been  but  partially  affected ;  these 
are  much  cultivated  in  the  Giroiide  .and  in  some 
other  parts  of  France ;  and  they  afford  a  wine  of  a 
good  ordinary  quality.  Most  of  the  varieties  which 
yield  the  esteemed  wines  of  the  Pyrenees  or  of  the 
Mediterranean  have  been  severely  attacked.  Those 
of  the  region  which  have  lieen  comparatively  spared 
are  the  Terets  and  the  Novaros.  The  Hermitage 
Vines,  Giosse  and  Petite  Sirrah,  Orosse  and  Petite 
Roussane,  have  been  much  affected  ;  the  Marsanne 
is  comparatively  free,  as  is  likewise  the  Grosse 
Serine  de  la  Coie-ltotie.  L'Ower  du  Rhine 
[Olwer  ?]  has  suffered  but  little.  The  Riesling,  on 
the  contrary,  has  been  seriously  attacked  ;  and  this 
is  the  case  willx  the  greater  part  of  the  numerous 


436 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  10, 


varieties  in  the  collection  of  the  Luxembourg,  from 
Hungary,  Spain,  and  Italy.  Amongst  the  varieties 
of  these  that  have  suffered  the  least  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Dolcets,  du  Piemont,  the  Rusza  Szolo, 
and  the  Voros  Sztilo.  Bat  it  is  only  in  the  collec- 
tion received  from  America  that  varieties  entirely 
free  from  disease  are  to  be  found  ;  and  unfortunately 
they  are  the  least  valuable. 

M.  BoucHARDAT  concludcs  that  the  disease  of  the 
Vine  is  not  caused  by  an  Acaius  ;  that  the  hypo- 
thesis according  to  which  the  origin  of  the  evil  is 
attributed  to  the  Oidium  Tuckeri,  is  that  which  best 
agrees  with  facts.  The  renovation  of  the  Vines,  as 
it  is  practised  in  many  vineyards  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  is  the  most  proper  mode  of  culture  for 
preventing  the  disease  ;  and  the  mode  of  layering 
recommended  by  M.  Prang:^  will  doubtless  give 
good  results.  The  French  Vines  which  have  been 
least  affected  belong  to  the  group  of  Cots  and  to  that 
of  the  Sauviguons. 


TORENIA  ASIATICA. 

The  characteristics  which  distinguish  this  fine  plant 
are  abundance  of  flowers  at  nearly  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  elegant  growth,  and  easy  cultivation.  For  the 
decoration  of  a  cool  stove,  or  a  warm  greenhouse,  during 
nine  months  of  the  year,  it  is  scarcely  surpassed  by  any- 
thing which  even  our  richest  collections  possess. 

I  find  that  old  plants  which  have  bloomed  are  seldom 
of  much  value  a  second  season,  and  therefore  a  sufficient 
stock  of  young  plants  should  be  kept  up.  These  may 
be  propagated  at  two  seasons,  spriui^  and  midsummer. 
In  selecting  cuttings  choose  short-jointed  pieces  of  young 
wood,  such  as  exhibit  a  tendency  to  produce  flowers,  as 
these  will  form  handsomer  specimens,  and  bloom 
earlier  than  if  long-jointed  pieces,  having  no  inclination 
to  blossom,  are  used.  The  first  lot  of  cuttings  should 
be  got  in  as  early  in  spring  as  is  convenient — say 
February,  or  early  in  March ;  they  should  be  planted 
in  a  thoroughly  drained  pot,  filled  with  sandy,  peaty, 
soil,  covered  with  a  alass  and  placed  in  a  bottom  heat  of 
from  75"  to  85°.  When  sufficiently  rooted,  which  will 
probably  be  in  the  course  of  a  month,  pot  singly  in  5-inch 
pots,  and  place  them  in  a  close  moist  temperature 
till  they  have  become  established.  A  rather  close 
wann  temperature  will  be  necessary  during  the  summer 
months,  and  the  plants  should  be  placed  near  the 
glass,  where  air  can  be  freely  admitted  on  all  favourable 

occasions.     During  very  bright  sunny  weather  it  will  be 

of  service  to  the  plants  to  afford  them  a  thin  shade  for  a 

few  hours  about  mid-day.     If  properly  attended  to,  with 

pot  room,  &c.,  they  should  be  handsome  plants  in  10-inch 

pots  before  winter.     A  temperature  of  from  50''  to  55** 

will  be  sufficiently  high  from  the  middle  of  November 

till  the  middle  of  January,  and  water  must  be  carefully 

supplied  while  the  plants  are  comparatively  inactive. 

Towards  the  end  of  January,  or  as  early  as  a  growing 

temperature  of  from  60**  to  65°  can  be  maintained,  shift 

the  plants  into  their  flowering  pots.     The  size  of  these 

must  be  regulated  by  the  taste  and  convenience  of  the 

cultivator.     The  plant  is  a  vigorous  grower,  and  will 

fill  a  15-inch  pot;  or  if  well  supplied  with  manm*e-water, 

very  fine  specimens  may  be  obtained  in  12-inch  pots. 

These  will  commence  fiowering  early  in  spring,  and  will 

continue  to  grow  and  flower  for  months. 

A  second  lot  of  cuttings  should  be  got  in  about  mid- 
summer, and  managed  so  as  to  have  them  established  in 

5-inch  pots  previous  to  winter.     In  March  they  should  be 

placed  in  a  warm  growing  temperature,shifted  into  larger 

pots,  and  encouraged  to  make  active   growth.     If  all 

goes  on  well  they  will  be  ready  for  shifting  into  12-inch 

pots  about  the  beginning  of  August,  and  will  flower 

freely   during    autumn,    and    with  a  temperature    of 

from  60?  to  65**,  and  a  situation  near  the  glass,  they 

will  go  on  growing  and  flowering  most  of  the  winter,  but 

at  this  season  the  flowers  will  not  be  so  highly  coloured, 

nor  so  freely  produced  as  when  they  have  more  light. 

I  have  already  stated  that  plants  which  have  flowered 

are  not  equal  to  young  plants,  therefore,  if  there  is  a 

stock  of  the  latter,  the  old  ones  may  be  thrown  to  the 

rubbish-heap,  as  soon  as  their  beauty  is  over.     In  the 

case  of  a  scarcity  of  young  plants,  however,  the  old 

ones  may  be  cut  back  rather  closely  after  they  have  done 

flowering,  and  kept  in  a  rather  cool  place  until  they  have 

commenced  growth,  taking  care  not  to  over  water  them ; 

and  if  top-dressed  or  potted,  and  supplied  with  clear 

weak  manure  water,  they  will  make  useful  specimens  a  I  state  of  the  atmosphere.     The  statement  is  made  quite 

second  season  ;  treated  m  this  way,  however,  they  are  '  general  by  some  writers,  that  all  orange  flowers  exhibit 


but  this  should  be  passed  through  a  fine  sieve,  and 
mixed  with  the  sand  previous  to  use,  as  it  is  very  apt  to 
induce  worms,  when  it  is  employed  in  a  rough  state. 
Alpha, 

MEMORANDUM  OF  A  LUMINOUS  APPEAR- 
ANCE ON  THE  COMMON  MARIGOLD. 
This  observation  was  made  on  the  4  th  of  August,  1 842' 
at  8  o'clock  in  the  evening.  The  attending  circum- 
stances were,  that  there  had  been  a  week  of  very  warm 
and  bright  weather  ;  that  the  flowers  faced  the  South, 
and  were  on  a  dry  and  inclined  part  of  a  flower  garden. 
The  facts  were  few,  and  are  as  follows :  my  attention 
was  invited  to  the  phenomenon  by  another  person,  and 
on  turning  my  back  to  the  declining  light  of  the  sky,  I 
saw  emanations  of  gold-coloured  lambent  light  playing 
about  from  the  rays  of  the  flowers.  This  lambency  gave 
aMegree  of  uncertainty  to  the  appearance,  which,  but 
for  the  testimony  of  three  other  observers,  would  have 
almost  led  me  to  have  thought  ita  visual  deception,  caused 
by  the  bright  colours  of  the  flowers,  but  as  the  light  was 
more  visible  when  partially  shaded  from  the  day-light, 
this  objection  was  done  away  with.  The  character  of 
the  emanation  was  this  :  it  flashed  from  raylet  to  raylet 
of  some  flowers  so  quickly  as  to  become  a  corona  of  light ; 
from  others,  more  slowly,  so  as  to  show  that  it  was  not 
a  circular,  general  stream,  but  a  succession  of  emissions 
from  various  points  ;  and  as  the  hour  got  late  these  were 
more  isolated  and  less  intense.  These  particulars  led  me 
to  think  tlie  effect  to  be  electric,  as  it  seemed  to  accumu- 
late and  then  discharge  itself.  To  test  this  circum- 
stance I  watered  over  the  principal  plant,  with  a  view 
to  ascertain  whether  the  water,  being  a  good  conductor 
of  electricity,  would  carry  off  the  electric  matter,  so  as 
to  suppress  its  luminous  discharges  ;  but  I  found  that 
it  had  no  such  effect,  and  that  immediately  after  the 
effusion  the  I'ght  continued  to  be  emitted,  but  some- 
thinj;  more  feebly,  much  in  the  manner  which  decaying 
wood  or  fish  have  their  phosphorescence  affected  by 
water  being  thrown  on  them.  This  led  me  to  conclude 
that  the  light  was  phosphorescent,  and  not  electric. 

There  was  a  peculiarity  attending  the  plienomenon 
which,  if  true,  seems  to  be  anomalous,  and  would  tend 
to  confuse  any  theory  of  this  light,  and  even  to  lessen 
the  conviction  of  its  being  a  true  light  ;  inducing,  on 
the  contrary,  a  belief  that   the  apparent  scintillations 
depended  on  the  action  of  light  orange  colour  on  the 
eye,  and  was  the  result  of  tiring  the  nerve  of  sight  on  a  | 
bright  object.     It  is  well,  however,  to  state  everything' 
either  positively  or  doubtfully  observed,  and  the  effect  ' 
alluded  to  was,  that  as  the  daylight  decayed,  and  after  I 
a  certain  reduction  in  the  daylight,  the  luminousness  | 
became  less  visible,  as  if  indeed  it  required  a  certain  i 
amount  of  light  to  see  these  coruscations.     Now  this,  I 
as  far  as  my  knowledge  of  the  visibleness  of  light  goes,  I 
is  anomalous  and  contradictory  ;  but  I  record  ray  very  j 
uncertain  observation,  that  other  observers  may  have 
all  the  decided  and  the  possible  facts  before  them.     It 
seems  pretty  certain,  however,   that  it   could  not   be  i 
colour,  from  the  tiring  of  the  optic  nerve  on  the  orange 
red  flower,  because  if  it  was  so,  it  should  be  the  com- 
plementary colour  of  the  florets  which  should  appear, 
which  would  probably  be  somewhere  near  pea-green. 
It  may  have  been,  that  the  actual  flashes  died  away 
with  declining  daylight,  although  I  think  that  letting 
the  light  fall  on  the  flowers  by  withdrawing  ray  shadow 
did  at  the  later  hours  make  the  luminosity  more  visible. 
This  memorandum  does  not  profess  to  be  more  than  a 
notice  of  one  fact  towards  the  history  of  luminosity  in 
plants  ;  I  shall,  therefore,  just  allude  to  other  notices, 
which  are  on  record  on  the  subject. 

The  light  obtained  from  Fraxinella  was  the  result,  it  is 
said,  of  bringing  a  lighted  candle  near  the  plant  wlien 
some  resinous  emanation  took  fire.  The  seed-vessels 
of  this  plant  are  eminently  resinous  and  aromatic  in 
consequence,  and  this  statement  may  be  examined 
without  difficulty  by  experiment.  The  next  relation  I 
remember  is,  that  the  Indian  Cress  (Tropceolum  majus), 
on  being  shaken,  emits  flashes.  In  the  case  of  the 
Marigold,  motion  did  not  produce  any  additional  emana- 
tion, and  I  have  often  in  the  evening  shook  and  agitated 
the  Indian  Cress  without  any  effect.  I  am  indebted  to 
Dr.  Power  for  an  extract  taken  from  the  "  Language  of 
Flowers,"  which  states  that  certain  flowers  during  the 
months  of  July  and  August  emit  ihese  flashes  ;  and 
another  quotation  from  the  "  Edinburgh  Philosophical 
Journal,"  vol.  iii.  p.  415,  which  says  the  Tuberose  emits 
from  its  fading  flowers  these  flashes  during  an  electric 


be  worth  recording.     They  were  met  with  in  Goethe's-- 
«  Theory  of  Colours." 

"The  appearance  in  question  is  to  be  ascribed  to  the' 
necessary  conditions  of  vision,  which  are  as  follows.  The- 
impressions  derived  from  objects  remain  in  the  organ 
itself  and  last  for  some  time,  even  when  the  external 
cause  is  removed.  Thus,  if  in  the  morning,  on  wakin^^, 
when  the  eye  is  very  susceptible,  we  look  intently  at  the- 
bars  of  a  window  relieved  against  the  dawning  sky,  and 
then  shut  our  eyes  or  look  towards  a  totally  dark  place, 
we  shall  see  a  dark  cross  on  a  light  ground  before  us  for- 
some  time.  If,  while  the  image  of  these  window  bars 
lasts,  we  look  upon  a  light  grey  surface,  the  crosses  will 
then  appear  light  and  the  panes  dark.  The  intensity  of 
the*  impression  depends  on  the  degree  of  brightness 
which  the  object  possesses,  the  sun's  image  lasting 
longest,  and  so  on.  Ihe  retina  appears  stimulated  to- 
produce  the  opposite  colour,  and  in  looking  at  brightly 
coloured  objects,  the  effect  is  more  apparent.  The 
chromatic  circle  will  show  what  colour  will  be  evoked' 
by  this  contrast ;  thus,  yellow  demands  purple  ;  orange,, 
blue  ;  red,  green  ;  and  vice  versd.^' 

Goethe  goes  on  to  say,  *■  A  phenomenon  which  has 
before  excited  attention  among  the  observers  of  nature- 
is  to  be  attributed,  I  am  persuaded,  to  the  same  cause.^ 
It  has  been  stated  that  certain  flowers,  towards  evening 
in  summer,  coruscate,  become  phosphorescent,  or  emit 
a  momentary  light.  On  the  I9th  June,  1799,  late  in  the 
evening,  when  the  twilight  was  deepening  into  a  clear- 
night,  as  I  was  walking  up  and  down  the  garden  with  ,a^ 
friend,  we  very  distinctly  observed  a  flame-like  appear- 
ance near  the  oriental  Poppy,  the  flowers  of  which  ai'e 
remarkable  for  their  powerful  red  colour.  We  ap- 
proached the  place,  and  looked  attentively  at  the  flowers^, 
but  could  percei\  e  nothing  further,  till  at  last,  by  passing; 
and  repassing  repeatedly,  while  we  looked  sideways  on 
them,  we  succeeded  in  reiiewingthe  appearance  as  often  as- 
we  pleased,  Itproved  to  be  a  physiological  phenomenon, and. 
the  apparent  coruscation  was  nothing  but  the  spectrum  of 
the  flower,  in  the  compensatory  blue  green  colour.  la 
looking  directly  at  the  flower,  the  image  is  not  pro- 
duced, but  it  appears  immediately  as  the  direction  of  the 
eye  is  altered.  Again,  by  looking  sideways  on  the  ob-- 
ject,  a  double  image  is  seen  for  a  moment,  for  the  spec- 
trum tlien  appears  near  and  on  the  real  object.  The 
twilight  accounts  for  the  eye  being  in  a  perfect  state  of 
repose,  and  thus  very  susceptible,  and  the  colour  of  the 
Poppy  is  sufficiently  powerful  in  the  summer  twilight  of ' 
the  longest  days,  to  act  with  full  effect,  and  produce  a 
compensatory  image.  Those  who  wish  to  take  the  most 
effectual  means  of  observing  the  appearance  in  nature, . 
should  fix  their  eyes  on  the  bright  flowers  selected  for  the 
purpose,  and,  immediately  after,  look  on  tlie  gravel  patli. 
This  will  be  seen  studded  with  spots  of  the  opposite 
colour.  The  experiment  is  practicable  on  a  cloudy  day,., 
and  even  in  the  brightest  sunshine.  The  Pceonies  pro- 
duce beautiful  green,  Marigolds  vivid  blue  spectra." 
Many  otiier  facts  and  experiments  of  a  similar  nature 
are  detailed.  Richard  Dowden.  [An  imperfect  abstract: 
of  this  paper  was  formerly  printed  among  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  British  Association,  but  we  now  give  it  entire.] ; 


seldom  so  fine  as  when  grown  from  cuttings,  and  more 
space  is  required  for  their  accommodation  during 
winter,  when  room  is  generally  but  limited. 

I  have  said  nothing  about  training,  as  very  little  of 


this  phenomenon. 

We  know  that  the  phosphorescent  light  of  some  sub- 
stances depends  for  its  production  on  exposure  to  sun- 
light ;  and  whether  this  be  the  re-emission  of  absorbed 


that  is  required,  but  some  little  support  must  be  light,  or  a  certain  state,  enabling  the  phosphorents  to 
afforded.  I  prefer  a  low  spreading  wire  frame,  such  as  emit  light  per  se,  is  not  perhaps  determined  ;  but  the 
when  covered  will  give  the  plant  the  appearance  of  a  \  plants  seem  to  require  the  same  stimulant.  The 
dense  low  bush  growing  without  any  artificial  prop.  If  ^  observer,  who  proceeds  to  repeat  this  observation,  will 
the  expense  of  the  frame  is  objected  to,  a  young  Larch,  j  do  well  to  choose  very  double  Marigolds,  and  when  these 
thickly  set  with  branches,  will  form  a  very  good  sub- '  are  selected,  even  the  witliering  flowers  will  display  the 
stitute ;  and  but  for  the  trouble  of  fixing  the  shoots  to  the  [  result ;  the  double  Marigolds  do  not  appear  to  close 
branches,  this  is  preferable  to  any  other  means  of  their  eyes  of  light  against  this  scrutiny,  while  the  single 
support.  ^  j  Qj,  siigiitly-multiplied  crown  of  florets  is  more  true  to  its 

J^  or  soil  use  two  parts  rich  turfy  peat,  two  parts  light   natm-al  characteristic  so  beautifully  recorded  by  Shak- 
turty  loam,  broken^  up  into  small  pieces,  rejecting  all    speare  : — 

inert  soil,  and  a  sufficient  quantity  of  sharp  silver  sand  "  It  goes  to  sleep  with  the  sun. 

to   J;eep   the  mixture   perfectly   porous.      If   a    small  And  with  him  riaes  weet.iug." 

P^^P^^'^."'"  .•jf'^^^o^Sbly  decomposed  cow-dung  can  be  The  following  observations  connected  with  this  sub- 
aaaea,  it  wiJl  be  useful  m  promoting  vigorous  growth  :   ject  were  furnished  to  me  by  a  friend  in  1843,  and  may 


Home    Correspondence. 

Fortune's  Chinese  Hose?. — About  1847  I  received  from* 
the  Horticultural  Society  seven  species  of  climbing 
Roses,  which  had  been  sent  by  Mr.  Fortune  from  China  ;. 
and  as  they  do  not  appear  to  have  been  generally  culti- 
vated, I  think  a  short  account  of  them  may  be  acceptable. 
They  have  all  flourished  and  flowered  with  me,  aud- 
present  some  peculiarities.  I  enumerate  them  in  the  - 
order  of  their  fiowering,  1.  Fortune's  Chmbing  yellow, 
or  rather  buff  ;  a  Rose  nearly  as  rampant  as  the  old 
Ayrshire,  quite  hardy,  and  covered  from  the  middle  of ' 
May  with  hundreds  of  large  loose  flowers,  of  every 
shade,  between  a  rich  reddish-buff  and  a  full  coppery- - 
pink.  It  rambles  with  me  over  a  low  wall,  covering  it . 
on  both  sides,  about  20  feet  wide,  and  5  feet  high.  It 
forms  a  very  picturesque  and  conspicuous  object,  and 
attracted  much  attention  m  my  garden  this  spring — its- 
profuse  bloom  showing  at  a  great  distance.  It  should 
be  treated  like  an  Ayrshire  ;  but  does  not  bloom  freely 
till  three  or  four  years  old.  2.  A  double  white  rose,, 
unnamed  ;  not  very  like  iuy  Rose  known  to  me,  but 
resembling  a  hybrid  between  R.  multiflora  and  a  white- 
Provins  ;  the  individual  Sowers  resembling  the  Hosei 
Unique  in  size,  form,  ani  colom*,  having  a  few  dull 
red  outer  petals  like  that  variety.  It  is  very 
fragrant,  blooms  profiBely  in  loose  clusters  of 
four  or  five  flowers,  beiring  a  profusion  of  flowers,, 
and  lasts  a  long  time  in  bloom.  The  growth  is 
rampant,  much  like  tlat  of  R.  multiflora.  It  is- 
perfectly  hardy,  and  a  ven  great  acquisition  for  training, 
over  gateways,  roofs,  or  tutbuildinga.  It  is  almost  too- 
rampant  for  a  trellis.  3.  R.  multiflora  ;  single  white  ;. 
a  profuse  bloomer,  like  Wells'  Garland,  with  tlie 
fragrance  of  R.  moschata;  well  adapted  for  the  piers, 
of  garden  gates,  where  it  is  extremely  picturesque  and 
not  so  rampant  as  either  of  the  former,  growing  only 
from  8  to  10  feet  high.  4  Rosa  Fortuniana  ;  a  tliorny 
Banksia  with  flowei-s  alnost  as  large,  and  somewhat- 
like Lamarque.  Its  foliage  is  most  brilliant,  but  it^ 
requires  a  great  deal  of  loom,  growing  from  20  to  25- 
feet  high,  and  not  flowerin^^  till  it  is  large  ;  the  flowers- 
are  produced  in  clusters  o  three  or  four ;  but  hitherto 
seldom  more  than  one  his  expanded  perfectly.  It  is 
more  hardy  than  the  Bariisia  ;  but  flowering  early,  or 
rather  coming  into  bud  lery  early,  it  requires  a  wall 
and  favourable  aspect.  I|  is  well  worthy  a  place  suited 
to  R.  BanksiEe.    5.  Rosa  memoneflora ;  a  very  remark- 


rjpjB 


28—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


437 


■able  Rose,  which,  after  looking  hopelessly  sickly  for  two 
or  throe  years,  is  this  year  iu  great  luxuriance,  and 
covered  w'iili  large  loose  heads  of  flowers  ;  the  heads 
ai-e  about  the  size  of  those  of  R.  raoschata  ;  the  iudi- 
vidual  flowers  about  the  size  of  R.  Banksiee  alba.  It 
grows  only  from  6  to  8  feet  hii^h.  Flowers  white  and 
double,  with  narrow  petals,  like  a  double  Anemone, 
sli'^htly  tinged  outside  with  pink.  6.  Rosa  multiflora; 
3.  very  deep  crimson  variety,  which  I  cannot  distinguisli 
from  the  old  crimson  multiflora.  It  is  more  tender 
than  any  of  the  foregoing.  7.  Rosa  bracteatu  (var. 
minor)  ;  this  appears  to  be  a  small  variety  of  the 
M:icartney  Rose  ;  it  grows  only  from  4  to  5  feet  high, 
and  is  a  complete  miniature  Macfirtney.  All  the  four 
^rst  are  specially  adapted  for  ornamental  gardening, 
wliile  the  individual  beauty  and  fragrance  of  No.  2, 
vhich  blooms  earlier  than  any  Rose  of  similar  qualities, 
render  it  worth  growing.  Tlie  three  last  are  little  more 
■than  curiosities,  except  where  R.  multiflora  will  succeed. 
*r.  ^.,  Sevcnoals. 

OiU-door  Grapes. — I  was  glad  to  see,  at  p.  373,  due 
praise  given  to  the  method  of  Vine  culture,  so  well 
advocated  by  the  late  Mr.  Clement  Hoare  of  South- 
ampton, in  iiis  works  on  the  Grape  Vme.  And  I 
wiUingly  add  my  testimony  to  the  simplicity  and  success 
of  the  plan  ;  and  strongly  advise  any  who  are  planting 
yoimg.  Vines  to  follow  his  dii-ections.  I  should  never 
have  been  led  to  take  so  much  pleasure  in  growing 
Vines,  had  not  my  attention  been  drawn  by  a  friend  to 
Mr.  Hoare's  system,  to  whose  memory,  therefore,  I 
accord  my  grateful  thanks.  T.  A. 

Plantains  on  Lawns. — I  was  delij;hted  to  see,  at  p.  424, 
something  about  pulling  up  Plantains  on  a  lawn,  for 
this  is  exactly  the  department  of  gardening  to  which  I 
feel  myself  competent ;  and  during  the  recent  warm 
■weather,  in  the  sweat  of  my  brow,  I  have  cut  up 
^hundreds  of  them  with  a  knife,  making  the  lav/n  look 
.as  if  it  had  had  the  small-pox.  You  have  done  me  a 
great  unkindness  in  only  giving  a  portrait  of  the  instru- 
ment you  recommend  for  eradicating  these  troublesome 
weeds,  witliout  mentioning  its  name,  or  where  it  is  to  be 
obtained.  Be  so  good  as  to  tell  me  whetlier  the 
Plantain  springs  up  again  from  the  same  root  when  the 
crown  has  been  removed.  I  have  been  contented  to 
cat  ofl'  the  top,  without  digging  up  the  whole  root;  and 
the  pertinacity  with  which,  notwithstanding  my  exer- 
tions, the  Plantain  maintains  its  hold  on  the  lawn,  makes 
me  think  this  must  be  the  case.  Proserpine,  Burton- 
cti-Trent.  [Any  country  blacksmith  would  make  it  from 
the  figure.  It  is  not  sold,  that  we  know  of.  Plantains 
«ut  over  will  spring  again.] 

Ammoniacal  Manures  productive  of  Blight-fungi? — 
l4  may  tend  somewhat  towards  the  elucidation  of  the 
<jue3tion  you  propose  in  your  leading  article,  at  p.  403, 
tt>  consider  as  a  type  the  mildew  in  the  Potato,  since  the 
injury  inflicted  on  it  has  been  greater  and  more  universal 
than  on  any  other  plant  ;  and  as  in  Ireland  the   tillage 
of  the  land  in  every  respect  stands  in  strong  contrast 
with  that  of  England  and  Scotland,  I  will  offer  towards 
it  such   remarks  on   its  prevalence  in  that  country  as 
occur  to  me.     In  our  bogs  and  weaker  lands,   wliich  are 
very  generally  in  the  hands  of  our  poorer  farmers,  the 
•leaves  do  not  perish  quite  so  rapidly,  the  stems  retain 
their  verdure  and  succtdence  much  longer,  and  the  tubers 
are  much    less   affected   than    in  the   stronger  lands  ; 
indeed,  in  the  bogs,  possibly  from  their  antiseptic  quality, 
the  tubers  are  generally  sound,  even  when  in  the  culti- 
vation of  our  stronger  farmers,  who  manure  higher.    As 
these  weaker  lands  iiave  less  power  to  hold  ammonia,  as 
they  are  in  liands  less  able  to  supply  them  with  ammo- 
niacat  manui-es,  and  as  the  bogs  are  of  carbonic  rather 
than  of  amraoniacal  constituents,  this  fact  would  appear 
favourable  to  the  hypothesis,  that  excess  of  ammonia  is 
favourable  to  the  production,  or  rather  increase,  of  fungi. 
But  when  we  consider  the  immense  and  disproportionate 
extent  of  land,  that  previous  to  the  noted  appearance  of 
th';  disease  waa  under  Potatoes,  and  the  very  low  quality 
' >   'he  manure  employed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  bo"8, 
consisting  in  the  greater  part  of  turf  mould — from 
very    few    cattle    house-fed,    and    wlien    so    Jed 
Iving   very    little    nitrogenous    food,    indeed    very 
else     tlian     straw,    for    even      Turnips     for 
■  ■  ftxA  are  yet  but  partially  and  to  a  small  amount 
—oil    cake    and    corn    food   are    not  thought   of, 
r  from  it,  that  theuwe  of  them  would  be  ridiculed 
rKrfirly  every  one  ;   that  nhe   is  notoriously  a  low 
ing  country,  and  yet  that  Ireland  lutH  sustained   to 
Mill  as  nmch  loss  from  the  prevalence  of  mildew  in 
I'otatoftsany  richer  feeding  or  higher  manurinj; 
.try  ;  we  inuat  hesitate  to  attribute  the  increased 
lopment  of  fungi  to  high  manuring,  or  an  artificial 
\A  of  ammonia.     And   when  wo   furtiier   couHider 
■  in  every  country  in  the   world,  under  every  Hhady 
fnode  of  cultivation,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowoHt. 
II  the  oldcHt  tilletl  landn  in  Kurope  to  the  virgin  soils 
,i   America,  this  very  largo  aud  sudden  development  of 
:,  1  lew,  this  universal  disprwirion  to    favriur  the  growth 
/  fungi,  we  must  very  much   doubt  that  a  cultivation 
".rifiiied  to  ft  few  favoured  spots  could  have   influenced 
'..     U  Is  ccrtJtinly  very  humiliating  in  tho   advanced 
it-it*;  of  human  knowh*dg<',  and  it  ought  to   be  UKcfully 
J),  tlut  in  a  niiTo  niatt.-rial  a':tion    so  long  before  our 
'-'»,  the  secondary  cauw)  or  caufles  should  yet  remain 
;'-n  from  us,  the  primary  great  cause  being  alone 
1  in  the   will  that   at  some  periodH  of  tho  worldV 
,'':nce  wmn:  |M:culiaropideiiilcH  should  ]»roviiil  tolmfllo 
rM/;fir<!hes  of    human   intelligence.       Althonyh    Ut 
ji'rriw  cultivation  cannot  under  tlrcw;  ron«idcratioriHl)e 
unlmti'd  thfj  present  cxcesfii'/cj  and  general  j)ri-valencu 
/  mikUw,  yet   wo  cannot  doubt   tliat  tho  growtli  of 


fungi  is  encouraged  by  a  moist  and  stifling  atmosphere 
and  ammoniacal  manures;  or,  that  the  most  effectual 
starvers  of  them  would  be  a  tillage  that  would  give  a 
freer  passage  of  air  to  plants,  and  a  depth  and 
working  of  the  land  that  would  enable  it  to  absorb  and 
retain  organic  matters,  while  it  gave  to  ])lants  an 
increased  amount  of  inorganic  ones.  We  long 
pursued  a  faulty  cultivation  of  Turnips  iu  sowing  them 
broad  cast ;  there  are  few  men  now  who  are  not  convinced 
of  the  superiority  of  a  drilled  crop.  The  requirements 
for  space  exist  as  much  in  our  grain  as  in  our  root  crops  ; 
my  experiments  for  30  years  past  have  satisfied  me  of 
this.  If  men  were  more  ready  to  search  for  truth  than 
to  laugh  at  those  who  look  for  it,  Mr.  Smith  would  find 
more  admirers.  G.,  Granard,  July  5. 

The  Weather^  more  especially  as  regards  the  wetness  of 

last  Month The  mean  temperature  of  June  has  been 

more  than  3*^  below  the  average  of  the  corresponding 
month  in  the  previous  nine  years  ;  while  the  fall  of  rain 
exceeds  any  amount  on  record  for  June.  The  quantity 
registered  at  Chiswick  appears  to  have  been  4*69  inches, 
but  in  Sussex  it  varied  from  704  to  7*83  inches,  at 
the  following  places,  viz.,  Uckfield  704,  Buxted-park 
760,  Lewes  7*83  ;  the  continued  heavy  rains  and  floods 
have  been  very  injurious  to  vegetation  generally.  Many 
thousand  acres  of  Grass  ai'e  almost  spoiled  ;  the  greater 
part  of  the  Beau  crop  is  desti'oyed,  and  in  many  places 
thrown  into  the  yard  for  manure  ;  the  Peas  are  also 
much  injured  by  the  excessive  moisture  and  deficiency 
of  sun  and  wind.  A  large  portion  of  the  stone  fruit  h^a 
fallen  from  the  trees.  The  crop  of  Cherries  and  Straw- 
berries will  be  comparatively  small  and  without  flavour. 
I  i-egret  to  add  that  I  have  to-day  seen  several  specimens 
of  the  Potato  disease.  The  past  season  is  generally  con- 
sidered to  have  been  unusually  dry  ;  but  to  prove  how 
easily  we  may  be  mistaken  in  these  matters,  I  shall  insert 
the  average  monthly  fall  of  rain  for  the  past  six  months 
respectively  during  the  last  nine  years,  compared  with 
the  actual  amount  fallen  in  the  corresponding  months 
of  1852. 

Average  of  9  jeara.  Amount  fallen  in  1852. 

Inches.  Iiiohes. 

January    ...  2  &3         5  5'> 

February  ...  2  19         VA'l 

ilm-ch        ...  1  49         -47 

April 2  Ii9  -If^ 

May    2  01         2  Gl 

Juna 1-C3         70-t 

Total      .. .11-94         17  5S 

To  prove  also  that  the  large  quantity  of  rain  in  June 
this  year  is  not  by  any  means  necessary  to  maintain  the 
averaije,  I  will  deduct  the  amount  in  the  present  instance, 
and  to  the  previous  five  months  add  tiie  average  for 
June  in  nine  previous  years — 

The  averace  full  of  rnin  fmni  The  full  of  rain  from 

Jan.  1  to  June  3J  in  9  jearp.  Jau.  1  to  May  31,  1852. 

Inches.  Inches. 

11  9i  10-54 

Average  for  June,..    1-63 

1217 
From  this  statement  it  is  quite  apparent  that,  exclusive 
of  the  late  very  heavy  rains  the  quantity  fallen  during 
the  past  six  months  has  been  slightly  in  excess  instead 
of  deficient,  and  shows  most  satisfactorily  that  a  few 
weeks  of  dry  or  wet  weather  does  not  materially  affect 
the  average  fall  of  raiu  throughout  the  various  seasons. 
C.  Lecson  Prince,  M.KC.S.,  Uckfiddy  Sussex,  Ju^y  6. 

Corrugated  Galvanised  Iron. — Will  any  of  your  sub- 
scribers inform  me  what  is  their  experience  with  regard 
to  the  durability  of  this  iron  for  making  a  "  covered 
way  ; "  the  sides  being  made  iu  trellis  work.  The 
architects  and  builders  in  this  neiglibourhood  say  it  will 
only  last  15  years  if  painted.   Wiffordiensis,  Jidy  2. 

Wood  Engraving  (see  p.  408).  —  "A  Treatise  on 
Wood  Ensjraving,  historical  and  practical,  with  upwards 
of  300  illustrations  engraved  on  wood  by  John  Jackson," 
published  by  Charles  Knight  and  Co.,  1830 — price  of  the 
copy  I  have,  21. 1 2s,  ^d. — is  a  beautiful  work,  and  supplies 
every  information  on  the  subject.  A  Subscriber.  [But 
it  will  not  teach  a  man  how  to  engrave  on  wood,  which 
is  what  we  understood  "A.  B.  C"  to  wish  to  know.] 

Hyacinths  (see  p.  421).— I  have  much  pleasure  in 
giving  Tau  "  (t)"  my  experience  in  Hyacinth  growing. 
By  the  plan  1  pursue,  not  only  do  the  parent  plants 
degenerate  but  little,  but  with  patience  the  offsets  may 
be  brought  to  great  perfection.  Always  plant  in  rf?-^  white 
Hand  (oven  dried  if  necessary),  it  is  immaterial  whether 
early  in  September  or  the  middle  of  November.  I  have 
tried  both  with  the  same  bulbs,  aud  could  not  perceive 
any  dilTerence,  either  in  the  appearance  above  ground 
or  the  flower.  As  soon  as  the  beauty  of  the  flower  ia 
gone  break  off  tho  flower-stalks,  and  then  wait  patiently 
till  the  leaves  get  yellowish.  You  may  then  take  them 
up,  Btill  leaving  the  leaves  tiU  the  roots  are  dry,  then 
carefully  remove  both  leaves  and  roots  and  store  in 
wicker-baHketH  in  an  airy  jjlaco.  I  suppose  I  got  tho 
above  plan  from  some  of  Loudon's  invaluable  works, 
and  have  applied  it  (and  surely  it  ia  simplo  enough)  to 
moHt  other  bulbs  with  pcx'fect  success.  Subscriber,  Bath. 

Ill  Effects  of  fumes  of  Sulphur  on  Vines  affected  loilh 
Itcd  Spi'kr. — Ah  a  warning  for  the  inexperienced  who 
may  he  induced  to  try  Hulphiir  for  tho  destruction  of 
red  Hpider,  I  heg  to  Htato  that  all  the  IcavcH  in  my  Iiomhu 
have  prrinhed  iroin  its  fumcH,  the  (jlrapen  having 
Mcarcfdy  begun  to  colour  ;  and  if  any  one  will  instruct 
tno  how  to  treat  them,  with  a  view  to  have  Grapes  next 
Kcason,  I  Hhall  be  obliged  fco  them,  I  am  afraid  tliat 
the  wood  will  not  rip<:n.  I  have  hliadcd  the  tioUHO,  and 
I  arn  keeping  tho  floor  moirtt  and  eo(d,  until  llicy  have 
begiHi  to  punh,  wiicn  1  Hhall  admit  HUUHliino,  and 
removo  the  ttcorcliuil  luuvoa  ;  urn  I  right  1    Tho  epidor 


got  ahead  when  the  Grapes  were  in  flower,  and  1  have 
failed  to  destroy  it,  at  first  by  washing  with  pure 
water,  and  then  by  a  weak  solution  of  tobacco  water  and 
sulphur,  washing  the  flues  with  hot  lime  and  sulphur, 
and  making  hot  lime  to  fall  to  powder  in  the  house, 
with  flower  of  sulphur  spread  over  it  so  that  it  melted  ; 
and  now,  although  I  have  destroyed  the  leaves,  the 
spiders  are  not  killed.  D.  D. 

Ceanothu-ses. — At  p.  357  I  remark  that  a  correspondent 
recommends  Ceanothus  dentatus  rigidus  and  papillosua 
for  wall  plants  ;  but  we  have  no  wall  to  our  flower- 
garden  here,  and  consequently  Ceanothuses  are  obliged 
to  stand  the  weather  like  other  plants.  The  flower- 
garden  is  very  large,  and  unfortunately  open  to  the 
north-west  wind,  from  which  our  plants  suffer  at  times, 
although  C.  thyrsifolius,  a  fine  evergreen  bush,  has  stood 
well  in  an  open  quarter,  and  is  now  in  full  flower.  A 
plant  of  dentatus  is  also  covered  with  purple  flowers  ; 
rigidus  blossomed  early  in  spring  ;  papillosus  has  not 
yet  flowered  here  ;  but  all  are  in  perfect  health.  When 
I  first  saw  Mr.  Mason's  article  above  alluded  to,  I  had 
another  prepared,  recommending  them  to  be  grown  in 
the  open  quarter  as  evergreen  shrubs  ;  for  the  time, 
however,  I  was  led  to  abandon  the  idea ;  but  seeing  that 
I  have  now  two  kinds  in  bloom,  they  have  become 
greater  favourites;  and  there  cannot  be  any  doubt 
about  their  hnrdiness,  seeing  that  they  have  stood  three 
winters  in  an  open  quarter  in  the  north  of  Yorkshire, 
Papillosus  seems  to  be  a  shy  bloomer  and  rigidus  a  free 
bloomer.  Has  your  correspondent  mistaken  the  former 
f  -r  the  latter  ?  Tliorp  Perroic, 

Water  Pipes. — Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me 
on  the  following  subjects  :  It  is  required  that  a  per- 
pendicular pipe,  with  a  fall  of  4  feet,  should  discharge 
such  a  quantity  of  water  into  a  well  communicating 
with  two  pipes  of  5|-inch  bore  each,  as  will  be  carried 
off  by  them  without  their  being  overloaded.  The  two 
5.'i-inch  pipes  having  only  a  fall  of  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
per  yard,  what  bore  ought  the  perpendicular  4-feet  pipe 
to  have  for  this  purpose  ?  G.  P.,  Liandilo. 

Wilmore's  Surprise  Pelargonium.-r-ln  your  volume  for 
1830,  p.  515,  you  have  given  figures  of  this  bedding 
Pelargonium,  with  its  history  and  description.  It  was 
found  near  some  Hollyhocks,  and  was  supposed  to  be  an 
accidental  mule  between  those  plants  and  some  unknown 
Pelargonium.  A  few  weeks  alterwards  I  sent  you  some 
account  of  aP.  Diadematum  rubescens,  which  produced 
a  shoot  with  flowers  perfectly  double.  AH  the  cuttings 
from  this  shoot  flowered  in  1851,  two  of  them  went 
back  to  the  parent  form,  and  the  rest  had  single  flowers, 
which  were  prized  for  tlieir  size  and  showy  colour,  [and 
I  called  it  Diadematum  monstrosum  ;  under  that  name 
it  was  distributed  to  Sir  William  Middleton's  friends  and 
others  who  called,  and  I  think  I  sent  it  to  Kew,  and  to 
the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  and  to  some 
nurseries.  Messrs.  Lee,  of  Hammersmith,  exhibited 
Wilmore's  Surprise  at  the  Regent's-pai-k  show  the  other 
day,  in  very  good  bloom,  where  I  first  saw  it,  and  it 
turns  out  to  be  identical  with  my  plant  Monstrosum.  It 
is  an  excellent  plant  for  a  bed,  and  deserves  all  that  has 
been  said  about  it  :  but  I  write  more  particularly  to 
remind  you  that  I  pledged  my  word  in  these  pages  that 
my  plant  should  not  come  into  competition  with  Mr. 
Wilmore's  Surprise  in  the  market  ;  therefore,  on  a 
point  of  honour,  I  have  to  request  that  no  one  will  offer 
my  sport  for  sale  under  either  of  the  names,  imtil 
Messrs.  Lee  dispose  of  their  stock  of  it.  The  name 
Monstrosum  must  be  cancelled,  not  having  priority.  My 
plants  showed  one  very  singular  feature,  which  you  did 
not  notice  :  the  ribs  of  the  stipule  run  out  in  fringes, 
and  in  many  instances  the  middle  rib  or  fringe  expands 
into  a  perfect  leaf,  but  very  much  smaller  in  all  the 
parts ;  this  is  the  only  instance  I  recollect  of  seeing  a 
stipule  forming,  or  running  into  a  leaf.  D.  Beaton. 

The  Grape  Mildew.— li  Mr.  Graham  (see  p.  357)  had 
stood  beside  a  youth  of  17,  two  years  ago,  when 
syringing  a  Vinery  with  sulphur  and  water,  he  would 
not  have°  thought  himself  the  first  who  had  discovered 
the  good  eff"ects  of  this  application  as  a  cure  for  mildew. 
Mr.  Graham,  was,  however,  right,  of  course,  in  publish- 
ing the  fact.  I  had  syringed  and  then  dusted  the 
mildewed  parts  of  Peach-trees,  &c.,  and  I  thought 
sulphur  mixed  with  water  and  syringed  over  the  trees 
might  have  as  good  an  efi'ect.  I  tried  it,  and  it  answered 
beyond  my  exitectation.  We  have  had  mildew  on  the 
Vines  where  I  am  now  living  :  we  applied  the  same 
remedy  and  with  equal  success.  It  is  an  excellent 
cure,  and  every  gardener  ought  to  know  it.  If  a  grain 
of  sulphur  falls  on  tho  infected  part  it  is  sure  to  kill  the 
fungu.6.  Two  ounces  of  sulphur  are  sufficient  for  four 
gallons  of  water  ;  tho  sulplmr  being  rather  difticult  to 
dissolve,  the  best  way  is  to  rub  the  small  lumps  whicli 
form  on  the  top  of  tlio  water  between  the  fingers  in  the 
water  ;  let  it  stand  two  or  three  days,  stirring  it  two  or 
three  times  a  day,  and  while  syringing  it  will  require 
one  person  to  stir  it  up.  An  infusion  of  Elder  leaves  is 
also  a  very  good  thing  for  mildew.  R.  Lloydj  at  Mr* 
Cuthiirsj  JJcnmarJc-hill,  Camba-well. 


■f  ■ 

ENTOMor.ooiCAL,  Junc  7.— J.  0.  Wkstwood,  Esq., 
PreHiilent,  in  tho  cluiir.  Amongst  tho  donations  was  a 
perfect  Hpocimon  of  Morpho  CyjirlH,  one  of  the  rarest 
and  certainly  tho  most  magnificent  butterfly  hitherto 
known  in  eollcctiona,  prcBunted  by  Mr.T.J.SlovonB,froni 
Bogota  ;  n\m  a  portrait  of  tlie  Italian  Entomologist, 
Signer  raBserini,  preaouted  by  tho  Kev,  F.  W.  Hope, 


438 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[JuLT  m. 


The  President  announced  the  publioatiou  ol  a  new 
Part  of  the  Transactions;  and  also  that  the  annual 
excursion  of  the  members  would  take  place  on  the  26th 
inst.  at  Mickleham.  Mr,  Edwin  Shepherd  exhibited 
specimens  illustrating  the  natural  history  of  Tx'ochilium 
culioiforme  and  its  parasites  ;  likewise  a  fine  specimen 
of  Notodonta  trepida,  from  Darenth-wood.  Mr.  Augustus 
Shepherd  exhibited  a  fine  specimen  of  Notodonta  car- 
melita,  from  Keswick,  Cumberland  ;  aud  Mr.  S.Stevens 
another  from  West  VVickham,  Kent.  Mr.  Hunter  had 
also  reai-ed  it  from  Black  Park,  Bucks.  Mr.  Waring 
exhibited  specimens  of  Tortrix  Turionana,  which  he 
had  reared.  The  following  memoirs  were  read  : — 
Descriptions  of  new  exotic  Lamellicorn  beetles,  belong- 
ing to  the  family  Trogidje,  by  J.  0.  Westwood  ;  a  note 
on  the  insect  which  destroys  the  cork  of  wine  bottles, 
by  Jlr.  Atkinson  ;  a  note  on  the  history  of  Monodonto- 
merus  nitidus,  correcting  one  of  the  misstatements  made 
by  Mr.  Newport  in  his  memoir  on  that  insect  recently 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnsean  Society, 
by  Mr.  F.  Smith ;  a  paper  by  Mr.  Bates  on  the 
Megacepbalffl  of  the  Amazonian  region  of  South 
America,  with  descriptions  of  their  habits,  and  of  the 
larv:^  of  several  species  ;  a  notice  of  M.  Goureau's 
memoir  on  the  larva  of  Sericoris  antiquana,  which 
feeds  on  the  stems  of  Stachysarvensia,by  Mr.  Douglas  ; 
a> notice  by  Mr.  Bush,  now  resident  in  Canada  West,  of 
apian  for  collecting  moths,  which  is  stated  to  be  far 
preferable  to  that  of  sugai'ing  the  stumps  of  trees,  as 
adopted  in  this  country,  namely,  by  dipping  cloths  in 
soap-suds  which  have  stood  in  the  hottest  sun  till  the 
fluid  has  become  sour  ;  as  many  as  70  moths  had  been 
observed  at  one  time  on  a  small  piece  of  cloth  thus 
treated.  Mr.  Hunter  stated  that  plaster  of  Paris  mixed 
with  oatmeal  had  proved  an  excellent  method  of 
destroying  the  common  black  beetle  (Blatta  orientalis) 
in  kitchens.  Various  new  and  interestiug  Lepidoptera, 
especially  belonging  to  the  minute  families,  were 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Douglas  aud  other  members. 

Entomological,  JuIt/  5. — J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq, 
President,  in  the  chair,  Mr.  Douglas  presented  speci- 
mens of  Apate  bambuste,  a  small  Coleopterous  insect, 
■which  had  destroyed  a  package  of  Chinese  fans  made  of 
Bamboo,  in  the  London-docks ;  being  the  same  species 
which  had  also  destroyed  a  beautifully  carved  Bamboo 
case,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Bowring  at  a  former  meeting. 
He  also  presented  cocoons  of  very  beautiful  white  silf; 
from  the  North  of  China,  which  the  president  considered 
aa  being  of  the  variety  named  Tsatlee  by  the  Chinese 
si'lk-growers.  He  also  exhibited  a  box  of  Lepidopterous 
insects,  captured  at  Mickleham,  during  the  annual 
excursion  of  the  members  on  the  26ih  ult,  comprising 
several  rare  species,  also  specimens  of  Tinea  prielatella, 
and  its  very  remarkable  cocoon  found  on  Geum 
urbanum,  and  of  LithocoUetes  scabiosella,  reared 
from  Scabiosa  columbaria.  —  Mr.  Samuel  Stevens 
also  exhibited  a  very  large  cased  larva  of  an  unknown 
species  of  Coleophora,  and  a  specimen  of  the  very  rare 
Hehophobus  leucophseus,  also  ,from  Mickleham. — Mr. 
Hogan  presented  specimens  of  the  rare  Diglossa  mersa, 
and  exhibited  a  Lepidopterous  pupa,  found  in  his 
breeding  cage,  from  which  a  number  of  elongated 
fungoid  filaments  had  been  produced.' — Mr.  Frederick 
Grant  exhibited  a  box  of  Coleoptei'a ;  and  Mr. 
Gregson  a  number  of  Lepidoptera  recently  captured; 
amongst  the  latter  were  many  of  gi-eat  rarity, 
including  Ceratopacha  fiuctuosa,  Hadena  rectllinea, 
Gastropacha  ilicifolia,  and  Crymodes  Templi,  all  taken 
in  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire.  Of  the  last-named 
species  there  was  a  fine  series  generally  taken  on 
removing  the  immense  heaps  of  iron  stone  near  iron 
mines  in  October,  into  which  ihe  moths  creep  for  shelter, 
and  hybernate,  one  specimen  having  been  found  in 
February. — Mr.  Westwood  exhibited  several  rare  species 
of  Paussidse,  and  also  specimens  of  LophyrusPini,  with 
its  caterpillar  and  cocoon,  reared  from  Pinus  austriaca. 
Mr.  Douglas  read  a  notice  from  an  Italian  journal,  of 
the  discoTery  of  the  use  of  a  plant  called  Centinode,^ 
for  feedhig  silk-worms,  irtstead  of  Mulberry-leaves. — 
A  note  was  read  from  Mr.  Thwaites,  of  the  Botanic 
Garden,  Ceylon,  on  the  powers  of  Cerapterus  Wester- 
mAmii,  to  make  a  caustic  explosion  like  the  bombardier 
beetle. — A  letter  was  also  read  from  Mr.  Edgar  Layard, 
on  the  destruction  of  Bamboo  fences  in  Ceylon  by  various 
insects,  including  a  species  of  weevil,  a  saw-fiy,  and 
white  ant.  —  Mr.  Wilkinson  exhibited  specimens  of 
Elachista  albifrontella  and  its  pupa,  and  also  a  series  of 
specimens  of  Oiinophila  van  ftavtim,  the  little  moth,  the 
larva  of  iVhich  is  destructive  to  the  corks  of  wine- 
bottles,  but  which  had  entirely  fed  on  the  fungus  in 
wine -eel  la  I's,  and  not  on  cork,  having  also  made  cases  of 
particles  of  the  fungus. — A  series  of  notes  on  the  habits 
of  vai'iouS  insects,  by  Mr.  W.  Vaniey,  was  read,  and 
descriptions  of  various  Indian  bees  and  wasps,  by 
Mr.  F.  Smith, 


Botanical  ot  EDlNBUn'o^, /mwc  10.— The  President 
in  the  chair.  Mr.  Brand  sent  a  specimen  of  an  adulte- 
ration of  green  Tea,  said  to  be  composed  chiefly  of  the 
excrement  of  the  silk-worm.  Mr.  M'Nab  called  the 
attention  of  the  society  to  "a  magnificent  specimen  of 
the  Lilium  giganteum  of  WalHch,  or  L.  cordifolium  of 
Don  s  Flora  Nepalensis,  now  flowering  for  the  first 
tmie  in  Britain,  in  the  Comely  Bank  Nurseries,  from 
seed  originally  sent  home  by  Major  Madden,  collected 
in  the  danp  shady  woods  of  Kemaon.  The  plant  at 
Comely  Bank  is  now  0  teet  6  inches  high,  and  in  flower. 


*  Cnn  arty  of  6ur  rtad^ta  fiirnislli  the  bo'^aiiiciil  antne-  of  this 
plant ! 


Major  Madden  has  just  informed  me  that  this  gigantic 
Lily  grows  between  7000  to  9000  feet  of  elevation,  in 
deep  black  vegetable  soil,  and  averaging  from  5  to  H  feet 
in  height,  the  bulbs  being  always  found  on  the  surface 
of  the  soil."  The  following  papers  were  read  :■ — 1.  On 
a  supposed  new  species  of  Eleocharis.  By  C.  C. 
Babington,  M.A.  2,  Analysis  of  the  fluid  (known  as 
Gram  oil)  from  the  leaves  of  Gram  (Cicer  arietinum). 
By  T.  Anderson,  Esq.  This  paper  consisted  of  an 
analysis  made  by  Mr.  Kussell  Aldridge  : — "  On  evapora- 
tion it  yielded  a  black  residue  which  would  not  dissolve 
in  cold  water,  but  did  so  readily  when  heated  ;  and  on 
cooling  it  became  turbid,  showing  the  presence  of 
oxidizable  extractive.  To  a  small  portion  of  the  fluid 
added  chloride  of  calcium,  and  obtained  a  precipitate  of 
oxalate  of  liine,  showing  the  presence  of  oxalic  acid  ; 
it  was  then  filtered,  and  to  a  portion  of  the  filtrate 
potash  was  added,  no  precipitate  was  obtained,  therefore 
no  tartaric  acid.  To  the  remainder  of  the  filtrate  added 
ammonia,  which  gave  no  precipitate  when  cold  ;  but 
upon  boilhig  it  a  slight  one  was  obtained,  showing  a 
trace  of  citric  acid.  The  remainder  of  the  original 
solution  was  evaporated  down,  and  ihe  residue  taken  up 
with  alcohol,  a  small  quajitlty  of  gummy  matter  sepa- 
rated ;  on  evaporating  the  alcoholic  fluid  down  it  left 
some  sugar  ;  the  residue  was  then  placed  in  a  platinum 
capsule  and  subjected  to  red  heat,  the  ashes  (which  were 
of  a  brown  colour),  were  then  taken  up  with  water,  and 
a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid  added,  which  gave  to 
the  fluid  a  yellow  colour,  showing  the  presence  of  oxide 
of  iron.  It  was  then  filtered,  and  carbonate  of  ammonia 
added,  which  gave  a  distinct  trace  of  lime,  filtered  again, 
and  tothe  filtrate  added  phosphate  of  soda,  which  gave 
a  trace  of  magnesia.  Potash  and  soda  wei'e  present  in 
minute  quantities.  The  results  thus  are  : — Oxalic  and 
citric  acids,  copious  traces  ;  oxidizable  extractive, 
gum,  sugar,  lime,  magnesia,  iron,  potash,  and  soda. — 
3.  Notice  relative  to  the  transmission  of  foreign  seeds 
in  soil,  by  Mr.  M'Nab.  The  author  of  this  paper  stated 
that  he  had  been  long  in  the  belief  that  the  transmission 
of  fruits  and  seeds  in  a  fit  state  for  germination,  would 
be  better  accomplished  by  being  packed  in  soil  than  by 
any  other  known  method.  This  experimeut  was  fully 
tested  by  himself  during  1834,  when  he  brought  over 
the  seeds  of  many  of  the  rarer  American  Oaks  and  other 
trees  in  boxes  filled  with  soil,  while  portions  of  the  same 
kinds  of  seeds  packed,  both  in  brown  paper  and  cloth 
bags,  were  in  many  instances  totally  useless.  The  method 
he  adopted  for  the  American  tree  seeds  was  as  follows  : 
— He  purchased  several  strong  deal  boxes  about  14 
inches  in  diameterj  and  made  of  ^^-inch  wood.  He 
afterwards  procured  a  quantity  of  soil  taken  from  a  depth 
of  8  or  10  inches  under  the  surface,  so  as  to  possess  only 
a  natural  dampness.  A  layer  of  the  soil  2  inches  deep 
was  placed  on  the  bottom  of  the  boxes,  above  which  a 
layer  of  seeds  was  distributed  ;  another  layer  of  soil  and 
then  seed,  and  so  on  till  the  boxes  were  full  ;  the  whole 
was  pressed  very  firmly  down,  when  the  lids  were  nailed 
on,  allowing  no  possible  room  to  shake  about.  When 
they  reached  Edinburgh,  December,  1834,  the  seeds  and 
soil  were  sown  over  the  surface  of  shallow  pans  and 
boxes.  During  the  following  spring  they  grew  freely, 
while  those  brought  home  in  the  paper  and  cloth  bags, 
comparatively  few_^of  the  varieties  grew,  the  Acorns  being, 
without  an  exception,  perforated  with  insects.  The 
kinds  which  grew  were  from  four  to  five  weeks  later^of 
vegetating  than  those  brought  home  in  soil.  Acorns 
brought  home  in  a  box  of  sphagnum  moss,  after  the 
superfluous  moisture  had  been  wrung  from  it,  were 
equally  successful  with  those  in  soil.  During  the 
summer  of  1851,  Mr.  M'Nab  induced  his  brother,  Dr. 
M'Nab  of  Kingston,  Jamaica,  to  send  a  box  of  West 
Indian  fruits  and  seeds,  to  be  put  up  as  described,  aud 
which  he  despatched  during  the  month  of  August,  con- 
taining seeds  of  the  following  :—Granadilla,  Gourds, 
Forbidden  fruit.  Shaddocks,  Sweet  sop.  Sour  sop, 
Cherimoyer,  Sapota,  Guava,  Lignum  vita,  Papaw, 
Alligator  Pear,  Mango,  Ochra,  Fustic,  &c.  The  box 
reached  Edinburgh  last  October  ;  shortly  afterwards 
the  seeds  and  soil  were  sown  over  the  surface  of  boxes 
prepared  with  drainage  and  soil  for  the  purpose.  During 
the  month  of  January  the  surface  of  the  boxes  became 
covered  with  innumerable  specimens  of  Cucnrbitaceous 
and  other  herbaceous  plants  ;  when  about  three  inches  ' 
high  they  were  removed,  and  again  the  surface  I 
became  covered  with  Ochra,  Papaw  trees,  &0.  ;  and  ! 
now  the  different  species  of  Anona,  Citrus,  Lignum  vitte, ' 
besides  several  of  the  stronger  hardwooded  sorts  are  ' 
making  their  appearance.  Two  of  the  boxes  were 
exhibited  to  the  meeting,  and  the  luxuriant  growth  of 
seeoling  plants  which  they  contained  bore  unmistake- 
able  evidence  of  the  success  of  the  mode  recommended  \ 
by  Mr.  M'Nab.- — 4.  On  a  variety  of  the  Orchis  mascnla 
(0.  speciosa.  Host),  found  in  the  county  of  Wicklow. 
By  Mr.  D.  Moore,  Glasnevin.  Mr.  Babington  expressed 
an  opinion  that  the  supposed  Orchis  speciosa  is  nothing 
more  than  a  very  luxuriant  state  of  the  O.  niascula.  A 
few  days  since  he  found  two  specimens,  exactly  corre"- 
sponding  with  the  Wicklow  plant,  in  the  wooded  part  of 
the  Devil's  Ditch,  in  the  county  of  Cambridge.  They  ' 
possess  the  remarkable  size  of  Mr,  Moore's  plant,  and 
the  rather  acuter  segments  of  the  perianth,  such  as  he 
finds  on  his  specimens.  The  true  O.  speciosa  (which  is 
itself  only  a  variety  of  the  0.  mascula),  hris  very  much 
more  attenuated  segments  of  perianth. — Mr.  Stark 
exhibited  a  new  adaptation  of  the  simple  microscope 
suited  for  field  examination  of  the  minute  parts  of  plants, 
especially  for  Algte  and  other  Cryptogams.  Besides 
the  lens,  supported  on  a  stalk  for  holding  in  the  hand 
au-d  giving  a  powei*  of  GO  or  70,  there  is  attached  a 


circular  glass  field  for  laying  the  object  on,  which,  if 
in  a  moist  state,  may  be  covered  l)y  another  circular 
disc  of  thin  glass;  by  a  spring  and  screw  attached  the 
focus  can  be  conveniently  regulated.  The  whole  is  very 
portable,  going  into  a  neat  case  about  4  inches  by  1  ia 
measure. — J.  Anderson,  Esq.,  was  elected  a  Fellow., 


^oti'resi  of  33ooSs!, 

Nereis  Boreali-Americuna,  or  ContribxUions  to  a  History 
of  the  Marine  Atgce  of  Noith  America.  By  W,  H, 
Harvey,  M.D.  Parti.  Mclanospenneoi.  Washington.. 
Publislied  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  January^t 
1852.  4to,  pp.  150,  t:ib.  lith.  col.  xii. 
Thi3  admirable  ti'eatise,  of  which  two  other  parts  are 
promised,  published  under  a  separate  form  in  England,, 
forms  a  portion  of  the  thii'd  volume  of  the  *'  Smithsonian-: 
Contributions  to  Knowledge."  The  Smithsonian  InstU 
tution  originated  in  the  will  of  an  Englishman  of  the 
name  of  Smithson  (an  offshoot,  it  is  believed,  of  the  Percy- 
Smithsons,  Duites  of  Northumberland),  who  left  all  his- 
property,  about  100,000?.,  to  the  Government  of  the'> 
United  States,  in  trust,  to  found  an  Institution  at  Wash- 
ington *'  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 
amongst  men."  The  Government  accepted  the  ti*ust, 
funded  the  money  for  several  years,  till  the  capital  was- 
nearly  doubled,  and  then  appointed  a  commission  to- 
devise  the  Institution,  together  with  proper  rules  and. 
regulations  for  carrying  out  with  the  best  eflect  the- 
benevolent  wishes  of  the  donor.  A  large  sum  has  been 
expended  in  erecting  a  Gothic  building  for  a  library^, 
museum,  and  lecture-rooms.  The  library  itself  is  now 
forming,  and  lectures  on  scientific  and  literary  subjects- 
are  delivered  during  the  session  of  Congress.  Dr. 
Harvey  himself  lectured  on  the  subject  of  Algce  in  ISSOi 
for  which  purpose  he  was  expressly  invited  over  from- 
Ireland.  There  is  a  pubhshing  fund  of  about  6000  dollars- 
per  annum,  which  is  applied  to  the  publication  of  original 
treatises  under  the  title  above  mentioned.  Three  volumes- 
have  already  appeared,  and  copies  are  forwarded  by  the- 
lustKution  to  the  public  libraries  of  London,  Oxford, Cam-- 
bridge,  &c.,  and  indeed  to  all  large  libraries  in  America, 
and  Europe,  some  150  in  Europe  only.  The  Institution-: 
is  now  under  the  management  of  Professor  JosepH' 
Henry,  formerly  of  Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  a. 
distinguished  American  physical  philosopher,  and  a  very 
amiable  person.  Professor  Bailey,  with  the  liberality 
and  real  love  of  science  which  is  so  universal  in  Ameri- 
can naturalists,  persuaded  Dr.  Harvey  to  undertake  the- 
present  work,  and  himself  contributed  materials,  as  did 
many  other  collectors  in  America  ;  and  Dr.  Harvey  has- 
received  some  additional  matter  since  the  publication  of 
this  first  Part,  especially  a  valuable  collection  from 
California.  We  may  judge  how  widely  the  appreciation 
of  scientific  matters  is  spreading  in  the  United  States,, 
from  the  fact  that  the  Institution  prints  1500  copies  for 
circulation  in  America  alone. 

We  have  given  the  above  details-  at  lengthy 
because  they  are  interesting  in  themselves,  and 
are  probably  new  to  a  large  portion  of  our  readers.  Of 
the  execution  of  the  work  it  is  needless  for  us  to  say 
much,  as  the  several  publications  which  have  already 
proceeded  from  the  pen  and  pencil  of  the  author  give 
a  suSicient  guarantee  for  the  accuracy  of  detail  and 
perfect  knowletlge  of  species  and  synonymes  by  which 
they  are  characterised.  To  the  general  reader  the 
Introduction  presents  a  mass  of  information  of  the 
highest  interest,  especially  in  those  parts  which  are- 
founded  on  the  author's  personal  observation.  The 
following  extract  relative  to  the  geographical  distribution 
of  Algae  on  the  shores  of  the  United  States,  gives  an 
interesting  specimen  of  what  is  to  be  found  in  it : — 

"  In  comparing  the  marine  vegetation  of  the  opposite 
shores  of  the  Northern  Atlantic,  a  great  resemblance  is 
observed  between  the  ordinary  sea-weeds  that  clothe 
the  rocks  on  the  eastern  aud  western  sides — viith  this 
difference,  that  ihe  species  do  not  reach  so  high  a  latitude 
on  the  Ameriean  side  as  on  the  European.  The  reason 
of  this  will  be  readily  understood  by  inspecting  a  physical- 
map  of  the  Atlantic,  on  which  Humboldt's  isothermal 
lines,  or  lines  of  mean  annual  temperature,  are  laid  down. 
For  tliere  it  will  at  once  be  seen  that  there  is  a  \ery 
considerable  bending  of  the  isothermal  lines  in  favour  of 
the  continent  of  Europe.  Thus  the  same  line  that  rims 
through  New  York  in  lat.  41"  strikes  the  shores  of 
Europe  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  lat.  5-t" ;  and  though 
there  is  less  difference  in  mean  tenipcraturo  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  continent  than  in  the  northern, 
still  there  is  a  marked  difference  throughout. 

"  With  respect  to  vegetation,  Laminuria  longicruris  is) 
common  on  the  American  shore,  at  leastas  far  south  a*| 
Cape  Cod  (lat.  42°),  while  on  the  European  it  has  not 
been  found  south  of  Norwaj-,  save  some  sti'ay,  water- 
worn  stems  occasionally  cast  on  the  north  of  Ireland.oi 
Scotland. 

"  Bltoclymenia  ctistata,  so  very  abundant  in  Bostott 
Harbour  ' (42"  30),  where  it  enters  largely  into  tha. 
composition  of  seaweed  pictures,  is  rarely  found  in 
Europe,  south  of  Iceland,  and  the  northern  parts  of 
Norway;  its  most  southern  limit  being  in  the  Frith  of 
Forth  (56°),  where  it  has  been  found  but  once  or  twice. 
"  Probably  one-half  of  the  species  of  Algce  of  the  east, 
coast  of  North  America  are  identical  with  those  of 
Europe,  a  very  large  portion,  when  we  contl-ast  it  with 
the  strongly-marked  difference  between  the  marine 
animals  of  tbe  two  shores  ;  the  Testacea,  and  to  a  great 
extent  even  the  fishes,  of  the  two  continents  being 
dissimilar.     The  European  species  on  the  same  kngtl 


28—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


439 


of  coast  are  gi'eatly  the  more  numerous,  which  appears 
to  be  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  sands  nearly  destitute 
of  Algje  along  so  great  a  length  of  the  American  shore, 
and  particularly  along  that  portion  which  from  its 
latitude  ought  to  produce  the  greatest  variety  of  Algje, 
were  the  local  circumstances  favourable  to  their  growth. 
This  comparative  poverty  is  observable  even  in  the 
common  littoral  Fuci  or  Rock  Kelp.  In  northern 
Europe,  besides  several  rarer  kinds,  six  species  (namely, 
FiLCiis  serratm,  vesiculosus,  nodosus,  canalicukUits,  Hall- 
drys  sUiquosa,  and  Hlmantkalia  loreajj  are  extremely 
common,  four  of  them  at  least  being  found  on  every 
coast.  In  America  Fiiciis  vesicidosus  and  nodosiis  alone 
are  commonly  dispersed  ;  F.  sci-ratus  and  canalicidatus 
have  not  been  detected,  and  the  Halidry?  and  Hhnan- 
thalia  rest  on  very  uncertain  evidence  ;  so  that  of  the  six 
common  European  kinds,  only  two  are  certainly  found  in 
America.  This  deficiency  in  Facacece  is  in  great  degree 
made  up  for  in  Laminar iacece,  of  which  family  several 
are  peculiar  to  the  American  shore,  the  most  remarkable 
of  which  is  the  AgaruMf  or  sea  Colander." 

"We  are  sorry  that  we  have  not  room  for  the  whole 
passage.  That  portion,  too,  which  relates  to  the  Mer  de 
Sargasse  is  highly  interesting.  We  must,  howeverj 
finish  with  one  or  two  short  extracts,  recommending  the 
work  to  every  lover  of  Algte,  as  also  to  all  who  wish  to 
have  a  library  furnished  with  the  most  important  works 
in  eivery  branch  of  literature : — ■ 

"Among  the  myriads  of  Algce  feeders  I  may  mention 
the  turtles,  whose  green  faty  so  prized  by  aldermanic 
palate,  may  possibly  be  colom-ed  by  the  unctuous  green 
juices  of  the  Caulerpce^  on  which  they  browse.  These 
plants,  of  which  there  are  numerous  examples  on  the 
Florida  Keys,  grow  either  on  sandy  shores  or  amongst 
coral,  into  which  their  widely-extended  fibrous  roots 
often  penetrate  for  a  considerable  distance,  branching  in 
all  dii'ections,  and  forming  a  compact  cushion  in  the 
sand,  reminding  one  strongly  of  the  much-divided  roots 
of  sea-shore  Grasses,  that  bind  together  the  loose  sands 
of  our  climes." 

The  curious  fact  with  which  we  conclude  our  notice 
^  belongs  rather  to  thesubject  of  Mycology  than  Algte  : — 

"  A  remarkable  instance  of  the  action  of  a  minute 
vegetable  on  a  chemical  solution  was  pointed  out  to  me 
by  Prof.  Bache  as  occurring  in  the  vessels  of  sulphate 
of  copper  kept  in  the  electrotyping  department  of  the 
Coast  Survey  Office  at  Washington.  It  invests  the  vats 
containing  sulphate  of  copper,  and  proves  very  destruc- 
tive. It  decomposes  the  salt  and  assimilates  the  sulphuric 
acid,  rejecting  (as  indigestible!)  the  copper  which  is 
deposited  round  its  threads  in  a  metallic  form.  It 
sometimes  appears  in  great  quantities,  and  is  very 
troublesome,  but  the  vats  had  been  cleaned  a  few  days 
before  I  visited  them,  so  that  I  lost  the  opportunity  of 
examining  more  minutely  this  curious  little  plant." 

The  circumstance  isthemore remarkable,  if  it  be  indeed 
the  mycelium  of  some  mould,  which  is  the  case  with  all 
species  of  Hyrjrocrocis^  since  sulphate  of  copper  is 
supposed  to  be  a  certain  remedy  against  di-y  I'ot. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Dahlia  growers  and  exhibitors  will  remember  the 
exhibition  of  this  favourite  autumn  flower,  held  at 
Cremorne  Gardens,  on  the  20th  August,  1850,  inasmuch 
as  its  early  fixture  took  everybody  by  surprise;  never- 
theless, the  result  was  perfectly  satisfactory  ;  for  by  a 
little  well  directed  energy  in  tiie  shape  of  regular 
evening  syringintjs  and  periodical  ground  waterings,  all 
was  accomplished  which  florists  could  desire.  We  take 
this  opportunity  of  announcing  that  another  early 
Dahlia  show  will  take  place  this  year  in  these  gardens, 
and  we  trust  that  by  timely  application  of  the  simple 
means  just  adverted  to,  growers  will  coax  their  plants 
along,  80  as  to  produce  a  good  head  of  flower.  As  an 
inducement  to  set  about  the  task  with  vigour,  we  have 
much  pleasure  in  stating  that  50^.  will  be  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  a  committee,  to  be  awarded  in  prizes  for 
Dahlias,  Verbenaa,  Hollyhocks,  &c.  ;  tlie  day  is  to 
be  August  the  10th,  when  we  entertain  no  doubt 
Mr.  Simpson's  liberal  offer  will  induce  a  brilliant  show. 
A  Bchedule  is,  wc  believe,  in  course  of  preparation,  and 
will  8oon  make  its  appearance  in  our  advertising 
columna  ;  but  let  growers  in  the  meantime  be  up  and 
doing,  that  they  may  be  ready  for  the  coming  trial 
when  the  day  ohall  have  arrived.  /.  E. 

JTATfrtNAL  FLOhlCCLTOSAl,  .SOCIETT,  JvXy  1.  —  E.  FoaTER, 
E«q.,  I'renidcnt,  tn  thtf  chair.  Ftjil  aa  wuh  the  nieettrgon  the 
ITih  of  Jijn«,  itii*  one  cont»id';rfibIy  fturpnB«ed  it;  needUrntB 
wi?r»^  mo»t  prdfuie,  nimilierlii^  rnoro  than  tOO.  hikI  ot  m«mbirrt 
more  -hiin  .1g  were  prnnerK.  Antlrrtiluumpi  w»;ru  fui  iii^^hcd  by 
Ifr.  J<>),  Mr.  HrfiKif,  .Mr.  J.  ^.AwntiU,  untl  M-itxrH.  OurftWit", 
of  Hri»tol.  A  Kinif.cln«»  C.-rtiHciiif  wn  awnnlcfl  to  Mo-ii'ilum 
(OMrannr),  two  fpike*  hMtnw  [.rtxlu-ed  :  tiibo  whltUh,  ihro:it 
jeltow,  \\\)  iin(]  vtt\)  rt-Kularlv  Brip(!(l,  a  rcnuM-Uably  bobl  lliiw<<r 
of  ftne  (onn.  Mr,  ,i;y'n  it'ttn  w«ru  inoilly  of  null  Crlour,  iinrl 
Mr,  BrBifu'"  *'t  iiverago  nMTit,  A  iiico  rollcciUjii  miKb'.  hnve 
been  for'iied  from  'he  C'nlce'ilnriim  Btfijfol  by  Mr.  linrut-tt: 
Queen  Vict^irin  find  fJ/imdi-n  llcro  vivri:  epfidDK  tbo  bent 
•oru.  —  All  Kru;*  iiiimtd  Multiituru  »itUndl(ltt  cuiiio  from 
Mr.  hii\f*  ;  li  l«  n  trf«  HowiTor,  bu(  It  want*  riovwlty. 
—Of  F>ic'h*lri«,  (foif.  Mr.  Turner,  Lri.ty  Mnninnuo  rccclvid 
a  Label  of  C<>in(i>«^n'lntinn ;  «f|j.iU  nixl  tub"  jilr.k,  Corollti 
TO*y  i;tirr»I«.  — .;.  Willrnoi'H  ncrit  Cnpfuhi  Hrt^oli,  ii  d'irU 
Taiicljr  In  lh<»  wtty  of  KIoirurrUjIioH,  iind  not  rflhllnol 
«iifiU|;ri  to  iiivrit  rewnrd.— Cut  rtiwurnof  (i\m-y  (Hni.k»).  wurn 
atBKfd  by  .Mr.  O.  (•muh  ;  ihoi  11  .mjr  rccwvui  n  Ftrnt  (Jki'B 
Ctrtlbrntf  at  ii  (o  Bnt:r  Dn-etiiiLf.—  i'ij(ur({oiiium*  wen;  tvi-ll  Hiiji. 
pli«d:  Mr.  M-nk,  ^r.  i«  B,  KopiUr,  Km|.,  t-xhiM'efl  N.itlonnl, 
<^««n  of  Mity,  VMtfXiur,  (Jloth  or  OoifJ,  nud  Optimiiiii.— Mr. 
Turucr  Kent  Novelty,  Hourict  Klnjf,  and  a  (mml-duubhi  nort,  the 
nart'-oumcrpiriol  ih"  WHlmoreMufprUe  —  W.  (IiM-Umi,  K«.|,, 
w""d''  ^''"t"'*'*"--'''  ^V-  H  .>k-,  V.t,t\  ,  Portia  imd   K^rta  —Mr. 


Painted  Lady. — Fancy  sorts  ot  1H51 :  Nil  D-'sperandum,  Miitia- 
ture,  and  Autumnum. — Of  1852  :  Fearless,  Niobe,  Sir  J.  Paxton, 
Psyche,  Fla^h,  Elegance,  Mastirpiece,  Geraldine,  Aramia,  and 
Queen  of  Crimsons. — Mr.  G.  Smith,  Hornae^-road,  had  a 
pink  flovverinff  bedding  sort,  named  Piince  of  Wales.— Grand 
Sultan  came  from  Mr.  Malyon,  of  Camberwell,  and  yearlinjra 
and  two-year- old,  cut  flowers,  from  Mr.  Hoyle,  and  Mr. 
Black,  of  Clewer.  Of  these.  Novelty  (Turner)  received  a 
Label  of  Commendation;  lower  petals  ro»y  pink,  splashed 
and  veined  with  maroon,  upper  petals  deep  maroon  margined 
with  rose  ;  form  tolerable,  habit  good,  and  an  excellent  truaser. 
A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded  to  Cloth  of  Gold  (Foster), 
lower  petals  salmon  scarlet  slightly  veined,  upper  petals 
almost  black,  marijined  wl  h  ecarlet  crimson  ;  good  habit  and 
a  free  bloomer,  colours  somewhat  inclined  to  sport,  and  the 
substance  is  not  first-rate  ;  very  attractive  on  account  of  its 
bright  colours.  Zdria  (Hoyle)  obtained  a  Certificate  of  Merit ; 
lower  petals  salmon  pink,  distinctly  blotched  with  deep 
crimson,  upper  petals  somenliaS  similar  In  colour,  and  nearly 
covered  with  deep  orange  oriiuson  blotoh,  habit  not  very 
strong. — Label  of  Commendation  to  the  bedding  sort  from 
Mr.  Ayree,  named  V;irio(.'atum ;  Rronnd  white,  veined,  and 
blotcht-d  with  pink.  If  it  should  maintain  its  variegated 
foli-^ge,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  will  prove  a  favourite 
for  bedding  purposes. — Certitica'e  of  Merit  to  Nil  Desperandum 
(Ayres),  lower  petals  wbito  wlih  purple  blotch,  upper  petals 
shaded  purple  crimson,  of  dwarf  and  compact  habit.— 
Autumnum  (Ayres)  wan  much  admired,  on  account  of  its 
dtcorative  properties.  It  is  in  the  way  of  Hero  of  Surrey, 
—  Masterpiece  (Ayres)  posnessea  many  desirable  points. — Of 
Pinks.  Pansies,  and  Petunias,  there  were  numerous  con- 
tributions Iroin  Mr,  Turner,  J.  Norman,  Esq.,  Messra. 
Scholetield  and  Son,  Mr.  Salter,  Mr.  G.  Rogers,  Mr,  Wyness, 
gr.  to  her  Majeety  at  Buckingham-palace,  Mr.  Bragir, 
and  Mr.  J.  Edwards.  A  Certificate  of  Merit  was  granted  to 
Pmk  Esther  (Turner),  light  purple,  fine  petal  and  good  pod ;  a 
similar  award  was  made  to  Pink  Perfection  (Turtier),  pu'-ple, 
full  and  smooth  in  the  petal.  First-class  CertillcHte  to  Fink 
Colchester  Cardinal  (Norman),  purple,  fine  bold  broad  petal, 
lar^e,  smooth,  and  full  ;  pod  good  :  by  far  the  best  of  itaclaes. 
CeriiHcate  of  Merit  to  Pink  Koh-i-noor  (Bragg),  pale  purplish 
rose;  full,  desirable  on  account  of  its  distinct  colour;  petnl 
passable.  Some  Ranunculuees  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Willmore, 
of  Birmingham.  A  collection  of  24  varieties  oi  Verbenas  came 
from  Mr.  G,  Smith  ;  others  were  submitted  by  Mr.  Hamp  nud 
Mr.  Wjnefis  ;  although  possessing  some  merit,  they  were 
not  considered  anfiit  iently  good  to  receive  any  award.  Roses 
were  furnished  by  Mr.  Wilkiopoo,  of  Ealing. common.  Isaac 
Anderson,  Eeq.,  of  Maryficid,  near  Edinburgh,  sent  a 
Veronica,  a  hybrid  between  V.  angustifoiia  (?)  and  V.  spe- 
ciosa,  the  former  being  the  female  parent;  the  spiue  com«'S 
in  all  its  florets  a  bright  pink  or  rich  carmine,  but,  as  in  V. 
Andersonii,  the  liorets  first  expanded  undergo  a  transition 
from  carmine  to  white,  so  that  while  the  lower  part  of  the 
spike  has  changed  into  the  latter,  the  upper  part  retains  the 
brilliancy  of  the  former  colour,  the  tme  blending  into  the  other 
with  all  that  softened  delicacy  of  shading  which  lenda  ite 
highest  charm  'o  Andersonii,  from  which,  however,  the  present 
is  perfectly  distinct,     It  was  named  variegata. 


Dahlias  :  J  P.  Rixse^/s;  Bnke  of  WeUini^ton,  Fearleps,  Richard 
Cobden,  Sir  R.VVhictington,  Sir  F.  Baf-burst,  andSirC.  Napier. 
Sis  tipped;  Malvina,  Barmairl,  Dr.  Frampton,  Gem,  Prin- 
cess Raflziviile,  and  Queen  of  Dahlias. 

Heaths,  &c  :  J  C.  See  our  Calendar  of  Operaliims  ;  what  you 
require  is  treMted  of  there. 

Pansies:  J"  P.  White:  Swansdown,  Blanche,  and  White  Ser- 
geant. Ydlow  :  Nonsuch,  Adela,  and  Ophir.  Dark:  Afrl- 
caous,  Flower  of  the  Dny,  St.  Andrew,  Duke  of  Perth, 
Pompey,  and  Sambo.  Ydlow  ground:  Alfred  the  Great, 
Chieftain,  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Lord  Walsinghara,  Marquis  of 
Bath,  Sir  J.  Cath^art,  Sir  J.  Paxtjn,  Monarch,  Rising  Sun. 
Great  Britain  (Parker),  Glitfe,  Supreme,  and  Thi-be.  Wldie 
ground:  Aurora,  Almanzor,  Caroline,  Mrs.  Beck,  Mr«.  H. 
Hamilton,  fenelope,  Queen  of  England,  Roj  al  Visit  (Dich- 
Gon),  Marchioness  of  Bath,  National,  and  Marian. 

Pelaeqoniums  : ./"  ^.  Therp  is  only  one  variety  of  the  old- 
taahioned  golden-chain  Pelargonium,  and  the  two  leaves 
sent  are  of, that  variety;  but  the  plant  is  potted  in  loam 
instead  of  peat,  and  that  makes  the  difference  in  the  appear- 
ance of  the  leaves.  In  pots,  this  Pelargonium  requires 
rough  peat;  but,  in  a  border,  any  light  soil  will  do  for  it. 


SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 
ANTrBBHiNDU :  O  S.  1,  not  nearly  so  high  coloured  as  some 
we  h;ive  seen  this  season  ;  it  will  not  do  ;  2,  for  contrast  salte 
the  tube  should  be  white;    yours  is  not  ao,    and  in  otber 
points  of  merit  it  is  also  deficient;. 
Calceolariaa  :   A  T.    Seedlings,  some  of  them  improvements, 
are  every  year  "  thick  as   Blackberries,"    but  to  maintain 
their  position,    more,    munli    more,    must  be  accomplished 
Mr.  C'.instantine  has  oarried  off  the  palm  for  cultivation  this 
season,  the  sorts  being  all    seedlings  of   liis  own.      Baron 
Edtn,  shown  by  Mr.  Gaines,  is  the  only  perpetuated  vaiiety 
with   which   we  are  familiar;   it  was   exhibited  some  two 
seaoons  aeo. 
EpiPHTLLDMa  :   TRP.  Both  in  the  way  of  Ackermanni,  and 

exceedingly  brilliiint  and  handsome. 
Fi'XGLoVE  :  Major  F.  Lirge  and  very  pretty  ;  colour  blush 
liluc,  mouth  well  expanded,  lower  portion  of  the  tube 
regularly  dotted  with  purplish  crimson,  eac**  dot  surrounded 
by  uniform  circles  of  white,  tbo  ground  colour  being  of  the 
same  tint  inbide  and  ouialde,  Caunot  you  send  us  a  f-pike  ? 
Panbies:  WD.  If  uniformity  of  ground  colour  be  a  desi- 
deraium,  then  your  fii>weriH  a  long  way  behind  ;  few  vnrietie"? 
maintain  their  true  character  at  this  advanced  period  of  ibe 
season. — Z,  It  in  useless  to  send  w^  blooms  out  of  condition, 
and  to  write  that  *' ihcy  will  come  belter;"  our  remarks  are 
confinL'd  to  the  specimens  as  transmltterl,  without  regard  to 
what  they  may  or  mny  not  bec<imr.— JK  C.  Novelty,  so  iaf  nn 
we  could  make  out  from  the  apecimens  received,  Is  a  mottled 
and  belted  sort  ;  deficient  in  Hoiista'  properties,  Ma'twr 
Riclnrd,  a  yellow  self,  the  lower  petal  being  many  shades 
darker  iliiin  the  other  four,  and  thcrtfore  of  no  valun. 
PtLAUQ'iNiDM  :  Major  F.  Madam  Bhize  ;  upper  petals  nicely 
rounded,  of  medium  texture  and  surfuee,  colour  deep  crimson, 
with  fiiin'^  and  iiidJFttinct  innrcin  of  carmine,  lower  pctalu 
jmootli  on  the  Mirf'ice  and  edges,  of  bri^fht  carmine,  forming 
a  good  shaped  sinuU  fl  iwer  ;  we  should  havo  Hked  the  hiiBi' 
of  the  pe'nls  white  or  slndlar  to  the  boriy  colour.— IK /C 
and  Vo.  Very  dlNiinct  trorii  VtrninQufen;  the  upr"-'f  P""'!" 
are  more  inaroun,  luid  liiivu  Iu3h  edging  than  the  Qoeiii  ; 
Iciwor  peinK  b  u-h  wbtu;,  inclining  to  pink;  flower  bcl"W 
aveniite  niztj ;  of  I'n  form  wd  etnn  sciirceiy  venture  a  word, 
belnif  much  witbftri'd.  "SoiirniHE"  ts  ujtpiirontly  Idtiilttciii 
wi'h  Ilowona. — •/ C,  Sow  jour  Bt-ed  w.  imci',  and  ^u,  it  up 
wltliout  loKH  of  tunc,  the  st'ick  will  tmve  llowi^rcd  by  iIiIh 
time  next  year ;  if  aown  ifi  Hprtng,  tltey  will  not  flower  ilil 
the  HUtniiicr  followtitK,  'hu<4  n  twi-lviinotMh  i-i  lost,  to  hay 
no'blnn  of  the  IncroiiHcd  rior.i  the  phintH  will  mjcil,  uud  ihoii 
not  onn  (if  a  thoutaiid  rniiy  prove  of  vnlu». 
PF-TIJNIAH;./  //    Of  your  fn-edling",  'i  U  much  the  bcflt ;  but 

bii'h  lire  Inferior  to  purple  «tdf«  alreitdy  in  (lultlvnlon, 
I'lNK-:  J  K.  A  very  protiy  border  Ibiwur,  roHy  llliii!,  with  n 
(Ifep  irltfiHon  ccntri-  ~A  L.  \,  too  iliLii  ;  sovfn  puciln  iiiUHt 
bo  ctMinbli'ted  a  poor  (lower  ;  riK  It  liai  iiuiny  Kooil  propertlen 
you  ntiould  gnt  K4M'd  Irmi  it ;  'I,  a  nico  fl  iwer,  (Mpiiil  to  uioht 
iortH  out;  '6,  dUlo,  ditto;  4,  of  average  iiiorlt;  w.nit  of 
variety  forms  the  greutosc  Uruwbuuk  wltU  our  "uuuiuiit 
Irlends." 


Miscellaneous. 

Large  Strawherries. — Mr.  Beach,  of  Isleworth,  haa 
favoured  us  with  specimens  of  his  British  Queen  Straw- 
berries, examples  of  which  excited  so  much  attentioa 
in  the  Crystal  Palace  last  year.  We  found  them  to 
weigh  as  nearly  as  possible  1^  oz.  each,  and  to  measure 
5  inches  in  circumference. 

Sale  of  Plants. — A  collection  of  speciraeo.  stove  and 
greenhouse  plants,  formerly  the  property  of  the  late 
H.  Berens,  Esq.,  of  Sidcup,  Footscray,  Kent,  but  kindly 
bequeathed  by  that  gentleman  to  Mr.  Stanly,  his 
gardener,  was  sold  the  other  d.ty  by  Mr.  Stevens. 
There  v/ere  in  all  100  lots  of  such  plants  as  Mr.  Stanly 
has  been  in  the  habit  of  producing  at  the  great  metro- 
politan exhibitions;  they  fetched  from  IDs.  to  3^.  per 
lot ;  and  in  one  instance  (that  of  a  fine  Erica  Hartnelli) 
as  much  as  51,  10s. 

The  Darlc  Purple  Hellebore  (Wellehorus  dtroindjens). — 
Although  very  far  from  a  novelty,  tliis  curious  plant  is 
hardly  known  in  the  gardens  of  this  country.  That 
now  under  notice  was  kept  in  a  greenhouse  in  the 
garden  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  v.'here  it  had  been 
received  from  Mr.  Van  Houtte.  It  is,  however, 
perfectly  hardy,  flowering  in  March  and  April  in  a 
border  among  shrubs.  The  skirts  of  a  clump  of  Rhodo- 
dendrons suit  it  perfectly.  It  was  first  made  known  to 
botanists  by  Waldstein  and  Kitaibel,  who  give  a  very 
bad  figure  of  it  in  their  great  work  on  the  plants  of 
Hungary,  in  which  they  state  that  it  is  found  wild  in 
woods  and  thickets  in  Croatia,  in  great  abundance  near 
Korenicza.  Although  a  native  of  such  a  country,  in 
which  the  winter's  cold  and  the  summer's  heat  are  far 
beyond  anything  experienced  in  these  islands,  the  plant 
is  much  more  beautiful  in  a  greenhouse  than  in  the  open 
air.  It  is  only  in  the  former,  indeed,  that  its  peculiar 
and  rather  striking  tints  become  developed.  The  leaves 
are  liable  to  considerable  difference  of  form,  being  five- 
parted,  or  even  nine-parted,  but  they  never  assume  the 
lobed  condition  of  the  other  purple  species  H.  purpu- 
rascens,  nor  are  the  lobes  united  half-way  up  ;  on  the 
contrary,  with  the  exception  of  the  side  divisions,  they 
are  distinct  almost  to  the  very  base.  The  stem  is  about 
18  inches  high,  and  produces  its  brandies  by  two  or 
three  series  of  forkings.  The  flower-buds  are  a  deep 
black  purple  ;  the  expanded  flowers  are  of  a  peculiar 
violet  purple,  except  at  the  edges  and  centre,  both  which 
are  green  ;  but  in  a  few  days  the  violet  flies  off,  and 
leaves  nothing  behind  except  a  dingy  green  tinted  with 
dull  purple.  No  such  brilliancy  as  is  found  in  our 
figure  is  produced  in  the  open  air,  as  far  as  we  have 
remarked.  The  plant  is,  however,  perfectly  hardy. 
Tlie  Honourable  W.  F.  Strangways,  who  has  paid  much 
attention  to  the  species  of  this  genus,  has  favoured  us 
with  the  following  useful  memorandum  respecting  them, 
"  Since  I  find  that  Hellebores  are  attracting  some  notice 
as  fine  hardy  herbaceous  plants,  fit  for  undergrowth  in 
woods  and  shrubberies,  the  following  synopsis  may 
perhaps  be  acceptable  : — 

A.  Su_ff^rnte;ccnt,  ii'itk  biennial  stems, 

H.  fcetidus  palmate-leaved. 

B.  Herhaceous.  loith  annual  sterna. 
H.  niper,  two  or  three  varieties  1 

abchnsicuB  | 

olympicus  }■     with  Coloured  flower3. 

O'ienralis  I 

atroiubeua  J 

H.  copreus  T 

purpuraocens  >     with  dusky  flowerg. 

iotermedius  J 

H.  Tiiidis  "j 

laxus 

P^"'''"^  [    with  green  flowers. 

angustifoliua  J 

graveolens  J 

H.  Bocconi,  and  perhaps  another  species  — doubtful — in 
Italy.  H.  fostidus  is  a  native  of  Wales  ;  H.  viridis,  of 
Dorsetshire  ;  H.  argutifolius  and  Hvidus,  of  Corsica  ; 
H.  niger,  of  the  Alps  ;  H.  abcliasicus,  onentalis,  and 
olympicus,  of  the  Levant.  The  rest,  oi  Hungary.  All, 
except  lividus,  of  the  easiest  culture  in  shady  situations." 
PaxtOH^s  Flower  Garden  for  June. 

The  Battle  of  the  Bees.  —  A  curious  circumstance 
occurred  a  lew  days  back  at  Guilleville,  Eiu'e-et  Loii'Ci 
A  small  farmer  had  in  a  field  about  250  beehives,  con- 
taining a  vast  number  of  bees.  He  sent  a  man  with  a 
oart,  drawn  by  five  horses,  to  remove  some  enrth  from 
ttie  wall  near  which  the  hives  were  placed.  The  carter 
having  occasion  to  go  to  the  farm-house,  tied  the  liorses 
tf)  a  tree.  Almost  immediately  after  a  multitude  of 
bees,  either  irritated  at  the  .shaking  of  their  hives  by 
the  removal  of  the  enrth  from  the  wall,  or  excited  by 
tlie  electricity  with  which  the  atmospliero  happened  to 
bo  charged,  issued  from  their  hives,  as  if  in  obedience 
to  a  given  siginil,  and  with  gri.*at  lury  attacked  the 
horses.  In  an  instant  iho  poor  animals  were  entirely 
covcrcrl  with  bcL-s  from  lirad  to  foot  ;  even  their  nostrils 
wcro  Hlled  with  thcin.  When  the  cjirt^r  returned  he 
found  one  of  the  liorHCH  lying  dead  on  tho  ground,  and 
the  oihers  rolling  about  furiously.  IMh  cries  attracted 
s-^veral  jku'homh  ;  one  of  them  ailcnipfcd  to  drive  away 
the  be(!H,  iMit  thi-y  attacked  him,  and  ho  luid  to  ]iluUgo 
iiilo  a  pctnii,  and  evf-n  to  phico  Imh  lioad  under  water  lor 
a  low  Httcoiid;*,  ill  (U'der  to  oaciipt'  from  them.  Tlio  vurt^ 
of  (jlnillcvillo  filrto  itticmpttid  lo  ajtiiroacli  tho  horses, 
but  ho  too  was  ])ut  to  flight  by  tho  enraged  insects.  At 
length  two  lire  ciighiOH  wero  went  for,  anil  by  pumping 
on  tho  Imm'h  a  great,  nninbor  wcru  killed  on  tho  liorHea, 
or  put  to  Illglit.  'I'lio  hor.scB,  however,  were  ao  much 
iiijui'od  that  tlicy  dit-d  in  an  lunu'.  The  value  of  tho 
hues  destroyed  was  151101".,  and  of  tho  hursua  2500f.     A 


440 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRON\CLE. 


[July  10, 


lew  aays   Ueiury  bues  Iroiu  tUe  same  hives  kilied  i/ 
goslings.  Economist,  Jmie  26. 

Ivfiiceiice  of  the  Flowering  of  the  Victoria  rcgla  on 
Temperature. — Hitherto  the  Victoria  regia  has  been 
admired  by  botanists  and  horticulturists  chielly  on 
account  of  its  flowers  and  colossal  leaves.  From  a 
notice,  however,  inserted  in  tlie  Neue  AUgcmeine 
Deutsche  Oartcn  und  Blumen  Zeitimg^  by  M.  Edward 
Otto,  director  of  the  Hamburg  Botanic  Garden,  it 
appears  that  this  majestic  Water-Lily  has  another  claim 
to  the  notice  of  the  scientific  world,  in  consequence  of 
the  remarkable  property  which  its  flowers  possess  of 
giving  out  a  large  amount  of  lieat  at  the  instant  wheu 
the  anthers  burst  for  the  discharge  of  tlie  pollen.  We 
are  aware  that  this  phenomenon  had  previously  been 
observed  in  the  spadixes  of  several  large  Arads.  The 
following  are  the  particulars  of  its  observation  in  the 
flowers  of  the  Victoria  regia  :  —  Professor  Lehmann 
believed  that  a  sensible  increase  of  temperature  accom- 
panied the  expansion  of  the  flowers  of  Nymphtea  alba. 
Supposing,  with  reason,  tliat  this  phenomenon,  if  it 
should  really  exist,  would  be  much  more  sensible 
within  the  very  large  corollas  of  the  American  Water- 
Lilies,  he  engaged  M.  Otto  to  take  advantage  of  the 
flowering  of  the  Victoria  regia  in  his  hothouses,  and 
make  the  experiment.  The  result,  as  will  be  seen, 
confirmed  the  previous  opinions  of  tlie  Professor,  in  a 
most  remarkable  manner.  In  the  first  observation, 
which  took  place  at  7  o'clock  in  the  evening,  the 
temperature  of  the  hothouse  was  70y^^  deg.  Fahrenheit  ; 
that  of  the  aquarium  GSj'ij  deg.  Tlie  bulb  of  a  small 
thermometer  was  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  stamens  of 
a  flower  newly  opened  ;  and  after  a  few  minutes  it  indi- 
cated SOy^y^jj  deg.  But,  unfortunately,  the  pressure  round 
the  basin,  owing  to  the  crowding  of  visitors,  and  others, 
curious  to  witness  the  phenomenon,  was  so  great, 
that  it  became  impossible  to  continue  the  experiment. 
Some  time  after,  auotiier  trial  was  made  with  more 
success.  The  temperature  of  the  surrounding  air  was 
72/^  de^^.  Fahr.  ;  that  of  the  water  on  whieli  the  flower 
reposed  GO^^g  deg.  ;  the  tliermometer  placed  among  the 
stamens  as  before,  rose  in  15  minutes  to  I05yi~-gdeg. ;  that 
is,  upwards  of  35°  above  the  temperature  of  tlie  medium 
in  which  the  flowering  took  place.  This  is  the  first 
trial  ;  and,  certainly,  botanists  will  not  fail  to  make  new 
observations  with  regard  to  a  fact  so  interesting  in  vege- 
table physiology.  In  extending  their  researches  to  other 
species,  perhaps  it  will  be  discovered  that  the  pheno- 
menon of  plants  giving  out  heat  at  certain  periods  of 
their  lives,  is  not  so  rare  as  we  have  hitherto  supposed. 
Who  can  tell  whether  it  is  not  the  general  law  \  It  may 
have  escaped  observation,  in  consequence  of  its  being 
only  very  sensible  in  flowers  of  a  certain  size,  and  when 
the  flowering  takes  place  in  a  calm  atmosphere.  After 
all  that  we  have  heard  of  the  Victoria  regia,  it  appears 
to  be  easily  cultivated  ;  at  all  events,  M.  Otto's  gardeners 
were  completely  successful  with  it.  One  of  the  leaves 
of  their  specimen  measured  6  feet  6;^  in.,  with  a 
border  upwards  of  an  inch  high,  forming  actually  a  sort 
of  boat.  This  leaf  supported,  without  giving  way  in  tlie 
least,  a  child  five  and  a  half  years  old.  On  another 
occasion,  after  being  covered  with  a  thin  board,  it  sup- 
ported a  weight  of  1 10  lbs.  5  oz-*.  safely  above  the  surface 
of  the  water.  Revue  Horticohj  May,  1*852. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  iveeh.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

Conservatory.  — Some   management  is  required   to 
keep   up    tlie    display    in    this    and  similar   structures 
during  tlie  next  few  months,  as  the  present  high  tempe- 
rature will  soon  bring  to  a  close  the  blooming  season 
with  most  greenhouse  plants.     If,  however,  our  previous 
directions  have  been  acted  upon,  gardeners  will  be  now 
getting  into  a  forward  state  plants  sufficient  to  make 
a  good  display  for  a  considerable  time  ;  for  tlie  above 
purpose  the  stock  of  Balsams  and  pot  annuals  should 
be  looked  to,  and  if  another  siiift  is  necessary,  let  it  be 
done  at  once  ;  for  potting   the  above  and  other  quick 
growing  plants,  the  compost  should  be  both  porous  and 
rich,  that  a   clean  vigorous  growth   may  be  obtained. 
After  the  last  shift,  weak  manure-water  may  be  given 
rather  frequently,  to  assist  the  above  ends.     Neriuras 
will  be  showing  bloom,  which  will  be  the  finer  if  the 
pots   are   placed    in   feeders   and    kept    well    supplied 
with  water.    Fuchsias,  Kalosanths,  scarlet  Pelargoniums, 
Lilium  longiflorum  and  eximium,  and  the  various  other 
plants  we   have  recommended    in    former   Calendars, 
should    be   introduced     as   they    get   into    bloom.     In 
addition  a  number  of  plants   from  tlie  stove  may  be 
safely  allowed    to  bloom    in  the  conservatory  for  the 
next  two  months,  and   if  a  few  Palms  can   be  added, 
they  will    form    an  interesting   feature  at  this  season. 
Another  difficulty  will  be  felt  in  keeping  these  houses 
sufficiently  cool  to  be  enjoyable  ;  to  assist  in  keeping 
down  the  temperature,  well  sprhikle  every  part  of  the 
interior  each  morning  and  night,  and  this,  it  practicable, 
may  be  repeated  during  the   day  ;  the  canvas  shading 
may  likewise  be  damped  during  vei'y  hot  weather  by  the 
garden-engine,  which  will  have  the  effect  of  lowering 
the    internal     air    considerably.       Greenhouse    plants 
standing  out  of  doors  should  liave  their  pots  protected 
from   the   direct  action   of  the   sun,   either   by   being 
plunged  or  inserted  into  other  pots.     In  all  plant  struc- 
tures attention  must  be  paid  to  counteract  the  effects 
of  the  present  extreme  heat  by  frequently  floodincr  the 
pathways,   and   syringing   every   pai-t   of    the   interior 
several  tmies  daily.     The  plants  themselves  will  require 


well  syringing  ;  but  let  this  be  done  late  in  the  evening 
and  early  in  the  morning,  to  prevent  any  injury  which 
might  arise  to  delicate-leaved  plants  from  the  sun's  rays 
acting  on  imperfectly  dried  foliage. 

FORCING  DEPAUTMENT. 

VtNERY. — We  must  refer  to  our  previous  directions,  in 
respect  to  houses  in  which  the  fruit  is  gathered.  Ripe 
Grapes  requiring  to  be  kept,  must  be  shaded  during  hot 
sun,  to  prevent  their  becoming  shrivelled.  The  change 
from  the  cloudy  sky  and  low  temperature  of  June  to  the 
present  extreme  heat,  will  render  the  directions  we  have 
alreadygiven,underthehead'*  Plant  Department,"  in  pro- 
viding a  supply  of  moisture,  equally  applicable  to  forcing- 
houses  of  all  descriptions,  wherein  fruit  is  swelling  ;  a 
slight  shading  must  be  applied  wherever  indications  of 
scorching  or  burning  appears  on  the  foliage.  The 
Cannon  Hall  Muscat,  Sweetwater,  and  the  Frontignans, 
having  tender  leaves,  are  the  most  liable  to  burn,  either 
from  bad  glass,  or  imperfect  ventilation  ;  and  when 
either  exists,  should  be  watched,  as  an  injury  done  to 
the  foliage  not  only  aft'ects  the  present  crop,  but  the 
succeeding  one  as  well.  Air  must  be  given  in  abund- 
ance by  night  as  well  as  day  ;  and  the  necessary  stopping 
of  lateral  growtlis  and  thinning  of  the  fruit  in  the  last 
house  proceeded  with.  Cultivators  must  keep  a  watch 
for  mildew,  and  try  the  plan  adopted  in  France,  and  | 
detailed  in  last  week's  Paper,  to  test  its  efficacy. ' 
PiNEiiY. — Still  continue  to  supply  fruit  swelling  with 
water,  and  syringe  frequently,  but  not  in  bright  sun- 
shine, unless  the  shading  is  immediately  put  on  ;  the 
young  plants  should  be  growing  fast,  and  will  require 
liberal  waterings,  and,  in  addition  to  air  in  large  quanti- 
ties by  day,  the  temperature  will  allow  for  tliem  to  have 
a  good  portion  by  night.  And  during  hot  weather, 
forced  fruits  of  all  descriptions  will  be  benefited  by  the 
practice. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
A  complete  stirring  of  the  flower  garden  beds,  to  break 
up  the  hard  crusty  surface,  caused  by  the  late  heavy- 
rains,  should  be  made  before  the  plants  get  much  larger. 
Proceed  with  pegging  down,  or  tying  growing  plants  as 
they  advance,  till  they  occupy  their  allotted  space,  when 
,  more  freedom  may  be  allowed  them,  but  even  then,  in 
well-arranged  flower  gardens,  each  bed  should  be 
perfectly  symmetrical  as  a  whole,  although  forming  only 
a  part  of  the  general  design  ;  remove  weeds  as  they 
appear,  and  pay  the  greatest  attention  to  neatness  and 
order,  without  which  the  richest  display  of  flowers  looks 
unsatisfactory.  Advantage  should  be  taken  of  examining 
the  walks  during  heavy  rains,  to  see  the  drains  are 
sufficient  to  carry  oft'  the  water,  and  additional  drains 
and  grates  put  down  where  necessary.  In  addition  to 
the  plants  named  last  week  for  ornamental  garden  hedges, 
we  strongly  recommend  Cuprcssus  Goveniana  for 
embellishing  architectural  gardens  ;  it  appears  to  bear 
the  knife  well,  while  its  quick  growth,  upright  habit, 
and  beautiful  light  green  foliage,  are  strong  claims  for 
its  adoption  on  terraces  or  parterres  in  the  Italian 
style,  where  it  is  likely  to  supersede  the  upright  Cypress 
and  Irish  Yew,  being,  as  we  think,  hardier  than  the 
former,  and  of  quicker  growth  than  the  latter, 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Birds  have  of  late  years  become  so  numerous,  that  it 
requires  netting  in  abundance  to  preserve  fruit  from 
their  ravages.  As  the  fruit  is  gathered  from  the  earlier 
Cherries  remove  the  netting,  which  may  serve  for 
protecting  later  ci'ops.  If  there  are  any  traces  of  fly 
on  the  trees,  let  them  be  again  well  washed  with  the 
engine.  Look  over  the  Peachej  and  Nectarines,  and  in 
tying  in  the  young  wood  see  that  the  fruit  is  not  too 
thick,  allowing  a  few  extra  for  stoning  in  the  Peach  and 
Nectarine,  The  nailing  in  the  current  wood  ;  washing 
and  stopping  those  shouts  not  required  for  fruiting,  are 
the  principal  things  to  be  attended  to  in  this  department. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Takeadvantageof  fine  weather  to  eradicate  such  weeds 
as  have  sprung  up  during  the  last  rains,  and  which  the 
wet  state  of  the  ground  has  allowed  time  to  grow.  The 
present  state  of  the  atmosphere  is  hkelyto  bring  on 
various  forms  of  mildew.  We  have  seen  two  or  three 
cases  of  disease  among  the  Potatoes;  and  garden  and 
field  Beans  are  in  many  places  partially  destroyed  by 
blight.  Directly  ground  can  be  got  in  readiness,  the 
main  crop  of  Broccoli,  Brussels  Sprouts,  and  winter 
greens  of  all  kinds  should  be  planted,  if  the  weather  is 
dry;  only  partially  fill  up  the  hole  in  planting,  to  allow 
for  watering  them  in  dry  weather;  or  plant  them  with  a 
large  trowel-spade;  the  dibber,  or  setting  stick  we 
would  discard,  if  possible,  from  all  gardens.  The  last  crop 
of  Peas  should  be  sown  directly,  selecting  an  early  sort 
for  the  purpose.  The  same  rule  will  apply  to  Beans. 
Frequently  hoe  between  advancing  crops.  Cauliflowers 
planted  in  shallow  holes  or  trenches  may  be  slightly 
filled  up,  but  not  sufticiently  to  prevent  their  taking 
good  soakiugs  of  water  in  dry  weather.  Asparagus  and 
Seakale,  making  rapid  growth,  will  be  benefited  by  a 
good  sprinkling  of  salt,  and  frequent  soakings  of  liquid 
manure.  To  have  fine  crowns  next  spring,  attention  to 
these  matters  should  be  paid  to  them  now.  We  generally 
sprinkle  a  little  salt  along  the  Celery  trenches  before 
earthing  them  up  ;  it  both  kills  slugs  and  worms,  and 
accelerates  the  growth  of  the  plants.  Plant  out  a  good 
supply  of  Endive,  and  make  further  sowings.  Continue 
the  regular  sowings  of  Lettuce  and  other  salad  plants. 
The  first  Celery  may  have  a  slight  earthing  up,  fi^-st 
removing  all  suckers.  Let  every  attention  bo  given 
towards  maintaining  a  clean  and  well  regulated  appear- 
ance among  the  growing  crops. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEaTHEK  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  weeli  endiug  July  S,  1^^^,  asabnerved  at  the  UurticulluialGuTdenB, 

Chiawick. 


C 

TBMPBKATOaH. 

July. 

i 

15 

0 

ttwijr. 

Of  the  Earth. 

Wind. 

■5 

Max. 

1  foot's  feet 
deep.  1  deep. 

Max. 

Mia. 

Mia. 

Mean 

Fri.Uy  „  2 

30.131 

3(1093 

7" 

50 

61.5 

60 

57 

S.W. 

.no 

Satur.    .,  :( 

16    31).15S 

3IM17 

so 

51 

65.5 

fiOi 

l>S^ 

s, 

.00 

SuiidHy    .  4 

171  S0.(I77 

::a.'ji;i 

q* 

57 

75.S 

fil 

s, 

.1)0 

MouJay     5 

18,   2a.912 

£9.319 

fl7 

fid 

785 

65 

62 

s. 

.m 

Tu*>8.    ..     6 

19    Su.vCii 

29.S11S 

<)ii 

Bl 

C3 

V). 

.1)0 

iO    ai).i:06  i  -Jg.'JU 

49 

m 

65 

K. 

M 

f  hurn. . .    U 

21 

30.U26  1  ao.oifi 

»7 

51 

60.0 

66 

63i 

E. 

m 

Avfracft     , . 

rio.02i  ■  :d.!).9 

87.3 

5H      70,7  1   610       61.0 

.00 

2-Ov«rcHiil;  clouily  liud  flue;  allgh.ly oveiCuBt. 
3  -Fire;  very  floe;  clear  at  night. 
4— Verp  flue  ;  very  hot ;  clear. 

5 -Small  white  cloQcln;  excesBively  hot;  thermomPter  li'gher  than 
it  huB  heCn  fmat  lenist 50  years;  clear,  with  liKhtning at  oight. 
fi-Very  hoi  ;  cltar  at  aiclit. 

7— niuudiean ;  ulieht  Ury  hHze;  vcy  hot  and  "Iry ;  clear. 
S— Dry  heze;  BuUry  ;  cloudy;  very  hot;  clcur. 
Meaa  teaipuruiure  oi  the  week,  Ti)  de|;.  ahuvii  the  average 

STATE  OP  THE  WEaTSiIER  AT  CIIISWICK, 
■t'xaif.  the  last  26  yean,  for  th>  eaBiiioi;  week,  endiag  July  17)  1Sj2.  ' 


e)« 

o 

No.  of 
leara  Id 
which  it 

Kaiued. 

FrevailiDK  Winda. 

III 

u 

Greateat 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

July. 

1 

s«|s 

4's 

i 

Suuday  11 

7J.6 

5'J.7 

63.6 

G 

0.71  ic. 

5 

MoQ      12 

74.5 

52  J 

63  5 

10 

1.10 

2   3  — 

3  3  9 

1 

Tuea.     13 

;j.9 

53.5 

fiH.7 

10 

0.60 

2    3- 

1 15'  4 

1 

Wed.     14 

76J 

52.. 

r,-14 

9 

\M 

1'  2   2  3   7110 

1 

Thura.  li 

75.U 

51.6 

6(3 

13 

0.15 

1'3   S    11  3  101  i 

Friday    16 

;6.2 

51.5 

63.S 

6 

0.J6 

2  a;  2-   210   6 

1 

Satur.    17 

76  4 

65.0 

65.7 

3 

1.22 

2  4   2-I2   6'  4 

H 

The  hiKhest   temperature  aurn 

tho  above  period  occurred  on  the  17ih, 

1334— therm.  91  dejj 

.J  andtbeloweatoa  thela 

th,lS4SaD 

llSal-theriii.41deg. 

Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Bees  :  Honey.  There  is  no  danger  to  be  apprehended  from  the 
finiall  quantity  of  honey  whiub  your  bees  can  obtain  from  a 
i^inir'e  plant  of  Eupborbia  Bplendeos. 

BoiiKs  ;  BiUhul.  The  **  Tree  Uuse,"  or  Rivers' "Rose  Amateura' 
Guiile." 

CspaESSES  :  BaXlaiidyne,  Tou  probably  pruned  your  old  tree 
wlien  the  sap  wa3  in  full  flow.  October  is  a  sate  month  ;  or 
even  midsuaioier,  when  the  new  brunches  are  half  prown. 
Cut  your  Rhododendrons  down  in  the  winter,  and  get  them 
to  make  fresh  wood  ;  they  will  then  flower.  The  question, 
of '■  kinds"  can  only  be  anawered  satis/ocfonij/ by  the  great 
growers.  You  should  tell  them  whatyuu  want,  and  aecertnia 
the  price,  if  the  eelecion  id  left  to  them.  The  crosses  with 
catawbiense  and  maximum  are  ihe  best ;  those  with  cauca- 
sicam  the  worst,  unless  you  have  a  climate  free  from  spring 
frosts,  in  wtiicb  cane  the  Caucasian  breed  is  cbarining. 

DooBs  :  72  <?  T.  White  Deal,  if  guod,  is  excellent  lor  inside 
doors  ;  but  we  can  hardly  conceive  an^  thinjj;  to  equal  Spanish 
Muhogany  for  tlie  same  purpose.  Perhaps  the  best  plan 
would  be  to  replace  with  others  those  pieces  that  are  so 
much  warped,  tf. 

EMiQaATU>N  :  J  S.  The  most  suitable  part  of  Australia  for  you 
is  perhaps  Port  Phillip. 

Feaxinellas  :  They  always  manage  themaelveB.  Give  them 
light  soil,  and  It-t  them  alone.  They  will  flower  abundantly 
when  they  are  old  enough. 

FeuitTeees:  Const  Sub.  Against  a  wall,  thou^b  only  65  feet 
high,  your  Pear  trees,  14  or  15  yeura  olJ,  ought  to  bear  well. 
Yuu  may  rest  assured  ic  is  not  owing  to  the  lowness  of  the 
Wall  ibat  your  trees  produce  only  at  the  extremities.  They 
will  bear  all  over  if  you  now  lose  no  time  in  checking  the 
shoots,  /)v(,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  trees  ;  and,  after  several 
dajs,  tai-e  the  points  off  those  that  are  situated  lower;  and 
always  in  summer  ch*-ck  the  upptnnost  shoots,  and  the 
strojigest  shoots,  earlier  than  the  othei  s.  By  so  doing  the  sap 
will  become  moie  equally  diHtributedj  and  the  branches  wiU 
uUimnie'y  bear  close  to  the  stem.lJ 

Glass  :  Ananassa.  If  you  have  ventilation  enough,  and  in  the 
rifiht  place,  t-o  that  the  air  plays  among  the  leaves  and  keeps 
them  in  motion,  you  w'.U  not  suffer  from  scorching.  If 
other voise,  you  mui?t  either  shade  or  unglaze  your  house  and 
substitute  borticultural  rough  plate  glass.  But  why  not 
puU  off  the  sasties  altogether  when  the  sun  is  roasting  your 
plan's — G  L.  You  will  find  the  merits  of  Hartlej'a  patent 
rough  plae  fuly  pointed  out  in  our  former  volumes. 

Grapes:  Oic/ 5ub.  and  W  S.  The  disease  affecting  your  Grapea 
is  sometimes  termed  bletting,  for  which  there  is  no  specific 
remedy.  A  portion  ot  the  iiHsue  gives  way  under  the  stio,  a 
depression  is  formed,  and  ultimately  a  blotch.  All  you  can 
do  is  to  keep  the  house  well  aired,  aud  use  means  to  maintain 
a  healthy  foliage.  By  so  doing,  although  the  dieease  oaonoC 
be  remedied  in  the  present  eeason,  its  occurrence  may  be 
prevented  in  future. |i 
iNShCTs:  J  D,  liichmond.  The  Insects  found  on  the  underside 
of  the  young  branches  of  your  Pear  trees  are  female  scale 
insects  (Coccus  sp.),  the  jouog  of  which  are  now  hatching  by 
thousanOs.  You  must,  therefore,  extirpate  them  at  once  by 
hand  picking,  or  by  washing  the  bark  with  hot- water  (140*j. 
— Crix,  Jun.  The  thread-like  ioseots  are  not  the  young  of 
earth-worm,  but  a  particular  and  rather  uncommon  species 
of  Filaria  (threud-worms),  found  in  damp  ground,  of  whose 
habits  but  httle  is  known.— J5 /Z  T.  The  insect  found  under 
a  brick  in  ihe  floor  of  a  autile  is  a  rare  kind  of  spider 
(Dysdera  erjthrina),  which  does  not  spin  webs.  It  is  not 
injurious.— jif.  Your  I'arsuips  are  attacked  at  the  roots  by  a 
species  of  aphis,  which  wu  believe  to  be  undesoribed.  It  is 
only  by  pulling  up  the  druoj'lng  plants,  and  desiroyiog  the 
insects,  thiic  the  remainder  of  ihe  crop  can  be  saved.  They 
should  also  be  watered  with  manure-water,  to  cause  them  to 
grow  as  freely  and  quickly  aa  possible.  W. 
Mildew:  J  W.  Nothing  is  known  of  M.  Grlson'a  plan  for 
destroying  this  pest,  beyond  what  is  stated  at  p.  419,  There 
has  not  yet  been  liuie  to  try  it  in  this  country. 
Names  of  Plants:  P  B.  Not  knowing  the  habit  of  your 
Epidendrum,  we  have  been  unable  to  arrive  at  a  ceriaia 
conclu-'ion  respecting  it.  It  setms  to  be  new,  but  very  near 
E.  inversum. —Z>auie.  Apparently  a  flower  of  Vicia  B>lvatica, 

Eliza    Deuizia  scabra.— B  ii  P.  Uendrobium  moscbatum. 

Potatoes  :  -S  S,  The  world  is  divided  in  opinion  about  puling 

up  the  haulm  ;  if  the  Potatoes  are  almost  ripe,  you  had  better 

remove  it.     It  they  are  still  young,  you  will  lose  one  way 

what  you  gain  in  another. 

Qdinces  :  C  D  B  D.  It  is  impossible  to  say  what  is  the  reasou 

of  a  small  Quince  always  bearing/oiwers  and  never/rait. 
WAOts:  AZ.  You  must  consult  a  lawyer.    In  this,  as  in  many 

oiher  things,  law  is  settled  by  custom. 
Walks:  TCP.  We  will  give  you  the  result  of  the  experiments 
when  we  next  report  upon  the  garden.  We  have  ourselves 
DOihiug  to  add  to  what  we  have  already  said,  except  that  if 
gravel  walks  are  painted  with  gas  tar,  and  well  sanded  alter- 
wardu  no  weeds  will  grow  norworms  come  through. 
Yew  Hedoe:  YE  W.  August  is  perhaps  the  best  time  for 
sevtrely  cutting  ic  an  old  neglected  Yew  hedge,  which  has 
been  allowed  to  run  up  iuio  tieeB.J  ^        o-    , 

Misc :  T  A.  DsiAayed  Sedges  will,  no  doubt,  afford  good 
material  for  the  lormation  of  a  flower  garden.  You  can 
cross  two  Thistles,  and  obtain  a  hybrid  in  ihe  manner  you 
propose.  As  to  trout  breeding,  consult  a  good  pamphlet  by 
Piscarius,  ou  the  "  Artlticial  Production  of  Fiah,"  jaeC 
published  by  Reeve  and  Co. 


28—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


441 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS— 
Vy   It  being  notorioua  that  exteusive  adulterutiona  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  oQ, 

ANTONY  GIB83  AND  SONS.    AS  THE 

ON'LY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruviaa  Guvernmeat  and 

to  :he  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  beat  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Tlie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  whlck  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  than  during  the  last  two  years  is 
Gl.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  Iohb  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'pHE  LOiNDOiN    MANURE    CUMLPAiNY  offer  the 

-*-  following  Manures  on  the  best  torin.s,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lima,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P-iat  Gh;ircoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Oornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs, 
A.  GibDS  aud  Soas,  at  9i.  lOs.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
3i.5j.  in  Dock.  Edward  Pdksee,  Sec. 

40,  Niiw  '^rid'ze-fltreet,  Blachfriars,   L'nrton. 


MANURE:5. — The    following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Dejjtlord  Creek  ; 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  .£7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

■    Office,  69,  King  iVilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  cont:ain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9L  103.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  55.  per 
con,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  4;c. 


pHARCOAL    AND    SEWAGE   MANURE.— Pro- 

Vy  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increaBing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAIU 
COAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilisiog  matter  of  LONDON' 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  sofc. 
S^ld  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Scanley-Dridge, 
FulhaTi,  Middlesex,  at  603.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwc,  -23.  Gd.  per 
half  cwt. 


THE  ECONOMIC  PORTABLE  MANURE  COM- 
PaNY  mnnnfat-ture,  and  have  always  for  sale,  the  follow- 
ing MaNDRRS  :— Patent  Manure,  bl.  5s,  per  ton;  hijfhly 
concentrated  Ftecal  Manures,  3Z.  lOs.  per  ton  ;  Superphosphate 
•ofLiiiie,  5J  2^■.  "id.  per  ton ;  Turnip  ilanare,  U.  10s.  per  ton  ; 
Gjpsnm,  U.  53.  per  ton. 

Orders  -ind  applications  for  agencies  to  be  addressed  to 
William  Dodd3  and  Co.,  Managers,  102,  Leadenhall-street, 
J.ondnn. 


TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  condition  to  tliat 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricnltnrdl  Si^ciety's  Journal,  Vol  VI.,  Part  2.  It  is  alsiO 
CUL!:abie  for  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Orill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nirrate  nf  Soda,  Gypsum,  Buni^-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Mark 
S'orHeaGiLL,  201,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  2i.  03.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
dnced.  with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Siiuar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertiU-tiug  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  Ionic  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
where  it  has  been  eitensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  26,Uiiu  tons  have  already  heen  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
Immediate  use,  bavin;;  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffui^ible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it, 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liheral  Coriinii.-sioTi  aUotaed  to  Dealers  or 
Agtnts.  For  c  'pies  of  tho  testimonials  of  its  u^iliiy  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane, 
Lundun. 

MeHsrs,  J,  OwEN  and  Co.  are  now  importing:  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  ot 
the  very  best  de'^cription,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Meutral  Siduble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  ieaat  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Anulysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  A^'picultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


l    IQUID    MANURE    conveyed    over 
-*^  Land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

HiDBAULic  Bnoineeb,  70,  Steand,  London, 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

•Veils  sdhe  and  Eobino  done  iji  all  pasts 

(■V   TnWM   OB    ConriTKT. 


r)  OYAL      AGRICULTURAL       COLLEGE, 
y>  CIRENCESTER. 

pATKrtW-nU  R..yql  Illirbnes..  PRrNOE  ALBERT, 
F«ESIPE>«T  o?  CoDNCiL— Burl  BATHUR3T. 

VicE-PaEaiDEWT— Eiirl  OUCIE. 
PiilwciP4L-R*v.  J.  H.  IlAYfiARTH,  M.A. 
The  5FXT  HR^HION  will  bejfin   on    M -nrtay,    Auirust  9rh. 
8tn»l»ti'<  are  ddmlt'e*!  ofther  ai  Br.ardf^rs  or  an  Out-Studentn, 
The  ■nnnal  f*«    f-f  Bo*rder«   vary    from  45   to  80   (ruti.eafi, 
accordinjr  to  ^ire  •nd  other  circiimntanc".     The  f«e  for  Ouf- 
8tud<;n)«  !•  4'*!.  per  annum.     The  CoIIpk«  Course  of  Lec'orHH 
and  Pran'Ical    Indtnictlon  )■  comple't  In  onn  two'vemnn'h— 
tbonffh    for  yniineer  Btuder.ti  n  longer  time  U  recomnnnded. 
Thfr<*  i*  a  department  for  general  a«  wtU  as  for  agrlcQllurul 
«doca*lon. 

Pr'nper-tu'^K  and  Informatton  can  be  had  on  application  to 
th»"  Pfindpal. 

Ci'cnrft-rer.  JuW  10  185?. ,_ ^^ 

/^lATTLE   snow  OF  THE  ROYAL   AGRICUT- 

\y  TIRAI-  IMPFCOVEMKN  r  HOCIETY  OF  IRELAND. 
The  tl'n*!  Utr  Bn^f-rintf  Ht'>ck  niid  Implim'-nt*  for  *)ni  Hociety'n 
KHOW  a*:  OALWAY,  which  will  b«  h-Jd  on  Wik  17ih  and  18. h 
A-i7a4t  teit,  cl'rti'H  on  'iCith  July,  currf-rjt,  Hucli  Htok  iin<l 
ImpltrmfTi'ii  4«  arc  flu'y  «ntfir»'d  for  HihtMiIon,  will  ha  v.t>x\- 
^•ywj,  fri^ftljr.  to  Oaiwtiy,  by  the  In«h  Railway  and  H'-rarn.bo-it 
Cf-mpant*-*.  All  pTSf.nii  wlnbinjc  to  'ih-ain  Oopli-ti  of  ili«i 
IVtf/.lnrri  .Shu't  and  Printed  form*  of  Kn'ry,  will  b-j  fiirnlnVj«d 
wl'h  •wrn*.  In  roumw  of  Pont,  on  eppllcatlon  iD  It.  M.  KjnwAW, 
Local  Hecretiiry,  Oalway  ;  or  to 

TnoMid  IlAaiwrHB.  Hecrotary. 
Aoelttj  Roomtf  41,  Upper  Sackville-itreet,  Dublin. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Tliose  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walUs  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed '.hUrii—Sci'eeu  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
ift  at  present  made  from  the  loara  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  Buch  equfil  mixfnra  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  befure  applying 
the  water.  Ic  mny  ihen  be  laid  on  ^  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  CrtU  m'x  and  spread  iC.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  spade,  and  In  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upun  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  tbe  path 
towards  the  sides. —  Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B,  White 
and  Sons    MiUbank-street,  Westminster. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PRIZE  MRDAL  FOR  SUPKRIOR  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J,  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
ESMIBITIOS  OF  1851. 

rpHE  CELEBRATED   STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 

-L  Patent  Spades,  D'lisy  Rakes,  Scjthns,  Draining,  and 
other  Gardpu  Tools.  Mole  Tr^p-i,  6s.  par  dozen.  Carpenters' 
and  Smiths*  Tooli,  dsc.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
23.  6.i.  per  dozen.  Patent  fumi^'atora  for  destroying  insects 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouses,  (fcc  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H,  Boobbvee 
aud  Co 's  {late  Stubch  and  B  lOBSYea),  Iroumongery,  Braas- 
fi.madry.  Nail  and  Tool  Warehiuse,  14,  stanhope-street, 
C'are-markot,  London.  Establinhed  nearly  200  years  for  the 
s^le  of  g'lods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices. 
Goods  forwarded  to  any  part  oa  the  receipt  of  remittauje. 
Lists  sent  by  post- 


ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY 
OP  ENGLAND. 

LEWES      MEETING. 

TUESDAY.  July  13.  ProfeHSor  SIMONDS,  of  the  Royal  Tete- 

rinary  College,  will  deliver  a  LECTURE  before  Members  of 

the  Society  ani  their  friends,  in  the  Counfy  Hall,  at  6  p.m. 
WEDNESDAY,    July   14,    the  Implement   Yard    open   to  the 

Public  from  8  a.ji.  till  H  p  M.,  at  23.  6d. ;  the  Cattle  Yard 

open  in  the  Evening  at  oa. 
THURSDAY,    July    15,    the    Implement    and    Cattle    Yards 

{thrown  together  into  one  general  show)  open  to  the  public 

from  6  a.m.  till  6p  M.,  at  2s.  6ci.    The  Pavilion  Dinner  at 

4  P.M.'    Tickets  lOs. 
FRIDAY,    July  16,   the  General   Show  of    Implementa   and 

Cattle,  open  to  the  Public  from  6a. ai.  till  6pm,    at  Is. 

G-eneral   Meeting  of  the  Society  in  the  County  Hall,    at 

10  a.m. 
By  order  nfthe  Council,        James  Hudson,  Secretary. 
London,  July  10.  1852. 


SATURDAY,  JULY  W,  1852. 

MEliTINGS  FOR  THE   IWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Wkdkbsday,    July    14  ( Agriculural    Society's    Meeting 
Thiibsid\».         —      l.i  f        Mt  Lewe?. 
THt;t.Si>AT,        —     22— Agricultural  Imp.  Sociuty  of  Ireland. 


It  is  our  unpleasant  duty  to  draw  public  atten- 
tion to  the  following  manuke  case,  which  deserves 
to  be  made  more  extensively  known,  than  through 
the  columns  of  a  local  newspaper. 

It  appears  from  the  Sherborne  Journal,  that  a 
quantity  of  superphosphate  of  lime  was  lately  pur- 
chased by  Mr.  Fry,  a  tenant  upon  the  Dean  of 
VViNDSon's  estate,  at  Butleigh,  of  an  agent  to  the 
West  of  England  IVIanure  Company  at  Ilminster. 
The  price  charged  was  71.  5s.  per  ton.  Circum- 
stances, whicli  need  not  be  explained,  led  to  this 
substance  being  submitted  to  Prof.  Way  for  analysis. 
The  following  was  the  result,  given  in  the  words  of 
tliat  able  chemist : — 

"  The  sample  of  superphosphate  of  lime  is,  as  you 
supposed,  a  very  inferior  article,  and  I  am  afraid  from 
its  composition  that  its  inferiority  cannot  be  mercifully 
imputed  to  the  mere  iguorance  of  the  maker.  A  good 
superphosphate  should  contain  12  or  15  per  cent,  if  not 
more  of  soluble  phosphate — the  sample  in  question  does 
not  contain  1  per  cent.  Moreover  the  total  proportion 
of  phosphate  of  lime  is  so  much  smaller  than  it  should 
be  that  1  cannot  help  believing  that  some  of  the  gypsum 
was  put  in  as  such — not  produced  by  the  ordinary  action 
of  sulphuric  acid.  In  fact,  I  believe  that  it  is  a  mecha- 
nical mixture  of  ground  bones  and  gypsum,  but  I  cannot 
assert  this  positively.  Anyhow  it  is  a  bad  sample  ot 
superphosphate.  I  should  not  value  it  at  more  than 
21.  or  21.  105.  per  ton,  because  it  can  only  be  worth  the 
bone  it  contains.     Its  analysis  gave. 

Percent. 

Moisture 16.09 

Organic  matter  and  ammoniacal  salts       14  56 

Suuti,  &o.  11.30 

BiplioMphate  of  limo  (equal  to  neutral  phosphate  ren- 
dered soluble  0  01)      0.41 

Neutral  phosplia'e  of  lime,  insoluble  la, 00 

IJydrated  fcUlphHte  of  lime  (xypsiidi)  37.27 

AlliuUne  suits,  with  some  carliouato  of  lime        7.A7 

100.00 
Nitrogen  1.51  per  cent,  equal  to  ammonia  1.83  per  cent." 

In  what  light  are  we  to  view  this  transaction  t 
Here  is  what  is  called  a  manure  company  vending 
at  11,  !).;.  an  article  which  cannot  at  the  utmcst 
be  woith  more  than  21.  10.!.;  and  what  is  worse, 
tlie  only  material  ot  any  value  which  it  con- 
tains is  almost  entirely  in  a  elate  which  de- 
stroys its  utility.  Superphosphate  of  lime  owes  its 
great  importance  to  the  large  quantity  it  contains 
of  soiu/^lc  phosphate,  of  which  the  roots  of  plants 
like  the  Turnip  can  make  immediate  use.  Good 
samples  contain  from  12  to  1.5  per  cent,  of  it.  liut 
the  parcel  in  question  did  not  contain  much  above 
onc-lialf  per  cent.  .So  thattliis  "  manure  company  " 
has  the  conscience  to  sell  for  71.  Tw,,  what  to  tlie 
farmer  is  worth  next  to  nothing.  The  best  super- 
phosphate, containing  IC  per  cent,  of  soluble  phos- 


phate, is  advertised  by  persons  of  the  highest  respect- 
ability at  71.  per  ton  ;  the  West  of  England  Manure 
Company  charges  71.  5s.  for  a  half  per  cent.  ;  the 
real  comparative  value  of  such  "  superphospate" 
being,  if  the  rule  of  three  is  applicable  to  manure- 
makers  and  their  dealings,  just  four  shillings  and 
tenpence. 

What  makes  this  matter  even  more  scandalous 
is  that  Mr.  Fry,  who  was  cheated,  actually  paid 
6^.  above  the  market  price,  in  full  confidence  that 
he  was  thus  securing  a  genuine  article.  We  do  not 
know  what  kind  of  verdict  a  jury  would  give  Mr. 
Fey  as  compensation  for  the  injury  thus  inflicted 
upon  him ;  but  we  earnestly  trust  that  he  will 
ascertain.  Manure-frauds  have,  we  are  happy  to 
say,  already  received  a  check,  from  the  general 
refusal  of  the  buyers  who  have  been  taken  in  to  pay 
for  the  rubbish  palmed  upon  them.  A  few  actions 
at  law  for  compensation  on  account  of  loss  ot  crop, 
would  probably  render  spurious  manure-making  too 
dangerous  a  trade  to  be  carried  on  with  profit. 

We  ought  to  add,  that  we  owe  our  knowledge  of 
the  case  now  recorded  to  Jl.  S.  Grabukn,  Esq.,  of 
Ilfracombe,  by  whom  the  facts  were  communicated 
to  the  Sherborne  Journal ;  and  we  venture,  in  the 
name  of  the  whole  body  of  the  agricultural  interest, 
to  offer  him  most  hearty  thanks  for  his  public- 
spirited  conduct  on  this  occasion. 


We  have  had  the  examination  papers  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  College  at  the  late  sessional 
8xamination  of  the  students  placed  in  our  hands, 
and  any  one  must  perceive  from  them  that  the 
course  of  study  which  they  indicate  has  been 
eminently  adapted  to  the  various  objects  of  a  liberal 
agricuhuial  education.  The  questions  and  answers 
in  the  department  of  practical  agriculture  are  given 
in  another  page  ;  some  of  the  answers  to  the  other 
papers  we  hope  hereafter  to  obtain  ;  meanwhile,  that 
our  readers  may  judge  of  the  kind  of  examination 
for  which  the  students  at  the  College  have  to  qualify 
themselves  while  within  its  walls,  we  extract  the 
following  questions.  The  following  are  among 
those  put  to  the  students  in  chemistry  : 

How  do  you  detect  the  adulteration  of  flour  with 
Pea  or  Bean-meal  ? 

Describe  the  chemical  changes  which  take  place  in 
the  steeping  of  Flax. 

What  is  the  general  composition  of  milk  ? 

How  do  you  determine  the  relative  feeding  value  of 
different  samples  of  oil-cake  ? 

What  are  the  chemical  changes  which  Barley  under- 
goes in  the  process  of  germination  % 

What  is  the  general  composition  and  the  relative 
feeding  value  of  malt  and  Barley  % 

Mention  the  general  characters  of  stiff  clay  soils,  and 
describe  the  means  of  improving  them. 

Mention  some  of  the  pi'inciples  which  ought  to  guide 
the  farmer  in  the  management  of  home-made  manure. 

What  are  the  adulterations  more  generally  occurring 
in  Peruvian  guano,  and  liow  can  they  be  detected  ? 

The  following  are  among  the  questions  put  to 
students  in  the  veterinary  department : — 

Explain  the  general  system  of  management  of  horses 
in  health  ;  including  the  construction  of  the  stable, 
ventilation,  drainage,  light ;  feeding  and  exercise. 

What  care  is  requisite  in  the  feeding  of  fatting 
animals,  to  preserve  as  healthy  a  state  of  the  system  as 
may  be  possible. 

Describe  the  disease  of  pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle, 
its  symptoms  and  treatment. 

In  the  natural  history  department  we  extract 
the  following:— 

Explain  the  theory  of  springs,  rivulets,  and  rivers, 
and  state  what  rooks  would  have  to  be  reached  for  a 
well  on  the  College  Farm,  as  also  on  a  farm  situate  on 
the  inferior  oolite. 

Give  an  account  ot  the  geology  of  the  lias,  having 
reference  to  its  rocks,  fossil  contents,  agricultural  and 
economic  characteristics. 

Show  how  superficial  drifts  may  improve  or  deterio- 
rate land  overspread  by  them. 

Point  out  the  theories  of  the  elevation  of  the  Cottes- 
wolds  and  the  Malverns. 

How  does  the  study  of  fossils  assist  in  the  discrimina- 
tion of  rocks  1 

Give  an  account  of  the  natural  history  of  the  Turnip 
flea  (Ilallicanemorum)  and  point  out  plans  for  checking 
its  ravages, 

■\Ve  will  conclude  by  selecting  two  or  three 
from  the  list  of  questions  in  surveying  and 
engineering : — 

U  is  required  to  find  trigonometrically  the  distance  of 
two  points,  A  and  B,  from  a  third  point  C;  the  distance 
between  A  and  B  being  501)  yards,  the  bearing  of  B 
fi'om  A  being  lliO°  35',  of  C  from  A  270"  35',  and  of 
C  from  B  205''   10'! 

It  is  required  to  find  the  area  of  a  triangular  field 
from  the  following  dimensions  :  base,  flGO  links  ;  per- 
pendicular, at  300  links  from  olio  end,  420  Huks,  It  is 
also  required  to  cut  (iff,  parallel  to  its  base,  a  part 
cfpial  to  one-lmlf  its  area,  -  What  would  be  the  per- 
Iiendicular  distance  from  the  base  lino  to  the  line  which 
would  cut  off  the  required  area  J 

Explain  the  principles  of  the  valuation  of  land  and 


442 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  10, 


other  property.  Also,  required  the  value  of  an  estate 
of  500  acres  of  land,  which  lets  at  42s.  per  acre  net 
rental,  supposing  it  to  pay  SI.  10s.  per  cent,  per  annum 
on  the  money  invested,  —  what  number  of  years' 
purchase  would  the  land  be  worth  1 

Suppose  a  man  capable  of  raising  60  lbs.  by  his  own 
strength,  what  weight  could  four  men  raise  at  a  crane, 
the  two  "winohea  being  2  feet  6  inches  long,  two  small 
wheels  6  inches  diameter,  large  wheels  3  feet  diameter, 
and  barrel  for  chain  1  foot  diameter.  Also,  what 
additional  weight  could  they  raise  by  the  aid  of  three 
moveable  pulleys  ? 

Required  the  expense  of  cultivating  an  acre  of  ground 
bygthe  spade,  to  be  dug  1  foot  3  inches  deep;  a  labourer 
being  capable  of  digging  12  cubic  yards  per  day,  and 
the  price  of  labour  Is.  Qd.  per  day.  Also,  the  number 
oflabourers  it  would  require  to  do  the  whole  in  14  days  1 

In  Lord  Bathurst's  pond  there  are  about  6  million 
gallons  of  water,  how  long  would  it  take  five  horses  to 
pump  it  to  a  height  of  60  feet,  supposing  each  horse 
capable  of  pumping  70,000  gallons  1  foot  high  per 
hour,  and  to  work  six  hours  per  day.  Also,  how  many 
acres  of  land  would  it  irrigate,  at  18^000  gallons  per 
a^re  ? 

Explain  the  relative  value  of  the  sewerage  of  towns 
for  agricultural  purposes  ;  also  the  comparative  cost  of 
transmitting  it  into  the  country  in  a  fluid  state,  and  by 
converting  into  a  solid  mauure. 

No  one  can  deny  that  the  ability  to  answer 
questions  such  as  these  must  imply  the  possession 
of  knowledge  most  useful  to  the  farmer;  and  the 
practical  tendency  of  most  of  them  is  proof  that  at 
the  Cirencester  institution  the  main  objects  of  an 
agricultural  education,  professional  skill  and  ability, 
is  kept  full  in  viev/  by  the  professors  at  the  head  of 
the  different  departments  of  study. 


in  the  only  two  cases  in  the  table  in  which  so  high  an 
amount  is  reached,  a  considerable  portion  is  due  to 
dairy  produce. 

*=  On  the  othel"  hand,  it  appears  that  in  certain  cases 
in  Lincolnshire  and  Norfolk,  and  in  one  case  (there  are 
not  many  such)  in  Devonshire,  the  amount  of  animal 
food — all  fit  for  the  butcher— produced  for  every  acre 
of  Grass  and  green  crops,  is  not  less  than  eight  or  nine 
score. 

"  I  think  it  must  be  admitted  that,  unless  this  contrast 
is  capable  of  some  explanation  which  I  do  not  perceive, 
it  points  to  some  deficiency  in  the  farming  of  Somer- 
set— for  it  can  hardly  be  accounted  for  by  any  want  of 
natural  fertility  in  the  soil. 

"It  will  be  noticed  that  the  consumption  of  oiUcake 
forms  a  prominent  feature  in  the  management  of  the 
farms  selected  from  the  other  counties,  while  in  none  of 
the  Somersetshire  fa-rms  quoted  ha  the  table  is  it  used  to 
any  extent  worth  mentioning, 

"  I  am  confident  that  the  amount  of  animal,  food  pro- 
duced, and  labour  employed  on  the  average  farms  in 
Somerset,  when  compared  with  the  analogous  facts  in 
the  case  of  the  average  farming  of  Lincolnshire  and 
Norfolk,  would  afford  a  still  greater  contrast  than  tliat 
which  has  been  already  exhibited. 

"I  have  it  on  the  authority  of  several  respectable 
farmers,  that  the  amount  of  money  paid  in  wages  on 
mixed  farms  is  commonly  nearer  10s.  than  20s.  per  acre. ' 
The  cases  in  which  it  exceeds  20s.  are  quite  exceptional. 

"It  is  admitted  that  the  climate  of  the  southrwest  of 
England,  especially  on  and  near  the  hills,  is  not  so 
favourable  to  the  growth  of  corn  as  that  of  the  eastern 
counties  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  that  it  is  more  favour- 
able to  the  growth  of  Grass.  If  tlie  fai'mers-iu  Somer- 
setshire do  not  keep  pace  with  the  arable  farmers  of  the 
east,  in  the  production  of  stock,  to  what  means  will  they 
look  to  increase  the  returns  of  the  land  V*  li. 


TtiE  piadfiiee  of  giving  ai'tificial  food  (except  in' 
vei^y  sparing  quantities)  is  almost  universally  con- 
demned in  the  west.  The  experience  of  Scotch 
farmers,  from  the  time  of  Sir  J.  Sinclair  to  the  pre- 
sent day,  is  also  much  opposed  to  the  giving  of 
excessive  quantities  of  artificial  food  to  fattening 
stock.  It  will  not  do  to  argue  this  matter  strictly 
on  the  ammonia  theory.  There  are  a  set  of  princi- 
ples which  come  into  play  here  which  render  the 
practices  of  Scotch  and  English  farmers  quite  dif- 
ferent. In  this,  as  in  many  other  questions,  the  cir- 
cumstances which  demand  this  sacrifice  of  the  con- 
suming value  of  the  Turnips  in  the  south  do  not  exist 
in  the  north.  There  is  still  much  force  in  Sir  J. 
Sinclair's  defence  of  the  Scotch  iarnieis,  which  he 
wrote  many  years  ago,  and  which  also  applies  to  the 
western  parts  of  England.  "Were  they  (the 
farmers),  then,  upon  Mr.  Young's  and  Mr.  Hill's 
plan,  to  provide  hay  or  oilcake,  they  might  be  justly 
accused  of  deviaiing  from  the  great  principle 
■which  runs  through  every  part  of  Scotch  farming  to 
which  the  graziers'  prices  and  the  high  rents  of  Gra.«s 
inclosures,  would  soon  oblige  them  to  return."  In 
fact,  rents  go  up  too  high  in  Scotland  to  admit  of  the 
system  of  giving  great  quantities  of  oilcake  taking  a 
deep  hold  of  its  agriculture  ;  the  same  may  be  said 
in  I'egard  to  the  west  of  England. 

The  arable  lands  in  the  west  of  England  must 
yield  as  high  rentals  as  the  adjoining  lands  in  pas- 
turage, for  sooner  or  later  the  balance  will  be  main- 
tained. The  amount  of  manual  labour  is  necessarily 
less  in  the  north  and  west  than  the  east ;  the  Wheat 
follows  more  naturally  the  green  crops,  the  expendi- 
ture for  labour  is  small,  but  it  increases,  greatly 
where  Wheat  is  sown  after  seeds.  We  cannot  here 
go  into  details  on  this  subject.  In  the  average  of 
Scotch  farming  the  manual  labour  does  not  amount 
to  I5s.  per  acre  ;  in  the  north  and  west  the  fertility 
of  the  land  is  more  easily  maintained,  and  can  be 
more  cheaply  wrought.  We  believe  these  two  ele- 
ments must  be  taken  into  account  before  we  can 
fully  understand  why  the  arable  lands  of  the  eastern 
counties  are  more  cheaply  let  than  those  of  the  north 
and  west. 

We  cannot  altogether  ascribe  this,  as  Mr.  Caird 
has  done,  to  a  difference  in  their  staple  products, 
when  he  says,  "  The  great  corn-growing  counties  of 
the  east  coast  are  thus  shown  to  yield  an  average 
rent  of  23s.  8c?.  per  acre  ;  the  more  mixed  husbandry 
of  the  midland  counties,  and  the  grazing,  green  crop, 
and  dairy  of  the  west,  Z\s.  5d.  This  striking  differ- 
ence, being  not  less  than  30  per  cent.,  is  explained 
chiefly  by  the  different  value  of  their  staple  produce. 
The  difference  in  rent  does  not  arise  from  a  greater 
fertility  of  the  soil,  as  may  be  seen  by  compaiing 
the  produce  of  Wheat." 

There  is  a  much  greater  tendency  to  rely  on  corn 
crops  in  the  west  and  north,  and  pay  high  rents,  than 
IS  generally  believed.  We  were  very  much  sur- 
prised to  find  Mr.  AcLAND,  in  his  graphic  report  of 
the  Farming  of  Somersetshire,  at  a  loss  on  this  sub- 
ject ;  had  he  given  the  amount  of  rental,  the  com- 
parison would  have  been  complete. 

"  It  appears  that  the  largest  proportion  of  animal  food 
produced  on  any  Sumersetsbire  farm  is  at  the  rate  of 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

SESSIONAL   EXAMINATION. — PRACTICAL    AGRICULTURE. 

Cliiefiy  with  regard  to  such  matters  as  ha've  been  hroiir/JU 
hejorc  the  attention  of  the  students  since  the  beginning 
of  Fehmary. 

1.  DeSci'ibe  the  connection  of  the  various  sciences  of 
Chemistry,  Geology,  Botany,  Veterinary  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  Surveying  and  Civil  Engineering,  with  the 
study  of  Practical  Agriculture. 

2.  Describe  the  acts  of  husbandry  during  the  present 
session,  in  Nos.  (3  and  5)  11,  27,  29,  35,  38,  and  give  a 
two  years'  Dr.  and  Cr.  account  of  any  one  of  fhem. 

3.  Give  an  account  of  the  cropping  of  the  R.  A. 
College  Farm,  either  stating  the  gross  nuttiber  of  acres 
in  Wheat,  Barley,  Gats,  Turnips  sown  and  to  be  sown, 
seeds,  Saintfoin,  &c.  ;  or  else  taking  each  field  in  order, 
and  stating  how  it  is  cropped  at  present. 

4.  Enumerate  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  implements  in 
use  on  the  R.  A.  College  Farm,  and  value  thera  as  nearly 
as  you  can. 

5.  What  has  been  the  treatment  of  the  cows  and  of 
the  young  stock  during  the  present  session  \ 

6.  Give  a  statement  of  the  way  in  which  the  sheep 
have  been  treated  during  this  session,  including  those 
which  have  been  sold  during  that  period.  Describe  also 
the  experiment  which  was  tried  as  to  the  advantages  of 
feeding  sheep  in  sheds  or  in  the  open  air. 

7.  Do  you  consider  that  sheep,  or  beasts,  are  in 
general  the  most  profitable  stock  to  fatten  ?  Do  not 
attempt  this  question  unless  you  can  support  your 
opinion  by  reasons. 

8.  You  are  entering  oti  a  farm  of  good  light  soil — 250 
acres  of  arable,  50  acres  good  pasture.  What  live  and 
dead  stock  would  you  require,  and  about  what  ought  it 
to  cost  you  ?     What  rotation  would  you  observe  ? 

9.  What  circumstances  are  there  affecting  afarm,  but 
not  in  any  way  connected  with  the  richness  or  poverty 
of  its  soil,  which,  nevertheless,  have  a  material  effect  on 
its  real  value  \ 

1 0.  Describe  the  various  methods  of  applying  farm- 
yard and  artificial  mawures. 

11.  How  would  you  rear  a  heifer  calf,  from  her  birth 
to  the  time  of  her  first  calving,  at  three  years  old  \ 

12.  Enumerate  the  artificial,  pasture  crops  in  common 
use  ;  describe  the  method  of  growing  Saintfoin  and  its 
advantages. 

13.  You  may  assume  that  in  certain  localities  a  few 
acres  of  Carrots  may  be  grown  with  advantage,  as  a  crop 
to  be  sold  off  the  land.  Why  could  not  this  be  done 
everywhere,  and  to  a  large  extent  %  Give  the  general 
objections  urged  against  selling  a  part  or  the  whole  of 
any  crop  which  is  calculated  for  the  support  of  stock. 
How  far  and  in   what  cases  are  these  objections  well 


gives  principles  for  the  application  of  manures  to  the 
soil,  and  acts  as  an  unerring  friend  in  many  matters- 
connected  with  practical  agriculture.  Geology  is  useful 
in  certain  Uinds  of  drainage,  in  well-sinking,  in  seeking 
for  sand,  clay,  and  various  minerals  employed  in  agri- 
culture. Botany  points  out  the  kind  of  plants  best 
suited  for  various  soils  and  climates,  for  specific  purposes. 
Veterinary  medicine  artd  surgery  are  highly  useful  in 
preserving  the  health  of  our  common  domestic  animals. 
A  scientific  knowledge  of  medicine  and  pathology  enables 
one  to  ti-eat  diseases  by  safe  rules,  and  not  as  a  matter 
of  chance.  Surgery  and  anatomy  guide  one  in  the 
treatment  of  all  internal  and  external  wounds.  An 
acquaintance  with  the  position  of  the  various  bones> 
nerves,  muscles,  veins,  arteries,  and  all  the  vital  net- 
work of  animals,  enables  one  to  perform  operations  with 
a  probability  of  doing  good — witliout  the  danger  of  doing 
harm — which  is  inevitable  where  persons  act  by  mere 
chance.  Suiweying  and  civil  engineering  are  of  every- 
day use  to  a  faa'mer  in  measuring  land  and  piece-work 
of  all  kinds.  Land  surveying  is  useful  in  measuring  for 
the  application  of  manures,  the  rate  of  sowing  seed,  and 
the  letting  of  Turnips,  and  of  mowing  by  the  acre^  &c. 
Civil  engineering  enables  one  to  talre  levels  for  the 
purpose  of  draining,  or  for  conveying  water  in  any 
way  for  driving  machinery,  or  for  irrigation,  &c.  It 
gives  directions  for  making  roatls,  erecting  embankmentSj 
forming  ponds,  building  walls,  making  gates  ;  it  gives  the- 
principles  of  scientific  instruction  in  tlie  manufacture  of 
implements,  in  the  computation  of  the  value  of  materials, 
and  the  standard  value  of  manual,  horse,  and  mechanieal, 
power. 

2.  Nos.  3  and  5  (now  one  field).  On  one  part  winter 
Beans  were  drilled.  These  have  been  horse  and  hand 
hoed.  On  another  part,  Flax  was  sown  last  March.. 
The  ground  was  scarified,  harrowed,  and  rolled  previous 
to  the  seed  being  sown.  The  Flax  was  harrowed  and 
rolled  after  being  sown.  Since  then  the  crop  has  beea 
partly  weeded.  The  other  part  of  this  fifild  is  ia, 
CaiTots.  These  were  drilled  in  Mai'ch,  in  rows  18- 
inches  apart;  the  preparation-  of  the  land  consisted  in 
scarifying,  rolling,  and  harrowing,  previous  to  being 
sown.  The  Carrots  have  since  been  hoed  between  th& 
rowsy  and  are  now  all  singled,  out  about  a  foot  frona" 
plant  to  plant  along  the  roSvs.  No.  11  has  been, 
ploughed  twice  since  last  harvest.  It  has  all  been 
scarified  once,  and  some  parts  several  times.  It  has 
been  hai-rowed,  and  I'olled,  and  ridged  up  for  Turnips. 
Part  of  the  Turnips  are  dunged,  and  part  are  dressed 
with  artificial  manures.  The  Turnips  in  ISo.  U  have- 
been  rolled  since  they  were  sown.  No.  27,  ploughed 
once  after  Turnips,  then  harrowed,  and  drilled  with 
Wheat  last  spring.  The  Wheat  was  rolled  once  after 
being  sown,  and  was  also  hand  and  horse  hoed.  No.  29 
has  been  ploughed  twice,  in  preparation  for  Turnips, 
after  Beans.  No.  35  haa  been  ploughed,  harrowed, 
I'olled,  and  di'illed^with  Barley,  after  Turnips.  Seeds 
are  sown  with  the  Barlej\  No.  38  has  been  ploughed 
once  and  some  parts  twice;  it  has  all  been  scarified, 
harrowed,  rolled,  and  ridged  with  Turnips.  The 
Turnips  are  sown  with  artificial  manures.  A  Dr.  and 
Cr.  account  of  No.  27  would  show  a  profit;  of  No.  38,. 
a  loss;  of  No.  1 1,  about  an  average  of  the  twoj  or  of  the 
whole  of  the  fields  mentioned.  The.  account  will  stand 
about  thus :  for — 

No.  n.— Dr.  per  Acre. 

To  one  pionghinK  for  Wheat         

Seed  and  drillinp: 

5  bai'rowiiigs,  at  Gd 

2  rollings,  at  6d 

1  Iioeini;        ...  ...  ...  • 

Harvestinpf    and    preparing    for    and    taking     to 

mut-Uet .,.         

Rent,  &Ci ' 


ig'S. 

d. 

»  d 

0 

0    9 

e- 

0    2 

« 

0    1 

(V 

0     3 

0 

1     0 

(f 

1  15 

« 

Total  Dr.  one  year  for  Wheat 
No.  H.^Dii.  per  Acre  for  Turnip  crop. 
1851—52. 

To2  ploughiDga     i        

2  scarifjinga 

6  haiTowings  afidroUiiSg^     ;..        .*.        *. 

Manure 

Seed        

Hoeing  and  BtQBingi.erop,-     ...         

Kent,  die 

Dr.  for  Turnips 

Totalj  two  years       

No.  ll;— CB.per  Aero,  Wheat  Ci*op. 
1851. 

By  30  Bushels  of  Wheat,  at  55 

Wheat  straw  not  taken  into  the  credit  aocounr, 
unle(=iB  more  manure  had  been  debited  to  tha 
Turnip  crop. 
No.  11.— Oe.  per  Acre,  Turnip  Crop. 
1B52. 


£0  18 

0 

0    4 

0 

0    3 

0 

2  10 

0 

0    2 

(1 

0  15 

0 

1  15 

0 

e 

7    0 

leio 

7    0- 

e 

s.  d. 

.,, 

...    7 

1(1    0- 

founded?    And  how  and  in  what  degree  may  they  be   Bj  the  proSaWey:iIu»  of  Turnip  cr^p 
removed  ?  | 

14.  You  have  SO  ewe  and  60  wether  lambs  ;  you  wish 
to  rear  tlie  former  for  breeding  from — the  latter  you 
wibh  to  convert  into  mutton  at  the  earliest  possible 
period  ;  what  is  your  course  with  the  two  lots  ? 

1,5.  What  is  the  best  method  of  assigning  a  money 
value  to  a  Tlirnip  crop  wliich  is  to  be  fed  off  by  sheep  ? 

16.  What  account  books  does  a  farmer  require  ? 
Distinguish  between  a  mere  account  of  gross  receipts 
and  payments,  and  such  an  account  as  shall  enable  a 
farmer,  if  his  payments  exceed  his  receipts,  to  deter- 
mine by  what  portions  of  his  farm  or  stock  he  is  losing 
money.  Cirencester,  June  19. 


ANSWERS  TO  THE   A  BOTK    QDF.STIONS  "  COT.LECTETI 

AND  CONnENSED  PROM  THE  STUDENTS'  REPLIES. " 

1,  Chemistry  enables  a  farmer  to  examine  and  to  test 

7  score  to  an  acre  of  Grass  and  green  crops  ;  and  that    the  value  of  manures,  of  cattle-food,  aud  of  soils.     It 


Thi  Turnips  wiiuid  (im>.*c  likely  pay  mnch  ftiope 
if  pold  otf  the  prouiid,  but  less  if  cooFUmed 
upi>ii  the  LTnurtd  by  stock  ;  yet  the  iniii'urial 
VMlue  of  the  Turnips  so  con>umeil  may  reason. 
:ib  y  ba  calculated  to  make  the  crop  acuaily 
worth  41,  ~ 

No.  11  Dr.  per  acre  for  tiro  years  brought fbrward  ... 
Apparpnt  gain 


11  10 

10    7 


^_ £1    3    » 

Here  we  show  ihHtthe  Wheat'  crop  paid  3!.  IDs.  mure  than 
it  cost,  but  that  the  Turnip  crop  cost  21.  7s.  more  th.,n  It  Kill 
realise. 

3.  Upon  the  College  farm  there  ai-e  1 1 6  acres  of  Wheat, 
S6  acres  of  Barley,  64  acres  of  Oats,  14  acres  of  Beans, 
and  8  acres  of  Flax  ;  80  acres  of  Saintfoin,  125  acres 
of  root  crops,  100  acres  of  seeds  for  mowing,  and  nearly 
100  acres  in  pasture, 

4.  'ihe  principal  implem,ents  are  ploughs,  harrows, 
rollers,  carts,  sowing  machines,  scarifiers,  aud  a  reaping 


28—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


443 


machine.  T!ie  value  of  all  the  irapleraents  (exclusive 
of  the  engine  and  machinery)  may  amount  to  nearly 
500?.  The  chief  items  of  that  sum  could  be  made  up 
by  12  carts,  l'20l.  ;  9  ploughs,  4-horse  hoes,  6  sets  of 
harrows,  80Z.  ;  rollers,  40?.  ;  drill,  30?.  ;  reaper,  18?.  ; 
miscellaneous  articles,  100?. 

3.  The  cows  were  fed  upon  straw,  chaff-cavings,  and 
i*oots,  while  the  roots  lasted.  When  the  roots  were 
finished,  they  lived  upon  hay  until  the  Grass  was  ready 
to  receive  them.  The  young  breeding  stock  were 
treated  in  a  similar  manner.  The  young  calves  were 
allowed  to  suck  their  mothers  for  a  few  weeks  after 
being  calved.  They  were  then  taught  to  drink  skim- 
milk  and  Linseed  jelly  from  a  pail.  They  have  Grass 
now,  and  a  daily  allowance  of  sUim-milk  still  carried 
out  to  the  field  to  them. 

6.  The  breeding  ewes  were  fed  upon  Turnips  and  hay 
previous  to  lambing.  They  were  kept  in  a  yard  at  night, 
as  the  lambing  season  commenced.  Tliey  were  turned 
out  to  the  field  in  lots,  after  being  lambed.  Those  ewes 
which  had  two  Iambs  each,  were  allowed  a  few  Oats  in 
the  lambing  season.  When  the  Turnips  were  finished, 
Grass  was  ready  to  receive  the  ewes  and  lambs,  some 
of  which  were  turned  upon  old  Saintfoin,  and  some 
■were  folded  upon  young  seeds.  The  lambs  were 
weaued  a  short  time  ago,  and  are  now  living  upon  old 
Saintfoin.  The  ewes  are  fed  chiefly  upon  Clover.  The 
lambs  have  been  shut  from  water,  to  prevent  tliem 
scouring.  The  udders  of  the  ewes  have  been  drawn 
out  from  time  to  time.  The  fattening  sheep  which  were 
upon  Turnips  at  the  commencement  of  the  session  were 
all  sold  oft'  for  the  butcher  ;  they  had  corn  and  Clover- 
chaff,  along  with  roots  They  were  nearly  all  shorn 
before  they  were  sold.  The  experiment  of  feeding 
sheep  in  the  field,  and  undercover,  turned  out  in  favour 
of  the  field  lot  by  a  pound  of  mutton  a  week,  during  the 
time  the  experiment  lasted,  which  was  about  19  weeks. 
The  comparative  expense  and  difference  of  the  two  lots 
were  certainly  very  great,  when  the  cost  of  attendance 
upon  the  house-fed  lot  in  feeding,  cleaning,  drawing  the 
food,  &c.,  is  taken  into  account,  to  say  nothing  of  house- 
rent. 

7.  From  all  we  know,  sheep  have  paid  much  better 
for  some  time  past  than  beasts.  The  same  quantity  of 
food  produces  as  much,  or  even  moi'e,  mutton  than  beef, 
■whilst  mutton  has  brought  a  penny  a  pound  more  than 
beef.  The  expense  of  carriage  is  saved  on  the  sheep's 
food,  when  contrasted  with  that  drawn  home  to  beasts  ; 
the  carriage  of  manure  is  saved  ;  the  expense  of 
attendance  is  lessened  ;  the  cost  of  house-room  is  saved. 
The  most  immediate  example  of  ihis,  in  support  of  our 
opinion,  that  mutton  is  more  profitable  than  beef,  may  be 
cited  here.  For  instance,  one  full-grown  store  beatt 
is  always  supposed  to  consume  as  much,  or  even  more, 
food  than  six  full-grown  store  sheep.  Six  sheep 
produce  more  pounds  of  meat  in  a  given  time  than  one 
beast.  Here,  on  this  farm,  12  beasts  consumed  more 
food  than  72  sheep.  Each  beast  on  an  average  eat 
97  lbs.  of  roots  per  day,  12  lbs.  of  chaff,  and  7  lbs.  of 
meal  ;   each  sheep  consumed  but  1  lb.  of  meal  a  day. 

1  lb.  of  chaff,  and  17  lbs.  of  roots.  The  proportionate 
value  of  the  food  consumed  by  a  beast  and  a  sheep 
stands  in  money  value  (assuming  a  standard  value  on 
the  food  consumed  by  botli)  nearly  as  seven  to  one. 
Further,  the  beasts  increased  in  live  weight  in  a  week  at 
the  rate,  on  an  average,  of  less  than  12  lbs.  each.  The 
sheep  increased  at  the  rate  of  2  lbs.  each  per  week.  Some 
of  the  beasts  increased  1 8  lbs.  per  week  each.  Some  of 
the  sheep  3  Ihs.  each  per  week.  Thus  showing  that  the 
comparative  difference  of  both  kinds  of  animals  is  much 
the  same.  The  whole  of  the  beasts  fattened  on  the  farm 
made  less  than  12  lbs.  each  per  week.  The  whole  of 
the  sheep,  amounting  to  upwards  of  1300,  made  nearly 

2  lbs.  of  mutton  each  per  week.  The  capital  invested 
m  the  beasts  and  sheep  was  in  proportion  as  13  to  1. 

8.  We  would  r.  quire  about  seven  horses  for  a  farm  of 
300  acres.  If  a  sheep  farm  of  light  soil,  one  sheep  or 
more  per  acre  ;  or  beasts  in  proportion  cf  ratiier  more 
value.  The  dead  stock  or  implements  would  cost  from 
\oi)l.  to  20«?.  or  more.  The  live  and  dead  stock,  including 
implementa  only  in  the  dead  stock,  would  cost  from 
1000?.    to    1300?.,   divided   thus:    implements,    nearly 

15i.  per  acre,  22.5?.  ;   horses,  sheep,  beasts,  and  pigs 

live  Slock— at  3^.  per  acre,  r;00?.  ;  total,  1125/.  If,  as 
i.9  usaiil,  the  ingoing  tenant  had  to  pay  for  the  acts  of 
husbandry  to  the  outgoing  tenant  or  the  landlord,  this 
wcAiM  amount  to  about  1?.  per  acre,  or  300?.  The 
labour  for  Jiix  months,  until  some  of  the  farm-stock 
could  btt  wild,  would  probably  amount  to  200?.  If  any 
corn  or  hay  were  valued  to  uh,  that  would  have  to  be 
paid  fur  ;  Init,  an  a  matter  of  course,  could  be  tlisposed 
of  to  make  a  quick  relurn.  It  would,  howevf^r,  be 
appar«FllIy  ojwential  thai  we  fthonid  have  sufKtient 
capital  U)  pay  the  live  and  dead  8tr»ck,  and  half  a  year's 
labour  in  udvanwr,  on  liand,  when  entering  upon  a 
farm.  We  nhould  thu»  n^qoire  1  'i2.5?.  at  the  lowtHt  oahiu- 
lation.  'J'he  n-iit  would  he  duo  at  the  end  of  hix  months  • 
and  tbf>  current  cx|rt'if«««  for  tho  firKt  wix  nrouths  o(  a 
new  tenant  are  nhno-t  invnnnbly  nioretluin  the  receipts. 
[Thi»  in  reply  U-f  tiio  lawt  part  of  the  quoKtion.]  Tho 
rotation  of  cropphig  would  bo  ruled  very  much  by 
natural  climaf?,  by  H(;nHoM«,  and  price-i  of  tho  varioMB 
ItimlH  of  pr'iiluco.  VVc  whould  fn-ohably  a<lopt  flio  four- 
oounw  nynicm,  wilb  exceptronM,  Huch  oh  taking  a  crop  of 
i*eun  or  HeauH,  after  Whoat  or  iJnrlcy,  imi'-ml  of 
rt'ppating  Clover  too  frequently,  U  appearH,  ihut 
filthongh  Uy*:-gra«M  in  a  good  auxiliary  to  how  along 
with  (;if>v*-r,  Uiat  the  Bucccoding  crop  of  Wlinat  Ih  not 
Mually  HO  good  after  it  an  afti-r  Clover.  ■  Thon^fon-,  it 
i«,  wo  prcnuuio,  thut  tho  moat  expcriouced  farmers  Ktill 


prefer  sowing  broad  Clover,  even  at  the  risk  of  occMsional 
failure.  On  calcareous  soils  we  should  sow  Saintfoin,  in 
regular  rotation,  instead  of  the  common  Clovers,  which 
derive  so  much  of  their  nourishment  from  the  upper 
soil.  We  would  make  Turnips  succeed  Saintfoin,  by 
breast-ploughing  and  burning,  to  get  a  good  supply  of 
ashes,  which  are  of  great  value  for  root  crops. 

9.  Climate,  roads,  markets,  water,  coals,  steep  or 
level  land,  buildings,  the  cost  of  labour,  the  amount  of 
taxes,  have  always  a  most  material  influence  upon  the 
value  of  laud,  irrespective  of  prices,  or  rent,  to  a 
tenant. 

10.  Farm-yard  manure  is  applied  sometimes  in 
autumn,  sometimes  in  spring,  in  a  long  or  green  state, 
or  in  a  rotten  or  fermented  state.  It  is  sometimes 
spread  abroad  upon  the  flat  surface  of  the  land ; 
is  frequently  applied  in  hollows  formed  by  ridges,  so 
that  the  whole  may  be  covered  by  the  ridging  plough. 

11.  A  heifer  calf  should  never  be  allowed  to  go  back 
in  condition  from  the  time  of  being  dropped  until  she 
calves  ;  neither  should  she  be  kept  so  well  when  young 
as  to  be  allowed  to  fall  off  afterwards.  First,  she 
should  be  kept  upon  new  milk  from  her  mother,  for  a 
few  weeks,  then  weaned,  and  fed  upon  skim-milk,  or 
Linseed  jelly,  with  roots  and  hay  chaff  in  winter,  or 
with  Grass  in  summer.  If  well  kept  the  first  year, 
there  is  not  much  danger  of  her  afterwards,  if  allowed 
a  fair  allowance  of  healthy  food  during  summer  and 
winter. 

12.  The  most  common  pasture  crops  — of  pei*manent 
pasture — are  composed  of  about  10  different  kinds  of 
Grasses.  For  one  or  more  years,  broad  Clover  is  sown 
alone  very  frequently,  with  Barley.  White  and  broad 
Clover,  and  Rye-grass  are  sown  as  a  mixture  ;  the  most 
common  proportions  being  broad  or  red  Clover  12  lbs., ' 
white  4  lbs.,  and  Kye-grass  half  a  bushel  per  acre. 
Sometimes  Rib-grass,  yellow  or  hop  Clover,  Sec,  is  sown 
along  with  any  of  these  kinds  enumerated  ;  but  where 
there  is  a  good  prospect  of  broad  Clover  and  white,  or 
Rye-grass  succeeding,  these  are  the  most  valuable.  I 
Saintfoin  is  sown  either  in  the  husk  or  shell  in  which 
the  seed  is  enveloped,  or  the  seed  only.  It  is  sown  with 
either  Barley,  Wheat,  or  Oats  in  the  spring.  If  sown  with 
the  husk,  about  four  bushels  per  acre  are  applied  usually 
by  the  drill  ;  if  the  seed  only,  60  lbs.  is  used,  either  sown 
by  hand  or  drilled.  Some  persons  prefer  mixing  Saint- 
foin seed  along  with  the  corn,  and  drilling  altogether; 
some  drill  the  seed  in  a  transverse  direction  to  the 
rows  of  corn.  There  appears  to  be  no  decided  advan- 
tage in  either  way.  The  great  point  is  to  cover  all  the 
seed,  and  be  early  in  the  season — not  later  than  March, 
if  possible.  Saintfoin  will  thrive  better  drilled  in  rows, 
if  the  intervals  are  kept  clean,  than  if  sown  broadcast ; 
but  if  the  intervals  are  not  kept  clean,  broadcast  sowing 
is  equally  good,  if  not  a  superior  method.  Saintfoin  Jis 
peculiarly  adapted  for  calcareous  soils,  and  all  such  as 
have  a  loose  subsoil.  The  plant  requires  much  lime  ;  it 
sends  its  roots  deep  into  the  subsoil  a'Iso  in  search  of 
manurial  food  and  moisture.  It  lives  and  thrives  well 
in  dry  seasons  on  calcareous  soils,  when  the  other  com- 
mon Grasses  die,  or  yield  no  food,  for  want  of  moisture. 
It  acts  as  an  astringent  medicine  and  food  for  sheep  ;  it 
is  the  best  plant  known  for  weaning  lambs  upon. 

13.  A  few  acres  of  Carrots  may  be  grown  to  advan- 
tage near  a  town,  or  where  carriage  is  cheap,  when  the 
produce  may  be  sold  to  good  advantage.  In  remote, 
isolated  districts,  where  sales  cannot  be  effected,  the 
reverse  holds  good.  When  roots,  or  any  other  produce 
is  sold  off  the  land,  the  manure  resulting  from  their 
consumption  is  lost.  These  objections  would  be  well 
founded  if  a  return  were  not  made  in  the  shape  of  arti- 
ficial manure.  They  may  be  removed  by  keeping  up 
the  fertility  of  tie  land  by  either  purchasing  cattle  food, 
dung,  or  artificial  manures. 

14.  The  50  ewe  lambs  should  be  kept  in  moderate 
condition  after  being  weaned.  They  need  not  be 
fattened  ;  they  should  live  upon  the  poorest  pastures  and 
worst  food  about  a  farm,  so  long  as  they  could  always  be 
kept  advancing  or  from  going  back.  The  wether  lambs 
should  be  well  fed  from  the  time  they  are  dropped  until 
ready  for  the  butcher  ;  they  should  be  allowed  the  best 
of  food,  in  as  great  plenty  as  they  could  consume  it 
without  waste. 

15.  The  usual  way  of  assigning  a  money  value  to  a 
Turnip  crop  is,  to  calculate  the  number  of  sheep  it  would 
keep  per  acre.  Sheep  are  frequently  reckoned  at  4(?. 
per  head  per  week,  on  Turnips  or  Vetches  alone.  It 
so  happens  tliat  a  lot  of  sheep  sometimes  consumes  10 
acres  or  so  of  Turnips,  and  are  worth  less  than  when 
put  upon  the  Turnips  ;  yet  that  does  not  affect  this 
question,  as,  in  all  ordinnry  cases,  an  acre  of  Turnljis 
that  would  maintain  a  hundred  alicep  for  a  fortnight 
instead  of  a  week  would  certainly  be  worth  the  moat, 

16.  A  daily  journal  of  every  transaction  in  full.  A 
ledger  and  cash-book.  The  ledger  accounts  should  show 
the  heads,  or  portions  of  his  farm  or  stock  upon  which 
ho  loRcs.  For  instance,  distinguishing  between  tho 
\)v  and  Cr.  account  of  cattle  and  slieop,  or  either  of 
these  two,  and  pigH,  &c.  We  Bhould  lirst  say  cattle  Dr. 
to  original  capital  invested,  Dr.  to  food  bought  or  food 
consumed  upon  tho  farm,  always  estimating  it  either  by 
the  rent,  of  Crass  couHumcd,  if  Grass  ;  or  by  the  I'l-nt,  juid 
other  exprnscH  of  production,  if  Turnips,  V(!tcheH,  or 
hay,  &c.  We  should  then  flee  how  much  tho  eatllo 
coht.  Next,  by  a  contra  account,  wo  nhould  hoo  how 
nni(!h  tli'-y  sold  for,  iirid  tin;  rcniaiiiing  value  h-ft,  U  \h 
hIho  import  lit  that,  the  ■inininrinl  value  of  tlio  variou^i 
k'uuln  of  Htt»(;k  Hhntild  be  recKon'-d.  By  proL'ceding  in 
the  Hiimo  way  with  Hhccp,  we  could  comp/iro  ono  kind  of 
Block  fugMUtii  another.     A  hundred  bc£i»tu,  oay  at  10/. 


per  acre,  kept  upon  a  farm  for  a  year,  the  account  might 
stand  thus  : 

lUO  boasts  Dr,  to  purchase ..,£^1000 

To  gmzinif  U>r  six  momhe,  150  acres  ai  Zl.     ...      430- 
To  lood  for  winter  feeding,  at  58.  each  ptr  week 

for  Bix  months       ggiy 

To  interest  on  capital  employed   '         ,",,*         ...         30 
To  labour,  &c []]        [['^        60 


Totaldebit  of  beasts 


.£2180 


The  creditor  side  of  the  beast  account  would  show 
what  amount  of  sales' were  made,  and  what  value  of 
stock  was  left  in  hand.  The  sheep  account  comes  under 
the  same  formula  as  that  for  beasts  ;  the  difference- 
according  to  the  money  invested,  the  food  consumed,  the 
money  realised  by  sales,  and  the  value  of  the  remaining 
stock,  would  at  once  be  an  evidence  of  the  profit  or  losa 
on  either.  Everyone  knows  the  value  of  root  crops 
now  for  stock,  as  necessary  to  keep  up  the  fertility  of 
the  land.  Everyone  knows,  as  it  were,  that  these  crops 
do  not  pay  of  themselves  directly— but  still  they  ar& 
essential  ;  they  are  necessary  for  farming  successfullyj 
even  though  grown  at  a  loss.  But  this  does  not  change 
the  necessity  of  knowing  how  much  root  crops  cost, 
and  how  much  the  return  from  their  consumption  may 
be.  Although  root  crops,  say,  are  imperative  in  their 
demand  upon  a  farm  rotation,  the  relative  number  of 
live  stock  of  various  kinds  is  quite  optional  in  the- 
farmer's  hands.  Then,  without  some  account,  how  is  ifc 
to  be  ascertained  which  kind  of  stock  pays  best  l 
Accounts  do  not  change  the  past,  but  they  frequently 
have  a  most  material  influence  upon  the  future.  Hence 
tlieir  necessity.  We  have  as  yet  no  reliable  standards 
for  estimating  the  number  of  lbs.  of  meat  a  ton  of  fair 
average  Swedes,  or  what  not,  would  produce.  The  season, 
the  soil,  the  manure,  the  size  of  the  animal,  the  breed, 
the  situation,  and  the  mode  of  feeding,  all  have  such  a 
particular  influ.nce  upon  this  matter,  that  the  intricacy 
of  the  subject  only  has  prevented  its  true  solution. 
Many  a  so-called  practical  farmer  would  gape  at  you 
with  surprise,  if  asked  how  many  lbs.  of  meat  he  expected 
his  pastures,  his  hay,  or  his  Turnip  crop  would  produce 
in  a  season !  He  would  also  seem  astonished  at  any  one 
who  entertained  the  idea  for  a  moment  of  keeping  an 
account,  to  ascertain  the  answer  to  such  a  question. 
There  is  no  doubt  but  we  have  much  to  learn  yet,  and 
very  much  in  the  way  of  farm  accounts.  One  thing 
wdiich  seems  to  be  deserving  of  constant  notice  is,  in 
valuation,  to  estimate  everything  at  its  true,  its  market- 
able worth.  There  are  many  fallacious  modes  of  valuing 
both  stock,  crops,  and  implements,  by  not  attending  to- 
the  true  but  the  imaginary  value. 


PAUPERISM. 

When  human  beings  are  unable  to  procure  the  com- 
mon necessaries  of  life,  without  aid  from  their  more 
favoured  fellow-men,  they  may  be  said  to  be  in  a  state 
of  pauperism.  This  condition  arises  in  civilised  coun- 
tries from  old  age  and  infirmities  producing  inability  to- 
labour,  visitatiolis  of  Providence,  vicious  indulgences,, 
and  from  the  excess  of  labour  above  the  demand  for 
it.  To  feed  the  hungi-y,  clothe  the  naked,  relieve  the 
sick,  and  shelter  tho  houseless  poor,  is  a  sacred  obliga- 
tion which  neither  individual  members  of  any  Christian 
country  who  have  the  means  of  supplying  the  wants  of 
others,  nor  "  the  powers  ordained  of  Goil,"  as  rulers 
over  rich  and  poor,  can  neglect  without  violation  of 
their  responsibilities.  As  long  as  this  law  of  Jehovah 
stands  on  the  Divine  statute  book — ^"The  poor  shall 
never  cease  out  of  the  land  ;  therefore  I' command  thee, 
saying,  thou  shalt  open  thine  hand  wide  unto  thy  brother, 
to  thy  poor,  and  to  the  needy  in  the  land  " — so  long  will 
the  sacred  duty  of  providing  for  the  sick  and  needy  rest 
upon  us.  If,  under  the  highly  privileged  circumstances 
in  which  the  favoured  people  of  God  were  placed — under 
a  direct  theocracy — poor  were  to  abound,  it  cannot  be 
expected  that  our  nation,  which  is  subordinately  ruled 
by  human  authority,  should  ever  be  exempt  from  them. 
Indeed,  the  Gospel  dispensation  clearly  assumes  such: 
an  imperfection  in  society  ;  "the  poor  ye  have  always- 
with  you  "  are  our  Saviour's  words. 

No  human  legislation,  indeed,  can  enforce  the  fulfil- 
ment of  the  sacred  law  of  charity  in  its  genuine  spirit^ 
nor  reach  the  human  heart,  but  it  can  compel  those  who 
possess  the  means,  but  may  not  have  the  disposition,  to- 
contribute  towards  the  relief  of  the  indigent,  as  a  matter 
of  social  necessity.  The  aggregate  number  of  poor  in 
the  United  Kingdom  is  of  appalling  magnitude  ;  and  we 
have  no  grounds  for  thinking  that  with  the  great  aug- 
mentation of  wealth,  especially  in  England,  there  haa 
been  a  proportionate  advancement  ih  the  condition  of 
the  labouring  classes.  Unhappily  the  extreme  points  of 
luxurious  wealth  at  the  summit  of  tho  social  scale,  and 
of  poverty  at  its  l>ase,  are  not  less  remote  now  than, 
they  have  been  at  any  former  period  ;  yet  the  poor  are 
bpiiehted  considerably  by  tho  increase  of  national  and 
iiuliviilual  wealth  and  tho  progressive  extension  of 
commerce,  bccaupe  tho  requirements  of  progressing 
luxury  create  new  and  increasing  demands  i'or  labour.. 
Thu  moral  and  physical  wants  (d'  the  labouring  classes- 
am  uioro  iiupiirrd  into,  nioru  brought  into  ]iulilic  notice 
and  ri'liuvt'd,  in  a  rich  country  than  in  a  poor  one.  Th& 
I'flativo  conditiotis  of  llio  poor  in  England  and  in  Ire- 
land demonHtrotc  this  fact.  Tho  English  poor  are  better- 
fed,  blotter  clothed,  and  betfer  lodged  than  tho  corre- 
H|)onding  clans  in  Ireland.  Indeed  It  may  be  said  that 
tho  Engiihh  labourers  auH'cr  more  from  comparative 
(an  regards  iho  njiper  clasHcs  of  their  countrymen)  than 
from  the  poniiivo  want  of  tho  noctinaiiricia  of  life.  They 
havu  butcher'a  meat  occasionally,  good  wheatcn  braadj 


444 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[July  10, 


ai)d  generally  tea  and  sugar  every  day,  whereas  the 
Irish  and  Scotch  are  accustomed  to  subsist  on  Potatoes, 
porridge,  oaten  bread,  with  buttermilk  and  sometimes 
iish.  When  the  poor  of  England  are  compared  with 
those  of  many  continental  countries,  too,  in  which  tlie 
.most  loathsome  exhibitions  of  wretcliedness  are  rife  in 
the  sti-eets  and  highways,  wliere  half-nal;cd  idlers  lounge 
away  their  days  in  listlossness  or  mendicancy  ;  then, 
indeed,  England  may  look  proudly  around  her,  while 
the  philauthropist  rejoices  at  what  has  been  accom- 
plished for  her  poor  by  the  agency  of  the  Poor-laws. 
If  we  revert  to  their  origin  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,*  we  find  that  an  Act  was  then  passed  of  extreme 
severity  against  vagrants  who  infested  England  during 
its  transition  state  after  the  dissolution  of  the  feudal 
-system,  and  the  new  dispositions  which  had  been 
made  of  landed  property  ;  and  as  a  remedy  against 
^heir  daring  importunities,  the  officers  of  towns  were  era- 
powered  to  collect  alms  for  keeping  "sturdy  vagabonds 
and  vagrant  beggars  "  to  labour,  and  directing  "  every 
preacher,  parson,  vicar,  and  curate,  to  exhort,  move, 
-stir,  and  provoke  people  to  be  liberal  for  the  relief  of 
the  impotent,  and  for  keeping  and  setting  to  work  the 
said  sturdy  vagabonds."  In  the  true  temper  of  the 
ferocious  monarch  and  his  rude  age,  the  penalties  were 
■that  "a  sturdy  beggar  is  to  be  whipped  for  the  first 
offence  ;  his  right  ear  cropped  for  tlie  second  ;  and  if 
(he  again  offend,  to  be  sent  to  the  quarter  sessions,  there 
'to  be  indicied  for  wandering,  loitering,  and  idleness  ; 
and  if  convicted,  he  shall  suffer  execution,  as  a  felon 
-and  enemy  of  the  commonwealth."  In  the  reign  of  his 
•daughter  Elizabeth,  among  other  statutes  bearing  upon 
what  may  be  termed  pauperism,  the  celebrated  Act  of 
Bacon  and  Cecil  (43d  Elizabeth)  authorised  the  over- 
seers of  the  poor  to  levy  in  their  respective  parishes 
•"  such  sums  as  should  be  necessary  to  support  the  aged 
imd  infirm  parishioners,  and  for  setting  to  work  all  per- 
isons  having  no  ordinary  and  daily  trade  to  get  their 
living  by."  By  this  law  sturdy  beggars  (then  about  an 
■eighth  of  the  population)  were  compelled  to  work. 
According  to  the  Apostolic  rule— "  if  any  would  not 
■work,  neither  should  they  eat."  No  work,  no  bread. 
'Of  course  we  assume  the  capability  of  working.  It  is  a 
3aw  of  universal  application  ;  but,  let  bread,  on  the 
Communist  principle,  be  insured  to  the  working  man, 
■  and  he  immediately  desires  to  cease  from  labour,  and 
Jive  on  the  industry  of  others. 

The  law  of  Elizabeth  became  necessary  at  a  period 
■when,  by  a  sudden  and  violent  alien.ition,  the  church 
property  had  been  transferred  from  charitable  pur- 
poses to  lay  impropriators,  without  any  obligation 
-on  these  to  assist  the  necessitous  poor.  If  the  same 
Act  had  been  then  introduced  into  Ireland  the  vagrant 
mendicancy  and  pauperism  generally,  which  have'  op- 
pressed that  country  so  grievously,  would  have  been  in 
a  great  measure  obviated.  The  duties  as  well  as  the 
.rights  of  property  would  have  been  better  exercised  bj- 
the  landowners  of  Irish  property  at  that  time,  and  by 
the  succeeding  ones,  who,  by  the  large  confiscations  of 
■laud  durmg  the  reigns  of  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  the  Com- 
monwealth, the  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  William  III., and 
the  lesser  forfeitures  under  the  penal  laws  afterwards, 
•became  possessors  of  land  to  great  extent.  U.  D. 
(To  be  contlmted ) 


FARM  ACCOUNTS— No.  II. 
[The  followkig  is  tlie  Day  Book  for  three  months, 
called  with  the  items  of  the  Labour  and  Cash  Books.] 
■Oct.,  1850.  DAT  BOOK,  1S50.— Page  1 

a.  John  Jones,  Cr.  Pnl.  of-£    s.    d. 

„        ,       .  Journ. 

By  valuation  of  farm  etoclj,  Ac,  a3  per 

inventory         

2  cows,  at  9i.  each        ...        ,"i        .'"        ." 

Sundry  sows  and  pigs ' 

Wiinure,  l&O  loads,  at  33.        „'.'         .'**        ."^ 
Hiiy,  6  tons  Clover,  at  60j.     '.'.'.        ",,.        "„ 

I>o,  7  do.  Graae,  at  4Ds 

Church  field.  Clover  hay,  10  acres,  at  85.  6d 

per  acre  

Path  field,  fallow,  8  acres,  fiploughingp,  \ii. 

..  „       2nuriowiiiaB,16s.  1.—  18  10 

woodfield,  fallow,  12  acres,  6  plou;,'hings,27i. 

.,  „  2haiTowings,  li.4a.  1. —  28    4 

tDitto,    150    loads    manure,    carting    and 


.  1.— 


5    0 


Si. 


spreading  d:c.  

Seed,  Bowiug  and  hoeing        

One  yeai's  rent  on  20  acres  of  fallow 
Straw  left  on  farm  from  last  crops 

"William  Mason,  Qt. 
Bj  SO  ewes,  at  243.  each      


"  OCTOBEE,  1850,— Page  2 
Pond  field,  Dr. 

To  120  loads  manure,  at  38 

Carting  diito 

2  plriughs,  2  days  at  Ss.  

Labour,  as  per  labour  account 


^.  Richard  Wright.  Cr. 

By  10  qrs.  Oats  for  horses,  at  I85, 

"^.  Cows,  pigB,  &c..  Dr. 

To  labour— boy,  6  days  at  Gd. 

"33.  Pond  field,  Dr. 

To  2  ploughs  2  daj  s,  at  8s. 
Ilatrowing  and  rolling  ditto 
Drilling  ditto 
Stee.ling  up  furrows  "... 

L  hour— see  labour  book  *        ,'.'] 


13.  Stable  field,  Br. 

To  labour-2  men  hauiming  6  days 


.  1.—  27  10  0 

.  I.—    9    0  0 

.  1.—  22    0  0 

.  1.—  20     0  0 

jDt40     0  0 

!.—  60     0  0 


£  s.  d. 

.  2.— 18     0  0 

.  2.—  4     0  0 

.  2.—  1  12  0 

.  2.—  1  14  0 


£25    6    0 


,  2.— 0    3    0 


.  2 1  12  0 

.2—2     0  0 

.  2.-0  15  0 

.  2-0     8  0 

.  2.-0  18  0 

£5  13  0 


•  27  Hen.  Till. 


Ciiivs,  pigs,  ikc,  Vr. 
To  labour — boy  6  days 

J,)bn  Simmons,  Cr. 
By  5  qrs.  seed  Wheat,  at  42j. 


1 23G  15  0    24. 

1.—  18    0  0 

1.—  10    0  0 

I.—  22  10  0 

1 18     0  0 

1.—  14     0  0 


.,  2.-0    3    0 
,  3.— 10  10    0 


-Pag. 


£   s.  d. 


OCTOBEa,   1850, 
Pond  field,  Dr. 
To  steed  ng  up  and  dra wing  waterfurrows.l  day 

.  Seed  Wheat,  2  qrs.  at  425 :l.— 4     4     0 

Labour— see  labour  book  2,— U    0    0 


Dairy  field.  Dr. 
To  2  pl.,ughs,  5J  days  each,  at  Ss. 
Labour— see  labour  book 


Stable  field,  Dr. 
To  labour  (hauiming) — see  labour  book 

Cows,  pigs.  &c,.  Dr. 
To  labour — buy,  6  days       

Dairy  field.  Dr. 

To  2  ploughs,  1  day 

2  teiims,  3  ilays  harrowing,  rolling,  &c. 
2  days  driJlin,',  harrowing',  itc. 

Labitur — see  labour  booU  

Seed  Wheat,  3  qrs.,  at  425 


Cows,  pigs,  &c,.  Dr. 
To  labour — boy         


£5 


2.-4    8    0 
3.-0  16    6 


£5    4 
.  3.— 0  15 


.  2.-0  1«  0 

.  2.-2    8  0 

.  2.-2    0  0 

,  3.— 0  18  0 

.  3.-6    6  0 

£12    8  0 

,  3.-0    3  0 


N,ivEMnEK,  1850. — Page  4, 
Stable  field.  Dr. 

To  1  plough,  C  days,  at  8s 

Labour— see  labour  book         


Manure,  Dr. 
To  1  team.  3  days  making  bottom 
Labour — see  labour  book 


Sheep,  Dr. 
To  1  team,  2  days  carting  Turnips,  ikc. 
Labour — see  labjur  book  


Ciiws,  pigs,  (fee..  Dr. 
To  carting  Tuinips,  Jie.     ... 
Labour — see  labour  book 
Ditto,  boy,  a  week 


£  s.  d 
.—2  8  0 
.— 0    9    0 


-0  IS    0 
-0    3    0 


—0  8  0 
-0  16 
—0    3    0 


Stable  field,  Dr. 
To  2  men  hedging,   ditching,  &c., 
I3.  lid.  per  day 


I  days  at 


10. 

Stable  field.  Dr. 
To  sundries,  see  last  week       

10. 

Manures,  Dr. 
To  sundries,  do.  , 

10. 
10. 

Sheep,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

November   1850.— Page  5. 
Cows,  pigs,  tbc.,  Dr. 
To  sundries,  see  last  week       

10. 

Stable  field.  Dr. 
To  labour,  see  do.           

17. 

Stable  field,  Dr. 
To  sundries,  do 

17. 

Manure,  Di\ 
To  sundries,  do 

17. 

Shfiep,  Dr. 
To  sundries,  do 

£0  12    6 

;.- 0  18  0 

).— 2  17    0 


,  4, 5.-1    8    6 


£  s.  d. 
6,  G.— 0  12    0 


4,  5.-2  17    0 


Cows,  pigs,  &c.,  Dr. 
To  sundries,  do 

Stable  field,  Dr. 
To  labour,  ttc.,  aeo  last  week . 

Stable  field.  Dr. 
To  sundries,  do 

Manure,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Sheep,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Cows,  pigs,  &c..  Dr. 
To  do.  do 


.  4,  5  — 1    8  6 

,       6.-0  19  0 

.  5,  6.-0  12  6 

5.-0  18  0 

.  4,  5.-2  17  0 

.  4,  5.-1   8  6 

5.— 0  19  0 


...  5,  6.— 0  12    6 


November,  1850.— Page  6. 
24.  Stable  field.  Dr. 

To  labour,  <tc.,  see  last  week 

December. 
1.  Stable  field.  Dr. 

To  sundries,  do 

1.  Manure,  i?r. 

To  do.  do 

1.  Sheep,  Dr. 

To  do.  do 

1.  Cows,  pigs.  &c..  Dr. 

To  do.  do 

1.  Stable  field.  Dr. 

To  labour,  &c.,  do 

8.  Manure,  Dr. 

To  cart  and  3  horses,  G  days,  at  12i-.  per  day 
Labour — see  labour  book      


Sheep,  Dr. 
To  carting  Turnips,  1  horse  and  cart  4  days, 

at  4s.     ...         ...         

Labour,  Sic, — see  labour  book        


Cows,  pigs,  (fcc.  Dr. 
To  carting  Tui  nips,  1  horse  and  cart  2  days 

Labour,  tbc,  see  labour  book  

Boys,  a  week     


£  s.  d. 
-0  18    0 


,  6,  7 2  17    0 


7,  7,-0  12 

6 

7.-0  18 

0 

6.-3  12 
7.-0    9 

0 
0 

£4    1 

0 

6.-0  10 
7.-0    6 

0 

0 

£1    2 

0 

7.-0    8 
7.-0    3 
7.-0    3 

0 
0 
0 

£0  U    0 


Decembee.— Pago  7. 
Manure,  Dr. 
To  sundries,  sue  last  week        

Sheep,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Cows,  pigs,  Jsc,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Manure,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Sheep,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Cows,  pigs,  &c,.  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Manure,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Sheep,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

CowB,  pigs  ic,  Dr. 
To  do.  do 

Peter  ThotorBon,  Cr. 
By  30  loads  of  chalU,  at  Us.  per  load 

To         Stable  Oeld,  Dr. 
1'20  rods  land  draining,  at  3s.  per  rod, 
see  labour  buob  


rf 

,s. 

rf. 

6 

7. 

7. 

-i 

1 

0 

6 

— 1 

2 

0 

7, 

7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 
7. 

-0 

14 

0 

6, 

-4 

1 

0 

6. 

-1 

2 

0 

7 

-0  14 

0 

6, 

-4 

1 

0 

6, 

-1 

2 

0 

7, 

7. 

-0  14 

0 

8.- 

-9 

0 

0 

J.-l  10    0 


APPLICATION    OF    LIQUID    MANURE   IN 
AYRSHIRE. 

Mr,.  Ralston's  Farm  at  Leg,  in  Ayrshirk. — At  this 
farm  the  cattle-steailings  are  ibrtuna1:ely  at  a  much 
higher  latitude  than  some  of  the  land.  I  did  not  ascer- 
tain tlie  size  of  the  whole  farm,  but  the  public  road 
divides  it  into  two  parts.  Travelling  northward  froni 
Maybole  towards  Ayr,  the  road  winds  along  almost 
parallel  to  the  seashore  ;  sometimes  at  a  distance  of  500 
or  600  yards,  and  at  other  times  not  more  than  300. 
On  coming  to  Mr.  Kalston's  farm,  the  buildings  and  part 
of  the  land  are  on  tlie  right  hand,  while  on  the  left  he 
holds  about  40  acres  sloping  rapidly  down  towards  the 
beach.  It  is  to  these  40  acres  that  the  system  of  liquid 
manure  fertilisation  has  been  applied.  There  is  no 
steam-engine  at  present.  Mr.  Ralston  may  ultimately 
erect  one  for  the  higher  parts  of  the  farm,  but  the  irri- 
gation is  now  carried  on  by  gravitation,  and  with  a 
pressure  varying  from  about  25  to  70  feet.  The  higher 
part  of  the  ground  is  always  dressed  while  the  tanks  are 
full.  The  liquid  used  is  the  urine,  &,c.,  from  the  cattle 
byres,  all  carelully  collected  in  proper  drains,  and  tlien 
conveyed  by  an  earthenware  pipe  ibr  a  distance  of  about 
200  yards,  where  it  is  received  successively  in  three 
circular  tanks  of  brick-work,  18  feet  each  diameter  and 
12  feet  deep.  The  aggregate  capacity  is  ratlier  more 
than  57,000  gallons.  The  cost  was  about  121.  each,  and 
the  earthenware  conveying  pipe,  and  laying,  about  25L 
From  these  tanks,  iron  pipes  ot  3  inches  diameter,  are 
laid  through  the  40  acres,  at  a  cost  of  2s.  a  yard,  and 
the  outlay,  in  pipage  and  hydrants,  was  rather  less 
than  21.  10s.  per  acre.  The  mode  of  distribution,  is  by 
flexible  hose-pipe  and  jet,  tlie  same  as  at  MyerMill 
fiirm,  and  Canning  Park.  The  distributing  pipes  would 
not  exceed  30^.,  and  as  a  man  and  boy,  at  13s.  a  week 
wages,  would  cover  the  40  acres  in  four  days,  the 
amount  per  annum  for  eight  dressings  will  be  only  about 
3/.  10s.  The  capital  account,  and  working  expenses  in 
this  case,  will  stand  thus  : — 


Feeding  pipe  from  byres  to  tanks 

Tanks  ...  ...  

Iron  pipes  and  hydrants 
Diatributiuu  apparatus 


.    £25  0  0 

.      S6  0  0 

.     100  0  0 

.       30  0  0 

£191  0  0 


Annual  intereston  191Z.,and  wear  andtear, 

7A  per  cent £U     6     6 

Annual  wage3      3  10    0 


£7  16     6 

This  divided  by  the  number  of  acres  irrigated,  is  only 
equal  to  85.  lid.  per  acre  ;  or  not  more  than  the  cost 
and  application  of  a  ton  and  a  half  of  solid  manure,  but 
producing  effects  three  times  greater  tlian  an  annual 
top-dressing  of  20  tons  of  such  maimre. 

Mr.  Ralston  has  only  occupied  the  farm  three  years, 
iind  the  whole  of  the  arrangements  for  the  application  of 
liquid  manure  have  been  made  during  his  brief  occu- 
pancy. The  previous  tenant  of  the  farm  never  had 
more  than  12  stacks  in  a  year.  Mr.  Ralston  had  80 
stacks  off  the  same  land  last  year. 

Another  fact,  which  I  should  have  been  almost  ready 
to  doubt,  had  I  not  seen  it  myself,  was  the  mowing  of 
two  successive  crops  of  Grass,  at  tlie  same  time,  in  tlie 
same  field.  The  field  contains,  probably,  10  acres. 
About  one-fourtli  from  the  bottom  9  inches  thick  of 
Grass  was  being  cut — three-fourths  of  the  field  having 
been  cut  and  lead.  Near  the  top,  a  second  mowing 
was  going  down,  about  6  inches  thick.  This  was  during 
the  present  month  of  October. 

New  Ark,  the  Marquis  of  Ailsa's  property,  near 
Ayr. — At  this  place  about  30  acres  have  been  brought 
under  irrigation  recently,  in  a  similar  manner  to  that  at 
Mr.  Ralston's  farm,  by  gravitation.  I  notice  it  briefly, 
because  the  field-pipes  from  the  tanks  are  all  of  earthen- 
ware, glazed,  and  made  of  fire  clay.  The  work  was 
contracted  for,  and  the  conti'actor  was  bound  to  main- 
tain the  pipes  for  12  months.  They  were  said  to  have 
been  tested,  but  gave  way,  principally  at  the  joints,  and 
never  could  be  got  tight  under  only  30  feet  of  pressure. 
The  contractor,  iiowever,  has  relaid  tiie  whole,  and  at 
present  tliey  are  at  work. 

It  will  be  interesting  and  important  to  know  the  re- 


28—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


445 


suit  of  the  experiineut— the  causes  of  faihire  in  the 
pipes  first  laid  down— and  the  means  adupted  to  pre- 
vent fracture  and  leakage  in  those  now  in  use.  The 
land  here  is  very  similar  to  that  at  Mr,  Ralston's  farm, 
and  a  similar  result  from  tlie  application  of  liquid 
manure  is  fully  anticipated.  Mr.  Lee's  Report  to  the 
Board  of  Bealth. 

Home  Correspondence. 

Canning  Parle,  Mr.  Telfers  Farm,  near  A  yr ; 
(Mr  Lee's  Report  to  the  Board  of  Health). — In  common, 
I  have  no  doubt,  with  many  of  your  readers,  I  have 
been  much  struck  with  the  account  given  of  this  farm 
in  your  Gazette  of  July  3.  There  are  some  statements 
in  it  which  quite  puzzle  me.  In  the  first  place  it  is 
liard  to  understand  how  46  cows  are  to  produce 
1115^.  8s.  per  annum.  Upwards  of  23^.  each  !  I  have 
been  under  the  impression  that  if  a  cow  made  10^.  by 
her  butter,  and  50s.  by  skim-milk  consumed  by  pigs, 
.she  gave  her  owner  no  just  cause  for  complaint.  If  it 
had  been  shown  in  this  report  of  Mr.  Telfer's  farm 
that  he  sold  the  milk  from  these  48  cows,  without 
making  a  portion  of  it  into  butter,  I  could  have  imagined 
how  he  arrived  at  the  grand  total  of  231.  and  upwards 
from  each  cow  ;  but  it  appears  from  their  own  showing 
that  tlieir  cows  do  not  make  an  extravagant  quantity  ol 
butter,  indeed,  a  bare  5  lbs.  each  per  week.  Allowing 
then  that  they  make  all  the  year  round  240  lbs.  of 
butter  a  week,  this,  at  Is.  per  pound,  is  \'2l.  a  week,  or 
for  the  year  624;.  After  the  milk  has  been  skimmed 
for  butter,  I  imagine  there  may  be  left  two  gallons  of 
skim  milk  from  each  cow  to  be  sold  per  day.  I  take  it 
thatthisjis  a  fair  quantity  to  allow,  taking  into  con- 
sideration that  a  cow  is  dry  four  or  six  weeks  in  the 
year.  But  I  grant  that  she  yields  two  gallons  of  milk 
per  day  for  365  days.  Skim  milk  is  usually  sold  at  2c?. 
a  gaUon.  The  milk  will  therefore  amount  to  61.  Is.  8d. 
each  cow.  It  has  been  shown  before  that  each  cow 
makes  IZl.  by  butter;  the  grand  total  for  each  cow  is, 
according  to  my  calculation,  rather  more  than  16/., 
and  not  upwards  of  2U.  In  the  second  place,  liow  they 
manage  to  make  4=01.  worth  of  hay  sufficient  drt/  food 
for  40  cows,  is  another  puzzle  !  No  other  dry  food  is 
mentioned,  "In  winter  the  cows  have  Turnips  or 
llangold,  Beans  or  Barley-meal,  and  cut  hay  and  Grass  ; 
the  whole  mess  steamed  together."  I  have  no  doubt 
this  report  admits  of  an  explanation.  I  write  in  no 
spii'it  of  unbehef.  But  keeping  cows,  and  thinking  they 
do  well  if  they  yield  me  14/.  each  per  annum,  I  cannot 
help  feeling  a  little  '•  riled,"  as  the  Americans  say,  at 
another  person  making  upwards  of  23/.  each.  A  Bucks 
Dairy  Farm.er^ 

Hydropathic  Treatment  of  Cattle. — Notwithstanding 
the  intimate  connection  which  comparative  anatomy 
points  out  as  existing  between  the  structure  and  diseases 
of  man  and  the  inferior  animals,  veterinary  practitioners 
seldom  think  of  benefiting  by  the  experience  and  deep 
research  that  have  been  bestowed  on  human  disease  to 
assist  them  in  the  treatment  of  similar  cases  in  the 
brute  creation.  Tlie  science  of  hydropatliy  has  of  late 
years  effected  many  wonderful  cures,  particularly  that 
branch  of  it  which  excites  to  increased  action  the 
perspiratory  apparatus  to  act  as  a  febrifuge  in  levers 
and  inflammatory  diseases.  Yet  I  have  never  met  with 
any  man  who  ever  thought  of  applying  the  same  reme- 
dies to  animals  aff*ected  with  colds,  influenza,  &c.,  which 
he  has  heard  of  as  being  so  successful  in  human  disease. 
Experiments  ought  constantly  to  be  tried,  or  experience 
will  be  but  slowly  acquired.  Having  a  short  time  since 
a  valuable  cow  attacked  with  a  very  violent  attack  of 
influenza,  accompanied  with  loss  of  appetite,  constipa- 
tion, suppression  of  the  urine,  and  great  debility  ;  and 
having  in  vain  tried  all  the  more  common  remedies, 
such  as  purgatives  and  diuretics  and  repeated  blisterings, 
I  was  induced,  by  the  advice  of  a  gentleman,  to  try  the 
wet  sheet.  Having  given  up  all  hopes  of  recovery  I 
agreed  to  do  so,  without,  I  must  confess,  much  faith  in 
the  experiment,  which  was  thus  performed.  Two  large 
calico  sheets,  wrung  out  in  cold  water,  so  as  not  to  drip, 
were  placed  on  the  cow,  taking  care  to  cover  carefully 
the  breast,  back,  and  belly  ;  in  fact  tlie  whole  of  the 
body  save  the  head  and  limbs.  Several  horse-clotlis 
and  a  number  of  sacks  were  then  tlu'own  on,  and  the 
cow  left  in  this  state  for  two  hours,  unable  from  the 
weight  of  the  clothing  to  rise,  and  apparently  much  too 
comfortable  to  attempt  it.  The  skin  became  during' 
thia  time  very  hot,  and  a  violent  perspiration  broke 
out,  which  of  course  corned  oH"  much  of  the  heat 
of  the  blood,  behides  removing  it  from  the  lungs  and 
heart,  &c.,  where  it  had  before  gathered,  and  from  its 
unhealthy  nature  much  increased  the  disease.  At  the 
end  of  the  two  hours,  the  cIothcB  wore  thrown  off,  and 
the  cow  well  rubbed  with  brnshcH  til)  quite  rlry,  wIkmi 
one  thick  horac-cloth  wa«  secured  on  the  body,  and  the 
animal  left  for  the  night.  The  next  day  the  bowels 
acted,  and  a  large  quantity  of  water  was  removed  ;  and 
thifi  change  I  certainly  attribute  in  a  great  meiisuro  to 
iJie  Hweating.  The  wet  sheet  waH  repeated  every  two 
days,  and  proper  medicines  adininifttered  for  three  or 
four  timtn,  till  the  animnl  wrm  quit^!  recovered.  1  have 
uince  cured  a  calf  Hufft-ririg  from  influenza  l>y  the  sanie 
meftnH  ;  and  having  been  ko  wirccetwful,  I  feel  donirouH 
that  otherH  hIkdiM  become  acquainted  with  thi»  Htrnple 
and  valuable  remedy  ;  for.  I  IMicve  more  aniinulrt  ille 
frwn  iiifluon/ji,  or  the  effectH  of  'xnWwiuvA  improperly 
treated,  than  from  any  other  diftcafw,   0. 

PouXlmj. — I  have  read  with  much  pU-afluro  the  comm'^n 
•ctiM  rcmarkH  of  "  J.  II.,"  in  your  luHt  Paper,  rcHiJcctinj; 
poultry.    The  It/^jal  Agricultural  Society  ifj   taklng[^a 


step  in  the  right  direction,  and  which  is  calculated  to  i 
make  poultry  shows  useful.  Hitherto  they  have  done  | 
little  or  nothing  towards  helping  the  farmer  and  cottager  , 
to  improve  their  breed  of  poultry.  But  this  I  conceive  j 
to  be  the  very  object  of  their  institution,  and  not  to 
encourage  a  few  amateurs  in  supplying  some  choice 
specimens,  which,  since  every  care  is  taken  to  prevent 
the  e'TTs  from  circulating,  serve  no  purpose  whatsoever, 
except  that  of  bringing  honour  and  glory  to  the 
possessors  in  the  way  of  prizes.   Utilitarian. 

DrummoiuVs  Churn. — I  also,  like  "  Verns,"  purchased 
a  Drummoud's  churn  (calculated  to  hold  12  quarts  of 
cream),  being  attracted  by  its  appearance  in  the  Crystal 
Palace,  and  the  promises  of  its  performance.  My  first 
trial,  in  May  last,  was  with  11  quarts  of  cream  :  after 
churning  for  four  hours  consecutively,  without  any 
appearance  of  butter,  I  transferred  the  cream  to  my 
old  barrel-churn,  and  obtained  the  butter  in  20  minutes. 
Fancying  I  might  have  made  a  mistake  in  my  method 
of  using  the  churn,  I  wrote  to  a  neighbouring  friend 
who  also  had  one,  though  much  larger  ;  I  hav&  his 
letter,  with  the  results  of  his  trials,  but  I  do  not  feel 
justified  in  publishing  them  without  his  leave,  which  I 
have  no  doubt  I  could  easily  obtain.  I  may,  however, 
state  they  are  not  satisfactory.  I  again  tried  my  clmrn 
in  June  (first  week)  with  six  quarts  of  cream,  taking 
two  hours  and  30  minutes  to  produce  butter  ;  but  so 
soft  and  bad  as  to  be  unfit  for  use  in  two  days.  Since 
then  I  have  abandoned  its  use.  Cijmvo.  [Any  who  may 
obtain  experience  ought  to  communicate  it,] 

Flax. —  It  may  be  useful  to  your  readers  to  know  that, 
with  enterprise,  Gloucestershire  may  yet  take  her  share 
of  the  manufacturing  interest,  which  it  has  begun  lately 
on  the  top  of  our  hills.  T.  B.  Browne,  Esq.,  whose  i 
attention  to  Flax  culture  in  this  county  is  well  known, 
and  with  a  wish  to  promote  all  that  is  possible  for  the 
agricultural  interest  and  employment  of  the  people,  has 
added  to  the  growth  of  Fhx  a  manufactory  for  the 
weaving  of  the  produce  ;  as  an  earnest  that  such  is  not 
being  done  by  halves,  a  huge  boiler,  weighing  fifteen 
tons,  was  conveyed  from  the  Cheltenham  railway  station 
to  the  top  of  Harapen  Hill  by  his  eight  Suffolks  ;  many 
persons  came  to  witness  its  transit,  not  believing  it 
possible  that  such  a  ponderous  affair  could  ever  be  drawn 
up  so  steep  a  hill  ;  none  of  our  country  horses  could 
have  performed  such  a  task  ;  one  of  these  Suffolks  took 
the  prize  at  Windsor  last  yeai",  and  we  believe  that 
several  of  his  colts  are  going  to  Lewes  this  season, 
where  I  wish  him  success.  I  understand  that  Mr. 
Browne  is  about  erecting  an  engine  of  considerable 
power,  in  lieu  of  that  he  now  works.  A  Sithscriher. 

Draining. —  The  liability  of  drains  to  become  choked 
with  roots  must  be  well  known  to  many,  yet  it  is  not 
improbable  that  economy  in  immediate  outlay  has  some- 
times the  effect  of  inducing  the  construction  of  conduits 
in  a  way  which,  though  cheap  at  first,  becomes  costly  in 
the  end.  In  the  present  case  it  is  intended  to  substitute 
earthen  pipes,  glazed  inside,  and  cemented  into  one 
another  for  the  present  mode  of  draining.  Cast-iron 
pipes  would  perhaps  offer  a  greater  security,  but  they 
would  be  more  expensive. — The  writer  was  much 
obliged  by  the  information  lately  obtained  in  regard  of 
Spanish  and  Cochin  China  fowls.  Unless,  however, 
there  is  very  conclusive  reasons  for  considering  a  fifth 
claw  a  sure  mark  of  impurity  in  a  Cochin  China  fowl,  he 
thinks  there  may  be  an  error  in  this  opinion.  He  has 
a  brood  of  seven  young  birds,  all  with  yellow  legs,  and 
feathered  down  to  the  toes,  one  of  which  has  five  claws 
on  each  foot,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  acquire  feathers 
on  its  body  faster  than  others  of  the  breed,  as  it 
probably  would  do  if  it  were  a  hybrid.  Haddington- 
shire, June  28. 

Important  fact  in  Draining. — The  flow  of  water  in  a 
drain  for  carrying  off  the  waste  discharge  of 
hydraulic  ram  having  been  interrupted,  the  drain  was 
opened  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  obstruction,  when 
it  was  discovered  to  be  in  parts  of  its  course  completely 
filled  with  roots  of  trees.  The  roots  had  taken  the 
shape  of  the  drain,  and  formed  a  solid  mass  impervious 
to  water.  The  drain  is  made  of  tiles,  with  the  convex 
part  downwards,  and  covered  with  flags.  The  top  is  9 
or  10  feet  from^  the  surface;  and  the  superincumbent 
soil,  though  sandy,  is  tolerably  fine.  The  roots  are 
chiefly  those  of  Pophirs  and  Elms,  The  drain  was  laid 
about  9  years  ago,  Haddingtonshire,  June  28. 

Salting  in  damp  Hay  and  Grass. — Damp  hay  or  even 
Grass  may  be  stacked  with  layers  of  straw,  or  of  old 
hay,  sprinkled  wiih  salt,  to  prevent  heating,  and  to  draw 
out  the  juice  from  the  damp  Grass,  which  is  then 
absorbed  hy  the  straw.  Mouldy  hay,  put  together  with 
Halt,  from  8  lbs.  to  25  lbs.  per  ton,  was  better  relished 
by  the  cattle,  and  did  them  more  good,  than  sound  hay 
sUcked  without  Siilt,  of  which  many  instances  iire 
recorded  (Johnson  on  Salt,  p.  105,  &,c.)  An  excellent 
farmer  at  Landrake  in  Cornwall,  many  years  ago, 
btacked  damp  hay  with  salt,  which  came  out  almoHt  a 
paste  when  the  rJck  was  opened,  but  the  cattle  devoured 
it  grceilily.  In  rjernumy  they  even  cure  frcsli  cut 
GraHH  by  pitting  with  salt,  1  lb,  to  the  cwt.  ;  it  cornea 
out  quite  a  paste,  and  in  tiiiid  to  go  further,  in  food,  than 
the  Hame  quantity  of  GriiRS  made  into  iniy.  The 
ftdvantxigo  of  dry  Htraw,  to  abttorb  the  juice  drawn  out 
by  the  kiU,,  is  twofold— firht,  in  preventing  the  aourint: 
of  the  GraHS — and  Becond,  in  rendering  llio  Hiraw  itself 
noni'iMhing  and  palatable,  by  tho  jnieo  thus  abKorljcil 
The  proportion  of  straw  may  vary  from  oiic-niglith  t< 
one-fonrili  ;  and  {\u:  Halt  from  I  lb.  to  31b.  per  cwt,, 
ftccorf.in;;  to  ihe  darripneHH  of  tlin  new  buy.  if  old  dry 
hay  Ih  iiHed,  inhtoud  of  atraw,  it  nuiHt  be  in  larger  pro- 
poiti'iii,  becauHo  leas  ulfoorbent.    And  whuro  neitlicr 


can  be  had,  chaff  or  young  Furze  might  do  ;  or  even 
bran,  if  salted  enough  to  prevent  fermentation.  J. 
Pridcaax. 

Mr.  Afechi  on  Tirigation.—l  think  there  can  be  but 
few  of  the   readers  of  the  Gazette  who    are  not  both 
interested   and   instructed    with    the    bold   and    useful 
operations  from  time  to  time  recorded  bv  your  corre- 
spondent  Mr.    Mechi.     His  recent  comniunication  oq 
irrigation  is  a  wide  step  i  i  the  right  direction  ;  and  wo 
have  no   doubt,  when    the   result   of  his  experience  i& 
before  the  public,  it  will  show  the  attractive  power  on 
the   credit   side   of   his    balance-sheets.      Since  it   hag. 
become  a  recognised  fact  that  plants  can  only  obtain 
the  elements  of  their  existence  in  a  fluid  form,  it  seems- 
but  just  to  infer  that  the  application  of  manure  as  a- 
liquid  should  be  the  most  direct  and  uniform  mode  of 
distribution,  and  the  best  calculated  to  promote  a  rapid, 
vegetation  :  so  far,  we  think,  Mr.  Mechi  is  safe.     There 
is,  however,  one  point  where  we  think  Mr,  Mechi  may 
be  too  sant;uine  respecting  the  advantages  to  be  derived 
from  his  subterranean  pipes.     If  we  understood  Mr.  IVL^ 
he  conceives,  from  artificial  watering  in   dry  weather,, 
he  will  be  able  to  modify  the  influence  of  a  dry  season 
so  far  as  to  afford  him  a  control  over  (say)  his  Turnip 
crop.    Is  the  principle  here  involved  correct  \     Without" 
expressing    any    sympathy   with    your    correspondent 
Mr.   Donald,   on  his  sugar   question,   we  were  much 
pleased  with  the  following  remarks.    *'  The  arguments  of 
many  seem  to  show  that  clay,  when  drained, absorbs  an<i> 
retains  water,  where  formerly  it  contained  little  or  none, 
and  that  in  consequence  the  crops  are  comparatively 
safe  during  drought"     This  is  what  we  conceive  to  bO' 
near  the  truth,  believing,  as  we  do,  that  whatever  tends 
to  lessen  the  law  of  cohesion  in  clay  soils,  must  tend  to 
increase  their  capacity  for  absorbing  and  retaining  not 
only  water  but  every  element  necessary  for  vegetable 
production  ;    however,  we  presume  deep  draining  aad 
deep  cultivation  are  the  primary  steps  to  accomplish  a. 
proper  manipulation  of  clay  soils.     When  those  results- 
are  obtained  we  have  much  faith  in  the  idea  that  capillary 
attraction  will  be  the  most  natural,  and  much  safer  than- 
any  system  of  artificial  watering  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  vegetation  in  dry  weather,  P.  Mitchell. 


The  Hare  with  many  Friends.^ EeinarJcs  on  the  Mono-poly.-' 
of  Guano.      By  T.  W.  Buller.    'Eidgway;    pp.  44.. 
(A  Pamphlet). 
Correspondence  respecting  the  Guano  Islands  of  Lobo?-.  de 
Tlerra  and  Lobos  de  Fuera.      1833—1852   (Parlia- 
mentary Papers — Lords  ;  June,  1852). 
The  blue-book,  which  was  laid   before  the  House   of' 
Lords  the    other  day,   by  command    of   her    Majesty,, 
confirms    in    every  particular    the    accuracy    of    the 
statements    we    made    three    weeks    ago    concerning 
the  territorial   rights    of    Peru.     It    is    now    officially 
declared    that    the  Lobos  islands    do    not    belong    tO' 
this  country,  but  do  belong  to  Peru  ;  and,  thereforcj, 
any    attempt    to     obtain  guano    from    them     without 
permission  from  Peru  would  be  an  act  of  piracy,     So- 
rauch    ignorance    upon    the    subject    was    universally.- 
prevalent  a  short  time  ago  among  farmers  and  ship- 
owners, that  it  was  indispensable  to  show  them  the  true  ■ 
state  of  the  case,  however  unpalatable  the  truth  might: 
prove  to  be,  especially  to  those  who,  from  their  position. 
and  means  of  obtaining  information,  had  no  excuse  for- 
misleading  the  public  in  so  serious  a  matter. 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  Captain  Buller,  in  his  new 
pamphlet,  has  materially  altered  his  tone.    It  is  true  that 
he  still   expresses  a  doubt  about  the    guano    islands- 
belonging  to   Peru,  but    he    does    so    feebly,  and    is 
evidently  beating  a  retreat ;  for  he  can  now  find  no  better - 
reason  for  doubting  the  sovereignty  of  Peru  than  that 
the  assertion  of  the  rights  of  that  Government  "  comes  ■ 
generally    from   very    interested    and   very   suspicious- 
quarters."     We  should  not  have  thought  that  Colonel 
Wilson,  Lord   Palmerston,  Sir  Herbert   Jenner    Fustj,, 
Lord  Stanley,  and  Lord  Derby,  could  by  any  kind  of 
twisted    reasoning     have    been      brought    within    the- 
designation  of  "  interested  and  suspicious  "  parties. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  gallant  Captain's  pamphlet . 
is  to  point  out  the  necessity  of  negociating  with  Peru 
for  better  terms  than  we  now  possess,  and  the  desirable- 
ness of  looking  out  for  guano  in  other  parts  of  the 
world.  Here  we  cordially  ngree  with  him,  and  if  we 
felt  it  to  be  within  our  province  to  go  into  a  strictly 
political  question,  we  should  say  tliat  the  importance  of 
guano  is  such  as  to  render  it  imperative  upon  the  British 
Government  to  ascertain  whether  by  treaty,  the  right  ofj 
English  seamen  to  dig  guano,  in  Peru,  cannot  bo  acquired. 
But  that  question  we  leave  to  other  hands. 

With  regard  to  searching  for  the  substance  inothor- 
parts  of  the  globe,  that  too  is  a  reasonable  and  practi- 
cable operation  which  should  never  bo  lost  sight  of.  All 
ihat  is  required,  in  order  to  enable  guano  to  accumulate, , 
is  the  presence  of  multitudes  of  sea  fowl,  and  the  absence 
of  Btorins  of  rain.  Perhaps  no  region  is,  upon  the 
whole,  fio  favonriibly  situated  in  these  respects  as  Pcruj 
itwelf,  Jint  tluTo  are  other  places  where  similar  con- 
ditions exist,  although  in  a  lens  degree.  Captain  Buller 
points  out  many  such  places,  especially  Cape  Blanco  and 
the  Buy  of  Arguin  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa  ;  and  a 
glance  ut  Mr.  Keith  Johnson's  rain  map  will  show  in  what 
localities  tlie  search  could  be  prosecuted  with  the  greatest 
chance  of  snccesa.  From  this  it  would  appear  that 
guano  depoHits  mny  exist  on  the  coast  of  Guatiniahi,  on 
III!  the  coast  line  from  ti:o  south  of  Patagonia  to  sumo 


446 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[July  lo. 


degrees  north  of  tlie  mouth  of  the  River  Plate,  the 
northern  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Red  Sea  ; 
the  south-west  of  Australia,  and  perhaps  some  of  the 
South  Sea  Islands  soutli  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 
With  regard  to  Cape  Blanco  and  Arguin  Bay  we  have 
,no  information  sufficient  to  show  whether  tliey  are 
wthhi  the  influence  of  the  Saliara  or  rainless  district  of 
Africa,  or  not. 

Since  writing  thus  far  we  observe  that  the  Council  of 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  have  resolved — "  that  a 
prize  of  1000^.,  and  the  Gold  Medal  of  tiie  Society,  he 
lOffered  for  the  discovery  of  a  manure  equal  in  fertilising 
.properties  to  the  Peruvian  guano,  and  of  which  an 
unlimited  supply  can  be  furnished  to  the  English  farmer 
■at  a  rate  nut  exceeding  5^.  per  ton." 


Miscellaneous- 

Chtano. — Among  the  communications  of  your  corre- 
■spondents  on  this  important  subject  I  am  surprised  to 
find  no  allusion  to  the  sources  of  supply  which  are 
indicated  in  Flinders'  narrative  of  his  surveys  of  the 
coasts  of  New  Holland,  in  his  Majesty's  ship  Investigator, 
.at  the  beginning  of  this  ceutury.  Captain  Flinders 
mentions  several  enormous  deposits  on  some  islands  on 
those  shores,  hut  as  he  had  no  suspicion  of  the  value  of 
the  arlicle,  his  notices  of  it  are,  of  course,  incidental 
and  brief.  Those  parties  who  are  complaining  of  the 
Admiralty  for  not  sending  cruisers  to  search  for  guano 
islands — as  if  it  were  a  duty  of  Government  to  provide 
spectacles  for  people  who  will  not  open  their  own  eyes — 
jnight  do  well  to  refer  to  the  large  edition  of  Flinders' 
Voyage,  and  there  find  tlie  information  which  an  Admi- 
ralty of  former  days  has  already  stored  up.  Times. 


Notices   to   Correspondents. 

Aftebmath  :  B  O  F.  Yi>u  have  wriiteu  150  cwt.  Do  you  mean 
15D  Ibi.  1  Such  a  q'lantity  of  euaao  per  acre,  aloo^  with  wet 
Weather,  migat  force  a  aecDud  crop  to  cut  ia  Se^Keaibur. 
Wo  di)  nit  know  a  boi>k  nn  hawki. 

Deep  Draining  :  Erratum.  In  the  paper  on  deep  draining, 
pafTP  il-p  col  c,  t-here  is  d  mid'ake  in  speal<iii^  of  the  widths 
betnven  the  drains.  The  drains  are  stated  to  be  from  10  to 
VI  feet  nparc,  wherca'^  it  sli'mld  have  b«ea  10  to  12  yards. 

GvTiA  pEUcaA:  Siib.  W.;  do  not  Utiow  if  it  has  been  used  for 
drawing  wat-r ;  it  will  st^nd  pressure  from  within,  and 
Would  nn  doubt  also  3:and  pres-ure  from  wi  haut.  Perhaps, 
however,  s-^me  correspondent  may  g've  us  his  experience. 

JJabl  ;  J  B.  No  doubt  it  is  a  kokI  application  to  the  chalky 
Soils  ;  but  marl  is  a  widu  word,  aud  may  meau  any  sort  of 
calcareou'i  earth,  Ot  some  much  too  much  could  not  be 
appli'^d  ;  5l>  cubic  yards  per  ace  of  a  stiff  marl  if.  protiahl'y 
a  sufficient  dreasin;^'  at  once,  but  thar,  in  the  ab-.eu(;e  of  the 
dungiie<ip,  will  doc  mjinfain  fertility.  You  tuaot  yr-w  green 
cropa  and  uae  euano,  if  you  have  no  dung.  Plough  in  a 
■oi'op  of  while  Mustard  ;  that  and  guano  will  do. 


COVENT  GARDRN,  Jdlt  10. 
Vegetables  and  fralc  are  plentiful.  The  supply  of  English 
'pine-applo"  is  remarkably  good,  and  che  oame  may  be  said 
'oi'iHofhiiuse  Srapea.  Strawbarriea  are  abundant.  A  very  few 
dessert  Apples  may  atili  bd  obtained.  Oran^^ea  are  plentifully 
supplied,  and  very  nood.  Nut<  are  nearly  the  aj.me  as  last 
quoted.  Large  quantities  of  French  Cherries  continue  to  be 
supplied.  Young  Ciirrots,  Beans,  and  Articbolies  also  con- 
tinue to  be  brought  from  Prance.  PotatoeM  are  very  plentiful, 
■owiuff  to  the  growers  being  anxious  to  aeill  off  their  early  crops 
■speedily,  to  ^void  the  oonsequeuces  of  disea-ie.  Peas  are  im- 
:proving.  Mushrooms  are  dearer.  Cut  tiowers  conesfst  of 
Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Miguuueite^  Aoiies,  Li^y  of  the 
Valley,  &c. 

FRtJtT. 


Pine-appled.  per  lb. i  4s  to  Si 
lOrapes.hothouse.p.  lb.,  S*  to  8s 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  lOs  to  243 
Necarined,  per  doz.,  10a  to  Us 
Melons,  each,  "ia  to  6a 
Oherriei,  per  lb,,  4d  to  8d 
i3trawberries,p.pott.,6d  to  ls6d 
Almonds,  per  peck,  59 
—     sweet,  per  lb.,  23  to  Ss 

YE  GE  TABLES, 


Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Oranges,  per-doz.,  Is  to  Is  (id 

—  per  loo.  3s  6d  to  lOs 

—  Seville,  perdnz..  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  2  is 

—  Brazil,  per  .bushel,  123 
to  14  s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  tolS'Sd 
French  Beime,  .p.  100,  la  to  2e 
■Cauliflowers,    per     duzen,    2s 

to  6s 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle.  Is  to  4b 
'Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to4d 
Potatoes,  t)er  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  3s  Gd  to  7« 

—  per  bush.,  lK6d  to  '^a  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  3s  to  6a 
Cucumbfrs,  pach,  2d  to  6d 
'Celery,  per  bundle,  l-^  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  bun.,  7d  'o  Is 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  9d  to  1^  3d 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  SpaniBh,p.doz..lb3dto3=' 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  ro  29 
Ijeeks,  per  bunch,  4d  to  6d 
Shallots,  per  bunch,  4d 


ftarlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  la 
Lettuce.Oab,,  perscore4d  tols 

—  Cos,  p.  ^core,  3d  to  Is 
Radishes,  per  rioz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  91  lo  ls6d 
Small  Saladn,  p. pun.,  2d  to  dd 
Horse  Radiflh,  p.0iinille,l8to48 
Mushrooms,  p,  pott.,  9d  to  IsSd 

—  per  punnet,  6d  to  8d 
Sorrel,  per  hf,  sieve,  6d  to  la 
Artichokes  Jeru8.,do.,9d  to  Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  'Jd  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  buach.  2d  to  3d 
Parsiey,  p.  doz  buchs.,  2a  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 6d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Warercresses,  per  12  bunches, 

9d  to  Is 


HAY.— Per  Lo>id  of  8ti  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  July  8. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  a5s 
Inferior  do. 
Howen 
New  Hay    ., 


74 


Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


Fine  old  H«y 

New  Hay 
i^Inferior  do,... 
•iStraw 


.  68 

.  70         — 

,  55         70 

A  quick  trade. 
"Whitlchapel    July  8. 


.  75b  to  80 a 


,  58 


63 


Old  Clover.,. 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 


...  883  to  100s 
..,  60  70 

...  30  3t 

J.  COOPEK, 


...  95stol00s 
...  86  80 


.  60 


70 


HOPS.— BoBODGH  Market,  July  9 
iMesBra.  Paiitnclen  and  Smith  report  that  the  market 
continues  Grm  for  all  Hops  with  cnloui-  and  quality,  with  but 
Tery  lew  on  utfer.  The  accounts  received  from  the  plantatiens 
generally  nr-  tavoutable  to  the  coming  crop.  Duty  esiimated 
at  about  ISO.OOui. 


WOOL. 

Bbadfobd,  Thdbsdat.  July  8.-Pew  transactions  have 
taken  place  m  the  Woi>l  market.  Those  entered  into  were  at 
firm  rates,  the  turn  hting  still  in  favour  of  the  sellers.  In  the 
country  prices  are  ranging  very  high,  and  It  becomes  a  question 


SMITflFIELD.— Monday,  July  5. 
The  supplv  of  Beasts  is  considerable  for  the  time  of  year; 
trade  is  very  slow,  and  lower  price«  areaubmi'ted  to.  Sheep 
are  plen'iful  enough  ;  the  weither  being  vi-ry  hot,  hi^  fat  ones 
are  uaselling  ;  aiz'^ahle  Downs  au't  Half-br-ds  are  no"  much 
lower.  There  is  a  large  demand  for  good  Lambs,  at  tully  late 
rites.  We  liMve  a  lar^e  suppiy  of  Calves,  owing  to  wiiich,  and 
the  hot  weather,  prices  are  lower,  and  sevt^ral  remain  unsold 
F'Om  Oenuaiiy  an'  IT.-Uaiid  there  are  990  lii'^ntH.  48^0  Sheep, 
■100  Oalven,  and  iL'O  PU'S  ;  from  Sco-laud,  5J0  Beauts;  Irom 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  90'l ;  and  1100  from  the  northern  and 
midland  cnuiities, 


GARDENS,  ETC. 


wlie'her  the    state   ol    this    market  will  admit  of  their   being     /-n  ttTT  A    PPPPH  A      TTTnTxrn     Vn-D    -nr  a  mr.nTTs.T--. 

realised  again  to  a  proHt.     Noils  and  brokes  are  a  good  Hale  at  !  (-J- '-'■'■ -L-^  ■t^-^i^'^nA     i  UBING    FOR    WATERING 

full    pricfs.     The   businens   of  the  e  ection   appears    to    have     ^"^  GARDENS.  ETC. 

nearly  ab-^orbed  the  wh  de  of  the  a'tention  of  all  parties,  aud 

both  wool  dealers  and  buyers  have  bee'i  wa'ching  the  course  of 

the  future    representaiions.     The    tiaosaciions    have    conwe- 

quently  been  limited,  and  prices  are  unchanged    during  the 

week. 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.  — 8 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
ford?, (be.  ...  8 
Rest  Short,  horns  3 
■2d  qualitiy  Beasts  2 
Best    Downs   and 

Half-hreds      ...  0 
Do.  Shu 


C  to  3  10 
4  —  3  6 
6  —  8     0 

0  —  0  0 
8  — 3  10 


Perst.  of  81ba— 8 
Rest  Long-wools  .  0 
Do.  Shorn  ...  3 

Ewf6  dS'2d  quality  0 

Do.  Shorn 2 

Lambs      ...         ...  4 

C.ilvts      2 

PifJ9  2 


d  e 
0  too 
2  —  3 
0-0 
4  —2 
6  —  5 
6  —  3 
4  —  3 


Beasts,  3363;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2-1,170  ;  Calves,  501;  Pigs,  500. 
FaiDAT,  July  9. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  large,  and  buyers  are  very  scarce. 
The  hot  weather  causes  a  decreased  consumption,  and  a  ciin- 
sequeot  reduction  in  price.  We  are  well  supplied  with  Sheep 
and  Lambs.  Trade  is  very  slow  for  the  former,  at  barely 
Mondaj's  rates,  hue  brisk  for  the  latier  at,  in  some  instances, 
rather  higher  prices.  Calves  are  very  plentitul,  and  prices  are 
srill  very  low.  From  Gti-nnany  and  Holland  we  have  3fi7 
B-iasts,  1860  Sheep,  and  428  Calves  ;  from  >^cof*and,  60  Beasts  ; 
3011  from  the  northern  aud  midland,  and  130  Milch  Cows  from 
the  home  counties, 


Per  St.  of  81bs— s 
Best  Scots,  Kere- 

fords,  &.C.  ...  3 
Best  Shorchorni  3 
2d  qualify  Beasts  2 
Be.st   Downs  and 

Halt-breds 
Do.  Shorn 


B     d  I 


0     0  —  0 


Per  St.  of  81bs. — s  d       B 

Bt^Bt  Lonn-wools  .0  0  to  0 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3  4  —  3 
IDwesd^  2d  quality 

Do.  Shorn           ...  2  8—3 

Lambs      4  6  —  5 

Calves      2  0  —  3 

Pigs          2  4  —  3 


-46 
-48 
44—49 
38 — 40 
35—51 
-36 
-28 
20—21 
21—24 
20— 2;h 
18—20 


28—33 

23—34 
38—411 
31—33 

37—41 
25— 3  J 
17—23 


Red  , 
lied  . 


Ked  . 


Beasts,  939  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  14,600  ;  Calves,  757  ;  Pigs,  480, 

MARK  LANE. 
MoNDAT,  July  5. — There  w.is  scarcely  any  Wheat  from 
Essex  by  land  carriage  samples  this  morning;  the  supply 
frum  Kent  was  moderate,  but  the  weather  since  Friday  has 
been  fine,  and  continuing  very  hot,  the  sal  for  all  descriptims 
was  extremely  difficult  and  limited  ;  we  re'*uce  our  quotations 
Is.  per  qr — We  did  not  hear  of  any  transactions  in  Flour,  and 
prices  must  be  considered  nnminal. — There  is  a  fair  demand 
for  Barley  at  last  week's  pri.es.  — Beans  and  Peas  are  un- 
altered in  value. — Oats  are  a  slow  sale  at  the  rates  of  this  day 
se'naigbt. 

Feb  Tmpeei*l  Qdaetee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &.  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —    Talavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley, grind. tb  disril.,2*iB  to293..,Chev 

—  Foreign  ,. .grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  EMses,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  >jnd  Lincoinsbire... Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye      

Rye-meal,  foreign  

Beans,  Mazagau 27s  to  32a Tick 

—  Eige.m    288  —  36s. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  whir e,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 32s  to  SSa Orey 

Maize     White 

'Piour,  beet  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Fhidat,  July  9. — ^The  arrivnls  of  English  grain  this    week 

have  been  moderate,  bu'  of  foreign  good.  To-day's  market 
was  thinly  attended,  and  although  in  some  instances,  where  it 
wasrequiied  to  clear  cargoes  ot  Wheat,  eeiiers  would  have 
accepted  a  decline  of  Is.  to  23,  per  qr  ,  sales  were  impossible. 
—In  Flour  there  is  nothing  doing.  —  Burley,  Beans,  and  Peas 
remain  unaltered  in  value, — The  Oat  trade  is  slow,  and  in 
order  to  effect  sales  it  is  necessary  to  submit  to  a  reduction  of 
6d.  to  Is.  per  qr. 

Aeeivals  this  Week. 


Malting  . 
Malting  . 

F^ed 

Feed 

Ft-ed 

c'oreign  . 

flarrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 

ITellow... 
Mortollt  . 
Per  sack 


39—40 
40—42 


29—31 


20—22 
19—22 
16-19 


28—33 

26—28 
38-4-2 
30—40 


25-32 
28-34 


English  ... 

Irish    

Foreinn  ... 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
2670 


Barley. 


Qrs. 


360 
5180 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

1180 
1620 
21320 


Flour. 


Testimonial. 

From  Mr.  J.  F%rral>,  hardener  to  BosweU  ifi  hllcton  Jalland, 
Fsq,,  of  Soldcrnesa  Mouse,  near  Hull. 

"I  have  had  4IIU  feet  of  jour  Gucta  Perch  a  Tumne  (in  lengths 
of  lOfi  f'  et  each,  with  union  juini)  in  use  for  Uie  last  twelve  iTionths 
for  wateruig  the/e  gardeyis,  and  I  find  it  to  answer  better  than  aiiy- 
Vdng  Ihaw  ever.yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  he  water  is  very 
C'-nsiiierabie,  bu*  this  has  not  the  slitjhres'  effect  on  the 
Tubimr.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  ■oaluuhle  inmntion 
foi  Gardeners,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  us  lo  water  our  gardens 
in  about  one-halt  the  time,  aud  with  one-half  the  labour 
formerly  required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
Tbe  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superiority  to  tuetal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  irom  those  eoiTosive 
properties  which  have  proved  so  highly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following — 

Teitimonialsi. 
From  C  Sack&r,  £sg.,  Surve>jor  to  his  Grace  fhe  Duke  of 
Bedford,  Wohum  Park. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  lOth,  1852. 
"  Gpntlemen, — In  answer   to  your  inquiries   respecting  the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  Ructions  (after  two  years'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 
it   will   eat  lead   through  in  two  years  ;  we  have  adopted  it 
largeiv,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
Ciisier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job!" 

From  Sir  Raynwnd  JarviSy  Bart.,  of  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wig7u. 

"  Ventnor,  March  10,  1852. 
"  Gentlemen, — Tn  reply  to  yonr  letter,  received  this  morning, 
respecting  the  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  tor  Pump  service,  I  can 
state,  with  much  s a ti-^^ faction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
budders  and  other  persons  have  lately  examined  it,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  apparent  difference  since  the  first  laung  down, 
DOW  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  ir  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  the  hnuKefi  that  are  being  erected  here — buildings 
going  on  to  a  considerable  extent. 

"  1  am,  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"R.  Jabvis. 
'  P.S.  The  only  difliculty  experienced  was  in  6xing  the  tube 
to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  averse  to 
the  job,  did  not  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
otherwise,  carefully  arranged,  there  is  no  question  it  supersedes 
leader  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  R.  J." 

From  William  Bird  Rerapath,  Esq.,  M.R.f^.S.,   Surgeon   to  St. 
Peter's- and  Queen  ElizabctWs  Hospital,  Bristol- 

"  September.  1850. 

"I  have  used  Gutta  Percha  as  a  linini:  to  a  cistern,  with, 
tubing  of  the  s^me  material,  to  conduct  the  water  into  my 
dispensary  ;  they  answer  admirably.  A'  first  some  disagreeable 
flavour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap. 
peared. 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  be  had.  Manufac- 
tured by  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  P^teutees,  London  ;  and 
sold  at  the  Wholessle  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  Bdboess  and  Key, 
103,  Newgate-street,  who  will  forward  Lists  of  Prices  oa 
application. 


2560  sacks 
560  sacks 


Impeeial  Aveeages. 


May  29.. 
June    5.. 

—  12.. 

—  19.. 

—  26.. 
July     3.. 


Aggreg.    Aver. 


Wheat.  Barley.  Oats     Rie.     Beans.    Pbas. 


s.  d. 
40  5 
40  7 
40  11 
40     9 

40  10 

41  4 


40  10 


s.  d. 

27  11 

27  5 

27  6 

27  5 

27  6 

27  5 


3.  d. 

31  7 

31  6 

31  10 
3i  0 

32  4 
83  1 


s.  d, 

27  2 

21  0 

31  2 

31  9 

Hi  9 

33  2 


U     0 


Duties  on  Foreiun  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Fldotuations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Averaqes, 


Peioes 


4ls  id 
iO  11 
40  10 
40  9 
40  7 
40     5  - 


Mat  29.  Jdne  5.  June  12,  Jone  19  Jdne  26.  JtjLY  3, 


U 


--I 


biVEEPuoL,  Tdesdat,  July  6. — There  has  been  a  moderate 
business  done  in  corn  ^inc6  our  last  market  day,  with  a  alight 
advance  for  fine  white  American.  At  to-day's  market  the 
demand  was  of  a  very  retail  deycriptioo.     All  articles  were  in 

small  demand,    with   but  little    change  in   prices. Feiday, 

July  2. —The  arrivals  since  Tuesday  trum  Irelnod  and  coast- 
wise are  l\u,ht,  but  from  abroad  they  are  to  a  fair  extent.  At 
this  morniny's  marUet  there  was  a  fair  attendance  of  town  and 
country  dealers.  Wheat  met  a  limited  demand  for  consump- 
tion, but  the  wfather  beini:  wet  and  unsettled  a  considerable 
business  was  done  on  speculation,  at  in  some  instances,  an 
advance  of  id.  per  70  lbs.  Flour  was  held  at  full  prices,  but 
the  nemand  was  not  active.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  were  quite 
neglected.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  met  a  retail  sale,  at  late 
I  rates.  Indian  Corn  was  in  fair  reque^'t,  American  yellow 
'  broaght  Sid,,  and  nhite2S3.  to  289.  6d.,  per  480  lbs. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  Butter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prize  at  everj'  one  of 
the  numerous  Agricultural  meetings  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever  pro- 
duced. 21)00  have  been  sold  in  one  year. 
A  few  capital  Rick  Cloths  for  sale  at  cheap  prices, 
BuEQESS  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


M'CORMIOK'S     AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
Lqndon. — Extract  from  Mr.  Fusey'f  Kepurt  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implflmcnt  Department,  .  Great  Exhibition. —  "  Mr, 
M'Coeuick's  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  wori<ed  as  it  has  since 
worked  a'  Cirencester  College,  and  els;ewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hussey's  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  in  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  jjossibly  obtaitt 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGINa 
FOKKS  never  bend,  strain,  or  break,  but  retain  their 
sharp  points  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repair.  Mr.  Mechi  saya, 
"They  answer  admirably  in  breaking  our  heavy  clays,  and 
mixing  the  soil  in  an  extraordinary  manner,  and  laciUtate 
labour  quite  20  oer  cent." 

Early  orders  "are  requested,  as  the  demand  is  very  great. 
They  are  executed  in  the  rotation  in  which  they  are  given. 
Bdegess  and  Key,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-sireet,  London. 
Priced  Lists  sent  on  application. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GARDEN  PCBPOSES,  made  of  Csnvos,  lined  and 
coated  with  6utt;i  Perchs.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agneul. 
turisrs,  and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  Riving  great 
satisfaction.  Also,  KASE-S  FORCE  and  SUCTION  PUMP, 
which  is  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
lons per  minute.  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  itot  at  all  liable  to  get 
out  of  order.  Price  6[.  ;  on  wheels  and  stand,  7i.  7s. 
I  Bdbqess  and  Key,  103.  Newgat^Btreet.  liOadDa. 


28—1852.] THE 

pOLLEGE   OF  AGRICULTURE,  CHEMISTRY, 

y^  AND  GENERAL  SCIEnCK.  Kekninqtow,  neae  Lundon. 

Pbingipals. 

A.  NE3BIT,  Author  of  Works  on  Mensuratioo,  Arithmetic, 

Surveying,  Ac  ;  and 

J.  G.  NESBTT,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S,  &o. 

PROFESSOES,  ic. 

ASSHT/iNT  CHEMIST  Mr.E.LiSE. 

NATURAL  PnrUOSOPHT.  SCR.-) 

VETTNG,  CIVIL   EXGINEER. )  T.  M.  CKEQiN,  Esq.,  C.E. 

INO,  AND  IIATHEMATIOS    ...) 
unTiVT   »Nn  ZOOLOGY  fC.  J"H»si.N.  E=q  .Trafe'isor 

BOTA^Y  AND  iUOLUbl    ^    otB.,ianj,Guj 'a  Hospital. 

^lloc'llV,^"'"'"'"'^     ""j.JAHES    WlOAK.Esq. 

^G^nATsl".!'''"'^."^!..':.''!'.;}  '■=■■=  A^'"""^    MASTtES. 

Websrs.  Nesbit  take  und'-r  iheir  cbarfje  about  Thirty 
S(udeot<:,  resideuc  or  non-resident-,  who  obfain  every  advantage 
which  vicitiiry  to  Loudon  affurds  fur  scieotitif;  e  ^uutition. 

The  routine  of  study  coinprisea  every  brHiich  requisiie  to 
prepare  \outh  for  Ajjricultui-e,  Civil  ED;:ineeiiiig,  MimoL',  die.  ; 
for  the  Navtl  and  Mlli^ar^  Services,  and  the  Uiiiverpities. 

The  students  have  every  facility  fur  iicqainn^  a  thorouj;h 
knowledge  of  Analytical  Chemibtry,  aud  of  lh,e  A^sajiu^  of 
Gold  and  Silver. 

Between  four  and  6ve  acres  of  land  are  appropriated  for  the 
exerci*    and  recreation  of  ihe  pupils. 

Assays  of  Miuerab,  AuaJyse^  of  Soils,  ManurcH,  &o  ,  are 
accurately  pei  formed.  Gentlemen  may  alt^o  be  ai-commodated 
with  private  laboraturies,  entirely  at  tiieir  own  disposal. 

The  bii;hebt  references,  with  the  terms  aud  other  particulars, 
may  be  had  on  ap^jlicativn. 


AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


447 


IRON    HURDLES,    FENCING,   ETC. 

STEPHENSON  akd  PEILL,  61,  Grace  church-street, 
London,  aud  17,  New  Park-sTruet,  Souchwark,  hvg  to 
inform  their  friends  and  the  public  gfneriiUy  they  are  now 
manufacturina  Iron  Hurdles,  ac  the  following  low  prices  : — For 
sheep,  6  ft.  loiijr  3  ft.  hii;h,  5  bars,  :-is.  2d.  each  ;  and  for  cattle, 
€  fc.  long,  3  ft.  3  in.  high,  5  bars,  3«.  Gd.  each. 


CARSON'S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
PAIN  r,  espeoLaHy  patronised  by  the  Briiisn  aud  other 
GovernmeU's,  ihe  Hon.  East  India  Coaipany,  the  principal 
Dock  Companiea,  most  public  budies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-'loor  work  at  their  country  seatji. 
The  Aiiti- Corrosion  is  particularly  recommended  as  the  most 
durable  out-d'ior  PainL  ever  invented,  fur  the  preservation  of 
every  <ies>^riptiuD  of  Iron,  Wo  d,  Stone,  Brick,  Compi),  Cement, 
&c  ,  work,  a8  has  been  proved  by  be  practical  test  ot  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerou?  (between  50U  aud  6  0)  testi- 
monials in  i'8  favour,  and  whicti,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
societv  of  tbo-e  who  have  givet.  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  bv  anything  of  the  kiud  hitherto  brought  be!ore  the 
public  notice. 

Li&ES  ot  Coloars,  with  Prices,  together  wi*h  a  Copy  of  the 
Testiinoaials.  will  besent  onapplica'ion  to  Walter  CAasoNand 
Son.  No.  9,  Greut  Wiocbedter-street,  Old  Bruad-street,  Koyal 
Exchange,  London.— No  Agents.  All  orders  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct. 

TVTETCALFEand  Co.*s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 

I'i-  BItUsU  aod  S.MYllNA  SPONGES.— Tiie  Touth-Brush 
bas  the  impxrtaut  advantage  of  eearchiog  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaniou  them  in  the  moat  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  h  *irs  no:  coming 
loose. — 15.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brag*',  chat  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  u-ual  time,  aod  incapable  of  injuriui;  the  finestnap. 
Peuetratirie  Uair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian briailea,  which  do  nut  soften  like  CiMUmou  bair,  Flesh- 
Bruahebof  improved,  gTadaated.aud  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brashes,  which  act  iu  the  most  surprising  aud  successful 
matiner.  Tne  gonuiue  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  preserved 
valuable  properties  ot  absorpti'in,  vitality,  and  durabiluy,  by 
meatis  of  direct  unportati.jDS,  dispensing  witb  all  intei'mediate 

fiariiee'  pr'>dtB  aod  de«truorive  bleaching,  and  securiu;;  the 
Qxury  of  a  ;.'euuioe  Sm>rnu  Sjjonne.  Only  at  Metcalfe 
BiNOLEC,  and  Co.'s  Si»le  Ehtuhlis-hmoot,  13Ub,  Oxfoid-street, 
one  door  fro-n  Holles-atrf-et,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2j.  per  bos. 
Cadtion.  —  Beware    of    the    words    '•  From    AIetcalfe's," 
sdopied  by  e^nie  bouses. 

\YHERE  SHALL  WE  GO  THIS  MORNING  1  " 

'  »      Hu-h    is   u  Uiiily    the   qui-ry  over   ihe   brrHKlast    table 

•li  visitors  to  l.oDilon.     Letu-.  au-rter  thtj  ques'lun.     If  you 

-1    admiie  the   most  b-autifui    Epec^inena   of  Papier  Miiche 

.:.ufac(ure  wnich  are  produced  iu  thi-  cnuntry.  displajed  in 

,-.-  mo«i  attrac'ive  forms— if  >ou  wai>t  a  haud'fom.e  or  uj^eful 

ur^»i»ing  <;a>e,  W-rk  Bux,  or  Writing;  IJenk— il  ji.u  need  aqy 

r^'juitfitw  for  the  work  tabk-  ur  toilet — or  if  you  desire  to  see 

f<:^K  of  lh«  most  elegant  emitoriumi  iu    London,  then  you  will 

■  ^  toll£CIirS,  4,  LEAUENIIALL-STR^^ET,  near  the  India 

•ite,  iu  viboou  baow<rooui6  y«u  aiay  louot^e  away  an  hour 

r\  plea'Hnrly, 


INSTRUCTION    IN    FALiMING.  — A    favourable 

-L  opportunity  it  DOW  opao  for  a  young  gentleioan  to  receive 
INSTRUCTIONS  upon  the  SCOTCH  PltlNOIPuE  of  FAllM- 
ING,  in  the  ueig'ibournood  of  Sou  hamp'on,  anc  where  every 
attention  would  be  paid  to  his  comfort  —For  terms  aod  further 
information,  apply  to  Mr,  J  OHN  Holms,  56,  Biead-street 
Cueapside,  London. 

THE  SUMMER  SUN  AND  DUST  are  sources  of 
serious  inoonvenieoce  to  persons  uf  delicate  oraplexioo. 
On  the  drive,  the  promenade,  the  aquatic  excursijq.  Ladies 
should  ever  be  provided  wilh 

ROWLANDS'     KALYDOR, 

which  will  be  found  greatly  refreahing  to  thi  complexion, 
dispelling  the  cloud  of  languor  and  relaxation,  alaying  all 
irri-ability  and  heat,  and  immediately  ali' 'rding  the  pleasing 
sensatii'u  attendant  on  restored  elastioity  and  heiiUbful 
state  of  the  skin,  Freckles,  Tan,  Spots,  Pimp'es,  and  Dis- 
colorations  are  completely  eradicated  by  the  Kalydor,  and  give 
place  to  a  delicately  clear  and  fair  Couiplexion.  In  cases  of 
Sunburn,  or  Stings  of  Insects,  its  virtues  have  Ijug  been 
aL'kuowl lidded  —Pi  ice  4s.  Gd.  aud  8a.  6d.  per  bottle 

As  a  protec'or  and  rentorer  of  the  Hair,  ROWLANDS' 
MACASSAR  OIL  will  be  found  alike  eOicaeicus,  guirdlug  it 
from  ihe  injurious  operation  ot  the  p.un  and  dust. 

%'  It  is  big  ily  necessary,  on  purcha-ing,  to  see  that  the 
word  "  Rowlands'"  precedes  the  name  of  the  artiols  on  the 
wrapper  ot  each,  as  spurious  Imitritions  are  abroad. 

Soi.l  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  20,  Hatton-garden,  Londou  ; 
and  by  Chemibts  and  Perfumers. 


I  \0     YOU     WANT     LUXURIANT     HAIR, 

' '^     WHI>KEHH.    Ac.  ^-Emily    Dean's    OKINILENE    ha^ 

-    [iroi.o>jDc«d  fcy  thou-aods  lo  br  cue  oii"y  pr'-pmatinn  'hat 

-."H  UfM-it  lor -the  KBh'orit'iori  of  the  Il-iir  in  Baldness 

.  oau»r,  pfftv^nting  tlie  .luir  falling  off,  strengthening 

..r,  and  chfcklng  Gro.ne-s,  ami  for  the  production  of 

.•KT-,    M'>a<tiac:hio«,  Eyebrowti,  4:o.,  in    a   few  weeks  wi-b 

'.iiuty.     It  i«  elfKnaOy   flcen'ud,    mid   cuffii-iont   for  three 

ii'.ln' ut'-- ;  »lli  bn  neat,  post  fri«j,  on  rec«)p' of  2l  postage 

itl**,    by    MU*    Deak,    4*.    I  Aver  ^tooi-^fravt,    Kiiig'«    Crows, 

.-^lon,— len'tinonmla:  Dr.  Thoia-oii  8ay»,   "  It  i^  ii  beauiiful 

i',nr.iti'»ll,arid  the  "Illy  wne  I  can  recommuiu)  " — "  I'  pi;rieclU 

.  ■  ■''jjrtii  ai.  H»ir  »/tor  ««Teu  jt-urd'  baMtwim."  M  ijor  Uebn. 

=IUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 
I  \Ii.  liAUKEU  coiitiuuca  to  Bujjply  the  afflicted  with 

'^   bi- c»>>^hr«Ud   Rvmedy  for  tliU  ui.>rmtiig  eoFitphtiiit,  iho 
,  r*rftt  •uc(e««   of  which,    for  many   jvum  p.sf,    rendorti  '  nfjy 
lariher  c-iucnfrtf  uiiuo' e«»ary.     It  t*  rnity  trnd  palnlt^H'  in  use, 
cauAlug  i>o  iiicuiivfcmeoc*;  «r  <-on<ifii-ia<-Tit,  and  u  Apidk-ahlu  to 
every  Ti.r).-iy  of  Biogle  and  doublw  iiuptuf",  how*v«r  had  or 
•  '  •■  ■  "  -  •iiiidinjf,  in  i/ialf  or  fiaintUi  lA'  no-  «jf<".     Thw  reiriL-dy, 
.i.>truv(ior>ft  tor  uie.witl  be  nant  poit  fr>'e  lo  any  purt 
k'duut,  oa  re<f<-ipt   >.(  7*   In   potkrnuo  «'a<iipl,  or  Portl- 
ier,   by   Dr.  ALtKXb    ti*uuKu,  48,    Llvttrjtool.fttrt-et, 
t.o.a"»  i,r.'M,  LoiidoD,  where  he  rnay  bn  couKullcd  dsliy,  ffoni 
10  ttlt  1  mid  4  lill  S  o'olock  (ttufi(lit>«  ex>  epted}. 

A     NEW  BEDSTEAD,  portiU>lo  without   detaching 

■**    ttTi)   or  it*  purt-*,  pttk'   iu  a  stfoni^H  h/.th,  In  mlmt  uhlj 
fc  liip**d  for  •oiimicr  u-e,  on  ace  .unt  of  In  fxrrotuo  coolntjuii, 
'    I  which  cftri    bn   chant<ed    In  one  moment  from  a  bud  to   u 
ji<K*  or  ..ofa  l.ir  cti«  •tttdtg-rooiii,  fm*>  b«  •fen  ut 

OiJITAU  luid   HAl,LKN'«.  V.    Uxford-ntreet. 
--T«  a.*(i  i^  on  view  a  vr«At  vttrle'y  of  Mutalllo  BeilRtflMd", 
"fl  «tu*  Mud without  the  Put«iir  Ilhtriciliio,  Ac.  iic,  lojjmh'  r 
f*  a  U-go  a4-urt<iient  ol  "he  Pu'eni  RndUittug  uiid  other 
■>U/f«i,  a;  d  «r«r]r  oibtr  dwcrl(»ttou  of  Jrouujougcry. 


VALUABLE    REMEDIES   FOR   THE   AFFLICTED. 

DR.  ROBERTS'S  Cti^LEBRATED  OINTMENT, 
called  the  POOR  MAN'S  FRIBNO,  is  contideotiy  recom- 
mrmded  to  the  Public  as  an  unfai'ing  remedy  for  Wounds  of 
every  descripii'n,  a  certain  core  for  Uicer.ited  Sore  LegH,  if  of 
20  years' standing ;  Cuts.  Hums,  Scalds,  Braises,  Chilblains, 
Scorbutic  Eruptions  and  Pimples  on  the  Face,  Sure  and 
Inflamed  Eyes.  Sore  Heads,  Sore  Brea'^ts,  Piles,  Fistula,  and 
Cancerous  Humours,  and  is  a  specific  for  those  afBicting 
Eruptions  that  sometimes  follow  vaccination.  Sold  in  pots  at 
Is.  lid.  and  2s.  dd.  each. 

Alho  his  PlLULiE  ANTISCR0PHUL.a3,  con6rmed  by  more 
than  id  years'  experience  to  be,  without  exception,  one  of  the 
besi.  alterative  medicines  ever  compounued  for  purityng  the 
Blood,  and  assisting  nature  in  all  her  operati  >ns.  Hence  they 
are  used  in  Scrofulas,  Scorbu'ic  Complaiata,  Glandular 
Swellings  particularly  those  of  the  Neck,  ibc.  They  form  a 
mild  and  superior  Family  Aperient,  that  may  be  taken  at  all 
times  without  confinement  or  change  of  diet.  Sold  in  Boxes, 
at  Is.  lid.,  2s.  9d..  4s.  6d.,  XU..  and  22s 

Sold  Wholesale  by  the  Proprietors,  Beach  and  BiBNicoTT, 
at  thtir  Dispensary,  B-idpon  ;  by  the  Loudon  houses.  Ketail 
by  all  respectable  Medicine  Ven  lors  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Observe. — No  Medicine  so'd  under  the  above  name  cin 
po?<>it)ly  he  genuine,  unless  "Beach  and  Barnicott,  late  Dr. 
Roberts,  Bridport,"  is  engraved  on  the  Government  Stamp 
affixed  to  each  package. 

HOLLOW  AY'S  PILLS.  —  ANOTHER  LIVER 
COMPLAINT  OF  EIGHT  YEARS'  STANDING  CORED 
BY  T  ^  EI  tt  Use. — A  lady  named  Thomas,  lately  re'urnedfrom 
the  West  Indies,  informed  Mr.  (>owen,  cbeuiist,  of  Bristol,  that 
for  eiirht  years  sbe  was  in  very  bad  heabb,  arising  from  a  dis- 
ordered state  of  the  I-iver  and  Stomach,  and  was  iu  conse- 
quence  reduced  to  such  a  sfftte  of  debility  ihat  ebe  was  fearful 
ot  never  obtaiuing  a  restoration  to  health,  eapeciiUy  as  the 
mo-tt  eminent  me<)ical  men  had  failed  to  give  her  fhe  slightest 
relief.  Attast,  likemany  others, fibehad  recourse  to  HoLL  way's 
Pills  ^nd  in  the  conr>e  of  a.  few  weeks  tlioy  perfectly  restored 
her  to  sound  and  robust  health. — Sold  by  all  Diuggistsand  at 
Professor  HoLLoWAY's  Establibhmi-'nt,  244.  Strand,   i  ondon. 


THE  COMPORT  OF  A  FIXED  WATER- 
CLOSET,  for  U.— Places  in  gardens  converted  into  com- 
fortable Waterclo^ets  by  the  PATENT  HERMETICALLY 
SEALED  PAN,  wi"-h  its  self-acting  valve,  entirely  preventing 
the  leiurn  of  cold  air  or  effluvia.  ludieipensable  in  this  hot 
weather.  Price  11.  Any  carpenter  cau  tix  it  iu  two  hours. 
Slid  only  by  the  Patentees,  FIFE  and  Co.,  2^  Tavistock- 
street,  Ou  vent-gar  den,  London.  Also  Patent  Herme'ically 
Sealed  luoilorous  Commodes,  for  the  hick  room.  Price  It.  4s  , 
2i  6s.,  aud  S^.  Thiunands  have  been  snpplied  within  the  last 
eight  years  with  uniform  ap.o'oval.  —  A  Prosptic'.us,  wilh  en- 
gravings, forwarded,  by  enclosing  a  pos'agf-stamp. 


THE      BEST      IS      THE      CHEAPEST. 
The  best  C'NGOU  TEA per  lb.,  Zs.8d. 

The  bast  I  viPKRIAL  SOUCHONG  TEA  „  4  0 
Tiie  b..st  MOYUNE  GUNPOWDER  TEA  ,,5  0 
The  best  PLANTATION    COFFEE         ...     „       1     0 

The  best  MOCHA  COFFEE  „       1     4 

Tea  or  Coffee  to  the  value  of  40s.  sent  CARRIAGE  FREE  to 
any  piirt  of  England,  by 

PUILLTPfti  AND  COMPANY.  TEA  MERCHANTS, 
,     KING     WILLIAM--TRBET,     CITY,      LONDON. 


THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS  ALWAYS  ON  SALE, 

AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THIS  PAPER. 
Price  3d.,  or  63.  for  25  copies  for  distribution  among  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivered  anywhere  in  London,  on  a  Post-office 
or-ler  being  sent  'o  the  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  ol  the  GardenerB'  Ohronicle.  In  conoeqieoce  of  the 
new  postal  arrauu;euients,  parties  in  the  coumry  who  desire 
it  can  have  copies  sent  by  post;  fix  stamps,  in  addiiion  to 
the  cost  of  the  numbers,  will  pass  10  copies  tree  by  post.  The 
coMt  ol  a  single  cnpy,  free  by  post,  is  Id. 

q^HE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN 

i  OPERATIONS. 

By  Sir  JosEPU   Paxton. 

Reprinted  from   the  GAaDENEE-s'  CHaoNltjLE  ;  above  72,000 
ave  already  been  sold. 

CONTENTS. 

African  Lilies  Giiias  Plums 

Agapanthus  Gooseberries  Polyanthus 

Anemones  Grafting  P.^tatoes 

Anauuls  Green  fly  Pruning 

Apples  Heartsease  Privet 

Apricot  Herbs  Propagate    by    cut- 

Auriculas  Herbaceous  Peren-  tings 

Beans  nials  Pyracantha 

Beet  Heliotrope  Radishes 

Biennials  Hollyhocks  Ranunculus 

Black  Fly  Honeysuckle  Kaspberries 

Books  for  Cottagers  Horse-radish  Rhubarb 

Borage  Hyacinths  Rockets 

Borecole  Hydrangeas  Rosea 

Box  edgings  Hyssop  Rue 

Broccoli  Indian  Cress  Rustic  vaapa 

Brussels  sprouts  Iris  Sage 

Budding  Kidney  Beans  Salvias 

Bulbs  Lavender  Savoys 

Cabbage  Layering  Saxifrage 

Cactus  Leeks  Scarlet  Runner 

Calceolarias  Leptosiphona  Beans 

Califomian  Annuals  Lettuce  geeda 

Campanulas  Lobelias  Sea  Daisy  or  Thrift 

Carnations  London  Pride  Snakale 

Carrots  Lychnis,  Double  Select  Flowers 

Cauliflowers  Marigold  Select      Vegetables 

Celery  Marjoram  aud  Fruit 

Cherries  Manures  Snails  anb  Slugs 

China  Asters  Marvel  of  Peru  Snowdrops 

China  Roses  Mesembrjanthe-  Spinach 

Chry-anthemums,  mums  Spruce  Fir 

Chinese  Mignonette  Spur  pruning 

Chives  Mint  Stocks 

Clarkias  Mustard  Strawberries 

Clematis  Narcissus  Summer  Savory       j 

Collinsias  Nemophilas  Sweet  William 

Colewort  (Euothera  bifrons        Thorn  Hedges  , 

Cress  Ouions  Thyme 

Creepers  Pteonies  Tigridia  Pavonia 

Crocua  Parsnip  Transplanting 

Cr>iWD  Imperials  Parsley  Tree  lifting 

Cucumbers  Peaches  Tulips 

Cultmatton  of  flow-  Pea-haulm  Turojps 

ers  iu  Windows  Pears  Vegetable  Cookery 

Currants  Peas  Veuus's    Looking- 

Dahlias  Daises  Pelargoniums  Glass 

Dog's- Tooth  Violets  Pereunials  Verbenas 

Exhibitions,         pre-  Persian  Iris  Vines 

paring  articles  for  Petunias  Virginian  Stocks 

Feme,  as  protection  Phlox  WalJflowe/s 

Fruit  Pigs  Willows 

Fuchsias  Pinks  Zinnias 

Gentianella  Planting 


PARR'S  LIFE  PILLS  ARE  ACKNOWLEDGED 
TO  BE  THE  BESI'  MEDICINE  IN  THE  WORLK.— 
Economy  hhould  be  pracni^ed  iti  all  thiniis,  but  mov- p  irticu- 
Lirly  iu  matters  of  Medicine.  The  restoration  to  heuiih  has 
generally  been  purchased  at  a  costly  price  ;  and  certaiyly  if 
health  could  not  be  procured  ac  any  other  rate,  a  costly  price 
slinuld  n  >t  be  im  object  of  scruple.  But  where  is  the  wisdom, 
where  is  the  economy  in  spending  va'*t  sums  on  a  physician's 
attendance,  when  ^o^lnd  health  and  long  life  may  be  coHured 
by  Ihe  cheap,  safe,  and  simple  rehiedy  of  Paee's  Life  Pills  ! 

TO     LADIES. 

Pare's  Life  Pills  ate  esprciuUy  effi^Hcious  in  all  the  variety 
of  ailments  incident  lo  the  Fair  Sev.  L^idies  even  of  the  most 
delicate  coostttutjons  will  hnd  them  piirticularly  beneticial 
both  be'ore  and  after  confineiiient, ;  u,nd  for  general  use  in 
SchooU  thoy  cannot  be  too  hirongly  reoommeiided.  They 
mildly  and  speedily  removu  all  SkIii  Eruptions,  Salloivness  of 
Complexion,  NervouH  Irritability,  Sick  Heud-acbe,  Depro-sion 
of  ^ptritH,  Ir'eguliiritj,  or  general  durangtMuont  of  the  bystcim. 

Sold  bv  Haniiay  and  Co.,  and  Sanger,  URfonl-street ;  E, 
Edwurdt,  67,  St.  Paul's  Ctiurchyard  ;  Barclay  and  Sons,  Far- 
rtiigdon-HtrtfCt ;  Sutton  and  Co..  Bow  Cliurrjhy»rd,  London. 
Price  Is.lj^d-,  28.  Qd.,  aad  family  pauUuta  Ud.  each  ;  and  by 
M))  r,heinl-tg. 

V  I  ATRLMONIAL    ALLIANCE    ASSOCIATION, 

'*»  LEOAM.V  l-IriTAHjJallED,  iH4!).  Slead  OfficcB,- 
Loodon  :  Mu(ioln'n.In'i.r*leM4  CinnnhmH,  iintl  2,  Pitrtsinoutli- 
Ktreet,  fJncolii'n.Inn-FieIdH,  drauch  Ollloea  :  Liverpool,  Itiiutol, 
York,  Mancbenter,  AburdoL-n,  and  Lubllu.  Ctnillduutial 
K.-lorec;   H.  WMfrieU.  Ero. 

M\TRIM0NIAL  ALLHNCR  ASSOCIATION.  Conducted 
on  <h>j  ii>Hii-in  MO  KucuuftNtully  adapted  on  'ho  Contimnl. 
1  I'gitHy  cMCablUhiid  u*i  a  medium  for  ihe  InModuciton  of  both 
•uxL-R  uuki'Own  to  each  other,  who  iirt<  ih'KirnUHof  unt«iriiig  Into 
viftf'mouy.  Nonu  but  reHpvctiiblu  pirtivH  nogottutud  with. 
A|ip<lcii»t»  may  Klgii  by  Initial  or  othurwiHi',  Pull  pa'>tiuiilurH, 
with  prinii'd  torriiB  ot  uppllcaiinn,  lUl  ol  iig>-ntii,  ami  mH'tuc- 
t'ONH,  otiiit  fi'ou  oil  ruouipt  of  Hix  poHtiigt)  -riinip'',  by  Jluar> 
H^iitHV  ikD,  Enr).,  tjiuruiarv.  Jlottlxirai'-  Ollico"  :  Liiu^oln'o- 
Irin-Ff  IdH  ClMiinbiirt,  uud  No.  !i,  Portnmoutlt-stieut,  Llucoln't- 
JuuaFiohJn,  LouduD, 


Price  3s.  Gd.  (post  free). 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical  Iqstruetiona  for  its 
Formation  and   Culture.     Illustrated  by  24  Woodcuts. 
Reprinted  from  the  Gardenees' CHaoNiCLE,  with  additions. 
CONTENTS. 
Planting     out,    ar- 
rangement of 
trees,  &;c. 
Pushing  eye,  spring 
treatment  ot'dwarf 
shoots  from 
Roses, differentsorts 
on  the  same  stock 
Roses,  short  list  of 


Annual  pruning 
time,  principle  of 
execution,  tSzc. 

Binding  up 

Budding  knife 

Budding,  time  of 
year,  day,  time  of 
day,  state  of  the 
plajit,  care  of  buds 

Budding  upon  body 

Bud,  insertion  of, 
into  stock 

Bud, preparation  of, 
for  use 

Buds,  dormant  and 
pushing 

Buds,  failing 

Buds,  securing  a 
supply  of 

aterpil  lars,  slugs, 
and  snails,  to 
destroy 

Causes  of  success 

Dormant  buds, 

theory  of  replant- 
ingwith  explained 

Guards     against 

Labelling        [wind 

Loosing  ligatures 

March  pruning 

Mixture  for  healing 
wounds 

Pruning  for  trans- 
plantation 


distance,  shorten- 
ing heads,    &;c. 
saw     proper     for 
the  purp<.ise 
GRAFTING, 
Aphides,    to    keep 

down 
Free-growers,       re- 
marks on 
desirable  sorts  for  .  Graft,    binding     up 
budding    with    a  i     and  finishing 
pushing  eye  Grafting,  advantage 

Sap-bud,  treatment  |      of 
of  I  Grafting,  disadvan- 


Shape  of  trees 

Shoots  and  buds, 
choice  of 

Shoots  for  budding 
upon,  and  their 
arraiigement 

Shoots,  keeping 
even,  and  remov- 
ing thorns 

Shortening  wild 
shoots 

Stocks,  planting  out 
for  budding  upon ; 
the  means  of  pro- 
curing ;  colour, 
age,  height;  sorts 
for  different  spe- 
exes  of  Rose  ;  tak- 
ing up,  trimming 
roots,    sending  a 


tage  of 

Operation  in  differ- 
ent months 

Preliminary  obaer- 
vations 

Roses,  catalogue 
and  brief  descrip- 
tion of  a  few  sorts 

Scion,  preparation 
and  insertion  of 

Scion,  choice  and 
arrangement  of 

Stock,    preparation 
of 
APPENDIX. 

A  selection  of  vari- 
eties 

Comparison  be- 
tween budding 
aud  grafting 


Just  published,  considerably  onlargedj  piioe  5b.  Gd.,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

RURAL        CHEMISTRY. 
By  Edwahd  Solly,  F.R.^s.,  F.L.B.,  F.G.S., 
Honorary    Member  of    the    Roial    Agricultural    Society   ot 
Enjjland,  Profcfasor  of  Chemistry  to  the   Uortitulturai  JSocioty 
of   London,  Lecturer  on    Odemlstry   iu   the    Uou.  E,   I.    Co.'s 
Military  Seminary  at  Addihcombe,  «tc.  Arc. 

Just  Published,  pric  Gd,,  free  |by  post  If.  lOd, 

LABELS     FOR     THE      H  E  R  B  A  R  I  U  M, 
aONdlSTJNO  OF  THE    NAMES  OV  TnjE 

OlasseB,  AUiances,  Orders,  and  SubiOrders 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEV'S  "VEGETABLK  Kt^■«DOM." 

Bp  prluteU,ln  lurj^otype,  that  they  oan  bv  i<ui  outuud  pastod 

into  TnK  llJCHHAninM. 

Price  fpfl.  Gd.,  cloth, 
SEOONn  Kditiun,  Revihed  and  Enlauord, 

ORNAMENTAL  AND    DOMESTIC    POULTRY; 
their  (llhtory  and    ManiiKement.      By  the   Rev.    Edmund 
.Saui.  Dixon,  M.A.,   Huctor  of  Intwood  with    K-enwick. 

"  ThiH  hook  is  the  bust  and  uiost  modern  authority  thiit  can 
be  coHHulUfd  on  thu  ganurul  manugement  of  Poult»y."-—^£iT'- 
iUig  Obticroer. 

J.  Matthews,  C,  Upper  Wollloffton. street,  Sirtind, 


L 


448 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.       [July  10. 


This  day  is  published,  price  4s.  c'oth,  with  plates. 

THE  BRITISH  WINTER  GARDEN. 
A  Practical  Treatiee  on  Even-reeod  ;  Hhowinu  their  ueiie'  al 
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their  mode  of  Propag^iting,  Planting,  and  Removal,  from  one 
to  fifty  ffet  in  height,  as  practised  at  filvaaton  Caatle.  By 
William  Babson,  Head  Gardener. 

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H 


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POPULAR     WORKS     ON      BOTANY 
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^PHE     EDINBURGH      REVIEW,     No.     CXCV., 

-L  will  be  pub  isued  on  FaiDAT  next,  July  16th. 

C'NTENTS. 

I.  POLICE  OF    I.OVD')H 
11.  TflR  T'lIIrtS.  DA0OIT3,  AND  POLICE  OF  INDIA. 
IK.  PIEDMONT. 

IV.  DUTCH     nipr,OMA.<^Y    AND    NATIVE    PIRACY    IN 
THE  IMDIaN    ARCHIPELAGO. 
V.  IIPE   OF  NIEBUIIR. 
VI.  KEMOlllS  <)F  THE    MARQUI-^  OF  ROCKINGHAM. 
Vri     ENGLISH    ARRIOULTURi",   IN  l«52. 
Vm.  LIVES  OF  TnE  FRIENDS  AND  CONTEMPORARIES 
OF   LOKD  CLAKKNUON. 
IX.  WATIONAL  Dt^FENCRS. 
X    OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  COMMISSION  REPORT. 
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THE      QUARTERLY      REVIEW, 
X  No.  OLXXXI.,  ia  published  THIS  DaY. 

Contents:— 
I.  ART  AND  NATURE  UNDER  AN  ITALIAN  SKY. 
II.  KAYE'S    HISTORY   OF    THE   WAR   IN  AFFGHAN- 
ISTAN. 

III.  NEW  REFORMATION  IN  IRELAND. 

IV.  COUNT    MOLLIEN— THE  FINANCE  MINISTER  OF 

NAPOLEON. 
V.  LOUD  COCKBURN'S  LIFE  OF  JEFFREY. 
YI.  CONTEMPORARY    HISTORY— MR.  ROEBUCK  AND 
MI>S  MftRTI^EAU. 
VII.  LADY    THERESA   LEWIS'  CLARENDON  GALLERY. 
VIII.  LOUD  HOLLAND'S  MEMOIRS  of  the  WHIG  PARTY. 
POSTSCRIPT— THE  GENERAL  ELECTION. 
John  Mdrbay,  Alhemarle-street,  Loodon. 


Price  Is.— The  HARE  with  MANY  FRIENDS. 

THE      MONOPOLY      OF      GUANO. 
Addressed  to  the  Agricul'UriHts  and  Shipowners  of  Great 
Britain.    By  Thomas  Wentworth  Bdller,  Esq. 
Loudon  :  James  Ridgwa?,  Piccidil'y*  and  all  Bookfiellers. 


Jasc  published,  New  and  Cheap   Edition,  price  Is.; 
or  by  post  for  Is.  fid. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 
What  to  Live  for;  with  ample  Rules  for  Diet,  Kegimfn, 
ani^  Self-Maniigement ;  together  with  instructions  for  becuring 
pertect  health,  longevity,  and  that  sterling  state  of  bappinesg 
only  attaiunble  through  the  judicious  oDservance  of  a  well- 
regulated  course  of  life.    By  a  Phvsician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  2s,  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  Gd., 

A    MEDICAL    Treatise    on    nervous 

DEBILITY  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
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Health  and  Disi^aae.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years' 
practical  experipnce,  is  addritssed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in  early 
life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead  to  their 
occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence,  and 
the  means  to  be  adopted  lor  their  removal. 

Loudon:  James   Gilbert,   49,    Paiernoster-row;    Hannat, 
63,  Oxford-atreet;  Mann,  39,  Cornhiil;  and  all  Booksellers. 


In  crown  8vo,  wi'h  Woodcuts,  price  14s.  cloth, 

THE   GREAT   EXHIBITION  and   LONDON   in 
1851,  reviewed  by  Dr.  Lardnee,  ttc. 
contents. 


Steam  Machinery 

Artihcinl  Light 

Photography 

Lightning  Conductors 

The  Safety  Lamp 

Needle  Grinder's  Mask 

Electro- Metallurgy 

The  Electric  Telegraph 

The  Pofer'fl  Art 

tiliies  Manufacture 

Railway  Machinery 

Railways  of  the  United  King- 
dom 

Locomotion  by  River  and  Rail- 
way in  the  United  States 

Synopfiia  of  Railway  Transport 
at  Home  and  Abroad 

The  Steam  Marino 

The  Times  Printing  Machine 

Caiico-PriutiDg  Machinery 

London :  Longman  . 


Hydraulic  Machinery  of  the 
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Whitworth's  Micrometer  Appa- 
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Foucault's  Deni'in^tration  off 
the  Earth's  Diurnal  Rota- 
tion on  its  Axis 

The  Piano-Forte 

The  Workshop  of  M.  Froment 

Comparison  of  the  Industry  of 
Paris  and  London,  by  Baron 
Charles  Dupin 

Letters  on  Suhjecta  connected 
with  the  Great  Exhibition, 
by  M.  Michel  Chevalier 

Letters  on  Subjects  connected 
with  the  Grt^at  Exhibition, 
by  M.  John  Lemoiane. 

Letters  on  Subjects  connected 
with  the  Great  Exhibition, 
by  M.  Hector  Berlioz. 
Brown,  Gbeen,  and  Longmans. 


Price  5s.  Gd.,  cloth, 

^HE  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF 

AMERICA,    By  John  Frost,  of  Philadelphia, 


Price  78.  6d.,  cloth, 

THE  HISTORY  OF  FRANCE,  from  the  Earliest 
Period.  By  Emile  de  Bohnechose.  The  two  volumes  of 
the  French  edition  comprised  in  the  one  of  the  translation. 
This  work  is  the  history  approved  of  by  the  Minister  of  Publk: 
Education  in  France,  where  it  has  already  passed  through  tife- 
ditions.        London:  D.  Bogue,  86,  Fleet>9tre  et. 


<Sal0g  6g  Suction* 

FIRST-RATE  CARNATIONS  AND  PICOTEES. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Mr.  Newhall,  of  Woolwich,  to  sell  by 
Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Banholomew-Jane,  on  THURSDAY, 
July  22,  Fit  12  o'clock,  about  130  pota  of  the  Choicest 
CARNATIONS  and  PICOTEES.  in  bloom,  being  an  excellent 
oppor'unity  for  beginners  to  commence  with  first-class  flower^^ 
as  well  as  to  enrich  coUettions, — Catalogues  will  be  eeat  on 
pre-paid  application,  on  and  after  the  17(h,  to  Mr.  Nlwball, 
Woolwich;  or  tu  the  Auctioneers,  Leytonstone,  Essex, 

to  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  AND  OTHERS.. 

MESSRS,  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  have- 
received  instructions  to  sell  by  Public  Auction  {under  a 
bill  of  sale),  on  the  Premises,  Pearce's  Nursery,  Upper 
Holloway,  on  FRIDAY,  July  16  at  Twelve  o'clock  (if  not  pre- 
viously dispofed  of  by  Private  Contract) — the  whole  of  the 
valuable  6KEENH0USE  PLANTS,  consisiiog  of  Camellias, 
Azaleas,  Acacias,  Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  Verbenas,  Heliotropes, 
Cacti,  <fcc. ;  also  2  newly.erected  Greenhouses.  4  capital  Pits, 
about  14.000  Bricks,  2u0  feet  of  hot-water  Pipe,  Boiler,  a 
capital  Horse,  2  Carts,  about  300  cast  of  Garden  Puts,  Garden 
TooU,  Shop  Fix'ures,  a  quantity  of  rotten  Dung,  <fcc, ;  together 
with  the  Household  Furniture.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  th© 
sale  ;  Catalogues  may  be  had  on  the  Premises  ;  of  Mr.  Willmot 
Dorset-hou'e,  Holloway,  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London 
and  uf  the  Auciioneeia,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex 


AMHERSTIA   NOBILIS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction  at  his- 
Great  Room,  3d,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  on 
TUESDAY,  20th  July,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  U  PLANTS  of 
AMHERSTIA  NOBILIS.  from  12  to  15  inches  high,  just 
received  from  India,  in-line  health.  Eight  Dborian  Trees  and 
eix  Ghangor  Trees,  also  from  Birmah.  May  be  viewed  oa  tho- 
morning  uf  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

ORCHIDS. 

VALUABLE  SELECTION,  AND  WELL  DESERVING 

ATTENTION. 

MR.  J.  C,  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  hia- 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street  Covent-garden,  on 
MONDAY,  July  12,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  the  SeconJ  Portion  of 
OllGtllDS,  removed  from  Messrs.  LoDDlOEb*  Nursary  at 
Hackney,  which  will  include  some  of  the  rarest  and  finest 
plants  tn  the  collection. — May  be  viewed  on  the  morning  of 
sale  and  Gatalo(!ues  had  of  Messrs.  Loddigeb  ;  and  of  Mr.  J* 
C.  Stlvens,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  London. 


TO  MARKET  FRUIT  GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  immediate  possession,. 
Four  Vineries,  a  11-llght  Frame,  Dwelling*house,  Barn 
and  Stable,  and  Four  Acres  of  well-stocked  Fruit  Garden ;  the 
whole  in  excellent  condition,  situate  about  a  mile  from  a  rai!** 
way  station,  and  li  miles  from  London.  An  order  for  viewing 
may  be  had,  on  a  written  application  to  Mr,  NiGBiiNOALEf. 
Estate  Agent,  Kiogstomupon-Thames,  Surrey. 

TO  MARKET  GARDENERS  AND  FLORISTS. 

TO  BE  LET,  with  immediate  possession,  about  15 
acns  of  KICH  GARDEN  GROUND  in  excellent  culti- 
vation, and  stocked  and  cropped  according  to  the  usual  method 
ot  a  Market  Gardener,  distance  about  7  miles  from  London 
Bridge,  and  in  the  County  of  Kent.— For  particulars  apply 
to  Mr.  W.  J.  Atwood,  Auctioneer  and  Land  Agent,  Mortlake, 
Surrey, 

ARM  TO  BE  LET,  from  Lady-day  next,  185?. 
situate  at  Walton-upon-Trent,  in  the  county  of  Derb\, 
4  miles  from  Burton,  10  from  Tamworth,  9  from  Lichfield, 
15  from  Derby,  22  from  Birmingham,  a  Railway  Station  at 
Walton.  The  Farm  consists  of  about  448  Acres  of  Arable, 
Pasture,  and  Meadow  Land,  with  a  new  set  of  Farm  Balldinga, 
a  comfortable  Farm  House,  Garden,  Orchard,  ifcc— To  view, 
apply  to  Mr.  William  Tomlinson,  at  Walton-upon-Trcnt ;  and 
lor  particulars  to  Mr.  Ridgwat,  169,  Piccadilly,  London.  [j 


WANTED  TO  PURCHASE,  from  20  to  200  acres 
of  LAND,  situated  on  the  Chalk  or  Sand  Hills,  and  withtf 
10  to  30  miles  of  London,  eouth  of  the  Thames.  A  large  hottll 
on  the  property  would  be  an  objection.  Letters  to  be  address^ 
to  E.,  Gardenera'  CJironicU  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-stroM 
Covent  Garden,  London,  « 

Priuted  by  Williah  BsAnBunT.  of  No-  \?,  Upper  Wobura-place.  in  tl 
purish  of  St.  fancias,  and  Fkkdbpick  Mullbtt  Evans,  of  ^o.  7>  Cbnrcl 
row.  Stoke  NewiuKtoD,  both  In  the  County  oi  Middlesex,  PrinterB,  at  thf 
Office  in  Lombdrd-ntreet,  in  the  freciuct  of  Wh'iefriarB,  in  the  City  c 
London;  aud  Fublished  by  them  at  the  office.  No.  5,  CharleB-street,  J 
the  parisb  of  St.  Paal'a.  Covent-garden,  In  the  said  CoiiDty,  v  ' 
Advertisements  and  C^mmunictttlOQa  Oie  tO  be  ADDBBS3BD  lOTDB 
— SATuaoAT,  JULT  10,  1832. 


eB-street,  J 
r,  wheiC  a  !   i 
aBEniTOij  I 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Liindley. 


No.  29.-1852.] 


SATURDAY,    JULY  17. 


[Price  6d. 


ActL  Sociely  ot  England- 
Lewes  Meeiinc -157  b- 

BliRht 

Calendar,  hortifoltawl  

Catalogue  oi"  the  Exhibition  of 
all  Nations  (Rejjo.ts  by  the 
Jurien)  

CeaDothuses    

Cherr;es,  select 

Corn,  ttaaanimaiion  of 

Driok^  coolina 

ParEmoR,  Nortbuniberlaad ,,., 

Flower?,  inonatrous 

Fmit  trees,  to  manure 

GiOEEer  VVioe 

Gloxinias 

Grape  mildew -152  a- 

OUKDO 

Horticultu-al    Society's    exhi- 
b  tioQ 
—  —     report  of  . 


■153  6 
Ao'Z  c 
456  b 


-155  a 


Ary-i 


INDEX. 

Ipswich  Hoit.  SociPty -J 

Iron,  corru'.'ated  Ka'vanlsed   ..  ' 

Uaiilat'^ue  Ho  t.  Sooiety -J 

Matmrine  fruit  trees ■^ 

Mice  poison  for ' 

Mildew,  Grape 452  a—- 

OrcblJa.  »a'e  of  ■ 

Pauperism , • 

Pear  rust ■ 

Pens  with  eat%blQ  pods    - 

Pelargoniums,  Willmore'a  Sur- 
prise   ■ 

Pi;{s,  ilisense  ia   .,., 

Plank,  enormous 

Plantn.  Centlnode ■ 

PlaTitains,  to  eradicate' 

Ptum  flow  ers.  monstrous 

Potftto  disease   ,,,, 

SlllEWOrmfood 

Yuriegated  plants    

Wine,  ginger  ...,. , 


45fi 


452  b 
43:i  a 

402  a 


452  a 

453  c 


"Vj  ATIONAL      CARNATION      AND      PICOTEE 

-L^  SOCIETY.— The  ANNUAL  EXniBITIO:i  of  the  above 
Society  will  be  held  on  VVEDNESDAY.  July  28,  at  the  CORN 
EXCHANGE,  NORWICH.  All  Flowers  for  competition  must 
be  staged  by  Hulf-past  Ten  o'clock,  ilembers,  or  Friends 
introduced  by  them,  will  be  allowed  a  private  inspection  fi-ooi 
Twelve  till  Half-past  One  ;  alter  which  the  public  will  be 
admitted,  on  payment  of  Is.  each.  The  doors  will  close  at 
Four  o'clock.— Prizes  will  be  offered  at  the  above  Exhibition 
for  Hollyhocks,  Verbenas,  Rosea,  Jjc,  particulars  of  which 
may  be  had  of  the  Secretary.  Day  tickets  at  the  price  of  a 
single  fare  will  be  issued  by  the  Norfolk  Railway,  from  all 
stations  on  their  line,  and  by  the  Eastern  Union  Railway,  from 
all  stations  between  Ipswich,  Bury,  and  Norwich. 

Jeeeiii».h  J.  CoLMAN,    HoD.  Secretary,   Stoke   HoJy   Cross, 
Norwich, 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,   MARESFIELD,   NEAR 

UCKFIELD,   SUSSEX. 
lY^L^I^^I    WOOD    AND    SON'S    extensive    and 

'*.  superb  Collection  of  ROSE-i,  comprising  nearly  2000 
varieties,  and  extending  over  many  acres  of  ground,  is  now 
in  fine  bloom,  and  will  continue  in  perfection  during  the  Hose 
eeaaoD.  A  coach  leaves  Tunbridge  Wells  (dist'iut  13  miles 
from  the  Nursery)  every  day  at  U  o'clock  A.M.  (siuudays 
excepted).  pasBinff  through  Mareafield  ;  aleodaily  from  Lewes  at 
12  o'clock  noon,  distant  11  milea  from  the  Nursery, 

H.'iyward's  Heath,  a  station  on  the  London  and  Brighton 
Railway,  ia  12  miles  from  the  Nursery,  where  conveyances  may 
be  obtained. — July  17. 


TO  HEATH  GROWERS. 

JJENNER,  successor  to  the  late  Mr.  Buoadbridge, 
•  Priory  Nursery,  Priory  Grove,  South  Lambeth,  Surrey, 
near  London,  begs  to  iuform  his  friends  and  the  public  in 
general  that  he  has  about  30  dozen  of  Sprlnfj-flowering 
HEATHS,  5uch  as  hyemalis,  sprioff  gracilis,  hybrida,  vencri- 
cosa  superb,  Jic,  which  he  would  dispose  of  at  a  bargain  as 
he  intend-j  giving  up  the  growing  of  them, 

HERTFORD    ROSE    NURSERIES. 

EP.  FRANCIS'S  extensive  coUectioa  of  ROSES 
•  is  now  in  luU  bloom.  An  early  inepecti-in  is  solicited. 
Morning  and  Eveuiag  are  the  best  times  for  viewing  Roses  in 
perftction.    Traina  direct  to  Hertford.— July  17. 


GOOD  DRUMHEADS  for  CATTLE,  by  Thomas 
VVelland,  at  the  Surrey-gardens,  near  Godalming, 
Surrey,  at  35.  9d.  per  1000,  crates  included  ;  and  delivered  free 
to  the  Gudalmiog.Btatiun. 


CABBAGE  SEED. 

JOHN  BUTCHER  begs  to  announce  that  he  is  now 
sending '.nt  bis  celt,brated  Early  Dwarf  Shakspeare  aud 
Warwickshire  CabB  AG  P:.S  (with  prill  ted  directions  for  Bowinp) 
the  bust  two  varieties  for  i,'tQ«:ral  ciO).ping  ;  the  seed  sent  out 
in  sealed  packets  Gd.  and  Ij.  each,  free  by  post ;  they  will  not 
ran  to  teed  beiore  Cabbaging.  —  To  be  obtained  of  J.  Boi  chee 
Kaneryraaa,  Siratfor.l-ou-Av.m  ;  Mr.  G.  Knight,  Seedsman' 
Wolrerhamptoa,  London  Aiients  —  Uawe,  CoTxaEtL  and 
liEJiHAH  («ucce<Kior»  to  F.  Warner),  3,  Laurence  Pountney- 
lane,  CiinDuD.gtreet ;  and  3(j.  Moorgate-streot,  London 
Stratf.ird-OD.AvuD,  Jul>  17. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND   OTHERS 
a'-O  BE    DISt^OSED    OF,    nbout   -100   pots    of  the 

-L  Choicest  .SMljW  Ca  UN  ATIONS  and  I'ICOlEKS  in  cul 
tlT.»tion  ;  nowln  full  blooai,  at  Mr.  Pakkeh's,  Florist  Mav 
ifeld  rou'l,  Dalftton,  near  London,  * 


SKIRVING'S  IMPROVED  TURNIP  SEEDS 

FOR  AUTUMN  SOWING.  ' 

lyiLLIAM    SKIRVING    begs    to    recommend   to 

V.J'".'""'^  a''""*'''*  »ho  follovtliig  kind*,  which  he  has 
proredby  longeiperlenco  to  be  the  boat  adapted  for  autumu 
Bowlnff.  viz.  : 

8KIRVIN0'.=(  HYBKIIJ,  or  Pur|.lo  Top  Yellow  Bullock  a 
Tornip  of  cxcKll^nt  rju'iHty,  which  If  lowed  thlg  month  pro- 
duc««  a  liirg*-  crop  (-ir  f.'<-.||(,K  before  uklnj;  (he  Swede 

SKlRVlN'J'.-i  HAKI>y  GREEN  GLOlJE,  the  buat  of  the 
Korfolk  klodd  for  K»»'ni{  a  largo  crop  and  lonjf  kf-cpinK  prico 
of  the  ab'yve  'Jd.  per  H>,,  and  for  the  latt  sowing  isklrvlni/'H 
Improved  Hcuri«brlck  (or  Liverpool  early  Or.nifo  Yollow) 
Tarnlp.  A  Turnip  or  very  excellent  rjuallty  and  rapid  Kro^Ui  • 
the  be«tof  all  known  Turnips  ■  for  nowlng  early  in  Spring,  or 
late  In  Autumn  ;  prtco  Is.  per  lb, 

A  refiilttance  ur  r.  fcrtnce  i«  ref|uo»tft'l  from  unknown  cor- 
rMpoodenti,  — Qiipfsn  Hrpmrn,  Liverpool,  July,  IH'ii. 


PROTECTION  OF  I'LANTS  FJtOM  THE  HEAT 

J-  OP  TllBrtU.V.-U*o  K.  P.  AUCHKR'H  HAIRCLOTH,  a 
ptrfcct  non-onduoutr  of  heat,  and  ndmlttlng  Itjcbt  wuhout 
heat  where  a  Poverlnn  i%  rt-quire-l  ;  It  U  '£  yardu  wide,  and  nny 
'•  ngth,  at  li.  id.  p  r  yaid,  and  tnucli  cheapor  tlian  Bkub  AUtK, 
£.  F,  Aumittk,  40i,  Oxf'jrd-gtreej,  London. 


NEW  AND  CHOICE  FUCHSIAS,  VERBENAS,  AND 
PETUNIAS   OF   THIS    SEASON. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Florist,&c,,  Edge-end,  Marsden, 
near  Burnley,  Lancashire,  begs  to  offer  the  following  new 
FocasiAfl,  now  ready,  at  2ls.  per  dozen,  or  2s.  Gd.  each  ;  viz.  ; — 
Banks,  Ariel,  Diadem,  Gaiety,  Gortons,  Nonsuch,  Joan  of  Arc, 
Nil  Desperaadum,  Honey  Bell,  Leader,  Ilenderaou's  Darling, 
Pendala,  Qem  of  the  Season,  Glubosa  perlecta,  Pet,  Exquisite, 
Splendissima,  Commodore,  Hendersonii,  Turner's  Standard, 
Verrio,  Siorj's  Aurora,  Agnes,  Peculiarity,  Eppa'  Standard  of 
Perfection,  and  Novelty. 

Petdnias  ready  the  first  week  in  August,  at  Is.  each  : — 
Smith's  White  Giant,  AjuY,  Mary  Ann,  and  Joan  of  Arc. 

Veebenas  ready  the  first  week  in  August,  at  Is.  each: — 
Smith's  Purple  Rival,  Natiorial,  Monsieur  Jullien,  Eliza  Cook, 
Standard,  Ariel  Miss  Jane,  Virginius,  Alba  magna,  Koh-i-noor, 
Orlanda,  Delight,  and  Turner's  Ormaby  Beauty.  A  Descrip- 
tive  List  of  the  above  may  be  had  for  one  stamp. 

Also  a  good  selection  of  Lilliputienne  and  show  Chrysanthe- 
mums, ready  for  their  blooming  pots,  Gs.  and  9s.  per  dozen  ; 
or  50  for  11.,  H.  W.'s  selection  ;  Purchaser's  selection  of  50, 
25s.  Early  orders  are  requested,  as  they  will  be  executed  in 
rotation,  as  received.  It  is  respectfully  requested  that  all 
orders  be  accompanied  with  a  Post-office  order,  payable  at 
iMarsden,  Lancashire. 

Also  the  following  New  Plants  : — Antirrhinum  Henderaonii, 
2s.  Gd. ;  Ileliotropium  Voltaireanum  nana,  Henderson's,  25.  Gd. ; 
and  Chrysanthemum  Hendersonii,  23.  Gd,  Also  the  following 
new  Mimulus,  raiserl  by  R.  Clapham,  Esq.,  of  Scarborough  :  — 
Queen  Victoria,  Yellow  Picta,  Venus,  and  Scarborough 
Defiance,  post  free,  lOs.  the  set  of  four. 


RIPE  FRUIT,  STRAWBERRIES,  AND  SEED 
BEDS.— NEW  TWINE  NETTING  (Tanned  if  required) 
1  yard  wide,  lid  per  yard  ;  2  yards  wide,  3d.  per  yard  ;  4  yai  da 
wide,  Gd.  per  yard  ;  half-inch  mesh  ditto,  2  yards  wide,  5d.  per 
yard.  The  ELASTIC  HEXAGON  GARDEN  NETTING, 
7ij  meshes  to  the  square  inch,  effectually  excludes  birds, 
wasps,  &C.,  from  fruit-trees,  flower  or  seed-beds,  i^d  persquare 
yard.  Tanned  Netting,  2  or  3  yards  wide,  l^d.  per  yard  ;  i  or 
6  yards  wide,  3d.  per  yard — exactly  the  same  as  advertised  by 
others  at  double  the  above  prices.  Coir  or  Hemp  Sheepfolding 
Net,  of  superior  quality,  4  ft.  high,  id.  per  yard.  Lamb  Net. 
Gd.  per  yard.  Rabbit  Net,  Ijd.  per  yard,  4  ft.  wide-  each 
Edge  Corded,  2d,  per  yard,  suitable  for  fowl  fencing.  Square 
Mesh  Cricketing  Net,  fix  Its  full  width  and  length,  made  of 
stout  cord,  3d.  per  square  yard ;  this  is  the  best  article  made 
for  fencing,  against  towls,  cat**,  ifcc.  The  largest,  cheapest, 
and  best  etock  in  the  wirld,  at-W.  Cullinofobd's,  1,  Stra'h- 
more-teirace,  Shadu  .1,  L"r-Joi  .  The  trade  euppiied.  Orders  by 
post  punctually  attended  to.      Fishing  Nets  of  all  kia-Ss  in  Stock. 


TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  and  for  the  security 
of  Fresh-sown  Seeds,  either  in  Gardens  or  Fields,  at  Id.  per 
jard  ;  200  yards  for  14s.,  500  yards  for  31)^.,  1000  yards  for  60s.  ; 
Wax  Netting,  for  aviaries,  &c.,  at  Zd.  per  square  yard. 
Scrim  Canvas  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  variety  ; 
Rick  Cloths,  with  poles.  &c.  Marquees,  Tents,  TarpaulinKS, 
Ac- At  Edqinqton  and  Co.'s,  17,  Smithfield<bars,  and  Old 
Kent-road,  London. 


JW.  THOMSON,  Landscape  Gardener,  Hothouse 
•  DESIQNEa    and    BOILDEB,    HAMMERSMlTn, 

Every  kind  of  Horticultural  Structure  designed,  erected,  and 
heated  by  Hot-water,  Common  Flues,  and  other  modes,  on  the 
most  economical  and  im- 
proved modern  principles 
Testimonials  and  references 
from  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men who  have  kindly  patroU' 
ised,  for  more  than  16  vears 
past,  J.  W.  THOMSON'S 
modern  and  simple  mode 
of  Constructing,  Building, 
Warming,    and    Ventilating 

'^"— ' ^^ — -        — ^^^"^    Gurrien  Structure?.    He  begs 

to  draw  particular  at  ention 
to  his  newly-mvented  plan  for  moving  all  Lijihts,  front  and 
top,  for  admitting  air.  by  one  action  or  simultaneously,  at  very 
little  more  expf-nse  thjm  by  iho  nld  and  inconvenient  mode  of 
cords  and  pulleys.  This  simple  phm  can  be  applied,  at  a 
moderate  cost,  to  houses  already  ventilated  by  the  old  and 
troublesome  cord  and  pulley  system. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cbenpeetin 
England.— A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


P      DENCH,   PATENT   HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 

*-^  •  Kino's  Road,  CuELStA.- The  Huperior  quulitlcB  In  every 
respect  of  tlinne  Htructuro^  liavio(f  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  KinKdoin,  hai  cauMod  a  groater  demand  tor  them 
thiifi  E,  0.  could  execute;  ho  has  boon  obliged  to  huvo  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  tho  numerous  ordore, 
and  can  now  executo  nny  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  diipatch,  and  for  quality  mid  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Ptitont  IIothouBtH,  wltii  excellent  gIiiH»,  3  feet  long  by  1  loot 
wide,  (iviiry  front  Buiih  to  ojien,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  iriiido  of  the  Hnmo  matorliilt*  US  tho<dectrlo  tolpgrnph 
wlrci,  which  T'-qulro  no  painting;  dollvorpd  free  to  Wharf  or 
Rallwny  Htail.iii,  at  Is.  2(/.  per  foot  Hiipor.,  completo,  having 
been  (ittdd,  and  cv.ry  portion  marked  prevloiiHly,  mnUlog  n 
Grei:nliou«o  IB  U.  6  InolioH  long,  l2rt.  niltor.  400ft.,2;ii  iis.Sd.  ; 
H  It.  0  Intl.  long,  do.  do..  62«  It.,  SOi.  13j.  8d. ;  2«  f'.  «  Ins.  hjng, 
Ifl  ft.  r-iitcr,  712  ft.,  4U.  lOit.  Hd.  Jl.oiting  by  Hot  Water  on  tho 
moit  approved  and  oconomlmil  prInclph'H. 

Patent  H/iBhoa  lor  Pita  and  PcucU  Wull«,  die.,  7d.  nndSd.  per 
foot,  super. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIF 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,. 
^  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot.Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  tfec,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efBcient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  AKo  a  tine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c., forwarded  oa  applicatioo, 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD' 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea 
London,  having  had  cun^iderable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  rufereuces. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  tho  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purpoaes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glas3  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varjing  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thoiiHand 
feet  of  wiiieh  are  kept  ready  p;ii:ked  for  immedia'c  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Entimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  T  IlIOK  CllOWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  W ATEIl-l'IPL^S.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlev  uud  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Oarflenera'  Chronialc  first  Saturday  la  each  month. 

THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  flip  euiicrldr  to  any  othor  mftimt;ii;tnro,  as  ivol  1 
as  cheaper.    In  lOO-foi-t  boxes  packed  i'or  Immediate  doUvoi-y, 
0  Inches  by!  and    li)  hy  U      13s. Oii. 

7  „  5  and    71  by  o{       16     0 

8  ,,         6  and    8    by  6i      16    0 

8  ,,         C  nad    8.1  by  llj      17    6 

9  „         7  iinil  10    by  8        20    0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  0         20     0 

And  many  othei*  sizort,  or  c'lt  fo  order  In  various  thioltnessos. 
OnHijH  cofitritnlni<  lar«o  Sheets,  lu  100,  200,  and  800  feet,  at 
ai».  |ior  100  fuoe. 
IIOUUII  PliATU,  perfectly  Hat,  J  In.thlek,  boitmanuraoturoil 

In  stxea  under  16  inches Gd.  per  Coot, 

„        86     8<(.        „ 

,•        >,        liO     , na.      ,, 

>,     „     76   , i2<i.    ;, 

Milii  I'anH,  2s.  to  Oj.  o.ioh  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Olass  Tilo 
iind  Hiritc".  ;  OniMiniljcr,  rropaiiaf|n|ir,  and  Doe  OIsbsor;  Wasp 
Trap«,   Olass  Hhados,    and    I'hlto  Uiass,    at  87,    Bislmpsnato 
street   Witliiiiit,  rjondon,  same  side  as  JSQStoru  Oountloa  Ilal 
way.— Estttbtlulicd  100  years. 


450 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[July  17, 


HORTICULTUPvAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITION  AT  THE  GARDEN,  JULY  10,  185-3. 


THE    LARGE    GOLD    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  May.  'ianleuer  to  Mrs    L^wrsmcr,  F.H.S.,  foe  a  col- 

lection of  20  Stove  and  Greeohuuse  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  FianUlin.  Gardi-uer  to  Mrs,  Lawreuce,  F.H.S.,  for 

20  species  of  Exotic  Oi-cliids, 

THE    GOLD    KNIGHTIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Cole,  Gardener  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq  ,  of  Dartford,  for 

a  collection  of  20  Siove  and  Greenhoudo  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Green,  Gardener  to  Sir  E.  A'ltrobud.  Bart.,  F.H.S., 

for  a  collection  ot  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

3  To  Mr.   May,  for  a  coHecaun  of  6   Stove  and  Greenhouse 

plant?,  ill  2(l-iQch  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Williams,  Gardener  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  20  species  of  Exotic  Urchidi 

THE    gold' BANKSIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Me39r3.  Fraser,  of  Lea  Brid,'e  Road,  Eases,  for  a  collec- 

tion of  "20  Stove  and  Greenhou3o  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Speed,  of  EdmonioD,  fur  a  collection  of  15  Stovo 

and  Greenhouse  Plants 

3  To  Mr.  WutMm,   Gardener  to  Mrp.  Tradwell.  of  St.  John's 

Lodge,  Norwood,  for  a  follec  ion  of  6  Stove  and  Groen- 
hou9c  Plants,  inSO-iiK^h  potn 

4  To  Ue-.8r-".  RoIUbsou,   ot  Tooting,  for  15  species  of  Exotic 

Orchids 

6  To  Mr.  Carson,  G:irdener  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq  ,  F.H.S., 

for  10  species  of  Exotic  Orchids 
C  To  Mr.  Cole,  tor  10  varieties  o(  Cape  ITeath 

7  To  Mr,  Epps,  of  Maidstone,  for  the  same 

5  To  Mr.  Robinson,  G;irdener  to  J.  ^limpson,  Esq.,  of  Thames 

Bjnk,  Pimlico,  for  12  varieties  of  Pelargonium,  in  S-iucli 
pots 

9  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slough,  for  the  same. 

THE    LARGE    SILVER-GILT    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Taylor,  Gardener  to  J.  Coster,  E>:q,,  of  Sireatham, 

for  a  collection  of  20  dtove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Carson,  for  a  collection  of  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse 

Plants 

3  To  Mr.  Over,  Gardener  to  W.  McMuUen,  Esq.,  of  Clapham, 

for  a  collection  of  G   Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  iD 
13  inch  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Woolley,  Gardener  to  H.  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  ofCheshant, 

for  10  species  of  Exotic  0^chid^* 

5  To  Mr.  Ivison,  Gardener  to  the   Duke  of  Norlhumbsrland, 

F.H.S,,  Sjon,  for  6  species  of  Exotic  Orchids 

6  To    Mes&ra.    Lee,  of   flaramersmiih,    fur    a    colleolion    of 

variegated  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants. 

7  To  Mr,  Smith,  Gardener  to  W.  Quilter,  Esq.,  of  Norwood, 

for  10  varieties  ot  Capo  Heath. 

8  To  Messrs.  Fraser,  for  <he  same 

9  To    Mr.    Laybank,    Gardener    to    T.    Maudslay,    Esq.,    of 

Norwood,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  iu  ll-ioch  pots 

10  To  Mr.  Clarke,  of  Streatham-plnce,  Brixton,  for  the  same 

11  To     Mr.    Stains,     of    Middlafiex-place,    New-road,     for    12 

varieties  of  Pelargonium,  in  8-inch  pots 
.  12  To  Mr.  Gaines,  of  Battersea,  for  the  same 

13  To  Mr.  Hoiiham,  Gurdener  to  Mrs.  Madderford,  of  Staines, 

for  6  varieties  of  Pelargonium  in  U-iuch  pots 

14  To  Mr.  We'itwood,  ot  Acton-lane,  for  the  same 

15  To  Mr.  Miller,   Gardener  to  R.  Motley,  Esq.,  of  Pine-apple- 

place,  Maida-hill,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelargonium, 
in  S-inch  pots  • 

16  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slough,  for  the  same 

THE   CERTIFICATE   OF   EXCELLENCE. 

1  To    Mr.    Doda,     Ganlener    to    Colnnel     Baker,    Salislury, 

for  a  collection  of  15  Stove  and  Gret^nhouste  Plants 

2  To  Mr.  Watson,  for  a  collection  of  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse 

Plants,  in  l:J.inch  pots 

3  To  the  same,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  in  11-inch  pots 

4  To  Mr.  Green,  for  6  species  of  Exotic  On  bids 

5  To  the  Fame,  for  a  collection  of  Helichrysutns 

6  To  Messrs.  llolltsson,  for  6  varieties  of  Aehimenes 

7  To  the  same,  for  a  collection  of  Variegated  Stove  and  G-rcea- 

house  Plants 

8  To  the  same,  for  10  varietie?  of  Cape  Heath 

9  To  Mr.  Woolley,  for  a  collection  of  Hothouse  Ferns 

10  To  Mr.  Smith,  for  a  single  specimen  of  Erica  retorta  major 

11  To  Mr,  Cole,  for  MediniUa  Sieb.ildi 

12  To  Mr.  May,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 

13  To  Messrs.   Pamplin,  for  10   Tarietits  of  Cape  Heaths,    in 

11-incb  pots 

14  To  Mr.  Taylor,  for  6  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  in  8-inch  pots 
16  To  the  same,  for  Muscat  Grapes 

16  To    Mr.    PfcStridge,    Gardener  to  W.    Newnham,    Esq.,    of 

Engletield-greeo,  Bubam,  for  6  varieties  of  Fuchsia 

17  To  Messrs.  Paul,  ot  Cheshuiit,  tor  50  varieties  of  cut  Roses 

18  To  Mr.  Parker,  Gardener  to  J.    M.  Sirachan,  Esq.,  F.H.S., 

for  12  varieties  of  Pelargonium  in  8-inch  pots 

19  To  the  same,  for  6  varieties  of  Pelar.onium,  in  11. inch  pots 

20  To  Mr.  Weetwood,  lor  12  varieties  of  Pelargonium, in  8-in.  pots 

21  To  Mr.  RobinsoQ,  fur  Q  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelargonium,  in 

8-inch  puts 

22  To  Mr.  Gaines,  fur  the  same 

23  To  Mra.  Conway,  of  Earl's  Court,  Brompton,  for  6  varieties 

of  Scarlet  Pelarj^onium,  in  8-inch  pots 

24  To  Mr.  Jones,  Gardener   to  Sir  J.  Gueat,  Bart.,  F.H.S.,  for 

a  Queen  Piue-apple,  weighing  5  lbs.  1  oz. 

25  To  Mr.  Dod-t,  Gardener  to  Coionel    Baker,    F.H.S.,  for   a 

Prickly  Cnyenne  Pine-apple,  weighing  5  Jbs.  14  oz. 

26  To  Mr.  Turubull,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, 

at   Blenheim,    for    a  Providence  Pine-apple,   weighiug 
6  lbs.  4  oz. 

27  To  Mr.   Davis,  of  Oak  Hill,  for  a  Providence  Pine-apple, 

weighiug  7  lbs,  2  oz. 

28  To  Mr.  Allport,  Gardener  to  H.  Akroyd,  E.«q.,  of  Doddington 

Park,  Nantwich,  lor  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

29  To  the  same,  for  Black  Froutigoan  Grapes 

30  To  Mr.  Lushey,  G  jrdener  to  J.  Hill,  Esq.,  of  Streatham,  for 

Biack  Prince  Grjpes 

31  To  Mr.  Ruat,  Gardener  to  J.  Maclaren,   Esq.,  F.H.S.,  for 

White  Mubcadioe  Grapes 

THE   LARGE   SILVER    MEDAL. 

1  To  MeBSrs.  Pamplin,  for  a  collection  of  15  Stovo  and  Green- 

house Plants 

2  To     Mr.    Kinghorn,    Garderler    to  the   Earl    of    Kilmorey, 

F.H.S  ,  fora  collection  of  6  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants, 
in  13-inch  pots 

3  To  Mr.  Godfrey,  Gardener  to  J.  Lister,  Esq.,  of  Tottenham, 

for  6  varieties  of  Achimenea 

4  To  Mr.  Taylur,  for  a  collection  of  Helichrysums 
^  I**  Jl"^-  ^^ei")  fo>"  6  varieties  of  Kalosanihs 

6  To  Mr.  Wiiliaras,  for  a  collecM,m  of  Hothouse  Ferns 

7  lo  Medsrs.  Henderson,  of  Plne-apple-place,  for  a  collection 

u^'n"'*''^'^^  ^*"^®  ^"^  Greenh  u^e  Plnnts 
,  i.^  w     '^'■""»  *'">'  i^  R'HKlo  ^p,.cimtn  of  Erica  Savileana 
i)  To  Messrs.  Vettch,  for  i)racffiaa  iudtvisa 

10  To  Messrs.  Stiudish  and  Nobie,  for  Abies  Jt;zoensis 


:iUTXA  PERCHA 

GARDENS, 


G 


TUBING    FOR   V/ATEEING 

ETC. 


11  To  Mr.  Fairbairn,  for  10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath 

12  To  Mr   Jarvifl,  GaidLoer  to  J.  Buck,  Esq,,  of  Croydon,  for 
10  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  in  11-irirh  pots 

13  To  Mr.  Speed,  fur  6  v^irieties  ot  Cape  lli-atb,  in  S-iuch  pots 
11  To    Mr.    Franklin,  for  G  varietie-i  of  Fuchsia 
15  To  Mr.  Parker,  for  6  ppecies  of  Capc  Pelargonium 
Ifi  To  Messrs.  Lane,  for  50  varieties  of  cut  Rones 

17  To    Mr.  Terry,    Gardener  to    Lady    Puller,   of  Youngsbury, 
I'eris,  for  25  varieties  of  cut  II  ses 

18  To   Mr.  Stains,  for  6  varieties  of  Fancy  Pelargonium,  in 
»  inch  pots 

10  To  Mr.  Westwood,  for  the  sanie 

H)  To  Mr.  Salter  of  Hiiramersmith,   for  fl  varieties  of  Scarlet 
Pelargooiums,  in  S-ioch  puts 

21  To  Mr.  Br'iy,  Gardener  'o  E.  I,ou«ada,  Esq.,  of  Peak  House, 
Sidmou'h,   Devon,    fjr  a  Q,ueeu  Pine-apple,    weighing 

,     4  lbs.  13  oz. 

22  To  the  same,  for  an  EnvillePinp-ipple,  weighing  7  lbs.  10  oz. 

23  To  Mr.  Price,  G^irden^r  to  W.  Thompson.  Esq.,  for  a  Provi- 
dence Pinc-app'e,  weif^hing  6  lbs. 

24  To  Mr.  Entcher,    Gardener  to    W.  Leaf,    Esq.,   F.H.S.,  for 
Black  Hamburgh  Grapes 

25  To  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Oatlands  Palace  G&rdeua,  Weybridge, 
for  the  same 

2G  To  Mr.  Martin,  Gardener  to  Sir  H.  Fleetwood,  F.H.S.,    for 

Black  Prince  Grupea 
27  To  Mr.  TiHjard.  Gardener  to  Lord  Southampton,  F.H.S,, 

for  White  Muscadine  Grapes 
23  To  the  name,  for  6  Elruije  Nectarines. 

29  To  Mr.  Turnbull,  tor  Mu-icat  Grapes 

30  To  Mr.  Campoell,  Gardener  to  J.  8.    Pease.  Esq.,  of  North 
Lodge,  Darlington,  for  White  Proniiguan  Grapes 

31  To    Mr.    Brown,    Gariiener  to    W.   C.  Cartwright,  Esq.,  of 
Aynhoe  Park,  Northampton,  tor  6  Peaches 

32  To  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill,  for  6  Elruge  Nectarines 

THE    SILVER    KNIGHTIAN    MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Hamp,  Gardener  to  J.  Thorne,  Esq,,  of  South  Lam- 
bytb,  for  a  colleutiyn  of  6  Stove  aud  Greeuhouse  Plants, 
in  13-inch  pots 

2  To  Mr.  Godfrey,  Gardener  to  R.  Dawson,  Esq.,  of  Totten- 
ham, for  6  varieti.s  of  Aehimenes 

S  To  Mr.  Ividon.  for  Nelu  nbiiim  Hpeciosum 

4  To  the  same,  for  a  set  of  Miscellaneous  Plants 

5  To  the  same,  for  Black  Hrimburgh  Grapes 
(j  To  Mr.  Turner,  of  HoUoway.  for  l-'  Alpines 

7  To  Mr,  Constautine.  Gardener  to  C.  Mills,  Esq.,  of  Hilling, 
don,  fur  a  single  specimen  of  Lisianthus  Ruasellianus 

8  To  Messrs.  Henderson,  for  Arauc-aria  Cookii 

9  To  Messrs.  S  andisli  and  Nohle.  for  Cephalotaxus  Fortuni 

10  To  Mr.  Roser,  Gardener  to  J.  Bradbury,  Esq.,  F.H.S.,  for 
6  varieties  of  Cape  Heath,  in  8-iitch  pots 

11  To  Messrs.  Fraser,  for  6  vai  ieties  of  i-  uchsia 

12  To  Mr.  Wataon,  for  G  epecies  of  Cape  Pelargonium 

13  To  Mr.  Francis,  of  Hsriford,  tor  50  varietien  of  cut  Roses 

14  To  A.  Rowland,  Esq,  F.H.S.,  tor  25  varieties  ot  cut  Roses 

15  To  Mr.  Bragg,  of  Slough,  for  12  varieties  of  Pelargoniums, 
in  S-inch  pots 

16  To  Mr.  Turoer,  for  24  varieties  ot  Pinks,  in  boxes 

17  To  Mr.  Forbes,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  P.H.S., 
at  Wobnrn,  for  a  Qieen  Pine-appl*-,  weighing  4  lbs.  4  oz, 

18  To  Mr.  Eadeo,  of  New  Ruad,  Shacklewell,  for  131ack  Ham- 
burgh Grapes 

19  To  Mr.  Turn  uH,  for  Black  Prloqe  Grapes 

20  To  Mr.  Williams,  for  Wiiite  UuPi-  ulints  Grapes 

21  To  Mr.  'Jlendeison,  Gar  loner  to  Sir  G.  B-jaumont,  Bart,,  for 
Grizzly  FroQcignan  Grapes 

22  To  Mr.  Snow,  Gardener  to  cue  Earl  do  Grey,  F.H.S,,  for  six 
Violette  Ha-ilve  Peaches 

23  To  the  same,  tor  Black  Tartarian  Cherries 
21  To  the  same,  for  Ehon  Cherries 

25  To  Mr.  Colliiison,  Gardentr  to  the  Marquess  of  Westminster, 
at  Eaton  Hall,  Cheshire,  for  hi x  Elru:,'e  Mectariues 

26  To  the  same,  for  an  Egyptian  Green-fie-hed  Melon 

27  To  Mr.  Meyers,  of  Brentf.ird,  tor  Black  Tartarian  Cherries 

28  To  Mr.  M^rch^im,  Gardener  to  J.  Smith,  Esq,,  F.H.S.,  for 
British  Qneen  Strawberries 

29  To  Mr.  Beach,  Sen.,  of  Isleworth;  for  BHtisti^Qafiett  Straw- 
berries 

30  To  Mr,  Beach,  Jun.,  for  Brif'sh  Queen  Strawberries,  in  pots 

31  To  Mr.  Lydiard,  of  Bath  Eastou,  Bath,  for  a  Tictory  of 
Bath  Melon 

32  To  Mr.  Gadd,  of  Bl^tchwiirth  Castle,  Dorking,  for  George 
the  Fourth's  Scarlet-fleshed  Melon. 

THE    SILVER    BANKSIAN     MEDAL. 

1  To  Mr.  Woolley,  fur  6  varieties  of  AebimRnes 

2  To  Messrs.  Pamplin,  for  Erica  obbata  umbellata 

3  To  Mr.  Williams,  tor  a  set  of  miscellaneous  plants 

4  To  Messrs.  Fraser,  fur  a  single  specimen  of  Kalosanthes 
cocciuea 

5  To  Messrs.  Lane,  for  Achimene?  MarKarettaj 

6  To  Mr.  Iviaon,  for  speclmena  of  Vanilla  fruit 

7  To  Mr.  Over,  for  6  vaiieties  of  Cape  Heaths,  in  8-tnch  pots 

8  To  Mr.  Bray,    Gaideiier  to  Baron   Goldsmid,  F.H.S.,  for  6 
varieties  of  Fuchsia 

9  To  S.  Bennett,  Esq.,  of  Bath,  f,)r  25  varieties  of  cut  Ro^es 

10  To  Mr.  Hunt,  ot  Sale-street,  PaddJugton,  for  12  varieties  of 
Pelargonium,  in  8-inch  pots 

11  To  Mr.  Baker,  of  Woolwich,  for  24  varieties  of  Pinks  in 
boxes 

12  To  Mr.  Brairg,  of  Slough,  for  the  same 

13  To  Mr.  Mitchell,  Gardener  to  J.  C.  Charlton,  Esq  ,  of  Apley 
Castle,  Salop,  for  Wtiite  Muscadine  Grapes 

14  To  Mr.  Eastbam,  Gardener  to  A.  Toy,  Esq.,  of  Acton,  for 
6  Noblesse  Peaches 

15  To  Mr.  Brown,  tbr  6  Nectarines 

16  To  Mr.  Judd,  Gardener  to  Earl  Spencer,  E.G.,  F.H.S.,  for 
White  Genoa  and  MarseillfS  Fijjs 

17  To  Mr.  Gaiusfjrd,  of  Brentford,  for  Black  Tartarian 
Cherries 

18  To  Mr.  Hargen,  Gardener  to  R.  W.  Edgell,  Esq.,  of  Milton- 
place,  Egtiam.  tor  British  Queen  Strawberries 

19  To  Mr.  LacK,  of  Turuham  Grr-en,  for  the  same 

20  To  Mr.  Grant,  GardeiKr  to  G.  II.  Sims.  Esq.,  of  Bathwick 
Bill,  near  Bath,  for  a  Victory  of  Bath  Melon. 

THE    CERTIFICATE    OF    MERIT. 

1  To  Mr.  Monro,  Gardener  'o  the  Earl  of   Clarendon,  The 
Grove,  Watford,  for  G  viirle'les  of  Aehimenes 

2  To  Messrs.  Henderson,  for  Phlox  Mayit  variegata  and  P. 
Thompboni 

3  To  Mr.  Ivison,  for  a  single  specimen  of  Erica  metulEeflora 
bicolor 

4  To  Mr.  Caison,  for  Epidendrum  sp.  nova 
5.  To  Messrs.  KoUissou,  for  jEchmea  miniata 

6  To  Meears.  Veiich,  tor  Colimsia  barthiaefulia 

7  To  the  same,  tor  Leptosiption  ap  nova 

8  To  Mr.  Jont-s,  of  Erent'tird,  for  Khick  Tartarian  Cherries 

9  To  Mr.  EiJioct,  Gaidener  to  Mrs.  Coothby,  of  Twjford 
Abbey,  Acton,  for  Bri'ish  Q'leen  3'rawberries 

I  10  To  Mr.  Lydiardj  for.  the  same. 


Testimonial. 

From  Mr.  J.  F%rrali,  Garriener  to  Bostvell  Middleton  JalUtnd, 
Esq.,  of  Holdcmess  House,  near  HtiU. 

*'I  havehrfdiiJO  fewi  of  your  Guta  Percua  Tu')inir  (in  lengths 
of  100  ff-et  each,  with  union  joim)  iu  use  for  the  lasttwetve  months 
for  watering  thet^e  garde^is,  and  IJiud  it  to  ausiwer  better  Uian  any~ 
thing  Iluioe  ever  tfei  tried.  The  pressure  of  he  water  is  very 
C'OBiderable,  but.  this  has  not  the  slightest  efF«ct  on  the 
Tubing.  1  cf>n8ider  this  Tubing  to  he  a  inost  valuable  invention 
fot  Gardeners,  inasmuch  afl  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gardens 
in  about  one-'iait  the  lime,  and  with  one-half  the  labour 
formerly  required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Ferclia  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adaptation  and  superiority  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  Irom  those  corrosive 
properties  which  have  proved  mo  highly  injurioua  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Gutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following— 

Testiuontals. 
Frorft  0,  Hacker,  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Bedford,  IVoburn  Parh. 
"  Office  of  Worka,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  lOth,  1852. 
"  Gentlemen.— In  answer   to  your  inquiriea   respecting  the 
Gutta  Percha  Tuhing  for  pump  suctions  (afier  twoyears'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  a£F.-cted  it  in  the  least,  although 
it    will    eat   lead   through   in  two  years ;  we   have  adopted  it 
largelv,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fixed,  and  a  mure  perfect  job." 

From  Sir  Raymond  Jarms,  Bart ,  of  Ventnor,  Tsle  of  Wight. 

"  Veurnor,  March  10,.  1852. 

"  Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  your  letter,  received  this  morning, 
respecting  the  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  tor  Pump  service,  I  can 
state,  with  much  aatit-faction.  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
builders  and  other  persooB  have  lately  exammed  it,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  apparent  difference  since  the  firsc  iating  down, 
now  several  yeirs  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  i'.  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  in  ihe  house-i  that  are  being  erected  hare— building 
going  on  to  a  confiderable  extent. 

"  I  am.  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"R.  Jabvis. 

"  P.S.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  was  in  fixing  the  tuba 
to  the  pump  burrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  averse  to 
the  job,  did  not  properly  secure  it.  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
QiherwiSf*,  carefully  ar'  anged,  there  is  no  question  it  supersedes 
lead  or  any  kind  of  metal  pipes.  R.  J." 

From  WiUiam  Bird  fferapith,  Esq..  M.R.O.S.,  Surgeon  to  St. 
reter's  and  Qtteen  Elizabeth's  Hospital,  Bristol. 

"  September,  1850, 

"I  have  used  Gutta  Percha  aa  a  linimj  to  a  cistern,  with 
tubing  of  the  s*ime  material,  to  conduct  the  water  into  my 
dispenSHry  ;  they  answer  admirably.  A'  first  some  disagreeable 
flavour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap- 
peared. 

"  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  be  had.  Manufac 
tured  by  tlie  Gufta  Percha  Company,  Pateutees,  London  ;  and 
sold  at  ihe  VVholeaile  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  Bdrgess  and  Ket, 
103,  Newgate-street,  who  will  forward  Lisia  of  Prices  on 
application. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
tnnken  Butter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Grt-at  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prise  at  every  one  of 
the  numt-rous  Agiicu'tural  meetiniiS  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever  pro- 
duced. 2000  hive  been  sold  in  one  year. 
A  few  capital  Rick  Cloths  for  sale  at  cheap  prices. 
BuBOEsa  and  Kei,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


M'CORMICK'S     AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London.— Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Keport  on  the  Agri- 
cultural Implem  nt  Department,  Great  Exhibition. —  "  Mr. 
M'Oormick's  Heaper,  in  this  trial,  worUed_  as  it  has  since 
worked  a'  Cirencearer  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tiun  of  practical  firmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  Hu'-sey'a  sometimes  became  clog<ed,  as  in  the 
former  trial  a'  T'ptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  distinction." — Price  of  Reaper,  25J. 


vv 


INTON'S    PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 

[is  never  beo-i,  strain,  or  break,  but  retain  their 
sharp  poin's  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repair,  Mr.  Mechi  says, 
"They  ans-ver  admirably  in  breaking  oof  heavy  clays,  and 
mixing  the  soil  in  an  extraordinary  manner,  and  tacihtate 
labour  quite  20  per  cent." 

Early  orde-3    are  requested,  as  the  demand  is  very  great. 
They  Hre  executed  in  the  rotation  in  which  they  are  given, 
BuKQEsa  and  Kev,  Amenta,  103,  Newgnte-Btreet,  London. 
Prictd  Lists  sent  on  application. 


H' 


OSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GAitOEN  l^UltPO">Ey,  miide  of  OaDvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gatt.i  Percha.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agrieul. 
tuns'i  aud  at  the  Q,,vernmont  Public  \Vurli«,  siving  Rreat 
satlrfac'ion.  Als...  KtSE'S  FORCE  and  SnCTICJN  PUMP, 
whic'i  19  lb"  mojt  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  JO  gal. 
lon3  per  iniiJu'B  40  f.  .-t  high,  •iii.i  it  i«  i  ot  ut  all  hub'.o  to  get 
out  ot  Older.     Piice  G(.  ;  on  wheels  and  sfand,  7i.  7s. 

BDR0ES3  aud  Key,  103,  Neivgafe-street,  Loudon, 


29—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


451 


EOYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOriETY.  Uiid-jr  rhe  Purr-'nag^  nr  ll^r  M  .»t  Giacums 
Maiesly  the  Qieen  —The  Fourth  RS4IB1TIOV  of  the  sea-on 
■will  be  held  ac  rhe  Roy^il  SU14REY  ZOOLOQIOlL  GARDENS, 
on  Wednesday,  Joly  31  (open  to  a41  Exhibitors),  wht-n  prize- 
will  be  awarded  f-T  ihe  toUowing  prodiiutiona,  viz..  Stove, 
Greeohou3e,  and  Specimen  E^anis,  Capa  Healths.  Fuch'4ia9, 
Roses,  C-irnati.ins,  Pioitees,  Verben«is,  Cut  Flowei-si.  Frait, 
and  Honey.  The  following  extra  prizes,  offered  by  Members, 
%vill  also  be  awarde'i,  vz..  by  Mr.  E  Den>er,  of  Bristol,  to 
amateurs,  two  prizes  for  12  Ro^es  (out  blooms)  ;  by  Mr.  C. 
Tarner,  to  Amate'iri,  for  6  Cirnatioos,  vnrietieg  sent  out  by 
him,  small  silver  Victoria  medal ;  for  6  Piio-eea,  ditto,  small 
silver  Vict  iria  medal  ;  and  tor  six  yeUo^-K round  Picoteea.  small 
silver  LiuntBan  medal;  by  subscription,  to  ama'eurs.  for  12 
varieties  of  Verbenas,  ptnsle  trusses,  a  silver  cup,  value  five 
guineas  ;  and  by  W.  T.  Iliff,  Es^  ,  as  tfn  op  -n  prize,  fur  30  cut 
specimens  of  British  Plants  in  flower,  wi  h  n^ma  and  place  of 
growth,  small  eil-er  Linnie  m  medal.  The  Committee  will  meet 
at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kenninjt -n,  on  the  followiotr  days,  for 
awarding;  tirst-class  certificates  for  Seed  -tn/  Florists'  Flowers, 
*jr  sacb  89  are  des-:rviog  the  sa-ne,  viz.,  Thnrsdav,  July  15, 
August  19,  Septe  Mber  2,  October  li,  November  11,  and  De- 
<;amber  9,  in  addition  to  the  exhibitions.  List  of  Prizes,  and 
the  Rules  of  the  Exhibitions,  may  be  had  of 

John  Tatlob  Neville,  Secretary. 
Ebenezer  House,  Feckham,  Surrey. 


EXHiBlTlON    OF    ROSES. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  respectfully  iuvite  admirers  of 
•  this  fl  iwer  to  an  iuspectiou  of  the  Collection  at  the 
CheshuQt  Nurseries,  which  are  now  in  full  bloom.  As  every 
novelty  obtainable  has  been  added,  the  collection  will  prove 
aausuaily  interestin;r  this  ueaBon. 

Jrains  of  the  Eas'ern  Couaties  Railway  leave  S'Toredifch  for 
"Waltham  or  Chetihunt  as  follows  :— 7,  9.  9.30,  10  40.  1  .'.30,  1.40 
a.30,  3  20.  4,  4  20,  5.  5. .JO,  6  20,  7.20,  9,  10.3ii,  r^'turntn.^  almost 
hourly  till  dark.— Nurseries,  Cheshuot.  Hrsrts,  July  17. 

ROSES 

EDWARD  DENYER,  Nurseryman,  Loughborougli- 
road.  B'ts'-on,  three  miles  from  Lond  >n,  informs  hi**  kind 
Patrons  in  g-eneral,  that  his  unrivalled  coMection  of  ROSES 
is  now  iu  bloom,  and  free  to  the  iasppctiou  of  all  visitors 
(Sundiys  excepted  .  Orders  taken  at  this  time,  and  Gsecui-ed 
in  November  next.  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees,  &,c.  <fcc,. 
also  mav  be  seen  in  g'reat  varieties;  a  select  collection  of 
€teraniumfl.  Fuchsias,  <fec.  Sic.,  are  now  in  bl.>om. 

E.  D.  informs  his  frien-^a  he  has  no  Seed-shop  in  London. 


ROSES, 

MESSRS.  LANE  and  SON'S  splendid  and  extensive 
colUctioQ  of  Ro-es  in  now  in  full  bloom  The  Narnerips, 
citmprisinii  many  acres,  are  within  hatf-a>mil)3  of  the  R^-rb. 
hampstead  station,  on  the  London  and  North-western  Railway, 

F>OSESI  ROSES!— Any  person  Iiaving  PROVINS 
t  OR  CaBBAUE  itOSn;  BL(.)OM.m.iyfi->da  Sale  by  applying- 
to  Taylor  and  Sow,  Pi-rfuoie  Dietill'irs,  King'd-rodd,  Cheleen, 
near  l.onvioii. 


RIVERS'  LARGE  YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 
SEED  (the  ;;riiwth  of  the  presouC  aeason).  Pric  •  Is.  per  lb 
This  Tumfp  had  its  c-iKia  iu  ld4J  with  the  Stubble  Awsde  ; 
and  has  been  repeatedly  tested  with  othep  Idnda  of  Y«llow 
Turnip,  in  which  its  3tiperii)rity  was  v^ry  aip:tren': — iu  its 
sweetness  of  flavour,  and  in  its  vigour  of  frrowrh.  For  the  last 
three  years,  on  various  soils,  it  has  yieldud  from  1?  Ho  1'6  tons 
per  acre,  when  sowo  in  the  early  part  of  Auji;.i>»t ;  and  it  has 
the  advantaije  of  keep  n?  iu  clamps  qu'te  late  lu  the  spring 

Rivers' -Stubble  Swede,   i.rice  Is  (ftl,  p^rib.     Orders  to  the 
amonmiot  Ins  paid  to  '  oridon.— Sawbridge  \orth,  FTe-ts. 


SATURDAY,  JULY  17,  1S52. 

MEETINGS    FOTl  THE  E-MSUING  WEEK.. 

TfiEaDAt,       July      sl-Hortii-iiltural        3  p.jj. 

■WnDNKsnAY,    —       21— Royal  Snutli  London 1  p.w. 

S.Ti.HD*T.         —        24 -ttoytti  iioiHiiir 3^p.m. 

CouwRY    ^Howa.— Tuesday,   luly  ^0:  Rath.-Tliur'day.  July  2J:  Ayles- 
bury and  Newbury .—Fiiday,  July  33;  Wallingiord  and  Banbury. 


EXHIBITION    OF    ROSES. 

G  CLARKE,  Nurseryman,  Streathara-  place, 
•  Brixton-hill  (Similes  from  London},  informs  his  patrons 
and  admirers  of  ROSKS  that  his  unrivalled  collection,  eon- 
eieting  of  abive  1400  varieties,  comprisioi^  all  the  new  varieties 
from  Belgium,  Prance,  Jic,  extending  over  10  acres  of  ground 
will  be  in  full  bloom  by  the  14th  of  July,  free  to  viaitore! 
Orders  takea  for  plants  now  in  bloom,  and  esecut';d  in 
November.  A  good  collection  of  specimen  Ericas,  Azaleas 
Conifers,  Everzreens.  &c. 


NEW    CATALOGUE    OF    PLANTS. 

A  Van  GEERT,  Nurseryman,  Glient,  Belgium, 
•  be^t  to  inform  the  Trade  and  Am  iteurs  that  his  new 
CATALOGUE  OF  PLANTS  is  just  publi-h-d,  and  may  be 
bad  on  api>licirion  to  his  Agent,  Mr.  R.  SilbereaD,  5,  Harp- 
lane,  G'-eat  Tow-r- Rtreet,  London. 

CHOICE  CINERARIA  AND  CALCEOLARIA  SEED. 

JOHN  HENCHMAN  begs  to  inform  his  friends  that 
he  has  ready  a  few  Packets  of  SKED,  saved  with  great 
care  from  his  well  known  and  choice  collection  of  Cinerarias 
and  Calceolarias,  at  28.  Gd.  each. — Edmonton,  July  17. 

NEW  PELARGONIUMS. 

CHARLES  TURNER  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
the  entire  s'O'-k  of  Foster's  and    Hoyle's   beautiful  Seed- 
ling   PELARGONIUMS.      Particulars  of  price,   and  time  of 
sending  out,  will  ai>pear  in  future  advenisementa. 
Roval  Vuf-tery,  Slouzh. 


SCARCE  AND  BEAUTIFUL,  FLOWER  SEEDS. 
EllPEIlOR    STOCK,   a    perennial  species,  and  hardy 
IlOO^ee-is.  \s. 

CISER^RrAand  CALCEOLARtA,  selected  from  collections 
of  Plants  that  were  admitted  by  all  persons  who  saw  them  to 
be  the  tioest  they  had  ever  seen  ;  250  seeds  of  the  former,  and 
CjO  of  the  la'ter,  Is.  each  paper. 

MYOSOTH  AZORICA,  a  bed  of  this  on  an  eastern  or 
northern  a^ppc*  is  f  erv  h^autiful ;  200  seeds.  Is. 

CALE.NDHtS'IA  U.V[BI3LLATA.  one  of  the  neatest  growing 
7.nd  most  hrilli  lot  Howeringof  ail  heddine  plants;  1500  seeds  Is 
SWBBT  WILLIAM,  in  100  varieties:  10,000  seeds,  Ij.     ' 
Payment  may  be  made  in  postaite  stamps. 

Jetes  and  Co,,  Nurseries,  Xorthampton. 


NEW  PLANTS  INTRODUCED  BY  MR.  FORTUNE. 
OT.\.NDISH  AND  NOBLE  beg  to  announce  that 
^J  the>  po*sei8  all  the  hitjhiy  iotere^ilng  plaiits  iulrodaced 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  mentioned  by  him  in  his  recent  popular 
work  on  China.  Many  of  them  are  now  no  sale.  Of  the 
otherf,  doe  notice  will  be  given,  as  they  are  ready  to  send  out. 
Every  particular  may  oe  obtained  by  apphiair  to  the 
Adverti.m-..-Baii«hot,  JulylT.  rr  i     s 

TT'DWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON 
■*-'  WalllnKton.r  ,ad  Nursery,  .St  John's  Wood.  London  are 
now  i.ro[.are<l  to  forward,  by  post,  CIN  ERARI A  SEED  saved 
from  the  be.t  formed  flower.,  such  as  C,-rlto,  Lady  Hume 
Campbell,  A4.U  Villlers,  I'auline,  Rosy  M„rn,  Marianne.  David 
CopperQ.ld,  Effle  [Jeans,  Oarlotta  Orl-i,  Prima  Donna,  Ac. 

E.  O.  If.  and  Ho»  also  beif  to  say,  that  the  varieties  of 
Calre'iUriis  from  which  the  seed  U  saved  can  now  be  seen  in 
fall  blo>oi  a',  tho  Nursery,  Early  ord,^rs  are  n-qulsito  to  insure 
ttiU  seed,  which  will  bo  sent  out  In  July,  at  5s.  per  packet. 

PLANTS    OF    CABBAGE,    SAVOY     KALE 

BROCCOLI,     CAULIFLOWER,    AND    CELERY 

JOHN     CATTELL,    Nuru!Kiiv.MA.v    and    Sei;dsman, 

O  Westerh.im,  Kent,  bc(?8  re.pi.'Cthilly  t/>  Intortn  the  public' 
that  ['la, Its  of  his  superior  true  S',rts  of  the  above  are  now 
ready,  and  will  be  forwarded,  as  usual,  Ui  order,  on  recol|it  of 
pKjstaxo  stamps  or  I'ost-olBco  order,  rna-lo  piiyable  hero,  at  the 
under  named  prices,  ba.ket  or  mat  and  pfickn((0  [iieliided. 

All  the  sort*  of  Early  Cabbn(;e,  Savoy  and  Kale,  Including 
Brussels  H[>rouU,  it.  ed.  per  lOoO;  all  the  sorts  of  Autumn 
ftod  riprinir  Broccoli,  5s.  6<i.  per  lO'lO;  all  the  sorts  of  C„iery. 
8s.  fVi.  per  1000  ;  Csalin'>wer,  Early  and  Late,  and  Red  Cabbage, 
^'i.  p«r  100.  O'i.  per  lOO')  loss  when  n<)  mat  or  packagu  Is 
rtqaired.  Packages  of  [000  and  upward,  delivered  free  of 
carrt.ga  to  the  Ktieubridge  Station  of  the  liouth. Eastern 
E.tlway. 

!"«ed  of  C«TT«r.t,'s  Dwarf  Barnes,  and  of  his  snportor  Dwarl 
R.'lsnc.  r«bh„'/A,  m%j  ba  had  In  packet*,  by  post,  for  12  penny 
>'«mps  p*-  pa-k-t,  ti,s  formor  cntniidng  1  ouiico,  a>  ttiunf, 
*',d  itis  l.tttar  hail  an  ounce. 


In  1844  the  question  of  the  Tr.vnsmutation  of 
Corn  was  raised  in  tliis  Journal,  at  p.  555  of  the 
volume  for  that  year,  and  at  p.  779  it  was  further 
alluded  to.  Thereupon  ensued  many  communica- 
tions on  both  sides  the  question,  and  from  time  to 
time  the  subject  has  been  occasionally  revived  ;  but 
it  must  be  owned  that  it  nevertheless  remains  just 
where  it  was,  so  far  as  anything  like  proof  is  con- 
cerned. Belief  has  opposed  itself  to  unbelief, 
credulity  to  incredulity,  and  assertion  to  counter- 
assertion  ;  but  of  evidence  derived  from  well- 
conducted  experiments,  we  have  had  nothing.  For 
ourselves,  without  by  any  means  encouraging  the 
belief  in  the  change  of  Oats  into  Rye,  or  in  any 
similar  transmutations,  we  have  also  asserted,  from 
the  first,  that  no  naturalist  acquainted  with  certain 
facts  which  have  become  known  of  late  years  could 
venture  absolutely  to  deny  the  possibility  of  such 
changes.  Writing  in  1844  we  said  that  "  in  Orchid- 
aceous plants  forms  just  as  diiTerent  as  Wheat, 
Barley,  Rye,  and  Oats,  have  been  proved  by  the 
most  rigorous  evidence  to  be  accidental  varia- 
tions of  one  common  form,  brouglit  about  no 
one  knows  how,  but  before  our  eyes,  and  rendered 
permanent  by  equally  mysterious  agency."  "  Then," 
says  Reason,  "  if  these  inconceivable  changes  have 
been  proved  to  occur  among  Orchidaceous  plants, 
why  should  they  not  also  occur  among  corn-plants  i 
for  it  is  not  likely  that  such  vagaries  will  be 
confined  to  one  little  group  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom  ;  it  is  far  more  rational  to  believe  them  to 
be  a  part  of  the  general  system  of  the  creation." 
(1844,  p.  565.)  And  again,  in  reply  to  a  cor- 
respondent, it  was  added,  "  as  we  have  repeatedly 
stated,  we  think  that  no  man  should  undertake  to 
to  affirm  ex  cathedra,  what  is  possible  or 
impossible  in  nature."  (1845,  p.  401.) 

Some  have  thought  these  views  objectionable, 
believing  that  we  already  possess  that  amount  of 
knowledge  of  natural  phenomena  which  justifies 
our  deciding  dogmatically  upon  such  general 
questions  as  the  change  of  one  plant  into  another. 
It  has  been  even  held  that  scepticism  in  such 
matters  tends  to  unsettle  men's  minds,  and  to 
induce  disbelief  in  all  by  which  science  holds  fast. 
We  do  not  concur  in  that  opinion  ;  we  see  no  harm 
in  reviving  even  Lord  Monboddo's  belief  in  human 
tails;  the  more  knowledge  advances  the  more 
easily  false  theory  and  idle  hypothesis  are  disposed 
of ;  rational  discussion  can  do  no  harm  among  men 
of  intelligence — on  the  contrary,  it  is  thus  only  that 
truth  is  to  be  finally  elicited. 

A  most  curious  and  able  dissertation  upon  the 
Origin  of  Whrat,  which  we  have  just  read, 
completely  justifies  the  views  we  have  held,  for 
although  it  does  not  show  that  Oats  change  into 
Rye,  as  many  believe,  and  off^ers  no  support  to  some 
other  speculations  of  the  .same  kind,  nevertheluss 
demonstrates,  beyond  all  further  question,  that 
Wheat  is  itself  a  transmutation  of  a  kind  of  wild 
Grass.  Mons.  Esprit  Fadrf,,  of  Agde,  well  known 
to  bot.inists  as  an  acute  observer  and  patient 
experimentalist,  has  made  the  discovery,  which  has 
been  introiluced  to  public  notice  by  Professor 
Dunal  of  Montpellier,  in  a  pamphlet,  from  which 
we  condense  the  following  statement. 

The  ancients  imagined  that  the  native  country  of 
Whfout  was  the  valley  of  Enna  in  Sicily,  where  it  is 
saiil  that  the  fablcH  of  Chrh.s  and  Tiiii'Tolbmus 
originated.  In  fact  there  grows  in  Sicily,  in  gieat 
abniKlance,  a  v/ild  Grass,  called  by  botanists  jJ^rjilop.i 
lyo'tta,  the  grain  of  which  is  much  like  tliat  of 
starved  \Vlii;at,  but  whoso  lloial  organs  are  of 
a  very  difT,'rt;nt  character,  and  wliose  ears  n.aturally 
fall  to  pieceH  by  a  separation  of  the  joints  whuii  i 
ripo.     This  kind  of  grain  is  suid   to   have  borno 


the  name  of  Ble  du  diable ;  the  plant  which 
produced  it  was  even  called  by  C/esalpinus  Triticum 
syhestre.  Nevertheless  naturalists  appear,  with 
one  accord,  to  have  treated  the  notion  of  Wheat 
corning  from  JEgilops  ovata  as  an  absurdity, 
with  the  exception  of  two  French  observers, 
whose  experiments  arrived  at  no  known  result. 

About  the  year  1824  the  late  M.  Rf,(}uien,  a 
zealous  Fitnca  botanist,  residing  at  Avignon, 
observed  in  the  neighboarhood  of  that  ciiy  a,  to 
him,  new  kind  of  JEgilops,  which  he  called 
triticoirles,  because  of  its  resemblance  to  Wheat  • 
and  Signer  Bertoloni,  who  introduced  it  into  his 
.Italian  Flora,  states  that  it  has  also  been  found  in 
Sicily  by  Professors  GussoNEand  Tenore.  There  is 
also  in  the  South  of  France  another  jEgilops  called 
triaristata,  supposed  to  be  a  distinct  species.  Thus, 
according  to  botanists,  there  are  three  different 
kinds  of  this  genus  in  the  South  of  Europe,  and 
these  have  been  each  the  subject  of  M.  Esprit 
Fabre's  experiments. 

The  first  point  established  by  this  ob.server  was 
that  both  jEr)ilops  ovata  and  triaristata  would 
produce  what  Rkquien  called  triticoides.  It  would 
therefore  seem  that  the  three  supposed  species  were 
all  forms  of  the  same  species.  In  fact,  the  very 
same  ear  which  yields  either  ovata  or  triaristata, 
also  yields  triticoides.  Nevertheless,  M.  Faere 
calls  them  perfectly  distinct  from  each  other,  and  is 
of  opinion  that  when  JE.  ovata  runs  to  triticoides,  it 
gives  rise  to  the  small  grained  smooth  Wheats 
which  the  French  call  Seissettesai  Tozizelle  ;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  when  .^.  triaristata  runs  into 
triticoides,  it  gives  birth  to  the  coarser  Wheats 
with  downy  ears,  known  in  Lovver  Languedoc  under 
the  name  of  Fovrmen  and  Petanielle,  among  which 
Egvptian  Wheat  is  included.  Be  that  as  it  may, 
and  iVI.  Faere  offers  the  statement  merely  as  an 
hypothesis,  it  is  certain  that  JEgilops  triticoides, 
when  once  produced,  if  raised  from  seed  year  after 
year,  goes  on  changing  till  at  last  it  becomes  mere 
Wheat.  This  is  clearly  shown  by  the  following 
concise  narrative  of  what  the  French  naturalist 
testifies  to  having  witnessed  as  occurring  to  the 
j!E.  triticoides,  derived  from  .^.  ovata. 

Firslyear  of  cultivation;  1839.  A  few  grains 
ripened  here  and  there  among  the  spikelets,  which 
still  preserved  the  brittle  character  of  .^gilops. 
The  return  was  about  five-fold  of  close-packed 
concave  corn,  which  was  very  velvety  at  the  upper 
end.  The  beards  of  the  glumes,  which  are  most 
abundant  and  remarkable  in  JE'jilops,  had  begun  to 
alter  and  disappear.  The  plants  looked  exactly  like 
Touzelle  Wheal. 

Second  t/ear  ;  1840,  The  spikelets  of  this  sowing 
had  become  more  numerous,  and  each  contained  two 
grains  ;  the  ears  were  less  brittle  ;  the  grain  was  less 
concave  and  velvety,  and  much  more  floury  than 
in  the  previous  year.  The  beards  of  the  glumes 
were  further  diminished. 

Third  sowing;  1841.  The  changes  already 
described  became  more  evident ;  as  many  as  three 
grains  appeared  in  some  of  the  spikelets  ;  the  plants 
became  more  and  more  like  Wheat. 

Fourth  sowing;  crop  of  1842.  Much  injured  by 
rust ;  the  beards  had  so  much  disappeared  that  the 
ears  had  quite  the  appearance  of  beardless  Touzelle 
Wheat. 

Fifth  sowing  ;  1843.  The  plants  were  now  a  yard 
high,  and  exactly  like  Wheat ;  none  of  the  glumes 
had  more  than  one  beard,  with,  perhaps,  the 
rudiments  of  another.  The  spikelets  contained 
each  from  two  to  three  grains.  The  ears  had  become 
less  brittle.  The  corn  was  so  large  that  it  protruded 
beyond  the  chafi^;  the  crop  was  180-fold  in  one  case, 
and  450-fold  in  another. 

Sixth  soloing  ;  1844.  Changes  still  went  on,  but 
slowly.  The  ears  continued  brittle,  one  of  the 
great  peculiarities  of  /Egilops. 

Seventh  solving;  1845.  The  plants  were  very 
much  like  Wheat.  Beards  were  further  diminished. 
Each  spikelet  contained  from  four  to  five  flowers,  of 
which  three  were  fertile,  as  in  good  Wheat.  These 
were  really  Wheat. 

Up  to  this  time  the  experiments  had  been  con- 
ducted in  a  walled  enclosure,  where  no  other  Grass 
was  permitted  to  grow,  and  far  from  any  other  grain 
crop.  The  corn  was  always  sown  in  the  autumn, 
ripening  in  the  years  above  indicated.  But  M.  Fabee 
now  tiansferrcd  his  experiment  to  the  open  field, 
sowing  his  iEnilops  Wheat  broadcast.  In  this  way 
he  cropped  a  fielil  near  the  road  from  Marseillan, 
completely  surrounded  by  Vines,  ami  far  from  any 
AVheat  field.  For  four  consecutive  years  he  perse- 
vereil  in  bis  trial,  obtaining  every  year  Wheat  like 
that  of  the  neighbouring  farms,  and  six-fold  or  eiglit- 
fold  accriidiiig  to  the  season. 

In  1S60  the  straw  was  stiff  and  full;  the  ears  nearly 
smooth,  and  composed  of  from  eight  to  12  spikelets, 
each  conlainiiig  two  or  three  fertile  flowers,  and 
cousoquently  yielding  from  two  to  three  grains  of 


452 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[July  17, 


corn,  which  were  very  floury,  and  scarcely  at  all 
concave.  The  crop  was  however  very  short  this 
year,  owing  to  excessive  dryness,  which  greatly 
injured  all  the  cereal  crops. 

Thus  ^'  during  the  12  consecutive  years,"  remarks 
M.  Fabre,  "in  which  I  have  pursued  the  cultivation 
of  ^.  triticoidesj  I  have  found  it  gradually 
improving,  and  becoming  real  Wheat ;  but  I  have 
never  seen  an  instance  of  its  running  back  to  the 
j^.  ovata  from  which  it  sprung." 

We  refrain  from  comment  till  another  week, 
when  we  hope  to  show  the  great  importance  of 
these  capital  experiments  in  their  bearing  upon 
horticulture  and  agriculture,  as  well  as  upon  natural 
history  itself. 

The  magnificent  weather  of  Saturday  last  enabled 
the  Horticultural  Society  to  bring  to  a  brilliant 
close  a  season  of  exhibitions  which,  during  their 
long  career,  have  never  been  equalled.  The  number 
of  visitors  was  8820,  and  it  was  long  before  they 
exchanged  the  coolness  and  massive  shades  of 
Chiswick  House  for  the  more  open  and  sunny  lawn 
in  the  Society's  Garden.  The  show  was,  we  think, 
the  best  which  July  has  ever  produced,  and  not  by 
any  means  deficient  in  novelties  of  importance. 
Messrs.  Veitch  sent  flowers  of  the  New  Zealand 
Draccena  indivisa,  a  plant  now  17  feet  high,  with 
the  habit  of  a  Yucca,  and  apparently  hardy  ;  and 
along  with  it  a  couple  of  pretty  annuals — the  one  a 
yellow  Leptodphoiij  the  other  a  Gollinsia  bartsice- 
folia  resembling  C.  b'tcolor.  Messrs.  Standish  and 
Noble  produced  the  beautiful  Jezoe  Spruce,  with 
rich  light  green  foliage,  and  two  very  distinct  forms 
of  Fortune's  Gephalotaxus.  A  little  Medinilla 
{Sieholdii),  from  Mr.  Colyer's  garden,  attracted 
much  attention ;  as  also  did  some  collections  of 
variegated  plants  from  Messrs.  Lee  and  Rollissons, 

Fruit  growers  are  evidently  behind  plant  growers, 
as  becomes  more  and  more  evident  each  year.  For 
although  some  of  the  exhibitors  always  stand  on  the 
highest  point  to  which  gardening  can  reach,  yet  it 
must  be  owned  that  numbers  still  continue  to 
cluster  helplessly  about  the  lower  rounds  of  the 
horticultural  ladder.  As  for  ripening,  that  would 
not  seem  to  enter  into  consideration  at  all,  at  least 
among  Grapes,  which,  in  many  cases,  look  as  if  they 
were  shown  for  the  express  purpose  of  setting  the 
teeth  on  edge.  In  classifying  the  whites  we  could  find 
no  better  names  to  express  their  appearance  than 
Verdigris-green,  Grass-green,  and  Asparagus-green. 
What  a  contrast  was  presented  between  the  verjuice 
bunches  of  Constantine,  Martin,  Campbell,  Davis, 
and  Sum.merby,  well  grown  as  they  were,  and  the 
admirable  Chasselas  from  Lord  Southasipton's 
garden. 

Let  us  add,  while  our  critical  humour  lasts,  that 
among  flowers  it  would  be  a  great  improvement 
if  nurserymen  would  take  the  trouble  to  name 
their  plants  with  some  regard  for  accuracy  ;  or,  at 
least,  if  they  would  not  produce  the  most  trifling 
varieties,  if  varieties  at  all,  of  well  known  plants, 
with  new  names  that  can  be  intended  for  no  other 
purpose  than  to  sell  them  by.  What  an  absurdity, 
for  instance,  to  decorate  a  light-coloured  Stanhopea 
Devoniensis  with  the  label  Stanhopea  RoUissonii !  ! 
The  world  does  not  approve  of  being  thus  misled ; 
and  unless  the  practice  is  put  a  stop  to  it  may 
become  necessary  for  us  to  make,  in  the  interest  of 
the  public,  some  observations  upon  the  subject, 
which  will  not  be  agreeable  to  the  parties  con- 
cerned. 

It  is  understood  that  the  Society's  Exhibition 
Committee  will  assemble  immediately,  to  consider 
what  alterations  in  the  schedule  are  required  for 
next  year.  Let  us  therefore  recommend  exhibitors 
to  send  in  their  proposals  without  a  day's  delay. 
Among  other  things,  the  propriety  of  limiting  the 
size  of  pots,  must,  we  think,  necessarily  prove  a 
subject  of  discussion ;  for  it  is  clear  that  if  pots  or 
tubs  of  unlimited  magnitude  are  still  allowed,  new 
tables  must  be  constructed,  and  new  tents  made  to 
cover  them. 

We  h-tve  only  to  remark  further,  that  the  days  of 
exhibition  in  all  future  years  remain  permanently 
fixed  for  the  second  Saturdays  in  May,  June,  and 
July. 

We  are  indebted  to  a  correspondent  for  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  a  letter  of  a  wine-grower  at 
Montpellier,  proprietor  of  some  of  the  best  St.  George 
Vineyards. 

"  We  have  had  some  serious  inundations  in  this 
part  of  France,  which  have  done  a  good  deal  of 
injury  ;  but  this  is  as  nothing  compared  with  what  is 
now  affecting  us,  and  is  becoming  general  through- 
out the  country.  Towards  Niraes  all  the  Vines  are 
1  ^Aj  ^^^  Oidium  disease;  at  Lunel  they  are 
half  destroyed,  and  the  evil  increases.  I  have  been 
into  above  30  Vineyards  without  finding  one  that 
was  not  attacked." 

We    may    ad-l    that    our    own    accounts    from 


St.  George  are  most  unfavourable,  as  indeed  they 
are  from  all  parts. 


MONSTROUS  FLOWERS. 

Few  things  in  botany  are  more  instructive  than  those 
strange  anomalies  which  occur  in  almost  every  natural 
order  of  plants,  and  are  commonly  known  under  the 
name  of  monsters.  It  is  by  the  attentive  study  of 
such  subjects  that  many  obscure  points  of  structure 
and  affinity  have  been  cleared  up.  The  one  about  to  be 
mentioned  is  not  entirely  new,  a  somewhat  similar 
anomaly  having  been  noticed  many  years  since  in  the 
Introduction  to  the  "  Natural  System  of  Botany"  and 
in  the  "  Penny  EncyclopSGdia,"  though  it.  does  not  appear 
to  be  perfectly  identical.  The  principal  figure  repre- 
sents a  single  spray  gathered  from  a  Golden  Dcop  Plum 
tree  on  the  24th  of  June,  The  flowers  are  arranged  in 
an  imperfect  umbel,  approaching  somewhat  to  the  nature 
of  a  raceme.  The  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  either  six  or 
seven,  except  in  the  terminal  flower,  where  there  are 
five.  These  are  sometimes  arranged  in  one  circle,  as  in 
the  magnified  flower  ;  but  sometimes  one  appears  to 
belong  to  an  outer  row,  calling  to  mind  the  double  calyx 
of  Rosacete.  There  is,  however,  nothing  regular  about 
them,  and  in  one  instance  a  single  sepal  is  partially 
changed  into  a  petal.  The  position  of  the  sepals,  with 
reference  to  the  axis,  was  quite  deranged  ;  without, 
however,  exhibiting  any  constant  deviation.  In  the 
magnified  figure,  in  which  the  shaded  ring  marks  the 
position  of  the  axis,  it  will  be  observed  that  there  is  no 
sepal  opposite  to  it.  The  petals  are  mostly  of  the  same 
number  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  but  occasionally 


there  is  a  supernumerary  petal,  from  the  conversion  of 
some  stamen.  The  pistils  and  ovaries  are  either  two  or 
three  in  each  fiower,  bearing  no  definite  relation,  as 
regards  position,  to  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  but  not  in 
the  least  adnate  with  its  tube.  They  are  arranged  at 
the  base  round  an  imaginary  axis,  with  the  placentae 
similarly  directed,  and  bearing  towards  the  apex  two 
collateral  dependent  ovules.  The  position  of  the  ovaries 
was  in  every  case  very  slightly  irregular,  as  represented 
in  the  figure,  one  or  two  of  them  being  gently  twisted. 

Here,  then,  is  an  evident  tendency  towards  the 
Rosaceous  type,  indicated  by  an  obscure  effort  to  pro- 
duce an  outer  row  of  sepals,  and  a  constant  and  more 
evident  multiplication  of  the  ovaries,  after  the  type  of 
many  Roseworts,  insomuch  that  the  spray  might  at 
first  sight  be  supposed  to  belong  to  some  Spircea,  rattier 
than  to  a  Plum,  In  the  instance  before  alluded  to,  the 
multiplication  of  sepals  was  more  striking,  and  the 
ovaries,  instead  of  being  arranged  as  in  the  present 
instance,  arose  irregularly  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
In  a  monstrous  Pear  blossom  gathered  at  the  same  time 
with  our  Plum,  the  arrangement  of  the  calyx  lobes  was 
equally  anomalous.  The  stamens,  in  this  case,  exhibited 
every  stage  of  change  from  a  perfect  stamen  and  anther 
to  a  normal  petal.  Nothing  could  be  moi'e  clear  than 
the  elongation  of  the  claw  of  the  petal  to  form  the 
stamen,  and  the  complication  of  the  limb  above  and 
below  into  the  anther,  the  suture  arising  from  its 
inverted  edge. 

I  have  just  examined  a  quantity  of  blossoms  of  the 
Portugal  Laurel  (Prunus  lusitanica), scarcely  one  of  which 
is  in  a  normal  condition.  Many  exhibit  one  or  more 
sepals  detached  from  the  others,  which  are  multiplied 
in  number,  the  stamens  are  here  and  there  converted 
into  petals  with  a  long  filiform  claw,  and  in  one  instance 
two  pistils  are  present.  It  appears  probable, from  other 
instances  which  have  fallen  under  our  notice,  that  the 
present  wet  weather,  following  so  long  a  drought,  may 
be  extremely  productive  of  such  anomalies.  M.  /.  B. 


accommodation   it   is  easy   to   have   them  in  blossom 
during  nine  months  out  of  the  12. 

Tlieir  propagation  is  exceedingly  simple.  The  pots 
should  be  filled  half  their  depth  with  potsherds  or 
charcoal,  the  other  half  with  light  sandy  peat,  covered 
lightly  with  silver  sand.  This  arrangement  will  answer 
for  either  of  the  ordinary  modes  of  increasing  this 
plant.  Leaves  cut  through  the  main  ribs,  laid  upon  the 
surface  of  the  sand  and  kept  in  contact  therewith  by 
means  of  a  few  small  pebbles,  will  form  small  tubers  in 
course  of  a  month  or  six  weeks,  if  kept  pi*operIy 
moistened,  and  placed  in  a  sharp  bottom  heat  of  from  80** 
to  85**.  Cuttings  formed  of  the  leafstalk,  having  part  of 
the  leaf  attached,  with  or  without  a  bud  at  the  base,  will 
also  form  tubers  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks;  and  cuttings 
of  the  stems  taken  off"  when  they  have  become  moderately 
firm,  root  freely,  and  form  useful  flowering  plants  the 
second  season.  The  cuttings  should  be  potted  singly  in 
small  pots  as  soon  as  they  are  rooted  and  have  com- 
menced growing  ;  but  if  late  in  the  season  before  they 
are  ready  to  be  separated,  it  will  be  better  to  let  them 
remain  over  winter  in  the  cutting  pot.  If  potted,  keep 
them  in  a  warm  moist  situation,  and  encourage  active 
growth.  When  the  energies  of  the  plants  seem 
exhausted,  gradually  discontinue  water,  and  allow  them 
a  season  of  rest  in  a  dry  temperature  of  about  50°. 

At  any  time  in  spring,  where  a  heat  of  about  60°,  with 
a  close  moist  atmosphere,  is  at  command,  turn  the  young 
plants  carefully  out  of  the  soil  in  which  they  have  been 
wintered, and  repot  them  in  small  pots;  water  sparingly 
until  growth  has  commenced,  and  then  keep  the  soil 
properly  moistened,  and  maintain  a  humid  atmosphere 
by  a  free  use  of  the  syringe.  Attend  to  shifting,  as  this- 
may  be  necessary  to  afford  space  for  the  roots  ;  one 
moderately  large  shift  will  be  sufficient,  and  this  should 
not  be  delayed  until  the  roots  have  become  matted,  as  in 
that  case  the  plants  would  probably  receive  a  check,  and 
it  is  difficult  to  get  them  into  free  growth  a  second  time. 
When  the  flowers  begin  to  appear,  give  air  more  freely 
but  not  rashly,  and  gi*adually  harden  them  for  being 
placed  while  in  flower  in  a  temperature  of  about 
55*^  or  60°,  where  they  will  remain  as  long  in  beauty. 
As  the  flowers  are  impatient  of  damp,  avoid  watering 
over-head,  and  take  care  not  to  have  a  stagnant  atmo- 
sphere at  night.  When  the  flowering  is  over  gradually 
withhold  water,  and  let  the  plants  go  quietly  to  rest. 
The  bulbs  should  have  attained  a  considerable  size  by 
the  end  of  the  second  season,  and  will  form  handsome 
specimens  the  following  year.  If  a  succession  of 
blooming  plants  is  desired  this  will  be  easily  secured, 
with  a  good  stock,  by  starting  a  few,  at  intervals  of  six 
or  eight  weeks,  from  January  till  August,  Care  must 
be  taken,  however,  to  expose  them  as  freely  as  possible 
to  light,  otherwise  those  grown  early  in  spring  and  late 
in  autumn  will  form  but  poor  attenuated  specimens. 

A  soil  composed  of  two  parts  rich  fibry  peat,  one  part 
leaf  soil,  andone  part  light  turfy  sandy  loam,  freely  mixed 
with  sharp  silver  sand,  will  suit  the  Gloxinia  perfectly. 
If  the  loam  is  not  of  the  character  desci'ibed,  it  had 
better  not  be  used  ;  as  strong  tenacious  loam  is  not 
suitable  for  such  tender-rooted  plants,  its  place  may  be 
supplied  by  an  extra  proportion  of  leaf-soil,  and  a  small 
quantity  of  thoroughly  decomposed  cow-dung.  In 
potting  be  careful  to  have  the  pots  properly  drained,  and 
cover  the  draining  materials  with  a  thin  stratum  of  rough 
pieces  of  peat.  Alpha. 


THE    GLOXINIA. 

All  the  varieties  of  this  intex'esting  genus  are  easily 
cultivated.  What  they  require  isamoist  warm  temperature 
during  their  growing  season  and  when  in  flower;  most 
of  them  remain  long  in  perfection  if  guarded  from 
damp.  Gloxinias  especially  deserve  the  attention  of 
those  who  require  a  supply  of  gay,  and  variously- 
coloured  flowers  throughout  the  year,  as  with  proper 


Home    Correspondence. 

Blight. — I  know  not  what  reports  are  reaching  you^ 
but  fungoid  life  is  frightfully  rampant  here — 1st.  An 
Azalea  (the  first  case  I  noticed)  has  turned  brown,  as  if 
scalded.  2d.  Grapes  in  the  Vinery,  a  dead  brown,  lookin.; 
and  smelling  as  if  boiled.  3d.  Gooseberries,  one  tree  in 
particular  on  a  west  wall,  the  whole  of  the  fruit  has 
turned  whitey-brown  and  fallen  off  in  24  hours,  the 
leaves  now  apparently  dying;  the  fruit  smelling  exactly 
like  Apples  after  having  been  pi*essed  for  cyder,  and 
looking  nearly  the  colom*  of  the  pressed  pulp,  which 
here  they  call  pumice.  4th.  Plums,  which  are  most 
abundant  and  looked  luxuriant,  turn  a  httle  bluish  in 
spots,  then  shrink,  turn  brown,  and  fall  off,  all  in  4S 
hours;  a  very  great  promise  of  crop  has  disappeared  in 
no  time.  5th.  The  leaves  of  the  tree  Preony  exhibit 
the  same  phenomenon,  looking  exactly  as  if  scalded  in 
spots;  shrivelled  and  brown.  6th.  Strawberry  leaves 
are  covered  with  black  spots,  and  go  off  without  fruiting. 
7th.  Traces  of  the  same  injury  on  Roses,  Peaches,  and 
Apricots,  but  confined  to  the  leaves.  8th.  Succulent 
plants,  such  as  Begonia  fuchsioides,  go  off"  exactly  in 
the  same  way — large  branches  shrivelling  and  dying  at 
once.  Melons  not  yet  affected.  Cucumbers  more  free 
from  disease  than  for  the  last  two  or  three  years.  Roses 
very  unhealthy,  losing  their  leaves  in  great  quantities, 
Thermometer  to-day  (Friday,  July  9)  91''  in  the  shade 
on  a  north  wall.  Monday  (5th)  90°;  intervening  days 
not  quite  so  hot.  Potatoes  as  yet  apparently  suie. 
John  Royers,  Seven  Oalcs. 

WiUmore's  Surprise  Pelargonium. — We  trust  you  will 
allow  us  to  thank  Mr,  Beaton  for  the  kind  mention  he 
made  last  week  of  Mrs.  WiUmore's  Surprise  Pelar- 
gonium. We  should  not,  however,  have  intruded  on 
your  columns,  but  that  they  offer  an  opportunity  of  giving 
publicity  to  a  disgraceful  trick  that  has  been  practised 
on  us.  In  February  last  the  front  lights  of  the  green- 
house, in  which  the  WiUmore's  Surprise  was  growing, 
were  pushed  aside  and  five  plants  stolen,  which  we  have 
as  yet  been  unable  to  trace,  although  an  active  officer 
has  been  employed.  We  have  not  given  over  the  search, 
and  if  any  of  your  readers  will  kindly  assist  us  by 


29—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'      CHRONICLE 


45.3 


looiiing  closely  iiiuoug  suspicious  collections  ior  this  very 
remarkable  plant,  they  may  do  us  and  the  public 
generally  the  service  of  cheeking,  in  some  degree,  a 
dishonest  practice  from  whicli  all  are  liable  to  suffer 
who  possess  valuable  plants  in  glass  structures.  We 
shall  give  every  attention  to  any  communication  that 
may  reacli  us  on  the  subject.  /.  and  C.  Lee,  Hammer- 
smitJi. 

Potato  Disease. — I  looked  i-ather  anxiously  into  your 
columns  of  last  Saturday  for  some  account  of  the  Potato 
disease.  Tlie  fields  of  Potatoes  in  South  Essex  present 
a  picture  of  decay  on  all  sides,  and  the  farmers  are  fast 
clearing  their  fields,  to  save  what  they  can  of  what  they 
consider  to  be  a  lost  crop.  A.  £. 

Peas  with  Eatable  Pods.  — ■  I  purchased  from  a 
respectable  seedsman  some  Peas  called  "  sugar  Peas, 
eatable  pods'."  On  trying  these  (using  them  in  a  young 
state,  before  the  Peas  are  more  than  half  swelled)  I 
find  the  pods  sweet  and  palatable  enough  when  eaten 
like  Artichokes,  but  with  a  most  undeniable  sheet  of 
parchment  in  the  middle.  I  shall  be  glad  to  know 
whether  I  have  got  a  wrong  sort,  or  whether  the  above 
result  is  as  much  as  I  was  to  expect.  P.  C.  [You  are 
supplied  with  a  spurious  sort.] 

Corrugated  Galvanised  Iron. — Allow  me  to  inform 
"  Wilfordiensis"  that  the  durability  of  galvanised  iron 
depends  on  the  iron  being  corrugated  and  fitted  first  and 
galvanised  afterwards.  It  is  acted  upon  in  large  towns 
by  soot  and  sulphm'ous  vapours.  I  have  a  boat  and 
water  closet  of  plain  iron  (built  in  1846),  which  being 
painted  whilst  the  scale  was  free  from  rust,  and  India 
•  rubber  mixed  in  the  paint  to  allow  for  expansion,  are 
now  perfectly  sound,  ff.  Sinith,  12,  Euffoi'd^s-rotv, 
Tslintjion. 

Cooling  Drinlcs. — If  any  of  your  readers  would  disclose 
some  of  the  many  recipes  for  making  cooling  drinks, 
cups,  &c.,  this  broiling  weather,  they  would  confer  a 
great  favom*  on  one  who  is  ignorant  on  that  subject ; 
and  perhaps  you  would  have  no  objection  to  publish  this 
and  any  i*epHes  you  may  receive  to  it.  E.  F.  L. 

Ceanothuses  (see  p.  437).— I  beg  to  inform  your 
Yorkshire  cori'espondent  that  I  have  not  mistaken 
papillosus  for  rigidus.  I  have  been  acquainted  with 
both  varieties  since  1843,  and  as  their  specific  charactei's 
are  so  very  distinct,  it  would  be  difficult  to  commit 
the  mistake  in  question.  I  have  enclosed  a  specimen 
of  rigidus,  which  I  think  will  convince  you  that 
I  am  right,  and  it  will  also  serve  to  confirm  ray 
former  statement  as  to  its  flowering  in  the  autumn. 
G.  W.  Mason,  Foreman,  Nortkgate  N'it,rsery^  CMcUester. 
fit  is  rigidus.] 

Pear  Rmt. — Being  a  subscriber  to  the  Chronicle  since 
tiie  beginning  of  1844,  from  which  I  have  derived  much 
instruction,  and  seeing  that  the  study  of  the  diseases  of 
plants  is  at  present  to  be  the  order  of  the  day,  1  take  the 
liberty  of  sending  two  leaves  of  Pear-trees,  affected 
with  a  disease  whicli  is  called  rust  in  this  place,  the 
immediate  cause  of  which  I  am  unable  to  assign;  whether 
it  be  the  work  of  a  Cryptogam,  of  an  insect,  or  of  the 
absorption  of  a  nisty  matter  from  the  soil.  The  fact  is, 
that  only  a  part  of  my  garden  is  attacked  by  it,  and  that 
is  where  the  soil  is  the  most  stiff",  and  of  a  ferruginous 
character.  I  perceived  the  same  disease  two  or  three 
years  ago,  but  on  a  smaller  scale  ;  and  attributing  it  to 
the  nature  of  the  soil,  I  lifted  up  my  young  ti'ees,  took 
out  the  stiff"  soil,  and  replaced  it  by  road  scrapings,  by 
which  means  I  got  rid  of  it,  at  least  till  the  present  time. 
As  aforesaid,  a  part  of  my  garden  only  is  affected  by  it, 
and  regardless  of  sorts  or  of  stock,  it  affects  every  young 
tree,  be  it  of  a  delicate  or  of  a  robust  variety,  be  it 
grafted  on  the  Pear  or  on  the  Quince  stock,  be  it  trained 
against  a  wall  or  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid.  Even  the 
bark  of  the  young  twigs  is  blotched  by  it.  You  will 
observe  that  the  affected  leaves  are  covered  with  a 
p'casy,  honey-like  mattei',  which  adheres  to  the  finger, 
and  yields  a  sweet  taste  to  tlie  tongue.  The  larger  leaf 
(Triomphede  Jodoigne)  shows  a  beginning  of  the  disease, 
the  smaller  one  has  been  diseased  for  these  two  or  tliree 
weeks  past.  Ch.  Van  Gcerl,  Nurseryman,  Antwerp, 
Belgium.  [The  disease  is  caused  by  the  appearance 
of  a  minute  orange-red  fungus,  called  Bothidea 
colli  culosa 

.Silk-worm  food — tlie  Centinode  Pla/nt. — In  reply  to 
your  query  (p.  438,  July  10th)  I  may  mention  that  the 
Diario  Mercantile  of  Venice,  as  cited  in  the  French 
Papers,  reports  that  on  a  recent  visit  of  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Montpcnsicr,  they  received  the  royal  and 
imperial  commiesioner  of  agi-iculture,  who  presented  to 
them  a  certain  Teresa  Ramor  who  had  raised,  and 
produced  silk  from  silk-worms  in  10  days,  nourishing 
ihcm  with  quite  a  dilfcrent  leaf  to  tliat  of  tlio  Mulberry. 
it  goes  on  U)  my  "  This  is  the  perfect  realisation  of  the 
discovery  of  Anna  Uizzi,  who  could  bring  up,  even  in 
winter,  nilk-worms,  giving  tlicm  the  leaves  of  the 
Xiraas  ela.ssod  by  Linmcus  under  the  name  of  Poly- 
gonum Ccntinodis."  This  Grass,  according  to  the 
<*  Admtico"  of  Venice,  If  even  given  at  the  same  time 
SB  the  leaves  of  the  Mulberry,  is  preferred  by  t)io  wilk 
worms.  Jamr/i  White,  Kainingtmi.  [This  Ct-ntinndo 
is  identical  with  the  common  Polygonum  aviculare, 
railed  in  this  country  Knot-gra'^H,] 

Manuring  Fruit  7Wcs.-~'lUv  lJut/:h,  whoareadmirablo 
gardeners,  had  in  ttic  fJreat  Kxliibition  an  inHtrumcnt 
called  "  Earth-borer,  "  for  manuring  fruit  troew  without 
digging  the  ground.  A  circle  of  holes  is  horod  round 
the  tree,  at  2  feet  dihtniicc  from  th*;  tree,  and  a  foot 
from  each  other.  Taking  t.Iie  trtc  at  a  foot  diuineler  at 
the  Kurfaco  of  the  soil,  tlie  circle  will  he  /i  fuet  diameter 
and  }T}  feet  circumference  ;  and  if  the  holes  arc  .'I  inches 
diameter  and  a  foot  apart  =  15  inches,  there  will   bo 


about  12  holes  ;  more  or  less  according  to  tlie  diameter 
of  the  tree,  'i  hey  are  18  inches  deep  (where  {liere  is 
enough  depth  of  soil),  and  slanting  towards  the  centre  ; 
are  filled  with  liquid  manure,  diluted  more  or  less  in 
dry  weather,  and  stronger  as  the  weather  is  wetter. 
For  the  time  of  application,  Dr.  Lindley  tells  us 
(Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Feb.  21,  1852),  "For  fruit,  the 
proper  time  for  using  Hquid  manure  is  when  the  fruit  is 
beginning  to  swell,  and  has  acquired,  by  means  of  its 
own  green  surface,  a  power  of  suction  capable  of 
opposing  that  of  the  leaves.  At  that  time,  liquid  manure 
may  be  applied  freely  ;  and  continued,  from  time  to 
time,  as  long  as  the  fruit  is  growing.  But  at  the  first 
sign  of  ripening,  or  even  earlier,  it  should  be  wholly 
withlield.  If  liquid  manure  is  applied  to  a  plant  when 
the  flowers  are  growing,  the  vigour  which  it  commu- 
nicates to  them  must  also  be  communicated  to  the  leaves  ; 
but  when  leaves  are  growing  unusually  fast,  thei'e  is 
sometimes  a  danger  that  they  may  rob  the  branches  of 
the  sap  required  for  the  nutrition  of  the  fruit ;  and  if 
that  happens,  the  latter  falls  off".  And  we  all  know  that 
when  ripening  has  once  begun,  even  water  spoils  the 
quality  of  fruit,  although  it  augments  the  size,  as  is 
sufficiently  shown  by  the  Strawberries  prepared  for  the 
London  market  by  daily  irrigation — great  additional 
size  is  obtained,  but  it  is  at  the  expense  of  flavour.  And 
any  injury  which  mere  water  may  produce,  will  certainly 
not  be  diminished  by  water  holding  ammoniacal  and 
saline  substances  in  solution."  I  am  not  aware  that 
this  information  has  yet  made  its  way  into  our  orchai'ds, 
finding  no  allusion  to  it  in  any  of  our  books  on  orchard 
management,  nor  at  our  agricultural  meetings.  The 
time  is  just  coming  for  putting  it  to  the  test,  and  it 
remains  with  the  fruit  growers  to  see  what  profit  they 
can  make  of  it.  They  need,  in  these  times,  all  they  can 
get,  and  this  method  has  the  recommendation  of  requii'iug 
little  outlay,  if  any.  /.  Prideaux, 

Vine  Mildew. — Mr.  Fry  states  that  he  canuot  agree 
with  me  that  sulphur  in  a  dry  state  does  not  effectually 
destroy  mildew.  I  have  only  to  observe,  in  reply,  that 
my  statement  was  made  after  more  than  one  careful 
examination  of  the  mildew  under  a  compound  micro- 
scope on  a  leaf  which  had  been  purposely  powdered 
with  sulphur  three  days  before,  when  I  found  it  fresh 
and  brilliant,  and  a  great  many  tufts  of  the  Oidium 
untouched  by  the  sulphur,  although  to  the  naked  eye 
they  appeared  to  be  covered.  If,  however,  Mr.  Fry 
considers  his  plan  the  best,  and  his  success  has  been  so 
complete,  while  thousands  have  failed,  of  course  he 
would  be  much  to  blame  to  exchange  old  lamps  for 
new.  I  entirely  agree  with  him  as  to  the  benefit 
arising  from  the  fumes  of  sulphur  dui'ing  high  tempera- 
ture, but  there  is  nothing  in  my  plan  to  preclude 
arriving  at  this  point  ;  on  the  contrary,  a  little  sun- 
shine is  sufficient  to  raise  these  fumes  to  a  degree  that 
will  tarnish  silver  in  the  pocket.  With  regard  to  the 
success  of  my  own  plan  of  syringing  with  sulphur  and 
water,  I  can  speak  at  present  with  much  confidence,  for 
not  a  single  particle  of  mildew  has  reappeared  on  the 
leaves  which  were  syringed  a  month  ago,  and,  what  1 
certainly  did  not  anticipate,  the  whole  of  the  young 
foliage,  with  the  exception  of  two  leaves,  was  perfectly 
clear  and  liealthy,  when  pruned  ofl"  a  few  days  since  ; 
but  here  and  there  a  berry  is  affected  (not  having  been 
developed  at  the  time  of  the  syringing),  which,  as  I  do 
not  like  to  be  bigoted,  I  have  dusted  with  sulphur, 
which  adheres  to  the  mildew  itself,  on  account  of  its 
being  glutinous,  but  not  to  the  under  portions,  which  I 
hold  to  be  a  defect  j  as  where  it  adheres,  it  acts  as  a 
preventive,  which  we  all  know  is  better  than  a  cure.  That 
mildews  which  grow  naturally  on  decaying  substances 
are  nurtured  by  humidity,  is  a  matter  of  fact,  as  they  are 
hardly  known  in  dry  climates:  but  to  apply  the  same  rule 
to  parasites  is  contrary  to  all  experience.  Mildew 
only  attacks  the  Turnip  and  Pea  crops  during  seasons 
of  drought,  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  them  restored 
to  comparative  health  by  a  few  heavy  driving  showers ; 
and  I  have  known  Grapes,  out  of  doors,  cured  of  mildew 
by  the  same  means,  the  species  being  the  same  on  all, 
whatever  difference  of  opinion  may  exist  on  the  subject ; 
and  lest  it  may  be  considered  a  modern  pest,  like  the 
Potato  fungus,  I  may  observe  that  it  was  very  prevalent 
(on  the  Pea),  in  the  time  of  Theophrastus.  Certain 
causes  adverse  to  the  healtli  and  robustness  of  plants, 
no  doubt  induces  the  growth  of  parasitic  fungi  to  an 
unusual  extent,  from  the  spores  which  are  present  in 
most  of  them,  and  in  after  years  these  still  become 
developed,  even  in  more  genial  seasons,  in  consequence 
of  predisposition.  Sulphur  appears  to  be  the  specific 
antidote  to  mildew,  perhaps  as  much  from  its  fumes  as 
anything  ;  but,  in  addition,  I  apply  a  force  in  miniature, 
which  bears  down  the  fairy  groves,  and  entombs  them 
at  tlie  same  time,  not  less  effectually  than  the  giants  of 
tho  primtcval  forests  were  borne  down  by  a  torrent  of 
migiity  waters.  F.  J.  Graham,  Cranjord,  June  20. 

Flantaina.  —  If  I  knew  that  "Proserpine"  had  an 
elder  sister,  I  would  so  call  myself  in  answer  to  your 
corrcBpondent,  who  writes  so  plaintively  about  Plantains. 
As  it  is,  1  hope  sho  will  not  tliink  me  presumptuous  for 
answering  her  under  tlic  naino  1  assume  when  I  tell  her 

1  have  for  many  years  practised  tho  art  of  extirpating 
i'laritain  and  other  weeds  from  Grass.  I  always  use  a 
miniaturo  Dock  drawer  with  two  prongs — (oxcuso  mo  for 
saying  two  are  better  than  thrco) — and  a  little  round 
j)iec;()  of  wor>d  behind  as  a  fulcrum.     Tho  fork  is  about 

2  inelica  long  ;  then  there  is  a  cross  piece  of  iron  to 
hold  tho  nails  and  fasten  tho  fuh'rum,  and  a  socket  of 
about  2  inches  abovo  that  to  receive  tho  handle,  which 
is  of  wood,  and  .'I  fret  long.  I  Bujiposo  "  Proserpine  " 
knows  salt  will  kill  Plantains.     It  leaves,  though,  a  sad 


brown   mark,   which  often    does  not  recover  all   tho 
summer.  Ceres, 


Horticultural,  July  10  :  Garden  Exhibition.— 
If  any  one  portion  of  this  excellent  July  exhibition 
can  be  said  to  have  attracted  more  attention  than 
another,  it  was  the  fruit,  of  which  there  was  a  good  dis- 
play. Pine-apples  were  numerous,  and  generally  hand- 
some ;  but,  certainly,  were  not  remarkable  for  weight. 
Black  Grapes  were  for  the  most  part  ripe  and  well 
coloured,  if  we  except  Judson's  Richmond  Villa,  which 
was  red  ;  but  as  much  cannot  be  said  of  white  sorts, 
more  especially  the  Muscats,  which,  although  some  of 
them  might  be  ripe,  were  all,  with  the  exception  of  Mr. 
Taylor's,  more  or  less  green.  Peaches  and  IS'ectarines 
were  good  ;  and  there  were  some  beautiful  dishes  of 
Cherries  and  Strawberries.  Melons  were  not  so  plentiful 
as  we  have  seen  them. 

Pine-apples. — Mr.  Jones,  gr.,  to  Sir  J.  Guest,  Bart., 
sent  a  finely  swelled  Queen,  weighing  5  lbs.  1  oz. ;  Mr. 
Bray,  gr.  to  E.  Lousada,  Esq.,  another,  4  lbs,  12  oz. ;  and 
Mr.  Forbes,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  at  Woburn,  a 
third,  which  weighed  4  lbs.  4  oz.  Other  Q,ueens  came 
from  Mr.  Watson,  gr,  to  Mrs.  Tredwell,  of  Norwood  ; 
Mr.  Higgs,  gr.  to  J.  H.  Barchard,  Esq.  ;  Mr.  Bundy, 
gr.  to  Lox'd  Dynevor  ;  Mr.  Price,  gr.  to  ,W.  Thomp- 
son, Esq.;  and  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Oatlands  Palace 
Gardens,  Weybridge.  From  Mr,  Dods,  gr.  to  Col. 
Baker,  Salisbury,  came  a  Prickly  Cayenne,  weighing 
5  lbs.  14  oz.  ;  and  Mr.  Bray  had  an  Enville,  with  a 
cockscomb  crown,  7  lbs.  10  oz.  A  Black  Antigua  was 
produced  by  Mr.  Bundy  ;  and  Mr.  Davis,  gr.  to  J. 
Dickson,  Esq.,  of  Knutsford,  had  a  Black  Jamaica.  A 
few  Providences  were  shown.  Mr.  Turnbull,  gr.  to  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  at  Blenheim,  sent  one  6  lbs.  4  oz.; 
and  another  6  lbs.  came  from  Mr.  Price.  The  heaviest 
came  from  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill,  but  it  was  not  very 
well  formed  ;  it  weighed  7  lbs.  2  oz,  Mr.  Bi'ay  also 
sent  tolerably  good  fruit  of  this  kind  of  Pine-apple. 

Grapes. — Among  private  growers,  excellent  Black 
Hamburghs  were  contributed  by  Mr,  Allport,  gr.  to 
H.  Akroyd,  Esq.,  Doddiugton  Park,  Nantwieh,  and 
very  good  fruit  of  the  same  sort  came  from  Mr.  Butcher, 
gr.  to  W.  Leaf,  Esq.,  of  Streatham,  and  Mr.  Ivisou,  gr. 
to  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  at  Sion,  In  the 
Market  Gardeners'  Class,  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Oatlands, 
and  Mr.  Eden,  of  Shacklewell,  were  placed  highest, 
both  productions  being  excellent  of  their  kind. 
Other  examples  of  Black  Hambui'gh  were  com- 
municated by  Mr,  Pestridge,  gr.  to  W.  Kewn- 
ham,  Esq.  ;  Mr.  Harrison,  gr.  to  A.  Donovan, 
Esq.  ;  Mr.  Mitchell,  gr,,  Apley  Castle,  Salop  ;  Mr. 
Ivison  ;  Mr.  Marthi,  gr.  to  Sir  H,  Fleetwood,  Bart,  ;  Mr. 
Monro,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Clarendon  ;  Mr.  Henderson,  gr. 
to  Sir  G.  Beaumont,  Bart.;  and  Mr.  Bigbie,  gr.  to  G.  Car- 
rington,  Esq.  These  were  all  fair  specimens  of  good 
Grape  growing.  Other  Black  Grapes  consisted  of  Black 
Pi'ince  from  Mr.'Lushey,gr.  to  J.  Hill,  Esq.,  of  Streatham, 
ham  ;  Mr.  Martin  ;  Mr.  Turnbull  ;  Mr.  Atkinson,  gr.  to 
Lady  Molyneux  ;  and  Mr.  Hill,  gr.  to  R.  Sneyd,  Esq. 
The  best  of  these  were  from  Mr.  Lushey,  which  were 
fine  both  in  bunch,  berry,  and  colour.  Beautiful  white 
Muscadines  came  from  Mr.  Rust,  gr.  to  J.  Maclaren,  Esq., 
and  Mr.  Tilyard,  gr.  to  Lord  Southampton  ;  and  very 
good  examples  were  also  furnished  by  Mr.  Williaras,gr.  to 
C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  Mitchell,  gr.  at  Apley  Castle. 
Mr.  Wood,  gr.  to  C.  R.  S.  Murray,  Esq.,  Mr.  Ivison  and 
Mr.  Tilyard  also  showed  Muscadines.  Among  Muscats, 
the  ripest,  though  not  the  lai'gest,  examples  were  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Taylor,  gr.  to  J.  Coster,  Esq.,  and  Mr. 
Turnbull.  Much  the  largest  fruit,  both  in  bunch  and 
berry,  was  sent  by  Mr.  Davey, '  gr.  to  Mrs.  Smith,  of 
Colney  Hatch,  but  not  being  well  coloured,  they  failed 
in  gaining  a  prize.  Mr.  Constantino,  gr.  to  C.  Mills, 
Esq.,  also  furnished  well-grown  Muscats,  as  did  likewise 
Mr.  Martm,  and  Mr.  Summerby,  gr,  to  Major  Martin. 
— lu  the  Market  Gardeners'  class,  Mr.  Mitchell,  of 
Brighton,  communicated  bunches  of  this  kind  of  Grape, 
but  they  were  not  considered  by  the  judges  worthy  of 
reward.  Black  Frontignans,  of  unusually  fine  growth, 
came  from  Mr.  Allport,  and  fair  specimens  of  the  white 
kind  from  Mr.  Campbell,  gr.  to  J.  B.  Pease,  Esq.  The 
Grizzly  variety  was  shown  by  Mr.  Henderson,  gr.  to  Sir 
George  Beaumont,  Bart. 

Peaches. — Mr.  Brown  gr.  to  W.  C.  Cartwright,  Esq., 
produced  some  extraordinary  largo  fruit  of  Tuton  de 
Venus,  in  excellent  condition  ;  indeed  a  dish  of  such 
Peaches  is  rarely  to  be  met  with.  Very  fine  Noblesso 
came  from  Mr.  Eartlmm,  gr.  to  A.  Toy,  Esq.  Violette 
Hative  beautifully  coloured,  but  not  unusually  large, 
were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  Earl  de  Grey  ;  and 
scarcely  inferior  were  some  Royal  George  fx'om  Mr, 
Tilyard.  Dishes  of  this  latter  variety  also  came  from 
Mr.  Cox,  gr.  to  J.  Taylor,  Esq. ;  Mr.  Hill,  gr,  to  K. 
Sneyd;  Mr.  Monro,gr.  to  Mrs.  Oddie;  Mr.  Davis,  gr.  to 
J.  Dixon,  Esq.;  and  Mr.  Monro, gr.  to  Lord  Clarendon. 
Mr.  Btisby,  gr.  to  S.  Crawloy,  Esq.,  sent  Woblesso;  and 
Mr.  Martin  and  Mr.  Henderson  the  same  variety.  Mr. 
Errington,  gr.  to  Sir  Philip  do  Malpas  Grey  Egerton, 
Bart.  ;  and  Mr.  Judd,  gr.  to  Earl  Spencer,  produced 
Galandc.  Mr.  Turner,  Williams's  Seedling;  and  Mr. 
Turnbull,  Early  Purple. — Tho  only  exhibition  in  the 
Nurserymen's  Class  camo  from  Mr.  Wilson,  of 
Warwick. 

NiicTAii[N[:s,  apparently  Murray,  largo  and  very  fine, 
were  shown  by  Mr.  Tilyard.  Mr.  Collinson,  gr.  to  the 
Marquis  of  WestuiinHtcr,  sent  Elrugo,  as  did  also  Mr. 
Brown.     ^^Violctto    Hfitivo    came    from    Mr.    Busby; 


454 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  17, 


Klru^f,  \\iiu«  iNectai'iin:;,  and  Liuwiiti-u,  Irum  Mr. 
Monro,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Oddie  ;  Eh'uge  frmn  Messrs.  Hen- 
derson, Pilartin,  TurnbuUj  and  Judd  ;  Temple  Nectarine 
from  Mr.  Turner  ;  and  Scarlet  Newington  from  Mr. 
Hill.— The  only  exhibition  iu  the  Marliet  Gardeners' 
Class  was  that  of  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hillj  who  produced 
an  excellent  dish  of  EU'uge. 

Figs.  — Mr.  Judd,  gr.  to  Earl  Spencer,  at  Althorpe, 
sent  fair  specimens  of  White  Genoa  and  Blue  Marseilles. 
Cherries. —  Black  Tartarian,  large,  glospy,  and  beau- 
tiful, came  from  Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  Eax-l  de  Grey. 
Harris's  Blacldieart,  and  Knight's  Eai'Iy  Black,  were 
sent  by  Mr.  Bray,  gr.  to  E.  Lousada,  Esq.  ;  and  Mr. 
Hill,  gr.  to  R.  Sneyd,  Esq.  Black  Circassian,  beauti- 
fully ripened,  were  contributed  by  Mr.  Meyers,  Mr. 
Gainsford,  and  Mr.  Jones,  all  of  Brentford.  Mr. 
Meyers  bad  also  a  dish  of  May  Duke.  Excellent 
Eltons  came  from  Mr.  Snow. 

Strawberries. — Out  of  22  dishes  only  two  were 
Keens'  Seedling,  fully  justifying  the  remark  we  made 
iu  May,  viz.,  that  the  British  Q,ueen  chiefly,  and  a  few 
other  large  kinds,  are  fast  driving  this  still  indispensable 
variety,  at  least  for  early  forcing,  from  our  exhibition 
tables.  British  Queens,  very  large,  beautifully  ripened 
and  coloured,  were  shown  by  Mr.  Marcham,  gr.  to  J. 
Smith,  Esq.,  of  HanweU  ;  Mr,  Hargen,  gr.  to  R.  W. 
Edgell,  Esq.,  of  Egham  ;  Mr.  Elliott,  gr.  to  Mrs. 
Boothby,  Tvvyford  Abbey,  Acton  ;  and  by  Mr.  Pcstridge, 
Mr.  Busby,  Mr.  Mitchell,  and  :Mr.  Cox,  gr.  to  J.  Taylor, 
Esq.  In  the  Market  Gardener's  class,  Mr,  Beach,  of 
Isleworth,  had  the  best  examples  of  this  variety  ;  and 
very  good  fruit  also  came  from  Mr.  Laciv,  of  Turnham- 
green,  and  Mr,  Lydiard,  of  Bath.  Dishes  of  Keens' 
Seedling  were  contributed  by  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  J.  AVliat- 
ney,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  Lydiard  ;  thelatter  also  sent  Myatt's 
Sui'prise  and  Kitley's  Goliath.  Myatt's  Surprise,  Pro- 
lific, and  Hooper's  Seedling  came  from  Mr.  Mitchell, 
gr.,  Apley  Castle  ;  the  Bicton  White  by  Mr.  Martin, 
Princess  Alice  Maude  by  Mr.  May  and  Mr.  Munro, 
and  Princess  Alice  Maude  and  Bicton  by  Mr,  Rowe, 
gr.  to  Mrs.  Nicholl,  of  Watford,  and  Mr.  Lydiard,  Mr. 
Beach  produced  British  Queens  iu  pots,  with  fruit 
almost  as  large  as  on  plants  growing  iu  the  open 
ground. 

Melons  were  generally  well- flavoured.  The  best,  in 
this  respect,  were  Egyptian  green-fleshed  from  Mr, 
Collinson,  and  Victory  of  Bath  fi-om  Mr.  Grant  and  Mr 
Lydiard.  Among  scai'Iet  fleshed  sorts  the  best  flavoured 
was  Geox'ge  the  Fourth,  from  Mr.  Gadd,  of  Betchworth, 
Dorliing.  Other  sorts  were  the  Trentham  Hybrid, 
Cabul  green-fleshed,  Bromham  Hall  (four  fruits  of  it), 
King''s  green-fleshed.  Hybrid  greeu-fleshed,  and  Hybrid 
scaa-let-fleshed. 

Of  other  fruits  Mr.  Ivison  bad  one  Kutmeg,  and 
Vanilla  (perfectly  ripe  and  very  fine),  with  a  branch  of 
the  Date  Palm  now  setting  fruit  at  Syon  ;  Mr,  Wil- 
liams, gr,  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.,  Citrons,  Oranges, 
and  Lemons  ;  and  Mr.  R.  Warner,  of  Hoddesdon,  one 
of  Mr.  Rivers's  dwarf  Pear  trees,  in  fruit,  in  a  pot. 

In  collections  of  20  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 
the  first  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  May,  gr.  to  Mrs. 
Lawrence,  of  Eahng  Park,  for  the  following,  viz  : — ■ 

Polypala  acuminata 

A  phtlexis    purpurea    grandi- 

fliira 
Tristunia  neriifoUa 
Alldiounda  catharlica 
Pbaanocoma  proliterutn 
Clerodendroii  squamatum 
Cp'owea  sali^'Da 
Dipifidenia  uropbjlla 
Roudeletia  epeck'sa 


Kalosanthes  mluiata 
,,  cucciaea 

Txora  crocata 
Gloriofia  aupcrfaa 
Relbauia  ^quarro6a 
Clerodeiidroii  Ktamp-'erl 
Erica  Irbjaiia 

,,      jul'aaa 

,,      Parmentieri  rosea 
Tiaca  alba 
Epacris  gi-andifiora 

In  this  exhibition  by  far  the  most  effective  plants 
were  the  two  Ivalosauths,  more  especially  K.  coccinea, 
which  was  lai-ge  and  exceedingly  brilliant  and  showy, 
the  end  of  every  branch  terminating  in  a  cluster  of 
glowing  scarlet  blossoms.  The  next  most  striUing 
plant  was  Allanianda  cathartica,  which  was  trained  over 
a  wire  trellis  nearly  6  feet  high,  and  well  flowered.  The 
Clerodendrous,  botln  of  which  were  excellent 
specimens,  served  to  enliven  the  back-ground  with 
their  large  scarlet  panicles.  The  Crowea  was 
not  sufficiently  in  bloom.  Dipladenia  urophylla, 
though  not  so  handsome  as  the  more  common  kinds 
D.  crassinoda  and  splendens,  nevertlieless  makes  a  good 
exhibition  plant,  and  is  sure  to  become  a  favourite. 
The  Epacris  and  the  Tristania  were  both  large 
specimens,  and  were  placed  at  the  top  of  the  stage. 
The  Relhania  is  seldom  met  with,  and  is  not  much 
admired.  It  has  clear  yellow  Aster-like  flowers,  which 
are  not  unhandsome  ;  but  the  foliage  is  too  grey  for  it 
ever  to  become  a  first  class  plant. 

Mr.  Cole,  gr.  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  of  Dartford,  was 
placed  second.     His  plants  were  : — ■ 


AUamanda  cathartica 

Do.  do. 

Roella  ciliata 
Tinea  rosea 

II     oculata 
Ixora  ciitcinea 

.,       crucata 
Biplsdenia  splendens 
Clerodoudrcju  Xternpferi 

)>  panitiulatum 


Erica  ferruEtinea 
Fhteriocoma  prolifcrum 
Leechenaulti'i  foriuosti 
Edca  ShaiiDiioi 

„      metulajflora 
Kaiosauthes  coccinea 
,,  luiiiiara 

Stepbanotie  floribuuda 
Aphelexis  pui  purea  macrantha 
/Echmeafulgi-'Qa 


The  Alhimaudas  and  Stephanotis  were  uncommonly 
good;  the  latter  was,  perhaps  a httle  too  closely  tied,  which 
gave  It  asomewhatstiir appearance.  Dipladeniasplendens 
was  a  large  plant  and  finely  flowered,  a  rare  occurrence 
with  this  noble  species.  It  is  a  more  robust  grower, 
and  requn-es  more  house-room  than  D.  crassinoda, 
which   IS   decidedly  the.  more   suitable  of  the  two  for 


persjiis  having  only  limited  space.  The  latter  has 
also  the  advantage  of  being  more  brilliant  iu  colour 
and  in  blossoming  more  profusely,  Krica  Shannoni 
and  ferrugiuea  were  two  of  the  handsomest  plants  of 
ihe  kind  which  could  possibly  grace  any  collection. 
They  were  both  more  than  4  feet  across,  and  about  as 
much  high,  and  loaded  with  blossoms  ;  E.  metuIeeHora 
wanted  brilliancy  of  colouring;  Clerodendron  Kcemp- 
feri  had  two  fine  spikes  of  flowers,  but  C.  paniculatuin 
was  scarcely  in  perfection.  Kaiosauthes  coccinea  was 
insufficiently  iu  bloom,  and  Roella  ciliata,  which  was  so 
beautii'ul  a  fortnight  ago,  was  considerably  past  its  best. 
Pbcenoconia  proliferum  flowers  so  sparingly  that  it 
seems  scarcely  worth  growing,  more  especially  for 
purposes  ol  exhibition, 

A  third  group  was  furnished  by  Messrs.  Eraser,  in 
which  were — 


Clerodendron  fallax 
DiMladeiiia  crassiuDda 
Horonia  pol>  tjHlitblia 
Allamanda  Si^hottii 

„         cathartica 
Ixi  ra  coccinea 

,,      javauica 
Erica  exiiuia 

,,      ampuilacea 
Juliana 


KaloBanthes  miniata 
,,  cocciaea 

Pimelea  hinpida 
,,         di"sniD3fotia 

Pflvetta  caffra 
S'dlya  liiiearia 
Viac'i  alba 
Roella  i;iliafa 
Tristania  oeriiColia 
Turuera  elej^ans 


The  most  remarkable  plants  in  this  exhibition  were 
Allamanda  Schettii,  which  was  large  and  well  flowered  ; 
Kalosanthes  miniata,  about  18  inches  high,  and  one 
mass  of  lovely  blossom  ;  and  Ixora  coccinea.  The  latter 
was,  however,  too  much  sticked.  The  Tristania  was 
also  a  flne  bush,  whose  natural  habit  was  not  spoiled  by 
pruning  or  too  much  tying. 

A  fourth  collection  of  20  came  from  Mr.  Taylor,  gr. 
to  J.  Coster,  Esq.,  of  Streatham.     It  contained  : 


LesohennQliia  Basteri 
Erica  eximia 

J,      Aironi  turgida 

,,     Juliana 
Kalosanthes  miniata 
,,  coccinea 

Phmnocoma  proliferum 
Ixora  coccinea 

„     javauica 

,,      alba 


Po'yuula  acumioata 
Lesclieiiaulta  I'ormuBa 
Epacris  miniata 
Roudeletia  ►'pei^ioea 
Apht^'exiH  efjectabitis 
Roella  ciliata 
Crowea  salinJia 
Dipladenia  crassinoda 
SoU.\  a  linearis 
Boronia  serrulata 


The  best  plants  in  this  collection  were  the  Java  and 
other  Ixoras  and  Kalosanthes  miniata.  The  Crowea 
was  well  grown  ;  but  it  was  not  sufficiently  advanced  iu 
bloom. 

In  collections  of  15  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants 
the  first  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir  E. 
Antrobus,  Bart.,  of  Cheam,  in  whose  group  were  : — 

Leechenaultia  Basteri 
iEsthyiianihus  pulchcr 
Dipladt-nia  cras^sinoda 
A  phelexis  purpurea  macrantha 
Tetratbeca  verticillata 
LeschenauJtia  formosa 
Rondeletia  speciosa 
Allamanda  grandifiora 

Mr.  Green's  Kalosanth  was  one  of  the  best  plants  of 
the  kind  at  the  whole  exhibition.  It  was  beautifully 
flowered,  higlily  symmetrical,  and  deservedly  attracted 
universal  attention.  The  Ixora  coccinea  was  badly 
coloured,  and  the  Tetratbeca  verticillata  rather  thin. 
The  Rondeletia  and  Cape  Heaths  were  all  excellent 
examples  of  good  cultivation. 

Mr.  Speedjof  Edmonton,  produced — 
Vinca  rosea 

,,      oculata 
Allamauda  ca'hartlca 


Allamanda  cathartica 

Erica  Ma^soul 

,,     iricolor  cnronata 
,,    retorta  major 

Isora  coccinea 
,.      erocata 

KalosanttiL'S  coccinea. 


chottii 
LeBclienauUia  formosa 
Eiica  jaRniiuitl'/ra 
Kalosanibes  coccinea 


P'lygala  acuminata 
Ixara  coccinea 
,,      javauica 
Schubertia  graveolena 
iE-ichynabitius  pulcher 
Uipladeuia  ci'as>iuoda 
KaloBanthes  mtalata. 


These  were  all  good  plants,  clean  and  neat.  The  Schu- 
bertia,  a  comparatively  new,  white-flowered  stove  plant, 
formed  a  good  substitute  for  Stephanotis,  but  it  is  not  so 
handsome  as  that  fine  plant.  The  Java  Ixora  was 
scarcely  so  handsome  as  we  had  seen  it  on  a  former 
occasion.     It  had  lost  much  of  its  brilliancy. 

Mr.  Carson,  gr.  to  W.  F.  G.  Farmer,  Esq.,  contri- 
buted— 
Ixora  coccinea 
Leschenauitia  formosa 
Dipladenia  crassinoda 
Echites  atropurpurea 
Leachenaultia  Baxterl 


Franciscea  acuminata 

Epacrie  miniata 

Riindeletia  speuiofa 

Fol>gala  cordifoiia 

A  phelexib  macrantha  purpurea 

Orowta  saliKi'a 

Fimf  lea  linit'ulia. 


Allamanda  catti^rtjca 
„         graidifiora 
KalouaQiheB  niiniaia 

In  this  group  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  plant  was 
the  dark  purple  or  rather  deep  chocolate  coloured 
Echites,  whose  blossoms  foi'med  a  good  contrast  with 
those  of  more  common  colours  with  which  it  was  asso- 
ciated. The  others  were  all  creditable 
of  good  plant-growing. 

Mr.  Dods,  gr.  to  Col.  Baker,  sent — 

Erica  tricolor  elegaog 

,,      jasminiflora 

.,      tricolor  superba 
Yiaoa  alba 

,,      rosea 
Clerodendron  Kiempferi 

pauiculatum 


specimens 


Sollja  linearis 
Kaliisanthes  coccinea 
Dipladenia  crassinoda 
ixora  coccinea 
Apbelexis  liumilis  rosea 
I'oude'etia  epeciosa 
Allrimanda  cath<irtiua 


The  plants  in  this  group  which  at  racted  most  atten- 
tion were  the  sweet-scented  Jasmine-flowered  RhyH- 
chospermum  and  Indigofera  decora.  The  latter  being 
among  the  earliest  of  Mr.  Fortuue's  introductions  from 
China,  has  now  become  pretty  well  known ;  but  still  it 
is  not  so  ofien  met  with  as  it  deserves  to  be  ;  it  is 
certainly  one  of  the  most  useful  hardy  greenliouae 
plants  we  possess. 

Collections  of  six  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  iu 
20  inch  pots,  were  contributed  by  Messrs.  May,  Cole;, 
and  Watson.  Mr.  May  had  the  white  Crlnum,  Clero- 
dendron fallax,  Allamanda  cathartica,  the  white  Vinca, 
Kaiosauthes  coccinea,  and  the  white  variety  of  Erica 
inflata.  These  were  all  large,  finely-managed  plants. — 
xVlr.  Cole  sent  Dipladenia  splendens,  thin,  but  well- 
flowered,  Allamanda  cathartica.  Erica  retorta  major 
and  ampuilacea,  Polygala  acuminata,  and  Ixora  coccinea. 
These  were  accidentally  overlooked  by  the  judges; 
but  we  understand  that  Mr.  Cole's  complaint  re- 
specting the  oversight  will  meet  with  attention. 
— Mr.  Watson  produced  Erica  ventricosa  breviflora, 
Clerodendron  Kasmpferi,  Stephanotis  floribunda,  Clero- 
dendron pauiculatum,  Allamanda  Schottii,  aud  Lesche- 
naultia  formosa.  The  AUamanda  had  10  flowers  on  itp 
the  Stephanotis  was  a  large  fine  plant ;  but  its  blossoms 
were  much  faded.  Groups  of  six  in  13-inch  pots  came 
from  Messrs.  Over,  Watson,  Kinghorn,  and  Hamp. 
Among  these  we  remarked  Kondeletia  speciosa,  Tetra- 
tbeca verticillata,  Dipladenia  splendens,  and  other  good 
plants. 

Helichrtsujis   were   exhibited  by   Mr.  Green  and  ^ 
Mr.    Taylor.      The   varieties     consisted    of    Aphelexis 
sesamoides,  s.  purpurea,  s.  superba,  s.  rosea,  humilis,- 
macrantha  purpurea,  spectabilis,  and  its  large-flowered 
variety. 

Kalosanths. — The  following  were  shown  by_Mr. 
Over,  viz.,  grandifiora,  coccinea^  c.  superba,  nitida, 
miniata,  aud  graiidiflora. 

OncuiDS.—These,  as  may  be  expected,  were  not  near 
so  good  as  they  were  in  May  and  June.  Mr.  Franklin, 
gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  had  the  following  : 

Epidendrum  ra'lia'um  Aerides  affiiie 

,,  verrucoHuni  OdontogltissumLawrenceanuni 

Dendrubium  Dalbousieauum       Oncidium  ro8eum 
Sobralia  macrantha  ,,  Jui'iuum  guttatum 

Vanda  Roxburgh!  Erassia  Wrajffl 

„      Batemanni  €icnoches  sp.  nova  _ 

PlialEenopsis  grandifiora  Saccolabium  Blumei 

,,  amabiiis  Auguloa  Ciuwesi 

AerideB  purpurascens  Chysis  aurea. 

„       quioqu^Tuluera 

Among  these  the  greatest  novelty  was  the  Cycnochesr 
which  was  a  very  interesting  form  of  this  singular 
genus.  Odontoglossum  Lawrenceanum  did  not  appear 
to  be  different  from  0.  Insleayi. 

Mr.  Williams,  gr.  to  C.  J3.  Warner,  Esq.,  produced — 

Burliugtonia  venusta 


Ccelog}'ne  speciosa 
Bai  kei'ia  bpeitabilis 
Oncidium  Papilio 

,,  Lauceanum 

,,  fltxu'jsum 

„  guitamm 

Cattleja  Ludtiigusii 

„        violacea 
Phaius  albus 
Cipiipedium  barbatum 


Calauttir::  Mabuca 

MiltDiiia  speccubilts 

Aeridetj  uffiiie 

Epideudrum  cinnabaricusQ 
,,  crassifolium 

,,  macrtjchilum 

Dendrobium  chrysantlium 

Plia'aenopsis  grandifiora 

C>iiibidium  HlotJ'ulium 


The  Calanthe  Masuca,  which  had  had  eight  fine  spikes 
of  violet  blossoms  on  it,  was,  unlortuuateiy,  rather  past, 
but  it  showed  what  a  fine  thing  this  rather  uucommon 
species  may  be  induced  to  become  under  good  manage- 
ment. • 

A  collection  of  15  Orchids  was  shown  by  Messrs. 
Rollisson,  of  Tooting.     It  contained — 


Oncidium  Weot'vurthiaQum 
„  timliierum 

„         Lauctiauum 

Peiisteria  Ctrtn:i 
,,  elatu 

Vanda  suavis 

Stanbupea  tif^rina 
,,        Devoiiienais 


I  AclandisB 
1  q'liiiquevulnera 


Cattieya 

Auriile 

Dendrocmuiii  tiliturme 

Dtindrobiuru  sun.'uiQolentum 

Miitouia  speciabiliH 

Epidendrum         macrocbUam 

album 
CjciKiciies  Loddigeaii 


The  Aerides  quinquevulnera  had  five  fine  flowei'- 
spikes,  which  were  not,  however,  much  more  than  half 
expanded.  Oncidium  trulliferum  is  seldom  met  with, 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  Cattleya  Aclandite,  which 
is  exceedingly  handsome,  but  unfortunately  it  seldom 
produces  many  flowers,  and  this  was  a  poor  specimen^ 
Dendrobiuui  sanguinolentum  was  a  large  and  fine  plant. 

Groups  of  10  Orchids  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Carson 
and  by  Mr.  Wooley.     Mr.  Carsou  produced — 

Miltonia  spectabilis 
Cicnuches  bnrbaium 
Aeiides  roseum 
Pbala^nupiiis  grandifiora 
Catilej  a  orispa 

By  far  the  most  striking  plant  in  this  collection  was 
Oncidium  Lanceanum,  an  admirable  specimen,  with 
multitudes  of  flower-spikes  richly  clothed  with  bi'owu 
and  yellow  blossoms,  whose  violet-purple  lip  finely 
contrasted  with  the  other  parts  of  the  flower.  Mr. 
Wooley  sent — 


Oncidium  Lanceauum 
Deiidiucbilum  filiroime 
Epidcudi-um  viLellinum 
P'iiaiua  albus 
Anirrcecum  caudatum 


Clerodendron  Ktempferi  in  the  above  list  had  an 
extraordinary  large  panicle  of  scarlet  blossoms.  It 
could  not  niea&ure  less  than  2  feet  in  length,  and  we 
should  think  quite  18  inches  across  at  the  base.  With 
the  exception  of  the  Sollya  the  other  plants  were  in 
fair  condition. 

Mr.  Pamplin  sent — 

I^rica  tviculor  elegans 

,,      priucepe 

,,      Bergiuna 
Allamanda  grandifiora 

,,       ,,      cathartica 
>  inoa  oculata 

,1     alba 


Clerodendron  paniculatum 
lndii:ofera  diTcora 
Le^rhenauiiia  tormosa 
Tetrailitca  verticillata 
Hoeila  ciliata 
HhsucbospeDmamjasminoides 


j  Dendrobium  inoechatnm 
Epidendrum  cinnabai'lnum 
Pfiisteria  data 
Oiu-idium  pulvinatum 

I  Sobralia  niacrautba 


Fhaius  albu3 

„       bicfilor 
Aerides  atline 

,,         odoriitum 
Oncidium  luridum  guttatum 

Among  these  the  Oncid  was  best  flowered,  and  a  very 
handsome  plant  it  is  wlien  in  good  condition,  its  graceful 
flower  spikes  keeping  long  in  periectiou. 

Collections  of  six  Orchids  were  produced  by  Mi% 
Ivison,  gr.  to  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  at  Sion  J 
and  JMr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.  Among 
these  were  Vanda  tricolor,  Cycnoches  ch lorochilum^ 
Oncidium  ampliatum  inajus  and  luridum,  Miltonia  spec- 
tabilis,  the  singular-looking  Coryanthes  speciosa,  Aerides 
odovatum,  Stanhopea  saccata,  aud  Gougora  maculataV 


29—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


455 


Oncidiura  luridum  was  shown  by  Mr.  Ivison  as  a  single 
specimen. 

Cape  Heaths  were  numerous,  well  flowered,  and 
otherwise  iu  capital  condition.  Collections  of  10  were 
exhibited  by  Messrs.  Cole,  Smith,  May,  Epps,  Fraser, 
Rollisson,  and  Fairbairn.  Plants  in  11-iach  pots  came 
from  Messrs.  Laybank,  Watson,  Jarvis,  Clarke,  and 
Pamplin  ;  and  in  8-iiich  pots  i'rom  Messrs.  Taylor, 
Speed,  Roser,  and  Over.  In  the  different  groups  were 
examples  of  inflata  alba,  retorta  major,  RolHsson's 
variety  of  tricolor,  iufundibuliformis,  Parmentieri  rosea, 
Holford's  tricolor,  Irbyana,  the  larger  varieties  of 
ampullacea  and  jubata,  gemmifera,  ferruginea,  Juliana, 
Cavendishiana,  CaudoUeana,  jasminiHora  alba,  tricolor 
elegans,  Sa\'ileana,  eximia,  sauguinolenta,  obbataj  metu- 
Iseflora,  and  depressa. 

Roses  (cut)  were  shown  in  abundance,  and,  not- 
withstanding the  heat  of  the  weather  they  maintained 
their  freshness  well  throughout  the  day.  Collections  of 
50  varieties  were  produced  by  Messrs.  Paul,  Lane,  and 
Francis  ;  and  of  25  varieties  by  Messrs,  Terry, 
Rowland,  and  Bennett.  Mr.  Curtis,  of  Bristol,  had  a 
splendid  exhibition  of  the  beautiful  English  Hose 
Devoniensis,  and  Mr.  Francis  also  seat  a  box  full  of 
the  same  variety  faced  with  blooms  of  the  glorious 
Geant  des  Batailles,  which  has.  however,  as  yet  lost  all 
its  colour  this  summer,  owing  to  the  brightness  and 
warmth  of  the  weather.  Mr.  Laing,  of  Twiclceuham, 
likewise  conti'ibuted  an  intei'esting  collection.  Among 
the  different  e.\.hibitions  we  remarked  excellent  blooms 
oi  Moss :  Crested;  Lanei,  fine  rosy  crimson.  Prov'nis 
or  Cahhage :  Madame  Henriette,  large  rosy  pink  ; 
Cristata,  bright  rose.  Gallica :  Bizarre  Marbre,  mottled 
crimson  ;  Boule  de  Nanteuil,  reddish  crimson  ;  Kean, 
brilliant  carmine;  grandissiraa, bright  crimson  ;  Latitie, 
mottled  crimson  ;  Shakspeare,  shaded  deep  crimson  ; 
Triomphe  de  Jaussens,  bright  crimson.  Alba:  Due  de 
Luxembourg,  white,  witli  a  blush  centre.  Hybrid 
China :  Brennus,  bright  carmine  ;  General  Jacquimot, 
large  shaded  lake  ;  Lady  Stuart,  blush.  Jfybrnd 
Bourhon  :  Chene'dole,  dark  crimson  ;  Comtesse  Moie, 
pink  ;  Comtesse  de  Lacepede,  blush  ;  Coupe  d'  Hebe', 
pink  ;  Great  Western,  red  ;  Paul  Perras,  pink  ;  Paul 
Ricaut,  deep  carmine.  Damash:  Ismene,  white;  Madame 
Zoutman,  creamy  white.  HyhHd  Perpetticd :  Aman- 
dine, pink  ;  Baronne  Hallez,  fine  crimson  ;  Baronue 
Prevost,  very  large  piuk  ;  Dr.  Marx,  rosy  cai-mine  ; 
Caroline  de  Sausal,  beautiful  blush;  Clementine  Seringe, 
large  shaded  blush  ;  Cornet,  bright  pink  ;  Duchess  of 
Sutherland,  beautiful  blush  ;  Earl  Talbot,  deep  rosy 
piuk  ;  Geaut  des  Batailles  ;  General  Negrier,  blush  ; 
Jacques  Lafitte,  pale  carmine  ;  Cora,te  de  Paris,  pale 
crimson  ;  Madame  Trudeaux,  beautiful  carmine  ;  Miss 
Pepin,  large  delicate  piuk  ;  Queen,  rose  ;  Robin  Hood, 
rosy    pink  ;    Soleil    d*  Austerliz,    carmine  ;     William 


Henderson,  of  Pine  Apple-place,  and  Mr.  Williams, 
gr.  to  C.  B.  Warner,  Esq.  The  taste  for  these 
things  is  evidently  increasing,  as  well  it  may,  for 
the  beauty  of  their  foliage  yields  a  continual  charm, 
the  value  of  which  becomes  especially  apparent  in 
winter,  when  few  blossoms  grace  either  the  stove  or  the 
greenhouse. —  Messrs.  Lee  had  86  sorts.  Among  the 
most  remarkable  were  the  variegated  Pandanusor  Screw 
Pine,  the  leaves  of  which  are  of  the  liveliest  green,  witli 
broad  longitudinal  white  stripes;  Dractena  maculata,  with 
dark-green  leaves,  of  fine  form,  spotted  with  pale  green  ; 
D.  terminalis,  with  long  lanceulate  leaves  striped  with 
pui'ple,  green,  and  crimson,  has  hitherto  been  considered 
the  most  attractive,  but  it  is  now  surpassed  by  D.  nobilis, 
which  was  adorned  in  tlie  same  gay  livery,  and  with  a 
broader  and  more  noble  form  of  leaf.  Hydrangea 
japonica  variegata  was  conspicuous  fur  the  briglitness 
and  breadth  of  its  white  margin.  A  well-shaped  plant 
of  the  favourite  Croton  pictum  was  shown  in  its  gayest 
colours.  The  new  Maranta  vittata  and  M.  rosea-Hneata 
were  very  robust,  the  former  having  pale  green  leaves 
with  a  double  row  of  white  stripes  extending  from  the 
midrib  towards  the  edges,  and  the  latter  dark  green 
witli  narrow  rosy  lines.  Caladium  bicolor  was  con- 
spicuous for  leaves  of  light  green  with  a  large  crimson  bhjtch 
in  the  centre.  Dioscorea  discolor,  a  new  creeper  with 
leaves  like  an  Aristolochia,  had  a  rich  purple  under 
the  leaf,  occasionally  staining  through  the  olive- 
green  of  tlie  upper  side.  Two  variegated  examples 
of  Hoya  carnosa,  the  one  with  a  silver  margin, 
and  the  other  a  gold  blotch  in  the  centre  of  the  leaf. 
Pavetta  borbonica,  with  its  finest  veinings  ;  for  shape, 
colour,  and  substance  of  leaf,  combined  with  a  noble 
habit,  this  plant  has  few  equals.  Elseodendron  venosum 
was  beautifully  marbled  with  dark  and  light  green. 

Messrs.  Rollisson,  of  Tooting  again  showed  their 
beautiful  Cissus  discolor  ;  Anpeetocliilns  setaceus  and 
xanthophyllus,  Cheirostylis  marmorea,  Maranta  eximia 
and  albo-lineata,  Caladium  versicolor,  Paudanus  Java- 
uicus  variegatus,  DracEena  nobilis  and  maculata,  au<l 
some  other  kinds,  of  which  we  gave  an  account  in  former 
reports. 

Hothouse  Ferns  were  shown,  intermixed  with 
Orchids,  by  Messrs.  Wooley  and  Williams.  The  sorts 
did  not  appear  to  be  very  different  from  what  were  pre- 
viously mentioned  by  us  in  our  report  of  the  June 
meeting. 

Of  other  kinds  of  plants  Mr.  Turner,  of  Holloway,  had 
a  small  group  of  Alpines  ;  and  some  interesting  things 
were  furnished  by  Mr.  Booth  from  Carclew,  the  seat 
of  Su'  Charles  Lemon,  Bart.  They  consisted  of 
branches  of  Beuthamia  fragifera,  in  flower,  which,  if 
they  had  been  fresh,  would  have  served  to  have  given 
some  idea  of  the  beautiful  appearance  of  this  fine  tree 
wdien  grown  in  the  mild  and  damp  climate  of  Cornwall. 


Cobden,  and  Triunipliiint  ;  "J,  Mr.  Kuijuihun,  with 
Abraria,  Queen  Superb,  Princess  Maria  Galitzin, 
IJelicatum,  Gipsey  Queen,  and  Prima  Donna  ;  3,  Mr. 
Staines,  with  Dclicatum,  Reine  des  Fi-au^aise,  Village 
Maid,  Bouquet  tout  fait,  Alboni,  and  Pi-incess  Max'ia 
Galitzin,  Dealers'  Class  :  1,  Mr.  Turner,  with  fresh 
and  beautiful  plants  of  Madame  Rosati,  Beaute, 
Clementine,  Alboni,  D(.-licatum,  aud  Perfection  ;  2, 
Mr.  Gaines  ;  3,  Mr.  Westwood.  Six  Scarlets  were 
shown  by  Mrs.  Conway  (1)  ;  and  by  Mr.  J.  Salter  (2). 
We  were  disappointed  that  there  was  not  stronger 
competition  with  so  useful  and  brilliant  a  flower  as  the 
Scarlet  Pelargonium.  Mr.  Parker  and  Mr.  Watson 
showed  collections  of  Cape  kinds,  some  of  which  were 
much  admired. 

Fuchsias,  well  grown  and  flowered,  were  produced 
by  Messrs.  Pestridge,  Franklin,  riraser,  Bray,  and 
Salter.  With  the  exception  of  Mr.  Salter's  plants, 
which  were  in  the  form  of  parasols,  they  were  mostly 
pyramidal  plants  trained  to  simple  stems.  Among  the 
kinds  shown  were  Pearl  of  England,  Don  Giovanni,  Dr. 
Gross,  Chevalier,  Exoniensis,  Star,  Alpha,  Madame 
Sontag,  Fair  Rosamond,  and  Voltigcur. 

PiNiis  were  admirably  contributed  and  in  abundance, 
many  of  the  flowers  fully  equalling  the  best  we  have 
ever  seen.  Prizes  were  awarded  to  Mr.  Turner,  1  ; 
Mr.  Bragg,  2  ;  aud  to  Mr.  Baker,  of  Woolwich,  1,  as 
a  private  grower.  A  collection  of  2-1. blooms  from  Mr. 
Bragg,  being  entirely  seedlings,  were  rewarded  with  a 
Certificate.  Turner's  Optima  was  "well  done,"  there  being 
12  blooms  staged. — Ot  Carnations  and  Picoteeswe  cannot 
say  a  word  in  praise  ;  we  regret  that  flowers  so  popular 
should  be  so  poorly  represented;  better  things  might  have 
been  expected  from  a  dea'ler,  than  for  the  judges  to 
have  to  disqualify  his  three  collections,  not  only  for 
want  of  compliance  with  the  rules,  but  for  the  palpable 
misnomers  by  which  the  two  twenty-fours  and  one 
twelve  were  distinguished. 

Of  Seedling  Pelargoniums,  Silver  King  and 
Attraction  from  Mr.  Kioghorn  were  alone  contributed. 
A  Verbena  from  Mrs.  Conway,  named  Drummondii, 
was  atti'active. 

Although  unconnected  with  the  exhibition,  we  may 
mention  that  Mr.  Ewing's  glass  walls,  which  were  up, 
though  in  a  very  incomplete  state,  excited  universal 
attention.  They  looked  exceedingly  well,  and  we  were 
glad  to  find  that  the  opinions  of  the  gai'deners  were  very 
much  in  their  favour. 


Jesse,  crimson,  tinged  with  lilac  ;  Comte  Robriusky,  |  The  largest  specimens  at  Carclew  are  stated  to  be  from 
bright  crimson.  Bourhon:  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison,  [  15  feet  to  18  feet  high,  and  this  season  they  are  finer 
creamy  white,  with  a  blush  centre  ;  Acidalie,  French  '  than  ever  they  have  been,  every  branch  from  top  to 
white;  Bouquet  de  Flore,  rose  ;  Souchet,  deep  crimson;    bottom  being  thickly  covered  with  large  creamy  white 


Dupetit  Thuuars,  ditto  ;  Levesou  Gower,  carmiue  ; 
Paul  Joseph,  purplish  crimson.  Tea :  Devoniensis, 
creamy  white  ;  A'iphetos,  pale  lemon  ;  Bougere,  rose  ; 
Elise  Sauvage,  yellow  ;  Saffra-iot,  fawn.  Noisette : 
Lamarque,  pale  lemon  ;  Aimde  Vibert ;  aud  Sulfaterre, 
sulphur. 

Si.NGLE  Specimens. — The  best  consisted  of  a  magni- 
ficent Erica  retorta  major,  from  Mr.  Smith  ;  an  excel- 
lent Li^ianthus  Russ-dliauus  (wliich  we  were  surprised 
to  find  placed  by  the  judges  third),  covered  with  hand- 
some blossoms,  from  Mr.  Constantine  ;  Erica  Savi- 
leana  from  Mr.  Green  ;  Kalosanthes  coccinea,  a  fine 
plant,  from  Messrs.  Eraser  ;  and  Erica  metulaeflora 
bicolor  from  Air.  Ivison. — Mr.  Cole  had  a  small 
plant  of  the  Willow-leaved  Ixora,  aud  Mr.  M'Leod, 
gr.  to  Sir  J.  Crewe,  Bart,,  sent  Stejdianotis  floribunda, 
both  in  flower  and  fruit.  It  was  trained  against  a  large 
flat  circular  wire  trellis. 

New  Plants.— Under  this  head  were  produced 
Mediuilla  SieboMii,  a  neat  medium-sized  species  i'rom 
Mr.  Cole  ;  a  branched  flower-spike,  bearing  multitudes 
of  small  white  blossoms,  of  the  great  New  Zealand 
Dracuiua  indrvisa,  from  Messrs.  Veitch;  Abies  jezoensia 
and  two  forms  of  Cephalotaxus  Fortuni  from  Messrs. 
Standitih  and  Noble  ;  Araucaria  Cookii  fi'om  Messrs. 
Henderson  ;  tliu  pretty  white  Achimenes  Margarettie 
from  MesHrs.  Lane ;  an  Epidendx-um  from  Mr. 
CarHon  ;  AicUmeu  mtoiata  from  Messrs.  UoUi^soii;  and 
Collineia  bitrtitiuifalia  and  a  Leptosiphon  from  Messrs. 
\fiiU:U.  The  CoJiinsia  m  a  fine  thing  ;  as  is  the  Lop- 
tosiphon,  alUiough  not  well  adapted  fur  exhibition. 

Among  M18CKLLANBOU8  Si.sfiLK  Planih  came  a 
tabful  of  Nc-lninliium  apccioBum,  in  flower,  from  Mr. 
Ivieon  ;  Erica  obbata  mribcllata,  a  good  variety,  from 
Mcwrs.  Pumplin ;  Phlox  Thompsoni  and  the  over- 
flowering  and  bridutiful  P.  Mayii  vari<!gftta,from  McKsra. 
Heuderft'in,  of  Pin--*  Apple-place. — Mr.  Ivition  furnished 
a  miacellaneouH  hot  of  plaiitii,  which  wei^e  exceedingly 
iat«reiiltng,  owing  to  their  variety  and  very  ditferent 
habilM  ;  among  Miem  were  Ilumea  elegant*,  vfM*y  large  ; 
a  lIibiH':uH,  a  crow*  between  II.bineuMH  and  II.  liliiHonis  ; 
IponiUdi  l.earii  (very  fine). CrinumfimerJcanumjCaluthca  I 
zebrina,  finely  in  flower  ;  illiapiH  flttbellifoniiiM,  a  dwarf 
Palm  ill  flower  ;  lledyHarnm  gyranH,  the  moving  plant  ; 
MuHMwndu  fronduHa,  with  white  braetM  and  orange 
h\(mftmn  ;  Cntaflium  bicolor;  Curcuma  U^mcoeona  and 
C.  cfiT<\s\,ui  (lumieric  planlM)  ;  /Iv-hmea  fnlgruH,  Croton 
pictum ;  Jjracujna  fcrrea,  one  of  the  dragon'H-blooil 
trecM ;  and  Clerodendron  Hqiminatum. — 'I'eiider  vurie- 
OkUi'i  plaittH  were  produced  by  MeH**rH.  I^'m;,  of 
liammcTemiili,  Metwrs.   liolliuaon,  of  Tooting,  McBsrs. 


flowers  ;  along  with  these  came  a  bunch  of  Ozothamnus 
thyrsoideus,  a  neat  dwarf  shrub  for  the  open  border  ; 
also  Habrothamnus  fasciculatus,  said  to  be  perfectly 
hardy  there,  and  to  flower  beautifully  in  the  shrubbery. 
From  the  little  bit  furnished  it  was  evident  that  the 
flowers  are  larger,  and  of  a  deeper  colour  than  we 
usually  see  them.  The  rest  consisted  of  Cineraria 
discolor,  which  forms  a  shrub  from  G  feet  to  8  feet  high, 
and  flowers  abundantly  :  and  Bletia  hyacinthina,  from 
a  plant  that  has  been  growing  in  the  open  garden  tor  the 
last  15  or  16  years. 

Several  exhibitions  of  Achimenes  were  produced, 
but  we  did  not  observe  among  them  anything  very  new 
or  remarkable. 

Pelargoniums    were    plentiful    and    good    for    this 
season  of  the  year.     In   collections  of    12  varieties  in 
f>  inch    pots,    by  private  growers,    Mr.    Robinson  was 
first,  with  Pearl,  Cliristine,   Alderman,  Rowena,  Sala- 
mander, Old  Story,  Alonzo,  Conspicuum,  Nectar  Cup, 
Ajax,  Star,    and    Monteith  ;    2,  Mr.    R.    Stains,   with 
Corinne,  Emily,  Virgin  Q,ueen,  Constance,  Conspicuum, 
Magnificent,  Ajax,  Mont    Blanc,    Cuyp,   Alonzo,    Stir, 
and   Nandee  ;  3,  Mr.  Parker,  with  Minna,  Centurion, 
Nandee,    Paragon,     Conspicuum,     Norah,     Alderman, 
Narcissus,    Christabel,   Star,    Generalissimo,   Corinne  ; 
Dealers'  Class,  1,  Mr.  Turner,  with  Lavinia,  Monteith, 
Mochana,  Plantaganet,   Ajax,  Magnet  (in  fine  colour),  | 
Alderman,    Nandee,    Star,    Beatrice,    Rowena    (fine),  j  Ansted,  pp.  3G 
and     Corinne  ;     2,    Mr.    Gaines,     with     Star,     Ajax, 
Peerless,    Conspicuum,    Nonsuch,      Beauty    of    Mnnt- 
pellier,    Nandee,    Grenadier.    Governoi',   Pictum,  Cen- 
turion,  and    May    Queen,    bold    nnd    showy  ;    H,    Mr. 
Westwood,     with    Aspasia,     Brilliant,     Lulla     Rookli, 
Virgin   Queen    (g'»nd),   Norah,  Vivid,  Star,    Beauty  of 
Montpellier,    CinispiiMium,      Centurion,     Armada     im- 
proved   (?),   and    Floral   Bea\ity  ;  4,    Mr.    Bragg,  with 
Boule  de  Feu,  Conypicuum,  May  Qvieen,  Village  Maid, 
Ajax,    NarcisHUS,    Alonzo,  Fair    Mnid    of  Penh,    l^nl- 
chelium,  Centurion,    Constance,   nnd    Rowena;  5,  Mr. 
Hunt,    with    Salamander,    Mugnificent,    Lalla    Roolih, 
Orion,  Alonzo,  Ajax,  Camilla,   Armada,  Ariel,  Armada 
Superb,  Forget-mc-Not,  and  Norah.— Six  Pelargoniums 
in    11-incli    pot^,  priviito    growers;    1,    Mr.     I'-onliain, 
with    Star,   NegrcHS,  Grenadier,  Centurion,  RoMarnond, 
and  Forget-me-Not  ;  2,  Mr.  Tai-ker,  with  Lord  Stanley, 
Ocollatnm,   Lalla    Uookh,   Cupid,  Uullo  of  tlio  VlllK^•^', 
and    Flavia.     Dealer'»  Clawn :    1,   Mr.    We»twooil,  wiih 
Orion,  Camilla,  Lady  Somervilh-,  Matilda,  CoU'^picunni, 
and   Virgin  Queen. —  l-'ancicH,  private  growrrw  :    l,Mr. 
Miller,  wiih   l-'airy   Qu.cn,    J)n<dicH«e  d'Antnalc,  Utly 


Exhibition  of  the  Worls  of  all  Nations,  IS 51.  RepoHs 
by  the  Junes.  Pp.  cxx.,  and  867  in  double  columns  ; 
large  8vo. 
Not  the  least  remarkable  of  the  results  of  the  Exhibition 
of  all  Nations  is  the  long  series  of  Reports  by  the 
Juries,  a  copy  of  which  has  reached  us  just  as 
we  are  about  to  go  to  press.  The  elaborate  catalogues 
which  have  already  appeared,  and  sketches  from 
time  to  time  made  public  in  tlie  form  of  newspaper 
articles,  Lectures,  Companions,  Guides,  and  the  like, 
give  but  a  faint  shadow  of  the  great  experiment  of  1851. 
In  the  pages  now  before  us  we  iiave  the  substance  in  all 
its  solidity  and  integrity.  As  a  record  of  the  state  of 
knowledge  and  skill  in  these  our  days  the  reports  are 
invaluable,  imperfect  as  many  of  them  necessarily  must  be. 
The  names,  indeed,  of  the  writers  guarantee  tlie  justness 
of  the  conclusions  at  which  the  juries  arrived,  as  is  amply 
shown  by  the  following  enumeration  of  some  of  the  more 
important  reports  and  their  authors,  viz  : — Mineral  Pro- 
ducts, M.  Dufresnoy,  pp.  35  ;  Alimentary  Substances,  Dr. 
Hooker,  pp.  IG  ;  Raw  Manufacturing  Materials,  Pro- 
fessors E.  Solly  and  Owen,  pp.  100  ;  Civil  Engineering, 
Mr.  Brunei,  pp.  3;  Naval  Architecture,  Ordnance,  &c.. 
Baron  Dupin,  pp.  IG  ;  Agricultural  Implements,  Mr. 
Pusey,  pp.  18;  Pbilosophical  Instruments,  Mr.  Glaisher, 
pp.  80  ;  Printing  and  Stationery,  Messrs.  Firmin 
Didot,  Whittingham,  and  T.  de  la  Rue,  pp.  58  ; 
Glass,  Lord  de  Mauley,  pp.  16  ;  Ceramic  Manufactures, 
the  Duke  of  Aryyll,  pp.  5  ;  Miscellaneous  Manufaccui'es, 
not  elsewhere  reported  on,  Prol'essor  Hoiinan  and  Mr. 
Warren  de  la  Hue,  pp.  79  ;  Sculpture,  &c.,  Mr.  Panizzi, 
pp.  7,  with  a  supplementary  report  of  54  pages  by  Mr. 
Redgrave  ;  Mineral  Sulistances  in  a  manufactured  state 
as    used    for    construction    or    decoration,    Professoi' 


To  the  many  subjects  of  interest  in  our  own  peculiar 
field  wdiich  are  embraced  in  these  reports,  we  shall 
immediately  commence  drawing  the  attention  of  our 
readers  who  we  suspect  are  hardly  yet  aware  how  vast 
was  the  field  of  human  knowledge  upon  which  the 
Great  Exhibition  tlirew  its  brilliant  light. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Tpawicn  Horticdltoral  Society,— Tlio  Bccnnd  rxJiibltion 
of  the  KcuatMi  wtis  lulil  on  ilu-  SiJih  uh  ,  tii  the  RrouiHis  of 
Clirlm-  Ohnrcli  VnrU.  Tlio  chief  ittirnction  wim  KuBofl,  with 
whioh  Oi'iiipolliiun  ran  htBli,  Uuru  btinn  Uiiee  fprniul  prizefl 
..ll\.Ti!ii  tor  culirciioiif  nf  21  vur-oil-  m  npm  to  nil  Kiiyland.  Tho 
iHt  o'  ihoao,  a  SUvt-r  C\ip,  vuliiu  hvo  Kuliivns,  wat  awurdod  to 
Mr.  It.uniH.  nurHci-yiiinii.  Srifwmiirltfi-. 

MAiDhT'iNi!  IIiPiiTiciiLTiuiAL  t?ociKT Y.— Tho  fifrtt  exhibition 
for  ihi'  nitMflit  ftlMiHOi.  wtiH  iutii  on  lln-'^4lli  iil^.-in  Oi*'  gi'^'^oas 
iiilJoliiluK  Kui-My  llill-icn  tic,  wht'ii  ili.^  (liu*iio«i)  of  tlio  weuther 
and  tlio  tiiiHUtid  i  xoi^lUue"  of  ilio  hIiow,  dr-nv  t(i|;Hihm*  the 
liuHOrtt  ooni(uiii.v  Ui;il  hiiH  cvur  iHti'iKk-rl  a  dinp'ny  of  a  blnniar 
<;hiiriirtur  in  MiiidHintic,  Thi'  kvouihIh  in  which  tho  niuriiueGB 
«rr«  pliicofi  wimmiiiMi  hii  lnt))i»/.tlnK  vlow  (if  thi'  town.  Ani.tnp; 
oihur  (jxhllili'ooH.  liu;.uilfi'l  ci'llitrlli.HH  of  Btiivu  liii'l  nrc(iilum80 
plaiiiK   woru  sliowi)    liy    Mr.  Uok-,    Mr.   IJf.pR,    mid    Mr.   Frost, 


Hume   Campbell,   I'rinccsBo    Maria    Galitzin,   Kichard  I  nurdcnor  to  E.  b.  Uottn,  Ki-q.    Thosu  fllkd  a  bIukc  luo  ftot  la 


456 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  17, 


lougih.  TiicjL-  wtii-o  iHso  80010  c'x^ielleut  pi  mts  produc  d  by 
J.  A.  Wigan,  Ksq.,  and  Mrs.  Whatman.  N.»t  the  least  iute- 
restiog  feature  of  the  fihow  were  four  cullections  ot  Ferns. 
Among  fruit  was  a  Pine  eshibit-d  by  G.  Bentham,  Esq.  ; 
Peaches  by  R.  Tasaell,  Eeq.  ;  a-id  Grapes  by  J.  D.  S.  Dougl^i'f, 
Esq.,  and  E.  L.  Bettp,  Esq,  Many  prizes  wure  awarded,  but  we 
have  i>nly  been  furnieiied  with  a  lidt  of  tbem,  without  the  names 
of  the  Gul  jects  for  which,  they  were  given.  The  amount  talten 
for  admission  to  the  grounds  was  Dearly  951. 


Dahlias:  Tyro.  Of  no  value  for  purposes  cf  oshibitioa.  You 
inuy  plant  now  and  expect  fluwers,  and  with  attention  to 
mulching,  the  tubers  may  be  so  far  perfected  that  they  would 
serve  for  propagating  from  nest  season  ;  more  than  this  we 
are  afraid  ti>  promise. 

Fdchsias  :  Delta.  Mr.  Banks  is,  so  far  as  we  know,  a  private 
grower;  his  eefdlingt*,  in  the  rai-in?  of  which  iie  has  b^'en 
very  fortunate,  are  just  now  exci  ing  considerable  attention. 

Tulips:  Enquirer.  The  present  is  a  favourable  time  f»r 
removing  ihe  decayed  roots  and  stems  from  the  bulbs.  The 
freer  they  are  froaa  all  extraneous  matters  the  less  will  tbej 
be  subject  to  attacks  of  green-fiy. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

Antikehinums  :  E  W.  Shrivelled,  past  recovery;  you  should 
have  sent  a  spike  packed  in  damp  M')ss, 

Cabnations:  Sub  A  monsirosi'y,  possessing  no  beauty,  nnd 
unworthy  of  attention. — LAM.  A  beau'-iiul  purple  liake, 
so  far  as  colour  iit  concerned,  but  petaW  nut  halt  widoeQOU;;h 
to  constitute  a  show  flower,  nor  are  they  sutEcieutly  smooth 
to  "pass  muster." 

JFdcdsia  :  WOB    Worthless,  compared  with  flowers   of  the 

same  char.icter  already  in  cultivation. 
-GioxiNiA  :  B  and  B.   Pure  white,  but  too  email  to  compete 
•successfully  uih  other  light  sorts  in  cultivation. 

PiNBiEs  :  W  N.  Of  no  value.— i2  P.,  KilmamQck.  A  flower  of 
^ood  general  character;  deep  yellow  j^round,  with  uniform 
broad  belting  of  bronzy  purple  ;  eye  displayed,  surface  and 
edges  emooth. 

Petunias  :  Anon.  Worthless  ;  in  aiming  at  size  you  have  lost 
sight  of  other  requiMites  ;  the  best  we  have  seen  this  season 
was  a  set^dling  at  the  Cheltenham  show  on  the  15th  June  ;  but 
not  being  named  we  can  giro  you  no  further  informatioa 
respecting  it. 

roTENTiLLAB  :  WW.  Picta  is  not  bo  bright  as  one  we  lately 
saw  at  the  Wellington-road  Nursery,  Vivid  is  deep  crimson, 
and  Alpha  bright  and  bold  ;  much  of  the  value  of  these 
things  dependij  on  their  habit. 

UOSES  ;  WW.  From  Oriflame  Galllca,  a  deep  carmine  purple, 
remarkably  full  and  delicioualy  fragrant.  From  Great 
"Western,  somewhat  darker  than  its  parent,  but  otherwise 
very  similar.  Governor,  a  globular  and  very  powerfully 
scented  variety,  much  fuUcir  than  the  old  China.  From 
-Julie  de  Loynes  (Bourbon),  a  pretty  free  flower'ng  cream- 
coloured  bort,  with  stout  petals.  From  William  Jesse  ;  this 
is  a  magnificent  flower,  full,  smooth,  fragrant,  and  large. 
Moss  Minima,  from  De  Meus,  is  really  a  Moss  Rose  in 
miniature,  and  has  all  the  fragrance  of  the  common  Moss. 
The  Tea  variety  had  fallen  to  pieces.  Unique,  from 
Splendens  Sweet  Briar,  is  a  large-sized  full  flower,  of  a  true 
rose  pink  colour.  From  Aurora  (Hybrid  China),  globular 
*Dd  full ;  colour  poor,  fragrance  rich.  From  BlushNoisette, 
petals  very  thin  and  papery  ;  profuse  flowerer,  the  tn'O  stems 
baving  21  blossoms  in  their  various  stages. 


Miscellaneous. 

'Sa?e  of  Orchids, — Messrs.  Loddiges'  second  sale  of 
'these  plants  took  place  at  Stevens'sj  on  Monday  last. 
The  highest  price  obtained  on  the  occasion  was  16^.  16s. 
for  a  fine  plant  of  Vanda  suavis.  Good  specimens  of 
Cymbidiura  eburneura  fetched  15^.  and  191.  each; 
Saceolabium  proamorsum,  1 U. ;  Aerides  roseum,  1 H.  1 1  s. ; 
-A.  crispum,  JOZ.  ;  A.  odoratum  purpurascens,  "il.  10s.; 
V>a.nda  teres,  \\l.\  Ltelia  anceps,  10/.;  Vanda  Bate- 
nianni,  lOZ.  10s.;  the  Dalhousie  Dendrobe,  9^.  10s.; 
D.  anosmum,  ditto ;  Saccolabium  furcatum,  91. ;  Angrfecum 
eburneum,  9^,;  Miltonia  Candida^  11^.;  Oneidiuni 
oblongatum,  6Z.  5s.  ;  0.  spiiopternm,  hi. ;  other  lots,  of 
■which  there  were  in  all  150,  fetched  from  10s.  to  4Z. 
each. 

,  Qlngc}'  Wine. — lu  answer  to  a  correspondent,  who 
asks  for  a  formula  for  ginger  wine,  we  insert  the 
following  from  "  Kobinson's  Art  of  Making  Br^tisli 
Wines  :  " — Boil  65  gallons  of  river  water,  1^  cwt.  of  the 
best  loaf  sugar,  and  6  lbs.  of  the  best  race  ginger, 
bruised,  half  aii  hour;  then  add  the  whites  of  10  eggs, 
il>eaten  to  a  froth  with  2  ozs.  of  dissolved  isinglass, 
stir  it  well  in,  and  boil  20  minutes  longer,  sldmming 
it  the  whole  time.  Then  add  the  thin  rinds  of  50 
lemons,  boiling  them  10  minutes  more.  Cut  "28  lbs.  of 
good  Malaga  raisins  in  half,  take  away  the  stones  and 
stalks,  and  put  them  with  the  juice  of  the  lemons  strained, 
into  the  hogshead.  Strain  the  hot  liquor  into  a  cooler, 
and  when  it  has  stood  2  hours  and  is  settled,  draw  it  off 
the  lees  clear,  and  put  it  into  the  cask  ;  filter  the  thick 
and  fill  up  with  it.  Leave  the  bung  out,  and  when  at 
the  proper  temperature,  stir  3  quarts  of  thick  fresh  ale 
yeast  well  into  it;  put  on  the  bung  lightly,  and  let  it 
ferment  6  or  7  days,  filling  up  with  liquor  as  it  works 
over.  When  the  fermentation  has  ceased,  pour  in  6 
quarts  of  French  brandy,  and  8  ozs.  of  the  best 
isinglass,  dissolved  hi  a  gallon  of  the  wine;  then  secure 
the  bung  effectually,  and  paste  paper  over  it,  &c.,  &c. 
Keep  it  two  years  in  a  cool  cellar,  then  bottle  it,  using 
the  best  corks,  and  sealing  them,  and  when  it  is  4  years 
old  commence  using  it.  Pharmaceutical  Jownal. 

Enormous  Plank. — There  was  lately  at  the  Bridge- 
water  Canal-yard,  Chester-road,  Manchester,  an 
enormous  plank,  which  had  been  brought  from  Liver- 
pool by  the  canal.  Its  dimensions  were — length,  144 
feet  ;  breadth,  20  inches ;  and  thickness,  6  inches 
throughout.  It  was  of  a  species  of  wood  known  as  gum 
wood,  or  African  Oak,  and  was  imported  from  Africa 
into  Liverpool  during  last  summer.  The  tree  from 
which  this  plank  has  been  sawn  must  have  been  of  a 
gigantic  height,  probably  not  much  less  than  300  feet. 
Daily  Paper. 

Protect  ynur  Trees  from  Mice. — The  best,  cheapest, 
safest,  surest  protection  is  arsenic.  It  only  costs  a  few 
cents  or  shillings,  perhaps,  a  pound.  Mix  with  a  quart 
of  meal,  two  teaspoonluls  of  arsenic,  scent  it,  if  conve- 
nient, with  a  drop  of  oil  of  rhodium.  Place  it  on  chips, 
under  flat  stones  or  boards,  near  the  tree,  or  bore  holes 
in  blocks,  and  put  it  m  where  nothing  but  mice  can  get 


at  it.  Kenew  the  bait  occasionally  through  the  winter, 
and  the  mice  will  not  eat  your  trees,  for  they  shall  surely 
die.  American  Gardeners^  Chronicle, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  weeJc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

Although  we  do  not  recommend  the  propagation  of 
plants  in  private  gardens  requiring  much  care  to  bring 
up,  as  such  can  be  more  cheaply  purchased  at  the 
nurseries,  yet  there  are  some  things  of  which  a  stock  of 
home-raised  plants  should  yearly  be  made.  Among 
these,  the  propagation  of  Pelargoniums  and  other  soft- 
wooded  plants  will  claim  attention  at  the  present  time. 
As  soon,  therefore,  as  the  kinds  of  Pelargoniums 
desired  to  propagate,  are  out  of  bloom,  cuttings  should 
be  taken  off,  and  inserted  singly  in  thumb  pots,  plunged 
in  a  cold  frame  ;  shade  them  slightly  by  day,  and  draw 
the  sashes  down  each  night,  except  it  rain  heavily.  The 
old  plants,  after  having  their  shoots  cut  back  to  two  or 
three  eyes  each,  should  be  placed  in  an  open  place  to 
break  before  they  are  potted.  Cuttings  of  other  soft- 
wooded  plants  will  require  to  be  kept  somewhat  clcser, 
until  they  commence  growing  ;  but  it  will  be  found  that 
cuttings  of  the  above  description  make  much  stronger 
and  healthier  plants  when  struck  in  as  cool  a  tempera- 
ture as  is  consistent  with  the  development  of  roots.  * 
Remove  from  the  conservatory  or  show  house  those 
plants  which  show  by  their  faded  blooms  that  they  are 
past  their  best  ;  their  presence  longer  would  detract 
from  the  freshness  essential  to  beauty  and  good  order. 
Achimenes,  Gloxinias,  &c.,  out  of  bloom,  may  be 
removed  to  a  pit  to  ripen  their  bulbs  ;  but  only  suf- 
ficient for  a  stock  next  season  need  be  kept.  Cleroden- 
drons,  &c ,  in  the  same  way  may  be  transferred  to 
Vineries,  or  any  where  to  obtain  a  dry  cool  temperature 
for  the  same  purpose.  At  no  period  of  the  year  do 
Heaths  and  hard-wooded  plants  in  general  require  more 
care  than  at  the  present  time,  more  particularly  such  as 
have  only  recently  been  potted  ;  to  keep  the  old  ball 
sufficiently  moist  to  preserve  the  plant  in  health  under 
the  present  high  temperature,  without  getting  the  new 
soil  in  a  sour  state,  requires  great  nicety  in  watering, 
supposing  the  plants  under  glass  ;  and  those  placed  out 
of  doors  should  be  narrowly  watched,  to  preserve  the 
same  ends.  At  this  season  all  the  air  possible  should 
be  given  to  greenliouse  and  most  stove  plants,  keeping 
it  on  all  night. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Pinery. — The  plants  selectedin  the  spring,  foi"  autumn 
and  winter  fruiting,  will  be  now  showing  fruit,  and  if 
they  are  provided  with  a  pit  to  themselves  will  require 
(supposing  the  bottom  heat  steady),  but  little  attention 
for  some  time,  except  slight  shading,  plenty  of  air,  and 
a  liberal  allowance  of  water.  As  the  syringe  is  plied 
pretty  freely  at  this  season,  confine  its  use  to  the  surface 
of  the  bed  and  walls  of  the  house  ;  and  on  no  account 
let  the  plants  while  in  bloom  be  wetted  ;  some  Pines, 
having  large  flowers,  as  the  Jamaica,  &c.,  frequently  cut 
up  with  black  spots  in  their  middle,  although  they  are 
apparently  sound  outside  ;  tliis  arises  from  a  small 
quantity  of  water  passing  through  the  bloom  to  the 
fruit  cells,  and  causing  them  to  decay.  Let  succession 
plants  have  abundance  of  air  day  and  night,  to  encourage 
a  stocky  growth  ;  where  it  is  intended  to  plant  out  the 
fruiting  stock  for  next  year,  a  sufiicient  quantity  of 
loam,  peat,  and  sand,  if  the  loam  is  heavy,  should  be 
in  readiness  for  use,  as  directly  the  present  crop  is  cut 
the  stumps  should  be  cleared  out,  and  either  all  or  part 
of  the  soil  removed,  according  as  it  may  appear 
exhausted.  Vinery, — Finish  off  the  thinning  of  late 
Grapes,  keeping  former  directions  in  view  respecting  the 
bunches  being  well  tied  out  and  thinned.  In  hot 
weather  the  red  spider  will  at  times  increase  so  fast 
as  to  be  kept  down  with  difficulty,  especially  if  the 
Grapes  are  ripe,  or  nearly  so;  recourse  must  be  had  to 
sulphur  on  the  walls,  hot-water  pipes,  &c.,  as  before 
advised;  and  the  sulphm*ator  will  be  found  effective  in 
bad  cases  by  throwing  a  cloud  of  fine  dust  over  the 
infested  foliage,  for  which  purpose  the  sulphur  should 
be  previously  well  dried.  Proceed  to  pot  Strawberries 
for  forcing,  as  the  runners  fill  their  pots  with  roots; 
pot  them  in  6  or  7  inch  pots,  using  rich  loam  of  medium 
texture,  and  well  rotten  dung;  drain  well. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SSRUBBERY. 

Baskets,  vases,  &c.,  will  require  an  occasional  regu- 
lating ;  those  having  plants  in  them  requiring  to  be  tied 
out  should  be  examined  for  the  purpose,  afterwards  they 
may  be  allowed  to  grow  in  a  freer  style.  Convolvuluses, 
Maurandyas,  Lophospermums,  &c.,  after  being  pegged 
over  the  surface  of  the  soil,  should  he  left  to  grow  over 
the  sides  of  the  vase,  or  to  ramble  through  the  more 
formal  plants  which  fill  up  the  centre.  Baskets,  cases, 
or  other  contrivances  containing  plants  in  bloom,  will 
require  fx-equent  attention  to  keep  tliem  gay  ;  remove 
everything  in  the  shape  of  decayed  blooms  or  leaves,  and 
take  advantage,  when  a  number  of  fresh  plants  are 
wanted,  to  effect  a  change  in  the  arrangement,  which 
will  be  found  more  pleasing  tiian  adhering  to  one  plan  ; 
for  the  same  reason,  plants  under  verandahs,  or 
arranged  for  effect  near  the  house,  when  undergoing 
revision  for  the  purpose  of  adding  fresh  plants, 
will  be  more  interesting  when  vai'iety  in  arrangement, 
or  in  tlie  kind  of  plants,  is  introduced  as  often  as  they 
are  changed.  Continue  to  tie  up  and  train  plants  still 
advancing  in  growth,  as  Hollyhocks,  Dahlias,  &c.,  or 
high  winds  will  disfigure  them.  Remove  the  decayed 
bloom  from  Roses,  as  they  fade  ;  the  Perpetuals  should, 
atj  the  sameltime,  be  slightly  cut  back  j  and  manure- 


water  given  in  dry  weather,  to  encourage  them  to  a 
second  bloom.  Propagation  must  now  be  commenced  in 
earnest,  taking  those  things  first  which  require  the 
longest  time  to  become  established  plants— as  Pelargo- 
niums, Lantanas,  and  the  like  :  and  the  rest  in  due  time. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Follow  up  the  planting-out  of  winter  Broccoli,  &c., 
as  recommended  last  week,  as  ground  can  be  got  in 
readiness.  As  the  Potato  disease  has  fairly  commenced, 
an  extra  stock  of  the  above  should  be  planted  in  every 
vacant  space,  to  act  as  a  substitute.  Swedes  are  a 
valuable  vegetable  in  the  spring  when  blanched,  and  an, 
increased  breadth  of  Turnips  should  be  sown,  as  Ukewise 
a  crop  of  horn  Carrots  to  draw  young.  Gardeners 
should  impress  the  necessity  of  cottiers  aud  others 
providing  themselves  with  any  description  of  winter 
greens  which  may  be  procurable,  and  planting  every  nook 
they  have  with  them,  interlining  the  Potatoes  as  weU. 
Attend  to  advancing  crops  as  previously  directed. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
For  the  week  eading  July  15, 1852,  as  observed  at  the  HorticQltural  Gardens 
Cbiswicli.  -   ■ 


S- 

Tbmfgb&tubh. 

July. 

"i 

1 

i; 

Of  the  Air. 

Orthe  Earth 

I  foot  2  feer 
deep.  1  deep. 

Wind. 

•a 

Mai. 

Mln. 

Max. 

Min. 

MeaB 

Friday  ..  9 

30.020 

29  995 

-3  0 

65(1 

62 

E. 

.00 

Satur.    ..10 

n 

30.117 

3I'.034 

87 

53 

7  00 

67 

65 

NE. 

Sunday  .  U 

■^1 

30.127 

30.070 

Rl 

!<7 

69.0 

67 

6U 

Monday    Vi 

■s, 

30.100 

30.049 

79 

M 

C7j 

67 

■l',1 

Tuea.   ..  13 

■a 

30.0EO 

30.026 

SI 

hi 

711.0 

67 

Wed.    ..  H 

2;    29.993 

29923 

60 

70S 

67 

6ii 

ThurB...  U 

23 

29.9.19 

29.898 

87 

53       70.0 

67 

61 

Avp.raKe  ... 

30.051    '  29.999 

81.0      5C0     70.0  '  66.8 

61.1 

.20 

9  —Dry  h"ze  ;  very  hot ;  clear  at  niglit. 
10— Very  fiue ;  hot  and  dry ;  clear. 
11— Veryfioe;  hot;  clear;  hazy  atni^ht, 
IS-Overcast ;  dry  haze;  sultry;  hazy. 
13 -Dry  eanerly  haze;  fme  ;  much  lightaing  with  diatant  thunde    r 

at  niftht ;  raio. 
H— Thunder  occasionally;  uniformly  overcaet;   very  hot;  light- 

uJUK  at  night. 
15— Heavy  dew;  BligUthaze;  excesBlvely  hot  and  c'oae;  clear. 
Meaa  temperature  ol  the  week,  6^  deg.  abuve  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  AT  CIirSWTCK, 
Durlog  the  last  "5  years,  for  the  ensuiD?  week,  eadioit  July  2i,  1853. 


July. 

Hi 

as 

No.  of 
Icar.  in 
wliich  it 

Kaiued. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

PreiailinB  Wlndi 

1  1 

1  1 

2- 

2  3 
1   3 

-  7 

^'i"'i'^ 

Sunday  18 
Mon       19 
Tuea.     20 
Wed.     21 
Thurs.  2-2 
Friday  23 
Satur.   24 

73.7 
71.6 

Vil 

72.2 
72.4 
73.0 

63.0 
52.3 
53.1 
52.2 
53.7 
53.3 
52.3 

63.4 
6L9 
CI  6 
62.0 
62.9 
623 
62.6 

12 
15 
1> 
10 
19 
12 
9 

0.™  in. 

0.60 

1.47 

0.54 

1.37 

070 

1  16 

i!— 

1.1 

2  1 

4'  1 

3  1 

''  -1  i 

1  is!  8 

3  s;  S 

3;  9  1 

2  6    5 

3  7;3 

: 

The  hizheet  temperature  duriuR  the  above  period  occurred  oa  the  21ata 
I8:j>,  22daQd23d,  1844-thenn.  £9des,j  and  the  loweat  oa  the  IStb.  1S51  — 
therm.  39  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BooK3  :  WJ.  A  foreign  language  ia  not  at  all  neceGsary  to  "  a 
first-rate  gardener."  btudy  English,  and  bjoks  in  that 
language  on  arithmetic,  land  survejing,  elementary  mathe- 
matics, mechanic.o,  hydrauHcs,  vegetable  phyaiology,  and 
botanv.  That  will  give  you  enough  to  do,  without  ruauing 
after  French  and  German. 

Chebeies  :  Z  Q  L.  We  would  recommeod  thefollowingsorte  :— 
Elton,  Downton,  bigarreau  Napoleon,  Knights  Early  Black, 
Florence,  Reine  Hortense,  Werder's  Early  Heart,  Late  Duke, 
Royal  Duke.  The  "  Guide  to  the  Orchard  and  Kilcbeu 
Garden,"  will  probably  8uityou.l| 

Diseased  Leaves  :  Snh.  Tboy  seem  to  be  Gcorched  by  the  fierce 
Bun  ;  the  ground  has  been  so  cold  that  the  roots  could  not 
supply  sap  last  enough  to  replace  what  is  lost  by  evaporation. 

Diseases:  Boi-lulanus.  Your  leaves  convey  no  iniormatioa 
concerning  the  diseane  which  has  attacked  them.  They  look 
as  if  the  roots  had  absorbed  something  noxious.  We  should 
not  imagine,  from  ihe  evidence,  that  the  injury  is  important. 

FiLTEES  :  Water.  There  are  many  kinds  of  filters.  One  of  the 
best  is  that  of  which  a  woodcut  representation  is  given  in 
our  advertising  columns,  p.  399,  1851, 

Gbapes:  C  T  Y,  tfco.  They  are  affected  by  the  disease  called  "blet- 
ting,"  which  is  very  prevalent  this  year,  and  of  which  some 
account  will  be  found  in  our  last  week's  No.,  at  p.  440. 

Geeenhouse  :  A  Subscriber.  The  pipes  may  be  conveyed  as  far 
as  you  describe,  without  the  heat  of  ihe  water  being  lost, 
provided  they  are  well  paclied  in  flannel,  or  felt,  or  charcoal- 
duat,  or  charred  sawdust,  and  pass  through  a  brick  tunnel 
which  is  perfectly  dry.  But  they  should  not  be  less  than 
4  inches  in  diameter. 

Insects  :  T  M'M.  The  insects  which  have  deteriorated  your 
samples  of  Lentils  from  the  North  of  France,  to  the  extent 
of  10  per  cent.,  are  the  common  Pea  weevil,  Bruchus  pisi.  A 
crop  raised  from  this  sample  would  be  certainly  likely  to  be 
infested  with  them.  —  C  D  B  D.  The  blotches  on  the 
leaves  of  the  Dock  are  caused  by  the  interior  of  the  leaves 
having  been  eaten  by  the  larvte  of  a  small  two-winged  fly, 
most  probably  of  the  genus  Tephritis.  The  hard  oval  chest- 
nut-coloured bodies  are  the  pupje.  The  flies  will  shortly 
appear.    W, 

Manure:  MWK.  If  dish-wash,  with  other  greasy  substances 
from  the  kitchen,  is  put  into  the  cistern  with  the  chamber- 
slops,  it  will  help  to  make  good  liquid  manure  to  irrigate  the 
garden,  as  soon  as  the  whole  has  become  well  fermented. 

Melon  Leaves  :  X  Y Z,  They  look  as  if  they  had  been  attacked 
by  thrips,  but  we  could  find  none  on  them.  The  fierce  sun 
may  poseibly  have  assisted  in  producing  the  mischief.  You 
should  use  a  light  shude  in  the  midold  of  the  day.J 

Names  of  Plants:  R  R.  We  believe  it  to  ba  a  leaf  of  tho 
Hickory  nut,  Carya  alba. — P.  Very  young  specimen  of  Briza 
minor.  Saw  your  planks  after  the  log  has  been  squared, 
and  for  some  time  left  out  of  the  sun.— C/".  Ballota  nigra. 
— G  P  M.  A  and  5,  varieties  of  Helianthemum  vulgare  ; 
9,  Cheiranthus  ochroleucus  ;  1,  Geranium  sylvaticum  ;  2, 
Galega  ofScinaiis  ;  3,  Polemonium  cceruleum  ;  6,  Pulmonada 
davurica  ;  8,  Nepeta  parviflora ;  7,  Pyrethrum  roseum.— 
SEC.  8,  Arrhenalherum  avenaceum ;  10,  Agrostis  alba, 
and  11,  A.  vulgaris,  both  varieties  of  the  same  species; 
2,  Phleum  pratense,  a  small  state  ;  12,  Loliuin  perenne.  The 
rest  are  right.— ^  StO^scriber.  Taxndium  sempervirens  is  a 
very  fine  evergreen  coniferous  tree  from  California  and 
Northern  Mexico.— J  C.  CoUomia  granditiora.— .5/  W.  If  a 
perennial,  it  is  Linaria  genistifolia.— jr  5.  Sedum  acre,  or 
common  Stonecrop,— Ti^.  Sparganium  ramosum,  Scrophu- 
laria  nodosa. 

Padlovnia  iMPEBiALis  :  J-i.  It  IB  a  native  of  Japan. 

Steawbebbies  :  Irish  Sub.  We  are  unable  to  say  why  your 
Strawbtrries,  which  were  covered  with  flowers,  have  borne 
very  little  fruit.  It  is  a  common  complaint  this  year.  What 
you  have  sent,  however,  look  like  female  Hautbois,  and  if 
BO  they  require  males  to  set  them. J 

Vine  Mildew  :  ff.  Is  it  not  sulphurow  acid,  iastead  o 
sulphuric  1  a  very  difiereat  substance. 


29—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


457 


PERUVIAN      GU'ANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations   of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.   AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PI3RUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buvera  that — 

TItc  lowest  loholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  thclast  two  years  is 
9L  OS.  per  torij  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
following  Manures  on  the  best  terras,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  geoume  :— Peruvian  Gnano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Suda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibba  and  Sous,  at  di.  lO^.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
91.  5s.  in  Dock.  Edwasd  Pdbseb,  Sec. 

40,  New  Brid^e-street,  Blackfriara,   London. 

MANURES, — The    following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Salphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  tVi  Hi  am- street.  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  dl.  10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9£.  5s.  per 
Con,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


TURNIP     SOWING. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  auperior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  VI.,  Part  2.  It  is  also 
suitable  lor  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bone-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value. — Apply  to  Maek 
FoiHEBQiLL,  20jt,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 

TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  21. 53.  per  too  in  bulk.^This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced, with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Cane,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark, 
■where  it  has  been  estensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
■no  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  use,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  dififastble  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  Commission  aXlowed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  coun- 
try, also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Aood-lane, 
Xondon. 

Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furniabiug 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  11,  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
■London. 


pOLLEGE   OF  AGRICULTURE,  CHEMISTRY, 
v^  AND  GENERAL  SCIENCE,  Kenninoxon,  neae  London. 

Principals. 

A.  NESBIT,  Author  of  Works  on  Mennuration,  Arithmetic, 

Surveying,  <Sic.  ;  and 

J,  C.  NESBIT,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S,  kc. 

Pbofessoes,  ic. 

CHEMISTRY,  GEOLOGY,    ANDl  »_   j    n   Nesbit    F  GS 

AGftlCULTUIlE  J  Mr.  J.  0.  NESBIT,  !•  .G.8. 

ASSI>;TANT  CHEMIST  Mr.  E, Lane. 

NATUltAL  PHILOSOPHY,  SDR-) 

VEYING,  CIVIL    ENGINEER.  J  T.  M.  Ceeqan,  Esq.,  C.E. 
ING,  AND  MATHEMATICS    ...J 
RHTANV   ANT*  ZOOLOGY  f  C.  JoHNsoN,  Esq.,Professor 

BOTANY  AND  ZOOLOWY    ^    otBotany.Quy's Hospital. 

E>JGLTSH     LITERATURE     AND\  ..-„^  Wmiw   v^n 
ELOCUTION ]  -^^"^^  WiGAN,  Esq. 

^  GU^TeI^"^!^^.^.^^.'!..':^'!:  f  *=^^  assistant  masters. 

Wettsrs.  Nebbit  take  under  their  charge  about  Thirty 
Students,  resident  or  non-resident,  who  obtain  every  advantage 
which  vicinity  to  London  affut'ds  for  ectentitic  education. 

The  routine  of  study  comprises  every  branch  requisite  to 
prepare  youth  for  Agriculture,  Civil  Eunineering,  Mining,  die.  ; 
for  the  Naval  and  Military  Services,  and  the  Universities. 

The  students  have  every  facility  for  acquiring  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Analytical  Chemistry,  and  of  the  Assaying  of 
Gold  and  Silver. 

Between  fuur  and  five  acres  of  land  are  appropriated  for  the 
exercis  ■  and  recreation  of  the  pupils. 

Assays  of  Minerals,  Analyses  of  Soils,  Manures,  &c.,  are 
accurately  performed.  Gentlemen  may  also  be  accommodated 
with  private  laboratories,  entirely  at  their  own  disposal. 

The  highest  references,  with  the  terms  and  other  particulars, 
may  be  had  on  application. 


STlve  itgrtcttltttral  ©alette* 

SATURDAY,  JULY  17,  1852. 

MEETING  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
TuifaSDAT,     July     22— ARricultural  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 

The  political,  it  would  appear,  still  veiy  generally 
outweigh  the  practical  interests  of  agriculture  in  the 
minds  of  those  who  usually  assert  the  latter  by  their 
attendance  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  English 
Agricultural  Society ;  for  it  is  to  the  occurrence  of 
the  county  elections  in  the  same  week  with  the 
Lewes  meeting,  that  we  suppose  we  must  attribute 
the  scanty  attendance  upon  the  latter.  There  is 
certainly  no  loss,  either  in  the  number  or  the  merit 
of  the  usual  objects  of  attraction.  The  catalogues 
form  as  bulky  a  volume  as  ever,  and  the  specimens 
in  the  implement,  and,  we  believe,  the  live-stock 
department  also,  are  as  deserving  of  examination ; 
but  hitherto  (Wednesday),  the  attendance  has  been 
remarkably  small,  and  the  little  town  of  Lewes  is  by 
no  means  overcrowded. 

In  reference  to  the  implement  part  of  the  show, 
to  which  alone  the  public  is  admitted  before 
Thursday,  we  give  the  following  numbers  as  having 
been  exhibited  at  the  Society's  shows  in  latter  years : — 


Date. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAlt. 
COAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanlej.bridge, 
Falbam,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  i$.  per  cwt.,  23.  Gd.  per 
half  cwt. 


CHEAP     AND 
BY  HER  ' 

MAJESTY'S 


DURABLE 


ROOFING. 

ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


C^  M'NEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb'a-buildings,  Bunhill- 
-*-    •     row,  London,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  Of 

TUB  ASPHALTED  PELT  FOR  ROOFINS 
Hoaees,  Farm  Buildings,  Sheddinc,  Workshops,  and  for  Garden 
purposes,  to  protect  I'lants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt 
which  has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Selveb  Medal 
F^i^ei,  and  is  the  Felt  soLELT  patronised  and  adopted  by 

HEE  MaJESTT'S  WfJODS  AND   FoBESTS, 
UoNfiDRABLE  B'PARD  OP  QaOS'ANCE, 
IIONODBAIJLE  EAST   InDIA   CoMPANT, 

hohodbable  commissionebb  op  costomb, 
Heb  Majesty's  Mutate,  Isle  op  Wiodt, 

ROTAL  B.jTANloGABDEItS,  KeOEDT'S  PABE, 

And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland.  Norfolk,  Rut. 
land,  Xcwcastle,  Northumberland,  Huccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nubiltiy  and  Gentry, 
and  atthoRoTAL  Aobicoltobal  Socif-tt's  Hocjse,  Honover-sq! 

It  fa  half  the  price  of  aoy  other  description  of  roollng,  and 
clfects  a  (f reat  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Itoofs. 
Made  to  any  length  by  Z'i  Inches  wide.  , 

Pbice  Ortf  Penmt  peb  Sqcabe  Foot. 

•»*  Samples,  with  Directions  for  hs  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  years'  experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Architects,  and  Builders,  sent  freo  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  post  otocuto'I. 

C*'  The  Public  Is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  In  London 
or  Great  ijrituin  where  the  above  itoofing  is  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  ambCO.'S 
Patent    Felt    Manufactory,    Lamb's-biiildlngs,    BunhlIl.row, 
London,  wh^re  Roofs  covered  with  the  Pelt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vlce-CliAncellor's  Courts,  at  the  tntranco  of  West. 
minster  Hall,  were  roofed  with  P.  M'.Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  uoder  the  .Surveyorshlp  of  Chas,  IJarry,  Esii,, 
R,A.  Her  .vlujesty'n  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  arc 
*o  sattbti'-d  with  the  rssult  that  they  have  ordered  the  Com- 
mittee liooms  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  bo  roofed  with 
their  Felt,    t^oaiitlty  altogether  used,  '/4,0fJ0  foot. 

Note.  — Consuoi'.-rs  sending  direct  Ui  the  Factory  can  be  siif)- 
plled  in  lengllis  best  suited  to  their  itoi*fs,  so  that  ttiey  pay  lor 
uo  more  than  they  reqiilre. 

Kvery  Information  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  or 
any  proofed  partlcniar  applloatlos  of  tbo  Pelt. 


1841 
1812 
1843 
1844 
1815 
1846 
1817 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 


Place. 


object  of  our  report  of  course  is  to  furnish  non- 
visitors  with  materials  by  which  to  form  an  idea  of 
the  exhibition,  and  convey  to  them  as  much  as 
possible  of  the  information  they  might  have  gained 
by  personal  examination.  Now,  the  show-yard, 
with  its  long  rows  of  stands,  and  its  innumerable 
diversities  of  agricultural  machinery,  has  been  often 
described  ;  and  all  the  better  implements  and  vehi- 
cles and  machines  yet  produced,  are  well  known 
from  their  multiplication  throughout  the  country, 
from  their  presence  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  and  from 
the  minute  descriptions  they  have  received  in  the 
columns  of  this  and  other  newspapers  ;  so  that  the 
chief  inquiry  likely  to  be  asked  of  us  now  is  not 
"  W'hat  is  there  in  the  Lewes  Implement  Show  of 
1852  ? "  but  "  What  is  there  which  has  never  been 
seen  before  ? "  Our  slight  notices  shall  be,  there- 
fore, restricted  as  much  as  possible  to  the  novelties 
of  the  present  exhibition  :  we  shall  aim  not  so  much 
to  illustrate  the  present  condition  of  our  agricultural 
mechanics,  as  to  state  the  advances  which  have  been 
made  during  the  past  year. 

For  all  this,  and  for  remarks  descriptive  of  the 
cattle  and  other  live  stock  exhibited,  we  refer  the 
reader  to  another  page. 


Liverpool  

Derby 

Bristol  

Southampton  .. 

Shrewsbury 

Newcastle 

Nortliampton  .. 

York  

Norwich    

Exeter    

Crystal  Palace.. 
Lewes 


No.  of  Implements. 


812 

455 

508 

948 

942 

735 
1321 
1508 
1700 
Considerable  decrease 
Not  shown  at  Windsor 
1742 


We  might  add  a  table  showing  what  makers  have 
successively  outstripped  each  other,  have  alternately 
shared  honours,  or  retained  their  position  of 
eminence  or  inferiority.  But  as  champion  imple- 
ments have  frequently  been  beaten  in  competition 
by  the  identical  implements  which  they  had 
previously  outdone,  merely  owing  to  the  varying 
opinions  of  different  judges,  there  would  be  little 
instruction  in  such  a  comparison.  The  decision 
of  the  Society's  judges  can  never  be  regarded  as 
fixing  the  absolute  and  unalterable  merit  and  value 
of  the  different  implements  ;  it  is  simply  the  opinion 
of  men  more  or  less  qualified  to  judge,  drawn  from 
trials  more  or  less  hasty  and  incomplete.  The 
worth  of  their  adjudication  will  depend  upon  their 
capability  and  opportunities  for  comparing ;  and 
the  prize  awarded  is  too  often  valuable  merely  to 
the  exhibitor,  from  the  name  and  fame  it  confers 
upon  his  gootjs.  IMore  of  the  trials,  which  are  the 
most  useful  to  the  agricultural  public,  have  been 
instituted  upon  machines  by  dynamometers,  rather 
than  mere  observation.  The  power  required  to 
effect  a  certain  result  has  been  accurately  ascer- 
tained ;  and  form  one  unquestionable  ground  of 
judgment:  this  is  especially  the  case  with  threshing 
and  dressing  machines.  In  general,  however,  the 
makers  seem  to  rely  more  upon  the  discernment  of 
purch.'isers  who  have  had  long  experience  of  their 
inventions  in  the  field,  than  upon  the  changeful 
choice  of  the  appointeil  judges.  The  main  advan- 
tage of  the  show  to  farmers  is  that  they  can 
not  only  inspect  those  contrivances  which  for 
tlio  time  have  receivcil  the  approbation  of  several 
engineers  and  gentlemen,  but  jmlgo  for  Ihom- 
selves  ;is  to  the  relativt;  merits  of  mollifica- 
tions introduced  into  machines  with  whose  practical 
operation  they  are   thoroughly  acquainted.      The 


PAUPERISM. 
The  tardy  application  of  a  Poor-law  to  Ireland  has 
been  attended  with  severe  and  irritating  effects,  from 
the  previous  unpreparedness  of  the  body  politic  to 
undergo  the  remedial  operations.  If  alteratives  had  been 
first  administered  in  a  mild  and  gradual  manner,  cor- 
rective of  the  incipient  or  existing  maladies,  they  would 
probably  have  produced  salutary  effects.  Unfortunately 
the  delay  of  the  sanative  measures  in  the  various  des- 
perate and  long-standing  cases  of  Irish  pauperism, 
obliged  the  state  physicians,  when  called  into  consulta- 
tation,  at  the  crisis  of  the  disorder,  to  prescribe  and  act 
with  so  much  boldness  and  precipitancy,  and  with  such 
imperfect  knowledge  of  Hibernian  pauperism,  and  of 
the  treatment  proper  for  it,  that  tliey  were  induced  to 
substitute  much  extravagant  though  well-meant  experi- 
mental empiricism  for  the  regular  and  more  effective 
practice  pursued  in  England.  But  we  shall  first  confine 
our  remarks  to  the  subject  of  pauperism  in  England, 
which,  notwithstanding  the  many  privations  and  bitter 
wants  which  so  many  of  the  poor  endure,  with  little 
chance  of  providing,  by  their  many  years  of  severe 
toil,  for  the  infirmities  of  old  age,  contrasts  favourably 
with  the  condition  of  the  same  class,  when  the  43d 
Elizabetli  was  enacted,  and  in  subsequent  periods  also. 

"  There  bee,"  says  the  author  of  a  pamphlet  published 
in  1610,  "  within  a  mile  and  half  of  my  house  (in  the 
golden  vale  of  Herefordshire),  every  way,  500  poor 
habitations,  whose  greatest  means  consist  in  spinning 
Plaxe,  Hempe,  and  hurdes.  They  dispose  the  seasons  of 
the  yeare  in  this  manner — I  will  begin  with  May,  June 
and  July  {the  merriest  months  for  beggars),  which  yield 
the  best  increase  for  their  support,  to  raise  multitudes, 
whey  curdes,  buttermilk,  and  such  belly  provision 
abounding  iu  the  neighbourhood,  serves  their  turne  ;  as 
wountes,  moles  hunt  after  wormes,  the  ground  being 
dewable,  so  these  idlers  live  intolerablie  by  other 
meanes,  and  neglect  their  painsful  labours,  by  oppressing 
the  neighbourhood.  August,  September,  and  October, 
with  that  permission  wbicli  the  Lord  hath  allowed  the 
poorer  sorte  to  gather  the  eares  of  come,  they  do  much 
harme,  I  have  seen  300  leazers  or  gleaners  in  one 
gentleman's  corne  field  at  once  ;  his  servants  gathering 
and  stoaking  the  bound  sheaves,  the  sheaves  lying  on  the 
ground  like  dead  carcases  in  an  overthrown  battell,  they 
following  the  spoyle,  not  like  soldiers  (which  scorn  to 
rifle),  but  like  theaves  desirous  to  steale,  so  this  army 
holdes  pillaging  Wheate,  Rye,  Barley,  Pease,  and  Gates, 
and  graine,  which  never  grew  in  Canaan  nor  Egypt,  and 
altogether  out  of  the  allowance  of  leasing.'* 

The  political  vicissitudes  during  the  period  when  Eng- 
land was  ruled  by  the  Stuarts  and  the  Commonwealth 
prevented  attention  to  the  subject]  of  pauperism,  and  it 
does  not  appear  that  there  had  been  any  departure  from 
the  leading  principle  of  the  43d  Elizabetli  until  the  last 
century,  when  classes  of  the  poor  not  originally  con- 
templated by  it  were  included.  From  that  period,  how- 
ever, the  poor  rates  increased  with  prodigious  rapidity, 
amounting  to  4,017,87U.  at  the  commencement  of  the 
present  century,  and  amounting  in  the  severe  year 
1818  to  7,870,8OH.  With  due  allowance  for  the  increase 
of  population,  which  had  augmented  from  8,872,5)80  in 
1801  to  14,531,057  in  1831,  the  ratio  of  increase  of 
poor  rates  was  yet  so  disproportionably  high  that  it 
became  necessary  for  the  Government  to  appoint  a  com- 
mission in  1834  for  the  purpose  of  making  "a  diligent 
and  full  inquiry  into  the  practical  operation  of  tho  laws 
for  tho  relief  of  the  poor,  and  into  the  manner  in  which 
thoso  laws  were  administered."  The  Act  "for  the 
amendment  and  better  adtninistration  of  the  laws  rela- 
tive to  the  poor  in  England  and  Wales  "  received  tho 
Royal  assent  in  tho  same  year.  In  that  year  tho 
amount  of  money  expended  in  tho  relief  of  the  poor 
was  0,317,255;.  From  that  date  to  the  end  of  1847 
there  was  a  decrease,  btit  in  tho  year  1848  tho  sum  ex- 
pended rose  to  G, 11(0,704^.  There  has  been,  however 
a  tlccrcaso  again  in  184  9  and  1850,  the  last  amoun 
Ijcing  5,39.'i,022i,  for  an  increased  population. 

The  Hum  levied  indeed  every  year  under  tlie  genera 
head  of  pttftr  rates,  has  always  liccn  much  more  than  the 
sum  bond  fide  applied  to  the  relief  of  tho  poor.  For 
instance,  in    the    year    1050    the    sum    levied    was 


458 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[July  17, 


7,270,493?.,  being  an  excess  of  1,875,4712.  over  the  sum 
entered  in  the  colamu  for  the  relief  of  the  poor.  This 
excess  has  been  expended  in  defraying  law  charges, 
constables'  expenses,  fees  under  the  Registration  Act, 
vaccinations,  surveys,  valuations,  and  payments  towards 
the  county  or  borough  ra'es,  this  last  item  being 
1,321,035^.*  The  amendment  in  the  Poor  Law  Act 
to  which  we  have  referred,  was  called  for,  not  only  from 
consideration  of  the  vast  expense  thrown  on  the  rate- 
payers (who  in  England  are  the  occupiers,t  not  the 
landlords),  and  the  maladministration  of  the  funds,  by 
which  a  demoralizing  tendency  was  given  to  the  exist- 
ing law. 

Inasmuch  as  there  was  an  additional  allowance  for 
the  maintenance  of  every  child  in  a  family  without 
regard  to  legitimacy,  it  lield  out  not  only  a  premium 
to  improvident  and  premature  marriages,  but  to  concu- 
binage generally.  The  more  mouths,  the  more  the  al- 
lowance from  the  parish  pay-table.  The  poor  who  wil- 
fully induced  a  state  of  poverty  on  themselves  insolently 
demanded  as  a  right,  as  a  sort  of  freehold  privilege, 
that  gratuitous  relief  which  in  no  other  country  in  tile 
world  would  have  been  conceded  to  them.  Bread-money 
they  elaiined  with  the  utmost  boldness  even  when  they 
were  too  idle  to  earn  it.  A  dissolute  woman  would  un- 
blushingly  demand  a  capitation  bounty  in  the  form  of 
weekly  support  for  each  illegitimate  child  she  bore. 
When  such  an  abandoned  character  was  created  an 
heiress  by  the  selfish  policy  of  parish  guardians, 
who  were  ready  to  pay  a  good  round  sum  to  any  man  of 
another  parish  who  would  marry  her  and  remove  her 
from  her  own  where  she  was  a  burden  and  disgrace,  it 
was  time  to  free  the  Poor-law  from  such  abuses  and  to 
revert  to  its  original  intentions,  and,  without  abandoning 
the  principle  of  supporting  the  impotent  poor  and  all 
real  objects  of  charity,  to  withhold  encouragement  from 
the  idle  and  the  dissolute.  There  was  another  objection- 
able point  also  in  the  old  law.  The  rate-payers,  to 
save  their  pockets  as  much  as  possible,  were  induced  to 
employ  married  men  with  families  at  a  much  higher 
rate  of  wages  than  unmarried  ones.  Here  was  a  direct 
bounty  on  early  marriages.  M.  D. 

(To  &tf  coniinued.) 


any  kind  ;  with  sour  and  very  offensive  smell.  The 
gail  bladder  in  each  case  was  very  full.  The  stomachs 
were  discolom-ed  in  patches,  and  the  villous  coating 
was  very  much  softened  ;  the  other  viscera  appeared 
quite  healthy,  except  the  iDrain,  which  was  much  con- 
gested. Should  you  have  any  similar  cases  in  your 
despatches,  I  would  feel  much  obliged  by  a  reply;  or 
should  any  gentlemen  or  farmer  like  to  reply  through 
your  valuable  paper,  for  the  benefit  of  others,  I  would 
esteem  it  a  favour.  Subscriber. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Nortlmmherland. — It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to 
the  agriculturists  and  the  community  at  large  to  inquire 
into  statements  made  with  regard  to  particular  localities, 
when  the  accounts  appear  at  variance  with  the  generally 
received  opinions.  Uhe  price  of  fainning  produce  cannot 
be  raised  by  complaints  of  the  small  yield  of  the  soil, 
due  exertions  not  being  made  to  bring  it  into  proper 
cultivation,  according  to  the  known  rules  of  husbandry. 
A  tradesman  miglit  as  well  urge  poverty  as  an  excuse 
for  assistance,  when  it  was  well  understood  that  idleness 
and  inattention  to  business  were  the  causes  ofthe  loss  of 
his  customers.  An  assertion  made  at  a  public  meeting, 
and  remaining  uncontradicted,  ma^'  fairly  be  made  a 
subject  of  notice  ;  for  this  reason  the  tillage  of  Northum- 
berland is  again  alluded  to,  in  order,  if  possible,  to  induce 
some  practical  men  to  reUeve  the  northerns  from  the 
accus;ition  of  being  bad  farmers.  Northumberland  has 
been  classed  amongst  corn-growing  conn  ties,  andfrora  the 
stiff  nature  of  the  soil,  it  has  been  justly  so  numbered. 
What  must  have  been  the  surprise  of  the  public  to  hear 
that  laud  well  adapted  to  produce  Wheat  should  only 
send  to  market  1 8  bushels  to  the  acre  \  There  must  be 
some  mistake,  and  probably  the  error  has  originated  in 
some  young  inexperienced  hand  making  the  calculation, 
who  has  not  understood  the  proper  method  of  averaging 
laud,  and  has  mixed  good,bad,  and  indifferent  altogether; 
taking  much  as  ca]mble  of  growing  Wheat,  which  might 
as  well  be  expected  to  produce  Jlelons  and  Cucumbers 
under  its  present  management.  ^\\q  AgricidtiLral  Gazette 
should  make  diligent  inquiries,  by  means  of  a  *'  Commis- 
sioner," when  such  marvellous  assertions  are  put  fortli, 
which,  if  correct,  the  Northumbrians  require  the  school- 
master amongst  tliem.  Falcon. 

Disease  in  Pirjs. — Will  you  be  kind  enough  to  insert 
the  following  account  of  the  loss  of  five  store  pigs  out  of 
12  of  the  Berkshire  breed,  aged  10  months  ;  they  were 
fed  on  grains.  Barley-meal,  and  wash,  with  an  allowance 
two  or  three  times  a  day  of  Dutch  Clover,  and  occa- 
sionally a  bai-row  of  Grass  cut  from  the  brow  of  a 
ditch.  July  2d,  two  p.m.  ;  the  first  pig  was  found  dead 
in  the  farm-yard,  with  the  abdomen  very  much  dis- 
tended ;  the  second  pig  died  about  8  p.m.,  the  abdomen 
was  also  very  much  distended.  The  bailiff  then  gave 
the  remainder,  10,  a  portion  of  Epsom  salts  and  sulphur ; 
nothing  more  the  matter  was  seen  until  July  3d,  about 
2  P.M.,  when  another  pig  died,  and  another  at  5,  and 
another  at  6  p  m.,  which  I  witnessed  before  and  after 


MEETING  OF  THE    ROYAL   AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY 
OF  ENGLAND,  AT  LEWf S. 

Tuesday, /ic^?/ 13. — The  only  proceedings  connected 
with  the  Society,  to  which  the  public  have  been  admitted, 
has  been  the  Lecture  delivei'ed  by  Professor  Sv:1Ionds, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  report.  It  was  delivered  in 
the  county  hall,  before  a  very  scanty  audience. 

PROFESSOR  aiMONDS'  LECT"jiE  "ON  THE  DISKASi^S 
OF  SHEEP  OCCASIONED  BY  PARASITIC  ANIMALS." 
At  6  o'clock,  there  being  present  in  the  Cuunty  Hall  ubout 
in  perKOTis  beside  repnrtera,  the  chair  vv^s  tuk*fn  by  h"  Hon, 
Rf'BERT  Clive.  and  subttequeatly  vacated  for  Cuaeles  Law- 
EENCE,  Esq.,  of  Cirencester. 

The  Lec'urer  commenced  by  observing,  that  there  are  certain 
crpatures  that  live  upon  other  animalP,  and  these  are  iherefnre 
cal  ed  Parasitic —-t-be  term  beiuff  applied  generally  wiihout 
relerence  to  the  kind  of  creatuie  or  the  part  upon  which  it  is 
fuuiid.  Many  diseases  may  be  clearly  traced  to  these  ineecB  ; 
many  other  diseases  are  aggrava'ed  by  them  ;  and  there  are 
some  cases  iii  which  we  are  not  cojinisant  of  the  malady  until 
the  parasite  has  been  long  preseut ;  as,  fur  instance,  in  the 
disease  of  sheep  called  Gid  or  Turu^y  (from  the  an  mal  turning 
about  in  his  walk).  This  is  occasioned  by  a  pardsite  in  the 
sheep's  brain,  but  which  effecte  no  mischief  until  grown  to  a 
considerable  size. 

Th«  diteasc-B  to  which  I  shall  more  particii'ar'y  refer  are 
tho-e  commonly  called  Hush  or  Hose,  in  calves  and  lambs  ; 
Scab,  in  sheip  ;  and  Gid  or  Turney,  in  t-heep. 

Young  animais  are  more  prime  to  fa'l  the  victims  of  parasitic 
disease  than  mature  animals  are,  because  their  powers  of 
ret-istance  are  less,  and  i hey  are  move  exposed  to  predisposing 
causes  ;  for  many  diseases  dependiiiR  upon  parahitts  attack 
animals  when  debilitated,  to  the  inclement  exposure  and  bard 
treatment  of  youi>g  animals  render  them  susceptible. 

Hose  or  Hutk,  or,  more  properly  si)ealiing,  Bronchitis — an 
affection  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  respiratory  organs, 
which  attacUs  ealv€S  and  lambs  at  an  early  age— does  not  arise 
from  ordinJiry  causes;  betause  then  Odly  a  few  of  the  herd 
would  be  affected,  but  the  gi  eat  extent  of  the  malady  poiuts  out 
a  special  cau^e.  Th-J  indicaiiuus  are  a  hurried  breathing,  im- 
paired appetite,  variable  state  of  the  alimentary  cioal,  con- 
tinued cough  without  the  discharge  fr.>m  ihe  no-^iril  as  in  o'ber 
coiiuhs;  and.  by  disturbing  and  moving  the  animal,  this  husky 
cough  is  made  «orse.  As  the  parar-i'ea  build  up  the  disease 
and  maiotain  it,  notliintf  but  their  dcsTucioii  or  espulsion 
will  give  relief.  Fost-morlem  (xamiuntious  af'ier  this  disease 
S'ow  that  the  windpipe  is  filled  with  worms,  which  fronn  tbeir 
thread-like  form  aie  called  Filaria.  In  all  domesticated 
animals  these  may  be  met  with;  but  each  anicual  has  its 
special  and  peculiar  wortn— just  as  skin  dibeawe-,  produced  by 
parasites,  arec^UHed  by  diffeivnt  insects  upon  different  animuls, 
ihe  scab  on  sheep  not  being  able  to  produce  i-cab  on  ao  ox  or  a 
horse.  Some  have  thoui;bt  that  thut-e  p;irasiie8  are  oviparous, 
the  ova  esi-'Ung  in  mjiifids  even  in  a  single  individual  ;  but, 
from  microscopic  obi,civaiious,  I  am  satisfied  that  they  are 
viviparous.  The  Fihtrtaof  the  eait  is  white,  from  2  to  4  inches 
long,  and  is  male  and  female.  I  may  here  eay  that  Iher.-  is  no 
necessiiy  to  account  for  ihelr  exi-tence  by  a  docrine  of  fortui- 
tous creation  ;  means  are  always  employed  by  the  Creator  tor 
the  multiplicaliou  of  bis  creatures. 

Now,  as  to  the  readiest  me^ns  for  dislodging  these  worms 
from  the  windpipe,  ami  even  ibe  air  cells  of  the  aniiiial's  lunprs 
I  mjy  mention  that  there  are  certain  medicinal  agents  whtcb 
are  discharged  thnmgh  the  elands,  though  sometimes  these 
are  not  wholly  separa'ed.  Thus,  oil  ot  turpentine  is  piincipally 
passed  off  through  the  kidneys,  as  it  stimulates  the  uiioarj 
secretion;  but  a  certain  portion  of  it  is  cariied  off  by  the 
respiratory  organ'^,  hence  the  paiient's  breaih  always  smells  of 
the  turpentine.  Oil  of  turpeiitue  is  rbe  most  effectual  i  emedy, 
as,  being  partly  passed  through  the  pans  affeced,  it  renders 
ihe  worm  uneasy.  It  should  no*  be  exhibited  in  large  doses  ; 
half  an  ounce  to  an  ounce  if  sufficient  f.r  a  cal',  and  it  should 
be  bler.ded  with  a  Utile  common  liut-eed  oil,  to  promote  ahe^iltby 
slate  of  the  digestive  syatem.  But  we  must  not  depend  e.ifirely 
upon  this  remedy  ;  there  are  other  a;ientB  which  invigorate,  as 
tonics.  Su  phate  oi  iron  is  one  of  the  best  tonics,  ao<l  we  should 
alternate  this  with  heturpeniiie,  so  as  to  bus  baud  the  resources 
of  the  animal.  In  all  dangerous  cases  appty  to  a  veleiioary 
surijei  n,  hut  a  pood  deal  may  be  safely  done  by  ihe  proprietor 
of  the  cattle  himselt,  in  applying  dimple  remedies  a-  quickly  as 
po«sib  e.  Another  common  aijent  ior  removipg  any  iuternal 
parasites  is  common  salt.  Thus,  the  rot  in  sheep  (which  is 
occasioned  b>  a  paraaiie  in  ibe  liver,  called  Bistoma  hepaticum), 
never  occurs  upon  salt  mar^rhtis  ;  no  matter  what  the  amount 
of  moisture  miy  be,  provided  salt  be  present.  However,  I 
fihomd  n  Commend  'hat  animals,  when  affected  with  bronchitis, 
should  have  turpentine,  generous  and  uutritmua  diet,  shelter 
from  inclement  weather,  and  tonic  agents,  to  h.u:band  their 
resources. 

There  are  also  local  remedies,  as  impregDaiinethe  atmosphere 
the  animal  is  breathing,  so  as  to  reudur  it  deleterious  to  the 
worms  ;  hut  the  fames  ot  burning  tar,  sulphur,  &.c.,  which 
farmers  commonly  use,  are  valuehss.  Chlorine  gas,  however, 
IB  de»tiucuve  to  parasitic  life,  aud  may  be  employed  by  the 
veterinary  surgeon.  The  animal  (-hould  be  driven  into  a  clofe- 
boarded  sited,  the  gaa  generaed  there  in  the  usual  manner; 
and  the  individual  who  adminsters  it  should  remain  in  with 
the  animal  as  long  as  be  can  bear  it,  aud  then  come  away, 
bringing  his  apparatus  widi  him. 


j-Qti,       mi    „       '  J    J.      1  i-i..t  i  r        The  Euigicdl  operation  of  opening  the  trachea  mav  be  said 

death.  Ihere  appeared  to  be  very  httle  s^'mptoms  of  to  he  aliogether  vaiuelea,-,  as  my  own  experience  te.tifles;  and 
approachmg  dissolution  until  within  half  an  hour  of '  when  the  air  ceUK  of  the  lungs  are  blocked  up  with  parasites, 
death,  when  the  eyes  began  to  sink  and  fall  back  in  their  :  no  good  can  re-ultfrom  m.^rtly  opemug  the  windpipe,  that  they 
orbits;  they  tried   to  vomit,  but  seemed  unable,  when    a.ay  have  a  freer  way  of  e.cepe. 

•'  .  .     »_  .  '       __  The  next  disease  1  shall  notice  is  the  scab  m  sheep,  produced 

by  a  parasite  I)  f  the  mite  kind,  called  Acarus.  EogUsh  veterinary 
fcurgeons  have  long  disputed  this  as  the  cause  of  scab  con- 
tineutal  surgeons  the  same  ;  but  sciib  depends  upim  ao  ocarus, 
just  as  in  the  human  ^uhj  ct,  it' h  depends  upon  the  insect 
called  Acarus  bcaoiei.  1  should  like  to  see  the  terra  scab  ex- 
punged from  our  books,  and  some  other  bimple  explanatory 
terra  subBtiiuted. 

Some  i€\y  jtars  ago  I  made  observations  upon  skin  diseases, 
and  found  that  many  different  diseases  are  commonly  claesed 
as  identical,  the  lact  bi-ing  that  truu  mauge  in  the  burse,  true 
scab  in  the  shee^>,  aud  true  itch  in  humjn  aubjects,  are  very 
rare.     The  matjge  in   horses  is   produced  by  the  Aiarus  equi. 


convulsions  and  death  took  place  in  a  few  minutes.  The 
'i^oat  mortem  examination  showed  distention  of  the 
stomach,  and  also  congestion,  with  an  unusual  quantity 
of  grassy  parUck-s,  a  few  grains,  and  very  little  fluid  of 

o  *  J'^^/'^-'P^nses  of  public  prosecutions  for  petty  lurcenies 
swens  this  Item  enormously.  We  have  the  autfaority  of  one  of 
Jier  ^'aJebtyBJ^ll^g,■l?^or  sayint'  that  it  costs  a  county  201  .  for 
the  most  trivial  ptusecution.  If  a  poor  wretch  is  detected  in 
Bteai;i)g  a  Roose  or  fowl,  an  attorney  immediately  pounces  on 
CUUon."  ''""''^^  ^^^  ^"^  ^'"^  extravagantly  for  the  prose- 

t  The  omiers  of  houses,  however,  whose  rateable  value  does 
l^y^^M^'  "^»>-^e  assessed  hy  a  resolution  of  vefitry  in- 
Btean  of  the  occupiers  (18  and  14  Yict.  c.  59). 


theen,  o^en,  yoH'K.  die,  frtikd  to  ohusb  di-ease,  bei-au^e  the 
aeari  affeu^'n;:  d  fferenr  animalii  are  ibem.se'ves  distinct  iu 
kind.  I  afterwariis  directed  my  attention  to  scab  ;  and,  though 
louK  known  ah;  oad,  \et  the  living  acaru'^  h^id  BHver  been  found 
upou  sheep  in  Eou'land,  until  last  jear.  Had  the  wool  been 
setrcheil,  iiistf-tid  of  the  eiuptions  on  the  skin,  these  creatures 
might  have  been  discovered  lorn:  before.  German  works  state 
that  the  discise  ot  ncib  ma>  be  induced  by  means  ot  the  insects, 
although  I  have  no-:  m\  self  tried  it. 

This  di-eaae  inflicts  great  loss  upon  the  6ock  proprietor,  for 
not  only  'he  Hesb  of  the  animals  wastes,  but  the  qoality  of  the 
wool  in  grtatly  deteri.iraed.  The  latter  effect  may  be  tasily 
understood.  The  quality  of  the  woo)  is  in  proportion  to  the 
quaotity  of  unctuous  matter  called  yelk,  an.  oily  secretion 
exuded  from  the  follicles  of  the  ekiu :  and  the  acari,  by 
irritating  the  skin,  alter  both  the  quanii'y  and  quality  ot  this 
yelk  ;  fur  thouL'h  the  eroptions  are  oul-y  in  certain  parts  of  the 
skin,  yet  one  part  when  irritated  very  quick'y  alTecs  all  the 
reit.  Id  scab,  eruptions  or  pimples  appear  early  upon  the  back 
and  loina.  Now,  parasites  in  tlie  humun  frubiect  locale  t!^em< 
selves  upon  p  iriicular  parts  ;  thus,  tbe  head  lou^e  is  of  a 
different  Itind  to  tiie  louse  inhabiting  the  bairles-  part  of  the 
body.  And,  by  compaii-<on,  we  may  account  fur  tiie  preference 
of  tbe  acari  to  particular  parts  of  ihe  sheep.  As  the  disease 
progresses,  thesUiu  becomes  thickened  and  covered  with  scales 
or  scabs,  and  the  sheep  is  worn  down  by  irriratioo. 

As  to  the  best  means  of  getting  rid  of  tlie  disease,  of  course 
this  will  consist  in  the  des'ruciion  of  the  parasl'e  ;  but  many 
cases  resist  the  ordinary  means  employed.  In  most  agricul- 
tural count'ea  there  are  individuals  proiessing  tuhave  specifics 
for  curing  this  malady,  aud  many  of  the  remedies  Jiave  ibeir  _ 
value  ;  but  I  would  advise  yuu  10  be  cauuius  in  using  them. 
Remedies  tor  curing  by  ooe  dressing  commonly  consist  of  a 
veiietab'e  iotusion,  supposed  to  be  uutircjudicial  to  animal  life 
— the  general  notion  beimr  that  only  mineral  solutions  are 
dangerous,  whereas  an  infusion  of  Tobacco  (not  commonly 
used),  will  dehtroy  sheep  by  merely  saturating  their  fleece. 
Old  as  it  is,  I  believe  mercuiial  ointment  to  be  the  very  beat 
remedy  ;  thou.;h  yuu  mu<>t  not  use  too  much  nor  of  too  great 
a  strength;  as  when  the  skin  is  excoriated  and  cracked,  the 
mercury  is  liable  to  be  absorbed  and  destroy  the  animul. 

I  now  pass  on  to  noiice  Gid  iu  Sheep,  produced  by  a  peculiar 
parasite  in  the  brain.  It  is  not  until  this  creature  has  grown 
for  some  time,  and  lihs  encroaehed  upon  the  brain,  that  we 
know  of  it;  when  the  sheep  turns  round  iu  his  atempts  to 
walk,  fallp,  struggles,  walks  forward  axain,  and  continually 
turns  to  one  side  Ttiie  parasite  is  one  of  the  Hjiiatids,  in 
form  like  a  bladder  filled  with  wa'er.  There  are  ma,  .y  of  these 
crea  ures  in  different  parts  of  the  body— one  in  the  brain, 
another  sure  atracbed  to  the  intestines,  liver,  iic. ;  another  in 
the  i^ubatauce  ol  the  organs  of  the  twJy  ;  anothL-r  couatitutes 
meables  in  jtiunn  p'gs — t-mall  white  spots  iu  their  flea h  when 
killed.  Such  meat  caunot  be  fit  for  food,  and  as  Irisn  pigs  are 
more  liable  to  it  ihjin  our  own,  some  inquiry  thould  he  insti- 
tuted, for  the  sake  of  the  public  health.  Hogg,  the  Ettrick 
Shepherd,  it  is  said,  once  puoi.-heda  giddy  sheep  that  annoyed 
his  flock  by  pushing  a  nteiUe  up  its  nohtrils,  aud  uuwittinglj 
cured  tlie  compjiint  by  punctoring  thehydaiid.  We  cannot  re- 
commend surgical  operations,  however,  because  the  liyd-itiUis  in 
no  certain  portion  of  the  bram,  and  it  may  be  deep  m  the  sub- 
stance of  the  brain.  By  e^tamrning  one  of  these  creatures  we 
find  that  its  transparent  waili  hav«  white  pr.  jectiot.s  with 
sucking  discs,  so  that  a  simple  puncturing  of  the  bladder,  if  it 
coii'd  be  done,  would  not  suffice. 

In  the  heads  oi  sh^ep  are  frequently  found  larvae  or  hotSj 
like  botii  iii  horses'  stomachs.  Some  people  think  these  the 
c  lUae  of  gid  ;  but  they  are  harmless,  bemi;  merely  the  ova  of 
flies,  passed  up  the  sheep's  nostril,  hatchedin'o  larv^,  growing 
for  a  year  or  more,  and  then  escapint;  into  'he  moutli  when 
changing  into  th«ir  popa  or  chrysalis  form.  Wiitle  no  part  of 
iiB  animal  is  free  from  parasites,  they  arc  mo  t  frequent  in 
those  purts  connected  with  the  air  Thus  certain  Wi-nns  ia 
the  intestine^  ar-e  often  the  cause  of  diarrhce  i.  Ttiese  are  the 
tape-worui,  folded  lape-worm,  round-wonn,  ihrerid-worra,  aud 
the  hairbeaded-woriii.  Th*  laiter,  or  Tricocephaiu-  afiinis,  ia 
the  most  predomi^an^  It  has  an  immensel.v  long  neck  ;  it  is 
oviparou--,  atid  its  anatomy  is  very  io-ere'ling.  When  these 
woi  ms  are  present,  tt-ey  are  with  difticuliy  di^clla^g^d  ;  if 
chauj-ed  to  di'.v  food,  the  aiiimai  i^  hut  teniporaiily  relieved, 
purtiings  atraiii  come  on.  The  ordinary  astrint:euC  agents, 
chalk,  caiechu,  gentinn,  opium,  die.,  are  only  teinijOiary,  and 
do  not  get  rid  ol  the  evil.  Wiiat  Is  true  if  be  parasites  in  the 
calf's  windpipe  it  true  also  of  thest — aduiinister  doses  of 
turpentine,  &c.  There  are  some  other  oiseases  io'o  which  I 
cannot  now  enter.  It  is  in  vaiu  lo  expect  a  cure  without 
fltriliing  at  the  root  of  the  evil;  we  have  jet  much  to  learn, 
but  we  have  fully  establithed  the  fact  that  many  diseases 
deiieiid  upon  paraMites.  The  different  piirasice-s  iufesting 
domesticartid  animals,  and  the  parts  m  which  they  lie,  are 
enumerated  iu  the  following  de6cripi.ion  : — 

Oestsds  ithe  Bi.Tj. — Oes  rus  equi  {the  spotted-winged  horse 
hot),  0.  liLemorrljoidalio  (the  fundament  hot),  O.  vcteriuus  (the 
red  hot),  lantc  in  the  t-toma-b  ;  O.  hovis  ('he  «itd  fly),  0. 
tarandi  (the  reinde-r  gad  fl>),  umter  the  skin  of  ihe  back,  <tc.  ; 
0.  ovis  (the  sheep  bot),  K.rvce  in  the  niax'liarj  siimse-. 

tlinixis  (the  Hydatid). —  Hydttis  cisnurus  cerebralis  (the 
many-iiewded  hjdiaidj,  braiu  ;  H.  cjsteiicu-i  vel  tenuicollis 
(the  bladder-tailed  cr  long-necUed  hjdaiid^  surlace  of  intes- 
tines, lunf,'s,  liver,  die;  II.  ateihalocybtis  (the  headless 
hydatid),  mu'cles  in  substanoe  of  luo^s,  iSic. 

FAhCiuLA  BLPAiicA  (the  LivEB  PxoK£),  the  gall  bladder 
and  ducts. 

Vermes  (Wobms).—  Tenia  solium  (the  tape-worm),  small 
intt)'iine.s  ;  T.  plicata  (the  folded  tape-Worm)  cjeeum.  Ascaris 
lunibricoidts  {the  r  uiid-worm),  jejunum  aud  iiium  ;  A.  vermi- 
cularis  (the  ihretid-worm),  reu  um,  arteries,  tuoiuurs,  &c.  ; 
A.  V.  tricocephalus  (the  hairbeadeii-wormj,  ciEcum.  Stron- 
gylus  gigas  (the  larger  stroiiglej,  kidot-yH  ;  S.  Ularia  (the 
smaller  stroiigle),  bronchi  and  eye.  Atari  b<  abiei  (mani^e 
insecti-),  Ptdiculi  (lice),  Pulices  (fleas),  Uicini  (licks),  the 
integument. 

Tlie  company  had  increased  at  the  close  of  the  lecture 
to  about  fourl'oJd  what  it  was  at  the  coinmeucementj  but 
not  amounting  to  more  than  40  people, 

Wednisday,  July  11. — The  doors  of  the  implement- 
yard  were  opened  at  8  o'clock  this  morning,  but  very  few 
entered  during  the  first  few  houx's,  and  the  attendance 
has  been  very  small  all  day.  There  are  upwards  of 
100  exhibitors  present,  and  the  number  of  implements 
is  larger  than  it  has  been  at  any  meeting  hitherto. 
Amoug  the  more  striking  features  of  the  show  is  the 
large  number  of  reaping-mac-hines  and  steam-engines, 
and  tiie  comparatively  small  number  of  tile-making 
machines.  Taking  the  lu-tictes  in  alphabetical  order 
there  are  7  Burley  hummellerf^,  0  Bean  splitters,  \'6 
carts,  24  chaff-cutters,  5  cheese  presses,  Kt  churnSj 
9  clod-crushers,  "20  corn-dressing  machiues,  23  culti- 
vators or  scarifiers,  17  drills,  4  fire-enyines,  3  Flax 
machines,  2  Hour-mills,  10  grmding-mills,  3  Gorse- 
hruisers,  19  harrows,  5  haymaking  machiiK'S,5  hay.rackSj 
17  horse-hoes,  10  horse-powers,  12  horse-rakes, 23  corn- 


there  being  both  male  and  temale  insecs.  I  took  some  of  tnem,  \  crushers  6  tile-makin"  machines,  8  manure  disti'ibutors, 
and  placed  upon  tbe  skin  ot  a  healthy  hopHe,  in  tvery  ease  j  ^  ^^^^r^  machines,  U  oUcake  breakers,  37  ploughs, 
inducing  the  disease.    It  is  well  known  that  mange  is  exceed- I  *  ^"""*"o  "',""^^' .■*  ,.  _      .'       ,  *^j    °  ,? 

ingly  contagious.    These  acari,  however,  when  placed  upon  1  12    pumps,    13   reapmg    macUines,    /    ricU-btauds,    li 


29—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


459 


rollers^  "2  suwiuL,^  luaeli.ues,  1-i  steain-eii^iues,  4  steam 
apparatuses,  2  stnuv-sliiikfi'S,  11  subsoil  pulverisers,  23 
threshing  machines,  14  Turnip-cutters,  6  weighing- 
machines — besides  a  great  variety  of  other  irapleuieuts, 
includingbarrows,  draining- tools,  dynamometers,  ieucing, 
forms,  garden  implements,  gates,  gutta  percha  tubes, 
hand-dibbles,  harness,  hurdles,  mangers,  mangles, 
models,  pails,  sacU-hulders,  sejthe-i,  seeds,  tree  and 
plant  guards,  trucks,  watering-machines,  wheels  and 
axles,  whippletrees,  wire  netting,  and  many  otber 
articles  not  capable  of  being  classed  with  these. 

The  judges,  therefore,  have  had  no  easy  task  ;  indeed 
their  awards  have  not  yet  been  completed.  The 
following  is  the  premium  list,  so  far  as  it  is  yet 
known. 

AWAfiD  OF  THE  JUD&ES  OF  IMPLEMENTS. 


EIND  OF   ISIPLEMENT. 


For  the  Plough    bes:  adapted  *or 

general  purposes 

Plough    bes:     adapted    for    deep 

ploQghiu-'     

Oae-way  or  Tura-wreat  Plough    ... 

Paring  Ploutrh  ,' 

Sobsoil  Palrvriser    

Bcill  for  L'entrral  purposes  ... 

Steerage  Com  and  Turnip  Drill 

Drill  for  small  ou'Cupations 

Most  Econo-nJcal  SmaH-occupation 
Seed  and  Mauure  Drill  for  fiat 
or  ri'3ped  worU        

Turnip  Drill  on  the  Ant 

Turnip  Drill  on  tbe  ridge    ... 

Drop  Drill,  for  depositiag  seed  and 
manure         

Manure  DUtributor 

Portable  Steam-engine.not  esceed- 
iog  6-horsa  power,  applicable  to 
threshing  or  other  a^ricuUuial 
pnrpoaes        

Second-best  Dittr>  ditto 

Fiicd  S:eam-engiiie,  not  exceeding 
8-horse  power,  appUcabio  to 
threshing  or  other  agicuitural 
purposes        

Second-best  Ditto  ditro        

Portable  Threshing  Machine,  not 
exceeding  2-horSQ  pjwer,  for 
SQiall  occapurioatf ... 

Portable  Toresbing  Machine,  not 
exceeding  G  borse  power,  f,r 
larger  occupaUona 

Portable  Thr«sQiag  Michine,  not 
exceeding  G-iiorsa  power,  with 
bhaker  aud  riddle  :  to  be  driven 
by  steam 

Fixed  Tbresbing  Machine,  not  ex- 
ceediug  tJ-hur^e  power,  with 
straw-shaker,  riddle,  and  win- 
nower, that  win  bes:  prep'iro  ihe 
corn  for  the  fiaUbiug  dressing 
machine  :  to  be  driven  by  sieauj 

Corn-dressin,'  Machine        

Grindiiig-mili  fur  breakin-.;  agrlcal- 
tural  produce  into  tine  meal 

Zinaeed  and  C  irn-crusher 

Chaff-cutter,  to  be  worked  by  horse 
or  steam  power      

Cfaaff  cutter,  tj  be  worked  bj  hand 
power  

Turnip-cutter [        ,[[ 

Oilcake- breaker  for  every  varietj 
of  Cike         

On;-hori6  Cart  for  geuh-ral  purposes 

Light  Waggon  for  general  par-  r 
pofie3 \ 

MaebiDe  for  making  Draining  Tiles 
or  Pipes  I'oragticuttural  purposes 

Iciatramenti  for  band'Uie  in 
Drainage 

Heavy  Harrotv  ]" 

Light  Harrow [_ 

Cultivator.  Grubber,  or  Scari6er  ... 

Pair-horite  Scantier 

Horae  Hoe  on  ihe  Hic         

Horae  Lloe  on  the  ridge 

Horse  Raku     

Bor«e  Dibbltr  or  Seed- depositor, 
not  being  a  drtU 

Gorge,  brnloer 

Most  Econom  teal  Steam  Apparatub 
for  general  pur^^jHes 

DjQamonieter,e«pe(.-ially»pplicabl. 
to  the  tra«tiuii  .j'  pKiugha 

Plough  to  titi  iu  the  ooil  caet  out  «.f 
drain-,  wUh  cot  mo-e  ihan  foui 
boraes,  two  and  two  abrtaa: 
(offered  by  B.  Slaney,  Eaq.,  M.P.v 


ESBIBITOB3. 


5 

5 

5 
10 

Equal 
merit. 

20 


Ransome  and  Co. 

William  Ba?hby 
Ransome  and  Co. 
Thomas  G-lnver 
J.  Gray  and  Co. 
R.  Hornsbj  and  Son 
R.  Horusby  and  Sou 
R.  Garreit  aud  Son 


R.  Garrett  and  Son 
R.  Horn'^by  aud  Sou 
K.  Hornsby  aud  Son 

R.  Garrett  and  Sou 
R.  Garrett  and  Son 


Not  yet 
Awarded, 


R.  Garrett  and  Son 


Clayton  andSon 


R.  Garrett  and  Son 
[iornsby  aud  Son 

Mr.  Hurwood 
Mr.  Stanley 

[ler 
Richmond  &  Cband- 

Mr.  Comes 

VNot  yet  Awarded. 

William  Bushby 
>  Mr.  Crosskiil 
)  W.  Bali 

Thomas  Scragg 

Mapplebeck  ifc  Lowe 
William  Williams 
J.  and  F.  Howard 
Kansone  and  Co. 
Cbarles  Hart 
Garrett  aiid  Son 
J.  and  F.  Howard 
J.  and  F.  Howard 

[Andrewes 
Barrett,  EsalJ,   and 


W.  P.  Stanley 


S7ot  sufficient  merit. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


KIMD  4«   lUPLBHeHT. 


Reaping  Machine 

ImproTcment  in  Ploagb  Wheel* 

Well  Mootiioory     

Digffiflg  Forks  aod  Farm  TooLi 


EXlIIBtTOHS. 


Ditto 
Ditto 
Ditto 


ll.Gartett  Js  Sun 
J.  ii>  F.  Howard 
Talker  &,  Fnwio 
Uurgusa  i  Koy. 


The  followlot;  artio'en  were  highly  cornmended  : — Norwegian 
Harrow,  exhibited  by  Mr,  Kearaley  ;  Annrlcun  Digging  I'orkn 
atd  Funii  T««>N,  «rxhiblt*fd  by  Mi-HHfe.  Miipplebeck  and  Lowe  ; 
lojecthig  Ins'ru'oeor,  •-xlnbic^d  hy  Mr.  H*ad  ;  Eccentric  Levtr 
lllo^'eA  iwr  Waifci,  eihibited  by  Mr.  11.  A.  Thompson 

Tbo  f<jIlo<«tn^  arilclut  were  commeiwled : — Haymaking 
Machine,  cxhibit<;d  by  M<;i*r4  Smith  and  Ashby  ;  Siick  Koldur, 
exblbit*;4  by  Mr.  0  xxh  ;  OdofDcrre,  ex>ilbiied  by  MeKarn. 
C:>liam  aod  llailen  ;  Oravel  Hcreeri,  ekbihited  by  Mr.  John 
8mltb,  L'xtjiidge;  Hurdle,  exhibited  by  Mvara.  Htll  and  Cii  ■ 
Koot  Want.t-r,  e»hibi'*d  b>  Mr.  Crof-gUUl ;  Garden  Eniclnc,  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  Kfi'"! ;  AmtrjiTfiii  Cliu'-n,  «xttlt>lted  hy  Burgeng  and 
K«y  ;  UttM.  exhibited  by  MetMrii.  Hill  and  Co.  ;  iluniex,  exhi- 
bited,by  Mr.  II.  A.  ThuuipMfD  ;  I'Atent  Trunaed  Iruu  Whipple- 
trMf,  ezblbiu;  t  t.y  Me*«r«.  Runiome*  and  Co. 

B.  T    BEAMDaern  Ohio*,  Hon.  Director  of  the  Show. 

The  fir^t  exhibitor  as  wc  enter  the  yiir<\  Ik  Mr.  CroH«- 
klll.  Jle  Hhowa  hiM  clo(l-cruHhei^;  a  Belgian  roller  coii- 
sistiog  of  an  many  an  nine  narrow  cylinrJerfi  on  u  rouri'l 
ftxlc  ;  a  Norwegian  harrow  with  longer anfl  Hharper  teetli 
than  UMua)  (an  irnpleniL-nt,  l>y  tlie  way,  whieh  appeartt  to 
bo  hoi'itii^  iiH  pOMitioii  in  the  e«t*jeni  of  the  farmer)  ;  a 
Huiwey'M  reaping  niaetiine^in  which, aw  in  wcU  luiown,  the 
cutting  apparatus  conmalH  of  a  HorieH  of  Hmall  V  hhapeJ 
knives,  riveted  to  the  cranked  blade,  which  iH  uet  in 


iiiotion  by  the  simple  gearwurk  ol'  the  tLMvuliin;;  wheel. 
The  blade  passes  rapidly  backwards  and  forwards,  inside 
a  kind  of  sheath  or  j^uard,  on  whieh  projecting  V  bos.ses 
protect  [he  knives  from  injm-y,  while  the  knives  press 
the  corn  on  either  side  of  the  bosses,  and  effect  a  sure 
cutting  action,  like  scissors  or  shears.  The  knives  have 
bevilled  edges,  and  require  but  once  sharpening  on  a 
grindstone  for  a  whole  season  ;  tliis  form  of  blade  is 
decidedly  better  than  the  flat  sided  blade,  as  it  is  not 
liable  to  get  injured  by  stones,  the  wedge  like  form  of 
blade  forcing  its  way,  while  a  flat  edge  must  cut 
througli  or  be  gapped  and  injured ;  the  siekle-edge 
knife  is  yet  more  objectionable  for  working  through  the 
guards  aud  against  stones  or  dirt.  Mr.  Hussey's  prin- 
ciple of  cutting  enabled  him  with  this  machine  to  do 
away  with  reels  or  fliers  (as  used  in  his  first  machines), 
and  consequently  better  adapt  it  for  cutting  *'  laid  "  as 
well  as  standing  crops,  and  to  travel  across  "  ridge  and 
furrow"  on  grain  or  green  cropped  laud. 

We  may  mention  here  that  it  was  a  Hussey's  machine 
which  gained  the  prize  for  Messrs.  Garrett.  The  trial, 
at  which  we  were  not  present,  was,  we  believe,  not 
considered  generally  satisfactory,  aud  certainly  insuffi- 
cient to  justify  the  e.\isting  excitement  on  the  subject  of 
reaping  machines  iu  this  country. 

Other  reaping-machines  to  which  we  shall  hereafter 
refer,  were  shown  by  other  exhibitors.  Mr,  Crosskill 
also  showed  carts,  waggons,  and  axles — a  patent 
sweeping-machine — specimens  of  four  railway  threshing 
machine  steam  engines,  flour  mills,  &c.  He  also 
exhibited  Captain  Cai-r's  ingenious  Archimedian  root- 
washer,  iu  which  the  roots  are  delivered  into  a  hopper, 
and  pass  thence  into  an  inclined  cylinder,  having  two 
chambers,  in  the  first  of  which  they  are  confined  and 
washed  by  turning  the  handle  iu  one  direction  ;  and, 
when  thoroughly  cleaned,  by  turniug  the  hand.e  the 
other  way  round,  they  pass  into  the  second  chamber, 
which  is  constructed  in  the  form  of  a  spii'al,  along  which 
they  pass  until  they  drop  into  a  spout  outside.  Twq 
size^  of  the  Arcliimedian  washer  are  made  ;  one  for 
Potatoes  only,  price  il.  lOs.,  and  this,  the  largest  size, 
for  washing  Potatoes,  Turnips,  Carrots,  &:c.,  51. 

Some  of  the  enormous  and  unwieldy  turn  wrest 
ploughs  of  Kent  and  Sussex  were  exhibited  in  adjoining 
stands. 

Messrs.  McNeill  exliibited  specimens  of  their  patent 
asphalted  felt  for  roofing  ;  also  a  portable  rickstaud, 
consisting  of  a  wooden  framework  resting  on  earthen- 
ware pillars  about  30  inches  long,  and  7  in  diameter. 
A  long  bolt  goes  through  the  centre  of  them,  which  is 
for  the  purpose  of  tying  on  a  piece  of  wood  as  a  footing 
for  them  on  the  gromid  aud  a  cap  at  the  top  :  the 
footing-piece  is  2  feet  long,  7  inches  wide,  and  2^  thick, 
of  strong  yellow  fir,  and  charred  and  dipped  in  creosote 
and  Stockholm  tar  to  preserve  it  in  the  ground.  The 
cap  is  14  or  15  inches  square,  of  2  or  2^  inches  in  elm. 
The  rickstand  can  be  easily  taken  to  pieces  and  removed 
to  any  other  spot.  The  cost  is  as  follows  : — 7  glazed 
earthenware  pillars,  with  iron  bolts,  nuts,  aud  washers, 
35.  2d.  each,  II.  2s.  2d.  ;  24  smaller  bolts,  for  bolting  on 
the  top  framework  to  the  cap,  2d,  each,  4s.  ;  7  elm 
caps,  Sd.  each,  4s.  Zd.;  Carpenter's  labour,  framing,  75.; 
Footings,  dipped  in  creosote,  45.  2d.  ;  total,  21.  2s. 

Messrs.  Clayton,  Shuttleworth  and  Co.  of  Xincoln, 
who,  probably,  make  more  locomotive  steam  engines  for 
agricultural  purposes  than  any  other  firm,  exhibited 
several  of  3,  4,  5,  and  6-horse  power  respectively.  The 
following  is  a  description  o!  the  last : — It  has  a  tubular 
boiler,  of  plates  o-lCths  of  an  inch  thick,  aud  tube- 
plates  5-Oths  of  an  inch  thick  ;  quality,  best  Thorny- 
croft,  excepting  the  fire-box,  whieh  has  a  copper  tube 
plate,  and  the  remainder  of  the  plates  are  Lowraoor. 
It  has  had  (since  last  exhibited)  a  water-way  introduced 
tiirongh  the  centre  of  the  fire,  which  greatly  economises 
the  consumption  of  fuel,  and  renders  it  more  easily  to 
be  cleaned  of  dirt  and  sediment,  which  may  accumulate 
from  the  use  of  dirty  water  ;  the  cylinder  is  84  inches 
diameter,  and  12  inches  stroke  ;  the  crank-shaft  is  made 
of  Lowmoor  wrought  iron,  2iJ  inches  diameter,  and 
makes  115  revolutions  per  minute  ;  diameter  of  fly- 
wheel, which  serves  as  a  driving  pulley,  is  5  feet,  and 
weighs  5  cwt.  It  will  occupy  about  45  minutes,  and 
consumes  40  lbs.  of  coals,  to  raise  steam  to  a  pressure 
of  45  lbs.  upon  the  square  inch  ;  consumption  of  coals 
per  hour  when  in  full  work  is  36  lbs.  It  is  fitted  with 
an  improved  governor,  and  the  boiler  is  covered  with 
hair  felt,  and  eased  over.  Price  195^.  ;  if  with  copper 
tube  plate,  61.  e.Ktra. 

At  the  next  stand  the  Rev.  S.  Smith,  of  Lois-Weedon 
near  Towcester.  exhibited  the  implements  adapted  to 
his  alternate  Wheat-fallow  system  of  culture.  They 
consist  of  a  combined  system  of  pressor,  drill,  and 
roller  acting  at  tiie  proper  intervals,  for  the  due 
carrying  out  of  his  plans. 

Messrs.  Horn»ljy  ami  Son  exliibited  their  usual 
admirable  series  of  sowing  machines,  for  many  of 
whieh,  as  will  be  seen  on  examining  the  premium  iisf, 
they  have  carried  away  prizes.  Among  the  improve- 
ments added  during  the  paHt  year  may  be  mentioned  an 
ingiMiious  nioveiiKiit  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  th« 
horizijtitality  of  tin;  scedbrix  when  employed  on  hill- 
Hldi'H,  a  ball  and  Hoeket  joint  being  employed  insteatl  of  a 
hinge  joint  at  the  rack-work,  by  which  the  box  is  thrown 
forward  or  backwardH,  to  allow  of  ilH  having  lateral  aw 
well  HH  to  and  fro  miction  given  to  it.  Mvhuvh.  iloniHby 
are  conipctitorHfor  tlieBteain-enginopreminm — wcidonot 
yet  iaiow  with  what  Mncu<:HH.  Their  drillH,  and  thoHu  uC 
MfH«rH.  fiarrctt,  are  certainly  modulft'of  iugeimity  and 
workmanHhtp. 

Mr.  Mafion,  of  Ipawicli,  exliibited  tt  reaping-machino, 


in  wliich  the  corn  wits  to  be  cut  by  a  succession  of 
revolving  mdial  ituives,  not  by  oscillating  knives,  as  la 
Hussey's  and  M'Cormick's  :  it  had  not  been  subjected  to 
trial. 

Mr,  Glover's  paring  plough,  and  Mr.  Bentall's  broad- 
share  plough,  seen  iu  neighbouring  stands,  have  both 
been  often  described.  An  ingenious  apparatus  for  lift- 
ing water  with  a  self-acting  tipping  apparatus,  waa 
shown  by  Messrs.  Tasker  and  Fowi«,  of  Andover.  When 
the  bucket  conies  out  of  the  well,  the  self-acting  catch- 
dogs  empty  the  water  from  the  bucket  into  the  cistern  ; 
requiring  no  assistance  whatever  from  the  person  work- 
ing the  machinery,  who  has  only  to  reverse  turning  the 
handle  when  the  water  is  out  of  the  buckeX  to  bring  up 
another. 

At  stand  19  Mr.  Cambridge  exhibited  an  ingenious 
shaker.  The  shaker  is  composed  of  a  number  of  drums 
of  square  section,  each  revolving  at  a  different  speed,  by 
which  the  straw  is  more  opened  and  better  shaken 
than  by  any  other  process  yet  known.  As  the 
drum  works,  of  course  there  is  the  abrupt  pre- 
sentation of  surfaces  at  different  distances  from  the 
axis  of  motion,  aud  that  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  the 
production  of  a  most  efficient  shaking  apparatus.  The 
intervals  between  the  drums  are  sufficient  to  allow  of  th& 
escape  of  the  corn. 

Mr.  White,  of  266,  High  Holbora,  exhibited  a  very 
efficient  Gorse  crusher,  requiring,  however,  great  power 
to  work  it.  He  also  showed  an  exceedingly  ingenious 
hand  chaff-machine,  a  "chaff-box,"  in  fact,  with  a 
revolving  fork,  by  which  the  contents  of  the  box  were 
brought  forward  between  every  operation  with  the 
knife,  by  an  exceedingly  ingenious  piece  of  apparatus. 

Messrs.  Howard,  of  Bedford,  exhibited  their  usual 
fine  display  of  ploughs  and  harrows  ;  the  former  with 
that  very  long  and  prolonged  mould-board  which  seems 
to  be  characteristic  of  Mr.  Howard's  make. 

Mr.  James  Howard,  of  Bedford,  showed  a  reaping- 
machine,  more  like  the  original  Bell's  reaping-machine 
than  those  American  modifications  of  it  which  have  now 
overrun  the  country.  In  addition  to  this,  it  had  a 
travelling  canvas  delivering  the  corn  into  a  cradle,  by 
which  it  was  to  be  periodically  placed  iu  bundles  upon 
the  stubble. ' 

Mr.  Nicholson,  of  Newark,  and  several  others,  exhi- 
bited Barley  hummellers,  most  of  which  appear  to 
depend  for  their  action  upon  the  rapid  revolution  of 
radial  knives  amongst  the  awned  Barley.  The  hum- 
meller  we  saw  at  Taunton  was  not  visible  at  Lewes  ; 
we  prefer  it  greatly  to  those  which  were  exhibited.  It 
consists  of  one  or  more  long  boards  placed  horizontally 
in  a  vertical  plane,  and  made  to  oscillate  rapidly  between 
fixed  boards  parallel  with  it,  and  about  an  inch  from  it^ 
both  it  and  the  others  being  studded  with  nails,  amongst 
which  the  Barley  falls,  and  by  which,  of  course,  it  is 
roughly  enough  treated  to  deprive  it  of  all  awn  before  it 
reaches  the  hopper  beneath. 

Messrs.  Mapplebeck  and  Lowe,  of  Birmingham, 
exhibited  a  modification  of  Smith's  web-harrow,  con- 
sisting of  a  number  of  h-on  links,  about  4  inches  square, 
linked  together,  aud  thus  presenting  greater  angularity 
to  the  clods  than  the  cii'cular  groits  do  in  the  original 
form  of  the  implement. 

Amongst  the  most  important  form  of  clod-crushera- 
exhibited,  was  that  shown  by  Mr.  Bennett,  of  34,. 
Londcm-road,  Liverpool,  invented  by  Dr.  Z.  Sillar,  of 
Rainford-hall,  improved  and  manufactured  by  the 
exhibitor.  Made  in  two  pieces  for  convenience  in' 
turning,  with  strong  iron  ends  and  centre  stay.  The 
serrated  rings  are  fixed  on  external  shafts,  and  the  foui^ 
roller  ends  are  the  only  parts  that  run  on  the  centre- 
axle,  which  is  turned,  and  the  ends  bored  out  aud  bushed 
with  brass,  so  as  very  materially  to  reduce  the  friction^ 
Each  alternate  ring  rises  at  two  parts  of  each  revolution,, 
and  effectually  cuts  out  all  clods,  &c.,  so  that  it  is  quite 
self-cleaning.  The  weight  of  the  roller  is  thrown  to  the 
outside  of  the  cylinder,  which  is  so  constructed  that  any 
clod  which  will  enter  the  teeth  at  once  passes  throughj 
as  the  entrance  is  in  every  instance  the  smallest.  It  is 
applicable  to  all  the  purposes  fur  which  the  best  rollers 
are  now  used,  whilst  it  requires  less  horse  power,  and 
does  its  work  more  effectually  than  any.  Price  16^  16s.. 
Every  ring  or  wheel  hangs  on  four  bars,  parallel  witll 
the  axle,  these  bars  passing  through  large  slots  in  tho 
substance  of  the  ring,  so  that  the  latter  has  much 
independent  motion  upon  them,  aud  is  thus  able  to  clear 
itself  from  earth,  &.c. 

Another  clod-crusher,  exhibited  by  Messi-s.  Gibson, 
and  Richardson,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  stands  close  to 
this  one,  and  acting  upon  a  different  principle.  It  has 
two  parallel  axles,  each  of  which  carries  a  number  of 
narrow  wheels,  those  on  the  one  axle  workuig  betweett 
those  on  the  other,  and  every  wheel  working  inde- 
pendently of  the  other. 

Mr.  Corjies,  of  Barbridge,  Nantwicli,  exhibited  several 
sizes  of  his  well-known  chaff  cutter. 

Messrs.  Garrett,  of  Leiaton  wm'ks,  exhibited  a  larg© 
number  of  his  well-known  drilling  nuichines,  for  some 
of  which  ho  carried  off  the  prizes.  Ilia  broadcast 
manure  distributor  is  an  ingenious  implement.  The 
manure  is  delivered  by  a  revolving  barrel,  which  is  kept 
clear,  so  as  to  ensure  an  even  and  regular  delivery  by 
means  of  a  Beries  of  self-acting  levers,  which  rise  and 
fall  and  a<IjUHt  thcniHelves  to  the  prongs  of  the  barrels- 
as  tln-y  convey  the  manui'o  from  tho  box  in  its  transid 
to  tho  delivering  spout. 

Mr.  Garrett  received  a  silver  modal  for  Ilussey'a 
reaping-niachine. 

Mr.  Smith,  of  Uxbridge,  Middlesex,  exhibited  an 
ingenious  shaker,  consisting  of  a  framework  of  spars 


460 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[July  17, 


wir,h  a  sore  ul  saw  edge  to  tliein,  by  whicli  tlie  rapid 
oscillation  to  and  fro  and  up  and  down  given  to  this 
fraraeworlc,  caused  whatever  waa  laid  on  it  to  move 
only  one  way,  and  ultimately  off  to  the  ground,  the  loose 
com  falling  meanwhile  between  the  spars  into  a  hopper 
for  its  reception, 

Messrs.  Burgess  and  Key  exhibited,  among  other 
things,  their  patent  oscillating  Turnip-cutter,  which  we 
last  year  described  among  the  implements  shown  in  the 
exhibition. 

In  Messrs.  Barrett  and  Exall's  stand  were  exhibited  a 
number  of  steam-engines  and  threshing-machines,  with 
tlieir  well-known  elegant  safety  horse-wheel. 

Messrs.  Kansorae  exhibited  a  large  number  of  ploughs, 
scarifiers,  steam-engines,  threshing-machines,  chaff- 
cutters,  &c. 

The  largest  collection  of  implements  in  the  yard 
was  shown  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Thompson,  of  Lewes,  whose 
collection  included  no  fewer  than  269  articles. 

We  must  conclude  our  hurried  glance  at  the  Lewes  im- 
plement show  by  a  reference  to  Capt.  Kcemmerer's  sowing 
machine,  of  which  the  following  description  is  given  : 
It  may  be  worked  by  hand  as  well  as  by  horse  power. 
The  seed-cups,  instead  of  working  in  a  heap  of  seed,  and 
thereby  increasing  the  friction,  are  supplied  from  tlie 
seed  chambers,  with  just  sufficient  seed  to  fill  them. 
The  form  of  the  cups  is  also  much  improved;  and  whilst 
the  delivery  of  the  seed  into  the  drills  is  as  certain  as 
mechanism  can  make  it,  not  a  single  grain  of  seed  is 
wasted.  Instead  of  the  lobster-jointed  tins  at  present 
.attached  to  drills,  the  seed  is  delivered  by  tubes 
attached  to  the  seed-hoppers;  by  changing  these  tubes 
the  number  of  drills  within  tlie  range  of  the  machine 
may  be  lessened  or  increased;  and  by  a  simple  con- 
trivance the  quantity  of  seed  made  to  pass  down  each 
tube  is  precisely  the  same.  For  sowing  by  the  side  of 
Mils  the  tubes  are  so  attached  to  the  hoppers  that  the 
former  will  always  preserve  a  vertical  position,  and  the 
consequence  is  that  whatever  incline  the  machine  may 
.present  the  seed-tubes  preserve  a  straight  line.  For 
the  seed-barrel  now  used  for  sowing  by  hroadcastj  a 
■board  is  substituted  studded  with  small  pegs  ;  the  seed 
falls  on  the  board,  and  by  means  of  the  pegs  (regulated 
according  to  the  size  of  the  seed)  it  is  distributed  over 
the  land  with  a  regularity  which  could  never  bs  attained 
by  hand.  The  dibbling  is  effected,  not  by  holes  as  at 
present,  but  by  the  deposit  of  the  seed  at  fixed  distances 
in  the  line  previously  cut  by  the  coulters,  which  are 
precisely  the  same  in  this  as  in  the  machines  now  in 
general  use.  The  'advantages  of  this  machine  ai'e — 
1.  Every  description  of  corn  or  seed  may  be  sown  by 
the  same  machine.  2,  Every  variety  of  sowing  may  be 
performed  broadcast  or  in  drills,  or  by  dibbling. 
"6.  Simple  means  are  provided  of  altering  the  widths 
^part  of  drills  to  any  required  extent,  and  of  changing 
the  distances  for  depositing  the  seeds.  4.  Exactness  in 
regulating  the  quantity  of  seeds  sown,  thus  effecting  a 
large  saving  in  seeds,  and  obtaining  better  results. 
B.  Great  simplicity  of  constructiou,  and  fewness  of 
parts.  6.  Saving  in  weight,  the  large  6-feet  machine 
weighing  only  3i  cwt.  with  the  coulters.  And  7.  Being 
very  simple  in  construction,  the  cost  is  only  one-half 
tie  machines  now  used. 

We  will  only  add  that  it  exhibits  remarkable  ingenuity 
in  the  numberless  contrivances  which  are  contained 
within  it — an  ingenuity  indeed,  such  as  needs  for  its 
field,  so  it  appeared  to  us,  something  far  nicer  and  more 
exact  than  a  machine  for  rough  usage  in  farm  work. 

Thubsdat,  July  15. — The  doors  of  the  cattle  yard 
were  thrown  open  to  the  public  at  six  o'clock  this 
morning.     The  following  is  the  Award  of  the  Judges  : — 

LIST  OF  PRIZES  FOR  CATTLE.  &c. 

SHORT   HORNS, 

Judges.— 'i&%s5VB,  Jobn  Grey,  Wm,  Smith,  and  Thoa.  Short. 

Class  I.  Bulla  not  exceeding  five  years  old,  calved  previously 

lo  the  Ist  of  January,  1850.— lal  prize,  40f.  to  Mr.  Tho3.  Ciirisp, 

of  Hawkhill,  near  Alnwick  ;  2d,  20i.  to  Mr.  F.  H.  Fawkes,  of 

Farnley,  near  Ottley,  Yorkshire. 

Class  II,  Bulls  calved  since  the  1st  of  January,  1850,  and 
more  than  one  year  old —1st  prize,  2hl.  to  Mr.  John  Booth, 
oj  Killerby,  near  Catterick,  Yurkahire  ;  2nd,  15J.  to  Mr.  John 
ivirkham,  of  Hagnaby,  near  Spilsby. 

Class  III.  Cows  in-milb  or  in.c»lf,  not  exceeding  three  jears 
old,— Ist  prize,  201.  to  Mr.  Charles  Townelev,  of  Townelcy  Park, 
me  \v  Burnley  ;  2d,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Charles  Towneley. 

Class  IV.  Heifers  io-milk  or  in-calf,  not  exceeding  three 
years  old.— lat  prize,  15f.  to  Mr.  Richard  Booth,  of  Warlaby, 
near  Northallerton  ;  2d,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Charles  Towneley,  of 
Towneley  Park,  near  Burnley, 

Clas3  T.  YearliDg   Heifers.- Ist  prize,  lOJ.  to  Mr.  Charles 

Towneley,  of  Towneley    Park,   near  Burnley  ;  2d,    II,   to  Mr. 

iiichard  Booth,  of  Wariaby,  near  Northallerton, 

HEREFORDS. 

Jurfifes.- Mesers.  H.  Chamberlain,  H.  Trethewy,and  J.  E. 

Jooeg. 

Class  I,  Bulls,  not  exceeding  five  years  old,  calved  previously 

to  the  1st  of  January,  1850 —1st  prize,  40i.  to  Mr.  Edward  Price, 

of  the  Ctmrthouse,  near  Pembridge,  Hereford;  2d,  20t.  to  the 

Itight  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Radnor,  ot  Coleshill,  Berks. 

Class  II.  Bulls  calved  since  the  Ist  of  January,  1850,  »nd 
more  than  one  year  old.— lat  prize,  25i.  to  Mr.  George  Bniwu. 
of  Avebury,  netir  Marlborougli ;  2d,  151.  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Serwick,  of  Ori^nUhill.  Shrewsbury. 

Class  III.  Cowein-milkorin-calf.-lst  prize,  201.  to  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Berwick,  of  Cronkhill,  Shrewsbury;  2d.  101.  to  Mr. 
rhilip  Turner,  of  the  Leen,  neur  Leominster. 

Class  IV.  Heifers  in-milkorio-calf,  not  exceeding  three  years 
old.— 1st  prize,  I5i.  to  the  Rl-ht  Hon.  Lord  Berwick,  of  Crouk- 
HUl,  ShrewBbury  ;  2d.  MM.  to  the  Right  Hon,  Lord  Berwick. 

Class  V.  Yearling  Heifers  —lat  prize,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Walter  May- 
oerry,  of  Penlan,  near  Brecon;  2d,  bl.  to  the  Right  Hon,  Lord 
Berwick,  ot  Cronkhill,  Shrewsbury. 

_   .  SUSSES    BREED. 

Jt«iffes.— Messrs.  a.  L.  Franklin,  Wm.  Cox,  and  John 
ci        T    D  11  Williams. 

*«  ;k    1  ;  H"l'^'°ot  exceeding  five  years  old,  calved  previously 
r^»«^  «f  «?    ^V"'^^'^'  Ifi50.-l8t  prize,  201.  to  Mr.  Arnold  Den- 
nfHni  !i  w     .""'  '^a"i°^'.  near  Lewes  ;  2d,  101.  to  Mr.  Wm, 
ottiog,  of  Westmeatou,  near  Hurstperpoint. 


Class  II.  Balis  calved  smce  tlie  Ist  of  January,  1850,  and 
more  than  one  year  old.  — The  prize,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Josiah  Pitcher, 
of  Westham,  near  Eastbourne. 

ClusM  III.  Cows  in-milk  or  in-calf.— 1st  prize,  lOi.  to  Messrs. 
Arthur  and  Thomas  Barton,  of  Bexhill,  near  Battle  ;  2iJ,  51. 
to  Mr.  Henry  Catt,  of  West  Firle,  near  Lewes. 

Cta9a  IV.  Heifers  in-milk  or  in-calf,  not  exceeding  three 
years  old. — The  prize,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Arnold  Denmao,  of  Stoneham, 
Mailing,  near  Lewes. 

Class  V.  Yearling  Heifers.— The  priz9,  51.  to  Mr.  James 
Gorringe,  of  Selmeston,  near  Lewea. 

DEVON'S. 

i/wd^es.- Messrs.  Thomas  H;irtEhoroe,  Thomas  Townaend, 
and  Edward  Pi>pe, 

Class  T.  Bulls,  not  exceeding  live  jeais  old,  calved  previously 
to  the  Ist  of  January,  185'J.— 1st  Prize,  AQl.  to  Mr.  Samuel 
Farthing,  of  Stowey  Court,  near  Bridgewater ;  2d,  201.  to  Mr. 
T.  B.  Morle,  of  Cannington  Park,  near  Bridijewater, 

Class  II.  Bulls  calved  since  the  l->t  of  January,  1S50,  and 
more  than  one  year  old. — 1st  prize,  25i,  to  Mr.  James  Hole,  of 
Knowle  House,  near  Dunster,  Somerset;  2il,  151  to  the  Right 
Hen.  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  of  Hulkham,  Norfolk. 

Class  III,  Cows  in-milk  or  in-calf.— Ist  prize,  201.  to  Mr. 
Samuel  Farthing,  of  Stowey  Court,  near  Bridgewater  ;  2d,  101. 
to  Mr.  James  Quartly,  of  MoUand,  near  South  Molton. 

Cla^s  IV.  Heifers  in-milk  or  in-calf,  nut  exceeding  three 
years  old.— 1-t  prize,  \ol.  to  Mr.  Samuel  Farthing,  of  Stowey 
Court,  near  Bridgewater;  2d,  101.  to  Mr,  James  Quartly,  of 
MoHand.  near  South  Molton. 

Class  V.  Yearling  Heifers. — lat  prize,  10^  to  Mr.  George 
Turner,  of  Barton,  near  Exeter  ;  2d,  5t.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Baker,  of 
Bishops  Nympton,  near  South  Molton. 

OTHER  BREEDS. 

i/atii/fij.— Messrs.  Henry  Chamberlain,  Henry  Trethewy,   and 

J.  E.  Joues. 

Class  I.  Bulls,  not  exceeding  five  years  old,  calved  previously 
to  the  Ist  of  January,  1S5(I.— The  prize,  lOi.  to  Capt.  Inge,  of 
Thorpe  Constantine,  near  Tamwnrth. 

Class  11.  Bulls  calved  since  the  Ist  of  January,  1850,  and 
more  than  one  year  old.— The  prize,  101.  to  Mr.  J.  G.  Watkius, 
ot  Woodfleld,  neai'  Droitwich. 

Class  III.  Cows  in-milk  or  in-calf.— The  prize,  101  to  Capt. 
Inge,  of  Thorpe  Constantine,  Tamworth. 

Class  IV.  Heifers  in-calf  or  in-milk,  not  exceeding  three 
years  old.— The  prize,  bl.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Tod,  of  Elphinstone 
Tower,  Tranent.  Haddington,  Scotland, 

Class  V.  Yearling  Heifers.— No  entry. 

HORSES. 

Ji«f</e5,— Messrs,  Wm.  Greaves,   Thos,  Capon,  and  W,  T. 
jKarkeelt, 

Class  I,  Stallions  for  Agricultural  purpose!»,  foaled  pre- 
viously to  the  Ist  of  January,  185  '. — Ist  prize,  301.  to  Mr.  Wm, 
Scearn,  of  Elmsetc  Hall,  Hadleigb,  Suffolk  ;  2d,  Ul.  to  Mr. 
Samuel  Clajden,  Linton,  Cambridge. 

Class  II.  Stallions  for  Agricultural  purposes,  foaled  since 
the  1st  of  January,  1850.— 1st  prize,  20^.  to  Mr.  Thos.  Catlin, 
of  Butley,  near  Woodbridge,  Suffolk  ;  2d,  luj.  to  Mr.  Wm. 
Wilson,  of  Ashboeking,  near  Ipswich. 

Class  III.  Roadster  Stallions.— The  prize,  15?.  to  Mr.  John 
Baxter,  of  Wiggenhall,  St.  Peter's,  near  Lynu. 

Class  IV.  Mares  and  Foals  for  Agricultural  purposes. — Ist 
prize,  2ul.  to  Mr.  N.  G.  Barthropp,  of  Cretingham  Rookery,  near 
Woodbridge;  2d,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Frederick  Barlow,  of  Haskeion, 
near  Woodbridge. 

Class  V.  Fillies,  two  years  old,  for  Agricultural  purposes. — 
1st  prize,  15i.  to  Mr.  Samuel  Wrench,  of  Great  Holand,  near 
Colchester ;  2d,  bl,  to  the  same. 

LRICESTER  SHEEP. 

Judges.—'iS.eesYs.   Wm.   Barthulomew,    N.  C.  Stone,   and 
Wm.  Tindall. 

Class  I.  Shearling  Rams. — Ist  prize,  301.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Sanday, 
of  Holmepierrepont,  Notts  ;  2d,  15!.  to  the  same. 

Class  II.  Rams  of  any  other  age,  —  Isc  prizi;,  301.  to  Mr.  Wm, 
Sanday,  of  Holmepierrepont,  Notts  ;  2d,  \bl,  to  the  same. 

Class  III.  Shearling  Ewen,  of  the  same  Huck. — Ist  prize,  201. 
to  Mr.  Wm.  Sanday,  of  Holmepierrepont,  Notts;  2d,  lUi.  to 
the  same. 

SOUTHDOWN,  OR  OTHER  SHORT-WOOLLED  SHEEP. 
Judges. — Messrs.  Hart,  Henry  F^oks.  and  Peter  Purves. 

Class  1.  Shearling  Rams.— 1st  prize,  301.  to  Mr.  Jonas  Webb, 
of  Babraham.  Cambridge  ;  2d,  15^  to  the  same. 

Class  li.  Rams  of  any  other  a^'e, — Ist  prize,  301.  to  the  Right 
Hon.  the  Earl  of  Chichester;  2d,  15i.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Sainsbury, 
of  West  Lavington. 

Class  111.  shearling  Evyes  of  the  same  flock.— Ist  prize,  201. 
to  the  Wight  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Chichester  ;  2d,10i.  to  his  Grace 
the  Duke  of  Richmond. 

LONG-WOOLLED  SHEEP  [NOT  LEICESTERS). 

Judges. — Messrs.    John    Abbott,    Hugh  Aylmer,   and    P. 
Richardson. 

Class  I.  Shearling  Ram.— Isc  prize,  201.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Lane,  of 
Eaatington,  near  Northleach  ;  2d,  lOi.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Game,  of 
Aldsworth,  near  Northleach. 

Class  II.  Rams  of  any  oiher  age. — lat  prize,  201.  to  Mr.  Wm. 
Lane,  of  Eastington,  near  Northleach  ;  2d,  lOl.  to  Mr.  Robert 
Beman,  of  Moreton-in-the-Marsh. 

Class  III.  Shearling  Ewes  of  the  same  flock. — 1st  prize,  10^ 
to  Mr,  Wm,  Lane,  of  Eastington,  near  Northleach  ;  2d,  5^  to 
the  same. 

ROMNEY  MARSH,  OR  KENTISH  SHEEP. 

Judges.— HebBTB,    John    Abbott,    Hugh    Aylmer,    and    P. 
Richardson. 

Class  I.  Rams  of  any  age.— Ist  prize,  201.  to  Sir  Edward  C. 
Dering,  Bart,,  ot  Surrenden  During,  near  Ashford  ;  2d,  lOi,  to 
the  same. 

Clasfi  II,  Four-toothed  Ewes  with  their  Lambs.— The  prize, 
10^  to  Sir  Edward  C,  Bering,  Bart.,  of  Surrendea  Deriog,  near 
A  fib  ford. 

Class  III,  Ewes  of  any  age.— The  prize,  lOt.  to  Mr.  Walter 
W,  Daws,  of  Ewhurst,  near  Harstgreen. 
PIGS. 

Jiwf^rcs.— Mesars.  Wm.  HesseUine,  John  Clayden,  and  John 
Clarke. 

Class  I.  Boars  of  a  large  breed.— 1st  prize,  151.  to  Mr.  Henry 
Blandford,  of  Sandridge,  near  Melksbam ;  2d,  bl.  to  Mr. 
Moses  Cartwright,  of  Stanton  Hill,  near  Burtoo-on-Treot, 

Class  II,  Boars  of  a  small  breed. — Ist  prize,  15i.  to  Mr. 
Samuel  Druce,  jun..  of  Eynsham,  Oxon  ;  2d,  bl.  to  Mr.  Timothy 
Town,  of  Keighly,  Yorks, 

Class  III.  Breeding  Sows  of  a  large  breed. — The  prize,  10^ 
to  Mr.  Wm.  Abbott,  of  VVoodhouse,  Carr,  near  Leeds. 

Class  IV.  Breeding  Sows  of  a  small  breed.  — The  prize,  101. 
to  Mr.  Mark  Stainsby,  jun.,  of  Lady  Pitt  Lane,  Leeds. 

ClabS  V.  Breeding  Sow-Pigs  of  a  large  breed,  of  the  same 
litter,  above  four  and  under  eight  months  old. — The  prize,  101. 
to  Mr.  Samuel  Munro,  of  Saltord,  Lancaster. 

Class  VI.  Breeding  Sow-Pigs  ot  a  small  breed,  of  the  same 
litter,  above  four  aud  under  eight  months  old.  The  prize  lOi. 
to  Mr.  John  Moon,  of  Lapford,  Crediion. 

Veterinary  Inspector — Professor  SimondSi 

COMMENDATIONS. 

Shoet  Hoens.- Mr.  Booth's  cow,  Mr.  Kirkham'a  heifer,  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Feversbam's  bull,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Berner'ei  heifer,  Mr.  Towuley's  heifer,  Mr,  KirUham's  heifer. 

Heeefobds. — Mr.  Perry's  bull,  Mr.  Walker's  bull,  the  Exe- 
cutors of  the  late  Rev.  J,  R.  Smyihies*  cow,  Mr.  Maybery's 
heifer,  Mr,  Cradock's  bull,  Mr.  James*  cow*  the  Executors  of 
the  late  Rev,  J.  R.  Smythlea'  heifer. 


Devons. — Classes  4  and  5  generally  ;  Mr.  Turner's  heifer.  Mr* 
Anstpy's    bull,   the  Earl  of  Leicester's  cow,  Mr.  Hole's  heifer* 

SossEX  Cattle.— Mr.  Chatfield's  bull,  Mr.  Child't^  bull. 

Cattle  of  ant  Beeed. — Mr.  Webb's  bull,  Mr.  Tod'a  bull, 
Mr.  Boswell'pi  bull,  Mr.  Badham's  buU. 

Horses,- Mr.  Seymour's  stallion,  Mr.  Addington's  mare  and 
foal,  Mr.  Browning's  stallion,  Mr,  Watson's  mare  and  foal, 
the  Hon.  and  Rev.  J.  Norton's  filly,  BIr.  Barthrrn.p'e  filly. 

Sheep  Leicestees). — Mr.  Sanda.'i's  ram,  Mr.  Pawleti'a  ram, 
Mr.  Saoday'3  ram,  ditto  ditto,  Mr.  Pawlett'.-;  ram,  ditto  ditto. 

SaoET  WooLLED.— Mr.  Webb's  ram,  dit'o  ditto,  Mr.  Robin- 
son's ram,  Mr.  Saiobury's  ram,  Mr.  Ricden'a  pen  of  ewes, 
Mr.  Lugar's  pen  of  ewes,  Mr.  Sainburj's  ram,  his  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Richmond's  ram,  Mr.  Ellman's  pen  of  ewes. 

RoMNEr  Mabbh  Sheep,— Sir  Edward  Bering's  ram,  ditto 
ditto. 

Pigs. — Mr.  Hewer's  boar.  Mr.  Hainworth's  boar,  Mr.  Moon*8 
boar,  Mr.  Hillman's  sow,  Mr.  Druce's  (jun  }  sow,  Mr.  Mansle's 
sow,  Mr.  Moon's  sow,  Mr,  Taylor's  boar,  Mr.  Umber's  boar, 
Mr.  Gorringe's  boar,  Mr.  Ludlam's  boar,  Mr.  Hillman's  sow, 
Mr.  Tuley's  sow,  Mr.  Druce's  (jun.)  sow,  Mr.  Barber's  sow, 
the  Rev.  E.  Elmhirst's  sow,  Mr.  Wunro's  sow,  Mr,  Barber's 
pen  of  sows,  Mr.  Fooke's  pen  of  sows,  Sir  John  Conroy's,  Bart., 
pen  of  pigs. 

T.  B.  Bbahdeeth  Gibbs,  Hon.  Director  of  the  Show, 

CATTLE. 

The  show  is  marked  by  a  decrease  in  numbers,  and 
by  general  want  of  merit  in  the  bulls'  classes.  We 
regret  to  see  the  absurd  practice  of  high  feeding  carried 
to  an  almost  unprecedented  exteut.  If  some  of  the 
young  classes  had  been  in  course  of  preparation  for 
Baker-street,  we  could  have  congratulated  their  breeders 
upon  the  very  forward  state  of  the  animals.  When  wo 
consider  that  the  stock  exhibited  are  for  showing 
breeding  rather  than  fatness,  the  practice  cannot  be  too 
strongly  condemned.  Knowing  how  many  evils  such 
extravagant  feeding  brings  with  it,  we  will  mention 
some  :  — The  animal  being  unduly  raised  up  and 
afterwards  reduced,  must  tend  to  injure  its  con- 
stitution ;  the  milking  properties  are  undoubtedly 
impaired  ;  and  in  some  cases  a  small  sickly  calf,  in 
some  premature  birth,  and  in  too  mauy  cases  no 
birth  at  all,  are  the  effects  of  such  fattening.  There  are 
many  breeders  who,  from  sad  experience,  can  testify  to 
the  truth  of  our  remark.  Take  the  case  of  "  the  Lady 
of  Breweth ;"  a  heifer  exhibited  as  a  yearling  at 
Norwicli,  as  a  two-year-old  at  Exeter,  and  taking  prizes 
in  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  northern  England.  If  this 
and  many  others  from  the  present  Show  were  to  be 
taken  to  the  "  Bull-breeding  Farm,"  described  in  the 
Agricultural  Gazette  some  time  ago,  its  enterprising 
manager  might  be  disappointed  of  his  "  annual  sale." 
No  doubt  this  practice  of  overfeeding  deters  some  of  the 
most  eminent  breeders  from  entering  the  Society's  lists' 
as  competitors,  and  most  frequently  permits  inferior  or 
second-rate  animals  to  carry  off  the  palm, 

SHORt-HoRKS. — Class  I.  Bulls  not  exceeding  Jive 
years  old. — The  first  prize  was  carried  off  by  Mr. 
Crisp's  dark  red  bull  Phcenix,  aged  4  years  and  4 
months  ;  girth,  8  feet  5  inches  ;  length,  5  feet  10  inches. 
A  large,  useful  beast ;  but  nothing  grander.  We  should' 
have  preferred  seeing  the  first  prize  given  to  Mr." 
Fowkes'a  bull,  which  took  the  second.  This  is  a  finej^ 
straight,  well-formed,  heavy-fleshed  beast;  quality  goodr 
We  may  mention  a  slight  defect  behind  the  shoulder. 
Age,  3  years,  5  months  ;  girth,  8  feet  2  inches  ;  length, 
5  feet  6  inches. 

Class  11.  Bulh  more  than  one  year  old. — No.  13, 
Lord  Feversham  ;  rich  colour  and  of  superior  merit ; 
head  and  fore-quarter  very  good,  with  excellent  quality  ; 
droops  a  little  in  his  hind-quarters.  14,  Mr.  Stratton  ; 
thick,  useful  beast;  quality  not  first-rate.  17,  Mr, 
Kirkliam,  second  prize  ;  a  strong  useful  white  bull ; 
rather  long  in  the  space  ;  hind-quarters  might  have 
been  better ;  age,  2  years  2  months  ;  girth,  7  feet  6^- 
inches;  length,  5  feet  6^  inches.  18,  Mr.  Booth,  first 
prize  ;  a  little  compact  beast  ;  fore-quarters  not  very 
good  ;  quality  very  good  ;  a  remai'kably  fine  touch  ; 
age,  2  years  1  month  ;  girth,  5  ft.  7  ins.  ;  length,  5  ft. 

Class  III.  Coivs  in  milk  or  in  calf. — In  this  class 
are  some  very  good  animals.  Mr.  Towneley  takes  first 
and  second  prizes,  with  his  celebrated  *'  Buttercup"  and 
"  Alice."  For  quality  and  symmetry  nothing  can  excel 
the  latter.  They  are  both  too  well  known  to  require 
comment.  "  Alice"  girths  more  than  any  beast  in  the 
yard,  viz.,  8  feet  9  inches  ;  her  length  is  5  feet  8  inches. 
Messrs.  Booth  and  Kirkham  show  first-rate  animals  in 
this  class,  Mr.  Tod  also  shows  two  good  animals,  which 
deserve  commendation  ;  but  they  are  too  low  in  con- 
dition to  take  the  prize  from  the  fat  ones.  All  cattle 
should  be  shown  just  in  this  state. 

Class  IV.  Heifers  in  milJc  or  in  calf,  not  exceeding 
3  years  old. — This  is  a  class  of  good  animals.  45,  Mr. 
Towneley;  second  prize  ;  a  very  nice  little  beast,  good 
quality;  this  is  the  onl}'  one  in  this  class  in  milk. 
49,  Mr.  Booth's  white  heifer,  first  prize,  head  and  fore- 
quarters  very  good,  flesh  hard,  drooping  nimp  ;   age, 

2  years,  5  months  ;  girth,  7  feet  6  inches;  length,  5  feet 

3  inches.  48,  Mr.  John  Kirkham;  and  51,  Lord 
Berners,  are  two  very  good  animals ;  the  girth  of  the 
latter  is  7  feet  7  inches  ;  the  length,  5  feet  1  inch. 

Class  V.  Yearling  Heifers.— Q^,  Mr.  Towneley  ;  first 
prize  ;  head  and  shoulders  good,  first-i'ate  hair  and 
quality,  plait  rather  defective  ;  altogether  a  very  good 
animal.  59,  Mr.  R,  Booth,  head  and  fore-quarters  good, 
ribs  well  sprung,  but,  Uke  the  one  in  No.  49,  Class  IV., 
rather  too  hard  in  flesh,  bo,  Mr.  Towneley,  one  of  the 
handsomest  and  most  symmetrical  in  the  short-horned 
classes.  We  hear  she  is  descended  from  that  celebrated 
breeder's  stock  (Mr.  Bates),  and  of  the  Duchess  family, 
so  well  known.  Her  girth  is  7  feet  2^  inches  ;  length, 
5  feet  3  inches. 

H  EREFORDS. — Class  I.  Bulls  calved  previously  to  the  \st 
of  January,  1 850,  and  not  exceeding  5  years  old. — G5,  Mr, 
Edward  Price  ;   head,  fore-quarters,  and  quality  good  ; 


29—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


461 


flank  heavy,  hind-quarters  short,  twist  ill-formed  and 
coarse,  hind  legs  crooUed  ;  8  feet  8  inches  girth,  o  feet 
10  inches  in  leugth ;  first  prize.  71,  Lord  Radnor, 
seconii  prize  ;  a  fair,  useful  beast.  72,  Mr.  John 
Walker  ;  a  beautiful  beast ;  fore-quarters  good. 

Class  II.  Bulls  calved  since  the  Ut  of  Janiutry,  1850, 
and  more  than  1  year  old.—1i,  Mr.  G.  Brown  ;  a  nice 
sH-aic'ht  beast  ;  girth  6  feet  9  inches  ;  length  5  feet. 
73   Lord  Berwick;  nothing  remarkable  about  him. 

Class  III.  Coios  hi  milk  or  in  calf. — 77,  Lord  Ber- 
wick ;  a  well-formed  short-legged  cow  ;  we  suppose, 
from  its  quality  and  symmetry,  it  may  have  had  a  cross 
of  the  short-horn  ;  first  prize.  80,  Mr.  P.  Turner  ; 
second  prize  ;  a  nice  head  and  fore- quarters,  drooping 
hind-quarters.  82,  Mr.  W.  James  ;  a  very  useful  beast, 
with  good  hind-quarters. 

Class  IV.  Beifei  s  i?i  milk  or  in  calf. — 83,  Mr.  Maybery ; 
fore-quarter  and  quality  good,  ribs  well  sprung,  rump 
drooping.  84,  Lord  Berwick  j  first  prize  ;  rather  small, 
but  very  compact,  the  same  style  as  No.  77.  85,  Lord 
Berwick  ;  secondprize;  beautiful  head  and  fore-quarters, 
deep  %vide  chesty  altogether  a  first-rate  animal. 

Class  V.  yearling  Heifers. — This  class  consists  of  five 
very  creditable  animals.  91,  Lord  Berwick,  second 
prize,  is  rather  small,  but  very  neat. 

Devoxs. — Class  I.  BidU  calved  before  January,  1850, 
and  not  exceeding  5  Tjears  old. — 97,  Mr.  Farthing;  first 
prize;  a  nice,  square,  well-made  bull,  deep  fore- 
quarters,  and  good  flank  ;  girth,  8  ft.  I  in.  ;  leugth, 
3  ft.  2.'j  in.  93,  Mr.  Morle  ;  second  prize  ;  equal  to,  if  not 
bettor  than  97  ;shoulderrather  plain,butit  is  a  good  bull. 
Class  II.  Balls  ca'vcd  si-ncc  Jan.  1850.— 106,  Mr. 
Hale;  first  prize;  head  and  quality  good;  altogether  a 
compact  little  beast.  108,  Earl  of  Leicester;  second 
prize;  not  very  striking  in  appearance. 

Class  III.  Cows  in  milhorincalf. —  llo,Mr.  Farthing; 
first  prize;  a  very  fine,  stylish  cow ;  better  hind-quarters ; 
superior  to  the  general  run  of  Devons.  114,  Lord 
Dacx'e;  useful  little  cow;  looks  like  a  milker.  112,  Mr. 
Quartley;  second  prize;  rather  inclined  to  be  patchy. 
Class  IV. — In  this  class  there  are  some  few  useful 
*  ■  things;  nothing  very  remarkable. 

Sussex  Breed. — Class  I.  Bxdls  calved  before  Jan., 
1850. — 141,  Mr.  Botting,  second  prize;  a  very  nice, 
fitrajght  beast ;  he  might  liave  been  better  behind  the 
shoulder  ;  hind- quarters  remarkably  good,  with  nice 
:. quality  ;  girth,  7 feet  8i  inches  ;  length,  5  feet  7  inches. 
;135,  Mr.  Denman,  first  prize  ;  rather  a  useful  bull  ; 
ruraps  narrow. 

Class  II.  Bidls  calved  since  Jan.^  1850. — Nothing 
very  remarkable  in  this  class. 

Class  III.  Cows  in  milk  or  hi  [calf. — This  class 
consists  of  22  cows,  among  which  are  found  some  good 
uiimals,  such  as  157  and  158,  Mr.  Barton  ;  159,  Mr. 
Cane;  160  and  IGl,  Mr.  Catt ;  170,  Mr.  R.  Smith; 
And  177,  Mr.  Tilden  Smith. 

Classes  IV.  and  V.  contain  nothing  remarkable. 

SHEEP. 
As  the  tabular  form  of  stating  information,  is  the  most 
concis?,  we  again  adopt  it. 
At  N'orthamptoD,  lSi7,  io  exhibitors  of  Eheep,  from  23  counties. 

—  York  „     1S48.  45  ,,  ,,  18        ,, 

—  Norwich      „     1849,  35  „  ,,  16        „ 

—  Exetor  „     1850, 41  „  „  19        „ 

—  Windsor      „     l-iSl,  65  ,,  „  32         ,, 

At  Levves,  1852,  the  sheep  have  been  furnished  from 
different  localities,  as  follows  : 

Exbl 


Co  OS  TIE  3. 

Sussex        

Kent  

%inc)ln5hire 

Bed  for  ft  shire 

Devonshire 

Kortbamp'on^liire 

NottiDgbanishire... 

LeicesteriihTe 

Norfolk 


bitors. 
...  13 
...  2 
...  1 
...  1 
2 

.".'  1 
...  1 
...     1 

3 


Total  CouD(i«3,  IS; 


COONTIES. 

Worcestershire    ... 

Essex  

Wiltshire 

Oxfiirdshire 

Suffjlk        

Cambridge'ihire  ... 
StJtfFTdshire 

Surrey         

Glouoealerabire    ... 
Total  Bxhibitors,  37. 


Esbi. 
bitors. 
...  1 
...  1 
...  1 
...  2 
...  1 
...  1 
...  1 
...     1 


The  subjoined  table  shows  the  ^fluctuation  in  num- 
bers of  sheep  shown. 

It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the  show  this  year  sliould 
equal  in  magnitude  the  gathering  of  last  year,  wlien 
extraordinary  efforts  were  put  forth  to  astonish  foreign 
visitors  with  an  unequalled  and  overwhelming  show  of 
stock  ;  still  the  present  numbers  of  sheep  plainly  indi- 
cate that  the  enterprise  of  the  breeders  does  not  flag  ; 
neither  the  total  of  sheep  shown,  the  total  of  exhibitors, 
nor  of  counties  contributing,  falling  far  behind  the 
corresponding  numbers  of  previous  years. 

The  show  of  Leicesters  is  not  only  smaller  by  one- 
half  than  it  has  been  for  five  years  before,  but  is 
decidedly  inferior  in  quality — there  being  fewer  first- 
class  specimens  than  we  ever  before  noticed  at  one  of 
the  Society's  meetings. 

In  the  Leicesters,  Class  I.,  Shearling  Rams,  our 
notes  were  jotted  as  follows: — 313,  high  loin,  narrow 
frame  ;  314,  good  chine  and  plates,  loin  and  thighs  fair, 
wool  light.  Two  rather  small  animals  bred  by  Mr.  Abra- 
ham, of  Lincolnshire.  315,  commended  ;  316,  317,  318, 
commended,  Mr.  E.  Pawlett,  near  Biggleswade  ;  larger, 
longer  frames,  not  depth  enough.  319,  Mr.  G.  Turner, 
of  Devon  ;  small,  straight  back,  good  curly  wool.  320, 
ditto ;  narrow,  bad  thighs,  light  wool.  322,  ditto  ;  not 
symmetrical  enough.  323,  Mr.  Pawlett  ;  small,  narrow 
fore-quarter,  not  deep  enough.  325,  Mr.  Turner  ;  long, 
good  bi'east,  narrow  hind-quarter  and  bad  thighs.  32G 
and  327,  Mr.  Barford,  Northamptonshire ;  wool  recently 
shorn  to  show  form;  small,  fat  sheep,  with  rather  narrow 
rumps  ;  Grass-fed  only.  328,  Mr.  Sanday,  Nottingham- 
shire ;  good  chine,  plates,  and  neck.  329,  ditto  ;  first 
prize  ;  broad  frame,  good  plates,  wide  full  fore  quarter, 
high  rump.  330,  ditto;  second  prize  ;  high  sheep,  but 
not  broad  enough.  331,  ditto  ;  commended  ;  chine  and 
plates  broad  and  full,  loin  wide,  chest  scarcely  deep 
enough.  332,  ditto;  highly  commended,  deeper  chested, 
broad  and  good.  333,  334,  335,  33G,  Mr.  Spencer,  of 
Hinckley;  long-legged, loug-backed,narrow animals, with 
light  wool.  337,  Lord  Walsingham;  large  frame,  nar- 
row before  shoulder,  and  drooping  chine,  heavier  wool. 

Class  II.  Ba7}is  of  any  other  age. — 349,  Mr.  Abraham ; 
good,  straight,  broad,  deep  ;  good  ciiest  and  fore- 
quarter  ;  thick  neck,  and  thick  well-set  staple.  350, 
ditto  ;  broad,  wide,  and  good  fore-quarter.  Both  these 
sheep  are  very  fat.  351,  352,  highly  commended.  353, 
354,  355,  Mr.  Pawlett;' long  frames,  good  cliines  and 
fore-quarters,  but  narrow  loins  and  square  rnmps  ;  thin 
light  wool.  356,  Mr.  Sanday,  deficient  loin.  357,  ditto; 
large  broad  frame,  good  out-springiug  chine,  wide  loin. 
358,  ditto;  second  prize;  small.  359,  ditto;  highly  com- 
mended; small,  but  with  broad  chine  and  good  back. 
360,  ditto;  first  prize;  a  good  animal.  361,  Mr.  Spencer; 
frame  of  a  good  breadth,  flesh  loose.  363,  ditto  ;  good 
plates  and  rump.  364,  ditto  ;  large  frame,  level  back, 
good  high  rump,  good  deep  plates,  bat  oblique  shoulder. 
Class  III.  Shearling  Bices. — Peu  No.  368,  Mr. 
Abraham,  defective  rumps  and  necks.  369  and  370,  Mr. 
Turner  ;  some  better  shapes,  loins  not  sufficiently  wide, 
bad  thighs.  371,  Mr.  Sanday;  first  prize;  straight, 
broad,  and  good,  countenances  good,  excellent  rumps, 
chines  and  plates  wide  and  full,  thighs  thick  and  good, 
offiil  fine,  and  with  a  fair  quantity  of  wool.  372,  ditto  ; 
second  prize  ;  of  tlie  same  character,  but  inferior  to  peu 
371.  373  and  374,  Mr.  Watkins,  of  Worcestershire  ; 
defective  necks  and  loins,  some  good  thighs. 

The  SouTHDOWNs,  while  surpassing  their  usual  number, 
displayed  a  more  than  average  excellence  in  form  and 
quality,  with  the  exception  of  the  features  of  grey-haired 
faces  and  Iianging  bellies,  which  were  too  predominant. 

Class  I.  Shearling  Rams. — 376,  Mr.  Waters,  of  Sussex; 
small  sheep,  not  good  behind  the  shoulder.  378, 
Mr.  Boys,  Sussex;  unlevel  back.  379,  Mr.  Rigden, 
Sussex;  narrow  loin  and  rump.  380,  ditto,  good  sheep, 
but  too  long  and  narrow,     381,  ditto,  long  and  narrow 


4MPTO.V,    1847. 


LEiceaTEBS 


IrftVC.VOOL* 


7a  RauiB.  12 
lj«Da  of  £we9. 


60  nam^  11 
pent  of  £wes. 


2(i  RantM,  3 
>tni  of  Ewet. 


ToBK,  1843. 


llSKamB.  16  pens 
of  £weSt 


42    nami),  4  peas 
of  £wee. 


Ran)°,    !>  pens 

of  JiWCf . 


21  Mnt  of 


m  Iltini*,  2:  of  whicb 
wci);  ihonn  for  tlir 
local  piizvn. 

'2!i  |>eiii  of  Kwcf,  7  Of 
which    vtrrn    iliowi 


NoEwiCH,1849, 


89  Rduis  li 
pens  uf  Evree. 


G2  nama,  17 
pens  of  £fft8. 


21  namn,  5 


41  rii>ni  of 


irxETEn,  1850 


65  Runia.  1-t 
[Jens  of  Ewes. 


73  Rams,  7 
iicat  of  Ewes. 


27  nnms,  3 
pens  of  EnKB. 


3i   punt  of 
Ewv. 


Windsor,  1351 


121  aamP,'15 
pens  of  Ewes. 


n2  Rams,  20 
pcni  of  Ewes. 


21  Hams.  5 
pens  ot  Ewe;. 


ironNTAiN 

Sheep. 
i:t  MitiMH.  c, 


id  pon^   of 
Kho'. 


Llwe3,  1352. 


3^  I.— Sheatiing  KiiniB  30 
,  II. —  [taa  B  of  uny  age  13 

Rams   48 

,  in. — SliearliDjEwes, 

pens  7 


Class!.— Shearlinp  Rsnifi  49 
II. — Kamb  or  auy  ayo  i;5 


Iir.— SbfnrlingEn-c: 
p  ns  


hrI. — f^henvling  Rams 

It.— Rums      of     iiiiy 

other  age 

Riimfi   


-Slienrlinj;  Ewe=| 
ptiiB  


Pto-MNCY  MAtim.oa  Kentisij 

Mur.p. 
Class  T, — Il-nim  »  f  .my  iiro  17 
,,  n.  —  Four-tootiiO'l 
Kwi't  wii  h  Luiiib'', 
pOIIH  0 

,,  III.— EwfBfff  ony ugp, 

puns  y 


roial— Iluu.B,  )&l  ; 


\nd  31  [jc-tis  of  Ewes. 


frame,  low  bebind  slioulder,  delective  fore-quarter. 
3«2,  383,  384,  385,  Mr.  EUman,  of  Sussex;  certainly 
ratlier  j^ood  animals,  tbeir  principal  failing  being  want 
of  deptb,  narrow  rumps,  and  shoulders  nnsymmetrical. 
386,  Sir  J.  T.  Tyrrell,  Bart.,  M.P.  ;  a  poor,  thin,  bad 
animal,  neck  thin  and  bad,  chine  nipped  up,  and  fore- 
quarter  wretchedly  formed.  307,  388,  389,  390,  391, 
39-2,  393,  394,  39.5,  396, 397,  commended,  Mr.  Sainsbury, 
Wiltshire  ;  some  good  sheep,  both  large  and  small,  not 
generally  symmetrical  enough  to  win  prizes.  393,  ditto, 
is  a  pretty  little  thing.  309,  400.  I\Ir.  Gillett,  Oxford- 
shire ;  larger  frames,  with  a  greater  quantity  of 
freer  and  more  open  wool.  401,  commended.  402, 
403,  404,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  too  narrow  and 
oblique  behind  the  shoulders,  necks  not  good.  406', 
407,  Mr.  Hayward,  Sussex ;  good  sheep,  but  not 
quite  wide  enough.  408,  409,  Mr.  Lugar,  Suffolk; 
good  broad  animals,  but  backs  not  straight  enough,  and 
chines  not  sufficiently  outspringing.  410,  411,  Lord 
Walsingham  ;  bad  rumps  and  necks,  bone  not  line 
enough.  413,  Mr.  R.  Overman,  Norfolk  ;  a  pretty  little 
sheep,  but  not  broad  enough.  414,  415,  Sir  J.T.Tyrrel^5 
M.P.  ;  two  mean,  thin-scragged,  narrow-girthed  things  j. 
416,  Mr.  Jonas  Webb  ;  neat  little  animal,  with  straight 
back.  417,  ditto  ;  first  prize  ;  large  frame,  thick  neck, 
good  thighs,  full  and  wide  fore-quarter,  belly  rather  too 
low.  418,  ditto  ;  rather  too  small,  loin  narrow,  and 
neck  thin.  419,  ditto  ;  pretty  and  very  synmietrical. 
420,421,52-2,4-23;  secondprize.  424,  425,  ditto;  good 
frames,  chines,  and  rumps  ;  offal  fine  and  wool  good. 

Class  II.    liains   of  any  other  oge. —  426,  427,   Jlr. 
Boys,  Sussex  ;  neither  fore-quarters  nor  rumps  goodl 

428,  Mr.  Rigden,  Sussex  ;  a  good  sheep,  with  good  baclr, 
bat  shoulder  rather  high,  and  rump  not  wide  enouglu 

429,  ditto  ;  defective  behind  the  shoulder.  430,  ditto  ; 
good  wide  back,  chine,  and  loin.  432,  Mr.  Ellman, 
Sussex,  large  frame,  but  not  level  or  compact  enough. 
433,  434,  435,  highly  commended.  436,  Air.  Robinson, 
Staffordshire  ;  straight  backs,  but  narrow  chines,  an<l 
not  wide  nr  regular  enough.  437,  430,  439,  second 
prize.  440,  441,  highly  commended.  442,  Mr.  S.aius- 
bury,  Wilts  ;  some  large,  broad,  deep,  and  well-formed 
animals.  437,  is  a  large,  straight,  wide,  and  good  sheep, 
but  with  a  bad  swelling  upon  its  breast.  439  has  a 
large  frame,  straight  good  back,  wide  full  chine,  fore- 
quarter,  and  loin  ;  good  rump,  fine  bone,  wool  close, 
443,  Mr.  Gillett,  Oxfordshire  ;  a  large  animal,  straight 
and  broad,  but  with  open  fleece.  444,  445,  446,  Mr. 
H.  Overman,  Norfolk  ;  neat,  compact,  and  good  sheep, 
but  somewhat  deficient  behind  the  shoulder.  440,  Mr. 
Emery, -of  Steyning  ;  uneven  back,  not  symmetrica?. 
449,  ditto  ;  straight  back— a  neat  animal.  452,  Lord 
Walsingham  ;  good,  but  with  narrow  loin,  and  low 
behind  the  shoulder.  453,  the  Earl  of  Chieliester;. 
first  prize;  straight,  broad  sheep,  with  fiue  fore-quarter, 
and  good  thighs.  ... 

Class  III.  'Shearling  ^?oes.-^454  and  455,  ^Mr; 
Rigden,  Sussex;  broad,  but  not  all  with  good  backs. 
454,  highly  commended;  have  small  heads  and  good 
chines.  456,  commended.  457,  458,  Mr.  Eilmair, 
Sussex,  some  good  ewes;  some  with  poor  fore-quarters j 
in  two  pens;  the  ewes  are  not  large  enough.  456,  com- 
mended, are  rather  larger,  but  the  rumps  are  defective-. 
459,  Mr.  Gillett,  Oxfordshire;  great  frames,  good 
rumps,  backs,  and  loins;  very  good  ewes,  wool  long  and 
open.  460,  Duke  of  Richmond;  second  prize;  good 
size,  good  backs,  wide  loins  and  chines,  fine  heads  and 
fine  bone,  wool  fine  and  close.  46-2;  Sir  J.  V.  Shelle7, 
Sussex;  small,  thick  animals,  good  thighs,  small  heads, 
straight  backs,  but  chines  not  sufficiently  widened  out. 
464,  Mr.  Hayward,  Sussex;  pretty  little  ewes,  but 
rather  falling  oft'  towards  the  rump,  not  as  straight  as 
they  should  be.  465,  Mr.  Lugar,  Suffolk;  highly 
commended;  birge,  broad,  straight,  compact,  and 
beautiful  animals,  with  full  chines,  loins,  thighs,  and= 
chests.  466,  467,  Lord  Walsingham  ;  large,  good  ewes, 
but  not  symmetrical  enough  ;  defective  liehind  the 
shoulder.  468,  Mi*.  H.  Overman,  Norfolk  ;  very  hand- 
some, good  backs  ;  altogether  but  little  inferior  to  the 
prize  ewes.  469,  Earl  of  Chichester ;  first  prize  ;  large^. 
thick,  compact,  with  beautiful  chines  and  chest?,  good 
loins  and  rumps,  fine  heads,  and  fine  bone.  470,  Messrs. 
Hallett,  Sussex;  little  narrow  things,  with  thin  necks 
and  some  wretched  chines. 

The  Long- Wools  this  year  are  a  small  number  of 
very  large  and  superior  animals. — Class  I.,  Skcarlivy 
Rams. — 471,  Mr.  Druce,  0,\ford^hire  ;  frame  rather  too 
nari'ow,  chine  too  oblique,  loin  frather  high.  473,  Mr. 
Lane,  Gloucestershire  ;  a  long,  large  sheop.  475,  ditto; 
too  long  on  the  legs,  neck  not  thick  enough,  nob 
sufficient  breadth  of  loin.  476,  ditto  ;  first  prize  ;  ^ 
fine  and  magnificent  animal,  with  very  broad  back  and 
fore- quarter,  beautilul  back,  good  prominent  chesty 
deep  carcass,  exceedingly  good  plates  and  Hanks  j 
good  curly  wool.  477,  Mr.  Game,  Gloucestershire  ; 
y.  good  sheep,  but  somewhat  too  tapering  at  each  end  ; 
wool  light.  '178,  ditto  ;  largo  sheep,  but  with  narrow 
flanks  and  falling  rump  ;  not  deep  enough.  479,  ditto  ;. 
2d  prize  ;  large,  long,  and  broad;  a  failing  in  front  of 
the  Hhoulder,  chino  not  well  filled  out,  fore-quarter  and 
clicHt  broad,  deep,  and  prominent  ;  loin  good,  rump  and; 
plates  good  ;  not  qnilo  enougli  wool. 

ClaHM  II.  Uams  of  any  other  age. — 400,  Mr.  Lane  ; 
rather  small  ;  not  good  before  the  yhoukk-r.  481,  ditto  'j 
l.st  pri/.o  ;  a  very  fine  animal ;  largo,  lotig,  and  broad  ; 
very  wide  chine,  and  full  plates  ;  deep  lull  chest,  broad 
hnriH,  good  Imck,  good  legs  ;  good  countenance,  fine 
h'lno  ;  a  fair  quantity  of  nico  wool.  482,  Mr.  lieman, 
GloiiccHliM't^hiru  ;  2d  pri/.u  ;  a  magtiificunt  ftheep,  W(_'1I 
loaded  ;   lieavy  plates    and   thighs,    heavy    rump,  luid 


462 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  17, 


remarkably  fine  breast,  though  not  quite  good  enough 
in  the  chine  and  shoulder  ;  wool  rather  light. 

Class   III.  Shcarl'mrj   Ewes 483,    Mr.    Lane;    2d 

prize ;  not  quite  broad  enough  ;  shoulders  and  fore- 
quarter  not  first-l'ate ;  counter auces  not  so  good  as  in 
first  prize  pen  ;  a  fair  quantity  of  wool.  484,  ditto  : 
1st  prize  ;  large  and  broad,  wide  chines  and  loins, 
good  rumps  and  thighs,  chests,  and  fore-quarters  ; 
■good  wool.  485,  Mr.  Dorrien,  Sussex  ;  Merino  and 
Ixoraney  Ewes  ;  small,  with  long  necks  ;  low  behind 
the  shoulder,  having  nipped  up  chines,  narrow  bad 
chests,  bad  rumps. 

As  the  RoMNEV  Marsh  on  Kentish  Sheilp  have 
been  this  year  honoured  with  a  division  of  the  show- 
yard  and  the  premiums  to  themselves,  we  may  just 
premise  a  few  words  respecting  them.  This  long- 
wooUed  and  highly-valuable  breed  has  existed  from  time 
immemorial  in  llomney  Marsh  and  its  neighbouring 
lowlands  on  the  southern  shore  of  Kent  and  Sussex  ; 
and  the  long-woolled  flocks  on  the  French  coast,  and  the 
more  valuable  Flemish  breeds,  owe  many  of  their  good 
qualities  to  crosses  with  the  Kentish  sheep.  These 
slieep  are  suited  to  the  exceedingly  rich  marsh  pastures, 
and  are  supposed  to  be  almost  the  only  large  breed 
capable,  from  their  close-set  fleece,  of  enduring  the  cold 
and  exposure  of  such  a  district,  situated  as  it  is  in  the  very 
teetli  of  the  fierce  Channel  gales.  Great  produce  in  wool 
and  thickness  in  stocking  are  two  of  the  good  points  of 
this  breed.  In  symmetry  and  feeding  properties,  it  has 
been  much  improved  by  the  introduction  of  Leicester 
blood.  The  Romney  Marsh  sheep  used  to  be  distin- 
guished by  thickness  and  length  of  head,  a  long  and 
j.hiek   ne'jk   and   carcass,   a   wide  loin,  a   large  belly. 


narrow  fore-quarter,  large  bone,  and  long  and  coarse 
wool.  Though  recently  improved  with  Leicester  blood, 
it  must  be  confessed  that  tliey  have  but  little  changed 
from  this  character,  and  still  retain  their  native  hardi- 
hood. The  wool  is  of  exceedingly  good  quality,  being 
very  long  and  fine  ;  thg  fleeces  of  the  young  sheep  are 
about  5  lbs.  in  weight  ;  those  of  tlie  ewes,  6  lbs.  ;  and  of 
the  fattening  wethers,  8  or  9  lbs.  each.  The  Marsh 
graziers  put  out  the  keeping  of  their  flocks  to  the 
upland  Turnip  farmers,  between  August  and  April,  so 
that,  during  that  season,  the  Weald  and  a  greater 
portion  of  Kent  is  stocked  with  this  breed. 

The  Kentish  Rams  in  Class  I,  Rams  of  any  urje,  are 
certainly  superior  to  the  show  of  Kentish  ewes,  and  this 
is  all  that  can  be  said  ;  their  general  character  is  very 
defective.  489,  Sir  Edward  C.  Bering,  Kent  ;  first 
prize ;  ia  a  sheep  of  fair  general  frame,  we  suspect  a 
cross  here.  487,  ditto,  second  prize,  is  a  useful  sheep,  but 
still  defective  in  good  points  usually  sought  for  in  every 
fatting  animal.  488,  ditto  ;  commended  ;  of  similar 
character,  494,  ditto  ;  commended  ;  of  similar  cha- 
racter, but  small.  The  rest  of  the  Class  are  unworthy 
of  notice,  excepting  Sir  E.  Bering's  lot  :  we  observed 
only  nai-row  backs,  ribs  not  springing,  and  thus  leaving 
flat  sides,  and  large  unweildy  bodies  ;  wool  thick  set. 

Class  II.  Four-toothed  Ewes  with  their  Lanibs. — 503, 
Sir  E.  Bering  (prize)  ;  a  pen  of  more  than  average  merit, 
but  the  defects  are  characteristic.  The  remainder  of 
the  class,  really  and  entirely  bad  as  animals  may  be  ; 
neitlier  correct  in  frame  nor  noble  in  appearance. 

Class  III.  Ewes  of  any  aye,— 509,  Mr.  Dawes,  Sussex 
(prize)  ;  fair  countenance,  bad  necks,  chines,  and  loins, 
fair   chests   and    legs,  bad    in   every    other  respect : 


anything  but  what  sheep  ought  to  be.  The  class  denotes 
a  bad  breed  of  sheep,  long,  narrow,  uneven,  with  hatchet 
chines  and  backs,  and  large  bellies.  Doubtless  this 
exposure  at  the  Society's  Sho'.y  will  tend  to  the  improve- 
ment of  this  breed,  by  attracting  the  attention  of 
breeders  to  the  contrast  which  exists  between  the 
Kentish  and  Leicester,  or  Gloucester  sheep. 

[  Want  of  space  compels  us  to  defer  the  report  of 
Horses  and  Pigs  till  next  week.] 

Pavilion  Dinner. — Preparations  had  been  made  for 
1000  persons,  but  the  guests  did  not  amount  to  one-half 
that  number.  Earl  Ducie  (who  is  certainly,  both  by  his 
agricultural  practical  skill  and  scientific  knowledge,  the 
fittest  nobleman  in  England  to  be  the  President  of  the 
English  Agricultural  Society),  occupied  the  chair  ;  and 
the  Earl  of  Chichester,  the  vice-chair.  Earl  Bucie 
entered  into  various  rem.arks  upon  the  Show,  &c.,  com- 
plaining of  the  extreme  fatness  of  some  of  the  animals. 
The  Show  draws  the  best  purchasers,  and  if  they  get 
disappointed  with  these  animals,  they  will  cease  to  come. 
It  is  difficult  to  overcome  olden  customs,  but  we  may 
gradually  lead  the  public  to  show  animals  in  a  more 
natural  state.  Let  us  ask  the  Council  to  provide  a 
store  stock  class;  purchasers  would  go  to  that  class,  and 
where  the  money  was,  the  breeders  would  quickly  follow. 
— Lord  Palmerston  thought  we  might  perhaps  discover 
a  substitute  for  guano  a  few  yards  fi-om  our  own  dwell- 
ings. Birt  had  been  defined  as  "  a  thing  in  its  wrong 
place  ;"  and  the  country  might  cleanse  the  towns, 
and  the  towns  fertilise  the  country ;  the  health  of  the 
towns'-people  and  the  finances  of  the  fanners  might  thus 
be  improved.  Lord  Bucie  proposed  the  health  of  the 
president-elect,  Lord  Ashburton. 


TABLE  showing;  THE  PRORnE^S  OF   THE  PRIZE  RAMS  IN  SIZE. 


Leicestebs. 

Class  I. 
1st  Prize    .. 
ad  do 

Class  U, 
1st  Prize    .., 
2d  do 

SoDTIIDaWNS. 

Class  I. 
1st  Pcizo    .. 

5d  do 

od  do , 

Class  II. 
Ist  Prize    .. 

3d  do 

3d  do 

LOKGWOOLB. 
IJIaSN  I. 
1st  Prize   ... 

2d  do 

ClttSfl  IT. 
1st  Prize   ... 
2d  do 


Age. 


Months 
14 


IG 
IG 


IG 
IS 


40 

5-2 


4    1 

3    Si 


5    1 

4   s;^ 


5     7 
5     7i 


Length. 


Fr.  In. 

3     7* 

3    eJ 


3     7 
3     li 


ITeight. 


Ft.  In 
2  GS 
2     oj 

2    6} 
2    7 


2    8i 

2  n 


1  91 

2  St 


NOEWICH,  1849. 


16 
16 


16 
16 


64 
63 


Ft.  I.i, 
4  10 


6    2 
4  10 


5  6 

6  10 


Length. 


Ft.  In. 
3  10 


3    9J 
3  10 


3  104 
3    8 


4    4 
4    5 


Height. 


Ft.  In. 

2    6* 


4+ 
2" 


2    5J 


2     7 
2    7i 


2    9 
2  10 


WiNDSOE,  1851. 


Age. 


17 
16 
16 


16 
16 


40 
40 


4  3J 
4  34 
4    2 


4    9} 


6    1 
4  H 


5  lOj 

6  U 


Length. 


3  9 
3  8 
3    6 


74 


4  n 
i  li 


i    2 
4     Si 


Height 


Ft.  in. 


LEtVEs,  1852. 


Age. 


17 
16 


40 
29 


18 
16 


40 
40 


Ft.  in 

4    7 


5    23 
4  lOJ 


4    4 


4    8J 
4     6 


5  II 

6  11 


Length 


ft.  in, 
3    6 

3     8 

3   n 

3     6 


3     8J 

3    Hi 


3  lOi 
3  loJ 


3  11 

4  li 


Height. 


Ft.  in; 
2    5 
2    5J 


2    4j 


2    7 
2    8 


2    9 
2    8i 


Of  the  Kentish  or  Rommy  Marth  llama,  the  ages  and  iin-a^urementa  are  ; — 

l^t  Pt-ize         ...         39i  months  old         ...         girih,  4  (c.  6  in.         ...         lengih,  3  It.  llin.         ...         height,  2  ft.  4i  inches. 

_    2d  Piize         ...         51    monrha  old         ..  girlh.  4  ti.  8  in.         ...         lent,'th,  4  ft.  2     in.         ...         heiiiht,  2  ft.  si  iochps. 


Miscellaneous. 

"  Best  Peruvian  Guano /^^ — On  one  of  our  northern 
rivers  there  is  a  loamy  promontory  often  visited  by  an 
extensive  vendor  of  guano  among  farmers  fond  of 
"  cheap  bargains."  His  repeated  draughts  upon  this 
*'  bank"  are  so  notorious  that  it  is  now  known  (and  has 
been  laid  down  upon  a  chart)  as  "  Ichaboe  Point!" 
Gateshead  Observer. 


COTBNT  GARDEN,  Jcly  17. 
Vegetables  and  fruit  aro  plentiful.  Tbe  supply  of  English 
Piiie-iipplea  ia  remarkably  good,  and  rhe  parae  may  be  said 
of  Eloibnuse  Grapes.  Strawberrios  are  abundant.  A  very  few 
dessert  Apples  may  still  be  obtained.  Oraiiijea  are  ne;irly  over. 
Nuts  are  about  the  same  as  last  quoted.  A  tew  Tomar.oe8  con- 
tinue to  be  brought  from  France,  Potatoes  are  very  plenriful, 
owiriff  to  the  ({rowers  being  anxiouFi  to  tiell  off  their  early  crops 
■speedily,  to  avoid  the  consequences  of  disea-te  Peas  are  plen- 
tiful. West  India  Pine-apples  are  abundant.  Mu»hroiirns 
are  dearer.  Cut  flowers  consiBt  of  Heuthn,  Pelargoniums, 
Mignonette,  RoBes,  Bignonia  tenusta,  and  Pinks. 
FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb,,  3s  to  Ss 
Grapes, hothouse.p.  lb.,  Ss  to  Ss 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  6s  to  123 
Nee  arines,  per  doz.,  Gs  to  12s 
Melons,  each,  28  to  6a 
Cherrie*!,  per  lb.,  2d  to  6d 
Strawberries, p. pott., 6d  tolsGd 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5b 
—    Bweet,  per  lb.,  23  to  3s 

VEGETABLES, 


Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s  6d  to  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  la  to  3b 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  228 

—  Brazil,  per  bushel,  123 
to  143 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fld  to  Is  3d 
French  Beans,  p.  100,  Is  to  2e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  la  to  4s 
Cauliflowers,  per  dnz,,  Is  to  39 
Asparagus,  p.  bundle,  Is  to  48 
Greens,  per  doz,,  la  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p,  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  GOs  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  3s  6d  to  7s 

—  per  bush.,  laGd  to  ^s  Cd 
Turnipa,  per  doz, ,  3s  to  69 
Cui-uiTibers.  each,  4d  to  6d 
"VegetableMarrow.p.doz.lsto^B 
Celery,  per  bundle,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  doz,  3s  to  53 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  la  to  23 
Oirions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,lh3dto  Sa 
Beet,  per  duz.,  in  to  Sa 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  2ii  tn  3d 


Shallots,  per  bunch,  3d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  Sd  to  Is 
Lettuce.Cab..  perscore4d  tola 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  3d  to  la 
Radiflhea,  per  doz,,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  lo  1h  6d 
Small  Saladu,  p,pun,,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.tiunille,lsto4B 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  l86d  to  2s 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  la 
•^orrel.  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  (o  Is 
Artichokes  per  doz.,ls6d  to  2g 
ppnnel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savtiry,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  b'jnch.  2d  to  3d 
Paraley,  p.  doz  bnchs.,  2a  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 
Basil,  (rreen.  p.  bunch, Gd 
Marjoram,  do.,  3ii  to  «d 
Wni    rct-esflea.  p.  12bun,9dto  Is 


Vvm^  ir-eat-rnw  Hay  h4s  to  U2d 

l'^t<'nnrdo 70        78 

I-.'..nv  Hay      f,0         72 

Oid  Clover 94      luo 


HAY  —  pL-r  Lortd  of  36  Truaaes. 
CoMBERLAND  Mahket,  July  15. 

" "       Inferior  Clover 


New  do. 
Straw 


TSatoS^s 

65         80 

33        36 

Joshua  Bakee. 


Fine  old  Hay 

^evp  Hay 
Inferior  do.... 
Straw 


■Whitecuapel,  July  15. 


.  76s  to8ts 
.  63  70 
.  60  60 
.  30         3i 


Old  Cl.v 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 


...lOOstolOSa 
.,,  75  84 

...  70  80 

...  50  63 


WOOL. 
Bradford,  Tbdrsdat,  July  15.— There  is  no  change  of 
moment  to  report  in  the  state  of  the  EnRlish  wool  market. 
The  inquiry  for  good  wnol  continues  to  be  active,  and  late 
rates  are  well  sustained.  Farmers  are  unwilling  sellers, 
except  at  a  considerable  advance,  which  the  po^ifii^n  of  the 
worsted  trade  generally  does  not  admit  of  beins  Cimceded,  and 
consequently  only  a  limited  supply  of  the  new  clip  has  thu*  far 
fouuil  Us  rtay  to  this  market.  Short  wools  aiid  noils  being 
comparatively  scarce,  realise  a  ready  sale  at  full  raies. 

COAL    MARKET.— Peidat.  July  16 
Hollywell,  143.;  Eden   Main,  14s  9d. ;  Tantield  Moor,  128.;, 
Wallsend    Haswell,  I63.  ;  Wallsend    Hetton,    16«.  ;    Wallsend 
Lambton.  I-jb.  6d. ;    Wallsend  Stewarts,  l5s.  9d. — Shipa   ai 
market,  249. 


Ked 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

foreign 


Per  St.  of  81b>.-a 

d       s 

d 

Best  Scots,  Here. 

forjs,  &c.        ...  8 

8  to  3 

10 

Best  Sbort.hnrnB  3 

6  —  3 

« 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

8  —  3 

2 

Best   Downs  and 

Ilalf-breds      ...  0 

0  —  0 

0 

Do.  Shorn   3 

10  —  4 

0 

Per  St.  of  SIbs.— 8 

d      e 

Rest  Long-wools  .  0 

0  too 

Do.  Shorn           ...  3 

e  — 3 

Ewea&2dqualUj  0 

0  —  0 

Do.  Shorn  3 

0  —  3 

Lambs      4 

G  — 6 

Calves      2 

8  —  3 

Pigs          2 

8  —  3 

SMITIIFIGLD,— Monday,  July  12, 
Our  supply  »>f  Beasts  is  quite  ac  gond  as  of  la':e ;  the  demand 
is  somewhat  morn  limited,  and,  in  consequence,  it  is  difficult 
to  maintain  la>t  Monday's  quotations.  However,  choice  things 
can  Bcarcely  be  called  lower.  The  number  of  Slieep  is  about 
the  same  as  laat  week  ;  the  morning  bein^  rather  cooler,  there 
is  a  more  cheerful  trade,  at  a  little  more  money.  Lambs  are 
still  much  in  demand,  at  fuUy  late  rates.  Good  Calves  are 
r,ither  dearer,  Fiom  Germany  au'i  RcMand  tliere  are  1088 
R-^iirttB,  2730  Sheep,  230  Halves,  and  30  Pik'S ;  from  Scotland, 
■280  BeaHtfl  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  700;  and  1500  from 
the  northern  and  midland  counties. 

d 
0 


Beasts,  3721  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  28,650  ;  Calves,  566  ;  Pigs,  450 
Friday,  July  16. 
We  have  a  large  supply  of  Hea'-ts,  and  the  demand  ia  amall, 
owing  to  the  continued  hot  weather  ;  a  considerable  portion  are 
of  inferior  quality.  These  are  lower,  and  several  remain 
unsold  ;  but  a  few  choice  onea  make  nearly  as  much  as  on 
M"nday  last.  The  number  of  Sheep  an.i  Lambs  is  very  larjie  ; 
tradw  is  consequently  plow,  and  prices  for  all  kinds  are  rather 
lower.  The  numbt-r  of  Calves  is  unusually  large;  trade  is 
very  duU,  at  lower  rates.  From  Germany  and  Holland  we 
have  302  Beasts,  1300  Sheep,  »nd  456  Calves  ;  from  Spain,  28 
Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  100;  200  from  tbe  northern 
and  midland,  and  110  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 

MARK  LAME. 
Monday,  July  12. — The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  and 
Kent  thi^  morning  was  again  very  sma'l ;  the  sale  neverthe- 
less proceeded  slowly  at  a  decline  of  Is.  per  qr,  upon  the  prices 
of  this  d;iy  se'iini^:!!'-.  Th'^  arrivalp  of  foreign  beint;  consider- 
able, no  pr.'gresB  could  be  made  with  salts,  even  at  a  similar 
dtcline. —  We  did  not  bear  of  any  transactions  in  Flour. — 
Bailey  is  a  slow  sale  at  Is.  per  qr.  decline.— There  being  some 


arrivals  of  foreign  Beans  and  white  Peas,  these  articles  meet 
less  inquiry. — Oats  are  dull,  at  a  decline  of  Is.  per  qr. 

Pee  iMPEaiAL  Quarter.  s.      b. 

Wheat,  Eeses,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  43—45  Red  , 

—  —     fine  selected  runs, ..ditto  44—47  Ked  , 

—  —     Talavera  43—48 

—  Norfolk 37—39 

—  Foreign 35 — 51 

Barley.grind.ib  distil., 25s  to 28H...Chev  29 — 31 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  ^0—28 
OatB,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 19—20 

—  Scotch  Hnd  Lincolnshire, ..Potato  20 — 23 

—  Irisli Potato  19- 

—  Foreign Poland  and  Brew  19—20 

Rye     

Rye-meal,  foreign | 

Beans,  Mazagan 273  to  328 Tick.SS — 33  Marrow 

—  Pigeiin   28s — 36s. ..Winds.      —       Longpod 

—  Foreign Small  23— 34  Rgvptian 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers |38 — 40  Suffolk... 

—  Maple 32b  to  358 Rreylsi— 33  Foreign  . 

Maize     White!     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  3ackj37— 4(i  Yellow. 

—  Suffolk ditto  25— 3V  Nortolk 

—  Foreign per  barrel j  17 — 23|  Per  sack 

Friday,   July   16.— The   arrivals  of  grain   and    Flour  this 

week  have  been  moderate,and  the  attemlance  at  market  un.* 
usually  small.     A  slight  decline  upon  Wheat  would  have  bee 
acceded   to  had  there  been   buyers,   but   both    businesB    and 
prices  for  all  articles  are  entirely  nominal. 
Impeeial  Averaqes. 


39—41 


19—21 
18— 2'1 
15-18 


28—33 

26—23 
38-42 
30—40 


25-32 
28—3 


Juno    5.. 

—  12.. 

—  19.. 

—  26,. 
July     3.. 

—  10.. 


Wheat,  Barley.  Oats     Rye.    Beans.    Peab, 


5.    d. 

40  7 
40  11 
40    9 

40  10 

41  4 
41     5 


Aggreg.   Aver.  |     41 


s.  d. 

20  8 

20  0 

20  2 

iO  0 

19  10 

19  9 


■iO     1 


s.  d. 

31  G 

31  10 

32  0 

32  4 

33  1 
84  0 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Fldotuations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Averages. 


Prices.  Jone  5.  Jdne  12.  Jdne19.  Jo«e26.|Joly  ^.  JolyIO, 


41a  5d 
41  4 
40  11 
40  10 
40  9 
40     7  - 


i-iJ 


I  ,L,iVfcKe.mi-,  TdesDAY,  July  13.— The  principal  import  eince 
last  Tuesday  is  6279  qrs.  of  Wheat  and  21,273  barrels  of  Flour 
from  the  United  States;  of  other  articles  of  the  grain  trade, 
the  arrivals  have  been  unimportant.  At  to-day's  market 
transactions  were  confined  to  the  immediate  wants  of  millerfl, 
and  were  limited  in  extent.  There  was  a  decline  from  the 
quotations  of  last  Tuesday  of  2d  to  3d.  per  bushel  on  Wheat, 
3d.  to  61.  per  barrel  on  Flour,  id.  per  bushel  on  Oats,  and  6d. 
irer  loud  on  Oatmeal.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  were  unaltered 
ia  value. 


29—1852 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


463 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH      PLATE     GLASS, 

FOR    RID8B    A!fD    FURftOSV    R  lOPS,    GIIE  E  V  [loUSBS,    RAILWAY    STATIONS,    ENGINE     SHEDS,    MILLS 
MAIIKET-HAC.LS,   AND    PDBLIC    RUILDINGS   GENERALLY.  


Fob  CoNSEftVAToRiEs;   Pdblic  Buildings,  Mamdfactobies, 
Skvlights,   &c.,  ic. 

i'h  inch 
thick. 

3.1Glh  inch 
thick. 

4  inch 
thiclc. 

Paceeb  in  Cbatbs,  for  catting  up  of  the  uizes  ad  Manufactured  :— 

SJiucttes  wide  and  from  W  CO  51)  long             

Or  20           ,,              ,,              50  to  7IJ    ,,                  

s.  d. 
0    6 

s.  d. 
0    8 

s.  d. 
0  10 

^N  SQ0ABE3,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Uuder    8  by    6      

8by   fi  and  uuder  10  by    8      

10  by    S         „           UbjlO      

14  by  10         ,,           IJ  feet  super.,  if  the  length  doeB  not  exceed  20  inches         

lifeetsup.  ,,            3           ,,            or  if  above -",  and  uot  above  30  incheslong 

3          „         ,.            i            ,,                     ,,             2u               ,,               30         ,,              ...      .  ... 

t           „         ,,             6            ,,                     ,,            30              ,,               85         ,,              

5  „        ,,            S           ,,                   ,,           35             ,,              40        

6  „        ,,            8           „                   ,,           40             ,,              45        ,,             

,8         „        „          10           ,,                  „           45             ,,             55        

'O          „        „          12           „                   ,,            55             ,,             70        ,,             

■■2          „        „          15           ,,                   ,,            70             ,,             85        ,,             

0    4 
0    44 
0     6 
0     54 
0     6 
0     64 
0     7 
0     7J 
0     8 
0    84 
0    9 

0    G 
0    7 
0    7 
0    7 
0    8 
0    8 
0    84 
0    0 
0    94 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 

0    7 
0    8 
0    9 
0    9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 

0  104 

0  11 

1  0 
1    1 

1     2 

Packed  in  Boxes  of  50  f^ET  Each  : 
Ins.    Ins.        Ins.     Ins,  s.    d, 

6  by  4  and  6^  by  44  10     6 

7  by  5      „     75  by  5^  12     0 

8  by  6     „     8A  by  6^  13     0 

9  by  7     „    9i  by  7i  and  10  by  8  15    0 

Note.— Squares  are  charged  accordiner  to  the  superficial  con 

tent5,  except  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  it 
which  caae  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Bending. — l-Zih,   Qdk  ;  3-16f7iS,  Qd.;  \inchf  Is.  per 
fsotf  iiet, 

*:,.*  h'yegu,lar  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 
When  Orates  are  ordered,  the  30-irecA.  widtli^  will  he 
sentj  zcnless  otherioise  specified. 


TtiG  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-ei-hth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  extensive  anrl  increasinp  (consumption. 

It  is  wiiversall)/  admitted  to  be  the  best  and  most  suit- 
able Olass  for  Ridge  ayid  Furrow  Roofs j  Oreenho  uses, 
Factories,  Workshops j 
A.nti  all  such  like  purpoHes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  Is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminiHhing  the  light.  Its  non- 
tran?parency,  etrenjth,  and  cost  (beinp:  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occurs. 

Where  still  greater  strength  is  required  the  3-lRtha  and  J  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  RouL^h 
Plate.   Samples  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  by  applyiag  to 


JAMES    PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTIOTTLTURAL  GL\S3    MBRCFTAXTa.    116.    BTSFIOPSG  AT  R-STRRET   WITHOUT,  LONDON". 


NOTICE  OF  REMOVAL  FROM  28,  CORNHILL. 
I^AWE,  COTTRELL,   and   BENUAM,   Seedsmen 

L^  AND  FL'.nuTs  (Su-rci'bsor^  t.»  M'.  I'reienck  W-iruer),  beg 
most  reepectfully  u>  infimaio  to  ih«ir  friunds  and  the  public 
generally,  that  they  have  removed  their  retail  department  to 
No.  3G  Moorgate-.treet,  City,  where  they  hope  to  meet  with 
the  sa-ne  patron»ge  s  >  libeiully  bewtowr-n  upon  their  predecea- 
Bor,  assuring  their  kind  friends  that  none  but  the  nest  and 
mos'.  approved  BtocUa  of  Agrlculiura',  IlorticuUui  al,  and 
Garduii  >*eedfl  will  be  pent  out  fmni  their  E>.tabllshme[it. 

The  WhoiesHlo  Uftpartment  No.  S,  Laureuce  Pouatney-lane^ 
Cannon-streot,  London. 

D KANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.— 
Hurticultutints,  und  ail  ini-erf^Rttd  in  Gii-nlening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEaNIO,  HHaY,  and  CO '-■>  cx'ensive 
Stock  of  GARDGMNG  and  PRUNlNi:*  IMPLEMENTS,  best 
London-made  Garden  Engines  and  Myriufjes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seatu  andChairs. 
Averuncatora 
Axes  • 

BHg;,'iTig  Hooka 
Bills 
Borders,        varionfl 

patterns 
Bo'antcai  Boxes 
Boyd'tt  P  ■•  tent  Scythe 
Brown's  Patent  Fu- 

migafor 
Cases  of  Pruning  In- 

srruments 
Daisy  Kalics 
DiDbies 

Draining  Tools 
Edging    Irons    and 

Shears 
Flower  Scissors 
,,        S::iad8     in 

Wires  ifc  Iron 
Fumigators' 
Galvanic      Borders 

and     Plant    Fro- 

tect'ira 
Garden  Chairs  and 
Seats 

,,     Loops 

„    Rollers 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  msiy  be  seen,  and  all  other  intormation  ob- 
tained : — Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  '^^nrserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Ptae-apple- 
place,  London;  Messrs.  Wbitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &.c., 
Fulham.  London;  Mr.  Glendinnlng,  Nurseryman,  die.,  Chls- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Diekaun,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Son5,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs'.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull.  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'lntosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford, 
shire;  Mr.  Ewlng,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anulesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkini^ton  and  C  ».,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  GlasB  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

The«e  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  oy  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  or 
the  beat  nrimiple.     Exietine  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 

THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND  COLOURS. 

WROLES^LE   PKICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  C-oLooR.  MeeCHants,  125,  Quten-S'reet,  Horteea,  aupply 
in  any  q<i  an  title  si,  at  wholesale  pricea,  Crown  and  (lorticul'ural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate.  RouRh  Plite  for 
Conservalorie*  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee,Cucum- 
ber,  iind  Prnpairatiog  Glasses,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticu'iural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  &c.  Dt-ep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Piumbera'  Br-ias  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.  B.—  Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 

EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PKIZF:  MEDAL  FOK  SUPRRIOa  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOEJBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EX'llBtTION  OF   1851. 

rpHE  CELEBRATED   STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 

J-  Patent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakes,  Sc>thtfs,  Dridniug,  and 
other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Trjipn,  63.  per  dozen.  CarpenUrs' 
and  Smi'.ht.'  Toola,  6lc.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
2*.  Gi.  per  dozen.  Patent  fumiiatnrfl  for  de-trojing  inei-cts 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouaen,  &<;  :  at  Messrn.  J.  H.  Boobbtes 
and  Co 'a  (late  Stubch  and  B 'OBbteb).  Iroomongery,  Uiaas- 
foundry.  Nail  and  Tool  Watch  <o)ie,  14,  stanhope  street, 
Clare-market,  London.  Es'abli-ht^d  nearly  200  years  for  the 
•ale  of  giods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  ihe  lowest  prices. 
Gooda  f'.rwarded  to  any  part  oQ  the  receipt  of  remiitao,;e. 
Ll<tt4  Kent  by  post. 

^TEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 

O  L<fndon,  and  17.  New  Park-Street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
torern  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILER-',  end  Conservatf.ry  and  Hothouse  Butlders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  reopectfully  call  the  atietition  of  the  Nobiliry, 
Gentry,  and  N'urserjmen  to  their  nlmpie  but  efIi<raciouB  meihod 
of  warming  nortlculturarand  o'hcr  Buildlnt-s  b/  hot  wiiter. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  t-xccufcd,  references  of 
tbe  Mjthwt  respectability  can  bo  given,  and  lull  partlculors 
ftirtii*  h  e*!  onapp  Hen  tton . 

BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTINQ    SCYtTTe." 


T>OYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
^  SnCKL  DIGGING  FOItK-<.-lJoTD'«  Scyth«  1»  capable  of 
beioff  adjtisrcd  10  any  (inj<I«;  by  th'-  ptiid.n  uning  it,  and  never 
r«qtitre«  the  aid  of  a  blnckundih  ;  whi-n  out  ot  u«o  it  nhuti  up 
tlk«  a  claiirii.kttlfe.  The  Oaril^mrrt'  f'hrrmleU  thui  eomincnin 
0[K>o  It :~"  Wn  gladly  mtate  that  Mr,  BoTD'HSc>the  utandu  well 
th«  great  t«»t,  experience,  Oflp*'clnlly  wlili  hU  lat^i  In/enlouit 
and  very  otelal  Improvement  "-^.  C,  Ifitli  May,  ]H!J'J,  Thd 
8l»el  Diifitlntr  Porkd  arc  ihoiio  colw^r-it'd  by  Ajr.  MrchI, 
"  When  a  labonrMr  has  tmce  nsed  them,  he  will  n«vcr  work 
with  any  oih*r  Implement  for  dlgi{lng.  Thoy  eff-ct  a  "Ovlng  of 
nwrljr  M  i>of  cenr.  In  Jobour."—  Wh»lo»M)o  ond  Kelall  at 
''•'».  i"»*T  i.n  I  C  . '•  Affrl— irNint  Trpl-ni'Tit  and  Mn*'h1oery 
^««'<'h..ui»«r,  rfw.iM.|<i'.c,   Uppor   Tlifi-iif!flM'-r«^t,  mar  Loudou- 


TMPROVED  MOWING  MACHINE.— Two  articles 

«-  have  appeared  in  the  habdeners'  Chronicle  of  dati-s  26  h 
ult.  and  3d  inst ,  detailing  the  merits  of  "  Budding's"  Lawn 
Mower,  and  suirtje-ting  a  comparativo  trial  of  the  various 
macliines.  "  Buddiau'a"  22  inch  Mower,  embracing  the  latest 
improvements,  ift  said  to  cut  Cheethara  Hill  Liwn  in  35  hours. 
ALEX.  SHANKS  and  SON'S  20-inch  MACHINE  will  D  >  the 
VEET  SAME  WoBK  IN  12  HoDiia,  aud  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
surpassed. 

William  Dodds   and   Co.,   102,  Leadenhall-street,   London, 
Agents  tor  A.  Shanks  and  Son. 


p  ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
vJ  Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvau-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide    ...    7d.  per  yd.    5d.  per  yd. 
2-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ...     9       ,,  6i      „ 

2-inch      ,,       extra  strong      „  ...  12       ,,  O"      ,, 

Ig-inch      ,,       light  „  ...     8       ,,  6        ,, 

Ig-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ...  10      ,,  8        „ 

Ig-inch      ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  It      „  11        ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  widtb  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  fur  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARO  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  evpenae  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  New'-astle. 


OHN    WARNER    AND    SONS, 
Crescent,  Jewin  Stkeet,  London, 

MANUFACTDREnS  OF 

fire  engines,  garden 
Engines,  and  syringes. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IR,ON  TUB 

GARDEN 

ENGINE, 

I    j    ,    ,_-  r   .,:  I,    i  With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 

.    .'"  is  strongly  recommended   for    dur- 

j  ability  and  low  price,  viz.: — 
JE3    0    0 

May  bo  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

T>ATENT    CAST-IRON 

A  PUM  PS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
CottaitoM,  Manure  Tanks,  and  SJial- 
li.w  WfllH.  £  8.    a. 

Patent  Pump 112     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  IS  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolta  and  nuts  ready  for 

lixlng    2     8     0 

Larger  i-izei  if  required. 
May    bo    ohtnlnod    ot    any    Iron- 
monger or    PluinbiT    in    Town    or 
Country,    or  of  iho  PatentuOB   and 
Maniil'ii(.tTirorH, 

JOHN   WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  CrtHcimt,  .f<min-Rtrcot,  London. 
Evory  di-o,crlption    of   Mi<chlnory 
for  Hailing  itiid    Korelng  Water,  either  by  Sloara,  Ilorao,  or 
Marmul  pu>ror.     Kirn  nod  Garden  Eiiglnen.  drc. 
'iho  usual  alli)wanc'o  to  the  Trade. 


Mowing  Machines 
Pickaxes 
Potaio  Forks 
Pruni"i:  Hills 
,,     Knives,variou3 


Garden  Scrapers 
Gidney's     Prubsian 

HOQ 

Grape  Gatherers  «fe 

9cissoi-8 
Gravel   Rakes    and 

Sieves 
Greenhouse     Doors 

and  Frames 
Hamtiierb 

Haiid-elass  Frames 
Hay  Knives 
Horticultural  Ham- 
mtr:s  &  Hatchets 
Hoes  of  every  pat- 
tern 
Hotbed  Handle<i 
Ladies'  Set  of  Tools 
Labels,  various  pai- 
ternc,     in      Zincj 
Porcelain,  die. 
Lines  and  Reels 
Marking  Ink 
Matlocks 
Menogfiiphs 
Metallic  Wii-e 
Milton  Hatchets 
Molo  Traps 

DEANE,  DRAT,  and  CO.  are  sole  Agents  for  LINQHAM'S 
PERMANENT  LABELS,  samples  of  which,  with  their  Illus- 
trated List  of  Horiicuitu.al  Tools,  can  be  sent,  post  paid,  to 
any  part  of  the  United  Kinsddm,  Also,  Wliolesjile  and  Retail 
Ageoti  for  SAYNOR'S  celebrated  PRUNING  KNIVES,  used 
exclusively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  United  Kingdom. — 
DEANE,  DRAY,  4;  CO.  (Opening  to  the  MonumeniJ,  London- 
bridge. 

FOR  SALE.— WARD'S  CASES,  GAS  WATER 
BOILERS  wiih  Fire-clay  Burners  fur  Gitenhouses,  and 
lElron  SAILING  BOAT.— Apply  to  il.  Smith,  12,  Rufford's 
row,  Islington,  London. 


„     (scissors 

„     Soears 
Raitea      in     great 

variety 
Reaping  Hooks 

cyhoa 
Scythe  Stones 
Shears,  various 
SickltfS 
■fickle  Saws 
Spades  aud  Shovels 
^Spuds 

Switch  Hooks 
Thistle  Hooks 
Transplanting  Tools 
Trowels 
Tu'fing  Irons 
Wall  Nails 
Watering  pots 
Weed  Hooks 
Whrelbari'ows 
Youths' Set  of  TooL 


H^ANNED    GARDEN    -NETTING,    for    protecting 

JL  Strawberries  aud  wall-fruit  Irorn  birdri,  or  as  d  fence  for 
fowlp,  pigeons,  djc,  in  any  length,  rrom  JO  IN  KING 
FARH>W'S  Fishing  Tackle  and  Net  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked- 
lane,  London- bridge,  at  lid.  one  yard,  3d.  two,  or  Gd.  four 
ynrris  wide.  All  orders  over  205,,  accompauied  with  post-o£Elce 
order,  or  stamps,  carriage  free. 


\\J  ATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 

**  their  Gardens  during  the  wtuter  months  should  con- 
struct thwir  walks  of  POIiTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  I  bus  ; — ■Screen  tite  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  adil  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equul  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incor^jorate  the  whole  well  in  tlie  dry  state  betnre  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  by  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyund 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  liuid  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  tbruui^'h  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides.— Manuf.icturers  of  ihe  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
and  Sons,  Millbank-street,  Westminster. 


IMPORTANT    TO    FARMERS. 

HARVEY'S  PURGING  DRINKS  FOR  COWS, 
Is.  each.  Plain  direciions  f  r  tie  tieatmeut  of  most 
diseases  Cows  are  subject  to,  will  be  given  with  each  Drink. 
They  "ili  be  found  a  safe  and  itfeetual  lemedy.  Cmiipounded 
by  R.  Harvey,  Veterinary  Su'geon.  CheatUe,  Staffm  dshire. — 
Sold  whulesale  by  Mes:-re.  T.  Warsden  and  So^a,  CheapsidGj 
London  ;  and  Meesrs.  Bahclay  and  Sows,  95,  Farringdon- 
street,  London  ;  and  may  bu  had  from  any  respectable  Chemist 
in  the  Kingdom. 

OPEN~TO^HE    UNITED    KiNGD^WL 

YORKSHIRE  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
Tiie  Fnteenth  Annual  Meotiii^;  will  lie  lield  at  ohfffield, 
cm  the  it h  and  5th  of  AaousT  next.  (Two  days' Show.)  The 
Entry  Cioses  on  the  22d  of  July.  Free  transit  for  Stock,  both 
ways,  and  half  ra'es  tor  ImphmentiH,  are  conceded  by  the  Rail- 
ways of  ihe  district.  Prize  Sheers  for  Stuik,  Iinpk-ments,  Or 
Poultry,  with  forms  of  Certificate  for  emOi,  may  be  tiad  free  by 
application  to  M.  M.  Milburn,  Secretary. 

Sowcrby,  Thirsk. 


LIGHTNING    CONDUCTORS. 

RS.  NEWALL  AND  CO.,  Patentees  of  the 
•  Copper  Rope  Lightning  Conductor,  big  to  inform  tho 
Nobility,  Clergy,  Jic  ,  that  they  supply  l.igtitumK  Conductors 
rticli  the  point,  ard  all  clips  compleie  for  tixing,  nt  Is.  iho  foot, 
whatever  the  altitude  of  tlie  budding  to  he  protected. 

|{.    S.    NEWALL    AND    CO 'S    PATENT    CttPPEU    ROPE 
CONDUCTOR   is  being   ufcd    by    ArcliitectSj  Eugineors,    and 
scientiiiu  men,  in  all  parts  of  ihe  kingdom. 
Uilice  and  Warehouse,  13U,  Strand,  Loudon. 


•TMIE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

A  PA  UK,  are  open  to  Vlt-itnrB  daily.  The  Collecti  m  now  con- 
tains upwards  of  lf)(IO  BpeclnienH,  including  a  hue  Chtrnpanzeo, 
ilio  Ilippoiiotanms  (protente'l  by  II  ^r.  tlio  Viceroy  of  Egypt), 
Elephants,  Rhinoceros,  GlralFi'S,  and  ynung  Leucorjx,  Elanda, 

l-tonte-boIiH,  Camels,  Zebras,  Li->nn,  TIgerH,  JanuiirM,  Boars, 
O.tiichfH.and  the  Apt!  ryx  presented  by  tin?  LluntenHut-Governor 
lit  Now  Zealand.  All  VUttors  arc  ntt«  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's 
eolU'Ciiuii  ol  Humming  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

TliM  Uniid  of  tho  Ut  Ijife  Giiai'da  will  piTl'oi'm,  by  permitFiion 
.if  CI.  Hall,  on  every  Saturday,  ai  Four  o'clock,  until  I'uriher 
ni'i.'tt.— A-iiniH-iton,  f)NR  Suillino  ;  on  MOVDAYH.  WixPRNOi'^. 

•-PIIE    VOYAGE    TO    AUSTRALIA.— An  entirely 

JL  new  Moving  Piinorumn,  "  Tiip,  VttVAOR  to  AUhtralia, 
A^D  A  Visit  to  iikr  (Jold  Firldh,"  p.niitid  from  >-ketclieB 
mud  ■  upon  the  spot  by  J.  H.  Proit  ;  tho  Murloci   subJu'ctH  by 

f.  H,  RnniNH,  and  tht!  Nalurni  Illstofy  by  C.  Wimqall,  Mem. 
I  or«  of  the  Now  Snnlnty  of  Palnicra  In  Wnt^r  Colours;  wil 
shortly  be  opened  at  3uU,  Rogeii'-stroet,  next  tho  Polytechnic. 


464 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE    AND     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.       [July  17 


July,  18B2. 


CHAMBERS'S     EDUCAT80NAL    COURSE. 

Already  Published,    strongly  bound   in   dark-coloured   Cloth:— 


DIRECTORIES.  s.  d. 

Infant  Treatment  under  Two  Ye^rs  of  Age           1  3 

Infant  Education  from  Two  to  Six  Years  of  Age 3  0 

ENGLISH. 

First  Book  of  Reading OU 

Second  Rook  of  Readinj?           0  3 

Simple  LeBsons  in  Ilesding      0  10 

Kudiments  of  Knowledge          •■■     0  1** 

Moral  Claes-Book            1  6 

Introduction  to  Composition 0  6 

Introduction  io  Orammar        ...        ...        1  3 

Grammar,  Two  Parte,  each 1  6 

EtymoIoRy  ,,,         ...         ...     2  0 

Elocution 2  6 

History  of  the  English  Language  and  Literature 2  G 

ARITHMETIC    AND    MATHEMATICS. 

Introduction  tu  Arithmetic        ...         ...         ...         ...         •■■     1  0 

Arithmetic  (Advanced  TreatiseJ        2  0 

Key  to  Ari  hoietic           2  0 

Book- Kei  pine  by  Single  Entry           1  3 

Book-Ketp'Og  by  Single  and  Double  Entry            2  0 

Two  Ruled  Paper  Books  for  Single  Entry     ...    1  3 

for  Double  Entry    „.    1  3 

Algebra        3  6 

Key  to  Algebra      2  6 

Plane  G'*ometry 2  6 

Key  to  Plane  Geometry 2  0 

Solid  and  Spherical  Geometry 2  6 

Practical  Mathematicp,  Two  Parts,  each 3  6 

Key  to  PraciicHi  Mathematics            3  6 

Mathematical  Tables     3  6 

SCIENCE. 

Political  Economy          ; 2  ^ 

Introduction  to  the  Sciences     ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     1  JJ 

Law9  of  Matter  aud  Motion      0  1" 

Mechanics 0  1** 

Hydrostatics,  Hydraulics,  and  Pneumatics            0  1^ 

Acoustics , 1  ^ 

Optics          1  0 

Astronomy 1  0 

Electricity 1  0 

Meteorology           1  0 

Natural  Philosophy,  Vol.  I.,  containing  Laws  of  Matter 

and  Motion,  Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,  &c.,  Acoustics  3  0 
Natural  Philosophy,   Vol.  II,,  containing  Optics,  Aetro- 

nomy,  Electiicity,  Meteorology       3  0 

Chemistry.     By  George  Wilson,  M.D,,  F.R.S.E.,  &c.     ...     8  0 

Animal  I'hyeiology          1  6 

Zoology        4  0 

Vegetable  Physiology     1  6 

Geology       2  6 

HISTORY. 

Ancient  History 3  0 

Hia.'ory  of  Rreece "         .,,     2  G 

History  of  Rome , 2  C 

Mistoi-y  of  the  Rritiah  Empire 2  6 

Exemplary  and  Instructive  Biography         2  6 


0    8 
0  10 


WRITING     AND      DRAWING. 

Writirg— Plain,  Current-hand,  and  Ornamental;  in  16 
prepared  Copv-books  (post  size),  each       

First  Book  of  Drawing  

Second  L>ook  of  Drawing  

Drawing-books — consisting  of  a  series  of  Progressive 
Lessons  in   Drawing  and   Perspec.ive,  with   General 

Instructions  ;  in  18  Books,  each     ^         

*»*  Books  I.  to  X.  are  publlEbed. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Geographical  Primer      

Text-book  of  Gei  graphy  for  England  

SCLIOOL-ROOM  AIAPS  of  England.  Ireland,  Scotland, 
Europe,  A-ia,  Palestine,  North  America,  South 
America,  and  Africa,  mounted  (5  feet  2  inches  in  length, 
by  4  feet  6  inches  in  breudtt),  each  14     0 

SCHOOLROOM  MAP  of  the   Hemispheres,  mounted  (5 
feet  2  inches  in  length,  by  4  feet  6  inches  in  breadth)...  21    0 
These  Maps  may  also  he  had  Varnished,  at  2^. 
additional. 

SCHOOL  ATLAS  of  Modern  and  Ancient  Geography; 
consisting  of  34  quarto  Maptt,  coloured 10     6 

PRIMER  ATLAS;  consisting  of  nine  quarto  Maps, 
coloured  2     6 

GEOGRAPHY,  General  Treatise  on  (nearly  ready). 

LATIN. 

Illuiiraied  with  copious  English  Notes  and  Pre/aces. 

Elementary  Latin  Grammar 

Advanced  Latin  Grammar       

Latin  Exercises 

Latin  and  English  Dictionary  

■ Latin. English  Part        

English-Latin  Part       

Caesar  

Sallust         

Quintaa  Cuttius 

Ovid  

Horace         

VirftU  

Livy  ...         .,,         

Cicero  

Nepos  (nearly  ready). 

GERMAN. 

Edited  by  Dr.  Aue,  Qerman  Master  in  the  High  School,  Edinburgh. 

2     0 

3     0 


13,  Great  MahlbobouvIh.steeet 
pOLBURN   AND    CO.'S   NEW    PUBLICATIONS. 


LIFE  OF  MARIE  DE  MEDICIS.  By  Miss 
Pabdoe.    3  vols,  Bvo,  with  Five  Portraits.    42a. 

"  A  work  of  high  literary  and  historical  merit.  As  a  per- 
sonal narrative,  Miss  Pardoe's  admirable  biography  possesses 
the  most  absorbing  and  constantly  sustained  iutereet."— JoAn 
Bull. 

CAPTAIN    MACKINNONS    ATLANTIC    AND 

TRANSATLANTIC  SKETCHES.     2  vols.     21j. 

"  Captain  Mackionon's  nketches  of  America  are  perhaps  the 
beet  that  have  appeared  since  the  work  of  Caprain  Marryatt^ 
and  they  are  far  more  candid  and  impartial."— Obigi-uer. 
lit. 
HISTORY  OP  BRITISH  CONQUESTS  in  INDIA 
By  HoBAcE  St.  Joan.    2  vols.    lu. 

V  A  ^"'^  ^^"^  accurate  narrative  of  the  political  history  oP 
British  India,  evidently  written  after  careful  study  aod 
laborious  research." — Literary  Oazette. 


FIVE    YEARS 
Thomas  SiaiTH.    2  vols. 


AT 
21j, 


2  0 

3  6 

1  3 
9  0 
fi  0 

4  6 

2  6 

2  0 

3  6 
3  C 

3  6 

4  6 
4  0 
3  C 


First  German  Reading  Book 
iSecoud  Reading  Book    ... 


A  School  Dictionary  of  the  German  Language.     Pari 

Gertnun-EogtiAh.    By  Dr.  Kaltschmidt 

Fart  II.  Englisb-German,  in  preparation. 


Manual  of  Music. 


MUSIC. 

By  Joseph  GoGtick 


Ss-   Other   Works  in  preparation, 


Published  by  W".  and-  R.  CHAM~ilfeBS,  839,  Hiph-etreet.  Edinburgh  ;  W.  S.  Ore  and  Co.,  Amen  Corner,  London  ;  D, 
Chambers,  55,  West  Nile-street,  Glasgow  ;  J.  M'Glashan,  50,  Upper  Sackville-street,  Dublin ;  and  sold  by  all  Boukeellera. 


MURRAY'S 
HANDBOOKS     FOR     TRAVELLERS. 


TTANDBOOK  OP  TRAVEL  -  TALK,  in  Four 
■■--*-  Languages,  for  the  Use  of  Englishmen  Travelling 
Abroad,  or  Foreigners  Visiting  England.    18mo,  6a. 

tJANDBOOK  OP  MODERN  LONDON;  a  Com- 
X  A  piece  Gu'de  to  all  Objects  and  Places  of  Interest  in  tLe 
Metropolis.    Maps  and  Plans.    16mo,  5s. 

TJANDBOOK  FOR  DEVON  AND  CORNWALL. 
-*--*-  Maps.     Post  8vo,  6s. 

TTANDBOOK  FOR  NORTH  GERMANY  AND 
-•--»-  TIIK  KtllNE.— Holland,  Belgium,  and  Piuseia.  Map. 
Post  Svo,  12s. 

TTANDBOOK  FOR  SOUTH  GERMANY  AND 
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Svo,  12s. 

TTANDBOOK  OP  PAINTING.  —  The  German, 
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TTANDBOOK  FOR  SWITZERLAND.— The  Alps  of 
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TT  ANDBOOK  OP  MADEIRA,  containing  Inform.a- 
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TTANDBOOK  FOR  SPAIN.— Andalusia,  Ronda, 
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AA  j,|Q  vVooilcuts.     2  vols,  post  Svo,  24s. 

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tmople.    Maps.     Post  Svo,  15s. 

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A-L     Cairo,  Thebes,  India,  io.     Map.     Post  Svo,  15s. 

TTANDBOOK  FOR  DENMARK,  NORWAY,  AND 

AA  SWeUKN.     Maps.      P.ist  Svo,  12s. 

TTANDBOOK    FOR     RUSSIA   AND    FINLAND. 

A  A  M„„,,     P.istSv.i,  12s. 

JOHN  MUllIi,\y,  Albemarlc-street. 


THE    EDINBURGH    REVIEW,    No.  CXCV.,    is 
just  published. 

CONTENTS. 

r.  POLICE  OF  LONDON. 
II.  THE  THUGS.  DACOiTS,  AND    POLICE  OF  INDIA. 
III.  PIEDMONT. 
IV.  DUTCq    DIPLOMACY  AND    NATIVE    PIRACY    IN 

INDIAN    ARCHIPELAGO. 
V.  LIFE  OF  NIEBUHR. 

VI.   MEMOIRS  OF  THE    MARQUIS  OF  ROCKINGHAM, 
VII.  ENGLISH  AGRICULTURE  IN  1852. 
Vlir.  LIVES  OF  THE  FRIENDS  AND  CONTEMPORARIES 
OF  LORD  CLAllENDON. 
IX.  NATIONAL  DEFENCES. 

X.  OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  COMMISSION  REPORT. 
London  :  Lonquan  and  Co.  Edinburgh  :  A.  and  C.  Blace. 

NEW    EDITIONS   OF   NESBITS    MENSURATION, 

LAND-SURVEYING,    ETC. 

A_New  and  Improved  Edition,   augmented  by  a  Treatise  on 

Levelliug,  in  12mo,  price  6j.  bound, 

A  TREATISE  ON  PRACTICAL  MENSURATION, 
in  Ttn  Pui-t3  ;  containing— 


NEPAUL.      By    Captara 

"  This  interesting  work  forma  a  most  complete  and  graphic 
delineution  of  Nepaul  and  Nepauleee  affairB."— ^oftji  Bull. 

T. 

COLONEL   LANDMAN'S   ADVENTURES  AND' 

RECOLLECTIONS,    2  vols.    21s.    (Juet  ready.) 

VI. 

AMY  PAUL  :  A  Tale.     2  vols. 

*'  Amy  Paul  will  become  one  of  the  favourite  novels  of  tho- 
seuson." — Atlas. 
"  The  execution  of  this  story  ia  very  remarliable." — SpectatOTm 
"  A  tale  of  very  considerable  merit." — Obsei-ver, 

VII. 

MARY  SEAHAM.     By  Mi-s.  Grey.     3  vols. 
"  A  novel  which  will  add  to  Mrs.  Grey's  literary  reputation." 
—Globe. 

vni. 
THE  LOST  INHERITANCE.    A  Novel.     3  vols. 


GUILDFORD  NURSERY  GROUND  AND  GARDENS. 
TO  NURSERYMEN  AND  OTHERS. 
]YJR.  DRURY  has  received  instructions  from  the 
l»X  Executrix  of  the  late  Thomas  Dickinson,  to  dispose  of 
all  that  truly  valuable  and  importaat  NURSKUY  and  SEEI> 
BUSINESS,  known  as  the  Guildford  Nursery  Ground.  This 
offers  an  unusual  opportunity  rarely  to  be  m«t  with,  the  husl- 
iiess  baviog  been  carried  ou  by  the  late  Thomaa  Dickinbon, 
aud  his  uncle  for  the  last  40  jeara,  and  to  he  di^p^^sed  of  solely 
through  the  death  of  the  late  proprietor,  who  has  much- 
enhanced  the  value  within  the  last  five  yea>s.  The  whole- 
of  the  stocii  is  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  FuU 
paniculars  and  orders  to  view  may  he  had  of  Mr.  Drury, 
Aucti.ineer,  House  and  Estate  Agent,  50,  High-streetj. 
Guildford,  Surrey. 


AMHERSTIA   NOBILIS. 
[V/I  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction  at  his 

l-' A  Great  Room,  33,  King  Street,  Coven t  Gurden,  OQ 
TUESDAY,  20th  July,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  14  PLANTS  of 
AMHERSTIA  NOBILIS,  fn.m  12  to  16  inches  high,  juat 
received  from  India,  in  bne  health.  Eight  Dborlan  Trees  and 
six  Ghangor  Trees,  also  from  Birmah,  May  be  viewed  on  tho 
morning  ot  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


NURSERY   AND   SEED    BUSINESS. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  a  first-class  Busiuess  in. 
the  above  line,  established  upwards  of  30  years,  aod  novp: 
la  full  operation,  situate  in  one  of  the  best  localities  in  the 
kingdom,  posetssitig  a  1  the  advanrages  of  railway  communi- 
cation, and  in  an  improving  part  of  ihe  country.  Any  persoa 
or  persons  posseesiog  a  capital  of  SUUOJ.  or  6000f.,  and  desirous 
of  embarking  in  the  abovo  businesp,  will  find  this  such  aa 
opening  as  rarely  occurs,  and  pariicularly  suited  to  two  oi' 
three  young  men,  whose  united  eff  jrts  wou'd  ensure  success. 
For  particulars  apply  to  Messrs.  Beck,  Henderson,  and  Co.^ 
Adelphi  Wharf,  Strand,  London. 


The  most  approved  Methods 
of  drawing  Geometrical 
Figures. 

Mensuration  of  Superficies. 

Land  Survejing. 

Mensuration  of  Solit's. 

The  Use  of  the  Carpenter's 
Rule. 

Timber  Measure,  in  which  is 
ehown  the  Method  of  Mea- 
suring and  Valuing  standing 
Timber. 

Artifjcfcro'  Works,  illustrated 
by  the  Dimensions  and  Con- 
tents of  a  House. 


nmg- 
Mensuration    of     Haystacks, 
Drains,     Canals,     Marlpits, 
PondH,  Mill-dams,  Embank- 
ments, Quarries,  Coal-heaps, 
and  Clay-heaps. 
Conic  Sections  and  their  Solidis. 
The  most  useful  Problems  in 
Gauging,    accoiding    to  the 
New  Imperial  Mtasurea. 
Plane  Trigonometry,  wiih  its 
opplicatiOD  to  the  Mensura- 
tion of  Heights  &  Diy(anc09. 
Trigonometrical  Suiveys. 
A    Dictionary    of    the    Terms 
used  in  Architecture. 
By  A.  Nesbit.    New  Edition,  enlarged,  and  greatly  improved. 
To  which  is  added,  a 

TREATISE    ON   LEVELLING. 
The  whole  iltusu-ared   bj    nearly    Seven    Hundred   Practical 
lixamples,  and  ne-irlv  Tliree  Hundred  Woodcuts. 

KEY  TO  NESBIT'S  PKAnTICAL  MENSURATION  : 
c  ntaioing  ?oluti(»ns  to  all  Questions  which  are  not  answered 
in  that  Work  ;  with  References  to  the  Problems,  Rules,  and 
Notes,  by  which  ibe  Suluiions  are  obtained.  New  Edition 
corrected  and  greatly  impritved.  12mo,  price  oa.  bound. 
By  the  same  Author,  Nfw  Edition,  Svo,  wi  h  Plates,  Woodcuts, 
and  Field-Buok,  price  12s, 
TREATISE  on  PRACTICAL  LAND-SURVEYING.  Cor- 
reeled  and  inipruved.  with  th«  addiiiun  of  Plane  Trigonometry, 
including  the  use  of  the  Theodolite,  and  Railway  Surveying, 
Kailway  Engineering,  Levelling,  Planning,  Laying  out  Curves, 
&.C.,  by  T.  Baeeh. 

TREATIriE  -.11   PRACTICAL    ARITHMETIC.     Part  I.  5s.  ; 
Key.  55.— Part  II.  7s.  Gd-  ;  Key,  7s. 

INTRODUCTION  to  ENGLISH  PARSING.     18mo.  2«.  Gc?. 
L  ndon  :  Lokgman,  Urown,  Green,  and  LoNOMiWs. 


TO   MARKET  FRUIT  GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  immediate  possession. 
Four  Vineries,  a  14-light  Frame,  Dweiliog-houae,  Barn 
and  Stable,  and  Four  Acres  of  well-stocked  Fruit  Warden;  the 
whole  iu  excellent  condition,  situate  about  a  mile  from  a  rail* 
way  station,  and  14  milts  from  Loudon.  An  order  for  viewing 
may  be  had,  on  a  written  applicatioa  to  Mr.  Niobxingalb, 
Estate  Ai^ent,  Kingston-upon-Thames,  Surrey. 


WANTED  TO  PURCHASE,  from  20  to  200  ; 
of  LAND,  situated  on  the  Chalk  or  Sand  Hilis,  and  v 


acres 

within 
10  to  30  miles  of  London,  south  of  the  Thames.  A  large  housa 
ou  the  property  would  he  an  objection.  Letters  to  he  addressed 
to  E,,  Qardeyters'  Chro7iiole  Office,  5,  Upper  Weliiogton-street, 
Covent  Garden,  London. 

FARMS  TO  BE  LET.— In  the  best  part  of  Surrey^ 
between  Guildford  and  Farnham,  advantageously  placed 
for  Diarkeis  and  railway  communication.  Rt-nt  and  in-coming 
valuations  moderate,  and  Leases  granted  if  desired.  One  FARM 
contains  239  acres,  of  which  35  are  meadow,  easily  watered, 
and  2u4  arable,  of  a  mixed  soil,  well  ad  ipted  for  the  growth  of 
roots,  and  producing  a  first-rate  quality  of  corn.  Ihere  is  a 
VI  ry  cunvtnient  House,  with  all  necessary  agricultural  build- 
ings in  good  repair.  The  other  FARM  contains  133  acres  of 
good  strong  land,  11  of  which  are  meadow,  easily  watered,  and 
119  arable,  capable  of  producing  heavy  crops.  There  is  a 
rHilway  siding  on  the  Farm,  and  oiher  advantages  ;  a  small 
House  and  convenient  farm  buildings.  All  requijite  draining 
on  the  Farms  will  be  done  immediately  by  tue  owners,  the 
tenant  paying  5  per  cent,  on  the  outlay.  As  these  Farms  are 
adji.iuing  ihey  will  be  let  either  together  or  separate.— For 
forther  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  E.  H.  Playfohd,  Normandy 
Ash,  near  Famham,  Surrey;  or  Messrs.  Coreie  and  Co.,  32, 
Lincoln's-inn  Fielda,  Loudon. 


TO  NURSERYMEN.  GARDENERS,  AND  OTHERS 

WANTED,  A  WORKING  PARTNER  in  a  Niu-sery 
and  Florist  Business,  near  LonfJon.  An  industrious 
Man,  with  a  small  capital,  would  find  this  worthy  of  notice. — 
Direct  to  A.  B.,  Mr.  Terry's,  Tobacconist,  17,  Palace-row^ 
New-road,  London.  


'riuted    by    Wii.Lt&si    BaAi'BDai 
pHrish  nl'St.  l*«ncrB8,  nod  fnKD 


or  ^o  13.  Upper  Wobiiru-place,  in  tb»i 
iiCK  MuLLBTT  EvANB,  of  i^o.  7,Church» 
Stoke  NewiuK'o'n,  both  id  tbe  County  oi  Middies'-x  Ptiuierti,  si  iheir 
baice  in  Lomburd-ntreet,  in  tbe  i'reciuct  of  Whiefriar».  in  the  City  o 
London  1  ftiid  published  by  them  at  llie  office.  No  5,  Ci'ftrles-Btreet,  In 
tbe  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-sarden,  In  the  eaid  Couiny.  wbeie  nil 
Ailverii?eiti>-ut8  anil  CnmmunicitUonB  are  to  be  ADDaEBBBD  lOTHB  EniiOB. 
—  Saiubdat,  JnLT  17.  ISoS. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTUR 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley- 


No.  30.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    JULY  24. 


[Price  6d. 


Arri.    Society     of    EnKland— 

ShowRt  Le^ei 47^  l> 

Araucaria  Cookit 471  t> 

Barometer,  cheap  472  q 

Botanical     Society    of    Edic- 

boTKb 470  a 

Butter,  bad  taste  in    476  c 

—    improvement  ia  making  477  c 

Calendar,  horticultural 47- a 

Cattle,  to  pasture   474  a 

Carnations 471  a 

ChuTD,  Drammoud'a 475  c 

Ooter,  monstrous  469  c 

Corn,  transmutatiou  of 467  h 

Crops,  roiatioQ  of  475  a 

SraluB,  deep 4/6  a 

Drin:'»,  coolinc -1511  a 

Pluorine  in  plants      470  a 

FootataHc,  what  in  a? 46S  c 

Grapes,  badly  colouied 469  a 

Horses,  to  pasture 474  a 

Horticultural  Society    469  c 

Labour  stands  on  Golden  Feet, 

rev 470  fi 

Ijeaves,  buminz  of 453  a 

Lewes     Agricultural     Show- 
Awards  at 476  6 

Machines,  reap  in  er 477  " 


INDEZ, 

Manai 


.  -.  liquid 476  a 

Pauperism    474  b 

Pelareonium      —      Willmore'e 

Surprise 469  b 

Plants,  fluorine  in 470  a 

—  burninjof leavfsof  .....  46S  a 

—  00  Qiming  ., 471  b 

Potato  croD 419  b 

Reapioi;  machines 477  e 

Rhododendroua,  Euabuiut  .,,,  463  a 
Roses,  ton  n 471  a 

—  showiniccut 46S  c— 469  c 

Roae  TOBt  .    469  6 

Royal  South  London  Flortcul- 

(ural  Society; .,.  471  a 

Rusvelliu  juncea 46S  a 

StHCk  maklaR;    475   c 

Strawb^rrie",  Sir.  Beach'a  .,.,  409  6 

Sulphur  in  Vineries    469  6 

Trade  memoranda    463  c 

Veicetablra,  rrsnsformation  in..  46?  c 

Vineries,  Eulpbur  in 469  c 

VTace  Cottaite,  noiiced 470  c 

Walks,  weeds  on 468  b 

Weeds.  00  walks 463  6 

Wheat  growing,  word  iu  teason 

on  473  A 

^'ine.  Clary    47I  6 


D. 


lat  Quality, 
2d        „  ' 


5^.  (id.  per  packet. 
2     6  „ 

2     6  ,. 


CALCEOLARIA 

CIMERARIA 

EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  arenow 
prepared  to  forward  by  post  SEED  ofthe  above  choice  Flovvjers, 
Bared  from  first-rate  varieties. 


NOTICE  OF  REMOVAL  FROM  28,  CORNHILL. 

DA.WE,  COTTRELL,  and  BENHAM,  Seedsmen 
AND  FLoBiETa  (SucceBBOrs  to  ill-.  Frederick  Warner),  beg 
most  respectfully  to  intimate  to  their  friends  and  the  public 
generally,  that  they  have  removed  their  retail  department  to 
No.  36,  Moorgate-htreet,  City,  where  they  hope  to  meet  with 
the  same  patronage  s  >  liberally  bestowed  upon  their  predeces- 
sor, aflfluring  their  kind  friends  that  none  but  the  best  and 
most  approved  stocks  of  Agricultural,  Horticultural,  and 
Garden  Seeds'will  be  eent  out  from  their  Establishment. 

The  Wholesale  Department  No.  3,  Laurence  Pountuey-lane, 
CannoD-«treet,  London. 


DFf.  P'l!  r'  I  U  MS,     ETC. 
WOOD  begs  to  inform  the  Public  that  he  has  an 

unrivalled  col  ection  of  DBLFHlLViaMS  in  full  bloom 
(upwards  of  20  varieties),  by  name,  and  several  unaurpassed 
Single  and  Double  varieties,  raised  in  1851  by  him  ;  also  many 
new  and  rare  fTerbaceoua  Plants  (choice  and  fancy  sorts), 
Geraniums,  Verbenas,  Standard  Roaee,  curious  Trees,  and 
Flowering  Shrubs,  well  worthy  the  attention  of  all  who  are 
thinking  of  Laying-out  Now  Grounds  or  improving  their 
Flower  Gardens  and  Shrubberies,  or  feel  interented  in  the 
beauties  of  Nature  and  Art.  To  be  seen  at  D.  Wood's,  Welton 
Nursery,  near  Hull.— July  24. 


TURNIP    SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  just  hai-vested  fine  crops 
of  the  leading  kinds  of  TURNIP  SEEDS  of  the  growth 
of  1852,  which  they  are  delivering  oabeiaqe  free  by  Railway 
to  almost  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  at  the  lowest  market  prices. 
Orders,  or  applications  for  prices,  to  be  addressed  to  John 
Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Rea-iinT.  B'^rko. 


Vjr 


LASS       PRESERVE 


It 
5 


9 
10 


I  Inches  Diameter.. 


3    with  lid  , 


ARE- 

cJ. 

45  each. 

9  „ 

0  „ 

3  „ 

7  „ 
0 
6 


Sold  Wholesale  and  Retail  by  James  Fbillips  and   Co., 
116,  Bishopsgate-fltreet  Without. 


THE      BEST      TWO      TURNIPS     FOR    LATE 
SOWING. — These  Turnips  are    of  very  quick  j^rowth, 
will  thrive  well  on  poor  eoil,  'are  as  solid  antl  nutritive  as 
Swedes,  and  will  lieep  in  the  field  or  in  clamps  till  May. 
SDTTOX'S  PORPLE-TOPPED  YELLOW   pcrlb.      per  gall. 

HYBRID  10  6     0 

SUTTON'S  EARLY  SIX- WEEKS  TDRNIP    0  10  5    0 

Carriatte  free  by  Rail  if  not  teas  than  two  gallons. 

The  followinir  have  been  received  from  some  of  the  largest 
Tnmip  growers  in  the  kingdom,  and  leading  Members  of  the 
Royal  Agricol'ural  Society : 

From  Eambledon,    near   HenUt/on-Thames Your   Hybrid 

Turnips  and  Swedes  are  particularly  true  and  fine.    You  may 
mention  my  name  to  any  one  you  please. 

From  £i/nttiam,  Hear  Oxford,— I  was  much  pleased  with  your 
Early  Slx-neeks  Turoipa,  afld  shall  be  a  cusiomer  again  noKt 
season,  *      ^. 

From  Brecon.-'l  am  hapfiy  to  tell  you  my  Turnips  are  really 
splendid. 

John  Sutton  and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 


OHN    WARNER    AND    SUNS, 
Cbescent,  Jewin  Stbeet,  London, 
manufactdkees  of 
FIRE  ENGINES,  GARDEN 
ENGINES,  AND  SYRINGES. 

No.  12 
GALVANISED 

IRON  TUB 

GARDEN 

ENGINE, 


With  Warner's  Registered  Spreader, 
is  strongly  recommended   for   dur- 
ability and  low  price,  viz. : — 
£3    0    0 


May  he  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  in  Town  or  Country, 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  TUB  SD.V.— Use  E.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
perfect  non-conductor  of  heat,  and  adraiiting  light  witho'ut 
heat,  where  a  covering  i^  required  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  la.  id.  pi  r  yai  d,  and  much  cheaper  than  Bass  Mats. 
E.  P.  ABCBEa,  451,  Oxford. street,  London, 


IMPROVED  CRASS  CUTTING  S  ROLLING  MACHINE, 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 
ALEXANDER     SHANKS    a.nd    SON,    Machine 

-ii-  MiKtBO,  Arbroath,  Fyrfarehire,  reepectfully  solicit  norice 
to  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTI.Nf}  AND  ROLLING 
MACHIME  P'lK  LAWNS,  the  complete  sucoeas  of  which, 
and  ttt  acknowledged  excellence  and  superiority  over  all  other 
mAcbines  of  the  kiod,  have  now  been  lully  confirmed.  Testi- 
mooials  aod  further  partlcular/i  will  be  Immediately  franked 
OD  application. 

AVERTS  for  London  :  MeB«rB.  W.  Dodda  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
bklUfttreet ;  Meiar*.  J,  and  C.  Lee,  Nur^ervm«n  and  Seedsmen 
Bammcrtmlth  ;  Hertford:  Mr,  GcorRo  Folkard,  Ironmonger* 
Llverpwl  :  Mc-«r«.  Charlei  1).  Voung  and  Co..  Castlo  Bulld- 
logi,  I>erby.«q>jaro;  Hbeffleld  :  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator  of  the 
Botsnic  Garden*;  Cheit«r:  MesBrx.  F.  nnd  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  ;  Gla«((Ow  :  M*rH«)r»,  Chas.  D.  Young 
fend  Co.,  2;,  at,  Gnoch-fquare  ;  Edinburgh  :  Mef.HrH.  Chan  D 
Yoong  and  Co..  48,  North  Bridgo;  Perth  :  Mesurn.  DlckHon  and 
Tamboll,  Nar«frymen  and  Hnedimpn. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.— Botd'b  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Boyd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement,"— G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  ,  The 
Steel  Digginif  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Mr.  Mecbi. 
"When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour,"—  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Deat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Tbames-Btreet,  near  London- 
bridge. 


WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS. 

DEANE,  DRAV,  a«d  Co.'s  STOCK  OF  GARDEN 
TOOL.i  fv*r  the  ■esion  1«  now  c-mplote,  and  locluden 
•very  recent  approved  Invention,  In  addidon  to  iheir  uHual 
Urge  aac^jrtmrnt,  aeUict^d  from  all  the  bent  ninlterir. 

Draur,  DaiT.  nnd  Co.  are  Lon'Ion  Atfonu  for  OIDNEY'S 
PRUlHIAN  HoE.  which  obtained  the  Flr«t  I'rlzo  Hilvcr  Medal 
at  the  Tarvln  Grand  National  Exhibition  ;  uUo  Holo  Agent*  for 
Llngharri's  MeDOfccr»ph»  nnd  Metallic  LabwlH,  ii(implo«  of  which 
may  be  had  on  ajiplUMtlon,  poi.t  fn-f^.  Thi-y  hive  always  on 
hind  a  lUKk  of  Kit  tWS'i  PATENT  FUMIOA'IOKH,  which 
have  ■tr,od  thn  t«'«t  of  thro'i  sean-.n*,  and  continue  to  if'vti 
■tneral  latUfactlon  ;  aif<o  Epps'  Ucglntcred  Hu'phurator  (or 
dMtrrointt  MUdttw  upon  OrnpeH.  HopH,  Uo-.^:!!,  Fruit  Trccfl,d:c. 
Ad  llluitrattd  Pric«d  CaiaUiguc  Dont  per  pofi",  free. 

!>»*■«,  VtAT,  KLdCo.  (opeolog  to  the  AlonumeDtJ.  London. 
»noge. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shal- 
low Wells.  £  3.    a. 

Patent  Pump 115    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

fixing    2  10     0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May   he    obtained    of    any    Iron- 
monger or    Plumber    in    Town    or 
Cuuutry,  or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN  WARNER  &.   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jewin-street,  London. 
Every  description    of  Mnchinery 
for  Raiftlog  aod  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Engines.  «bc. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRA.VIES,  .tc. 

TAMES  PHILLIPS  and  CO.  beg  to  hand  their 
"  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes  not  Packed  iu  Boxes  of  100  feet 
above  40  inches  long.  each,  £.  s.  d' 

16  oz 3d.    toZ^d.       6by4,  fitby4i     ...     0  la     0 

21  do Sid.  to  Dd.         7  by  5,  7*  by  5A     ...     0  15    0 

26  do 5d.    toT^d.        8  by  5,  8"  bv  5i     ...     0  15     0 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  X6  o"z,,  8by6,  SJbjo"  ...  0  17  6 
2id.  perfoor.  9  by  7,  Iu  by  8       ...    10    0' 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Con- 
servatories, Public  Buildiogs,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c., 
J  inch  thick.     Packed  in  boxes  of  50  Ceet  each, 

6  by  4  and  6i  by  44,.. 10s.  Gd.  I  7  by  5  and    7i  by  5.1. ..12s.  Od. 

8  by  6  and  3a  by  6|...13s.  Gd.  |  9  by  7  and  lo"  by  8  ...ISs.  Qd. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  38s.,  40s. ,  to  423.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

GLASS  MILK  PANS, 
The  same  size  as  the  foreign  ones,  but  superior  in  colour, 
make,  and  quality,  at  25    each,  or  21s.  per  dozen,  as  recom- 
mended by  Captain  Stanley  Carr. 

GLASS    CHURN    THERMOMETERS,   for  regulating  the 
Temperature  of  Cream. 
LORD    CAMOY'S   MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 
GLA^S  CREAM  POTS,  &c.  die. 
CDCUMBER  TUBES,  PROPAGATING  AND  BEE  GLASSES, 
TILES   AND   SLATES,    WAST    IRAPS, 
PLATE,    CROWN,    AND     iRNAMBNTAL    GLASS, 
SHADES  FOR  ORNAUE>fTS,  PERU  SHADES, 
Ai]d  every  Article  in  the  Trade. 
HORTICULTURAL  GLAS-S   "iVARBHOUSE,  110,  Bishops, 
pate-street  Without.  T.Qyl   a, 
^».^.-- ^ 


U  L  A  S  SJ, 

THOMAS    MILLINGT0:S'3   ■J'OREIGL^    STISET 
GLASS  is  fur  superior  to  aoy  other  manufacture,  as  well- 
as  cheaper.     In  100-feet  boxes  pacised  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6J  by  4i      133.  Od. 

7  „  Sand    7:iby5|       15    0 

8  ,,  Sand    8    by  5^       ...        ...         ...  15    0 

8  „  6  and    8i  hy  6^      17    6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  oiher  sized,  or  cut  ro  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  contaioicg  large  Sheets,  iu  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  tcet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  W-fectly  flat,  }  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  uno^r  15  inches Gd.  per  foot, 

„         „        35      „       8d.        „ 

„      .„        50      , 9id.      „ 

„         „,       75      , 12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Piate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.— EBtahiiihfd  100  ypars. 


n["'ANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 

J-  Tjoes  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  liirdu,  and  for  the  security 
of  Prenh.80wn  Seedn,  either  In  Gardens  or  Fields,  at  Id.  per 
yard  ;  VOO  yards  for  Ha.,  COO  yards  for  30j!,,  1000  yards  for  fiOs.  ; 
Wax  Netting,  for  aviarioa,  die,  at  3d.  per  Bquare  yard. 
Scrim  Canvas  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  variety  ; 
Kick  GlothR,  with  poles,  &o.  Marquoi.-B,  Tente,  Turpaulluifs. 
die— At  EoofNOToM  and  Co.'s,  17,  Smithllold-bars,  and  Old 
Ken'-road,  London. 

LIGHTNING    CONDUCTORS. 

S.    NEWALL     AND    CO.,     Patentees    of    tho 

Copper  Ropi)  LlKhtnlng  Conductor,  bng  to  inform  tho 
Nobility,  Clorny,  die,  that  thi-y  flopply  Ll«htninK  ConducitorH, 
with  tho  point  and  itit  clipx  compluiu  for  fixing,  rit  Is.  ihu  foot, 
wh«i(;v('r  tho  altltudi)  of  ttie  buddini?  to  hu  pronctcd. 

R.  H.  NKWALh  AND  (JO'S  I'ATKNT  COPI'KIt  RftPE 
CONIUJCTOK  l«  being  u^ed  hy  Architects,  EnBlnoorB,  and 
iclontllic  m(;n.  In  nil  partfi  of  the  Itlnudom. 

Oftlco  and  Warchouio,  130,  Strand,  LondoOi 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  'id,  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usunl  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  p;icked  for  immedia'o  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estiraalc^  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES> 
to  James  Hetlei  and  Co..^S,  Solio-square,  Loudon. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


HOTHOUSES, 


MAJESTY'S 


GREENHOUSES, 


ETC. 


ROYAL  LETTERS 


R. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Coelaea.— The  HUperior  qualitits  in  every 
respect  of  thrse  Struc-tureH  havinp-  been  proved  in  nil  parts  of 
the  United  Klncdoni,  haa  rauMcd  n  greater  demand  for  thcin 
than  E.  D.  could  txecuie ;  ho  has  been  obliged  to  have  porfocc 
and  powerful  rauchlnory  miulu  to  nioiit  the  numerous  ordora, 
and  oiin  now  executo  any  amount  of  work  to  groat  pcrfcctlotv 
with  dlfipatch,  and  for  quality  and  pvico  to  defy  all  ootiipetitlon. 
Patent  llotbouai'S,  wltli  c-xcollent  glass,  8  fcot  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  biihIi  to  open,  nnrl  every  top  ono  tonli'lo  down, 
wltli  pulley  tnado  of  tho  saino  mati-rialM  an  the  eloctrlo  telegraph 
wiroH,  which  require  no  jialritlng;  ('ollvored  free  to  Wharf  or 
(tiillwiiy  Station,  at  I h.  2c/.  per  foot  super.,  compUite,  havlnt,^ 
hi-en  fitted,  an<l  evd'y  portion  marked  i)reviouHiy,  making  :i 
fJrcenhourto  10  H,  C  Inches  long,  12  ft.  riittor,  400  ft.,  23i  Ga.  6d.  ; 
^■1  It.  (ihiH.  long.  do.  do..  fia«  tr.,  8(U.  Ifla.  ^d.;  2H  ft.  0  ins.  loof;, 
Ifi  ft.  raitor,  712  ft.,  <U.  10s.  Hd.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  tho 
moHt  approved  and  econoniliial  principles. 

Patent  SaBbos  for  Pita  and  Peach  WuUSi  dco.,  7d,  and  Sd.  pep 
foot,  super, 


466 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[JuLt  24, 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  ERST  MATERIALS  AND  WOUKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  BuiiHers,  and  Etot- 
water  Apparatus  M:inuf«cturcrs.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  ereor.  Horticultural  b'lildiiigs.  or  lix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Ilothoui^e  Works,  Kind's  Road, 
Chelaea.  an  extensive  variety  of  Ilo'houaes,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  Ac,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  mitderii  improvemi*ntB,  bo  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
requireri  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  Ac,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  congtant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  flplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhoase  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  B'ate  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Al-o  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  bfst  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seertf*,  it  c,  forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AND  00.,  King's  Road,  Ohelhea.  Lond(in. 


HOTHOUSES    AND    CONSERVATORIES. 


TAMES  WATTS,  Hothouse  Builder,  Claremont- 
O  Place,  Old  Kent-hoad,  has  2oy  CUCUMBER  and 
MELON  BOXES  and  LIGHTS  of  oil  sizes,  ready  for  immediate 
use,  and  of  well-seasoned  materials,  packed  and  sent  to  all 
parts  ofthp  Kingdom. 

HOTHOUSES.  CONSERVATORIES,  &c.,  made  and  fixed 
complete  at  a  considerable  reduction,  and  Garden  Lights  of 
every  description.  References  may  be  had  to  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  th"  Trade,  in  most  of  the  counties  of  Encland. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  beat  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. — A  List  ot  Prices  sent  hy  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT   V\/ATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PKICHS  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  hiid  considerable  experience  in  the  coo- 
Btruction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execut-  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available, 

GALVANISED     WIRE      GAMli      NETTING.— 
7d.  per  jard,  2  feet  wide. 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  2i  inches  wide 


2-inch 
2Jnch 
Ig.iiich 
l|-inch 
IS-incH 


etrong 
extra  Btrong 
light 
strong 
extra  strong 


All  the  above  ca'J  be  miide  any  width  at  proportionate  priccB. 
it  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mtsh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-t.iurih.  «alv«niaed  sparrow-proof  netting  li.r  Pheasautrics, 
an.  ptr  squire  toot.  Paferns  for«ardert  pet  free. 
NorX!i,  ""h''!,''^  EaRNiR.i  au.l  JiISHOP,  Morkct-plare, 
wT  ^  u  "m  ''"'"■•■'■"'I  f'-'o  of  expense  in  London.  Peter- 
Sorough,  Uuli,  or  Newcastle.  .'■'"■':• 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Roa<l,  Chelsea,  by  fpfcial  appointme.it  to  her  Majestt 
nnd  H.  R.  H.  PfliNCE  Albert.  —  ORNAMENTAL  WATBK 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  .Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
China,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese.  SliieldraUes,  Pin- 
tail,  Widgeon,  Hummer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
abovellers,  cold.e>ed  and  dun  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  &,c., 
di>!n&6tica*ed  and  pinioned  :  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Mai  ly, 
Poland,  Suirey,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Japin,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  and  at  3,  Half-moon 
Pa9Baj;e,  Gracecburch-street,  London. 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND      POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d,  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvaniised.  Not  Galvanised. 

24  in.  wide,  2  in.  meah,  7d.  per  yard,        ...        5d.  per  yard. 
30  in,     „       2  in.     ,,        9d.        ,,  ...         G^d.        „ 

86  in.     „       2  in.     „       lO^d.       „  ...        I^d.        „ 

48  in.    ,,      2  in.    „      Is.  2d.    ,,  ...      lOd.         „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  M.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Greut  Exhibition,"  where  it  whs  bo 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledjjed  to  he  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  8  feet  high. 
Is,  Gd.  and  23  Zd.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Archps,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing. 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalotrues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  FuX.  City  of  London  Wire  Worli 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING      LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,    ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPES. 


JAMES  LYNE   HANCOCK,   (Sole  Licensee  and) 
Mandfactdree,  Goswell  Road,  London. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Watering  Gardens,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Gan  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  p'^rfectly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  They  are  particularly 
Buitab'e  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedingly  useful  in 
Dwelling-houses  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  &c. 

Hose  Reelrt  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  lengths 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L,  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B, — Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Roses,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  HAMCOCK,Goswell  Mews, 
Qoswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attention. 

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  dnrlng  the  wintpr  months  shnuld  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETB, 
which  are  formed  thu^  : — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand,  To 
five  parts  of  euch  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyund 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  bard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides. — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B,  White 
and  Sons,  Millbank-street,  Westminster. 


THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S 
PARK,  are  open  to  Vit-itnrs  daily.  The  Collection  now  con- 
tains up  wards  of  1500  specimena.includinL' two  fine  Chimpanzees, 
the  nippO|jOtainui<  {presenter!  by  H  H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egyp'), 
Elephniits,  Rhinoceros.  Giraff.'S,  and  young  Leucorjx,  Elands, 
Boiite-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Li  'Os,  Tigers,  Jaguars,  Bears, 
Ostriches, and  tht  A ptt-ryx  presented  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  New  Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's 
oolleciion  ot  Humming  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Baud  of  the  If't  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permission 
of  Ciil.  Hall,  on  every  Saiurdny,  at  Four  o'Clock,  until  furthei 
notice.— Admission,  One  Sbillinq;  on  MONDAYS,  Stxpencc. 


THE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waistcoat. pocket  Glass 
the  size  of  a  Walnut,  to  discern  minute  objects  at  h  distance  of 
4  to  5  niiles,  which  18  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACilTINO, 
and  to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKEEPEK^. 

TELESCOPES.— A  new  and  most  imp..rtant  INVbNTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  posses»in>,'  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
some — 3^  inches,  with  an  extra  eye-piece— «iil  bhow  distiocOy 
Jupiter's  Moon,  Saturn's  Ring,  and  the  Double  btars.  They 
supersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes — for  the  wai^i- 
foaf. packet,  .'>hooiiug.  Military  purposes,  &c.  Opei-a  and 
Race-couree  Glasses  with  wnntleitui  powers;  a  minute  obj-cc 
(iHu  be  clearly  feon  from  10  to  12  mUes  distant, — luvaluable 
Acou-tic  Insiiunients  for  reiitf  o'  ex  reme  Deafness. 

Messbh.  S.  and  B.  SOLOMONS.  Opticians  atd  Adbists, 
39,  Albemarle-etreet,  opposite  the  York  Hotel,  Loudon, 


PATENT     SILICIOUS     STON  E     COMPANY.— 

-L  Provisionally  registered.  Capital  51), OQIi  ,  in  5000  shares 
of  lOi.  each.  Dcpo&it  of  Is.  per  share,  to  be  paid  on  allotment, 
and  2i.  95.on  the  couiplete  registration  of  the  Company.  Future 
calls,  not  exceeding  -11  lOs.  per  share,  to  be  made  at  intervals  of 
not  leas  than  three  months. 

Pkovisional  Committee. 
Professor  D.  T.  Ans-ed,  F.R.S.,  17.  Manchester-street,  London  , 
James  Bfudel,  Etq-,  Gresbam-street,  London. 
Peter  BrufF,  Eq  ,  0  E..  Ipswich. 
J.C.  Cobbold,  Ebq  ,  M.['.,  Ipswich. 
J.  A.  Ldnliester,  Esq  ,  Stowmarket. 
Predenclt  Raosome,  E^q  ,  A.C.E.,  Ipswich. 
Wilmer  Wiimer,  Efeq.,  34,  Wilton-crescent,  London. 

iSoiicritors.— Metisrs.    Palmer,    France,    and  Palmer, 

Bedford. row,  London. 

Banker 3.~S\v  3 .  W.  Luhboi'k,  Bart.,  and  Co.,  London. 

Secretary. —  W.  Thompson,  Esq. 

Temporary  Offices,  71,  Cornhill,  London. 

The  object  of  this  Company  is  the  working  of  the  Patents 
taken  out  by  Mr.  Frodetick  Ransome,  of  Ipswich,  "for 
improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  Artificial  Stone,  tfcc."  The 
Patents  were  secured  some  time  since,  and  the  Patentee  has 
eubstqiemly  devoted  his  energies  in  developing  iti  poivers  and 
overi;iiiiiini;  ihe  mechanical  and  chemical  diflBcuMes  attending 
the  iiiiruductlon  of  a  new  manufacture.  He  has  fully  succeeded 
iu  attaining  these  objects,  and  it  ia  non-  found  necessary  to 
enlai  ge  very  materially  the  scale  of  production. 

The  process  of  manufdcture  is  exceedingly  simple,  consisting 
in  th'' fo'ution  of  flint  in  caustic  alkali  at  high  temperature; 
the  bolution  thus  obtained  producing  a  glutinous  compound, 
whicii  can  be  moulded  with  sand  into  any  required  form,  and 
maiie  to  receive  the  most  delicate  impression-*.  In  this  state  it 
is  burnt  in  a  kiln,  the  result  being  a  Siliceous  Stone,  equal  to 
the  best  sandstones,  and  indestructible  by  atmospheric 
Chang  B.  It  ii  a  peculiar  advantage  of  this  material  that  no 
shrinkage  (.iccurs  duriot.-  the  drying  and  baking,  and  no 
warping  or  unequal  contraction.  It  can  he  produced  of  any 
coluur,  and  made  to  represent  granites,  marblts,  dsc. 

The  principal  applications  hitherto  used  in  the  arts,  have 
been  in  toe  execution  of  architectural  decorations,  such  as 
inlaid  and  ornamental  pavements,  ashlar  for  faciug  buildings, 
mouldings,  chimney  pieces,  terrace  walks,  monuments,  &c., 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  filters.  In  all  these  applications, 
the  results  have  been  eminently  successful,  and  show  a  steadily 
increasing  demand. 

The  Patent  Stone  has  received  the  approval  of  the  most 
scientific  and  practical  men  of  the  day,  and  the  Patentee  is 
able  to  reier  to  specimens  which  have  been  subjected  in  exposed 
situations  to  the  action  of  frost  and  other  atmuhpherie  changes, 
duriuLT  a  period  of  several  years,  without  exhibiting  the  slightest 
appearance  of  decay.  The  "  Telford  Medul "  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Entiineers,  and  the  "  Prize  Medal  of  the  Great  Exhi- 
bition of  1851,"  have  been  awarded  in  testimony  of  its  merits. 

The  Patenti  extend  over  the  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  the  exclusive  license  which  it  is  proposed  shall  be  granted 
to  the  Company,  can  be  purchased  on  very  favourable  terms, 
the  particulars  of  which  may  be  ascertained  on  inquiry  at 
the  Otlice. 

Judging  from  the  cost  of  manufacture  of  the  material  at 
Ipswich,  and  ihe  price  obtained,  a  profit  of  at  least  25  per  cent, 
per  annum  may  be  contidently  anticipated  upon  the  whole  of 
the  capital  proposed  to  be  invested.  The  limi'ed  extent  of  the 
present  works,  ami  the  cost  of  the  transit,  have  hitherto  pre- 
vented the  full  development  of  the  Patent,  but  orders  to  a 
con'-iderable  extent  have  been  already  executed,  and  many 
others  are  now  in  course  of  completion.  Several  large  contracts 
are  also  noiv  under  conaideratioa. 

Applications  for  Shares  may  be  addressed  to  the  Secretary, 
or  to  A.  it.  Cook,  Esq.,  Stockbroker,  Sun  Chambers,  Thread- 
needle  street,  London.  Prospectuses,  contaiuing  full  testi- 
monials, with  forms  of  application  lor  iShare^,  may  be  obtained, 
and  specimens  of  the  Stone  Been  at  the  Office,  71,  Oorohill, 
London,  from  11  till  3  daily. 


CHOWER    BATHS,    and    TOILETTE    WARE.— 

O  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  ONE  LARGE  SHOW- 
ROOM  devoted  exclusively  to  the  DISPLAY  of  BATHS,  and 
TOILETTE  WARE.  The  stock  of  each  is  at  once  the  largest, 
newest,  and  most  varied  ever  submitted  to  tne  public,  and 
marked  at  prices  proportionate  with  those  that  have  tended  to 
make  his  esfiblishment  the  most  distini:ni.«hed  in  this  country, 
Portab  e  Showers,  Is. ;  Pillar  Showers,  3i.  to  51.  15s. ;  Nursery, 
Us.  6(?.  to  3()s  ;  Sponging,  Us.  to  30s.;  Bip.  12j.  6d.  to  293.  A 
large  Assortment  of  Hot  and  Cold  Plunge,  Vapour,  and  Gamp 
Shower  Baihs.  Toilette  Ware  in  great  variety,  from  15s.  6d.  to 
40s.  the  set  of  three. 

^l^EA  URNS,  of  LONDON  MAKE  ONLY.— The 

-L  largest  assortment  of  really  London-made  TEA-URNS 
(including  ail  the  recent  novelties,  many  of  which  are  regis- 
rered).  in  the  world,  is  on  Sale  at  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S, 
from  27s.  to  h  guineas. 

-yHE    BEST    SHOW  of  IRON   BEDSTEADS    in 

-I-  the  KINGDOM  is  WILLIAM  S.  BUR  ION'S.  He  has 
added  to  his  Show  Rooms  TWO  VERY  LARGE  ONES,  which 
are  devoted  to  the  exclusive  SHOW  of  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
steads and  Children's  Cots  (with  appropriate  Bedding  and 
Mattrcsse-).  Common  Iron  Bedsteads,  from  12s.  (id  ;  Portable 
Folding  Bedsteads,  from  12s.  Gd. ;  Patent  Iron  Bedsteads,  fitted 
with  dovetail  joints  and  patent  sacking,  from  1  s.  6d. ;  and 
Cots,  from  2t)s  each.  Handsome  ornamental  Iron  and  Brass 
Bedsteads  iu  great  variety,  from  ol,  5s.  to  3U. 

WILLIAM  S.  tiURTONhas  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHINv:}  IRONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated  and  Japanned  Wares), 
so  arranged  and  classified  that:  purchasers  may  eagily  and  at 
once  malt.e  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  remroed  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Newman-street);  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NJiWMAN. STREET  ;    and  4  and  5,  i'ilRRY'S-PLACE. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUail  and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  iu  the  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— Is.  An  Improved  Clothes-Bruah,  tbai  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  u-ual  lime,  and  incapable  of  injunni^  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushos,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian briotles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated, and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surpribing  aud  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponu'e,  with  its  preserved 
valuableproperties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
mt-ans  ot  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parries'  profits  and  destructive  bleachiug,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  uenuine  Smvrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNQLEV,  aud  Co.'b  Sole  "Establishment,  130  B,  Oxford-street, 
ouu  door  frooi  Holies-Street,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  per  box. 

Caution.—  Beware  of  the  words  "From  METCiLFE*3,** 
adopted  by  some  huuees. 


30—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


467 


-XI ATIONAL      CARNATION      AND      PICOTEE 

XN  SOCIETY.— The  ANNUAL  EXHTBITIO!^  ot  the  ab.we 
-Sncietv  will  tie  held  on  WEDNESDAY.  July  28,  at  ihe  CORN 
EXCHANGE,  NORWICH.  All  Flowers  for  competilum  must 
be  s'agei  by  Half-past  Ten  o'clocU.  Members,  or  Friends 
introduced  by  them,  will  be  allowed  a  private  inspection  fro-n 
Twelve  till  Half-p38t  One;  after  which  the  public  will  be 
admitted,  on  payment  of  \s.  each.  Tiie  do-rs  wiU  close  at 
Four  o'clock.— Pr'zes  will  be  offered  at  the  above  Exhibition 
for  Hollvhocb<=,  Verbenas,  Hoses,  Jjc  ,  particulars  of  which 
mtybe  had  of  the  Secretary.  Day  tickets  at  the  price  of  a 
single  fare  will  be  issued  by  the  Norfolk  Rail^vay,  from  all 
ataiioos  on  their  line,  and  by  the  Eastern  Union  Railway,  from 
all  stations  be'ween  Ipswich,  Bury,  and  Norwich. 

JBEEMI4H  J.  CoLMAN,    HoD.  secretary,   Stoke  Holy  Cross, 
Iforwioh. 


NEW     PELARGONIUMS. 

JOHN  DOBSON  respectfully  announces  that  his 
new.  fir-i'.rate,  and  distinct  SHOW  VARIETIES  OP 
PBLARSONIUM  ^  will  be  ready  to  send  out  the  first  week  in 
October,  in  sfrone  plants,  in  4-ioch  pot-;— COM.MANDER, 
TULC\y.  HARRIOT,  JUPITER,  PASHA,  SPOT,  and 
GERTRUDE. 

Full  de8crititi-in«  and  prices  will  shortly  be  ready,  and  may 
1)8  bad  on  appUcaiion.  AU  orders  wilt  be  executed  in  strict 
rotation. — Woodlands  Nursery,  Islewortb,  Middlesex. 


NEW    PLANTS     INTRODUCED     BY     MR.     FORTUNE. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  possess  all  the  bi<;hly  interesting  plants  introduced 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  mentioned  by  him  in  his  receut  popular 
■work  on  China.  Many  of  them  are  now  on  sale.  Ot  the 
others,  due  notice  will  be  given,  as  they  are  ready  to  send  out. 
Every.  particuHr  may  be  obtained  by  applying  to  the 
Advertisers. — Baeshot,  July  24. 


TO    FLORISTS,   AMATEURS,    ETC. 

LVAN  HOUTTE,  Florist,  Ghent,  offers 
•  CALCEOLARIA  SEED,  save-l  from  a  superb  oollectioo, 
Tvarranted  to  comprise  all  his  finest  and  oe  -vest  varieties,  at  53. 
per  sealed  p  icket.  To  be  bad  in  London  of  Mr.  J.  Caeter, 
238,  High  Holborn. 

"Vr  EW  ACHIMENES.— The  splendid  new  and  distinct 

-LA  Achim-^nea  '*  ilAKGARET  F^"  {pure  white),  introduced 
by  G.  W.  Skinner,  Esq  ,  from  Guatemala,  can  now  be  had  by 
post,  price  5s,  per  bIo<jming  plant.  This  Sue  variety  obtained 
&  priz-e  for  new  and  rare  plants  at  the  Horticultural  Show  on 
the  lOth  instant. 
H.  Lane  and  Son,  Nurseries,  Great  Berkhampsteadj  Herts. 


EIVERS'  LARGE  YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 
SEED  (the  growth  of  the  present  season).  Price  la.  per  lb. 
This  Turnip  had  its  origin  in  I6ii  with  the  Stubble  Swede  ; 
and  has  been  repeatedly  tested  with  other  kinds  of  Yellow 
Turnip,  in  which  its  superiurity  was  very  aiparent— in  its 
sweetness  of  flavour,  and  in  its  vigour  of  growth.  For  the  last 
three  years,  on  various  soils,  it  has  yielded  fr^m  12  to  16  tons 
per  acre,  when  sown  in  the  early  part  of  August;  and  it  has 
the  advantage  of  keeping  in  clamps  quite  late  in  the  sprinj. 

RiVEEs'  Stubble  Swede,  urice  Is.  6d.  p-rr  lb.     Orders  to   the 
amount  ot  I'ls-  paid  to  Loudon.— Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


WOODLANDS    NURSERY,  MARESFIELD,   NEAR 
UCKFIELD,   SUSSEX. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  AND  SON'S  extensive  and 
superb  Collection  of  ROSB>,  comprising  nearly  2000 
Tarieties,  and  extending  over  many  acres  of  ground,  is  now 
in  fine  bloom,  and  will  continue  in  perfection  during  the  Koho 
season.  A  coach  leaves  Tunbridge  Weils  (distant  13  miles 
from  the  Nursery)  every  day  at  11  o'clock  a.m.  (Sundays 
excepted),  passing  through  Maresfield  ;  alsodaily  from  Lewes  at 
12  o'clock  noon,  distant  11  miles  from  the  Niirst;ry. 

Hayward's  ileaib,  a  Btatii<n  on  the  London  and  Brighton 
Rail^vsy,  i-s  12mileitrom  the  Nursery,  where  conveyances  may 
beobt.ined.— July  2t. 


SKIRVING'S  IMPROVED  TURNIP  SEEDS, 

FOR  AUTUMN  SOWING. 

■\X7ILL1AM    SKIRVING    begs    to    recommend   to 

»»  Turnip  grower^  the  following  kinds,  which  he  has 
proved  by  lung  experience  to  be  the  best  adapted  for  autumn 
sowiui,  viz.  : 

SKIRVING'S  HYBRID,  or  Purple  Top  Yellow  Bullock,  a 
Toraip  of  excellent  quality,  which  if  sown  .this  month  pro- 
dace«  a  large  crop  for  leediug  before  using  the  Swede.  Price 
3d,  per  lb, 

SKIRVINR'S  HARDY  GREEN  GLOBE,  the  beat  of  the 
Konolk  kinds  for  giving  a  large  crop  aud  loaj  keeping.  Price 
dd.  per  lb. 

F..r  the  la»t  sowing  SKIRVING'S  IMPROVED  SCARIS- 
BRICK  (or  LivE&Po>>L  Eably  Oeange  Yellowj.  A  Turnip  of 
very  excellen*.  quality  and  rapid  gro  -vtb  ;  the  best  of  all  known 
Tariiip*  for  loning  early  in  Spriug.  or  lute  in  Autumn.  Price 
li.  per  Ih. 

A  feiditiance  or  reference  is  requested  from  unknown  cor- 
re»p')'idt;ntB.— Queen  Square,  Llverpiil,  July,  185;J. 


MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 
new  tind  choice  Plants,  which  they  will  forward  to  any 
P»«:—  B.    d. 

12  Orchidia,  choice  ipecles  and  Rood  plants,  including 
S'aohopcas,  Dendrubiums,  Epldendrums,  Oacidiums, 

*c-.  f'T 80    0 

":  f;n«>ic«  Orcenboaae  PJants,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name  (this 
'  illfuiion    U   highly    recommended    for    new   green- 

'■    "»'r»,Ac.)       40    0 

.-  Chdce  Krl^-ni,  one  of  a  lort.  by  n«roe     16    0 

I.'  >rw  A2«l»a  Indicofl,  onrj  of  u  Dort  25     0 

Ij   ':am<-lliBa.  rbolcfl  aortt,  set  with  buds    ',[  ao    o 

S'.m^  larR*-  C.inclUai,  Orange  Tree»,  and  Azalea* for  sale. 

3l   P;nc  new  Pdibwiaii,  do.,  do,  10 

J  J    Pine  new  Olozirilaa,  do,,  do.  XO 

!  2   Kine  new  Achlmenen,  do.,  do.        ...         "[  jq 

.  -iflur^n    knd    Jumlnum**    stove    ond    QrccDhoose 

S'^'CltK,  **Cfl  1 

t'l  Ilia  llorldn,  mdiciiMt,  and  Portunll,  per  doz.         .!!  18 
^  );a.*<-ent<-d  Ko««rii,  on*!  of  n  uort,  by  name,  In  pot*    "'.     9 

'!lntV)inK  do.,  choice  *orts,  In  pot«  \\\    Q 

•  iJrV'.n'enili,  on  Ibeir  own  rooU,  in  pott,  fine  for 

U«iU    per  d'lzcn  ,.,  q 

\  Mlniatirv  or  Fairy  Roie^,  4  lortt,  fine  for  edglogi,  per 


<ln/.«o 


"<■»,., n  Uosen  In  pot«,  otio  of  ft  •'jrt,  for  bedt  ...  ly    fl 

-    ifl  and  YcM'»w  NuUctio  Ito**-*,  per  doxea      .„  10     0 

''•ry^ftnth^mumfl,  tH'.w  uort*.  by  n'mie  ,„         ,,,     0     0 

"^  Iff  P 'mpoo  Ohr>»iiotliuinuina,  do  ,  do.  ,„     8    0 

■.t  i".:f*oiil..l  Oerrnm  I'Uliitnh,  ooearasorC  ...     fl    0 

Nnw  <iftnulam*,  --how  and  fancy,  at  r«dua«d  price*. 

Vf-'h^unn  imd  PetuntHi,  p(;r  dozun       ,,,     0    0 

'  ao'Kul   vxrle  ie*.  In  co>l«c']<rnii,  ntiUnMi  f<ir 
<  M.  Oreenhiiu^e,  and  btt'dy  r  ck-WMfk,   obcIi  10     0 
'   ".  M  roog  |.Uul«,  from  e>«a,  tn   lou,  per  di>z,   IQ     li 
"HI,  Oliittrtirin,  PriinuLi,  Piin*y,  Cjcluuien,  Auricula, 

uin  HMfd,  l.y  intnt,  fiich  p^iokrt.  li, 
.■•im»  uf  tuiy»  iirid  Orferiliou-o  Plan*",  Rnnpii,  d;c. 
'  'li  Nursery,  Uiuke  Avwiugtou.  London,  July  ^4. 


EXHIBITION    OF    ROSES. 

GCLA.RKE,  Nurseryman,  Streathara-  place, 
•  Brixton-biH  (3^  miles  from  London),  ioforoos  his  patrons 
and  admirers  of  ROSKS  that  his  unrivalled  collection,  oon- 
Biatlng  of  ab'jve  1400  varieties,  comprising  all  the  new  varielie'- 
from  Belgium.  France,  (fcc,  extending  over  10  acrei  of  ground, 
is  now  in  full  blo^m,  aud  is  free  to  visitors.  Orders  taken  fur 
placts  now  in  bloom,  and  executed  in  November.  A  good  col- 
lection  of  siteoimen  Erioai,  Aza'faH,  ConifTs,  Rvergreens.  i&c. 


FLOWERS  FOR  HER  MOST  GRACIOUS 
MaJ'^STY  tiie  QUREN. —  During  her  Mjienty'^  short 
visit  at  Pbmouth,  Mr.  Willia6I  E.  Rendle,  oI  Plymouth,  as 
Florist  to  the  Queen,  presented  some  very  elegant  Bouquets  of 
Flowers,  through  Colonel  the  Honourable  C.  B.  Pliipps.  Her 
.Maj-isty,  through  him,  expresseii  much  sa'-Lsfaction.  stating,  at 
the  same  time,  she  was  much  obliged  f>r  his  attention. 


Eixt  ^artrtwer^'  Clitontcle, 

SATURDAY,  JULY  U,  1852. 

MEETINGS  roil  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Tniisii**.      July     27-Zoolt>i;ical 9  p.m. 

TtitiasD.vT,      —       .29— National  PIrtriciiltural 3  p.m. 

CoiiWTKT  Sunw.,  — Tue-dav,  July  27:  NorthHrapton  Carnation,  and 
Httnd^worth  aid  Lnzeli-  11  rl'cul'uxal.- We  InRsdi-y.  Jul/  23:  Nof\v"'li 
CHrniition  and  Picoien,  "U  i  dii  kiusliau*  Honiuulturel.— TUufidiy,  July  29: 
OxfordaLitc  aad  tiatU  Horticultural. 


No  fact  in  natural  history  more  pregnant  with 
consequences  has  been  elicited  than  that  transfor- 
mation to  which  we  last  week  drew  the  attention  of 
the  public.  That  a  miserable  Grass,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  portrait,  should  in  no  more  than 
12  generations  become  such  an  important  article  of 
food  as  Wheat,  would  have  been  incredible,  in  the 
absence  of  the  direct  and  positive  testimony  that  has 
been  produced  by  M.  Fabke.  So  unlike  are  the  alpha 
and  omega  of  this  experiment,  tliat  botanists,  with 
one  consent,  have  placed  them  in  distinct  genera, 
and  yet  the  plants  are  shown,  by  the  plainest 
evidence,  not  only  to  belong  to  the  same  genus,  but 
even  to  the  same  species. 


The  value  of  modern  genera  and  species  in  botany 
is  wofuUy  shaken  by  this  revelation ;  faith  in  those 
lower  classes  of  botanical  distinctions,  which  have 
been  said  to  represent  permanent  natural  differences, 
is  gone ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  refinements  in 
classification,  as  they  have  been  absurdly  called, 
have  received  their  coup  dc  grace.  The  ingenious 
gentlemen  who  have  believed  that  20  species  of 
Aconite  are  confounded  under  Napellus,  half-a- 
hundred  Willows  under  Salix  caprea,  and  as  many 
species  of  Rubus  under  R.  corylifolius,  may  burn 
their  books,  for  their  trifling  distinctions  can  hardly 
continue  to  find  admirers  after  the  proof  that  an 
jEgilops  and  Wheatare  the  same  species.  For  our  own 
part,  we  console  ourselves  with  the  belief  that  botany 
will  be  thus  restored  to  the  condition  of  an  intelli- 
gible science ;  and  we  congratulate  those  who,  like 
Bentiiam,  Hooker,  and  others,  have  for  a  quarter  of 
a  century  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war  with  hair- 
splitting contemporaries,  upon  the  final  triumph  of 
their  principles. 

Passing  by  this  point  of  view,  we  may  also  sug- 
gest that  other  unsuspected  instances  of  the  same  kind 
are  very  likely  to  occur.  We  are  ignorant  of  the  origin 
of  Rye  ;  but  Rye  is  less  different  from  VVheat  than 
is  iEgilops,  and  may  very  well  be  another  iEgilopian 
form.     So  again  of  Barley,  the  wild  state  of  which 

just  as  uncertain  ;  we  may  now  expect  that  some 
clever  experimenter  will  (race  it  to  an  origin  as 
surprizing  as  that  of  Wheat.  But  these  are 
matters  of  mere  scientific  intere.st.  Let  us  see  lo 
what  practical  inferences  M.  Fadre's  discovery 
may  lead. 

Thill  genllem.an  found  that  a  kind  of  wild  Grass 
(JEijiloja  ovata)  was  suliject  to  what  gardeners 
call  "  hHiinri"  [JE.  tritiaddea).  Of  that  sport  he 
Howfd  the  seedn,  and  he  found  that  while  on  the 
one  hand  thi;re  was  no  disposition  to  return  lo  its 
original  form,  there  was  on  the  other  a  decided 
teiid.?ncy  to  sport  still  more.  Of  thai  tendency  he 
availed  hiiiiself  willi  admiiahle  palience.  Year  by 
year  therharige  wi'iit  on — bulnlowly.  Iiitlleby  little 
one  part  altered  or  another.     The  wielclied,  hungry 


grain  grew  plumper  ;  the  flour  in  it  increaseil  ;  its 
size  augmented.  The  starved  ears  soon  formed 
other  spikelets  ;  the  spikelets  at  first  containing 
but  two  flowers  at  last  became  capable  of  yielding  four 
or  five.  The  straw  stiffened,  the  leaves  widened, 
the  ears  lengthened,  the  corn  softened  and 
augmented,  till  at  last  Wheat  itself  stood  revealed, 
and  of  such  quality  that  it  was  not  excelled  on  the 
neighbouring  farms.  All  this  too,  be  it  observed, 
was  done  on  a  large  scale ;  it  was  no  obscure 
laboratory  experiment,  but  the  result  of  a  farming 
operation,  carried  on  in  the  open  fields.  Men 
must  be  blind  indeed  who  cannot  see  to  what  this 
points.  We  shall  leave  our  agricultural  friends  to 
reflect  upon  the  prospects  that  are  opened  to  them  ; 
it-  is  for  them  to  double  the  length  of  their 
ears  of  corn,  and  augment  their  grain — to  go  on, 
in  short,  in  crowds,  in  the  track  that  a  few 
only  of  the  most  intelligent  are  following  now.  We 
must  limit  our  horizon  to  the  boundary  of  a  garden. 

If  any  men  know  the  importance  of  "  sports," 
they  are  gardeners.  Half  the  most  striking  of  the 
flowers  and  fruit  have  been  thus  obtained.  A  poor 
ugly  dwarf  Larkspur  sports  by  chance  to  double  ; 
the  seeds  of  the  sport  are  saved  carefully  and  sown ; 
three-fourths  of  the  seedlings  are  single,  but  a  few 
are  double  ;  the  first  are  thrown  away,  the  best  of 
the  second  are  saved  for  seed,  and  the  second 
crop  of  seedlings  comes  truer.  So  comes  the 
race  of  double  Larkspurs.  A  double  Larkspur  nest 
sports  to  a  stripe,  that  is  to  say,  bands  of  red  or  of 
violet  appear  upon  the  pale  ground  of  the  petals  of 
a  few  flowers  ;  these  flowers  are  marked,  the  seed  is 
saved,  and  so  begins  the  breed  of  what  are  called 
Uniques,  at  one  time  the  pride  of  the  flower  garden, 
though  now  discarded  for  newer  favourites.  In  the 
same  way,  first  came  Camellias,  Chrysanthemums,  and 
ahostof  others.  The  old  purpleClirysanthemumacci- 
dentally  sported  to  buff :  the  buff  branch  was  struck, 
proved  true  to  its  new  nature,  and  became  the 
ancestor  of  a  race  of  other  buffs.  The  colour  of 
a  red  Camellia  "  breaks  ;"  red  streaks  appear  in  the 
flowers  of  a  sporting  branch  ;  that  branch  is  separated 
from  its  more  tranquil  mother,  and  clapped  upon  a 
stout  stock;  on  goes  the  sportive  branch,  retains 
its  tendency,  produces  striped  flowers  all  the  better 
for  the  new  blood  infused  into  them,  and  the 
tendency  is  fixed ;  skilful  gardeners  cut  it  limb 
from  limb,  and  every  mutilated  morsel  starts  into 
life  another  variegation. 

It  is  the  same  with  vegetables  ;  a  wild  Carrot 
accidentally  found  in  cultivated  ground,  refuses  tc 
run  to  seed,  but  employs  itself  in  building  up  a 
root  stouter  than  any  Carrot  had  before.  The 
watchful  eyes  of  a  gardener  remark  the  change  ; 
the  changeling,  still  a  sport,  flowers  at  last; 
its  precious  seeds  are  saved,  and  committed 
to  still  richer  ground.  Nine-tenths  of  the  seed- 
lings run  back  to  the  wild  form — your  Carrot 
is  but  an  intractable  gentleman  after  all — but 
a  very  few  prove  obedient  to  the  will  of  man,  shake 
off  their  savage  habits,  refuse  to  flower  till  the 
second  year,  meantime  spend  their  autumn  and 
winter  in  the  further  enlargement  of  their  roots,  then 
rise  up  into  blossom  invigorated  by  six  months' 
additional  preparation,  and  yield  more  seeds,  in 
which  the  fixity  of  character,  or  if  you  will  the  habit 
of  domestication,  is  still  more  firmly  implanted. 
And  thus  begins  the  race  of  Carrots. 

Nectarines,  Pears,  Peaches,  Plums,  and  other  valu- 
able fruits,  must  be  supposed  to  have  in  numerous 
instances  derived  their  origin  from  similar  circum- 
stances ;  they  were  far  more  the  children  of 
accident  than  design,  and  we  see  to  what  they 
have  come. 

Gardeners,  then,  should  keep  a  watchful  eye  upon 
every  tendency  to  sport,  which  they  may  remark 
among  the  plants  entrusted  to  their  care.  The 
sports,  however  unpromising,  should  be  made  the 
subject  of  repeated  experiment ;  year  after  year 
seeds  should  be  saved,  seed-beds  "  rogued,"  and 
attempts  made  to  secure  fixity  of  character.  If 
they  end  in  nothing,  as  they  often  will,  such 
experiments  have  the  advantage  of  also  costing 
nothing ;  but  if  they  lead  to  a  good  result  a 
permanent  gain  is  secured.  We  see  no  reason  why 
Gourds  should  not  be  bred  into  Melons  ;  at  least 
we  know  to  our  cost  that  Melons  are  easily  bred 
into  Gourds.  There  is  nothing  impossible  in  the 
Miller's  JSiirgundy  Grape  transl'orniiiig  into  a  sort 
with  berries  as  big  as  Muscats  ;  or  in  a  Leek  gaining 
a  bulb  as  solid  and  round  as  a  Tripoli  Onion  ;  or  in 
a  Raspberry  bearing  berries  as  fine  as  a  British 
Qupoii  Strawberry  ;  such  changes  are  far  more  likely 
to  happen  than  tlio  transformation  of  AOgilops  into 
Trilicum  ;  what  they  want  for  their-  accomplishment 
\  is  time,  patience,  and  an  intelligent  knowledge  of 
the  nature  of  the  plants,  and  a  fixed  re.sidenco  ; 
wiili  all  which  g.ardeners  as  a  body  are  better 
proviiled  than  any  other  class  of  sociely.  To  them 
i  wo  eainostly  recommend   the    steady    pursuit   of 


I 


468 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  24, 


M.  Fabre's  experiments.  If  any  one  shoxild 
sncceed  in  the  course  of  a  dozen  years  in  giving  a 
Kasplberry  the  dimensions  of  a  Mammoth  Straw- 
berry, he  will  deserve  to  he  placed  by  the  side  of 
the  great  inventor  of  the  Crystal  Palace. 

"Will  any  gentleman  who  complains  that  glass 
BURNS  THE  LEAVES  of  his  greenhouse  plants,  take  the 
trouble  to  cast  an  eye  just  now  upon  his  Rhododen- 
drons in  the  open  bed  ?  He  will  there  find  ten 
times  more  mischief  caused  by  the  unobstructed  sun 
than  ever  came  of  the  worst  sheet-glass.  A  week  ago, 
this  kind  of  inj  ury  had  gone  so  far  as  to  raise  a  doubt 
whether  the  plants  affected  would  ever  get  over  it. 
But  they  have  recovered,  and  the  symptoms  are 
already  disappearing;  they  proved,  in  the  mean- 
while, that  a  concentration  of  solar  rays  is  by  no 
means  necessar}',  in  order  to  produce  burning. 

What  at  first  sight  appears  paradoxical  is,  that  the 
oldest,  and  strongest,  and  hardest  leaves  were  alone 
affected  ;  while  the  young  ones,  tender,  thin,  and 
half-formed,  bore  the  fierce  sunbeams  uninjured. 
Yet  so  it  was  everywhere.  The  old  leaves  resisted 
stoutly  and  were  burnt ;  the  young  ones  bowed 
before  the  heat,  and  escaped.  The  fact  is  certain ; 
it  was  uniform ;  we  verified  it  over  and  over  again, 
in  diff^erent  places,  under  diff'erent  circumstances, 
and  in  ditferent  plants  ;  the  strong  perished,  the 
weak  survived.  What,  then,  was  the  cause  of  a 
phenomenon  which,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  was 
unexpected  ?  In  the  absence  of  a  better  explanation 
we  venture  to  propose  the  following. 

The  old  leaves  of  an  evergreen  plant  at  this  time 
of  year,  although  hard,  deep  green,  and  seemingly 
full  of  health,  are  nevertheless  approaching  their 
natural  death.  Sun  or  no  sun,  in  a  few  weeks  the 
branch  casts  them  off  as  incumbrances.  This  arises 
from  their  having  lost  all  power  of  growth ;  the 
stem  increases  in  diameter  as  the  new  sap  rushes 
through  it,  but  the  leaves  are  unable  to  increase 
at  the  same  rate  ;  consequently,  that  which 
is  growing  casts  off  that  which  is  standing 
still ;  just  as  in  the  political  world,  old,  though 
apparently  healthy,  institutions  are  perpetually 
falling  beneath  the  expansive  force  of  a  progress 
which  they  are  unable  to  accompany.  One  of  the 
circumstances  attendant  upon  this  "  green  old  age  " 
of  the  leaf  is,  that  it  no  longer  evaporates  in  any  con- 
siderable detjree,  and  so  offers  no  counteraction  to  the 
heating  effects  of  the  sunbeams.  In  the  youth  of  the 
leaf,  on  the  contrary,  evaporation  goes  on  with  great 
force,  of  which  a  low  temperature  is  the  necesssary 
accompaniment ;  and  thus,  we  presume,  the  burning 
influence  of  the  sun  is  mitigated. 

If  this  explanation  is  right,  then  it  will  be  more 
than  ever  certain,  that  the  burning  of  young  Vine 
leaves  in  Vineries,  of  which  gardeners  so  much 
complain,  is  due  to  cold  and  not  to  heat,  as  we 
endeavoured  to  prove  on  a  former  occasion. 


RUSSELLIA  JUNCEA. 

This  graceful  and  beautiful  plant,  though  long 
introduced  to  this  country,  deserves  more  attention 
than  it  has  hitherto  received.  Its  remarkably  elegant 
habit  of  growth,  and  its  bright  scarlet  flowers, 
with  which,  under  proper  management,  it  is 
covered  during  two  months  of  the  year,  render  it  an 
object  of  great  beauty.  It  is  easily  cultivated,  requiring 
merely  a  temperature  of  from  60°  to  70°  while  growing, 
with  plenty  of  pot  room,  a  liberal  allowance  of  water, 
and  as  much  light  as  can  possibly  be  afforded  it. 

It  is  readily  propagated  by  cuttings  in  the  ordinary 
way,  or  more  speedily  by  layering  a  promising  shoot, 
■which  will  emit  roots  and  be  ready  for  separation  from 
the  parent  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks.  If  the  young 
plants  are  ready  to  pot  singly  early  in  June,  it  will  be 
easy  to  grow  them  dui'ing  the  season  to  form  good 
plants  in  7-inch  pots,  aud  these  may  be  increased  to 
any  reasonable  size  the  following  season.  Winter  in  a 
light  airy  situation,  where  the  temperature  may  average 
from  50*^  to  SS'',  and  carefully  supply  them  with  water 
at  that  season. 

Early  in  March  the  temperature  should  be  increased  to 
about  60°,  in  order  to  induce  active  growth,  and  the 
plants  shifted  into  larger  pots  if  necessary.  Maintain  a 
damp  atmosphere,  aud  see  that  the  soil  is  kept  in  a 
properly  moist  state.  In  exciting  the  plants  into  growth 
at  that  early  season,  when  it  will  be  impossible  to  afford 
them  sufficient  light  aud  air,  the  young  shoots  will 
doubtless  be  infested  with  aphis,  which  must  be  destroyed 
as  soon  as  tliey  make  their  appearance  ;  but  if  placed 
near  the  glass  in  a  situation  where  air  can  be  admitted 
whenever  the  weather  will  permit,  and  a  healthy  root 
action  induced  by  judicious  potting  and  watering,  their 
growth  will  be  healthy,  and  one  or  two  applications  of 
tobacco  smoke  will  be  sufficient  to  keep  them  clean. 
^  The  plants  should  be  ready  for  putting  into  their  flower- 
ing pots  in  May,  and  they  should  not  be  allowed  a  large 
shift,  as  they  will  flower  more  profusely  if  not  over- 
potted— 12-inch  pots  may  be  considered  sufficiently 
large  for  this  season.  The  day  temperature  may  be 
allowed  to  range  from  70**  to  80**,  with  bright  weather, 
and  the  mcrease  of  light  which  May  affords,  but  60"  or 
65^  should  not  be  exceeded  at  night ;  and  recollect  that 


unless  the  wood  is  ripened  by  strong  light,  and  a  free 
circulation  of  air,  flowers  will  be  produced  but  sparingly, 
and  will  probably  fall  off  before  attaining  perfection. 
If  gradually  hardened,  the  plants  may  be  removed 
to  a  situation  in  the  conservatory  or  greenhouse  where 
they  will  not  be  exposed  to  cold  drying  currents  of  air, 
and  where  they  will  remain  in  full  beauty  for  some  two 
months,  and  be  higher  coloured  than  if  they  were 
retained  in  the  stove.  The  best  method  of  training  the 
Russellia  is  by  means  of  a  circular  wire  trellis,  put  over 
the  plant  after  the  final  potting,  and  the  shoots  drawn 
through  and  allowed  to  hang  down  in  their  own  natural 
and  graceful  manner.  The  principal  shoots  may  be 
kept  tied  to  light  stakes  until  the  specimens  are  shifted 
into  their  flowering-pots.  After  flowering,  the  plants 
may  be  slightly  cut  back,  and  removed  to  a  cool, 
airy  situation  in  the  stove,  or  a  close  part  of  the 
greenhouse,  and  should  be  rather  sparingly  sup- 
plied with  water  during  the  aummn  and  winter, 
when  they  will  be  nearly  inactive.  If  large  plants 
are  desired,  shift  into  15  or  18-inch  pots  in  March, 
and  treat  them  as  to  temperature,  &c.,  as  recommended 
for  last  season,  and  large  handsome  specimens  will  be 
the  result. 

The  Russellia  will  grow  in  any  rich  porous  soil.  I 
use  tm'fy  peat  and  loam  in  about  equal  proportions, 
adding  a  sufficient  proportion  of  silver-sand  to  render 
the  mass  porous.  Plants  that  are  not  intended  to  be 
kept  over  the  winter  have  about  one-sixth  of  thoroughly 
decomposed  cow-dung  added  to  their  soil  for  the  last 
potting.  This  would  be  injurious  to  plants  to  be 
wintered  in  it,  as  it  harbours  worms,  but  the  plants 
enjoy  it  while  in  active  growth,  make  stronger  wood, 
and  produce  more  flowers  than  those  in  peat  and  loam 
only  ;  and  as  they  are  to  be  thrown  to  the  rubbish-heap 
after  flowering,  worms  will  seldom  do  much  injury  by 
stopping  the  drainage  and  hardly  make  their  appearance 
in  the  short  time  from  potting  to  throwing  away. 
Younger  plants  intended  lor  further  service  will  be 
benefited  by  frequent  waterings  with  clear  weak  manure- 
water  during  the  time  they  are  making  growth.  Alpha, 


ON  WEEDS._No.  III. 

On  Walks,  Court-yards,  and  hard  Surfaces  of  all 
Kinds. — This  subject  is  one  to  which  much  attention 
has  been  directed  ;  scientific  men  of  high  standing  and 
repute  have  instituted  experiments  for  the  destruction 
of  weeds  on  such  surfaces  ;  aud  others,  also,  to  prevent 
their  growth.  Gardeners,  too,  of  eminence  in  their  pro- 
fession have  directed  their  inventive  faculties  to  attain 
this  "  consummation  "  so  "  devoutly  to  be  wished."  It 
appears  to  me  that  each  plan  may  have  some  merit, 
when  applied  upon  a  small  scale,  depending  always  upon 
the  proximity  of  the  destroying  agent,  its  price,  the 
facilities  for  transport,  the  high  or  low  wages,  and 
the  scarcity  or  abundance  of  labour  in  the  locality.  And 
be  it  remembered  that  there  are  some  deeply  rooting 
perennial  weeds  on  which  the  action  of  strong  solutions 
of  the  most  poisonous  ingredients  would  probably  take 
little  or  no  effect  at  a  depth  of  from  4  to  5  inches  below 
the  surface  ;  and  that  even  the  commonest  plants  have 
the  power  of  selecting  and  appropriating  their  peculiar 
food.  A  crop  of  weeds,  therefore,  may  be,  generally 
speaking,  destroyed  by  saline  applications  ;  but  some  of 
them  will  flourish  with  greater  luxuriance,  when  sup 
plied  with  salts  of  soda  or  potash.  The  growth  of 
Plantago  coronopus  and  Polygonum  aviculare  is  men- 
tioned as  being  much  promoted  by  the  use  of  common 
salt— see  Gardeners^  Chronicle  for  1845,  page  642  ;  and 
that  of  a  slimy  moss  induced  by  heavy  dressings  of  salt ; 
see  ihid.  for  1841,  page  846,  Upon  this  fact,  which  is 
vouched  for  by  the  writer  in  the  most  decided  manner, 
Dr.  Lindley  observes,  "  No  doubt  the  salt,  by  attracting 
moisture  from  the  air,  favoured  the  growth  of  mosses  and 
other  Cryptogamic  plants,which  would  have, when  young, 
the  appearance  described.  Sulphate  of  copper  will  kill 
them." 

In  addition  to  the  recommendation,  Prof.  Henslow  suc- 
ceeded in  destroying  weeds  by  the  use  of  a  solution  of  cor- 
rosive sublimate,  and  he  also  attests  the  efficacy  of  blue 
vitriol  (sulphate  of  copper)  and  green  viti'iol  (sulphate 
of  iron).  The  corrosive  sublimate  is  admitted  to 
destroy  all  vegetatiou,"  and  the  sulphate  of  copper 
and  iron  are  said  to  have  no  permanent  action,  "  en- 
couraging the  subsequent  growth  cf  many  sorts  of  plants, 
and  so  promoting  the  vegetation  of  weeds,  rather  than 
destroying  it."  The  action  of  common  salt,  is  precisely 
of  the  same  nature  ;  and  if  we  take  into  consideration 
the  cost  of  these  materials  when  used  upon  a  large  scale, 
the  danger  of  using  them,  on  account  of  injury  to  turf 
and  Box  edgings,  and  couple  this  with  their  transitory 
action,  I  do  not  think  (however  well  directed  such  expe- 
riments may  have  been)  that  they  are  so  economical 
as  labour  applied  with  perseverance,  and  guided  by 
the  dictates  of  common  sense. 

If  there  be  exceptions  to  this  conclusion,  they  are  the 
small  gardens  in  the  neighbourhood  of  large  towns, 
where  labour  is  dear,  and  the  applications  I  have 
spoken  of  more  easily  procured.  The  seats  of  country 
gentlemen  are  generally  removed  from  chemical  works, 
and  there  are  few  parishes  in  which  there  is  not  a  sur- 
plus of  labour.  The  parents  of  large  families  are  very 
glad  to  get  their  boys  employed  either  at  weeding  or 
bird  keeping,  before  they  are  strong  enough  for  other 
work,  and  they  may  be  transferred  as  they  grow,  wliile 
attendance  in  a  good  night  school  affords  opportunity 
for  acquiring  useful  knowledge,  and  checking  those 
loose  and  immoral  habits  which  youthful  idleness  too 
often  engenders. 


The  utter  prevention  of  the  growth  of  weeds  on  walks- 
is  impossible,  because  the  seeds  are  borne  by  the  winds 
constantly  from  great  distances.  To  form  a  surface 
upon  which  they  cannot  grow,  and  which  shall  be  free- 
from  disagreeable  smell ;  not  calculated  to  injure  the 
dresses  of  ladies,  and  retain  the  warm  colour  of  goo^ 
gravel,  with  its  firmness  and  stability,  is  yet  a  desi- 
deratum. Dr.  Lindley  announced  some  time  ago  that. 
he  is  experimenting  with  gas-tar  for  this  purpose,  and. 
therefore  it  would  be  premature  to  pronounce  judg- 
ment as  to  how  it  may  answer.  But  while  I  have  no- 
doubt  it  will  prevent  the  growth  of  weeds,  it  does  not 
appear  to  me  likely  to  be  adopted  on  a  large  scale,  OU' 
account  of  its  expense  and  disagreeable  odour. 

Having  briefly  passed  in  review  the  measures-  of 
prevention  and  antidote  which  have  been  suggested^ 
and  collected  evidence  from  authorities  (which  cannot 
be  disputed)  that  the  remedies  are  not  of  universaL 
adaptation,  while  the  issue  of  the  px-ecautionary  measure 
has  yet  to  be  told;  I  will  conclude  this  essay  by 
advising  those  who  make  new  walks  to  remove  from  them 
constantly  every  weed  before  it  attains  to  a  flowering, 
state  ;  for  the  shedding  of  the  seeds  of  many,  such  for 
instance  as  Poa  annua  and  Groundsel,  supervenes  so-' 
quickly  after  that  period,  that  it  is  difficult  to  know 
where  one  ends  and  the  other  Commences. 

It  has  been  said  that  constantly  cutting  off  the  tops  of. 
weeds  will  in  time  destroy  them  ;  and  eventually  it  will- 
do  so,  on  the  principle  that  the  leaves,  although  formed 
at  first  at  the  expense  of  the  parent  plant,  do  after- 
wards, like  grateful  children,  assist  in  nourishing  and 
supporting  their  parent,  and  consequently,  if  successive- 
families  of  them  are  produced,  and  as  often  cut  off,  the  ■ 
resources  of  the  plant  will  in  the  end  be  exhausted  ;  iti 
will  languish  and  die.  But  this  is  a  far  more  tedious 
way  of  getting  rid  of  them  than  uprooting  them  at  once. 
The  Dandelion  and  Couch  Grass,  with  a  strange  tenacity 
of  life,  will  bear  these  successive  cuttings  with  impunity 
for  a  long  time  ;  the  former  of  these  will  spring  up.- 
again  if  cut  3  inches  out  of  the  ground. 

Next  in  order  of  annoyance  to  the  perennial  weeds, 
such  as   Couch  Grass,    Dandelions,   Coltsfoot,   Docks^ 
Nettles,  and  Thistles,  which  can  only  be  got  rid  of  by 
perfect  extraction,  comes  the  class  of  annuals,  and  of' 
them  the  Meadow  Grass  is  the  most  troublesome  ;  the  ■ 
short  time  in  which  it  grows,  flowers,  seeds,  and  re- 
produces itself,  and  the  number  of  crops  produced  in, 
one  season  is  almost  incredible.  In  the  heat  of  summer^ , 
and  amidst  the  rage  of  wintry  winds,  it 
"Dies — and  flings, 
Its  seeds  abroad  in  soliLude." 

^nd  so  of  many  more  of  these  annual  productions  which 
I  could  enumerate. 

Let  me,  in  conclusion,  earnestly  impress  upon  those 
who  are  forming  new  walks  the  importance  of  constant 
and  vigilant  weeding,  not  permitting  a  crop  at  any  time  - 
to  become  large.  Let  none  be  led  away  by  the  doctrine  • 
of  '*  equivocal  generation,"  but  believe  that  every  plant 
proceeds  from  a  germ,  over  which  he  has  control,  butr 
which,  if  he  allows  it  to  be  carried  abroad,  will  surely 
rise  up  in  judgment  against  the  folly  and  negligence  of 
those  who  fostered  its  parent.  The  task  of  weeding, 
foul  walks  certainly  appears  a  formidable  one  ;  and  the 
rough  onslaught  might,  I  think,  be  made  with  advan- 
tage by  anything  that  would  destroy  the  vegetation  pro* 
tempore.  Remembering  always  this  important  and  well- 
attested  fact,  that  "  Resurgam  "  is  the  motto  of  every 
weed  that  has  lived  to  accomplish  the  great  purpose  of 
Nature — the  formation  of  seed  ;  and  bearing  equally  ia 
mind  that  the  strongest  solutions  of  the  most  potent- 
destroyers  lose  their  deleterious  effects,  and  become 
mere  mild  tonics,  when  sufficiently  weakened  by  dilution 
It  is  said  that  he  who  makes  two  blades  of  Grass  grow' 
where  only  one  grew  before  deserves  well  of  his  country^ 
What  shall  we,  then,  do  for  the  man  who  shall  prevent 
the  single  blade  from  making  its  unwelcome  appearance 
on  our  walks  1 

I  would  not  repress  experiment,  and  I  feel  that  we . 
are  all  indebted  to  those  who  have  means  and  the  dispo- 
sition to  experimentaUse.  H.  Bailey^  Nunehamy  Oxford 


I 


TRADE  MEMORANDji^ 
Who  is  R.  C.  Bradley,  of  1 0,  Belvidere-place,  Sonth- 
wark-bridge-road,  London,  who  is  "  completing  altera-  • 
tions  in  his  houses  at  Gotlia  Cottage,  Whitton, 
Middlesex?"  Is  he  any  connection  of  James  Watson,, 
of  4,  Edge-terrace,  Kensington  Gravel-pits  1  or  of  the 
Rev.  J.  Blomfield,  who,  we  believe,  ia  known  to  some  of' 
the  nursery  trade  1 


Home    Correspondence. 

What  is  a  Footstalk  ? — I  am  induced  to  ask  this  ques- 
tion, owing  to  the  decision  of  the  judges  at  the  Lewes- 
Horticultural  Show,  held  on  the  14th  inst.  A  Silver 
Cup  was  offered  by  the  Brighton  Railway  Company,  for 
the  best  48  Roses  on  "  single  footstalks."  I  have  always, 
understood  the  word  footstalk  to  mean  that  part  of  the 
plant  which  supports  the  flower  or  flowers,  according  to 
whether  the  habit  of  the  Rose  was  to  produce  its  flowers, 
singly  Or  in  clusters.  On  returning  to  the  exhibition.! 
tents,  I  was  surprised  to  find  my  stand  and  another 
marked  "  disqualified,  too  many  blooms ;"  and  on 
inquiring  of  the  secretary,  I  was  informed  that  single 
footstalks  meant  single  blooms.  I  felt  it  my  duty  to  - 
enter  a  protest  against  this  decision,  from  a  conviction 
(backed  by  the  fact  that  three  out  of  four  who  brought 
Roses  understood  the  requirements  as  I  did),  that  the 
judges'  decision  was  wrong.    Let  me  also  remark,  that 


.30—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CFIRONICLE. 


469 


■12  out  of  the  48  flowers  to  which  the  cup  was  awarded, 
•had  buds  surrounding  them  !  Consequently,  unless  the 
judges  can  show  that  the  part  joining  the  side-flowers  to 
■the  main  one  changes  its  nature  when  the  blossoms 
expand,  acting  on  their  own  interpretation  of  the  words, 
■"single  footstalks,"  all  the  stands  ought  to  have  been 
disqualified.     Your  decision  will  be  esteemed  a  favour. 

Willmni  Paul,  Nurseries,  Ckeskunt,  Herts. A  silver 

cup  value  10  guineas  was  given  at  the  Lewes  show  by 
the  Directors  of  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway 
•Company,  to  nurserymen,  for  ^  tlie^best  48  varieties  of 
Roses  on  single  footstalks,  shown  in  stands.  Class  79 
•in  the  schedule  states,  '*  Roses  on  single  footstalks,  48 
^varieties."  For  this  prize  there  were  three  competitors, 
■or  rather  three  48's  set  up;  and  although  my  stand  was 
-one  among  them,  I  must  say  that  they  were  as  fine  a  lot 
■of  Roses  as  I  ever  saw.  On  my  return  to  the  show, 
after  the  judges  had  awarded  the  prizes,  I  found  to  my 
astonishment  cards  written  "  Disqualified,  too  many 
blooms,"  and  placed  to  my  Roses,  and  also  to  Mr. 
Paul's,  and  on  the  other  stand  stood  the  silver  cup. 
Now  there  was  not  one  variety  among  my  48,  and  I  can 
■say  the  same  of  Mr.  Paul's,  but  what  was  ou  a  "single 
footstalk;"  many  of  the  varieties  contained  two  and 
some  three  finely  blown  blooms,  and  in  the  48  that 
had  the  prize,  there  were  not  less  than  a  dozen 
with  flower-buds  and  shoots  to  them,  so  that  if  it 
■were  a  single  bloom  on  a  single  footstalk  the  judges 
meant  to  stick  to,  they  did  not  adhere  to  it  to  the 
letter.  A  protest  was  immediately  entered  against 
the  decision,  but  all  the  satisfaction  given  was,  that 
whether  the  judges  were  right  or  wrong,  they  had 
awarded  the  prize,  and  he  that  got  it  was  entitled  to  it. 
Disqualifying  the  48  did  not  rest  with  them.  Mr.  Paul 
and  myself  put  up  two  other  stands  each,  and  they  were 
also  served  in  the  same  manner.  I  think  it  right  to 
send  you  these  particulars,  as  it  may  be  the  means  of 
preventing  others  from  being  duped  as  Mr.  Paul  and 
myself  have  been.  It  may  happen,  that  at  future 
country  meetings  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society, 
.flower  shows  may  be  got  up  in  the  neighbourhood.  I 
would  therefore  advise  parties  intending  to  exhibit,  to 
ascertain  beforehand  how  theii*  productions  are  to  be 
judged,  and  also  whether  the  judges  are  to  be  disinter- 
ested parties.  John  Cattell,  Westerham.  [We  cannot 
tell  whether  the  judges  acted  consistently  with  their 
jegulations  :  but  this  is  certain,  that  a  fooUtalh  is  what 
bears  a  flower  ;  what  bears  many  flowers  is  a  branch. 
Exhibitors  should  not  complain  of  terras  being  used 
strictly.  We  have  other  letters  on  the  same  subject, 
to  all  of  which  we  say,  it  is  no  fault  of  the  judges  if  you 
don't  understand  the  meaning  of  words.j 

Cooling  Brinks. — In  reply  to  the  seasonable  inquiry 
for  cooling  drinks  (p.  453  a),  I  beg  to  mention  that 
ihere  is  a  6d.  pamphlet,  published  by  D.  Francis,  eon- 
Uiuing  receipts  for  30  cooling  summer  drinks,  and  a 
Bimilar  one  for  30  winter  drinks,  both  which  I  think 
he  would  do  well  to  advertise,  with  the  respective  lists, 
in  your  columns  ;  though  two  or  three  of  his  receipts 

would   bear  amendment.  /.  Prideaux. One  of  the 

moat  simple,  wiiolesome,  and  delicious  di'inks  is  as 
follows.  It  is  used  by  a  family  near  me  constantly  in 
enmmer  :  Cream  of  tartar  1  oz ,  three-quarters  of  a 
pound  of  lump  sugar,  or  less  of  moist,  half  the  rind  of 
a  lemon  cut  thin,  1  gallon  of  boiling  water  poured  on 
it  ;  when  cold  it  is  fit  to  drink.  Corked  and  bottled  it 
will  keep  three  days.     Any  flavouring  can  be  added. 

I   prefer  it  plain   like  the  above.  H.  Q.,  Bognor. 

iLenK/nade  :  1  oz.  of  citric  acid,  1  lb.  of  loaf-sugar,  half- 
a*pint  of  water ;  boil  till  clear,  and  when  cold  add  a  few 
drops  of  essence  of  lemon.  Put  one  tablespoonful  in  a 
tumbler  of  cold  water  ;  a  little  sherry  will  improve  it. 

0.  K.f  London. 1st,  Gooseberry  wine  is  a  grateful  and 

pleasant  drink  in  the  shape  of  half  a  tumbler-full  filled 
up  with  cold  spring  water.  2d.  Pour  seven  quarts  of 
boiling  water  on  2  ozs.  of  cream  of  tartar  ;  juice  and 
parings  of  two  Lemons  ;  stir  it  and  cover  close.  When 
cold  sweeten  to  the  taste,  and  add  a  gill  (quartern) 
of  rum.  Bottle  in  quart  bottles.  This  will  keep  the 
year  round.  To  make  this  into  an  effervescing  draught 
pot  a  little  carbonate  of  soda  into  the  glass  ;  then  pour 
the  above  on  it.  3d.  The  following  is  cheap,  cooling, 
and  not  to  be  despised.  To  10  quarts  of  water  put°a 
bottle  of  stout  or  porter ;  1  lb.  of  brown  sugar ;  a  spoon- 
ful of  powdered  ginger  (if  approved).  Mix  all  together, 
and  after  sUwding  a  few  hours  bottle  in  quart  bottles  ; 
in  two  or  thr*  days  it  will  be  fit  for  use.  This  is  a 
good  substitute  for  table-beer,  which  soon  turns  sour. 

C.  T. Jinperiat :  To  1  oz.  of  cream  of  tartar  add  the 

juice  and  rind  of  three  Lemons,  and  six  quarts  of  boiling 
water  ;  let  it  stand  till  cold.  This  may  be  made  in  a 
larger  quantity,  and  w-t  to  work  with'  a  littlu  barm 
(ycaat),  wh^fii  it  will  keep  for  a  length  of  time.  Jiecr 
Clip :  Infuse  a  liundful  of  balm  loaves  (or  Borage),  and 
add  a  large  wine-glassful  of  the  liquor  to  one  pint  of 
beer,  two  glasefuls  of  sherry,  and  three  pintH  of  spring 
water  iced  ;  sweeten  to  taste.  Sherry  CohUcr  :  Two 
largo  glassfuls  of  Hherry  poured  upon  a  slice  of  Lemon 
and  sngar,  the  tumbler  filled  up  with  pounded  ice.  This 
compound  muHt  bo  imbibed  throngh  a  straw,  wlicn  its 
soothing  eflc'ctH  will   be  found   to  exceed  expectation, 

JL  E.  b. In    .Soyer's   "Modern    ilousewlle  "  tliere 

aro  several  receipts  for  them.  Ontl  (Jii,p :  a  drink  niudo 
of  cider,  wat/jr,  ice,  Bugar,  and  sliced  lemon,  is  Hiiid  to 
b«  very  good.  Cardinal,  made  of  sliced  Piiio-applc 
^Wcut  Indian  will  do  for  homo  use),  sifted  sugar  in 
laycni,  hock,  and  ice,  and  allowed  to  stand  for  some 
hours,  is  excellent.  M. 

Badly  r.ol/mrtd  Grapes. — In  a  house  35  feet  long,  by 
li  feet  wide,  the  Vines  25  years  old,  forcing  commenced 


on  the  ist  of  February,  and  the  Vines  produced  a  very 
large  crop  of  black  Hamburgh  Grapes,  bunches  and  pips 
large  and  full;  they  are  now  ripe,  but  without  colour, 
except  red,  and  they  appear  as  if  they  had  been'watered 
with  dirty  water;  all  stained  and  streaky  as  if  they  were 
by  the  side  of  a  dusty  high  road,  without  the  slightest 
bloom,  but  shine  as  if  glazed.  Pray  inform  me  what  is 
the  matier,  and  whether  there  is  any  remedy.  Crix, 
Jidy  20.  [We  must  refer  this  inquiry  to  our  Vine- 
growing  correspondents], 

JRose  RurSt. — I  forward  for  your  inspection  some  leaves 
of  Roses  in  a  very  bad  condition,  having  planted  a 
Rosery  with  dwarf  Perpetuals,  &c,,  in  beds  (in  good  strong 
loam,  with  plenty  of  stable  manure),  12  months  ago  last 
spring;  they  all  bloomed  beautifully  thefirstyear,  and  this 
season  they  all  formed  their  buds  well,  and  some  of  them, 
such  as  Madame  Laffay,  William  Jesse,  and  Duchess  of 
Sutherland,  expanded  their  flowers,  but  numbers  of  the 
others  never  opened.  La  Reine  is  now  covered  with 
buds,  but  not  one  will  come  to  perfection,  and  the  foliage 
is  affected  in  the  way  you  find  the  leaves  sent ;  indeed, 
some  are  so  far  denuded  of  foliage  that  they  are  quite 
killed.  If  you  can  furnish  any  information  as  to  the 
cause,  you  will  greatly  oblige  /.  C.  L.  A.,  July  20.  [The 
disease  is  the  Rose  rust.     The  cause  very  uncertain]. 

Cultivation  of  the  Strawberi^. — Mr.  Beach,  the  now 
well-known  Strawberry  grower,  of  Worton,  Isleworth, 
having  astonished  every  one  last  year,  at  Chiswick  and 
in  the  Crystal  Palace,  with  his  extremely  large  fruit  of 
first-rate  flavour,  granted  me  the  favour  of  again  seeing 
his  grounds  this  year.  By  the  14th  of  July  he  had 
picked  a  great  many,  but  for  all  that  the  crop  surprised 
me,  more  especially  the  rows  running  pai'allel  with  the 
lowest  part  of  the  ridges.  Walking  amongst  them  was 
quite  impossible  without  crushing  ounces  at  every  step, 
and  I  am  not  certain  that  Mr.  Beach's  Queens  are  not 
altogether  different  from  those  of  others,  as  I  myself 
have  often  found  my  beds  sport.  Upon  this  point,  how- 
ever, Mr,  Beach  is  silent ;  the  colour  was  very  fine  all 
round,  with  no  white  points.  I  remarked  that  Mr.  B, 
is  enlai'ging  his  pond  at  the  top  of  his  grounds  :  when 
finished,  it  will  be  about  60  to  70  yards  long,  20  to  30 
yards  wide,  and  from  6  to  8  feet  deep,  where  the 
beautiful  clear  soft  springs,  to  the  amount  of  20,  are 
continually  flowing  into  it,  rising  no  doubt  from  the 
high  grounds  above  where  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Banks 
lived.  The  portion  of  his  grounds  mentioned  by  me 
last  year  as  being  under  Osiers,  has  been  made  into 
ridges,  which  are  now  occupied  by  a  fine  crop  of  Ash- 
leaved  Kidney  Potatoes  all  ready  to  dig  up  ;  and  the 
moment  the  Potatoes  are  off,  the  ridges  are  to  be  planted 
with  Strawberries,  in  rows  2  feet  6  inches  apart,  and 
1  foot  6  inches  asunder  in  the  rows.  These  new  ridges 
are  not  made  so  high  in  the  middle  by  1  foot  as  the  old 
ones,  which  are  3  feet  high,  Mr,  B.  having  found  that 
the  rows  at  the  lowest  part  of  the  ridge  had  always  pro- 
duced not  only  the  lai'gest  fruit  but  by  far  the  heaviest 
crop.  An  important  mistake  which  I  made  last  year  is 
that  of  this  ground  the  longest  square  runs  south,  con- 
sequently the  ridges  must  run  east.  Mr.  Beach's 
Queen  Strawberries  are  all,  even  the  smallest,  put 
into  1,  2,  3,  and  4  lb.  punnets,  for  the  gathering  of 
which  his  women  receive  a  halfpenny  a  punnet,  and 
even  at  this  rate  they  make  20s.  a-week,  between 
Strawberries  and  other  fruits,  such  as  Raspberries, 
Gooseberries,  Currants,  &c.  It  may  be  worthy  of  men- 
tion, that  his  Pear  and  Apple  trees  are  loaded  with 
fruit,  while  we  on  the  Surrey  side  have  hardly  any. 
One  very  important  thing  which  I  noticed  was,  that  all 
his  Strawberries,  except  the  Queens,  were  mulched 
with  straw.  I  asked  the  reason  why  the  Queens  formed 
an  exception  ?  He  said  that  the  early  ones  had  shorter 
fruit  stalks,  and  were  ripe  before  the  runners  covered 
the  ground  ;  but  that  the  Queens  coming  in  late  covered 
the  ground  with  runners  by  the  time  the  fruit  was  ripe. 
Another  thing  I  observed  was,  that  whole  ridges  of 
Strawberries  were  lying  as  it  were  dead  ripe,  what 
many  growers  would  have  had  gathered  days  before — this 
again  is  a  point  greatly  in  favour  of  colour  and  flavour  ; 
we  are  generally  too  fast  in  picking  all  sorts  of  fruits, 
and  your  remarks  in  regard  to  the  fruits  exhibited  at 
Chiswick  fully  prove  this.  I  hope  that  not  only  myself, 
but  all  other  growers,  may  benefit  by  Mr.  Beach's 
experience,  which  has  been  acquired  at  no  ordinary 
amount  of  expense,  coupled  with  great  industry  and 
perseverance.  James  Cuthill,  Camherwell. 

Pelargonium  Biaderiiatum  rubesans.  —  This  plant 
sported  last  year,  as  described  by  Mr.  Beaton,  in  a  bed 
at  Dropmore  ;  vei'y  little  notice,  however,  was  taken  of 
it,  knowing  that  was  oidy  a  chance  production  and  not 
likely  to  bo  permanent ;  this  year  it  has  flowered  and 
still  maintains  its  character,  as  has  also  another  plant, 
both  being  exactly  liko  the  variety  I  saw  at  Chiswick, on 
the  10th,  called  Willmore's  Surprise.  I  have  not  had 
a  cutting  or  plant  from  any  one,  as  wo  have  bedded  the 
Oiadematum  rubeHcen.s  here  for  years,  being  one  of  the 
very  best  for  that  purpose.  My  plants  aro  fi-ora  two  to 
three  years  old,  having  boon  potted  up  out  of  the  beds 
twice  or  thrice,  which  can  bo  seen  by  the  cutting. 
Philip  Frost,  JJropmoi'c. 

Potato  Crop. — Since  our  last  report  the  weather  has 
proved  more  propitious  and  encouraging  to  tho  Potato 
crop  ;  and  such  us  were  apparently  uninfected  a  month 
figo  yet  show  no  indications  of  acttuil  blight,  while  those 
whicii  arc  really  blot('lied  on  tho  IcavoH  prove  shrivelled, 
mid  tlio  diMdane  iH,  as  it  were,  starvcil  by  tho  heat  and 
drought,  bidding  fair  for  tho  prcHf-rvation  of  tho  tubers, 
though  the  latter  may  bo  cxi)Rctod  to  be  of  but  littlu 
UHo,  being  of  neccHsity  diminutive  in  size.  While  tho 
weather  continues  hot  and  dry  better  results  tlian  were 


heretofox'e  anticipated  may  be  expected  ;  but  should 
damp  and  cold  again  occur,  the  fungus  may  reappear  as 
formidably  as  before,  causing  disease  in  the  tubers  as 
appalling  as  in  former  years.  Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon. 

Monstrous  Clover.  —  The  enclosed  specimen  of 
Trifohum  repens,  in  which  small  leaves  occupy  the 
place  of  florets,  was  gathered  by  me  this  day  (July  19), 
Having  never,  that  I  remember,  seen  or  heard  of  a 
similar  instance  in  this  plant,  and  having  observed  the 
like  anomaly  in  other  plants  occasionally  noticed  in 
your  columns,  in  editorial  and  other  articles,  I  beg  to 
send  the  specimen  to  you.  Silvio.  [The  specimen  is  one 
of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and  a  capital  instance  it  ia 
of  the  production  of  leaves  instead  of  floral  organs.] 

Showing  JRoses  in  a  Cut  State. —  IliQ  judges  at  a  late 
flower  show  in  this  county  (Somerset),  have  been  some- 
what puzzled  as  to  whom  the  prize  should  be  awarded 
in  the  following  case  :  A  prize  was  offered  for  cut 
specimens  of  Roses,  the  words  of  the  schedule  being— 
"  For  the  best  collection,  number  unlimited,  but  not  l^s 
than  18  varieties."  Two  collections  were  exhibited; 
one  of  32  varieties,  the  other  of  24.  The  latter  con- 
tained 18  Roses  rather  superior  to  any  18  in  the 
collection  of  32  ;  but  the  remaining  6  were  scarcely 
equal  to  any  6  of  the  larger  collection,  the  whole  of 
which  were  but  little  inferior  to  the  best  18  of  the 
smaller  exhibition.  The  favour  of  your  opinion  is  asked 
as  to  which  should  have  had  the  prize,  with  yourreason 
for  the  decision,  should  it  be  convenient  to  give  it.  Silvio, 
[We  think  32  should  have  had  the  prize  :  for  it  is  clear 
that  the  collections  were  very  nearly  alike  in  quaUty  ; 
and  in  such  a  case  number  should  turn  the  scale,  because 
it  is  more  difficult  to  produce  32  good  than  24.] 

Sulphur  in  Vineries.  —  If  bm-nt  sulphur  produces 
fumes  of  sulphurous  acid,  it  cannot  fail  to  px'oduce 
serious  mischief  in  Vineries,  by  corroding  and  destroying 
the  epidermis  of  the  leaf.  Perhaps  this  is  universally 
known  among  Grape  growers,  but  never  having  seen  it 
mentioned,  and  seeing  a  great  deal  about  the  diff"erent 
methods  of  applying  sulphur  to  the  leaves  of  the  Vine, 
for  the  pui'pose  of  destroying  the  mildew,  my  object  in 
writing  to  you  is  to  submit  to  your  consideration  whether 
a  little  caution  on  the  subject  of  applying  the  fumes  of 
sulphur  might  not  be  of  use  ;  as  1  think  some  of  the 
gardeners  who  have  applied  to  you  seem  to  have  injured 
their  plants  in  this  way.  H.  [We  think  it  probable. 
Sulphur  should  never  be  burnt  in  a  Vinery.  If  vola- 
tilised by  being  placed  on  heated  pipes  or  flues,  it  will 
do  no  harm.] 

^ocitties. 

Horticultural,  July  20.  —  In  consequence  of  a 
sufficient  number  of  Fellows  not  being  present  on  this 
occasion,  a  quorum  was  not  formed.  Some  interesting 
subjects  were,  however,  presented  for  exhibition, 
and  foremost  among  them  may  be  mentioned  a 
collection  of  Gloxinias  from  Mr.  Glendmning,  of  the 
Chiswick  Nursery.  They  consisted  of  Teuchlerii, 
Wortleyana,  Maria  Van  Houtte,  Mrs.  GriflBths,  rubra, 
grandiflora,  Baron  Rozel,  and  the  following  new  kinds  : 
Albert  Courtin,  Souvenir  de  Bordeaux,  Newelliana, 
and  Huntleyana.  Of  these,  the  best  were  decidedly 
the  two  first  mentioned,  and  the  two  last  ;  but 
all  of  them  were  good.  Mrs.  Lawrence,  of 
Ealing-park,  produced  a  handsomely  flowered  Epacris 
miniata,  Saccolabium  Blumei  and  another  ||apecies, 
and  the  variety  of  Aerides  suavissimum  called 
flavidum. — Mr.  Watson,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Tredwell,  of 
St.  John's  Lodge,  Norwood,  had  Clerodendron 
foetidum ;  and  Mr.  Ingram  sent  from  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Frograore,  a  very  pretty  hybrid  Achimenes, 
with  large  handsome  leaves  and  deep  orange- scarlet 
flowers,  lined  up  the  centre  of  the  petals  with 
minute  round  black  dots.  It  was  stated  to  have 
beeu  raised  between  A.  oculata  and  A.  picta. 
Bunches  of  the  white  Cornichon  Grape,  a  large 
very  fleshy  variety,  of  second-rate  value,  also 
came  from  the  same  establishment.  As  this  now 
exists  in  many  collections  of  this  country,  it  may  be  as 
well  to  explain  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  ripen,  acquiring 
perfect  maturity  only  in  the  long  hot  summers  of  Sicily, 
and  similar  parts  of  the  Mediterranean.  When  ripe,  it 
is  bright  amber-coloured. — Messrs.  Veitch  contributed 
12  specimens  of  the  early  sweet-kernelled  Kaisha 
Apricot,  of  which  some  account  is  given  at  p.  487, 
1850.     It   is    by  far    the    earliest    Apricot    of     good 

quality  in  this  country Mr.  Fleming,  gr.  to  the  Duke 

of  Sutherland,  at  Trentham,  produced  a  beautiful 
Moscow  Queen  Pine-apple,  weighing  5^  lbs. — ^Fr*)m  Mr. 
Cuthill,  of  Denmark-hill,  Camberwell,  came  examples 
of  tho  Lapstone  Kidney  Potato,  which,  though  a  late 
sort,  was  nearly  ripe.  They  had  been  treated  accord- 
ing to  the  plan  published  in  his  pamphlet  on  the 
Potato. — Specimens  of  capital  glass  milk  pans,  aa 
cheap  aa  any  foreign  ones,  were  furnished  by  Mr, 
Phillips,  of  Biahopsgate-street. — From  the  Society's 
Garden  came  a  double  white  variety  of  Platy- 
codon  sincnse,  tho  golden  Lachenalia  (L.  aurea), 
a  variety  of  Kaloaanthos  coccinea,  Oncidium  plani- 
labre,  and  Cuttloya  crispa,  one  of  tho  many  varieties  of 
Krica  tricolor  ;  tho  graceful  looking  Beeckia  patula, 
Ligtmtrum  japonicum,  and  two  Lilies  ;  one  a  variety  of 
tho  large  white  L.  longillorum,  tho  other  a  now  Cali- 
foriiinn  kind,  with  small  rollexcd  orange  blossoms 
S])oUed  with  black  and  tinged  at  the  ends  of  the  petals 
with  rcddinh  brown.  Along  with  theso  also  came 
Myatt's  Elizu,  Eleanor,  and  old  Pine  Strawben'iea ; 
Neapolitan  Cabbage  and  white  Paris  Cos  Lettuces,  two 


470 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  24, 


first-niCe  varieties  which  do  not  readily  run  to  seed  : 
and  the  Auverj^ne  Pea,  a  prolific  kiiul,  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  curved  fonn  of  its  pods. 


BoTAWiCAL  OP  Edinburgh,  Jidy  8. — The  President  in 
the  chair.  Viola  stricta,  sent  for  the  Society's  Her- 
bai-ium,  was  exhibited  from  Mr.  T.  R.  Folwhele, 
accompanied  by  the  following  note : — "  I  beg  to  send 
you  a  specimen  of  Viola  stricta  found  by  me  in  White 
Fen,  near  Cambridge,  last  Ti  esday.  The  corolla  spur 
is  decidedly  blunt  and  green,  and  the  stipules  oblong 
lanceolate.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  is  abundant, 
because  at  the  time  I  thought  it  was  the  Viola  stagnina, 
and  did  not  take  any  more  notice  of  it,  and  since  tliat  I 
have,  not  had  an  opportunity  of  going  for  it."  Professor 
Balfour  exhibited  specimens  m  flower  of  a  whitish 
Rhododendron,  sent  by  the  Earl  of  Home.  It  seems  to 
be  allied  to  R.  anthopogon,and  may  perhaps  be  a  variety 
of  that  species.  In  a  note  from  the  Earl  of  Home,  it 
was  stated  that  the  seeds  had  been  received  from  the 
hills  of  Bukhara.  His  brother,  Major  Bell,  got  this 
from  a  brothei-  officer,  who  made  a  tour  to  that  country, 
and  sent  it  home  between  the  years  1837  and  1842. 
Professor  Balfour  exhibited  the  following  donations  to 
the  Museum  of  Economic  Botany  at  the  Botanic 
Garden,  viz: — From  Mx*.  J.  Fulton,  Glasgow,  large 
specimens  of  Rye,  the  produce  of  what  has  been  termed 
a  "  stolen  "  crop.  It  was  produced  during  the  period 
intervening  between  the  removal  of  the  grain  and 
putting  in  of  the  succeeding  green  crop.  It  was  sown 
on  22d  Septembei',  1851,  and  cut  on  11th  June,  183'2, 
■when  it  measured  G  feet  6  inches  in  length,  and  weighed, 
in  its  green  state,  40  tons  per  acre,  the  soil  being  of  an 
inferior  description.  The  following  paper  was  read  : — 
"  On  the  presence  of  fluorine  in  the  stems  of  Gramineas, 
Equisetaceae,  and  other  plants,  with  some  observations 
on  the  sources  from  which  vegetables  derive  this  element. 
By  G.  Wilson,  M.D."  The  author  commenced  by 
stating,  that  the  earliest  observer  of  the  presence  of 
fluorine  in  plants,  was  Will  of  Giessen,  who  found 
traces  of  it  in  Barley,  the  straw  and  grain  of  which 
■were  analysed  together.  The  author  reported  to 
the  Botanical  Society,  some  four  years  ago,  the  results 
of  his  earlier  researches  into  the  distribution  of 
this  element,  throughout  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
which  were  not  very  numerous  or  very  encouraging. 
One  reason  of  this  was  the  small  extent  to  which  fluorine 
occurs  in  plants  ;  another,  and  practically  as  serious  a 
reason,  was  the  difficulty  of  separating  and  recognising 
fluorine,  when  accompanied  by  silica.  The  presence  of 
this  body  in  a  plant,  besides  greatly  complicating  the 
investigation,  rendered  the  employment  of  platina  vessels 
essential,  and  thus  limited  the  amount  of  matei'ial  which 
could  be  subjected  to  examination,  besides  making  it 
difficult  or  impossible  to  observe  the  progress  of  an 
analysis.  The  author  then  stated  that  in  the  course  of 
some  recent  investigations  into  the  presence  of  fluorine 
in  siliceous  rocks,  he  had  succeeded  in  devising  a  process 
which  was  also  applicable  to  plants,  and  could  be  carried 
on  in  the  ordinary  glass  vessels  of  the  laboratory.  The 
process  in  the  case  of  plants  was  as  follows  : — The 
plant  under  examination  was  burned  to  ashes  as  com- 
pletely as  possible.  The  ashes  were  then  mixed  in  the 
cold  with  oil  of  vitriol,  so  as  to  secure  the  decompo- 
sition of  the  salts  of  volatile  acids  present.  The  mixture 
was  then  transferred  to  a  retort  or  flask,  provided  with 
a  bent  tube  dipping  into  water,  and  the  liquid  raised  to 
the  boiling  point,  when  fluorine,  if  present,  was  evolved 
in  combination  with  the  silicon  of  the  silica,  as  the 
gaseous  fluoride  of  silicon,  which  dissolved  in  the  water, 
with  separation  of  some  gelatinous  silica.  The  resulting 
solution  was  neutralised  with  ammonia  and  evaporated 
to  complete  dryness,  when  the  whole  of  tlie  silicon 
passed  into  the  condition  of  insoluble  silica,  and  water 
dissolved  the  fluoride  of  ammonium.  The  author  has 
in  the  meanwhile  applied  this  process  almost  solely 
to  the  stems  and  trunks  of  plants.  The  following  were 
the  results  obtained  : — 

Table    op    Plants    examined  for  Fluorine.      The   numbers 
'  represent  grains  of  aahes,  except  in  the  case  of  Tabaelieer 
and   Wood  Opal.     The  blaabs  imply  that  the  weight  waa 
not  known : — 


Ashes 

in 

Name  of  Plant, 

Grains. 

200 

Horsetail  (Eyuisetum  limosum)  ... 

Distinct  etchiog. 

Common  Bamboo  (Bambusa  arun- 

dinacea)        

Charcual    (derived    chiefly"  from 

Oak,   and  to  a  amaller    extent 

Iruia  Birch)             

* 

Coal    ;; 

Bar'ey  straw 

Hay  (Rye-gras8) 

35 

Eqvilietum  variegatum        

Faint  etching. 

19 

„          hjemale 

jj 

255 

,,          paluHtre 

Tussftc  Grass  (DactjHs  esBspitosfl) 

" 

99 

Etymus  arenarms      

495 

-Sugar-cane      CS^accharum      offici- 
oaiuni)          

1010 

Afiiian  Teak 

'* 

smilax  liiiifolia         ...        .','        "" 

No  etching. 

Common    Hoaemary   (Rofiuarinue 

ifficintiHsJ 

235 

Ncpaut  Bamboo  (Bambusa'Nepa- 
lensiF)             

Common    Fern    (Polynodium  vui-' 

» 

gare)               

537 

Tree  Fern         

)> 

24 

Phalaris  arundinacea          .."         ,' 

** 

240 

AialuccaCane 

'* 

50 

Coioa-imt-Bbell          ," 

" 

127 
80 

Indian  Teak  (Tectoii^  grandis)   "'. 
Tabaeheer 

\\ 

16H0 

Wood  Opal       ...         ; 

" 

On  this  table  the  author  remarked  that  the  siliceous 
stems  which  he  had  found  to  abound  most  in  fluorine, 
were  exactly  those  which  contained  most  silica.  In 
particular,  deep  etchings  were  procm-ed  from  the 
EquisetacesB  (horse-tails),  and  from  the  Graminese 
(Grasses),  especially  the  common  Bamboo.  The  last 
was  known  to  contain  silica  in  such  abundance  that  it 
collected  within  the  joints  in  white  masses,  nearly  pure, 
and  had  long,  under  the  name  of  Tabasheer,  been  an 
object  of  interest  to  natural  philosophers.  The  horse- 
tails were  scarcely  less  remarkable  ibr  the  amount  of 
silica  contained  in  their  stems,  which  had  led  to  the 
employment  of  one  of  them  (Dutch  rush,  Equisetum 
hyemale),  in  polishing  wood  and  metals.  The  African 
Teak,  which  like  the  Bamboo  is  known  sometimes  to 
secrete  silica,  was  also  found  to  contain  fluorine,  though 
much  less  largely  titan  the  plants  named;  whilst  the 
strongly  siliceous  stems  of  Barley  and  Rye-grass  also 
yielded  the  element  in  marked  quantity.  The  Sugar- 
cane, however,  gave  less  striking  results  than  might 
have  been  expected,  and  the  same  remark  applied  to 
the  Malacca-cane.  The  specimens  of  silicified  wood  and 
one  of  Tabasheer  gave  no  evidence  of  the  presence  of 
fluorine.  So  far,  however,  as  the  plants  named  in  the 
preceding  table  are  concerned,  the  author  does  not 
wish  it  to  be  inferred  from  the  negative  results  which 
are  detailed,  that  the  plants  in  question  are  totally  devoid 
of  fluorine.  With  larger  quantities  of  their  ashes, 
positive  results  would,  in  all  probability,  be  obtained. 
The  author's  general  conclusions  were  as  follows : — 
1st.  That  fluorine  occurs  in  a  large  number  of  plants, 
2d.  That  it  occurs  in  marked  quantity  in  the  siliceous 
stems  of  the  Graminese  and  Equisetaceee.  3d.  That 
the  quantity  present  is  in  all  cases  very  small  ;  for 
although  exact  quantitative  results  were  not  obtained, 
it  is  well  known  that  a  fraction  of  a  grain  of  a  fluoride 
will  yield,  with  oil  of  vitriol,  a  quantity  of  hydro- 
fluoric acid  sufficient  to  etch  glass  deeply,  so  that 
the  proportion  of  fluorine  present  even  in  the  plant 
ashes  which  contain  it  most  abundantly  does  not  pro- 
bably amount  to  more  than  a  fraction  per  cent,  of  their 
weight.  The  proportion  of  fluorineappears  to  be  variable, 
for  different  specimens  of  the  same  plant  did  not  yield 
concordant  results.  In  this,  however,  there  is  nothing 
anomalous,  for  some  Bamboos  yield  Tabasheer  largely, 
whilst  others  are  found  to  contain  none.  It  seems  not 
unlikely  that  soluble  fluorides  ascending  the  siliceous 
stem  of  a  plant,  on  their  way  to  tlie  seeds  or  fruits  in 
which  they  finally  accumulate,  may  be  arrested  by  the 
silica,  and  converted  into  insoluble  fluosilicates  (fluorides 
of  silicon  and  of  metal),  and  a  Bamboo,  for  example, 
secreting  Tabasheer  may  effect  this  change  where  one 
less  rich  in  silica  cannot  determine  it.  The  slow  or 
quick  drying  of  a  stem  may  also  affect  the  fixation  of 
fluorides  in  the  stems  or  trunks  of  plants.  5.  The 
sources  of  the  fluorine  found  in  plants  may  be  regarded 
as  pre-eminently  two,  (1)  simple  fluorides,  such  as  that 
of  calcium,  which  are  soluble  in  water,  and  through  this 
medium  are  carried  into  the  tissues  of  plants  ;  and  (2) 
compounds  of  fluorides  with  other  salts,  of  which  the 
most  important  is  probably  the  combination  of  phosphate 
of  lime  with  fluoride  of  calcium.  This  occurs  in  the 
mineral  kingdom  in  apatite  and  phosphorite,  and  in  the 
animal  kingdom  in  bones,  shells,  and  corals,  as  well  as 
in  blood,  milk,  and  other  fluids.  A  recent  discovery  of 
the  author's,  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  has  shown  that  fluorides  are  much  more 
widely  distributed  than  is  generally  imagined,  and  that 
the  trap  rocks  near  Edinburgh,  and  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  Clyde,  as  well  as  the  granites  of  Aberdeen- 
shire, and  the  aghes  of  coal,  contain  fluorides,  so  that 
the  soils  resulting  from  the  disintegration  of  those  rocks 
cannot  fail  to  possess  fluorides  also.  All  plants,  accord- 
ingly, may  be  expected  to  exhibit  evidence  of  their 
presence,  in  the  following  portions  of  their  tissues  or 
fluids: — 1.  In  the  ascending  sap,  simple  fluoi-ides. 
2.  In  the  descending  sap,  in  association  with  the  albumi- 
nous  vegetable  principles,  and  in  the  seeds  or  fruits,  in 
a  similar  state  of  association,  fluorides  along  with 
phosphates.  3.  In  the  stems,  especially  when  siliceous, 
and  hardened,  fluorides  in  combination  with^silica.  The 
investigation  is  still  in  progress. 


Labour  stands  on  Golden  Feet.  Groombridge.  18mo, 
pp.  162, — This  is  a  good  translation  of  one  of  Zschokke's 
best  tales.  It  is  the  history  of  the  rise  from  poverty  to 
independence  ofa  foreign  workman;  and  although  in  some 
respects  inapplicable  to  English  social  relations,  never- 
theless is  pregnant  with  trutlis  which  are  ti'uths  evei'y- 
where.  Take  the  advice  of  old  Veit  to  his  son  as  an 
example  : — 

"  *  Labour  stands  on  golden  feet,*  says  the  proverb, 
but  not  every  one  knows  how  to  plant  them.  Do  thou 
learn !  Many  of  our  handicraftsmen  at  home  have 
no  desire  cr  inducement,  nor  any  taste  to  improve  in 
business.  Therefore  we  must  go  abroad  to  look  and 
learn.  To  travel  with  advantage,  thou  must  see  nothing 
on  the  road  without  finding  out  the  why  and  the  wherefore 
of  it.  He  who  travels  otherwise,  has  gone  through  the 
world  as  if  in  sleep  ;  has  seen  green  trees,  painted 
houses,  and  two-legged  men,  that  are  to  be  seen  at  home  ! 
I  have  known  journeymen  handicraftsmen  who  knew 
nothing  more  about  great  towns  than  just  their  curiosi- 
ties— the  cathedral  at  Strasburg,  and  the  long-tongusd 
figure  at  Basle.  As  a  man's  disposition  may  often  be 
inferred  from  the  features  of  his  face,  so  are  the  features 
of  every  town  and  country  significant.     These  are  the 


true  characteristics  for  every  journeyman  handicrafts- 
man to  observe  ;  they  enable  him  to  judge  of  what  he 
has  to  expect.  If  tliou  findest  in  a  town  many  public- 
houses,  wine,  beer,  or  brandy  shops,  depend  upon  it  the 
journeymen  are  jolly  fellows;  but  on  pay-day  tliere  are 
sad  faces,  and  seldom  peace  at  home.  If  thou  comest 
to  a  town  where  dung-lieaps  lie  in  the  street*,  don't 
much  expect  to  find  work  from  the  masters  there.  The 
burghers  there  are  only  respectable  peasants  in  perri- 
wigs.  When  the  bells  are  ringing  too  often j  and  saints' 
days  and  holidays  have  no  end,  provide  thyself  with, 
small  change  :  thou  wilt  need  it  for  beggars.  If 
pompous  carriages  roll  along  the  roads  by  day,  but  there- 
are  no  lanterns  in  the  streets  at  night,  the  town  is  like 
a  would-be  fine  lady,  that  under  a  silk  robe  hides  a  torn 
petticoat.  Where  the  old  folks  work  at  home,  while  the 
young  gentlemen  on  a  week  day  make  pleasure-parties 
with  the  burghers'  daughters,  thou  mayst  predict  bank- 
ruptcies. Because  there  are  many  churches  and  tall 
steeples  in  a  place,  do  not  expect  much,  or  very  remark- 
able piety  there  as  a  necessary  consequence  ;  nor  from 
the  rich  clothing  of  the  folks  expect  to  find  people  of 
property  amongst  them  ;  nor  from  many  insignia  of 
merit,  think  that  the  wearers  are  therefore  worthy  men.. 
Such  and  similar  things  are  signboards,  which  are  by  no 
means  confined  to  public-houses.  Where  proud  monu- 
ments meet  thee, '  to  the  honour'  of  this  person  or  that, 
do  not  believe  that  they  are  to  commemorate  the 
departed  ;  they  tell  rather  of  tlie  vanity  of  those  who 
erected  them.  If  thou  dost  not  find  the  peasant  at 
work  in  his  fields  by  sunrise,  be  assured  that  many  sit 
long  after  sunset  in  the  evening,  over  their  beer  and, 
brandy.  If  the  country  folks  are  coarse  and  uncourt> 
eons,  the  ox  in  tlie  stall  has  given  better  instruction 
than  the  public  teacher  ;  if  they  cringe,  however,  but 
sneer  maliciously  behind  thy  back,  be  sure  there  is  an 
evil  spirit  in  the  place— some  tyrannical  village  empe- 
ror. It  will  not  be  necessary  for  thee  to  go  round  the 
walls  of  a  town,  nor  to  climb  up  the  steeple,  to  see  how 
large  it  is.  It  is  certainly  small,  if  the  folks  have  many 
greetings  when  they  meet,  and  their  hat  brims  are  worn. 
If  the  grass  grows  in  the  street  go  thy  way.  It  will  be 
difficult  to  get  work  from  any  master  there,  for  trade  is 
still.  Where  there  are  no  laws,  thou  art  unprotected  ;  . 
rely,  in  case  of  need,  on  thine  own  right  hand.  Where 
there  are  too  many  laws,  and  at  every  step  thou, 
stumblest  on  a  'proclamation,'  take  thy  departure  early. 
Lawyers  and  policemen  are  looking  out  for  thee  at 
all  corners.  If  thou  comest  into  a  country  where  not 
every  little  town  has  its  own  gallows,  but,  on  tlie  con- 
trary, its  own  school-houses  and  its  poor-house  ;  where 
not  every  village  has  broad  common  lands,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  good  fat  fields  ;  where  the  road-sides  are  not 
beset  with  beggars,  but  planted  with  fruit  trees  ;  where 
lawyers,  doctors,  and  publicans,  complain  of  hard  times 
— there,  Veit,  my  boy,  take  thy  rest  ;  the  people  have 
their  heads  and  their  hearts  in  the  right  place.  If  between 
splendid  palaces  thou  seest  houses  crumbling  with  age^ 
the  windows  broken  or  blocked  up,  and  many  tumble- 
down huts — there  cross  thyself,  and  pass  on.  I  have 
now  said  enough  :  not  that  I  have  told  thee  all.  But 
thou  knowest  now,  or  nearly,  what  I  mean  by  the  *  true 
tokens '  m  a  place.  Take  my  counsel !  Wherever  thou 
comest,  ask  much,  but  answer  little.  Feign  to  be  more 
ignorant  than  thou  art,  and  folks  will  willingly  instniot 
thee.  Praise  all  that  is  praiseworthy,  but  do  not  blame 
all  that  is  biameable  ;  so  thou  wilt  win  all  hearts,  if 
that  is  of  any  consequence  to  thee.  Throughout  th& 
journey,  be  pious,  industrious,  frugal ;  modest,  desirous  ■ 
of  knowing,  reserved  ;  ready  to  oblige,  persevering,  and- 
of  good  courage.  So  wilt  thou  one  day  return  to  thy 
parents,  a  thorough  man,  upright,  skilful,  valuable,  bot^ 
in  deed  and  deliberation." 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Wage  Cottage,  Holloway. —  The  propagation  of 
Pinks,  Picotees,  and  Carnations,  by  pipings,  is  at  present 
being  vigorously  prosecuted  here.  Fifty  10-inch  hand- 
lights  are  already  full,  each  covering  64  pipings  ;  these 
were  arranged  on  a  hotbed  of  some  30  inches  high,  on 
which  are  6  inches  of  finely  sifted  and  sandy  compost 
enclosed  by  a  4-inch  skirting  of  deal,  and  covered  by  an^ 
awning  of  white  calico  ;  many  of  the  early  lots  were  in 
a  forward  state,  though  they  have  not  been  put  in  above 
14  days.  The  small  Grass,  and  such  as  would  bo 
difficult  to  layer,  is  that  wliich  is  selected  for  the  pur- 
pose ;  of  the  merits  of  pipings,  those  who  profess  to  be 
learned  in  such  matters  speak  in  high  terms.  The 
general  increase  in  the  pots  and  of  those  planted  in 
neatly  arranged  and  well  kept  beds  justify  us  in  laying 
it  at  more  than  10-fold.  The  leading  Pelargoniums  are 
grown  here  for  the  sake  of  furnishing  cut  flowers.  A 
stock  of  Chrysanthemums  is  cultivated  according  to  Mr. 
Taylor's  system,  with  the  view  of  obtaining  blooms  for 
exhibition.  We  wish  quality  of  plant  had  been  better 
studied  ;  it  seems  a  sacrifice  of  time  and  material 
to  find  a  collection  of  over  one  hundred  24-sized 
pots,  eacli  containing  a  long  and  sti'ong  ill-grown 
plant,  which  is  merely  destined  to  produce  a  few 
single  specimen  blooms.  Among  some  Camellias 
which  had  made  fair  growth,  we  noticed  Jackson's 
Countess  of  Ellesmere,  which  is  nne  of  the  best 
light  varieties.  Among  scai'let  Pelargoniums,  were 
the  Amazon  (Low),  which  has  been  lately  so  promi- 
nently advertised  in  our  columns,  and  Defiance  (Hen- 
derson), both  just  bursting  into  flower,  as  was  also^ 
Wliite  Unique  ;  Primrose  Perfection  Antirrhinum 
(Edwards),  has  been  beautifully  in  flower.  It  is  cer- 
tainly one  of  the  best  of  its  colour,  and  is  sure  to  become- 


I 


30—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


471 


a  favourite.  We  were  shown  a  one-light  box  fall  of| 
seedlings,  potted  in  3-iuch  pots,  for  blooming  in  the 
autumn.  From  these  something  good  is  expected. 
In  a  bed  of  Verbenas,  which  were  planted  under  standard 
Tea  Roses,  we  remarked  St.  Margaret,  which,  thougli 
old,  is  still  one  of  the  best  ;  and,  among  newer  kinds, 
M.  JdJien,  brilliant  crimson  ;  Marianne,  lilac,  with  a 
rosy  eye,  a  famous  trusser  ;  alba  magna,  a  good  white  ; 
Koh-i-noor,  a  large  bold  trusser,  with  individual  pips 
larger  than  those  of  any  variety  with  which  we  are 
acquainted  ;  Virginia,  deep  rose,  and  dwarf  in  habit  ; 
National,  rosy  carmine  with  a  white  eye,  and  Orlando, 
a  good  purple.  A  large  plot  of  ground  is  allotted  to 
Dahlias,  which  are  intermixed  with  standard"  Roses, 
according  to  the  plan  laid  down  by  Mr.  Edwai-ds  in  our 
columns  some  months  ago.  The  system  is  worth 
attention,  especially  in  suburban  gardens,  where  want  of 
room  often  renders  this  kind  of  planting  necessary. 
The  varieties  were  chiefly  Bourbons  and  ^Hybrid  Per- 
petuais.  In  another  portion  of  the  garden  -were  beds, 
each  containing  three  rows  of  Roses  in  as  mauy  varieties; 
and  as  some  sorts  had  failed  in  whole  rows,  while  others 
had  succeeded  and  were  blooming  well,  we  have 
thought  it  might  be  of  advantage  to  our  suburban 
readers  to  have  the  state  of  the  beds  placed 
before  them.  They  were  planted  with  half  stand- 
ards, the  middle  row  being  higher  than  either 
of  the  two  side  ones.  The  first  bed  contained 
Madame  Aimee,  blush;  Madame  Angelina,  white;  and 
Amandine;  of  these  the  latter  was  the  most  effective. 
The  second  bed  had  Ge'ant  des  Batailles,  Duchess  of 
Montpensier,  rosy  blush;  and  Souchet.  The  Duchess 
was  exceedingly  gay,  but  Souchet  does  not  succeed  at 
all  well,  while  the  bright  sun  had  here,  as  elsewhere 
this  summer,  driven  all  the  colour  out  of  the  petals  of 
the  glorious  Geant,  A  third  bed  consisted  of  Acidalie, 
Edward  Jesse,  and  Souvenir  de  la  Mahnaison.  With 
the  exception  of  the  first,  the  other  two  varieties  have 
flowered  well,  and  been  very  gay,  more  especially  the 
latter,  of  which  an  American  wnter  states  that  if  he  was 
compelled  to  choose  only  one  from,  the  many  varieties 
of  Roses  now  in  cultivation,  this  would  be  his  selection, 
so  highly  is  this  variety  esteemed  by  our  transatlantic 
brethren.  In  a  fourth  bed  we  found  Baronno  Prevost 
and  Augustine  Mouchelet,  both  of  which  have 
blossomed  well,  Mrs.  Elliot,  Lady  Alice  Peel,  and 
William  Jesse,  made  up  a  fifth  bed,  which  was 
gay  enough,  except  Lady  AHce,  which  being  an  early 
sort  was  out  of  bloom.  A  sixth  bed  comprised  Leveson 
Gower,  Cymedor,  and  Reine  des  Fleors.  Of  these  the 
first  could  not  be  induced  to  blossom.  Lastly,  we 
remarked  Robin  Hood  and  La  Reine,  the  latter  being 
healthy,  bold,  and  prolific  of  flowers,  wliich  open  later 
than  those  of  any  of  the  foregoing  varieties.  The  Persian 
Yellow  has  also  been  tried,  but  it  will  not  bloom  at  Wace 
Cottage,  which  being  only  about  three  miles  from  St. 
Paul's,  must  still  be  considered  to  be  within  the  murky 
air  of  our  great  metropolis.  We  may  mention,  however, 
that  on  the  little  lawn  in  front  of  the  cottage  the  Deodar, 
aod  one  or  two  other  Conifers,  were  doing  pretty  well. 

Eguam  Nursery. — On  calling  here  the  other  day,  I 
found  a  noble  plant  of  Yucca  gloriosa,  or  Adam's 
Needle,  in  fall  bloom.  Often  have  I  spoken  to  our 
respected  nurseryman  respecting  the  size  of  the  plant, 
and  its  age  ;  but  long  has  he,  with  myself  and  others, 
conjectured  when  it  would  bloom.  At  last,  however, 
we  are  gladdened  with  a  glorious  spectacle,  every  flower 
being  well  expanded.  The  plant  and  flower-stalk  toge- 
ther measure  10  feet  in  height,  the  panicle  being 
famished  with  neai'ly  700  cream-coloured  scentless 
blossoms.  The  present  plant  is  an  offset  from  the 
parent  one,  which  flowered  22  years  ago.  It  has  stood 
ondisturbed,  unprotected,  and  has  braved  our  change- 
able climate  for  many  winters.  W.  Whale,  Earjlefield 
Oretiu 


FLORICULTURE. 

Carnations  and  Picotees. — We  are  in  expectation 
that  although  the  present  may  be  termed  a  late  season, 
it  will  prove  a  good  one  for  these  favourites,  which  we 
hope  to  see  exhibited  everywhere  in  true  character,  and 
not  in  a  condition  that  the  varieties  can  scarcely  be 
recognised  in  the  blooms  produced,  as  they  were  at 
Chiswirk  on  the  10th  inst.  Tlieshow  was,  however,  too 
early  for  them,  and  they  Iiad,  no  doubt,  been  excited  into 
bloom  prematurely.  Theopenirigday  wasat  the  Surreyon 
Wednesday  lant,and  thcannual  National  meet«  at  Norwich 
(«ec  ftdvertiMment  in  another  page),  on  the  2f!th — a  day, 
wo  imagine,  which  will  prove  to  be  the  very  height  of  tlie 
bloom, and  we  tra>t  inttinding  exhibitors  will  take  a  supply 
of  Bparo  flowfrpH  with  them,  in  order  that  something  like 
an  efffict  may  be  pro^luccd  for  the  gratification  of  visitors. 
Whil*;  crxhiiiitions  arc  rife,  however,  do  not  ne"lect 
the  art  of  propagation,  a  task  te/lions  at  the  best,  and, 
with  a  full  C/llection,  one  which  demands  unceasing 
energy  and  attention.  It  if*  neccfmary  that  a  lii^ht  gritty 
oompr>«t  bo  at  hand,  mellow  and  Hwcot ;  llmt  provihion 
be  made  for  a  snpply  of  hooked  peg«,  with  which  to 
■ecure  the  prepared  layer  in  the  w/il  ;  and  that  a  tliin- 
bhul^d  «harp  kfiifc  be  at  command  ;  a  pointed  doublc- 
edg'fd  blaile  in  well  tviapU:'}  for  expedition,  and  it  i«  Icah 
likely  U}  cauM:  wai»t'*,  or  to  damago  the  Gras-i.  Subjoined 
h  a  full  reiMift  of  wiiat  took  place  at  the  Surrey.  /.  £'. 

B*tAi,  »locTn  hnnTxiM  PLOBicoLTomr.  8i  oiETT,  Jafy  21  — 
Tti«r«  «&<  «  jf,o.l  czhitjitlon  of  mlic»Ufni«rnn  |>liint«  'in  l»il- 
oecmtirm,  anr)  a  fiiir  (lfii|,liir  o(  fl  .rUt*' fl'>frcr<i,  KuchMnd  mirn 
e«nrU«i«d  by  Mr.  Mork«n  I,  add  Mr.  n-w.k  2.  I).iil«r«  : 
JJetirf.  Hill  aofl  Mt«r«nH  I.  Mr,  Hnjli'iw  A  on-l  Mr.  I'awii«y  :s. 
Th«lMdlLK»orti  were  KcKtauCb,  I'enrl  of  Eoji'ttQ'i.  -^'H  iJo'iic- 


randiiiB,  Doa  GiovaQnt,  Ciupiuu  Hero.  b;iti;ij.utiisir«a,  Olio  in 
the  Rinjj,  Dr.  SniUh,  Lord  Xela^n,  and  Hebe.  Cut  Rj3e3  wen; 
pay  and  fragrant  ;  the  colleclioDS  of  Me39re,  Paul  I,  M»'. 
Prancis  2,  and  Mr.  Clarke  3,  cmtninod  anion?  others  Robin 
Hoid,  Standard  of  Mareoiro.  Qloire  de  Colmar,  Baronne 
Prevost,  Dr.  Marx,  Kean,  Geaat  dts  BatailleB,  Ausn-ite  Mee, 
\fadame  Pepin,  Niphetoa.  Cloth  of  Quid,  Baronne  Hallez,  La 
Ueine,  Lady  A.  Peel,  Dacher^a  of  Sutherland.  Devoniensia, 
Chereau,  Dupetit  Thoaars,  Madame  Laflfjy,  Reiae  de3  Fleurs, 
Mrs.  Rlliotf,  Queen  Victoria  (Paul),  and  Lady  F.  Waldegcave  ; 
Mr,  Wilkinson  was  aUo  a  contributor,  but  not  for  competition. 
A.  prize  offered  to  Amateurs  by  Mr,  Denyer  was  awarded  to  Mr. 
J.  Edwards,  of  Holloway,  for  Due  de  Valmy,  Rubin  Hood, 
Nfadame  Andnt,  La  Ueine,  Devigne,  Euijene  Des^uches, 
Najjoleon,  Blanchfleur,  Boule  de  Nanteuil,  Gloire  de  Ooulioe, 
Charles  Duval,  and  'ienerai  Jacqueminot.  AmonK'  Hollyhock", 
wUich  were  contributed  by  Mr,  Bragg  and  Messrs.  Pau',  we 
noticed  General  Bern,  Spectabilis,  Magnum  Uonum,  Mi-jB 
Forbes,  Black  Prince,  Robert.  Burns,  Sasaimah,  Charles 
Baron,  Meteor,  Watford  Surprise.  Scarlet  Petar^'ontums 
were  famished  bv  Mrs.  Oooway,  and  about  40  Balsams  hv 
Messrs.  Smith.  Verbenaa  were  abundant,  Mr.  Q,  Soiith  and 
Mr.  Stewart  representing  the  Dealers,  while  Mr.  Lochner,  as 
an  Amateur,  won  the  Silver  Cup,  value  51.,  with  King,  Miss 
Jane,  St-  Margaret,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
Exquisite,  Model  of  Perfection,  Purple  Queen,  NatiooaL 
Marianne,  Enchantress,  and  Standard.  Mr.  Long,  of 
Watford,  was  tirst  for  the  Society's  Verbena'  prize,  with 
Marianne.  Laura,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  St.  Margaret,  Exqui- 
site. Koh-i-Ntn)r,  Alba  Magna,  Model  of  Perfection,  Shyloclt. 
Miss  Jane,  Defiance,  and  National.  Of  Carnations  and 
Picotees  there  was  an  average  number,  but  although  some 
fine  specimens  were  observable,  taken  as  a  whole  the  qu4)i^y 
could  not  be  generally  termed  first-rate.  In  the  Private 
Grower's  Class,  for  12  white  ground  Picotees,  the  Ist  prizK 
was  awarded  to  Mr.  May,  of  Sonning,  for  Audrey,  Iphi^enia, 
Prince  of  VVales,  Beatrice,  Fanny.  Portia,  Juliet,  Prince 
Arthnr,  Mrs.  Norman,  Jupiter,  Venus,  and  Rosauiond ;  2d, 
Mr.  J.  Edwards,  of  Holloway,  with  Prince  Arthur,  Sebastian. 
Heroine,  Constance,  Mary,  Queen  Victoria  (Green),  Ganoy- 
mede,  Mrs.  Bevan,  Lady  H.  Moore,  Portia,  Lady  Chesterfield, 
and  Beatrice;  3d,  Mr.  C.  P.  Lochner,  Paddington,  with 
L'EIegant,  Mrs.  Norman,  Gannymede,  Lord  Nelson,  Alfred, 
Ann  P-igs,  Prince  of  Wales,  Mrs.  Barnard,  Con-'tance, 
Queen  Victoria  (Green),  Surprise,  and  Venus.  12  Carna- 
tions: let,  Mr.  Lochner,  with  Floral's  Garland,  Duncan, 
William  IV.,  Twyford  Perfection,  Queen  Victoria,  Mayor  of 
Oldham,  Edgar,  Prince  Albert,  S.B.;  Rainbuw,  Prince  Albert 
(Hale),  Count  Pauline,  and  Prince  Albert  (Pux  ey) ;  2d,  Mr. 
May,  with  Flavia,  Lorenzo,  Owen  Glendower,  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  Prince  Arthur,  Beauty  of  Woodhouse,  Ed;^'ar,  Cavalier, 
Poins,  Rosetta,  Squire  Trow,  aod  Omnmm  Primum ;  ;l.t,  Mr. 
Newhall,  with  Beauty  of  Woodhoose,  Fanny  Gardener,  Justice 
Shallow,  Lorenzo,  William  IV.,  Flora's  Garland.  Owen  Glen- 
dower,  Admiral  Curzon,  Vivid,  Mayor  of  Oldham,  Sarah  Payne, 
and  Squire  Trow  ;  4th,  Mr.  Edwards,  with  Ariel,  B-irdoIph, 
Prince  Albert  (Puxley).  Prince  Albert  (Hale),  Sir  H.  Hardinge, 
Sarah  Payne,  Justice  Shallow,  Premier,  Sir  H,  Smith,  Sir  J, 
Reynolds,  Squire  Trow,  and  Queen  Victoria.  Dealers: 
12  Picotees :  Ist,  Mr.  Turner,  with  Attraction,  Prince  of 
Wales,  Jupiter,  Prince  Albert,  Mrs.  Norman,  Gannymede, 
Audrey,  Circe,  Jessica,  Alice,  Witch,  and  Grace  Darling  ;  2d, 
Mr.  Ward,  with  L'EIegant,  Sebastian,  Duchess  of  Bedford, 
Mrs.  Barnard,  Delicata,  Princess, Royal,  Mrs.  Norman,  Henry, 
Queen  Victoria  (Green).  Juliet,  Rosa,  and  King  James. 
12  Carnations:  Equal  1st,  Mr.  Turner  and  Mr.  Ward;  the 
former  produced  Flora's  Garland,  Owen  Gtendower,  Princess 
Royal,  Justice  Shallow,  Prince  Albert  (Puxle_v),  Mar's  Beauty 
of  Woodhouse.  Madame  Sontag,  Admiral  Curzon,  Lorenzo, 
Glory,  and  Falconbridge ;  Mr.  Ward's  flowers  were,  Prince 
Albert  (Hale),  Mayor  of  Oldham,  Flora's  Garland,  Rainbow, 
Lorenzo,  Sarah  Payne,  Black  Diamond,  Lord  Rancliffe, 
Milton,  Q'leen  Victoria,  Beauty  of  Woodbonse.  and  CounE 
Pauline;  3d,  Mr.  Bragg,  witli  Flora's  Garlund,  Prince  Afbert 
(Hale),  Twyford  Perfeciion,  Dido.  Duncan,  Ariel,  Count 
Pauline,  Lord  Rancliffe,  Princess  Charlotte,  Prince  Albert 
(Puxley),  Queen  Victoria,  and  Sarah  Payne.  The  extra  prize 
offered  by  Mr.  Turner  for  varieties  he  had  "let out"  of  Car- 
nations and  Picotees  were  both  awarded  to  Mr.  May,  for  sorts 
mostly  his  own  production,  such  as  Constance,  Juliet,  Portia. 
Cardinal  Wolsey,  Owen  Glendower,  Poins,  Romeo,  Rosetta, 
and  Caliban,  die.  The  prize  offered  by  Mr.  Turner  for  6  yellow 
ground  Picotees  was  won  by  Mr.  Lochner,  with  Mount  Etna, 
Fairy,  George  III.,  Euphemia,  Due  D'Alenc^on,  and  Q  leen 
(Martin).  Among  seedliugs,  Norman's  Lord  Derby.  C. B.,  was 
alone  of  any  merit,  A  Certificate  was  granted  to  a  Picotef, 
but  on  what  ground  no  oue  could  understand.  The  Society 
appears  to  be  losing  its  standing  among  seedling  raisers,  a 
circumstance  to  be  attributed  in  a  great  measure  to  a  regula- 
tion which  prohibits  thtir  production  in  collections  ;  such 
restrictions  are  calculated  to  dumage  ihe  interebt  of  the 
Society,  wbich,  just  njw,  we  believe,  is  not  over  famous  for 
unanimity.  The  company  was  numerous,  and  the  day  most 
propitious. 

Eheatdm. — In  onr  report  of  the  Horticultural  Society's 
Exhibition  at  Chiswicb,  page -151,  col.b,  line  20  from  bottom,  tur 
"Mr.  Dodo,  gardener  tu  Col.  Baker,  Salisbury,"  read  "Mr. 
Dodfl,  gardener  to  Sir  John  Cathcart,  Bart." 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 
CAENATmN  :  L.  Colours  dull,  and  not  fdirly  distributed. 
Foxglove;  Anon.  Colour   blush    white,    with    deep    spots   of 

maroon  ;  apparently  of  good  HJze, 
Pelabgonidus:  E.  L.  Next  week, 
Petomas  :  a  X.  a  handdi'mely-striped  variety  ;  but  in  no  way 

buperior  to  many  of  similar  character  already  in  cultivation. 
Tdlipb  :  J  3,  ClueViam  Hill.  Next  week. 


Miscellaneous. 

Clary  Wine. — To  a  gallon  of  water  put  three 
pounds  of  sugar,  boil  the  sugar  and  water,  and  skim  it 
well;  wlieu  ciiol  add  some  yeast,  but  the  yeast  had  better 
be  mixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  the  liquor,  and  when 
it  works  nicely  it  may  be  mixed  with  the  larger,  and 
the  Clary  flowers  added,  which  should  be  nicely  picked, 
and  gathered  when  quite  dry,  one  pint  and  a  half  of 
Clary  Howers  to  each  gallon.  When  the  wine  ceases  to 
hiss,  stop  it  up  for  four  mt)nth«,  at  the  end  of  whieli 
time  rack  it  off,  empty  the  dregs,  and  return  the  wine 
into  the  cask,  adding  a  good  quantity  of  brandy;  stop  it 
up,  and  after  six  or  eight  weokH,  bottle  it.  N.B. — If  tin? 
flowers  cannot  bo  all  obtained  at  once,  tliey  may  be 
added  after  the  wine  is  put  into  tlio  ca»k. 

AmwjarUi  (Jookii.—  Ux  the  "  Botanical  Magazine," 
t,  4(i.'i5,  aru  the  following  remarks  upon  tliid  plant, 
in  addition  to  thtmo  made  in  the  "Juuriial  of  the 
Horlicultunil  Society"  (see  our  volume  for  last  year; 
— *' To  Capt.  Cook,  tho  great  eireumnavi;;ator,  in  bin 
Bceoiid  voyage,  is  due  the  firrtt  diHcovery  of  this  Arau- 
caria,  in  the  little  inlandH  off  New  Caledonia,  and  Hubse- 
quently  on  the  main  island; — 'On  one  of  the  western 
Mtnall  ihIum  wan  an  elevation  like  a  tower  ;  and  over  a 
low  neck  of  land,  within  tho  IbIo,  wore  soon  many  otlier 


eltjvauonsresemblin;^  the  uvasta  of  a  fleet  uf  bliips  ;'  and, 
again,  a  few  days  after, '  as  we  drew  near  Cape  Corona- 
tion, we  saw  in  a  valley  to  the  south  of  it  a  vast  number 
of  those  elevated  objects  before  mentioned,  and  some  low 
land  under  the  fore  laud  was  covered  with  them.     We 
could  not  agree  in  our  opinions  of  what  they  were.     I 
supposed  them  to   be  a  singular  sort  of  trees,  being  too 
numerous  to  resemble  anything  else  ;  and  a.  great  deal  of 
smoke  kept  rising  all  the  day  from  amongst  those  near 
the  Cape.     Our  philosophers  were  of  opinion  that  this 
was  the  smoke  of  some  internal  and  perpetual  fire.     My 
representijig  to  them  that  tliere  was  no  smoke  here  in 
the  morning  would  have  been  of  no  avail,  had  not  this 
internal  fire  gone  out  before  night,  and  no  more  smoke 
been  seen  after.     They  were  still  more  positive  that  the 
elevations  were  pillars  of  basaltes,  like  those  which  com- 
pose the  Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland.'     On  nearing  the 
island,  a  few  days  later,  *  every  one  was  satisfied  they 
were  trees,  except  our  philosophers,  who  still  maintained 
they  were  basaltes.'     To  the  commander  '  they  had  much 
the  appearance  of  tall  Pines,  which  occasioned  my  giving 
that  name  to  the  island.'     '  I  was,  however,   determined 
not  to  leave  the  coast  till  I  knew  what  trees  these  were 
which  had  been  the  subject  of  oui'  speculation,  especially 
as  they  appeared  to  be  of  a  sort  useful  to  shipping,  and 
had  not  been  seen  anywhere  but  in  the  southern  part  of 
this  land.'     At  length  Capt.  Cook  landed,  accompanied 
by  the  botanists.    *  We  found  the  tall  trees  to  be  a  kind 
of  Spruce  Pine,  very  proper  for  spars,  of  which  we  were 
in  want.     We  were  now  no  longer  at  a  loss  to  know  of 
what  trees  the  natives  made  their  canoes.     On  this  little 
isle  were  some  which  measured  20  inches  diameter,  and 
between  60  and  70  feet  iu  length,  and  would  have  done 
well  for  a  foremast  to  the  Resolution   had  one  been 
wanting.     Since  trees  of  this  size  are  to  be  found  on  so 
small  a  spot,  it  is  reasonable  to  expect  to  find  some 
much   larger   on    the   main   and   larger  isles;    and    if 
appearances  did  not  deceive  us,  we  can  assert  it.     If  I 
except  New  Zealand,  I,  at  this  time,  knew  of  no  island 
in  the  South  Paeilic  Ocean  where  a  ship  could  supply 
herself  with  a  mast  or  a  yard,  were  she  ever  so  much 
distressed  for  want  of  one.     My  carpenter,  who  was  a 
mast-malcer  as  well  as  shipwright,  was  of  opinion  that 
these  trees  would  make  exceedingly  good  masts.     The 
wood  is  white,  close-grained,  tough,  and  light.     Turpen- 
tine had  exuded  out  of  most  of  the  trunks,  and  the  sun 
had  inspissated  it  into  a  rosin,  which  was  found  sticldng 
to    them,    and  lying    about     the  roots.     These    trees 
shoot  out  their    branches    like    all  other  Pines,  with 
this  difference,  that  the   branches  of  these  ai-e  much 
smaller    and     shorter  ;     so    that    the    knots    become 
nothing    when     the     tree    is     wrought    for    use.       I 
took  notice  that  the  largest  of  them  had  the  smallest 
and  shortest  branches,  and  were  crowned  as  it  were 
at    the    top    by    a    spreading    branch    like     a     bush' 
(probably  ^^occasioned   by  their  having  been   formerly 
densely  crowded,  and  the  tallest  having  most  liberty  at 
the  top).     *  This  was  what  led  some  on  board  into  the 
extravagant  notion  of  their  being  basaltes  :  indeed,  no 
one  could  think   of  finding  such  trees  here.'     There 
cannot  be  a  doubt  tliat  this  resemblance  to  columns  of 
basalt  induced  the  elder  Forster  to  call  this  tree  Cuprea- 
su3  columnaris,  though  he  has  fallen  into  an  error  in    * 
considering  the  Norfolk  Island  Pine  (Araucaria  excelsa) 
to  be  the  same,  as  we  infer  from  his  giving  *  Norfolk 
Island  '  as  a  second  habitat  for  it ;  notwithstanding  that 
Captain  Cook,  in  his  voyage,  declared  it  to  be  different. 
*This'  (the  Norfolk  Island  Pine)  *  is  a  sort  between  that 
which  grows  in  New  Zealand,  and  that  in  New  Caledonia  ; 
the  foliage  differing  something  from  both,  and  the  wood 
not  so   heavy  as  ttie  former,  nor  so  light  and  close- 
grained  as  the  latter.' — Of  the  New  Caledonian  Pine  no 
perfect    cones   were   found    by    the  ^philosophers'   of 
Captain  Cook's  voyage  ;  but  a  fine  apex  of  a  branch 
and  young  cone  were  brouglit  home,  and  are  preserved 
iu  the  Banksian   Herbarium,  and  figured  in  Mr.  Lam- 
bert's  splendid  work,   under   an   impression   that   the 
species  was  identical  with  that  of  Norfolk  Island,  and 
on  the   same  plate  with  the  perfect  cone  of  the  latter 
species.     Why,  under  these  circumstances,  Mr.  Lambert 
did  not  adopt  Forster's  name  of  columnaris  we  cannot 
conceive  :  we  think  it  only  justice  to  the  latter  author 
to  restore  it  to  that  particular  species  for  which  it  was 
intended,  and  to  which  it  is  so  very  appropriate  ;  we 
would   otherwise   gladly   have    adopted    Mr.    Brown's 
excellent  one  ;    for  assuredly  nearly  all  the  particulars 
we  know  of  this  interesting  Pine  are  derived  from  the 
narrative  of  the  illustrious  navigator.     Singular  enough, 
as  Dr.  Lindley  quotes  from   Mr.  Moore's  letter,  *the 
first  tree  of  this,  noticed  by  Captain  Cook  (in  1774)  as 
'elevated  like  a  tower,' still  stands  (1U50),  and  is  in  a 
flourishing   condition.      Its  a|ipearanco  now  is  exactly 
that  of  a  well-proportioned   factory  chimney  of  great 
height.'     The  species  is  no  doubt  equally  tender  with 
tho  Norfolk  Island  Pine.     The  remarks  on  the  nomen- 
clature of  plants  nnide  at  p.  (JO  of  the  lust  number  of 
tliia   work  *   explain   why  we  cannot  aLMpiieaco   in  the 
•  Icttt  urulK,  ii>>duut)',  iiiii'tn^Hitiue  butaninti'  t>)  iiiitisC  upun  iho 
rutuntlon  of  tlm  riiMt  Hp  ciHc  uuino  iliat  is  puUli-ilmd,   howovur 
erroneous  iniiy  havo  hcon  its  n  foronco  to  a  particular  geouB; 
tho  second  namu  bctn«  hold  to  hi-  unuhanguable,  whatever  may 
happen  to  tho  (lr>t.     Bat  wudittput.  tho  pn'prio'y  of  tbia  plau, 
lui'l   rcfuBO  to  acknowlti 'go  any    Bollkeiit   auHiorlly   for    the 
practlci',  which  Is  sumutlincn  iniposHlulo,  \^•\■}|  gcnorully  locon- 
vuiiUmt,    and   not    uufi'i'')uuntly    itb-iurd.      N»ttiliJg    Is    mora 
u'>uimi>n  tliaii  fur  an  unxUllful   hotani-t  to  refer  a  plant  to  a 
wrong  guim-.    Another  ttuc  cudu   liiiii,  pliioeH  it  In  Its   right 
gL-nuH,    but  with  a  ix-w  npccHlo  nanio,   tho  llrrtt  being  undls- 
ciiverahlu  on  .icoount  of  thn  oiigtniil  blunder  wi'h  which  it  was 
HHiOclattid.     Thrn  comoa  In  a  third  jfiuitlenian,  who  taUoa  upon 
tdrnnolf  to  canol  Inif  tho  tlrnt  gcnuino  tminu  In  lavour  of  half 
tho   prcvlouH   Iniiccunili)   munu,    and  thus  Introilucos  a  third 
name  Into  the  ovcrbm  Ihtnud  pages  of  Bcleiico,    I'or  axumplo  ; 


m 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[July  24 


lianit:  liiipuHiid  upuii  the  presuit  Cumtei'  by  our  highly 
valued  friend  Sir  \V.  HooUer.  Acting  upon  what  we 
think  the  erroneous  principle  of  preserving  under  all 
circumstances  the  specific  name  first  given  by  authors 
to  a  plant,  however  grave  may  have  been  the  errors  by 
which  that  name  was  accompanied,  our  able  contempo- 
rary would  abolish  the  name  of  Araucaria  Cookii,  and 
substitute  that  of  A.  coluranaris.  Let  us  examine  the 
circumstances  which  are  said  to  justify  this  measure. 
The  plant  in  question  was  supposed  by  Forster,  the  first 
botanist  who  saw  it,  to  be  a  Cupressus,  and  he  called  it 
columnaris,  which,  had  it  been  a  Cypress,  would  haTe 
been  a  characteristic  name.  But  it  proved  to  have  no 
claim  to  stand  in  the  genus  where  it  was  placed,  and  he 
afterwards  published  it  as  Dombeya  columnaris,  under 
which  name  he  so  mixed  up  the  present  plant  and  the 
Norfolk  Island  Pine,  that  there  is  no  certainty  what  lie 
meant.  When  Mr.  Robert  Brown  referred  to  Ai'aucaria 
that  plant  which  the  late  Mr.  Lambert  had  published, 
in  his  splendid  monograph  of  Pines,  under  the  name  of 
Dombeya  excelsa,  he  decided,  and  we  think  rightly,  that 
he  was  not  called  upon  to  go  back  to  the  name  of 
columnaris,  applied  to  Dombeya,  a  cancelled  genus;  and 
he  preferred  the  well-known,  though  more  modern, 
name  of  excelsa.  At  the  same  time  he  would  seem  to 
have  been  aware  that  Forster  had  confounded  two 
different  species,  and  to  have  named  the  New  Caledonian 
Pine  A.  Cookii,  as  we  learn  from  a  statement  made  by 
■the  late  David  Don  in  the  Linnean  Transactions.  That 
name,  A.  Cookii,  was  adopted  in  Endlicher's  *  Synopsis 
Coniferarura,'  and  was  received  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Horticultural  Society.  Nevertheless  it  is  exchanged  in 
the  '  Botanical  Magazine '  for  the  obsolete  columnaris, 
upon  the  ground  of  posteriority  of  publication,  although 
the  name  coluranaris  was  given  to  a  Cupressus  or 
■Dombeya,  not  to  an  Araucaria,  although  all  the  Arau- 
carias  are  columnar,  and  the  name  is  therefore  inappro- 
priate, and  most  especially  although  the  revival  of 
Forster's  obsolete  name  can  only  tend  to  increase  that 
rampant  confusion  among  the  names  of  plants,  of  which 
Q^QY-^  one  complains  with  so  much  truth.''  PaxtorCs 
Flower  Garden,  Vol.  III.,  p.  77. 

Cheap  Barometers.  ~V^Q  are  at  length  able  to  give 
■our  personal  testimony  in  favour  of  the  excellence  of 
Brown's  Registered  Barometer  (advertised  by  Mr. 
Baker  at  p.  79,  1851),  as  a  good  indicator  of  changes 
in  the  weather.  We  have  had  one  in  our  study  for 
many  months,  and  although  it  cost  only  lOs.  Qd.  we  find 
it  quite  as  accurate  and  sensitive  as  one  of  the  5-guinea 
instruments  sold  by  the  philosophical  instrument  makers, 
or  as  Dent's  best  Aneroid. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  weelc.) 


PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

"  We  have  previously  adverted  to  the  advantage  derived 
from  giving  plants  some  kind  of  rest  after  blooming, 
to  restore  their  exhausted  energies,  and  to  enable  them  to 
make  a  vigorous  start  when  the  new  growth  commences. 
At  this  season  of  the  year  greenhouse  plants  done 
blooming  should  have  a  comparatively  cool  temperature ; 
and  no  structure  presents  so  many  advantages  for  the 
purpose  as  a  house  with  a  north  aspect.  We  may 
state  further,  that  for  growing  delicate  leaved  plants 
through  the  summer,  houses  having  a  north  or  north- 
east aspect  are  preferable;  while  for  the  purpose  of 
retarding  plants,  or  for  preserving  them  in  bloom,  they 
are  indispensable.  Such  plants,  therefore,  as  Epacrises 
Leschenaultias,  Pimeleas,  Aphelexis,  and  others  of 
similar  habit,  which  have  been  kept  for  late  bloom  and 
are  now  over,  should  be  placed  in  a  house  of  the  above 
description,  or  in  deep  frames  with  the  sashes  turned 
towards  the  north,  having  first  picked  off  the  old 
remaining  blooms;  here,by  gently  syringing  once  or  twice 
daily,  the  plants  may  remain  till  a  new  growth  commences, 
when  any  pruning  they  may  require  may  be  given  them, 
and  they  may  afterwards  be  placed  in  more  favourable 
positions  for  ripening  their  wood.  Camellias,  when- 
ever the  young  wood  appears  getting  ripe,  may  be 
removed  to  the  open  air  ;  they  thrive  best  in  the  shade, 
and  a  situation  shaded  from  tlie  mid-day  sun,  and 
sheltered  from  high  winds,  should  be  secured  for  them  ; 
be  careful  to  place  them  on  a  dry  bottom,  to  prevent 
the  possibility  of  worms  getting  into  the  pots.  Chinese 
Azaleas,  which  are  equally  forward  in  their  growth, 
and  have  formed  their  next  season's  flower  buds,  may 
likewise  be  turned  out  ;  unlike  Camellias,  the  latter 
require  full  exposure  to  sun  and  air  ;  and  should  be 


A  publishes  in  1840  a  certain  Qdercos  lignea  ;  l-J  tiufJs  the  plant 
ia  1842,  recognises  it  ti)  be  a  Juclane,  not  a  Quercud,  and  j^ives 
it  to  tbe  world  as  JooLANa  lamcllatcb ;  then  up  ri^es  C,  and 
coolly  changes  B'u  nams  into  Jcqlans  lignea,  upon  the  ground 
■that  lignea  has  a  rijiht  of  priority  over  lameilala.  The  firat 
admiesibie  name  was  in  such  a  case  Jaglans  lameUata,  and  to 
that  alone,  as  a  whole,  the  right  of  priority  attaebei. 
"Naturalists  cannot  concede  to  any  one  a  ri^ht  to  interfere  in 
ftbe  name  nhicb  may  be  given  by  the  first  aiitbnr  whose  entire 
desiijnation  ii  admitted  to  be  in  itael  unobjectionable.  For 
tbe  same  reason,  when  several  new  genera  are  founded  at  the 
expense  of  some  old  one,  no  one  can  be  held  to  be  bound  to 
preserve  all  the  old  specific  names  which  he  may  find.  The 
new  names  may  be  wholly  new,  and  need  not  be  half  old  and 
half  new.  All  naturaUsts  of  experience  will  preserve  ancient 
and  specific  names  for  nioileru  genera  when  ib  is  desirable  but 
no  one  can  be  bound  to  do  so.  It  is  a  mistake  to  quoto  the 
authority  of  LinfiEus  in  this  matter,  for  his  practice  was  pre. 
cisely  that  for  which  we  contend.  For  example:  his  Rhmim 
^habarbarum  had  been  previou-lv  called  RhabHrbarum  shien'e 
byAmmann;  his  Buiomu.^  umfteffadts  wart  the  J  uncus  ii^ridus 
ofhi«  piedeceasors  ;  hia  H ncahari a  halimi/o-ia  was  the  Senecio 
mrgimanus.  &c.,  of  Ray.  and  the  Argyrocomo  virginia7ia  of 
Petiver;  his  Othonna  jjccUnafa  was  the  Jacoba;a  absinthites  of 
rlulienet ;  and  so  on  in  hundreds  of  inetancea. 


placed  in  an  open  situation,  that  their  wood  may  become 
thoroughly  matured  :  it  will  however  perhaps  be 
necessary  to  place  them  for  a  week  or  two  in  a  partially 
shaded  situation,  to  harden  their  foliage  sufficiently  to 
bear  the  full  sun,  or  the  sudden  change  from  a  house  to 
bright  sunshine  might  cause  their  leaves  to  turn  brown 
and  burn.  Orange  trees,  when  too  full  of  bloom,  should 
have  the  flowers  thinned  out.  They  are  always  in 
request  either  for  drying  or  distilling.  The  young  fruit, 
when  too  thickly  set,  should  likewise  have  a  thinning,  as 
a  few  will  be  sufficient  to  remain.  To  procure  dark 
glossy  foliage,  water  with  clear  soot  water, 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Pinery. — The  greater  part  of  the  crop  in  the  fruiting 
house  will  be  cut,  and  advantage  should  be  taken 
of  this  to  get  the  house  in  order  for  another  season's 
supply;  any  fruit  therefore  remaining,  supposing  there 
is  a  house  devoted  to  autumn  and  winter  fruit,  may  be 
transferred  there,  or  placed  at  one  end  of  the  house 
they  at  present  occupy  ;  remove  any  decayed  portion  of 
the  material  giving  bottom  heat,  replacing  it  by  fresh, 
sufficient  to  maintain  the  necessary  heat  till  the  regu- 
lation for  the  winter  in  Novembei*.  The  heating 
apparatus  should  be  examined,  to  see  that  it  is  in 
good  working  order,  and  the  requisite  cleaning,  repairing, 
and  painting,  given  to  the  house,  before  filliug  it  with  the 
plants.  If  the  house  admits  of  the  plants  being  turned 
out  into  a  bed  of  earth,  the  compost  should  be  well 
mixed,  and  should  be  placed  in  the  house  some  days,  to 
become  slightly  heated  before  the  plants  are  placed  in 
it ;  water  and  syringe  as  before.  The  Fig  house  will 
requite  close  watching,  as  the  second  crop  will  scarcely 
be  over,  which  prevents  the  free  application  of  water  as 
a  preventive  or  check  to  the  red  spider — the  engine 
however  may  be  used  directly  after  each  gathering  of 
the  ripe  fruit,  throwing  the  house  open,  to  dry  the 
remaining  fruit  ;  cari'y  out  our  last  week's  directions 
in  other  respects,  to  keep  this  pest  to  forcing  houses  in 
check.  Figs  should  now  be  Uberally  supplied  with  liquid 
manm'e. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

We  must  again  direct  attention  to  former  "  Calendars." 
Let  nothing  be  allowed  to  grow  out  of  place,  but  attend 
to  the  wants  of  growing  plants,  by  giving  them  their 
proper  supports  and  training  at  this  season ;  this  will  take 
up  a  considerable  portion  of  time  ;  the  next  thing 
requiring  consideration  will  be  the  propagation  of  stock 
for  another  year.  In  commencing  with  Pelargoniums 
employed  for  bedding  purposes,  raised  beds  of  sandy  soil 
will  serve  to  strike  the  scarlets  and  their  allies,  while 
the  fancies  and  other  kinds  with  a  delicate  habit,  will 
be  better  in  pots,  or,  where  large  quantities  are  required, 
in  a  frame  under  glass  :  under  any  circumstances  they 
will  require  protection  from  heavy  rains.  There  is  a 
class,  of  which  Sidoniais  one,  which  strikes  with  difficulty 
by  cuttings  of  the  shoots,  and  is  best  propagated  by 
root-cuttings  ;  prepare  cuttings  of  the  thickest  roots  about 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  which  should  be  inserted  in 
shallow  pans,  and  plunged  in  a  frame  :  the  oldest  plants 
should  be  selected  for  the  purpose.  Herbaceous  plants 
and  hardy  bulbs,  now  in  full  beauty,  should  be  kept  in 
order  by  tying  up  loose  growths,  and  keeping  the  ground 
free  from  weeds.  Novelties  should  have  their  colour, 
habit,  and  time  of  flowering  marked  down,  as  a  guide  for 
future  arrangements.  Finish  the  propagation  of  any 
choice  things  not  yet  in,  and  commence  the  laying 
Cloves,  Carnations,  mule  Pinks,  &c.,  of  which  there  is 
rarely  an  overstock.  The  cutting-in  of  Laurels,  and 
other  loose-growing  shrubs,  should  be  proceeded  with  as 
time  permits  ;  and  strict  attention  in  keeping  the  lawns 
and  gravel  walks  in  neat  order  enforced. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Ranunculus  roots  should  be  taken  up  forthwith ;  should 
any  remain  in  the  ground  they  would  inevitably  strike 
fresh  root  after  the  first  heavy  rain  ;  let  them  be  gradu- 
ally dried  in  the  shade.  Plant  out  rooted  Pink  pipings  on 
well  prepared  beds  ;  examine  them  occasionally,  to  see 
whether  they  are  uprooted  by  the  worms.  Layer  Car- 
nations and  Picotees,  at  the  same  time  look  carefully 
after  the  blooms  :  when  grown  in  pots,  it  is  advisable 
to  remove  them  under  an  awning,  here  they  can  be 
examined  at  leisure  ;  layer,  &c.,  out  of  the  broiling 
heat  of  the  sun.  Do  not  forget  fertilisation — progres- 
sion is  the  order  of  the  day  ;  nothing  should  be  left  to 
chance,  therefore  to  ensure  success  let  the  seedlings  be 
well  bred  on  both  sides.  Dahlias  will  require  abundance 
of  water,  disbud  and  thin  out  as  the  habit  and  constitu- 
tion of  the  plant  require  it. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Use  all  diligence  in  filling  up  vacant  pieces  of  ground, 
as  they  come  into  use,  with  BroccoHes,  Borecoles, 
Brussels-sprouts,  Coleworts,  &c.;  and  where  ground  is 
scarce,  crops  likely  to  come  off"  soon  should  be  inter- 
lined, for  the  purpose  of  establishing  as  large  a  breadth 
of  the  above  useful  vegetables  as  can  be  done.  Potatoes 
are  everywhere  going  diseased,  and  the  present  is  the 
only  time  to  mitigate  their  loss  by  providing  such  sub- 
stitutes as  we  have  named.  Liberal  waterings  twice  or 
thrice  a  week  in  dry  weather  will  be  required  by  Peas, 
Cauliflowers,  Spinach,  Artichokes,  Lettuce,  t&c,  render- 
ing them  not  only  better  in  quality,  but  making  them 
last  longer  in  perfection.  Hoe  frequently  between 
young  crops,  and  plant  out  a  good  supply  of  Endive, 
Cauliflowers,  Walcheren  Broccoli,  and  Cabbage  for^the 
autumn.  Sow  Lettuce,  Onions  to  stand  over,  and 
Riidishes.  A  good  breadth  of  Spinach  should  be  sown 
without  delay.  For  the  northern  counties  the '^  Flanders" 
should  be  substituted  for  the  rouud-leaved,  but  it  is 
time  enough  for  the  former  more  south.    Well  soak 


all  seeds  before  sowing,  and  slightly  shade  the  ground 
afterwards.  Sow  immediately  Wheeler's  Imperial  and 
other  approved  kinds  of  Cabbage  for  the  principal  spring 
crop.  Sow  thinly  on  good  but  not  rich  land,  and  in  an 
open  situation,  which  are  points  to  be  kept  in  view  in. 
sowing  all  seeds  of  this  class.  The  earliest  Celery  may 
be  forwarded  by  small  additions  of  earth.  Water  the 
rest  freely.  Herbs  for  drying  should  be  cut  before  they 
get  into  bloom,  and  should  be  dried  under  a  shed.  Sow 
small  quantities  of  Basil,ChervU,  and  Marjoram,  required 
for  use  in  a  green  state. 


lR  londo 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NE/ 

N. 

For  the  week  ending  July  22, 1852.  iiobierved  at  the  Hortlcultarai  Gardani , 

Ctkiawick. 

« 

TBMFBk&TUaB. 

Jair. 

p 
% 

■29 

Of  the  Air. 

Ortbe  Earth. 

Wind. 

§ 

Max. 

Mln. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

3  ftet 

deep. 

Friday  ..16 

29.916 

29  7^7 

f.?. 

74.5 

67^ 

634 

y.. 

1.80 

ft 

29.fi  11 

29.73a 

hi 

68 

6> 

R,W 

.IJl 

Sunday  ,  18 

1 

29.890 

29Ji20 

66 

64 

W 

Ml 

Monday    19 

2    aO.P03 

fit! 

64 

N.VV. 

.(III 

Tuea,   ..  20 

3'  30.031 

29.973 

7i 

SI 

64.0 

66 

63 

H.W, 

.III 

4I  29.9  ;3 

29.943 

fii 

64 

H.W. 

.W 

5 

30.12S 

29.971 

78 

41 

61.0 

6ii 

63 

W. 

M 

ATeraee    . 

29.965      29.876  1  77-8 

62.7  '  65.3 

66.3 

63.8 

1.62 

July       16— Sli^lit    bazei    Tcry  hot;    llKhlDloK  alaimt    contlnaoua,    with 
thuuder ;  verv  heavy  rain  and  tome  liail  at  night. 

—  17— B«in;  cloudy  und  warm;  clenr, 

—  IS— Very  fine;  maaeeB  of  wbite  clouds;  clear  at  night. 

—  19— Very  flue;  cloudy;  clear. 

—  20— OvercaBi;  cloudyat  niRhl;  alight  rain. 

—  21  — I  Igbt  cloudB;  very  fine;  clear  at  nifiht. 

—  22— Fine  ;  very  fine  ;  clear,  star  liRht ;  cold  at  Dight. 
Mean  tempsrature  of  the  week,  2  des.  above  the  aTerags. 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During;  the  laat  26  yean,  for  the  eaauinf*  weeli,  ending  July  31, 1S32. 


July. 


Sunday  2o 
Mod  36 
Tuea.  27 
Wed,  23 
Thura.  29 
Friday  30 
Sarur.    .11 


7o.i 
74.5 
7«.4 
75.5 
73.9 
74.1 


51.S 
53.7 
53.4 
54.4 
50.4 
52.1 
51.5 


No.  Of 
Teara  in 
which  it 

Kained. 


Greateat 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 


0.31 
O.SS 
0  66 


FreTatllDE  Windi. 


3j  3,    I    2j  7j  6 


Tbe  hi^heat  temperature  dunntr  the  above  period  occurred  oa  the  25th« 
1S44— therm.  93deK.;  and  tbe  loweat  on  the  S9th,  1S2S  and  1845— thexiu- 
42  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Back  Numberb  of  thb  Gaedenieb*  Chrohiclb  :  Th«  pub- 
lisher begs  to  ?a;  that  tbe  following  maj  be  had.  Any 
subscriber  who  will  forward  poEtage  stamps  equiralent  to  as 
many  numbera  as  are  required,  will  hare  tbem  Bent  free  by 
poBt.  The  Tolumes  for  IS47,  1848,  1819,  1850,  and  1851  are 
now  read;,  price  SOs.  Tbe  volumes  of  former  years  are  out 
of  print. 
18*1-1,  8,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  13.  20.  22,  23,  24,  26,  27,  28,  29, 

30,  31,32.  34,  45.  46,47.48,  51. 

184:;— 1,  2,  4,  6,8,  10,  11,  13,  14,  15.  IS,  17,   18,  19,  20,  24,  2«, 

27,  28,  29.  30,  Bl,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  41,  42,  43,  45,  60, 

51,  52,  53. 

1843—9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  16,  17,  18,  20,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27, 

18,  29.  30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  85,  36.  87,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45, 

46,47,  48,49,50,51,  52. 
1814— All  except  46. 
1845-1,  2.  3,  4,  5.  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11,  13, 14,  15, 17, 18,  19,  20,  23, 

25,  27,  23.  31,  39,  40,  41,  42.  44,  45,  48,  49,  50,  51,  62. 

1846-4,  5.  6.  10.  11,  12,  13.  14,  15,  16, 17,  18,  20,  23,  24,  25.  26, 

27,  28,  29,  30,  34,  37,  41,  42,  43,  46,  49.  51. 

1847—1.  2.  3,  4,  5,  6.  8,  13.  14,  19,  21,  22,  27.  32,  33,  86,  87,  41, 

42   43.  41,  46,  47,48,51. 

1848-1.  2.  3,  4,  5,  6   7,  8,  9.  10,  11,  12,  13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.  19, 

20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25.  26,  27,  28,  30,  32,  33,  34,  36,  37,  38,  89,  40, 

41,  42,  44,  48.  49,  51.  52,  53. 

1849— All  except  46,  47,  48,  49,  51. 

1850-1,  2,  t,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14, 15,  16,  17,  18, 

19   20,  21,  22,  23,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29.  30,  31,  33,  84,  35,  88,  39,  40, 

48,  50,  52. 

1851— All  except  24,  27,  49,  52. 
1852— All. 

Books:  J  E.,  Woodford.  Morton's  "EncyclopBedia  of  Agricul- 
ture," Low>  "  Agriculture."  Loudon's  *'  Encyclopaadia  Of 
Gardening,"  and  Lindley's  "  Theory  of  Horticulture." 

Claet  Wine:  MAS    See  another  column. 

Faoo3  :  M  D,  Why  do  you  want  to  kill  the  frogs  and  toads  ? 
Let  them  alone.  Toads  are  your  best  friends  ;  if  you  have 
too  many  out  of  doars  put  tbem  into  your  frames  and  pits. 

Insects:  J F.  Tour  Cotoneaster  is  infested  with  many  iodi- 
viduals  of  a  femule  coccus,  of  which  the  minute  young  are 
now  escaping  by  thoueands.  The  latter  will  attach  tbem- 
selvea  to  the\ouog  shoots,  which  they  will  suck  to  death. 
The  females  should  be  picked'off  immediately  and  destroyed. 
— O  0.  The  curious  caterpillar  forwarded  by  you  is  that  of 
the  common  Fuss  moth,  Cerura  vioula.  It  Is  a  harmlefls 
species.     It  had  doubtless  fallen  into  tbe  drain.  W. 

Melons  :  Wtll-wishtr.  The  best  time  to  cut  them  Is  in  the 
cool  of  the  evening,  when  quite  ripe. 

Names  of  Fbdits  :  A  Correspmidcnt.  The  Strawberry,  so  far  as 
we  could  judge  from  it  in  the  decaying  state,  appeared  to  be 
Swaiostone  Seedling,  called  also  by  some  Royal  Fine.|i 

Names  of  Plants:  O  S  S.  It  seema  to  be  a  fragment  of 
BromuB  mollis. — C  H.  Lycopodium  clavatum,  and  Poterinm 
Sanguisorba. —  Diss.  Apocynum  androsnmifolium.  —  R  D, 
Lomaria  spicaot,  S. — A  Ktntish  Man.  We  believe  it  is  Cassinis 
leptophylla.  Many  such  Australian  plants  are  undoubtedly 
bardy  ;  yet  people  will  not  believe  it. — A  J  M.  Dendrobium 
Gibsoni,  Miltonia  Clowesii,  and  Aerides  suavissimum.— 
Hougham.  Fentstemon  breviflorus,— i£  Draper.  Tour  letter 
contained  only  one  plant,  and  that  was  Areoaria  verna — A. 
Lady.  1,  Aira  fifispitosa;  2.  Agrostls  canlna ;  3,  Loliimi 
perenne ;  4.  apparently  a  bit  of  Poa  aquatica  ;  5,  Briza  minor  ; 
6,  Holcus  mollis  ;  7,  Cinoflurus  cristatua  ;  8,  Avena  flavescens  ; 
9,  lost;  10,  Festuca  praieosis ;  11,  Bromus  sterilis ;  12, 
Diictjlis  glomerata. 

Raipbebeies  :  A  X.  Apparently  a  great  bearer;  but  beyond 
that  we  can  say  nothing,  as  the  box  and  fruit  were  both 
pmashed  to  pieces  in  coming  through  tbe  post.} — J  F  W.  We 
regret  that  your  seeding  Raspberry  bad  lost  all  its  aroma 
when  received.  A  rich  perfume,  like  that  of  the  Old  Red 
Antwerp,  escaped  when  the  box  was  opened;  but  the  fruit 
it.selt  was  too  far  gone.H 

Tanks  ;  Silvio.  Provided  the  water  in  your  tank  for  aquatics 
is  kept  in  motion,  it  is  immaterial  whether  the  motion  is 
rapid  or  not.  The  tank  should  not  be  less  than  2  feet  deep. 
Ten  gallons  a  day  is  but  a  amall  quantity  to  remove,  but  it 
mav  suffice. 

Thoens  :   BDLB.    They  are  attacked  by  a    legion  of  the 
fungus     called     iEcidium     cancellatum.        Why     they    are 
attacked  no  one  knows. 
Misc :  An  Original  Suh.  Tbe  fiubscripUon  is  26«.  per  annom,  ^ 
paid  ill  nkdvance. 


3:0—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


473 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

OAUTION    TO    AGRICULTUKISTS.— 
It  being  aotorious  that  exteosiTe  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  stiU  carried  oo, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.   AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

"buy  to  be  cerefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  tn  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  lohlch  sound  Peruvian 
'Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  pr\ce  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warraotiog  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  P«at  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  91.  lOs.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
^l.5s.  in  Dock.  Edward  Posseb,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
-Ammonia,  91.  Ids.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  os.  per 
con,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


THE  ECONOMIC  PORTABLE  MANURE  COM- 
PANY  manutacture,  and  have  always  for  sale,  the 
following  MANUKES  : — Patent  Manure,  5i  5s.  per  ton  ;  highly 
concentrated  Fiecal  Manures,  31. 10s.  per  ton  ;  Superphosphate 
of  Lime,  51.'2s.6d.  per  ton;  Turnip  Manure,  H.  IO5.  per  ton  ; 
€yp8um,  1^  53.  per  ton. 

Orders  and  applications  for  agencies  to  ba  addressed  to 
WiLLiAU  DoDDs  and  Co.,  Managers,  102,  Leadenhall-street, 
Xondon. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, imtiregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fteces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Folbam,  Middlesex,  at  605.  per  ton,  4^.  per  cwt.,  23.  6d,  per 
half  cwt. 

TURNIP     SOWI  NG. 

SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  made  from  bone 
only,  equal  in  quality,  but  in  superior  condition  to  that 
manufactured  by  the  undersigned,  as  reported  in  the  Royal 
AgricuUural  Society's  Journal,  Vol.  VI.,  Part  2,  It  is  alio 
suitable  tor  use  with  Chandler's  Liquid  Drill;  also  Peruvian 
Guano,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Gypsum,  Bune-dust,  Sulphuric  Acid, 
-and  all  other  Manures  ot  known  value. — Apply  to  Maee 
POTHEROiLL,  20i,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

OWEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 
at  21.  53.  per  ton  in  bulk. — This  Manure  has  been  intro- 
duced,  with  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  in  the  growth  of  the  Sui^ar  Cane,  as  proved  by  lesti- 
moniala  from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properries 
of  the  Carbon  have  long  since  been  acknowledged  in  Denmark 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes  as 
no  less  than  26,000  tons  have  already  been  sold.  It  is  ready 'for 
immediate  use,  havin^^  uo  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  diffusible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  in  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  Wjcral  CommUsion  aUoioed  to  Dealers  or 
Agents.  For  copies  of  tbo  testimonials  of  its  u'ility  in  this  couu- 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owe.n  and  Co.,  3,  Roud-lane, 
London. 

Messrs.  J,  Ovten  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
Copenhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  of 
the  Tery  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent,  of 
KeatraJ  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furnishing 
at  least  3  per  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "  Analysis  " 
is  made  by  Professor  J.  Thomas  Wat,  Consulting  Chemist  to 
"Ihe  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
.powerftii  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
Londoo. 

T  IQUID   MANURE   conveyed   over 
"^  Land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

nzDKXtJLic  Enoimeee,  70,  Steand,  London. 

Farms  Rupplted  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC     RAM. 

Wells  somk  and  Boainc  done  hi  all  pabts 
OF  Town  oa  CotrnTHT. 


IRON    HURDLES.    FENCING.   ETC. 

STEPHENSON  awd  PEILL,  ftl,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-ntreet,  Southwark,  beg  to 
Inform  their  fri«?n'l»  and  the  public  gpnerully  they  are  now 
Dianafaclurlnit  Iron  Ilurdloi,  at  the  following  low  prices  : — For 
sbeep,  6  ft.  Ion?  3  ft.  hlifh,  S  ban,  2i.  'id.  each  ;  and  for  cattle, 
4  ft.  long.  3  ft.  Z  in.  hUh.  6  bara,  Zt.  Gd.  each. 


CARSON'.S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
PAI.VT,  especially  pFitronUed  by  the  BritlBM  and  other 
Oovemments,  ihe  lion.  Eo*t  Indlo  Company,  tho  principal 
Dock  Cornpftfjle*,  mo»t  public  bodlc«,  and  by  tho  Nobility, 
Owitry.  and  Ckriry.  for  out-door  work  at  thoir  country  Hoata. 
Th«  A ntl- Corrosion  Is  pnrticulnrly  recf>tnm«'n'lpd  bh  tho  mont 
darable  out. door  Pnint  ever  Invf'nted,  for  tho  prrs.rrviitlon  of 
vttrj  det':rliitlon  of  Iron.  Wo"d.  Stone,  IJrirk,  Compo,  Ccmftnt, 
Ac,  work,  ai  ban  b«eri  proTcd  by  tho  practlcnl  teptt  of  upward* 
of  CO  y«Ar*,  find  by  the  numeroaa  (betwnfn  AOtj  and  fi '0)  leiitl. 
monlAli  Id  I's  favour,  and  which,  from  tli«  rnnk  and  station  In 
•ocltty  of  iho«c  who  have  ({Ivfin  tb^nn,  havo  nfivrr  y«t  been 
•qhklkd  bv  anything  of  tho  kind  hitherto  brought  botoro  thi 
public  notify. 

LUU  of  Coloora,  with  Priccii,  tognther  whh  a  Copy  of  the 
TMtlfflftnUlii,  will  b*«»!nlon  niipllcatlon  to  WxLTvti  Carhon  and 
HoM.  5o.  9.  Or«iat  Wtnchoitcr-dtrcfit,  Old  Ilroad-strcot,  Itoynl 
KiehangA,  f>fnHon.— Ho  Agent*.  Ail  ordori  are  particularly 
rtqgMt«d  to  be  sent  dtr*ct. 


COLLEGE    OF  AGRICULTURE,  CHEMISTRY^ 
AND  GENERAL  SCIENCK;,  Kenninqton,  neae  London- 

PaiNCIPALS. 

A.  NESBIT,  Author  of  Works  on  Mensuration,  Arithmetic, 

Surveying,  &c.  ;  and 

J.  C.  NESBIT,  F.G.S.,  F.C.S,  *I:c. 

PBOFE&60R8,   &C, 

CIIEMTSTRT.  GEOLOGY,    AND\  ,,      ,.   „   „^,„„  -r.  ^  a 
AGRIOULTURE j  "^-  ^-  ^-  ^^^^^T,  F.G.S. 

ASSISTANT  CHEMIST  Mr.  E.  Lane. 

NATUUAL  PHTLOSOPHT.  SUR.") 

VEYING,  CIVIL    ENGINEER.  Jt.M.Ceeqan,  Esq.,  C.E. 
ING,  AND  MATHEMATICS    ...) 

BOTANY  ...  ZOOLOGY   {^^T.llo^^sH^l'^Z. 

MesBrs,  Nesbit  take  under  their  charge  about  Thirty 
Students,  resident  or  non-resident,  who  obtain  every  advantage 
which  vicinity  to  London  affords  for  scientific  eelucation. 

The  routine  of  study  comprises  every  branch  requisite  to 
prepare  youth  for  Agriculture,  Civil  Emrineering,  Mining,  &c,  ; 
for  the  Naval  and  Military  Services,  and  the  UniverBities. 

The  students  have  every  facility  for  acquiring  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Analytical  Chemistry,  and  of  the  Assaying  of 
Gold  and  Silver. 

Between  four  and  five  acres  of  land  are  appropriated  for  the 
exercise  and  recreation  of  the  pupils. 

Assays  of  Minerals,  Analyses  of  Soils,  Manures,  &c.,  are 
accurately  performed.  Gentlemen  may  also  be  accommodated 
with  private  laboratories,  entirely  at  their  own  disposal. 

The  highest  references,  with  the  terms  and  other  particulars, 
may  be  bad  on  application. 


ROYAL      AGRICULTURAL      COLLEGE, 
CIRENCESTER. 
Pateon— His  Royal  Highness  PRINCE  ALBERT. 
PEESIDENT  OF  Co0NClL— Earl  B  AT  H URST. 

Vice-President— Earl  DUCIE. 
PBINCIPAL-Rev.  J.  S.  HATGARTH,  M.A. 

PEOFESSOBe,    &C. 

CUmiitry-S.  A.  C.  Voelcker,  Ph.D.,  F.C.S. 
Geology,  Zoo'ogg,  and  Botany— J ^taea  Buckman,  F.G.S. ,  F.L.S. 
Veterinary  in edicine  and  Sur^ei-i/— G.  T.  Brown,  M.R.C.V.S. 
Suroeyivg,   Civil  Eyigineer'mg,   and  Mathematics — W.    Sowerby, 

A.I  C.E. 
Manager  of  Farm—B..  Vallentine. 
Assistant  to  Chemical  Professor — A,  Williams,  M.R.C.S. 

The  NEXT  SESSION  will  begin  on  Monday,  August  9th. 
Students  are  admitted  either  as  Boarders  or  as  Out-Students. 
The  annual  fees  for  Boarders  vary  from  45  to  80  guineas, 
according  to  age  and  other  circumstances.  The  fee  for  Out- 
Students  i?  40i.  per  annum.  The  College  Course  of  Lectures 
and  Practical  Instruction  is  complete  in  one  twelvemonth — 
though   for  younger  students  a  longer  time  is  recommended. 

There  is  a  department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural 
education. 

Prospectuses  and  informatioa  can  be  had  on  application  to 
the  Principal. 

Cirencester,  July  24, 1852. 


SATURDAY,  JULY  ii,  1852. 


MEETING  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Thhbsdai,     July     29— Agricultural  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


It  is  really  of  importance  that  the  men  who  grow 
hundreds  of  acres  of  Wheat  annually  should  take 
some  note  of  what  is  being  done  by  the  farmer  of 
a  single  field.  The  author  of  "  A  Word  in  Season  " 
has,  in  a  ninth  edition  of  his  pamphlet,  given  the 
result  of  another  crop  of  Wheat,  strikingly  con- 
firniatory  of  all  that  he  has  already  offered  for 
the  instruction  and  encouragement  of  the  corn- 
grower. 

"  The  following  is  a  detailed  account  of  outlay  and 
profit,  for  the  4-acre  crop  of  1851 : — 

Paid  for  ploughing  {Qs.,  the  half  portion  of     £    s.     d. 

each  of  the  4  acres)  ...         ...         ...     1     4     0 

Harrowing,  levelling,  and  clearing  the  foul 

stubble  (10s.  ditto)  2     0     0 

Pressing  the  channels  for  the  seed  (Is.)     ...     0     4     0 
Dropping   the   seed  into  the  channels,  by 

hand  (5s.) 10     0 

Four  pecks  and  1  gallon  of  seed,    5s.  per 

bushel         0     &     11 

Rolling  (6rf.) 0     2     0 

Hoeing  between  the  rows  (3s.),  scarifying 

the  intervals  (3s.),  bird-keeping  (4s.)  ...     2     0     0 
Reaping  (9s.),  carrying   to   barn  and   un- 
loading (Gs.)  3     0     0 

Thrashing    and    winnowing    GOa-    <jrs.    (at 

2s.  lljrf.) 3     0     OJ 

Rates  and  taxes  (4s.  lit/.)  and  interest  on 

20i.  for  outlay,  implements,  &c 1   18     8 


Total  outlay 


,..£14  14     6 


Twenty  quarters  and  a  half  of  clean  Wheat 

(exclusive  of  tail) 35  17     6 

Eight  tons  of  straw  (40».) Ifi     0     0 


GroHs  produce 
Deduct  outlay 


51   17     G 
14  14     K 


Toto!  amount  of  profit  to  proprietor         ...£37     3     0 

"  The  4  acres  from  which  this  crop  of  Wheat  was 
taken,  were,  what  is  usually  ilcemed,  exiiaiisted. 
They  had  never  known  a  bare  fallow  in  the  nioiiiory 
of  man.  i'Viurs  years  before  I  took  them  from  my 
tiTiant,  tliey  bad  been  manured  for  Swedes,  which 
were  eaten  off  the  land.  They  had  lia<l  no  dioKsing 
for  the  three  following  crops,  the  rotation  ending 


with  a  heavy  crop  of  Wheat  sown  broadcast.  And 
in  this  state,  the  stubble  standing,  I  entered  upon 
them  in  October  1850.  I  then  simply  ploughed  the 
land  an  inch  deeper  than  it  had  ever  been  ploughed 
before  ;  cleaned  and  levelled  it ;  and  so,  without 
further  preparation,  got  in  my  seed.  In  the  follow- 
ing month,  when  the  plant  came  up,  I  sent  in  my 
spadesmen,  and  trenched  the  intervals  for  the 
succeeding  crop." 

The  subsequent  remarks  of  the  author  well  deserve 
attention.  Practical  men  are,  after  all,  discontented 
with  a  mere  statement  of  fact ;  they  require  the 
theory  as  well  as  the  result — reasonable  argument  as 
well  as  bare  testimony — before  they  can  ful:y  accord 
their  faith.  The  following  are  the  facts.  One  half 
of  the  four  acres  in  Wheat,  the  other  half  fallow 
— the  land  exhausted — no  manure — little  more 
than  a  peck  of  seed  to  each  half-acre — and  yet  the 
field  yielded  20|  quarters.  "  I  would  assure  him, 
however,"  says  the  writer,  "  that  he  will  find 
no  mystery  or  wonder  in  it  at  all.  For,  when  I 
said  I  had  no  manure  for  my  Wheat,  I  spoke 
incorrectly.  I  have  manure  in  abundance  ;  organic 
and  inorganic  manure  for  an  endless  succession  of 
Wheat  crops  from  the  same  four  acres  of  land. 
For,  what  is  manure  ?  The  farmer  knows  from 
experience  that  manure  is  that  which,  in  some  way 
or  other,  restores  fertility  to  his  exhausted  land,  and 
gives  him  good  crops.  But,  did  he  ever  ask  himself, 
what  there  was  in  the  straw  and  the  dung  to  do 
this  1  Let  him  go  to  some  '  cunning'  man,  able 
and  willing  to  teach,  and  he  will  learn  that  his 
home  made  manure  contains,  not  only  organic  food 
for  his  plant,  but  a  variety  of  mineral  or  inorganic 
substances,  out  of  which,  after  undergoing  certain 
mysterious  combinations  in  the  soil,  and  so  becom- 
ing fitted  for  assimilation  by  the  plant,  the  straw 
and  the  grain  of  the  Wheat  are  made  up.  Let  him 
ask  further,  and  the  same  clever  man  of  cultivated 
common  sense  will  tell  him  that  the  clay  or  loamy 
subsoil  of  his  Wheat  land  contains  the  very  same 
mineral  or  inorganic  bodies,  and  therefore  the  very 
same  elements  of  fertility,  with  that  manure  which 
he  carries  from  his  yard,  or  buys  in  the  market. 

"  Here,  then,  is  the  cherished  object  I  have  in 
view  in  bringing  up  the  subsoil  to  the  surface. 
Buried  below,  out  of  the  reach  of  the  atmosphere, 
the  cold  clay  bottom  and  the  hard  bound  pan  of 
loamy  gravel  are  worse  than  valueless.  But,  lay 
bare  to  the  light  of  day  a  few  inches  by  degrees. 
To  do  more  than  that  at  the  outset  would  be  a 
wasteful  and  injurious  expense.  Begin  with  two 
shallow  spits  deep.  Raise,  in  short,  just  so  much 
of  the  subsoil  as  can  be  pierced  through  by  the 
winter's  frost  ai;d  burnt  by  the  summer's  sun,  and 
you  open  a  mine  of  mineral  wealth  that  is  practically 
inexhaustible. 

"  '  Allowing  a  certain  and  considerable  yearly 
diminution  of  the  mineral  elements  of  fertility  in 
the  land,  we  have  yet,  so  to  speak,  an  almost  infinite 
supply  of  these  bodies  in  the  soil  itself:'  thus 
speaks  Professor  Way.  But  he  adds  a  problem  to 
be  solved,  'provided  we  might  economically  avail 
ourselves  of  it.  The  item  of  expense  is,  after  all, 
the  turning-point.' 

"  Now,  as,  upon  the  plan  I  propose,  we  have  only 
the  working  of  half  the  acre  for  the  one  year's  crop 
— as  the  working  of  half  is  only  half  the  expense, 
the  point,  I  submit,  is  turned." 

So  much  for  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  crop, 
but  what  of  the  organic  paits  of  the  plants — the 
characteristic  and  essential  portion  of  the  vegetable 
world  1  The  organic  part  was  not  wanting,  of  that 
the  result  was  sufficient  proof ;  but  that  this  is  no 
exceptional  case  let  the  following  statement  of  what 
is  universally  true,  and  wherever  soil  and  air  exist, 
at  work,  bear  witness.  It  is  the  grand  distinction 
between  the  relation  of  experience  and  the  verdict 
of  science  that  the  one  may  be  exceptional  and 
peculiar,  while  the  other  is  necessarily  general. 
We  might  fasten  down  any  of  the  sticklers  for 
practical  knowledge  of  their  business  to  the 
consideration  of  the  mere  veracity  of  the  witnesses 
in  this  case,  and  of  the  mere  facts  to  which  they 
bear  their  testimony  :  but  we  desire  to  .show  the 
reasonableness  as  well  as  the  certainty  of  the  results 
that  have  been  obtained ;  because  from  a  knowledge 
of  the  causes  to  which  they  are  owing  this  important 
corollary  springs  thatthe4-acrefield  of  Lois-Weedon, 
Northamptonshire,  may  he  copied  in  all  its  par- 
ticulars, on  almost  any  farm  in  the  country. 
There  is  no  peculiarity  of  soil  or  climate  to  which 
it.s  crops  are  owing — the  peculiarity  is  one  of  manage- 
ment alone.  "  Having  provided  for  the  mineral  food 
of  the  plant ;  having  trenched  the  intervals,  brought 
up  the  subsoil,  and  laid  it  open  to  the  solvents  of 
the  atn)os|jhero  during  a  winter  and  summer  fallow, 
the  organic  elemeiils  of  fertility  will  come  of  them- 
selves. The  very  process  by  which  I  gain  the  one 
supplies  the  other.  Carbon  and  nitrogen  are  wanted; 
and  the  atmosphere  contains  them  both  in  the  forms 


474 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[July  24, 


of  carbonic  acid  and  ammonia ;  and  with  every 
shower  of  rain,  every  descent  of  the  dew,  every  fall 
of  snow,  nay,  with  every  breath  of  inter-penetrating 
airj  they  are  brouglit  down  into  the  porous  soil  and 
there  retained,  either  for  future  use,  or  to  be  taken 
up  by  degrees  by  the  growing  plant. 

"  For,  not  only  do  the  pulverised  clay  and  friable 
loam  hold  these  bodies  when  they  have  them,  but 
here  again  has  the  science  of  the  chemist  done  good 
service  to  the  farmer.  It  has  been  proved  by 
Professor  Way,  that  soils  of  this  nature  and  in  this 
condition  attract  and  court  their  entrance  into  their 
bosom.  He  has  shown  in  what  this  property  con- 
sists ;  and  1  am  permitted  to  give,  in  his  own 
words,  the  results  of  his  late  interesting  experiments 
in  the  matter  of  ammonia,  in  all  their  freshness. 
'  Clay  possesses  in  a  high  degree  the  power  of 
abstracting  ammonia  from  the  air,  so  much  so,  that 
if  air,  saturated  with  carbonate  of  ammonia,  be 
made  to  pass  through  a  tube  containing  clay  in  very 
small  fragments,  it  will  issue  from  the  opposite  end 
quite  free  from  ammoniacal  vapour ;  whereas  a 
similar  tube  filled  with  sand  will  present  no  obstacle 
to  the  passage  of  the  ammonia.  In  like  manner  a 
soil  containing  any  moderate  amount  of  clay,  such 
as  a  good  loam,  will  have  the  same  efi'ect.  The 
power  of  the  clay  to  abstract  ammonia  from  the  air 
is  due  to  the  presence  in  it  of  small  quantities  of  a 
double  silicate  of  alumina  and  lime,  or  a  correspond- 
ing soda  salt.  The  ammonia  so  fixed  exists  hence- 
forth in  the  soil  in  the  state  of  silicate,  which  is 
dissolved  in  small  quantity  by  water,  and  furnishes 
perhaps  both  silica  and  ammonia  to  the  Wheat 
plant.  It  is  my  present  belief  that  this  silicate  of 
ammonia  is  the  true  and  only  form  in  which  nature 
designs  the  ammonia  to  be  offered  to  the  plant, 
except  perhaps  as  the  carbonate  derived  from  this 
silicate.  The  effect,  or,  at  all  events,  one  great 
efi'ect  of  cultivation  is,  therefore,  to  increase  the 
supply  of  ammonia  to  the  soil ;  and  inasmuch  as 
this  ammonia  is  only  absorbed  by  virtue  of  the 
avidity  of  the  aluminous  double  silicate  for  it,  no 
further  preparation  is  required  to  fit  it  for  the  food 
of  plants  ;  and  that  grossness  and  too  great  luxu- 
riance which  sometimes  follows  the  application  of 
ammoniacal  salts  to  Wheat,  and  which  is  probably 
due  to  those  plants  imbibing  crude  instead  of 
prepared  food,  is  avoided.' 

'*  I  will  not  weaken  the  force  of  this  most  important 
statement  by  any  observations  of  my  own  ;  but  will 
merely  add,  in  conclusion,  that  all  that  is  wanted  to 
secure  the  full  benefit  of  this  supply  of  organic  food 
for  the  Wheat  crop  is,  to  give  to  each  well- separated 
plant  fair  play,  by  letting  in  upon  it  the  sun  and  the 
air  ;  to  afi^ord  its  roots  width  and  depth  to  feed  in, 
and  to  keep  the  .surface  of  the  soil  open  and  free 
from  weeds.  Do  this,  and,  be  assured,  Nature  will 
do  the  rest." 

So  says  the  author  of  "  A  Word  in  Season  to  the 
Corn-grower."  We  believe  that  he  is  a  sufficiently 
intelligent  man  — "with  experience  enough  of  the 
business  of  the  corn-grower — and  with  knowledge 
enough  of  the  natural  agencies  aff'ecting  the  corn- 
grower  to  give  him  a  claim  upon  the  attention  of  the 
corn-growers  of  this  country.  They  will,  we  believe, 
find  it  their  interest  to  study  the  simple  recital  of 
what  has  been  doinpin  a  field  situated  in  the  parish 
of  Lois-Weedon,  Northamptonshire  :  and  we  are 
mistaken  if  it  does  not  awaken  many  a  mind  to  the 
importance  of  tillage  as  one  main  source  of  fertility. 
We  should  hope  that  there  would  be  few  large  farms 
in  the  country  on  which  one  field  at  any  rate  has  not 
been  set  aside  during  the  ensuing  autumn  for  a  trial 
of  the  fallow  cultivation  of  the  Wheat  crop. 


ON  SOILING  AND  PASTURING  HORSES 
AND  CATTLE. 
The  following  are  the  reports  which  have  been  given 
in  on  this  subject,  to  the  East  of  Berwickshire  Farmers' 
Club.  The  first  was  from  Mr.  Calder,  Fairneyside  : — 
I  beg  to  state  that  for  upwards  of  "20  years  I  have  prac- 
tised soiling  with  Grass  and  Tares  consumed  by  cattle 
and  horses,  the  latter  being  kept  in  the  stable,  while  out 
of  the  yoke  at  mid-day,  to  be  free  fi'om  the  annoyance 
of  flies  and  heat  of  the  sun.  It  is  well  known  that  a 
number  of  excellent  Grasses  and  other  plants  whicli, 
when  young,  form  a  most  palatable  food,  are,  if  once 
allowed  to  become  ripe,  as  is  often  the  case  when  pas- 
tured, rejected  by  the  stock,  and  only  consumed  when 
compelled  by  severe  hunger,  while  the  same  Grasses, 
when  cut  green,  will  be  eaten  with  avidity.  It  is  advan- 
tageous to  begin  sowing  eai-ly  in  June,  to  give  as  much 
green  food  as  possible  ;  the  first  cutting  may  not  he  so 
heavy,  but  any  want  at  this  time  is  fully  compensated 
lor  from  a  large  second  crop,  which  is  generally  ready 
for  cutting  when  the  first  ci-op  is  getting  too  ripe  for 
soiling.  My  Tares  (winter  excepted)  are  generally 
consumed  alter  the  first  cutting  of  Grass  is  done,  along 
with  the  second  crop.  Some  make  objections  to  soiling 
on  the  ground  of  expense,  and  that  stock  do  not  thrive 
so  well  as  when  pastured,  but  the  ereat  saving  of  food 
will  far  more  than  counterbalance  s\ich  expense.  From 
my  experience,  I  find  that  cattle  will  improve  more 


when  properly  led  in  the  curtains,  than  when  pastured, 
exposed  to  the  summer  heat  and  flies,  besides  trampling 
their  food  in  all  weathers  and  otherwise  spoiling  it. 
Having  the  horses  always  at  hand  is  of  great  advantage, 
besides  saving  the  labour  of  travelling  to  and  from  their 
pasture.  Experience  has  led  me  to  the  following 
conclusions  : — 1st,  That  land  of  good  quality,  properly 
planted  with  red  Clover  and  Grass  seeds,  will  keep,  when 
soiled,  at  least  double  the  quantity  of  stock  as  when 
pastured.  2d,  That  with  a  fair  supply  of  straw,  a  large 
quantity  of  valuable  manure  can  be  made,  green  food 
causing  a  large  quantity  of  urine  to  be  produced  by  the 
stock.  3d,  That  the  succeeding  crop  of  Oats  from  such 
land  will  be  found  equal,  if  not  better,  after  two  such 
green  crops  being  cut,  than  when  the  same  land  is 
pastured. 

Mr,  Allan,  Billie  Mains,  gave  in  the  following  report : — 
As  requested,  I  beg  to  offer  a  few  observations  on  the 
comparative  results  between  soiling  and  pasturing  oi' 
cattle.  My  experience  is  short,  only  being  of  two  years' 
standing.  It  was  not  with  the  intention  of  fattening 
cattle  for  the  butcher  I  thus  experimented  ;  my  only 
view  was,  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  I  could  profitably 
keep  a  larger  number  of  cattle  on  my  farm  by  this 
mode  of  management,  in  good  growing  condition  during 
the  summer  up  to  the  time  we  generally  lay  our  stock 
on  Turnips,  my  sole  aim  being  to  prepare  my  cattle  for 
winter  feeding.  I  had  in  bygone  years  found  great 
difficulty  during  the  months  of  August  and  September 
in  keeping  my  stock,  when  pasturing,  in  good  order. 
During  those  two  months,  I  invariably  found  my  cattle 
lost  what  condition  they  had  formerly  gained  in  June 
and  July.  It  was  for  these  reasons,  therefore,  I  intro- 
duced my  present  system  of  soiling  into  my  farm  manage- 
ment. It  may  be  argued  by  some  that  cattle  will  not 
fall  away  on  pasture  during  the  months  of  August  and 
September.  This,  I  grant,  may  be  the  case  on  rich  old 
Grass  lands,  but  on  farms  managed  in  the  five-break 
rotation  {as  my  farm  is,  and  chiefly  stocked  with  sheep), 
thereby  causing  cattle  to  be  grazed  on  one-year-old  and 
two-year-old  Grass,  I  think  I  may  confidently  aver,  that 
those  cattle  will  not  improve  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
farmer  in  the  months  of  August  and  September,  unless 
his  fields  have  been  very  thinly  stocked  indeed  all  the 
summer.  In  June,  last  year,  I  put  up  20  year-old 
cattle  on  cut  Grass,  and  they  iiaving  a  good  supply  of 
water,  did  very  well.  They  were  thus  kept  during  the 
months  of  June  and  July.  I  may  mention  that  two 
acres  of  Grass  served  for  this  purpose.  The  first  week 
of  August  I  commenced  them  with  Tares, and  continued 
feeding  them  so  up  to  the  month  of  October.  From  the 
time  they  were  first  put  on  Tares,  I  daily  observed  they 
made  great  improvement,  not  only  in  their  growth  but 
also  in  their  condition  generally,  especially  during  the 
month  of  September.  Those  who  intend  feeding  in  this 
manner  will  find  it  of  great  advantage  to  have  a  few 
acres  of  early  Tares  to  succeed  the  Grass,  for  if  stock 
are  put  on  this  food  before  the  bloom  is  off,  they  will  find 
the  consumption  nearly  double  what  it  would  be  when  the 
pedis  fairly  formed, and  beginning  to  fill.  Such  I  found 
to  be  the  result  of  my  trial.  In  August,  my  cattle  ate 
nearly  double  the  quantity  they  did  in  September:  this 
arose  from  my  Tares  being  all  sown  in  spring.  In 
September,  however,  as  I  have  stated  before,  the  cattle 
showed  great  tendency  to  fatten,  and  certainly  improved 
wonderfully.  This  arose  from  the  Tares  approaching  to  a 
state  of  ripeness  and  maturity.  The  season  was  by  this 
time  fast  approaching  for  a  change  from  Tares  to  Turnips. 
I  thought  those  cattle  would,  when  laid  on  that  food,  go 
on  improving  as  they  had  formerly  done,  but  in  this  I 
was  disappointed.  I  found  that  for  a  fortnight  or  three 
weeks  my  cattle  made  little  or  no  improvement  ;  thus 
showing  the  very  importaut  fact  that  Tares  are  well  cal- 
culated for  the  growth,  fattening,  and  feeding  of  cattle. 
The  Tares  used  for  this  purpose  were  raised  with  2  cwt. 
of  Peruvian  guano,  on  a  piece  of  light  moor  land,  after 
having  been  grazed  for  one  year — the  crop  of  Tares 
standing  in  place  of  the  second  year's  Grass,  thus  making 
the  field  of  much  greater  value  than  it  would  otherwise 
have  been.  The  land  may  be  considered  worth  155.  per 
acre.  I  may  mention,  in  conclusion,  that,  by  adopting 
this  system,  I  kept  those  20  cattle  on  my  farm  over  and 
above  my  regular  stock  ;  and  being  well  pleased  with 
the  result,  intend,  and  have  made  arrangements  for 
carrying  out  the  same  practice  this  season.  The 
breadth  of  land  sown  in  Tares  was  about  10  acres.  One 
acre  was  kept  for  seed,  which  left  9  acres  for  soiling. 
In  addition  to  these  20  cattle,  25  pigs  were  kept,  12 
work-horses  during  the  harvest,  as  also  a  riding  pony 
all  the  summer.  I  have  learned  from  a  butcher  who 
slaughtered  some  cattle  last  year  which  had  been  fed  on 
Tares,  with  an  allowance  of  4  lbs.  of  oilcake,  that  not 
only  did  they  kill  to  his  expectations,  but  also  that  the 
beef  was  of  the  best  quality. 

(7b  he  continued.) 


PAUPERISM. 

By  the  amended  Poor-law  no  able-bodied  men  are  re- 
lieved except  in  the  poorhouse  ;  unless  they  enter  it' — the 
test  of  their  destitution — they  have  no  legal  claim  to  re- 
lief ;  married  couples,  if  upwards  of  60  years  old,  cannot 
now  be  separated  in  the  union  house  as  was  formerly 
the  case,  and  is  still  the  rule  with  tliose  who  are  under 
that  age,  for  the  convenience  of  classification''  superin- 
tendence, and  room.  This  amendment  is  a  great  boon 
in  most  cases  to  the  aged  married  poor,  who,  as  the 
union  houses  have  not  accommodation  for  such  a  class, 
generally  receive  out-door  relief,  and  therefore  are  not 
removed  from   the   domestic  roof.      The   support  and 


education  of  children  in  the  poorhouses  is  one  of  the 
best  and  most  humane  features  in  their  new  character, 
and  the  provision  made  for  the  relief  of  all  the  inmates, 
whether  in  health  or  sickness,  is  another  excellence. 
Various  amendments  and  alterations,  principally  in  mat- 
ters of  detail,  were  made  in  the  last  parliamentary  ses- 
sion. The  general  language  of  the  existing  law  to  all 
who  are  in  absolute  want  is  '*  No  individual  shalJ 
starve."  No  inquiries  are  made  as  to  the  cause  of  des- 
titution, whether  it  arises  from  idleness,  misconduct,  or 
unavoidable  calamities.  And  whereas  formerly  he  was 
relieved  without  regard  to  the  causes  of  his  pauperism 
or  his  character,  he  is  now  subjected  to  vei^  searching 
inquiries  and  relieved  accordingly,  but  some  relief  is 
granted  in  every  case  of  destitution. 

As  regards  vagrants,  in  particular  men,  their  clothes 
and  persons  are  searched  when  they  present  themselves 
at  the  workhouses,  by  which  fraudulent  destitution  may 
be  detected.  From  a  report  of  Mr.  Grenville  Tigotfc, 
Poor-law  inspector,  it  appears  that  the  treatment  of 
vagrants  in  unions  became  changed  in  1849  from  what 
it  had  been  a  year  or  two  previously.  In  1847  every 
casual  applicant  was  admitted,  and  received  at  least  two 
meals  in  the  workhouse  :  in  the  latter  year  none  but 
those  suffering  under  sickness  or  evident  destitution,  or 
women  with  young  children,  were  admitted.  By  this 
regulation  the  idle  and  dissolute  vagabonds  from  the 
metropolis  and  large  towns,  who  used  to  wander  sys- 
tematically from  union  to  union,  begging  and  robbing  as 
they  went,  were  refused  the  food  and  night's  lodging 
on  which  they  used  to  speculate.  By  clearing  the  union 
houses  of  such  characters  the  real  destitute  wayfarers 
are  accomodated  with  decency,  and  without  being  asso- 
ciated for  the  night  with  the  professional  beggar  and 
runaway  profligates.  Mr.  Kemp,  the  master  of  the 
Wrexham  workhouse,  furnished  a  very  interesting  and 
practical  report  at  the  same  period,  stating  that  tramps 
had  been  supplied  at  this  poorhouse  with  supper  and 
lodgings  without  any  return  being  asked  in  work  ;  but 
the  breakfast  was  withheld  until  some  labour  was  per- 
formed, and  sometimes  the  tramps  might  depart  before 
breakfast  if  they  did  not  choose  to  do  any  work.  The 
numbers  increased  so  that  the  guardians  were  led  to 
impose  a  labour  test,  by  which  the  vagrants  were  not 
allowed  to  depart  until  they  had  worked  three  hours  and 
a  half  after  the  breakfast  hour.  This  restriction  soon, 
became  known  on  the  road,  and  the  number  of  vagrant 
applicants  diminished,  after  sevei*al  had  been  sent  to 
gaol  for  refusing  to  work.  But  they  re-appeared  as 
before,  and  after  some  farther  experiments  as  to  the 
labour  test  and  the  hour  for  breakfast,  and  the  discovery 
that  the  tramps  eventually  accommodated  tbems^^lves  te 
each  rule  of  the  board  and  infested  the  house  as  before, 
it  was  determined  to  refuse  all  relief  to  systematic 
vagrant  idlers.  On  some  of  their  p(  rsoiis  were  found  lista."" 
of  the  union  houses  in  different  counties,  which  these 
professional  rogues  considered  tlie  most  accommodating 
and  deserving  of  their  patronage. 

And  in  order  to  prove  the  reality  of  his  pauperism^ 
the  poorhouse  (which  is  practically  a  labour  test)  while 
it  affords  an  asylum  to  the  necessitous,  has  been  very 
wisely  re-introduced  into  the  new  law.  If  when  pleading 
destitution  able-bodied  applicants  refuse  to  enter  the 
union  house,  it  may  be  fairly  assumed  that  they  have 
the  means  of  living  out  of  it.  By  this  test  the  fie- 
titiousness  of  destitution  may  be  easily  ascertained  in 
the  rural  disti'icts,  where  the  number  of  applications  is 
ordinarily  limited  ;  but  in  towns  and  manufacturing 
districts  it  is  often  beset  with  difficulties,  from  the 
sudden  vicissitudes  by  which  the  operative  classes  in. 
such  localities  are  so  frequently  affected  without  any 
absolute  fault  of  theirs,  which  compel  them  to  seek  relief 
from  poor-rates. 

Without  a  stnngent  labour  test,  how  would  it  be  pos- 
sible to  distinguish  between  legitimate  objects  of  charity 
and  the  classes  who  often  strike  for  wages,  and  refuse  to 
return  to  their  employments  except  under  the  pressure 
of  stern  want — men  who  contrive  to  procure  subsistence 
through  the  means  of  combination  funds  during  their- 
insubordination  and  wilful  idleness  ;  these  have  no  just 
claim  to  sympathy  or  pecuniary  aid  from  poor-rates  ; 
they  have  their  mills  to  return  to  when,like  the  prodigal 
in  the  parable,  they  begin  to  be  in  want,  and  come 
to  a  sense  of  their  true  condition.  On  the  stoppage 
of  a  mill  or  any  manufactory,  or  an  unforeseen  calamity, 
such  as  that  which  has  recently  occurred  at  Holmfirth 
in  Yorkshire,  by  which  the  means  of  employment  ceases^, 
to  the  impoverishment  of  numerous  families  which 
had  previously  supported  themselves  by  industry,  it 
is  just  that  the  discharged  workmen  should  have  some 
relief ;  and  for  such  a  contingency  the  Poor-law  Com- 
missioners have,  we  believe,  discretionai'y  power  to  make 
an  order,  by  which  the  local  guardians  may  afford  relief. 
To  wanton  waste  and  habitual  impi-ovidence  dm-ing 
their  periods  of  full  employment,  much  of  the  occa- 
sional pauperism  of  the  mill  operatives  is  attributable. 
The  men  frequently  spend  the  surplus  of  their  wages 
in  beer-shops,  instead  of  depositing  what  they  could 
easily  spare  by  economy  from  their  earnings  in  savings' 
banks  for  casualties,  or  contributing  to  the  funds  of 
friendly  societies,  which,  when  rightly  managed,  are 
highly  beneficial  to  the  working  classes.  In  short,  to 
relieve  the  rate-paying  portion  of  the  community  a  rigid 
test  is  indispensable,  else  an  intolerable  infliction  might 
take  effect  wherever  the  relief  of  the  able-bodied  is  in 
any  measure  imposed  on  the  capital  and  industry  of  the 
country.  It  is  to  be  noticed,  too,  that  all  persons  able  to 
do  so,  are  compellable  by  the  law  to  supporter  assist  in 
supporting  their  indigent  fathei-s  and  grandfathers, 
mothers  and  grandmothers,  children  and  grandchildren. 


30—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


475 


as  the  cfise  may   be,  tliougU  too  many  are^allowed  to 
escape  fn.ra  the  ol'ligation. 

The  following  facts  tend  to  exemplify  the  extrava- 
gance wliich  leads  so  frequently  to  pauperism  among 
tiie  operatives  in  the  manufacturing  community.  The 
amount  of  wages  received^  by  worlcmen  in  iron  works 
and  other  factories  is  very  considerable,  and  yet  no  men 
evince  less  economy  or  foresight  than  they.  Many  ol 
them  earn  very  high  wages,  and  yet  they  are^too  fre- 
quently discontented  and  ready  to  "strike"  on  the 
smallest  reduction  of  wages.  And  they  only  save  the 
weekly  sums  which  each  member  of  the  combination 
maion  is  obliged  to  pay  to  its  committee  of  management. 
Is  it  reasonable,  is  it  even  tolerable  that  such  persons 
as  these  should  have  a  right  to  parochial  assistance — 
men  whose  pauperism  is  of  their  own  obstinate  and 
wilful  cx'eation  ?  Surely  not,  without  such  a  stringent 
test  as  would  recall  tliem  to  their  senses,  from  a  state  of 
gioimdless  and  unreasonable  mutiny.  M,  D.  j 

(  To  be  continued. ) 


ROTATION  OF  CROPS. 

Experience  has  established  beyonda  doubt  two  points; 
that  a  close  repetition  of  the  same  crop  on  the  same 
ground  is  attended  with  a  progressive,  deterioration  of 
retm-n,  and  that  the  intervention  of  one  or  more  crops 
whose  constituents  are  in  different  proportions  will, 
after  certain  intervals  of  time,  having  a  relation  to  soil 
and  to  the  plants  cultivated,  restore  the  capability  to 
the  soil  of  reproducing  the  original  crop;  and  this  has 
led  in  agriculture  to  tlie  alternation  of  crops  in  such 
courses  as  have  practically  been  found  suitable  to  tlie 
soil  under  tillage,  and  to  the  crops  it  is  desii-able  to 
produce. 
_  The  modus  operandi  in  plants  by  which  this  deteriora- 
tion is  caused,  and  this  restoration  is  effected,  is  still 
involved  in  obscurity.  No  theory  has  hitherto  been 
advanced  which  can  command  general  assent ;  an  inquiry 
into  it  is  therefore  well  worth  making,  even  though  we 
can  do  Httle  to  elucidate  it. 

Much  reliance  was  some  time  past  placed  on  the 
counter  motions  in  the  soil  effected  by  the  alternate 
mechanical  actions  of  the  larger  and  the  more  fibrous 
roots  of  plants,  the  former  opening  it  to  the  more  ready 
spread  of  tlie  latter,  while  the  latter  allowed  it  again  to 
collapse  to  restore  a  befitting  closeness.  Thus  the 
alternation  of  crops  effected  a  beneficial  action  on  the  tex- 
ture of  soils.  These  actions  are  now,  however,  much  less 
rehed  on,  for  our  later  analyses  of  plants  have  led  us  to 
ascribe  to  their  different  composition  the  effects  we  have 
observed  to  result  from  their  alternation.  This  differ- 
ence in  their  composition  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
effected  by  the  roots  of  different  plants  extracting 
different  nutritive  substances  from  the  soil,  each  plant 
selecting  those  which  were  exactly  suited  for  its  assimi- 
lation, leaving  in  the  soil  those  nutritive  substances 
(nutritive  to  other  plants),  which  were  not  suitable  to  it. 
By  others  an  opposite  theory  is  maintained  ;  it  is,  that 
the  roots  of  all  plants  imbibe  soluble  matter  of  every 
kind  from  the  soil,  and  thus  necessarily  absorb  a  number 
of  substances  not  suitable  to  their  individual  assimilation, 
and  which  are,  therefore,  expelled  by  the  roots  and 
returned  to  the  soil  as  their  excrements.  Thus  by  each 
plant  either  absorbing  only  those  substances  which 
afforded  it  nutriment,  or  returning  to  the  soil  those 
which  it  could  not  assimilate,  the  soil,  though  deprived 
of  the  substances  required  for  tlie  nutrition  of  one  plant, 
was  still  in  condition  to  afford  nutriment  to  another 
capable  of  assimilating  different  substances. 

Either  of  these  views  explains  a  means  of  operating 
in  plants  by  which  the  soil  is  fitted  to  give  a  succession 
of  different  crops  rather  than  a  succession  of  the  same 
crop  ;  but  by  neither  can  a  repetition  of  the  same  crop, 
at  however  distant  a  period,  without  deterioration,  be 
explained  ;  for  the  bubstances  of  whicl-  it  has  deprived 
the  soil  are  not  returned  to  it,  and  two  successive  crops 
of  Wheat  might  as  well  be  taken,  were  it  not  for 
atmospheric  action,  and  which  action  may  be  induced 
without  alternation,  as  two  crops  of  Wheat  with  an 
interval  of  ten  years.  According  to  these  views,  an 
alternate  syatem  is  only  one  of  more  complete 
exhaustion.  ^ 

Recently  it  has  been  advanced— not,  however,  that 
we  are  aware  on  any  competent  authority— that  roots 
of  plants  de»^cending  to  different  depths  in  the  soil  draw 
their  food  from  different  areas.  Ai  this  opinion  seems 
to  liavo  been  put  forth  in  ignorance  of  the  great  deptiis 
U>  which  nearly  all  the  plants  push  their  roots  under 
Cavourahle  circumntancea,  it  may  be  dismiKHcd  with  a 
few  short  obwrvationfl.  The  fwdublo  matters  available 
M  nutriment  to  plantft  are  found  more  abundantly  in 
llie  upper  or  activo  w»il,  and  it  may  safely  bo  averred 
that  thero  aro  no  plants  cultivated  (or  food  T/ho.<ie  roots 
do  not  dencend  U.,  if  not  inUt,  tiio  «uhHoil  ;  all  thcHe 
plants  miiat,  th*-rtloro,  derive  their  nutriment  from  the 
same  area.  The  cereal  crops,  allowed  to  perfect  their 
•Mtl,  are  o»teenied  the  mitnt  exhausting  of  our  culti- 
jatcd  planu  ;  yet  thoHO  dcHcend  into  the  soil,  under 
favourable  circani8tAncc»i,  according  u>  Mr.  M'Arthnr, 
•ome  G  feet,  to  aft  great  a  depth  probably  ns  tin- 
crops  that  arc  Iw/ld  t/>  be  ameliorating  ;  that  they 
all  de»c/-rid  till  either  obHtnictod  hy  roclcH  or  nn  im 
penetrable  or  corro»ivo  ftnlwtil,  or  hy  an  exofrw*  of  wator, 
or  till  tluy  obtain  a  wipply  of  uuKr  equal  to  their 
ilemaiids.  Neither  can  wo  entertain  more  favountbly 
the  view  that  attributes  to  an  inferior  creation  powers 
of  dmcriiniiiation  not  pOh*f;sM;d  by  the  superior  ;  Ui  give 
to  plants  the  propirty  of  selecting,  hy  their  roots,  from 
4bo  sod  tiiotte  jiutritivc  substances  which  exactly  auited 


their  capabilities  of  assimilation,  and  to  refuse  those 
which  were  not,  were  to  endue  them  with  a  something 
above  the  instinct  of  animals,  beyond  the  reason  of  man  ; 
this  were  so  contrary  to  the  known  gradatioual  existence 
of  powers  that  prevail  through  all  being,  as  to  become 
thereby  an  absurdity  ;  and  it  is  also  disproved  by 
various  experiments,  for  they  have  never  been  known 
to  refuse  any  soluble  matters  offered  to  them,  their 
roots  have  drank  in  freely,  even  to  the  destruction  of 
the  plants,  metalhc  and  vegetable  poisons,  colouring 
matters,  and  even  alcohol,  which  the  inferior  animals 
generally  refuse.  But  we  must  subscribe  to  the 
opinion  of  De  Candolle  that  the  roots  of  plants  imbibe 
soluble  matters  of  every  kind  from  the  soil,  and  ;,thus 
necessarily  absorb  a  number  of  substances  which  are 
not  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  nutrition,  and  must  sub- 
sequently be  expelled,  but  whether  by  the  roots,  as  he 
supposes,  or  by  other  organs,  we  have  some  doubts. 

'Ihe  experiments  of  Macaire-Princep  appear  to 
sustain  this  theory  of  De  Candolle,  and  they  certainly 
do  bear  him  out  in  proving  that  many  plants  are  capable 
of  emitting  extractive  matter  from  their  roots  ;  but 
Liebig  makes'  a  distinction,  which  we  think  very  apt, 
between  the  substances  suppcsed  to  be  expelled  through 
the  roots  by  De  Candolle,  and  those  proved  to  be 
expelled  by  llacaire-Princep,  the  former  as  excretions 
or  substances  separated  as  "incapable  of  being  em- 
ployed in  the  nutrition  of  the  plant"  and  ejected 
previous  to  or  in  the  act  of  elaboration  ;  the  latter  as 
excrements^  or  substances  "  formed  in  a  vegetable 
organism  during  the  process  of  nutrition"  and  ejected 
after  having  been  elaborated.  The  first,  he  observes, 
"were  undigested  mattei-s,  which,  although  not  adapted 
for  the  nutrition  of  one  plant,  might  yet  be  indispensable 
to  another,"  the  last,  as  "  produced  in  consequence  of 
the  formation  of  woody  fibre,  starch,  albumen,  gum, 
acids,' &c,,  cannot  again  serve  in  any  other  plants  to 
form  the  same,  constituents  of  vegetables."  They  can 
only  in  one  form  serve  for  the  nutrition  of  vegetables 
in  becoming  converted  "  into  a  substance  which  supplies 
the  place  of  humus,  by  being  a  constant  source  of  car- 
bonic acid," 

The  theory  of  De  Candolle  of  the  return  to  the  soil, 
by  the  roots  of  plants,  of  substances  derived  from  the 
soil,  not  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  nutrition,  is  not 
therefore  sustained  by  the  experiments  of  Macaire- 
Princep  ;  "for,'' as  Liebig  says,  "they  leave  it  quite 
undecided  whether  the  substances  were  extracted  from 
the  soil  or  formed  by  the  plant  itself,  from  food  received 
from  another  source.  It  is  certain  that  the  gummy  and 
resinous  excrements  observed  by  Macaire-Princep  could 
not  have  been  contained  in  the  soil  ;  and  as  we  know 
that  the  carbon  of  a  soil  is  not  diminished  by  culture, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  increased,  we  must  conclude  that 
all  excrements  which  contain  carbon  must  be  formed 
from  the  food  obtained  by  plants  from  the  atmosphere. 
Now  these  excrements  are  compounds,  produced  in 
consequence  of  the  transformations  of  the  food,  and  of 
the  new  forms  which  it  assumes  by  entering  into  the 
composition  of  the  various  organs." 

We  therefore  are  still  without  proof  that  the  sub- 
stances imbibed  by  the  roots  of  a  plant,  and  not  adapted 
to  its  nutrition,  are  returned  by  the  roots  to  the  soil. 
And  indeed  the  return  of  such  undigested  substances  by 
the  roots  is  rather  too  roundabout  a  way  for  nature, 
who  delights  in  the  most  simple  means  of  effecting  her 
objects  ;  it  does  in  truth  account  readily  for  the  favour- 
able effects  of  the  alternation  of  crops,  but  it  is  rather 
using  the  sword  of  an  Alexander. 

The  roots  of  a  plants  in  taking  up  water  from  the  soil, 
must  necessarily  imbibe  with  it  such  substances  as  are 
found  in  solution  in  it.  This  water,  with  these  substances, 
is  carried  up,  agreeable  to  the  hypothesis  of  most 
phytologists,  through  the  plants  to  the  leaves,  where 
elaboration  commences.  By  the  bye,  this  elaboration  is 
not  well  defined,  but  this  elabora,tion  must  be  limited 
to  so  much  only  of  this  water  and  its  soluble  contents  as 
can  be  appropriated  by  the  amount  and  intensity  of 
those  external  substances  and  influences  capable  of 
entering  into  combination  with  them,  as  are  there  found 
existing  in  the  atmospiiere  of  the  plant.  The  whole  of 
this  water  and  of  these  substances  that  are  not  so  appro- 
priated, and  which  have  in  their  progress  through  the 
plant  resisted  all  those  powerful  attractions  they  have 
encountered  to  combine  with  similar  matters,  are  now 
placed  under  the  most  favourable  conditious  for  vola- 
tilisation. 

It  is  true,  there  is  a  scant  possibility  of  the  water 
escaping  by  evaporation  and  leaving  behind  it  these 
substances,  as  in  our  ordinary  uses  of  evaporation,  but, 
in  the  leaf  agitated  by  every  breath  of  wind,  with  a 
solution  so  weak,  without  an  existing  nucleus  of  crystal- 
lisation for  these  substances — for  if  they  are  left  they 
must  instantly  be  carried  down  with  the  descending 
Huids — we  must  concUido  that  the  evaporation  of  the 
wafer  will  effect  the  volatilisation  of  these  substances. 
In  favour  of  this  view,  there  are  many  instances  wo 
may  refer  to  of  what  we  term  solid  substances  becoming 
so  volatilised.  In  the  wintinRS  of  Liebig,  he  says,  "  A 
lif|uid  during  evaporation  conmmnicates  the  power  of 
aMHiimIng  tlio  »ame  state  in  a  greater  or  lens  degi-oo  to 
nil  subHtfinccH  diaaolved  in  it,  although  they  do  not  of 
thomst'lves  pofcKcss  that  property,  jloracic  acid  in  a 
HubNbmco  which  in  completely  fixed  in  the  fire  ;  it  suffers 
no  cliantjo  of  weight  uppreciiiiiU)  liy  the  most  dciieato 
i>ahinr(;  when  exprihi.d  to  u  while  hfiit,  and  tlu'i'clnro  it 
in  not  volatile  ;  yet  il,s  Holution  in  waUu'  cannot  be 
evaporated  by  the  gentlent  bent,  without  tho  CHcai)0  of  a 
HCUHlblo  quantity  of  the  acid  with  tho  (tteam.  .  .  .  The 
experiments  inhtltuted  under  Lavoisier's  guidance    by 


the  Direction  den  Poudres  tt  SaUpctrea,  have  proved  that 
during  the  evaporation  of  the  saltpetre  ley,  the  salt 
volatilises  with  the  water.  .  .  .  Tt  is  known  also,  that  in 
sea  storms,  leaves  of  plants  in  the  direction  of  the  wind 
are  covered  with  crystals  of  salt,  even  at  the  distance  of 
from  20  to  30  miles  from  the  sea.  ...  By  the  continual 
evaporation  of  the  sea,  its  salts  are  spread  over  the 
whole  surface  of  the  earth.  .  .  .  This  volatilisation  is  a 
source  of  considerable  loss  in  salt  works,  especially 
where  the  proportion  of  salt  in  the  water  is  not  large. 
This  has  been  completely  proved  at  the  salt  works  of 
Narrlieim,  by  the  very  intelligent  director  of  the 
establishment,  M.  Wilhelmi.  He  hung  a  plate  of  glass 
between  two  evaporating  houses,  which  were  about  1200 
paces  distant  from  each  other,  and  found  in  the  morning,, 
after  the  drying  of  the  dew,  that  the  glass  was  covered 
with  crystals  of  salt  on  one  or  the  other  side,  according 
to  the  dh-ection  of  the  wind." 

Now,  these  volatilisations  take  place  at  ordinary 
temperatui'es, 

U  siill  remains  to  consider  Liebig's  opinions  in  this 
connection  ;  but  as  we  have  perhaps  already  sufficiently 
exercised  the  patience  of  our  readers,  and  as  we  have 
certainly  occupied  sufficient  space  in  this  day's  Qazeite, 
we  will  postpone  it  to  another  day.  (?* 


Home  Correspondence. 

StacJc-maVinr/. — From  the  number  of  stacks,  even  in 
the  same  yard,  which  are  devoid  of  symmetry  and 
uniformity — from  the  number  that  require  to  be  propped, 
and  from  those  which  actually  tumble  down — it  may  be 
inferred  that  stack-making  is  at  present  a  process  of  no 
inconsiderable  difficulty.  With  a  view  to  render  it  a 
very  easy  one,  to  remedy  all  the  foregoing  defects,  and 
to  produce  other  advantages,  I  beg  to  suggest  the  follow- 
ing simple  expedient.  In  the  centre  of  the  posts  on 
which  the  stack  is  to  be  raised  fix  an  upright  iron  rod  of 
moderate  dimensions,  attach  to  it  horizontally  a  smalS 
wooden  one  by  means  of  a  hole  or  ring  at  one  end,  the 
other  being  very  visibly  marked  with  three  or  four 
divisions  in  feet.  The  iron  rod  d'^notes  and  preserves 
the  centre  of  the  stack  during  its  entire  construction  ;, 
and  the  wooden  one,  being  made  to  act  as  a  moveable 
radius,  by  being  touched  every  now  and  then  with  the 
fork,  defines  the  circumference.  In  this  manner,  the 
stack  ought  to  be  made  with  almost  mathematical  exact- 
ness. On  its  completion,  the  rods  will  be  withdrawn. 
If  the  iron  one  had  been  made  to  rest  on  a  piece  of 
plank,  by  raising  the  latter,  the  rod  would  get  a  start  of 
two  or  three  feet,  which  would  facilitate  its  removaU 
By  the  proposed  simple  expedient,  successful  stack- 
making  is  reduced  to  a  certainty  ;  tlie  most  unskilful 
cannot  go  wrong,  while  labour  will  be  economised  by 
being  proceeded  with  with  confidence  and  decision. 
The  stacks  being  made  by  rigid  rule,  their  contents  will 
be  always  accurately  known.  The  settling  which  takes 
place  will  be  uniform,  and  not  end,  as  in  the  intuitive 
system,  in  the  stacks  being  capsized,  or  in  their  being 
left  "all  a  nodding."  Should  any  one  try  and  approve 
of  the  method  suggested,  perhaps  he  would  have  the 
grace  to  acknowledge  the  same.  There  might  be  advan- 
tage in  the  I'adius  rod  being  so  attached,  by  means  of  a 
spring,  that  it  would  hold  on  the  iron  rod  at  whatever 
point  it  was  placed.  It  might  thus  be  less  hable  to 
incommode  the  stack-maker.  "Economy  is  the  fife  of 
the  army,"  it  must  be  the  soul  of  agriculture.  J.  Bentham, 
Major. 

Bad  Taste  in  Butter. — I  am  sorry  that  I  have  not 
been  able  to  obtain  much  information  respecting  the 
unpalateableness  of  butter  during  the  last  two  or  three 
months.  The  only  reason  that  I  have  heard  assigned 
for  it  is,  that  when  the  cows  are  first  turned  out,  owing 
to  the  shortness  of  the  Grass,  they  eat  too  freely  of  the 
Dandelion,  and  afterwards  of  the  wild  Ranunculus. 
During  the  latter  end  of  April  and  May  the  butter  is 
generally  strong  in  this  neighbourhood.    WaTwicfcskire, 

Coloured  Tiles.—"  An  Amateur  Tile-maker,"  says  : 
"  As  it  is  a  matter  considerably  affecting  the  pictui'esque- 
ness  of  our  cottage  scenery,  I  hope  I  shall  not  be  taxirg; 
your  Paper  beyond  its  province  when  I  ask  if  you  or 
some  correspondent  could  inform  me  what  is  the  proper 
mixture  to  apply  to  plain  tiles  in  their  green  state,  tha 
when  burnt  their  flaring  redness  may  be  permanently 
subdued."  Allow  me  to  answer  your  correspoudentp 
It  is  now  understood  that  the  effect  of  colour  is  best 
produced  by  balancing  prismatically  the  three  primary 
colours.  Now,  in  England,  our  green  is  too  raw— too 
blue,  our  sky  too  neutral  (not  blue  enough)  ;  the  only 
corrective  to  this  state  of  things  Is  to  have  a  larger 
amount  of  yellow  and  red.  A  roof  of  red  tiles  and  red 
walls  is,  perhaps,  too  much,  as  the  walls  and  roof  are 
not  then  so  well  defined  ;  but  for  a  dairy  no  roof  is  so 
good  as  thatch,  which,  with  red  brick  walla,  the  latter 
having  diagonal  black  bricks  (alwiiys  found  in  every  kiln)3 
will  make  his  dairy,  in  proper  Ininds,  a  picture.  It  is 
extraordinary  what  a  love  the  uneducated  (in  taste) 
have  for  white,  which  every  artist  abhors.  Where  in 
Italian,  Dutch,  French,  or  oven  English  artists,  will  you 
find  it  rcprescntoil  in  tlio  country  I  Except  wliere  there 
is  exce.s8  of  shade,  it  is  quite  out  of  place.  A  Constant 
licadtr. 

Dncmmo7id^s  Churn.  —  Like  your  correspondents- 
"Verus"  and  "  Cymro,"  1  got  one  of  Drunmiond's 
clinniH,  and  when  it  arrived  from  the  manufacturers 
(McHHrs.  ('.  W.  Young  and  (-o.),  I  sent  it  to  a  h-mall 
(hiii-y  farm,  whcro  it  wuh  uh(m1  three  times  in  succession, 
but  wo  butler  could  bo  obtained  from  tho  croain  in  any 
cuHe,  under  three  Iniurs  and  a  half.  In  fact  so  annoyed 
waa   i  at  the  incflicicncy,  as  I  then   thought,  of  the 


476 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  24, 


chum  that  it  was  discarded,  and  the  old  barrel  churn 
brought  into  use  again.  Since  then  (about  three 
months  ago),  it  has  been  put  past  as  useless  ;  and 
before  complaining  to  the  manufacturers  I  resolved 
to  make  one  fair  trial  myself,  which  trial  I  beg 
to  inform  you  has  been  most  satisfactory.  I  obtained 
butter  of  good  quality  in  30  minutes.  At  the  exhi- 
bition I  thought  highly  of  the  churn,  and  I  can  assure 
you  the  mortification  I  experienced  at  its  incom- 
petency in  the  first  trials  was  great  ;  for  I  had  recom- 
mended the  churn  to  several  of  my  friends.  I  should 
■advise  parties  having  those  churns  to  give  them  another 
■trial,  if  not  by  their  own  hands,  under  their  immediate 
superintendence,  going  gently  for  a  short  time  at  first, 
and  then  as  fast  almost  as  the  handle  can  be  turned  ; 
and  possibly  they  may,  like  me,  come  to  the  conclusion, 
"that  the  Drummond  churn  is  a  most  valuable  acquisition 
to  the  dairy,  Henry  Reid,  Wohmgham,  Buds,  July  1 4. 
My  experience  of  this  churn  agrees  very  nearly 
with  that  of  your  other  correspondents.  By  working 
the  plungers  with  great  velocity,  my  dairymaid  has 
■obtained  butter  in  about  20  minutes,  but  the  labour  is 
so  severe  that  two  persons  are  required,  the  one  to 
relieve  the  other,  and  the  butter  so  made  is  not  good, 
and  will  not  keep.  On  the  whole,  after  giving  this 
churn  a  fair  trial  for  some  weeks,  I  have  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  has  no  advantages  over  the  common 
old-fashioned  churn  ;  and  although  I  acquit  the  parties 
Tvho  have  manufactured  the  Drummond  churn  of  all 
■intention  to  deceive,  yet  1  think  they  cannot  be  con- 
sidered as  free  from  blame  in  not  having  fully  ascertained 
its  merits  before  introducing  it  to  the  public  with"  such 
■extravagant  terras  of  commendation.   Vents, 

Deep  Drains. — Wliy  will  not  a  drain  3^  feet  deep 
■suffice  on  a  stiff",  tenacious  soil  ?  The  controversy  as  to 
porous  soils  has  long  ceased  ;  but  now,  when  so  much 
capital  is  being  employed  on  strong  land,  it  becomes 
most  important,  if  possible,  that  this  vexed  question 
should  be  determined.  All  the  contradictory  illus- 
'trations  and  theories  cannot  be  right.  It  is  not  long 
-since  we  were  told  that  no  descending  water  did 
mischief  ;  that  is,  tiiat  no  quantity  of  rain  was  injurious, 
until  having  penetrated  and  disposed  of  all  its  virtue,  it 
ascended  again,  by  capillax*y  attraction,  towards  the 
^urfacecoldjStarving,  stagnant,  and  consequently  noxious. 
Now,  why  will  not  a  drain  3  feet  deep  arrest  it  in  its 
-ascent,  and  prevent  it  approaching  nearer  the  surface  ; 
and  who  can  affirm  that  water  confined  to  a  level  3  feet 
telow  that  surface  can  do  any  injury  to  what  is  there 
growing  ?  The  illustration  was  this.  Fill  a  cask,  stand- 
ing on  its  end,  full  of  earth  ;  let  a  pipe  drain  discharge 
through  two  bung-holes  in  the  centre  ;  saturate  the  mass 
TAfith  water  at  tlie  top  ;  the  water  will  descend  first  to 
the  bottom,  then  ascend  by  capillary  attraction,  be 
caught  by  the  pipe  and  pass  at  each  bung.  You  say, 
*'  Fancy  a  soil  full  of  water,  so  that  any  j-ain  which  falls 
on  it  just  rolls  over  the  surface  into  the  next  ditch, 
■without  getting  into  the  land."  This  is  a  picture  of  land 
a,ltogether  undrained,  but  totally  inapplicable  to  land 
well  drained  with  3  feet  or  3^  feet  drains.  "  Another 
"thing,"  you  say,  "  is  also  plain  enough,  viz.,  that  as  upon 
"this  current  of  water  through  the  soil  depends  the 
proper  feeding  of  the  plants,  it  is  desirable  that  the 
conduits  by  which  it  is  to  escape  be  entirely  below  the 
■whole  mass  of  earth  in  which  it  is  intended  the  roots  of 
the  plants  shall  expatiate."  Now,  what  grain  expatiates 
to  the  depth  of  two  feet  and  a  half  ?  and  if  not,  is  it  not 
sufficient  to  provide  a  vent  at  3  feet  ?  How  few  farmers 
stir  the  soil  9  inches  deep,  how  many,  not  7  ;  how  many, 
■not  5  ;  nay,  there  are  farmers  who  think  old  Clover 
-sward  is  deep  enough  for  Wheat  when  ploughed  3  or  4 
inches,  or  just  scratched  as  it  were.  The  third  point 
insisted  on  in  your  leader,  in  No.  27,  is  somewhat 
scientific  ;  but  if  the  illustration  of  the  barrel  standing 
on  its  end,  in  a  preceding  part  of  this  communication 
tie  a  sound  one,  it  entirely  disposes  of  the  theory  you 
have  there  propounded  ;  and  nought  therein  contained 
can  be  taken  to  prove  that  a  3^  feet  or  even  a  3  feet 
drain,  in  retentive  soils,  is  inadequate,  and  a  waste  of 
money.  An  Inquirer. 

Liquid  Manure:  Telfer''&  Farm,  near  Ayr. —  Your 
■correspondent,  "  A  Bucks  Dairy  Fai'mer,"  asks  for 
information  as  to  the  revenue  from  butter  and  milk  on 
"the  above  farm  in  so  kind  a  spirit  that  I  am  induced  to 
supply  it  as  far  as  my  hmited  means  will  enable  me. 
You  will  perceive,  by  my  report  to  the  General  Board 
■of  Health,  that  my  information  as  to  the  quantities  and 
prices  of  butter  and  milk  were  derived  from  Miss  Bell, 
cousin  of  Mr.  Telfer.  She  is  a  most  intelligent  lady  ; 
and  Mr.  Telfer,  who  is  a  merchant  in  Ayr  as  well  as  a 
farmer,  has  confirmed  the  accui'acy  of  what  I  have 
stated.  There  is  no  mistake  as  to  the  facts  therefore. 
I  think  your  correspondent  is  in  error  as  to  the  use  of 
-the  terras  "skim  milk  is  usually  sold  at  2d.  per  gallon  ;" 
consequently,  the  conclusions  drawn  from  such  premises 
are  wrong.  Cows  on  dairy  farms  in  Scotland  are 
generally  milked  thrice  a-day,  and  one  milking  or  meal 
■out  of  the  three  is  set  up  for  cream  ;  the  other  two- 
thirds  are  sent  to  market,  and  the  price  is  5d.  per  Scotch 
pmt,  equal  to  six  pints  imperial  measure.  Canning- 
park  Farm  is  only  a  short  mile-and-a-half  from  Ayr,  a 
town  of  from  40,000  to  50,000  inhabitants,  and  that  the 
mUk  IS  of  excellent  quality  I  am  able  to  speak  from 
personal  experience.  These  circumstances  will  account 
for  the  difference  between  the  value  of  milk  at  Ayr  and 
y^j^^"^  correspondent's  neighbourhood;  and  after 
deductmg  one-third  of  the  milk  for  butter,  or  even  half, 
I  thmk  he  will  be  able  to  make  up  the  sum  total  given 
in  my  report.  The  second  point  with  which  your 
correspondent  is  puzzled,  is  the  statement  that  not  more 


than  "40Z.  worth  of  hay"  was  bought  last  year.  How 
they  manage  to  make  this  sufficient  dry  food  is  the 
puzzle  to  him.  By  looking  again  he  will  see  that  the 
hay  is  not  given  as  dry  food,  but  is  cut  and  steamed  with 
other  food  in  winter.  He  will  also  find  in  the  report 
mention  of  "  not  less  than  200Z."  worth  of  grain  as  being 
purchased  in  the  year,  besides  a  quantity  of  oilcake. 
This  has  all  to  be  added  to  the  produce  of  the  farm — to 
the  Turnips,  Mangolds,  and  14  feet  3  inches  thick  of 
Grass,  grown  under  the  influence  of  liquid  manures. 
Although  your  correspondent  may  not  be  able  to  make 
so  much  of  his  milk  as  Mr.  Telfer,  I  hope  he  will  cease 
to  be,  as  he^says,  "riled  "  at  it ;  and  I  can  promise  him 
that,  within  a  very  short  time  after  he  shall  have  adopted 
the  systematic  application  of  liquid  manures  for  the 
production  of  Italian  Rye-grass  and  roots,  his  cows  will 
yield  him  more  than  14^.  each,  per  annum,  P.S.  It 
may  be  satisfactory  to  your  readers  to  know  that^  though 
some  6000  or  7000  copies  of  that  report  have  been 
circulated  within  as  many  months,  not  one  fact  stated 
has  been  called  in  question,  and  its  accuracy  has  been 
attested  by  nearly  all  whose  premises  were  visited. 
William  Lee,  9,  DuJce  street,  Westminster',  July  15. 


MEETING  AT  LEWES. 

We  now  publish  the  complete  award  of  the  Judges  of 
Implements  : — 

For  the  plough  best  adapted  for  general  purpose?,  71.,  Meflsrs. 
Ransome  and  Co. 

For  the  plough  beat  adapted  for  deep  ploughing,  Tt.,  Mr. 
William  Bu«by. 

One-way  or  turn-wrest  plough^  71-,  Messrs.  Ransome  and  Co. 

Paring  plough,  St.,  Mr,  Thomas  Glover. 

Subsuil  pulveriser,  51.,  Meiers.  J.  Gray  and  Co. 

Drill  for  general  purposes,  lUi.,  Messrs.  R.  Hornsby  and  Son. 

Steerage  corn  and  Turnip  drill,  lOi,,  Messrs,  R.  Hornsby  and 
Son, 

Drill  for  small  occupations,  51.,  Meiers.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Beit  and  most  economical  small  occupation  seed  and  manure 
drill  for  flat  or  ridged  work,  51.,  Messrs.  R.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Turnip  drill  on  the  Hat,  lOL,  Messrs.  R.  Hornsby  and  Son. 

Turnip  drill  on  the  ridgo,  lOL,  Messrs.  R.  Horosbj  and  Son. 

Drop  drill  for  depositing  seed  and  manure,  101.,  Messrs,  R. 
Garrett  and  Son. 

Manure  distributor,  51.,  Messrs.  R.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Portable  steam  engine,  not  exceeding  6-horse  power,  appU- 
cable  to  threshing  or  other  agricultural  purposes,  40i.,  Messrs. 
R.  Hornsby  and  Son;  second  best  ditto,  '2Ul.,  Messrs.  Barrett, 
Eitall,  and  Andrewes. 

Fixed  steam  engine,  not  exceeding  S-horse  power,  applicable 
to  threshing  or  other  agricultural  purposes,  201.,  Messrs. 
Barrett,  Exall,  and  Andrewes  ;  second  best  ditto,  XOl.,  Messrs. 
Raiisome, 

Portable  threshing  machine,  not  exceeding  2.horie  power, 
for  small  occupations,  101.,  Messrs.  R.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Portable  threbhin,'  machine,  not  exceeding  6.horae  power, 
for  larger  occupations  20^.,  Messrs.  Garrett  and  Sod. 

Portable  tbresbiug  machine,  not  exceeding  G-horse  power, 
with  shaker  and  riddle  to  be  driven  by  steam,  201.,  Messrs. 
Clayton  and  Co. 

Fixed  threshini;  machine,  not  exceeding  G-horse  power,  with 
straw-shaker,  riddle,  and  winnower,  that  will  best  prepare 
the  corn  for  the  tinishing  dressing  machine,  to  be  driven  by 
steam,  2(t{.,  Messrs.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Corn-dressing  machine,  lOl.,  Messrs.  Hornsby  and  Son, 

Grinding  mill  for  breaking  agricultural  produce  into  fine 
meal,  10^,  Mr.  Hurwood. 

Linpeed  and  corn  crusher,  51.,  Mr.  Stanley. 

ChaflF-cutter,  to  be  worked  by  horse  or  steam  power,  101., 
Messm.  Richmond  and  Cbandler. 

Cliaff-cucter,  to  be  worked  by  hand  power,  51.,  Mr.  Cornea. 

Turuip-cutter,  51.,  Mr.  Samuelson. 

Oilcake  breaker  for  every  variety  of  cake,  5^.,  Mr.  Hornsby. 

Ooe-horse  cart  for  general  purposes,  lOi.,  Mr.  Wm.  Busby. 

Lit,'ht  wHEgon  for  general  purposes,  equal  merit — Mr.  Cross- 
kill  and  Mr.  W.  Ball. 

Machine  for  making  draining  tiles  or  pipes  for  agriculture, 
201..  Mr.  T.  Scragg. 

Instruments  for  hand  use  in  draiaage,  31.,  Messrs,  Mapple- 
back  and  Lowe. 

Heavy  barrow,  51.,  Mr.  W.  Williams. 

Light  harrow,  51.,  Messrs,  J.  and  F.  Howard. 

Cultivator,  grubber,  or  scarifier,  101.,  Messrs.  Raneome 
and  Co. 

Pair-horse  scarifier,  51.,  Mr.  Charles  Hart, 

Horse-hoe  on  the  tlat,  lO^.,  Messrs.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Horse-hoe  on  the  ridge,  6^,  Messrs.  J.  and  F,  Howard. 

Horse-rako,  51.,  McHsrs.  J.  and  F.  Howard. 

Horse  Dlbbler  or  seed  depositor,  not  being  a  drill,  101. 

Gorse  bruiser,  5^,  Messrs.  Barrett,  Exall,  and  Andrewes. 

Best  and  most  econoiuical  steaming  apparatus  for  general 
purposes,  5^.,  Mr.  W.  P.  Stanley. 

Dynamometer,  especially  applicable  totbe  traction  of  ploughs, 
51.,  Mr.  Beniall. 

Reaping  machine,  silver  medal,  Messrs.  R.  Garrett  and  Son. 

Improvement  in  plough  wbeels,  silver  medal,  Messrs.  J,  and 
F.  Howard. 

Well  machinery,  silver  medal,  Messrs.  Tasker  and  Fowle. 

Diguing  forks  and  farm  tools,  silver  medal,  Messrs.  Burgess 
and  Key. 

Patent  double  mill  for  hand  power,  silver  medal,  Messrs. 
Ransome  and  Co. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  advisable  to  mention  that  the 
award  to  Mr.  Garrett  for  his  reaping  machine  appeared 
to  depend  —  firstly,  on  its  general  portability,  and 
secondly,  on  an  improvement  in  the  oscillating  knife. 
This  is  generally  sharpened  by  bevilling  both  below  and 
above  the  blade  ;  and  Mr.  Garrett's  improvement  con- 
sists in  sharpening  by  grinding  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  blade  alone,  so  that  the  under  sui'face  cuts  close  upon 
the  iron  bed  or  sheathe  through  which  it  oscillates.  Of 
course,  this  enables  it  to  cut  more  perfectly. 
HORSES. 
We  think  the  show  of  horses  exceedingly  good,  to  a 
certain  extent,  and  approve  of  its  being  chiefly  confined 
to  horses  for  agricultural  purposes,  but  to  our  mind  it 
is  by  no  means  extensive  enough,  nor  does  it  include  a 
sufficient  variety  of  the  cart-horse.  We  ai*e  well  aware 
of  the  objections  made  by  owners  of  first-class  horses  to 
their  exhibition  so  soon  after  a  long  and  harassing 
season ;  for  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  horses  of  first- 
class  characters  have  much  more  work  to  do  during  the 
season  than  inferior  animals,  and  consequently  do  not 
come  into  fair  competition  with  the  latter  in  a  show  of 


this  kind.  The  same  observation  would  apply  to  colts 
foaled  since  the  1st  of  January,  1850;  we  were  shown 
one  that  had  served  upwards  of  100  mares  last  season. 
For  the  purpose  therefore  of  equalising  the  conditions 
of  competition,  it  would  be  better  if  the  Society's 
meeting  could  be  held  in  the  first  week  of  August. 
Harvest  seldom  commences  so  early.  Nearly  all  the 
horses  exhibited  were  of  the  Suffolk  breed.  We  should 
have  been  much  better  pleased  to  have  seen  the 
Cleveland  Bays,  the  Clydesdale,  and  Lincolnshire  horses 
in  competition  with  them.  Our  impression  is  that  the 
Suffolk  Punch,  valuable  as  he  is,  is  not  the  best  cart- 
librse  the  country  can  produce;  and  unless  he  is  beaten 
at  these  exhibitions,  the  taste  of  the  country  is  for  the 
present  directed  to  him.  We  hope  that  next  year  a 
greater  variety  of  cart-horses  will  be  brought  forward. 
The  show  of  roadster  stallions  is  very  indifferent  as  to 
number,  and  the  animals  are  by  no  means  of  a  first- 
class  character — they  are  just  useful  horses  and  no  more. 

We  give  a  hasty  notice  of  the  horses,  as  they  impressed 
themselves  upon  us  in  passing  down  the  stalls. 

Class  I.    Stallions  for  Agricultural  Purposes,  foaled 

po-evioitsly   to   January    1,    1850 No.    227,    Mr.    E. 

Browning,  of  Bulmei*,  Suffolk,  a  chestnut  horse,  standing 
1 7  hands  2  inches  high  ;  he  is  a  fine  looking  animal,  but 
rather  too  long  in  his  general  frame,  his  legs  are  long, 
but  good,  neck  too  thick,  good  head.  228,  Mr. 
Barthropp,  of  Cretingham,  Suffolk,  a  lightr chestnut  horse, 
with  fine  fore-end  and  capital  looks,  beautiful  quarters 
and  good  legs,  but  rather  short,  finely-formed  body ;  good 
chest,  and  handsome  neck  and  head — a  handsome  horse. 
230,  Mr.  Barlow,  of  Hasketon,  Suffolk,  a  very  useful 
bay  colt,  with  black  legs.  232,  Mr.  Coape,  of  Hendon, 
Middlesex,  a  very  useful  grey  horse  for  farmers'  service. 
236,  Mr.  Webb,  of  Calcot,  Berks,  a  deep-chestnut  horse, 
with  good  form,  but  rather  short  legs,  and  one  blemished 
or  splinty.  237,  Mr.  Baldock,  of  Bingham,  Nottingham- 
shire, a  good  brown  cart-horse,  with  white  legs.  238, 
Mr.  Catlin,  of  Butley,  Suffolk,  a  powerful  Suffolk 
horse,  in  little  room,  legs  strong.  2'10,  Mr.  Steam,  of 
Elmsett-hall,  Suffolk  ;  first  prize  ;  a  capital  colt,  legs 
first  rate,  perhaps  a  little  too  bending  in  thigh,  his  rump 
rather  high,  otherwise  his  form  is  all  that  can  be 
desired.  241,  Mr.  Plowman,  of  Stonham,  Suffolk,  a 
capital  colt  and  well-formed,  legs  not  equal  to  240. 
249,  Mr.  Watson,  of  Ensington,  Chilton,  Oxfordshire,  a 
good  colt,  but  rather  "leggy."  250,  Mr.  Wilson,  of 
Aahbocking,  Suffolk,  a  good  frame,  his  legs  overdone, 
251,  Mr.  Claydon,  of  Linton,  Cambridgeshire;  second 
prize  ;  a  capital  colt,  his  equal  seldom  seen,  252,  Mr. 
Sumner,  of  Groorabridge,  Kent,  a  black  horse,  tall  and 
thin. 

Class  II.  Stallions  for  Agricidtwral  Purposes,  foaled 

since  January  1, 1850 No.  261,  Mr.  Catlin,  of  Butley, 

Suffolk  ;  first  prize  ;  a  beautiful  little  colt.  266,  Mr. 
Crisp,  of  Gedgrave,  Suffolk,  a  well-formed  chestnut  colt, 
with  short  powerful  legs.  270,  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Ash- 
bocking,  Suffolk ;  second  prize  ;  a  pleasant-looking  useful 
horse. 

Class  III.  Roadster  Stallions. — No.  272,  Mr.  Hardwick, 
of  Hangleton,  Sussex  ;  a  tall,  narrow-made,  brown  colt. 
273,  Mr.  Baxter,  of  Wiggenhall,  Norfolk  ;  prize  ;  a 
chesnut,  with  good  carcass.  277,  Mr.  Adams,  of 
Waltham,  Essex  ;  a  useful  thorough-bred. 

Class  IV,  Mares  and  Foals  for  Agricultural  Purposes. 
— No.  278,  Mr.  Barthopp  ;  first  prize ;  a  capital  chestnut 
mare,  with  a  very  good  filly  foal.  280,  Mr.  Barlow  ; 
second  prize  ;  a  beautiful  chestnut  mare,  with  a  rather 
small  colt  foal  292,  Mr.  Watson,  of  Easington, 
Oxfordshire  ;  commended  ;  a  fine  useful  chestnut  mare, 
small  colt  foal. 

Class  V.  Fillies  tivo  years  oZrf.— No.  294,  Hon.  and  Rev. 
J.  Norton,  Duningsley-park,  Surrey  ;  commended  ;  a 
well-formed  roan  filly,  very  good.  295,  Mr.  Barthopp  ; 
commended  ;  a  beautifully  grown  chestnut  mare,  with 
good  legs.  297,  Mr.  S.  Wrinch,  of  Great  Holland, 
Essex  ;  first  prize  ;  a  very  beautiful  chestnut  filly— one 
of  the  finest  we  have  ever  seen.  298,  Mr.  S.  Wrinch  ; 
second  prize  ;  a  very  good  chestnut  filly,  legs  too  bending. 
306,  Mr.  Catlin,  of  Butley,  Suffolk  ;  a  good-framed  filly, 
with  short  good  legs. 

PIGS. 

Of  pigs  the  show  was  exceedingly  good,  and  very 
numerous  ;  and  the  judges  must  have  had  no  ordinary 
difficulty  in  deciding  their  merits.  Prizes  are  offered 
for  two  breeds  only — the  large  and  the  small  breed. 
The  task  was  to  determine  the  character  as  well  as 
merit  of  the  animals,  they  being  shown  in  such  classes 
as  their  respective  exhibitors  thought  most  likely  to 
conduce  to  their  own  advantage.  Hence  the  breeds 
were  much  mingled  in  the  classes  ;  and  no  doubt  some 
disappointment  has  arisen  as  to  the  decisions.  The 
difference  of  breeds  is  sometimes  a  very  difficult  point 
to  ascertain  ;  and  we  think  the  judges  acted  wisely  m 
endeavouring  to  define  the  breeds  and  award  the  prizes 
accordingly.  We  never  saw  such  a  splendid  show  of 
these  useful  animals  at  any  of  the  previous  meetings  ; 
and  we  rejoice  to  behold  the  various  breeds  steadily 
progressing. 

This  class  of  animals  has  probably  been  improved  to 
a  greater  extent  than  any  other  since  the  establishment 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  and  the  number  and 
quality  of  the  animals  shown  this  season  has  exceeded 
the  average  of  former  years.  We  think  the  improve- 
ment in  every  breed  is  decidedly  manifest,  and  we 
rejoice  that  "  poor  piggy  "  attains  su*,h  high  reputation  ; 
and  when  we  think  of  the  immense  importance  such 
improvements  are  to  this  pork-consuming  country,  we 
should  attach  blame  to  ourselves  if  we  did  not  attempt 
I  to  place  such    continually  before  the   public.      Some 


30—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


477 


inferior  animals  were  certainly  exhibited,  but  _  the  j 
contrast  was  so  great  that  the  most  vain  of  exhibitors 
must  stand  convinced  of  his  folly  and  be  led  to  adopt  a  i 
better  breed.  We  believe  our  readers  will  readily 
excuse  our  making  a  rather  long  report  of  the  classes 
exhibited  at  Lewes.  We  remark  as  shortly  as  possible 
upon  all  noticeable  animals,  and  as  ihey  struck  us  at 
the  time  we  looked  over  them. 

Class  I.— Boaes  of  a  Lakqe  Breed. 
511    Mr.  R.  BojH,  Eastbourne,  25  month8  old  Sussex  black  boar, 

a  rather    coarse   fleshed  animal,  long   and  thin,   with 

banging  ears. 
512.  Mr.  J.  B.  Veal,  Ringmer,  a  black  boar,  of  fair  frame  and 

better  quality. 

514.  Mr.  W.  Cullilord,  Hayling  Island,  Hants,  black  boar,  fair 

frame,  rump  down,  ears  erect. 

515,  Mr.  H.  Blandford,  Sandridse,  Wilts,   a  beautiful  black 

Berkshire  boar,  a  large,  long,  and  deep  frame,  straight 
back,  rump  up,  hair  rather  strong,  quality  good,  and 
great  substance.     First  prize. 

517.  Mr.  S.  Umbers,  a  white  boar,  of  fair  size,  but  "  flabby  ' 

fleeh.  ,  .       „,  ^, 

518.  Mr.  W.  Hewer,  Sevenhampton,  a  good  young  pig.    Highly 

commended. 

519.  Do.        do.        a  good  heavy  black  pig. 

520.  Mr.  W.  S.  Merlton,  Brighton,  a  useful  coarse  pig. 

521.  Mr.  E.   Bonley,    Siddington    House,    near    Cirencester, 

useful  pitr,  tail  down. 

522.  Do.        Do.        a  prettily  formed  pig,  of  fair  quality. 

523.  Mr.  W.  Hainworth,    Hitchen,   a  large  whue  pig,  large 

frame,  of  good  quality,  apparently  a  cross  Irom  a  small 
breed.     Highly  commended. 

524.  52.5,  526.  Mr.  W.  Ludham,  Bradford,  three  prettily  formed 

little  pigs. 
527.  Mr.  M.  Cartwright,   Stanton  Hill,  a  good  white  pig,  deep 
and  well  formed,  but  with  ears  erect,  denoting  a  cross 
from  small  breed.     Second  prize. 

529.  The  Rev.  E.  Elmhirst,   Shawell,  a  good  old  pig,  of  cross 

breed. 

530.  Mr. M.  Portal,  M.P.,La7er8toke  House, a  somewhat  coarse 

black  pig,  long  and  thin. 

531.  M.  J.  Car,  Soutnover,  long  but  not  wide,  rather  coarse, 

but  in  cbaraeter  rather  more  in  accordance  with  class. 

532.  Mr.  G.  E.  Taylor,  Oatlaods,  a  long  white  pig,  deep,  but 

thin  back. 
538,  Do.        do.       a  white  pig,  rather  coarse  in  flesh  and  bone. 

Class  II. — Boaes  of  Small  Bheed. 

535.  Mr.  R.  Boys,  Eastbourne,  a  black  pig,  rather  deep  frame, 

but  tail  down, 

536.  Mr,  G.  Molioeaux,  Lewes,  a  rather  short  black  pig,   of 

eood  quality,  deep  frame,  but  bad  rump. 

537.  Mr.  G.  Graham,  Yardley,  a  white  pig,  nice  frame,  short 

rump,  and  tail  down. 

538.  Mr.  S.  Umbers,  Wappenhurg,  a  very  pretly  white  pig,  of 

good  quality,  good  frame.    Commended. 

540.  Mr.  S.  Uruce,  Eynsham,  a  very  good  black  pig,  with  6ne 

square  frame  and  good  rump,  back  very  good.  First 
ptize. 

541.  Do.        do.        a  good  black  pig,  with  deep  wide  frame. 
512.  Mr.  J.  Gorringe,  Selmeston,  a  very  good  old  pig,   wide 

frame,  capital  rump.    Commended. 

543,  544.  Mr.  G.  Mangles,  Givendale,  two  useful  pigs. 

546.  Mr.  G.  D.  Badham,  Sparrow's-neat,  a  useful  but  rather 
coarse  black  pig. 

552.  Mr.  W.  Ludham,  Bradford,  a  good  old  white  pig.  Com- 
mended. 

562.  Mr.  J.  Moon,  Lapford,  a  beautiful  black  pig,  of  good 
quality.     Highly  commended. 

5G3.  Mr.  C.  Jesty,  Holywell,  a  prettily  formed  black  pig,  but 
Bmall. 

569.  Mr.  G.  E.  Taylor,  Oatlands,  a  good  white  pig,  short  hind 

legs,  short  romp. 

570.  Do.        do.        a  useful  black  pig,  tail  down,  rump  bad. 

571.  Mr.  T.  Town,  Keighley,  a  good  pig,  deep  and  well  formed 

frame,  flesh  of  good  quality,  and  good  rump.  Secuad 
prize. 

Class  HI. — Sows  of  a  Lahqe  Beeed. 

574.  Mr.  J,  Helman,  jun.,  Lewes,  a  large  white  sow  of  uncom- 

mon  length,  good  frame.    Commended. 

575.  Do.         Do.         a  large  white  sow,  of  very  deep  frame,  of 

great  length,  and  good  quality.     Highly  commended, 

576.  Mr.  M.  Stainsby,  Lteds,  a  good  young  white  sow,  fore. 

quarter  defective. 

577.  Do.        do,        a  large  whiie  sow,  of  deep  frame. 

578.  Mr.  J,  Taley,    Keighley,  a  large  sow,  very  deep  in  frame, 

and  good  tihoulders.    Commended. 

579.  Mr.   H.   Blandfurd,    Sandridge,   a  capital  black  sow,  of 

small  breed. 

580.  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Dacre,   Glynde,  a  large  black  sow, 

of  good  frame,  as  the  small  breed. 

581.  Mr.  J.  Carlton,  Beeston,  a  large  white  fow,  long  and  deep 

frame. 

582.  Mr,  G.  Townshend,  Sapcote  Fields,  a  large  and  good  b'ack 

sow,  denouQg  a  cross,  and  rearing  13  white  pigs. 
584,  Mr.  W.  Abbott,    of   Woodhouae  Carr,    a  very   tine    large 
white  sow,  bringing  up  11  white  pigs,  her  frame  broad 
and  deep.     First  prize. 

586.  Mr.  M.  Cartwright,    Stanton   Hill,  a  good  sow  of  peculiar 

colour,  and  brioging  up  6  brawny  pigs. 

587.  Mr.  G.  C.  Taylor,  Oatlands,  a  useful  white  bow,  fine  hair. 

588.  589.  A  refieciion  upon  the  exhibitor. 

Class  IV, — Beeedinq  Sows  of  Small  Beeed. 
591.  Mr,  M.  Staineby,  jun.,  Leeds,  a  beautiful  black  sow,  frame 

almost  perfect,  perhaps  the  rump  somewhat  too  short. 

First  prize. 
599.  Mr.  8.  Diuce,  jun.,  Eynsham,  a  very  gfjod  black  sow,  wide 

and  deep  fram",  and  hne  quality  of  flesti.     Commeudeii. 
GOO.  Do.        do.        a  very  compact  and  beautiful  frame,  d'^ep 

tbrooKhout,  fine  quality  of  flesh,   and  fine  hair.    Highly 

commeridvd. 
601.  Mr.  G.  Handle",  Givendale,  a  capital  old  blaclc  bow,  with 

deep  wide  frame,  and  beautiful  quality,    lligbiy  com- 
mended. 
C02.  Mr,  W.  Millfl  Barber,  Langloy  Broom,  a  good  black  bow, 

rather  conrflfj  iltr.ri. 
607.  Mr.  W,  Ludham,   Bradford,  a  Bmall  white  bow,  of  good 

frame  und  rjuulity. 

610.  Mr.  H.  .S.  llajward,  of  Folkington,  good  bow,   but  too 

BmaJI. 

611.  Do.        do.        good  young  white  sow,  fine  hulr  and  deep 

frame. 
012.  The  Uight  Hon.  Earl  Radnor,   Colenhlll,  good  and  pretty 

f  ra  Til  e. 
ffl4.  Mr,  W.  Abbot,  Woodhoufle  Carr,  a  blue  and  whito  now,  a 

broad  (irj't  dt.-ep  /rame,  rather  ».hort, 
CJ5.  Mr.  W.  M.  Baibor,   Lanijley  Broom,   a  flno  haired  white 

BOW,  ((ood  fj'ialtiyol  flenh. 
816,  The  ICev,  E    Klmhirflt,  of  Mhawell,    a  very  good  «ow,  with 

0    hf.te    p'liktjru    all    fat,    and    f'»rmlng   a  lino  group. 

620.  Mr.  J.  .Vlo'ni,  Lapford,  a  wtll   formud   black   how,   very 

comfiOf.t  frumo,  and  good  qiialily  ot  fluah.     Highly  cudi- 

m ended. 
121.  Mr.  H.  .Vl'inro,  Sulford,  a  good  white  now,  deep  frame  and 

well  f'lrrnfd,  leif*  rather  Rhort,     Conimended. 
G29.  BlrJ.  Cotiroy,  ArbortlelU  il'i:l,  a  good  bluck  BOW,  straight 

back,  tail  down. 


U31,  ilr.  S.  fremenhtre,  Treveneth,  a  long  blue  and  whiie 
BOW,  with  7  pigs,  very  fuir  animals,  hut  a  cross. 

033.  Mr.  W.  Adams,  Leightou  Cottage,  a  very  useful  little 
white  sow. 

Class  V. — Beeedino  Sow  Pigs  of  a  lahge  Beeed, 

Above  4  and  under  8  months  old. 

635.  Mr.  J.  Tuley,   Keighley,   3  good  sows,  white,   and   long 

frames. 
637.  Mr.  II.  Blandford,  Sandridge,  3  very  pretty  black  sows. 
633.  Mr,  E.   Bowley,    Siddington    House,   near  Cironceater,    3 

good  Framed  sows,  and  match  well. 
639.  Mr.  W.  M.  Barber,  Lansley  Broom,  3  extraordinary  howr, 

fed  to  excess,  colour  white,  and  apparently  a  cross  from 

the  small  breed.    Commended. 
GtO.  Do.        do.        3  capital  sows,  good  frames,  black,   and 

match  well. 

642.  Mr.  S.  Monro,   Salford,   3  very  good  white  sows,  long  and 

good  frames,  with  fine  hair,  and  accord  with  the  class. 
First  prize. 

Class  VI,— Beeeding  Sow  Pigs  of  Small  Beeeds, 
Above  4  and  under  8  months  old. 

643,  Mr.  R.  Boys,   Eastbourne,   3    good    sows,    with    compact 

frames. 
649.  Mr.  H.  S.  Hayward,  Folkington,  3  prettily  formed  white 
sow  pigs. 

651.  Mr.  R.  Fooks,  Milton  Abbas,  3  prettily  formed  but  delicate- 

looking  white  sow  pi?s.     Commended. 

652.  Mr.  J.  Moon,    Lapford,   3  very  gnod  black  sow  pigs,  with 

deep  capital  frames.     First  prize. 

653.  Sir  J.  Couroy,  Bt.,  Arborfield  Hall,  3  good  black  sow  pigs, 

not  quite  a  match. 

654.  Do.        do.        3  very  good  black  sow  pigs,  good  frames, 

and  match  well. 

POULTRY. 

Although  the  show  of  poultry  at  Lewes  would  appear 
small  to  any  one  accustomed  to  the  display  of  the 
midland  counties,  yet  if  it  be  considered  as  a  first 
attempt,  its  friends  and  patrons  have  good  reason  to  be 
contented, 

Tlie  prize  lists  require  much  alteration,  and  greater 
publicity  should  be  given  to  the  meeting  by  means  of 
advertisements.  So  far  as  cattle  and  implements  are 
concerned,  the  Journal  of  the  Society  doubtless  gives  all 
the  notice  required,  because  most  of  the  contributors 
are  subscribers,  but  of  the  poultry  exhibitors,  or  rather 
those  who  would  exhibit,  few  see  the  publication  in 
question  ;  and  we  are  therefore  warranted  in  supposing 
that  greater  publicity  will  extend  the  exhibition  far 
beyond  its  present  limits. 

A  society  boasting  of  royal  patronage  must  not  allow 
itself  to  remain  behind.  Due  notice  being  given  of  the 
next  meeting,  and  the  prize  lists  being  extensively 
circulated,  the  competition  cannot  fail  to  be  such  as  to 
delight  the  amateur,  and  to  reward  with  signal  success 
the  courtesy  shown  by  all  the  gentlemen  holding  office, 
and  the  desire  they  express  to  benefit  by  the  advice  of 
those  who  have  had  more  experience  in  poultry  shows. 

Although  the  time  of  year  is  against  the  exhibition  of 
birds  in  full  feather,  as  after  their  natural  duties  of  the 
spring,  they  are  moulting  and  out  of  condition,  yet  the 
specimens  shown  were  such  as  to  remove  entirely  the 
fears  of  those  who  dreaded  lest  it  should  result  in 
perfect  failure  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  beautiful 
chickens  of  the  year  rewarded  with  prizes,  in  both  the 
Dorking  and  Cochin  classes,  show  how  large  the  field  is 
that  is  open  to  societies  in  offering  prizes.  But  the 
duties  of  the  judges  will  be  rendered  much  plainer  and 
easier  when  the  chickens  and  adults  are  classed 
separately. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  utility  of  these 
shows  is  twofold  ;  it  not  only  enables  amateurs  to  enter 
into  friendly  competition,  but  it  also  gives  the  holder  of 
land  the  opportunity  of  judging  for  himself,  and  select- 
ing the  most  profitable  breed.  There  may  be  three 
classes  of  profit  for  poultry,  thus  divided  :  breeding 
for  fancy,  eggs,  and  for  the  table,  either  London 
market  or  otherwise.  The  first  will  be  always  pre- 
carious, as  fancy,  Uke  fashion,  often  changes  ;  the 
second  is  a  certain  profit  ;  and  the  third,  the  most 
neglected,  is  perhaps  the  most  remunerative  of  the 
three.  There  exists  everywhere  a  market  for  good 
poultry,  and  where  it  does  not,  the  fact  that  good 
poultry  is  to  be  had  will  always  create  a  demand. 

But  if  there  be  no  no  local  market,  London  affords  a 
good  and  certain  one  at  highly  remunerative  prices  for 
chickens,  from  the  middle  of  March  to  the  middle  of 
July. 

It  is  a  common  thing  for  good  young  fat  fowls  during 
that  period  to  average  from  48s.  to  68s.  per  dozen. 

The  care  and  trouble  necessary  to  rear  and  fatten 
them  will  be  amply  repaid,  and  that  which  among 
agriculturists  has  hitherto  been  disregarded,  may  still 
take  its  position  among  them  as  one  of  the  helps. 

We  know  that,  while  it  is  easy  to  produce  plenty 
of  fowls  of  the  year  in  September,  it  is  comparatively 
difficult  to  do  so  in  June ;  and  therefore  as  the  R.A.S.E. 
wishes  to  point  out  the  most  profitable  breed  to  the 
farmer,  and  as  the  time  of  year  is  unfavourable  to  adult 
birds,  it  will  attain  its  end  by  giving  prizes  for  chickens 
of  the  year,  and  thereby  offering  a  premium  for  early 
maturity. 

The  arrangements  for  the  exhibition  were  perfect, 
and  the  pens  were  erected  under  the  .superintendence  of 
Messrs.  Mappleheck  and  Lowe,  of  Birmingham.  We 
could  not  help  feeling  it  was  a  pity  this  should  not  bo 
tho  proper  season  for  a  poultry  show.  The  length  of 
day  — the  advantages  of  having  no  other  roof  than  iho 
clouds,  tiio  genial  weather,  and  the  delight  of  treading 
oti  (JrasH  iuHtead  of  Haw-ihint,  conspired  to  raise  tlio  wish. 

Mr,  T.  T.  Parker,  of  Sutton  Tirungn,  St.  iicdcn'a, 
LancaHtei-,  took  tho  lirHt  |n'izo  of  HI.  for  Dorkings  ;  and 
Mr.  Blandford,  of  Sandridge,  near  Mclkhhara  tho 
Bccond,  with  a  beautiful  pen  of  early  chickens. 

ThiH  Hpoukd  well  for  tho  propcrticH  of  tliJH  valuable 
breed;  aa  those  bred  in  Lancubliire  and  Wiltahire,  so  far 


from    losing   any  of    those   qualities  wliich  have  bee 
supposed  by  some  to  be  peculiar  to  one  or  two  counties? 
have  returned  to  their  native  soil  to  carry  off  the  honours, 
and    to  prove  how    well  they  acclimatise.     The  third 
prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Lenry,  of  Slaugham. 

In  the  Cochin  China  class,  the  two  prizes  were  carried 
off  by  Mr,  Higgs,  of  Hill-lodge,  near  Southampton. 

This  gentleman  exhibited  two  pens  of  beautiful 
chickens.  There  was  in  pen  No.  687,  belonging  to  Mr, 
E.  George,  of  Chaldon,  near  Croydon,  Surrey,  a  young 
cock  of  unusual  merit ;  and  his  position  would  have 
been  different  had  he  been  properly  matched,  but  he 
was  placed  with  a  crooked  and  deformed  mate,  remind- 
ing us  somewhat  of  the  rake  and  his  bride  at  the  altar, 
in  Hogarth's  celebrated  picture.  This  class  fully  proved 
both  the  early  maturity  and  the  premature  loss  of 
every  vestige  of  beauty  in  this  breed  of  fowls. 

The  lovers  of  Spanish  poultry  were  doomed  to  dis- 
appointment, as  none  of  the  "  celebrities  "  exhibited  ; 
and  those  who  did  are  possessed  of  very  poor  specimens. 
There  were  three  very  beautiful  bantams  belonging  to 
Mr.  Leigh,  of  Turuham- green,  whi^h  took  a  first  prize. 
The  Hamburgh,  both  pencilled  and  spangled,  were 
well  represented  in  quality,  though  deficient  in  numbers  ; 
and  prizes  were  gained  by  Mr.  Joseph  Tuley,  of  Match- 
less House,  near  Keighly,  Yorkshire. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Adkins,  of  Birmingham,  also  took  a  prisre 
for  some  excellent  Poland  fowls  sent  for  exhibition  in 
condition  that  called  forth  the  admiration  of  the  judges. 
Mr.  T.  T.  Parker  was  again  successful  in  geese.  This 
gentleman  exhibited  three,  14  weeks  old,  that  weighed 
40  lbs.  Mr.  Lowe  and  the  Earl  of  March  were  success- 
ful competitors  for  the  prizes  in  duclcs. 

It  was  a  satisfactory  though  small  show.  Doubts 
were  entertained  as  to  the  practicability  of  having  one- 
at  this  season  of  the  year,  but  they  must  now  be  dispelled 
by  the  beautiful  condition  of  the  chickens  exhibited  at 
Lewes,  and  the  show  being  held  in  the  open  air,  and 
at  a  genial  period  of  the  year,  the  birds  do  not  suffer^ 
from  confinement. 

We  will  conclude  with  one  more  remark.  Now,  that 
Poultry  Shows  are  become  common,  it  cannot  fail  to- 
strike  every  one  that  the  same  names  are  met  with 
among  the  successful.  We  infer  from  this  that  poultry 
points  are  now  known,  and  that  careful  breeding  will 
ensure  success,  while  climate  and  position  are  become 
of  secondary  importance. 

Success  is  the  reward  of  painstaking,  and  poultry- 
keeping  may  be  made  a  profitable  pursuit. 

The  judges  were,  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  S.  W.  Sawley, 
of  Escrick  Rectory,  near  York  ;  T.  B.  Wright,  Esq.,  of 
Great  Barr,  near  Birmingham  ;  and  Mr.  Baily,  of 
Mount-street,  London. 


Miscellaneous. 

Improvement  in  Mahing  Butter.  —  M.  Chalambef 
proposes  to  introduce  a  modification  in  the  process  of^ 
making  butter,  by  which  the  latter  will  be  improved 
in  quality  and  rendered  capable  of  being  longer  kept  in 
a  fresh  state.  If  butter  contained  only  the  fat  or  oily 
part  of  milk,  it  would  but  slowly  undergo  changes  from^ 
contact  with  the  air.  But  it  retains  a  certain  quantity 
of  caseine,  or  cheese,  which  exists  in  the  cream.  This 
caseine,  ti'ansformed  by  fermentation,  gives  rise  to- 
butyric  acid,  to  which  rancid  butter  owes  its  disagreeable- 
taste.  Washing  does  not  effectually  remove  this  cause- 
of  alteration,  for  water  cannot  act  upon  the  butter,  nor 
can  it  separate  the  caseine  which  becomes  insoluble- 
under  the  influence  of  acids  developed  in  the  cream. 
A  more  complete  purification  may,  however,  be 
effected  if  we  saturate  or  neutralise  these  acids;  the.- 
caseine  will  then  be  rendered  soluble,  and  consequently^ 
the  butter  will  only  retain  it  in  very  small  quantities,  in 
a  state  in  which  it  may  be  almost  entirely  removed  by 
washing.  M.  Chalambel  proposes  to  operate  as  follows  r 
— When  the  cream  is  put  iu  the  churn,  pour  in,  by 
little  and  little,  and  working  the  churn  at  the  same  time, 
a  quantity  of  milk  of  lime  sufficient  to  destroy  all  acidity;, 
churn  till  the  butter  separates,  but  not  till  it  forms  into- 
lumps,  as  is  usually  done;  strain  off  the  butter-milk,  and 
put  cold  water  in  its  stead  along  with  the  butter  in  the- 
churn;  continue  churning  till  the  butter  is  sufficiently 
collected,  then  take  it  out  and  make  it  up  in  lumps  or 
rolls  in  the  usual  way.  The  butter  which  has  been 
made  according  to  this  method  has  always  proved' 
better,  and  kept  much  longer  i'resh,  than  that  obtained 
by  the  usual  mode  of  proceeding.  The  butter-milk  was 
free  from  all  acrid  taste,  and  was  much  relished  by 
those  persons  who  used  it,  and  by  animals.  It  had.  also-' 
lost  its  laxative  properties.  Washing  with  lime-water- 
has  also  restored  butter  previously  so  much  tainted  that 
it  could  not  be  used  except  for  melting.  Any  othes'- 
alkaline  wash  may  be  substituted  for  lime  water.- 
Com/plcs  Rcndus,  Octoherj  1851. 

A  Challenge. — We  regret  that  the  original  reaper- 
(purchased  by  Wm.  Dray  and  Co.  of  the  inventor,  Mr.. 
HuBsey,  and  which  has  never  been  beaten  in  EnglancJ; 
at  any  public  trial)  was  disqualified  from  testing  ite/ 
capabilities,  o!i  account  of  some  informality  in  thcr 
description  of  it  forwarded  to  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  ;  and,  tlicrefore,  wo  do  not  wonder  at  the  pro- 
prietors issuing  tho  following  challenge,  aware  of  tho 
importance  to  iho  farmerof  having  the  best  machine  :  — 
"  W.  Dniy  and  Co.,  proprietors  of  the  original  reaper, 
cliallcngo  all  England  with  this  macliine  against  that  or 
any  other  for  50i{,,  and  tho  expenses  of  the  trial."  Even 
tlio  machine  manufacturcl  by  this  firm,  and  exhibited 
by  our  townsnian,  Mr.  Thompson,  cut  remarkably  well, 
although  taicon  untried  from  liia  manufactory  ;  and  liad 


478 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  24, 


it  had  a  second  trial  allowed  it,  would  have  probably 
been  the  most  successful  of  any  exhibited.  Mr,  Thompson 
is  so  sanguine  of  this  fact  that  he,  too,  has  issued  a 
challenge  similar  to  that  of  the  Messrs.  Dray.  For  the 
benefit  of  the  agricultural  community  we  shall  be  glad 
to  see  the  challenge  accepted.  Sussex  Agricultural 
Express,  Jidy  19. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

Allotment*  :  A  O.  We  have  abou'  28  3110*^018111  tenants,  and 
jfive  about  21.  in  prizes.  Reqairinp  trorii  each  tHiiant  the 
iiame-i  of  the  five  beat  cultivators,  we  divide  the  21.  amnng 
the  three  who  have  the  lartfest  number  of  votss  in  the  pro- 
portion indicated  by  the  poll. 

Beoadcabt  Sowing  Macbtne:  A  B.  One  hole  open  will  sow 
abuut  4  lbs.  of  Turnip  seed  per  aciv,  it  it  be  wi'h  j'our 
machine  as  with  ours.  We  do  njt  uuderataud  jour  question 
about  the  Clove'". 

Egg  Hatching  :  X.  Can  any  onn  give  U9  the  ad.iress  of  the 
inventor  of  anoiher  egg.ha:cbinf?  apparatus  ?  Not  Mi. 
CttUtelo's. 

dNOERS  AND  Toes:  flbrtK-i.  Glasgow.  You  will  seo  either  in 
this  Number  or  next  of  rhis  Jodioal  ttmr. so  learned  a  body  as 
the  Highland  Society  confess  their  ignorance  of  the  subject 
by  opening  a  set  of  questions  about  it.  They  say  tuat 
Irequent  cropping,  the  absence  of  lime,  of  bone-dust,  &o., 
tend  to  produce  the  disea--e.  And  good  cultivation,  on  the 
other  band,  will  cure  it. 

Sewebaob  :  J  Bolton.  We  are  unable  to  answer  the  question 
regarding  size  of  pipe  from  expeiicnce.  You  should  procure 
the  Minutes  of  the  Board  of  Health  on  the  subject.  They 
contain  a  great  deal  of  detailed  inf.rmition  descriptive  of 
cases  in  which  sewerage  hai  been  applied  in  the  manner  you 
propose.  The  bottom  of  jour  cistern  need  nof  be  more  thun 
a  few  feet  above  the  highest  part  of  the  laud  to  ba  irrigated, 
.provided  that  be  nenr  it.  We  do  not  know  the  pump  to  which 
you  refer.  To  our  readers  we  may  mention  that  tlie  subject 
of  the  application  of  seweraeie  is  one  on  which  we  receive  a 
good  many  commnnicntion-* ;  and  if  any  of  them  have 
any  experience  on  the  subject,  a  statement  of  the  same  would 
be  peneralty  useful. 

(Sheep  ;  T  Smi'h.  There  is  a  Srnithfield  stone  of  mutton  in 
every  iti>perial  stone  of  the  live  weight  of  a  full-grown,  ripe, 
well-brert  sheep. 

Stefl  Mills:  X  They  are  not  equal  to  stones  for  making 
6i>ur.     Look  at  the  award  ot  the  judges  at  Lewes, 

Weight  of  a  Rjck  of  Hat  :  Anon.  Calculate  the  number  of 
cubic  yards  up  to  the  eaves  of  the  rick,  and  you  may  cousider 
that  there  is  one  ton  in  every  9  to  12  cubic  yardj,  according 
to  the  ajje  and  height  of  the  rick. 

Wood  Abbes:  O  Templar.  Yuu  will  not  injure  the  value  by 
adding  dung  ;  but  yuu  uii^ht  injure  dung  by  mixing  the  two; 
that  is  to  say,  CHustic  aabts  will  decompo-e  salts  of 
ammonia,  causinir  the  ammonia  to  a^tsume  a  more  volatile 
iorm  than  it  naturallv  po»«es36S,  Its  influence  on  recent 
urme  is  not  injurious,  and  the  sandust  and  wuuduBhes  may 
be  eafely  used  to  absorb  the  liquid. 


»d.;  Wallsend  Ha&well^ 
Wallsend  Stewarts, 


COAL  M  AltKRT.  — t'EiDAT,  July  23. 
Eden  Main,  H«.    3d.;    Tan6eld  Moor,  12-..  3d.;    Wallsend 
Braddyl's,  15^. ;  Wallsend  Harton,  I5s. 
153.   91.  ;    Wallsend    Hetton.    las.    6d, 
158.   6d.— Ships  ai  mnrltet,  221. 

SMITHFIdLD.— MoNDAT,  July  19. 
We  have  a  large  (-upply  of  Beasts  ;  trade  is,  however,  cheerful 
for  the  best  qu-illties.  and  prices  for  them  are  fully  as  good  as 
on  Munday  ldf.t.  It  is  difficult  to  get  a  clearamre  of  middling 
d-iScriptioQs.  The  number  of  Shi-et"  is  rather  fimaller,  and  iha 
demand  larger  ;  consequently  choicest  kinds  are  somewhat 
dearer.  HoweVBr,  on  the  average  there  is  not  m'lch  diffi^reoce. 
Good  Lnmbs  are  still  quite  as  dear,  but  the  miijority  of  the 
supply  are  of  middling  qoality.  Trade  is  a  little  more  cheerful 
for  Calves,  but  only  in  few  instances  ia  any  more  money 
obtained.  F'ora  Germany  and  H.-Mand  there  are  12UU 
Beasts,  437i»  Sheep,  224  Calves,  and  30  Pi^is ;  from  Scotland, 
160  Beasts;  from  Norfolk  and  Sutfolk,  5U') ;  and  1700  from 
the  northern  and  midland  counties. 

Perst.  of  81bs.— s    dad 
Rest  Long-wools  .3     6  to  3     8 


Per  at.  of  Slbfl.— 8 

d       B     d 

Best  Scots,  Heie. 

fortls,  dje.       ...  8 

S  to  3  10 

Best  Sbort-hDrns  3 

C  — 3     8 

2(i  quality  Bea«s  2 

S  — 3    2 

Best  Downs  and 

Hair.breds      ...  8 

10  —  4    0 

Do.  Shorn   0 

0  —  U    0 

Do,  Shoru 

Ewes  &2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn   0 

Lambs      4 

Calves      2 

PigB  2 


0  —  0  0 
0  —  3  4 
0—0  0 
6  —  5  2 
8  — 3  10 


Beasts,  3713  ;  Sheep  and  Lamba,  2)^,110  ;  Calves,  855  ;  Figs,  167. 
FaiDiT,  July  23. 
Although  the  number  of  Beasts  i*  by  no  mean^  largo,  it  is 
more  than  equal  to  the  demand.  A  few  choice  ones  are 
making  ab  >ut  the  same  as  ou  Monday  last,  but  on  the  average 
prices  ..re  nearly  2d.  per  8  lbs.  lower.  Sheep  and  Lambs  are 
not  so  plentilul  as  on  Friday  last,  and  good  ones  are  readily 
so'd,  but  second-rate,  forming  the  majority,  are  lower.  The 
num'ier  of  Calves  is  large  ;  notwithstanding,  late  rates  are  fully 
supported.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  ot  232  Blasts,  101)0 
Sbeep,  434  Calves,  and  20  Pigs.  The  number  of  Milch  Cows 
is  127. 

Perst.  of  81b3,—s  d  s 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  3  6  to  S 
Best  Short-horns  3  4  —  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  6  —  3 
Best   Downs   and 

Half-breds      ...  3     8  —  4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0     0  —  0 

fieasts,  779  ;  Sheep  and  Lan 


d 

Per  St.  of  Slbs.— a 

dad 

Beat  LonK-woola ,  8 

4  to  3    8 

111 

Do.  Shorn 

6 

Kwe8»fc  2d  quality  2 

8—3    2 

(1 

Uo.  Shorn           ...  0 

0-0    (1 

Lambs     4 

6—6    2 

0 

Calves      2 

8  — 3  10 

n 

Pi;s         2 

8  —  3    8 

nb« 

18,950;  Calves,  715; 

Pigs,  225 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Jdlt  24. 
The  supply  of  Fruit,  bjth  from  under  glass  and  fiom  the 
<ipen  garden,  has  been  very  good,  with  the  excep'ion  of 
Melons,  which  are  scarce,  and  Sirawberries,  which  are  nearly 
over.  Some  excellent  Greengage  and  other  Plums  liave 
arrived  from  France,  and  also  some  Apricots,  but  mmy  of  the 
latter  are  not  firet-rate  in  quality,  They  have  been  tetching 
from  43.  to  5*.  a  punnet.  Tomatoes  likewise  continue  to  be 
imported.  Potatoes  are  very  plentiful,  as  are  also  Peas. 
■West  India  Pine-apples  are  abundant.  Munhrooms  are  dear. 
Cut  flowers  conaim  of  Hi*Htby,  Pelargoniums,  Mignonette, 
K-oaes,  Bignonia  venusta,  and  Pmks. 
FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  tis 
Grapes, hotbouse.p.  lb.,2B  toSs 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  83  to  15s 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,  89  to  15b 
Figs,  per  di'Z.,  4b  to  8s 
Melons,  euch,  28  to  6b 
Cherries,  per  lb.,  2d  to  6d 
•Goodie berries,   per  half   sieve, 

2s  6d  to  3s 
CurrantB,  do.,  2s  to  3b  6d 
Strawberries,p.pott.,6d  rolsfid 

VEGETABLES, 


Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  28 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s6dto  IOb 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Sg 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  22s 

—  Brazil,  per  bushel,  123 

to  148 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is  3d 
FienchBeanB.p.hf.sieve,28to4a 
Peas,  per  sieve,  Is  to  4  s 
Cauliflowers,  per  d"z.,  43  to  68 
i^sparagus,  p.  bundle,  la  to  4s 
Grrtcns,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt„  3s  6d  to  78 

—  per  buah..  Is  6d  to  2b  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  8a  to  68 
Cueumbprs,  each,  4d  to  fid 
Vegetable Viarrow.p  doz,lsto2B 
Celery,  per  bundle.  Is  to  la  6d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  3s  to  5s 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  28 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,l(>3dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  2b 
JLeeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 


ihaliots,  per  buneh,  3d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  la 
Lettuce,Cab.,  perseore4d  tols 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  3d  to  Is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.pun.,2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.iiiindle,lsto4fl 
.Vluahrooms,  p.  pott..  Is  to  lb  fid 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
^orrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,ls  6d  to  23 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bochs.,  2s  to  33 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buach,4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  fid 
VVaiircresses,  p.  12bun,9dtol8 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  Sfi  Truflses. 
Smithfield,  July  22. 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  8O3  to  88s    Clover 
Inferior  do.  ...  70        76      New  do.      ... 

Rowen         66        —      Straw 

Mew  Hay     60        80 

The  supply  short  and  trade  brisk. 
Cumberland  Makket,  July  22. 
"  ""       Inferior  Clover 

New  do. 
Straw 


.  903  to  100s 
.  70  84 


J.  COOFEB, 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  h4s  to  90s 


Inferior  do. , 
Kew  Hay 
Old  Clover  ... 

>S'ine  old  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
New  Hay      ... 
^[nferior  do  ... 


.  70 
...  60         75 
,.    95       100 

WHiTEcnAPEL,  July 


00 


.  76s  to  Sis 
.  70  75 
.  65  70 
.  50         60 


Old  Clover... 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 
Straw 


...  808to8?s 

...  60         80 

...  83        36 

IDA  BaKBB. 

.. .1003  to  1058 

...  75  84 

...  55  65 

...  30  36 

WOOL. 
Bbadford,  Thdrsdat,  July  22, —Now  that  the  elections  in 
■Inis  dinirlct  are  over,  there  is  more  attention  paid  by  the 
(jpianers  to  their  wants  in  combing  wool,  and  more  lookers 
(than  for  sometime  past;  and  had  the  prices  Jou^'ht  beon  more 
■commenBurate  withibe  spinnt-rs'  requirements,  a  fair  business 
inight  have  been  done  ;  as  it  is,  the  transactions  must  contiuue 
liniited,  for  the  nrif-es  paid  in  the  country  are  such  ihat  the 
BiavUvs  cinnot  ,  ff.r  anything  here  to  cover  piioie  co«t  that 
will  inriu-e  t-^e  spinners  to  bu,.  It  is  thertf,,re  imperatively 
r-(]-n3ift-  ih'U  E^px-cr  rauion  shou'd  be  manitu'sted  among  the 
yv  -Her  BMcl  d  aier-.  Nulls  and  brokes,  from  the  small  6U.>ply 
m-.kiDa',  are  pr  iducmg  fiim  prices. 


Red  , 
Red  , 


Red  . 


38—39 
39—41 


MAKK  LANE. 
Monday,  July  19.— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  and 
Kent  to  thio  morning's  market  was  again  very  small,  and 
barely  realised  the  prices  of  ihis  day  se'unight.  We  did 
not  hear  of  any  business  worth  notice  iu  foreign  Wheat, 
alrhougb  sales  in  some  instances  would  have  been  forced  at  a 
decline  of  Is.  per  qr.,  had  there  been  buyers.  Flour  is  quits 
neglected. — For  Barley  there  is  a  retail  trade  only,  at  6d.  per 
qr.  decline. — Heans  and  hog  Peas  are  unaltered  iu  value. 
White  Peas  can  only  be  sold  at;  a  considerable  reduction. — 
Oats  are  dull,  and  to  effect  salCH  it  is  necessary  to  submit  to  a 
decline  of  6d.  per  qr.  upon  all  but  the  finest  qualities, 

Peb  Imperial  C^uabteb. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &,  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —    fine  selected  runa... ditto 

—  —    Talavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley.grind.tt  distil., 258  to 283... Chev. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  iiud  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish  Potato 

—  Foreign    Poland  and  Brew 

Rye     

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagau 27s  to  8Ls Tick 

—  Pigeon   28s —  358. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  whire,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 32b  to  358 «rey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37—40 

—  Suffolk ditto  26—31'  Norfolk  .  25- 

—  Foreign per  barrel  17 — 23  Per  sack  28- 


43—45 

44—47 

43—48 

37—39 

34—48 

29- 

ZO— 28 

18—19 

20—22 

18—21 

18—19 


28—32 

23—34 
34—35 
31— 3d 


Malting 
halting 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

foreign  . 

Marrow  . 
Long pod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk.., 
Foreign  . 
rellow... 


26—28 
35-36 
29—36 


AaaiVALS  IN  TBt  Poet  of  London  la^t  Week. 


Flour,  8437  el(S 
—    6U6J  brh 

English   

Irish     

Foreign  


Wheat. 


Qra. 
2110 


8663 


Barley. 


Qrs. 


100 
4148 


Malt. 


Qrs. 

2150 

64 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

460 

1700 

171)32 


Beans.    Peas. 


Qrs. 
421 


Qrs. 
75 


1466     '  1314 


i-EiDAT,  July  23. — The  supplies  of  grain  of  a U  sorts  have 
been  moderate  this  week,  but  good  of  American  Flour.  This 
day's  market  was  very  badly  attended,  and  businesB  in  Wheat 
ot  a  most  liujited  character.  Prices  must  be  considered 
entirely  nominal.  In  Spring  Corn  but  very  few  tranaaciiona 
have  occurred,  and  the  value  of  all  sorts  remains  as  ou 
Monday,  But  few  sales  of  floating  cargoes  have  been  made 
thia  week. 

Impebtal  Atebaoes. 


June  12., 

—  19.. 

—  2ti.. 
July    3.. 

—  10.. 

—  17.. 


Aggreg.   Aver. 


Wheat.  Baeley.  Oats     Rye.    Beans.    Peas, 


3.  d. 
40  11 
40    9 

40  10 

41  4 
41  5 
41     0 


41     0 


3.  d. 
20  0 
20  2 
:'0  0 
19  10 
19  9 
19  11 


27     6     19  11     31     0 


3.    d. 

31  10 


3.  d. 

n  2 

31  9 

U  9 

33  2 

3}  3 

;iu  11 


32     0 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  1b.  per  qr. 
Flootdations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Aveeaoes, 


Pbices.  JoNE  12.  JtJN£l9.  Jone26.  Jolt  3   JdlyIO.  JaLXl7. 


Us  bd 
41    4 
41     0 
40  11  — 
40  10 
40    9 


uivEKfuoL,  ToESDAY,  July  20,— The  imports  of  grain  and 
Flour  this  week  are  not  large,  but  fully  equal  to  the  moderate 
demand  from  millers  and  uealers.  There  was  a  good  aUend- 
ance  at  our  Ct>rn  Exchange  this  morning,  whose  purchases  of 
Wheat  and  Fiour  caused  a  batter  business  than  for  several 
market  days.  Wheat  recovered  the  small  decline  of  Friday, 
and  well  conditioned  Flour  supported  the  rates  of  this  day 
sfc'unighr.  Indian  Corn  was  in  small  supply,  and  fully  as 
dsar.     Oats,  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  were  unaltered  in  value. 

Feidat,    July  16  — .it  this  morning's  market  the  trans- 

aiitions  were  limited  in  any  article,  and  the  inclinatiun  of  price 
was  in  the  buyer's  fuvour,  Wo  decline  in  price  of  any  con- 
sequence is  appieliendbd  in  dther  AVueat  or  Flour,  allowing 
the  wt'ii'her  to  be  ever  so  favnuiabltf,  as  it  is  well  understood 
t'lat  nnllevs  and  dealers  are  holding  sui.nller  stocks  than  u-^ual 
at  thi.  i>t-riod  uf  the  seas  m  ;  they  setKi  determiued  to  buy  only 
upon  tlie  band  to  mouth  syatem. 


GUTTA  PERCHA    TUBING   FOR  "WATERING 
GARDENS,  ETC. 


Testimonial. 

From  Mr.  J.  F'irj-ah,  Gardener  to  Boswell  Mildleton  JaUand, 
Esq.,  of  Holderness  Bouse,  near  Bull. 

*'I  have  had  4uU  feet  of  your  Gutta  Perch  a  Tuning  (in  lena;th3 
of  100  feet  each,  with  union  joim)  in  use  for  the  last  twelve  months 
for  watering  tke^e  gardens,  and  Ijiad  it  to  answer  better  titan  any- 
thing I  liave  ever  yet  tried.  The  pressure  of  he  water  ia  very 
considerable,  hat  this  has  not  the  sUgbtesf.  effect  on  the 
Tubing.  I  consider  this  Tubing  to  be  a  most  valuable  invention 
fot  Gardeners,  inasmuch  as  it  enables  us  to  water  our  gardens 
in  about  one-half  the  time,  and  with  oae-half  the  labour 
formerly  required." 

FOR    SUCTIONS    OF    PUMPS    AND    CONVEYANCE 

OF  WATER. 
The  value  of  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  the  conveyance  of 
water  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  Experience  has  proved 
its  adiiptMtion  and  superiority  to  metal  pipes,  and  the  impor- 
tant consideration  that  it  is  entirely  free  from  those  corrosive 
propert'es  which  have  proved  so  highly  injurious  in  the  use  of 
lead  pipes.  The  Qutta  Percha  Company  have  received  the 
following— 

Testtmonials. 
From  C.  Backer ^  Esq.,  Surveyor  to  his  Grace  tlie  Duke  of 
Bedford,  Woburn  Park. 
"  Office  of  Works,  Woburn  Park,  Jan.  lOtb,  1S52. 
**  Gentlemen, — In  answer  to  your  inquiries  respecting  the 
Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  pump  suctions  (after  twoyears'  trial), 
I  find  that  the  water  has  not  affected  it  in  the  least,  although 
it  will  eat  lead  through  iu  two  years  ;  we  have  adopted  it 
largely,  both  on  account  of  being  cheaper  than  lead,  much 
easier  fixed,  and  a  more  perfect  job." 

From  Sir  Baymond  Jarois,  Ba/rt ,  of  Ventnor,  Ide  of  Wight. 

"  Veutnor,  March  10,  1852. 

"  Gentlemen, — In  reply  to  yonr  letter,  received  this  morning, 
respecting  the  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  tor  Pump  service,  I  can 
state,  with  much  sati-faction,  it  answers  perfectly.  Many 
builders  and  other  persons  have  Intely  examined  it,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  apparent  difference  sinc'e  the  first  laying  down, 
now  several  years  ;  and  I  am  informed  that  ii  is  to  be  adopted 
generally  iu  the  bouse,-*  that  are  being  erected  here — building 
going  on  to  a  considerable  extent. 

"  I  am,  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

"R.  Jabtis. 

*'  P.S.  The  only  dif&culty  experienced  was  in  fixing  the  tube 
to  the  pump  barrel.  The  plumber  employed  being  averse  to 
the  job,  did  not  properly  secure  it,  and  air  got  into  the  tube  ; 
otherwise,  carefully  arranged,  there  ia  no  question  it  supersedes 
leador  any  kind  of  metal  pipes,  R,  J." 

From  William  Biid  Berapath,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S.,   Surgeon  to  St. 
Feter's  and  Qiieen  Elizabeth's  Bospitals,  Bristol- 

"  September,  1850. 

"  I  have  used  Gutta  Percha  as  a  lining  to  a  cistern,  with 
tubing  of  the  83mf?  material,  to  conduct  the  water  into  my 
dispensary  ;  they  answer  admirably.  At  first  some  disagreeable 
flavour  was  communicated  to  the  water,  but  it  soon  disap- 
peared. 

'*  My  plumber  readily  learnt  the  mode  of  managing  it  from 
your  printed  directions." 

Every  variety  of  Gutta  Percha  Goods  may  be  had.  Manufac- 
tured by  the  Gutta  Percha  Company,  Patentees,  London  ;  and 
sold  at  the  Wholesale  City  Depot  of  Messrs.  Bdeoess  and  Key, 
103,  Newgate-street,  who  will  forward  Liata  of  Prices  on 
application. 


ANTHONY'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  CHURN 
makes  Butter  in  10  minutes.  It  obtained  the  award  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  Medal,  and  also  a  prise  at  every  one  of 
the  numerous  Agiicultural  meetintiS  at  which  it  has  been 
shown.  It  is  now  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Churn  ever  pro- 
duced. 20UO  have  been  sold  in  one  year. 
A  few  capital  Rick  Cloths  for  sale  at  cheap  prices. 
Bdbqess  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London. 


M'CORMICK'S     AMERICAN    REAPER. 

BURGESS  AND  KEY,  Agents,  103,  Newgate-street, 
London.— Extract  from  Mr.  Pusey's  Keport  on  the  Agri- 
cultural lmplem?nt  Department,  Great  Exhibition.  —  "Mr. 
M*CoBMicK'a  Reaper,  in  this  trial,  worlted  as  it  has  since 
worked  ai  Cirenceiiter  College,  and  elsewhere,  to  the  admira- 
tion of  practical  farmers,  and  therefore  received  a  Council 
Medal.  Mr.  llussey'a  sometimes  became  clogged,  as  ia  the 
former  trial  at  Tiptree,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  obtain 
that  diatinction."— Price  of  Reaper,  251. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FOliKS  never  bend,  strain,  or  break,  but  retain  their 
sharp  points  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repair.  Mr.  Mecbi  says, 
"They  answer  admirably  in  breaking  our  heavy  clays,  and 
mixing  the  soil  iu  an  extraordinary  manner,  and  tacihtate 
labour  quite  20  per  cent.'* 

Early  orders  "are  requested,  as  the  demand  is  very  great. 
They  are  executed  in  the  rotation  in  which  they  are  given. 
BoaoESS  and  Key,  A?entfl,  103,  Newgate-sireet,  London. 
Priced  Lists  sent  on  application. 


HOSE  FOR  LIQUID  MANURE,  FIRE  ENGINES, 
or  GAKDEtSr  PURPOSES,  made  of  Canvas,  lined  and 
coated  with  Gutt  i  Percha.  It  is  exclusively  used  by  agrieul- 
turisfi  and  at  the  Government  Public  Works,  giving  great 
satisfaction.  Also,  EASE'S  FONCB  and  SUCTION  PCMP, 
whic»i  is  the  most  simple  and  complete  ;  it  will  throw  40  gal- 
luns  per  minute,  40  feet  high,  and  it  is  not  at  all  liable  tO  get 
out  of  order.     Price  61.  ;  ou  wheels  and  stand,  11.  Is. 

BDBGES3  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-sireet,  London. 


30—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


479 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL   SOCIETY. 
LEWES  MEETING. 

MAPPLEBECK  AND  LOWE  have  selected  all  the 
new  and  useful  MAGHINEIvY  (in  aJditiuQ  to  tli-ir  oivn 
oianufaeture),   cxhihifed   at   Lewea,    and   the    whole    will  be 
ON  VIE  Vf  at  toeir  Implement  Stores  in  a  few  days. 
MIDLAND  COUNTIES  AftlilOUl.TUHAL  IMPLEMENT 
REPOSITORY,    BIHMINGIIAII. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A.  PKIZE  MEDAL  FOU.  SUPERIOR  LOCKS  WAS 
AWAUDED  TO  J  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

rHE  CELEBRATED  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 
Patent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakes,  Scijthiia,  Druinlui^,  ami 
other  Garden  T00I3.  ilole  T^^lp^.  63.  per  d.izen.  Carpenters* 
and  Smiiha*  Tools,  &p.  Rubbers  tor  sharpening:  Scythes, 
23.  GJ.  per  dozen.  Patent  fuiiiii;atora  fur  de-tri>>ing  iiiHtcts 
on  Plants,  in  greenhi^uaas,  tko  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H.  BooBBVEa 
and  Co.'s  (late  Stoech  and  B  iobbteh),  Ironirntngery,  15i  ass- 
foQU'iry,  Nail  and  Tool  Warehouse,  H,  stanhope- street. 
Clare-oaarkeE,  London.  Established  nearly  200  years  for  the 
sale  ui  g-.ods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices. 
Goods  I'lrwarded  to  any  part  ou  the  receipt  of  remittance. 
Lists  sent  by  post. 

ITMNTON'S   PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 

»'  FORKS  AND  1'RaININ'^  TOOLS.-Silver  M-dal  at 
Lewei  Show  was  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KtiY.  103,  New- 
■^ate-^treet,  Lcmdon,  for  these  eelehraffid  FORKS,  It  would  ba 
endless  to  quo'e  the  unlimited  approbation  expressed  by  the 
leading  aEfricuiturists,  farmers,  nurserymen  and  others,  from 
thenoDleiuan  to  the  labourer;  but  all  who  have  u--ed  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Mechi's  remark,  "  Tha"  they  facilitate  labour 
gatte  2i)  percent."  Eariy  orders  are  requested.  Price  lists 
sent  on  application. 


T^ANNED    GARDEN    NETTING,    for   protecting 

-'"-  Strawberries  and  wall-fruit  from  birds,  or  as  a  fence  fur 
fowls,  pigeona,  &c.,  in  any  length,  iroin  JO  'IN  KING 
FARLijWS  Pishing  Tackle  andNet  Manufactory,  5,  CrooUed- 
lane.  London-bridfie,  at  l^d.  one  yard,  3d,  two,  or  Gd.  f-mr 
yards  wide.  All  orders  over  20i.,  accompanied  with  post-office 
grder,  or  stamps,  carriage  free. 


s 


ALT  AND  CO.'S    EAST    INDIA    PALE  ALES.— 

^  A3  a  general  rule,  SALT  and  CO.  have  been  content  to 
let  their  Ales  speak  lor  themselves,  but  the  agitation  which  has 
been  going  on  for  the  last  few  weeks  in  the  shape  of  what  muy 
be  L-alied  the  strychuine  controversy,  has  placed  them  in  a 
positioa  which  seems  now  to  call  tor  a  lew  remarks. 

It  was  perhaps  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  public  should 
be  a  little  startled  on  the  tirst  intimation  that  they  wtre 
drinking  poisun  every  day  without  knowing  it ;  but  that  a  report 
so  vague,  so  groundless,  and  so  manifestly  absurd,  as  that  on 
whica  the  charge  of  using  strychnine  in  the  manufacture  of 
Pale  Ales  was  f  unded,  should  have  more  than  a  merely  tempo- 
rary effect,  appeared  to  them  perfeciiy  incredible.  At  any  rate, 
a  simple  denial  of  the  imputation  wa^,  in  their  opinion,  all  tiiac 
the  occasion  required.  Such  denial  they  gave,  tog^'ther  with 
the  other  brewers  of  Burton,  bv  pabli-hmg  a  declaration  to  the 
effect,  that  nothing  besides  Mait,  Hop^,  and  Water  had  ever 
been  used  in  the  composition  of  their  Al-^s  ;  and  they  have  all 
along  considered  i'.  btneath  the  proper  dignity  of  a  respectable 
hou-:e  to  do  more  than  this.  They  have  been  compelled,  how- 
ever, in  eelf-del'ence,  to  go  some \*  hat  bejond  their  own 
;onvic'ion  on  this  point,  by  the  exiraordiuary  manner  in  which 
jome  others  in  the  trade  have  BO  pressed  their  own  particular 
Al':s  upon  the  notice  of  the  public,  as  to  convey  the  idea,  tiiat 
00  ottiera  are  genuine.  It  is,  therefore,  alike  due  to  themselves 
and  their  frieu  le,  to  make  the  fact  known,  that  whenever  a 
(air  opp  )rtunity  has  offtired  of  submitiing  the'r  Ales  to  the  test 
ot  analysis,  they  have  sought  to  aval  ihemstlves  of  i'  ;  though 
in  one  instance  alone  La4  this  privilege  been  afforded  ihem  \ 
namely,  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Pepper,  Prufessor  of  Chemistry 
at  ir.e  Royal  Polytechnic  Institution,  wh-is-?  certificate  they 
subj'.io ;  indeed,  bu(^h  has  been  the  spirit  in  which  some  of 
thtse  analsses  ha^  been  conducted,  a.*  to  make  it  evident, 
tha'.  the  object  was  rather  to  serve  private  interests  than  to 
Baiijfy  the  public  miml.  Still,  even  this  might  have  been  doue 
without  making  invidious  comparisons,  calculated  to  damage 
tbe  lair  name  of  others. 

Salt  and  Co.  now  take  leave  of  the  sultject,  in  the  full 
p^r.-iua'^i-.n  that  they  will  eventually  ioce  nnihing  in  general 
e-tr.iiaiion  by  the  comparative  silence  they  havu  mdiutaiued 
dnriiig  this  long  and,  us  it  appears  to  them,  Involous  contro- 
ver-y.  Were  it  needful,  tbey  could  produce  ample  testimony 
to  tJie  puri'y  of  their  AteU,  as  nell  hum  the  medical  prote.isiuu 
B«  iTom  private  iodividuilo  ;  but  they  prefer  taking  the  higher 
ground  of  Conscious  rectitude,  and  a  cliaracter  of  5U  years' 
bluiiding. 

Their  Ales  may  be  bad,  as  UF^ual,  either  direct  from  the 
Brewery,  iJurton-on-Treut,  or  Irom  any  ol  their  Agents,  in 
jacko  ot  18  gallons  and  upwards. 

L'JNDON  STOKES,  ii,   HUN'^ERFORD-WIlAllF. 

LlVKKPUOl.  STORES.  5-'    HEN  KV-STU  BET. 

WaNCHKSTER  stokes,  37,  KRO  WN-STKEET. 

WoLVKRUaAIPTON,    DUDLEY-ROAD. 

DUBLIN,  i2,  FLEET-SIKEliT. 


MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION, 
LEGALLY  ESTABLISHED,  lSi9.  Head  Omces,— 
London:  Lincoln's-Iin-Fielda  Ooambers,  and  2,  Portsmouth, 
stree",  Lincoln's-lim-Fielda.  Hianch  Offices  :  Mverpool,  Biiiiol, 
York,  Manchester,  Aberdeen,  and  Dublin.  Confidential 
Referee:  R.  Wtirrick,  Esq. 

Matrimonial  ALM.\NCG  association.  Conducted 
on  the  system  so  successful ly  adapted  on  the  Contm-ut. 
Legally  establi.-hed  as  a  medium  for  the  introduction  of  both 
sexe:^  unknown  to  each  other,  who  are  desiroua  of  entering  into 
M«trimooy.  None  but  respectable  parties  neg  iliated  with. 
Applicants  may  si^n  by  initial  or  otherwise.  Full  particulars, 
with  printed  forms  of  application,  list  of  agents,  and  ius'ruc- 
tions,  sent  freo  on  receipt  of  nix  postage  stamps,  by  lluoo 
BebesF'BD,  Esq..  Secretary.  Rc^istrai'ii  Oilices  :  Liucoln^n- 
Inu. Fields  Chambers,  and  No.  2,  Portsmouth-street,  Lincoln'd- 
Inn-Fieldfl,  Loniion. 


THE  COMFORT  OF  A  FIXED  WATER- 
CLOSET,  for  U— Places  in  gardens  converted  into  com- 
fortable  Waicrclo^ets  by  the  PATENT  llERMEnCALLY 
SEALED  PAN,  wi'h  ifs  aeif-actlng  valve,  entirely  preventing 
the  return  *it  cold  air  or  efflavia.  Indipp6ii8;ible  in  this  hoc 
weather.  Price  II  Any  carpenter  can  fix  it  in  two  hours. 
Sold  only  by  the  Patentees,  FIFE  and  Co.,  2(!,  Tavistock- 
street.  Coven t-j;arden,  Loudon.  Also  Pa  lent  IL-Tmeiically 
Sealed  Inodorou^^  Commodes,  for  the  sick  room.  Price  11.  4s  , 
21  6s.,  and  3/.  Thousands  have  been  supplied  within  the  last 
eight  yewrs  with  uniform  Bp;>roval. — A  Prospectus,  with  en- 
gravings, forwarded,  by  enclosing  a  postage-stamp. 


RUPTURES. 

MR.  TOD,  Surgeon,  inventor  of  a  new  Truss  and 
Author  of  an  Essay  on  Hernia,  may  be  consulted  every 
diy,  irom  9  till  12  a.m.,  and  from  C  till  9  p.m.,  at  5,  Upper 
Fitzroy-fltreet.  Fitzrny-square.  The  above  Khsay  bhould  be 
read  by  all  persons  afflicted  vviih  Hernia.  Sold  by  the  Author  ; 
and  by  Mr.  Renshaw,  356,  Strand,  London.  Price  2d.  "  We 
have  seen  this  truss  in  use.  It  is  an  exceedingly  simple,  clever 
instrument,  and  may  be  worn  with  ex:reme  ease  and  the  best 
possible  effect." — Lancet,  July  4,  I8IS. 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  packs  in  a  sponge  bath,  ia  admirably 
adapted  for  summer  u--e,  on  account  of  its  extreme  coolness, 
and  which  can  be  changed  in  one  moment  from  a  bed  to  a 
lounge  or  sota  for  the  fitting-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLEN'S,  76,  Oxford-street, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Mutallic  Bedsteads, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  &c,  die,  together 
with  a  large  asi-ortment  of  the  Patent  Radiating  and  other 
Stoves,  a'.d  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery, 


q^HE      BEST     IS      THE      CHEAPEST. 

A    The  best  CoNGOU  TEA per  lb.,  3s,  8d. 

The  beat  IMPERIAL  SOUCHONG  TEA  „  4  0 
The  b-.-st  MOYUNE  GUNPOWDER  TEA  „  5  0 
The  best  PLANTATIO^J  COFFEE         ...     „       1     0 

Thebe«t  MOCHA  COFFEE  „       1     4 

Tea  or  C.iffee  to  the  value  of  40«.  sent  CARRIAGE  FREE  to 
any  part  I'f  England,  by 

PIIINLIPS  AND  COMPANY,  TEA  MERCHANTS, 
No.  S,     KING     WILLlAM-'iTREET,     CITY,      LONDON. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  &c.  ?— Miss  Ellen  Geaham,  14,  Hand- 
court,  Holborn,  London,  will  send,  post  fiee,  on  receipt  of  24 
postaire  stamps,  lier  celebrated  NIOUKRENE  (elegantly 
scented,  and  sufficient  for  three  months'  use),  for  reprodue'ng 
the  hair  in  taldness,  from  whatever  cause,  preventing  the  hair 
faltingnff,  strengthening  weak  hair,  and  checking  greyness,  &,c. 
It  is  also  guaranteed  to  produce  Whiskers.  Moustachios,  &c., 
in  'hree  or  luur  weeks  with  the  greatest  certainty. — "  My  hair 
hasbecome  thicker  and  darker  by  using  your  Nioukrene." — ■ 
Mr.  Merry,  Eton.  "  M.v  hair  now  nurla  beautifully  and  looks 
very  glossy." — Miss  Main.  "  I  have  now  a  full  pair  of 
whiskers.     Send  me  another  pot." — Major  Mutton. 


(Copy.) 
im.  PEPPER'S  CERTIFICATE. 
ThiA  U  to  certify  I  have  examim-d  a  ^reiit  many  saraplcB 
of  tbB  Bitter  bter  brewed  by  the  hrm  of  Mes'^rs.  Salt  and 
Co.,  and  I  canutit  discover,  by  chtnncal  ana'jhi-.,  strvchnine 
in  tbeoi ;  cr  any  other  matter  but  that  procurable  from  Malt, 
BoiM,  and  Water. 

(ftiKi.ed)  J.  n.  PEI'PER,  F.C.S.,  A.C.E., 

rrofeiioTof  Chemliitry,  Itojul  Polytechnic  InatlhiLion. 
To  Ucun.  Tiio^,  Salt  uod  Co,,  IJrewerB,  Burton-  n-Trtnt. 


VALUABLE    REMEDIES   FOR   THE  AFFLICTED. 

DR.  ROBERTS'S  Ct:LEBRATED  OINTMENT, 
called  the  PO'IR  MAN'S  FRIEND,  ie  confidently  recom- 
\  mpnded  to  the  Public  as  au  unTaiiing  remedy  for  Wounds  of 
every  description,  a  certain  cure  for  Ulcerated  Sore  Legs,  if  of 
20  J  ears' standing  ;  Cuts.  Burns,  Scalds,  Bruisea,  Chilblains, 
Scorbutic  Eruption  a  and  Pimplos  on  the  Face,  Sore  and 
Infl'imed  Eyes,  Sore  Heads,  Sore  Brea'its,  Piles,  Fistula,  and 
CanC'Tous  Humours,  and  is  a  specific  for  tho^e  afflicting 
ErupUon^^  that  sometimes  follow  vaccinatiou.  Sold  in  pots  at 
la.  lid.  and  2s.  9d.  each. 

AUohi-i  PlLULiB  ANTISCROPHULjE,  confirmed  by  more 
than  40  years'  experience  to  bo,  without  exception,  one  of  the 
best  alterative  medicines  ever  compounded  for  purifying  the 
Blood,  and  assisting  nature  in  all  her  operati'>nP.  Hence  they 
are  used  in  Scrofulas.  Scorbutic  Complaints,  Glandular 
Swellings,  particularly  those  of  the  Neck,  &c.  They  form  a 
mild  and  superior  Family  Aperient,  that  may  be  taken  at  all 
times  withiut  confinement  or  change  of  diet.  Sold  in  Boxes, 
at  \3   Md.,  23.  9d.,  4.t.  6d.,  II5.,  and  22tr 

Sold  Wholesale  by  the  Proprietors,  Beach  and  Baenicott. 
at  their  JJirtpenpary,  Biidport  ;  by  the  Loudon  hou'*Ps.  Retail 
by  all  rpRpectable  Medicine  Venlors  in, the  United  Kingdom. 

OBSEaVE, — No  Medicine  sold  under  tbe  above  name  can 
popBihly  be  genuine,  unless  "Beach  and  Bajinicott,  late  Dr. 
Roberts,  Bridport,"  is  engraved  on  the  Government  Stamp 
afhxed  to  each  package. 


THE  SUilMEll  SUN  AND  DU.ST  .wo  sources  of 
■eriout  lDcunr*oicrio«  to  p«rM>ni  ul  dvltLure  C'iinpl<  xion. 
On  tb«  drive,  the  promenade,  the  aquatic  excursluu,  Ladluo 
•bonld  CTCT  be  provided  with 

ROWLANDS'     KALYDOR, 

will  be  found  Kreally  refreiihiitg  to  ihi  complexion, 
dimrllln;  the  cloud  of  languor  and  leUxmlon,  allnylng  all 
Imiabillty  and  heat,  and  tmrnrdlafKly  ufF'rding  the  |d>  iitiog 
MDiAll'ii  attendant  ou  re^tond  eliHttciiy  and  heuldilul 
ttai«  of  ibe  Akin.  PreckleH,  Ton.  H|.riig,  I'irnpi««,  and  Dih. 
nlonilonit  are  completely  eradlcuifrd  h>  the  Kui^drir,  and  uive 
ripMto  a  d«licnl«ly  Clear  nud  Intr  C-ynipliTXIon.  In  cuuch  of 
misbarn,   or    Sting*  of    Intcct*.    It«   viriucn    linvo  long   been 

dUMMlrducd  —I'lica  4i,  Oa.  and  Of  6d.  pwr  hottli*. 

A»  a  protcc'or  and  r««ior«rr  uf  ihit  tiatr,  HOWLtMJB' 
UACAShAlt  Oil,  villi  bn  found  Milk*- elHca*  (<,U9,  gu  irding  It 
from  lb*  tnjurtoiin  oiMtrntloit  ui  the  »un  nriri  duat, 

***  I<  In  hig'dy  ij<'C<-«>ary,  on  pu  clia-lng,  to  iifio  that  lbs 
word  "  iloftiiindii'"  |trc(:«-d««  th«  na'iiti  or  tiitf  arttctu  on  th« 
irnspf wrr 'i*  o-ch,  n*  npiirroU-  holt  I'lnnn  fir«]  abroMd, 

•oMi  bj  A  H<,Hi.«r>n  »w\  ^ol*«,  'zo,  UatL^ju.^iirdbu,  Loodon : 
ftid  b}  CUviniau  and  i'eduinera. 


GRATIS!     GRATIS!     GRATIS! 

FOR  THE  PUBLIC  GOOD  AND  THE  SUP- 
PRESSION OP  QUaCKKHY.  Just  published,  96  payes, 
EVERY  MAN  HIS  OWN  DOCTOR.  By  Alfiied  lUliKEtt,  M  D. 
Sent  gratuitously  by  the  Author,  on  receipt  ol  two  poHrage-stainps 
to  piepiiy  V.  —  Addrchs  Dr.  AlfiieD  UAnKBll,48,  Liverpool-street, 
KiuH's-croBS,  London.  Opinions  of  tue  PaESS. — "  Written  in 
a  popular  atjlo,  and  cnniaining  tbe  inodo  of  treutaient  in  moat 
of  the  dineaaes  ihaltieMh  is  heir  to." — Herald.  "  Noiliing  but  an 
intense  desire  to  b<.'neKthlH  fellow-creatures  could  have  induced 
the  au'hor  to  undertake  the  i-xponBo  of  publishing  this  work 
for  gratuitouB  circulation."—  Clironialc. 


VINAIGllE       DE      BORDEAUX. 
"Col'cgo  of  Chemf«try.  Liverpool. 
"Dear   Sibh.— Tbe  Cask   of   IRBNOU    WINU   VINEGAR 
came  safely  to  bund.     I  have  subinltlod  it  to  anulysle,  and  find 
It   to    b.i   p'rft'Crly   pure,  i.e.,  it  only   Oontainn    lb'. ho    lUiitterH 
which  are  In  all  lormcnttd  Orapo  juico.     It  Ik  very  much  liki  d 
In  iny  Iihubo,  being  u  nioMt  ngreeiihlu  acid.     The  roaHon  of  my 
scndinif   to  y<.u   lor  Vinocur  wiH  on  account  of  ilio  dreadtol 
NiUtiiioi  Hold  hiire  under  that  name.     Si.mo  of  llm  fcaiuplos  I 
cximludd  uuntutn«d  Hug^ir,  rdl  of  vitriol,  and  aracule. 
"  Yoiirn  truly, 
"SHEnrnAN  Mdhmatt,  F.U.S.R..  Dr.  Phil.,  <tc.,  <fcr. 
•'  To  Mo^nm.  W    HMd  S.  Kknt  and  Sonm,  Uploii..Mi.h-cv..ri.." 
It*'  Hce  td«o'hiiUc|jorf.  on  ViiifKarof  tim  Analytical  Sanitary 

C nil*«tioM,  til  the  Lai'Cet.  of  ih»  17ih  Jiiiiu»iry  LiNt.  cnph-h  ol 

which,  mid  the  naiiKiH  ol  ih«i  lotallerM  throughout  the  Kingdom, 
iiiuy  hit  Irtrt  (roin  th<!  Import«r«. 

li.U.  tituruftlu  Loudou,  Llvurprjol,  UuH,  and  Uluuceetor, 


THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS  ALWAYS  ON  SALE, 

AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THIS  PAPER, 
Price  3  f2.,  or  5a.  lor  25  copioM  tor  distribuion  a^noag  Cottage 
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orier  being  sent  to  tlje  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
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it 

the  cost  of  the  numbers,  wiU  pans  10  coijies  tre^  by  post, 
co't  ot  a  single  copy,  free  by  post,  ip,  7d, 

q-^HE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN 

J-  OPERATIONS. 

By  Sir  J^stpii   Paxton, 

Reprinted  from   the  GAEDENEits'  Ohrokjcle  ;  above  72  000 
have  already  been  sold.  '  ' 

CONTENTS. 

African  Lilies  Qiiias 

Agapanthus  GojsebeiTies 

A  nemones  Grafting 

Annuals  Grreen  Hy 

Apples  Heartsease 

Apricot  Herbs 

Auriculafl  Herbaceous  Peren 
Beans  nials 

Beet  Heliotrope 

Biennials  HoUj  bocks 

Black  Fly  Honeysuckle 

Books  for  Cottagers  Horse-radish 

Borage  Hyacinths 

Borecole  Hydrangeas 

Box  edgings  Hyssop 

Broccoli  ludian  Cress 

Brussels  sprouts  Iris 

Budding  Kidney  Beans 

Bulbs  Lavender 

Cabbage  Lajering 

Cactus  Leeks 

Calceolarias  Leptosiphons 

Californiau  Annuals  Lettuce 

Campanulas  Lobelias 

Caruations  London  Pride 

Carrots  Lychnis,  Double 

Caulitiowers  Marigold 

Celery  Marjoram 

Cherries  Manures 

China  Asters  Marvel  of  Peru 

China  Roses  Mesembryanthe- 
Chry-anthemums,  mums 

Chinese  Mignonette 

Chives  Mint 

Clarkias  Mustard 

Clematis  Narcissus 

Collinsias  Nemophilaa 

Colewort  (Enothera  bifrons 

Oress  Onions 

Creepers  Paeonies 

Crocus  Parsnip 

Criiwn  Imperials  Parsley 

Cucumbers  Peaches 

Cultiuatton  of  flow-  Pea-baulm 

ers  in  Windows  Pears 

Currants  Peas 

Dahlias  Daises  Pelargoniums 

Dog's-Tooth  Violets  Perennials 

Exhibitions,        pre-  Persian  Iris 

paring  articles  for  Petunias 

Ferns,  as  protection  Phlox 

Fruit  Pigs 

Fuchsias  Pinks 

Geutianella  Planting 


The 


Plums 

Ptdyanthus 

P  tatoes 

Pruning 

Privet 

Prnpagate    by    cut- 
tings 

Pyracantha 

Radishes 

Ranuticams 

Haspherried 

Rhubarb 

Rockets 

Roses 

Rue 

Rustic  vases 

Sage 

Salvias 

Savoys 

Sasitr<ige 

Scarlet  Runner 
Beans 

Seeds 

Sea  Daisy  or  Thrift 

Seakale 

Select  Flowers 

Select      Vegetables 
and  Fruit 

Snails  anb  Slugs 

Snowdrops 

Spiniich 

Spruce  Fir 

Spur  ptuoing 

Stocks 

Strawberries 

Summer  Savory 

Sweet  William 

Thorn  Iledges 

Thyme 

Tigridia  Pavonia 

Transplanting 

Tree  lifting 

Tulips 

Turuips 

Vegetable  Cookery 

Venus's     Looking. 
Glass 

Verbenas 

Vines 

Virginian  Stock  3 

Wall  Ho  wars 

Willows 

Zinnias 


Price  3s.  6d.  (post  free). 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical   instructions  for  its 

Formation   and  Culture.      Illustrated   by  24  Woodcuts. 

Reprinted  from  the  GAftOENERs'  Chuonicle,   with  additiona. 

CONTENTS. 

Annual        pruning  Planting     out,    ar-  distance,  shorten- 

time,  principle  of  rangemeot          of  ing   heads,    &c. 

execution,  &,c,  trees,  &c.  saw     proper     for 

Binding  up  Pushing  eye,  spring  the  purpose 

Budding  knife  treatment  of  dwarf  GRAFTING. 

Budding,    time    of  shoots  from  Aphides,     to    keep 

year,  day,  time  of  Roses.differentsorts  down 

day,    state  of  the  on  the  same  stock  Free-growers,      re- 

plantjCareof  buds  Roses,  short  list  of  marks  on 

Budding  upon  body  desirable  sorts  for  Graft,    binding    up 

Bud,    insertion    of,  budding    with    a  and  tinisliing 

into  stock  pushing  eye  Grafting,  advantage 

Bud, preparation  of.  Sap-bud,  treatment  of 

for  use  of  Grafting,  disadvan- 

Buds,  dormant  and  Shape  of  trees  tage  of 

pushing  Shoots    and    buds,  Operation  in  differ- 

Buds,  failing  choice  of  ent  months 

Buds,    securing    a  Shoots  for  budding  Preliminary  obser- 

supply  of  upon,    and     theii'  vations 

aterpil  iars,  slugs,  arrangement  Roses,       catalogue 

and      snails,     to  Shoots,        keeping  and  brief  descrip. 

destroy  even,  and  remov-  tion  of  a  few  sorts 

Causes  of  success  ing  thorns  Scion,    preparation 

Dormant          buds.  Shortening        wild  and  insertion  of 

theory  of  replant-  shoots  Scion,    choice    and 

ingwith  explained  Stocks,  planting  out  arrangement  of 

Guards     against  for  budding  upon  ;  Stock,    preparation 

Labelling        [wind  the  means  of  pro-  of 

Loosing  ligatures  curing  ;     colour, 

March  pruning  age,  height;  sorts 

Mixture  for  healing  for  different   spe- 

wounds  cies  of  Rose  ;  tak- 

Pruning  for  trans-  ing  up,  trimming 

plantation  roots,    sending  a 


APPENDIX. 

A  selection  of  vari- 
eties 

Comparison  be- 
tween budding 
and  grafting 

Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  53.  6d  ,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

P     U     R     A     L        CHEMISTRY. 

A^  By  Edwabd  Solly,  F.H.-'.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S., 

Honorary  Member  of  the  Rnjal  Agricultural  Suciety  ot 
England,  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London,  Lecturer  on  CnemiHtry  In  the  lion.  E,  1.  Co.'a 
Military  Seminary  at  Addiscombe,  Ac.  Ata, 


JustPubllGhed,  price  U.  Gd.,  free  by  post  la.  lOd. 

LA  li  K  L  S     FUR     THE      HERBARIUM, 
aoNtjtaxiNo  OF  the  names  of  tue 
Classes,  Alliances,  Orders,  and  Sub-Orders 

'  OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEV'S  "  VEGETABLK  KINGDOM." 

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REOOND    KDITIoN,    ReVIMUD   An»    RNLAltOEn 

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their  Hlrtlory  and   Mauajii'iiiL'nl,      By  the  Uvv.  Edmund 
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i.  Mattubwh,  0,  Ui'pcr  Wa'Iiog^on-s'rcet,  Strand, 


480 


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COCHIN  CHINA  AND  OTHER  POULTRY  OF  THE 
CHOICEST  BREED. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  instructed  to  Sell  by 
Auction  at  bis  Great  Room,  33,  Kiog-street,  Covenu 
garden,  on  MONDAY,  August  2,  at  12  for  I  o'clock,  an  assort- 
ment of  COCHIN  CHINA  POULTRY,  from  the  Collection  of  a 
Celebrated  Jireeder,  iotluding  a  Prize  Hen,  a  Hen  of  great 
weight,  50  Ctiicaens  early  hatched,  some  Spanibh  Fowls  of 
excellent  breed,  and  some  Chickens  from  them. — May  be  viewed 
on  the  Morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on  prepaid 
application,  to  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  38,  King-street,  v. ''^ovent- 
gardea,  London. 

NURSERY,  SEED,  AND  FLORIST'S  BUSINESS. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  Goodwill,  Stock,  Cropg^ 
aud  Etiects  of  a  long-establisbed  BDoINESS,  situate 
about  15  mileu  trom  London,  in  a  populous  county,  and  well 
adapted  in  every  respect  for  an  entertinsing  person  possessed 
of  ca[»ital  uot  less  tbaa  from  2UOUi.  to  :i;5U0I.— For  further 
particu'ars,  apply  to  Messrs.  Peotheboe  and  MoBEis,  Leyton- 
stone,  Essex  ;  or  to  Messrs.  ToaTiu  aud  Patebson,  Solicitors, 
4,  Eride-court,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 

NURSERY   AND   SEED    BUSINESS. 

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kingdom,  possessiug  ail  the  advantage?  of  railway  communi. 
cation,  and  in  an  improving  part  of  the  country.  Any  peraot 
or  persouti  posaeesiog  a  capital  of  50U0(.  or  OOOOI.,  and  desirouE 
of  embarking  in  tue  above  business,  will  find  thiu  such  ac 
opening  aa  rarely  occurs,  and  panieularly  suited  to  two  oi 
three  young  men,  whose  united  efforts  would  ensure  success. 
For  particulars  apply  to  Messrs.  Beck,  Henderson,  and  Co., 
Adelpbi  Wbarf,  Strand,  London. 


THE   TRAVELLER'S  LIBRARY. 

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London:  Lonqmaf,  Ubown,  Greek,  and  Lonouaiss. 


TO   MARKET  FRUIT  GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  with  immediate  possession 
Four  Vmeries,  a  H-light  Frame,  Dwelling-house,  Ban 
and  Stable,  and  Four  Acres  of  well-stocked  Fruit  Garden  ;  th* 
whole  lu  excellent  conditiou,  situate  about  a  mile  from  a  rail 
way  station,  and  14  miles  from  London.  An  order  for  viewinf 
may  be  had,  on  a  written  application  to  Mr.  Nighxinqale 
Estate  Agent,  Kingston-upon-Thames,  Surrey. 

WANTED  TO  PURCHASE,  from  20  to  200  acre; 
ot  LAND,  situated  on  the  Chalk  or  Sand  HiUs,  and  witbii 
10  to  30  miles  of  London,  south  of  the  Thames.  A  large  housi 
on  tbe  property  would  be  an  objection.  Letters  to  be  addresset 
to  B.,  Oardenem'  Chronicle  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-street 
Covent  Gaiden,  London. 


frlnted  by  William  Bbapbobt.  o(  No.  13,  Upper  Woburo-place,  tn  th 
PdrisbolSt.  fttucraa,  and  PuBDBKiCE  MuLLBTT  Evanb,  of  iMj.  7,  Church 
tow  Stoke  Newiugron,  botb  m  the  County  oi  Middlesex  Printern,  at  ihei 
Otfice  lu  Lombard-street,  in  the  Preciuct  of  W  htefriars,  in  the  Citj  0 
London;  aud  pabliehed  by  theto  at  ihe  office,  No.  5,  Cnarlea-Btreet,  1 
the  parish  of  lit.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  In  the  said  County,  where  al 
AdTertieemcDtsaad  ComDaunicutious  are  to  be  AODaBsaBSiOTaBEDiTOS 
— Satuasax,  JVhi  24,  1S52. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULtrURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Korticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  81.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    JULi!   31. 


[Price  t5d. 


Ajfricaltar^l  geolojc; 

—  Co  lege 

—  show  it  Gal  way  

Amer  ciQbU^hc 

ATMtaic  worlCB 

Bliehi  aod  liiich  cjltivatioo.... 

—  Americiu    

Caleadar.  bnrtic  tilt  oral 

^    aericulturxl   

Csttle,  10  p«>ture    

Colley,  «iriculru-al 

Co(D*-allIioT.  Soc  ety. 

f^royiiou  Farmers'  Olub 

Form  ralQAiiaa 

Farminif,  Mr.  Mechi'a    

Pifhei.  preservhtiun  of  e^RB  of 

Geology,  B^caltural. 

Glass  wa'ls       

Grapes,  out-doo'S 

—  sfatmkitij^of   

Grape  blii{ht 

Htrrowin?  io  Deamark    

Heatinz,  ga^ 

Hl^lilaQd  A^'Ti  Society 

Hordes,  to  pA^tuTe    .   

Horticultu  al  rociety'a  jtarileD 

Hyacmclis 

Iron.  Palts  or       

Kirby,  Life  of.  re?. 


4S9  c 

490  b 

4'J3  c 

4S5  c 

48j  c 

483  e 

4Si  t 

4S3  fl 

4Ut  □ 

491  b 

490  6 

4S6  * 

4iR  a 

493  « 

4S9  b 

4SS  a 

439  c 

435   c 

4SJ  a 

4S5   b 

4S5  a 

494  0 

49-:;  a 

49-2   C 

4>6  c 

4>-5  c 

497   e 

4B6  e 

Lady-b'rdB  T.bliElit ,..,, 

Lawea'  (^r  ) ,  expenraenta  .... 

Maniirpa',' '  We'at  '  of     EngiaQtl 
Coropany'a 

—  IquiJ       

—  rich,  proiluctiv'ofdiBewe 
M alert rI,  iiP\T  plastic  forfurm- 

int  vsriiui  oljj'-ct"! 

Mech'a  (Mr  ).  mrmLaK 

No  wich  ahow 

Peas  with  citable  pods 

Plaota  sportinijor 

—  coup  de  euleil  ia 

Potato  diienae ,,, 

Poultry.  PoUad    

Rosea.  Fortune""  yellow 

—  Clo-hofGold   

—  BiLT-wes..   ...   , 

Rothamared  experimeats. 

Silkworms 

Scrawbemea,  ttUck  Priace..,. 

SportiDic.  io  plaaia 

Tobncca-pnper 

Ve<e(«tion,    effect    of    arsenic 

works  on 

—  f^ffecta  of  aalts  of  Iroa  on 

Vetonicaapecio&a    

Walla,  KUaa      


4S9  a 
493  A 
4S3  e 

4<13  a 
4S9  b 
4S7  6 


430  a 
490  c 
434  a 


CALEDONIAN  HORTICULTaRAL  SOCIETY  : 
ESTR\  MEETING.— GRAND  DAHLIA  AND  HOLLT- 
HOCR  COMPEriTIOy,  Open  to  the  UDited  Kiofjdom.  —  An 
Extra  Cumpetitiux,  open  to  the  Dui^ad  Kinaduin,  will  t^ke 
pl«ceiathe  Society's  Gardeo,  oa  Saturday,  13th  Septetuber, 
185.',  on  tvbieh  oucaeiioa  the  foUowiog  Prized  vrill  be 
Eicen.  viz.  : — 

1.  For  the  best  2i  Dahlia  blooms,  distinct  vaiaetien,  produced 
by  Nurserymen  (Fancies  excluded).     Silver  Oup,  value  51. 

2.  For  the  be^'-t  12  blooms  of  Fancy  Dahlias.diaiiocC  varieties, 
produced  Dy  Nurserymen.     11.  la. 

3.  For  the  beat  12  Dahlia  blooms,  dietioct  varieties,  produced 
by  Practical  Gardeners  or  Amateurs  {Fancies  excluded). 
Silver  Cup,  value  51. 

4.  For  the  be^t  tj  blooms  of  Fancy  Dbhlias,  distinct  varieties^ 
produced  by  Practical  Gardeners  or  Amateurs.    IO5.  Gd.         ■  ■ 

5.  For  the  best  6  Dahlia  blooms,  distiuct  varieties,  produced 
by  Amateurs.     I5s. 

6.  For  the  best  12  spikes  of  Hollyhocks,  distinct  varieties, 
produced  by  Nurserymeo.    Silver  Cup.  value  51. 

7.  For  the  best  12  spikes  of  Hollyhocks,  disiinct  varieties, 
produced  by  Practical  Gardeners.     Silver  Cuu,  value  51. 

8.  For  the  beat  21  cut  blooms  of  H<.illyhjcks,  produced  by 
Practical  Gardeners  or  Amateurs,     lbs. 

Additional  awards  will  be  made  a^jcordi   g  to  circumftaaces. 

The  Competitioa  will  be  subjecc  to  the  u^ual  Rules  and 
Regulatioiie  of  che  Society.  The  Flowers  of  euch  Stand  must 
be  numbered,  aud  accompanied  by  a  cOri  espondioij  open  Liat 
of  the  Names,  bearing  the  same  motto  as  the  sealed  letter, 
which,  in  rtdditioQ  to  tQe  usual  declaraiion,  must  state  on  the 
outside  whether  the  flowers  ara  from  a  Nurseryman,  Practical 
Gardener,  or  Amateur. 

To  secare  uniformity,  it  is  recommended  that  the  Flowera 
besbowD  on  Stands  as  follows  :^ 

For  24  Dahlia^.— Bua>d  3  ft.  3  ins.  by  1  ft.  11  in?. ;  5  io.i.deep 
in  front,  and  8  ins.  back.  Blooms  G  ins.  by  5  ins.  apart  from 
centre  to  cntre,  in  tour  rows  of  six  each. 

For  12  Dahlias. — Board  2  ft.  6  ins.  by  i  ft.  6  ins. ;  5  ins.  deep 
in  tront,  and  7  ins.  at  back.  Blooms  G  ins.  by  5  ins.  apart 
from  centre  to  i.entre,  in  three  rows  of  four  each. 

For  6  Dahlias. — Board  1  ft.  11  ins. ;  5  ins.  deep  in  front,  and 
7  ins,  at  back.  Blooms  6  ins.  by  0  ins.  apart  from  centre  to 
centre,  in  t«ro  rows. 

For  HoIlyhocKs. — Cut  blooms  to  be  fhown  on  Stands  similar 
to  those  for  2k  Dahlias,  the  distances  beiug  regulated  by  the 
size  of  the  Flowera.  Spikes  to  be  shown  in  pote,  which  will  be 
provided  by  ihe  Society ;  the  lowest  flower  of  the  spike  to  be 
6  in«.  above  the  pot. 

Tbe  Judges  appointed  are  Mr.  Sang,  of  Kirkcaldy,  and  &[r. 
HendertoD,  of  Brechin,  ashisted  by  Mr.  Keyoea,  of  Salisbury, 

Fur  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary. 

J.  H.  Balfocb,  M.D„  See.  Cal,  Hort.  Soc. 

Experimental  Garden,  Inverleitb,  Edinburgh,  July  'Al, 


HOLLYHOCKS. 
A      PAUL  AND  SON  respectfully  invite  Admirers  of 

■*■*••    ttiia  favijurite  flower  to  Bli  inapeciiun  of  their  unrivalled 
collection,  which  is  now  in  full  hlooin, 
Nonerieii.  ehHuhunt.  Herts,  July  31, 


OEACH'S  Q,UEEN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— 

L^  IlavmiC  tnken  teveral  Prirea  these  two  years  with 
(iUEEN'S  fJTftAWBERRIES,  ihouv.Dd^  of  ihem  weighma 
o(fWardt  of  2  oz  ,  many  of  them  I  exhibited  lunt  year  iu  th-j 
Cfjatal  PaUc«  apwanlH  of  3  f'Z  ,  and  thU  ye:ir,  ai  Chihwick, 
tbty  ErBln»d  two  Knightian  Medals  on  July  luth  ;  and  alfio  on 
tfae  lllh  in»t.  the  iltead  Prize  at  the  ureat  hlmw  at  LeweH.  Re^; 
m.iMt  Itr.  Liiidley'a  oplolr.n  of  them  in  the  Oardcncrs'  C'hronic'.e 
of  the  loth  ot  July,  and  llkewino  Mr.  Cuthill'ft  account  of  iu> 
place  la  the  mtne  journal  of  last  S.iturday,  SirouK,  heulttiy, 
and  Hrie  plari'n  nre  now  ready  to  be  sent  out  at  5t,  per  KtU,  bux 
locludert,—  Po^U'jOlce  OrdTs  on  llounnl-jw  to  Mr.  Tujmab 
BfACH,  Marlcrc  'fHrdAfier,  W  'fton.  I«l«worih,  te*r  Loo'lon. 

NEW    PLANTS     INTRODUCED    BY    MR.    FORTUNeT" 

STANDL-jH  AND  N0I5LI-:  beg  to  announcu  tliat 
tbey  iHt*»ey%  all  the  highly  Intere'ting  plants  l<itroiliie«:il 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  and  mentl'mcl  by  Itim  in  hl«  rerefic  popular 
work  on  Crilnti,  Many  of  thetn  nro  now  on  nulu.  Or  Miu 
Otheri,  dae  n'ltice  will  be  given,  an  thry  nre  reudy  to  siud  out. 
Kmrj  particular  wnj  09  obtained  by  itpirljing  to  th'- 
Advertltem.— HHtfwhot,  July  31. 


RIVEPvS*  LARGE  YELLOW  SloNK  TUK.Mi' 
HtKI)  (the  growth  ot  the  pn-tient  vcaiiuti;.  i'rlo>:  1«.  pur  ib 
Tbli  Turnip  bad  its  origin  in  IHU  with  the  Hiuhblo  Hwudt- ; 
artd  ha«  twKn  repeatedly  tented  with  i^ther  kIndH  "f  Yellovt 
Tarn<p,  in  which  Ui  »rii>erlfjrlty  wu«  v>:ry  m  p4r  n  — in  Itn 
«w«M*.ne««  or  tUvo'ir,  and  tn  Its  vigour  ofgniwih.  For  iIih  lum 
IhrM  y«ar«,  on  virl'rui  aokU,  it  bail  yielded  from  li  to  Mi  tono 
p«r  act*,  w  i«ii  «twn  in  the  early  pitrt  ot  AuguHt ;  and  It  haft 
the  Hfivuntigrt  of  k':epin;(  in  cininpa  (joite  lat*t  in  tho  *pfin,; 

HlVEa«'>lhjbhl«  Hwude,  price  If.  i;tZ.  per  lb.     Ordcro  to  tlio 
AtD'ytiat  of  l'i$.  paid  to  Loudon.— bawbndgenurtli,  fiortf. 


HOLLYHOC  KS 

CHARLES  TURNER'S  extensive  collection  of  the 
above   is    now    in  fine    bl-om,    and    may    be    viewed, 
Sundays  excepted,  for  the  next  fortnight. 
Royal  Nursery.  Slough. 


NEW     PELARGONIUMS. 

JOHN  DOBSON  respectfully  announces  that  his 
new,  firsf.rate,  and  disiinct  SHOVV  VARIETIES  OF 
PELARGONIUM-^  will  be  ready  to  send  out  the  first  week  in 
October,  in  strong  plants,  in  4-inch  pots— COMMANDER, 
VOLCaN.  HARRIOT,  JtTPITER,  PASHA,  SPOT,  and 
GERTRUDE. 

Full  deacription"  and  prices  will  shortly  be  ready,  and  may 
be  had  on  npplicatioo.  All  orders  will  be  executed  in  strict 
rotation.  —  Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  Middlesex. 


pUTHILL'S   PRINCE   OF  WALES  and  BLACK 

W  PRINCE  STRAWBERRIES.— Plants  of  the  above  very 
late  and  very  early  sorts  will  be  sent  out  August  21J.  The 
Prince  of  Wales  will  be  11.  per  100,  the  Blaek  Princd  bs.  per 
100,  box  included. 

True  Lapstone  Kidney  Potato  at  10s.  per  bushel. 

J.  C.'s  Potato  Pamphlet,  .fee.  &c.,  2s.,  or  by  post  2s.  id.  ;  also 
his  Market  Gardening  Round  London,  Is.  Gd.,  or  hy  post  Is.  8d. 

Denmark-hill,  Camberwell,  London. 


NEW  AND   CHOiCE  FUCHSIAS,  VERBENAS,  AND 
PETUNIAS   OF   THIS   SEASON. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Florist, &c.,  Edge-end,  Marsden, 
near  Burnley,  Lancashire,  bsgs  to  offer  tho  followin-j  new 
FocnsrAS,  now  ready,  at  21s.  per  dozen,  or  2s.  Gd.  each  ;  viz.  : — 
Baiiksi  Ariel,  Diadem,  Gaiety,  Cortona,  Nonsu^jh,  Jo;in  of  Arc, 
Nil  Desperandnm,  Honey  Bell.  Leader,  Henderson's  Darling, 
Penduta,  Gem  of  the  Season,  Globo^a  perfeeta,  Pet,  Exquisite, 
Splendissimd,  Commodore,  Heudersonii,  Turner's  Standard, 
Verrio,  Siorj's  Aurora,  Agnes,  Peculiarity,  Eppa'  Standard  ui 
Perfection,  and  Novelty, 

PETONIAS  ready  the  first  week  in  Aufjust,  at  1p  eich  •— 
Smith's  White  Giant,  Ajax,  Mary  Ann,  and  Joan  01  Aru. 

Vebbenas  ready  the  first  week  in  Au^iust,  at  1/.  each: — 
Smitu's  Purple  Riviil,  National,  Monsieur  Juilien,  Eliza  Cook, 
Standard,  Ariel  MIks  Jane,  Virglnius,  Albi  magna,  Euh-i-noor, 
Urianda,  Delight,  and  Turner's  Ormsby  Be.-iuty.  A  Descrip- 
tive List  of  the  above  may  he  had  for  one  stamp. 

aUo  a  good  selecdon  of  liiU;  ■,  -ienuLi  nt  d  show  Chrysanthe- 
mums, ready  for  their  bloi  -n  ;  i.utn,  ;;j.  aad  9s,  per  dr>zen  ; 
or  50  fori;.,  tl.  W.'s  siele'iK' ji  ;  Purchaser's  selection  of  50, 
25s.  Early  ordurs  are  requested,  as  they  will  be  executed  in 
rotation,  as  I'eceived,  It  is  respectfully  requested  that  all 
orders  be  accompanied  with  a  Post-ufiica  order,  payable  at 
Marsden,  Lancashire. 

Also  the  following  New  Plants  ; — Antirrhinum  HenderBonii, 
2s.  Gd. ;  Heliotropium  Volcaireanum  nana,  Henderson's,  23.  Gd. ; 
and  Olirjs.tnthemum  Henderaonii,  23.  Gd,  Also  the  following 
new  Mimulus,  raised  by  R.  Clapham,  Esq.,  of  Scarboroui-h  :  — 
Queen  Victoria,  Yellow  Picta,  Venus,  and  Scarborough 
Deliance,  post  free,  10s.  the  set  of  four. 


NOTICE  OF  REMOVAL  FROM  28,  CORNHILL. 

DAWE,  COTTRELL,  and  BENHAM,  Seedsmen 
AND  b'LoEitTs  (Sui;ces8ors  to  Mr.  Frederick  Warner),  beg 
most  respectfully  to  intimate  to  their  friends  and  the  public 
generally,  that  they  have  removed  their  retail  department  to 
No.  36,  Moorgate-Htreet,  City,  where  they  hope  to  meet  with 
the  same  patronsge  sj  hbernlly  bestowed  upon  their  predeces- 
sor, assuring  their  kind  friends  that  none  but  the  best  and 
most  approved  stocks  of  Agrieultural,  HonicuUuial,  and 
Garden  Seeds  will  be  eent  out  from  their  Establishment. 

The  Wholesale  Department  No.  3,  Laurence  Pouatoey-lane, 
Cannou-atreet,  London. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.— 
Horticulturists,  and  alt  interested  in  Gartlenuig  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEaNIC,  DRAY,  and  CU.'s  extensive 
Stock  ot  GARDENING  and  PRUNING  IML'LEMENTS,  best 
London-mude  Garden  Eui^ines  and  Syringes,  CoJebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 

Averuncatora  Garden  Scrapers        Mowing  Machines 

Axes  Gidney's     Prussian    I'ickiixua 

B^tgging  Hooks  Hoe  Potato  Forks 

Bills  Grupe  Gatherers  &,    Pruninc  BilU 

Borders,        various        ScisHors  „     Knives,  various 

patterns  Gravel    Rukos    and       „     Saws 

Bo'.anical  Boxes  Sieves  „     Scissors 

Boyd'rtP'itentScythe  Qreenhouse     Doors        ,,     Shears 
Brown's  Patent  Fu-       und  Frames  RaUes       in       great 

miua'-or  Hummerb  variety 

Cases  of  Pruning  In-    lland-nlass  Frames    Reupiog  UooUs 

Bfrmnenta  Hay  Knives  ^cythcH 

'Dainty  Rakea  Horticultural  Ham-   Scythe  Stone.'? 

Dlobles  merw  &  HatchutM     Shears,  various 

Uraning  Tools  Hoes  of  eveiy   put-    Sickles 

Edging    Irons    and       tern  Sickle  Saws 

.Shi3'irH  riotbed  Handle'*  Spades  and  Shovels 

Flower  Scissors  Ladion' Set  of  TuoIm    Spuds 

,,        S'.ands     in     Labels,  various  pat-    Swttcli  Hooks 

WircNdilrun  tcrnc,     In     Zinc,    Tlilatlo  Hooks 

Fumlgators  Porcelain,  &c.  TraiiBplatuing  Tooln 

Galvauio      Borders     lAnvH  and  Ueela  Trowels 

and     Plant    Pro*     Marking  Ink  Tin  flrig  Irons 

ti^ctnrM  Mattocks  Wall  Naits 

Garden  Chairs  and    Menographs  Watering  pots 

»eat«  Metallic  Wlro  Weed  ll.mkti 

„     Loops  Milton  Hatchetfi  Wli.'olbturows 

„     Hollers  Molo  TrapH  Yoiithh*  Sot  of  Tooh 

DEANE,  DRAY,  amd  00.  are  solo  Agen-s  for  LINfJIl AMV 
PERAIANKNT  L^BKLS,  *a.npl«H  of  which,  with  their  IIIuh- 
tratQil  Llat  of  HorlC'dtirdl  Tooln,  ciin  bo  hont,  post  paid,  fi 
any  pA't  of  the  United  Klnifdom.  Aho,  Wholitxalo  and  Retiii. 
Agenti  for  HAYNOlfS  col.-briit«-d  PitUNINO  KNIVE-*,  UHcr) 
excluilvt-Iy  hy  ttio  flr-t  GfinliinerH  In  tlin  United  Kingdom.— 
DIv\NK,  DitAY,  ii  CO.  (Opening  to  the  MouumeiiiJ,  London. 
bri'lKC, 


TILEY'3  EARLY  MARROW  CABBAGE  SEED 
has  proved  i[B  buperioiity  over  all  others  for  the  last 
three  years. 

In  consequence  of  numerou?  inquiries,  Edward  Ttlet  begs 
to  inform  the  nobility,  genlry,  public,  in:.,  that  he  has  now 
Seed  of  the  above  Cabbago.  Tbe  nmueroua  testimonials 
received  of  the  same  will  R^jeak  for  it  very  superior  quality; 
and  E  T.  bega  to  take  this  oppor'unity  if  (hanking  all  persona 
who  have  Bo  kindly  forwarded  him  euch  high  '  Umonials  ia 
favour,  and  re-ordered  Seed  of  the  same. 

N.B,  It  is  the  finest  flavoured,  tbe  quickest  grower,  and  most 
hardy  Cabbage  ever  yet  sent  nut. 

Sold  in  packets  of  1  oz.,  2s,  Gd. ;  i  oz,,  Is.  Gd.  The  fine  old 
Bath  Cos  Lettuce  Seed,  la.  per  packet.  This  is  also  the  beat 
kind  ever  irrown. 

Any  quan'iry  of  the  above  Seeds  sent  postage  free  on  receipt 
of  a  Post-office  Order  or  penny  postage  stamp.  A  remittance 
must  accompany  any  order  fri.m  unknown  correspondents. 

Edward  Tiley,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Somerset. 


•yANNED    GARDEN    NETTING,    for   protecting 

-L  Strawberries  and  wall-fiuit  from  birds,  or  as  a  fence  for 
fowlfl,  pigeons,  &c.,  in  any  length,  from  J0!1N  KING 
FARLOW'S  Fishing  Tackle  andNet  Manufactory.  5,  Crooked- 
lane,  London-bridge,  at  i^d.  one  yard,  '.id.  two,  or  Gd.  f.>ar 
yards  wide.  All  orders  over  20s,,  accompanied  with  poat-office 
order  or  stamps,  carriage  free. 

PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  THE  SUN,-Uie  E.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
perfect   non-conductor  of  heat,  and  admitting  light  wuhout 
lieaf,  where  a  covering  is  required  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  aad  any 
length,  at  Is.  id.  P'-r  yai  d,  and  much  cheaper  than  Bass  Mats. 
E.  P.  AaCHEE,  451,  Osford-atreat,  London. 

BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


pOYD'S    PATFNT   -SCVTrt--,-  ^ad  the  celebrated 

^-*  STEEL  DIGGING  FJUK  .  -Tlovo'a  Scythe  ia  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  anyle  by  the  p.-^.sua  using  it,  and  never  - 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksuiiih  ;  wh&vi  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  claap-kuife.  Tbe  Qardeiurs'' Chronicle  tltus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Boid's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  teat,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  uselul  improvement.*' — G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digging  Furlis  are  thoie  celebrated  by  iir.  Mechi. 
"When  a  labourer  has  once  used  tbem,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  othtr  implement  for  digging.  They  eff-jct  a  paving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour."—  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Oeay  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 

FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  FHims, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  SiiaL 
low  Wells.  £  s     d. 

PatentPump 115     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nu's  ready  for 

fixing   2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May  be    obtained    of    aiiy    Iron- 
monger or   Plumber    iu    Town    or 
Country,    or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jewin-streot,  London. 
Every  description    of   Mtchinory 
for  Raising  and  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manual  power.     Kire  and  Garden  Engines.  &c. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA.  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PRIZE  MRDAL  FOU  SUPRUIOlt  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  II.  BOOItBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXMIBITIOM  OF    1851, 

-yHE  CELEBRATED   STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 

J-  j'atent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakca,  Scathes,  Draining,  and 
other  Garden  Toids.  Mole  Tmps,  tls,  per  dozim.  Carpenters* 
and  Smiiha'  Toula,  .tc,  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
23.  Gd.  per  dozen.  Patent  (iiinigatora  for  destroying  Inacots 
on  Plants,  in  grei'nhnnseH,  tbe  :  at  MiiaarH.  J.  H,  BooBOVEa 
and  Co.*8  (Into  Stuhch  und  IJ  >onurKiO,  Ironmongery,  Braas- 
foundry.  Nail  and  Tool  Wan-liuuse,  11,  Stanhope. street, 
Clare-market,  London.  Esnihll-lind  ncnrly  200  yearH  for  tho 
4nl»  ol  g.Kniri  from  tho  beat  Manufaotoriea  at  the  lowoat  prioes. 
Goods  I'.irwarded  to  any  part  on  tho  receipt  of  remittanoo. 
Ll^ttH  sent  by  poKC. 

WINTON'S  PARKRS'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FORKS  AND  l.ltAlNIN')  TdOLS.-Sllver  M.idal  at 
LowC'i  Show  WfiM  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KEY,  103,  Now- 
gp(te-,triK!t,  London,  for  those  celcbnimd  FORIvS,  It  would  bo 
(tndloHH  to  quofft  the  uiillndtod  approbation  oxproHHcd  by  iho 
loading  agricuUurlHtn,  fjirtnora,  nursorvmon  und  othera,  from 
tlin  nohlornan  to  the  labourer;  bit'  all  who  have  u  od  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Mrorii's  reiimik,  "That  they  facilitate  labour 
quite  20  percent."  Early  orders  aro  rtquealed.  Prlco  hat& 
buat  on  ajiplicatlon. 


482 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[July  31, 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

FOR    RIDSB    AND    FUilROW    ROOFS,    GRBE^HOtTSES,    RAILWAY    STATION'S,    ENGINE    SHEDS,    MILLS, 
MARKET-HAr.LS,  AND    PUBLrC    BOILDINRS  «RNERALLY. 


Foe    CoNSEfiVATOEIES,     POBLIC    BUILDINQS,    M  AWUPACTOItlES, 
SETLIGUT9,    6iC.,   ttC. 


Packed  in  Cbates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes 

30  inches  wide  and  t'rooi  +0  tu  50  long 
Or  20  „  ,,  50  to  7a    ,, 


ad  Aiauul'actured; 


J  Squabes,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Under    8  by    G       

}  by    6  and  under  10  by    8 


by  8 
by  10 
feet  sup. 


14  by  10       ...         

IJ  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long.. 
30 


5 
6 
8 
10 
12 
15 


20 
30 
35 

to 

45 
55 
70 


85 
40 
46 
55 
70 
85 


Jihinch 

S-lOth  inch 

iinch 

tliick. 

thiclt. 

thick. 

s.  d. 

s.  d. 

5.  d. 

0    6 

0    8 

0  10 

0    4 

0    6 

0    7 

0    44 

0    7 

0    8 

0    6 

0    7 

0    9 

0    5.1 

0    7 

0    9 

0     6 

0    8 

0  10 

0     GJ 

0    8 

0  10 

0    7 

0    84 

0  10 

0    7J 

0    9 

0  104 

0    8 

0    94 

0  11 

0    84 

0  10 

1     0 

0    9 

0  11 

1     1 

1     0 

1     2 

Packed  is  Boxes  of  50  Feet  Each: 
Ins.    Ins.        Ins.    Ins.  s.    d. 

6  by  4  and  iij  by  4^  10     6 

7  by  5     „     7^  by  5*  .' 12     0 

8  by  G     „     8i  by  6^  13     0 

9  by  7     „    9i  by  7|  and  10  by  8  l5    0 

Note.— Squares  are  charged  accordiof?  to  the  superficial  con- 
tents, excepc  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above,  in 
which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
Qontents, 

-l-8«Aj   6d.  ;  3-16;7t5,  9d.;  ^  inch,  Is.  per 


Bendmg. 
foot  J  net. 

*;j.*  Irregular  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 
When  Gmtes  are  ordered,  the  ^0-inch  widths  mil  he 
sentf  unless  otherwise  specified. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS 


THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eiyhth  of  an  Uuh 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  the  foot,  has  now  become  an 
at'ticleof  very  oxteneiveand  increaeine  consumption. 
It  is  i(,niversally  admitted  to  be  the  best  and  most  suit- 
able Glass  for  Ridge  and  F^irrow  Roofs,  Qreenhouses, 
Factories,  Workshops, 
And  all  such  tike  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obecured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminiwhing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  streneth,  and  cost  (beine  no  more  weight  for 
weightthan  Common  Sheet  Glass),  rouder  it  eminently  suitable 
for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occuvB. 

Where  still  greaterstrength  is  required  the  3-lRths  and  J  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rou-h 
Plate.   Samples  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 

AND     CO., 


HORTICULTURA.L   GLASS  MERCHANTS,   116,    B1SH0PSGA.TE-STREET    WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


GLASS. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOUEIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
a3  cheaper.    In  100-feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    6Ji  by  ig       13s.  Od. 

7  „  Sand    7^  by  5^       15     0 

8  ,,  Sand    8    by  5^       15     0 

8  ,,  Ga^jd    8^  by  6^       17     6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         _      ...  20     0 

And  many  other  sized,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  ISiuches 6d.  per  foot. 

„         „         35      , 8d.        „ 

„        „         50      , 9^d.      „ 

„         „         75      „       12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans.  2s.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slatee  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
Etreet  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
■way.— RftHhiiihfd  lOn  vfars. 


GLASS   FOR  CONSERVATORIES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
Bi'itish  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  picked  for  immediaio  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Es'imates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London, 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLODE  Merchants,  125,  Queen-street,  fortsea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  wholesale  prici-s,  Crown  and  Horticultural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee, Cucum- 
ber, and  Propagating  Glasbee,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Oroamentai  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  <tc.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Purap.s. 
Piumbero'  Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
loodon  prices. 
N.  B.— Experienced  workmen  sent  to  anvpart  of  the  country. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 
WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 
AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
•  Horticultural  Architects,  Rotliouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  M;inufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentr> 
about  to  erfct  Ht)rticulturHl  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kioit's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  HothouHCS,  Greenhouses, 
Conaervaiories,  Pits,  Ate,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining  all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efBcient 
and  ecnuomieal),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses.  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
H^t,  and  m  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 
^  The«plendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  hiiihest  state  of  t-ultivation.  nod  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Alo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  .sorts. 

Plans.  Models,  and  Rst.mates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 

Catalognesof  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  <bc.,forwardedon  application. 

J.  W  LEKb  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 
BY  HER  "^^^^ff^^^i^    ROYAL  LETTERS 


MAJESTY'S 


PATENT, 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Ro£D,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parrs  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di'^patch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothousia,  witti  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  loot 
wide,  every  front  eash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  sliile  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  makiop  a 
Greenhouse  IG  ft,  G  inches  long,  12  ft.  ralter,  400  ft.,  Tiil  6s.  Sd.  ; 
■^i  ft.  6  ius,  long,  do.  do..  52ti  ti.,  80i,  133.  8rf. ;  23  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ra'ter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  &d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
moat  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walla,  &e,,  7d.  and  8(J.  per 
foot,  super. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis*  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England. —  A  Listo*  I'rices  sent  by  enclosinE  2  postage  stamps 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT   V\^ATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT    WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

Q.  and  0,  have  been  extensively  empli>yed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nuraerymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  he  made  available. 


T  INSEED    CAKE,    Foreign    and    English,     Rape 

-L-i  Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  o'her  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sa'e. — Apply  to 
Mabe  FortiF-TiGiLL   204  a.  Upper  Thami-s-str-'et.  T.onrion. 

OYAL      AGRICULTURAL       COLLEGE, 

CIRENCESTER. 

Pateon— His  Royal  Highness  PRINCE   ALBERT. 

Peesident  of  Cocncil— Earl  BATHORST. 

Vice-President— Earl  DUCIE. 

PRINCIP*L— Rev.  J.  S.  HAY9ARTH,  M.A. 

The  NEST  SESSION  will  begin  on   M-nday,    August  9th, 

Students  are  admitted  either  as  Boarders  or  us  Ont-Students, 

The  annual  fees   for  Boirders   vary   fiom  4  5   to   80  guineas, 

according  to  age  and  other  circumstances.     The  fee  for  Out- 

Studentais  401.  per  annum.     The  College  Co'jrse  of  Lectures 

and  Practical  Instruction  is  complete  in  one  twelvemonth— 

thoogh   for  younger  studetts  a  longer  time  is  recommended. 

There  is  a  department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural 

education. 

PrnapectusGs  and  informatidn  can  be  had  on  application  to 
the  Piincipal, 

Cirencester,  July  31,1852. 

(-COLLEGE   OF  AGRICULTURE,  CHEMISTRY, 

V/  AND  GENERAL  SCIENCE,  Kenninqton,  neae  London. 

Peincipals. 

A.  NESBIT,  Author  of  Works  on  Mensuration,  Arithmetic, 

Surveying,  &c.  ;  and 

J.  C.  NESBiT,  F.6.S.,  F.C.S,  <tc. 

PROFE&SORS,  &C, 

CHEMISTRY.  GEOLOGY,    AND!  »„    t   n   xr^.„,™  i?  /.  o      ' 

AGRICULTURE \  "^-  ^-  ^-  ^=SBIT,  P.G.S. 

ASSISTANT  CHEMIST  Mr.  E.  Lane, 

NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY.  SUR- "I 

VEYING,  CIVIL    ENGINEER.  Jt.M.  Creoan,  Esq.,  C.E. 

ING,  and  mathematics    ...j 

BOTANY  AND  ZOOLOGY   [C  JoHNgon.  Epq  ,Profe;.sor 

I.    ot  Botany, Guy's  Hospital. 
ENGLISH     LITERATURE     and!   ..„,,„  .v,„ ,  ,   _ 

ELOCUTION j  -^^"^^  WiGAN,  Esq. 

CLASSICS  AND  MODERN  LAN->  .„,^  .  ,„,  ^  „ 

GUAGES  |- Able  Assistant  Masters. 

Meners.  Nesbit  take  under  their  charge  about  Thirty 
Student^,  resident  or  ncn-residen*-,  who  obtain  every  advantage 
which  vicinity  to  Lontloo  aftbrda  for  pcientific  e-lucatron. 

The  routine  of  study  comprises  every  branch  requisite  to 
prepare  youth  for  Agriculture,  Civil  Enirineeting,  Mining,  djc. ; 
for  the  Nav;il  and  Military  Services,  and  the  Univeroities. 

The  students  have  every  facility  for  acquiring  a  thorough, 
knowled^'C  of  Analytical  Chemistry,  and  of  the  Assaying  of 
Goid  and  Silver, 

Between  fuur  and  five  acres  of  land  are  appropriated  for  the 
exercis'  and  recreation  of  the  pupils. 

Assays  of  Minerals,  Analyses  of  Soils,  Manures,  &,c.,  are 
accurately  performed.  Gentlemen  may  also  be  accommodated 
with  private  laboratories,  entirely  at  their  own  disposal. 

The  highest  references,  with  the  terms  and  other  particulars, 
may  be  had  on  application. 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE      GAME; 
7d.  per  jard,  2  feet  wide. 


NETTING.— 


,.«5-5s!il^^ 


k 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide 

2-inch     ,,      strong  ,, 

2-ineh     ,,      extra  strong     „ 
l§-inch      „       light  ,,  ...     8      \y  6 

J^-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10      „  8 

Ig-inch      „      extra  strong     „  ...  14      ,,  H 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  pricej 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  pric( 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantriei 
dd.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  fclSHOP,  Market-placdj 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borouijb,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

CHEAP     AND    DURABLE     ROOFING. 


'bS 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


KOTAL  LBTTEKS 
PATENT. 


i 


CHEAP   BAROMETERS"  (MADE  BY  MR.  BAKER) 
tq  ENRY  BAKER,  Optician,  &c.,  90,  Hatton  Garden, 

*- -*■  London,  begs  the  readers  of  this  Paper  to  refer  to  a 
paragraph  under  the  above  heading,  at  page  472  a.  and  to 
infurra  them  that  hf  has  made  a  great  improv.ment  in  cheap 
Barometers  since  1861.  He  is  supplving  a  handsome  Rosewoud  1 
Barometer,  with  a  good  sized  Tube,  for  I2s.  Gd  ,  and  which  is 
worth  at  least  7s.  Gd.  more  than  the  one  of  his  manufacture  in 
the  Editor's  possession,  spoken  so  highly  of. 

GROUSE  SHOOTING.— To  Sportsmen.— The  great 
success  at-iending  ihe  u-^e  of  "  POCOCK'S  PATtNT 
PORTABLE  KITE  AND  HAWK"  last  year  has  been  con- 
hrmtd  by  nearly  100  testimonia's.  The  apparatus  eifectually 
tames  the  birdw,  and  mulilts  the  sportsman  to  come  within 
shot — "  P<icoCK  s  Riitent  "  (invt-ntor  of  the  Kite  Carriiitre),  pold 
only  by  Gbobge  GILBERT  (late  55,  Parliament-Street),  13,  Soho- 
square,  London, 


F     MCNEILL  AND  Co.,  of  Lamb's-buildlngs,  Buuhill- 
•     row,  London,  the  Manufacturers  and  only  Patentees  of 
THE  ASPHALTED  FELT  FOR  ROOFING 
Houses,  Farm  Buildings,  Shedding,  Workshops,  aodforGarden 
purposes,  to  protect  Plants  from  Frost. 

At  the  Great  National  Agricultural  Shows,  it  is  this  Felt  ( 
which   has  been  exhibited  and  obtained  two  Silver  Medal  ; 
Phizes,  and  is  the  Felt  solelt  patronised  and -adopted  by 
Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Forests, 
Honourable  Boabd  of  Oednance, 
honoheable  east  india  company, 
Honodrable  Comuissionebs  of  Cdstoms, 
Hee  Majesty's  Estate.  Isle  of  Wioht, 
Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Paek, 
And  on  the  Estates  of  the  Dukes  of  Sutherland,  Norfolk,  Rut- 
land, Newcastle,  Northumberland,  Buccleuch  (at  Richmond), 
and  late  Earl  Spencer,  and  most  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry, 
and  a' theRoTAL  Aqricdltdeal  Socirty's  Hodse,  Hanover-sq. 
It  is  half  the  price  of  any  o'her  description  of  roofing,  and, 
effects  a  fireat  saving  of  Timber  in  the  construction  of  Roofa. 
Made  to  any  length  by  32  inches  wide. 

Price  One  Penny  per  Square  Foot. 
V  Samples,   with  Directii  ns  for  its  Use,  and  Testimonials 
of  seven  \  ears' experience,  with  references  to  Noblemen,  Gen- 
tlemen, Atehitects,  and  Builders,  sent  free  to  any  part  of  the 
town  or  country,  and  orders  by  poet  executeti. 

^^  The  Public  is  cautioned  that  the  only  Works  in  London 
or  Great  Britain  whtre  the  above  Hooflne  »"  made,  are 

F.  M'NEILL  AND  CO.'S 
Patent     Felt    Manufactory,     Lan.b's-buildintrs,     Bonhill-row, 
London,  where  Roofs  covered  with  the  Felt  may  be  seen. 

The  new  Vice-Chancellor'p  Courts,  at  the  .nirance  of  West- 
minster Hall,  were  roofed  with  F.  M'Neill  and  Co.'s  Felt  about 
two  years  since,  under  the  Surveyorship  ol  Chas.  Barry,  Esq.,: 
R  A.  Her  Majpsty'tt  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  are 
sosatibfied  with  the  result  that  they  hiive  ordered  the  Com-: 
mittee  Rooms  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  be  roofed  with' 
their  Felt.     Qnantity  altogether  used,  24.000  feot. 

Note. -Consumers  sending  direct  To  'he  Factory  can  be  sup- 
plied in  lent;ltis  best  suited  to  their  Rools,  so  that  they  pay  fon 
no  more  than  they  require. 

Every  infoimation  afforded  on  the  construction  of  Roofs,  OB 
any  proposed  particular  application  oi  the  Felt, 


31—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


483 


HORTICULTURAL   GARDENS,  ESTABLISHED    IN   1B13, 
FDWAUDE'S  PLACE,  KEMSINGTOV.  LONDON. 

WILLIAM  KEANE,  Landscape  Gardener,  Nur- 
SERTMAfJ  and  Seedsman,  beus  to  s'ate  <hiir, he  i'^  induced, 
from  the  paTonaefl  he  has  received  as  Author  of  the  "  BeHU'ies 
of  Surrpy"  ind  '  Beau'idB  of  Middlesex."  to  offer  his  ^^ervices 
to  the  nobility  and  eenTy,  to  give  Plane,  Eciimates,  and  Speci- 
fications, frea  of  expence,  for  Flower  G,»rdeTi«,  for  the  improve- 
ment "f  Pleasure  Grounds  and  of  Park  Scenery. 

The  "  Beaatiea  of  Surrey, "in  one  volume,  handsomely  bound, 
es.Gd.;  the  "  Beauties  of  Middlesex."  73.  Gd.  They  contain  a 
particular  de^^cription  of  the  principal  eeas  of  'he  nobility  and 
gentry  in  each  county,  and  comprise  all  that  is  tnter.-atinff  in 
the  histiiry,  architecture,  and  internal  adornments  of  the  man- 
sion3.  villa's,  Jjc,  and  in  the  gardena,  parks,  and  pleasure 
ground  scenery.  _ 

"Notwirhsranding  Mr.  Keane  has  civen  an  immense  number 
of  no'ices,  there  ia  a  charmine:  variety  in  his  works.  His 
deBCiip'inns  are  practical  and  uneful,  hut  thron^'hout  all  of 
them  a  flowing  style  of  poetic  feelinR  is  obserpable,  much  of 
which  is  ably  and  eloquently  expressed.  The  workfi  will  be 
exceedingly  useful  to  gentlemen  who  deMre  to  effect  improve- 
ments in  the  d'-p  'sitioa  of  thpjr  gs.vdew."  —Ipswich  Kxpress. 

All  communication-i  for  Plans,  ifcc,  Plauts,  or  other  select 
Nursery  Stock,  will  receive  immediate  attention.  It  is  also 
necessary  to  state,  that  as  the  works  are  printed  for  the  Author, 
they  are  to  he  had  of  him  alone,  hy  Post-offiee  orders,  made 
payable  at  Kensinston.  A  register  of  the  qualifications  of 
GaVdeners,  Jic,  is  kept,  for  the  purpose  of  filling  up  respect- 
able situations. 


SUPERB    DOUBLE    HOLLYHOCKS. 

SAFFRON  WALDEN. 

WILLIAM  CHATER  respectfully  informs "  the 
PuOhc  that  his  unequalled  colli-ction  of  this  nrngnificent 
Flower  is  now  in  bloom,  free  to  the  inspection  of  all  visitors 
-on  anv  dav  ©jcfptin^  Sundays, 

Saffron  Walden  Nursery,  July  31,  


TXriLLIAM  JACKSON  begs  to  return  his  respectful 

*''  and  grateful  thanks  to  the  Sub'^cnbcrs  to  the  Royal 
Oardenera*  Benevolent  Institution,  by  whose  kind  assistance 
he  obtiioed  bis  election. 

HW  A  L  T  O  N,  Florist,  &c.,  Edge  End, 
•  Mar-den,  near  Burnley,  Lancashire,  begs  to  offer  choice 
XJINERaRIA  seed,  warranted  saved  from  the  newest  and 
beet  kind's  out.  in  packets,  pofit  free,  at  Is  ,  Is  Gd.,  and  25.  6d. 
each  ;  also  6ne  strong  blooming  plants,  from  1  foot  to  18  inches 
high, 'of  all  the  new  Fuchsias  of  last  year,  at  93.  and  10s.  per 

dozen. All  orders  to  be  accompanied  with  a  Post-office  Order, 

payable  a'  Marsden.  Lancashire.         

CALCEOLARIA,    1^^  Quality,    Ss.  Od,  per  packet. 

2d        ,,  2     6  „ 

CINERARIA        2    6 

EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Wellineton  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  are  now 
■prepared  to  forward  by  post  SEED  of  the  above  choice  Flowers, 
saved  fri-m  firct-rate  varieties. 


expansions  of  the  calyx  and  its  footstalk  which  we 
call  mossiness,  and  thus  the  first  Moss  Rose  was 
born,  that  attain  was  a  sport. 

AVhen  some  Celosia  suddenly  formed  its  flowers 
upon  a  thickened,  flattened  (fasciated)  stalk,  and  they 
became  more  crowded  than  usual,  we  had  a  cocks- 
comb ;  and  that  again  was  a  sport.  The  plant  thus 
changed,  by  whatever  cause,  had  gained  a  con- 
stitutional tendency  to  grow  in  the  cockscomb  or 
fasciated  manner ;  by  repeatedly  saving  seed  from 
the  most  fasciated,  and  the  dwarfest  seedlings,  that 
which  was  at  first  a  mere  tendency  or  predisposition, 
became  as  fixed  a  constitutional  character  as  was 
acquired  by  the  greyhound,  when  he  first  became  a 
new  variety  of  some  other  kind  of  dog.  This 
fasciated  character  was  at  first  a  mere  monstrosity, 
such  as  we  see  around  us  here  and  there,  in  a  great 
variety  of  plants,  in  which  no  one  has  yet  thought 
of  fixinti  the  habit.  If  it  has  a  tendency  to  disap- 
pear under  neglect,  as  those  who  buy  cheap  seeds 
know  that  it  has,  so,  on  the  other  hand,  it  has  also 
a  tendency  to  increase  under  skilful  management  ; 
as  was  shown  by  Mr.  Andrew  Knight,  when  he,  by 
one  single  effort,  brought  a  Cockscomb  plant  to 
measure  18  inches  across,  and  only  7  inches  high."^' 

An  analogous  change  is  that  which  is  here  repre- 
sented, and  which  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the 
Canterbury  Bell,  whose  flowering  stem  becomes 
fasciated,    and   the    flowers   run   together    into    a 


HOLLYHOCKS. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,   and  CO.,  respectfully  inform 
th"  Public  that  their  choice  and  extensive  collection  of 
HOLLY  Flo- -KS  is  now  finely  in  flower. 
Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  July  31.  _^_^_ 


TO   THE   TRADE. 

CAJIELLIA  STOCKS,  fine  strong  plants,  ready  for 
working,  75s.  per  lOH,  or  15E  tor  -idO. 
Also   all  the  leading  Caraeilias,  well  set  with  flower-buds, 
1  foot  to -t  'eet,  18s.  to  6O5.  per  doz.      A  few  dozens  of  large 
plants,  cohered  with  buds,  from  IO5.  Gd.  t'>4-'s.  each. 

Copre«=.U8  funebris.  nice  plants  (own  roots),  I8s.  to  36s.  per 
doz.  ;  CupresBus  ericoides,  18s.  per  doz. ;  C.  japonicus, 
3».  Gd  81  ch. 

The  Advertieer  also  beers  to  off'er  his  new  Gloxinia,  "  Flon- 
bnndi,"  a  splendid  dark  flower,  and  the  most  profuse  bloomer 
of  the  genu",  at  IO5.  Gd.   each  ;  or.  where  ihree  are  taken,  one 
I  added.     F\T*t  orders  will  have  the  etrongest  plants, 
i      JoHW  i'coTT,  Merriott  Nurseries,  Crewkeroe,  Soraeraet. 


€fte  (SarUenetjS'  ©HronicU, 

SATURDAY,  JULY  31,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  TBE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

TsnB.DAT,     Aug.       5— National  Ploricullural 3  P.M. 

Pkidai  —         6-BotaDlcal 8  p.m. 

COM.kT  Swowt— Wc^D'Kilttr,  Au?.  4:  Dfrby,  and  Hull.— Wednesday, 
knz.  *.  and  Tbvi*i»y,  Ao?-  &:  York  Il'irt  cunural.— Thursday,  Aug,  5i 
Ireland  Royal  HoriicTiJtuP(.l.— Friday,  Am  C:  Turiiff, 


We  are  not  a  little  suqjrised  to  find  so  many  of 

Dnr  correspondents  unacquainted  with  the  meaning 

)f    what    is    technically,    we    should    rather    say 

iamiliarly,  called  a  .Sport  in  natural  history,  and  by 

;J  )ne  of  which  Wheat  has  been  bred  from  jEgilops. 

iPerhaps  the  best  definition  of   a  sport  would   be 

\nulatio  per  saltum,  or,  in   plain   English,  a  sudden 

change  of  one  thing  into  another,  different  in  some 

ery   utriking    respect;     as    when    a    Peach    tree 

luces  a  smooth  fruit   (a  Nectarine)  among  its 

i  downy  brood.     These  sudden  changes  seem  to 

:   essentially  different  in   their   nature   from   the 

radual  alterations  which  cultivation   brings  about 

1  all  plants  ;  they  are  violent  transformations  pro- 

ijced  by  unknown  canses,  and  in  which  there  is  a 

.'ural  tendency  to  preserve  the  altered  condition. 

le  examples,  and  their  known  resalts,  will  we 

t  make  this  plainer. 

The  annual  C'larkia  pulchella  bears  natur.ally  a 

arple   flower.     (Jnexpecledly,  among  other  seed- 

nga,  a  plant  appeared  in  which  the  flowers  were 

'•    ore  white — a  vegetable  Albino,     That  was  a  sport. 

iin    need    wa»    saved     and    sown  ;    the    produce 

listed  of  many  purple  and  many  white  flowering 

vidoals.     The  purples  which   had  lost  the  new 

lency  were  removed,  and  seed  again  saved   from 

pare  whites  ;  the  next  batch  of  seedlings  w;i« 

■h  more  white  than  purple;   the  next  batch  was 

vhile,  and  thus  the  original  sport  was  fixed. 

^  hen  the  I'rovins   Rose   produced  a  branch  on 

'•■h  the  flowers  were  buried  among  those  glandular 


magnificent  crescent-shaped  head.  Gardeners  have 
never  thought  it  worth  while  to  attempt  to  fix  this 
striking  character,  and  yet  it  might  probably  be 
secured  as  easily  as  the  Cockscomb. 

Fortes  gigmmtur  fortibus.  And  in  like  manner 
feeble  come  from  the  feeble,  and  changed  from  the 
changing.  Such  would  seem  to  be  the  law  of 
nature.  We  see  it  manifested  in  our  own  species, 
in  our  domesticated  animals,  in  our  cultivated 
plants  ;  and  no  one  can  say  where  it  will  end.  If 
theBroccoli  and  Cauliflower  were  bred  from  fasciated 
Cabbages,  as  they  certainly  must  have  been,  for 
they  are  merely  Cockscombs  of  an  esculent 
quality,  who  can  venture  to  declare  that  a  thousand 
other  fasciated  monsters  shall  not  arise  around  us, 
with  habits  to  be  rendered  as  unchangeable  as  theirs  ? 

Let  us  not  be  misunderstood.  In  speaking  thus 
we  by  no  means  advocate  the  possibility  of  a 
vegetable  transmutation  similar  to  that  of  a  trans- 
mutation of  metals.  Speculations  of  that  kind  have 
never  found  favour  in  our  eyes.  AH  we  have  con- 
tended for,  all  that  we  still  contend  for,  and  we  will 
add  what  has  now  been  conclusively  demonstrated, 
is,  that  the  organs  of  plants  are  naturally  subject  to 
transformations,  for  which  neither  pseudo-botanists 
nor  botanists  themselves  are  prepared ;  that  we  may 
expect  to  find  what  are  called  species  and  genera 
proved  to  be  mere  forms  of  what  have  been  errone- 
ously supposed  to  be  other  species  and  genera;  and 
that  although  there  is  no  probability  that  Rye  ever 
came  fi'om  the  seeds  of  the  Oat,  yet  that  it  is  in  the 
highest  degree  probable  that  Rye  itself  is  an  unsus- 
pected form  of  some  other  Grass, 

As  to  the  purely  scientific  view  in  which  this 
subject  must  be  regarded,  we  cannot  do  better  than 
use  the  words  of  one  of  our  able  correspondents,  with 
which  we  close  our  remarks  for  the  present. 

"  What  M,  Fahiie's  most  interesting  experi- 
ments and  observations  prove  i.s,  that  those 
are  right  who  assert  that  we  should  never 
establish  ,as  a  species  a  cultivated  plant  of  which 
we  are  ignorant  of  the  wild  form,  and  that 
botanists  were  wrong  in  distinguishing  goneiically 
the  cultivated  Wheat  and  Aigilops  which  are  now 
proved  to  be  identical.  That  Wln'at  is  an  abnormal 
state  of  some  plant  till  now  not  identified  might  be 
perceived  from  the  fact  that  itdoes  not  become  wild — 

♦  ThU  wit,"  III  \Hm.  A  (liiiwiiiK  of  iIjIh  mi».i.  Iii;i-ii  liiiiiKVni 
till)  lltirftry  of  tlio  Ilorllcmlliirnl  Socioty.     'I'lii'  itiiiiiniir  In  whioli 

itio  fix{ierli(iont  was  cuoUuotcd  Is  doturlbuil  In  tljo  UqH,  'J'mnt.t 
vol.  Ir,  p.  331. 


if  left  to  itself  it  disappears.  Not  that  (as  in  the  cas^ 
of  many  abnormal  states  of  plants)  it  does  not  pro" 
duce  fertile  seeds,  nor  does  it  (as  it  is  with  other.s) 
return  to  its  oriuinal  state;  but  deprive  it  of  that 
cultivation  which  has  brought  it  to  the  abnormal 
.state,  and  it  dies  off — it  becomes  choked  or  destroyed 
by  external  agents  which  it  is  too  weak  to  resist,  or 
it  does  not  multiply  in  a  ratio  sufficient  to  counter- 
balance the  numerous  causes  of  destruction  alivays 
as.sailing  wild  plants.  We  cannot  consider  either 
that  this  discovery  necessarili/  invalidates  those 
characters  by  which  the  genera  YEgilops  and 
Triticum  (as  taken  from  wild  sppcies,  such  as  T. 
maritimum,  &c.)  are  separated,  any  more  than  the 
existence  of  a  Peloria  in  Linaria  invalidates  the 
character  derived  from  the  distinction  between 
regular  and  irregular  flowers.  The  articulation  or 
d  hiscence  of  a  pod  in  Leguminosae  is  often  a  most 
important  character.  But  place  the  pod  in  other 
circumstances :  let  it  ripen  underground,  and  it 
loses  its  articulation  or  dehiscence  without  invali- 
dating the  general  character  or  yet  removing  the 
plant  into  genera  with  inarticulate  or  indehiscent 
pods. 

"In  proving  that  a  plant,  whether  cultivated  or  not, 
is  but  a  modification  of  one  apparently  so  different, 
that  we  had  placed  it  in  a  distinct  genus,  we  show, 
not  that  we  can  turn  one  genus  into  another,  but 
that  we  were  wrong  in  distinguishing  two  plants 
essentially  the  same  ;  an  error 
of  judgment  on  the  part  of 
many  of  even  the  most  dis- 
tinguished botanists,  daily  com- 
mitted and  daily  detected  in 
some  instance  or  another  of 
more  or  less  importance.  We 
must  always  bear  in  mind  that 
a  genus  has  no  real  definite 
existence  in  naiuie,  but  is  an 
arbitrary  grouping  of  species 
which  we  consider  as  more  or 
less  resembling  each  other;  and 
;  that  if  a  species  has  real  exist- 
ence, there  is  no  positive  test 
which  we  can  apply  to  the 
specific  identity  of  two  indi- 
viduals whose  individual 
parentage  we  cannot  trace  to 
one  individual ;  but  specific 
identity  or  diversity  can  only 
be  deduced  from  circumstantial 
evidence  more  or  less  convincing,  and  which  indi- 
vidual botanists  have  more  or  less  capacity  for 
duly  weighing  and  appreciating. 

"  The  Peach  is  another  instance  of  a  cultivated 
plant  unknown  in  its  wild  state  (for  I  believe  it  has 
never  been  proved  that  the  Almond  is  the  Peach 
nearer  to  the  wild  state),  which,  though  it  germinates 
most  readily  and  freely  in  a  cultivated  state,  does 
not  become  wild  in  the  countries  where  it  is  most 
grown,  and  shows  no  tendency  to  return  to  its  wild 
form.  Till  its  wild  state  has  been  ascertained,  the 
species  Amygdalus  Persica  or  the  genus  Persica  must 
be  considered  as  hypothetical." 

It  can  be  matter  of  surprise  to  no  one  who  has 
observed  the  effect  of  marked  atmospheric  changes, 
that  the  present  year  should  abound  in  different 
forms  of  disease  as  regards  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
Not  only  are  such  diseases  as  depend  on  the  presence 
of  fungi  more  than  usually  prevalent,  but  those  also 
which  consist  in  decay  of  the  tissues,  whether  more 
or  less  partial,  as  in  the  Bean  rot,  and  a  curious 
necrosis  of  the  stalks  of  Wheat,  which  has  been 
observed  in  some  parts  of  England,  in  neither  of 
which  the  slightest  trace  of  fungus,  except  occa- 
sionally as  an  after-grov?th,  is  visible.  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  in  proportion  as  cultivation 
improves,  and  greater  luxuriance  is  induced  in 
consequence  of  the  use  of  artificial  manure,  plants 
will  be  more  and  more  liable  to  malady.  Not  a 
single  Rose,  with  the  exception  of  K,  microphylla, 
is  ever  attacked  with  mildew  in  our  garden,  for  the 
simple  reason  that  the  soil  is  poor,  and  little 
manure  applied ;  the  diii'erence  is  most  manifest  when 
the  Pea  crop  is  grown  within  those  limits  which  are 
highly  manured,  and  when  it  occupies  an  external 
plot  which  receives  little  .attention  beyond  the  mere 
stirring  of  the  ground,  and  the  needful  destruction 
of  weeds.  It  is  quite  certain  that  with  agricultural 
plants  produce  cannot  exceed  a  certain  limit,  so 
long  .as  the  old  varieties  are  cultivated.  If  the 
ground  is  too  thickly  covered,  disease  of  some  kind 
is  sure  to  ensuo. 

The  great  object  is  now  to  improve  our  varieties 
of  grain.  The  Bristol  Red  Wheat,  for  instance, 
though,  from  a  dcificiency  of  gluten,  it  must  be  con- 
sidered an  inferior  kind,  produces  so  much  more  per 
acre  that  it  is  in  many  parts  of  England  extensively 
grown,  the  produce  being  such  as  to  conipen.sate 
many  times  for  a  slight  diminution  of  value  per 


484 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[July  31, 


quarter.  Six  quarters  per  acre  is  no  uncommon 
produce,  and  the  yield  is  often  considerably  greater. 
The  object  then  should  be  to  obtain  improved 
varieties,  which  may  yield  a  still  greater  produce 
from  such  a  plant  and  may  be  likely  to  insure  a 
healthy  condition  of  the  crop  ;  and  our  remarks  are 
just  as  applicable  to  other  kinds  of  grain  as  to 
Wheat.  When  such  varieties  as  are  more  produc- 
tive, from  the  greater  size  of  the  grain  or  greater 
length  of  spike,  have  been  submitted  to  cultivation, 
it  will  soon  appear  howr  far  it  may  be  safe  to  force 
vegetation  by  strong  manure ;  though  we  suspect 
that  a  more  diligent  preparation  of  the  land,  and  a 
more  constant  and  effectual  destruction  of  noxious 
weeds,  are  quite  as  necessary  elements  in  the 
question  as  that  of  high  manuring.  M.  J.  B. 


FORTUNE'S  YELLOW  OR  SALMON-COLOURED 
ROSE. 

In  a  "Sketch  of  a  Visit  to  China  in  search  of  New 
Plants,"  published  in  the  1st  Vol.  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  I  noticed  the  discovery  and  intro- 
duction of  a  very  beautiful  yellow  or  salmon-coloured 
Rose.  I  had  beeu  much  struck  with  the  effects  pro- 
duced by  it  in  the  gardens  of  Northern  China,  where 
it  was  greatly  prized  ;  and  I  had  no  doubt  it  would 
succeed  equally  well  in  this  country.  But  from  some 
cause — probably  ignorance  as  to  its  habits  or  to  the 
treatment  required — my  favourite  Waug-jan-Ve,  as  the 
Chinese  call  it,  was  "  cried  down."  It  had  been  planted 
in  situations  where  it  was  either  starved  or  burned  up, 
and  in  return  for  such  unkind  treatment  the  pretty 
exotic  obstinately  refused  to  produce  any  but  poor 
miserable  flowers.  Then  the  learned  in  such  matters 
pronounced  it  quite  unworthy  of  a  place  in  our  gardens 
amongst  English  Roses ;  and  I  believe,in  many  instances, 
it  was  either  allowed  to  die,  or  was  dug  up  and  thrown 
away. 

Thus  five  or  six  years  have  elapsed  since  the  intro- 
duction of  this  fine  climber,  and  it  has  never  been  seen 
in  its  proper  garb  until  this  summer.  Your  corre- 
spondent "  J.  R.,  Sevenoaks,"  (p.  436),  seems  to  have 
been  as  successful  with  it  as  the  Chinese  about  Ningpo 
and  Shanghae.  With  him  it  is  "  a  Rose  nearly  as 
rampant  as  the  old  Ayrshire,  quite  hardy,  and  covered 
from  the  middle  of  May  with  hundreds  of  large  loose 
flowers,  of  evex'y  shade,  between  a  rich  reddish  buff  and 
a  full  coppery  pink."  Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble,  of 
Bagshot,  have  been  equally  successful.  In  a  letter 
lately  received,  they  say  ;  "  We  have  had  your  salmon- 
coloured  Rose  in  great  beauty  this  year ;  the  old  plants 
in  the  open  ground  (standards)  were  one  mass  of  bloom, 
the  heads  of  each  being  more  than  4  feet  through." 

Such  are  the  results  in  two  places  this  year,  and  I 
dare  say  your  correspondent  "J.  R."  and  Messrs. 
Standish  and  Noble,  would  inform  you  that  no  great 
amount  of  skill  was  necessary  in  order  to  bring  the 
Rose  into  this  state.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  scrambling 
over  old  walls  like  an  Ayrshire,  but  it  requires  a  rich 
soil  and  plenty  of  room  to  grow.  The  Chinese  say  that 
night-soil  is  one  of  the  best  manures  to  give  it.  Only 
fancy  a  wall  completely  covered  with  many  hundred 
flowers,  of  various  hues — yellowish,  salmon,  and  bronze- 
like, and  then  say  what  Rose  we  have  in  the  gardens  of 
this  country  so  striking,  and  how  great  would  have  been 
the  pity  if  an  introduction  of  this  kind  had  been  lost 
through  the  blighting  influence  of  such  ignorance  and 
prejudice  as  have  been  shown  by  the  person  to  whose 
care  it  was  first  entrusted.  K.  F. 


their  weight.  When  they  are  mature,  and  after  they 
have  given  out  a  large  quantity  of  their  solid  and  hquid 
secretions,  the  proportion  of  solid  matter  is  increased  to 
20  per  cent. 

The   following  table  exhibits  a  summary  of  results, 
furnished  by  1000  parts  by  weight  of  fresh  leaves  : — 


Leaves  dried  (at  230°  Fah.) 

Vf  orms  dried  (to  14  per  cent,  of  solid  \ 

mattera)         j 

Litter,  or  refuse  of  leaves  left  bj  the  > 

worms  j 

Excretions         


1849 

1850. 

1851. 

292 

271 

266 

26 

23 

21 

134 

134 

124 

119 

98 

103 

SILKWORMS, 

CHEMICALLY    AND  PHYSIOLOGICALLY    CONSIDERF.D. 
By  M.  Edqene  Peligot  (Comptes  Reodua,  Nov.,  TS5I.) 

Some  extracts  from  the  above  memoir  will  probably 
be  interesting  to  those  who  persevere  in  rearing  small 
quanties  of  silkworms  in  this  country,  with  more  or  less 
success.  They  have  been  reared,  on  a  small  scale,  near 
London,  with  only  two  per  cent,  of  deaths  ;  in  their 
natural  climate  of  Cliina,  the  mortality  is  said  to  be 
only  one  per  cent. ;  whilst  in  some  of  the  large  establish- 
ments in  France,  it  is  occasionally  as  much  as  50  per 
cent.  ;  and  when  their  rearing  was  attempted  on  a  large 
scale  in  this  country,  or  in  Ireland,  it  proved  a  complete 
failure,  owing,  probably,  to  an  imperfect  knowledge  of 
some  simple,  but  nevertheless  essential  points  of  manage- 
ment. M.  Peligot's  observations  will  be  followed  by  a 
few  remarks  on  the  causes  of  failure  in  silkworm 
rearing  in  this  country  ;  and  an  endeavour  will  be  made 
to  point  out  the  mode  by  which  those  causes  might  be 
avoided  in  future. 

In  order  to  obtain  comparable  results,  M.  Peligot 
considered  it  necessary  to  take  the  weights  of  the  leaves, 
worms,  litter,  &c.,  in  a  dry  state.  In  order  to  estimate 
the  di'y  weight  of  the  fresh  leaves  given  to  the  worms, 
a  portion  of  leaves  similar  in  every  respect  to  that 
distributed  was  daily  reserved  for  drying.  The  quantity 
of  water  in  the  leaves  is  so  variable  that  it  was  impos- 
sible to  proceed  otherwise.  The  leaves  employed 
contained  from  17  to  32  per  cent,  of  solid  matter.  The 
drying  of  the  worms  was  necessary  in  order  to  ascertain 
their  growth  with  reference  to  a  given  weight  of  leaves. 
It  was  found  that  the  quantity  of  dry  matter  which  the 
worms  contain  i,s  cotistant  during  the  whole  period  of 
their  growth.  The  food,  &c.,  contained  in  the  intestinal 
canal  bemg  previously  removed,  the  quantity  of  dry 
matter  in  both  large  azid  small  worms  is  14  per  cent  of 


produced  was  60  per  cent,  heavier  than  the  substance- 
contained  in  the  silk  reservoirs.  Probably  the  secretion, 
of  silk  goes  on  within  the  worm  whilst  the  latter  is  ■ 
engaged  in  forming  its  cocoon.  On  an  average,  the 
silkworms  yield  from  5  to  6  per  cent,  of  their  weight-^ 
in  silk,  II 


By  giving  these  results  in  another  forni,  it  appears 
that  the  worms  have  left  as  litter  45,  49,  and  46  per 
cent,  of  the  leaves  distinbuted  to  them  in  the  respective 
years  ;  and  that  1 00  parts  by  weight  of  leaves  in  the 
dry  state  produces  8  to  9  parts  by  weight,  dry,  of 
worms,  and  40,  36,  and  38  of  excretions.  In  acquiring 
a  dry  weight  represented  by  100,  the  worms  reject  450, 
426,  and  490  of  residue  of  leaves,  or  excrements,  so  that 
the  nutritive  portion  which  the  worms  assimilate  is  only 
about  the  sixth  part  of  the  weight  of  the  leaves  which 
they  actually  eat,  the  other  five  being  returned  as 
excrements,  or  expended  in  supplying  the  respiration  of 
the  worms. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  worms  empty  themselves 
when  they  attain  matui-ity.  The  intestines  are  cleared 
of  excretions  and  the  remains  of  leaves  not  digested. 
They  then  lose,  in  a  few  hours,  from  8  to  10  per  cent, 
of  their  weight.  But  the  diminution  of  weight  does  not 
stop  at  this.  When  the  worm  has  chosen  a  convenient 
place  for  making  its  cocoon,  and  attached  its  first 
threads  as  fastenings,  it  expels  again  some  solid  excre- 
tions, of  a  green  or  white  colour,  and  which  contain  a 
large  quantity  of  uric  acid.  Some  time  after  they  dis- 
charge a  colourless  liquid,  limpid  as  water,  but  which 
gives  a  decidedly  allialine  reaction.  This  sort  of  urine 
is  not  a,mmoniacal,  as  has  hitherto  been  stated  ;  it  is  a 
solution  of  carbonate  of  potash^  containing  1 },  per  cent, 
of  that  salt  ;  the  quantity  of  the  solution  varies  from  15 
to  20  per  cent,  of  the  actual  weight  of  the  worm.  What 
purpose  does  this  serve  \  Entomologists  will  doubtless 
answer  the  question. 

With  the  view  of  determining  the  loss  of  weight  con- 
sequent on  the  privation  of  food  for  a  period  more  or 
less  prolonged,  two  worms  were  put  to  fast  in  their  last 
age,  but  still  eating  with  avidity  at  the  time  the  experi- 
ment was  commenced  with  them.  They  weighed  each 
29  grains,  and  had  only  attained  two-thirds  of  their 
growth,  for  those  from  amongst  which  they  had  been 
taken  weighed  at  the  time  of  their  commencing  to  spin, 
from  41  to  46  grains.  Nevertheless,  at  the  end  of  five 
days'  fasting,  these  two  worms  blanched,  as  if  they  had 
been  mature,  and  commenced  their  cocoons;  out  of 
these  male  moths  issued  at  the  usual  time.  They  were 
very  small,  as  were  likewise  their  cocoons.  The  moths 
weighed  only  from  2  to  3  grains,  whereas  the  usual 
weight  is  from  6  to  7  grains.  The  silk  in  each  cocoon 
weighed  about  three-fourths  of  a  grain,  instead  of  2^ 
grains,  which  was  the  average  weight  of  silk  in  the  other 
cocoons. 

In  a  practical  point  of  view  this  experiment  shows 
that  a  rearer,  in  case  of  a  scarcity  of  leaves,  may  still 
obtain  some  produce  from  worms  nearly  mature, 
although  he  cannot  complete  their  feeding.  The  pro- 
duce, however  small,  will  still  be  in  proportion  to  the 
quantity  of  leaves  consumed.  M.  Peligot  remarks  that 
it  would  be  interesting,  as  affording  a  scientific  fact,  to 
rear  some  worms  from  such  starved  parents,  in  order  to 
ascertain  how  far  the  consequent  diminutiveness  may  be 
hereditary  ;  and  what  influence  it  might  have  on  the 
quality  of  the  silk.' 

It  was  found  that  1000  grains  of  worms  produced 
534  grains  of  cocoons.  In  determining  the  quantity 
of  silk  in  cocoons,  M.  Peligot  came  to  the  important 
conclusion  that  the  weight  of  s-ilJc  is  far  from  being  in 
proportion  to  that  of  the  worms  or  of  the  moths  :  in  other 
words,  that  the  heavy  and  light  cocoons  of  the  same 
brood  and  variety  of  worm  contain  about  the  same 
quantity  of  silk.  The  difference  is  owing  to  the  different 
weights  of  the  moth.  For  the  males  the  weight  is 
between  4f  and  6^^  grains,  while  the  females  usually 
weigh  more  than  double,  the  excess  in  weight  being  due 
to  the  eggs  which  they  tiien  contain. 

Now,  as  it  is  probable  that  the  female  moths  have 
come  from  the  heaviest  worms,  which  have  consequently 
consumed  a  proportionably  larger  quantity  of  leaves,  it 
follows  that  if  we  could  distinguish  the  males  and  females 
when  the  worms  first  come  out,  or  even  after  they  have 
finished  their  moultlngs,  it  would  be  advantageous  to 
destroy  tlie  females,  excepting  such  as  ought  to  be 
preserved  for  supplying  the  necessary  quantity  of  eggs, 
and  give  exclusive  attention  to  the  rearing  of  males, 
because  these  consume  less  food,  and  yet  furnish  an 
equal  quantity  of  silk.  Unfortunately  no  one  has  yet 
been  able  to  distinguish  the  sexes  of  silkworms  ;  but  it 
is  possible  to  do  so  in  the  chrysalid  and  moth  state,  the 
females  being  much  heavier  than  the  males, 

I  have  had  occasion,  remarlts  M,  Peligot,  to  open  a 
great  number  of  mature  woi'ms,  and  to  remove  their 
silk  reservoirs  or  lobes,  with  the  view  of  studying  com- 
paratively the  silk,  and  the  crude  matter  from  which  it 
is  produced  ;  and  I  have  discovered  that  the  weight  of 
the  two  lobes,  dried,  is  less  than  that  of  the  silk  pro- 
duced by  the  worm,  the  silk  undergoing  the  same 
process  of  drying  as  the  lobes  or  reservoirs;  whilst  the 
latter  weighed  on  an  average  \-f'.j\j  gi'ain,  the  silk 
produced  wag  2^  grains  ;  or,  in  other  terms,  the  silk 


VERONICA  SPECiOSA. 
A  FINELY   grown    and   bloomed    specimen  of    this- 
Speedwell  was  shown  at  the  June   exhibition  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  at  Chiswick,  in  1 844,  from  whidi ' 
a  high  estimate   of  its  value   was   formed   by  many 
growers.     Subsequent  experience,  however,  has  not  con- 
firmed the  opinion  then  formed  of  it,  and,  as  usual  in  such 
cases,  it  speedily  fell  into  unmerited  disrepute.  Although 
not  comparable  as  regards  eff*eet  with  many  plants  com-  - 
mon  in  collections,  its  easy  culture,  fine  robust  habit, 
and  profuse  blooming  tendency,  merit  for  it  a  larger 
share  of  attention  than  it  receives.     I  must  confess, 
however,  that  it  never  was  a  favourite  of  mine,  and  it 
would  not  have  formed  the  subject  of  this  article  had' 
not  one  of  your  readers  requested  to  be  furnished  with 
directions  for  its  culture. 

Like  New  Zealand  plantsgenerally,  it  merely  requires 
protection  from  severe  frost,  being  all  but  hardy  in  this 
climate.  It  has  stood  the  winter  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  with  no  farther  protection  than  the  shelter  of 
a  wall,  and  in  many  instances  it  thrives  very  well  planted 
against  a  south  wall,  but  in  most  parts  of  the  country  it 
cannot  be  successfully  cultivated  except  under  glass. 
It  is  readily  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  firm  young 
wood,  planted  in  light  sandy  soil,  covered  with  a  bell- 
glass,  and  placed  in  a  shady  situation  where  the 
temperature  may  be  about  60°.  The  cuttings  should  not 
be  put  in  later  than  June,  so  as  to  have  them  nice 
established  plants  iu  5-inch  pots  previous  to  winter. 
Place  them  on  a  front  shelf  of  the  greenhouse,  and  do 
not  over  water  during  the  winter  months. 

To  secure  large  specimens  without  loss  of  time,  place 
the  young  plants  in  a  growing  temperature  of  from 
45*^  to  55°  in  March.  As  soon  as  they  commence 
growth  shift  into  pots  two  sizes  larger  than  those  they 
are  in  ;  pinch  out  the  points  of  the  shoots,  and  peg 
down  the  main  branches,  so  as  to  secure  a  compact 
bushy  form  of  gi'owth.  Syringe  over-head  frequently  in 
fine  weather,  and  maintain  a  rather  moist  atmosphercj 
but  admit  air  freely  on  all  favourable  occasions,  and 
keep  the  plants  near  the  glass,  affording  them  all  the 
light  possible,  and  supplying  them  liberally  with  water 
at  the  root,  when  in  active  growth..  A  cold  frame  will 
be  the  most  suitable  situation  for  them  during  summerj 
and  if  this  is  screened  from  the  mid-day  sun  it  will  be 
all  the  better.  A  second  shift  will  probably  be  necessary 
eai'ly  in  May,  and  if  the  plants  are  in  a  healthy  thriving 
state  they  will  stand  a  large  shift :  indeed,  with  ordinary- 
management,  they  will  fill  15-inch  pots  before  wintei*. 
It  will,  however,  be  advisable  to  regulate  the  size  of  the 
pots  for  this  shift  by  the  object  iu  view  ;  if  it  is  desirable 
to  have  specimens  in  flower  in  autumn  12-inch  pots  will 
be  sufficiently  large,  and  this  will  be  a  proper  size  for 
plants  to  flower  in  winter,  or  early  the  following 
spring,  while  15-inch  pots  may  be  allowed  plants 
intended  to  flower  about  May  or  any  time  during 
the  following  summer.  Keep  them  rather  close 
after  giving  them  a  large  shift,  and  water  carefully 
till  the  roots  strike  into  the  fresh  soil.  During  the 
summer  they  will  require  merely  the  ordinary  routine 
of  watering,  syringing,  stopping,  and  staking  ;  but  the 
habit  of  growth  is  so  good. that  very  little  training  will 
be  requisite.  If  any  of  the  plants  are  intended  for 
autumn  flowering  they  should  not  be  stopped  later  than 
June,  and  it  will  be  well  to  decide  respecting  the  time 
at  which  each  nlant  will  be  most  acceptable  in  bloom, 
and  discontinue  stopping,  so  as  to  have  the  last  growtb 
well  matured  ;  this  will  require  from  two  to  three 
months,  according  to  circumstances — a  season's  expfr 
rience  will  be  the  best  guide  in  tins  matter.  The  planti 
should  be  freely  exposed  to  light  at  all  times,  and  espt 
cially  when  the  wood  expected  to  produce  flowers, 
being  formed  and  matured.  Soft  ill-ripened  wood  w 
never  flower  abundantly  ;  and  it  is  also  necessary 
keep  the  plants  near  the  glass  while  iu  blossom,  as  tl 
flowers  are  destitute  of  colour  when  placed  in  a  sha6 
part  of  the  house.  Large  plants  to  be  kept  over  th 
winter  for  flowering  in  spring  should  be  placed  in  a  hgl 
airy  situation  in  the  greenhouse,  and  carefully  watere 
during  the  dull  months. 

After  flowering,  the  plants  may  be  cut  back  and  grow 
for  farther  use,  as  they  will  last  for  several  years,  ar 
if  liberally  supj  Led  with  weak  clear  manure  watei%  th( 
will  be  hardly  inferior  to  young  plants.  Tlxey  may  alt 
be  turned  out  of  their  pots  every  other  year,  and  hai 
the  balls  reduced  considerably,  so  as  to  allow  for  givii 
them  some  fresh  soil,  without  getting  them  into  ovi 
large  pots  ;  but  I  prefer  young  plants,  and  I  think  thi 
are  less  trouble,  and  occupy  less  space,  and  they  general 
make  handsomer  specimens  than  old  plants  do. 

Rich  sandy  turfy  loam  should  form  the  staple- of  tiff 
compost  for  this  Veronica  ;  a  fourth  part  of  rich  tur 
p9at,   or   leaf-soil,  may  be    added,  bat  the   loam  w 
answer  perfectly  well  alone.     It  should  be  broken 
carefully  with  the  hand,  rejecting  all  inert  soil,  mix 
with  sharp   silver  sand,    lumps   of  charcoal   or   sm; 
potsherds,  and  used  in  a  rather  rough  state.    Use  plec 
of  drainin*'  materials  for  the  pots,  and  cover  with  a  tb 
layer  of  the  turfy  pieces  of  the  soil.    Those  who  wish 
"■row  Veronica  speciosa  out  of  doors  should  give  i 
place  on  a  south  or  west  wall,  in  a  fresh  light  port 
thoroughly  drained  soil,  and  if  it  does  not  succeed  ' 
lost  trouble  will  not  be  much.  Alpha. 


-1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


485 


Home  Correspondence. 

9iit~do3r  Grapes. — Perceiving  in  your  columns  two 
ters  by  way  of  reeoramendation  of  the  late  Clement 
)are's  system  of  treating  the  Vine  out  of  doors,  I 
;  to  add  my  testimony  to  the  vast  superiority  of  the 
thod  so  well  treated  of  in  Mr.  Hoare's  work  over  the 
I  spur  system  ;  as  it  will  enable  the  cultivator  to 
)duce  Grapes  much  finer,  to  a  certainty,  in  less  space, 
d  ccHisequently  in  greater  abundance.  During  the 
esent  month  of  unparalleled  solar  heat,  my  Grapes 
ve  bloomed  and  set  very  well ;  and  with  an  ordinary 
tuma,  I  expect  some  superior  fruit  to  any  previous 
tson.  Your  readers  would  coufer  a  boon  upon  the 
mbler  classes  by  giving  them  an  opportunity  of 
msifig  "  Hoare  on  the  Vine."  We  have  had  a  copy 
rented  to  our  Religious  and  Useful  Knowledge 
ciety,  by  a  gentleman  who  has  adopted  the  system 
th  considerable  success.  Many,  if  not  all,  the  prin- 
>al  towns  should  be  supplied  with  one  or  more  copies, 
■some  of  the  more  influential  iuhabitants.  The 
stem  is  the  easiest  learnt  of  all  the  lessons  on  pruning 
lave  read.  Your  correspondent,  at  page  437,  writes 
)re  particularly  to  those  who  are  planting  young 
nea  :  that  is  very  good,  certainly,  but  I  would  as 
•ongly  advise  those  who  have  old  ones  to  bring  them 
derthe  system  forthwith,  by  avoiding  that  unscientific 
sthod  of  cutting  off  the  leaves  to  let  in  the  direct  rays 
the  sun  to  spoil  (not  ripen)  the  fruit ;  and  to  let  the 
ung  wood  of  the  present  year  grow  its  greatest  length 
til  -let  September,  so  as  to  gain  substance  for  bearing 
xt  year,  when  all  the  old  wood  should  be  "  out  of  sight 
d  out  of  mind ;"  except,  of  couree,  that  from  which 
young  wood  of  this  year  springs,  but  even  some  of 
B  latter  must  be  cut  out  in  October.  B.  F., 
trikampion. 

Peas  with  EatalAe  Pods. — Your  coiTespondent  "  P.  C." 
je  p.  453),  may  have  been  supplied  with  a  spurious 
rt  of  Pea  with  eatable  pods,  but  I  have  constantly 
ten  them  on  the  Continent,  and  had  the  curiosity  to 
laiess  their  preparation  in  the  kitchen.  They  must 
ve  the  parchment  hniug,  of  which  he  speaks,  removed, 
lieh  is  always  done  by  breaking  the  top  of  the  pod 
wardly,  and  it  peals  off  without  further  trouble  ;  but 
any  one  attempts  to  cook  and  eat  them  without  that 
ocess,  they  will  have  anything  but  an  agreeable  dish. 
3e  pod  is  as  sweet  and  as  tender  as  the  Pea,  when  that 
done.  F.  P.  S. 

The  Cloth  of  Gold  Hose  has  flowered  here  this  season 
excellent  style,  and  has  been  greatly  admired  by  all 
ho  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing  it.  It  was  planted 
ree  yeai-s  ago,  but  it  did  not  flower  until  this  season, 
ith  the  exception  of  a  good  soaking  of  liquid  manure 
rly  in  March,  it  got  no  manure  last  winter.  There  is 
good  collection  of  Rsss  here,  but  the  Cloth  of  Gold 
ems  to  throw  them  all  mto  the  shade.  I  had  the  plea- 
re  of  seeing  it  in  flower,  early  in  May,  in  the  Hon. 
F.CoUey's  garden,  in  this  county  (Kildare) ;  in  this 
«  it  was  on  a  south  wall.  A.  Matthev),  Moore  Abbey, 
''onastereven,  July  21. 

Coup  dt  Soldi  in  Plants,  ttc— The  blight  of  which 
JUT  correspondent  "J.  R.,  Sevenoaks,"  adduces  so 
any  examples  at  p.  452,  is  more  the  result  of  the 
ccessive  heat  to  which  plants  have  been  exposed  tlian 
lything  elae,  and  I  am  quite  convinced  that  plants  have 
ififered  as  much  from  coup  de  soldi  as  animals  ;  and 
e  have,  unfortunately,  too  many  instances  of  lives  lost 
tr  the  summer  of  1852  to  be  soon  forgotten.  In  this 
sighbourhood,  more  especially  upon  poor  sandy, 
ravelly,  or  shallow  soils,  and  in  confined  situations, 
xut  of  all  kinds  suffered  materially,  having  the  appear- 
ace  of  being  scalded  or  scorched,  and  in  many  gardens 
reat  quantities  dropped  off.  In  one  market-»arden 
Dt  far  from  this.  Peas,  Raspberries,  Gooseberries, 
turrants,  especially  black,  were  so  completely  scorched 

I  the  Bonth  side  of  the  plants,  that  the  fruit  was  quitp 
.r.\f.^^  and  the  leaves  could  be  rubbed  up  like  snuff. 

fruit  in  the  same  garden,  where  not  covered  by 

;iage,  was  scorched   as   if  burnt  by  a   hot  iron, 

':  1    IF.  now  completely  useless  ;    while  in  some  cases 

\':    wood   of    the    trees   is    much    injured    also.       In 

■    f.wn   immediate    neighbourhood,   the   old    mature 

of  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  Magnolias,  Laurels, 

'■re  scorched  to  pieces,  and  that  too  in  places  where 

,   \vr;re  not,  and  had  not  been,  suffering  from  the  want 

■■■  ;iter.      The  young  slioota  and   foliage  upon    the 

-.:;...  plants  were  shrivelled  up,  so  all  chance  of  bloom, 

■'pt  from  autumn  growth,  is  quiteout  of  the  question. 

^■'wer  gardens,  Calceolarias,  though  perfectly  healthy 

■,  have  been  dying  off  ever  since,  and  some  of  the 

re  quite  cmjity.     Roses  were  "  baked"  in  the  bud, 

.  .    Verbtnas,   C8i>ecially   the  dark-coloured  varieties^ 

ad   <jvcry    flower  scorched  off  them;  even  Camellias 

lid    Azal'-a-s,   though    hho/Ied   by   coarse   canvas,    but 

nd'rr  sheet  glass,  lia*!  the  leaves^  very  much  scorched. 

II  tho  wau-r,  the  leaves  of  Nympha.a  allm  v/cre  scorched 
)  ftcores  of  places.  It  is  rather  singular,  liowovir 
hat  in  an  adjoining  pond  where,  through  the  watfir 
mu%  shallower,  many  of  the  leaves  stood  almotit  erect, 
<nly  those  which  laid  flat  upon  the  fturfaco  were 
QJurefJ.  How  is  this  to  be  accounted  for  ?  That 
.t^rrt^d  vegetation  afteraacason  of  unparalleled  dulneHs 

1  raffer  from  auch  excessive  heat  and  brilliant  sun- 

•^  it  was  HO   Buddcniy   oxpo»ed  to,  i^  not  to  bf- 

red  at ;  for  here  in  the  shmJe  tho  tliermomoler 

red  f^'i",  and  in  tlic  nun  as  mucli  fw  140*'.     It  Ih 

-i..  rjiingular,  that  upwi  my  own  premises,  on  the  cold 

iHay  Ao)/H//d,  not  a  plant  was  injured,  not  even   undirr 

.'law,  wJiile  all  around  on  the  staple  soil,  or  rather  sand 

pd4p:arcl  of  BlackUcatb,  tho   injury  was  manifest  on 


all  sides.  Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  instance  of 
coup  de  soleilj  was  in  the  case  of  a  young  specimen 
of  Piuus  excelsa  which  was  transplanted  last  autumn  ;  it 
had  been  carefully  attended,  having  made  shoots 
several  inches  long,  but  in  one  day  it  was  as  completely 
slirivelled  up  as  if  it  had  not  had  a  root  for  mouths. 
At  the  same  time  an  Evergreen  Oak  in  the  same 
garden,  transplanted  last  autumn,  and  some  15  feet 
higli,  had  the  main  stem  split  several  feet  in  length, 
and  large  enough  to  put  your  arm  through.  W.  P. 
Ayres,  Brooldands  Nursery,  Blachheath. 

CuthiWs  Black  Prince  Straioheri-y. — I  find  this  to  be 
an  excellent  variety,  both  for  the  open  ground  and  for 
forcing,  and  I  must  say  that  I  am  somewhat  disap- 
pointed at  not  having  seen  it  more  common  at  our 
horticultural  exhibitions  this  season.  I  have  had 
great  credit  from  my  employers  and  others  for  growing 
it  in  pots ;  they  pronounced  it  to  be  excellent  in 
flavour,  good  in  colour,  and  of  fair  size  ;  and  I  certainly 
think  it  ought  to  have  a  place  in  every  collection.  My 
method  of  growing  it  diffei-s  little  from  that  pursued  in 
cultivating  the  Keens*  Seedling.  I  lay  the  first 
runnel's  in  small  thumb  pots,  in  which  I  allow  them  to 
remain  until  the  pot  becomes  well  filled  with  roots  ; 
aiter  that  I  pot  into  5-inch  pots,  which  I  consider 
sufficiently  large,  as  this  variety  is  not  a  strong  growing 
kind  ;  the  principal  point  to  be  attained  in  managing 
tliis,  as  in  all  other  varieties,  is  to  get  a  strong  and  a 
well-ripened  crown  before  our  friend  Frost  pays  us  a 
visit  ;  if  this  is  done  I  'It  warrant  every  success.  The 
compost  I  use  for  the  Black  Prince  is  four  parts  light 
sandy  loam  and  one  part  good  old  Mushroom  dung, 
mixed  well  together.  I  had  one  long  shelf  filled  with 
this  variety  this  season  ;  they  were  ripe  in  the  begin- 
ning of  April,  and  were  the  admiration  of  all  who  saw 
them.  Joseph  Meredith,  Cleifden,  Maidenhead,  Berks. 

Cut  Hoses  at  the  Lewes  Shozv. — Your  very  proper 
definition  (see  p.  469),  of  what  a  single  footstalk  is, 
would  have  required  no  remarks  from  me,  had  a 
reflection  not  been  cast  on  the  censors  giving  tlie  cup  to 
Roses  with  buds.  Now,  the  48  blooms  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Mitchell  certainly  had  a  small,  very  small,  bud  or  two 
attached  to  them,  which  required  some  nicety  to  discern. 
They  were  not  Roses,  neither  were  they  bunches  of 
Noisettes,  which  were  shown  in  the  other  stands.  There 
were  48  fine  Roses,  the  number  to  be  exhibited,  accord- 
ing to  the  schedule.  In  the  way  some  define  single 
footstalks,  in  future  they  had  better  cut  off  the  heads 
of  standards  altogether,  and  show  ihem.  Several  of  the 
bunches  had  three  and  four  full-blown  Roses,  besides 
buds,  which  cannot  be  a  disqualification  any  more  than 
leaves.  Six  censors  were  present,  all  of  whom  were 
consulted,  and  they  all  came  to  the  same  conclusion  ;  and 
to  make  assurance  doubly  sure,  the  high  constable,  who 
framed  the  schedule,  was  asked  if  two  Roses  shown 
where  only  one  was  required,  would  disqualify  ?  He 
distinctly  said,  •'  Certainly,  yes ;  48  Roses,  and  no  more, 
are  allowed  to  be  shown.*'  I  hope  after  this,  Mr.  Paul 
and  Mr.  Cattell  will  be  satisfied,  Johi  Keynes,  one  of  the 
Censors,  Salisbui'y. 

Grape  Shanking In  the  following  attempt  to  elucidate 

some  of  the  causes  of  Grape  shanking,  I  have  stated 
only  bare  facts,  leaving  your  readers  to  draw  what 
inferences  from  them  they  please.  Certain  it  is 
that  no  satisfactory  elucidation  of  tlie  causes  which 
produce  shanking  in  Grapes  has  yet  (at  least  as  far  as  I 
am  aware)  been  arrived  at.  Any  fact  tending  to  throw 
light  on  the  subject  may  therefore  possibly  be   worthy 

ot  publication,  A  gentleman  in  the  county  of ,  with 

a  very  imperfect  knowledge  of  gardening,  either 
practically  or  theoretically,  built  some  new  forcing 
houses.  Of  course  theVineries formed  a  prominentportion, 
and  as  it  is  with  them  only  I  have  to  do,  the  others  may 
as  well  be  lost  sight  of,  Now,  although  the  gentleman 
in  question  employed  a  good  gardener,  for  his  establish- 
ment was  considerable,  he  determined  to  form  the  Vine 
border  on  his  own  plan,  and  compose  it  of  materials 
compounded  under  his  especial  care.  As  a  preliminary, 
the  ground  was  excavated  some  5  feet  in  depth,  and  to 
a  prop  irtionate  width  from  the  houses  ;  and  as  an  out- 
let for  the  drainage  was  difficult,  and  would  involve  too 
much  outlay,  compensation  was  provided  by  constructing 
two  large  dead  wells.  Tlie  soil  composing  the  border 
was  for  the  most  part  the  parings  and  scouring  of 
ditches,  principally  of  a  stiff  clayey  nature,  and  very 
deficient  in  vegetable  matter,  decomposing  or  otherwise. 
This  precious  mixture  was  accumulated  in  the  place 
excavated  for  the  purpose  to  the  depth  of  nearly  6  feet, 
and  no  efficient  drainage  was  placed  at  the  bottom  ;  the 
water  being  supposed  to  find  its  way  into  the  dead  wells 
without  any  artificial  means  for  conducting  it,  beyond 
a  few  cross  di-ains.  Under  these  conditions  young  Vines 
were  planted,  and  for  a  season  or  two  all  progressed 
satisfactorily  ;  but  that  something  was  wrong  soon 
became  apparent.  Growth  became  tardy  ;  Iialf  of  every 
bunch  of  fruit  was  invariably  shanked.  In  a  word,  I 
was  informed  that  in  no  instance  had  a  perfect  bunch 
heen  produced.  ICvery  year  matters  became  worse, 
many  of  tiie  Vines  died,  and  were  replaced  by  others  ; 
hut  with  no  bettor  success.  At  length  the  proprietor, 
Hutihfied  with  the  result  of  his  experiment,  consented  to  a 
Hwee[»ing  reform.  Tho  border  was  newly  made,  and 
new  Vines  planted,  nndnr  proper  directions.  The  result 
of  that  1  am  not  able  to  detail  at  this  moment.  Another 
instance.  In  the  present  year  a  Vinery,  with  an 
excellent  crop  of  Grapes,  when  about  hall-grown,  was 
allowed  to  suffer  from  cold  damp  H(a;>mint  air,  during  a 
HeiiHon  of  Bunless  and  rainy  diiyH,  So  damp,  indeed, 
wore  they  that  mildew  (not  tho  Vine  mildew  propi-rly 
»o  callc'J)  in   many  instances  cemented  tho  berries  in 


masses.  Recourse  was  now  had  to  gentle  fires,  and  in 
a  few  days  the  weather  changed.  Vegetation  again  pro- 
gressed, but  scarcely  a  bunch  is  without  strong  evidence 
that  something  has  gone  wrong.  Shanking  is  perceptible 
to  an  alarming  extent.  In  some  instances  nearly  half  the 
bunch  is  spoiled.  Turn  we  now  to  an  apparently  inex- 
plicable instance  of  shanking.  I  was  walking  through 
the  magnificent  Vineries  at  the  Royal  Gardens,  Frogmore, 
when  the  Vines  bore  their  first  crop  of  fruit.  And 
magnificent,  indeed,  were  both  bunches  and  individual 
berries.  Nothing  could  be  finer  ;  but  I  observed  many 
slianked  and  vinegar  berries.  How  was  tliis  to  be 
accounted  for  ?  From  the  style  and  character  of  the 
arrangements,  imperfection  in  the  borders  could  not  be 
at  the  root  of  the  matter.  I  hear  from  a  gentleman's 
gardener  in  a  large  establishment  in  the  west,  that  he 
has  this  season  suffered  from  the  malady,  for  the  first 
time  in  his  practice  ;  for  the  cause  of  which  he  can  offer 
no  explanation.  Crayon. 

Hyacinths.  —  1  am  much  obliged  to  your  "  Bath 
Subscriber"  (see  p.  437),  for  his  answer  to  ray  inquiry 
respecting  the  Hyacinth.  The  treatment,  howeverj 
which  has  answered  with  him,  does  not  succeed  witli  me, 
though  it  is  recommended  as  effectual  both  by  Miller 
and  Loudon.  There  is  certainly  something  peculiar  in 
the  management  of  the  Hyacinth,  which  is  not  under- 
stood by  us  amateur  gardeners,  nor  indeed  by  the 
nurserymen  in  general  ;  for  they  all  tell  rae  that  they 
import  their  roots  and  do  not  raise  them.  Is  this  owing 
to  climate,  soil,  or  treatment  ?  Any  one  who  could  point 
out  the  mode  of  preventing  the  plant  from  degenerating 
after  its  first  flowering,  would  confer  a  great  benefit  on 
the  gardening  community,  for  the  expense  of  annually 
procuring  new  roots  is  considerable  ;  and  yet,  at  the 
same  time,  there  is  no  flower  equal  to  the  Hyacinth  for 
making  the  early  spring  garden  gay  and  lively.  Early 
flowers,  as  we  all  know,  are  like  friends  of  youthful 
days,  greeted  with  a  warmth  of  feeling  which  later 
friends  seldom  excite.  My  particular  object  is  to  learn 
how  I  may  retain,  in  their  integrity,  what  I  have  at 
present  got,  without  annually  introducing  a  fresh  stock. 
My  subject  of  complaint  is  one  that  has  excited  attention 
from  the  very  commencement  of  cultivation  : 

"  Vidi  lecta  diu  et  multo  spectata  labore, 
Degenerare  tamen,  ni  viti  bumana  qaotannis 
^Maxima  quceque  manu  le(;eret ;  aic  omnia  fatis 
la  pejus  ruere  ac  retro  sublapea  relerri." 

If  modern  science  can  in  this  instance,  at  least,  remedy 
an  evil  of  such  ancient  standing,  I  am  sure  there  are 
very  many  who  would  feel  much  gratified  by  being 
instructed  in  it.  t.  [Consult  our  columns  for  1842, 
page  107]. 

Arsenic  Works. — An  experimental  arsenic  works  has 
lately  been  erected  within  150  yards  of  my  garden. 
Many  of  the  trees  in  it  have  entirely  lost  their  leaves, 
but  are  making  fresh  shoots,  and  many  plants  have 
withered  up  suddenly,  as  if  burnt,  while  others  are 
spotted  over  with  white  deposit.  The  Peach  and 
Nectarine  trees,  however,  suffered  most,  some  appearing 
almost  dead  ;  and  I  send  a  few  leaves  of  different 
plants,  begging  that  you  will  favour  me  with  your 
opinion  whether  the  appearances  are  caused  by  the 
deposits  from  the  works,  or  whether,  as  one  person 
only  has  asserted,  they  are  caused  by  blight.  C.  A,  B. 
[The  idea  of  "  blight"  causing  such  appearances  is  too 
absurd.  They  are  probably  caused  by  the  works.  You 
should  have  the  white  deposit  analysed,] 

Glass  Walls. — The  inquiries  respecting  the  practical 
details  relating  to  these  walls  being  more  numerous 
than  I  can  sufficiently  reply  to  privately,  I  shall  be  glad 
to  be  allowed  to  answer  through  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle 
such  as  the  following  questions.  Do  I  find  the  trees  in 
any  way  burnt  by  the  sun  I — I  do  not  ;  and  with  good 
glass,  and  the  perfect  system  of  ventilation  applied  to 
the  glass  walls,  it  is  impossible  that  anything  of  the 
sort  can  happen — indeed,  the  foliage  and  growth  of  the 
Peach  trees  in  luxuriance  in  the  wall  have  exceeded 
anything  I  have  almost  ever  seen.  This  I  attribute,  in 
a  great  measure,  to  the  trees  having  the  entire  advan- 
tage of  light,  with  free  circulation  of  air,  the  foliage  at 
the  same  time  being  complet  ly  protected  from  cold  dry 
winds  and  storms.  Do  1  find  the  trees  attacked  by  red 
spider  I — I  do  not ;  I  have  not  seen  the  least  symptom 
of  that  insect  on  one  of  the  Plum  trees.  Green-fly 
made  its  appearance,  but  it  was  immediately  destroyed 
bv  fumigation,  and  net  ling  can  be  more  simple  than  the 
desti-uction  of  insects  in  a  glass  wall,  which  possesses 
a  great  advantage  in  this  respect  over  the  common 
brick  or  stone  wall.  I  am  frequently  asked  if  by  open- 
ing the  sashes  the  glass  gets  much  broken  ?— I  have  not 
had  a  single  square  damaged  since  the  wall  was  erected. 
Tlie  whole  of  the  lights  are  firmly  and  quietly  opened 
by  a  simple  mechanical  contrivance,  by  which  eitlier 
side  of  the  wall  can  be  immediately  ventilated  and  the 
trees,  when  desired,  as  fully  exposed  almost  as  though 
thev  were  growing  unprotected  on  a  stone  wall.  Another 
great  advantage  is  this,  tliat  by  having  ventilation  on 
both  sides  of  the  wall  the  trees  can  always  be  protected 
from  w/inds  by  keeping  the  lights  to  tho  windward  shut, 
and,  if  necessary,  those  to  tho  leeward  can  be  opened. 
1  need  hardly  say  that  I  shall  bo  glad  to  adopt  any 
suggestion  from  any  of  Tyour  practical  correspondents, 
if  it  can '  bo  successfully  carried  out.  0.  Ewing, 
Bodorijav,  July  27. 

Lady-hirdn  v.  American  Blight. — A  market  gardener 
the  other  day,  with  much  surprise,  asked  rao  tlie  cause 
of  his  Apple  trees  being  now  entirely  clear  of  American 
blight  (Aphis  lanigera),  whereas  only  a  fortnight  ago 
tiieir  stems  and  branches  were  literally  covered  with  it. 
I  liavo  taken  tho  liberty  of  naming  tlio  circumstance. 


486 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  31, 


thinking  your  readers  would  probably  be  interested  in 
knowing  that  the  larva  of  the  lady-bird  (coeeinella), 
as  well  as  tlie  insect  in  its  perfect  state,  is  the  cause  ; 
and  that  they  are  now  so  generally  prevalent  that 
they  are  not  only  extirpating  the  Aphis  lanigera 
but  all  the  species  of  aphides — consequently,  not  only 
has  the  horticulturist,  but  also  the  Hop  grower,  reason 
to  rejoice.  I  may  venture  to  prognosticate  that  any 
failure  in  their  crops  this  year  will  not  have  to  be 
attributed  to  the  fly  or  Hop  blight,  as  it  is  termed. 
Joshua  MajuTf  Knontkorpe,  oiear  Leeds. 

Potato  Disease— I  trust  the  editor  of  the  Marie  Lane 
Express  will  not  be  disappointed  in  his  hope  that  the 
disease  in  the  Potato  is  last  wearing  out.  In  our  neigh- 
bourhood it  is  vastly  more  virulent  than  at  any  former 
period  ;  those  crops  that  were  most  luxuriapt  being,  as 
usual,  most  affected  in  tuber,  the  "  Ash- leaf  Kidney" 
being  in  low  damp  situations  and  rich  gai'dens  all  but 
annihilated,  I  have  seen  three  bushels  dug  witliout  being 
able  to  discover  a  sound  Potato  ;  while  the  later 
varieties  have  not  yet  formed  their  tubers,  and,  conse- 
quently, area  lost  crop.  Parties  here  are  offering  to 
speculate,  by  getting  the  growers  to  promise  Potatoes 
at  10/.  per  ton  next  spring,  but  nobody  will  take  the  bait. 
I  heard  that  one  grower  of  four  acres  said  he  would  not 
be  able  to  get  ha!f  a  ton  for  his  whole  crop.  Many  who 
10  days  ago  fancied  their  crops  were  safe,  are  now 
lamenting  over  dead  stalks  and  rotten  tubers,  or  no 
tubers  at  all.  I  think  it  rather  a  fortunate  circumstance 
(if  anything  can  be  fortunate  belonging  to  it),  that  it  has 
exhibited  itself  much  earlier  this  year  than  in  former 
years,  as  there  is  yet  time  to  crop  the  ground  with 
Turnips,  Rape,  Cabbage,  &c.,  thereby  helping  the  loss 
out  a  little.  It  would  be  dif-ficult  to  enumerate  all 
plants  that  are  diseased  and  affected  by  spots,  not  unlike 
those  on  the  fohage  of  the  Potato.  Many  Beech-trees  a 
fortnight  back  had  ths  appearance  of  autumn,  but  the 
young  shoots  are  beginnmg  to  come  out  green  ;  Lilacs 
are  spotted  as  if  they  had  been  watered  with  boiling- 
water  ;  the  Ash  is  slightly  touched.  Thorns  very  much  ; 
Oak  and  Maple  the  same  ;  as  are  also  Currants  and 
Gooseberries  ;  Parsnips  [appear  to  be  attacked  with 
the  same  sort  of  fungus  as  the  Potato ;  it,  too, 
extends  to  the  root.  In  fact,  I  think  it  would  be 
difficult  to  find  any  tribe  of  plants  that  is  not 
more  or  less  affected  ;  but  whether  from  planetory 
influence  or  imported  disease,  I  think,  is  not  yet 
ascertained  ;  certain  it  is,  that  heat  and  moisture, 
accompanied  by  excess  of  electricity,  are  exceedingly 
favourable  to  its  rapid  development  ;  and  with  regard 
to  the  Potato  disease,  I  have  certainly  found  nothing 
yet  that  has  a  greater  chance  of  success  than  the  advice 
I  gave  some  years  back  in  the  iloyal  Agricultural 
Society's  Journal,  viz.,  to  plant  high  and  dry,  with 
plenty  of  room,  and  such  varieties  as  come  early  to 
maturity ;  those  who  have  followed  this  rule  will  have 
some  chance  this  year  ;  those  who  have  planted  in  very 
rich  ground,  late  in  the  season  and  close  in  the  rows, 
so  as  to  deprive  of  air,  and  late  varieties,  will  have 
little  trouble  in  collecting  their  crop,  while  many 
(in  this  locality  at  least)  wlio  have  planted  early 
varieties  on  the  same  terms,  have  fair  crops,  but  they 

are    all  i*otten.   //.  Cox,   Longford. Permit   me  to 

trouble  you  again  about  the  Potato  disease,  which 
you  call  Botrytis.  lu  this  neighbom-hood  the  disease 
is  very  general :  in  my  parish  I  observe  it  more 
or  less  in  every  garden  ;  but  at  present  I  rejoice  to  bs 
able  to  state  that  it  is  neither  in  my  garden  nor  fields, 
except  to  a  very  small  extent  on  one  wet  spot  of  not 
more  than  two  yards  square.  I  repeat  what  I  have  so 
often  before  stated,  namely,  that  the  disease  attacks  the 
root  first,  and  that  it  does  not  ascend  to  the  haulm  until 
the  roots  are  nearly  or  quite  destroyed,  and  I  have  par- 
ticularly observed  this  for  the  last  five  or  six  years.  It 
is  worse  than  useless  to  mow  off"  or  pull  up  the  haulm, 
as  by  those  operations  the  healthy  tubers  are  stopped 
from  growing  larger  and  the  diseased  ones  are  not  in 
the  least  benefited.  The  appearance  on  the  haulm,  by 
some  persons  called  Botrytis,  and  by  others  said  to  be 
the  effects  of  an  insect  which  tliey  call  the  Potato  midge, 
is  nothing  more  than  decay  caused  by  the  disease  in  the 
roots  ;  it  is,  therefore,  not  the  cause  of  the  disease,  but 
the  effect  of  tlie  cause.  As  I  have  repeatedly  stated 
before,  no  remedy  has  hitherto  been  discovered  for  the 
disease  ;  but  I  maintain  that  it  may  be  prevented,  and 
prevention  is  better  than  cure.  "We  have  in  this 
neighbourhood  many  acres  of  Beans  affected  in  precisely 
the  same  manner  as  the  Potatoes  are,  and  the  prevention 
for  each  for  the  luture  may  be  precisely  the  same, 
namely — let  the  land,  if  it  requires  it,  be  thoroughly 
drained,  not  a  quarter  drained,  or  half  drained, 
hut  thoroughly  drained ;  but  this  cannot  be  accom- 
plished iu  any  land,  unless  the  drains  be  made  nearly 
or  quite  5  feet  deep,  or  iu  all  cases  more  than  4 
feet  deep  ;  and  in  addition  to  thorougli  draining,  let 
the  land  be  deeply  and  thoroughly  cultivated,  whether 
the  operation  be  performed  by  the  plough  or  spade  or 
fork  ;  and  with  reference  to  Potatoes,  1  would  advise  the 
eai'ly  planting  of  early  kinds.  Should  these  precautions 
be  adopted,  no  one  need  fear  the  Potato  disease  ;  or,  I 
"will  add,  if  he  take  care  not  to  put  in  fresh  manure 
when  the  Potatoes  are  planted  ;  but  whatever  manure 
be  put  into  the  ground,  it  should  be  done  the  year 
before.  By  early  planting  I  think  February  and  March 
the  best  months,  or  better  than  any  time  in  the  previous 
year.  ^  Whoever  in  the  spring  will  take  the  trouble  to 
examine  the  roots  of  either  Potatoes  or  Beans,  and  if  he 
does  so  from  lime  to  time,  he  will  discover  the  beginning 
of  disease  as  soon  as  it  makes  its  appearance,  and  long 
before  it  is  perceptible  on  the  stalks  or  leaves;  but  the 


latter  wdl  appear  to  be  beautifully  vigorous  and  healthy  ,  confirm,    or   otherwise,   the  opinion  expressed  on   the 


until  the  roots  are  nearly  or  completely  destroyed  ;  the 
stalks  and  leaves  or  haulm  will  then  sometimes  all  die 
away  in  two  or  three  days,  or  even  in  one  day.  G. 
W'dklns,  Wix.  [We  print  this  at  the  instance  of  the 
writer,  who  thinks  he  ought  to  be  heard  :  but  we  must 
add  that  we  differ  from  him  in  every  fact,  as  he  calls 
them,  upon  which  his  assumptions  are  founded.  A 
little   knowledge  of  natural  history  would  be  of  great 

use   to  him.] As  disease  has  made  its  appearance 

this  year  again,  no  time  should  be  lost  in  pulling  up  the 
haulm  as  a  certain  preventative,  I  have  tried  it  for 
twd  years,  and  have  not  had  so  many  bad  tubers  as 
would  fill  my  hat,  whereas  many  in  this  neighbourhood 
who  left  the  haulm  scarcely  had  any  sound.  /.  Rust, 
Enfield. 

Tobacco  Paper I  believe  I  was  the  first  who  recom- 
mended Clark's  preparation  for  destroying  mealy  bug. 
Allow  me  now  to  bear  testimony  to  his  excellent  tobacco 
paper  for  fumigating  ;  it  is  not  half  the  price  of  tobacco, 
and  it  is  equally  effective.  J.  Rust,  Enfidd. 


^on'ttie0* 


Royal  Hobticoltoeal  of  Cornwall,  July  6. — At  this 
second  show  (or  the  year  the  following  prizes  were  awartieti  : — 
Fioesc  Pine-apple,  Qaten,  Mr.  J.  Vivian.  Beat  Grapes,  White 
Sweetwater,  Dutch  Sweetwater.  Blacls  Hamburiib,  White 
Frontignan,  Wiimot's  Mufscat,  Victoria,  Muscat  Lunel.  Mr. 
Friend.  Best  bunch,  Mr.  Vivian.  Beet  Melon,  Green  Fietsh. 
Kev.  T.  Phillpijts.  Best  pound  of  Cherries,  May  Dulie,  Fev. 
Canon  Rogers.  Best  quart  of  Gooseberries,  Crown  Bob,  ditto. 
Best  quart  of  While  Currants,  White  Dutch,  ditto.  Bent 
quart  of  Blacli,  Black  Ivaples.  ditto.  Best  quart  of  Rasp- 
berries, Red  Antwerp,  Rev.  T.  PhiUpots.  Best  quart  of 
Strawberries,  British  Queen,  ditto.  Best  Ornamental 
Plant,  in  flower,  Dipladenia  nobili.1,  Jlr.  Williams. 
Best  12  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  2d  prize,  Cler.- 
dendron  squainatum,  Justioia  carnea,  Ardiaia  crenu- 
lata,  Tetratheca  verticillata,  Rondeletia  speciosa,  Cjrto- 
ceras  reflexum,  Achimeues  longiflora,  ifcc,  Mr.  Friend. 
Best  6:  Clerodemiron  aquamatuui,  Dipladenia  crassinoda, 
Achimeues  loniziljora  msjor.  Erica  viiidithra,  ttc,  Mr.  Friend. 
Best  specimen  Stove  Plant,  1  ori-nia  aaiatica.  Rev.  T.  Phillpottw. 
Best  Greeohouae  Sijecimen,  Eiica  viriditiora,  Mr.  Fiieod. 
Best  G  Orchids  :  Aerides  odoratum,  Oncidium  flexuotum, 
Galanthe  veratrifolia,  Vand.i  teres,  Sobralia  inscrantba, 
ttenaotbera  cncciuea.  Rtv.  T.  Pbillpotts.  Best  specimen  of 
ditto,  Saccolabium  guttaium,  Rev.  T.  Pbillpotts.  Beat  6  Glox- 
inias, Gesneraa,  Acbimtnes,  or  sinningias  ;  Achimeues  paieus, 
A.  longiflora  alba,  A.  longiflora  major,  A.  vennsta,  A.  picta  ; 
Gloxinia  Victoria,  Mr.  Friend.  Best  6  Pelargoniums  :  Belle  of 
the  Village,  RoUa,  A^pasia,  Desirable,  Ele^'ans,  Centurion, 
IVIr.  J.  Jennings.  Beat  4  ditio  :  Prince  of  Orange,  Belle  of  the 
Village,  Elegans,  Btclv's  Noiisuih,  Mr.  Friend.  Best  specimen  : 
Centurion,  Mr.  M.  H.  Williams.  Best  Collection  of  Cut 
Flowers:  Gipsy  Bride.  Emily,  Gulielma,  Pretender.  Forget- 
Me-Not,  Elegans,  Brilliant,  Nonsuch,  Magnificent,  Governor, 
Crusader,  Mr.  Jennings.  Beat  6  Fuuhsias  :  Crimson  expansa, 
Scarlet  Turban,  Prince  Arthur,  Gem  of  the  West,  Gem  of  the 
South,  Beauty  of  Leeds,  Mr.  Friend.  Beat  Bulbous  Plants; 
Gladiolus  insigois,  lilium  eximium,  L.  longiflorum.  Pancra- 
tium odoratuui,  Mr.  Friend.  Best  6  Roies  in  Pots  :  Geant  des 
Bataillep,  Bourbon  Queen,  Caroline  de  Jersey,  Roi  de  Beiges, 
Louis  Philippe,  William  Jesae,  Mr.  Friend.  Best  G  Pinks  : 
Lola  Mootes,  Harriet,  Alfred  Morrison,  Winchester,  Sappho, 
Rubens,  Mr.  W.  Woolcock  ;  2d  best  :  Brilliant,  Whipper-io, 
Kiog  of  Purples,  Miss  Susan,  Jenny  Liud,  Royal  Forester,  Mr. 
W.  M.  Tweedy.  Cornicall  Gazette. 


first  publication  of  this  Monograph.  Fortunately  \v( 
are  able  to  speali  of  tliis  not  only  from  general  impres 
sions,  but  from  the  testimony  of  one  who  has  studiec 
with  great  diligence,  for  many  years,  our  native  bees. 
— for  a  great  part  of  the  time  with  the  iVlonograpl; 
in  his  hand,  and  tlie  identical  bees  from  which 
Mr.  Kirby's  descriptions  were  talien,  daily  before  him 
Mr.  Fredericlc  Smith,  of  the  British  Museum,  after 
fifteen  years  of  observation  in  the  study  and  in  thf 
field,  published  the  result  of  his  investigations  in  th( 
'Zoologist,'  (vol.  v.  p.  1C61.)  He  there  drew  up  a  table 
exhibiting  the  number  of  genera  and  species  which  hat 
been  added  from  discoveries  since  tlie  publication  of 
Mr.  Kirby's  worlc,  and  also  the  number  of  .species  whicl 
had  been  described  by  Mr.  Kirby  as  distinct,  but  whid 
upon  farther  inc|uiry  were  proved  to  be  different  sexes 
of  tlie  same.  It  was  a  singular  coincidence  that  whet 
this  paper  was  publislied,  in  1847,  the  new  species  dis- 
covered, and  those  wliich  were  strucl;  out,  exactly 
corresponded  ;  this  charm  has,  however,  since  beer 
brokeu,  as,  by  Mr.  Smith's  Catalogue,  published  by  th< 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  in  1851,  there  were 
223  species  ;  and  since  the  publication  of  this  catalogue 
one  species  of  the  genus  Ammobales,  I  have  been 
informed  by  him,  has  been  discovered  as  British. 

"  The  Table  referred  to  shows  that  only  two  genera, 
Macropis  and  Anthrocopa,  have  been  added  to  the  list ; 
and  in  these  only  one  representative  in  each  has  been 
discovered. 

"  Wiih  i-espect  to  Mr.  Kirby's  enumeration  of  species, 
a  considerable  alteration,  especially  in  the  genera 
Andrena,  Nonmda,  and  Bombus,  has  taken  place. 
Mr,  Kirby  had  liimself  expressed  his  fear  that  in  two  of 
his  subdivisions  of  genuine  Apes  (Nomada  and  Bombus), 
he  had  not  been  so  successful  in  uniting  the  sexes  as  in 
other  families  ;  and  it  is  precisely  in  these  that  the 
greatest  amount  of  change  has  taken  place.  Mr.  Smith, 
after  quoting  the  passage  referred  to,  says,  'greatly 
indeed  are  we  indebted  to  that  illustrious  autlior  for  the 
state  of  comparative  perfection  to  which  he  reduced  the 

genus He  has  left  little  for  succeeding  observers 

to  do,  excepting  as  far  as  their  observations  may  enable 
them  to  give  to  some  individuals  their  legitimate 
partners,  to  describe  the  species  not  then  discovered, 
and  to  correct  such  errors  as  were  committed  solely 
from  the  want  of  sucli  information  as  time  and  subse- 
quent discoveries  now  enable  us  to  rectify.'  (Zoologist, 
vol.  ii.  p.  541) 

"  Mr.  Kirby,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  described  some 
of  his  bees  from  individual  specimens  which  were  sent 
liim  by  his  friends,  or  from  single  bees  taken  at  a 
distance  from  their  homes  ;  whereas  Mr.  Smith's 
observations  have  been  made  by  taking  them  out  of  their 
nests  in  a  mass,  and  not  unfrequently  by  breeding  them. 
It  was  only  by  such  means  that  the  sexes  could  be 
properly  united. 

"  There  were  some  bees  named  in  Mr.  Kirby's  cabinet 
as  new  species,  with  reference  to  a  MS.  Some  of  these, 
Mr.  Smith,  without  having  seen  the  MS.  itseU',  has 
described.  Mr.  Kirby's  descriptions  were  on  blank 
pages  of  his  own  interleaved  copy  of  the  '  Monograph.' 
There  are  also  a  few  places  in  which  observations  are 
made  respecting  the  union  of  some  bees  to  their  partners, 
instead  of  leaving  them  as  species. 

"  The  descriptions  of  the  bees  themselves  are  so  cleai 
and  faultless,  that  Mr.  Smith  found  little  difficulty  in 
determining  which  of  Mr.  Kirby's  species  they  were 
wliich  he  had  discovered  to  be  inmates  of  the  same 
dwelling  :  the  work  itself,  even  in  this  part,  supplying 
the  materials  by  which,  in  the  hands  of  a  careful  and 
accurate  commentator,  this  branch  of  the  science  has 
been  advanced  to  its  present  state  of  perfection. 

"  The  publication  of  the  '  Monographia  Apum,'  and 
the  circumstances  arising  out  of  it,  although  forming 
undoubtedly  the  most  important  feature  of  this  period 
of  Mr.  Kirby's  life,  did  not  absorb  the  whole  of  hiB 
thought  and  attention ;  so  neither  do  they  present 
themselves  as  the  only  matters  worthy  of  notice  in 
taking  a  retrospective  view  of  the  manner  in  which  his 
capacious  mind  employed  itself." 


Life  of  the  Rev.  William  Kirhy.     By  John  Freeman. 

8vo.  Longmans.   Pp.  506  j  with  a  portrait  and  one 

plate. 
Dear  old  friend,  and  is  it  thy  fate  to  suffer  literary 
martyrdom  ?  A  life  ■without  an  event,  except  an 
honourable  fit  of  soldiering,  to  be  iuflated  into  a  space 
that  the  history  of  an  empire  -would  barely  fill !  Five 
hundred  pages  of  nothing  to  be  the  epitaph  of  the 
naturalist  whose  whole  life  was  spent  in  collecting 
positive  facts,  until  lailing  strength  and  enfeebled  intel- 
lect closed  the  way  against  further  progi-ess  !  Well 
might  the  philosopher  exclaim,  "Save  me  from  my 
friends." 

A  man  like  Kirby  should  have  had  no  biography, 
beyond  what  would  have  satisfied  the  columns  of  an 
encyclopaedia.  He  had  a  father  and  a  mother  ;  he  went 
to  Cambridge,  where,  having  no  taste  for  mathematics, 
for  his  vocation  lay  among  more  interesting  matters,  he 
failed  ;  he  married  ;  he  studied  entomology,  and  gained 
the  highest  honours  therein  ;  was  a  good  country  parson, 
one  of  the  finest  of  characters  j  distinguished  himself  for 
piety  as  well  as  science,  and  died.  That  was  his  life. 
It  could  not  have  been  more  ;  it  might  have  been  much 
less.  It  is  therefore  painful  to  find  him  made  the  subject 
of  doctrinal  discpiisitions,  and  mixed  up  with  Calvinism, 
Socinianism,  and  Heaven  knows  what  besides,  while, 
after  all,  the  reader  is  left  in  doubt  as  to  what  the  point 
is  upon  which  his  reputation  is  founded.  There  is  but 
one  man  who  could  have  written  a  life  of  Kirby,  if  it 
ought  to  be  written,  and  that  is  Wil.iam  Spence. 

We  would  not,  however,  be  understood  to  say  that 
Mr.  Freeman  has  not  done  his  work  pretty  well — after 
a  fashion.  On  the  conti'ary,  we  admit  tliat,  like  other 
bookmakers,  he  has  disproved  the  proposition  ex  nihilo 
nihil  Jit,  In  what  way  let  the  following  passage,  one 
of  the  most  interesting  we  can  find,  attest.  Speaking  of 
the  celebrated  "Monographia  Apum,"  Mr.  Freeman 
remarks  :  — 

"  Even  had  the  Monograph  proved  defective  in  some 
of  its  parts,  the  encomiums  bestowed  upon  its  author 
would  not  necessai'ily  have  been  misapplied  ;  for  the 
work  was  taken  in  hand  under  great  disadvantages, 
and,  as  more  than  one  eminent  entomologist  observed, 
Mr.  Kirby  liad  selected  a  most  difficult  genus  to  work 

upon.     It  will    not,  perhaps,  be  uninteresting  to  show    being   on   oue   side   of    the   walk,  wliicli    crosses 
briefly  how  far  the  experience  of  fifty  years  tends   to    department,  and  the  other  half  on  the  other  sidfij,  both 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  Turnham-Green. 
— In  our  report  of  the  last  fete  in  the  garden,  held  on 
the  10th  inst.,  we  mentioned  that  the  example  of  Mr. 
Ewing's  patent  glass  walls,  so  long  expected,  had  arrived, 
and  was  put  up,  though  it  was  then  in  a  very  incomplete 
state.  It  is  now  finished,  with  the  exception  of  painting, 
which  is  in  progress,  and  it  will  very  soon  be  ready  ior 
the  trees.  Its  appearance  is  so  exceedingly  light  and 
elegant  that  it  commands  universal  admiration.  As 
regards  its  construction,  it  consists  of  a  line  of  cast  iron 
uprights,  10  feet  high  and  7  feet  apart,  firmly  secured 
to  the  ground,  so  that  no  displacement  is  possible,  and 
furnished  with  cross-bars  to  keep  the  sides  from 
collapsing  or  falling  outwards;  the  edges  of  these 
uprights  are  pierced  with  holes,  through  which 
galvanised  iron  wires  are  stretched  horizontally, 
whereon  to  train  the  trees.  At  the  distance  of  a  foot 
from  both  faces  [of  the  trellis  a  perpendicular  sasli 
of  glass  is  erected,  and  tlie  whole  is  housed  iu  with 
a  glass  coping,  so  contrived  as  to  throw  water  off"  into 
gutters  prepared  for  its  removal.  In  fact,  the  glass 
wall,  as  it  appears  in  the  garden,  is  an  erect  glass  case 
10  feet  high,  about  3  feet  thick,  and  118  feet  long.  It 
is  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  experimental  ground,  half 
side   of    the   walk,  which    crosses    this 


il— 1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


487 


pieces  being  joined  together  by  means  of  an  arch 
thrown  over  the  walk.  Tlie  upright  saslies  are  glazed 
■with  21  oz.  sheet  glass,  three  panes  in  the  length,  and 
are  set  in  two  grooves,  half  of  them  being  in  an  outer 
one,  in  which  they  are  fixed,  and  half  in  an  inner  one, 
in  which  they  are  drawn  forward  or  pushed  back  by 
means  of  a  screw  and  iiandle,  so  as  at  once  to  open 
or  shut  halt'  the  number  of  sashes,  one  moving 
behind  the  other.  The  top  oi*  coping,  which  is 
glazed  with  rough  plate  glass,  can  be  opened 
outwards  in  two  halves  if  required,  so  that 
ample  means  of  veutilatiou  are  secured.  'Ihe 
general  working  of  the  contrivance,  and  its  suitability 
to  the  purposes  to  which  it  may  be  employed,  will  of 
com'se  form  a  subject  of  comment  in  future  reports  ; 
but  in  the  meantime  we  may  mention  that  it  is  the 
general  opinion  that  it  cannot  fail  to  answer,  and  nve  are 
5m'e  that  nothing  of  similar  character  can  possibly  look 
landsomer.  While  speaking  of  new  methods  for  pro- 
3ioting  the  perfection  of  fruit-growing  which  cheap  glass 
las  effected,  we  may  state,  in  passing,  that  the  tree 
covered  by  Cottara  and  Hallen's  Peach-frame  appears 
:o  be  somewhat  more  luxuriant  than  its  neighbours  on 
-he  same  wall,  but  the  fruit  is  as  yet  no  larger  than  that 
m  trees  unprotected.  The  trees  on  the  Peach  wall  are 
dtogelher  exceedingly  clean  and  healthy,  and  are  pro- 
iucLug  a  good  crop.  It  may  be  worthy  of  notice  that  a 
ree  of  the  Shanghae  Peach,  worked  on  a  Peach  stock, 
)lanted  immediately  behind  the  open  fire-place 
md  chiiiiney-flue  belonging  to  the  small  room 
.djoiuing  the  fruit  room,  is  clothed  with  foliage 
j'f  the  most  healthy  description  ;  -whereas  the  leaves 
[in  a  tree  of^the  same  variety,  to  which  no  artificial 
[teat  is  ever  afforded,  are  yellow  and  sickly,  an 
ippearance  which  trees  on  the  Peach  stock  always 
xliibit  on  the  open  wall,  after  a  few  years'  growth. 
)n  the  Pear  wall  fruit  is  pretty  abundant,  notwith- 
tanding  what  lias  dropped  in  consequence  of  late 
pring  frosts  ;  and  in  some  trees  the  good  effects  of 
;  rejecting  straw  screens  laid  ou  the  top  of  the  wall 
unng  that  trying  season  is  especially  evident,  in 
jiie  shape  of  a  heavier  crop  being  along  the  top  than 
n  the  middle  and  lower  portions  of  the  tree.  The 
ireastwood  on  this  wall  has  already  been  twice 
jtopped,  always  beginning  at  the  top  with  the  operation, 
ind  proceeding  downwards,  wdiich  has  a  tendency  to 
jetter  equalise  the  flow  of  sap,  than  when  the  more 
Sommon  method  of  commencing  at  the  bottom  and 
■  oing  upwards  is  pursued.     The  game  plan  is  followed 

I  laying  in  the  wood  of  Peach-trees.  In  the 
ortion  of  the  orchard  renewed  in  1850,  and 
lanted  with  Pears,  to  be  trained  on  Espaliers,  all 
he  side  shoots  have  been  a  little  fore-shortened, 
ith  a  view  to  increase  the  number  of  roots  by 
iducing  an  abundance  of  healthy  foliage,  ilildew  has 
een  found  to  be  very  troublesome  this  season,  both  in 
'ineries  and  on  the  open  wall,  where  Vines  are  kept  for 
le  sake  of  maintaining  the  collecliun,  aud  it  has  only 

subdued  by  the  most  liberal  use  of  sulphur.  In 
le  ornamental  department,  Smith's  "transplant  shades'* 
ave  been  tried,  but  they  have  been  found  inferior  for 

II  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  intended  to  common 
ower-pots,  while  they  do  not  possess  the  advantages 
'hicfa  the  flower-pot  possesses  of  being  otherwise  useful. 
iS  regards  iasect  destroyers,  Manley's  Vegetable 
lilutium  has  proved  effective  in  killing  mealy  bug 
ithout  injuring  the  foliage  ;  but,  like  most  other 
pplicatioDs  of  the  sort,  three  or  four  trials  must  be 
ude  before  the  end  is  accomplished.  His  blight  wash 
radicates  green-fly  ;   but  not  better  than  gas-water. 

fine  specimen  of  the  sweet  scented  yellow  blussomed 
lODut  Etna  Broom  (Spartium  Etnensc),  is  now  in  full 
ower  on  the  conservative  wall,  the  plants  on  which  are 
■ceiving  a  general  summer  trimming  and  regulating. 
he  seed  pods  are  being  removed  from  the  Hhododen- 
rone  in  the  arboretum  and  elsewhere,  which  gives  them 
elean  and  neat  appearance,  as  well  as  promotes  their 
etter  flowering  next  year.  The  late  heavy  rains,  which 
ave  sligtitly  damaged  the  gaiety  of  flower  clumps,  have 
sndered  walks  fiz-m  and  hard,  and  the  Grass  beauti- 
lUy  green,  eo  that  altogether  the  ornamental  part  of 
W  garden  loftka  uncommonly  well.  We  understand 
vU  Messrs.  Veitch's  interesting  Fitz  Koya  patagonica 
ad  Saxe-Gothwa  conspicua  are  to  be  added  to  the  finer 
iods  of  Conifers  now  existing  on  tlie  east  side,  near 
le  Duke  of  Devonshire's  road,  where  the  flower-beds 
re  ftt  present  very  effective ;  the  different  masses  of 
ellow,  scarlet,  wliite,  blue,  nnd  red,  contrasting  well 
)gether,  and  being  as  a  whole  exceedingly  striking. 
he  various  plants  of  Yucca  recurva,  with  wiiich  the 
merican  garden  lias  been  funiislicd,  are  nearly  all  in 
dl  blossom  ;  a  result  possibly  biouglit  about  by  their 
»ving  been  but  comparatively  recently  removed.  We 
sed  scarcely  say  (hat  they  contribute  a  considerable 
lare  of  present  interest  U)  this  at  all  times  delightful 
>ot  In  another  part  of  the  garden  we  remarked  nice 
ledmens  of  the  blue-flowered  Chinese  I'latycodon,  and 
«  white  variety,  both,  we  bcliovc,  hardy  plantH,  which 
loold  be  in  every  collection.  The  blofsuuis  of  t!ie  blue 
le  measure  at  least  3  inches  across,  and  lli'-y  arc 
most  as  (ine  in  colour  as  the  tendt-r  Xlut-j*ell  Libianth 
"'*"  They  like  a  dry  situation  dtv  their  roots  in 
Another   plant,  which   is  not  fto   common  in 

-I  as  it  should   be,  is  .Morina  longifolia,  wliicli  to 

i^rfal  aspect  of  a  Thistle  adds  (Jne  spikes  of  wbito 
1  flowers  that  arc  by  no   means   unattractive. 

■'h  tall  .Marrow  has  proved  one  of  the  best  Peas 
kiU'lien  garden  this  sens/m,  being  vdry  prolific  ; 

"Ugh  sfjwii  on  the  20tli  of  March,  still  affording 
'■-.;  and  tender  I'ca^.  ;^it  has  kept  producing  now 


pods  in  succession  all  the  summer.  Woodford's  (jreen 
Marrow  will  be  found  useful  on  account  of  its  colour  ; 
being  very  dwarf  it  occupies  little  I'oom,  and  it  is  a 
great  bearer.  Out  of  some  30  varieties  of  bettuce, 
growing  in  parallel  rows,  Snow's  compact  grecu  Cos, 
the  black-seeded  green  Cos,  the  Bath  Cos,  and  Rei\dle's 
new  Crystal  Cos,  have  already  all  run  to  seed,  while  not 
one  of  the  white  Paris  Cos,  sown  at  the  same  time,  lias 
started  ;  and  in  addition  to  this  desirable  qualification  it 
is  a  crisp,  tender,  and  good  kind.  As  regards  Cabbage 
Lettuces,  none  are  better  than  the  Neapolitan,  to  which, 
however,  a  few  prefer  the  Malta.  The  Titicaca  Maize 
mentioned  at  p.  279  as  being  likely  to  prove  hardier  and 
better  adapted  to  this  country  than  other  sorts  of 
Indian  corn,  is  progressing  favourably.  A  few  of 
the  more  forward  stalks  are  already  in  flower,  which 
must  be  considered  satisfactory.  Inquiry  having  been 
made  through  our  colunins  a  short  time  ago  as  to 
whether,  from  the  e.xamples  of  Portland  cement  and 
asphalte  walks  laid  down  in  the  garden  by  way  of  experi- 
ment three  years  ago,  we  could  speak  of  their  utility, 
we  have  to  report  as  follows:  — 1.  Portland  cement 
H  inch  thick,  laid  on  concrete  3  inches  thick,  very 
good.  2.  Portland  cement  and  smiths'  ashes  1,^  inch 
thick,  on  concrete  3  inches  thick,  gray  in  colour  and 
very  satisfactory.  3.  Asphalte  composed  of  three  parts 
sand  and  one  part  ashes,  made  quite  thick  with  hot  gas- 
tar,  laid  on  the  old  walk  3  inches  thick,  very  good.  4, 
Asphalte  composed  of  hot  gas-tar  and  sand,  only  3  inches 
thick,  not  quite  so  good.  5.  As[Jialte  composed  of  cold 
gas-tar,  saud,  and  ashes  3  inches  thick,  not  so  good  as 
No.  4.  6.  Hot  gas-tar  spread  over  the  old  walk,  sifted 
over  with  sand  and  well  rolled  ;  no  weeds  have  grown 
on  this,  but  by  rights  it  should  have  had  another  dressing 
the  following  year.  7.  This  was  done  in  a  similar  way 
with  cold  gas-tar,  but  it  is  not  so  good.  8.  Road-sand 
and  cinders.  The  last  is  very  bad  and  full  of  moss ;  but 
no  weeds  have  grown  on  any  of  the  others. 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Annoal  National  Carna'tion  and  PicoTEEFxr?TBiTroN 
was  held  this  year  at  Norwich,  on  the  2Sth  inat.,  and  was  well 
atteaded.  There  whs  a  One  dlspliy,  but  owing  to  the  seas'  n 
the  hloom  Wiis  certainly  below  the  average  ;  some  sorts  have 
been  more  aflfecled  than  others,  but,  as  a  whole,  few  localities 
can  boast  of  a  clean  nnd  healthy  growth,  Derby,  Nottiu^- 
bam,  and  Leicester  have  each  been  named  for  the  meeting  of 
1853.  the  choice  being:  left  to  snit  the  convenii-nce  of  the  town 
most  at  1' ia  ire  in  che  occasion.  The  awards  at  thepiesent 
meeting  were  as  tollows.— Dealers  :  12  dissimilar  va-ie  iei  of 
Carpiations — Ist.  Mr.  Turner,  of  the  Royal  Nurseiy,  Sluuijh,  wiih 
Morgan  May  (Pusley),  c.  b.,  Bardolph,  Lorenzo,  Christopher 
Sly  (May),  Flora's  Garland,  Owen  Glendower,  Admiral  Curzon, 
Lord  ililtoo,  Bolinsbroke,  Falcnnbiidgp,  General  Monk,  fiuci 
Prince  Albert  (Hale).  2d,  Mr.  Briii?.',  of  SlDUgh,  with  Harriet, 
Bardolph,  Sarah  Payn*',  Fireball,  Lord  Rancliffe,  Twyford 
Perfection,  Admiral  Cuizou,  Lady  Ely,  Prince  Albert,  Flora's 
Garland,  Duncan,  and  Lord  Miltnn.  A  third  collection  was 
contributed  by  ftlessrs.  Youeli,  of  Yarmouth,  in  which  were  good 
examples  of  South  London,  Sarah  Pfiyne,  Twyford  Perfection, 
&c.',  12  White-ground  Picotees:  1st,  Mr. Turner,  of  Slough,  with 
Julia,  Mrs,  Norman,  Miss  Puxley,  Ophelia,  Priace  ot  Wales, 
Marianne,  Bridesmaid,  DuUe  of  Uuiland,  Christabel,  VeniiP, 
Mrs.  Barnard,  and  Lady  Macbeth;  2il,  Messrs.  Youeli,  wiih 
Heroine,  Seedling,  Coruelius,  Lady  H.  Moore,  Gem,  Lady 
Smith,  Alfred,  Isabella,  Vespasian,  Juliet,  Venus,  and  Lady 
A.  Peel ;  3d,  Mr.  Bragg.  Private  K''owtT&  ;  9  Carnations — Ist, 
M,  May,  Esq.,  Sonnint:,  with  King  Juhu  (e  Fj.Owen  Glendower, 
Friar  Lawrence  (a  f  ),  Bardolpb,  Btfrtram,  Christopher  Sly  (s  f.), 
Jacques  (p. p,),  Cromwell  (s.f.).  Hamtet  (H.p.b.)  ;  2d,  C.Lochner, 
Esq.,  with  Lord  Rancliffe,  Flora's  Garland,  William  4tb,  Prince 
de  Nassau,  Bolinj;broke,  Ariel,  Sarah  Payne,  Lovely  Ann,  and 
Lord  Milton  ;  3d,  Rev.  C.  Fellowes,  with  Prince  Albert  (Hale), 
Princess  Riiyal,  Jusice  Shallow,  Sarah  Payne,  Owen  Glen- 
dower. Prince  Arthur,  Virginia,  Bruios,  and  Sir  J.  Reynolds  ; 
4th,  Mr.  J.' Edwards,  Holloway,  with  Prioce  Albert  (Hale), 
Prince  Albert  (Puxley),  Flora's  Garland,  Sarah  Pajne,  Justice 
Shallow,  Admiral  Curzon,  Queen  Victoria,  Lady  Gardener,  ami 
Lord  Milton.  Rev.  J.  Burrounhes,  J.  J,  Colman,  Esq ,  and  Mr 
W.  Barker,  were  also  exhibitor?.  Private  growers  :  9  whire 
ground  Picotees  :  1st,  Mr.  Lochner,  with  Mrs.  Norman,  Alfred, 
Gannymede,  Juliet,  Queen  Victoria  (Green),  Lord  Nel-ion 
Venus  ex.  Lady  H.  Moore,  and  Christabel ;  2d,  Mr.  May,  with 
Laviiiia,  Mrs.  Norman.  Alfred,  Princess  Royal,  Fiiii-,  Li,id.v 
Macbeth  ex  ex,  Seediiog  No.  4,  Venus,  and  Mrs.  Barnard  ex  ; 
3d,  Rev.  0.  Fellowes,  with  Duko  of  Rutland,  Venus,  an.l 
a-ediineis  of  various  degrees  of  merit;  4th,  Mr.  J.  Edwards, 
wiih  QuesQ  Victoiia  (Green),  Alfred,  FrinceBs  Hoya',  Mrs. 
Norman,  Lord  Nelson,  irebaftian,  Prince  of  Wales,  Venus,  and 
Lilacea.  The  Rev.  J.  Burroughep,  and  J.  J.  Colman,  Esq, 
were  exhibitors  in  this  clasi.  Six  \ ellow  ground  Picotees: 
Ist,  Mr.  P.  Lochner,  wiih  Queen  Victoria,  Fairy,  Queen  of 
Yellows,  George  III.,  Ducheu-i  of  Nnrmanby,  and  Euphemia  ; 
2d,  ilr.  Turner,  with  Champioti,  Eophemiu,  Princess  Alice, 
Queen  of  Yellows,  Queen  Victuria,  and  Mount  Etna ;  ;id, 
Mr.  J.  Edwards,  with  Malvolio,  Prince  of  Orange,  Eupbemia, 
Mhlay  Chief,  Conrad,  and  Princess  Alice.  Ot  VerbenaH,  which 
were  numerous  and  tine,  the  Ucv.  J  Hurrounhos  had  King, 
Reine  IIortell^c,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  St,  Mirgaret,  Perfection, 
Niitional,  British  Qteen,  Mibs  Jane,  Exquifitc,  Laura, 
White  PerfcciioD,  Denanco,  Magnificent,  Ormsiiy  Beauty,  and 
Marianne,  tiic,  IIollyhoi;k«  :  both  spikes  and  cue  blooms  were 
shown  in  conHiderablo  numbers,  and  in  6ne  cnnditioti.  1  be 
Ist  and  2d  prizes  given  to  Amateurs,  tor  G  6piken,  were 
awarded  to  G.  liolmea,  Erq„  Norwich,  for  neat  and  closely- 
blonnied  Bpeclinena.  In  the  first  lot  were  Meteor,  bright  red  ; 
DeUcatfl,  Communder.in-rhief,  Rosea  grauditlora,  Couiet,  nod 
Abd.fl.Kader :  the  second  best  consisted  of  Figaro,  Balmot>, 
quitenew  inculouri  Cipurlen  Barrio, Modeltd'pprfcciion,  FonoU'-i, 
light  flhuded,  new,  »(id  very  Htrikiotf  ;  aud  Queen  ot  Beau'ies 
Mr,  Chater,  of  Satfron  Wulden,  toolt  the  Ut  prl/.elor  12  spiko-, 
with  Ophir,  pale  yellow;  C.  Baron,  Wulden  Gem,  Jltic  ; 
SatFranii,  uew  and  Hne  ;  Rapha'd,  blush,  wlih  pur|ile  jit 
iliti  b^iHe ;  Mistt-or,  Ku« ;  Magnum  Bonuni,  Roity  Quern, 
F'irmoaa,  3pectabllifl,  Smuiinait,  ntul  J'  anof  Are.  Mr,  Chatur 
iil«i>  Btni  a  largo  cdlectioD  of  cut  tlowerB  composed  oltho 
|ii  pular  varieilcH.  Tn  t-ut  bloomn  of  12  varlollen,  by  AmateuiM, 
lb«  Ur,  pr/zo  wiih  awiirdcd  to  J.  J.  Colman,  Knq..  fir  ConiBl, 
Mr.  Duiidiia,  Susininuh,  Chailes  Tumor.  .'^pi-cifthlUa,  Q  .too. 
Koriiio«ii,  ItnHi'u  g'undnloru,  Caiolim-,  Ohscuitt.  Uubtns  i-nd 
W.ild.ii  Oem  ;  2d,  to  Mr.  UoIii.ub,  lor  Oumt-t,  Waldoii 
Oem,  0.  Huron,  Eiioh-iiitrcss,  Mi-loov,  Foiiiio*.!),  Figaro, 
Koitoa  ({randlllorn,  Obt'Curti,  Bulla  Doiinu,  and  Modi  1,— 
Mr,  Blrvhrttn,  of  lledonlium,  exhibited  sooio  beiiuilinlly 
gr.iwn  •plIit'M  and  cut  bloom«,  not  lor  coinpuil'lon, 
Amoiiif  tlli-<i»  wero  Korru  new  vurlirdct,  of  vi'ry  tliiu  <iu<ili<y  ; 
foremont  umoniftt  wl.luh  wory  I'oiirpre  do  Tjrc,  it  new 
BbuUo  of  (>urplt',    wry  cloau  in  thu   hiAhd,    aud  iDillvIdual 


llowers  very  i£Oud,  cio-.e  and  compact;  Piiiitr.iBB  Mo.lt-1  of 
Perfection,  a  peculiar  shade  of  yellow,  large  and  line  ;  Pene- 
lope, good,  but  rather  too  much  guard  pytal ;  aod  Queen  o? 
Denmark,  orange  yellow,  of  a  new  and  des'rable  shade;  it 
was  awardeil  a  First  Class  Certificate.  Amongst  cut  blooms 
from  Mr.  Birch  tm,  were  Prince  of  Orange,  buff'  yedow,  with 
orange  at  the  base  ;  and  new  Black  Prince,  quite  black,  and 
much  liner  than  the  old  variety  under  the  samo  name.  Lastly, 
there  was  a  largo  coUe^ttion  of  cut  blooms  from  Mr.  Turner 
and  Mr.  Bragg.— Mr.  Bradley,  gr.  to  —  Peto.  Esq.,  M.P., 
sent  a  group  of  finely  grown  Stove  and  Greenhouse  plants, 
^ome  good  Fuchsias  were  staged  by  Mr.  Bird  ;  and  amonf; 
Roses  were  t  Standard  of  Marengo,  S"uv>'nir  de  la  Malmatson, 
Geant  des  Bataillea,  Boule  de  Naniueil,  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  &c. — 
In  addition  to  Roses  a  nice  stand  of  Dahlia  blooms  was  also 
sent  by  the  Rev.  C.  Fellowes  ;  and  Mr.  J.  Edwards  had  Duko 
of  Wellington,  George  Glenny,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Malvina  ex.. 
Magnificent,  Mrf*.  Pianrard,  Lizzy,  itc, —  We  now  cIobg  our 
repiirt  with  a  brief  enumeration  of  the  Seedlinir  Picotees  ;  for 
of  Carnations  there  were  nona  :  a  Firat  Class  Certilicite  was 
I  unanimously  granted  to  I-Iaiiiee,  which  is  the  flower  hiihertc 
I  showa  as  Fellowes'  51  ;  a  light  purple  of  remarkably  bold 
and  clean  petal,  not  over  full ;  edges  as  smo  ^ih  as  mo'^Ti 
I  varieties,  although  not  yet  periectiOQ  in  that  respect, 
and  the  colour  well  laid  on ;  this  was  staged  by  Mr. 
Fellowes  in  his  prize  collection :  Bridesmaid  (ilatthewa) 
j  Wiis  similarly  rewarded  ;  it  is  of  the  same  claKB,  light  purple, 
I  and  in  every  respect  on  an  equality  with  the  foregoing,  with 
'  perhaps  the  improvement  of  a  bmoother  edge  ;  for  symmetry  it 
,  would  be  difficult  to  surpass  theBe  two  varieties.  A  First 
Class  Certificate  was  granted  to  Lady  Macbeth  (May),  heavy 
red;  and  when  we  astcrt  it  to  be  nn  improvement  on  Mrs, 
Norman,  all  will  feel  sure  that  its  merits  must  be  great ;  except 
a  better  tone  of  white,  we  knownot  what  more  could  be  desired. 
Turner's  Miss  Puxley  was  similarly  rewarded  ;  this  is  of  the 
rose-coloured  class,  and  althou^^h  far  from  perfection  it  is  an 
addition  to  a  class  at  present  select.  Lady  Page  Wood  (Costar) 
is  a  full  flower,  with  medium  purple  edge,  and  although  not 
considered  first  class,  it  may  be  grown  with  advantage,  J.  E. 

Carnations  and  Picitees:  J  W,)un.  The  less  that  is  said 
respediog  the  exhibitions  in  questiim  the  bttter.  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  censors  acted  justly  in  regard  to  them. 

RANDNCDLt:s:  ^7io».  We  regret  to  say  wa  are  unable  to  give 
you  any  information  respecting  the  Ranunculus  about  which 
you  inquire.     It  is  not  iu  the  trade,  that  we  know  of. 

RuSEs:  Bosa,.  Cut  off  the  decayed  flower  stems;  give  the 
Perpetuals  an  occasional  surface  stirring,  and  water  and 
mulch,  and  in  the  event  of  drought  a  vigorous  growth  will 
follow,  from  whicfi  ynu  may  expect,  autumn  flowers.  J.E. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

Carnations  :  J  S  and  Son.  Vi  ry  fine  rose  flake  ;  colour  brilliant: 
csirmine  rose  fairly  distribufed  over  the  petal ;  the  wh  te,  if 
not  quite  pure,  is  as  much  so  ai  most  other  flowers  in  its 
class  ;  edges  smooth,  texture  good,  siza  medium  ;  the  petals 
are  nicely  rounded,  although  small,  aud  turnibh  a  good- 
formed  flower,  free  from  cuofusion. — R  T,  Sports,  such  as 
you  describe,  are  an  every  eeaaon's  occurrence,  and  cannot; 
be  prevented.  It  is  the  nature  of  these  flowers  to  "rua" 
and  "sport." 

Fdcusiab:  L  and  Co.  1,  tube  and  sepals  crimson,  corolla 
purple — 00  improvetnent ;  2,  sepals  reflexed,  so  as  to  display 
to  disadvantage  their  want  of  colour;  the  green  tips  are 
objectionable  i  3,  unequal  to  Hebe  ;  4,  a  good  flower  but  for 
the  narrowness  of  its  sepals. 

Lahkspdes  :  £>  W.  2,  sky  blue;  6  and  7,  dark  blue;  11, 
almost  white.  All  very  beautiful,  and  apparently  profuse 
bloomers. 

PfLAEGoNiDMS :  E  L.  A.  flower  posseseing  very  fine  colours, 
with  suriace,  edges,  and  substance  aurpasyiug  most  of  our 
best  show  flowers;  lower  petals  of  the  deepest  rosy  pink, 
approaching  carmine,  the  base  of  the  petals  and  edges,  as 
they  approach  the  shoulder,  bright  peach;  upper  petals 
similarly  coloured  and  shaded,  and  having  a  small  spot  of 
purplish  crimson  inclined  to  ray  outwards  from  the  base; 
the  truss  contained  seven  well  expanded  and  full  blown  pips. 
The  shape  is  not  very  good,  but  that  may  improve. 

Picotees:  ./  S  a^id  Son.  3,  colour  red,  light  ed^e,  white  pure, 
with  admirable  surface  and  fine  texture  ;  the  marking  is 
regularly  laid  on,  very  similar  in  quality  to  Marria'  Prince 
Albert,  by  no  means  so  heavy  as  Mrs.  Norman.  Petals  of 
medium  size,  and  pas-^ively  smooth  on  the  edges;  round, 
inclined  to  fuine-vS  ;  call  IC  "Ann."  1,  1851,  is  in  every 
respect  a  nice  variety,  except  the  marking  ou  the  edges,  which 
is  not  solid  enough  ;  the  colour  is  cheerful,  and  the  white 
very  pure.  J.  E,   


Miscellaneous. 

The  Cicrrants  in  Orecce. — A  blight  has  attacked  the 
Vines  and  Currant-bushes  throughout  Achaia,  EUs, 
Corinth,  and  other  provinces,  not  sparing,  it  is  said, 
Zante  and  Cephalonia.  The  green  fruit  is  no  sooner 
touched  by  the  blight  than  it  tiu'ns  gray,  becomes  en- 
veloped with  a  matter,  wliich  at  a  sliort  distance  gives 
it  the  appearance  of  a  burnt  cinder,  and  is  viscid  like 
rotten  fruit ;  whilst  the  Vine  withers,  dries  up,  and  dies. 
The  cultivators  are  in  despair,  and  the  Government, 
alarmed  at  the  consequences  which  may  ensue,  has 
appointed  a  commission  to  visit  the  different  points,  and 
report  on  the  means  to  be  adopted.  The  loss  of  the 
crop  of  Currants  would  be  a  most  serious  injury,  as  that 
fruit  is  annually  e.\ported  to  the  amount  of  fi'om  six  to 
seven  millions  of  francs.  North  British  Af/riciiUurist. 

liijluence  of  the  Salts  of  Iron  on  Vq/ctalion.  By 
M.  Lassaigne. — When  salts  of  iron  get  access  to  soils 
wliich  do  not  decompose  them,  and  so,  becoming  dis- 
solved, enter  the  plants,  they  act  injuriously.  They  do 
no  injury  when  they  are  decomposed  by  lime  and 
siliceous  compounds  ;  the  carbonate  of  the  protoxide  of 
iron  is  taken  up  witliout  injury  to  the  plants.  A  small 
addition  of  an  iron  salt  causes  no  alteratiim  in  an  ordi- 
nary soil  ;  iron  salts  have  no  iiiHuence  ou  tho  green 
coloui'  of  the  leaves.  The  injurious  oH'ects  of  the  salts 
of  tlio  protoxide  of  iron,  and  of  tho  peroxide,  consist  iu 
an  adstriction  which  tbey  exercise  on  the  radicles  ;  aud 
if  a  small  iiddition  of  iron  to  water  with  which  plants* 
are  watered  bo  of  use,  this  does  nob  depend  on  an 
absorption,  but  on  nn  action  on  the  tissues  of  thu  plunt 
itself.  Wlien  iron  salts  have  been  (bund  elKcacious  Ju 
destroying  injurious  |)laiitfl,  this  eiVcct  deptjnds  on  tha 
radicles  being  pervious  to  tho  solution  of  iron  ;  absorp- 
tion causes  tlio  destruction  of  tho  jilaiit.  If  salts, 
OBpecialiy  of  tlie  protoxide  of  iron,  lie  aiblcd  to  soils  tho 
plants  of  which  in  their  ordinary  vugclalion  always  con- 
tain a  certain  amount  of  iron,  thu  auiomit  of  u-on  in 
llieir  awlies  in  not  raineil  abovo  tho  nsinil  normal  nnd 
variablo  fpianlity  which  is  generally  contained  in  tho 
uhIich  of  tho  planta.  ComiHcs  lienduSj  xxxiv.,  p.  5fl7  ; 
C/temical  Gazette. 


L 


488 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[July  31, 


(J/Ltha  Frescrvatioib  of  tke  J''ei:unUaled  J^j'js  of  Jus/tes. 
By  M.  Coste. — I  communicated  tu  the  academy,  at  a 
previous  meeting,  the  result  of  au  experiment  tending 
to  prove  that  it  was  possible  to  preserve  tlie  eggs  of 
sahnon  and  trout  out  of  the  water  a  sufficient  time  to 
transport  them  to  great  distances,  and  to  make  them 
batch  in  places  where  it  was  desired  to  introduce  these 
iish.  The  lollowing  fact  sliows  that  these  eggs  can  be 
preserved  during  more  than  two  months  without  losing 
the  power  of  development.  If  this  fact  be  confirmed, 
we  shall  possess  the  means  of  procuring  species  living 
in  distant  parts  of  the  globe  and  acclimatising  them 
in  regions  which  they  have  never  yet  inliabited.  This 
result,  obtained  by  MM.  Berthot  and  Detzem,  is 
evidently  of  great  importance  ;  the  following  are  the 
means  adopted  by  these  gentlemen  : — Eggs  of  salmon 
artificially  fecundated  were  placed  in  a  deal  box,  in 
'layers  alternating  with  damp  sand.  The  box  was  then 
;placed  for  two  months  in  a  cold  room,  the  temperature 
■  of  wJiich,  however,  was  sufficiently  high  to  preserve 
,  them  from  freezing.  At  the  expiration  of  this  time  the 
eggs  were  shrivelled,  and  before  taking  them  out  of  the 
.  box  they  were  placed  in  water,  so  that  they  might 
I  become  moistened  through  the  sand  with  which  they 
were  covered;  for  when  this  precaution  is  neglected, 
they  perish.  Some  of  these  eggs  were  sent  to  me  by 
MM.  Bt-rthot  and  Detzem.  I  placed  them  in  my 
apparatus,  where  they  have  since  hatched.  The 
■experiment  has  therefore  succeeded.  Comptcs  Rcndus, 
April  5,  1852,  p.  507;  Annals  of  Natural  Ilistori/. 

On  a  New  Plastic  Material  for  forming  varvnts  Objscts. 
iBy  Professor  Purkinje- — Five  parts  of  sifted  whiting 
■sire  mixed  with  a  solution  of  i  part  of  glue.  When  the 
whiting  is  worked  up  into  a  paste  with  the  glue,  a  pro- 
portionate quantity  of  Venetian  turpentine  is  added  to 
it,  by  which  tlie  brittleness  of  the  paste  is  destroyed. 
In  order  to  prevent  its  clinging  to  the  hands  whilst  the 
Venetian  turpentine  is  being  worked  into  the  paste,  a 
small  quantity  of  Linseed-oil  is  added  from  time  to  time. 
The  mass  may  also  be  coloured  by  kneading  in  any 
Cfiloar  tliat  may  be  desired.  It  may  be  pressed  into 
.shapes,  and  used  for  the  production  of  bas-reliefs  and 
■other  figures,  sach  as  animals,'  &c.  It  may  also  be 
worked  by  hand  into  models,  during  which  operation 
the  hands  must  he  rubbed  with  Linseed-oil  ;  the  mass 
must  also  be  kept  warm  during  the  process.  When  it 
cools  and  dries,  which  takes  place  in  a  few  hours,  it 
becomes  as  hard  as  stone,  and  may  then  be  employed 
for  the  multiplication  of  these  forms.  Gcicerbcbl.  aua 
Wurtcinh.,  IGo'J,  p.  45  ;  Chemical  Gazette. 

Qrape  Bltfjht. — The  Monitarc  del  Comunl  of  Turin 
quotes  a  letter  from  Novara  of  the  12th,  from  which  it 
appears  that  an  experienced  agriculturist  of  that  pro- 
vince, M.  Antonio  Garaba,  has  found  a  remedy  for  the 
Grape  blight.  Attributing  the  formation  of  the  Crypto- 
gamous  plant  which  causes  it  to  a  stoppage  in  the 
circulation  of  the  sap,  he  made  an  incision  close  to  the 
root  in  the  trunk  of  a  Vine  attacked  with  the  malady,  in 
order  to  give  a  vent  to  the  diseased  humours.  The 
blight,  it  is  said,  disappeared  almost  instantaneously, 
and  the  same  effect  has  been  subsequently  obtained  upon 
every  Vine  that  has  been  subjected  to  the  operation. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  weeJc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
In  keeping  up  a  stock  of  plants  tliere  must  necessarily 
'be,  "besides  those  depended  on  for  the  principal  show  of 
■bloom,  younger  branches  of  the  same  family,  who  are 
growing  onwards,  to  supersede  theirseniors,  whenever  old 
»ge  or  decay  shall  consign  the  latter  to  the  rubbish-heap. 
We  previuusly  adverted  to  the  rapidity  with  which  even 
difficult  plants  may  be  grown  ;  any  plants,  therefore, 
in  pots,  which  it  is  desirable  should  be  grown  quick',  and 
to  aid  which  purpose  have  been  put  into  a  kind  of  rest 
after  their  spring  growth,  may  now  have  a  shift  accord- 
ing to  their  habits  and  condition  ;  it  will  not,  however, 
be  advisable  to  give  them  so  large  a  shift,  comparatively, 
at  this  season  as  might  have  been  ventured  upon  hi  the 
spring,  as  whatever  wood  the  plant  makes  after  the 
present  shift  must  be  ripened,  unless  in  the  case 
of  such  fi'ee  flowering  plants  as  bloom  on  the  current 
gi'owing  wood.  As  this  shift  will  have  to  carry 
the  plant  through  the  winter  months,  the  drainage  of  the 
pots  should  be  ample.  After  a  few  days  a  free  open 
situation  should  be  selected  for  the  newly-potted 
(plants,  that  the  new  growth  may  be  made  under 
favourable  conditions  for  its  maturation.  The  greatest 
■care  must  be  taken  where  valuable,  tender-rooted  plants 
are  out  of  doors;  the  heavy  drenching  rains  we  have 
recently  had  will  (unless  they  have  been  well 
protected)  have  placed  their  roots  in  an  unfavourable 
state,  and  no  time  should  be  lost  in  removing  such  under 
the  cover  of  glass.  The  more  hardy  plants  left  out 
should  be  examined  frequently,  to  see  the  water  passes 
freely  through  the  pots.  Orchids.— A  number  of 
-Orchids  will  by  this  have  made  their  growth,  and  may 
be  removed  gradually  to  a  drier  and  cooler  atmosphere 
(see  page  424).  Those  which  still  continue  growing 
must  have  the  syringe  two  or  three  times  daily,  and 
a  humid  air  maintained  by  well  watering  every  vacant 
part  of  the  interior.  At  tlie  same  time  plants  growing 
on  blocks,  or  suspended  in  baskets,  should  be  frequently 
soaked,  to  effect  the  complete  moistening  of  the  growing 
material.  Some  young  plants  ^vhich  it  is  desirable  to 
lose  no  time  with,  may  again  have  a  shift  provided  as 
potted  above.  They  have  had  a  short  rest  since  the 
spring  growth  was  completed. 


FORCma  DEPARTMENT. 
Pinery. —  Whenever  the  house  for  next  season's 
fruiting  ii  ready,  the  plants  had  better  be  translerred 
there  at  once  ;  the  more  forward  plants  should  be 
selected,  and  have  their  final  shift  before  removal. 
When  it  is  desii*able  to  have  fruit  early,  say  in  April 
and  May,  the  fruiting  pot  should  not  be  over  large,  as 
it  will  be  necessary  to  get  the  plants  into  rest  early.  As 
a  rule  they  should  have  their  pots  well  filled  with  roots 
by  the  middle  of  September,  and  while  growing  allow 
them  all  the  light  you  can  command,  and  a  proportionate 
quantity  of  air.  The  best  Pines  for  very  early  forcing 
are  the  Black  Antigua,  common  Queen,  and  the  Provi- 
dence ;  to  assist  them  a  few  Jamaicas  may  be  started  in 
October,  as  they  talie  a  couple  of  months  longer  to  ripen 
tlian  the  above.  The  plants  for  the  summer  crop  may 
remain  for  a  week  or  two,  unless  there  are  reasons  for 
potting  them  immediately.  They  may  have  a  larger 
shift  than  recommended  for  the  above,  and  should  be 
kept  longer  gi'owing  in  the  autumn. 

FLOWER  GAUr^EN  AND  SITRUBBKRV. 
The  flower-garden  will  be  now  in  its  greatest  beauty, 
and  every  means  must  be  taken  to  keep  turf,  gravel,  and 
edgings  of  all  kinds  in  the  neatest  order,  that  no  draw- 
back to  the  complete  keeping  of  the  whole  may  occur  ; 
dead  flowers  should  be  picked  off  daily,  and  stray 
growths  reduced  within  proper  limits.  Trailing  and 
climbing  plants  should  be  frequently  gone  over,  to  keep 
them  neatly  trained  and  secure  from  rough  winds  ;  for 
the  same  purpose  examine  Hollyhocks,  Dahlias,  and 
other  tall  growing  plants.  Remove  the  dead  flowers 
from  Roses,  and  encourage  the  production  of  autumn 
blooms  in  the  Perpetuals,  by  watering  witli  liquid 
manure,  and  mulching  the  surface  of  the  ground,  where 
practicable.  Continue  the  propagation  of  plants  for 
next  season, in  which  dispatch  with  the  more  delicate 
Pelargoniums  should  be  urged,  to  get  them  established 
before  winter. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 

Dahlias. — Fori:  the  ground  slightly,  and  mulch  the 
surlace  with  very  rotten  manure  ;  water  plentifully 
every  evening  when  the  weather  is  dry  ;  take  care  that 
the  laterals  are  well  staked  out,  and  use  every  means 
to  entrap  earwigs  and  other  vermin  which  injure  the 
flowers.  PiNKS. — Look  over  the  faded  blooms,  extract 
the  petals  from  the  pods  (we  believe  that  it  will  be  a 
capital  seed  season,  our  own  giving  abundant  promise). 
Should  wet  set  in  these  decayed  petals  will  act  pre- 
judicially, by  retaining  moisture  round  the  lower  part, 
which  will  cause  rottenness  and  consequent  destruction. 
Pansies. — Rooted  cuttings  for  making  up  the  autumnal 
beds  will  now  be  ready,  or  nearly  so.  It  will,  there- 
fore, be  necessary  to  make  the  beds  requisite  for  their 
reception.  In  doing  this  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that 
wireworms  should  be  caught,  therefore  the  compost 
should  have  repeated  turnings  ;  for  these  pernicious 
insects  are  as  destructive  amongst  young  Pansies  as 
they  are  to  Carnation  layers.  Throw  out  the  soil  from 
the  Tulip  bed  on  the  paths,  so  that  the  soil  may  sweeten 
previouslyto  being  returned.  Some  florists  adopt  theplan, 
with  considerable  success,  of  sowing  Mustard  seed  on  it, 
which,  after  having  vegetated,  is  mixed  with  the  soil : 
this  is  believed  to  be  the  means  of  banishing  wireworms 
from  the  bed. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  summer  pruning  and  nailing  in  of  the  current 
year's  wood  will  require  following  up;  the  late  rains 
have  caused  an  increased  growth  of  midsummer  wood, 
which  must  be  suffered  to  remain  for  a  short  time;  from 
the  same  cause  it  is  probable  some  of  the  foreright 
shoots  stopped  earlier  may  again  break;  where  the 
above  is  the  case  it  will  be  better  to  wait  for  a  week  or 
two,  till  the  growth  becomes  less  active,  before  stopping 
or  cutting  back  is  resorted  to.  Those  trees  which  had 
their  breast-wood  loosely  tied  in  may  now  have  the 
shoots  cut  back  to  two  or  three  eyes,  beginning  with  the 
least  vigorous  trees  first,  as  they  will  be  least  liable  to 
start,  and  allowing  the  stronger  growing  kinds  to 
remain  as  they  are  till  growth  is  so  far  on  the  decline 
that  all  danger  of  their  again  breaking  is  over,  which 
would  prevent  the  formation  of  fruit-buds  from  the 
remaining  eyes.  Where  time  will  permit  Currants, 
Gooseberries,  and  Raspberries,  will  be  benefited  by  the 
remaining  wood  of  the  present  year's  growth  bein^ 
thinned,  leaving  only  sufficient  to  furnisli  next  season's 
crop  A  portion  of  the  Gooseberry  and  Currant  bushes 
should  be  matted  up,  or  protected  in  some  way  from 
the  ravages  of  wasps  and  birds,  for  autumn  use. 
KITCMEN  GARDEX. 

Clear  away  bauhn  stumps  and  the  refuse  of  crops 
directly  they  are  over,  and  if  the  ground  is  not  wanted 
dig  it  over,  to  remain  till  wanted.     At  this  season,  how- 

;  ever,  there  is  seldom  ground  to  spare  ;  for  it  should 
be  remembered,  that  the  supply  for  several  months  of 

I  the  next  winter  and  spring  will  depend  on  the  diligence 

j  now  made  use  of,  in  planting  out  as  large  a  supply  of 
those  kinds  of  vegetables  most  likely  to  be  in  demand 
as  can  possibly  be  found  room  for.  To  assist  the  above, 
Potatoes  and  other  crops,  soon  coming  ofT,  may  be 
interlined  with  any  of  the  kinds  of  Broccolies  or  winter 
greens  ;  and  where  the  above  are  not  sufficient,  a 
quanti'y  may  be  planted  at  1  foot  apart,  to  wait  ior 
ground  as  it  comes  in,  by  the  removal  of  other  crops, 
when  the  whole  of  the  above  may  be  again  planted  at 
proper  distances,  or  every  other  row  and  each  alter- 
nate plant  of  the  remainder  removed  to  vacant  ground. 
The  above  will  answer  well  where  ground  is  limited, 
more  particularly  with  those  kinds  coming  into  use  in 
spring.     Pay  strict  attention  to   the    requirement    of 

I  growing  crops.  ^ 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
For  tLe  weeK  eadtn;;  July  29,  ISii  as  observed  at  the  Horticultural  Gardens 


July. 


Friday  ..23 


Sunday . 
Monday 


Wed.    .. 
Thura... 


i 

TSMFSaATOEK. 

- 

or  the  Air 

Of  the  Earth 

I  foot  12  feet 
deep.  1  deep. 

Wind. 

(S 

1     Max. 

Mln. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

6    30.1^3 

30  052 

5-7 

f.h^ 

65 

624 

F.. 

.flO 

))    29.9c,  I 

29.>'42 

7« 

&7 

67.5 

65^ 

^H 

Ji. 

.III) 

8    29.7;i3 

29.6b6 

59 

6B." 

boi 

&2i 

w. 

3G 

9    29-7PS 

29.640 

59 

C8.0 

«. 

ti-2\ 

s  w. 

in:  29.1*9^ 

29,S62 

79 

52 

6S.5 

65  J 

K. 

OU 

11    30.06* 

:<0.02-> 

77 

59 

6SU 

CJ 

m 

12    30.1154 

3UMM 

74 

47     !    6l>^ 

63 

b3J 

29.04S 

29.87:{ 

76.8      54. S      65.3 

65.2 

63.0 

.46 

luiy  "23— Very  floe;  overcuHt  at  iiigbc. 

—  24— Veryfiue;  clouily. 

—  25-OvefC«8t;  rain;  dlntant  thunder;  heavy  rain;  overcaot. 

—  2"— OverctBt;  cloii<iy  and  doe;  dark  clouds;  ohower— 5-6  r,M. 

—  27— Sijiht  h:iz-;  fine  ;  very  fine;  clear. 

—  2S-Very  fine  tbrouRhou' ;  dmpclv  overcast  at  nJKht. 

—  29  -Very  tine  ;  clfar  und  cool  «t  oizht. 

Aieaa  temperature  of  the  week,  2i  deK.  above  the  average 

STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  AT  CIIISWICK, 
During  the  U^t  25  yean,  for  the  euEuin^  week,  eudiOK  Aug  7r  1852. 


Au^utt, 

Ill 
Sal 

0*j 

*  "  n 

Hi 

5jh 

5  ^ 

No.  of 
Tears  in 
which  It 

Eaiued. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

PreTaillDR  WindB, 

^i^Pfii 

s 

z 

Suuday    1 
VI  OU        '2 
Tuen.       3 
Wed.        4 
Tliurs.     5 
Friday    fi 
Sftiur.     7 

75.5 
75.0 
74.3 
75.fi 

7:1.7 
72.5 
74.6 

61.7 
53-6 
61.7 
5-2.6 

5:i.4 
53.2 
51.2 

63.C 
64  3 
63  0 
64.0 

6;i5 

62.4 
6-\9 

12 
J3 
14 
14 
12 
10 
6 

1.23  in. 

0.65 

1.1'3 

0A5 

0.43 

0.58 

0  57 

11  2   5'  2    3'  6    fi 

il  a!  2-'  7'  8  3 

3    3    2    1'  L  10    4 

12  2    33  10,  4 

—  2    4    2    :i    9    3 

—1  5    2    1    3    6,  7 

—  3    2-    4  I5i  -^ 

1 
•-* 
1 
1 

3 
■2 

The  hixheat   temperature    dunog  tho  abOTC   penoJ   occurred  ou  the  lat 
184)— therm.  92  dep.;  and  tbe  lowenc  00  the  3d.  1H47— therm.  33  deg. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Answers  TO  CoRBESPi>NDENTs;  H  T.  We  would  willingly  comply 
with  ji>nr  request  if  we  could,  but  titere  are  otleo  iosuper- 
ablo  difficulne:i  in  the  way  ;  we  bhould  also  fill  our  columns 
with  matter  of  how  trifiiuK  iiod  uuiuterestiu?  a  nature  yoa 
cnn  hardly  form  an  idea.  Whenever  the  subject  calls  for  it 
we  do  what  jou  BUBcest,  by  transferring  inquiries  to  Home 
Corrcepondenee,  and  answering  them  theie.  Koso  rust  is 
the  too  well  known  Uredo  Kosa!,  the  cause  of  whoso 
appearance  is  buried  in  ubscurity. 

Bakometeks  :  Sub.  Sec  an  advertisement  m  another  column 
of  to. 'lav's  paper.  ^     .     .     .   ^ 

Bees  •  B  Af  will  thank  some  of  onr  correspondents  to  inform 
her  what  to  do  with  her  beos.  Instead  of  fljin^'  away  in  a 
swarm  in  the  usual  maoner.  they  cluster  about  the  stand 
above  and  below,  and  afier  remaining  in  that  state  a  few 
davs  they  are  discovered  to  have  made  a  perfect  comb  under 
the  stand  The  hive  is  o  double  straw  hive,  with  a  glass  in 
tbe  upper  one  for  them  to  to  into,  but  which  they  obstinately 
decline  doing.     What  is  she  to  do  1 

Books  ■  C  D  The  pamphlet  is  in  4to,  without  titlc.page,  but 
with  the  cross  beading  "  Courte  Introduc'lon  au  Travail  de 
M  Esprit  Fobro  d'Agde  sur  la  Metamorphose  de  deux 
yEsilops  en  Triticum  ;  par  M.  Felix  Duoal.  Doyen  de  la 
Facolte  des  Sciences,  Membre  de  la  Sociee  d'Agnculture 
de  rllerauU."  Then  at  p.  5,  "Des  JEgilops  du  Midi  de  la 
Prance  et  de  leur  IraTisfoimation  ;  par  M.  Esprit  Fabre 
d'ABde'-Ac.  In  all  there  are  20  pp.  of  letter.presE,  and 
three  litbot-raphic  pla'es.  The  pamphlet  is  evidently  a  part 
of  some  French  "  Transactions,"  but  we  do  not  knovv  of 
what  We  owe  our  copy  to  the  Uindnessof  Prof.  Dunal — 
H  B  The  new  edition  ol  .he  "  Vegetable  Kmgdom"  is  about 
to  CO  to  press.-i  m  n.  Dr.  Lindley  refuses  to  hold  himself 
reB|.onsiW«  for  the  bad  colouring  of  the  later  issues  of 
"  Ladies*  Botany."  „     ,        .,_  u 

CoMFEBoDS  Sesds:  W Jolmston.  Gaiher  the  cones  when  pcr- 
fectlv  nne.  Keep  them  afterwards  in  a  dry  and  uielt-renWalei 
place  until  they  cnn  be  sown.  A  box  in  the  hold  of  a  ship  is 
the  worst  of  all  possible  places.  ..    „, 

Floeal  Society  ;  S  WalUn-  A  floral  society  confines  itself  to 
"  Horisis'  Sowers  •"  a  horticultural  sooleiy  may  or  may  not 
do  so  •  it  generally  includes  them,  at  least  to  some  extent. 

Shapes ':  J  WD.  They  are  attacked  by  mildew,  for  which  the 
only  remedy  is  sulphur,  but  It  should  have  been  applied  tho 
moment  ihe  disease  made  its  appearance;  nevertheless, 
persevere  in  dusting  the  leaves,  branches,  and  truit  with 
flowers  of  sulphur,  and  you  will  probably  even  yet  be  able  to 
kill  the  fungus.}  ^.^  c     ^  ^ 

INS-CTS:  \y  M  (ikssrs.  U<:\  The  minute  white  eggs  fixed  on 
slender  footstalks  at  the  edge  of  the  Rose-leaf,  are  thtjse  of 
the  golden. eyes  laoe-W'Oged  fly  Chrysopi  perla,  the  larva 
hatched  from  which  feed  uimn  aphides,  and  should  therefore 
be  preserved      See  Sarti.  Cfcoi...  1813,  p  381,  for  hgnres. 

MuTDAL  INSIEOCTION  SOCIETIES  t  W  Ward.  We  wish  we  could 
think  that  your  plan  would  answer.  But  experience  says, 
no.  All  such  plans  sound  well,  but  fail  from  two  causes— 
a  wan  t  of  lasting  energy  in  the  promoters,  and  the  jealousies, 
squabbles,  and  indifference  of  those  whose  interests  the 
as-ociation  intends  to  serve.  .     „      v       i. 

Names  of  Insfcis  :  A  German  correspondent  in  Hamburgn 
asks  for  the  eotomological  names  o(  the  following  common 
garden  insect.,  viz.,  Cockroach  (Blatia  orieotalis),  Ihrips 
(Thrips  Pljysapus,  but  there  are  other  eiiecies).  Mealy-bug 
Coccus  Adoniduin),  Scale  (Cocci  of  various  kinds),  Wooli- 
louso  (Oniscus  asellus).  Wireworm  (Elater  Imeaus).  May 
WH  beg  him  and  other  German  correspondents  to  use  in 
future  the  usual  round  characters  in  their  letters,  instead  of 
German  characters,  which  t^K  English  can  read  without 

NAiEs''oF' Plants  :  JAB.  1,  Hemionilis  palmata  •  2,  Gymno- 
gramma  chrysophylll ;  3,  G.  calomelanos.  S.-C  hj,.i., 
Utncularia  vuUaris  ;  2,  Comarum  palustre  — i'  ir.  We  be. 
lieve  the  leaves  belong  to  Acer  ncgundo.-J/l  B.  We  must 
trouble  yoa  to  say  where  your  Gmsa  comes  from,  "e  ao 
not  rec.gnise  it.  It  is  quite  yoong.-A'epela.  Two  ya"=''ef 
of  Nepeta  micrantha.— J  B  C.  Oiob.nche  minor  and  Seduin 
rupe»tre.-J  W  (?.  Laetrea  Filix.mas.  S.-S,ib.  Arf  H^* 
Ptarmica,  or  Sneezewort.  -  Z.  Oerinihe  ^^'"'--ifZLZ' 
Sali.buria  adiantttolia,  the  Ging-Ko  '"=«•->»""' ,t"l'*'''fl: 
1,  Trachelium  eivmleum;  2.  Oolutea  cruenta;  3.  oymphjtuin 
oflici.iale.-£».2..irer.  A  Cuscuta,  of  tho  habits  of  wh'cn  yoa 
will  find  a  full  account  in  our  volume  for  ISlt.  page  am.    ^ 

PiNE-APPLEs:  Jfr  M  SandfiM.  Neither  fruiting  nor  succession 
Pines  have  required  ariifioial  heat  within  this  last  month  to 
carry  on  their  cuhure,  even  allowing  for  libera  admi.s.ons 
of  afr.  The  deficiency  of  size,  «""■"■.,'>'?■•  ■"'°"'"'™'= 
cannot  therefore  be  attributed  to  the  want  of  artificial  heat, 
and  is.  doubtless,  owing  to  some  other  cause  J        ,  „_    ,,.    ^ 

Ste.wbeerus:  Sub.  CuthiU's  Black  Pr.nee,  Keens' See^dling, 
British  Queen,  and  the  Elton.t-J  B.  1  he  'arge  white  Straw- 
berry to  which  you  allude  is  probably  ibe  Bound  White 
Carolina.  It  exists  in  the  garden  ot  the  Horticultural 
Society,  at  Chisivick.  Ihe  Prolific  or  tonieal  Hauibois  is, 
on  the  whole,  the  best.  According  to  your  descripuon,  you 
have  not  got  it ;  doubtless  you  have  instead  tho  large  fiat 
Haiitbois.U 

*  *  As  usuil,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
*late.  and  others  arc  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made. 


31  —  1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


489 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTKRS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  I'ublic  again  to  recxmrncnd  Farmers  and  all  others  l^'hu 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  thi^ir  ijuard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  coarse  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  -which  sound  Peruvian 
Oitano  has  heen  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  lose  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'T'HE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

J-  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genume:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  St)da,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Coruwall,  also  a  constant  supply  ot 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes:  Liuseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibba  and  Sons,  at  9i.  IO5.  per  ton,  orforo  tons  and  upwards, 
•9f.  53,  in  Dock.  Edward  PoasEE,  Sec. 

40.  New  Rridue-street.  Blackfriars,  L^mdon. 


MANURES. — The   foUomng    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  jE7    0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  6    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  tViliiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia.  91.  lus.  per  ton  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  os.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     SuU>hatp  of  ammonia.  &r.  

CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
GOAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fceces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 

Sold  at  the  Cbarcoai  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulbaoa,  itiddlesex,  at  60s,  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt.,  2s.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

r\ WEN'S  ANIMALISED  CARBON  is  now  for  Sale, 

W  a:  2;.  55.  per  ton  in  bulk.— This  Manure  has  been  iatro- 
daced,  With  the  most  beneficial  results,  at  St.  Croix  and  the 
Mauritius,  m  the  growth  of  the  Sugar  Caoe,  as  proved  by  testi- 
monials from  the  planters.  The  powerful  fertilising  properties 
of  the  Carbon  have  lone  since  been  acknotvledged  in  Uenmark 
where  it  has  been  extensively  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  as 
no  less  than  2o.000  tons  have  already  besn  sold.  It  is  ready  for 
immediate  u?e,  having  no  occasion  to  be  ground,  is  equally  as 
portable  and  d.lTasible  as  bones,  and  the  low  price  at  which  it 
can  be  sold  m  this  country  must  always  be  a  paramount 
recommendation.  A  liberal  CommUsion  aUowed  to  Dealers  or 
Age<its.  l  or  opies  of  the  testimonials  of  its  utility  in  this  couu- 
try,  also  for  samples,  apply  to  J.  Owen  and  Co.,  3,  Rood-lane. 

Messrs.  J.  Owen  and  Co.  are  now  importing  from  their 
<.openhagen  Manufactory  SUPERPHOSPHATE  OF  LIME  of 
the  very  best  description,  containing  at  least  18  per  cent.'  of 
Neutral  Soluble  Phosphate  of  Lime,  and  capable  of  furniahintr 
atJeastoper  cent,  ot  Ammonia  to  the  Soil.  The  "Analysis" 
18  made  by  Professor  J.  TeoMAs  Wat,  Consulting  Cbemiat  to 
the  Koyal  Aijricultural  Society.  The  price,  in  London,  of  this 
powerful  Manure,  is  71.  per  ton,  cash,  or  Banker's  Bill  on 
London. 


QTEPriE^SON  AND  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
'-'  London  and  17.  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  llanufao. 
RmJ'pn-  ^"Pf^o  '^'"""'"""l  aid  Improved  Conical  Iron 
JiUILEKs,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builder«,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobilirv, 
<.entry,  and  Nurserjmen  to  their  simple  tat  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  br  hot  water 
;/"'?■ '^'  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  ot 
€„L-  ^  I"  re»peotab.lity  can  be  given,  and  lull  particnlars 
tarnished  on  application. 


€fie  Agricultural  (Bumtt* 

SATURDAY,  JULY  Zl,  1852. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
r^°"""'   ^-'     M  "''='''*"''    SotiEiy's    Meeting   at 
Wkd.bbdat,      —      11— Agricultural  ^oclelyofEne'nntl. 

—      li-AKricuitur.l  lni[,.  Society oflreland. 


TnuAID.T, 


We  have  received  from  Mr.  Thomas  Lang,  the 
manager  we  presume  of  the  \Ve>.t  of  England 
AIani;rp.  Co.mpa.ny's  Work.s,  a  long  extract  from  the 
6'herbonie  Journal,  intended  to  exculpate  that 
•company  from  the  charfjes  to  which  it  was  exposed 
by  the  revelations  of  Mr.  GnAiiuiiN,  in  our  Journal 
of  the  lOlh  inst.  Our  columns  are  occupied  by 
more  important  matters  than  long-winded  exculpa- 
tions of  manure  dealers ;  we  can,  therefore,  do  no 
more  than  pick  out  the  essential  parts  of  what 
onr  correspondent  has  to  allege  in  defence  of  the 
company.  Firstly,  he  produces  a  Mr.  Impey,  by 
whom  it  appears  that  the  superphosphate  in  question 
was  sold  ;  and  Mr.  Impky,  after  premising  that  he 
cannot  contradict  Mr.  Oiiaiiuiin's  statement,  tells  a 
lung  story  of  how  he  has  formerly  dealt  in  liirniinr'- 
ham,  and  then  in  London,  and  then  at  llminster^; 
how  the  second  city  furnished  him  rubbish,  and  how 
the  manure  from  the  third  in  almost  every  instance 
gave  satisfaclion.  He  also  states  that  ho  thinks 
f'rofcssor  Way  must  ham  made  tome  mistake  iti  his 
analt/avi {!),  and  so  forth. 

Then  comes  Mr.  Jmnc,  who  gives  an  analysis  by 
Prof.  Way  of  some  manure  supplied  to  liirii  by  the 
Wi.-st  of  England  Company  on  the  1st  of  July,  and 
another  from  .Mr.  IlKiiAi'A'fir  of  the  same  dale,  and  a 
third  analysis  of  some  stuff  supplied  by  another 
inaoare-making  firm,  and  a  fourth  of  some  West  of 


England  ammonio-phosphate  manure  furnished  to 
Mr.  Ckocker,  who  says  he  is  pleased  to  find  it  so 
favourably  spoken  of,  but  who  thinks  that  for  all 
that  "  the  neighbourhood  is  greatly  indebted  to  Mr. 
Graburn  for  his  straightforward  conduct."  We 
suspect  that  the  public  will  agree  as  to  this  with 
Mr.  Crocker. 

What  all  this  parade  of  authority  has  to  do  with 
Mr.  Graburn's  case  we  fail  to  perceive.  It  strikes 
us  that  an  analysis  of  ammonio-phosphate  sold  to 
Mr.  Crocker  in  July  throws  something  less  than 
light  upon  the  superphosphate  sold  to  Mr.  Fry 
some  time  in  May.  To  be  sure  the  Company  say 
that  they  don't  profess  to  make  superphosphate, 
but  it  is  not  denied  that  their  own  agent  sold 
something  under  that  name.  They  also  declare  that 
they  "  have  striven  to  make  a  good  manure,"  and 
that  since  this  subject  has  been  made  public  they 
have  received  large  orders — from  parties  whose 
names  are  not  given. 

Upon  all  this  we  have  only  to  remark,  that  if  the 
West  of  England  buyers  of  manure  are  satisfied 
with  such  an  explanation,  we  have  no  right  to  be 
dissatisfied.  We  can  only  congratulate  them  upon 
the  easiness  of  their  tempers,  and  upon  their  finances 
being  in  so  flourishing  a  state  as  to  render  the  real 
value  of  their  purchases  a  matter  of  no  moment. 

Some  months  ago,  while  waiting  for  the  clearing 
of  the  storm  that  arose  in  the  agricultural  world  on 
the  appearance  of  Mr.  Meghi's  last  publication,  we 
received  a  letter  from  a  correspondent  to  the  follow- 
ing effect : — "  So  you  are  at  length  forced  to  discard 
your  agricultural  prophet,  and,  from  your  silence 
while  he  is  being  thus  attacked,  we  must  suppose 
ourselves  to  have  been  misled  by  all  your  assurances 
hitherto  of  his  soundness  as  an  agricultural  guide." 
Now  this  was  neither  a  positively  nor  a  logically 
accurate  statement — the  facts  were  not  correctly 
stated  nor  were  the  inferences  accurately  drawn. 
We  had  no  where  assured  our  readers  of  Mr.  M.-^chi's 
infallibility ;  and  if  we  had,  an  advocate  might  well 
wait  the  clearing  of  a  disorderly  court  before  com- 
mencing his  address,  without  any  doubt  arising  of 
his  regard  for  the  interests  of  his  client.  But  this 
writer  was  proceeding  upon  an  altogether  erroneous 
assumption,  if  he  supposed  that  there  was  any  such 
relationship  as  that  of  advocate  and  client  existing 
in  the  case. 

It  is  now  more  than  eight  years  ago  that  we  one 
day  received  from  a  city  correspondent,  with  a 
signature  till  then  unknown  in  agricultural  literature, 
so  extraordinary  a  statement  of  what  had  been  done 
upon  land  he  had  recently  purchased  in  the  county 
of  Essex,  that  we  did  not  venture  to  publish  it 
before  submitting  it  to  known  correspondents  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  operations  he  described.  And 
it  is  to  this,  the  first  of  a  lengthened  series  of 
publications  which  have  long  since  made  Mr. 
Mkchi's  name  known  wherever  agricultural  writings 
are  read,  that  we  would  most  confidently  refer  for 
the  grounds  on  which  his  reputation  will  rest.  In 
this  letter,  after  stating  with  characteristic  energy 
and  enthusiasm,  the  amount  and  mode  of  the 
jexpenditure  which  had  been  incurred,  and  arguing 
with  characteristic  confidence  the  certainty  of  a 
profitable  return,  he  says  : — 

"  In  a  moral  and  social  point  of  view  these 
improvements  have  acted  beneficially.  They  have 
excited  the  energy  of  the  tenant  and  his  labourers, 
stimulating  them  to  think,  compare,  and  improve. 
They  have  awakened  the  attention  and  curiosity  of 
the  neighbouring  farmers,  who  are  watching  the 
result,  and  already  have  they  caused  many  under- 
taiiings  in  drainage  which  otherwise  would  not  have 
been  thought  of.  Had  I  invested  my  money  in  the 
funds  there  would  have  been  an  end  of  the  matter, 
but  now  I  have  the  satisfaction  of  having  fulfilled  a 
public  duty  (without  injury  to  myself),  by  calling  into 
action  temporarily  and  permanently  a  considerable 
amount  of  labour.  I  conceive  that  to  be  the  highest 
order  of  charity,  which,  by  providing  employment 
to  the  willing  labourer,  confers  a  favour  unseen,  and 
leaves  unconipromised  (his  most  valuable  privilege), 
his  self  dependance.  If  every  one  who  has  the 
means  follows  my  example,  when  requisite,  there 
will  be  little  need  to  complain  of  the  want  of 
employment  for  our  peasantry  or  our  capital," 

There  is  no  need  that  we  satisfy  ourselves  about  the 
profitsaccruingtoMr.MEcni  from  every  detail  of  every 
operation,  or  even  from  the  general  result  of  all,  that 
he  has  carried  on  at  Tiptree-hall,  before  admitting 
the  conclusion  to  which  in  the  very  commencement 
ol  them  Ik;  had  arrived  ;  that  the  scale  on  which 
these  operations  have  been  performed,  and  the 
publicity  wliich  he  has  succeeded  in  giving  them, 
have  heen  of  national  utility — usefulness  both  to 
fanner  and  to  labourer ;  to  Ihc  one,  by  that  stimulated 
thought,  discussion,  and  .action,  to  which  he  refers  ; 
and  to  the  other,  by  the  increased  activity  in  which 
they  have  resulted.  Mr.  Mi'.oiii's  exuberant  energy, 
independently  of  any  aim  at  profit,  ia  quite  enough  to 


account  for  his  perseverance  at  Tiptree  ;  but  let  us 
not  forget  the  benevolent  feeling  in  whith  we  are 
persuaded  his  proceedings  originated.  It  was  in 
acknowledgment  of  this,  as  well  as  to  do  honour 
to  the  other  features  of  his  character,  that  so 
large  and  distinguished  an  assembly  met  last  week 
under  his  roof,  at  that  annual  reunion  whose 
proceedings  are  now  among  the  most  interesting 
agricultural  features  of  July. , 

We  regret  we  have  not  room  for  more  than  a 
scanty  statement  of  what  took  place  at  the  meeting 
last  week.  A  larger  number  than  usual  were  drawn 
together  by  curiosity  regarding  the  new  system  of 
liquid  manuring  which  Mr.  Mechi  has  adopted,  and 
which  was  shown  in  actual  operation.  The  rival 
reaping  machines,  too,  were  exhibited  at  work,  and 
Hussey's  again  carried  the  day  over  M'Cormick's 
form  of  the  implement.  The  usual  round  of  the 
farm  was  made,  and  the  crops  generally  admired. 
The  company  then  assembled  in  one  of  the  farm 
buildings,  and  after  luncheon  various  addresses 
were  delivered ;  his  Excellency  the  American 
Ambassador,  Earl  Fortescue,  Mr.  Chadwick, 
Mr.  Mechi,  and  ethers  being  among  the  speakers. 
To  some  of  the  sentiments  there  expressed  we 
shall  next  week  endeavour  to  direct  the  attention  of 
our  readers. 


The  aim  of  our  remarks  lately  on  Geological 
Science  has  been  to  insist  upon  its  obvious  import- 
ance to  the  science  of  agriculture  ;  a  knowledge  of 
the  soils,  their  nature,  properties,  contents,  action 
upon  each  other,  &c.,  being  no  less  needful  to  the 
progress  of  the  art  of  farming — no  less  valuable  to 
cultivators — than  a  knowledge  of  the  strength,  &c., 
of  materials  is  to  builders,  of  metals  to  founders,  of 
woods  and  glues  to  carpenters,  of  oils  and  varnishes 
to  painters,  or  of  human  physiology  to  medical  men. 
The  inquiry  now  before  us  will  be — In  what  way 
is  Geology  assisting  us  at  the  present  time  ? 

Consider  our  past  and  present  county  reports.  As 
the  distribution  of  soils  depends  upon  the  geological 
beds  beneath,  no  agricultural  maps  (such  as  those 
appended  to  the  reports  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture, 
which  only  exhibit,  and  that  imperfectly  and  on  a 
very  small  scale,  the  variations  of  the  surface,  and 
neglect  those  of  the  substrata  contained  in  the 
detrital  deposits  and  in  the  still  deeper  solid  strata) 
could  exhibit  the  true  agricultural  relations  of  a 
county,  district,  or  even  estate.  One  of  the  chief 
objects  of  such  reports  was,  therefore,  in  a  great 
measure  lost ;  for  the  farmer,  reading  of  practices 
with  which  he  was  previously  unacquainted,  could 
not  at  once  profit  by  the  example,  as  he  would  be 
unable  to  identify  his  own  soil  with  any  of  those 
described  to  him  ;  and  this  because  of  the  indefinite- 
ness  of  the  terms  employed — this  deficiency,  again, 
arising  from  the  want  of  a  standard  of  reference  and 
comparison.  Hence  the  surveys  of  the  Board  of 
Agriculture,  of  half  a  century  ago,  while  valuable 
as  records  of  the  state  and  manner  of  farming  at  that 
period  (assisting  the  historian  and  the  political 
economist  in  estimating  the  rent,  produce,  labour, 
Sec,  of  the  land  at  that  time,  and  perhaps  being 
of  advantage  to  the  present  cultivators,  who 
thus  learn  what  has  been  done  successfully  and 
wdiat  has  failed  upon  the  very  spot  of  ground  they 
till),  are  not  of  the  comprehensive  value  they  would 
have  been,  had  they  clearly  and  correctly  described 
their  soils  by  determining  to  what  great  general 
classes  they  belong.  By  the  help  of  geology  we  are 
enabled  to  pronounce,  in  many  cases,  to  what  soils 
those  reports  attribute  certain  qualities,  &c.,  because 
every  county  has  now  marked  out  upon  the  map, 
more  or  less  minutely,  its  strata  and  local  deposits  ; 
but  this  is  a  tiresome  process,  and  the  names  of 
places  and  the  terms  of  character  and  quality 
employed  often  leave  us  at  fault. 

Take,  as  an  example.  Young's  "Agricultural 
Survey  of  Lincolnshire,"  in  1799.  On  his  "  Map 
of  the  Soil  of  Lincolnshire  "  he  has  painted  two 
long  and  narrow  stripes  of  green  north  and  south  of 
Lincoln,  to  denote  "  Lincoln  Heath ;  "  and  from 
the  I-Iumber,  slanting  to  the  south-east,  is  a  band  of 
blue,  marking  the  "  Wolds."  The  eastern  side  and 
south-eastern  corner  of  the  county,  together  with  a 
patch  at  the  north-west  extremity,  are  coloured 
yellow,  indicating  the  "  rich  tract ; "  and  the 
remainder  is  filled  up  with  pink,  and  called  "  mis- 
cellaneous." The  map,  therefore, and  its  "explana- 
tions" teach  us  but  little  about  the  aclu.al  nature  of 
the  soils  ;  we  only  see  by  the  drains,  &c.,  that  the 
"  rich  tract  "  includes  most  of  the  fens  and  marshes  ; 
and,  by  the  direction  of  the  water-courses,  we  per- 
ceive that  the  "  Heath  "  and  "Wolds"  are  ranges 
of  high  ground.  As  to  the  character  of  the  great 
"  miscidlanoous"  division,  we  are  completely  in 
the  dark.  How  shall  the  farmer  of  a  distant  part  of 
the  kingdom  discovfu'  jirecisely  upon  what  kind  of 
soil  the  husbandry  assigned  to  special  places  named 
in  the  map  has  been  successful  or  otherwise  ?    Per- 


490 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[July  31, 


haps  the  letter-press  will  fully  elucidate  the  meaning 
of  these  different  divisions,  and  describe  in  uumis- 
takeabie  language  tjie  various  «oils  comprised  in  each. 
Let  us  turn  to  the  head,  "  Soils."  We  gather  from 
reading  this  section  —  much  less  than  we  should 
have  done  from  one  simple  geological  section — as 
follows  : — this  country  includes  all  the  sorts  of  land 
to  be  found  in  the  whole  kingdom,  except  granite, 
schistus,  white  Hertfordshire  chalks,  and  pure  blow- 
ing sand.  Part  of  the  "  rich  tract  "  is  "  a  brown 
dark  loam  of  admirable  texture;"  part  is  "  a  rich 
tract  of  salt  marsh  ;  "  part,  "  a  strong  soil  called  the 
Cla;^s,  and  it  is  stiff;"  partis  *' an  argillaceous 
warp,  an  alluvion  of  the  sea,"  &c.  Some  of  the 
"Heath''  has  "reddish  sands;"  some  is  "lime- 
stone ;  "  generally  it  is  "  a  good  sandy  loam,  but 
with  clay  enough  in  it  to  be  slippery  with  wet,  on  a 
bed  of  limestone  9  to  IS  inches  in  depth." 

The  *'  Wold  "  soil  is  "  a  sandy  loam,  on  a  chalk 
bottom  ;  the  quality  varying  from  poor  sand,  pro- 
ducing heath,  to  rich,  deep,  fertile  loams,  that  yield 
capital  crops  of  Barley  and  Wheat,  and  some  even 
Beans."  Of  the  "  miscellaneous  "  portion,  we  have 
a  mass  of  notes  characterising  a  great  variety  of  soils, 
as  *'strong  clay,"  "loam  on  stone,"  "  beautiful  pas- 
ture land,"  "reddish  sand;"  "a  vale  of  soils  too 
various  for  description,  but  not  good  in  its  general 
feature  ;  "  "a  risinti  tract  of  good  land  ;  "  "a  narrow 
ridge  let  at  about  I65.  ;  "  "  the  variations  of  soil  are 
nearly  all  longitudinal  in  the  direction  of  north  and 
south  ; "  "  in  one  part  they  have  black  sandy  loams, 
warp  land,  brown  sands,  and  rich  loams,  soapy  and 
tenacious;"  in  another  are  "  various  good  soils;" 
and  so  on.  Most  of  the  phrases  here  used  might  be 
applied  to  the  soils  of  any  county,  and  are  spoken  of 
lands  that,  in  some  essential  particulars,  are  totally 
different  from  those  they  are  intended  to  describe. 

But  take  a  good  geological  map  of  this  country, 
and  it  is  immediately  observable  that  10  or  11 
different  orders  of  strata,  together  with  several  sorts 
of  widely-scattered  detritus,  and  a  considerable 
variety  of  alluvial  deposits,  form  the  respective 
bases  upon  which  the  surface  soils  repose.  The 
usual  characteristics  of  the  soils  found  on  these  great 
beds  being  generally  known,  this  map  gives  us  a  key 
to  the  whole  matter  ;  we  can  judge  of  the  super- 
structure by  the  character  and  proportions  of  the 
foundation.  Farmers  in  the  north,  in  central 
England,  in  the  south,  can  say,  "  the  land  along  that 
hill  range,  or  lying  in  that  flat  valley,  resembles  this 
that  I  occupy  ;  and  I  know  of  other  estates  not  far 
off  which  rest  upon  other  strata  like  those  in  Lin- 
colnshire." And  when  they  read  a  description  of 
the  soils  upon  each  of  these  geological  beds,  they  do 
not  wonder,  as  with  the  old  kind  of  report,  whether 
the  land  spoken  of  is  at  all  like  their  own,  but  per- 
ceive at  once  the  points  in  which  land  generally 
synonymous  with  deviates  from  their  own. 

Geology  has  provided  us  with  a  nomenclature 
universally  understood,  in  place  of  the  local  designa- 
tions which  are  of  little  value  in  a  scientific  point 
of  view.  Look  at  the  farm  reports  in  the  Agricul- 
tural Society's  Journal,  at  those  which  have  occu- 
pied such  prominent  places  in  the  columns  of  the 
daily  press  ;  they  all  start  in  their  descriptions  with 
a  sketch  of  the  geological  strata  and  superjacent 
deposits.  This,  like  Greek  and  Latin  names  in 
botany,  like  standard  weights  and  quantities  em- 
ployed in  statistics,  is  a  language  that  all  can 
comprehend,  and  expresses  to  us  at  first  sight  what 
is  the  character  of  the  district  we  are  to  read  of. 

Geology  has  saved  both  labour,  time,  and  money 
in  teaching  us  whereabouts  we  may  probably  meet 
with  marls  and  fossil  manures.  We  now  know  in 
what  strata  or  local  deposits  such  materials  are  not 
likely  to  be  ;  and  the  ranf^es  in  which  they  may  be 
confidently  expected.  Whereas  the  old-fashioned 
works  on  agriculture  advise  everybody  to  search 
well  under  their  ground,  as  perchance  they  may  be 
rewarded  for  their  trial.  Is  not  this  plainly  akin  to 
the  blind-eyes'  search  for  coal  and  ore,  which  now 
belongs  to  the  list  of  imperfections  and  ignorances  of 
the  past  1  We  can  do  better  now  than  burrow  into 
mountain  limestone  hoping  for  coal,  when  every  foot 
we  lower  takes  us  deeper  from  the  fuel ;  better  than 
bore  an  artesian  well  on  the  outcrop  side  of  a  porous 
hill  range,  when  every  turn  of  the  augur  sinks  it 
further  from  the  stratum  that  is  charged  with  springs. 
Some  of  the  well-known  strata  of  the  chalk  forma- 
tion are  actually  denominated  "  the  phosphoric 
strata;"  let  us  look  there  for  fertilising  manures. 
Marls  and  enriching  clays  abound  in  the  great 
accumulations  of  drift  which  overspread  so  large  a 
portion  of  England's  surface ;  let  us  examine  those 
parts  of  these  deposits  which  we  are  taught  possess 
in  greatest  abundance  such  substances  as  we  want. 
When  we  insist  upon  the  advantages  of  good 
geological  maps,  &c.,  we  must  not  be  understood  to 
mean  simply  those  in  common  use  among  scientific 
men,  but  maps  such  as  are  constructed  with  the 
special  object  of  assisting  agriculturists.    For,  as 


Mr.  Trlmmer  tells  us  in  his  essay  in  the  Agricul- 
tural Society's  Journal,  Vol.Xl[.,"it  is  of  more  con- 
sequence to  the  farmer  to  know  whether,  in  a  given 
district,  the  strata  consist  of  clay,  sand,  or  limestone, 
than  whether  they  contain  certain  fishes,  reptiles,  or 
mammals,  and  particular  genera  and  species  of 
shells  ;"  the  latter  information  being  all  that  is 
denoted  in  our  usual  geological  maps.  We  require 
maps,  therefore,  which  mark  the  mineral  character 
of  the  different  rocks,  including  those  deposits  of 
most  recent  origin. 

In  order  that  the  full  advantages  which  geology 
is  able  to  confer  should  be  obtained  by  us,  there  is 
no  other  course  to  pursue  than  to  make  ourselves 
acquainted  with  the  science,  while  we  cultivate  the 
earth  of  which  it  treats.  We  believe  that,  in  the 
words  of  the  geologist  we  have  just  alluded  to,  com- 
paratively little  progress  has  been  made  in  the 
practical  application  of  geology  to  agriculture, 
"chiefly  because  farmers  have  not  been  geologists, 
and  geologists  in  general  have  been  ignorant  of 
farming.  Wherever  a-  step  has  been  gained,  it  has 
been  by  the  union  of  the  two  kinds  of  knowledge  in 
one  individual.  The  yeoman  and  land  surveyor  of 
Oxfordshire  who  ranks  as  the  father  of  English 
geology  was  also  the  first  to  apply  it  to  agricul- 
tural questions."     Let  us  follow  his  example. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE. 

SESSIONAL    EXAMINATION    IN     CHEMISTRY. 

1.  Deacribt)  the  preparurion  and  properties  of  uiarcta. 

2.  How  do  yoii  detect  the  adulteration  ot  Hour  with  Peas  or 
Bean-meal  1 

3.  Describe  the  principal  chemical  actious  involved  in  tlie 
process  of  baking;. 

4.  Is  blown  bread  more  nutritious  than  white  bread  ?  Give 
aleo  the  reasuD  for  your  decision. 

5.  What  kind  of  hubstance  is  cellulose  ? 

G.  Describe  the  chemical  changts  wuich  take  place  in  the 
steeping;  of  Flax. 

7.  Wbat  are  the  more  prominent  characters  of  albuminous 
or  protein  compounds  ? 

8.  What  is  tbe  general  compusilion  of  milk  ? 

9.  What  is  the  composition  of  butter,  and  what  changes 
does  it  undergo  in  becoming  rancid  ? 

10.  How  do  you  determiue  the  rebitive  feeding  value  of  dif- 
ftrent  samples  of  oilcake  ? 

11.  Wiiac  are  the  chemical  changes  which  Barley  undergoes 
in  the  process  of  gernuaation  1 

12.  What  is  the  t'eneral  compoaition  and  the  relative  feeding 
value  of  malt  aud  B  irlej  ? 

i:j.  VVUit  moiguuic  matters  enter  into  the  composition  of  the 
ashes  ot  our  cultivated  plants? 

14.  Mention  the  genernl  ch'jracter3  of  stiff  clay  soils,  and 
describe  the  means   tif  imprivirif;  them. 

15.  Under  what  circainsfances  is  paring  and  burninc  likely 
to  be  atteaded  «ith  good  resales,  and  in  what  cases  will  it  do 
barm  instead  (f  gooa  1 

16.  What  chauges  do  farm-yard  manure  undergo  in  keepiog  % 

17.  Meutinn  bOme  of  ihfa  principles  which  ought  to  guide  the 
farmer  in  the  niaoagement  of  home-made  manure. 

18.  Wtiat  ure  the  best  meaus  of  preventing  the  loss  of  am- 
mrini-t  in  duog-heapB  ? 

19.  On  what  constituents  of  artificial  manures  do  their  fer- 
titising  and  commercial  value  depend  ? 

20.  What  are  the  adulterations  more  generally  occurring  in 
Peruvian  guano,  and  how  can  they  be  detected  1 

Cirenmster,  June  17. 


1.  Starch  is  prepared  from  seveial  different  kinds  of  plants  : 
in  some  it  exists  in  the  seed,  in  others  in  the  root,  where  it 
exists  in  sacs  ;  in  order,  then,  to  extract  it,  it  is  required  ihat 
these  sacs  be  ruptured.  If  prepared  from  the  Potato,  the 
foUowiug  is  the  method— crush  up  the  Potato,  and  boil  it  in 
waterfor  Borne  time,  next  strain  it  through  a  piece  ot  fine  muslin. 
The  starch  will  pass  through,  and  the  fibre  be  left  upon  the 
filter  ;  by  washing  with  water  and  alcohol  the  impurities 
passed  through  along  with  it  may  be  separated.  Starch  ie 
also  prepared  from  Wheat  flour:  this  may  be  done  on  a  bmall 
scale  by  making  the  flour  into  a  kind  of  dough,  and  gently 
kneading  ii  on  a  filter,  wlieu  the  starch  will  pass  through  and 
the  gluten  will  remain  bebmd.  The  gluten  beiug  in  such  close 
appositi  )n  with  the  starch,  makes  it  difficult  of  separation. 
On  a  lar^e  scale  the  flour  is  mixed  with  moderately  warm 
water,  the  flour  being  previously  placed  in  a  pit,  where  it  is 
allowed  to  remain  until  fermentation  is  being  setup;  after 
this,  the  gluten  having  become  slightly  decomposed,  it  may  he 
separated  by  washing  with  water,  and  the  starch  obtamed. 
Starch  is  also  obtained  from  the  Sago  Palm,  as  aago  ;  from 
Marautha  arundinacea,  as  arrow-root.  As  to  the  properties  of 
starch,  it  15  insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  where  it  appears 
as  a  gelatinous  substance;  It  possesses  an  insipid  taste  :  wi'h 
free  iodine  in  a  cold  solutiou  it  is  precipitated  as  iodide  of 
starch,  which  has  a  blue  colour.  On  heating  to  a  high 
temperature,  on  an  addition  of  dilute  I  O3,  it  is  converted  into 
dextrine,  an  isomeric  substance  ;  but  it  ii  distinguished  from 
It  by  giving  with  iodine  a  violet  colour.  If  more  acid  be  added, 
or  this  primary  change  be  allowed  to  go  on,  it  is  converted 
into  sugar  (Grape).  On  addition  of  N  O5,  oxalic  acid  is 
pioduced.  It  combines  with  salts  of  lime  and  lead.  Emoiin 
is  another  kind  of  starch,  extracted  from  Dahlia  roots^  d:c.  ;  it 
is  not  converted  into  dextrine  by  I  O3,  but  into  sugar.  Starch 
occurs  as  granules  in  trade:  that  made  from  the  Potato  has 
an  oblong  shtipe,  and  is  about  three  times  as  large  as  the 
granules  of  Wheat  starch,  wtiich  are  round.  The  starch 
prepared  from  Indian  Corn  is  even  smaller.  Potatoes  contain 
about  20  per  cent,  of  starch,  and  Wheat  70  to  80  per  cent. 
Lichen  starch  is  another  variety— it  is  obtained  from  Iceland 
Moss  and  Iri-h  Moss.  It  diflers  by  giving  a  jetlowish-brown 
precipitate  with  iodine,  and  on  cooling  from  a  water  solution 
becomes  a  gelatinous  ma''S.  Emolin  is  deposited  under  similar 
circumsiauces  as  granules.  Starch  ia  used  to  Btifl'csu  licen,  and 
as  dextrine  to  glaze  paper. 

2.  Pea  and  Bean-mual  is  detected  in  flour  by  boiling  the 
flour  for  some  time  witli  water,  filtering,  allowing  the  liquid  to 
cool,  aud  adding  acetic  acid,  when  if  Btau  or  Pea-meal  be 
used,  a  muddiueMs  of  Ictiumine  will  be  perceptible. 

3.  Water  or  milk  is  added  to  the  flour,  aud  the  whole  inti- 
mately mixed,  furmiog  dough  ;  some  yeast  is  added,  aud  the 
dough-put  placed  before  the  tire,  to  allow  the  dough  to  risu  ; 
fermentation  is  thus  set  up,  the  gluten  acting  upon  the  starch  ; 
'he  dough  ia  now  kneudei;),  which  further  oxidises  tbe  gluten  ; 
it  is  next  made  in  loaves  and  placed  in  the  oven  for  a  time  ; 
the  piocQ^s  of  fermentation  goes  on,  converting  starch  into 
sugar  and  sugar  into  C  O2  and  alcohol ;  the  action  of  the  fire 
causes  a  crust  to  be  formed,  which  prevents  the  escape  of  C  Oo 
and  which  therefore  makes  the  bread  liglit,  by  its  attempting 


to  get  out,  and  thus  filling  it  with  small  cavities,  which  are 
seen  when  cuttinn  throuirti  a  loaf  of  bread. 

4.  Brown  bread  is  made  from  coarse  flour— flour  which  haa 
not  had  its  bran  or  husk  eutirely  separated.  Now  the  glu  en 
of  Wheat  pxibts  as  a  layer  inside  the  husk,  and  by  stripping  it 
off  is  removed  along  with  it,  and  thus  it  is  that  bran  is  much 
richer  in  protein  compounds  than  flour;  indeed  the  finer  the 
flour  ia,  the  mure  white  it  is  made,  the  less  gluten  it  contains  ; 
it  is  thus,  then,  th'it  brown  bread  is  more  nutritious  than, 
white. 

5.  The  sterna  of  plants  are  made  up  of  a  number  of  cells ;, 
the  wall  or  case  of  these  cells  is  termed  cetlu  ose  ;  they  may 
be  Separated  almost  pure  by  digesting,  for  instance,  first,  with- 
water,  this  removes  some  of  the  juices  ;  next  with  alcohol  and 
ether,  this  removes  matter  not  previously  removed  by  water  ; 
next  add  caustic  potash,  and  that  which  remains  on  the  filter 
is  almost  pure  cellulose. 

G.  When  Flax  is  steeped  in  water  the  albuminous  matter, 
which  closely  invests  and  unites  the  fibres  together,  ia  dissolved 
out  by  putrefaction  taking  place.  By  steepinj;  in  hot  water, 
aud  under  pressure  of  steam,  the  process  is  facilitated,  and 
still  more  so  by  digesting  with  dilute  carbonate  of  potaeh, 
which  is  the  new  method. 

7.  Albuminous  matters  or  protein  compounds  contain  nitro- 
gen, sulphur,  and  phopphorus,  as  well  as  carbon,  hydrogen, 
and  oxygen  ;  these  exist  mure  largely  in  animal  matter  than 
in  vegetable  ;  they  are,  whtn  dry,  iioney  looking  substances  of 
a  brown  colour,  when  ground  they  are  while  ;  they  are  insoluble 
iu  water,  and  solublb  in  caustic  potash  ;  they  are  precipitated 
on  addition  of  an  acid  {aceticj  ;  they  are  the  chief  cause  of 
putrelaciion  in  substances,  not  putrefying  themselves  when 
dry,  but  iu  contact  with  a  ferment,  readily  undergoing  changes. 
During  putrefaction  ihey  give  iff  ammonia,  sulphuretted  and 
phosphuretted  hydrogen.  Protein  compounds  occur  in  flesh 
aud  blood  as  fibrin,  in  milk  as  casein,  in  Beans  aud  Peas  as 
legumiii,  it'C.  They  all  contain  nitrogen,  and  it  ia  from  such 
substances  alone  that  flesh  can  be  built  up  ;  they  are  called 
fleah-fovming  principles  on  that  accounr.  The  variuus  varieties 
of  protein  compounds  are  distinguished  by  their  several  pro- 
perties, such  as  albumen  coagulates  on  boiling,  &c. 

8.  Milk  is  a  white  looking  liquid ;  if  heated,  or  an  acid  be- 
added,  it  becomes  almobt  solid,  separat  ug  iuto  two  parts,  the 
one  of  whii;h  is  caseine,  which  is  solid,  and  the  other  whey, 
which  it)  liquid:  it  contains  sulca  and  extractive  matter  and 
sugar.  If  milk  be  allowed  to  stand  it  will  separate  into  two 
parts  ;  the  Upper,  being  lij^hter,  floats,  and  is  of  a  darker  colour  j 
this  is  the  cream,  which  is  made  up  of  fat  globules  enc'osed  in 
an  envelope  supposed  to  be  caseine;  the  lower  part  contains 
the  caseine  and  smaller  fat  globules,  «tc.  The  colour  of  milk 
is  oue  to  these  matters,  which  are  minutely  dispersed  through- 
out it,  and  this  is  the  reason  why  skimmed  milk  has  a  lighter 
colour  than  new.  Water,  then,  caseine,  fatty  matters, 
extractive  mattera,  and  salts,  with  sugar  and  phosphate  of 
lime,  are  tbe  chief  constituents  of  milk.  In  churning,  the  fatty 
globules  become  oxidised  and  breiik. 

9.  Butter  is  made  up  of  fut,  water,  albuminous  matterp,  and 
lactic  acid,  a.*  wtU  as  capric  and  caproic  acids  ;  the  lactic  acid 
acts  upon  albuminous  matter,cause8  fermentdtion,  and  produces- 
that  rancid  taste  which  occurs  in  old,  ill-mude  butter.  Butyric 
eher  also  occurs;  this  can  be  washed  out  by  H  O.  The  other 
acids  are  neutralised  by  caustic  magnesia.  Salt  is  added  to 
butter  to  preserve  it,  and  as  it  occurs  commercially,  forms  cne- 
of  its  consiitueuts. 

10.  The  relative  values  of  feeding  stuffs,  such  as  oil-cake,  are 
ascertained  by  a  nitrogen  combustion.  Multiply  nitrogen  by  6^, 
this  gives  protein  compounds,  by  washiag  or  digesting  with  eihec 
aud  alcohol,  the  tat,  or  oil,  may  be  extracted  and  ascertained. 
Rape-cake  ia  richer  in  protein  compounds  than  linseed-cake, 
yet  it  does  not  teed  so  well,  owing  to  the  oil  it  contains  being, 
rancid.  The  quiutity  of  phosphate,  when  required  for  a  young 
animal,  are  macters  of  importance.  Burn  to  find  the  amount 
ot  asb.  Test  for  phosphoric  acid  after  separating  the  silica, 
which  should  not  exist  in  sufficieuey  to  intertere  with  the 
phosphoric  acid  being  throwu  down  at  once  by  ammonia.. 
Add  tome  percbloride  and  acetate  of  ammonia  or  soda  ;  boil, 
tilter,  dissolve  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  add  tartaric  acid  eo 
long  as  any  precipitate  is  given  with  ammonia.  Next  add' 
sulphate  ot  magnesia  aud  ammonia  ;  fitter,  wash,  drive  off  am- 
moniacat  salts  by  heat,  aud  calculate  for  the  phosphoric  acid  as 
biphosptiate  of  magnesia.  To  determine,  then,  the  value  of  a 
feeding  stuff,  the  water,  protein  compounds,  oil,  or  fatty  matters 
and  POsHiay  be  ascertained.  i2.  L.  Fell.  [The  remaining, 
answers  uext  week.] 


THE  NO-BEARD  OF  POLAND  FOWLS. 
•'  But  is  this  law  ?  Aye  marry  is  1  !" 
It  has  been  said — iudeed  I  Iiave  Diyself  "  seen  it  In  a 
book"— that  the  golden  and  silver  Polands  should  not 
have  beards — that  the  beard  is  a  "  moustrous  ap- 
pendage," and  that  all  Polands  possessed  of  one  "  should 
be  sent  to  the  fatting  coop."  How  many  of  my  fellow 
worldlings  are  ready  to  believe  and  to  receive  a  thing  as- 
true  and  substantiated,  on  no  better  authority  than  that 
"  they  have  seen  it  in  a  book  !  " 

No  proof,  however,  has  yet  been  adduced  (nor  can  it 
be)  that  the  beard  of  Polands  Is  really  "  monstrous."' 
It  is,  so  far,  a  mere  matter  of  dislike  to  one  or  two 
individuals.     Woe  be  unto  beards  !  from  that   of  th& 
he-goat  and  "bearded  pard"  to  that  of  the  trim  "lady- 
killer  "  on  the  smart  chin  of  a  modern  beau.     "  Away 
to  the  fatting  coop  ''  says  our  authoi\ 
"  *  An  Marcus  dixit  ?  ita  eat,' 
Did  Marcus  say  'twas  fact  ?  then  fact  it  is, 
Ko  truth  so  valid  as  oue  word  of  his." 

The  very  best  authorities,  however,  as  Messrs.  Vivian, 
Baker,  &c. — men  of  great  experience,  observation,  ami 
knowledge — tell  me  that  no  really  good  and  true-bred 
gold  or  silver  Poland  is  without  the  benrd.  Wr.  Baker 
being  recently  asked  by  a  friend  of  mine,  how  it  hap- 
pened that  a  few  persons  condemned  the  beard  of 
Polands,  significantly  replied,  "  Ah,  because  they  know 
nothing  about  it."  This  gentleman,  whose  experience 
and  knowledge  will  hardly  be  doubted,  writes  me  that 
on  the  continent  (as  in  Holland,  France,  &o.)  all  the 
best  and  really  pure  Polands  have  beards,  and  empha- 
tically states  his  opinion  that  they  should  have. 

ily  own  observation  and  experience  quite  confirm 
this.  I  have  recently  had  Polands  from  the  continent,. 
Ireland,  and  other  parts,  aud  in  all  cases  the  beardless 
fowls  were  miserably  inferior  to  the  bearded  ones — 
inferior  both  in  carriage,  plumage,  and  shape  itself; 
their  top-knots  beiug  comparatively  small,  their  necks 
thin  and  spare,  their  gait  and  deportment  wanting  in 
the  pomp  and  circumstance  of  a  fine  and  true  Poland. 
Nay,  so  evident  were  these  deficiencies,  that,  in  every 
instance,  I  could  at  once  select  a  bearded  from  a  beard- 
I     m  Poland,  where  the  throat  itself  was  not  visible. 


31— 1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


491 


Possessing  at  present  both  the  bearded  and  the 
beardless  surts,  I  am  impartial  in  my  opinion  ;  but  from 
observation  and  reHection  I  feel  convinced  that  tlie 
beard  of  gold  and  silver  Polands  is  a  natural  — aye,  and 
(in  them)  a  really  becoming  appendage  ;  it  entirely 
comports  with  the  tout  eimcmhlc  of  the  Poland — it  is  in 
keeping  with  his  magniticent  top-linot — with  his  large, 
full,  thick,  and  long  neck — his  long,  flowing  hackles,  and 
■with  his  general  dashing  and  debonnaire  deportment. 

It  is  very  highly  probable  that  the  beardless  Poland 
is  a  crossed  and  mongrel  bird,  originally  produced 
between  the  Poland  and  the  spangled  Ilambui'gh  fowl ; 
and  in  colour  of  plumage  there  is  much  similai'ity.  A 
thorough-bred  bearded  Poland  ever  produces  bearded 
progeny  ;  out  of  40  chickens  reared  this  year  all  are 
bearded.  On  looking  over  the  chickens  bred  from 
beardless  silver  Polands  I  find  that  not  a  few  of  the 
cocks  have  the  double  or  rose  comb  of  the  silver 
spangled  Hamburgh.  I  have  but  just  seen  this,  and 
surely  it  is  " L-ontirniation  strong"  of  the  opinion  just 
expressed,  that  beardless  Polands  are  a  mongrel  breed. 
Unfortunately  tlie  really  excellent  and  clever  author 
alluded  to,  himself  oft  acts  as  judge  at  our  poulti-y 
shows,  and  has  inoculated  other  judges  with  his  dislike 
of  beards  ;  but  these  very  judges  were  compelled  to  give 
the  premiums  to  bearded  Polands  at  the  last  Birming- 
ham show.  Why  ?  Because,  as  they  coufessedj  they 
■were  so  immeasurably  superior  to  the 

"  Shaven  and  ehorn, 
And  all  forlotn" 

beardless  ones. — Though  this  communication,  I  fear,  is 
too  long,  yet  for  ihe  sake  of  others  let  me  observe,  that 
I  have  this  year  crossed  the  bearded  with  the  beardless 
Polands,  cock  with  hen  and  hen  with  cod;,  and  the 
result  is,  in  by  far  the  greatest  majority  of  cases,  that  I 
have  spoiled  all  ;  most  of  them  still  have  some  beard, 
but  ruined  iu  all  other  points— as  in  small  top-knots, 
thin  necks,  &c.  ;  but  in  a  very  few  cases  there  is  the 
smooth  iace,  with  a  tolerably  large  top-knot,  and  the 
full  neck.  F.  R.  Hosier,  M.D.,  Hull,  July  17. 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  CRITIC  «  R." 

{Continved  frompuge  410.) 

We  have  thus  far  shown,  then,  that  the  views  deve- 
loped in  our  papers  on  the  subject  of  the  manures 
required  by  the  Turnip,  when  grown  in  our  rotations, 
are,  for  the  most  part,  exactly  the  reverse  of  those  which 
"R."  has  chosen  to  attiibute  to  them  ;  and  in  now  pro- 
ceeding to  call  attention  to  some  points  of  interest  and 
importance,  in  connection  with  this  subject,  it  will  be 
seen,  as  iu  the  case  of  the  previous  subject  of  discussion, 
that  the  facts  and  opinions  which  he  brings  against  the 
views  he  has  himsell  invented  and  put  forth  as  our  own, 
however  well  adapted  they  may  be  to  refute  the  views 
attributed  to  us,  they  are  just  iu  that  degree  in  accord- 
ance with  those  views  which  we  really  have  maintained. 

AVe  have  maintained,  that  speaking  of  the  Turnip  us 
a  rotation  crop,  that  is  strictly  iu  its  relation  to  the  other 
cropsof  our  rotations,  a  characteristic  effect  is  that  of 
converting  a  large  amount  of  organic  substance,  con- 
taining both  nitrogen  and  carbon,  of  which  the  bulk  of 
our  farm-yard  manure  consists,  into  food  for  stock  ; 
at  the  same  time  assimilating  a  variable  amount  of 
nitrogen  and  carbon  from  natural  sources,  and  that  iu 
the  consumption  of  this  food  a  much  larger  proportion 
of  its  nitrogen  than  of  its  cai-bon  remains  as  manure  for 
future  crops.  So  far,  then,  as  the  value  of  the  consumed 
Turnips  depends  upon  the  amount  of  nitrogen  whicli 
they  yield  as  manure,  it  is  obvious  that  a  main  object  iu 
the  cultivation  of  the  root  would  be  to  accumulate  as 
much  as  possible  of  this  substance  from  natural  sources; 
and  that  whenever  we  only  obtain  any  given  ina-eased 
amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  produce  by  means  of  a  larger 
qaantity  first  supplied  in  manure,  in  that  degree  will 
the  value  of  the  crop  as  a  mams  of  nltrorjenous  manure 
be  lessened.  Let  it  be  granted,  indeed,  that  under 
certain  circumstances  it  will  still  be  profitable  and 
advanti^eous  to  ubtain  an  additional  100  lbs,  of  nitrogen 
in  Turnips,  by  means  of  1.30  or  200  (or  any  amount  beyoiid 
the  100  of  the  increased  produce)  supplied  in  Peruvian 
guano  or  any  other  manure,  and  it  will  be  evident, 
that,  so  far  as  the  produce  due  to  such  nitro;;euous 
supply  ']»  concem»;d,  the  crop  is  not  to  be  valued  as  a 
means  of  aceunmlaiing  ammonia  as  manure  ;  indeed,  in 
such  a  case,  the  value  of  the  crop  for  rotation  purposes 
wiJl  depend  upon  that  portion  of  the  produce  which  has 
been  obtained  independently  of  the  nitrogenous  manure, 
the  amount  of  which  will  in  its  tuz*n  depend  upon  the 
adaptation  of  aiAi  and  climate  to  the  favourable  growth 
of  the  crop. 

Now,  111  giving  a  caution  in  our  papers  against  an 
"exce4Ji"  of  nitrogftn  in  ihomanunHfor  the  Turnip, it  has 
been  trtrictly  in  relation  to  tlio  manurial  as  well  as  the 
feeding  value  of  the  crop,  and  it  iH  in  nrgard  to  thia 
point  that  we  havo  endeavoured  to  draw  the  attentioti 
of  the  diHcrtniinating  rea/ler  to  tho  chai;w:toriHtic  or 
general  effectf*  of  ammonia  as  a  manure  for  the  Turnip 
in  our  rotationH;  and,  a^  tho  whole  tenor  of  our  pa[icr 
on  Turnip  Culture  whowH,  it  in  when  conHidertng  thu 
rjneatiori  in  thin  point  of  view  that  we  caution  tlio 
farmer  agninnt  an  ^*  kxckwh"  of  it  in  hiM  Turnip  manure. 
The  firHi  object  and  moot  legitimate  Hphoro  of  cliemietry 
a«  an  aid  to  agriculture,  indeed,  in  by  no  meuiis,  ns  sonic 
appear  to  huv<;  exi^Mited,  lo  put  forth  specific  proftcrlp- 
tJotm  for  Hpcrritic  cncumHtftnccH  of  detail  iu  the  [>ractico 
of  the  farni'T,  edj^reially  when  tliotie  involvo  any 
common  principle.  It  is  the  most  general  priiici|pl(  h 
lh«m»el»e«,  an  ilio  guides  and  ofarting  points  oi  furtlM-r 
progrew,  that  sliould  bo   the  JlryA  object  of  scicniilic 


inquiry  to  eliminate;  and  this  being  accomplished,  it 
surely  must,  in  the  meantime,  to  some  degree  devolve 
upon  those  v,\\o  intelligently  exercise  the  a?'i,  to  adapt 
and  apply  any  recognised  principle  according  to  the 
local  and  varying  circumstances  which  surround  them. 
But  to  return  to  the  question  of  the  nitrogen-collecting 
functions  of  the  Turnip  in  our  rotations.  Let  us  see 
what  are  the  opinions  of  "  R"  on  this  subject  which  he 
brings  forward  as  opposed  to  our  own, 

"  Agricultaral  Gazette,  July  26,  1851..— In  practice  tbe  Turnip 
is  a  pluiit  which  gives  a  beautiiul  example  of  the  stales  iu 
which  it  i3  able,  und  which  it  is  not  able  t(j  appropriate  its 
nitrogen  and  carbon  fium  the  atmosphere.  Ic  is  both  a 
nitrogen  consuming  and  a  nitrogen  collec'ing  plant;  and  by 
overlooking  this  circumstance  much  vsdess  refinement  in  theory  has 
arisen." 

Now,  in  the  scientific  facts  here  enunciated,  we  most 
pre-eminently  concur  ;  indeed,  some  sentences  which 
have  already  been  quoted  from  our  papers  emphatically 
draw  attention  to  the  fact,  that  the  Turnip  "is  both  a 
nitrogen  consuming  and  a  nitrogen  collecting  plant," 
according  to  the  circumstances  under  whicli  it  is  grown, 
whilst  those  given  below — which,  when  disingenuously 
taken  iu  an  absolute  and  arbitrary  sense,  can  thus  be 
misrepresented  as  depreciating  the  effects  of  ammonia 
as  a  manure  for  the  Turnip  in  our  rotations — derive  the 
greater  part  of  their  meaning  from  the  fact  that  the 
Turnip  is  "  both  a  nitrogen  consuming  and  a  nitrogen 
collecting  plant;"  it  is  nevertheless  clear,  from  the 
context  and  tenor  of  the  article  of  "  R.,"  from  which 
the  above  quotation  is  taken,  that  the  disparaguig 
imputation  of  the  latter  part  of  the  sentence  is  directed 
against  ourselves. 

See  our  paper  on  "  Turnip  Culture,"  Jour.  R.  A,  S.  E., 
Vol.  8,  p.  532  :— 

"  The  €xcess  of  nitrogenous  manure,  however,  is  seen  grefttly 
to  enhance  the  leaf-forming  tendencies  ot  the  plant,  which,  it  is 
true,  may  probably  aid  curbonic  «cid  accumulation  from  the 
atmosphere,  but,  at  the  same  time,  gives  a  leas  protitablf 
appropriation  of  the  sources  within  iha  Boil  ;  and  we  shall  afrer- 
warde  see  ic  to  be  by  no  means  clear,  that  tliere  is  wilh  a  lari^o 
production  of  leaf,  a  proportional  gain  of  nitrogen  fi'om  the 
atmosphere." 

"  Turnip  Culture,"  p.  553  : — 

"  If,  then,  the  powers  of  reliance  upon  the  normal  supplies  of 
nilrogtn,  here  obs-erved,  are  to  be  fully  developed  and  turned  to 
economical  account,  it  is  more  especially  by  means  of  an  artih- 
cial  provision  of  the  other  cousiitueuts  that  this  object  will 
be  attained." 

*' We  tUink,   then,   that  in  these  facts  we  have  a  beautifril 
illustration  of  somw  of  tbe  physical  and  phyeiological  characters 
upon  which  depend,  materially  at  least,  the  economic  value  of 
the  Turnip,  in  rotation  with  corn." 
And,  lastly,  p.  564  : — 

"  An  excess  uf  nitrogen  in  the  soil  producee  too  large  a  pro- 
portion of  leaf  and  too  little  tendency  to  form  bulb.  Ic  ia  true 
that  a  crop  of  Turnips  having  a  large  production  of  leaf  wll 
give  a  larger  amount  of  manure  to  ihe  land.  *  ♦  «  But, 
since  the  manure  obtained  in  such  a  case  previously  existed  in 
the  soil,  the  economy  ot  the  Ci'op.  even  as  far  as  its  manuring 
influence  is  concerntd,  may  be  doubted.  In  fact,  so  far  as  our 
experiments  on  this  subject  enable  us  to  judge,  we  believe  ihat 
when  the  supply  ofnitrug'^n  to  the  soil  is  very  great,  the  amount 
of  it  collected  Irom  thu  atmosphers  ia  less,  and  a  part  ot  the 
benefit  of  the  crop  woulil  be  losf." 

In  these  sentences  the  importance  of  a  due  supply  of 
nitrogen  iu  the  manure  for  the  Turnip  is  clearly  enough 
taken  for  granted  ;  but  the  attention  of  the  farmer 
is  directed  to  the  fact,  that  by  an  '*  excess  "  of  it,  he 
may  so  far  render  the  Turnip  a  nitrogen  consuming, 
rather  than  a  nitrogen  collecting  plant,  as  to  lessen  the 
value  of  the  crop  in  rotation — that  is,  as  a  means  of 
accumulating  ammonia  from  natural  sources.  But,  it 
may  be  asked,  even  supposing  that  the  nitrogen  accu- 
mulating functions  of  the  crop  be  thus  lessened,  may  it 
not  be  that  its  feeding  value  is  more  than  equivalently 
increased  ?  To  some  points  of  this  question  on  which 
our  experimental  evidence  more  particularly  bears,  we 
shall  recur  further  on  ;  but,  in  the  meantime,  we  will 
ask  the  attention  of  the  reader  a  little  further  to  the 
subject  of  the  nitrogen-collecting  functions  of  the  Turnip 
crop.  /.  £.  Za^ves, 


ON  SOILING  AND  PASTURING  HORSES 

AND    CATTLE. 

(Covdnucd  from  page  474.) 
Mr,  Cockbdrn,  Harelaw,  reported  as  follows  : — I  am 
soiTy  to  state  that  tlie  experience  which  I  have  had  in 
the  summer  soiling  of  cattle  has  been  limited  to  such  a 
short  period,  and  confined  to  too  small  a  scale,  to  afford 
any  satisfactory  evidence  on  the  subject.  However,  in 
the  hope  of  hearing  rather  than  of  giving  instruction  on 
the  matter,  which  appears  to  become  more  important 
every  season,  I  siiall  shortly  state  the  particulars  of 
what  has  been  practised,  trusting  that  some  one  will  be 
able  to  point  out  tho  many  deficiencies.  For  the  last 
two  seasons  I  have  been  iu  the  habit  of  soiling,  durin^ 
the  summer  months,  seven  or  eight  cattle  and  about  as 
many  calves  ;  an<l  although  unable  to  give,  for  the  want 
of  guod  grazing  for  cattio  on  my  farm,  a  comparative 
statement  of  the  different  merits  of  the  two  systems, 
still  I  can  vouch  lor  obtaining  good  remuneratifin  for 
tho  trotdde  and  exjjenRC  incnrriMl  in  the  manngcmciit  nf 
tho  former.  Thosnjtply  of  food  whitdi  tho  cattle  receive 
consists  of  eitlier  Tares  or  Grass  newly  cut  every  day, 
whichever  affords  iin  ample  supply  at  tho  time,  lii 
addition  to  this,  tho  feeding  cnttlu  receive  daily  '2  lbs.  id' 
oilcake,  incroaacd  to  .'J  lbs.  or  I  iliH,  as  tlicy  bcconie  ready 
(or  marketing.  The  calvcn  are  trcatfd  itf  tho  snnio 
manner,  getting,  however,  only  I  lb,  of  oilcake  or  Lin- 
flccd.  I  havo  founrl  the  plan  of  Hoiling  calves  infinitely 
ftuporior  to  thi;  old  HyMtem  purhuod  in  leaving  tlu?m  to 
roiiin  tipon  patiturcii  often  too  cloudy  cropped.  Tlio  only 
argnmetit  which  can  be  ui'gfd  aguinut  tins  pi-actice  iH, 
that  hy  getting  tlio  cftlvos  into  too  good  condition,  they 
apiicarniorc  liable  to  quarter  ill  or  black  quarter  ;  and  I 
have  fonnd  oilcake  not  alwayH,  as  is  ttomolimcs  said,  an 


antidote  against  this  fatal  diaorder.  One  old  man  is 
found  perfectly  capable  of  cutting,  bringing  home,  and 
supplying  the  food  to  16  animals,  for  which  he  receives 
at  the  rate  of  63.  per  week.  In  feeding  cattle  for  tho 
fat  market,  as  has  been  done  for  the  last  two  years,  I 
have  fountl  the  greatest  objection  to  consist  in  the  dilri- 
culty  of  competing  with  animals  fed  on  the  rich  and 
verdant  herbage  of  England,  the  supply  of  cattle  fed 
there  during  the  summer  and  autumn  months  being  so- 
abundant  as  to  invariably  render  prices  comparatively 
lower  than  tho  rate  of  those  at  which  we  generally  sell 
our  Turnip-fed  cattle.  Accordingly,  I  mean  to  pursue 
a  somewhat  different  practice  this  season,  by  com- 
mencing the  feeding  of  the  animals  with  summer  soiling 
instead  of  terminating  with  it,  thereby  preparing  tho 
cattle  for  the  Christmas  market.  Which  plan  may  be 
most  profitable  must  depend  upon  circumstances,  and 
may  require  the  experience  of  several  years  to  verify. 
Respecting  the  summer  soiling  of  horses,  however  much 
inclined  to  follow  out  such  a  sj'stem,  as  tending  greatly 
to  the  benefit  of  the  animals  and  also  to  the  economising 
of  food,  I  have  been  hitherto  deterred  from  doing  so,. 
because  the  arrangement  of  the  steading  would  oblige 
me  to  put  too  many  together  in  the  yards,  thereby 
incurring  great  danger  of  accidents.  As  to  giving  green 
food  to  horses  confined  in  the  stable  during  summer,  I 
object  to  it,  on  account  of  heat  rendering  the  atmosphere 
too  close  and  deleterious  to  give  them  a  proper  chance 
of  doing  well.  I  have,  however,  sometimes  pursued  tlii& 
plan  with  a  single  aniiual  wliicli  has  been  thriving  badly^ 
and  found  it  to  be  highly  beneficial. 

Mr.  Hardie,  Redhall,  gave  in  the  following  report  : — 
At  the  request  of  the  secretary  of  the  East  of  Berwick- 
shire Farmers'  Club,  I  most  willingly  offer  a  few 
remarks  on  what  has  come  under  my  observation  during 
the  long  course  of  upwards  of  id  years,  as  to  the  com- 
parative merits  of  pasturing  and  soiling.  In  the  year 
1811,  I  began  to  farm  on  my  own  responsibility,  and  from> 
that  time  till  now  I  have  been  in  the  practice  (*f  soiling. 
— in  other  words,  of  cutting  green  food  and  consuming 
it  by  cattle,  either  under  cover  or  in  yards.  In  the 
part  of  the  country  in  which  I  then  resided  (Kinross- 
shire)  soiling  was  very  little  practised  ;  but  in  Fifeshire, 
where  I  was  first  taught,  it  was  in  general  use — and  I 
continued  the  practice,  doing  a  little  in  keeping  cattle. 
So  favourably  was  the  practice  received,  that  it  has  now 
become  very  generally  adopted.  The  horses  were  kept 
in  the  same  manner  during  the  summer,  but  the  want 
of  straw  for  litter  prevents  the  extension  of  the  practice 
in  that  quarter.  I  afterwards  removed  to  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Stirling,  where  the  soil  was  more  fertile,, 
and  where  there  was  a  better  supply  of  Grass  and. 
straw.  I  continued  this  system,  not  only  with  the 
horses,  but  also  with  the  cattle,  and  was  enabled  to- 
produce  more  stock  on  an  equal  extent  of  ground — and,, 
as  I  thought,  with  manifest  advantage — than  if  I  had 
pastured  them.  In  that  district  when  work  horses  are 
kept,  they  are  constantly  fed  on  cut  Grass  and  Tares  in 
their  season.  Since  1836,  the  year  when  I  entered 
Redhall,  I  have  practised  this  system  to  a  large  extent 
— having  a  good  supply  of  straw  for  the  summer^,, 
without  which  it  cannot  be  adopted.  I  shall  instance 
what  I  did  last  summer.  After  top-dressing  the  young 
Grass  wilh  a  compound  of  fish  refuse  a,nd  Berwick- 
street  dung,  I  added  two  cwt.  of  guano,  and  on  the  part 
which  I  wished  to  be  first  ready  for  cutting  I  added 
about  40  bushels  of  soot.  On  about  six.  acres  of  this 
I  fed  for  a  long  period  30  cattle  with  seven  horses,  a 
considerable  part  of  which  had  been  cut  three  times. 
The  winter  Tares  came  in  between  the  first  two  crops 
(about  U  acre),  but  they  did  not  yield  the  benefit  which 
I  expected — the  Tares,  in  order  to  get  a  crop  of  Turnips, 
being  cut  rather  green  and  soft,  though  bulky  crop.  It 
is  necessary  to  have  a  succession  of  soft  juicy  Grasses, 
as  the  cattle,  particularly,  will  not  thrive  so  well  when 
the  Grass  becomes  di-ied  approaching  to  ripeness.  I 
shall  now  state  what  I  consider  a  iew  of  the  benefits 
resulting  from  soiling  as  compared  with  pasturing.  1st. 
It  enables  the  farmer  to  keep  a  larger  number  of 
stock  on  the  farm.  2d.  It  provides  a  large  quantity 
of  dung  in  summer — I  have  frequently,  even  in  this 
small  farm,  been  able  to  dung  about  50  acres  at  the  end 
of  harvest.  3d.  The  straw  is  more  thoroughly  converted 
into  manure,  which  is  more  valuable  than  when  it  is 
made  by  beingexposed  to  rain  water,  and  gives  the  farmer 
a  greater  command  of  dung,  which  enables  hini  to  give 
dung  to  almost  every  crop,  thereby  increasing  tho  pro- 
duce considerably,  supplying  abundance  of  straw  for 
Turnip  feeding  in  winter  and  soiling  in  summer,  4th.  1 
have  always  ibund  the  fields  so  managed  and  top-dressed 
producing'—even  though  cut  three  times-  tlie  best  crop- 
of  Oats  tho  succeeding  year,  and  much  more  free  from 
weeds.  The  first  consideration  is  to  have  the  Grass- 
enrly  ready  for  cutting,  and  this  is  attained  by  toji- 
dresaing  as  already  mentioned.  This  year  I  had  a  full 
supply  of  Rye-grass  and  Clover  by  tlio  20th  of  May, 
thus  enabling  mc  to  feed  the  caltlo  on  Grass  and  Turnips- 
at  tho  same  time,  and  bringing  them  griuhiidly  from  tiio 
ono  to  the  other.  iMy  greatest  dilhculty  is  to  get  plenty 
of  red  Clover  to  grow.  \  am  afraid  wu  farmers  aro  as 
often  doceived  with  tliof'lovcr  seeds  as  with  guano,  and 
that  both  aro  very  much  aduUcriitcd.  1  do  not  here 
protend  to  iMiy  what  tho  real  profit  might  ho  aupposed 
to  bo  hy  soiling  to  a  consiilerabln  extent  in  ])referenco  to 
pasturing,  but  I  am  cnnviju^ed  by  long  exporienco  that 
it  would  I'O  in  favour  of  httiling,  so  much  so  as  to  induce 
nu)  to  adopt  It  tf)  a  greater  extent.  I  think,  however, 
that  it  is  more  suitable  for  keeping  cattio  than  for 
fattening.  Young  cattio  may  grow  well  on  this  system, 
but  you  cannot  get  prime  fat  without  adding  cake  or 


492 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  31, 


bruised  graiu  ;  it  is  also  necessary  to  be  very  particular 
in  feeding,  to  give  but  little  at  a  time  and  often,  render- 
ing it  necessary  to  have  a  careful  person  to  attend  to  the 
cattle.  It  has  been  found  that  milch  cows  give  nearly 
the  same  quality  of  milk  when  kept  on  cut  Grass,  but 
the  butter  is  much  inferior  and  white,  without  tiiat  fine 
rich  yellow  which  distinguishesthatmade  when  the  cows 
graze  on  good  old  pasture.  I  regret  it  will  not  be  in 
my  power  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the  Club  on  Saturday, 
when  I  -would  be  happy  to  answer  any  question  that 
might  occur  to  any  of  those  present  ;  but  I  may  state 
this  farther,  that  I  got  when  in  the  west  country  a 
cesspool  and  pump  for  the  liquid  manure  flowing  from 
our  byres  (the  cattle  being  .tied  up),  but  it  never  paid 
the  trouble  and  -expense — and  I  was  forced  to  give  it 
up.  Guano  and  other  solids  seem  to  force  the  growth 
much  better.  But  I  find  that  even  there  we  may  be 
out  of  our  reckoning,  as  three  weeks  ago  I  bought  2  tons 
of  guano  from  Berwick,  part  of  which  I  applied  imme- 
■diately  to  Grass,  and  it  seems  to  do  notliing — while 
some  got  at  the  same  price  (91.  lOi'.),  and  same  name, 
*^  Peruvian,"  is  doing  remarkably  well.  This  requires 
investigation. 

Mr.  Milne,  after  expressing  his  sense  of  the  value  of 
the  reports  just  read,  particularly  of  Mr.  Hardie's,  as 
the  result  of  40  years'  experience,  referred  to  the 
practice  followed  in  Ayrshire  of  sowing  Italian  Rye- 
grass for  the  purpose  of  soiling — a  practice  which  did 
■not  seem  to  be  generally  pursued  here.  He  had  himself 
■last  year  sown  2  or  3  acres  of  Kye-grass,  instead  of 
limiting  himself  to  Tares  and  Clover,  and  he  thought  the 
plan  a  very  beneficial  one.  The  Rye-grass  yielded 
4hree  or  four  crops  in  the  course  of  the  season.  North 
BHtish  Agriculturist. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Parlour  Fire,  hrightand  smohelcssj  from  Water  Gas. — 
Although  there  is  no  direct  prospect  of  realising  the  old 
proverb  "  setting  the  Thames  on  fire,"  a  portion  of  its 
■^vater  has  been  actually  used  for  maldng  a  most  cheerful 
^nnd  pleasant  fire,  in  a  common  parlour  chimney  grate  ; 
and  is  patented  by  Deffi-Jes,  the  gas  engineer,  whose 
cooking,  working,  and  warm  bath  stoves  were  so  con- 
spicuous at  the  Great  Exhibition.  Instead  of  coals,  the 
grate  is  filled  (or  rather  fitted)  with  tliin  sheets  of 
platinum,  overlapping  each  other  like  roof-tiles  ;  and 
'the  gas  brought  in  at  the  back,  and  passing  out  between 
the  plates  is  set  on  fire  ;  when  the  platinum  becomes 
■rapidly  heated,  giving  a  brighter  and  warmer  radiation 
(than  a  coal  fire,  and  free  from  smoke,  smell,  or  dust. 
And  as  it  can  be  lighted  instantly,  so  it  may  be  lowered 
■to  any  degree,  or  quite  extinguished,  while  not  actually 
-wanted,  by  turning  the  cock  like  a  gas-liglit.  The 
platinum  does  not  consume,  though  so  brightly  heated  ; 
so  that  the  same  fitting  will  last  many  years  ;  and  may 
be  made  to  shift  from  grate  to  grate  with  perfect  ease. 
'Coal-gas  will  answer  the  purpose,  but  requires  some 
chimney  draught,  or  considerable  ventilation;  but  water 
-gas  is  not  only  comparatively  free  from  carbon  and 
-sulphur,  and  burning,  therefore,  without  smell  or 
-carbonic  acid,  but  is  expected  to  be  produced  cheaper, 
as  low  as  1.9.  per  1000  cubic  feet.  Although  giving 
little  light  itself,  it  produces  greater  heat  than  coal-gas, 
•and  will  heat  the  platinum  proportionately  brighter.  If 
therefore  it  can  be  produced  for  25.  Gd.  {not  to  say  Is.) 
■per  1000  cubic  feet,  and  the  consumption  is  equal  to  4 
Argands,  i.e.  20  feet  per  hour,  then  1000  cubic  feet  will 
last  50  hours,  or  3-5ths  of  a  penny  per  hour  cost.  A 
coal-fire  was  computed  by  Dr.  Arnott  to  consume  about 
8  times  as  much  fuel  as  his  stove,  to  produce  equal 
warmtli  in  the  room;  and  taking  a  good  Arnott  to 
consume  ^  ton  of  coke  in  three  winter  months  (day  and 
■night)  at  1/.  per  tonizz  10s.,  and  a  good  coal-fire  8  times 
^s  much,  41.;  or  say  3Z.  for  18  hours  a  day,  is  1/.  per 
month,  8d.  per  day,  or  8-18ths  =  4-9ths  of  a  penny  per 
hour,  the  gas  would  cost  more  than  the  coal  in  propor- 
tion of_3-5th3  to  4-3ths,  or  16  per  cent.;  and  I  suspect 
the  estimate  is  too  much  against  the  coal,  and  that  the 
difference  would  be  above  20  percent,  with  tlie  gas  at 
•2s.  6d.  per  1000  cubic  feet.  But  the  coal-fire  takes 
•^vood  as  well  as  time  to  light,  makes  smut  and  dust  to 
clean,  and  requires  attention  to  keep  bright  and  steady, 
whilst  tlie  gas-fire  can  be  lighted  as  instantly,  and 
regulated  by  the  cock  as  easily  and  exactly  as  an/  other 
gas-light,  and  on  these  accounts  9-10th3  of  ray  labora- 
tory work  is  done  with  gas,  though  coal-gas,  and  at 
^s.  per  1000  cubic  feet,  the  impediment  is  the  first 
cost  of  the  platinum,  wliich  will  increase  if  such  an 
additional  demand  becomes  extensive.  But  a  substitute 
will  doubtless  be  found,  perhaps  in  some  alloy  of  gold, 
-of  which  the  recent  supply  is  so  fast  overrunning  the 
demand.  /.  Prideaux. 

Lime,  its  pecidiar  affinity  for,  and  specific  action  upon, 
certain  products  of  vegetable  decay. — It  has  been  justly 
remarked  that  agricultural  experiments  are  seldom 
conducted  with  sufiicient  piecision.  Since  the  period  when 
Liebig's  first  volume  was  published,  a  great  improve- 
"^T*  v.^^'  however,  taken  place  in  the  analytic  laboratory, 
and  the  action  of  lime  is  more  coiTectly  understood 
than  u  was  in  the  years  1839-40.  In  Vol.  XIV.,  of  the 
aP'  ^y'v^"P"='^>a,"  under  the  article  «  Manure,"  we 
read  that,  "  Lime  newly  burnt  has  a  peculiar  effect  upon 
all  organic  matter,  which  it  burns  or  dissolves  by  taking 
Irom  It  a  portion  of  the  water,  and  of  the  carbonic  acid 
itcontams.  On  humus,  which  is  the  result  of  animal 
and  vegetable  decay  in  the  earth,  it  has  a  peculiar  efi-ect, 
repdermg  ,t  soluble  in  water,  and  thus  fit  to  enter  the 
mmute  fibres  of  the  roots  of  plants."  Much  more  to 
the  same   purport  follows  equally   unsatisfactory,  but 


enough  has  been  quoted  to  authorise  the  remarks  that  1 
now  offer  to  those  readers  who  favour  the  cause  of 
agricultural  chemisti-y.  Some  years  ago  an  article  or 
essay  on  "  Lime  and  its  Uses"  appeared  in  the  British 
Farmers'  Magazine  (since  discontinued).  Its  author 
was  Mr.  Rowlandson,  of  Liverpool,  a  gentleman  who 
subsequently  has  added  to  his  deserved  fame,  by  several 
valuable  contributions  to  the  leading  agricultural  perio- 
dicals- To  that  article  I  was  indebted  for  all  the 
knowledge  I  possess  of  that  specific  agency  of  lime, 
which  it  is  my  present  object  to  elucidate.  The  theory 
advanced  induced  me  to  bring  the  experiments  described 
by  the  writer  to  the  severest  chemical  tests,  and  reiterated 
proofs  obtained  at  various  times,  as  occasions  presented 
themselves,  during  a  course  of  more  than  seven  years, 
enables  me  to  affirm  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Rowlandson's 
observations.  It  is  said  in  the  extract  above  given, 
"that  hme  renders  humus  soluble  in  water."  Now, 
what  is  the  fact,  and  what  is  the  real  energy  of  quick 
and  fresh-slaked  lime  upon  Immic  matters,  solid,  or  in 
the  condition  of  liquid  manure  ?  Mr.  Rowlandson  proved, 
by  unimpeachable  experiments,  that  such  matters  are 
at  all  times  not  only  attracted  by  lime  from  all  their 
combinations  with  other  alkaline  bases,  but  permanently 
fixed,  as  in  the  soUd  form,  little,  if  at  all,  soluble  in 
water.  In  order  to  prove  the  validity  of  a  theory 
which  tended  mainly  to  interpret  the  remedial 
operation  of  lime  when  employed  to  reclaim  peat- 
bogs or  turbaries,  I  undertook  the  series  of  ex- 
periments, which  I  then  felt,  and  still  believe  it 
a  duty  to  communicate  to  the  public,  through  the 
media  best  adapted  to  the  object  in  view.  Assuming 
the  common  dark  fluid  which  drains  to  waste  from  a 
dung-hill  as  a  type  of  humus  in  solution,  I  tried  the 
effect  of  lime  upon  it,  both  in  the  dry  state  of  powdery 
hydrate,  or  as  a  saturated  lime-water  ;  and  in  every 
instance,  however  vax'ied,  the  result  was  always  the 
same,  the  colouring  matter  being  discharged  and  preci- 
pitated in  the  form  of  dingy  grey  flocks.  These 
processes  with  manure  drainage  (which,  in  fact,  was  the 
fluid  operated  upon  by  Mr.  Rowlandson,  and  led  to  the 
promulgation  of  his  theory),  have  conferred  much 
importance  upon  lime,  and  enabled  it  to  assume  a  new 
position  in  agriculture  ;  I  therefore  recommend  the 
student  to  undei'take  the  simple  processes  I  now  proceed 
to  describe,  the  results  of  whic-h  will,  1  think,  be  equally 
eonclusive  and  satisfactory.  The  brown  drainage  that 
I  have  assumed  as  tlie  type  of  all  natural  liquid  manures, 
is  a  product  of  fermentation  ;  and  when  fresh,  may 
contain  a  portion  of  free  volatile  alkali  (carbonate  of 
ammonia),  which,  however,  rapidly  escapes,  leaving  the 
water  chai'ged  with  a  neutral  salt,  that  may  be  styled 
humo-ulmate  of  ammonia.  If  decayed  wood,  leaf- 
mould,  heath  or  moor-soil  (called  peat),  old  spit  dung, 
horse  droppings,  or  sheep  dung,  are  digested  in  soft 
water,  holding  caustic  ammonia,  potash,  or  soda,  each 
in  separate  and  distinct  glazed  vessels,  these  results 
will  be  huraates  or  ulmates,  with  appropriate  alkaline 
bases,  according  to  the  peculiar  affinity  of  each.  The 
colour  of  the  fluids  will  be  brown,  more  or  less  dark, 
according  to  the  quality  of  the  extractive  matter.  After 
standing  at  rest  till  quite  cool,  the  liquor  should  be 
pressed  off,  through  linen,  into  separate  glasses,  then 
left  to  deposit  its  sediment  ;  and  when  quite  clear,  the 
intensity  of  colour  will  indicate  the  specific  agency  of 
the  particular  alkali  that  has  been  employed.  The 
experiments,  like  a  peal  of  bells,  are  susceptible  of  a 
great  variety  of  changes  ;  and  thus  the  combining 
alkaline  bases  may  be  made  to  act  upon  all  the  products 
of  vegetable  decay,  producing  humute,  ulmate,  &c.  &c., 
of  potassa,  soda,  and  ammonia,  interchangeably  as  the 
case  may  be.  But  in  every  instance  the  liquids  will  be 
real  chemical  solutions,  decomposable  by  quick-lime  and 
its  hydrate.  This  fact  it  is  which  ought  to  be  impressed 
upon  every  cultivator  who  has  recourse  to  putrescent 
manures,  because  it  is  certain  that  lime  will  invariably 
attract  and  fix  the  humic  matter  in  whatever  state  of 
combination  it  may  exist.  Thus,  if  a  very  small 
quantity  of  lime  in  powder,  or  as  cream  of  lime,  be 
added  to  any  of  the  alkaline  solutions  and  well  mixed 
up,  the  colours  will  be  discharged,  and  a  flocculous 
deposit  formed.  Strong  lime-water  will  produce  the  like 
efl'ects,  and  with  this  advantage — that  the  flocks  deposited 
will  be  seen  to  separate,  and  fall  from  a  clear  and 
pellucid  brown  fluid  operated  upon  by  a  clear  solution 
of  lime  altogether  void  of  colour.  As  a  converse,  let 
any  of  tlie  humous  substances  be  treated  with  dry 
powdered  lime,  or  strong  lime-water,  in  the  first 
instance,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  no  colour  can  be 
extracted  by  boiling  water  or  by  alkaline  additions. 
The  more  the  experiments  are  varied  the  better,  as 
proof  conclusive  will  thus  be  established  of  the  para- 
mount aflSnity  of  lime  for  humous  or  peaty  extractives. 
It  is  also  suggested  that  some  light  may  thus  dawn  upon 
the  mysterious,  attractive,  and  fixing  power  of  loams  for 
the  ammonia  and  colouring  matter  of  manures,  as 
detailed  in  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Way  and  others.  /.  T. 
Liquid  Manure:  Mr.  A.  B.  Telfer's  Farvi,  near  Ayr. 
— 1  have  observed  the  remarks  going  on  between  Mr. 
Wm.  Lee  and  a  "  Bucks  Dairy  Farmer."  I  am  inclined 
to  think  more  favourably  of  the  remarks  of  the  "  BueliS 
Dairy  Farmer,"  notwithstanding  all  the  assurances  Mr. 
Lee  gives  us  as  to  the  correctness  of  his  statements  ;  and 
as  he  in  his  postscript  mentions  that  "  6000  to  7000 
copies  of  the  report  have  been  circulated  within  as  many 
months,  and  not  one  fact  stated  has  been  called  in 
question,"  I  beg  most  respectfully  to  call  in  question  the 
statement,  that  cows  on  dairy  farms  in  Scotland  are 
generally  milked  thrice  a  day.  I  have  been  at,  and  am 
acquainted  with,  some  of  the  first   and  largest  dairy 


iarmers  in  Ayrshire,  in  the  neighbourhoods  of  Ayr,. 
Kilmarnock,  Irvine,  Kilmaurs,  Dreghorn,  Kilwinningy. 
Stewarton,  &c.,  and  in  eight  cases  out  of  10  you  will 
find  that  tlie  cows  are  not  milked  oftener  than  twice 
a  day,  I  also  call  in  question  the  statement  that 
*■  Canning  Park  farm  is  only  a  short  mile  and  a  half 
from  Ayr,  a  town  of  from  40,000  to  50,000  inhabitants." 
The  town  of  Ayr  does  not  contain  40,000  to  50,000- 
inhabitants.  The  population  of  the  town  of  Ayr,  by 
itself,  is  about  15,000,  and  with  Newton  and  Wallacetown 
attached,  7000  more,  or  22,000  in  all  at  the  very  utmost. 
This  is  very  diff"erent  from  40,000  to  50,000.  If  Mr, 
Lee's  arithmetical  calculations  are  as  numerically 
correct  as  his  statements  as  to  the  population  of  the 
town  of  Ayr,  his  remarks  should  not  be  allowed  to  pass 
unmolested.  M.  B.,  Manchester,  a  native  of  Ayrshire, 
July  27.  [The  points  here  referred  to  are  of  com- 
paratively little  importance.  'Ibe  main  point  is  the 
possibility  of  obtaining  so  large  a  yearly  return  from 
cows.  In  Ayrshire  and  Galloway  fanners  very  often 
let  tlieir  cows  to  a  "  Bower,"  who  manages  the  dairy,, 
for  from  8/.  to  lOl.  a-bead,  the  farm  supplying  a  specified 
quantity  of  food  for  each  cow  ;  and  in  Gloucestershire 
3  to  3i  cwt.  of  cheese  per  annum  is  considered  a  fair 
yearly  return  from  a  cow.] 


^OCt£ti£0. 

Highland  and  AGRicuLTURAL,/ii7?/6. — New  Members. 
— One  hundred  and  four  gentlemen,  &i  of  whom  are 
tenant  farmers,  were  admitted  as  members. 

Perth  Show. —  The  Secretary  stated  that  nearly 
1200  head  of  stock,  besides  poultry  and  dairy  produce 
to  a  large  extent,  had  been  entered  for  competition  ; 
while  the  number  of  implements  would  exceed  that  at 
any  former  show,  if  that  at  Glasgow  in  1850  be  excepted. 
— The  Show  in  1854  was  then  fixed  to  beat  Berwick. 

Agricultural  Statistics. — Sir  John  M'Neill  said,  a 
deputation  of  the  members  of  the  Society  had  waited 
upon  Mr.  Henley,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
with  the  view  of  urging  the  immediate  attention  of 
Government  to  the  subject.  The  Hon.  Mr.  Charteris,  in 
his  letter  to  the  Society,  detailing  a  result  of  the  deputa- 
tion to  Mr.  Henley,  said,  '•'  We  urged  the  adoption  of  the 
scheme  set  forth  in  tlie  memorial  of  the  Highland 
Society,  and  Mr.  Henley  appeared  disposed  to  entertain, 
it  favourably,  but  the  whole  question  turns  upon  th& 
cost.  When  we  pressed  him  to  sanction  an  experi- 
mental trial  of  the  scheme  in  two  or  three  counties  of 
Scotland,  he,  as  I  expected,  immediately  requested  some 
information  as  to  its  probable  cost,  which  we  were 
unable  to  give  him,  and  without  which  he  declines  ta 
move  iu  the  matter.  If,  therefore,  the  directors  wish  the 
experiment  to  be  tried,  tfiey  must  be  prepared  with  some 
rougli  estimate  as  to  its  expense,  without  which  it  is 
evidently  useless  to  expect  that  the  consent  of  the 
Government  will  be  given  ;"  and  what  he  (Sir  John) 
had  now  to  propose  was  to  authorise  the  directors  to 
prepare  such  an  estimate.  The  three  counties  which, 
after  mature  consideration,  they  resolved  to  select  were 
Roxburgh.  Haddington,  and  Sutherland,  which  they 
believed  fully  to  represent  all  the  difterent  circumstances- 
with  which  they  have  to  deal  in  collecting  the  statistics 
of  the  country  as  a  whole.  He  thought  it  would  be 
highly  honourable  to  the  Society  if  they  should  be  the 
first  in  this  country  to  demonstrate  the  practicability  of 
obtaining  correct  agricultural  statistics.  He  did  not 
know  of  any  one  act  carried  out  by  the  Society  which 
would  confer  a  greater  boon  on  the  country  than  the 
success  of  such  an  undertaking  as  this.  In  the  public 
department  (the  Poor-law  board)  with  which  he  hap- 
pened to  be  connected,  he  had  frequently  felt  the  want 
of  such  returns ;  and  he  had  no  doubt  whatever  that,  in 
other  departments  of  this  country,  the  same  want  had 
been  experienced. 

Papers,  dr.,  in  Competition  for  Premiicms. — Mr. 
Makgill,  of  Kemback,  stated,  that  the  directors  had 
awarded  a  piece  of  plate  of  the  value  of  252,  to  Mr. 
James  Usher,  to  mark  the  manner  in  which  they  appre- 
ciated the  ingenuity  and  perseverance  displayed,  and  th^ 
outlay  and  trouble  incurred  by  him  in  his  effort  to  apply 
steam  to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  His  plough,  though 
not  coming  up  to  the  requirements  of  the  Society,  nor 
entitled  to  the  full  premium  offered  for  a  thoroughly 
successful  implement,  nevertheless  possessed  very  con- 
siderable merit  ;  and  wdien  it  was  considered  that  Mr. 
Usher  was  not  himself  a  mechanic,  it  was  probable  that 
the  machine  was  susceptible  of  great  improvement.  Aft 
all  events,  Mr.  Usher  had,  by  means  of  his  invention, 
been  the  first  to  establish  the  practicability  of  applying 
the  locomotive  power  of  steam  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
land,  and  the  directors  considered  that  he  was  well 
entitled  to  the  thanks  of  the  agriculturists  for  his 
spirited  attempt.  Mr.  Makgill  further  stated,^  that  the 
Society's  committee  had  inspected  a  very  ingenious 
process  of  ploughing,  by  the  application  of  water  power, 
the  invention  of  Messrs.  Fisken,  Gellyburn,  Perthshire. 
The  machinery  having  been  entirely  constructed  by  the 
inventors  themselves,  was  necessarily  of  a  rude 
character,  and  the  directors  had  allowed  them  a  sum  of 
25Z.T  to  be  employed  in  improvmg  and  developing  their 
scheme. 

Chemical  Department— "Dr.  Anderson  said  he  had  the 
honour  to  report  to  the  Society  the  steady  progress  of 
the  laboratory,  and  though  there  was  little  of  a  remark- 
able or  important  kind  to  refer  to,  he  was  glad  to  say, 
that  the  ordinary  business  of  the  laboratory  had 
proceeded  during  the  previous  six  months  in  a  manner 
which  had  been  satisfactory  to  himself^  and  lie  trusted 


31— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


493 


would  be  so  to  the  Society  also.  The  different  investi- 
,^ations  which  had  been  submitted  to  him  by  the 
^committee  had  made  great  progress  (although  not  so 
much  as  he  liad  wished  and  expected),  owing  to  the  large 
number  of  articles  which  had  been  sent  to  the  laboratory 
for  analysis,  and  which  it  was  obvious  must,  from  the 
necessity  of  supplying  the  required  information  without 
delay,  be  examined  as  soon  as  possible,  and  in  preference 
to  any  other  substances.  Some  of  the  investigations 
■were  completed,  and  would  soon  be  published.  That 
on  the  important  subject  of  finger  and  toe,  as  far  as  the 
laboratory  was  concerned,  had  been  for  some  time 
completed,  and  ready  for  publication.  It  had,  however, 
been  withheld  partly  because  Dr.  Balfour  was  anxious 
to  have  an  opportunity  of  extending  the  botanical  part 
-of  it,  and  partly  because  it  was  found  desirable  to  obtain  a 
large  amount  of  practical  information  bearing  on  the 
subject.  For  this  purpose  a  schedule  of  queries  had 
been  published,  and  extensively  circulated  among 
j)ractical  men,  and  he  was  anxious  to  call  the  attention 
of  the  Society  to  this,  as  it  was  desirable  that  replies  to 
these  queries  should  be  obtained  from  as  many  persons 
as  possible.*  The  other  investigations  were  in  active 
progress,  and  would,  he  trusted,  soon  be  ready  for 
publication.  During  the  past  half-year  an  unusually 
large  number  of  substances  had  been  sent  to  the 
laboratory  for  analysis,  including  manure  of  all  sorts, 
soils,  water,  &c.  ;  and  the  laboratory  had  been  the 
means  of  detecting  several  serious  cases  of  adulteration, 
and  of  affording  protection  from  the  consequences  to  a 
number  of  purchasers  of  adulterated  manures.  The 
number  of  such  analyses  amounted  to  about  200,  and 
upwards  of  400  letters  had  been  written  on  the  business 
■of  the  laboratory. 

1.  What  is  the  variety  of  Turnip  affjcted  ? 

2.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  soil  aad  course  of  cropping  for 

the  last  seven  years,  and  the  rotation  of  cropping  pre- 
viouaiy  ! 

3.  State  the  date  of  sowing,  and  the  weather  for  two  weeks 

befure  and  after. 

4.  State  fhe  kinds  and  quantitied  of  manures  applied,  time 

and  mode  of  manuring,  and  condition  of  farm-yard  dung. 

5.  State  the  date  of  tirst  appearance  of  disease,  and  previous 

state  ot  weather. 
G.  State  extent  of  disease;    if   partial,  can  any  reason  be 
assigned  ? 

7,  Have  insects  been  observed  on  the  plant  1 

8,  Has  Turnip  bten  frequently  cultivated  on  the  same  soil  1 

State,  if  you  can,  how  often,  and  at  what  intervals,  and 

whether  the  luud  has  recently  lain  any  time  in  pasture. 
If  lime  has  been  used,  stale  how  loni?  since  ;  to  what  crop  ; 

in  whaf  quantity  ;  how  applied  ;  and  the  results. 
Is  the  disea-e  more  prevalent  where  Uplit  manures  hnve 

been  applied,  and  has  street  dung  had  any  effec-t  on  it  1 
Is  tbe  disease  nffecied  hy  the  nature  of  the  pret-eding  crop  ? 
Has  the  substitution  ot  a  Potato  or  other  ^rreen  cr -.p  in  the 

previnuB  rotation  rendered  the  land  less  liable  to  diseaue  ? 
la  the  land  drained  ;  and  if  so,  in  wiiat  manner  ? 
Has  the  held  been  recently  subsoiled  or  deep  ploughed,  and 

what  is  the  average  depth  you  plough  for  a  green  crop  ? 
Have  you  observed  any  efftet  produced  on    the    disease, 

either  by  working  the  land  when  rather  wet  in  winter,  or 

by  working  it  much  during  dry  weather  in  s^jring  ? 
Have  you  observed  any  effdcc  produced  by  Tolling  aown  the 

driUs  after  sowing  ? 
Have  you  observed  any  effect  from  applying  the  dung  to 

the  stabble  in  autumn  instead  of  in  the  drill  ? 
Have  you  observed  the  disease  affected  by  hand  or  by  hoe 

thinoin?,  or  by  tbinoicg  early,  or  when  tlie  plant  is  strong  1 
Have  you  experienced  any  benefit  from   tO{j-dressing  the 

plants  after  being  thinned  ! 
Have  yuu  observed  any  d'.fference  on  the  Land  which  has 

been  <  ut  tor  hay  und  on  land  pastured,  or  on  land  pas- 
tured niih  sheep,  and  land  pasturi^d  with  cattle  ? 
What  varie'^y  of  Turnips  has  been  moat  subject  to  disease  ? 

and  whtither  does  it  prevail  most  among  early  or  late 

Bowc  Turnips  ? 
State  any  other  observationB  on  finger  and  toe  that  may 

occur  to  you. 


Farmers'  Clubs. 

Crotdon,  ^ay  29  :  Farm  Vcduation.— -Mr,  Cuvrcketi 
(West  Wickhain)  said.  In  the  first  place,  I  will  briefly 
mention  that  everything  in  and  on  the  land  that  is 
valued  and  paid  for  on  entering,  should  be  so  on 
quitting  ;  this,  I  think,  everyone  will  agree  to  ;  it  is  a 
subject  of  great  importance  as  to  the  mode  of  valuing- 
land  (especially  arable),  so  as  to  keep  it  in  a  good  state  of 
coltivation,  both  for  the  landlord,  the  tenant,  and  the 
•proflperity  of  the  counti'y.  I  think  a  lease  for  21  years  is 
the  best  letting  or  taking,  subject  to  leave  at  the  end 
-of  the  first  seven  or  fourteen  years  by  either  party  giving 
■two  years*  notice,  when  a  lease  is  not  granted  to  hold 
.under  a  three  yeara'  agreement  to  quit  j  and  I  would 
Juve  the  following  as  a  Vjasia; — 

Ist,  In  valuing,  all  the  hay,  straw,  and  haulm  that 
Ut  grown  in  the  last  year  of  the  tenancy,  to  be  valued  at 
aiuarket  price.  All  tho  manure  made  in  the  last  yeai*, 
and  ail  manure  brougiit  on  the  land,  in  lieu  of  hay, 
fltnuv,  or  green  eropH,  taken  oif  witii  wheep-folding,  and 
making  of  fallow**,  to  bo  valu';d  at  full  price.  All 
drefwngfl,  lialf-drft««ngH,  halt'-iallowfl,  fteeda  (where  there 
iH  a  fflani),  JeyH,  hiui  underwood  to  be  valued  at  their 
full  vabje. 

2d..  X'Jiftture  land  nf>t  to  hf;  paid  for  in  taking  or 
leavin  e^ 

.3d.  All  the  com,  chaff,  fiavil  to  bfdnng  to  tbo  out- 
going t<-iJiiat^  with  the  uiie  of  tho  haniH,  and  joint  uho  of 
the  rick-/'*jr^,  to  the  lut  of  Jute,  nine  montim  after  tlio 
^d  of  the    term. 

4th.  The  *aJuation  to  bo  paid  for  ah  Hoon  aa  con- 
du-'led,  or  oii  i^'tviuf^  up  poMHOHHioii  ;  if  not  paid  for 
then,  intcre«t  U'  ^jo  paid  on  the  vahitttion  lU  5  per  cent. 
from, the  thno  of  ^'vin^'  up  pnmcmon. 

6lh.  In  cane  the-  tcmmt i^U^dd  bccorao  abankrHjat,  tho 

•  Wfl  aiitjend  tho  lint  of  ou  e«lt"rj«,  that  any  uno  p'i»^e»i'0*l  of 
«o«tiior  lu  ou."  ottQ  cotamrm  or  ^^wtwrc. 


lease  or  agreement  to  be  cancelled,  and  everything  to 
be  valued  and  paid  for  the  same  as  at  the  end  of 
the  term. 

6th.  Corn  or  Linseed-cake  fed  on  the  land  the  last 
year  to  be  paid  for  at  one-third  of  the  cost  price,  if  no 
crop  is  taken  after  ;  if  one  crop  is  taken  off,  then  one- 
sixth  of  the  cost*  price. 

7th.  Tenants  not  to  sow  more  than  two  white  crops 
in  succession  ;  Tares,  Beans,  or  Peas  not  to  be 
considered  a  white  crop. 

8th.  If  Tares,  Rye,  or  other  green  crops  are  fed  off 
before  the  25th  of  June,  the  fallow  to  be  valued  the 
same  as  clean  fallow  ;  but  where  cut  or  folded  off  the 
land,  not  to  be  allowed  rent  and  taxes. 

9th.  Landlords  to  put  the  house  and  buildings  in 
good  repair,  and  tenant  to  keep  them  so,  by  being  found 
rough  timber  and  materials  within  five  miles  of  the 
buildings,  by  giving  three  months'  notice  in  writing  to 
the  landlord.  Tn  case  of  fire,  tempest,  or  natural  decay 
(not  through  the  tenant's  neglect),  the  landlord  to 
rebuild  forthwith. 

10th.  The  landlord  to  have  the  liberty  to  come  on  the 
premises  when  he  pleases,  or  send  his  servants  to  inspect 
the  state  of  repairs,  and  if  any  is  wanted,  to  give  three 
months'  notice  (in  writing)  that  such  must  be  done 
forthwith. 

11th.  Hares  and  rabbits  to  belong  to  the  tenant ;  if 
not,  landlord  to  pay  the  damage  done  by  them.    (Hear.) 

12th.  Buildings  erected  by  the  tenant  at  his  own 
cost,  the  landlord  to  have  the  liberty  to  take  them  at  a 
fair  valuation,  or  not,  at  his  option  ;  if  not  taken,  the 
tenant  to  have  the  liberty  to  move  them  during  the 
time  he  holds  possession  of  the  barns. 

13th.  Tenant  not  to  make  less  than  10  acres  of  clean 
allow  out  of  every  100  and  not  more  than  20  acres  out 
every  100  during  the  l^st  year,  such  fallow  to  be  sown 
with  root  crops  where  it  is  necessary. 

14th.  Tenant  to  have  the  liberty  to  carry  and  sell  off 
the  land  hay,  straw,  green  crops,  and  root  crops,  by 
bringing  back  one  waggon  load  of  good  dung  for  every 
72  trusses  of  straw,  or  36  trusses  of  hay,  every  half  an 
acre  of  green  crops,  and  every  quarter  of  an  acre  of 
root  crops,  or  for  the  tenant  to  spend  as  much  money  on 
artificial  manures  for  dressing  as  he  sells  the  hay,  &c., 
for  in  the  same  year. 

15th.  The  tenant  to  give  fourteen  days*  notice  to  the 
landlord  before  cutting  any  underwood  :  none  to  be  cut 
under  eight  years'  growth,  or  above  1 6  years. 

16th.  Draining  and  chalking  land  best  left  to  private 
arrangement  ;  but  I  will  merely  suggest  tenants  to  pay 
half  and  landlords  half  the  expenses,  and  the  tenant  to 
pay  4  per  cent,  on  the  capital  expended  by  his  landlord, 
Such  an  arrangement  would,  I  think,  be  fair  for  both 
parties  ;  but  if  the  tenant  should  leave  in  less  than  seven 
years,  he  should  be  paid  one-half  his  outlay. 

Under  such  a  system  I  think  the  valuations  of  the 
majority  of  arable  land  would  be  about  6001.  for  100 
aci'es  ;  and  half  the  valuation  to  belong  to  the  landlord 
and  half  to  the  tenant.  This  would  secure  the  landlord, 
and  enable  the  tenant  to  have  more  capital  and  less 
lying  dead  ;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  all  the  capital  might 
belong  to  the  landlord,  and  the  tenant  pay  a  higher  rent, 
amounting  to  4  per  cent.  ;  or  all  the  capital  might  bek 
to  the  tenant,  and  he  would  then  pay  a  lower  rent  in 
proportion  ;  but  I  think  half  the  valuation  to  belon;^ 
to  each  party  would  be  the  best.  The  landlord  would 
secure  a  tenant  with  capital,  and  the  tenant  would  have 
an  interest  in  the  land,  and  would  keep  it  in  good  cul- 
tivation, and  by  so  doing  the  produce  would  be  increased 
and  when  possession  was  given  up,  the  valuation  would 
be  more  for  each  party,  and  if  the  land  was  in  worse 
condition  the  tenant  would  have  less  to  receive,  thus 
spending  his  own  capital.  But  in  many  valuations, 
where  the  tenant  holds  under  half  a  year's  notice,  or 
under  lease  with  only  one  year's  notice  to  quit,  at  the 
end  of  seven  or  fourteen  yearSj  and  the  labour  on  nianur 
and  feeding  price  for  the  straw  and  hay  is  paid  for,  it 
often  falls  with  great  injustice  to  a  tenant  on  leaving;  for 
if  he  leaves  double  the  quantity  of  manure,  haj',  and 
straw,  he  is  not  paid  for  his  improvement.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  a  tenant  takes  a  farm  with  600  cart-loads 
of  manure  on  it,  aud  only  pays  the  labour  on  it,  and  on 
leaving  there  should  be  only  300  cart-loads  with  being 
paid  the  labour  on  it,  there  is  an  injustice  done  to  thi 
landlord.  This  mode  of  letting  and  valuing  I  think  is 
Uierefore  bad,  and  that  it  discourages  good  farmin^ 
Tiiere  is  one  thing  seems  very  preposterous  to  me, 
at  many  public  meetings— the  advising  tenant-farmers 
to  farm  liigher,  and  use  more  capital,  when  tl 
Government  have  passed  measures  to  take  that  capitiil 
from  them,  and  transfer  it  to  other  quarters.  If 
the  landlords  were  to  tell  the  tenant  farmers  at  such 
meetings,  that,  as  their  produce  was  now  selling  at  one 
third  IcHs  price,  they  would  grant  them  fair  covenants  to 
farm  under,  and  reduce  their  rents  one-third,  I  tliinli 
that  would  1k)  much  more  encouragement  to  tenant- 
farmers,  and  not  detrimental  to  landlords  in  the  main  ; 
or  cIho  it  is  like  taking  a  man  and  chucking  him 
over  a  bridge,  and  Haying,  "  1  wish  you  good  lu  ■!:." 
Mr,  Jtichardw  (woiicitor),  said  that  hindlords  were  very 
fortunato  now  if  tlioy  got  3  per  cent,  on  any  litr^^e 
piirciiaHO  of  land.  In  tho  wont  of  England,  a  niiin 
c<juld  tiiko  aa  good  a  farm  for  2000/.  as  ho  could  here 
fo4'  5000/.,  and  generally  Hpcaking,  he  thought  the  man 
of  moderate  capital  luidi.-rHtood  )ii»  buBineHU  better  than 
tin;  Uiuiiut  with  a  largo  onn.  'I'lio  former  wnn  a 
practicaj  man,  but  the  nmn  with  5000/.  or  10,000/.  likod 
Ut  enjoy  ihiiiiHolf,  and  employed  a  good  bailiif.  Jn 
Surrey,  iO--n,t,  and  Huhkcx,  it  had  bci-n  tlio  cuHtom  to 
Iiuve  a  largt'  •y.vAualion,  and  the  tlvHt  thijjg  to  hu  done 


was  to  get  rid  of  it.    How  was  that  to  be  done  ?    Every 
tenant  who  left  a  farm  was  entitled  to  the  same  valuation 
as  he  paid  on  entering.     You  went  in  according  to  the 
custom  of    the   country  ;    the   two    valuers   called    ia 
differed,  and  you  were  at  the  mercy  of  the  third  manj 
who  too  often  decided  by  dividing  the  difference  between 
the  parties,  so  that  one  or  other  suffered   considerably. 
Any  alteration  would  find  very  strong  opponents  in  the 
valuers  ;  for  were  it  effected,  a  portion  of  their  occupa- 
tion was  gone.     It  was  impossible  now  to  leave  a  farm 
without  employing  a  valuer  ;  not  so  in  other  counties. 
Here  the  out-going  tenant  tells  his  valuer  he  put  on  so 
much  this  year,  and  so  much  the  year  before  ;  and  when 
they   went    into    half-dressings    and    half-fallows,    the 
former,  he  would  not  say  designedly,  fancied  he  had  put 
on,  say  30  loads  of  manure.     He  had  not  taken,  any 
great  account,  perhaps,  not  thinking  he  was  going  to 
leave,  and  he  fixed  on  this  as  what  he  thinks  near  the 
thing.     Then  John  or  Thomas  was  called  in,  and  the 
farmer  says,  "  Do  you  recollect  how  many  loads  we  put 
on  Broad  Oaks  or  some  other  field — it  must  have  been' 
20  loads  ?"     John,  of  course,  says,  "yes,  it  wur."     The 
farmer    went    on,  "  and    we    ploughed    that    twentj'- 
acre    piece,  when    we    finished    this   headland,    three 
times  ?"     John  thinks  that's  about  it ;    the  man  gives- 
way  to  his  master,   and  down  it   goes   as  three  times 
ploughing.     He    knew    an    instance    where    the    man 
would  not   give  way  ;  these   things  were  not    wilfully 
done,  but  men  fell  into  mistakes,  especially  when  they 
did   not   mean    to    leave.  —  Mr.    Churcher :   But   my 
agreement  requires  a  two  years'  notice. — Mr.  Richards : 
That  was   a  matter  of  private  arrangement   entirely. 
The  landlord  always  appeared  to  him  to  let  as  advan- 
tageously to  the  tenant  as  possible  ;  and  he  thought  it 
would  be  the  greatest  benefit  to  these  counties  to  get  rid 
of  the  valuations  altogether.      Of  course  the  landlord 
would  have  to  pay  every  outgoing  tenant  for  everything 
he  had  done  on  his  farm  according  to  his  lease,  for  it 
was  quite  immaterial  to  the  tenant  whether  he  received 
it  from   the   incoming  tenant  or  his    landlord.      The- 
landlord  would  know  the  amount  of  capital  he  had  paid 
for  that  valuation,  and  he  would  find  2G  tenants  with 
2000/.  more  easily  than  one  with  treble  that  amount.  He 
would  then  charge  the  incoming  tenant  with  so  much  for 
rent,  including  the  valuation.    It  was  like  letting  a  farm 
tithe  free  ;  if  there  was  no  tithe,  the  rent  was  higher,, 
and  if  there  was  no  valuation  to  pay,  the  tenant  must  pay 
so   much   more    rent.      If  a  landlord   bought  up    hi& 
valuations,  and  let  his  fai'ms  at  an  increase,  say  even  ot 
4  per  cent.,  the  interest  on  that  capital  would  pay  him. 
better  than  that  invested  in  the  land,  because  no  landlord- 
could  buy  land  to  pay  3-^-  per  cent.  ;  and  no  tenant  could 
object  to  pay  4  per  cent,  on  the  valuation,  in  addition 
to  the  rent  now  paid.      It  would  answer  his  purpose  to 
pay  even   5  per  cent.,  because  if   he  were  enabled  to 
apply  the  capital  he  would  sink  in  the  valuation  to  the 
purchase  of  stock;  he  would  expect  to  get,  and  would 
get,   more    than  4    or  5  per   cent.      It  was    quite    as 
much     to    the    advantage    of    the    landlords    as     the 
tenants  to  get  rid  of  these  valuations  altogether.     You . 
would  thus  get  rid  of  a  great  deal  of  suspicion  and,  not 
to    say   fraud,  of  a  great    deal  of  unpleasant  feeling. 
When  a  man  saw  a  good  yard  full  of  rotten  dung,  aud 
stacks  of  straw,  he  didn't  object  to  pay  for  it;  but  he- 
did  object   to   pay  for  half- dressings    and    half-fallows- 
which  he  could  not  see,     Ifa  man  said  he  had  put  on  20 
loads  of  rotten  dung  per  acre,  and  he  had  sown  seedSj , 
and  those  seeds  had  missed,  how  was  the  valuer  to  know 
whether  the  dung  had  been  put  in  or  not.     There  was 
nothing  to  show  whether  the  land  had  been  properly 
cultivated  or  not.     It  was  the  same  with  Turnips,  and 
how  often  did  they  miss  ?     What  was  there  then  for  the 
valuer  to  see  to  value?     He  must  go  entirely  by  the- 
statement  of  the  outgoing  tenant.     It  was  a  very,  very 
common  case  for  seed  to  miss,  and  the  result  must  often 
be  that  the  tenant  paid  for  the  cultivation  of  a  good  crop 
of  Turnips,  and,  perhaps,  there  was  not  a  ton  per  acre^ 
If  the  incoming  tenant  paid  at  all,  let  him  pay  for  the- 
roots — let    him    pay    for    what    he    could    see.     Th& 
question  required  the  consideration  of  both  parties;  and- 
as  to  covenants  generally  they  must  be  guided  by  the- 
locality.     He  would  not  enter  into  those  suggested  by 
Mr.  Churcher,  but  ho  was  sure  the  present  system  was^ 
a  complete  bar  to  getting  good  tenants. 


Miscellaneous. 

TJie  Royal  Agricultural  Society's  Show  at  Oalway. — 
We  are  glad  to  learn  that  the  forthcoming  show,  in  the 
capital  of  the  Western  province,  is  likely  to  realise  the 
most  sanguine  expectations  that  have  been  formed 
regarding  it,  and  that  we  may  look  forward  with 
certainty  to  a  great  and  successful  agricultural  gathering 
in  Galway.  Tlie  entries  already  made  afford  an  earnest 
of  what  may  bo  reasonably  calculated  on  ;  and  among 
these  it  is  satisfactory  to  find  that  several  English  and' 
Scotch  farmers  and  manufacturers  will  be  in  the  list  of 
candidates  for  the  Society's  prizes.  This  can  afford  nO' 
room  for  jealousy  on  the  part  of  our  own  people.  On- 
tho  contrary,  it  is  rather  a  source  of  satisfaction,  as- 
bringing  prominently  under  the  notice  of  our  Irish' 
ugricuUurists  what  is  doing  on  the  other  side  of  the- 
Channel,  where  they  are,  in  many  respects,  so  far  ahead! 
of  UH.  From  tho  introduction  of  some  of  the  fmQ- 
EngliHli  and  Scotch  cattle  and  implements,  we  cannofc 
fail  to  derive  signal  advantage  ;  and  hence  we  cordially 
welcome  thofio  vinits  of  onr  enterpriwing  neighbours. 
Uiit  there  is  a  further  point  of  view  from  which  we  can 
nee  the  great  advantagcH  which  may,  in  fact  which 
must,  result  from  the  viait  of  Knglish  and  Scotuh  farmers 


494 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[July  31, 


to  this  country  at  the  present  time.  There  is  now 
considerable  interest  manifested,  especially  among 
Scottish  af^ricuUurists  to  become  better  acquainted  with 
the  capabilities  of  the  Irishsoil,  witha  view  of  procuring 
farms  and  settling  in  tiiis  country.  The  liigh  rents  of 
Scotland,  and  the  inferior  character  of  the  land, 
especially  as  compared  with  that  of  Ireland,  show  the 
extended  field  which  exists  in  the  latter  country  for 
agricultural  enterprise,  of  wliich  Scottish  farmers  are 
in  future  likely  to  take  advantage.  For  the  growth  of 
green  crops  and  G-ra.ss,  we  possess  facilities  unrivalled, 
and  this  is  just  the  class  of  produce  which  at  present 
affords  the  best  returns.  Besides,  in  some  of  »he  most 
fertile  districts,  extensive  tracts  of  land  may  be  had 
without  an  occupant,  or  any  obstacle  being  interposed  to 
immediate  possession  being  taken.  These  circumstances 
are  auspicious  for  the  advent  of  some  enterprising 
farmers,  possessing  the  necessary  capital  and  skill  to 
turn  our  rich  and  varied  resources  to  account,  and  set 
,an  example  to  the  district  in  which  they  might  be  located. 
■Such  a  movement  as  this  we  believe  the  Galway  show 
■will  do  much  to  promote  ;  as  many  parties  who  have  for 
Gome  time  past  intended  to  come  over  will  take  advantage 
of  that  opportunity,  when  they  expect  to  come  in 
-contact  with  the  proprietors  and  farmers  of  the  country, 
and  thereby  acquire  information  for  theii"  future 
guidance.  A  further  arrangement,  which  must  add 
■considerably  to  the  interest  of  the  forthcoming  show  in 
Galway,  is  tliat  for  the  discussion  of  practical  subjects 
connected  with  the  objects  of  the  meeting,  in  which  the 
leading  agriculturists  present  will  take  part.  This 
.practice  has  been  adopted  for  some  time  past  at  the 
English  and  Scotch  shows,  but  this  will  be  the  first 
■occasion  on  which  it  will  have  been  effectively  carried 
out  in  Ireland.  While  noticing  these  arrangements  of 
the  Society  we  wish  to  call  attention  to  the  Society's 
Journal,  the  second  number  of  which  has  just  appeared. 
Tliis  periodical  is  to  appear  monthly,  being  supplied 
gratuitously  to  members  of  the  Society;  and  at  an 
annual  subscription  of  5s.,  post  free,  to  the  public.  It  is 
calculated  to  render  essential  service  to  the  cause  of 
agricultural  improvement,  and,  in  an  essential  manner, 
to  the  Society  itself,  by  presenting  additional  inducements 
to  parties  to  become  members  of  it.  Its  editor  has  been 
long  accustomed  to  write  on  agricultural  subjects,  and 
is  conversant  with  the  husbandry  of  the  British  Isles  ; 
and,  from  his  zeal  and  perseverance  in  the  good  cause, 
we  must  say  we  should  feel  equally  surprised  as 
chagrined  did  he  not  succeed  in  his  worthy  endeavour 
to  establish  in  Ireland,  and  under  the  patronage  of  the 
Royal  Agricultm-al  Society,  a  Journal  of  rural  economy 
of  high  standing  and  utility.  Dublin  Advocate. 

Mode  of  Harrowing  in  Denmarh. — One  practice  in 
their  husbandry  I  am  at  a  loss  to  judge  of — whether  to 
consider  it  a  saving  of  labour  and  fatigue  to  the  labourer 
only,  or  a  saving  of  labour,  that  is  of  money,  to  the 
employer  also.  1  saw  it  on  a  large  farm  in  a  field  in 
■which  16  horses  were  at  work  harrowing.  There  were 
■only  four  men  working  the  1 6  horses.  Two  horses 
"Were  in  each  iiarrow,  and  the  harrows,  and  all  the 
equipments,  were  of  the  same  size  and  form  as  with  us, 
and  the  field  was  flat.  The  peculiarity  was,  that  the 
harrowing  was  circular,  the  harrows  working  round  and 
round  tlie  driver.  He  stood  in  the  centre,  like  a  horse- 
bi'eaker  lounging  a  young  horse,  and,  with  the  long 
reins  in  his  hand,  kept  tlie  one  pair  of  horses,  and  their 
■iiarrows,  along  side  of,  but  a  little  behind,  the  other 
pair  and  their  harrows.  When  he  had  reduced  the 
clods  to  his  mind,  he  took  up  a  new  centre  on  a  line 
with  the  old.  This  was  certainly  a  saving  of  labour,  or 
of  the  fatigue  of  walking  up  and  down,  lengthwise  and 
crosswise,  over  the  whole  field.  It  appeared  a  saving  of 
labour  also  for  the  employer.  Four  men  could  scarcely 
work  sixteen  horses  in  our  way  of  harrowing,  each  pair 
w'itli  two  harrows.  It  occurred  to  me  that  the  tines  of 
the  harrows  must  leave  little  circular  furrows  in  the 
mould  which  might  tiold  rain  water,  and  keep  the  land 
wet;  and  I  went  to  visit  the  field  again  a  few  days  after- 
ward":.  But  the  mould  had  been  reduced  as  fine  as  in  a 
garden  bed,  or  in  a  well-prepared  Turnip  field,  in  which 
the  rake  or  the  harrow  makes  no  marks  with  its  teeth; 
and  it  was  water-furrowed  in  beds,  as  in  our  practice, 
and  sown  with  rape.  The  practice  of  harrowing  in  a 
circle  is  universal  in  Holstein  and  Sleswick.  Laing's 
Denmarlc. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

JULY. 
DoESET  Fabm,  July  2G. — We  have  now  to  report  very  favour- 
ably as  reffarda  both  weather  and  crops.  We  have  had  a  very 
fine  season  for  getting  io  the  Turoips,  where  they  were  sown 
earlv  ;  but  where  deferred  to  the  latter  part  of  June,  as  in 
many  ca-^es  they  were,  the  wet  weather  we  had  then  was 
against  tiowinc  ;  and  hay-makin?  iaterftred  with  it.  And  a 
further  consequence  of  this  will  be,  thai  there  will  be  Turnip 
hoeing  and  harvest  both  together  ;  and  hands  do  not  seem  eo 
■numerou'*  as  of  late.  We  have  got  ours  all  boed  twice,  except 
8  or  9  aiTcs  after  Vetches,  and  the  fine  WHrtn  weather  that  we 
have  had  initkes  them  prow  fast.  We  have  begun  to  eat  ofF 
Rape,  as  a  preparation  for  Wheat;  and  we  have  part  of  the 
SHme  in  Turn'ps,  that  will  soon  be  fit  to  eat.  Grass  has  been 
abundant  ihrouth  the  summer,  and  every  kind  uf  biocIi  has 
■d'-ne  well.  As  fur  corn  crops,  we  i  ever  have  seen  thtm  better. 
Wheat  standt  up  well,  though  geiierallj  heavy,  and  Barley  ia 
far  above  average  ;  it  is  very  thick,  imd  some  of  \'.  is  laid,  but 
the  land  has  been  eo  dry  that  it  has  not  nufFred  at  all  from 
this.  Oats  are  very  hoavy  and  ih'ck  on  the  t:round,  and  the 
young  Gnisi-es  are  coming  up  well  among  ihu  Barley.  Instead 
of  broad  Cl.iver  {T.  pratent-e),  we  6uw  Cow-grae»  ( 1\  mC'  ium), 
whiih  grows  wih  us  very  luxuriantly,  bat  is  not  liked  nearly 
BO  well  by  Mbeep  ;  and  could  we  hiid  bow  tu  prevent  Ulover 
E'ckness,  rhire  would  be  little  induceaient  to  &uw  C-w-grat-s. 
We  art-  t.)  sow  a  piece  ot  Trifolium  incarnHtum  after  Oata, 
whinh  we  do  as  soim  as  the  crop  isolf ;  the  ground  bein;^  clean, 
requires  no  ploughing,  but  is  gone  over  with  the  heavy  drags 


twice  on  a  place,  or  unil  there  be  a  tine  I'gut  uiuulil  for  the 
(teed,  ihen  the  seed  is  sown  and  harrowed  in  with  light  harrows 
■iiid  roiled.  We  had  good  feed  on  lH  acres  of  it  this  spring, 
and  have  it  now  in  Turnips  well  advanced,  which  will  he  eat 
■  if,  and  then  put  in  Wheat.  I  am  sorrv  to  say  that  the  Potato 
di-easc  is  more  prevalent  than  ic  has  been  for  some  years  in 
this  place.  Tbey  looked  very  promising  a  forrniiiht  ago; 
indeiid  f^r  above  an  averaue,  and  we  were  led  to  expect  a  very 
heavy  crnp,  Aa  it  is,  quantity  will  not  be  so  bad.  but  we  fear 
t'lpy  will  not  keep  so  well  in  store.  Harvest  will  be  general 
with  us  in  abuut  10  days.  Our  Barley  seems  to  he  coming 
before  the  Wheat ;  it  was  sown  early,  and  as  it  i^  very  heavy, 
we  believe  it  would  have  been  more  lair!  had  i";  not  been  fi-r 
early  sowing,  which  makes  it  etifter  in  the  Ptraw,  Ilay. making 
is  generally  finished  and  has  been  all  made  well  ;  andalthuugh  i 
the  crops  are  nol  quite  ao  heavy  an  laat  year,  having  been  led 
off  to  a  later  perioc*,  owing  to  shortness  of  keep  in  the  spring, 
yet  the  quality  is  better  and  the  quantity  very  good.  (?.  S. 


Notices    to   Correspondents. 

Feens  :  B  A.  They  grow  on  land  that  is  wor'hles3  as  well  as 
on  what  is  improvable;  but  g4=nerally  they  indicate  inferior 
quality.     Any  soil  ihat  has  depih  may  be*cultivated. 

Goat,  &lc.  :  .1  HJ.  Chonse  the  larges',  size  and  the  darkest 
colour.  A  kid  may  be  had  for  hal'-^i-ci  own.  They  are 
nu'T'erous  in  some  districts  in  Ireland.  We  are  unacquaioted 
with  the  rules  of  the  rabbit  exhibitiooe.  Perhaps  some  corre- 
spondent will  inform  you  if  they  are  accessible  to  any  but 
mem  here. 

Stall-fee-Diko,  &c.  :  A  B.  It  is  perfectly  possible  to  stop  the 
sroell  of  ammonia  by  using  some  acid  or  some  suit  contain- 
irg  an  acid,  on  union  witn  which  it  will  itself  become  a  fixed 
salt.  Sulp'^uric  or  hydrochloric  acid'?,  sulphate  of  iron, 
sulphate  of  lime  (lypsum)  will  answer  the  [nirpnse  ;  ihe  last, 
if  the  ammonia  be  in  solution  aa  it  is  in  putrid  urine. — 
Mr.  Blackei-'s  tract  on  Small  Farms;  Mr.  O.  O.  Koberta' 
tract's  on  Agricultural  Economy  as  the  remedy  for  Agricul- 
tural Distres-i,  w>uld  prob-iby  su'tyour  purpose. 

Tanks:  An  Old  Suhscriber.  It  is  well  to  have  two  tanks,  and 
allow  the  puirefaccion  of  the  urine  before  it  is  applied  to  the 
land. 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Jolt  31. 
The  supply  both  of  Fruit  and  Vege'ables  has  been  very 
good,  except  Sirawberries.  which  are  a.11  but  over.  Excellent 
Greengage  and  oiher  Plums  continue  to  be  imported  fi-om 
France,  and  also  ApricotH,  but  many  of  the  latter  are  not  firgt- 
rate  in  quality,  Tomatoes  likewise  continue  to  be  supplied. 
Potatoes  are  plentiful,  as  are  also  Peas.  West  India  Pine- 
apples  are  abundant,  Mn-^hrooms  are  dear.  Cut  flowers  con- 
siKt  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Mignonette,  Rosea,  Bignonia 
venusta,  and  Pinks. 


FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  Gs 
Grapes, hothouse, p.  lb.,2s  to 53 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  8s  to  log 
Necarines,  per  doz.,  Ss  to  las 
Figs,  per  ddZ.,  4s  to  83 
Melons,  each,  28  to  Gs 
Cherries,  per  lb.,  2d  to  6d 
Gooseberries,   per  half   sieve, 

'is  6d  to  33 
Currants,  do.,  28  to  Ss  6d 
Strawberries,p.pott.,6d  tols6d 

VEGETABLES. 


Almonds,  per  peck,  5a 

—  sweet,  per  lb,,  2b  to  3s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Orange?,  per  doz,.  Is  to  Xs  6d 

—  perlOO,  SsSdto  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  228 

—  Brazil,  per  bushel,  123 
to  148 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is  3d 
French  Beans,  p.  hf.Bieve,2sto4- 
Peas,  per  sieve,  la  to  ■Is 
Caulifioivi'rs,  per  d<iz.,  49  to  Gs 
Asparagus,  p.  Oundle,  Is  to  43 
Greens,  per  doz,.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  39  6d  to  79 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  L's  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  Ss  to  Gs 
Cucumbers,  each,  4d  to  Gd 
Vegetable  M  arrow, p.  doz, Is  to28 
Celery,  per  bundle.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  doz-,  3s  ro  5i 
Spinach,  per  eieve.  Is  to  2i 
Onions,  pur  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanish, p.doz..lb3dto  3fl 
Beet,  per  duz..  Is  to  2a 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  2.d  to  3d 


Shallots,  per  bunch,  3d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce, Cab.,  pe r score  4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  3d  to  Is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  8d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,l8to4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  la 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  Gd  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,ls6d  to  23 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  23  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  tid 
Wattrcreases,  p.  12buo,9d  to  Is 


HOPS.— BoEODOH  Mabket,  July  30. 
Messrs.    Fattenden    and    Smith  report   that    the 
for  Hops  is  firm.    Duty,  185,000f. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusaea. 
Smithfigld,  July  29. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  80s  to  90b 

Clover 

.  908  to  lOOs 

[nferior  do. 

...  68        75 

New  do 

..  70         85 

Rowen 

...  66        — 

Straw 

,  32          36 

Sew  Hay     ... 

...  60        76 

E. 

J.  DAVI3, 

A  bris 

t  trade. 

Cdhbbeland  M 

iHKET,  July  29. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  888  to  928 

Inferior  Clover 

...  758  to  838 

[nferior  do. ... 

...  70        811 

New  do.       ... 

.,,  65        80 

Sew  Hay     ... 

...  60        76 

Straw 

...  82        36 

Jld  Clover  ... 

..    96      100 

Josh 

DA  Baeeb. 

M'HITECIIAP 

EL,  July  29. 

Fine  old  Hay 

...  808  to  66s 

Old  Clover,,. 

,1008  to  1088 

[nferior  do. 

.     

New  Clover 

.  76          84 

New  Hay     ... 

...  65         72 

Inferior  do. 

..  65          70 

Inferior  do.... 

...  50         63 

Straw 

..  32          86 

SMITHFIELD.— MoNDAT,  July  26. 
We  have  an  increased  supply  of  Beasts,  and  a  limited 
demand  ;  prices,  consequently,  on  the  average  are  no  better.  A 
few  choicest  ihiags  are  readily  sold;  otherwise  trade  is  in  a 
sluftgish  condition.  Sheep  and  Lambs  are  rather  more  plen- 
tiful, but  there  is  a  cheerful  trade  for  them.  The  former  are 
making  abuut  the  same  as  of  late,  and  choice  Lambs  are 
rather  dearer;  but,  a  large  proportion  being  of  inferior 
quality,  are  with  difficulty  disposed  of.  The  number  of  Calves 
is  large,  and  Friday's  prices  cannot  be  maintained.  From 
Germany  and  Holland  there  are  1104  Beasts,  3700  Sheep, 
290  Calves,  and  70  Piss  ;  from  Spain,  390  Sheep  ;  from  Scotland, 
70  Beasts  ;  and  2400  from  tbe  uurthern  and  midland  counties. 
Ptr  St.  of  Bibs.— s  d  s  d 
Best  Long-wools  .3     4  to  3     8 


Per  8t.  of  81bB.— s 

d       s 

d 

Beet  Scots,  Here. 

fords,  &c.       ..,  8 

6  to  3 

10 

Best  Shorthorns  3 

4  —  3 

6 

2d  quality  Beaets  2 

4  —  3 

0 

Best  Downs  and 

Half.bredB      ...  3 

8  —  4 

0 

Do.  Shorn    0 

0  —  0 

0 

Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2 

Do.  Shorn   0 

Lambs      4 

Calves      2 

Pigs  2 


Beasta,  4076  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  33,890  ;  Calves,  450  ;  Pigs,  360. 
Feidat,  July  30. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  not  very  large,  but  quite  equal  to 
ihe  demand  ;  inferior  qualiiies  are  about  2d.  per  8  lbs.  lower 
than  on  Monday,  and  only  in  few  instances  do  ihe  best  make  as 
much  as  ou  that  day.     We  hare  a  large  number  of  Sheep  and 


Per  St.  of  81bs.— s 

d      a 

rt 

Beat  Lonu-wools ,  3 

4  to  3 

6 

Do.  Shoin 

EweSffc  2d  quality  2 

8  —  3 

0 

Do.  Siioru          .,,  0 

0  —  0 

0 

Lambs      4 

6  —  5 

2 

Calves      2 

8  —  3 

S 

PiS"          2 

8  —  3 

8 

Lamb- on  offer  ;  tra'le  is  very  slow,  and  prices  On  theaveragO 
are  lower.  The  numb-rof  Calves  is  g-eat;  however,  a  large 
proportion  are  very  middling  in  quaiily,  couseqmnrly  choicest 
kinds  ate  quite  as  dear  as  of  late.  Our  foreign  mpply  consists 
of  289  Brasl?,  2520  Sheep,  S84  Calves,  »nd  10  Pigs-  from 
ScO'laod,  20  Beasts  ;  from  Norfolk  and  Soff  ,1k,  60  •  200  from 
the  northern  and  midland,  and  116  Milch  Cows  from  the  home 
counties, 

Perst.  of  81b8,— a  dad 
Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  Jfc.  ...  3  G  to  3  8 
Bes!  Short-horns  3  2  —  3  4 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  2  —  2  10 
E.^»t   Donns  and 

Ilalf-breds       .,,3     8  —  3  10 

Do.  Shorn  ,,,0    0  —  0    0     .  .„.,  _    „ „    „ 

Beasts,  79S  ;  Sheep  and  Lamba,  10,020;  Calves,  715  ;  Pigs,  330. 

WOOL. 
Beadfoed,  Toobsdat,  July  29.— There  is  no  material 
alteration  to  report  in  the  state  of  the  English  wool  market. 
The  demand  during  the  past  week  for  the  better  classes  has 
continued  active,  and  late  quotatioofl  are  w(.-tl  supported.  It 
is,  howtiver,  quite  impossible  at  present  to  realise  on  a  general 
average  such  prices  as  can  leave  a  prolit  upon  the  rates 
recently  paid  to  ihe  growers.  Short  wool  and  noils  are  a  good 
sale  at  1  ate  prices. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  July  26,— The  ueighbi,urhi)od  of  London  having 
bpcn  visited  jesteriJay  by  heavy  thunderstorms,  and  the  supply 
of  Wheat  from  Essex  and  Kent  bein;;  small,  it  was  readily 
purclissed  by  tbe  m'llera  at  the  full  prices  of  tliis  day 
Be'unigbt  ;  the  day  however  proving  line,  very  little  business 
was  transacted  in  foreign  Wheat,  and  that  only  at  some 
decline  Irom  last  week's  quotaiions.  — Barley  moves  off  slowly 
at  a  reduction  of  la.  per  qr.  from  the  prices  of  Mouday  laat.^ 
Beans  and  Peas  are  each  la.  per  qr.  cheapir.— The  Oat  trade 
is  slow,  and  sales  can  only  be  proceeded  with  at  an  abatement 
of  6d.  to  Is.  per  qr, — Some  few  pnrcels  nf  new  Kapeseed 
appeared  at  market,  and  tbe  best  samples  have  been  Bold  at 
241.  per  last. 

Pee  Impeetal  Quaetee. 
Wheat,  Esse;;,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  13—45 

—  —    fine  selected  runs, ..ditto  44—47 

—  —    Talavera  43 — 48 

—  Norfolk 37— 3y 

—  Foreign 34—48 

Barley, grind. ite  distil, ,21s  to  ■i7s.,,Chev, 

—  Foreign  ,,, grinding  and  distilling  ito — ^G 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18— In 

—  Scotch  «nd  Lincolnshire,., Potati,il8 — -'J 

—  Irish  Potato'l7— 211 

—  Foreigu   Poland  and  Brew|18— 19 

Rye     _ 

Rye-meal,  foreign — 

Beans,  Mazagan 27s  to  SOs Tick:28— 31 

—  Pigeon  28s  — 34e,.. Winds.      — 

—  Foreign Small|23— 31 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  33-31 


30-32 


Maple 3l8  to  343 Orey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered.,, per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

AEEIVAL3  IN  tee    PoRT  OF  LoNDON  LAST    WEEK. 


37—411 
25—3? 
17—23 


Red 
tied  , 


UaltLDg 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Peed 

foreign  . 

Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk,,, 
Foreign  . 
ITellow.., 


tforfolk  , 
Per  Back 


17—19 
17—19 
15-13 


26—28 
34-35 
28—36 


25-32 
28-34 


Flour,  6922  sliB 
—  21957  brli 

English  

Irish     

Foreign  


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
1998 


11449 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
8266 


Malt. 


Qrs. 

2357 

15 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

2110 

6077 

19179 


Beans. 


Qrs. 
172 


Qrs. 
10 


878 


Feidat,  July  30. — The  arrivals  of  English  corn  this  week 
have  been  moderate,  but  those  from  the  Continent  consider- 
able. Monday's  prices  for  English  Wheat  are  fully  supported  ; 
in  ordinary  foreign,  sales  to  some  extent  have  beeo  forced  at 
a  slight  decline,  the  finest  qualities  however  command  the 
prices  of  that  day.  For  floatingcargoee  of  Polish  Odessa  there 
are  buyers  at  30s.  to  32s,,  but  owners  hold  generally  for  33s. 
to  34b,— Barley  and  Oats  are  heavy,  and  Is.  per  qr.  cheaper.— 
Beans  and  Peas  are  unsaleable,  and  prices  entirely  nominal. 
Flour  is  quite  neglected. 

Abbivals  this  Week. 


English  . 
Irish  ..„ 
Foreign  , 


Qrs. 
2670 


28220 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
210 


Oats. 


Qrs. 
3120 
3930 
31.'lG0 


1540  eacks 
2260  Backs 


Impeetal  Aveeaqeb. 


June  19.. 

—  26,, 
July    3.. 

—  10,. 

—  17,. 

—  24,. 


Aggreg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Baelet.  Oats    Rye.    Beanb.    Peas, 


3.  d. 

40  9 

40  10 

41  4 
41  5 
41  0 
40  7 


41  0 


s.  d. 

27  5 

27  6 

27  6 

28  3 

27  0 

28  2 


27  7 


s.  d. 
20  2 
20  0 
19  10 
19  9 
19  II 
19  9 


3.  d. 

32  0 

32  4 

33  1 

34  0 
34  6 
33  10 


33  3  32  7 


31  9 
31  9 
33  2 

33  3 
30  11 

34  5 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Atebaobs. 


Pbicee.  Jdne19.  June  26,  Jdly  3   JdlyIO,  Jdlt17.  Jdlt24, 


41s  id 
41    4 
41     0 
40  10 
40     9  - 
10     7 


.:i_r 


LiTEBPooL,  Tdesday,  July  27.— The  arrivals  from  Ireland 
and  coaBtwise  continue  quite  insignificant.  At  this  morning  s 
market  there  was  a  moderate  attendance  of  town  and  country 
buyers,  but  the  weather  being  extremely  fine,  they  showed 
little  disposition  to  make  purchases  except  for  the  supply  of 
their  immediate  wants.  Wheat  and  Flour  met  with  a  slow 
sale,  at  barely  the  currency  of  this  day  week.  Oats  and 
Oatmeal  were  id.  per  45  lbs.  and  3d.  per  load  lower.  Barley 
and  Peas  were  neglected,  and  nominally  unchanged  in  value  ; 
but  Beans  were  6d.  to  9d.  per  qr.  cheaper.    Floe  yellow  Indian 

Corn  commanded  late  rateB. Feiday,   July  2:1,— At  our 

market  to-day  there  waa  a  more  slender  at'endance  than 
usual,  and  we  note  only  a  moderate  business  m  Wheat,  with 
little  or  no  difference  from  the  rates  of  Tuesday.  The 
sale  of  any  description  of  Flour  is  very  slow  to-day,  and  prices 
nominally  unchanged.  Egyptian  Beans  decimed  Is.  per  qr., 
at  which  there  was  a  better  sale  ;  and  Oats,  at  a  reduction  of 
4d,  per  45  lbs,,  met  a  somewhat  improved  demand.  Oatmeal 
a  dragu'ing  retail  sale,  at  almost  nominal  rates.  Only  one 
small  parcel  ofyellow  Indian  Corn  remaining  on  our  market, 
sold  at  3l3.  6d.  per  480  lbs.  ;  white  sells  very  slowiy  at  previous 
rates. 


31—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


495 


Just  published y  considerably  enlarged,  price  5s.  Oi.,  the  Third  Edition  of 

RURAL    CHEMISTRY: 

AN    ELEMENTARY    INTRODUCTION    TO    THE    STUDY    OF    THE    SCIENCE     IN    ITS     RELATION     TO    AGRICULTURE. 
BY      EDWARD      SOLLY,       F.R.S,      F.  L.  S.,      F.  G.  S., 

Eonorary  Hem'bcr  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England,  Profegsor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticulural  Society  of  London,  Lecturer  on  Cbemistrj  in  the  Honourable  Eaet  India 

Company's  Military  Seminary  at  Addiscanbe,  ifcc.,  isc. 


PREPil.CS        TO        THS        THXRS        TS.I^TTTQ'N . 
*'  In  accordance  with  numerous  suprgestions,  very  considerable  additions  have  been  made  to  this  little  look,  iu  prepa^in?  it  for  a  new  edition ;  several  important  practical  matlrers,  not 
treated  of  in  any  tormer  editions,  having  been  iDtmduced.      Brief  descriptiona  of  the  more  important  of  tie  domestic  arts,  such  as  Wme  and  VinfgHr  Making,  Brewing,  the  Manufacture 
of  Spirits,   BdKing,  Cheere-making,  Cookery,   die  ,  have  been  added,  together  with  some  account  of  the  Scieitific  principles  involved  in  those  aits.    Numerous  recent  analyses  of  agricultural 
crops  have  likewise  been  given,  and  the  whole.has  been  carefully  revised  and  corrected." 


CONTENTS     OP     THE 


of 


AB90BPTI0N 

manure  1 

Acetates 
Acetic  acid 
Acetic  fermentation 
Acids  I 

Acids,  organic 
Acids,  test  for  i 

Action  of  plants  on 

the  air  I 

Active  principles 
Adulterated  guano 
Affinity,  chemical 
After^^amp  in 
Air  [mines  j 

Air    contains    am- 1 

monia 
Air   contains    car-  ' 

bouic  acid 
Air  contains  water  | 
Air,  inflammable  1 
Air  necessary  to  life  \ 
Air,  composition  of 
Air  resists  compres- 
Air,  weight  of  [sion 
Alabaster 
Albumen 

Albumen,  vegetable 
Alcohol 
Ale 

Alkali,  test  ft^r 
Alkali,  rolatile 
Alkalies 

Alkalies,  vegetable 
Alloys 
Almonds 
Alum 
Alumina 
Alumina      absorbs 

ammonia 
Alumina  in  soil,  u«e 

of  [of 

Alumtna.phospbace 
Alumina,  silicate  ot 
Alumina,  sulphate 
Aluminum  [of 

Aluminum,  oride  of 
Amminii 
Ammonia  absorbed 

by  alumina 
Ammonia  aiisorbed 

by  charcoal,  &c. 
Ammonia,  carb^a- 

.  ate  of 
Ammonia,  fixing  of 
Ammonia  in  uir 
Ammt>uia  in  raiu 

water 
Amm'jnia,  losi  of 
Ammonia,  muriate 
Ammoaia,    phos- 
phate 
Ammonia,  salts  of 
Ammonia,  sulphate 
Ammooia,  urate  of 
Analysis 
Animal  beat 
Animal  manure; 
Animal    principle!), 

proxiiitate 
Animal  substances 
Animal*,  breathini; 

of  [of 

Animals,  fattenitig 
Annotta 
Apple  jelly 
Aquafortis 
Ar(foI 
Arrack 
Arroir  root 
Aneriet 
Arrlctioke,  Jerusa- 


[Ibm 


A»he« 

Atom 

At^mcUon 

Azot« 

BALL'>0!Cf 

Bamboo 

Ba-nila 

Barley 

B«rl(;y.NtrAW 

Barl'^y  ta^ar 

Barm 

Barometer 

Bane 

Bi'tinsfmeat 

Bata'3« 

Bay  valt 

B«an,  field 

B«an  %uaw 

BeanH,  kflnfly 

%f^<^fi  n;ihe^ 

B<«ch  nuM 

Beer 

Beer,  Bavarian 

R««t 

Bf«t.r<Mt  iagar 

B*ll  metal 

BMs 

Blmry  f'<'jmp'>nndii 

Blpho«phrit<;iirilmtI 
B|rartr«t«of  p<)ta*b 
BitMrn 
BUacblDg  by  cHlo- 

rlriq 
Btcschia;    by    lul- 

phar 
B^oad« 


B'ack  Currant  jelly , 

Blood 

Biubber 

Bones 

Bran 

Brandy 

Brass 

Bread 

Bricks 

Brimstone 

British  gum 

Bromide  of  maene- 

Bromides         [slum 

Bromine 

BrowQ  stout 

Buckwheat 

Buds 

Burning 

Burning  lime 

Buroing  of  plants 

Burnt  clay 

B.irot  sugar 

Butter 

Butter,  clarified 

Butter,      how      co- 
loured 

Butt  r,  melted 

Butter,  salt 

Butyric  acid 

Cabbage 

Cabbage,  red 

Cain  mine 

Calcium 

Calcium, chloride  of 

Calomel 

Camphor 

Caadles 

Candle,  burning  of 

Oaoe 

Caoe  sugar 

Caoutchouc 

Caramel 

Carbon 

Carbon  in  plants 

Carbonate   of    am- 
monia 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lead 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia 

Carbonate  of  potash 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonates  decom- 
posed by  acids 

Carbonic  acid  gas 

Carbonic   acid    ga& 
necessary  to  plants 

Carbonic  acid  gas, 
decompoiiinon  ot , 

Carbonic  oxide 

Carburetted  hydro-  \ 

Carcases  (gen  ; 

Carrot 

Caseine 

Ca-seine,  vegetable 

Castor  oil 

Caustic  potash 

Cellars,  foul  air  in 

Cellulose 

Chalk 

Cbamomilc 

Changes,  chemical 

Charcoal 

Charcoal   absorbs 
ammonia  [of 

Charcoal,     burning 

Charcoal,  disinfecu 
ing  powers  of 

Charring 

Cheddar  cheese 

Cheese 

Cheltenham  salts 

Cherry-tree  gum 

CheKbire  cheese 

Cheat  nuts 

Chlorides 

Chlorine 

Churning 

Chyle 

Chyme 

Circulation   of    the 

Cider  [blood 

Cinnabar 

Citric  acid 

Clay 

Clay,  bamt 

Clay  lr<ra  ore 

Climate,  diiferencen 

Clover  [of 

Coai^iitQtion   of   al- 

('it%\  nohfs   [bumtin 

Coal-gm 

Coat-tar,  naphtha 

Cocoa-nut  oil 

C'tn'iac  brandy 

OohetiWm 

Coke 

Colophony 

rj'iiour  (/f  tolU     [of 

Col(;nr«,    ch(ingint{ 

Colour*,  vu^euiblu 

OoUa 

ComMnatloQ 

O^mbliitt'lon,      [by 
chnng^K  pntduRUO 

Coiiibtning  weights 

Co'iibu4tion 


Combining      num- 
bers 

Combustion, results 

Common  salt        [ot' 

Composition  of  ani- 
mal matter 

Composition  of  or- 
ganic  matter 

Composition  of 
plants 

Composition  of  soils 

Composition  of 
stones 

Compounds 

Contagion 

Contagious  matter 

CooRery 

Copper 

Copper  in  plants 

Copper,  oxide 

Copper,  pyrites 

Copper,  sal'S  of 

Copper,  sulphate  of 

Copperas 

Coprolites 

Corn 

Corrosive  sublimate 

Cotton 

Ciucbing 

Cream 

Cream  cheese 

Cream  of  tartar 

Crops,  rotation  of 

Cubic  nitre 

Cultivated  laud 

Curd  of  milk 

Cuirants 

DAGOEaEEOTTPE 

Dahlia 

Death  of  plants 

Decay  [lima 

Decay,  influence  ot 

Decay,  like  barntng 

Decay  of  humus 

Decay  of  plants 

Decay,  results  of 

Decay,  under  water 

Decomposition 

Decomposition,    in- 
duced [rocks 

Decomposition    of 

Decomposition, 
eponcaneoQS 

Deliquescence 

Dew 

Dextrine 

Diamond 

Diastase 

Digestion    [raent  of 

Digestion,  derange- 

Disease'^  of  plants 

Dintillatioa 

Ditch  scrapings 

Double  salts 

Dough 

Drainage  water 

Draining 

Duader 

Duog 

Dutch  rushes 

Dyuing 

BAaxs 

Earth  nut 

Earths 

Earths,  alkaline 

Earthy  matter   in 
the  air 

Earthy  silicates 

Earthy   substances 
in  plants 

Effervescence 

Egg,  white  of 

Elaine 

Electricity,   influ- 
eace  on  plants 

Elements 

Embryo 

Epiom  salts 
I  Equivalent 
[   Excrement        [fowl 
I  Excrements  of  sea 

G)thaa«ition  of  soiU 

Kxpan-iiiin      [darnp 
,   Explosion   of     fire- 
I  Paiht.,  diBtiller'n 
'  Fallowing 
'  Farm-yard  dang 

Pat 

Fat  of  animals 

Foil  them 

Pee'llng     of!"     with 

F-rmeiit         [nheop 

F*;r  mentation 

F«rtillty 

Fibre,  woody 

P>brin,  animal 

Pibnn,  vegutublo 

Fiiilngfl 

FIr.iuhcJi 

Piro 

Fif*!-dnmp 

VU\i.  rotu40 
'   PixMoil 
>  Fixtni(  ammonta 
,  Pla'fic 
<  Flax 
I  Pitih 
I  Flint 


Flooring  malt 

Flour 

Flour,  damaged 

Floivers 

Flowars,  their  effect 

on  the  air 
Fluorides 
Fluorine 
Food  of  animals 
Food,  chemical  use 
Food  of  plants      [of 
Formation  of  seed 
Formation  of  soils 
Foul  smells 
Freezing,  effects  of 
Freezing  of  water 
'■ruit 

Fruit,  ripening  of 
Fuel  [chlorine 

Fumigating     by 
Fumigation  by  sul- 
F  ungi  [phur 

Fur  from  water 
Galvanised  iron 
Game,  preserving 
Gas 

Gas  coal 

Gas,  inflammable 
Ga3,manufacturQof 
Gas  liquor 
Gas  liquor,  strength 
&as  tar  [of 

Gastric  juice 
Gelatine 
Geneva 
Germination 
Germination     scce- 
Gin  [leraced 

Glass 

Glauber  salts 
Gliadine 

\TiL.ucep  e."  cheese 
Gtue 

Glue  ref:ise 
Gluten 
Glycerine 
Gold 

Gold,  chloride 
Gold  of  Pleasure 
Gold,  mosaic 
Gooseberries 
Grain  of  Wheat 
Grains,  spent 
Grape  sugar 
Grapes 
Gi-ass 
Graviry 

Gravity,  specific 
Greaves 
Green  manures 
Green  vitriol 
Growth  of  plants 
Guano 
Gum 

Gum  arabie 
Gum,  British 
Gum,  cherry-tree 
Gum,  formation  of 
Gum,  resin 
Gun  cotton 
Gunpowder 
Gutta  percha 
Gyletun 
Gypsum 

HAItt 

Hard  water 

Hartshorn 

Hay 

Heat 

Hedges,  foul 

Hemp-seed 

Hollanas 

Honey 

Hoofs 

Hops 

Hordeiu 

Horn 

Humates 

Ilutnic  acid 

Humus 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen,  carbu- 
retted [of 

H^droiren.llghtnerts 

Hydrogen,  sulphu- 

Ict  [retted 

Ici-land  moss 

Indiim  corn 

In'iian  rubber 

Indigo 

Iriflammablo  air 

Inorganic  matter  in 
plants 

Inorginlc  manures 

Inulin 

Iodides 

(o'ltno 

lodlno  in  Boa  water 

Iron 

Irrigation 

ItingluHH 

Ivory 

JONrPRR 

Ktxp 
Kdni'yH 

Kll.-drjtnjf 
Klmchwn^'Cr 
IjAcrrc  nold 


Latent  heat 

Lead 

Leather 

Leaven 

Leaves 

Leaves,  fall  of  the 

Leaves,  office  of 

Lees  of  wine 

Legumine 

Lemons 

Lentils 

Lettuce 

Light,  effects  of 

Light,  influence  on 
plants 

Lighting  a  fire 

Lignin 

Lime 

Lime,  action  on  soil 

Lime  and  salt 

Lime,    biphosphate 

Lime,  burning      [of 

Lime,  carbonate 

Lime,  caustic 

Lime,  citrate 

Lime,  hydrate  of 

Lime  in  plants 

Lime,  muriate  of 

Lime,  nitrate  of 

Lime,  oxalate  of 

Lime,  phosphate  of 

Lime,  silicate  of 

Lime,  slaking 

Li-^aestone         [sian 

LiincsLoue,  magne- 

Limo,  sulphate  of 

ji.iis,     superphos- 
paate  ot 

Lime,  when  useful 

Lime,  when  not  to 
be  used 

Limes,  jaice  of 

Linen 

Linseed 

fjiqueurP 

Li'iu'd  manure 

Liquid    manure 

Licharga        [tanks 

Liver 

Loss  of  naanura 

Luoeciie 

Lung's  of  animals 

Macakoni 

Magnesia 

Magnesia,  carbon- 
ate of 

Magnesia  in  plants 

Magnesia,    muriate 
of 

Magnesia,    phos- 
phate  of 

Maguesia,siltcate  of 

Magnesia,  sulphate 
of 

Magoesian  lime- 
stone 

Magnesium 

Magnesium,   chlo- 
ride of 

Magnesium, oxide  of 

Maize 

Malt 

Malting 

Malic  acid 

Manganese 

Manganese    in 
plants 

Manganese  in  soils 

Manganese.oxide  of 

Mangold  Wurzel 

Manures 

Maple  HUgar 

Muraschiuo 

Marble 

Mark  of  Grapes 

Margarine 

Marl 

Mashing 

Mead 

Meat  h'liling 

Meat  roasting 

Medicines,  action  of 

Mercury 

Mercury,  chlorides 

Mercury,  oxides  of 

Mercury,    Hulphurot 

Metallic  alloyn     [of 

Metallic  oxides 

Metallic  salts 

M eta la 

Milk 

Millot 

Minium 

Mixture 

Mixture  of  soils 

Mol>iH*c-i 

Mordaunts 

M(»rlar 

MoHaic  gold 

Mould 

MouUlcrIng 

Mouldiiioss 

Mucilage 

M  urlatc  of  ammonia 

Muriate  of  Ittiiu 

Muriate   of  luignc-. 

Murlatu  of  hu>1ii  [>la 

MiirinrcH 


VOLUME. 

Mjri:»lic  acid 

Muscle 

Muscovado  sugar 

Musk 

Wust 

\  ustard 

Napbtha 

Kascent  state 

Natural  vegetation 

MghtBoil       [fected 

IVightsoil,     disin- 

JTitrate  of  lime 

Mitrate  of  potash 

titrate  of  soda 

titrate  of  silver 

-Vitrates 

Mitratea,  in  plants 

Nitre 

■Nitre  beds 
I  Nitre,  cubic 
j  Nitric  acid 
I  Nitric  acid  in    ma- 
I  Nitrogen  [nure 

Noyeau 

Nutrition  of  plants 

Nutrition     of     ani- 

Oae  ashes       [mals 

Oats 

Odours  of  plants 

Oil 
I  Oilcake 

Oil,  castor 

Oil  of  cloves 

Oil,  cocoa-nut 

Oil,  dregs 

Oil,  drying 

Oil.  fat 

Oil,  fised 

Oil,  linseed 

Oil,  rousiard 

Oil  of  lavender 

Oil  of  lemons 

Oil  of  turpentine 

Oil  of  vitriol 

Oil,  olive 

Oil,  poppy 

Oil,  rape 

Oil,  rock 

Oil  seeds 

Oil,  volatile 

Oieine 

Opodeldoc 

Ores,  roasting  of 

Organic  acids 

Organic  manures 

Organic  matter 

Orijanic  substances 
in  soils 

Organic  transform- 
ations 

Organised  matter 

Oxalate   in   lime  in 

Oxalic  acid    [plants 

Oxalis 

Oxide,  carbonic 

Oxide  of  copper 

Oxide  of  iron 

Oxide  of  lead 

Oxide  of  manganese 

Oxide  of  mercury 

Oxide  of  silver 

Oxide  of  tin 

Oxides,  metallic 

Oxygen 

Paint,  white 

Palm  juice 

Paper  blenched  by 

Paring        [chlorine 

Parmesan  cheese 

Parsnip 

Paste 

Pearlash 

Peas 

Peat  ashes 

Pec  tine 

Per-oxides 

Perry 

Persalts 

Petre 

Petro.  salt 

Pewter 

Ph<iBpbates 

PhoHphoric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid  in 
plants 

Phohphoric  acid  in 
bone  [water 

PhoHphoric  acid  In 

Phosphorus 

Pli:kling  cabbage 

Piuo-applcs 

Piport,  bursting  of 

Pt.ch 

PliuitR,  composition 

PlantH,  dcuih  of  [of 

I'luntH,  dnca^  of 

Plants  deoomiinse 
carbonic  acid  [ulr 

Fiunts,  elTiiut  uf,  on 
tho 

Plants,  olom'^nts  of 

PlaniH,  food  of 

PiaritH,  growth  of 

I'liiHtor  ul  Paris 

PlitHtcr  stonu 

l'M)ugri,  HubHull 


olcn'a 


Pond  mud 
Poppy  seed 
Porter 

Potash  [of 

Potash,    binoxalate 
Potash, bitartr'ate  ot 
Potash, carbonate  of 
Potash,  caustic 
Potash  in  plants 
Potash  in  the  soil 
Potash,  muriate  of 
Pot^ish,  nitrate  of 
Potash,  salts  of 
Potash,  silicate  of 
Potash,  sulphate  of 
Potashes 
Potassium 
Potassium,  chloride 
Potato  [of 

Potato  haulm 
Potato  spirit 
Potato  starch 
Pota'o,  sweet 
Pottery 

Principles,  active 
Proportions 
Protein 
Proto-salts 
Protoxides 
Proximate  animal 
Pruning  [principles 
Putretaciion 
Putrefaction,  influ- 
ence of  lime  in 
Putrefying  animal 

matter 
Putiid  fermentation 
Putrid  urine 
Putty  powder 
Pyrites 

Pyrites,  copper 
Pyroligneous  acid 
Pyroiignites 
Pyrosylic  spirit 

QOARTZ 

QuaEeruary  com- 

Qoicklime    [pounds 

(Quicksilver 

ItAiN  water 

Raiains 

Rape  seed 

Rape  vine 

lied  cabbage 

Red  lead 

Refuse  of  gas  works 

Rennet 

Hcsms 

Respiration       (tion 

Results  of  combus- 

Re-;ults  of  putrefac- 

Rhubarb  [tiou 

Rice 

Ripening  of  fruit 

River  mud 

River  water 

Road  drift 

Rock  salt 

Rocket  [tion  of 

Rocks,    disintegra- 

Roman  vitriol 

Roots 

Rotation  of  crops 

Ruby 

Rum 

Hushes,  Butch 

Rust  of  iron 

Rye 

Rje  sti'aw 

Saccharine  matter 

Saiety-lamp 

Saijo 

Sainfoin 

Sal-ammoniac 

Saline  compounds 

Saline  draughts 

Saline  manures 

Salt 

Salt  and  limo 

Salt  bay 

Salt,  common 

Salt  in  sea  water 

Salt,  rock 

Salt,  spirit  cf 

Salt,  sea 

Salt,  solution  of,  in 

-Sultpetro        [water 

Salts 

Smd 

8apphiro 

Sawdust 

Scbiediira 

Sua   fowl,    exore- 

Soa-wuter  [ments  of 

St'a-wood 

Seeds 

Soi-d,  formation  of 

Suird-*,  ((ormlnation 

ScodH,  Htuoping    [of 

S(*irllUz  jiowdurs 

Selection    by    roolH 

Suriiolina  [of  plants 

Shell  sand 

SholU 

SIlox 

Slllua 

silica  In  plantfl 

Silica  In  Hod,  uHo  ot 

Silicate  uf  aluniina 


Silicate  of  lime 

Silicate  of  magnesia 

Silicate  of  potash 

Silicate  of  soda 

Silicates 

Silicic  acid 

Silicon 

Silk  dyeing 

Silver 

Silver,  chloride  of 

Silver,  nitrate  of 

Silver,  oxide  of 

Silver,  salts  of 

Silver,  sulphuret  of 

Size 

Size, resin 

Skimmed  milk 

Skin 

Slaking  of  lima 

Slag 

Smells,  foul 

Smoke 

Straw  ashes 

Straw  of  barley 

Straw  of  buckwheat 

Straw  of  lentils 

Straw  of  maize 

Straw  of  oats 

Straw  of  rye 

Straw  of  vetch 

Siraw  of  wheat 

Strong  manures 

Sub-salts 

Subsoil 

Subsoil  ploughing 

Substratum 

Suffocation    from 

Sugar        [charcoal 
Sugar,  barley 
Sugar,  candy 
Sugar,  formation  of 
Sugar  of  lead 
Sugar  of  milk 
Sugar,  refinmg 
Sugar     refiners' 

waste 
Sulphates 
Sulphur 

Sulphur  in  plants 
Suphuret  of  iron 
Sulphuret  of  lead 
Sulphuret  of  silver 
Sulphurets 
Smelting 
Soap 

Soap-boiling 
Soap,  decompoai- 
Soap,  soft      [tion  of 
Soap,  transparent 
Soap,  yellow 
Soapmaker's  ash 
Soda 

Soda,  carbonate  of 
Soda  in  rocks 
Soda  in  plants 
Soda  in  soils 
Soda,  muriate  of 
Soda,  nitrate  of 
Soda,  silicate  of 
Soda,  sulphate  of 
Sodium 

Sodium,  chloride  of 
Soft  water 
Soil 

Soils,  analysis  of 
Soil,  colour  of 
Soils.composition  of 
Soils,  exhaustion  of 
Soils,  formation  of 
Soils,  mixture  of 
Soils,  nature  of 
Solder 
Soot 
Sorrel 
Soup 

Specific  gravity 
Spices 
Spirit  proof 
Spirit,  pyroxylio 
Spirit  of  salt 
Spirit  of  wine 
Sponge 
Spring  water 
Springe 
Stall  feeding 
Starch 
Steam 
Stearic  aoid 
Stearine 
Still 

Stilton  cheoso 
Sulphuret  of  tin 
Sulphurottud  hy- 
drogen 
Sulfihurlo  acid 
Sulplmroob  acid 
SulpliurouH        acid 
chuoUs  formuma- 
Suntlowor  [tion 

Sunllowiir  seed 
Snpcr-sallrt       [limo 
Supor.plioHph'Ue  of 
Supor-turtrato  of 
Rwodcs        [potash 

TAIIASIiliKa 
Tannin 
rariiilng 
Tiipiocii 


Tar 

Tarnish  on  silver 

Tartar 

Tartaric  acid 

Tartrates 

Teeth 

Tc-rn  a  ry  compounds 

Teats,  Vegetable 

Thermometer 

Thunderbolt 

Tiles 

Tin 

Tin,  oxide  of 

Tin  plate 

Tin,  sulphuret  of 

Toast 

Toasted  choesQ 

Tobacco 

Toddy 

Treac'e 

Tropical  countries 

Tubers 

Turf-aehes 

Turmeric 

Turnips 

Turpentine 

Turpentine,  oil  Of 

Urate  of  ammonia 

Urea 

Uric  acid 

Urine 

Use  of  leaves 

Use  of  plants 

Usquebaugh 

Vapoue  condensed 

by  cold 
Vapour  in  the  air 
Vegetable  alkalies 
Vegetable  manure 
Veijetables,   boiling 
Veins  [of 

Vermilion 
Vetch 
Vinegar 

Vme^car  distilled 
Vinous      fermenta> 
Vitriol,  blue      [tion 
Vitriol,  green 
Vitriol,  oil  of 
Vitriol,  white 
Volatile  alkali 
Volatile  oil 

Walnots 

Wash,  distillers* 

Water 

''Vater,    action    on 

Water,  air  in    [lead 

Water,  composition 

of 
Water,  freezing  of 
Water,  hard 
Water.impurities  in 
Wuter,  mineral 
Water  necessary  to 

plants 
Water,  New  River 
Water,    phosphorio 

acid  in 
Water,  pure 
Water,  rain 
Water,  sea 
Water,  soft 
Water,  spring 
Water,  Thames 
Water,  well 
Wax 

Weed- ash 
Weeds, 

Weeds,  burning  of 
Weeds,  putrefaction 
Weeds, spread  of  [of 
Wheat  grain 
Wheat  straw 
Wheat  starch 
Whey 
Whiskey 
White  lead 
White  of  egg 
Wine 

Wine,  brandy 
Wine,  domestic 
Wine,  ferinen'.ation 
Wino,  fining  of    [of 
Wine,  pricked 
Wine,  ripening  of 
Wino,  vinegar 
Wood  Fibhes 
Wood  Spirit 
Woody  fibre 
Wool 

Wool  dyeing 
Wool,  mill  rofuso 
Wool  rags 
Wool  soap 
Wort 

Wort,  foxineoB  of 
Xyloidine 
Veabt 

Yotint  ai  rannuro 
Yeast,  artlficiiil 
Yeast,  bad 
YuuBt,  dry 

ZlNO 

/-mc,  obloride  of 
Zinc,  oxide  of 
Zinc,  BUlphatu  of 


Published  by  J.  MATrnews,  at  tho  Office  of  the  Qa/rdcnera*  Chronicle,  5,  Upper  Wcllington-Btrcofc,  Strand,  Loiulon  ;  and  may  Ijo  had  by  order  of  any  Bookseller. 


496 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [July  31. 


SOWERBY'S  ENGLISH  BOTANY. 
First  Edi'ion,  royal  8vo. 
The  few  remaiiuiij;  copiea  of  this  work,  forming  8G  Volumes, 
and  cOD'-aiuinj,'  '25P2  Plates,  full  coloured,  to  be  sold.  Price  \>^t 
copy,  in  Numb-r.'*,  ^ol ,  ori;^inally  publii^hed  at  551.  A  poriioo 
of  the  pla'ts  will  be  new.  Booksellers  aod  scientitiL*  Itiaiitu 
tioDS  allowi^d  a  discount  of  lo  per  ceut.  Early  application  to 
the  proprietor  is  desirable,  aa  the  copies  will  be  delivered  when 
ready  in  the  order  they  are  subscribed  for. 

John   E.  SoWEBBr,  3,  Mead. place.  Lambeth.  London, 

THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS  ALWAYS  ON  SALE? 

AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THIS  PAPFK. 
Price  3(i,,  or  53.  lor  '2b  cupios  for  dietribuciou  ariionc:  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivt^red  anywbere  in  London,  on  a  Post-office 
order  being  Bent  r,o  the  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Oardenei-a'  Chronicle.  In  condeq-jence  of  the 
new  postal  arraui^etnet-'S,  parties  in  the  country  who  desire 
it  can  tiave  copies  sent  by  post;  bii  etaaips,  in  addicion  to 
the  co'st  of  the  nun.oer?,  will  pass  10  copies  free  by  post.  The 
cofit  of  a  Rinale  cpy    iVfe  by  poHf:,  is  7d. 

THE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR    OF    GARDEN 
OPERATIONS. 
By  Sir  Jnstpn  Paxton. 
Reprinted  from   thr   '^ardeneks'  Chbonicle  ;  above  72,000 
have  already  been  soli^. 

CONTENTS, 

Giiiaa  Plumg 

Gooseberries  Pnlyanthus 

Grafting  Pi-tatoes 

G-reeu  fly  Pruning 

Heartsease  Privet 

Herbs  Propagate    by    cut- 
Herbaceous  Peren-         tings 

nials  Pyracantha 

Heliotrope  RadiRbes 

Hollyhocks  Ranuuculus 

Honeysuckle  Raspberries 

Horse-radish  Rhubarb 

Hyacinths  Rockets 

Hydrangeas  Roses 

Hyssop  Rue 

Indian  Cress  Rustic  vases 

Iris  Sage 

Kidney  Beans  Salvias 

Lavender  Savnys 

Layeiing  Saxifryge 

Leeks  Scarlet  Runner 
Leptosipbons  Beans 

Lettuce  Seeds 

Lobelias  Sea  Daisy  or  Thrift 

London  Pride  Seakale 

Lychnis,  Double  Select  Flowers 

Marigold  Select       Vegetables 
Marjoram  and  Fruit 

Manures  Snails  anb  Slugs 

Marvel  of  Peru  Snowdrops 

Mesembryauthe-  Spinach 

mums  Spruce  Fir 

Mignonette  Spur  pruning 

Mint  Stocks 

Mustard  Strawberries 

Narcissus  Summer  Suvory 

Nemophitas  Sweet  William 
CEiiothera  bifrons        Thorn  Hedges 

Onions  Thyme 

Pieonies  Tigridia  Pavonia 

Parsnip  Transplanting 

Parsley  Tree  lifting 

Peaches  Tulips       ^ 

Pea-huulm  Turnips 

Pefirs  Vegetable  Cookery 

Pcfit         '  Venus's     Looking. 
Pelargoniums  G  lass 

PereuiiiaJs  Verbenas 

Persian  Iris  Vines 

Petunias  VirginianStocks 

Phlox  Watlflowors 

Pigs  Willows 

Pinks  Ziuaias 
Planting 


African  Liliee 

Agapanthus 

Anemones 

Annuals 

Apples 

Apricot 

Auriculas 

Beans 

Beet 

Biennials 

Black  Fly 

Books  for  Cottagers 

Borage 

Borecole 

Box  edgings 

Broccoli 

Brussels  sprouts 

Budding 

Bulhs 

Cabbage 

Cactus 

Calceolarias 

Californian  Annuals 

Campanulas 

Carnations 

Carrots 

Cauliflowers 

Celery 

Cherries 

China  Asters 

China  Roses 

Chrysanthemums, 
Chinese 

Chives 

Clarkias 

Clematis 

Collinsias 

Cole  wort 

Cress 

Creepers 

Crocus 

Crown  Imperials 

Cucumbers 

Cultiuation  of  flow- 
eta  in  Windows 

Currants 

DahliasDaises 

Dog's- Tooth  Violets 

Exhibitions,        pre- 
paring articles  tor 

Feme,  as  proteciioo 

Fruit 

Fuchsias 

Geutianella 


Price  3s.  6rf.  (post  free). 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical  Instructions  for  its 
Formation  and  Culture.      Illustrated  by  '24  Woodcuts, 
Reprinted  from  the  GAaoENEBs'  Cheokicle,  with  additions. 
CONTENTS. 

Planting  out,  ar- 
rangement of 
trees,  iSic. 

Pushing  eye,  spring 
treatment  of  dwarf 
shoots  from 

Roses,  differentsorts 
on  the  same  stock 

Roses,  short  list  of 
desirablesortsfor 
budding  with  a 
pushing  eye 

Sap-bud,  treatment 
of 

Shape  of  trees 

Shoots  and  buds, 
choice  of 

Shoots  for  budding 
Upon,  and  their 
arrangement 

Shoots,  keeping 
even,  and  remov- 
ing thorns 

Shortening  wild 
shoots 

Stocks,  planting  out 
for  budding  upon ; 
the  means  of  pro- 
curing ;  colour, 
age,  height;  sorts 
for  difterent  spe- 
cies of  Hose  ;  tak- 
ing up,  trimming 
roots,    sending  a 


Annual  pruning 
time,  principle  of 
execution,  &c. 

Binding  up 

Budding  knife 

Budding,  time  of 
year,  day,  time  of 
day,  state  of  the 
plant,c:ireof  buds 

Budding  upon  body 

Bud,  insertion  of, 
into  stock 

Bud.preparation  of, 
for  use 

Buds,  dormant  and 
pushing 

Buds,  failing 

Buds,  securing  a 
supply  of 

aterpil  lars,  slugs, 
and  snails,  to 
destroy 

Causes  of  success 

Dormant  buds, 

theory  of  repl;mt- 
ingwith  explained 

Guards    against 

Labelling        (wind 

Loosing  ligatures 

March  pruning 

Mixture  for  healing 
wounds 

Pruning  for  trans- 
plantation 


distance,  shorten, 
ing  heads,    inc. 
saw    proper    foi 
the  purpose 
GRAFTING. 

Aphides,  to  keep 
down 

Free-growers,  re- 
marks on 

Graft,  binding  up 
and  finishing 

Grafting,  advantage 
of 

Grafting,  disadvan- 
tage of 

Operation  in  differ- 
ent months 

Preliminary  obser- 
vations 

Roses,  catalogue 
and  brief  descrip- 
tion of  a  few  sorts 

Scion,  preparation 
and  insertion  of 

Scion,  choice  and 
arrangement  of 

Stock,   preparation 
of 
APPENDIX. 

A  selection  of  vari- 
eties 

Comparison  be- 
tween  budding 
and  (grafting 

Just  Published,  price  I*.  Gd.,  free  by  post  Is.  lOd. 

LABELS     FOR     THE      HERBARIUM, 
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Classes,  AUiances,  Orders^  and  Sub-Orders 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'3  "VEGETABLE  KINGDOM." 

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RNAMENTaL  and    DOMESTIC   POULTRY  ; 
their  History  and    Management,      By  the  Rev.  Edmund 
°*y^J^'5toN,  M.A.,  Rect'T  ol  Intwood  with  Keswick. 

"  This  book  is -the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  can 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry.'*— 5tjr. 
(IJW7  Observer. 

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RESEARCHES  AND  OBSERVATIONS  ON 
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London  :  Longm4N,. Beown,  Green,  and  Longmans. 


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"  A  very  intertstinp  and  instructive  account,  and  certain  to 
have  a  large  sale," — Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

■*  An  original  ;  bearicijc  no  resemOlance  to  anything  of  the 
kind  before." — Gardeners'  and  Farmers'  Journal. 

"  This  is  a  praciicul  truatise  by  a  man  of  experience,  who 
has  therein  noted  down,  pj-o  6o»io  pub'ic-y,  what  has  transpired 
under  his  own  eje.  Hia  experiments  in  artiticiul  incubation 
will  be  read  with  interest." — Ktdd's  Oion  Journal. 


Now  rcadv,  price  23.  each,  Nos,  1  to  3  of 

MEYER'S  COLOURED  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF 
BRITISH  BIRDS  AND  THEIR  EGGS.— Tliis  is  too 
most  complete  and  beautiful  work  of  the  kind  ever  offered  to 
the  public.  Each  Nuinbur  contains  Fooa  accurately  coloured 
Plates,  executed  by  the  author,  with  descriptions.  Thio  new 
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order  of  any  buokseUer  in  the  kingdom.  The  tiret  Number 
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Pdbhsued  bt  G.  Willis,  Cotent-gahden,  London. 


Fifty-third  Edition.     Is.  8d.,  in  red  leather, 

rpHE  INTELLECTUAL  CALCULATOR.     A  cora- 

-«-  plcte  Course  of  Slate  and  Mental  Arithmetic  on  a  graduated 
system,  including  all  the  usual  rule^. 

This  work  has  been  eulogised  by  Lord  Broughum  in  the  House 
of  Lordfl,  and  been  highly  approved  by  the  le.nling  revie%veis, 
aTid  by  the  tirst  eilucaiion-il  authoritiee.  See  also  Lidt  of  Boolis 
of  Committee  of  Privy  Cuu;icil. 

The  proprietors  of  many  pronperous  scholastic  estiiblishments 
asciibe  iheir  success  :o  tIib  imroduciion  of  thi«  Aiithinetie  ; 
ami  very  many  dibtiiigui^hed  quick  mental  calculati.rs  in  the 
mercantile  bouses  of  Loudon,  Liverpool,  Manchi's'er,  Ghisgoiv, 
Calcutta,  the  West  ladies,  and  Australia,  are  proud  to  attri- 
bute ibeir  success  to  it.  The  results  of  its  sjsteiri  of  Mental 
Arithmetic,  even  in  very  young  pupils,  actouish  the  best 
mathematicians  and  the  practised  men  of  bu^inebs. 

Loudon  :  SlMPEiN,  Marshall,  and  Co.,  Hamilton  and  Co., 
Whittaker  and  Co.,  LoNQiiAN  and  Co. ;  and  all  BouUseilers. 


Second  Edition,  in  8vo,  price  14s,  cloth, 

ENGLISH  AGRICULTURE  in  1850  and  1851: 
-■ — *  Its  Condition  and  Peospects.  With  Descriptions  in 
detail  of  ihe  best  modea  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nearly  every 
County  of  England,  By  James  Gaird,  Esq.,  of  Baldoon,  the 
Times'  Coiiiinissioner.     Reprinted  by  permiogion. 

"  The  moat  extensive,  and,  taUen  as  a  whole,  the  most  com- 
plete account  of  the  actual  ft^teof  English  hu'^handry  which 
has  appeared  since  the  publications  of  Arthur  Youiig  arn!  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  ciinnoc  fail  to  be  eminently  service- 
able to  the  cause  of  progressive  as  distiuguiehed  Jriuu  routine 
agriculture."— -Economiti. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans, 


TAYLOR'S    BEE-KEEPER'S    MANUAL. 

Fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  with  nearly  100 
11  ustrations,  price  4s  ,  post  Iree, 

THE   BEE-KEEPER'S    MANUAL;    or    Practical 
Hints  on  the  Management  and  compleie  Preservation  of 
the  lloney  Bee.     By  Henet  Taylor. 

London  :  Groombridge  and  Sons,  5,  Paternoster-row  j 
and  all  Booksellers. 


A  USTIN'S    ARTIFICIAL    STONE     WORKS.— 

-^^  As  new  models  have  during  the  last  few  years  increased 
far  beyond  the  poiisibility  of  their  being  exhibited  in  ibe  Shnw. 
Yard  of  the  Establishment,  and  as  in  consequence  the  public 
are  not  generally  awure  of  the  enormous  STOCK  of  ORNA- 
MENTAL WOllKS  awaiting  the  demand  for  ihem,  it  appears 
desirable  to  inform  gentlemen  now  engaged  in  the  arrangtment 
of  thi  ir  grounds,  that  the  stock  consists  of  193  different  de'-igns 
of  Vases  and  Tazzas,  74  S'atues  of  various  Fizea,  15  Flower 
Baskets  ditto,  o8  Fiijuresof  Animals,  15  ditto  of  Birds,  I'l -Shells 
(various  sizes),  22  Sun-dial  Pedestals,  34  Baptismal  Fonts. 
Jardinieres,  for  large  miisses  of  Flowers,  and  a  collePtii>n  of 
Fountains,  quite  Ufprecedeuted,  at  prices  ranging  from  iOOl. 
down  to  lOJ.— J.  Seelei  (laie  Austin  and  Seeley),  1  to  4,  Keppcl 
How,  New  Road,  HeReni's  Park,  London. 


PATENT  SILICEOUS  STONE  COMPANY.— 
Provisionally  registered.  Capital,  50,C0f)t.,  in  500()  shares 
of  101.  each.  Deposit,  Is.  per  share,  to  be  paid  on  allotment, 
and  21.  9s.  on  complete  registration.  Future  culls,  not 
exceeding  '21. 10s.  per  share,  to  be  made  at  intervals  of  not  less 
than  three  months. 

The  t'bject  of  this  company  is  to  matmrocturo  an  artificial 
Siliceous  Stone,  under  the  Patents  of  Mr.  Frtd.  Ransome,  of 
Ipswich.  The  material  IS  well  known,  extensively  used,  and 
capable  of  indefinite  application,  and  a  very  large  demnnd 
exists  at  present,  at  a  high  rate  of  profit.  It  is  adupted 
especially  for  all  kinds  of  ducoralivo  stone  work,  and  for 
filters,  ikc. 

Applications  for  shares  (to  Gth  of  August),  to  be  addressed  to 
the  Secretary,  at  iho  OfBiiea  of  the  Company,  71,  Cornhill,  or 
to  A.  B.  Cook,  Esq.,  Slock  Bioker,  Suu  Cuamber.-:,  Threud- 
needle-street. 

Pi  OEpec'uses  may  be  obtained,  and  specimens  of  the  stone 
ecD,  at  the  office  daily,  from  11  lo  3. 

By  order  W.Thouson,  Secretary. 


TO    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEIM,    &    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Mr.  P.  Wicks,  to  sell  by  Aaotion  on  the 
preraiBes  in  Waterloo-street,  near  the  Wuterloo  Arms, 
Camberwell,  on  TDESDAY,  August  3,  1852,  at  11  o'clock 
precisely,  without  reserve,  (in  consequence  of  the  proprietor 
returoinc  to  Africa),  the  whole  of  his  importation  of  new  and 
rare  ALPINE  PLANTS  and  SEEDS,  consintiug  of  70  boxes, 
70  1  pots,  and  about  100  papers  of  various  seed',  such  as 
yellow  Pelsri^oniuras.  Papilionaceous  and  other  varieties ; 
also,  five  species  Double  Oxalis,  Lachenalia  aurea,  <bc..  ail  ia 
a  good  growing  condition.  May  be  viewed  the  morning  of 
sale. — Ca'-alogues  oi-jy  be  had  of  the  principal  seedsmen  in 
Li'udon,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Amtricaa  Nursery,  Leyion- 
stone.  Essex. 


COCHIN    CHINA    FOWLS. 
iVf  R.    J.   C.    STEVENS   will    sell   by    Auction,  on 

iiX    FRIDAY,  Augusts,  at  Messrs.  ShepperdN,  Ravensboume 
Farm.  Mili-Iaoe,   near    the    Broadwav,    Deptford,    at  12   for 
1  oVlnck  precisely,  the  ENTIRE  STOCK  OF  AN  AMATEUR,    l 
including  70  pairs  of  fine  Chickenw,  from  8  to  20  weeks  old, 
several  specimens  weighing  between  7  and  3  lbs.     They  are  of  | 
the  purest  blood,  gond  colour,  and  in  excellent  conditioa. —   ' 
May  be  viewed  afeerll  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  sale,  and 
Caialoguea  had  on  the  premise",  and  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Stlvens,  33, 
Kmtr-Htreet.  Covent-fard^n,    London. 

NEWCOURT,    NEAR   EXETER. 
IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  RARE  AND  VALUABLE  PLANTS, 

Consisting  of  very  choice  Orchids,  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
plants,  Indian  Azaleae,  Geraniums,  Fuchsias,  tfec,  &c,  ; 
Massive  Services  of  Plate,  cooioiniog  about  350't  ounces, 
richly  Embossed  Plated  Articles,  a  brilliant  toned  6^  Octave 
Grand  Pianoforte,  in  an  elaborately  carved  Rosewood  case, 
by  Collard  and  Collard  (recently  new),  120  d^'zen  of  choice 
Old  Wines,  Library  of  Books,  Modern  Cai  ringed,  Silver- 
mounted  HarnesFi,  &c.,  the  property  of  the  late  Mrs.  HalpoeDj 
deceased.  The  valuable  collectirin  of  Plants  contains  many 
remarkaby  fine  specimens,  which  are  well  worth  the  atten- 
tion of  Plant  cultivators. 

REED  AND  WARREN  are  directed  by  the  Trustees 
to   offer  the  above   coptly   property   to  unreserved  com- 
petition, at  Newcourt,  on  TUESDAY,  the  17th  day  of  August 
next,  and  Three  following  days,  at  11  for  12  o'clock  each  day 
punctually.    The  whole  will  be  on  view  (by  Catalogue  only)  on 
Saturday  and  Mondny  preceding  the  sale,  from  12  to  4  o'clock,  i 
Descriptive    Catalogues  may    be   obtained    of   Me3prs.  Geaee,  ' 
Modntf.iRD  and  Geaee,    Proctor  and  Solicitors,   Exeter;  of' 
Mi:-ssrs.  LucoMBE,  Pince.  and  Co.,  Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter;  or; 
of  the    Auctioneers,    Wonford,   near    Exeter,    on    and    after, 
Tuesday,   the  3d  of  August,  at  25.  each,  or  by  post  free,  on' 
receipt  of  30  postage  stamps  (returnable  to  purchasers),  i 

Arrangement  (<F  Sale.— First  day,  the  Orchids  and  Stove 
Piaiita  ;  Second  day,  the  Greenhouse  Plants,  Azaleas,  &c.  - 
Third  day,  the  Plate,  Plated  Articles,  Pianoforte,  Carriages, 
Harness,  «fcc. ;  Fourth  day,  the  Wines  and  B  oks. 

N.  B.  There  will  be  no  admittance  to  the  grounds  on  the  dayo 
of  view  and  sale,  but  by  Caialoiiuea. 

Wonford,  rear  Exeter,  July  31. 

TO   EXPERIMENTAL  AGRICULTURISTS   X  OTHERS 
^"^O  BE   LET,  16    Acres   of   LAND,    Pipe-drained, 
-L    situated  in  Wood-lane,  Shepherd's  Bush,  about  three  miles  | 
from  Oxford-street  — For  particular,*,   apply  to  Messrs.  Lact 
and  Bridges,  19,  King's  Arjns-yard,  Coleman-street,  London.    ■ 

TO    MARKET   GARDENERS.  j 

TO  BE  LET,  and  entered  on  immediately,  about  I 
12  to  20  Acres  of  Capital  LAND,  about  five  miles  from] 
Oxford-street  and  Hyde-pHrk-corner,  in  excellent  condiiion,' 
well  cropped,  and  with  or  without  House. — Apply  to  Mr.  Trys.. 
Estate  Agent,  (i3.  Upper  Chailotte-slrfet,  Fitzroy-Bqunre. 


FARM   TO    LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  entered  upon  at  Michaelmas  next, 
a  capital  SUEIiP  and  CORN  FARM,  containing  340 
Acies  of  Land,  220  of  which  are  arable,  and  the  remninder 
PaBture,  with  convenient  homestead,  situate  within  sixmilesj 
of  Cirencester.     A  Lease  will  be  granted  if  required. 

For  particulars,  inquire  of  Messrs.  Bra  vender  and  Trindeb,, 
Land  Ai;ents  and  Surveyors,  Cirencester.  j 


TORQUAY. 

TO  BE  LET,  with  immediate  possession,  a  gentee 
COTTAGE  RESIDENCE  and  small  FARM,  of  about  3( 
acres  of  arable  and  pasture  land,  pleasantly  situate  in  th( 
village  of  South  Whelboroui;h  (the  air  of  which  is  most  salU' 
briouf^).  in  the  parish  of  Kingskerswell,  about  three  miles  fron: 
Torquay  and  Newton  Abbott.  The  house  contains  ball,  dioin| 
and  drawing  room,  five  bed  rooms  and  a  dressing  room 
1' itch  ens,  washhouse,  dairy,  cellar,  and  other  convenien 
offices;  an  excellent  fruit  and  flower  garden.  The  farm 
bu'ldin^s  are  detached,  but  within  view,  and  have  undcrgoni 
es'eusive  repairs  and  improvements.  For  viewing  apply  t( 
Rdwakd  Aggatt,  on  the  premises  ;  farther  particulars  uf  Mr 
John  Wall,  Rock  Cottage,  Kingskerswell;  of  the  proprietor 
Mr.  Hammich,  H,  Pali-mall ;  or  Mr.  John  Dawson,  Land 
agent  and  Auctioneer,  -(9,  Pall  mall,  London. 


WANTED  TO  PURCHASE,  from  20  to  200  acre; 
of  LAND,  situated  on  the  Chalk  or  Sand  Hills,  and  wl-hii 
10  to  3o  miles  of  London,  sou'h  of  'he  Thames.  A  large  hous 
on  the  property  would  be  an  objection.  Letters  to  be  addres?ei 
to  E.,  Gardeners'  Chronicle  Office,  5,  Upper  Wellington-streel 
Covent  Garden,  London. 


ry^ANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Frui 
J-  Trees  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Birds,  and  (or  the  stcurit 
of  Fresh-sown  Seeds,  either  in  Gardens  or  Fields,  at  Id-  pe 
yard  ;  200  yards  for  143.,  5(10  yards  for  oHs.,  1000  yards  for  50s. 
Wax  Netting,  for  aviaries,  Jjc,  at  Zd.  per  square  yard 
Scrim  Canvas  for  wall  fruit.  Sun  Blinds  in  great  variety 
Ri.  k  Cloths,  wi'.b  poles,  &c.  Marqutes,  Tents,  Tarpauling' 
ivc— At  Edgingt  tN  and  Cl>.'s,  17,  Sraithfield-bars,  and  01 
Kent.rnad.  Lond 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjo 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  monihs  should  coi 
struct  their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  COSCRETi 
which  are  formed  ihus:— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  pat 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  an 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  T 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cemen 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applyii 
the  ^yater.  It  mny  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Ai 
labourer  can  mix  bud  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyoi 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  roc) 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  tl 
actiim  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  m 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  pal 
towards  the  hides.— Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  Whh 
and  Sons,  Millbank-street.  Westminster. 


Printed  by  William  Bbahbobt,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wobum-place.  In  t 
purish  oi  St.  Pancrns,  and  Fbbdbkick  Mollett  Evans,  of  i^o.  7.  Cbnw 
row  Stoke  NewiiiK'on,  both  lu  the  Coamy  oi  lliddlen'-x  Prinicrn,  ut  th 
Office  lu  Lombard-Btreet,  in  the  Freciucc  n(  VVb  ipfriarB,  in  the  City 
Loutliin ;  and  published  by  them  at  the  oQice,  No.  5,  Ciiarlen-street, 
the  pariah  of  St.  Paul's.  Cogent- RardeQ.  Id  the  aaid  County,  where 
Adv-rtieeiD'nts  Dnd  CommuDicntionB  are  to  be  ADOsBBSBDiOTaE  BoiTt 
I  Satubdat.  JPI.T31.  185i, 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTU 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News-— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Liudley. 


TTo.  32.— 1S52.] 


SATURDAY,    AUGUST  7. 


[Price  %d. 


INDEX, 


Urrlcoltnnl  College SO'i  t 

LUamaudacathtrtlca 501  a 

Sees   hOi  a 

BerberiB  D&rwiDii    B<^1   i 

Jirds    jOI  I 

looks  received 502  ( 

3&]endar,  boiticultan] 9O4  c 

—    aTficuHur*!    510  t 

>pe  of  Good  Hope — Simon's 

Towo   503  ( 

>op!,  re^aniBof. :  506  a-507  0 

Drinks,  cooling bni  / 

Eifj-h.tchefs    ..  510  0 

Psrm,  Ur.  MecM's 510  c 

PsTming  la  Norihamp  toot  hire, 

reT -   510  i 

PIm,  New  Z'sUnd 503  t- 

Floweri,  TSriesatioa  of. 50-*  I 

Pruit,  to  botile 50*  I 

Pnchsia  grac  lis 5i'3  1 


dorticultmal     SoeIet7*B     new 

(chedule   499  i 

L&nd,  transTer  of, ,  506  1 

Leafbutning 501 


Level,  new < 

Manure,  liquid £ 

MpIoi  KFOWiUK    £ 

Mildew,  Wheat    I 

Maabroom",  poiibnoui ,,.  i 

I'aiijnies,  10  hybridise ■ 

Penches.  large i 

Pip"s,  Kuiti  p-rch»   i 

Potato  Crop  ia  Ireland 

—  diasH'e ,,..  I 

Saltv.wijtds 1 

Silkworms : 

Spmiicb,  Lincolashire  ,,...... 

Sulphur,  mi  k  of 

Teiiiper^tures,  hich  502  b—. 

TeirathecB  veriicillata -.      ■ 

Uoeer  on  ibe  V^setable  Sing- 

ilom   rev. 

Viaea  outdoors    , 

Water  Lily,  wbit« 

WeeilB  *ii'i  salt 

W«^eks  (Mr.)  nursery 

Wheal)  Word  iu  S'^iBoa  OQ....  I 

—  transmutation  of, 

—  mildew    


JOHN  HENCHMAN  has  still  on  Sale  afew  packets 

^    of  his  Choice  CINEtt4RU,  CALCEOLARIA,  and  PANSY 
SEED,  each  »'  2s.  fid.  per  p^oUet  — Rdniontnn,  Aiiims'  7. 


CHOICE   CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

CHANDLER  and  SONS,  Nurserymen,  Wands- 
worth-ntad,  Surrey,  have  now  a  fine  st<>ck  of  basty 
Chrysanthemum'!,  of  the  best  Bort*,  now  fit  for  shifting  Into 
large  pots  for  fl'iwerioff,  at  123.  ppr  dozen*,  a  20od  collection 
of  the  dwarf  Chinese  varieties  at  I'^s.  pc  r  dozen;  if  more  than 
3  dozen  taken  the  price  w  uld  be  leas  — Ausu-t  7. 


SALISBURY  DAHLIA  AND  HOLLYHOCK 
EXHIBtTIO.V.— Tbo  grand  Annual  Exhibition  of  the 
above  Society  witl  take  place  in  the  Palace  Garden  of  the 
Bight  Rer.  the  Lord  Bishop,  on  Tuesday,  the  Slst  day  of 
August  next.  In  addition  to  the  u^ual  prizes  a  Silver  Cup, 
value  Five  Guioeas,  will  be  given  by  John  Keines,  for  \'l 
blooms  of  Da>ilids  sent  out  by  him  at  nny  time. 

Full  particular!?  on  application  to  John  Ketnes,  Hon.  Secre- 
tary, Salisbury. — August  7 


NYMPH/EA   GIGANTEA,   ALIAS  VI  CTORIA  FITZ- 

ROYANA. 

STANDISH  AND  NOBLE  having  received  a  few 
tubers  ot  thij  fine  aquatic,  from  Nortbrrn  Australia,  in 
good  condition,  can  offer  hem  at  from  7  to  15  guineas  each. 
The  flowers  are  of  a  beaatitnl  blue  colour,  a  foot  iu  diameter, 
and  the  leaven  are  from  18  inches  toSfeet  acrosa.  Altogether, 
it  16  little  interior  to  the  mairnificent  Victoria  Regia  ;  and  it  has 
the  additiooal  value  of  requiring  only  the  temperature  of  a 
greenhoose. 

•«•  A  new  Catalogue  of  select  and  hardy  Plants  can  be  had 
by  inclosing  a  .'d.  postage  stamp. — Bagshot,  August  7' 1852. 

FEATHER  GR.\SS  (Stipa  pinnata)   WANTED— 
State  quantity  and  price  for  cash. — Direct  .0  Z.  Z.,  ufiSi:e 
Of  (big  Papirr. 


BEACH'S  QUEEN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS— 
Having  tukcD  several  Frizes  these  two  years  wi^h 
QUEEN'S  STRAWBERRIES,  thousanda  of  tbem  wefgliing 
upwards  of  2  oz  ,  many  of  them  I  exhibited  last  year  in  the 
Crystal  Palace  upwards  of  3  oz  ,  and  this  yeiir,  at  ChibWick, 
they  gained  two  Knigbtian  Medals  on  July  lOtb  ;  and  also  ou 
the  14th  tnst.  the  B^^ad  Prize  at  the  ereat  show  ac  Lewes.  See 
kUo  Dr.  Liodlev's  opmion  of  them  in  the  Oardenere'  Chronic'.e 
of  the  loth  of  July,  and  likewise  Mr.  CuthUl'u  account  of  my 
place  in  the  same  journal  of  last  Saturday.  Stroun,  healthy, 
and  fioe  plants  are  now  ready  to  he  sent  out  at  bs.  per  lOU,  box 
included. —  Post-office  Orders  on  Hounslow  to  Mr.  ThdMas 
Bkacb,  Market  Gardener,  Worton,  Islewortb,  near  London. 


urTEiiTIMO 
^iTheHaby  .- 


I  NICHOLSONS  AJAX,  AND    NICHOLSON'S  RUBY 
'  SEEDLING    STRAWBERRIES. 

■TXT'ILLIAM    NICHOLSON    begs   to    aay    that    he 

:    VY       JDieiiOB  cffermi;  for  sale  hi&  TWO  NEW  SEbDLINi^ 

!  8TRAWBEKRV  PLANTS,  the  fruit  of  which  has  gained  a 

.'  aoloriecy  tor  its  ureat  size  and  fine  flavour.    Strong  and  well- 

'!,  "ooted  Plaoia  will  be  rendy  by  the  1st  of  September  nt-xt,  and 

7  :ao  be  forwarded  (o  a>  y  part  of  ibe  Kingdom,     Orders  wilt  he 

r'  haoktully  rect:ived  nnn  punctually  attended  to  on  rec<-iviiig  a 

,  emlttance  by  Post-'^ffice  order  or  otherwise,  lor  the  quaut'ty 

'.t  -equired,  at  the  following  prices,  viz.  ■.—2/,   for    100   Plani», 

{.  bi.  for  50  ditto,  and  158.  for  25  ditto.     Early  appliuaiions  are 

'I'equeited,  a«  only  a  limited  number  ol  Plants  cud  be  eu|)plied 

>n.     EiCKle^l'ii'f'^.  QC^i*  Yarm,  Yorkahire,  Auguot  7. 

MONIaL.  rum  Mr.CuTBiLL,  CamberweW. — "Dear  Sir, 

Slrftwberry.'  a  few  of  ihu  PhintHOf  which  jou  sent 

luit  year.  La  ot  aflneflaVMur,  when  th'.rouu'hiy  ri|^e,  and 

-.    a  fortiili^ht  later  than   KeuUH* ;    it  Is    a  most  proiitiu 

r.     The  Ajax  Stranbeiry  In  ah<t  a  tirst-raTe  one,  and  is 

-^nat  we  want:  ibe  nine  that  you  »ent  me  last  year,  after 

).ij»'  tTav»-l'ing.  weighed   16  oz.     I  am.   Dear  Sir,  yours 

,  Jamk*  Cctiiill,  CttDiberwcll,  June  24." 

.^  rjut  uthtr  brnt-rate  TeatimoniaU  can  he  supplied  by  Mr. 

.    iioLRoii  on  appucitioa. 

JEW  AND  CHOICE  SEEDS  FOR  PRESENT  AND 

AUTUMN  SOWING. 
rOHN  CATTELL   ha»    now  ready  to  »end  out  the 
"    foiiowirjg  !'ff!iiB,  pout  free,  at  per  packet,  an  annexed  : — 
'   'I.OEOLaHIa,   navcd   f(om  a  very  fine   collection,   and 
..i!y  iiiip'C^n«t«<l,  2f.  Hd. 

•  c-tor<«  lor  aowtng,  dec,  will  accompany  ptich  packet. 
produi.'e  from  'he  Calceolaria  aecd  J.  C.  hnn  hitherto  dent 
I  living  gtvrn  Hucb  univer«Bl  aatlMfat-llon,   and  the  many 
J  'Oisla     tie    baa   received  in    prnl-u  of    It*    txculleiiue, 
•  him  lurrcomnitnd  thia  with  thi;  gri->ite«t  coiifi<ieucu. 
KHAHIA.  tioin.  newKst  and  tlnot  vari<;tl«it,  2f.  (id. 
HAML'U.frim  new  florlat  varieties  tout  out  lattautumpi 

'2t.(id.  ;  Ifitviidn. 
Do.  old«r  hnt-rute  varletlet,  li.;  I^Kcdii. 

Do.  from  n«w  f'incy  varletUttentout  laat  autumn, 

I1.  fid. ;  IH  nvtdu. 
Do.  o!der  flr»ur«to  varieties,  )>. ;  14  leedi. 

Do.  anved  Irom  acent'  d  varicilvs,  li. 

OBIZANTOUS  liiiJV'iVA, Cd. 

Do.  -  Do.        ALItUS,  rw. 

fmotj-Bva  aorU  of  fine  showy  hurdy  Annuals.  Inr  flowering 
Ito  epm  griund  In  aprlng,  t«.  ;  lurgnr  piicktrt4,  f)f, 
iTwtlTO  U/T't  of    Hue  fehowy  halfh'irdy   Ai.uuali,  for  curly 
'DK  Id  <b«  irrimihoute,  'Sf.  ;  la*g<M  p^tiknt*,  in  *id. 
ilVomui'knonnorrrvp'.nd'  utitu  beaccompKuled  nlih 
oc*.— Wflfierhaui,  KvLt, 


CUTHILL'S  PRINCE  OF  WALES  AND   BLACK 
PRINCE  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS. 

THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES  was  raised  in  1849  ;  it 
is  the  latent  we  have  in  this  country — still  in  bearing. 
August  1.  The  flavour  ii  excellent;  a  t-carlet  cone-shaped 
fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  Keen  ;  throws  its  bloom  well  up, 
foliage  light  green,  and,  ^like  its  royal  relative  (the  Black 
Prince),  an  enormous  bearer.  If  planted  on  a  northern  nspect, 
it  will  bear  up  to  Septpmber.  Price  U  per  100,  or  10s.  Gd.  lor 
50  {a  few  plants  extra  allowel  to  the  Trade). 

Alsofhecelebrare.i  BLACK  PRINCE, the  earlieatin  England  ; 
this  year  they  wpre  picked  in  the  open  gr^iund,  at  8s.  per  Ih.,  by 
me.  See  also  Mr.  Meiideth's  account  of  its  forcing  qualities  at 
the  Duke  of  Sutherland's. 

Cdthill's  Pampiilet  on  the  Potato,  Asparagus,  Seakale, 
Rhubarb,  Strawberry,  Melon,  Cucumber,  «fcc  ,  2a.,  or  by  post 
2s.  id.  AlpohiH  "MHrket  Gardening  mund  London,"  Is.  6d., 
or  by  prtst  Is  8d.  The  tree  Lapstone  Kidney  8s,  per  bushel, 
Post-office  orders  on  CaTtibcrweM. green. 

James  ruxaiLL,  Camberwell,  London. 


IMPROVED  GRASS  CUTTING  &   ROLLING  MACHINE. 


STRAWBERRY  PLANTS— The  under-mentioned 
first-rate  VHiieties,  which  have  all  been  ihoriughly  proved 
to  the  eatisfaciiou  of  their  grower',  are  now  ready  for 
sendine  our. 

TROLLOP'S  TICTORIA.— This  ie  one  of  the  finest  Straw- 
berries ever  yet  sent  out ;  it  has  been  exhibited  at  numerouB 
extiibitiouB  last  seaion  and  this,  and  proved  euperior  to  all 
others  fir  its  »uperh  quality,  and,  ns  an  early  forcer,  is  not 
equalled  ;  li.  uer  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen  plnntn 

CREMnXT'S  PKRPETUAL  OR  DOUBLTI  BEARING 
STRAWBERRY  ;  U.  per  hundred,  or  3s.  per  doB-Jli. 

MYATT'S  SURi'lilSE,  extra  fine         lOs.  Qd.  per  100. 

PRINCE  ARTHUli,         ditto      7'-l'-fi         „ 

BLACK  PRINCE,  a  first-rate  eftilv  varietyiv*      fiftl.O        „ 
PrtOLIPIC,  very  tine  and  early  "'  1'        ...     5„  0        „ 

ELEANOR,  the  best  and  latest  .■    .riu^:  Straw- 
berry, many  of  the  fruit  grna-mg  ti»  2^  oz., 

vi-rv  fi'-m.  nnd  fira'-rate  for  travelling  ...     5    0        „ 

BRITISH  QUEEN  (true) 3     6        „ 

BRITANNIA  (very  hue) 6     0        „ 

STiaLI^a  CASTLE  STRAWBERRY  (fine)      5    0        „ 

ELIZA 5     0        „ 

GLOBE  5     0         ,, 

ALICE  MAUDE       3     6         „ 

"GOLlAia" 3    6        „ 

The  above  are  strong  well-rnoted  plants,  and  ^uch  as  will 
ensure  satisfaction.  Fine  plants  can  be  had  for  potting,  if 
required,  which  were  pricked  off  for  the  purpoae  early  in 
the  spring. 

N.B.  Those  Strawberries  at  3s.  per  dozen  will  be  sent  postage 
and  parkaee  free. 

FINE  ANTIRRHINUMS,  all  saved  from  striped  nnd  spntted 
varieiies,  such  as  will  give  every  sutistaciion  and  bloom  early 
next  spring,  Ss.  per  hundred, 

SWEET  WILLIAMS.  48  superb  varieties,  Ss  per  hnndred. 

SEEDLING  HOLLYHOCKS,  extra  fine,  saved  fiom  all  the 
best  varieties  in  cultivation,  and  such  as  will  nive  satis- 
faction, li.  per  hundred,  or  3s.  per  dozen.  (*>Re  hundrtd  of 
ihepe  superb  Hollyhocks  were  planted  our  in  a  bed  last  autumn, 
and  86  of  them  proved  to  be  double  flowers  and  equal  to  the 
varieties  they  were  saved  from). 

A  remittance  mnitt  accnmp«ny  the  order,  either  by  penny 
p'istage  Htamps  or  a  poKi-office  order,  on  receipt  of  which  the 
wholt^  or  any  quantity  of  the  above  will  be  sent  hamper  and 
packaKf  free. 

Edwabd  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  li. 
Abbey  Churchvard,  Bath.  Somerset. 


RIVERS'  LARGE  YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 
ShJEL)  (the  growth  ot  the  present  Heason).  Piice  Is.  per  ib. 
This  Turnip  had  its  origin  in  1812  with  the  Stubble  Swede  ; 
and  has  been  repeatedly  tested  with  other  kinds  of  Yellow 
Turnip,  in  wlilch  itu  superlurlty  was  very  ai  parent— in  its 
sweutiiess  ot  flavour,  and  in  its  vigour  of  growth.  For  the  last 
three  years,  on  viriuus  hoila,  it  ban  yielded  frum  12  to  16  tons 
per  acre,  when  howo  in  the  e'lrly  part  ol  Augnat  ;  ami  it  has 
thH  Hdvantaito  of  keepng  in  clamps  quite  late  in  the  "pring 

Riveaa' Stubble  Swede,  uricu  Is   lici.  p  r  lb.     Orders  to  the 
Bm'iiinr  n|  Ida   paid  to     (ii.don  — Siiwhridge^ortli,  Ile-ts. 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 

1  OF  TiiE  tiUN.-UbO  E.  F.  ARClIlilt'S  HAIR  OLOTll,  u 
perfect  non-conducMir  of  heat,  and  iidmiitiiig  light  without 
iica',  where  a  <"Overiti(f  is  rr  quired  ;  it  is  2  yurd»  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  Is.  id.  ii<  ryu^d,  ami  much  chi-aper  than  BauB  Mats. 
E.  F.  AucnKa,  451,  Oxf  ird-streor,  London. 

EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A       I'ltlZK      MEDAL      FOK,      SUI'KKIOIt      LtiCKS      WAS 

AWAiijn;ij   TO  J    n.  iJOOiJUYiai,  aT   the  great 

EXIMItlTION  (M--   18.'>1. 

•-riiK  CELEBRATED   STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 

X  I'Hient  hp,iil*-(i,  D'ltBy  HaltL-H,  Hcj  th.^s,  Draining,  un  I 
othur  Ourdi-n 'l'<joltt.  Mole  Triipn,  )ia.  per  dnzon.  Ourpcnfi-rH' 
and  Brniihn*  TooIa,  ^c.  KubhorK  fur  Kharponing  Kcythis, 
2«.  (id.  pfT  (1o)r,i'n.  I'litc-nt  funiiKHtnrn  (ur  d^xtruying  liif  <  cih 
■>ri  I'liiiiifc,  In  gr<;rnhMiiHOH,  ^c  ;  Ht  MvHxrN.  J.  II.  IloiiinivRii 
iiiid  Co 'h  (lato  HTiiiif;il  and  KioiiiitkR),  Ironmoiigury,  IJiuhh- 
/••uii'lry,  Null  and  Tool  Wm  i-h-'Uhu,  14,  ^'tn»hopu•Ntruot. 
C  Miv-ifiiirkec,  L'indon.  Eniihli'hi-d  nenrly  200  yuarH  for  the 
nA\e  of  g"odt  from  tlin  hcnt  MninHiiiitord-H  at  ihn  lowoHt  priccn. 
(■j.i'ids  f'-rwurdtd  lo  any  part  ou  the  receipt  of  rtmlttuujc. 
LUti  Bent  by  puit, 


UNDER  ROYAL  PATRONAGE. 

ALEXANDER  SHANKS  and  SON,  Machine 
Makees,  Arbroath,  Fiirfarshire,  reapecifuliy  solicit  no'ice 
fo  their  Improved  GRASS  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING 
MACHINE  F  iR  LAWNS,  the  complete  success  of  which, 
and  its  acknowledged  excellence  and  Kuperiority  over  all  other 
machines  of  the  kind,  have  now  been  fully  confirmed.  Testi- 
monials and  further  particulars  will  be  immediately  franked 
on  application. 

Agents  for  London  :  Messrs.  W.  Dodds  and  Co.,  102,  Leaden- 
hall-nt'-eet ;  Messrs.  J.  tind  C.  Lee,  Nurperymen  and  Serdsmen, 
Hammersmith;  Hertford  :  Mr.  Genige  Fulkaid,  Ironmonger; 
Liverpool  :  Me-sra.  Charles  D.  Young  a«d  Co.,  Cusile  Build- 
ings, Derby-square;  Sheffield:  Mr.  J.  Law,  Curator  ot  the 
Botanic  Gardens;  Chester;  Messrs.  F.  nnd  J.  Dickson, 
Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen  ;  GlasROw  :  Messrs.  Chas.  D.  Young 
and  Co.,  32,  St.  Enoch-square;  Edinburgh  :  Metsr*.  Chas.  D. 
Young  and  Co..  48,  North  Bridge  ;  Perth :  Messrs.  Dickson  and 
Turnhull,  Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen. 


BOYDS    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


OOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
i-'  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.-BoTD's  Scythe  ii  capable  of 
being  adjuated  to  uny  ungle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  black^tiiith  ;  when  out  ni  a*e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Oar-ieners'  Chr^  -''e  tlius  conntients 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Buvd's  .-■■■■^t''?  stands  well 
the  great  test,  f-xperieiioe,  especially  v.i'.h  his  late  in.;eDiou» 
and  very  useiul  improvemenc.*' — G.  C,  I'ith  May.  \852.  The 
Steel  DiggiuL'  Furks  are  those  celebrati'd  by  Air.  .Mechi: 
"When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  w\U  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  iu  labour." —  VVholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Dbat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 

BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Clielsea,  by  special  appointme-it  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R.  H.  Peinoe  Albert.  —  ORNAMENTAL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
China,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese,  ShieldraUes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  Kummer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Sboveller.s,  cidd-eyed  and  dnn  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  «fcc., 
doDibBtiua'ed  and  pinioned  ;  aUo  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Mai  ly, 
Poland.  Smrev,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  and  at  3,  Half-moon 
Passage,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 

p  OCHIN  CHINA  CHICKENS.— A  few  pairs,  from 

V-^  three  to  four  mouths  old,  well  feathered  ou  the  Ugs,  and 
of  the  purest  breed.  Price  155.  per  pair. — Addrena  to  Thomas 
Page,  Chatteri«,  Cambridgeshire. 


nPANNED    GARDEN    NETTING,    for    protecting 

i-  Strawberries  aud  wall-fiuit  from  birds,  or  as  a  fence  fo 
fowls,  pitrcons,  &c.,  in  any  length,  from  JOHN  KING 
FARLOW'S  Fishing  Tackle  andNet  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked- 
lane,  London-bridge,  at  l^d.  one  yard,  8ti,  two,  or  Gd.  f  lur 
yards  wide.  All  orders  over  205.,  accompanied  with  post-ofiico 
order  or  atamps,  carriage  free. 

TANNED  NETTING,  for  the  Protection  of  Fruit 
T.et^s  from  Frost,  Blight,  and  Hirds,  and  for  the  security 
of  Fresh. sown  Seedfi,  either  in  Gardens  or  Fields,  at  Irf.  per 
yard  ;  2(10  yards  for  lis.,  5W  yards  lor  3()J.,  1000  yards  for  503.  ; 
Wax  Nettiiitf,  for  aviaries,  iSsc.,  at  8rf.  per  sqiiare  yard. 
Scrim  Canvas  for  whII  fruit.  Sun  Blind?  in  great  variety; 
Rick  OlothB,  with  poles,  &u.  Marquees.  Tents,  Tarpaultnus, 
^c— At  EoQtNOToN  and  Co/s,  17,  Smithliuld-barB,  and  Old 
Kcnt-rond,  Loudon, 

FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  Ibe  uflo  of  Farms, 
Ootiatres,  M:inure  Tanks,  and  Shal- 
low WellB.  £  8.    d. 

pHtentl'urap 115     0 

rateiit  I'uinp,  with  ICfeotof 
lend  pipe  attached,  and 
holts  and  nu'B  ready  for 

fixing    2  10     0 

Larger  i-Izoh  If  required. 
May    hu    obtaliiod    of    any    Iron- 
monger or    IMiiiiiber    In    Town    or 
O'lUiitry,    or  of  thu  Putontoua   and 
Miiniit'iiftiirorH, 

JOHN  WARNER   5   SONS, 
H,  CntHcitiit,  .l-Mviti.Htrcot,  London. 
Evory    di'Hcription    of    Miictilnery 
fur  Raising  and  Forclnir  Water,  cither  by    Sto  am,  Horse,    o 
Manual  power.     I'lro  and  Garden  Engines,  &o. 
Tho  UBuitl  nlluwaoco  tu  the  Trade* 


498 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  7, 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITIONS     IN     REGENT     STREET. 


T'HE  COUNCIL  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  Hereby  Give  Notice,  that,  with  a  view  to  the 
further  eiic^uriietuitnt  t»t  yood  caiiivaiM'H  at  all  BeasonB  and  in  all  brtmcheu  (if  (Tiirdemmr,  Medals  and  Certificates  of 
Merit  nill  be  given  i.t  ih«  Gtm  lal  fiUeiiiiKS  of  the  Si  tieij  in  Hegeot-street,  during  ihe  jears  1852  aL,d  1853,  according  to  the 
following  Scbeaule,  aud  uudt=r  ite  Ecgulalioaa  theielo  annexed  :  — 

Stranberi'les  (one  dish  only  bLowq  by  each  Bz. 

hibiior)  

New  Grapes       


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


1852. 

OcioBER  19.     Tliird  Tmsday  Meeting  at  3  p  M. 

Tlie    best    collectionB    of   Fai dy    Ai:nualB  (tut 
fliiwi  r»),  each  sort  named  correctly       ...         ...     SB,  C, 

Table  Pears,  corvee. )y  namc-d,   in  colKctions  of 
six,  two  t-pecimtus  ot  each  sort  to  be  produced    SB.  C. 

Gieeu  Peas,  named  corri-ctly  ...     C. 

NoVEMBBE  2.     First  Tuesday -         Meeting  at  2  p.m 

Cbiysaml  eiimnis   t^Lown  in    bixea,  in  potti  not 
exceeding  II  incheu  iu  inaide  diameter)  ...     S>K.  SB. 

Alpine  Siranbeiiies     ,..         ...     SB,  C. 

Ctleiy  (tihown  in  three  beads)         C. 

Eecembeh  7.     Finl  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  P  M, 

Autumn- flo«eri UK    Ilfaths    (i-hown    in  sixts.    in 
pots  not  more  ihan  11  inched  in  lubide  diameter)    SK.  SB. 

Table  Pears,  as  ill  Oetiiber  ..  SB.  C. 

The  best  lot  of  lorctd  VtgetableB SB.  C. 


1853. 

JandaetIS.     Third  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

The  best  coiltcton  of  Hardy  Winter- flowering 

Plants  fcut  tlowera  admi^8lble) SB.  ^. 

EnKiihhQrHpea  S  H.  C. 

The  best  and  most  vailed  Salad     ISB.  C. 

Febhoaht  15.     Ihird  Tuesday       Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

CamtUias  (shuwQ  In  itiitcs,  in  pot8  not  exceeding 

15  inches  iu  .n.^ide  dmuittterj       ,..         ,.,         ...     SK,  SB. 

Table  PearK,  an  ill  Ociubcr SB.  C. 

Lettuces  (flbonn  in  slxt^)      SB.  C. 

aiAHcn  1.    First  Tuesday Meelirg  at  3  p  m. 

Chinese  Piiitju  as  ('  bowu  in  puirs  in  D-lnch  pott)     SB.  C. 
Himalayan  Piimuiaa,  iu  puts  SB.  C. 


SB.  C. 

SK.  SB. 


Mabch  15.     Third  Tuesday,  Meeting  at  3  P.M. 

Hjbr.d  Rhododendrona  (one  pot  only  tote  shown 
by  each  Exhir-itor) SK.  SB. 

Sirawbenits  iu  poth,  in  threes        SB.  C. 

The  bsbt  and  most  varied  saiad     SB,  C 

Apeil6.     First  Tuesday Meetipg  at  3  p.m. 

Hjacinthfl  (hhowii  in  pots  In  nixes)  SB.  C. 

Fruite  or  Vegetables,  preserved  whole  by  private 
persons  for  tamiiy  u^p,w.tti out  sugar  or  vinegar 
(shown  in  hottles  of  white  glast,  one  bo'.tle  of 
each  kind),  arcompanled  bj  a  written  account 
of  the  manner  in  which  they  hare  been  pre- 
pared      SB.  C. 

Forced  Peaa       ;.        ...    SB.  C. 

ApaiLl9,  Tliird  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Cyclamens,  in  pots       SB.  C. 

Cherries  (one  dish   only  to  be  abown  by  each 


Exhibitor) 
Caulifl'jwers,  in  sixes  ... 

May  2i.  Fourth  Tuesday 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

Jdne  28.     Fourth  Tuesday.  

The  two  be'st  collections  of  Vegetables 

July  2fi.    Fourth  Tuesday 

Ihe  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

SK.— Silver  Knightian  Medal. 
SB.— Silver  Sauksian  do, 
C— Certiixate  of  Merit. 


SB.  C. 
SB.  C. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m 
SK.  SH. 

Meeting  af.  3  p.u 
, SK.  SB. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m 
SK.  SB 


1.  The  Medals  and  Certificates  of  Merit  are  on  no  account 
to  be  met  eased  btjond  iho,-e  named  in  this  schedule.  Tbey 
-are  to  be  given  for  fine  tuit.va;iou,  and  not  lor  mere  novelty, 
wliicb  i.s  lo  be  a  ^ec<  ndury  eoiistderaiion  with  the  judges,  unless 
attended  by  great  excellence. 

2.  Prizes  may  be  withheld  if  the  objects  exhibited  for  com- 
pttilion  do  not,  in  the  tpmiou  of  the  jud,.eB,  deserve  them. 

3.  Abbou^h  tbo;e  ^ubject9  of  exhibition  which  are  thus 
Gptcialy  indicated  are  wtiat  the  Council  are  most  desirous  of 
receiviUK,  nevenhele.-s  oibtr  objects  aie  also  admitsible.  and 
additional  p)izts  may  even  be  given  f^r  xhem  •,  provided  they 
possess  very  coufpiaiotis  merit.  The  Silvir  Kmgbtian  Medal 
^*ill  be  the  hijihtht  nadim  nal  reward  which  the  judges  can 
beetow,  wit  loiit  ihe  specal  sanction  of  the  Ctmncil. 

4.  In  a  Jnture  year  other  kinds  of  produce  will  be  selected 
for  special  cumptiition. 

5.  Cut  tiowcrs  are  not  admissible,  except  when  it  is  expressly 
.30  stated. 

6.  Dishes   or   baskets    for   fruit    and    vegetables    must    be 


furnished  by  the  Exbibitora,  if  they  are  present  or  live  near 
London.  The  Society  will  only  find  dishes  for  what  comes  from 
a  considerable  distance. 

7.  Fruit  must  be  perfectly  ripe  and  perfectly  coloured,  or  it 
will  be  dttqualified, 

8.  Vegetables  must  he  produced  in  the  state  in  which  they 
are  offered  for  sale  in  the  beat  class  of  shops,  and  properly 
prepared  for  the  cook. 

9.  Foreign  fruit  and  vegetables  are  admissible,  but  not  in 
competition  wiih  produce  of  home  growth. 

1(J.  Everything  must  be  in  tbe  room  three  hours  before  the 
meeting,  and  ready  for  inspection  by  the  Judges  two  hours 
before  tbe  meeting.  If  anything  received  later  is  allowed  to 
be  exbibited,  it  will  be  liable  to  exclusion  from  cornpei-ition. 

11.  Exhibitors,  and  Ezbibitore  only,  can  receive  passes  to 
enable  thi.m  to  return  to  tbe  meeting-room  after  the  Prizes 
shall  have  been  adjudicated.  Two  hours  before  the  meeting 
they  must  quit  the  room,  in  order  that  the  Judges  may  be 
undisturbed. 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    IMT    FRAMES,  Ac. 

[AMES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.    beg    to  Imiid    their 

prices  of  SHEET  (jLASS  for  cash 


Packed  iu  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 

£.  s. 

6by4,Ciby4J     . 

.     0  13 

7by5,  7ibj5i     . 

..     0  15 

8  by  5,  8    by  ^    . 

..     0  15 

8  bj  (i,  8i  b>  o 

..     0  17 

9by7,  10by8       . 

..10 

Cut  tp  Order  ia  Panes 
.above  40  inches  long. 

16  oz 3d.   to  2^d. 

21  do Z^d.tiibd. 

26  do.  ...  ■       ...     5d.    to7i<i. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  oz., 
2Ad.  perfoot. 

HA-tiTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  P'LATE  GLASS  for  Con- 
eervatories,  Public  Buiidings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c., 
.^  inch  thick.    Packed  in  boxes  of  50  feet  each. 

6  by  4  and  6i  bj  44,..lii3.  6d.  I  7  by  5  and    7A  by  5.i...l2s.  Od. 

8  by  6  and  8a  by  6i...l3a.  Gd.  |  9  by  7  and  lO'  by  8  ...I5s.  Qd. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varjing  from  36  by  2fi  to  44  by 
30  inchen,  at  ■■iSs,.  40s  ,  to  428.  per  cHse. 

EARTLtY'S  PATENT  QUARltY  GLASS. 

GLASS  MILK  PANS, 
The  same  size  as  tbe  foreign  ones,  but  t^uperior  in  colour, 
make,  and  quality,  at  25.  each,  or  21«.  per  dozen,  as  recom- 
mended by  Cap'ain  Stanley  Carr. 

GLASS    CHUHN    THERMOMETERS,    for  regulating  the 
Tfmperature  of  Cream. 
LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 
GLASS  CREAM   P0T3,  &c.  &.C. 
CUCUMBER  TUBES.  PROPAGATING  AND  bEE  GLASSES, 
TILES   AND    SLATES,    WASp   TRAPS. 
PLATE,    CROWN,    AND    ORNAMENTAL    GLASS, 
SHADES  FOR  ORNAMENTS.  FERN  SHADES, 
And  every  Article  in  the  Trade, 
HORTICULTDRAL  GLASS    WAREHOUSE.  116,  Bishops- 
.gate-street  Without,  London. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT  FRAMES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  iu  boxes,  containing  10 
.square  feet  each,  at  tbe  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  —  Inches.  Inches. 

Under    6   by   4 
..  7     „     S 


From    6    by 


10 


8 


10 
13 


Per  foot.  Per  100  feet, 
at  lid.  ia  £0  12  6 
„  2d.  „  0  16  8 
„  24d.  „  0  18  9 
,,  2^d.  „  1  0  10 
„      2^d.    „    1    2  11 


La''ger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  Inches  long. 
16  oz.  from  3d.  to  3.^^.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size. 
21  cz.     ,,     3,ld.  to5d.  „  „  ,, 

26  oz.     ,,     3|d.  to  lid.  ,,  ,,  ,, 

PATENT  ROUGH    PLATE,   THICK   CROWN   GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS   for  Horticultural  purposes,    at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 
GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 

either  iu  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 
Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  bithct  to  manufactured  in  glass. 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.    No 
alteration  connected  with  the  ^^ash  ia  required. 
GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury    by  e,t- 
pOBure,     Prices,  since  the  removal  of  the  excise  duty    re- 
duced one-half.     List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application    to  Jame3  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,    Soho."quare. 
Lund  -n. 


GLASS. 

'yHOMAS    MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 

-*-    GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.     In  lOO-feet  boxes  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 

6  inches  by  4  aud    64  by  4i       133.  Od. 

7  „  5  and    74  by  54       15     0 

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  54       15     0 

8  ,,  6asd    84  by  6J       17     6 

9  ,,  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  ,,        10  aud  13    by  9         20     0 

And  maiiy  other  aizOf*.  or  cut  !0  order  in  various  thicknessea. 
Cases  containicif  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2I5.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in. thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  foot. 

„         „         35      , 8d.         „ 

„        „         50      , 9id.      „ 

„         „         75      „       12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  tofis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Waap 
Traps,  Glass  Shudes,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bisbopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.— Efitablished  100  years. 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  LfiWfs'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  beat  materials,  and  the  cheupeetin 
England. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    V\/ATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


r  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
t'  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  IlorticuUurrtl  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  Kin^^'s  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hotboufies,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories.  Pits,  ifcc,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  tbe  Houses,  Pits,  ic.  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

Theflplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Abo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pors 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Bstimatea  of  Morticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vine?,  Seeds,  .tc,  forwarded  on  application. 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kino's  Road,  Coelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  haviap  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
iban  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  dtfy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothousta,  witti  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pullty  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  eviry  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ralter,  400  ft.,  "iU.  6«.  8d.' ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do,,  52^  It.,  80f.  133.  8d. ;  23  ff,  6  inn.  long, 
15  ft.  ra'ter,  712  ft.,  4H,  IO3.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
mo9t  approved  and  economical  principlet. 

Patent  Saahes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  ifcc,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CO^J^ISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND    WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvera  Street,  Chelsea 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con 
fitruction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  tor  elegance  0 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  witl 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  b; 
anything  of  the  kind  in  tbe  country,  are  now  in  a  position  V 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G,  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobilitj 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  aud  to  all  by  ^hom  the 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greates 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  mo8 
approved  and  scientific  principlep,  for  all  purposes  to  which  th 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available,   i 

GREENHOUSE   &    CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

HOT-W.ATER    APPARATUS  MANUFACTORY. 

KEivSALL-QaEEN,   HaBBOW-BOAD,    1  OVDON,  . 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  tl  j 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  till 
very  superior  manner  in  which  be  erects  all  kinds  of  Greet  I 
houses.  Conservatories,  Forcing  Pita,  &c.,  and  all  other  buikj 
ings  for  Horticultural  purpose",  combining  all  the  most  modeil 
improvements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  c 
heating  Monicultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Publi ' 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  jic,  has  received  the  greates 
approbaion  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  ]ai  ■■ 
bet?n  e.Ktf  nsiift'lv  eneai;ed.  , 

T  W.  THOMSON,  Hothousb  Builder,  &c 
ti  •  Hammeesmith. 

J.  W,  T.  having  had  full  25  yearh'  experience  as  a  practSc; 
HORTICULTURIST,  LANDSCAPE  G\RDBNER,  and  GAl  1 
DEN  ARCHITECT  in  HER  MAJESTY'S  KOYAi-  GARDEN 
at  WINDSOR,  KEW.andoth. 
places  where  the  most  tft'^cti' 
and  simple  modes  of  construe 
ing,  Warming,  and  Veniilalii 
Horticultural  Erections  ha 
been  adop  ed,  b(g8  to  solicit  tl 
attention  of  the  nobility  ai 
persons  interested  In  Hortici 

"      '~* —    "  ~  '         lure,  to  his  newly-invented  pi' 

of  moving  aU  huhta  top,  and  front,  for  admutiug  air,  by  »'■ 
action  or  simul'aneouBly  at  very  little  more  expense  than  by  tl 
old  and  ii, convenient  mode  of  cord  and  pulley  bjs'em. 

Every  description  of  Horticultural  Structures  designe 
erei-ted,  and  heated  by  Hot-water,  Common  Flues,  and  olli 
modes  o-i  the  most  eronomical  end  improved  modn-n  principli 


C 


^heap     wire    game     and    poultk 

NETTING,  fid,  pet  running  yard. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanise 

24  in.  wide,  2  ia.  meah,  7d.  per  yard.         ...        5d.  per  yard 
30  in.     „       2  in.     „         9d.        „  ...         6Jd.        ,, 

36  in.     „       2  in.     „       lO^d.       „  —         ^^rf.        „ 

48  in.     „       2  in.     „       Is.  2d.     ,,  ...       30d.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Nettine,    Galvanised,   3d.   per  square  f' 
made   to    any    eize   for   the  same  proportionate   price.      T 
article  was  hhown  at  the  "  Greut  Exhibition,'*  where  it  wi 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durabl..-  appearante.   and 
Unowledijed  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  ff  tbe  li 
ever  offered.     Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Nettinp,   3  feet  b 
Is.  6d.  and  2s  3d.  per  yard.     Alio  every  descripuon  of  Flo 
Trainers,    Dahlia   Rods,    Garden    Archrs,    Bordering,    Flo, 
Stands,    Tjine    VVire,   Trellis    Work,    Invisible  Wire  Pent;  j 
Hurdle's,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  tor  Horticulti ' 
pur(.io«e.5  — Illijst  aced  CataloKUea  of  Patierna  forwarded,  p  ; 
free,  on  anoMcation  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London   Wire  IV  ■ 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  6  an 
bnow-hill.  LundODt 


32—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


499 


HOLLYHOCKS. 

A     PAUL  AND  SON  respectfully  invite  Admirers  of 
•   thia  fnvouri'e  flower  to  0.1  inipeollou  of  their  unrivalled 
collection,  which  U  now  ia  full  bloom. 

Nurseries.  Cheahunt.  Hert^i,  Aug.  7. 


CALCEOLARIA,    l<t  Quality,    5s.  OtJ.  per  packet. 

^d         ,1  3     6  ,, 

CINERARIA        2    6 

EDWARD  GEORGE  HENDERSON  and  SON, 
Welliogton  Nursery,  St,  J.iha'a  Wood,  London,  are  now 
Tjrepared  to  forward  by  past  SEED  of  the  above  choice  Flowers, 
aaved  fmm  firat-ra'e  variet-ies. 


SUPERB    DOUBLE    HOLLYHOCKS. 

SAFFROM    WaLDEN. 

WILLIAM     CHATER    respectfully    informs    the 
Public  that  his  unequalled  collection  of  tbia  m«gnificent 
Flower  is  now  in  bloom,  free  to  the  inspection  of  all  visitora 
on  any  day  eiceptinif  Sundays. 
Saffron  Walden  Nursery,  Aug.  7. 


SWAINSONIA  OSBORNII. 

OSBORN  AND  SONS.  Fulham  Nursery,  near 
London,  have  now  planta  to  offer  of  the  abovp.  For 
<ieECTiption  seethe  "  Giirdeners'  Magazine  of  Botany  "  for  May 
laBt.    Price  73.  Gd.  each,  with  the  usual  discount  to  the  trade. 


TO   THE   TRADE. 

CAMELLIA  STOCKS,  fine  strong  plants,  ready  for 
worldoff,  75s.  per  100,  or  15i.  tor  OoO. 

Also  all  the  leaaiutj  Camellias,  well  set  with  flower-buds, 
1  foot  to -t  feet,  135.  to  6O5.  per  doz.  A  few  dozens  of  large 
plants,  covered  with  huds,  from  IO3.  6d.  to  423.  each. 

Cupressus  funebris,  nice  plants  (own  roots),  18s.  to  8G5.  per 
doz  ;  Cupressus  ericoides,  IQs.  per  doz. ;  C.  japonicus, 
35.  6d.  each. 

The  Advertiser  also  hesfS  to  offer  his  new  Gloxinia,  '*  Flori- 
bunda,"  a  splendid  dark  flower,  and  the  most  profuse  bloomer 
of  the  genua,  at  10».  6d.  each  ;  or,  where  three  are  taken,  one 
added.     Fir-it  orders  will  have  the  Btrongest  plants. 

JoHtf  ?coTT,  Merriott  Nurseries,  Crewkerne,  Somerset. 


TILEY'S  EARLY  MARROW  CABBAGE  SEED 
has  proved  its  superiority  over  all  oihers  for  the  last 
three  yeara. 

In  consequence  of  numerous  inquiries,  Edwabd  TiLtT  begs 
to  Inform  the  nobilitv,  gentry,  public,  &c.,  that  he  has  now 
"Seed  of  the  above  Cabbage.  The  numerous  teBtimoniaJs 
received  of  the  game  will  speak  for  its  very  superitr  quality ; 
and  E,  T.  begs  to  take  thia  opportunity  of  thanking  all  persons 
-who  have  bo  kindly  forwarded  him  such  high  testimonials  in 
favour,  and  re-ordered  Seed  of  the  same. 

N.B.  It  is  the  finest  flavoured,  the  quickest  grower,  and  most 
hardy  Cabbage  ever  yet  sent  out. 

Sold  in  packets  of  1  oz.,  2j.  Gd, ;  ^  oz.,  I3.  6d.  The  fine  old 
Baih  Cob  Lettuce  Seed,  I3.  per  packet.  This  Ib  also  the  best 
'kind  ever  erown. 

Any  quantity  of  the  above  Seeds  Bent  postage  free  on  receipt 
of  a  Post'office  Order  or  penny  postage  stamp.  A  remittance 
oiDBt  acdimpfiny  any  order  from  unknown  corretipondentB. 

Edwakd  TiLET,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Floriit^  14, 
-Abbey  Charch>ard.  Bath,  Somerset. 

THE  NEW  AND  BEADTIFULLT  VARIEGATED-LEAVED 
PLANT 

CISSUS    DISCOLOR    (BLUME.) 
TS^ILLIAM  ROLLISSON  and  SONS  beg  leave  to 

*  '  inform  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  the  trade,  that  they 
intend  sending  ont,  on  and  after  the  27th  of  Sep'ember,  their 
new  and  beautifully  variegated-leaved  climbinir  plant,  CISSUS 
DISCOLOR,  of  Blume,  which  has  been  so  universally  arlmired 
ihia  summer  at  the  Cbiswick  a:id  Regent's  Park  Exhibi'ione. 
Price  2I3.  per  plant.  The  uaual  allowance  to  the  trade  if  two 
or  more  plants  are  ordered,— Tooting  Nursery,  near  Loudon, 


SATURDA  Y,  A  UGUST  7,  1852. 

♦ 

The  intention  which  the  HonTicuLxuRAL  Sociktt 
announces  in  another  column  is  one  which  we  have 
no  doubt  will  meet  with  general  satisfaction.  It 
is  proposed  to  offer  monthly  premiums  for  articles 
of  cultivation  which  find  no  place  in  the  great 
metropolitan  exhibitions,  and  thus  to  encourage 
classes  of  productions  which,  if  not  so  brilliant,  are 
at  least  as  useful  as  the  gorgeous  specimens  seen  at 
Chiswick  in  May,  June,  and  July. 

That  these  garden  exhibitions  are  too  exclusive 
has  been  long  felt ;  they  are  resplendent  beyond 
description,  and  we  trust  will  always  continue  so  ; 
bnt  they  are  such  as  few  but  the  wealthy  can  con- 
tend in.  Above  all  things  the  produce  of  the 
kitchen  garden  is  omitted  on  such  occasions ;  and 
necessarily  ;  for  no  harmony  can  be  established 
between  materials  prepared  for  the  kitchen  and 
the  exquisite  decorations  of  the  conservatory.  To 
take  vegetables  to  Chiswick  would  be  like  intro- 
ducing saucepans  and  gridirons  into  a  drawing-room. 

The  proper  place  for  exhibitions  of  vegetables  is 
the  Society's  House  in  Itegent-street,  and  thither 
they  are  now  invited— in  genera!  collections  in  May, 
June,  and  July  ;  in  particular  kinds  at  other  times. 
Kvery  other  meeting  has  its  allotted  variety  ;  Green 
Peas  in  October,  Cjlery  in  November,  forced  Vege- 
tables in  December,  Salads  in  January,  Lettuces  in 
February,  and  so  on.  The  exhibitions  of  May, 
Jnne,  and  July  are  limited  to  vegetables  exclusively, 
thown  in  collections.  In  these  months  flowers  and 
fruit  are  found  elsewhere  ;  and  since  foreign  produce 
i»  declareil  admissible,  though  not  in  competition 
with  Krigliah  produce,  it  may  be  expected  that  the 
•hows  will  posness  great  interest. 

Another  new  feature  in  the  itegent-street  meetings 

-'Jill  'an  seen  to  consist  in  some  particular  class  of 

flowers  or  fruit  being  also  selected  for  competition  on 

«ach  decision.     I>atc  Annuals  and  Pears  are  invited 

•n  October,  CbryaaQthemums  and  AlpineStrawberries 


in  November,  hardy  winter  Howenut;  plants  and 
Grapes  in  January ;  Hyacinths  and  preserved  fruits, 
Cyclamens,  and  Cherries  in  April.  In  this  manner 
everything  which  the  summer  exhibitions  cannot 
take  will  find  a  place  by  de;,'rees,  for  it  is  under- 
stood that  the  subjects  of  exhibition  will  be  changed 
more  or  less  every  year.  Another  advantage  will 
be,  that  the  eternal  Orchids,  stove  and  greenhouse 
plants,  Pine-apples  and  the  like,  which  one  is  weary 
of  seeing,  being  excluded  from  the  meetings  in 
Regent-street,  will  be  the  more  interestinj,'  at 
Chiswick.  Not  that  they  are  absolutely  excluded  ; 
but  as  it  is  announced  that  no  rewards  will  be  given 
to  any  that  do  not  possess  vori/  exlraordinaiy  merit, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  such  things  will  generally 
be  absent,  and  that  what  do  appear  will  be  really 
worth  looking  at. 

The  difficulty  which  the  Society  has  to  encounter 
is  want  of  space  in  its  house  in  Recent-street ; 
for  it  is  possible  that  the  good  spirit  of  emulation 
may  overwhelm  it  with  contributions.  To  guard 
against  that  contingency  it  will  be  indispensable 
to  narrow  the  admission  of  visitors  who  are  not 
Fellows  of  the  Society  ;  and  we  understand  that 
measures  are  under  consideration  which  will  effect 
that  end  with  as  little  inconvenience  as  possible. 

How  is  it  that  F^eonies  have  never  had  the  benefit 
of  the  hybridiser's  care  1  It  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand why  one  of  the  hardiest,  handsomest,  and 
most  cultivable  of  all  spring  flowers,  comprehending 
several  distinct  I'aces,  wdiicli  would  certainly  mix 
freely,  should  hitherto  have  engaged  no  one's  atten- 
tion. We  have  whites,  purples,  and  yellows, 
shrubby  and  herbaceous  Paeonies,  early  and  late, 
tall  and  dwarf ;  yet  they  have  been  as  much 
neglected  as  if  they  were  no  better  than  Buttercups. 
Why  should  not  the  sweet  Chinese  late  sorts  be 
crossed  with  the  scentless  European  early  sorts  ? 
Why  not  the  Wittmann  Psony  be  bred  on  till  its 
pale  yellow  gains  the  brilliancy  of  Escholtzia  1  Why 
cannot  our  cottage  garden  herbs  be  converted  into 
shrubs  ? 

That  the  last  is  possible  is  clearly  shown  by  the 
following  experiment,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to 
a  friend. 

"  I  must  mention  an  attempt  made  by  me  to  obtain 
a  large  double  crimson  garden  Paeony  shrubby, 
instead  of  herbaceous.  The  common  garden  Pseony 
has  its  fine  duplication  made  for  it  out  of  anthers. 
Its  female  part  is  undisturbed.  I  touched  this  with 
dust  of  the  Moutan  papaveracea  ;  plenty  of  seeds 
formed,  and  when  sown  in  a  pot  came  up  plentifully. 
When  of  right  age,  I  sowed  them  out  in  a  border. 
Their  foliage  was  very  various — none  like  garden 
Paeonies.  So  I  had  great  expectations.  At  three 
years  old  they  flowered — all  dull  red,  small,  single, 
wild-looking  flowers.  In  disappointment  I  took 
them  up  all  but  two,  which  showed  a  little  like 
inclination  to  shrubbiness.  The  roots  were  as 
various  as  the  foliage,  some  only  long  fangs  like 
Moutan,  some  tubers  like  garden  Paeonies,  and 
others,  the  greatest  number,  something  between 
fangs  and  tubers.  From  the  variations  in  foliage 
and  I'oots  of  the  seedlings,  and  from  the  particular 
that  the  garden  (old  crimson  double)  Paeony  has  no 
anthers,  I  believi  the  hybridisation  took  place  ;  but 
no  shrubbiness  resulted.  Can  it  be  that  the  male 
being  the  shrub,  and  the  female  herbaceous,  the 
mules  must  be  the  latter?  It  may  throw  some 
light  on  the  philosophy  of  these  things,  in 
raising  the  suspicion  that  in  mules  between  an 
herbaceous  and  a  frutescent  plant  of  relation  near 
enough  to  be  hybridised  together,  the  mule  will  be 
herbaceous  or  fruticose,  according  as  its  female 
parent  is  the  one  or  the  other." 

That  this  was  a  failure  is  true  ;  but  in  one  respect 
it  was  success,  for  it  proved  that  shrubby  and 
herbaceous  Paeonies  will  breed  together,  which  is  all 
of  which  we  wanted  proof ;  and  it  certainly  ought 
to  lead  the  way  to  further  attempts,  in  a  somewhat 
difi'erent  direction. 

Although  the  abolition  of  duty  on  corn  renders 
the  Potato  crop  of  far  less  importance  than  it  once 
was,  nevertheless  it  must  always  excite  much 
interest,  if  it  does  not  even  affect  the  price  of  grain. 
That  it  is  this  year  in  a  very  precarious  slate  has 
already  been  reported  from  many  English  districts. 
The  Isle  of  Wight  seems  still,  as  in  184.5,  to  enjoy 
an  unfortunate  pre-eminence  in  this  respect;  it  was 
at  that  time  the  advanced  post  of  disease  arising 
from  the  eastward,  and  it  will  be  seen  from  a 
letter  in  another  column  to  offer  now  every  kind 
of  evil  omen. 

Ireland,  too,  is  by  no  means  behind  in  this  mis- 
fortune, as  the  following  extracts  from  Dunnk  and 
Auciiini.bck's  report  to  the  Aclmcati;  newspaper  of 
the  4th  inst.  show  :— 

Jokvitt.ftwn,  Naas,  August  1  ;  Potatoes  ai'o  going 
rttpidly,  iiHic'li  more  HO  than  the  last  two  nmmm  ;  tiny 
are  going  fust  since  the  lust  heavy  rain  and  lightning. — 


T/ujiiiaatuwn,  July  ;il  :  i'olaUR;!3  iir*i  a  iiieunjijuuiy  suO- 
ject.  Where  early  planted,  ittliey  keep,  a  great  quantity 
will  bo  had  ;  but  on  liigh  lying  uiidrained  landa,  there 
will  be  nothiug.  Since  184S  it  has  not  appeared  so 
bad.  —  Rostrevoi;  July  31  ;  disease  has  made  its 
appearance  throughout  Armagh,  but  up  to  the  present 
no  very  serious  harm  has  heeu  done  ;  farmers  much 
alarmed. — Clonlisk,  Ilosci-ca,  July  31:  Potatoes  checked 
in  their  growth  ;  our  market   well   supplied  with  good 

ones,  and   a  slight    mixture    of    black Kilmcaden, 

Wiiterford,  July  31  :  crop  decidedly  much  injured, 
particularly  along  the  coast. — A  report  from  Dungarvon: 
"  Potatoes  are  decaying  rapidly,  and  farmers  are 
doubtful  will  they  hold  till  harvest  is  gathered." — New 
Ross,  July  31  :  in  my  opinion,  this  will  be  one  of  the 
worst  years,  with  regard  to  the  Potato  disease,  that  we 
have  had  since  1846.  Last  wetk  we  had  the  Potatoes 
pretty  fair  for  using,  but  this  week  they  are  gone. — 
Midlingar,  August  1  :  the  supply  yesterday  abundant, 
very  good  ones  i-etailed  at  from  5rf.  to  6(Z.  per  stone  ; 
but  the  disease  was  evident  on  almost  every  parcel. — 
Tipperary,  July  31  :  disease  is  making  strides,  and  more 
than  half  the  crop  is  gone. — Cork,  July  31  :  opinion  is 
very  conflicting  as  to  the  extent  of  the  disease.  1  incline 
to  the  belief  that  a  large  proportion  will  remain  good. 
— Clonmel,  July  31  :  disease  has  appeared  of  a  very 
serious  character. — KUlucan,Ja]y  31 :  disease  extending 
rapidly  ;  has  now  attacked  the  tubers  ;  blight  exists  to 
a  greater  extent  than  any  season  since  1846.  — ■ 
Redcross,  Wkklow,  July  31  :  crop  very  much  injured. 
—  Malahide,  August  2  :  early  planted  diseased  to  from 
one-fourth  to  one-iifth  ;  late  planted  from  one-third  to 
one-fourth, — Rosci'ca,  August  "3:  some  fields  withered,  but 
generally  speaking  green  and  luxuriant.  At  a  distance 
of  three  miles  disease  is  general  on  every  side,  particu- 
larly in  the  Queen's  County. — Ratlidowaeyy  August  2  : 
a  very  decided  manifestation  of  disease  ;  the  Scotch 
Pinkeye,  in  almost  every  field,  evidences  rapid  decay. — 
Fnnisketry,  July  31  :  rumours  have  been  prevalent,  but 
I  have  not  seen  a  single  diseased  Potato  ;  have  heard 
that  Potatoes  are  getting  bad  about  Wicklow. — Clonmel, 
August  2  ;  the  disease  more  violent  than  last  year  or 
previous  year. — Duleek,  August  '2  :  all  fields  damaged,  as 
bad  as  any  year  since  the  disease  appeared. — Limeric]:, 
August  2  :  in  general  the  leaves  a  good  deal  withered  ; 
but  very  few  of  the  roots  touched.  Never  saw  the 
blight  so  extensive. — Enniscorthy,  August  2 :  disease 
rapidly  increasing,  particularly  amongst  the  early 
sown  ;  even  now  fully  one-third  injured. — Liniendc, 
August  2:  accounts  very  discouraging.  —  Garnch-on- 
Shannon,  August  2  ;  crops,  so  far  as  the  stalk,  greatly 
affected. — Oarnckfergus,  August  2  :  crop  diseased,  but 
Dot  so  much  as  last  year. —  Newbridge,  August  2 : 
Potatoes  are  becoming  universally  and  rapidly  diseased, 
— Navan,  August  2:  crop  considerably  failed. — Moorfield^ 
August  2 ;  Potatoes  very  much  damaged.  —  Corh, 
August  2:  Potatoes  getting  black,  and  disease  increasing 
daily, — Kildare,  August  2 :  crop  not  worse  these  eight 
years  ;  in  fact  they  are  of  little  use, — Shinrone,  August 
2 :  crop  almost  a  total  failure  for  miles  round. 

The  Irish  returns  of  corn  crops  appear  satisfactory. 


TETRATHECA  VERTICILLATA. 

When  well  cultivated,  this  must  be  acknowledged  to 
be  a  real  acquisition.  It  was  introduced  to  this  country 
about  the  year  1845;  and  notwithstanding  that  it  is  one 
of  the  prettiest  of  summer  flowering  plants  we  have,  it 
is  but  seldom  met  with,  except  in  great  collections.  It 
has  a  somewhat  delicate  habit,  but  it  is  by  no  means 
difficult  to  manage.  A  thoroughly  porous  soil,  through 
which  water  will  pass  freely,  is  indispensable  for  it,  as  is 
careful  wateriug  at  all  seasons,  especially  when  in  a 
state  of  rest  ;  and  the  young  wood  should  be  well 
ripened  before  winter,  or  damp  will  be  almost  sure  to 
attack  and  kill  it. 

Cuttings  of  firm  pieces  of  the  young  wood,  planted  in 
light,  peaty,  sandy  soil,  and  treated  in  the  ordinary  way, 
rootinafew  weeks,  when  they  should  be  potted  singly,  and 
placed  in  a  rather  close  place  untd  establislied.  Propa- 
gation should  be  proceeded  with  as  early  in  the  season  as 
convenient,  in  order  to  have  plants  of  some  size,  with  well 
matured  wood,  pi-evious  to  winter.  If  they  are  well 
exposed  to  sun  and  air  during  autumn  there  will  be  little 
difficulty  in  wintering  them  safely  iu  a  close  corner  of 
the  greenhouse  ;  but  if  the  wood  is  not  properly  ripened 
an  airy  part  of  a  pit  or  liouse,  where  the  temperature 
may  average  about  45**,  should  be  afforded  them.  Ciive 
no  more  water  at  this  season  than  what  is  sufficient  to 
preserve  the  soil  in  a  healthy  state  ;  and  if  damp  makes 
its  appearance,  remove  the  affected  parts  immediately, 
I  need  hardly  say  that  water  should  bo  applied  early  in 
the  day,  taking  care  to  wet  tho  foliage  as  little  as 
possible,  and  means  should  be  used  to  expel  the  damp 
before  evening. 

To  produce  very  large  specimens  it  is  necessary  to 
grow  them  one  season  previous  to  blooming  them.  If 
that  is  tho  object  in  view,  they  need  not  bo  excited  by 
artificial  means  early  in  tho  spring,  but  may  be  allowed 
to  remain  in  a  cool  situation  until  growth  is  inducod, 
without  any  aid  from  fire  heat ;  for  the  plant  grows 
rapidly  when  properly  managed,  oud  will  probably  attain 
sufliciont  sizo  during  tho  suimnor  niniilhs  ;  and  tho  wood 
will  bo  firmer  and  loss  apt  to  dump  olV  in  winter  than 
if  produced  cai'ly  in  tho  season,  with  little  sun  and  air, 
A  cold  frame,  ke[it  rather  close  and  pluccd  where  the 
force  of  tho  midday  sun  is  somewli.'Lt  subdued,  will 
bo  a  most  snilahio  silvuition  during  suimner.  Attend 
to  potting  as  neccssal'y,  bnt  avuid  largo  shifts,  and 
endeavour  to  Imve  tho  pots  moderately  tilled  with  roots 


500 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


[Aug.  7. 


previous  to  winter.  About  the  middle  of  August 
remove  the  plants  to  the  greenhouse,  and  gradually 
expose  them  to  the  full  force  of  the  sun's  rays 
and  a  free  circulation  of  air.  The  greatest  care 
will  be  necessary  to  prevent  damp  in  winter  ; 
but  if  the  specimens  are  tied  out,  so  as  to  have 
the  branches  rather  thin,  and  the  directions  for  last 
winter's  management .  attended  to,  they  will  probably 
reach  spring  unharmed.  Those  unaccustomed  to  the 
plant  will  do  well,  however,  to  afford  it  a  temperature 
of  about  45°,  especially  during  damp  weather.  In 
March  place  the  specimens  in  a  gentle  growing  heat  of 
about  55°j  where  air  can  be  freely  admitted  whenever 
the  weather  will  permit ;  and  keep  the  atmosphere  rather 
moist,  to  induce  the  plants  to  break  freely.  When 
growth  commences  give  a  liberal  shift,  say  from  a  9-inch 
to  a  12-inch  pot,  stop  the  shoots  rather  closely,  and  cut 
out  any  weakly  ones,  and  peg  or  tie  down  the  main 
branches,  so  as  to  secure  a  close  dwarf  habit.  Keep  the 
atmosphere  rather  close,  and  water  carefully  until  the 
plants  get  fully  established  ;  keep  them  near  the  glass, 
and  allow  a  free  cix'culation  of  air,  merely  avoiding  cold 
currents,  which,  when  allowed  to  pass  over  the  plants,  are 
very  injurious,  and  probably  are  the  cause  of  half  the 
disappointments  experienced  in  the  culture  of  this  plant. 
The  plants  may  be  removed  to  the  greenhouse  early  in 
May  (taking  care  to  prevent  their  receiving  any  check 
by  tlie  removal),  where  they  may  remain  during  their 
flowering  season,  or  be  taken  to  the  conservatory  or  any 
cool  situation  where  they  can  be  shaded  for  a  few  hours 
in  the  middle  of  bright  days. 

My  practice  is  to  throw  away  the  plants  after 
flowering,  at  least  large  specimens,  as  they  seldom  turn 
out  satisfactorily  when  kept  for  further  use.  Cuttings 
rooted  early  in  spring,  and  grown  as  rapidly  as  possible 
during  summer,  make  useful  little  flowering  specimens 
the  following  summer  ;  and  if  cut  back  and  grown 
after  flowering,  will  be  as  easily  wintered  as  plants  that 
have  not  flowered,  and  will  make  good  specimens  the 
following  season. 

Rich  turfy  peat  and  sandy  turfy  loam,  in  about  equal 
proportions,  with  a  liberal  admixture  of  sharp  sand 
and  small  potsherds  or  charcoal,  will  form  a  suitable 
compost  for  the  growth  of  this  plant.  The  peat  and 
loam  should  be  broken  up  carefully  with  the  hand, 
rejecting  all  but  the  best,  and  intimately  mixed  with  the 
sand.  Success  will  greatly  depend  upon  efficient  drainage 
and  judicious  potting.  Use  plenty  of  draining  materials, 
and  cover  with  rough  pieces  of  peat,  which  lasts  longer 
than  loam,  and  does  not  harbour  worms  as  Moss  does. 
Never  pot  unless  the  ball  and  soil  are  in  a  healthy  moist 
state,  and  water  carefully  after  potting,  till  the  roots  lay 
hold  of  the  fresh  soil,  but  liberally  when  the  plants  are 
in  active  growth.  Alpha. 


SILKWORMS. 

(Continued  from  page  iSi.) 

What  appears  to  be  the  greatest  causes  of  failure  in 
rearing  silkworms  in  the  United  Kingdom  are — 

ist,  Bad  venlilatlonj  in  consequence  of  which  the 
worms  become  damp,  diseased,  and  successively  die  off 
in  great  immbers  at  each  moulting, 

2d,  Want  of  sii^clent  food,  owing  to  the  too  early 
hatching  of  the  eggs.  When  too  great  a  demand  is  made 
on  the  Mulberry  tree,  when  it  commences  to  break  into 
leaf,  its  power  of  vegetation  is  paralysed,  so  that  it 
cannot  afford  an  ample  supply  till  too  late  in  the  season 
for  being  available  for  feeding  the  worms. 

The  effects  of  bad  ventilation  are  well  exemplified  by 
M.  GuL^rin  j\I^neville  (C.  R.,  February.  1B52).  For 
several  years  he  had  remarked  that  the  rearing  of 
silkworms  by  peasants  in  the  part  of  their  house  which 
was  used  as  a  kitchen,  and  generally  on  the  ground- 
floor,  was  almost  constantly  successful.  On  the  contrary, 
when  the  rearing  was  carried  on  in  barns,  in  rooms  not 
inhabited,  and  more  especially  where  there  was  no  fire 
for  cooking,  the  worms  were  always  attacked  by  various 
diseases.  At  first  he  could  not  satisfy  himself  as  to  the 
cause  of  this  difference,  and  in  order  to  ascertain  it 
completely,  he  took  the  trouble  to  visit  a  great  number 
of  small  nurseries  of  silkworms  in  different  villages. 
His  investigations  led  him  to  conclude,  that  the  success 
of  peasants  in  rearing  the  silkworms  in  ground-floor 
apartments  used  as  kitchens,  was  owing  to  kindling  fires 
once  a  day  for  cooking,  and  the  necessity  of  frequently 
opening  the  doors,  for  many  of  these  apartments  were 
used  as  a  kitchen,  and  at  night  as  a  bed-room.  M. 
Guerin  Meneville  considered  ventilation  by  fires  so 
beneficial,  that  he  recommended  its  adoption  in  all 
cocooneries  ;  and  he  thinks  that  small  rearers  would  do 
well  to  erect  fire-places  in  other  parts  of  their  houses 
where  silkworms  are  kept,  and  maintain  sufficient  fire 
to  put  the  vitiated  air  in  motion,  or  destroy  it  by 
combustion. 

It  is  very  questionable  whether  any  system  of  ventila- 
tion effects  the  object  so  well  as  a  clear  open  fire.  Heat 
may  be  more  equally  distributed  by  pipeis  than  by 
open  fires ;  and  a  uniform  circulation  of  air  can  be 
maintained  by  entirely  mechanical  means  ;  but  none  of 
these  inventions  produce  such  exliilarating  sensations 
as  are  derived  from  a  blazing  open  fire.  It  neutralises  a 
dense  London  fog.  In  many  cases  the  use  of  an  open 
fire  is  attended  with  various  inconveniences  ;  but  its 
importance  as  a  purifier  of  the  air  should  not  be  lost 
sight  of.  M.  Meneville  relates  a  remarkable  fact  con- 
nected with  this  subject,  and  in  reference  to  silkworms, 
which  may  be  here  usefully  detailed. 

For  many  successive  years  a  cultivator  at  Var  reared 
to  great  perfection  a  vast  number  of  silkworms  in  a 


sheep  cot.  His  floor  was  the  ground  ;  it  had  only  one 
door,  two  or  three  small  loop  holes  for  windows,  and  a 
low  tiled  roof.  This  cultivator  kept  the  door  shut,  and 
covered  with  a  double  cloth.  He  stuffed  the  loop-holes 
with  straw,  so  that  all  was  dark  within  the  cot,  which 
was  more  like  a  cave  than  anything  else.  In  order  to 
obtain  some  light,  he  kept  a  fire  in  the  middle,  and  often 
raised  a  flame  with  Pine  branches.  This  kind  of  fuel 
produced  much  smoke,  which  escaped  through  the 
openings  between  the  tiles,  for  these  were  not  bedded 
in  mortar  nor  pointed.  M.  de  Villeneuve,  who  examined 
the  place,  remarked  that  the  temperature  was  very  high 
near  the  fire  ;  but  that  this  did  not  injuriously  affect  the 
worms,  for  they  were  there  thriving  as  well  as  those  in 
other  parts  of  this  singular  cocoonery.  It  is  evident 
that  the  favourable  results  obtained  in  it  were  owing  to 
the  ventilation  caused  by  the  action  of  the  fire. 

Now,  if  the  man  had  been  asked  why  he  kindled  a 
fire,  and  why  he  so  carefully  closed  the  door  and  other 
openings  in  the  walls,  perhaps  he  could  have  given  no 
other  answer  than  that  he  did  so  because  by  such  pro- 
ceedings he  had  always  been  successful.  On  reflecting 
upon  tiie  circumstances  it  will  be  found  that  there  was 
no  occasion  for  any  other  opening  for  the  admission  of 
air  besides  those  of  the  open  tiled  roof,  through  which 
the  fresh  air  could  enter,  as  through  a  sieve — not  in  a 
current,  as  through  an  open  window.  Cold  draughts 
were  thus  avoided  ;  and  by  means  of  the  fire  a  tolerable 
uniformity  of  tempei-ature  could  be  maintained  ;  or  at 
all  events  the  temperature,  in  consequence  of  the  fire, 
must  have  been  higher  inside  than  out.  Then  the  silk- 
worms, it  must  be  recollected,  are  not  warm-blooded, 
consequently  their  tempei'atnre  is  much  the  same,  on  an 
average,  as  that  of  the  medium  in  which  they  exist.  If 
their  bodies  are  cooled  down  to  SS'*  at  night,  and  if  the 
temperature  of  the  air  become  suddenly  moist  and  high, 
then  moisture  will  be  deposited  upon  the  surfaces  of  the 
worms  till  such  time  as  their  temperature  corresponds 
with  that  of  the  atmosphere,  or  nearly  so.  When  the 
worms  are  cold  and  damp  they  are  almost  torpid,  and 
loathe  their  food  ;  disease  and  putrefaction  usually 
ensue.  But  when  first  affected  by  damp,  let  them  be 
placed  at  a  moderate  distance  from  an  open  fire  till 
their  bodies  are  heated  above  the  temperature  of  the 
surrounding  air  ;  they  will  soon  become  dry,  and  com- 
mence to  feed  with  great  avidity.  This  is  stated  from 
experience.  Pi'evention,  however,  is  better  than 
cure  ;  and  the  man  who  had  a  thriving  cocoonery  in 
the  sheep-cot  doubtless  guarded  against  any  settlement 
of  damp  on  the  bodies  of  his  silkworms  by  keeping 
them  at  an  average  higher  temperature  than  that  of  the 
external  air,  by  means  of  the  fire  he  kept  up.  From 
what  has  been  stated,  the  remedy  against  the  great 
source  of  failure  from  damp  will  be  sufficiently  obvious. 
It  is  fire-heat,  judiciously  applied. 

The  other  great  cause  of  failure,  namely,  want  of 
sufficient  food,  owing  to  the  too  early  hatching  of  the 
eggs,  can  be  very  easily  overcome.  It  would  not 
answer  to  attempt  to  force  the  trees  early  into  leaf,  to 
suit  the  hatching  of  the  eggs  ;  but  the  hatching  can  be 
retai-ded  at  very  little  expense,  to  suit  the  leafing  of 
the  trees.  There  are  ice-houses  ;  or  the  eggs  could  be 
sent  to  the  north  side  of  some  high  mountain,  to  a  spot 
where  the  sun  never  shines,  and  there  kept  till  June,  or 
so  long  as  may  be  deemed  expedient,  with  reference  to 
the  leafing  of  the  Mulberry.  In  conclusion,  it  will  be 
obvious  that  there  is  no  great  difficulty  in  successfully 
rearing  silkworms  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Various 
kinds  of  the  Mulberry,  the  Madura  aurantiaca,  and  the 
Broussouetia  papyrifei'a  could  be  planted  for  a  supply 
of  food.  1 1 


ON  THE  VARIEGATION  OF  FLOWERS. 

Our  gardens  contain  avast  number  of  plants  with 
variegated  flowers  ;  but  I  am  not  aware  that  hitherto 
any  attempt  has  been  made  to  determine  the  circum- 
stances under  which  such  variegation  is  produced. 
Some  observations  which  1  had  occasion  to  make  have 
led  to  the  conclusion  that  nature  in  this  case  follows  a 
uniform  course.  In  ten  examples  of  variegation  which 
were  produced  under  my  own  observation,  the  course 
was  always  as  follows.  The  original  plant  with  flowers 
whole  coloured,  gave,  in  the  first  instance,  a  variety 
with  flowers  entirely  white  ;  afterwards,  variegations 
were  produced  from  this  white  variety  on  its  returning 
towards  the  coloured  type. 

Thus,  under  the  influence  of  circumstances  which  we 
cannot  as  yet  perfectly  comprehend,  a  variety  entirely 
white  is  produced  without  transition,  that  is  to  say 
without  passing  from  the  coloured  state  to  colourless  or 
white,  by  successive  gradations  of  tint.  This  pure  white 
variety  usually  gives  in  the  first  sowing  a  greater  or 
less  proportion  of  plants  with  flowers  like  those  of  the 
coloured  type ;  but  in  subsequent  sowings,  care  being 
always  taken  to  select  seeds  from  the  pure  white  pro- 
ductions, this  race  becomes  fixed  to  a  certain  degree  ; 
and,  after  passing  through  several  more  generations,  it 
is  in  most  cases  completely  fixed.  Hitherto  the  variega- 
tions have  not  been  produced  in  the  first  period,  although 
from  each  sowing  a  great  number  of  plants  have  pro- 
duced whole  coloured  flowers  like  the  original.  It 
is  only  among  the  white  varieties  not  completely  fixed 
that  the  variegations  make  their  appearance  ;  at  first 
they  exhibit  narrow  pencillings,  the  coloured  portion 
being  only  one-tenth,  and  sometimes  only  one-twentieth 
of  the  whole  surface  ;  but  then,  in  the  following  generation, 
flowers  wh'de  coloured  become  abundant,  whilst 
amongst  those  that  are  variegated,  the  coloured  portions 
begin  to  predominate.     Among  the  first  sowings  there 


are  generally  a  number  of  plants  entirely  white.  From 
the  manifest  disposition  to  return  to  the  original  colour, 
it  is  necessary,  in  order  to  obtain  permanent  variega- 
tions, to  select  for  seed  such  plants  as  have  the  white 
ground  considerably  the  more  predominant. 

I  have  already  stated  that  I  have  myself  seen  tea 
examples  of  variegated  flowers  proceed  from  the  white 
variety.  I  ought  to  add  that,  since  my  attention  was 
drawn  to  this  subject  by  the  flowering  of  the  Convolvulus 
tricolor  panache  (which  was  seen  at  our  establishment 
for  the  first  time  about  ten  years  ago),  I  have  never 
been  able  to  observe  a  single  instance  of  variegatioa 
coming  directly  from  the  coloured  original.  The  contrary, 
however,  takes  place  with  regard  to  dottings ;.  these  come 
directly  from  the  coloured  type.  I  ought  likewise  to 
state  that  whole  yellow  plays  the  same  part  as  wiute 
with  respect  to  dotting. 

Among  the  varieties  to  which  I  have  alluded,  seven 
are  already  so  completely  fixed  that  it  is  now  possible  to 
reproduce  them  with  certainty  from  seed.  They  are, 
in  the  order  in  which  they  have  been  obtained,  varie- 
gated Gomphrena  globosa  ;  Antirrhinum  majus,  two 
varieties,  one  having  a  white  ground,  the  other  a  yellow; 
Convolvulus  tricolor  ;  Nemophila  insignia  ;  Fortnlaca 
grandiflora,  flowers  white  striped  with  rose  ;  and  Del- 
phinium Ajacis.  This  last  variegated  sort  was  pro- 
duced by  a  plant  with  very  pale  lilac  flowers  in  returning 
towards  another  with  bright  violet,  from  which  it  had 
originally  sprung. 

Other  three  varieties  have  been  hut  recently  obtained, 
and  we  have  not  yet  attempted  to  fix  them.  They  are 
the  Clarkia  pulchella,  Browallia  erecta,  and  Commelina 
tuberosa.  In  short,  we  have  only  been  unsuccessful  in 
fixing  one  sort,  namely,  the  Zinnia  elegans.  Among  the 
sowings  of  the  white-flowered  variety  of  this,  there 
appeared  almost  every  year  some  petals  variegated  with 
purplish  violet,  the  colour  of  the  original  species  ;  bufe 
when  we  sowed  the  seeds  which  were  saved  from  these 
variegated  flowers,  we  only  obtained  self  or  whole 
colours,  and,  contrary  to  what  usually  takes  place,  they 
were  mostly  v.'hite.  M.  Vilmoririj  Flore  des  Senses  et  de& 
Jardins  de  VHv/rope* 


Home  Correspondence. 

Melon  Growing. — I  grow  excellent  Melons  in  boxes 
12  inches  square  and  18  inches  deep,  placed  over  hot 
water  pipes  in  front  of  a  Pine  pit.  The  boxes  stand  in 
the  centre  of  each  light,  G  inches  from  the  glass.  The 
plants  are  trained  upon  a  light  made  trellis  10  inches 
wide.  Vines  occupy  the  rafters  on  each  side,  and  it  is- 
evident  that  the  Pines  beneath  enjoy  the  shade.  I 
find  that  Melons  grown  in  boxes  come  to  maturity  much' 
sooner,  and  possess  higher  flavour,  than  those  grown  in 
frames.  The  Trentham  Hybrid  is  admirably  adapted 
for  box  culture,  being  a  free  setter  and  of  first-rate 
quality.  I  have  cut  fruit  off  it  weighing  3  lbs.  two 
months  after  planting.  To  ensure  fine  fruit  and  high 
flavour  it  is  advisable  to  leave  only  a  couple  of  fruit  on 
a  plant.  This  plant  may  prove  serviceable  where  horse 
litter  is  scarce,  as  a  box  of  the  above  dimensions  takes 
up  but  little  room.  /.  Jones,  Bodrhyddamj  North  Walts. 

TJie  OiiUiLre  of  the  Vine  a  Helpmate  to  the  Culture  of 
the  Mind. — Under  this  title  you  published  in  1850  a 
series  of  eight  papers  "  for  cottagers,"  to  which  yonr 
readers,  especially  those  who  have  not  Hoare's  work, 
would  do  well  to  refer  their  neighbom-s.  That  at  page 
773  contains  the  pith  of  his  weekly  calendarial  register, 
and  the  quaint  amusing  form  in  which  they  are  given 
will  be  found  an  incentive  to  the  perusal  of  the  whole. 
It  is  gratifying  to  find  so  many  brother  Vine-dressera 
following  the  simple  system  of  Clement  Hoare,  but  I  am 
so  anxious  to  exhibit  it  in  words  which  cannot  be 
mistaken,  as  I  fear  the  last  three  or  four  lines  of 
"  B.V's."  letter  may  be,  that  I  venture,  as  the  originator- 
of  the  correspondence,  to  ask  you  to  allow  me,  by  way 
of  "  reply" — for  I  conclude  that  we  must  not  trespass- 
longer  on  your  columns — to  observe,  that  if  carefully 
read  (page  373)  my  letter  will  be  found  to  comprehend 
very  briefly  the  whole  system  as  applied  to  an  estabhshed 
Vine,  excepting  the  distances  of  the  rods  from  each 
other.  Will  you  allow  me  to  supply  the  omissioii^ 
Provision  should  be  made  in  the  current  year  for  a 
strong  young  shoot  to  be  nailed  up  the  wall  at  every 
28  inches  when  the  winter  pruning  is  given  ;  that  is  ta 
say,  in  Vines  already  accommodated  to  Hoare's  system, 
the  centre  of  the  "  intervals"  of  which  I  spoke,  will  be  A 
28  inches  apart.  To  make  it  more  clear,  in  my  "  tiers""  Ji 
the  old  rods  and  the  young  rods  are,  in  succession,  i 
14  inches  apart.  If,  in  addition  to  this  I  state,  that  the 
shoots  which  have  grown  from  the  old  rods  were  stopped  | 
about  the  10th  of  June,  leaving  at  least  one  joint  beyond 
the  Grapes  they  are  bearing.  If  I  further  mention 
that  any  laterals,  alias  side-shoots,  alias  summer- 
shoots,  are  not  to  be  torn  off,  but  pinched  off" 
beyond  their  first  joint,  no  one  who  has  read 
the  last  three  letters  in  the  Chronicle  need  be 
worried  any  longer  as  to  a  system  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Vine  against  his  house  or  garden 
wall.  Let  not,  however,  the  cultivator  be  disappointed 
if  his  Vine  will  not  always  bring  forth  shoots  just  where 
he  wants  them  ;  he  must  occasionally  borrow  from  a 
more  distant  source,  and  twist  about  his  shoots  in 
strange  ways.  The  growing  wood  may  be  led  away 
anywhere,  provided  it  has  enough  sun  and  air,  but  the 
more  the  Vine  is  bent  about,  the  more  fruitful  does  it 
become.  As  Hoare  says,  "  much  will  occur  to  exercise 
the  ingenuity  of  the  cultivator."  I  have  sometimes  at 
the  winter  pruning,  for  want  of  vigorous  shoots  in  the 
proper  places,  folded  up  the  bearing  branches  of  the 


32—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


501 


past  season  and  tied  them  to  their  rod,  so  as  to  have  a 
line  (though  a  broken  one)  of  young  wood  all  the  way 
up.  For  those  who  may  wish  to  know  the  minutiee  of 
the  measurement,  let  me  observe  that  on  each  side  of 
the  old  rod  an  average  of  10  inches  will  be  wanted  for 
the  Grape-bearing  shoots.  Hoare  says,  "  the  young  rod 
must  have  a  clear  space  of  4  inches  on  each  side  of  it ;" 
therefore  4  +  10  +  10  +  4=28  (or  10  +  8  +  10);  this  will 
be  found  (contrary  to  expectation)  an  ample  measure- 
ment. Indeed  for  the  Black  Cluster,  the  Malaga,  and 
other  small  Grapes,  24  or  26  inches  seem  enough.  Q.  W., 
August  4. 

AUamanda  catkartica.  —  The  natural  habit  of  this 
plant  is  so  completely  overcome  by  cultivation,  at  least 
in  the  specimens  exhibited  at  Chiswick,  that  I  suspect 
few  persons  are  aware  of  its  extreme  beauty  when 
allowed  to  grow  freely.  Having  grown  a  plant  in  my 
Orchidaceous  house,  I  have  been  much  surprised  to  find 
its  habit  almost  precisely  similar  to  that  of  Nerium 
Oleander — the  same  tendency  to  branch  in  threes  and 
fours,  and  to  produce  large  heads  of  flowers,  expanding 
in  long  succession  at  the  end  of  every  shoot  ;  the 
difference  being  chiefly  in  the  rather  longer  growth 
and  more  pendulous  habit  of  the  Allamanda.  The 
plant  in  question  is  about  three  years  old,  and  has  been 
planted  out  about  two  years  and  a  half  upon  a  slate 
shelf,  in  a  pit  formed  of  loose  bricks.  It  has  grown  and 
bi-anched  freely,  but  has  not  flowered  until  this  spring, 
with  the  exception  of  two  or  tliree  heads  produced  late 
last  autumn.  This  spring  it  has  put  out  large  heads  at 
the  extremity  of  every  shoot,  each  head  consisting  of 
two  branches  or  spikes,  bearing  in  succession  from  10 
to  15  flowers,  five  flowers  being  frequently  open  at  once 
upon  each  head.  As  soon  as  these  heads  were  formed, 
two  or  three  shoots  were  thrown  out  immediately  below 
the  head,  precisely  as  in  the  Oleander,  which  after 
growing  18  inches  or  2  feet,  terminated  in  fresh  heads 
of  flower.  1  have  now  15  or  16  principal  heads,  and  at 
least  twice  as  many  secondary  ones  ;  and  I  suspect  that 
the  plant,  if  cultivated  in  this  manner,  would  ultimately 
become  one  mass  of  bloom,  as  almost  every  shoot  pro- 
duces a  flower.  I  need  hardly  add  it  is  planted  in  very 
rich  soil,  and  abundantly  suppHed  with  water.  It  is  a 
very  clean  plant,  singularly  free  from  insects,  and  well 
adapted  to  shade  an  Orchid-house.  I  am  induced  to 
send  you  this  statement  because  I  have  never  seen 
Allamanda  when  grown  natui'ally,  as  at  Kew  and  Liege, 
produce  more  than  two  or  three  heads  of  flower.  It 
clearly  requires  abundant  moisture  and  rich  mimure, 
as  well  as  great  heat.  The  flowers  with  me  are  3^  to 
4  inches  in  diameter,  and  very  fragrant.  When 
gathered  they  fade  rapidly  and  can  only  be  enjoyed  in 
file  stove.  /.  R. 

Transmutation  of  jEgilops. — Your  announcement  of 
M.  Esprit  Fabre's  discovery  is  certainly  startling,  and, 
if  confirmed,  will  indeed  go  a  long  way  to  give  the 
coiLp-de-grace  (as  you  remark)  to  our  faith  in  the  value 
even  of  generic  distinctions.  Indeed,  if  we  are  to 
receive  the  results  of  M.  Fabre's  experiments  as 
undoubted  facts,  in  arriving  at  which  there  could  Iiave 
been  no  latent  sources  of  error,  all  our  a  prioH  incre- 
duHty  as  to  the  probability  of  the  old  stories  of  Oats 
having  become  Rye,  <kc.,  is  at  once  removed,  and  our 
considered  settled  notions  respecting  the  permanence  of 
specific  distinctions  "  wufully  shaken."  Truly  this  dis- 
covery will  aftbrd  a  triumph  to  the  talented  author  of 
the  "  Vestiges  of  the  Natural  History  of  Creation."  The 
case  is  in  fact  so  novel,  and  partakes  so  of  tlie  mar- 
vellous, that  everything  belonging  to  it  must  interest  all 
true  lovers  of  science,  and  all  scientific  lovers  of  the  truth. 
It  is  therefore  most  desirable  that  the  new  Wheat  plant 
of  M.  Fabre  should  be  carefully  compared  with  the  old 
form,  in  order  to  settle  their  identity  (if  they  be 
identical),  or  otherwise  to  show  in  what  particulars  they 
differ  from  each  other,  and  this  examination  should 
extend  to  every  part  of  the  plant,  and  the  microscope 
should  be  called  in  to  assiat  in  the  investigation.  Seeds 
of  the  new  Wheat  should  be  sent  to  this  country  and 
sown  on  the  best  and  worst  Wiieat  soils,  the  former  to 
ascertain  if  it  admits  of  further  development,  the  latter 
to  induce  it  to  revert  back  to  its  normal  condition  of 
JF^  ovata.  It  would  alsu  he  moat  interesting  to  your 
botanical  readers  if  you  could  show  them  side  by  side, 
in  a  cut,  drawings  of  the  original  M.  ovata,  the  M. 
ovata  var.  triticoides,  the  fully  developed  Wheat  plant 
of  M.  Fabre,  and  the  old  denizen,  together  witli  mag- 
nified 8ketch<i«  of  th<;  ftnral  organs.  We  should  then 
bo  able  fj  b':c  and  judge  for  our.ielves  of  the  extent 
of  the  mutation  which  apftears  to  have  taken  plane 
between  the  alpha  of  the  "Sicilian  weed"  and  the 
omega  of  our  noblest  cereal.  It  would  he  further  inte- 
resting to  Btatfl  wliat  wa«  considered  to  be  the  essential 
generic  charact«.T  of  yligilops  and  Triticuin  respectively, 
that  we  may  «ee  by  what  changes  the  one  has  glided 
into  the  other.  Perhaps  the  strangest  part  of  M. 
Fabre's  experience  is,  that  in  no  instance  had  he  oh- 
served  a  retrogression  from  tlio  na>n:ent  Wheat  back  to 
itft  vile  ancestral  type.  It  would, moreover,  be  JrnportJint 
to  ascertain  how  hardy  the  new  plant  is —whether  it 
would  bear,  for  instance,  the  cliniat<r  of  the  north  and 
cast  of  Kriglarid  ;  aIho  how  hardy  A'.,  ovata  is.  Your 
rea/lers  would  be  glad  alsfj  U>  kntiW  where  I'rofessor 
l>unal*s  pamphlet  and  also  where  specimens  of  ylv. 
ovsta  (its  iiornial  and  abnormal  pliawrs)  could  be  pro- 
cured. The  subject  is  one  of  surpasfiing  int^rrest. 
W.  AfarslmU,  hty.  [M.  Fabre's  piimphlct  (rontainH 
figures  of  all  the  objer-l^i  which  our  <;orre«pondent  wlnhes 
i^t  see,  but  we  cannot  incur  the  expens*:  of  reproducing 
thftDi.  About  the  foctH  there  is  no  doubt.  We  have 
purp(.rfK!ly  avoided   treating  the  question  ia  a  merely 


I  botanical  point  of  view  ;  we  may,  however,  observe 
'  that  doubts  about  the  soundness  of  the  generic  distinc- 
;  tions  of  Triticum  and  yEgilops  were  expressed  many 
'  years  ago  by  Falisot  de  Beauvois] 

Birds. — A  friend's  coachman  some  time  since,  when 
cleaning  the  carriage,  observed  a  magpie  with  some- 
thing dangling  from  its  beak  ;  it  was  a  large  snake;  it 
laid  it  on  a  horizontal  bough  of  a  tree,  pecked  it  on  the 
head,  ate  a  portion  of  the  neck  and  back,  and  then  flew 
away.  A  flight  of  swallows  appeared  on  tlie  3d  of 
April  on  the  river  Teine,  near  Fowick-bridge ;  they 
disappeared,  and  were  not  again  seen  until  the  21st; 
they  are  unusually  scarce  this  year  as  well  as  the 
the  cuckco,  and  hardly  a  nightingale  to  be  heard.  A 
gentleman  from  Worcester  was  shooting  near  the 
wier  at  Bevere,  on  the  od  of  September,  he  saw 
five  swifts  hawking  over  a  pool  ;  he  fancied  they  were 
a  late  hatch,  and  shot  one,  which  proved  to  be  an  old 
bird  ;  Gilbert  White  mentions  one  being  seen  in 
Rutlandshire  very  late,  but  I  believe  not  so  late  as  the 
3d  of  September.  I  saw  a  carrion  crow  perched  on  a 
branch  of  a  tree  over  a  large  pool  of  considerable  depth, 
it  splashed  into  the  water,  and  flew  away  with  a  toad  in 
its  beak.  F.  D.,  Pershore. 

Cooling  Dnnks. — I  have  read  over  the  receipts  for 
these,  given  at  p.  469,  with  pleasui'e,  but  I  find  one  fault 
in  them,  they  are  not  in  the  reach  of  "  all,"  and  are  for 
a  class  that  ought  not,  nor  do  not  suff'er  thirst  created 
by  hard  labour  under  a  nearly  vertical  sun.  I  would 
recommend  milk  set  in  the  evening  in  a  cool  dairy,  and 
deprived  of  its  morning's  cream.  Let  a  jug  of  this,  and 
a  jug  of  pure  water,  drawn  from  a  clear  spring,  when 
the  dew  is  on  it  at  daybreak,  be  set  through  the  day  in 
a  cool  cellar,  and  when  thirsty  a  drink  taken,  half  and 
half  mixed  together ;  this  will  refresh  more  than  any 
other  that  I  know.  There  is  no  acidity  in  it — all  is 
wholesome  ;  and  the  most  delicate  stomach  will  feel  no 
heaviness  or  unpleasantness  after  it.  Drinking  in  the 
day  after  the  sun  has  risen  is  prejudicial.  Major 
Denham,  the  celebrated  African  traveller,  says : 
*'  Frequent  drinking  after  the  sun  has  risen  should 
always  be  avoided ;  it  causes  the  same  sickness,  drooping, 
and  thirst  in  the  animal  that  may  be  observed  in  the 
vegetable  kingdom.  Plants  may  be  completely  saturated 
with  water  at  night,  and  will  preserve  their  freshness 
for  the  whole  of  the  following  day,  yet  if  slightly  watered 
in  the  morning  how  different  is  their  appearance  !  So  is 
it  with  man.  During  the  whole  of  our  desert  travelling, 
on  going  to  rest  1  always  drank  as  much  water  as  I 
could,  and  frequently  until  the  same  hour  on  the  fol- 
lowing night  never  ventured  to  put  the  cup  to  my  lips  ; 
yet  I  suffered  less  from  the  heat  and  thirst  than  my 
companions,  who  usually  drank  dui'ing  the  day."  J.  B. 
Warren,  Warren's  Grove, 

Wheat  Mildeiv. — I  was  informed  last  year  that  some 
Wheat  crops  in  Hertfordshire  were  greatly  injured  by 
a  white  mildew,  and  I  took  some  pains  to  ascertain  the 
species,  but  without  success.  This  year,  however,  I 
have  perceived  a  species  of  Oidium  on  the  sheaths  and 
leaves  of  Wheat  which,  I  have  little  doubt,  would  agree 
with  the  mildew  reierred  to.  It  cannot  be  distinguished 
from  the  species  which  infests  the  Vine  and  so  many 
other  plants,  except  in  colour  ;  but  instead  of  being 
pure  white,  it  is  dirty  white,  and  grows  in  small  compact 
oblong  patches,  which  felt  together  very  closely,  as  the 
common  species  on  shoots  of  Peach  and  Rose-trees.  I 
should  have  considered  this  species  as  the  Oidium 
monilioides  of  Nees  Von  Esenbeck,  which  affects  the 
Grasses,  but  that  a  few  years  since  I  noticed  in  a 
field  of  Wheat  all  the  blades  of  soft  Grass  growing 
amongst  it  to  be  affected  by  that  species,  while  the 
Wheat  itself  remained  quite  free.  The  species 
above  recorded,  therefore,  may  be  called  Oidium  tritici. 
I  am  happy  to  say  that  although  I  have  specimens  on 
which  it  is  growing  from  the  base  to  the  chaff,  it  does 
not  appear  to  have  done  serious  damage  hitherto  ;  and 
I  only  mention  the  occurrence  for  the  sake  of  recording 
its  existence,  as  it  is  possible,  at  some  future  time,  we 
may  hear  more  about  it  than  may  be  desired.  The 
Bean  crops  have  been  ploughed  in  in  this  neighbour- 
hood, but  they  were  not  injured  by  fungi  at  all,  but  in 
consequence  of  winter  planting,  and  the  severe  weather 
they  had  to  encounter.  With  regard  to  the  action  of 
climate  on  grain  crops,  I  may  observe  that  I  have  this 
year  tried  to  grow  some  Egyptian  Wheat  of  the  finest 
quality,  and  notwithstanding  it  was  in  a  warm  sheltered 
spot,  every  floret  is  abortive.  F.  J,  Qraliam,  Cranford* 

White  Water  Lily.—  \  have  sent  you  a  flower  and  leaf 
of  a  Water  Lily  we  have,  which  we  believe  to  be  a 
seedling  ;  it  makes  a  compact,  dense  mass  of  leaves,  is 
rather  later  in  blossoming,  and,  owing  to  the  quantity 
of  foliage,  does  not  appear  so  free  in  flowering ;  as  you 
will  perceive,  it  is  smaller  in  leaf  and  bloom  than  the 
common  sort.  0.  Pauly  Nwscrlettj  Chenhmtt. 

Oaano. — I  have  been  nmch  pleased  with  your  praise- 
worthy attempts  to  protect  the  public  against  imposition 
from  adulterated  manures,  ObHerving  aonic  bugs  lying 
at  the  LlantriKfiiit  Htation,  South  Wales  line,  and  one 
of  them  broken,  1  took  a  sample  of  their  contents, 
which  I  enclose.  The  stalion  moHter  informed  mo  that 
ho  Iiad  received  letters  from  Messrs.  U(;l>inHon,  of 
London,  from  whom  the  niunui-o  came,  ilo  showed  me 
an  order  of  the  agent  appointed  for  this  distriet  uh 
follows  : — '*  Ph'iiHc)  deliver  all  guiino  which  may  come 
to  Cowhridg'-rond  station  to  Mr.  'I'homiiH  David,  of 
Abfiitliin.  (Signed)  D.  Llewellyn,"  As  the  agent 
calls  thJH  guano,  it  HlrikeK  mr»  that  fraud  is  attempted  ; 
perhaps  you  can  tlirow  some  light  on  the  Hubjeet,  TIhtc 
nre  I. 'J  bugs  now  at  the  station.  JCduard  ^rMt  Barljp.r^ 
V.  Ji.t  f'tnd  Coimty  tiuivcyor  jor  Olamorga/n,  LkmtriaaiUf 


Pontypridd,  Glamorgan.  [We  do  not  perceive  indications 
of  this  sample  containing  any  guano  whatever.  It 
is  very  like  a  mixture  of  ground  logwood  and  other 
rubbish.  The  buyer  should  have  it  analysed  before  he 
pays  for  it.] 

Berberis  Darwinii. — I  cannot  but  regard  this  novel 
introduction  as  one  of  the  nicest  evergreen  shrubs  in 
the  country,  and  likely  to  become  a  universal  iavourite. 
Any  dressy,  hardy  shrubs,  which  never  assume  a  coarse 
habit,  and  which  flower  freely  for  months,  are  of  infinite 
service  to  the  decorator  of  grounds,  whose  flower  or 
shrubbery  borders  are  but  too  apt  to  appear  monotonous 
through  lack  of  variety.  Americans  and  Roses  are  the 
two  principal  groups  ;  indeed,  these  withdrawn,  the 
modern  shrub  border  would  be  poor  indeed.  Amongst 
the  peculiarities  which  this  elegant  evergreen  possesses 
is  the  property  of  carrying  the  most  beautiful  and 
glossy  dark  green  foliage,  nearly  all  the  year  ; 
perhaps  I  ought  to  have  said  the  whole  year.  It  pos- 
sesses the  most  graceful  habit  imaginable  ;  an  airy 
elegance  seems  to  be  its  character  through  every  period, 
and  it  appears  peculiarly  adapted  for  trailing  purposes  ; 
the  plant  being  inclined  to  adapt  itself  to  flat  surfaces 
with  the  utmost  facility.  One  feature,  and  that  no 
mean  one,  remains  to  be  noticed ;  and  that  is, 
the  property  of  flowering  twice  in  the  season, 
if  not  through  the  whole  spring  and  summer. 
Such,  at  least,  is  the  habit  of  the  plant  I  possess  ;  but  I 
may  remark,  that  such  habit  has  been  induced  by 
pinching  or  stopping  the  points,  in  order  to  produce  a 
closer  growth,  and  to  gain  cuttings.  Two  or  three 
suckers  came  up  in  succession  during  April  and  May  ; 
these  were  stopped  when  a  foot  long,  and  the  axillary 
shoots  from  these  are  now  hanging  laden  with  their 
golden  cups.  The  tint  of  the  foliage  is  akin  to  that  of 
Escallonia  macrantha  ;  but  that  is  barely  hardy,  or  what 
a  valuable  shrub !  Now,  this  property  of  being  so 
readily  controllable  as  to  its  floral  habits,  is  a  character 
of  much  value,  properly  acted  upon.  All  such  shrubs 
should  be  kept  classified  in  the  mind  of  the  cultivator, 
and  acted  upon  at  set  periods,  if  possible.  I  think  it 
not  improbable  that  it  may  be  fit  to  group  with  Forsythia 
and  Weigela,  as  a  moderate  spring  forcer  ;  and  would,  in 
that  event,  be  of  much  service  in  the  spring  bouquet.  I 
can  even  fancy  it  encircling  a  flower-basket  ;  its  dark 
glossy  green-and-gold  would  look  well  round  a  pile  of 
scarlet  Geraniums,  scarlet  Lobelias,  or  even  the  Salvia 
patens.  What  a  beautiful  trellis  plant,  too,  as  a  division 
in  gardening  affairs !  Robert  Ernngton,  Oulton-parJc, 
Aug.  4. 

Gutta  Percha  Pipes.- — I  got  a  quantity  of  coated  gutta 
percha  pipes  for  watering  the  garden  with,  but  the 
coating  is  beginning  to  wear  off  and  to  let  the  water 
through.  Will  any  of  your  readers  be  so  good  as 
inform  me  in  what  way  I  can  repair  them  I  Inquirer. 

Leaf-burnivg. — With  reference  to  your  observations 
at  p.  468  on  the  subject  of  the  old  leaves  of  the  Rhodo- 
dendron only  having  suffered  lately  from  the  sun's  rays, 
I  beg  to  inform  you  that  in  my  garden  the  young  leaves 
have  suffered  more  than  the  old.  I  send  you  two  speci- 
mens of  young  leaves  and  one  of  old,  and  shall  bo 
happy  to  show  you  the  plants  themselves,  if  you  think 
it  worth  while  to  pursue  the  subject  and  set  the  matter 
right.  John  Smart,  Bridgen-hall,  Enfield,  July  29. 
[There  is  nothing  to  set  right.  We  described  what  we 
observed  ;  you  describe  what  you  observed.  There  was 
no  doubt  a  difference  in  the  circumstances — that's  all.J 

Sulphur  which  has  been  precipitated  from  some 
chemical  solution,  usually  sold  as  "milk  of  sulphur,"  is 
in  a  far  more  minute  state  of  division  than  the  "  flowers 
_  of  sulphur"  obtained  by  sublimation,  and  if  sulphur  in 
'  this  form  be  stirred  up  in  water  it  will  remain  in  a  state 
of  suspension  for  a  considerable  time,  and  may  be 
applied  to  plants  by  means  of  a  syringe  with  the  greatest 
facility.  1  feel  sure  that  those  of  your  readei-s  who 
iiave  been  in  the  habit  of  endeavouring  to  mingle 
*'fiijwer8  of  sulphur"  with  water,  will  find  it  a  great 
improvement  to  adopt  the  form  of  sulphur  called 
"  milk,"  which  is  almost  as  cheap.  D.  C.  Wkalley,  Great 
Wtnkanij  Ipswich. 

Salt  v.  IVfict/jf.— Since  I  first  applied  salt  for  destroy- 
ing weeds  on  walks,  roads,  yards,  &e.,  nothing  has 
occurred  to  prevent  its  still  further  application,  but 
about  half  the  quantity  appears  to  be  sufficient  this 
year  for  walks  previously  operated  upon.  For  a 
kitchen  garden  of  3  or  4  acres,  I  doubt  not  that  1  ton 
of  salt  per  year  will  be  suflicient  after  the  first  season. 
We  pay  \l.  per  ton  for  it  here  delivered  at  the  gardens, 
and  a  man  will  readily  distribute  this  quantity  in  a  day, 
BO  that  some  idea  of  its  economy,  as  compared  with  the 
best  and  cheapest  method  of  keeping  weeds  off  walks 
may  be  gleaned.  If  U,  2s.  per  annum  will  keep  3  acres 
of  kitchen  garden  quite  clean,  what  will  bo  the  amount 
for  30  acres  of  kitchen  garden  and  pleasure  grounds  ? 
Answer. — 1 1/.  Our  kitchen  garden  isedged  with  baked, 
)}hie,  border  tiles,  consequently  salt  does  not  injure  them. 
'i"ho  parterre  has  stone  edgings  and  walks  of  gravel, 
tlierefoie  suit  does  not  injure  them;  on  the  contrary, 
it  improves  their  appearance  by  destroying  all  the 
minute  numses  which  soon  present  themselves  on  atone, 
(.tc,  and  gives  them  a  clean  light  appearance.  In 
comhision,  allow  mo  to  propose  a  thin  sheet  of  either 
liitrd  atone  or  blue-tilo  edging  for  the  sides  of  Grass 
lawiiH,  where  salt  may  then  be  freely  employed  without 
(liMiii;urement  of  the  edge  ;  in  the  end  this  would  yield 
good  interest,  by  curtailing  the  constant  clipping  and 
relaying  of  Box.  A  word  of  caution  to  those  who  Imvo 
not  been  in  the  liahit  of  using  salt,  may  perhaps  be 
recjuisito.  It  should  never  he  scattered  on  ground 
above  the  roots  of  trues  or  uhrubsj  or  where  it  is  likely 


502 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Aug.  7. 


to  be  wa&lied  uu  tliein,  or  distigureuient  and  death  will 
certainly  be  the  result.    W.   Btoxvn,  Merevale,  July  26. 

. Mr.  Bailey  still  appears  to  think  that  aothing  is  so 

efficacious  in  cleaning  walks  as  hand  weeding  :  in  this, 
however,  I  beg  to  differ  from  him.  Having  long  applied 
hand  labour  for  the  purpose,  but  without  the  effect  1 
desired,  I  abandoned  it,  and  employed  salt  to  do  what  I 
was  otherwise  unable  to  accomplish  ;  since  that  time  1 
have  not  only  effected  a  considerable  saving,  but  the 
walks  in  every  respect  are  in  better  order.  The  salt  is 
applied  twice  a  year,  viz.,  in  April  and  August,  and  in 
dry  weather,  by  which  means  I  am  enabled  effectually 
to  keep  the  weeds  in  check.  Still  I  am  of  opinion  thai 
dry  salt  is  not  so  efficacious  as  boiling  brine.  Being  at 
Trentham  the  other  day  1  was  struck  with  the  marked 
difference  in  the  walks  now,  and  some  few  years  ago  ; 
for  I  may  say  that  previous  to  Mr.  Fleming  using  his 
salting  machine  tliey  were  generally  full  of  weeds  of 
various  kinds,  more  especially  Moss,  which  was  very 
difficult  to  eradicate.  Now  they  are  in  as  fine  condition 
as  any  walks  in  England.  The  annual  expense  of 
cleaning  walks  here,  previous  to  my  using  salt,  was 
5%l.  IQs.,  it  is  now  only  12;.  :  still  I  do  not  employ  one 
pair  of  liands  less,  and  1  find  even  yet  that  at  times 
more  are  necessary  to  keep  the  garden  in  perfect  order. 
Coburg. 

Bees. — I  have  had  two  stocks  of  bees  behave  in 
precisely  the  manner  described  by  your  correspondent 
« H.  M.j"  at  p.  488.  About  the  end  of  May  a 
glass  was  placed  upon  each  of  the  hives  and  covered, 
to  exclude  the  light;  but  though  they  contained  pieces 
of  guide-comb  as  a  decoy  to  the  bees,  and  the  latter 
gave  unraistakeable  signs  of  requiring  more  room,  they 
would  not  work  in  them,  and  in  one  case  actually 
carried  away  the  guide-comb  with  which  they  had  been 
fiupplied.  In  the  first  week  of  June  the  bees  "hung 
out  "  surprisingly,  covering  the  whole  front  of  the  skep 
and  clustering  on  the  lower  part  of  the  board  on  which 
it  was  placed;  this  they  continued  to  do  for  nearly  a 
month,  when  finding  they  would  neither  swarm  nor 
work  1  removed  the  glasses  and  substituted  two  straw 
caps,  each  furnished  with  a  pane  of  glass  to  enable  me 
to  watch  their  proceedings.  The  bees  immediately 
returned  to  their  hives  and  began  to  work,  and  the  caps 
are  now  neai'ly  full  of  comb,  much  of  it  sealed,  and  I 
can  perceive  honey  iu  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
remainder.  I  regret  not  having  done  this  at  an  earlier 
period,  and  fear  it  is  too  late  for  "  H.  M."  to  pursue  the 
same  plan  with  much  advantage,  unless  situated  near  a 
heath,  or  at  some  other  place  which  will  afford  late 
pasturage.  Still  it  is  worth  a  trial,  and  I  should 
recommend  your  correspondent  to  replace  the  glass 
with  a  small  straw  cap  (the  smaller  the  better  in 
moderation)  which  can  be  removed  either  when  it  is 
full  or  when  food  is  found  to  fail,  and  suffer  them  to 
return  to  the  large  skep,  which  no  doubt  is  rich  enough 
to  support  all  its  inmates  for  the  winter;  and  as  the 
heat  of  the  weather  will  by  that  time  have  moderated, 
they  will  be  able  to  remain  comfortably  in  their  hive. 
Bees  generally  in  this  neighbourhood  have  not  swarmed, 
which  is  I  presume  to  be  attributed  to  the  cold  and  unge- 
nial  spring.  0,  Z>.,  Suffolk. — My  beesstill  willnotcomeup 
into  my  straw  cap  or  glass,  although  the  boxes  are  full  of 
honey.  I  left  two  untouched  last  year,  and  only  one  has 
swarmed  this ;  but  they  refuse  to  come  upstairs,  and  give  me 
any  honey  quietly.  Now,  I  want  to  have  some  honey,  but 
I  am  quite  willing  to  divide  the  honours  with  them  ;  and 
if  they  will  not  give  it  me,  how  am  I  to  take  it  ?  I  last 
year  bought  a  long  iron  honey  knife  to  cut  out  comb 
with,  stnpified  the  bees,  and  slid  my  knife  close  to  the 
side  of  the  box,  and  tried  to  cut  out  the  side  close  fat 
comb,  but  in  vain,  it  would  not  stir  ;  and  though  I  tried 
in  several  places  on  the  outside  of  the  comb,  I  could  not 
disengage  without  smashing  it,  spoiling  the  honey,  and 
smothering  a  vast  number  of  bees.  Really,  during  the 
time  I  have  kept  bees,  some  five  or  six  years,  I  can  by 
no  means  agree  with  old  Virgil — 

Sic  vos,  non  vobiB  meUificatis  apGB  ! 
Nort7bwood. 

Potato  Disease. — On  my  return  here  (Isle  of  Wight), 
after  being  absent  for  nearly  three  weeks,  I  have  found 
illustrated  by  fact  the  accounts  contained  in  the  TlTues 
of  the  re-appearance  of  the  Potato  disease.  It  has  very 
generally  shown  itself  in  the  leaves  of  all  the  Potatoes 
about  here,  but  in  the  case  of  the  late  crop,  that  is,  the 
one  which  wnuld  be  dug  up  at  Michaelmas,  leaves, 
haulm,  and  Potatoes  are  affected  to  a  great  extent ; 
the  leaves  and  haulm  being  perfectly  dead,  and  the 
Potato  not  half  grown.  The  earlier  crop  has  apparently 
escaped  with  much  less  injury,  and  a  fau*  quantity 
will  be  obtained ;  in  the  other  instance,  however, 
probably  two-thirds  will  be  the  largest  proportion  ; 
but  even  these  will  only  have  arrived  at  a  halt 
state  of  maturity,  and  therefore  it  is  questionable  how  far 
they  may  keep  free  from  deterioration.  The  com- 
parison between  the  effect  on  these  two  crops  is  very 
marked  ;  fur  in  a  field,  one  portion  of  which  was  planted 
with  the  early  crop  snd  another  part  with  the  late  kind, 
the  line  is  as  distinct  to  the  eye  as  if  the  one  part  was 
standing  Grass  and  the  other  hay.  The  results  I 
have  mentioned  seem  to  be  irrespective  of  aspect  or 
exposure  to  wind  and  sun,  for  they  are  the  same  on 
high  ground,  on  the  edge  of  the  cliff,  without  any 
shelter,  and  in  more  inland  localities  where  the 
growth^  has  been  protected  by  hedges  and  orchards. 
The  opinion  of  the  people  about  here  as  to  the  cause  of 
disease  is  a  blight  or  small  insect  which  is  visible  on  the 
under  part  of  the  leaf.  From  my  own  observation  I 
perceive  that  the  firet  effect  takes  place  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  leaf,  and  where  it  is  most  exposed,  that  is, 


not  on  tiie  fibre  of  the  leaf,  but  on  the  more  embossed 
pai'ts  of  it.  It  is,  in  its  first  stage,  of  a  dark  chocolate 
colour,  and  afterwards  penetrates  to  the  under  part  of 
the  leaf,  and  then  becomes  of  a  lighter  hue ;  it  then 
reaches  the  fibre  of  the  leaf,  and  by  that  course  attains 
the  haulm,  the  exterior  of  which  evidently  rots  first  ; 
for  in  some  instances  where  the  leaves  and  outer  part 
of  the  stalk  has  been  entirely  destroyed,  tlie  interior  of 
the  haulm  has  been  green  and  full  of  sap.  I  should 
also  state  that  in  those  instances  where  the  root 
immediately  attached  to  the  Potato  has  shown 
symptoms     of     the    disease,    it  'has     almost     always 

exhibited    a    fine    white   fungus.    F.  R.  B. That 

extraordinary  phenomenon  the  Potato  disease,  is 
again  spreading  over  the  country.  No  precautions 
are  proof  against  its  attacks.  Last  year  my  seed  was 
saved  with  greater  care  than  usual,  kept  cool  on  a 
barn  floor,  turned  over  frequently,  and  planted  before 
there  was  any  appeai*ance  of  growing.  The  land  was 
well-drained  Wheat  stubble  thrown  up  x'ough  in  the 
winter  ;  a  slight  dressing  of  manure  spread  broadcast 
in  February,  and  the  whole  again  dug  over  on  to  the 
Potatoes,  as  the  setting  proceeded.  Last  year,  under 
similar  treatment,  a  remarkably  fine  crop  was  obtained; 
this  year  I  shall  lose  half  my  crop.  There  is  something  so 
anomalous  in  this  scourge,  it  is  quite  impossible  to  guard 
against  its  ravages.  Soil,  situation,  early  or  late  planting, 
makelittledifference.  I  shall  notagainattemptto  suggest 
a  preventive,  believing  that  the  disease  is  incurable, 
and  will  have  its  own  way,  m  spite  of  every  exertion 
to  stay  its  progress.  Nevertheless,  observations  on 
the  freaks  of  the  plague  may  be  useful  and  inter- 
esting. Blight  of  every  description  has  been  most 
prevalent  this  year;  fruit-ti'ees,  Roses,  &c.,  showing 
the  power  of  the  enemy,  some  being  stripped  of  their 
leaves  as  bare  as  in  winter.  Are  these  signs  of  the 
cholera  again  approaching  our  shoves  %  Falcon,  Chel- 
tenham. 

Lincohishh  e  Spinach. — Pray  what  is  that  vegetable 
the- Lincolnshire  people  eat,  cooked  as  Spinach,  and  by 
them  called  Mercui'y  ?  F.  D.  [Chenopodium  Bonus 
Heuricus.] 

I'emperuture. — Does  not  Mr.  Ayres  make  some  ti'ifling 
mistake  when  he  says  that  the  thermometer  last  week 
was  95"  in  the  shade,  and  140" in  the  sun?  The  highest 
I  ever  heard  of  in  England  was  19th  of  July,  1826 ;  it 
was  then  91*=  in  the  shade.  F.  J).  [We  saw  it  95"  the 
other  day  at  3  p  m.,  over  Grass,  and  under  shade.] 


Versuch  einer  Geachichte,  <fcc.  An  Inquiry  into  tlie  Sis- 
tory  of  the  Vegetable  kingdom.  By  Dr.  F.  linger. 
Vienna  ;  1852.  8vo,  pp.  3G4. 
In  this  work,  Prof.  Unger  has  collected  and  methodically 
arranged  the  general  results  authorised  by  the  existing 
state  of  geological  and  botanical  science,  relating  to  the 
state  of  vegetation  at  diffex'ent  periods  of  the  earth's 
existence.  He  has  divided  his  work  into  five  sections, 
preceded  by  an  introduction  occupying  some  SO  pages, 
and  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the  manner  in  which 
plants  are  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  globe,  and  of 
the  causes  which  have  led,  and  still  lead,  to  their  distri- 
bution. Amongst  the  latter,  attention  is  particularly 
drawn  to  the  effects  of  climate  and  water,  to  those  pro- 
duced by  different  animals,  and  especially  by  man,  who 
changes  the  character  of  the  vegetation  of  the  new 
countries  to  which  he  goes,  by  destroying  forests, 
introducing  new  plants,  draining  the  land,  establish- 
ing manufactures,  and  by  various  other  means,  the 
alterations  produced  by  which  are  quite  as  important, 
if  not  so  immediately  obseiwable,  as  those  which  are 
effected  in  the  former  ways.  The  value  to  a  geologist 
of  a  knowledge  of  the  kind  of  vegetation  which  existed 
in  times  now  long  passed,  as  a  help  to  a  more  perfect 
acquaintance  with  the  nature  of  the  earth's  surface,  is 
there  pointed  out,  as  are  also  the  means  by  which  such 
a  knowledge  may  be  acquired. 

In  the  first  sectiop,  the  manner  in  which  plants  have 
been  preserved  in  the  crust  of  the  earth,  and  the  effects 
of  mechanical  and  chemical  agents  upon  them  are 
explained,  and  attention  is  also  drawn  to  the  undoubted 
fact,  that  many  plants  which  formerly  existed  have  so 
entirely  disappeared,  that  no  traces  whatever  of  them 
can  now  be  discovered.  After  mentioning  examples 
of  the  way  in  which  plants  have  been  preserved, 
such  as  petrifaction  and  incrustation,  the  author 
dwells  at  some  length  upon  the  coal  forma- 
tions. With  respect  to  the  way  in  which  coal  fields 
originated,  many  different  opinions  have  been  current. 
According  to  one  view,  the  plants  which  compose  a 
coal  field  were  brought  together  by  the  agency  of  water, 
and  after  a  longer  or  shorter  period  of  time  formed 
masses  of  various  size.  This  opinion,  witli  slight  modi- 
fications, was  adopted  by  Count  Casp.  Sternberg,  Bone, 
and  Constant  Prevost.  According  to  another  view,  the 
plants  composing  a  coal  field  grew  where  they  are  now 
found,  and  their  assemblage  into  such  vast  masses  as 
actually  exist  is  attributed  to  a  process  similar  to  that 
which  takes  place  in  the  formation  of  turf.  Each  view 
is  supported  by  a  variety  of  ascertained  facts,  which  are 
examined  by  the  author  in  detail.  In  support  of  the 
first  of  these  two  opinions,  the  author  notices  the 
quantity  of  vegetable  substances  floated  down  the 
immense  rivers  of  the  new  world,  the  sinking  of  forest- 
covered  land  beneath  the  ocean,  and  the  mighty  irrup- 
tions of  water,  by  which  whole  forests  have  been 
laid  low.  He  then  states  his  reasons,  which 
cannot,    for    want    of    space,    be    inserted    here,    for 


rejecting  this  opinion,  as  well  as  another  advanced 
by  M.  Parrot,  and  according  to  which  the  origin 
of  coal  fields  is  to  be  ascribed  to  the  deposit  of 
matter  on  plants  growing  at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean. 
Professor  Unger  gives  his  adherence  to  the  second  of 
the  two  opinions  above  mentioned,  which  is  also  parti- 
cipated in  by  Beroldingen,  De  Luc,  Link,  Leonhard^ 
Ad.  Brongniart,  E.  de  Beaumont,  and  others  ;  and  in 
support  of  it  the  author  refers  to  the  general  resemblance 
which  exists  between  a  coal  field  and  turf,  to  the  struc- 
ture which  is  similar  in  both,  to  their  chemical  properties 
and  composition,  and  to  their  geological  positions  ;  and 
infers  that  coal  ui  its  widest  sense  resembles  turi  in 
the  arrangement  and  properties  of  its  constituent  partSy 
and  that  the  formation  of  both  must  be  attributed  to 
similar  causes ;  operating,  however,  in  dissimilar- 
temperatures —  the  temperature  in  which  coal  was- 
formed  being  higher  than  that  in  which  turf  has  beett 
and  is  being  produced. 

The  first  section  of  the  work  before  us  concludes  with: 
a  notice  of  the  impressions  of  leaves  and  other  parts  of 
plants  found  in  different  rocks,  and  with  a  full  account 
of  the  occurrence  of  plants  in  amber,  and  of  tha 
geographical  distribution  and  nature  of  this  substance. 

In  the  second  section,  the  author  points  out  the  means 
possessed  of  determining  and  acquiring  a  systematic 
knowledge  of  fossil  plants,  and  the  method  of  making 
the  best  use  of  those  means.  In  particular,  he  draws 
attention  to  leaves,  stems,  wood,  and  fronds  of  Ferns,  . 
and  their  relative  value,  for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing 
species,  genera,  and  families;  and  he  then  dt^votes  a  few 
pages  to  the  subject  of  nomenclature.  In  the  third  section. 
Professor  Unger  endeavours  to  ascertain  the  nature  of 
the  ancient  Flora,  points  out  how  such  an  inquiry  should 
be  conducted,  and  compares  them  with  Floras  of  modem 
times.  In  the  fourth  section,  continuing  the- 
subject  of  the  last,  the  author  compai'es  the- 
ancient  Flora  of  the  laud  with  that  of  the  water; 
examines  the  vegetation  of  the  tropics,  and  shows  that 
it  pi'edominated  ;  notices  the  influence  of  differences  in 
elevation,  the  prevalence  of  forest  vegetation,  and  th& 
special  character  of  the  Flora  of  wncieut  times.  In  the- 
5th  and  last  section,  he  follows  the  development  of  vege- 
tation according  to  the  geological  epochs,  and  concludes- 
with  an  inquiry  into  the  origin  of  plants  and  of  their 
different  types,  and  with  a  glimpse  at  the  future. 

Such  are  shortly  the  contents  of  this  interesting  book  ; 
from  which  we  should  have  been  glad  to  make  extracts  for 
the  instruction  of  our  readers,  had  we  not  been  compelled, 
by  our  limited  space,  to  confine  our  notice  to  a  general 
statement  of  the  kind  of  information  to  be  derived  from 
a  perusal  and  study  of  the  work  itself. 

53oo!t?,  ^c,  3aecri&etr. 

Tlie  Waverly  Novels  :  Library  Edition.  Vol.  HI., "The 
Antiquary;"  Vol.  IV.,  "Rob  Roy,"  are  the  continua- 
tions of  this  beautiful  edition,  in  which  every  authentic 
piece  that  can  illusti'ate  the  history  of  the  novels,  is 
faithfully  presented  to  the  reader. 

Mints  to  Railway  Travellers  and  Country  Viaitora  to 
London.  12mo.  Bradbury  and  Evans.  —  A  useful 
enough  little  aid  to  the  stranger,  and  one  to  be  relied  on. 

Fourth  AnnualReport  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago  Com- 
pany. A^  pamphlet. — The  case  of  the  directors,  as 
stated  by  themselves,  in  answer  to  the  charges  publicly 
brought  against  them. 

On  Throat  Deafness.  By  Jas.  Yearsley,  M.R.C.S, 
Churchill. — A  pamphlet. 

T]te  Case  of  M.  Libri.  Bentley.  8vo.  A  pamphlet. 
— A  conclusive  vindication  of  this  distinguished  bibho- 
grapher  from  the  scandalous  attempt  made  in  Paris  to 
ruin  his  reputation. 

The  Artificial  Production  of  Fish.  By  Piscarius. 
Reeve  and  Co.  A  pamphlet. — Good  practical  instruc- 
tions how  to  restock  our  ponds  and  rivers  with  fresli- 
water  fish.  We  are  surprised,  however,  to  find  no 
mention  of  Mr.  Boccius,  and  his  operations  in  a  similar 
direction. 

The  Art  of  Dining.  Murray's  Railway  Reading. — 
This  alteration  of  some  amusing  articles  in  the  "  Quar- 
terly Review"  is  one  of  the  best  of  Mr.  Murray's  happily 
selected  series.  Everybody  who  knows  what  good 
cookery  is  will  have  read  it  already,  as  a  matter  of 
course  ;  and  we  seriously  recommend  those  who  know- 
nothing  of  the  joys  of  eating  to  make  this  the  subject  of 
immediate  study. 

Falconry  in  the  Valley  of  the  Indus.  By  R.  F.  Burton. 
Small  8vo  ;  pp.  107-  Van  Voorst. — To  falconers  this 
little  work  will  he  acceptable,  to  the  general  reader  it  is 
entertaining,  and  to  literary  critics  it  is  a  warning  to- 
remember  the  old  proverb,  "  Ware  the  cat  but  the 
glove."  Lieut.  Burton  writes  well,  good  humouredly, 
and  with  all  the  zeal  of  a  thorough  sportsman,  who 
might  be  mistaken  for  a  Scindian  if  the  spirit  of  an 
Englishman  were  not  conspicuous  in  every  page. 

Wallcs  aftei'  Wild  Floxoers,  or  the  Botany  of  the 
BoJiereens.  By  R.  Dowden.  12mo.  Van  Vooi-st.— 
Between  two  and  three  hundred  pages  of  amusing  Irish 
gossip  about  a  few  of  the  more  common  natural  orders 
of  wild  plants.  It  is  the  work  of  an  invalid,  and  is 
addressed  to  those  who  are  also  valetudinarians.  Some 
of  the  etymological  bits  will  probably  be  new  to  most 
readers  ;  such  as  the  derivation  of  the  French  word 
brusque  from  the  Irish  brusna,  a  faggot. 

Electricity  and  the  Electric  Telegraph,  to  which  is 
added  the  Chemistry  of  the  Stars,  an  argument  touching 
the  stars  and  their  inhabitants.  By  Dr.  Geo.  Wilson. — 
Lord  Bacon.  By  T.  B.  Macaulay.  Vols.  25  and  26  of 
Longmans'  "  Travellers'  Library." — Both  capital  addi- 
tions to  this  useful  series. 


32—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


503 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs.  Weeks'  Nursery,  King's  Road,  Chelsea. 
^It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Ko^al  Water  Lily 
(Victoria  Regia),  wa3  cultivated  here  last  year  with 
great  success  iu  a  heated  open  pond,  in  which  in  tlie 
course  of  the  season  it  produced  between  iO  and  60 
flowers.  The  pond  received  no  protection  during  last 
winter,  and  tlie  plant  died,  either  from  having  been  bitten 
and  eaten  by  the  gold  and  silver  fish  witli  which  the 
pond  is  furnished,  and  in  which  they  breed  and 
thrive  amazingly,  or  from  some  uniiuown  cause. 
During  the  winter  the  pond  was  enlarged  consider- 
ably, and  in  clearing  out  the  mud  at  the  bottom  it 
was  found  to  be  full  of  ripe  seeds  of  the  Victoria,  which 
were  freed  from  the  soil  by  washing  througli  sieves. 
These  were  sown  in  5-Jnch  pots,  and  placed  iu  a  small 
pond  in  the  Orchid-house,  where  they  haTC  germinated 
and  produced  a  gi'eat  number  of  plants.  One  of  the 
seedlings  now  occupies  the  centre  of  the  pond,  sur- 
rounded by  Nymphsea  CEeruIea,  rubra,  deutata,  stellata 
and  others ;  together  with  Limnocharis  Humboldtii, 
Aponogeton  distachyon,  Nuphar  lutea,  aud  other 
interesting  aquatics.  Of  these,  N.  dentata  is  now  in 
flower,  and  we  believe  the  blue  Water  Lily  has  also 
been  in  blossom  this  summer.  The  appearance  of  tlie 
rockworli  round  the  pond  has  also  been  improved 
by  forming  a  kind  of  rustic  cave  in  one  side  ]o{ 
it,  and  otherwise  altering  the  rest  for  the  better. 
Ferns,  Alpines,  and  other  plants  have  been  planted 
here  and  there  on  the  rockwork,  which  has  now 
altogether  a  good  effect.  The  new  stove  climber 
Rhaphistemma  pulchellnm  is  just  now  beautifully  in 
flower  in  the  Orchid  house,  lis  habit  and  manner  of 
flowering  resemblejthose  of  Stephanotis  fioribunda,  the 
tlossoms  on  first  appearing  being  white,  but  afterwards 
changing  to  a  fine  lemon  colour.  They  are  sweet- 
scented,  aud  being  produced  in  great  profusion  are  very 
attractive.  The  foliage  is  also  good,  and  altogether  the 
plant  must  be  considered  an  acquisition. 

Miss  Stapleton's,  Grets  Court,  near  Henley  on 
Thames.  — A  large  plant  of  the  New  Zealand  Flax 
(Phormium  tenax),  is  now  in  flower  here.  It  has  been 
growing  at  Greys  Court  upwards  of  30  years,  but  it  has 
never  been  known  to  flower  beiore  the  present  season. 
It  has  thrown  up  a  flower  stem  many  feet  in  height, 
furnished  with  blossoms  of  a  darkish  brown  colour.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  this  Flax  also  flowered  in  the 
Horticultural  Society's  great  conservatory  this  year. 


FLORICULTURE, 

CisEB  jsiis  :  B  B.  Treat  jonr  batch  of  eeedllDg«  ai  von  would 
estab'ished  plant«  ;  but  to  save  room,  alwaji  import.nt  in 
greenh.  usef,  they  may  be  allowed  to  flower  In  5-inch  pot.  ■ 
tills  will  alto  promote  an  early  bloom,  and  furnish  flowers 
at  a  time  when  thiy  are  most  wanted 

>o«wicaSH,w  In  the  rei-ort  of  this  meeline,  at  p.  487  we 
omitted  to  state  that,  in  Verbenas,  Mr.  Lochuer  was  l.t,  and 
Mr.  Borroughe^  21.  Messrs.  Colman.  Youell,  Mackie  and 
btewart  were  al-o  large  erbibitors  of  this  favourite  flo«er 

P£I,»B00«HJM3;  W  s,  DMin.  Cenainly  not  Aisi,  which  is  a 
dark  rane.y  whose  lower  petals  a  e  rosy  purple,  and  upper 
one.  very  dark  purple,  wi  h  an  even  and  narrow  magin  of 
vivid  crlm-on.  The  flower  jou  send  has  bright  pink  lower 
petaU,  with  white  base  and  dark  upper  petals  ;  we  are 
unable  o  name  It,  as  it  had  fallen  to  pieces  before  It  re.ched 
Jl?;1  .i"'  ",»":'"l!,'i";ie<i  jour  plants  ..ff  a.  you  describe,  cut 
item  all  well  back,  loaviDi  ebout  three  or  four  eyes  to  t^e 
ihoo-s  of  last  .eauon's  growth  ;  in  10  or  14  days  you  will 
observe  fresh  grow-hs  from  most  of  the  joint.,  give  a  little 
water  then  which  may  be  Increased  aa  the  new  shoots 
progress  ■  when  about  2  or  3  inches  long,  the  plants  must  be 
shaken  clean  from  the  soil,  the  roots  well  trimmed  in  ai.d 
then  reprtled  Into  two  sizes  smaller  pole  with  fresh  oomoosf  ■ 
keep  clo,e  for  a  few  dajs,  and  then  treat  them  in  the  usual 
way  uoiil  potting  time  again  arrives  ;  have  an  eye  to 
regulating  the  new  growths,  to  as  to  have  a  haudiome  plant 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 
V»TiMnil.rM  :  B  B.    Yellow  and  white,  striped  with  purple  ■ 
not  equal  to  many  now  In  culiiva'ion.  f     h  "  , 

which  are  deep  orange  tipped  with  salmon  pink  :  the  alter 
bloom,  .nay,  when  a  little  .ubdued.  become  freer  from  coarse- 
ness  and    more    sy  T,metric;.l.     Your    early    and    viaoroui 

■  .'hl'cE";:|'o.H',".,  'V"''"'";  P'oluced  .he  numerous  floret, 
which  crowd  the  ba.es  of  the  petals. 

ccBiiis  :  il  u  o.  A  worthless  .port  unworthy  of  endeavour. 
lnytoi^petu.t..-7-  Ir.  We  have  reason  to  believe  l  "at  ihe 
ar.   Banks   whom  jou  mention   Is  not  the    raiser   of   the 

.  ^H  V.  I"'''"".'',"-"-' ^-  """■  b"-"!"'!;  but  appar.nllj 
■  «ood  variety  ;  white  at  Ike  tube,  and  sepals  tolerably  pure 
'.'-r.,11.  purpli.h  crim.on.  "jpuir. 

''  '":,"';/"'■  .".''""'■'"■'""'"g"!  Ismnchlhobest.  Throat 
1  irpli.h  blue,  with  >  white  margin,  out.lde  white.     A  large 

"'li-'r'/T'  i'  '""■•.  ^i'  ""  ■"■  ""'  ""  «"■"'  "'  -""J  «he?.. 
—  W  r  IS  A  v»ry  flue  flower.  Colourcre»-i  y  white,  blo'clied 
Inside  the  under  part  of  the  throat  with  crimson  :  well  worth 
pre'ervlrig. 

.LLTHorKs:  Ji  n.  Dr.  Slmpion  buff,  lalmon  towBr-In  the 
b»ie  ot  the  i.ftali;  a  H-mer  of  uverage  merlr,  but  coap««. 
Mr.  Land,  Koard  and  otljor  jt^taU  r.«>.crlinNon  eflK«'l  with 
"bit*;  In  lt«  preitt^nt  itare  rouith  and  "pockety."  but  nut 
3nattr«ctl'c     The  rc»t  aro  wordiien*. 

»«ti*»;  J  U  One  of  the  n.o«t  fctrlkinjf  we  haT*  itef^n  and 
■pparcntjj  aa  Improvemout  on  Feu  du  Itoi ;  habit  dwarf 
ind  good. 

TOBiA  ;  />.  A  ctjrioDi  uport,  In  which  the  pirp'o  of  the 
lowtri  )p  dUch'irged  (t-xccpt  In  the  rhroat).  and  lia  plnce 
Kxopled  by  gretn.  Such  chariffo*  are,  hoBovtr.  oot 
iDcomuHjn. 
Tit:  J  T)  W.  Nothing;  new.  We  hare  one  fn»m  jour 
'liy  »er>  Mmilnr. 

■^  :   i'.  (J  W,   A  neat,  ■nDall,  Hybrid  ri;ipolaal.  and  very 
-•^raa'.  ' 

Miscellaneous. 

\   Ntw  Lfxcl.     Hy  A.  I-'orh^th,  Si.   Mnry'»  Cliurch, 

rrptay  _i  nctj  not  any  on'.-  w«r«I  on  ilin  irnportancw  of 

:  !iiMilj-nil.!  niifl  JKvi-l;  tlioy  nn;  OMHr-iilially  ncccHSfiry 

ouiid-work,   and    indec-rl    in  all   tlio  opcriitioiiH  of 

'  'liture  they   play   tt   |.roniiiH,iit    j.firt.       i^crHOim 

'>ediDotlierbrftnclic8ofinduhliy  Imvcimiilcmt-nta 


peculiar  to  tlieir  trades  ;  the  cooper  would  not  be  able 
to  do  his  work  with  the  cfibinet-inalier's  tools,  and  the 
mason  would  be  puzzled  to  keep  !iis  work  right  witli  the 
surveyor's  swing  level  and  graduated  stafT.  In  the 
various  divisions  of  labour,  therefore,  every  class  clings 
to  its  particular  character  of  tools,  and  as  new  branches 
are  introduced  fresh  implements  must  be  had.  Having 
been  accustomed  to  gardening  from  my  infancy,  I  may 
take  some  credit  at  this  time  for  knowing  what  tools 
may  be  required  for  the  ordinary  operations  of 
horticulture  ;  and,  not  to  tire  the  reader  with  a  useless 
list,  I  will  confine  my  observations  to  the  point  at  issue, 
and  state  what  difficulties  I  have  experienced  in  getting 
things  true  to  the  horiz;ontal  and  the  vertical  lines. 
For  example,  we  shall  suppose  that  .5000  stakes  of 
various  sizes  from  4^  feet  to  10  feet  in  length,  are  to  be 
inserted  in  the  ground  by  the  gardener  in  one  month,  viz. 
the  month  of  May,  as  props  for  Hollyhocks,  Dahlias, 
Roses,  &c.  ;  these  stakes,  being  neatly  planed  and 
painted,  are  stuck  up  quite  naked,  a  forest  of  green 
sticks,  and  they  are  contiguous  to  the  main-lines  of 
walks,  where  highly  educated  parties  are  constantly 
passing  :  now,  I  would  ask,  could  a  handy  man, 
with  rule  of  thumb,  do  this  neatly  ?  He  could 
not.  This  is  no  fancied  case  ;  I  have  tried  it  with  good 
workmen,  I  have  tried  it  myself;  it  could  not  be  done. 
I  had  to  get  the  plummet,  and  stand  by  the  pole,  and 
first  set  it  right  from  soutli  to  north,  and  then  from  east 
to  west,  aud  this  in  windy  weather  is  not  a  very  straight- 
forward job.     Again,  iu  plunging  Pine-apple  pots  in  a 


bark-bed  sloping  to  the  south,  it  is  not  very  easy  even 
for  a  practised  eye  to  put  them  level,  and,  if  they  are 
not,  the  water  will  flow  over  one  side  and  leave  the 
other  dry.  I  need  not  adduce  further  instances  :  these 
two  examples  may  suffice,  as  they  are  taken  from  real 
practice  in  the  ordinary  routine  of  flower  and  kitchen 
gardening.  The  level  I  have  invented  combines  the 
plumb-line  and  the  level  in  the  same  instrument,  and 
that  instrument  so  small  as  to  be  got  into  the  pocket  ; 
with  it  a  stake  may  be  set  upright  in  any  weather,  and 
the  vertical  line  determined  instantly  ;  10  observations 
may  be  made  with  this  tool  whilst  the  mason's  plumb- 
rule  is  being  adjusted  to  make  one  ;  and  the  same  may 
be  said  of  the  horizontal  line,  for  it  is  no  easy  matter  to 
get  the  spirit-level  accurately  adjusted  ;  and  that  most 
valuable  tool,  the  mason's  level,  is  miserably  slow  in  its 
movements  in  all  weathers,  and  in  windy  weather  it  will 
not  give  a  true  line  at  all,  whereas  this  little  implement 
not  only  tells  instantly  when  the  bed  is  level  on  which 
it  lies,  but  telis  how  far  it  is  from  that  point  in  case  the 
bed  be  an  inclined  plane,  thereby  giving  a  regular  fall 
to  drains,  &.,  where  inclined  planes  are  wanted.  The 
level  is  constructed  upon  the  principle  of  the  hour-glass, 
and,  by  a  particular  character  of  sand,  the  lines  are 
given  very  fine.  The  accompanying  sketch  will  give  an 
accurato  idea  of  the  dial  of  the  contrivance.  No  scale 
ia  needed,  as  the  sketch  is  the  full  size  of  the  instrument. 
The  first  was  mado  three  years  ago  ;  the  subject  has 
been  carefully  digested  since,  and  it  ia  to  be  hoped  that 
it  will  prove  a  most  valuable  implement  in  the  ordinary 
operationfl  of  horticulture,  long  after  the  inventor  has 
been  forgotten.  In  appearance  the  instrumdut  is  some- 
thing like  a  half  brick.  Its  dimenmoim  are  .^J  inches 
XS^xU.  The  diagram  rcprcsentB  the  faco  of  it,  in 
which  two  cavities  aro  cut  out  so  as  to  form  each  a 
'luadrant  of  a  circle,  as  appears  by  Hie  dcgroca  marked. 
Some  fine  sand,  like  that  nscd  fttr  hour-ghiHMCR,  in 
cncloHcd  in  the«o  eaviticHby  ghi/.ing  in  fn.tit.  TheHiind 
falls  from  the  uppr-r  part  through  u  Hinall  hole-  into  the 
lower,  aH  in  tlio  coinnir.n  hour-gluHH.  Tlio  particIcB  of 
Hand  fall  «o  rontinuounly  that  thoy  form  in  iippcamnco 
a  tolerably  fine  lino.  If  the  instrnincnt  be  placed  upon 
anything  that  ih  truly  horizontal  tlm  Hand  will  lull,  uh  a 
plummet  would,  from  the  mnall  hole  in  the  centre,  to 
!M»''.  Knt  hIiouIiI  the  inntrument  be  placed  tirton  any- 
thing that  in  not  level,  iho  particIeH  of  Hand  will 
Htill  fall  perpendicularly,  in  accordance  with  llie  law  of 
gravitation  ;    hut   the   apparently    continuous  line    of 


falling  sand  will  not  be  direct  from  the  centre  to  90*' ;  it 
will  deviate  from  the  latter  point  in  proportion  as  the 
object  on  which  it  may  be  placed  deviates  from  being 
level.  If  it  should  be  placed  on  the  slope  of  a  rafter 
making  an  angle  of  20"  with  the  ground,  then  the  sand 
will  fall  from  tlie  centi'e  to  20"*  from  the  point  at  90"^. 
Again,  if  the  instrument  be  placed  with  its  side  against 
an  upright  post  or  stake,  tlie  sand  will  be  seeii  falling  in 
a  line  from  the  centre  to  90^  ;  if  the  post  be  not 
perfectly  upright,  then  the  perpendicular  stream  of  sand 
will  be  seen  to  fall  on  points  more  or  less  distant  from 
the  line  at  90*^,  according  as  the  post  is  more  or  less 
out  of  the  perpendicular.  In  using  this  level  for 
draining  purposes,  or  for  other  inclined  planes,  such  as 
setting  a  Melon-frame  up  to  the  sun  so  that  its  roof  may 
be  of  the  same  pitch  as  an  adjoining  Pine-pit,  first  put 
the  level  upon  the  rafter  of  the  Pine-pit  or  other 
inclined  plane  to  be  copied,  and  mark  the  sand-line, 
which  we  shall  suppose  to  indicate  75"  ;  then  put  the 
level  on  the  rafter  of  tlie  Melon-frame,  and  prop  the 
frame  until  the  sand  line  indicates  the  same  angle.  And 
so  of  drains  or  other  inclined  surfaces,  putting  the  level 
on  a  piece  of  wood  with  parallel  edges  (a  common 
straight  edge).  The  level,  if  made  of  our  Devonshire 
madrepore  marble,  is  expensive ;  but,  for  ordinary 
purposes,  the  instrument  does  very  well  made  of  Oak 
or  other  well-seasoned  wood.  Journal  of  the  Uorticul- 
tared  Socie'y. 

Fuchsia  yracilis. — The  following  is  a  speedy  way  of 
increasing  this  useful  Fuchsia  ;  on  tlie  approacli  of  an 
anticipated  cold  and  dreary  winter,  I 
covered  my  beds  of  hardy  Fuchsias 
as  usual.  On  removing  the  turf-sods 
in  the  succeeding  April,  to  my  sur- 
prise I  found  that  all  the  shoots  of 
F.  gracilis,  which  had  been  cut  and 
laid  on  the  stools  previously  to  the 
sods,  had  taken  root,  and  were  divisible 
into  plants,  some  hundreds  in  number. 
Many  of  these  entire  shootf,  however, 
I  potted  at  on  "e,  while  a  portion  of  the 
remainder  was  laid  on  the  ground  till 
the  following  spring,  when  they  were 
treated  similar  to  the  others.  On  the 
arrival  of  a  more  genial  season,  I  was 
compensated  by  a  multitude  of  the 
most  gorgeous  specimens  of  this  at- 
tractive species,  which  continued  to 
display  its  handsome  blossoms  the 
whole  of  the  ensuing  season.  The 
shoots,  it  should  be  observed,  were 
3  feet  in  length  (the  summer's  growth 
in  our  di-y  soil),  and  of  course  admitted 
of  being  planted  immediately,  without 
waiting  the  ordinary  period  of  obtain- 
ing plants.  In  this  way  the  trouble  of 
striking  was  saved,  together  with  con- 
siderable attention,  usually  required 
in  the  period  during  which  cuttings 
are  attaining  a  necessary  degree  of 
1  strength  and  height,  to  render  them 
available  for  the  different  purposes  to 
which  they  are  commonly  applied.  W.  Whale,  in 
Tarner^s  Floiist,  Fruitist,  and  Garden  Miscellany. 

Large  Peaches.— Mv.  Powers,  of  New- London,  Con- 
necticut, has  a  Lemon  cling-stone  tree,  whicli  boi*e 
Peaches- last  6ea=;on  weighing  12  ounces,  troy  weight, 
and  measuring  11  inches  in  circumference.  The  pro- 
portion of  troy  weight  to  avoirdupois  is  as  17  to  14, 
i.  €.f  12  ounces  troy  weight  is  equal  to  13  ounces  and 
two  sixty-five  one-hundredtli  drachma  of  avoirdupois 
weight,  and  not,  as  is  generally  supposed,  just  three- 
quarters  of  a  pound.  A  merican  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

Povionous  Mushrooms.  —Some  time  since  a  Belgian 
physician,  M.  Girard,  created  much  sensation  by  par- 
taking and  causing  his  family  to  partake  of  poisonous 
varieties  of  Mushrooms  in  large  quantities,  without  any 
dangerous  result.  His  safeguard  consisted  in  frequently 
washing  the  Mushrooms  in  question  with  hot  vinegar 
and  salt,  by  wliich  the  poisonous  principle  seemed  to  be 
removed.  Some  doubts  have  been  cast,  however,  on 
the  truth  of  the  Belgian  doctor's  inferences  by  a  botanist 
and  a  physician  of  Bordeaux,  M.  Desmarti  and  M. 
Corne,  wlio  have  proved  that  a  variety  of  Mushroom 
called  poisonous  is  not  necessarily  poisonous  for  every 
locality — that  climate  and  soil  in  fact  modify  the  nature 
of  Mushrooms  to  an  extraordinary  extent.  For  example, 
the  Amanita  rubra  of  Lamarck  ia  mentioned  by  all 
authors  as  a  violent  poison,  nevertheless  the  inhabitants 
of  Bordeaux  and  its  neighbourhood  eat  this  fungus  with 
impunity,  submitting  it  to  no  further  preparation  than 
mere  roasting  on  coals  ;  indeed,'  this  particular  kind  of 
Mushroom  is  considered  as  a  luxury  in  tiie  neighbour- 
hood of  Bordeaux.  Whilst  thus  establiahiug  the  modify- 
ing influence  on  Mushrooms  of  soil  and  climate,  the 
Bnrdeaux  physician  and  botanist  prove  tho  safeguard 
of  M,  Gii'iird — namely,  fi-ecpient  waHliing  with  liot 
vinegar  and  salt—  to  ho  no  sateguai'd  if  the  Mushrooms 
acted  on  bo  really  poisonous.  For  the  pui'poae  of 
demonstrating  tlilH,  they  took  a  Hpeeiin''n  of  poJHonous 
AgaricuB  la(x'a(U8,  and  nuiceruied  it.  for  10  hours  in 
vinegar  antl  wilt.  They  then  cooked  it,  iind  having 
a<luiinistered  the  eoola-d  reHuIts  to  an  animal,  deatli 
rapidly  ensued.  There  cannot  bo  a  donitt,  therefore, 
that  it  Would  be  highly  i.nKufe  to  rely  on  llio  process 
recoinniendrd  Ity  M,  (jirnrd.  Mnrnhuj  Chruntclr. 

The  Ncir/hliourhood  of  Himon^s  Town  (Capo  of  Good 
Hope)  con^itttH  of  a  ridge  of  rugged  mountains  which 
aro  cliieHy  composed  of  Handstone,  and  present, 
CBpccially  during  tliu  dry  season,  tlie  time  of  our  vibit, 


504 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  7, 


a  barren  uud  uimivitiug  appeuraime.  LiUe  many 
similar  localities,  however,  it  is  very  productive,  anJ, 
on  account  of  its  climate,  by  far  richer  than  the 
vicinity  of  Cape  Town.  Proteacea?  are  particularly 
abundant.  Tlie  Protea  cynaroides,  Linn.,  may  be  seen 
in  the  greatest  perfection,  producing  heads  frequently 
more  than  8  inches  in  diameter.  It  is,  however,  less 
frequent  than  its  congener,  the  Protea  grandiflora, 
Thunb.,  which  indeed  is  so  common  that  it  imparts  a 
bluish  hue  to  some  places,  and  thus  forms  a  peculiar 
feature  in  the  landscape.  The  colonists  call  it  Wagen- 
boom,  and  employ  its  wood  to  make  felloes,  a  purpose  for 
which,  on  account  of  its  toughness,  it  is  admiraldy 
adapted.  The  Wagenboora  is  from  8  to  14  feet  hi^h, 
and  supplies,  like  several  other  Proteacae,  the  principal 
fuel  of  Simon's  Town.  We  can  hardly  I'econcilo 
ourselves  with  the  idea  that  any  one  should  be  so 
inconsiderate  as  to  cut  down  plants  which  we  esteem  so 
highly,  and  on  whose  structure  and  cultivation  so  many 
learned  treatises  have  been  written.  I  must  confess 
that  when  witnessing  the  proceeding  for  the  first  time  ray 
feelings  were  almost  akin  to  those  of  a  soldier  in  a  certain 
comedy,  who,  on  entering  France,  discovers  to  his 
surprise  that  even  the  children  speak  French,  a  language 
■which  hitherto  he  had  considered  merely  as  an  accom- 
plishment of  adults.  I  was  much  struck  with  the  Myriea 
cordifolia,  Linn.,  which  covers  whole  tracts  of  the  downs, 
and  appears  at  fii'st  sight  to  be  about  2  or  3  feet  high; 
on  a  closer  inspection,  however,  it  becomes  evident  that 
what  seems  to  be  little  bushes  are  only  the  branches  of 
subterranean  trees !  I  succeded  iu  freeing  several  from 
the  ?and — not  a  very  difficult  operation — and  found 
regular  stems  creeping  a  few  inches  below  the  surface, 
and  attaining  in  some  instances  as  much  as  60  feet  in 
length.  The  plant  performs,  therefore,  the  same  office 
at  the  Cape  as  several  Carices  in  Northen  Europe — that 
of  kee])ing  down  the  loose  shifting  sand.  Another  plant, 
which  both  man  and  nature  have  applied  to  the  same 
purpose,  is  tlie  Paarde  Vygen  (Mesembryanthemum 
elude,  Linn.).  On  the  road  between  Simon's  Town  and 
Wyiiberg  whole  acres  are  planted  with  it.  The 
vernacular  name  of  the  latter,  I  may  add,  has  occa- 
sionally been  confounded  with  that  of  an  allied  species, 
the  M.  acinaciforme,  Linn.  The  plant  called  Hottentots' 
Vygen  or  Paarde  Vygen  (Hottentots'  Fig  or  Horse-fig) 
is  the  M.  elude,  Linn.,  while  that  termed  Zyre  Vygen 
(Sour  Fig)  is  the  M.  acinaciforme,  Linn.,  and  not  vice 
vn'sdf  as  some  authors  have  it.  Berthold  Scemann,  in 
Soolccrs  Journal  of  Botany. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  weelc.) 

— ♦ — 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

It  will  be  much  to  the  advantage  of  the  inmates  of 
plant  houses  to  reduce  the  shading  after  this  time  con- 
siderably, to  enable  the  plants  to  ripen  their  summer's 
growth,  allowing  more  air  to  keep  down  the  temperature, 
and  to  check  any  tendency  to  a  second  growth  which 
may  show  itself,  and  wliicii  can  only  take  place  at  the 
expense  of  next  season's  bloom.  We  have  previously 
intimated  where  a  second  growth  is  desirable,  as  in  the 
case  of  young  plants  growing  into  specimens ;  but 
wherever  a  perfect  show  of  bloom  is  expected,  every 
means  should  be  talien  to  prevent  it.  IJrugmansias, 
Clerodendi'ons,and  other  large  soft-leaved  plants,  should 
be  frequently  washed  to  keep  down  red  spider,  and  be 
well  suppHed  with  liquid  manure,  to  keep  them  in  a 
vigorous  state  of  liealth,  which  adds  so  much  to  their 
beauty.  Ixoras,  which  have  been  cut  down  for  next 
year's  blooming,  should  have  their  shoots  neatly  staked 
out  as  they  advance,  and  will  require  being  placed  in 
more  light,  and  to  be  kept  somewhat  drier,  that  the 
gradual  ripening  of  tlie  wood  may  be  assisted.  Remove 
Achimenes,  Gloxinias,  Tuberoses,  and  plants  of  the 
same  habit,  from  the  conservatory  when  on  the  wane, 
and  replenisli  from  the  reserve  houses  to  keep  up  the 
display.  Passifloras,  and  in  fact  the  greater  part  of 
conservatory  climbers,  will  be  growing  fast,  and  will 
require  frequent  training.  Thin  out  weak  and  over 
strong  shoots,  and  reserve  only  sufficient  to  produce  the 
desired  effect ;  the  blooms  will  be  considerably  finer, 
mid  the  plants  themselves  more  capable  of  producing 
well-matured  wood  when  these  little  atteiuions  are 
performed  regularly.  Various  stove  climbers,  as 
Combretura,  Quisqualis,  Allamandas,  &c.,  will  bloom 
for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  summer,  if  the  shoots 
on  which  the  flowers  are  borne  are  slightly  cut  in  when 
the  blooms  decay  ;  as  anything  which  prolongs  the  period 
of  beauty  with  these  favourites  is  valuable,  the  above 
should  be  constantly  practised.  Epacrises,  winter- 
flowering  Heaths,  and  other  things  requiring  to  have 
their  wood  ripened  early,  may  now  be  placed  in  a  sunny 
exposure  ;  as  the  wood  is  already  formed,  nothing 
remains  but  to  get  it  well  ripened  ;  and  although  water 
xnust  be  given  equal  to  the  plants'  demand,  a  dry  air 
and  warm  atmosphere  are  essential  to  the  perfect 
ripening  of  the  wood,  and  consequent  formation  of 
bloom  buds.  The  different  varieties  of  Epiphyllum  (if 
their  growth  is  sufficiently  advanced)  sliould  have  the 
same  treatment  ;  give  a  shift  to  Chinese  Primulas, 
Chierarias,  and  Chrysanthemums.  Salvias,  and  other 
autumn  flowering  plants,  should  be  placed  in  their 
blooming  pots,  if  not  done  previously.  Now  the  houses 
are  partially  empty  have  the  interiors  pninted,  and  all 
necessary  repairs  done  to  the  roof,  heating  apparatus,  &c. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — Whenever  the  leaves  in  the  earliest  forced 
Vinery  turn  brown,  and   the  wood  appears  ripe,  the 


sashes  may  be  removed,  and  the  Vines  exposed  to  the 
full  influence  of  the  weather  ;  beyond  stopping  extra 
growths,  no  attempt  to  prune  them  should  be  made  for 
some  time  to  come,  and  the  leaves  should  be  permitted 
to  fall  off  naturally.  As  each  house  is  exposed, 
advantage  should  be  taken  to  repair  and  paint  the 
sashes  and  frame  work,  that  when  forcing  again 
commences,  everything  may'be  in  good  working  order. 
The  successional  crops  will  i-equire  fires  occasionally  to 
dry  up  damp,  remove  decayed  berries,  and  keep  the 
houses  dry  and  airy,  except  where  fruit  is  still  swelling, 
where  a  more  moist  and  growing  temperature  must  for 
a  time  longer  be  maintained  ;  contiime  after  this  to  pinch 
out  lateral  shoots  as  they  appear  ;  leaves  formed  after 
this  time  will  be  useless.  Vines  in  pots  for  next  season's 
fruiting,  supposing  them  to  be  stopped  at  the  required 
length,  should  be  gradually  divested  of  their  lateral 
shoots,  beginning  at  the  bottom,  and  proceeding  by 
a  few  at  a  time  upwards  ;  the  supply  of  water 
may  likewise  be  reduced  in  proportion,  when 
required;  however,  it  should  be  of  a  stimulating  nature, 
to  aid  the  formation  of  fruitful  buds  for  next  season's 
crop.  Peach-house. — Follow  our  previous  direction 
(see  p.  408)  with  regard  to  summer  priming  the  trees, 
immediately  the  fruit  in  the  later  houses  is  cleared. 
By  thinning  the  wood  at  this  time,  leaving  only  what  is 
required  for  the  succeeding  crop,  it  has  the  advantage 
of  full  exposure  to  liglit  and  air,  and  will  be  found  move 
prolific  of  well-formed  fruit  buds  than  when  the  whole 
is  left  to  be  cut  away  in  the  winter,  besides  the  facilities 
it  affords  for  keeping  down  insects  ;  unless  the  inside 
borders  are  dry  in  the  extreme,  no  more  water  need  be 
given.  Pay  every  attention  to  tlie  last  crop  of  Melons, 
which  are  now  advancing  fast  ;  the  great  enemy  to 
Melons  at  this  season  is  red  spider,  and  the  greatest  care 
is  requisite  to  prevent  its  attacks.  The  Dampsha  and 
other  late  kinds  should  be  kept  I'atliev  thiimer  of  wood 
than  was  necessary  for  the  earlier  crops,  that  light  may 
have  free  access  to  all  parts  of  the  foliage,  and  the  crop 
should  be  lighter,  that  the  plant's  energies  may  not  be 
too  severely  taxed  at  a  season  when  the  natural 
stimulants  to  vegetation  are  on  the  decline.  Straw- 
bernes  for  forcing  should  be  potted  forthwith,  that  full 
time  to  perfect  their  growth  may  be  allowed  them. 
After  they  have  taken  to  their  new  shift,  place  them  in 
a  southern  aspect  and  open  exposure,  and  at  the  same 
time  place  them  thin  ;  they  will  thrive  the  better  for  not 
being  plunged  for  some  time  yet,  but  must  be  regularly 
supplied  with  water. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY.^ 

Where  bedding-out  on  a  large  scale  is  practised,  the 
propagation  and  preservation  of  the  annual  sujiply  of 
plants  becomes  an  important  part  of  the  gardener's 
duty.  That  the  result  may  answer  the  expectation  at 
planting  time,  a  careful  calculation  of  the  number 
required,  and  the  means  there  is  of  preserving  them 
through  the  winter,  should  be  made.  The  next  thing  to 
consider  is  the  kinds  which  require  immediate  attention, 
to  get  them  established  before  winter  ;  those  which  may 
be  deferred  a  month  or  so  longer  ;  and,  again,  what  can 
be  propagated  in  sufficient  numbers  in  the  spring,  pro- 
vided a  few  store  pots  of  each  are  kept  for  the  purpose. 
In  the  first  class  we  niay  place  nearly  all  the  varieties 
of  fancy  and  bedding-out  Geraniums  (except  scarlets  and 
their  allies,  which  may  wait  a  short  time  longer), 
Crassulas,  Lantanas,  Aloysias,  Mesembryanthemums, 
Hydrangeas,  and  plants  of  similar  habits,  which  require 
to  be  established  and  have  their  wood  matured  before 
winter.  Next  may  follow  Heliotropes,  Salvias,  Calceo- 
larias, Alonsoas,  Anagallis,  Verbenas,  Petunias,  and 
Lobelias,  &c.,  of  which  four  latter,  if  pit  or  house-room 
is  an  object,  a  few  store  pots  only  of  each  kind  need  be 
kept,  as,  witli  the  assistance  of  a  little  heat  in  the  sprin^ 
a  stock  is  soon  obtained,  and  spring  struck  plants,  if 
nicely  grown,  generally  start  better  than  older  plants. 
The  new  plants  which  have  been  planted  out  under 
"trial"  should  likewise  have  their  distinctive  features 
noted  down  (how  many  possess  such  we  dare  not  say), 
with  their  colour  and  habit,  to  ascertain  if  in  any  certain 
class  a  better  colour  or  habit  is  obtained.  The  number 
of  new  plants  is  so  great  that  an  animal  trial  is  neces- 
sary to  keep  what  are  really  acquisitions. 

KITCHEN  OARDEN. 

Every  day  shows  the  hopelessness  of  trusting  to  the 
Po<:ato  as  a  root  crop,  and  the  necessity  of  growing 
increased  breadths  of  Parsnips,  Cai'rots,  Artichokes, 
and  whatever  may  reasonably  become  a  substitute.  Our 
former  directions  for  planting  largely  the  different  kinds 
of  winter  greens,  &c.,  should  be  acted  on  whenever  tlie 
opportunity  of  vacant  ground  occurs.  In  sowing  crops 
at  this  season,  which  do  not  come  into  perfection  till 
spring,  and  which  are  expected  to  grow  more  or  less 
through  the  winter,  the  ground  sliould  not  only  he  well 
manured,  but  trenched  to  a  considerable  depth  ;  that  the 
rains  and  snows  of  winter  may  pass  quickly  beyond  the 
reach  of  their  roots,  and  that  a  comparative  dryness  and 
warmth  may  be  thus  maintained  around  the  roots  of 
growing  plants.  Those  who  have  observed  how  quickly 
snow  thaws  on  well-drained  land,  owing  to  its  higher 
temperature,  will  at  once  understand  liow  important  the 
above  conditions  are  to  crops  which  are  expected  to 
make  way  in  the  depth  of  winter.  These  remarks  will 
apply  to  Spinach,  of  which  a  good  plot  of  the  true 
Flanders  for  winter  use  may  now  be  sown  ;  as  may  two 
or  three  kinds  of  hardy  Cos  and  Cabbage  Lettuce  ;  thi 
latter  will  be  useful  for  transferring  to  frames  in 
February.  Endive  should  be  sown  for  February  and 
March  consumption,  andTi'ipoli  Onionsfor  early  spring. 
Still  continue  planting  out  Cauliflower  and  Walcheren 
Broccoli ;  before  earthing  up  the  main  crop  of  Celery, 


remove  a  few  of  the  lower  leaves  and  any  suckers 
which  may  be  found  ;  tie  up  slightly  with  matting,  and 
ell  water  the  trenches  with  liquid  manure,  in  which  a 
small  quantity  of  salt  has  been  dissolved  ;  this  will  lull 
slugs  and  worms,  and  assist  the  plant  to  a  quick  growth. 
When  the  plants  become  dry,  the  earthing  up  may  be 
liberal,  taking  care,  however,  not  to  reach  the  heart  of 
the  plant.  Cardoons  may  be  treated  in  the  same  way  ; 
water  freely  Peas,  Artichokes,  Cauliflowers,  and  succu- 
lent-leaved plants. 


STATE  OF 
Vox  the  week  endlne  A 

>NI)ON, 

ultural  Oardena, 

IHE  WEATHER  NEAR  LC 
1%.  5, 136-2,  aaobnened  at  the  Uortlc 
Chlawich. 

be 

1 

n 

o 

15 
16 

ir 

18 
19 

Barombth. 

TlxriHATUBS. 

Wind. 

July 
and  AUKuat. 

Of  the  Air 

Of  the  Earth. 

I 

Max. 

MLq. 

Max. 

HlB. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Friday  .30 
Snlur.    ..31 
Suodfty  .     1 
MouJay      2 
Tufs.    ..     3 
Wed.     ..     4 
Thu«...     6 

30.070 
30.072 
3(1.037 
29.861 
29.4G4 
29.-(!9 
29.^58 

30.038 
30.038 
29.937 

29.662 
29.36,s 
29.3:js 
29.439 

76 

81 
82 
81 
71 

74 

46 
54 
62 
49 
47 
46 
47 

ei.o 

67.5 
67.'" 
CJ.O 
a9.0 

69,0 
60.3 

646 
66 
6ii 
66 
66 
63 
63 

63 
64 
62 

62 
62 

W. 
W. 

s.w. 
w. 
s. 

s.w. 
s. 

.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.OS 
.01 
.04 

A^fraare 

29.75S      29.674      7fi.7      ^'^  7      62-7  '  64.7       62.7 

.08 

July       3U- Vtry  tine  throuehnu'. ;  clcHr  at  Di^ht. 

—  31  — Heavy  dew  ;  very  Adc  j  clouoy. 

AuKuat    1— Very  fine  ;  Bliithi  dry  hnze;  uniformly  overcait. 

—  2— Very  tine  ihtouichout ;  den-ely  clouded  at  niKht. 

—  3— pHriially  ovfTCaat ;  very  fice  ;  Rtiicnt  iibower  ;  cloudr. 

^         4— Very  flue;  alight  shower  at  Dooa;  low  wlilte  cloaai  aod  deep 
bluf  »ky  in  intervals;  cle»r 

—  5— Very  flue;  uluudy  and  fln«;  ahnweri;  etlj;ht!y  overcast. 
Mean  lemperature  of  the  week,  3  deg.  below  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 

During  {he  laat  26  yeara,  forthe  enauLnKweek,  endioK  Aug  14, 1B52. 


• 

No.  Of 
Xears  in 
which  it 

Uained. 

PreTailLnj  Wlndf. 

ill 

55^ 

III 

as 

Greateat 
Quantity 
of  Rako. 

AugDtt. 

Z 

t 

4 

Sis  s 
it'. 

lol  4- 

Sunday   S 

75.0 

49.7 

62.6 

9 

0.40  ia. 

2 

4 

Moil        U 

&I.G 

6;t.6 

9 

1.06 

1 

4 

1- 

101  6 

Tuea,     10 

75.3 

33.-2 

64.2 

12 

0.36 

Ij  2   2- 

2  13'  6 

Wed.      11 

75.1 

51.7 

63.4 

\i 

QM 

4  12'  G 

75.1 

i\.i 

fiU 

11 

0.21 

2    111 

61  7i  b 

Friday    Y.i 

72.2 

62.6 

M.A 

12 

1.14 

-    2    2,  2 

311|  3 

Saiiir      n 

72.1 

50.8 

61.4 

7 

OGl 

— 

6 

51  1 

2 

71  41 

The  bizlies'   temptrature  duniiK  th«  above  penod  orcun-ed  on  the  lUth* 
842-tberm.  93  deg.;  aod  the  lowest  on  the  13th,  ltJ39— therm.  3S  deg. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Books  :  T  E.  Babingtoa's  *'  Manual,"  and  Hooker's  "  Britteh. 
Flora." 

Bottling  Fedit  :  Admirer.  The  followine  is  an  excellent 
mode :  Fill  the  bottles  quite  full  with  fruit  not  quite  ripe ; 
place  tbem,  with  the  corks  put  lightly  into  them,  iu  a  copper 
with  cold  water  up  to  the  necUs,  and  gradually  raise  the 
tpinperatureof  the  water  to  1G0°,  and  notexceedinj^  170*Fafar. 
Keep  them  at  this  temtierature  half  an  hour  ;  then  take  each 
out  flf-parately,  and  fill  it  up  with  boiling  water  from  a  kettle 
to  wi'hiu  an  inch  of  the  cork  ;  drive  iu  the  cork  iirmly,  tie  it 
over,  and  dip  it  immediately  into  bottle  wax,  and  lay  the 
bottle  down  on  its  aide,  to  keep  the  cork  alwa)8  damp.  To 
prevent  fermentation,  turn  each  bottle  half  round  twice  or 
thrice  a  week  for  two  or  three  weeks  ;  after  that  they  will 
need  nn  further  care.  The  corks  should  be  soaked  in  water 
two  or  three  davB  before  being  used. 

Gaolthebia  Shallon  :  Diss.  This  plant  can  be  raised  from 
Bped  Krown  in  this  country  ■  the  seed  should  be  treated 
exactly  like  that  of  Rhododendrons. 

Redgehiios;  RD,  They  will  kill  cockroaches.  Their  foodii 
very  various  ;  by  preference  they  are  carnivorous,  but  ia 
certain  circurnfltancea  they  will  readily  eat  vegetable 
Bub-iiances.  %  ,    t      , 

LiQoiD  Mandee:  J  p.  Guano  soaked  in  water  and  tbe  clear 
liquor  poured  off,  the  sediment  heioff  again  treated  with 
water,  will  answer  your  purpose.  As  regards  ants,  see 
p.  424  of  this  year's  volume. 

Melons  :  A  Constant  Reader.  We  believe  that  the  bodies  taken 
out  of  your  Cantaloupe  Melon  are  seeds  in  a  state  of  pre- 
mature (Termination. 

Namfs  of  Plants:  V  R.  1,  Agrostis  vulgaria  ;  3,  A,  alba; 
3  Filago  rfermanica.— J  O.  1,  Epidendrum  altiasimum  ;  2, 
Clematis  fl^mmula;  3,  Polypodium  crenatum.— -i  Reader. 
Nidularia  campauulata.— £  M.  Ononis  arvensis  and  Sym- 
phv'um  oificinale.— firseroum.  518,  Astragalus  ponticus ; 
now  in  flower  in  the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden.—/.  NR. 
Geraoiu'ii  pratenwe.  — GuJnare.  Eacall.  nia  rosea.  —  Young 
Gardener.  Apparently  a  leaf  of  Senecio  Petasitea— .B  H. 
Achillea  Ptarmica,  with  double  flowers.— J  }V R.  We  are 
unacquainted  with  Ilex  Tarugo.  The  leaf  seems  to  belong  , 
to  AnMg\ri3  indica.- C£S.  Brunsfelsia  americma.— C-i  fi, 
Trapabicornis.— JC.  2  is  Campanula  carpatica  certainly; 
1  is  iodetermioablo. 

Potatoes  :  Z>  S.  The  lump  on  your  stem  Is  a  tuher,  produced 
abiivo  ground  instead  of  under  ground.  Such  produce  is 
extremely  common  when  Potatoes  are  not  earthed  up. 

Rabbit  Fence  :  Canavtmia  will  thank  some  of  our  corre- 
spondents to  oblige  hiui  by  etatine,  frum  actual  experiment, 
what  hHght  of  wire  trellib  will  suffice  to  keep  out  rabbits  and 
hares  effectually.  He  knows  a  wooden  paling  3  leet  high 
will  nor.  .  .      , 

Red  Spideb  :  Northvjood.  Syringe  well  and  often  with  clean 
water,  aod  it  will  probably  disappear,  or  use  milkof  Bulphur» 
as  mentioned  in  another  page  of  to-day's  Paper,  t   ,    ,      .     . 

Strawbebbies:  QaUiaus.  The  varieties  mentioned  in  last 
week's  Paper,  p.  488,  will  posbibly  be  found  to  suit  you.  J 

Sun-heat:  a.  R.  The  highest  point  to  which  the  thermometer 
has  reat'hed  in  the  stin  at  Chiswick  within  the  last  26  years 
is  128"  Fahr.  This  occurred  on  the  4ih  of  July,  183b,  and  was 
indicated  by  a  blackened  thermomerer,  placed  about  a  foot 
above  the  surface  of  the  lawn.  Against  a  wdll  facing  the 
south,  or  nearly  close  to  tbe  naked  soil  of  a  border,  the  ther- 
mometer r.sea  much  higher  than  it  does  above  the  lawn ;  ' 
and  exceeds  I3C°,  the  degree  you  meniion.  If  you  refer  to 
•'  Daniell'B  Meteoroloj-ical  Essays."  p.  439.  jou  will  find  that 
in  1821,  on  the  -.'Oth  of  August,  and  three  following  days,  the 
thermometer  in  tbe  sun  rose  to  144«.  The  bulb  was  thinly 
covered  with  black  wool,  and  placed  about  an  inch  above  the 
soil  of  a  border.  II  .      ..         j  ^     j     *».  i. 

ViNH  Leaves:  MM.  Tour  plant  is  starved  to  death  ;  perhaps 
it  has  no  roots,  perhaps  it  has  no  food  ;  at  all  events  it  Is 

XisES'JSJW.  It  ia  all  mismanagement  of  some  sort, 
Grxp'pi  will  always  colour,  if  they  have  air  enough  and  heat 
enouEh,  unless  they  shank,  which  they  never  do,  if  the, 
border  is  not  cold  and  damp.  Your  losing  all  your  Vege- 
table Marrows  is  also  your  own  fault,  although  no  one  can 
tell  what  you  hiive  done  with  them.  As  to  calling  Cherry 
trees  2U  to  30  years  old  "trees  of  great  age  and  past  bear- 
ing," we  do  not  understand  you  ;  perhaps  you  meant  to  aaj 
12o'to  130  years. 

Misc  ■  Sub.  We  have  no  knowledge  of  the  gentleman  ic 
question.— r  T.  You  can  have  the  Index  for  1849.  Endow 
two  postage  atamps. 


32—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


5  05 


D  OYAL      AGRICULTURAL      COLLEGE 

LV  CIRENCESTER. 

PATaoN— His  Rojal  HiKbnesi  PRINCE  ALBERT. 
PRESIDENT  OF  CoDNCiL— Earl  BAT HORST, 

ViCE-PKEfliDENT— Earl  DUCIE. 

Pbincipal— Rev.  J.  S.  HAVfiARTH,  M.A. 

The  NEXT  SESSION  will  begin  on  M...nday,    AuguBt  9th. 

Itudents  are  admitted  eicber  aa  Boarders  or  aa  Out-Students. 

Che  annual  fees  for  Boardertt   var^   from  45    to  8i)  KU'i'eas, 

.ccording  to  age  and  other  circiirnstances.     The  fee  fi>r  Our- 

itadents  is  40!.  per  annum.     Tbe  GoUeffo  Course  of  l^ec'uros 

md  Practical  Instruction  in  complete  ia  one  twelvemonih — 

Jlough  for  younger  students  a  longer  time  is  reoimiu^nded. 

There  is  a  department  for  general  as  well  as  for  agricultural 

education. 

Prospectuses  and  information  caa  be  had  on  appUcatioa  to 
the  Principal. 
Cirencester,  August  7, 1S52. 


LEWES  AGRICULTURAL  SHOW.— LOST,  from 
tbe  Crown  Inn,  Lewe8,  a  Meiallic  Paper  Memormiduru 
Sooti,  in  brotvn  covers  wiib  clasp,  India  rubber  band  ani't 
pencil,  with  the  name  and  address,  "  Janies  Croase,  Aniovers- 
?'or<i  "  inside  the  cover,  and  containing  various  memorandums 
and  orders.  Whosoever  wili  return,  or  give  such  inturmation 
as  may  lead  to  tbe  recovery  of  the  same,  shall  be  handsomely 
rewarded. — Address  James  C&owe,  Uampen,  Andoversford, 
Gloucesterahire. 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 

Vy   It  being  notorious  that  exteasive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  ic  lo  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Qovernment  and 

to  tbe  Tublic  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  careluHy  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  Trhom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANToNY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
weil  lo  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  touj  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  muat  therefore 
either  leave  a  Inm  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adultern'ed. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  uf  Town  and  Ci'unrry  by 
Increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR. 
COAL,  impregnated  with  tbe  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SB  WAGE.  The  ammoiu:i,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Stwage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  GOs.  per  ton,  4^.  per  cwt.,  2s.  6d.  per 
half  dwt. 

fpHE~E'C'Oi\mn'Cn?0RTXBLE~HANURE~COM- 

•^  PANY  maout'acturfl,  and  hare  alnajra  lor  sale,  the 
^oUowiag  MANURES  :— Patent  Manure,  51  5t.  p«r  ton  ;  highly 
concentrated  Fscal  Manures,  3(.  IOj.  per  ton  ;  Sup«rpho>tpbate 
of  Lime,  51.2$.  Gd.  per  ton;  Turnip  Manure,  41.  lOs.  per  ton  ; 
Gypsum,  11.  5j,  per  ton. 

Orders  and  applications  for  agencies  to  be  addressed  to 
WiLLiAU  DoDDs  and  Co.,  Managers,  102,  Leadtmhall-street, 
London. 


rpHE  LONDON   MANURE   COMPANY  offer  the 

_  -^    foliowiug  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 

^'1|cle  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 

^itrate   of  Soda,   Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 

n^  Fishery  Salt  from  Oorowall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 

for    agricultural    purposes;    Linseed    and    Rape    Cake. 

reravian  Guaoo,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs, 

AsGibbs  and  Sons,  at  9t,  10a.  per  ton,  orforStoos  and  upwards, 

91.  5t.  in  Dock.  Edwa&d  Pd&sek,  Sec. 

40.  New  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars,   Litodon. 


MAN  U  HESj. — The   foilowiiig    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptiord  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Courolites  5     0    0 

OBic^'Bd.  Kiog  SViUiam.street,  City,  London. 
F.B.  Pe^^ian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammo^^VZ.  IU5.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9£.  5s.  per 
too,  in  <iock.     Sulrihatp  of  ammonia.  d:<^. 


LINSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  English,  Rape 
Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. —  Apply  to 
M4EK  FoTHEBQiLL  204  A .  Upper  ThameH-Btreet.  [,onc1nn. 


T   IQUID    MANURE    conveyed   over 
■^  Land  by 

FREEMAN    ROB, 

HlDAAULlC  ENaiHECB,  70,  SxaAHD,  LoMDON. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 
HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

'Vellb  bdne  and  Boama  done  hi  all  pahts 
OF  Town  oa  Oorntkt. 


C^ARSON'-S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
^  PAINT,  especially  putrcmi^ed  by  the  Britiati  and  other 
Oovemmenta,  the  Hon.  Ea»t  lodti*  Company,  the  principal 
Bock  Companieii,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nohilit,v, 
Gentry,  aod  Clertry,  for  ouUdoor  work  at  their  country  seat's. 
Tbe  Aoti-Corrofion  In  particularly  recommt^nded  aa  the  mont 
durable  out-door  Paint  ever  inv»-nled,  for  the  preserration  of 
eT«ry  description  of  Iron,  Wo<  d,  Stone,  Brick,  Corripo,  Cement, 
Ac,  work,  OS  ha«  be-on  proved  by  the  practical  te*tt  ot  upwards 
of  flO  jears,  and  by  the  num*Tou«  (between  600  and  C  >(i]  tetiti. 
monlaU  in  l'»  favour,  and  which,  from  the  runk  and  atation  In 
•oclety  of  tho4e  who  hum  Klv«n  thi^m,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anjlhiog  of  tbe  kind  hitherto  brought  betoru  the 
public  Dotir.e, 

LUt«  of  Colonra,  with  Price*,  togftthor  with  a  Cony  of  the 
TettlmonlAl*.  will  benfot  onitppllcBilon  to  Walter  Cabson  and 
Soir,  N".  9,  Great  Wtriche«t«r-street,  Old  Broud.iitreet,  Royal 
Exchange,  London.  — N'o  Agents.  All  orders  are  particularly 
rc<]ae»ted  Uj  be  sent  direct. 


IRON    HURDLES.    FENCING,   ETC. 
CTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 

^  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  beg  to 
inform  their  friend*  and  the  public  g^ner'illy  they  are  now 
nianufacturintt  Iron  Hurdles,  at  th«  following  low  prices  ;— For 
sheep,  6  ft.  long  3  ft,  hipb,  5  bars,  'is.  2d.  each  ;  and  for  cattle. 
6  ft.  long-,  3  ft.  3  in,  hiph.  5  bars,  3s.  (id.  each. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Thotw  who  would  enjoy 
Ibelr  fJardeon  dorlnK  <he  wlnt*r  mcinth»  should  con- 
•tniet  ihrir  walk,  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  COMCKETK, 
which  are  formi-d  rhu*  :— Screen  the  grnvri  of  whirh  lh<;  path 
U  at  present  made  fr'im  th*)  loam  which  Is  mlxtrd  with  It,  and 
10  «Tery  part  of  clean  grtivel  «dd  one  of  *harp  river  Hand.  To 
&*«  parts  of  luch  tfrfiiul  inixturo  add  onq  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  lnror|;oriit«  the  whole  well  In  the  dry  titatu  hef'Tc  applyloK 
th*  wat«r.  It  may  then  bn  laid  on  Z  Inchfti  thick.  Any 
l»hour«r  ciiD  mix  cind  opr^ad  It.  No  tr^ot  In  require']  heyorid 
th*  apad*,  and  In  -IK  hours  I'.  hecoiu<i«  un  hnrd  us  a  rock, 
Vcfiatatlon  cannot  grow  throoKh  or  upon  It,  nnd  It  rfitlntt  thi^ 
Mtlon  **f  the  M)v«r«iit  Iron.  It  In  Ncc-n^ury,  an  water  d<ii;s  not 
vttk  through  It,  Ui  glm  a  fall  from  Ihn  inlddle  of  Iho  pHth 
ftowardt  the  >Mi!i.— MaDufuctorers  of  ibe  Ceiuvnt,  J,B,  WuiTl 
tal  Sojif.  MUlbank.atre«t,  Wntmloiur. 


Eiu  Agricultural  Saiette* 

SA  TURDA  y,  A  UG  UST  7,  1852, 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WBDifUBDAt,    Aug,    II— Agricultural  -ticiciy  of  Knilumi, 
TnuH3i>*»,         —      12  -  &.KiicuUuriil  Imii.  Society  of  Ireland. 
Tir«Bi)Ai,            —      in  Mt-etlnp  of  tbe  \eri.   Iniprofement 
?r.V»i"''     -     15  f    Socie.yo(I|.U«d.tG.a,.j. 
♦ 

We  have,  from  time  to  time,  and  especially  of 
Lite,  drawn  attention  to  the  very  important  question 
of  facilitating  the  tiiansff.r  of  land;  and,  amongst 
many  other  persons,  have  been  tempted  to  ask  the 
reason  why  land  should  not  pass  from  hand  to  hand 
with  much  more  rapidity  and  simplicity  than  is  the 
case  at  present.  An  able  article  in  the  "  Law 
Review,"  for  the  present  month,  has  again  induced 
us  to  bring  the  subject  forward  ;  and,  convinced  as 
we  are  of  the  urgent  necessity  of  having  something 
done  which  will  render  dealings  in  land  less  trouble- 
some and  expensive  than  they  now  are,  we  make  no 
apology  for  laying  the  substance  of  that  article 
before  our  readers. 

A  short  outline  of  the  different  natures  and 
methods  employed  in  the  transfer  of  land  and  stock, 
will,  perhaps,  be  of  use  to  those  who  may  be  unac- 
quainted with  such  matters.  Laud  and  stock  have 
some  points  of  agreement  and  some  of  disagree- 
msnt.  They  are  both  the  subjects  of  ownership  ,  in 
land  the  rights  of  ownership  are  exercisable  over 
something  visible,  tangible,  and  capable  of  being 
divided  into  parts,  the  exact  boundaries  of  which 
must  be  ascertained  ;  in  stock  the  rights  of  owner- 
ship are  exercisable  over  something  invisible,  hot 
tangible,  but  wholly  ideal  and  totally  incapable  of 
division  into  parts  having  exact  boundaries,  or  into 
any  parts  less  ideal  than  itself.  When  we  speak  of 
a  transfer  of  land,  we  do  not  mean  that  so  many 
acres  are  passeii  from  one  person  to  another,  but 
that  the  rights  of  ownership  over  those  acres  are 
renounced  by  one  person  in  favour  of  another  ;  and 
so,  when  we  speak  of  a  transfer  of  stock,  we  mean 
that  certain  rights  of  ownership  are  renounced  by 
one  in  favour  of  another  person.  That  which  is 
transferred  is  the  same  in  both  cases,  it  is  merely  a 
complex  right  ;  and  inattention  to  this  plain  but 
important  truth  has,  in  our  opinion,  caused  no  little 
confusion  of  ideas,  and  has  afforded  shelter  for 
objections  which  are  wholly  without  foundation. 
How  else  are  we  to  account  for  the  often-raised 
objection  that  land  and  stock  are  such  very  different 
things,  that  the  principles  regulating  the  tiansfer  of 
the  one  are  not  in  the  nature  of  things  applicable 
to  the  transfer  of  the  other?  No  doubt  land  and 
stock  are  different,  and,  as  we  shall  shoitly  show, 
their  difference  does  necessitate  a  difference  in  the 
mode  of  their  transfer,  but  it  does  not  necessitate 
the  difference  which  exists,  nor  does  it  render  the 
application  of  the  same  principles  to  the  transfer  of 
both  impossible. 

Again,  ownership,  whether  in  land  or  stock,  is, 
according  to  the  law  of  England,  of  two  kinds,  which 
may  exist  in  different  persons  or  may  coexist  in  one 
and  the  same  person  ;  the  ownership  of  a  trustee  is 
an  example  of  one  kind,  the  ownership  of  the  person 
for  whom  he  is  trustee  is  an  example  of  the  other 
kind.  Eacli  kind  of  ownership  is  capable  of  transfer 
independently  of  the  other  ;  and  in  order  that  a 
person  may  be  what  is  called  an  absolute  owner, 
both  kinds  of  ownership  must  coexist  in  himself. 
No  one  knowing  that  a  person  has  the  one  kind  of 
ownership  can,  without  more,  know  whether  he  has 
the  other  kind  or  not ;  each  kind  is  dis  inct  from 
the  other,  and  when  land  is  concerned  each  generally 
has  to  form  a  distinct  subject  of  inquiry,  but  when 
stock  is  concerned  such  is  not  the  case.  Do  our 
readers  ask  why  should  this  be  so  ?  upon  what 
principle  is  this  distinction  founded  ?  if  they  do,  we 
for  our  part  must  confess  our  inability  to  answer 
them  ;  unless,  indeed,  they  are  satisfied  with  being 
told  that  stock  is  a  thing  of  modern  days,  and  is  not 
subject  to  the  same  technical  rules  as  land. 

Having  now  explained  what  is  meant  by  a 
"  transfer,"  whether  of  land  or  of  stock,  and  having 
noticed  sufhcitntly  for  our  present  purpose  the  nature 
of  ownership,  we  will  proceed  to  show  the  way  in 
which  what  is  called  absolute  ownership  is  trans- 
ferred when  exerciscahle  over  stock  and  land. 

Stock  is  a  debt  owing  by  the  Stale  to  certain 
piTsons  whose  names  appear  in  the  books  of  the 
JJank  (*f  I'higland  ;  those  persons,  and  those  alonu, 
whellior  both  kinds  of  ownersliip  do  or  do  not 
coexist  in  them,  have  the  power  of  transferring  the 
stork  to  wliicli  they  are  apparently  entitled  ;  if  tliey 
wish  to  Hell  their  stocK  tlioy  can  ('inless  unrler 
certain   cirounislunccs   to  bo  mentioned  presently)  I 


do  so  ;  and  nobody  asks,  and  nobody  cares,  whether 
they  are  absolute  owners  or  not.  Supposing  them 
to  be  so,  nothing  remains  forexplanatiou.  Supposing 
them  not  to  be  so— supposing  them,  that  is,  to  be 
trustees,  and  to  have  only  one  of  the  kinds  of  owner- 
ship before  mentioned,  and  that  the  other  kind  is 
in  persons  whose  names  do  not  appear  in  the  Bank 
books,  still  those  whose  names  do  appear  in  them 
can  sell,  and  possibly  cheat  the  others  for  whom  they 
are  trustees  ;  to  prevent  this,  those  whose  names  do 
not  appear  may,  if  they  please,  put  what  is  called  a 
"  stop  "  upon  the  stock  :  in  other  words,  give  the 
Bank  notice  not  to  sell  the  stock  without  their 
consent.  Such  are  the  means  taken  to  prevent 
cheating  on  the  part  of  the  trustees — means  appa- 
rently inadequate,  but  working  in  practice  perfectly 
well ;  every  now  and  then,  no  doubt,  a  trustee  of 
stock  secretly  sells  out  and  pockets  the  money,  to  the 
loss  of  the  person  for  whom  he  is  trustee ;  such  a 
case,  however,  seldom  occurs — and  it  is  found  that 
in  the  great  majority  of  cases  persons  having  the 
stock  of  others  standing  in  their  own  names  are 
honest,  and  that  no  gi'eat  risk  is  incurred  by  those 
who,  being  prudent  in  the  choice  of  their  trustees, 
trust  them  with  money  in  the  funds. 

Our  readers  will  observe  that  the  great  features  in 
the  transfer  of  stock  are  that  a  person  who  wishes  to 
buy  deals  with  the  registered  owner,  and  with  him 
alone ;  that  the  nature  of  hisownership  is  not  inquired 
into;  that  in  the  absence  of  any  "  stop  "  the  consent 
of  those  for  whom  he  may  happen  to  be  trustee  is 
not  required  to  make  a  valid  sale  ;  and  that  if  the 
trustee  sells  without  or  against  their  consent,  the 
purchaser's  title  cannot  be  thereby  drawn  in  question, 
and  the  trustee  alone  is  answerable  for  his  own 
misconduct. 

Now,  let  us  compare  this  with  the  mode  in  which 
land  is  at  present  conveyed.  When  a  person  wishes 
to  sell  an  estate,  the  first  thing  to  ascertain  is  the 
nature  of  his  ownership,  and  this  cannot  he  done  by 
inspecting  any  public  register,  for  none  such  exists ; 
it  must  be  done  by  examining  the  seller's  title 
deeds — ^in  the  case  of  stock  there  are  no  title  deeds 
to  be  examined.  It  is  this  examination  which  causes 
the  great  bulk  of  the  expense  of  money  and  time 
attending  a  modern  conveyance  ;  and  as  no  purchaser 
is  evier  satisfied  with  the  last  examination,  although 
made,  perhaps,  within  a  very  short  period  before  his 
own  purchase,  and  by  the  most  cautious  and  shrewd 
lawyers  of  the  day,  the  expense  is  constantly 
recurring. 

Again,  this  examination  extends  to  both  the  kinds 
of  ownership  befoie  mentioned,  and  it  is,  unless 
there  is  a  special  reason  to  the  contrary,  necessary 
for  the  purchaser  to  discover  all  the  persons 
interested  in  the  property,  and  to  obtain  their  con- 
sent to  the  sale.  It  may  happen  that  some  will 
not  consent,  that  others,  being  under  legal  disabili- 
ties, cannot  consent,  and  then,  perhaps,  the  purchase 
is  given  up  and  the  time  and  money  expended  in 
ascertaining  the  persons  who  ought  to  join  in  the 
sale  are  wasted.  It  is  very  true  that  at  the  present 
time  clauses  are  introduced  into  deeds  affecting 
land,  which  have  the  effect  of  rendering  some  of 
these  inquiiies  unnecessary  ;  but  those  very  clauses 
show  the  existence  of  the  evil  they  are  designed  to 
destroy,  and  are  themselves  objectionable,  as  they 
increase  the  length  of  the  instiunient  in  which  they 
are  inserted.  From  this  outline,  in  which  of  course 
all  details  are  intentionally  excluded,  it  will  be 
observed  that  the  great  features  in  the  transfer  of 
land  are,  that  a  person  who  wishes  to  buy  has  to 
deal  with  all  who  are  interested  in  the  property ; 
that  tbe  nature  of  their  ownership  has  to  be  inquired 
into  ;  that  in  the  absence  of  any  reason  to  the  con- 
trary, the  consent  of  those  for  whom  the  ostensible 
seller  may  happen  to  be  trustee  is  required  to  make 
a  valid  sale  ;  and  that  if  the  trustee  sells  without  or 
against  their  consent  the  purchaser's  title  can  be 
drawn  in  question,  and  if  he  has  notice  (which  he 
is  very  often  deemed  to  have,  though  in  fact  he  had 
none),  tliat  the  ostensible  seller  is  a  trustee,  the  pur- 
chaser may  be  liable  for  the  misconduct  of  the  seller. 

Now,  with  the  wi  iter  of  the  article  before  referred 
to,  we  ask,  why  should  not  land,  like  stock,  stand 
in  the  names  of  persons  easily  discoverable  ?  Why 
should  persons  who  wish  to  buy  land  be  com- 
pelled to  make  all  sorts  of  inquiries  which  the 
purchaser  of  stock  never  thinks  of  making  1  AVhy, 
in  the  absence  of  any  special  reason,  should  the 
consent  of  all  persons  interested  be  required  in  a 
sale  of  lanil  and  not  in  a  sale  of  stock  t  Surely 
there  can  lie  no  nioie  danger  of  fraud  in  the  one 
case  than  in  the  other ;  there  can  be  no  reason  why 
the  fact  of  having  the  land  of  others  in  their  power 
should  make  men  less  honest  or  trustworthy  than 
expeiience  shows  them  to  be  when  the  stock  of 
others  is  in  their  control ;  and  yet  that  this  would 
be  the  case  is  insisted  by  the  opponents  of  any  change 
in  the  present  mode  of  conveyancing. 
That  land  can  be  transferred  as  easily  and  quickly 


506 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


as  stock  we  do  not  say  or  think  ;  land  requires  to 
be  identified,  stock  does  not ;  a  pood  map  or  set  of 
maps  would  render  the  identification  of  land  com- 
paratively easy,  but  still  there  must  always  be  some 
delay  and  expense  in  accurately  showing  the  limits 
of  the  property  sold,  and  from  which  the  transfer  of 
stock  of  course  is  free.  The  existence  of  leases  and 
of  rights  of  way  in  the  case  of  land  is  another  reason 
why  its  transfer  should  not  be  so  easy  as  that  of 
stock ;  but  what  we  more  particularly  insist  upon 
now  is  that  tliere  is,  so  far  as  we  can  see,  no  reason 
why  every  person  who  wishes  to  buy  land  should 
be  compelled,  for  his  own  safety,  to  investigate  the 
title  to  it,  which  would  not  also,  if  fairly  carried 
out,  go  to  show  some  necessity  for  investigating  tlie 
title  to  stock  ;  or,  in  other  words,  that  there  is  no 
reason  which  would  not,  if  fairly  carried  out,  be 
suicidal,  by  proving  too  much. 

Were  this  a  legal  journal,  or  were  the  details  of 
a  plan  for  facilitating  tlie  transfer  of  land  tit  subjects 
for  these   columns,   we   should   probably   call   our 


readers'  attention  to  this  important  subject  oftener 
than  we  do  ;  as  it  is,  however,  we  can  only  refer  (o 
it  in  a  general  way  ;  but  we  would  ui-ge  upon  them 
the  necessity  of  most  anxiously  considering  it ;  and 
if,  instead  of  running  after  protection,  they  would 
in  earnest  put  their  shoulders  to  the  wheel  and 
obtain  from  the  present  or  any  other  Government 
some  measure  which  should  render  land  more  readily 
marketable,  they  would  do  the  country  great  good, 
and  relieve  the  agricultural  interest  from  one  of  its 
greatest  burdens. 

The  returns,  in  another  page,  to  our  circular,  on 
the  Present  Appearance  of  the  Crops,  offer  matter 
both  for  congratulation  and  for  concern.  We  are 
glad,  however,  to  say  that  we  have  much  greater 
reason  to  rejoice  than  lament  on  the  prospect  of  this 
year's  crops.  Though  it  be  true  that  the  Potato 
disease  has  made  an  earlier  and  more  general 
appearance  in  Ireland,  and  in  most  of  the  southern 
counties  of  England,  than  of  late  years  it  has  done, 
yet  all  other  green  crops  are  better  than  usual ;  and, 
taking  the  country  generally,  we  believe  that  a  better 
promise  of  grain  of  all  sorts,  excepting  Beans  and 
Peas,  was  never  before  seen  upon  its  surface.  The 
following  tables  w^ill  present  the  truth  on  this 
subject  in  a  more  tangible  form  than  can  be  given 
it  by  words  : — ■ 


degree  disparagingly  of  the  Turnip  crop;  and  none 
of  these  are  in  Scotland.  The  returns  regarding  the 
Potato  crop  show  an  earlier  and  more  general 
appearance  of  the  disease  than  has  been  known  since 
1846  ;  a  quarter  of  the  cases  reported  in  Scotland, 
rather  more  than  one-kalf  of  the  English  cases,  and 
nearly  9-lOths  of  the  Lish,  exhibit  traces  of  the 
disease.  And  in  most  of  the  southern  counties  of 
England  and  Ireland  it  has  made  great  progress. 
Comparing  August  1,  1851,  with  July  29,  1852,  we 
have  the  following  result : — 


[Aug.  7, 


Irifth  reports  in  1851 
Irish  rpiiorfB  in  I8J>i 


Per  centage. 


To^al,  Hoal'.hy. 


75.5 
11  50 


Dieeased. 


24  6 

88.60 


And  the  virulence  of  the  attack  seems  to  be  in 
proportion  to  its  earliness  and  its  extent. 

As  regards  the  period  of  the  harvest— it  appears 
to  be  generally  from  a  week  to  10  days  earlier  than 
last  year,  which  was  a  remarkably  late  season. 


ritdenb  regabdinq  thb 
Wheat  ceup. 

Over 
Averagf 

Averag' 

Under 
Average 

Total 
Returns 

Ileturu8  from  Scotland    ... 
1,          „    England    ... 
,1         „    Ireland 

28 
72 
13 

11 
6I> 
CO 

1 
8 
8 

IT 

40 
136 
81 

Total  relurna      

lis 

127 

9S7 

In  the  first  column  are  placed  all  such  cases  as 
are  described  in  the  words  "very  good,"  "splendid  " 
"oyer  average,"  &c. ;  in  the  third,  all  cases  In 
which  any  disparaging  adjective  has  been  used  by 
the  reporter ;  and  the  second  includes  the  remaining 
instance,  in  which  the  crop  is  reported  to  be  as 
usual.  According  to  this  statement,  in  rather  more 
than  43  per  cent,  of  the  instances  reported.  Wheat 
crop  IS  over  an  average  ;  in  50  per  cent.,  the  crop  is 
an  average  one  ;  and  in  rather  less  than  7  per  cent, 
of  the  instances  is  it  under  average.  Compare  this 
with  last  year's  report,  in  which  20  per  cent,  were 
under  average,  and  less  than  16  per  cent,  were 
over  average. 

The  following  is  the  general  statement  for  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  of  all  the  grain  crops  speci- 
,  fied  in  the  circular  : — 


Wheat,  257  reports  , 
Barley,  244  reports  . 
Oats,  2711  reports  .... 
Beans,  175  reports  ., 
Peas,  141  reports    ., 


Over 

Average. 

Average. 

Under 
Average. 

113 

127 

17 

75 

154 

16 

99 

163 

18 

It 

73 

88 

» 

42 

90 

We  believe  that  if  we  should  be  favoured  with  a 
good  harvest-time,  the  Wheat  crop  of  the  present 
year  will  prove  one  of  the  most  productive  that  ha<i 
been  known— the  Bariey  will  be  a  heavy  crop  of 
perhaps  hardly  average  quality— and  the  Oat  crop 
van  be  a  full  average  as  regards  both  quantity 
and  quality.  The  Beans  and  Peas  will  no  doubt 
be  a  poor  crop,  worse  even  than  the  table 
represents  them;  for  the  Irish  returns  are  in- 
cluded in  that  table,  and  these  crops  are  by  no 
means  so  extensively  grown  in  Ireland  as  in 
i^ngiand  and  Scotland.  In  the  north,  the  Bean 
crop  appears  not  to  have  been  materially  injured  : 
CO,  nit  Z^'"™'    f'""^    ^'^^    different   English 

a™'  ""i'^'"'  ^''^"  ^=  ^^«  ^'^'^d  ^«  being  under 
cJoThas  Tff  '"i  '""'^  °'.  "'^  '°"'bern  counties  the 
crop  Has  suffered  very  seriously  indeed. 

statP  tbfJ^       •    S'!.™  "°P  '■^*''™«'  'bev  generally 


One  capital  distinction  between  the  occupations 
of  tradesman  and  farmer  lies  in  the  annual  charac- 
ter of  almost  every  act  performed  b_v  the  latter. 
The  returns  from  an  investment  in  the  land  are  not 
realised  until  at  least  12  months— often  several  years 
—have  elapsed  :  while,  during  that  time,  the  shop- 
keeper will  have  obtained  from  the  monthly  or  even 
weekly  reinvestment  of  his  receipts  repeated  accumu- 
lations of  interest.  And  it  isthis,  probably,  that  would 
most  strike  the  mind  of  any  active  energetic  man 
who  should  engage  with  equal  earnestness  in  both 
pursuits.  Accordingly  this  is  one  of  the  points  to 
which  Mr.  Mechi  referred  in  the  course  of  his 
address  the  other  day  at  Tiptree  Hall.  Anything 
which  shall  shorten  the  time  between  the  outlay 
and  the  return,  without  diminishing  the  latter,  is  so 
much  clear  gain  to  the  owner  of  the  investment. 
_Now^j  although  undoubtedly  the  chief  improvements 
in  agriculture  have  been  owing  to  the  shortening  of 
such  intervals— as,  for  instance,  that  between  the 
birth  and  maturity  of  our  stock— yet  the  principal 
investnient  on  the  farm,  that  which  precedes  a  seed 
time,  is  almost  as  dilatory  as  ever  :  we  can  do  but 
little  to  hasten  our  harvests. 

There  is,  however,  one  point,  often  forgotten 
connected  with  agricultural  returns,  on  which  the 
accelerating  process  referred  to  may  easily  be 
brought  to  bear.  If,  for  the  moment,  we  put  our 
grain  crops  out  of  consideration,  the  returns  from  the 
land  are  of  two  kinds  ;  for  one  of  which,  namely,  the 
meat  manufactured,  we  have  to  wait  the  conclusion 
of  the  fattening  process;  but  the  other,  namely,  the 
manure,  is  made  every  day,  and  might  every  day  be 
reinvested  in  the  land.  Hitherto  that,  as  well  as  the 
meat,  has  to  remain  useless,  and  the  former  certainly 
in  a  deteriorating  state,  for  months,  before  it  can  be 
made  use  of.^  But  Mr.  Mechi,  applying  "  the 
principles  of  his  commercial  life  to  agriculture  "  has 
adopted  the  system,  so  far  as  it  is  applicable  on  the 
farm,  of  repeated  outlay  and  quick  returns.  Talking 
of  London  manure,  he  said,  "  The  oxen  that  went  to 
London  on  Friday  must  be  back  here  in  the  shape 
of  manure  on  Monday,  and  he  wanted  it  turned 
into  bf  ef  on  the  Tuesday,  to  go  to  market  again  on  the 
following  Friday."  Well,  this  is  just  an  enthusiastic 
way  of  putting  the  truth,  that,  by  the  use  of  manure 
m  the  liquid  form,  vegetable  and  animal  growth  may 
be  more  immediately  connected  than  they  hitherto 
have  been.  Lord  Palmerston's  definition  of  dirt— 
a  thing  in  its  wrong  place— applies  most  exactly  to 
this  subject.  The  very  atoms  present  in  the  manure, 
swept  out  of  anycattle  stall  this  7th  day  of  August, 
will,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  remain  in  the 
dung-heap— if,  indeed,  they  do  not  escape  into  the 
air— until  the  spring  of  1853;  they  will  then  be 
built  up  in  the  structure  of  a  Turnip  plant,  to  be 
consumed  during  the  winter  of  1853-4,  and  taken  to 
market  in  the  shape  of  beef  or  mutton  nearly  two 
years  hence.  They  mi^ht  be  applied  by  irrigation 
a  few  days  hence  to  a  growing  crop  of  Italian  Kve- 
grass,  to  be  cut  a  few  weeks  hence,  given  to  a  half- 
tat  ox  or  sheep,  and  taken  to  market  as  meat  in  the 
course  of  a  couple  of  months.  Mr.  Mechi's  state- 
ment is  not  so  extravagant  as  it  seems  ;  and  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  it  is  by  the  shortening  of 
the  intervals  in  this  way  between  outlay  and  return 
that  agricultural  profits  are  to  be  maintained. 

Whether  the  process  by  which  the  acceleration 
of  returns  in  this  particular  case  has  hitherto  been 
cheap  enough  to  yield  a  profit  is  another  considera- 
tion. That  it  will  ultimately  be  made  so  we  have 
little  doubt;  and  in  the  meantime  those  who  are 
risking  their  property  in  the  first  attempts  to  solve 
so  important  a  problem  deserve  the  best  thanks  of 
the  farmer. 

KOYAL    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE. 

SESSIONAL  EXAMINATION  IN  CHEMISTRV. 

(Concluded  from  page  -ilJOJ 

No.  \l.   Aeodnd  ibe  germ  of  Barley  diaetase  ie  formed  *  its 

compositton  has  no;  beau  chemically  aECurtained  any  more 


tlian  ihut  it  contains  uitrogeo,  and  acta  as  a  ferment.  This  i* 
interred  from  liarley  siviog  out  ammonia  at  one  stage  of  its 
clJaQ(fe.  This  substance  act^  upoQ  the  e'archy  matters  of  th« 
*^n  'Z'^"^®'"''"^  ^^^°^  *"'"  sugar.  Upon  these  facts  the  process 
called  malting  depends.  Malt  then  differs  from  Barley  in 
containing  lenb  starch  and  more  sugar. 

I?'  '^''®  *"*'"  ™acle  in  the  feeding  of  animals  with  Barley 
and  male  have  us  yet  been  in  direct  opposition  to  science,  ao 
to  fpeak.  Animals  have  not,  as  a  rule,  done  so  wel.  ;  this 
might  arUe,  not  from  the  euptriority  of  ihe  one  over  the  other, 
but  from  the  manner  in  which  such  experiments  as  haTe  yet 
betn  koown  have  be^n  conduced.  The  kind  of  animal,  iha 
prejudice  of  the  experimenter,  and  a  hundred  other  circum- 
btaiices,  would  tend  to  alier  the  rtsult.  Bdrle>  contains  starch 
chiefly  ;  this,  before  it  can  be  canvened  into  fat,  requires  that  Ic 
be  made  into  sugar.  This  requires  the  action  of  the  stomach, 
and  which,  should  it  not  be  in  a  fit  slate  for  bringing  about 
such  a  result,  might  not  ajipropriate  as  much  as  it  would 
do  had  the  Barley  been  given  as  malt.  In  feeding  on  malt,  we 
have  the  starch,  mo;^t  of  it,  converted  Into  sugar;  this,  then, 
o-ly  requires  a  slight  amount  of  action  of  the  stomach  and 
di^esiive  apparatus  to  asfimilate  it  and  produce  fat.  Apart 
from  these  consideration.,  it  must  be  remembered  that  malt 
lose*  8  per  cent,  of  Us  weight,  and  costs  s.-me  2s.  3d.  to  Sa.  6i(. 
aquarrer  to  convert  Barley  into  malt.  It  may  therefore  be 
deiei  mined,  tnat  as  yet  the  relative  feeding  properties  of  the 
two  hare  not  been  fairly  tebted,  and  that  it  stauds  to  reason 
that  giviug  malt  along  with  o  her  food  rich  in  sugar,  such  aa 
Mangold  Wurztls,  the  sugar  existing  in  excess  would  not  be 
appropriated,  and  thereby  the  beneficial  action  of  the  malt 
would  not  be  developed.  For  Barley,  it  is  considered  that 
soaking  in  water  for  24  hours  assists  its  feeding  action. 

13,  The  inorganic  matters  found  in  plants  are  the  following  * 
potaeh,  soda,  silicic  acid,  lime,  pulphuric  ao'd,  manganese 
occurs  in  bark  of  trees,  carbonic  acid,  iron,  chlorine,  phos- 
phoric acid. 

14.  Any  soil  containing  more  than  50  per  cent,  of  alumina  ift 
called  a  clay.  They  are  tenacious,  cold,  and  wet.  naturally 
and  usually  unfertile  ;  but  by  improvements  yield  a  continuous 
return  of  considerable  value,  and  poseess  a  less  tendency  to 
exhaustion  than  any  other  kind  of  soil.  The  other  general 
ch^iracters  will  he  touched  upon  in  speaking  of  the  improve- 
ments, which  are  ihe  following — draining,  subsoilin..',  burning, 
liming,  m'ling,  pKujihing,  rough  digginjf,  fallowing,  and  long 
dun^ .  Draining  stands  fi<-<-t :  ihis  arises  from  the  natural  cha- 
racter ol  the  soil  \  it  is  st  £f,  impervious,  and  possessed  of  great 
powers  of  reraiuing  moisture.  By  draining,  the  excess  of 
moisture  which  naturaly  acoumulates  in  the  subsoil  is  drawn 
away,  and  the  air  naturally  follows  the  water;  cracks  and 
fissures  are  formed,  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  water  and  air,  its 
oxygen,  and  all  climatal  it-flueaces  are  thus  brought,  into  play. 
Ihe  soil  is  tbud  rt:ndered  friable,  its  chemical  constituenta 
become  altered  and  broken  down,  forming  new  coaipounds 
eerviteable  for  plants ;  their  roots  nirike  deeper  into  the  soil 
in  search  of  food,  and  fertility  ie  brought  about  and  developed. 
Sometimee,  too,  mutxrs  of  a  deleterious  character  are  removed 
by  the  drains,  and  the  clay,  by  having  its  water  removed,  has 
a  greater  teud^ncy  to  absorb  gases.  Subsoilin^  is  beneficially 
had  recourre  to  where  the  subsoil  differs  in  character  to  the 
clay,  and,  even  if  not,  does  good  by  causing  an  extra  amount 
of  exposure  of  the  soil  to  the  atmospheric  influences.  Burning 
acts  by  altering  the  physical  character  of  the  clay  by  liberatinjf 
potash  and  causing  a  tendency  to  greater  absorption  of 
amminia.  Liming  alten  the  soil  physically,  and  a8aiet» 
after  burning  iu  liberating  the  potash.  Mixing  may  create  er 
pttyeical  change,  and  at  the  same  lime  the  subBtance  applied 
may  it-elf  pohsess  substances  useful  as  food  for  plants. 
Ploughing  acts  by  exposing  the  soil  to  the  atroo'pherit.- 
infiuences,  rough  digging  similarly  ;  fallowing,  in  an  extended 
degree,  by  both  ;  it  al~o  d'^stroje  weeds,  iusecto,  &C,  Long 
dang  renders  clay  porous,  admits  air,  frost,  ikc.,  into  clay  fioila. 

15.  Paring  and  humiog  are  attended  by  good  results  when  ci  m" 
binatione  of  potash  exist  in  the  soil,  as  with  silica,  &c.,  wheru 
organic  matters  are  in  excess,  as  peaty  soil,  when  they  alter  i'ft 
physiottl  character;  and  when  the  soil  is  ei>pecially  foul  and 
overrun  by  inhecis.  It  the  soil  be  a  light  aacd  ins  eid  of  clay^ 
if  ic  be  clean,  if  a  soil  does  not  require  any  physical  change 
so  as  to  lighten  it,  if  no  potash  combinations  occur,  if  it  be' 
deficient  in  vegetable  matter,  then  burning  and  paring  are 
not  good. 

16.  Farm-yard  manure,  by  keeping,  putrifiee;  sulphate  o 
ammonia  and  ammonia  are  driven  off;  potash  is  carried  away 
by  the  drainage,  which  is  generally  impeifect;  the  organic 
matter  is  reduced  ;  carbonic  acid  and  phosphurctced  hydrogen 
are  given  off,  and  the  mineral  matter  is  more  concentrated, 
Ic  was  considered  by  Liebig  that  well  rotted  manure  owed  itii 
extra  fertilising  effects  to  this  excess  of  oiineriil  matters — a 
matter  doubted  by  some.  The  remaiaing  matters  are  more 
soluble. 

17.  The  principle  ought  to  be  to  keep  in  all  fertilising  EU^~ 
stances,  to  procure  the  manure  in  the  most  concentrated 
form  (unless  required  for  clay,  or  where  a  mechanical  action 
is  req'iired),  and  as  free  of  water  ae  possible,  and  allow  fermen- 
tation to  go  on  as  regularly  as  possible,  and  by  compression  to 
exclude  the  air.  By  box-feeding,  compression,  exclusion  of 
the  air,  keeping  out  rain,  keeping  up  regular  fermentation, 
prever.tion  of  aweeping  winds,  no  loss  by  liquid  matters 
flowing  away  of  alkalies,  &.Q.,  and  a  moreiotima'e  mixture  oft  le 
dung  and  urine  with  the  straw  takes  place.  When  the  manure 
Is  produced,  the  heap  should  be  made  large — wide  at  the  base 
and  narrow  at  the  top  ;  it  should  be  cumpressed,  drainage 
furnished  at  the  base,  the  liquid  colhcled  in  a  tank,  and 
either  used  BR  such  or  again  pumped  up  over  the  heap.  The 
preserving  of  ammonia  will  be  touched  upon  in  the  Loxt 
question. 

18.  Common  methods  of  retaining  ammonia  :—lat,  Road- 
scrapings,  charcoal,  clay  burnt,  clay  unburnt,  sawdust,  and 
peat  soil.  These  act  by  their  powers  of  absorbinir  ammonia,, 
by  keeping  out  rain  and  air,  and  keeping  up  regular  fermenta- 
tion. 2d,  Sulphate  of  iron,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate 
of  lime,  chloride  of  sodium.— Sulphate  of  iron  acts  as  a  fixer 
by  free  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  as  a  deodoriser  by  forming 
Bu'phuret  of  iron  with  the  sulphuretted  hydi  ogen  given  off.  Sul- 
phate of  magnesia  actn  by  fotminga  douhlesaltot  magnesia  and 
ammonia,  aud  by  uniting  with  phosphoric  ai.'id.  Sulphate  of 
lime  is  considered  to  form  sulphate  of  ammonia  and  carbonate 
of  lime.  It  only  does  this  when  soluble,  to  which  state  it  is  not 
easily  reduced,  and  reverts  again  to  carbonate  of  ammonia  and 
sulphate  of  lime.  When  dried,  its  action  is  doubtful  us  a 
fi&er  of  ammonia;  it  may  unite  wi.h  ihe  phosphoric  acid. 
Chloride  of  sodium  acts  by  ^toppingfermen■atiou,  Acid  fixers — 
sulphuric  and  muriatic  acids— act  bj  entering  iuio  combination 
with  ammnnia;  the  lat'er,  as  it  maj  be  procured  cheap  ccar 
soda  manufactories,  is  the  cheapeiit,  ami  quite  as  effectual. 

19.  Artificial  manures  owe  their fortilieing  effeets  to  ammonia 
which  they  contain,  and  to  phosphoric  acid  and  potash.  The 
value,  of  course,  depends  upon  the  qnyntity  of  these  matters- 
they  contain  ;  they  possess  little  phjsical  action. 

20.  Peruvian  guano  adulterations  used  are  sand,  loam, 
quicUlime,  and  gypi^um.  To  detect  the  first,  barn  and  diseolve 
iu  muriatic  acid  ;  if  more  than  1  per  cent,  of  silica  remain 
sand  has  been  used.  For  the  loam  :  if  the  ash  is  coloured  red, 
loam  has  been  used.  For  quicklime  :  after  dissolving  the  ash 
in  inurlulic  acid,  separate  bilica  and  precipitate  alumina  and 
iron,  should  ic  be  present  ;  to  the  fil  rate  add  oxalate  ot 
ammonia;  if  more  than  a  trace  of  lime  is  precipitated,  lime 
has  been  used  to  adulterate.  Gypsum  may  be  indirectly 
detected  by  a  precipitate  of  chloride  of  barium,  R,  L.  fell. 


32—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


507 


STATE    OF   THE    CROPS,    JULY    29,   1852. 

[The  following  Returns  are  in  reply  to  a  Circular  asking  for  Appearance  of  the  Crops  in  the  neighbourhood  to  which  it  was  sent] 


COUNTIES. 


SCOTLAND. 

)S3 


VEBNESS . 
JERDEEN  . 
JRAT    


IRTH 

)RFAa .. 


IBLIN6  . 


SKFREW.. 
^ARK 


D-LOTBIAN., 


lST  LOTHIAN  . 


JILKIRK    , 

:;rwick  . 


>5BCRGH  . 


IGTOS . 


ENGLAND. 

ORTHCMBKRLAND 


:mberland.. 


estmobeland. 


CRHAM    

'JRKSHIBE.. 


JROPSniRE  . 


irAFTOBDeillRR.. 

leiCESTEusiiiaz 


UTT^ATfn... 
ERRKORr*  ,. 
ORCKSTEa 


Fair  average 

Over  average 
Good 


Averagre 

GeDerally  light 

About  avtiraga 

Full  average 

Full  crop 

Very  well 

Moac  aplendld 

Excellent 

Very  full 

Over  average 

Much  over 

average 

Good 

Over  average 
Over  average 
Above  average 
Much     over 
average 
Splendid 

Fall  average 

Full    crop 

(lodged) 

Goud 


Full  crop 

Over  average 
Over  average 

SouDd  and  over 

average 

Abundant — well 

set 

Full  average 

Average 

Over  average 

Over  average 


Good 


Over  average 

Foil  average 

Teij  great  crop 


LNCASHIRE 

JE-SniRB^... 
P.RRY 

".tt:s.„„ 

-■■COLN 


Average 
Fair  average 

Excellent  crop 
Full  average 


Capital 

Full  average 
Very  good 

Splendid 

Rem>irkab1y 

good 

Very  excellent 

Very  goud 

Vtrj  good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Ovt;r  average 

Very  good 

Mofltprumieiiig 

Full  average 

Good 

Full  average 

Splendid,  except 

nbere  blighted 

Vtry  g'lOd 

Much     over 

average 

Good 

EzcelleDt 

Very  proniining 

Average 

Excellent 
Paruveraverage 
rbln — KO'jd    ear 

AveraKB 

AveraKe— bliKbt 

Extra  good 

Over  avtrnga 

V«ry  ((ood 

Good 

Bulky— partlj 

iiiildf  fred 

G'lxrl  averuge 

Very  good 

Very  g"od 

Aigoodavcanbe 

Good 

Avtrag« 

Vory  gO'.d 

Very  ((•'<'d 

Good 

Vpry      (fOod 

(io'l((rd> 
Over  aveinge 

Very  flno 

Go-id 

Good 

Vtri  good 

Fine 

V«7   beivy 

(iodgedj 

lUmarkably  fine 


BARLEY. 


Sbort  and  light 

Excellent 

Average 

Average 

Full  average 

Fine  crop 

Unequal 

Good  crop 

Full  crop 

Good 

Fair 

Very  fine 

Very  full 

Over  average 

Over  average 

Over  average 

Over  average 
Very  bulky 
Full  average 
Full  average 

Average 

Full  average 
Average 


Never  bulkier 

Over  average 

Much   over 

average 


Full  average 
Over  average 

Over    average 

(lodged) 

Full  average 


Very  good 

Full  average 

Over  aveiage 

Full  average 

Very  great  crop 

Good 
Over  average 


Exceedingly 

good 

Great 

Large  crop 

Very  good 
Very  good 

Very  heavy 
Very  heavy 

Average 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Good 

Tery  good 

Average 

Fair  (lodged) 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Not  average 

Average 

Good 


Very  good 


Good 
Quito  average 

Average 
Over  average 

Averuge 

Good 

Not  average 

Extra  g'lod 


Good 
Average 


Good  nverafce 

Very  heavy 

Good 

Guud 

Averu^fO 

Under  average 

O'iO'I 
O'tod 


Not  very  good 

Average 

Generally  goor) 
Good 
n.ir.d 
Good 
Good 
Heavy— poor 
quklliy 
EiceUeat 


Very  short  and 

light 

Fair 

Light 

Good 

Average 

Fine  crop 

Full  average 

Various  — goud 

Full  crop 

■  Fair  crop 

Fine 

Good 

Generally  good 

Good 

Over  average 

Under  average 

Average 

Undtr  average 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Good  average 
Full  average 

Good 

Excellent 

Full  average 

Average 
Average 

Very  promising 

Deficient 

Full  average 
Average 

Over  average 

Average 

Very  promising 

Average 

Over  average 

Full  average 

Average 

Very  great  crop 

Very  good 
Full  average 
Good  average 

Very  fine 
Over  average 


Full  average 
Heavy  crop 

Fxcellent 
Very  good 

Very  heavy 

Average 

Good 

Ov:r  average 

Very  good 

Various 
Very  good 
Average 

Light 

Good 

Under  average 

Fair 

Average 

Good 

Very  good 
Good 

Good 
Abundant 
Very  good 
Various 

Good 
Excellent 
Not  good 
Very  good 
Various 

Good 

Averogo 

Good 

Under  average 

Very  light 

Full  nverago 
Vuriotia 


Short 
Average 


Imptoving 
Prouiihing 

Bulky 
Moderate 

Good 
Excellent 


Average 

Partly  blighted 

Good 

Average 

Average 

About  average 

Average 

Average 
tiood 

Fair 


Tall— thin- 
podded 
Average 
Average 

Average 

Fullcroplblight) 


Average 

Average 

Bulky  ;    over 
average 


Over  average 

AverHge 

Very  good 


Average 


Bulky  &  beaUh> 
Good  average 


Generally  good 


ulky — blighted 
Thiu — improved 


Over  average 
PromiBlng 

Promising 
Yery  good 


Oo..d 
A  virago 
Average 

Viirlous 

Very  g'lod 

Good 

Not  very  good 

Average 

Av«rngo 

Good 


(UHKl 

Fair 
Full  crop 

Very  promUtng 


Under  average 

Exceeds  last 

year 

Average 

Injured  by  hall 

Average 

Good 

Not  good 
Good 


Excellent 


Not  good 
Very  poor 

Good 

Indifferent 

Under  avtrage 

Not  very  well 

Average 


Blighted 

Various 

Good 

Bud 

Very  bud 


Fair 

Partlybiightcd 

Much  uiidor 

iifoniKe 

V«ry  good 

tni^lKed 

Hliort 

Very   Indld'orcnt 

Good 

Vwrlou* 


Good 
Light 


Improving 

Promising 

Bulky 


Good 
Excellent 


Average 


Good 
Full  average 


Average 


Look  well 
Average 


Bulky 


Good 
Good 


Above  average 
Average 


Good 
Moderate 

Good 

Good 

Very  good 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Not  good 
Various 
Various 
Indtirerent 
Average 
Vt-ry  moderate 

Fair 

No  complaint 

Light 

Good 

Too  btillty 

Average 


Good 

Pretty  good 

IJiid(;r  avoragf 

Avorngo 

Good 
Avenge 

Bad 
Purtlul 
Varioui 

TadliTercnt 


GREEN  CROPS 


Good— hay 
tailed 
Very  promising 
Very  pronii»ini: 
Most  luxuriant 
Very  promising 

Very  good 

Very  luxuriant 

Looking  well 

Good 

Vtrv  good 

Fine 

Excellent 

Very  promising 

Excellent 

Fine 

Good   and  im- 
jirovlng 
Excellent 
Very  lorvpard 
Very  fine 
PromiBing 

Luxuriant 

Looking  well 
Luxuriant 

Very  promising 
Very  luxuriaut 
Very  promising 

Good 
Turnips  fine 

Early  and  abun- 
dant 
Abundant,  leafj 

Promising 
Over  average 

Very  forward 

Average 

Verv  forward 

Good 

Very    good 

Above  averagu 

Good 

Very   good 

(Aubury) 

Very  good 

Good  (Si  forward 

Good 

Most  luxuriant 

Full     average 

( Anbury ) 


Promising 
Promising 

Very  good 
Capital 

Various 
Superior 

Very  good 
Good 

Very  good 

Good 
Very  good 
Very  good 
Promising 

Good 

Very  promising 

Very  promising 

Most  promising 

Excellent 

Never  better 
Excellent 

Very  good 

Good 

Late  and  poor 

Very  promising 

Luxuriant 

Over  average 

Promising 

Promlaing 

Most  luxuriant 

Good 

Average 

Very  good 

Good 

Various 

Very  good 

Full  averiigo 

O..od 

Very  giiod 

Ilealihy 

Very  promising 

Good 
PronitMtng 

Good 
Very  good 

Very  prom i Bin g 

Very  flno 

Good 

Good 

Tiiriit|ignod 

i'roniihiiig 

Uood 


Good 


POTATOES. 


Healthy 

Some  blanks 

Very  promisiog 

Good  tb  healthj 

Very  fine 

Ilcaithy  as  yet 

Promising 

Improved  lately 

Good 

Look  well 

^odisease  as  yet 

Very  fine 

Excellent 

Diseitte    in 

garden 

?ood  and  sound 

Not  generally 

good 

Gi)od 

Sound  as  yet 

Fine 

Sym^itoms     of 

dieape 

StroDgi:  healthy 

as  jet 

Doubtful 

Disease  thowin^ 

Various 

HeQlthj&strong 

DiseaRe  i 

garden 

Good 

Various 

Good  and  sound 

aH  yet 

Full  crop 

Good 
Good;  t-ymptome 

of  disease 

Symptoms     of 

disease 

Average 

Nodi'.ea'ieasyet 

Avtrage 

Nodisease  as  yet 

slighilydiseased 

SJiglillydiseased 

luBtiir.ces  of 

taint 

Good 

Eealthy 

Rumours  of 

disease 

Looking  well 

Disease  appear- 

iiig 

Good  &  healthy 

Good 

Indication  of 

disease 

Very  good 

Signs  of  disease 

Very  great 
Promiiiiog 

Good 

Diseased 

Diseased   in 

garden 

Promising 

Very  good 

Bligbtappearing 

Healthy  as  yet 

As  yet  healthy 

Full  average 

Promising 

Healthy 

Good  hitherto 

Various 
Various 

Good 

Sound 

Disease  showing 

Symptoms  of 

disease 

Signs  of  diseBBP 

First-rate 

Piomiaing 

Splfodid 

Diseased 

Look  well 

Good 
Piomising 
Look  well 
Disease    in- 
creasing 
Never  diseased 
Very  good 
Good 
DiHuaHu  tthowlng 
Good 
Disease  in 

plficos 

Vn-y  good 

Varloua 

Little  di'OdPO 

Very  good 

Avi'rago 

No  diiionBO 

Good 

'^lightly  b  Ighted 

r»trfly  dlsc'iBed 

Many  dlHuu>.ed 

DlHcased 

Very  much 

hll|/htvfl 


HARVEST 
TIME. 


End  of  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

Eud  of  Aug. 

Near  Sept. 

Eud  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. . 

Middle  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

Begitming  Sept. 

Early 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Au-.  23. 

Aug.  23 

Aug.  20 

Aug.  20 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Sept.  1 

Aug.  25 

End  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug, 

Betfinning  Sept 

tlegiiiiiiog  Sept 

Aug.  20 

Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  20 

Aug.  20 

Sept.  1 
Eud  of  Aug. 

3d  v\-eek  in  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

Aug.  20 
Beginning  Sept. 

Aug.  23 
End  of  Aug. 
Eud  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

Aug.  20 

Aug.  20 
Beginning  Sept. 


Septtmber 

End  of  Aug. 
End  of  Aug. 

2d  week  in  Sept. 
End  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

Aug.  25 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  2t> 
Istweekin  Sept. 

End  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

End  ol  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug  20. 
Middltj  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 
Aug.  20 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  20 

End  of  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  5 

Aug,  10 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  20 
Middle  of  Aug. 
End  of  Aug. 

Aug.  12 

Aug.  12 

Aug.  12 
Beginning  Aug 
Begtiinlrig  Aug 
Beginning  Aug 

Aug.    10 
Middle  of  Aug. 

End  of  Aug. 

Aug.    lij 

End  of  Aug, 

Middle  ut  Aug. 

Aug.    10 

Middle  of  Aug, 

Aug.   20 
Middlu  of  Aug. 
Ist  week  in  Aug 

Aug.  0 
tst  week  in  Aug, 

2d  nouk  In  Aug. 


NAME  AND  ADDRESS. 


Thomas  P.  Dod",  Dingwall 

[Robs 
Ken.  Murray,  Lockshin,   East 
J,  Marlienzic,  M.D,,   Eilcaach 
J.  Matidouald,  Huntley 
J.  Hamilton,  Forres 
S.  Giigor,  Forres 
A,  Kobertflfiii.  Elgin 
P.  Edie,  Aberni:ib  (Stra'liearn) 
D.  Todd,  Perth  [Gowrio 

G.    Plajfrtir,     Errol— Carre    of 
A,  Beil,  Ferrvden,  Montrose 
D.  D.  Black,  Brechin 
a.  Colvill.  by  Chance  Ion 
K.  Fiiidlay,  Kirriemuir 

R.  M'Naughtoo,  Stirling 

,  Carse 

R..  RusHtll,  KilwhisB,  Cupar 

J.  Uaxton,  Uruninod 

W.  Viitcb,  Kioghorn 

J.  Barclay,  Kanderslown 

D.  Tennan*,  St.  Andrew's 

G.  Boyd,  Renfrew 

U.  Guirdner,  Hamilton 

J.  Finnie,  Swanston  [trict> 
L.  A.  Haintr,  Stow  (Hill  dis- 
J.  ^lelviu,  Itatho 

J.  Brodie,  Abbey  Mains 
G,  Hope,  Fenton  Barns 

A.  Ralston,  Dunduff 

J.  Dykes,  Kilmarnock 

■1.  S'alker,  Galashiels 
G.  LogaUj  Greeulan 

J.  Wilson,  Aytoa 

T.  Hood,  Cockhurnapath 

[higb> 
A.  T.  Wilson,  Dunse  (SOU  feet 
K.  Brodie,  Clavilaw,  Selkirk 
J.  Grieve,   Hawick 
J.  ThoftJSon,  St.  BoswclI'd 
J.  Scott,  Melrose 
W.  Thomson,  Dumfries 

J.  Little,  Langholm 
Alex.  Jardioe,  Mouswald 
A.  U,  M  Lean,  Stranraer 

J.  Gibson,  Glenluce 

E.  DavidbOu,  Auctiuesa 


W.  Glover,  Newcastle 

J.  Giey,  Dilston 
— ,  Alnnitk 

M.  Kimbley,  Keswick 
T.  Wilson,  Penrith 

3.  Rigg,  Abbej-bouee 

J.  Crossly.  K'rUby  Tnora 

J,  Robiubon,  Warcop 

W.  Turner,  Kendal 

W.  Key,  Kirby  Louadalo 

G.  Bell,  Durham 
R.  B.  Divon,  Darlington 
T.  Howard,  Ley  burn 
M.  M.  Milburo,  Tbirslc 
H.  Biiggs,  Wakefield 

R.  J.  Turner,  Richmond 
P.  Steveubon,  Raiutoa 
F.  W.  Tyas,  Doucuster 
J.  Oldroyd,  Barusley 

F.  Twining,  Wigaa 
E.  Evuua,  Wigau 

G.  D-ewry,  Holker 
M.  ShuI,  Garstang 

H.  Tipping,  Warrington- 
W.  Paiin,  Tarvin 

R.  Owen,  Tarporley 

A.  J.  Beruayp,  Derby 

J.  Buckley,  Normamoii-hilk 

J.  Young,  Newark 

W.  B.  Wlngate,  Spitriby 

J,  Willtrtou,  Soambletby 

J.  A.  Clarke,  Long  Suiiou 

r,  Pickett,  Scamblesby 

P.  Sowerby,  Aylesbury 

r,  Aiikei),   Deeping  Fen 

E,  Bowen,  Ludlow       [I'ountrjp 
A     Traveller     tlii'ough      the 
J.  Powell,  Sbiffnull 

,  GouHal 

It,   DuvIh,  Jitttic  Wontoek 
W.  Minor,  Market  Dra^tou 

J.  Johnson,  Tunstall 

.J.  Asion,   rtahley,   N.  Stuft'ord* 

E.  Cole,  TurnliiiiHt 

I'boH.  bpenoer,  Kuossington 

ijl.  Townfthund,  Hinckley 

J.  II.  Stallard,  Leicester 
Funcourt,  Einplogham 

J,  Muthuwi;!,  illukeiiioiu 

b".  Woodward,  J. P.,  Ferahor© 

II.  »mUh,  Dr  ultwlob 
— ,  Duddeuhum 

(i,  nuduon,  Wlult,  Fershore 


508 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Aug,  7, 


STATE    OF    THE    CRO?S— continued. 


COUNTIES. 


ENGLAND. 

WARWICKSHIRE 

NORTHAMPTON.., 

HCNTINODON 

CAMBRIDGE 

NORFOLK  

SUFFOLK  

MONMOUTH 


GLOUCESTER  . 


OXFORDSHIRE  

BtJCKS 

BEDFORD  

HERTFORDSHIRE 

ESSEX 


SOMERSET    . 
WILTS 

BERKS 

MIDDLESEX 

SURREY 

KENT    

■SUSSEX  

HAMPSHIRE 


OORSET. 
DEVON.... 


CORNWALL  

WALES. 
CAERNARVON.... 
DENBIGH  

CARMARTHEN..,, 

IRELAND 
DONEGAL  


LONDONDERRY . 


FERMANAGH  , 


Good 

Average 

Very      good 

(lodfjid) 

Scarcely  any 

Fine 

Abundant 

Very  (;ood 
Very  fine 

0?er  average 

Good 

Good  (lodgerl) 

Average  (tuil* 

dewed) 

FromiBing 

Good 

Very  good 
Rather  under 

average 
Over  average 

Average 

Fair  average 

Never  better 

Too  bulky 
Excellent 
Promising 
Good  crop 

Much  straw 

Good 
Blighted   in 

pi '.tees 
Promising 

Abundant 
Over  average 
Over  average 

Not  average 

Veiy  tiood 

Over  average 

Full  average 

Portion  blighted 

Good 

Abundant 

Good 

Full  average 

Good 

Short — various 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Good  (lodged) 

Good 
Good  average 
Pariially  pood 
Over  average 
Full  average 
Large  crop — 

blight 
Good  (lodged) 

Over  average 

Average 
Rather  below 

average 
Below  average 
Ov«r  average 
Good  average 
Good— blight 

Average 

Good  average 

Good 

Superior 

Good  (lodged) 

Over  average 

Average 

Good 

Good— blight 

Thin  but  good 

Most  promiBing 

Full  average 

Fair  average 

Over  average 

Good 

Good 

Full  average 

Full  average 

Good 
About  average 
(lodged) 
Full  crop 
Verv  good 
Eicelleut 


Good 
Looks  well 

Average  crop 

Very  fine 

Looks  well 

Good 

Good 


Aver.nge 
Good 
Good 
Good 

Looks  well 
Good 

Looks  well 


Looks  well 


BARLEY. 


Good 

Average 

Light 

Good 

Heavy 


Good 

Very  fine 

Over  average 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Heavy 
Good 

Generally  good 
Various 

Various 
Average 

Full  crop 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Uneven 

Various 

Good 

Good 

Average 
Good 


Very  good 

Average 

Heavy  crop 

Bulky — inferior 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Abundant 

Good 
Very  guod 
Full  average 
Very  good 
Full  average 

Good 

Good — late 

Good 

Good 

Good  (lodged) 

Good 

Uneven 

Partially  good 

Over  average 

Under  average 

Good 

Good 

Never  better 

Good 
Quite  average 

Over  average 

Average 

Good 

Heavy  (lodged) 

Average 

Average 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Over  average 

Over  average 

Good 

Good 

Heavy 

Promising 

Very  good 

Good 

Average 

Fair 

Good 

Not  BO  good 

Over  average 

Good 
Average 

Full  crop 
Vt-ry  good 
Excellent 


Fine  &  forward 
Generally  good 


Very  good 

Average 

Good 
Average 


Very  good 

Very  good 

Good 


Good 


Very  good 


Good 

Average 

Light 

Good 
Light  in  the  fens 

Under  average 

Good 
Fine 

Under  average 

Not  good 

Various 

Good 

Good 
Various 

Very   proirising 
Under  average 


Tolerably  good 

Various 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Average 

Fiir 

Good 

Generally  good 

AverHge 

Guod 


Average 
Very  good 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Good 

Heavy 

Good 

Average 

Full  average 

Good 
Good — late 

Good 

Very  good 

Good  (lodged) 

Fair 

Good 

Good 

Over  average 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Very  good 
Average 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

G.iod 

Partial 

Average 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Over  average 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Thin— good 

Promising 

Fair  average 

Very  good 


Unequal 

Good 

Very  good 

Average 

Good 
Average 

Light 

Very  good 

Goud 


Very  fine 
Good 


Very  good 

Splendid 

Good 

Very  fine 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Over  average 

Excellent 

Good 


Very  good 

Generally  good 

Good 

Fine 

Most  abundant 


BEANS. 


Doubtful 
Very  poor 
Very  poor 

Average 
Not  average 

Very  deficient 

Partial  crop 
Various 

Ud  or  aveiage 

Middling 

Average 

Not  average 


Not  good 

Two. thirds  aver 

Very  poor 

Average 
Average 

Over  average 

Good 
Very  good 

Not  average 


Very  bad 

Very  bad 

Failure 
Failure 


Not  half  a  crop 

Various 

Various 

Winter  sort 

blighted 

Half  a  crop 

Bad 

Much  blighted 

Partially 

blighted 

Much  blighted 

Partly  blighted 

Various 

Bad 

Bad 

All  blighted 

Bad 

Partial 

Bad 

Noi-  average 

Various 

Deffctive 

Blighted 

Sadly  blighted 

Blighted 

Bligh-ed 

Not  average 

Various 

Various 

Much  blighted 

Under  average 

Various 
Nearly  average 

Not  good 

Generally 

blighted 

Mean 

Under  average 

Much  blighted 

Very  poor 

Failure 

Indifferent 

Much  blighted 

Very  bad 

Various 

Injured 
Much  injured 

Deficient 


Good 
Partial 
Blighted 

Blighted 
Bad  crop 
Blighted 


Poor 
Blighted 


Partially 
blighted 


Looks  well 
Good 
Good 


Average 
Good 


Good 
Good 


Average 
Slightly  blighted 


PEAS.    GREEN  CROPS  POTATOES. 


Average 

Partly  good 
Middling 

Promising 
Average 

Fine 
Good 


Fair 

Fine 

Abundant 

Average 

Under  average 

Much  blighted 
Middling 
Very  good 


Promisiog 

Average 

Good 

Bad 


Indifferent 

Very  moderate 

Good 

Indifferent 

Middling 

Average 

Generally  good 

Blighted 


Not  average 
Blighted 
Average 
Middling 
Bulky— blighted 
Good 
Average 


Goud 

Mach  blighted 

Good 

Deficient 
Mot  half  a  crop 

Under  average 

Ver\  poor 

Indifferent 

Under  average 

Average 

Averatte 

Partly  blight 

Various 

Avera^^e 

Deficient 

Bad 

Good 

Partial 


Under  average 


Full  crop 
Very  fine 


Good 


Fair 
Promising 


Good 

Various 


Very  good 


Good  plant 
Generally  good 
Late    and    irre- 
gular 
'Good 
Healthy 

Very  promising 

Very  good 
Decidedly  good 

Very  good 

Good 

Never  better 

Guod 

Never  better 
Promising 

Never  better 
Very  good 

Promining 
Very  promisiDg 

Very  promising 

Various 

Good 

Average 

Generally  good 

Very  good 

Very  little 
Good 
Good 

Average 

Luxuriant 

Irregular 

Guud 

Good 

Very  good 

Very  fine 

Looking  well 

Goud 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Very  good 

Indifferent 

Various 

Late,  but  fair 

Fair 

Good 

Abundant 

Fromising 

Good 

Progressing 

Promising 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Various 
Pretty  good 

Average 
Various 
Very  promisiog 
Promisiug 
Various 
Not  good 
Promising 
Promisiug 
Average 
Fromibing 

Good 

Very  .ood 

Good 

Good 

Late— good 

Very  promisiog 

Uncertain 

Promising 

DetiLient 

Backward 

Not  forward 

Very  promising 

Good 
Fair 

Vpry  good 

Various 
Promisiug 


Looking  well 


Very  good 
Generally  good 


Never  finer 

Very  good 

Good 

Looks  well 

Eicellent 

Good 

Lookmg  well 

L'loking  well 

Very  good 

Goud 

Beat  thy 

Average 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Most  excellent 


Partly  diseased 

ProiniBing 
DiiieaBed  badly 

Partly  blighted 
Tolerably 
healthy 
Disease  appear- 
ing 
Good  crop 
Not    much    dis- 
eased 
Diseased    in 
places 
Partly  diueased 

Average 
Disease  appear. 
i"g 
Going 
Generally       dis- 
eased 
Looking  well 
Going 

Going  rapidly 

Diseaced    in 

garden 

Worse  than  last 

year 
Early  sorts  dis- 
eaned 
Going 
Generally  good 
Good 
Goiog 

Uncertain 

Diseased 

Much  diseased 

Dioeaso  appear- 
ing 
Healthy 
Partly  diseased 
DiseuHod    in 
places 
Blighted 


Diaeused 

Not  good 

Partly  bli^'h'ed 

Some  diiteased 

Some  diseased 

Very  bad 
Partly  bli-hied 

Short  crop 
Much  disea'^ed 

Diceaced 

Much  diseased 

Diseased 

Very  bad 

Partl>  di-eiieed 

A  general  blight 

Much  bliglued 

Fine  crop 

Blighted 

Diseased  in 

places 

Blight  sboTving 

Good 

Disease  showing 

Diseasfd 

Parily  blijrhted 

Sligh  iy  blighted 

Wot  diueaoed  ye 

Disease  showiug 

All  diseased 

Difiea'cd 

Diseased 

Diseased 

Partly  diseased 

All  diseueed 

Much  dit'oased 

Diseased 

Partly  diueased 

Dii'eised 

Diseased 

Much  blighted 

Much  blighted 

Much  blighted 

Much  blighted 

Diseased 

Diseased 

Good  &  healthy 
Good  as  yet 

Very  good 
Slightly  blighted 
Diaease   appear- 
ing 

Blight    Increas- 
ing 
Blight  showing 
Blighted      gene- 
rally 
Abumiaut,     but 

blighted 
Appearance      of 

disease 
Never    louked 
bitter 
Veiy  good 
Fine- blighted 
Leaves  diseased 
Partially    dis- 
eased 
Fine— blighred 
Diseased 
Excellent 
Bii^b'ed 
Abundant 
Di'^eased 
Louk  well 
Appearance      of 

blight 
Blight  appearing 


Aug.  10 
Aug.  9 
Aug.  12 

Aug.  2 
1st  or  2d  week 

in   Aug- 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  10 
Aug.  9 

Aug.  10 

Aug.  10 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  8 

Aug.  25 
Aug.  22 

Aug.  11 
Aug.  9 

July  30 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  12 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Beginning   Aug. 

Aug.  10 

Aug.  9 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  9 
Aug.  10 
Aug.  9. 

Beginning  Aug. 

Aug.  9 
Middle  of  Aug. 
Beginning  Aug. 

Aug.  6 
Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug- 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.* 


HARVEST 


Aug.  7 
Aug.  5 
Aug.  9 
Aui-.   12 

Lste 
Aug.  9 
End  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 
Aug.    10 
Aug.  9 
Au-.,'.  1 
Aug.  9 
Aug.  12 
Aug.  G 

Aug.  12 

Aug.  6 

Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Ist  week  in  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Beginning   Aug. 

Beginning    Aug. 

Middle  uf  Aug. 

Ist  weekia  Aug. 

Ist  week  in  Aug. 
Ann.  4 
Aug.  9 
Aug.  2 
Aug.  12 
Aug.  4 
Aug.  15 
Begiuuiog  Aug. 

AugV2 
Middloof  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  9 
Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Aug. 

Aug.  9 

End  of  Aug. 
Middle  ot  Aug. 

Middle  of  Aug. 
Middle  of  Au^, 
Middlu  of  Aug 


Sept.  1 


LastweekinAug 

Aug.  12 

Aug.  20 

Middle  of  Sept. 

In  14  days 

Sept.  1 

S  pt.  1 

1st  week  in  Sept. 

iBt  week  in  Sept, 
End  of  Aug. 
End  of  Aug. 


NAME  AND  ADDRESS. 


H.  Burbery.  Kenilworth 
W.  Gibba,  Srattord-on-Avon 
W.  AitchesoQ,  Berkeswell 

Burbury.  Wootton  Grange 
J.  Wbitwell,  Peterborough 

P.  Love,  Naseby 

W.  Gray,  Courteen-hall 
P.  Purves,  Brampton 

R.  Be  art,  Godmanchester 

Fryer,  Isle  of  Ely 
A.  S.  Ruston,  Chatteris 
Page  Howard,  Granchester 

W.  Cubitt,  North  Walsh  am 
Brown,  Dowuham 

Jos.  J.  Hill,  Bristou 
R.  Garrett,  Lelstoa 

ThoB.  Dyke.  Monmouth 
Scales,  Ragland 

G.  R.  Greenhow  Relph,  Uske 

W.  H.  Little,  Llanvaln  Grangt 
[Marbt 
R.    Beman,    Moreton-iu-tbe 

P.  Peacpy,  Wiochcomb 
S.  Taylor,  Gloucester 

F.  Kearsey,  Tarlton 

R.  Valleotine,  Cirencester 
John  Hunt,  Almondsbui? 
A.  Tuckett,  Listen 

S.  Collier,  Witney 

W,  G.  Duncan,  Bradwell 
Alex.  Fraser,  Claydon 
Thomas  Bennett.  Wobum 

W,  Lavander,  Biddenham 
J.  B.  Lawes,  Rotham^ted 
C.  F.  Humbert,  Watford 

— ,  St.  Alban's 
W.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Colchester 
R.  Baker,  Writtle 
J  J.  Mecbi,  Relvedou 
S.  Malpus,  Harwich 
A.  Barbeld,  Duumow 
C.  Hall,  near  Romford 
H.  Cotirell,  Congresbury 
R.  S.  Graburn,  Glastonbury 
0.  P.  Collyer,  Dulverton 
George  Browu,  Marlborough 
J.  Spencer,  Buwood 
T.  Arkuli.  Swindon 

G.  R.  Hulb<*ri,  Bradford 
John  Adnams,  Thatcham 
E.  W.  Moore,  Culeshill 

J.  Williama,  Abingdon 

— ,  near  Uxbridgo 
J.  M,  Paine,  Farnham 


J.  Smeed,  Margate 
M.  Saudford,  Dover 

R.  Matson,  Wingham 

J.  Brotherston,  Robertsbridge 

il.  £.  Sudler,  Chichester 

J.  T.  Twjnam,  Siockbridge      ! 

J.  W.  Ciark,  Romsey 

J.  Eames,  Lymiugton 

W.  C.  Spuoner,  Suutbampton 

S.  Gheetham,  Totton 

H.  Raytibird,  Andover  Road 

J.  Bluudell^  Bursledon  l\ 

VV.  Vusri,  Gi  rfo  Castle 

G.  Singer,  Dorchester  ) 

John  Furmedge,  Beamlnster    > 

G.  Langdon,  barnstaple  ' 

G.  W.  Fowler,  Dartmoor 

G.  Turner,  Exeter 

Thos.  Michelmure,  Totnes 

S.  Cornish,  Kingsbridge 

John  Beni^on,  Tavistock 

J.  Wills,  Launceston 

VV.  F.  Karkeek,  Truro 

John  Michell,  Feock 

John  Williams,  Conway  ^ 

a.  H.  Giiffiths,  Plasnewjdd 

John  Girdwood,  Cbirk  i 

John  Burnell,  Llanelly 
X.  W.  Lawford,  Llandilo 


Thos.  T.  Atkinson,  Ballyshan- 

non 
H.  T.  Sinclair,  Lifford 
John  O'Donnell,  Ballyshannon 

Charles  Boyce,  Stranorlaa 

Samuel  Orr,  Coleraine 

James  J.  Clark,  Maghera 

John  Moore,  Newton 
Charles  Pollock,  Magherafelt 
John  Burmistun,  Randalstown 
John  Lamb,  Devis  View 

Archibald  M'Kinlay, Bush  Mills 
It,.  Roils,  Haughton.  Lisbum      j 
W,  Paterson,  Newton  Stewart 
James  Koox,  Strabaue      [town 
W.E.  Atwell,  Kectory,Stewarta- 
Kobert  Finch.  Stewartstown 
James  Buchanan,  Ornagh 
John  Patterson,  Ciemoss 


LastweekinAug 
End  of  Aug. 

1st  week  in  Sept 
Not  till  late 


Middle  of  Aug.    Andrew  Mair,  Llnsshea 


32—1852.1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


509 


STATE   OF    THE    CROVS— continued. 


COUNTIES. 


IRELAND. 
MONAGHAN  

ARMAGH    

DOWN  


MAYO   

LEITRTM    

CAVAN 

LDCTH 

LONGFORD    

ROSCOMMON    ... 
WBSTMEATH  ... 

GALWAY 

KING'S  COUNTY, 

DUBLIN    

RILDARE    

CLARE 

TIPPEEARY 


QUEEN'S  COUNTY 

CABLOW 

WICKLOW 

WEXFORD 


LIMERICK 

WATERFORD 


GOBK 


WHEAT. 


Good 

Good 

Average 

Very  good 

Looks  well 

Average 
Promising 
Average 
Average 
Good 
Fair 
Indifferent 


Average 


Bad 
Tarious 


Good 
Good 
Good 


Average 

Luxuriant 

Li^ht  crop 

Full  average 

Promisiog 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Average 

Good 

Remarkably  fine 

Good 

Good 

Very  good 
Good 

Very  good 
Partly  damaged 


Average 

PVomising 

Slightly  injured 

Various 
Slightly  injured 

Various 

Partly  injured 

Damaged 

Very  fine 

Fair  crop 

Average 

Promising 

Good 

Never  better 

Very  good 


Blighted 
Average 

Various 

Good 

Good 

Pretty  well 

Good 
Good 
Good 
Proruising 
Good 
Good 
Good 

Average 
Good 


BARLEY. 


Averape 
Good 


Qond 
Good 
Good 
Good 
Lt  o^s  bad 


Good 

Ave  rape 

Good 


Good 
Good 


Good 

Good 

Small  breadtb 

Pret'y  good 

Looks  well 

Good 

Good 

Good 
Verv  good 

Good 

Good 

Fair 

Good 

Good 
Very  good 


Good 
Good 


Fair 
Very  pood 
Very  fine 
Very  nood 
Good 
Uneven — im- 
proved 
Good 

Good 

Average 

Various 
Go<jd 
Good 

Never  bo  good 

Very  good 

Very  gOiid 

Very  tine 

Good 

Very  good 
Very  good 
Very  good 
Pretty  good 

Verv  good 

Thin 

Good 
Pr'imising 
Very  good 

Good 
Good  (lodged) 

Good 
Good 


Luxuriant 

ExcelteDt 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Excellent 

Over  average 

Looks  well 

Over  average 

Good 

Average 

Excellent 

Excellent 

Average 

Good 

Promising 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Premises  well 

Good 

Full  crop 

Very  good 

Good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Never  better 

Good 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Good 

Very  good 
Very  good 

Prime 

Average 

Surpassingly 

great 

Good 

Never  better 

Good 

Very  good 

Good 

Various 

Various 

Average 

Very  good 

Average 

Very  good 

Very  yood 

Good 

Never  better 

Very  gi.od 

Very  good 

Vc-ry  fine 

Good 

Good 
Very  good 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Very  good 

Good 
Very  good 
Very  fine 
Very  good 

Fair 
Fine  crop 

Good 
Good 


Good 


Under  average 

Average 

Promising 

Good 

Average 


Very  good 
Good 


Blighted 
Good 


Good 
Good 


Good 
Good 


Blighted 
Inferior 


Very  fine 
Very  good 


Average 
Fair 


Average 


Good 

Good 


Good 
Fair 


Good 
Middling 


Good 
Good 


Look  well 

Ra'her  good 

Very  fair 


Tolerable 

Good 

Under  average 


GREEN  CROPS 


Promising 

Late 

Good,  but  late 

Looking  well 

Promisinn 

Very  g-  od 

Good 

Late 

Good,  bu'^  late 

ProHperous 

Under  average 

Pretty  fair 

Fair 

Vtry  good 

Good 

Late 

Under  average 

Go  d 

Very  ^ood 

Not  good 

Good 

Late 

Good 

Good 

Very  good 

Very  ^ood 

Very  liood 

Doing  well 

Late — good 

Excellent 

Promising 

Improved 

Very  promising 

Various 

Uneven 

Generally  good 

Good 
Generally  good 

Various 

Very  promising 
Promising 

Average 

Promising 

Various 

Good 
Very  good 

Good 

Look  well 

Looking  well 

Backward 

Late  sown  ;  good 

Very  backward 

Promisi  ng 

Average 

Average 

Good 

Fair 

Very  promising 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Pair 
Promising 

Various 

Indifi'.rent 

Abundant 

Deficient — guod 

Very  good 

Good 

Good 

Good 
Very  good 

Good 
Promising 

Look  well 
Average 


POTATOES. 

HARVKST 
TIME. 

Blighted 

Much  ciifleased 

Very  doubtful 

Aug.  20 

A  fair  crop 

About  Aug.  26 

Diseased 

Sept.  1 

Diseased 

Istweek  in  Sept. 

BliKhted 

End  of  Aug. 

Blighted 

1st  week  in  Sept. 

Blightingrapldly 

Late 

Failure 

Sept,  1 

Diseased 

2d  week  in  Sept. 

Verv  ROod 

End  of  Aug. 

BHghtappearinp 

Sept. 

DiHeaeed 

Sept.  1 

Good 

Middle  of  Sept. 

Bliehted 

Middle  of  Sept. 

Bad 

1st  week  in  Sept. 

Blighted 

About  Aug.  25 

Damaged 

Middle  oi  Sept. 

Diseased 

Early  in  Sept. 

Disea^ted 

Diseased 

End  of  Sept. 

Doubtful 

End  of  Aug. 

Bligbtappearing 

Sept.  1 

Disea^ed 

Aug.  20 

Veiy  good 

Partial    blight 

Aug.  15 

SliL'ht  blight 

Aug.  25 

RliKbtspreadinp 

Aug. 

Blitct'iinpiap  dij 

End  ot  Aug. 

Li  aves  witheiinp 

Eud  of  Aug, 

Fast  djing 

Sept.  5 

Very  little  blight 

End  of  Aug. 

DiRCBsed  leaf 

Aug.  20 

Bliehi;  spreading 

Aug.  20 

Diseaned 

Aug.  25 

Blight  spreading 

End  of  Aug. 

Blight  very  par- 
tial 
Very     much 

Aug.  12 

Aug.  21 

blighted 

Very  doubtrul 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Showing  some 

Aug.  20 

blight 

Showing  blight. 

End  of  Aug, 

Stalks  blighted 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Very  fine 

Late 

i=?ta]k9  withered 

End  of  Aug. 

Diseiisein  placet^ 

End  of  Aug. 

Much  injured 

AUL'.2. 

Panly  injured 

End  of  Aug. 

Entire  crop  gone 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Never  worse 

End  of  Aug. 

since 184G, 

Very  badly 

Aug.  10 

blii^hted 

Very  much 

Aug.  27 

diseased 

Blighted  very 

Aug.  30 

much 

Much  hurt 

Aug.  17 

^lightly  blighted 

Auk'.  15 

Partly  dineased 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Stalks  blighted 

Aug.  15 

Getting  worse 

Aug.  15 

Getting  black 

Aug.  20 

niigbtintr 

Blighted  July  1 

End  of  Aug. 

Blighted  very 

End  of  Aug. 

early 

Much  blighted 

Aug.  16 

Speckled 

Sept,  1 

Very  good 

Aug.  15 

Disease   spread- 

Middle  of  Aug. 

Blighted 

End  of  Aug. 

Injured 

End  of  Aug. 

D'seased 

Aug.  25 

Much  blighted 

Beginning  Sept. 

Diseased 

Aug.  20 

Partly  blighted 

Sept.  1 

Everywhere 

Sept.  1 

blighted 

Blighted 

Aug.  24 

Very  much 

Aug.  25 

diseased 

Very  much 

Aug.  25 

diNeased 

NAME  AND  ADDRESS. 


Geo.  B.  Uoulter,  Caetleblajney 
James  Marrow,  Ballibay 
W.  Boyd    Cavanacan 
R.  B.  Hardy,  Tanderagee 
Kobert  M'Cleery,  Portaferry 
W.  E.  Boyd,  Drom:ira 
Robert  M'Doniiell.  Clantagh 
John  M'Kee,  C.imber 
.'ohn  Andrews,  Cumber 
Thomas  Gracey,  Portaferry 
Rev,  S.S'mmp,  Loughbridge 
W.  B.  Stnney,  Cik..  (Jastlcbar 
George  Hitcbam,  Weatpolnt 
A.  S.  P.rklna,  Killala 
Jamen  Knott,  Battlefield 
J.  Lindsay,  Manor  Hamilton 
Isuiah  GibriOD,  BaiHieboro* 
T.  Albert  Nesbitt.  Killjcar 
Wm.  M'CuMoch,  Dundalk 
T.  M.  Goodiff,  Oranard 
E.  Morgan,  EdgeworthstovpD 

D.  Bojd,  Carri<k-on-Shaiinoir 
George  Bagnell,  Drummond 
Kobert  Ba^;nell,  Tyrrell's  Pasfr 
Walter  Newburn,  Mullingar 
James  Ellis,  Leferfeach 

R.  H.  Seymour,  Banagher 
J.  Shell,  jun.,  KiUiegnet 

E.  Renley.  M.D.,  Clare 
J.  Donaghiy,  Glanneviu 
Gordon  Lamb,  Castledermot 
R.  Morray,  Miitown  Malbey 

D.  J.  Wilson.  Six-raile-bridge 
W.  Diifan,  Killaloe 

H.  Franks,  Gortna        [Fergus 

E.  Bennett,  Newmarket-on..- 
J.  Fennel],  Upper  Cahir  Abbes 
W.  P.  Worrall,  Clannte 

J.  Murphy,  Clonmel 

W.  Ryall,  Cashel 

R.  Dunne,  Stradbally 

Thus.  Roe,  Coolfinn 

P.B.  Mo-se,  Rutland  Hous& 

Juhn  De  Reuzy,  Glonegal 

John  Dickson,  Tinakelly 
John  Daly,  Enniukerry 
Thomas  Rudd,  Ferns 
John  Deane,  New  Ross 

5.  Glasecotr,  J. P.,  Carnolia 
G.  Carroll,  Castlebridge 

Alex.  Preston,  Enniscorthy 

G  Gordon,  Ballycarney 

Dawson  A.  Milward,  Tullogb 

M.  Murphy,  Goresbridge 

,  Bagnalstown 

W.  Somerville,  Caa  lecomer 

J.  Richardson,  Ballyne 

P  Grace,  Freshford  [wifD 

II.  D.  Bolton,  Mnssory,  Ballj- 

e.  Gubbios,  Bruff 

E.  Kennedy,  Kilmac  Thomas 

R.  T.  Barron,  Kilmac  Thomas 

6.  Hill,  Cappoquin  [Kenmare 
J.  O'Suliivan,  P.P.  and  V.G.^ 
J.  Cretigh,  Tarbet 

E.  M.  Dill,  M.D.,  Killoghliu 

R.  Hudson,  J.P.,  Youghal 
T.  C.  Cole,  J. P.,  Inniobannon 
D.  Barclay,  Blarney 
J.  Y   Kingstoney,  Bantry 
D.  M'Gallivey,  Clonakiity 

Fiddell,  M.D.,  Kildorrorey 
D.  Clanuhy,  J.P,,  Charleville 

rienry  Longfield,  Doneraile 

F.  A.  Twinam,  Kanturk 

Thomas  Jenkins,  Kinsale 


Home    Correspondence. 

A  Word  in  Season. — I  think  the  author  of  "  A  Word 
in  Season"  rides  hia  hobby  a  leetle  too  i'aat ;  according 
to  hia  statement  1  inch  of  fresh  soil  is  sufficient  to 
produce  five  quarters  of  Wlieat,  after  Wheat,  for  the 
land  could  not  have  derived  mucli  benefit  from  the 
diggings  between  the  Wheat — which  double-digging,  by- 
the-bye,  is  not  charged  for  in  the  atiitemezit ;  and  which, 
at  the  price  of  wages  here,  would  eat  a  big  hole  in  his 
profite.  And  does  he  mean  to  state  that  clay  expoaed 
to  one  winter's  frost  will  be  in  a  fit  state  to  grow  a  good 
crop  the  succeeding  year  I  Becau.se  I  find  that  wliere  I 
have  fetched  up  clay  in  levelling  a  fielJ,  after  draining 
it,  at  the  end  of  three  years,  and  autumn  ploughed, 
aided  by  both  farm-yard  and  artificial  manure,  it  is  not 
so  good  as  the  other  portions  of  the  field  by  a  very  long 
way.  Then,  agnin,  I  am  inclined  to  quarrel  with  the 
thin  sowing,  for  this  reason  ;  three  years  ago  I  drained 
a  field  ami  ploughed  it  full  Z  inches  deeper  than  it  had 
been  ploughed  before,  cleaned  it  thoroughly,  and  worked 
it  well,  and  sowed  two  pecks  per  acre,  with  one  of 
Newington'fl  dibijiers  ;  in  the  spring  1  kept  the  cultivator 
well  at  work,  the  end  was,  that  I  liad  a  magnificent 
looking  crop  of  Wheat,  the  cars  as  large  as  three 
ordinary  ones,  and  tlie  knowing  ones  calculated  the 
yield  at  six  pecks  a  wtook  of  12  Hheaves.  1  wuh  not  a 
little  proud  of  my  crop,  but  tiie  tlircHhing  took  the 
conceit  out  of  me,  loti  of  chaff  and  little  corn,  so  i 
blamed  the  sort  of  Wheat.  Next  year,  not  to  be  beat 
off  ray  hobby,  I  tried  a  kind  that,  yielded  well,  both  on 
my  own  farm  and  tho«c  of  my  neighbourw  ;  again  1  jmd 
the  finest  ears  in  the  parish,  and  as  rank  a  cro[i  n.n 
-<otild  Btacd,  aud  again  thu   thrcehiug   told  the  av.iu<: 


tale — plenty  of  chaff  and  very  little  coi'u.  The  land  is 
of  a  fair  average  kind,  rather  strong  perhaps,  but  by 
sowing,  either  by  drill  or  broadcast,  I  can  manage  to 
grow  my  five  quarters  per  acre.  Now,  to  a  farmer,  I 
don't  see  the  advantage  of  the  system  ;  for  horses  must 
be  kept,  and  other  crops  grown,  and,  by  judicious 
management,  the  same  quantity  per  acre  grown.  Tlie 
author  may  be  willing  to  pay  40.s.  per  ton  for  straw,  but 
as  I  can  buy  at  25a.  or  SOs.,  I  should  not ;  besides,  on 
most  farms  straw  is  not  a  marketable  article,  and 
therefore,  I  think,  ought  not  to  be  charged  ;  it  must  be 
consumed.  And  there  is  not  much  profit  now-a-days  in 
feeding  stock;  it  leaves  little  enough,  after  deducting 
Turnip,  cake,  and  corn,  without  charging  for  tlieir 
bedding  ;  and  how  much  manure  does  the  author  of  "  A 
Word  in  Seawon"  make  from  a  ton  of  straw  ?  In 
what  does  the  advantage  of  the  system  consist  ?  Is  it  in 
tlie  trenching  ?  if  so,  I  don't  see  how  that  can  so 
materially  affect  the  first  crop.  If  it  is  in  the  inch  of 
fresh  soil  that  will  not  produce  five  quarters,  though  a 
good  thing,  no  douljt ;  it  cannot  be  in  the  frosts,  because 
for  the  last  two  winters  wo  have  not  liad  enough,  even 
in  the  north,  to  temper  land  that  was  ploughed  deep  in 
autumn,  let  alone  double  trenching.  I  have  read  the 
book,  and  still  I  cannot  see  the  great  advantage  oi  it ;  so 
I  suppose  I  must  sign  myself,  iV«Hw/;M^4  */''*'y  29. 

/J'/uld  Mimura:  Mr  7dfcr\H  fariity  near  Ayr. — I  am 
VAivy  much  obliged  to  Mr.  Lee  for  so  kindly  replying  to 
my  qucfitions  about  this  farm.  I  am  not  at  all  "riled  " 
now  at  the  idea  of  Mr.  Telfcr'H  cows  producing  XU.  odd 
eacli  per  aimum  t<j  their  spirited  owner;  on  the  contrary, 
J  am  Hurprined  that  they  do  so  badly,  considtiriiig  tlm 
udvarrtiig'x;  he  iiaw.  It  is  no  nnc;ommon  thing  lor  a 
milkman  toiuakc  30/.ayear  by  Jiiacow.    Mr.  Leu  it)  very 


earnest  on  the  subject  of  liquid  manure  (and  with  good' 
reason,  for  he  has  seen,  aud  so  have  I,  the  wonderful 
efifects  of  it),  but  I  want  something  more  than  a  promise,  I 
want  proof,  that  "  by  adopting  the  systematic  applica- 
tion of  liquid  manure  for  the  production  of  Italian  Rye- 
grass aud  roots,"  my  cows  will  yield  m6  more  than  14L 
each  a  year,  I  am  not  one  of  those  old-fashioned  folks 
who  disbelieve  in  all  new  systems  ;  on  the  contrary,  I 
am  rather  an  experimentalist  (for  a  butterman),  but  I 
cannot  for  the  life  of  me  see  how  all  the  steam-engines- 
and  liquid  manure  pipes  in  the  universe  can  get  me  a 
better  price  for  my  butter  than  I  get  without  them ;  for 
I  can  perceive  uothing  in  Mr.  Lee's  account  of  Mr. 
Telfer's  farm  to  lead  me  to  suppose  that  Mr.  Telfer's  cows 
would  produce  more  butter  than  mine,  if  their  milk  was 
all  set  for  butter.  I  should  have  no  fear  in  backing  my 
cows  against  Mr.  Telfer's,  for  the  sake  of  seeing  whicb 
lot  made  the  most  and  best  butter  from  a  given  quantity^, 
or  rather  from  a  given  value,  of  food  ;  the  butter  to 
be  sold  in  Newgate-market.  Mr.  Telfer's  system 
answers  his  purpose  very  well :  he  requires  a  great 
quantity  of  milk,  and  I  daro  say  "the  slightest  taste  in 
life,"  of  Turnip  does  not  come  amiss  to  the  palates  of 
the  good  housewives  of  Ayr;  but  woe  betide  my 
unhappy  flats  of  butter  if  ray  Newgate-market  salesman 
discovered  the  least  flavour  of  that  very  valuable 
esculent — the  Tui-nip.  There  is  a  great  objection  in  my 
humble  opinion  to  the  steam-engine  stirring  up  liquid 
and  solid  manures  deposited  in  a  tank  in  the  vicinity  of 
cows.  The  stench  tliat  is  created  by  such  a  proceeding 
is  beyond  anything.  Cows  to  produce  wholesome  milk 
nhould  never  brcatho  diangrecablo  smells.  I  do  not 
know  what  the  flavour  of  Mr.  Telfer'u  yard  is,  but  I 
understand  the  stink  of  Tiptree-liaU  the  other  day,  when 


510 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Aug.  7, 


the  huspiiable  and  enterprising  owner  of  it  ga.ve  his 
agreeable  party,  wao  such,  that  the  guests  could  liardly 
do  justice  to  the  viands  so  liberally  and  so  tastefully  set 
before  them.  Besides,  wliich  is  of  more  consequence,  I 
heard  that  the  unhappy  animals  on  the  boards  seemed  to 
have  a  manifest  dislike  to  the  flavour  which  pervaded 
the  air  consequent  upon  the  "  routing  up  of  the  solids  and 
liquids  "  by  this  great  steam  power.  A  JBucJcs.  Dairy 
Farmer. 

Artificial  Incubators. — In  page  478  of  the  Gazette, 
you  asit  for  the  address  oF  the  inventor  of  an  egg-batching 
apparatus,  not  Mr.  Cantelo's.  Joseph  Newton,  gardener 
to  John  Harvey,  Esq.,  Biggleswade,  Beds.,  the  author 
■of  "  Newton's  Practical  Experience  in  Breeding 
Poultry,  and  Experiments  in  Artificial  Incubation," 
advertised  last  weel:  in  the  Chronicle,  has  invented  and 
improved  his  apparatus  ;  he  has  hatched  chickens,  wi!d 
ducks,  guinea  fowls,  turkeys,  and  hkewise  small  birds. 
The  poultry  were  shown  at  Birmingham,  1851,  A  notice 
was  sent  to  KidcVs  Own  Journal,  3\xnQ  12,  1852,  page 
381,  to  show  that  his  plan  of  artificial  incubation  did 
jiot  change  the  nature  of  the  fowl  for  breeding.  It  is 
-not  contact  heat,  but  the  tank  system,  so  arranged  as  to  be 
adapted  to  horticulture  or  poultry  rearing  at  one  cost, 
and  can  be  useful  for  one  or  the  two  purposes  at  one 
time.  It  only  requires  attention  once  in  10  hours,  as 
the  temperature  is  regulated  by  a  balance  thermometer. 
An  apparatus  for  incubation  of  200  eggs  will  cost  only 
about  8^.  The  apparatus  may  be  seen  by  a  notice  to 
me.  Joseph  Newton. 

An  Essay  on  ths  Farming  of  Northamptonshire.  By 
John  L.  Baker,  C.E.,  Surveyor  and  Estate  Agent. 
J.  B.  NichoUs  and  Son,  25,  Parliament-street,  London. 
We  iiave  several  county  reports  lying  on  our  table — to 
some  of  which  we  ought,  before  this,  to  have  directed 
the  attention  of  our  readers.  Among  them  are  essays 
■on  the  Agriculture  of  Somersetshire,  West  Cumberland, 
and  Lincolnshire,  presenting  probably  as  much  agricul- 
tural and  geological  variety  as  the  whole  island  furnishes. 
Fen  and  wold,  mountain  pasture,  and  rich  grazing  lands, 
■clay  and  sand  and  chalk,  are  among  the  soils  cultivated 
m  these  counties — and  cheese,  butter,  corn,  and  livestock 
■of  all  breeds  are  among  their  produce.  The  experience  of 
their  farmers  includes  facts  numerous  enough  and 
various  enough  to  instruct  both  the  practical  and  the 
scientific  :  and  we  hope  hereafter  to  call  attention  to 
some  of  them.  Meanwhile  it  is  to  a  short  and  instructive 
report  on  the  Agriculture  of  Northampton,  a  county 
including,  perhaps,  less  variety  of  soil  and  of  practice 
tl)an  any  of  those  named  above,  that  we  would  at  present 
refer. 

It  presents  a  geological  report  of  the  county,  and  a 
statement  of  the  farm  practice  on  each  of  its  geological 
divisions.  Some  of  the  isolated  facts  of  agricultural 
hiterest  stated  in  its  pages  we  shall  hereafter  extractfor 
our  columns  ;  the  work  itself,  and  especially  the  useful 
chapter  on  the  improvements  still  needed  in  the  county, 
we  can  commend  to  the  attention  of  our  readers. 


Miscellaneous. 

Mr,Mechis  Farm.—'l)\e  most  brilliant  and  marking 
«vent,  however,  of  the  week  was  the  annual  gathering, 
held  on  Wednesday  last,  at  Tiptree-hall,  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Mechi,  the  great  agricultural  propagandist,  who 
^isefuUy  applies  the  art  of  advertisement,  acquired  at  his 
London  warehouse,  in  disseminating  throughout  England, 
and,  we  may  add,  throughout  Europe  and  America,  the 
new  principles  of  cultivation  exemplified  at  his  Essex 
farm.  A  host  of  celebrities,  political  and  diplomatic, 
scientific  and  literary,  were  assembled  to  compare  the 
jnerits  of  rival  reaping-machines,  disintegrators,  and 
drills  ;  to  admire  the  rich  Wheat-crops  waving  on  soil 
wiiich,  but  a  few  years  since,  was  half  water-logged  clay, 
half  sandy  barren  heath  ;  to  note  the  manifeyt  supe- 
riority (not  only  in  fatness  and  physical  health,  but  also 
in  briskness  and  intelligence)  of  pigs  kept  in  clean 
boarded  sheds,  over  their  fellow  swine,  wallowing  in 
iilthy  sties  ;  and,  above  all,  to  contemplate  the  steam- 
heartj  and  the  iron  arteries,  with  which,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  sanitary  reformers,  Mr.  Mechi  has  recently 
•completed  what  may  now  be  called  the  circulating  system 
of  his  farm.  No  one,  indeed  (as  we  heard  Mr.  F.  0. 
Ward  remark),  could  listen  to  the  throb  of  the  central 
■engine,  and  watch  the  liquid  manure  (the  nutrient  life's 
blood  of  the  farm)  spouting  from  remote  capillaries,  and 
:showered  down  on  distant  crops,  without  feeling  that  a 
new  epoch  is  dawning,  equally  pregnant  of  good  to 
town  and  to  country,  equally  important  to  sanitary 
and  to  agricultural  progress.  To  our  minds,  indeed, 
the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  very  remarkable 
■congress,  was  the  presence  of  the  leading  sanitary 
reformers,  the  Cliadwicks,  the  Wards,  the  Ebringtons, 
Ac,  at  a  festival  so  purely  agricultural  ;  as,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  attendance  of  Mr.  Mechi  and  the 
■agricultural  reformers  gave  a  special  significance 
'to  the  late  sanitary  banquet  in  London,  It  is 
impossible  not  to  see  that  each  of  these  two  grand 
5>arties,  sanitary  and  agricultural,  feels  it  has  some 
lesson  to  learn,  and  some  aid  to  seek,  from  the  other  ; 
that  the  two  great  movements  of  material  amelioration, 
in  town  and  country,  which  have  hitherto  run  separate 
though  collateral,  courses,  must  henceforth  merge  into' 
one  ;  that  the  purification  of  our  cities,  and  the  ferti- 
lisation of  our  fields,  are  but  different  aspects  of  the 
same  problem,  different  parts  of  the  same  process, 
different  results  of  the  same  organisation  ;  and  that  (we 


are  still  quoting  Mr.  Ward's  impressive  language),  as 
sanitary  reform  is  but  the  cultivation  of  heaUhier  crops 
of  men,  so  agricultural  progress  is  but  the  improved 
hygiene  of  growing  crops  and  cattle  ;  while  both  reforms 
require  for  their  achievement  the  construction  of  a  vast 
tubular  net-work,  arterial  and  venous,  beneath  every 
town  and  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  country.  This 
mighty  work  presents  to  the  national  energy  and  enter- 
prise a  new  field,  still  vaster  in  conception,  and  more 
incalculably  fruitful  of  advantages  to  mankind,  than  even 
the  great  railway  movement,  of  which  it  is  the  logical 
complement.  For  while  the  railway  system  has 
quadrupled  the  facilities  for  transporting  the  products  of 
the  soil  from  place  to  place,  this  new  tubular  organisation 
will,  at  no  distant  period,  quadruple  the  products  them- 
selves to  be  transported. 

The  following  epigram  was  appropriately  circulated 
during  the  demolition  of  some  very  fine  sewage-fed 
Strawberries  after  dinner  : — 

Time  was,  'tis  8tti<i,  ere  EnfflandN  woes  began, 
Wbea  every  rtiod  of  sro'ind  maintaim^d  i's  man  ; 
Your  sewaf^e  save,  *a>8  f  o  w,*  and  't  will  be  found 
That  evnry  man  maiutuiiis  hia  rood  of  gruuud. 
— From  the  Leader. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

AUGUST. 
Eabt  Somerset,  Augmt^  —The  harvest  this  jear  promises 
to  be  early  and  abundant,  and  no  sooner  has  the  hay  been 
gaihered  in  {which  wae  uuusu'illy  late)  than  the  corn  claims 
I'Ur  aitention  ;  Indeed  in  some  diBtriots  'hey  have  begun  cutting 
Wheat  three  we'^ks  since.  The  fine  sunny  weather  we  have 
eitjoyed  has  contributed  to  the  rapid  ripening  of  the  corn  ;  and 
the  late  occasional  showers  have  been  beneficial  to  the  Turnips, 
wiihuut,  except  in  a  few  cases,  materially  injuring  the  forruer 
by  any  beating  down  ;  and  the  after  Clovers  and  Grass  have 
also  fetched  up  lately.  As  there  is  little  more  to  relate  yet 
concerning  farmin.;  operations  or  details,  I  enclose  a  weather 
diary,  kept  during  the  last  two  months;  which,  though  not 
being  so  ficientitic  or  correct  as  the  regular  meteorological 
newspaper  calendars,  nor  containing  the  s'ate  of  the  gla'^s,  or 
depth  of  rain,  Jic,  is  a  plain  journal  of  dry  and  wet  days  for 
June  and  July;  showing  the  iarge  proportion  of  wet  in  the 
former  month  here,  over  the  latter,  and  proving  what  I  stated 
in  a  former  paper,  as  to  the  frequent  occurrence  of  rain  in  June. 
H.  E.  [The  foilowine  is  the  abatractot  thediary  :  — Jane,  15  wet 
days,  15  fine  days  ;  Julv,  4  wet  days.  27  fine  days.] 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Ceops  :  Mr.  Saul  nishts  to  correct  his  report.  Lancashire  : 
Garstany:— harvest  will  ba  general  before  the  middle  of 
August. —  Vr.  Bailey  writes  from  King's  County,  that  the 
Potato  biiKht  is  more  general  than  it  has  been  since  18i8  ; 
fields  rapidly  turning  blacb,  and  tubers  very  much  affected 
in  some  di^tiic  s. 

Folding:  H.  It  is  impossible  to  say  how  much  space  should 
be  ifiveQ  200  sheen  on  a  field  without  seeing  the  crop. 

Habness:  F  C,  Cart  harnet-s  for  one  horse  will  cobt  from  4L  to 
5i  luj.  Mr.  D.  Scott,  of  Glasgow,  obtained  a  prize  at  a  late 
meeting  of  the  Highland  Society, 

Milk  Pans  :  S  5.  We  regard  those  exhibited  lately  to  the 
Horticultural  Society  by  Messrs.  Phillips  and  Co  ,  of  Bishops- 
gate-streei  to  be  in  all  respects  tqual  to  the  best  foreign  ones. 

Pigs  :  Exeter.  Oae  of  Richardson's  shilling  hand-books. — W.  S. 
Orr  and  Co.— referred  to  the  hog. 


COYENT  GARDEN,  AoQ.  7. 
The  supply  of  Fruit  boih  from  under  glass  and  from  the 
open  garden  has  been  very  good,  with  the  exception  of  Straw, 
berries  and  Oranges,  which  are  nearly  over.  Melons  are  more 
plentiful.  Some  excellent  Greengage  and  other  Plums 
have  arrived  from  France,  and  also  some  ApiicotiK,  Jargonelle 
Fears,  and  Apples.  Tomatoes  likewise  continue  to  be  impi-rted. 
Potatoen  are  very  plentiful,  as  are  also  Peas.  West  India 
Pine-apples  are  tcarce,  owing  to  the  non-arrival  of  the  last 
shipment.  Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowers  consist  of 
Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Mignonette,  Roses,  Bignonla  venusta, 
and  Pinks. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-appleB,  per  lb.,  4s  to  6s 
Grapes, hothoase,p.  lb.,  2s  to  5s 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  83  to  los 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,  8b  to  ISs 
Figs,  per  doz.,  4s  to  Ss 
Melons,  each,  2g  to  6a 
Cherriey,  per  lb.,  2d  to  6d 

—  wall,  do..  Is  6d  to  38 
G-ooseberries,   per  half   sieve, 

2s  6d  to  33 
Currants,  do.,  2s  to  3a  6d 

VEGEt 
Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  Is  3d 
FrenchBeans,p.hf.8ieve,2sto3e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  23  to  Ss 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz,,  4s  to  6s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  fid 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  609  to  1308 

—  per  cwt,,  Ss  6d  to  78 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  23  fid 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  38  to  48 
Cucumbers,  each,  4d  to  fid 
Veget.Marrow,p.tioz,6d  to  IsBd 
Celery,  per  bundle,  Is  to  Is  fid 
Carrots,  p.  doz,,  Ss  to  Ss 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,l83dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  2s 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Shallots,  per  bunch,  3d 


Strawberries.p. pott., fid  to  Isfid 
Almonds,  per  peck,  58 

—  sweet,  per  lb,,  2b  to  33 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  26 
Orange?,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  fid 

—  per  100,  33  6dto  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3b 
Nut3,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  22s 

—  Brazil,  per  bushel,  123 

to  14  a 
ABLES. 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce, Cab.,  per  score  Id  to  Is 

—  Coa,  p.  6core,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  la  fid 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4a 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  fid  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  fid  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz,,ls6d  to  2a 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsiey,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  29  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buui;h,4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Watercresaea,  p.  12bun,9dtol8 


HOPS.— iJoaoDGH  Mabket,  Aug.  fi. 
Messrs.  Faicenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  demand 
for  Hops  is  steady  at  late  prices.  The  coming  crop  is  thought 
very  favourably  of,  except  that  in  places  mould  has  made  its 
ippearance.  Duty  nominally  estimated  at  from  185,0001.  to 
200,000i. 


HAY.— Per  Load  ot  3«  Trussea. 
Smithfield,  Aug.  5. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  858 
Inferior  do.  ...  fi5         72 

Rowen         66        — 

New  Hay     60        76 


Clover 

New  do. 
Straw    - 


A  large  supply  and  heavy  trade. 

COMBEBLiMD   MaBKET,  Aug.  5. 


..  908  to  lOOs 
..  70  84 

..  28  3S 

J.  Davis. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  649  to  90s 

Inferior  do fi5        75 

New  Hay      60         72 

Uld  Clover 95      100 


ulerior  Clover      ...  789to90a 

New  do 65        80 

iStraw  83         86 

JoanuA  Bakbb. 


*  F.  0.  Ward. 


COAT.   MARKET.  — FaiDAT.  Aug.  S. 
Holywell,  13^.  9d. ;  Cowper  Har'ley,  14s. ;  Wallsend  Ridde 
13a.  3d.;     Wallsend    Ilaawell,    ISs.    6d.  ;    Wallaead    Hetto 
153.   fid.;     Wallsend  Stewarts,  15s.  fid.;  Wallsend  Adelaii 
Teea,  Ids.  6d.— Ships  at  marker,  100. 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Auy.  2. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  very  lart;e,  and  the  continued  h 
weather  caused  a  slow  trade.  The  majority  of  the  supply  is 
iHferior  quality,  and  consequently  there  is  not  so  much  redu 
tiou  in  the  choicest  kinds.  Several  Beasts  remain  unsol 
The  supply  of  Sheep  and  Lambi  is  about  the  same  as  < 
Monday  last.  The  demand  is  scarcely  so  good,  and. it  is  difl 
cult  to  maintain  the  quotation*  of  :hat  day.  Trade  is  ve; 
»low  for  Calves,  at  reduced  prices.  From  Germany  ai 
ticlland  there  are  1623  Beaats,  SiSO  Sheep,  298  Calves,  ai 
160  PiKS  ;  from  Spain,  49  Beasts  ;  from  Scotland,  160  ;  and  25i 
from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 


Per  at.  of  Slbs.— a 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  ic.  ...  8 
Best  Short-horna  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best   Downs   and 

Half-breds      ...  3 
Do.  Shorn   0 


d 

6  to  3 


—  4 

0  —  0 


Ptr  St.  of  81bs,— g  d      s 

Beat  Long-woula  .3  4  to  3 

Do.  Shorn  ...  0  0  —  0 

Ewes  &.  2d  quality  2  6  —  8 

Do.  Shorn  0  0-0 

Lamba      4  4 — fi 

Calves      2  8  —  8 

Pigs  2  4  . 


Beasts,  4620  ;  Sheep  and  Lamba,  33,1)60  ;  Calves,  412  ;  Piga,  47 
Fbidat,  Aug.  6. 
We  have  a  fair  aupply  of  Beasts,  and  rather  a  moi 
cheerful  trade.  Monday's  priceo  are  fully  supported,  and  in 
tew  instances  exceeded.  The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs 
tmaller  than  of  late,  and  the  weather  bting  cooler  buyers  ai 
mure  plentiful  for  Sheep,  but  for  Lamba  traiJe  i^  very  alon 
quotations  for  both  remain  unaltered.  Although  the  numbi 
of  Calves  is  large,  there  is  a  demand  for  them,  and  choice 
descriptions  are  rather  dearer.  From  Germany  and  Hollai 
we  have  318  Beaats,  1750  Sheep,  412  Calves,  and  50  Pigi 
300  BeaBts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and  116  MUch  Co« 
from  the  home  oounties. 

WOOL. 

Beadfoed,  Tbubbdat,  Aug.  5.— The  trangactions  in  tl 
Eaj<U&b  wool  market  during  the  current  wei  k  have  been  of 
limited  character,  and  this  may  ba  ascribed  to  the  fact  thi 
stapellers  are  compelled  to  hold  for  higher  prices  than  spinne! 
feel  justified  in  the  present  condition  of  their  trade  in  coi 
ceding.  The  farmers  are  still  obtainiug  full  prices  for  the; 
new  wool,  and  are  firm  holders  unless  these  can  be  ohtaiaei 
Short  wool  and  noils,  beiug  produced  now  in  limited  quantit; 
are  a  good  sale  at  full  prices. 

MARK  LANE, 

Monday,  Aug.  2.— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  an 
Kent  this  morning,  as  also  of  samples  per  railroad,  wasco] 
siderably  larger  than  for  many  weeks  past,  as  ia  usual  on  tl 
eve  of  harvest,  and  wds  disposed  of  on  the  terms  of  this  df 
ae'nnlght ;  foreign  was  generalW  held  with  increased  flrmnes 
which  caused  sales  to  be  of  Retail  character,  at  our  quoti 
lions. — Flour  is  a  alow  sale  at  barely  former  rates. — Tbei 
were  a  few  samples  of  new  Kentish  ttarlty  at  Market,  qualil 
various,  and  none  fine. — Barley,  Beans,  Peas,  and  Oats  ma 
be  quoted  fully  la.  per  qr.  lower  than  this  day  week, 

Fee  Iupeeial  Qdabtee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk... White  43—45 

—  —     fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  44—47 

—  —    Talavera  43 — 48 

—  Norfolk 37—39 

—  Foreign 34—48 

Barley,grind.dE  distil.,  24a  to  27s... Cbev.      —      Malting 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  19—25  Malting 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18—19 

—  ScotchHndLincoln8hire...Potato  18— 22  Peed 

—  Irish Potatojl7— 2IJ  Feed 

—  Foreigu   Poland  and  Brew  17 — 19  Feed 

Rye     —      foreign . 

Rye-meal,  foreign |     — 

Beans,  Mazagao 273  to  30a Tick  28— 31 

—  Pigeon  283  — 34s...Winds.|     — 

—  Foreign Small|2*— 33 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers;32 — 83 


Red 

Red  . 


Red  , 


Harrow  . 
LoDgpod 
Bgyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign . 
Fellow... 


38— J 
39- 


17-1 

17- 

14-1 

28—1 


25 

33-1 

V6-4 


—  Maple 3l8  to  34a Grey  30—32 

Maize     White 

Flour,  befit  marka  delivered  ...per  sack  37—40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25—32  Norfolk  .  25— 

—  Foreign per  barrel  17— 21  Per  sack  28-3( 

Fbidat,    Aug   6. — With  the  exception  of  foreign  Barley,) 

which  we  have  a  good  supply,  'he  arrivals,  both  of  EngUs 
and  foreign  grain  and  Flour,  this  week  have  been  moderab 
The  market  was  tolerably  well  attended  ;  nevertheless  n 
advance  could  be  establiched  on  Essex  Wheat,  altboug 
Lincolnshire  and  foreign,  where  sales  were  effected,  obtaine 
Is.  per  qr.  more  than  on  Monday.  In  Wheat  afloat  and  froi 
the  Mediterranean,  a  considerable  business  has  been  tram 
acied  ;  the  prices  last  paid  are  33ri.  to  -Hs.  for  P.O.,  but  now  h 
to  29.  per  qr.  more  are  demanded.  Spring  corn  of  all  descrij 
tions  is  held  very  firmly,  at  the  extreme  prices  of  Monday, 
Impebial  Aveeages. 


June  26., 
July    3.. 

—  10.. 

—  17.. 

—  24.. 

—  81.. 

Aggreg.   I 


3.  d. 

40  10 

41  4 
41  5 
41  0 
40  7 
40  0 


27  6 

27  5 

28  3 

27  0 

28  2 
27  8 


s.  d. 
•10  0 
19  10 
19  9 
19  11 

19  9 

20  6 


3.    d. 


Wheat.  Babley.  Oats    Rye.    Beans,    Pbi! 


3,   d 
31 
J  3 
33 
311  II 

it  i! 

33    ' 


40  10 


27     8     19  11     30     9 


ii  4 
32  6 
30  1 
i8  9 
29  11 


t,  d. 

32  4 
83  1 
34  0 
34  6 

33  10 

34  2 


33     8    32  H 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FtDOTUATIONB  IN  THE  LAST    SiX    WbEK's   AVEBAOES. 


Peices.  Jone26.Joly  3   JdlyIO.  Jiily17.  Jdly24  JdlyS 


41s  5d 
41  4 
41  0 
40  10  - 
40  7 
40     0 


L.ivtHfv.oi„  TOESDAY,  Aug.  3.— The  arrivals  ot  grain,  ^lon 
and  Oatmeal'into  this  port  during  the  week  continue  hgh 
while  the  importa  from  abroad  include  a  moderate  aupply 
Wheat  and  Indian  Corn,  and  a  few  parcels  of  Barley,  Oat 
and  Peas,  At  the  opening  of  our  market  this  morning  a  firmt 
feeling  was  manifested  by  holders  of  Wheat,  and  rathtr  bigh( 
prices  were  required,  millers  generally  refusing  to  pay  ai 
advance,  and  a  moderate  busiocHS  was  iransacted  at  the  rati 
of  this  day  se'nnighr.  Flour  met  an  improved  inquiry,  golo 
brands  realising  a  trifling  advance.  Oatw  moved  off  slowly*l 
the  decline  of  Friday,  and  Oatmeal  was  much  nenlectei^,  thoufi 
offered  3d.  per  load  cheaper.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  withoi 
material  change.     Indian  Corn  was  steady,  and  alighily  in 

proved  in  value- Feidat,  July  60  —M  our  Corn  Exchanj- 

th's  morning  the  business  was  modera-e.  The  prices  ;i 
Tuesday,  however,  were  obtained  for  both  Wheat  and  Floul 
Oats  and  Oatme-il  were  neglected.  Bnrley  2.1.  per  ba8h( 
lower.  No  change  in  the  value  of  Beans  and  Peas.  India 
Corn  is  scarce,  no  American  3  ellow  at  present  on  the  market! 
white  corn  wasfid.  per  qr.  dearer. 


32—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


51 


GALVANISED      WIRE      GAME      NETTING.- 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wiiie. 


Galvan.        Ja  panned 
Istd.  irun. 

2-inch  mosb,  light,  24  inches  wide    ...    Id.  jjer  jd.    5d.  peryd. 
2-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ...     9       „  ^i      j. 

2-inch      ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ...  12      ,,  9       „ 

l§.inch     „      light  ,,  ...    S      „  6       „ 

l|-inch      „       strong  „  ...  10       „  8        „ 

l|-inch     „      extra  Btrong     ,,  ...  H      „  11       „ 

All  the  above  can  be  muda  any  width  at  proportionate  pricen. 
If  the  npper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  wtll  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  fi^r  Pheasaatries, 
3d.  per  equare  fuot.     Patterns  forwarded  po^t  fren. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  hISHOP,  il^irket-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  packs  in  a  sponge  buth,  is  admiiably 
adapted  for  summer  ure,  on  acctunt  of  its  eifreme  conlDcss, 
and  which  can  be  changed  in  one  moment  from  abed  to  a 
lounge  or  pofa  for  the  ^ilting.^oom,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLEN'S,  76,  Oxford-street, 
where  also  ia  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Metallic  Bedstenc'fl 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  (be.  &c.,  togetl  er 
with  a  large  assortment  of  ihe  Patent  Radiating  and  other 
Stoves,  ai  d  every  othtr  description  of  Ironmongery. 


THE      BEST      IS      THE      CHEAPEST. 
The  best  Cl-NGOU  TEA per  lb.,  Ss.Sd. 

The  best  IslPERIAL  SOUCHONG  TEA  „  4  0 
The  best  MOTUNE  GUNPOWDER  TEA  ,,5  0 
The  best  PLANTATION    COFFEE         ...     „       1     0 

The  best  MOCHA  COFFEE  „       1     4 

Tea  or  Cffee  to  the  value  of  10s.  sent  CARRIAGE  FREE  to 
any  part  of  England,  by 

PHILLIPS  AND  COMPANY,  TEA  MERCHANTS, 
No.  8.    KING     WILl.lAM-sTREET,    CITY,     LONDON, 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  tht 
divitiona  of  the  teeih,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  moat  extra- 
ordinary  manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— la.  An  Improved  Cloihes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  n-  ual  'ime,aad  incapable  of  injuring  the  finest  nap. 
Penetratinit  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
fiiaa  briatles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brashes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  preaerved 
Tftluable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  imijortations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  prohrs  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNOLET,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  130  b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street,  London, 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  perbox. 

Cadtion. —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  by  «ome  houses. 


SHOWER  BATHS,  and  TOILETTE  WARE.— 
WILLIAM  3.  BURTON  has  ONE  LARGE  SHOW- 
ROOM devoted  exclubively  to  the  DISPLAY  of  BATHS,  and 
TOILETTE  WARE.  The  stock  of  each  is  at  ouce  the  largest, 
Qewest,  and  roo^t  varied  ercr  submitted  to  the  public,  and 
marked  at  prices  proportionate  wiih  those  that  have  tended  to 
make  hia  est-.blisbment  the  rao«t  distinguished  in  'his  counirv. 
Portab  e  S-howers,  7j.  ;  Pillar  Slowers,  Zl.  to  5i.  153.  ;  Nursery, 
H«.  6d. 'o30«  ;  Sponging,  Its.  toSOa. ;  Hip.  12s.  6d.  to  293.  A 
large  Assortment  of  Hot  and  Cold  Plurge,  Va[)Our,  and  Camp 
Shower  Baibs.  Toilette  Ware  in  great  variety,  trom  15s.  6d.  to 
4fla.  the  sec  of  three. 

TEA  URNS,  of  LONDON  MAKE  ONLY.— The 
largest  ashortment  of  really  London-made  TEA-UHNS 
(inc'uding  all  the  rtcent  novelties,  many  i.f  which  are  regis- 
tered;.  in  the  world,  is  on  Sale  at  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S, 
from  27s.  to  6  guineas. 

THE  BEST  SHOW  of  IRON  BEDSTEADS  in 
the  KINGDOM  is  WILLIAM  S,  BUR  (UN'S  He  has 
added  to  his  Show  Room-t  TWO  VERY  LARGE  ONES,  which 
aie  devoted  to  the  exelnaive  SHOW  of  Iron  and  Bross  Bed- 
I'eads  and  Cbildreb's  Cots  (with  approi.iiate  Beddii.g  and 
IfattrtriseO-  Common  Iron  Bedsteads,  from  12s.  fid  ;  Portable 
Folding  Bedaieada,  from  12s.  6d. ;  Pat»  nt  Iron  Bedsteads,  fitted 
with  dovetail  joint*  and  patent  sacking,  from  1  s.  Gd. ;  and 
Coti,  fr«m  2iJ«.  each,  llandiome  troanien'al  Iron  and  Brass 
Bedt'ebd^  In  great  varl'ty,  (roro  Zl.  5s.  to  Ul. 

WILLIAM  S.  bURTON  haa  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
<aU  cjmaiunicaltng),  eiclunlve  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  thow  of  Gfc^ERAL  FL'RNI>UINu  IHONMONGEHY 
<tnclad  nit  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated  and  Japanned  Waret-), 
•->  arrai>g«rl  and  clasklhed  that  purchasers  njay  easily  and  at 
cace  makK  tbtir  selection", 

Cati»l<-gue»,  with  EngravingH,  sent  (per  pout)  free.  The 
cnout-y  re'urned  for  t:vi-r\  artic'e  not  approved  of. 

30.  OXFORD  STREET  (corner  of  Ne«miin-strfet)  ■  Nofl.  1 
and  'J,  NfcWMAN-^HTRKET  ;    and  4  and  5.  PERRY'S  PLAHK. 

COUND  AND  WHITE  TEETH'ar^not'o^lTindil-. 

y^  petitably  rfquliit«  to  a  pkft»lng  eiterl  r  In  mule  ai.d 
female,  but  they  -re  peculiarly  appreciated  through  life  as  a 
ble»»mi(h'ghl>>  onduc»»«  to  the  pur(ioi«s  of  health  and  longtjvltj. 
The  grt^at  «>t«retti  In  whbih  the  public  have  lonjt  held 

ROWLANDS'  ODONTO.  om  Peah,  Dkktifrice, 
(.reclude*  tb«-  in'(je<*Uy  hero  of  entering  Into  n  mlnuU  detail  of 
lumtrli*,  and  the  lingular  adrantaKe*  Unoemlncnily  posscsneH 
OTer  the  u»u«l  powder*  aold  for  the  tce-h,  Ii  Is  m.lllciunt  to 
ohietvethat  K->WLAf«n«'  Odobto  Uapuie  prcpiir'itlon  t>t  the 
moat  iffictrnt  y.A*7t%m  llttim,  which  not  only  bat  the  property 
of  r«nd*nnK  the  above  htautilal  organ*  of  the  rnouih  dazzllnKly 
white,  but  It  »tr(rngtli*Di  ibctr  c  rgaiilc  klruciure,  and  fulhln 
tb«  pleading  ia»k  of  rendt  ring  (he  br<:alti  twi  uc  and  I'Uro.  It 
•boiild  n«r»:r  (in  parlcular)  he  forgotten,  that  when  used  In 
•■rlj  IUp,  ic  »ireeiuai|y  prevent  all  achc»  in  tli«  Teeth  and 
UuttK  — i-ffaceiatl  ki  otnand  diRC  lotirailonpi  wlmtdoover— ornrll- 
ca*e»  *curvy— and,  lu  a  wo  d,  aoon  r«allii(s  (lie  ihlcf  artrlhijlo 
Of  Healib  and  lleauty-A  PINK  SET  Of  PEARLY  TEETH! 
Price  2»,  9<'.  ..' r  b.Jr. 
•••  RnwAar  t  w  Hrnanioa  Imitatioh^,  The  ircnuino  arllc'c 
hai  the  hokU  "  l((JWl,A^Dl^'  (JDomto"  on  ihn  Libwl,  ami 
"A.  R'>»»lan''  and  Hi.ri-,  '2i>,  Ilatton  Garden,"  I'ngraveil  on  i  o 
Oo*«rom»nt  »  amp  atllxeil  ou  each  boi.  Ho.tX  by  them,  amJ 
ny  Che^i'a'i  and  Perfurren. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FOIiKS  AND  DRAINING  TOOLS.-Stlver  M.;d;,l  at 
Lewen  Show  was  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KLY,  103,  New- 
gate.--.treet,  London,  for  these  oQlebra'nd  FORIi"^.  It  would  be 
endless  lo  quo'e  the  unlimited  approbation  expresael  by  ihe 
leading  agriculturi^tfl,  farmerfl,  nurserymen  and  others,  from 
the  nobleman  to  the  labourer;  but  all  who  have  u'.ed  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Mhcni's  remark,  "That  they  facilitate  labour 
q  lite  20  percent."  Early  orders  are  requested.  Price  listB 
sent  on  application. 


HOT-WATER  PIPES.— To  be  Sold,  70  yards  of 
4-inch  Hut-Water  Pipe,  with  Saddle-Boiler  and  Furnnce, 
complete;  they  are  ei^ual  to  ne*,  hiving  bL*en  only  once  used. 
Price  8^.— Apply  to  W.  ToaNEB,  Tufnell-parlt-road,  llolioway, 
Lomlitn 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING     LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED    INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPES. 


TAMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  and) 
<-'  Mandfactoreb,  GoawELL  KoAD,   London. 

These  Pipea  are  well  adapted  for  Wa'erini:  Gardenn,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  racklner  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  pirfi-ctly  sound  Water- 
proof and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  Tbey  are  particularly 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedinglv  useful  in 
Dwellinir-houaes  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Batha,  ibc. 

Hose  RceU  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  lenjiths 
of  the  Vulcanifed  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B.  —  Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
Rosea,  Jets,  and  Brunches  complete,  with  union  juints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  Hancock, Goswell  Mews, 
GoswpII  Roiid,  London,  will  meet  with  immpdinte  att-enfion. 


HEAL  &  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 
OP  BhDSTEADS,  sent  free  by  post,  eonia  ns  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  One  Hdndred  d-ffr^rent  Bed^teatla, 
in  Iron,  Bra^s,  Japanned  Wood,  P.ilished  Birch,  Mahogany, 
Rosewood  and  Walnut-trpe  Woid*  ;  also  their  Priced  List  of 
Beddinir ;  and  tle'r  New  Warerooms  fu'ib'e  them  to  keep  one 
of  each  design  fixed  for  inspection.  They  have  also,  in  addiiion 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  designs  of 
PARISIAN  BEDSTEADS,  both  in  Wood  and  Iron,  whlcb  they 
have  just  imported. 

Heal    and    Son,    Bedstead    and    Bedding    Manufachirers 
196  (opposite  the  Chapel),  Tottenham  Court  Road,  London. 


'yHE    GOLD    FIELDS     OF    AUSTRALIA.— An 

J-  (n'irely  new  Nhivinif  Panorama,  "The  VuTAge  to 
ADi.TRALiA  AND  A  VisiT  TO  HEK  GoLD  FIELDS,"  Painted  from 
Sketches  made  upon  the  spot  by  J.  S.  PaoDT  ;  the  Murine 
subjects  by  T.  S.  Rpbins,  and  the  Natural  History  by 
C.  Weiqall,  Members  of  the  New  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water- Colours  ;  will  be  opened  at  309,  Regent-street,  next  the 
Poljtechnic,  on  Wednesday,  Aug,  U,  at  3  and  8  o'clock. 


TABLE  AND  DESSERT  KNIVES,  IN  CASES. 

MECHI,  Cutler,  4,  Leadeiili  all -street,  has  an 
fxceilent  vatiefy  of  perfectly  new  PaUerns  in  Ivory, 
Pearl,  and  Agate  DESSERT  KNIVES  in  CASES,  and  every 
description  ot  Table  Knives,  excellent  in  quality  an'l  reasimable 
in  price.  Also  a  variefy  of  Knife  Sharpener,  fieveral  new 
patterns,  WharncIifTe  Penkoive.-*,  Scissors,  Razors,  Strops, 
Paste,  and  Shaving  PrUiibes,  ttc.  UisRazor-sfropa  and  Pa'nte 
are  well  worth  the  attention  of  those  who  find  shaving  difficult. 


THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S 
PARK,  are  open  to  Visitors  daily.  The  Collectii)n  now  con- 
tains up  wards  of  1500  specimens,  including  two  tine  Chimpanzees, 
the  Hippopotamus  (presented  by  H.  H.  the  Viceroy  of  EkjpO. 
Elephants,  Rhinoceros.  GirafFiS,  and  young  Leucorjx,  Elands, 
Bonte-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Lii  ns,  Tigers,  Ja^'uars,  Bears, 
Ostrichefl.and  the  Aptpryx  presented  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  New  Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  noff  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's 
collecion  of  Humming  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Hand  of  the  Ut  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permission 
of  Cnl.  Hall,  on  ever?  Sa'urdi-y.  at  Four  o'Clock,  until  further 
notice. — AdmisHion,  One  Shilling  ;  on  MONDAYS,  Sijcpence. 


Lately  publishefl, 

BARLEY'S  SCIENTIFIC  LIBRARY,  for  the  Use 
of  Schools,  Private  Students,  Artists,  and  Mechanics. 
It  is  the  purpose  of  this  Work  to  furnish  a  Series  of  Ele- 
mentary Treatises  on  Mathematicnl  Science,  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  the  public  at  large.  To  youth  of  either  sex  at  publi- 
aiid  private  schools  ;  to  persons  whose  education  has  been  neg- 
lected, or  whoHC  attentinn  has  not  been  directed  in  early  life  to 
euch  studies  ;  and  to  Arlists  and  Mechanics,  those  llttlo  works 
will  bo  found  particularly  suited.  The  principlfs  of  the  various 
Sciences  are  rendered  as  familiar,  and  brought  as  near  to  our 
coramoneat  ideas,  as  possible  the  demonstrations  of  proposi- 
tions are  made  plain  for  the  mind,  and  brief  for  the  memory  ; 
and  the  Elements  of  each  Science  are  reduced  not  only  to  their 
simploBt  but  to  their  shortest  form. 

♦ — ^— - 

A  SYSTEM  OF  POPULAR   GEOMETRY  ;  con- 
taining in  a  few  lessons  so  much  of  the  Elements  of  Euolid 
as  in  ncivHHury  and  sullicientfor  a  right  understanding  of  every 
Art  and  Science  In  Its  leading  Truths  and  general  Prlnoipies- 
By  OEoaoEDAaLEY,  A.B.  Cth  Edition.  4fl.6d. cloth. 
-♦— 

pOMPANION  TO  TUE  POPULAR  GEOMETRY; 
V>'  In  which  the  Elcnionts  of  Abstract  Science  aro  fanilliariuod, 
lllufttraterl,  and  rcnderurl  pracH(!iiMy  useful  to  tho  various  pur- 
popon  of  Mfo,  with  nurni-rouH  Cuts.  By  GEonoE  Daelet,  A.  11, 
hcrond  Eilitlun.     h.  (id.  cloth. 


A  SYSTEM  OF  POPULAR  ALGEBRA,  with  a 
**  HfjcUdn  on  PpopoHltiiinH  uriil  ProKroHBloiiH.  JJj  ClKolian 
IlAur.cv,  A.  II.    Third  ISdIllon.      it.  (Id. 

TAYi,r,a,  Walton,  onrl  Maukbly,  HooitnclIorB  ami  riibllBlicru 
t',  Uiilv,T«|iy  Ui.lli'uii,  as,  U|H)cr  Uowor.ttrout,  citiilv;,  l»j-liin« 
Futvru(jfil(T-ruw,  Luudou. 


THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS  ALWAYS  ON  SALE 
AT  THE  OFFICE  OE  THIS  PAPER. 

Price  3'/.,  or  53.  for  25  copies  for  di^trtbuMou  aoioDjf  C-itt^ge 
Ttoaotry,  delivered  anywhere  in  London,  on  a  Post-offi.  e 
orrter  being  sent  to  the  Publisher,  James  Mattoews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Oarilenem'  CUronicle.  In  conseq'ience  of  the 
new  postal  arraugeuients,  parties  In  the  country  who  desire 
It  can  have  copies  sent  by  po^t ;  sii  siamps,  in  addition  to 
the  cost  of  the  numbers,  will  pass  10  copies  free  by  post.  The 
costot  a  single  copy,  free  by  post,  is  la. 

'-THE   COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN 

J-  OI'ERATIOJS, 

By  Sir  Josppii   Paxton. 

Reprinted  frotn   the  GAEDENEas'  Chbonicle  ;  above  72  000 
have  already  been  sold.  "' 

CONTENTS. 

African  Lilies  Giiias 

A  gapan  thus  Gooseberries 

ei  nemones  Grafting 

Annuals  Green  tly 

Apples  Heartsease 

Apricot  Herbs 

Auriculas  Herbaceous  Peren. 
Beans  niala 

Beet  Heliotrope 

Biennials  Hollyhocks 

Black  Fly  FIoneysuL-kle 

Books  for  Cottagers  Ilors^-radisli 

Borage  Hyacinths 

Borecole  Hydrangeas 

Box  edgings  Hyssop 

Broccoli  Indian  Cress 

Brussels  sprouts  Iris 

Budding  Kidney  Beans 

Bulbs  Lavender 

Cabbage  Layering 

Cactus  Leeks 

Calceolarias  Leptosiphons 

Catifornian  Annuals  Lettuce 

Campanulas  Lobelias 

Caruations  London  Pi-ide 

GaiTots         lift  Lychnis,  Double 

Caulitlowers  Marigold 

Celery  Marjoram 

Cherries  Manures 

China  Asters  Marvel  of  Peru 

China  Roses  Mesembryanthe- 
Chrysanthemums,  muma 

Chinese  Migaoaette 

Chives  Mint 

Clarkiaa  .Mustard 

Clematis  Narcissus 

CoUinaiaa  Nemophilas 

Colewort  (Enothera  bifrons 

Oresa  Onions 

Creepers  Pceonies 

Crocus  Parsnip 

Cri.wn  Imperials  Parsley 

Cucumbers  Peaches 

CuUiuation  of  flow-  Pea-haulm 

era  in  Windows  Peara 

Currants  Peas 

DahliasDaises  Pelargoniums 

Dog's- Tooth  Violets  Perennials 

Exbibitiona,        pre-  Persian  Iria 

paring  articles  for  Petunias 

Ferns,  as  protection  Phlox 

Fruit  Piga 

Fuchsias  Pinks 

Qentianella  Planting 


Plums 
Pt'lyanihus 
P'taioes 
I'runing 
Privet 

Pn.pagate    by   cut- 
tings 
Pyr;icantha 
Radishes 
Ranunculus 
Haspberries 
Rhubarb 
Hocketa 
Rosea 

RUH 

Rustic  vaaea 

Sage 

Salvias 

Savoys 

Saxifryge 

Scarlet  Runner 

Beans 
Seeds 

Sea  Daisy  or  Thrift 
Seakale 
Select  Flowers 
Select       Vegetables 

and  Fruit 
Snails  anb  Slugs 
Snowdrops 
Spinach 
Spruce  Fir 
Spur  pruning 
Stocks 
Strawberries 
Summer  Savory 
Sweet  William 
Thorn  Hedges 
Thyme 

Tigridia  Pavonia 
Transplanting 
Tree  lilting 
Tulips 
Turnips 

Vegetable  Cookery 
Venus's     Looking- 

Glass 
Verbenas 
Vines 

VirginianStocks 
Wallriowers 
Willows 
Zinnias 


Price  35.  6rf.  (post  free). 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical   Instructions  for  its 
Formation  and  Culture.      Illustrated   by  24  Woodcuts. 
Reprinted  from  the  GiaDENEKs'  CHaoNicLE,   with  additions 
CONTENTS. 

Planting  out,  ar- 
rangement ot 
trees,  &c. 

Pushing  eye,  spring 
treatment  of  dwarf 
shoots  from 

Roses,  difterentsorts 
on  the  same  stock 

Roses,  short  list  of 
desirable  sorts  for 
budding  with  a 
pushing  eye 

Sap-bud,  treatment 
of 

Shape  of  trees 

Shoots  and  buds, 
choice  of 

Shoots  for  budding 
upon,  and  their 
arrangement 

Shoots,  keeping 
even,  and  remov- 
ing  thorns 

Shortening  wild 
shoots 

Stocks,  planting  out 
for  budding  upon ; 
the  means  of  pro- 
curing ;  colour, 
ago,  height;  sorts 
for  different  spe- 
cies of  Rose ;  tak- 
ing up,  trimming 
roots,    sending  a 


Annual  pruning 
time,  principle  of 
execution,  &.c. 

Binding  up 

Budding  knife 

Budding,  time  of 
year,  day,  time  of 
day,  state  of  the 
plant.care  of  buds 

Budding  upon  body 

Bud,  insertion  of, 
into  stock 

Bud, preparation  of, 
for  use 

Buds,  dormant  and 
pushing 

Buds,  failing 

Buds,  secui'ing  a 
supply  of 

aterpil  lars,  slugs, 
and  snails,  to 
destroy 

Causes  of  success 

Dormant  buds, 

theory  of  replant- 
ingwith  explained 

Guards    against 

Labelling        [wind 

Loosing  ligatures 

March  pruning 

Mixture  for  healing 
wounds 

Pruning  for  trans- 
plantation 


distance,  shorten- 
ing heads,    .fee. 
saw    proper    for 
the  purpose 
GRAFTING. 

Aphides,  to  beep 
down 

Free-growers,  re- 
marks on 

Graft,  binding  up 
and  tinishing 

Grafting,  advantage 
of 

Grafting,  disadvan- 
tage of 

Operation  in  differ- 
ent months 

Preliminary  obser- 
vations 

Roses,  catalogue 
and  brief  descrip. 
tionof  a  few  sorts 

Scion,  preparation 
and  insertion  of 

Scion,  choice  and 
arrangement  of 

Stock,   preparation 
of 
APPENDIX. 

A  selection  of  vari- 
eties 

Comparison  be- 
tween budding 
and  grafting 

Just  Published,  price  I  j,  trf.,  free  by  post  Is.  lOd, 
T    ABELS     FOR     THE      HERBARIUM, 

•Lj  OONSISTING  of  TDE   NAMK8  OF  THE 

Classes,  AHiances,  Orders,  and  Sub-Orders 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'S  "VR0RTABL15   KINGDOM." 

Bo  printed,  la  largo  type,  that  they  c:in  bo  out  out  and  pasted 

Into  The  Hernarium. 

Just  published,  conHlderably  enlxrgid,  price  Sa.  Gd    tho 
Third  Editlim  of 

RURAL        CHEMISTRY. 
By  Edwaed  Sollt,  P,R.^.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.sy, 
Ho'iorary    Mcinbur  of    tho    Rnyal    Agricultural    Society  ot 
England,  I'rofubsor  of  Ohrmlstry  to  tho    Hortitultural  Society 
of  London,   Lecturer  on  ChfiiilHtry    in   the    lion,  JB.   I,    Co.'s 
Military  Sumlnary  nt  AddiHciunbv,  tbo.  &o. 


Price  r>«.(W,,clotb, 
PrnnND  Fdition,  IUivinkd  and  ENtAnoRO, 

ORNAMENTAL  ANU    UUMfclSTlC    POULTRY; 
their  HiMory  and   MnnaKCnicnt.      By  the  Hev.  Edmdud 
Hadl  Dixon,  M.A.,   Ueotur  of  Intwood  with    Koswlck. 

"  This  buolt  Ih  the  host  and  most  modorn  uurhorlty  that  nan 
hfl  oouHulted  ou  tho  gouural  wianagcmont  of  Poultry."— .Stfr- 
fiiijy  Ohftirvcr. 

J.  Mattdrwb,  e,  Upper  Welliogton-atreet,  Strand. 


512 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.         [Aug.  7. 


DR.     BALMAN      ON      SCROFULA. 

Just  imblirthed,  in  8vo,  price  la.  Sd.  cloth, 

RESEARCHES  AND  OBSERVATIONS  ON 
SUKOI-'UI  0U8  DISEASE  OF  THE  EXTERNAL 
LYMPHATIC  GLaNDS.  With  OaBea.  showing  its  conn. cii... 
with  Pulu'onary  ConBumption  and  other  Diseasee.  By  Thomas 
Balhan,  M.D..  M.RC.S.,  and  L.S.A.,  one  of  the  Medkai 
Officers  vjf  St,  Ann'fi  Dispensary,  Liverpool. 

LoodoQ  :  LoNOMAN,  Bkovtn,  Obeen,  aod  Longmans. 


THE     TRAVELLER'S     LIBRARY. 

JuB'  piibliahed.  in  ISmo,  price  One  shillmE-, 

LORD  BACON.     By  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay 
Keprinted  from   Mr.  Macaulay'e  Crilicat  and.  Historical 
Essays. 

•»*  Mr,  Macaalay'fl  Three  EisayB  on  the  Life  and  Writinifs 
of  Atidison,  Horace  Walpole,  and  Lord  BaL'un,  may  now  be  bad 
in  One  Volume,  pricf  Haif-a-Crown. 

A  tnO|  in  16(110,  price  One  Shillinir. 

ELECTRICITY  and  the  ELECTRIC  TELE- 
GRAPH: toneihtr  witb  The  CHEMISTRY  of  the  STARS; 
sn  Argument  touching  the  Stars  and  their  Inhabitants.  By 
George  WiLaoN,  M.D.,  F.H.S.E. 

%•  The  above  Tw.t  Works  form  the  25rb  and  26'h  Parts  of 
The  Teavelleb's  Lideabt. — To  be  continued  Monthlj,  price 
One  Shilling  each  Part. 

London:  Lonqman,  Rrown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


CAPTAIN  PENNY'S  EXPEDITION  IN  SEARCH  OF 
SIR  JOHN  FRANKLIN. 

On  Friday,  August  13,  will  be  published,  in  2  voIb.  po^t  8vo. 
with  Two  coloured  Charts  by  A.  Petermunn,  Six  Pla'es  (four 
(•oloure*!),  and  iiuaiercus  Wood  Engraviops,  price  27s.  doth, 

JOURNAL   OF   A  VOYAGE    m   BAFFIN'S    BAY 

t>  and  BAKROWS  STRAITS,  in  the  jears  1850  and  1851, 
performed  by  H.M.  Ships  Lady  Franklin  and  Sophia,  under 
the  command  of  Mr.  William  Peony,  in  eearch  of  the  mis^illg 
crews  of  H.M.  Ships  Erebus  and  Terror:  With  a  Narrative  of 
Sledge  Ercuruijiiit  on  the  Ice  of  Wellington  Cliannel;  and 
Obeervatitms  nn  th«  Natural  Hiotory  and  Phyjcal  Features  of 
the  Countrift-fl  and  Fr.izen  Seas  visited.  By  Peteb  C.  Sdthbb> 
LAND,  M.  0.,  M.R  C.^i.E.,  Surgeon  to  the  Expedition. 

Loodou  :  Lo>ouftN,  Bbown,  Gkeen,  and  Lonquans. 


HAMILTON    ON    THE   PINEAPPLE,   ETC. 

Second  Edition,    12mo,  cloth,  price  5s..   Illustrated    with    a 
Plan  of  the  Pine  Stoven  at  Thomfifld, 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  HAMILTONIAN  SYSTEM 
OF  CULTIVATING  THE  PINB-APPLB  on  Suckers 
attached  to  the  old  Stouls.  Also  a  sbort  Account  of  the  Modes 
adopted  by  POme  of  the  most  eminent  Pine  Growers;  with  a 
detail  of  the  Author's  method  of  CuUiv«tiug  the  Vine  and 
Cucumber  in  the  same  tloune.  By  Joseph  Hamilton,  Gar. 
deaer  to  F.  A.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Thorntield,  near  Stockport. 
London  :  Groumdridge  und  Sons.  5,  Paternoster-row. 


"  He  tbKt  tilleth  his  land  ^halt  be  satisfied  with  bread." 
Just  published,   Fifth  Edition, 

pATECHISM    OF    COTTAGE    FARMING. 

Vy  "  If  any  one  desires  'O  help  an  alio  ment  tenan'ry  or  the 
cultivators  of  small  farm"!  to  manage  their  land  more  profit, 
nbly  than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustooied  to  do — 
we  venture  to  rpcoinmend  this  little  Cathecism  aa  likwlv  to  he 
very  useful  for  distribution  among  them."— Gardenera'  Chronicle 
and  Agricultural  Gazette. 

Also,  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  GARDENING. 
Price  id.  each  ;  13  copies  sent  free  by  post  f  >r  4s.  6d.  The 
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d'tfiiiing  an  improved  knowledge  and  practice  of  Farming 
and  Gardening  among  the  smaller  class  of  cultivators. 

Also,  Third  Edition,  price  2s  ,  bound  in  cloth, 
RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 

AND  GARnSNKRS:  A  Treasury  of  Inf-rma-ion  on  Cow- 
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Honey  Bee,  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
&c.,  Ac,  Ac.     By  Maetih  Dotlr,  and  i»ther«. 

**  It  is  all  that  it  professes  to  he." ~  Britiik  Quarterly  Review. 
"This  is  rural  economy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and 
orm  ;  its  mul'ifarious  and  intercRting  SU' jects  may  actually 
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we  may  add.  to  be  partih\»t^(i." —Chrtitian  l^iineM. 

London:  Geoomb>.idoe  and  Sonh.  Paieruuater  Row. 
Sold  by  all  Booksellers. 


NEW     EDITI  ON     OF 

PROFESSOR   LINDLEY'S    INTRODUCTION    TO 

BOTANY. 


TAYLOR'S    BEEKEEPERS    MANUAL. 

Fourth  edition,  revised  and  enhirged,  with  nearly  lOtt 

Il'UStrations,  price  4s  ,  post  free, 

THE   BEE-KEEPER'S    MANUAL;    or    Practical 
Hints  on  the  Management  and  comple'te  Preservatiou  of 
the  Honey  Bee.     By  Henry  Tatlob. 

London  :  Geoombbidqe  and  Sons,  5,  Paternoster-row  ; 
and  all  Boiksellers. 


THE  BOOK  OF  THE  GARDEN. 
By  GHABLE3  M'Intosh. 
PART  VI.  for  August  contains  PLANT  BOUSES,  g  3, 
Oranneries;  4,  Heatb-houseft ;  5,  Orchid  Hou-es  ;  6,  the 
Aquarium  ;  7,  Window  Gardening.  PITS  and  FRAMES— §  1, 
Pits  and  Frames  heated  by  fermentation  ;  2,  Pits  heated  by 
Smoke-flues,  Tanks,  Hotwater- pipes  and  Steam  ;  3,  Cucumber 
and  Melon  ITousph;  5,  Conservative  Pits.  GARDKN  STtiUC 
TURE3.  —  5  1,  Gardeners'  Houses,  with  112  Illustrations, 
engraved  by  BrHU'ittm  ;  and  publishing  monthly,  in  Parts,  5s, 
W,  Blackwood  and  Sons,  Edinburirh  and  London. 

ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

HENRY  WRIGHT,  Agricultural  Library,  51, 
HaTMABKET.  bi  g3  to  announce  taat  ho  has  on  Sale  a 
few  copies  of  the  CAT aLOGUES  of  the  IMPLEMENTS  and 
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July  Hih,  15  h,  and  16  h ;  price  Is.  eacb,  or  prepaid  by  poet, 
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JH  appeu'ierl  thi?  Prize  Award  Sheet). 


PRICE  FOURPENCE  OF  ANY  BOOKSELLER. 

CONTENTS  OF  THE  NUMBER  for  SATURDAY 
LAST.  JULY  31,    OF 

TH  E     ATH  EN/EU  M, 

JOURNAL  OF  ENGLISH  AND   FOREIGN    LITERATURE, 
SCIENCE,    AND    THE    FINE    ARTS, 

Tneuty.four  Large  Quarto  pages, 
Eevle\ps  of,  with  Exteacts  feou— 


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Man  and  Chri.itianity. 
Austria    in    1848-9.     By 

Stiles. 
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port  of  Juries. 
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Observations  of  a  Tourist.  By 
C.  Von  Arnim. 

Atlantic  and  Transatlantic 
Sketches.  By  Capt.  Mac- 
kinnon,  R.N. 

Poems.    By  Dr.  Holmes, 

With  Shoetee  Notices  of— 

Days   of  Bruce.      By    Grace  l  America  as  T  found  if. 
Aguilar.  Memoir  of  Chimier. 

Pastors  in  the  Wilderness.  By    History  of  Council  of   Trent. 
N.  Peyrat.  I      By  L.  Bungener. 

Original  Papers.- — Syllogism  as  Extensive  ai  Compre- 
hensive —  University  of  London  (Report  of  Select  Corn- 
mt»ee)— Poetry  :  '  A  Thousbt  in  Swiizerlaud.' 

Foreigrn  Correspondence. — Berlin :  The  Royal  Library 
of  Berlin. 

Our  "W^eelEly  Gossip, — Juvenile  Pauper  Emigration— 
Exhibi'ioiiof  Indus-rial  Arts  in  Sheffield — French  Scientific 
Expeoition — Temporary  Museum  of  Irish  Antiquities- 
Monument  to  Jenuer — The  Rewards  of  Inventors— Sub- 
marine Teleiiraph  —  Social  Influence  of  Raiiwaja — The 
German  Revolutions  and  the  University  Professors  — 
Austrian  Censorship  in  Italy— Skeleton  of  James  IV.  of 
Scotland. 

Fine  Arts. — New  Art  Publications— Arundel  Society— 
Statues  of  Sir  R.  Peel — Mr.  Linton's  Picture  of  *  Argoa  ' — 
Bjldugh  Hall — Belgian  Exhibition  of  Fine  Arts. 

rduste  ana  tbe  Z>rania. —  New  Publications  —  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre  (Mitdame  Charton  in  *  La  Sonnam- 
bula')— Drurj-1ane  (Mr.  Buchanan's  *  Hamlet'). 

nSnslcal  and  Dramatic  Cosstp.— Norwich  Musical 
Fea'ival— New  Comic  Opera  ~  New  Mu-ical  Society  — 
London  Sacred  H  irnionic  Society— Chamber  Conceits- 
Continental  Musical  News. 

Miscellanea.—  New  York  Crystal  Palace  —  Elpctro- 
Magntilc  Mo'ive  Power— A  Hint  for  Railway  Directorfl- 
German  Pomal  Un'on. 

Order  tue  AtUenaftum  of  any  Bookseller. 


Just  published,   in  2  vols.   8vo,   with   Six  Copper-plates  and 
numerous  Wood  Engravings,  price  24s.  cloth, 

TNTRODUCTION        TO      BOTANY. 

J-  By  Professor  LiNDLET,  Ph.D.,  F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Botany 
in  Univer.'stty  College,  London,  &c.  4th  Edition,  with  Correc- 
tions and  numerous  Additions. 

It  has  been  the  Author's  wish  to  bring  every  subject  that  he 
baa  introduced  down,  as  nearly  as  possible,  to  the  state  in 
which  it  is  found  at  the  present  day.  In  doing  so,  he  has 
added  so  very  considerable  a  quantity  of  new  matter,  especially 
in  what  relates  to  Vegetable  Anatomy  and  PhysiDlogy,  that  the 
present  Edition  may  be  considered,  in  chose  respects,  a  new  work. 

Extract  from  Peeface, 

In  this  new  and  enlarged  Edition,  the  Author  has  followed 
very  nearly  tbe  method  recommended  by  the  celebrated  Pro- 
fessor De  Candolle,  than  whuni  no  man  is  entitled  to  more 
deference,  whether  we  consider  the  soundness  of  his  judgment 
in  all  that  relates  to  order  and  arrangement,  or  the  great  ex- 
perience which  a  long  and  most  successful  career  of  public  in- 
struction has  necessarily  given  him. 

The  Author  has  begun  with  what  is  called  Organogbaphi 
(Book  I.) ;  or  an  explanation  of  the  exact  structure  of  plants  ; 
a  branch  of  the  subject  comprehending  what  relates  either  to 
the  various  forms  of  tissue  of  which  vegetables  are  constructed 
or  to  the  external  appearance  their  elementary  organs  assume 
in  a  state  of  combination.  It  is  exceedingly  desirable  that  these 
topics  slfould  be  well  understood,  because  they  form  the  basis 
of  all  other  parts  of  the  science.  In  physiology,  every  function 
is  executed  through  the  atrency  of  the  organs  :  systematic 
arrangements  depend  upon  characters  arising  out  of  their  con- 
sideration ;  and  descriptive  Botany  can  have  no  logical  pre- 
cision until  tbe  principles  of  Organography  are  exactly  settled. 
A  difference  of  opinion  exists  am'ing  the  most  distini;uished 
botanists,  upon  some  points  connected  with  this  subject,  so 
that  it  has  been  found  expedient  to  enter  occasionally  into 
much  detail,  for  the  purpose  of  satisfying  the  student  of  the 
accuracy  of  the  facts  and  reasonings  upon  which  he  is  expected 
to  rely. 

To  this  succeeds  Vegetable  Phtsiologt  {Book  II.) ;  or  the 
history  of  the  vital  phenomena  that  have  been  ob=erved  both 
in  plants  in  general,  and  in  particular  species,  and  aUo  in  each 
of  their  organs  taken  separately.  It  is  that  part  of  the  science 
which  has  the  most  direct  bearing  upon  practical  objects.  Its 
laws,  however,  are  either  unintelligible,  or  susceptible  of  no 
exact  appreciation,  without  a  previous  acquaintance  with  the 
more  important  dt-tails  of  Organography.  Much  of  the  subject 
is  at  present  involved  in  doubt,  and  the  accuracy  of  some  of 
the  conclusions  of  physiologists  is  infeired  rather  than  demon- 
strated ;  So  that  it  has  been  f  lund  essential  that  tbe  grounds  of 
the  more  popularly  received  opinions,  whether  admitted  as  true 
or  rejected  as  erroneous,  should  be  given  at  length. 

Next  follows  Glossology  (Book  III.)  ;  or,  as  it  was  formerly 
called,  TEBMiNuLooy  ;  restricted  to  the  definition  of  the  ad- 
jectivo  terms,  whicli  are  either  used  exclusively  in  Botany,  or 
which  are  emptnyed  in  that  science  in  some  particular  and 
unusual  sense.  The  key  tu  this  book,  as  also  to  the  substantive 
terms  explained  in  Organ oitrapby,  will  be  found  in  a  copious 
Index  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

London:  Longman,  Beown,  Geeen,  andLoNOMANa. 


Sales  &g  ^uctim. 

ORCHIDS. 
THE    COLLECTION    OF     A    GENTLEMAN    REMOVED 

PROM  KENT, 
|\/T  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  instructed  to  Sell  by  Auction, 

J^'J  at  his  Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent.garden,  oa 
FRIDAY,  August  20,  and  f.tllowing  day.  at  12  for  1  o'clock, 
the  COLLEC  I  ION  OF  ORCHIDS  of  a  Gentleman  who  is  giving 
up  the  cultivation  of  this;trib«  of  Plants  ;  it  includes  many  rare 
and  valuable  specimens  grown  ii  the  most  aimirable  manner, 
and  well  calculated  for  exhibition.— May  be  viewed  on  the  day 
prior  and  mornings  of  Sale;  and  Catalogues  had  of  Mr.  J.  C. 
Stevens.  38  King-street.  Coven t-irardeu. 

COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS. 

FROM  THE  COLLRCnON  OP  THE    CELEBRATED 

HRREDRR.    MR.  HOLT. 

lyrR.  J.  C.  STEVENS,  will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  hia 

i-'-l  Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Coveut-garden,  oa 
WEDNESDAY.  Uth  of  AugUBt.  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  an  assort- 
ment of  COCHIN  CHINA  POULTRY,  including  a  prize  Cock 
of  great  merit,  witb  a  number  of  firct-ciass  Hens  and  Chickens, 
early  batched  ;  and  some  Spaniah  Fowls  of  excellent  breed. 
—  May  be  viewed  on  the  morninj:  of  sale  ;  and  Catalogues  had  of 
Mr.  J.  C.  Stevrns,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  London. 


COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS,  OF  FIRST-RATE  BREED. 
lyi  R.  J,  C.  STEVENS  is  directed  to  Sell  by  Auction,. 

TTT  "'^  ^''  Oreat  Room,  38.  King-street,  Coveot  Garden,  ou 
TUESDAY.  17'h  August,  at  12  for  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
stock  of  COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS  of  a  well-known  Amateur, 
who  obtained  prizes  at  tbe  last  Birmingham  Show.  It 
lousists  of  24  old  birds  and  about  70  Chickens,  varying  in- 
ane  from  6  to  3  months,  particularly  fine  and  well-feathered  ott 
tbe  leg«,  and  almost  all  of  ihem  of  the  favourite  colours,  buff 
and  yellow.  They  are  from  the  celebrated  breeds  of  MessrB. 
Sturgeon,  Andrews,  and  Moody,  or  exclusively  of  croases 
between  these  strains.  There  are  also  two  pairs  of  pure  black 
Cuickens  of  tbe  same  breed. —  May  be  viewed  ou  tbe  morning" 
of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  36,  King- 
street,  Covent  Garden. 

IN  THE  EXHIBITION   BUILDING. 

TO  PLUMBERS,  GLAZIERS,  BOILOERS,  HORTICUL- 
TURISTS. CONSRRVATORY  AND  GREENHOUSE 
BUILDERS,  AND  OTHERS. 

i\/I  R.  LEREW  is  favoured  with   instructions  froroi 

i»J.  Messrs.  Fox.  Hendeeson,  and  Co.  to  Sell  by  Auction, 
on  the  premises,  the  Crystal  Palace,  Hyde  Park,  on  TUESDAY^ 
August  10,  and  following  day,  at  1  o'clock  each  day,  exact 
time,  about  80,600  nquares  of  GLASS,  10  tons  of  GULLET,  i(y 
tons  of  LEAD,  large  ornamentinl  FOUMTAlN,  30  handsome 
GAilDEN  SEATS,  and  much  other  useful  property.  May  be 
viewed  two  days  prior  to  the  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had,  oa 
rtpplication  at  Messrs.  Fnx,  Henderson,  and  Co.'s  Offices,  in 
the  Exhibition  Building  ;  Mr.  J.  Birch,  Ed  ward- street^ 
Regent'8-park ;  and  of  Mr.  Leeew,  Auctioneer,  Cardington- 
street,  Hampstead-road,  near  the  Euston  station,  Londou. 

FAR  MS  TO   BE  LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  with  possession  at  Michaelmas,  a 
FARM  containing  about  3C3  Hcres  of  Arable  and  Pastnro 
Land,  and  a  small  quantity  of  Copse;  is  situate  within  twa 
miles  of  a  good  market  ti>wu  and  a  first-class  railwar  station^ 
32J  miles  from  London.  There  is  a  eond  supply  of  water,  an 
excellent  high  ro  id  runs  through  the  Farm,  and  the  tenant 
will  have  the  privilege  of  shooring.  Tbe  soil  is  a  deep  dilu- 
viu(n  of  clay  and  chalk,  upon  tbe  chalk  rock,  thoroughly 
drained  4  feet  deep  with  pipes,  and  it  is  capable  of  producing 
heavy  crnps  either  of  Roots,  Barley,  Wheat,  or  Beans,  To  the 
House  and  Buildings,  which  are  commodious,  though  not  of 
modern  erection,  necessary  repairs  wiil  be  done  by  the  land- 
lord. There  is  no  limber  that  can  be  prejudicial  to  the  tenant. 
For  terms  and  cards  to  view,  apply  to  Mr.  HoaiBERT,  Land 
Agent,  Watford,  Herts. 


ENGINEERING    SCHOOL   CLASS-BOOKS. 


In  crown  8vo,  is.  Gd.  bound,  witb  220  Diagrams  engraved  for 
the  Work, 

EUCLID»S  ELEMENTS  OF  PLANE  GEOME 
'  TRY  ;  with  Explanatory  Appendix  and  Supplementary 
Propositions  for  Exercise.  Adapted  for  the  Use  of  Schools,  or 
for  Self-instruction. 

By  W.  D.  Coolet,  A.B.,  Author  of  the  "  Histoid  of  Maritime 
and  Inland  Discovery,"  "  The  Negro-land  of  the  Arabs,"  &,c. 

**  Tbe  editor  has  done  nil  that  could  be  done  to  make  Euclid 
easy  to  beginners." — Cambridge  Chronicle. 

' '  Mr.  Cooley  seems  almost  to  wish  to  contradict  his  own  motto, 
that '  there  is  no  royal  road  to  Geometry,'  for  following  in  the 
steps  of  Playfair,  he  has  considerably  diminished  both  the 
volume  of  the  work  as  well  as  the  labour  of  tlie  student.  Pre- 
fixed to  the  Elements  are  some  remarks  on  the  study  of  mathe- 
matics, as  valuable  for  the  elegance  of  their  style  as  for  the 
correctness  of  their  reasoning." — Civil  £/ngineer  aiid  Architect's 
Journal. 

"  This  is  the  best  edition  of  the  Elements  which  has  yet  ap- 
peared." — AVienasum — "  which,  for  brevity,  clearness,  and  dis- 
cerning attentiun  en  the  wants  of  learners,  cannot  be  easily  sur- 
passed."— iMblin  Unioersity  Magazine. 

"  Will  be  found  of  considerable  value  as  an  aid  to  teachers  of 
the  Mathematics." — i\'ew  Monthly  Magazine. 


Uniform  witb  the  '  Elements,'  price  8s.  Gd. 

COOLEY'S  GEOMETRICAL  PROPOSITIONS 
DEMONSTRATED;  or,  a  Supplement  to  Euclid  :  beini:  a 
KEY  to  the  Exercisee  appended  to  the  '  Elemeuis,'  for  the  use 
of  Teachers  and  private  Smdents.  Upwards  of  1^0  Propositions 
reduced  from  tbe  first  Six  Books  of  Euclid,  are  illustrated  in  it 
by  new  Diagrams. 

WfiiiTAKEa  and  Co.,  Loudon. 


■yO  LET  for  a  TERM— A  DESIRABLE  FARM,. 
-L  in  Middlesex,  \i  miles  from  Oxford-Htreet  and  Piccadilly, 
containing  about  600  acres,  part  arable  and  part  meadow,  ia 
average  proportion,  will  be  vacant  at  Michaema-^.  It  is  moat 
eligibly  situated,  and  very  compact,  has  an  excellent  residence, 
with  good  farm  buildings,  and  is  three  mil«8  from  the  market 
town  of  Uxbridge,  which  is  considered  the  best  corn  market  in 
the  Uinedom,  and  about  three  milea  from  a  station  on  the- 
North-Western  Railway.  The  rit-ht  of  shooting  will  go  with 
the  land,  which  has  been  strictly  preserved  for  many  years.  A 
considerable  portion  of  the  land  has  been  drained, — May  be 
viewed  ai  any  time,  bv  permission  of  the  tenant;  and  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained  of  Messrs.  Roomieu,  Walteeb, 
and  Co.,  9,  New-square,  Lincoln's-inn,  Lnnoon. 


L^ARMS  TO  BE  LET,  in  Hampshire,  in  the  neigh- 

-T  bourhood  of  Winchester  and  R-.msey,  advantageously 
situate  for  markets  and  railway  commuuication.  Rent  and 
incoming  expenses  moderate,  and  leases  granted  if  desired. 
One  Farm  contains  343  acres  of  land  cuited  for  a  Sheep  Farm  j 
a  commodious  Dwelling-house,  and  a  variety  of  Farm  Buildings  i. 
Manure  Tanks  and  Sheds,  suited  to  modern  farming,  in  good 
repair.  The  other  FARM  contains  550  acres  of  land  suited  for 
a  Sheep  Farm  ;  a  goiid  Farm-house  and  Buildings  in  good 
repair;  and  will  he  let  either  separately  or  with  the  firat- 
nained,  which  adjoins  it.  Can  be  entered  upon  at  Michaelmas. 
—For  further  particulars  apply  to  A.  B.,  Post-office,  Stock- 
bridge,  Hants. 


NURSERY   TO   LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  may  be  entered  upon  at  Christmas, 
an  old  establish-d  Provincial  Nursery,  about  50  miles 
from  London,  conveniently  situa'ed  near  a  railway,  and  close 
to  an  important  town.  The  grounds  are  about  4  acres  m 
extent,  with  Dwelling-house,  GreeohMu^es,  Pits,  Frames,  ana 
other  conveniences  for  carryint;  on  budiness. 
Apply  to  Messrs.  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery,  London. 


NURSERY,  SEED,  AND  FLORIST'S  BUSINESS. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  Goodwill,  Stock,  Crops, 
and  Effects  of  a  loog-estabHshed  BU^INKSS,  "tu^l© 
about  15  miles  from  London,  in  a  populous  county,  andiweU 
adapted  in  every  respect  for  an  enterpri*m^  person  possessed 
ofcapital.-ForfurtherparticuIara.  applytoMessra.  PaoTUEEOE 
and  MoEEiB,  Leytonstone.  Essex;  or  to  Messrs,  Tdbtin  and 
Paterson,  Solicitors,  4,  Bride-court,  New  Bridge-street,  Black- 
friarp,  London, 


friiited  by  William  BaA..BtJftt.  of  No  13,  Upper  Woburn -place.  In  tb« 
p"  f.h  of  St.  PBncraa.  «Dd  I'bki.-b.ck  Mui.lstt  ^va«.  of  ^o  7  Churchy 
row  Stoke  NewiuKion,  both  m  tbe  Coupiy  oi  UiddieB-x  PmterB.  ajtbftf 
Office  in  Lon.b«M.-.treet,  in  tbe  freciuct  of  Vfbtefr.ar«^  in  the  City  of 
London;  aud  pabliphed  by  them  at  itie  office.  No.  &,C'>arle8-Btreet, In 
the  parish  of  St  Pttul's.  Covent- Harden.  In  the  said  County,  whete  all 
AJvertl^cm'ntB  unA  UoramunicationB  are  to  be  addbbsbbd  iotsb  ISpiToa. 
— Satubbat.  Aosuor  7.  1853. 


E  GARDENERS'  CHRONICL 

AND 

TTEo 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News -The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  33.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    AUGUST   14. 


[Price  6^. 


INDEX. 


BeaaB,  Scarlet  Karmer 

Berwickshire  (Eait)   Fanneis' 

CiQb 

Bees 

Bees'-VTKX  

Biscuit,  meat 

Box  iDsectt , 

Bread,  moiJeni ,, 

Batte-. rancid  ....  

Calendar,  hnrticulturai 

CapeTowa  BotHnic  Garden.... 

Conns  niaicuU 

Crystal  Palace  new 

Drialc^,  cooling 

Education  tind  emplof  meat  .. 

Eatomalosiciil  Society 

ErtcolofRje  

EriastemoDS 

Farmla?. fork^hire 

Fire  inauracice 

food,  meat  biscuit 

Fork  T.  »pa)c    

Fruit  tree?.  Rivers' dwarf  .... 
Glass,  rouih  plaie 

—    Yiolet     

Goosebe  f r>',  1  ante    

Grapes.  disea5*d  ....     

Gnffitb's    Pottbumoas  Papers 

Gaano.  adultErotiob  of. 

Harvest 

Hepatica,  wlite 

Hi^hlaad  Sociery'3  meeting  ,, 
Lsbuurece 


5)3 

"1 

5:5 

J 

olS  b    1 

5:0 

.Sl.i 

SIR 

A 

Wi 

r 

.r'l 

t>--'il 

n 

5;>r 

51>) 

c 

i>17 

51S  b    1 

ftl7 

n 

.ilK 

b'.'.-t 

alii 

r. 

S14 

r. 

olS 

a 

t.!7 

b 

h\^ 

aia 

b 

.s  .s 

.')]9 

ftr'i 

f>?i 

■'>I7 

c 

.i'.H 

b-3 

6 

La  wen*  (Mr  ),  experiments  . 

Leaf  burning 

Lewes  show 

Manure,  sewage 

Mecbi'3  (llr.).  speech   

Melon  K'OwinfT 

Midlnnd  Hort.  Siciety 

Oatg,  traosmutuiloaof  ..... 

Oilcake  poiaoaous 

Orchid  hljcks   , 

PalmaCbnsti 

Pursnip  ciw 

Po'Ktces  in  old  tau  .......... 

Potato  disease 1 

Poultry 

PeyllaBuxi    

Kain 


.  517  e 
.  5:3  o 
.  5i3  c 


Reapioc  macbinea 

Roses  tbisyenr 

—    Mauetii  stock    

Ro^hamsied  experiments 

Rye,  Ergot  of. 

Salads 

Sewage 

Seedtoe;,  thiu 

Silkworms 

Spade  V  fork 

Sulphur,  adulteration  of 

Tan  V  Potato  diseBse    

TriilHis.  bisEnty  of,  Sc,  rev,    .. 

ViGioria  Regia 

Yurkshirc  agricultural  meet- 
ing      


5113  b 

517  c 

6:1  b 

517  b 

SI7  6 

h-2-2  a 

517  a 


519  c 
517  e 
517  b 


SALISBURY  DAHLIA  AND  HOLLYHOCK 
EXHIBITION.— The  grand  Annual  Exbibition  of  the 
above  Society  will  take  place  in  the  Palace  Garden  of  the 
Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop,  en  Tuesday,  the  Slat  day  of 
AugTi'it  next.  Iq  addition  to  the  usual  prizes  a  Silver  Cup, 
Talue  Five  Guineas,  will  be  given  by  John  Ketnes,  for  12 
blooma  of  Da'ilias  sent  out  by  him  at  any  Time. 

Full  particulars  on  application  to  John  Keynes^  Hon,  Secre 
tary,  Salisbury. — August  14. 


GR.AND    FLORAL    AND    MUSICAL    FETE,    at 
COLXE  PARK,  ESSEX,  near  the  C[)at.el  St'ition  of  the 
Easteru  Union  Railway,  on  FUIDaY.  AUGUST  the  27th. 

EXTRA  PRIZ'-^S  (Open  TO  All  England)  will  be  awarded 
for  the  be.-t  36  dissimilar  DaHlIA  BLOOMS,  2!. ;  fiecond  be«% 
K.  IO5, ;  third  best,  U.  For  the  best  21  dissimilar  HOLLYHOCK 
SPIKES,  21.  ■  Pecond  best,  II.  10s.  ;  third  best,  U. 

Entrance  lee  :  Subscribers,  2s.  6d.,  Non-Subscribers,  5s, 
Exhibitors  must  forward  the  entrance  fee  to  the  Secretary 
one  day  at  least  before  the  Show  day. 
Halstead,  Aug.  14.  G.  P.  Abden.  Hon.  Sec. 


ASHFORD  HORTICLLTUjSAL  SOCIKTY.— 
A  GflAND  HuRTICULTURaL  FETE,  DAHLIA,  and 
FRUIT  snow  rOpEM  TO  All  EhOLAKDj,  will  take  pUce  on 
FRIDAY.  SEPTEMBER  3d,  in  ihe  Horticultural  Grounds 
adjoining  the  Railway  Station,  Aahford.  The  celebrated  Band 
of  the  Royal  Artillery,  Woolwich,  will  attend. 

Schedules  of  Prizes  may  be  had  on  application  to  Finlay 
Feaber,  Sec — «nath_Eaatern  Nursery,  Aahford,  Auff.  14, 


THE  GRAND  LONDON  DAHLIA,  HOLLY- 
HOCK, AND  HOSE  EXHIBITION  will  tak*-  place  at 
Notting-bill,  ou  TcEsDAY,  24th  of  August,  1852,— Full  parti- 
culara  un  applicatiou  to  the  Committee,  at  the  Mitre  Tavern, 
Kottiog-tiil.— Aujjust  14. 


PLANT  LOVERS  who  wish  to  enrich  and  beautify 
their  collections  at  a  cheap  rate,  and  yet  with  good  plants, 
may  accomplish  their  wiehes  by  application  to  WILLIAM 
MASTERS,  EXOTIC  NURSERY,  CaNTERBDRY,  as  the 
following  liBt  will  attest  :^ 


12  Plants    of    Succulent?,    of 
distinct  kiodR,  Os.,  l8s.,ZQs. 
12  Fernii,  12«.,  18i.,  24*. 
12  Orchids,  I8a.  to  iiOe. 

12  Heaths,  Os.,  123.,  18s..  24*. 

13  Fancy  Oeranmmi,  12^. 

12  Oreenbouee  Plants,  Os.   to 
18#. 


12  Stove  Plants,  123.  to  303. 

12  New  Sikkim  Rhododen- 
drons, 428. 

12  CamelJiaa  set  with  flower- 
bads,  30». 

12  Azaleas,  123,,  18s.,  24fl. 

12  China  Plants,  introduced 
by  Fortune,  2U. 


Orders  are  reepectfally   solicited,  and  will  be  nunctuallv 
attended  to.  ■' 


BEACH'S  QUEEN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— 
IlaTinK  taken  eeveral  Prlzts  these  two  jear.*  with 
QDEE.N'S  STRAWBERRIES,  thousands  of  thtm  weiKhlng 
Qpward*  of  2  or.,  many  of  them  I  exhibited  lust  year  in  the 
Cryital  Palactt  upward*  of  3  f  z.,  and  this  year,  at  Chi-.wick 
they  gained  two  Kutghtlan  Med!»l8  on  July  lOth  ;  and  also  oii 
the  14th  Juit.  the  Head  Prizj  at  the  Great  Show  nt  Lewes,  Set- 
alto  Dr.  LiDdle)'t  opinion  of  them  In  the  OaTdcnera'  Chronicle 
of  the  10:b  of  July,  and  likewise  Mr.  Cuthlll'B  account  of  my 
plAc«  in  th'  iaatv  Journol  of  the  24:h  of  July.  Strong,  healthy, 
and  fine  pliot*  are  now  ready  to  be  stnt  out  at  &a.  per  100,  bu» 
Incladtd.— Poat^>fHce  Orders  on  JTouonIow  to  Mr  1  h'o.mas 
BiACB,  Market  Gardener*,  Wortoo,  Islewurth,  ni-ar  London. 

CUTHILLS   PRINCE  OF  WALES  AND   BLACK~ 
PRINCE  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS 

THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES  waa  ramcd  in  I«40  ;  it 
1»  the  lnumt  wc  hare  In  tbli  country— still  in  bearing, 
AagOHt  1.  The  flairour  is  cicoilent;  a  fccorlot  conc-Hhapi  (i 
fruit,  about  ihu  size  of  a  Ksuti  ;  thrown  Uh  blootn  well  up 
foliage  light  K''«en,  nnd,  like  it«  royal  roldtivo  (tho  Black 
PrlDc«},  so  enormooi  bearer.  If  planted  on  a  northern  unpcc'. 
It  will  b*ar  up  to  Scpttmber.  Price  U.  per  100,  or  10*.  GU.  lor 
W  (a  ftvr  pluntw  extra  allowe'l  to  the  Trad*), 

A!lotbcc<-lehrate>l  BLACK  I'KINCK,  the  earlloimn  England: 
thU  year  they  wvie  picked  in  the  open  ground,  at  Hi.  per  tb,,  b> 
ma.  B<e  alK>  Mr.  Meredith's  account  of  itn  forcing  (]U>ili(lis  h> 
tbeDakeof  Bu'.herland'*,  Will  be  ready  for  delivery  on  th> 
23d  liftnnt. 

CtiTMitt'i  Pomphlct  on  the  Potato,  Aaparairuo,  Hcaknlo, 
Rhubarb,  Slrnpvbcrry,  Melon,  Cucut/ibtr,  Ac,,  2#,,  or  by  posi 
2(,  4'i.  Al«o  bin  "Mftrltot  Gardening  round  Loudon,"  !«  (W, 
ftrbypo^t  Ij.  Hd.  Tho  iruo  LapBf)Ne  Kidney  H#.  per  buihcl, 
"(Mi^'^tSict  order*  on  Cimb.  rwolt-grcen. 

Jamei  (:vTUH,i't  CAmbernell,  London, 


NYMPH/EA   GIGANTEA,   ALIAS  VICTORIA  FITZ- 
ROYANA. 

STANDI'SH  AND  NOBLE  having  received  a  few 
tubers  of  this  fine  aquatic,  from  North(-ra  Australia,  in 
good  condition,  can  offer  >hem  at  from  7  to  15  guineas  each. 
The  flowers  are  of  a  beautiful  blue  colour,  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  the  leaves  are  from  18  inches  to2feet  acroaa.  Altogether, 
it  is  little  inferior  to  the  ma^'nificent  Victoria  Regia ;  and  it  has 
the  additional  value  of  requiring  only  the  temperatuie  of  a 
greenhouse. 

»,*  A  new  Catalogue  of  select  and  hardy  Plants  can  be  had 
by  inclo'iinff  a  ?d.  postage  stamp.— Btgshot.  August  14. 


AVERSCHAFFELT,  Nurseryman,  Ghent,  Bel- 
•  gium,  begs  to  announce  that  he  wilt  fend  out  on  the 
15th  September  next,  his  fine  new  CAMELLIA,  "GENERAL 
DROUOT,"  on  the  following  conditions  :— 

Plants,  3  feet  high,  with  branches £1  12     0 

Do.,    2     do.,  do.  14     0 

Do.,  young  grafted  plants,  with  two  to  three 

bases      0    8    0 

N.B.  Hia  New  General  Catalogue  of  Plants  will  be  ready  in 
a  few  days. 

MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 
new  and  choice  Plants,  which  they  will  forward  to  any 

part;:—                                                                                        s.  d. 
12  Orchidea,  choice  species  and  good  plants,  including 
Stanhopeas,  Dendrobiums,  Epidendruma,  Oncidiums, 

&c.,  for 30  0 

50  Choice  Greenhouse  Plaotp,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name  (  his 
collection  is  highly  recommended  for  new  green- 
houses, &c.)        40  0 

50  Choice  fragrant  flowering  Stove  Plants  and  Climbers  45  0 

24  Choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  6ort,  by  name    16  0 

12  New  Azalea  Indicas,  one  of  a  sort           ...             12s.  to  25  0 

12  Camellias,  choice  sorts,  set  with  buds 30  0 

Some  large  Cnmellias,  Orange  Trees,  and  Azaleas  for  sale. 

34  Fine  new  Fuchsias,  do.,  do.          10  0 

12  Fine  new  Gloxinias,  do.,  do.          10  0 

12  Fine  new  Achimenes,  do.,  do 10  0 

Passifloras    and    Jasminums,    Stove    and    Greenhouse 

species,  ea'ch      1  6 

Gnrdt;nia  florida,  radicans,  and  Fortunii,  per  doz.        ...  18  0 

12  Tea-scentsd  Roses,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name,  in  pots    ...    9  0 

12  Climbing  Jo.,  choice  sorts,  in  pots          6  0 

Rosa  Devoniensis,  on  their  own  roots,  in  pots,  Ci.-  for 

beds,  per  dojea             9  0 

Miniature  or  Fairy  Roaea,  i  Forta,  fine  for  edgings,  per 

dozen        ...^''     ,.;          ...         ...     6  0 

12'Bourbon  Roses  in  pots,  one  of  a  sort,  for  beds             ...  10  6 

Cloth  of  Gold  and  Yellow  Noisette  Rosfs,  per  dozen      ...  10  0 

12  Choice  Cbrypanthemiiift",  "ew  oorts,  b;  name 6  0 

12  New  Dwarf  Pompon  (■'■■r.pf  *■  -heDuims,  du.,  do.         ...    8  0 

12  New  Perennial  Germ.m  Phloxes,  one  of  a  sort            ...     8  0 

New  Geraniums,  .show  and  fancy,  at  reduced  prices. 

New  Verbenas  and  Petunias,  per  dozen      6  0 

12  Ferns,   beautiful  varieties,  suitable  for  Glass   Cases, 

Greenhouse,  Stove,  and  hardy  r  ck-work,  each  selection  10  0 

Choice  Vines,  a'^rong  plants,  from  eyes,  in  pots,  per  doz.  15  0 
Fine  Strawberry   Plants  of  all   the  leading  kinds   at  the 
advertised  prices. 

Calceolaria,  Cineraria,  Primula,  Pansy,  Cyclamen,  Auricula 
and  Geranium  Seed,  by  post,  each  packet,  \s. 

Catalogues  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Roaes,  &c. 
Albion  Nursery,  Stoke  Newington,  London,  Aug.  14. 


CHOICE    CALCEOLARIA    SEED,    ETC. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  Nurseryman,  Warminster, 
Wilts,  begs  to  announce  that  he  is  now  sending  out  the 
following  SEEDS  :— 

CALCEOLARIA,  saved  from  hia  large,  choice,  and  beautiful 
collection  of  free  blooming  and  tine  spotted  varieties,  from 
2b.  C(Z.  to  5j.  per  packet. 

PANSY,  all  from  choice  showflowera.  Is,  to2s.G(i.  per  packet. 

CINERARIA,  from  a  fine  collection,  I3.  to  23.  Qd.  per  packet. 

CHINESE  LARKSPUR,  saved  from  a  beautiful  collection 
of  various  colours,  from  pure  white,  skjblue,  variegated,  dec., 
to  dark  blue.  Is.  p-T  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM,  produced  by  beautifully  Striped  and 
trirolored  kinds,  I3.  per  packet. 

Remittances  accompanying  the  orders  will  ensure  the 
delivery  of  the  above  postage  free. 

G.  W.  aUo  begs  to  offer  the  umler-menlioned  desirable  kinds 
of  Strawberries — Victoria  (Trollop'tt),  a  hit-hly  approved, 
prolific,  early  kind,  and  an  excellent  forcer,  20s.  per  ICO,  or  33. 
per  dozen  ;  Black  Prince  (CuihillV),  very  early,  good  bearer, 
and  a  good  forcer,  83.  (Jti.  per  100;  Eleanor  (Myait'o),  large, 
late,  and  excellent,  3s.  Gd.  per  luO  ;  Stirling  Castle  Pino,  a 
largo,  late,  good  bearing,  and  hardy  kind,  Homewliat  of  iht- 
British  Queen  flavour,  5a.  per  100.  Older  eetcemed  kinds  from 
23.  CJ.  to  3b.  Gd   per  100. 


lEEDS  SUITABLE    FOR  PRESENT  SOWING. 


PAUAGONCABBAQE,vory8upcriorflavour,theearlie3t   s.  d. 

sort  trrown,  per  paper         ...         ...         .,,     0     0 

BATH  COS  LETTUCK,  black  seed,  fine  sort,  per  paper  0  C 
MOGUL  CABBAGE  LI/rTUCR,    very   lar^e,    new   sort 

from  Holland,  a  denlrublo  kind,  per  paper     1     0 

ONION,  largo  sort  from  Madeira,  mild  in  flavour,  stands 

the  wintei',  per  paper  1     0 

SPINACH,  Now  Gigantic,  very  productive  and  hardy, 

per  quart         2     0 

TUUNIi'.  Early  Snowball,  per  oz.  0     a 

CALCEOLARIA,  naved  by  an  Amateur  from  splendid 

ahow  llowerw,  per  papur 1    0 

PANr^Y,  Bavcd  by  Thomson  from  tho  btst  nhow  Ilowont, 

p'  r  p^iiur         1     0 

STOf;KH.  Autumnal,  ?lx  horiuiifiil  doublo  varlellus  ...  2  I) 
HCARLET   INTKHMEDIATE  STOGK,  veiy  largo  and 

double,  pf-r  pfi[((-r     ,,,         ...         ...         ...         ,,,         ...     0     (1 

TUnOMA  DVaKIa.  a  ■p'.ndid  iu>v«jlty,  p'T  piiitor  ...  1  0 
I'RIMULA  HINKNSI.S  I'lAIBRIATA,  viirlous  bhados  of 

c»»lourii,  per  paper  1     0 

Tho  ubovo  may  bo  had  of  Wm.  DKNYua,  BoedBtnun  iind 
Florlut,  61f,  Oraccutiurch-strutit,  London. 


-     T^EW   FRIENDS  to  the   Family   of  Mr.  James 

■tx.  Caeton,  once  Gardener  at  Syon  Houee,  and  n/^-  wholly 
destitute,  h-tving  formed  a  small  purse,  id^"^'.  "    may 

emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  eoliefficient  lomi  id, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  tlij^g  j^merican.  • — 
Subscriptions  will  be  received  by  John  I'  ^.^  vVace 

Cottage,  Holloway,  London.  never,. 

DUTCH    FLOWER    BulBS. 

J  CARTER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  No.  238, 
•  High  Holborn,  London,  beg^  to  announce  the  arrival  of 
his  first  supply  of  DUTCH  BULBS.  Hyacinths,  Narcissus, 
Tulips,  Crocuses,  &c.,  for  early  forcing,  may  be  had  imme- 
diately. His  extensive  Catalogue,  comprising  many  new 
varieties,  is  in  the  press,  and  will  be  forwarded  gratis,  and 
prepaid,  on  application, 

HE  MONTH  OF  AUGUST,  being  a  good  time  to 

plant  Strawberries  for  the  following  seaKon,  tlio^^e  who 
valu-  clean  good  fruit  are  invited  to  read  Me.  COTTINGHAM'S 
LETTER,  publit-hed  with  f^is,  and  to  purchase  Robeets's 
Stbawberet  Tiles,  which  should  be  placed  round  the  plants 
when  the  beds  are  laid  out,  as  he  recommends  in  his  Treatise 
on  the  "  Culture  of  Strawberries  ;"  and  if  they  do  not  answer 
his  representations,  he  will  return  the  money  paid  for  them. — 
Letters  addressed  to  him  at  the  Tile  Works,  Upnor,  near 
Rochester,  will  be  immediately  attended  to,  and  his  Treatise 
returned  for  six  postage  stamps. 

Copy  of  a  Letter  sent  to  the  "  Observer"  Newspaper  27th  July,  1853. 
"  Delce  Lane  Strawberry  Gardens,  Kocheater. 
*'  Sir, — As  a  large  grower  of  Strawberries  for  many  yeara, 
I  have  much  pleasure  in  adding  my  tes'imony  to  the  reatarks 
published  some  time  since  in  your  Paper  on  the  use  of  Roberts's 
Strawbeiry  Tiles.  I  was  induced  to  try  a  thous«nd  of  them 
this  season,  and  found  that  with  the  tiles  the  Strawberries 
were  ripe  a  fortnight  sooner  than  without  them,  the 
flavour  much  improved,  and  fruit  perfectly  clean  and  free 
from  dirt,  which  I  consi'ler  a  great  rec">mraendation.  As  Inade 
the  trial  with  some  prt-judice  against  the  invention,  I  think  it 
but  an  act  of  justice  to  the  inventcr  to  give  the  public  the 
benefit  of  niy  esperitnce,  which  must  be  my  apology  for 
trespassing  on  your  tolumns. — I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  S.  CoTTINGHAai," 

"  To  the  Editor  of  the  Observer,  newspaper." 


HOLLYHOCKS  saved  from  Rubida,  Rosea  Grandi- 
flura,  Auraniia,  Queen,  Model  of  Perfection,  filack 
Prince,  Sulpburea  Perfecta,  20s.  per  10'),  a  p^rtioa  of  each 
kind,  or  ^epara'e  ;  80  out  of  every  100  of  these  kinds  come  true 
from  seed,  and  in  manj  iudtances  oupeiior  to  the  originals. 

Strawberry  Plaots.  all  the"  apfoved  kinde,  2s.  6d.  to  5s.  pep 
100,  strong  plaots,  true  to  Uriine. 
DiLLisToNEaud  Co.'s  Nurseries,  Sturnisp  H,.:-,'«ad.— Aug  14. 


CAMELLIA    NURSERY,    GHEl^T,    BELGIUM. 
JOSEPH    BAUMANN    offers    to    the   Trade— 

J     100  Camellias,  fine  varieties,  wtthou'.  flower  buds,    £  a.  d, 

1  foot  hieh,  1  year  old       2  10     0  ' 

100  Camellias,   fine    varieties,   without  flower  buds, 

1  foot  high,  2  years  old     ...     3  10     0 

100  Camellias,  fine  varieties,  from  1  to  2  feet  high, 

41. 10s.  to     G     0     0 
lOO  CamoLias,  fine  varieiies,  from  2  to  3  feet  high, 

8i.  to  10    0    0 
.100  Camellias,  fine  varieties,  from  3  to  4  feet  high, 

121.  to  16    0    0 
100  Camellias,  fine  varieties,  with  flower  buds,  1  foot 

high  6E  to    G    0    0 

100  Camellias,  fine  varieties,  viith  flower  buds,  from 

1  to  2  feet  high SI.  to  10     0     0 

100  Camellias,  tine  varieties,  with  flower  buds,  from 

2  to3  fee',  hib'h 12t   to  IG     0     0 

100  Came  lias,  fine  varieties,  with  flower  buds,  from 

3  to  4  feet  high 18E.  to  20     0     0 

100  Deurziagricilis         2i,  to     4     0     0 


CAMELLIAS,  AZALEAS,  ETC.,  WITH    FLOWER-BUDS. 

A     VAN  GEERT,   Nurseryman  and  Provider  to  ■ 
•   several  Courts  of  Europe,  Ghent,  Belgium,  bega  to  offer 
fine — 
CAMELLIAS,  wellaet  with  flower-buds,  of  the  leading  varletiea 

at  61.  per  HjO  und  upwards. 
CAMKLLIA  SrOi^KS,  ready  for  grafting,  at  253.  per  100. 
INDIAN  aZALI?AS,  lif  the  lending  free  flowering  varietlea, 

witb  flnwer-budH,  at  Is.  each  and  upwards. 
GHENT  HARDY  AZALEAS,   with  flower-buds,   of  the  beat 

sorts,  Is.  -hi   en'-h  and  upwards. 
LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  ALBUM  and   RUBRUM,  flowerinff 

rootB,  Is.  each. 
ASCLBI'IaS  TUBEROSA,  strong  flowering  roo's.  30s,  perlOO, 
A  collection  of  3)  lino  now  varieties  of  Hardy  Hybrid  GHENT 
RHODODENDRONS,  late  flowering,  3J. 
A.  V.  G.V  new  Cutulnguu  of  Plants,  just  published,  maybe 
had  on  applica  loo  to  liis  Agent,  Mr.  R.  SiLUEaaAD,  5,  Harp. 
luno.  Great  Tuwur-street,  London. 

A  refiTence  fioin  unUnown  corroipouf'enfg. 

IVERS'    LARGE    YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 

SEED  (the  growth  ol  the  picsoiit  season).  Prlci>  la.  per  lb. 

riiis  Turnip  had  Its  origin  In  i84iwlth  the  Stubble  Swede; 
and  has    been  ruiicatedly  tented   with  other  kinds  of  Yellow 

furnip,  In  wlildi  Its  superiority  was  vory  aiiparont— in  its 
•iwoutiieHS  ol  flavour,  and  in  Its  vigour  of  growth.  Portholast 
throe  yours,  on  various  soils,  It  has  yielded  from  12  to  IG  tona 
per  acre,  wiien  «own  in  tho  early  part  of  August;  and  It  hag 
tho  advantagti  of  ket-pMig  In  clamps  quite  latu  in  tho  t^pring. 

Riveuh' Stubhio  Swede,  i.rico  la.  (Itf.  pur  lb.     Orders  to  the 
iiinoiint  lit  Hifl   paid  to  '  ondori,  — Suwbrldgeworth,  He'-ta. 

PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 

I  OF  The  SUN.-Uho  E.  F.  ARCHER'.S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
p<M-fi;at  nun-coixliiuror  of  hi'at,  and  udinitting  light  wuhoub 
h<-H',  wht-To  a  rovoi'liig  is  riqulrud  ;  it  ia  2  yards  wido,  and  an^ 
length,  at  lo.  id.  pi  r  yai  d,  aud  much  clu-upur  than  Bass  Matfii 
E.  F,  Aucfimij  'iQl,  Oxford  Btro^at,  London, 


514 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  14, 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITIONS     IN     REGENT     STREET. 


THE  COUNCIL  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  Hereby  Give  Notice,  tliat,  with  a  view  to  the 
further  encouragement  of  good  cultivation  at  all  seasons  and  in  all  branches  of  Garden'nir.  Med;i!3  and  Certificates  of 
Merit  will  be  given  ut  the  General  Meetint^s  of  the  Society  in  Regent-street,  during  the  years  1852  and  1353,  according  to  the 
following  Schedule,  and  under  the  Regulations  thereto  annexed : — 

Strawberries  (one  dish  only  shown  by  each  EX' 
hibitor) 


1852. 

OcroBEa  19.     Tliird  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

The    best    collections    of   Hardy    Annuals  (cut 
flowers),  each  sort  named  correctly       ...         ...     SB,  C, 

Table  Pears,  correctly  named,   in  collections  of 

six,  two  specimens  of  each  sort  to  be  produced    SB.  C. 
Green  Peas,  named  correctly  C. 

NoVEMBEE  2.    First  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

ChrysantbemumB   (shown  in    sixes,  in  pots  not 

exceeding  11  inches  in  inside  diameter)  ...     SK.  SB. 

Alpine  Strawberries SB.  C. 

(iivEtif^ivn  In  three  beads)         C. 

jj^hiiiing  each  Plj  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p  m. 

London:  LoNOMjpg.   geath?   (shown  in  sixes,   in 
~'VIN  pFNNV'hanll  inches ininside  diameter)    SK.  SB. 
Taoi^  -ird  in  October SB.  C. 


The  bee  I 


Slf^f 


forced  Vegetables 


SB.  C. 


183S. 

Jandakt  18.     Tldrd  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

The  best  collection  of  Hardy  Winter-fiowering 

Plants  (cut  flowers  admiesible) SB.  0. 

EngUsh  Grapes  S  li.  C. 

The  best  and  most  varied  Salad SB.  C. 

Febrcart  15.     Third  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  P.M. 

Camellias  (shown  in  threes,  in  pots  not  exceeding 

15  inches  in  inside  diameter)        SK.  SB. 

Table  Pears,  as  in  October ...     SB.  C. 

Lettuces  (shown  in  sixes)      SB.  C. 

March  I.    First  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Chinese  Primulas  (thown  in  pairs  in  9-inch  pots)    SB.  C. 
Himalayan  Primulas,  in  pots  SB.  C. 


SB.  C. 

New  Grapes       SK.  SB. 

March  15.    Third  Tuesday.  Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Hybrid  Rhododendrons  (one  pot  only  to  be  shown 

by  each  Exhibitor) SK.  SB. 

Strawberries  in  pots,  in  threes        SB.  C. 

The  beet  and  most  varied  Salad     SB,  C, 


April  5.    First  Tuesday 

Hyacinths  (shown  to  pots  in  sixes) 

Fruits  or  Vegetables,  preserved  whole  by  private 
persons  for  family  U9e,  without  sugar  or  vinegar 
(shown  in  bottles  of  white  glass,  one  bottle  of 
each  kind),  accompanied  by  a  written  account 
of  the  manner  in  which  they  have  been  pre- 
pared     

Forced  Peas 


Meetiog  at  3  p.m. 
SB.  C. 


SB.  C. 

SB.  C. 


April  19.  Third  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Cyclamens,  in  pots SB.  C. 

Cherries   (one  dish  only  to  be  shown  by  each 

Exhibitor)        SB.  C. 

CaulifiDwers,  in  sixes SB.  C. 

Uay  2i.  Fourth  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p. m 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables    SK.  SB. 


June  28.    Foiirth  Tuesday.  

The  two  beat  collections  of  Vegetables 

Jolt  26.    Fourth  Tuesday 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

SK.— Silver  Knightian  Medal. 
SB. — Silver  Banbsian  do.^ 
C. — Certilicatc  of  Merit, 


Meeting  at  3  p.m 
...     SK.  SB. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m 
...    SK.  SB. 


1.  The  Medals  and  Certificates  of  Merit  are  on  no  account 
to  bo  increased  beyond  those  named  in  this  schedule.  They 
are  to  be  given  for  fine  cuUivaiion,  and  not  for  mere  novelty, 
which  is  to  be  a  secondary  considerauonwith  the  judges,  unless 
attended  by  great  excellence. 

2.  Prizes  may  be  withheld  if  the  objects  exhibited  for  com- 
petition do  not,  in  the  opinion  of  the  judties,  deserve  them. 

3.  Although  thofo  subjects  of  exhibition  which  are  thus 
specially  indicated  are  what  the  Council  are  most  desirous  of 
receiving,  nevertheless  other  objects  are  also  admissible,  and 
additional  pvixcs  may   even  be  given  fur  them  ;  proiiideti  i'lCj/ 

.possess  very  conspicuous  merit.  The  Silver  Knightian  Medal 
will  be  the  highest  addititmal  reward  which  the  judges  can 
bestow,  witbout  the  special  sanction  of  the  Council. 

4.  In  a  future  year  other  kinds  of  produce  will  be  selected 
for  special  competition. 

5.  Cut  flowers  are  not  admissible,  except  when  it  is  expressly 
so  stated. 

6.  Dishes   or  baskets    for  fruit    and    vegetables    must   be 


furnished  by  the  Exhibitors,  if  they  are  present  or  live  near 
London .  The  Society  will  oiily  find  dishes  for  what  comes  from 
a  con'iiderable  distance. 

7.  Fruit  must  be  perfectly  ripe  and  perfectly  coloured,  or  it 
will  be  di-qualified. 

8.  Vegetables  must  be  produced  in  the  state  in  which  they 
are  offered  for  sale  in  the  best  class  of  shops,  and  properly 
prepared  for  the  cook. 

D.  Foreign  fruit  and  vegetables  are  admissible,  but  not  in 
competition  with  produce  of  home  growth. 

11).  Everything  must  be  in  the  room  three  hours  before  the 
meeting,  and  ready  for  inspection  by  the  Judges  two  hours 
before  the  meetiog.  If  anything  received  later  is  allowed  to 
be  exhibited,  ic  will  be  liable  to  exclusion  fiom  conipo'ition. 

11.  Exhibitors,  and  Exhibitors  only,  can  receive  passes  to 
enable  thtm  to  return  to  the  meeting-room  after  the  Prizes 
shall  have  been  adjudicated.  Two  hours  before  the  meeting 
they  mu^t  quit  the  room,  in  order  that  the  Judges  may  be 
undisrurbed. 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS, 

FOK  RIDGE  AND   FURROW   ROOFS,  GREENHOnSB=i,    RAILWAY    STATIONS,    ENGINE    SHEDS,    MILLS, 
MARKET-HALLS,    ASD    PDBLIO    BUILDINGS  GENERALLY. 


Foa   CoNSEflVATORTES,    PUBLTC    BDILDINQS,    MAWnFACTOfilES, 

Skylights,   tfec,  «fcc. 


Packed  in  Cbates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  :^ 

31)  inches  Tvide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  ,,  50  to  70    ,,  


a  Squahes,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    0      

)  by    G  and  under  10  by 


by 
by  10 
feet  sup. 


H  by  10      ... 
IJ  feet  super,, 

5  „ 

G  .. 

8  „ 

10  „ 

15  „ 


if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long  . 


20 
30 
39 
40 
45 
65 
70 


40 
49 

65 
70 

85 


Oue-eighi?ij 

3.16tl: 

inch 

J  inch 

inch  thick. 

thick. 

thick. 

s. 

ci. 

s. 

d. 

s.  d. 

\     0 
/ 

6 

0 

8 

0  10 

0 

4 

0 

6 

0    7 

0 

a 

0 

7 

0     8 

0 

5 

0 

7 

0     9 

0 

54 

0 

7 

0     9 

0 

6 

0 

8 

0  10 

0 

HI, 

0 

8 

0  10 

0 

7 

0 

Hit 

0  10 

0 

v* 

0 

9 

0  V>i 

0 

8 

0 

H 

Oil 

0 

U 

0  10 

1    0 

0 

9 

0  11 

1    1 

1 

0 

1     2 

Packed  in  Boxes  of  50  Feet  ejch. 

Ins.    Ins.    Inn.    Ins.  s.    d. 

G  by  4  and  ej  by  4i 10    6 

7  by  5  and  74  by  5i 12    0 

8  by  6  and  84  by  64 13    0 

9by  7  and  9}  by  74  and  10  by  8  15    0 

Note. — Squares  are  charged  according  to  tbe  superficial  con- 
tents, e.Tcept  where  the  length  exceeds  the  restriction  above, 
in  which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Bending. — l-8th,  6d.;  3-16(7w,  9d.;  ^  inch,  Is.  per 
foot,  net. 

*»*  Irregular  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 

When  Crates  are  ordered,  the  30-inch  widths  will  le 
sent,  unless  othcni>ise  specified. 

JAMES     PHIL 

HORTICULTURAL    GLASS    MERCHANTS,    116, 


THE  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  weighing  2  lbs.  to  tbe  foot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  very  extensive  and  increasing  consumption. 

/(  is  universally  admitted  to  he  the  best  and  most  suitable 
Glass  fm'  Ridge  a/ad  Furrow  Roofs^  Ch'eenhouseSj 
Factories,  Worhsliops, 
And  all  such  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efficient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strength,  and  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suit- 
able for  the  Glazing  of  Conservatories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds  ; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
3C(yrching  occurs. 

Where  fiiil  greater  strength  is  required  the  3.16ths  and  J  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Hough 
Plate.  Samples  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 

LIPS    AND     CO., 

BISHOPSGATE    STREET  WITHOUT,    LONDON.  ' 


GLASS. 

THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S    FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100-feet  boxes  pacned  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and    fij  by  4^      13s.  Od. 

1  „  5  and    7i  by  5i 15     0 

8  „  5  and    8    by  5i       15     0 

8  „  6  and    8^  by  6J       17     6 

9  „         7  audio    by  8        20    0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
StOUGFl  PLATB.  perfectly  flat,  Jin.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches 6d.  per  (oot, 

..        „         35      8d.         „ 

>.        »        50     g^d.      „ 

,,.„   _       ..         M         75      12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
andl^lates;  Cucumher.  Propaeating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
iraps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Biehopsgate- 
street  vvuhuut  Lont^on,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.—Estabhshed  100  years. 


PWING'S     PATENT    GLASS    "WALLS. 

*~*  — The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained:— Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  die,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  die, 
Fulhara,  London;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  die,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  DicUson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull.  Nurserymen,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  StaflFord. 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
tieleu's,  Lancashire. 

The-e  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  vpbich  they  become  elegant  hothouses  nn 
'.be  beet  principle.     Existing  W alls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
MHchinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Miiidlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapept  in 
England. — A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,   ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  Sci, 
per  square  foot,  fur  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SL/VTES.  WATEIt. PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATB  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Sobo-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

TT     J.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 

J.X  •  CoLoDR  MEaCHANTS,  125,  Queen-street,  Porteea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  wholesale  prices,  Crown  and  Horticultural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee, Cucum- 
ber, and  Propagating  Glasses,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  &c.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Piumbert.' Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.  B. —  Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  deuiand  for  them 
than  B.  D,  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  diipatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  3  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  J2ft.  rafter,  400  ft.,  23i.  6s. Sd.'- 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  30i.  IBs.  8d. ;  28  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ratter,  713  ft.,  4ll.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
moat  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,} 
'-'  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 1 
water  Apparatus  Manufacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry  J 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water  | 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses,  j 
Conservatories,  Pifs,  itc,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com-  j 
bluing  all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleraaa  1 
can  select  the  descriptioa  of  House  best  adapted  for  every  I 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  fwhich  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

Theoplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  AUo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Tines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  andEstimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings ;  also 

Catalogues;  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on  application, 

J,  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 
AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  cod- 
.-truction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with  i 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by  ] 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to  I 
executi'  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility,  i 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  cnn  with  the  greatest] 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hor-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most  i 
approved  Bnd  scientific  principlpR,  for  all  purpo"ei  to  which  the* 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


L 


33— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


515 


JOHN  HENCHMAN  has  still  on  Sale  a  few  packets 
of  his  Choice  CINERARIA,  CALCEOLARIA,  and  PANSY 
SEED,  each  at  2s.  6d.  per  packet.— Edmonton.  Augua-  U, 


THE  NEW  AND  BEAUTIFULLY  VARIEGATED-LEAVED 
PLANT, 

CISSUS    DISCOLOR    (BLUMEJ 

WILLIAM  KOLLISSON  and  SONS  beg  leave  to 
infurm  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  the  trade,  that  they 
intend  eendinp  oat,  on  and  after  the  27th  of  Sep'eraber,  their 
new  and  beautifully  variegated-leaved  climbing  phint,  C  (S  >US 
DISCOLOR,  of  Ulume.  which  has  been  so  univt-raally  admired 
this  summer  at  the  Cbiswick  and  Regent's  Park  Exhibidons. 
Price  21s  per  plant.  The  usual  allowance  to  the  trade  if  two 
or  more  plants  are  ordereiS. — Tooting  Nursery,  near  London. 

■NEW  AND   CHOICE  SEEDS  FOR  PRESENT  AND 
AUTUMN   SOWING. 

JOHN  CATTELL   has   now  ready  to  send  out  the 
following  Seeds,  post  free,  at  per  packet,  as  annexed  : — ■ 
CALCEOLARIA,    saved  from   a  very  fiac    coUecliou,    and 
-carefully  impregnated,  2s.  6d. 

Dlreciions  for  sowing,  «fcc.,  will  accompany  each  packet. 
The  produce  from  the  Calceolaria  seed  J,  C.  has  hitherto  sent 
-out  having  given  such  universal  satisfaction,    and  the  many 
testimonials     he    has  received  in  praise  of    its    excellence 
^enables  him  to  recommend  this  with  the  greatest  confidence. 
CINERARIA,  from  newest  and  tine^t  varieties,  2s.  Gd. 
GERANIUM,  from  new  florist  varieties  sent  out  last  autumn, 
2s.  Gd.  ;  IS  seeds. 
Do.  older  first-rate  varieties.  Is. ;  18  seeds. 

Do.  from  new  fancy  varieties  sent  out  last  aatumn, 

2s.  6J.  ;  18  stieds. 
Do.  older  first-rate  varieties.  Is, ;  18  seeds. 

Do;  saved  from  scentt  d  varieties.  Is. 

SCHIZANTHUS  RETU3US,  6d. 

Do.  Do.        ALBU3,  Gd. 

Twen'v-five  sorts  of  fine  showy  hardy  Annuals,  for  fl.owering 
■"in  the  open  ground  in  spring,  4s.  ;  larger  packets,  Gs. 

Twelve  sons  of  fine  showy  half-hardy  Annuals,  for  early 
•flowering  in  the  preenhouse,  3s.  ;  larger  packet?,  4s.  Gd. 

Orders  from  unknown  correspondents  to  be  accompauied  with 
a  remittance. — Weeierham,  Keot. 


STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— The  under-mentioned 
first-rate  varieties,  which  have  all  been  thoroughly  proved 
to  the  satisfaction  of  their  grower.',  are  now  ready  for 
aeoding  out. 

TROLLOP'S  VICTORIA,— This  ia  one  of  the  finest  Straw- 
berftes  ever  yet  sent  out ;  it  has  been  exhibited  at  numerous 
exhibitions  last  season  and  this,  and  proved  superior  to  all 
others  f'r  its  superb  quality,  and,  as  an  early  forcer,  is  not 
equalled  ;  11.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen  plants. 

CREMOVT'S  PERPETUAL  OR  DOUBLE  BEARING 
STRAWBERRY  ;  11.  per  hundred,  or  33.  per  dozen. 

"MT ATI'S  SURPRISE,  extra  fine        10s.  Od.  per  100. 

PRINCE  ARTHUR,         ditto      7     6         „ 

BLACK  PRINCE,  a  first-rate  early  variety  ...     5     0         „ 

PROLIFIC,  very  fine  and  early  5    0        „ 

ELEANOR,  the  best  and  latest  bearing  Straw- 
berry, many  of  the  fruit  growing  to  2^  oz., 

verv  fi'-m.  and  first-rate  for  travelling  ...     5     0         „ 

BRITISH  QUEEN  (true) 3     6        „ 

BRITANNIA  (very  fine) 5     0         „ 

STIRLING  CASTLE  STRAWBERRY  (fine)      5    0        „ 

ELIZ\ 5     0         „ 

GLOBE  5     0         „ 

ALICE  MAUDE       3     6         „ 

"GOLIATH" 3     6         „ 

The  above  are  stroni;  welLrooted  plants,  and  such  as  will 
ensure  satisfaction.  Fine  plants  can  be  had  for  potting,  if 
required,  which  were  pricked  ofiF  for  the  purpose  early  in 
the  spring. 

N.B.  Those  Strawberries  at  3s.  per  dozen  will  be  sent  postage 
and  packaee  free. 

FINE  ANTIRRHINUMS,  all  saved  from  striped  and  spotted 
varieties,  sach  as  will  give  every  satisfaction  and  bloom  early 
next  Sf-ring.  5s.  per  hundred. 

SWEET  WILLIAMS,  48  superb  varieties,  Ss  per  hundred. 

SEEDLING  HOLLYHOCKS,  extra  fine,  saved  from  all  the 
best  varieties  in  cuitivatioo,  and  such  as  will  eive  satis- 
faction, 11.  per  hundred,  or  3s.  per  dozen.  (One  hundred  of 
these  puperb  Hollyhocks  were  planted  out  in  a  bed  last  autumn, 
and  86  of  them  proved  to  be  double  flowers  and  equal  to  the 
varietiee  they  were  saved  from). 

A  remittance  mast  accompany  the  order,  either  by  penny 
postage  stamps  or  a  post-office  order,  on  receipt  of  which  the 
whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above  will  be  sent  hamper  and 
packaze  free 

Edwaed  Tile7.  Naraeryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Chorcbjard,  Bath,  Somerset. 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  U,  1852. 


We  are  now  abont  to  see  what  Gardening  can 
•do  UNDER  CLASS  on  a  grand  scale.  Hitherto  im- 
perfect triumphs  over  nature,  and  of  the  smallest 
dimensions,  have  been  enough  to  satisfy  the  ambition 
of  man.  To  a  few  square  yards  of  earth,  screened 
by  a  veil  of  glass,  and  called  a  greenhouse,  or  hot- 
house, or  perhaps  conservatory,  assisted  by  some 
lengths  of  pipes  for  water  or  of  flues  for  smoke,  we 
have  trusted  for  a  view  of  the  flora  of  every  latitude, 
and  for  watching  at  our  leisure  the  phenomena  of 
a  vegetation  too  delicate  for  the  rude  climate  of  our 
northern  station.  We  are  now  to  see  what  gardening 
«an  do  when  unrestricted  by  cost  and  nnconfined  by 
such  narrow  space  as  it  has  previously  been  cramped 
in.  Sir  Josei>;i  Paxton  has  begun  the  experiment 
of  a  park  under  glass.  The  Crystal  Palace  at 
Sydenham,  in  which  the  great  Conservatory  at  Kew 
would  make  an  aviary,  has  been  commenced  in 
earnest ;  the  plans  arc  decided  upon  j  the  workmen 
are  there ;  levela  are  made ;  roads  are  cutting, 
mounds  are  rising,  a  forest  of  iron  is  again  invading 
the  ground,  and,  if  the  directors  of  the  operation 
are  not  mistaken,  nine  months  will  bring  the  whole 
to  a  completion. 

The  place  that  has  been  selected  for  this  experi- 
ment is  a  hill-side  on  the  borders  of  Kent  and 
Surrey,  close  to  Norwood,  and  looking  to  the  south. 
Than  the  situation  nothing  can  be  more  beautiful ; 
from  the  summit  of  the  hill  the  eye  ranges 
over  a  fertile  valley,  richly  wooded  and  winding 


along  till  it  fades  into  the  horizon.  Though  near 
London,  there  is  not  a  symptom  of  its  neighbour- 
hood ;  the  trees  are  as  healthy,  the  foliage  as 
verdant,  the  Grass  as  clean  as  in  Derbyshire  ;  nor 
is  there  any  probability  of  the  vicinity  being  dis- 
coverable for  years  to  come — for  the  hill  turns  its 
back  to  the  metropolis,  with  all  Dulwich  and  Heme 
Hill  between.  It  is  just  below  the  ridge  of  this 
hill  that  the  new  Crystal  Palace  is  to  be  placed, 
with  its  three  transepts  at  right  angles  to  the  ridge  ; 
the  principal  transept  will  be  100  feet  higher  than 
the  old  one,  and  thus  the  building  will  become  a 
landmark  for  miles  around.  The  great  fault  of  the 
old  building  was  its  insufficient  elevation,  and  the 
long  unbroken  line  of  its  walls.  The  new  situation 
enioves  the  first  of  these  defects,  and  the  other  is 
effectually  cured,  not  only  by  the  new  transepts,  but 
by  throwing  out  two  vast  wings  from  the  extreme 
ends  of  the  building  and  at  right  angles  to  it ;  so 
that  the  whole  will  form  a  kind  of  court  %vilh 
three  sides,  the  garden  side  remaining  open.  The 
area  of  this  court  is  to  be  an  enormous  parterre 
enriched  with  statuary  and  fountains.  Away 
from  it,  right  down  the  hill,  stretches  a  long  broad 
walk,  terminated  by  a  circular  basin,  and  having 
on  either  side  a  richly  decorated  garden  abounding 
with  pieces  of  water  intermingled  with  shrubberies, 
and  alive  with  fountains.  The  other  portion  of  the 
ground,  forming  the  park,  will,  we  presume,  be 
converted  into  a  pleasure  ground,  where  visitors 
may  enjoy  themselves  as  they  best  like. 

The  interior  of  the  Palace  will  form  a  garden  of 
some  13  or  14  acres,  in  which  the  Palms  of  the 
tropics  are  to  contrast  with  the  Orange  and  Myrtle 
of  milder  regions  ;  and  the  visitor  is  to  stroll  among 
groves  of  Camellias  and  Chinese  Azaleas. 

Well  might  Mr.  Laing,  the  chairman,  exclaim  at 
the  ceremony  of  raising  the  first  pillar  of  this 
pile,  that  "although  he  had  at  first  felt  inclined  to 
reproach  the  Legislature  with  indifference  to  the 
wishes  of  the  people,  when  the  old  Crystal  Palace 
was  refused  a  resting  place  in  Hyde-park ;  yet 
experience  had  taught  him  that  it  was  better  that 
the  people  should  be  left  to  cany  out  its  own  idea." 
He  might,  without  impropriety,  have  even  thanked 
those  whose  opposition  he  had  so  greatly  deprecated. 
The  truth  is,  that  for  all  purposes  of  a  great  public 
garden,  Hyde-park  was  the  worst  site  that  could 
have  been  chosen.  A  level  piece  of  ground  on  the 
edge  of  a  great  ugly  public  road,  close  to  a  crowded 
neighbourhood,  exposed  to  the  smoky  vapours  of 
London  as  long  as  a  puff  of  easterly  wind  can  be 
felt ;  inaccessible  except  by  roads  that  a  few  hundred 
carriages  render  impassable ;  and  what  is  worse  than 
all,  fixed  in  a  royal  park  where  there  could  not  by 
any  possibility  have  been  that  freedom  of  action 
which  is  so  desirable  in  all  great  operations,  difficulty 
after  difficulty  would  have  arisen,  and,  although 
skill  and  perseverance,  aided  by  a  friendly  Legislature, 
might  have  overcome  them  all,  yet  it  is  certain 
that  under  no  circumstances  could  that  success  have 
been  achieved  which  may  be  looked  for  confidently 
in  the  pure  air,  beautiful  scenery,  and  sequestered 
though  freely  accessible  situation  of  Sydenham. 

No  one  can  regard  this  enterprise  from  a  horticul- 
tural point  of  view,  without  extreme  interest.  Skill, 
taste,  and  unlimited  means  may  now  put  forth  their 
strength  as  they  never  could  before  ;  there  is  not  a 
problem  in  heating  or  ventilating  that  may  not  here 
be  solved  ;  all  the  disputed  questions  connected  with 
the  perfectly  healthy  growth  of  free  vegetation  under 
glass,  may  be  settled  by  direct  experiment,  and  the 
public  may  learn  here,  although  from  works  on  a 
large  scale,  what  it  is  possible  to  do  on  a  small  one. 

Although  the  construction  of  fountains  is  not 
strictly  a  horticultural  question,  belonging  rather  to 
the  engineer,  yet  it  is  so  generally  associated  with 
gardening,  that  we  may  be  permitted  to  add  a  word 
upon  the  subject  in  this  place.  It  is  unfortunately 
notorious  that  we  have  not  one  single  instance  near 
London  of  what  deserves  the  name  of  a  foun- 
tain. In  or  near  this  great  metropolis,  there  is 
not  a  square,  nor  a  park,  nor  a  garden, 
in  which  a  fountain  is  even  attempted ;  and  yet, 
few  things  in  their  way  contribute  more  to  salubrity 
or  personal  comfort,  or  exercise  a  more  agreeable 
influence  on  the  mind.  Fountains  are  perhaps,  next 
to  sculpture,  the  best  evidences  of  refined  taste. 
Asa  substitute  for  them,  we  have  a  squirt  or  two 
in  St.  .James's  Park,  and  a  couple  of  turncocks'  jets 
in  Trafalgar-square — and  that  is  all.  The  Crystal 
Palace  at  Sydenham,  will,  we  trust,  render  the 
perpetration  of  such  absurdities  impossible  in 
future.  It  is  well  known  that  Sir  .Tosk™  Paxton 
is  the  only  man  in  this  country  who  combines  with 
the  taste  of  a  landscape  gardener  an  intimate 
practical  knowledge  of  tho  mode  of  constructing 
fountains  on  a  large  scale.  The  "  Emperor  "  and  the 
dancing  fountains  at  Cliatsworlh  are  familiar 
records  of  bis  power.  At  Sydenham  we  are  to  see 
what  his  unfettered  okill  can  do  in  this  way.    Water- 


works are  to  be  a  great  feature  of  the  place  ;  we  are 
to  have  plenty  of  fountains  everywhere  always,  and 
on  grand  days  others  are  to  be  set  in  action.  Jets 
are  talked  of  250  feet  high.  We  are  to  have  the 
grandes  eaitx  of  Versailles,  without  the  trouble  of 
going  to  Paris  in  search  of  them. 

Let  all  these  things  be  executed  in  the  spirit  in 
which  they  have  been  conceived,  and  London  will 
possess  one  more  point  of  attraction  in  which  the 
world  will  in  vain  attempt  to  rival  her,  created  too 
by  money  freely  granted  by  freemen,  instead  of 
proceeding  from  forced  contributions  torn  by  the 
mighty  from  the  reluctant  hands  of  the  feeble. 

Food  in  its  prepared  state,  although  not  classed 
among  the  main  objects  of  this  journal,  is,  never- 
theless, one  to  which  we  so  often  draw  attention, 
that  we  make  no  apology  for  bringing  under  the 
public  notice  a  short  paragraph  in  Dr.  Hooker's 
report  upon  the  subjects  examined  by  the  jury  of 
food  in  the  Great  Exhibition  of  all  nations. 

"  A  more  simple,  economical,  and  efficient  form 
of  portable  concentrated  food  than  the  American 
meat  biscuit  of  Gail  Borden,  has  never  been 
brought  before  the  public.  The  inventor  combines 
the  best  Wheat  flour  with  the  nutriment  of  the 
finest  beef,  and  presents  them  for  use  as  food  in  the 
form  of  a  dry,  inodorous,  flat  brittle  cake,  which 
will  keep,  when  dry,  for  an  unlimited  period.  It 
only  requires  hot  water  and  seasoning  to  the  taste 
to  produce  a  first-rate,  agreeably-flavoured,  highly- 
nutritious  soup,  somewhat  of  the  consistence  of 
sago.  One  pound  of  the  biscuit  contains  the 
nutritive  matter  (fat  excepted)  of  5  lbs.  of  prime 
beef,  mixed  with  half  a  pound  of  the  best  Wheat 
flour.  One  ounce  of  the  biscuit  grated,  and  boiled 
in  a  pint  of  water,  forms  a  rich  nutritious  soup.  It 
is  averred  by  the  inventor,  and  he  is  supported  by 
authority  satisfactory  to  the  jury,  that  10  lbs.  of 
this  substance,  with  a  proper  allowance  of  water, 
afford,  both  in  bulk  and  nutriment,  food  sufficient 
to  support  the  physical  and  mental  powers  of  a 
healthy  working  man  for  a  month.  The  jury  further 
believe  it  to  be  as  portable  and  unchangeable  as  the 
inventor  declares."  "  Chemical  analysis  shows  the 
proportion  of  meat  to  starch  to  vary  in  different 
samples,  but  that  in  all  cases  the  meat  is  perfectly 
sound  and  free  from  putridity,  and  the  starch 
unaltered.  On  an  average  it  contains  4'9  per  cent, 
of  nitrogen,  or  31'85  per  cent,  of  flesh-forming 
principles.  A  Council  Medal  is  awarded  to  this 
excellent  preparation." 

The  authority  alluded  to  in  this  paragraph  has 
been  given  by  one  of  the  gentlemen  who  delivered 
lectures  last  spring  before  the  Society  of  Arts  upon 
some  of  the  more  striking  points  in  the  Great 
Exhibition.  It  was  proved  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
jury  that  this  biscuit  had  been  used  in  the  American 
navy,  and  found  to  sustain  the  strength  of  the  men 
to  whom  it  had  been  given,  in  a  remarkable  degree. 
Statements  were  made  and  corroborated,  that  it 
would  keep  perfectly  well  without  change,  under 
disadvantageous  circumstances.  Colonel  Sumner, 
an  officer  in  the  United  States  Dragoons,  who  had 
seen  it  used  during  field  operations,  said  he  was 
sure  he  could  live  upon  it  for  months,  and  retain 
his  health  and  strength.  The  inventor,  he  said, 
names  five  ounces  a-day  as  the  quantity  for  the 
support  of  a  man  ;  but  he  (Colonel  Sumner)  could 
not  use  more  than  four  ounces,  made  into  soup,  with 
nothing  whatever  added  to  it. 

The  patentee  gives  the  following  account  of  its 
preparation  :  "  The  meat  biscuit  is  manufactured  in 
Texas,  because  the  prairies  of  that  state  abound  in 
neat  cattle  of  the  finest  quality,  at  so  low  a  price  as 
to  justify  its  manufacture  into  this  concentrated 
form  of  food,  and  thus  save  an  immense  expense  in 
the  transportation  of  useless  bulk  and  weight  of 
meat  into  countries  where  it  is  scarce  and  dear. 
The  manufacture  is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  best 
machinery  and  apparatus,  got  up  at  great  expense  ; 
and  every  process  is  conducted  with  the  strictest 
regard  to  cleanliness,  as  abundantly  testified  to  by 
hundreds  who  have  visited  the  establishment.  The 
process  of  manufacture  is  this  :  The  beef,  fresh 
from  the  .slaughter,  after  being  finely  cut  up  by  a 
powerful  cutting  machine,  is  boiled  in  a  large  quan- 
tity of  water  some  16  hours.  Tlie  fat  is  then 
;  iyjG?oyed.  and  the  liquid,  which  by  a  simple  process 
of  filtering  is  separated  from  the  meat,  is  evaporated 
to  a  uniform  degree  of  density,  ascertained  by  a 
syrup  gauge.  This  extract,  resembling  thick  sugar 
house  syrup,  is  then  mixed  and  kneaded  with  the 
finest  of  flour,  rolled  and  cut  into  biscuit  by  the 
usual  machinery,  and  baked  in  an  oven  or  kiln,  so 
constructed  as  to  give  a  uniform  heat.  The  biscuit, 
resembling  in  colour  light  sugar  cake,  is  not  however 
ready  for  making  inio  soup,  &c.,  until  ground  or 
pulverised,  which  process  also  renders  it  more 
convenient  for  packing  into  casks  or  canisters." 

One  of  the  few  Council  or  Great  Medals  awarded 
by  the  juries  having  been  unanimously  given  to 


516 


THE     GARDENERS^     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  14, 


Mr.  Gail  Borden,  the  inventor  of  this  substance, 
that  circumstance  alone  would  have  led  us  to  regard 
it  with  no  small  interest.  But  we  happen  to  have 
so  much  pergonal  knowledge  of  the  admirable 
quality  of  the  article,  that  we  should  hardly  be 
justified  in  not  drawing  attention  to  it  iti  this 
special  manner.  The  instructions  sold  with  the 
canisters  mention  many  ways  in  which  it  may  be 
advantageously  employed,  and  we  can  confirm  the 
exact  truth  of  these  statements.  A  lady  of  our 
acquaintance  was  so  delighted  with  the  biscuit 
powder,  that  she  actually  set  down  the  following  as 
her  own  opinion  of  it  : — 

"  Borden's  patent  meat  biscuit  powder  is  excellent 
for  common  soup,  and  particularly  convenient_  for 
soup  wanted  in  haste,  for  you  require  only  sufficient 
time  to  fry  and  well  boil  your  vegetables  and  spice 
in  the  quantity  of  water  necessary  for  the  soup  ; 
in  the  meantime  the  biscuit  powder,  an  ounce  or  two 
table-spoonfuls  to  every  pint  of  water,  must  be 
moistened  with  cold  water  as  for  arrow-root,  but 
some  minutes  before  wanted;  then  the  prepared 
stock  must  be  strained  on  the  biscuit  powder,  and 
carefully  mixed  and  boiled  for  half  an  hour,  and  the 
soup  is  ready  for  table.  Two  ounces,  not  quite 
four  pennyworth  of  the  biscuit  powder,  will  make  a 
quart  of  excellent  soup,  for  which  a  pound  and  a 
lialf  of  beef  at  least  would  be  necessary  for  the 
same  quantity  of  soup  made  in  the  usual  way." 

It  is  not,  however,  as  mere  food  that  we  esteem  it 
so  highly,  great  asits  advantages  may  be  to  unfortunate 
housekeepers  suddenly  called  upon  to  produce  soup 
at  an  hour's  notice  ;  it  is  more  especially  valuable  as 
a  food  for  invalids,  especially  where  the  stomach 
rejects  all  ordinary  substances.  We  can  say,  of 
our  own  knowledge,  that  it  has  all  the  advantages  of 
the  lightest  and  purest  ffficula,  combined  with  the 
strengthening  action  of  animal  substances;  and  being 
itself  quite  insipid,  it  can  be  so  readily  flavoured 
that  the  most  fastidious  person  may  learn  how  to 
make  it  to  his  taste. 

For  the  benefit  of  our  country  readers  we  may 
add  (since  it  has  hardly  ever  been  advertised),  that  it 
may  be  had  of  the  agents,  at  137,  Leadenhall-street. 


be  as  useful  as  specimens  fit  for  an  exhibition  table, 
these  will  be  obtained  by  keeping  the  plants  in  the  closest 
end  of  the  greenhouse  after  the  first  season;  and  this 
treatment  will  probably  suit  tlie  purpose  of  beginners 
best,  as  the  specimens  will  last  longer,  and  more  time  may 
be  required  to  produce  first-rate  examples. 

The  only  suitable  soil  for  the  Eriostemon  is  rich 
turfy  peat,  which  should  be  in  the  best  possible  con- 
dition as  respects  age  ;  one-sixth  of  light  sandy  loam 
will  improve  the  compost,  if  the  peat  is  of  a  poor  sandy 
nature.  The  peat  should  be  broken  up  into  pieces  not 
larger  than  a  hazel  nut  (rejecting  all  except  the  prime), 
and  mixed  with  one-fourth  silver  sand,  and  a  quantity 
of  clean  small  potsherds  or  charcoal.  It  should  be  in  a 
properly  moist  state  when  used.  Thorouijhly  drain 
the  pots,  and  put  a  thin  layer  of  clean  rough  fibry  peat 
over  the  drainage,  to  prevent  the  water  from  carrying 
down  the  fine  particles  of  the  soil  and  stopping  the 
drainage.  Alpha. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 

The  Pbtlla  of  the  Box. 
Amongst  the  various  effects  produced  by  the  attacks 
of  insects  upon  trees  and  vegetables,  none  are  more 
remarkable  than  the  changes  in  the  growth  and  deve- 
lopment of  the  leaves  and  buds  caused  by  the  disturb- 
ance of  the  ordinary  conditions  of  the  vegetable 
economy.  In  some  cases  this  occurs  in  the  hardest 
.voody  structures,  such  as  the  roots  of  the  Oak,  where 
galls  as  large  as  a  man's  fist  are  formed  by  a 
wingless  species  of  Cynips,  or  in  the  woody  shoots 
of  the  Pear,  of  wliicli  we  gave  a  most  striking 
example  in  our  Number  of  December  1,  1849.  In 
other  cases  the  effect  produced  is  the  develop- 
ment of  an  abnormal  structure,  which  puts  on  the 
complete  appearance  of  a  fruit,  as  in  the  far-famed 
Apples  of  tbe  Dead  Sea  (which  "  turn  to  ashes  on  the 
lips ; "  in  other  words,  on  biting  them  the  mouth  is  filled 
with  the  powder  which  they  contain  after  the  insects 
have  completed  their  transformations)  ;  or  in  the  better 
known  Oak  Apple  ;  and  in  other  cases  the  attack  is 
followed  by  the  distortion  of  the  young  leaves,  causing 
them  to  assume  the  appearance  of  flower-buds. 

In  the  present  article  we  propose  to  give  the  history 
of  an  insect  which  produces  effects  of  the  last  mentioned 
kind,  and  which  may  often  be  observed  during  the 
summermonths  on  the  common  Box  trees  in  our  gardens. 


medicinal  remedy.  It  is  in  fact  a  kind  of  manna.  Tl 
great  inactivity  of  the  larvse,  which  of  course  find  a 
their  sustenance  within  their  hollow  ball  of  leaves,  is  tlj 
cause  of  this  matter  forming  such  long  filaments  ;  for,  d 
compelling  them  to  crawl  away,  the  white  filament  I 
easily  detaclied  from  the  extremity  of  the  body  Tl} 
instrument  by  which  these  insects  obtain  their  nourisl, 
ment,  and  at  the  same  time  cause  the  alteratid 
in  the  growth  of  the  leaves,  is  a  short  jointed  rostrui 
attached  to  the  underside  of  the  body,  so  far  back  as  1; 
be  close  to  the  fore-legs  :  within  this  rostrum  are  severij 
very  delicate  threads  which  the  insect  has  the  power  c 
protruding  to  a  great  length,  and  of  which  the  poini 
are  thrust  into  the  substance  of  the  leaf,  so  that  it : 
sometimes  difficult  for  the  insect  to  withdraw  them  o! 
being  disturbed.  The  operation  of  puncturing  the  lei 
is  doubtless  attended  with  the  introduction  of  a  certai; 
amount  of  fiuid,  which  acts  as  an  irritant  upon  th 
adjacent  vessels  and  causes  the  abnormal  growth  abo\ 
described.  The  precise  nature,  however,  of  the  actio 
which  takes  place  in  this  and  other  analogous  cases  hs 
yet  to  be  discovered. 

After  remaining  a  few  days  in  the  pupa  state  th 
insect  assumes  the  winged  state  ;  the  wings,  which  ha; 
previously  been    enclosed  in   the   fialtened    horizontf 
lobes,  being   now  carried  iu  a  slanting   direction   lik. 
the  roof  of  a  house ;  and  the  insect,  instead  of  behig  on' 
of  the  slowest  in  its  ambulatory  movements,  having  no' 
acquired  the  power  not   only  of  flying  but  of  leapin 
with  great  activity  to  a  considerable   distance.      Th, 
perfect  insect  measures  rather  more  than  a  quarter  C 
an  inch  in   the  expansion  of  its  fore  wings.     It  is    (j 
a  beautiful  green   colour,  with   several    reddish-brow; 
marks  on  the  thorax.     The  fore   wings  are   of  a  pal 
buff  colour  with  green  veins,  and  the  hind  wings   ar 
quite  transparent ;  the  antennae  are  yellowish,  with  th 
tips  dusky.     The  female  has  a  horny  ovipositor  at  th 
extremity  of  the  body,  with  which  in  all  probability  sh 
forms  small  slits  in  the  twigs,  in  order  to  deposit  he! 
eggs,  which  are  not  hatched  till  May  in  the  foUowinji 
year.   The  place,  however,  in  which  the  eggs  are  placed 
has    not    yet    been    observed,  but  the    strong    hornv 
texture   of    the  instrument   for    oviposition    seems  ti. 
indicate  the  habit,  similar  to  that  of  the  Cicadce   oi 
saw-flies.  /.  0.  W. 


ERIOSTEMONS. 

Most  of  these  handsome  greenhouse  shrubs  have  a 
compact  habit  of  growth  and  flower  profusely,  and  if 
placed  in  a  rather  shady  part  of  a  cool  house  they 
remain  as  long  in  perfection  as  most  plants.  Persons 
about  to  commence  their  culture  had  better  select 
plants  for  themselves,  or  iu  ordering  them  state  that 
only  good  plants  will  be  received  or  paid  for.  Plants 
of  the  Eriostemon,  to  be  worth  the  attention  of  beginners, 
must  be  well  rooted,  strong,  and  dwarf,  with  a  good 
leading  shoot. 

Having  obtained  good  young  plants  early  in  March, 
place  thenr  in  a  light  airy  situation,  where  the  tempe- 
perature  may  range  from  45°  to  hb°,  according  to  the 
amount  of  sun-light.  Stop  and  tie  out  the  principal 
shoots,  except  the  leading  one,  which,  if  the  pyramidal 
form  of  training  is  to  be  adopted,  (and  it  is  most  suitable 
for  the  Eriostemon,)  must  be  kept  tied  to  a  stake  ;  and 
moisten  the  plants  over-head  on  the  mornings  of  fine 
days,  to  induce  them  to  break  freely. 

As  soon  as  growth  commences  examine  the  roots, 
and  if  they  are  plentiful  and  healthy,  give  a  liberal 
shift  at  once — say  into  pots  two  sizes  lai'ger — and  keep 
the  atmosphere  rather  close  and  moist,  until  the  roots 
can  strike  into  the  fresh  soil.  When  the  plants  are 
established,  after  pottiug  and  growing  freely,  admit  air 
on  every  favourable  occasion,  but  avoid  cold  currents, 
which  would  discolour  the  foliage  and  check  the  circulation 
of  the  sap.  If  the  plants  start  into  strong  vigorous 
growth  the  temperature  may  be  allowed  to  range  as  high 
as  60*^,  with  plenty  of  air,  and  full  exposure  to  sun-light, 
and  50"  at  night;  but  weakly  growing  plants  will  be 
better  in  a  temperature  10°  lower.  Remove  them  to  a 
cold  frame  in  May,  or  as  early  as  the  state  of  the 
weather  will  allow  of  doing  so,  without  their  sustaining 
a  check  from  the  change.  Afford  them  some  slight 
shelter  from  the  mid-day  sun  :  supply  them  freely,  but 
carefully,  with  water,  and  maintain  a  rather  moist 
atmosphere  by  syringing  overhead  on  the  mornings  and 
evenings  of  bright  days,  and  admit  air  freely  at  all 
times.  Tm'n  the  weakest  side  of  the  plants  to  the  light, 
and  if  any  of  them  form  callosities  upon  the  stem  or  old 
wood,  which  they  frequently  do  when  kept  in  a  moist 
atmosphere,  discontinue  syringing,  and  give  more  air,  or 
remove  such  plants  to  the  greenhouse.  Any  of  the  speci- 
mens that  may  appear  to  have  filled  their  pots  with  roofs 
should  be  examined  and  shifted  if  necessary;  but  as  it 
is  desirable  to  have  the  pots  moderately  filled  with  roots 
previous  to  winter,  the  extent  of  the  shift  should  be 
regulated  by  the  season  and  the  vigour  of  the  plant. 
Watering  over-head  should  be  discontinued'  by  the 
middle  of  August,  and  the  plants  should  be  freely 
exposed  to  sun  and  air  after  this  season,  to  ripen  the 
wood  and  prepare  them  for  winter.  A  light  airy 
situation  in  the  greenhouse,  careful  watering,  and 
occasjonally  turning  round,  to  prevent  any  tendency  to 
one-sidedness,isall  that  they  will  require  during  winter. 
If  this  treatment  is  continued  for  two  or  three  seasons,  and 
if  all  goes  ou  favourably,  the  result  will  be  magnificent 
specimens,  or  if  moderate-sized  flowering  plants  should 


SALADS. 

AND    Cress.  —  Mr. 


The  accompanying  woodcut  I'enresents  a  twig  of  Box, 
the  centre  shoot  of  which  presents  the  ordinary  mode  of 
growth  of  the  plant,  whilst  the  three  lateral  shoots 
exhibit  the  effects  of  the  attacks  of  the  larvae  of  Psylla 
Buxi,  a  minute  four-winged  horaopterous  insect, 
belonging  to  the  family  Psyllidce  (Chermes  Buxi  Lin- 
nceus,  Psylla  Buxi  Geoffroy).  The  leaves  of  these  lateral 
shoots  are  curled  into  a  cup-shaped  form,  overlapping 
each  other,  the  growth  of  the  shoot  being  retarded,  and 
the  development  of  the  terminal  leaves  entirely  pre- 
vented, so  that  the  interior  of  these  little  balls  is  more 
or  less  hollow.  On  opening  one  of  these  balls,  about  the 
beginning  of  June,  a  quantity  of  white  powdery  grains 
will  be  found,  amongst  which  is  a  variable  number  of 
minute  flattened  green  insects,  of  an  oblong  form,  with 
short  slender  antennte  and  six  legs  ;  in  addition  to 
which,  are  others  of  a  larger  size,  and  somewhat  broader 
form,  with  flat  serai-transparent  lobes  on  the  sides  of  the 
body  (see  fig.  f  of  the  natural  size  and  magnified)  ;  these 
as  well  as  the  smaller  ones  often  having  attached  to  the 
extremity  of  the  body  a  long  white  filament  like  a  short 
bit  of  thick  coarse  white  thread  (or  rather,  as  Reaumur 
observes,  a  bit  of  ill-made  vermicelli),  particles  of 
which  of  various  shapes  are  also  to  be  observed 
on  the  leaves  of  the  Box,  as  well  as  hanging  about  the 
ball  of  leaves  (see  fig.  J).  The  smaller  insects  are  the 
larvie,  and  the  larger  ones  the  active  pupce  of  the  psylla; 
the  flat  lobes  at  the  sides  of  the  latter  are  the  cases 
within  which  the  future  wings  of  the  psylla  are  de- 
veloped, and  the  white  filamenis  and  grains  are  nothing 
else  than  the  excrement  of  the  insects.  The  close 
relationship  of  these  psyllidce  to  the  aphides,  the  excre- 
ment of  which  constitutes  the  well-known  honey-dew, 
enables  us  to  account  for  the  cii'cumstance  that  this 
excrement,  instead  of  being  of  a  disgusting  nature, 
when  placed  upon  the  tongue  melts  like  gum,  with  an 
agreeable  sweetish  taste  ;  and  Reaumur  suggests  that 
if  collected  (which  could  easily  be  done,  from  its  great !  become  common, 
quantity),  it  would  most  probably  prove  an  excellent  \  Market  gardeners  wiU  not  grow  what  they  cannot  sell ; 


Mustard,  Rape,  and  Cress.  —  Mr.  Chapman  cj 
Vauxhall  is  a  large  grower  of  these;  he  sows  a  hous&Oi 
them  every  other  day.  The  price  of  Rape  is  only  abou 
a  shilling  a  bushel,  which  is  cheaper  than  Mustard; 
When  young  the  Rape-plant  is  more  hardy  and  les^ 
liable  to  damp  off  than  Mustard ;  it  is  also  smooth  in  tin, 
stem,  and  much  whiter.  Rape  is  not  quite  so  hot  ii 
the  mouth  as  Mustard.  Sometimes  when  the  grower 
run  out  of  Rape  seeds  they  are  obliged  to  employ 
Mustard,  but  of  this  the  greengrocers  soon  complain' 
their  customers  telling  them  that  it  was  not  Mustarc! 
at  all  which  they  sold  them;  showing  that  thf' 
London  people  prefer  Rape  to  Mustard.  Both  arc; 
sown  on  old  tan,  made  smooth  and  level  on  tin 
floors  of  Vineries  and  other  empty  houses.  The  tai, 
is  well  watered  and  nothing  whatever  is  put  upoi 
the  seeds  except  a  mat,  which  is  merely  to  keep  then 
moist.  They  soon  vegetate,  and,  when  the  plants  are 
about  2  inches  high,  the  mats  are  removed  during  the 
day  to  make  the  seed  leaves  beautifully  green  ;  but 
they  are  put  on  at  night  to  hasten  growth.  When, 
about  4  or  5  inches  high  the  crop  is  cut,  each  handful 
being  at  once  put  into  a  punnet  2  inches  deep  and 
5  inches  or  so  in  diameter.  It  is  sold  cheap  and  is  in, 
good  request,  being  considered  a  flue  purifier  of  the; 
blood,  as  well  as  an  ornament  among  other  salads.  ! 

Cress  is  sown  and  treated  as  the  above  ;  but  il 
requires  to  be  kept  moist  and  more  excluded  from  the. 
air,  on  account  of  its  being  a  smaller  seed  with  much 
less  water  in  it  than  Mustard  or  Rape. 

American  Cress. — This  is  much  admired  by  many' 
as  a  breakfast  salad,  the  young  centre  leaves  only  being 
used;  it  requires  sowing  once  a  fortnight  during  the, 
spring,  as  it  soon  runs  to  seed,  and  twice  or  thrice 
in  autumn,  for  wiuter  supply.  Viscount  Midleton. 
with  whom  I  lived,  would  have  it  every  mornin  ;  he, 
said  that  he  considered  it  preferable  to  Watercress  as  a 
purifier  of  the  blood.  Where  there  is  much  demand 
for  it,  I  see  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  sown  thick, 
and  cut  off  like  Mustard.  The  seeds  are  cheap  enough. 
Frames  can  easily  be  put  over  it  during  winter,  ora 
covering  of  straw  would  make  it  always  accessible  in 
that  season  when  too  many  food  ingredients  cannot 
possibly  be  produced. 

Corn  Salad  or  Lamb  Lettuce.— This  humble  but 
excellent  herb  is  scarcely  known  in  the  London  markets. 
It  forms  a  good  ingredient  in  a  salad,  and  it  is  a 
powerful  purifier  of  the  blood.  Being  a  native  of 
Britain,  it  is  very  hardy,  and  if  sown  in  July,  August, 
and  September,  a  good  succession  of  it  will  be  kept  up 
during  winter.  Frames  might  be  filled  with  it  late  in 
autumn,  or  it  might  be  covered  with  straw  in  the  open 
ground  in  case  of  frost  or  snow.  These  would  keep  off 
the  weather,  and  render  it  more  easy  to  get  at ;  sow  it 
in  beds  or  rows,  thin  out  to  about  5  or  6  inches  apart, 
and  it  might  even  be  sown  thickly,  like  Rape,  Mustard, 
or  Cress  ;  and,  treated  in  this  way,  the  grower  could  at 
all  times  have  it  at  command.  I  have  never  blanched 
it,  but  I  see  no  reason  why  it  should  not  blanch.  All 
those  herbs  must,  however,  be  asked  for  before  they 
A  demand  must  be  created  for  them. 


33—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


517 


■or  they  would  break  dowD,  as  I  did  12  yeai-s  ago,  witli 
that  most  valuable  of  winter  salads,  blanched  Chicory 
leaves.  James  Cuthill,  Camberwell. 


ON 


ERGOT  OF  RYE. 
By  M.  L.  R.  Tdlasne, 
Prom  the  time  that  botanists  have  been  agreed  as  t ) 
the  vegetable  nature  of  the  ergot  of  Grasses,  almost  all 
distinguish  in  it  two  things  :  on  tlie  one  side  a  fungous 
homogeneous  solid  mass  (Sclerotium,  D.  C. ;  Nosocarya, 
S'ee),  and  on  the  other  a  filamentous  and  sporiferous 
part,  which  is  especially  abundant  towards  the  top  of 
4he  ergot  (Sphacelia,  Lev,  Fee  ;  Ergotsetia,  Quekett). 
It  is  supposed  that  the  latter  constitutes  the  parasitic 
fungus,  while  the  body  of  the  ergot  is  considered  a  mon- 
strosity of  the  ovule  (Leveille*),  a  pathological  produc- 
tion (Phoebus,  Mougeot,  &c.),  or  a  grain  in  a  state  of 
hypertrophy  (Fee)  without  any  question  as  to  its  real 
nature  and  destination.  Its  enormous  size  with  respect 
to  the  Sphacelia  should  seem,  however,  worthy  to 
have  claimed  more  attention,  and  ought  to  have 
■excited  a  suspicion  that  the  most  important  functions 
did  not  belong  to  the  sphacelus.  The  discovery  of 
the  sporiferous  portion  of  the  ergot  was  undoubtedly  a 
■considerable  step  towards  the  knowledge  of  this  singular 
■vegetable,  to  which  its  poisonous  and  medical  properties 
give  a  double  interest ;  but  it  does  not  appear  at  the 
present  moment  that  this  discovery  sufficiently  authorised 
its  removal  from  the  number  of  Sclerotia,  amongst 
■which  M.  de  Candolle  had  properly  placed  it.  In  fact, 
the  ergot  of  Rye,  which  I  shall  consider  as  the  type,  is 
formed,  as  the  greater  part  of  Sclerotia,  of  a  very  dense 
tissue  consisting  of  polygonal  cells  united  ultimately  with 
■one  another,  and  gorged  with  an  oily  fluid.  An  atten- 
tive study  of  its  development  shows,  moreover,  that  it 
grows  exactly  like  a  Sclerotium,  that  is  to  say,  in  the 
midst  of  a  filamentous  tissue,  which  infests  the  young 
■flower,  and  especially  its  ovary.  A  circumstance, 
however,  is  peculiar  to  it,  that  it  has  a  rough 
resemblance  to  the  grain  of  Rye.  The  reason  of  this  is 
that  it  is  developed  in  the  unimpregnated  ovule  of  that 
plant  ;  for,  although  extremely  dilated  by  the  eutophyte 
and  rendered  difficult  of  recognition,  the  integuments  of 
the  ovule  increase  without  completely  losing  the  form 
which  they  would  have  assumed  if  they  had  grown  iuto 
a  true  grain,  imitating  in  this  respect  the  ovaries  of 
Wheat  in  which  TiUetia  caries  (Bunt)  has  replaced  the 
seed.  That  which  was  first  called  by  Leveille,  Sphacelia, 
■and  then  Sacculus,  by  Fe'e,  in  the  ergot,  is  nothing  more 
than  the  accumulation  which  is  made  towards  its 
summit  (and  most  frequently  as  much  round,  as  within 
the  still  existent  extremity  of  the  ovary)  of  the  threads 
of  the  mycehum,  of  which  it  forms  an  integral  part,  and 
■of  conidiaf  (sporidia  of  authors)  which  spring  from  it ; 
but  as  these  threads  and  conidia  are  more  or  less 
abundant  on  all  parts  of  the  ergot,  the  pretended 
Sphacelia  is  not  an  acrogenous  production,  as  was 
tmagiued,  and  it  would  be  wrong  to  assign  to  it  precise 
limits. 

If  there  is  nothing  in  the  ergot  of  Rye  but  a  Sclero- 
tium, with  the  mycelium  which  has  produced  it,  and  the 
conidia  scattered  upon  the  threads  of  the  latter,  there  is 
no  need  to  make  of  these  two  elements  a  particular 
entity,  nor  to  give  them  a  collective  and  special  name 
(Sphacelia,  Le'v.,  Fe'e)  ;  for,  united  to  the  Sclerotium 
itself  (pseudostroma.  Fee),  they  do  not  yet  constitute  a 
perfect  plant  (as  the  Sphacelidium,  Fee),  but  are  only, 
properly  speaking,  organs  of  vegetation.  The  fungus 
^■iiich  is  destined  to  grow  from  all  this  apparatus  (that 
to  which  it  must  be  referred  as  to  its  ultimate  end)  is 
an  elegant  Spliseria,  and  probably  that  which  has  re- 
ceived from  M.  Fries  the  name  of  CordylicepsJ  purpurea. 
This  plant  was  for  the  first  time  described  at  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century  by  Schumacher,  who 
found  it,  as  he  says,  on  corrupted  grains  of  cereals.  It 
has  been  observed  recently  by  M.  Roussel  on  Sclerotium 
davus,  growing  on  Bromus  sylvaticus  and  Aruudo 
calamagi-ostis,  and  by  Messrs.  Petit  and  Bemberger, 
quoted  by  Desmazieres  on  some  undetermined  Grass  ; 
finally,  according  to  M.  Mc'rat,  who  thought  he  had 
found  in  it  a  new  species  of  Onygena  (Onygena 
ciespiloEa  b.  afiinis  Mer.,  rase,  in  suopte  herb).  M. 
Iiura<;ril  had  met  with  it  on  the  ergot  of  Rye.  Not- 
withstanding, the  origin  of  this  Cordyliceps  does  not 
seem  to  have  opened  the  eyes  of  botanists  hitherto  to 
the  real  nature  of  the  ergot  of  Grasses  ;  and  though 
this  origin  could  no  longer  be  regarded  as  accidental, 
I  have  btrJvcd  to  as.surc  myself  by  a  direct  e.xpcriment, 
that  the  final  production  of  the  ergot  of  Kye  was 
really  what  the  jjrcceding  observations  indicated.  With 
this  intention,  then,  J  planted  a  certain  number 
this  Bummer,  which  commenced  vegetating  two  numths 
ago,  and  I  have  now  apccimeuH  which  jiroduce  many 
individuals  of  Cordyliceps,  of  which  I  have  seen  the 
growth,  and  followed  daily  the  development. 

If,  after  tlie.ie  explanations,  other  proofs  of  tlio  real 
nature  of  the  ergot  of  Itye  were  judged  nocetisary,  I 
Bhould  appeal,  as  a  term  of  comparLion,  to  Cordyliceps 
typhina.  Fries,  whose  stoma  proccedB  from  a  filamentous 

•  Hee  Ado.  d.  8c.  Nat  2.  ler.  N.  20,  p  218.  Althounh  M. 
Uruihi  has  mittbkcn  the  naturij  of  th«  ert(ot  of  Grniiiii;H,  htR 
ojAuinn  "  that  Hcltrotia  arc  funt(i  urre«tL.(l  In  their  dwelop. 
iTiant,  or  rattier  a  conrlcrinefj  mjcehuni  which  Na'uro  i:ni\ii<i}H 
for  tha  prea«rvath>u  oripecI«»,"  ((ive>  an  arlrlltiotiul  do,tr(ioof 
ctrulfitjF  to  the  facta  n«entloriCd  In  thin  notice. 

t  He«,  B«  rcKarda  thia  nord,  tiij  nolo  on  iho  reproductlvo 
tpparatua  of  fungi  (f:f.mpt';8  Ucndul  d.;n  Herincen  d«  I'Ac.  d.  He. 
t.liill.,  Mara  31,  IH.'.I.) 

I  Priaa  ftrttet  in  general,  dotihtkji))  \>j  way  of  ahbreTlatlon, 
Cardscvpi,  but  both  ar«  h>bii.l  worda,  for  which  Clarlcepa 
abould,  (lacfaapt,  be  aubttituted. 


mycehum,  exactly  analogous  to  that  of  Sclerotium 
clavus,  D.  C,  and  which  is  equally  covered  with  number- 
less acrogenous  conidia,  before  giving  birth  to  the  aggre- 
gated perithecia,  whose  intimate  structure  does  not 
differ  from  that  of  Cordyliceps  purpurea,  Fr. 

It  follows,  then,  from  all  that  lias  been  stated,  that 
the  ergot  of  Grasses,  if  submitted,  like  other  plants, 
to  the  influence  of  cosmical  conditions,  is  not,  as  M. 
Fries  supposed,  incapable  of  propagation  by  seed,  since 
it  possesses  at  least  two  sorts  ;  the  one  the  conidia,  which 
precede  and  accompany  the  development  of  the  Sclero- 
tium, and  which  I  have  often  seen  germinating  and 
elongated  into  threads,  like  the  conidia  of  Erysiphe 
(fecundating  organs  and  spores,  Leveille  *),  or  as  the 
spores,  properly  so  called,  of  Mushrooms  ;  and  the  others 
are  the  sporidia  of  the  Cordyliceps,  in  which  resides 
probably  the  most  perfect  faculty  of  propagation,  and  of 
which  a  great  portion  is  not  matured  or  disseminated, 
till  towards  the  time  of  flowering  of  the  Rye.f  The 
examination  which  I  have  made  of  the  ergot  of  Scirpus 
Bseothryon,  and  Heleocharis  multicauhs,  and  its  conidia, 
gives  me  ground  for  thinking,  in  opposition  to  the  gene- 
rally received  opinion,  that  the  ergot  of  Grasses,  and 
that  of  Cyperacese,  do  not  belong  to  the  same  vegetable 
species.  There  is  room  also  for  inquiring  whether  we 
are  justified  in  believing  that  either  of  the  two  is  always 
identically  of  the  same  nature,  or  whether  it  may  not 
comprise  more  than  one  distinct  production.  Comptes 
Sendiis,  Dec.  8, 185L 


Home    Correspondence. 

Old  Tan  a  Remedy  for  the  Potato  Disease. — Owing  to 
the  prevalence  of  disease,  I  am  again  induced  to 
recommend  planting  in  old  tan,  which  has  proved  the 
best  and  only  remedy  I  have  yet  met  with  ;  and,  as  a 
proof  of  my  success,  I  grew  nearly  60  bushels  on  this 
principle,  and  scarcely  a  bad  Potato  was  to  be  found, 
although  planted  on  heavy  clay  soil.  They  were  the 
admiration  of  all  who  saw  them ;  while  others  planted  in 
the  same  garden  without  tan  were  entirely  destroyed. 
As  a  further  proof  of  the  excellence  of  this  remedy,  I 
was  resolved  last  year,  by  way  of  experiment,  to  try 
them  on  the  same  ground  without  tan,  and  the  result 
was  that  nearly  half  were  bad.  I  write  this  after  three 
years'  experience,  whicli'has  proved  most  satisfactory. 
I  usually  had  the  ground  thrown  up  in  ridges  about 
November,  and  1  allowed  it  to  remain  in  that  condition 
until  the  first  week  in  February,  when  the  sides  were 
chopped  slightly  down,  and  about  3  inches  of  old  tan 
put  in  between  the  rows  ;  the  sets  were  planted  whole, 
and  covered  witli  tan  and  a  portion  of  soil  There  is 
likewise  another  advantage,  viz.,  when  the  Potatoes  are 
du"  they  leave  the  ground  so  clean  that  they  require  no 
rubbing,  which  assists  their  keeping.  E,  Bennett,  gr.  to 
Sir  Offley  Wakeman,  Bart.,  Perdeswell. 

Moses,  (tc,  this  year. — Souvenir  de  la  Mahnaison  in 
ordinary  summers  never  opens  well  on  our  red  marl 
soils,  it  gets  decayed  at  the  edges  before  it  is  nearly 
expanded;  this  year,  however,  it  shows  itself  to  be  a 
most  splendid  fellow;  as  a  rule  in  small  collections  on  a 
clayey  soil  it  is  not  worth  growing.  Madame  Desprez 
is  untouched  by  insects,  and  can  hardly  be  kept  in  order, 
so  rampant  and  full  of  splendid  flowers  is  it.  Aimee 
Vibert  will  not  stand  this  dry,  hot  weather;  in  a  moist 
summer  it  flowers  all  the  year.  As  a  rule,  I  find 
"  summer "  Roses  suffer  more  in  our  red  marls  than 
autumn.  Scotch  and  other  briars  fade  very  soon. 
The  iBerberis  aquifolium  is  wonderfully  full  of  berries, 
which  make  it  very  ornamental.  The  Leycesteria 
formosa  I  have  never  seen  make  such  shoots  as  this 
Chinese-like  summer.  Veronica  Lindleyana  is  now, 
July  24th,  in  flower  again,  having  been  in  that  state 
out  of  doors  in  December  last.  The  Nuphar  lutea  does 
not  do  so  well  this  year;  the  water  is  less  in  motion 
than  usual,  seemingly.  Bortieolns, August  2. 

Transmutation  of  Oats.  —  I  followed  the  directions 
which  appeared  in  your  columns  some  years  ago,  for 
conducting  the  experiment  for  effecting  a  transmutation 
of  Oata  into  other  grain,  very  exactly  ;  and  to  the  best 
of  my  recollection  1  contiimed  the  process  on  some  part 
of  my  crop  for  an  additional  year,  but  still  nothing  but 
Oats  made  their  appearance  ;  and  as  I  understood  that 
the  alleged  "  transmutation"  was  generally  admitted  to 
be  a  delusion,  I  did  not  trouble  you  with  any  recital  of 
my  failure.  D.  C.  Whalley,  Great  Wenkam,  Jpswich. 
[No  doubt  all  other  experiments  equally  failed,  and 
therefore  were  not  reported  on.] 

Munctti  Rose  StocJcs. — Having  heard  it  stated  as  the 
opinion  of  Messrs.  Lane  that  Roses  worked  upon  the 
Manetti  stock  die  ofi' after  three  or  four  years,  it  would 
be  an  act  of  kindness  if  some  of  your  correspondents 
would  give  the  results  of  their  experience  as  confirmatory 
or  otherwise  of  the  above.  Sidiserihcr,  Bath. 

IJartley's  Rough  Plate  Olass.—'My  rough  plate  (bought 
of  Phillips  and  Co.),  has  proved  itself  invaluable.  During 
that  trying  week  of  .lune,  when  the  thermometer  was 
at  ilfi"  ill  the  shade,  1  had  no  sort  of  protection,  and  many 
of  my  Vines  being  in  pots,  were  close  to  the  glass,  and 
not  one  leaf  was  affected  ;  whereas  I  know  ol  persons 
who  lost  their  crops  of  Grapes,  from  liaving  roofa  of 
crown  glass  unprotected.  Arthwr  Moore,  Walpole 
Rectory f  Lynn^  July  27. 


•  HooAnn.d.  S.  N.  3  Bcr.t.  XV.  pp.  119,  120.178.  M.  L6«lll(i 
nppenrii  t/i  bu  tnintulteD  aH  to  llic  viilue  whicli  I  otirihutcd  to 
the  nionillform  reproductive  clIIh  of'tiio  mjcclluniof  Ei'jBlpho, 
for  I  have  reKiirded  tinni  merely  iih  conidia.  Heo  my  note  uu 
tile  roprodu'llve  nppiiratun  of  fiinf{i,  quoted  above. 

t  'fhua  In  HprliiK  the  SyciimoreH  are  nlready  covered  with 
young  leavea,  when  the  Khytlema  ocerluuui  euifts  into  tho  air 
fta  linear  aporldla. 


The  double  blue  Mepatica  with  white  Jlowers. — The  fol- 
lowing may  be  added  to  the  many  "  sports  "  mentioned 
from  time  to  time  in  your  columns,  for  it  is  not  met 
with  every  day.  A  plant  of  the  double  blue  Hepatica 
produced  very  dark  blue  flowers  in  the  spring  of  the 
present  year  ;  a  second  crop  of  blossoms  is  now  on  the 
plant.  I  have  enclosed  one  of  them  tor  your  inspection, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  the  outer  petals,  which  are 
slightly  tinged  with  blue,  the  rest  of  the  flower  may  pass 
for  a  good  double  white  Hepatica,  a  flower  that  is  often 
sought  after  but  seldom  found.  Could  anything  be  done 
to  _prevent  the  flowers  becoming  blue  in  the  spring  of 
next  year  ?  Peter  Mackenzie. 

Leaf  burning. — Nearly  all  the  cases  of  burning  in 
Rhododendron  leaves  that  have  come  under  my  notice, 
have  been  traceable  to  imperfect  root  action  and  general 
debility,  induced  by  unsuitable  soil  and  drought.  Plants 
suffered  this  spring  from  these  causes  in  May,  before 
growth  commenced.  After  a  good  soaking  with  water, 
the  foliage  improved  much,  and  became  partially 
restored,  but  still  there  were  the  marks  of  the  burns. 
In  favourable  situations,  as  regards  soil  and  moisture, 
burning  has  seldom  occurred.  PC.  0.  E.  [We  do  not 
agree  ;  for  it  was  very  bad  in  very  favourable  places 
among  very  healthy  established  plants.] 

Melon  Growing,  up  rafters,  is  practised  by  me  with 
as  much  success  as  it  is  by  Mr.  Jones  (see  p.  500)  ;  and 
I  can  confidently  recommend  the  plan,  but  if  his  Tren- 
tham  Hybrid  is  the  same  as  Fleming's  Hybrid,  growers 
will  find  it  necessary  to  fix  a  net  or  bag  to  catch  the 
fruit,  as  this  kind  and  the  Ispahan  fall  greener  than 
many  other  sorts.  Most  of  the  Melons  are  ripe  and  fit 
for  table  when  they  drop  into  the  bag  ;  but  the  two  I 
have  named  will  fall  and  break  to  pieces  if  nothing  is 
provided  to  catch  them  before  they  look  ripe  enough  to 
cut.  Joseph  Newton,  Ichwell,  Biggleswade. 

Violet  Glass  is  vei'y  useful  for  causing  more  speedy 
vegetation  in  seeds  and  the  quicker  striking  of  cuttings, 
but  would  it  be  better  than  clear  or  patent  rough  plate 
glass  for  a  garden  frame  for  general  purposes  3  and 
would  Cucumbers  do  as  well  or  better  under  it  during 
their  whole  growth  ?  Tirydail.  [We  prefer  white  light, 
the  natural  light  which  Providence  has  given  us.] 

Rain  in  June  and  July. — The  following  remarks 
relative  to  the  rain  that  fell  in  the  months  of  June  and 
July  appear  worthy  of  observation.  In  June,  rain, 
more  or  less,  fell  on  24  days  of  the  month — the  amount 
collected  in  the  gauge  was  4.15  inches.  In  July,  on 
the  contrary,  rain  fell  on  only  six  days ;  yet  the 
enormous  amount  of  4.82  inches  was  collected  in  the 
gauge.  The  rain  was  distributed  in  the  following 
remarkable  manner  : — 

Thunder  shower  at  night. 

Violent  thunder  Btorm,  with  large  hail,  evening. 

■ihovvera  A.M. 

Thunder  etorm,  with  very  heavy  rain,  P.M. 

Heavy  rain,  2—7  P.M. 

Thunder  and  rain,  evening. 

These  heavy  rains  seem,  nevertheless,  to  have  been 
partial  :  at  Chiswick,  for  instance,  but  2.28  inches 
appear  to  h.ave  fallen  ;  and  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  I 
understand,  that  no  thunder  storm  has  taken  place 
during  the  month,  and  that  the  only  rain  fallen  has  been 
showers  on  the  17th  and  31st.  The  paragraph  that  has 
been  going  the  round  of  the  Papers  predicting  extra- 
ordinary falls  of  rain  as  likely  to  attend  the  occurrence 
of  two  full  moons  in  July,  has  certainly,  as  to  this 
neighbourhood,  been  correct ;  but  whether  the  one 
phenomenon  was  in  reality  at  all  the  result  of  the  other, 
appears  to  me  exceedingly  doubtful  ;  it,  nevertheless, 
claims   the  attention  of    meteorologists.    C.  B.  N.  P., 

Stevenage,  Herts. 1  see  by  the  weather  report  in  your 

columns  that  no  more  than  3C-hundredths  of  an  inch  of 
rain  fell  at  Chiswick  on  Sunday,  July  25th.  At  this 
place  (which  in  a  straight  line  is  not  more  than  1 5  or  16 
miles  distant  from  Chiswick)  the  fall  of  rain  in  about 
40  minutes,  between  the  hours  of  12  and  1  on  that  day, 
amounted  to  1  inch  and  B-twentieths;  and  from  noon 
on  Sunday  to  noon  on  Monday  we  had  the  unusual 
quantity  of  2  mches  and  15-twentieth3.  /.  B.  Whiting, 
The  Deepdene. 

Cooling  Drinh.—Ihe  following  receipt  for  ginger 
wine  will  be  found  economical,  and  ready  for  use  in  six 
weeks,  and  therefore  better  than  that  given  by  a  corre- 
spondent a  few  weeks  ago.  When  diluted  with  about 
two-thirds  of  water  it  is  a  very  grateful  and  cooling 
beverage.  The  wine  sparkles  and  froths  on  the  top, 
similar  to  Champagne.  "  Put  into  a  furnace  the  white 
of  one  egg,  well  beat,  4  lbs.  of  loaf  sugar,  and  1  gallon  of 
water  ;  mix  well,  and  when  it  boils  skim  until  clear  ; 
then  add  the  rind  of  two  lemons  (pared  very  thin),  and 
2  o/..  of  best  white  ginger,  bruised.  Boil  for  a  quarter 
of  an  hour  ;  remove  from  the  furnace,  and  put  into  a 
vessel  to 'cool  ;  when  cold,  add  the  clear  juice  of  the 
lemon.  'I'o  every  8  gallons  of  wine  add  two  table  spoon- 
fuls of  yeast,  and  then  tun,  and  let  it  remain  in  cask  or 
bottle  six  weeks.  It  will  keep  several  years,  and  does 
not  require  to  be  brandied."  C.  Pocldington,  Boston. 

Adulteration  of  Sulphur.— A  correspondent  in  your 
last  (p.  501  6),  recommends  precipitated  sulphur  for 
mixing  with  water,  in  preference  to  the  sublimed 
«  flowers  of  sulphur ;"  but  has  not  cautioned  your 
readers  that  much  of  tho  "  cheap  "  milk  of  sulphur  is 
more  thim  half  gyjisum,  being  precipitated  with 
sulphuric  acid  instead  of  muriatic  ;  and  this  kind  is  best 
looking  as  well  us  cheapest.  Tho  fraud  is,  however, 
easily  detected,  by  burning  off  the  sulphur  in  an  iron 
spoon  ;  the  pure  sulphur  will  burn  entirely  away,  while 
the  gypsum  will  remain  fixed,  however  much  the  heat 
may  bo  iucreasod.    Tho  genuine  precipitated  sulphur 


Inch. 

July    13 

.09 

„      16 

1.93 

..      1' 

.02 

„      25 

1.811 

„      26 

.73 

>.      31 

.25 

518 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Aug.  14, 


is   eutiLicd  tu   liid   recuiiimyudatioii ;    but  not   so   tlie 
"  cheap."  /.  Prideaux,  Plymouth. 

Scarlet  Suimers. — As  the  Potato  seems  to  be  doomed 
to  desti'uction,  and  substitutes  for  it  are  necessarily 
sought  for,  nothing  more  prominently  offers  itself  at 
this  season  than  the  Scarlet  Runner  ;  our  treat- 
ment of  it  may  perhaps,  tlierefore,  be  acceptable. 
The  plants  ought  to  be  slicked  in  double  rows 
6  feet  apart,  and  where  sticks  are  not  attainable,  light 
iroa  hui'dles,  with  only  two  bars,  and  strings  attached 
from  top  to  bottom  to  climb  upon,  will  answer 
and  look  neat ;  or  in  default  of  the  hurdles,  two  poles 
or  splints,  nailed  to  here  and  there  a  stake,  will  be 
found  sufficient  support.  As  soon  as  any  Beans  attain 
the  length  of  3  or  4  inches,  every  two  or  three  days 
such  should  be  gathered,  and  none  allowed  to  hang  for 
seed,  as  is  the  common  practice ;  only  one  on  a  plant 
thus  left  will  partiidly  stop  its  growth  If  these  observa- 
tions are  attended  to,  four  times  the  quantity  of  Beans 
may  he  obtained  during  the  season  than  by  the  general 
plan  of  saving  some  for  seed.  The  same  observations 
apply  equally  to  Peas,  &c.  Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon. 

The  Castor  Oil  Plant  (Palma  Christi).—The  following 
is  a  brief  description  of  two  varieties  of  the  Palma 
Christi  which  I  have  raised  from  seed,  sown  last  March 
in  a  moderate  lieat.  These  plants  (as  now  growing  in 
the  open  air  in  the  pleasure-grounds  of  Hartley  Grange, 
near  Winehfield,  Hants)  have  a  very  graceful  and 
ornamental  appearance.  The  first  variety,  called  the 
Hicinus  rutilans,  may  be  described  as  a  handsome 
plant  growing  to  about  the  height  of  6  feet,  and  having 
a  stem  of  a  green  colour,  with  a  maroon  sliade,  and 
covei-ed  with  a  whitish  bloom.  This  stem  bears  a 
luxuriant  head-foliage  of  8  or  10  leaves,  in  shape  nearly 
circular,  and  averaging  about  20  inches  in  diameter,  the 
leaves  having  footstalks  of  from  8  to  10  inches  in  length. 
In  colour,  these  leaves  when  about  half  grown,  ai'e  of 
a  dark  green,  with  an  extremely  rich  ruby  tint,  the 
central  fibre  partaking  of  the  latter  colour  only  ;  but 
the  shades  become  lighter  as  the  plant  advances  in 
growth.  The  second  variety,  called  the  Ricinus  major, 
differs  but  little  from  the  other  in  general  appearance, 
but  has  rather  more  foliage,  and  is  of  a  lighter  green, 
■with  white  fibres  in  the  leaves.  I  enclose  a  sketch 
of  a  leaf  from  the  first-named  plant,  taken  from  actual 
measurement  ;  it  is  therefore  a  corz'ect  copy  as  regards 
size  and  shape.  John  Ratty.  [The  sketch  measured  20 
inches  in  diameter  the  one  way,  and  22  inches  the 
other.     Shape  round  and  handsome.] 

Diseased  Grapes. — I  am  anxious  to  know  whether 
there  is  at  present  any  peculiar  disease  among  Grapes. 
The  whole  crop  in  one  of  my  houses  presents  the 
appearance  of  being  mildewed,  and  my  gardener  tells 
me  he  is  at  a  loss  to  explain  it.  He  has  tried  washing 
the  bunches  with  sulphur  and  water,  and  has  also  been 
very  careful  to  keep  the  house  well  aired  and  dry.  The 
disease,  however,  is  not  checked.  For  some  weeks  the 
^  temperature  during  the  day  has  been  75°,  and  at  night 
about  70'* ;  but  he  has  lately  been  keeping  it  both  day 
and  night  at  about  75°.  The  Vines  are  in  full  bearing, 
and  the  bunches  are  now  being  thinned  out.  They 
promise  an  abundant  crop.  In  the  next  house,  where 
the  fruit  is  ripe,  nothing  of  the  sort  has  been  observed. 
S.  B.  N.  [We  presume  your  Grapes  are  attacked  by 
mildew,  for  which,  as  we  have  often  stated,  sulphur  is  a 
certain  remedy,  provided  it  is  diligently  applied  the 
moment  the  fungus  makes  its  appearance.  Persevere 
in  dusting  both  the  leaves,  wood,  and  fruit,  with  flowers 
of  sulphur  ;  and  if  the  disease  has  not  advanced  very 
far  indeed,  we  have  no  doubt  you  will  be  able  to 
conquer  it.] 

Rivers'  Dwarf  Fruit  Trees. — I  shall  be  doing  your 
readers  a  service  if  I  can  induce  them  to  introduce  a 
few  of  those  charming  little  trees  into  their  gardens, 
I  pm'chased  a  selection  from  Mr.  Rivers  three  years 
ago,  including  Pears,  Apples,  Cherries,  and  Plums.  The 
Plums  I  do  not  find  to  answer  well  with  me  ;  but  the 
soil  is  unsuited  for  them,  being  a  poor  hungry  gravel. 
The  Cherries  are  beautiful  little  bushes  about  30  inches 
high,  and  the  same  across.  I  was  unfortunate  with  the 
Apples,  as  a  hare  got  into  the  garden  the  first  winter  I 
had  them,  and  barked  every  tree  but  one.  I  had  to 
cut  them  over,  and  they  have  hardly  got  into  bearing 
yet.  The  one,  however,  which  was  spared,  although  a 
perfect  pigmy,  has  borne  a  dish  of  beautiful  Sturmer 
Pippins  every  year  since  I  have  had  it.  It  is  to  the 
Pears  I  would  particularly  direct  attention.  Any  one, 
with  a  piece  of  ground  to  spare  the  size  of  a  moderate 
room,  may  have  an  orchard  of  the  finest  French 
Pears  containing  30  or  40  trees,  and  by  a  little 
care  in  the  selection,  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  supply  of 
properly  ripened  fruit  for  eacli  month  in  the  season.  A 
plot  of  ground,  16  feet  square,  would  very  well  contain 
25  of  these  miniature  trees,  and  with  a  little  attention 
to  their  management,  and  a  httle  protection  when 
flowering  (ibr  which  purpose  I  generally  employ  an  old 
copy  of  the  Times,  and  a  couple  of  pins),  there  would  be 
almost  a  certainty  of  a  full  crop  every  year.  I  have  at 
present  in  full  bearing  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey,  Easter 
Beurre,  Beurre  Langelier,  and  Beurre  Diel.  The  trees 
are  from  3  feet  to  4  feet  high,  and  from  18  inches  to 
30  mches  across.  The  Beurre  Diel  has  three  dozen  of 
fine  fruit  upon  it ;  the  fruit  is  far  superior  in  flavour  to 
that  grown  against  a  wall,  and  very  little  inferior  in 
size.  I  pm-chased  the  trees  in  February,  and  had  a  fair 
crop  on  some  of  them  in  the  autumn  following.  The 
Louise  Bonne  had  a  fine  crop,  and  it  has  every  year 
yielded  from  6  lbs.  to  8  lbs.  of  most  beautiful  fruit  ;  it 
IS  not,  however,  so  great  a  bearer  as  Easter  Beurre,  or 
Beurre  Diel.  /.  Girdwood, Chirk,  N.W. 


Bees. — Nu  art  or  skill  can  force  bees  to  do  what  they 
do  not  wish,  I  have  never  found  them  work  readily  in 
such  a  confined  space  as  that  mentioned  at  p.  502,  and 
would  therefore  recommend  your  correspondent  not  to 
trust  to  glasses  for  all  his  honey,  but  merely  for  a  slight 
instalment  of  it  early  in  the  spring.  My  management 
is  as  simple  as  it  is  effectual,  and  on  those  accounts  I 
would  recommend  it  to  the  serious  notice  of  every 
apiarian.  Among  many  hives,  I  will  particularise  the 
treatment  of  E,  which  was  a  late  swarm  of  the  pre- 
ceding year.  In  the  spring  it  thrived,  and  upon  the 
hive  appearing  crowded,  I  placed  a  small  cap  upon  it ; 
in  a  fortnight  it  was  filled,  and  taken  with  3  lbs,  of 
honey  in  it.  The  swarming  was  of  course  delayed  by 
the  cap.  The  hive  upon  this  seemed  too  small  for  its 
occupants,  the  bees  crowding  outside,  and  even  com- 
mencing to  build  underneath  the  floor-board,  and  I  put 
another  hive  (called  nadiring)  underneath  the  stock  hive. 
Into  this  theyswarmed  on  June  1,  and  when  they  had,  in  a 
fortnight's  time,  nearly  filled  the  lower  one  with  combs, 
I  separated  them  and  placed  them  on  different  stools, 
as  being  two  distinct  hives.  Immediately  subsequent  to 
this  I  nadired  each  of  them,  and  the  bees,  after  a  day 
or  two's  explorance,  began  working  in  them.  The 
swarm  at  the  present  time  consists  of  two  liives  both 
full  of  honey ;  the  upper  one  of  which,  and  therefore 
the  oldest,  I  shall  take  in  a  few  days.  To  the  stock 
hive,  E,  I  added  a  third  hive,  not  as  I  wished  at  the 
bottom,  but  as  the  hives  were  too  heavy  to  be  easily 
lilted,  I  placed  it  between  the  two.  All  three  are  now 
filled,  and  the  two  upper  ones  I  shall  deprive  of  all 
their  honey  this  month.  Each  of  the  three  hives  to  be 
taken  holds  at  a  very  moderate  computation  25  lbs,,  so 
that  75  lbs.  of  honey  will  be  really  the  produce  of  one 
stock  hive,  besides  the  swarm.  My  hives  are  broader 
than  they  are  deep ;  a  hole  at  the  top,  4  inches  in 
diametei',  and  have  one  window  6  inches  by  4  inches  ; 
are  made  of  straw,  and  are  all  of  exactly  similar 
dimensions.     Their  price  is  2s.  John  Lloyd,  Dinas. 

Large  Gooseherry. — I  have  been  favoured  by  Mr.  J. 
Holland,  of  Middleton,  near  Manchester,  with  a  fruit  of 
the  largest  and  heaviest  yellow  Gooseberry  ever  grown 
in  England.  This  berry  formed  one  of  three,  with 
which  Mr.  Holland  has  been  most  successful  at  the 
shows  of  the  week  in  his  locality  ;  its  length  is  2^  inches, 
diameter  If  inches,  weight  32  dwts.  2  grains.  He 
gained  a  first  prize  with  it  at  Middleton;  a  first  at 
Manchester,  when  it  weighed  31  dwts.  13  grains  ;  and 
a  first  at  Blackley,  where  its  weight  was  31  dwts. 
12  grains.  The  variety  is  named  Catherine.  /.  Edwards, 
Wace  Cottage,  Holloway. 


aacfatetos* 


Entomological,  August  2. — J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq., 
F.L.S,,  President,  in  the  chair.  Amongst  the  donations 
announced  as  received  since  the  last  meeting,  was  the 
"Biography  of  the  Rev.  W.  Kirby,"  late  Hon.  President 
of  the  Society,  presented  by  the  Rev.  J.  Freeman,  the 
author ;  and  a  fine  copy  of  the  "  Diptera  Scandinaviee,"  in 
1 1  volumes,  presented  by  Professor  Zetterstedt,  of  Lund. 
The  whole  of  the  fine  entomological  library  and  collec- 
tions of  the  late  Dr.  Bromfield,  the  former  consisting  of 
choice  and  finely  bound  copies  of  many  of  the  most 
expensive  woi'ks,  recently  presented  to  the  Society  by 
Miss  Bromfield,  was  also  exhibited,  and  an  especial 
vote  of  thanks  ordered  to  be  given  for  the  same. 
Amongst  the  exliibitions  were  specimens  of  the  new 
British  Hypera  tigrina,  one  of  the  Curcuhonidse, 
together  with  the  cocoons  from  which  it  had  been 
reared  by  Mr.  F.  Clark  ;  also  three  species  of  case 
bearing  moths  (Coleophorse),  one  of  them  found  feeding 
on  the  Pear.  Mr.  Sam.  Stevens  exhibited  many  rare 
moths,  including  bred  specimens  of  Graphiphora  ditra- 
pezium,  from  Leith  Hill,  Heliothis  dipsacea,  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Southampton,  and  Acosmetia  caligi- 
nosa,  from  the  New  Forest.  The  President  exhibited  two 
curious  monstrous  specimens  of  the  queen  and  male  of  the 
common  hive  bee.  Mr,  F.  Smith  exhibited  a  specimen  of 
the  common  Tinea  sarcitella,  reared  from  a  larva  feeding 
on  the  corks  of  wine  bottles  by  Mr.  Filkin,  and  another 
reared  by  himself  from  the  nest  of  Bombus  Raiellus,  where 
its  larva  fed  on  wax.  Also  a  new  British  Bombus  (B. 
nivalis  of  Zetterstedt),  sent  from  Shetland  by  Mr.  John 
White ;  also  a  series  of  specimens  from  Yorkshire  of 
the  rare  Pompilus  variegatus,  with  its  male,  now  for  the 
first  time  captured,  and  a  specimen  of  Batrisus 
venustus,  one  of  the  i-arer  Pselaphidce  taken  in  the 
nest  of  the  common  ant,  Myrmica  rubra.  The  President 
read  descriptions  of  tliree  new  species  of  Paussidie 
from  Port  Natal,  in  the  collection  of  Herr  Dohrn, 
President  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Stettin. 
Mr.  Wing  exhibited  the  cover  of  a  champagne 
case  which  had  been  perfoi'ated  with  very  large 
burrows  by  an  insect  (probably  the  larva  of  the 
goat  moth  or  one  of  the  large  CerambycidEe  or  Lucanus 
cervus).  Mr.  Waring  exhibited  reared  specimens  of 
Penthina  capreana,  Tortrix  viburnana,  &c.  A  series 
of  notes  was  read  by  Mr.  I .  Smith,  on  the  development 
of  vai'ious  insects,  namely,  Osmia  parietina  from  a  mass 
of  cocoons  found  under  a  stone,  some  of  the  specimens 
having  apparently  been  two  or  three  yeai's  in  undergoing 
their  changes,  Saperda  populnea,  reared  from  young 
swollen  shoots  of  Aspen  with  its  parasite  Tachina  uiti- 
dula,  Attelabus  curculionoides,  Ptilinus  pectinicornis 
and  its  parasite,  Scolytus  destructor  and  parasite,  and 
HyloBus  hyalinatus,  the  working  instead  of  parasitic 
habits  of  the  genus  being  confirmed.  The  completion 
of  Mr.  Warner's  notes  ou  the  habits  of  various  insects 
was  also  read,  j 


History  and  Monogrcuphy  of  Truffles  (Histoirc  et  Mono-^ 

graphic  des   CJianipignons   Hypopis,  par  Louis-Rene 

Tulasne  en  collaboration  pour  I'Jconogi-aphie   analy- 

tique    avec  Charles    Tulasne,  D.  M.)      Paris,   1851- 

Fol. :  pp.  XX.  and  222.  tab.  pic.  ix.,  et  analy ticis  xii. 

This  is  beyond  all  doubt  one  of  the  most  excellent  and 

beautiful  books  which  ever  issued  from  the  press.     No. 

pains  have  been  spared  to  collect  materials  from  every 

available  quarter;  every  source  of  information  has  been 

most  diligently   investigated  ;   every  described  species 

scrutinised  and  collated  ;  due  credit  has  been  given  to 

all  previous  writers,  and  not  a  particle   of  selfishness 

has    interfered    with     the    just    claims    of    published 

nomenclature.      The     drawings,    and     especially    the 

analyses,   are   beyond   all    praise  ;    and  the   whole_  is- 

combined  with  a  tact  and  judgment  which  must  establish 

the   fame  of  the  author,  whose  amiable  disposition  we 

know  is  in  just  keeping  with  his  abilities,  as  a  botanist 

of  the  first-class. 

Few  objects  indeed  are  more  interesting  than  the 
subterraneous  productions  which  he  has  so  ably 
illustrated.  Their  structure  is  extremely  various  and 
beautiful;  their  mode  of  growth  very  pecuUar;  then,' 
affinities  higlily  instructive  ;  and  many  of  them  are 
articles  of  considerable  importance,  as  forming  objects 
of  commerce  which  frequently  bear  a  high  price,  either 
in  consequence  of  their  rarity,  or  their  delicious  flavouiv 
They  are  widely  distributed  over  the  globe.  ^  Some 
ascend  as  far  north  as  Upsal,  while  several  species,  not 
as  yet  properly  studied  occur  in  AustraUa.  Gauticnd 
graveolens  was  found  by  Liebmann  in  Costa  Rica  ; 
Hydnangimn  Stephensii  and  Rhizopogon  riibescens  occur 
in  the  southern  states  of  North  America  ;  and  we  have 
lately  had  a  packet  from  Fries,  consisting  of  about  a 
dozen  species  collected  in  Ukraine,  most  of  which  are 
identical  with  those  from  Western  Europe.  Their  presence 
appears  in  general  to  depend  more  on  the  mineralogical 
characters  of  the  soil  than  on  particular  temperature  ; 
limestone  districts  being  certainly  most  favom'able  to 
their  growth. 

Subterraneous  species  oocm-  in  all  the  principal  groups 
of  fungi,  and  the  old  notion  of  the  close  affinity  of  all 
hypogceous  species,  has  been  completely  exploded  by 
the  observations  of  Vittadini,  Klotzsch,  Berkeley, 
Broome,  &c.,  and  more  especially  and  more  completely 
by  our  author.  It  is  quite  beyond  the  purpose  of  oui' 
journal  to  enter  into  any  minute  criticism  of  the  work  ; 
some  of  the  more  general  matter  is,  however,  so  inte- 
resting, that  we  shall  take  the  opportunity  of  making  a 
short  abstract  of  some  of  the  more  popular  information. 
The  Truffles  which  appear  in  the  English  and  French 
markets,  though  very  similar  in  outward  appearance 
(with  the  exception  of  thatwhich  is  often  sold  at  Bath,and 
which  has  a  totally  different  structure), belong  to  several 
species  of  very  different  qualities.  The  richly-scented 
Truffle,  so  abundant  in  the  Paris  market,  is  the  Tuber 
melanosporum,  a  species  which  has  not  at  present  been 
found  in  England.  A  vast  quantity  of  T.  eestwum  iSj. 
however,  consumed  in  France,  to  which  species  belong, 
far  the  greater  quantity  of  the  Truffles,  under  whatr 
soever  name,  which  are  sold  in  English  markets. 

The  black  esculent  Truffles  are  by  nature  gregarious'; 
they  are  found  every  year  in  the  same  spots,  which  are 
therefore  called  Truffle  grounds.  These  occur  exclu. 
sively  in  calcareous,  or  calcareous  and  argillaceous  soil ; 
at  least  those  of  Poitou,  Tom-aine,  Provence,  &c,,  which 
have  been  visited  by  our  author,  are  of  that  character. 
They  occur  both  on  plains  and  declivities,  and  generally 
ou  ground  shaded  more  or  less  by  trees,  but,  as  it  appears, 
never  in  ground  planted  exclusively  with  Conifers.  It 
is,  however,  by  no  means  a  fact  that  they  never  grow  in 
the  open  fields.  The  spots  in  which  they  occtir  are 
frequently  destitute  of  vegetation  ;  but  this  is  by  no 
means  constant,  as  they  are  sometimes  found  on  laivns 
where  we  have  seen  them  cut  through  by  the  scythe. 
Truffle  layers  are  mostly  circular,  in  which  circumstance 
they  resemble  the  mode  of  growth  of  so  many  other  fungi. 
This  is  especially  evident  near  Apt,  where  the  circular 
furrows  left  by  the  Truffle  hunters,  or  by  the  sows  which 
they  employ,  are  as  distinct  as  those  of  a  fairy  ring,. 
The  centre  remains  sterile,  whUe  the  circle  itself  con- 
tinually increases  in  diameter.  Though  they  usually 
grow  in  uncultivated  spots,  they  occur  m  some  districts 
in  cultivated  fields  on  the  borders  of  woods  ;  and  it  is 
in  such  spots,  especially  under  the  shade  of  Poplars, 
that  the  Piedmont  Truffle,  which  is  esteemed  before 
all  others,  finds  its  favourite  place  of  growth. 

Much  has  been  written  on  the  cultivation  of  Truffles, 
but  at  present  experiments  made  in  confirmation  of 
published  statements  have  not  been  attended  with 
success.  The  only  fact  which  is  certain  is  that  their 
production  can  easily  be  effected  m  certain  calcareous 
soils,  even  where  they  may  not  have  been  observed 
before.  The  plan  consists  simply  in  sowing  acorns  on 
the  soil,  and  when  the  Oaks  have  attamed  the  age  of  10 
or  12  years  Truffles  begin  to  appear.  The  extensive 
Truffle  layers  of  Loudon  in  Vienne  were  actually  pro- 
duced  in  this  manner.  They  consisted  a  few  years 
since  of  naked  uncultivated  plains  where  Truffles  were 
unknown.  The  plantations  must  not  be  too  thick  ; 
they  are  cut  down  for  the  first  time  when  they  are 
about  1 2  years'  growth,  and  then  at  intervals  of  from 
7  to  9  years.  They  continue  fertile  for  about  25  or 
30  years,  when  at  length  scai-cely  any  Truflles  are 
produced. 

Our  authors  have  had  good  opportunities  of  observing 
the  mycelium  of  Truffles,  of  which  they  have  givent 


33—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLEJ 


519 


beautiful  figures  ;  but  they  have  not  been  able  to 
confirm  the  observation,  as  to  its  luminous  properties 
communicated  by  an  anonymous  correspondent  to  our 
jom'nal. 

From  the  facility  with  which  the  mycelium  is 
developed  in  specimens  which  have  been  brought  from 
a  distancej  M.  Tulasne  conceives  that  it  might  not  be 
impossible  to  transplant  the  more  valuable  species  into 
Truffle-layers,  where  the  more  common  sorts  only  occur. 
It  would  be  well  worth  the  pains  of  some  of  our 
Wiltshire  or  south  country  proprietors  to  import  some 
freshly- collected  black  Truffles  from  the  south  of  France. 
It  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  because  they  are 
accustomed  to  warmer  summers  than  our  own,  that 
they  might  not  succeed  perfectly  with  us ;  and  in  case 
they  did  so,  their  growth  would  be  extremely  lucrative, 
and  might  make  the  importation  of  foreign  species  at  a 
high  price  quite  unnecessary. 

Truffles  always  bear  a  high  price  in  onr  markets,  and 
as  much  mystery  as  possible  is  thrown  by  the  collectors 
in  general  over  the  whole  matter.  The  truth  is,  that 
they  are  far  more  generally  diffused  in  calcareous 
districts  than  is  usuaUy  supposed,  and  a  little  tact,  more 
especially  if  aided  by  a  good  Truffle  dog,  will  soon 
prove  their  abundance  on  many  estates  where  their 
presence  has  never  been  suspected.  It  is  true  that  the 
Enghsh  Truffles  are  not  to  be  compared  with  the  black 
Truffle  of  France,  but  they  are  quite  equal  to  a  large 
portion  of  what  appear  in  the  French  markets,  and 
would  amply  repay  the  pains  of  any  one  who  might  be 
induced  to  take  up  the  employment  in  the  autumnal 
montlis. 

One  of  the  most  curious  facts  as  regards  structure 
which  has  been  noticed  during  the  course  of  Monsieur 
Tulasne's  investigations,  is  the  production  of  the  spores, 
which  in  certain  genera  are  essentially  naked,  withiu  a 
little  sac  ;  the  same  fact  was  observed  by  Mr.  Thwaites, 
and  is  illustrative  of  what  takes  place  amongst  certain 
of  the  minute  MTjxogastresj  where  the  spores  are  gene- 
rally naked.  In  two  genera,  however,  Enerthenema  and 
Badhamiay  where  they  grow  in  little  clusters,  there  is 
originally  a  little  sac  surrounding  the  group,  which  is, 
however,  a  mere  covering,  as  the  spores  themselves  are 
developed  on  a  sporophore,  and  not  indifferently  in  the 
gnunous  contents  of  the  sac,  as  is  the  case  in  the  true 
Truffles.  The  production  of  a  sac  as  an  exceptional  case 
in  one  or  two  species  of  Hymenogctster  where  the  spores 
ai'e  usually  free,  is  of  great  physiological  interest,  and 
bears  upou  many  questions  which  arise  in  the  investi- 
gation of  the  true  affinities  of  fungi. 

Our  authorhas  been  at  great  expense  in  the  production 
of  his  work  ;  and  even  if  every  copy  be  sold — and  100 
only  have  been  published — the  expenses  can  scarcely  be 
covered.  We  will  answer  for  it  that  no  one  will  repent 
■who  purchases  the  work,  in  which  much  popular  as  well 
as  scientific  matter  will  be  found,  both  treated  with  equal 
perspicuity  and  tact,  and  in  a  style  which  cannot  fail  to 
give  satisfaction. 


Onjlth's  Posthumous  Papers — Iconcs  Plantarnm  ^Asior- 
iicarum,  Fart  III.,  folio;  Notuhe  ad  planias  Asia- 
iicaSf  Part  III.,  8vo.  Calcutta,  1851. 
The  present  issue  of  the  late  Mr.  Griffith's  papers  is 
confined  to  Monocotyledonous  plants,  beginning  with 
Grasses  and  endmg  with  Gingerworts.  A  considerable 
part  of  both  is  occupied  with  Orchids.  The  East  India 
Company  has  intended  to  do  justice  by  this  series  of 
publications  to  one  of  the  most  meritorious  and  indus- 
trious of  its  servants,  and  at  the  same  time  to  render 
substantial  service  to  the  public  by  making  universally 
known  the  researchesof  a  botanist  of  great  experience  and 
acuteness,  whose  life  was  sacrificed  to  his  zeal  for 
science.  We,  in  common  with  all  naturalists,  feel  deeply 
indebted  to  the  Court  of  Directors  for  the  liberality 
displayed  on  this  and  so  many  other  occasions;  but  in 
proportion  to  our  gratitude  for  the  good  intentions  thus 
manifested  is  our  dissatisfaction  at  tlie  manner  in  which 
the  commands  of  the  Company  have  been  obeyed.  To 
be  plain,  the  editorial  duties  continue  to  be  performed 
in  a  manner  perfectly  disgraceful  ;  the  typographical 
blunders  are  countless,  and  render  the  letter-proas  incom- 
prehensible ;  not  the  slightest  pains  have  been  taken  to 
separate  importan  t  from  unimportant  matters  ;  the 
plates,  vilely  lithogi'aphed,  do  not  coiTespond  with  the 
descriptions  cither  in  sequence  or  numeration  ;  and  to 
crown  all,  drftwings  of  American  and  European  plants, 
such  as  Orntthidium  coccineuin,  Oncidiura  altissitfium, 
Listera  ovata  (from  Kew  Gardens  !),  a  set  of  species 
from  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  (!),  are  pushed  in  among 
figarGB  of  Asiatic  vegetation. 

It  is  greatly  V)  be  liopcd  that  the  remainder  of  the 
work  may  be  confided  to  more  able  editorial  bands. 


in  which  they  were  sown  ;  a,ud  a  second  on  the  iith 
of  December,  the  latter  being  the  plant  now 
in  flower.  It  was  tedious  work  nursing  it  in  its  young 
state,  through  the  dreary  months  of  winter.  It  grew 
very  rapidly  for  the  first  fortnight,  but  for  two  months 
after  that  its  progress  was  very  discouraging,  as  it  did 
not  appear  to  get  either  larger  or  stronger  during  that 
time;  by  the  middle  of  April,  however,  owing  to 
repeated  transplanting  and  liberal  treatment,  it  had 
increased  marvellously;  it  was  eventually  removed 
from  its  nursing  quarters  and  transferred  to  the  tJiuk 
on  the  24th  of  May,  1852.  The  largest  leaf  at  that  time 
was  11  inches  in  diameter;  on  the  l-ith  of  June  it  was 
2i  feet;  and  to-day  (August  7th)  the  largest  leaf  is 
4  feet  4  inches  in  diameter,  and  there  are  five  flower 
buds  on  the  plant;  iu  different  stages  of  development, 
besides  the  flower  that  is  fully  expanded.  The  red  and 
blue  Nyrapheeas,  and  some  other  water- i)lants,  have  also 
blossomed  in  tubs  in  the  same  house  with  the  Victoria, 
whose  flowering  so  far  north  is  a  matter  of  some 
interest. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Dalvey,  .nkak  FoftUFw,  THE  Skat  or  N.  Macleod, 
JBflq.— It  may  be  int<.*re8ting  to  know  that  the  Jloyal 
WatcrLily(VictoriaUegia)  isnowbloMHomin^^bwuitifully 
at  Dalvey,  in  Moraysliirc,  in  a  ridge  and  furrow-ro'jfed 
store  ftipiarium.  The  tank  in  which  it  is  growing  is  15 
feet  in  width  by  l'>  feet  in  length,  and  it  in  ii  feet  in 
depth.  The  water  is  lieaterl  by  a  double  row  of  cast- 
iron  pipes,  2J  inches  in  tho  bore,  ruiinin;^  round  the 
Unk.  Tho  plant  was  raised  from  sorno  seeds  sent 
from  Kew  on  tho  Ist  of  November,  1851  ;  four  of 
them  wcro  sown  immediately  on  tlieir  arrival,  and 
immerBed  in  a  small  tub  pltuied  directly  ahovo 
tho  he&ting-tank  of  an  Orchid  house,  whoio  a  tem- 
peniaro  of  about  DH"  Fahr.  could  bo  obtanied. 
The  first  iccd  germinated  on  the  25th  of  tho  month 


FLORICULTURE. 

Midland  Horticoltdhal  Society,  Derby,  Aiigmt  4.  —  A 
spirited  competitiou  existed  oa  this  occiision,  and  Yc  k, 
Leeds,  Wakefield,  Middletoa,  BirmlDgham,  Leicester,  Edin- 
burffh,  Nottingham,  Norihampton,  and  Stamford,  each 
contributed  eomething  to  the  general  gathering.  Through 
untoward  circumstances  Middlei^ex  w.is  unrepresented.  The 
requirementB  were  a  "Town's"  coUectioa  of  12  dissimilar 
varietiee  of  Carnations,  and  a  like  number  of  Picotees,  to  be 
shown  in  boxes  of  the  Horticultural  Sucietj's  (of  London) 
dimensions: — Carnations:  Ist,  Derby,  with  Seedling,  S.B., 
Flora's  G-arland,  Premier,  Firebrand,  Lorenzo,  Lord  Milt  m, 
Admiral  Curzoii,  Magnificent,  Cradley  Pet,  Squire  Meynell, 
and  Princess  (Seediiug) ;  2d,  Birmingham,  with  Premier,  Lord 
Raocliffe,  Briseis,  Admiral  Curzun,  Ariel,  Mi&s  Thornton, 
Poliingtoo,  Ljdi^,  Black  Diamond,  Lord  Lewisham,  Lady 
Rhodes,  and  Lovely  Ann  ;  3d,  Nottingham,  with  Taylor's  Lucia, 
Hale's  Albert  (Setdling),  Lady  Peel,  Earl  of  Leicester,  Falcon- 
bridge,  Admiral  Curzon,  Lord  Byron,  Lord  Milton,  Lady 
Gardiner,  Firebrand,  and  Oberon ;  Ith,  Leeds,  with  Lord 
Milton,  Magniticeut,  Great  Northern,  Rainbow,  Firebrand, 
Ariel,  William  the  Fourth,  Lady  Ely,  Rose  Helen,  Admiral 
Cuizon,  Paul  Pry,  and  Justice  Shallow  ;  5th,  York,  with  Miss 
Thornton,  Lord  RaucHflfe,  William  the  Fourth,  Admiral 
Curzon,  Ariel,  Knostrop  Pet,  Lydia,  Briton  SpUntiid, 
Rainbow,  Squire  Meynell,  and  Brilliant;  6tb,  Wakefield, 
with  Seedling  No.  'i.  Beauty  of  Brighouse,  Admiral  Cur- 
zon, Lady  of  the  Manor,  Hep  north's  Leader,  Lord 
Rancliffe,  NuUi  Secuadus,  Seedling,  Lord  Milton,  Seedling, 
Squire  Meynell,  Patriot;  7th,  Leicester,  with  True  Briton, 
Duke  of  Rutland,  Prudence,  Earl  of  Leicester,  Gladintor, 
Briseis,  Black  Diamond,  Squire  Meynell,  Lorenzo,  Hamlet, 
Queen  of  Purples,  and  Princess  Royal,  A  liae  stand  from 
Edioburgh  was  disqualified,  containing  a  self-petal.  Twelve 
dissimilar  Picotees  :  1st,  Derby,  with  Mrs.  Norman,  Duke  of 
Rutland,  Ganymede,  Green's  Queen,  Mrs.  Barnard,  Venus, 
Allred,  Ophelia,  Bayley's  Seedling,  Mary,  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  Isabella ;  2d,  Birmingham,  with  Audrey,  Prince  of  Wales, 
Alfred,  Green's  Queen,  Elizabeth,  Mrs.  Brown,  Duchess, 
Delicata,  Venus,  Amethyst,  Mrs.  Barnard,  and  King  James; 
3d,  York,  with  Allred,  Green's  Queen,  Lady  Franklin,  Misa 
Kosa,  Red  Rover,  Mrs.  Wood.  EliZibetb,  Portia,  Delicata, 
Mary  Ann,  Mrs.  Barnard,  and  King  James  ;  4th,  Nottingham, 
with  Princess  Royal,  Elizabeth,  Juliet,  Green's  Queen,  Gem, 
Lord  Nelson,  Priuce  of  Wales.  Duke  of  Rutland,  Kuciiaatress, 
Isabella,  Alfred,  and  Mrs,  Barnard  ;  6tb,  Leedo,  with  Mrs. 
Barnard,  Elizabeth,  Lady  of  the  Lake,  Prmceof  Wales,  Regina, 
Ana  Schofield,  Alfred,  Christabelle,  Cerise  Blanche,  Mrs. 
Norman,  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  King  James;  6tb,  Leicester, 
with  Prince  of  Wales,  Duke  of  Rutland,  Nina,  King  James, 
Venus,  Christabelle,  Lord  Nelsou,  Youell's  Gem,  Bates, 
Seedling,  Mrs.  Norman,  Prince  Albert,  and  Jenny  Lind. 
Society's  Prizes  for  Florist's  subjects, — Fuchsias,  in  sixes  :Mr. 
Bayley,  with  Voltigeur,  Brilliaut,  Scarletina  reflesa.  Fair 
Rosamond,  Purity,  and  Elizabeth  {Kendall) ;  2d,  Mr.  Sleigh, 
with  Sir  Robert  Peel,  One  in  the  Riug,  King  of  Crimsons,  L)r. 
Smith,  Pearl  of  England,  and  Exouiensis  ;  Fancy  Pelargc- 
niums,  in  sixes  :  Mr.  Barlow,  gr.  to  Mr.  W.  Hirst,  with  Anais, 
Fairy  Queen,  Reine  desFrancais,  Magnificum,  Queen  Victoria, 
and  Beauty  of  Winchester,  Verbenas,  twelves:  Mr.  CooUok, 
with  Oculata,  Capivation,  St.  Mar;tarets,  Fanny  Forrester, 
Emperor  of  Chinu,  Jenny  Lind,  Fiiacess  Royal,  Jieltn,  Cardinal, 
and  Crimson  Perfection.  I'eiunias,  threas  :  Mr.  Cooling,  witb 
Anno,  Mary,  and  Fine  Dark  ;  2d,  Mr.  Bayley,  with  Sir  J. 
Puxton,  and  two  seedliogs.  RoseH  (best  twelve  cutbunches) :  let, 
Mr.  Allestree,  with  Jacques  Latitte,  Souvenir  de  la  Malmuisou, 
Earl  Talbot,  Reine  de*  Fleurs,  Duchesso  de  Monrpeuaier, 
General  Cavaignac,  Madame  Verdier,  Dupetit  Thouars,  Weant 
dea  Battailies,  and  Paul  Joseph ;  2d,  Mr.  Frettingham  ;  Rose-, 
btBt  twelve  8iDt;le  blooms  :  (an  extra  prize  t.  li'erod  by  members 
of  the  comniiitee),  Mr.  Allestree,  with  Barunue  Prevost, 
"Souvenir  de  la  Malmuison,  DovonionBis,  General  Cavaigoac. 
Ducheei-e  de  M  mtpensier,  Dupetit  Thouars,  Madame  Tru- 
dcaux,  Geant  des  Batiailles,  and  Reine  des  Fleurs.  Carnatiooa, 
in  sixes:  Ist,  Mr.  Dodwell,  with  Flora's  Garland,  Premier, 
Lorenzo,  Cradley  Pet,  Adtniral  Curzon,  and  Lord  Milton  ;  2d, 
Mr.  Fisher,  with  Black  Diamond,  Priuce  Arthur,  Lord  Milton, 
Premier,  Admiral  Curzon,  and  Hero  of  Middlesex  ;  3d,  Mr, 
Bayley,  with  five  Boedlings  and  Lord  Milton;  4th  Mr.  Merry- 
weiher,  with  True  Briton,  Jenny  Lind,  Lord  Milion,  Premier, 
Ludy  Ely,  Admiral  Curzon  ;5rh.  Mr.  W. Parkinson, with  Seedling, 
Squire  Trow,  Seedling,  Lady  Gardiner,  William  IV.,  and 
Brutus.  Pico  ees,  in  aiices  ;l9t,  Mr.  Dodweil,  with  Mrs.  Norman, 
Alfred,  Priuce  ot  WaUa,  Vi-nuH,  Mrs.  Barnard,  and  Greeu's 
Queen;  2d,  Mr.  Bayley,  wi'h  Elizabeth,  Veous,  Duke  of  Rut- 
land, Mrs.  Turner,  Mrs.  Barnard,  and  Seedling  Nu.  7  ;  3d,  Mr. 
Fihher,  with  Prince  of  Wales,  Mrs.  Barnard,  Alfred,  Venus, 
Eliziibeth,  and  Gem;  Ith.  Mr.  Murriweiher  with  Klizubetb, 
Alfred,  Lady  Franklin,  Mr,  Barnai  d,  Greou'b  Qoeou,  and  Mm. 
Wood  ;  Stii,  Mr,  W,  Purkitisoii,  with  Priticesw  AUcl-,  Prince  of 
Wales,  Isabella,  Youell'a  Gem,  Mrs,  liarnHnl,  and  Northamp- 
ton Bride,  binulo  BlooniH,  in  Clafisea — Carnations,  Scarlet 
Hizam-B  :  Ut.  Admiral  Curzon  ;  2d,  Admiral  Cm  zon  ;  3d,  Socd- 
Hnjf ;  *lh,  Sir  JoHCph  Piixlon ;  Gth,  Duko  of  Suci.orlund,  Mr. 
Uudweli ; 'ith,  Hplinidld,  Mr.  Mcrrywethor.  CrimHoii  illzurruu  ; 
Vf-t,  Lord  Mlton  :  2d,  Lord  Milton  ;  <)d,  Lord  Mliiun  ;  llh,  Bluclt 
iJiamond  ;  Tjih.  Black  Dhiirmnd  ;  (iih,  Black  Dtiimond,  Mr.  Dod- 
wull.  I'luk  Blzirreti  :  l«r,  Prlnce-a  ;  2<1,  Hicilling  ;  3d,  Ludy  of 
the  Lake;  Ith,  I'nncesB  ;  Tich,  Falcoubi  Idgt* ;  (ith,  Ludy  of  the 
LiiUo,  Mr.  Dud  well.  I'lirpio  FlukCH :  l»t,  Pruiniur,  Mr. 
FUhor;  '^d,  Perfection;  yd,  Premier;  4th,  Bounty  of  WooJ- 
houio  ;  5ih,  Premier,  Mr.  Dodwoll ;  llth,  Mi-a  Tli^roton,  Mr, 
Mcrrvwcthcr.  Honrlct  Flukus  :  Ut,  Willlani  ihu  Fourth,  Mr. 
Do.lw«ll  ;  2d,  Hiedllng,  Mr.  Biiyley  ;  Hd,  Firebrand,  Mr. 
Itodwell;  4ih,  Cnidley  Pot,  Mr.  Dodwtll  ;  0th,  Wllllmn  the 
Ko'irlh,  Mr.  Morryweiher;  Otli,  Cni'lley  Pet,  Mr.  Dodwtdl. 
ItOHO  flakflu:  lit,  HeedllnK,  Mr,  Buyluy;  2d,  MiiguHlciut,  Mr, 
IJudneil  ;  3d,  Ludy  Ely,  Mr,  M.irry Womhur  ;  Ith,  H«M*dlinK, 
Mr.  Biiyloy  ;  Oih,  Lorenzo,  Mr.  Dodwcll  ;  Uth.  Lovely  Ann,  Mr. 
Dodnull.  l'luoicu4 — liuavy  edged  red  :  Ut,  Julio  Ruiniuio  ;  2<1, 
Mfi.  Norman  ;  ad,  Prliieo  of  VVuIub;  llh,  Mrs.  Normnn  ;  Oih, 
Kllzubcth  ;  Cih,  Prince  of  Wulcn,  Mr.  Dodwuli.    Ll^ht  edged 


reu  :  iai.  Prince  of  Wuleb,  Mr.  ParUiuaou  ;  2j,  Utm.  air.  Dod- 
weil ;  3<1,  Gem,  Mr.  Dodweil ;  4th,  Gem,  Mr.  I'arkinson  ;  5th, 
Gem,  Mr,  Dodweil;  6.h,  ditto,  ditto.  Heavy  edged  purple: 
lat,  Alfred,  Mr.  Morrywether ;  2d,  Alfred.  Mr.  DodweH ;  Sd, 
Lady  Harriet  Moore,  Mr.  Dodweil  ;  4tb,  Alfred,  Mr.  Dodweil; 
5th,  Alfred,  Mr.  Merrywether  ;  Cth,  Lord  Nelson,  Mr.  DodweJL 
Light  edged  purple:  1st,  0(jhelia,  Mr.  Dodweil;  2d,  Lady 
Franklin,  Mr.  Merrywether;  3d,  Ophelia,  Mr.  Dodweil;  4lh, 
Alfred,  Mr.  Fisher;  5th,  Loriua.  Mr.  Dodweil;  (ith,  Wil- 
lounhby,  Mr.  Dodweil.  Heavy  edged  rose:  lat;  VenuB,  Mr. 
Dodweil;  2d,  Venus,  Mr.  Fisher;  3il,  Queen  Victoria  ;  4th,  Venus; 
5th,  Grace  Darling;  and  tJtb,  Seedling,  Mr.  Dodivell.  Light 
edged  rose  ;  lat,  Mrs.  Barnard,  Mr.  Dodweil;  2d,  Mrs.  Barnard, 
Mr.  Fisher  ;  3d,  Mra.  Barnard,  Mr.  Dodweil  ;  4th,  Mrs.  Barnard, 
Mr.  Dodweil;  5th,  Mra.  Barnard,  Mr.  Dodweil;  6Lh,  Mra. 
Barnard,  Mr.  Parkinson.  Beat  Carnation  of  any  class: 
Admiral  Curzon,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Dodweil,  Beat  Picotee  : 
Mrs.  Norman,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Dodweil. 

Dahlia  Show  ;  Inquirer.  We  learn  that  the  contemplated 
Exhibitiou  at  Cremorae  Gardens  is  postponed  to  soma  luture 
day. 

ScBEDDLE  OF  Feizes  received  for  an  Exhibition  at  Vauxhall- 
gardens,  Birmingham,  ou  Monday,  August  30.  Ditto  of  the 
Wilts  Horticultural  Exhibition,  to  be  held  at  Salisbury  on 
the  3lst  inst, 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

CHaiSANTHEBitjais  :  C.  Mr.  Taylor's  eystem  of  'culture  hae 
already  been  given  in  our  columas;  for  the  worklt&elf  we  must 
refer  you  to  the  author. 

CiNERAaiAs:  We  have  nj  faith  in  chance  seedlings;  that  auch 
are  abundant  we  are  not  surprised;  nevertheless,  io  the 
absence  of  others,  take  care  of  some  of  the  best  of  them ; 
you  will  find  a  aimilar  case  to  yours  noticed  in  last  week's 
number. 

Dahlias:  S  G,  Spoiled  past  recovery  before  it  reached  us. 
— Sub,  A  coarae  yellow  variety  of  no  merit.— C  J  P.  Four 
blooms  — colour,  pale  bufl'  and  bright  purpls  mottled  ; 
thoroughly  double  and  very  deep  ;  centre  prominent  and 
well-formed  ;  outline  symmetrical ;  petals  smooth  on  the  edges 
and  cupped,  but  as  they  radiate  from  the  centre  towards 
a  well-rounded  shoulder  they  become  reflexed,  and  ahow 
the  bright  purple  to  advantage.  The  true  character  of  this 
variety  will  easily  be  changed  by  extra  shading,  when  it  will 
become  almost  a  1  mon-culoured  self;  even  as  the  season 
advances  auch  a  change  will  naturally  take  place.  We  like 
the  fl'iwer  much  for  its  novelty. 

Hollyhocks:  D  and  Co.  1.  Of  fine  general  character;  ie 
it  dilferent  from  rosea  grandifljra  ?  2.  Guard  petals  much 
too  wide  for  the  size  of  the  ceutre.  3.  A  nice,  smooth,  and 
well  proportioned  flower  ;  if  the  habit  is  good  it  ia  one  of  the 
bvst.  4.  Too  flat,  which  is  palpably  evident  when  compared 
with  the  symmetrical  outline  of  No.  3 — Ainalor.  Next  week. 

Pansy:  D  and  Co.  A  cbeariul  and  well-formed  flower; 
endeavour  to  propagate  it,  by  all  means, 

Pelaeqonidms  :  TCandCo.  Pretty  enough,  but  wanting  in 
many  points  couwidered  essential  to  perfeciion  in  this  cla6S 
of  plants.— J  ff.  Your  flowers  had  all  dropped  before  jour 
package  reached  us. 

Verbenas  :  A,  not  near  sogood  as  sorts  out ;  B,  very  similar  to 
several  in  the  pink-coloured  class,  and  with  no  great 
pretensions  to  form  ;  C,  a  watery  coloured  lavender,  of  little 
merit. 


Miscellaneous. 

Heavy  Spade  v.  Light  Fo7-h.~Liitle  stands  have 
been  made  about  the  farm  by  manufacturers,  who  take 
advantage  of  the  agricultural  gathex-ing  at  Tiptree  to 
display  such  tools  and  implemeuts  as  are  thought  worth 
displaying.  The  stand  is  made  over  a  patch  of  the 
hardest  soil,  a  spade  is  taken,  and  it  is  found  that  with 
much  effort  it  is  simply  impossible  to  dig  with  it 
efficiently  in  soil  so  hard.  The  man  then  takes  a  light 
fork,  weighing  two  pounds  less  than  the  agricultural 
fork  commonly  put  into  the  hands  of  labourers.  Its 
five  narrow  prongs  are  of  cast  steel,  and  it  is  completed 
of  one  solid  piece  without  joint  or  weld.  With  this 
fork  the  man  proceeds  to  dig  with  wonderful  faciUty 
the  heavy  stony  soil.  The  prongs  of  such  forks  yield 
place  to  the  stones,  and  bend  round  them,  loosening  the 
soil,  springing  instantly,  when  withdrawn,  into  their 
original  form.  A  match  was  ou  one  occasion  tried 
between  two  workmen,  one  of  [whom  used  the  old- 
fashioned,  rigid,  and  broad-bladed  fork,  the  other  used 
one  of  these  light  implements  (Winton's  Parkes's  they 
are  called)  with  narrow  tines  of  elastic  steel.  The  maa 
with  the  light  fork  earned  four  shillings  while  the  other 
was  earning  two  shillings  and  threepence,  and  the  heavy 
fork  after  the  match  required  an  outlay  of  sixpence  for 
repairs.  The  savings  in  repairs  and  renovation  pay  for 
the  light  fork  several  times  in  the  course  of  a  year,  and 
in  labour  the  saving  is  so  great,  that  a  man  using  this 
fork  is  said  to  lift— by  the  saving  of  two  pounds  ou  each 
effort— live  tons  less  in  the  course  of  a  day's  work  than 
his  old-fashioned  neighbour.  Some  of  these  forks  are 
made  still  lighter  for  the  use  of  children,  who  can  earn 
good  day  wages  by  the  use  of  them  at  twelve-inch 
trenching.  These  forks  were  regarded  as  playthings  by 
the  men  when  they  were  first  brought  to  Tiptree,  but  it 
was  soon  found  that  whoever  could  get  one  of  tliera  to 
use  was  saved  20  per  cent,  of  labour,  and  was  able 
to  perform  his  work  more  thorougiily  than  it  could 
otherwise  be  done.  Thus  it  ajipears  that  there  is  room 
for  Young  Agriculture  to  display  its  brains,  even  upou 
a  pitchfork.  Btckcm's  Jlouschold  Words. 

On  Comas  masctUa.  liy  Dr.  X.  Landerer.— This  tree 
ia  frequently  found  in  tho  east,  either  cultivated  in 
gardens  or  growing  spontaneously.  The  fruit  is  called 
Kpcti/ia,  and  In  consequence  of  its  agreeable  and  acidulous 
tuste  is  much  esteemed  by  the  Turks,  and  the  juice  is 
preserved  in  diflurent  ways,  and  used  for  making 
schcrbets,  which  are  ruconnnended  as  very  rcfreBhiug 
and  wholcsonio  buvoragos.  This  fruit  is  also  considered 
to  be  styptic,  and  at  tho  time  tlio  cholera  morbus 
raged  at  Constantinople,  it  was  tho  only  fruit  allowed  to 
bo  oaten,  having  Ijuen  sold  in  the  streets  and  buz:iar8  for 
that  purpose,  Tlio  syrup  nuido  from  tho  fruit  is  used 
in  the  same  way  an  synip  of  Uuspberry  is  used  in 
(icrrnimy.  Tho  unripe  fruit  is  preserved  in  vinegar, 
and  eaten  liltc  Ulivi'S  or  Tmnatoes.  Tho  Cornus  niascula 
wiiH  known  to  tho  aneientH,  and  Homer  states  that  the 
cojelirated  enchantress  Ciree  gave  tlio  fruit  to  the 
rollowera  of  UlysBOS.  I'huy  also  mentions  the  plant, 
and  says  that  the  llowers  arc  beneficial  iu  diarrhoea. 


520 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  14, 


'i'Uey  aru  stiU  used  fur  this  purpode  in  the  east.  Pk(xr- 
maceutical  Jownal. 

Best  kind  of  Wood  for  Blocls  or  Bashetsfor  Orclilds. — 
It  has  been  proved,  from  many  years'  experience,  that 
blocks  or  baskets  made  of  the  roots  of  Elder  (Sambucus 
nigra),  answer  exceedingly  well  for  the  growth  of 
Orchids.  The  roots  should  be  dried,  the  bark  being 
taken  off,  to  prevent  the  lodging  of  insects,  and  cut  to 
the  requisite  lengths.  Their  rough  knobby  surface  is 
well  adapted  for  Orchid  cultivation.  Although  it  may 
be  difficult  to  obtain  Elder  roots  sufficiently  large,  it  is, 
however,  advisable  to  use  them  if  possible,  because  they 
are  of  all  soft  woods  the  most  durable,  whilst,  at  the 
same  time, their  porosity  retains  the  necessary  humidity. 
The  Cattleya  Mossite,  Dendrobium  aggregatum  and 
Jenkinsii,  grown  on  blocks  made  of  Elder  roots,  very 
soon  covered  them  with  their  spougioles,  and  vegetated 
■with  great  vigour  throughout  the  winter.  Flora  des 
Sevres  et  dcs  Jardins  de  V Europe. 

Botanic  Gardens,  Cape  Town. — During  my  stay  at 
Cape  Town  I  paid  several  visits  to  the  Botanic  Garden. 
This  institution  occupies  a  space  of  ground  formerly 
known  as  the  "  Government  Garden.*'  Considering  that 
it  was  only  established  a  few  years  ago,  and  possesses 
limited  pecuniary  means,  it  has  already  made  some 
progress,  containing  a  good  many  plants,  two  little  iiot- 
houses,  and  a  library.  It  is  now,  however,  retrograding, 
chiefly  through  the  mismanagement  of  the  commis- 
sioners, a  body  of  men  who,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
seem  to  be  quite  incapable  of  exercising  the  supi*eme 
direction,  and  who,  by  a  series  of  measures,  have  brought 
not  only  ridicule  upon  themselves,  but  the  whole 
institution.  Those  who  could  ful.y  understand  the 
nature  and  object  of  a  Botanic  Garden  were  desirous 
that  their  power  should  be  restricted,  like  that  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  in  England,  to  the 
mere  financial  matters,  and  a  general  control  over  the 
whole;  and  that  Mr.  Zeyher  should  be  charged  with  the 
chief  direction.  That  such  would  have  been  by  far  the 
wisest  plan,  and  that  no  one  was  better  qualified  to  fill 
^the  post  than  he  who  has  devoted  28  years  of  his  life  to 
the  Flora  of  Southern  Africa,  requires  no  demonstration. 
But  although  Mr.  Zeyher  was  attached,  until  lately,  as 
.botanist  to  the  establishment,  yet  he  was  so  situated 
that  he  could  not  attempt  any  alteration  or  improve- 
ment without  meeting  an  ill-timed  opposition  both  from 
th-3  head-gardener  and  the  commissioners.  At  last,  to 
cix)wn  all  their  blunders,  the  mnjority  of  the  latter 
body  passed  a  resolution  that  the  gnrden  could  do 
without  a  botanist.  Dr.  Pappe,  one  of  the  board,  was 
30  indignant  at  this  measure  that  he  entered  a  protest, 
and  instantly  severed  all  ties  witli  the  institution.  The 
garden  has  thus  lost  two  of  its  brightest  ornaments; 
and  as  the  number  of  subscribers  is  rapidly  decreasing, 
and  the  want  of  funds  is  every  day  more  experienced, 
it  is  evident  that,  unless  the  Government  puts  a  stop  to 
the  proceedings  by  appointing  a  scientific  person,  and 
vesting  in  him  the  chief  direction,  this  establishment, 
T-vliich,  if  conducted  properly,  might  have  been  productive 
of  much  good,  both  to  the  colony  and  botany  in  general, 
must  soon  Jail  to  the  ground,  or,  at  least,  fail  to  accom- 
plish the  object  for  which  it  was  originally  designed. 
Bcrihold  JSeeiiiannf  in  Hoohefs  Jour^ial  of  Botany. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(^For    the   ensuing  week.) 
— t —  " 
PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
'The  present  heavy  rains  will  render  it  necessary  to 
I'emove  to  glass  shelters  of  some  kind  the  more  deUcate 
rooted  plauts  j  and  unless,  in  a  short  time,  the  weather 
becomes  dryer,  all  the  more  valuable  greenhouse  plants 
out   of  doors  will  require   housing ;    for  the  ordinary 
canvas  screens  afford  but  poor  protection  to  plants  from 
such  raius  as  we  have  experienced  lately.     In  our  last 
Calendar  we  advised   '*  shading  "    of   all  kinds    to   be 
ixduced,  to  aff'oz'd  assistance  for  ripening  the  summer 
gl'owth   by   an  increased   amount   of  light ;    we  need 
scarcely  point  out  that  an  abundance  of  air,  day  and 
night,  should  accompany  the  above,  and,  as  an  addi- 
tional means  of  effecting  a  slow  but  progressive  and 
eff'ectual  ripening  of  the  summer  wood,  the  atmospheric 
moisture  of  plant-houses  should  be  gradually  reduced  as 
heat  and  the  length  of  days  decline,  that  the  progression 
to  a  dry  atmosphere  may  coincide  with  the  ripening  of 
tbe   wood.     We  wish   to  lay  particular  stress,  at  this 
season,  on  the  importance  of  well  matured   wood   to 
plants  intended  to  bloom  in  perfection,  while  they  will 
be  found  to  bear  the  vicissitudes  of  winter  with  impunity, 
compared  with  plants  whose  wood  is  soft  and  imper- 
fectly ripened.     The  supply  of  water  will  much  depend 
on  the  state  of  growth  and  habit  of  the  plant ;  it  should, 
'  however,   be  remembered,  that  many  plants  are  now 
actively  forming  roots,  and  will  require  water  in  con- 
siderable   quantities,   especially   when   subjected   to  a 
somewhat  drier  medium  to  grow  in.     The  stock  of  hardy 
shrubs  in  pots  for  next  season's  forcing,  if  their  growth 
is  perfected,  may  be  laid  on  their  sides,  facing  the  south  ; 
this  will  assist  to  ripen  their  wood,  and  prevent  their 
making   autumn   shoots.     After  a  short  time,  remove 
them  to  the  shade  of  a  north  wall  for  the  winter. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — Fires  will  be  necessary  during  the  present 
wet  weather  to  houses  containing  Grapes,both  to  preserve 
them  from  damp  and  mildew,  and  to  allow  the  requisite 
ventilation.  They  should  also  be  applied  in  some  cases 
where  the  fruit  is  cut  and  the  wood  is  not  sufiiciently 
ripened,  which  is  sometimes  the  case  with  extra  strong 
wood  ;  and  a  month's  fire-heat  at  this  season,  where 
such  is  the  case,  will  be   of  great   advantage  to  the 


ensuing  crop.  Maintain  the  utmost  cleanliness  in  every 
department ;  and  keep  down  insects  by  means  previously 
recommended.  Pinery. — Whenever  the  stock  of  the 
successions  for  furnishing  the  principal  supply  next 
season  justifies  a  shift,  they  should  be  removed  to  their 
fruiting  pots  ;  but  it  will  be  better  to  allow  time  for  the 
roots  to  fill  their  present  pots,  than  to  shift  them  wlieu 
such  is  not  the  case.  The  size  of  pot  in  which  they  are 
to  perfect  their  fruit  will  depend  in  some  measure  on 
the  kind  of  Pine.  Queens  and  other  moderate  growing 
sorts  will  require  pots  of  from  12  to  15  inches  in  diameter, 
while  the  Providence  and  strong  growing  kinds  will 
want  pots  a  size  or  two  larger  than  the  above  ;  the 
above  sized  pots  will,  however,  only  be  required  for 
strong  plants  in  vigorous  health  ;  whex'e  they  are  not  so 
a  less  size  must  be  substituted,  or  disappointment  will 
be  the  result.  The  simplest  and  cheapest  way  of  growing 
Pines  is,  however,  to  grow  them  on  a  bed  of  soil  placed 
over  pipes  heated  by  hot  water,  of  sufficient  power  to 
heat  the  bed  up  to  95^.  The  soil  for  the  purpose  should 
be  one-half  each  of  peat  and  loam,  and  should  be  about 
15  inches  deep.  Turned  out  into  a  bed  of  this  descrip- 
tion, either  from  pots  or  removed  from  small  frames, 
where  they  have  been  previously  growing  in  a  free  soil. 
Pines  will  advance  rapidly,  attain  a  size  and  vigour,  and 
swell  off  their  fruit  in  a  superior  manner  to  such  as  are 
grown  in  pots.  To  encourage  this  vigorous  habit 
additional  room  should  be  allowed  them,  and  when  once 
they  are  established  large  admissions  of  air  and 
abundance  of  light  will  be  necessary,  to  produce  a  sturdy 
habit  ;  and  artificial  heat  must  be^ap plied  to  perfect  their 
growth  before  the  dark  days  of  winter.  Attend  to  suc- 
cessions of  all  kinds,  by  potting  such  as  require  it,  and  I 
by  watering  when  dry,  using  clear  liquid  manure  ; ' 
occasionally  allow  them  plenty  of  air,  and  keep  a  steady 
bottom  heat ;  pot  suckers  a  few  at  a  time  as  they  are 
taken  from  the  stools. 

FLOWER   GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Hollyhocks,  Dahlias,  and  lierbaceous  plants  must  be 
made  safe  from  the  effects  of  liigli  winds,  by  securely 
fastening  them  to  their  supports.  The  like  [attention 
should  be  paid  to  climbing  plants  against  walls  and 
trellises,  standard  Roses,  &c.  There  is  an  appearance 
of  negligence  in  seeing  plants  blown  about  by  the  wind, 
which  should  by  all  means  be  avoided;  remove  daily 
dead  leaves, bloom,  and  fitterof  all  kinds,  and  frequently 
sweep  and  mow  Grass,  that  a  clean,  well-kept  appearance 
may  present  itself.  Gi'avel  walks  should  be  frequently 
rolled  during  heavy  rains,  to  keep  them  firm.  The 
general  pruning  of  evergreen  shrubs  should  now  take 
place,  reducing  straggling  growths  within  proper  limits, 
but  avoid  giving  them  anything  of  a  formal  character — 
the  object  is  to  assist,  not  deform  nature;  by  this  the 
general  characteristics  of  each  plant  will  be  as  much  as 
possible  preserved  ;  the  case  is  different  in  pruning 
shrubs  used  as  architectural  embellishments,  which  will 
require  trimming  into  the  precise  figure  wanted. 
Hedges  should  now  be  finished  cutting,  using  the  knife 
for  large-leaved  plants.  Keep  the  shrubbery  borders 
clean  by  frequent  dressings. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
At  this  season  many  florists  divide  and  repot  their 
Auriculas  and  Polyanthuses  ;  we  consider  it  a  good 
time  for  the  operation,  so  that  both  young  and  old 
plants  may  get  established  before  winter.  In  removing 
the  offsets  or  young  plants  from  the  Auricula,  it  is 
well  to  avoid  the  use  of  the  knife  as  much  as  possible, 
the  sharp  handle  of  a  budding  knife  will  be  found  an 
appropriate  instrument.  Avoid  exciting  composts ; 
stimulants  are  only  applied  when  the  plants  are  growing. 
Shade  the  old  plants  which  have  not  had  their  ball 
broken,  occasionally  watering  and  sprinkling  overhead. 
The  offsets  planted  round  the  sides  of  pots  will  be  , 
better  in  a  cool  close  frame  for  a  few  days,  till  they 
have  made  a  start,  when  air  may  be  gradually  admitted. 
Give  especial  attention  to  Dahlias  —  attend  to  the 
directions  previously  given  ;  continue  to  put  out  Pinks 
and  Pansies  for  next  season.  It  is  not  yet  too  late  to 
propagate  Hollyhocks,  which  may  be  done  by  cuttings  ; 
make  a  bed  ready  for  offset  Tulips.  These  should  not 
be  long  out  of  the  ground,  or  probably  the  smallest 
and  most  valuable  will  shrivel  up. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  value  of  the  Strawberry  as  a  summer  frnit  renders 
its  successful  cultivation  a  matter  of  some  importance, 
the  more  especially,  as  it  comes  within  the  reach  of  the 
humblest  possessor  of  a  garden.  Tlie  present  is  the 
best  season  for  making  new  beds  ;  Strawberries  thrive 
best  in  a  deep,  rich  loam,  and  open  situation  ;  the  land 
should  have  been  previously  trenched  2  feet  deep,  and 
well  manured,  for  Ktrawberry  roots  penetrate  to  a  great 
depth  ;  select  runners,  which  have  either  been  laid  into 
small  pots  for  the  purpose,  or  the  strongest  which  have 
takeu  root  from  the  older  beds.  If  large  fruit  is  au 
object,  a  good  space  should  be  allowed  them,  say  2^  feet 
or  3  feet  apart,  for  the  large-leaved  kinds,  between  the 
rows,  and  18  inches  between  the  plants  ;  a  somewhat 
less  distance  between  the  rows  will  suffice  for  the  dwarfer 
growing  kinds  and  where  economy  of  space  is  an 
object ;  see  that  an  open  situation  is  selected  for  Straw- 
berries never  do  well  in  close,  confined  places,  though 
thei*e  is  a  general  opinion  tliey  will  grow  anywhere  ; 
water  them  dui'ing  dry  weather  till  they  get  well 
established. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Keep  on  planting  out  winter  and  spring  'vegetables 
wherever  there  is  room.  The  culture  of  growing  crops 
should  be  attended  to,  when  the  state  of  the  ground  and 
weather  will  permit.  Sow  immediately,  in  an  open 
situation,  a  good  plot  of  Early  Stone,  or  Gre^n  Barrel 


Turnip  for  winter  and  spring  use.  Towards  the  end  o 
the  week,  the  principal  spring  crop  of  CauUflowers  and 
Walchereu  Broccoli  should  be  sown — sow  thin  in  an 
open  place,  and  not  on  too  rich  soil,  or  the  plants  will 
become  gross  and  less  liable  to  stand  through  the 
winter.  Another  sowing  of  the  different  kinds  of 
Cabbage  may  be  made  for  spring  planting,  and  likewise 
of  the  hardy  Cos  and  Cabbage  Lettuces,  selecting  a 
similar  spot  for  the  seed  beds,  as  recommended  for 
Cauliflowers.  Thin  out  and  cut  down  a  portion  of  the 
spring-sown  Parsley,  that  a  fresh  growth  may  be  made 
before  winter;  a  part  of  the  thinnings  should  be  potted 
in  12-inch  pots  for  removing  to  frames  in  the  winter. 
Sow  succession  crops  of  the  white  and  red  Turnip 
Radish  ;  thin  out  Chicory,  and  plant  largely  of  Endive. 
Where  the  ground  is  wet,  this  crop  should  be  planted 
on  raised  slopes,  facing  the  south,  to  prevent  damping 
in  wet  weather.  This  really  valuable  winter  vegetable 
should  find  its  way  into  every  garden  for  culinary  use, 
independent  of  its  qualities  as  a  salad  plant.  Pull  up 
Onions  directly  they  show  indications  of  ripening,  and 
expose  the  bulbs  to  the  sun  to  ripen.  Take  up  Shal- 
lots and  Garlic  for  drying.  As  soon  as  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  droppings  is  ready,  proceed  to  make  a  bed 
for  Mushrooms,  if  not  already  done. 


STATE  OF    THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
For  the  week  ending  Auff.  13, 185^,  as  obierved  at  the  Horticultural  Gardens 


< 

a 

20 
21 

(C 

23 

TBMPBBATOaa. 

Wind. 

AuRuat 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth 

3 

M«I. 

Mln. 

Maj. 

Mln. 

Mean 

I  root 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Friday  . 
iatur.  . 
juntlay  . 
Mouday 

G 

8 
9 

in 

29.393 
29.:i3G 
59.477 
29.533 
=9.031 

29  353 
29.293 
29.396 
29.499 
29.533 
29.123 
29,248 

6S 

71 
67 

Gl) 

54 
.S2 
51 
47 

61.0 

63.0 
61.5 
59.0 
60.0 

63 

62 
6li 

61 

60i 

6U1 
60* 
Clli 

S. 
S. 
W. 
S.W. 

s.w. 
s. 
s.w. 

.43 
.12 
.02 

-.SS 

Wed.  .. 
Thurs... 

11 

12 

2J 

26 

29.351 

29.i(J7 

52 
52 

59.11 
56.0 

«14     !  B9J 
61       1  53 

;s? 

Average     . . 

29.J60  '1  29.357 

69.0      51  0  '  611,0  1  618    '  60.1 

2-15 

AugUBt    6— RBinbow,  6   a.m.;    stiowera  ;    low    dArk    clouds;    veiy    heavy 
nhower  in  forenoon  ;  heavy  rain  at  night. 

—  7— Cloudy;  ihowery  ;  clear  at  ni^ht. 

—  fi-Floe  ;  low  white  clouds  and  dark  blue  sky  in  intervals  j  c'-car. 

—  9— V^ry  fine  throuehout;  clear  at  nignt;  rain. 

—  10— Very  fi.e;  ahowfra  in  forenoon  ;  clear. 

—  II  — Conilant  heavy  rain. 

—  12— Heavy  rain,  almost  constant  throughout. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  week,  3^  deg.  below  the  average. 

STATE  OP  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  ycnn.forthe  ensuing vreek,  endingAug  21,  1852. 


AugUEt. 

<5^ 

lit 

5^H 

No.  of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

Prevailing  Wind  a 

Z 
4 

1 
1 
1 

2 

----!-- 

3   «'  l!  2   S    S 
3   3   13   7    7 
ll  1    114   5  l(r 
5   3'  13   7   6 
5  2'  l!  1  7;  9 
I    1-15    6,10 
2-16    7I  6 

Sunday  15 
Mon       16 
Tuea.     17 
Wed.      IS 
Thura.   19 
Friday  20 
«atur.    2i 

73.2 
73.1 
73.5 
73-7 
73-7 
70.9 
72.3 

51.0 
52.3 
51.4 

51.3 
50.8 
51.4 
49.9 

62.1 
62-9 
62.4 
62-7 

61.2 
62.1 
60.  C 

13 
9 
13 
1-2 
IS 
10 
JO 

O.Cl  in. 

0.53 

0.54 

0.33 

0.42 

0.33 

062 

5 
S 

2 
1 
3 

2 
2 

The  hiKbcBt  tern 

1812-therm.  92  deg 

peralure 
.;  and  tk 

during  tho  above  period  occurred  on  the  ISlh, 
e  lowest  on  the  2iBt.  ISaO-theroi.  32  deg. 

Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Bees'- WAX  :  Cerapium.  Boil  the  comb  in  water  after  the  honey 
is  extracted,  then  pour  iuto  more  water,  and  the  bees'-wai, 
which  will  float  on  the  surface,  will  separate  when  cold. 

Books:  TV.  Hookei's ''Species  Filicum."t 

Frdit  :  JM.  The  Grapes  are  well  thinned,  well  swelled,  well 
coloured,  and  eipe  ;  they  do  jou  credit.  We  cannot  aay 
much  of  the  Melon. 

Gold  Fish  in  Glasses:  M  R.  Bread  is  considered  to  be  in- 
jurious to  them;  nothing  is  found  to  answer  better  tbaa 
biscuit  (either  Abernethy  or  captain'd)  put  into  the  water, 
which  should  be  changed  two  or  three  limes  a  week-J 

Insects  :  JN.  We  are  unable  to  suggest  any  more  likely  plan 
to  destroy  the  clothes  moths  in  your  harness-room  than  to 
fam'gate  it  thoroughly  with  brimstone,  closin)?  the  chimney^ 
wintlows,  &C.—  J  S.  Your  elephant  beetle  ia  the  Willow 
weevil  (Cryptorhynchus  Lapathi),  and  your  moth  is  tha 
hroad-b.irdered  yellow  under-wing  {Tripliasna  fimbria).  W> 

Names  of  Plants  :  Yotiitg  Botanist.  Bcrophularia  nodosa,  and 
Sherardia  arvensis.- i^edtcood.  We  have  not  the  slightest 
idea  what  the  apherously  otherwise  called  the  Gledow  Pina 
is  mentioned  in  Whittaker'u  *'  Leeds." — li  E.  1,  Acineta 
Barkeri ;  2,  A.  densa. — HW.  Tour  plant  is  some  species  of 
Grindelia.  Before  we  proceed  to  determine  it  more  eiactly, 
we  will  beg  you  to  say  upon  whatauthority  it  come'i  from  the 
Falkiands.  No  species  of  the  genus  is  known  to  inhabit 
those  islands.— TTJrfams.  Caliategia  pubescenH. — EeJujood. 
A  monstrous  white  Lily — very  common. —  Wand  Co.  We  are 
unacquainted  with  jour  PotontJlla,  which  appears  to  be 
some  garden  hjbiid. 

New  Zealawd:  Anon.  Your  letters  will  go  with  certainty 
throuph  the  Post-office  if  they  are  prepaid.  Letters  from 
New  Zealand,  &c  ,  must  also  be  prepaid.  Thousands  of 
letters  are  Ijiog  iu  the  Australian  Post-offices,  not  fyi  warded 
for  want  of  postage. 

Rhdbaeb  Wine:  BB.  Fermentation  is  over  when  the  wine 
ceases  to  throw  up  air  bubbles. 

Scarlet  Rcnkebs:  T  C  and  Co.  Tour  hybrid  looJcs  as  If  it 
would  be  an  acquisition.  It  ia  apparently  prolific,  and  tha 
produce  is  good  in  quality. 

Silkworms:  Anon.  The  Eumber  of  cocoons  which  are  reeled 
together  varies  according  to  the  description  of  fabric 
intended  to  be  worlted.  Mrs,  Whitby,  who  has  been  very 
successful  in  producing  excellent  British  silk,  fit  for  tha 
manufacturer,  states,  in  our  vol.  for  1844,  p.  664,  that  three 
cocoons  must  be  reeled  together.  In  the  Great  Exhibition 
there  were  many  S-oocoon  samples  from  foreign  countrie?. 
The  diameters  of  the  reels  were  also  observed  to  be  difftrent. 
Any  common  reel,  not  inconveniently  large,  will  answer. 
There  is  no  particular  ttoiit  in  the  winding.  The  cocoona 
are  divested  of  the  loose  outside  covering,  and  then  the  fine 
Bilk  is  wound  ofl"  whilst  they  are  floating  in  tepid  water.|| 

Strawberries:  TSL  We  are  unacquainted  with  the  varieties 
in  question.— -inmi.  Cuthill's  Black  Prince,  Keens'  Seedling, 
British  Queen,  and  Elton.  For  an  answer  to  your  question 
about  burning  earth,  see  our  agricultural  portion  of  the 
paper  neit  week.  J 
Worms  on  Lawns  :  G  C.  Lime  water  prepared  by  letting  water 
Etand  over  caustic  lime,  and  pouring  it  off  clear,  applied 
continually,  will  bring  them  out  of  their  holes,  when  they 
must  be  collected  and  destroyed  J 
Misc :  Sub.  Your  climbers  lose  their  leaves  because  you  keep 
your  fltove  too  warm  and  dry.  Tacsonie  moHissima  will 
blossom  with  you  when  it  becomes  older  ;  but  to  h-ive  it  ia 
perfection,  you  must  give  it  plenty  of  room.  Two,  or  at 
most  three.  Melons  will  be  enough  to  leave  to  ripea  on  a 
plant  in  an  18-inch  pot  in  a  hothouse.} 


33—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


521 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS- 
IE  being  notorioas  tbat  extensive  adultt^rutioDs  uf  this 
MANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  A3  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Tublic  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carelully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buvers  that — 

Xlie  loiuE^t  wholesale  'price  at  wldch  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
9L  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^-  per  ccQit. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'pHE  LONDON   MANURE    COMPANY  offer  the 

-*~  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine:— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphosphate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Peat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes ;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Guano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  G-ibbs  and  Sons,  at  Ql.  lOj.  per  ton,  or  for  5  tons  and  upwards, 
Sl.6$.  in  Dock.  Edwabd  Pubseb,  Sec. 

40,  New  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


1\/TANURES. — The   foiiowhig    Hanui*es  are    manu- 
-^-*~  factured  at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptlord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  Loudon. 

N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 

Ammonia,  SI.  IQs.  per  ton;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  31.  5s.  per 

ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  tbat  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
eorbed,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulbam,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  -is.  per  cwt.,  23.  Gd.  per 
half  cwt. 


LINSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  EngUsh,  Rape 
Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Have  FoiHEEGiLL,  20i  a.  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


GOOD  COMMISSION  ON  GUANO.— Gentlemen 
having  connexions  or  influence  with  Farmers  or  Land- 
owners  may  have  a  first- rate  commission  on  sales  of  POTTER'S 
CELEBRATED  GUaNO  (e&tabliehed  10  yenrfl).  Undeniable 
references  given  and  required. — Apply  by  letter  to  Mr.  Potteb, 
'28,  Clapbam-road-placH,  Kennington,  near  London. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Fark-street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Cooicat  Iron 
B0ILER3,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouae  Builders,  either 
■in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
■Gentry,  and  Nurserjmen  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
the  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  lull  particulars 
•famished  on  application. 


THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  AND  POULTRY 
SHOW.  1S5.'.— The  FOURTH  GREAT  ANNUAL  EXHI- 
BITION of  FAT  CATTLE.  SHEEP,  PIGS,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  the  Ujb,  15th,  IliTH,  and  17th  of 
DECEMBeu.  The  PRIZE  LISTS  are  now  ready,  and  may 
bo  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary. 

John  Mobgah,  Jun.,  Secretary. 
Offices, No,  2  lasnrance-buildiugs,  Union-paseage,  Birmingham. 


€iit  Agricultural  <5a^ette> 

SATURDAY,  AUGUST  14,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FO:i  IBE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
w'-V.".'.';.,  ''"i;     li'MfitioB  of  the  ierL  ImppOTCucnt 
T«u».A"         -      I'jf     Society  of  Irel.od  .t  Gnlw.j. 
TBuBtDAY,        —     l^~AKricQltural  IiDp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


A  WEBK  of  wet  weather  has  no  doubt,  to  some 
extent,  altered  the  prospects  of  Harvest — and  the 
retum.s  publiahed  last  Saturday,  though  true  for  the 
commencement,  are,  we  fear,  no  longer  tiue  for  the 
middle  of  the  month.  The  injury  by  blight,  conse- 
quent upon  the  wet  weather,  which  has  been 
considerable  in  many  of  the  English  counties,  may 
not  extend  northwards  if  the  weather  should  alter 
for  the  better  ;  and  we  are  di.spo.sed  to  think  that  as 
yet  itx  effects  have  been  over-raled  ;  though  the 
recent  rise  of  2.?.  or  Zs.  a  quarter  in  the  value  of 
Wheat  indicates  that  in  general  a  contrary  opinion 
prevails. 

O.NE  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  present 
harvest  is  the  large  extent  of  Coiin  that  is  being 
ci'T  BY  MACiii.NEKY.  If  this  be  a  fine  day  generally 
over  the  country  we  can  probably  say  with  truth 
that  there  are  nov)  1.000  reaping  machines  at  woik 
in  it.  Hitherto  harvest  work  has  this  season  been 
done  by  snatches  between  the  storms,  and  where 
com  has  not  been  laid  by  the  weather  the  macliines 
have  enabled  a  more  efficient  use  of  these  working 
intervals.  Farmers  will,  we  have  no  doubt,  after 
the  experience  of  this  year,  put  them  in  more  general 
o»e  during  another  ;  and  labourers  have  .as  yet  no 
canae  for  complaint — wages  have  been  ri>ing  in  spite 
of  machinery.  We  do  not  believe  that  the  machines 
in  DM  thin  season  will  make  up  to  us  the  loss  of  the 
agricDJtttral  labourers  who  have  emigrated  since 
Ijut  harvest.  Considering  the  average  speed  of  haml 
reaping,  bagging,  and  mowing,  we  do  not  suppose 


that  one  of  Hussky's  reapers  will  displace  more  than 
eight  or  nine  men.  Ten  or  12  good  "  hands"  will 
clear  as  much  as  the  machine  with  two  men  and  a 
boy — the  tying  and  stocking  being  alike  in  both 
cases.  There  is  probably  a  saving  of  a  pound  a  day 
or  more  by  employing  the  latter,  and  the  cost  of  the 
machine  may  be  saved  in  a  single  harvest ;  but  it 
is  not  the  saving,  it  is  the  gain  derived  from  its  use 
that  is  its  chief  merit.  If  we  can  thus  add  seven  or 
eight  men  to  the  power  of  a  farmer  during  harvest 
time,  the  gain  is  of  lengreat,  although  their  wages  be  to 
be  paid  in  full ;  and  such  a  gain  is  very  great  in  a 
season  like  the  present,  when  the  whole  process  of 
harvest  work  is  made  so  intermittent  by  the  weather. 

In  reference,  however,  to  the  saving  by  the  use 
of  the  reaper  in  the  case  of  standing  corn  of  average 
bulk,  the  following  will  probably  be  the  experience 
of  a  good  harvest  day.  Two  pairs  of  horses  will  be 
needed,  one  for  the  morning  work,  and  the  other  for 
the  afternoon  ;  a  strong  lad  acts  as  postilion,  and  a 
man  rides  on  the  front  of  the  machine,  to  take  care 
of  the  corn  as  it  is  cut,  guiding  it  in  successive 
parcels  to  the  board  behind  the  cutter,  until  as  much 
as  a  sheaf  has  collected,  when  it  is  removed  by 
another.  This  second  man  either  tides  on  the 
machine,  with  his  back  to  the  horses,  and  rakes  this 
corn  to  the  side — very  hard  work  indeed  when  there 
is  anything  like  a  bulky  crop — or  what,  so  far  as  we 
have  seen,  seems  a  better  plan,  walks  behind  the 
machine  (the  hanging  board  behind  it  being  then 
removed),  and  every  now  and  then  holds  the  corn 
which  may  have  collected,  while  the  machine  is 
drawn  on  without  it ;  he  has  thus  to  take  repeated 
short  runs  of  8  or  10  yards,  alternately  overtaking 
the  machine  and  standing  while  removing  from  it 
the  last  sheaf  it  has  cut :  this,  too,  is  very  hard 
work,  and  this  man  must  be  replaced  every  now  and 
then  by  one  of  the  binders.  The  sheaves  are  thus 
laid  in  the  wake  of  the  machine,  and  spread  across 
the  whole  breadth  of  its  course  ;  evenly,  however, 
if  the  corn  be  standing,  and  the  men  understand 
their  work.  The  reaper  is  thus  drawn  round  and 
round  the  piece  that  is  being  cut,  turning  always  to 
the  left,  its  driving  wheel  being  upon  its  right  side, 
so  that  the  cutting  apparatus  is  kept  at  work  at  the 
corners.  The  binders  are  distributed  at  intervals  all 
round  the  piece  that  is  being  cut,  and,  in  the  case 
of  a  crop  of  ordinary  bulk,  9  or  10  hands,  or  even 
more,  will  be  needed  to  clear  the  ground  befoie  the 
machine  comes  up  again.  In  this  way  12  or  14  men, 
and  with  four  horses,  will  clear,  probably,  10  acres 
in  a  day. 

The  following  is  Ml'.  SIechi's  experience  on  this 
subject  at  Tiptree-hall  farm:— "I  have  been 
working  Garrett's  Hussey's  reape}^  with  perfect 
success,  and  shall  conclude  my  Wheat-cutting  with 
it  this  week. 

"  I  have  much  improved  its  action  by  placing  a 
wheel  whei'e  tlie  box  was,  so  as  to  take  the  weight 
forward  from  the  horses,  and  balance  it  more  steadilj'. 
It  would  also  be  an  improvement  to  have  a  small 
wheel  on  the  near  side  under  the  nose  of  the 
machine,  to  prevent  its  dipping  into  the  ground 
when  cutting  across  furrows. 

"  We  are  also  making  a  light  ash-rake,  2  ft.  6  in. 
wide,  with  fine  deep  steel  teeth  (like  Winton's 
forks),  as  far  superior  to  the  common  wood  rake,  for 
removing  the  corn.  Our  men  do  not  now  snatch 
with  the  rake,  but  merely  when  a  proper  quantity  is 
deposited  on  the  board,  hold  it,  as  it  were,  and  the 
machine  slips  fi-om  under  it,  and  deposits  it  straight, 
and  in  a  fit  state  to  tie  up. 

"  It  cuts  from  8  to  10  acres  per  day,  and  requires 
eight  binders. 

"  The  cost  of  cutting  is —  s.  d. 

1  driver          ...             ...             ...  .3  6 

1  corn  guide  sitting  in  front        ...  3  6 

1  raker          ...            ...            ...  3  6 

Beer              1  0 

11  G 
Or  about  l.s.  Gd.  per  aci-e,  exclusive  of  wear  and  tear 
of  machine. 

"Ah  the  horses  would  otherwise  be  idle  in  the 
st.able,  I  do  not  value  their  time. 

"  It  cuts  the  corn  much  belter  than  it  is  possible 
to  do  it  by  hand,  and  will  sadly  diminish  gleaning. 

"If  Mr.  Gakhkit  will  adopt  my  suggestions,  and 
for  deep-furrowed  heavy  land  will  have  one  to  fit 
the  furrows,  so  that,  the  wheels  being  in  each  fuirow, 
the  machine  will  work  level  on  uneven  ground. 

"  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  that  although 
having  a  simple  crank  motion,  like  a  steam-engine, 
it  requires  to  be  perfrxtlt/  true,  and  therefore  the 
brasses  must  be  looked  to,  and  all  parts  kept  in 
prop'-r  woiking  order,  or  damage  will  ensue. 

"  Kvery  farmer  who  can  afford  the  cost  will  use 
them  next  year. 

"  We  use  two  pair  of  horses  ;  say,  one  pair  for 
morning,  another  pair  for  aflernfroii. 

"  The  kniven  must  be  filed  up  daily  by  a3-«quare 


file,  and  it  is  dcjirable  to  have  a  spaie  bar  of  knives 
and  a  few  extra  points  ;  also  oil  for  the  working 
parts.  It  cuts  the  Rye-Grass  in  the  Wheat  perfectly 
well." 

The  work  of  laying  the  corn  down  from  the 
knives,  and  removing  it  from  the  machine  seems 
quite  within  the  power  of  machinery  to  perform ; 
and  it  appears  that  at  the  late  trial  near  Perth  of 
HussEY  and  M'Cor.mick's  reapers  with  that  invented 
more  than  30  years  ago  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bell,  of 
Carmylie  (from  whicli  the  American  reapers  have 
no  doubt  been  copied),  the  last  was  held  to  be  the 
best  of  the  three  ;  probably  because  of  its  power 
thus  to  remove  the  grain  as  it  is  cut.  The  grounds 
of  the  verdict  arrived  at  by  the  very  respectable 
jury  who  superintended  these  trials  have  not  been 
published,  but  the  verdict  itself  was,  we  are 
informed,  unanimous  and  decided.  The  report  of 
the  Highland  and  Agricultural  Society's  Show,  in 
another  column,  refers  to  this  and  the  other  subjects 
of  interest  which  came  up  for  examination  at  their 
late  meeting  at  Perth. 


CAUSES  OF  RANCIDITY  IN  BUTTER. 

Why  is  it  tliat  during  some  weeks  towards  the  end 
of  May  and  the^,  beginning  of  June  ci'eara  produces 
rancid  or  ill-tasted  butter  ?  Several  correspondents 
have  kindly  endeavoured,  in  recent  numbers  of  the 
Aijviculim'al  Gar.€tie,io  throw  some  light  on  this  subject  ; 
and  from  their  rem.irks  it  appears  that  the  commonly 
assigned  cause  of  the  rancidity  of  butter  made  in  the 
early  part  of  summer  is  the  prevalence  of  certain  acrid, 
bitter,  or  acid  plauts  in  the  pastures,  which,  being 
unavoidably  eaten  by  the  cows  along  with  the  Grass, 
impart  a  bad  taste  to  the  butter,  even  when  newly  taken 
from  the  churn.  That  the  nature  of  the  food  consumed 
by  cows  affects  the  taste  and  quality  of  their  produce  is 
a  fact  too  well  known  to  admit  of  dispute.  Thus 
Turnips  given  raw  to  cows  impart  a  peculiarly  disagree- 
able taste,  not  only  to  the  cream  and  butter,  but  also  to 
the  milk  itself,  although  not  so  strong  in  the  latter, 
owing  no  doubt  to  the  tainting  matter  being  diffused 
through  a  greater  space.  Steaming  or  boiling  the  roots 
has  the  effect  in  a  great  measure  of  preventing  this 
taint ;  and  the  use  of  saltpetre,  dissolved  iu  water,  and 
added  to  the  milk  when  newly  drawn,  has  long  been 
considered  the  most  effectual  means  of  mitigating  the 
evil.  When  cows  are  first  sent  to  the  pastures  the  milk 
acquires  a  distinct  taste  of  the  Grass,  slightly  apparent 
in  the  cream  also,  but  entirely  absent  from  the  butter, 
wliich  is  then  in  perfection.  No  means  are  ever 
adopted  to  remove  the  grassy  taste  from  milk,  as  it 
usually  disappears  iu  the  course  of  a  week  or  ten  days 
after  the  cows  have  been  in  the  pastures.  Knowing, 
therefore,  that  the  ordinary  food  of  cowa  has  a 
special  influence  on  the  quality  and  composition 
of  tlieir  produce,  it  is  not  otherwise  to  be  expected 
than  that  rank,  ill-flavoured  plants  growing  in  the 
pastures,  in  great  abundance,  should  have  a  similar 
effect,  either  on  the  milk  itself  or  on  the  butter  and 
cheese  made  from  it ;  still  there  are  certain  other 
causes  which,  if  taken  into  account,  will  lead  to  the 
conclusion  t'lat  the  peculiar  rancidity  of  butter  at  a 
certain  period  in  the  beginning  of  summer  is  not 
invariably  due  to  the  prevalence  of  noxious  plants  iu 
the  pastures. 

Iu  the  first  place  itwould  greatly  facilitate  our  inquiries 
to  know  what  those  plants  are  to  which  the  evil  effects 
are  attributed,  but  unfortunately  on  this  head  the 
subject  is  so  overlaid  with  evidence  that  a  great  deal 
too  much  is  proved  for  enabling  us  to  arrive  at  a 
simple  and  satisfactory  verdict ;  and  we  are  forced  to 
tlie  conclusion  that  whenever  butter  becomes  ill-tasted, 
when  cows  are  in  the  pasture,  the  prevalent  weeds  of 
the  district  are  blamed  for  the  evil.  Wild  Garlic,  the 
wild  Onion — both  of  which  names  refer,  we  presume,  to 
the  same  plant,  Allium  ursinum  ;  the  three  varieties  of 

Crowfoot Ranunculus    acris,     R.    repens,    and    R. 

bulbosus  ;  also  common  Sorrel  (Runiex  acetosa),  Sheep's 
Sorrel  (R.  acctoselKa),  Dandelion  (L.  Taraxacum),  and 
even  red  Clover,  have  one  and  all  been  blamed  for 
imparting  a  bad  taste  to  butter.  But  why  is  it  that  tliis 
effect  is  not  uniformly  produced  wherever  these  plants 
make  their  appearance  ?  The  complaint  of  bad  tasted 
butter  has  been  prevalent  this  year,  not  only  on  old,  rich, 
damp  pasture-land  in  England,  but  also  on  dry,  newly- 
laid  down  pastures  in  Scotland.  In  one  case  in  the 
latter  country,  with  wliich  tlie  writer  is  acquainted, 
cows  pastured  on  a  first  year's  lea,  consisting  of  Eye- 
grass,  white  Clover,  and  Cow-grass  (the  field  a  dry  thin 
trap  soil),  gave  very  fine  butter  from  the  '20th  April  to 
the  20th  May,  but  for  six  or  seven  weeks  afterwards  it 
became  so  bitter,  even  when  newly  churned,  and  so  rancid 
when  kept  only  a  few  days  unsettled,  as  to  be  well-nigh 
unfit  for  use.  Now  in  tlie  field  referred  to,  there  are 
no  weeds,  except  Sheep's  Sorrel  and  Silver-weed,  and 
not  a  single  plant  of  Garlic  or  Crowfoot;  and  what  is 
rcniarkablo,  the  bad  taste  of  the  butter  haa  now 
entirely  disappeared,  notwithstanding  that  the  Sorrel  and 
Silver-weed  are  still  in  full  flower,  and  have  been 
for  the  last  two  months.  It  may  bo  urged  in  reply  to 
this  statement  that  tlicre  is  perhaps  a  particular  stage  of 
iiifloreHccnco  at  which  tht)  bad  tiiato  is  communicated  ; 
but  all  who  know  tint  habits  of  these  jtlants  are  aware 
that  they  are  ilowering  and  seeding  throughout  June, 
July,  and  August,  and  consequently  if  they  do  affect  the 
produce  of  cows  compelled  to  eat  them  along  with  Grass, 
the  effect  should  continue  all  the  time  they  are  in  flower. 


522 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Aug.  ]4, 


Neither  assuming  nor  denying  the  influence  of  certain 
plants  on  the  produce  of  dairy  cows,  and  leaving  the 
question  open  for  future  iuvestigationj  we  would  in  the 
meantime  draw  attention  to  another  cause,  too  often 
overlooked,  as  influencing  the  taste  of  milk  and  its 
products  at  a  certain  period  of  the  year. 

In  all  female  animals  of  the  mammal  class  there  are 
certain  natural  changes,  which  periodically  occUr  in  the 
bloodj  in  which  the  whole  vascular  system  being  in  a 
state  of  excitement  produces  in  the  lacteal  vessels  a 
sympathetic  disturbance,  which  communicates  itself  to 
the  milk  contained  in  these  throughout  all  its  different 
stages   of  elaboration.      The  milk  appears  to   be   so 
affected  by  this  excitement,  that  its  component  parts 
are  slightly  altered  m  their  affinity  and  proportion  to 
oae  another,  and  the  consequence  is  that  no  sooner  is  it 
drawn  from  the  udder  of  the  cow  than  its  own  insta- 
bility, aided  by  the  action  of  the  air,  causes  it  to  become 
rancid,  or,  in  other  words,  to  putrefy.     In  most  dairy 
farms  the  period  of  calving  is  generally  made  to  happen 
in  the  months  of  February  and  March,  and  it  is  in  the 
months  immediately  subsequent  to  these  that  the  com- 
plaint of  badly  tasted  butter  is  most  prevalent.     It  may 
be  objected  to  this  view  of  the  matter  that,  if  a  particular 
condition  of  the  cows  has  anything  to  do  with  the  taste 
of  the  butter,  then   the    bad    effects    should    appear 
periodically  in  each  animal,  and  as  there  must  always 
be    one    or    other    of    the    cows    in   this    state  until 
all  are  in    calf,   the  butter  must  necessarily  be  con- 
stantly   affected    until    after    this    period.       In    con- 
nection with   what  has    already  been   said  in   regard 
to   the    periodical    excitement   referred    to    above,   it 
must  be  kept  in  mind  that  a  cow  tied  in  a  stall,   or 
separated    from    her    companions,   is  never    so   much 
excited  at  such  periods  as  she  is  when  running  loose  in 
the  pastures  among  a  lot  of  other  cows;  and  hence  when 
in  the  stall,  before  going  out  to  Grass  in  the  spring,  the 
flow  of  milk,  although  lessened  for  two  or  three  days  on 
these  occasions,  is  not  so  much  affected  in  its  taste  or 
composition  as  to   attract  particular  notice.     Besides, 
the  milk  of  newly-calved  cows  readily  throws  up  the 
cream,  which  is  therefore  less  liable  to  be  affected  by 
any  latent  taint  in  the  milk  itself.     One  of  the  principal 
causes,  therefore,  of  new  butter  being  rancid,  or  soon 
becoming  so,  is,   I   am  persuaded,  this  periodical  ex- 
citement to  which  cows  are  liable,  and  not  invariably, 
as  is  generally  supposed,  from  their  eating  certain  bitter 
or  acrid-tasted  herbs.     It  is  only  in  cases  where  these 
herbs  are  very  prevalent  in  the  pastures  that  we  could 
^  suppose  it  at  all  likely  that  they  were  the  sole  cause  of 
butter  being  affected  ;  for  we  know  that  if  Turnips,  for 
example,  be  cut  down  in  slices  and  mixed  with  chaff  or 
cut  straw,  and  given  to  cows  in  small  quantities,  the 
butter  ceases  to  be  tasted  thereby  to  any  very  noticeable 
extent.     The  same  remark  applies  to  Rape-cake,  which, 
if  given  in  large  quantities  to  milch  cows,  imparts  so 
strong  a  flavour  to  the  milk  as  to  render  it  almost  unfit 
for  use,  but  which,  when  given  in  small  quantities,  along 
with  other  farinaceous  food,  ceases  to  have  this  effect. 
If,  therefore,  the  evil  to  which  we  have  been  referring 
be  the  result  of  foul  pastures,  there  is  no  remedy  but 
either  to  extirpate  the  weeds  by  pulling  them  up  or  to 
subject  the  laud  to  a  course  of  cropping  ;  or,  if  it  be 
occasioned  by  natural  causes,  originating  in  the  cows 
themselves,  then  they  should  be  watched   during  the 
rutting  season,  and  as  one  or  other  becomes  affected, 
the  milk  of  each  may  be  kept  by  itself,  and  used  for 
domestic  pm'poses,  as  the  bad  taste  is  not  perceptible  in 
it,  but  only  in  the  butter.  K.  D. 


substance,  and  thus  part  of  the  rotation  effect  of  the  i  had  been  collected  from  natural  som'ces  where  it  had 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «R.» 

t^Coniinued from  page  491.) 

As  already  quoted  from  our  paper  on  "  Turnip 
Culture,"  our  experiments  up  to  the  time  it  was  written 
had  led  us  to  believe,  that  wherever  such  an  "  excess  " 
of  nitrogen  was  employed,  as  gave  an  undue  amount  of 
leaf,  and  a  relatively  defective  proportion  of  bulb,  the 
gain  of  nitrogen  from  natural  sources  was  reduced,  and 
hence  the  manurial  value  of  the  crop,  so  far  as  accu- 
mulation was  concerned,  was  also  lessened. 

In  our  experimental  field  we  have  had  for  a  number 
of  years  a  series  of  plots  with  mineral  manures  only — a 
series  with  the  same  minerals  and  ammoniacal  salts— an- 
other series  with  the  minerals  and  Rape-cake,and  a  fourth 
with  the  minerals  and  both  Bape-cake  and  ammoniacal 
salts.  Up  to  the  time  of  writing  the  paper  referred  to 
(Autumn,  1847),  and  to  1848  inclusive,  the  Turnips 
grown  were  Norfolk  White  ;  and  owing  to  the  limited 
orbit  of  growth  of  that  variety  as  compared  with  the 
Swede,  we  should  expect  that  the  limit  of  favourable 
supply  of  nitrogen  by  manure  would  be  much  sooner 
reached  in  its  case  than  in  that  of  the  latter  ;  and  tliis, 
indeed,  might  have  been  supposed  to  afford  some 
explanation  of  the  apparent  loss  of  nitrogen  when  sup- 
plied to  the  Norfolk  White.  However  this  may  be,  we 
beUeve  that,  under  the  influence  of  the  very  best  of  the 
mineral  manures,  we  did  not,  in  the  Norfolk  Wliites, 
recover  as  much  nitrogen  in  the  increased  produce  due 
to  the  ammoniacal  supply  as  was  provided  in  the 
manure. 

In  1849  and  the  two  following  seasons,  Swedes  were 
grown  instead  of  Norfolk  Whites,  and  they  were  of 
com-se  sown  much  earlier.  They  were  too,  as  was  to 
expected,  much    more    benefited   by    ammoniacal 


be 


manures  than  the  variety  of  more  limited  growth.  The 
question  stdl  arose,  however,  whether  the  nitrogen  of 
the  manure  was  recovered  in  the  increase  of  the  croo 
due  to  Its  use  !  or  whether  this  increased  produce  was 
obtamed  at  the  cost  of  an  expenditure  or  loss  of  that 


crop  sacrificed  to  the  production  of  food  for  stock 

At  the  time  of  taking  up  the  experimental  Swede  | 
crop  of  1849,  the  leaves  were  in  such  a  bad  state,  owing 
to  the  weather,  that  it  was  thought  useless  to  weigh 
them.  They  wei'e  therefore  spread  upon  the  plots 
respectively  which  had  grown  them,  and  no  samples 
were  taken  for  analysis.  We  are  unable,  therefore,  to 
say  with  certainty  whether  or  not  there  was  a  loss  of 
nitrogen  in  the  case  of  this  first  Swede  crop,  but  from 
such  conjectural  estimates  as  we  were  able  to  make, 
we  believe  that  there  was  less  nitrogen  in  the  increased 
produce  obtained  by  its  use,  than  had  been  supplied  in 
the  manure. 

The  crop  of  1 850  gave  results  in  this  respect  apparently 
similar  to  those  of  1849,  and  hence  it  was  decided  to  give 
no  fresh  supply  of  nitrogen  in  1851,  but  to  determine 
whether  there  were  any  available  quantity  of  the  sup- 
plies of  it  in  past  years  remaining  in  the  soil.  With 
this  view,  carefully  taken  samples,  both  of  the  leaf  and 
of  the  bulb  of  both  seasons,  have  now  been  submitted  to 
analysis ;  some,  the  produce  of  plots  having  mineral 
manures  only,  and  some  having  the  same  minerals,  and, 
in  addition,  ammoniacal  salts.  Rape-cake,  or  both  Rape- 
cake  and  ammoniacal  salts  respectively.  Three  mineral 
conditions  were  chosen,  namely  : — 

1st,  That  of  superphosphate  of  lime  alone  for  a  series 
of  years. 

2d,  That  of  superphosphate  of  lime  with  a  large 
supply  of  potash,  also  for  a  series  of  years ;  and — 

3d,  That  of  superphosphate  of  lime  with  potash,  soda, 
and  magnesia,  added  in  like  manner. 

In  the  produce  of  each  of  these,  both  separately  and 
with  the  addition  of  the  three  kinds  respectively,  of 
organic  supply  as  mentioned  above,  the  aci'eage  amount 
of  dry  substance,  of  minei'al  matter,  and  of  nitrogen 
have  been  determined  ;  and  the  general  result  obtained 
by  deducting  the  amount  of  nitrogen  grown  by  the 
mineral  manures  alone  Irom  that  by  the  mixed  mineral 
and  nitrogenous  manures  is,  that  taking  in  each  case 
the  produce  of  both  these  seasons  together,  there  is  not 
as  much  nitrogen  recovered  in  the  increase  of  the  crop 
due  to  its  use  as  was  supplied  by  manure  in  the  first  of 
the  two,  to  say  nothing  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  manure  of 
previous  season^^  which,  if  not  obtained  in  the  crop,  and 
not  expended  during  the  growth  of  the  plant,  we  might 
expect  would  have  been  accumulated  and  available 
within  the  soil.  Indeed,  under  neither  of  the  mineral 
conditions  was  the  nitrogen  of  the  manure  of  the  first 
season  recovered  in  the  increased  proeluce  of  the  two, 
when  it  was  added  in  the  form  of  ammoniacal  salts 
alone;  in  neither  case  when  in  the  form  of  Rape-calce 
and  ammoniacal  salts  combined  ;  and  in  only  one  when 
the  nitrogenous  supply  v/as  in  the  form  of  Rape-cake 
alone,  and  this  result  was  obtained  when  the  only 
manure  was  superphosphate  of  lime. 

We  have,  indeed,  abundant  experimental  evidence, 
showing  that  the  effect  of  an  "  excess  "  of  nitrogen  in  a 
Turnip  manure  is  to  give  a  tendency  to  an  over  production 
of  leaf —  to  increase  the  per  ceutage  of  nitrogen  both  in  the 
leaf  and  in  the  bulb — and  to  diminish  the  accumulation 
of  it  from  natural  sources,  and  hence,  so  far  as  this  is 
the  case,  to  lessen  the  f/ain  by  the  crop  of  ammonia  as 
manure.  But  besides  experiments  in  the  field,  others 
of  a  totally  different  scale  and  chai'acter  upoir  the  func- 
tional actions  of  the  various  corn  and  root  crops  of  our 
rotations,  are  found  to  throw  much  light  upon  some 
points  of  interest  in  the  subject  now  under  consideration  ; 
but  into  the  results  of  these  we  cannot  adequately  enter 
in  this  place. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  the  loss,  or  reduced 
gain,  of  nitrogen,  when  it  is  applied  more  freely  in 
manure  than  the  habit  of  the  plant  in  its  adaptations  to 
soil  and  season  require,  we  will  refer,  in  passing,  to  one 
or  two  other  experiments  of  a  purely  practical  kind 
bearing  upon  this  question.  For  several  years  prior  to 
the  harvest  of  1851,  we  had  grown  Peas  on  a  series  of 
plots  in  our  leguminous  experimental  field  ;  one  of 
these  plots  was  entirely  unraanured — some  had  mineral 
manures  only — and  others  Rape-cake  or  ammoniacal 
salts,  with  and  without  mineral  manures.  There  was, 
indeed,  some  effect  produced  on  the  Pea  crops  by  some 
of  the  miner.al  manures ;  but  the  ammoniacal  salts  were 
entirely  without  beneficial  result.  After  several  yeai's' 
trial,  finding  it  almost  impracticable  to  keep  the  land 
clean  ;  and  finding,  also,  little  result  from  the  experi- 
ment, it  was  discontinued  after  the  harvest  of  1850  : 
and  before  commencing  any  other  experiment  upon  the 
same  land,  Wheat  was  sown  without  any  further  manui-e, 
in  order  to  gauge  and,  to  some  extent,  equalise  its 
condition  as  left  by  the  various  mamu'es,  and  the 
removal  from  the  land  of  the  several  Pea  crops.  The 
result  was,  that  the  produce  on  all  the  plots  was  about 
12  or  15  bushels  above  that  of  the  normal  soil  and 
season,  and  the  repeated  dressings  of  ammonia  on  some 
of  them,  which  had  not  increased  the  Pea  crops,  were 
found  to  be  without  effect  upon  the  succeeding 
Wheat  crop. 

Again,  in  our  experiments  upon  Clover  in  1849,  a 
series  of  plots  having  ammoniacal  manures,  with  and 
without  mineral  supply,  gave  in  three  crops  very  little 
more  nitrogen  per  acre  than  the  corresponding  plots 
without  ammonia.  On  these  Clover  plots  Wheat  was 
next  sown,  and  although  here  again,  after  this  leguminous 
green  crop,  there  was,  in  all  cases,  a  produce  of  Wheat 
by  12  to  15  bushels  or  more  beyond  that  of  the  natural 
soil  and  season  ;  and  even  in  some  cases,  a  small  increase 
where  the  ammoniacal  manures  had  been  applied  witliout 
effect  to  the  Clover  ;  yet  in  no  case  was  this  increase 
what  we  might  expect,  supposing  that  as  much  nitrogen 


been  provided  in  manure  as  where  it  had  not  ;  and, 
also,  supposing  that  the  whole  of  the  nitrogen  of  tlie 
Clover  manure  which  had  not  been  recovered  in  the 
increased  crop,  had  been  accumulated  in  the  soil,  and 
was  available  for  futm'e  crops. 

These  results  are,  we  think,  very  significant ;  affecting, 
indeed,  other  questions  besides  the  one  immediately 
under  discussion.  But  on  this  point  we  shall  have 
information  still  more  directly  pertinent  when  we  have 
grown  a  cereal  crop,  without  further  manure,  upon  the 
land  whence  we  have  taken  so  many  Turnip  crops 
without  recovery  of  the  nitrogen  which  had  been 
suppUed  in  mauuire.  J.  B.  Lawes. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Employment  and  Education. — If  idle,  uneducated  men 
are  left  to  their  own  resom'ces,  the  animal  passions  will 
obtain  the  mastery,  leading  to  gross  indulgence,  the  mind 
having  no  influence  over  the  body  for  good,  which  it 
would  have,  were  the  hands  mechanically  employed 
in  providing  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  comforts  which 
every  cottage  should  possess.  There  is  great  difficulty 
in  instructing  a  long-neglected  adult  population  ;  it  is 
very  different  from  teaching  children.  Amongst  the 
former  an  impression  can  only  be  made  by  kindness  and 
management  in  tendering  advice,  not  as  a  master,  but 
as  a  friend.  How  frequently  do  the  best  intentioned 
persons  fail  in  guiding  the  lower  classes,  because  they 
proceed  to  work  without  any  tact,  insisting  rather  than 
persuading,  which  will  not  answer  with  an  independent 
English  labourer,  who,  however  dependent  he  may  be, 
does  not  like  to  fancy  so,  much  less  be  reminded  of  it. 
Sixpence  bestowed  with  a  gentle  word  is  more  thank- 
fully received  than  a  shilling  from  a  cold,  proud  hand  ; 
still  more  grateful  would  an  able-bodied  man  feel  to  he- 
allowed  to  earn  his  wages.  Agriculture  is  advancuig  in 
the  estimation  of  our  countrymen,. and  is  no  longer 
considered  a  low  cast  of  occupation,  capable  of  being 
superintended  by  the  commonest  intellect;  a  farmer, 
to  keep  pace  with  well-known  and  well-tried  improve- 
ments in  the  management  of  stock  and  crops,  must  have 
a  better  education  than  he  can  attain  at  the  tail  of  the 
plough.  The  best  teaching  that  a  man  can  receive  will 
be  of  little  avail,  if  he  intends  to  set  up  for  himself, 
unless  he  has  capital  to  carry  out  his  experience,  and 
support  him  under  his  first  year's  trial.  As  the  master 
has  much  to  learn  before  he  becomes  competent  to 
guide  others,  so,  in  comparison,  has  the  laboui'er  need 
to  brush  up  his  faculties,  in  order  to  understand  and 
follow  the.  instruction  given  him.  Obedience  is  an 
essential  ingredient  in  the  composition  of  a  good  servant, 
not  that  sort  of  wooden  compliance  so  characteristic  of 
an  ignorant  race,  but  a  cheerful  wish  to  do  his  duty  to 
the  utmost  of  his  power  to  insm'e  the  best  result  to  the 
operations  entrusted  to  his  honesty  and  skill  ;  whilst  so 
much  drinking  is  not  only  permitted  but  encouraged 
amongst  farm-labourers,  so  long  will  their  condition 
remain  much  below  the  standard  of  rational  beings,  and 
they  will  continue  to  be  mere  machines  of  a  very 
ordinary  capacity  ;  gallons  of  sour  cider  or  hard  beer 
are  not  requisite  to  make  a  good  workman  or  a 
conscientious  Christian.  Falcmi. 

Fire  Insurance. — It  has  ever  been  my  practice  to 
insm-e  the  farm-buildings  on  my  property,  and  also  to 
recommend  my  tenants  to  insure  their  stock  and  crop, 
a  large  portion  of  which  would  probably  be  destroyed 
it  a  fire  were  to  occur  ;  but  I  find  it  would  be  as  easy 
to  persuade  them  to  make  their  will  as  to  induce  them 
to  insure.  As  my  tenants  on  entering  on  a  farm  do  not 
pay  the  first  half-year's  rent  till  the  expiration  of  the 
year,  the  rent  is  always  one  year  in  arrear.  Now,  if  a 
fire  were  to  happen  and  much  damage  ensue,  the  tenant 
would  be  almost  ruined,  the  landlord  would  feel  ashamed 
to  enforce  payment  of  rent,  or  if  he  did  enforce  it,  the 
country  would  cry  out  against  him,  and  all  because  he 
could  not  induce  the  tenant  to  do  his  duty  to  his  family 
and  to  his  landlord.  Under  these  cii'cnmstances  I  wish 
to  inquire  through  the  medium  of  your  valuable  Paper, 
if  a  landlord  may  insure  'against  fire,  &e.,  the  stock 
and  crop  of  his  tenant,  and  thus  secm'e  his  year's  rent  1 
Then,  having  received  his  due  from  the  office,  may  he 
call  upon  the  tenant  to  pay  what  he  can  on  his  part  i 
Would  it  be  just  thus  to  receive  from  both  parties  ;  or 
would  not  the  insurance  office  look  upon  the  business 
with  much  suspicion  ?  Yet,  what  other  means  can  a 
landlord  take  to  insm'e  himself  and  family  against  this 
folly  of  his  tenant  ?  He  might  insui'e  lor  the  tenant — 
but  that  would  not  secure  the  year's  rent  to  the  landlord 
after  such  an  accident,  for  the  tenant  would  require  the 
money  to  re-instate  himself.  A  Subscriber.  [We  do  not 
understand  the  question  ;  you  may  insure  anyone's 
property,  if  he  will  allow  the  office  agent  to  inspect  it 
for  you.  In  the  event  of  its  destruction  by  fire,  you 
would  of  course  receive  the  amount  insured  upon  it. 
And  all  this  would  not  afi'ect  the  claun  upon  your  tenant 
for  rent.] 

2'/ie  Potato  Disease.— We  extract  the  followingvaluable 
communication  ou  this  subject  from  the  Times  news- 
paper. "In  the  Times  of  July  20,  1847,  I  stated  my 
belief  that  the  Potato  disease  resulted  from  a  long- 
continued  ill-treatment  of  the  tubers,  and  from  the  too 
great  richness  of  the  soil  in  which  they  are  grown. 
Where  the  soil  is  rich  the  disease  is  most  vii-ulent ;. 
where  the  soil  is  poor  the  disease  has  less  influence — 
the  Potato  is  more  flowery  and  better  flavoured.  These 
statements  were  true  then,  and  I  confirm  them  now. 
The  health  of  the  Potato  depends  on  the  wintering  of 
the  tuber.  If  taken  care  of  in  the  winter,  it  will  take 
care  of  itself  in  the  summer.    At  digging-up  time  all 


33— 1 852. 1 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


523 


Potatoes  intended  for  seed  should  be  left  upon  the 
ground  until  well  greened  by  the  sun  and  air,  then  laid 
in  a  cold,  dry,  and  airy  place,  if  possible,  where  they 
can  be  protected  from  frost.  How,  it  may  be  asked, 
does  this  prevent  the  disease  1  In  this  way  : — Every 
person  must  know  that  the  slowest-growing  tree  forms 
the  hardest  wood,  and  this  is  just  the  case  with  the 
Potato  wintered  on  my  plan.  When  the  tubers  are 
placed  as  above  directed,  they  produce  their  shoots 
slowly  and  gradually,  the  stem  becomes  woody,  with 
fine  close  fibres,  so  that  the  texture  is  strong  and  wiry  ; 
when  once  this  condition  is  produced  it  is  never  altered, 
and^it  extends  itself  to  the  very  summit  of  the  haulm. 
This  simple  fact  explains  why  autumn- pi  anted  Potatoes 
have  been  freest  from  the  disease;  the  development 
of  the  shoots  being  slow,  they  acquire  that  woody 
texture  which  it  is  essential  for  the  stem  to  have 
to  defend  it  from  the  influence  of  the  disease. 
Contrast  the  above  principles  with  common  practice. 
The  tubers  are  put  away  in  large  heaps,  covered  thickly 
■with  straw  and  mould,  sweated,  and  by  the  spring 
matted  together  with  the  shoots  which  have  grown  out 
of  them.  When  planting  time  comes,  all  this  growth  is 
puUed  oflF,  the  tubers  are  cut  to  pieces  and  limed  over 
to  heal  up  the  wounds.  They  are  planted  upon  or  under 
rotten  dung  or  mud  ;  what  life  is  left  shows  itself  in  the 
development  of  a  soft  watery  shoot,  just  hke  a  balsam, 
liable  to  every  disease.  Such  plants  may  be  compared 
to  a  confirmed  drunkard  whose  organs  are  in  the  last 
stage  of  destruction  ;  should  any  external  influence  act 
upon  them  so  as  to  produce  active  disease,  all  is  lost ; 
there  are  no  stamina  to  fall  back  upon.  Thus  there  is 
no  hope  for  such  mismanaged  Potatoes  when  the  weather 
is  unfavourable  ;  if  a  few  dull  hot  days  are  followed  by 
a  powerful  bright  sun  the  sap  ferments,  becomes  putrid, 
mildew  forms,  the  diseased  sap  descends  gradually  into 
the  tubers,  when  those  which  are  youngest,  into  which 
the  flow  is  most  rapid,  suffer  most,  while  those  which 
are  nearly  ripe  suffer  less  or  not  at  aU.  The  whole 
secret  is  in  the  wintering,  and  planting  the  tubers  in  the 
earth  with  all  the  strength  nature  had  placed  in  them 
when  fully  ripe.  Then  they  form  healthy  roots  and  a 
strong  woody  stem.  Sudden  changes  have  little  effect 
upon  the  haulm  of  such  plants  ;  the  movement  of  the 
sap  goes  on  regiUarly ;  the  plant  cannot  become  gorged 
with  water,  since  the  stem  is  too  woody.  The  sap  is 
well  elaborated,  the  underground  stem  is  hard,  and  the 
neck  of  the  plant  firm  and  solid,  exhibiting  a  strong 
health,  which  can  only  be  acquired  through  careful 
wintering.  In  addition  to  aU  this,  a  late  Potato,  with  a 
robust  constitution  hke  that  just  described,  ripens  its 
tubers  five  or  six  weeks  earher  than  otherwise.  I  have 
now  done  with  all  experiments  upon  this  king  of  vege- 
tables, and  I  trust  I  may  have  been  the  means  of  doing 
some  service  to  Potato-growing."|^ /a??ies  CiUhiUj  o/ 
Camho'wdl. 

Poultry. — You  are  probably  aware  that  at  all  recent 
poultry  shows  a  complete  "reaction"  has  manifested 
itself  in  judging  Cochin  China  fowls.  Although  few 
can  doubt  the  superior  plumage  of  the  four-clawed, 
light  class  (for  such  I  must  style  them)  over  the  dark 
five-clawed  or  grouse- coloured,  yet  the  latter  are 
decidedly  heavier,  as  I  am  well  informed  the  former 
cannot  be  reared  within  about  two  pounds  in  weight  of 
the  latter  ;  but  for  all  this,  the  dark  class  have  no  chance 
at  a  show.  It  has  occmTed  to  me  and  a  number  of 
friends  that  two  distinct  classes  ought  to  be  admitted 
for  competition.  The  chitteprat  and  pheasant  tribe  are 
divided  into  several  classes,  why  should  not  Cochin 
China  \  If  you  approve  of  this,  can  you  lend  your  aid  ? 
and  surely  it  could  be  accomplished  at  the  Birmingham 
show  in  December  next.  A  Poulit'y  Fancier. 

Poiaonous  Oihalce. —  I  take  the  liberty  of  herewith 
sending  you  a  sample  of  oilcake  which  has  been  found 
to  possess  poisonous  qualities  ;  resulting,  in  all  proba- 
bility, from  some  vegetable  substance  or  the  seed  of 
some  plant  with  which  it  is  adulterated.  Every  animal 
that  has  eaten  it  has  been  aff'ected  with  violent  purging  ; 
and  death,  I  believe,  in  some  cases,  has  ensued,  A 
chemical  analysis  does  not  reveal  any  poisonous 
substance  of  a  mineral  character,  or  show  any  marked 
difference  in  composition  from  ordinary  oilcake.  I 
think  I  see  in  it  the  husk  or  some  portions  of  t!ie  seed 
of  some  plant  diflerent  from  tliat  of  which  it  ought  to 
be  coropoj-ed.  A  considerable  quantity  of  the  oilcake 
has  been  purchaaed  by  some  oeiglibours  of  mine  ;  and 
I  should  feel  deepIyHobliged  if  you  can  find  time  to 
examine  it  and  give  your  opinion,  either  in  the  A(jri- 
cuitural  Oazeite  or  to  me  privately,  as  you  think  Ht. 
Ayrentis.  [Wc  are  unable  to  state  the  cause  of  the 
poisonous  quality  of  the  cake.  Its  hlHtory  would  probably 
be  interesting.     Is  it  home-made  or  foreign  \\ 

Ucraclcam  fjiyanUum  and  JI.  Hj.hondyiiuni,  —  To 
prevent  tlieso  plants  from  becoming  a  peat  by  self- 
Meding,  which  is  a  fault  assigned  to  them,  wo  bug  to 
Btatc  that  immediately  after  its  flowering,  tltu  hcadH 
Bhould  be  cut  off",  to  prevent  tiicir  Heeding  ;  a  pair  of 
Steps  will  be  neceftsary  for  operating  on  the  former  ;  in 
short,  the  whole  of  thin  plant  may  be  cleared  away  and 
the  root  taken  up,  an  no  further  beauty  i»  to  be  expected  ; 
it  then  bccoineH  unsightly,  and  being  biennial,  diun  ofi' 
altogellier  after  flowering.  The  hphondyliurn,  however, 
should  bo  treated  ilifFerently,  the  leaves  and  rootnaro  to 
be  retained  for  the  u«';  of  pigH,  rahbitH,&c.,  until  the  end 
of  aulurnn.  Thin  plant,  if  dried  in  Humnier,  aird  8tored 
in  ca»k«  or  hamperB  trod  in  liko  HopH,  will  be  fi)iind 
very  nerviceablc  in  large  towna  during  winter  for  nibbits, 
M  well  ftH  cattle,  which  aro  very  fond  of  it  tliuH  dried 
and  i/renerved,  J  I  a, -fly  and  Han,  MaJ.don,  Imrx. 

Tfte  Hhf/\D  at  Ltwig. — In   walking  round    the  cattle 


department  at  Lewes,  to  view  the  mountains  of  beef 
that  were  exhibited  there,  my  attention  was  first  drawn 
to  the  two  prize  bulls  in  the  first  class  of  short-horns, 
where  a  number  of  people  had  congregated,  and  were 
fi'eely  expressing  their  various  opinions.  I  found  the 
general  opinion  was  that  judges  had  commenced  their 
task  by  "making  a  bull," — giving  the  second  prize  where 
the  first  ought  to  have  been.  On  turning  to  the  other 
classes  I  found  the  prizes  carried  off"  by  some  very 
splendid  animals,  but  fed  to  that  degree  that  will 
prevent  our  show-yards  from  ever  being  graced  with 
theu'  offspring.  I  should  be  glad  to  hear  of  the  Society 
taking  some  steps  to  moderate  this  high  feeding.  It  is 
justly  remarked  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  that  the  high 
feeding  prevents  many  of  our  eminent  breeders  from 
entering  the  Society's  list  as  competitors,  and  thus  gives 
animals  of  inferior  quaUty  an  opportunity  of  carrying 
off  the  prizes.  It  is  a  very  common  thing  for  gentle- 
men to  say  (on  being  asked  why  they  don't  show  such 
and  such  animals),  "  I  want  it  for  breeding,  and  cannot 
afford  to  spoil  it  by  making  it  up  for  show."  In  the 
young  classes  of  both  Herefords  and  short-horns  the 
evil  work  is  in  a  forward  state ;  many  of  them  on 
reaching  their  homes  will  experience  a  wonderful  change 
in  their  diet  (especially  when  doubt  arises  as  to  their 
breeding  prospects).  Instead  of  the  meal,  and  every- 
thing that  will  tend  to  accumulate  fat,  they  will  be  sub- 
jected to  everything  that  will  tend  to  decrease  fat.  Such 
changes  must  injure  the  constitution.  The  Herefords 
as  well  as  short-horns  were  as  fat  as  they  could  be 
made.  As  I  have  often  been  impressed  with  the  idea 
that  short-horns  arrive  at  maturity  earlier  than  Here- 
fords, I  thought  this  a  fitting  opportunity  for  testing 
that  point,  and  I  girthed  the  yearling  classes  of  both 
breeds,  and  found  them  as  follows  :  Short-horns  (12 
entered,  10  shown),  average  age  1  year  6  months, 
average  girth  a  little  over  6  feet  6  inches  ;  Herefords 
(5  shown),  average  age  1  year  8  months,  average 
girth  6  feet  4  inches  ;  showing  a  difference  in  favour  of 
short-horns  of  2  inches  at  two  months  younger.  /.  K. 

Thin  Seeding. — I  have  now  growing  towards  maturity 
Wheat  and  Barley  in  my  fields  cultivated  on  the  system 
I  have  so  long  advocated.  The  seed  for  the  Wheat 
varied  from  three  and  a  half  quarts  to  two  pecks  per 
acre,  and  that  of  the  Barley  from  a  peck  and  a  half  per 
acre  to  four  pecks,  or  a  bushel,  I  have  several  plots  of 
Wheat,  and  some  of  which,  that  is,  the  thinnest  seeded, 
and  the  next  to  the  thinnest  seeded,  I  challenge  against 
all  England  ;  and  I  unhesitatingly  assert  that  it  cannot 
be  exceeded,  if  it  can  be  equalled,  in  this  or  any 
other  country.  A  small  portion  of  the  Wheat  was  put 
in  with  Dr.  Newiogton's  dibbler,  and  a  beautiful 
specimen  it  is  ;  the  rows  are  15  inches  apart,  and  the 
grains  were  put  in  singly  6  inches  apart  in  the  rows. 
The  rest  of  the  seed  Wheat,  namely,  the  peck  and 
peck  and  half  and  two  pecks  per  acre,  were  put  in 
with  my  drill  in  rows  12  inches  apart,  and  the  gi'ains  in 
the  rows  singly,  from  4  to  8  inches  apart,  according  as  I 
intended  to  drill  in  more  or  less  seed.  The  greater 
part  of  my  Barley  was  not  put  in  until  the  beginning 
of  June,  and  the  weather  has  been  greatly  against  it  ; 
but  still  the  crops  will  be  very  fine,  though  not  equal 
to  the  Wheat ;  but  the  thinnest  seeded,  as  with  the 
Wheat,  is  by  far  the  best,  and  the  thickest  the  worst 
crop.  I  invite  all  advocates  of  thick  and  barbarous  and 
wasteful  seeding  to  inspect  these  crops  ;  and  with 
reference  to  the  Wheat  1  challenge  them  to  equal  it. 
Q.  WilMns,  Wix,  near  Manninr/tree. 

Labourers. — Complaints  are  made  of  the  difficulty  of 
procuring  mowers  to  cut  the  Grass  this  season  ;  the 
wonder  is  that  any  able-bodied  men  remain  in  the 
country,  when  their  services  are  required  only  on 
particular  occasions  ;  at  other  times  they  have  little  to 
do,  the  farmers  barely  keeping  sufficient  bands  to 
prevent  their  holdings  becoming  useless,  for  the  most 
ordinary  purposes  of  agi'iculture,  according  to  the  old 
system.  If  a  vessel  leaves  port  under-manned,  the 
chances  are,  if  her  voyage  is  a  long  one,  she  will  never 
be  heard  of  more — the  saving  of  a  few  pounds  in  wages 
causing  the  loss  of  valuable  property,  to  the  ruin  of  the 
owners.  What  prospect  has  land  of  producing  an 
abundance  of  food,  unless  the  number  of  men  employed, 
in  some  measure,  corresponds  with  the  acreage  I  To 
attempt  the  cultivation  of  a  farm  of  300  acres  with 
strength  calculated  for  200  acres,  is  to  insure  a  failure 
of  crops  and  loss  of  money  ;  the  objection  used  against 
keeping  up  a  permanent  staff  all  the  year  round  is — 
How  are  they  to  be  turned  to  account  in  bad  weathex*, 
when  out  of-door  work  cannot  be  proceeded  with,  when 
the  earth  is  either  too  damp  from  moisture  or  too  hard 
from  frost  to  be  mowed  I  In  a  well-regulated  establish- 
ment there  is  much  to  hi  done  when  it  rains,  snows,  or 
freezes — carts  to  be  repaired  and  greased,  tools  to  be 
looked  over,  harness  mended,  slieds  patched  up,  hurdles 
miidu,  gate  posts  cut  out,  wood  split,  cattle  houses 
thoroughly  cleaned,  horses  trimmed,  dressed,  and  feet 
attended  to  ;  door-loclis  imd  windows  rubhed  up,  and 
anylliing  painteii  that  wants  it.  In  iVosly  weather 
breaking  stones  for  the  roailn,  filling  up  ruts,  clipping 
hedges,  cutting  the  rough  GranH  in  ditches  to  bu  tnxl 
into  manure,  and  numcrouH  other  odds  and  endn  both 
UHcful  and  ornamental,  which  would  occupy  too  nmcli 
space  to  ennmoiate,  but  which  will  occur  to  an 
induHtriouH  agriculturist,  it  oflen  occurs  when  a  cart 
and  horufcH  aro  called  for  on  an  cirHrgciicy,  that  a  hIioo 
is  loose,  the  tyro  of  a  wheel  out  of  order,  or  the  cidlar 
'  pinches,  becauHC  ctjinmon  attention  was  not  bcfitowed 
.  upon  home  (■coii(<my  when  th';ro  was  iioUiing  oIho  to  bo 
done.  It  will  be  said  thin  in  all  fiiio  talking,  but  where 
I  are  individuals  to  be  found  sufliciently  intelligent  to  be 


trusted  with  the  duties  of  the  saddler,  wheelwright,  or 
carpenter,  &c.  Show  labourers  that  certain  services 
will  be  required  of  them,  pay  them  well,  and  they  will 
soon  become  skilful  jobbers  and  attain  pther  rural 
accomplishments.  A  man  may  not  be  able  to  manu- 
facture a  pad,  but  with  a  little  practice  he  may  splice  a 
strap,  or  sow  on  a  buckle  ;  a  carter  might  be  puzzled  to 
construct  a  waggon,  yet  he  might  without  difficulty 
replace  a  broken  plank  in  the  bottom,  instead  of  stuffing 
a  wisp  of  sti'aw  into  the  hole.  There  may  be  more 
ingenuity  in  forming  a  horse-shoe  than  falls  to  the  lot  of 
a  peasant,  yet  he  might  be  able  to  draw  an  old  nail 
and  put  in  a  new  one,  to  prevent  the  animal  casting  a 
shoe  on  a  journey,  or  before  a  day's  work,  which  would 
save  time  and  inconvenience.  The  old  song,  "  Produce 
is  low  and  we  can't  afford  to  burthen  our  farms  with 
more  labour"  must  cease,  or  the  best  men  will  emigi'ate  ; 
and  then  a  new  cry  may  travel  through  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  land — "  Our  crops  are  spoiling,  we  have 
no  one  to  gather  in  the  harvest ;"  and  whose  fault  will  it 
be  ?  Individuals  cannot  be  expected  to  shut  their  eyes  to 
the  fact  of  thousands  of  acres  of  land  being  neglected  and 
half  tilled  ;  frequent  expressions  are  heard  to  the 
effect — "  So  and  so  ought  to  be  ashamed  to  have  his 
land  in  such  a  plight  when  willing  labourers  are  anxiouB 
to  be  employed,  if  poor  feUows  had  land  they  would 
soon  make  it  grow  more  food."  There  is  some  trutli 
in  these  remarks  if  we  contrast  the  appearance  of 
allotments  with  the  farm  ranging  side  by  side,  and  the 
former  paying  double  rent  and  sometimes  more — shame 
to  those  who  ask  it,  taking  advantage  of  the  poor  man's 
necessity.  The  interesting  account  in  the  Leader  of  the- 
Gazetle,  July  24,  affords  matter  for  grave  con- 
sideration, and  carries  the  thoughts  beyond  the  present 
time,  over  a  series  of  years  before  the  experiment 
can  be  pronounced  successful  —  cropping  without 
manuring,  if  the  statement  has  been  correctly  under- 
stood. No  doubt  can  exist  of  the  efficacy  of  frequently 
stirring  the  soil,  and  periodically  bringing  it  fresh  up  to 
the  surface.  In  the  course  of  time,  without  the  usual 
manure  feeding,  will  not  the  land  become  unproductive 
from  exhaustion  and  require  a  very  long  period  to- 
regain  its  usual  fertility  1  The  question  is  asked,, 
because  an  instance  is  known  of  a  garden  which  was 
cropped  and  cropped,  trenched  and  trenched,  year  after 
year,  until  at  last  it  became  labour  in  vain  ;  and  even 
with  the  richest  dressing,  it  was  long  before  the  land 
showed  symptoms  of  recovery.  The  length  of  time 
soil  will  produce  and  reproduce,  without  assistance; 
will  depend  upon  its  natural  properties,  and  perhaps  the 
experiment  might  be  ti*ied  once  too  often.  These 
remarks  are  thrown  out  to  induce  discussion  on  so 
important  a  subject.  Falcon. 

Sewage. — The  best  substitute  for  guano  will  be  the 
sewage  of  towns  collected  in  large  tanks  and  consolidated 
by  draining  off  the  top  water ;  the  deposit  to  be 
removed  to  sheds  and  dried  for  agricultural  purposes. 
We  are  slow  to  take  advantage  of  resources  within  our 
reach,  but  sooner  or  later,  as  chance  may  determincj- 
what  we  now  throw  away  will  be  sold  for  thousands  of 
pounds.  I  do  not  anticipate  obtaining  the  prize  of 
1000  guineas  for  this  suggestion,  nevertheless  British 
guano  thus  saved  would  supply  the  farmer  with  a  cheap 
and  valuable  fertiliser,  and  will,  some  day,  drive  foreign 
guano  out  of  the  field.  Let  any  man  experiment  with 
half-a-dozen  pounds  of  the  black  mud  from  a  common 
house-drain,  place  it  under  cover,  and  when  dry  reduce 
it  to  powder,  and  drill  in  with  Turnip  seed,  or  sow 
broadcast  on  Grass  after  or  before  rain.  Economist. 

North  of  Yorkshire. — I  have  again  visited  this  agricul- 
tural district,  and  am  sm'prised  to  find  so  little  change 
in  the  management  of  the  land,  and  the  occupiers  of 
the  farms.  The  farmers  are  very  generally  going  on. 
in  the  old  way,  although  m  some  other  parts  of  the 
kingdom  there  have,  of  late  years,  been  many  changes 
among  the  tenants,  and  great  improvements  in  the  culti- 
vation. Here,  neglect  and  mismanagement  of  manure 
strikingly  display  a  low  state  of  agricultural  manage- 
ment ;  and  the  same  may  be  said  respecting  the  weedy 
condition  of  the  crops.  It  is  true  that  there  are  a  few 
exceptions  to  this  state  of  things.  There  is  some  fair 
cultivation,  and  a  very  little  of  ft  quite  superior  charac- 
ter ;  but  these  spots  are  only  the  exception  to  _  the 
general  rule.  With  some  of  the  farmers,  there  is  a 
surprising  ignorance  of  several  of  those  improvements 
which  have,  of  late  years,  been  so  advantageously 
adopted  in  other  places.  How  they  manage  to  get  a, 
living  in  these  times  is  somewhat  mysterious.  It  is 
said  they  are  living  upon  capital  ;  but  those  who  ai*e 
well  acquainted  with  the  country  are  of  opinion  that 
capital  was  always  very  deficient  among  the  farmers 
hei-e,  as  well  as  in  most  other  parts  of  the  country.  If 
these  remarks  seem  to  convey  a  censure  on  the  farmers, 
I  would  say  they  aro  not  so  culpable  as  they  appear  to 
bo  ;  the  landowners  and  agents  must  share  the  blame 
with  them,  since  tlio  tenants  have  never  been  encouraged 
as  they  should  have  been  to  manage  in  a  spirited  way. 
Many  of  the  landlords  and  agents  are  honourable  men, 
but,  however  worthy  of  that  character  they  may  be,  the 
system  of  yearly  tciuire,  without  compensation  for 
improvement,  tioes  not  encourage  it.  How  many  fine 
estatcH  there  aro,  and  how  much  moor-land  there  iflj 
which,  as  it  is  generally  allowed,  would  i)ay  for  improve- 
ment ;  and  yet  little  or  nothing  is  done,  except  in  the 
way  of  drainage  hero  and  tliero.  An  A  griculltiral 
Vmtor, 

Modern  Bread. — I  read  somo  time  back  an  article 
in  the  Qazeitey  headed  "  Modern  Bread  is  worthless," 
which  appeared  to  mo  to  convoy  somo  useful  truths  ; 
since  that  time  1  have  eaten  brown  bread  whenever  I 


524 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Aug.  14, 


met  with  it,  but  without  any  perceptible  difference  in 
health  or  strength,  which  I  am  thankful  to  acknowledge 
is  usually  good  ;  but  as  the  great  variety  of  food  taken 
by  the  human  race  (at  least  by  such  as  can  indulge  in 
change  of  food)  renders  any  result  from  the  use  of 
various  sorts  of  bread  doubtful,  I  venture  to  suggest 
that  if  a  dozen  of  your  subscribers  were  to  try  the 
experiment  with  two  pigs,  giving  one  the  best  baker's 
bread,  and  to  the  other  an  er^ual  value  of  brown  bread  ; 
if  any  uniform  result  were  obtained,  this  practical  expe- 
rience would  be  of  great  value  and  would  compensate 
for  the  extra  cost  of  the  pork.   IF.  K. 


HIGHLAND  AND  AQRICULTUriAL  SOCIETY'S  MEETING 
AT  PfJRTH. 

"[The  following  was  in  type  and  ready  for  publication 
last  Saturday,  but  unavoidably  postponed,  owing  to  the 
space  occupied  by  the  reports  on  the  state  of  the  crops.] 

The  great  Exhibi  ioa  of  this  Society,  con°isting  of  stock, 
implements  of  husbandry,  and  dairy  produce,  commenced  on 
Wedoeflduy,  Augu8b  4,  at  Perth. 

The  previous  dhow  oF  the  Society  was  held  at  Glasgow  in  1850, 
so  that  two  joarB  have  intervened  betweeo  it  and  the  present 
one.  The  site  chosen  for  the  show  of  this  year  is  a  level  piece  of 
meadow  gn>und.  about  7  or  8  acres,  formio;?  part  of  the  eouth 
"Inch"  of  Perth,  and  extending  between  the  road  and  the 
river  Tay.  Tbe  arrangements  connected  with  the  show- 
ground have  all  been  admirably  made,  and  reflect  the  highest 
credit  on  the  secrerary  and  Btewards,  Wednesday  was  devoted 
to  implemectfi  and  dairy  produce.  Thursday,  general  exhi- 
bition of  stock,  tti;. ;  and  on  Friday  there  is  to  be  a  sale  by 
auction,  which  will  terminate  the  proceedings. 
IMPLEMENTS. 

Wednesday.— Th^  ^hovi  of  implemeots  is  greatly  inferior  in 
point  of  numbers  to  that  of  Glasgow  in  1850  ;  but  the  quality 
of  the  workmanship  and  utility  of  the  articles  are  in  noway 
diminished  ;  in  fact,  the  practical  part  is  in  every  way  greatly 
better  th;tn  any  former  show. 

In  Section  1  there  were  H  two-horae  ploughs  for  general 
purposes,  all  of  which  were  well  made,  and  several  of  them 
polished  to  a  degree  altogether  out  of  keeping  with  the 
practical  uses  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied.  Plough-makers 
should  remember  that  mere  hand-Wi>rk  in  polishing  is  ever  of 
Booondary  importance  to  head-work,  as  manifesied  in  ingenious 
contrivances  for  combiuiog  strength  with  lightness  of  draught, 
and  both  with  cheapness.  Oue feature characterUed  nearly  all 
tha  ploughs,  viz.,  shortness  of  beam  and  great  length  of 
handles.  The  absence  of  wheels  in  the  Scotch  ploughs, 
necessitates  a  greater  length  of  handles  than  in  the  English 
wheel  ploughs,  in  order  that  the  ploughman  may  have  a 
greater  leverage,  and  consequent  command  over  the  implement. 
There  was  only  one  plouu'h  wiih  wheels  in  the  yard,  which  was 
exhibited  by  Mr.  James  Kirkwood,  Tranent.  The  prize  in  this 
section  was  awarded  to  George  Ponton,  Crongfoot,  Linlithgow, 
foi-  a  plough  with  rather  short  hands  and  longish  beam.  The 
only  peculiarity  and  improvement  consists  in  the  length  and 
strength  of  the  upper  side  plate,  which  is  admirably  constructed 
to  defend  the  sheath  and  lower  part  of  tbe  left  handle  from 
■iujiury. 

Section  5  consisted  of  9  double-mould  ploughs,  most  of 
which  were  remarkable  for  the  form  and  great  length  of  the 
mould-boards;  the  entire  length  from  the  end  of  the  board  to 
the  point  of  the  stock  was  in  aouio  cases  from  4  feet  to  4.J  feet. 
The  objects  of  this  great  length  and  flatneesof  board  are  first, 
to  obtain  a  long  bearing  in  the  land;  and  secondly,  to  raise 
the  earth  without  pressing  upon  and  consolidating  the  raised 
part  of  the  drill.  John  Hutchison,  Craigend,  Perthshire, 
exhibited  a  pli>ugh  of  this  sort  with  an  improved  screw  (oi- 
shifting  the  mould-boards  to  any  required  width.  The  screw 
movent  on  two  journals,  or  axles,  at  both  ends,  and  works 
through  a  female  screw  which  is  attached  to  two  hinged  bars 
of  iron,  each  of  which  is  attached  to  separate  mould-boards, 
80  that  when  the  male-acrew  is  turned  to  tbe  aft-hand,  the 
female  one  movee  along  it  and  draws  the  boards  inward,  and 
when  turned  to  the  right,  the  boards  are  pushed  outward.  The 
prize  in  this  section  was  carried  off  by  James  Barclay,  Castle- 
town,  Fowlis,  Crieff,  for  a  plough  remarkable  for  the  great 
Iraigth  of  all  the  different  parts,  strength  of  material  and 
workmanship,  and  also  from  its  extreme  cheapness,  21.  12s. 

Section  7  contained  11  two-horse  grubbers  or  cultivators  for 
working  on  the  flat.  The  prize  in  this  section  wax  gained  by 
Robert  Law  Shettleaton,  Glasgow,  for  a  Tennant's  Grubber, 
registered  in  June,  1851.  Ibis  is  a  very  strong,  simply. con- 
structed implement,  and  can  be  used  either  as  a  common  grub- 
ber for  preparing  land  for  green  crops,  or,  by  shifting  tbe 
tines,  as  a  grubber  for  drilled  green  crops,  or  as  a  acaiifier  for 
Btubb  e  land.  Pew  grubbers,  we  believe,  have  given  greater 
general  satisfaction  than  this  ;  and  the  judges  have  added 
their  approval  also  by  awarding  tbe  first  prize  to  it.  This 
grubber  is  described  in  the  *'  •  Practical  Mechanics'  Journal ' 
as  possessing  a  superior  grubbing  action  for  disintegrating  and 
cleansing  land,  simplicity  and  strength  of  parts,  the  retention 
of  the  lubricating  oil  upon  the  spindie  of  the  adjustable  pi  ot 
wheel,  and  the  prevention  of  sand  into  the  wheel  bearings." 
This  implement  has  already  pi  oduced  a  considerable  eensatiun 
in  the  agricultural  literary  world,  in  consequence  of  its 
invention,  Mr.  Tennant  having  stated  that  in  his  own 
practice  it  has  nearly  superseded  the  use  of  the  plough  in  the 
cultivation  of  his  land.  Mr.  George  Ponton  also  exhibits  a 
very  good  grubber  in  this  section,  but  more  adapted,  we 
should  think,  for  three  or  four-horse  draught  than  two.  which 
it  is  stated  to  be.  Mr.  Lewis  Potter,  Buthkeonar,  Falkirk, 
exhibits  a  grubber  with  a  Norwegian  harrow  attached.  The 
tmes  of  the  grubber  being  in  front,  loosen  the  soil ;  and  as  the 
clods  must  pass  through  between  those  of  the  harrow,  the 
land  if.  pulverised  to  the  highest  degree.  The  weight  of  this 
implement,  and  the  work  it  has  to  perform,  adapt  it  mure  for 
four  horses  than  for  two. 

In  Section  8  there  are  10  drill-grubbers,  all  of  which  have 
been  considered  so  devoid  of  merit  that  no  prize  has  been 
awarded,  only  one  being  commended  ;  and  this,  so  far  as  our 
judgment  ges,  about  the  worst  of  the  lot.  Mr.  Ponton  exhibits 
a  very  gyod  drill-grubber  with  the  tines  (seven  in  numbir)  so 
a-rraiiged,  and  so  far  apart,  as  not  only  to  cover  the  whole 
ground,  but  also  to  obviate  the  chance  of  phokiug  in  foul  land. 

la  SectUm  9  there  are  only  two  Norwegian  harrows  about 
which  there  are  nuveliies  of  any  importance,  and  being  nearly 
the  same  in  construction,  there  are  no  points  of  contrast. 

Section  10.— Consolidating  land  rollers.  Three  implements 
Bfiown,  Crosskiil's  serrated  roller  and  two  smooth  rollers,  noue 
ot  Which  received  a  piize  ;  but  A,  and  \V.  Smith's  smooth 
rouer  bad  a  commendation  ticket  attached  to  it. 

in  iicctwn  11  (land  pressers  for  preparieg seed- bed  for  grain), 
inere  was  only  one  iu,plement,  which  was  exhibited  by  David 
l^auoway,  Aljth,  Perthshire.  This  machine  consisted  of  a 
SlJ,an!^..'''K-°5/'^  pi-esser  wheels,  and  having  a  sowing 
Sed    hv  ;h'°'*i°^'^"^"S  all  kinds  of  grain  in  the  dri.ll 

lenders  itU«  fi^"f^'=^''•  ,.'**^«  ^'^^'  "^>8^'  "f  ^^'^  machine 
^i,;^      ..f      '^J^r  '"'^^  '^°d  of  a  light  texture. 

imDlementV'ITl  Hff"-''°S.  ^^"'^  ^'^"^'■«'  ^^^^  ^-"e  ^'e^' 
Kf»,f^hl*i  1  'i'ff">"S  from  each  other  in  construction. 
First  on  the  -st  and  Hrst  in  merit,  according  to  the  judges  who 
have  given  it  the  first  prize,  i.    the    Northumbe>land  clod 


crusher,  invented  by  Matthew  Gibson,  and  exhibited  by  Gibson 
and  Richardson,  Neivcastle,  It  consists  of  two  axles,  each  of 
which  carries  22  sharp-edged  wheel-i  about  3  inches  apart, 
working  alternately  and  partly  wiihin  the  same  circle,  so  that 
the  implement  is  both  crushing  and  self-cleansing.  Second  on 
the  list  is  a  wooden  roller  with  2-incli  circular  grooves  cleaned 
out  by  scrapers— the  raised  portions  between  the  grooves  being 
shod  with  iron.  Next  comes  a  large  Norwegian  harrow,  and 
then  a  cast-iron  deeper  fluted  roller  in  three  divisions,  which, 
no  doubt,  will  do  goitd  executinn  when  the  ground  is  completely 
dry.  but  very  apt  to  clog  with  the  leist  moisture. 

Section  13  —Harrows  :  William  Crosskill  carried  off  the  prize 
hare,  which  is  highly  creditable  to  him,  as  there  were  many 
good  sets  ot  harrows  competiiig  against  his.  The  fixing  of  the 
tines  with  screwed  nuts  is  a  great  improvement  and  should  be 
more  generally  adopted, as  thereis  less  loss  from  the  tines  shaking 
out  on  stony  ground.  A  set  of  harrows,  originally  invented 
by  the  late  Mr.  Smith,  of  Deanston,  was  exhibited  in  this 
section.  Known  for  a  long  time  now  as  the  chain-web  Grape-seed 
harrow.  The  set  under  review  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Law,  of 
Sbettleston,  who  has  Improved  them,  and  rendered  them  more 
useful  and  less  liable  to  choke. 

Section  IG  — Broad-cast  sowing  machlues  for  grain  and  Grass 
seeds.  The  first  premium  was  awarded  to  John  Lennie, 
Lauder.  This  machine  covers  18  feet  of  land,  and  consists  of 
a  long  b^ix  carried  on  a  frame,  and  divided  by  joints  into  three 
lengths.  Inside  the  box  is  a  epindie  carrying  a  series  of  thin- 
toothed  pinion  wheels,  which  bring  up  the  seed  from  the  bottom 
of  th-?  box,  and  propel  it  through  holes  situated  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  from  the  bottom.  The  delivery  of  the  seed  is  regu- 
lated by  enlarging  or  diminishing  the  size  of  the  holes  through 
which  the  seed  passes.  When  this  machine  is  used  fjr  sowing 
Grass  seeds,  another  spindle  is  employed  than  for  corn,  which 
is  turnished  with  a  seiies  of  brushes  for  propelling  the  seed 
through  the  orifices  already  described.  The  principal  advan- 
tage in  using  this  machine  is  for  Grass  seeds,  which  it  sows 
wiih  great  regularity,  however  windy  the  weaiher  may  be. 
Thirty  acres  a  day  can  be  accomplished  with  this  machine, 
drawn  only  by  one  horse  and  guided  by  one  man. 

Section  17. — Drill  sowing  machines.  In  this  section  there  are 
ftix  machines,  three  on  the  English  or  seed-cup  principle  and 
three  upon  the  Scotch  or  toothed-pinion  principle.  The  pre- 
mium was  awarded  to  Thomas  Sherriff,  West  Barns,  Dunbar, 
for  a  machine  having  eeveral  ingenious  adaptations  for  the 
delivery  of  the  seed  and  the  regulating  of  the  quantity  to  be 
sown  per  acre.  In  the  first  place,  the  seed-b>x  is  composed  of 
two  chambers,  the  upper  one  of  which  contains  the  great  bulk 
of  the  seed  which  passes  gradually  into  the  lower  chamber, 
through  holes  graduated  by  moveable  slips  of  iron.  The  seed 
is  then  propelled  tbr.mgh  holes  by  toothed  pinions;  and  as 
these  holes  are  simultaneously  diminished  or  enlarged  by 
moving  a  lever,  they  can  all  be  made  to  deliver  the  same  quan- 
tity  ot  grain,  from  one  buehel  up  to  six  bushels  per  acre.  In 
the  second  place,  there  are  two  indices  driven  by  the  carrying 
wheels  (which  also  drive  the  seed  wheels),  which  show  the 
extent  of  grain  passed  over  by  the  machine  in  a  given  lime. 
The  pointer  of  one  of  these  indices  makes  one  complete  revolu- 
tion for  every  acre  passed  over  by  the  machine,  while  the  other 
makes  only  one  revolution  when  it  has  passed  over  20  acres; 
but  this  index  being  divided  into  20  parts,  tbe  extent  of  ground 
passed  over  is  exactly  indicated  at  any  period  of  the  day.  This 
is  decidedly  one  of  the  most  ingenious  contrivances  we  have 
ever  yet  seen  for  showing  the  quantity  of  grain  sown,  and  the 
extent  of  ground  passed  over. 

In  Section  18  there  are  three  horse-hoes  for  com.  The  prize 
was  awarded  to  Thomas  Sherriff,  West  Barns,  Dunbar.  This 
machine  is  all  of  iion,  with  the  exception  of  the  steering  rod, 
which  is  of  wood.  The  scrapers  or  cutters  are  all  rigid,  and 
do  not  admit  of  being  shifted  while  tbe  machine  is  in  motion, 
and  in  this  respect  we  consider  it  much  inferior  to  several  of 
the  English  horse-hoes,  which  are  provided  with  a  parallel 
motion  for  shifting  the  whole  of  the  cutters  at  once  in  a  lateral 
direction. 

In  Tttrnip-sowing  machines  there  are  several  novelties. 
Hugh  Cowan,  Corstorphine,  Edinburgh,  exhibits  a  very 
simple  machine.  The  seed  is  delivered  through  holes  in  a 
slider  driven  by  the  roller.  The  number  of  holes  are  increased 
or  diminished  by  a  movi.'able  slid  ;  each  open  hole  sows  1  lb. 
per  acre.  The  roller  is  of  cast-iron  and  concave,  with  a 
sharp  projecting  flange  in  the  centre,  which  makes  the  rut  for 
the  Feed.  No  premium  has  been  awarded  in  this  section,  but 
a  machine  exhibited  by  Chae.  Hay,  Ratho,  had  a  commendation 
ticket  attached.  It  had  concave  rollers  but  no  flange.  The 
seed- bed  is  formed  by  two  thin  wheels,  moved  by  contact  with 
the  ground.  The  seed  is  delivered  by  a  tin  wheel  (something 
like  a  mimic  dredging  wheel),  working  in  a  box  full  of  seed, 
each  bucket  lifting  up  a  quantity  of  seed,  and  pitching  into  a 
spout,  which  conveys  it  to  the  ground.  The  quantity  of  seed  is 
regulated  by  a  slip  of  tin  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  seed 
buckets,  and  which  can  be  moved  so  as  to  diminish  or  increase 
the  breadth,  so  that  only  the  part  next  the  spout  delivers  the 
seed  into  it,  while  the  rest  is  carried  round  in  the  buokets. 

Section  24  contains  several  straw-cutters,  the  prize  being 
carried  off,  as  usual,  by  Richmond  and  Chandler,  Manchester. 
This  machine  has  been  so  often  described,  and  is  so  well  known 
that  any  description  is  unnecessary.  Ot  Turnip-cutters  there 
are  four  varieties —  Gardiner's  cylinder,  wheel  with  radial 
knives,  horizontal  grating  and  knives,  and  the  common  lever 
Turnip-cutter.  The  prize  was  gained  by  James  Kirkwood, 
Tranent,  for  one  .on  the  same  principle  as  that  exhibited  at 
Glasgow,  and  lor  which  he  also  then  got  the  prize.  It  can  be 
used  either  as  a  stationary  machine  for  driving  by  hand,  or 
it  may  be  dragged  behind  a  cart  when  the  knives  are  driven  by 
the  carrying-wheels  ;  but  when  used  as  a  hand-machine,  the 
cairying-wbeels  are  converted  into  fly-wheels  by  raising  them 
off  the  ground. 

There  were  only  eIx  corn  and  linseed  bruisers  in  the  show- 
yard  ;  the  premium  for  the  Oat  bruiser  was  awarded  to  A.  and 
W.  Smith  and  Co.,  Paisley;  and  for  a  linseed  crusher  the 
premium  was  carried  off  by  Richmond  and  Chandler. 

There  are  only  two  competitors  for  the  premium  for  the 
steaming  apparatus,  viz.,  Richmond  and  Chandler  and  A.  and 
W.Smith  and  Co.,  Paisley;  and  as  the  merits  of  both  were 
about  equally  balanced,  the  judges  gave  a  premium  to  each. 

Section  3S  contains  a  number  of  very  excellent  one-horse 
farm  carts.  Tbe  pr.ze  was  awarded  to  Alex.  Serymgeour, 
Methven.  Perth,  for  a  very  plain  substantial  cart,  the  sides  and 
front  of  which  were  of  solid  wood  without  any  mordces.  The 
fore  lock  or  tilting-i"od  consist  of  bars  of  iron,  arranged  trian- 
gularly and  resting  on  two  of  the  angles  on  the  front  bottom 
sheath  of  the  cart,  while  the  third  angle  is  welded  to  a  bar  of 
iron  with  a  peg  at  the  top,  which  catches  in  holes  made  in 
another  bar  of  iron  fixed  to  the  front  of  the  cart.  The  improve- 
ment  here  is  in  having  the  tilting-rod  to  rest  upon  two  points 
of  the  front  sheath  about  16  inches  apart,  so  that  the  strain  is 
more  diffused,  and  the  whole  is  firmer,  and  consequently  the 
cart  less  liable  to  wear  from  jolting. 

In  Section  3'J  there  is  a  set.ot  wrought  and  cast-iron  rick-stands, 
eight  in  number,  ranging  from  10  feet  in  diameter  top  to  IS 
feet ;  exhibited  by  Charles  D.  Young,  and  Co.  These  stands  are 
of  very  superior  workmanship,  and  so  constructed  that,  with 
ordinary  attention  in  removing  props  from  the  stacks  after 
biiug  made,  they  may  be  said  to  be  vermin-proof.  There  is 
also  in  this  section  a  set  of  rick-stand  pillars,  made  of  fire- 
clay ;  exhibited  by  John  Quarlen,  Cropsgates,  Fifeshire,  which 
is  somewhat  of  a  novelty,  but  most  farmers  will  prefer  cast- 
iron,  as  being  stronger  and  more  durable.  There  are 
four-horse  stubtde  or  bay-rakes,  the  premium  for  which 
was  awarded  to  Lawrence  Oliphant,  of  Cordie,  Bridge  of 
Earn:  this  is  one  of  the  Messrs.  Smith's  (Stamford)  rakes 
improved  in  the  axle  by  the  exhibitor.  This  improvement 
consists  merely  in  carrying  the  axle  about  IS  inches  inward^ 


and  boltin  g  tbe  end  of  it  to  a  cross-bracket  instea  t  of  bolting 
it  to  the  end  bar  itself,  as  is  t  ;e  case  with  Smith's  machine. 

There  are  only  three  or  four  corn-dres&ing  fanners  in 
Section  46,  thus  showing  a  want  of  spirit  among  tlie  millwrights 
and  makers.  The  prize  was  awarded  to  Robert  Reid,  Lysmill, 
by  Arbroath,  for  an  implement  which  seems  to  combine  a 
number  of  material  points  of  excellence.  The  wind  is  allowed 
to  escape  from  the  flyers  at  a  point  about  9  inches  below  the 
centre,  and  it  catches  the  grain  immediately  as  it  drops  from 
the  hopper,  and  before  it  has  acquired  much  velocity.  The 
grain  falls  into  a  ridd'e  through  which  the  good  grain  passes, 
falling  upon  a  sieve,  and  coming  out  at  either  side  as  may  be 
required.  The  quantity  of  corn  to  be  delivered  from  the 
hopper  can  be  regulated  by  a  rack  and  pinion  apparatus,  which 
is  easily  and  handily  wrought.  The  rit'dle  is  elevated  or 
depressed  by  another  rack  and  pinion  oT  the  same  sort.  Upon 
the  whole,  this  is  one  of  the  best  dressine-fans  we  ever 
remember  seeing  at  the  Highland  Society's  shows.  The  price 
is  also  very  low. 

In  the  churn  department  there  are  ooly  four  varieties  of 
form,  and  the  prize  was  awarded  to  C.  D.  Young  and  Co,  of 
Edinburgh,  for  Drummood's  churn  driven  by  horse  power. 
This  churn  consists  of  one  large  oblong  tub,  divided  down  the 
centre  by  a  board  with  perforated  holes.  In  each  chamber 
a  common  dash  works,  and  when  in  motion,  the  one  is  at  its 
highest  point  when  the  other  is  at  the  lowest.  The  aeration 
and  agitation  of  the  cream  is  said  to  be  very  complete  by  this 
arrangement.  M'Cartney  andDruromond,  Cumnock,  carry  off 
tbe  prize  for  the  best  cheese  press.  The  pressing  apparatus 
consists  of  a  r;ick  wound  up  or  lowered  by  a  pinion,  and  the 
pressure  is  applied  to  any  required  extent  by  a  weighted  lever. 

Charles  D.  Young,  of  Edinburgh,  exhibit  a  very  good  set 
of  traverse  divisions,  rack,  and  manger  for  farm  stables.  The 
posts  are  of  cast-iron,  hinhly  ornamental,  and  resting  on 
cross  flanged  sockets,  to  which  they  are  keyed  in  the  same 
way  as  the  columns  of  a  steam-engine.  Tbe  sides  of  the 
traverse  are  intended  to  be  of  wood,  and  grooved  iron  soles 
and  rails  are  provided  for  fitting  the  boards,  while  the  pillars 
also  are  grooved  to  receive  the  ends.  The  manger  is  of  cast- 
iron  well  rounded  off  at  the  edge  next  the  horse.  A  traverse 
of  this  kind  will  not  mere'y  be  lasting,  but  it  will  also  be  an 
excellent  preventive  of  crib-biting. 

Of  Reaping-machines  there  are  Bell's  and  Hussey's — the 
former  shown  by  Mr,  George  Bell,  Inchmicharel,  Errol,  Perth- 
shire, bnHher  of  the  inventor,  the  Rev.  Patrick  Bell,  Carmyllie 
Mause,  Aibroaih;  and  tbe  other  exhibited  by  Crosskill,  Bever- 
ley ;  Imrie,  Perth  ;  and  C.  D.  Young  and  Co.,  Edinburgh.  Theso 
implements  are  to  be  tried  to  morrow  (Friday)  on  the  faroa  of 
Muirton,  when  the  farmtrs  will  have  an  opportunity  of  judging 
of  their  respective  merits.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  excel- 
lent machines  and  articles  in  the  extra  department,  which  we 
must  forbear  noticing  for  want  of  space.  The  show  of  stock  is 
now  going  on  (Thursday,  5ih).  but  we  can  neither  give  the 
prizes,  nor  a  description  of  the  various  sections  and  classes  till 
next  week, 

Youkshire  Agricultural. — The  annual  meeting  of 
this  Society  was  held  last  week  at  Sheffield.  We  can  only 
publish  the  awards  of  prizes,  our  space  being  this  week 
taken  up  by  the  report  of  the  Highland  Society's  meeting 
at  Perth.  A  very  interesting  discussion  took  place  on  the 
Wednesday,  upon  the  best  and  most  economical  method 
of  cutting  and  harvesting  corn,  at  which  some  very 
encouraging  facts  as  to  the  use  of  the  reaping  machine 
were  brought  forward. 

AWARDS  FOR  IMPLEMENTS. 

Beat  9-inch  plough,  Mr.  Ball  £5     0     0 

Best  7.inch  plough,  Mr.  Busby      

Best  5-inch  plough,  Mr.  Busby      

Harrow  for  light  land,  Mr.  Stead 

Drag,  or  scarifier,  Mr,  Smith,  Stamford 

Horse-hoe  on  the  flat,  Mr.  Smith,  Kettering     ... 

Ditto       on  the  ridge,  Mr.  Busby         2     0     0 

Portable  steam-engine,  Mr.  Hornsby     15    0    0 

Winnowing  machine,  Mr.  Hornsby         5    0     0 

Threshing  machine  with  winnower,  Mr.  Hornsby     ...  10    0    0 

Drill,  the  most  useful,  Mr.  Hornsby        5     0     0 

To  Mr.  Hornsby— cake  mill  2    0    0 

Fixed  steam-engine,  Messrs.  Tuxford  and  Sons  ...15  0  0 
M'Cormick's  reaping  machine.  Burgess  and  Key      ...    6    0    0 

Single-horse  cart,  Mr.  Bellerby 5    0    0 

Dito,  Crosskiil's Highly  ci^mmended 

Theshing  machine,  Mr.  Goucher Medal 

Patent  metal  meal  mill,  Mr.  Hurwood Medal 

Miscellaneous. 
To  Mr.  Crosskill— Best  assortment  of  implements  in 

the  yard The  Gold  Medal 

„  Wagg'>u 500 

,,  Liquid  manure  cart      2    0    0 

„  Roller  in  parts  for  uneven  ground    ...    2    0    0 

„  Wheels  and  axles  2    0    0 

To  Mr.  Smith,  Stamford— Haymaker 3     0     0 

To  Barrett  and  Exall— Horse  rake  2     0     0 

To  Mr.  Hill,  Brierley  Hill— Iron  gates  and  Hurdles...    3    0    0 

To  Norton  and  Borrie—Brick  machine 2    0    0 

To  Mr.  Burrell— Saw  bench  and  hurdle  frames        ...    2    0    0 

To  Mr.  Cogan— Dairy  utensils      2    0    0 

To  Mr.  Sorby-Improved  scythes 10    0 

To  Burgess  and  Key— Double-action  pump      10    0 

Assortment  of  forks      10    0 

To  Mr.  Busby— Chaff-cutter  2    0    0 

To  Mr.  Barker— Subsoil  plough 2    0    0 

To  Mr.  Hart— For  the  ingenuity  displayed  in  the  con- 
struction of  his  new  brick-making  machine        ...     Medal 
To  Mr.  Awdas-Improved  drag  lifter         Medal 

AWARDS     FOR      CATTLE. 
SHORT-HORNED  CATTLE. 
Beat  bull,  of  any  age,  251.,  F.  H.  Fawkes,  Farnley,  Otley; 
lot.,  T.  Raine,  Gainford,  Darlington.    21  entries. 

Best  yearling  bull,  2iil.,  Earl  Filzwilliam,  WentWortU 
Rotherham  ;  bl.,  H.  Ambler,  Watkin  Hall.    10  entries. 

Best  bull  calf,  upwards  of  five  months  old  ;  lUi.,  R.  Booth, 
Warlaby,  Northallerton.  11  entries. 
I  Best  cow  of  any  age,  in  calf  or  milk,  151.,  Charles  Towneley, 
I  Towneley  Park;  bl,  to  R.  Booth,  of  Northallerton.  17  entries 
I  Best  thrte-year.old  cow,  in  calf  or  milk,  and  having  had  a 
calf,  lOl;  Charles  Towneley.  Towneley  Park,  considered  to  be 
the  best  animal  in  the  yard.     4  entries. 

Best  two-ye;ir.old  heifer,  in  calf,  lOi.,  John  Booth,  Killerhy, 
Catterick;  51 ,  R.  Booth,  Warlaby.     9  entries. 

Best  yearling  heifer,  101 .  Charles  Towneley,  Towneley  Park  ; 
5i..  R.  Booth,  Warlaby.     11  entries. 

Best  heifer  calf,  upwards  of  five  months  old,  5l„  Charles 
Towneley,  Towneley  Park.    7  entries. 

CATTLE  OF  ANT  BREED. 
Best  cow  for  dairy  purposes,  51.,  J.  Gordon,  Leealty,  Man- 
chester,   i.  entries. 

LONG  WOOLLED  SHEEP. 
Best  shearling  ram,  201.,  J.  Simpson,   Spofforth  Park;  51., 
John  Borten,  Bartoii-le- street,  Malton.     3  entries. 

Best  ram  of  any  age,  lol.,  John  Borton,    Barton-le-street, 
Malton  •  5i.,  W.  Abraham,  Barnetby-le- Wold,  Brigg.  12  entries. 
Beat  pen  of  five  ewes,  51.,   J.   Simpson,   Spofforth    Park. 
7  pntiies. 

Best  pen  of  five  shearling  wethers,  51.,  W,  L.  Mellisb,  Hodeock 
Prixry,  Worksop.     5  entries. 
I      Boat  pen  of  five  shearling  gimmers,  101.,  W.  Abraham, 


5  0  0 

6  0  0 
3  0  0 
5  0  0 
5  0  0 


33— 1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


32i 


Barnethy-le-Wo!d  ;  51.,  W.  Jordan,  Low  Cajthorpe,  Burlington. 
10  entries, 

SOTJXnDOWN  SHEEP. 

Best  SouHidown  ram  of  any  nge,  lOZ.,  G.  S.  Foljambe, 
Osberton  Hal],  Worksop.     18  entries. 

PXTRA  STOCK— SHEEP. 

First  prize,  Samuel  Swift,  Heminpfield,  Enrnsley,  half-brcd 
Eoutfadonn    wetbers  ;    second  do..    Kobert  Dawson,  Sowerby, 
Burlington,  one  ehearliog  ram.    3  7  entries. 
PIGS. 

For  tbe  best  boar,  large  breed,  5^,  Josh.  Knowles, 
Tineley,  Sheffield  ;  second  do.,  21.,  T.  M.  Richardson,  Hibald. 
stow,  kirton  Liodsey.     10  competitors. 

For  the  best  sow,  large  breed,  in  pip  or  milk,  51 ,  W.  Abbott, 
■Woodhouse-lane,  Lee  da ;  21,  J.  Tuley,  ilatchlesa  House, 
Keighley.     7  comfjetitors. 

For  the  best  boar,  email  breed,  5i.,  Timothy  Town,  Keighley, 
Yorkshire;  2i  ,  F.  Lacy,   Panton,  Wra^by.     27  competitors. 

For  the  best  bow,  small  breed,  in  pip  or  milk,  51.,  William 
Fowler,  Woodhill.  Sheffield  ;  2i.,  A.  H.  Smith,  Suitiles,  Beeston, 
Leeds,     30  competitors. 

For  the  beet  ihree  Ptore  pigs,  of  the  lame  Ulster,  from  four  to 
nine  months  old,  bl.,  John  Fullerton,  Thrybergh  Park,  Rother- 
ham  ;  2L,  Lord  Wenlock,  Escrick  Park,  bred  by  his  lordship. 
14  competitors. 

For  the  best  sow  of  any  breed  not  quali6ed  to  compete  in 
classes  21  or  23,  61.,  R.  Owston,  Biigg,  Lincolnshire.  11  com- 
petitors. 

HORSES. 

For  the  best  stallion  for  hunters,  lOl..  R.  StocUdale,  Skerne, 
Driffield  ;  3i.,  T.  Groves,  Plumpton  Hall,  Knaresborough.  6 
compeiitors. 

For  the  best  otallion  for  coach-horses,  IQl..  Thomas  Banby, 
Rawcliffe,  Se!by  ;  3i.,  Water  Fulford,  York.     13  ci  mpetitors. 

For  thp-  best  stallion  forr^iadsters,  101.,  Wm.  Burton  Fulford  ; 
3E.,  F.  Newbold,  Sheffield.     5  competitors. 

For  the  best  stallion  for  agricultural  purposes,  101.,  Thomas 
Renton,  Otley ;  3E.,  James  Scead,  Bishop  Thornton,  Ripley.  17 
■competitors. 

For  the  best  mare  and  foal  for  hunting,  5^,  J.  Bainton, 
"Wansford,  Driffield.     4  competitors. 

For  the  best  mare  and  foul  for  coaching,  5i.,  J.  Robinson, 
Leckby,  TopclifFe.    3  competitors. 

For  the  best  roadster  mare  and  foal,  S.  Wylie,  Bran&by, 
York. 

For  the  best  mare  and  foal  for  agricultural  purposes,  51., 
J.  Fullerton.  Thrybergh  Park.     3  competitors. 

For  the  best  t h re e-j ear-old  hunting  gelding,  51.,  John  C. 
Athorpe,  Dinnington.     3  competitors. 

For  the  best  three-year-old  hunting  filly,  51 ,  F.  Wharton, 
Dunscroft,  Hdtfield. 

For  the  best  three-year-old  coaching  gelding,  51.,  J.  Johnson, 
Brigham,  Driffit:Id      5  competitors. 

For  the  best  ihree-year-old  coaching  filly,  51.,  J.  Smith, 
Marton  Lodge,  Burlington.     5  competitors. 

For  the  best  two-year-old  coaching  gelding,  51.,  J.  Booth, 
Ei  lerby,  Catterick.     3  competitors. 

for  tbe  best  two-year-old  coaching  fiily,  51,,  J.  Robinson, 
Rudby,  Yarm.     6  competitors. 

For  the  best  three-year-old  hackney  gelding  or  filly,  5J.,  B. 
Swaffield,  Chatsworth,  Bakewell.     5  competitors. 

For  the  best  hackney  gelding  or  mare,  not  less  than  four 
years  old,  nor  exceeding  sis,  oL,  J,  Booth,  Kiilerby.  i  com- 
petitors. 

For  the  best  pair  of  horses  of  either  sex,  fir  agricultural 
purposes,  worked  during  the  season,  51 ,  H.  Grantham, 
Scawby,  Brigg.     3  competitors. 

For  the  beat  ft>ui -year-old  hunting  colt  or  fitly,  51,,  F.  W. 
Tyas,  Norton  Priory,  Doncaster ;  2^.103.,  W.Wood,  Bank, 
Lichfield.    5  competitors. 

For  the  btst  four-year-old  mare  or  gelding,  of  the  heavy 
c^ach  or  van-horse  breed,  51.,  H.  Owston,  Kiilerby  Grange, 
Scarborough;  21.  lOs.,  R.  Booker,  jun.,  Norton,  Sheffield,  2. 
4  compeiitora. 

For  the  best  two  open  gilts  of  the  small  breed,  not  less  than 
fix  or  more  thaa  twelve  months  old,  51.  i  il.lQs.,  Samuel 
"Wiley,  Bransby,  York,    7  competitors. 


Farmers'  Clubs. 

Annual  Gathering  at  Tiptree  Hall,  JuJy  23. — 
We  regret  we  have  not  space  for  a  full  report  of  the 
proceedings  at  Tiptree  the  other  day  j  the  following  is 
Mr.  Mechi's  address  : — 

With  respect  to  agriculture  or  other  operations,  he  would 
Bay  he  thought  they  ought  all  to  do  eveiything  in  the  best 
poBfiible  way,  and  wi-bout  prejudice.  Prejudice  was  a  great 
bar  to  progress;  but  somthow  or  other  there  was  an  advan- 
tage in  prejudice,  as  sometimes  it  prevented  their  facing  too 
fast;  and  he  did  think  their  ardent  spiritB  were  at  times  apt  to 
be  wrong,  though  he  did  not  say  he  was  wrong.  But,  at  all 
events,  he  thout^bt  they  would  agree  with  him,  especially  those 
who  bad  travelled  last  week  from  London  to  Lewes  to  the 
Royal  Agricuitaral  Show,  that  the  agriculture  of  this  country 
had  not  yet  arrived  at  the  maximum  of  perfection  ;  or  had 
reached  that  state  which  it  ou^ht  to  do,  and  it  must  do.  Ke 
heard  at  that  met;ting  great  conKratutations  on  tbe  sutject  of 
iat  stoik,  and  a  beautiful  exhibition,  and  profitable,  no  doubt, 
to  those  who  went  there,  it  was  ;  but  he  did  not  hear  at  that 
meeting  any  moaning  over  the  lean  land  betneen  London 
and  Lewet.  (Hear,  hear  )  lie  did  not  say  that  the  land  there 
wa^  QD  exception  to  the  general  rule,  he  did  not  think  u  was  ; 
our  railways  seemed  t»  run  through  poor  countries;  but  this 
he  would  eay,  that  he  hoped  we  uhould  farm  our  poor  lands 
high,  and  snould  put  tbcm,  by  tbe  adoption  of  scientific  im- 
provemeots  and  the  use  <'f  artificial  manure  (for  by  thefie  means 
itmuft  be  done),  in  fair  comp.irifion  with  the  richer  lands  of 
oar  fertile  vallejs  and  more  productive  districts.  Now,  no 
seDsible  man  supposed  'h.it  the  rent  of  land  In  England  was 
going  to  be  reduced,  and  for  this  reason,  that  our  acres  were 
fixed — they  had  no  fami:i':B.  The  nnmber  of  our  acres  was 
nnnlterable.  But  the  iKjpulatiou  was  multiplying  rapidly, 
and  farmers*  ion«  came  of  age  every  year,  but  acres  had  no 
■ont;  and  therefore  it  waa  quite  clear  that,  no  long  as  we  had 
order,  peace,  and  good  government,  land  and  the  rent  of  land 
could  not  be  seoiibly  diminished.  He  said  this  as  his  private 
opinion,  for  he  nlthed  tu  compromise  no  one  by  what  he  stated. 
Well,  then,  if  they  were  lo  continue  to  pay  the  same  nut  and 
were  to  come  in  competition  with  those  broiid  acren  and  those 
mighty  rivf:r»  (hat  Mr.  Lawrence  was  so  well  acijuuinted  with, 
it  muit  be  done  by  investing  more  capital,  more  skill,  more 
Intelligence,  aiid  he  would  say  Icsa  prejudice  on  our  own  broad 
acre),  (Chiers.)  With  respect  to  himself  and  tbe  principles  be 
endcaviyured  to  impress  on  them,  by  tiis  proccedhign  and  hlH 
expfrHmerits,  he  felt  (hat  bo  wai  an  instruineni  in  the  huitd»  ot 
Providence,  becatue  he  felt  that  ho  wus  telling  tlitm  (or  their 
benolt  that  which  was  true,  and  couhl  bo  j.ri.ved  to  bo  true. 
For  Instance,  »s  'O  drttiniige,  if  ibcy  bad  a  lliWer  in  a  gitrden 
pot,  and  pot  a  cork  In  tbe  bottom  uf  tbe  pot,  ond  gave  h 
water,  and  (org  jt  to  take  r-ut  the  cork,  tlmt  Jl  mer  would 
look  yll'jiv  and  .Inkly.  That  wa»  txattly  what  took  pl/icc  In 
those  lands  which  not  being  naturally  drained  had  uot  been 
aniflcially  «o;  and  if  the  tcnantit,  and  tbe  landlords  too— for 
he  looked  upon  tbe  landlord*  as  farmers,  iheir  rent  being  n 
part  of  ihfl  prod's— did  not  drain  their  lands,  ihty  weru  In  the 
posltt'fn  of  tbe  man  with  u  flower-pot  with  a  cork  in  the  buttoui 
and  the  plant  sickly.  (r:hft<!rif)  But  Id  a  aiinltury  point  of 
'•*"  °*'*'  »t;od  the  question  'i  Let  them  b^ok  to  ttio  metropolis. 
loej  bad  LoDdoo  on  the  Ibutncs, seated  on  abed  of  lolld  clay, 


and  surrounded  by  chnik  bills,  but  unless  tba^-  land  was 
artificially  drained,  they  dare  not  put  tbe  refuse  of  London  on 
it  in  a  liquid  form — the  lands  were  too  wot  already,  and  tf  they 
put  more  on  ihey  would  injure  instead  of  improving  tht-m. 
But  when  they  had  got  Mr.  Fowler  here  with  his  draining 
plough,  he  would  drain  their  farms  for  them  so  that  they  should 
hardly  know  it — he  would  draw  a  wedge  under  the  fields,  as  it 
were  in  the  night,  leaving  but  a  fimall  cut  in  the  Burf;:ce,  and 
the  next  morning  they  would  find  drains  formed  and  p'pt  s 
laid  more  regularly  than  man  could  do  it,  and  they  would  Bad, 
instead  of  being  saturated  with  water,  their  landwae  drained 
at  a  small  cost.  Well,  then,  let  them  drain  their  lands.  But 
before  tbey  could  drain  their  lands  they  must  drain  their  head**. 
(Laughter.)  When  he  met  with  a  man  full  of  prejudice  and 
love  for  old  customs,  and  he  talked  to  him  of  draining  or 
other  improvements,  that  man  did  not  tell  him,  "the  honest 
truth  is  I  am  opposed  to  it  from  prejudice;"  but  he  asked, 
"where  is  the  money  to  come  from?"  But  be  s^id,  have  a 
reform  in  the  English  brain,  clear  out  prejudices,  and  the 
money  would  come  whenever  tbey  like.  Let  them  look  at  what 
was  done  about  railwHya.  At  Colchester  and  atotberplaces  they 
would  not  have  the  railway  come  near  the  town — oh,  no  ;  they 
drove  it  as  far  tff  as  tbey  could  ;  but  seven  jears  after  they  had 
to  make  branch  lines,  in  order  to  secure  the  benefit  for  tbe 
town,  because  they  had  prejudice,  and  oppo-^ed  the  plan  in  the 
first  instance.  1  here'ore,  to  effect  improvements,  ibey  must 
make  an  imprefsion  on  the  brain — tbey  wduld  then  touch  the 
pocket,  and  would  find  tbe  money  when  it  was  wanted  ;  only 
show  it  was  protitable,  and  they  removed  prejudice,  and  the 
thirg  would  be  done.  (Cheers.)  Thertforc  he  had  iiopes  that 
within  100  years,  when  his  body  was  turned  imo  a  large 
Cabbage  or  a  great  Turnip,  as  it  would  te,  fur  Nature  wou'd 
not  let  it  be  wasted — she  would  notlet  anything  be  wasted,  but 
was  carrying  on  a  constant  system  of  reproduction,  then  this 
matter  would  be  understood,  and  the  5000  oxen  and  all  other 
things  that  were  sent  to  London  for  the  supply  of  the  popula- 
tion,  would  ppeedily  find  their  way  back  to  those  who  sent 
them,  to  fustain  their  agriculture,  and  refresh  and  fertilise 
their  fields,  andreproduce  the  pame  articles  to  be  sent  upagain 
Lord  Ebriogton  bad  stated  ihat  they  had  80  representatives  of 
water  companies  in  Parliament,  and  he  believed  in  a  century 
more  they  would  have  80  representatives  of  manure  companie.q. 
He  said  it  was  impussible  for  a  man  to  travel  through 
the  country  without  seeing  that  there  had  not  been  cnpial 
enouc^h  or  education  enough,  or  intelligence  enouub,  employed 
to  bring  out  the  fall  capabilities  of  the  soil.  But  they  n-u'^t 
alter  that,  and  this  brought  hira  lo  the  subject  of  educa- 
tion. He  lived  here  in  a  parish  of  50UO  acres  —  they  were 
raising  a  sub  criptinn  to  build  a  school,  fur  they  had  only 
a  room  15  feet  by  11  feet,  and  a  female  to  superintend  it; 
and  how  much  did  they  think  they  had  coUecied  for  educa- 
tion  on  ibis  5000  acres, or  a  population  of  I'iOO  persons!  Why, 
among  Dissenters  and  all,  Ibey  raised  15^.  a  year  to  build  the  house, 
pay  a  schootmistress,  and  do  all  that  was  required  fur  the  e^iu- 
cation  of  that  population.  He  hoped  tho?e  whom  he  addressed 
had  been  to  the  Lewes  show  and  had  seen  the  machines  ttiere. 
for  they  would  have  fieen  that  they  were  of  a  nature  that  must 
involve  the  employment  of  a  considerable  degree  of  intelligence 
in  those  who  were  to  puperiutend  their  operations  ;  but  where, 
be  asked,  were  they  to  find  the  labourers  to  work  them  with 
151.  a  year  for  education.  He  was  aware  that  various  circum- 
stances prevented  the  raising  of  a  larger  sum;  but  when  the 
surveyor  called  on  him  for  his  rate,  he  f.jund  that  they 
could  raise  Sd.  an  acre  for  the  road?,  but  could  not  raise  three 
farthings  to  develope  the  intelligence  and  the  mind  of  the 
people  about  them,  he  did  feel  that  it  was  a  matter  that 
wanted  altering.  His  men  felt  it.  His  man  had  said  to  him 
wheo  he  pointed  out  to  him  the  principle  and  the  nice  action  of 
a  piece  of  machinery,  "The  Almighty  has  given  to  me  the 
mind  to  understand,  but  man  has  not  ^iven  me  the  power  of 
developing  it."  And  when,  as  Mr.  Lawrence  knew,  they  had 
annually  devoted  200,000  dolls,  to  the  education  of  the  people  in 
the  state  of  New  York,  they  must  feel  we  had  been  here  asleep 
(Hear,  hear,  and  cheers.)  But  public  opinion  would  reform 
these  things  ;  and  he  hoped  tbe  facilities  of  railway  communi- 
cation, and  the  record  of  almost  their  thoughts  by  the  press, 
to  which  they  were  greatly  indebted,  would  tend  to  (ff.:ct  that 
reformation  which  he  hoped  would  soon  come,  for  he  was  quite 
sure  we  could  compete  with  the  world  in  the  production  ot 
food.  Look  to  what  was  done  in  manufactures  by  tbe  appli- 
cation of  science  and  machinery.  Air.  Mark  Ptiillips  knew  thut 
the  machinery  in  that  branch  of  enterpri^io  and  industry  had 
been  brought  to  such  perfection  that  a  bale  of  wool  went  in  at 
one  end  and  came  out  a  shirt  at  the  other.  (Laughter.)  Really 
there  were  in  the  cxbibiiion  machines  that  appeared  almost  to 
talk  and  reason ;  and  if  this  had  done  so  much  for  manufac- 
tures, why  should  it  not  do  it  for  agriculture  ?  The  laws 
relating  to  agriculture  required  modification.  The  law  said, 
if  be  transferred  his  hat  or  his  umbrella  to  another  person,  it 
did  not  require  a  certificate  to  show  to  whum  it  belonged 
40  years  ago;  when  they  came  to  him  for  a  razor  they  did  not 
ask  it;  and  he  did  eay  that  tbe  law  as  to  transfer  of  land  in 
this  country  was  not  suited  to  the  preseut  time;  there  wns 
enormous  loss  by  the  peculiar  form  of  large  farms,  kept  so  by 
the  force  of  custom  and  obsolete  feudalism  ;  so  thut  sometimes 
they  had  to  go  two  or  three  miles  round.  Much  was  wasted  in 
this  way,  that  he  should  be  ashamed  to  name.  This  must  be 
altered.  As  to  their  sanitary  condition,  what  was  London 
manure  but  quartern  loaves  and  rounds  of  beef  in  another 
foim.  Jufter  notions  were  beginning  to  prevail  on  this  subject ; 
and  like  the  rus^bing  stream  ot  a  greatriver,  like  Mr.  Lawrence's 
own  proud  Mississippi,  they  cou'd  not  withstand  the  current  of 
correct  public  opinion.  They  bad  heard  of  the  drainage  of 
200,000  acres  of  land  in  Lincolnsliire,  and  what  was  all  that 
done  by  ?  That  land,  as  Mr.  Clarke  said,  was  drained  off  by 
the  power  that  drove  a  single  West  India  stiamer — 1000  horrc- 
power  drained  tbe  liOO.OOO  acres  ot  land — and  he  did  say  it 
made  him  sorry  when  be  reflected  thiit  this  great  agricultural 
kingdom  could  not  affurd  the  powers  of  a  single  West  India 
steamer,  for  tbe  purpose  of  bringing  the  refuse  of  the  c  ty 
to  the  fertilisation  of  the  land.  Could  not  they  nffnrd  10. 0'lO 
horse-power  if  they  wanted  it  :  He  said  that  the  oseo  th;it 
went  to  London  on  Friday  mu'-t  be  back  here  in  the  shape 
of  manure  on  Monday,  and  he  wanted  it  turnid 
into  beef  on  the  Tuesday,  to  go  to  the  market  again 
on  the  ntxt  Friday.  (Laugliter.)  Ho  said,  shame  that 
the  refuse  of  London  should  yo  down  that  river  to  produce 
marine  plants  which  they  seldom  knew  mucti  of,  or  which  only 
reached  UB  iodiicctly,  at  loi.  a  ton,  from  Peru.  (Clieers  and 
laughter.)  Ho  could  only  sny  thoj  must  stimulate  the  public 
mind  by  fiuch  mco'inge  as  that.  It  was  his  fate  formerly  to 
belong  to  the  council  of  the  Boyiil  AKncultural  Col  ege,  ns  he 
did  now,  to  which  ho  devoted  twilve  dnyc  in  the  yeiir,  and  his 
friends  pitied  him,  as  they  said  tbey  did  not  want  Hcienco,  they 
wanted  praciloo  ;  but  the  feeling  on  this  was  Improving,  and 
the  Agricultural  College  at  Cironeestor  wiis  paying,  thoui;h,  bo 
was  sorry  to  say,  they  had  not  one  larmer's  son  amongst  the  lot 
la-it  year.  (Hear.)  He  did  not  make  this  ae  a  charge,  but  it  was 
a  misfortune.  Ho  aaid,  give  mo  (■cienco,  It  Is  the  parent  and 
ifuido  of  pnictlco  ;  and  ibi  hh  who  practice  would  «avo  inllUons 
ii  cofttly  experiments  If  they  bad  science  to  guide  them.  Ho 
felt  tbey  bad  here  mind  over  mutter,  for  bo  had  endeavoured 
to  choose  men  whoF<o  minds  were  above  prejudice,  for  progi  ch- 
slon  in  matter  won  Inert  ond  muni  he  help'_-d  on  by  mind,  as  It 
ultimately  would  ho.  Ho  hnd  bought  his  farm  there,  and 
wh'-n  ho  entered  on  it  ho  foiiid  ttio  butldtngi  rotten  and 
tumbling  down,  the  fields  badly  form-itl,  Hujotht-red  wi'b  fences, 
full  of  p  .vtTiy  and  non-employinent ;  and  he  had,  lio  nilnht 
say,  succeeded  In  changing  Its  character,  for  when  bo  took  It 
ho  »»id,  "I  must  Jipply  thu  bu"lno»fl  principle  of  my  corn, 
morclal  lire  to  agriculture,"  and  ho  Ind  done  so.  (Clieors,) 
Uc  BOW,  also,  It  was  miiUlng  its  wny;  and  if  they  wanted  to  get 


over  this  principle  they  must  drain,  provide  buildings,  take 
c;jre  of  their  manure,  adopt  deep  cultivation,  end  employ 
much  labour;  and  with  much  respect  to  Mr.  Lawrence,  he 
would  Hta-e  that  be  had  read  a  piper  by  Mr.  DelafieM,  who 
said  that  when  those  who  had  lonp  grown  tobacco  and  other 
things  of  that  kind  in  the  United  States  found  that  they  did 
not  get  Huch  good  crops  as  they  did  before,  be  told  them  to 
study  Liebig,  and  see  the  principles  he  laid  down,  for  the  fact 
WHS  that  they  had  taken  out  tobacco  and  corn  from  the  land 
and  they  must  bring  it  hack  again  in  ihe  shape  of  that  wbUli 
would  afford  food  to  the  plants,  or  ihey  could  not  cr>ntinue  to 
grow  tbe  same  material.  This  was  the  principle  that  Nature 
acted  upon,  and  this  was  the  principle  ihey  must  follow  ia 
their  practice,    (Cheers.) 


East  Berwickshire,  Jimc  12. — Liquid  Manuring. 

After  the  reading  of  reports  on  the  soiling  and  pasturing 
of  horses  and  cattle,  which  we  shall  give  in  future 
Numbers,  Mr.  Wilson,  Edington  Maina,  said  Mr. 
Hardie,  towards  the  close  of  his  report,  referred  to  an 
experiment  that  he  liad  made  some  years  ago  in  regard 
to  liquid  manuring,  which  did  not  turn  out  according  to 
his  expectations.  The  result  of  that  experiment  Mr, 
Hardie  had  mentioned  to  him  two  years  ago,  and  when 
he  (Mr.  Wilson)  afterwards  visited  Mr.  Keimedy's  farm 
at  Myremill,  he  told  him  of  Mr.  Hardie's  attempt  to 
apply  the  liquid  manure,  and  asked  liim  if  he  could 
explain  how  it  could  so  totally  fail  in  one  case  and 
appear  to  be  too  successl'ul  in  another.  The  only 
diffei'ence,  Mr.  Kennedy  replied,  appeared  to  be  that 
Mr,  Hardie  applied  his  liquid  manure  as  it  was  piro- 
duced,  whereas  Mr.  Kennedy  allowed  his  in  every 
instance  to  become  fermented  before  using  it. — Mr, 
George  Suttie  said  that  the  subject  before  the  meeting 
was  no  doubt  a  very  important  one,  but  mixed  up  with 
it  appeared  to  be  the  question  of  the  benefit  of  liquid 
manure,  and  the  mode  in  which  it  ought  to  be  applied,. 
The  fact  which  Mr.  Wilson  had  just  stated  that  fer- 
mentation ought  in  all  cases  to  be  allowed  to  take  plase 
before  the  liquid  manure  was  used,  was  a  very  important 
one,  and  deserved  to  be  taken  into  consideration.  He 
thought  it  might  be  of  advantage  to  ask  those  gentle- 
men who  had  adopted  the  system  of  soiling  cattle  to- 
turn  their  attention  to  the  subject  of  liquid  manure  and 
the  best  way  of  applying  it.  This  was  a  matter,  as  they 
were  no  doubt  all  aware,  which  had  engaged  the 
attention  of  some  gentlemen  in  the  south,  particularly 
of  Mr.  Mechi  ;  and  if  they  were  to  believe  him,  it 
would  supersede  all  other  kinds  of  manure.  But  from 
his  (Sir  G.  Suttie's)  own  experience,  and  from  what  he 
had  heard  to-day,  he  must  confess  that  he  had  strong 
doubts  on  the  subject.  Still  he  thought  there  was  room 
for  some  attention  being  paid  to  it  ;  and  if  on  any  future 
occasion  some  of  the  gentlemen  present  were  to  turn 
their  attention  to  it,  it  might  be  of  considerable  advan- 
tage, as  the  subject  was  by  no  means  as  yet  exhausted^ 
Between  two  opinions  they  might  derive  some  advan- 
tageous result.  He  thought  himself  that  by  mixing  the 
liquid  manure  with  guano  or  with  other  descriptions  of 
portable  manures  the  value  of  this  manure  might  be 
very  much  increased.  The  whole  question,  how'^'»'0" 
was  a  very  important  one  for  their  future  discussic^.. 
great  diflerence  of  opinion  existed  upon  it,  and  ntr 
definite  result  had  yet  been  obtained. —  Professor  Ander- 
son said  that  by  the  term  "liquid  manuring"  wa& 
usually  understood  the  application  of  the  fluid  portion 
or  the  urine  alone  to  the  land.  The  plan  pursued  by 
Mr.  Kennedy  in  Ayrshire  was  something  very  different 
from  this.  He  had  an  apparatus  for  the  mixture  of  both 
the  solid  and  liquid  parts  together,  and  distributing  it 
in  that  state  over  his  farm.  When  he  visited  Mr. 
Kennedy's  farm,  he  found  it  was  liis  practice  to  mix. 
Rape-dust  also  with  the  solid  and  hquid  manure  from 
his  cattle.  He  believed  that  a  great  deal  of  the  difference 
of  opinion  as  to  the  beneficial  effects  of  liquid  manure 
depended  on  the  misapprehension  which  existed  on 
this  point.  If  the  liquid  or  fluid  portion  alone  was 
applied  to  land,  he  believed  that  not  only  would  it  not 
be  successful,  but  that  the  ultimate  result  would  be 
hurtful.  According  to  Mr.  Kennedy's  plan  of  applyiag. 
the  solid  as  well  as  the  liquid  manure,  he  employed  that 
portion  which  is  chemically  the  most  advantageous, 
because  it  contains  the  greatest  amount  of  phosphates. 
— Mr.  R.  Hodgson  said  the  observations  of  the  learned 
Professor  were  most  valuable,  and  would  do  much  to 
remove  any  doubts  which  might  be  euteitained  respect- 
ing the  beneficial  effects  of  liquid  manure  when  pro- 
perly applied  in  the  way  just  pointed  out.  In  regard  to 
Mr.  Mechi's  experiments  on  this  subject,  which  had 
been  quoted  by  Sir  G,  Suttie,  he  (Mr.  Hodgson)  was 
somewhat  sceptical  of  the  prodigious  effects  he  antici- 
pated. But  if  he  recollected  right,  on  reading  Mr. 
Mechi's  reports,  he  had  expressed  the  same  views  as 
Prof.  Anderson  with  respect  to  the  application  of  liquid 
manure.  It  was  not  the  application  of  the  mere  Hquid 
portion  of  the  manure,  but  of  both  liquid  and  solid,  and 
this  ought  to  be  borne  in  mind, 

Fmiuls  and  Adulterations  In  Guano. — Mr.  Wilson^ 
said  it  was  quite  unnecessary  that  he  should 
occupy  the  timo  of  the  meeting  in  stating  what 
was  now  uniurlunatcly  so  well  known,  namely,  that 
enormous  adulteriitiona  of  guano  are  now  and  have 
been  for  some  time  practised  in  this  country.  It  liad 
been  stated  tiiat  the  quantify  of  adulterated  gmino 
annually  put  into  circulation  in  Groat  Britain  was  equal 
to  the  whulo  quantity  of  genuine  guano  imported  from 
Peru;  in  other  wordw,  100,000  tons  of  adulterated 
guano  were  sold  in  Groat  Britain  in  addition  to  the 
100,000  tonB  of  genuine  guano  imported.  Tliis  brings 
out  an  amount  of  rolihcry  practised  on  the  farmers  of 
Great  Britaiin  which  waw  really  dreadful  to  contemplate 
and  it  hecatno  tlio  duty  of  all  of  them,  in  self-defence, 
to  protect  tiicniwulvca  from  this  system  of  wholesale 


526 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Aug.  14, 


robbery.  It  was  quite  easy  to  see  that,  with  guano  at 
the  high  price  of  9L  Ids.  per  ton,  a  great  temptation  was 
held  out  to  dishonest  and  fraudulent  dealers  to  palm  upon 
the  farmers  spurious  articles  which  were  not  worth  a  third 
of  the  price  ;  and  moreover  the  skill  to  which  they  had 
attained  in  the  practice  of  adulteration  was  so  great,  that 
no  one,  with  only  his  bodily  senses  to  guide  him,  could 
avoid  being  deceived  ;  because  the  spurious  article 
npproaches  so  nearly  in  appearance  and  smell  to  the 
genuine,  that  it  was  almost  impossible  for  even  the  most 
■experienced  to  say  at  once  that  this  sample  is  adulte- 
rated or  that  that  is  pure.  Fortunately,  however,  farmers 
now  have  a  means  of  obtaining  assistance  iu  this  way 
which  they  should  avail  themselves  of.  He  referred  to 
chemical  analysis  by  parties  in  whom  they  had  unlimited 
confidence.  It  was  fortunate  for  them  tliat  there  are 
such  parties,  and  he  could  only  say  that  he  was  glad  to 
see  among  them  that  day  so  eminent  a  chemist  as  Pro- 
fessor Anderson.  Now,  most  of  those  present  were 
aware  that  in  the  course  of  the  month  of  May,  the 
attention  of  the  agricultural  public  had  been  called  to  a 
aeries  of  articles  in  the  Qardeners^  Chronicle  on  this 
subject.  The  editor  of  that  paper  had  boldly  and  reso- 
lutely exposed  the  disgraceful  practices  which  were 
carried  on  in  some  parts  of  London,  and  in  his  Papers 
of  the  8thj  15th,  and  22d  May,  he  even  gave  the  names 
of  various  parties  in  and  around  London  who  were 
supposed  at  least  to  be  engaged  in  those  practices.  He 
apprises  the  public  of  this  important  fact,  that  those 
parties  are  in  the  habit  of  receiving  enormous  quantities 
of  loam  into  their  manufactories,  and  that  they  send  out 
no  loam.  The  only  article  they  send  out  is  guano,  or  what 
they  call  guano,  and  the  editor  therefore  advises  the 
public  to  look  to  themselves.  Now,  in  his  paper  of  the 
8th  of  May,  he  brings  the  matter  home  to  ourselves,  for 
after  some  remarks,  there  comes  this  sentence,  "  Indeed 
we  should  not  be  surprised  if  an  unfavourable  opinion 
■were  entertained  of  the  cargo  of  the  Pandora,  Captain 
Jay,  which  loaded  at  the  mud-hole  tier  last  Saturday 
fortnight,  and  sailed  for  Berwick  with  150  tons  on  board, 
in  bulk."  This  paragraph  was  quoted  into  the  Kelso 
Mail  the  following  week,  and  it  naturally  excited  intense 
interest  among  the  agriculturists  of  this  district, and  led  to 
inquiries  being  made.  He  held  in  his  hand  a  commu- 
nication from  Messrs.  Hood  and  Thomson,  who  were 
the  consignees  of  this  cargo,  in  which  they  frankly 
admit  the  fact  of  its  being  adulterated,  but  say  they 
bought  it  from  a  house  with  whom  they  have  had 
frequent  dealings,  with  the  assurance  that  it  was  ia  first- 
rate  article,  aud  they  now  make  this  communication  to 
their  customers  to  express  their  readiness  to  meet  them 
in  a  fair  and  liberal  spirit.  These  parties,  shortly  after 
the  appearance  of  the  article  in  the  Gardeners''  Chronicle^ 
sent  a  specimen  to  Prof.  Anderson  for  analysis.  In  this 
communication  they  print  his  analysis,  but  they  omit 
the  paragraph  which  shows  the  amount  of  adulteration. 
As  soon  as  this  matter  got  wind,  various  parties  who 
-^tJ::^.,purchased  portions  of  the  Pandora's  cargo,  either 
rj.»f^?i'ectly  or  through  acquaintances,  forwarded  other 
samples  to  Edinburgh  for  analysis.  He  had  now  before 
him  two  analyses  which  had  been  sent  to  private  parties, 
and  both  these  analyses,  he  was  bound  to  say,  difi"ered 
considerably  from  that  given  in  this  printed  circular. 
Of  course  they  all  knew  that  even  iu  a  genuine  cargo  of 
guano  the  quality  may  vary  considerably,  therefore  he 
was  not  warranted  in  saying  that  these  gentlemen  had 
been  guilty  of  anything  that  was  not  fair  and  square  in 
selecting  their  sample  for  analysis.  As  far  as  they  were 
-concerned,  he  believed  the  transaction  was  a  fair  one  ; 
but  he  thought  he  was  warranted  in  saying  in  going  on 
the  broad  undeniable  fact  that  enormous  adulterations 
ihad  been  practised,  that  a  cargo  of  adulterated  guano 
had  been  imported  into  their  own  port,  and  he  thought 
as  a  club  they  ought  to  take  some  means  to  prevent 
themselves  from  being  imposed  on  in  this  way.  (Hear.) 
The  fact  of  adulteration  was  not  attempted  to  be  denied : 
it  was  frankly  admitted.  In  one  instance,  he  (Mr. 
Wilson)  had,  at  the  request  of  a  private  individual,  sent 
a  sample  for  analysis,  which  sample  he  told  him  had 
been  made  up  by  taking  a  portion  from  every  sack  of  four 
tons.  The  analysis  of  this  sample  might,  therefore, 
with  every  justice  be  taken  as  a  fair  analysis  of  the 
whole,  and  it  showed  a  considerably  higher  amount  of 
adulteration  than  in  the  printed  circular.  He  had 
another  analysis  which  was  also  greater.  Now,  it  was 
difficult  to  see  what  they  were  to  do  exactly  in  order  to 
defend  themselves.  It  had  come  to  liis  knowledge  that 
since  this  cargo  of  the  Pandora  arrived,  another  cargo, 
supposed  to  be  equally  highly  adulterated,  had  been 
landed  in  this  port.  The  name  of  the  vessel  had  been 
handed  to  him,  but  it  was  so  indistinctly  written  that  he 
was  unable  to  give  it.  Neither  did  he  feel  it  necessary 
to  mention  to  whom  this  cargo  was  consigned,  for  the 
simple  reason  that  he  was  not  aware  that  the  article  had 
been  sold  as  Peruvian  guano.  He  merely  mentioned 
the  fact,  on  the  most  trustworthy  evidence,  that  another 
cargo  had  been  landed  in  this  port,  and  all  concerned 
will  do  well  to  look  about  them.  Now  the  proposal  he 
had  to  make  was  twofold.  He  thought  the  editor  of  the 
Gardeners*  Chronicle^  in  publishing  these  statements, 
had  done  such  good  service  to  the  agriculturists  of 
Berwickshire  that  he  is  fully  entitled  to  a  cordial  vote 
of  thanks  from  the  club.  (Applause.)  And  what, 
therefore,  he  (Mr.  Wilson)  had  to  propose  to  the 
meetmg  was,  that  they  should  formally  record  their 
thank  to  him,  and  that  the  Secretary  be  instructed  to 
lorwai  1  the  same  to  him.  In  addition  to  this,  it  had 
occurre.l  to  him,  after  mentioning  the  matter  to  the 
committ.e  that  morning  and  receiving  their  approbation, 
that  the  club  should  make  a  commuuication  with  Messrs. 


Gibbs  of  this  nature  ;  asking  thera,  if  quite  agreeable 
to  them,  that  they  should  iu  future  publish  a  monthly 
list,  to  be  circulated  in  all  the  papers  in  the  country, 
giving  the  agricultural  community  notice  of  all  cargoes 
of  Peruvian  guano  which  they  sell,  along  with  the  name 
of  the  vessel,  the  name  of  the  master,  the  tonnage,  the 
port  to  which  it  is  destined,  and  the  parties  to  whom  the 
cargo  is  consigned,  that  the  agricultural  community  may 
know  who  have  genuine  guano  to  sell.  This  would  not,  of 
course,  preventaduiteration,  but  it  would  let  the  farmers 
know  who  are  the  parties  who  have  the  genuine  article. — 
In  reply  to  a  question  from  Mr.  Hodgson,  Mr.  Milne 
stated  that  in  the  invoice  given  in  to  one  of  their 
customers  by  Messrs.  Hood  and  Thomson,  they  describe 
the  article  landed  from  the  Pandora  as  Peruvian  guano, 
and  at  the  price  of  dl.  1  Os.  per  ton. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Bees  :  Hincliley.  Sevan  on  the  "  Honey  Bee"  is  a  pood  book. 

CrcLoP^EDiA  :  G  S  For  Wilsona's  "Rural  Cyclopaedia  you 
ebould  apply  to  Ftillerton  and  Co.,  publishers,  Edinburgh. 

Fly  PowDEa:  G  Summers.  The  powder  you  mention,  we  be- 
lieve, will  scarcely  tinge  the  fleece  ;  and  it  so,  for  a  very  little 
time. 

Mandre  for  Eaelt  Potatoes  ;  A  B.  Guano  and  rotten  manure 
cannot  be  exactly  compared;  but.  probably,  1  cwt.  of  the 
former  will  nearly  corresr)ond  in  effect  to  3  tons  of  tlie  latter. 
And  5  cwt.  per  acre  of  guano,  or  15  tona  of  rotten  manure, 
may  be  a  good  dresfling  for  an  acre  of  land  intended  for 
early  Potatoes. 

Oyster  SHELLS  ;  MiU  Bay.  If  burned  and  slaked,  they  are  better 
than  ordinary  limestone.  They  may  be  applied  to  land  just 
as  lime  ia  ;  and  will,  no  doubt,  owe  most  of  their  effect  to  the 
caustic  lime  they  will  contain.  Spread  them  over  any  corn 
stubble  (iO  or  50  bushels  per  acre)  before  ploughing  it  in  for 
Vetches. 

FonLTEY  :  Omega,  There  ia  a  distinct  breed  of  white  Spanish. 
It  also  happens  at  time^  that  black  bird?  moult  white,  but 
these  regain  their  original  colour  ;  and  there  are  also  black. 
The  pure  white  are  now  extremely  scarce.  The  properties 
are  similar  in  both  colours. 


ifflarstt0* 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Ano.  14. 
Notwithstanding  the  late  heavy  rains,  the  supply  of  both 
Fruit  and  Vegetables  has  been  good,  wi  h  the  exception  of 
Strawberries  and  Oranges,  which  are  nearly  over.  The  former 
are  confined  to  a  few  Eltons,  on  which  the  wet  has  had 
an  unfavourable  effect.  Melons  are  more  plentiful.  Some 
escellent  Greengage  and  other  Plums  have  arrived  from 
France,  and  also  some  Apricots,  Jargonelle  Pears,  and  Apples, 
Tomatoes  likewise  continue  to  be  imported.  Potatoes  are  very 
plentiful,  as  are  also  Peas.  West  India  Pine-apples  are 
scarce.  Mushrooms  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowers  cousist  of 
Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Mignonette,  Roses,  Bignonia  veuusta, 
and  Pinks. 

FRUIT. 


Fine-appleB,  per  lb.,  4s  to  Gs 
Grapes,hothou3e,p.  lb.,29to5s 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  8s  to  153 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,8s  to  159 
Apricots,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  43 
Plums,  per  punnet.  Is  to  4s 

—  Greengage,  do,.  2s  to  3s 
Figs,  per  doz.,  4s  to  8s 
Melons,  each,  2s  to  Gs 
Cherriey,  per  lb.,  2d  to  6d 

—  wall,  do..  Is  6d  to  Ss 
Currants,  do.,  28  to  Ss  6d 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  Is  3d 
French  BeanB,p.hf.Bieve,2sto3e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  28  to  6s 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz,,  4s  to  6s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  Ss  6d  to  7s 

—  per  bush.,  IsSd  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz.,  3b  to  48 
Cucumbers,  each,  4d  to  6d 
Veget,Marrow,p.doz,6d  to  ls6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  3s  to  53 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spani8h,p.doz.,ls3dto  Ss 
Beet,  per  doz,,  la  to  28 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  2d  to  3d 
Shallots,  per  bunch,  Sd 


VEGETABLES. 


Gooseberries,  per  half  sieve, 

2s  6d  to  3s 
Almonda,  per  peck,  Ss 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  23  to  3a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  Ssfidto  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  22s 

—  Brazil,  per  bushel,  12s 
to  14s 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  Is 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p,bundIe,lsto4fl 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  6d  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  Is 
Sorrel,  per  hf,  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz. ,1s  6d  to  2s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs,,  Ss  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buneh,4d 
Marjoram,  do,,  3d  to  6d 
Watercresses,  p.  12bun,9d  to  Is 


ENSLISH 

TIMBER.— Aoa.  14, 

Round  Timbee, 

Plank. 

INCB   BoABD. 

Per  Load. 

Per  Foot  Cube. 

Per  Foot  Super. 

Oak £5    0    Oto£6  10 

0 

35.  Od.  to  6s.  Od. 

Os.  iid.to  Os.  6ci. 

Ash 3  10    0  —  4  10 

11 

2     3      —  3    0 

0    8—04 

Elm 2  15    0—  3  15 

0 

13      —  2    0 

0    2      —0    8 

Beech...  2  10    0  —  8  10 

0 

13      —  1    9 

0    2—08 

time   ...   3    0    0—310 

0 

16      —  2    0 

0    84    —  0    4i 

ENGLISH  AND  FOREIGN  BARK, 
In  English  a  fair  demand  has  prevailed  for  good  parcels ; 
many  of  the  samples  offered  in  the  market  have  been  so 
damaged  by  weather  as  to  be  almost  unsaleable,  and  great 
difficulty  is  experienced  in  obtaining  even  offers  for  such  quality. 
Of  foreign,  the  import  is  51  tons, 
English  timber,   £   s.       £    s,  I  Antwerp  timber,    £   s.     £  s. 

p.ld.of45cwt.  10     OtolS     0         per  ton     5     0  —  5  10 

Do.  Coppice,  do.  11    0  —  14    0  j  Do.  Coppice      ..,    5    0  —  5  10 
LIVERPOOL  BARK  MARKET. 
English  Coppice,  per  ton  of  2400  lbs.  .£6    5    0  to  £6  10    0 
„       Timber  „  „  ...    6    5    0  to    6  10    0 


HOPS. — BoRODGH  Market,  Aug.  13. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  accounts 
received  from  the  Hop  plantations  both  yesterday  and  this 
morning  speak  of  very  great  damage  having  been  done  to  the 
Hops  from  the  effects  of  the  late  high  winds,  many  persons 
believing  it  will  lessen  the  duty  full  one-fourth  from  the  late 
estimate.    Move  money  is  asked  for  hops  to-day. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  86  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Aug.  12. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  848    Clover 
Inferior  do.  .,,  68         75      New  do. 

Rowen         65         —      Straw 

New  Hay     60        75 

Trade  dull. 

CtJMBEELAND    MARKET,  Aug.  12. 


Prim©  Meadow  Hay  7S8  to  : 

Inferior  do 65        72 

New  Hay      58         70 

Old  Clover 95      100 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


..  85s  to  100s 
..  67  80 

.,  27  32 

,  J.  Davis. 


...  80s  to  903 

,..  65        80 

80        84 


Joshua  Baeeb, 


Whitechapel,  Aug.  12. 


..  808  to  843 

Old  Clover... 

..  —        ^- 

New  Clover 

..  G3        70 

Inferior  do. 

..  65        SO 

Straw 

,  95s  to  100a 

.  75       at 


Perst.  of  albs.— 3     d       8  d 

Best  LoDg-wools.  3     6  to  3  8 

Do.  Shorn  ...  0     0  —  0  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2  10  —  3 


0  —  0 
4  —  5 


4—3    4 
;  Figs,  410. 


Pine  old  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
New  Hay 
Inferior  do.... 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Aug-.  9. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  again  very  large;  however,  we  are 
not  over  supplied  with  choicest  kinds,  and  the  weather  is  more 
favourable  ;  in  consequence,  rather  higher  prices  are  obtained 
for  the  best  descriptiong.  The  supply  of  Sheep  is  not  quite  so 
large  as  on  Monday  last.  We  have  a  cheerful  trade  for  them, 
at  rather  more  money.  Lambs  are  not  so  much  in  demand, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  maintain  late  quotations  except  for  the 
very  choicest.  We  have  a  dull  trade  for  Calves,  at  Friday's 
quotations.  From  Germany  anH  fTnlland  there  are  1G16  Beasts, 
4650  Sheep,  287  rialvee,  and  125  Piiis  ;  from  Spain,  520  Sheep  ; 
from  Scotland,  60  Beasts  ;  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  2U0  ;  and  2300 
from  the  northern  and  midland  cnuntiea. 

Per  St.  of  81ba.— B    d       s    d 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  dfc.        ...  3     6  to  3  10 
Best  Short.horns  3    4  —  3     6 

2d  quality  Beasts  2    6  —  2  10    Do.  Shorn  "...     ..\  0 
Best  Downs  and  Lambs     ...  4 

Half-hreds      ...  3  10  —  4     0     Calves      2 

Do.  Shorn   0     0 — 0     0     Pigs 

Beasts,  4416  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  32,830  ;  Calves, 

FatDAT,  Aug.  13. 
^  The  non-arrival  of  our  usual  foreign  supplies  causes  a  short 
number  of  Beasts  ;  trade  is  consequently  brisk,  at  a  small 
advance  in  second-rate  descripdims,  this  class  being  most 
affected  by  the  quality  usually  imparled.  The  supply  of  Sheep 
is  not  so  large  as  of  late,  parily  owing  to  the  cause  above 
stated,  and  in  some  measure  occasioned  by  an  increased 
demand  in  our  own  grazing  districts.  Sheep  on  ths  average 
are  about  2d.  per  8  lbs.  dearer,  but  trade  for  Lambs  is  no 
better.  The  number  of  Calves  is  considerable;  however, 
other  things  being  rather  scarce,  these  have  advanced  a  little 
in  price.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  only  of  150  Sheep  and 
246  Calves;  300  Beasts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and 
113  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 

WOOL. 
Bradford,  Thuesdat,  Aug.  12.— The  transactions  in  the 
English  wool  market  during  the  current  week  have  been 
somewhat  below  the  average,  and  spinners  generally  evinced 
little  disposition  to  purchase  beyond  their  immediate  wants. 
The  high  rates  which  still  range  in  the  country  preclude  any 
giving  way  of  prices  here,  and  tbey  must  be  regarded  as  firmly 
maintained.  Noils  and  brokes  continue  in  good  demand,  and 
stocks  being  low,  command  full  prices. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Au?.  9, — There  was  a  fair  supply  of  English  "Wheat 
to  this  morning's  market,  and  it  eo'd  readily  at  an  advance  of 
about  23.  per  qr.  from  the  prices  of  this  day  se*nnlght ;  foreign 
on  the  spot  was  in  moderate  demanl,  and  la.  to  23.  per  qr, 
dearer ;  some  f.  o.  b.  sales  of  Baltic  Wheats  were  also  made  at 
a  rise  of  Is.  to  28.  per  qr.  on  the  rates  ot  last  week.  Foreign 
Flour  met  an  improvement  of  23.  on  sacks  and  Is.  on  barrels. 
There  is  a  fair  inquiry  for  Barley  at  rather  over  the  prices  of 
this  day  week. — Beans  are  unaltered  In  value. — White  Peas 
must  be  written  Is,  and  28.  per  qr.  cheaper, — The  Oat  trade  is 
steady  at  late  prices. 

Per  Imperial  Quarter. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &.  Suffolk. ..White 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —    Talavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley.gvind.A;  distil.,  24s  to  27s. ..Chev. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  19 — 25 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18—19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  18 — 2; 

—  Irish  Potato  17—20 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  17 — 19 

Rye     

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagan 273  to  SOs Tick 

—  Pigeon  28s —  348. ..Winds, 

—  Foreign Small 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 31s  to  343 Orey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered. ..per  sack 


41—46 
46—48 
50—52 
37—48 
36—53 


28—31 

22—33 
30—32 

30- 

37- 


Red  . 
Ked  , 


Red  . 


Malting . 
Malting . 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

foreign 


Harrow  . 
Long pod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
fellow... 


38—40 
39—42 


17—19 
17—19 
14—17 

28—31 

25-26 
30-33 
26—35 


25-32 
28-34 


■40 

—  Suffolk dittQ\-25—3-2  Norfolk 

—  Foreign perbarrelil7 — 21  Per  sack 

Friday,    Aug   13. — The  arrival  of  American  Flour  has  been 

large ;  of  grain,  English  or  foreign,  but  moderate.  The  ad- 
vance of  prices  in  some  of  the  country  markets  having  been 
considerable,  factors  commenced  by  holding  for  very  high 
prices,  which  stopped  businees,  and  sales  were  limited,  at  an 
advance  of  Is.  to  23.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices  of  Monday,  for 
both  English  and  foreign.  Flour  has  been  in  improved  request, 
at  an  advance  of  l3.  per  barrel  and  sack.  Spring  corn  of  all 
sorts  meets  a  goodi  nquiry  at  the  extreme  prices  of  Monday. , 
Imperial  Averages, 


Wheat.  Barley.  Oats,    Rye.    Beans.    Peas, 


d.  s,  d.  s.    d,  s.  d.  a.  d. 

July     3 41  4  27  5  19  10  32  4  83  1 

—  10 41  5  28  3  19     9  32  6  34  0 

17 41  0  27  0  19  11  30  1  34 

—  24 40  7  28  2  19     9  28  9  33  10 

—  31 40  0  27  8  20     6  29  11  34  2 

Aug.     7 39  7  27  3  20     6  29  7  33  9 

Aggreg.   Aver.  40  8  27  7  19     3  30  6  31  I 


s.  d. 

33  2 

33  3 
30  11 

34  5 

-as  5 

30  6 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
FLnCTUATIONS  IN  THE  LAST   SiX    WeEK's  AVEBAOES. 


Phioes.   July  3.  JdlyIO.  July  17.  Jolt 24  July31.  Aug.  7 


4l3  5d 
4X    4  - 


_^^_p 


Liverpool,  Tuesday,  Aug.  10. — The  imports  from  abroad 
this  week  are  of  good  extent.  The  market  this  morning  was 
well  attended  by  millers  aud  dealers,  who  were  indisposed  to 
follow  up  the  recent  advance,  and  their  operations  were  con. 
fined  to  present  purposes.  Several  large  parcels  of  Wheat  and 
Flour  were,  however,  taken  to  hold  over,  establishing  ai 
advance  on  last  Tuesday's  rates  of  3d.  to  4d.  per  bushel  oi 
Wheat,  and  Is.  6d,  per  barrel  and  Is.  per  sack  on  Flour,  anl 
there  is  very  little  choice  left  offering  of  either  article.  Indiai 
corn  on  the  spot  neglected.    Oats,  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  ail 

fully  supported  the  extreme  rates  of  last  week. Feidat, 

Aug.  6.— The  arrivals  from  Ireland  and  coastwise  sinci 
Tuesday,  have  been  more  liberal  of  Oats  and  Oatmeal,  but  in. 
significant  of  other  articles ;  while  thoae  from  foreign  ports  a« 
to  a  fair  extent.  There  was  but  a  small  attendance  at  this 
day's  market,  and  the  business  done  in  Wheat  and  Flour  for 
consumption  was  limited ;  however,  there  was  a  good  specu- 
lative inquiry,  which  resulted  in  some  considerable  purchases 
at  an  advance  of  Id.  per  70  lbs.  on  the  former,  and  6d,  per 
barrel  on  the  latter  article.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  were  neglected, 
and  again  in  favour  of  the  buyer.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas 
were  in  moderate  retail  demand,  at  about  late  rates. 


33—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


527 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


BOYD*S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.— BoTD's  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using;  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  u«e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Garde'icrs'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
npon  it : — "  We  j!;ladly  state  that  Mr.  Botd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  inzenions 
and  very  u^elul  improvement." — 6.  C,  ISth  May,  1S52.  The 
Steel  Ditcginn  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Air.  Mechi : 
*'  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  eff.;ct  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wir.  Dkat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS, 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  T^nkB,  and  Shal- 
low Welle.  £  s.    a. 

Patent  Pump 1  15    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

filing    2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May  be    obtained    of   any    Iron- 
monger or   Plumber    in    Town    or 
Country,   or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jewin-street,  London. 
Every  desciiption    of   Machinery 
for  Kaising  and  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam,  Ilorse,  or 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Engines.  &c. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,   ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PRIZK  MEDAL  F0!1  SUPERIOR.  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

THE  CELEBRATED  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 
Patent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakes,  Scythes,  Draining,  and 
other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  63.  per  dozen.  Carpenters* 
and  Smiths'  Tools,  Jjc.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
2j.  Gd.  per  dozen.  Patent  fumigators  for  destroying  ioeeccs 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouses,  ifcc.  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H.  Boobbter 
and  Go's  {late  SxtmcH  and  Boobbteb),  Ironmongery,  Brass- 
foundry,  Nail  and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-srreet, 
Clare-market,  London.  Establiehed  nearly  200  years  for  the 
sale  of  gtiods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices. 
Goods  f'Tivarded  to  any  part  oa  the  receipt  of  remittance. 
Lists  pent  by  post. 

INTON'S   PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 

FORKS  AND  liRAINING  TOOLS.-Sitver  Medal  at 
Lewes  Show  was  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KEY,  103,  New- 
gate--,treet,  London,  for  these  celebrated  FORKS.  It  would  be 
endless  to  quote  the  unlimited  approbation  espre=8ed  by  the 
leadtog  ngricuituristB,  farmers,  nurserymen  and  others,  from 
the  nobleman  to  the  labourer;  hut  all  who  have  u-ed  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Mechi's  remark,  "That  they  facilitate  labour 
quite  2)  per  cent."  Early  orders  are  requested.  Price  lists 
flent  on  application. 


HORSE  KEEP  CHEAP,  AND  EMIGRANT 
TOOLS.— FREE  TRADE.— Do  you  bruise  your  Oats? 
A  quarter  of  Oat«,  at  a  guinea,  well  crushed,  will  nearly  make 
four  sacks.  Immense  eavine,  and  important  iraprovLMoent  of 
the  animal.  OAT  BRUISERS.  Chiff-cutters,  Ploughs, 
Threshinir-machinen,  Domestic  Flour-mills,  Light  Carts, 
Minine  Tools,  Gold-nifting  Machine,  Brick  and  Tile  ditto, 
Com-dreesinif  ditto,  &c.  Order  early.  Repairs  done.  Inspect 
the  operation  of  above  articles. —  M.  Wedlake  and.Co.,  118, 
Fenci  urch  s'reet.  London.     Pamphlet  on  Feeding,  Is, 


G 


ALVANISED      WIRE      GAMt;     NETTING.— 

Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-  Japanned 
Ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  meftb,  light.  21  inches  wide    ...   Vd.peryd.  5d.  perjd, 

'i-iTich     „      vtrong  „  ...    9      „  d 

2.1nch      ,,      eitra  fttrong     ,,  ...  12      ,,  0 


I|.infh 


l^-lnch 
l|.inch 


light 


1 
strong  ,,  ...  10       ,,  8        „ 

extra  atrong     ,,  .,,  H      ,,  It         , 

All  the  above  can  be  mudo  any  width  at  proportionate  prlccR. 
ir  the  app«r  half  19  a  coarie  uifth.  It  wiU  rediino  the  prices 
ooe-f'purfh.  r^a  Waaiiied  sparrDW-proof  netting  for  PlioaBantries, 
id,  per  iriuare  fuot.    Patterns  forwarded  pont  free. 

Mannfiictured  by  BARNARD  and  HISMOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  fr«o  Of  oipoDio  in  London,  I^eter- 
horouifb,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


IXTATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 

'^  *  their  Gardens  duHng  th<i  winter  mrmthii  ihonld  (!oti. 
•tract  ihclr  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMKNT  CONCHBTK, 
wblch  are  formed  thus' — Screen  tlio  gravel  of  wldchthfipath 
Is  at  pr<:««ot  made  from  the  loam  which  In  mixed  with  It,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  edd  oneofdharp  river  Hand.  To 
five  part*  of  *ach  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  lnr,or(  orate  the  whole  wfcll  In  the  dry  %lntt^  bef'-re  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  '2  Inchen  thick.  Any 
labourvr  cin  mix  and  epread  It,  No  tool  U  required  beyond 
^e  Mpadf!,  and  In  48  hoiirn  it  bocimen  a«  bard  an  a  rock. 
Vigi,tai|.,n  cannot  grow  thropi((h  or  upon  it,  and  it  renUla  the 
ncil'in  of  the  aevereat  froit.  It  lit  iicctinary,  ne  waliir  does  not 
«<i»'4  tl.r..i,^h  It,  tn  g\r^  ft  f„ll  from  (ho  middle  of  the  path 
««*»«r4.  <h*.  «|.t.« — Mnrt'ifot'irerit  uf  ih*t  Ooimm,  J.  0.  WPIlTt 
en  1  -o-»,  Mil  bai:k-str«-jt,  Wc«taiiiiBter. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.— 
Horticulturists,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEANK.  DRAY,  and  CO.'s  extensive 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNING  IML'LEfllENTS,  best 
London-made  Gurden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 

Averuncators  Garden  Scrapers        Mowing  Machines 

Axes  Gidney's     Prussian    Pickaxes 

Bagging  Hooks  Hoe  Potato  Forks 

Bills  Grape  Gatherers  &    Pruning  Bills 

Borders,       various       Scissors  ,,     Knives,variou3 

patterns  Gravel   Rakes    and       ,,     Saws 

Botanical  Bosgh  Sieves  „     Scissors 

Boyd's  Pi  tent  Scythe  Greenhouse     Doors       „     Sljears 
Brown's  Patent  Fu-      and  Frames  Rakes      in      great 

migator  Hammers  variety 

Casesof  Pruning  In-    Hand-glass  Frames    Reaping  Hooka 

strunients  Hay  Knives  Scythes 

Daisy  Uakes  Horticultural  Ham-    Scythe  Stones 

Dibbles  mera  &  Hatchets     Shears,  various 

Draining  Tools  Hogs  of  every  pat-    Sickles 

Edging    Irons    and       tern  Sickle  Saws 

Shears  Hotbed  Handles  Spades  and  Shovels 

Flower  Scis-'ors  Ladies' Set  of  Tools   Spuds 

„        Stands     in    Labels,  various  pat-   Switch  Hooks 

Wires  Je  Iron  terns,     in     Zinc,    Thistle  Hooks 

Fumigators  Porcelain,  &c.  Transplanting  Tools 

Galvanic      Borders     Lines  and  Reels  Trowels 

and     Plant    Pro-     Marking  Ink  Tuifing  Irons 

lectors  Mattocks  Wall  Nails 

Garden  Chairs  and    Menogr^iphs  Watering  pots 

Seats  Metallic  Wire  Weed  Hooks 

„    Loops  Milton  Hatchets  Whtelbarrows 

,,    Rollers  Mole  Traps  Youths' Set  of  Tools 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.  are  sole  Agents  forLINQHAM'S 
PERMANENT  LABELS,  samples  of  which,  with  their  Illus- 
trated List  of  Hor'icultui-al  Tools,  can  be  sent,  post  paid,  to 
any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Also.  Wholesale  and  Retail 
Agents  for  SAYNOR'S  celebrated  PRUNING  KNIVES,  used 
exclusively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  United  Kingdom, — 
DEANB,  DRAT,  ii  CO.  (Opening  to  the  Monument),  London, 
bridge. ^ ___^_^^_^__ 


TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING,  for  protecting 
Straw  berries  and  wall-fruit  from  birds,  or  as  a  fence  for 
fowls,  pigeons,  «te.,  in  any  length,  trom  JOHN  KING 
FARLUW'S  Fishing  Tackle  audNet  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked- 
lane,  London. bridge,  at  lAt^  one  yard,  dd.  two,  or  Gd.  four 
yards  wide.  Ail  orders  over  206'.,  accompanied  with  post-office 
rder  or  stampB.  carriage  free. 


/  COCHIN  CHINA  CHICKENS.— A  lew  pairs,  ii-om 

v-/  three  to  four  months  old,  well  feathered  on  the  legs,  and 
of  the  purest  breed.  Price  15s.  per  pair. — Address  to  TnoarAs 
Page,  Chatteri-.,  Cambridgeshire. 


COCHIN   CHINA  CHICKENS. 

FOR    SALE,   at  15^.   a  pair,   a   few  very  superior 
Chickens  of  this  variety,  well  feathered  to  Ihe  toes. — Apply 
to  Mr,  Henby  Copt,*ND.  Chelmsford,  Essex. 


pERTAIN    DESTRUCTION    TO    ALL    BLACK- 

V^*  BIRDS  AND  SPARROWS  IN  GARDENS.— A  Recipe 
for  the  ab'ive,  with  full  particulars,  will  be  sent  on  12  postage 
stamps  being  forwarded  to  J.  Haseldine,  Gardener,  Saundly, 
Retford.  The  remedy  is  a  certain  one,  as  the  birds  may  be 
p icked  up  imm ediately  afterwards. _^ 


FOR  SALE  AND  EXPORTATION,  SIXTEEN 
RAMS  AND  RAM  LAMBS,  of  1851  and  1852,  of  pure 
Spanish  and  Saxon  blood.  They  are  worth  the  attention  of 
Flockiijasters  and  Colonists,  beinir  bred  with  mucb  cave  from 
the  best  Merino  Flocks  remaining  in  this  country.  Their  Wool 
is  not  only  fine,  but  longer  than  usual  in  this  description  of 
sheep,  and  obtained  a  Priza  Medal  at  the  Great  Exhibition  of 
1861.  They  can  also  be  recommended  for  crossing  with 
English  breeds,  to  improve  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the 
Fleece. — For  price  and  par'iculais,  enquire  of  C.  Doebien, 
Simmcots,  Chichester,  Sussex. 


PROTECTION  FROM  THE  RAIN,  WITHOUT 
DETRIMENT  TO  IIEALTH.-BERDOE'S  well-known 
LIGHT  OVERCOAT,  the  Waterproof  Pallium,  resists  any 
amount  of  rain,  without  obstructing  free  ventilation  (ti^e  fatal 
objection  to  al  other  waterproofs),  and  from  its  lightness  and 
respectability  is  adapted  for  general  use  at  all  times,  equally 
as  for  rainy  weather,  and  has  long  been  reputed  one  of  the 
most  convenient,  economical,  and  valuable  garments  ever 
invented.  Price  45s.  and  50s.  A  very  large  Stock  for  selection  ; 
also,  of  Capes,  Shooting  Jackets,  Ley;ging8,  &c.  ;  Cloaks, 
MantleE,  Habits,  &c.,  for  Ladies. —  W.  Beedoe,  Tailor,  96,  New 
Bfmfl-sireet  ;  and  fi9,  Cornhill,  London. 


'I  HE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

A  PARK,  are  open  to  Visitors  daily.  The  Collection  now  con- 
tains upwards  of  1500  specimena.includinj;  two  fine  Chimpanzees, 
the  Hippopotamus  (presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt), 
Elephants,  Rhinoceros,  Giraffes,  and  young  Leucoryx,  Elands, 
Boote-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Li^ns,  Tigers,  Jaguars,  Bears, 
08tricbe8,and  the  Aptersx  presented  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  New  Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr.  Gould's 
collection  ot  Humminc  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Band  of  the  l^-t  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permission 
of  Cul.  Hall,  on  every  Saturdiiy.  at  Four  o'Cloek, until  further 
notice. —  Admishinn.  One  SniLLiNG;  on  MONDAYS,  Sixpence, 


''PHE  SUMMER  SUN  AND  DUST  are  sources  of 

*■  serious  inconvenience  to  persons  of  delicate  complexion. 
On  the  dnvo,  the  promenade,  the  aquatic  excursion,  Ladies 
Bh'juld  ever  be  provided  with 

ROWLANDS'  KALYDOR, 
which  will  be  found  greatly  refreshing  to  the  complexion, 
dispelling  the  cloud  of  languor  and  relaxation,  allaying  all 
irritability  and  heat,  and  immediately  aH'irding  the  pleasing 
sensation  attendant  on  reHtored  elasticity  and  healthful 
state  of  the  skin.  Freckles,  Tan,  Spots,  Pimples,  and  Dis- 
colorationa  are  completely  eradicated  by  the  Kalydor.  and  give 
place  to  a  delicately  clear  and  fair  Complexion.  In  cases  of 
Sunburn,  or  Stings  of  Insects,  its  virtues  liavo  long  been 
aeknowledi^ed. — Price  40.  Gd.  and  8d.  Gd.  per  bottle. 

A3  a  protect  or  and  re»torer  of  the  Hair,  ROWLANDS' 
M  A  CASH  A  R  OIL  will  bo  found  alike  efHcacious,  guarding  It 
from  iho  injuriouH  operation  of  the  nun  and  dust. 

%•  It  IB  higiily  neceHHury,  on  purchaning,  to  see  that  the 
word  "  Rowlanda'"  precedes  the  name  of  the  article  on  the 
wrapper  ol  each,  as  spurloun  itnitatlons  are  abroad. 

.Sold  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  ^0,  Hatton-garden,  London; 
and  by  ChemUtu  imd  Perfumers. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  ate.  ?-Rmii,Y  Dean'h  URINILEyE  has 
bcim  mnny  ymirs  CBtnbliHhcd  u«  the  only  preparation  that 
can  bo  relied  upon  fr>r  tho  RoHtonition  of  iho  Il'ilr  in  BaldnoHn 
from  any  cuuf>e,  preventing  tho  Hair  fulling  oil,  Htrt^'n^thtMiIng 
wi-ak  Hair,  and  checking  UrojnonR,  and  for  the  production  of 
WhIiikerji,  MoutttnchioH,  Rycbrows,  4ic.,  In  throu  or  four  weeks 
wlib  certainty.  It  In  an  elegantly  Hcenicd  compound,  nnd  will  ho 
"i-nt,  pout  frvo,  on  receipt  «il  'J4  poHtago  stampH,  by  MUh  Dkan, 
37  A,  Mftfi«ho«ler.<itruet,  Gray'c-lnn-road,  London,  At  Iio'rio 
daily,  from  II  till  7. — <*Ir,  pertcctly  n-Htoruil  ni.v  Hair  after 
mvcn  )earfc'  buldnciin."  Mnjnr  Uinr,  Jersey.— "  Orlnlhmo  1b 
f\<t,  hmt  dflniiiintit  fur  tho  hair  I  have  ever  uniiljsod."  Dr. 
Tliomhon,  Rei^cnt-irtuuro. 


popular  ffiSorfes 

PRINTED   FOR 

TAYLOR,  WALTON,  and  MABERLY, 

BookseUers  and  PuUithers  to  Univerdli/  College, 
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AND 

27,  IVY  LANE,  PATERNOSTER  ROW,  LONDON. 


DARLEY'S 
SCIENTIFIC    LIBRARY, 

FOR  THE  USE  OF 

SCHOOLS,  PRIVATE   STUDENTS,  ARTISTS, 

AND  MECHANICS. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  "Work  to  furnish  a  Series  of  Ele- 
mentary Treatises  on  Mathematical  Science,  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  the  public  at  large.  To  youth  of  either  ses  at  public 
and  private  schools  ;  to  persons  whose  education  has  been 
neglected,  or  whose  attention  has  not  been  directed  in  early 
life  to  such  studies  ;  and  to  Artists  and  Mechanics,  these  little 
works  will  be  particularly  suited.  The  principles  of  the  various 
Sciences  are  rendered  as  familiar  and  brought  as  near  to  our 
commonest  ideas  as  possible  ;  the  demonstrations  of  proposi- 
tions are  made  plain  for  the  mind  and  brief  for  the  memory, 
and  the  Elements  of  each  Science  are  reduced  not  only  to  their 
simplest  but  to  their  shortest  form. 


A  New  Edition  (being  the  fifth)  is  now  ready. 

A    SYSTEM 

OF 

POPULAE    GEOMETRY. 

Containing  in  a  few  Lessons  so  much  of  the  Elements  of 
Euclid  as  is  necessary  and  sufficient  for  a  right  understanding 
of  every  Art  and  Science  in  its  leading  truths  and  great  prin- 
ciples. 

By  GEORGE  DARLEY,  A.B. 
Price  4s.  Gd.,  cloth. 


IL 

New  Edition  (just  published), 

COMPANION 

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POPULAR     GEOMETRY. 

In  which  the  Elements  of  Abstract  Science  are  familiarised, 
illustrated,  and  rendered  practically  useful  to  the  various  pur- 
poses of  life,  with  numerous  Cuts. 

By  GEORGE  DARLEY  ,  A.B. 

Price  4s.  Gd.,  cloth. 


HI. 

Thhid  Edition, 

A    SYSTEM 

OP 

POPULAR    ALGEBRA.; 


A   SECTION    ON    PROPORTIONS    AND 
PROGRESSIONS. 

Br  GEORGE  DARLEY,  A.B. 

Price  is.  Gd. 

"  For  Students  who  only  seek  this  limited  knowledge  of  these 
sciences,  there  are,  perhaps,  no  treatises  which  can  be  read 
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Algebra.' " — Library  of  Uscfvl  Knowledge,  arliele  "  JJ/eoftanios." 


IV. 

Second  Edition. 


A    SYSTEM 

OF 

POPULAR   TRIGONOMETRY, 

BOTH    PLANE    AND    SPHERICAL. 

With  POPULAK  TKBATISES    on  L00AIIITHM3,  and  tho 
Application  of  Algebra  to  Geometry. 

By  GEORGE  DARLEY,  A.B. 

Price  8».  OcJ.,  cloth. 


1 


528 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE    AND     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.       [Aug,  14. 


HAMfLTON   ON    THE  PINEAPPLE,   ETC. 

Second  tdnion,  iL'mo,  cloth,  price  63.,  Illustrated  with  a  Plan 
of  the  Pine  stoves  at  ThomfieH, 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  HAMXLTONIAN  SYSTEM 
OF  CaLllVAlING  THE  PINE-APPLE  on  Suckers 
atfached  to  the  old  Stoolg.  Also  a  short  Account  of  the  Modes 
adopted  bj  Bume  of  the  most  eminent  Pine-growers;  with  a 
detail  of  the  Author's  Method  of  Cultirating  the  Vine  aod 
Cucumber  in  the  same  Houae.  B^'  Juseph  Hamilton,  Gar- 
dener to  F.  A.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Thornfield,  near  Stuckport. 
London:  Qboombrtdoc  and  Sons,  5,  Paternoater-row, 

THE     TRAVELLER'S     LIBRARY. 

Just  publiRhed,  in  IGmo,  price  One  Shilling, 

ELECTRICITY     AND     THE     ELECTRIC 
TELKORAPH;    together    with    the   CHEMISTRY    OF 
THE    STARS;    an    Argument  touching  ihe  Stare   and  Iheir 
Inhabitants.    By  George  Wilson,  M  D.,  F  R.S.E. 
Also,  in  16mo,  price  One  Shilling, 

LORD  BACON.  By  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay. 
Reprinted  frwm  Mr.  Macaulaj'a  '*  Critical  and  Historical 
Essays." 

%*  Mr.  Macaulay's  Three  Essays  on  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  Addison,  Horace  Walpole,  and  Lord  Bacon,  may  now  be  had 
ia  One  Volume,  price  Haif-a-Crown. 

Loudon  :  Longman,  BaowN,  Gbeen,  and  Longmans.  - 


POPULAR     WORKS     ON      BOTANY 
BY    DR.    LINDLEY. 


TAYLOR'S    BEE-KEEPER'S    MANUAL. 

Fourth  ediiion,  revised  and  enbtrged,  with  nearly  100 

Illustrations,  price  4s  ,  post  free, 

THE    BEE-KEEPER'S    MANUAL;    or    Practical 
Hints  on  the  Management  and  complete  Preservation  of 
the  Honey  Bee.     By  Henbt  Tatloe. 

London  :  Geoombhidge  and  Sons,  5,  Paternoster-row  ; 
and  all  Booksellt-rs. 

"  He  that  tilleth  his  land  shall  be  satisfied  with  bread.'* 
Just  published,  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  COTTAGE  FARMING. 
"  It  auy  one  desires  to  help  an  allotment  tenantry  or  the 
cuUivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  their  land  more  profit- 
ably than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustomed  to  do — 
we  venture  to  recouitnend  this  little  Catht'cism  as  likely  to  be 
very  useful  for  distribution  among  them." — Gardeners'  Chronicle 
and  Agr.icttUural  Oazelte, 

Also,  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  GARDENING. 

Price  id.  each  ;  13  copies  sent  free  by  post  f.ir  4s.  Gd.     The 

two  Catechisms  bound  together  in  cloth,  l^'. 

These  clever  and  interesting  little  Catechisms,    by    a  well- 

knovrn  writer  on  Rural  Economy,  are  admirably  adapted  for 

diifuaiog    an   improved  knowledge  and  practice  of  Farming 

and  Gardening  among  the  smaller  class  of  cultivators. 

Also,  Third  Edition,  price  2s  ,  bound  in  cloth, 

RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 
AND  GARDENERS:  A  Treasury  of  Informaiion  on  Cow- 
Kuepiog,  Sbeep,  Pies,  Poultry,  the  Horse,  Pony,  A93,  Goat, 
Honey  Bee,  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
Ac,  &c.,  &c.  By  Maetih  Dotle,  aod  otbtrs, 
*'  It  is  all  that  it  professes  to  he."— British  Quarterly  Heview. 
**  This  ia  rural  economy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and 
orm  ;  Jt6  mul'ifariiius  and  interesting  sui  jecta  may  actually 
he  said  to  be  condensed  to  the  utmost.  'Ihe  book  has  but  to 
he  seen  by  those  for  whom  it  is  prppafed  to  be  admired,  and, 
we  may  add,  to  be  puvchased."— C/'Ctif(rt«  Witness. 

London  :  GaooMBBiDGH  and  Sons,  Paternoster  Row. 
Sold  by  all  BooUsellerp, 


Lately  published, 
^PHE    ELEMENTS    OF     BOTANY,    Structural 

J-  AND,  PuYSiOLOQiCAL.  With  a  Glossary  of  Technical 
Terms,  and  numerous  Illustrations.     123.  cloth. 

This  completes  the  aeries  of  Elementary  Botanical  Works 
by  Professor  Lindley,  of  which  "  School  Botany,"  and  **  The 
Vegetable  Kingdom,"  form  the  other  parts. 

The  first  two  Parts  of  The  Elements  of  Botany,  comprising 
Structural  and  Physiological  Botany,  and  a  Glossary  of  Tecli- 
nical  Terms,  are  published  in  one  octavo  volume,  price  12s. 

These  three  parts  form  a  complete  manual  of  Botany  for 
Medical  and  other  Students  who  have  made  themselves 
acquainted  with  the  author's  "  School  Botany." 

N.B.  The  Glossary  may  be  had  separately,  price  5s. 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'S  MEDICAL  BOTANT. 

This  day  is  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo,  with  numerous  woodcuts, 

price  14s. 

lYJEDICAL  AND  OECONOMICAL  BOTANY;  or, 
-'-'^-L  An  Account  of  the  Principal  Plants  employed  in  Medicine 
or  Domestic  (Economy. 

QCHOOL  BOTANY  ;  or,  The  Rudiments  of 
*^  Botanical  Science.  400  Illustrations.  Svo.  i'llce  5f.  Gd. 
half- bound. 

BaADButT  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. 


CLARKE'S  PREPARATION  for  DESTROYING 
MEAiT  BUG,  THRIP,  &c.,  WITHOUT  INJURING 
THE  PLANTS.  Sold  in  Bottles,  securtd  for  travcUing.  at  9s, 
and  5s-  each,  on  receipt  of  Post-office  order  or  posta.'e  stamps. 
Directions  sent  «ith  each  bottle.  This  has  been  thoroughly 
tested  in  the  Gardens  of  ihe  Horticultural  S^cietv  Jind  reported 
in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  as  follows  :  — "Clarke's  Preparation 
for  killinR  Mi-aly  Bug  lias  succeeded  perfectly.  "  It  baa  been 
trii;d  on  various  plants  at  different  times,  and  has  invariably 
answered." 

Also, 
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Plants,  Is.  6d.  per  lb.    The  Trudt?  supplied.     Address,  Cbarles 
Claeke,  Percy-cross  Nursery,  Walham-green,  Fulham  ;  where 
Post-office  orders  are  payable. 


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JOURNAL  OF  ENGLISH  AND    FOREIGN   LITERATURE 
SCIENCE,    AND    THE    FINE    ARTS. 

Tweutj-four  Large  Quarto  pages. 
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Letter    to    French    Dramatic 

Authors.     By  C.  Mathews. 
On  Shnke^peare  and  Corneille. 


Memoir   of   Surtees. 

Taj  lor. 
Life  of  Rev.  W.  Kirby, 

Freeman. 
Treatise  on  Politics.    By  G..C 

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Life  on  Emigrant'  SblpSr  By' 
Rev,  J.  Mureweather.  ---    '' 

Residence  in  Siam.  By  F.  ji... 
Neale. 

Fortress  of  Koincft-n.  "By-'Col. 
Thaly.     '    '  '     '      i  v  ^. 


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Howell. 
On  Atmosphere.  By  G.  Wood- 
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-L  PRESSION  OF  QUACKERY.  Just  published,  96  pages, 
ETEUY  MAN  HIS  OWN  DOCTOR.  By  Alfred  Barker,  M.D. 
aentgratuiiously  by  the  Author,  on  receipt  of  two  postage  stamps 
^prepay  it.— Address  Dr.  Alfred  Barker,  25,  Arnjle-square, 
Kmg  a-croBB,  London.  Opinions  of  the  Peess.- "  Written  in 
&  popular  s  yle,  and  containing  the  mode  of  treatment  in  most 
of  the  diseases  that  fle-h  is  heir  to."- Femlrf.  "Nothing  but  an 
intense  desire  to  beneathis  fellow  cretitures  could  have  induced 
the  author  to  undertaUe  the  expense  of  publishing  this  work 
for  gratuitous  circulation."— c/n-ojiic^e. 


A   CLEAR   COMPLEXION. 

GODFREY'S  EXTRACT  OF  ELDER 
FLOWERS  is  strongly  recommended  _  for  Softening, 
Improving,  Beautifying,  and  Preserving  the  SKIN,  and  giving 
it  a  blooming  and  charmin'r  appearance,  being  at  once  a  most 
fragrant  perfume  and  deliKbtful  cosmetic.  It  wiil  completely 
remove  Tan,  Sun-burn,  Redness,  &,c.,  and  by  its  balsamic  and 
healing  qualities,  render  the  skin  soft,  pliible,  and  free  from 
drynes",  scurf,  &,c.,  clear  it  from  every  humour,  pimple,  cr 
eruption  ;  and  by  condnuing  its  use  only  for  a  short  time,  the 
skin  will  become  and  cominue  soft  and  smooth,  and  the"  com- 
plexion perfectly  clear  aod  beautiful  —Sold  in  bottles,  price 
2?.  9d.,  with  directions  for  using  it,  by  all  Medicine  Venders 
and  Perfumers.  ' 


Sale^  6g  Auction. 

COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS,  OF  FIRST  RATE  BREED 
\/\  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  directed  to  Sell  by  Auction^ 

*-  at  his  Great  Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  on 
TUESDAY,  17'h  August,  at  12  for  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
stock  of  COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS  of  a  well-known  Am'ateur- 
who  obtained  prizes  at  the  last  Birmingham  Show.  It 
consists  of  24  old  birds  and  about  70  Chickens,  varying  ia 
age  from  6  to  3  months,  particularly  fine  and  well-featbered  on 
the  legs,  and  almost  all  of  them  of  the  favourite  colours,  buffi 
and  yellow.  They  are  from  the  celebi-ated  breeds  of  Messrs; 
Sturgeon,  Andrews,  and  Moody,  or  exclusively  of  crosses' 
between  these  straitis.  There  are  also  two  p^iirs  of  pure  htacic 
Chickens  of  the  same  breed. —  May  be  viewed  on  the  morning 
of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  38,  Kinfe- 
street,  Coveat  Garden. 

ORCHIDS. 

THE    COLLECTION    OF     A    GENTLEMAN    REMOYEB 

FROM  KENT. 
j\/r  R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  instructed  to  Sell  by  Auction, 

^'J^  ar  his  Great  Room,  33,  King. street,  Covent-garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  August  20,  and  following  day,  at  12  f«>r  1  o'clock, 
theCOLLEClION  OF  ORCHIDS  of  a  Gentleman  who  is  giviug 
up  the  cultivation  of  this  tribe  of  Plants  ;  it  includes  many  rare 
and  valuable  specimens  grown  in  the  most  a^lmirable  manner, 
and  well  calculated  for  exhibition.— May  be  viewed  on  the  day 
prior  aod  mornings  of  Sale;  and  Catalogues  had  of  Mr.  J.  C. 
Stevens.  38  King-street,  Covent-garden. 

TERRESTRIAL    ORCHIDS    AND    BULBS, 

COLLECTED    BY    MR.   R.   W.   PLANT,    IN    THE    ZOOLU 

COUNTRY,  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will   include   in  his  sale  of 
OflClIIDS  00  FRIDAY,  20th,  and  SATURDAY,  21sT, 
an  importation  of  the  above  just  received  in  fine  order. 


BARON  LIEBIG'S  OPINION  OF  «  PALE  ALE." 
— The  prominence  given  to  the  name  of  Baron  Liebig  in 
placards  and  advertisements  will  have  created  the  impression 
that  be  coveted  a  celebrity  inconsistpnt  with  the  dignity  of  his 
station  in  the  scientific  world.  Having  learned  that  ho  hail 
attainedsuch  undesirable  notoriety,  B^irou  Liebig  has  requested 
the  publication  of  the  following  letter,  with  ihe  view  of  in- 
forming  the  public  of  the  moiives  which  dictated  his  comoiuni- 
cation  to  Mr.  Allsopp  : — 

*'  The  question  of  wdulteration  by  strychnine,  which  has  been 
taken  up  seriously  in  England,  seemed  to  me  of  great  import, 
ance,  and  I  thought  to  do  some  good  by  aidinsr  to  demonstrate 
the  error.  If  I  wished  to  assiiciate  with  any  individual  bre'very 
my  remarks  on  the  alleged  adulteration  of  bitter  beer  witb 
strychnine,  it  would  have  been  na'ural  to  have  mentioned 
anolher  brewery  in  wliicb  alone,  aod  not  in  Mr.  Atlsopp's,  I 
was  engaged  in  investigating  the  Burton  mode  of  brewing  ;  aud 
it  was  also  in  that  other  brewery  the  Bavarian  brewers  acquired 
all  the  instructi^m  they  obtained  at  Burton.  The  admiraiun  I 
expressed  of  this  beverage  in  my  letter  to  Mr.  Alls-pp  is 
advertised  in  such  a  manner  as  to  lead  to  the  inference  i  hat  my 
praise  was  exclusively  corilintd  to  Mr,  AILsopp's  Beer;  this 
was  not  the  case  ;  ray  remarks  referred  to  that  class  of  beer. 

"  GiessfU,  July '-'4,  1852.  *' Jdstds  Liebig." 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  packs  in  a  sponge  bath,  is  admit  ably 
adapted  for  summer  use,  on  account  of  its  extreme  coolness, 
and  which  can  be  changed  in  one  moment  from  a  bed  to  a 
lounge  or  sofa  for  the  -ittine-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLBN'S,  76.  0.t  ford -street, 
where  also  ie  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Metallic  Bedsteads, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  die.  die,  togethsr 
with  a  large  ase^ortment  of  the  Patent  Radiating  and  other 
Stoves,  at  d  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery. 


NEWCOURT,  NEAR  EXETER. 
IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  RARE  AND  VALUABLE  PLANTS, 
Consisting  of  very  choice  Orchids,  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Plants,  Indian  Azaleas,  Geraniums,  Fuch>ia9,  die,  itc. ; 
MflMsive  Services  of  Plate,  containing  about  3500  ounces, 
richly  Embossed  Plated  Articles,  a  brilliant  toned  6^  Octave 
Grand  Pianoforte,  in  an  elaborately  carved  Rosewood  case, 
by  Collard  and  Collard  (recently  new),  120  dozen  of  choice 
Old  Wines,  Library  of  Books,  Mudern  Carriiiges,  Silver- 
mounted  Harness,  &c-,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr.s.  Halfohtj, 
deceased.  The  valuable  collection  of  Plants  con'ains  many 
remarkMbly  fine  specimens,  which  are  well  worth  the  atten- 
tion of  Plant  cultivators. 

REED  AND  WARREN  are  directed  by  the  Trustees^ 
to  offer  the  above  co''tly  property  to  unreserved  com- 
petition, at  Newcourt,  on  TUESDAY,  the  17th  day  of  August 
next,  aod  Three  following  days,  at  11  tor  12  oVlock  each  day 
punctually.  The  whole  will  be  on  view  (by  Catalogue  onl>)  oa 
Saturday  and  Monday  preceding  the  sale,  from  12  to  4  o'clock. 
Descriptive  Catalogues  may  be  obtained  of  Messrs.  Geabb, 
MoDNTF'BD  and  Geare,  Proctor  and  Solicitors,  Exeter;  of 
M  'Ssrs.  LoC'iMBE,  Pince,  and  Co,,  Exeter  ^ursery,  Exeter  ;  or- 
of  the  Adctioneees,  Wonford,  near  Exeter,  at  23.  each,  ar 
by  post  free,  on  receipt  of  30  postage  stamps  (returnable  to 
purchasers).    . 

AanANGEMENT  OF  Sale. — First  day,  the  Orchids  and  Store 
Plants;  Second  day,  the  Greenhouse  Plants,  Azaleas,  die.;: 
Third  day,  the  Plate,  Plated  Articles,  Pianoforte,  Carriages, 
Harness,  drc. ;  Pourthday,  the  Wines  and  B  oks. 

N.B,  There  will  be  no  admittance  to  the  grounds  OU  the  day&^ 
of  view  and  sale,  but  by  Catalogues. 

M'onford,  near  Exeter,  Aug.  14. 

NURSERY,  SEED,  AND  FLORIST'S  BUSINESS. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  Goodwill,  Stock,  Crops^ 
and  Effects  of  a  long-established  BUalNBSS,  situate 
about  15  mites  from  London,  in  a  populous  county,  and^well 
adapted  in  every  respect  for  an  enterprising  person  possessed 
ofcapital. — Forfurtherparticulars,  apply  to  Messrs.  Pbotheeoe.  ■ 
and  MoREis,  Leytonstone,  Essex;  or  to  Messrs,  Tdstln  and 
Paterson,  Solicitors,  4,  Bride-court,  New  Bridge-street,  Black- 
fiiars,  London, 


THE  MECHIAN  DRESSING-CASE  the  most 
portable  ever  invented,  being  only  the  size  of  a  pi>cket- 
book,  containing  One  Pair  of  Mechi's  Ivory-handled  peculiar 
Steel  Razors,  his  Magic  Strop.  Comb,  Badger  Hair  Shaving 
Brush,  aud  Nail  and  Tooth  Brushes,  price  only  253.  ;  the  sao  e 
w'tb  Hair  Brush  and  Soap  Dish,  35s.  To  military  men,  and  as 
a  steam-boat  or  travelling  companion,  this  inventi-n  is  an 
invaluable  acquisition.  An  immense  variety  of  other  Drei^sing 
cases  for  ladies  and  gentlemen,  either  m  fancy  woods  or  leather, 
at  all  prices,  to  suit  either  the  economical  or  luxurious.  An 
extensive  stock  of  Writiiig-desUs.  Writirg-caaes,  Work-boxes, 
Bagatelle  Tables,  Razor  Strops  Table  Cutlery,  Superb  Fapier 
Mache  Articles,  die— Manu'ac'ory,  4,  Leadenhall-stehet, 
London,  four  doors  from  Curnhill. 


MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION, 
LEGALLY  ESTABLISHED,  lS49.  Head  Offices.— 
London  :  Lincoln's-Inn-Fields  Cnambers,  and  2,  Portsmouth, 
stree"-,  Lincoln's-Iun-Fields.  Branch  Offices  :  Liverpool.  Bristol, 
York,  Manchester,  Aberdeen,  and  Dublin.  Confidential 
Referee  :  R.  Warrick,  Esq. 

MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION.  Conducted 
on  the  sysiem  so  successfully  adapted  on  'he  Continent. 
Legally  establi.-hed  as  a  medium  for  the  introduciiou  of  both 
sexes  unknown  to  each  other,  who  are  desiroua  of  entering  into 
Matrimony.  None  but  respectable  parties  negotiated  with. 
Applicants  may  sign  by  initial  or  otherwise.  Full  particulars, 
with  printed  forms  of  application,  list  of  agents,  aud  instruc- 
tions, sent  free  on  receipt  of  six  postage  stamps,  by  Hoao 
BeeesfuBD,  Esq.,  Secretary.  Registrar's  Offices  :  Lincolo'c- 
Inn-Fields  Chambers,  and  No.  2,  Portsmoutb-street,  Lincoln'a- 
inn-Fields.  London.  


THE     B'EST     IS      THE      CHEAPEST 
The  best  CoNGOU  TEA per  lb.,  3s.  8d. 

The  best  IMPERIAL  SOUCHONG  TEA  „  4  0 
The  best  MOYUNB  GUNPOWDELl  TEA  „  5  0 
The  best  PLANTATION   COFFEE         ...     „       1     0 

The  best  MOCHA  COFFEE  14 

Tea  or  C.ffee  to  the  value  of  40s.  sent  CARRIAGE  FREE  to 
a3iy  part  of  England,  by     - 

•  PHILLIPS  AND  COMPANY,  TEA  MERCHANTS, 
No.  8,    KING     WILLIAM-STREET,    CITY,     LONDON. 


NURSERY   TO   LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  may  be  entered  upon  at  Chi-istmas^ 
an  old  established  Provincial  Nursery,  about  50  miles" 
from  London,  conveniently  situated  near  a  railway,  and  closb 
to  an  important  town.  The  grounds  are  about  4  acres  iD 
extent,  with  Dwelling-house,  Greenhouses,  Pits,  Frames,  and 
other  conveniences  for'carryini;  on  business. 
Apply  to  Messrs.  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery,  London. 


TO  BE  LET,  on  Lease,  a  very  flourishing  and  com- 
modious NURSERY,  well  suited  lO  the  growth  of  American 
and  oiher  Plants,  and  Forest  Trees,  situate  in  one  of  the 
Western  Counti^,  within  a  mile  of  a  Station  on  the  South 
Western  Railway,  and  near  a  populous  town.  The  Green- 
house, Plant  Stove,  Pits,  Frames,  and  other  Conveniences,  ara 
in  good  order,  and  the  present  Stock  of  the  Nuracy  is  in  a 
very  healthy  and  thriving  state;  the  whole  to  be  taken  at  a 
valuation. —  Application  to  be  made  to  J.  Watt,  Aactionetrrt" 
Warehara,  Dorset.  "" 


T^O  BE  LET,' for  3,  7,  or  14  years,  a  SMALI 
J-  HOUSE, -in  the  beat  part  of  Sloane-street,  opposite  iha 
Gardens.  Rent,  including  Fixtures  and  Looking-glasBesJ 
SEVENTY  POUNDS.— For  address,  enquire  of  Mr.  Mo  NET, 
Bricklayer,  Pavilion-street,  middle  of  Sloane-street,  London. 


FARM     TO    BE    LET    IN    THE    VICINITY    OF 
LONDON. 

TO  BE  LET,  A  FIRST-RATE  FARM,  situate  at. 
Wennington,    in  the    county   of  Essex,  about   13    milen 
from  London,  within  IA  mile  of  a  manure  wharf,  and  a  veryfl 
short  distance  from  a  goods  station  on  a  railway  now  in  coarse* 
of  construction  through  the  estate  to  London.     The  Farm  con..! 
si^ts  of  an  excellent  House  and  Homestead,  subitantially  buit*^ 
entirely  new,  and  erected  upon  approved  priucples,  togeiherf 
with  about  260  acres  ofland,-72  acres  of  which  are  fine  Grazing 
Marsh  Land  (11  acres  of  which  may  be  broken  up),  32  acres  of 
extremely  fertile  Arable  Marsh   Land,  requiring   no  manure; 
and  the  residue  consists  of  a  loamy  soil,  chu  fly  arnbe,  easily   j 
worked,  and  well  adapted  for  either  stock  orgaiden  tanumg.^  , 
Further  parti.ulars  may  be  had  by  applica  ion  to  Mr.  Edwabi> 
-!aqe    Furze  House,  Dagenham,  Esstx  ;  and  the  Farm  will  be  ■ 
s^o^vn  by  Maek  Gibbasd,  WenniuRton  Hall,  Essex. 


Printed  by  Wiliiam  BaAnBuaT.  of  No.  13.  Upper  Wobitro-place.  In  the 
pariBhof  St.  Paucrae,  and  F*.KD8aics  .MuLLBTT  Evanb,  ol  >o.  7,  Cburch- 
row  Stoke  NewiuKton  botb  in  ilie  County  oi  Middlesex    Tiinrerp.  at  their 
Office  in  Lombard-street,  in    the  Precinct  of  Wh  lefnars,  in  the  Ciij  of  J 
Londiin;    and  publiehed   by  them   at   ibe  office.  No  5,  C'lftrlcB-street,  tu  1 
tbe  parieb  of  St    Paul's,  Covent- garden,   in  the  said   C'lmtr,  wh^re  all  > 
Advertise  I II  "oto  and  CommunicatioiiB  are  to  be  ADoasi  bbdtotiibEbjtob.9 
— Saiuhdat,  AuGvai  M,  1853,  ] 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindlev. 


No,  34.— 1852.] 


sy 


lY,   ..'^GUbi.  31. 


[Price  Gd, 


535  c 
5J0  ft 
b2ib 


5:u 


AmarrllUe,  culture  of 

Apple  mamialalc   

Beuis  in  Devon   , 

BliEbt , 

Calendar,  horticultural .., 

CAmelliKi,  to  inarch 

Ch'Try  di'Case 

ChrysiutheniumihowiDs   .... 

Claj;,  to  bura 

Couiier*.  to  bow 

Crops,  reports  of  the  ...  537  6 

Dooming  (Ur.)  death  of 

Edncatioa 

Epipacti^,  uew 

Fans  accouQis 

FicB,  fruit  droppia?  off 336  c 

Gooaeberties  forpreaervfng   ,.  536  e 

Grass  leeds   &42  a 

Gatta  percha  tubes   hW  b 

Hedseho^s    •...,.  536  a 

Heoderton'i      (Mr.     E.      G.) 

oanery   535  a 

Highland  Society's  show. 54U  b 

Himalaya,   ThomEoa    on   the, 

rer.    ..,....., 534  a 


Hybrids  . 
Java,  memoranda  Tom .,,,., 
Labourers. edacntion  of  ..,, 
Lawes'  (Ur.),  expcimeata  , 
Lychals,  to  bvbrldise 


INDEX. 

XTnDure,  nrtificial 

Melon- Hrowiun 

Mulberry  wood 

Nac-Kassar 

Pan»y  cuttings, ..,,,. ,.,.,,,.. 

Pear  iuiec'H   , 

Petunia  iuterraedia 

PlaatB,  to  propagate  by  roots.. 
^    new  Hrilish 

—  on  hvbridiRtnz 

Podocnrpua  Dieffenbacliil...... 

Poulny.  Cochin  Chiua 

Raipberries.  select 

ReapiDK  macbiues 

Roots,  a  mciDB  of  propa:jation 

Rose  Btock,  Manetti  

Roie  water 

Bothtmsted  expeiimenta 

Seed,  to  save , ,, 

SlUKBOrm 

Spiaacb,  winter   

Strawberry,  Blact  Prince  .... 

Temperature  of  Jnly ■..■■ 

Vloes,  grafted  

Vine  mildew 

Wax  ineect  white  

Weaihfr.  the 

Wheat  blisht, 

—  toFprinKhoe 

—  cast  of,  in  Ohio 


sa-:  b 


.   533  e 
.   537  c 

.  oig  b 

.  533  a 


5:13  4 
533  a 
533  6 
5.50  a 
o3G  c 
537  c 

532  c 

533  a 
536  c 

539  b 

535  6 
533  6 

536  e 
533  e 
533  ft 
531  c 
531  c 
531  c 
531  a 
hW   ft 

540  b 
5U  b 


-^HE  NOTTING  HILL  DAHLIA  SHOW  ia  post- 
poned until  the  IfiXH  of  SEPTEMBER.. 


-\r  ATIONAL  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
-L>  NOTICEishereby given, thattheELErENXH  UKETING 
of  the  Season,  for  the  examination  of  Seedling  Hollyhocks, 
Dahlias,  &c.,  will  be  held  on  THoasDAY,  the  2C:h  insc,  when 
all  flowers  must  be  staged  before  1  o'clock. 
Censobs. 


Mr.  J.  Long,  Watford 
Mr.  C.  Lidgard.  Hammersmith 
Mr.  W.  Paul.  Cheshunt 
Mr.  A.  Parsons.  Welwyn 

Mr.  C.  P.  Lochner,  Paddington  _  

For  the  TWELFTH  MEETING,  on  Thuesdav,  Sept.  9. 
following  are  appointed  as  Censors  : — 


Mr.  J.  Robinson,  Pimlico 

Mr.  Black,  Clewer 

Mr.  G,  Macintosh,  Edgeware- 

road 
Mr.  VT.  P.  Ayres,  Blackheath 
'    the 


Mr.  W.P.  Ayres,  Blackheath 
Mr.  C.  Lidgard,  Hatnmersmilh 
Mr.  W.  Dodds  Salisbury 
Mr.  J,  Long,  Watford 
Mr,  J.  S.  Prockter.Bermondsey 
Mr.  J.  Shirriff,  Birmingham 


Mr.  W.  Holme.^,  Ilncltney 
Mr.  Cook,  Netting  Hill 
Mr.  James,  Styke  Newington 
Mr.  A.  Parsons,  Welwjn 
Mr,  J,  Rob'nson,  Pimlico 
Mr,  E.  Spary,  Bri^jhtou 


The  Committee  beg  to  announce  that  on  tbe  2(jclj  instant  the 
Third  Part  of  the  Society's  Transactions  ivill  be  ready  for 
delivery.  Ej  order  John  Edwahds. 

COUNTY  OF  GLOUCESTER  AND  CHELTEN- 
HAM HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY,— The  Third  and 
last  Show  this  season  of  the  above  Society  will  take  place  at  the 
Pittville  Spa  and  Gardens,  Chelte:.ham,  on  THURSDAY,  the 
26th  io9t.  It  is  particularly  requested  that  Regulation  No.  2  in 
Schedule  be  strictly  adhered  to  by  parties  intending  to  exhibit, 
Otbermse  space  cannot  be  insured. 

The  Annual  Dinner  of  tbe  Society  will  take  place  at  7  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  af'er  the  Show,  at  the  AEsembly  Rooms. 

Sir  WiniAii  CoDiiiNCTO.s,  Bart.,  M.P.,  has  kindly  consented 
to  take  the  Coair.  J.  H.  Williams,  Hon.  Sec. 

Committee  Room,  3S3,  High-street,  Aug.  21. 


A  FEW  FRIElNDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Carton,  once  Gardener  at  Syon  House,  and  now  wholly 
destitute,  having  formed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  further  aid, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  their  arrangements.— 
Subscriptions  will  be  received  by  John  Edwards,  Es^.j  Wace 
Cottage,  Hoiloway,  London. 


■V[EWBURY     HORTICULTURAL     SOCIETY,— 

X^  At  the  Autumn  Show  of  this  Society,  on  FRIDAY, 
Septembers,  lf)52,  ibe  following  Extra  Prizes  are  ofFeri.d  for 
DAHLIAS,  open  to  all  England.  For  24  Dissimilar  Blooms, 
Dahlias,  Four  Prizes— the  best,  5i, ;  second,  3/.;  third,  ■21.; 
fourih,  \l.  103.  Kntrance  fee,  7a.  ed.  Certificates  awarded  to 
Seedlings  of  merit. 

Further  parriculara   on  application  to  Mr,  F.   S.  Adnams, 
Honorary  ^^ecretary.  Newbury. 


GAINES'S  SEEDLING  LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM 
are  now  coming  into  flower.  They  grow  with  large 
heads  similar  to  dwarf  trees,  and  have  from  20  to  GO  blooms 
upon  one  stem.  They  vary  in  colour  from  L.  rubram  to  L. 
album,  and  will  be  a  great  improvement  upon  the  older 
variettea. 

N.  G.  bepB  to  infr)rm  the  growers  of  Gerariiums  that  he  will 
have,  in  addition  to  his  own  eeeUIIngp,  those  of  Thos.  White, 
Eiq.,  and  tbe  Hev.  E,  Trimmer'a.  A  JJesc  iptlve  List  of  lh>'m 
wlU  b«  [jrinted  in  Sep'.ember  next,  and  may  be  had  at  the 
Nnrtery,  Sorrey-Jane,  Batterwea.- Aug.  21, 


THE  NEW  AND  BEAUTIFULLY  YAUIEGATED-LEAVED 
PLANT, 

CISSUS    DISCOLOR    (BLUME,) 
XX^ILLIAM  KOLLISSON  and  SONS  beg  leave  to 

*  »  inform  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  the  trade,  that  they 
lot«nd  sending  oat,  on  and  after  the  27th  of  September,  their 
new  and  beautifully  varieg-ited-lcavcd  climbing  plant,  CISsUS 
DiaCOLOIi,  of  Blumo,  which  ban  been  bo  univtrnally  admired 
tbifl  lamnier  at  tbe  Cbisnick  and  lUgent'ii  Park  Exbibliiona. 
Price  2\s.  per  plant,  ihe  u«aai  allowanco  to  the  trade  il  two 
or  more  pUoti  are  ordercfl.— Tooting  Nursery,  ncor  Lotidon. 


ROSES   UN     POTS. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  AND  SON,  Woodlands  Nursery, 
Maresfield,  near  Uckfield,  Sussex,  are  now  sendirg  out 
strong,  healthy,  and  vigorous  Plants,  in  pots,  suitable  for 
planting  out  at  the  present  time.  Fer  dozen. 

HYBRID  PERPETUALS,   strong,  left  to 

our  selection 12?.  to  ISs. 

BOURBON,  Ditto  12^.  to  I85. 

TEA-SCENTED,  Ditto 12s.  tolSs. 

CHtVA.  Ditto      'Js.  to  12.^. 


NEW    ROSES. 

JOHN  HARRISON  begs  to  offer  to  his  Fricnda  in 
the  Trade  tbe  following  NKW  KU3E.S,  worked  on  the 
Kapolcon  and  the  HanettI  stock.  In  pot*  ;  the  planti  vary  in 
llze  and  ■trcD^tli  tccordlng  to  tbo  prlccn  ;  thoMO  ut  'ii)8.  to  'ITig. 
bare  made  trrnwihq  this  loaion  4  to  S  feet,  and  will  averaKe 
30  or  more  bu'U  Ciich,  anrl  consf  rjuently  are  cheap  to  the  trade. 
The  growth  of  rny  Uosci  thin  neaioo  cannot  ho  nurpaHged  ;  the 
Iljbrld  Perpetual!  Ke"«rally  average  from  I  to  C  fc-ut. 

Encb. 

Aoffuite  MIo,  H.  V C#.  dd.  to  2T,e.  (id. 

Baroono  Hallei,  H.  P 3    0     to    7    'J 

Comte«*c  Hatthjnnl,  H.  P 5    0     to  1ft    'J 

General  Nr-gncr,  II,  V 3    (J     to    7    0 

Madame  Frctnlon  6    0     to  16    0 

<iueen  Victoria  'pQuPa) 7    0     to  26    0 

berangfir,  U.  P 3    0     to  10    0 

Orange  Nuitcry,  Uarlingt'^D,  Aug.  21. 


JAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  have  now  the  pleasure 
of  informing  their  numerous  customers  that  they  were 
awarded  the  Silver  Medal  for  their  splendid  Colle'jtion  of 
CARNATIONS,  and  likeivifle  the  one  for  PICOTEES,  at  the 
Royal  Caled'  nian  Horticultural  Society's  Exhibition,  on  Satur- 
day, the  7th  current ;  and  they  will  be  ready  to  send  oUt  Plants 
of  these  superb  Flowers  eiirly  in  October. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  free  on  application. 
"Edinburgh,  32,  Hanover-street,  Auir.  21, 


NEW  AND   CHOICE  SEEDS   FOR  PRESENT  AND 
AUTUMN   SOWING. 

JOHN  CATTELL   has    now  ready  to  send  out  the 
following  Seeds,  post  free,  at  per  pacUet,  as  annexed  : — 
CALCEOLARIA,   saved  from  a  very  fine   collection,    and 
carefully  impiegnated,  25.  GJ. 

Directions  for  sowing,  ikc,  will  accompany  each  picket. 
The  produce  from  the  Calceolaria  seed  J.  0.  has  hitherto  sent 
out  having  given  such  universal  Fatisfaction,   and  the  many 
testimonials     he    has  received  in   prai^^e  of    its     excellence, 
enal'les  him  to  recommend  this  with  tbe  greateat  confiiience, 
CINERARIA,  from  newest  and  hnest  varieties,  2s.  del. 
GERANIUM,  from  new  florist  varieties  sent  out  last  autumn, 
2s.  Gd.  ;  18  seeds. 
Do.  older  first- rate  varieties,  Is.  ;  18  seeds. 

Do,  from  new  fiincy  varieties  sent  out  last  autumn, 

2s.  ed.;  18  SL-eds. 
Do."  older  first-rate  varieties,  Is. ;  18  seeds. 

Do.  saved  from  scent'd  varieties,  I5. 

SCUIZANTHUS  RBTU3US,  6d. 

Do.  Do.         ALDUS,  Gd, 

Twenty-five  sorts  of  fine  showy  hardy  Aunuils,  for  flowering 
in  the  open  ground  in  spring.  4"   ;,  ljii''er/;iclrets,  Cm. 

Twelve  sons  of  tine  sho-*"^  ^il^  aanly^  Nuuuals,  fur  early 
fiowerinii;  in  the  greenhous'e. '  ,C*'la'^er  picKct-i,  -Is  Gd. 

Orders  from  unknown  cor\  spandt-rkstobe  accoinpu-cied  with 
a  remittance.  — Weeterham,  Ktmt. 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 
T      WEEKS   and  Co.,   King's  Road,   Chelsea,   have 

'J  •  a  must  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  obJ,  frrtm  Eyes,  all  the  best  sorts 
for  Planting  or  Feuiting  in  Pots. 

Also  an  ex'ensive  and  valuable  coUection  of  STOVE  and 
CRBENHOU.^E  PLANTS,  with  all  new  varieties.  See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.  Also  our  Illustratious  on  HoETl- 
cuLTURAL  Bdildino  and  Heating  by  Hot-wateb. 

J.  Weeks  and  Co,,  King'?-road,  Chelsea. 


WM.  HAMILTON,  Seedsman,  &c.,  156,  Cheapside, 
London,  begs  to  announce  that  his  Catalogue  of 
BULBOUS  ROOTS  is  now  in  press,  and  will  shortly  be  ready. 
He  has  this  year  imported  a  large  and  select  assortment  of 
Dutch  and  other  Flowering  Roots,  for  which  early  orders  ara 
respectfully  solicited.  CALCEOLARIA  SEED.— W.  H.  hag 
some  of  the  above,  which  he  will  warrant  to  be  carefully  saved 
from  the  choicest  flowers  of  the  season —a  packet  will  be 
forwarded  by  post  for  30  postaere  Rtamps. 


NEW    PELARGONIUMS    OF    185L 

JOHN  DOBSON  in  .selecting  the  New  Varieties  to 
be  sent  out  in  the  Autumn,  begs  to  inform  tbe  admirers 
of  the  PELARGONIUM,  that  tho8«  he  has  selected  are  per- 
fectly distinct  from  anything  yet  out.  They  are  all  good  in 
shape,  of  firs''-rate  qualities,  distinct  colours,  abundant 
bloomers,  and  first-rate  show  flowers  ;  J.  D.  feels  assured  they 
will  give  as  much  satisfaction  as  any  of  the  varieties  previously 
sent  out  by  himself  and  Mr.BfiOK.  The  following  will  be 
sent  out  the  first  week  ia  October,  1852,  strong  plants  in  4-ir.ch 
pots,  packed  in  the  usual  manner,  and  which  has  given  so 
much  satisfaction.  Carriage  and  package  free  to  Loudon. 
The  u'ual  allowance  to  tbe  trade, 

SPOT.— Lower  petals  rosy  lilac,  with  deep  maroon  spot, 
leaving  a  pure  white  eye;  upper  petals  dark  maroon,  with 
narrow  distinct  margiu  of  rose  ;  medium  siziid  flower,  smooth, 
good  shape,  and  excellent  habit— a  first-rate  esblbitiDg  flower, 
very  constant  and  early.     II.  Is, 

VULCAN.— A  lar^'o  flat-setting  flower,  lower  petals  orange 
salmon,  with  large  distinct  white  centre  ;  upper  petals  clouded 
scarlet  maroon,  leaving  narrow  margin  of  violet ;  good  habit, 
free  bloomer,  and  very  constant.     11.  lis.  6c?. 

COMMANDER.— Lower  petals  crimson  purple,  with  light 
centre;  upper  petals  very  dark  chocolate,  nearly  approaching 
to  black  ;  blotch  decided,  leaving  a  narrow  margin  of  light 
crimson  ;  free  bloomer  and  excellent  habit,  good  late  flower. 
U  Is. 

GbRTRUDE.— Lower  petals  light  rose  mottled,  with  large 
white  eye ;  upper  petals  maroon,  shading  off  to  a  deep  rose  ; 
good  ehape,  free  bloomer,  and  excellent  habit;  a  very  striking 
and  constant  variety.     1?.  Is. 

HARRIOT.— Lower  petals  pink,  clean  white  centre  ;  upper 
petals  crimson  maroon,  with  narrow  pink  margin;  good  size, 
smooth  flower,  free  bloomer,  and  constant;  good  habit,  early 
Howrr.     15s. 

JUPITER.— Lower  petals  deep  ro^y  purplo,  ^ith  pure  white 
centre ;  upper  petals  crimson  purple,  shading  pIT  to  deep 
rose;  large  flowtr  and  free  bloomer;  robust  habit,  coiiatant, 
godd  late  flower.    11.  Is. 

PASIIA.— A  smooth  flat-setting  flower,  lower  pefn's  deep 
mulberry,  clean  white  centre,  with  dm-p  maroon  blotch  on 
upper  pet  ill  ;  distinct  bri}{lit  margin,  freo  bloomer  and  good 
huhit ;  a  novel  and  striking  variety.     11.  la. 

Wnndlatidq  NurFcry.   Inloworth. 


TO  GENTLEMEN  AND  THEIR  GARDENERS. 

THE  ADVERTISER,  who  will  be  leaving  this 
country  at  the  beginning  of  November,  is  desirous  of 
talking  with  him  SEEDS  of  Showy  GREENHOUSE,  HARDY, 
and  HALF-HARDY  PLANTS.  Those  who  can  spare  any- 
thing good,  by  sending  the  TRUE  NAME  of  the  seetl  with  the 
price  wanted,  will  be  duly  attended  to;  none  need  apply  who 
are  not  prepared  to  give  a  written  warrant  as  to  the  genuine- 
ness of  tbe^seeds  ofi'ered. — Address  W.  H.  Silkies,  at  Eyre's 
Advertising  Office,  19,  B'luverie-street,  Fleet-stieet,  Lond'^n. 

BEACH'S  QUEEN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— 
Having  taken  several  Prizes  thoHc  two  yeara  with 
QUEEN'S  STRAWBERRIES,  thousands  of  them  welching 
upwards  of  2  oz.,  many  of  them  I  eshibiced  last  year  in  the 
Crystal  Palace  upwards  of  3  oz,,  atid  this  year,  at  Cbiswick, 
tbey  gained  two  Knightiaii  Medils  on  July  lOth  ;  and  also  ott 
the  14th  inet.  the  Head  Prizi  at  the  Great  Show  at  Lewes.  See 
also  Dr.  Lindley's  opinion  of  them  in  the  Oanhners''  Chronicle 
of  the  lOh  of  July,  Jtnd  Ukertise  Mr.  CutbiU's  account  of  my 
plHce  in  th^  same  0  mriial  of  the  24;h  of  Ju'y.  Strong,  healthy; 
and  fine  plants  are  now  ready  to  be  sent  out  at  5s.  per  lOl),  boz 
includLd.— Post-ofHce  Orders  on  Hounilow  to  Mr  Thomas 
Beach,  Market  Oardener,  Wortoo,  Isleworth,  near  London. 

piVER&'    LARGE    YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP' 

i-^  SEED  (the  growth  of  the  pi'i-sent  season}.  Price  Is.  per  lb. 
Thi5  Turnip  had  its  ori^iin  in  181^2  witb  the  Stubble  Swede; 
and  has  been  repeatedly  tested  with  other  kinds  of  Yellow 
Turnip,  in  which  its  superiority  was  vtiry  Ay^.v^'^i?: — m  its 
sweetness  of  flavour,  and  in  its  vi>jmir  of  g    T      j. ..  last 

three  years,  on  various  soils,  i':  h'i/-.-'."'eld';'J  [-^'  ^  >..  .  '  I-j  tone 
per  acre,  when  sowu  in  the  lari-  lart  :  .'-"o ->■''■■ ;  and  It  haa 
the  advantage  o^keeping  in  s:iaoH'3  quit     lie  iu  .  .-    prin?.' 

RiVEEs*  Stubbie  Sv*ed<;.  *  r'^oi  is.  tid.  }~:r  lb.     Orders  to  the 
amount  of  lOs.  paid  to  lontton.— S!iwbriJge'vo*th,  Herts, 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,  drc. 

TAMES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.   beg   to  hand    theiff 

J  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Cut  to  order  in  Panes   not 
above  10  Indies  long. 

IG  oz 3d.   to  S^d. 

21  do 34(i.to5c^. 

26  do 5rf.    to7i'7. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  oz., 
2ld.  pevfoot, 


Pacl--ed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 
G  by4,  fijbylj 
7by5,  7|by5A 
6  by  5,  8  bv  5A 
3  by  6,  8S  by  6" 
9  by  7.  lU  by  8 


£.  s.  d- 
0  13  _ 
0  15 
0  15 

0  17 

1  0 


HA-RTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Con- 
servatories, Public  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c., 
^  inch  thick.    Packed  in  boxes  of  50  I'eet  each. 

6  by  4  and  CA  by  -li^.-lOs.  Gd.  I  7  by  5  and    7\  by  5i...l2s.  (^d. 

8  by  6  and  8;  by  64..,133.  Gd.  1  9  by  7  and  10    by  8  ...15s,  Od. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  ■It  by 
30  inches,  at  :3Ss,.  40s.,  to  42?.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

GLASS  MILK  PANS, 
The  same  size  as  the  foreign  ones,  but  superior  in  colour, 
make,  and  quality,  an  23.  each,  sr  21s,  per  dozen,  as  recom- 
mended by  Captain  Stanley  Cnrr. 

GLASS    CHURN    THERMOMETERS,   for  regulating  thfl 

Tt-mperature  of  Cream, 

LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS^ 

f4LA"^S  CREAM  TOTS,  <bc.  &c. 

CUCUMBER  TCBE>5,  PKOPaGATI:JG  AND  KEE  GLASSES,. 

TILES    AND    SLATES,    WASp  TRAPS. 

PLATE     CROWN,    AND    OKNAMENTAL    GLASS, 

.'SHADES  FOR  ORNAMENTS.  FERN  SHADES, 

And  every  Article  in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS    WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishopa- 

gate-8trcet  Without,  London,  


QEVEiNTY  CLEAN  PINE  PLANTS  of  all  the  best 

'^  k'lids,  aiidabou.30  very  l:irg»  Suckeis  oUlio  HIauU  Ulndu,  at 
la.  fid.  each.— Apply  lo  R.  Newman,  Stcdham  Hall,  Mldhurst, 

HUBBCZ. 


/lOCHIN  CHINA  CHICKENS.— A  few  pairs,  from 
Vy  throe  to  four  m>)iiihH  old,  wl-11  fuullicred  on  the  1<  gt,  mul 
<ii  the  purent  breed.  Price  U'a.  per  pair,— Address  to  Tuomas 
pAOK,  Chattorl-,  Cumhridgt-'xliln-, 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 

i.  OF  THE  SU.V.-UhO  K.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAlRtJLOTH,  a 
pt-rfi'Ct  non-conductor  r»f  lica^  and  ndinUtliig  light  wiihout 
lit-a*,  whuru  a  covering  U  rcijuircl  ;  It  Is  2  yiirds  widu,  and  any 
length,  at  Ib.  id.  pcryaid,  luid  inucli  chuapur  than  Ba»H  Mnto. 
E,  F,  AaciiEB,  151,  Oxf  ^rd-strca':,  London. 


^fHOMAS   MILLINGTON'S  "FOREIGN    SHEET 

-i-     GLASS  is  fur  «u|)erlor  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  woll 
as  cheaper.    In  lOO-fout  boxes,  paolted  for  immediate  delivery, 

6  Inches  by  4  ami    Gl  by  4.J       Vis.Od. 

7  ,,  5  and    7,1  by  B^       15     0 

8  ,,  5  and    8    by  5^       15     0 

8  „  C  awd    8.i  by  6^       17     6 

9  ,,  7nndl0    by  8         20     0 

12         „       10  and  13    by  !)        20    0 

And  many  other  slzo-t,  or  cut  to  order  In  various  thicknesses 
Cases  containing  liir;<o  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  foot,  at 
2la.  per  100  fi;«t. 
UOUOH  PLATE,  porfccUy  flat,  j!t  in.  thick,  host  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  ISinchea Gd.  per  (cot. 

,,        „        35     „       8rf.        „ 

,,        „        50     ,,       O^d.      ,, 

„        „        75      I2d.        „ 

Mi'k  Panfl,  2a.  to '!».  each  ;  Motiil  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tilcai 
nntl  Slatoi  J  Cucunibi'r,  l'rop)iga(liig,  anil  Iteo  fllnsseH;  Wasp 
TrapH,  Glass  HlitidoH,  and  Plato  Ghiss,  at  87,  Blebopsgate- 
street  WitliDUt,  Loiutoii,  name  sldo  m  EuBtoru  Counties  RalU 
W!iy.— RMtubliflicd  100  years. 


^T 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  21, 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITIONS     IN     REGENT    STREET. 


q^'HE  COUNCIL  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  Hereby  Give  Notice,  that,  with  a  view  to  the 

-L  lurth.r  ^nc'iuraBfuifnt  of  goorl  cultiv:jiuin  at  all  seasons  aod  in  all  branches  of  Gardt-ninir.  Med.*le  and  Certificates  of 
Merit  will  be  Riven  at  the  General  M^etin-s  of  the  S  tiety  in  KeKCnt-street,  duriDg  the  jears  1852  and  1S53,  accordiog  to  the 
following  Scl-edule,  and  undtr  the  llegulatiooa  thereto  annexed  : —  , 

StrawberrJea  (one  dish  only  ebown  by  each  Es- 

bibi'or)  

New  Grapes       


1 852. 

CcrnnEa  19.     TJiird  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p  m 

The    best    coHectiona    of   Fardy    Annuals  (eut 
llowl  rs),  each  aurt  named  eorrfctly       ...         ...     SB.  C. 

Table  Pears,  corrt'c'y  nfimrd,   in  ci-lUcfions  of 

BiXj  two  fipecimens  of  eauli  sort  to  be  produced     SB.  C. 

Green  Peas,  named  correctly  ...     C. 

NoVEHBEB  2.    First  Tvesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

Chrysantheniiims   (ebown  in   sisefl,  in  pots  not 
exceeding  11  inches  in  inside  diauieter)  ...    SK.  SB, 

Alpine  Sirawbeniea     ...         ...         ...     SB.  C. 

Celeiy  (shown  in  three  beads)         C. 

Decembee  7.    Fh-at  Tuesday.         Meeting  at  2  p  m, 

Autumn-flowering    Htathf    (shown  in  sixes,    in 
potBDotinore  ihan  11  inchea  ininaide  diameter)    SK.  SB, 

Table  Pearu,  as  in  October SB.  C. 

The  beet  lot  uf  forcid  Vegetables SB.  C. 


185S. 

jANOJiaT  1?.     Third  Tuesday Mee'ing  at  2  p.m. 

The  best  coiUcfon  ot  Hardy  Winter-flowering 

Plants  (cut  flowers  admissible) SB.  C. 

Epi;'i(rh  Grjipes  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     SB.  C. 

The  best  and  most  vaiied  Salad     SB.  C. 

rtcaUABT  15.     Third  Tuesday       Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

Came-llias  (shown  iu  threes,  in  pots  not  exceeding 

15  inches  in  inside  diameter)       SK.  SB. 

Table  PearB,  as  in  Octobi^r SB.  C. 

Leltucea  (shown  in  sixes)       SB.  C. 

MAscn  1.     First  Tuesday Jleeting  at  3  p.m. 

riiinese  Piimu  an  (fliown  in  pairs  in  9  inch  pot?)     SB.  C. 
iiimalayan  Piimulaa,  in  pots  SB.  C. 


SR.  C. 
SK.  SB. 


M4ECH  15.     Tliird  Tuesday.  Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Hjbr  d  Rhododendrons  (one  pot  only  to  be  shown 

by  each  Exhioitor) SK.  SB. 

Strawberries  in  pots,  in  threes        SB.  C. 

The  best  and  most  varied  Saiad     SB,  C. 

Apeil  5.     First  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Hyacinths  (shown  in  pots  in  sixeF)  SB,  C. 

Fruits  or  Vegetables,  preserved  whole  by  private 
persons  fur  family  use,  without  sugar  or  vinegar 
(bhi)wn  in  bottles  of  white  glass,  one  bottle  (if 
each  kind),  ai  companied  by  a  written  account 
of  the  mnnner  in  which  they  have  been  pre- 
pared     SB.  C. 

Forced  Peas        SB.  C. 

Apeil  19.  Third  Tuesday Meeting  a-t  3  p.m. 

Cyclamens,  in  yota       SB.  C. 

Cherries   (one  dish  only  to  be  shown  by  each 

Exhibitor)        

Cauliflowera,  in  sixes 


}Sai  2 i.  Fourth  Tuesday 

The  two  beit  collections  of  Vegetables 
June  28.    Fourth  Tuesday.  

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

Jolt  26.    Fourth  Tuesday , 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 


SB.  C. 
SB.  C. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m. 
SK.  SB. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m 
SK.  SB. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m. 
SK.  SB. 


SK.— Silver  Knightian  Medal. 
SB. — Silver  Banksian  do. 
C. — Ceriir^cate  of  Merit. 


1.  The  Medals  and  Certifitatcs  of  Merit  are  on  no  account 
to  be  increased  bf-yond  those  named  in  this  schedule.  They 
«ro  to  be  given  for  line  (jiltiva'ion,  and  not  for  mere  novelty, 
which  is  to  be  a  •^ec  ndary  consideration  with  the  judges,  unless 
attended  by  greut  excellence. 

2.  Prizes  nriMy  be  withheld  if  the  objec'8  exhibited  fi^r  com- 
petition do  nor,  in  the  opinion  of  the  judjics,  deserve  them. 

3.  Although  thoie  Fubjects  of  exhibition  which  are  thus 
speciaily  indicated  are  what  the  Council  are  most  desirous  of 
receiving',  nevertheless  other  objects  are  also  admissible,  and 
additional  prizes  may  even  be  given  for  ih eai  ; /trovided  they 
possess  very  con.'picuous  merit.  The  Silvtr  Knightian  Medal 
will  be  the  bit^hi-st  addiii<.nal  reward  which  the  judges  can 
bestow,  witnout  Jho  epec'al  sanction  of  the  Council. 

4.  In  a  future  year  other  kinds  of  produce  will  be  selec'ed 
for  special  campetition, 

5.  Cut  tiowers  are  not  admiesible,  except  when  it  is  expressly 
so  stilted. 

G.  Dishes    or  baskets    for  fruit    and    vegetables    must   bo 


furnished  by  Ihe  Exhibitors,  if  they  are  present  or  live  near 
London.  The  Society  will  only  find  dishes  for  what  comes  from 
a  considerable  distance. 

7.  Fruit  must  be  perfectly  ripe  and  perfectly  coloured,  or  it 
will  be  di>iqnalifled. 

8.  Vegetab'eB  must  be  produced  in  the  state  in  which  they 
are  offered  for  sale  in  the  best  class  of  shops,  and  properly 
prepared  for  the  cook. 

y.  Foreign  fruit  and  vegetables  are  admissible,  but  not  in 
competition  wish  produce  of  huine  growth. 

10.  Everything  must  be  in  the  room  three  hours  before  the 
meeting,  and  rtaJy  for  inspection  by  the  Judges  two  hours 
before  the  meeting.  If  anything  received  later  is  allowed  to 
be  exhibited,  it  will  be  liable  to  exclusion  from  competition. 

11.  Exhibitors,  and  Exhibitors  only,  can  receive  passes  to 
enable  tbtm  to  return  to  the  meeting-room  after  the  Prizes 
shall  have  been  adjudicated.  Two  hours  before  the  meeting 
they  mu^t  quit  the  room,  in  order  that  the  Judges  may  be 
undisiurbed. 


OOTTAM      AMD      HALLE  H, 

2,   JSZgSNSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


A  PPLICATION    is    requested    for    theu-    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,    containing    Illustrations, 


i-1 

Conservatoiies 

Greenhouses 

Hot  Water  flppara'us 

Garden  Vatcs 


Descriptions,   and   Prices  of 
Mowing  Machines            ]  Hand-glass  Frames  Garden  Engines 

Fountains  Game  Netting  Do.      Syringes 

Ornamental  Wire  Work     Hurdles  Do.      Rollers 

Flower  Stands  j  Garden  Chairs  Flower  Labels 


Flower  Sticks 
Garrlen  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c. 


ZROT7  HUaSIiSS,  STRi&.Zn-SI>  -WIRB  TENCING,  GAI^S  IffSTTZICrG-,  &,C. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTIOIM    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,     CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITION  PKIZS  MEDAL  GATES  A¥B    ENAMELLED   MANGERS. 


VINAIGREDE      BORDEAUX. 
"College  of  Chemistry,  Liverpool. 
"Deah    5ibs— The   Cask  of    FRENCH    WINE    VINEGAR 
came  pafely  to  batid.     I  have  submitted  it  to  analysis,  and  find 
it  to   be  perfi-cily  pure,  i.e.,  it  only  contains  thoB©  matters 
which  are  in  all  femiemed  Gr^ipe  juice.     It  is  very  much  liked 
in  my  bouse,  beii  g  a  most  agreeable  acid.     The  reason  of  my 
sending  to  you  {(,r  Vinegar  was  on  account  of  the  dreadful 
mixture  sold  here  under  that  name.     Some  of  the  samples  I 
examined  contained  eugar,  oil  of  vitriol,  and  arsenic. 
"Yours  truly, 
"SnEBtoAN  Mdspratt,  F.R.S.B.,  Dr.  Phil.,  &c.,  &c. 
"*'  To  Messrs'.  W.  and  S.  Kent  and  Sons,  Upron-on-Severn." 

g^  See  also  the  Report  on  Vinetrar  of  the  Analytical  Sanitary 
Commission,  in  the  Lancet,  of  the  17r,b  January  last,  ooi-ies  of 
which,  and  the  n:\nics  ot  V  e  r.  tillers  throughout  the  Kingdom, 
nioy  he  hnd  Irom  ihe  Impor'erfl. 

N.B.  S  ores  in  Louden,  Liverpool,  Hull,  and  Gloucester. 


GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIES.  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufadure,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  dd, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  uauftl  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Es'imatea  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlei  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewts'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
llilJ,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.— A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


r      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's    Road,    Chelsea, 

*-'  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Miinufacturera.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticultural  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouse", 
Conservatories,  Pits,  Ac,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose, 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pita,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

Tbepplendid  collection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  Is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  Alto  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings;  also 
Cataloguesof  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c., forwarded  on  application, 
J.  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  KiMG'a  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 

HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT, 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Cbelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  couid  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di-ipatcb,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  witu  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  requh-e  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IG  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  23?,  63,  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  526  ft. ,  80i.  ]  3s.  8d. ;  2S  f r.  6  ins,  long, 
15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  Sd.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  ic,  7d,  and  8d,  pei^ 
foot,  super. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING     AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  vvilh 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anj-tbing  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms, 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  vvhom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
con  fidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


'PANNED    GARDEN    NETTING,    for   protecting 

J-  Strawberries  and  wall- fruit  from  birds,  or  as  a  fence  for 
fowls,  pigeons,  *tc.,  in  any  length,  from  JOHN  KING 
FARLOW'S  Fishing  Tackle  andNet  Manufactory,  5,  Crooked, 
lane,  London- bridge,  at  i^d.  one  yard,  3d.  two,  or  6d.  four 
yards  wide.  All  orders  over  20s.,  accompanied  with  post-office 
order  or  stamps,  carriage  free. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majestt 
and  H.  r!  H.  Prince  Albeet.  — ORNAMENTAL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
China,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese.  ShieldraUes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  gold-ejed  and  dun  Divers.  Carolina  Duck"  Ac, 
domesticated  and  pinioned:  aUo  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  '^'"I'T. 
Poland.  Suirey,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Japan  pied,  ai  d 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  and  at  o,  Hall-moon 
Passage,  Gracecburch-street,  London. 

WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FOUKS  AND  UUAININI5  TOOLS.-Silver  Medal  at 
Lewes  Show  was  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KEY  103,  New- 
cate-strecl,  Loudon,  for  these  celebrated  FORka.  It  would  be 
endless  to  quote  the  unlimited  approbation  espiessed  by  ihe 
leadini;  auriculturists,  farmers,  nurserymen  and  others,  from 
the  nobleman  to  the  labourer;  but  all  who  have  ued  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Mfchi's  remarli,  "That  they  facili'ate  labour 
qvite  2il  percent."  Early  orders  are  requested.  Frice  lists 
sent  on  application. 


34 — ISiJ^.J 


i  tiih     iJAttJLi£ii\  ^TE^rr 


L/ 11  IV  U  i»J  1  U  Li  IL 


AVERSCHAFFELT,  Nurseryman,  Ghent,  Bel- 
•  glam.  begs  to  announce  that  he  will  Fend  out  oa  the 
3.5th  September  next,  his  fine  new  CAMELLIA,  "GENEaAL 
DROUOT,"  on  the  following  conditions  :— 

Plants,  3  feet  high,  with  branches £1  12    0 

Do.,    2     do.,  do.  14     0 

Do,,  young  grafted  plants,  wUh  two  tjthreo 

bases       0     8     0 

N.B.  Hia  New  General  Catalogue  of  Plants  will  be  ready  in 
a  few  days. 

CHOIC&   CALCEOLARIA    SEED,    ETC. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  NueserTxUan,  Warminster, 
Wilts,  bejjs  to  announce  that  he  is  now  sending  out  the 
fullowing  SEEDS  :— 

CALCEOLARIA,  saved  from  his  large,  choice,  and  beautiful 
-collection  of  free  blooming  and  tine  spotted  varieiiea,  irom 
'Js.  Gd.  to  53.  per  packer. 

PANSY,  all  from  choice  show  flower?,  Is.  to2s.6(?.per  packet. 

CIXERARIA,  from  a  fine  collection,  Is.  to  23.  6d.  per  pacltet, 

CHINESE  LARKSPUR,  saved  from  a  beauiiful  collection 
of  various  colours,  from  pure  white,  skvblue,  variegated,  &c  , 
to  dArk  blue,  Is.  ppr  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM,  produced  by  beautifully  striped  and 
tricolored  kinds,  Is.  per  packet. 

Remittances  accompanying  the  orders  will  ensure  the 
delivery  of  the  above  postage  free. 

Gr.  W.  also  begs  to  oflTtr  the  under-men'ioned  desirable  kinds 
of  Strawberries  —  Vicioria  (Trollop's),  a  highly  approved, 
prolific,  early  kind,  and  an  excellent  forcer.  20s.  per  ICO,  or  3s. 
per  dozen  ;  Black  Prince  (CuihillS),  very  early,  good  bearer, 
and  a  good  forcer,  3s.  6d.  per  100;  Eleanor  (MyattS),  large, 
late,  and  excellent,  35.  6d.  per  lOO  ;  Stirling  Castle  Pine,  a 
large,  late,  good  bearing,  and  hardy  kind,  somewhat  of  the 
British  Queen  flavour,  5s.  per  100,  Older  esteemed  kinds  from 
2s.  6J.  10  3s  Gd   per  100. 

HOLLYHOCKS  saved  from  Rubida,  Rosea  Grandi- 
flora,     Aurantia,     Queen,    Model    of    Perfection,     Black 
-  Prince,  Suiphurea  Perfecta,   20s.  per  100,  a  portion  of  each 
""  kind,  or  ^  eparane  ;  SOout  of  every  100  of  these  kinds  come  true 
■from  seed,  and  in  many  instances  superior  to  the  originals. 

Strawberry  Plants,  all  the  approved  kinds,  2$.  Gd.  to  5s.  per 
100,  strong  plants,  true  to  name, 
DiLLiSTONE  sod  Co.'s  Nurscries,  Sturmer,  Halatead. — Aug  21. 


CAMELLIAS,  AZALEAS,   ETC.,  WITH    FLOWER-BUDS. 

A     VAN  GEERT,   Nurseryman   and  Provider  to 
•   several  Courts  of  Europe,  Ghent,  Belgium,  begs  to  offer 
■fine— 
CAMELLIAS,  well  set  with  flower-buds,  of  the  leading  varieties 

at  61,  per  100  and  upwards.  ;  _ 

CAMELLIA  STOCKS,  ready  for  grafting,  at  253.  per  100. 
INDIAN  AZ.A.LEAS,  <>f  the  leading  free  flowering  varieties, 

with  flower-buds,  at  Is.  each  and  upwards. 
GHENT  HARDY  AZALEAS,    with   flower-buds,    of  the  best 
sorts,  Is,  3d  each  and  upwards.  ;-;>«:[ 

LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM  ALBUM  and   RUBKtJM,  flowering 

roots.  Is.  each. 
ASCLEPIAS  T0BERO3A,  strong  flowering  roots,  30s.  perlOO. 
A  collection  of  30  fine  new  varieties  of  Hardy  Hybrid  GHENT 
RHODODENDRONS,  late  flowering,  3i. 
A.  V.  G.'s  new  Catalogue  of  Plants,  just  published,  may  be 
bad  on  applicaiion  to  his  Agent,  Mr.  R.  Silbeeead,  5,  Harp- 
lane,  Great  Tower-street,  London. 

A  reference  from  unknown  correapondents. 


CUTHILL'S   PRINCE  OF  WALES  AND   BLACK 
PRINCE  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS. 

THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES  was  raised  ia  1849  ;  it 
is  the  latest  we  have  in  this  country — was  in  bearing, 
Au-^ust  1,  The  flavour  is  excellent;  a  scarlet  cone-shaped 
■fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  Keen  ;  throws  its  bloom  well  up. 
foliage  light  green,  and,  like  its  royal  relative  (the  Black 
Prince),  an  enormous  bearer.  If  planted  on  a  northern  aspecf, 
it  will  bear  np  to  September.  Price  U.  per  100,  or  lOs.  Gd.  for 
-50  (a  few  plants  estra  allowed  to  the  Trade). 

A'SD  the  celebrated  BLACKPRTNCB,  the  earliest  in  England: 
this  year  thfy  wctc  picked  in  the  open  ground,  at  8s.  per  lb.,  by 
me.  See  also  Mr.  Meredith's  account  of  its  forcing  qualities  at 
tbe  Duke  of  Sutherland's.  Will  be  ready  for  delivery  ou  the 
^33  instant. 

Ccthill's  Pamphlet  on  the  Potato,  Asparagus,  Seakale, 
Rhubarb,  Strawberry,  Melon,  Cucumber,  »tc.,  2s.,  or  by  post 
2s.  4 (i.  Also  his  "Market  Gardening  round  London,"  ]s  Gd.. 
or  by  prtst  Is.  Bd.  The  true  Lapstone  Kidney  8s,  per  bushel. 
Post-ti£&ce  orders  on  Camb  rwell-green. 

Jamfs  Cothill,  Cflmberwell,  London. 


PLANT  LOVERS  who  wish  to  enrich  and  beautify 
thfeir  collections  at  a  cheap  rate,  and  yet  with  good  plantB, 
mr»v  arcompUsh  tiieir  wishfs  by  application  to  WILLIAM 
MASTERS,  EXOTIC  NURSERY,  CANTERBURY,  as  the 
f  .loiviog  list  will  attt-st  :  — 


12  Plants  of  S-icculents,  of 
distinct  kindf,  Oj.,  IBs., 30s. 

12   Fern-,  12.*.,  18s.,  2l5. 

\i  Orchids,  lis.  to  ;iiM. 

12   Ileatbfl.  Oa.,  12»..  I8s  .  2*8. 

M  Fancy  Geraniuow,  i2j. 

II  Oreenhoufe  Plants,  Oa.  to 
18f. 


at 


12  Stove  Plants,  12s.  to  30s. 

12  New     Sikkim     Rhododen- 
drons, 423. 

12  Camellias  eet  with  flower- 
buds,  303. 

12  Azaleas,  12s.,  I83.,  24s. 

12  China    Plants,    introduced 
by  Fortune,  2I3. 
Orders  are   respectfully    solicited,  and  will  be  punctually 
niied  to. 


.SATURDAY,  AUGUST  21,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOIt  TBE  E>SUING  WEEK. 

TanftiDAf,     Au(f.     ifi— N.tlondl  Florlcaltural 3  f.M, 

Coo.TkT  «now«  —  Tiicidft.,  Auxa.l  24:  Handnwonh  and  Ijuxellfl.— 
VdjondaT,  Auk.  £1:  TfOw'Tiditc,  Wycombe,  ar.d  Thornbon-.-Thur.tiay, 
Aog.  261  Obicbencr,a(HICIi.lie:-hi.In.-I'rtdi.y,  Aug.  27:   Dai.bury. 

It  ha»  been  this  year  observed  in  several  places 
that  the  Cherry,  the  I'liim,  the  Gooseberry,  and  other 
fraits,  either  dropped  off  the  branches  without  half 
swelling,  or  that  they  rotted  on  the  trees  while  ripen- 
ing. Something  of  the  same  kind  has  been  remarked 
npon  the  Cherries  near  Paris,  of  which  M.  Leveillk 
has  given  an  acconnt,  from  which  we  extract  a  few 
particulars  serving  to  show  in  what  point  of  view 
such  affections  are  regarded  among  our  intelligent 
neighbours  pn  the  other  side  of  the  channel. 

The  CiiKRiiY  Disease  in  question  is  said  to  be 
chiefly  observed  on  the  Merises  or  Kentish  Cherries, 
otherwise  called  Knglish  Cherries,  and  especially  on 
IJigarreaox.  A  quarter  of  the  crop  drops  off,  or 
dnes  up,  or  rots  npon  the  branches,  and  the  rest  is 
of  little  value,  being  spotted  and  deformed,  as  if  it 
had  suffered  from  a  iiailstorm.  These  spots,  M. 
ljV.\K\u.f,  states,  arc  merely  the  symptoms  of  a 


deep-seated  evil  pervading  the  branches.  At 
first  you  can  only  perceive  on  the  surface  of  the 
Cherry  one  or  more  brown  points,  surrounded 
by  a  pale  rose-coloured  border  ;  shortly  after  the  spot 
enlarges,  the  border  disappears ;  a  depression 
caused  by  the  drying  up  of  the  tissue  extends, 
sometimes  irregularly,  sometimes  in  the  form  of 
concentric  rings.  The  surrounding  flesh  is  not  much 
affected.  The  microscope  shows  that  the  cells  are 
deformed  in  drying  up,  and  become  more  or  less 
brown.  Small  white  threads,  the  spawn  of  a  fangus, 
such  as  usually  accompanies  vegetable  decay,  are  also 
observable  under  the  skin. 

Bat  the  fruit  of  the  Cherry  is  not  the  only  part 
affected  :  the  stalk  is  gradually  marked  by  brown 
spots,  which  become  deeper  coloured  as  the  disease 
extends.  By  degrees  the  stalk  dries  up,  its  central 
pith  being  found  to  be  also  brown,  and  its  cells  to 
be  deformed.  The  same  appearances  extend  to  the 
pith  of  the  branches,  but  are  attended  by  no  external 
symptoms.  It  is,  however,  to  be  observed  that  the 
spots  which  are  observable  on  the  leaves  do  not 
appear  to  have  any  connection  with  the  disease  of 
the  pith. 

The>essels  which  connect  the  stone  of  the  Cherry 
with  the  stalk  readily  break  off,  and  gradually 
become  brown. 

This  disease  of  the  Cherry  varies  in  its  symptoms 
according  to  the  period  at  which  it  appears.  If  itis 
attacked  when  young,  before  the  stone  hardens,  the 
fruit  simply  dries  up,  and  has  no  external  spots. 
But  if  it  is  nearly  full-grown,  then  only  these  spots 
appear  on  the  surface  and  stalk  of  the  fruit. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  learned  Frenchman 
does  not  refer  the  Cherry  blight  to  the  attack  of 
fungi  ;  and  on  that  point  his  opinion  has  weight, 
because  he  is  a  practised  mycological  observer.  On 
the  contrary,  the  whole  of  his  statements,  here 
greatly  abridged,  go  to  show  that  it  is  a  constitu- 
tional disease,  belonging  to  the  pith  or  medullary 
system.  Upon  the  whole,  M.  Leveill:^  inclines  to 
adopt  the  view  of  such  subjects  taken  by  M. 
ScHLEiDEN,  in  his  work  on  the  diseases  of  plants. 
"The  celebrated  Professor"  (we  here  translate  M. 
Leveill^^'s  words)  "  observes,  that  cultivated  plants 
are  more  frequently  ailing  than  those  which  are  wild, 
or  rather  uncultivated.  We  create,  in  a  manner, 
the  earth  from  which  the  first  derive  their 
nutriment,  while  the  others  choose  for  them- 
selves such  soil  as  suits  them.  Seeds  germi- 
nate or  not  in  the  place  where  they  fall.  If 
the  soil  is  suitable  {bon)  they  live,  if  bad  they  die. 
Whence  it  actually  results  that  plants  which  are 
found  wild  are  always  placed  under  circumstances 
most  favourable  to  their  existence,  and  are  generally 
in  good  health." 

"  This  simple  remark  is  the  key  of  the  whole 
theory.  We  at  once  understand  why  land  is  worn 
out  when  the  same  plant  is  cultivated  in  it  for 
many  successive  years,  and  when  it  is  every  year 
saturated  with  the  same  substances  conveyed  in 
the  manure.  Some  of  those  substances  are  no  doubt 
good ;  but  others  are  bad.  Plants,  however,  must 
consume  them  all,  indifferently,  because  they  have 
nothing  else  on  which  to  feed.  At  one  time  phos- 
phates predominate,  at  another  alkaline  matters. 
These  substances  re-act,  each  in  its  own  way,  on 
the  primitive  elements  of  the  cells — proteine  and  the 
fluid  contents;  thus  vitality  is  struck  at,  at  its  very 
source,  the  juices  are  affected,  the  immediate  pro- 
ducts are  unable  to  form,  the  cells  themselves 
eventually  disaggregate,  and  \  the  constitution 
becomes  wholly  affected.  Parts  then  become  weak, 
and  rot,  or  become  the  prey  of  insects  and  vegetable 
parasites." 

"  It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  at  the  time  when 
M.  Schleiden  was  writing,  M.  Delafond,  Pro- 
fessor at  the  Veterinary  school  of  Alfort,  should 
have  observed  nearly  an  identical  effect  produced 
upon  the  horses  fed  with  hay  from  some  artificial 
pastures,  consisting  of  Clover,  Lucerne,  and  Sain- 
foin. The  horse,  when  at  liberty,  like  plants  in  a 
wild  state,  selects  the  food  which  suits  him,  some, 
as  Grasses  giving  him  fibrine,  and  others,  such  as 
Clover,  Sainfoin,  and  Lucerne,  supplying  him  with 
albumen.  In  stables,  where  the  horse  is  fed  exclu- 
sively with  leguminous  plants,  his  blood  is  altered  ; 
it  abounds  in  water  and  albumen,  and  contains 
scarcely  any  fibrine  ;  the  quantity  of  blood  globules 
is  con.siderably  diminished,  and  thus  is  produced 
acute  or  chronic  inflammation  of  the  intestines, 
which  carries  off  large  numbers  of  animals.  M. 
Uei.afon])  made  these  observations  in  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Kure  and  Loire,  the  Seine  and  Oise, 
the  Marne,  the  Seine  and  iMarne,  and  the  Aisne. 
And  what  gives  great  force  to  these  views  is  tlnit 
ihe  disease  in  question  had  not  been  observed  till 
about  30  years  since,  when  the  production  of 
artificial  food  was  ■  first  established  in  those 
departments." 

Such  is  the  manner  in  which  M.  Leveim,i5  looks 


at  the  Cherry  blight.  It  will  be  seen  that  his 
opinions  in  some  respects  coincide  with  suggestion.? 
lately  made  in  this  Journal,  when  the  question  was 
raised  whether  the  frequency  of  mildew  and  other 
diseases  in  these  days  might  not  be  attributed  in 
some  way  to  high  modern  cultivation.  No  inquiry 
can  be  of  greater  moment  than  this,  and  we  still 
hope  that  a  discussion  may  be  raised  concerning  it  in 
this  country,  among  men  whose  knowledge  of  effect 
and  cause  will  give  weight  to  any  opinions  which 
they  may  express.  We  shall  take  an  early  oppor- 
tunity of  reverting  to  the  subject. 

It  has  been  observed  in  France  that  the  Egg 
Mildew  of  the  Vine  {Oidium  Tuckcri)  has  not 
attacked  the  Vine-like  plants  which  grow  near  the 
common  Vine  in  a  state  of  disea<^e.  We  learn  from 
M.  PjSpin  that  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  the  American 
creeper  (Ampelopsis  quinquefolia),  Ampelopsis  M- 
pinnata,  Cissus  heterophylla  and  orientalis,  have 
grown  as  usual,  without  a  sign  of  mildew.  Even 
the  true  Vines,  such  as  Vitis  lahrusca,  vulpina, 
cordifolia  and  virginiana,  with  another  known  in 
Paris  for  30  years  under  the  name  of  the  Massa- 
chusets  Grape  (or  Vigne  Isabelle),  one  of  the  Fox 
Grapes,  remarkable  for  the  strong  niusky  smell  of 
the  fruit  and  its  great  coarse  leaves,  have  all  escaped. 
The  last,  even  when  trained  to  a  wall,  among 
ordinary  Vines,  has  been  seen  by  M.  Hericart  be 
TnuRY  to  resist  the  egg  mildew  perfectly,  although 
the  surrounding  Vines  have  been  seriously  affected. 

Since  the  Vine  is  very  easily  grafted,  we  would 
suggest  that  it  might  be  worth  while  to  work  a 
number  of  Vines  on  such  a  stock  as  that  of  the 
Isabella  Grape,  for  the  sake  of  determining  whether, 
under  such  circumstances,  the  mildew  would  be  able 
to  attack  them.  Even  if  it  should  prove  that  the 
stock  is  without  influence  upon  the  disease,  the 
experiment  might  be  attended  by  useful  results, 
inasmuch  as  the  wild  Vines  of  the  United  States 
are  far  more  hardy  than  our  own,  and  may  possibly 
form  roots  capable  of  acting  well  in  soils  too  cold  for 
the  European  Vine. 

We  all  know  that  one  of  the  causes  of  Grapes 
not  ripening  in  England  is  that  they  do  not  leaf  and 
flower  early  enough  for  our  short  summers.  This 
arises  from  the  coldness  of  the  soil  of  Great  Britain,'' 
wdiich  usually  keeps  the  Vine  root  torpid  when  it 
ought  to  be  in  full  activity.  Bat  the  American 
Vines  by  no  means  require  the  same  amount  of 
earth-  heat ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are  growing  freely, 
while  the  cultivated  Grape  is  still  unroused.  Put, 
then,  the  latter  on  the  former,  and  it  is  a  fair 
hypothesis  that  a  few  weeks  of  spring:  growth  will 
be  gained,  which  is  all  we  want-.  I'his  is  actually 
done  in  the  case  of  the  Peach,  which  we  always  bud 
upon  the  Plum  stock,  because  its  own  roots  are  too 
tender  for  our  soil.  Why,  then,  may  not  the  saino 
thing  happen  with  the  Vine  ! 

Again,  there  are  hundieds  of  gardens  in  heavy 
land  in  which  the  Vine  never  even  flowers  in 
abundance,  and  where  a  ripe  Grape  is  not  to  be 
thought  of.  In  such  places,  even  in  Vineries,  the 
berries  either  shank  or  refuse  to  colour  ;  and  all  the 
draining  in  the  world  w;ill  not  prevent  it.  It  is  well 
worth  inquiring,  whether,  a  hardy  stock  on  which  to 
graft  the  Vine  would  not  prevent  this.  There  is 
no  fear  of  grafted  Vines  not  "standing;"  on  the 
contrary,  we  never  heard  of  a  case  in  which  the 
operation  was  attended  witlvlhe  slightest  disadvan- 
tage. We  therefore  recommend  the  intelligent  part 
of  the  gardening  world  to  set  seriously  about  trying 
the  very  simple  and  unexpensive  experiment  now 
suggested. 

THE  WHITE  WAX  INSECT  OF  CHINA. 

The  public  is  no  doubt  aware  that  there  is  a  white 
wax  (Pe-la)  produced  in  Cljina  of  great  value,  and  that 
various  statements  have  been  made  regarding  the  insect 
from  which  it  is  prepared,  as  well  as  the  tree  on  which 
that  insect  feeds.  Sir  George  Staunton  observed  an 
insect  of  this  description  ou  the  coast  of  Cochin  China, 
"  busily  employed  upon  the  small  branches  of  a  shrub 
then  neither  in  fruit  nor  flower,  but  in  its  general  habit 
bearing  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  Privet."  Various 
other  observations  have  been  made  upon  it  by  the  Abbe 
Grossier,  M.  Stanislas  Julien,  and  others,  but  up  to  the 
present  time  I  believe  the  insect  is  unknown  to  ento- 
niologists.  According  to  Capt.  Hutton,  who  published 
some  account  of  the  Minialnyan  wax  insect  (Flata 
limbata),  in  the  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society,  the 
Chinese  species  must  be  quite  distinct  from  the  Indian 
ono.  As  tlio  deposit  of  V.  limhata  "will  neither  melt 
on  the  fire  ;7cr  .vc,  nor  conihino  with  oil,  it  cannot  be  the 
subatiuice  from  which  the  famous  white  wax  of  China  is 
forrncil  ;  aiul  we  are  led  to  perceive,  from  the  difference 
in  tho  habits  of  the  larva  of  Flatii  linil)ata,  and  that  of 
the  insect  mentioned  by  tho  Ahbij  Grossier,  that  the 
wax  ia  rather  the  produce  of  a  species  of  Coccus  tlian 
of  the  larva  of  F.  limbata,  or  even  of  the  allied 
F.  nigricornis." 

1  observe,  howofor,  that  although  entomologists  con- 
fess  their  ignorance  as   regards    tho  insect,   writers 


^ 


XL  U  U*       ^  !•  * 


generally  have  no  hesitation  in  sayiog  that  the  tree  on 
which  it  is  placed  is  the  well-known  Ligustrum  lucidum,  | 
or,  according  to  M.  Julien,  L.  glabrura.  I  cannot  help 
thinking  that  this  opinion  must  be  classed  amongst  those 
fads  which  are  arrived  at  by  what  we  familiarly  call 
** jumping  at  conclusions"  without  evidence.  I  observe 
that  M.  tt.  Juhen,  whose  opinions  are  entitled  to  great 
weight  from  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the  written 
language  of  China,  says  that  the  wax  insects  are  stated 
to  be  raised  on  three  species  of  plants,  namely,  Ligus- 
trum glabrum,  Rhus  succedanea,  and  a  species  of 
Hibiscus  (Comptes  Rendus,  1840).  But  all  Chinese 
scholars  unacquainted  with!  China  must  necessarily 
labour  under  the  great  difficulty  of  referring  Chinese 
names  to  botanical  ones,  and  are  no  doubt  apt,  with  all 
their  care  and  research,  to  ^be  misled.  Thus  the  Tong- 
tsing  of  M.  Julien  is  certainly  applied  to  Ligustnim 
lucidum  (not  L.  glabrum),  about  Ningpo  and  Shanghae; 
but  then,  although  this  tree  abounds  in  those  districts, 
I  never  saw  the  wax  insect  upon  it,  and  it  is  certainly 
not  cultivated  for  that  purpose.  But  we  all  know  how 
very  loose  and  uncertain  Chinese  botanical  nomenclature 
is,  and  it  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  the  Tong-tsing  may, 
in  another  district,  refer  to  another  plant. 

I  now  possess  evidence  .which  goes  a  long  way  to 
prove  tliat  another  plant,  different  from  any  of  the 
above,  is  the  true  White  Wax  'tree  of  Central  China. 
Before  leaving  China,  I  had  the  honour  of  receiving 
from  the  French  consul  at  Shanghae  two  small  trees, 
which  had  been  brought  down  by  one  of  the  Catholic 
missionaries  from  the  province  of  Sychuen,  where  the 
principal  part  of  this  valuable  substance  is  produced. 
I  cannot  see  how  any  mistake  could  Iiave  been  made,  as 
the  tree  is  no  doubt  as  common  in  that  province  as  the 
Tallow  tree  is  in  Chekiang.  I  am  happy  to  say  that  oue 
of  these  plants  has  reached  this  country  in  good  con- 
dition, and  is  now  in  the  Exotic  Nursery .  at  Chelsea. 
Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry  have  allowed  me  to  place  it 
with  them  for  the  present,  and  I  have  no  doubt  they 
will  allow  any  one  interested  in  the  beautiful  white  wax 
of  China  to  see  it.  It  appears  to  be  very  like  an  Ash, 
but  apparently  different  from  any  known  species.  It  is 
deciduous,  and  no  doubt  will  prove  perfectly  hax'dy  in 
the  gardens  of  this  country,  R.  F, 


PETUNIA  (NIEREMBERGIA)  INTERMEDIA- 

Twenty  years  have  scarcely  passed  away'  since  this 
pretty  little  plant  was  first  raised  from  South  American 
seeds  in  tlie  garden  of  the  late  Dr.  Neill,  when  a  high 
opinion  was  formed  of  it  by  plant  growers  generally. 
^  For  some  time  it  was  extensively  cultivated,  and  no 
c-ollection  was  considered  complete  without  it ;  but  as 
its  beauty  and  worth  consist  in  compact  growth,  and  a 
profusion  of  interesting  little  flowers,  from  April  to 
November,  and  not  in  the  production  of  large  high- 
coloui'ed  blossoms  of  only  a  few  weeks'  duration,  the 
prevailing  taste  of  recent  years  for  showy  flowers  has 
driven  this  once  favourite  plant  nearly  out  of  cultiva- 
tion. It  is  also  somewhat  delicate,  and  soon  shows 
its  impatience  of  "improper  treatment,  of  whicli  it  has 
had  a  large  share  ;  for  notwithstanding  that  it  is  a  native 
of  the  warm  sandy  plains  of  Buenos  Ayres,  it  has  been 
planted  and  potted  in  rich  heavy  soil,  and  very  liberally 
watered  ;  and  because  it  did  not  thrive  under  such 
circumstances,  many  discarded  it  as  difficult  to  manage. 
For  the  decoration  of  the  greenhouse  during  the  summer 
-'  months,  for  placing  iu  the  sitting-room  window,  or  for 
planting  in  masses  among  half-hardy  plants,  it  is  a  really 
valuable  plant,  provided  its  habits  are  respected. 

Cuttings  should  be  selected  of  firm  pieces  of  young 
wood,  such  as  have  not  begun  to  produce  flowers,  planted 
in  light  sandy  soil;  covered  with  a  hell  glass,  and  placed 
for  a  fortnight  in  a  shady  part  of  a  cold  frame,  and  then 
removed  where  the  temperature  may  be  from  60*^  to  70^  ; 
thus  treated,  they  will  be  sufficiently  rooted  for  potting 
off  in  about  a  month  or  five  weeks.  This  Petunia  is 
difficult  to  winter  in  a  soft  state,  and  as  some  time  is 
required  to  get  up  nice  plants  with  well  matured  woodj 
the  cuttings  should  be  got  in  before  the  end  of  June, 
and  where  a  stock  for  out-door  planting  is  required,  it 
will  be  advisable  to  grow  a  few  plants  to  furnish  cuttings 
at  the  proper  season.  Pot  singly  in  4-inch  pots  as 
soon  as  the  cuttings  are  sufficiently  rooted,  using  light; 
ricli  sandy  soil,  and  place  them  in  a  close  moist  frame 
until  they  have  made  some  progress  ;  afterwards, 
gradually  accustom  them  to  a  free  circulation  of  air, 
and  full  exposure  to  the  sun's  rays,  in  order  to  get 
the  wood  well  ripened.  An'  airy  situation  free  from 
damp,  and  where  the  temperature  may  average  about 
40*^,  will  suit  during  winter.  Those  intended  for 
planting  out  should  be  hardened  during  spring  by  free 
exposure  to  air  on  mild  days,  but  tUey  had  better  be 
kept  growing  slowly,  and  if  they  can  be  shifted  into 
5-inch  pots  this  will  assist  in  keeping  them  healthy  and 
in  having  good  plants  at  turning  out  time,  which  will 
'  produce  immediate  effect.  A  warm  sheltered  situation, 
;  with  light  rich  sandy  soil  and  thorough  drainage,  is 
indispensable,  especially  in  such  seasons  as  the  present. 
The  plants  intended  to  be  grown  in  pots  should  be 
nice  compact  specimens  in  5-inch  pots,  before  winter, 
and  should  be  induced  to  start  into  free  growth  as  early 
in  spring  as  circumstances  will  permit.  About  the 
middle  or  end  of  February  will  be  a  proper  time  for 
,  placing  the  plants  in  a  temperature  of  from  50°  to  60°, 
keeping  them  near  the  glass,  and  admitting  air  freely 
on  inild  days.  As  soon  as  they  are  moderately  rooted, 
shift  into  pots  one  or  two  sizes  larger  than  those  they 
occupy,  according  to  the  vigour  of  the  plants  ;  very  fine 
healthy  specimens  may  be  allowed  8-inch  pots,  while  a 


size  smaller  will  be  more  suitable  for  such  as  are  not  so 
promising.  Stop  rather  closely,  and  tie  out  the  prin- 
cipal shoots  ;  maintain  a  moist  'atmosphere,  but  water 
carefully  till  they  appear  to  have  ta];en  to  the  fresh 
soil,  especially  any  that  were  pot-bound.  Keep  them 
growing!  as  freely  during  the  spring  'as  can  be  done 
without  inducing  ^weakly  "gi'owth.  Beginners  will  pro- 
bably experience  considerable  difficulty  in  getting  some 
of  their  intendedfspeciraens  to  make  a  good  start ;  and 
they  will  act  wisely  in  being  prepared,  with  a  few  extra 
plants,  which  will  enable  them  to  throw  failures  away 
without  inconvenience  ;  for*once"'  get  this  plant  into 
bad  health,  and  it  is  not  easily  recovered.  If  all  goes 
on  well  they  will  be  handsome  specimens,  covered  with 
flower,  by  the  middle  of  May,  and  should  be  placed  in 
the  greenhouse^when  its  usual  occupants  are  placed  out- 
of-doors.  Any  of  the  specimens  that  have  filled  their 
pots  well  with  roots  will  be  benefited  by  a  shift,  and  all 
by  occasional  waterings  with  clear  weak  manure  water. 
When  they  have  done  flowering,  which,  if  they  are 
properly  treated,  will  not  be  until  well  into  the  autumn, 
they  may  be  tlirown_to  the  rubbish-heap,  as  young 
plants  occupy  less  space  during  winter,  and  generally 
make  better  specimens  than  old  ones  kept  after 
flowering.  \ 

The  best  soil  for  the  pot  culture 'of  this  plant  is  turfy 
sandy  loam  and  fibrous  peat  in  about  equal  proportion's. 
which  should  be  broken  up  into  small  pieces,  rejecting 
all  that  is  not  full  of  fibre.  To  four  parts  of  this  add 
one  of  sharp  silver-sand,  and  one  of  clean  small  pots- 
herds. A  small  quantity  of  thoroughly  decayed  cow- 
dung  passed  through  a  fine  sieve,  to  free  it  from  worms, 
intimately  mixed  with  the  compost,  will  be' useful  to 
healthy  plants,  especially  in  the  final  shift.  Alalia. 


a  trace  of  the  coarse  short  down  that  belongs  to~  iT. 
latifoUa  being  observable.  The  flowers  themselves  are 
greenish-yellow,  with  very  acute  divisions  ;  in  the  lip 
the  middle  lobe  is  narrower  than  usual,  as  weU  as  much 
sharper  pointed.  The  ovary  is  clavate,  instead  of  being 
linear  oblong.  The  raceme  itself  has  a  drooping 
chai'acter,  which  at  once  catches  the  eye  of  the  observer. 
Were  we  to  follow  the  custom  of  many  modern 
botanists,  we  should  at  once  declare  that  our  Epipactis 
is  a  new  species,  for  it  differs  much  more  from  E,  lati- 
foUa than  numbers  of  so-calledmodern species  differ  from 
others.  Its  smoothness,  its  sharp  flower- divisions,  its 
colour,  its  peculiar  drooping  flowers,  and  we  might  add 
its  occuring  wild  in  some  quantity,  might  be  all  regarded 
as  proofs  that  it  must  be  essentially  distinct  from  that 
with  which  we  have  compared  it.  Nevertheless  we  are 
obliged  to  confess  that  although  we  should  be  proud  of  the 
honour  of  once  more  announcing  the  existence  of  a. 
plant  that  no  one  had  ever  before  been  acute  enough  to 
distinguish  in  this  kingdom,  yet  we  must  regard  that  in 
question  as  no  better  than  an  accidental  variety,  having 
the  same  relation  to  E.  lafifolia  as  Eosa  canina  bears  to 
the  R.  diometosum  of  Woods.  For  the  sake  of  enabling 
others  to  judge  whether  we  are  right  or  not,  the  annexed 
figure  has  been  carefully  prepared  from  one  of  Mr. 
Vernon  Harcom't's  living  plants.  The  representation,, 
on  the  left  hand,  of  a  magnified  flower,  will  assist  the 
botanist  in  forming  his  conclusion.  /.  L, 


A  NEW  BRITISH  PLANT. 
In   August,    1851,   we  received  from    the  Rev.   L. 
Vernon  Harcourt  a  few  flowers  of  an  Epipaciis,  wliich 


he  had  found  wild  near  Chichester.  From  these,  and  a 
sketch  which  accompanied  them,  it  was  evident  that  the 
plant  varied  in  some  striking  particulars  from  E.  lati- 
folia.  Mr.  Vernon  Harcourt  had  observed  that  the 
specimens,  of  which  a  great  many  were  found,  were 
widely  different  from  that  species  in  the  form  of  their 
flowers,  and  in  the  want  of  downiness  upon  the  flower- 
stalks  and  ovary.  This  year  he  has  favoured  us  with 
living  plants,  which  have  flowered  in  our  gai'den,  and  iu 
which  the  following  peculiarities  are  observable. 

The  general  habit,  form  of  leaves,  and  stature,  are 
those  of  E.  latifolia  ;  except  that  the  lowest  leaf  is  much 
narrower  than  in  the  usual  forms  of  that  species.  The 
rachis,  pedicels,  and  ovaries  are  pei'fectly  smooth,  not 


ROOTS  AS  A  MEANS  OF  PROPAGATION. 

As  it  is  a  fact,  which  botanists  have  clearly  demon- 
strated, that  all  the  organs  of  plants  have  an  extremely 
simple  origin,  and  are  formed,  as  it  may  be  said,  by  a 
single  utricle,  which  engenders  others,  among  which 
vessels  of  different  kinds  appear  ;  that  this  mass  of 
utricles  proceeds  in  this  manner  to  constitute,  under  the 
vital  influence,  plants  of  various  forms,  adapted  for  our- 
use  and  for  increasing  our  enjoyment  ;  since  it  is  the 
case,  I  repeat,  that  all  plants' originate  by  a  simple  and- 
uniform  organisation,  and  that  many  of  them  are 
naturally  multiplied  by  division  (segmentation)  we  may 
thence  conclude  that  every  detached  part  of  a  plant,, 
placed  under  conditions  favourable  for  its  preservation^ 
would  reproduce  an  individual  similar  to  that  from 
which  it  was  taken.  Practical  experience  daily  furnishes- 
us  with  numerous  examples  in  support  of  this  view  of 
the  subject. 

What  does,  in  fact,  the  gardener  when  he  cuts  off  & 
branch  from  some  plant  in  order  to  make  it  produce 
roots  ?  Is  not  the  complete  separation  of  the  small 
portion  of  the  plant  made  with  the  intention  of  it& 
becoming  an  individual  similar  to  that  from  which  it 
was  taken  ?  Do  not  cuttings  and  buds  afford  daily  con- 
firmation of  these  data  of  vegetable  physiology  ?  Is  it  not 
the  ca?e,  that  in  some  plants.  Gloxinias  and  Achiraenes,. 
for  example^  a  leaf,  or  the  fragment  of  a  leaf  is  suffi- 
cient 'to  propagate  the  species  ?  Moreover,  is  it  not 
known  that  in  some  of  the  Lily  tribe  even  a  single  scale- 
detached  from  the  bulb  will  produce  minute  bulbs  or 
shoots  from  its  base  ;  and,  finally,  one  of  the  scales  in 
some  cases  may  be  cut  into  small  pieces,  by  means  of 
which  the  gardener  pan  produce  several  plants. 

These  examples,  which  fmight  be  easily  multipliedj. 
are,  I  presume,'sufficient  for  the  subject  I  have  proposed; 
and  they  lead  to  the  conclusion,  that,  if  the  above-ground 
portions  of  a  plant  can  'produce  new  individuals,  so- 
ought  likewise  the]^under-ground  parts  or  roots,  seeing 
that  they  have  the  same  elementary  formation.  I  am- 
convinced  that  this  pai't  of  the  plant  has  hitherto  been 
too  much  neglected  as  I'egards  propagation,  and  that  in 
this  respect  it  will  become  of  great  importance,  when  it 
shall  be  advantageously  employed  in  the  propagation  of 
plants  that  are  found  difficult  to  increase  by  other  modes* 
It  may  be  employed  for  producing  plants  either  directly 
similar  to  the  original,  or  for  furnishing  stocks.  In  the 
first  case,  it  is  sufficient  to  cut  the  roots  into  small  pieces- 
and  plant  them  in  the  natural  soil,  as  is  usually  done 
with  the  Catalpa,  Tecoma,  Paulovnia,  Xanthoxylumj. 
Cydonia,  Azalea,  Madura,  Gingko,  CalycanthuSj  - 
Syringa,  Prunus,  Morus,  Guilandina,  Volkameriaj. 
Ailanthus,  Rhus,  &c. ;  and  in  the  second,  that  is,  when 
we  wish  to  raise  stock,  we  must  proceed  as  is  done  for 
the  Pseonia,  Clematis,  Bignonia,  &c. 

The  examples  which  I  have  cited  may  be  extended  to- 
herbaceous  plants,  such  as  the  Lobelia  and  certain 
Anemones.  The  Pteonia  officinalis,  &c.,  make  equally 
good  plants  from  pieces  of  the  roots,  and  in  my  opinion 
this  is  the  best  mode  of  propagation  for  these  plants. 
Indeed,  certain  families,  such  as  the  Campanulaceie^ 
Boraginacere,  Convolvulacese,  and  the  RanuncuIaceECj, 
&c.,  seem  to  possess  this  property  in  a  high  degree. 

In  endeavouring  to  direct  the  attention  [of  gardeners 
to  the  roots  as  a  means  of  propagating  plants,  I  have 
the  conviction  that  the  certainty  of  the  proceeding  will 
be  very  advantageous  in  the  propagation  of  certain 
plants  which  refuse  to  strike  from  cuttings  taken 
from  shoots  or  branches.  If  we  have  great  difficulty 
in  so  propagating  them,  it  is  frequently  because  the 
mode  employed  is  not  suitable  to  the  degenerated  or 
domesticated  state  [into  which  we  have  brought  them  ; 
for  we  cannot  imagine  that  the  Creator,- in  spreading 
over  the  earth  innumerable  species  of  plants,  intended 
that  they  should  disappear  ;  but  on  the  contrary  we 
may  rest  assured  that  He  has-  given  each  of  them  the 
means  of  reproduction.  These  means  are  the  seeds  ; 
but  as  man,  always  desirous  of  enjoyment,  endeavours- 
to  procure  new,  by  transporting  into  the  country 
which  he  inherits,  plants  from  a  different  region, 
and   which   are   by   this  frequently   rendered    sterile^ 


34—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


533 


he  must  submit  to  the  consequences  of  this  trans- 
gression, of  natui'al  laws.  The  .various  cares  which 
plants  require,  and  the  difficulty  which  we  expe- 
rience in  their  propagation,  have  caused  us  to  have 
recourse  to  a  part  of  the  plant  less  subject  than  the 
stems  and  flowers  to  the  influences  of  climate. 

I  therefore  consider  the  roots  as  being  peculiarly 
adapted  in  most  cases,  if  not  in  all,  for  the  propagation 
of  plants  which  will  neither  produce  seeds  nor  propagate 
by  cuttings  of  the  shoots.  CarnerCj  in  Revuc^Horticole, 
June,  1852. 


Home  Correspondence. 

S'l/bnch. — Your  remarks  on  hybridising  induce  me 
to  enquii'e  if  any  experiment  has  been  made  with  the 
different  species  of  Lychnis,  as  I  think  a  race  of 
singular  beauty  might  be  obtained  between  fulgens  or 
coronata  and  tlie  old  hai'dy  scarlet  of  our  gardens.  If 
3  variety  could  be  raised,  combining  the  robust  consti- 
tution of  the  latter  with  tlie  large  blossoms  of  the 
former,  I  think  the  successful  florist  would  be  well 
rewarded  for  his  pains.  Such  an  experiment  has  been, 
this  year,  attempted  in  my  conservatory  ;  but  not  having 
the  hardier  species,  Chalcedonica,in  my  garden,  coronata 
was  the  mother,  or  rather  intended  mother  ;  for  the 
whole  flower  stem  was  accidentally  broken  off,  after  the 
indi\'idual  blossoms  liad  received  the  poUeu.  I  am  not 
mjself  a  Heath  grower,  but  I  am  very  anxious  to 
recommend  to  the  attention  of  some  skilful  cultivator  of 
this  lovely  race  the  attempt  to  unite  the  hardy  British 
species  with  the  exquisite  race  of  Soutii  Africa ;  I 
presume  that  no  physiological  bar  to  the  union  exists  ; 
which  peradventure  might  prevent  a  combination  of  the 
Ericas  of  the  Cape  with  the  Menziesias  of  Ireland  ; 
If  not,  how  beautiful  would  the  large  blossoms  of  one 
appear,  when  suffused  with  the  glowing  hues  of  the 
other.  As  it  is  affirmed  that  the  interesting  little 
hardy  shrub,  kuowu  as  Bryanthus  erectus  is  a  true 
Menziesia,  it  might  be  well  to  test  its  capabilities 
as  the  parent  of  a  new  race.  Obstacles  to  the  union  of 
Tai'ious  Heathworts  seem  to  exist ;  as  I  am  told  that 
the  late  Dean  of  Manchester  failed  in  raising  crosses 
between  Rhodothamnus  Kamtchaticus  and  some 
species  of  Rhododendron,  while  he  succeeded  in  getting 
a  hybrid  between  Rhododendron  dauricum  atrovirens, 
which  has  flowered  and  is  very  distmct,  and  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  Messrs.  Veitch  of  Exeter,  who  I 
believe  possess  the  whole  stock.  Mr.  Smith,  of  Norbiton, 
tells  me  that  he  [cannot  procure  a  union  between  the 
Azalea  indicas  and  the  fine  Ghent  varieties,  though  so 
many  fine  seedlings  of  each  have  been  raised  by  him.  I 
see  that  Messrs.  Rollisson  have  succeeded  in  raising 
seedlings  between  Rhododendron  Javanicum  and  some 
hardy  species,  'and  I  beheve  the  same  result  has  been 
accompUshed  in  the  nursery  of  Messsi-s.  Veitch,  so  that 
we  may  hope  to  see  orange  and  yellow  added  to  the 
other  colours  of  this  glorious  race.  I  do  not  grow  many 
bulbs,  but  having  observed  at  this  eax-ly  season,  a  strong 
head  of  flowers  of  the  Belladonna  Lily,  which  had  been 
forced  into  bloom  by  having  been  planted  at  the  foot  of 
a  wall,  which  receives  heat  from  the  kitchen  chimney, 
I  dusted  the  stigma  TS-ith  the  pollen  of  a  fine  AmarylUs 
platypetala,  and  am  hopeful  regarding  the  result  of  the 
experiment ;  but  the  pollen  of  the  Belladonna  has  had 
no  effect  on  the  Amaryllis.  A  Devonian. 

Tfie  Manctti  Rose-stoch. — It  is  asked  at  p.  517  i5  Roses 
worked  upon  this  stock  die  off  after  thi'ee  or  four  years' 
growth  ?  I  have  now  used  the  Manetti  stock  for  at 
least  seven  years,  and  after  I  had  once  began  to  send 
out  plants  upon  it  my  customers  (or  at  least  those  of 
them  who  had  a  sample)  would  never  take  plants  upon 
the  Briar.  I  have  now  fine  large  bushes  on  the  Manetti, 
at  least  five  or  six  years  old,  which  are  as  healthy  and 
vigorous  as  they  were  the  first  season,  and  which  form 
a  fine  contrast  (on  a  border  of  specimens)  with  the 
majority  wliich  are  on  Briars,  and  some  of  which  are 
annually  dying,  and  others  monthly  choked  with  suckers. 
One  of  the  best  properties  of  the  Manetti  stock  is  the 
freedom  with  which  it  swells  annually  with  the  growth 
of  the  bud.  As  a  pot  stock  it  is  invaluable;  it  makes 
such  fine  fibrous  roots,  and  is  so  clear  of  suckers  ;  and 
in  pots  it  may  be  "  worked  "  10  months  out  of  the  12. 
I  have  formerly  said  a  good  deal  in  favour  of  this  stock, 
and  now,  after  seven  years'  expei-ience,  I  think  more 
hi^ly  of  it  than  ever.    Hiomcis  Appleby,  York,  Aug.  17. 

Mdon  grfjvjlng.  —  The  following  is  my  mode  of 
managing  the  Beechwood,  with  which  I  have  always 
i)«en  very  Huccesaful.  My  pit  is  heated  with  hot 
dung,  and  is  pigeon-lioled,  with  a  hot  chamber  under 
the  bed.  The  soil  I  employ  is  three  parts  Wimbledon 
ioam,  and  one  part  vegetable  mould.  I  would  recom- 
mend the  loam  to  bo  in  a  rougii  state,  and  removed 
from  the  pasture  a  conftiderablo  time  before  it  is  used 
60  that  all  th<:  herbage  it  contained  may  have  become 
decayed.  I  grow  my  yonng  plants  in  light  loam  and 
leaf  Boil  previous  to  their  being  planted  out.  Heat 
abotild  be  duly  attended  to,  particularly  at  the  time 
the  fruit  iij  wetting;  aft^r  it  be^jins  to  Hwell,  plenty  of 
air  should  be  admitted  on  every  favourable  opportunity. 
The  plants  ohould  bo  freed  from  all  wtraggling  or  ovor- 
luanriant  shoot^j.  I  leave  the  mould  loono  wlion  the 
plantM  arc  first  put  out,  by  which  meanH  they  Hoon 
get  well  established  ;  at  moulding-up  time  I  press  it 
nard.  I  Btop  first  at  the  second  joint.  Tho  Bccond 
stopping  depends  on  tho  strength  of  tho  plant,  tho 
bruMJth  of  the  frame,  and  other  circumstances.  The 
plantfl  fihould  not  be  placed  too  near  tho  back  wall,  aw 
the  shootfl  in  that  ca»o  become  cxhauat/jd  before  they 
are  itopped,  nnd  tho  lateral  or  fruit*bcaring  VincH 
aw  weak.     It  is  impossible  to  get  largej  woll'flavourcd 


fruit,  without  healthy  foliage  and  strong  fruit-bearing 
shoots.  I  damp  the  plants  every  evening  during  the 
growing  period,  except  when  the  fruit  is  setting,  and  I 
shut  up  the  pit  with  plenty  of  sun-heat  in  it,  so  as  to 
ensure  a  warm  moist  heat ;  by  this  means  I  keep  the 
plants  in  a  healthy  growing  state,  and  free  from  red 
spider.  If  green-fly  appears,  I  immediately  fumigate 
with  tobacco  smoke.  Under  the  above  treatment  I 
have  grown,  with  uniform  success,  large  quantities  of 
well-flavoured  fruit,  weighing  from  4  to  5  lbs.  each. 
/.  K.,  August  14. 

Pear  Insects. — About  a  fortnight  ago  I  observed  a 
Jargonelle  Pear-tree  affected  by  an  insect  which  varies 
in  lengtli  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  ;  its  formation 
or  shape  is  like  a  tadpole,  with  numerous  feet,  short  and 
strong  like  the  GoosebeiTy  caterpillar  ;  its  appearance 
is  like  a  glutinous  di'op,  not  unlike  a  drop  of  resinous 
matter  such  as  that  which  issues  from  the  Plum  tree  ; 
its  effects  are  speedily  observed  upon  the  leaves  of  the 
tree  attacked  by  them,  and  in  hot  weather  you  hear  the 
sound  of  their  operations  on  the  leaves  as  if  it  were 
drops  of  rain  falling  upon  them  ;  they  are  very  destruc- 
tive to  the  leaf ;  sometimes  they  make  a  hole  in  it 
exactly  the  size  and  shape  of  their  body,  and  fall  either 
on  the  leaves  below  or  upon  the  groimd.  I  cannot  say 
that  I  have  seen  tliem  on  the  branches  or  on  the 
ground.  When  I  first  observed  them  on  the  Pear  tree, 
which  is  on  a  wall  with  an  exposure  to  the  south,  there 
were  few  of  them,  but  it  was  very  soon  covered  with 
them,5and  now  the  whole  of  the  leaves  of  this  tree  are 
quite  brown  ;  and  though  the  other  Pear  trees  are  at 
some  distance  they  are  now  quite  covered  with  the 
insects,  who  seem  to  have  powers  of  locomotion  and 
breeding  to  a  wonderful  extent.  They  do  not  affect  the 
fruit,  to  all  appearance,  but  I  see  that  the  Pears  are 
earUer  [ripened  than  formerly  ;  their  flavour  is  not 
affected,  so  far  as  I  can  discover.  I  observe  that  the 
insect  has  no  objection  to  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  a 
Plum  tree  close  to  one  of  the  Pears,  but  it  gives  a  decided 
preference  to  the  Pear  ;  and  I  cannot  say  that  it  has 
evinced  any  disposition  to  partake  of  the  leaves  of  the 
Apple.  AU  the  standard  Pears  as  well  as  wall  trees 
are  affected  ;  and,  as  I  fear  that  the  havoc  by  this  insect 
may  be  extended  to  other  "gardens  and  trees,  I  have 
called  the  attention  of  gardeners  and  naturalists  in  this 
quarter  to  its  peculiarities,  and  it  is  to  all  of  us  quite  a 
novelty.  John  Blair,  I^'vin^,  Ayrshire^  N.B.,  August  16. 
[The  insects  alluded  to  in  the  preceding  letter  are  the 
slug-worm,  or  slimy  grub  of  a  species  of  saw-fly  (Ten- 
thredo  Cerasi),  described  in  our  vol.  for  1842,  p.  692, 
with  figures  (see  accompanying  woodcut),  representing 


the  larva  itself  rather  magnified  ;  the  cocoon  and  the 
perfect  insect  magnified.  The  attacks  of  this  insect 
when  very  numerous  must  certainly  have  an  injurious 
effect  upon  the  health  of  the  tree,  the  action  of  the 
leaves  being  destroyed  and  the  consequent  ripening  of 
the  young  wood  prevented.  Lime  water  or  dusting  the 
leaves  with  lime  is  an  effectual  remedy.  /.  0.  W.'\ 

The  Temperature  of  July. — I  see  that  your  statement 
of  a  thermometer  having  risen  to  97"  has  been  doubted, 
and  you  do  not  seem  to  be  aware  that  it  has  ever  before 
been  seen  above  90^.  It  was,  however,  at  96''  in  Kew 
Gardens  one  day  that  I  was  there,  somewhere  about  the 
year  1 790  j  Sir  Joseph  Banks  was  of  the  party,  and  the 
excessive  heat  induced  Mr.  Aiton  to  send  for  his  truest 
thermometer.  After  ti'ying  it  in  various  places  the 
coolest  was  found  to  be  under  the  great  Plane  tree. 
The  thermometer  was  suspended  to  a  branch  and  left 
some  time  at  rest,  after  which  it  was  steady  at  9Q°.  I 
remember  well  the  day,  for  in  the  morning  of  it  I  had 
witnessed  a  most  glorious  dispersion  of  fog.  1  had  to 
meet  my  father  in  his  garden  ;  in  going  along  St.  James's- 
park  there  was  fog,  or  rather  haze,  so  tliickas  to  conceal 
all  objects  at  a  few  feet  distance.  Suddenly — instanta- 
neously— this  haze  was  no  more.  The  sun  shone  forth 
in  a  clear  blue  sky  such  as  IJiavo  never  seen  surpassed, 
even  in  the  south  of  France.  The  heat  from  that 
moment  felt  exces.'iive,  but  not  oppressive.  M.  B. 

Podocarpus  Die.ffcnhachii. — Can  any  reader  tell  me 


the  influence  of  the  malaria,  and  lastly  man.  Gradually 
and  unceasingly  for  years  past  has  this  visitation  been 
spreading,  bafiiing  the  wisdom  of  the  wise.  I  asked, 
half  in  earnest,  years  since,  what  becomes  of  tlie  enormous 
amount  of  electricity  which  is  in  every  instant  of  time 
set  free  by  the  friction  of  the  steam  through  the  tubes  of 
the  legion  of  mighty  engines  now  in  operation  over 
more  than  one-half  of  the  globe  ;  and  I  asked  also 
whether  it  might  so  affect  the  constituents  of  the  atmo- 
sphere as  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  vegetable  or 
animal  life.  I  think  I  asked  also  whether  ozone  might 
not  be  a  new  product  from  this  source.  I  hold  yet  to 
the  idea  that,  so  mighty  and  all-pervading  au  agent  as 
electricity  cannot  be  set  at  large  to  the  extent  we  know 
it  to  be  without  some  manifestation  of  its  presence  be- 
coming ultimately  sensible  to  us.  See  what  wondrous 
results  we  can  produce  with  our  popgun  discharges 
from  Leyden  jars — dissipate  the  diamond,  resolve 
metals  into  their  gaseous  components,  and  decompose 
and  recorapose  water.  I  wish  this  matter  was  taken  up 
in  the  manner  I  think  it  ought  to  be.   T.  /.,  Dovmham. 

OuthilVs  Blade  Prince  Strawberry. • — The  Black  Prince 
is  the  best  early  Strawberry  out,  and  for  forcing  none 
can  beat  it,  I  have  forcedf  500  pots  of  it  each  of  the 
two  last  seasons,  and  never  had  such  crops,  and  at  the 
unusually  early  period  of  the  1st  of  February.  They 
are  beautiful  while  in  flower,  and  attract  notice, 
from  the  reddish  tinge  on  the  petals.  We  are  sadly  at 
a  loss  in  the  north  to  get  strong  plants  to  pot  early,  as 
it  is  the  end  of  July  before  we  can  get  anything  like 
rooted  young  plants,  0.  M'Intosh,  Dalheith. 

Memoranda  frorn  Java. — Of  the  noble  race  of  Palms, 
there  are  two  species  which  at  present,  I  believe,  are 
entirely  confined  to  Java,  and  inhabit  the  dense 
forest  near  the  great  series  of  volcanic  mountaius  in  the 
central  part  of  the  island,  viz.,  Corypha  Gebanga,  and  C. 
olivseformis  ;  the  leaves  of  the  first-named  species  are 
generally  used  by  the  natives  for  covering  their  houses ; 
a  fine  cordage  may  also  be  made  by  beating  or  pounding 
the  midrib  of  the  dried  leaves.  This  Palm  grows  to  the 
height  of  50  feet  and  upwards,  and  does  not  produce 
any  fruit  until  it  has  arrived  at  maturity  ;  as  the  fruit 
ripens,  the  leaves  wither,  fall  off,  and  the  tree  dies, 
leaving  the  fruit  hanging  to  the  pendant  shoots  of  fru- 
tification,  for  several  months  afterwards.  The  latter 
species,  C.  olivieformis,  is  much  more  ornamental,  as 
also  better  adapted  to  our  stoves,  on  account  of  its 
dwarf  habit,  its  height  not  exceeding  7  feet.  The  leaves 
are  palmate,  like  the  former  species,  tlje  fruit  being 
similar  in  size,  colour,  and  appearance,  to  the  Olive, 
and  hence  its  specific  name  ;  they  are  produced  on 
much  longer  pendant  shoots  than  the  former,  but 
not  in  such  clusters  ;  the  tree  does  not  die  on  ripen- 
ing its  fruit.  The  Areca  Catechu  is  a  slender  and 
graceful  Palm  ;  amongst  the  natives  it  ranks  next  to  the 
Cocoa-nut  (Cocos  rncifera),  and  in  commerce  was 
formerly  supposed  to  produce  the  Terra  japonica,  or 
Catechu,  whence  its  specific  name  has  been  derived. 
This  species  is  the  common  Pinang  of  the  Malays,  or 
Djambehsoesoe  of  the  Javanese,  and  grows  abundantly 
on  almost  every  part  of  tlie  island,  even  from  the  sea- 
coast  to  an  elevation  of  4000  feet.  There  are  two 
varieties  of  this  species  indigenous  to  Java,  A. 
Catechu  alba  and  A.  C.  oblouga.  The  fruit  of 
the  fii'st- mentioned  sort  is  much  used  in  Java, 
where  it  is  eaten  by  the  natives,  both  in  its  unripe  as 
well  as  ripe  state  ;  in  the  former  it  is  green  and  succu- 
lent, with  a  small  cavity  contaming  a  little  milky  fluid  ; 
in  the  latter  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  Plum,  of  an  orange 
colour ;  the  interior  or  nut  resembles  in  shape,  colour, 
and  internal  sti-ucture,  a  nutmeg.  To  make  it  palatable 
to  the  mouth,  the  natives  cut  it  into  small  pieces,  and 
add  a  piece  of  Gambler  of  tlie  same  size  ;  these  are 
wrapped  in  two  leaves  of  the  Siri  (Piper  Betel),  which 
have  been  previously  smeared  over  with  lime  (made 
from  coral  or  shells,  called  Kapur),  to  preserve  the 
flavour.  The  natives  are  continually  chewiug  it  as 
we  do  tobacco,  which  makes  the  inside  of  their 
mouths  and  hps  as  red  as  blood,  and  their  teeth 
much  darker,  approaching  almost  a  black  colour. 
Amongst  the  I*alms  which  supply  materials  in 
the  domestic  economy  of  the  natives,  the  Sowang- 
kong  (Caryota  urens),  and  the  Nipa  or  Sipa  (Nipa 
fruticans),  are  of  great  value,  and  deserve  notice. 
The  Sowangkong  is  the  true  mountain  Cabbage.  The 
stem  is  slender,  tall,  and  perfectly  straight,  and  is  used 
for  posts  of  houses,  or  in  the  construction  of  strong 
railing  or  fences,  as  a  protection  from  the  tigers  of  the 
forest.  The  outer  portion  of  the  wood  is  remarkably 
hard  and  strong,  tho  inner  spongy,  from  which 
circumstance     the     tree     can     be    easily     excavated, 


where  this'plant  is  to  bo  purchased  ?'  I  have  recently  and  forms  excellent  putters  or  channels  for  tho 
received  from  Van  Diemon's  Land  a  present  of  a  fine  transmission  of  water.  The  top  of  tho  tree  or  germ  of 
plant,  which  appears  to  bo  an  Araucaria;  it  is  hke  A.  \  future  foliage  is  like  that  of  other  Palms,  edible,  but 
excelsa,  but  the  branches  are  not  pendulous,  and  far  more  delicate  than  the  rest.  In  taste  it  resembles  much 
more  rigid.  What  can  it  bo,  and  is  it  likely  to  bo  hardy  tho  flavour  of  a  young  Cabbage- stalk.  The  Nipa  ou 
in  South  Devon  ?  A  Devmlan.  [It  is  possibly  the  Iluon  '  the  contrary  is  a  dwarf-growing  Palm,  the  trunk  never 
Pino.., Wo  should  imagine  that  most  Van  Diemen's  '  exceeding  7  feet  in  height,  and  oftentimes  wanting  alto- 
Land  plants  would  be  tolei-ably,  if  not  quite,  hardy,  in    gether.     It  is  an  inhabitant  of  low  marshy  situations  ; 


South  iJevon.] 

J)iRcasc9. — With  every  care,  every  precaution,  mildew 
and  blight  have  taken  possesmon  of  my  houses,  man'ing 
tlnj  growth  of  plants,  tlio  maturation  of  my  hybrid  seed 
cro[>,  and,  H'i  forth.  Looking  abroad  I  seo  amongst 
iny  ItoHCH,  my  iKjrunniulM,  and  annuals,  similar  dovusta- 
tion  ;  extending  my  observation  yet  wider  —  Beans, 
WlicJit,  an<l  other  crops  are  suffering  from  tho  same 
cauw.'s;  I'otatocs  are  too  manifestly  affected,  and  tho 
rank  growth  in  Mangold,  Turnips,  CarrotSi  &c,,  I  feci 
betokens  the  eamo  issue ;  gtock  may  como  next  under 


its  leaves  are  used  by  tho  Malays  for  thatch,  and  part 
of  tho  leaf  is  also  used  when  dried  as  a  material  for 
rolling  their  tobacco,  so  as  to  form  cigars  for  tlieir  own 
use  ;  it  is  also  employed  for  the  fabrication  of  coarso 
cloth,  and,  like  othur  I'ulma,  yields  ft  wine  by  tho  usual 
process  ;  sometimes  tho  small  unripe  kernels  nro  pre- 
served as  sweotmoata.  Tho  genus  Calamus  forms  a 
connecting  link  botwoen  tho  Palms  and  Gramineous 
plants,  having  tho  inflorescence  of  tho  former  and  the 
habit  of  tho  latter.  It  furnishes  the  Rotan  Cane  now  so 
well  known  over  all  Europe.     The  Uotim  is  a  prickly 


534 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  21, 


bush,  seuding  tortli  shoots  ot  an  amazing  length,  which 
form  the  uselul  part  of  tlie  plant,  and  are  found  either 
climbing  the  lofty  trees  of  the  dense  forest  or  trailing 
along  the  ground.  The  Rotau  may  be  considered  one 
of  tlie  most  useful  of  the  indigenous  plants,  both  in 
domestic  and  rural  economy  ;  it  is  constantly  used  for 
the  purposes  of  ligatures,  cordage,  ropes,  baskets,  and 
fastenings  for  buildings,  &c.  The  common  Rotan  yields 
a  small  insipid  fruit,  occasionally  i>i'epared  as  sweetmeat. 
Calamus  Zalacca  or  Zallak,  of  Java,  is  entirely  culti- 
vated for  its  fruit,  which  is  about  the  size  of  a  pullet's 
egg  ;  very  hard,  and  enveloped  i.by  a  firnj  white  pulp, 
covered  with  thin  scales,  in  colour  not  unlike  those  of  a 
liziird  ;  within  these  scales  are  two  or  three  yellow 
liernels,  having  a  strong  odour,  a  mealy  and  acid  flavour, 
and  esteemed  very  much  amongst  the  natives.  This 
species  is  the  only  one  cultivated,  as  the  forest  affords 
abundant  supply  for  all  other  purposes.  The  majority 
of  the  Pahns  of  Java  are  found  near  ravines,  where 
streams  are  continually  flowing,  or  near  the  margin  of 
springs;  but  few  (except  the  Cocoa-nut, Cocos  nucifera), 
cstabliRh  themselves  on  the  shores  of  the  ocean  ;  some 
collect  in  clusters  on  the  plains,  while  others  inhabit  the 
forest  and  mountains  to  a  considerable  height,  and 
where  the  cold  is  sensibly  felt.  The  region  of 
Palms  extends  to  the  south  of  the  equator,  to 
about  30*^  latitude,  and  commences  at  35?  or  40°^north. 
John  Hcn^lmll. 

Artificial  Manure  for  Floiver  ' Boixlers.  —  Will  any 
successful  experimentalist  say  what  artificial  manure  he 
has  found  most  satisfactory  in  his  flower  garden;  I  want 
something  that,  in  the  humid  climiite  of  Devonshire, 
ivili  tend  to  produce  blossoms,  and  check  the  growth  of 
the  summer  occupants  of  niy  beds  and  borders.  A 
Devonian. 

The  Wea(hei\ — After  the  intense  heat  of  July  a  period 
of  unusually  wet  weather  commenced  on  August  3d, 
ivitli  a  gi'eat  decrease  of  temperature  and  a  heavy  I'all 
of  rain  to  the  amount  of  5.14  inches  to  the  16th, 
inclusive,  which  is  a  larger  quantity  than  fell  in  any  14 
consecutive  days  during  the  very  wet  month  of  June. 
On  several  occasions  the  atmosphere  was  almost 
saturated  with  moisture,  and^rain  fell  in  such  torrents 
that  the  uncut  Wheat  has  been  very  much  laid.  On  the 
lith,  we  had  a  very  severe  gale,  and  the  crops  in 
exposed  situations  were  almost  threshed  on  the  ground, 
■while  some  of  the  heaviest  ears  were  bi'oken  off"  On 
the  night  of  the  14th,  upwards  of  an  inch  of  rain  fell  in 
a  few  hours,  which  completely  soaked  the  sheaves,  and 
this  being  followed  by  very  sultry  and  damp  weather  on 
the  ±wo  subsequent  days,  the  corn  is  fast  germinating,  the 
plumules  in  many  instances  being  nearly  half  an  inch 
in  length.  Blight  and  mildew  are  almost  universally 
jirevalent,  both  in  the  white  and  red  Wheats,  so  that 
both  the  quality  and  yield  of  the  crops  will  be  materially 
affected  from  this  cause,  unless  dry  weather  sets  in  very 
quickly.  The  hm-ricane  on  Wednesday  has  very  much 
injured  the  Hops  in  gardens  exposed  to  the  south  and 
south-west.  As  it  may  be  interesting  to  compare  the 
fall  of  rain  in  Sussex  with  that  in  other  counties,  I  shall 
here  insert  the  daily  amount  which  fell  at  this  place  and 
at  Buxted  Park,  together  with  the  temperature  of  the 
dew-point  at  9  A.m.,  and  the  amount  of  humidity,  &c. : — 


Fall  of  Bain  in 

Flumidity. 

Inches. 

Dew- 

1852. 

point, 

Satura- 

UtUfleia. 

Buxted 
Park. 

0  A.M. 

63  5» 

tion  equal 
1.000 

.782 

August     3 

.15 

.U 

„            i 

.08 

■  .l>7 

64.6 

.893 

„         6 

.65 

.56 

57.0 

.765 

e 

.45 

.6B 

67.0 

.765 

7 

.57 

.CO 

C2.3 

.897 

8 

.25 

.17 

50  e 

.808 

»      a 

.11 

.09 

60.2 

.861 

„      10     . ... 

.60 

.46 

68.9 

.843 

,,     n 

.20 

.30 

58,6 

.891 

I.      33 

.63 

.41 

54  0 

.843 

i>      IS 

.02 

.07 

60.6 

.893 

»      1* 

.33 

.27 

66  6 

.893 

..      15 

1.16 

1.14 

6G.6 

.893 

■>      16 

.05 

.03 

48.0 

.815 

Total  ... 

5.U 

4. OS 

— C.  Leeson  Prin 

ce,  Uchfield,  Sussex, 

Auffust  V 

ih. 

EcSjicto, 

Western  Himalaya  and  Tibet ;  a  Naii^aiive  of  a 
Journey  through  the  Moxmiains  of  Nwihern  India. 
By  T.  Thomson,  M.D.  8vo.  Reeve  and  Co. 
Among  the  modern  naturalists  who  have  penetrated  th? 
remote  recesses  of  the  Indian  Alps,  and  brought  us 
acquainted  with  the  climate  and  vegetation  of  countries 
almost  unknown  to  Europeans,  the  author  of  this  work 
deserves  honourable  mention.  Operating  to  the  west- 
ward while  Dr.  Hooker  was  exploring  the  eastern 
regions  of  the  mighty  ranges  of  the  Himalaya,  these 
two  admirable  observers  have  collected  a  mass  of 
information  respecting  climate,  vegetation,  geology,  and 
geography  such  as  would  have  been  worthy  of  Humboldt 
himself  ;  and  we  now  know  almost  as  much  of  Kondu, 
Is^ubra,  Balti,  and  Chorbat,  as  of  Mussooree,  Kunawur 
and  Nepal. 

10  the  student  of  Alpine  vegetation,  under  any  cir- 
cumstances, to  him  wlio  would  learn  what  the  botany 
as  hkeof  Cashmere  and  the  vast  regions  beyond  it  to  the 
north-east,  to  all  those,  in  short,  who  desire  to  judge 
scientifically  of  what  is  possible  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
Indo-Alpnie  Flora,  which  is  now  so  rapidly  enriching 
ouv  gardens,  works  of  this  description  have  great 
interest.     Unlike  gossipmg  books   of  travels,  such  as 


are  the  lavoui;ite  reading  of  circulating  libraries  and 
book-clubs,  to  be  perused  at  a  glance  and  forgotten  in  an 
hour,  the  record  of  researches  such  as  Dr.  Thomson's 
forms  a  subject  of  serious  reference,  which  can  only  lose 
its  value  when  men  cease  to  regard  physical  facts  as 
the  foundation  of  all  true  knowledge. 

The  author  was  quartered  with  his  regiment  at 
Ferozepore,  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  modern  war, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  join  a  mission  across  the 
Himalayas  into  Tibet.  He  immediately  proceeded  to 
Simla,  whei;e  he  received  his  instructions,  and  thence 
travelled  ,  north-westward  by  Hiru,  Hanle,  Le,  and 
Iskardo,  as_far  as  latitude  35^^*"  N.,  in  longitude  75^  E., 
which  was  his  most  north-eastern  station,  at  a  place  in 
Rendu,  called  Tirko.  He  then  moved  by  Dras,  the 
country  of  the  Prangos  plant,  into  Cashmere,  reached 
Jamoo,  returned  towards  Tibet,  where  he  encamped  at 
an  elevation  of  13,800  feet  above  tlj^  sea,  afterwards 
reached  the  pass  of  Karakoram  in  the  Muztagh  range 
of  mountains,  ascended  the  Murgai  valley  to  the  height 
of  16,800  feet,  returned  to  Cashmere,  and  finally  reached 
Lahore,  after  a  journey  as  full  of  danger  as  of  interest, 
extended  over  more  than  18  months. 

The  following  extracts,  which  relate  to  matters  of 
horticultural  interest,  will  show  the  reader  in  what 
manner  Dr.  Thomson  treats  the  subjects  that  came 
before  him.  He  thus  describes  Miru,  a  place  iu^the 
valley  of  Kunawar, 

"Next  day  our  journey  was  a  short  one,  not  more 
than  five  and  a  half  miles,  to  the  village  of  Miru.  It 
began  by  a  rapid  ascent  for  two  miles  to  the  crest  of  the 
ridge,  advancing.all  the  time  towards  the  Sutlej,  which 
wound  round  the  base  of  the  steep  spur,  2000  feet 
below.  The  ascent  was  bare  (as  the  slopes  facing  the 
west  generally  are),  and  the  hill-side  almost  precipi- 
tous ;  but  as  soon  as  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  at  an 
elevation  of  about  8000  feet,  had  been  gained,  scattered 
trees  appeared  of  a  species  not  ])reviously  seen.  This 
was  P.  Gerardiana,  the  Pine  of  Kunawar  and  the  other 
dry  regions  of  the  Western  Himalaya,  from  the  back 
parts  of  Garhwal  (where  it  has  been  seen  by  Dr. 
Jameson)  to  the  valleys  of  the  Upper  Chenab.  The 
first  trees  met  with  were  small,  and  in  appearance  quite 
distinct  from  P.  longifolia  and  excelsa,  being  more  com- 
pact, with  much  shorter  leaves,  and  a  very  peculiar 
bark,  falling  off  in  large  patches,  so  as  to  leave  the 
trunk  neai'ly  smooth.  Beyond  the  crest  of  the  ridge, 
from  which  the  view  into  the  Sutlej  valley,  and  towards 
the  mountains  across  the  river,  was  superb,  the  road  on 
the  east  slope  again  receded  from  the  river,  entering  an 
Oak  wood,  through  which  it  continued  nearly  level  for  more 
than  a  mile,  but  sooa  began  to  descend  slightly  towards 
the  stream,  which  ran  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  ravine, 
down  to  which  the  road  plunged  abruptly,  to  ascend 
again  as  steeply  on  the  other  side  ;  after  which  a  steep 
ascent  of  upwards  of  mile  led  to  Mii-u,  a  large  village  in 
which  we  encamped,  at  an  elevation  of  8500  feet.  At 
this  deliglitful  elevation,  in  a  climate  where  the 
periodical  I'ains  of  the  Himalaya  are  scarcely  felt,  em- 
bosomed in  extensive  orchards  of  luxuriant  fruit  trees, 
and  facing  the  south,  so  that  it  has  the  full  benefit  of 
the  sun's  rays  to  mature  its  grain  crops,  Miru  is  one  of 
the  most  delightful  villages  of  Kunawar,  being  rivalled 
only  by  Rogi  and  Chini,  beyond  which  the  climate 
becomes  too  arid  for  beauty.  The  crops  of  Miru,  both 
of  grain  and  fruit,  were  most  luxuriant,  and  the  Vine 
thrives  to  periection.  The  principal  Vineyards,  how- 
ever, are  lower  down,  at  elevations  of  between  6000 
and  7000  feet,  at  which  level  the  sun  has  more  power 
in  autumn  to  ripen  the  Grape." 

Still  further  northward  we  have  the  vegetation  of  the 
"Werung  Pass,  on  the  northern  side. 

"  From  the  crest  of  the  pass,  the  descent  to  Lipa  was 
long  and  steep,  the  distance  being  about  five  miles.  At 
about  500  feet,  or  rather  more  (of  perpendicular 
height),  below  the  pass,  the  first  tree,  a  large  Birch, 
stood  quite  alone,  with  a  stout  erect  ti*unk.  A  little 
further  down,  a  small  grove  of  the  same  trees  was  passed, 
in  which  every  individual  had  its  trunk  bent  in  tlie 
direction  of  the  slope,  probably  by  the  weight  of  the 
winter's  snow.  No  Birches  had  been  seen  on  the 
south  face  of  the  pass,  nor  did  the  dwarf  Rhododendron 
and  little  Andromeda  appear  till  the  summit  had  been 
gained,  though  they  were  abundant  on  the  northern  face. 
Rhododendron  campanulatum  was  the  next  plant 
observed,  forming  bushes  four  or  five  feet  in  height,  and 
growing  in  large  green  patches,  along  with  the  W  illow, 
which  I  had  found  on  the  top,  and  the  same  rose  common 
on  the  southern  side.  About  1 200  feet  below  the  summit, 
that  is,  about  12,000  feet  above  the  sea.  Pine  trees 
commenced — Pinus  excelsa  and  Picea  making  their 
appearance  together,  the  Deodar  not  till  a  considerably 
lower  level  had  been  reached.  The  trees  of  Silver  Fir 
were  small,  with  smaller  and  shorter  leaves  than  the 
common  tree  of  the|forests  in  the  outer  Himalaya,  and 
were  therefore  the  true  Picea  Webbiana  of  Royle,  the 
more  common  long-leaved  form  being  the  Picea  Pindrow 
of  that  author.  At  an  elevation  of  1 1,000  feet,  at  a 
rough  estimate,  we  passed  the  first  Deodars,  and  at  the 
same  height  cultivation  commenced.  The  first  fields 
were  Wheat,  now  nearly  ripe.  With  the  cultivation 
many  plants  of  lower  elevation  began  to  appear,  which 
had  disappeared  on  the  upper  part  of  the  mountain,  but 
many  were  missed  which  had  been  common,  and  the 
general  aspect  of  the  vegetation  was  strikingly  altered, 
the  diminution  affecting  at  once  the  number,  the  abund 
ance,  and  the  luxuriance  of  the  plants,  tfuniper  was 
frequent  till  some  time  after  the  first  corn-fields  were 
passed,  and  Gerard's  Pine  was  common  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  descent." 


The  little  known  Populus  euphratensis  is  thus  spoken" 
of,  while  describing  the  vegetation  of  Nubra. 

''  In  some  of  the  recesses  small  trees  of  a  peculiar 
species  of  Poplar  (P.  euphratica)  were  not  uncommon, 
growing  in  pure  sand.  This  tree  is  remarkable  for  its 
extended  distribution.  Originally  discovered  on  the 
banks  of  the  Euphrates,  it  has  been  found  by  Griffith, 
and  more  recently  by  Dr.  Stocks  and  others,  to  be 
abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  Indus,  in  Sind  and  Multan. 
It  occurs  also  at  intervals  along  the  valley  of  the  Indus, 
ithin  the  mountains,  but "  appears  to  be  far  from 
common,  and  to^confine  itself  to  hot  sandy  places.  In 
several  parts  of  Nubra  it  is  common  enough,  but  only, 
so  far  as  I  have  observed,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Shayuk.  This  Poplar  is  also  remarkable  for  the  very 
changeable  shape  of  its  leaves,  which  vary  from  broadly 
deltoid  and  coarsely  toothed,  to  narrow-linear  and  quite 
entire.  The  leaves  of  the  full-grown  tree  are  generally 
bi'oad  and  much  toothed,  while  young  plants  have  very 
narrow  leaves  ;  the  shoots  of  pollarded  plants,  whicli 
are  common,  the  tree  being  much  used  for  fuel,  are  also 
narrow." 

Wild  Apricots  occurred  in  the  severe  climate  of 
Iskardo,  nearly  the  most  north-westerly  point  our 
traveller  gained. 

"  In  many  parts  of  the  Indus  valley,  even  in  the  most 
rugged  and  desolate  spots,  I  noticed,  occasionally,  trees 
of  the  Eiffiagnus  and  of  Apricot,  growing  in  rocky 
places  along  the  river,  where  it  was  very  evident  that 
they  had  never  been  planted.  The  Elseagnus  is  always 
conspicuous,  even  in  mid-winter,  in  consequence  of  the 
withered  leaves  remaining  attached  to  the  tree  instead 
of  falling  at  the  end  of  autumn.  Occasionally,  no  doubt, 
the  occurrence  of  these  ^trees  was  due  to  the  former 
existence  of  villages  in  the  vicinity  of  tlie  places  in 
which  they  were  observed,  but  they  also  seemed  some- 
times to  occur  in  places  where  no  cultivation  could  ever 
have  existed.  Their  occurrence,  however,  must,  I 
think,  be  considered  purely  accidental :  they  were  too 
few  in  number  to  be  regarded  as  really  indigenous ;  nor 
is  it  surprising  that  these  trees,  which  are  so  extensively 
cultivated  round  all  the  villages  of  Baltistan,  and  so 
universally  used  ,,as  food  by  the  inhabitants,  should 
occasionally  vegetate  at  a  great  distance  from  their  usual 
place  of  growth." 

The  Valley  of  Cashmere,  by  some  thought  to  have 
been  the  site  of  the  Garden  of  Eden,  hardly  reahsed  to 
Dr.  Thomson  the  expectation  which  previous  accounts 
had  led  him  to  entertain. 

*'  My  first  visit  was  to  the  lake,  and  to  the  celebrated 
gardens  on  its  northern  shore,  which  were  the  delight 
of  the  emperors  who  made  Kashmir  their  retreat  from 
the  heat  and  cares  of  Delhi  and  Lahore.  The  southern 
part  of  the  lake  is  very  shallow,  and  I  sailed  along 
narrow  channels,  which  separated  large  patches  of  tall 
reeds,  among  which  a  very  narrow-leaved  Typba  and  an 
Arundo  were  the  commonest  plants.  Three  or  four 
species  of  Potamogeton  -were  abundant  in  the  lake,  just 
coming  into  flower,  but  most  of  the  water-plants  were 
only  beginning  to  vegetate,  I  saw  tln*ee  or  four  flowers 
of  a  Water-Lily  (Nymphrea  alba),  and  could  just 
recognise  Villarsia  nymphoBoides,  Menyanthes  trifoliata 
and  Trapa,  all  of  which  had  been  recorded  by  previous 
travellers  as  natives  of  Kashmir.  I  looked  anxiously 
for  Nelumbium,  but  saw  no  signs  of  it,  except  the 
withered  capsules  of  the  previous  year,  many  of  which 
I  observed  floating  on  the  lake. 

"  The  gardens  of  Shalimar  and  of  Dilawer  Khan  rise 
in  a  succession  of  terraces  from  the  margin  of  the  lake. 
They  are  laid  out  in  a  stiff  foimal  style,  straight  walks 
crossing  one  another  at  right  angles,  and  are  ii'rigated 
by  means  of  straight  water-courses,  branchuig  froni  a 
long  canal  which  passes  down  the  centre,  through  a 
succession  of  pouds  well  built  in  masonry,  and  provided 
with  artificial  fountains,  whith  are  made  to  play  on 
festivals  and  holidays.  Pavilions  of  flue  marble  occupy 
the  intersections  of  the  principal  walks.  Magnificent 
plane-trees  form  the  chief  ornament  of  these  gardens, 
which  are  now  much  neglected ;  sti-aggliug  bushes  and 
a  wilderness  of  weeds  occupying  all  the  less  conspicuous 
parts,  while  the  main  avenues  alone  are  kept  a 
little  neat. 

"  Although  the  chief  beauty  of  the  valley  of  Kashmir 
is  undoubtedly  the  magnificent  girdle  of  snowy  mountains 
by  which  it  is  surrounded,  the  orchards  and  gardens, 
which  are  still  numerous  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
capital,  ai'e  charming  spots,  and  the  more  so  from  the 
contrast  which  they  present  with  the  barrenness  of  the 
surrounding  counti'y,  and  the  absolute  ugliness  of  the 
swamps  in  the  centre  of  the  valley.  Nor  should  it  be 
forgotten,  when  we  compare  the  accounts  given  by 
early  travellers  with  the  impressions  made  upon  us  by 
the  present  appearance  of  the  valley,  that  Kashmij'  is 
no  longer  in  the  same  state  as  it  was  in  the  days  of  tlie 
emperors  ;  a  long  continuance  of  misrule,  under  a 
succession  of  governors,  whose  only  interest  it  has  been 
to  extract  as  much  revenue  as  possible  from  the  imfor- 
tunate  inhabitants,  having  produced  the  only  conceivable 
result,  in  abandoned  cultivation,  a  diminished  x-evenue, 
and  an  impoverished  people." 

The  Valley  of  the  Chenab  was  very  different. 

"From  the  great  elevation  of  the  mountains  which  I 
had  just  crossed,  I  was  prepared  to  find  a  marked 
change  in  the  aspect  of  the  vegetation,  and  I  was  not 
disappointed.  The  steep  slopes  were  covered  with 'a 
most  luxuriant  herbage, .  above  2  feet  in  height.  A 
tall  panicled  Rheum  was  very  common,  and  numerous 
Umbelliferpe,  Silene  inflata,  Geranium,  and  Pteris 
aquilina  were  abundant.  The  most  remarkable  plant, 
ho  wever,  from  the  extreme  qttantity  in  which  it  occurreol^ 


34—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


535 


was  an  Asphodehiceous  plant  (Eremurus,  Bieb.),  thejoug 
scapes  of  wluch,  from  4  to  5  feet  in  Iieight,  covered 
the  hill-sides  in  countless  myriads.  Tliese  scapes  were 
clothed,  for  neai'ly  half  their  length,  with  a  profusion 
of  elegant  white  [flowers,  very  slightly^  tinged  with;  a 
pale  yellowish  gi'cen.  I  met,  during  the  day,  with  most 
of  the  characteristic  plants  of  the  Kunawar  flora  ;  as 
instances,  I  may  mention  Ephedra,^  Dictamnns,  Rosa 
Webbiana,  Diantims,  and  Scutellaria  orientalis.  The 
arboreous  vegetation  was  much  the  same  as  on  the 
other  side  of  the  pass.  The  right  side  of  the  ravine 
was  well  clothed  with  ;  Pines,  of  all  the  four  ordinary 
species  ;  the  left  side  was  usually  bare, ;  the  "northern 
faces  of  the  'spurs,  which  are  generally  wooded,' being 
too  precipitous,  but  in  the  hollows  there  were  a  few 
small  clumps  of  trees,  principally  Pine,  Walnut,  and 
Sycamore.'* 

But  we  must  conclude  ;  plenty  of  similar  information 
is  to  be  found  scattered  through  Dr.  Thomson's  pages.^ 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Mr.  E.  G.  He.vderson's  Ndesery,  Wellungton-roads 
St.  John's  Wood. — The  Wallich  Lily  (Lilium  WalHcln- 
anum)  has  just  flowered  here,  and  a  truly  magnificent 
tiling  it  is.  The  blossoms  are  pure  white,  and  very 
striking,  on  account  of  their  large  size.  One  which  we 
measui'ed  was  7  inches  across  the  mouth,  and  tliat  on 
a  comparatively  small  plant,  which  occupied  a  3-inch 
pot  last  spring.  We  may,  therefore,  reasonably  expect 
lai'ger  flowers  still  from  strong  specimens,  which,  when 
well  bloomed,  must  produce  a  gi'and  effect.  The  house 
in  which  this  Lily  is  blooming  is  filled  with  seedlings  of 
Lilium  laucifolium  speciosum,  which  are  now  [in  full 
blossom,  and  are  of  themselves  well  worth  a  visit.  All  of 
them  bear  close  resemblance  to  L.  1.  speciosum,  as  far 
as  colour  is  concerned,  but  great  diversity  exists 
among  them  in  regard  to  shape,  some  having  narrow 
twisted  petals,  starry  and  worthless,  while  the  majority 
are  extremely  handsome  in  form  and  beautiful  in  colour, 
and  in  all  respects  au  improvement  on  the  parent.  Few 
plants  produce  half  so  grand  a  display  in  the  greenhouse 
or  conservatory,  at  this  season,  as  these  Japan  Lilies, 
and  yet,  sti'ange  to  sa^',  they  are  far  from  being  common 
in  many  p.irts  of  the  country.  We  would  advise 
all,  therefore,  who  are  interested  in  gay  autumn  flowers 
to  visit  the  collections  of  this  plant  while  in  blossom 
at  Mr.  Groom's  or  Mr.  Henderson's,  and  then  we  are 
sm-e  that  this  fine  Lily  will  meet  with  that  encourage- 
ment which  it  so  well  deserves.  One  Jiouse  here  is  at 
present  devoted  to  Fuchsias,  among  which  are  some 
promising  seedlings,  one  or  two  of  the  hest  of  which 
were  stated  to  have  been  raised  by  Mi*.  Smith, 
when  manager  to  Mr.  Whalley  of  Liverpool.  The 
kinds  most  worthy  of  mentioning  were  Splendidis- 
fiima,  whose  flowers  are  large  and  showy,  the  crimson 
sepals  being  sufficiently  reflexed  to  show  off  to  advan- 
tage the  large  violet-purple  corolla ;  Commodore,  a  bold 
flower,  of  good  substance,  witli  a  rich  plum-coloured 
corolla,  and  bright  carmine  tube  and  sepals  ;  Gem  of  the 
Season,  a  profuse  flowerer,  with  smooth  glossy  crimson 
tube  and  £ei»als,  and  deep  pui-ple  corolla  ;  Heiulersoni, 
a  showy  variety,  with  deep  purple  semi-double  corolla, 
and  bright  crimson  tube  and  sepals  ;  and  last,  but  not 
least,  Purple  Perfection,  a  fine,  bold,  quite  new  flower, 
^ith  beautifully  reflexed  crimson  sepals,  and  violet- 
purple  corolla.  This  is  certainly  one  of  the  most 
desirable  of  the  dark  kinds.  Among  reflexed  li^ht 
S^rts,  the  best  was  Duchess  of  Lancaster;  and  Sidonia 
(Smith),  though  not  new,  is  remarkable  on  account 
of  its  purple  corolla.  It  is  something  in  the  way 
of  Venus  Victrix,  but  in  all  respects  a  great  improve- 
ment on  that  variety.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
there  were  many  others  all  possessing  more  or  less 
merit.  la  one  of  the  frames  we  noticed  several 
pUnU  of  a  very  dwarf  Heliotrope,  called  H.  Voltaire- 
anum  nanmn.  It  has  the  fine  deep  colour  of  the  Voltaire 
Heliotrope,  with  good  foliage  and  compact  habit 
scarcely  in  any  instance  rising  above  6  or  7  inches  in 
height.  It  will  therefore  be  found  very  suitable  for 
rockwork,  or  for  planting  round  the  margin  of  beds 
filled  with  8ome  of  the  taller  kinds  of  Heliotrope,  &c. 
By  far  the  most  attractive  plants  in  the  open  ground  at 
present  are  Hollyhocks  and  Gladioli.  Of  the  latter, 
there  is  a  fine  collection  here,  and  most  of  the  autumn 
blooming  kinds  arc  just  now  in  perfection,  while  the 
early  s'^rts  are  over,  and  the  bulbs  being  taken  up  and 
placed  in  thetr  winter  quarters,  an  operation  which 
must  be  performed  immediately  the  foliage  has  become 
withered,  or  most  of  the  varieliea  are  apt  to 
push  again,  and  thereby  prevent  their  flowcx-ing  so  well 
next  year.  Those  in  bloom  now  arc  chiefly  confined  to 
GandavoHHiH,  and  hybrids  between  it  and  other  high- 
coloured  Jate  sorts.  Many  of  tlicm  are  very  bcautilul, 
and  rUiui^  as  they  do  from  3  feet  to  5  feet  In  height,  they 
are  fxtri;m<.ly  fthowy  and  eflectivo.  Their  proper  place, 
however,  Ih  rather  in  front  of  ornamenlul  borders  in  the 
Miapc  of  ningloTipecitnenH,  or  one  or  two  together,  than 
in  masHCM  in  bedH,  in  which,  thou;^h  lliey  are  very  bliowv, 
they  have  a  somewhat  confuned  nppearunce.  A  narrow 
border  I  er  ,  of  Hf)me  200  yardg-in  length,  contJiins  n  row 
of  Araur;;iiia  imbricaa,  int'.-rmix'rd  with  dwarf  Jtliodu- 
dcn'lrons,  and  beliind  tliern  in  a  row  «»f  ().  GanduvensiM 
and  iln  varietiefl,  which  are  the  ndniiration  of  nil  who 
nee  thern.  The  Perpetual  or  'IVeo  Carnation  is  another 
plant  wliicli  can  hardly  be  too  cxt^-imivoiy  cultivated, 
for  it  is  easily  managed  and  highly  ornninrntal. 
All  the  l/cHt  varieties  of  it  are  trained  agalnHt  a  dwarf 
wall  hero,  where,  owing  to  tlieir  dry  powilioii  and 
COOiparalivo  immunity    from    frost,  they  flower  from 


this  time  up  to  Christmas.  In  pots  they  are  also  very 
beautiful,  and  they,  have  been  found  to  force  well. 
Among  Antirrhinums  one  was  especially  worthy  of 
notice.  It  is  named  A.  Hendersoni.  The  tube  and 
ground  colour  are  white,  distinctly  marked  throughout 
each  petal  with  broad  bands  of  purple,  the  stripes  and 
ground  colour  being  so  evenly  balanced  that  each  flower 
is  an'  exact  counterpart  of  every  other  on  the  plant.  \t 
is  decidedly  an  acquisition.  While  among  border  plants, 
it  may  perhaps  be  well  to  draw  attention  to  Delphinium 
Hendersoni,  a  very  fine  hybrid,  raised  we  believe 
between  D.  chilense  and  D.  elatum  splendens.  '  Its 
blossoms  are  azure  blue,  large  and  attractive.  It  is  just 
now  producing  a  second  crop  of  flowers  from  the  laterals, 
tlie  principal  display  Lehig  over.  A  shrubby  yellow 
CEnothera  called  splendens  will  also  malie  a  showy 
plant  in  the  herbaceous  border.  Among  the  newer 
kinds  of  Verbenas  planted  out  for  trial,  the  fol- 
lowing appeared  to  be  the  best :  —  Madame  Legras, 
wliite,  striped  with  lilac  up  the  middle  of  each 
petal;  Mirabeau,  scarlet,  very  dwarf;  LaCamargo, 
purplish  violet,  compact  and  good  ;  Celiua  Mallet,  the 
best  of  the  new  whites,  but  unequal  to  some  of  the 
older  sorts  ;  Ormthey  Beauty,  warm  plum  colour  with 
a  white  eye,  fine  in  form  and  showy  ;  Duchess  of  Kent, 
one  of  the  best  light  kinds,  having  a  rosy  centre  ;  Juliette, 
dark  velvety  crimson,  large  and  attractive  ;  Koh-i-noor, 
rosy  salmon,  and  one  of  the  Jargest  flowered  sorts  in 
cultivation  ;  and  finally  Eliza  Cook,  bright  rose  with  a 
white  centre.  These  are  all  good  kinds.  Phloxes, 
China  Asters,  and  other  bedding  plants  are  just  now 
exceedingly  gay,  and  altogether  open  ground  plants 
look  better  than  might  be  expected,  considering  the 
heavy  rains  to  which  they  have  lately  been  subjected. 

Wyinyard  Park,  Stockton-on-Tees,  the  Seat  or 
THE  Marquis  of  Londondebe.y. — There  is  at  present, 
in  a  ridge  and  furrow-roofed  conservatory  at  this  place, 
an  Oleander  with  580  fully  expanded  blooms  upon  it, 
and,  judging  from  the  large  quantity  of  blossom-buds 
yet  to  open,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  will  continue 
in  great  beauty  for  several  weeks  to  come.  M.  B.,  A  v/j.  14. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Seed  Saving  ;  Dahlias. — Multitudes  of  novelties  are 
every  year  submitted  for  inspection  at  our  several 
floral  exhibitions,  and  no  one  can  deny  that  floriculture 
is  not  progressing  ;  but  still  we  have  reason  to  know 
that  less  well-directed  energy  and  forethought  are 
bestowed  upon  the  subject  of  seed  saving  than  on  any 
other  branch  ,of  the  business  ;  the  common  routine  of 
cultivation  which  is  necessary  for  decorative  and  exhi- 
bitional  purposes  is  studiously  followed  and  well  carried 
out.  There  are  few  counties  in  England  that  cannot  boast 
of  at  least  one  flower  show  during  the  season,  and  few 
indeed  that  do  not  lay  claim  to  a  Dahlia  show  in 
particular  ;  .ind  appended  to  most  schedules  there  is  a 
class  specially  set  apart  for  seedlings,  which  invariably 
form  the  great  attraction  of  such  meetings  ;  but  yet, 
with  all  that  encouragement,  the  fact  cannot  be  denied 
that  we  proceed  in  an  incautious  way  (to  use  a  mild 
term)  to  effect  what  many  strive  for  ;  viz.,  the 
production  of  a  first-rate  seedling ;  the  usual,  if 
not  the  universal  practice,  is  to  gather  seed  some- 
what after  the  following  method  :— The  gardener  says 
to  his  master,  '^  We  had  a  frost  last  night  which  has 
cut  down  all  our  Heliotropes,  Salvias,  Verbenas,  &c. ; 
and  not  a  green  leaf  is  left  on  the  Dahlias."  "  Well," 
says  the  master,  "go  and  look  after  the  seed,  you  will 
doubtless  save  plenty,  yet,  that  may  have  been  produced 
by  the  latest  blooms."  Of  course  Mr,  Gardener  does 
as  he  is  desired  ;  and  such  we  will  engage  to  say  is  the 
practice  of  a  large  number  of  those  who,  year  by  year, 
save  seed,  sow  it,  grow  it,  and,  alas  !  blow  it  !  Now, 
how  long  would  English  gardening  maintain  its  far-famed 
reputation,  if  more  attention  was  not  paid  to  saving  seed 
in  other  departments  than  is  displayed  in  the  ease  of  the 
Dahlia  ?  Take,  for  instance,  our  common  garden  vege- 
tjtbles.  On  the  one  hand,  there  is  tolerable  security  and 
certainty  ;  on  the  other,  mere  chance  ;  yet  so  it  is.  Now, 
if  the  following  rules  are  attended  to  they  may  be  pro- 
ductive of  some  good,  and  the  present  is  a  proper  time 
to  apply  them,  before  our  jilants  have  lost  their 
vigour;  therefore  at  once  begin  with  a  determi- 
nation to  save  seed  from  the  finest  bloooms  that 
may  be  produced];  in  fact  the  model  bloom  of  your 
Duke  of  Wellington,  of  Mr.  Seldon,  Triumphant,  or  of 
any  other  good  variety  ;  secure  the  same  to  a  stake,  and 
let  it  arrive  at  maturity  without  overshading.  Allow 
the  branch,  or  even  limb,  to  produce  no  other  flowers 
than  the  one  selected  ;  and  moreover  aim  not  at  saving 
need  from  naturally  uncertain  varieties,  nor  from  plants 
that  are  not  constitutionally  strong  and  vigorous,  nor 
from  even  the  best  sorts  at  a  tinio  so  far  advanced  in 
the  seaHon  that  the  debilitating  influcnco  of  over 
flowering  may  bo  operating  on  the  parent.  By  attending 
to  our  advice  ynu  will  lind  yourself,  at  the  end  of  the 
aeaflon,  with  a  harvest  of  valuable  material  that  shall 
give  more  real  satisfaction  than  whole  acres  of  seed- 
lings from  the  in-oduco  of  half  formed  fltnverH,  ami  from 
d('gcnerat<;d  or  worn-out.  plants  As  a  closing  caution, 
never  wavo  a  pod  of  seed  after  tlio  second  woek  in 
September,  J.  Pl. 

TiiK  CiiiiYSANTiiRMUM. — Permit  U8  to  direct  the 
attention  of  growers  of  thin  flower  io  the  lloriicultnral 
Society's  ad vortisemcnt  in  atiothor  page,  wherein  il,  will 
he  found  lliat  collections  of  fi  Chrysanthennims  cultivated 
in  pots  not  exceeding  I  1  tneheH  in  inmde  meanun-nieiit, 
an^  to  be  staged  on  Xu^'iday,  Nov.  2,  before  12  o'clock, 


are  invited.  Two  prizes  are  ofi'Kred  ;  and  wu  led  sure 
that  our  metropolitan  cultivators,  at  least,  will  most 
cheerfully  respond  to  a  movement  by  which  the  style  of 
plant-growing,  so  long  fostered  under  the  encourage- 
ment held  out  by  the  Stoke  Newingtou  and  Highgate 
Chrysanthemtim  Societies,  will  be  displayed  to  advan- 
tage. We  feel  confident  that  the  result  will  prove  that 
tlie  encomiums  bestowed  on  the  exhibitions  of  thcso 
flowers  last  season  will  not  be  found  on  the  2d  of 
November  to  have  been  misplaced  ;  therefore  we  hope  to 
have  such  an  exhibition  of  our  favourite  autumn  flower 
as  shall  leave  an  impression,  that  florists  can  produce 
well-cultivated  plants,  as  well  as  fine  flowers,  in  a  cut 
state.  J.  E.  • 

Camellias  :  J  K>  You  had  better  inarch  them  ;  it  may  either 
ba  done  now  or  in  the  end  of  Marcli  or  April.J 

Carnations  and  Picdtees;  L.  It  has  been  definitely  settled 
that  the  Na'ioDal  Meeiing  for  1853  shall  bu  held  at  Derby  ; 
the  aflr<>ir  ia  already  in  full  a;r'taiion. 

Dahlia  Show.  The  intended  Notiing-hill  Meeting,  adrerlised 
in  our  coIuuidb  last  week  to  take  jilace  next  Tuesday,  is 
now  ijoatponed  to  the  U'lh  of  September, 

Pansie*  :  T  O.  You  have  not  eelectcd  the  right  kind  of 
cuttings.  Take  the  fimallest  and  insert  tl  eru  in  a  hhady 
border  without  glaeses,  ('f  which  there  ha'i  been  no  need  ibiM 
Eeanon.  Iq  rugard  to  hybridi-ieg,  remove  the  stamens  from 
the  fliiver  to  be  operated  on  bt^fure  'hey  have  phed  their 
pollen  (taking  care  that  it  is  not  othervviae  fertilised),  and 
use  pollen  from  the  flower  from  which  jou  wish  to  have  a 
cross.  To  obtfliu  the  best  results,  emplby  only  tirs'-ctass 
flowers.     Fertilise  as  soon  as  the  s'iyitna  i--  Jully  expanded. 

Petonias  :  J F  W.  We  have  seen  one  or  two  such  sports  this 
eeasou  similar  to  yours.  We  ftar  you  will  not  te  able  to 
perpe  uate  it. 

Pinks:  A  B,  The  novelties  of  the  sea-ion  will  d  mbtless  ba 
advertised  in  oar  pa^eei ;  we  have  a  list  iu  preparation.  We 
cannot  recommend  dealers. 

Schedule  <  f  Phizes  received  for  the  Exhibition  of  the  Shackle- 
well,  Stoke  Newiijgtr.n,  and  Hacliney  Floral  Society,  to  be 
.held  on  Wednesday,  September  1 ;  and  of  the  North  London 
Floral  Society,  to  be  he  d  at  Highgate,  on  Tuead^y, 
Snpt(nib'=r  14,  and  on  Monday,  Novtniber  the  22d. 

Tdlips*:  J  C.  Too  much  care  cannot  be  bestowed  in  packing 
bu.bs  for  transmission  by  post  or  other  conveyance  :  we  have 
seen  several  instances  cf  injury,  and  it  is  certain  th;it  ho"^- 
cver  trifling  tlio  bruises  may  appear  to  be,  they  materially 
detract  fntm  the  growth  and  perftction  of  the  flower  ;  cotton 
wool  should  he  used,  and  eimu^ih  to  p'-event  any  sbukiug  in 
the  box  or  package,  as'  half  the  mischief  that  tak^s  place 
arises  from  slack  packing. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

Dahlias:  W  H.  Horuchurch  B -auty  is  a  remarkably  bold 
flower  ;  colour  a  lively  rosy  lilac  ;  petals  weil  formed  and 
smooth,  very  double,  and  sjmmetiical  in  outline  ;  centre 
scarcely  prominent  enough,  yet  cumpact  find  clos  ;  a  nobl& 
back  tier  flower,  turpassed  by  none  of  its  class.  Cambrian 
Beauty,  a  small  dull  orange,  with  purp'e  tips  on  the  undiir 
side  of  the  pe'als,  bvonzi  lips  on  Ihw  tace  ;  stout,  smootii, 
and  well  arrangeft,  but  low  in  the  centre,  Securely  packed 
and  in  good  condition.— C  J  I'.  Fancy  variety,  lively  purple 
tipped  with  white;  the  peta's,  being  inclined  to  refiox  and 
absolutely  ribby,  must  prevent  ita  tailing  a  place  amongst 
collections. 

Fdchsias  :  J  ff.  Not  so  good  as  many  light  oloured  kindil 
already  ia  cultivation. — J  H.  Eng'aud'a  Glory  is  bold  and 
graceful  ;  corolla  smooth  and  well  exp  inded,  colour* 
purplish  crimson,  tubj  ant  sepals  pii.k'sh  white,  with 
smooth  surface ;  its  only  draivback  i)  a  narronaesj  of  the 
sepals  for  so  bold  a  flower. 


Miscellaneous-  ■ 

The  late  Mr,  Doioning,  of  New  I'ljrX-.  — Among  the 
sufferers  by  the  burning  of  the  Henry  Clay  steamboatj. 
in  the  waters  of  the  Hudson,  lately  recorded  in  the  daily 
papers,  was  Mr.  A.  J.  Downing,  of  New  York,  well 
known  as  a  writer  on  landscape  gardening  and  rui-al 
arcliitecture.  Mr.  Dowuing's  works  are  familiar  ^to  a 
large  class  of  English  readers,  and  he  had  many  pers  onal 
friends  in  this  country.  In  America  his  death  wil  be 
recorded  as  a  national  loss. 

Apple  Marmalade.— VqqX  and  core  two  pounds  sub- 
acid apples  and  put  them  in  an  enamelled  saucepan  with 
one  pint  of  sweet  cider,  or  half  a  pint  of  pure  wine,  and 
one  pound  of  crushed  sugar,  and  cook  them  by  a  gentle 
heat  three  hours,  or  longer,  until  the  fruit  is  very  soft, 
and  then  squeeze  it  first  through  a  colander  and  then 
through  a  sieve.  If  not  sufficiently  sweet,  add  powdered 
sugar  to  suit  your  taste,  and  put  away  in  jars  made  air- 
tight by  a  piece  of  wet  bladder.  It  is  delicious  when 
eaten  with  milk,  and  still  better  with  cream.  American 
Gardeners  Chronicle. 

Cultivation  of  AmarylUds.—l  make  it  a  rule  to 
examine  the  stock  under  my  care  about  the  end  of 
January  or  the  beginning  of  February,  and  those 
wanted  to  bloom  in  April  are  then  selected  and 
examined  as  to  their  drainage  ;  if  their  roots  are 
decayed,  all  the  mould  is  at  once  shaken  ofl',  and  the 
bulbs  are  then  re-potted  in  a  mixture  composed  of  one- 
third  loam,  one-third  peat,  and  one-third  rotten  dtmg, 
with  a  liberal  portion  ol  silver  sand  ;  they  are  then 
placed  in  a  temperature  of  55  to  GO  degrees  Fahr. ,  and 
watered  very  sparingly  until  the  llower  spike  has  grown 
(J  or  0  inches  ;  if  it  is  tlicu  wanted  to  accelerate  their 
growth,  more  water  and  more  heat  is  applied  ;  if,  on 
the  other  haiul,  it  i.s  wanted  to  retard  tlieir  growth, 
water  and  heat  are  withheld  ;  but  if,  on  examining  the 
potH,  tho  roots  are  found  in  a  healthy  condition,  I 
diaiienso  with  the  potting  at  that  timo,  as  I  in-ofer  to  pot 
tliom  after  the  foliage  has  grown  about  0  inches.  When 
they  liavo  dt.'.io  Ihiworiiig,  1  place  them  on  the  back 
bholf  of  a  Btovc,  or  vinery,  or  in  a  jiit  that  can  bn  kept 
warm;  I  then  water  and  syringe  them  freely  until  the 
loliiigo  aHsumcH  a  ydhiw  tiiigu  ;  water  is  -thfu  gradually 
withheld  imlii  lliu  inliago  IniH  parted  frtnn  the  bulb, 
when  no  more  in  given,  and  the  polH  are  then  laid  on 
llieir  nidus  at  the  warm  end  of  the  greenhouse,  under 
the  Btago,  till  tho  htllowing  npring  ;  the  remarks,  as  to 
reHting,  do  not  npjily  to  all  kindn  alike,  as  llipiieaatrum 
iiulieum  ami  ^\\\^^  or  t«o  others  do  not  loao  their  ■ 
i()ha;.^e  during  winter.  The  hieana  of  resting  these  is 
only  by  keeping  them  moderately  dry  and  cool  durirg 


536 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Aug.  21, 


tliu  wiuttir  uioiitliri.  lu  tlic  iiiuiitcur  liurist,  and  to  the 
gardener  who  may  have  room  and  leisure,  a  wide  field 
13  open  for  improvement  in  this  class  of  flowers,  for 
although  they  are  admitted  to  be  in  the  highest  degree 
ornamental,  some  of  them  very  fragrant,  and  all  of 
tbem  .'easily  cultivated,  yet  they  are  very  far  from 
possessing  that  rotundity  of  petal  it  is  very  desirable 
«bat  they  should  possess.  Vallota  purpurea  is  one  of 
the  best  formed  flowers  in  this  class,  as  well  as  being  of 
a  good  colour,  and  would,  I  presume,  be  a  good  one  to 
cross  with  for  purposes  of  improvement.  I  usual!/  sow 
the  seed  as  soon  as  gathered  in  some  rather  dry  loam 
and  sand,  and  place  it  in  a  warm  house  or  frame, 
and  water  sparingly  until  the  seed  germinates  ;  I  usually 
allow  them  to  remain  in  the  seed-pan  until  the  following 
March,  when  they  are  potted  off'  into  3-inch  pots  at 
fiFst ;  they  are  afterwards  potted  as  their  growth  pro- 
gresses. The  principles  essential  to  their  successful 
enltivation  are  an  abundance  of  light,  heat,  water,  and  a 
good  rest.  E.  A .  Jlamp,  in  Gardeners'  Record. 

Nag-Eassar.  By  Berthold  Seemann.— The  buds  are 
about  the  ;size  of  a  Pea,  and  of  an  orange- brown  or 
sionanion  colom'.  They  emit  a  fragr.ance  not  unlike 
that  of  Violets  or  green  tea ;  and  Dr.  Pereira  has 
siuggested  that  on  account  of  this  odour  they  might  be 
Talnable  as  a  perfume.  Their  chief  use,  however,  and 
that  for  which  they  are  employed  in  the  East  Indies,  is 
dyeing  silk.  What  colour  they  produce  is  not  known, 
hut  it  is  probably  yellow.  My  esteemed  friend, 
D.  Hanbury,  says,  in  a  .letter  to  me,  "  A  decoction  of 
the  Calysaccion  buds  possesses,  I  find,  but  very  little 
colour,  as  the  enclosed  slip  of  blotting  paper,  which.has 
been  dipped  into  :it,  will  show.  If,  however,  a  little 
subcarbonate  of  potash  be  added  to  this  simple  decoction, 
a  tolerable  deep  orange-brown  is  produced.  The  piece 
of  calico  sent,  having  been  steeped  in  a  weak  solution  of 
alum,  was  boiled  in  this  alkaline  decoction,  but  the  buff' 
■colour  it  lias  acquired  is  not  remarkably  flue  ;  perhaps 
Eome  one  acquainted  with  dyeing  might  succeed  in  pro- 
ducing a  better  hue."  The  genus  Calysaccion  is  allied 
to  Kayea,  Wall ;  and  the  only  species  as  yet  discovered 
J3  C.longifulium,  Wight,  a  beautiful  tree,  found  m  abun- 
dance on  the  top  of  the  Malabar  Ghauts,  in  the  southern 
Mahi-atta  country,  in  the  west  Mysore  and  Coorg,  on 
the  Paii'ell  and  Worlu  hills,  Bombay,  and  in  the  Kennery 
jimgles.  The  leaves  are  opposite,  oblong,  coriaceous, 
and  evergi'een.  The  flowers  appear  in  March  aud  April, 
and  are  produced  in  clusters  on  the  old  wood.  They 
ar©  whitish-yellow,  streaked  with  red,  and  polygamous. 
The  male  plant  is  called  Vi'oonJy,  the  female  Poonag, 
while  both  are  known  by  the  names  of  Suringee  and 
Geordeeondy.  The  term  Nagesar,  which  is  applied  to 
the  buds  in  commerce,  is  given  to  them  in  India,  in 
common  with  those  of  several  other  Clusiaccje.  Phar- 
•siacciUical  Journal. 

Mulbeny  Wood. — Some  sound  beams,  formed  from 
tire  wood  of  the  Mulberry  tree,  have  been  found  in  the 
miins  of  Nineveh,  where  they  are  supposed  to  liave  been 
placed  at  least  700  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 
Daily  Paper, 

Hedrjehogs. — A  gentleman  residing  in  Nor.'olk  recently 
found  that  some  chickens  of  the  Sp.anish  breed,  which 
he  was  rearing  in  hutches  in  his  garden,  were  disappear- 
ing night  after  night,  through  the  agency  of  some 
Qocturnal  depredator.  As  the  garden  was  only  a  short 
distance  from  the  river,  it  was  concluded  that  these 
depredations  were  committed  by  rats.  About  11  o'clock 
one-  night,  as  the  owner  was  passing  through  his  garden, 
he  heard  a  gi-eat  commotion  in  the  chicken-hutches, 
and,  on  proceeding  to  the  spot,  discovered  that  there 
■was  some  animal  chasing  the  chickens  rapidly  round 
tile  hutch,  with  a  view  to  their  destruction.  Having 
secured  the  assailant,  by  closing  the  door  of  the  hutch, 
©n  lights  being  procured  the  depredator  was  found  to 
be  a  large  hedgehog,  which  was  instantly  killed  in  the 
liutch.  Times. 


with  lime  and  sulphur. 


STATE  or  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
Vat  the  week  ending  Aug.  19.  ISai.  at  observed  at  the  Horticultural  Gardens, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For  the  ensuina  weelc.) 
— » —  " 
PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
No  time  should  be  lost  in  completing  the  repairs  of 
tlie  various  structures  devoted  to  the  growth  of  plants  ; 
for  the  sooner  plants  of  all  kinds  at  present  exposed  to 
the  weather  are  put  under  the  protection  of  glass,  the 
better  it  will  be  for  their  future  well-doing.  The 
conservatory  will  require  a  fire  occasioually,during  very 
wet  days,  to  dry  up  internal  damp,  and  to  allow  for 
extra  ventilation  ;  let  the  fires,  however,  be  made  during 
the  day,  and  extinguished  before  night,  and  used  solely 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  drier  atmosphere,  without 
increasing  the  temperature.  Continue  to  keep  the 
house  gay  by  a  selection  from  the  reserve  houses 
of  the  showiest  plants  in  bloom ;  carefully  tie  out, 
before  they  reach  the  blooming  state,  the  different 
vairieties  of  Lilium  lancifolium  ;  two  other  good  autumn- 
flowering  plants  should  hkewise  have  the  like 
attention — Crowea  saligna  and  Plumbago  capeusis, 
which  are  invaluable  at  this  season.  Attend  to  the 
proper  regulation  of  climbers,  and  give  liquid  manure 
to  gross  growing  plants  in  bloom,  to  maintain  them  in 
■vigorous  health,  and  assist  the  late  flower-buds  to  open. 
Ai'ter  greenhouse  plants  have  been  placed  under 
protection,  whether  of  a  permanent  or  merely  tem- 
porary character,  an  unlimited  supply  of  air  must  be 
given  them  day  and  night,  for  reasons  noted  in  last 
week's  Calendar  ;  finish  the  potting  of  Chrysanthemums, 
and  stake  them  securely  as  they  advance.  The  stock  of 
autumn  and  winter  flowering  plants  should  notbe  stopped 
aCier  this,  but  have  every  encouragement  to  assist  in 


Friday. 
SatuT. . 
Sunday 
Monday    16 
Tues.   ..   i; 
Wed.    ..  18 
ThurB...  VJ 


Average 


f 

Tbmpbbatdbb. 

i 

or  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

Wind. 

Max. 

Min. 

Uax. !  MlQ. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

:j 

29.7Ge 

3C11 

71 

49 

eo.o 

59 

58 

N.W. 

231  29781 

29391 

74 

.■>4 

C1.0 

60 

69 

Q    •Z^Md 

53.3 

61 

59 

1    59.930 

fi^ 

66.5 

mh 

2    29.9U 

29.P7a 

7fi 

59 

67.5 

62 

bO 

3    29.S62 

29.7JI 

74 

b-i 

b-Ji 

•1 

29.930 

29.909 

70 

bi 

6J.6 

63          60i 

S9-SI53   '  29.fi7r 

73.S  '  54.0  '  63.1   1  61.1       593 

.00 
1.40 


iMt  13— Hoe;  very  fine;  clear  at  uiRlit. 

14— Vfry  fme;  licavy  rain  at  night. 

la-Fo(tBT;  low  white  cloutla;  clear. 

)6  — Heavy  dew ;  fine  densely  ovsrcast ;  very  mild  at  niKiit. 

17— Denaely  overcait;  roaiaei  of  white  cloadu;  deuBely  ovcrcaat; 
hR*vy  thundcr-Btorin  coramencinz  in  tha  eTecioff,  most 
oevere  11-12  p  m.  with  forked  lighlning,  loud  thunder  and 
rain  in  torrents.  ,    ,     ,,  ,  ^   . 

IS— Fine;  very  fine;  low  white  cloada;  deusely  cloudwd;  lightniog 
at  night. 

19-Fine;  very  fine;  cloudy;  clear. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  vtetV,  I  deg.  aboTe  the  aTerage. 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
iring  the  last  26  yean,  for  the  eaiuioR  week,  ending  iug.  28,  \SJ'2. 


No.  of 
Tears  in 

which  it 
Rained. 

Pretailing  Winda 

III 

m 

If 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

AugUHt. 

:= 

Z  *  w  1     [m 

£ 

Sunday  23 

70.8 

51.3 

61.0 

11 

0.53  in. 

1 

I   ^-'i\^° 

7 

Mod.     23 

71.2 

4S.9 

60.1 

11 

0.95 

47.3 

59.4 

12 

0.23 

Wed,      25 

70.9 

51.3 

61.1 

8 

0.32 

: 

2    I;  1,  5'  8    4 

Thurs.  36 

72.1 

48.S 

60.9 

9 

0.51 

Friday   27 

72.6 

50.2 

61.4 

S 

1.32 

Satur.    28 

72.3 

51.3 

bl.7 

12 

0  20 

Tho  hiebcBt  temperature  during  tht  above  period  occurred  on  the  Sitb, 
13i6~therm.  S3deK.:  and  the  loweat  on  the26th  IS^O-theroi.  36  deg. 


ripuning  their  wood  early,  that  no  dithculty  may  arise  ,  dry  days.  The  last  crop  of  Peas  will  require  sticking 
in  getting  them  into  bloom  at  tlie  time  wanted.  Daphnes,  [  and  any  appearance  of  mildew  checked  by  dusting  them 
Oranges  (of  the  different  kinds),  Myrtles,  and  Gardenias 
intended  for  forcing  should  be  removed  to  a  cool  airy 
house,  and  be  kept  as  dormant  as  possible. 
FORCING  DEP.\HTMENT. 
Vinehy.— Ripe  Grapes  should  be  occasionally  looked 
over,  to  remove  decayed  berries.  During  the  conti- 
nuance of  wet  weather,  slight  fires  (by  day)  will  be 
necessary,  both  to  houses  of  ripe  fruit  and  to  Grapes 
swelling  off,  and  colouring,  to  jirevent  damp  ;  and  to 
allow  for  ample  ventilation.  Wasps  at  this  season  are 
troublesome,  and,  to  prevent  their  entrance,  tack  the 
Nottingham  hexagonal  netting  on  slight  frames,  and 
place  them  over  the  sliding  sashes  and  ventilators  ;  extra 
growths  after  this  should  be  stopped  back,  but  preserve 
the  principal  leaves  untouched,  until  they  die  naturally. 
We  allude  to  this,  as  we  have  seen  large  fleaves  fre- 
quently removed,  to  admit  the  smi  to  the  ripening 
fruit  — a  practice  founded  in  error,  as  Grapes  do 
not  require  it,  and  it  materially  injures  the  Vine. 
PiNEUY.— Finish  off  potting,  both  of  the  fruiting  and 
succession  plants,  as  soon  as  circumstances  permit, 
that^time  nijy  be  allowed  them  to  finish  their  growth 
before  the  dull  days  of  winter.  In  re-plunging  them 
allow  plenty  of  room  between  the  plants  for  their  growth 
during  the  next  three  months,  and  keep  them  as  near 
the  glass  as  the  form  of  the  pit  or  house  will  permit. 
Keep  up  a  steady  bottom  heat  at  00^,  to  facilitate  a 
quicker  growth  of  the  root  after  potting  ;  it  may 
gradually  decline  a  few  degrees  as  the  plants  advance. 
Syringing  should  be  discontinued  (unless  in  dry  airy 
houses)  ^as  thedays  shorten,  and  the  external  air  becomes 
moister",  except  to  plants  swelling  their  fruit,  which  will 
require  a  moist  atmosphere.  Air  should  be  freely  given 
the  fore  part  of  the  day  ;  but  the  plants  will  enjoy  being 
clostd  up  early  in  the  afternoon  at  a  temperature  of  1)0'^ 
or  95"  for  three  or  four  hours,  giving  as  much  air  after- 
wards as  will  produce  a  gentle  circulation  through  the 
night.  Water  fruiting  plants  with  liquid  manure  when 
dry  ;  where  the  fruit  is  cut  from  those  kinds  which  do  not 
produce  suckers  freely,  the  stools  should  be  shaken  ou 
of  their  pots  and  repotted  in  deep  and  lesser-sized  pots, 

plunging    them    in    a    brisk    bottom    heat ;    this   will 

generally  induce  thorn  to'produce  a  supply.     Cucumbers 

aud  Melons,  to  cai'ry  them  on,  will  require  the  bottom 

heat  to  be  kept  steady,  at  not  less  than  85°;  nothing 

tends  so  much  to  bring  on  mildew  and  gum  with  the 

above,  as  insufficient  bottom  heat,  which,  checking  the 

free  progress  of  the  roots,  has  a  corresponding  eff'ect  on 

the  top,  and  enables  disease  to  have  greater  power  over 

the  plant.     The  atmosphere  should  be  kept  pure,  and 

somewhat  drier,  by  slight  fires  and  good  ventilation,  or, 

if  growing  in  dung  frames,  by  linmgs  of  hot  dung.     A 

sowing  of  a  good  winter.  Cucumber  should  now  be  put 

in  ;  we  prefer  Lord  Kenyon's  for  nearly  evei-y  purpose. 

Fertilise  the  late  Melons,   to   assist  their  setting,   and 

keep  the  plants  thin  of  vines,  allowing  no  more  shoots 

or  leaves  than  what  is  required  to  carry  out  the  ripening 

of  the  fruit. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Cuttings    of   choice  herbaceous   plants.    Carnations, 

Picotees,  tScc,  put  in  early,  should   be  pricked  out,  or 

potted,  immediately  they  are  struck,  to  get  established. 

The  early   struck    Pansies    may  be  planted    out    for 

autumn     blooming.      Young     seedling      Wallflowers, 

Brompton  Stocks,  Sweet  Williams,  and  other  biennials, 

should  either  be  planted  out  into  reserve  beds,  or  where 

they  are  to  flower.    Continue  the  propagation  of  bedding 

out  plants  ;  making  notes  of  desirable  new  things.     The 

present  will  prove  a  favourable  time  to  propagate  by 

cuttings  most  kinds  of  Roses.     Choose  the  ends  of  the 

shoots  for  the  purpose,  with  the  bottom  part   partly 

ripened.      Noisettes,    Bourbons,    Chinas,    and     many 

I'erpetuals,  will  strike  freely  in  sandy  soil,  by  the  above 

means. 

HARDY  FRUIT  G.ARDEN. 
To  prolong  the  season  of  the  more  common  hardy 

fruits,  a  selection  of  Gooseberries  and  Currants  should 

be  made,  and  matted,  to  protect  them  from  birds,  &c. 

A  better  way  is  to  make  rough  frames  large  enough  to 

cover  one  or  more  bushes,  and  cover  with  hexagonal 

netting.     This  will  effectually  exclude  wasps  and  flies, 

which  often  find   their  way  through  mats  ;  and  at  the 

same  time  admits  sufficient  air  to  keep   the  frait  from 

damping.     The  top  may  be  of  rough  boards,  if  thought 

desirable. 


KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Potatoes  on  wet  soils  should  be  taken  up  wherever 
the  haulm  is  decayed,  to  prevent  the  sound  ones  from 
rotting.  Where  the  tops  show  any  appearance  of  vitality 
the  crop  may  remain  for  a  time,  to  stand  the  chance  of 
becoming  better  ripened.  Store  the  sound  part  of  the 
crop  in  small  quantities  in  sheds,  lofts,  &c.,  to  dry, 
before  attempting  to  pit  thcra  ;  for  probably  many  will 
still  turn  diseased.  In  our  neighbourhood  they  are  all 
but  a  complete  failure.  If  not  sown,  as  advised  last 
week,  lose  no  time  in  getting  in  the  spring  Cauliflower, 
Lettuce,  &c.  A  bed  of  Onions  may  likewise  be  sown 
thickly,  to  stand  the  winter.  A  crop  of  dwarf  French 
Beans  should  be  sown  under  a  south  wall,  for  the 
chance  of  a  late  supply  ;  and  an  empty  Melon  pit  may 
be  planted  at  the  same  time,  keeping  the  sashes  off  till 
frosty  nights  come  on.  Prune  off"  supei-fluous  shoots 
from  Tomatoes  against  walls,  that  they  may  not  shade 
the  ripening  fruit.  The  leading  shoots  may  be  pinched 
out  when  sufficient  fruit  is  set,  which  will  assist 
to  ripen  the  crop.  Chillies,  in  pots  or  frames,  should 
be  kept  Iree  from  green-fly  ;  a  little  manure  water  will 
keep  those  in  pots.    Earth  up  Celery  and  Cardoons  ou 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

%*  In  consequence  of  the  Editor'a  absence  from  London,  a  few 
Answers  to  Correspocdeats  are  unaTOidably  postponed  till 
next  week. 

Back  Ndudehs  of  the  Gabdenies'  Cheoniclb  :  The  pub- 
Usber  bega  to  say  that  the  following  may  be  had.  Any 
Bubscriber  who  will  forward  postage  stamps  equivalent  to  as  . 
many  numbers  as  are  required,  will  have  them  sent  free  by 
post.  The  volumes  for  18i7,  1818,  13)9,  1850,  and  1851  are 
now  ready,  price  305.  The  volumes  for  former  years  are  out 
of  print. 
1811-1,  8,  13,  14,  16,  16,  17,  18,  20,  22,  23,  24,  26,  27,  28,  29, 

30   31,32.34,45,46,47,48,  51. 
1342—1,  2,  4,  6,8,  10,  11,  13,  14,  15.  IS,  17,  18,  19,  20,  24,  28, 

27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  41,  42,  43,  45,  60, 

51,  52.  63. 

1843—9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  IG,  17, 18,  20,  22,  23,  24,  55,  26,  27, 

58,  29,  30,  31,  33,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42, 13,  44,  45, 

4G,  47,  43,49,50,51,  52. 
1844— All  eicept  46. 
1845-1,  2,  3,  4,  6.  6.  7,  8,  9, 10,  II,  13, 14,  16, 17,  18, 19, 20,  21, 

23  25,  27,  28,  31.  39,  40.  41,  42.  44,  48,  49,  60,  61,  62. 
1816-4,  5.6,10,  11,12,  13, 14,  15,  IS,  17,  18,20,23,  24,26,37, 

41.  42.  43,  4S,  49,  50. 
i347-l.  2,  8.  4,  5,  6,  8,  13, 14, 19,  21,  22,  27,  32,  33,  36,  37,  41, 

42   43.  44,  46,  47.  43,  51. 
1818-1,2  3,4,6,6  7,8,9.10,11,12,13.14,15,16,17,18,19, 

20  21,  22,  23,  24,  25.  26,  27,  28,  30,  32,  S3,  34,  36,  37,  38,  S9,  40, 

4li  44,43,  51,  62,53. 
1819— All  except  46,  47,  48,  49,  51. 
1850-1    2    S.  4,  6,  S,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18, 

19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  33,  34,  36,  38,  39,  40, 

43i  6o!  52. 
1851— All  except  24,  27,  30,  49,  52. 
1852 -AU.  ,     ,  , 

Books  :  A  B  C.  Vie  are  unable  lo  say ;  you  had  better  apply  to 
the  publishers.  Your  other  question  will  be  answered  in 
the  agricultural  portion  of  the  papsr.i 

CosiFEKS  :  X  Y.  Young  Pines  frequently  go  off  when  sown  In 
loose  8?il.  The  latter  should  be  pressed  firmly  before  and 
after  sowing,  and  care  sbould  be  taken  not  to  allow  it  to 
become  very  diy,  J  .^  .    ,    .      . 

Figs  :  J3eta.  The  came  of  Fig-trees  dropping  their  fruit  when 
growing  out  of  doors,  is  generally  to  be  ascribed  to  badly- 
ripened  wood  and  sudden  cold  at  the  fall  of  the  leaves  ia 

GoosEBlaiuES  :  B  The  small  dark  Rough  Red,  Red  Cham, 
pagne,  and  Scotch  best  Jam,  are  esteemed  varieties  for 
preaerving.t  .  .  , 

Insicu:  fa  p.  Your  Willow  leaves  have  been  devoured  by 
the  larva  of  a  sawfly,  probably  Nematus  Salicis,  the  epeci- 
msna  of  which  forwarded  to  us  have  already  formed  their 
cocoons.  The  blotches  or  rather  gail.like  tubercles  on  tha 
leaves  are  caused  by  another  species  of  sawfly,  each  beins 
the  n-.dus  of  a  small  grub,  which  will  ultimately  turn  to 

Nematus  intercus JB.    See  oar  "Home  Correspondence" 

of  to-day.  The  few  seeds,  supposed  to  be  the  slug-worm  in 
its  primitive  state,  are  the  cocoons  of  a  minute  parasitic 
ichneumon,  the  larviB  of  which  have  been  reared  within  the 
body  of  the  catei  pillar  of  soma  moth  or  butterfly.  W.— 
MHM.  Sulphur  applied  carefully  aud  diligently  wUl  destroy 
both  red  spider  and  thrips  %  „._.,.         .,.       v 

Melons:  0 L.  They  are  in  a  sad  plight;  but  how  they  have 
been  brought  inio  such  a  state,  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  say. 
If  all  the  leaves  are  in  the  some  condition  as  those  sent,  the 
sooner  tho  plants  are  thrown  to  tho  rubbish  heap,  and  the 
frames  occupied  by  something  else,  the  better ;  for,  to  try  to 
cure  them  would  be  labour  In  vain.  J 

Micaoicopis :  Walmer.  You  may  get  a  pretty  good  one  for  20!. 
Aborcrombie's  book,  although  obsoleie,  is  useful ;  but  as  to 
his  physiology,  the  less  you  have  to  do  with  it  the  better. 

Names  of  Pubts  :  O  C.  Pancratium  amboinense  IJ  a 
Eurycles  and  a  stove  plant.  P.  nerrifoliuni  is  one  of  its 
aliases.  Your  loaf  seems  to  belong  to  some  kind  of  I  unliia, 
a  irenus  separated  from  Hemerocallis.  The  white  sort  pro- 
bably wants  to  be  cramped  in  a  pot,  and  exposed  to  »  long 
autumnal  suu.  The  next  year  Umaj  Bovrer.—liMJ,  Iha 
eut-leaved  Alder,  a  variety  of  Alnus  glutinoia. 

Rabpbe>bii8  :  ,Scol.iiia.  The  red  and  while  Antwerp  and  Iho 

R<fs"wATEE:  TA,  Take  10  lbs.  of  petals,  7  fluid  ounces  of 

proof  spirit,  2  gallons  of  water.    Let  a  gallon  distil. 
Spihach?  JCH,  The  Flanders  and  the  Lettuce-leaved  are 

preferable  to  the  Pricklj-sceded  for  present  sowing.} 
Tanks  •  P  S    Slate  will  be  found  to  suit  jour  purpose  beat. 

Give  the  plants  room  enough  at  first,  and  they  will  require 

litlle  attention  afterwards-} 
Transplantino  :    T  D.  You  may  move  your  Conifers  next 

month  with  safety.}  ,         .,     .  „       ,. 

Violets  :  F  H.  It  i»  difficult  lo  say  what  aili  them.  How  hove 

they  been  managed  t 
Wasps  :  Reader.  Try  the  effect  of  covering  the  trees  with  Bome 

cheap  gauze  netting  J  ...„.» 

Misc :  ClenciiS,  Mr.  Kivers  address  u  Sawbridgewortb,  Herti.T 


34—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


537 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTUKISTS.— 
It  beiog  notorious  that  extensive  adulteratioua  of  this 
MANDKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  lilPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Furmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  coarse  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  'price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  hy  them  during  thelast  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  'per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


'PHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offer  the 
-■-  following  Manures  on  the  best  terms,  warranting  every 
article  strictly  genuine :— Peruvian  Guano,  Superphoephate  of 
Lime,  Nitrate  of  Soda,  Concentrated  Urate,  Feat  Charcoal, 
Gypsum,  Fishery  Salt  from  Cornwall,  also  a  constant  supply  of 
Salt  for  agricultural  purposes;  Linseed  and  Rape  Cake. 
Peruvian  Gnano,  warranted  the  genuine  importation  of  Messrs. 
A.  Gibbs  and  Sons,  at  92. 10*.  per  ton,  orfor  5  tons  and  upwards, 
«!.  5*.  in  Dock.  Edwaed  Pdesee,  Sec, 

40,  New  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


lyTANURES. — The   following    Manui'es  are    manu- 
-'-'-*-  factured  at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  X  7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  10s.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  92.  55.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  «S:c. 


T  INSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  English,  Rape 
-*—'  Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Mark.  Fothergill,  20i  a,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


FOR  SALE  AND  [EXPORTATION,  SIXTEEN 
RAMS  AND  RAM  LAMBS,  of  1851  and  1852,  of  pure 
Spanish  and  Saxon  blood.  They  are  worth  the  attention  of 
Flockmasters  and  Colonists,  betn;;  bred  with  much  care  from 
the  best  Merino  Flocks  remaining  in  this  country.  Their  Wool 
is  not  only  fine,  but  longer  than  usual  in  this  description  of 
sheep,  and  obtained  a  Prize  Sledal  at  the  Great  Exhibition  of 
1351.  They  can  also  be  recommended  for  crossing  with 
English  breeds,  to  improve  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the 
Fleece. — For  price  and  particulars,  enquire  of  C.  UoaaiEN, 
Simmcots,  Chichester,  Susses. 


HORSE  KEEP  CHEAP,  AND  EMIGRANT 
TOOLS.— FREE  TRADE.— Do  you  bruise  your  Oats? 
A  quarter  of  Oattf,  at  a  guinea,  well  crushed,  will  nearly  make 
four  sacks.  Immense  saving,  and  important  improvement  of 
the  animal,  OAT  BRUISERS,  Chafl'-cutters,  Ploughs, 
Threshinc-machines,  Domestic  Flour-mills,  Lipht  Carta, 
Mining  Tools,  Gold-silting  Machine,  Brick  and  Til©  ditto, 
Corn-dressing  ditto,  &c.  Order  early.  Repairs  done.  Inspect 
the  operation  of  above  articles. — M.  Wedlake  and  Co.,  118, 
Fenchurch-sireet.  London.    Pamphlet  on  Feedinff,  la. 


IRON    HURDLES.    FENCING,   ETC. 

STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwarb,  beg  to 
inform  their  friends  and  the  public  uenerally  they  are  now 
manufacturing  Iron  Hurdles,  at  the  following  low  prices  : — For 
sheep,  6  ft.  long  3  ft.  high,  5  bars,  33.  2d.  each  ;  and  for  cattlo, 
6  ft.  long,  3  fc.  3  in.  high,  5  bars,  's.  6d.  each. 


THE  ECONOMIC  PORTABLE  MANURE  COM- 
PANY manufacture,  and  have  always  for  sale,  the 
following  MANURES  :— Patent  Manure,  51.  5s.  per  ton  ;  highly 
concentrated  Ftecal  Manures,  31. 10s.  per  ton  ;  Superphosphate 
of  Lime,  51,  2s.  Qd.  per  ton ;  Turnip  Manure,  il.  105.  per  ton  ; 
■Gypsum,  XL  os.  per  ton. 

Orders  and  applicationa  for  agencies  to  be  addressed  to 
William  Dodds  and  Co.,  Managers,  102,  Leadenh all-street, 
London. 

HARCOAL    AND   SEWAGE   MANURE.— Pro- 


C 


mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fxcea  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Bold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
^olham,  Middlesex,  at  60*.  per  ton,  4a.  per  cwt.,  2s.  6d.  per 
■Iialf  cwt. 


T  IQUID   MANURE   conveyed  over- 
-*-^  land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

IlTDaAUHC  EnQINEEE,  70,  SXEAND,  LONDON. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 
HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

^VeLLS  SDNK  and  BoBINO  done  111  ALL  PAETS 

OF  Town  oa  Codntby, 


OR    WATERING     GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING     LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,    ETC. 
PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPES. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus*. — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
tive  parts  of  euch  eqnal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  m.iy  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Anj 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  spade,  and  in  4S  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides, — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B,  White 
and  Sons,  Mill  bank-street,  Westminster. 


riie  ^srtcttltttrsl  ^untu* 

SATURDAY,  AUGUST  2\,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
TiiUitsDAT,      Aujr.     25— Aeriru'turfll  Imp,  Society  of  Ireland, 
TuuBSUAT,      Sei)t.      S—Agricu'.turallmp,  Society  ollreland. 


TXMES  LYNE   HANCOCK,   (Sole  Licensee  and) 

^  MaNCFICTCBEB,    Go?W£LI,   ItOAD,    LOMDON. 

The«e  Pipes  are  well  a'laplcl  fur  Waterinic  Oardenn,  con. 
T.jlng  Liquid  Manure,  racklof?  Ueer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
Om  Lampi,  and  all  parpofles  where  a  perfectly  lound  Water- 
proof aod  Flexible  Pipe  U  required.  They  are  particularly 
«ultAb'e  for  Fire  En^lnei,  aod  are  found  exceadiugly  useful  in 
Dwellinz-houiu  forconteyln;;  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  ic. 

Hote  Reel*  for  windinz-up  and  wlieelln(f  away  lonj;  lengths 
of  the  Tulcanlied  Rubber  Garden  ITone,  are  now  mauufac- 
tored  by  J.  L,  iUncoCK,  of  li^ht  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B.— Vulcaniied  India  Uubber  Garden  Hoae,  fitted  up  with 
R»fea,  Jet«,  aod  Branchst  complete,  with  union  Jolnta  ready 
to  attach  to  puinpa  or  water  cUtemi. 

All  Letter*  or  Orderi  addreiied  to  J.  L.  irAncoCE.GoBwcll  Mows 
Ootwell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  Immediate  attention.    ' 


CAR.SON'.S  OlilGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
PAINT,  etpecially  patroolled  by  the  Brltiali  and  other 
O^rerommti.  the  Hon.  Eaiit  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Coo.panie.,  nioit  pnbllc  bodici,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  loata. 
Tb.  Aoti-Corroiion  U  particularly  recomrnen'led  an  the  moit 
darable  out-door  Paint  erer  Inrented,  for  the  preHcrratlon  of 
Mtry  dii^ptlon  of  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  llriek,  Compo,  Cement, 
4o.,  work,  M  hat  been  prored  by  the  practical  tent  o(  upwurde 
of  M  yeara,  and  by  the  numeroui  (between  JiOO  and  (liii)  tontl. 
co.olaU  in  It*  favour,  and  which,  from  the  ruok  and  etatlon  In 
•o^itty  of  tho<e  who  hare  glvco  them,  have  nerer  yet  been 
•dialled  by  anylhlog  of  th«  kind  hitherto  brou;;ht  boforo  the 
public  notice. 

lA.U  of  Colour!,  with  Pricci.  toKether  with  n  Copy  of  the 
Teallnoniali,  will  be  lent  oo  application  lo  Wai.tku  Caahom  and 
»'■«  No.  S,  Great  Wlncheitcr.slrcet,  Old  liroaj-elrcet.  Royal 
Exchange.  London. -.Vo  Ageuti.  AU  orders  are  particularly 
•■•lilMt.4  to  be  lent  diract. 


The  tlu'ee  weeks  which  have  elapsed  since  our 
reports  of  the  coming  harvest — published  on  the  7th 
August — were  written,  have  been  characterised  by 
frequent  and  in  some  districts  by  almost  constant 
rain.  No  wonder,  then,  that  we  have  received  letters 
from  many  of  the  gentlemen  who  kindly  famished 
those  reports,  intimating  that  they  no  longer  describe 
the  prospects  of  the  country.  The  Wheat  crop  is 
much  lodged,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  country  it 
has  grown  even  where  standing.  One  gentleman 
writing  from  Yorkshire  seems  to  have  been  taken 
to  task  for  his  report  on  meeting  his  friends  at  the 
weekly  market ;  and  he  suggests,  that  though  these 
reports  were  true  of  the  date  on  which  they  were 
prepared,  yet  circumstances  having  altered  so  much, 
a  counter  statement  ought  to  appear.  We  have, 
therefore,  again  issued  a  circular  inquiiy  on  the 
subject,  and  hope  to  publish  the  answers  next  week. 

The  general  prevalence  of  mildew  is  a  matter  of 
serious  importance.  It  has  been  supposed  that  its 
cause  must  be  looked  for  not  only  in  the  damp 
weather  which  has  of  late  prevailed,  but  in  the 
altered  treatment  which  our  soils  have  of  late  years 
experienced.  Certain  it  is  that  the  use  of  nitro- 
genous manures — of  guano  and  the  other  artificial 
aids  to  fertility  now  so  frequent — tends  to  that 
grosser  habit  of  growth  of  which,  in  the  Wheat 
plant,  mildew  is  generally  the  accompaniment.  It 
remains  to  be  seen  whether  this  more  general  ten- 
dency to  mildew,  of  which  we  hear  complaints,  can 
be  checked  by  the  select'on  of  varieties,  or  by  the 
better  cultivation  of  the  land  during  the  growth  of 
the  plant.  We  commend  Rlr.  Thompson's  remarks 
on  this  subject,  at  the  late  meeting  of  the  Yorkshire 
Agricultural  Society,  to  the  attention  of  our  readers. 


One  of  .the  most  notable  features  of  the  day 
presents  itself  in  the  efforts  which  the  educated 
classes  are  making  to  extend  the  benefits  of  that 
mental  wealth  which  they  have  themselves  received. 
There  is  hardly  a  town  in  England  which  has  not 
its  mutual  improvement  society,  its.  mechanics' 
institute,  or  its  alhen:oum.  Mechanics,  artisan.s, 
and  workmen  h.ave  opportunities  now — at  a  cost 
within  their  mean.s — of  intellectual  pleasures  and 
social  enjoyments,  which  were  formerly  denied 
to  them.  Free  libraries,  reading-room.s,  classes, 
lectures,  are  waging  an  earnest,  and  we  believe,  a 
siiccCHsfiil  warfare  with  the  brutalising  attraction  of 
the  public  house. 

Now,  we  should  be  lieartily  glad  if  what  is  thu.s 
true  of  almost  every  town  in  the  land  wore  also 
true  of  every  di.itrict  in  the  country.  One  thing  is 
certain — if  ever  this  shall  he,  it  must  ho  through 
the  ;igency  and  the  inlluence  of  the  owners  and 
tlie  occupiers  of  the  soil.  They  hold  the  place 
amongut  labourers  here  which  the  educated  and  the 
puhlic-Hpirited     of    cur     towns     occupy    amongst 


the  labourers  there.  And  we  are  persuaded  there  is 
many  a  one  who  will  read  this  paragraph  that  has 
the  power  in  this  way  of  conferring  a  lasting  benefit 
upon  his  neighbours.  It  is  not  money  that  is 
wanted— Z/rni  would  be  forthcoming  ;  if  the  land- 
owners did  not  provide  it  the  labourers  would;  it 
is  a  little  of  the  time  and  patience  of  the  intelligent 
young  men  of  a  neighbourhood  that  is  the  necessary 
thing.  And  if  our  remarks  should  fall  under  the  eye 
of  any  such,  we  venture  thus  to  suggest  the  onerous 
responsibility  that  therefore  rests  upon  them. 

Uay-schools  are  not  enough  for  the  task  which  is 
committed  to  them ;  and  this  is  especially  true  iu 
the  country.  There  is  not  a  farmer,  with  the  ages 
of  his  herd  boys  before  him,  but  must  acknowledge 
it.  Labouring  men  have  no  such  high  esteem  for 
the  benefits  of  schooling,  and  their  children 
accordingly  are  taken  from  school  as  soon  as  they 
can  earn  Is.  6d.  or  2s.  a  week  in  the  field.  And  it 
is  with  some  knowledge,  both  of  day-schools  and 
Sunday-schools  in  the  country  district,  that  we 
venture  to  express  the  opinion  that  the  majority  of 
those  who  attend  them  leave  them  before  reading 
has  ceased  to  be  a  labour  to  them.  The  consequence 
is,  that  our  young  labouring  men  in  general  prefer 
almost  any  other  companion  to  a  book  during  their 
leisure  hours. 

Day-schools  need  to  be  supplemented  :  and  we 
believe  that  their  deficiencies  are  best  supplied  by 
the  instruction  offered  in  so  many  of  our  towns, 
during  the  winter  season,  by  the  establishment  of 
evening  classes,  and  occasional  lectures.  If  we  can 
only  get  the  young  labouring  men  of  a  district  to 
attend  these  classes,  two  great  things  will  be 
accomplished — they  will  be  hindered  from  acquiring 
a  liking  for  the  pleasures  of  the  pothouse,  and  they 
are  enabled  to  acquire  that  liking  for  learning,  which 
will  ensure  to  the  next  generation  of  children  a 
more  efiicient  schooling  than  the  present  is  receiving. 
And  that  a  very  considerable  number  will  attend  -. 
such  classes  when  opened  and  superintended,  and 
maintained  by  teachers  of  ordinary  intelligence,  our 
own  experience  will  prove. 

If  any  one  should  be  disposed  to  confer  with  the 
nearest  schoolmaster,  and  see  what  may  be  done  in 
his  own  neighbourhood  during  the  ensuing  winter 
towards  the  establishment  of  an  evening  school  on 
three  or  four  nights  of  the  week,  it  may,  perhaps,  , 
gratify  him  to  understand  that  a  society  has  been 
established  in  London  for  the  very  purpose  of  aiding 
such,  efforts  :  and  we  have  great  pleasure  in  calling  : 
attention  to  the  rules*  of  the  "  Working  Men's 
Educational  Union,"  as  being,  in  our  opinion, 
eminently  calculated  to  further  the  efforts  which 
are  being  made  for  the  real  benefit  of  the 
labouring  class.  This  Society  purposes  to  exert 
itself  chiefly  in  the  way  of  furnishing  aids  to 
lectures ;  and  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  those 
who  attend  the  evening  classes  we  have  referred  to 
are  not  children,  and  cannot  be  taught  as  children. 
Barring  the  simple  elements  of  reading,  writing,  and 
arithmetic,  w-hich  must  be  taught  in  the  usual  way, 
instruction  should  be  given  more  by  means  of  con- 
versational lectures,  or  lectures  of  a  more  formal 
character,  than  by  the  system  of  tasking  the  memory  ^ 
with  lessons,  and  then  testing  it  by  questions.  To  ; 
all  such  lectures  the  aid  which  this  society  offers 
will  be  of  essential  importance.  We  sincerely  hope 
some  of  our  readers  may  be  induced  to  inquire  fur- 
ther into  this  subject,  with  a  view  to  the  making  of 
some  eftbrt  in  connection  with  it  during  the  coming  . 
season.  ^^_ 

REAPING  MACHINES. 

[We  abridge  the  following  from  a  report  of  the 
discussion  on  the  subject  at  the  Council  dinner  of  the 
Yorkshire  Agricultural  Society  at  Sheffield.] 

John  Guthwaite,  Esq.,  of  Bainesse,  near  Richmond, 
opened  the  discussion— on  the  best  and  most  economical 
metliod  of  cutting  and  harvesting  corn.  In  bis  opinion, 
a  great  portion  of  the  grain  of  England  was  very  badly 
harvested.  Many  experiments  had  been  made  as  to  ' 
the  proper  state  in  which  Wheat  should  be  got  iu.  He 
had  never  yet  seen  an  instance  of  grain  got  before  it 
was  fully  ripe  that  did  not  furnish  a  superior  sample  to  ' 
that  which  was  gathered  at  a  later  period.  In  his 
opinion,  the  great  bulk  of  the  Wheat  between  here  and 
York  was  now.  ready  to  cut,  but  proper  care  must  be 
taken  of  it  afterwards.  As  to  the  reaping  by  scythe 
or  hooli,  there  was  much  difference  of  opinion,  but  not 
in  coat.  Witliiu  the  last  12  moiilbs  reaping  machines 
liad  been  introduced,  but  tliey  were  not  yet  so  fully 
uudcrslood  as  to  bo  condemned  or  appreciated.  He 
had  long  been  of  opinion  that  reaping  might  be  done  by 
nmcbiiicry,  and  ho  witncBHcd  the  lii'st  experiment  in 
this  country  with  an  American  machine,  on  Mr. 
Mcclii's  farm.  At  that  time  considerable  bias  existed 
ngain.st  tliouo  maciiiucs,  which  miglit  bo  accounted 
for  to  some  extent  by  the  fact,  that  on  the  occasion 
ho  referred  to,  tiio  machine  was  Bent  down  in 
the  charge  of  a  policeman.     Ilussey's  machine  was  set 


•  Workini;  Moo'aDducatlunal  Union.    List  of  Office-bearers, 
iic.    A  Tract,    i''),  SUlnoor-Btrout,  Suovr.hill,  London. 


538 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Aug.  2], 


to  work  by  a  Loudon  policeman,  who  set  it  to  cut  2  feet 
instead  of  a  few  inches  from  the  ground.     (Laughter.) 
Under    such    circumstances  it    was    condemned,   and 
justly  so.     M'Cormick's  machine   was  next  tried,  and 
worked  well,  considering  it  was  a   rainy  day  and  the 
Wheat  not  in  a  lit  state  for  cutting.     M'Cormick's  got 
all   the   credit   because   it    did    the    work    better   than 
Hussey's,  but  when  tested  together  Ilusscy's  gained  the 
victory.     He  had  seen  another  of  Hussey's  tried  at  the 
Barnard  Castle  meeting,  and  it  worked  well.    He  thought 
reaping  machines  had  not  yet  done  great  service,  but  he 
had  no  doubt  that  they  might  cut  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  corn  in  this  country.     With  regard  to  the  prac- 
tice of  using  the  scythe,  tiiere  were  some  objections.     In 
the  first  place  he  thought  there  was  some  question  as  to 
\vhether  that  mode  of  cutting  Wheat  was  more  econo- 
mical than  that  of  having  it  reaped  by  Irish  or  English 
labourers.     Again,  when  corn  is  cut  with  the  scythe, 
many  of  the  heads  are  likely  to  get  at  the  foot  end  of 
the  sheaves,  and  when  they  come  to  be  planted  on  the 
ground,  if  the  ground  be  damp,  they  will  probably  suffer 
some   injury.      For   .these    reasons   he   certainly    did 
recommend,  where  labourers  could   be   secured   at  a 
reasonable  cost,  the  practice  of  reaping  by  the  hook  in 
preference  to  the  scythe  ;  and  he  had  acted  upon  the 
plan  himself  for  the  most  part,  for  he  had  reaped  by  the 
scythe  but  a  very  small  portion  of  his  corn.     Two  years 
ago  a  discussion  had  taken  place  at  Northallerton,  in 
the  North  Riding  of  this  county,  respecting  the  reaping 
of  corn  ;  and  on  that  occasion,  as  on  most  others,  there 
^vas  a  great  diversity  of  opinion,  some  parties  advocating 
the  superiority  of  the  practice  of  mowing  the  corn,  and 
others   thinking   with   himself  that    shearing   was   the 
better  plan.     It"  it^were  cut  and  bound  up  and  thoroughly 
dried,  by  placing  in  an  opposite  position  two  shocks 
upon   eight,  in  the   shape  of  a  hood— when  properly 
done  in  tliis  way,  he  had  found  that  the  eight  sheaves 
at  all  events  might  be  made  as  safe  in  the  stoolc,  with 
regard  to  experiencing  any  harm  from  the  weather,  as 
if  they  were  carted  and  safely  lodged  in  the  stack.     He 
■was  not  the  only  farmer  in  the  neighbourhood  in  which 
he  resided  who  adopted  this  plan,  because  it  was  prac- 
tised by  19  out  of  every  20,  and  for  this,  among  other 
reasons,  that  it  admits  the  sun  and  air,  and  so  dries  and 
ripens   the   corn  quicker  and  better.      Another  point 
to  ■which  he   might  advert  was,  that  as   long  as  ever 
there   was   any   saccharine    matter  left  in    the   straw 
it   would   feed   the   grain  ;   and  therefore,   if  he    con- 
sidered   ihat  the    grain  was   drawing  any   advantage 
from  the  straw  in  this  respect,  lie  would  allow  it  to  stand 
in  stook,  because  he  had  no  fear  of  any  sort  of  rainy 
seasons  ;  no  weather  could  have  any  effect  upon  the 
corn,  when  treated  as  he  had  described.     If  they  placed 
the  hood  with  the  head  upwards,  the  heads  of  the  corn 
■ft'ould  hold  water  ;  but  this  objection,  by  the  plan  he 
adopted,  was  obviated,  as  he  placed  the  sheaves  forming 
the  hood  with  the  heads  downwards,  and  thus  the  water 
ran    out.— Mr.  Dyson,  of  Tinsley,  said  there  was  no 
doult  great  difference  of  opinion  among  farmers  with 
regard  to  the  proper  time  for  cutting  the  corn.     His 
opinion  was,  that  when  they  went  I'ound  and  examined 
their  corn,  by  taking  it  between  the  finger  and  thumb, 
and  squeezing  it,  if  they  found  that  there  was  no  milk 
left  in  it,  then   that  corn  was  ready,  and  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  cutting.     There  was  no  doubt,  he 
thought,  that  when  corn  was  in  this  state,  it  was  far 
better   cut  than   being   allowed    to  remain   upon  the 
ground  ;    and  when  it  was  cut,   he   agreed  with  Mr. 
Outhwaite  as  to  the  propriety  of  adopting  the  plan  of 
hood,  because  they  did  not  want  the  corn  to  be  dried  in 
one  day,  by  a  hot  sun,  but  to  receive  the  benefit  to  be 
derived  from  the  nurture  still  left  in  the  straw. — Mr. 
Brown,  of  Wrangbi'ook,  said  he  commenced  reaping  a 
field  of  Oats  with  the  reaping  machine  a  few  days  ago. 
Some  part  of  the  crop  was  laid,  and  with  that  they  had 
some  difficulty,  but  they  experienced  none  whatever  with 
that  part  that  was  standing.     Some  parties  present  were 
very  much  dissatisfied  with  the  performance:     On  the 
day  following  he  commenced  an  18  acre  field  of  Wheat. 
It  was  Huasey's  machine,  made  by  Crosskill.     On  the 
first  day  a  number  of  spectators  crowded  round  and 
annoyed  them  a  good  deal,  but  on  the  second  day  they 
had  a  fair  opportunity.     It  was  a  large  field,  and  all  the 
crop  was  standing.     The  whole  18  acres  was  reaped  in 
two  days.     They  experienced  no  difficulty  whatever  in 
the  operation,  and  it  was  done  quite  as  well  as  it  had 
been  done  with  the  scythe,  and  rather  better.    However, 
he  was  not  at  all  sanguine  about  the  capabilities  of  the 
machine   to   reap  laid   corn,     lie   had   only   had    Iiis 
machine  about  a  week,  and  he  had  not  tried  it  with  laid 
corn,   and   he  could  not  say  therefore  how  far  it  might 
succeed  with  the  laid  crop.     But  as  to  standing  Wheat, 
however  heavy  the  crop,  he  was  satisfied  they  would  be 
able  to  do  it  in  a  very  v.'orkmanlike  manner.  Mr.  Brown 
then  commented  on  Mr.  Outhwaite's  plan  of  leaving  the 
corn  a  long  time  out  in  the  shock.     In  his   opinion  to 
leave  it  out  in  the  fields  five  or  six  weeks  was  to  run  a 
great  risk.     Recurring  to  the  capabilities  of  the  reaping 
machine,  he  observed  that  when  the  crop  was  cut  in   a 
■workmanliice  manner  by  the  machine,  he  preferred  it 
either  to  the  work  of  the  scythe  or  sickle.     For  standing 
corn,  he   had  no  doubt   the  machine   would  come  into 
very  general  use  ;  but  as  to  its   capabilities  of  reaping 
laid  corn^  he  was  unable  to  give  an  opinion.     In  the  first 
mstance,  they  commenced  gathering  the  sheaves  with   a 
rake  ;  but  at  the  suggestion  of  a  friend,  he  adopted  a 
different  plan.     One  of  the  men  who  was  clever  at  the 
operation,  put  the   corn    off  the  machine    witli    great 
regularity  in  the  form  of  sheaves,  without  bands,  and 
eight  men  followed,  who  made  the  bauds  and  bound  up 


the  sheaves.     That,  he  thought,  was  preferable  to  using 
the  rake  at  all.     It  was  necessary  to  have  two   clever 
men  to  manage   the   reaper,  and  eight  other  men  to 
follow.     (Murmurs.)     He  had  no  doubt  that  with  such 
a  force  as  that,  they  could  reap  8  acres  a-day 'comfortably. 
("With   how  many   horses?")     At   first   they  geared 
two  horses,  but  the  weather  being  very  hot  a  third  was 
added,  and  a   boy  was  engaged  to  lead  the  first  horse. 
That  was  found  much  easier.     They  worked  the  horses 
about  two   houi's,  and   then   replaced   them  by  fresh 
ones.     The    work   would   have   been  much  easier  but 
for  the   hot  weather.     ("  AVhat   is    the   average    cost 
per  acre  ?")     He  bad  not  calculated  the  cost,  but  he  was 
quite  certain  it  was  less  per  acre  than  if  reaped  by  sickle 
or   scythe.     Any  other  questions  he  would  be  glad  to 
answer.  ("What  would  you  do  with  th2  labourers?")  Mr. 
Brown  was  asked  if  he  had  seen  M*Cormick's  machine 
at  work,  and  he  replied  he  had  not.— Mr.  H.  Dyson 
(Tinsley)  :  Are  not  the  heads  of  the  corn  likely  to  get 
into  the  butt-end  of  the  sheaf? — Mr.  Buown  :  Perhaps 
more  than  with  the  hook,  but  decidedly  less  than  with 
the  scythe.— Captain  R.  F.  Shaw  (Brantinghara)  asked 
Mr.  Brown  if  he  did  not  find  that  the  working  of  the 
machine  galled  the  necks  of  the  horses  ?     He  had  used 
Garrett's  machine,  and  he  found  that  the  great  weight 
of  the  machine  rested  on  the  necks  of  the  horses,  and 
consequently  injured  them.     It  occurred  to  him  at  the 
time  that  it  was  possible  to  affix  a  small  wheel  in  the 
fore-part  of  the  machine,  at  the  point  where  the  man 
with  the  rake  sat,  and  thus  take  off  the  pressure  from 
the   horses'   necks.      He   begged  to    ask   Mi*.    Brown 
whether  he  had  not  noticed  the  same  fault. — Mr.  Brown 
remarked  that  the  machine  required  the  exercise  of  a 
little  patience  in  its  management.     As  to  galling  the 
iiorses,    they    found    on    the    first    day    some    little 
difficulty,  but   that   arose    from   putting    on  the  links 
of  the  pole  in  the  wrong  place.     They  removed  them 
about  a  foot  nearer  to  the  pole  end,  and  that  remedied 
the    difficulty ;    and    by    changing    the    horses    about 
every  two    hours   they  were   not   at   all    distressed. — 
Mr.     BEAuaiONT   inquired   what    was    the     advantage 
obtained  in  employing  the  reaper  ?     Was  it  in  time,  in 
money,  or  in  both  ?    According  to  the  statement  of  Mr. 
BroTvn,  10  men  and  one  boy  were  required  to  conduct 
the  reaping  operations.     In  the  district  where  he  (Mr 
Beaumont)    [farmed,    viz,   in    the    neighbourhood    of 
Barnsley,   the    men   who   were    employed    to   harvest 
received  os.  a  day,  and  boys   Is.     Therefore,  to  have 
1 0  men  and  a  boy,  and  the  expense  of  horses,  he  had 
calculated  would  amount  to  6'6s.  ;  and  if  the  reaper  cut 
eight  acres  per  day,  the  cost  would  amount  to  nearly  Qs. 
an  acre,  which  was   3a  an  acre  more  than  under  the 
present  system  in  his^district. — Mr.  Be.o\vn  said  he  was 
decidedly  of  opinion  that  they  could  reap  more  with  the 
same  hands  with  the  reaper  than  without  it,  and  for  less 
expense.     Second-rate   hands  would   do  for  gathering 
the  corn,  and  they  might  pay  a  man,  say  2^.  a  day  for 
gathering  corn,  whereas  by  mowing  corn  they  would 
have  to  pay  35.  6d.  or  4s.  a  day,  and  this  showed  the 
benefit  of  the  reaper. — Mr.  H.  S.  Thompson,  of  Moat 
Hall,  said  that  not  having  tried  this  machine,  he  should 
have  preferred  leaving  tlie  discussion  to  those  who  had 
done  so.     It  had  been  tried  by  few  people  as  yet ;  but 
he  was  inclined  to  off'er  a  fewremarUs,  from  having  wit- 
nessed nearly  all  the  public  trials  that  have  taken  place 
with  the  reaping  machine  in  this  country.     He  had  had 
the  honour  of  being  a  juror,  and  had  had  the  opportu- 
nity of  examining  the   implement.     He  saw  Hussey's 
and  M'Cormick's  machines  tried  last  year  in  Cleveland. 
He  also  saw  them  tried  at  Barnard  Castle,  and  lately  at 
Lewes,  where  there  were  15  or  16  of  these  machines  at 
work.     The   great  difference  in  the  two   principles  by 
which  these  machines  are  distinguished,  is  in  the  form 
of  the  knives.     The  form  of  M'Cormick's   knives  had 
been  altered  since  the  machine  had  been  brought  over 
to  this  country,  and  Messrs.  Garrett  had  improved  upon 
the  principle  adopted  by  Hussey  ;  and  of  the  15  or  16 
at  work,  to  his  mind.  Garrett's  improved  knife  made  by 
far  the  best  work.     The  appearance  of  the  corn  cut  by 
M'Cormick's  machine  was  likewise  equal  in  appearance 
to  that  cut  with  the  sickle.     It  was  suggested  at  Lewes 
that  a  wheel  should  be  put  in  front  to  relieve  the  stress 
upon  the  horses,  and  he  had  no  doubt  that  before  long 
such    an    improved  machine    would   be    brought    out. 
Howard's  machine  contained  another  improvement  in 
laying  the  s'raw  down  the  best  in  cutting  ;  it,  however, 
did  not  work  well,  and  it  seemed  to  require  great  alter- 
ation before  it  would  so.     Before  the  arrival  of  another 
year,  he   had  no  doubt  they  would   have   a  machine 
brought  out  in  a  much  more  perfect  form  than  they  had 
BOW.     The  only  thing- the  machine  could  not  do  at  all 
was  the  laid  corn.     If  the  corn  was  laid  one  way,  and 
not  quite  on  the  ground,  the  machine  would  cut  it  very 
fairly,  so  much  so,  that  he  should  have  no  hesitation  in 
cutting  in  that  way.     He  thought  it  was  worth  while  to 
draw  their  attention  to  the  point  of  laid  corn,  and  con- 
ceived there  was  a  great  deal  to  be  done  in  that  respect. 
Was  there  any  possibility  of  diminishing  the  quantity 
of  laid  corn  ?     He  thought  there  was.     In  going  through 
the  country,  and   seeing   two  fields  side   by  side,  one 
standing  and  another  quite  fiat,  there  was  a  cause  for  it, 
although   the    cultivation  might   be   pretty   nearly  the 
same.     He  believed  the  great  diff'erence  would  be  found 
in  the  kind  of  manure  which  was  supplied.     This  year 
we  have  had  a  very  warm  season,  and  in  many  parts  of 
England  a  good  deal  of  rain  had  fallen  when  the  corn 
was    filling.     Speaking    of    his  own    district,    and  the 
district    of    Liucolnshire,    in    wdiicli    he   had    travelled 
during    the    last  few   weeks,    he    had  found    that   the 
quahty  of  the  corn  had  been  deteriorated  very  much 


within  the  last  three  weeks  by  miMew,  which,  of  course, 
made  the  sample  worse  and  the  yield  less.  During  the 
last  few  years  there  had  been  an  increase  of  the  guano 
brought  into  use.  If  they  applied  guano  in  large 
quantities,  without  altering  the  cultivation  in  other 
respects,  in  such  a  season  as  this  they  might  do  a  great 
deal  of  injury.  In  the  one  case  they  might  get  a 
moderate  crop  of  good  quality,  and  the  straw  is  bright 
and  fine  ;  whereas,  with  two  or  three  cwt.  of  guano,  the 
crop  looks  extremely  promising  till  the  last  few  weeks  j 
but  when  the  showers  come,  the  warm  moist  weather 
causes  the  mildew  and  other  diseases  ;  ai^ji  the  farmer 
wiio  has  spent  U.  .or  30s.  per  acre,  would  be  very  glad 
to  exchange  with  his  neighbour  who  has  used  none.  He 
alluded  to  an  experiment  which  had  been  made,  and  he 
thought  that  the  standing  of  corn  had  a  great  deal  to  do 
with  deep  cultivation  and  exposure  of  the  soil  to  the  aii% 
and  that  the  deeper  and  the  more  perfect  the  cultivation 
of  the  soil  the  better Mr.  Peter  Love,  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, said  he  thought  that  considerable  attention 
should  be  paid  to  any  subject  connected  with  agriculture 
before  any  district  or  portion  of  the  couutry  should 
dictate  to  another  any  system  the  result  of  their 
own  experience  only.  He  first  acquired  his  experience 
in  the  west  of  Scotland,  where  he  had  a  very  wet 
climate  to  contend  with.  He  next  removed  to  Ireland, 
wiiieh  was  a  better  climate  ;  and  afterwards  to  the  west 
of  England,  which  was  a  better  climate  still.  When 
he  came  to  Northamptonshire,  he  was  surprised  to  find 
farmers  cutting  their  crops  of  Wheat,  Oats,  and  Barley 
with  the  scythe,  which  he  thoughl  a  very  careless  method. 
But  in  two  or  three  years  he  found  that  they  could  carry 
to  market  a  better  crop  than  he  could.  In  no  part  of 
the  world  were  men  more  careful  in  harvesting  their 
crops  than  in  the  north  of  England.  He  thought  it  was 
best  to  grow  as  little  green  produce  amongst  corn  as 
possible,  so  that  after  it  had  been  cut  it  might  be  put 
quickly  into  a  safe  position.  He  recommended  all 
persons  to  pay  great  attention  to  the  nature  of  the 
climate  in  which  they  cultivated  land.  They  would 
then  be  able  to  form  an  opinion  whether  the  apparently 
slovenly  system  of  harvesting  corn,  adopted  in  the  south^ 
or  the  more  careful  system  of  the  north,  would  be  most 
profitable  to  them.  In  the  wet  climate  of  the  west 
of  Ireland,  he  found  that  corn  was  never  cut  till  it  was- 
dry,  and  it  was  stacked  immediately,  for  they  would 
run  no  risk  by  letting  it  lie  on  the  ground.  It  was 
stacked  in  small  stacks ;  and  though  the  rain  wet  the 
stack  externally,  the  high  winds  dried  the  stack  inwards. 
There  was  yet  one  other  vexed  question  connected  with 
the  harvesting  of  corn  which  had  not  yet  been  touched 
upon,  and  that  was  as  to  the  best  vehicles  in  which  it 
should  be  carried  from  the  field  to  the  staclc-yard.  Some 
were  in  favour  of  carts,  others  of  waggons.  He  had 
always  been  a  one-horse  cart  man  ;  but  he^  had  seen 
work  done  so  well  by  waggons,  that  he  should  be  much 
puzzled  to  which  method  to  give  the  preference.  He 
recommended  persons  who  might  remove  into  a  district 
where  waggons  were  in  general  use  to  adopt  that  method,, 
because  the  predilection  of  the  labourers  would  be  in 
favour  of  that  system,  and  they  might  think  it  up-hill 
work  instructing  them  in  the  other  method.  Improve- 
ments should  always  be  made  steadily.  Another  subject 
was  as  to  the  best  mode  of  stacking  corn.  Some  persons 
were  in  the  habit  of  making  their  stacks  wide  and  low  'y 
others  high  and  narrow.  He  thought  both  systems 
objectionable.  A  high  stack  consumed  labour  in  getting 
the  corn  to  the  top  of  it.  A  wide  stack  required  more 
thatching,  occupied  greater  space,  and  required  more 
straddles.  He  thought  it  best  to  make  stacks  of  a 
medium  height  and  width,  and  nearly  perpendicular. 


FARM  ACCOUNTS.-No.  III. 
[The  following  is  the  Journal,  into  which  the  entries 
of  the  Day-book,  given  at  page  444,  are  transferred,  under 
designations  and  with  references  which  mai-k  their  place 
in  the  Ledger.] 

Fol.  jnURSAL,  1850.— Page  1. 

Ledg.        Sundries  -Dr.  to  John  Jones,  as  follows,  viz. : 

Oct. 
11,-1.  Farm  stock. 

For  valua'-ion  of  farm  stock,  as  per  in. 

veatory  

12.-4.  Cows. 

For  2  cows,  at  9i,  each  ...  •     , 

12.-4,  FiK3  and  poultry. 

For  Buniry  pigs,  &c.,  <fcc 

13. — 4.  Manure. 

For  150  loadSj  at  3s.  per  load 
Straw  from  last  crop 


£    s.  d. 
233  15    0 


...  IS 
...  10 


,  22  10     0 
,  20     0     0 


■  42  10     0 


13.-4.— Hay. 

For  6  tons  Clover  bay,  atCOs.  p.  ton  18 
7  do.  Grass,  at  40s.  per  ton         ...  14 


0    0 
0    0 


■  32 


5.-4.  Church  field. 

For  10  a^-res  of  Clover-!ea,  at  8s.  GJ.  per  acre    4 
7._4.  paih  field. 

For  G  ploujhiogs,  at  7s.  6t?.  per  acre  IS    0    0 


2  hariowinga,  ut  Is 

1  year's  rent ... 

"Woiid  field.  .     ■ 

For  G  pl'jugbings,  at  75.  6t7. 

2  harrowin^s 

150  load,  manure,  carting,  &c. 
Seed  solving,  hoeing,  <fcc. 
1  year's  rent  


It  16     0 
,  10     0     0 


,  27  10  0 
.900 
,  12     0     0 


It.— £449     0    0 


^    S.  d. 
.  15.— CO     0     0 


October,  1850. — Page  2 
IG.—  6.  Sheep  Dr,  to  William  Mason. 
For  50  ewes,  at  24s.  each 

2.—  6.  Pond  field.  Dr.  to  manure. 

For  120  loads  manure,'atSj.per  load...  13.— IS    0    0- 


34—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


539 


Sundries  Br.  to  horse  account  for  tbie  months 
as  follows,  viz, : 

—        Pond  field.  £,   s.  a.  £    s.  d. 

6,    For  carting  on  manure  ...  4    0  0 

6.        2  ploughs,  2  dajs,  at  8l.      ...112  0 

13.  Do.  do.  ...  1  12  0 

IS.        2  teams  rolling,  &c 2    0  0 

13.        Drilling  do 0  15  0 

13.        Steeding  up  farrows            ...  0    8  0 
20.        Do.,  and  drawing  water  fur- 
rows    0    8  0 

■ 10  15    0 

.—        Dairy  field. 

20.    For  2  ploughs,  5J  days,  6t  8s. 

each 4    8  0 

27.        Do.  1  day         0  10  0 

27.        2  teams,  3  days,  harrow,  roll- 
ing, (fee 2    8  0 

27,        2  days  drilling,  harrow,  &c.  2    0  0 

9  12    0 


11.— £20    7    0 
Saadries  Dr.  to  labour  account  for  this 
month,  as  follows,  Tiz.  : 
, —       Pond  lield. 

6.    For  sundries,  see  labour  book  1  14    0 
13.  Do.  Do.  0  13    0 

20.  Do.  Do.  0    9    0 

3    10 

.^        Gows,  pigs,  ttc. 

6.    For  1  boy,  a  week        0    3    0 

13.  Do.  0    3    0 


Carried  forward    ...  £0    6    0 


£3    10 

-      OCTOBZE,  1350.— Page  3    £    3.  (!,  £    s.  d 

Brought  forward    ...  0    6    0  3    10 

20.    For  1  boy,  a  week        0    3    0 

S7.  Do.  0    3    0 

0  12    0 

—        Stable  field. 
13.    For  2  menhaulming,  C  days...  0  IS    0 
20.  Do.  Do.  ...  0  15    0 


—       Dairy  field. 
20,    For  sundries,  see  labour  book  0  16    6 
27»  Do.  Do.  0  18    0 


17.— £7    0    6 
—  6,  Horse  account  Dr.  to  Richard  Wright. 

For  10  qrs.  Oats,  at  ISs.  per  qr.        ...    18.—   9    0    0 


—  Qt  Seed  corn  Zfr.  to  John  Simmons. 

For  5  qrs.  Red  "Wheat,  at  ,42s.  per  qr,  20.— 10  10    0 


Snndriea  Dr.  to  seed  corn,  as  follows,  yiz. ; 
-20.  fond  field. 

For  2  qrs.  Wheat,  at  42s 4    4    0 

—27.  Dairy  field. 

For  3  do.,  at  423 6    6    0 


—     Cash  Jfr.  to  capital  employed. 

1.  For  balance  in  hand  when  I  com- 
menced farming 


19.— £10  10    0 


...  22 1000    0    0 


Sundries  X>r.  to  cash  for  this  month,  as 
follows,  viz. : 
—  4.  John  Jones. 

For  valuation  of  stock,  &c.,  as  per 
inventory  449    0    0 


Carried  forward 


OcTOBEa,  1850.— Page  4 

Brought  forward 
-      Labour  account. 
6.  For  wage?,  as  per  labour  book  1  17    0 
13.  Do.  Do.  1  10    0 

20.  Do.  Do.  2    3    6 

-'.  Do.  Do.  110 


..  £449    0    0 

£      s.d' 
..    449     0     0 


—10.  TTilliam  llason. 

For  50  ewes 
—18.  Richard  Wright. 
J  For  Oats,  as  per  account 

—27.  William  Simmons, 

For  seed  Wheat,  do. 
— 31.  Housekeeping. 

For  cash  on  account 


7    0  6 

60    0  0 

9    0  0 

10  10  0 

10  0 

21.-£545  10  6 


NoVEMBEE,  1850. 
Sondries  JDr,  to  horse  account  for  this  month, 
as  follows,  viz. ; 
-     Stable  field. 

3.  Fori  plough,  6  days,  at  83 2    8    0 

10.  Do.  Do.  2    8    0 

17.  Do.  Do.  2    8    0 

21.  Do.  Do.  2    8    0 


|—     Hanure. 

1     3.  For  Iteam,  8  days  making  bottom...  1  4  0 

10.                Do.                Do.                    ...  1  4  0 

17.                Do.                Do.                    ...  1  4  0 

21.                Do.                Do.                    ...  1  4  0 


4  IC    0 


Carried  forward  ...  £14   8    0 


KovEMBER.— Pago  5  £»,(?. 

Bbcep.  lirought  forward  ...  14    8    0 

3.  Porll«ani,2daj»carllngTurniiij  0  16    0 

10.  Do.  Do.  0  16    0 

1'.  Do.  Do.  0  16    0 

24.  Do.  Do.  0  10    0 

,        .  '    ^    " 

—      Cow«,  pig«,  &c. 

3.  For  1  ttum,  a  day  cartins  Tamlps  0    8    0 

10.  Do.  Do.  0    8    0 

,    17.  Do.  Do.  0    8    0 

!    M.  Do.  Do.  0    8    0 

1  12    0 


11.-19    i    0 
-.LiDdrleil  /Jr.  to  labour  acoount  for  tblg 
month,  aa  follows,  viz, : 
—     Stable  Sell. 

8.  Pot  ■ondrUi,  fee  lubour  book    ...  0    9    0 

2  Diea  beigiag,  Ac 0  18    0 

17    0 

10.  Do.  Do 17    0 

17.  Do.  Do.  1    7    0 

,    21.  Do.  Do.  17    0 

■—      Mannrc.  ■  0    8    0 

3.  For  lundricf,  ace  libour  book   ...  0    4    C 
■«•  Do.  Ilo.  .,,0    4    0 

'    *Jl.  Do.  Do.  ...  0    4    C 


Do. 


Do. 


...  0    4     IJ 


0  18    0 


Carried  forward    ,.,  £7  13    0 


10 Sheep, 

3,  For  sundries 
10.  Do. 

17,  Do. 

24.  Do. 


Brought  forward  , 

Do.  .,,0  3  0 

Do.  ,,,0  3  0 

Do,  .,.0  3  0 

Do.  ...  0  3  0 


£   s.  d. 
7  13    0 


Carried  forward  ...  £8    5    0 


NoTEMBEE,  1850.— Page  6  £   s.  d. 

Brought  forward  ...  6  18    0 
12 — I      Cows,  pigs,  &c. 

3.  For  sundries,  see  labour  book    ...  0    4    6 
10.  Do.  Do.  ...  0    4    6 

17.  Do.  Do.  ...  0    4    6 

24.  Do.  Do.  ...  0    4    6 

0  18    0 


-      Labour  account  Dr.  to  cash. 

3.  For  wages,  as  per  labour  book  ...  1  19 
10.  Do.  Do.  ...  1  19 

17,  Do,  Do,  ,.,  1  19 

24.  Do.  Do.  „.  1  19 


17 £7  16    0 

0 
0 
0 
0 


21.— £7  16    0 
Decembek. 
Sundries  Dr.  to  house  account  for  this 

month,  as  follows,  viz. : 
Stable  field. 

For  1  plough,  6  days,  at  8s 2    8    0 

Manure  Dr. 

,  For  Iteam,  3  days  making  bottom  14    0 
Cart  and  three  horses,  6  days, 

at  123.  per  day 3  12    0 

Do.  Do.  3  12    0 

Do,  Do,  3  12    0 

Do.  Do,  8  12    0 

1512    0 

Sheep. 

For  1  team,  2  days 0  16    0 

1  horse  and  cart,  4  days  ...0  16    0 

Do.  Do.  ...  0  16    0 

Do.  Do.  ...  0  16    0 

Do.  Do,  ,..  0  16    0 

•         4    0    0 


Carried  forward  ...  .^22    0    0 


Decekber.— Page  7  £    s.  d. 

Brought  forward  ...    22    0    0 
12.—      Cows,  pigs,  &c. 

1.  Forlteam,  a  day  carting  Turnips  0    8    0 

8.      1  horse,  2  days  do 0    8    0 

15.  Do.  Do.  0    8    0 

22.  Do.  Do.  0    8    0 

29,  Do.  Do,  0    8    0 

2    0    0 


Sundries  Dr.  to  labour  for  this  month, 

as  follows,  viz. : 
Stable  field, 
I.  For  sundries,  see  labour  book  ...  0    9    0 
Hedging,  ic 0  13    0 

ilanure. 
l.  For  sundries,  see  labour  book    ...  0    4    6 


11.— £24    0    0 


15. 
22. 

29. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Sheep. 
.  For  sundries 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Cows,  pigs,  &c, 
,  For  sundries 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do, 


Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do, 


Do, 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Carried  forward    ...  £0  3    0 

Decembee,  I860.— f  age  8  £  s.  d. 

Brought  forward  ...     6  3    0 

),— 29,  Stable  field, 


For  120  rods  land  draining,  at  83,  per 
rod— see  labour  book 


1  10    0 


13.-29,  Manure  Dr.  to  Peter  Thompson, 

For  30  loads  chalk,  at  63.  per  load 

Sundries  Dr.  to  cash  for  the  following  sums 
paid  this  month,  viz. ; 
17. —      Labour  account. 

1.  For  wages,  as  per  labour  book  ...  1  19  0 

8.  Do.  Do.  ...  1    1  0 

15.  Do.  Do.  ...  1    1  0 

22.  Do.  Do.  ...  1    1  0 

29.  Do.  Do.  ...  2  11  0 


17.-£7  13    0 


23. — 15.  Housekeeping. 

For  cash,  on  account 


7  13    0 
...  10    0    0 
£17  13    0 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «R," 

(Coitfiimed  from  page  522.) 

.Still  postponing  for  the  present  the  consideration  of 
the  effect  upon  the  fccdiwj  value  of  (he  crop,  wo  liave 
thus  maintained  in  our  papers,  and  do  still  maintain, 
tliat  an  *'ca;cc33"  of  niti'ogen  in  the  Turnip  manure 
tends  to  the  over  production  of  leaf,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  reduce  tlie  gain  by  tiie  crop  of  nitrogen  from 
natural  sources.     But  the  reader  aslts  : — 

"  What  do  you  mean  by  an  *  cxccsa  *  of  ammonia  ?'* 

"  Will  this  point  i)o  ronciied  in  using  so  rancli  ricli 
box-fed  dung  ;  or  may  I  add  to  tliib— one,  two,  three,  or 
more  liundred-vvcighta  of  ammoniacal  salts,  or  I'eruviaii 
guano  \ " 

Willi  regard  to  tlio  first  of  these  rpicstionfl,  wo  think 
a  careful  consideration  of  wliat  we  have  already  said, 
and  wliat  will  yet  follow,  will  of  itself  8np|dy  a  sulKcieiit 
answer ;  and  this  attained,  those  who  exorcise  an 
intelligent  ohsf:rv;ition  in  the  praetii;al  ('otiduct  of  their 
art  will  not  he  at  a  loss  to  find,  in  each  case  for  tliern- 
aelvcs,  the  varied  definite  aimwora  to  the  second  (|uestion 


wliicli  their  equally  varied  cuvumstauces  ot  ejui.ate, 
soil,  and  other  local  influences  must  require.  In 
reference  to  points  of  this  kind,  involving  so  many  other 
than  purely  chemical  considerations,  it  is  of  necessity 
that  our  chemistry  of  vegetation  in  its  application  to  the 
general  and  fundamental  principles  of  farming  practice 
should  be  prs-emuiently  "  elastic  and  flexible,"  if  it  is 
to  maintain  consistency  with  the  varied  local  practices 
due  to  the  complex  and  varied  local  causes,  which  will 
necessarily  affect  the  application  of  any  such  general 
principles  ;  but  in  spite  of  attempts  to  confound  in  the 
mind  of  the  practical  reader  the  sphere  of  the  cliemistry 
of  the  general  principles  of  rotation,  with  that  of 
providing  numerical  rules  for  local  and  particular 
circumstances,  we,  for  ourselves,  at  least,  entirely 
disclaim  tlie  latter  as  the  sphere  and  immediate  object 
of  our  papers  ;  and  it  is,  indeed,  in  reference  to  such 
points  as  the  varied  adaptation  of  manuring  to  the 
Turnip,  that  our  views,  being,  as  they  wex'e  throughout^ 
conditional  and  relative,  have  proved  to  be  so  generally 
in  accordance  with  such  varied  practice.  It  is,  however,, 
one  tiling  to  claim  accordance  or  consistency  with  varied 
practices,  when  professedly  discussing  them  in  one 
particular  point  of  view  ;  but  it  is  quite  another  to 
pretend  to  have  adequately  considered  the  varying 
circumstances  themselves,  and  to  have  pointed  out 
individually  their  varying  influences  in  determining  this 
or  that  varying  practice — a  task  which  would,  of  course,, 
necessarily  involve  a  systematic  consideration  of 
climate,  soils,  and  other  local  agencies,,  and  even  com- 
mercial considerations,  subjects  which  we  did  not,  nor- 
do  profess,  to  have  touched  upon  otherwise  than  purely 
incidentally. 

After  any  systematic  consideration  of  the  influence  of 
varying  local  circumstances  upon  our  various  crops,  it 
might  indeed,  with  some  propriety,  be  assumed  that  oji 
this  or  that  soil,  with  this  or  that  average  climate, 
ammoniacal  salts,  in  addition  to  so  much  farm-yard 
manure  for  Turnips,  will  yield  a  return  ;  yet  even  in 
such  a  case,  in  one  year  its  effects  might  be  to  give  an 
undue  amount  of  leaf,  and  not  to  give  as  much  nifrogen 
in  the  increased  crop  due  to  its  use,  as  was  supplied  in 
the  manure  ;  wdiilst  in  the  next  it  would  be  the  means 
of  so  maintaining  the  "  vitality  and  longevity  "  of  the 
plant  as  to  turn  to  the  fullest  possible  account  the  other 
resources  within  the  soil,  as  well  the  power  of  collection 
from  natural  sources.  The  chemical  and  mechanical 
characters  of  the  soil,  the  supply  of  other  constituents 
by  manure,  and  the  adaptation  of  these  various  condi- 
tions to  the  character  of  the  season,  materially  affect 
the  amount  required  of  nitrogenous  manures. 

It  was  particularly  maintained  in  our  papers  that  the 
characteristic  effect  of  ammonia  as  a  manure  for  the- 
Turnip  was  to  increase  the  "  vitality  and  longevity  "  of 
the  plant,  and  to  prevent  a  tendency  to  too  early 
maturity  ;  so  that,  other  things  being  equal,  this  manure 
will  be  beneficial  to  the  Turnip,  when,  without  it,  the 
crop  would,  under  the  combined  influence  of  season^ 
soil,  and  other  supply,  have  come  to  premature  ripeness,, 
and  thus  have  lost  the  benefit  of  an  extended  growth. 
Indeed,  speaking  in  general  terms,  we  may  say,  that  as- 
a  rule,  ammoniacal  manures,  in  addition  to  farm-yard 
manure,  are  useful,  wdierever  with,  upon  the  wdiole,  an  ex- 
tended orbit  of  growth, there  is,  during  a  part  of  the  period 
growth,  such  a  defect  of  sustaining  climatic  circum- 
stances as  would  tend,  in  the  absence  of  ammoniacal 
supply,  to  a  premature  ripeness  of  the  crop.  In  such  a 
case,  however,  the  increased  produce  may  often  be 
obtained  at  the  cost  or  loss  of  ammonia,  or  the  lessened 
accumulation  of  it  from  natural  sources. 

In  the  eastern  counties  of  England,  under  the  four- 
course  system,  and  a  considerable  importation  of  cattle 
food,  and  with  a  higher  average  temperature  of  Turnip 
season,  and  less  rain,  there  is  a  much  larger  quantity  of 
farm-yard  manure  (supplying  botli  carbon  and  nitrogen)^  , 
employed,  in  relation  to  the  amount  of  Turnips  producedj. 
than  in  Scotland  ;  and  frequently  the  nitrogen  supplied 
in  this  way  comes  to  be  sufficient  under  such  circum- 
stances, so  to  carry  on  the  vitality  and  active  growth  of 
the  crop,  as  fully  to  use  up  and  turn  to  account  the 
climatic  agencies  aud  supplies  of  this  naturally  but  limited 
Turnip  season.  In  Scotland,  on  the  oiher  hand,  with 
the  increased  natural  agencies  of  low  temperature  and  - 
more  moisture,  and  with  —  relatively  to  the  large 
amounts  of  produce  which  can  be  grown  under  these 
enhanced  natural  conditions,  both  for  the  conversion 
of  organic  manure  supplied,  and  for  the  direct  supply  of 
these  constituents  from  natural  sources — a  much  smaller 
amount  of  organic  supply  by  manure,  ammonia,  arti- 
ficially provided,  comes  to  be  important.  But  if, 
allowing  for  soil  and  climate,  the  farm-yard  manure  in 
Scotland  bore  the  same  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
Turnips  produced  as  in  the  eastern  counties  of  England, 
direct  ammoniacal  manures  would  then  prove  much 
less  valuable  than  they  now  aro  found  to  be  ;  and,  under 
such  circumstances,  a  given  amount  of  Turnips,  would 
frequently  be  grown  by  a  less  actual  amount  of  supplied 
nitrogen  than  at  present ;  with,  at  the  same  time,  a 
frequently  larger  gain  of  it  from  natural  sources.  There 
are,  however,  many  circumstances  coming  into  play 
which  must  always  prevent  any  purely  scientific  solution 
of  questions  of  this  kind,  iiuimately  connected  as  thoy  aro 
with  the  general  economy  of  the  farming  of  any  locality. 
Indeed,  when  science  has  directed  tho  attention  of  tho 
fanner  to  the  varying  chemical  or  other  circumstances 
under  vvliich  this  or  that  crop  is  grown,  it  is  tliena  question 
for  coininerce,  not  for  scienco,  to  determine  which  course 
will  be  the  uirmt  }>roJl(ahle  ;  for  hi  p7-njlt  there  arc  many 
other  elements  to  bo  taken  into  account  than  merely  tho 
accumulation  or  expenditure  of  bo  many  pounds  of 


540 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Aug.  21, 


ammonia  in  the  production  ot  a  certain  amount  oi 
Turnips,  or  in  tlieir  production  at  an  earlier  or  a  later 
period  of  the  season.  But,  as  we  have  already  said, 
wherever  an  increased  crop  of  Turnips  is  obtained  by 
means  of  nitrogen  only,  as  organic  supply,  we  must  look 
for  the  profit  of  this  increase  of  crop  to  «ome  other 
quality  than  that  of  collecting  nitrogen  irom  natural 
sources.  Were  this  indeed  the  only  source  of  value  of 
the  crop  it  would  not  be  the  nitrogen  only  that  would  be 
80  profusely  supplied  by  art,  under  the  comparatively 
large  natural  resources  of  the  Turnip  season  in  Scotland. 
J,  B.  Lawes,  (To le coniimied.) 


HARVEST  OPERATIONS 
IN    CAMBRIDGESHIRE,    ISLE    OF    ELY,   AND   HUNTS. 

Camhridgc. — Reaping  of  Wheat  on  light  lands  is 
nearly  brought  to  a  close,  and  on  other  soils  proceeding 
rapidly  :  in  some  parishes  fields  have  been  cleared,  and 
a  small  portion  threshed  out,  yielding  admirably  both 
in  weight  and  quality — the  reported  mildew  only 
affecting  the  straw,  aud  that  but  slightly,  where  the 
crops  were  beaten  down.  Some  growers  expect  ft  yield 
of  from  10  to  12  coombs  per  acre,  on  the  poorer  'soils 
8  to  9  ditto,  of  Wheat.  Barley  is  a  most  abundant 
crop,  ears  long,  and  corn  bright.  The  yield  computed 
at  from  10  to  14  sacks  per  acre,  weighing  15  to  16 
stone  ;  much  is  already  cut,  and  a  few  favoui'able  days 
will  enable  the  growers  to  house  it  in  fine  condition. 

Newmarket  and  District — On  forward  land,  the  Wheats 
are  cut, some  carted;  growers  complain  of  the  "mildew," 
yet  the  most  communicative  admit  that  the  ears  are  not 
so  much  injui'ed  as  they  apprehended.  The  yield  will 
be  a  full  average  one.  Barley  and  Oats  are  being  mown 
generally,  both  falling  heavy,  aud  of  excellent  quality. 

St.  Ires  and  District. — Nearly  all  the  Wheats  are 
down,  and  much  Barley  mown  ;  Oats  ready.  Where 
the  crops  are  heavy,  the  corn  aud  straw  show  a  dis- 
•oolouration,  yet  the  hope  is  that  the  corn  has  not  suffered 
to  any  serious  extent.  The  yield  of  all  kinds  of  grain 
is  expected  to  exceed  an  average.  Labourers  in  some 
pai-ishes  are  rather  short,  so  that  the  men  are  receiving 
good  wages  ;  from  10s.  to  Us.  per  acre  for  reaping,  and 
3s.  to  10s.  per  acre  for  mowing  and  tying. 

diatteris,  with  Soinersham  and  Wimblingtcm. — In  these 
great  corn-growing  parislies  the  crops  are  splendid 
beyond  description,  particularly  of  Wheat  ;  much  is 
•beat  down  through  the  excessive  weiglit  of  the  ears, 
and  tlie  late  rains,  causing  the  straw  to  look  dark,  and 
to  be  in  low  places  mildewed  ;  but  !the  attack  coming 
when  the  ear  was  full  grown  the  injury  is  happily  much 
leos  than  was  at  first  feared.  Many  growers  m  tliis  part 
anticipate  a  yield  of  12  to  14  coombs  per  acre  of  Wheat, 
and  of  Oats  from  14  to  18  per  acre.  Not  much  Barley 
or  Beans  grown.  Potatoes  again  blighted.  Everywhere 
are  to  be  seen  men  cutting  the  ripening  corn,  at  wages 
of  fi'om  10s.  to  145.  per  acre. 

March,  including  the  high  lands  and  fens  in  the 
parishes  of  Friday-bridge,  Elm,  and  WIdttlesea. — The 
.crops  generally  tlie  heaviest  ever  seen.  Wheat  much 
laid ;  in  some  districts  the  mildew  is  perceptible. 
Farmers  loudly  complaining.  Wages]  excessive  com- 
pared to  former  years,  lOs.  up  to  18s.  per  acre  ^for 
reaping  Wheat,  and  from  8s.  to  14s.  for  Oats  and 
Barley.  Harvest  work  pretty  general  in  all  quarters. 
Fewer  Potatoes  planted  this  year  than  last,  yet  many  of 
those  much  blighted  ;  the  disease  spreading  rapidly. 
Several  large  farmers  are  this  year  growing  Flax  and 
Canary  Seed  in  lieu  of  Potatoes.  The  crops  looking 
■very  promising. 

Manea,with  Chittiskam. — Crops  remarkably  promising. 
Harvest  work  general.  In  many  parts  the  Wheats 
beat  down,  and  the  crops  injured  by  the  "mildew." 
Oats  and  Barley  expected  to  yield  abundantly.  Potatoes 
going  off  with  the  fatal  disease  of  the  last  five  years. 

Ely,  with  LittUport,  Bilgcty  Fen,  and  Waterbeach.— 
In  every  direction  the  Wheals  are  much  beat  down 
and  more  or  less  injured  by  the  mildew.  Reaping  is 
commencing  on  some  farms,  but  harvest  work  will  not 
■be  general  before  next  Monday  ;  the  crops  are  heavy, 
but  it  is  feared  the  yield  of  Wheats  will  be  lean  aud 
light.  Oats  vary  much,  on  some  soils  good,  promising 
a  ■great  yield  :  in  other  parts  they  appear  to  ripen  in 
patches,  leaving  some  spots  quite  green.  Barley  looks 
•nell  ;  Coleseed  yields  very  indifferently  ;  instead  of 
S  or  1 0  coombs  to  an  acre,  some  farmers  have  found  but 
3  to  4  ditto  on  threshing  out  their  crop.  Many  growers 
of  Potatoes  are  complaining  of  the  wide  spreading  of 
the  disease  again  this  season. 

Huntingdon,  with  Fen  Stanton,  Long  Stanton,  St. 
Neots,  and  other  parishes. — The  Wheat  harvest  is  fast 
progressmg :  much  already  secured  in  good  condition ; 
some  samples  shown  of  new  Wheats  weighing  1 8  st.  net, 
bright  and  excellent  in  quality;  mildew  complained  of 
by  some  growers,  but  that  not  so  universal  as  many 
first  feared ;  the  average  yield  expected  to  exceed  nine 
sacks  per  acre.  Barley  is  being  cut,  and  falls  heavy  : 
fine  weather  will  enable  the  growers  to  secure  at  least 
six  quarters  per  acre  of  fine  malting  grain.  Beans  and 
Peas  but  a  moderate  crop.  Oats  about  an  average. 
Tm-nips  growing  '  amazingly.  Potatoes  in  places 
<iisea3ed.  E.  Gilbert. 


Buily,  the  eminent  poultry  judge,  only  a  few  weeks  ago, 
in  reply  to  a  correspondent  of  the  Gazette,  state  that  five 
toes  were  inadmissible  in  this  breed  ?  C.  P. 

Wheat  Slight. — A  very  bad  case  of  Wheat  blight  has 
occurred  in  a  field  adjoining  the  property  that  I  am 
superintending,  and  close  to  which  a  row  of  Berberry 
trees  of  the  common  kind  are  growing.  The  field  in 
question  contains  21  acres  of  Wheat,  all  of  which  crop 
is  no  better  than  lost.  The  farmer  to  whom  it  belongs, 
backed  by  others  of  his  neighbours,  maintains  that  the 
Berberry  bushes  are  the  real  cause  of  it.  Four  years 
ago  it  went  off  in  a  similar  way  ;  and  the  farmers  hold 
out  that  it  always  will  occur  until  the  Berberry  bushes 
are  destroyed,  as  they  liave  known  cases  of  it  before.  I 
enclose  a  fair  specimen  of  the  ear  and  portion  of  the 
straw,  to  show  that  21  acres  of  such  must  be  a  great 
loss.  If  the  Berberry  trees  are  the  cause  of  it  my 
employer  will  consent  to  their  removal  immediately, 
and  solicits  an  opinion  in  yom*  Paper.  C.  C.  Elcott. 
[The  removal  of  the  Berberry  bushes  will  not  ensure 
safety  from  mildew.] 

Spring-hoeing  TT  heat. — In  Caird'a  "  Bi-itish  Agricul- 
ture," p.  170,  I  find  it  stated  that  spring-hoeing  Wheat 
is  injurious  on  light  lands,  by  increasing  the  proportion 
of  light  corn  in  Norfolk.     On  land  of  a  medium  quality 

I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  hoeing  mine  for  m,any  years, 
with  Garrett's  hoe,  without  discovering  any  such  injury, 
and  I  have  this  year  examined  the  roots  of  my  Wheat, 
to  ascertain  whether  it  is  probable  any  injury  should  be 
incurred.  My  soil  was  in  1850  thoroughly  broken  up, 
to  the  depth  of  about  1 3  inches,  by  the  subsoil  plough  ; 
it  has  since  borne  a  crop  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  followed  by 
Wheat.  The  Wheat  was  horse-hoed  twice — once  in  Feb. 
and  again  in  April — to  the  depth  of  about  an  inch.  A 
small  part  was  only  slightly  hoed  by  the  Butch  hoe,  to 
kill  the  weeds  ;  and  one  acre,  which  was  drilled  at 
20-inch  intervals,  was  broken  up  by  the  Turnip  grubber, 
to  the  depth  of  7  inches,  in  May.  I  do  not,  in  any 
part,  find  the  roots  of  the  Wheat  less  than  4  inches  from 
the  surface,  and  they  occupy  the  soil  very  fully  to  about 

II  inches.  Between  the  20-inch  rows  of  Wheat,  I 
broke  up  the  soil  in  one  place  16  inches,  bringing  the 
subsoil  to  the  top.  There  the  roots  followed  the  surface 
soil,  to  the  full  depth  of  16  inches.  I  shall  have  from 
44  to  48  bushels  of  Wheat  per  acre  upon  the  part 
which  is  drilled  at  10  inches.  The  Wheat  drilled  at 
wider  intervals  is  much  mildewed,  otherwise  I  think  I 
might  have  had  40  bushels.  I  shall,  however,  thresh  it 
separately,  to  ascertain  tlie  quantity.  I  should  be  glad 
if  any  of  your  Norfolk  correspondents  would  examine 
the  depth  at  which  the  roots  of  their  Wheat  lie,  that 
we  may  know  under  what  conditions  it  is  necessary  to 
dispense  with  the^use  of  the  horse-hoe.  Charles  Paget, 
Haddington  Grange,  Nottingham, 

Giitta  Perchtt. — I  should  feel  obliged  if  you,  or  some 
of  the  readers  of  the  Agri.  Gazette,  will  or  can  inform  me 
in  tlie  next  Number,  or  at  your  earliest  convenience, 
whether  gutta  percha  has  ever  been  used  as  a  tube  to 
convey  cider  ;  and  if  so,  how  it  has  answered  ? — whether 
it  imparts  any  unpleasant  flavour  to  cider  ?  or  if  the 
action  of  the  acid  in  cider  will  affect  the  gutta  percha  \ 
In  my  own  case  I  wish  to  convey  cider  from  my  cellar 
into  my  house,  for  convenience  sake,  and  to  save  my 
cellar  from  exposure  every  time  a  jug  of  cider  is 
required,  By-the-bye,  I  shall  hope  to  see  the  able 
advocacy  of  transferring  land  continued  in  your  valu- 
able Paper  ;  for,  in  the  past  .week,  I  should  have  pur- 
chased a  small  estate  but  for  the  long  rigmarole  of  an 
imperfect  title.   W.  P.,  South  Devon. 

Why  will  not  Beans  answer  as  a  Field  Crop  in  Devon  ? 
. — This  was  a  question  I  asked  some  years  since  of  some 
old  Devonians.  All  I  could  get  from  them  was  that 
they  would  not;  sol  detei-miued  to  try.  In  1849  I 
sowed  4  acres  of  winter  Beans— the  true  sort ;  for  they 
were  grown  from  seed  raised  by  Mr.  Morton,  of  Whit- 
field. I  also  planted  2  acres  of  spring  Beans  in  the 
February  following.  My  winter  crop  yielded  about 
26  bushels  per  aci-e,  and  the  spring  something  less. 
Having  been  so  fortunate,  I  detennined  to  try  again. 
In  the  autumn  of  1850  I  sowed  12  acres  of  winter 
Beans  from  my  own  seed  ;  they  did  remarkably  well 
until  the  May  following,  when,  in  two  days,  they  were 
blighted  ;  the  whole  12  acres  did  not  yield  24  bushels. 
Last  autumn  I  sowed  about  3  acres  of  the  same  sort ; 
they  also  did  very  well  through  the  winter,  and  flowered 
beautifully  in  May,  but  in  June  they  were  again  de- 
stroyed by  blight :  so  that  two  years  out  of  three  they 
have  been  a  complete  failure.  Perhaps  I  ought  to  state 
that  they  were  grown  after  Wheat,  the  land  being  in 
good  tilth,  and  drilled  with  wood-ashes  (most  of  them, 
not  all)  about  22  inches  ap.art.  John  Bidla]ce,jun. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Cochin ^Chiiia  Poultry. — "A  Poultry  Fancier,"  in 
last  week's  Gazette,  requires  two  classes  of  these  noble 
bu'de  at  the  next  Birmingham  show,  one  for  "  the  four- 
clawed  light  class,"  and  another  for  "the  five-clawed  or 
grouse-coloured  birds,"  which  would  be  manifestly 
urijast,  as  the  five-toed  birds  are  impure.     Did  not  Mr. 


Highland  and  Agricultural  Society's  Meeting  at 
Perth. — To  our  last  week's  report  of  the  Implements 
exhibited,  we  now  add  the  prize  list  for  Stock  and 
Implements  : — 

SHORT-HORN   BREED. 

Sweepstake  for  nhort-horn  buUB,  awarded  to  Thomas  Chrisp, 
Hawkbill,  Alnwitk. 

1.  For  the  best  bull  of  any  age,  20^.,  to  Thomas  Chri^p, 
Hawkbill,  Alnwick ;  the  Silver  Medal  to  the  same,  as  the 
breeder. 

2.  For  the  best  bull,  caTved  after  let  January,  1850, 101.,  to 
A.  Cruickahank,  Sittyton,  Aberdeen. 

3.  For  the  beat  bull,  calved  after  lat  January,  1851,  6i.,  to 
biB  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith  Park. 

4.  For  the  best  cow  of  any  age,  10^.,  to  James  Douglas,  Athel- 
Htaoeford,  Haddington  ;  2d,  51.,  to  William  Tod,  Elphioatone 
Tower,  Tranent. 

5.  For  the  best  beirer,  calved  after  let  January,  1850,  81.,  to 
James  Douglao,  Atheldtaaerord,  Haddington ;  2d,  41.,  to  JameD 
C.  Urant  DutX  of  Eden,  Bauff. 


tj.  Fur  the  best  htilfr,  calved  afcer  Ist  January,  1851,  5i.,  to 
James  Douglas,  Athelataneford,  Haddington. 
POLLED  BREEDS.—ANGUS.ABERDEEi^,  AND  QiLLO  WAY' 

Sweepstakes  for  polled  bulls,  awarded  to  Hugh  Watson, 
Keillor,  Coupar-Angus. 

7.  For  the  best  bull  of  any  age,  151.,  to  Hugh  Watson,  Keillor, 
Coupar-Angus  ;  to  the  same,  as  the  breeder,  the  Silver  Medal. 

8.  For  the  best  bull,  calved  after  Ist  January,  1850,  Hi.,  to 
Alexander  Bowie,  Mains  of  Kelly,  Arbroath, 

9.  For  the  best  bull,  calved  after  1st  January,  1831,  5i.,  to 
Thomas  Carnegy,  of  Craigo,  Montrose. 

10.  For  ihe  best  cow  of  any  age,  H.,  to  Williim  M'Comble, 
Tillyfour,  Aberdeen  ;  2d,  4i.,  tb  Hugh  Wa'aoi,  Keillor. 

11.  For  the  best  heifer,  calved  af:er  the  Ut  January,  1850, 
6i.,  to  William  M'Combie,  Tilly/our,  Aberdeen  ;  2d,  U.,  to  the 
same. 

12.  For  the  best  heifer,  calved  after  lat  January,  1851,  il,, 
to  Robert  Scott,  Balwyllo,  Brechin. 

IS.  For  the  best  pair  of  oxen,  calved  after  lat  January,  1849, 
the  Medium  Gold  Medal,  to  William  MCombie,  Tillyfour. 
AYRSHIRE  BREED. 

Sweepstakes  for  Ayrshire  bulls,  to  A.  W.  Buttery,  Monkland, 
Airdrie. 

14.  For  the  beat  bull  of  any  age.  151.,  to  A.  W.  Buttery, 
Monkland,  Airdrie ;  to  Mr.  Calder,  Miller'a  Neuk,  Kirkin- 
tolloch.  as  the  breeder,  the  Silver  Medal. 

15.  For  the  beat  bull,  calved  after  Ist  January,  1850,  8i.,  to 
A,  W.  Buttery,  Monkland,  Airdrie. 

16.  For  the  best  cow  of  any  age,  in  milk,  81.,  to  A.  W.  But- 
tery, Monkland,  Airdrie  ;  2d,  U.  to  James  Young,  Handai- 
wood,  by  Whiteburn. 

17.  For  the  beat  cow,  of  any  age,  in  calf,  Gl.,  to  Alexander 
M'Laehlan,  East  Longhaugh,  Renfrewshire;  second,  SI.,  to 
Robert  Kirkwood,  High  Longrauir,  Kilmaurs. 

IB.  For  the  best  heifer,  calved  after  lat  January,  1350,  6t.,  to 
John  Pateraon,  Macorriston,  Doune ;  second,  3t.,  to  Wiliidin 
Ifuir,  Haddington  Mains,  Biggar. 

19.  For  the  best  heifer,  calved  after  Ist  January,  1851,  4?.,  to 
John  Hamilton,  Burnbrae,  Avondale. 

HIGHLAND  BREED. 

20.  For  the  best  bull,  of  any  age,  15[.,  to  the  Right  Hon, 
Duncan  M'Ncill,  of  Coloosay,  Lord  Justice-General ;  to  Charles 
Stewart,  late  of  Cheathill,  as  the  breeder,  the  Silver  Medal. 

21.  I"' or  the  best  bull,  calved  after  lat  January,  1850,  81.,  to 
John  Macdonald,  laverlochlang,  Lochearnhffad. 

22.  For  the  beat  cow,  of  any  age,  St.,  to  the  Marquis  of 
Breadiilbane,  Taymoutli  Castle;  second,  4i.,  to  Neill  Malcolm, 
of  Poltalloch,  Lochgilphead. 

23.  For  the  beat  heifer,  calved  after  lat  January,  1849,  61.,  to 
the  Marquis  of  Breadalbane,  Taymouth  Castle  ;  second,  3?.,  to 
Robert  Peter,  Uriar,  Aberfeldy. 

2*.  For  the  beat  heifer,  calved  after  1st  January,  1850,  4i,,  to 
Donald  M'Learn,  Braeleny,  Callander. 

25.  For  the  beat  pair  of  oxen,  calved  after  Ist  January,  1843, 
the  Medium  Gold  Medal,  to  Alexander  Campbell,  of  Monzie. 
FIFE  BREED. 

Sweepstakes  for  Fifeahire  bulls,  to  Robert  Wilson,  Firth- 
field,  Anstruther. 

31.  For  the  best  bull,  of  any  age,  10i„  to  John  Rintoul, 
Oveifston,  Pittonweem ;  to  John  Rintoul,  as  ihe  breeder,  tiio 
Silver  Medal. 

32.  For  the  best  cow,  of  any  age,  61,,  to  William  Fullarlou, 
Mains  of  Ardeatie,  Dundee. 

33.  For  the  best  heifer,  calved  after  lat  January,  1850,  il.,  to 
David  Wallace,  Balgrummo,  Leven. 

Note. — The  judges  report  that  only  two  animals  were  exhi- 
bited for  the  sweepstakei. 

CLASS  IT.— HORSES. 

FOR  AGRICULTURAL  PURPOSES. 

1.  For  the  b^st  stallion,  251.,  to  Samuel  Clark,  Ifanswrae, 
Kilbarchan;  lo;.,  to  John  Smith,  Graaemarket,  Edinburgh. 

2.  For  the  best  entire  colt,  foaled  atter  lat  January,  18!9,- 
lOl.,  to  Alexander  Lawson,  Old  Milla,  Elgin.  ' 

3.  For  the  best  entire  colt  foaled  after  1st  January.  1850,  81./, 
to  James  Kay,  Hill  Farm,  Gargunnoch,  Stirlingshire.  ■' 

4.  For  the  best  entire  colt,  foaled  after  1st  January,  1S5]| 
61..  to  John  and  Peter  Young,  Niddry,  West  Lothian. 

5.  For  the  best  mare,  101.,  to  A.  W.  Buttery,  Monkland, 
Airdrie ;  for  the  second  beet,  fi^.,  to  Andrew  Logan,  Crosiflatt, 
Kilbarchan,  Renfrewshire. 

6.  For  the  best  filly,  foaled  after  lat  January,  1849,  81.,  to 
Robert  Murdoch,  Hallside,  Cambuslang. 

7.  For  the  beat  filly,  foaled  after  1st  January,  1850,  6(.,  to 
Andrew  Logan,  Crosaflatt,  Kilbarchan,  Renfrewehire. 

I  tS.  For  the  beat  filly,  foaled  after  1st  January,  1851,  «.,  to 
Robert  Jack,  Balcarroch,  Campaie,  Stirlingshire. 
EXTRA  SECTIONS. 

9.  For  the  best  Highland  pony  stallion,  not  over  14,  nor 
under  12  hands,  81.,  to  Alexander  Campbell,  Moniie,  Crieff. 

10.  For  the  best  Highland  pony  mare,  of  thesame  heisbt.SI,, 
to  Sir  John  Stuart  Forbes,  Bart.,  of  Pitaligo  and  Fottercairn, 

CLASS   in.  — SHEEP. 
LEICESTER  BREED. 

1.  For  the  beit  tup,  not  exceeding  four  years  old,  81,,  to 
John  Davidson,  Brandon  Whitehouse,  Northumberland;  2dj 
4i.,  to  Thomas  Dickinaoo,  Maiden  Hall,  St.  Boswella. 

2.  For  the  best  pair  of  Dinmont  or  shearling  tups,  81.,  to 
John  Davidson,  Brandon  Whitehouse,  Northumberland;  3(1, 
il.,  to  James  Douglas,  Athelataneford,  Haddington. 

3.  For  the  beat  pen  of  five  ewes,  not  exceeding  five  years  old, 
ei.,  to  Adam  Thomson,  Rutherford,  Kelso  ;  2d,  31.,  to  William 
Tod,  Elphinstono  Tower,  Tranent. 

4.  For  the  best  pen  of  five  shearling  ewes  or  gimmen,  41.,  to 
JameB  Douglas,  ^thelataneford,  Haddington. 

CHEYIOT  BREED. 

5.  For  the  best  tup,  not  exceeding  four  years  old,  8l„  to 
Jaraei  Brjdon,  Moodlaw,  Langholm;  2d,  41.,  to  Walter 
Carruthert,  Kirkhill,  Moffat. 

6.  For  the  best  pair  of  Dinmont  or  shearling  tups,  8?.,  to 
Thomas  Elliott,  Hindhope,  Jedburgh ;  2d,  U.,  to  the  same. 

7.  For  the  best  pen  of  five  ewei,  not  exceeding  five  years  old, 
6L,  to  Thomas  Elliot,  Hindhope;  2d,  3/,,  to  James  Brydon, 
Moodlaw,  Langholm. 

8.  For  the  best  pen  of  five  gimmers,  lambed  after  lat  April, 
1361,  il.,  to  Thomas  Elliott,  Hindhope,  JeJburgh. 

BLACK-FACED  BREED. 

9.  For  the  best  tup,  not  exceeding  four  years  old,  81,,  to 
Robert  Pateraon,  of  Birthwood,  Biggar ;  2d,  4i.,  to  Adam 
blacklock,  Minnygap.  Mofi^at. 

10.  For  the  beat  pair  of  dinmont  or  shearling  tups,  the  pre 
mium  of  8L,  to  Jamea  Tweedie,  Nether  Abingtou,  Lanarkshire 
2d,  il.,  to  John  and  James  Watson,  Mitchelhill,  Biggar, 

11.  For  the  best  pen  of  five  ewes,  not  exceeding  five  years 
old,  61.,  to  James  Brydon,  Kennelhead,  Mofi'at;  2d,  3£.,  tc 
Donald  M'Laren,  Braeleny,  Callander. 

12.  For  the  beat  pen  of  five  gimmers,  lambed  after  lat  April 
1351,  4L,  to  Patrick  SmaB,  Dirnanean,  Kirkmichael, 
Perthshire. 

SOUTHDOWN  BREED. 

13.  For  the  best  tup,  not  exceeding  four  years  old,  the  pre- 
miumof  8i.,  to  James  Aitchison,  of  Alderston,  Haddington? 
2d.  il.,  to  Hugh  Watson,  of  Keillor. 

14.  For  the  best  pair  of  shearling  tups,  8^.,  to  Hugh  Watson  fi 
2d.  il.,  to  James  Aitchiaon,  Alderston,  Haddington. 

15.  For  the  best  pen  of  fire  ewes,  not  exceeding  five  years 
old,  61.,  to  Hugh  Watson  ;  2d,  3(.,  to  William  Tod^ElphinstoiiE 
Tower. 

16.  For  the  be»t  pen  of  five  shearling  ewes  or  gimmers,  il. . 
to  Hugh  Watbou, 


CLASS  IV.— SWINE.  1 

For  the  best  boar,  large  bree.1,  51.,  to  W.  H.  Brown,  of 
ley,  by  lUtho.  Mid-Lotbian  ;  2d,  3;.,  to  Joba  Qordou,  of 
jnhead,  Glaagoiv. 

For  the  best  boar,  small  breaJ,  5£,  to  .Tonathau  Brown, 
Height,  Wigton,  Cambei  land  ;  2d,  3',.,  to  Robert  Harrisoa 
;son,  Bolton  Park,  Wigton,  Camb-?rland. 

For  the  best  sow,  large  breed,  il.,  to  George  Hay  Pluramer, 
ville,  Dalkeith. 

For  the  b^st  sow,  small  breed,  il.,  to  John  Arkley,  Pow- 
,  Brechin  ;  2d,  21.,  to  A.  W.  Buttery,  Mookland,  Airdne. 

For  the  beat  pen  of  three  pigs,  not  exceeding  eight  months 

il.,  to  Jonathan  Brown,  the  Height,  Wigton,  Cumberland  ; 
21.,  to  the  Earl  of  Manatield,  Scone  Palace. 

:.ASS  VII.— IMPLEMENTS  AND  MACHINES, 

or  the  beat  two-horse  plough  for  general  purposes,  21.,  to 

rge  Ponton,  Grougfoot,  Linlithgow. 

or  the  best  double  mould-board  plough,  for  forming  drills, 

to  Jamea  Barclay,  Castleton,  Fowlis,  Criiff. 

or  the  best  two-horae  grubber  or  cultivator,  working  on  the 

,  21.,  to  Robert  Low,  Shettleston,  Glasgow. 

or  the  best  Norwegian  harrow,  31,,  to  James  Kirkwood, 

nent. 

or  the  best  land-presser,  for  preparing  seed-bed  for  grain, 

to  David  Galloway,  Cumno,  Alyth. 

or  the  best    pulverising  Iand_  roller,  31.,  to  Gibson   and 

hardson,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

or  the  best  harrows,  21.,  to  William  Crosskiil,  Beverley. 

or  the  best  equalising  swingtrees  or  draught-bars,  II.,  to 

les  Kirkwood,  Tranent. 

or  the  best  broadcast  sowiug  machine,  for  Rrain  and  Grass 

is,  oL,  to  John  Lennie,  Lauder  Barns,  Lauder. 

or  the  best  drill  sowing  machine,  for  grain,  31.,  to  Thomas 

riff.  West  Barns,  Dunbar. 

or  the  best  horse-hoe,  for  drilled  grain  crops,  il.,  to  Thomas 

riff.  West  Barns,  Dunbar. 

or  the  best  liquid  manure  distributing  machine.  Si,,   to 

Ham  Herkless,  Glasgow. 

or  the  best  liquid  manure  pump,  II.,  to  A.  and  W.  Smith 
Co.,  Pais-'ey. 

or  the  best  straw-cutter,  for  hand  labour,  21,  to  Richmond 

,  Chandler,  Manchester. 

or  the  best  straw-cutter  for  power,  31.,  to  Richmond  and 

x.dler,  Manchester. 

jr  the  best  Turnip-cutter,  for  sheep,  21.,  to  James  Kirk- 

id,  Tranent, 

or  the  best  Turnip- cutter,  for  cattle,  IZ.,  to  C.  D.  Youn^ 

,  Co.,  Bdinbargh, 

or  the  best  Turnip-cutter,  for  sheep,  adapted  for  attaching 

,  cart,  '31.,  to  John  Hutchison,  Craigend,  Perth. 

or  the  best  Linseed  bruiser,  for  band  labour,  21.,  to  Rich- 
id  and  Chandler.  Manchester. 

or  the  best  grain- bruiser,  for  hattd-Iabour,  to  A.  and  W. 

ith,  Paisley. 

or  the  best  grain  and  Linseed  bruiser,  for  power,  31.,  to 

hmond  and  Chandler,  Manchester. 

or  the  beat  steaming  apparatus,  for  preparing  food,    31., 

ally  between  Richmond  and  Chandler,   Manchester,   and 

md  W.  Smith,  Paisley. 

or  the  best  one-horse  farm-cart,  31.,  to  Ales.  Serymgeour, 

hven,  Perth. 

or  the  best  light  spring  cart,  for  farm  or  other  purposes, 

to  William  Crostkill,  Beverley. 

or  the  best  harvest  cart.    No  award. 

■or  the  be^t  stone  or  iron  stack  pillars,  with  frame-work,  21., 

'oung,  Peddie,  and  Co.,  Edinburgh. 

er  the  best  hay-tedding  machine,  21.,  to  Richard  Hodgson, 

urham,  Coldstream. 

3r  the  best  horse  stubble  or  ray  rake,  1!.,   to  Lawrence 

bant,  of  Condie,  Perth. 

3r  the  best  improvement  on  any  part  of  the   threshing- 

.hine,  ol.,  to  Perer  iI'Leltan,  Bridge  of  Earn,  Perth. 

ir  the  best  threshing-machine,   not  exceeding  two-horae 

:er,  61.,  to  Robert  Stewart,  of  Carphin,  Lanarkshire. 

ir  the  best  dressing  fanners,  for  grain,  3i,,  to  Robert  Ueid, 

i;mill,  Forfarshire. 

ijr  the  best  weighing-machine,  indicating  from  1  lb,    to 

13,  H.,  to  A.  and  W.  Smith,  Paisley. 

>r  the  beat  churn,  worked  by  hand,  21.,  to  Peter  M'Lellan, 

ige  of  Earn,  Penh. 

,ir  the  beat  churn,  worked  by  power,  21.,  to  Charles  D. 

tag  and  Co.,  Edinburgh, 
ir  the  beat  cheese-press,  11 ,  to  Macartney  and  Drummond, 

iJiock,  Ayrshire. 
ir  the  best  field  gate,  constructed  entirely  of  iron,  11.,  to 

lua^  Gorrie,  Perth, 
r  the  best  set  of  traverse  divisions,  rack  and  manger,  for 

I    Btdbles,  21.,  to  Charles  D,  Young,  Edinburgh. 
•r  the  beat  set  of  farm  harness,  premium  equally  between 

■es     Dunlop,    Haddington  ;     Hunter    Allan,    Kelso  ;    and 

J'ander  Russei,  Pitmachie,  Aberdeenshire. 

-r  the  best  set  of  tiles  and  pipes,  for  field  drainasre,  U, , 

I  lly  between    James  il'Alpine,   Stirliog,   and   Alexander 

Icrum,  Sea6eld  Tile  Works,  St.  Andrews. 

]r  the  best   set  of  glazed  aocketed  pipea,   for   sewerage, 

Ljthe  Aberdeen  Brick  and  Tile  Company,  Aberdeen. 

I"  the  belt   sec  of  toulq,  for  cutting  titld  drains,    a  pre- 

li'],  to  William  Caddell,  Sons,  and  Co.,  Cramond. 

i'  the  belt  set   of  tools,  for  cutting   open  drains  in  bill 

U.Ttn,  premium  to  William  Caddcll,  Son^,  &  Co.,  Cramond. 
r    the    bent    apparatus    for    preparing    FJax,    lOi.,    to 
Smith  and  Co.,  Paisley. 

belt  reaping  machine,  the  premium  of  201,,  to  be 
n  Friday,  Aug.  G,  and  reported  in  the  public  press. 
I  -port  has  not  yet  been  publislied,  but  the 

■  i.H  the  statement  of  tiie  time  and  ita  resultj  as 
■lie  Times: — 

inpetition  of  the  reaping  macbincs  excited  the 
nae  interest  among  all  classes  of  the  community, 
■ome  generally  known  that  the  directors  of  the 

■  ■A  arranged   for  a  fair  competition  between 
2<M    iluasey'a   American  reapers  and   a  machine 

ted  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bell,  of  the  parish  of  Car- 
B,  25  years  ago,  and  wliich  bos  been  in  use  on  the 
of  Mr.  BeJIj  of  Inchmichael,  Carsc  of  Gowrio,  for 
tst  15  years.  The  competition  being  limited  to 
two  macli:nc8,  the  contest  was  pojiiilarly  viewed  as 
~'  veriUA  America.  Most  men  are  now  familiar 
er,  with  the  look  of  those  exhibited  by  M'Cormick 
Gi«at  Exhibition,  and  by  lluasey  as  improved  by 
it,  and  now  in  use  at  Tiptrcc  and  on  some  other 
in  England.  The  principle  is  the  samo  in  Boll's, 
*"  details  arc  essentially  different.  nus8ey*s 
on  being  put  to  work  requires  a  clear  space  on 
^  hand  of  the  standing  com  for  tho  liorses  to 
It  Bcirs  goes  right  into  tho  com  at  once,  the 
g  apparatus  being  before  the  liorwes,  When 
ly'i  machine  takes  the  field  one  man  is  required  to 
on  it,  and  with  a  hand  rake  throw  off  tho  cut  corn 
egithercrsand  binders  ;  Bell's  machine  is  supplied 
t  CUTOM  apron  on  rollers,  rising  at  an  anglo  of  4.5 
■^  -  from  the  cutters,  and  worked  by  a  conccnti'ic 


motion,  so  as  to  lay  the  cut  coni  in  line  to  be  gathered. 
Ilusse^'s  machine  cuts  the  crop  as  it  stands  ;  Bell's  has 
flying  arms  in  front,  which  lay  the  corn  to  be  cut  exactly 
as  a  newspaper  printing  machine  lays  hold  of  the  sheet 
of  paper  to  be  printed.  Hussey's  machine  goes  to  work 
with  a  rumbling  noise,  Bell's  in  silence.  The  fii-st  trial 
was  by  Bell's  machine  on  a  field  of  Oats,  in  the  presence 
of  the  judges.  It  went  along  vei'y  smoothly  and  laid  the 
corn  with  the  utmost  ease.  The  stubble  left  was  about 
three  inches  high  and  very  even.  Eight  women  and  two 
men  were  scarcely  able  to  gather  it,  which  gives  some 
idea  of  its  speed  ;  and  the  horses,  two  Clydesdale  grays, 
seemed  quite  equal  to  their  work.  Hussey's  machine 
was  then  tried.  It  cut  two  or  three  breadths  with  ease 
and  very  speedily,  but,  getting  to  a  piece  of  rough 
grouud,  by  the  furrow  of  the  field,  or  the  *'rig" 
as  it  is  called  in  Scotland,  where  the  Grass  had 
grown  about  a  third  part  up  the  straw  of  the  Oats, 
it  got  choked,  and  came  to  a  dead  stand.  So 
far  as  it  had  cut  here  the  stubble  was  very  uneven, 
and  the  corn  much  spoiled.  On  being  cleared,  the  rest 
of  the  breadth,  if  cut  at  all,  was  not  a  satisfactory 
performance.  The  second  trial  was  on  a  field  of  Barley. 
The  late  heavy  rains  had  "  laid  "  the  Barley  in  several 
places,  and  in  some  parts  it  was  so  twisted  tliat  but 
little  hope  was  entertained  that  it  could  be  cut  by  the 
one  machine  or  the  other.  Bell's  machine  went  in  first, 
and  cut  a  breadth  very  smoothly.  Hei'e  the  practical 
value  of  the  arms  became  apparent.  They  laid  hold  of 
the  crop  so  as  to  put  the  most  twisted  parts  of  it  in 
order  for  the  scissors,  and  when  the  breadth  was  cut 
the  stubble  was  as  gbod  as  that  of  the  sickle.  Hussey's 
machine  worked]  much  worse  among  the  Barley  than 
the  Oats.'  It  cut  smoothly  and  speedily  where  the  straw 
was  straight,  but  whenever  it  came  to  a  portion  that 
was  laid  at  an  angle  from  themachines  the  cutters  missed, 
or  tore  the  corn  up  by  the  roots,  leaving  a  very  uneven 
stubble  on  most  parts  of  the  ground.  The  third  trial 
was  on  a  field  of  Wheat  in  beautiful  order  for  cutting. 
Bell's  machine  moved  the  strong  stubble  and  laid  it  in 
order  very  freely  for  the  first  20  yards,  but  it  then  got 
loaded  with  the  cut  corn  and  stuck  fast.  The  canvass 
apron  did  not  appear  to  have  power  or  velocity  enough 
to  throw  off  the  Wheat  as  quickly  as  the  cutters  laid  it 
on,  and  this  deficiency  in  the  working  of  the  machine 
occasioned  its  coming  to  a  stand-still  three  or  four  times 
in  the  course  of  this  trial.  Hussey's  machine  went  into 
the  Wheat  with  great  ease  and  power.  It  was  soon 
evident  that  its  forte  lies  in  cutting  straight  Wheat  on 
smooth  land,  while  for  Oats  and  Barley  it  is  ill  adapted. 
In  the  evening  the  judges  gave  their  awardunanimously 
in  favour  of  Bell's  machine.  They  are  to  publish  a 
detailed  report  of  the_]  grounds  on  which  they^  have 
given  the  preference,  which  we  w^ere  given  to  under- 
stand would  be  simply  these : — Economy  of  time;  the 
grain  cleanest  cut;  less  shaken;  laid  with  greatest 
regularity;  less  liable  to  interruptions  from  choking  in 
case  of  Grass ;  requires  less  power  to  cover  the 
same  breadth ;  requires  no  open  side  to  the  field 
before  commencing  work ;  has  a  power  of  laying  off^ 
grain  on  either  side,  which  Hussey's  wants — a  power  of 
depositing  grain  in  rows  without  manual  labour,  and 
saves  by  mechanical  power  the  cost  |of  two  men,  which 
Hussey's  requires  in  the  process  of  laying  for  the 
gatherers.  An  objection  was  taken  by  some  parties  on 
the  ground  to  the  use  of  the  feeding  arms.  It  was 
thought  that  in  laying  hold  of  the  corn  they  would 
shake  out  some  of  the  ears.  The  directors  had  an 
examination  of  the  corn  and  the  ground  to  ascertain  if 
this  objection  were  well-founded,  and  report  that  none 
of  the  heads  had  been  shaken,  and  that  for  one  corn 
which  falls  out  of  ear  by  Bell's  machine  two  fall  out  by 
Hussey's.  The  difference  of  cost  of 'the  two  machines 
was  also  a  subject  of  consideration.  Bell's  being  35^., 
and  Hussey's  only  18^.;  but,  in  estimating  the  com- 
parative saving  of  labour  by  Bell's,  to  say  nothing  of 
other  advantages,  they  found  that,  though  the  dearest 
machine  at  first,  it  is  the  cheapest  in  the  end.  The 
judges  of  the  trial  were — Mr.  Oliphant,  of  Condie  ;  Mr, 
Watson,  Keillor  ;  Mr.  Stirling,  C.E. ;  Mr.  Finnie,  of 
Swanstown  ;  Mr.  Gibson,  Woolmet ;  Jlr.  Steedman, 
Boghall  ;  l\Ir.  Stephens,  author  of  "The  Book  of  the 
Farm  ;  "  Mr.  Watson,  millwright,  Errol ;  Mr.  Young, 
implement  maker,  Ayr  ;  the  Duko  of  Atliol,  attending 
member. 


Miscellaneous. 

Cost  of  WIteal  in  Ohio. — Take  the  case  of  a  farmer  of 
200  acres  of  land,  worth  40  dollars  per  acre — of  whom 
there  is  a  large  class  in  Oliio,  and  a  class  possessing 
intelligence  and  capital,  and  capable  of  turning  their 
attention  to  other  crops  and  to  stocic  as  soon  as  they 
found  the  profits  of  Wheat-growing  diminishing — I  went 
over  the  calculation  with  several  of  them,  all  of  wliom 
said  they  should  not  continue  to  raise  Wheat  if  it 
continued  mucli  below  C5  cents;  arriving  in  every  case 
at  the  same  result,  namdy,  that  a  price  below  that  point 
would  afford  a  very  small  return,  and  would  operate  ns 
an  inducement  to  the  most  intelligent  among  ihcm  to 
apply  their  land  to  other  purposes. — The  next  point  is 
the  coHt  of  trauHfcrring  it  from  tho  grower  ki  the 
interior  of  Ohio,  iirbt  to  tho  chief  sliifiping  place, 
Cleveland,  and  thence  to  New  York.  This  I  ascer- 
tained to  bo  on  an  averngo  about  10  ccnfs  per  bushel  to 
Cleveland,  and  20  more  to  New  York.— At  the  time  of 
my  being  in  Cleveland  (at  the  end  of  Scptcniber  last)  tho 
farmer  in  the  interior  of  Ohio  was  only  getting  /jfj  ('(Mits 
per  bushel  for  his  Wheat,  iuHtead  of  05,  tho  price  Ix^Iow 
which  ho  will  not  freely  bring  it  to  market.  Adding, 
therefore,  10  cents  per  bu«hel,  the  cobt  of  bringing  it  to 


Cleveland,  and  20  cents  more  to  New  York,  Ohio  Wheat 
atthattime  wasdeUverableat  New  York  for  85  cents  per 
bushel.  For  the  purpose  of  determining  at  what  price 
Wheat  purchased  at  New  York  for  85  cents  per  bushel 
could  bo  sold  at  Liverpool,  I  applied  to  some  gentlemen 
engaged  in  that  branch  of  business  at  New  York,  and 
subsequently,  by  the  obliging  assistance  of  a  friend,  to 
an  eminent  mercantile  house  at  Liverpool;  and  as  their 
accounts  very  nearly  tallied,  I  give  with  the  more 
confidence  the  full  statement  which  was  very  kindly 
furnished  to  me  by  the  house  at  Liverpool.  From  this 
it  appears  clear  that  when  red  Ohio  is  deliverable  at 
New  York  at  the  price  at  which,  under  present  circum- 
stances, it  will  ^come  freely  to  market,  namely,  65  cents 
to  the  grower,  or  95  purchaseable  free  on  board  at  New 
York,  it  cannot  be  sold  at  Liverpool  (all  charges 
included)  under  5s.  G^rf.  per  bushel  of  60  lbs.,  or  Gs.  Bid. 
per  bushel  of  70  lbs.,  the  usual  selling  weight  at  Liver- 
pool. While,  if  any  shortness  of  crop  in  America,  or- 
any^J  brisk  demand  from  Europe,  should  raise  it  to  a 
dollar  free  on  board  at  New  York,  the  equivalent  selling 
price  at  Liverpool  would  be  os.  Qd.  per  bushel  of  GO  lbs., 
and  Gs.  8^d.  per  bushel  of  70lbs.  Tremenheere's  Notes 
during  a  Tour  in  the  United  States. 

Burning  Clay  Recommended. — The  burning  of  clay 
and  earth  in  large  heaps  is  successfully  carried  on  by 
several  farmers  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Northampton, 
and  used  as  a  dressing  for  heavy  land,  for  the  purpose 
of  rendering  it  more  friable.  For  this  purpose  the 
scouring  of  the  ditches,  any  spare  clay  that  remains 
after  filling  in  drains,  and  any  rough  Grass  and  soil 
obtained  in  trimming  up  hedge-rows  or  levelling  banks, 
is  collected  together.  If  there  is  not  a  sufficiency  of 
weeds  or  other  vegetable  matter  contained  in  the  heap 
to  burn  the  mass  into  the  I'equisite  red  ash,  a  portion 
of  refuse  coal-dust  or  slag  (as  it  called),  may  be 
obtained  occasionally  from  the  coal  merchants  at  the 
rate  of  about  05.  per  ton,  is  used  ;  as  also  the  refuse 
bark  from  the  tan-yards,  wdiich  not  only  helps  to 
consume  the  heap,  but  also  'affords  when  burnt  a  fine 
alicali,  which  is  very  beneficial  to  the  crops.  This  bark 
is  frequently  given  away  at  the  tan-yards  to  those  who 
choose  to  fetch  it.  To  burn  a  heap,  a  small  fire  of  wood 
and  coal  is  first  lighted,  which  is  covered  over  with  a 
layer  of  clay,  over  w'hich  a  few  shovels-full  of  refuse 
bark  or  coal-dust  are  scattered  :  when  the  fire  begins  to 
burst  through,  more  earth  is  laid  on,  and  the  same 
process  repeated  until  the  whole  heap  is  made  up. 
Considerable  judgment  is  required  on  the  part  of  the 
workman  to  burn  a  heap  properly  ;  few  excel  at  it,  and 
the  art  can  only  be  acquired  by  practice  and  attention. 
As  soon  as  the  fire  has  attained  a  good  heat,  the  heap 
requires  raking  down  rather  flat,  to  afford  a  larger  hot 
surface  for  fresh  earth  to  come  on;  and  in  windy 
weather  care  must  be  taken  to  apply  the  fresh  material 
on  the  contrary  side  to  that  on  which  the  wind  lies,  or 
one  side  will  burn  out  before  the  fire  touches  the  other. 
Mr.  Collins,  of  Monk's  Park,  near  Northampton,  was,  I 
believe,  the  first  to  introduce  this  practice,  and  he 
speaks  most  highly  of  the  beneficial  eflect  of  burnt  clay 
to  the  land.  He  selected  the  worst  and  most  neglected 
field  upon  his  property  to  operate  upon  first.  The  soil 
was  cold  and  stiff,  and  had  the  character  of  never 
having  been  free  from  weeds.  His  first  step  was  to 
drain  it  thoroughly;  and  deeply,  and  then  apply  a 
dressing  of  30  or  40  cubic  yards  of  burnt  earth  to  the 
acre  ;  and  he  states  that  by  the  three  first  crops  after  the 
application,  consisting  of  one  of  Potatoes  and  f^vo  of 
Wheat  (liappening  in  dear  times)  he  realised  tiie  fee- 
simple  value  of  the  land  ;  and  he  considers  that  the 
whole  of  his  laud  ploughs  one  horse  easier,  now  that  it 
has  all  been  dressed  with  ashes.  Mr.  Collins  has  made 
no  calculation  of  the  exact  cost  of  obtaining  a  cubic 
yard  of  these  ashes  ;  but,  judging  from  the  quantity  of 
coal  requii'ed  for  burning  clay  into  ballast  or  for  road- 
metal,  I  should  consider  that  three  cwt.  of  coal  would 
be  amply  sufficient  to  burn  a  cubic  yard  of  clay  to  a  red 
ash,  thus  : — 

3  cwt.  coal  at  3c7 Os.9d. 

Getting  and  burning' 0     6 

1  3  per  cubic  yard. 
The'principal  secret  in  burning  strong  clay  is  to  throw 
it  wet  upon  the  burning  clamp  ;  the  lumps  then  come 
out  in  a  cracked  state,  and  presently  moulder  down  with 
the  weather  :  if,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  laid  on  in  dry,, 
hard  lumps,  it  will  inevitably  burn  into  brick,  and  lie- 
"  knocking  about "  the  [land  perhaps  for  two  or  three- 
years  before  the  frost  will  crumble  it  down.  Common- 
bricks  are  a  proof  of  this,  for  if  burnt  before  being 
thoroughly  dried,  they  will  certainly  turn  out  unsounil 
and  incapable  of  standing  the  weather,  Balcefs  Fannin (j 
of  Northami^to'iishlre. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

Beans  :  An  Old  Sub.  We  will  publieli  jour  letter  in  Qnofber 
number,  whi  n  it  will  be  fure  to  come  uiidi.r  tho  n^a  of  all 
thnHO  wlio  repoitcd  on  this  crop. 

CnKi.TENiiAM  I'ODLTRY  Snow  ;  I'axil  Pry.  Wc  nvo  not  aware  of 
any  recent  show.  There  wnaono  in  Juno,  ne  believe  ;  and  wo 
sbuU  Iq  (uluro  ondr'avovir  to  procure  tho  i)rizo  lihtfi  ami' 
reports  of Buch  oxli  bitlon.  Weliiive  not  iiiHcrtcd  thcprizelietH 
of  oUlicr  Shiflield  nr  Perth,  bccnuso  ihooxhihir.ioiia  were  not 
of  iinporiniico,  and  wo  really  Jiavo  not  liad  room  for  nioiU' 
viihiiiblo  trii>t'er, 

Orahs  :  H  Si.  M.  For  a  deep  lonm,  tho  following:  niixluro  will 
Buit,  It  Hhoii'd  ho  Koivn  when  the  Rrtmnd  is  damp  in  April 
next  yr'Hi',  lind  you  miiy  tlds  autumn  Rct  Do  limd  well 
oU^antd,  druined  ti'  ncecHHary,  and  nmnutcd.  If  jou  flow 
corn  witli  it,  Jet  it  bo  a  light  nocdlne,  Rny  (>  )»(el(^  pur'ncre,  of 
IIiirN  y  ;  — AloiietiiiniH  praton^tM,  2  ibH.  ;  Arilionntiieiurn  nvc- 
nai-emii,  I  lli. ;  Dacfylin  Klomerutn,  1  lb, ;  J^'estvicji  (ini  iusculii, 
2  ll)H.  ;  1'-,  lR-ter.iph>ll«,  !)  Iba.  ;  F.  lolliiccn,  1  Jl).  ;  F.  pra- 
l«'iiH  H,  2  Ibfl  ;  bollum  perenno,  0  Ib8.  ;  l>.  itnllcum,  i  lb?.  ; 
Ihlou'ii  pi'ulciifit!,  lib,;  I'ou  nomoralls,  fl  Ibn  ;  P.  triviiillb 


i 


542 


THii    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Aug.  21, 


lib.;  Tiifolium  pratenae,  3  Iba. ;  T.  repens,  4  lbs.  The 
moat  rapid  way  of  obtainice  a  turf  would  be  by  planlins?  bits 
of  a  good  tuif  in  every  ^qLla^c  foot  of  the  land  thia  autumn, 
after  it  had  been  prcperly  tilled  and  manured,  and  fiowing 
Grass  seed  over  all  in  spring. 
HoHtiE  Rake:  IF.  Howards,  of  Bedford,  or  Grant's,  of 
Stamford, 

PouLTsr,  dtc. :  SDT.  The  ordinary  fond  for  ringdoves  ifl 
ilempseed,  varied  now  and  then  with  a  little  Barley,  *tc.,  aa, 
from  its  heating  nature,  Hcmpaeed  is  not  good  for  tbem  when 
siven  in  large  quantities;  Tares  are  also  good  food.  The 
birds  may  be  left  out  of  doors  in  the  night  riuring  the  summer 
and  .early  part  of  autumn,  but  not  in  tho  winter.—/'  ON. 
Your  turkeys  have  got  a  common  disef-se  called  the  roup. 
Probably  tlie  place  where  you  kef  p  them  in  tainted;  rem^jve 
them  to  a  freeb,  dry,  airy,  place.  Give  ibem  plenty  of  bread 
steeped  in  strong  a!e,  and  do  not  breed  from  diseaeed  birds. 
— B.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  work  ihjt  treats  of  tho  operation 
in  question.  It  is  become  almoat  obsolete.  —  EDO.  I  have 
itnown  Cochin  China  and  other  cooks  lose  their  voices,  but  I 
aim  assign  no  re'ison  for  it.  It  generally  returns  aftera  time. 
— M  N  O.  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  any  dlrttinction 
between  Cochin  China  and  Shanghae  fowld.  The  cream- 
-oo'oured  fowls  have  realised  larger  prices,  but  they  are 
neither  beter  nor  truer  than  darker  varieties. — X.  It  is  good 
rearing,  and  a  sign  of  a  careful  hen-wife,  when  ihree  out  of 
four  chickens  hatched  are  reared.  It  is  impossible  to  fix 
any  number  whereby  a  peraon  should  be  judged,  as  acci- 
dental causes  interfere,  co'd  damp  weather,  easterly  winds, 
hailatorms,  tSic.  The  time  of  year  must  also  he  considered  ; 
it  la  easier  to  rear  in  May  and  Jane  than  in  February  and 
March.  J.  Bai'y,  113,  Afount-street. 
2»Ianobe:  C  LK.  A  ton  of  it  would  contain,  as  its  only  valu- 
able conetituents,  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  300  lbs.  of  pho<;phate 
of  lime;  and  in  the  case  of  No.  2,  18i)  lbs.  of  [ihoephate  of 
lime  and  100  lbs.  of  potash.  For  the  silica,  carbonates  of 
lime  and  magnesia  are  to  be  bad  for  the  quarrjing.  No.  1 
might  be  worth  U.  a  ton,  and  No.  2,  \l.  Ids.  i)er  ton. 

"ST1B50IL  Flough  :  J  S.  The  subpulveriser  of  Messrs,  Deane, 
Dray,  and  Co.  ia  said  to  be  a  good  one.  It  posneBses  more 
than  one  tine.  You  had  better  see  theirs  and  judge  for 
yourself.  We  imagine  that  it  will  be  heavier  to  draw  than 
either  Read's  or  the  old  Deanston  subsoiler. 

SnsrMEa  Soiling  Dairy  Cowa  :  W  JRohbins.  Rape  pown  early 
wttl  serve  in  AugUFt,  Vetches  sown  atter  harvest  will  serve 
in  June,  atd  early  Cabbages  might  be  pUnted  in  early  epring, 
f.jr  use  during  July.  Ve'cbes,  Cabbages,  and  Rape  woulu 
carry  you  through  summer. 

Top  Dressing  :  H.  3  ewt  of  good  guano  per  aero  spread  broad- 
cast over  the  young  plant  in  wet  weather  would  be  a  good 
top  drtssiog  for  Italian  Kye-grasp.  The  length  of  time  during 
which  supeiphopphae  continues  to  act  depends  altogether 
upon  the  quantity  applied.  1^8  tflfects  are  generally  not  to 
ha  seen  in  ibe  second  crop. 

Trees:  JBidlake.  Cattle  will  eat  Yew,  ITolly,  Laurel,  and  we 
do  not  know  what  they  will  not  eat.  The  best  plan  viill  be 
for  you  to  protect  lioDy,  &c.,  till  they  are  str^^mg  enough  to 
defy  them. 

Erbatdm. — In  the  report  by  Mr.  Burhery  of  the  Wheat  crop  in 
Warwickshire,  page  508,  for  "  any  "  read  "  average." 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Ado.  21. 
The  supply  of  both  Vegetables  and  Fruit  has  been  good, 
^•ih  the  exception  of  bu.sh  fruit,  which  the  heavy  rains  have 
nearly  banished  from  the  market.  Melons  are  more  plentiful. 
Excellent  Greengage  and  o'her  Plums  still  arrive  from 
France,  and  also  Apricotfl,  Jargonelle  Pears,  and  Apples, 
Toitjatoea  Jikewise  continue  to  be  imp  Tted.  Potatoes  are  very 
plentiful.  Peas  are  somewhat  scarcer.  West  India  Pine- 
apples are  nearly  over.  Mushroonis  are  cheaper.  Cut  flowers 
cousiet  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Mignonette,  Roses,  Big- 
aonia  venusta,  and  Pinks. 

FRUIT, 


Fine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  63 
"Crapes, hothouse,p.  lb.,  2s  to  69 
Ptjaubes,  per  doz.,  68  to  128 
Nec:arines,  per  doz.,  48  to  123 
Apricots,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is 
I'lnins,  per  punnet,  Is  to  39 

—  Greengage,  do.,  2i  to  3j 
Fig3,  per  doz.,  43  to  83 
^Melons,  each,  2a  to  6a 
'Cherries,  per  lb.,  6d  to  la 

—  wall,  do.,  Is  6d  to  33 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 


C.ilibages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  la  3d 
f  j't;ncliBeHn8,p.bf.eieve,2ato3e 
J^eas,  per  sieve,  2b  to  Sa 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6b 
(yieens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
■Rhubarb,  p.  bundle,  3d  to  4 d 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  3s  6d  to  78 

—  per  bush.,  is  6d  to  2fl  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  38  to  4s 
Cucunabers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veget.  Marrow, p-doz,6d  to  lB6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  1^  to  Is  6d 
Carrots,  p.  doz  ,  3s  to  59 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  29 

Oolons,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,ls3dto  3d 
IJeet,  per  do«,,  I9  to  2a 
'Leeks,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Shallots,  per  bunch,  3d 


VEGETABLES. 


Pears,  per  doz.,  2$  to  33 

—  per  half  sieve,  4s  to  83 
Currants,  do,,  28  to  38  dd 
Gooseberries,  do,,  2s  6d  to  3a 
Almonde,  per  peck,  58 

—  Bweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  3s 
Orange?,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  33  6d  to  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  2Z8 

—  Brazil,  do.,  123  to  143 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  8d  to  la 
Lottuce.Cab.,  perBCore4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  Dd  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.tiundle,lsto48 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  Gd  to  Is 

—  per  punnet,  9d  to  la 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,lsed  to  23 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bochs.,  2s  to  33 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Wattrcresaes,  p.l2bun,9dtols 


HOPS. — BoRonoH  Maeket,  Aug.  20. 
Messre.  Faitenden  and  Smith  report  that  there  ia  a  steady 
demand  for  consumption  ;  the  Btock  of  last  year's  Hops  being 
almost  exhausted,  prices  keep  firm.  The  accounts  from  the 
plantations  are  of  a  very  favourable  description,  and  a  heavy 
-crop  will  doubtless  be  realised.     Duty,  210,000^. 

Mid&  East  Kente  1203  to  ISOe  1  Sussex      115a  to  13()3 

Weald  Kents      ...  115s  to  135a  j  YearlingB —   to    — 

COAL  MARKET.— FaiDAT.  Aug.  20. 
Holywell,  l-ts.  ;  Eden  Main,  148.  3d.;  West  Hartley,   143.- 
Wallflend   Hetton,    158.   6d.  ;     Wallscn^  Lambton,  153,    3d.  • 
l/Vallsend  Stewarts,  Ifis.  6d. — Ships  at  market,  85.  ' 

HAY.— Per  Load  ot  36  Trusses. 
Smitbfield,  Aug.  19. 
Clover 
New  do. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78a  to  84s 
Inferior  do.  ...  70         75 

Rowen         65        — 

New  Hay     60        76 


Straw 


Prime  Meadow  Uay  788  to  868 
■Inferior  do, 
New  Hay 
Old  Clover 


-Fine  old  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
>'ew  Hay      ,,, 
laferior  do.... 


Cdmbebland  Mabket,  Aug.  19. 


,  903  to  100s 
.  70  85 

,  30  34 

J.  Davis. 


,  65         72 

.  55         72 
..    95       100 
Whitechapel,  Aug.  19, 
,..  768  to  843     Old  Clover.. 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


.  65 

.  50 


New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 
Straw 


75b  to  849 

60         86 

84         33 

JOSHDA  BAKEB. 

...  90stol008 
...  80  86 

...  55  70 

...  28  32 


SMITHFTEl.D.— Monday,  Auff.  T5. 
hn     iff.f""^:^,"^   Beasts  is  large,  uoiwuhstandiog  their  being 
but  little  stock  on  hand  ;  prices  are  on  the  average  higher. 


The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  much  smaller,  and  in  con 
sequence  trade  is  brisk,  at  a  small  advance  on  Friday's  quota- 
tions. Calves  are  plentiful ;  however,  Friday's  prices  are  freely 
given,  and,  in  a  few  instances,  are  rather  exceeded.  From 
Germany  and  [Tolland  there  are  1522  Beasts,  6420  Sheep,  417 
Calves,  and  70  Pigs  ;  from  Spain,  410  Sheep  ;  and  2000  Beasts 
from  the  northern,  and  midland  countiee. 


Per  Bt.  of  81b9.— B 

d       B    d 

Per  Bt.  of  Slba.- 8 

d       B 

d 

Beat  Scots,  Here. 

Best  Long-wools .  3 

8  to  4 

0 

forda,  &c.       ...  8 

8  to  3  10 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0-0 

0 

Beat  Short-horns  3 

6  —  3    8 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

0  —  3 

(S 

2d  quality  Beasts  8 

0  —  3    4 

Do.  Shorn  0 

0  —  0 

0 

Best  Down?  and 

Lambs     4 

4—6 

2 

Half-bredB      ...  4 

0  —  4    4 

Calves      2 

10  —  3 

10 

Do.  Shorn   0 

0  —  0    0 

Pigs          2 

8-8 

8 

Beasts,  4335  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  29,820  ;  Calves,  606  ;  Pigs,  310. 
Feiday,  Aug.  20. 
We  have  a  fair  supply  of  Beasts,  and  the  demand  is  scarcely 
so  good  ;  in  consequence  it  is  difficult  to  realise  Monday's 
quotations,  except  in  the  choicest  kinds.  The  number  of 
Sheep  ia  larger,  and  although  trade  is  tolerably  brisk,  prices  on 
the  average  are  lower.  There  is  more  inquiry  for  choice 
Lambs,  and  being  Bcari'e  are  rather  dearer.  The  supply  of 
Calves  is  unusually  large;  middling  kinds  are  much  lower; 
there  is  also  a  slight  reduction  in  the  choicest.  From  Germany 
and  Holland  we  have  314  Beasts,  1830  Sheep,  454  Calves, 
and  10  Pigs;  400  Beasts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and 
120  Milch  Cowa  from  the  home  counties. 


Perst.  of  81bs.— s    d      s    d 

Per  at.  ot81b3 s 

d      B    d 

Best  Scots,  Here- 

Beat  Long-wools .  3 

8  to  3  10 

fords,  &c.       ...  3    6  to  3  10 

Do.  Shorn 

Beat  Short-horna  3    4  —  3    8 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2 

8—3    4 

2d  quality  Beasts  2    8  —  32 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0    0 

Boat  Downs  and 

Lambs     4 

6  —  5    4 

Half-BredB      ...  4    0—4    2 

Calves      2 

4  —  3    8 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0    0  —  0    0 

Pies          2 

6  —  3    6 

Bea&tB,  1001 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs 

,14,190;  Calves,  700; 

Pigs,  310. 

Red  . 
Red  , 


WOOL. 

Beadfoed,  Tbdbsdat,  Aug.  19.— There  is  no  particular 
change  to  report  in  the  state  of  our  wool  market ;  the  demaod 
during  tho  current  week  «ia  been  limited,  but  the  trans- 
actions entered  into  were  characterised  by  a  tirm  tone  of  prices. 
The  quantity  of  new  wool  arriving  to  market  does  not  average 
that  of  the  previous  three  years  at  the  same  period,  and  this 
circumstance  ia  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  both  growera 
and  country  dealers  are  firm  holders  for  higher  prices  than  the 
state  o(  this  market  seems  to  justify  being  conceded.  Spinners 
generally  are  not  well  supplied  with  wool,  and  there  is  con- 
aiderable  reason  to  expect  some  increase  of  activity  at  no 
distant  period.  Short  wools  and  noils  continue  to  realise  good 
prices, 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Aug,  16.— There  was  a  small  supply  of  English 
Wheat  to  this  morning's  market,  including  about  400  qra.  of 
new  white,  which  varied  considerably  in  quality,  and  sold  at 
46s.  to  523.  per  qr.  ;  old  and  foreign  must  be  written  39.  dearer 
than  this  day  week,  but  the  sale  of  the  latter  was  limited. 
The  top  price  of  town-made  Flour  has  been  advanced  33.  per 
sack,  namely,  to  433.  Foreign  sacks  must  be  written  ds.  and 
barrels  Is.  to  2s.  dearer. — The  arrivals  of  Barley  are  short,  and 
there  is  a  fair  demand  for  grinding  qualities,  at  an  advance  of 
Is.  per  qr. — Beans  and  Peas  are  very  scarce,  but  we  do  not 
alter  our  quotations. — The  Oat  trade  is  firm,  and  prices  must 
be  written  6d.  per  qr.  dearer. 

Pee  Impeeial  QnAaTEE,  s.      s. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  i  Suffolk. ..White  46—48 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  48 — 52 

—  —    Talavera  52—56 

—  Norfolk 40—48 

—  Foreign 37 — 55 

Barl6y,grind.&dlaill.,24Bto27a...Chev.  26—32  Malting. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  21 — 26  Malting  . 
Oata,  Essex,  and  Suffolk '18—19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  18 — 22  Feed 

—  Irlah Potato  17— 20  Feed 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  18— 20  Feed 

Rye     —      Foreign. 

Rye-meal,  foreign ....|     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 27s  to  303 Tick  28 — 81  Harrow  . 

—  Pigeon  28s  —  34a...Winds.|    —      Longpod 

—  Foreign Small|26— 33  Egyptian 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  30 — 32  Suffolk... 

—  Maple 81a  to  34a GreylsO- 32  Foreign. 

Maize     White     —      Fellow... 

Flour,  beet  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37— 40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25— 32  S^orfolk  .  25—32 

—  Foreign perbarrel!21 — 24  Per  sack  23-34 

Feioat,    Aug  20. — The  arrivals  of  English  grain,  this  week 

have  been  moderate,  but  large  of  foreign.  To-daj's  market 
was  largely  attended  by  buyers.  English  Wheat  must  be 
written  Is.  per  qr.  dearer,  and  a  similar  advance  was  obtained 
in  many  instances  on  foreign  ;  prices,  however,  being  higher 
than  buyers  anticipated,  the  sale  was  not  extensive.  In 
floating  cargoes  business  has  been  done  to  some  extent  at 
38s.  6d.  for  Polish  Odessa,  and  40s.  to  41p.  for  Uhirka.  Barrel 
Flour  must  be  written  Gd.  dearer,  and  a  lair  business  doing.— 
We  observe  no  alteration  in  the  value  of  Barley,  Beans,  or 
Peas. — Oata  meet  a  fair  demand  at  fully  Monday's  rates. 
*  Impeeial  Aveeages. 


Red  , 


28— Si 


17-19 
17—19 
16-18 


28—31 

25—26 
30-38 
26—35 


July  10.. 

—  17.. 

—  24.. 

—  31.. 
Aug.    7.. 

—  14.. 


Aggreg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Eaelet.  Oats    Rye.    Beans.    Peas, 


s.  d. 

28  3 

27  0 

28  2 
27-  8 
27  3 
27  5 


27  7 


3.  d. 

19  9 

19  11 

19  9 

20  G 
JO  6 
19  6 


19  11 


3.  ri. 

32  6 

30  1 

28  9 

29  U 

29  7 

30  3 


3.  d, 

34  0 

34  6 

33  10 

34  2 
33  9 
33  7 


s.  d. 

33  8 

SO  11 

31  5 

33  5 

20  6 

31  4 


34  0  I 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Fldotuations  in  toe  last  Six  Week's  Aveeaoes. 


Peices.  JOLYlO.  JoLYl7.  Jdly24  Jdly31.  Ano.  7  Aug. 14 


n 


pHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTE 
Vy  NETTING,  fid.  per  running  yard. 


LivEapooL.  Tdesday,  Aug.  17. — The  arrivals  since  Tuesday 
from  Ireland  and  coastwise  are  liberal  of  Oatd,  but  light  of 
other  article?.  At  this  morning's  market  there  was  a  fair 
attendance  of  fown  anil  country  dealers,  and  a  good  demand 
was  experienced  for  Wheat  and  Flour,  at  an  advance  since 
Tuesday  last  of  2d,  to  3d.  ptr  70  ibs.,  and  6d.  per  sack  and  I 
barrel,  a  part  of  Priday's  advance  having  been  lost,  Oats  and 
Oatmeal  brought  full  prices,  but  the  demand  was  not  active. 
Beans  muat  be  quited  fid.  per  qr.  higher;  but  B<irley  and  Peas 
met  a  slow  sale,  at  late  rates.     Indian  corn  was  neglected,  and 

floating  cargoes  were  obiaimible  on  rather  easier   terms. 

Fridai,  Aug.  13. — We  have  had  excessive  rain  the  last  two 
dajs,  but  t' -day  is  fine.  A  considerable  speculative  business 
has  been  done  in  Wheat  and  Flour,  eince  Tuesday,  at  an 
advance  of  about  3d  per  bushel  and  6d.  per  barrel.  The  con- 
Siiinirg  buyers,  howevet-,  hoM  ihemselvfs  alnotfrom  the  market, 
and  d'>  not  enter  into  the  e.icitemeiii-.  Every  olier  article  o; 
the  gram  trade  remains  much  as  quoted  on  Tuesday. 


■^iSk.   u. 


QAL7ANISED  ditto.  Id.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 

.         ,  Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised 

i4  in.  wide,  2  in,  mesh.  Id.  per  yard,        ...        hd.  per  yard. 
30  in.    „      2  in.    „        dd.        „  ...        Gid.        ., 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ...        7^d.        ,, 

48  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is.  2d.    „  ...      lOd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d,  per  square  foi 
■made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  Tl 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  i 
knowledged  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kli 
everoflfered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  hig 
Is.  6d.  and  2s.  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flon 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flow 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencir 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultui 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalogues  of  Patterna  forwarded,  po 
free,  on  application  to  T,  H.  Fos,  City  of  London  Wire  Wc 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  G  and: 
Snow-hill,  London.  i 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.! 

7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide.  j 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide 


2-inch 
2-inch 
Ig-inch 
1 1-inch 
Ig-inch 


strong 

extra  strong 

light 

strong 

extra  strong 
All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  pri 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  ineBh,  it  will  reduce  the  pr 
one-fourth.   Galvanised  sparrow-proof  nettingfor  Pheasanti  , 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-pl  i 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in   London, 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


I>OYD'S   PATENT   SCYTHE   and  thecelebrilj 
->  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.-BoTD's  Scythe  is  capab.'; 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  n  '  . 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  use  it  shut ' 
like  a  clasp-knife.     The  Oardetiers'  Chronicle  thus  coma  i 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Bote's  Scythe  stands  I  i 
the  great  teat,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ini^ei  •  I 
and  very  useful  improvement." — G.  C,    15th  May,  1852,     ( 
Steel    Digging    Forks    are    those    celebrated    by    Mr.  M(  : 
"When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  i 
with  any  othtr  implement  for  digging.    They  effect  a  flavi  i 
nearly   50  per   cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale   and  Retail 
Wm.  Drat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Mach  I 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,   Upper   Thames-street,  near  Lor  •■ 
bridge. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cotlage-s,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shal- 
low  Wells,  £  s.    d. 

PatentPump 115    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

fixing    2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May  be    obtained    ot   any    Iron- 
monger or  Plumber    in    Town    or 
Country,   or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN   WARNER  X   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jewin-street,  London, 
Every  description    of   Machinery 
for  Raising  and  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam, 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Engines,  &c. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPL^'; 
3R     SUPERIOR     LOCKS 
BOOBBYER,    AT    THE   G 


A  PRIZE  MEDAL  F 
AWARDED  TO  J.  11. 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

THE  CELEBRATED   STEEL  DIGGING  P 
Patent  Spadee,   Daisy   Rakes,    Scjthes,    Draioiol, 
other  Garden  Tools.    Mole  Traps,  65.  per  dozen.    Carp  ** 


l4l|:. 


and  Smiths*   Tools, 


Rubbers    for  sharpening  S',""! 


ioU  • 


2s.  Gd.  per  dozen.    Patent  fumigators  for  destroying 
on  Plants,  in  grecnhousef,  «fcc.  :  at  Messrs,  J,  H.  Boi  ' 
and  Go's  (late  Stuech  and  Boobbteb),  Ironmongery,    "*• 
foundry,    Nail     and     Tool    Warehouse,    14,   Stanhope,  i^y' 
Care-market,  London.      Establihhed  nearly  200  yeara   J" 
sale  of  goods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  P 
Goods  !'.  rwardcd  fo  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  reml'l' 
Lists  sent  by  post,  j 


34—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


543 


CORN  WALL. 
rO  BE  LKT,for  a  term  of  years,  TWO  EXCEL- 

»-  LENT  PaR\[S,  within  very  convenient  dUtacces  from 
larkeutowns,  a  railroad  now  iucourse  of  eoostructioa  passing 
hrough  one,  and  within  three  miles  of  the  other.  Both  are  in 
,  high  state  of  cultivatioo,  have  capital  dwelling-house 3,  and 
,11  necessary  haildiogd.  One  Farm  comprises  650  acres  of 
.rable,  pasture,  and  meadow  land,  with  eight  labourers'  cot. 
ages,  and  a  threshing-machine,  and  is  admirably  suited  for 
ise  ag  a  Stock  Farm.  The  other  (cinsisting  of  450  acres  of 
ipland,  arab'e,  and  pasture  land)  is  an  excellent  Sheep  Farm. 
-For  terras  and  p'lruculars  ai  ply  to  Messrp,  Ranken,  Ford, 
^ONGBooENE,  aod  VicEEBM\N,  Graj*3  Inn,  London  ;  or  to  the 
Jailiff,  Mr.  Retnolds  Glynn,  Bodmin,  Cornwall,  Tiho  will 
how  the  Farms, 


KINGSKERSWELL,  NEAR   TORQUAY,  DEVON. 

rO  BE  LETj  from  Michaelmas  next,  a  pleasantly 
situated  detached  DWELLIJTS-HOUSE,  GAliUEiXS  and 
)RCHARD,  with  or  without  Four  Closes  of  very  superior 
*a8ture  Land  aoj  lining,  now  in  the  occupation  of  the  Rev, 
',  W.  Lay,  situate  in  the  pleasant  and  healthy  village  of 
Lingslierfewell,  about  three  m^les  from  Torquay  and  Newton 
ibbot.  The  House  comprises  Breakfast,  Dioiog,  and  Drawing- 
aoms,  Pantry,  Kitchen,  Scullery,  Dairy,  Cellars,  and  other 
Iffices  ;  four  principal  Bed-rooms  and  Dressing-room,  and  two 
lervants*  Rooms.  There  are  also  Coach-house,  Stabling, 
[arness-room.  and  other  deMched  Outhouses. — For  particulars, 
pply  to  Mr.  P.  Beabne,  Newton  Bushel,  Devon. 


]^0    BE   LET,  for   3,   7,   or  14   years,  a  , SMALL 

*-  HOUSE,  in  the  beet  part  of  Sloane-atreet,  opposite  the 
iardens.  Rent,  including  Fixtures  and  Looking-glasses, 
EVENTT  POUNDS.— For  address,  enquire  of  Mr.  Monet, 
Iricklayer,  Pavilion-street,  middle  of  Sloane-street,  London, 


rO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  BUSINESS  and 
STOCK  of  a  well-established  >URSERT,  adjoining  a 
irga  town,  cr-mpristng  a  Seed  Shop,  with  everything 
ppertaining  thereto.  Five  Greenhouses,  and  a  Nursery  well 
Eoflked  with  good  useful  stuff.  The  Advertiser,  being  desirous 
3  part  with  the  above,  would  dispose  of  the  whole  for  3501, 
osseasion  to  bo  had  in  September, — For  further  parliculiira 
ddresa  M.  W.,  Office  of  this  Paper. 


PO  BE  DISPOSED    OF,  a  first-rate   NURSERY 

i-  and  SEED  BUSINESS,  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
opaloos  of  the  Midland  Towns,  and  surrounded  by  a  wealthy 
eigbbourhood.  The  connecaoa  has  been  established  30  years, 
nd  the  returns  are  now  averaging  2000J.  per  annum.  Part  of 
ae  purchase-money  might  remain  on  eecurity  of  the  stock. — 
Pi'ly.  by  letter  only,  to  Messrs.  Noble,  Cooper,  and  Bolton, 
leet-street,  London, 

PwO     YOU     WANT     LUXURIANT     HAIR, 

L/  WHISKERS,  d:c.  ?-Em[lt  Dean's  CRINILENE  has 
een  many  years  eetablished  a3  the  only  preparation  that 
an  be  relied  upon  for  the  Restoration  of  the  Hair  in  Baldness 
om  any  cause,  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengthening 
eak  Hair,  and  checking  Greme&s,  and  for  the  production  of 
rtiiskers,  Mou-»facbios,  Eyebrows,  Ac,  in  three  or  four  weeks 
■iih  certainty.  Itis  an  elegantly  scented  compound,  and  will  be 
;nt,  post  free,  on  receipt  o(  '24  postage  stamps,  by  Miss  Dean, 
"  A,  Manche!ter-street,  Graj'a-inc-road,  London.  At  home 
aily,  from  II  till  7. — "Ic  perfectly  restored  my  Hair,  after 
;ven  jeart.'  baldness.'*  M^jor  Hins,  Jersey. —  "  Crinilene  is 
le  best  stitnuant  for  the  hair  I  have  ever  analysed.'*  Dr. 
hom'on,  R«gent-Fquare. 


UPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 
^R.  LESLIE   continues  ^to  supply  the  afSicted  with 

-^  hi'i  celebrated  Remedy  for  this  alarming  complaint,  the 
real  euccos  of  which,  fur  many  years  past,  renders  any 
Irther  ci'mment  unnei  essary.  It  is  easy  and  painless  in  use, 
iQSiai^  no  inconvenience  or  confinement,  and  is  applicable  to 
ery  variety  of  single  and  double  Rupture,  however  bad  or 
,  long  ptandiRg,  in  male  or  female  of  any  age.  The  remedy 
ill  be  senr,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  73.  Bel.  by  Post-ffiee  order, 
lyable  at  the  General  Post-office,  or  postage  siamps,  by  Dr. 
EBBEBT  Leslie,  &7  a,  Manchester-street,  Gray'^-mn-road 
>ndon.— At  h.  me  daily,  from  10  till  land  6  ti!l  8  o'clock  • 
knda)s  10  till  I  on'y.  ' 


PHE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 

^  invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waisttoat-pocbet  Glass 
"je  fixe  of  a  Walr.u%  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
■jo  5  miles,  which  'S  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTING 
H  to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKEEPERS.* 
iTRLESCOPEs,— A  D©w  and  most  important  INVENTION 
JTELE-COPE.^,  posBesftin?  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
-(tic— 3 J  inches,  with  an  utra  eye-piece— will  show  distinctly 
nV'ter'a  MuoQ,  Sii'urn's   Ring,   and  the  Double  Stars.     They 

E^  ?r»tde  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes— for  the  waist- 
-IKtcket,  .'■■hiio!tnp.  Military  purposes,  Ac.  Opera  and 
e-oune  Gtasfies  with  wonderful  powers  ;  a  minute  object 
4  t  be  clearly  (-een  from  10  to  12  railes  distant,— Invaluable 
*uu%uc  InairuDiCDtB  for  relief  of  eifreme  DuafaesB. 
^j4ei»rs.  S  a»d  B,  SOLOMONS.  Opticians  and  AtiBisTS 
i>  Albemarle-Btree',  opposite  the  Y'jrk  Hotel,  London.  ' 

' Protection  from  the  rain,  without 

j  DETRIMENT  TO  HEALT  IK-BEltUOE'S  well-known 
put  OVEltCOAT,  the  Waterproof  Pallum.  reBlutn  any 
ooDtof  ratn,  without  obfltructing  free  veniilatinn  (tl^efa-al 
tctioa  tt>  a  1  othtr  wat<.rproofk},  and  from  Its  lightness  and 
IKOtbbtUty  i«  adapted  for  general  uic  at  all  timee,  cqual'y 
or  rMisy  «UBth<r.  and  has  long  been  rtp'jted  one  of  the 
'(  couventent,  »-con'imlcal,  aoci  valuable  K^rments  ever 
H«d.  Price  43f- and. 10*.  A  very  Urge  Stock  fir  selection  • 
cf  C.»pe»,  Sho-.-mg  Jacket\  Le/gings,  iic  ;  Cloaks! 
«Ie%  UiibiiK,  4c.,  fiir  Ladlcn.— W.Bebdoe,  Tailor,  96,  New 
d-«lrcet ;  and  49,  Cornbill,  London. 


HE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDEN.S,     REGENT'S 

Park,  »rtt,pinu.  Vl. it- t«  daily.  The  CollccK'm  now  con- 
liopwnrdflof  l.'00«p<xtmcn»,incIudintttwofinftChlmpBnz(;on, 
HlfipopoUinut  (pretente'l  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt)' 
AtBtilt,  li^iinoctnjh.  Oiraffrx,  and  young  Leucurjx,  Elands' 
1*>^aka,   Ckmfilt,  ZebrMt,  Li"nii,  Tlgern,  Jnffutirti,   Ilears[ 

'A*i,ftnd  the  A  pterjx  presented  by  the  Lieutenant. Governor 
'•V  CeAlRid,  All  VUttor*  are  non  admitted  to  Mr,  Gould's 
wUoo  of  Hammlnif  Bird*  without  any  extra  chargo. 
imthtmA  of  th«  l»t  Lifn  Goardi  will  p«rf»rm,  by  porTni^nlon 
ul*  Bail,  on  every  Ha'urdi-y.  at  Konr  o'Olock,  until  runhoi 
i«— Admlii>l<iD,  Omc  HniLLiNO  ;  on  MONDA  V.S,  Htxpzuny. 


UCHVH    PAPIER   MACHE   TEA-TRAYS  arc 

^  dvcfdedly  tho  mo^t  unlqae  and  elegant  over  tnanuroc 

■■      Th»  d«<lf^4  are  Torlou^,  an  well  as  (he  prlf^eii,  and  tho 

ileal  mny    ht   suited    h«   caiiflv  nn  thrme  who^m  wndlth 

'  tfarm  ID  vefk  f«r  the  mo<t  rrrMrrJi!-  s\r\\t\fti  which  art 

lufi*-.     Thij  J'ljier  Mnch6    Work-tibl<«,   Wort'-bfixi-*, 

-,,.Jt»e,    Wriiirg-caieii,    Inbatnndii,    Hoiid-tiRrnnnn,   Card. 

m,  Ac,  ar*  really  tuperb,     Meciii  ha*  a  Nlock  of  Dreo^lnfc- 

»^«   not  iQ  }>•  tiiir|'ii>a>d  ;    aUo  rm   tinmfrn**  niifortmcnt  of 

/  ''*«k«,  Tfthlo  rti't,  ry,  h\i-mfiU\  I'lft'td  W.iro,  &r,.     Ml* 

I    Hi«|[it>i|p  Ta'di-t    nrt  rer)own<  d  f-ir  ihclr  fcup*  rior 

I'O.— Maiiufjctory,  4,  LrADiniiALL-STRrtT,  1/0*0  M. 


LIGHTNING    CONDUCTORS. 

RS.  NEWALL  AND  CO.,  Patentees  of  tho 
•  Copper  Rope  Lightning  Conductor,  beg  to  inform  the 
Nobili'y,  Clergy,  &c.,  that  they  sui'ply  L'yhtning  Conductors, 
with  the  p  jini  and  all  clipH  complete  for  fixing,  at  Is.  per  foot, 
whatever  the  altitude  of  the  building  to  be  protected. 
I  IR-  S,  NEWALL  AND  C^'S  PATENT  COPPER  ROPE 
CONDUCTOR  is  being  used  by  Architects,  EngiaeerB,  and 
scientific  men,  in  all  psrts  of  the  kingdom. 
Office  and  Warehouse,  133,  Strand,  London. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.*s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Touth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary  manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose. — Xs.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  usual  time,  and  incapable  of  iojurinj*  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Bruwhes,  with  tho  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian hridtles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponjje,  with  its  preserved 
valuable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNQLEY,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  130  b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  25.  per  box. 

Cadtion.  —  Beware  of  the  words  *'From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  by  lome  houses. 


HEAL  &  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 
OF  BEDSTEADS,  sent  free  by  post,  conlams  designs 
and  pricps^of  upwards  of  One  Hdndred  d'ffereut  Bedsteads 
in  Iron,  Brass,  Japanned  Wood,  Polished  Birch,  Mahogany, 
Rosewood  and  Walnut-trpe  Woods  ;  also  their  Priced  List  of 
Bedding  ;  and  their  New  Warerooms  enable  them  to  keep  one 
of  each  design  fixed  for  inspection.  They  have  also,  in  addition 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  designs  of 
PARISIAN  BEDSTEADS,  both  in  Wood  and  Iron,  which  they 
bavejust  imported. 

Heal    and    Son,    Bedstead    and    Bedding    Manufacturers 
19G,  Tottenham  Court  Rnad,  London. 


BEAUTIFUL  HAIR.— Of  the  numerous  compounds 
constantly  announced  for  promoting  the  growth  or  repro- 
duction of  the  Human  Hair,  few  survive,  even  in  name,  beyond 
a  ve  y  limited  period  ;  whilst  the  successful  results  of  ROW- 
LANDS' MACASSAR  OIL  during  the  last  half  century  have 
proved  beyond  question  that  it  is  endowed  wih  singularly 
nourishing  powers  in  the  growth  and  restoration  of  the  human 
hair,  and  when  every  other  known  specific  has  failed.  This  mild 
yet  powerful  renovatir  insinuates  its  baUamic  properties  into 
the  pores  of  the  head,  nourii:bes  the  hair  in  i  s  embryo  statp, 
accelerates  its  growth,  cleanses  it  from  scurf  and  dandriff, 
sustains  it  in  maturity,  and  continues  its  possession  of  healthy 
vigour,  s'lky  softness,  and  luxurious  redundance,  to  the  latest 
period  of  human  life,  \'.&  operation  in  cases  of"  bablness  is 
peculiarly  active,  and  in  the  growth  of  whi:-kerfi,  eyebrows,  and 
mustacbio'i,  it  ie  also  unfailing  in  it*  a timu'ative  operation.  For 
children  it  is  especially  recommended,  as  forming  the  basis  of  a 
beautiful  bead  of  hair.  Price  3s,  Gd.  and  75. ;  or  family  bottles 
(( qual  to  four  small),  10s,  6(i  ;  and  double  that  size,  'lis. 

Cadtion. — On  the  wrapper  of  each  bottle  are  the  words 
Rowlands'  Macassau  Oil,  in  two  lines, — Sold  by  A.  Rowland 
and  Sons,  20,  Hatton-garden,  London ;  and  by  all  Chemiuts  and 
Perfumers. 


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attached  to  'he  old  Stools.  Also  a  short  Account  of  the  Modea 
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detail  of  the  Author's  Method  of  Cultivating  the  Vine  and 
Cucumber  in  the  same  House.  By  Joseph  Hamilton,  Gar- 
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London:  GEooMDRtDOB  and  Sons,  5,  Paternobter-row. 

*•  He  that  tiileth  his  land  shall  be  satisfied  with  bread." 

Just  published,  Fifth  Edition, 

pATECHISM    OF    COTTAGE    FARMING. 

Vy  ■'  It"  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allo'ment  tenantry  or  the 
cultivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  their  land  more  profit, 
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very  useful  for  distribution  naxoag  them."— Oar dener a'  Ckroniolc 
and  Agricultural  Gazette, 


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Honey  l^ee.  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
ire,  &c.,  &e.    By  Martin  Doyle,  and  others. 

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Atlas,"  «llic. 

II. 
By  the  same  Author, 
A     SCHOOL    ATLAS     OF     PHYSICAL     GEO- 
GRAPHY, in  which  the  subject  is  treated  in  a  more  simple 
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result  in  the  production  of  a  hook  «hich  is  uudoubiedly  the 
very  beat  and  safest  on  the  subject — for  the  uno  of  schools  and 
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for  echO'jIs  and  young  poi  son-*,  will  ho  found  very  useful  for 
all,  as  n  coup  deceit  of  tho  history  of  Euroi'e  during  one  of  its 
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V    I 


544 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [Aug.  21. 


Nojo  ready,  price  10s,  Qd.  clotli  hoards,  with  very  copious  Index,  Volume  V.  of 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES: 

A   MEDIUM    OF 

INTER-COMMUNICATION    FOE    LITEEARY    MEN,    ARTISTS, 
ANTiaUARIES,    GENEALOGISTS,    ETC. 


This  Volume^  the  First  of  the  Enlarged  Series,  contains  Articles  by  the  most  distinguished  Scholars  of  the 
day,  upon  the  following  subjects,  among  many  others  of  interest  :  — 


LITERARY  HISTORY.-Defoe's  Pamphlets— Addison 

and  hie  Hymna— Lord  Kinp  aacl  the  Sclaters— Gibber's  Lives 
of  the  Poets— Collins— David  Mallet— Joha  Goodwin's  Paoa- 
phletB— ifoung's  Narciesa — Macaronio  Poetry — Cowley  and 
hia  Monument — Dean  Swiff's  Library. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Jocelyn's  Legacy— Goldsmith  on  the 
Cock-lane  Ghost,  and  Historyof  Mecklenburgh— Dr.  Johnson 
— Expurgated  Quaker  Bible— Zifcer  Coji/oj-nittitztum- Bowyer 
Bible— Baxter's  Heavy  Shove. 

BIOGRAPHY.  — Butler    at    Ludlow    Castle  —  General 

TVolfe— Old  Countess  of  Desmond— Churchill  the  Poet— Tlie 
Counts  Konigsmark— Sterne— Johu  Tradtscant  the  Youuger 
an  Engliehman- Thomas  Crawfurd— Sir  A.  Cumtning— Auto- 
biography of  William  Oldys— Rev.  J.  Paget— Kev.  M.  Gay. 

POPULAR  MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS.— Boiling  to 

Death— Papers  of  Perjury— South  Sea  Playing  Carcis— Dial 
Mottoes— PilfeTimages  to  Holy  Land— Burials  ia  Woollen- 
Boy  Bishops— Serjeants'  Rings  and  Mottoes— Plague  Stones. 

POPULAR  SAYINGS.— Long  Meg  of  "Westminster — 
Brother  Jonathan— Men  of  Kent  and  Kentish  Men. 

FOLK-LORE.— Popular  Stories  of  English  Peasantry 
—Seventh  Sons- New  Year's  Rain— Lent  Crocking— Valen- 
tine's  Day— Bee  Superstitions,  *kc. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  SHAKSPEARE,  his  Life  and 
Writings,  by  Messrs.  J.  P.  Collier,  Comey,  Hickson,  Singer, 
A.E.B.,  and  other  Writers. 

OLD    ENGLISH    LITERATURE.—  Illustrations      of 

Chaucer— Old  Flemish  and  Old  English  Literature  compared 

Thomas  Bastard  and  his  Poems — Ben  Jooson— Ballads  of 

Lord  Delaware- The  Miller's  Melody— Not  long  ago  I  drunk 
afullPof,  &c. 


GLOSSARIAL  NOTES.-Meaning  of  Era  Garsecg,  &c. 
— Provincial  Dialects— Corrupted  Names  of  Places — Scoto- 
Galliciems. 

GENEALOGY  AND   HERALDRY.- Taylor   Family  — 

Sheriffs  and  Lord  Lieutenants— Richard,  Eavt  of  Chepatow— 
St.  George's  MSS.  — Isabel,  Qaeen  of  Mann— Duchess  of 
Lancaster- Notte  of  Imbercourt — Sir  Richard  Pole. 

ENGLISH,   SCOTCH,  AND   IRISH    MISTORY.-The 

Garter  of  George  lU  — Bonapiirte  and  Lord  Whitworlh  — 
Algernon  S^jdney  —  Danes  in  England- Junius  Queries  — 
Speaker  Lentliall  — Lady  Arabella  Stuart— Scottish  Regalia 
— The  Lord  Marchers  of  Wales — Where  was  Anna  Bolevn 
buried  ?— Birthplace  of  St.'  Patrick— Earl  of  Errol— Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots'  Monument  at  Antwerp — Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ANTIQUITIES.-General  Pardons 
—Collars  of  SS.—Broad;Arrow— Stone  Pillar  WofRhip- Last 
of  the  Pa'xoloRi  —  EiigliBh  Surnames  —  Sainted  Kings 
incorruptib  e— Rhymes  on  Places— CagotP,  &.Q. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY,  <SiC -Moravian  Hymna 

—  Roman  Index  Expurgatorius — Gospel  Oaka— Can  a  Clergy, 
man  marry  [himself  ?  — Coverdale's  Bible  —  St.  Paul  and 
Aristotle— Simon  of  SuiJbury- Baxter's  Pulpit — Can  Bishops 
•vacate  their  Sees— The  Book  of  Jasher— The  Ring  Finger. 

FINE  ARTS,  MUSIC,  &C.-English  Free  Towns  — 
Portraiis  of  Purcell— Ancient  Timber— Town  Halls— Old 
Mueic— Miniatures  of  Cromwell— Market  Crosses— System  of 
Musical  Notation. 

NUMISMATICS.-Engh'sh   Historical  Medals  — Coins 

of  Vabalatbus — Bronze  Medals. 

NATURAL  HISTORY.-Age  of  Trees— Inundations  and 

their  Phenomena- Many  Children  at  a  Birth— The  Fish  called 
Vendace — Salmon  Fisheries — Dodo  Qaaries- Longevity. 


Notes  and  Qdeeies  will,  it  ia  believed,  be  found  to  bring  before  the  Geneeal  Readee  every  week  a  vast  amount  of  Curious 
and  TntereBting  Information. 

It  is  especially  intended,  as  its  name  implies,  to  assist  Men  of  Letters  and  of  Research  in  their  pursuits.  Those  who  meet 
■wilh  facts  worthy  of  preservation  may  record  them  in  its  columns;  while  those,  again,  who  are  pursuinc  literary  inquiries 
may,  through  this  Medidm,  ask  for  information  on  points  which  have  biiffled  their  own  individual  researches.  How  often  is 
even  the  best-informed  writer  stopped  by  an  inability  to  solve  some  doubt  or  understand  some  obscure  allusion  which  suddenly 
starts  up  before  him  !  IIow  often  does  a  reading  man  stumble  upon  some  elucidation  of  a  doubtful  phrase  or  disputed  passai^e  ; 
— Borne  illustration  of  an  obsolete  custom  hitherto  unnoticed  ;  -  some  i,iographical  anecdote  or  precise  date  hitherto  unrecorded  ; 
— some  book,  or  some  edition,  hitherto  unknown  or  imperfectly  described. 

This  Publication,  as  everybody's  Commjn-place  B  -ok,  will  be  a  depository  for  those  who  find  sucli  material?,  and  a 
resource  for  those  who  are  in  search  of  them  ;  and  will  thus  eventually  become  a  mo3t  useful  supplement  to  works  already  in 
existence, — a  treasury  fur  enriching  future  editions  of  them, — and  an  important  cimtribution  towards  a  more  perfect  history 
than  we  yet  possess  of  our  Language,  our  Literature,  and  those  to  whom  we  owe  them. 

NiTES  AND  QoEKiES,  which  bas  been  permanently  enlarged  to  Tweuty.four  Pages,  is  published  every  Saturday,  price  4d., 
Stamped  5<i.,  and  in  Parts  at  the  end  of  each  Month,    A  Specimen  Number  sent  on  receipt  of  five  postage  stamps. 


Lord  Braybrooke, 
John  Btiiton,  Esq. 
John  Bruce,  Esq. 
J.  Burlt,  Esq. 
W.  D.  Christie,  Esq. 
J.  P.  Collier,  Esq. 
W.  D.  Cooper,  E&q. 
Bolton  Corney,  Esq. 
P.  Cunningham,  Esq. 
Rev.  T.  Corser. 
Dr.  Dalton. 
Profet^sor  De  Morgan. 
Hepworth  Dixon,  Esq. 
Sir  Fortunatus  Dwarria, 


The  Numbers  already 
Sir  Henry  Ellis. 
C.  Forbes.  Esq. 
E.  Foss,  Esq. 
Rev.  A.  Gatty. 
Henry  Hallara,  Esq. 
J.  0.  Halliwell,  Esq. 
E.  Ilawkina,  Esq. 
Rev.  J.  Hunter. 
Samuel  Ilickson,  Esq. 
Douglas  Jerrold,  Esq. 
Rev.  Dr.  Kennedy, 
R.  J.  King,  Esq. 
Rev.  L.  B.  Larking. 


published  contain  Articles  by 
Marc  Antony  Lower,  Esq, 
W.  B.  MacCabe,  Esq. 
Rev.  S.  R.  Maitland,  D,D. 
Sir  F.  Madden. 
J.  H.  Mnrkland,  Esq, 
J.  E.  B.  Mayor,  B-^q. 
Lord  Monson. 

R.  Monckton  Milne,  Eaq.,M.P. 
George  Ormerod,  Esq. 
J.  R.  Planchi^.  Esq. 
E.  F.Rimbault,  Esq. 
Kev.  Dr.  Rock. 
S.  W.  Singer,  Esq, 


E.  Smirkp,  Esq. 

George  Stephens,  Esq. 

H.  E.  Strickland,  E^q, 

Earlof  Sbafesbury. 

W.J.  Thorns,  Esq. 

B.  Thorpe,  Esq. 

Rev.  J.  11.  Toad,  D.D. 

Sir  W.  C.  Trevelyan,  Bart. 

T.n.  Turner,  E-q. 

Rev.  Henry  Walter. 

Albert  Way,  E-q. 

Benjamin  B.  Wiffen. 

V7.  Yaneil,  Esq.,  &c.,  &c. 


On  the  following  Subjects,  among  others  : — 


CONDUCTED    BY    MR.  WILLIAM    KIDD, 

OF  HAMMERSMITH. 

KIDD'S  OWN  JOURNAL. 
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Printed  by  William  BitAnmiBT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wcbuni-place,  in  i 
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row,  StobeNewiuBton.  bott  m  tlie  County  oi  Middlesex  I'liuierB,  at  t  r 
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Lonilfin;  (tml  publiebed  by  them  at  the  office.  No.  S,  Charles-Btree  j 
the  pariah  of  Hi.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  In  the  Baid  County,  when  ' 
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—  Satubdat,  AoGuar  21,  1352.  j 


THE 


AND 


CHRONICLE 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Kural  Economy  and  General  Mews.— The  Horticultural  Faii:  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  35.— 1S53.] 


SATURDAY,    AUGUST  28. 


[Price  6d. 


Agri.  Sociel7  of  England  ..... 

Annuals  -     

Anc  Sies,  flight  of 

Araucarias    

Aostraliin  cmU  gelds. 

Beans,  Haricot 

Books  rerfcwed 

Botany,  English,  Sowerby'a  .. 

Bulbs,  earl;    

Caledoaian  Hort  Society 

Caleadar,  hnnktiltiiral ■ 

Climate  of  Panama 

Cotton,  Baz'ey  oa 

Cresi^  Xormandy ..•■•.. 

Cropi,tbe 

—    report  of  the 

Draining,  cUy  bank  ,. 

£Brw5<i;  traps 

Elm  tree  bl'ediog  

£DipactiB,new 

Flower  sticks,  Cbineze 

Geological  mftopiog 

Glass, ronsh  plae 

Hedge,  to  plant 

Highland  iRri  Society's  show 

Japan  Lilies 

Light,  coloiit«d    


3jO  b 

543  a 


Lilies.  Japan 

Manure  de;)osits 

—  for  Potttnea 

—  apparHtua  for  distributme 

liquid    , 

UaopiDET,  E'Oloeical 

Na'ional  FloricuUoral  Society 

Oaks,  diieaaed >..,.. 

Orchard  houses    , , 

Oeeon.  Seofch  expedi'ioo  to.. 
Fanama,  climate  of 

—  plants  of 

Peas.  Ereeti   ....  517  a— 54S  6— 

Pf'at  charcoal  

Plaatsin  Panama 

—  uew  Bntiah    , 

Poiatoes  ID  tan 

ReapiDi;  machines 

RbododeadroDs  

Salvia  genneriflo'a 

Tr>ide  ni'iuoranda  ..,, 

Vines  io  pots ..  * 

Vine  bo-d-ra.  to  OTcr    

Wheat,  Word  iuSEasoarespect- 

loK 

Wool  from  the  vegetable  king- 
dom 


547  b 
547  6 
550  a 
549  a 
517  6 
549  b 
549  6 
5S3  c 
519  a 
51S  c 
549  a 

549  6 

550  a 

5dS  a 

551  e 


KOYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIETY.  Under  the  Patronage  of  her  most  graci'ius 
Majesty  the  Qaeen.  A  grand  Dahlia,  Ilo'.Ijhocif,  and  Mis- 
cellaneoQ3  FLOWER  SHOW  of  the  above  Society,  will  be 
beld  at  the  ROYAL  SURREY  ZOOL0,5ICAL  GARDENS  on 
TTEDNESD  A.Y,  Septesibee  Sth.  Open  to  ail  Exhibitors,  when 
prizes  will  be  awttrded  for  the  foUowini^  productions  ;  viz., 
Stove,  Qreenhouee,  and  Specitnen  Plants,  DaliHa?,  Roses, 
Hollyhocks,  Verbenas,  Cut  Flowers,  Frnif;,  and  Honey;  extra 
prizes  for  seedling  Dnhlias,  Fachaiag,  Hollyhocks, and  Yerbeaas, 
in  addition  to  Ist  Class  Certificates  awarded  by  the  Society. 
The  followiDg  extra  prizes  offered  by  memhers  will  also  be 
awarded ;  By  ilr.  C.  Turner,  4  prizes  for  3  blooms  of  Dj^hliae, 
iironi  varieties  sent  out  by  him  the  spring  previous.  By  Mr. 
E.  Spary,  2  prizes  for  6  blooms  of  Dahlias.  By  Mr.  John  Salter, 
4  prizes  for  6  blooms  of  Dahlias,  By  Mr.  G.  Rawlings,  4  prizes 
for  3  blooms  of  Dahlias.  By  C.  Sain-bury,  E-q  ,  a  Silver  Cup 
and  3  prizes  by  Mr.  C.  Drummond,  for  6  blooms  of  Dahlias. 
From  a  aubscription  fund  collected  by  R.  \T.  Dutton,  Esq.,  a 
Gold  Albert  Medal,  for  the  best  specimen  of  honey  fin  the 
comb  in  glass) ;  for  2  J  best  ditto,  a  large  Si  ver  Yictoiia  Mudal  ; 
and  for  the  3d  b;8t  ditto  a  Small  Silver  Victoria  Medal;  and 
by  Mr.  J,  Marriott,  for  the  best  specimen  of  hoaey  in  the  comb, 
taken  on  the  humane  principle,  a  small  Silver  Albert  Medal. 
List  of  prizes  and  the  rules  for  the  exhibitors,  may  bo  ob''aiiied 
from  John  Tailob  Neville,  Secictary,  Ebenezer  House, 
Peckham,  Surrey. 

The  Committee  will  meet  at  the  Horns  'avern,  Kenning'-on, 
on  the  following  days,  for  awarding  1st  -'lass  Cercifioates  for 
Seedling  Florist  Flowers,  for  such  as  are  deserving  the  same  ; 
via.,  Tbaraday.  September  2d,  October  14^h,  November  11th, 
and  December  9;h,  in  addition  to  the  exhibitioa  as  above. 


A  SHFORD  GRAND  FLORAL  AND  MUSICAL 
■C\.  FETE  will  take  place  on  FRIDAY  ne.^t,S--'  3d,  in  the 
Horticultural  Grounds  of  Mr.  Epps,  adjoiuing  m-.  Railway 
Station,  Ashford. 

PRIZES   OPEN   TO   ALL    ENGLAND. 


Class  1.- 


DAHLIAS. 

FRUIT.       £  s. 

d. 

For  Amateurs 

Class  3. 

-Pine    1    0 

II 

only.            £  3. 

a. 

Do 0  10 

II 

12  varieties  1    1 

U 

Class  4. 

—Black  Grapes 

„      do.    ...  0  10 

0 

(3  bunches)  1    0 

0 

„      do.    ...  0    5 

0 

Do.     ...  0  10 
Do.     ...  0    6 

0 
0 

—  Nurserymen 

Class  6. 

—White  Grapes 

and  Amateurs. 

(3  bunches)  1    0 

0 

24  varieties  2    2 
„      do.    ...  1    1 
„      do.    ...  0  10 

0 
0 
6 

Class  6. 

Do.     ...  0  10 
Do.     ...  0    5 

-Melon 0  10 

Do 0    7 

Do 0    5 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

The  celebrated  Band  of  the  Royal  Artillery,  Woolwich; 
will  attend,  conducted  by  Mr.  Collins.  Admittance  at  half- 
past  1 2  o'clock,  23.  6rf. ;  half-past  1,  2s. ;  and  at  3  o'clock,  Is. 

The  Horticultural  arrangements  are  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Epps,  of  the  Bower  Nurseries,  Maidstone. 


A  FEW  FRIENDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Carton,  once  Gardener  at  Syon  House,  and  now  wholly 
destitute,  hiviugformed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  further  aid, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  their  arrangements.— 
Subscriptions  will  be  received  by  John  Edwabds,  Esq.,  Wace 
Cottage,  Holloway,  London. 


DOUBLE  ROMAN  AND  PAPER  WHITE  NAR- 
CISSUS, 4s.  per  dozen. — The  above  bulbs,  the  former  of 
which  is  so  justly  esteemed  for  its  early  blooming  and  excessive 
fragrance,  and  the  lattcrforits  purity  anl  eleL^ance,  havd  been 
just  received  at  A.  Cobbetx's  Italian  and  Foreiga  Warehouse, 
18,  Pall-mall,  near  Waterloo-place. 


THE  SHACKLEWELL,  STOKE  NEWINGTON, 
AND  HACK.fEY  FLORICULTUltAL  SOCIETY'S 
GRAND  D.\HLlA,  HOLLYHOCE,  and  MISCELL.'VNEOUS 
FLOWER  SHOW  will  he  held  in  -ho  Manor  Rioms  and 
Groandi,  H-tckney.  on  WEDNESD -\Y  next,  September  1,  by 
permission  of  J.  R.  D.  Tyasea,  E8q.— Tne  hand  of  the  Royal 
Marines  will  attend  Further  pariiculara  may  be  had  of  Mr. 
C.  E.  ALLC-i,  Suacklewell;  or  Mr.  W.  Holmes,  Well-street, 
Hackney. 


GREAT  YARMOUTH  AND  EASTERN 
C0U:iTIE3  ASSOCIATION  FOR  PROMOTING  THE 
IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  BREEDS  OF  POULTRY,  &a. 
—The  First  Show  of  the  above  Association,  under  dintin- 
gulahed  Patronage,  will  be  held  at  the  VAUXHALL 
GARDENS,  GREAT  YARMOQTH,  adjoioiog  the  Railway 
Station,  on  THURSDAY,  the  16tb  of  Septembeb,  1852.  For 
P»iz2  Li8',  Priatfcd  Rules,  Certificates  of  Entry,  die,  apply  to 
Uessra.  Yooell  and  Co.,  Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth. 


VALE  OF  TAUNTON  DEANE  HORTICUL- 
TUkAL  and  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIB  TY.— THIRD 
EXniBITIO.V,  to  be  holdea  ia  the  Tivary  Park 
BsmuBca  15,  1B52.  ' 

PRIZE    LIST    FOR    NURSERYMEN, 

Open  to  all  England. 

Flamts  IV  Pots.— For  the  beat  G  CocUicombs,  Ist  prize,  IQs  • 

2d,  6«.     For  the  beet  collection  of  LUlums,  l»t  prize,   15b  \ 

CcT  FLowERi.— German  Aaterd,  30  diBtlnct  varieties,  two  of 
^}°r^*  ^^  **.'"•  *''*  ;  21,  5l.  Ditto,  21  ditto,  lit  prize,  7a.  Gd.  ■ 
2d,  OS.  VerbeuM,  3«  vnrietlen,  1st  prize.  10a  :  2.1.  55.  Ditto' 
24  ditto,  Ut  prize,  la.  Qd.  ;  2d,  5a.  Ddhlia»,  3(J  varieties 
Ut  prize,  IL  JO*. ;  2.J,  15a.  Ditto,  24  ditto,  l»t  prize  11.  '• 
2d,   10#,      Hollyhocks,  24  named  varioiles.    lat    prize,   10*.  \ 

Persons  Intending  to  compoto  nro  requcB'ed  to  commanl-  ato 
with  the  Uon.  Sec,  Mr,  J.  KiwosBoar,  10,  HammeUatreet 
Taunton.  ' 


-J^EWBURY     HORTICULTURAL     SOCIHTY.— 

■*-^  At  the  Autumn  .Sho»f  of  ttiU  «<>clBty,  on  KHIDAY, 
B«ptembcr3,  I-)j2,  the  fallowing  Ex'ra  Prixen  aro  off«r«d  (or 
DAHLIAS  open  Ut  all  Engliind.  For  24  DinHlmilor  Htoom», 
Dahlia*.  Four  Prizi*— the  bc»t,  .'ji.  ;  iccond,  3^  ;  third,  :;(, ; 
fourth,  n.  I'lt.  Kntrance  fee,  7*.  6d,  Curtllicatoit  awarded  to 
BttilHaj;n  of  merit. 

Further  particular*  on  applicatioD  to  Mr.  F.   3,  Adkaha, 
Honorary  .Sccremry,  Newbury. 


"PKUIT     TREES     IN     POTS     IN     ORCHARD' 

■■-  H0USK8,  — The  Peachoii,  Nectarinoi.  and  o'her  fr.iUa, 
are  now  in  full  perfection,  A  train  ner  Enatcrn  Couotl««  Hull, 
at  1I-'K>  A  M,,  Ut  Harlow  Station  will  bo  found  fu«t  and  couve- 
nltnt,— Ta«M*i  Aivcm,  HurierltB,  Saw  bridge  wyrtb,  Herts. 


QTRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— The  under-mentioned 
^  first-rate  varieties,  which  have  all  been  thoroughly  proved 
to  the  satisfaction  of  their  growers,  are  now  ready  for 
sending  out. 

TROLLOP'S  VICTORIA.— This  is  one  of  the  finest  Straw, 
berries  ever  yet  sent  out;  it  has  been  exhibited  at  numerous 
exhibitions  last  season  and  this,  and  proved  superior  to  all 
(ithers  for  its  superb  quality,  and,  as  an  early  forcer,  is  not 
equalled  ;  11.  per  100,  or  33,  per  dozen  plants. 

CREMOVT'S      PERPETCA-.     -OR,   -,r>'in-aLE     BEARING 
STRAWBERRY  ;  11.  per  hui»  ued,*br  3;.,  oer  dozen. 
MY  aTT'S  SURPRISE,  exv^  fine       ...  ^      ....    Ot?.  per  103. 

PRINCE  ARTHUR.,.,,         du  .  --,  '         „ 

BLAOK  PRINCE,  ajirs:^^-dtee^:iy  variety  ...     6     0        „ 

PROLIFIC,   very  fiue  and  early  5     0         „ 

ELEANOR,  the  beat  and  latest  bearing  Straw- 
berry,   mauy  of  the  fruit  growing  to  1'^  oz,, 

very  tirm,  and  first-rate  for  travelling  .,,     5     0         „ 

BRITISH  QUEElN  (true)  3     6         „ 

BRITANNIA  (very  fine)  5     0        ,, 

STIRLING  CASTLE  STRAWBERRY    (fine)    5    0        „ 

ELIZA  5     0        „ 

GLOiiE  5     0         „ 

ALICE  MAUDE      3    6         „ 

.'GOLIATH"  3     6        „ 

The  above  are  strong  well-rootGd  plants,  and  such  as  will 
ensure  satisfaction.  Fine  plants  can  be  had  for  potting,  if 
required,  which  were  pricked  off  for  the  purpose  early  in  the 
spring. 

N.  B.  Those  Strawberries  at  3s,  per  dozen  will  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free, 

FINE  ANTIRRHINUMS,  all  saved  from  striped  and  spotted 
varieties,  such  as  will  give  every  saiiafaction  and  bloom  early 
next  spring,  Ss.  per  100. 

SWEET  WILLIAMS.  4S  superb  varieties,  3s.  per  100. 

SEEDLING  HOLLYHOCKS,  extra  fine,  saved  from  all  the 
best  varieties  in  cultivatlou,  and  such  as  will  give  satis- 
faction, 11.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen.  (One  hundred  of  these 
superb  Hollyhocks  were  planted  out  in  a  bed  last  autumn,  and 
8G  of  them  provo'l  to  be  double  flowers  and  equal  to  the  varieties 
they  were  envcd  from). 

A  remittance  must  accompany  the  order,  either  by  penny 
postage  stamps  or  a  post-otSce  order,  on  receipt  of  which  the 
whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above  will  be  sent  hamper  and 
package  free. 

Edwaed  Tilet,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Somerset, 

CHOICE    CALCEOLARIA    SEED,    ETC. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  Nurseryman,  Warminster, 
WlitH,  be^'s  to  announce  that  he  is  now  sending  out  the 
following  SEEDS  :— 

CALCEOLARIA,  saved  from  his  large,  choice,  and  beautiful 
collcciioa  of  free  blooming  and  fine  spotted  varieties,  from 
2*.  Gd.  to  Ha.  per  packet. 

PANSY,  all  irora  choice  show  flowers.  Is.  to23.6rf.per  packet. 

CINERARIA,  from  a  fine  collection,  Is.  to  2»,  (id.  per  packet. 

CHINESE  LARKSPUR,  eavod  from  a  beautiful  coUccUon 
of  varlout  colours,  from  pure  white,  bkyblue,  varie^atedj  (be, 
to  diirk  blue,  Is.  per  packet. 

ANTIRRHINUM,  produced  by  beautifully  striped  and 
tricolored  klndn,  la,  per  packet, 

Rornlittincofl  accompanying  the  orders  will  ouBuro  tho 
delivery  of  the  above  poHtHxo  I'reo. 

0.  VV.  liUu  bi)g»  to  ofV.jr  tho  umler-montionod  desirable  kinds 
of  Btruwburrlcii— Victoria  (Trollop^;,  a  highly  (ipprovud, 
prolific,  early  kind,  and  an  oxcoilunt  forcer,  2l)a.  per  IDO,  or  3*, 
per  dozun  ;  IJIiick  Priiico  (CuihlHV),  very  umly,  good  boiircr, 
und  a  good  foroer,  'dn.Ud.  pur  lOi);  lOloanor  (Myatt'n).  largo, 
lute,  and  oxcolloot,  :j*,  (id.  per  InO  ;  Stirling  CaHtIo  Piiiu,  a 
large,  hito,  go(»d  buarlng,  and  hiirdy  Iiind,  iiomowlmt  of  iho 
DrttUh  C^icen  lluvuur,  Oa,  per  100.  Older  ustvomcd  kluda  from 
2*.  GU.  10  3f.  QU.  per  iOO. 


CUTHILL'S  PRINCE  OF  WALES  AND   BLACK 
PRINCE  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS. 

THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES  was  raised  in  1849  ;  it 
is  the  latest  we  have  in  this  country — was  in  bearing, 
Au[::u8tl.  The  flavour  is  excellent;  a  ticarlet  cone-shaped 
fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  Keen  ;  throws  its  bloom  well  up, 
foliage  light  green,  and,  like  its  royal  relative  (the  Black 
Prince),  an  enormous  bearer.  If  planted  on  a  northern  aspect, 
it  will  bear  up  to  September.  Price  U.  per  100,  or  lOs,  Gd.  for 
50  (a  few  plants  extra  allowed  to  the  Trade). 

Alsothecelebrated  BLACK  PRINCE,  the  earliest  in  England; 
this  year  they  were  picked  in  the  open  ground,  at  8s.  per  lb.,  by 
me.  See  also  Mr.  Meredith's  account  of  its  forcing  qualities  at 
the  Duke  of  Sutherland's.     Are  now  ready  for  sending  out. 

Cuthill's  Pamphlet  on  the  Potato,  Asparagus,  Seakale, 
Rhubarb.  Strawberry,  Melon,  Cucumber,  itc.,  2s,,  or  by  post 
23.  id.  Also  his  "Market  Gardening  round  London,"  Is.  6ci,, 
or  by  post  Is.  8d.  The  true  Lapstone  Kidney  83.  per  bushel. 
Post-office  orders  on  Camberwell-green. 

James  Cdthill,  Camberwell,  London. 

IVERS'    LARGE    YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 

SEED  (the  growth  of  the  present  season).  Price  Is.  per  lb. 
This  Turnip  had  its  origin  in  1842  with  tho  Stubble  Swede ; 
and  has  been  repeatedly  tested  with  other  kinds  of  Yellow 
Turnip,  in  which  its  superiority  was  very  apparent — in  its 
sweetness  of  flavour,  and  in  its  vigour  of  growth.  For  the  last 
three  years,  on  various  soils,  it  has  yielded  from  12  to  16  tons 
per  acre,  when  sown  in  the  early  part  of  August ;  and  it  has 
the  advantage  of  keeping  in  ciampa  quite  late  in  the  spring. 

RiVEBs' Stubble  Swede,  price  Is.  eci.  per  lb.  Orders  to  the 
amount  of  lOs.  paid  to  Londou.— Sawbridgeworth,  He-ts. 

CACTI. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  a  small   collection   of  CACTI,   the 
property  of  a  deceased  gentleman. — Address  Mrs.  Rolls, 
Cook's  Grounds,  Chelsea,  where  they  may  also  he  viewed. 

CAMELLIAS   AND   CHRYSANTHEMUIVIS. 

CHANDLER  AND  SONS,  Nurserymen,  Wandsworth- 
road,  Surrey,  have  now  fine  healthy  plants  of  Camellias 
well  set  with  flower-buda  at  30s,  per  dozen;  larger  size,  423. 
per  dozen.  Bushy  plants  of  Chrysanthemums  to  fl  jiver  well 
this  autumn,  of  the  best  sorts,  ds.  and  123.  per  dozen.  Dutch 
Bulbs  just  imported.  Hyacinths,  well  selected,  65.  to  12s.  per 
dozen.  Narcissus,  Tulips,  Crocus,  ilic,  at  reasonable  prices, 
Post-office  orders  payable  at  Kenoingtoo  Cross. 

DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS. 
TAMES  DICKSON  and  SONS  have  now  the  pleasure 
*■/  of  informing  itieir  numerous  customers  and  the  public 
(fenerally,  that  thtlr  firs^  cargo  of  EYACINT  HS,  along  with 
every  variety  nf  DUTCH  UULEj,  has  just  been  Iwudod  in 
splendid  condition,  'lod  a.  ^  ul  ..-=c-rate  quality.  They  are  now 
I- ady  to  eiec-.iif  i\  ^rs.  "y'  Oatalopijes  may  be  hid  free  on 
application.  _  *. 
Isurscry  and  Seed  Warehouse,  32,  liiinover- street,  Edinburgh. 

ALL  Persons  who  have  any  DEMANDS  against  the 
Estate  of  the  late  Mr.  MAITHEW  COLE,  of  the  Aston 
Lane  Nursery,  Birchtield,  near  Birmingham,  are  requested  to 
SEND  the  saiuo  to  Mr,  Job  Cole,  Biilsall  Heath  Terrace,  Bir- 
mingham, ill  order  that  the  same  may  be  examined,  and,  if 
touud  correct,  discharged  ;  and  all  Persons  INDEBTED  to  the 
late  Firm  of  "Cole  and  Shabp"  are  requested  to  PAY  the 
same  at  the  Nursery,  as  aforesaid. 

CHEAP  TALLIES.— Wood  Tallies,  from  id.  per 
100  ;  Porcelain  ditto,  from  dd.  per  100  ;  Zinc  ditto,  from 
Is,  per  100.  Indelible  Jet  Black  Ink,  for  writing  on  Zinc,  &c. 
&:c.  Specimens  of  the  Tallies  forwarded  free  bi' po-'t  on  pre- 
paid  application  to  Mr.  JoBM  Powell,  Trentham,  Newcastle, 
Staffordshire,  of  whom  may  also  be  procured  Tye'*  Registered 
Hyacinth  Glasses,  Flower  Support?,  Card  Labels  for  naming 
Hyacinths,  and  Exhibition  Plant  Labels,  »fcc.  <fcc, 

Foa  Cash. — A  liberal  allowance  to  the  trade. 

PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  THE  SUN.— Use  E.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
perfect  non-conductor  of  heat,  and  admitting  light  without 
heat,  where  a  covering  is  required  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  Is.  id.  por  yard,  and  much  cheaper  than  Bass  Mats, 
E,  F.  Arcqeb,  451,  Oxford-streec,  London. 


pOCHIN  CHINA  CHICKENS.— A  few  pairs,  from 
V-^  three  to  four  months  old,  well  feathered  on  tbe  h-ga,  and 
of  the  purest  breed.  Price  15s.  per  pair. — Address  to  TaoMAS 
Page,  Chatterin,  CambridgOBhiro. 


WHITE  COCHIN  CHINA'  CHICKENS.  —  An 
Amateur  has  a  few  pairs  of  these  much  admired  birds 
to  dlppofo  of,  well  feathered  on  tho  logH,  and  of  the  purest 
breed;  also  a  few  birds  of  tho  Black  Cochin  China,  a  variety 
extremely  rare  and  very  valuable— Direct  to  Alfiied  Salxee, 
WiUiam-atrcet,  lIummer.siiiiih-turnplUe,  Middlenox. 

WHITE  AYLESBURY  AND  BLACK  BOTANY 
BAY  DUCKS,  AND  COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS,  of  the 
purest  hroi'-d,  of  light  straw  or  butt' colour,  well-feathered  legs, 
und  tintly  fiuflfed,  bred  from  Imported  birds  selected  in  China 
for  their  sl/.o  and  purity  of  their  siraiu.  The  advertiser  has 
for  sale  a  few  pairs  of  ilio  above,  warranted  of  tho  purest  breed, 
vvliicli  he  olVers  at  tho  following  prices  :  — White  Aylesbury 
DucltH,  lOs,  per  couple;  Black  Botany  Bay  ditto,  21*.  per  couple. 
Ttio  Botany  Bay  Duckn  are  very  rare,  quite  as  burdy  as  the 
cuniiiion  klnda,  of  a  beiiutiful  glossy  jet  black,  the  male  birds 
having  two  or  throe  whito  feathers  on  tho  breast.  The  fluHh  is 
far  more  dullcnte  ami  superior  to  any  of  ih<  genus.  Thid  species 
jxiHfliiHB  tliu  extraurdiniiry  ohiiraotor  ol  laying  a  majority  of  egg  a 
perfectly  black.  Cocliln  Oliiiia  FowIh,  four  to  five  months  old, 
4'_'s.  per  pair  j  Black  Norlolk  Turlioys.  lis. (id.  per  pair,  paiknge 
Included.  Tlie  celebrated  brcLd  of  Nt)rfollt  Gocso,  12^,  pur  pair. 
—  Oi'derw,  iiccompanled  hy  pout  olllcu  ordeiH  or  reference, 
addreiHcd  to  Isaac  BuunninOj  North  ijud,  Qruut  Yarmouth, 
will  reoulve  prompt  attoutluiii 


546 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  28, 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE     GLASS, 

FOR   EIDGE  AND   FURROW   ROOFS,   GREENUOOSEs,    R.ULWAT    SUTiONS,    ENSINE    SHEDS,    MILLS. 
lOK   ttiiJl,  lH,iKET-HALLS.    AKD    PUBLI'^    w.llIJ.I.VGJ  GENERALLY. 


Foe  CoNSEfiVAToaiEB,  Pdblic  Bdildinos, 
Sktliqhts,   4ic  ,  &c. 


MAWDFACTOaiES, 


Packed  in  CaATEa,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  :- 

3u  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  loug  

Or  20  „  ,,  60  to  70    ,,  


In  Squabes,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  ; 
Dnder    8  by    e      

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8 
10  by   8 
UbylO 
L^feetBUp. 

3        » 

i  „ 

6        „ 


HbylO      •,„„■■■,,     ••■ 

1*  feet  suuer.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  niches 

3  ,  or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long  . 


3 
i 
5 
6 
8 
10 
12 
IB 


20 
30 
85 
40 
45 
55 
70 


30 
85 
4» 
45 
5i 
70 
85 


4 

44 
5 

6J 
(i 

64 

7 

'S 
8 
84 


iJ.lOih  inch 
thick. 


i  inch 
thick. 


0  6 

0  7 

0  7 

0  7 

0  S 

0  8 

0  8j 

0  9 

0  9, 

0  10 

0  U 

1  0 


s.  d. 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  lOi 

0  11 

1  0 
1  1 
1    2 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


10 
12 
13 
15 


Packed  in  Boxes  of  50  Feet  each. 

Ids.    Ios.     Iuh.    Ins. 

6  by  4  and  61  by  4i 

7  by  5  and  74  by  6| 

8  by  6  and  8|  by  64 

9  by  7  and  9  j  by  7J  and  10  by  8  

Note. — Squares  arechnrged  according  to  the  superficial  con- 

■tenta,  except  where  the  leng'h  exceeds  the  restriction  above, 
in  which  case  the  higher  price  is  charged  irrespective  of  the 
contents. 

Sendinfj.—l-8th,  6d. ;  SAGtJis,  9d.;  i  inch,  Is.  per 
/oot,  net. 

•  „•  Irregular  shapes  are  charged  as  squares. 

When  Crates  are  ordered,  the  SO-inch  widths  wiU  le 
sera,  unless  otherwise  specified. 


THE    PATENT   ROUGH    PLATE,    one. eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  and  wei^'hing  2  Ib^.  to  the  fijot,  has  now  become  an 
article  of  vory  extensive  and  increasing  consump'ion. 
It  is  universalis/  admitted  to  he  the  best  and  most  suitable 

Olass  for   Ridge   and    FurrOw   Roofs,    Greenhouses, 

Factories,  Workshops, 
And  all  smh  like  purposes,  and  is  a  cheap  and  efliL-ient  substi- 
tute for  Fluted  or  Obscured  Glass,  where  the  object  is  to 
intercept  the  vision  without  diminishing  the  light.  Its  non- 
transparency,  strenijih,  aud  cost  (being  no  more  weight  for 
weight  than  Common  Sheet  Glass),  render  it  eminently  suit, 
able  for  the  Glazing  of  Conservaiories  and  Roofs  of  all  kinds  ; 
Blinds  are  unnecessary,  and  when  used  in  Greenhouses  no 
scorching  occurs. 

Where  eliil  greater  strength  is  required  the  3.16ths  and  J  inch 
thick  will  be  found  much  cheaper  than  the  Common  Rough 
Plate.  Samples  will  be  forwarded  on  application,  by  applying  to 


JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURAL    GLASS    MEllCHANTS,    116,    BI3H0PSGATE    STREET  WITHOUT,    LONDON. 


GLASS. 

ThOaMAS  millington's  foreign  sheet 
GLASS  is  far  euperior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  lOO-feet  boxes,  jiaoked  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  +  and    6^  by  43      13s.0d. 

7  „         5  and    74  by  5^      15    0 

8  ,,         5  and    8    by  5^      15    0 

8  „  easid    Si  by  6J       17     6 

9  „  7  audio    by  8         20     0 

12         „        10  and  13    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sized,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thickneEses, 
Cases  containing  lar^^e  Sheets,  in  100,  2U0,  and  300  feet,  at 
21s.  per  100  feet. 
HOUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  fiat,  I  in.  thick,  beat  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  per  foot. 

„        „        35     „       Sd.        „ 

,,        ,,        60     ,,       Q^d,      „ 

"        „        75      „       Ud.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  23.  to  fis.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glass  Tiles 
-and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  G'nsaeB;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopagate- 
street  Witliout,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
xyay.-^'EstabliHhed  100  years. 

GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIES,  ETO        ' 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz,  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  ai  prices  varying  from  2(2.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  fur  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  neady  packed  for  immediare  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  aE  ■S  Esfimalefl  forwarded  -do  application,  for 
PATENT  RODGH  PLATE,  T  HICK  CUi)V,*N  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATEU- PIPES,  ■  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  VVINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to.jAUES  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-squ.»re,  London. 

See  Qardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND  COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLona  Mebohants,  125,  Qii^enstreet,  Portaea,  supply 
in  Any  quaotitiet,  at  wholesale  prici^fl,  Cmwn  and  Horticuhural 
-SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pang,  Bee.Cucum- 
"ber  and  Propagating  Glasaes,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for' Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  die.  D';ep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Piumber»'  Brass  Work,  Brushee,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.  B.— Experienced  workmen  sentto  anypartof  the  country. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

-AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND    WORKMANSHIP. 


Gi  RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danrers  Street,  Chelsea, 
'  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  ot 
desigr^,  good  maierlals,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
ecimomy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  ihe  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
■osecutt!  orderrt  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  thej 
■have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
apphoation  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  EiN'O's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having'  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute  ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
»nd  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amaunt  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  aud  for  quality  aud  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothous-s,  with  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
widi,',  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  eliile  down, 
with  puHt-y  made  of  the  samematerialti  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  231.  65.  Bd.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do..  52<J  ft.,  30i.  133.  8d.\  23  fr,  fi  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ratter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  aud  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  die,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


•tf^ 


T      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    Kmg»3    Road,    Chelsea, 

*-'  •  Hortienltural^Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  ItLinufacturers,  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  eri^ct.  Horticultural  buildmgs,  or  fix  Hot- Water 
Apparatus;  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse-  Works,  Kin^''s  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhousea, 
Con^erva'oi'ies,  Pits,  <fcc-,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  midero  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose, 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  nplendid  Golle'ctioo  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low 
prices.  AUo  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 
Catalogues  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  &,e.,  forwarded  on  application. 
J,  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  KiNo'a  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


JW.  THOMSON,  Landscape  Gardener,  Hothouse 
•  Designee  and  Bdilder,  Hamueksmltu. 

Every  kind  of  Horticultural  Structure  designed,  erected,  and 
heated  by  Hot-water,  Common  Flues,  and  other  modes,  on  the 
moat  economical  and  im- 
proved modern  principles. 
Testimonials  and  references 
from  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men who  have  kindly  patron- 
ised, for  more  than  15  veara 
past,  J.  W.  THOMSON'S 
modern  and  simple  mode 
of  Constructing,  Building, 
Warming,  and  Ventilating 
Garden  Structures.  He  begs 
to  draw  particular  attention 
to  his  newly-invented  plan  for  movinp;  all  Li^jhts,  front  and 
top,  for  admitting  air,  by  one  action  or  simultaneously,  at  very 
little  more  expense  than  by  the  old  and  inconvenient  mode  of 
cords  and  pulleys.  This  simple  plan  can  be  applied,  at  a 
moderate  cost,  to  houses  already  ventilated  by  the  old  and 
troublesome  cord  and  pulley  system. 


POR  SALE,  A  SMALL,  NEAT  CONSERVATORY,, 

*-  a  Bargain,  15  feet  by  10  feet  6  inches,  made  of  the  best 
materials  and  workmanship. — May  be  seen  at  G.  Nicholls 
and  Go's,  Horticultural  Bailders  and  Hot-water  Apparatus 
Manuiacturers,  corner  of  Plumber-street,  City-road  (near  the 
Toll-gate). 

N.B.— Estimates  and  plans  submitted  for  all  kinds  of  Horti- 
cul  uial  Buildings. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FOKKS  AND  I>RAININ<3  TOOLS.-Sllver  Medal  at 
Lewes  Show  was  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KEY,  103,  New- 
gate-street,  London,  for  these  celebrared  PORKS.  It  would  be 
eodless  to  quote  the  unlimited  approbation  expressed  by  ihe 
leading  agriculturists,  farmers,  nurserymen  and  others,  from 
the  nobleman  to  the  Ubourer  ;  but  all  who  have  u-ed  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Meohi's  remark,  "That  they  facilitate  lahou- 
quite  20  percent."  Ear'y  orders  are  requested.  Price  lists 
tient  00  appUcaCion. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewtb'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  tbe  cheapest  in 
England. — A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postaee  stamps. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


F>OYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
->  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.-BoTD's  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  tbe  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  ot  u-*e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Oardenen'  Chroniole  tlius  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Botd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  in'.;eniou3 
and  very  uselul  improvement," — G,  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digginir  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Air.  Mechi ; 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  be  will  never  work 
with  any  othtr  implement  for  digging.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Dbat  and  Co.'b  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane^  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 

EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PRIZE  MEDAL  FOR  SUPERIOR  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OP  1851. 

THE  CELEBRATED  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 
Patent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakes,  Scjthes,  Draining,  and 
other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  6s.  p6r  dozen.  Carpenters' 
and  Smiths'  Tools,  &;c.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
23.  Gd.  per  dozen.  Patent  fumifjators  for  destroying  insects 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouses,  »fcc.  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H.  Boobbyee 
and  Co.'s  (late  Stukch  and  Bjobbter),  Ironmongery,  Brass- 
foundry,  Nail  and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope. street, 
Clare-market,  London.  Established  nearly  200  years  for  the 
sale  of  goods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices. 
Goods  forwarded  to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 
Lists  sent  by  post- 

DEANE'S    WARRANTED  GARDEN    TOOLS 
Hi^rciculturists,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEANE,  DRAY,   and  CO.'^  es'ensive  ' 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNINi:*  IMPLEMENTS,    best! 
London-made  Garden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 


Averuncators 

Axes 

Bagging  Hooks 

Bills 

Borders,       various 

patterns 
Botanical  Boxes 
Boyd'sPt  tent  Scythe 
Brown's  Patent  Fu- 

miEator 
Cases  of  Pruning  In- 
struments 
Daisy  Rakes 
Dibbles 

Draining  Tools 
Edging    Irons    and 

Shears 
Flower  Scissors 
,,        Srands     in 

Wires  tfc  Iron 
Fumigators 
Galvanic     Borders 

and    Plant   Pror 

lectors 
Garden  Chairs  and 


Garden  Scrapers 
Gidney's     Prussian 

HOQ 

Grape  Gatherers  &. 
Scissors 

Gravel  Rakes  and 
Sieves 

Greenhouse  Djors 
and  Frames 

Hammers 

Hand-glass  Frames 

Hay  Knives 

Horticultural  Ham- 
mers &,  Hatchets 

Hoes  of  every  pat- 
tern 

Hotbed  Handles 

Ladies'  Set  of  Tools 

Labels,  various  pat- 
terns, in  Zinc, 
Porcelain,  itc. 

Lines  and  Reels 

Marking  Ink 

Mattocks 

Menographs 

Meialiic  Wire 

Milton  Hatchets 

Mole  Traps 


Mowing  Machines 
Pickaxes 
Potato  Forks 
Pruning  Bills 

„     Knives,variou3 

,,    Saws 

„     Scissors 

„     Shears 
Rakes      in      great 

variety 
Reaping  Hooks 
Scythes 
Scythe  Stones 
Shears,  various 
Sickles 
Sickle  Saws 
Spades  and  Shovels 
Spuds 

Switch  Hooks 
ThiacJe  Hooks 
Transplanting  Tools 
Trowels 
Tuifing  Irons 
Wall  Nails 
Watering  pots 
Weed  Hooks 
Wheelbarrows 
Youthi.'  Set  of  Tools 


„     Loops 

„     Rollers 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.  are  sole  Agents  for  LINQHAM'S 
PERMANENT  LABELS,  samples  of~which,  with  iheir  Illus- 
trated  List  of  Horricaltu-al  Tools,  can  be  bent,  post  paid,  to 
any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Alsn,  Wbole.'iale  and  Retail 
Agents  for  SAYNOR'S  celebrated  PRUNING  KNIVES,  used 
exclusively  by  the  first  Gardeners  in  the  United  Kingdom. — 
DEANE,  DRAY,  &  CO.  (Opening  to  the  MonumeaiJ,  London- 
bridge. 

HOT- WATER     APPARATUS.  1 

GNICHOLLS,  City  Road  (corner  of  Plumber- 
•  street),  London,  begs  to  inform  the  Gentry  aud  others  ' 
engaged  in  Horticultural  pursuits,  that  he  i^  a  practical  and 
working  Man,  and  undertakes  the  erection  of  every  description 
of  HoC-waier  Apparatus.  Defective  Apparatus  re-arranged, 
and  warranted  to  act  well.  Those  aupplyiog  their  own 
materials  attended  to  in  towa  or  country." 

ROBERTS'S  HOLLOW  BRICKS  for  Conservatorieg, 
Terra  Cotta  Va^es,  Grape  Tiles,  Melon  yud  Strawberry 
Tiles,  with  many  other  horticultural  appliances,  daily  on  sale 
ar  his  Tile  Works,  Upnor,  near  Roehester.  A  ^mall  Treatise  on 
the  Culture  of  Strawberries  and  other  articles  can  be  had  for 
six  postage  stninps,  addressed  as  above.  He  particularly  heps 
■0  draw  at'ention  to  Mr.  CoCtingham's  letter  on  the  front  page  j 
of  tte  Gardeners'  thronkle,  .Auguat  14. 


35—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


547 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  ra 'St  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  twi  and  threo  years  old,  from  Ejes,  all  the  best  sorts 
for  PtiNTiso  or  Fbditing  is  Pots. 

AlfiO  an    es-ensive  and   valuable  coUection  of  STOVE    and 
GREESIIOtJ-^E    PLANTS,    with  aU   new  varieties.     See  our 
Catalo;lue3  devoted  to'eaci.     Also  oar  Illu'itratious  on  Hobti- 
COLTDEAL  B[jiLDi>*0  and  Heating  by  Hot-Wateb. 
J,  Weeks  and  Co.,  Kitig^f-road,  Chelsea. 


ROSES     IN     POTS. 

T\7'ILLIAM:  wood  and  son,  Woodlands  Nursery, 

*  »  Maresfiold,  near  Uckfie'.d,  Sussex,  are  now  seuding  out 
-strong,  healthy,  and  vigorous  Plants,  in  pots,  fiuitable  for 
ulantiog  oa":  at  the  present  time.  Per  dozea. 

HYBRID  PSRPETUALS,   strong,  left  to 

oar  selection 12s.  to  ISs. 

BOUaBOX,  Ditto  123.  to  18s. 

TE\-SCENTED,  Ditto 125.  to  ISs. 

CHIVA,  Ditto ...     ds.  t^*  123. 


AVER3CHAFFELT,  Nurseryjian,  Ghent,  Bel- 
•  giam  begs  to  announce  that  he  will  tend  out  on  the 
loch  SeiJtembir  nex%  his  fine  new  CAUELLIA,  "GENERAL 
DROUOT,"  OQ  the  following  conditiona:— 

Plants,  3  feet  high,  with  branches       ...        ...  £1  12    0 

Do.,    2    do.,  do.  14    0 

Do,,  young  graTted  plants,  with  two  to  three 

bases      0    8    0 

N.B.  His  New  General  Catalogue  of  Plants  will  be  ready  in 
a  few  days. 


FOR     PRESENT     SOWING. 

SUTTON'S  PERMANENT  GRASSES.— 
The  SUPERIOR  QUALITY  of  SUTTON'S  GRASS  SEEDS 
is  pla'.nly  indicated  by  the  nunoeroae  Orders  they  are  daily 
receiving,  through  the  recommendation  of  farmer  customers. 

Some  interesting  particulars  of  Land  laid  down  loiih 
ikcse  S-::eds  is  published  in  the  Gardeners*  CHaoNicLE  of 
March  '27th,  page  195. 

The  prices  for  the  best  quality  are  as  zmder,  but  for 
j^oOT  reclaimed  Lands  or  other  cases  wJtej'e  the  cost  is  the 
principal  coimderation,  mixtures  at  about  half  the  price 
may  be  had. 

Por  best  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,      Per  acre. 

mixed  expressly  to  suit  the  soil 2i*,  to  283. 

For  best  Ctovers   and    Grasses    (for   one, 

two,  or  three  years'  lay)     lis.  to  203. 

The  sorts  consist  of  true  Perennial  Grasses  and  Cloverfi,  as 
named  pirttcularly  in  our  Advertisement  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Gardeners^  Chronicle  of  2i)th  March. 

Ji>es  Sgttun  and  Sons.  Seed  Growers,  Reading.  Berks. 


NEW  AND  CHOICE  PLANTS  AND   BULBS. 

BASS  AND  BROWN'S  NEW  AUTUMN  CATA- 
LOGUE is  now  ready  :  it  embraces  much  deacrip-ive  and 
u'eful  information.  On  receipt  of  three  postage  stamps  it 
will  be  &eut  free,  or  gra'is  to  purchasers.  It  contains,  among 
other  new  plants,  the  NEW  GERANIUMS  last  out,  at  reduced 
prices,  of  which  we  possess  a  fine  stock,  and  will  shortly  be 
ready. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 

DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS  FOR  EARLY  FORCING. 
HTACINTH3,     TULIPS,    NARCISSUS,     CROCUSES,    &c, 

"TT/'M.  DENVER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  82, 
'  '  Gracech'irch-strcet,  London,  has  just  received  his  lar:^e 
and  aina4l  supply  of  DUTCH  BULBS  and  other  flowering 
■roots.  A  descr  ptive  and  priced  Oatatogue,  containing  several 
new  and  splendid  novelties,  will  be  ready  in  a.  few  days. 
CoL>ie8  of  the  same  forwarded  oi  application. 


THE  NEW  AND  BEAUTIFULLY  VARIEGATED-LEATED 
PLANT, 

CISSUS    DISCOLOR    (BLUME.i 

WILLIAM  R0LLIS30N  and  SONS  beg  leave  to 
inform  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  the  trale,  that  '■hey 
intend  sendiuft  cat,  on  and  after  the  27th  of  Sep'ember,  their 
new  and  beauiifaliy  variegated-leaved  climbing  pl-int,  ClS^US 
DISC'JLOI,  of  Blume.  which  has  been  so  universally  admired 
thU  Hurnmer  at  the  Chiswickaid  Regent's  Park  ExhibUions. 
Price  21s.  per  plant.  The  aauat  allowance  to  the  trade  if  two 
or  more  plants  are  ordere'l. — Tooting  Nursery,  near  London. 


Cfie  (SarlreitersS'  ©firomcle, 

SATURDAY,  AUGUSTUS,  1852. 

HEETINGS  POR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

F.IDAT  2ep'.      3-BDt«nical %  r.u, 

-Coo.'.T  Show.,  —  Tae.dar,  Auzii»t31:  Woke-hampton,  BBrnslev, 
aid  Saliblrr  D.hlla-- Widae.d<;.  S  pt.  1 ;  Sinckiewell.  -  Thur.Ja}, 
6flpC2:  Ufnpooi— Prtday.Sept..'!:  Ki'kUfalon,  Newbary.aul  Ashtord 


Among  the  prizes  which  the  Horticultural  Society 
has  jimt  offered  is  one  for  Gheen  Peas  at  the  end 
of  October.    Some  of  our  correspondents  appear  to 
doubt  the  practicability  of  obtaining  them  at  that 
season.     We  therefore  reprint  Mr.  Knight's  state- 
ment npon  the  subject,  from  which  it  will  be  seen 
that  he  at  least  managed  to  have  his  table  as  well 
;.plied    ^yith    thiii    esculent   in    September  and 
' ;  ober  &H  in  June  and  July. 
I',   is   clear   that  the  main  feature  of  the   plan 
[iloyed  by  Mr.  Knioht  consisted  in  having  tlie 
:   -ind  very  deeply  trenched,  so  that  the  rooU  of 
lii«    Peai  might   have    plenty  of   room   to   spread, 
-without  being  exponed  to  the   chance  of  drought^ 
against  which  he  also  provided  by  copious  watering. 
We  venture  to  predict  that  all  who  engage  in  this 
'ind  of  cultivation  will  find  that  deep  trenching  is 
key  of  the  operation  ;  with   it  watering  will  not 
much  needed  ;  without  it  water  will  do  at  least 
much  harm  as  good. 

i  t  is  needless  t(j  say  ihatdeep  trenchingisatalltimes 
•  ery  great  importance  to  annual  crops,  for  reasons 
>'.  have  been  often  given.  In  the  case  of  late  Peas, 
liai  an  advantage  that  is  likely  to  be  overlooked. 
'  remain  lieabhy,  and  growing,  and  bearing,  the 
•s  of  the  Pea  must  be  in  a  state  of  great  activity, 
ai  to  maintain  all  the  functions  of  vigorous  vege- 


tation. Whether  or  not  this  happens  depends  upon 
the  temperature  of  the  soil;  if  it  is  too  cold  the 
roots  are  unable  to  act,  and  the  growth  of  stem  and 
leaves  is  paralysed ;  it  cannot  very  well  be  too 
warm.  Now,  the  looser  soil  is  the  warmer  it  is  ; 
the  looser  it  is  the  deeper  will  roots  penetrate  ;  the 
deeper  they  penetrate  still  warmer  will  they  be.  In 
the  month  of  October,  near  London,  the  temperature 
of  the  soil,  at  1  foot  depth,  is  on  an  average  62. .38', 
but  at  2  feet  deep  it  averages  .53.74^,  a  gain  of  1.36^, 
which  is  very  important ;  this  temperature  is  nearly 
that  of  May,  when  Peas  are  in  full  growth  ;  but  it 
sometimes  averages  54i°,  and  has  been  known  to 
reach  a  mean  of  5.5,19'  (in  1846)  which  is  the 
temperature  of  June.  Under  such  circumstances 
there  is  no  reason  why  Peas  should  not  bear  till  they 
are  killed  by  frost,  and  we  entertain  no  doubt  that 
with  proper  precautions  we  shall  have  plenty  of 
instances  of  success.  Only  one  other  thing  requires 
to  be  pointed  out,  namely,  that  cold  pump  water 
be  not  used  for  watering  the  crop  ;  it  should  always 
be  rain  water  that  has  been  exposed  to  the  sun,  and 
warmed. 

Now  that  Panama  has  become  the  high  road  to 
the  Pacific,  and  that  multitudes  of  travellers  throng 
its  roads,  one  while  in  the  eager  pursuit  of  wealth, 
and  next  with  the  leisure  of  contented  enterprize, 
the  nature  of  the  country  and  its  natural  history 
have  acquired  far  greater  interest  than  they  ever 
before  possessed.  There  is  not  a  family  that  may 
not  have  some  acquaintance  whose  fortunes  direct 
him  to  the  El  Dorado  of  the  West,  and  who  may  have 
opportunities  of  sending  to  Europe  what  is  most  in- 
terestingin  the  great  American  isthmus.  Information 
respecting  its  vegetation  has  therefore  become  a  Euro- 
pean want  that  must  be  satisfied.;  especially  since,  till 
within  a  few  years,  books  were  all  but  silent  on  the 
subject.  It  was  known,  indeed,  from  the  slight 
collections  formed  by  Mr.  Cumins  in  1829,  that  the 
plants  were  in  many  instances  peculiar;  as  was 
afterwards  shown  by  the  importation  of  the  Dove 
Plant  {Peristeria  elata) ;  botanists  learned  some- 
thing more  from  the  collections  of  Barclay,  Hinds, 
and  other  travellers ;  and  plant-growei's  have  found 
that  the  importations  of  M.  Warczewitz,  from 
Veragua,  a  neighbouring  country  possessing  a 
similar  flora,  were  mostly  novel.  Still  our  knowledge 
of  Panama  continued  to  be  meagre  in  the  extreme 
till  the  return  of  H.M.S.  Herald,  which  had  been 
employed  for  six  years  under  command  of  Capt. 
Kellett,  in  circumnavigating  the  globe,  a  large  part 
of  which  time  was  passed  in  the  Pacific. 

It  happened  fortunately  that  there  was  attached 
to  this  expedition,  Mr.  Berthold  Seemann,  a  German 
naturalist,  of  much  intelligence  and  industry,  and 
great  power  of  observation,  who  neglected  no  oppor- 
tunity of  making  himself  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  everything  relating  to  botany  which  came 
within  his  observation.  The  result  is  preparing 
for  publication  in  different  works,  among  which 
"Tlie  Botany  of  the  Voyage. of  the  Herald"  has 
already  been  favourably  noticed  by  us.*  In  the 
second  part  of  this  important  work,  of  which  we 
have  just  received  a  copy,  an  account  will  be  found 
of  Panama,  which  gives  so  graphic  and  ample  a 
description  of  what  it  is  most  desirable  for  the 
cultivator  to  know,  and  draws  so  striking  a  picture  of 
the  beauty  of  the  vegetation,  that  we  are  tempted  to 
lay  Mr.  Seemann's  statement  before  our  readers  at 
some  length. 

In  the  first  place  we  have  the  following  account 
of  the  climate  : — 

"  With  the  exception  of  the  higher  mountains, 
where  the  temperature  is  comparatively  low,  the 
climate  is  hot  and  rainy.  The  seasons  are  distri- 
buted into  wet  and  dry.  The  rains  commence  with 
the  appearance  of  the  new  moon  in  April,  and  are 
in  the  beginning  mere  passing  showers,  but 
they  gradually  increase,  and  are  fully  established 
towards  the  end  of  May,  when  they  fall  in 
torrents,  sometimes  for  days  together  in  succes- 
sion, and  .are  accompanied  by  thunder  and 
lightning  of  the  most  terrific  description.  Save  a 
few  days  about  the  24i.h  of  June,  the  Veranito  de 
San  Juan,  the  rains  continue  for  eight  months,  until 
the  end  of  December,  and  in  Southern  Darien  and 
some  parts  on  the  Atlantic  side,  they  last  almost 
the  whole  year.  During  this  time,  fogs,  calms,  and 
light  variable  winds  prevail,  and  the  air  is  loaded 
with  so  much  moisture  that  leather  cleaned  in  the 
morning  is  densely  coven-d  with  mould  in  the 
evening.  The  temperature  does  not  vary  more  than 
from  ir,"  to  87"  Faiir.,  but  still  perHpiration  being 
impedud,  the  temperature  feels  hot  and  close,  ami  to 
a  Kuropean  some  of  the  nights  are  almost  irisutFer- 
able.  'I'ired  in  the  exlreme,  he  throws  himself  on 
his  couch,  but  no  sleep  closes  bis  eyes.     Everything 

*  t'ir'M  1  and  'J,  Iff.  ilEgVK  and  Co.  Thti  plutox,  wtituh 
wi  ro  r.ith«r  coHr.cIy  llth'ii{ra|ihrtl  in  Ibo  flrat  pEtrt.  uro  now 
(!x<7cuti.-(i  by  Mr.  FiTo-u,  uuU  Dro  oxriuliitooxamploB  of  botanical 
druTvlaff, 


is  hot  and  uncomfortable,  and  the  pillow  is  repeat- 
edly turned  over  to  get  the  coolest  side.  Towards 
the  end  of  December  the  violent  rains  diminish  in 
frequency,  ami  with  the  commencement  of  the  new 
year  the  north-west  wind  sets  in.  An  immecjiate 
change  follows.  The  air  becomes  pui-e  and  refresh- 
ing, the  sky  blue  and  serene,  hardly  a  cloud  is  to  be 
seen,  and  there  being  but  little  mois'ure  in  the 
atmosphere,  the  hea*,  though  ranging  between  75°. 
and  94"  Fahr.,  is  less  felt.  Scarcely  has  dawn 
commenced  when  everybody  is  in  action.  Nature 
stands  invigorated  by  night's  repose,  and  heavy  drops 
of  dew  hang  on  every  leaf.  Stately  Palms  wave 
their  foliage  in  the  morning  air,  and  gay-coloured 
humming  birds,  parro  s,  and  macaws  diffuse  anima- 
tion over  the  scene.  This  time  is  delightful,  but  of 
short  duration.  Towards  9  o'clock  the  heat  begins 
to  be  felt,  and  that  lassitude  for  which  tropical 
regions  are  so  well  known  seizes  everything.  The' 
leaves  droop,  the  wild  pigeons  cease  to  utter  their 
notes,  and  the  inhabitants  seek  shelter  in  the  shade 
of  their  dwellings.  At  noon  a  profound  silence 
prevails,  only  broken  now  and  then  by  some  reptile 
gliding  among  the  dead  leaves  of  the  forest,  or  by 
the  solitary  tapping  of  the  woodpecker.  Not  a 
breath  stirs  the  air,  the  whole  atmosphere  trembles 
from  the  excessive  heat,  and  the  thermometer  of 
Fahrenheit,  when  exposed  to  the  full  influence  of 
the  scorching  rays,  frequently  rises  to  the  height  of 
124°.  In  the  afternoon  the  heat  becomes  less  ■ 
oppressive;  breezes  spring  up,  and  the  cool  air  of  the 
evening  calls  forth  a  new  life.  The  forests  are  now 
glittering  with  myriads  of  fire-flies,  crickets  are 
chanting  their  merry  tunes,  and  here  and  there  are 
groups  of  people  chatting  and  amusing  themselves. 
But  nothing  can  exceed  the  beauty  of  the  scene  when 
the  full  moon  rises,  shedding  its  silverv  light  over 
the  broad  foliage  of  the  tropics.  Whatever  may 
have  been  the  fatigue  of  the  day,  whatever  the  body 
may  have  suffered  from  heat  and  languor,  all  is 
forgotten  when  this  spectacle  presents  itself.  Such 
a  night  baffles  description,  it  is  the  quintessence  of 
equinoctial  life." 

The  coast  line  and  the  tracts  within  the  influence 
of  the  tides  are  little  better  than  swamps,  in  which 
the  traveller  finds  nothing  of  horticultural  interest : — 

"  Far  different  is  the  vegetation  of  the  savanas. 
The  ground,  being  level  or  slightly  undulated,  is 
clothed  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year  with  a 
turf  of  brilliant  green.  Groups  of  trees  and  bushes 
rise  here  and  there  ;  silvery  streams,  herds  of  cattle 
and  deer,  and  ihe  isolated  huts  of  the  natives,  tend 
to  give  variety  to  the  scene,  while  the  absence  of 
Palms  and  Tree  Ferns  imparts  to  the  whole  more 
the  appearance  of  a  European  park  than  a  tract  of 
land  in  tropical  America.  The  turf  is  almost  as 
dense  as  in  an  English  garden,  and  contains, 
besides  numerous  kinds  of  Grasses,  manv  elegant 
Papilionaceffi,  Polygaleee,  Gentianea;,  and  Violaceae; 
the  Sensitive  Plant  (Mimosa  pudica,  Linn.)  prevails 
in  many  localities,  shutting  up  its  tender  leaves  even 
upon  the  approach  of  a  heavy  footstep.  The  clumps 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  over  which  the  Garumos  and 
Pavas  are  waving  their  large  foliage,  are  composed 
of  Myrtacese,  Melastoniefe,  Chrysobalanefe,  Papi- 
lionaceae,  Verbenaceaa,  Compositse,  DilleniaceEe, 
Anonaceaj,  Malpighiaceee,  and  Acanthacese,  and 
overspread  by  Convolvulacea:,  Aristolochiaj,  Apo- 
cyneffi,  and  other  climbing  or  twining  plants. 
Orchidea;  are  plentiful  in  the  vicinity  of  the  rivers, 
where  the  trees  are  literally  loaded  with  them. 
The  Vainilla  (Vanilla  sp.)  climbs  in  abundance  up 
the  stems  of  young  trees,  and  often  increases  so 
much  in  weight  as  to  cause  the  downfall  of  its 
supporters." 

"  The  Espiritu  Santo  or  Holy  Ghost  Plant  (Peris- 
teria elata,  Hook.)  bears  a  flower  resembling  a  dove, 
and  is,  like  the  Flor  de  semana  santa,  another 
Orchidea,  almost  held  in  religious  veneration,  and 
eagerly  sought  for  when  in  blossom.  The  Biura 
(PetiKa  volubilis,  Jacq.)  is  a  flower  of  whose  beauty 
those  who  have  only  seen  it  in  conservatories  can 
form  but  an  inadequate  idea  :  nothing  can  be  more 
charming  than  the  sight  of  whole  groves  overspread 
with  the  long  blue  racemes  of  this  creeper;  it 
almost  baflles  description.  The  Palo  de  buba 
(Jacaranda  filicifolia,  Don)  is  another  of  those  plants 
on  which  poets  deliglit  to  try  their  pen,  and  painters 
their  brush.  When  this  noble  tree  rises  on  the 
banks  of  the  river,  amidst  the  dark  foliage  of  a  luxu- 
riant vegetation,  and  waves  its  largo  panicles  in  the 
air,  the  foot  is  involuntarily  arrested,  and  one  gazes 
for  some  time  lost  in  wonder  and  admiration.  There 
is  also  a  number  of  plants  which  exhale  a  delicious 
perfume  ;  a  long  list  of  llieui  could  bo  cited,  but  it 
may  suffice  to  enumerate  tlie  Flor  de  Aroma  (Acacia 
li'ariiesiana,  Wii.r.n,),  Buenas  tardes  (iMirabilis 
Jalapa,  Linn.),  the  ditlVsreut  Caracuchas  (i'lumieria 
sp.  pi.),  Copecillo  olorosii  (Clusia  sp  ),  Dama  de 
noche  (C.'istrum  paniculatum,  Willi),),  Guavito 
causaboca  (Pithecolobiuni),  Jasmin  de  monte  (Taber- 


548 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Aug.  28, 


iiEemontana  alba,  Mill.),  Norbo  (Passiflora  biflora. 
Lam.),  and  Manglillo  (Ternstroemia  brevipes,  DO.)." 
"  Seveial  spontaneous  productions  are  used  as 
culinary  vegetables.  The  Marathrum  foeniculaceum, 
H.  B.  K.,  a  plant  resembling  some  of  the  finer  sea- 
weeds, and  growing  in  mo.it  rivers  of  Veraguas  is 
esteemed  so  highly  by  the  inhabitants  that  they 
have  called  it  Passecarne,  i.e.,  excels  or  surpasses 
meat ;  and,  indeed,  its  young  leaf-stalks,  when 
boiled,  have  a  delicate  flavour,  not  jinlilie  that  of 
French  Beans.  The  leaves  of  the  Naju  de  espina 
(Peirescia  Bleo,  De  Cand.)  are  eaten  as  salad,  either 
raw  or  boiled,  like  the  young  branches  of  several 
Opuntias  in  Mexico  ;  and  in  a  country  where,  from 
the  nature  of  the  climate,  the  rearing  of  Lettuces  is 
attended  with  difficulty,  they  form  a  tolerable  sub- 
stitute. The  foliage  of  the  Col  de  Nicaragua 
(Jatropha  multifida,  Linn.)  affords  another  culinary 
■  vegetable,  losing,  apparently,  as  do  most  Euphor- 
biacese,  its  poisonous  qualities  by  boiling.  The 
seeds  of  the  Chigua  (Zamia  Chigua,  Seem.),  a  plant 
abounding  in  the  vicinity  of  Chirambira,  after 
having  been  boiled  and  reduced  to  a  mash, 
are  mixed  with  milk  and  sugar,  and  thus  eaten. 
A  kind  of  bread  is  also  prepared  from  them. 
As  condiments  for  esculent  purposes,  divers  plants 
are  used.  The  red  berries  of  the  Malagueto  chico, 
or  Malagueto  hembra  (Xylopia  frutescens,  Aubl.), 
are  substituted  for  pepper,  especially  by  the  negroes. 
The  fruit  of  the  Vainilla  (Vanilla,  sp.)  and  Vainilla 
chica  (Sobralia,  sp.),  are  spices  employeii  in  flavour- 
ing sweetmeats,  chocolate,  and  puddings.  The 
leaves  of  the  Toronjil  (Ocimum),  a  common  herb, 
are  chopped,  and  serve  to  replace  our  Parsley.  The 
most  important,  however,  of  all  the  aromatics  to  the 
Panamian  cook  is  the  Culantra  (Eryngium  foetidum, 
Linn.).  It  imparts  a  flavour  difficult  for  a  foreigner 
to  relish  ;  but  the  inhabitants  consider  it  indispens- 
able, and  are  quite  distressed  when  in  the  soups 
and  sancoches  their  favourite  condiment  has  by  some 
accident  been  omitted." 

Such  are  among  the  claims  of  Panama  upon  the 
attention  of  European  cultivators  ;  and  surely  they 
will  excite  the  interest  of  all  who  have  access  to 
that  singular  country.  A  visit  for  a  few  spring 
months  would  produce  an  abundant  harvest  to  any 
active,  quick-eyed  gardener.  He  would  only 
have  to  avoid  the  swamps  where  he  will  find  alli- 
gators instead  of  fine  plants,  and  the  forests  which 
cover  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  country,  and  where 
"  flowers  are  scarce  in  proportion  to  the  mass  of 
leaves  with  which  such  places  are  crowded." 


We  understand  that  only  25  copies  of  the  large 
edition  of  "  English  Botany,"  in  36  volumes,  now 
remain  in  the  publisher's  hands.  We  mention  this 
because  we  see  that  they  may  now  be  had  for  9,51. 
instead  of  551.  each  ;  and  for  the  sake  of  correcting 
a  misapprehension  regarding  the  small  edition,  in 
seven  volumes,  which  is  often  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  the  large  one.  But  the  small  edition 
contains  neither  Ferns,  nor  Mosses,  nor  Lichens,  nor 
sea-weeds,  nor  any  cryptogamic  plants  whatever. 
These,  with  the  exception  of  fungi,  form  a  very 
large  part  of  the  original  edition  of  the  work. 


one-third  of  their  weight,  and  will  in  consequence  have 
quite  a  shrivelled  appearance.  Submit  a  similar  quantity 
of  later  imported  bulbs  to  the  same  test  in  September,  and 
they  will  scarcely  be  injured  at  all.  Let  me  not, 
however,  be  misunderstood  ;  for  while  I  am  desirous  of 
pointing  out  the  impropriety  of  importing  bulbs  very 
early,  I  do  not  wish  to  run  to  the  old  extreme  of  very 
late  importations.  For  my  own  part,  I  am  quite  con- 
vinced—and I  force  many  hundreds  annually — that 
thoroughly  ripened  bulbs  potted  by  the  beginning  of 
October,  and  properly  treated  afterwards,  are  superior 
for  blooming  at  Christmas  to  those  imported  in  July ; 
in  fact,  having  more  true  sap  stored  up,  they  will 
produce  finer  spikes  of  bloom  than  the  early  imported 
bulbs  possibly  can  do. 

Few  plants  pay  better  for  good  treatment  than  early 
bulbs,  and  they  delight  in  good  rich  soil,  such  as  mellow 
loam  and  fresh  horse-dung  sweated  together  and  after- 
wards well  aerated,  mixed  with  about  one-third  of 
perfectly  decomposed  three-year-old  cow-dung,  and 
plenty  of  gritty  sand.  Thus  potted  and  placed  in  a 
frame,  if  upon  a  spent  hot-bed  all  the  better,  and  covered 
6  to  12  inches  deep  with  old  tan  or  ashes,  and  fully 
exposed,  except  to  drenching  rains,  they  will  soon  fill 
the  pots  with  roots  and  be  fit  to  introduce  to  the  forcing- 
house  the  beginning  of  November.  Bulbs  should  not 
be  selected  for  theu-  size,  but  for  their  weight  and 
solidity  ;  a  small  bulb  that  io  heavy  and  firm,  especially 
about  the  point  of  growth,  will  produce  a  much  finer 
flower  than  one  double  the  size,  but  soft  and  scaly; 
and  hence  it  is  not  right  to  estimate  bulbs  by  their  size, 
so  much  as  by  their  weight  and  proper  maturation. 

In  making  the  above  remarks  my  object  is  to  check 
the  early  importation  of  bulbs,  by  showing  purchasers 
the  impropriety  of  buying  them.  Bulbs  imported  early 
should  be  kept  cool  and  in  the  dark ;  and  if  you  wish 
to  have  good  flowers,  avoid  those  that  have  been 
exposed  in  seed-shop  windows.   W.  P.  Ayres,  Blackheatli. 


small  quantity  every  ten  days  till  midsummer,  and  I 
rarely  ever  fail  of  having  my  table  well  supplied  till  tlie 
end  of  October,  though  sometimes  a  severe  frost  in  the 
beginning  of  that  month  proves  fatal  to  my  later  crops. 

The  mildew  of  the  Peach,  and  of  other  fruit  trees, 
probably  originates  in  the  same  causes  as  the  mildew  of 
the  Pea,  and  may  be  prevented  by  similar  means. 
When  the  roots,  which  penetrate  most  deeply  into  the 
soil,  and  are  consequently  best  adapted  to  supply  the 
tree  with  moisture  in  the  summer,  are  destroyed  by  a 
noxious  subsoil,  or  by  excess  of  moisture  during  the 
winter,  I  have  observed  the  mildew  upon  many  varieties 
of  the  Peach  to  become  a  very  formidable  enemy. 
Where,  on  the  contrary,  a  deep  and  fertile  dry  loam 
permits  the  roots  to  extend  to  their  proper  depth  ;  and 
where  the  situation  is  not  so  low  as  to  be  much  infested 
with  fogs,  I  have  found  little  of  this  disease  ;  and  in  a 
forcing-house  I  have  found  it  equally  easy,  by  appro- 
priate management,  to  introduce  or  prevent  the  appear- 
ance of  it.  When  I  have  kept  the  mould  very  dry,  and 
the  air  in  the  house  damp  and  unchanged,  the  plants 
have  soon  become  mildewed  ;  but  when  the  mould  has 
been  regularly,  and  rather  abundantly  watered,  not  a 
vestige  of  the  disease  has  appeared. 


LATE  PEAS. 


EARLY  BULBS. 
Through  the  medium  of  your  Calendar,  and  other 
sources  of  inform.ation,  the  attention  of  amateurs  and 
forcing  gardeners  has  been  directed  to  the  importance 
of  procuring  and  potting  their  bulbs  early  for  early 
forcing.  The  London  nurserymen  and  seedsmen,  to 
meet  this  demand  and  accommodate  their  customers, 
have  urged  the  Dutch  growers  to  forward  them  earlier 
than  usual,  and  the  consequence  is  tliat  now,  instead  of 
receiving  the  bulbs  in  October*,  it  is  not  unusual  to  see 
theui  here  in  August,  or  even  the  end  of  July.  Now, 
it  cannot  be  denied  that  early  potting  or  planting  is 
one  of  the  main  hinges  of  success  in  forcing  bulbs  for 
Christmas  decoration,  but  whether  early  potting  means 
the  end  of  July  or  the  middle  of  September,  is  a  matter 
worth  defining.  We  all  know,  at  least  every  gardener 
ought  to  know,  that  the  great  desideratum  in  bulb 
management  is  to  have  them  thoroughly  matured,  first 
by  the  full  exposure  of  the  foliage  to  light  and  atmo- 
spheric influences  until  it  dies  off"  naturally,  and  secondly 
by  slowly  drying  and  ripening  the  bulbs  afterwards 
imtil  they  are  as  firm  and  solid  as  possible.  Upon  this 
thorough  ripening,  much  more  of  the  success  of  early 
forcing  and  strong  flowers  depends  than  upon  premature 
ripening  and  potting.  I  say  '*  premature  ripening," 
because  I  believe,  in  fact  I  have  had  the  informa- 
tion direct  from  some  of  the  principal  growers  in 
Holland,  that  to  meet  this  early  demand  a  portion  of 
t!ie  bulbs  l^g  4„  jj^  taken  tip  before  their  growth  is 
completed ;  and  hence,  though  early,  they  are  imma- 
ture, and  consequently  do  not  contain  the  elements  of 
early  and  vigorous  development. 

It  may  be  argued  that  the  early  imported  bulbs  are 
properly  matured,  to  which  I  reply,  test  them.  Take  a 
dozen  liulbs  in  the  end  of  July,  weigh  them,   and  then  I 

,  let  them   remain  in  the   sun-scorched  and  gas-heated  ! 

.  seed-shop  window,  and  in  a  fortnight  they  wUl  have  lost 


(Reprinted  from  T.  A.  Knight's  *' Physiolosical  and  Horticul- 
tural Papers.") 

I  SHALL  not  dwell  j  longer  upon  the  primary  cause  of 
the  various  diseases  which  are  comprehended  under  the 
name  of  mildew ;  but  shall  proceed  to  the  immediate 
object  of  tlie  present  memoir,  which  is  to  point  out  the 
means  by  which  the  injurious  effects  of  the  common 
white  mildew  may  be,  in  particular  cases,  prevented. 

The  secondary  and  immediate  causes  of  this  disease, 
and  of  its  congeners,  have  long  appeared  to  me  to  be 
the  want  of  a  sufficient  supply  of  moisture  from  the 
soil,  ^with  [excess  of  humidity  in  the  air,  particularly  if 
the  plants  be  exposed  to  a  temperature  below  that  to 
which  they  have  been  accustomed.  If  damp  and  cold 
weather  in  July  succeed  that  which  has  been  warm  and 
bright,  without  the  intervention  of  sufficient  rain  to 
moisten  the  ground  to  some  depth,  the  Wheat  crop  is 
generally  "much  injured  by  mildew.  I  suspect  that,  in 
such  cases,  an  injurious  absorption  of  moisture,  by  the 
leaves  and  stems  of  the  Wheat  plants,  takes  place  ;  and 
I  have  proved,  that  under  similar  circumstances  much 
water  will  ,be  absorbed  by  the  leaves  of  trees,  and  carried 
downwards  through  their  alburnous  substance  ;  though 
it  is  certainly  through  this  substance  that  the  sap  rises 
under  other  circumstances.  If  a  branch  be  taken  from 
a  tree  when  its  leaves  are  mature,  and  one  leaf  be  kept 
constantly  wet,  that  leaf  will  absorb  moisture  and  supply 
another  leaf  below  it  upon  the  branch,  even  though  all 
communication  between  them  through  the  bark  be 
intersected  ;  and  if  a  similar  absorption  takes  'place  in 
the  straws  of  Wheat,  or  the  stems  of  other  plants,  and 
a  retrograde  motion  of  the  fluids  be  produced,  1  conceive 
that  the  ascent  of  the  true  sap  or  organisable  matter 
into  the  seed-vessels  must  be  retarded,  and  that  it  may 
become  the  food  of  the  parasitical  plants,  which  then 
only  may  grow  luxuriant  and  injurious. 

This  view  of  the  subject,  whether  true  or  false,  led 
me  to  the  following  method  of  cultivating  the  Pea  late 
in  the  autumn,  by  which  my  table  has  always  been  as 
abundantly  supplied  diu-ing  the  months  of  September 
and  October  as  in  June  and  July  ;  and  my  plants  have 
been  very  nearly  as  free  from  mildew.  The  ground  is 
dug  in  the  usual  way,  and  the  spaces  which  will  be 
occupied  by  the  future  rows  are  well  soaked  with  water. 
The  mould  upon  each  side  is  then  collected,  so  as  to 
form  ridges  7  or  8  inches  above  the  previous  level  of 
the  ground,  and  these  are  well  watered  ;  after  which 
the  seeds  are  sown,  in  single  rows,  along  the  tops  of 
the  ridges.  The  plants  very  soon  appear  above  the 
soil,  and  grow  with  much  vigour,  owing  to  the  great 
depth  of  the  soil,  and  abundant  moistm'e.     Water  is 

given  rather  profusely  once  in  ever-y  week  or  nine  days, '  days,  and  sufficient  at  aU  times  to  prevent  injury  from 
even  if  the  weather  proves  showery  ;  but  if  the  ground  damp.  When  the  beauty  of  the  plants  is  over,  they 
be  thoroughly  drenched  with  water  by  the  autumnal  may  be  closely  cut  back,  and  placed  in  a  cool  part  ^  of 
rains,  no  further  trouble  is  necessary.  ',  Under  this  mode  the  house,  until  they  can  be  set  out  of  doors,  and,  with 
of  management  the  plants  will  remain  perfectly  green  !  a  liberal  supply  of  manure-water  and  a  moderate  shift, 
and  luxuriant  till  their  blossoms  and  young  seed-vessels  they^  will  form  useful  specimens  for  blooming  next 
arej  destroyed  by  frost ;  and  their  produce  will  retain  season  ;  but  young  plants  are  generally  preferable,  and  if 
its  proper  flavour,  which  is  always  taken  away  by  1  there  is  a  stock  of  these,  the  old  ones  may  be  thrown  to 
mildew. 

The  Pea,  which  I  have  always  planted  for  autumnal 
crops,  is  a  very  large  kind,  of  which  the  seeds  are  much 
shrivelled,  and  which  grows  very  high  :  it  is  very 
common  in  the  shops  of  London,  and  my  name  has,  I 
believe,  been  generally  attached  to  it.  I  prefer  this 
variety  because  it  is  more  saccharine  than  any  other, 
and  retains  its  flavour  better  late  in  the  autumn  ;  but  it 
is  probable  that  any  other  late  and  tall-growing  variety 
will  succeed  perfectly  weU.     It  is  my  custom  to  sow  a 


SALVIA  GESNERIFLORA. 

The  fine  long  spikes  of  brUliant  scarlet  Gesnera-llk& 
flowers  which  this  Sage  produces  from  every  properly 
ripened  shoot  render  it  very  striking,  especially  during 
the  winter  and  spring  months.  It  may  be  easily  grown 
to  a  large  size  in  one  season  ;  and  I  doubt  whether  we 
possess  a  plant  requiring  so  little  skill  for  its  successful 
cultivation  that  is  equally  beautiful.  It  is  not,  however, 
very  generally  met  with,  which  may  possibly  be 
attributed  to  the  fact  that  it  requires  to  be  grown  to  the 
desired  size,  and  wintered  in  that  state  to  have  it  bloom 
in  anything  like  perfection  ;  if  this  is  a  fault,  however, 
it  is  one  which  pertains  to  the  majority  of  our  most 
esteemed  greenhouse  plants. 

Stunted  bits  of  the  young  wood  are  more  suitable  for 
cuttings  than  healthy  fast  growing  pieces,  as  the  former 
root  more  certainly,  and  form  closer  jointed  specimens' 
than  the  latter,  and  generally  flower  more  freely.  Plant 
them  in  light  sandy  soil,  cover  with  a  bell  glass,  and 
place  them  in  a  gentle  bottom-heat ,  where  in  a  few 
weeks  they  will  be  .ready  for  potting  off.  Place  them 
in  a  shady  close  frame  after  potting,  until  they  have- 
become  well  established  ;  and  stop  the  principal  shoots- 
in  order  to  induce  a  bushy  habit  of  growth.  A  situation 
near  the  glass  where  they  can  be  protected  fx-om  frost 
and  damp  will  suit  during  winter. 

Where  it  is  desired  to  have  large  specimens  in  16- 
inch  pots,  the  plants  should  be  in  7-inch  pots,  and  well 
established  before  winter  ;  and  should  be  placed  in  a 
close  frame,  with  a  moist  growing  temperatm-e  from  40"' 
to  S0°  early  in  spring  ;  but  if  moderate-sized  plants 
only  are  required,  the  warmest  end  of  the  greenhouse 
will  advance  them  sufficiently  fast.  Keep  them  welli 
supplied  with  pot-room,  and  persevere  in  stopping  and 
pegging  out  the  shoots.  They  should  be  ready  for 
shifting  into  their  flowering  pots  in  June,  and  when 
established  in  these  they  will  be  benefited  by  being 
placed  in  an  airy  situation  out  of  doors,  where  they 
will  be  freely  exposed  to  the  sun's  rays.  This  will 
greatly  assist  in  securing  short  jointed  thoroughly^ 
ripened  wood,  which  will  flower  more  satisfactorily  in 
spring  than  if  the  last  growth  were  made  under  glass- 
in  a  moist  atmosphere,  where  it  would  be  improperly 
matured.  Manure-water  in  a  clear  state  may  be  givea 
two  or  three  times  a  week  during  the  'growing  seasott 
with  advantage  ;  but  this  should  be  discontinued 
when  the  object  is  to  ripen  .  the  wood.  Some 
attention  will  be  requisite  to  secure  handsomely-formed 
specimens  ;  the  shoots  shoidd  be  pegged  out  in  springs 
and  stopped,  with  a  view  to  induce  them  to  make  compact 
growth.  They  must  not  be  stopped  later  than  July,, 
otherwise  the  flower  spikes  will  be  small,  and  the  plants 
will  not  present  the  splendid  appearance  which  they  do 
when  properly  prepared.  A  cool,  light  situation,  free 
from  frost,  with  a  very  sparing  supply  of  water,  merely 
enough  to  keep  the  plants  from  flagging,  and  a  free 
circulation  of  air  on  mild  days  during  winter,  will  checii 
all  tendency  to  growth,  and  suit  better  than  kmder 
treatment  at  this  season. 

After  Christmas  the  plants  wlfl  be  easily  induced  to 
bloom,  by  being  placed  in  a  temperature  of  about  50°, 
and  liberally  supplied  with  water  at  the  root  ;  or  they 
may  be  placed  in  the  closest  part  of  the  greenhouse, 
where  they  will  come  into  flower  in  March,  and  will  form 
brilliant  objects  for  some  six  weeks.  While  in  flower, 
water  with  manure  water,  and  admit  air  freely  on  mild 


the  rubbish  heap. 

A  strong  rich  soU  suits  this  Salvia  wefl,  such  as  one- 
half  mellow  fibry  loam,  one-fourth  rotted  leaves,  and 
one-fourth  thoroughly  decayed  cow-dung  ;  but  it  is  not 
very  particular  in  this  respect,  and  will  grow  in  any 
rich  porous  soil.  If  dung  is  used,  pass  it  through  a 
quarter-inch  mesh  sieve,  and  mix  it  with  its  own  bulk  of 
sand  ;  and  before  adding  it  to  the  compost,  rub  it  through 
the  bauds,  when  the  sand  will  destroy  any  small  worms 
that  may  have  passed  through  the  sieve.  Alpha. 


35—1852.7 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


549 


TRADE  MEMORANDA. 
Who  is  Mr.  Samuel  Brindley,  of  10,  Dyche  streetj 
5t.  George's-road,  Manchester,  dealer  in  glass  l  Is  he 
iny  relation  of  a  person  of  the  same  name  writing 
rom  '23,  Hart-street  I  And  has  he  any  connection  or 
relationship  with  Mr.  Patrick  Kelley  I 


Home    Correspondence. 

Orcliard  Houses. — I  have  been  so  much  interested  by 
a  visit  to-day  to  a  structure  of  this  kind  at  Hyde-hall, 
near  Sawb  ridge  worth,  that  I  am  induced  to  think  a  few 
words  of  its  history  and  description  may  be  of  use  to 
many  of  your  readers.  In  the  autumn  of  last  year  the 
Peaches  and  Nectarines  at  Hyde-hall  failed  for  the 
fourth  or  fifth  consecutive  season  ;  the  ti'ees  were  also 
blighted  and  nearly  dead,  owing  in  a  great  measure  to 
the  cold  clayey  nature  of  the  soil,  highly  unfavourable 
to  Peaches  and  Nectarines.  Lord  R —  happened  at 
this  time  to  pay  a  visit  to  his  neighbour,  Mr.  Rivers, 
and  was  much  struck  by  his  trees  in  pots,  then  full  of 
fruit,  and  decided  upon  having  an  orchard  house.  This 
was  built  last  November,  a  lean-to  against  a  south 
wail,  to  which  the  Peach  trees  had  formerly  been  trained. 
Itis  40  feet  long  and  1 0  fee  t  wide,  with  nineapertures  in  the 
wall  2  feet  by  1  foot,  closed  by  sliding  shutters  inside ;  in 
front  one  row  of  glass  14  inches  wide,  and  a  shutter  on 
hinges  1.1  inches  wide  ;  the  path  in  the  centre  is  sunk  ; 
the  front  border  is  3  feet  6  inches  wide,  the  back  border 
4  feet  wide  ;  this  is  raised  so  as  to  be  about  6  feet  from 
the  roof.  In  December  last  40  Peach  and  Nectarine 
irees,  in  11-inch  pots,  were  placed  in  the  house,  20  on 
each  border  ;  they  were  top-dressed  with,  rotten  manure 
towards  the  end  of  February,  and  water,  for  the  first 
time  during  the  winter,  given  to  them  ;  they  bloomed 
finely  in  March,  liaving  abundance  of  air,  the  shutters 
front  and  back  being  open  night  and  day  in  mild  weather, 
and  closed  at  night  only  during  the  cold  wine's  ;  the 
fenit,  m  spite  of  the  sevei-e  frost  on  the  20tii  of  April, 
which  penetrated  the  house,  set  well,  and  the  trees  in 
May  put  forth  healthy  foliage.  Syringing  morning  and 
evening  was  then  commenced,  and  continued  till  the  fruit 
commenced  ripening.  Towards  the  middle  of  June  the 
trees  had  rooted  tlirough  the  pots  into  the  border,  and 
began  to  grow  too  luxuriantly;  to  check  them,  and  yet  not 
to  make  the  frait  fall  off  by  too  great  a  check,  they  were 
tilted  up  on  one  side,  so  as  to  break  oflF  half  the  young 
roots,  the  pots  replaced,  and  then  suffered  to  rest  a 
week,  and  the  other  side  of  the  pot  then  tilted,  so  as  to 
break  off  the  remainder.  The  trees  were  checked,  but 
not  a  fruit  dropped  off.  By  the  end  of  July  some  of 
the  trees  again  showed  too  much  vigour,  when  the 
tilting  was  repeated.  The  ends  of  the  young  shoots 
were  pinched  off  during  the  summer,  as  soon  as  they 
had  attained  a  length  of  9  or  10  inches.  Now  for  the 
end.  Twenty-two  of  the  trees,  which  were  in  a  more 
forward  state  than  the  remainder  (which  were  younger 
trees)  are  most  beautiful  objects,  and  have  given 
between  200  and  300  of  fine  fruit  of  exquisite  flavour. 
The  trees  are  all  robust  bushes,  in.  the  finest  health, 
and,  capable  of  bearing  next  season  more  than  double 
the  quantity  they  have  this ;  it  is  intended  to  shift  the 
trees  in  autumn  into  13-inch  pots,  in  which,  with  annual 
top-dressing,  they  are  to  remain  for  some  years.  Now 
when  it  is  brought  to  mind  that  the  above  is  the  result 
of  six  months'  culture  only,  i.  e.,  from  March  to  August 
inclusive,  and  that  a  garden  labourer  who  never  pruned  a 
Peach  tree  has  had  the  sole  management  of  thera,it  will 
show,  I  tliink,  the  facility  with  which  Peaches  and 
Nectarines  (the  most  delicious  of  fi-uits)  may  be 
-cultivated  under  glass  without  fire-heat,  and  a  crop  always 
inaured.  I  hope  to  see  orchard  houses  in  the  gardens 
of  every  lover  of  gardening  ;  for  no  structures,  in  my 
opinion,  are  ao  calculated  to  give  pleasure,  aye,  and  to 
more  senses  than  one — for  in  spring  the  trees  gladden 
the  eye,  and  in  summer  and  autumn  the  other  sense — 
let  yonr  readers  imagine  which.  Pomona,  Harlow. 

Peat  Charcoal,  if  strewn  over  Potatoes  when  being 
clamped,  will  effectually  preserve  them  from  decay. 
Knowing  the  powerful  properties  of  this  article  as  a 
deodoriser  and  preservative,  I  am  convinced  it  would 
prevent  the  disease  extending  in  the  root  after  the 
Potato  was  dag  out.  F. 

Rko'-loiUndrons. — A  very  unusual  proportion  of  the 
flower-buds  formed  this  summer  is  developing  itself  into 
leaves,  and  an  autumnal  shoot.  Is  this  likely  to  be 
caused,  or  increased,  hy  the  practice  of  covering  the 
borders  with  mown  Grass — a  Byatcm  adopted  to  save 
the  plants  from  burning  in  a  light  soiL  If  so,  can 
another  syHtem,  free  from  this  objection,  be  pointed  out  ? 
U.  A,  //.,  W'^itraorpMind.  [We  ascribe  the  circumstance 
to  floo*la  of  rain  falling  upon  ground  most  unuswdlij 
heated  by  a  fierce  flun.l 

Tlt^  A  latralian  Ooid  PUlda. — Knowing  that  it  is  your 
desire  to  give  both  sides  of  tho  (lelights  of  the 
Australian  gold  fields,  as  so  many  of  iho  trade   are 

fjoing  out,  I  send  you  tho  following  extract  from  a 
etter  dated  2lHt  March  last,  from  W.  H.  Hovell,  Ksq., 
■J.P.,  of  Goulbum,  my  brother-in-law,  on  wliono 
veracity  you  may  place  tho  utmost  r«:liancc  : — "Tho 
number  of  persona  working  at  the  F'ort  Phillip  gold 
fields  is  estimated  at  40,000;  but  being  ho  near  tho 
roceptacle  for  con^^ctw.  Van  Diemen'«  Land,  thoy  havo 
all  the  worst  characters  amongHt  tlutm— and  doprwia- 
tions  of  tfi*j  foulcHt  nature  arc  wnistantly  committ/:d  ;  but 
hero,  in  the  Goulbum  district,  the  best  order  iw  preserved  : 
life  and  property  are  quite  aafo,  and  tho  mails  and 
Other  coftchefl  and  vehicles  travel  without  fear.  The  last 
time  I  went  to  Sydney,  one  person  in  tho  coach  had 
76  Ibfl.  of  gold,  and  two  other  passengers  30  Ib».  between 


them.  I  should  have  mentioned  that  the  7b' lbs.  were 
sewed  up  in  an  old  horse-collar,  and  lying  at  the 
bottom  of  the  coach  as  a  footstool  for  me.  Many 
thousands  of  pounds  worth  go  in  the  mail-bags  weekly, 
besides  the  large  amount  in  passengers'  luggage,  all  of 
which  is  unprotected,  there  being  only  the  coachman 
and  passengers,  and  these  perhaps  with  not  a  pistol 
among  them.  The  quantity  of  gold  shipped  to  the  13th 
inst,  for  England,  is  1,125,317^.  ^s.  Id.,  leaving  a  large 
quantity  in  the  hands  of  the  diggers  and  other  persons. 
It  appears  that  about  455,061  ounces  have  been  sent  to 
England  from  Port  Phillip,  and  194,000  were  in  hand, 
making  the  total  collected  27  tons  4  cwts.  39  lbs.  How 
this  is  to  end  no  one  will  venture  to  predict  ;  all  other 
pursuits  are  neglected,  as  every  man  (I  have  seen 
women  too),  will  '  try  their  hand  at  it,'  and  not  more 
than  one  in  twenty  will  be  successful.  The  work  is  very 
hard,  wet  and  cold,  bad  water,  bad  feeding,  and  bad 
sleeping  ;  if  the  water  had  been  good  before,  it  is  made 
bad  by  washing  the  earth  in  it.  In  consequence  of  this 
mode  of  living  the  man  becomes  brutalised,  for  he 
neither  washes  nor  shaves  himself,  and  the  same  blue 
shirt  and  fustian  trousers  last  him  for  months,  and  all 
decencies  are  forgotten,  yet,  in  this  filthy  garb  and 
appearance  the  fellow  will  swagger  and  appear  very 
independent  till,  perhaps,  at  last,  his  health  gives  way 
after  ^working  for  months  without  'luck;'  he  then 
returns  to  his  *  old  home  '  pennyless,  in  rags,  and  seeks 
permission  for  medical  relief  in  the  hospital.  As  the 
winter  is  now  approaching  I  expect  many  will  retm'n  in 
the  way  I  have  described  ;  many  will  make  fortunes,  a 
larger  number  will  have  done  well,  but  thousands  will 
say  they  could  have  done  better  at  their  usual  employ- 
ment. Labourers  employed  at  the  diggings  get  from 
45.5.  to  6O5.  per  week,  in  some  instances  food  given  in. 
Several  hundreds  of  Chinamen  have  been  brought  to 
the  colony  lately  ;  o'her  cargoes  are  expected.  They 
are  a  very  sober,  industrious  race,  and  work  at  low 
wages  ;  with  method  they  are  easily^  managed,  and  as 
they  are  bound  for  5  years,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
acquire  that  method."  G.  G.  Wlll^lnsoHj  Western  Bose 
Nurseiy,  Ealing. 

New  British  Plant. — The  Epipactis  you  have  figured 
at  p.  536  is  the  E.  media  of  Babington's  "Manual  of 
British  Botany,"  and  is  distinguished  from  the  typical 
K.  latifolia  in  each  of  the  editions  of  that  hook.  It  is 
not  certain  that  it  really  is  the  true  E.  media  of  Fries, 
although  it  accords  with  his  description ;  for  Mr.  Lange, 
of  Copenhagen,  informs  me  that  that  description  of  the 
terminal  division  of  the  hp  does  not  agree  with  that 
part  in  specimens  named  by  Fries.  Unfortunately  ray 
specimen  fromthelatterillustrious  botanist  does  notallow 
of  my  ascertaining  the  form  of  this  part.  Mr.  Lange 
has  not  seen  my  E.  media  in  Denmark :  it  is  not 
uncommon  in  England.  There  is  a  plant  having  the 
flower  of  E.  latifolia  (with  the  exception  of  an  apiculus 
in  place  of  tho  recurved  point)  which  may  be  the 
E.  media  of  Fries,  The  whole  subject  of  these  plants  is 
very  much  in  want  of  elucidation,  and  I  fear  that  the 
confusion  is  even  increased  by  the  figures  and  descrip- 
tions contained  in  Mr.  G.  H.  Reichenbach's  otherwise 
most  valuable  and  beautiful  *'  Orchidece  in  Fl.  Germanica 
recensitje,"  to  which  I  would  venture  to  direct  the 
attention  of  the  botanical  readers  of  this  note,  Charles 
C.  Babinrjlon.  [  We  regret  our  inability  to  agree  in  the 
opinion  thus  expressed  by  our  learned  friend.  The 
most  important  of  the  peculiarities  belonging  to  the 
plant  in  question  consist  in  its  ovary  having  a  peculiar 
form  and  no  downiness,  and  in  its  acute  even  lip.  In 
all  this  it  is  at  variance  with  Epipactis  media,  which, 
like  E.  ovalis,  we  must  regard  as  trifling  varieties  of  the 
variable  E.  latifolia.  If  it  were  possible  to  admit  any 
specific  difference  among  these  plants,  then  Mr.  Vernon 
Harcourt's  is  far  more  distinct  from  thera  than  they  are 
from  each  other.  This  will  appear  from  the  following 
contrast  between  it  and  Mr,  Babington's  Epipactis 
media  : — 


Mb.  Babington's. 

Ovary  downy. 
Lip  orenate. 

Flovors    green,     tinged 
purple.] 


Mb.  Vebnon  HiBconBT*9, 

Orary  perfectly  smooth. 
Lip  eveo,  entire. 
Flowers     greenish,     with     n 
other  oolour. 

Vines  in  Pols. — I  have  been  a  grower  of  Vines  in 
pots  for  several  years,  and  with  good  success  ;  but  this 
season  I  have  met  with  a  disappointment  which  I  feel 
unable  to  account  for,  the  plants  in  every  respect  having 
had  the  same  treatment  as  heretofore,  as  regards  all  the 
accessories  or  stimulants  to  growth  ;  yet  the  fruit  has 
not  coloured  so  well,  nor  are  the  leaves  so  healthy  as  I 
have  been  accustomed  to  have  them.  This  defect  I  am 
inclined  to  think  may  be  attributed  to  my  growing  (for 
the  first  time)  this  year,  the  pretty  Lycopodium  depres- 
Bura  on  the  surface  of  the  pots,  to  make  the  plants  look 
more  dressy  when  sent  to  table.  Do  youagi'ee  with  me 
in  considering  this  to  be  the  cause  of  my  failure  ?  Or 
can  it  be  prejudicial  in  any  way  to  the  growth  of  tho 
Vine  ?  P.  T.     [We  should  think  not] 

Potatoes  in  Burnt  Tan,  <t:c. — Observing,  at  p.  517,  an 
article  on  tlio  application  of  old  tan  for  the  preservation 
of  Potatoes,  I  am  induced  to  represent  that  for  tho 
last  two  or  three  years  I  have  applied  an  equal  pro- 
portion of  burnt  tan,  limo,  soot,  and  salt,  but  somewhat 
hiHH  of  the  latter,  and  iuivo  found  it  answer  exceedingly, 
and  prove  a  manure  for  my  garden.  On  digging,  I  find 
the  application  visiblo  in  tho  Hoil,  and  tho  INUatuca  very 
clr;an,  and  free  from  injury  by  nlugH,  ^c.  My  produco 
has  been  abundant,  and  tho  Potatoes  oxcollont.  Even 
in  this  year  of  discaso,  a  fow  only  are  affected.  A 
tanner  lives  near  mo,  who  is  continually  burning  his  old 
tan  to  a»heH,  from  which   I  am  supplied.     I  Bprinklo 


some  of  the  application  in  the  trendies  niaUe  for 
planting,  and  put  whole  Potatoes  upon  it  and  cover 
them,  which  I  do  about  the  second  week  in    February 

and    March.    H,   V .,   Durshy,    Glrmcestershire. A 

correspondent,  a  fortnight  since,  spoke  of  Potatoes 
planted  in  spent  tan  being  quite  free  from  disease. 
Did  his  former  crop  remain  so  all  last  winter  \  For 
here  a  crop  of  Potatoes,  got  out  of  the  ground  a 
fortnight  since,  was  apparently  sound  ;  but  on  looking 
them  over  in  the  store-house,  a  week  since,  disease  was 
found  extensively.  The  Kidney  Potatoes,  which  were 
all  got  up  a  month  ago,  continue  as  sound  as  at  first  ; 
these  grew  in  a  part  of  the  same  soil,  and  with  the  same 
manuring  as-the  others.  If  the  Kidneys  shall  be  found 
to  keep  sound  through  the  winter,  is  not  the  inference 
that  wtf  ought  to  grow  the  sorts  which  ripen  so  early 
that  they  can  be  dug  up  before  the  season  when  disease 
shows,  and  to  discontinue  the  late  kinds  ?  Vegetation, 
both  leaf  and  stalk,  in  various  cases,  seems  to  be 
unusually  affected  here  this  year,  with  different  forms 
of  mildews,  blights,  galls,  &c.  R.  A,  H.,  Westmoreland. 

Normandy  Cress.— la  it  generally  kno\vn  that  this 
beautifully  curled  Cress  is  quite  hardy,  at  least 
sufficiently  so  to  stand  unprotected  in  any  warm  and 
dry  corner  of  the  garden?  Upon  my  cold  and  stubboi'n 
soil,  quite  unprotected,  it  stood  through  last  winter, 
when  I  frequently  gathered  as  many  as  a  peck  of  leaves 
from  it  weekly,  I  need  scarcely  point  out  how  very 
superior  Cress  of  this  description  is  to  the  soft  watery  stutf 
sold  in  Covent-garden  market,  what  an  indispensable 
ingredient  it  is  when  once  tasted  in  a  good  salad,  and 
what  an  admirable  thing  it  is  also  for  garnishing, 
being  beautiful  to  look  upon,  and  good  to  eat  also.  To 
stand  through  the  winter,  it  should  be  sown  not  later 
than  the  first  week  in  September,  upon  rich,  well- 
worked  ground,  in  drills  3  inches  apart,  sowing  very 
thinly,  and  thinning  the  plants  to  an  inch  apart  in  the 
drills.  The  foot  of  a  south  wall  would  be  the  best  place, 
and  if  the  border  were  made  to  slope  to  the  sun,  i  t  would 
be  so  much  the  better.  Stir  the  ground  among  the 
plants  frequently,  and  keep  it  free  from  weeds  ;  and 
from  half-a-dozen  square  yards  you  may  gather  suffi- 
cient Cress  for  the  daily  supply  of  an  ordinary  family. 
Should  the  weather  be  very  severe,  the  beds  might, 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  regular  supply, 
be  covered  with  hand-glasses ;  or  a  few  Spruce 
Fir  or  Yew-branehes  would  be  a  great  protection 
in  breaking  drying  and  north-east  winds  ;  but  my 
own  bed  had  no  protection.  This  Cress,  with 
the  Araericau  Cress,  and  Watercress,  will  be  found 
exceedingly  useful  where  salad  plants  are  much  in 
demand.  I  may  remark  that  the  Normandy  Cress 
transplants  beautifully,  and  that  a  few  pots,  or  a  box, 
would  not  be  an  unsightly  object  in  the  window  or  the 
amateur's  greenhouse.   Wm.  P.  Ayres. 

Haricot  Beans. — In  consequence  of  the  failure  of  the 
Potato  crop,  allow  me  to  X'emind  all  market  gardeners 
and  extensive  growers  of  French  Beans  to  save  as  many 
as  they  possibly  can,  for  they  may  fully  rely  upon 
Haricot  Beans  being  much  in  request  this  winter,  and 
on  long  prices  being  offered  for  them.  As  a  substitute  for 
the  Potato  they  are  highly  valuable,  and  contain  much 
nourishment,  and  I  think  a  more  wholesome  dish  cannot 
be  found.  As  there  is  every  appearance  of  Potatoes 
being  very  dear,  this  affords  the  best  chance  of  poor 
families  getting  a  good  Sunday's  dinner  in  the  middle  of 
winter.  B.  Bennett,  Perdiswell  Hall  Gardens,  August  23. 

Coloured  Light. — I  observe,  at  p.  517,  that  in  reply  to 
a  correspondent  who  consulted  you  on  a  point  relating 
to  the  comparative  effect  of  coloured  or  white  light  on 
vegetation,  you  say,  *'  We  prefer  white  light,  the  natural 
light  which  Providence  has  given  us."  Do  you  mean 
by  this,  that  coloured  light  is  not  natural  light,  and  has 
not  been  given  us  by  Providence  ?  For  if  you  do, 
then  by  all  the  glorious  hues  of  the  i-ainbow,  the 
loveliest  of  Nature's  meteors,  you  are  wrong.  Or  would 
you  imply  that  a  question  as  to  the  specific  effect  of 
coloured  light  upon  the  growth  of  plants  does  not 
deserve  a  serious  or  respectful  reply  1  If  so,  I  desire, 
with  of  course  due  deference  to  your  authority,  to 
submit  a  few  facts  respecting  some  of  the  curious  ' 
properties  of  coloured  light  to  your  consideration,  in  the 
hope  that  they  may  not  be  without  intex'est  for  some  of 
your  readei*s  also.  1.  We  know  that  when  a  ray  of  white 
solar  light  is  passed  through  a  prism,  it  is  decomposed 
or  separated  into  a  number  of  coloured  rays,  and  that 
each  of  them  differs  in  heating  power.  This  may  be 
shown  generally  by  looking  at  the  sun  through  glasses 
of  different  colours,  when  it  will  be  found  that  red  and 
yellow  glasses  heat  and  oppress  tho  eye,  much  more  than 
blue  or  green  ones.  The  fact  may  be  demonstrated 
with  more  scientific  precision,  by  placing  the  bulb  of  a 
dolieato  thermometer  in  the  coloured  spaces  of  the  solar 
spectrum,  when  it  is  found  to  stand  highest  in  the  red 
space,  and  to  fall  lower  and  lower  as  it  is  moved  towards 
the  violet  space,  where  it  is  lowest.  2.  Again,  tliese 
coloured  rays  are  refrangible  in  different  degrees.  Thus, 
the  heat  of  the  violet  ray  passes  through  limpid  water 
more  readily  than  that  of  the  yellow  ;  and  tho  heat  of 
tho  yellow  than  that  of  tho  red  ray.  3.  They  differ 
also  in  their  power  of  producing  chemical  changes  ;  and 
how  remarltablo  a  power  that  is,  is  now  universally 
known,  through  its  apphcation  to  the  interesUngmoderu 
art  of  photography.  The  strongest  chemical  action|^,ig 
exerted  just  beyond,  or  at  tho  verge  of  the  violet  part 
of  tlio  prismatic  spectrum  ;  tho  spot  next  in  chemical, 
energy  is  the  violet  itself  ;  and  this  power  gradually 
diminishes  in  advancing  to  the  green,  boyond  which  it 
I  Hcoms  to  be  wholly  wanting.  In  conclusion,  I  would 
\  observe  that  any  one  who  has  time  and  taste  for  such 


550 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


\^AuG.  28, 


iuvestigation,  and  proper  appliances,  might  confer  much 
service  on  a  branch  of  vegetable  physiology,  by  instituting 
a  well-consiilered  series  of  observations  on  tlie  effect  of 
coloured  light  on  the  growth  of  plants.  Your  corre- 
spondent asserts  that  violet  light  hastens  vegetation, 
and  induces  aquicker  striking  of  cuttings.  P.L.,Brecon. 
[We  are  not  unacquainted  with  Mr,  Hunt's  curious 
experiments  on  this  subject  ;  nevertheless  we  abide  by 
the  opinion  we  have  expressed.  What  the  connexion 
may  be  between  the  colours  of  a  rainbow  and  light  acting 
upon  vegetation,  we  do  not  perceive.] 

Late  Peas.  —  The  soil  of  my  garden  being  very  light,  I 
have  tried  in  vain  to  obtain  a  good  autumnal  supply  of  green 
Peas.  A  cotemporary  periodical  recommentjs  planting 
in  a  trench,  like  Celery,  with  loam  and  manure.  In  the 
Chr<y)iicle  it  is  stated  tliat  manure  is  an  exciting  cause  of 
mildew.  Where  authorities  greatly  disagree,  we  may 
infer  thatvei'v  little  is  really  known.  This  year  I  tried 
a  plan  which  is  said  to  have  been  successful  in  other 
places,  namely,  sowing  early,  and  at  6  inches  apart, 
stopping  the  plants,  and  pulling  off  flowers,  until  one 
wants  them  to  commence  bearing.  I  have  thus  treated 
Prussian  Blues,  Kniglit's  Dwarfs,  Hairs'  Dwarfs,  and 
Bi'itisli  Q,aeens.  They  have  been  well  watered  at  the 
roots,  and  mulclied.  But,  excepting  the  British  Queens, 
they  are  all  sadly  mildewed.  Some  years  ago,  on 
returning  from  France,  in  October,  I  wrote  to  you, 
remarking  the  abundance  of  green  Peas,  even  at  that  late 
season,  and  was  in  hopes  that  some  correspondent 
acquainted  with  gardening  in  that  country,  might  impart 
some  information  to  us.  But  no  such  information  has 
appeared  in  your  columns.  It  is  quite  clear  that  the 
greater  heat  and  drought  of  France  is  unfavourable  to 
the  Peas,  yet  they  are  sufficiently  abundant  to  be  sold 
every  wliere  ;  while,  in  England,  a  few  autumnal  Peas 
are  rarities  only  now  and  then  to  be  seen.  As  green 
Peas  are  the  best  vegetable  grown,  a  little  advice  as  to 
the  best  mode  of  obtaining  tliem  would,  I  think,  be 
acceptable  to  all.  G.  B.  [You  will  find  a  communica- 
tion on  this  subject  made  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
many  years  ago,  by  the  late  Mr.  Knight,  reprinted  in 
another  column.] 

Mougli  Plate  Glass. — A  gentleman  about  to  erect  a 
new  conservatory  is  anxious  to  learn  how  rough  plate 
answers  for  the  roofs  of  such  houses.  He  is  aware  that 
it  has  been  recommended  for  Vineries  and  other  forcing 
houses, but  he  wishes  to  know  whether  it  has  been  tried  for 
plant  houses,,  and  if  so,  with  what  result  ;  and  if  shading 
be  required  where  it  is  used  ?  He  would  likewise  wish 
to  ascertain  from  those  who  have  had.  it  in  use  some 
time,  if  dirt  does  not  collect  on  it  more  than  on  glass 
having  a  smoother  surface  ;  and  if  the  condensed 
vapour  rising  in  every  house  to  the  roof  runs  as  freely 
down  glass  of  this  kind  as  it  does  on  good  sheet,  as  he  is 
afraid  the  roughened  surface  impeding  the  fiow  of 
moisture  might  occasion  drip  more  so  than  with  other 
glass  ;  and  as  the  angle  of  elevation  is  fixed  in  his  case, 
he  cannot  raise  it  to  avoid  sucli  an  evil,  should  it  be 
moi'e  likely  to  happen  with  rough  plate  than  good  sheet. 
He  is  aware  that  it  has  been  strongly  recommended  by 
some  who  had  evidently  not  had  sufiicient  experience  to 
warrant  their  coming  to  such  a  conclusion  ;  he  would 
now  wish  to  elicit  tlie  unbiassed  opinion  of  all  who  iiave 
had  a  lengthened  trial  of  it,  and  hopes  they  will  be 
candid  in  pointing  out  its  defects,  as  well  as  its  merits  ; 
he  feels  strongly  tempted  to  try  it,  but  before  doing  so 
would  like  to  be  informed  as  far  as  possible  what  its 
advantages  are  over  good  sheet ;  and  whether  they  be 
such  as  to  justify  his  incurring  the  increased  expense, 
which  in  his  case  will  be  considerable.  He  trusts  some 
of  your  correspondents,  who  have  had  experience  in  the 
matter,  will  favour  him  with  the  required  information, 
as  he  has  made  arrangements  for  commencing  imme- 
diately ;  and  his  decision  as  to  the  kind  of  glass  to  be 
used  is  wanted,  in  order  that  the  work  may  be  progressed 
with.  //,  L.  T.  [We  can  only  repeat  that  our  own  expe- 
rience is  entirely  in  favour  of  rough  plate.] 

Covering  Vine  Borders  with  Raio  Pigs"  Dung. — The 
following  statement  may  afford  some  little  instruction 
to  young  gardeners,  and  it  will  certainly  be  the  means 
of  putting  inexperienced  amateurs  on  the  alert :— In  the 
beginning  of  April  last  I  wrote  to  you  concerning  the 
pernicious  and  unnatural  system  of  putting  raw  pigs' 
dung  on  Vine  borders.  That  letter  at  the  time  had 
the  desired  effect,  and  the  "  poison  "  was  removed,  in 
the  course  of  a  few  days.  Now,  I  rejoice  to  state,  that 
the  crop  of  Grapes  has  far  exceeded  my  late 
employer's  most  sanguine  expectations.  When 
applied  to  for  ray  opinion  I  candidly  gave  it,  and 
advised  him  to  have  the  whole  (8  or  9  inches  in  thick- 
ness), of  this  cold  and  crude  mess  removed.  My  ex- 
eraployer  says  now  that  if  it  had  been  left  on  the  border 


world),  that  what  I  advocated  was  right.  It  would 
be  difficult  to  convince  me  that  9  inches  of  raw 
pigs'  dung  are  preferable  to  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  stable-dung,  which  would  raise  the  heat  of  the 
border  (by  carefully  renewing  it  from  time  to  time, 
as  circumstances  might  dictate),  to  a  degree  pro- 
portionate to  the  atmospheric  temperature  within  the 
house.  I  very  much  doubt  if  Mr.  Mitchell,  of  Brighton, 
applies  raw  pigs'*  dung  on  his  Vine  borders.  It  never 
heats,  but  remains  a  cold  mass  of  matter,  utterly 
precluding  all  the  genial  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
solar  rays  acting  on  the  soil,  and  more  especially  if  the 
border  is  deep  and  not  properly  drained.  I  believe 
that  if  9  inches  of  cold,  raw,  pigs'  dung  were  allowed  to 
remain  on  a  Vine  border  for  any  considerable  length  of 
time,  mildew,  shanking,  and  other  evils  must  inevitably 
ensue.  Might  I  request,  in  conclusion,  some  of  your 
able  correspondents  to  express  their  opinion  on  the 
subject.  J,  A.  II.,  Tooting.  [Our  opinion  is  that  you 
are  perfectly  right] 

Remarkable  Flight  of  Ani  Flies, — The  following  may 
be  interesting  to  those  who  take  a  pleasure  in  natural 
history: — On  Tuesday,  August  17,  about  5  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon,  I  was  in  Homney  Marsh,  when  I  saw  a 
dark  column,  which  I  at  first  thought  was  smoke.  It 
was  a  quaa'ter  of  a  mile  from  me,  and  its  length  was 
upwards  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  and  its  breadth  I  should 
think  from  50  to  100  yards.  On  its  approaching  me  I 
found  it  was  composed  of  ant  flies,  which  seemed  to  have 
suddenly  collected  together  from  all  quarters  of  the 
marsh.  After  the  column  had  passed  me,  it  crossed  the 
river  Rother,  where  it  left  millions  and  millions  in  the 
water  ;  the  water  was  quite  darkened  by  them  ;  still, 
notwithstanding  this  loss,  and  the  millions  which  were 
left  behind  on  the  ground,  trees,  hedges,  &c.,  the 
column  appeared  undiminished,  as  I  could  see  it  like  a 
wreath  of  smoke  a  mile  and  a  half  ahead  of  me,  and  I 
could  easily  trace  its  course  by  those  left  behind.  My 
workmen,  who  were  at  work  three  miles  from  the  place 
I  first  observed  it,  saw  the  column,  which  they  thought 
likewise  was  smoke,  but  from  the  air  being  filled  with 
flies,  they  soon  found  their  mistake.  How  far  the 
column  was  observable  I  know  not,  but  for  a  good  four 
miles  ;  it  travelled  rapidly,  at  the  rate  of  6  or  7  miles  an 
hour.  The  wind  was  in  the  east  ;  it  was  very  sulti'y, 
and  there  was  all  the  appearance  of  a  thuuder-storm, 
which  took  place  in  two  hours  afterwards.  Kirby  and 
Spenee  mention  a  similar  flight  of  ant  flies  in  1814  in 
Kent,  and  in  1812  in  Suffolk.  The  extraordinary  circum- 
stance is  that  the  ant  flies  seem  all  to  have  taken  wing  at 
the  same  moment  from  all  quarters  of  the  marsh,  almost 
30  miles  in  length,  and  to  have  collected  together  so 
quickly.  At  first  I  thought  the  column  must  have  come 
over  from  the  continent,  but  one  of  my  men  who  was 
collecting  ants'  eggs  for  me,  tells  me  on  a  sudden  he 
found  himself  covered  with  these  flies,  and  on  looking 
up  he  saw  the  strands  of  Grass  covered  with  the  flies, 
which  ran  to  the  top  of  the  strand  and  then  took  wing. 
They  were  all  on  wing  in  about  five  minutes  from  the 
time  he  first  observed  them,  and  from  that  time, 
although  he  continued  getting  ants'  eggs,  he  fomid 
hardly  a  fly  left  in  the  nests.  The  man  has  collected 
eggs  for  me  for  some  years,  'and  he  says  he  thought 
there  were  fewer  eggs  and  flies  than  usual  this  year. 
Several  persons  were  witnesses  to  this  fact,  and  some 
tell  me  they  think  the  column  was  more  than  a  mile  in 
length.  The  flies  were  from  the  nests  of  the  small 
red  ant.  A  Lover  of  Natural  ffistoi'y,  Leasam  Ilousey 
near  Bye. 

Diseased  OaJcs. — In  an  avenue  of  large  Oalc  trees  the 
foliage  on  two  of  them  became  quite  yellow  about  a 
month  ago,  and  they  are  now  apparently  dead.  On 
examining  the  roots  I  found  their  extremities  rotten, 
and  their  bark  towards  the  trunk  of  the  tree  infected 
with  a  fungus,  of  which  I  enclose  a  specimen  for  your 
inspection.  Can  the  fungus  have  caused  their  decay, 
and  by  what  means  can  the  others  be  preserved  ?  as 
they  appear  to  be  all  affected.  The  soil  is  from  9  inches 
to  1  foot  deep  on  gravel  ;  the  average  girth  of  the  Oaks 
is  15  feet  at  3  feet  from  the  ground  ;  the  girth  of  the 
two  dead  trees  is  only  5  feet.  A.  [The  roots  are  infested 
with  dry  rot ;  but  what  has  enabled  the  dry  rot  to  attack 
them  can  only  be  told  on  the  spot.  No  doubt  they  were 
diseased  before  the  dry  rot  took  possession  of  them.] 

Chinese  Flower  Sticks. — Can  any  ofyom'  correspondents 
inform  me  of  what  wood  the  little  sticks  are  made, 
which  appear  like  little  brushes,  used  for  sticking  into 
the  soil  of  pot  plants  to  drive  away  insects  ?  They  are 
tied  up  in  bundles  and  lately  imported  from  China,  where 
they  are  extensively  used.  Are  they  really  efficacious 
for  the  purpose  ?    /.  We  ton. 

Araucarias. — Having  planted  an  Araucaria  irabricata 


overflowed  and  killed  a  strip  of  bark,  about  3  inches  in 
breadth,  down  to  the  ground.  In  March  last  I  pared 
the  sides  of  the  bark  with  a  sharp  knife,  and  filled  up 
the  open  space  and  the  wound  with  clay,  mixed  with 
horse-droppings,  the  same  as  I  had  been"  grafting  with, 
thinking  to  get  the  bark  and  wound  to  heal  up,  but  it 
commenced  running  as  badly  as  ever.  The  sap  has 
raised  the  clay  from  the  tree,  and  it  has  tumbled  down 
altogether.  Fears  are  entertained  that  it  will  soon  kill 
the  tree.  If  any  of  your  correspondents,  therefore, 
could  suggest  a  remedy  whereby  the  bleeding  might  be 
stopped,  or  say  if  there  is  any  danger  of  the  tree  being 
killed,  they  would  oblige  W.  Ct  Forfarshire.  [Plug  the 
holes  with  very  di'y  Elm  wood.] 


Societies* 


the  crop  oi  Grapes  would  have  been  niu'jh  finer.     This    about  nine  years  since  in  a  damp  situation  where  it  did 

IS  the  point  on  which  we  disagree.     We  examined  the  '  not  flourish,  in  1850  I  removed  it  into  drier  ground. 

border,  and  found  some  few  half-starved  roots,  about    This  year  it  has  grown  very  vigorously,  but  instead  of 

2  feet  beneath  the  surface,  in  a  cold,  souivand  undrained 

bottom.     Now,  I  contend  that  the  improved  state  of 

the  crop  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  removal  of  the  pigs' 

dung,  as  the  genial  rays  of  the  sun  acted  as  a  stimulus, 

and  encouraged  the  roots  to  take  an  upward  direction, 

whereas,  if  this  reeking,  moving  mass  (when  trodden 

upon),    emitting  a   pestilential  odour,  was  allowed  to 

remain  on,  the  Vine  roots  would  avoid  coming  in  contact 

with  It,  as  we  should  shun,   if  possible,  a  contagious 

epidemic.     I  have  been  accused  by  my  late  employer  of 

writmg  to  you  in  order  to  expose  his  establishment.     I 

deny  such  clwrge  ;  the  only  motive  which  actuated  me 

to  take  the  step  I   did  was,   that  I  might  be  able  to 

convmce  him  how  erroneous  his  notions  were,  and  to 

satisly  myself  (by  an  appeal   to   the  whole  gardening 


Caledonian  Horticultural,  Aug.  7. — There  was  a 
good  display  of  horticultural  productions  on  this  occa- 
sion, and  especially  of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  wliich 
were  superior  to  any  that  had  been  previously  exhibited 
in  Scotland.     The  following  premiums  were  awarded  : 
— For  the  best  2  Fuchsias  (for  which  there  were  four 
competitors),  1st,  Mr.  Walker,  gr.  to  J.  Mood,  Esq., 
with  Clapton   Hero  and  Pearl  of    England  ;    2d,  Mr. 
Crombie,  gr.  to  A.  F.  Adam,  Esq.,  for  Diademiflora  and 
Voltigeur.     Best  Exotic  Ferns,  including  Lycopods,  1st, 
Mr.  Anderson,  gr.  to  J.  Henderson,  Esq.     For  3  pairs 
of  Pinks,  grown  and  exhibited  in  pots  not  exceeding  10 
inches,  1st,  Mr.  Henderson,  gr.  to  C.  K.   Sivewright, 
Esq.,  for  S  plants  of  the  following  varieties,  there  being 
54    expanded   blooms  upon   the  whole  ;   Lola   Montez 
(Costar),  Narborough    Buck  (Maclean),  Laura    (Will- 
mer).     For  12  blooms  of  Carnations,  produced  by  nur- 
serymen, the   Silver    Medal  was   awarded  to    Messrs. 
Dickson  and  Son  :  Lady  of  the  Lake  (Hale),  Duke  of 
York   (Strong),  Twyford  Perfection    (Young),  Prince 
Albert    (Puxley),  Admiral   Curzon  (Easom),   Antonio 
(May),    Owen     Glendower    (May),    Horsa    (Puxley), 
Themis  (Puxley),  Falconbridge  (May),  Justice  Shallow 
(May),  and  Lord  Lewisham  (Bunn)  ;  2d,  Mr.  Light- 
body,  for  Rainbow  (Hastings),  Lorenzo  (May),  Falcon- 
bridge    (May),   Squire    Meynell   (Brabbin),    Gladiator 
(Slater),  Flora's  Garland  (Brooks),  Duchess  of  Suther- 
land (Elliot),  .Magnificent  (Ely),  William  IV.  (Wilson), 
Napoleon    (Lee),    Duke    of    Bedford  (Ely).      For  12 
blooms  of  Picotees,  produced  by  nurserymen,  the  Silver 
Medal  was  awarded   to  Messrs.  J.  Dickson  and  Sons, 
for  Ganymede  (Fellowes),  Princess  Royal  (Willmer), 
Mary   (Dodwell),   Lord    Nelson    (Norman),    Beatrice 
(May),    Prince   of  Wales    (Marris),    Ophelia   (May), 
Prince  Arthur  (Fellowes),  Guilo  Romano  (Fellowes), 
Mrs.    Barnard    (Barnard),     Alfred     (Dodwell),    and 
Pride  of  the   Village  (Kirtland)  ;    2d,  Mr.  Lightbody, 
for  Sebastian    (May),   Duke  of  Rutland    (Holycake), 
Gem    (Youell),    Portia    (May),    Mr.    Trahar   (Dick- 
son),     Ophelia     (May),     Lord     Nelson      (Norman), 
King     James    (Headley),    Queen     Victoria     (Green), 
Isabella,  dark  variety  (Wildman),  Unexpected  (Marris), 
Venus  (Headley).     The  prize  of  one  guinea,   offered, 
through  the  Society,  by  Messrs.  James  Dickson  and  Son, 
to  practical  gardeners  and  amateurs,  for  the   best  lO 
Carnations,  was  gained  by  Mr.  Henderson,  Cargilfield, 
with  Lady  of  the  Lake  (Hale),  Middleton   (Puxley), 
Lord  Pollington  (Ely),  Justice  Shallow  (May),  Squire 
Meynell  (Brabbiu),  Twyford  Perfection  (Young),  Flora's 
Garland  (Brooks),  Sarah  Payne  (Ward),  Duncan  (May), 
Squire  Trow  (Jackson).     A  similar  reward,  offered  by 
Messrs.  P.  Lawson  and  Son,  for  the  best  10  Picotees  (for 
which  there  were  four  competitors),  was  gained  by  Mr. 
Henderson,  with  Mrs.  Norman  (Norman),  Willoughby 
(Matthews),  King  of  Purples  (Garratt),  Mary  (Dodwell), 
Prince  of  Wales   (Marris),  Princess  Royal  (Willmer), 
Isabella  (Wildman), Prince  Arthur  (Fellowes),  Duchessof 
Sutherland  (Burroughes),Jeannette  (Marris) ;  2d  by  Mr. 
Foulis,  gr.  to  J.  Tytler,  Esq.,  for  Alfred  (Dodwell),  Mrs. 
Norman  (Norman),  Jenny  Lind  (Edmonds),  Princess 
Alice  (Wood),  Portia  (May),  Gem  (Youell),  Enchant- 
ress   (Matthews),   Hon.  Miss   Annesley,   Mrs.   Bevan 
(Burroughes),   King    James    (Headley).     The    prizes 
offered   by  C.   K.    Sivewright,  Esq.   (to  the   extent  of 
two   guineas),  for   Carnations   and   Picotees   in    Class 
Showing,  were  all  gained  by  Mr.  Henderson,  with  the 
following  varieties  :   Scarlet  Bizarre  Carnations  :  Lord 
Rancliffe   (Halliday),   Middleton   (Puxley).       Crimson 
Bizarres:  Duncan  (iVIay),  Lord  Pollington  (Ely).    Pink 
and  Purple  Bizarres  :    Falconbridge   (May),  Twyford 
Perfection  (Young).     Scarlet  Flakes  :  Queen  Victoria 
(timpson),  Cradley  Pet  (  Wallis).    Rose  Flakes :  Flora's 
Garland     ( Brooks),     two    blooms.      Purple    Flakes : 
Beauty  of  Woodhouse  (Mansley),  two  blooms.     Heavy- 
edged    Red    Picotee :    Mrs.   Norman    (Norman),    two 
blooms.     Lightedged  Red   Picotee  :  Jlary   (Dodwell), 
two   blooms.      Heavy-edged    Purple   Picotee :    Prince 


four  lateral  shoots  and  a  leader,  as  itformerly  had,  only  I  Arthur  (Fellowes),  King  of  Purples  (Garratt).  Light- 
the  four  lateral  shoots  have  grown,  and  no  leader  has  edged  Purple  Picotee  :  Willoughby  (Matthews),  Pride 
appeared.     What  am  I  to  do  with  it  ?     Should  I  leave    of  the  Village  (Kirtland).     Heavy  Rose-edged  Picotee  : 


it  to  Nature  ?  or  should  I  peg  down  the  upper  lateral 
shoots,  in  the  hope  that  a  leader  may  start  fi*om  the 
centre  ?  The  tree  is  now  4  feet  high.  A  Suhscribev. 
[  We  should  stop  three  of  the  upper  laterals  about  the 
end  of  October,  and  allow  the  fourth  to  become  the 
leader.] 

Bleeding  Elm  Tree. — About  three  years  ago  two  leaden 
bullets  were  shot  from  a  rifle  into  an  old  Elm  tree, 
making  holes  about  3  inches  ap.art,  and  about  4  feet 
from  the  ground.  The  wounds  began  to  bleed,  and 
some  person  had  covered  them  over  with  coal-tar,  with 


Venus  (Headley),  Queeii  Victoria' (Green)  ;  Light  Rose- 
edged  Picotee  :  Mrs.  Barnard  (Barnard),  two  blooms. 
In  addition  to  ai'ticles  sent  for  competition  there  were 
many  extra  productions  for  exhibition  only.  Messrs. 
Dickson  and  Co.  contributed  specimens  of  Lilium- 
lancifolium  speciosum  and  1.  punctatum,  Tritonia  aurea, 
with  Achimenes,  and  stands  of  Roses,  Hollyhocks,  and 
China  Asters  ;  also  a  seedling  Heath,  a  hybrid  between 
tricolor  impressa  and  ampullacea  rubra.  Messrs.  J.. 
Dickson  and  Sons  sent  Stove  and  Greenhouse 
Plants,  including   Fuchsias,    Heaths,   Gloxinias,  Phlox 


the  view  of  stopping  the  bleeding  ;  the  sap  and  tar  have  |  Mayii     variegata,    and    stands    of     Carnations     and 


35—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


551 


Picotees.  Messrs.  P.  Lawson  and  Sou  exhibited 
Saxe-Gothtea  conspicua,  Fitz-Roya  patagonica,  a  beau- 
tifully flowered  specimen  of  Yucca  filameutosa,  witli 
Acliitneues,  and  stauds  of  Roses,  Carnations,  and 
Picotees  ;  also  six  well  fruited  Pears  on  Quiuce  stocUs. 
Mr.  Haadasyde  exhibited  Dahlias  and  Roses.  Mr. 
Stark,  Greenhouse  Plants  and  spikes  of  Hollyhocks, 
Phlox  Mayii  variegata,  &c.  ;  also  two  sorts  of  Goose- 
berries, from  Mr.  Biggar.  Messrs.  Dowuie  and  Laird 
exhibited  Greenhouse  Plants,  including  Fuchsias,  Lilies, 
trained  Verbenas,  and  stands  of  Hollyhocks,  Pelargo- 
mums,  and  Verbenas.  Messrs.  Ballantyue  and  Sons 
sent  a  collection  of  large  Gooseberries  and  stands  of 
Hollyhocks.  Mr.  R.  T.  M'lntosh  exhibited  several 
plants  of  LUium  lancifolium  speciosuni.  A  Certificate  of 
Merit  was  voted  to  Miss  Walker,  for  a  large  and  well- 
flowered  specimen  of  Diplacus  latifolius.  A  certificate 
was  likewise  voted  to  L  Anderson,  Esq.,  Maryfiudd,  for 
a  seedling  Veronica,  withbright  carmine  flowers  changing 
to  pure  white.  Mr.  Anderson  also  showed  a  seedling 
Veronica,  of  close  habit,  and  flowers  of  a  clear  rosy 
lilac  changing  to  \i'hite,  and  specimens  of  a  new  species 
of  Berberis,  with  Calceolarias  lavanduljefolia  and 
ericoides  from  the  Andes,  for  which  an  honorary  award 
was  voted.  C.  K.  Sivewright,  Esq.,  produced  Carnations, 
Picotees,  and  Pinks  ;  and  J.  Edmond,  Esq.,  a  variety  of 
Red  Currants,  and  Peas  with  edible  pods.  J.  Henderson, 
Esq.,  sent  a  beautifully  flowered  Leschenaultia  formosa, 
for  which  an  honorary  award  was  voted  to  Mr.  Anderson, 
bis  gardener.  A.  F.  Adam,  Esq,  sent  Lobelias  and 
Fuchsias ;  and  J.  Mood,  Esq.,  large  specimens  of 
Fuchsias.  Mr.  Laing,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Rosslyn, 
furnished  flowering  shoots  of  Neillia  thyrsiflora,  with 
plants  of  Balsamina  latifolia  alba,  and  Diplacus  latifolius, 
and  named  Hollyhocks  ;  also  numerous  seedling  Calceo- 
larias. SIi*.  Hampton  exhibited  a  number  of  seedling 
Hollyhocks  ;  and  Mr.  Maclauchlan,  gr.,  Barnton,  a  fine 
specimen  of  Kalosanthes  coccinea.  Dr.  Alison  sent 
two  pots  of  well-trained  Verbenas  ;  and  Mr.  Lauder,  a 
branch  of  a  red  Currant  of  large  size,  and  apparently 
a  great  bearer.  Mr.  Kerr  exhibited  Phloxes  ;  and 
Mr.  Nicol  Fuchsias,  with  cut  blooms  of  Hollyhocks  and 
Marigolds.  Mr.  Mitchell  also  exhibited  Hollyhocks  ; 
and  Mr.  Stn*ling  Alpine  plants,  including  Polygonum 
Brunonianura,  Geranium  argenteum,  Lyclmis  quadri- 
dentata,  &c.  From  the  garden  of  James  Roughead, 
Esq.,  were  stands  of  Dianthns,  Marigolds,  and  seedling 
Fuchsias  ;  from  Jlr.  Forrester,  a  box  of  Carnations  and 
Picotees ;  from  ilr.  Sandersou,  a  basket  of  red 
Currants  ;  and  from  Mr.  Thomson,  gr.  to  R.  S.  Wilson, 
Esq.,  black  Cun-ants  and  Gooseberries.  Mr.  C.  Jockel, 
exhibited  a  number  of  succulent  plants  in  miniature  pots. 


time  why  the  flood-tide  of  em  gration  Ironi  the  parent 
land  flows,  not  to  the  foreign  dominions  of  Great 
Britain,  but  to  a  rival  counti-y  ? "  We  trust  our 
readers  will  bear  in  mind  this  striking  and  most 
truthful  passage ;  to  which  we  shall  return  at  no 
distant  time,  when  considering  Dr.  Royle's  elaborate 
work  on  the  "Culture  of  Cotton  in  India,"*  which  has 
laid  upon  our  table  unnoticed  for  many  months. 


330ofe  ^tmhe^. 

The  ffome  and  the  Grave  of  Byron  ;  a  complete  Guide- 
Booh  to  Ncwstead  Abbey  and  Neir/hbourhood,  12mo. 
Longmans,     A  pamphlet. 

WidperSj  Annales  Botanices  Systematicce.  Vol.  III. 
Part  2. 

Planfce  JiinghvlmiarKE :  Enumeraiio  Plcmtarum  quas 
in  insulis  Java,  d:c.     Fasc.  II. 

Aperru  d'an  voyage  daiis  Ic  nord  de  la  BoUvle  et  dans 
les  parties  voUines  du  Pa-oti.  Par,  M.  H.  A,  Weddell. 
8vo.  Pari^,  Martinet.  A  pamphlet. — A  succinct  account 
of  the  enterprising  author's  last  visit  to  Bolivia  by  way 
of  Panama  and  Arica.  The  traveller  visited  the  dreary, 
snow-capped  heights  of  La  Paz,  where  a  Baccharis,  a 
Senecio,  and  a  Bolax  formed  tbe  principal  vegetation  ; 
then  the  Valley  of  Sorata,  2700  yards  above  the  sea,  and 
Tipuani,  once  celebrated  for  its  gold.  Speaking  of  this 
place,  M.  Weddell  says,  that  "the  observations  made  by 
him  and  his  companions  enable  him  to  affirm  that,  in  pro- 
portion to  its  extent,  it  is  richer  than  the  most  celebrated 
auriferous  districts  of  California  or  Australia."  Thence 
he  returned  to  the  coast  by  way  of  Coroico,  La  Paz, 
Puno,  and  Arequipa. 

A  Lecture  upon  Cotton  as  an  Element  of  Indiistry. 
By  T.  Bazley.  Cvo.  Longmans.  A  pamphlet, — This 
is  a  reprint  of  an  excellent  lecture  delivered  last  spring 
before  the  Society  of  Arts.  One  passage  relating  to 
the  possibility  of  growing  cotton  in  our  own  possessions, 
instead  of  tnisling  to  the  United  States,  puts  in 
a  very  fitrong  light  our  own  colonial  supineness. 
"That  in  the  foreign  dominions  of  Great  Britain  a 
larger  tract  of  land  exists  capable  of  (producing  good 
cotton  than  any  other  power  whatever,  possesses,  has 
been  already  asfitrtcd  j  yet  there  remains  to  be  told  the 
startling;  tnitli,  that  a  piece  of  ground,  of  only  theextetit 
of  our  EngliMh  county  of  York,  would,  if  of  suitable  soil, 
and  in  a  g';nial  climate,  yield  more  cotton  than  the 
existing  extensive  consumption  of  Great  Britain  requires. 
Yorkshire  contains  about  four  millionH  or  statute  acres, 
and  as  the  bewt  soila  of  the  United  States  yield  more 
than  one  hag  of  cotton  per  acre,  the  production  of  that 
extentof  land  would  be  four  millions  of  baf^s  peranrmm  ; 
hence  an  .'imple  margin  ha«  been  left  in  tliiH  cHtinuit<;  of 
productive  capability,  as  the  prewent  yearly  conHumpti'in 
of  tiio  United  Kingdom  in  below  two  millloiiH  of  l^agH. 
Do  not  the  British  colonics  contain  a  multitude  of 
patch efl  of  most  excellent,  but  uncultivated  ground,  of 
the  size  of  Yorkhhire,  all  adaitled  Ui  the  growth  of  good 
cott'jn  ^  And  why  cannot  the  parent  race  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  achieve  In  colonial  Induiitry  thoKo  trtuuipliB  of 
energy  and  labour  which  honour  them  at  homo  in  their 
manufaeturef),  or  in  the  cultivation  of  their  native  land, 
and  whirdi  llK,-irdcm:endant**  dinplay  in  Hie  Unifid  StriU;H  ? 
L«t  the  a-lminiHlrat/^rH  and  (Jir^-etorH  of  our  colr^nial 
pOMCwiona  an.iwc-r  the  question,  ^lod  explain  at  thoaamc 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Mr.  Freeman  Roe's,  Bridgefield  Housr,  Wands- 
worth.— We  called  here  on  Thursday  last  to  inspect  an 
appliance  wliich  Mr.  Roe  has  put  in  operation  on  a 
small  scale  for  watering  his  garden  with  liquid  manure. 
It  consists  of  a  small  square  iron  trough  on  the  ground 
level,  in  which  the  manure  water  is  prepared,  which  is 
then  pumped  up  through  a  gutta  perclia  pipe  into  a  deep 
barrel  or  tub,  in  an  adjoining  loft,  from  which  sufficient 
fall  is  obtained  to  induce  a  force  that  will  distribute 
it  all  over  the  garden.  The  liquid  is  led  out  of  this  tub 
by  means  of  a  small  leaden  pipe  to  the  ground 
level  again,  where  it  enters  an  iron  pipe,  just  buried 
under  the  surface,  that  conducts  it  into  the  garden. 
Here  it  is  led  along  the  lino  of  walk,  under-ground,  of 
course,  and  is  furnished  at  convenient  distances  with 
"  hydrants,"  which  permit  a  "  stand  pipe "  to  be 
inserted  to  a  spout  or  nozzle,  to  which  any  length 
of  hose  may  be  attached  for  watering  all  around. 
It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  nothing  new  in  all  this, 
except  tlie  hydrant,  which  is  a  ball-in-cup-valve  closed 
by  the  pressui'e  of  the  water  In  the  pipe,  and  opened  by 
pushing  down  a  brass  rod  in  the  stand  pipe.  This  rod 
resembles  that  in  a  common  syringe,  and  fixes  the  ball 
down  as  long  as  it  is  wanted,  by  means  of  a  screw  at 
its  end.  ,  The  hydrant  is  found  to  work  extremely 
well,  and  it  is  very  much  cheaper  than  sluice  cocks, 
which  are  usually  employed  for  the  purpose.  By 
means  of  this  contrivance,  therefore,  the  cost 
of  an  appliance  for  watering  a  garden  in  this 
manner  has  been  very  considerably  lessened,  and  in 
future  we  may  expect  to  find  appai'atuses  of  this  kind 
more  commonly  used.  We  had  nearly  forgotten  to 
mention,  that  the  manure-water  can  be  turned  off  when 
desired  by  a  stop-cock  m  the  lead  pipe  leading  from  the 
upper  cistern,  and  clean  water  from  the  town  water- 
works led  on,  so  that'  Mr.  Roe  can  at  any  time  eitlier 
use  manure-water  or  clean  water,  as  may  best  suit  his 
purpose  at  the  time.  This  manner  of  watering  has  not 
been  long  enough  in  operation  here  to  have  produced 
any  result  •  but  few  will  doubt  its  beneficial  effects. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Japan  LiLits.  — The  different  varieties  of  Lilium 
lancifolium,  which  are  now  nearly  everywhere  in  full 
bloom,  must  certainly  be  classed  amongst  the  most 
ornamental  of  autumn-flowering  plants,  and  they  are 
so  easily  managed,  that  almost  anybody  can  grow  them. 
The  only  accommodation  tliey  require  is  a  greenhouse 
or  cold  frame,  where  their  early  growth  can  be  protected 
from  nipping  frosts,  and  cold  cutting  winds  in  spring,  and 
security  iVora  rain  and  damp  while  in  flower.  Persons 
commencing  their  culture  should  procure  bulbs  from 
the  middle  of  November  to  January,  at  which  season 
they  are  dormant,  and  not  liable  to  receive  injury  from 
travelling.  If  they  arrive  in  pots  in  which  they  have 
made  their  season's  growth,  they  should  be  shaken  out, 
the  decayed  roots  removed,  and  they  should  be  re-potted 
in  fresh  soil.  The  size  of  pot  to  be  used,  and  the 
number  of  bulbs  to  be  placed  in  each,  must  depend  upon 
the  size  of  specimen  desired.  The  pots  at  this  shift 
need  not  be  larger  than  may  be  required  to  permit  the 
bulbs  to  stand  about  *2  inches  apart  ;  these  will  occupy 
less  space  than  if  the  bulbs  were  put  at  once  into  the 
pot  in  which  they  are  to  flower,  and  it  will  be  easy  to  re-pot 
before  the  roots  become  matted,  or  the  plants  sustain 
injury,  for  want  of  pot  room.  Set  them  in  a  cool  airy 
situation,  and  give  very  little  water  until  the  crowns 
appear  above  the  soil.  If  they  are  wanted  to  flower  in 
succession,  now  is  the  time  to  provide  for  that,  and  with 
sufficient  stock  it  ia  easy  to  have  a  constant  supply  of 
blossom  from  the  middle  of  July  till  late  in  October. 
To  effect  this,  place  a  portion  of  the  plants  in  the  closest 
end  of  tiie  greenhouse,  or  where  the  temperature  may 
average  about  45''  in  February,  or  early  in  March,  and 
give  them  a  moderate  supply  of  water.  A  second  lot 
may  be  similarly  treated  in  Ai)ril,  and  a  third  kept  as  cool 
and  dry  as  possible,  with  a  view  to  retard  their  growth  ; 
and  they  sliould  be  placed  in  a  sunny  situation  out  of 
doors  as  soon  as  the  weather  becomes  mild  and  settled. 
To  have  the  first  lot  in  flower  in  July,  they  will  probably 
require  to  be  kept  under  glass,  and  to  be  treated  rather 
close  after  the  flower  buds  are  formed,  but  this  will 
greatly  depend  upon  circumstanceH,  and  will  bo  best 
learned  by  a  season's  practice.  When  the  bulbs  com- 
mence growing  the  pots  should  be  placed  near  the  glass, 
and  plenty  of  air  admitted  to  secure  dwarf  Htoekygrowlli 
— for  it  iM  important  to  luive  the  leaves  thickly  sot  on 
the  bane  of  the  stem,  bccau«e  from  the  axils  of  these 
small  bulbs  will  bo  producctl,  if  a  portion  of  the  Hlotii 
is  covered  with  soil  at  thci  final  jiotting.  'J'ho  roots 
will  have  made  some  prngrt-ns  bufore  thobnlhH  Hiart  into 
growth  ;  and  tin  these  when  allowed  to  become  matted 
in  HUial!  jiotH  never  Htart  vignruuHly  into  frcMh  soil,  thn 
plantH  Hhuuld  be  bhifted  into  tlu-ir  iluwering  potH  beCon: 
tho  Htfrn^i  arc  more  than  a  foot  high.  If  the  bnlbH  were 
merely  covered  with  noil  at  the  first  potting,  they  should 
be   [ilaeed   afterwards  3  inches  deeper  in    their   pots. 


which  serves  two  purposes,  viz.,  the  encouraging  the 
emission  of  roots  from  the  base  of  the  stems,  and  the 
formation  of  small  bulbs  at  the  axils  of  the  leaves 
covered  with  soil.  A  certain  means  of  increase  will 
thus  be  provided,  and  the  stem  roots,  upon  which  the 
plants  in  their  advanced  state  mainly  depend  for 
support,  will  be  encouraged.  The  proper  size  of  pot 
will  depend  upon  the  number  and  strength  of  the  bulbs  • 
three  full  grown  healthy  bulbs  will  require  l5-incli 
pots,  and  one  stroJig  bulb,  for  its  healthy  development, 
will  want  a  12-inch  pot.  Water  cautiously  after  shifting 
till  the  roots  have  laid  hold  of  the  fresh  soil,  but  when 
the  pots  are  moderately  filled  with  fibres  a  liberal  supply 
will  be  required,  and  manure  water  may  be  given  twice 
or  thrice  a  week  with  advantage.  All  the  plants  except 
those  desired  to  bloom  early  may  be  placed  in  a  warm 
sheltered  situation  out  of  doors  towards  the  end  of  May, 
and  these  should  be  carefully  tied  to  stakes,  to  prevent  any 
accident  from  wind  or  other  causes.  While  in  flower  a 
situation  slightly  shaded  from  the  forenoon  sun,  with 
an  airy  rather  dry  atmosphere,  sliould  be  provided^  ' 
as  the  flowers  ai"e  very  liable  to  become  discoloured 
if  exposed  to  rain  or  damp,  and  soon  fade.  When 
the  beauty  of  the  plants  is  over  remove  them  to 
a  rather  warm  di'y  situation,  and  give  very  little 
more  water  to  the  soil.  A  place  against  a  south  wall,, 
where  they  will  be  exposed  to  the  sun  and  protected 
from  rain,  will-  answer  for  plants  ripening  early,  but 
those  that  flower  late  had  better  be  kept  under  glass, 
as  it  will  hardly  be  possible  to  get  tbe  bulbs  properly 
matured  otherwise,  and  unless  this  is  effected  they  will 
neither  grow  nor  flower  in  full  vigour  next  season. 
Before  storing  them  for  the  winter,  it  will  be  advisable 
to  shake  the  soil  from  the  bulbs  and  repot  them  in 
smaller  pots,  but  defer  this  until  the  roots  are  mostly 
decayed.  The  small  offsets  may  be  potted  half-a-dozeii 
together  in  5-ineh  pots,  as,  if  left  in  the  specimen  pots,- 
they  are  liable  to  be  overgrown  and  injured  by  their 
stronger  neighbours.  Tui'I'y  sandy  loam  and  peat  in 
about  equal  proportions,  with  a  liberal  sprinkling  of 
sharp  sand,  will  suit  perfectly,  although  it  is  asserted 
by  some  growers  that  the  flowers  are  higher  colom*ed 
when  the  plants  are  grown  in  peat  alone.  J.  E. 

National  FLonicoLTnaaL  S.ciett,  Ai>g.  2G. —  Mr.  Saltek 
ia  Ebe  chair.  There  was  au  in  foresting  meeting  on  this 
occasiun — Dahlias,  HoHjhocU",  Gladiuli,  and  Roses  being 
present  in  profuiion.  A  Label  of  Cummendation  was  awardtil 
to  HoIIjhock  Daniel  O'Rdurlce  (Bircham),  a  prooiisinti  flower 
and  somewhat  distinct  in  colour;  and  a' Certificate  of  Merit 
to  Crimson  Perfection  (Tau'),  a  finely-shaped  variety,  brigljt 
in  coluur  and  Iar;,'e  in  sizp.  In  Dwhlias,  a  Firat-class  Certificate 
was  graiiti-d  to  Sir  John  Franklin  (Turner),  a  medium-sized 
fl  iwer  of  good  hh.ape,  petals  cupped  and  good,  centre  full  and 
well  up,  colour  orange  buff;  ditto  to  Lord  Bjron  (Kejnep),  a 
rosy  balcnon  vai  iety  of  mtdium  eize  and  excellent:  outline, 
centre  good,  pe'ats  tiuely  cupped ;  Label  of  Commeudutioa  to 
Wonderfu'  (Keynes),  a  singtilar-look'ngfancy  sort  with  lemon 
crouod,  blotthed  and  striped  with  pink  ;  Certificate  of 
Merit  to  Queen  Victoria  (Wheeler),  a  flower  with  good 
outline,  petals  cupptd,  colour  yellow  sligh'ly  tipped  with 
purple,  feize  above  iha  aversge,  centre  middling.  Pirat-elass 
Certificate  to  a  Bourb  m  Kobc  named  Prince  Albert  (Pau'), 
apparently  a  very  profuse  bloouiiog  kiud,  bearini;^  small 
crimson  purple  flowers  in  clusters,  that  are  very  striking,  on 
account  of  their  brillidncy.  Certificate  of  Merit  to  a  t"  erbaceous 
Pblux  named  Spencer i  ( TuiU'^r),  a  rosy  purple  sort,  with  a 
pale  centre,  and  highly  det.iruble  on  aecouuc  of  irs  tine  colour 
and  free  blooniuig  babit,  each  spike  being  surmounted  by  an 
unusually  large  compact  head  ot  flowers.  Soma  promising 
Fuchsias  were  produced  by  Mr.  Dobson,  of  Isleworih  ;  a  nice 
bi»x  of  namef  Hoses  by  ilossrs.  Paul,  and  there  were  also- 
some  VerbenaP,  Gladioli,  and  a  Lobelia,  the  latter  much- 
spoiled  by  travelling. 

AoEicrLis  :  W  M.  By  no  means  keep  them  closely  framed  go 
long  af:er  their  general  bhift.  Sooae  little  of  the  old  foliage 
ma*,  and  must  probably  will,  decay,  which  you  had  better 
remove  from  time  to  time.  More  air  and  an  occagiona 
growing  siiower  will  bo  ben(.'ticial. 

Roses:  3  TB,  Baronne  Pi  evost,  Auguste  Mie,  Baronna 
Ilallez,  Cliercau,  Cymedor,  Dachcsse  de  PrasUu,  Standard  of 
Mareng.t,  La  Reino,  G§ant  dee  Ba  ailles,  Robin  Hood, 
William  Jesse,  and  Caroline  de  Sauaal,  will  possibly 
Huit  you. 

ScnEDCJLE  t'F  PaizEs  received  for  the  Maidstone  Eihlbition,  to 
be  held  Oil  S-ptenibtr  8th. 

SwEETWiLLiASia  :  Sub.  We  arc  u'^t  acquainted  with  any  named 
varieties  of  tliia  flowei' ;  tha".  it  ia  being  ciireCully  seeded,  and 
the  beat  selected  for  tho  purp  ises  of  propngation,  is  all  the 
information  we  can  give  you  cm  the  aubjccc,  J.  £.'. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

Dahlias:  J  R  R,  Bonicon  a  crimson  tlower  of  no  value.  The 
treatment  you  den:ribe  could  scarcely  warrant  a  t'dV'  urabte 
result,  for  without  attention  to  goo  i  growth,  the  true  character 
of  even  our  best  varieties  may  be  easily  disguised. — CJP, 
The  fancy  flower  is  similar  to  Striata  perfeC'H,fiO  fur  as  colours 
go,  but  wauling  in  form  Time  will  no  doubt  justify  our 
rerrarki.  lu  regard  to  the  lemon-coloured  varieties,  tho 
apecimtn  received  was  in  fair  condition. — BF,  S'riUingly 
aimiliir  to  ilie  fancy  flower  noticed  In  our  answer  to  "  C  J  P." 
~T  T,  Wanstead.  A  wbito,  ot  lit'le  promia-'.— i/(?,  Dover. 
Purple,  with  white  tipf;  the  petala  are  too  flat  to  produce  a 
8>ntmeirical  Howvr.  Vullow  and  white  tip",  not  so  good  a& 
Mrs.  Hansard. 

IIoLLYnoOKe  :  D  and  Co.  Tlirco  blooms  of  a  cheerful  rose- 
coloured  rt  iwer  ;  size  medium,  centio  very  piomiiient,  and 
guard  pftala  smooth.  There  U  a  want  of  novelty  in  tho 
tihade  of  .colour,  Tho  tluKlu  bloom  of  tho  black  flxvor  is 
goort,  but  wo  tlihik  not  so  tirar-riiie  as  otio  reported  on  at  tho 
lite  Nitrnirh  exhiliUioD,  from  Mr,  Birohura,  aud  called  t^ow 
Black  Prince.  J.  B. 


•  1  vol.  8vn,  pp.  607,    SmitU  and  Elder. 


Miscellaneous. 

Scotch  Expedition  to  Orcjon. — We  loarn  tliat  at  last  ft 
box  lias  arrived  (roni  Mr.  JetVrey,  the  coHeetor  to  tho 
li^dinlnirgh  AHsociation.  Ujiou  o|ieiiing  tlit;  box,  one  or 
two  live  Hpceiin'-iiM  of  tliu  eurious  LewiMJa  rudivlva 
.'i|)[K.'arcil,  and  a  great  inaii)'  (liii;  thiiigH.  Tiic  distribution 
will  0(!eii|iy  Tinich  time.  Dr.  Grcville,  who  ia  not  a 
Hui)«eriber,  hay  kindly  undertaken  tlio  very  laborious 
ta«k. 

Wool  from  the  Vcf/cfab/e  Klwidom. — Two  very  extra- 
ordinary upplicationH  of  l''ir-lruo   Icavew   to   useful  pur- 
vaea  have  boon  uuidc  in  a  douiaiu  ctdled  the  "  rruiric 


552 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Aug.  28, 


of  Humboldt,"  uear  BreslaUj  in  Silesia.  One  coiisisis 
in  the  extraction  from  them  of  a  fibrous  material  which  | 
has  been  termed  *' vegetable  wool  ;"  the  other  in  the  ' 
estabhshment  of  medicinal  baths  with  the  refuse  balsamic  ■ 
fluid,  liberated  in  the  course  of  the  former  manufacture.  ] 
The  establishment  of  both  these  manufactures  originates 
with  M,  de  Pannewitz,  the  inventor  of  a  process  for 
converting  the  fibrous  matter  of  Piue-leaves  into  textile 
threads.  The  Pinus  sylvestris,  or  wild  Pine,  is  the 
species  which,  in  the  case  under  notice,  yields  the 
fibrous  material,  but  every  .member  of  the  ^  Pine 
and  Fir  tribes  may,  it  would  appear,  be  turned  to  similar 
account.  The  leaves  of  these  trees  consist  of  a  woolly 
01*  cottony  matter,  agglutinated  together  by  means  of  a 
resinous  substance.  The  latter  by  chemical  solvents 
may  easily  be  removed,  leaving  the  woolly  matter  free, 
and  when  removed  may  be  turned  to  good  account  as  the 
basis  of  a  medicinal  bath.  The  vegetable  wool  thus 
produced  is  woven  into  counterpanes,  blankets,  and 
other  similar  articles.  It  has  been  used  for  a  consider- 
able .period  in  many  of  the  charitable  institutions  of 
Vienna,  and  is  much  approved  of.  Amongst  other 
advantages,  textures  of  this  substance  possess  the 
excellent  quality  of  banishing  all  manner  of  insects, 
which  are  driven  away  by  a  certain  odour,  not  at  all 
dhagreeable,  which  the  flbie  never  loses.  Daily  Paper, 
Bow  to  Plant  a  Qidch  and  Privet  Heclrje, — The  next 
point  to  which  we  should  direct  attention  is  the  prepa- 
ration of  ground  for  a  hedge  ;  and  considering  the 
object  in  view  (the  formation  of  a  quiek-growing  and 

■  efficient  fence),  this  ground  should  be  well  prepared. 
Having  laid  on  a  line,  in  the  direction  of  the  hedge, 
trench  deeply,  at  least  4  feet  in  breadth,  the  site  on 
which  the  hedge  is  to  be  planted,  turning  down  the 
good,  rich  surface  soil  to  the  bottom,  that  it  may  be  in 
contact  with  the  roots  of  the  young  plants  ;  the  sub  or 
under  soil  should  be  placed  on  the  surface,  to  be  acted 
on  by  the  atmosphere,  and  afterwards  manured,  if 
necessary.  This  tz'ench  should,  at  least,  be  dug  two 
spits  in  depth,  and  a  quantity  of  good,  old  manure  mixed 
with  the  soil,  and  placed  so  as  to  be  immediately  under 
the  roots,  as  this  portion  of  the  soil  cannot  be  enriched 
at  any  future  period,  the  hedge  having  been  onco 
planted.  A  hedge  may  he  planted  at  any  time  from 
October  to  the  beginning  of  March,  but  I  would  recom- 
mend October  or  November  as  best  suited  for  the 
purpose.  Stretch  aline  along  the  course  of  the  hedge, 
in  the  centre  of  the  trenched  part,  along  which  an 
opening  or  trench  should  be  made  deep  enough  to 
receive  the  roots  of  the  plants  freely,  which  should  be 
placed  from  10  to  12  inches  asunder,  in  an  upright  or 
vertical  position,  their  roots  spread  out  regularly,  and 
not  doubled  or  folded  upon  each  other—a  malter  of 
frequent  occurrence  '^^iHi  careless  persons — observing, 
at  the  same  time,  that  every  third  plant  should  be 
a  Privet.  If  convenient,  a  quantity  of  good,  I'ich 
earth  should  he  brought  from  the  adjoining  ground, 
placed  immediately  over  the  roots,  and  trampled 
down  firmly,  so  as  to  give  them  a  firm  hold  in 
the  ground.  The  remainder  of  the  earth  should  be 
levelled  about  the  plants,  left  open  and  loose  upon  the 
surface,  to  allow^'the  air  to  act  upon  and  pulverise  it  ; 
and  should  be  a  little  elevated,  to  allow  for  the  sinking 
of  the  earth,  which  always  takes  place.  The  care  wbiuh 
such  a  hedge  would  require  for  two  years  after  its 
being  planted,  is  merely  to  be  kept  clear  of  weeds  of  all 
kinds,  and  the  ground  to  be  kept  open  and  loose  at  all 
times  about  it.     By  the  end  of  this  time  it  will  become 

■well  established,  and  ought  to  beheaded  down  for  the 
purpose  of  encouraging  the  young  plants  to  throw  out 
young  wood,  and  thereby  thicken  the  hedge,  and  also  to 
cause  a  more  vigorous  and  rapid  growth  in  the  plants 

■  themselves.  A  hedge  thus  headed  down  will  grow  more 
in  one  year  than  it  would  in  three,  had  this  operation 
been  neglected  ;  and  will  become  so  close,  from  the 
numerous  increase  of  branches  thus  pi-oduced,  as  to 
prevent  animals  of  any  description  from  passing  through 
it  ever  after.  Therefore  this  operation  should  be  con- 
sidered decidedly  a  matter  of  the  greatest  importance, 
utility,  and  necessity,  and  should  be  performed  about 
the  end  of  February  or  beghming  of  Mai'ch,  just  when 
the  young  plants  are  beginning  to  push.  The  Panners^ 
and  Cottagers^  Guide, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  week.) 
— % — 
PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
Befobe  finally  placing  plants  in  their  winter  quarters 
let  the  drainage  be  examined  and  the  surface  soil  stiri'ed ; 
the  pots  likewise  should  be  washed,  that  a  neat  appear- 
ance may  pervade  the  house  when  the  plants  are  staged. 
It  is  presumed  the  necessary  repairs  and  painting  have 
been  performed,  the  heating  apparatus  put  in  working 
order,  and  everything  made  ready  for  winter's  work. 
See  that  Clirysanthemums  and  other  autumn  flowering 
plants  are  properly  staked  as  they  advance.  Chrysan- 
themums should  be  well  supplied  with  liquid  manure. 
Orchids  are  now  mostly  finishing  their  growth,  and 
will  require  a  progressively  di'ier  and  cooler  atmosphere. 
Supply  with  the  necessary  humidity  such  as  still  continue 
growing. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

The  wood  in  the  earliest  Peach-house  will  perhaps 
justify  the  removal  of  tlie  sashes  ;  this  should  not,  how- 
ever, be  done  unless  the  wood  is  brown  and  tolerably 
firm.  Where  such  is  the  case  the  lights  may  be  taken  off, 
although  the  leaves  are  green,  which  wiil^  sometimes  be 


the  case  on  even  well-ripened  wood,  but  exposure  to  the 
weather  will  soon  cause  them  to  drop.  Vines  in  pots 
for  early  forcing  should  now  have  their  wood  sufficiently 
ripe  to  be  removed  out  of  doors.  Nail  thera  up  to  a 
south  wall  for  a  few  weeks,  to  complete  the  ripening  of 
the  wood,  and  afterwards  place  them  to  winter  in  the 
shade  of  a  north  wall. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Now  is  the  proper  time  to  look  over  the  arrangeraen* 
of  the  beds  in  the  flower  garden,  to  see  if  any  improve- 
ment can  be  effected  either  in  the  arrangement  of 
colours  or  the  plants  employed.  In  all  cases  a  working 
plan  should  be  made  of  tiie  beds,  and  each  bed  marked 
with  the  description  of  plants  intended  to  be  grown  in 
it  the  ensuing  season  ;  copies  of  the  plan  should  be 
made,  all  having  the  same  number  to  the  beds  ;  one 
will  be  required  specifying  the  number  of  plants  of 
each  kind  it  will  take  to  fill  the  beds  in  the  spring,  as  a 
guide  to  the  propagator  in  furnishing  the  supply;  a 
second  should  show  how  each  bed  will  require  to  be  made 
up,  as  regards  compost,  &c. ;  while  a  third  will  be 
required  at  planting  time  in  filling  up  the  beds,  to  show 
what  is  intended  for  each.  A  well  ordered  arrangement 
of  this  kind  in  the  hands  of  the  different  workmen,  will 
save  trouble  and  a  large  amount  of  subsequent  directions. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Continue  to  plant  out  Pinks  as  they  strike  root ; 
bearing  in  mind  that  those  which  are  put  out  now  in 
the  place  that  they  are  to  flower  in  next  season, 
genex'ally  lace  much  better  than  those  planted  in  tlie 
spring.  We  never  recollect  having  so  much  Pink  seed 
as  we  have  this  season  ;  we  would  advise  our  readers 
to  gather  it  forthwith,  allowing  it  to  remain  in  the 
capsule  or  seed-vessel  till  wanted.  Plant  offset  Tulips, 
and  commence  arranging  the  best  bed  for  planting. 
Of  course  all  careful  gx'owers  have  made  the  necessary 
remarks  as  to  the  state  of  the  flowers  last  season, 
whether  too  high  for  their  then  position  on  the  bed, 
wliether  stained  or  out  of  character,  &c.,  &.c.  The 
amateur  who  is  commencing  may  now  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  procuring  fine  sorts  at  moderate  cost,  many 
extensive  growers  disposing  of  their  surplus  stock 
at  very  reasonable  rates.  We  will  here  name 
a  few  that  are  fine,  and  should  be  grown  by 
every  one  ;  and  though  cheap,  are  indispensable. 
In  Bizarres  :  Leonidas,  Pilot,  Charles  the  Tenth, 
Captain  White,  Polyphemus,  and  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. Byblsemens :  Thalia,  Musidora,  Princess 
Royal,  Q,ueen  Charlotte,  Chellaston  Beauty,  and 
Maid  of  Orleans.  Roses  :  Heroine,  Aglaia,  Cathe- 
rine, Lady  Jane  Grey,  Lavinia,  and  La  Vandicken. 
These  are  most  of  them  fine  sorts  for  exhibition,  and, 
when  in  good  character,  gems  on  any  bed. — Give 
Dahlias  hquid  manure  once  or  twice  a  week,  and  attend 
to  disbudding,  &c. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Proceed  cautiously  with  earthing-up  Celery  in  fine 
weather.  Tie  up  Endive  and  Lettuce  as  they  advance  ; 
a  good  crop  of  the  latter  should  be  got  out  for  autumn 
use,  unless,  as  we  have  previously  advised,  it  has  been 
sown  "where  it  can  remain.  Now  the  weather  is  some- 
what drier,  let  the  kitchen  gai'den  be  completely  cleared 
of  any  weeds  which  have  sprung  up  during  the  late 
rains.  The  different  crops  of  Broccoli  and  winter  greens 
should  be  frequently  hoed  between.  Onionsmay  be  taken 
up  now,  as  they  will  be  mostly  ripe  j  lay  them  in  the 
sun,  with  the  roots  upwards,  to  ripen  and  dry.  If  Leeks 
have  been  planted  in  drills,  a  little  earth  may  be  di'awn 
to  them.     Hoe  and  thin  out  autumn  Turnips. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


Friday.. 
Satur.  ..  __ 

Sunday  .  22 
Ddouday  2^1 
Tuea.  ..  21 
Wed.!  ..  - 
ThurB. .. 

Averae;e 


s, 

Tbmfbb&tubb. 

or  the  Air. 

Ofthe 

1  foot 
deep. 

B«th. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Wind. 

•5 

P3 

1 1  Max. 

Uia. 

Max. 

Min. 

MeHU 

5    30. 07-1 

29  991 

64 

57 

fO,S 

62 

60 

N. 

03 

6   ao.-:o5 

30.12S 

72 

GO 

HNO 

fi^! 

N. 

,"'' 

))    30.2VJ 

30.213 

7« 

53 

62.5 

53 

60 

w. 

110 

8    30.260 

30.19a 

55 

63.0 

63 

60^ 

N.E. 

CO 

9.  30.168 

29.995 

hh 

6;i.o 

63 

61 

S.W, 

05 

10;    20.915 

23.SS3 

73 

56 

64.5 

63 

61 

s.w. 

.00 

11 J  30.0J5 

29.973 

74 

51 

61.0 

64 

61 

B. 

.110 

3[r.Ua 

30.054 

71.1 

55  7 

63  4 

fill 

60.5 

08 

AugUBt  iO-Overcnot;  densely  overcRBt ;  ulicht  raiu. 

—  31— Uniforralv  OVercaBt;  lipbt  clouds  ;  ovtrcaat, 

—  22 -Overcast;  fine  willi  ti^bt  clouda;  clear  at  night. 

—  23  -  Fine ;  I'Rhl  clouds  ;  cloudy  and  fine;  uniformly  overcaBt, 

—  24-07Prca»t;  Tdia  in  dfitntOOD;  overcHst. 

—  25-li'iiiei  low  wlitte  clouds ;  very  fine;  overcast. 

—  26— S'inht  hhze;  very  fine;  c!e»r  at  niKht, 

Meaa  tecnperacure  ot  the  weclc,  23  deg.  above  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  tlie  last  26  yeara,  for  the  ensuing  week,  endiD^  Sept  4, 1SJ3. 


Auffuot 
and  Sept. 

SI 

lii 

No.  of 
years  in 
which  it 

Kained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain 

PrevailioB  Windn. 

E 

SK»'"!^''s 

5 

z 

Sunday  2.i 
Mod      ;1Ii 
Tuea.     31 
Wed.        1 
Thurs,     2 
Friday     3 
Sfttur.      4 

-1.0 
71.5 
71.2 
711.3 
71.1 
70,3 
70.11 

49.2 

49.a 

49.5 
49.2 
48.5 
43.9 
43.0 

60.1 

60.3 
C0.3 
597 

^■-9  3 

r9.5 

59.0 

11 
6 
13 
14 

9 
10 
12 

0.53  in. 

0.92 

1.31 

1.50 

0.2.T 

0.43 

0.^8 

4 

a 

2 
4 

1 
5 

4  2    4    2.  f  2 

5  112    4    7 

6  1    1    4    6:  6 
6    2-443 

3 
3 
5 
3 

2 
1 
2 

The  hieliear,  temperature  during  the  above    period   occurred  on  i 
1343— therm.  85  deif.;  and  the  lowest  oo  the  4th.  laSO-therm,  85  deg. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

Annoals  :  Thonias  Scdbie.  If  tbe  eeed  of  an  annual  be  flOwn  in 
spring,  and  propagated  in  summer  or  autumn,  to  perpe- 
tuate  it ;  ^nd  supposing  that  tbe  plants  so  propagated  be 
kept  till  the  succeeding  season,  the  plant  is  not  tbe  less  an 


annual  on  that  account.  A  bienoiiil  ia  one  wbich  naturally 
spends  the  first  season  in  growing  and  the  second  in  flower- 
ing, after  which  it  dies. 

Apeicots  :  J  S  nithes  to  ascertain  if  the  Apricot  was  ever 
brought  to  perfection  in  Pembrokeshire  ;  if  so,  the  name  of 
the  place  and  the  gardeners'  name  are  requested. 

AusTHALiA  :  L  F  J.  You  can  be  supplied  with  seeds  and  fruit 
trees  at  Adelaide,  and  therefore  it  would  not  puj  to  take 
out  Apple  trees  of  tbe  age  you  mention.  Tines  are  also 
plentiful  there.  We  cannot  venture  an  opinion  in  regard  to 
the  other  matters  about  which  you  inquire,  every  one  mast 
judge  for  himself.  Tor  an  answer  to  the  question  about 
fowls  see  the  agricultural  department  of  our  Paper.| 

Bees:  An  Old  Suhicriber  is  pleased  with  Mr.  Lloyd's  straight- 
forward statement  at  p.  518,  rsspecting  his  management  of 
bees,  and  the  sort  of  hives  he  uses,  and  will  be  greatly 
obliged  if,  at  hia  leisure,  he  will  inform  him,  after  having 
put  the  swarm  from  the  hive  B  under  it,  whether  the  bees 
from  hive  E  work  through  the  bottom  one;  and  likewise 
when  he  takes  the  two  top  hives  offhe  Bpeaks  of,  how  he  will 
know  whether  the  queen  is  in  the  bottom  one ;  if  she  is  not 
there,  will  it  not  be  destruction  to  the  Citlony  ?  Of  course, 
all  the  worVing  bees  will  return  to  the  hive  after  being  parted 
from  the  combs  in  the  top  hives.  If  the  above  plan  is  prac- 
ticable, it  will  be  an  excellent  way  of  removing  bees  from  old 
hives  into  new  ones,  without  stupifying  them,  which  appears 
to  be  of  little  or  no  use,  as  in  the  following  spring  the  hives 
they  are  put  to  are  apparently  not  any  the  stronger  or 
belter.  He  «il]  also  feel  obliged  if  Mr.  Lloyd  will  state  where 
the  hives  he  speaks  of  can  bo  procured,  as  they  can  be  sent 
quickly  now  to  all  parts  by  railway. 

Books:  H  D.  Loudon's  "Encjclopcedia  of  Plants"  ia  illuB- 
trated  with  woodcuts,  and  consequently  not  coloured  plate*. 
Works  on  botany  with  coloured  plates  are  innumerable.  For 

,  English  plants  you  may  have  the  "  EngUah  Botany"  men- 
tioned in  another  column. —(?.  Have  patience.  The  work  on 
Orchids  is  in  progress, 

Cork  Pots  :  H  L  B.  U  you  will  be  so  good  as  refer  to  July  3, 
you  will  see  that  our  correspondent  expressly  states  that  ha 
savp  them  in  me  in  Portugal  and  Spain,  where,  or  in  similar 
cork  producing  countries,  they  must  be  sought  for.  They 
are  not  on  sale  in  this  country  that  we  know  of. 

Dbtinq  Plants  :  TTP.  Heaths  may  bo  dried  in  the  same 
manner  as  other  plants,  provided  they  aro  plunged  Into 
hoiling  water  before  they  are  eubjected  to  the  usual  pressure. 

Eakwios:  CRD,  Dry  Bean-stalks,  cut  in  lengths  of  about 
6  inches,  are  perhaps  the  very  best  earwig  traps.  Stick  the 
Bean-stalbs  plentifully  among  the  branches,  and  blowout 
the  earwigs  every  morning  into  a  bottle  partly  filled  with 
water.  Hoe  and  rake  the  soil  frequently  along  the  bottom  of 
the  tree,  and  quite  close  to  it.  By  these  means  you  will 
soon  get  rid  of  the  destructive  pests.  Toumust  commeuco 
using  the  Bean-sialks  sometime  before  tbe  fruit  begins  to 
ripeu.  The  May  Duke  Cherry  will  be  suitable,  if  you  should 
resolve  on  moving  one  of  your  Apricot  trees, || 

Exhibitions:  Lucidum.  A  Nepenthes  bearing  nothing  but 
ovaiies,  such  as  you  have  sent  must  certainly  be  said  to  bo 
in  bloom,  and  therefore  was  rightly  .ehown  as  a  plant  in 
flower.    It  is  a  female.     The  Gloxinia  is  worthless,  J: 

Flat  Peach  of  China  :  J F.  We  are  not  aware  that  this  has 
existed  in  England  since  the  severe  winter  of  1338  H 

Fbdit  Teees  :  R  J S.  Be  ao  good  afl  to  state  the  extent  of  the 
respective' walls. II 

Heating:  a.  Comiant  Reader.  It  is  impossible  to  answer  youc 
inquiries  exactly  ;  the  data  for  exactnesa  do  not  exist.  The 
hot  air  chamber  should  be  as  small  ao  convenient,  the  object 
bfting  to  heat  the  air  in  it  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  to  dis- 
charge it  into  the  house  ;  of  course  therefore  tbe  less  air 
there  is  to  heat  the  more  rapid  will  be  the  action.  Let  the 
cold  air  drains  be  as  large  as  you  can  conveniently  maka 
them  with  single  bricks— say  7  by  4.  The  opening  for 
ingress  should  be  24  by  12.-  We  are  obliged  to  refrain  from 
answering  private  inquiries.— i/ ir/C  If  you  build  a  house, 
and  wish  to  have  a  greenhouse  by  the  side  of  it,  the  fireplace  ■ 
in  the  sitting-room  being  in  the  centre,  and  at  the  back  of 
the  said  greenhouse,  you  may  use  it  for  heating  the  latter  at 
little  expense  ;  but  you  must  consult  an  experienced  archi- 
tect as  to  the  mode  of  carrying  the  hot  air  out  of  the  sitting-  - 
room  into  the  greenhouse.  Very  careful  and  skilful  plana 
will  bo  required  for  this  purpose. 

Insects:  S  F.  The  green  striped  caterpillar  dug  up  under.  ' 
ground  is  that  of  the  Privet  hawk  moth.  Sphinx  ligustri. — 
A  E  F.  Your  insects  were  crushed  so  as  not  to  be  deter-  . 
mined.  Try  gae-tar  water.  ]V.~'Ma)-y  Ann.  Dusting  with 
sulphur,  anil  frequently  syringing  well  with  clean  water,  will 
free  your  planta  from  red  spider.J— £  S  i?*.  A  decoction  of 
Quassia-root  and  sugar  will  kill  house  fltea.J— P  C  T.  Tha 
mass  of  gelatinous  matter  f  jund  on  the  Yew,  inclosing  eggs 
and  minute  hexapod  larvse,  is  quite  new  to  us.  Can  you  aand 
U3  more  specimens  lor  examination  %   W. 

MoNSTaons  Honet=dckle8  :  S P.  The  defoimed  Honeysuckle 
flowers  gathered  from  one  plant  at  Sedbury  Park  ara 
in  that  state  of  transformation  which  some  writers  call 
phyllomania.  The  corolla  is  becoming  green,  or  is  green 
and  separutiu;,'  into  green  leaves.  The  stamens  are  partially 
or  wholly  changed  iu  like  manner.  The  carpels  are,  for  the 
most  part,  transformed  into  narrow  leaves,  and  are  placed 
upon  an  eUmgated  axis.  One  of  them  is  half  an  anther. 
Bat,  what  is  very  curious,  the  calyihas  in  no  carie  undergone 
a  change,  except  that  it  is  inferior,  instead  of  superior!  a  most 
remarkable  fact. 

Names  of  Fruits  :  Anna.  Your  Plum  is  the  Red  Magnum 
Bouum  ;  you  will  be  able  to  obtain  the  identical  sort  by  that ' 
name  from  the  nurserymen;  but  you  will  do  better  if  yoa 
plant  the  Jefferson  Plum  instead. ll—Jo/iiiJt  7".  Your  Pear  ia 
the  Sans  peau,  or  Skinless  Pear  U— if  B.  Be  so  good  as  to 
send  a  If af  from  the  ehoots  which  bpre  the  fruit  you  sent.|| 

Nawes  of  Plants:  PM.  The  Campanula  looks  like  a  morsel 
of  C.  patula  ;  the  other  is  Bryum  ciuclidioides.— ^ucfc,  CasUe 
Carey.  Pavia  macrostachya.— G  5.  Scheuchzeria  palustris. 
James  Vair.  Swaiusona  corouilliefolia.— i^Ot/o'^jfe.  "i,  Momor- 
dioa  Balsamina ;  1,  Pinus  persica  (?) ;  4,  Paliurus  australia  ; 
3,  A  Capparis  of  some  sort— flowers  wanted  ;  5,  Clitoiia 
ternaiBo..— J  P.,  Hants.  1,  Clitoria  ternatea;  2,  Asplouium 
lanceola'ura,  3.— Xy.  Both  Pteris  criepa,  S..  now  Allosorus 
crispus.  1  sterile  ttod  2  fertile  fronds.  S.~CWC.  1,  Talinum 
ciliaium ;  2,  the  Iftfcvea  of  Atriplex  portulacoides,  or  soma 
such  plant.— irii.  Some  species  of  Crinum,  not  determinable 
in  so  decayed  a  state.— 5ti6.  Cyanotis  vittata. 

Vineoab  Grapes:  B  Trff.  Theonly  cause  out  of  those  you  name 
for  your  Grapes  ehaaking,  and  neither  colouring  nor 
sweetening,  is,  that  you  killed  the  Iwves  by  fumigating  with 
•'  tobacco  paper,  sulphur,  and  black  ptpper."  What  a 
mixture  !  Sulphur  should  never  be  burnt  In  a  house  ;  it  is 
certain  to  kil  I  leaves,  and  very  likely  plants  as  Well.  Without 
good  leaves  you  cannot  have  fruit. 

Vinery:  Leicester.  Two  feet  are  better  than  20  inches,  and 
enough.  Employ  the  spur  system.  Such  an  Arnott  stove  as 
you  describe  will  be  wholly  inadequate.  If  yuu  object  to 
the  cost  of  hot  water  build  a  smoke  flue,  with  the  upper  tiles 
dished  to  hold  water.  Under  your  circumstances  a  concrete 
foundation  would  be  useless.  ., ,     ,       .  ^    t. 

YoccAS :  J  P.  The  best  thing  you  can  possibly  do  with  them  is 
to  lee  them  aloae.  . 

Misc.  :  Constant  Sub.  You  may  move  your  Laureetinus  with 
safety  next  month.  Your  wall-fruit  will  be  best  preserved 
from  wasps  by  covering  the  trees  with  some  cheap  hexagonal 
netting.} 

Erratum,- In  Mr.  Cathill's  article  on  Salads,  at  p.  516,  Una 
3  from  top,  for  "Rape  is  ouly  about  Is.  a  bushel;"  read 
"  Rape  is  only  about  Is,  ^bushel  cheaper  than  Mustard." 


35—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


553 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  coarse  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  wJiich  sound  Penman 
Guano  has  ieen  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2-^-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  mu9t  therefore 
-either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  La wes'b  Factory,  Deptiord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolltes  5     0     0 

Office,  69.  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91. 10s.  per  ton ;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock,    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  »fec. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing.  Linseed, 
Kape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantify  of  Salt,  the 
'refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwabd  Pdbser,  Sec,  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars,  London, 

HARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
■increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ah- 
■sorbed,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  2a.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 


LINSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  Englisli,  Rape 
Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Maek  FoTHEBGlLL.  20i  A,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


o 


ALVANISED     WIRE      GAME      NETTING.— 

7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan- 
ised. 

Japanned 
Iron. 

...    7d.peryd, 
...     9       ,, 

Sd.peryd. 

I'  '• 

6       „ 

...  10    ;; 

8       » 

...  14       ,. 

11       „ 

2-iacb  mesb,  light,  2i  inches  wide 

2-inch      ,,       strong  ,, 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „ 
S^.inch     „      light  ,, 

5|-inch      ,,      strong  ,, 

l|-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  apper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  oettingfnr  Pheasantries, 
■3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
"Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
■boroagb,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


lEORGE   ARTINGSTALL   and  CO.,   Latchford 

WlBE  WOBKS,  WaEBINGTON, 


ManuTacturerB  of  Imriroved  Strong 

RABBIT-PROOF     WIRE     NETTING. 
12  inches  high      4d.  per  yard. 

j8    ditto  aa. 

2*      ditto  8d.        „ 

All  other  widths  at  proportionate  prlccB. 
Wire  Work  for  Aviaries,  CoDaerva-urieii,  Fcni;ing,  &c.,  &c. ; 
«lf0  txtr*  strong  Wire  Kiln  Floors  for  dryloif  Grain,  die,  &c.' 


CHALLENGE. 
1^1  ORN     REAPING     MACIHNE.  — Dissntiafaction 

V-/  havine  been  BXprc^ned  with  the  mode  of  trial  adopted  by 
tfae  Hifjl'la' d  tt'd  Agricultural  Hocieiy  of  Hcoiland,  at  their 
9bow  lately  held  at  Perth,  for  testing  the  meri's  of  the  R''npirig 
Macbin*?*,  for  which  a  premium  wan  ofTcr<-d,  and  awardad  to 
BcLL'f  Reaping  Uachln>.',  v»hlch  I  have  tlncB  had  (•pfinr'unity 
of  leclng  at  work,  on  vurlouH  Ur'pi  of  ('orn,  C'>rinriiiitif{  mn  In 
the  favourft>jl«  o;/ln(on  a'vcn  filong  wl'h  tho  other  .(u'lffcs  at 
Perth,  of  iliii  ImjT'ive'I  Machine,  th'i  IntOfitl-in  of  Mr.  Hfli,, 
Forfwihiro, — I  ri"w,  on  thft  parf.  o^  Mr  Uxti.  iiiid  rriy«c-lf,  (.ffi-r 
to  renter  ioto  a  SWEBPSTAKE  OF  Pli'TY  MOVKREIONS 
HKCH,  f'lr  the  mfmt  cfllclent  ar>d  npproTtd  UBAPINO 
UACHITt  E,  to  ho  produrred  in  conDputltinn  on  tlil*  Pnrrn,  whrre 
S-frial  will  take  plKce,  in  presence  of  competent  Judgoa,  to  be 
*pfrrored  by  the  <;ompetit<>r»,  prBVloui  to  titnniriif,  ut  I  o'clock 
afternoon  of  Saturday,  the  4th  Sfptembiir  next. 

Bntri^*  to  closo  on   tho  'M  Kept«mbcr,  and  Staked  to   bo 
<Upotlt«<1  before  niartlng,  on  thi^  <1hy  of  trial. 

All  commnnlcn'ionii  ai  to  entrlcM,  Aic,  to  bo  ftddreRicd  to 
IJcon  WiT^ow,  K«ilIor,  by  Coup.ir  Aukuh.  N,H. 

N'jTE.— Keillor  farm  in  \rjmUi:n  fnat  of  I'l-rth,  by  tho  Ser.tti«h 

Uldland  Junc'lon  Unjlway.     Ev<  ry  f>icili>y  «*ltl  he  iifTordo'l  to 

/cotnp«lifor«.  frtini  a  rtUtunce  for  gritting  llm  Mnchtn(-«  from  tho 

/  Ratlway  Station*  to  th«  Field  of  Coinretltlcn,  and  lioriei  and 

/    iaboarere  frovlfied  Vi  work  the  oiftcbluei. 

'  ICeUlorFanD,  Auga«t28. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shal. 
low  Wells.  £  s.    d. 

Patent  Pump 115    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  1 5  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

fixing    2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
May  be    obtaiced    of   any    Iron- 
monger or  Plumber    in    Town    or 
Country,   or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHW   WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,  Jenio-street,  London. 
Every  desciiption    of  Mfichinery 
for  Raising  and  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manual  power.     Fire  and  Garden  Erigines,  4ic. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus; — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  eand,  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
tho  spade,  and  in  43  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
aoak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides. — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
and  Sons,  MiUbank-street,  "Westminster, 


Slie  ^grtciiltttral  ^unttti 

SATURDAY,  AUGUST  28,  1852. 

■MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
W.DNESDAT,  Sept.     l—Affricultural  Society  of  EonlBnc]. 
Thdusuat,  —       2— Agriculturallmp.  Society  oflreland. 


The  reports  in  another  column  show  how  much 
injury  has  been  done  by  a  fortniglit  of  warm  wet 
weather  in  the  month  of  August.  From  10  to  20 
per  cent,  must  be  written  oif  the  retuins  of  July  29, 
all  over  the  south  and  middle  of  England,  to  fit 
them  for  a  report  of  the  present  condition  of  the 
crops  :  and  the  quality  of  the  remainder,  it  must 
not  be  forgotten,  has  been  much  damaged  ;  a  great 
deal  has  been  harvested  in  such  a  damp  state,  that 
it  cannot  be  brought  to  market  till  spring,  and  then 
it  will  be  found  that  it  is  3  or  4  lbs.  per  bushel 
below  the  weight  of  a  good  sample.  In  Scotland, 
no  injury  of  any  importance  has  yet  been  received, 
and  accordingly  a  very  fine  crop  is  in  course  of  being 
reaped.  Tlie  Barley  as  well  as  the  Wheat  has 
suffered  much  injury  all  over  England,  and  much 
will  be  harvested  in  a  state  unfit  for  malting 
purposes.  The  Oat  crop  does  not  seem  to  have 
suffered  so  much  as  the  other  cereal  grains.  Beans 
and  Peas  have  turned  out  better  under  the  sickle 
than  was  expected,  but  in  some  of  the  early  districts 
the  continued  rains  have  opened  the  pods  and  caused 
much  injury  by  shedding.  In  reference  to  the 
Bean  crop,  we  may  bring  under  the  notice  of  those 
who  have  furnished  returns  regarding  it,  a  letter 
received  from  a  Gloucestershire  correspondent,  near 
whom  the  crop  has  proved  a  failure,  and  who  wishes 
accordingly  to  learn  the  circumstances  under  which 
it  has  succeeded  in  other  districts.  .We  are  the 
more  ready  to  add  our  request  to  his  own  on  this 
point,  because  it  appears  to  us  that  if  the  300  gentle- 
men who  have  kindly  stated  the  results  of  their 
experience,  would  in  like  manner  occasionally 
furnish  the  methods  and  circumstances  under  which 
those  results  have  been  attained,  conclusions  and 
inferences  might  sometimes  be  drawn  of  the  greatest 
usefulness  to  the  farmer.  In  the  case  before  us,  we 
believe  that  success  here  and  failure  there  have 
been  owing  more  to  difference  of  climate  than  to 
any  other  cause  ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
most  instructive  difference  of  management  might 
often  be  brought  out  by  such  comparison  on  the 
great  scale.     Our  correspondent  says  ; 

"  In  common  with  many  of  your  subscribers  I 
should  be  glad  to  read  in  the  columns  of  your  Paper 
statistics  of  the  site  of  the  lands  and  the  class  of 
soils,  together  with  statements  of  the  surrounding 
ciops,  and  of  the  mode  of  their  cultivation,  which 
havR  together  produced  the  14  '  over  average  '  crops 
of  Deans,  and  the  nine  'over  average'  crops  of 
I'ea.s  out  of  the  175  and  141  reports,  respectively 
published  in  your  Journal  of  Aug.  7.  The  locality, 
or  peculiar  management,  may  throw  some  light  that 
may  explain  the  reason  why,  in  these  cases,  the 
crops  have  escaped  the  general  blight." 

it  is  not  only  in  the  case  of  Beans  and  Peas  that 
•luch  reports  would  be  valuable:  wo  venture  to 
commend  another  subject  to  the  attention  of  our 
corroNpondents.  The  Highland  and  Agricultural 
Society  have  lately  issued  a  sei'ios  of  fiueslions  on 
till;  di.sease  called  "nnlmry,"  "fingers  and  toes," 
"cluliljjng,"  &c.,  to  which  Turnips  are  lialde.  Now, 
will  those  gentlemen  who  have  reported  that  their 
Turnip  cropH  are  Hufferliig    from  anbury  be  kind 


enough  to  tell  us  what  they  know  regarding  the 
management  of  the  particular  crop  so  affected, 
and  the  past  history  of  the  soil  on  which  the 
disease  occurs  ?  We  published,  at  page  493, 
the  list  of  questions  referred  to  above ;  and  we 
venture  to  ask  for  answers  to  them  from  any  of  our 
readers-who  may  be  suffering  from  the  inroads  of 
the  disease  in  question.  Such  answers  arranged  for 
comparison  in  a  tabular  form  would  throw  much 
light  on  the  many  difficult  questions  connected  with 
the  disease  called  Anbury. 

Among  the  striking  features  of  the  present  harvest 
may  be  named  the  premature  ripening  of  the  crop, 
which  is  very  generally  complained  of  with  reference 
to  AVheat,  Barley,  and  Oats.  This  is  not,  however, 
the  proper  way  of  stating  the  fact,  for  it  is  not  so 
much  the  ripening  as  the  death  of  the  plant  before 
maturity  that  is  the  evil ;  otherwise  we  should  be 
disposed  to  place  in  the  same  category  the  unusual 
tendency  which  the  Turnip  crop  has  exhibited  to 
run  to  seed,  which  is  also  a  subject  of  very  general 
complaint.  The  rapid  ripening  of  corn  is,  we 
suspect,  the  result  of  internal  disease,  and  not 
directly  of  external  climatic  agency.  It,  too,  is  one 
of  the  greatest  of  the  many  puzzles  that  the  farmer 
has  to  deal  with ;  and  we  should  be  glad  of  any 
information  upon  it  that  our  correspondents  may 
favour  us  with.  One,  writing  from  Norfolk,  tells 
us,  that  along  the  coast  line,  and  for  a  few  miles 
inland,  the  crops  are  free  from  it,  while  farther 
inland  they  have  all  suffered  materially  from  this 
cause  ;  others  speak  of  strong  land  having  escaped, 
while  on  lighter  soils  the  crop  is  injured.  We  wish 
we  could  induce  some  hundreds  of  farmers  on  all 
the  various  soils,  and  under  the  different  skies  which 
cover  this  country,  to  state  their  experience  fully  on 
this  subject.  It  and  the  other  liabilities  to  which 
our  crops  are  exposed  will  become  more  and  more 
the  proper  subject  for  anxious  study  and  considera- 
tion, as  the  fertility  of  the  land  increases,  under 
improved  management ;  for  it  is  on  these  artificially 
fertile  soils  especially,  that  the  crops  run  these 
risks. 

To  return  to  the  reports,  which  our  readers  will 
find  in  another  page,  we  have  only  to  add,  that  it  is 
necessary  to  compare  them  with  the  former  returns, 
published  on  August  7,  before  a  correct  idea  can  be 
obtained.  For  although  a  very  serious  injury  has 
been  sustained,  it  is  well  to  remember  that  the  crop 
injured  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  which  England 
has  ever  known.  We  fear,  however,  that  there  can 
be  but  little  doubt  that  the  produce  of  the  Wheat 
crop  is,  on  the  whole,  considerably  below  the  average. 


"  It  is  desirable  that  as  many  persons  as  possible 
should  this  year  state  their  experience  in  the  use  of 
the  reaping  machine,  as  well  as  any  suggestions 
respecting  the  use  of  it  which  have  occurred  to  . 
them."  So  says  Mr.  Hall  in  a  valuable  communica- 
tion he  has  favoured  us  with  (which  we  have  in  type 
for  next  week) ;  and  we  heartily  urge  his  request 
upon  any  of  our  readers  who  can  comply  with  it. 
We  also  beg  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the 
communication  on  this  subject  from  Messrs.  Burgess 
and  Key,  in  which  they  correct  our  statement  on  ■ 
the  trial  of  reaping  machines  at  Perth,  where 
M'ComiicK's  reaper  did  not  appear.  Since  that  date 
several  trials  have  taken  place,  and  Mr.  M'Cormiok's 
machine  seems  to  be  re-acquiring  the  status  it 
formerly  held.  Certainly  the  gathering  of  the  corn 
and  the  laying  it  in  swathes  or  in  bundles  out  of  • 
the  wake  of  the  machine  seem  to  be  quite  within 
the  scope  of  machinery  to  perform,  and  we  have  no 
doubt  that  ultimately  reaping  machines  will  lay  - 
down  the  corn  as  it  is  reaped  ready  for  the  binder. 
Meanwhile,  the  greater  complication  of  a  machine 
which  attempts  anything  beyond  the  mere  cutting 
operation,  renders  it  more  difficult  to  manage,  and 
the  quantity  of  work  done  by  M'Cormick  has 
accordingly  generally  been  less  than  that  done  by 
HussEY,  though  the  greater  completeness  of  the 
operation  in  the  former  case  renders  the  former  the 
more  popular  of  the  two. 

At  Cirencester  this  week  the  two  machines  have 
competed— Huesey's  cut  3  acres  in  2  hours  and  6 
minutes,  the  delivery  being  behind,  and  the  corn 
gathered  and  tied,  and  stocked  out  of  the  way  by  a 
sufficient  number  of  hands.  M'Cormiok's  was  not 
got  to  work  so  easily,  and  several  stoppages  occurred 
in  the  management  "of  it :  ultimately  it  cut  IJ  acre 
in  1  hour  and  20  minutes.  The  popular  opinion  was 
in  favour  of  the  latter,  notwithstanding  all  its 
stoppages,  because  it  delivers  at  the  side.  At 
Cirencester  we  understand  that  Hussev's  machine  _ 
lias  cut  20  acres  in  19  hours,  and  that  by  the  use  of  " 
it  they  have  been  able  to  cut  down  Wheat,  and  bind 
it  up,  for  is.  an  acre.  We  shall  have  further  details 
on  this  subject  to  offer  next  week,  and  meanwhile 
we  hope  that  any  who  have  experience  to  offer  on 
the  subject  will  kindly  record  it  in  our  columns  for 
the  instruction  of  others. 


554 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Aug.  28, 


STATE    OF   THE    CROPS,   AUGUST    21,    1852. 

[The  following  Returns  are  in  reply  to  a  Circular  asking  for  the  appearance  of  the  Crops  in  the  Neighbourhood  to  which  it  was  sent.] 


COUNTIES. 

WHEAT. 

BARLEY. 

OATS. 

BEANS. 

PEAS. 

GREEN  CROPS 

POTATOES. 

NAME  AND  ADDRESS, 

SCOTLAND. 
EOSS     

Good 

Very  good 

A  fine  crop 

Good  quality— under  average 

Rather  below  average 

Full  average 

Fall  crop 

Good 

Never  saw  a  better  crop 

Over  average 

Excellent— over  average 

A  very  full  crop 

Over  average— good  quality 

A  great  crop;  a  little  blighted 

Over  av.  rjtge 

Splendid 

Full  average;  partly  blighted 

Over  average 
Overaverage;  partly  blighted 

Good  average 
Excellent  crop— lodged  in 

places 
Straw  full— grain  middling 

Over  average— fine  quality 

Over  averaee 
The  heaviest  crop  remem- 
bered 
An  extra  full  crop 
Abundant  and  sound 
Full  average 
Average 
Above  average 
Full  average— of  variable 
quality 

Average— a  little  rusty 

Above  average 

Good 

Very  good 

Fair  average 
Goodcrop;  sligh'ly mildewed 
Bulky  and  escelleot  quality 
Hardly  so  good  as  expected 

Full  average 

Much  laid,  but  average 

Bulky— lodged— coarse 

Splendid 

Remarkably  good 

Great  crops  are  lodged 

Average 

Very  good 

Good— diseased  in  p'acea 

Good 

Much  hurt  by  rain 

First-rate  crop,  a  little  hurt 

Full  average— muchlaid 
Strawy  ;  mildewed  ;    inferioi 
Much  blight  and  mildewed 
Quality  iuferitT;  a  good  deal 

blighted  and  sprouted 
Good — iitilo  blight  or  mildew 
Full  average— partly  injured 
Over  average,  notwithstand- 
ing blight,  <tc. 
Much  over  average 
Excellent 
Good 

Suffered  from  blight  and 

mildew 

Good 

Full  average— laid  crops 

fipvouted 

Slightly  injured 

Much   mildewed— under 

average 

Sadlymildewed  and  sprouted 

Under    average— materially 

iiijmed 
Partial  mildew,  but  average 
Full    average— very    light- 
much  sprouted 
Good— a  little  mildew 
Good,  except  wheremildewcd 
Very  heavy  straw— grain 

lean,  and  sprouted 

Average— no  blight  to  hurt 

Sprouted— got  in  bad  order 

Bulk  good  ;  alightly  damaged 

Muoh  damnged 

Very  gnod 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Mildewed  and  sprouted 

Blighted  and  sprouting 

Much  laid  and  mildewed 
Mildewed  more  or  less 

Sprouting  fast 
Bulky   straw— blighted    and 

grown 
Bulky— lodged -blighted  — 

white  grown 

Worse     than     Jnly,    by     15 

bushels  ptr  acre 

Much  iojared  by  blight 

Still     average     of      inferioi 

quality 

A  good  crop,  damaged  and 

grown 

Not  average— bad  quality 

Much  grown  and  injured  by 

blifiht  and  mi'dew 
Mildewed  in  fens  ;  sproutine 

Light  and  short 

Light 

Full  average 

Over  average 

Fine  full  crop 

Average 

Full  average 

Full  crop 

Full  crop 

Great  crop 

Over  average 

Very  good 
Very  fuU  crop 
Over  average 

Good  crop 
Over  average 

Average 
Full  average 
Full  average 
Bulky- coarao 
Goi>d  average 

Full  crop 

Very  bulky 
Full  average 

auch  over  average 

Over  average 
Excellent 

Exfra  full 

Over  averajre 

Over  average 

Above  average 

Fall  crop 

Average 
Full  average 
Above  average 

Good 

Full  average 

Very  good 

Good 

Full  crop 

Full  average 

Fair 

Inferior  sample 

Bulky — coarse 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Lodged 

Over  average 

Heavy— coarse 

Very  good 

Good 
Hurt  by  rain 

Very  good 

Nearly  average 

Bulky— lodged 

Good 

Average—  quality 

inferior 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Good 

Lodged 

Very  good 
Very  bulky— laid 

Over  average 
Average— grown 

Prematurely  ripe 

Average 

Generally  good 
Good 
Excellent- 
sprouted 
Good 
Very  middling 

Avira;ie 
Much  damaged 

Good 
Good,  but  hurt 
Cut  and  sprouting 
Going  near  hedge- 
rows 
Laid — uneven 
\verBge    —     dis- 
coloured 
Injured 
Heavy— injured 

Uneven— stained 

Colour    bad 

Sample  hurt 
Average- hurt 

Much  hurt 

Average— hurt 
Lodged  &  injurer 

Full  crop — iniurec 

Light  and  very 

short 

Very  light 

3ood,  lightstraw 

Ofer  average 

Fine  full  crop 

Seems   an 

average 

Hardly  average 

Full  crop 

Fair 

Under  average 

Over  average 

Good 

Good  crop 

Rather  over 

average 

Under  averagft 

Average 

Average 

Average 

Nearly  average 

Average 

Good  average 

Bulky 

Full  average 
About  average 

Full  average 

Average 
Good  average 

Fair  average 
Average 
Average 
Average 
Average 
Average 

Good 
Average 
Average 
Average 
Over  average 
Very  good 

Very  good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Excellent 

Complaiuta  of 

TUbt 

Over  average 

Very  fine 

Average 

Excellent 

Very  good 

V^ery  great  crops 

Over  average 

Average 

Good 
Good 
Laid 

Very  good 

Ave  r»ee— laid 

Moderate 

Fair 
Very  good 

Fair 

Various 

Good 

Very  good 
Abundant 
Very  good 

Still  good 

Various 
Average 

Excellent 
Under  average 

Pretty  good 
Good  average 

Below  average 
Light 

Very  fair 

Average 

Good —sprouted 

Full  average 

Very  middling 

Average 

Pretty   good 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Cut  &  sprnuting 

As  Barley 

Laid— sprouting 
Very  good 

Injured 
Very  g-od- hurt 

Full  crop 

Badly  harvested 

Much  hurt 
As  Barley 

Very  much  bur 

Good — grown 
Much  grown 

Averace 

Good 
Average 

Average 

Full  crop 
Average 
Moderate 

Fair 

Weighty 

Nearly  average 

Under  average 

Good 

Average 

Average 

Scarcely  average 

Average 
Under  average 
Bulky- blight 

Tall— thin 

Average 

Average 
Good  crop 

Deficient 
Damaged 

Average 
Above  average 
Over  average 

Full  average 

Above  average 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Good  average 

Diseased 

Various 

Good 

• 

Over  average 

Promising 

Pretty  good 

Icdifferent 

Injured  by  hail 

Average 

Fair 

Promising 

Good 

Good 
Excellent 
Generally 
average 

Under  average 

Very  poor 
Blighted 

Bad 

Not  good 

Moderate 

Good 

Fair 

Bad 
Very  bad 
Damaged 

Average 

Various 

Pods  opening 

Partial  failure 

Half  a  crop 
Good 

Indifferent 

Various 

Various 

Spring  sort  good 
Under  Average 

Very  poor 

Average 
Injured 

Not  average 

Good  and  cut 
Average 

Average 

Full  crop 
Average 
Moderate 

Fair 

Weighty 

Nearly  average 

Good 
Average 

Average 
Good 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Full  average 

Above  average 

Good 

Good 

Pretty  good 

Good 

Pretty  good 
Fair  ciop 



Fair 
Average 



Under  average 

Various 
Good — injured 

Fair- 
Not  good 
Moderate 

Average  bulk 
Hurt 

Good- hurt 
As  the  Beans 

Damaged 
Good 

Indifferent 

Various 

Much  shed 

Spoiled 
Much  hurt 

Spoiled 

Average— hurt 
Grown  and  bur 

Much  hurt 

Magnificent 

Over  average 

Most  luxuriant 

Fine  <fe  beaitbj 

Fine  crop 

Very  forward 

Luxuriant 
(Anbury) 
Full  crop 
Look  well 
Splendid 
Excellent 
Generally  good 
Very  promising 
Average 

Good  3 

Excellent 

Very  fine 

A  large  crop 

Very  promising 

Bulky-well 
Looking  bealth) 
Most  luxuriant 

Very  promising 

Very  good — 
running  to  seed 

Luxuriant — 

running  to  seed 

Good 

Good 

Diseased 

Very  luxuriant 

Over  average 

Over  average 

A  great  crop 

A  full  crop 

Very  good 

Good 

Over  average 

Good 

Very  good 

Very    promising 

(Anburj) 

Very  good 

Good 

Fine  appearance 

Most  luxuriant 

Good  (Anbury) 

Full  average 
(Anbury) 

Improved 

Large 
Very  good 
Capital 
Generally  good 
Good 
Best  remem- 
bered 
Very  good 
Very  good 
Early  sown,  run 

to  seed 
Generally  good 
Very  good 
Very  fine 
Promising 
Progressing 

Very  good 

Very    promising 

Never  better 

Excellent 

Good 

Excellent 

(Anbury) 

Very  promising 

Moderate 
Luxuriant 

(Anbury) 

First-rate 

Very    promising 

Splendid 
Very  good 

Good 
Promising 

Good 

Good 

Never  better 

Very  good 

Promising 

Injured  by  rain 

Good 

Excellent 

Never  so  well 

Splendid 

Very  good 

Very  fine 

Much  improved 
GoL-d 

Very  good 

Too  much  rain 

Very  good 

Various 
Checked 

Improving 

Good 
Too  much  rain 

Good 

Disease  threatening 

Diseased 
Generally  diseased 
Diseasehaeappeared 
'•"ine  crop — diseased 
Disease  progresses 

Symptoms  of  disease 

Sjmptoms  of  disease 
Symptoms  of  blight 
Partially  diseased 

Slight  disease 
Didease  progreaeing 
ilore  or  leas  diseased 

Disease  rapid 

Partly  diseased 

Haulm  diceaaed 

Symptoms  of  diseaat 

Ditease  increasing 

Fine 

Average 

Almost  all  diseased 

Disease  very  bad 

Fine,  but  diseased 
DibcaEe  appealing 

Stems  slightly 

spotted 

Disease  in  gardens 

Going 

One-third  diseased 

Diseased 

Symptoms  of  disease 

Diseased 

Much  diseased 

Look  well 

Symptoms  of  dlsoase 

Good— doubtful 

Disease  increasing 

Doubtful 

Much  diseasf  d 

Disease  general 

AU  diseased 

Slightly  diseased 

Very  healthy  yet 

Disease  appearing 

All  diaeased 

Diseased 

Disease  appearing 

Diseased 

Many  diseased 

Much  diseased 

Attatked 

All  diseased 

Diseased 

Much  diseased 

All  diseased 
Nearly  all  bad 

Pretty  good 
Much  diseased 

Suffering 
Early  diseased 
Blight  prevalent 

Disease  partial 

Vai  iou3 
Worse  than  ever 

Disease  appearing 
Blighted  lately 
Early  sorts  bud 

One-half  gone 

Very  much  dieeastd 
Very  bad 

One.sixth  lost 
Diseased 

Good 
Disease  general 

Diseased 

Diseased  in  places 
Show  disease 
Ali  diseased 

Very  bad 

Very  bad 

Much  diseased 

Very  bad 

Very  little  disease 

Diseased  in  p  aces 

Much  diseased 

Much  diseased 

Diseased 

Much  diseased 
Diseased 

All  blighted 

Asbada6lS47 

Much  diseased 

Diseased 
Bau'm  gone 

Badly  diseased 

Very  bad 
Much  diseased 

Partly  jrood 

T.  P.  Dods,  Dingwall 

J.  Mackenzie.  M.D.,  Eilenach 

INVERNESS 

ABERDEEN   

MORAY    

J.  Hamilton,  Forres 

PERTHSHIRE 

J.  Grigor,  Forres 
A,  Robertson,  Elgin 

FORFAR 

D.  Todd,  Bridi^e  of  Earn 

:.  Playlair,  Errol 

\]ex.  Bell,  Ferrvden  Farm 

STIRLING  

lI,  Findlay,  Kirriemuir 
D.  D.  Black,  Brechin 
a.  Colvill,  Inverkeillor 
a,  M'Naughton,  Stirling 

W.  Forrester,  Stewarthall 

FIFE 

RENFREW 

D.  Tennant,  St,  Andrew*"* 
J.  Barclay,  Randeratowa 
W.  Veitcb,  Kinghorn 
J.  Uaxton,  Drumnod 
G.  Boyd,  Renfrew 

LANARK 

EAST  LOTHIAN 

AYR  

J.  H.  Haig,  Sago  Hall 

G.  Hope,  Fenton  Barns 

J.  Brodie,  Abbey  Mains 
John  Russell  (Elie,  Fife) 

J.  Dykes,  Kilmarnock 
.  Majbole 

R05BDR&H  

J.  Wirson,  Edington  Mains 
r.  Hood,  Cockburnspaib 

\.  T.  "Wilson,  LammermuiB 

J.  ?cott,  New.-^tead  Mill 

J.  Thomson,    Whitelee 

P.  Bro'lie,  Cluvilaw 

J.  Grieve,  Hawick 

W.  Thomson,  Cleckhill 

J.  Little,  Langholm 
A,  Jardiue,  Mouswald 
T.  MacClelland,  Balfera 
J,  Gibson,  Qlenluca 
A.  H.  M'Lean,  Stranraer 

W.  Davidson,  Auchnesa 

W.  Glover,  Newcastle 

J.  Grey,  Dils'on 

M.  K'mbley,  Keswick 

DUMFRIES 

WIQTON 

ENGLAND. 

NORTHUMBER, 

LAND 
CUMBERLAND 

■WESTMORELAND... 

DURHAM    

r.  Wilson,  Penrith 
5.  R*gg,  Abbey  House 
W.  Turner,  Kt-n-Jal 
J.  Crosby,  Kirkby  Thore^ 

J.  Robinson,  Warcop 
W.  Key,  Kirby  Lonsdale 

YORKSHIRE 

R.  B,  Dixon,  Darlington 

LANCASHIRE  

\1.  M.  Milburn,  Thirsk 
P,  Stevenson,  llainton 
F.  W.  Tyas,  Nat,r  Priory 

Henry  Briggs,  Wakefield 
H.  J.  Turner,  Richmond 
i.  Oldroid,  Barubley 

B.  Evans,  Wigan 
M.  Saul,  Garstang 
e.  Twining,  Standiah 

R.  Owen,  Tarporley 

Henry  Tipping,  Warringtoit 
W.  Falin,  Tarvia 

A.  J.  Beinays,  Derby 
J.Buckley,  Normanton  Hill 

J.  Young,  Newark 

J.  A.  Clarke,  Long  Sutton 

F.  Sowerby,  Grimsby 
r.  Aitben,  Deeping  Fen 

J.  Willertv  n,  Scambleshy 
r.  Pickett,  Scambleshy 
R.  Sayce,  Bridgenorth 

G.  Bowen,  Corpton 

W.  Minors,  Market  Draytoa 

R.  Davis,  Little  Wenlock 

J.  Powell,  Sbiffoal 

E.  Cole,  Turnburst  HaU 

J.  Johnson,  Tunstall 

J.  Aston,  Ashley 

Q.  Towoshend,  Hiochley 

J.  Stallard,  Leicester 

T.  Spencer,  Knoesington 
W.  Fancourt,  Empingham 

-   TiilbiT-T 

CHESHIRE 

LINCOLNSHIRE  

SHROPSHIRE  

STAFFORDSHIRE... 
LEICESTER  

RUTLAND  

HEREFORD  

■WORCESTER     , 

'i.  Hu'dsun,  Persbore 

F.  E.  Williamp,  Doddenham 

[berton- 
F.  Woodward,  J, P.,  Little  Com- 

WARWICK 

NORTHAMPTON 

W.  Gibbs,  Straiford-on-Avon 

W.  Aitcheson,  EerkesweU 

J.  Burbary,  Wootton  Grange 
W.  Gray,  Courteen-hall 

J.  Whitwell,  Peterborough 

35— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


STATE    OF    THE    CROyS—mitinKcd. 


COUNTIES. 


HERTS.. 
ESSEX  .. 


SOMERSET 
WILTS 


BERKS . 


MIDDLESEX  . 
SURREY  , 


HAMPSHIRE 


DORSET , 


DETON., 


CORNWALL 


WALES, 
CAERNARVUK.. 
DENBIGH   


CAERMARTRRN.. 

IRELAND. 
DONEGAL  


LOSDOSDERttT, 


ANTRIM. 


7ERHANA0II 
MONACHAN  .. 


ARMAGH 
DOWN  


ENGLAND. 

HUNTI2JGDUN... 

CAMBRIDGE 

SUPFOLK  

NORFOLK  

MONMOUTH 

GLOUCESTER  .. 


OXFORD. 
BUCKS,... 


BARLEY. 


Seriously      mildewed      and 

Fprouted 
Quantity     average  —  qualit; 

very  poor 
Blighted,      mildewed,      and 

sprouted 
Bulky — blighted,    mildewed, 

grown 

Much  blighted  and  sprouteci 

More  or  less  mildewed  ver,\ 

badly 

Mildewed  aud  deficient 

iDJured  prematurtli'— parth 

bligh'ed 
Mildewed,   and  prematureb 

ripe 

Much        blighted  —  under 

average 

Not  much  damaged 

Full  average — but  light 

Most  wretched— much  grown 

Two-thirds  of  a  crop 

Blighted— two-tbirds  ot  crop 

Injured  and  much  laid 

Cue-eighth  desirojed 

Ten  bushels  short  of  last  year 

Much  iLJured  by  rain 

Good  crop— blighted  and 

irjured  by  wet 

Partially  blighted  &  sprouted 

Badlj  blighted 

More  or  less  sprou'ed 

Grown  in  the  shock 

Generally  mildewed   and 

much  sprouted 

Full  average — part'y  blighted 

— somewhat  sprouted 
Good  crop— sufieriDg  much 
Large  quantity — poor  qua- 
lity— sprouting 
Average  crop — much  injured 
One-faf  ch  destroyed  by  mildew 
and  rain 
Good 
Much  hurt  by  mildew 
Damaged  by  rain 
Laid  and  sprouted  in  places 

Greatly  damaged 
Blighted  and  hurt  by  rain 
Much  hurt  by  mildew  and 

pprouting 
Much  blighted  and  grown 

Blighied  and  grown 

Three-tenths  hurt  by  wet 

and  blight 

White  wheat  nearly  destroyed 

Blighted — early   cut    grown 

Much  blighted  and  hurt  by 

rain 

Near  average— various 

Blighted— one-tenth  blown 

out 

Blighted — much  under 

average 
Partly  blighted— under 

average 

Average    crop  —  slightly 

blighted 

Partly  blighied  and  sprouted 

Injured  by  wet  and  blight 

Under  average 

Bulty— blighted — shrivelled 

One-quarter  bidiy  blighted— 

all  affected 

Much  sprouted 

Under    average  —  blighted— 

sprouted 

Good  crop — quality  injured 

Generally    blighted  aud 

sprouted 

Bad — ehed    by    wind,    and 

sprouted 
Partly  blighted,  and  sprouted 


Injured 

Bulky,  coarse 

Stained  dcsprouted 

Sprouted 


OATS. 


Not  good 


Good  but  hurt 
Sprouted  when  cut 


Average 

Little  damaged 

Maltinp  rapi'^ly 

Very  much  itjjured 

Average — inj  ured 

Bulky — rough 

Stained  ^sprouted 

Badly  hurt 

Bulky — coarse 

Laid 

Pair  average — 

injured 

Good 

Much  burt 

Partially  sprouted 

Grown 

Much  sprouted 

Lodged  &  stained 

Stained&sprouting 
Much  injured 

Heavy— injured 
Full  crop— hurt 

Tery  good 

Good— hurt 

Good 

Good 

Grown — stained 

Nearly  average 

Tarious 

Hurt  by  rain 

Much  hurt 

Stained 

Much  hurt 

Bulky — coarse 

Heavy— hurt 

Good 
Ripened  too  fast 

Over  average 

Average 

Average—  stained 

Bulky,  but  Injured 

Good 

Average 

Blighted 

Not  much  injured 

Injured 
Partly  blighted 

Good — hurt 
Blighted 

Injured 

Fair  crop 


Not  Bulky 
Under  average 

As  Barley    ' 
Much  sprouted 

Middling 


Not  average 
Good,  but  hurt 


Good 
Average 


Thin  plant — good  ear 


BulUy — Fprou'ed 
Good,  but  much  sprouted 

Various 

One-third  below  average 

Much  hurt  by  weather 

Blighted  in  places— sprouted 

I  hope  average 

Very  good— much  stacked 
Full  crop 

Fair — complaint  of  blight 
Excellent 


Average  crop 


Middling 

Good 
Very  good 


Damaged 
Orer  average 


Aver-- ({6 

Good 

Very  K'^od 

Oo'.fl 

Good 


MATO  ..., 

LEITRTIf 
LOUin... 


Average  crop 


Undnr  average 

Good 

Average 

Fair  average 

Vf-ry  gff'dJ 

Pull  BVfrnKO 

Mocb  Injured  by  mln 

Fair  crop 
IndlfTeretit 


Good 

Sample  tnjurod 

Unequal 

Good 

Good 

Lodged  6i  stained 

Bulky 

Average 

Very  good 

Full  crop — slightly 

hurt  by  rain 

Fair  average 

Excellent 

Very  good 


Mach  «lamag*d 


Good 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Avtrago 
Excellent 


Over  nverDgo 
Good 


Good 


Fa'r  crop 
Good 
Good 
Good 
Good 


Good 

Oood 

LouUa  bad 


Bad 
Average 
Not  good 
Average 


Very  indifferem 


Pad 
Indifferent 


Indiff-rent 
Very  deficient 


Various 

Good  but  hurt 

Average 

Good 
As  Barley 

Injured 
Good — hurt 

Good 
Full  crop 

Average 
Hutt 

Good 
As  Barley 

Not  much 

injured 

Good 

Abundant 

Good 
Good — hurt 

Good 
Full  average 

Good 

Very  good    • 

Injured 

Average 

Good — hurt 

As  Barley 
Much  burt 
As  Barley 

Much  grown 

Grown 
Good — hurt 

Very  good 
Average 

Very  good 

Over  Average 

Very  good 

Injured 

Good 

Over  average 

Good 

Shed  by  stormt 

As  Barley 
Average 

Good — hurt 
Blighted 

Injured 

As  Barley 

As  Wheat 


Much  injured 
Half  a  crop 
Haifa  crop 

Hurt  by  rain 

Very  bad 
Haifa  crop 

Under  average 

ij.-        blightfcd 

Fair 

Hurt 

Not  well  podded 

Bad 


Very  bad 

Improved 
Under  average 

Blighted 
Partial 

Yflrioua 
Middling 
Blighted 


GREEN  CROPS 


Sprouted 
Blighted 
Various 

Average 
Under  average 
Near  average 

Improved 

Partly  blighted 

Bud 

Mean 
Improved 

Much  blighted 

Under  average 

Failure 


Inferior 
Deficient 
Very  bad 
Indifferent 

Blighted 
Blighted 


Ve^ry  bad 


Various 
Good 
Very  good 
Bulky 
Injured 
Very  light 

Very  good 
Average 

Fair  average 
Excellent 

Above  average 

Abundant 

Oood 

Inferior 

Good 

Remarhably  fine 

A'ery  food 
Excellent 

Ov«-r  avertjge 
Very  good 

Over  average 
Excellent 

Good 
Vrry  Kood 
Abundant 

I'ln'^  crop 

MoHt  Jibundunt 

Pxoulhnt 

Luxurliint 

Good 

Oood 

Good 

Aveingo 

KxtvUvut 

Above  HVi'.rnge 

Ov<T  aviTiigo 

Very  good 

Go'd 

Avonigo 

LookH  Kood 

Very  K'>"d 


Blighted 


Bad 

Blighted 

Poor 


All  diseased 

Under  average 

Much  hurt 


Middling 

Middling 
Fair  crop 

Various 

Fair  crop 


Good  but  hurt 
Much  hurt 

Average 

Hurt  by  rain 

Badly  hurt 

Hurt 

Average 

Average 

Good 

Badly  hurt 

Shedagreatdeal 


Indifferent 

Average 
Under  average 

Blighted 
ATcrage 

Average 
Middling 


Various 

Not  good 

Hurt  by  rain 

Hurt 

Not  average 

Partly  hurt 

As  Beans 


Very  good 
Under  average 


Light 


Good 
Below  average 


Much  blighted 
Spoiled 

BeBcient 
Half  a  crop 

Very  bad 

Under  average 

Blighted 


Injured 

De6cient 

Very  bad 

Fair 

Under  average 
Under  average 


Two-thirds  of 
crop 


Middling 
Full  crop 


Light 


Belovr  average 


Very  good 


Good 
Under  average 


Very  good 


AvcrngO 

Oi'od 
U  JO  J 


Bii'l  rrop 
Avorngo 


TolBvnhly  good 


Good 
Good 


Very  good 


Infriior 
Fulr 


POTATOES. 


Splendid 

Too  much  wet 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Very  good 
Very  good 

Good 
Never  better 

Very  good 

Good 

Doing  well 

Very  promising 

Hurt  by  slug 

Never  better 

Good 
Too  much  wet 
Good 
Good 
Good 
Excellent 

Abundant 
Promising 

Good 
Very  good 
Luxuriant 

Very  good 

Looking  well 
Very  good 

Improving 
Good 

Average 

Very  good 

Various 

Very  good 

Too  much  wet 

Good 

Good 

Good 
Good 
Good 

Looking  sickly 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Good 
Looking  well 


Various 

Various 

Promieing 

Good 

Promising 

Very  bad 

Good 

Want  sun 
Average 

Very  good 
Good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Promising 

Improving 

Average 

Fair 

Promising 

Generally  good 

Promising 

Excellent 
Capital 

Turnip  good 
Excellent 

Excellent 

Various 

Very  good 

Bad 

Average 
Excellent 

Promising 
Splendid 
Very  good 
Excellent 
Over  iiverage 
Superior 
Vury  good 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Vtry  good 

Very  go^d 

Avtinigo 

G'«od 

Good 

SpUndid 

Promising 

Undi'f  fivcriij/C 

]'|-OIIllHllig 

V.ry  Hno 

Looking  VI  uU 

Under  (ivtragc 

Average 

Vi^ry  izood 

Very  pronii»lrig 

Kxctillunt 


Not  much  diseased 

Top  diseased 

Very  much  hurt 

Partly  diseased 

Much  diseased 
Diseased  in  places 

Bad 
Diseased 

Diseased 

Much  diseased 

Diseased 
Half  diseased 
Totally  spoiled 

Poor  yield 

Badly  blighted 

Disease  increased 

Destroyed 

Never  worse 

Half  bad 

Small  and  diEeascd 

Diseased 

Bad 
Toisgone 


NAME  AND  ADDRESS. 


P.  Purves,  Brampton 

R.  Beart,  Godmanchester 

P.  Howard,  Granchester 

A.  S.  Ruaton,  Wenny-road 

3.  Fryer,  Chatteris 

L.   O.   Cottingham,   Saxmund- 

ham 
T.  Brown,  Downham 
W.  Cubitt,  Barton  Abbey 

J,  J.  Hill,  Briston 

J.  Scales,  Ragland 

W.  H.  Little,  Abergavenny 

G.  R.  G.  Relph,  Ubke 

R.  Beman,  Moretoa-io-Marah 

R.Valentine,  R.  A.  College 

J.  Kearsey,  Cirencester 

S.  Taylor,  Gloucester 

J.  Hunt,  Almondabury 

A.  Tuekett,  Sieton 

John  F,  Feacey,  Winchcomb 

S.  Druce,  jun,,  Ejnsbam 

S,  Collie'r,  Witney 
A.  Fraser,  Midd'e  Clajdon 
W.  J.  Duncan,  Bradwell 
W.  Lavander,  Biddenhum 
T.  Bennett,  Woburn 


As  bad  ae  possible 

Partial  failure 

Small -blighted 
Disease  partial 

Indifferent 
Much  blighted 

Bad 
Half  a  crop 

Diseased 

Half  a  crop 

Much  diseased 

All  diseased 

Bad 

Much  hurt 

Very  bad 

AU  blighted 

Generally  diseased    E.  W.  Moore,  ColeshiU 

Diseased  .  Uxbridge 

Never  worse         J.  M.  Paine,  Farnham 


— ,  St.  Albans 

A.  Barfield,  Dunmow 
R."  Baker,  Writtle 

C.  Hall,  Romford 

W.  F.  Hobbs,  Colchester 

J.  Malpas,  Harwich 
J,  J.  Mechi,  Kelvedon 
H.  Cottrell,  Coogresbury 
C.  P.  Collyer,  Dulverton 
R,  S.  Graburo,  Glastonbury 
J.  Spencer,  Bowood 
T.  Arkell,  Swindon 

5,  Brown,  Avebury 
J.  Adnams,  Thatcham 
J,  WUliaois,  Abingdon 


Partly  diseased 
Very  bad 

Partly  diseased 

Partly  blighted      [ 

Under  average 

Greatly  diseased 

D'Bcased 

Diseased 

Much  blighted 

Very  bad 

All  diseased 
Diseased 

Much  disea:ed 
Very  bad 

Worse  than  ever 

Diseased 

Much  diseased 
Much  blighted 
Much  diseased 
Badly  diKCased 
Much  blighted 

Blighted 
Nearly  all  gone 
Badly  diseased 

Healthy  at  yet 
Much  diseased 

Disease  everywhere 
Diseased 

Good 

Diseased 

Good 

Disease  progrcssinR 

Everywhere  diceapei' 

One-tenth  of  crop 

diseased 

11  lighted 

Much  di.-oased 

Much  diseased 

Very  bad 

13' Ik' h  tod 

Much  dlneasod 

Faat  doniying 

Much  dineascd 

Much  diseased 

Very  bad 

Blighted 

Much  dlsi'uflcd 

Kllglitcd 

Onc-fou  th  gone 

DUeuHcd 

Fulled 

Dad 

CO  pRr  cent,  diflonacd 

Much  d{>'cni«od 

Biidly  dtHenNcd 

LoHH  blighted 

Much  Irijurud 

Much  dlnuriBcd 

Disciified 

Not  nr>uch  damaged 


J.  Smeed,  Margate 
M.  Sandford,  Dover 

R,  Matson,  Wingham 

J.  Brotherston,  Robertsbridge 

,  Chichester 

S.  Cheetham,  Southampton 
Hugh  Raynbird,  Laverstolce 
Jueeih  Blundell,  Burseldoa 
J.Eamea,  Beaulieu,  Lymiogton 
J.  T.  Twynam,  Stockbridgo- 

J.  W.  Clark,  Romsey 
W.  C.  Spooner,  Eling 

G.  Singer,  Dorchester 
J,  Furmedge,  Beaminster 

W.  VoBs,  Corfe  Castle 

G.  Turner,  Exeter 

O.  Langdoo.  Barnstaple 
S.  Cornish,  KiDg-.bridge 
J.  Benson,  Tavistock 
G.  W.  Fowler,  Dartmoor 
T.  Miohelmore,  Totnes 
J.  Wills,  Suuthpetherwyo 
a.  Trothewy,  Probua 
J.  Michell,  Truro 

J.  Williams,  Conway 
J.  Girdwood,  Chirk 

E.  H.  Griffith,  Denbigh 
T.  W.  Lawford,  Tirydall 

H.  Sinclair.  MountcharleB 
C.  P.  Boyce,   Straoorlan 
T.  A.  AtkinBou,  Ballyshannon 
J.  O'Donnell,  BallyBhannon 
J.  Moore,  Newtown  Limavady 
James  J.  Clark,  Maghera 

Charles  Pollock,  Maghorafelt 

Samuel  Orr,  Coleratoo 

Joseph  Lfiroh,  Bolfaat 

John  Burmiston,  RundalstOWD 

A,  M'Kinliiy,  Bush  Mills 

\\,  IlollH,  llaughton,  Liabura 

JiimcB  Knox,  Strahano 

W.  Piitoison,  Newton  Stewart 

Rev.  W.AtweU.  Olonse Rectory, 

Stewortstown 
J.PalcrBon,  ClemnHS,  Llnahkca 
Andrew  Mair,  LlnawKoa 
JiiiricH  Marrow,  ll^dlibny 
Rlv.G  B.CnuItor.Cuarlcblnyuey 
It.  Hoyd  Hardy.  Oaloy  Hill 
W.  M'Oletiry,  Portiiferry 
ThiimHH  Gracev,  Portiiierry 
John  M'Ki'o.  Comber 
II.  E.  Boyfi,  Rectory,  Dromaro 
John  Andrews,  Comber 
Uuhort  M'Donnell,  Clautagh 
Rrv.  ti.  Hlmm»,  Loughbricklnnd 
Gi'Oigo  Iltldobnind,  Wuatpolnt 
\.  a.  Porlilnn.  Killft.la 
J,  Ltndsny,  Manor  HoinlUoo 
W.  M  Cnlloob.  Dundnik    


556 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Aug.  28, 


STATE   OF 

THE   CRO?S—co7itimted, 

COUNTIES. 

WHEAT. 

BARLEY. 

OATS. 

BEANS. 

PEAS. 

GREEN  CROPS 

POTATOES. 

NAME  AND. ADDRESS, 

IRELAND. 

LONGFORD    

Generally  good 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Pair  crop 

Partly  blighted 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Very  good 

Somewhat  damaged 

Good 

Average 

Average  crop— much  laid 

Good 

Good 

Partially  damaged 

Fair  crop 

Seriously  injured  from  rain 

Slightly  improved 

Average 
Partially  injured 

Under  average 

Promises  well 

Injured 

Good 
Fair  crop 

Good 

Good 

Blighted— hurt  by  rain 

Much  injured  from  rain 

Various 

Good 

Tolerable 

Indifferent 

Blighted  and  deficient 

Fair 

Average 

Somewhat  injured 

Good 

Fine  crop 

Partial  blight 

Under  average— inferior 

quality 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Good 

Good 

Average 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Pretty   good 

Very  jiood 

Average 

Average— laid 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Under  average 

Damaged 

Good 
Fair  average 

Good 

Average 
Very  good 
Very  fine 

Various 

Tery  good 

Above  average 

Very  fine 

Good 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Fair 

Good 
Average 

Good 

Good 

Tliin 

Good 
Average 

Good 

Good 

Very  good 

Good 
Good 

Average 
Very  good 

Good 

Over  average 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Very  good 

Good 
Smut  appearing 

Good 
Very  good 
Very  good 
Excellent 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Tery  good 
Over  average 
Average— laid 

Good 
Eficeedingly 
good 
Damaged 
Much  laid 
Damaged 
Damaged 
Various 
Spring  OatB  in- 
jured 
Fair 
Slightly  blighted 
Good 
Good 
Average 

Very  good 

Good 

Very  fine 

Injured 

Very  good 

Very  good 

^Excellent 
Very  good 
Average 

Good 

Good 
Much  laid 

Good 
Very  fine 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Very  good 
Very  good 

Good 

Good 

Good 
Good 

Half  a  crop 

Under  average 

Good 
Good 

Good 

Average 
Good 

Superior 

Middling 
Good 

Uader  average 
GocJd 

Good 
Average 

Good 
Backward 
Very  good 
Very  good 
Very  good 

Good 
Over  average 

Good 
Various 
Promising 

Good 
Pretty  good 

Very  good 
Good 

Very  good 

Good 
Promising 

Good 
Very  good 

Good 
Promising 

Good 

Very  good 

Much  improved 

Late 

Backward 
Very  good 
Very  fine 

Fair 
Various 

Good 

Gooa 

Fair 
Very  good 

Good 
Very  good 

Indifferent 
Very  good 

Good 

Gocd 

Good 
Very  good 
Promising 

Fair 
Promising 

Fair 

Good 

Average 

Under  average 

Good 

Very  bad 

Diseased 

Total  failure 

Diseased 

Injured 

Tery  bad 

Blighted 

Diseased 

Complete  failure 

Partially  blighted 

Goin?  fast 

Much  blighted 

20  per  cent,  diseased 

Half  lost 

Three-fourtbs   de- 

stroycd 

Injured 

50  per  cent,  rotten 

Halflodt 

Blighted 

Much  diseased 

Greatly  damaged 

Injured 

Uncertain 

Greatly  blighted 

Bad 
.Much  diseased 

Much  diseased 

Much  injured 

Greatly  injured 

Blighted 

Rotting 

Much  Injured 

Middling 

Blighted 

Blighted 

Much  blighted 

Excellent- partiallv 

blighted 

RottiDg  fast 

Blighted 

Very  bad 

Blighted 

Much  diseased 

Decidedly  injured 

Blight  increasing 

Going  fast 

Diteased 

Worstyearsince  18iG 

Diseased 

Slight  blight 

Diseased— various 

Bad 

E.  Morgan,  Edeeworthatown 

WESTMEATH  

J.  M.  Goodiff.  Granard 
Rob.  Bagnell,  Tyrrell's  Pass 

GALWAY 

Walter  Newburn,  Mullingar 
R.  B.  Seymour,  Banagher 

KING'S  COUNTY    ... 
KILDARE    

Jamea  Ellis,  Le  terfeach 
Edw.  Bewley.M.D.,  Clare 
Gordon  Lamb,  Castle  Dermot 

CLARE 

Edward  Bennet,  Bally  Car 

TIPPERART    . 

D.J.  Wilson.  Six-mile  Bridge 
11.  Morray,  Miltown  Malbey 
Henry  Franks,  Killaloe 
W.  Dissen,  KiUaloe 
R.  D.  Bolton,  Massey,  Ballywir 

QUEEN'S  COUNTY... 
■CARLOW 

J.  Farrel,  Upper  Cooks  Abbey 

W.  Peel,  Clonmell 
James  Murphy,  Steward 
Michael  Dunne,  Ballymana 
Thoa.  Roe,  Coalfirm 
John  de  Reuzj,  Clonegal 

WICKLOW 

P.  E.  Hope,  Rutland  House 
James  Bryan,  BagoallBtowQ 
John  Dickson,  Tinakelly 

WEXFORD 

Geo.  Giaascott,  Carnolin 

KILKENNf    

Edw.  Carroll,  Castlebridge 
Alex.  Preston,  Enniecortby 

George  Gordon,  Bal'ycarney 
John  Deaoe,  StoVfestownRoIlo 
T.  Rudd,  Cioon  Ferns 
John  Richardson,  Ballyne 

WATERFORD  

Martin  Murphy,  Upper-grange, 

Gorsebridge 
W.  Somervilie,  Castlecomer 
P.  Grant,  Upper-court,  Fresb- 
E.  Kennedy,  Curibcka        [ford 

KERRY    

II.  T.  Barron,  Kiloiacthomas 
G.  Hill,  Cappoquin 
J.  Creagh,  Tarbet 

•CORK    ,.... 

SLTGO  

E.  M.  Dill,  M.  D.,  Killoghlia 

J.  Wilkinson,  J.  P.,  Cloyne 

R.  Hudson,  J.  P.,  Yoaghal 

H.  Longfield,  Doneraile 

f.  A.  Twioara,  Kanturk 

r.  C.  Cole,  J.  P.,  Innishannoa 

3.  Piddell,  M.  D.',  Kiidorrorey 

J.  y.  Kingston,  Bantry 

T.  J  eukins,  Kinsale 

David      Bockley,     Newcastle 

Blarney                

Denis  M'Gallivey,  Clonakilty 

CAVAN,.. 

Isaiah  Gibson,  Bailicboro' 

LIMERICK 

G.  Gubbins,  Bruff 

Home  Correspondence. 

A  Word  in  Season  (see  p.  509). — Many  have  read  witli 
little  profit  the  book  of  hfe  and  hght  Mr.  Smith  has 
been  in  the  habit  of  expounding  ;  we  cannot  therefore 
be  much  surprised  that  the  pamphlet  he  has  written 
should  also  have  failed  in  instiUing  its  proper  vivifying 
effects  on  our  friend  "Numskull;"  his  candom*,  however, 
and  courage  in  attaching  to  his  remarks  a  name  so  "very 
generally  disclaimed  by  his  family  give  us  some  hopes 
of  him.  We  admit  that  to  the  uninitiated  it  does  appear 
somewhat  astounding  that,  in  the  first  year,  Mr.  Smith 
can  obtain  by  his  plan  a  full  crop  on  half  the  land  ;  yet 
facts  ai*e  stubborn  things,  and  Mr.  Smith  does  so.  There 
are  certainly  some  things  both  in  the  book  and  in  the 
pamphlet  that  require  faith — and  we  deny  the  fright  of 
«  Numskull"  to  fail  in  this  on  the  integrity  of  Mr.  Smith  ; 
and,  decidedly  as  he  may  repudiate  **  much  benefit  from 
the  diggings  between  the  Wheat,"  we  boldly  tell  him  that 
to  these  diggingsand  workings,  and  to  the  spaces  uncropped 
between  the  rows  of  Wheat,  may  be  well  attributed,  as 
all  sufficient,  the  large  returns  which  give  Mr.  Smith  a 
full  crop  on  half  the  land  in  the  first  year  and  after  a 
crop  of  Wheat.  We  believe  Mr.  Smith,  and  our  own 
experience  gives  us  good  reason  to  do  so,  independent 
of  any  respect  we  may  have  for  him  ;  for  we  have  seen 
for  30  years  past  the  great  productiveness  of  grain  in 
rows  at  wide  intervals.  It  is  not  by  a  winter's  frost, 
but  by  a  12  month's  fallow,  that  Mr.  Smith  obtains  his 
results.  Powerful  as  is  the  action  on  vessels,  whether 
of  inoi'ganic  or.  organic  composition,  of  |alternate  frosts 
and  thaws,  of  solidifications  and  liquidations,  in  breaking 
■up  and  separating  their  parts,  yet  we  are  inclined  to 
think  the  mechanical  effects  of  the  winter's  exposure 
■have  been  overrated,  and  that  by  keeping  the  soil  open 
to  aerial  influences,  we  obtain  all  the  advantages  of  a 
fallow,  let  the  winter  be  as  free  from  frost  as  it  may. 
The  fresh  inch  of  crude  soil  thrown  to  the  top  by  Mr. 
Smith  cares  not  for  the  winter's  frost,  its  fertilisation 
does  not  depend  on  it,  it  imbibes  sufficient  ammonia 
and  carbonic  acid  by  its  12  months'  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere,  while  alternate  heats  and  colds,  though  the 
latter  reach  not  to  intense  frosts,  break  down  their 
parts.  We  have  also  buried  the  surface  and  brought 
■up  the  subsoil,  manuring  highly  and  with  very  injm'ious 
effects  for  years,  but  this  is  not  Mr.  Smith's  plan  ;  he 
gradually  brings  up  such  small  portions  of  the  subsoil 
as  can  in  12  months  be  efficiently  operated  on  by  natural 
■causes  ;  and  thus  gradually  bringing  crude  and  inactive 
elements  m  such  small  quantities  upon  the  surface, 
exposes  a  thin  coat  to  organic  action,  and  renders  it  fit 
Jor  organic  use  ;  he  thus,  at  the  same  time,  gradually 
increases  the  depth  of  the  active  soil,  and  there  is  no 

INumskuU  who  would  not  prefer  a  deep  soil  to  a  shallow 
one.  Ihere  is  something  unexplained  in  «  NuniskuH's" 
crops  of  chaff,  perhaps  the  birds  took  away  the  grain, 
or  perhaps  he  sowed  slippery  Wheat.  Very  many  persons, 


as  well  as  Mr.  Smith  and  "  Numskull,"  have  sown  Wheat 
thinly,  but  we,  hear  of  no  other  of  them  reaping 
a  crop  of  chaff.  Another  reverend  gentlemnn  allows 
each  of  his  grains  of  Wheat  (Mummy)  2  feet  of  ground 
to  luxuriate  in,  and  they  gratefully  give  him  enormous 
returns  of  grain,  without  any  preponderance  of  the  less 
weighty  ai'ticle  of  chaff.  We  have  often  admired  the 
immense  growth  and  promising  productiveness  of  isolated 
plants  of  grain,  but  have  been  told  they  would  come  to 
no  good,  and  truly  it  was  so  ;  for  the  birds  took  away 
the  grain  as  fast  as  it  filled  and  left  the  chaff,  which 
they  had  not  so  particular  a  fancy  for.  Mr.  Smith  has 
an  item  in  his  account  for  bird  watching.  We  cannot 
understand  what  there  is  in  thin  sowing  or  in  deep 
cultivation  to  produce  chaff  instead  of  grain.  Mr.  Smith 
can  afford  to  throw  off  a  pound  or  so  in  the  value  of 
the  straw,  and  yet  leave  himself  a  wide  margin  of  profit ; 
besides,  some  gentlemen  find  it  of  value  for  feeding, 
indeed  of  too  much  to  throw  under  the  cattle.  But 
"  Numskull "  himself  has  offered  a  very  excellent 
reason  for  adopting  Mr.  Smith's  plan  ;  if  "there  is  not 
much  profit  now  a  days  in  feeding  stock,"  surely  the 
advantage  is  much  enhanced  of  growing  a  succession  of 
crops  that  yield  annually,  without  injuring  the  soil,  a 

profit  of  from  HI.  to  91.  an  acre.  0, Observing  in  your 

No.  for  Aug.  7  a  correspondent  criticising  the  pamphlet 
*'  A  Word  in  Season,"  in  stating  his  opinion  upon  thin 
sowing  says,  that  having  used  Newington's  dibble  with 
2  pecks  of  seed  to  the  acre,  that  the  result  was  large 
ears,  as  large  as  three  ordinary  ones  ;  but  on  threshing, 
"  lots  of  chaff  and  little  corn."  Having  been  a  thin 
sower  for  years,  using  not  more  than  6  pecks  of  seed  to 
the  acre,  with  a  two-horse  drill,  and  always  reaping  as 
much  as  my  neighbours  who  use  9  pecks  (the  mystic 
number),  the  custom  in  ^this  neighbourhood,  last 
February  I  used  Dr.  Newington's  dibble  in  planting  an 
acre  with  Talavera  Wheat,  2  pecks  of  seed  only,  and  a 
finer  crop  could  not  possibly  be,  having  tillered  Jout  in 
a  very  satisfactory  way  ;  the  result  of  the  yield  shall  be 
communicated  to  the  Oazettc.  The  seed  was  put  in  after 
Mangold  Wurzel  ;  soil,  a  rich  sand  ;  was  twice  hoed, 
and  top-dressed  with  English  guano.  Dr.  Newington's 
dibbles,  from  their  delivering  only  two  or  three  corns  at 
a  dibb,  require  the  land  to  be  as  clean  as  a  gnrden,  and 
answers  best  with  planting  in  the  tui'n  of  the  year.  I 
have  always  used  it  at  that  time  and  with  success — have 
a  splendid  crop  of  Mangold  Wurzel  this  season  put  in 
with  Newington's,  and  a  more  even  plant  is  not  possible 
to  be  seen  ;  not  a  blot  over  the  whole  piece.  Amicus, 

Wheat. — With  all  deference  to  our  esteemed  friend 
Mr.  Wilkins,  we  trust  to  be  able  to  compete,  if  not 
exceed  him,  in  the  growth  of  Wheat  and  Barley,  on  a 
different  principle  from  his.  We  sincerely  hope  he  may 
prove  the  victor,  and  that  others  may  go  on  progressing, 
which  is  the  high  road  to  perfection.  With  reference  to 
the  rev.   gentleman's  late  sown  Barley,  if  it  has  any 


merit," the  credit  is  due  to  us,  as  he  borrowed  the  notion 
of  us  last  season  Ji'om  a  plot  which  he  saw  growing  on 
our  grounds,  sown  on  the  4th  of  Jane,  after  Potatoes. 
Enclosed  is  a  sample  of  it  harvested  last  September  at 
the  rate  of  5  qrs.  per  acx-e,  which  crop,  however,  is  too 
late  to  be  depended  on  as  a  general  rule,  and,  therefore, 
not  to  be  recommended.  We  have  this  year  attempted 
to  improve  the  growth  both  of  Wheat  and  Barley, 
combined  with  Potatoes,  and  trust  with  success  and 
satisfactory  results,  when  the  harvest  is  ended.  A.  Hardy 
and  Son,  Maldon, 


^OtlttltS* 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 
i  Continued  from  page  381.) 

May  12. — At  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Trimmer's  Lecture, 
already  given  to  our  readers,  on  the  agricultural  import- 
ance of  a  knowledge  of  the  warp  or  drift  forming  the 
soils  lying  on  different  geological  formations,  Mr.  Pusey, 
trustee,  in  the  Chair,  and  after  a  vote  of  thanks  moved 
by  Lord  Berners,  and'-seconded  by  Sir  John  Johnstone, 
Bart.,  M.P.,  for  Mr.  Trimmer's  kindness  in  preparing 
that  valuable  lecture,  and  his  trouble  in  illustrating  it 
with  so  interesting  a  series  of  original  geological 
diagrams,  the  meeting  was 'addressed  by. Lord  Berners, 
Captain  Wentworth  BuUer,  Mr.  Pusey,  and  Sir  Joha 
Johnstone. 

Clay-bank  Draining. — Lord  Berners,  on  rising  to 
propose  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Trimmer  for  his  inte- 
resting lecture  then  delivered  to  the  members,  remarked, 
that  if  he  had  understood  the  lecturer  correctly,  the 
furrows  to  which  he  had  alluded  in  reference  to  draining, 
were  the  same  as  what  in  Leicestershire  were  commonly 
known  as  "clay-banks"  ;  and  if  so,  his  lordship  could 
from  long  experience  corroborate  the  accuracy  of  Mr. 
Trimmer's  views  on  that  subject.  Lord  Berners  had 
found  the  only  way  to  drain  eftectually  and  cheaply  was 
to  ascertain  the  direction  of  those  banks  ;  for,  while  a 
drain  parallel  to  a  clay-bank  would  not  in  some  instances 
drain  to  an  extent  of  more  than  two  or  three  yards, 
one  across  the  bank  would  be  found  to  drain  to  20,  50, 
or  even  a  still  greater  number  of  yards  ;  a  fact  of  which 
he  had  proved  the  correctness  by  digging  trial-holes  in  , 
the  fields.  He  found  that  in  some  spots  of  the  strongest 
clays,  there  were,  at  various  depths,  little  sand-galls, 
fissures,  fibres,  stones,  or  some  porous  substance  ;  and 
that  between  these,  in  different  intervals  and  directions, 
ran  the  strong  clay-banks  alluded  to.  It  then  became 
evident  to  his  lordship  that  the  best  plan  to  adopt 
would  be  that  of  uniting  these  fissures,  by  cutting  directly 
across  and  througli  the  opposing  clay-banks  that  formed 
the  obsti'uction.  When  the  fall  was  in  more  than  one 
direction,  it  was  also  necessary  to  ascertain  whether  there 
was  any  other  obstructing  object,  such  as  a  hard  pan  or 
retentive  subsoil,  giving  to  the  under  or  lower  water  a 


35—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


W 


natural  course,  not  down  the  steepest  slopes  of  the  hill, 
(in  which  direction,  the  land  might  at  some  remote  date 
have  been  thrown  into  ridges) ;  in  such  cases  diagonal 
draining  only  having  been  found  to  be  effectual.  His 
lordship  added,  that  more  water  was  frequently  to  be 
found  in  or  under  the  slope  of  the  ridges  than  in  the 
furrows.  In  answer  to  a  question  then  put  to  liis 
lordship,  by  Mr.  Darby,  whether  such  drains  would 
stand  seven  years,  be  remai'ked  that  he  could  show 
some  di-aius  put  down  on  that  principle  20  years  ago, 
that  still  answered  perfectly  ;  while  others  placed  on  the 
old  system,  directly  down  the  steepest  part  of  the  slope, 
had  failed  entirely.  His  loi'dship  could  most  strongly 
recommend  the  plan  of  trial-holes,  both  before  the  com- 
mencement of  the  work  and  duruig  its  progress,  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering,  not  only  the  relative  depth  of  the 
lower  or  deep  water  in  different  parts  of  the  field,  but 
the  depth  also  of  the  fibres,  fissures,  or  porous  spots,  so 
frequently  to  be  found  m  the  strongest  clays.  By 
these  means  he  had  frequently  and  most  efiiciently 
drained  heavy  fields  at  one  quarter  the  cost  of  labour 
that  would  have  been  incurred  by  the  usual  practice  of 
draining  at  one  uniform  depth  and  width.  The  laud  on 
which,  his  operations  had  been  carried  on  in  Leicester- 
shii'e  consisted  of  a  strong  blue  clay,  that  hardened  on 
exposure. 

Manure-deposits. — Captain  Wentwortli  BuUer,  R.N., 
called  the  attention  of  the  Council  to  the  great  results 
that  would  in  all  probability  ai'ise  to  the  English  farmer, 
from  a  careful  habit  of  observation  among  our  navi- 
gators, in  reference  to  deposits  on  barren  rocks,  creeks, 
and  islands  throughout  the  world,  especially  iu  tropical 
regions.  He  laid  on  the  table  a  section  of  the 
Admiralty  charts,  on  which  were  laid  down  on  a  large 
scale  the  eastern  shore  and  the  adjacent  islands  of  the 
Pacific  ;  and  an  American  work  entitled  : — 

"  A  Narrative  of  Four  Voyages  to  the  South  Sea,  North  and 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  Chinese  Sea,  Ethiopia  and  Southern 
Atlantic  Ocean,  Indlaa  and  Antarctic  Ocean.  From  the  year 
2S22  to  1831  (comprising  Critical  Surveys,  Life,  &c.).  By 
Capt.  Beoj.  Morrell,  jao.     New  Tork  (Harper),  1832." 

This  work  at  the  time  of  publication  was  sold  in 
London,  at  155.,  by  0.  Rich,  12,  Red  Lion-square,  but, 
had  now  become  so  scarce  that  no  copies  of  it  were,  he 
believed,  to  be  met  with.  He  hoped  he  should  not  be 
introducing  a  subject  altogether  foreign  to  that  under 
discussion  if  he  gave  a  practical  illustration  of  the 
advantages  which  might  be  derived  from  this  habit  of 
obser^ong  the  different  deposits  upon  the  face  of  the 
earth.  Among  these  ^deposits,  none  were  of  greater 
importance  to  the  agriculturist  than  those  enor- 
muus  deposits  of  guano  which  were  now  known  to 
exist  in  different  quarters  of  the  globe,  but  which 
— for  want  of  observation  on  the  part  of  navigators 
and  travellers  —  had  so  long  escaped  notice.  The 
chart  which  he  now  produced  was  an  Admiralty  chart, 
showing  the  track  of  the  Beagle  in  183G.  On  it  were 
laid  down  the  Islands  of  Lobos  Afuera  and  Lobos  de 
Tierra;  still  from  this  survey  not  a  syllable  was  known 
of  the  enormous  deposit  of  guano  now  proved  to  exist 
in  these  islands.  This  discovery  was  due  to  Captain 
Morrell,  an  American  sealer,  whose  book  of  voyages  he 
now  produced.  He  thought  it  might  be  interesting  to 
tlie  Society  to  see  the  minute  description  of  these  islands 
given  in  this  book  with  the  account  of  the  guano.  He 
trusted  that  individual  members  of  the  Society,  who 
knew  so  well  the  value  of  guano,  would  take  the  subject 
up,  and  see  if  they  could  not  do  something  to  put  down 
or  to  mitigate  the  monopoly  now  claimed  by  the  Peru- 
vian Government.  It  could  not  be  supposed  that  an 
individual  like  himself  could  contend  with  such  a  power- 
ful monopoly  unless  supported  by  public  opinion.  He 
knew  of  no  subject  more  useful  and  advantageous  to  the 
Society  and  to  all  practical  men  than  that  of  cheapening 
guano.  Captain  Buller  concluded  his  remarks  by  striking 
evidence  connected  with  the  discovery  and  long  use  of 
guano,  the  geographical  localities  of  its  occurrence,  and 
hia  own  official  communications  with  the  Foreign-office 
on  the  importance  of  a  reduction  being  effected  in  its 
prices  to  the  agriculturists  of  this  country.  Captain 
Buller's  observations  excited  much  interest  in  the  meet- 
ing, and  were  received  with  full  concurrence  as  to  the 
xmportaDce  of  the  question, 

Sl-perficial  Deposits. — Mr.  Pusey  could  bear  witness 
to  the  priority  of  Mr.  Trimmer's  important  views  on 
superficial  deposita,  as  brought  under  the  notice  of  the 
Geological  Society  and  the  Koyal  Agricultural  Society 
of  England.  He  thought  that  great  benefit  would 
eventually  result  from  these  new^views,  in  determining 
more  accurately  the  relation  of  geology  to  agriculture 
in  itB  practical  bearings. 

Geological  Mai-I'I.ng  ov  Estatb-s. — Sir  John  V.  B. 
Johnstone,  Bart.,  .M.P.,  addrceaed  to  Mr.  Pusey,  in  18.30, 
a  letter  containing  the  particulars  of  the  geological  map 
and  survey  of  Sir  John's  llockness  estate,  ma<Je  for  him 
by  the  lat«  celebrated  Dr.  William  Smith.  This  letter 
was  publiahed  at  the  time  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
Society's  Joui-na/f  aud  the  following  extracts  from  it  will 
strongly  ilhiHtrato  the  importance  of  the  subject  of  Mi*. 
Trimmer's  lecture : — 

la  the  jcnr  l>t24,  havini;  obierrod  f^cat  variutlonn  In  tho 
loll*  upon  m;  oiate,  not  only  ou  tho  kUla  of  the  tiillH,  which 
might  bave  beuu  vxiifcutti,  but  alio  In  tho  fltildg  u|ion  Itio  iiib'u*. 
laad  forming  th«)  summit*  of  thcto  hllU»  and  which  from  butn^ 
flat,  or  rather  it()<:llMlntf  to  thn  nuutb  with  a  grii'lu-il  un'l  ua>iy 
•lope,  reoderer)  the  vurlu'ion  mnro  d*n)<:ult  Uj  explain,  I  iiivn- 
tl'/Qcd  tha  mihj-ct  to  Dr.  HmhU,  who  wan  th<Mi  Itxiuring  nt 
Hcarborou;(h,  und  »ijrr<--)ini;  tnu  ourrounJin^  dutriut,  with  tho 
view  of  profldK  ibo  Identity  of  tho  Hmiknust  ttirtin  wltti  iImho 
near  Oxford.  He  at  onco  "ff'-.TO'l  a  ft-^lutioo  of  my  di'liculry  by 
araferenctiio  geology;  and,  tiHTing  gono  orcr  intniituly  Uil- 
fiords  in  qii'-ntl  .o,  witu  a  r>:<lniu-A  miip  of  my  ft»tute  In  Itli 
faao'ls,  he  innrked  upjii  it,  lo  diircrvnt  colour*,  ttiu  rauyvfi  ut 


these  strata,  as  they  exhibittd  tbeu:i8elvea  in  Buccesaion  upon 
the  surface,  f.)rming  tliemselvuB  into  zones  oi-  breadths  of  one, 
two,  or  mnre  fields  together,  according  as  the  pai  ticular  Btratuiu 
which  came  to  the  surface  was  more  or  leaa  horizontal,  or  nmre 
or  less  thick.     The  result  thus  obtained  clearly  denionatrated 
that  the  value  of  each  field,  and  the  mode  of  cultivation  already 
adopted  (with  the  exception  of  the  uae  of  limt',  which  had  been 
too  frequently  and  too  indiscriminately  applied  to  the  entire 
Cytale),  corresponded  to  the  variations  of  the  strata,  and  were 
limited  by  the  areas  which  these  occupied  on  the  surface  ;  thus 
.-■bowing  tha'-  (though  the  results  had  been  arrived  at  by  the 
farmers  through  a  different  process,  viz.,  trial  and  ermr),  the 
geolonioal  character  of  a  country,  when  accurately  understood, 
pointed  out  at  once  the  natural  value  of  the  land,  and   the 
^JStem  of  cultivation  best  adapted  to  it.     For  instance,  on  the 
highest  rauKC  of  my  hills,  a  few  fields,  without  any  apparent 
reason,  have  been  universally  productive   iu  all  seasons  more 
so  than  the  fields  adjoining  them  on  a  lower  level,  and  which 
appeared  nearly  of  the  same  quality.     The  fossils,  and  other 
marks  well  understood  by  Dr.  Smith,  proved  them  to  consist 
of  an  insulated  portion  of  the  dppek  calcareius  grit  forma> 
tion,  which  also  produces  an  excellent  tract  of  land  in  another 
part  of  Yorkshire.     Subsequent  closer  inveetiKation  by  other 
geologists,  and  a  discovery  of  some  fresh  fossils,  makes  me 
now  think  that  the  vein  in  question  is  upon  the  upper  good  bed 
of  the  ordinary  calcareous  gi"it,  below  the  coralline  oolite,  and 
which    does    not    appear   elsewhere    in    the    neighbourhood. 
Whichever  formation,  however,  of  the  two  it  may  belong  to, 
the  peculiarity   remains  the  same.     Both  strata  in  other  dis- 
irictsform  good  .land.     I  have  niw  no  doubt  whatever  that 
the  soils  upon  the    calcareous   grit  formation  always   v;iry 
according  as  the  particular  beds  of  that  stratum  come  upper- 
most,    Si  also  through  all  the  successive  divisions  of  the  upper 
oolitic  series,  which  compose  this  estate,  it  was  seen  that  the  best 
upland  Gi-aFS  land  was  on  the  peculiar  zone  or  stratum  formed 
on  the  coralline  oolite  tiirough  all  the  farms,  though  separated 
from  each  other  by  v^ide  intervals.     We  also  discovered  what, 
when  followed  out  in  other  districts,  may  prove  a  most  valuable 
fact,  that  the  Wheat  is  usually  only  thrown  out  in  severe  frosts 
upon   those  fields  formed  by  this  same  coralline  oolite;  the 
same  cause  having  no  effect  upon  the  atijoiniiig  fields,  which 
are  on  a  different  strata,  lower  in  the  series,  and  of  a  sandy 
nature,  with  no  calcareous  matter  iu  them,    Alimeatone  road, 
as  you  know,  lifts  more  in  frost  than  a  gravel  road  ;  and  a  dif- 
ferent method  of  planting  Wheat  upon  chalk,  or  other  calca- 
reous soils,  roust  be  pursued  than  that  usually  adopted,  if  we 
wish  to  secure  our  Wheat  crops  from  failure  from  this  par- 
ticular cause.    Next  we  found  (as  is  the  case  over  an  extensive 
district  here)  that  the  entire  surface  of  the  portion  as  yet  left 
out  of  cultivation  upon  the  estate  was  foi  med  by  the  worst  beds 
of  the  calcareous  grit,  which  (notwithstanding  their  name)  con- 
tain   no    calcareous    matter   whatever.      On    analysing  three 
divisions  ot  the  calcareous  grit  rock  at  Scarborough,  I  find  that 
the  two  upper  beds  are  calcareous,  the  highest  of  the  two  in  the 
greatest  degree,   probably  from  ita  vicinity  to  the  coralliae 
oolite,  which  immediately  covers  it;  but  a  lower  bed  there, 
like  that  nt  Hackness,  is  entirely  destitute  of  Ume.     This  dis. 
tinction  should  be  followed  out  and  tested  in  other  districts, 
as  we  know  that  in  many  places  the  calcareous  grit  forms  very 
good  land  ;  probably  this  arises  from  the  calcareous  beds  being 
there  uppermost.     Again,  when,  on  descending  the  hill  sides, 
it  was  found  that  there  were  certain  fie'ds  which — whether 
towards  the  south  or  north,  whatever  the  aspect,  whatever  the 
local  circumstances  (so  long  as  not  too  steep  to  be  ploughed)  — 
invariably  produced  good  Wheat ;  it  was  a  triumph  for  aj;ricul- 
tural  geolo^'y  to  discover  that  these  fields  were  invariably  upon 
the  Oxford  clay,  or  rather  where  the  lower  beds  of  the  calc 
grit  become  mixed  up  with  that  formation  ;  and  comparing  the 
comparative  value  aiid  growth  of  timber  produced  upon  dif- 
ferent portions  of  the  slopes  where  too  steep  tor  ploughing,  it 
was   saiisfactorily  established  that  Oaks  flourished  the   best 
upon  this  identical  stratum  or  zone  wburevor  existing.     It  also 
appeared  on  examination  that  the  lowest  bed  of  this  same  Oxford 
clay  was  the  only  water-tight  stratided  bed  on  the  estate,  atid 
threw  out  every  spring  on  the  hill  sides — a  fact  which,  had  it 
been  known  sonio  years  ago,  coupled  with  the  knowledge  we 
now  possess  of  the  thickness  of  the  superincumbent  strata, 
would  have  saved  much  money  expended  in  siukiag  for  wells 
upon  the  highest  range  of  these  bills.     The  facility  with  which 
water  had  been  obtained  by  shallow  wells  on  a  neighbouring 
summit  had  probably  misled  tjie  then  managers  of  the  estate. 
Dr.  Smith  discovered  that  the  height  last  named,  was  covered 
with  diluvium,  which  had  a.  water-tight  seam  in  it  below  the 
gravel,  a  few  feet  below  the  surface,   and  thus  produced  the 
well  or  spring.    In  this  case,  geological  knowiudge  would  have 
shown  at  once  the  different  construction  of  the  two  hills.     It  is 
a  curious  fact  that  the  greatest  mass  of  diluvial  matter  upon 
the  estate  should  be  on  one  of  the  highest  summit  levels  ;  thus 
giving  water  at  an  easy  depth,  and   forming  a  tract  of  good 
Grass  land.    I  may  therefore  fairly  say,  that  the  geological  map 
and  survey  of  my  estate  (which  I  allow  is  peculiarly  adapted 
for  such  an  experiment,  through  the  variety  and  number  of  the 
subdivisions  of  the  oolitic  series  which  develope  themselves  suc- 
cessively upon  the  surface),  has  not  only  explained  thg  reason 
of  the  discrepancy   between  the  soil   and  productiveness  of 
neighbouring  fields — a  mattei"  of  great  interest,  and  tendin;,'  to 
develope  the  true  conditions;  of  vegetable  life — but  that  the 
ollowing  positive  practical  results  will  also  have  been  derived 
rom  it :— 1st.  The  knowledge  of  applying  lime  to  advautage 
over  the  property.     2d.  Laying  down  fields  to   advantage    to 
Grass,  and  where  and  how  to  plant  Wheat.    3d.  What  sorts  of 
trees  to  plant  upon  each  stratum.     It  is,  moreover,  important 
to  possess  a  sort  of  theory  of  the  whole  series  of  soils,  which 
explains  m^iny  of  their  peculiarities,  and  furnishes  hints  for 
future  .agricultural  operations.     I   have  before  observed  that 
the  best , Grass  land  upon  the  hills  is  upon  the  coralline  ooiitic 
bede.    lly  geological  map  at  once  points  out  all  those  portions 
of  the  estate  which  constist  of  this  stratum,  and  upon  which 
there  is  obviously  no  necessity  fur  lime  ;  and  I  am  thus  saved 
from  the  task  which  otherwise  I  should  have  to  encounter,  of 
analysing  tho  soil  of  each  individual  field.    The  above  are  a 
few  of  the  more  striking  results  which  have  followed  from  the 
geological  survey  of  my  estate,  and  may  perhiips  servo  to  show 
that,   by  pursuing  a  himilar  system  over  different  districts  (.f 
our  island,  the  knowledge  of  the  regular  stratification  of  the 
earth  may  be  made  subservient  to  the  systematic  arrangement 
of  those  facts,  trials,  and  experiments  which  societies  like  this 
will  encourage  and  collect.     It  is  quito  clear  that  the  results  of 
tho  bcft  local  practice  on  different  soils  have  never  yet  been 
gencialised,  nor  even  had  tlie  benefit  of  a  judicious  seleuiion. 
Gertaln  soils  are  bo  obviously  connected  with  their  bases,  that 
we  need  scarcely  ask  howgi^ology  and  agriculture  are  linked 
together;   and,   to  use  Dr.    Smith's  own   words,  "  Tho  [strata 
succeed  oacl)  other  in  a  certain  order,  and,  being  doliiieiited,  a 
knowledge  of  the  strata  biiconics  tho  natural  and  safe  founda- 
tion  of  improvement ;  and  if  agricultural    chemistry  bo  [ever 
successfully  ajiplicd  to  tho  practical  purposes  of  ugriculiure,  it 
mu'it  be  by  proceeding  with  tlioohcmicjl  anulydis  of  «oiU  along 
tho  range  of  each  sfruturn."     I'rocooding  then  on  Ibo  pobilivu 
baeib  estubliitbed  by  tho  Pciciico  of  geology,  wo  may  spruud  on 
that  baflo  u  new  layer  of  factu,  with  ready  ruferoncoH  to  them 
for  local  use  or  general  reasoning.     Arranged  upon  maps  ihcy 
may  be  readily  Heen,  compared,  and  generalised.     When  any 
two  parlies  have  made  oxiierlmcntn  upun  the  snino  stratum,  no 
mutter  which,  a  conijiarlHun  can  then  bo  made.    Chuinijti  will 
Ihui  by  culled  into  action,  und  as  thu  dilVuront  limestone,  soUa, 
and  clajH,  Htn,,  vary,  ho  in  lieu  of  tho  general    tcrnin    simdy, 
loamy,  or  clayey,  wiifch  aro  only  generic  dlittiiiclloiiH  of  litUo 
UHo,   aiiccitlf!  digflnctloue  dcrlvod  from  geological   turinn    will 
hcrcultor  bo  uitd. 

At  tlic  present  mccthig,  Six'  Jolin  Johnstone  coufu'med 


hy  further  experience  his  full  estimation  of  the  value  of 
detailed  maps  of  estates,  in  reference  to  the  comiexion 
of  their  geological  aud  agricultural  characters,  and  the 
great  practlcaUmportance  of  the  suhject.  He  felt  a  great 
desire  that  the  opportunity  of  Mr.  Trimmer's  immediate 
attention  to  illustrations  of  this  nature  should  be 
rendered  available  to  an  extended  prosecution  of  his 
researches  and  elucidations — the  operations  thus  under- 
taken by  hira  professionally  being  so  far  a  question  of 
expense  as  to  save  him  from  loss  by  the  requisite  outlay^ 
while  he  liberally  gives  up  his  time  and  services  to  their 
prosecutiou.  Having  consulted  Mr.  Trimmer  on  this 
point,  the  following  arrangements  had  been  proposed  by 
Mr.  Trimmer  : — 

Wilmington,  near  Dartford,  Kent,  May  18,  1852. 
I  have  so  much  confidence  in  the  value  of  the  plan  which 
I  propose  for  laying  down  on  one  map  the  variations  of  soil 
and  subsoil,  and  am  so  anxious  to  have  it  brought  to  the  test 
of  experiment,  that  if  any  landowner  can  be  induced  to  have 
1000  acres  mapped  on  my  plan  a-t  a  specimen,  I  shall  be  bappy 
to  uniiertake  it  on  the  following  terms  :  — 

1.  If  there  ii  no  private  map  of  the  estate  from  which  a 
trace  can  be  t:iken  for  the  field,  he  shall  procure  one  from  the 
Tithe  Office,  for  which  they  will  charge  Id.  the  acre, 

2.  He  shall  pay  for  the  paper  for  the  fair  copy;  and,  if  I 
find  it  necessary  to  employ  a  draughtsman  to  make  it,  be  shall 
pay  the  draughtsman.  Theae  two  items  may  come  to  about 
id.  the  acre. 

3.  He  ebttll  allow  me  two  men  for  a  few  weeks,  to  open  holes 
where  I  require  it,  and  to  fill  them  in  again, 

4.  I  will  give  my  time  to  the  work  gratuitously. 

5.  I  shall  be  permitted  to  exhibit  the  map,  and  to  explain  the 
resultH  obtained,  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
tho  Geological  Society,  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  the  BritiBh 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

(Signed)  Joehda  Trimmer. 

Sir  John  Johnstone  hoped  that  some  opportunity 
would  be  afforded  for  the  engagement  of  Mr.  Trimmer's 
valuable  services  and  matured  scientific  experience  in  a 
work  of  so  interesting  and  practical  character  as  the 
one  now  proposed. 


HIGHLAND   AND   AGRICOLTURAL  SHOW  AT    PERTH. 

Atigifst  5. — The  general  show  of  implements  and  live 
stock  was  held  to-day,  and  it  appeal's  to  be  the  unani- 
mous feeling  of  all  practical  men  that,  so  far  as  real 
utility  is  concerned,  this  has  been  one  of  the  most  satis- 
factory and  gratifying  exhibitions  ever  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Highland  Society.  In  fashionable 
parlance  it  may  be  characterised  as  "  small  and  select ;" 
and  this  remark  is  especially  true  of  the  implement 
department,  in  which  there  was  none  of  those  cumbrous 
aud  complicated  contrivances  miscalled  agi'lcultural 
machines,  and  which,  to  be  properly  worked,  wouid 
require  a  resident  engineer  to  direct  them.  The 
exhibitors  in  this  department  have  evidently  learnt 
wisdom  from  former  ^failures,  and  the  suggestions  of 
previous  judges.  There  are  now  greater  simplicity  of 
design,  more  substantial  workmanship  and  strength  of 
material  at  those  places  where  the  strain  is  greatest, 
combined  also  with  a  better  application  of  the  principles 
of  mechanical  philosophy  to  the  lessening  of  draught  or 
power  required,  and  the  attaining  of  strength  without 
increasing  the  weight  of  material  employed.  There  is 
one  point,  however,  in  which  further  improvement  is 
still  desirable  ;  viz.,  greater  reduction  of  cost.  High 
prices  defeat  the  end  they  are  intended  to  subserve,  in 
consequence  of  stopping  demand,  or  at  least  confining 
it  to  a  smaller  circle  of  customers.  Drill  sowing 
machines  come  under  this  category  in  a  very  marked 
degree  ;  for  why  is  it  that  the  simple  operations  of 
making  a  rut  and  depositing  the  seed  should  necessitate 
the  construction  of  a  machine  which  costs  from  251.  to 
35^  I  There  is  not  material  to  account  for  such  a  price  ; 
and,  so  far  as  workmanship  is  concerned,  much  hammer- 
ing aud  filing  which  serve  no  practical  or  useful  end 
might  be  dispensed  with.  Corn-drilling  machines  are 
not  likely  to  come  into  general  use  in  Scotland  until! 
they  can  be  made  aud  sold  for  a  sum  not  exceeding  10^* 
LIVE  STOCK. 

Beginning  with  cattle,  the  first  class  that  comes  under 
review  is  short-horn  bulls.  For  the  premium  for  bulla 
of  any  age  there  'were  21  competitors  ;  it  was  canned 
off  by  Mr.  Crisp,  of  Northumberland,  for  his  4  years 
and  4  months  old  bull,  bred  by  himself.  This  bull 
gained  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's  premium  at 
Lewes,  and  appears,  therefore,  to  be  a  favourite  with 
those  who  are  considered  the  best  judges  both  in  England 
aud  Scotland.  He  is  no  doubt  a  very  fine  animiil,  btifc 
there  are  points  about  him,  especially  in  the  downward 
twist  of  the  horn  and  the  shortness  of  his  hair,  which 
must  be  considered  as  very  serious  defects.  There 
were  not  many  first-rate  animals  in  this  class,  and 
several  of  tiiem  were  very  inferior.  The  first  premium 
bull  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Improvement  Society  of' 
Ireland  was  also  a  competitor  in  this  class,  but  was  not 
even  considered  worthy  of  commendation  ;  he  is,  never- 
theless, a  good  animal,  well  covered  with  long  hair,, 
hardy  looking,  but  sadly  deficient  behind  the  shoulder, 
and  a  slight  tendency  to  droop  in  the  back. 

Bulls  Calved  in  1850. — There  were  1,1  competitors 
in  this  section,  and  tho  i)remium  was  awarded  to  Mr.  A. 
Cruikshanii,  Lyttyton,  Aberdeen,  for  a  roan  bull  1  year 
and  1 1  montiis  old,  bred  by  William  Smith,  of  West 
liasen  ;  thia  was  a  very  beautiful  animal,  of  remarkably 
fine  Hymmctry  in  the  hiiul-quartors,  soft  skin  well 
covered  with  close  silky  Iniir  ;  if  ii  fault  could  bo  found 

th  him  it  would  bo  in  tho  liorns,  whicli  betray  a  coarse- 
ness which  augury  badly  for  the  appearance  of  hia  head 
when  fully  grown.  There  were  many  fine  animals  in 
tliis  soction. 

iiuxAM  Calvkd  in  1851.  —  Thirteen  competitors  in 
this  seition.  rrcniiuni  awarded  to  the  Dnkc  of  Buc- 
cleuch  lor  u  bull  I  youi'  and  G  months^  bred  by  S.  15, 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Aug.  28, 


Bolden,  Lancaster  ;  this  bull  is  a  strawberry  colour, 
very  large,  and  has  very  fine  points  every  way,  and  is 
probably  the  finest  bull  shown  at  Perth. 

Cows  OF  ANY  Age. — Fifteen  competitors.  Premium 
awarded  to  James  Douglas,  Athelstaueford,  Haddington, 
for  liis  cow,  Rose  of  Autumn ;  bred  by  John  La  Toucliej 
Harristown,  Ireland.  This  cow  was  sold  by  Mr.  Douglas 
at  his  sale  of  short  horns,  lately,  for  105  guineas,  ' 
and  her  calf  was  sold  for  22^.  The  riglit  to  exhibit  this 
cow  at  the  Perth  show  was  reserved  by  Mr.  Douglas; 
her  colour  is  mostly  red,  with  white  flanks.  Being 
greatly  out  of  condition,  this  cow  did  not  look  well  at  the 
show,  and  many  tyros  were  at  a  loss  to  discover  the 
merits  which  induced  the  judges  to  place  her  first  on  the 
list.  The  second  premium  was  gained  by  Mr.  \V.  Tod, 
Elphinstone  Tower,  Tranent,  for  a  cow  bred  by  R. 
Ooldsborough — both  premiums  have  therefore  gone  to 
East  Lothian. 

Heifers  Calved  in  1050.— Six  competitors.  Pre- 
mium gained  by  James  Douglas,  Athelstaueford,  for  a 
-dark  roan  heifer,  Village  Belle,  2  years  and  4  mouths ; 
bred  by  himself.  This  is  a  very  fine  animal,  aud  in 
our  opinion  the  best  animal  of  the  short-horned  breed  in 
the  yard;  her  pedigree,  is  sire  Dusty  Miller  (9054), 
dam  Blue  Bell,  by  Captain  Shaftoe  (6S34)  ;  g.  d.  by 
Tomboy, 

Heifers  Calved  in  1851.— Fourteen  competitors. 
Premium  to  James  Douglas,  Athelstaneford,  for  a  1  year 
and  5  months  old  heifer.  Purity,  bred  by  himself  ;  her 
colour  is  nearly  a  pure  white,  and  in  point  of  symmetry 
is  almost,  if  not  quite,  equal  to  Village  Belle.  James 
Gulland,  Newtown  of  Wemyss,  Fife,  exhibited  three 
very  fine  heifers  in  this  section,  one  of  which  was  com- 
mended by  the  judges,  and  all  of  them  greatly  admired 
by  the  visitors. 

POLLED  BREEDS:  AN&US,  ABERDEEN, ASD GALLOWAY. 

Bulls  of  any  Age.  —  Six  competitors.  Premium 
awarded  to  Hugh  Watson,  Keillor,  for  an  Angus  bull, 
3  years  and  4  months  old,  bred  by  himself.  Mr.  Watson 
also  carried  off  the  sweepstakes  for  another  Angus  bull, 
aged  14  years  and  4  months,  bred  by  himself.  This  bull 
having  gained  the  Society's  first  premium  at  Inverness 
in  1846,  could  only  be  admitted  in  competition  for  the 
sweepstakes.  Both  animals  were  gi'eatly  admired  for 
their  perfect  symmetry,  fine  heads,  deep  briskets,  full 
rounded  shoulders,  straight  backs,  wide  quarters,  and 
short  small  legs. 

Bulls  Calved  in  1850. — Eleven  competitors.  The 
premium  bull  in  this  section  is  also  of  the  Angus  bi'eed, 
the  property  of  Alexander  Bower,  Mains  of  Kelly, 
Arbroath,  andbred  by  him  ;  aged  2  years  and  4^  months. 
This  is  a  vei'y  superior  animal,  possessing  all  the  best 
properties  of  the  breed.  Alibis  points  are  well  rounded, 
and  the  entire  figure  is  well  proportioued,  so  that  he 
looks  smaller  than  he  really  is — ^indeed,  this  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  breed. 

BullsCalvedin1851. — Seven  competitors.  Premiums 
to  Thomas  Carnegy,  of  Craigo,  Monti'ose,  for  an  Angus 
bull,  aged  1  year  and  5  montlis,  and  bred  by  himself. 
This  animal  is  well  developed^  and  possesses  most  of  the 
characteristic  excellences  of  the  breed.  A  very  fine 
a.nimal  was  also  exhibited  in  this  section  by  Hugh 
Watson,  Keillor,  which,  however,  was  only  considered 
second  in  merit  by  the  judges. 

-  Cows  OF  ANY  Age. — Twelve  competitors.  First  pre- 
tnium  awarded  to  William  M'Combie,  Tillyfour,  Aber- 
deen, for  a  cow  of  the  Angus  breed,  aged  3  years  and 
6  months,  bred  by  himself  ;  and  the  second  premium 
was  awarded  to  Hugh  Watson,  of  Keillor,  for  a  cow  of 
the  same  breed  and  same  age,  bred  by  himself.  Both 
cows  were  perfect  pictures  of  beauty. 

Heifers  Calved  in  1850. — Ten  competitors.  Both 
the  first  and  second  premiums  in  this  section  were  gained 
by  William  M'Combie,  Tillyfour,  Aberdeen,  for  two 
Angus  heifers,  aged  respectively  2  years  and  6  months 
and  2  jears  and  5  months,  bred  by  himself.  Two  very 
fine  animals,  not  surpassed  in  symmetry  by  any  in  the 
show-yard,  if  they  could  even  be  said  to  be  equalled. 

Heifers  Calved  in  1851.— Six  competitors.  Pre- 
mium to  Robert  Scott,  Balwyllo,  Brechin,  for  an  Augus 
heifer,  aged  1  year  and  4^  months,  bred  by  himself. 
The  wliole  of  the  heifers  in  this  and  the  preceding  class 
-were  very  superior,  indeed  ;  so  equal  were  they,  that 
■considerable  difficulty  must  have  been  experienced  in 
determining  which  was  really  the  best  animal.  As  a 
breed,  the  Angus  stood  decidedly  highest,  not  only 
among  the  polled  breeds,  but  also  among  all  the  different 
breeds  of  cattle  in  the  yard.  It  will  also  be  observed, 
that  although  there  were  many  polled  Galloways  shown, 
that  the  Angus  invariably  carried  off  the  premiums. 
There  is  a  fineness,  sweetness,  and  quality  about  the 
•real  Angus  that  the  Galloway  ox  wants  ;  and  this  might 
■suggest  the  propriety  of  bringing  Angus  bulls  to  the 
south  of  Scotland,  where  the  Galloways  prevail,  in  order 
to  improve  the  breed. 

While  under  the  head  of  polled  oxen  we  may  notice  a 
cow  and  calf,  the  property  of  Mr.  Watson,  Keilloi*, 
exhibited  among  the  extra  stock.  The  cow  is  twenty- 
six  years  of  age,  and  was  bred  by  Mr.  Watson.  She  has 
gained  the  Society's  prize  in  evet'y  class,  and  has  given 
birth  to  and  matured  twenty-three  calves.  She  is  still 
youtliiul  in  appeai-ance,  and  might  easily  pass  for  8  or 
-9  years  old. 

n,  AYR^^HIRE  BREED. 

ine  show  of  Ayrshire  stock  was  much  inferior  to 
wbat  It  was  at  Glasgow  in  1 850.  The  number  was  less 
and  the  animals  were  very  unequal  ;  for,  although  there 
were  some  of  very  considerable  merit,  there  were  many  far 
too  mterior  to  claim  attention  in  a  show-yard.  Of  bulls 
ol  any  age  there  were  eight  competitors,  and   of  bulls 


calved  in  1850  six  competitors.  The  winner  in  both 
cases  was  Mr.  A.  W.  Buttery,  Markland  Iron  Works, 
Airdrie  ;  and  both  bulls,  especially  the  oldest,  were  very 
superior.  Mr.  Buttery  also  gained  the  first  prize  for 
the  best  cow  of  any  age,  iu  milk.  Tiiis  cow  is  of  very 
good  symmetry,  and  is  a  very  good  milker,  having  given 
54  imperial  pints  daily  for  some  time  after  going  to 
Grass,  and  even  yet  the  daily  yield  is  36  pints.  The 
second  prize  wasawarded  to  James  Young,  Handakwood, 
Midlothian.  There  were  nine  competitors  iu  section  17, 
cows  of  any  age  in  calf.  The  first  premium  was  gained 
by  Alexander  M*Lachlan,  East  Longhaugli,  Renfrew- 
shire, for  a  very  handsome  brown  cow,  aged  5  years, 
bred  by  John  Steele,  Erskine.  The  second  premium 
went  to  R.  Kirkwood,  High  Longmuir,  for  a  cow  4  years 
aud  1  month  old,  bred  by  Geuse  Cowan,  Wheatrigg, 
Dreghorn. 

HIGHLAND  CATTLE. 

Of  bulls  of  any  age  there  were  12  competitors.  Pre- 
mium to  the  Right  Hon.  Duncan  M'Neill,  of  Colonsey, 
for  a  bull  8  years  and  2  months  old,  bred  by  C.  Stewart, 
late  of  Chesthill.  In  this  section  tliere  were  several 
good  specimens  of  the  Highland  breed,  and  others  very 
inferior.  The  prize  bull  is  small,  but  shows  the 
characteristic  points  of  tlie  breed  very  markedly.  Of 
bulls  calved  after  1850  there  were  six  competitors,  and 
the  premium  was  carried  off  by  John  M'Donald, 
Inverlochlany,  Locheamhead,  Perthshire,  for  a  browu 
bull,  2  years  and  6  months  old,  bred  by  exhibitor.  Of 
cows  of  any  age  there  were  13  exhibitors,  and  the 
premium  was  awarded  to  the  Marquis  of  Breadalbane, 
for  a  5  year  and  6  months  old  dun-coloured  cow,  with 
plenty  of  good  soft  hair,  and  of  good  touch.  Another 
very  neat  cow  was  exhibited  in  this  section  by  Neil 
Malcolm,  of  Pottallock,  Lochgelphead.  Of  heifers 
calved  in  1849  there  were  12  competitors,  and  the 
premium  was  awarded  to  the  Marquis  of  Breadalbane 
for  a  heifer  3  years  and  4  months  old,  of  a  brown 
colour,  and  having  a  very  fine  body,  but  a  remarkably 
coarse,  ill-shaped  head.  The  second  prize  was  given  to 
Robert  Peter,  Urlar,  Aberfeldy,  for  a  very  good  heifer 
of  a  dun  colour,  3  years  and  4  months  old,  bred  by 
himself.  Of  heifers  calved  in  1830  there  were  nine 
entries,  and  the  prize  was  gained  by  Donald  M'Laren, 
Bracleny,  Callander,  for  a  very  handsome  brindled 
heifer,  2  years  and  6  months  old,  bred  by  himself. 

FIFE  BREED  OF  CATTLE. 

Of  bulls  of  any  age  there  were  only  five  competitors. 
Premium  to  John  Rintoul,  Ovenstone,  Pittenweem, 
for  a  very  handsome  but  smallish  black  bull,  aged  4  years 
and  2  months,  bred  by  exhibitor.  Of  cows  of  any  age 
there  were  five  entries,  and  the  premium  was  gained  by 
William  Fullerton,  Mains  of  Ardestre,  Dundee.  There 
were  none  of  these  cows  that  could  rank  higher  than 
secondary  beasts  ;  and,  moreover,  the  purity  of  some  of 
them  must  be  doubted.  Of  heifers  calved  in  1850,  there 
were  only  four  entries,  and  the  premium  was  gained  by 
David  Wallace,  Balgrummo,  Leven  Fife,  for  a  strong- 
boned  black  heifer,  aged  2  years  and  4  months,  bred  by 
exhibitor.  Under  the  head  of  Fifeshire  cattle,  we  may 
notice  two  fat  four-year-old  oxen,  which  were  exhibited 
among  the  extra  stock,  by  George  Brown,  Kingbarus. 

HORSES  FOR  AGRTCPLTUR4L  PURPOSES. 

There  were  21  competitors  for  the  premiums  offered 
for  stallions  of  any  age,  the  first  of  which  was  awarded 
to  Samuel  Clark,  Manserral,  Kilbarchan,  Renfrewshire, 
for  a  dark  brown  stallion  with  white  hind  feet,  aged 
5yearsand  2  months;  andthe  second  premium  was  gained 
by  John  Smith,  Grass-market,  Edinburgh,  for  a  dark 
brown  stallion,  aged  8  years,  bred  by  John  Finuie, 
Swanston,  Our  own  opinion  was  that  the  second  horse 
was  the  better  of  the  two,  not  only  as  regards  soundness, 
but  also  in  figure  and  action,  and  this  opinion  seemed  to 
be  prevalent  with  the  great  majority  on  the  show  day. 


late.  They  are  very  quickly  sold,  at  an  advance  of  fully  2d. 
per  8  lbs.  on  all  kind^.  AUhjUij'h  the  number  of  Calves  is  still 
large,  the  st-arcity  of  Sheep  h»s  an  evident  effjut  upon  the  sale 
of  them,  and  prices  have  advanced,  especially  for  the  choicest 
descriptions,  which  are  scarce.  From  Germany  and  Holland 
we  have  about  500  Beasts,  20)0  Sheep,  and  440  Calves;  200 
Beasts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and  97  Milch  Cows 
from  the  home  counties. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Ashes  \  A  B  C.  What  do  you  mean  by  the  "  burnt "  ashes  witb 
which  you  asU  us  tn  compare  coal-ashes  ?  If  you  mean  the 
heaps  remainine  after  burning  turf,  we  should  greatly  prefer 
them  to  the  ashes  of  coal;  especially  if  burned  slowlv  in 
large  heaps,  so  as  not  to  dissipate  the  charcoal. — Plants 
differ  greatly  in  the  proportion  which  obtains  between  the 
quantity  of  food  taken  in  by  their  roots  and  by  their  leaves 
respectively. 

Bees  :  W  W  H  will  be  obliged  by  being  told  of  anything  to 
flower  early  in  the  ppriog  of  next  year,  if  sown  now,  better 
than  spring  Tares,  to  supply  bees  with  food,  and  afterwards 
fur  the  use  of  the  cows.  He  wants  something  which  will  not 
give  an  unpleat^ant  flavour  to  the  milk  or  butter. 

Cochin  Chinas  :  L  FJ.  We  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  you. 

Weed  :  J  S.  It  is  Clover  Dodder ;  you  should  pare  every  patch 
of  it  and  burn  it. 


C0VE5T  GARDEN,  Ado.  23. 
The  supply  of  buth  Vegetables  and  Frutt  has  been  good, 
wi'.h  the  exception  of  bubh  fruit,  which  begins  toget  scarce. 
Melons  are  more  plentiful.  Excellent  Greengage  and  other 
Piums  still  arrive  from  France,  and  also  Apricots,  Jargo- 
netlo  Pears,  and  Apple".  Tomatoes  likewise  continue  to  be 
imp  >rted.  Filberts  are  coming  in  very  plentifully,  but  being 
yet  very  unripe,  they  sell  slowly  at  35d.  and  45s.  per  100  lbs. 
Potatoes  are  very  plentiful.  Peas  are  somewhat  scarcer. 
West  India  Pine-applea  are  nearly  over.  Mushrooms  are 
cheap.  Cut  a.iwers  couaist  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Roses, 
Mignonette,  Bigaonia  Tcnusta,  and  Fuch&ias. 
FaUlT. 


i¥larRet0» 

'  ^  SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Aug.  23. 
There  is  a  considerable  increase  in  the  supply  of  Beasts  ;  we 
havp  a  fair  demand,  but  prices  are  on  the  average  lower.  In 
choicest  qualities  there  is  not  much  redudion.  The  numbtr 
of  Sheep  an<l  Lambs  is  also  larger,  but  a  large  portion  are  i>f 
inferior  quality,  consequently  the  best  kinds  cannot  be  quoted 
lower.  We  have  fewer  Calves,  bu'  quite  equal  to  the  demand  ; 
prices  on  the  averae:e  are  no  better.  From  Germany  anil 
Holland  there  are  177i  Beasts,  700U  Sbeep,  3i6  Calves,  and  SO 
Pius  :  from  Scotland,  70  Beasts  ;  and  2700  from  the  northern 
and  midland  counties. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  Gs 
Grapes,hothouse,p,  lb.,2sto58 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  63  to  129 
Necarines,  per  doz.,  48  to  12d 
Apricots,  per  doz.,  li  to  4s 
Plums,  per  punnet,  Is  to  33 

—  Greengage,  do.,  2a  to  33 
Figs,  per  doz.,  4fl  to  83 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsb,,  43  to  78 

—  kitchen,  do.,  33  to  5s 
Melons,  each,  28  to  6s 
Cherries,  per  lb.,  6d  to  Is 

—  wall,  do..  Is  6d  to  8s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is  3d 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve. 

Is  6d  to  2e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  23  to  Ss 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6s 
Greens,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  4sto53 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  Ss  6d  to  79 

—  per  bush.,  lB6d  to  28  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  8s  to  4s 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  tid 
Veget.  Marrow, p.doz,6d  to  l86d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  'Jd  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  3s  to  5s 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  la  to  2^ 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  SpaDiflh,p.doz.,l83dto  3d 
Beet,  per  doz.,  la  to  2s 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


TiSGETABLES. 


Pears,  per  doz.,  28  to  Ss 

—  per  half  sieve,  43  to  83 
Currants,  do.,  23  to  3s  od 
Gooseberries,  do.,  2s  6d  to  Ss 
Almoude,  per  peck,  58 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  3s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Orange?,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s6dt0  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  3a 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  2O3 

to  22s 

—  BrazU,  do.,  123  to  lis 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  per8C0re4d  tola 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun,,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  3d 

—  per  bu-h.,  Ss  to  58 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  43  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  2s  to  33 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buQcb,4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  fid 
Wattrcresses,  p.  12bun,9d  to  1  - 


COAL  MARKET.— FaiDAT,  Aug.  27. 
New  Tanfield,  12s.  6i.;  North  Percy  Hartley.  ISs.  9d.;  Walla- 
end  Harton,  IBs.  9d, ;  Wallsend  Gosforth,  133.  9 d. ;  Wallaend 
Hartlepool,  153.  ;  Wallsend  Tees,  15s.  6d.  ;  Wallsend  Eden 
Main,  14a.  3d.;  Wallsend  Hetton,  15s.  tid,;  Wallsend  Stewarts, 
Ids. — Ships  at  market,  100. 


HAY.— Per  Load  ot  SB  Traaaea 

SUITHFIELD,    Au)7.  26. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  80a  to  90a 

Clover 

...  95s  to  110a 

Inferior  do.            ...  70         75 

New  do.      ... 

...  80          30 

Rowen         66        — 

Straw 

...  36          40 

New  Hay     60        78 

£.  J.  Davis. 

A  short  supply. 

Per  St.  of  81bs.— a 
Beet  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  (tc.  ...  8 
Best  Short.horns  3 
2d  quality  .Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn    0 


G— 3     0 


Perst.  of  81b3.— 8  dad 
Best  Long-wools  .3  6  to  3  10 
Do,  Shorn  ...  0     0  —  0     0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2     8  —  32 
"      "•  "0  —  0    0 

6—5     2 


WOOL. 

Bkadfosd,  Thdesdat,  Aug.  25.— Our  market  for  English 
wool  baa  continued  without  material  change  during  the  current 
week.  Spinners  are  still  reluctant  to  operate  largely  at 
present  rates,  aad  their  purchases  are  confined  to  the  supplying 
of  immediate  wants.  Prices  pema'ned  comparatively  firm, 
although  the  limited  sales  of  the  pa^tweekor  two  have  in 
some  alight  degree  tended  to  iufiuence  them  in  favour  of 
bujers.  The  transactions  in  the  country  are  on  a  diminished 
scale,  aa  the  few  growers  in  good  districts  who  still  hold  their 
clips  Hre  unwilling  sellers,  except  at  higher  prices  than  can  be 
conceded  by  the  dealers.  Short  wuol  and  noils  are  in  good 
request  at  Arm  rates. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Auj.  23.— There  was  a  small  supply  of  English 
Wheat  to  this  morning's  market,  being  chiefly  new,  the 
quality  of  which,  and  particularly  the  condition,  were  very 
disappointing,  and  some  quantity  remained  unsold  ;  in  old  we 
observe  no  alteration  in  value.  Foreign  met  a  retail  demand 
on  about  the  terms  of  last  Monday.  Flour  ia  less  in  demand. 
—English  Barley  Bold  at  last  week's  prices  ;  of  foreign  we  have 
a  good  arrival,  and  trade  was  scarcely  so  good  as  this  day 
week. — Beans  and  Peas  are  each  Is.  per  qr.  dearer, — The  Oat 
trade  is  slow  at  the  rates  of  Monday  last. 

raiDAT,  Aug  27.— The  arrivals  of  foreign  corn  and  Flour 
this  week  are  large.  The  new  English  Wheat,  which  arrived 
in  wretched  condition,  has  been  nearly  all  refused,  and  can 
only  be  disposed  of  at  an  abatement  of  39.  to  4s.  per  qr.  Very 
little  business  was  transacted  in  foreign  Wheat.  The  Flour 
trade  is  heavy,  and  barrels  are  only  saleable  at  Is.  decline,^ 
Barley  is  a  slow  Bale  at  prices  rather  under  those  paid  on 
Monday.— Beans  and  Peas  are  unaltered  in  value. — Oats  are 
dull,  and  the  turn  lower. 

ImPEBIAL  AVEaAGES, 


Wbeat. 

Babley. 

Oais 

Rte. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

July  17 

s.   d. 
4L    0 
40    7 

40  0 
39    7 
39    7 

41  2 

s.   d. 

27  0 

28  2 
27    8 
27     3 
27    6 
27    4 

s.    d. 
19  11 

19  9 

20  6 
10    6 
19    6 
19    3 

s.    rt. 
30    1 
IS    9 
n  11 
29    7 
.30     3 
29     4 

>.    d. 
84    6 

33  10 

34  2 
33    9 
33    7 
83    2 

s.   d. 
W  11 

-  24...:.:::: 

31    S 

—    31 

33    5 

Aoe.    7 

80    6 

-  »::::: :: 

31    4 

—    21 

29  10 

Af^ereff.  Aver. 

40    4 

27    6 

19  10 

29    7 

83  10 

31    9 

Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FLOOTtJATIONS  IN  THE  LAST   SiX    WeEK*8   AVEEAGES. 

Pbioes. 

Jolt  17. 

JDLT  24 

Jolt  81. 

Ano.  7 

Aoo.lt 

Acq.  21. 

41s  id 

... 

... 

40    7 
40    0 
39    7 
39    7 

...  L 

...  L 

"■) 

_ 

Do.  Shorn  ... 

...  0 

Lambs 

...  4 

Calves      ... 

...  2 

PiBS 

...  2 

0—4    2    Calvea      2    6  —  8    8 

0-0    0     Piea  2     6  —  8    8 

Beasts,  4827  ;  Sheep  and  Latnba,  33,760  ;  Calvea,  399  ;  Figa,  243. 

FaiDAT,  Aug.  27. 

We  have  still  a  good  supply  of  Beasts,  and  no  increase  in 

demand  ;  consequently  prices  are  no  better  than  on  Monday. 

The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  very  much  less  than  of 


LivtuFooL,  Tdesdat,  Aug.  24.— The  impuris  this  week  from 
our  on  n  coasts  and  from  abroad  are  moderate.  The  market 
this  morning  was  inactive.  The  sales  of  Wheat  were  at  a 
reduction  of  2  i.  per  bushel,  and  Flour  Od.  per  barrel,  from  the 
price  of  this  day  se'nnight,  being  a  shade  under  Friday  b 
decline.  Old  Oats  were  }d.,  and  new  Id.  to  2d.  per  bushel 
lower.    Other  articles  of  the  grain  trade  were  neglected,  and 

no    alteration  can  be  made  in  the    quotauins. -Ihidat, 

AUB.  20.— At  this  morning's  marliet  the  busmess  in  Wheat 
was  small,  and  in  some  instances  the  prices  gave  way  Id.  to 
2d.  per  bushel.  There  was  more  doing  iu  Flour  for  consump. 
tion,  this  article  not  having  advanced  in  proportion  to  the 
advance  on  Wheat,  but  it  was  3d.  to  6d.  per  barrel  easier  to 
bay  than  on  Tuesday.  No  change  whatever  in  the  value  of 
other  articles  of  the  grain  trade. 


35—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


559 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwurk,  Jlanufac- 
tarers  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  End  Conservatory  and  Hothuuse  Bailders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfaily  call  the  atteiitiou  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nurserjmen  to  their  simple  bat  efficacious  method 
6f  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  b,'  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
the  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars 
famished  on  application. 

FREE  EXHIBtTION.— ART-UNION  of  LONDON. 
— The  exhibition  of  works  selected  by  the  prize-holders  of 
1852,  will  be  open  to  the  pu.b;ic  without  tick'^ts  from  10  till  6, 
at  the  Society  of  Briiish  Artis  s'  G-iHery,  Suffolk-street,  daily, 
from  Mouday  neit,  the  30th  instant,  till  Saturday,  the  iih 
September. 

Geoboe" Godwin,   >  □■„_    c„„, 
-    Augustas.  1852.  Lewis  PococK.,        ^  tion.  oecd. 

p  ARSON'S      ORIGINAL      ANTI-CORROSION 

Vy  PAINT,  especially  patronised  by  the  British  and  other 
Governments,  ihe  Hon.  East  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Companies,  moat  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobiiity, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  seats. 
The  Auti-Corrosion  is  particularly  recommended  as  the  most 
"  durable  out-door  Paint  ever  invented,  for  the  preservation  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  Brick,  Compo,  Cement, 
&c.,  work,  as  has  been  proved  bj  the  practical  teat  ot  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (between  500  and  6  lO)  testi- 
monials in  its  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  given  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  before  the 
public  notice. 

Lists  of  Colours,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  application  to  Waltee  Cabson  and 
Son,  .No,  9,  Great  Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-street,  Royal 
Exchange,  London.— No  Agents.  All  orders  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct. 


THE      BEST      IS      THE      CHEAPEST. 
'Thebest  OuNGOU  TEA per  lb.,  3j.  8(i. 

The  beat  IVIPERIAL  SOUCHONG  TEA  „  4  0 
The  best  MOTUNE  GUNPOWDEa  TEA  „  5  0 
The  best  PLANTATION  COFFEE        ...    „      1    0 

The  best  MOCHA  COFFEE  „      1    4 

Tea  or  Coffee  to  the  value  of  lOs.  sent  CARRIAGE  FREE  to 
any  part  of  England,  by 

PHILLIPS  AND  COMPANY,  TEA  MERCHANTS, 
No.  8,     KING     WILLIAM-STREET,     CITY.      LONDON. 


THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT'S 
PARK,  areopen  to  Visitors  daily.  The  Collectian  now  con- 
tains upwards  of  1500  specimens,includine  two  fine  Chimpanzee?, 
the  Hippopotamus  {presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt), 
Elephants,  Rhinoceros.  Giraffes,  and  young  Leucoryx,  Elands, 
Bonte-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Lions,  Tigers,  Jaguars,  Bears, 
OBtricbeB,and  the  Apteryx  presented  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  New  Zealand,  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr,  Gould's 
collection  o!  Humming  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Band  of  the  let  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permission 
of  Col.  Hall,  on  every  Saturday,  at  Four  o'Clock,  until  furihei 
notice. — Admission,  One  Shilling  ;  on  MONDAYS.  Sixpence. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  &c.  ?-Emilt  Dean's  ORINILENE  has 
been  many  years  established  as  the  only  preparation  that 
can  be  relied  upon  for  the  Restoration  of  the  Hair  in  Baldness 
from  any  cause,  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengthening 
weak  Hair,  and  checking  Grejneas,  and  for  the  production  of 
Whiskers,  Moustachios,  Eyebrows,  (fcc,  in  three  or  four  weeks 
with  certainty.  It  is  ac  elegantly  scented  compound,  and  will  be 
sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  2i  postage  stamps,  by  Miss  Dean, 
37  A,  Manchester-street,  Graj'ij-ino-road,  London.  At  hone 
daily,  from  U  till  7. — "It  perfectly  restored  my  Hair,  after 
seven  yearji'  baldness."  Major  Hine,  Jersey. —  "Crinileneis 
the  best  stimulant  for  the  hair  I  have  ever  analysed."  Dr. 
Thomson,  Regent-square. 


PROTECTION  FROM  THE  RAIN,  WITHOUT 
DETRIMENT  TO  HEALTH. -BERDOE'S  well-known 
LIGHT  OVERCOAT,  the  Waterproof  Pallium,  resists  any 
amount  of  rain,  without  obstructing  free  ventilation  (the  fa^al 
objection  to  a'l  other  waterproofs),  and  from  its  lightness  and 
TeBpectability  is  adapted  for  general  use  at  all  times,  equally 
as  for  raioy  weather,  and  has  long  been  reputed  one  of  the 
most  convenient,  economical,  and  valuable  garmenls  ever 
invented.  Price  iSs.  and  5O3.  A  very  large  Stock  for  selection  ; 
aUo,  of  Capes,  Shooting  Jacketi,  Le^'gings,  tkc  ;  Cloaks, 
.  Mantlep,  Habits,  <fcc.,  for  Ladies. — W.  Beedoe,  Tailor,  96,  New 
Bund-street ;  and  69,  Cornhill,  London. 


DO  you  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WfllSKERS,  Ac.  ?— Mi83  Ellen  Gbahaji,  14,  Hand- 
court,  Holborn,  London,  will  send,  post  ir^^,  on  receipt  of  24 
postage  stamps,  her  celebrated  NIOUKRENE  (ele;^antly 
ecenled,  and  eufScient  for  three  months'  use),  for  reproducing 
the  hair  in  baldness,  from  wh^ttever  cause,  preventing  the  hair 
falling  off,  strengthening  weak  hair,  and  checking  grejnetis,  &c. 
It  16  also  guaranteed  to  produce  Whiskerd,  Moustachios,  &c., 
in  three  or  tour  weeks  with  the  greatest  certainty. — "  My  hair 
has  become  thicker  and  darker  by  using  your  Nioukrene." — 
Mr,  Merry,  E'oo.  "  My  hair  now  curls  beautifully  and  looks 
very  giosBj." — MliS  Main.  "I  have  now  a  full  pair  of  whiskers. 
Bend  me  another  pot,'" — M»j  ir  Huttnn. 

BARON  LIEBIG'S  OPINION  OF  "PALE  ALE." 
—The  prominence  given  to  the  name  of  Baron  Lieblg  in 
ptacjrdsi  and  adverti<iementfl  will  have  created  the  impresHion 
that  be  C'*vetcd  a  Crlebiity  inconoi-lfnt  with  the  dignity  of  his 
stati  10  in  the  RcientlHc  world.  Having  learned  that  he  had 
attained  BQch  undenlrable  notoriety,  Baron  Llebig  has  requested 
the  piibhcaiion  of  the  following  letior.  with  'he  view  of  in. 
formm^  the  public  of  the  motives  which  dictated  his  communi- 
cation to  Mr.  Allsopp  ;  — 

'•  The  queiidiiD  of  (idulteration  bydtrjchnine,  which  has  been 
taken  op  korlounly  in  EDgland,  nt- emed  to  mo  of  grcitt  irnp'»rt. 
ance,  «nr]  I  thought  to  do  Kom-j  good  b>  aldin.'  to  d-monstrato 
the  f.rrf*r.  If  I  wished  to  asuociate  with  any  Individual  brewery 
my  rtmarki  on  the  alleged  odu.taratlim  of  bitter  bter  with 
■tryi^hniiie,  it  would  hnvo  been  natural  to  have  mentinnt-d 
another  brewery  in  which  alone,  and  not  In  Mr.  Allnopp'rt,  I 
wa«  engaged  In  investigating  the  BurU>n  mode  of  brcvrlng  ;  and 
It  wax  alHO  io  that  other  brev*ery  tho  Bavarian  hrewcrn  acquired 
ftll  the  inntructi<m  they  obtained  at  Burton.  Thn  udmiraion  I 
«xprcii<cd  of  thin  beverage  In  \n^  letter  to  Mr.  AlUopji  U 
advertiiied  in  nach  a  irianner  an  to  lead  to  the  Intercncoihitmy 
praUe  wa«  czclu%ively  cmtlned  U\  Mr.  AlUopp'a  Hmt  ;  thlH 
was  not  the  cane  ;  my  remarks  referred  to  that  claan  of  hcer. 

*'  Otfwi-n.  iix'y  a.  Mi't'l.  "  JuBTdw  Lriiiio  " 

ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portablu  without  detaching 
any  of  it«  part<i,  p&ckit  In  a  iipongQ  huth,  in  admlmlily 
adftpted  f'jr  nuoimer  uic,  on  account  of  Itn  extremo  conlneiiH, 
-and  whtch  can  bu  changed  hi  one  monnont  from  abed  to  a 
loaogc  or  «ofa  for  the  altting-roorn,  rnny  be  Fcen  at 

COTTAM  and  flALLKN'S,  V.,  OxfonJ-strcet, 
wh«r«  aUo  U  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Metallic  nerJntondu, 
f\*f*<\  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheoclino,  dec.  dec,  togethi^r 
with  A  Ift'gM  a^'ortiiinnt  nt  'ho  I'atent  Il'idhitlng  and  other 
htfiv*:*,  «i,d  er«fy  othtr  (Iwncrlpll.jn  of  Ironiiiougery. 


NORBITON  NURSSRY. 

IMPORTANT    SALE    OF    AMERICAN     AND     OTHER 

PLAWTS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  have 
received  instiuciiona  from  Mr,  Smith,  the  celebrated 
raiser  of  American  Plants,  to  submit  to  public  competition  by 
Auc'ion,  at  the  Kurdery,  Norbiton,  Kmgston,  Surrey,  on 
MONDAY,  September  20,  at  11  for  V2  o'clock  precisely,  in 
consequence  of  the  number  of  Lots,  a  coo'siderable  quantity  of 
Scarlet,  Yellow,  and  other  fine  Hyhrid  Rliododendrons,  com- 
prising large  Arborea,  Smithii,  Venustum,  Red  aod  White 
Maximum,  and  other  hardy  kinds,  includmg  Dr.  Hooker's 
SiUkim  species ;  also  larje  Camellias  and  Azalea  Indica,  well 
sot  with  bloom  buds;  Kiilmias,  large  Laurels,  Laurestinus, 
Lilium  lancifolium  in  varietits,  Ruses  in  puts,  &c.  The  stock 
ia  particularly  wurthy  the  attention  of  Noblemen  aod  Gen  le- 
men  improving  their  colli'CtioQ,  as  well  as  the  Trade,  for  i  s 
excellence. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sa'e.  Catalogues  may 
be  had  on  application  to  Mr.  SariTn,  on  the  premises  ;  of  the 
piincipal  Seedsmen  in  Loudon  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


OXBRIDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 

NURSERY,  SEED,  AND  FLORISTS'  BUSINESS. 

MESSRS-.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  are  directed 
by  the  Trustee  for  Sale  aod  Mortgagee,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  early  in  October,  in  one  Lot 
(tf  not  previously  disposed  of  by  private  con^r3ct),  the  valuable 
Leases  and  Goodwill  of  the  UXBRIDGE  NUH3EUY,  which 
has  been  established  upwards  of  20  years  ;  hIso  the  whole  of 
the  celebrated  NURSERY  STOCK,  riding  over  from  12  to  13 
acres,  comprising  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees  ot  the  first  deecription, 
and  rich  a8surtm>2nt  of  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees, 
Deciduous  Shrubs,  and  American -PI  jnta ;  together  with  the 
Greenhouses,  and  the  Choice  Greenhouse  Plants,  Pits,  Frames, 
Seeds,  Drawers,  and  sundry  effects.  Paiticulara,  which  are 
being  prepared,  may  be  had  of  Messrs.  Tdotin  ani  Patebson, 
Solicitors,  4,  Biide-court,  New  Bridge-street,  BlacUfriars  ;  and 
of  Messrs.  Protheeoe  and  Moaais,  Auo'.ioueers  and  Valuers, 
American  Nursery.  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  BUSINESS  and 
STOCK  of  a  weU-establiBlied  f^URSERV,  adjoining  a 
large  town,  comprising  a  Seed  Shop,  with  everything 
appertaining  thereto.  Five  Greenhouses,  and  a  Nursery  well 
stocked  with  good  useful  stuff,  The  Advertiser,  being  desirous 
to  part  with  the  above,  would  dispone  of  the  whole  for  35Ui. 
Possession  to  be  bad  in  September. — For  further  parliculiirs, 
address  M.  W.,  Office  of  thi^  Paper. 


'yO  BE  DISPOSED    OF,  a  first-rate   NURSERY 

-L  and  SEED  BUSINESS,  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
populous  of  the  Midland  Towns,  and  surrounded  by  a  wealthy 
neighbourhood.  The  connecioo  has  been  established  3il  years, 
and  the  returns  are  now  averagmg  2000i.  per  annum.  Part  of 
the  purchase  money  might  remain  on  Eecuriiy  of  the  stock. — 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  to  Messrs,  Noble,  Cooper,  and  Bolton, 
Fleet-street,  London. 


COUNTY    OF    SUFFOLK. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  possession  may  be  had  on  the  11th 
of  next  October,  of  a  good  CORN  FARM,  containing 
420  acres  of  sound  Arable  Land,  and  4(1  acres  of  Upland  Pasture, 
with  first-rate  Farm  Buildings  recently  erected,  and  coovenient 
Farm  House,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  good  C  >rn  Markets.  A 
respectable  Tenant  will  be  treated  liberally.  —  For  further 
parci(.'ulars  apply  to  Mr.  Rarwood.  Belstead  Hall.  Ipswich. 

^yO    BE    LET,  for   3,   7,   or  14   years,   a   SMALL 

-^  HOUSE,  in  the  best  part  of  Sloane-slreet,  opposite  the 
Gardens.  Rent,  including  Fixtures  aiid  Looking-glasses, 
SEVENTY  POUNDS.— For  address,  enquire  of  Mr.  Monei, 
Bricklayer,  Pavilion-street,  middle  of  Sloane-street,  Lindoo. 


CORN  WALL, 
y  O  BE  LET,  for  a  term  of  yeai's,  TWO  EXCEL- 

-L  LENT  FARMS,  within  very  convtinient  distances  from 
Market- towns,  a  railroad  now  in  course  of  consiructioo  passing 
through  one,  and  wi'hin  three  miles  of  the  other.  Both  are  in 
a  high  state  of  cultivation,  have  capital  dwelling-houses,  and 
all  necessary  buildiogs.  One  Farm  comprises  650  acres  of 
arable,  pasture,  and  meadow  land,  with  eight  labourers'  cot- 
tages, and  a  threshing-machine,  aod  is  admirably  suited  for 
UPie  as  a  Stock  Farm.  The  other  (consisting  of  450  acres  of 
upland,  arable,  and  pasture  land)  is  an  excellent  Sheep  Farm. 
—  Fur  terms  and  pnrticulars  apply  to  Messrs,  Ranken,  Fokd, 
LoNGBouENE,  and  YicK.EHBr<n,  Gray's  Inn,  London  ;  or  to  the 
Bailiif,  Mr,  Reynolds  Glynn,  Bodmin,  Cornwall,  who  will 
show  the  Farms, 


HOPE  NURSERIES,   NEAR  BEOALE,  YORKSHIRE. 

TO  BE  SOLD  OR.  LET,  those  old-established  Nur- 
series, which  are  well  stocked  with  tlie  choicest  collection 
of  Plants,  and  are  situate  one  mile  north  of  the  Sioderby 
Station  of  the  Leeds  Northern  Railway,  Leeming-lane.  The 
Nursery  aod  Seed  bueine-s  has  been  successfully  carried  on 
b>-  the  late  William  Mat  for  upwards  of  '1')  years,  and  the 
recent  demise  of  his  son  is  the  reason  why  the  business  is  to 
be  oi?piBed  of.  The  premises  cousiat  of  40  acres  of  land, 
26  of  which  are  at  present  occupied  as  Nursery,  with  Show 
and  Forcing  liouses  comprising  about  3000  superficial  feet  of 
glass,  A  capital  dwelling-house,  containing  three  rooms  and 
two  Idtcbena  on  the  giound  floor,  with  suitable  lodging  rooms 
over  ihe  same  ;  also  seed-shop,  packing-abed,  barn,  stalile,  aod 
other  out-buildiijgs. — Apply  to  Mr,  William  Beverlet,  68, 
BriggMte,  Leeds. 


«  l^'^UREKA. —  FORD'S       EUREKA       SHIRTS 

-L-J  differ  from  other  pa'terns,  not  merely  in  shape  unil 
design,  but  in  thtir  great  superiority  of  fit,  quality  of  ma  erial, 
and  workmanship." — Olohe,  April  12,  lSo2.  The  Illustrated 
Price  Lists  contaioinji  direciions  for  self-measurement  and 
every  particular,  arc  forwarded  post-free;  and  the  pittern- 
bonkM  to  fiolect  from,  of  the  New  UegiHtcr.  d  Coloured  Shirting, 
on  receipt  of  six  Btaraps.  — RICHARD  FORD,  38,  Poultry, 
Londm. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  I'ATTERN  TOOTH- 
HKUSII  and  SMYllNA  SPONG  KS.— The  Tooth-Jirush 
huh  the  important  advantage  of  eearching  thoroughly  into  thf 
rlivlHtoHH  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
iirdluary  manner,  and  Is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
\nuHn.  —  is.  An  Im[>roved  Clothes-^Brush,  that  cloana  in  a  third 
part  ol  the  u^iual  time,  and  incapubleof  ioJuriuK  t,ho  Uncstnup. 
fonotrating  Ilalr-liruslies,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Ruh. 
•lian  brlMtloH,  which  do  not  Hoftiin  like  common  hair.  Flosh- 
llruilnjMof  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Hrunhnn,  which  act  in  the  mobt  nnrprlulng  and  sucoosBful 
manner.  The  gonnlno  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  proMorvod 
vuluablcpropertlcM  of  uhHurpthm,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
mnaiiH  ol  direct  ImportatlnnH,  dlspeuHliig  with  all  intertiiedniti- 
nartloH'  profits  and  dcHtructlvu  bleaching,  and  Hucnrlng  tht 
luxury  of  n  Kenulno  Smyrna  rtpongo.  Only  at  MtTOALfE, 
llrNoLKV,  and  f^i.'n  Solii'l'jHt:it)llMhmont,  I ilU  11,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Il'illoft-Htnet,  J^oodon, 

MK'\'OMAn:'H  ALKAMNE  TOOTH   POWDRR,  '2a.  porhox. 

OAnTioN.  —  Hewnre  of  the  words  "From  IAr.TnAhfiK'H," 
adoi>ted  by  nornt-  houqea. 


THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS  ALWAYS  ON  SALE 

AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THIS  PAPER. 
Price  34.,  or  53.  for  25  copies  for  distribution  among  Cottage 
Tenantry,  delivered  anywhere  in  London,  on  a  Post-office 
oT'iec  being  sent  to  the  Publisher,  James  Matthews,  at  the 
Office  of  the  Qardenera'  Chronicle.  In  cooseq-ience  of  the 
new  postal  arrangements,  parlies  iu  the  country  who  desire 
it  can  have  copies  sent  by  post ;  (-ix  stamps,  in  addition  to 
the  cost  of  the  numbers,  will  pass  10  copies  free  by  post.  The 
cost  of  a  single  copy,  free  by  post,  is  7d. 

rnRK   COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR  OF  GARDEN 

-L  OPERATIONS. 

By  Sir  Josepo  Paxton. 
Reprinted  from   the  Gaedenebs'  Cheonicle  ;  above  72  000 
have  already  been  sold.  ' 

Price  85.  G'l.  fpost  free). 

THE  TREE  ROSE.— Practical  Instructions  for  its 
Formation  and  Culture.      Illustrated  by  24  Woodcuts. 
Reprinted  from  the  Gaedenebb'  CnaoNtcLE,  with  additions 
CONTENTS. 

Planting  out,  ar- 
rangement of 
trees,  <kc. 

Pushing  eye,  spring 
treatment  of  dwarf 
shoots  from 

Roses, differentsorts 
on  the  same  stock 

Roses,  short  list  of 
desirable  sorts  for 
budding  with  a 
pushing  eye 

Sap-bud,  treatment 
of 

Shape  of  trees 

Shoots  and  buds, 
choice  of 

Shoots  for  budding 
upon,  and  their 
arrangement 

Shoots,  keeping 
even,  and  remov- 
ing thorns 

Shortening  wild 
shoots 

Stocks,  planting  out 
for  budding  upon ; 
the  means  of  pro- 
curing ;  colour, 
age,  height;  sorts 
for  different  spe- 
cies of  Rose :  tak- 


Annual  pruning 
time,  principle  of 
execution,  &c. 

Binding  up 

Budding  knife 

Budding,  time  of 
year,  day,  time  of 
day,  state  of  the 
plant,care  of  buds 

Buddiwg  upon  body 

Bud,  insertion  of, 
into  stock 

Bud,preparation  of, 
for  use 

Buds,  dormant  and 
pushing 

Buds,  failing 

Buds,  secui'ing  a 
supply  of 

aterpil  lars,  slugs, 
and  snails,  to 
destroy 

Causes  of  success 

Dormant  buds, 
theory  of  replant- 
ingwith  explained 

Guards     against 

Labelling        [wind 

Loosing  ligatures 

March  pruning 

Mixture  for  healing 
wounds 

Pruning  for  trans- 
plantation 


in^  up,  trimming 
roots,    sending  a 


distance,  shorten, 
ing   heads,    &c. 
saw    proper    for 
the  purpose 
GRAFTING. 

Aphides,  to  keep 
down 

Free-growers,  re- 
marks on 

Graft,  binding  up 
and  finishing 

Grafting,  advantage 
of 

Grafting,  disadvan- 
tage of 

Operation  in  differ- 
ent mouths 

Preliminary  obser- 
vations 

Roses,  catalogue 
and  brief  descrip- 
tion of  a  few  sorts 

Scion,  preparation 
and  insertion  of 

Scion,  choice  and 
arrangement  of 

Stock,    preparation 
of 
APPENDIX. 

A  selection  of  vari- 
eties 

Comparison  be- 
tween budding 
and  grafting 


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T  weoty-four  Large  Quarto  pages. 
Kovle^vs  OF,  WITH  Extracts  feom— 


Observations     on     Denmark. 

By  S.  Laing. 
Letters   from   Egypt.      By    R. 

Lepsius. 
Monuments   of    As?yria.      By 

P.  H.  Gosse. 
History  of  Ancient  Times.    By 

M.  Duncker. 


Journal  of  an  Arctic  Voyage. 

By  P.  Sutherland. 
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E.  Mackenzie. 
Voice    from    Australia.      By 

Hannah  Boyd. 
Farm  of  Uncle   Sam.     By   C. 

Casey. 


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Ilistory    of     Egypt.      By     S. 

Sharpe. 
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M.  Stuart. 
Every  Day  Astronomy 


Guy's   New    Speaker. 

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q\  Italy— Egypt:  Siuut,  Coptic  Communities,  and  the  Rock 

Temples. 
Our  "Weekly  Gossip. — Briiish  Arohro -logy— Irish  In- 

dusirial    Exiiibitiun— Manchester  Free  LilM-.iry  — Death  of 

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—  Excavatums  in  Peveiisoy  Caatio— Magtieiic  Telegraph  in 

lliodus'an  — The  Emigration  to  AustrHlia. 
Fine  Arts. — llcviow   of    Mlsw   Twlping's    'Symbols    and 

J^uiblomw  of  Ciulstian  Art'— New  Pictures  in  the  National 

Gallery. 
Fine  Art  Gossip.—  Ariistti'   Btinovolent   Institution  — 

Piiiiitiiit,'  on    Poronlalii— Duguftrreotypo  Pioturet — "Statues 

of  St,  Pierre  aod  Liivlgne,,at  Havre. 
XVIuslc  and  tlio    Dranaa. — Now  rublicntlons  —  Royal 

Itjillaii  Opera  (Juliien'rt  '  Piutro  11  Oraiido'j. 
iKlnBloal  and  Itramatlc  Gossip. —  Manajiemont   of 

Hci' Miijonty'H  Tlioaire — New  Ojierus  —  Oraturio  by  Mcyor- 

buur — Wugiioi'n   Theories  of  Muhiu— German  Ptineoa  and 

their  MuHlcal  Dlrectorn. 
IVIlsoellttiiea. — Tho  Surtota  Bullade  — Autobiography  of 

Wllllmn  Jurdan. 

Order  t"o  Athon^um  oFany  Dook'io'lcr. 


560 


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NOTES      AND      QUERIES: 

A   MEDIUM    OF 

INTER-COMMXTNICATION    TOR    LITERARY    MEN,    ARTISTS, 
ANTiaUARIES,    GENEALOGISTS,    ETC. 


This  Volume,  the  First  of  the  Enlarged  Series,  contains  Articles  by  the  most  distinguished  Scholars  of  the 
day,  upon  the  following  subjects,  among  many  others  of  interest  :  — 

LITERARY  HISTORY— Defoe's  Pamphlets— Addison 

and  hiB  Hjmas— Lord  King  ani  the  Sclateis—Cibber'8  Lives 
of  the  Puecs— Collins— David  Mallet— John  Goodwin's  Pam- 
phlets—Young's Narcibsa — Macaronic  Poetry — Cowley  and 
his  Moaumeot— Deau  Swifi-'s  Library. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Jocelyn's  Legacy— Goldsmith  on  the 

Cock-laae  Ghost,  anti  History  of  M.ecltleoh'in;h—Ur.  Johnson 
—Expurgated  Quaker  Bible— Z,iter  Coit/orniwiadtni- Bowyer 
Bible— Baxter's  Heavy  Shove. 

BIOGRAPHY.  — Butler  at  Ludlow  Castle  —  General 
WoUe— Old  Comiteas  of  Desmond— Churchill  the  Poet— The 
Couots  Kontgsraark- Sterne— John  Tiadesciant  the  Younger 
an  EngUshinan— ThamaBCrAwfurd  — Sir  A.  C  urn  mi  ng— Auto- 
biography of  WilUaoi  Otdys— Rev.  J.  Paget— Rev.  M.  Gay. 

POPULAR  MANNERS  AND  GUSTOMS.--Boiling  to 
Death— Papers  of  Perjury— South  Sea  Playing  Cfirds— Dial 
Mottoes- Pil^'rimaijes  to  Holy  Land— Burials  ia  Woollen  — 
Boy  Bishops— Serjeants'  Rings  and  Mottoes— Plague  Stones. 

POPULAR  SAYINGS.-Long  Meg  of  Westminster- 
Brother  Jonathan— Men  of  Jient  and  iientish  Men. 

FOLK-LORE.— Popular  Stories  of  English  Peasantry 
—Seventh  Sons— New  Yeai-'s  Rain— Lent  Crockiug-Taleu- 
tiue's  Day— Bee  Superstitions,  &c. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  SHAKSPEARE,  his  Life  and 
Writings,  by  Messrs.  J.  P.  Collier,  Corney,  Hicbsjn,  Singer, 
A.E.B.,  and  other  Writers. 

OLD  ENGLISH  LITERATURE.-  Illustrations  of 
Chaucer— Old  Flemish  and  Old  EnijUsh  Literature  compared 

Thomas  Bastard  aod  his  Poams — Ben  Joosou — Ballads  of 

Lord  Delaw,are— The  Miller'fi  Melody — Not  long  ago  I  drunk 
a  full  Pot,  ^. 


GLOSSARIAL  NOT  ES.-Meaning  of  Era  Garsecg,&<^ 
— Proviucial  Dialects— Corrupied  Names  of  Places— Scoto- 
GalHciams. 

GENEALOGY  AND  HERALDRY.-Taylor  Family  — 
Sherififd  and  Lord  Lieutenants^Richard,  Earl  of  Chepstow — 
St,  George's  M33,— Isabel,  Queen  of  Maan— Duchass  of 
Lancaster— Notte  of  Imbercourt— Sir  Richard  Pole. 

ENGLISH,  SCOTCH,  AND  IRISH  HISTORY. -The 
Garter  of  George  lit. —Bonaparte  and  Lord  Whitworth— 
Algernon  Sydney  —  Danes  in  England— Junius  Queries- 
Speaker  Lenthall— Lady  Arabella  Stuart— Scotti3h  Regal— 
— The  Lord  Marchers  of  Walea — Where  was  Anna  Boleyn 
buried  ?— Birthplace  of  St.  Patrick— Earl  of  Errol— Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots'  Monument  at  Antwerp— Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ANTIQUITIES.-General  Pardons 
—Collara  of  SS.— Broad  Arrow— Stone  Pillar  Worship — Last 
of  the  Palcealogi  —  English  Surnames  —  Sainted  Kings 
incorruptible— Rhymes  on  Places— Cagots,  &;c. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY,  &C.-MoravIan  Hymns 
— Roman  Index  Espurgatorius — Gospel  Oaks — Can  a  Clergy- 
man  marry  .himself  ?  — Coverdale's  Bible  — St.  Paul  aud 
Aristotle— Simon  of  Sudbury— Baxter's  Pulpit — Can  Bishops 
vacate  their  Sees— The  Book  of  Jasher— The  Ring  Finger. 

FINE  ARTS,  MUSIC,  &C.-English  Free  Towns  — 
Portraits  of  Purcell— Ancient  Timber— Town  Halls— Old 
Music- Miniatures  of  Cromwell— Market  Crosses— System  of 
Musical  Notation, 

NUMISMATICS.-Eaglish  Historical  Medals  — Coins 
of  Vabalathus- Bronze  Medals. 

NATURAL  HISTORY.-Age  of  Trees— Inundations  and 
their  Phenomena— Many  Children  at  a  Birth — The  Fish  called 
VendacQ — Salmon  Fisheries — Dodo  Queries— Longevity. 


Notes  and  Queeies  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  bring  before  the  General  Reader  every  week  a  vast  amount  of  Carious 
and  loieresting  Information. 

It  is  especially  intended,  as  its  name  implies,  to  a^istst  Men  of  Letters  and  of  Research  in  their  pursuits.  Those  who  maet 
with  ...vCts  worihy  of  preservation  may  record  them  in  its  columns;  while  those,  again,  who  are  pursuini?  literary  inquiries 
may,  throu(,'h  this  Medidbi,  aak  for  information  on  points  which  have  baffljd  their  own  individual  researches.  How  often  is 
even  the  b--8t-informed  writer  stopped  by  an  inability  to  solve  some  doubt  or  understand  some  obscure  ftUusion  which  suddenly 
starts  up  before  him  !  How  often  does  a  reading  man  stumble  upon  some  elucidation  of  a  doub'.fal  phrase  or  disputed  pasaaj^e  ; 
— some  illustration  of  an  obsolete  custom  hitherto  unnoticed  ;  -some  biographical  anecdote  or  precise  date  hichertj  unrecorded  ; 
— some  book,  or  some  edition,  hitherto  unknown  or  imperfectly  described. 

This  Publication,  as  everybody's  Commju-place  B  ok,  will  be  a  depository  for  those  who  find  such  materials,  and  a 
resource  for  chose  who  are  In  search  of  them  ;  and  will  thus  eventually  become  a  most  useful  supplement  to  works  already  in 
existence, — a  treasury  fur  enriching  future  editions  of  thein, — and  an  important  contribution  towards  a  more  perfuct  history 
than  we  yet  possess  of  our  Language,  our  Literature,  and  chose  to  whom  we  owe  them. 

N'TES  AND  Queries,  which  has  been  permanently  enlarj^^ed  to  Tsventy-four  Pagiis,  is  published  every  Saturday,  price  Id., 
Stamped  ad.,  and  in  Pacta  at  the  end  of  each  .Month,    A  Specimen  Number  sent  on  receipt  of  five  postage  etampe. 


Lord  Braybrooke, 
John  Britton,  Esq. 
John  Biuce,  Esq. 
J.  Burtt,  Esq. 
W.  D.  Christie,  Esq. 
J.  P.  Collier,  Esq. 
W.  D.  Cooper,  Ebq. 
Bolton  Corney,  Esq. 
P,  Cunningham,  Esq, 
Rev.  T .  Coraer. 
Dr.  Dalton. 
Professor  De  Morgan. 
Hepworth  Dixon,  Esq. 
Sir  Fortunatus  Dwarris. 


The  Numbers  already 
Sir  Henry  Ellis. 
C.  Forbes,  Esq. 
E.  Fobs,  Esq. 
Rev.  A.  Gatty. 
Henry  Hallam,  Esq. 
J.  O.  Haliiwell,  Esq. 
E.  Hawkins,  Esq. 
Rev.  J.  Hunter. 
Samuel  Hickson,  Esq. 
Douglas  Jerrold,  Esq. 
Rev.  Dr.  Kennedy. 
R.J.  King,  Esq. 
Rev.  L,  B,  Larking. 


published  contain  Articles  by 
Marc  Antony  Lowerp  Esq, 
W.  B.MacGabe,  Esq. 
Rev.  S.  R.  Maitlaud,  D.D. 
Sir  F.  Madden. 
J.  H.  Marklaud,  Esq. 
J.  E.  B.  Mayor,  Esq. 
Lord  Monson. 

R.  Monckton  Milnes,  Bsq.jM,  P. 
George  Ormerod,  Esq. 
J.  R.  Planch^.  Esq. 
E.  F.  Rimbault,  Esq. 
Rev.  Dr.  Rock. 
S,  W.  Singer,  Esq. 


E.  Smirke,  Esq. 
George  Stephens,  Esq. 
H.  E.  Strickland,  Esq. 
Earl  of  Shaf;esbury. 
W.  J.  Thorns,  Esq. 
B.  Thorpe,  Esq. 
aev.  J.  H.  Todd,  D.D, 
.Sir  W.  C.  Trevelyan,  Bart. 
T.H.  Turner,  Esq. 
Rev.  Henry  Walter, 
ilbert  Way,  E-^q. 
Banjamin  B.  Witfen. 
W.  Yarrell,  Esq.,  &o.,  &c. 


literary  History. 
Bibliography. 
Biographical  Illustrations. 
Popular  Manners  and  Customs. 
Origin  of  Proverbial  Sayings. 
Folk- Lore. 

Ballads  and  Old  Poetry. 
Illustrations  of  Shakspeare. 


On  the  following  Subjects,  among  others  :— 
Early 


Illustrations    of   Chaucer  and 

Enjjlish  Literature. 
Gio=8aiiai  Notep. 
Notes  on  Hallam,  Macaulay,  &;c. 
Genealogy  imd  Heraldry. 
Mlticellaneuus  Antiquities, 
Ecclesiastical  History. 


Writings    of   English    and  Continental 

Reformers. 
History  of  London  and  its  Neighbourhood 
Remarkable  Events  in  English  History. 
Anglo-Saxon  Literature. 
Fine  Arts. 
Natural  History,  dec,  &c. 


OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 


"There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  value  of  a  literary  Medium 
of  this  peculiar  bind." — Alhenixu.'in, 

'*  We  like  the  plan  much.  *  *  We  wish  success  to  a  publica- 
tion which  promises  to  be  agreeable,  intelligent,  and  useful." — 
Literary  Gazelle. 

"This  publication  promises  to  fill  up  a  void  that  ha ?i  con- 
stantly been  lamented  by  every  person  engaged  in  any  parti- 
cular branch  of  study  that  required  experience  and  research, 
*  *  It  is  a  publication  in  which  all  literary  persons  must  feel  a 
deep  interest,  and  that  has  our  heartiest  wishes  for  its  suc- 
cess."— Monihig  Herald. 

"This  is  a  new  periodical,  with  a  new  idea,  and  one  that 
will  be  sure  to  receive  encouragement  amongst  scholars  and 
readers  really  deserving  that  appellation." — iFceMy  N'ews. 

•'That  vdlunble  publication,  the  'Note?  and  Qaenes,'  so 
auspiciously  commenced." — Neiv  Bell's  Masoiger. 

*'  With  whomsoever  the  idea  of  publishing  this  useTul  and 
interesting  periodical  first  originated,  that  person  is  entitled 
tothetbaiiks  of  every  author,  antiquary,  and  scholar  of  the 
United  Kuij^dom.  *  *  Wo  recommend  in  all  sincerity  the 
'Notes  and  Queries'  to  the  attention  of  loverd  of  literature  in 
general."- iUornint/  Post. 

"'A  medium  ot  inier-communicfltion  for  men  engaged  in 
Btudioua  pursuits  of  the  highest  value.  Ts  facilities  for  col- 
lecting out-of-the-way  information    on   doubtful  or  disputed 


points  are  great ;  and  all  who  are  engaged  in  particular  de 
partments  of  literary  inquiry,  or  ia  the  editing  of  any  of  the 
old  English  writers,  will  do  well  to  avail  themselves  of  *  Notes 
and  Queries.'" — Examiner. 

"  Its  utility  to  scholars,  artists,  antiquarians,  has  conducted 
this  periodical  to  a  stage  of  life  when  it  may  be  said  to 
have  weathered  the  danger  of  infancy.  *  *  The  utility  of  the 
work,  as  a  medium  of  ioter-eommuuication,  is,  of  course,  its 
first  feature  ;  but  its  numbers  also  form  a  collection  of  curious 
anecdote  and  gossip." — Spectator. 

•'  We  have  perused  with  intense  interest  every  number  of 
this  periodical  as  it  has  appeared.  We  hive  found  that  as  it 
has  proceeded  it  has  increased  in  importance  and  in  value  ; 
and  we  have  little  doubt  that,  cjnanuiiig  to  be  managed  as  it 
has  been,  and  as  carefully  edited  as  it  is  at  present,  it  must 
become  an  established  class-book  iu  every  library." — Diiblin 
Heview. 

"The  work  having  been  conduc'ed  with  unflagging  spirit, 
and,  we  are  happy  to  add,  unfailing  good  taste,  has  already 
secured  itself  a  respectable  place  in  public  estimation.  *  '  We 
must  now  take  leave  of  our  pleasant  cot-;mporary,  and,  in 
doing  so,  cannot  but  express,  as  members  of  the  republic  of 
letters,  our  grateful  sense  of  his  useful  and  meritorious 
labours," — Cliamhers^  Edinburgh  Joitrncil, 


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Illustrated  with  One  Coloured  Engraving  and  numerous  Wood- 
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Its  Condition  and  Prospects  :  With  Descriptions  iu  detail 
of  the  best  modes  of  Husbandry  practised  in  nearly  every 
County  of  England.  By  James  Caird,  Esq.,  of  Baldoon,  The- 
Times  Commissioner.    Reprinted  by  permission, 

"  The  most  extensive,  and,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  most  com- 
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OF  THE  HIGHLANDS.  By  Charles  St.  John.  Post 
8vo.    Bs. 

A  NATURALTSrS  TOUR   IN  SUTHERLAND. 

By  Charles  St.  John.    Woodcuts,    2  vols,  post  8vo,    I85, 

DAYS  OF  DEER-STALKING  IN  THE  FORESO? 

OF  ATHOLL.  By  William  Sceope.  Third  Kdition.  JPlates.- 
Orown  Svo.    20s. 

DAYS  AND   nights'"  OF   SALMON-FISHING 

IN  THE  TWEED.  By  William  Scropb.  Plates.  Royal 
8vo.    2i.  25. 

TIT. 

THE  CHACE— THE  TURF— AND  THE  ROAD-, 

By  Nimrod.     Third  Edition.     Woodcuts.    Post  8vo,    4a, 

John  Morray.  Albemarle-street. 

"  He  that  tilleth  his  land  shall  be  satisfied  with  bread," 
Just  published.  Fifth  Edition, 
pATECHISM  OF  COTTAGE  FARMING. 
v^  "  It'  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allotment  tenantry  or  the 
cultivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  their  land  more  profit- 
ably than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustomed  to  do — 
we  venture  to  raco  nmend  this  little  Catechism  as  likely,  to  be 
very  useful  for  distribution  among  them."— Gardene/a*  CkronidG 
and  Agricultural  Qazette. 

Also,  Fifth  Edition,      - 
;CATECHISM  OF  GARDENING.        - 
Price  i.d,  each  ;  13  copies  sent  free  by  post  "for  4s.  &d.    The 
two  Catechisms  hound  together  iu  cloth.  Is. 
These  clever  and  interesting  little  Catechisms,   by  a' well- 
known  writer  on  Rural  Economy,  are  admirably  adapted  for 
diffusing   an  improved  knowledge  and  practice  of  Farming 
and  Gardening  among  the  smaller  class  of  cultivators. 
Also,  Third  Edition,  price  2s.,  hound  in  cloth, 
RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 
AND  GARDENER-5:    A   Treasury  of  Information  on   Cow- 
Keeping,   Sheep,   Pics,  Poultry,  the   Horse,  Pony,  Ass,  Goat, 
Honey  Bee,  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  OperationSi 
&c.,  &c.,  ttc.     By  Martin  Doyle,  and  others. 
"  It  is  all  that  it  professes  to  h&."— British  Qitavterly  Revleuj. 
"This  is  rural  ecjuomy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and' 
form  ;  its  multifarious  and  interesting  suDjects  may  actually, 
be  said  to  be  condensed  to  the  utmost.     The  book  has  hut  to 
ba  seen  by  those  for  whom  It  is  prepared  to  be  admired,  and, 
we  may  add,  to  be  purchised." — G'lristian  Witness. 

London:  QajouBaiDQE  aod  Sons,  Paternoster  Row. 
Sold  bf  all  Booksellers. 

Priateii  by  WiLLiiSi  aninHuai,  of  No.  IU,  Upper  Woburu-place.  ia  the 
pariBhof  St- Paocraa,  aaJ  PttKDaaics  M.DLLKTT  livANa,  of  >vo.  7.  Chare li- 
row  Stoke  Newiii^too,  both  m  ttie  County  ot  ilidjies:;?;  Pfiatern,  at  their- 
Ofice  ia  LointJH.rd-8creec,  in  ttie  PreciucC  of  Wh  teffiarB.  ia  the  City  of 
LoQilno ;  and  paOlished  by  theoQ  at  tlie  office,  No  5,  Ciarlea-Btreat,  in 
the  pirish  oC  St-  Paul's.  Coveat-^arJea,  In  the  aaid  County,  where  alt 
Advertise. aenta  and  Ci)innQunicatioa8  are  tO  be  ADOB£!i3KC'toiQ'B£x)ITOS» 
— Saturdai,  AcGusr  23,  1&52, 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  Oeneral  News.— The  Horticultural  Fart  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  36.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    SEPTEMBER  4. 


[Price  6d. 


Aetidcs  suavissimum 

Agri.  Socieiy  ofEnglaad  ..... 

Aspar«g;us  bed 

Beans,  Uaric^t,  to  cook    

—  —       to  preserve... 

Belle-ile,  climate  01' 

Biscuit,  meat 

Biieaoa  Ayres,  bySirlV.  Patiah, 


rev... 


Calendar,  horticultoraJ 

Cattle  lesdiDiC  ..  

Ctieltealiain  Sort.  Society  .... 

C Id e rariaf,  F elect 

Climate  of  Belle-ile    

Cucambercroppias:    

I)ahlii  Show,  Sbackiewell  .... 

EdacaiiOQ 

Facoi  at  Lois  Weedoa   

FarmiDi;,  Tulliaa 

—  nitboat  ploughing 

—  cost  of 

Fir,  Scotch,  and  dry  N.  winds. . 

Fowls,  Cochia  China. 

Fniif,  to  diy 

Fruit  trees,  wall 

FuD^,  to  dry 

Glass,  rough  pla'e 

Harvest  in  Haats   


664  a 

572  a 

5GS  a 

56fi  a 

5SS  c 

56-1  b 

5G6   c 

5fi5  b 

5ty  a 

673  b 

566  a 

567  c 

564  b 

56S  a 

56;  6 

57-2  a 

570  e 

573  c 

573  c 

5ii5  c 

571  c 

5S7  c 

56S  c 

563  C 

565  c 

571   c 

Hedgehog 5 

Horticultu'al  Society's  (garden  5 
Lawen' (Mr  ).  experiineuia  ....  5 

Lois  Weeiion,  farm  at    ,.,  & 

Manure,  Hoot  as    5 

—  liquid  at  Tiptree 5 

Mildew,  GrinoQ'a  cure  for......  5 

New  South  Wales,  aoil  of 5 

Orchids,  native  .,., ;..,,.,  a 

Peaches,  large 5 

Peas,  late    5 

PerguUria  odoratiasima  5 

Pomef^ranates S 

Potatoes  in  tau 5 

—  removing  haulm  f>om   ,.  b 

Potato  diceate  5 

Reapiaz  macbiaes  5 

Rose,  Manetti  ,5 

Rose  parasites .,.,,..  5 

Rothamated  experiments 5 

Soot  as  HiHuure    5' 

THres  ou  Wheat  stubble S, 

Thistle,  sow , 5 

Toad,  albiao ,, 5 

Turnips,  garden   5 

Walnut  rree  Inree 5 

Wbeat,  mildewed 5 

Wheat  stubble.  Tares  on 5; 


"Vr^TIONAL  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
-L^  NOTICE  ia  hereby  given  that  the  TWELFTH  MEETING 
of  the  Season,  for  the  examination  of  Seedling  Hollyhocks, 
Dahlias,  Liliams,  &c.,  will  be  held  on  Thursdat  the  dtb  last., 
when  all  flowers  mast  be  staged  before  1  o'clock. 
Censors 


Mr.  W.  P.  Ayres.  Blackheath 
Mr.  C.  Lidgard,  Hammersmitb 
Mr,  W.  nodda,  Salisbury 
Mr.  J,  Loo^,  Watford 
Mr.  J.S.  Prockter.Bermondaey 
Mr.  J.  Shirriff,  Birmingham 


Mr,  W.  Holmes,  Hackney 
Mr.  Cook,  Notting-biU 
Mr.  James,  Stoke  Newington 
Mr.  A.  Parsons,  Welwyn 
Mr.  J.  Robinson,  Pimlico 
Mr.  E.  Spary,  Brighton 


The  Committee  beg  to  annonoce  that  sioce  the  26th  ult.  the 
Third  Part  of  the  Society's  Tranaactiona  haa  been  ready  for 
delivery.  By  order  John  Edwards. 


EOYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIETY.  Under  the  Patronage  of  her  Most  Gracious 
Majesty  the  Queen.  A  grand  Dahlia,  Hollyhock,  and  Mis- 
cellaneous FLOWER  SHOW  of  the  above  Society,  will  be 
held  at  the  ROYAL  SURREY"  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS  on 
WEDNESDAY,  Septembee  3th.  Open  to  all  Exhibitors,  when 
prizes  will  be  awarded  for  the  following  productions  ;  viz., 
Stove,  Greenhouse,  and  Specimen  Plaata,  Dahliae,  Roses, 
Hollyhocks,  Verbenas,  Cut  Flowers,  Fruif,  and  Honey;  extra 
prizes  for  seedlia?  Dihlias,  Fuchsias,  Holljbocks.and  Verbenas, 
in  addition  to  Ist  Class  Certificates  awardi>d  by  the  Society. 
The  following  extra  prizes  offered  by  members  will  also  be 
awarded  ;  By  Mr.  C.  Turner,  4  prizes  for  3  blooms  of  Dahliaa, 
from  varieties  sent  out  by  him  the  spring  previous.  By  Mr. 
E.  Spary,  2  prizes  for  6  blooms  of  Dahlias.  By  Mr.  John  Salter, 
4  prizes  for  6  blooms  of  Dahlias.  By  Mr.  G.  Rawliugs,  4  prizes 
for  3  blooms  of  Dahlias.  By  C.  Sain^bury,  Eeq.,  a  Silver  Cup 
and  3  prizes  by  Mr.  C.  Drummond,  for  G  blooms  of  Dahlias. 
From  a  subscription  fund  collected  by  R.  W.  Button,  Esq.,  a 
Gold  Albert  Medal,  for  the  best  specimen  of  honey  (in  the 
comb  in  glass) ;  for  2d  best  ditto,  alarge  Silver  Victoria  Medal ; 
and  for  the  3d  beat  ditto  a  Small  Silver  Victoria  Medal ;  and 
by  Mr.  J.  Marriott,  for  the  best  specimen  of  honey  in  the  comb, 
taken  on  the  humane  principle,  a  small  Silver  Albert  Medai. 
List  of  prizes  and  the  rules  for  the  exhibitors,  may  bs  obtained 
from  John  Tatloe  Neville,  Secretary,  Ebentzer  House, 
Pockham,  Surrey. 

The  Committee  will  meet  at  the  Horns  Tavern,  Kennington, 
oa  the  following  days,  for  awarding  Ist  Class  Certificates  for 
Seedling  Florist  Flowers,  for  such  as  are  deserving  the  same  ; 
viz.,  Thursday,  October  Uth,  November  llth,  and  December 
9tb,  in  addition  to  tbe  exhibition  as  above. 


EXTRA  PRIZES  offered  for  NEW  DAHLIAS  at 
the  Surrey  Gardens  Grand  FLOWER  SHOW  on  the 
8th  inst.,  by  E.  Spaet.  Iu  consequence  of  some  plants  of 
Victoria  (Cook's)  being  unavoidably  sent  out  incorrect,  the 
prizes  offered  in  C'ass  I.,  letter  W,  will  be  awarded  to  Absolom 
(Sparj's),  and  John  Davis  (Cook's).  E,  S.  beg'^  to  return 
thanks  to  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  visitors  of  Brighton,  and 
invites  public  attention  to  bis  extensive  Grape  and  Plant  grow, 
ing  establishment  (open  daily,  Sundays  excepted).  A  constant 
supply  of  fine  Hothou'-e  Grajici,  Plants,  Bouquets,  and  Flowers 
cut  to  order.     Seeds,  Bulbs,  Mats,  i:c. 

Queen's  Graperies  and  IS  urserj  Ground,  Park-street,  Brighton, 
September  4. 


A  FEW  FRIENDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Caeton,  once  Gardener  at  Sjou  House,  and  now  wholly 
destitute,  hiving  formed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  funher  aid, 

in  order  to   enable  them   to  complete  their  arranKements. 

Subscriptions  will  be  received  by  John  Edwards,  Eb.j.,  Wace 
Cottage,  Holloway,  London. 


CROCUS — Common,  mixed,  Is.  per  100  ;  Snow- 
drops, la.  9d.  per  100  ;  ditto,  superior  Dutch,  mixed 
Is.  6d.  per  100  ;  Tulips,  finu-bt  border,  55.  per  100  ;  Hyacinths' 
mixed  colours,  '2s.  Gd.  per  doz.  ;  Hyacinths,  named,  for  pots  or 
glasses,  Gs.  to  12s.  per.   doz.     Other  roots  equally  cheap,    and 

all  warranted  of  the  best  quality.    Catalosuea  on  application. 

Address,  Wm.  Hamilton,  Seedsman,  &c.,  156,  Cbeapside, 
London.  N.  B. — Staudard  Roses,  Chrysaulhemums,  Carna- 
tions, and  Picotees. 


TO    DAHLIA    GROWERS, 

NORFOLK  AND  NORWICH  HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETY.— The  DAHLIA  SHOW  will  be  held  at  the 
Com  Exchange,  Norwich,  on  the  21iit  of  Septembee  next,  being 
the  first  day  of  the  Musical  Festival,  which  commences  the 
same  evening.  Amongst  other?,  Prizes  of  4^,,  31.,  21.,  aud  11. 
will  be  oStrred  for  24  Dissimilar  Dahlia  Blooms  (Fancies 
excluded),  open  to  Nurserymen  and  Amateurs,  being  sub- 
scribers, in  the  United  Kingdom.  No  entrance  money. 
Norwich,  Aag.24.  Abtode  Pbeston,  Hon,  Sec. 


CI  RAVESEND  AND  MILTON  FLOWER  SHOW 
T  wUlbeheld  at  the  TIVOLI  GARDENS,  GRAVESEND, 
on  THURSDAY,  Spptembor  9.  Open  to  all  England.  Prizes 
will  be  given  for  Dahlias,  Hollyhncka,  German  Asters,  Ver- 
beoas,  Cockscombs,  Specimen  Platjts,  Cut  Flowers,  Floral 
Devlcei,  Fruits,  &c.  Printed  particulars  may  be  obtained  of 
Mr.  W.  Hdme,  Clark's  Nursery,  Wiodniill-street,  Gravesend ; 
or  at  tbe  Tlvoli.  Gravesend.  A  Full  Band,  conducted  by  Mr. 
T.  Beet,  will  perform  a  selection  of  Favourite  Overtures,  itc, 
during  the  day.    Admission,  after  2  o'clock,  Gd.  each. 


MAIDSTONE   HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
OPEN  TO  ALL  ENGLAND. 
For  the  best  collecttoa  of  Dahlioo,  24  diatinct  varieties  X2    2  0 

For  the  second  b«it  do 1    10 

for  Ibe  third  bent  do 0  10  C 

Eiitraoco  fee,  65. 
Tho  above  prizen  will  bo  given  at  the  next  Show  of  the 
Society,  on  WEDNESDAY,  SEPT.  8.  No  Exhibitor  to  recoivo 
more  than  one  prize.  Tb*!  Stands  to  bo  In  tho  Exhibition 
Boom,  Corn  Exchange,  by  Ten  o'clock,  txc<*pting  ihoso  sent 
by  railway,  which  will  he  admitted  on  tho  arrival  of  tho  first 
train.  By  order  of  tbe  Committee, 
Week-atrcet,  Malditono.  J.  0.  Smith,  Flon.  Sec. 

^TMIE    GREAT  ^YAIClOUTH TaND    EASTERN 

X  COUNTIES  ASSOCIATION,  FOR  I.'KOMOTINO  THE 
IMPROVEMENT  OF  DOME.STIC  POULTRY,  if.  —  Tho 
PIR-iT  SHOW  nill  beheld  at  thw  VAU.XIIALL  GARDENS, 
ORBAT  YARMOUTH,  on  THURSi>AY,  tho  Iflth  of  SEP- 
TBMBKR,  lHr,'2. 

Rulci,  Prize  Linn,  and  Certificate",  may  bo  had  of  Mr. 
II.  TocEiL,  Honorary  Secretary.  Rojol  Nursery  ;  or  of  MonflrB. 
Oooca  aad  3ojr,  BookscUom,  Market  I'laco,  Great  Yurrnouth. 


JUST     IMPORTED. 
TOHN     SUTTON    and-  SONS,    Seed    Growers, 

*J  Reading,  Berks,  Jiave  jttsl  received  from  Messrs.  Btvoet 
rtjui  Mr.  De  Buom,  of  Haarlem,  a  suptrior  collection  of 
HYACINTHS,  ANEMONES,  and  other  Bulbous  Flower  Roots, 
which  may  be  depended  upon  as  the  best  which  can  ba  procured, 

J.  S,  and  Sons  recommend  early  planting  ;  but,  for  tbe 
accommodation  of  those  who  prefer  it,  they  will  import  a  fresh 
assortment  for  later  pLinting  in  October. 

The  Priced  List  will  hs  ready  shortly,  and  tbe  following  are 
the  prices  of  some  of  the  leading  articles  : —       Per  doz.— 5,   d. 

The  finest  Hyacinths,  by  name  10     6 

Piae  ditto  ditto ..,        .,.  js,  y^. 

Finest  ditto,  in  separate  coloura,  without  names      5    » 

Jonquils,  sweet  double  ...         ,.,         ^      ...     2     6 

Double  Roman  and  Paper  White  Narcissus  ...  ■      ...    3    6 

Gladiolus,  finest  mixed ,.,     3     G 

Early  Tulips,  of  sorts,  per  100,  7s,  6(^;  per  doz 1     0 

Crocuses,  many  sorts,  .per  1000,  16s, ;  y:~    100,  Is.  Gd.  to    2    0 

Anemones,  new,  large  double ..  Per  100    7    0 

,,  fine  mixed,  aingle ,..         ,,  6     0 

A  complete  collection,  including  all  the  meat  desirable  kinds 
of  Bulbs /or  spring  hloomina,  11.  10s,,  1^,  or  '   3. 

N.B.  All  Orders  to  ttie  at  'omit^or  30s.  "■       nnwards  will  be 
sent  Caebiaqe  Peee. 
Address,  John  Sditon  Ss  SoJ.j-Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 

NEW    PELARGONIUMS,    ETC. 
JOHN  DOBSON'S    DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 

J  of  the  new  SEEDLING  PELARGONIUMS  to  be  sent  out 
in  October  next,  may  be  had  on  application.  Early  orders  will 
insure  good  Plants. 

J.  D.  is  now  sending  out  the  following  in  good  strong  Plants. 
All  orders  above  li.  package  and  carriage  paid  to  London  :— 

Per  doz. 

Chrysanthemums,  finest  show  varieties    9s. 

,,  Lilliputians         9s. 

Cinerarias,  named  varieties  123. 

Daisies,  German  named  varieties     3;. 

Pinks,  a  fine  healthy  stock  of  named  varieties  ...      63. 
„         Anna  B'lleyn,  strong  plants  for  potting  ...       6s. 

Pelargoniums,  fine  show  flowers,  from     12s. 

J.  D.'s  stock  of  Pelargoniums  is  very  large  and  in  fine  health, 
and  the  selections,  if  l(;fc  to  him,  he  is  assured,  will  give  the 
greatest  satisfaction.  Alarge  stock  of  Hollyhocks  of  the  best 
and  newest  varieties,  will  be  ready  for  sending  out  in  a  few 
weeks,  from  123.  per  dozen. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  Middlesex. 


NICHOLSONS  TWO    NEW    SEEDLING   STRAWBERRY 
PLANTS. 

WILLIAM  NICHOLSON  continues  to  send  out  his 
unrivaled  STRAWBERRY  PL  ANTS,  viz.,  the  "Ajax" 
and  "Ruby"  at  21.  for  100  plants,  11.  5s.  for  50,  and  15s. 
for  25.  Orders  promptly  attended  to  on  tbe  receipt  of  a  Post- 
ofhc  order.  The  ''Ajax"  was  exhibited  last  year  in  Covent- 
gaiden  Market,  nine  of  which  weighed  16  oz.,  and  one  measured 
nine  inches  in  circumference.  The  fruit  of  the  '*  Ajax"  Is  of 
a  fine  globular  shape,  the  colour  a  rich  dark  crimson,  very 
ju'cy,  and  of  particular  fine  flavour.  The  parent  plant  of  the 
"Ruby"  is  now  six  years  old,  in  full  bearing,  and  had  lis 
pei'fi>ct  berries  upon  it  this  season  ;  cnlouf  ruby,  shape  fine 
oval,  size  a  tittle  less  thin  the  "  Queen,"  of  fine  flavour,  is  very 
prolific,  and  continues  bearing  much  lougi^r  than  any  other 
known  kind  ;  fruit  having  been  gathered  from  it  this  season  up 
to  the  25th  August.  Testimonials  of  ihcir  meiirs  have  been 
received  from  some  of  the  first  gardeners  in  the  kingdom, 
which  Mr.  N.  will  be  happy  to  produce  if  requested. 

William  Nicholson,  Egglesclili'e,   near   Yarm,   Yorkshire, 
September  4. 

O  EACH'S  QUEEN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— 
J-*  Having  taken  several  Prizes  these  two  years  with 
QUEEN'S  STRAWBERRIES,  thousauds  of  them  weighing 
upwards  of  2  oz.,  many  of  them  I  exhibited  last  year  in  the 
Crystal  Palace  upwards  of  3  oz.,  and  this  year,  at  Chiawicfc, 
they  gained  two  Knightian  Medi,lg  ou  July  10th  ;  and  also  on 
the  11th  Au:?.  the  Head  Priz;  at  the  Great  Show  .it  Lewes.  See 
also  Dr.  Liudley's  opinion  of  them  in  the  Gavdeners^  Chroni^^Q 
of  tho  10th  of  July,  and  likewise  Mr.  Outhill's  account  of  my 
place  ia  th^  same  Journal  of  the  24lh  of  July.  Strong,  healthy, 
and  fine  plants  are  now  ready  to  be  sent  out  at  5s.  per  100,  bos 
included. — Post-office  Orders  on  Hounslow  to  Mr  Thomas 
Beach,  Market  Gardener,  Worton,  Isleworth,  near  London. 


GUERNSEY   AND    BELLADONNA  LILIES. 

BRIDGEWATER  PAGE  AND  CO.  have  the 
pleasure  to  oft-«r  fine  Flowering  Bulbs  of  the  above  beau- 
tiful Autumnal  Lilies.  Guernsey  Lilies,  4s.  per  duzen  ;  Bella- 
donna ditto,  4s.  per  dozen;  Amaryllis  tormosissima,  4s. 
per  dozen;  Early  Double  Roman  Narcissus,  43.  per  dozen; 
ditto  Paper  White  do.,  4s.  per  dozen  ;  ditto  largest  Jonquils,. 
43-  "  "  zen.  All  orders  above  10s.  Grf.  will  be  delivered  free 
ith- Western  and  Great  Western  Railways, 

BULBS,    consisting   of  HYACINTHS,    TULIPS, 
0-  3,  GLADIOLI,  tfce.,  have  just  arrived  in  fine  con- 

dit..  .id  are  offered  at  greatly  riiduced  rat„;i.  Catalogues  of 
wiiich  may  be  had  on  application  to  Page  and  Co,,  Seed 
Merchants,  Southampton  (sole  Agents  to  the  Shale  Manure 
Company  for  the  couaty  of  Hants), 

SHALE  MANURE,  ^y^<iv  tor. 


BEAUTIFUL     NEW     BEGONIA, 

"BEGONIA    PRESTONIENSIS." 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.,  have  much  pleasure 
in  staling  that  tbey  possess  the  whole  stock  of  this  very 
fine  Plant,  and  will  shortly  be  prepared  to  let  it  out.  The 
following  is  an  extract  from  the  report  (in  the  Oardenevs' 
Chronic'c,  October  11,  1851)  of  one  of  the  meetings  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  in  Regent-street— 

**  Mr.  Frost,  gardoner  to  E,  L.  Betta,  Esq.,  of  Preston  Hall, 
furnished  a  seedling  Begonia,  obtained  by  crossing  B.  ctnna- 
barina  with  B.  nitida.  The  result  ia  a  freer  floevurlng  plant  than 
B.  clunabarina,  with  even  higher  coloured  flowers  tUan  those 
of  that  fine  kind,  while  tlie  foliage  is  very  nearly  the  same  as 
that  of  nitida." 

L,,  P.,  and  Co.,  may  say  in  addition  to  tho  above  high  testi- 
monial, that  it  podsoasos  an  excellent  habit,  producing  its 
brilliant  oraogo-scarlot  coloured  fljwori  very  profusely  ;  can  be 
easily  cullivutod  in  any  greenhouse,  and  ia  doliclously  fragrant, 
the  odour  being  that  of  a  fine  Tea-scented  Rose. — Specimens 
of  It  aro  now  In  flower  la  the  Exeter  Nursery,  to  which  they 
respectfully  invito  attention. 

Exctor  Nursery,  Exeter,  Septombor  4. 


FUCHSIA,   "ENGLAND'S  GLORY." 
rOHN    HARRISON    is    bo    far    convinced    of    tho 

•'  superiority  of  this  Puchslii,  both  in  habit,  substance,  and 
purity  of  tubi!  and  sopals,  distinct  colour  of  corolla,  and 
bofiuttfutly  relloxcd  sopala,  above  all  other  white  or  light 
FuchHl'tB  in  cultivation,  that  he  is  now  open  to  show  it  agnlnat 
any  light  variety  now  or  old,  for  any  Hum  not  uxcoedlng  2M. 
Piirtlen  wishing  to  sfo  blooms  of  thU  rually  splendid  soudling 
Fuchsia,  can  h.ivo  them  B«nt  through  tho  pout  on  receipt  of 
12  stampK  for  cuho  and  poHtfigo.  A  Bpeoliiiun  iibint  will  bo 
flhown  at  tho  Roy.il  South  London  Honlcultural  Society's 
Show,  Surrey  GurdouH,  London,  on  Wednesday  nuxt,  the 
titti  lost,— Grangti  Nuravry,  Uarliiigtuii,  Sept.  1. 


NEW  AND  CHOICE  PLANTS  AND   BULBS. 

BASS  AND  BROWN'S  NEW  AUTUMN  CATA- 
LOGUE is  now  reaJv  :  it  eiiDcace;-  uu^h  i.!  "cripiiveand 
useful  informatiou,  Oii  to^ipt  •"  t'lioL  pow  t^a  -.amps  it 
will  be  seat  free,  or  grat^t  to  purccasji'?.  It  .jontaina,  amoo" 
other  new  plants,  the  N3W  GERAV.tUMS  last  out,  at  reduced 
prices,  of  which  we  possess  a  fine  stock,  and  will  shortly  be 
ready. 
Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Sufiblk, 

GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  m-ist  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  eox'ts 
for  Planting  or  Feuitinq  in  Pots. 

Also  an  extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  STOVE  and 
GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  with  all  new  varieties.  See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.    Also  our  lUustratioua  on  Hoeti- 

COLTDEAL  BOILDINO  aud  HEATINQ  by  HOT-WATEE. 

J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King'e-road,  Chelsea. 

FOR     PRESENT     SOWING. 
OUT  TON'S    PERMANENT    GRASSES.— 

O  Tho  SUPERIOR  QUALITY  of  SUTTON'S  GRASS  SEEDS 
is  plainly  indicated  by  the  numerous  Orders  they  are  daily 
receiving,  through  the  recommendation  of  former  customers. 

Some  interesting  parlicidars  of  Land  laid  doivn  with 
these  Seeds  is  published  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of 
March  27(h,  page  195. 

The  prices  for  the  lest  quality  are  as  wider,  hiU  for 
poor  reclaimed  Lands  or  other  cases  where  the  cost  is  the 
principal  consideration^  mixiarcs  at  about  half  the  price 
■may  he  had. 

For  best  permanent  Meadow  and  Pasture,      Per  acre. 

mixed  espressly  to  suit  the  soil 24s.  to  283. 

For   best  Clovers    and    Grasses    (for   one, 

two,  or  three  years'  lay)     lis.  to  20s. 

The  sorts  consist  of  truo  Perennial  Grasses  and  Clovers,  as 
named  particularly  ia  our  Advortisouiout  on  the  last  page  of 
the  Qardcners'  Chroniolc  of  20th  March. 

John  Sdtton  luul  Sons.  Seed  Growors,  Roading,  Berks, 

TO  GROWERS  OF  FRUITS  AND  VEGETABLES. 

GEORGE  TAYLOR,  Jun.,  Foreign  and  British 
Fruit  Salesman,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Grooogrooer,  St, 
John's  Market,  Liverpool,  will  C  'ntract  for  or  Purchase  every 
dowcpiptlon  of  GARDEN  PRODUCE,  including  Hothodbe 
fJaAi-Es,  Pine  Apples,  Melons,  PEAonEfl,  Ne«taiiines,  CnoiOE 
Peaks,  Choice  Apples,  Choice  Flowers,  MonnaooMB,  Purua, 
Araiooxa,  die,  Jjc.  Also,  Veqetableh  of  every  descriptiono 
Payment — Net  Cash  on  Dclivory,  Garden  and  other  Produoft 
Sold  on  Commlesion, 

MUSHROOM    SPAWN. 

S  CHEESE,  in  roturning  thanks  to  his  numerous 
•  Patrons,  bogs  to  Inform  them  ho  has  now  ready  a  large 
stock  of  Ills  justly  cok'bratod  SPAWN,  In  flno  condition,  at 
tho  usual  prlco.  Any  (luiintUy  can  bo  safoly  packi;d  and 
forwarded  on  receipt  of  a  Post-oflloo  Ordor  to  Samuel  Cheese, 
Floru  Ourdorift,  Baynwalur.     All  Poat-onico  Ordors  to  bo  xnado 

pjjablo  ut  tho  PoBt.olIlco,  Oxford-atreot,  London, 


■^f? 


TtiK    (JARbENERS^     CHRONICLE, 


[Sept.  4, 


YELLOW  STONE  TUPwXIP  SEED  and  WINTER 
Tares  —The  Subscriber  bas  t'lr  sale,  in  quiivities  of 
not  less  ihan  5(i  !bs.,  Yeilow  Stone  Turnip  Seed  aud  Win'ir 
Tares,  gr^nn  by  bim  here.  Satisfactory  references  can  hj 
given  as  to  ^lie  purl  y  o^tbe  Seed.  James  Robb. 

Gorgie,  by  Edinbur^^b,  Sept.  4. 


RIVEKS'  LARGE  YELLOW  STONE  TURNIP 
SEED  {the  growth  of  the  present  sea^'On).  PiicjIs.  per  lb 
This  Turnip  had  its  origin  in  I8i3  witlj  the  Smbble  Swade  ; 
and  has  been  repeatedly  teste'3  with  other  lilnds  of  Yellow 
Turnip,  in  which  its  superii)rity  was  v.-ry  aiparent— in  its 
Bweetnesa  of  flavour,  and  in  its  vigour  of  growth.  For  the  last 
three  years,  on  Virions  soils,  it  ba3  yielded  ff>m  13  to  16  tons 
per  acre,  when  sown  in  the  early  part  of  August;  and  it  has 
the  advantage  of  keep'nx  in  clainpa  quite  late  in  the  spring 

RiVEEs' Stubble  Swede,  urice  Is   6(i.  p.rlb.     Oi-ders  to  the 
amount  of  Hts.  paid  to  London.— Sawbridgenorth,  Herts. 


THE  NEW  AND  BEAUTIFULLY  VAP.IEGATED-LEAVED 
fL,\NT, 

OSSUS    DISCOLOR    (BLUME^i 

WILLIAM  R0LLIS30N  and  SONS  beg  leave  to 
infitrm  the  nobility,  gentry,  !ind  the  tratle,  that  'hrj 
intend  sending  out.  Oil  unl  alttr  th--- 27:ti  of  Seprember,  trieir 
new  and  beautifully  variegated-leaved  climbing  plant,  CIS^US 
DISCOLOR,  of  Blame,  which  has  been  so  universally  admired 
'his  summer  at  the  Cbiswicli  a  id  Regent's  Park  ExhibiUons. 
Price  2ls.  per  p'ant.  The  usual  allowauce  to,  the  trade  if  two 
or  more  plants  are  ordered. — Tootine  Nurnery,  near  London. 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  THE  SUN.— Use  E.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTtI,  a 
perfect  non-conductor  of  heat,  aud  admitting  light  without 
hea*",  where  a  covering  is  required  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  Is.  id.  pi^r  yard,  and  much  ch.'aper  than  Bass  Mats. 
■p.  F.  ABCnER.  451.  Osf  ird.strp<?'.  L'*ndon. 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITIONS     \H     REGENT    STREET. 


THE  COUNCIL  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  Hereby  Give  Notice,  that,  witH  a  view  to  the 
further  encouragement  of  good  cultivation  at  all  seasons  and  in  all  branches  of  Gardening.  M<.dils  and  Certificates  of 
M.erit  will  be  given  at  the  Genera!  Meetings  of  the  Society  in  Regent-street,  during  the  years  18o2  and  1853,  according  to  th© 
following  Schedule,  and  under  the  Regulations  thereto  annexed  :~ 

Strawberries  (one  dish  only  shown  by  each  Ex- 
hibitor)   SB.  C. 

Ne.w-Grapea       SK.  SB. 

March  15.     Tliird  Tuesday.  Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Hybrid  Rhododendrons  (oaepotonljtobe  shown 

by  each  Exhibitor) SK,  SB, 

Strawberries  in  pots,  in  threes       SB.  C. 

The  best  and  most  varied  Salad     SB.  C. 


1852. 

OcroBERlS.     Third  Tuesday  Meeting  a.  3  p  m. 

The    best    collections   of  Fardy   Annuals  (cut 

11  iwvrn.>,  each  sort  named  correctly       SB.  C. 

Table  Pears,  correc'ly  named,  in  collections  of 
sis,  two  spi'Cimens  of  each  sort  to  be  produced    SB.  C. 

Green  Peas,^  named  correctly  C, 

KoYEMBER,2.    First  Tuesday .;        Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

Ohrysi.n'beinums   (shown  in    sixes,  in  pots  not- 
exceeding  11  inches  in  inside  diameter)  ...    SK.  SB. 

Alpine  Sirawberriea SB.  C. 

Celery  (shown  in  three  heads)         C. 

BscEMBER  7.    First  Tuesday ^  Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

Au*umn-floweri"g    Heath"    (shown   in  .^lixee,    in 

pots  not  more  than  11  inches  in  inside  diameter);    SK.  SB. 

Table  Pears,  as  in  October SB,  C. 

The  best  lot  of  forced  Vegetables SB.  C. 


183S. 

Ja.nuaht13.     Tliird  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

The  best  colltction  of  Hardy  Winter-flowering 

Plants  [cu'' flowers  admissible) SB.  C. 

En;<ii6li  Grapes. ...      .  ...    S  a.  C. 

The  best,  and  most  varied  Salad SB.  C. 

Eebruarx  15.     Third  Tuesday MestLpgaSa  p.m. 

Camellias  (shown  in  threes,  in  pots  not  exceeding 

15  inches  in  inside  diameter)       SK.  SB. 

Table  Pears,  as  in  October SB.  C. 

Lettuces  (shown  in  sixes)      SB.  C. 

March  1.    First  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p  m. 

Chinese  Priniu'as  (shown in  pairs  in9-incb  pots)    SB.  C. 
Himalayan  Piimulas,  in  pots  SB.  G. 


ApaiT.  5.    First  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Hyacinths  (ehown  in  pots  in  sixes)  ...   _     ...    SB.  C. 

Fruits  or  Vegetables,  preserved  whole  by  private 
persons  for  famiJyu^e,  without  sugar  or  vinegar 
(shown  in  bottles  of  white  glass,  one  bottle  of 
each  kind),  accompanied  by  a  written  account 
of  the  manner  in  which  they  have  been  pre- 
pared SB.  C, 

Forced  Peas       SB.  C. 

&.-PRI-L  19.  Tliird  Tuesday Meeting  at?  p.m. 

Cyclamens,  in  pots      SB.  C. 

Cherries   (one  dish  only  to  be  shown  by-  each 


Exhibitor) 
Caulifljwers,  ia  sixes 

Mat  24.  Fourth  Tuesday 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

JoNZ  28,    Fourth  Tuesday.  

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

Jdlt  26.    Fourth  Tuesday 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

SK.— Silver  Knightian  Medal. 
SB. — Silver  Banksian  do. 
C.—Certificate  of  Merit. 


SB.  C. 
SB.  C. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m. 
SK.  SB. 


Meeting  at  3  p.m 
...    SK.  SB 


1.  The  Medals  and  Certificates  of  Merit,  are.  on  no  account 
to  be  increased  beyond  those  named  in  this  schedule^  They 
are  to  be  given  for  fine  cultivation,  and  not  for  mere  novelty, 
which  is  to  be  a  eecnndary  coi^sideration  with  the  j  adges,  unless 
attended  by  great  excellence. 

2.  Prizes  may  be  withheld  if  the  objects  exhibited  for  coeq- 
pQtition  do  not,  in  the  opinion  of  the  judi;es,  deserve  them. 

3.  Although  tho'e  subjects  of  exhibition  which  are  thus 
8peci?kUy  indicated  are  what  the  Council  are  most  desirous  of 
receiving,  nevertheless  other  objects  are  also  admiRSible,  and 
additional  prizes  may  even  be  givtn  f.ir  ihem  ;  x'rovided  they 
possess  very  cO'ispicuous  merit.  The  SilviT  Knightian  Medal 
will  be  the  highL-st  additional  reward  which  the  judges  can 
bestow,  witbout  the  special  sanction  of  the  Council. 

4.  In  a  future  year  other  kinds  of  produce  will  be  selected 
for  special  competition. 

5.  Cut  flowers  are  not  admissible^  except  when  it  is  expressly 
so  stated. 

6.  Dishes  or  ba$ket8   for  fruit   and  vegetablee   must  be 


furnished  bytte  Exhibitors,  if  they  are  present  or  live  near 
London.  The  Society  will  only  find  dishes  for  what  comes  from 
a  considerable  distance. 

7.  Fruit  must  be  perfectly  ripe  and  perfectly  coloured,  or  it 
will  be  disqualified, 

8.  Vegetables  must  be  produced  in  the  state  in  which  they 
are  offtired  for  sale  in  the  best  class  of  shops,  and  properly 
prepared  for  the  cook. 

9.  Foreign  fruit  and  vegetables  are  admissible,  but  not  in 
competition  with  produce  of  home  growth. 

10.  Everything  must  be  in  the  room  three  hours  before  the 
meeting,  and  ready  for  inspection  by  the  Judges  two  hours 
before  the  meeting.  If  anything  received  later  is  allowed  to 
be  exhibited,  it  will  bo  liable  to  exclusion  fcom  compe'ition. 

11.  Exhibitors,  and  Exhibitors  only,  can  receive  passes  to 
enable  them  to  retut'n  to  the  meeting-room  after  the  Prizes 
shall  have  been  adjudicated.  Two  hours  before  the  meeting 
they  mu?it  quit  tbe  room,  in  order  that  the  Judges  may  h< 
undisturbed. 


GOTTA 


A^B      HALLE  IT, 


2,    "^VINSLEY    STREET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON, 


APPLICATION    is   requested   for   tlieir    NEW    HORTICULTURAL    LIST,   coutalnipg   Illustrations, 
Descriptions,   and  Prices  of 

Flower  Sticks 


Conservatories 

Greenhouses. 

Hot  Water  ApparfttlJB 

Garden  Vases  , 


Mowing  Machines 
Fountains 

Ornamental  Wire  Work 
Flower  Stands 


Hand-glass  Frames 
Game  Netting  ' 
Hurdles 
Garden  Chairs 


Garden  Engines 
Do.  Syringes 
Do.     Rollers 

Flower  Labels 


Garden  Bordering 
Watering  Pots 
Garden  Arches,  &c, 


AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION    OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,    CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK, 

EXHIBiTIOIT  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND   ENAMELLED  HANGERS. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT  FRAMES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO,  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  in  boxes,  coataining  10 
squp.refeet  eaob,atthefollowiogUEDUCBD  PKICE3  for  cash, 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 

Inches. 
Under    6  by   4 
.,  7     „     5 

„  8     „     6 

„         10     ,,     8 
,,         12     ,,     9 


Sizes,  —  Inches, 
From     6    by    4 


10 


Per  foot.  Per  100  feet, 
at  l^d.  is  £0  12  6 
2d.  „  0  IG  8 
2id..  „  0  18  9 
2^d.  ,,  1  0  10 
2|d.    „    1    2  11 


La  K,er  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
16  oz.  from  2d.  to  3Jd.  per  square  foot,  accolding  to  size. 
21  oz.     ,,     3id.  to5rf.  ,,  ,,  ,, 

26  oz.     „     3id.  to  7Jd.  ,, 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATKNT  PLA.TE  GLASS  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLiTES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
"not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass, 

PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  glass  in  a  gentleman's  residence.  Ko 
alteration  connected  with  the  fcastt  is  required. 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to.  and  tor  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Prices,  since  the  removal  of  the  excise  duty  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
Lond<m. 


T^HOMAS   MILLINGTON'S  "FOREIGN    SHEET 

-L    GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  loO-feet  boxes,  packed  for  immediate  delivery, 

6  inches  by  4  and    6.iby4g       TSs.Qd. 

7  „  5  and    7^  by  5i       15     0 

8  „  5  and    8    by  54       15     0 

8  ,,         6  and    8^  by  6J      17    6 

9  „  7  and  10    by  8         20     0 

12  „        10  and  13    by  9         20     0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2l5.  per  100  feet. 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  |  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15  inches Gd.  per  foot, 

„        ,,        35     „       Sd.        „ 

„         „         60      , 9id,       „ 

„         „         75      „       12d.        „ 

Milk  Pans,  2s.  to  6s.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  Glasfl  Tiles 
and  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way.— Established  100  years. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

WARRANTED  BEST  MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  POSSIBLE  PRICES. 


T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
^  •  Horticultural  Architects,  Hothouse  Builders,  and  Hot- 
water  Apparatus  Mnnnfacturers.  The  Nobility  and  Gentry 
about  to  erect  Horticulturtil  buildings,  or  fix  Hot-Water 
Apparatus,  will  find,  at  our  Hothouse  Works,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  an  extensive  variety  of  Hothouses,  Greenhouses, 
Conservatories,  Pits,  tfec.,  erected,  and  in  full  operation,  com- 
bining all  modern  improvements,  so  that  a  lady  or  gentleman 
can  select  the  description  of  House  best  adapted  for  every 
required  purpose. 

THE  HOT-WATER  APPARATUSES  (which  are  efficient 
and  economical),  are  particularly  worthy  of  attention,  and  are 
erected  in  all  the  Houses,  Pits,  &c.,  for  both  Top  and  Bottom 
Heat,  and  in  constant  operation  in  the  Stoves. 

The  splendid  ooUection  of  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  is. 
in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  for  sale  at  very  low. 
prices.  Al-o  a  fine  collection  of  strong  Grape  Vines  in  pots 
from  eyes,  all  the  best  sorts. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ;  also 

Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  <fcc.,  for  warded  on  application, 

J.  WEEKS  ANO  CO.,  K[NO'a  Road,  Chelsea,  London, 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  Ai^D  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combmed  with, 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  he  surpassed  by 
anything  of  ihe  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms.  -kt  vt< 

G.  and  O,  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobilify, 
Gentrv,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  aU  by  wliom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hor-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
ipproved  and  scientific  princ!pl*^s,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
a^plication  of  Heating- by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


36— 1852.  J 


THE    GAUDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


563 


CUTHILL'S   PRINCE  OF  WALES  AND   BLACK 
PRINCE  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS. 

THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES  was  raised  in  1849  ;  it 
ia  the  latest  we  have  in  thii  oountrj— was  ia  bcarlnir 
August  1.  The  flavour  ia  excellent ;  a  pcarlet  cooe. shaped 
fruit  about  the  size  of  a  Keeu  ;  throws  ita  bloom  well  up, 
foliare  light  green,  and,  like  its  royal  relative  (the  Black 
Prince)  an  enormous  bearer.  If  planted  on  a  northern  aspect, 
5t  will  bear  up  to  September,  Price  U.  per  100,  or  10^,  Cti,  for 
50  fa  fe^  plants  extra  allowe-1  to  the  Trade). 

A'sothacelebratel  BLACK  PRINCE,  the  earliest  in  Bncland; 
this  year  thpy  were  picked  in  the  open  Ground,  at  S,*.  per  lb,,  by 
me.  "  See  also  Mr.  Meredith's  account  of  ita  forcing  qualitiea  at 
the*  Duke  of  Sutherland's.     Are  now  ready  for  aending  out. 

Cothill's  Pamphlet  on  the  Potato,  Asparagus,  SeaUale, 
Bhubarb.  Strawberry,  Melon,  Cucumber,  die  ,  2s.,  or  by  post 
-23.  id.  Also  his  "Market  Gardening  round  London,"  Is  6d., 
iir'by  post  Is.  8<i.  The  true  Lapstone  Kidney  8s.  per  bushel. 
Post-office  orders  on  Cambsrwell-green. 

James  Cothill,  Oamb»rwell.  L'^ndnn. 


GAINES'S  SEEDLING  LILIUM  LANCIFOLIUM 
are  now  coming  into  flower.  They  grow  with  large 
heads  similar  to  dwarf  trees,  and  have  from  20  to  GO  blooms 
upon  one  stem.  They  vary  in  colour  from  L.  rubrum  to  L. 
album,  and  wi-1  be  a  great  improvement  upon  the  older 
varieties. 

N.  G.  be&  8  to  inform  the  growers  of  Geraninma  that  he  will 
have,  in  addition  to  his  own  seedlinge,  those  of  Thos.  White, 
Esq.,  and  the  Rev.  E.  Trimmer's.  A  Descriptive  List  of  tham 
will  be  printed  in  Sep'ember,  and  may  be  liad  at  the  Nursery, 

Sorrey-iane.  B>tttersea.— Sept.  i. 

LOCKHART,  Florist,  84,  Fleet-street,  London, 
•  will  forward  his  AntuTOD  List  of  BULBS  and  aundry 
plants  free  by  post.  He  begs  to  inform  those  who  may  favour 
llim  with  their  orders  that  the  cultivation  of  bulbous  roots  has 
bean  the  study  of  his  life;  and  to  acquire  that  knowledge  he 
resided  15  years  at  Haarlem,  during  which  period  he  was 
practically  engaged  in  this  sole  pursuit. 

Address  84,  Fleet-street,  Lontlon.  

STR.\WBERRY  PLANTS. — The  under-mentioned 
first-rate  varieties,  which  have  all  been  thoroughly  proved 
to  the  satisfaction  of  their  growers,  are  now  ready  for 
lending  out. 

TROLLOP'S  VICTORIA.— This  is  one  of  the  finest  Straw, 
berries  ever  yet  sent  out;  it  has  been  exhibited  at  numaroua 
■exhibitions  last  season  and  this,  and  proved  superior  to  all 
others  for  its  superb  quality,  and,  as  an  early  forcer,  ia  not 
■equalled  ;  U,  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen  plants. 

CREMQ-JT'S  PERPETUAL  OR  DOUBLE  BEARINS 
STRAWBERRY  ;  \l.  per  hundred,  or  33.  per  dozen. 

"  ...  10s  Od.  perlOX 


MTaTT'S  SURPRISE,  extra  fine 

PRI:«CE  ARTHUR,  ditto  

BL.ACE  PRIMCE,  a  firat-rate  early  variety  ... 

PROLIFIC,  very  fine  and  early  

ELE  ANOR,  the  best  and  lateat  bearing  Straw. 

berry,  many  of  the  fruit  growing  to  2i  oz,, 

very  firm,  and  first-rate  for  travelling 

BRITISH  (JUEEN  (true)  

BRITANNIA  (very  fine)  

STIRLING  CiSTLE  STRAWBERRY    (fine) 
ELIZA 

GLOtiE  

ALICE  MAUDE      

"GOLIATH"  

The  above  are  strong  well.rooted  plants,  and  such  as  will 
ensure  satisfaction.  Fine  planta  can  be  had  for  potting,  if 
required,  which  were  pricked  off  for  tbe  purpose  Oiirly  in  the 
spring. 

N.B.  Those  Strawberries  at  33.  per  dozen  will  be  sent  postage 
«nd  package  free. 

FI.N'E  ANTIRRHINUMS,  all  saved  from  striped  and  spotted 
varieties,  auch  aa  will  give  every  satisfaction  and  bloom  early 
next  apring.  5s.  per  100. 

SWEET  WILLIAMS,  48  auperb  varieties,  3s.  per  100. 

SEEDLING  HOLLYHOCKS,  extra  fine,  saved  frtim  all  the 
i)e3l  varieties  in  cultivation,  and  such  as  will  give  satis- 
faction, U.  per  100,  or  Ss.  per  dozen.  (One  hundred  of  these 
Boperb  Hollyhocks  were  planted  out  in  a  bed  last  autumn,  and 
86  of  them  proved  to  be  double  flowers  and  equal  to  the  varieties 
they  were  saved  from). 

A  remittance  must  accompany  tbe  order,  either  by  penny 
postage  stamps  or  a  posUoffice  order,  on  receipt  of  wnich  the 
whole  or  any  quantity  of  the  above  will  be  sent  hamper  and 
pack.ige  free. 

EDwiRD  TiLET,  Nnrseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Bath,  Somerset, 


planting,  dry  land,  and  a  discontinuance  of  rank 
manure,  and  to  modify  cultivation  accordingly. 

Of  all  the  causes  that  have  been  suggested,  con- 
stitutional debility  seems  best  to  agree  with  the  facts 
we  now  know  connected  with  this  question.  It  was 
insisted  upon  at  a  very  early  period  of  the  inquiry, 
and  would  certainly  have  met  with  more  general 
acquiescence,  had  not  the  suggestion  been  overlaid 
with  so  much  bad  physiology,  unsound  reasoning, 
and  utterly  unfounded  hypothesis.  It  was  by  no 
means  inconsistent  with  the  theory  that  the  imme- 
diate cause  was  either  meteoric  or  fungoid,  or  both  ; 
and  it  derived  great  probability  from  IVIr.  Shepherd's 
practice,  above  alluded  to.  That  practice  mainly 
consisted  in  growing  seed  Potatoes  apart  from  those 
for  market,  never  taking  up  the  sets  till  they  were 
to  be  planted  ;  and  planting  immediately,  that  is  to 
say,  on  the  very  same  day. 

We  observe  that  a  writer  in  the  CorJc  Constitution 
has  revived  this  view  of  the  cause.  He  is  of  opinion 
that  the  Potato  disease  is  not  produced  by  electiic 
or  atmospheric  influence,  that  it  is  not  '  blight '  at 
all,  but  is  simply  the  natural  and  inevitable  effect  of 
exhaustion,  produced  by  long  years  of  most  bar- 
barous treatment,  and  total  disregard  of  all  the  well 
known  rules  observed  in  the  care  of  seeds."  "If," 
he  adds,  "  this  theory  be  real  and  true,  we  must 
look  for  the  '  blight '  next  year  ;  and  the  next  and 
the  next,  unless  means  are  adopted  tor  the  resus- 
citation of  the  Potato.  As  exhaustion  is  the  cause 
of  the  disease,  so  resuscitation  is  the  remedy — 
which  I  rejoice  to  think  may  be  readily  applied  ; 
and  be  also  speedy,  effectual,  and  permanent  in  its 
effects.  Besides  the  usual  modes  of  producing 
resuscitation,  it  is  my  opinion  that  if  the  breadth  of 
a  ridge  around  every  field  in  the  land  were  sown 
earli/  with  whole  seed,  to  be  left  at  rest  in  the 
ground  all  winter  and  until  digging  time  the  follow- 
ing summer,  or,  what  would  be  still  better,  until 
setting  time,  then  dug  and  re-set,  we  should  soon 
have  Potatoes  at  2ii.  per  lb.  (weight  ?)  again. 
If,  then,  any  persons  should  feel  inclined  to  try  an 
experiment  so  easy  and  simple,  I  warn  them  that  it 
is  indispensable  to  a  fair  trial  of  it,  that  the  dykes 
inclosing  each  field  should  be  cleaned  out  and  dug 
to  a  depth  of  at  least  3  feet  {uplands  included)  and 
deeper  still,  if  the  subsoil  at  tliat  depth  is  not  found 
to  be  perfectly  porous.  If  this  be  well  done  the 
field  will  be  thoroughly  drained,  and  not  one  drop  of 
foreign  water  can  by  any  possibility  pass  tlirougli 
it — the  frequent  drain  '  or  Deanstonian  system'  not- 
withstanding.    With  regard  to   the   same   system 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  4,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

W»D»«SDAT,    S-pl.    3 -Royal  South  London 1  p.ii. 

Tauft9D*T.  —      9— Natloaal  t'lortcultural 3  r.M. 

CocirsT  Saowi.— Mondav,  Seol.  6;  Sonth  DcTon.— Tuesdav,  SeDt,  7  : 
7bir*1(.— tvedoesday,  Sept.  8:  East  Eacex,  Da'h.m,  Mftldntnne,  Walbnz- 
•itttA.  an<l  MitDclieater. -'i'ljursdiiy,  Sept. 9:  Kirltcaldy,  Ipswloh,  and  Uoyal 
Hortxaltoral  of  Ireland. 

The  sad  account  given  by  our  agricultural  returns 
of  last  week  leaves  no  doubt  about  the  general 
reappearance  of  the  Potato  Blioht.  It  is  clear  that 
a  large  part  of  this  crop  is  again  ruined  all  over  the 
country,  from  the  western  isles  and  the  adjacent 
shore  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  Scilly.  That  this  is 
only  what  we  have  always  anticipated,  the  readers 
of  this  Journal  well  know.  That  it  will  always 
continue  to  happen,  until  an  entire  change  has  taken 
place  in  Potato  husbandry,  we  venture  to  predict. 
Considering  the  great  intereots  at  stake,  it  is  not  a 
little  surprising  that  the  attempts  which  have  been 
made  to  explMn  the  cause  of  this  visitation,  and  those 
to  arrest  it,  have  been  quite  insignificant.  Mr. 
SnEPiiEitn's  system  of  cultivation,  as  pr,ictised  in 
the  Calf  of  Man,  and  long  since  (1840,  pp.  179  and 
67/3),  .shown  by  us  to  have  all  the  elements  of 
rationality  about  it,  has  hardly  had  an  imitator. 
Aatarnn  planting,  from  the  beginning!  reconiniendfd 
by  Mr.  Ghev,  of  Oilston,  lias  scarcely  had  a  tlionght, 
except  by  M.  llov  Maiiii.i.e,  whoic  long  experience, 
de)icrili>:d  by  us  on  the  10th  of  April  this  year,  has  been 
DO  uniformly  successful.  We  saspect  that  few  have 
even  followed  Mr.  Ci;tiiii,i.'h  advice  (p.  81t>,  1847). 
The  utmost  that  seems  to  have  been  done  on  a  large 
scale  is  to  lake  warning  from  the  copious  evidence 
collected  in  these  columns  in  181!),  that  the  bent 
secnrity  to  be  found  against  disease  is  very  early 


reverse  of  what  reduced  it,  keeping  the  plant  always 
in  the  ground,  when  all  its  functions  of  life  go  on 
without  interruption  and  by  better  cultivation. 

8.  When  vital  energy  is  thus  restored  then  the 
Potato  will  be  able  to  resist  meteoric  action  or 
parasitical  attacks,  as  formerly. 

These  propositions  are,  we  take  it,  a  true  expres- 
sion of  the  theory  in  question,  and  the}'  deserve 
the  most  serious  consideration.  They  show  why 
the  Botiytis  now  commits  its  ravages,  although  it 
had  no  such  effect  in  former  days.  They  go  in  fact 
to  the  remote  cause  of  the  diseases,  which  is  far 
more  important  than  the  immediate  cause.  They 
even  show  how  it  has  happened  that  men  of 
intelligence  should  be  still  led  to  believe  in  the 
preposterous  notion  that  the  Potato  disease,  or  the 
Vine-mildew,  or  any  such  affections,  are  caused  by 
insects.  Upon  this  subject  M.  LlioN  Ddfour  has 
lately  made  some  felicitous  illustrations,  with  which 
we  conclude  : — 

"  The  Vine  disease  will  no  doubt  follow  the  fate 
of  the  Potato  disease  and  the  cholera;  volumes  have 
been  written  on  these,  without  arriving  at  the  true 
solution.  The  authors  are  misled  by  taking  conse- 
quences for  principles,  and  effects  for  the  cause ;  in 
pretending  to  discover  the  truth  they  only  thirst  for 
fame.  Hence  the  incoherent  facts,  nonsense,  and 
absurdities  which  have  been  brought  forv/ard  on 
these  subjects. 

"  Will  it  bebelieved  that  we  are  speaking  seriously 
when  we  state  that  people  were  afraid  to  uncork  a 
flask  containing  some  diseased  Grapes,  lest  the  germs 
or  reproductive  principles  of  the  terrible  Oidium 
should  infest  the  vineyards  of  the  Bordelais  ?  I  am 
fully  convinced  that  myriad  clouds  of  these  and  other 
analogous  germs  circulate  almost  continually  in  the 
air,  that  we  breathe  them,  that  we  swallow  them  at 
every  instant,  and  that  they  fall  everywhere  ;  but 
they  remain  inert  and  imperceptible,  unless  under 
conditions  favourable  for  their  germination  and 
growth.  Now,  these  conditions  are  disease  or  death. 
"  ^Ve  must,  therefore,  go  back  to  the  causes  of 
disease  in  the  plant ;  and  these  exist  either  in  the 
meteorological  condition  of  the  air,  or  in  the  soil, 
and  sometimes  in  both.  Hippocrates  having  been 
consulted  on  the  causes  of  a  direful  epidemic,  made 
no  reply,  but  merely  raised  his  eyes  towards  the 
sky,  signifying  that  the  evil  came  irora  above. 

'"  The  Vine,  whilst  making  luxuriant  growth,  may 
be  affected  by  a  deadly  element,  which  may  disturb 
its  internal  functions,  and  yet  this  initial  attack  may 
_  be  in  no  way  perceptible  to  the   most  intelligent 

and  while  I  am  quite  ready  to  admit  that  it  has  '  and  acute  Vine  cultivator.  Afterwards  the  circu- 
been  eminently,  nay,  pre-eminently,  successful,  I  lation  of  the  sap  becomes  languid,  the  colour 
nevertheless  consider  it  to  be  based  on  false  hypo-  changes,  and  likewise  the  n.-tture  of  the  tissues,  the 
theses ;  and  altogether  too  expensive  ever  to  admit  I  disease  increases,  death  is  partially  introduced 
of  general  application  in  this  country.  But  to  [  among  the  tissues,  and  the  parts  that  are  soft  or 
return.  There  is  one  other  matter  which  is  indis-  pulpy  undergo  chemical  decomposition.  The  owner 
pensable  to  a  fair  trial  of  this  experiment.  It  is,  j  is  alarmed  ;  he  sees,  he  thinks,  reflects,  complains  ; 
that  in  setting  the  seed  each  Potato  must  be  allowed  I  and  during  this  time  the  germs  of  the  Oidium  float- 
as  much  ground  as  is  usually  appropriated  to  half  a  ing  in  the  air  settle  on  the  Grapes,  previously 
dozen,   or  more,  sets.     If  these  two  indispensable  1  diseased,  or  tending  to  a  putrescent  state  ;    there 


requisites  to  a  fair  trial  of  this  experiment  be  strictly 
performed,  I  dare  to  promise  most  satisfactory 
results." 

We  the  more  gladly  give  increased  publicity  to  this 
statement,  because  the  writer  evidently  knows 
nothing  of  what  others  have  said  and  done.  He 
tells  us  that  his  opinion  is  the  "  result  of  anxious 
observation  and  patient  investigation,  continued  from 
the  first  appearance  of  this  grievous  visitation  to  the 
present."  It  is  therefore  entitled  to  respectful 
consideration,  even  although  it  is  mixed  up  with 
speculative  views  which  we  have  not  thought  it 
necessary  to  quote  at  length. 

Assuming  this  view  to  be  a  just  one,  the  case  of 
the  Potato  might  be  succinctly  stated  thus  : — 

1.  The  Potato,  like  all  other  living  tilings,  has  a 
peculiar  vitaW.i/  or  vital  force,  by  means  of  which, 
if  unimpaired,  it  is  capable  of  resisting  disease,  and 
of  br.-iving  the  attacks  of  parasites. 

2.  But  if  the  nitaliti/  decreases,  then  the  Potato 
becomes  liable  to  disease,  and  suffers  from  parasites. 

3.  The  common  mode  of  preserving  the  Potato  in 
heaps,  or  exposed  to  the  air  for  long  periods  of  time, 
has  the  effect  of  lowering  vitality,  and,  consequently, 
of  predisposing  it  to  disease,  and  rendering  it  inca- 
pable of  braving  the  attacks  of  parasites. 

4.  This  supposed  reduction  of  vital  force  does  not 
take  place  suddenly,  but  comes  on  slowly,  after  years 
of  mismanagement. 

.0.  The  vital  force  of  the  Potato  having  been  thus 
lowered,  if  an  unusually  unfavourable  season,  or 
peculiar  meteoric  causes  occur,  the  Potato  has  not 
enough  constitutional  energy  to  resist  them,  and 
whole  districts  are  suddenly  affected. 

C.  When  this  affection  has  been  once  experienced 
the  vitality  of  the  plant  is  still  more  lowered,  and 
will  contiime  to  be  so  until  the  constitutional  energy 
is  repaired. 

7,  Vital  energy  may  lio  restored  by  means  the 


they  find  the  most  favourable  conditions  for  germi- 
nating and  propagating  themselves  to  an  infinite 
extent.  Insects  of  various  kinds,  obedient  to  their 
mission  by  Providence  for  hastening  the  destruction 
of  decaying  bodies,  crowd  from  all  parts  and  consign 
to  these  dead  vegetable  habitations  the  germs  of  life 
of  their  own  progeny.  It  is  in  this  stale  of  incurable 
disease,  of  universal  gangrene,  that  the  philosopher, 
furnished  with  his  eye-glass,  and,  pardon  the  com- 
mon but  just  expression,  not  seeing  beyond  his  nose, 
proclaims  loudly  that  the  causes  ,of  the  disease  are 
the  inoffensive  Oidium,  the  innocent  worms,  and 
the  Acarus  with  various  names ;  simple  visitors, 
which  collect  a  few  morsels,  or  follow  in  the  train 
of  larva3.    Is  this,  I  ask,  a  well-founded  accusation  t. 

"  When  you  find  lying  in  a  ditch  the  dead  body 
of  an  animal,  harbouring  in  its  entrails  and  in  its 
flesh  an  immense  number  of  worms,  must  you 
thence  conclude  that  the  Sarcophaga,  Silpha,  Necro- 
phorus,  Staphylinus,  Dermestes,  which  these  worms 
have  engendered,  are  the  cause  of  the  animal's  death  ? 
Certainly  not;  on  the  contrary,  you  may  rest  assured 
that  these  insects,  in  consuming  the  abodes  of  infec- 
tion, diminish,  for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  the 
deleterious  elements  which  tend  to  vitiate  the  air. 

"And  the  sickly  top  of  that  fine  tree,  the  pride 
of  your  avenue,  does  it  not  occur  to  you  that,  in 
the  midst  of  luxuriant  vegetation,  this  appearance 
arises  from  some  irregularity  in  the  flow  of  sap, 
languor,  or  disease  '!  In  the  following  season  no 
h'aves  appear,  the  tree  is  dead  ;  it  is  cut  down. 
Will  you  then  also  join  in  a  cry  of  murder 
bccinse  the  fortunate  entomologist  discovers  in  the 
body  of  this  dead  tree  a  California  of^  insects  which 
of  late  have  been  so  much  calumniated,  such  as 
liostrichus,  Scolytus,  Callidium,  Cerambyx,  Bupres- 
tis,  F.later,  Pyrochron,  Colydiuin,  liyctus,  Platypus, 
[,aphria,  and  a  thousand  others,  some  in  the  b.irk, 
some  in  the  liber,  others  between  the  two.   Of  those 


564 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Sept.  4, 


that  nenetrate  into  the  solid  wood  some  attack  onlf  ,  of  renewing  the  soil,  but  might  be  allowed  to  remain  i  Bothnia,  and  far  from  being  within  the  polar  circle,  it  is 
the  trunk  others  prefer  the  branches  ;  here  are  the  for  several  years  undisturbed  in  the  same  place  They  I  noth.nsr  uncommon  to  see  the  mercury  frozen,  and 
uie   LiimK,  uuieia  pici^L  u  '  ,  .  ,    ^     T     ._    TYi;«lif  hf.  nlnntpa    n  Tin.tfthRS  or  rowa  over  the  beds  at 


true  wood-eaters,  there  the  parasites  which  feed  on 
the  latter.  Will  you,  I  repeat,  ascribe  to  all 
these  the  death  of  the  tree  1  No  ;  this  would  be 
taking  the  effect  for  the  cause,  and  imitating  those 
forward  persons  that  are  so  eager  to  sound  the 
trumpet  to  their  own  praise." 

Many  of  our  readers  are  aware  that  an  Air-plant 
resembling  Acrides  odoratum  has  lately  been  intro- 
duced into  cultivation  under  the  name  oiA.sitavis- 
sinium,  a  name  which  it  well  deserves,  for  it  has  a 
more  balsamic  and  delicious  odour  than  ^.Of7omi«7« 
itself.  Long  loose  drooping  spikes  of  flowers, 
varnished  as  it  were  with  a  sticky  substance  that 
makes  them  adhere  to  whatever  they  touch,  and 
tinted  sometimes  with  yellow  and  red,  sometimes 
with  yellow  and  green,  and  always  suffused  with 
tender  pink,  render  this  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  all  the  Orchids  in  cultivation.  A  specimen  now 
before  us,  having  a  raceme  almost  18  inches  long, 
■with  more  than  30  flowers  upon  it  in  full  perfection, 
seems  to  be  even  finer  than  the  original  imported  by 
Messrs.  Loddiges,  the  colours  being  more  vivid  and 
the  flowers  rather  larger  ;  it  has  been  obtained  by 
Messrs.  Lucombe,  Pince,  and  Co.,  of  Exeter,  and 
deserves  this  special  notice. 

Although  the  species  is  nearly  related  to 
A.  odoratum,  yet  we  conceive  that  it  is  quite  as 
di^itinct  as  the  other  Aerides  are  from  each  other. 
The  narrow  constantly-bifid  middle  lobe  of  its  lip, 
the  tootbletted  middle  lobes,  the_  lone;  slender 
racemes,  and  its  very  graceful  habit,  offer  ample 
marks  of  distinction  ;  which  a  cultivator,  would  say- 
are  strengthened  by  the  peculiar  habit  of  the  species, 
its  autumnal  flowering,  and  its  striking  tendency  to 
blossom  freely  when  very  young. 


might  be  planted  in  patches  or  rows  over  the  beds  at 
sufficient  distances  to  admit  of  the  usual  summer  bed- 
ding plants  being  inserted  amongst  them,  in  order  to 
cover  the  bed  by  the  time  the  Orchids  died  off  for  the 
season. 

There  is  one  more  to  which  I  wish  to  direct  attention, 
and  perhaps  it  is  the  best  of  them  all— the  beautiful 
Cypripedium  Calceolus.  Are  there  no  means  by  which 
this  could  be  made  a  bedder  ?  I  have  been  told  that  it 
is  seen  occasionally,  growing  freely  in  cottage  gardens 
in  tlie  north  of  England  ;  if  so,  why  should  we  not  try 
to  overcome  any  difficulty  attending  its  cultivation  in 
the  south,  and  bring  it  into  more  general  favoui*,  as  it 
would  certainly  well  reward  any  extra  labour  bestowed 
upon  it.  A  fine  bed  of  it  would  be  quite  a  novelty,  and 
a  great  acquisition  to  the  flower-garden.  A,  D.,  Dalc- 
parjc,  Arundel. 


OUR  NATIVE  ORCHIDS  AS  BEDDING  PLANTS. 

TuE  Epipactis  sent  to  you  by  the  Rev.  V.  Harcourt  as 
a  new  species  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Chichester, 
appears,  from  the  description  and  figure  of  it  at  p.  5'd6, 
to  be  identical  with  one  found  at  this  place.  I  observed 
it  first  aboutsix  years  ago,  but  I  have  never  looked  upon 
it  in  any  other  light  than  as  an  accidental  variety  of  E. 
latifolia,  the  principal  difference  consisting  in  the  lip  of 
the  variety  being  smaller  and  more  pointed,  the  ovary 
quite  smooth,  and  the  spike  altogether  of  a  paler  colour 
than  that  of  E.  latifolia.  I  have  some  reasons  also  for 
believins  that  these  characters  are  not  permanent,  as  in 
a  certain  spot  where  I  had  found  E.  latifolia  one  season, 
I  looked  in  vain  for  anything  but  the  variety  the  follow- 
ing, so  that  seasons  and  circumstances  may  have  very 
much  to  do  with  its  altered  form.  Though  this  is  a 
favourite  locality  with  many  of  the  British  Orchids,  the 
E.  latifolia  and  its  variety  are  not  plentiful,  and  I  regret 
that  it  is  now  too  late  in  the  season  to  find  specimens  of 
them  in  flower  to  send  you  for  examination. 

Several  species  of  this  intex*esting  tribe  of  plants 
abound  here  in  countless  numbers,  and  within  a  circuit 
of  400  or  500  yards  from  where  I  am  writing  the  follow- 
ing may  be  found  during  their  respective  seasons : — 
Neottia  spiralis,  Listera  ovata  and  nidus-avis, 
Epipactis  latifolia  and  grandiflora  ;  Orchis  morio, 
mascula,  pyramidalis  and  maculata ;  Gymnadenia 
conopsea,  with  its  white  variety  ;  Habenaria  viridis  and 
bifolia,  Ophrys  apifera  and  muscifera, 

I  have  often  wondered  why  some  of  our  enthusiastic 
flower  gardeners  have  not  availed  themselves  of  some 
of  the  more  ornamental  of  the  native  Orchids  for 
bedding,  as  they  flower  at  a  time  when  variety  is  much 
wanted.  I  am  aware  that  many  suppose  them  to  be 
unsusceptible  of  cultivation;  this  is  true  only  to  a  certain 
extent,  and  only  holds  good  as  regards  some  sorts,  for  I 
know  that  many  are  not  only  easily  managed  but  much 
improved  by  cultivation.  Some  of  the  fibrous-rooted 
kinds  delight  to  grow  under  the  shade  of  trees,  and 
among  their  tangled  roots,  and  to  give  them  the 
conditions  requisite  to  their  successful  culture  would  at 
once  exclude  tliera  from  the  trim-kept  flower  garden ; 
but  it  is  perhaps  worthy  of  remark  that  those  requiring 
these  conditions  are  unworthy  of  cultivation  in  an 
ornamental  point  of  view.  It  maybe  taken  as  a  general 
rule  that  ail  having  tuberous  roots  may  be  cultivated 

i  with  facility.  And  as  far  as  I  have  tried  them,  all 
those  found  growing  wild  in  light  chalky  soil  have 
improved  when  planted  in  light  loam  on  a  dry  bottom. 

I       It  fortunately   happens  that  all   those   most  easily 

■  managed  are  the  sorts  which  would  suit  the  flower 
gardener  the  best.     Most  of  the  genus  Orchis  might  be 

;  made  available.  And  what  can  be  more  interesting  and 
pretty  than  many  of  them  are  in  the  months  of  May  and 
June  1  they  are  just  the  things  to  succeed  the  spring 
flowering  bulbs,  such  as  Crocuses,  Hyacinths,  and 
Narcissi.  Orchis  morio,  mascula,  pyramidalis,  macu- 
lata, and  Gymnadenia  conopsea,  will  all  succeed  ; 
and  I  think  I  may  safely  add  Orchis  fusca,  militaris, 
and  macra,  though  1  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of 
proving  them.  Such  things  as  Habenaria  bifolia, 
Ophrys  apifera  and  muscifera,  might  occupy  less  con- 
spicuous places  in  the  herbaceous  borders,  as  they  are 
not  quite  showy  enough  for  beds. 

Orchids  are  not  gross  feeders,  consequently  they 
would  not  require  to  be  often  taken  up  for  the  purpose 


CLIMATE    OF    BELLE-ILE, 

{Belle 'He- en- Mer,   west  coast  of    France,  Lat.  47°  18'  N.  ; 

Long.  5«  33'  W.), 

AS0    ON     SOME     PLANTS     FROM    WARM     COUNTRIES      WHICH     AEE 

SUCCESSFULLY   CULTIVATED   IN   IT. 

Horticultural  journals  frequently  allude  to  the 
mildness  of  the  climate  of  the  south-west  of  England, 
where  plants  from  the  south  of  Europe,  and  even  from 
still  warmer  climates,  flourish  without  shelter,  in  the 
open  air.  We  have  learned  from  the  Gardeners^ 
Chronicle  lately,  that  in  the  gardens  of  Cornwall  or  of 
Devonshire,  the  Rhododendron  javanicum,  exposed  to 
all  the  influences  of  that  mild  sky,  was  covered  with  an 
abundance  of  splendid  flowers,  such  as  the  gardeners  in 
other  parts  of  England  could  not  obtain  with  the  aid  of 
greenhouses  and  Orangeries.  This  sort  of  information 
is  always  interesting  to  the  lovers  of  horticulture  ;  but 
the  interest  increases  when  we  find  similar  exceptions 
to  the  general  character  of  climate  in  our  own  country, 
in  wliich  of  all  others  they  are  the  least  observed  and 
profited  by.  We  beUeve,  tlien,  that  it  will  be  both 
useful  and  agreeable  to  our  readers  if  we  lay  before 
them  some  facts  relating  to  this  subject,  which  have 
been  collected  at  Belle-Ile-en-Mer  by  a  worthy  agri- 
culturist, M.  Trochu,  who  has  had  long  experience  of 
the  climate  of  this  little  isle,  and  possesses  a  talent  for 
observation  rarely  to  be  met  with. 

In  1826,  M.  Trochu  introduced  the  cultivation  of  the 
Cork  tree,  Q,uercus  Suber,  on  a  farm  which  he  managed 
himself  at  Belle-Ile.  The  trees  have  succeeded  per- 
fectly well,  although  the  locality  is  situated  under  the 
47*^  of  latitude,  that  is  to  say,  about  4  degrees  farther 
north  than  the  limit  of  the  cultivation  of  Cork  trees  in 
France.  At  the  end  of  23  years  from  the  time  of  sowing, 
the  trees  attained  the  height  of  nearly  30  feet,  and  had 
from  10  to  13  feet  of  straight  stem,  without  branches, 
and  proper  for  barking.  In  1847  their  circumference 
at  the  base  averaged  15|  inches  ;  and  latterly,  when 
they  were  stripped,  they  furnished  cork  boards  of  this 
breadth.  M.  Trochu  does  not  know  what  the  quality  of 
the  cork  will  be  which  the  trees  will  afterwards  pro- 
duce, it  being  understood  that  the  first  bark  is  nowhere 
of  any  value  ;  but  he  has  every  reason  to  believe  that 
it  will  be  of  good  quality  when  the  trees  shall  have 
attained  sufficient  age.  He  has  200  of  them  on  his 
property. 

The  growth  of  the  Cork  tree  under  the  47°  of  latitude 
is  very  remarkable  ;  but  still  more  so  is  the  enormous 
size  of  the  Fig  trees  in  this  same  climate.  In  no  part, 
not  even  in  the  warmest  locaUties  of  the  south  of  France, 
does  there  exist  any  so  large  as  in  Belle-Ile.  M.  Trochu 
has  seen  trees  of  them  in  some  gardens  from  52  to  60 
feet  high,  with  stems  below  the  branches  from  26  to  32 
feet  high,  and  6i  feet  in  circumference  near  the  base. 
These  trees  yield  every  year  considerable  quantities  of 
fruit,  which  ripen  perfectly,  although  the  summers  are 
generally  temperate  at  Belle-Ile,  and  are  not  always 
sufficiently  hot  to  bring  the  Maize  to  complete  maturity. 
On  the  other  liand,  the  winters  are  remarkably  mild  ; 
rarely  there  fall  a  few  flakes  of  snow,  and  in  the  greatest 
frosts  the  thermometer  falls  only  to  26°  or  27"  Fahr., 
and  it  very  seldom  reaches  so  low,  and  when  it  does  the 
frost  is  but  of  short  duration. 

The  Jujubes  grow  with  proportionate  vigour  at  Belle- 
Ile  ;  they  flower  there  every  year ;  but  they  do  not 
yield  fruit.  The  Mulberry  succeeds  remarkably  well, 
and,  provided  it  is  sheltered  from  the  violent  sea-winds, 
it  acquires  an  enormous  size,  and  fruits  abundantly. 
Many  other  plants  of  the  South,  such  as  Myrtles, 
Yuccas,  &c,,  grow,  it  may  be  said,  without  any  care  or 
cultivation. 

The  cause  of  these  anomalies  of  climate  is  now  well 
known  ;  they  result  almost  entirely  from  the  great  ocean 
current  or  Gulf  Stream,  which,  coming  from  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  traverses  the  torrid  zone,  washing 
the  shores  of  Central  America  and  those  of  Western 
Africa,  and  which,  after  being  heated  in  its  course 
under  a  tropical  sun,  carries  to  the  coasts  of  Europe, 
and  even  to  Iceland  and  the  North  Cape,  an  enormous 
mass  of  warm  water,  the  heat  of  which  is  communicated 
to  the  atmosphere. 


nothing  uncommon  to  see  the  mercury  frozen,  and 
the  spirit  thermometer  indicating  72"  Fahr.  below  the 
freezing  point  of  water. 

Tlie  mildness  of  the  winters  in  France  on  the  coasts 
of  the  ocean  ought  to  induce  the  lovers  of  horticulture 
to  make  numerous  experiments  with  regard  to  the 
natm'alisation  of  exotic  plants,  useful  and  ornamental  ; 
for  we  are  convinced  that  by  making  a  judicious  choice 
of  plants  for  this  purpose,  successful  results  would  be 
obtained.  Arborescent  plants  should  be  first  tried,  and- 
more  especially  those  of  New  Zealand,  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  Chih,  &c.  These  countries  contain  trees  remark- 
able not  only  as  timber  trees,  but  likewise  for  their 
ornamental  eflfect,  trees  which  in  all  probability  there 
would  be  no  difficulty  in  naturalising  ;  for  example,  the 
fine  Conifers  lately  introduced  to  Europe,  and  which 
have  been  abundantly  propagated  by  nurserymen.  To 
these  we  may  add  some  species  of  Eucalyptus,  and  also 
some  Palms,  the  tropical  vegetation  of  which  would 
give  to  the  landscape  a  richness  of  ornament  altogethei." 
unknown  in  our  temperate  regions.  Among  these  we 
may  mention  the  Areca  sapida  of  New  Zealand,  the 
Champerops  Palmetto  of  the  United  Stat3s,  which  rises 
to  the  height  of  66  feet  in  localities  colder  than  many 
in  the  south  of  France  ;  and  finally  the  Chamserops 
excelsa  of  China,  of  which  a  single  specimen,  brought 
to  Europe  by  Mr.  Fortune,  has  lived  for  several  winters 
near  Loudon  in  the  open  ground,  without  shelter.  Witb 
the  exception  of  the  last,  all  the  sorts  we  have  mentioned 
may  be  obtained  at  a  moderate  price  from  various 
nurserymen.  Naudin,  in  RcvucHoriicolCjJidyj  1852. 


PERGULARIA  ODORATISSIMA. 

One  of  your  correspondents  complams  that  he  "  has 
grown  this  plant  for  six  years  ;  that  it  is  luxuriant,  and 
in  appearance  all  that  a  plant  should  be,  but  that  it  has. 
never  produced  a  single  bloom."  He  has  said  nothing 
regarding  the  kind  of  treatment  his  plant  has  received  ; 
and  as  the  Pergularia  is  rather  a  free  fiowerer,  the- 
inference  is  that  it  has  been  badly  managed.  It  is  pro- 
bable, however,  that  others  have  also  experienced  some 
difficulty  in  flowering  this  plant,  or  it  would,  doubtless,. 
be  more  common  in  small  collections  than  it  is,  for  its 
flowers  are  great  favom'ites,  especially  with  ladies,  and: 
they  well  deserve  to  be  so  ;  for  they  are  deliciously 
fragrant,  and  last  longer  in  water  than  most  sweet- 
scented  blossoms,  giving  off"  in  a  warm  room  a  most 
refreshing  perfume  for  days  together. 

The  Pergularia,  like  most  East  Indian  plants,  requires: 
a  wai*m  rather  moist  climate,  and  all  the  light  that 
can  be  afforded  it  during  its  season  of  gi'owth,  and  to- 
have  its  wood  well  matm*ed,  which  is  best  effected  by 
keeping  the  atmosphere  dry,  with  a  free  circulation  of 
air,  full  exposm'e  to  sunshine,  and  a  very  sparing  supply 
of  water  must  be  afforded  it.  Treated  in  this  way 
it  will  bloom  abundantly  the  second  season  after- 
propagation. 

It  is  of  too  vigorous  a  habit  to  be  successfully  flowered 
when  confined  to  the  ordinary  limits  of  a  specimen 
twiner  in  a  pot,  but  with  a  little  skill  in  its  management 
it  may  be  treated  as  such,  and  induced  to  flower  tolerably 
well.  Its  proper  place,  however,  is  trained  to  wires  on 
the  roof  or  back  of  a  house,  where  the  temperature  may 
average  55^  in  winter,  andfrom  Gb'^  to  70"  in  summer ; 
but  whether  grown  in  a  pot,  and  trained  to  a  trellis,  or- 
planted  in  a  bed  of  soil,  and  allowed  ample  space  for 
the  extension  of  its  shoots,  the  roots  should  not  be  per- 
mitted to  have  too  large  a  mass  of  moist  earth  about  them^ 
for  in  this  case  it  will  be  difficult  to  get  the  wood  ripened  j. 
and  unless  that  is  secured  it  will  be  vain  to  expect  an. 
abundant  crop  of  blossoms.  Like  many  other  twiners^, 
the  Pergularia  flowers  earlier  and  more  freely  when 
propagated  from  skilfully  selected  cuttings ;  suckers  and 
long  jointed  vigorous  shoots  should  not  be  used  for 
cuttings,  as  plants  from  these  grow  more  vigorously,  and 
require  more  care  to  ripen  their  wood,  than  if  short- 
jointed  rather  hard  bits  bad  been  used.  Such  will 
be  readily  obtained  in  spring,  and  will  soon  emit  roots 
in  a  sharp  bottom-heat  of  from  70°  to  80° ;  and  if 
potted  singly  and  kept  in  a  warm  moist  temperatm*e- 
during  the  svunmer,  they  will^be  strong  plants  previous- 
to  winter. 

Encourage  active  growth  as  eai'ly  in  spring  as  conve-- 
nient,  byplacing  the  plants  in  a  warm  moist  temperature. 
Those  to  be  grown  in  pots  should  be  shifted  into  the 
size  in  which  they  are  intended  to  flower  early,  so  as 
to  admit  of  the  trellis  being  applied  before  the  shoots 
get  entangled,  and  by  early  shifting  into  the  flowering 
pots  the  latter  wiU  become  filled  with  roots,  and  the 
soil  will  get  somewhat  exhausted,  in  which  case  the 
wood  will  require  less  skill  to  ripen  it  than  if  the  plants 
were  shifted  into  fresh  soil  at  an  advanced  stage  of 
growth.  As  already  intimated,  a  warm  dry  temperature^ 
with  full  exposure  to  sunshine,  and  a  short  allowance  of 
water  to  the  soil,  is  necessary  during  autumn.  Any 
light  situation  where  the  temperature  may  average  about 
55°,  and  where  the  plants  will  be  safe  from  damp,  will 
..»^  ^.^u.1,  v/.  i...»v,.» .-,  vv^— ^ — ^..w^..  suit  during  winter  ;  and  no  more  water  should  be  given 
Its  effects  are  perhaps  nowliere    to  the  soil  than  is  sufficient  to  retain  it  in  a  healthy  state. 


more  sensibly  felt  than  on  the  coasts  of  Scandinavia, 
This  long  peninsula,  divided  by  a  chain  of  high  moun- 
tains running  from  north  to  south,  which  checks  the 
sea  breeze,  presents  an  astonishing  difference  of  climate 
between  its  eastern  and  western  portions.  In  the  latter 
the  winters  are  not  much  more  severe  than  they  are  in 
the  north  of  France  ;  but  on  the  eastern  side  they  have 
all  the  severity  of  Siberian  winters  in  an  equnl  latitude  ; 
and   to  such    extent  that  at  Umea,  near  the  Gulf  of 


If  removed  in  spring  to  a  tempei'ature  of  from  Qb  to 
75°,  and  liberally  watered  at  the  root,  and  kept  near  the 
glass,  a  profusion  of  flowers  may  be  expected  from 
them.  When  they  cease  to  produce  blossoms  prune 
rather  hard,  and  treat  them  as  last  season  ;  only  no 
potting  will  be  required,  as  the  soil  will  be  easily  kept 
sufficiently  rich  by  using  manure-water  in  a  clear  state  : 
and  it  will  probably  be  found  that  without  this  stimulant 
ths  plants  will  make  abundance  of  wood  for  ordinary- 


36—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


565 


sized  trellises,   and  that  this  must  be  proportionably 
large  for  the  size  of  the  pot, 

Whea  planted  in  a  bed  of  soil,  it' should  be  light  and 
sandy,  such  as  water  will  pass  through  freely,  and  so 
placed  that  it  can  be  kept  dry  and  moist  at  the  proper 
season.  In  this  case,  as  when  grown  in  pots,  defer 
pruning  till  after  the  blooming  season,  merely  regulating 
the  growth  by  stopping  any  over-luxuriant  shoots.  Alpha. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Late  Peas. — I  fear  we  must  go  further  than  either 
**  deep  trenching,"  or  '*  profuse  watering,"  for  a  remedy 
against  the  attacks  of  mildew,  which  seem  to  set  at 
defiance  the  efforts  of  your  correspondents  to  produce 
late  Peas.  In  certain  localities  there  can  be  no  doubt 
of  benefit  resulting  to  the  crop  from  the  plan  recom- 
mended by  the  late  Mr.  Knight ;  but  we  want,  I  appre- 
hend, a  general  specific  for  the  disease,  if  such  is  to  be 
found  ;  and  that  it  is  not  to  be  found  in  Mr.  Knight's 
prescription  is  very  much  to  be  regretted.  This  summer 
I  sowed  for  my  last  crop  of  Peas  several  rows  of 
Knight's  Dwarf  Xiong-pod,  all  of  them  in  last  year's 
Celery  trenches,  which  had  been  dug  to  the  depth  of  '2 
feet,  and  filled  in  to  the  depth  of  9  "inches  with  well 
decomposed  dung.  These  trenches  were  thoroughly 
dug  over  again,  and  the  dung  distributed  through  them 
before  the  Peas  were  sown.  In  the  early  part  of  June 
they  were  soaked  with  pond  water,  a  shallow  drill  drawn 
along  the  centre  of  each  trench,  and  single  seeds 
deposited  about  4  inches  apart.  They  came  up  well, 
and  received  two  moderate  dressings  of  soot,  and  when 
about  6  inches  high  a  good  soaking  of  liquid  manure, 
previous  to  bemg  moulded  up.  Yet  as  soon  as  the  pods 
began  to  form  the  mildew  made  its  appearance,  and 
rapidly  obtained  the  mastery  ;  so  much  so,  that  I  have 
not  succeeded  in  gatliering  a  single  dish.  A  similar  plan 
adopted  with  my  second  crop  last  year  produced  as  fine 
a  show  of  Knight's  Tall  Marrows  as  one  could  conceive  ; 
while,  for  a  late  crop,  a  total  failure  is  the  result.  Now, 
having  done  all  that  my  little  knowledge  of  gardening 
(for  which  I  am  mainly  indebted  to  the  Gardeners^ 
Chronicle)  could  suggest,  I  take  my  revenge  on  the 
mildew  by  communicating  to  you  the  result ;  and 
hope  that,  by  dint  of  "comparing  notes,"  some  of 
your  correspondents  may  in  the  end  hammer  out  a 
settler    for    that   plague.      A    Bucks   Curate,   the  Lee, 

Tring,  Herts. 1  think  I  may  fairly  say,  with  regard 

to  late  Peas,  that  I  have  never  found  any  to  equal,  for 
lateness  and  quality,  the  sort  called  "  Ward's  Incoin- 
.parable,"  which  I  have  obtained  at  Bath,  and  have 
groTvn  for  many  years  with  the  greatest  success.  I 
cannot  say  too  much  in  their  favour,  as  they  continue 
good,  in  every  sense  of  the  word,  till  the  frost  sets  in 
so  permanently  and  severely  that  they  can  no  longer 
contend  against  it.  They  seem  to  be  but  little 
damaged  by  the  frosts  which  we  have  usually  in 
September,  as  mine  are  generally  to  be  picked  till 
late  in  October,  or  the  beginning  of  November,  though 
this  of  course  mil  entirely  depend  upon  the  weather  we 
have  during  autumn.  John  Chynoweth. 

Garden  Tui-nips. — The  finest  and  best  crop  of  Turnips 
I  ever  saw  was  watered  with  soot  water  ;  they  were  as 
clean  and  firm  as  a  Turnip  could  possibly  be,  and  the 
flavour  was  excellent,  indeed  far  superior  to  any  I  have 
seen  grown  in  a  field,  which  are  generally  acknowledged 
to  be  the  best.  I  would  recommend  gardeners  to  take  better 
care  of  their  soot,  and  not  permit  the  sweeps  to  carry  it 
away,  and  dispose  of  it  by  the  road-side,  which  is  very 
often  done  ;  it  is  a  highly  valuable  manure  for  nearly 
all  garden  crops.  E.  Bennett,  PerdiswcU.  [Certainly. 
Most  valuable,] 

jJf.  Gri3on*s  Cure  for  Mildew  (see  p.  419.) — Allow  me 
to  thank  you  for  publishing  M.  Orison's  remedy  against 
mildew  on  Grapes.  In  1850  and  1851  two  splendid 
crops  of  fruit  in  my  small  greenhouse  were  utterly 
destroyed  by  this  pest.  This  year  I  have  my  usual 
-abundant  crop  ;  my  Vines  having  had  their  accustomed 
supply  of  soapsuds  and  other  liquids.  When  the  Grapes 
were  the  size  of  small  Peas  mildew  was  discovered  to  a 
great  extent  on  evei-y  bunch  and  nearly  every  leaf  ;  I 
immediately  had  them  thickly  powdered  with  sulphur, 
^hich  remained  on  until  washed  off  with  M.  Orison's 
liquid,  applied  according  to  his  directions.  The  washing 
hag  been  twice  repeater!,  and  the  Grapes  are  quite  clean, 
swelling  off,  and  preparing  to  ripen  in  a  most  satisfactory 
maancr.  J  can  s'^rcely  say  if  I  am  to  attribute  the 
cure  to  the  sulphur  or  the  liquid  ;  but  the  former,  having 
been  tried  on  the  two  previous  years,  I  am  inclined  to 
give  the  palm  to  M.  Orison.  Cf/ivttant  Reader. 

Tenacitij  of  Life  in  a  Sovj  Thistle. — I-'or  ten  successive 
rlays  I  trampled  on  a  .Sow  Thistle  in  full  flower,  laying 
it  quite  prostrate  ;  hut  lo  !  every  morning  wlien  I  went 
jny  roundn,  it  was  again  erect  and  flourittliing,  and  still 
continues  to  bo  ho.  What  a  wonderful  renewal  of  its 
injured  structural  parts  must  have  Uikcn  place  in  every 
.24  hours,  and  what  persevering  efforts  to  como  to  per- 
fection and  ripen  its  seed,  and  tlms  fulfil  itwduBtiny  I 
ThJB  ought  to  be  a  Icfis^/n  for  mankind.    FalliainenuM. 

AOAno  Th'i/l. — Some  time  ago!  troubled  you  with  an 
account  of  the  extraordinary  way  in  winch  t'lad-i  (and 
frogs  alsrt)  shed,  and  aft/:rwardK  swallowed,  their  skinH, 
I  remember  some  of  my  friends  at  the  time  thought  the 
«t/>ry  savoured  a  little  of  the  marvellous,  but  what  tliey 
will  say  now,  \  am  at  no  Iohh  to  conjecture.  1  can  only 
remind  them  that  "s/ielng  is  believing,"  and  invito;  them 
to  come  and  see.  The  other  day  I  iieard  that  a  wliit^- 
t/^»ad  with  pink  eyes  had  been  found  by  a  labourer  iipr)n 
on  open  common  fon  near  Kly.  The  animal  was  brought 
to  mo  for  irifpeetion,  and  is  now  in  rny  posMffssion.     It  is 


an  average-sized  toad,  livelier,  I  think,  than  toads  in 
general,  and  feeds  well.  The  skin  is  not  white,  but  a 
very  pale  ochre  or  clay  colour.  The  eyes  are  red,  just 
like  those  of  a  white  rabbit  or  mouse.  It  is  a  veritable 
albino  ;  I  do  not  remember  to  have  heard  or  read  of  a 
case  of  albinism  among  the  Reptilia.  Have  any  of  your 
readers  met  with  a  similar  freak  of  Nature  %  William 
Marshall,  Ely. 

TIic  Manettl  Rose. — Some  eight  or  nine  years  ago  I 
planted  two  borders  with  pillar  Hoses,  principally  of 
varieties  of  hybrid  China  and  hybrid  Bourbon  ;  many 
of  these  were  budded  on  the  Manetti,  the  remainder  on 
the  Dog  Rose  ;  they  were  uot  marked  but  planted 
indiscriminately,  and  all  about  the  difference  in  the 
stocks  entii-ely  forgotten  till  some  time  about  the  end  of 
last  July,  when  I  was  attracted  by  the  extremely 
vigorous  growth  of  many  of  the  Roses  in  question,  in 
contrast  with  others  in  the  same  borders  ;  this  led  to 
examination  and  inquiry,  when  I  found  that  all,  or 
nearly  all,  of  these  vigorous  growing  Roses,  were  budded 
on  the  Manetti  Rose,  the  others  on  the  Dog  Rose.  The 
former  are  from  7  to  8  feet  in  height,  and  among  them 
are  the  following  sorts :  Baronne  Prevost,  Charles 
Duval,  Legonn^,  Parigot,  &c.  They  are  now  10  years 
old,  and  the  union  of  the  bud  with  the  stock  is  so 
perfect  as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished.  Surely  this  is 
evidence  enough  as  to  the  durable  quality  of  this  stock  ; 
but  why  should  it  be  otherwise,  will  Messrs.  Lane  and 
Paul  say  \  Is  not  the  Manetti  a  hybrid  China  Rose  ? 
and  are  not  all  our  finest  autumnal  Roses  of  the  same 
race  %  The  transition  must  therefore  be  less  than  when 
a  bud  of  a  hybrid  Rose  is  placed  in  a  Dog  Rose  stock. 
I  ought  to  add,  that  the  pillar  Roses,  above  described, 
are  growing  in  a  cold  wet  soil  on  a  subsoil  of  clay.  I 
have  hitherto  thought  the  Manetti  better  adapted  to 
light  sandy  soils,  in  which  I  have  always  observed  it  to 
succeed  admirably.  I  was  particularly  struck  this 
summer  with  a  bed  of  the  Rose  Ge'ant  des  Batailles,  in  the 
garden  of  Mr.  Mickle,  of  Folkestone.  The  plants  are 
three  or  four  years  old,  and  most  vigorous  and  beau- 
tiful. Two  or  three  plants  in  the  same  bed  are  on  the 
Dog  Rose  ;  the  contrast  is  most  remarkable.  Now,  the 
soil  at  Folkestone  is  so  hght  and  sandy  that  Roses  on 
the  Dog  Rose  seldom  or  never  succeed  well.  The 
Manetti  Rose  stock  requires  some  attention  as  to  the 
time  of  budding,  and  care  in  not  giving  it  too  rich  a  soil, 
&c.  I  remember  finding  some  little  diihculty  in  its 
management  at  first  ;  and  so  I  think  it  will  be  well  for 
the  above-named  gentlemen,  my  good  friends  and 
neighbours,  to  come  here  and  serve  a  sort  of  apprentice- 
ship. I  shall  require  only  a  moderate  premium  ;  if 
they  are  teachable  and  docile  I  will  treat  them  kindly  ; 
and  when  they  know  how  to  manage  this  stock  as  well 
as  I  do,  they  will  think  it  as  great  a  boon  to  the  Rose- 
grower  as  all  those  who  know  it  well  are  inclined  to 
do;  and  they  will  then,  I  am  sure,  leave  off  "evil 
speaking  "  about  this  poor  Rose.  How  beautiful  at  this 
moment  are  the  following  Roses  budded  on  it :  Standard 
of  Marengo,  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  Baronne  Prevost, 
Bcranger,  Caroline  de  Sansal,  Baronne  Hallez  (the  most 
perfect  and  beautiful  Rose  ever  seen),  Ge'ant  des 
Batailles,  &c.  In  ,  conclusion,  I  may  mention  that  I 
have  just  been  looking  at  some  Manetti  stocks,  trained 
for  standards  ;  these  made  shoots,  last  year,  8  feet  in 
length ;  they  are  this  season  fastened  to  stakes,  have 
not  been  pruned,  and  are  swelling  rapidly.  Owing  to 
improved  agriculture  we  shall  lose  our  Hedge  and  Dog 
Briars,  and  then  for  standard  Rose  stocks. 

When  all  our  Briars  are  "gone  and  spent," 
Manetti  will  be  excellent. 

TItomas  Uivers,  Nurseries^  SaivhHdgeworth,  Aug.  25. 

Permit  me  to  bear  testimony  to  the  merits  of  the 
Manetti  Rose  in  this  locality  (Folkestone),  where  it  pro- 
duces astonishing  results,  in  a  soil  and  climate  that 
destroy  most  Roses  on  the  common  stocks,  in  a  couple 
of  yeai-s.  My  belief  is,  that  for  pot  culture,  and  for  the 
region  of  poor  light  thin  soils,  it  will  prove  invaluable. 
In  all  such  cases,  its  superiority  consists  in  the  fact  that 
it  makes  as  many  and  far  better  roots  in  three  months 
than  the  Dog  Rose  does  in  as  many  years.  I  would 
advise  all  who  predict  its  early  decay,  to  inspect  the 
luxuriance  of  Mr.  Rivers'  semi-tree,  of  some  eight  or 
ten  years'  standing,  before  they  publish  such  doctrine. 
While  recommending  its  universal  adoption,  I  expect 
that  in  some  instances  it  will  be  found  wanting,  well 
knowing  the  absurdity  attaching  to  all  universal  panacea; 
and  I  daily  see  cause  to  regret  that  so  little  stress 
is  laid  upon  the  almost  omnipotent  effect  of  locality 
upon  gardening  matters  generally.  Too  often  the  tyro 
who  would  point  out  things  to  stock  this  "great  world 
of  ours"  draws  conclusions  under  the  shadow  of  his 
own  Vine,  and  promulgates  for  the  guidance  of  the 
universe  experience  that  never  roamed  beyond  aCabbage 
garden.  His  pen  thoroughly  annihilates  locality  as  a 
galvanised  wire  docs  spucc  j  ruthlessly  ju'escribing  for 
the  reeking  atmoHphero  of  the  murky  ^cn  the  same 
individu!iln  ho  would  doom  to  quiver  in  the  withering 
niroeco,  that  three  months  out  of  tho  twelve  sweeps  Ihib 
coast  from  Deal  to  Fcdkcstone.  /.  M.,  Augunt  27. 

Itoufjh  Plate  Olas.H. — 1  have  given  the  rough  plate 
12  months'  trial,  and  I  find  it  answer  better  than  any 
other  glass  I  have  in  use  ;  the  plants  keep  more  dwarf, 
iind  the  loliage  is  of  a  better  green.  1  <lo  not  find  it  to 
collect  more  dirt,  and  tho  condensed  vapour  runs  down 
it  qnito  as  freely  us  on  other  ghiHS.  If  I  build  more 
new  liouseH,  I  hIuiU  certuirdy  use  llarth^'s  rough  plate. 
I  pureliased  what  I  have  had  of  MossrH,  PhillipH  and 
Co.  I  have  two  liouseH  gla/.ed  with  it,  which  can  at  any 
tirno  bo  seen  ut  my  nurHcry,  N.  GaineH,  Sunr/y-ktTir., 
fhfteraea. In    nnswer   to   a  series   of  questions,  ut 


page  550,  respecting  rough  plate  glass,  I  can  state  that 
in  a  conservatory,  in  which  the  whide  of  the  top  is  of 
that  material,  nothing  can  be  more  successful.  I  should 
recommend  any  one  using  it  to  have  it  in  large  sheets 
where  they  are  not  required  to  be  moved,  as  it  saves 
joints  and  wood  ;  and,  consequently,  drip,  and  many 
other  annoyances.  I  never  will  use  anything  else,  I 
am  much  pleased  with  it ;  but  care  must  be  taken,  I 
think,  in  ordering  it  to  specify  the  sort  required,  as  I 
suspect  there  are  many  vai'ieties  called  ''rough  plate  ;" 
that  I  speak  of  is  Hartley's,  and  I  procured  it  at 
Phillips's,  having  seen  it  advertised  in  your  columns  ;  it 
has  so  many  advantages  (to*  my  fancy),  that  it  would 
occupy  too  much  space  to  enumerate  them  ;  but  if  I 
state  that  all  burning  is  obviated,  and,  consequently, 
shading  not  required,  and  that  the  foliage  retains  a  fine, 
healthy  colour,  and  that  for  one's  own  comfort  while 
sitting,  or  at  work  under  it,  there  is  an  absence  of  that 
very  scorching  glare  which  all  other  glass  has,  I  think 
I  have  said  something  in  its  favour.  John  Chynoweth. 
[There  can  be  no  doubt  about  the  pre-eminent  excellence 
of  this  glass,  which  we  are  glad  to  find  Messrs.  Chance 
of  Birmingham,  and  Mr.  Pilkington  of  St.  Helens,  have 
now  taken  licences  of  Mr.  Hartley  to  manufacture.] 

The  Hedgehog. — Under  ordinary  circumstances  implicit 
reliance  may»be  placed  on  paragi'aphs  that  are  admitted 
into  the  Times;  I  cannot  however  believe,  on  the  faith 
of  an  anonymous  correspondent,  the  story  of  hedgehogs 
feeding  on  chickens.  The  hutches,  if  properly  made  for 
valuable  poultry,  would  not  admit  a  hedgehog  ;  besides, 
where  was  the  old  hen  ?  The  story  is  badly  put  together; 
it  is  too  indifferently  told  to  allow  of  ready  credence.  I 
think  it  will  either  be  corroborated  or  disproved,  as  the 
poor  animal  is  already  sufficiently  persecuted.  P.  D., 
Persliore.  [Our  correspondent  should  read  what 
"  Lusor  "  says  at  p.  501  of  our  Volume  for  184G.] 

Cutting  off  and  pulling  up  Potato  Haidni. — There  is 
a  great  difference  in  the  meaning  of  cutting  off  and 
pulling  up  Potato  haulm,  and  the  utility  of  the  former 
practice  is  lost  by  the  adoption  of  the  latter,  which 
does  more  harm  than  good.  The  idea  of  "cutting  off'' 
the  green  tops  as  soon  or  before  the  infection  is  per- 
ceptible, is  to  kill  the  plant  by  draining  or  bleeding  the 
roots  of  such  as  may  be  contaminated  with  disease  till 
life  is  extinct  ;  whilst  pulling  up  the  haulm  destroys 
their  vitals  instanter,  shutting  in  the  disease,  or  in- 
flammable juices,  and  occasioning  the  tubers  to  rot. 
Let  a  handful  of  dry  earth  be  placed  over  the  stump  of 
any  green  plant  that  has  recently  been  amputated,  and 
the  good  effects  of  the  practice  will  no  longer  be 
doubted.  A.  Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon. 

Hints  to  Settlers  in  New  South  Wales.  —  The  account 
you  give  of  the  meat  biscuit,  made  by  Gail  Borden,  may 
be  turned  to  great  advantage  in  New  South  Wales, 
where  millions  of  sheep  are  quite  a  drug  on  the  market, 
and  they  know  not  how  to  dispose  of  them.  Pray 
recommend  this  use  of  them.  Our  poor  people  will  bo 
greatly  benefited  by  it,  as  well  as  the  South  Walians. 
Recommend  also  their  subsoiling  as  deep  as  possiblo 
every  acre  of  gi'ound  they  plough  or  plant.  Tlieir  soil 
consists  chiefly  of  sand  and  loam,  mixed  together,  and 
bound  as  hard  as  stone  ;  but,  if  once  broken,  it  will  admit 
the  rain,  which  otherwise  runs  off,  and  is  soou  lost.  If 
this  were  universally  done  the  very  climate  would  in 
time  be  altei'ed,  and  dews  and  showers  be  given  out 
from  the  earth  that  is  now  as  hard  as  a  stone.  Vines 
might  be  planted  on  land  trenched  3  or  4  feet  deep,  and  a 
good  wine  made,  which  would  meet  a  ready  consumption 
here,  P.  P.  [Mr.  Borden  uses  beef,  uot  mutton,  and 
believes  the  former  to  be  essential.] 

Effects  of  Dry  North  Wind  on  Yo^tng  Shoots  of 
Scotch  Pir. — On  the  evening  of  the  10th  and  morning  of 
the  llth  June  last,  the  north  wind  blew  long  and  loud, 
and  the  cold  was  uncommonly  severe  for  that  season  of 
the  year.  Along  with  many  others,  a  young  plantation 
of  forest  trees  at  this  place  was  exposed  to  its  influence, 
and  some  of  the  trees  felt  the  effects  of  the  gale  pretty 
severely  ;  many  of  the  young  shoots  of  the  Spruce  Fir 
were  broken  and  scattei-ed  on  the  ground.  One 
remarkable  circumstance  was  connected  with  it  which 
may  be  worth  recording,  although  a  satisfactory  expla- 
nation may  not  be  given;  yet  if  it  lead  to  a  more  full 
examination  of  the  subject,  the  present  notice  will  not 
be  altogether  worthless.  The  first  thing  that  attracted 
my  notice  on  the  morning  of  the  llth  June  was  the 
strange  appearance  of  the  Scotch  Firs,  tho  young  shoots 
being  almost  invariably  bent  towards  the  north,  some 
shoots  more  than  others,  and  not  the  shoots  of  one  tree 
only,  but  every  Scotch  Fir  tree  that  I  saw  for  upwards 
of  half  a  mile  had  their  young  shoots  in  a  similar 
position.  And  although  tho  sun  broke  out  during  the 
day  the  shoots  still  kept  their  bent  position,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  next  day  that  tlicy  began  to  resume  tlieir 
upright  posfure,  and  some  of  the  longest  shoots  had  tho 
apjiearance  of  what  painters  call  the  lino  of  beauty  ; 
und  it  was  three  or  four  dn}'s  after  the  gale  before  they 
were  all  straight.  In  most  cases  the  young  and  tender 
Hhoots  of  plants  yield  to  tho  blast,  and  turn  from  it  as 
far  as  they  can,  but  in  this  case  the  young  shoots  of  tho 
Scotch  Fir  mot  tho  enemy  bravely,  and  bent  their  heads 
to  tho  blast  as  fur  us  they  were  able.  I  have  been 
endeavouring  to  find  out  un  explanation  of  tho  cause  of 
the  bending  of  tho  young  shoots,  from  such  works  <m 
vegetable  physiology  as  are  within  my  reach,  but  have 
been  unsucceBsiul.  It  is  a  long  time  since  wo  were 
taught  tho  rouHon  why  tho  young  shoots  of  trees 
and  horbaceouH  plants  bent  towards  tho  light,  and 
I  havo  been  wondering  if  a  cold  dry  wind  in  tho 
month  of  Juno,  together  with  tho  light  from  tho 
north  during  tho  night,  should  havo  tho   same   effect 


566 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Sept.  4, 


upon  the  succultut  sliuota  of  ihe  bcoich  Fir.  Kuiglit 
remarks  regarding  light  aud  its  effects  on  the  stems  of 
climbing  plants,  that,  "  A  seedling  plant  of  the  Peach 
tree,  and  one  of  the  Ampelopsis  and  Ivy,  were  placed 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  house,  and  under  similar 
circumstances,  except  that  supports  formed  of  very 
slender  bars  of  wood,  about  4  inches  high,  were  applied 
to  the  Ampelopsis  and  Ivy.  The  Peach  tree  continued 
to  grow  nearly  perpendicular,  with  a  slight  inclination 
towards  the  Iront  and  south  side  of  the  house,  whilst 
the  stems  of  the  Ampelopsis  and  Ivy,  as  soon  as  they 
exceeded  the  height  of  their  supports,  inclined  many 
points  from  the  perpendicular  line  in  the  opposite 
direction.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  not  only  the 
tendrils  and  claws  of  these  creeping  dependent  plants, 
but  that  tlieir  stems  also  are  made  to  recede  from  light 
and  to  prets  against  the  opaque  bodies,  which  nature 
intended  to  support  and  protect  them.  M.  DeCandoUe, 
I  believe,  lirst  observed  that  the  succulent  shoots  of 
trees  and  herbaceous  plants,  which  do  not  depend  upon 
others  for  support,  are  bent  towards  the  point  from 
which  they  receive  light,  by  the  contraction  of  the 
cellular  substance  of  their  bark  upon  that  side,  and  I 
behove  his  opinion  to  be  perfectly  well  founded.  The 
operation  of  light  upon  the  tendrils  and  stems  of  the 
Ampelopsis  and  Ivy  appears  to  produce  diametrically 
opposite  effects,  and  to  occasion  an  extension  of  the 
cellular  bark  wherever  that  is  exposed  to  its  influence  ; 
and  this  circumstance  aiiurds,  I  think,  a  satisfactory 
explanation  why  these  plants  appear  to  seek  and 
approach  contiguous  opaque  objects,  just  as  they  would 
do  if  they  were  conscious  of  theii*  own  feebleness,  and 
of  power  in  the  olijects  to  which  they  approach,  to 
afford  them  support  and  protection."  We  are  also 
informed  that  one  of  the  greatest  functions  of  cellular 
tissue  is  to  absorb  moisture  or  gaseous  matter  and  to 
part  with  it  again,  acting  as  a  sort  of  living  filter. 
In  such  a  way  the  cold  dry  wind  may  liave  drawn 
the  moisture  from  the  succulent  shoot  exposed 
to  its  iuflueuce,  and  caused  the  bending  by  the  con- 
traction of  the  cellular  substance  exposed  to  the  wind. 
Cellular  tissue  we  are  told  is  the  grand  agent  by  means 
of  whicli  many  of  what  may  be  termed  the  mechanical 
forces  of  plants  are  exerted.  Before  concluding  I  may 
remark  that  the  mornijig  of  the  11th  of  June  was 
somewhat  cloudy,  although  the  wind  blew  pretty  liard, 
and  when  I  felt  the  Grass  early  in  the  morning  there 
was  scarcely  any  dew  upon  it,  or  on  anything  else  tliat 
I  could  observe,  with  tlie  exception  of  one  plant,  wliich 
I  think  was  Equisetum  arvense  ;  many  small  dew 
drops  were  upon  the  plants,  although  the  Grass  beside 
them  was  di'y.  This  case  appears  to  be  an  exception 
to  the  general  rule  regarding  the  production  of  dew, 
namely,  that  it  is  never  seen  when  the  weather  is  cloudy 
and  windy  at  -the  same  lime.  Peter  MadcenziCj  West 
Plean,  Stirling. 

Itoses. — I  send  you  two  diseased  leaves  which  are 
taken  from  Rose  de  Rennes  grown  n  a  small  garden 
where  about  50  other  varieties  are  cultivated,  but  no 
other  has  been  attacked  but  de  Hennes  ;  and  I  believe 
this  is  the  third  year  that  it  has  been  so  diseased.  When 
it  first  comes  into  leaf  it  looks  healthy  and  well  for 
about  a  month,  and  tlien  the  disease  appears,  which 
grows  worse  and  worse,  and  prevents  its  flowering.  /.  IF. 
[The  leaves  are  attacked  by  the  parasite  called  Aregma 
mucrouatum.     There  is  no  known  mode  of  cure.] 

Cooking  Haricot  Beans. — I  should  feel  obliged  if  Mr. 
Bennett  (see  p.  549)  would  kindly  favour  me  with  tiie 
best  way  of  cooking  Haricot  Bean.s,  as  I  am  quite 
ignorant  of  any  method  by  which  they  may  be  rendered 
"  wholesome  and  agreeable."  Mary. 

Ciicicmhers. — I  have  this  season  gathered  52  Cucum- 
bers fit  for  table  from  three  plants  of  Cuthill's  Black 
Spine  ;  and  there  are  some  more  which  will  be  ready 
in  a  few  days.  Would  this  be  considered  a  fair  crop  1 
I  do  not  know  what  number  is  generally  gathered  from 
one  plant,  and  shall  be  obliged  by  the  information. 
Mai%  August  30. 

Potatoes  hi  Old  Tan. — In  reference  to  the  inquiries 
at  p.  54;r»,  I  have  to  state  that  the  Potatoes  grown  by  me 
in  old  tan  were  perfectly  free  from  disease,  and  they 
remained  so  during  the  whole  winter  ;  they  were  stored 
in  a  dark  but  very  dry  celbir,  in  large  boxes  that  were 
formerly  used  as  packing  cases,  covered  over  with  straw, 
and  on  the  top  of  each  box  was  placed  a  piece  of  oil- 
cloth, so  that  but  little  air  was  permitted  to  enter.  The 
sorts  were  Ashleat'  Kidney,  Forty-fold,  Shaws,  and 
Regents ;  the  latter  were  the  last  used,  and  scarcely  a 
bad  one  from  either  disease  or  rot  was  to  be  found 
among  them.  This  relates  ouly  to  the  crop  grown  in 
old  tan.  B,  Bennett^  PercUswell,  Worccstc7', 


ConvTT  OF  Gloucester  and  Cheltenham  Horticditdbal 
—The  ihiT'i  and  liiet  exhibition  for  the  season  was  he]d  on  ibi- 
2Gth  ult.  The  day  was  eiie,  and  there  was  a  laige  attendance, 
which  madeui.1  in  «  pecuniary  point  of  view  for  the  uafavfunible 
days  of  the  optnini;  and  second  exliibitions  formerly  noticed  in 
our  oluums.  Cul'ections  of  l^  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plant.s 
were  furnished  by  .Vh^s-rs.  RoUisRon  (1),  Mr.  H..dgfs  (2),  and  R. 
».  HoPord,  Esq  (n).  Eight  ditto  by  A.  HacDuneH,  Esq.  (1),  U. 
?r;?J''',?/H-  ."*^-  ■(2).  <"•  Shaw,  Esq.  (3J.  Four  ditto,  bj  Ccl. 
FiddeMD,  Lady  A.arCa),  Mies  M.  PhiHips  (3),  J.  W.bstej-,  Esq. 
W  i  in  these  coilec'ions  were  Allamandacathartira,Fri.areh,rta 
iieautortia    purpurea,    Pleronin   elegan*,    Statice    mucronata 

four  noble  h,nke8  ol  flowers,  the  Sutton  scarlet  GeRnera,  Viiica 
roeea  and  ntuliUH,  Ix,>r  .  cr.-cata,  Sttphanotis  floribunda,  &.; 
all  more  ov  le-s  excellent  for  ths  advanced  season.  Orchids 
as  n.iu'ht  be  expected,  were  inferior  to  what  they  were  in  June  ■ 
neverrhele^S  Bome  nice  .specimens  wtre  pro^^uced.  In  ihe  clahJ 
for  10  ppecuB  M-rssrs.  Rollisaon  were  Gvat,  U.  S.  ilol'drd.  Esq 
second:  five  ditto,  C.  9.  Shaw,  Esq.  (l);  amony  these  were  Cuu 


tieytt  Loddineuii,  crispa,  lahiata,  atropurpurta,  and  Atlandiie; 
Oncidium  alLisaimum  superbum,  O.  luridum  i;uttaiam,  Phalte-  i 
nopsisgrandillora,Saccolabium  B!umei,Vaada  teres,  S'anhopea 
oculata,  fhaius  albus,  and  Sobralia  macruntha.  Variegaied 
plan's  aod  Mosses  were  liberally  staged  by  H.  Brown,  Ef'q.,  M.P. 
(I),  R.  S.  Holford,  Esq.  (2),  C.  S.  Shaw,  Esq.  (3:,  and  Mess-re.  : 
Rollissoii  (3) ;  the  latter  had  iheir  deservedly  much  admired  | 
CissuB  discolor,  tu  whicli  a  firat  prize  was  awarded.  Achimtne?, 
Gloxinia'',  i^'uchfiaa,  tSic  ,  were  well  rf  presented.  Roses  in 
cohec'lona  of  25  were  admirably  displayed  by  Mr.  J.  Cran&ton, 
(I),  and  Mr.  C.  Turner  (2l ;  amoni;  the  surts  were  Standard  of 
IVIarengo,  Dr.  Marx,  Silfaterre,  Baronne  Prevost,  Duchena  of 
Sutherland,  Baronne  Hallez,  Cloth  of  Gold,  Louis  Pajroone, 
Geant  des  Bataillee,  Dupetit  Thouars,  Acidalie,  (fee.  In 
Dahlias,  24  varieties,  Mr.  C,  Turner  was  tirst,  with  Sir  F. 
Bathuret,  Fame,  Qneen  of  Beauty  extra,  Leda,  Gem,  General 
Fauchtr,  Princees  Radzewill,  Roundhead,  Mr.  Seldon,  Model, 
Kant,  Richard  Cubden,  Sir  C.  Naiiier,  Gem  (Oakley),  Mr.  Her- 
bert, E^fcex  Tiiumph.  Blanchficur,  Sir  R.  Whiitii.gtun,  Dr. 
Frampton,  Mrs.  Seldon,  Thames  Bank  Hero,  Morning  Star, 
Ainbassjideur,  Dulte  of  Caiubridge,  and  George  Villi* rs  ;  2d, 
Mr.  Sealey;  3d,  Mr.  Druniniond,  with  sorts  principally 
enumerated  in  the  first  collection.  Twelve  Fancies  ;  1st,  Mr. 
Turner,  with  Claude,  La  Paiin,  Trial,  Mrs.  Merry,  Mrs.  Han- 
sard, Piiiicess  Helena,  Laura  Lavington,  Lady  Grenville, 
Phaeton,  LvTH  Lyndhurst.  Spectabilis,  and  Elizabeth  ;  2d,  Mr. 
Drummond.  Twelve  Dahlias  :  lot,  Mr.  Dale;  2d,  Mr.  Hodges. 
Among  these  the  best  were  ImbricMta,  General  Faucher,  Duke 
of  WelHngtoc,  Essex  Triumph,  Richard  Cobden,  Admiral, 
Purple  Standard,  Scarlet  Gem,  An  extra  prize,  ofi^ered  by  Mr. 
C.  Turner,  Wiis  won  by  C.  H.  Vetley,  E'^q.,  with  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, Lord  Mayor,  March. oness  Cornwallis,  Mr.  Herbert, 
Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Totson  d'Or,  Purple  and  Yellow  Standards, 
Fearless,  Fredei  ick  Jerome,  Duches!=,  and  Richard  Cobden. 
The  tiret  collection^'  of  cut  blooms  and  spikes  ot  Hollyhocks, 
Were  both  awarded  to  Mr.  C.  Turuer  ;  the  six  spikes  conHisiing 
of  Model,  blubh  lilac;  Vcnosii,  mottled  purplish  red;  Mra. 
Foster,  bright  pink  ;  Mr.  Dundas,  deep  rose  ;  Mrs.  Moulding, 
cream-edged  carmii:e  valuable  both  for  quality  and  novelty  ; 
Sir  D.  VVedderburn,  dai  k  rosy  crimson.  A  Certificate  was 
awarded  tu  Dahlia  Sir  John  Franklin  (Turner),  a  sort  with 
bigh  centre,  admirbble  outline,  smooth  and  symmetrical, 
colour  deep  orange  buff,  'i^hading  darker  at  the  bate  of  petals  ; 
size  medium.  Drummond's  Bob  and  British  Queen  were  both 
shown  Well,  the  former  scarlet  crimson,  the  latter  white,  with 
mottled  edges  of  faint  lilac  approaching  to  lake.  J.  B, 


Buenos  Ayrcs  and  ihe  Provinces  of  the  Bio  de  la  Plata. 

By   Sir  Woodbine  Parish,   K.C.H.,  F.R.S,     Second 

edition.     Murray.     8vo  ;  pp.  434,  with  some  plates 

and  a  map. 
Less  is  known  in  gardens  of  the  vast  provinces  watered 
by  the  Plata,  and  other  mighty  streams,  and  called  the 
Argentine  provinceSj  than  of  any  i  art  of  South  America. 
We  doubt  whether  50  species  are  in  cultivation  ;  and 
yet  they  are  the  countries  of  our  brilliant  Verbenas,  and 
of  a  few  gay  climbers  which  are  all  capable  of  thriving 
out  of  doors  in  our  summer  season.  Political  distractions, 
commercial  jealousy,  and  the  dangerous  natives  of 
thinly  peopled  regions,  liave  combined  to  exclude  all 
but  Spaniards  from  an  intimacy  with  the  vegetation  of 
the  country,  and  Spaniards  now-a-days  care  little  for 
such  a  subject.  It  is  true  that  a  Scotch  gardener  named 
Tweedie  resided  for  many  years  at  Buenos  Ayres,  whence 
he  made  excursions  as  I'ar  as  Tucuman,  and  formed 
botanical  collections,  but  his  means  were  too  slender  to 
enable  him  to  turn  his  opportunities  to  much  account, 
and  England  lias  been  but  a  small  gainer  from  his 
enterprise.  The  names  of  Cordova,  Salta,  Santiago, 
Tucuman,  Entre  Hios,  Corrientes,  Banda  Oriental,  and 
the  Missiones  are  almost  unheard  of  in  the  literature 
of  gardens. 

And  yet  they  are  vast  countries,  well  watered,  with  a 
most  varied  climate,  rich  in  natural  productions,  and 
some  at  least  mountainous,  hilly  and  wooded  euough  to 
promise  a  rich  harvest  to  the  naturalist.  Speaking  of 
Tucuman  alone,  Sir  Woodbine  Parish  says,  "  Nothing 
can  be  more  luxuriant  than  the  vegetation  in  this 
province  :  whilst  the  plains  yield  corn  and  Maize,  and 
Uice  and  Tobacco,  in  the  greatest  abundance,  the  base 
and  slopes  of  the  mountain  ranges  in  the  west  are 
covered  with  noble  trees  in  every  variety,  interspersed 
with  innumerable  shrubs,  and  hung  with  the  most 
beautiful  parasitical  plants.  Extensive  groves  also  of 
aroma  and  Orange-trees  produce  a  fragrance  which 
adds  to  the  delights  of  this  favoured  region.  The 
Sugar-cane  grows  naturally  in  the  low  lands,  and  might 
be  turned  to  valuable  account  ;  the  demand  for  it,  how- 
ever, at  present,  is  not  sufficient  to  induce  the  country 
people  to  attend  to  it.  Not  so  with  tlie  Tobacco-plant, 
which  they  cultivate  and  find  a  ready  sale  for  in  all  the 
adjoining  provinces  ;  as  they  do  for  their  cheeses, 
known  as  those  of  Taf,  whicli  ai*e  considered  a  delicacy 
at  Buenos  Ayres.  The  people  are  a  well-disposed,  hardy 
race,  proud  of  their  beautiful  country,  and  always  ready 
to  take  up  arms  in  defence  of  Za  Pa(ria.''  So,  again,  in 
Salta  :  "■  Proceeding  eastward  through  the  valleys  of 
Campo  Santo,  and  those  watered  by  the  Lavayen  and 
its  affluents,  to  Oran,  a  town  founded  in  1793,  after 
Cornejo's  exploration  of  the  Vermejo,  and  throughout 
all  that  department,  a  tropical  vegetation  is  found  in  all 
its  natural  luxuriance.  Forests  of  noble  trees  stud  the 
lanks  of  the  rivers,  and  extend  far  down  the  shores  of 
the  Vermejo,  valuable  not  only  as  timber,  but  as  pro- 
ducing fruits  which  may  be  said  to  supply  the  place  of 
bread  and  wine  to  the  natives  :  such,  amongst  others, 
is  the  Algaroba  or  Carob  tree,  a  sort  of  Acacia,  from 
the  fruit  of  which  a  large  Bean  growing  in  clusters  of 
pods,  mixed  with  Maize,  the  Indians  make  cakes  ;  and, 
by  fermentation,  produce  the  chichaj  a  strong  intoxi- 
cating liquor.  The  Palm-tree,  and  the  plant  which 
produces  the  mate,  or  Paraguay  tea,  are  alike  indi- 
genous there,  and  many  others,  as  yet  only  known  to  us 
by  their  Indian  names,  which  it  would  be  useless  to 
recapitulate." 

"  In  the  valleys  watered  by  the  Jujuy  and  its  tribu- 
taries, as  in  many  other  parts  of  the  republic,  the 
udigo  grows  wild,  and  the  Sugar-cane  and  Tobacco  are 


extensively  cultivated,  the  two  latter  being  produced  in. 
sufficient  quantity  not  only  for  the  consumption  of  the 
whole  of  the  province  of  Salta,  but  for  exportation  to 
the  rest  of  the  upper  provinces,  and  occasionally  to- 
Chile.  Cotton,  also,  is  grown  there  in  considerable- 
quantities,  and  of  a  quality  which,  if  cleaned,  would  be- 
prized  in  the  markets  of  Europe — as  indeed  would  be  ■ 
nearly  all  the  valuable  productions  of  this  highly 
favoured  region."  Here,  at  least,  is  scope  enough  for 
a  horticultural  collector,  for  we  may  be  sure  that  where 
such  plants  are  objects  of  cultivation  the  country  "will 
abound  with  others  that  are  wild. 

Upon  such  subjects,  as  upon  every  other,  the  work 
before  us  is  one  of  admitted  authority,  and  must  be 
consulted  by  all  who  occupy  themselves  with  thoughts 
of  a  mission  to  La  Plata.  Himself  not  less  an  accom- 
plished naturalist  than  a  learned  historian  and  profound 
political  economist.  Sir  Woodbine  Parish's  information 
has  peculiar  value.  However  surprising,  then,  some  of 
his  anecdotes  in  natural  history  may  appear,  we  feel 
bound  to  accept  them  with  an  entire  belief  in  their 
accuracy.  His  statements  respecting  the  ants  in  these- 
countries  are  most  curious,  and  we  must  indulge  our 
readers  with  an  extract  relating  to  their  habits,  however 
long  it  may  be. 

"  The  bones  of  extuict  animals  of  monstrous  size,  so- 
frequently  met  with,  gave  rise,  as  well  as  they  might,  to 
the  story  of  the  giants.  The  ^nfjmies  are  a  race  unfor- 
tunately not  yet  extinct,  and  are,  I  think,  palpably  the 
antSj  whose  marvellous  works  are  no  less  calculated  to 
have  occasioned  at  first  sight  the  most  far  fetched  con- 
jectures as  to  their  origin.  I  have  made  some  allusion, 
in  speaking  of  the  course  of  the  river  Paraguay,  to  their 
ingenious  contrivances  in  the  lakes  of  Xai'ayes  (where 
also  the  pigmy  tribes  were  said  to  have  dwelt)  ;  but 
those  are  nothing  compared  to  the  works  of  the  ants  of 
Corrientes  and  Paraguay,  where  wdiole  plains  are  covered 
with  their  dome-like  and  conical  edifices,  rising  five  and 
six  feet  and  more  in  height,  and  covered  with  a  cement 
hard  as  rock,  and  impervious  to  the  v/et.  Man's  vanity 
might  easily  induce  him  to  mistake  them  for  works  of 
his  own  species  in  miniature  ;  but  no  buildings  he  has 
ever  yet  constructed,  with  all  his  art  and  ingenuity,  are 
comparable  to  the  works  of  these  little  insects.  The 
Pyramids  of  Egypt  do  not  bear  one-half  the  relative 
proportion  to  his  own  size  wdiich  the  ordinary  habita- 
tions of  these  ants  do  to  theirs. 

"Azara  has  described  with  gi'eat  minuteness  the 
various  species  which  he  examined — amongst  others,  one 
furnished  with  wings,  swarms  in  sucb  prodigious  num- 
bers, that  he  says  he  once  rode  for  three  leagues  conti- 
nuously through  one  mass  of  them.  This  was  in  about 
the  latitude  of  Santa  Fe,  where  they  particularly  abound, 
and  where  the  people  collect  and  eat  them.  The  abdo- 
minal part,  it  seems,  is  very  fat  ;  and  they  fry  them  into 
a  sort  of  omelette,  or,  mixed  up  with  sugar,,  niake- 
sweatraeats  of  them. 

"  They  are  a  sad  pest  to  the  agriculturist;  and  a  great 
nuisance  wdien  they  get  inside  the  houses.  At  Buenos 
Ayres  I  tried  myself  every  means,  but  in  vain,  to  get 
rid  of  them  ;  no  contrivance  could  preserve  anything  ill 
the  shape  of  sweatmeats  or  dried  fruits  from  their 
attacks.  The  quantity  of  sugar  they  would  carry  off 
in  a  very  short  time  was  almost  incredible.  We  thought 
to  prevent  this  by  placing  our  stores  upon  tables,  the 
legs  of  which  were  immersed  in  water  ;  but  they  carried 
straws  and  twigs  into  the  water,  and  so  made  themselves- 
bridges  to  cross  upon.  If  we  hung  them  from  the  ceil- 
ing, they  climbed  the  walls  and  descended  by  the  ropes 
which  suspended  them.  In  our  garden  they  were 
extremely  destructive  ;  and  in  the  summer  season  it  wa& 
always  necessary  to  keep  people  constantly  and  solely 
employed  in  destroying  their  nests.  We  observed  that 
they  could  not  exist  in  the  sun  ;  so  that,  if  a  basin  of 
sugar  were  half  filled  with  them,  as  was  frequently  the 
case,  by  placing  it  in  the  sunshine  it  was  almost  imme- 
diately emptied. 

"  In  Paraguay,  about  Villa  Rica,  they  deposit  upon 
certain  plants  small  globules  of  white  wax,  which  flie 
inhabitants  collect  to  make  candles  of,  the  value  of  which 
in  some  measure  compensates  for  the  damage  they  do  to- 
the  husbandman. 

*'  Against  their  depredations,  St.  Simon,  and  St.  Jude^- 
and  St.  Bonifacio,  have  been  by  turus  elected  in  due 
form,  to  be  the  special  guardians  and  protectors  of  all 
good  Catholics  ;  their  aid,  however,  would  avail  buthttle 
if  an  all-wise  Providence  had  not  provided  a  much  more 
efficient  protector  in  the  ant-bear  {Myrmccophaga 
Juhaia),  expressly  adapted,  by  its  habits  and  organisa- 
tion, to  keep  down  such  a  plague,  and  prevent  their 
carrying  off  all  the  fruits  of  the  land. 

"  That  exti-aordinary  animal,  slow  and  sluggish  in  all 
its  movements,  without  power  of  escape,  and  apparently 
without  ordinary  means  of  self-defence,  its  long,_  trum- 
pet-shaped snout,  solely  formed  to  contain  the  smgular 
prehensile  organ  with  which  it  is  furnished  for_  the 
purpose  of  taking  its  diminutive  prey,  being  entirely 
destitute  of  anything  like  the  teeth  of  other  animals, - 
would  itself  be  speedily  exterminated  by  the  beasts  of 
prey  which  abound  where  it  is  found,  were  it  not— as 
if  to  compensate  for  these  deficiencies— providentially 
supplied  with  strong  sharp  claws,  and  such  courage  and 
muscular  power  to  use  them  as  enables  it  to  defy  every 
assailant.  When  attacked,  it  throws  itself  upon  its 
back,  and  in  that  posture  will  make  so  desperate  a 
resistance,  that  it  is  more  than  a  match  for  the  jaguar,, 
its  fiercest  enemy." 

Cabeza  de  Vaca's  discovery  of  the  Brazilian  Arau- 
caria  is  thus  narrated  : — 

«  Amongst  other  food  brought  them  by  the  natives 


36—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


567 


was  a  paste  made  from  the  Piue-nuts,  the  trees  pro- 
ducing which  were  of  so  large  a  girth  in  some  places, 
that  four  men,  with  their  anus  extended,  could  barely 
span  them  ;  straight  and  tall  in  proportion,  they  appeared 
to  them  the  finest  timber  they  had  ever  seen.  The 
nuts  fed  vast  quantities  of  moukeys  and  wild  swine, 
between  whom  a  continual  warfare  was  carried  on, 
which  amused  the  Spaniards  not  a  little  ;  the  pigs  gave 
chase  to  the  monkeys,  who,  running  up  the  trees,  pelted 
them  with  the  cones,  the  contents  of  which  they  greedily 
devom-ed  ;  in  vain  the  moukeys  rushed  down  to  share  at 
least  in  the  repast  of  their  own  providing — they  were 
as  quickly  obliged  to  take  to  flight  again,  to  fight  the 
same  battle  over  again  from  the  trees,  to  the  great 
satisfaction  of  the  pigs  below.  No  din  could  be  more 
discordant  than  the  shrill  screaming  of  thousands  of 
tliese  monkeys  on  the  one  side,  and  the  hoarse  gruutings 
of  their  greedy  aJvei-saries  on  tlie  other." 

One  more  extract  respecting  the  climate  of  Buenos 
AjTes,  and  we  conclude  : — 

"  I  have  been  often  asked  whether  the  heat  in  summer 
is  not  almost  intolerable.  On  some  days  it  is  so  ;  the 
glass  perhaps  at  90°  in-doors,  and  all  nature  gaspiug  for 
air  J  but  on  those  very  days  the  most  experienced  of 
the  natives  will  be  clothed  in  warm  woollens  instead  of 
linen  jackets  and  trousers,  for  fear  of  catching  cold. 

*^  Dm-ing  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the  prevailing 
winds  are  northerly,  which,  passing  over  the  marshy 
lands  of  Entre  Rios,  and  then  over  Uie  wide  expanse  of 
the  Plata,  imbibe  their  exhalations,  and  by  the  time 
they  reach  the  southern  shores  of  the  river,  have  a  great 
influence  upon  the  climate.  Everything  is  damp ;  the 
mould  stands  upon  the  boots  cleaned  but  yesterday ; 
books  become  mildewed,  and  the  keys  rust  in  one's 
pocket.  Good  fires  are  the  best  preservatives,  and  I 
found  them,  if  not  absolutely  necessary,  at  least  very 
comfortable,  during  quite  as  many  mouths  as  I  should 
have  had  them  in  England ;  and  yet  I  never,  during 
nine  years,  saw  snow  or  ice  thicker  than  a  dollar,  and 
the  latter  only  once." 

This  explains  how  it  is  that  the  Buenos  Ayreans  are 
able  to  decorate  the  iron  railings  of  their  windows  with 
festoons  of  the  beautiful  air  plants  of  Paraguay,  which 
there  live  and  blossom  in  wild  luxui'ianee. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

HoRTICrLTCRAL  SoCIETl's  GaEDEN,  TUR.N'H.iM  GreEN. 

— In  our  last  account  of  this  establisiiment  we  announced 
that  the  example  of  Mr.  Ewing's  glass  walls,  about 
which  so  much  interest  has  everywhere  been  excited, 
was  put  up,  though  tlie  painting  and  other  details 
connected  with  its  erection  were  not  quite  finished. 
These  are  now  completed,  and  it  is  being  planted.  In 
one  half  are  Vines  and  Fig.?,  which  are  intended  to  be 
permanent,  together  with  the  large  plant  of  Psidium 
Cattleianum,  which  formerly  grew  in  a  tub  in  the 
curvilinear  Vinery,  and  the  other  half  contains  flowering- 
plants,  such  as  Camellia?,  Orange?,  Euonymus  fimbri- 
atus,  Fuchsias,  Clematis,  Roses,  Escallonia  macrantha, 
and  things  of  that  description  ;  so  that  not  only  will  tlie 
value  of  these  walls  be  tested  as  regards  the  "production 
of  fruit,  but  also  that  of  flowers.  Of  their  excellence 
in  botli  respects  there  can  be  little  doubt;  but  of 
that  more  hereafter.  While  on  the  subject  of  new 
fruit-producing  contrivances,  we  may  mention  that 
the  Peaches  on  the  tree  covered  by  Cottam  and 
Hallen's  Peach-frame  are  not  so  far  advanced 
as  those  on  neighbouring  trees  on  the  open  wall. 
This  is  somewhat  remarkaljle,  inasmuch  as  very 
excellent  results  have  been  obtained  from  facing  trees 
with  glazed  sashes,  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  The 
crop  on  the  rest  of  the  wall  is  progressing  as  favourably 
as  could  be  desired,  and  the  trees  are  iu  the  best 
possible  condition,  being  furnished,  in  most  cases,  with 
plenty  of  healthy  foliage  to  the  very  ground.  The 
Shanghae  Peach,  two  trees  of  wliich  are  on  this  wall,  is 
nearly  ripe  ;  it  is  a  fine-looking  fruit,  pale-coloured, 
except  a  tinge  of  i-ed  next  the  sun,  and  rather  above 
the  average  size.  The  Downton  and  Imperatrice 
Nectarines,  two  of  tlie  best  varieties  raised  by  the  late 
Mr.  Knight,  arc  also  maturing  fine  crops,  the  fruit,  as 
we  have  stated  before,  being  most  abundant  on  those 
portions  of  the  trees  that  were  protected  by  light  straw 
screens  in  early  spring.  In  order  to  keep  down  mildew 
on  the  Pca(;h  and  other  things,  the  following  remedy 
has  been  tried,  viz.,  sulphur  ami  unslackcd  lime  put 
into  a  tub  of  water,  in  which  tlicy  are  quickly 
and  intimately  mixed,  and  the  trees  syringed  with  the 
clear  liquid  after  these  subatanccs  have  settled  at  the 
bo'tom.  The  vMue  of  this  has  not  yet  been  fully  tested, 
but  it  Is  Ihoni;ht  it  will  prove  efficacious.  Among 
Apples,  with  the  exception  of  the  summer  Golden 
Pippin  and  the  Early  Harvest,  which  in  good  seasons 
Is  ripe  by  the  I  at  of  August,  few  have  as  yet  been 
gathered.  Pears  are  a  good  prop,  both  on  walla  and  on 
qucnouitles  in  borders.  On  the  former  they  have  b<  en 
eo  thick  in  some  Instances  that  it  lias  been  considered 
advisable  to  slightly  thin  them. 

In  the  kitchen  garden  s/mie  late  Pcis  were  coming 
forward  ;  but  not  without  slight  sympUims  of  mildew, 
wh'ch,  howcvf^r,  will  be  immediftt^-ly  checked  by  llio 
application  of  sulphur.  It  may,  perhaps,  bo  useful  to 
know  that  the  "  AHpara'^us-kale  "  of  sfjmc  nurserymen'fi 
Bced  lints  has  proved  here  i/»  be  the  Couvo  Trrinchuda 
Or  Portugal  Cabbage,  the  white  mid-ribs  of  whose  leaves 
arc  prepared  and  eaten  »ometliing  after  the  manner  of 
Scakale,  Among  Frcrieli  lU^ann  the  I  laricot  noir  d-;  IJel- 
giqiicmaybc  cited  as  being  vf:ry  prolifie,  and  an  cxeollout 
sort  both  for  early  and  lato  sowing,  A  [dot  of  it  is  just  now 


coming  into  use,  while  a  sowing  of  the  Haricot  d'Algers, 
made  at  the  same  time,  is  not  yet  in  bearing.  The 
early  Vienna  Kohl  Rabi,  a  violet  variety  with  few 
leaves,  is  at  present  in  perfection  ;  this  is  one  of  the 
best  sorts  for  gai'den  cropping.  As  regards  Potatoes, 
we  regret  to  state  that  here,  as  elsewhere,  disease  has 
made  considerable  havoc  ;  and  as  far  as  the  haulm  is 
concerned,  Messrs.  Hay  and  Sangster's  pi'epared  cuttings 
have  enjoyed  no  immunity  from  the  all-pervading 
malady  ;  on  the  |coutrary,  tlicy  are  quite  as  bad  as 
others.  It  has  been  reported,  indeed,  that  in  a  neigh- 
bouring garden  they  have  succeeded  well,  and  are  free 
from  disease,  with  tubers  floury  and  excellent,  while 
the  surrounding  crop  is  aifected.  This,  however,  is  not 
the  case  ;  we  have  inspected  the  crop  said  to  be  sound, 
and  we  are  able  to  say  that  there  will  uot  be  one-third 
part  sound,  if  so  much. 

The  fine  trees  of  red  Brugmansia  in  the  large  conser- 
vatory, which  are  every  now  and  then  so  gay  with 
flowers,  have  been  pruned  hard  in,  and  their  wood  has 
been  painted  over  with  a  mixture  of  clay,  soft  soap,  and 
tobacco-water,  with  the  view  of  keeping  them  clear  of 
insects.  Hedychium  Gardnerianum,a  Maize-like  Ginger- 
wort,  bearing  fine  heads  of  yellow  inflorescence,  is  now 
in  blossom,  and  a  valuable  plant  it  is  in  the  border  of  a 
conservatory  at  this  season  of  the  year.  The  heads  of 
flower  measure  at  least  a  foot  long,  and  8  inches 
through.  Among  flowering  plants  on  the  shelves  we 
remarked  some  Continental  Balsams  of  a  large  and  fine 
description.  In  the  large  stove  the  huge  Lselia  super- 
biens,  now  familiar  to  most  admirers  of  Orchids,  is 
again  throwing  up  flower-stems  which  bid  fair  to  be  more 
numerous  than  in  previous  years,  showing  that  when 
once  a  blooming  habit  is  induced  in  this  plant  it  will 
flower  with  certainty  every  season  afterwards.  Tlie 
rare  Cinchoua  Calisaya,  from  which  the  best  kind  of 
Peruvian  bark  is  obtained,  is  now  iu  full  flowei',  for 
the  first  time,  we  believe,  in  Europe.  Its  clusters  of 
pinkish  hairy  flowers  are  extremely  curious.  A  large 
example  of  the  double  purple  Hibistus  syriacus  is 
now  in  full  beauty  in  the  open  border,  where  it  is  very 
ornamental,  and  Ceanothus  azureus  and  its  pale  variety 
are  in  blossom  on  the  conservative  wall  :  of  the  two  the 
variety  is  the  gayer,  its  flowei*  spikes  being  larger  than 
those  of  the  species.  The  arboretum  is  still  in  full 
summer  dress,  and  altogether  the  garden  is  quite  as 
inviting,  and  even  more  enjoyable  at  the  present  time 
than  it  has  been  at  auy  period  during  the  whole  season. 

J.  WiLDAY,  EsQ.'s,  Atherstone.— On  Friday,  August 
27,  a  quantity  of  Noblesse  Peaches  was  gathered  in  the 
garden  here  of  extraordinary  size  and  quality;  one 
measured  lO.J  inches  in  circumftrence,  and  weighed 
9i  ounces,  and  several  measured  i):*i  inches  and  weighed 
8  ounces  eacli  ;  these  Peaches  have  been  grown  without 
the  aid  of  artificial  heat,  and  their  appearance  on  the 
trees  was  such  as  to  excite  the  admiration  of  all  who 
saw  thera.  They  were  produced  on  a  wall  behind  sus- 
pended glass  frame?,  being  a  plan  not  so  generally 
adopted  as  it  deserves,  from  the  advantage  it  possesses 
in  securing  regularity  of  crops.  The  frame  may  be 
described  as  dropping  from  the  front  of  an  1  l-inch  board, 
which  is  placed  immediately  under  the  coping,  and  hung 
so  as  to  be  capable  of  opening  to  admit  of  ventilation,  to 
within  a  foot  of  the  ground,  where  it  rests  on  a  sill 
supported  on  short  posts,  /.  Bishop. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Shacklxwell,  Stoke  NEvriNaTON,  and  Hackney  Amal- 
gamated Floral  Society,  Sejjt,  1.— Dealers.  21-  Dahlias  : 
1st,  Mr.  C.  Turnf.r,  wUb  Mr.  Si-ldon,  Mr,  Herbert,  piince'-a 
Radzewill,  General  Faucher,  Barmaid,  Leda,  Fame,  Sir  F. 
Rathurst,  Queen  of  Whitec,  R.  Cobdtn,  Seraph,  Chunctllor, 
Moruiojj:  Star,  !^ir  R.  Whittington,  Fearless,  G,  Gleiiny,  Sir  C. 
Njpier.  Queen  of  Lilacs,  Scarlet  F,clip  e,  Kant;,  Miss  Slieurn, 
Dr.  Frampton.  Sir  H.  Peel,  iiiid  Gem  of  the  Grove;  2d,  Mr. 
Lfgg;,  with  Antrcipat  on,  Nil  deRperaodum,  Mrs.  SeMoii,  L.da, 
FeurlesB,  Carnnina,  Lady  St.  Maur,  Duke  of  Wellington,  K. 
Ci'bden,  Marchior  e-8  C'  rnwallin,  Sir  P.  Bathursf,  Sjlph, 
Ttiiimeg  Bank  Hero,  Magnificent,  Utilis,  Quefn  of  Buau'y, 
Roundhead,  Mr.  Her!  er',  Admiral,  Mr,  Seldoo,  Miae  Newman, 
iN'onf>aieiI,  Queen  »jf  Yellov^s,  Summit  of  Perfoc'inn;  3ii, 
Mr.  Hunt.— 12  Fancies  :  Ist,  Mr.  Lcj/g",  wi'h  Lady  Gren- 
ville,  Mrp.  Hansard,  Princess  Chailoite,  Mri.  Willi.4, 
Belle  de  Pejne,  Jetty  Trtffz,  Maid  of  Ludi,  Saracen,  Jenny 
Lirid,  Floral  Beauty,  Queen  of  Faneie",  and  Madame  Bresson  ; 
2d,  Mr.  Turr.er,  with  Claude,  l-e  Peon,  E'enan'issima,  Lady 
Groiiville,  Princess  Helena,  Era[jereur  de  Maruc,  I'haetnn,  Mrs. 
Hansard,  Lord  Lyndhurst,  DuchcBs  of  Sutherland,  aiul  Jenny 
Liod.  Amattur«.~12  bloom- :  It-t,  Mr.  HolracB,  with  Q.  G'eiinv, 
Duke  of  Cambrldiio,  Richard  Cobden,  MIbh  C.  Bac(>n,  Sir  F. 
Ha(hm8»-,  MiBB  Newmun,  Duke  of  Wellinnton,  El  Porudo, 
.lullien,  Suiiimit  of  Pirfcc  ion,  MarchiuneaB  Cornwallis,  and 
Mr.  ytld')n  ;  2(1,  Mr.  Rnblnxon,  with  Gi^neral  Fauchtr,  Amhan- 
Badeur,  Qiiet-n  of  Lilacs,  Mr.  Se  don.  Richard  Cohden,  Foarli  as, 
Sylj.h,  fchjlocU,  Nil  DcBperaDdunn  S'r  F.  Batliurst,  Hound, 
head,  and  Sir  C.  Napier;  ad,  Mr.  Wredon,  wih  Negro,  (iuoun 
of  LlIacB,  Mr.  Soldon,  Model.  Sir  F.  Bathurfl%  Ludi.,  Fe;irle  s, 
Du!\0  of  WclUnKton,  lilanci  fieur,  Nil  Desperandum,  and  Ocni 
of  the  Grnvi- ;  4ih,  Mr.  Piocktir,  witli  General  Faucher,  Fame, 
Dukoot  VV*-lltni(ton,  Victory,  Richard  Cobden,  (iueen  of  Lilaos, 
Sir  F.  BjiihurBf,,  £1  Dorado,  Fp'trk«9,  JuHIimt,  C.  Turntr, 
and  Sir  0.  Nitpli-r;  6'h,  Mr.  Morris ;  8ih,  Mr.  EdwardB  ;  7th, 
Mr.  Took  ;  8th,  Mr.  Hunt,  jun,  ;  Uili,  Mr.  JunicH  ;  lOih,  Mr, 
(Iiildfr.  Six  Fancluh  :  !«',  Mr.  ProcUtcr,  with  tincen  t.l  Fancier., 
WUh  Wcyliind,  Mr-,  lltmsurd,  Spi-ctubiilit,  Ml(-s  liaihuret,  uii-i 
Oloirv  du  Kutii  ;  2d,  Mr,  J.  V.tXwtxTtH,  I'olh'Wiy,  with  Eiiza'  otii, 
l(tiln»  Pomarf,  IMvhlnni)  Ohief,  Mi-<H  O"rnp'on,  Mr4,  Ilun^nul, 
ami  Jonny  Mtid  ;  3d,  Mr.  JiirnuB,  with  PriocifHi  Ohurlotto,  Mrs, 
Manmird,  Emiicroui*  do  Mane,  Genorul  CavafKnac,  Phaot^  n, 
nnd  Triutnpbiiiit;  4  1),  Mr.  lluiubir,  with  Ritcbaei,  F1}1n^ 
Du'chrnuii,  xtri.  IlntiHfird,  MIms  Comp'on,  Mi-h,  Luboiichcrf. 
iirirl  I'lorul  Hi  auty.  HU  other  cnl'cotloiiB  wcru  htngcd  In  ihi-> 
uIiiHR,  nnd  It  U  worihy  of  r>  niurU  thai  In  every  pun  M  rn,  II^riKurd 
vraB  tn«ri>ducod,pii(twlnK  that 'KIh  line  vnriiMytH  hccDioioK  hl^hl,v 
pofiiiln'-.  }4lx  now  Plriucrt:  Ut,  Mr.  Uohlnxuti,  with  MorniiiK 
Ht.ir  <iiPcn  of  Whitod,  I'lianinm,  Alice,  MIjih  Ward  (without 
thi)  whttu  tIpK),  and  Hir  K.  WliitrlnKton  ;  iA,  Mr.  J.  Kdwardn, 
HoIloHay,  with  K'fiiMiiid  P.flri'r,  Morning  Htar,  Trlurnuliitiir, 
Alico,  'Ir  K.  VVhUtiuKtoir,  ai.d  Dr.  PniniM'on  ;  3il,  Mr.  Uoldor, 
irUb  MorolD/t  Stiir,  £3tr  H.  WhlttloKtun,  i^ucuu  ol  Wld'co,  Minb 


W'ud,  Sir  F.  'nlc^i_t:r,  and  Mu.vilu  ;  4iu,  Mr.  Jaiiitn,  witti 
Morning  Star,  Queen  of  Whites,  Sir  R.  Whittinginn,  Red 
Gauntk'f,  Douglas  Jeirold,  and  Dr.  Fiampton;  5ih,  Mr. 
Prockter;  6ih,  Mr,  Hut.t,  jun.  ;  lih,  Mr.  Cook.  First  Class 
Certificates  were  uranted  to  the  following  sis  varieties,  and  aa 
interesting' eihibition  was  made  by  a  specicoen  of  each  being 
Bet  up  in  a  ri  gular  board.  We  enumerate  thera  as  set  up  in 
the  stand  :  Sir  J.  Franklin  (Tumtr)  previously  described  by 
us;  Mi-3  Matthews  (Bra;.'jr)  fcarh-t,  tipped  wiih  whi'e,  a 
fancy  flower  remarkable  f^r  Us  depth;  Bob  (Drummond) 
a  brilliant  scarltt;  deep,  well  arrani^ed  and  fine  centre; 
MiSB  CiiroUne  (liriule)  a  blu  h  flowur  in  the  way  of 
Marchiom  ss  Cornwallis  but  much  thicker;  Btau'y  of  tho 
Giove  (Burgess),  pale  buff  yellow  wih  dark  ros^y  tipo, 
attractive  and  with  plenty  of  "  stuff"  to  warrant  good  growth  ; 
Lord  Byron  (Pope),  rosy  salmon,  new  in  colour,  lar,e  smooth 
petal,  of  good  outline.  O-iler  seedlings  were  shown  possessing 
many  exceJletit  puints,  and  foremost  among  these  wus  Lady 
Dalrymple  (rurvill),  lilac  blu-h  boldly  ticped  with  purple; 
Piautagenet  (Turter),  rosy  lilac,  b jld  ;  Sir  J.  Paxton,  dull 
yellow  inclined  to  colour  on  the  edge  ;  Lady  Fi.lkstone,  blu-h  ; 
Miss  F.  Moriers  (Union),  a  tricolor,  dark  yellow  base,  sides 
crimson,  tip  while;  Marchioness  D  uro,  clear  yellow.  Of 
other  Loveltiep.  Mr.  Edwards  contributed  a  flower  of  a  a'riptd 
fancy  seedling,  colours  scarlet  and  deep  ^  ellow  evenlj  ha'anced 
in  regular  atiipt'?.  Thegei.e-al  opinion  regarding  this  Hower 
was  that  fjr  form,  centre,  and  petal,  it  is  unequalled  in  i's 
class.  It  was  compared  with  Rembrandt  and  Rpec'abilis, 
flowers  intimately  in  the  way  of  it  so  far  as  culour  is  C'jn- 
cerned,  but  much  behind  it  in  every  quality  consti'utiog 
perfection  ;  ihe  praise  bestowed  on  it  was  &o  uoanimous  that 
it  is  intended  to  call  it  Unanimity  (Edwards).  The  Roses  of 
Messrs.  Paul  and  Francis  were  very  fine,  the  most  striking 
being  La  Reine,  Ge<int  des  Batail'es  (whoee  colours  ar« 
now  improving),  Standard  of  Mareng-^,  Cjmedor,  Justine, 
Baronne  Hallez,  Madame  Lfffay,  Auguste  Mie,  Sal'ranot, 
and  Mrs.  Elliott,  »tc.  Hollyhocks,  for  which  this  Society  is 
famous,  were  well  produced,  alt"  ough  it  was  fully  late  for 
them,  by  Mr.  Turner  (1),  and  Mr.  Bragg  (2j  :  the  principal 
sorts  were  Acme,  Charles  Turner,  Napoleon,  Comet,  Queen, 
Illuminator,  Sir  Joreph  Paxton,  Sir  D.  Wedderburn,  Bessy 
Bell,  Mrs.  Moulding  ea;,  William,  Susannah,  Magnum  Bonum, 
Nation;il,  Suipliurea  elegans,  Defiance,  Furity,  and  Cyclops. 
12  spikes  were  put  up  by  Mr.  Bragg  (1),  and  Mesero.  Paul  (2), 
First-class  Ctrtiticales  were  awnrJed  to  Laura  (Paul),  blush 
pink  ;  Remus  (Paul),  deep  pink,  wi  h  high  ctntre  ;  and  Sir 
Rtbf;rt  Peel  (Paul),  much  in  the  wny  of  Cou.et.  The  Fuchsias 
fumiahed  by  Messrs.  J.  and  J.  Fraser,  cf  Lea  Bridge,  wei'e  by 
far  the  best  specimens  we  have  seen  around  London  for  some 
time:  Volii^;eur  (Bunks),  w  a?  pcifectioa  of  giowth,  with 
prolusion  of  flower.  Cacti,  fur  which  Mr.  C.  Palmer  is  so 
nottd,  were  nicely  shown  by  him,  and  numbered  beweeniO 
and  50  plants.  A  more  interesting  general  display  it  has 
seldom  been  our  lot  to  witneiis.  J.  E. 


Calceolarias  ;  JH.  Next  week. 

Cataloqoe   of  new    and   choice   Pelargon'um?,    including  a 

sclfec  ion  of  FiincicSi  rcctived  from  Mr,  Turner,  of  Sloogh. 
CiNEBABTAe  :  J  H.  The  following  «ix  will  not  disappoint  you  : 

Mr---.  S.  Herbert,   Madame   Soutaa-,  Prima  Donn?,  Queen  of 

B.-auties,  Rosy  Morn,  and  Sui  prise. 
Dahlias  :  Mi-  M.  ExampL^s  of  Dahlias  in  the  condition  of  that 

y-iu  have  sent,  are  common  enough  in  the  south.     The  pans 

adhere  and  grow  togei her  wheniu  a  verj  soft  and  young  state. 

SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

DAHLiiS  \  J  C  A.  Blush  white  and  pa!e  msy  li'ao  ;  sufficiently 
rlibtimjE  to  warrant  your  propa^'.ai"g  and  giowing  it 
fur  a  season,  to  further  prove  i's  mtritc.— IF  *V.,  lIorn~ 
church.  Two  blooms  of  a  dark  crimson  llowir  ap.-ruachmg 
maroon  ;  ctntre  elevated,  compile"",  and  symmetrically 
arranged  ;  petals  small,  and  mach  re  f;mblin<  the  ?tjlc  of 
those  in  Standard  of  Peifecion;  with  beittr  S'ze  tliis  wilt 
doubtltsp  take  a  place,  allhongh  the  class  to  which  itbclongq 
is  already  Sttmenhat  crowdci.  Two  blooms  of  a  buff- 
yellow,  the  lips  of  tho  pet., Is  suffused  with  purpli&h-red  ; 
centre,  arrangement,  and  form  tirat-rafe;  well  packed  and 
fresh. 

Fccn:iiA3  ;  J  P,  TreiiiJiam.  1  and  2  have  both  narrow  sepals, 
and  are  not  near  so  good  as  o.her  dark  sorts  a.ready  in 
cultivation.  The  lii;ht  fl  wer  is  novel,  having  a  vaiiegated 
corolla  ;  but  that  is  all  the  mtrit  that  pertains  to  it. 

Hollyhocks  :  R  S,  Jun.  Ten  blooms  of  a  pleasing  variety  which 
resembles  one  reported  on  at  the  lute  Nurwieh  meeting,  and 
namtd  "  Fenella  ; "  body  colour  pinkish  cream;  florets 
and  guard  petals  edgtd  wi'h  blight  salmony  pin!*  ;  sub- 
s'aoee  good.  An  acquisition  to  i's  clas".—  W  2^,  Bomchurch, 
We  abound  in  flowers  similar  to  the  pink  variety  ;  the  siogla 
bloom  is  novel  in  C{ilour,  a  blight  ceris**,  florets  smooth, 
erect,  Eud  free  from  confusion,  but  wanting  in  depth  ;  guard 
petals  in  nice  proportion,  of  good  suifacs,  fmooth  on  the 
edges,  and  withaob^tar  ce  equal  tomo;t  of  tlie  light  varieties. 

Phlox;  R  S,  Jan.  Dilecta  is  in  every  way  a  pre.ty  varinty, 
and  cannot  fail  to  prove  a  favourite. 

Picotee:   T  B,  Carlisle.  WonhlcsB  as  a  show  flower. 


Miscellaneous. 

D)'yinr)  Fruit. — It  nmy  benefit  some  to  be  furnished 
with  my  plan  of  drying  fruit.  I  have  a  house  6  feet 
sr^uare  and  7  feet  high,  with  a  tight  floor;  at  bottom 
and  top  the  frame  is  made  uf  scauthiig  about  3  inches 
sfjuare,  witii  three  posts  on  each  side  ;  tliese  three  side 
posts  have  inch  lioles  through  them  6  inchfs  apiirt, 
from  bottom  to  lop,  to  receive  inch  pins,  10  or  20  inches 
long,  to  sustain  the  shelves  containing  the  fruit.  Tho 
siieives  used  are  half-inch  boards,  5  feet  10  inches  long, 
and  10  inch<  3  wide,  with  the  corners  at  each  end  a  Ilttlo 
roundetl,  so  that  they  may  be  taken  out  or  put  in 
handily.  Two  of  these  boards  He  on  one  range  of  pins 
—  one  board  of  20  inches  would  do,  but  is  rather  heavy 
when  filled  with  green  fruit.  A  door  *2  feet  wide  and 
7  feet  high  is  about  right— let  it  be  in  tlie  centre  of  ono 
end  ;  it  is  theii  conveident  to  stand  outside  and  sHp  in 
tho  shelves  filled  with  fruit,  either  to  tho  right  or  left. 
A  small  stovo  placed  in  the  centre  comphtes  the  lixlure, 
except  a  covering  to  tlie  biulding,  which  may  be  attaehetl 
to  it,  or  a  separate  concern.  Any  farmer  who  has  a 
tolerable  supply  of  Hprightly  boys  or  gii'lH,  can  In  ono 
niglit,  from  (liirk  till  bud-timp,  invpare  onough  Truit  to 
cover  all  the  hIh  Ives  in  tlic  houi3o  jiiHt  desciibeil,  which 
will  make  moro  than  a  buyhel  of  dried  fruit  ;  and 
2'I  houi'H  is  snllicient  to  thy  it  coniplet'^lyj  by  keeping 
up  a  in'jdci'ato  fire  in  llio  Htovo.  The  temperature  in 
tlio  dry  house  should  be  about  ITjO"  Faiu'eniieit,  whieli  is 
easily  maintained  if  the  house  is  tight.  About  IJOO  feet 
of  wrll-flcaHoned  bnards  willBulliee  for  tho  whole  concern, 
which  should  \w  tongued  and  grooved.  A  workman  can 
make  it  in  two  or  lliree  ilays,  and  wh(?n  once  uiadp,  it 
aiiHwers  for  many  important  purposes  besides  drying 
(ruit  ;  and  if  insects  are  likely  to  trouljlo  your  dried 
rcaehtB  or  Apples  iti  tho  spring  of  the  year,  rcmovo 


568 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


tliem  to  the  dry  liouse,  anJ  subject  them  to  a  heat  of 
about  150°  for  several  hours,  and  it  will  effectually 
remedy  the  evil.  M.  T.  Johnson,  in  the  Ohio  Cultivator. 
How  to  form  an  Aspararjus  Bed.  By  P.  Kendall, 
Esq.,  Marine  Villa,  Aldborough,  Suffolk.— On  forming 
a  new  vegetable  garden  at  my  residence  here  about  four 
years  since,  I  made  of  course  a  new  Asparagus  bed,  and 
findmg  it  quite  answer  my  expectations  as  to  its  pro- 
ductiveness and  quality,  and  the  plan  I  adopted  being 
original,  I  send  you  the  particulars  of  its  formation.  1 
set  out  my  bed  as  follows  :— 60  feet  long,  5  foet  wide, 
4  feet  deep.  The  earth  was  all  taken  out  and  laid  on 
one  side  the  bed  ;  I  then  placed  at  the  bottom  2  feet 
deep  of  salt  ooze,  from  the  banks  of  the  Aide  :  1  J  feet 
deep  of  the  river  weed  (a  long  Grass)  :  2  feet  of  the 
best  vegetable  mould  was  then  placed  on  the  top,  and 
the  young  plants  set  out  at  IS  inches  distance,  all  over 

the  bed.     Note  by  the  Vice-Secretary It  will  be  obvious 

that  the  metliod  of  proceeding  adopted  in  this  little 
experiment  was  founded  upon  the  most  just  conception 
of  the  nature  of  the  Asp.aragus  plant.  IJeep  ricli  loose 
soil  for  its  roots,  salt  in  moderation,  and  the  crown  of 
the  plant  only  just  buried  in  earth,  produced,  as  might 
liave  been  expected,  heads  of  tlie  finest  Aspaz-agus 
possible— green,  succulent,  excellent  in  flavour,  and  in 
no  respect  inferior  to  any  tliat  has  been  seen  by  the 
most  experienced  gardeners.  Horticultural  Society's 
Journal. 

Colossal  Walnut  Free.—Oii  the  road  from  Martel  to 
Gramat  (Lot)  is  to  be  seen  a  colossal  Walnut  tree,  at 
■least  300  years  old.  Tlie  height  of  this  tree  is  about 
55  feet ;  its  branches  extend  to  a  distance  of  125  feet ; 
■the  trunk,  H  feet  in  diameter,  is  only  20  feet  high,  but 
■It  sends  out  seven  immense  brandies.  It  bears  on  an 
average  each  year  15  bags  of  Walnuts.  Other  Walnut 
trees  grow  near,  but  they  are  of  very  moderate  dimen- 
sions. Qalir/nani, 


[Sept.  4, 


vCalendar  of  Operations, 

{For  the  ensuing  weeh) 
— I — 

tLAKT  DEPARTMENT. 
In  arranging  plants  in  their  winter  quarters,  on  no 
account  allow  them  to  be  placed  too  closely  togetlier.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind,  that  but  very  few  plants  liave 
as  yet  perfectly  matured  their  wood  ;  and,  consequently, 
as  that  pi-ocess  is  still  going  on,  such  will  require  the 
air  to  play  freely  around  them.  Plants,  too,  are  now-a- 
days  expected  to  bear  examining  on  all  sides,  and  it  is 
impossible  to  obtain  bushy,  compact  plants,  if  they  are 
allowed  to  touch  each  other.  Ou  flat  stages  a  few  may, 
here  and  tliere,  be  elevated  on  inverted  pots,  to  give  a 
little  relief  to  the  mass  of  green.  As  by  placing  the 
plants  thinnei',  room  may  not  possibly  be  found  for  all, 
a  selection  of  the  oldest  or  worst-formed  plants,  should 
be  set  aside  to  make  room  for  choicer  tilings  ;  and  as 
cut  ilowers  are  always  in  request,  the  above  may  be 
found  useful  to  keep  for  that  purpose  ;  .and  may  be 
wintered  in  Vineries,  pits,  &c.,  where  they  will  not 
interfere  with  other  arrangements.  Unless  the  weather 
continues  dry,  Orange  trees,  if  at  all  large,  will  soon 
require  housing,  as  tlie  heavy  rains  have  saturated 
them  to  excess  ;  and  a  low  night  temperature  will  turn 
the  foliage  to  a  sickly  yellow,  which  frequently  remains 
-throughout  the  winter.  Before  removing  them  to 
their  winter  quarters  any  that  require  additional 
root  room  should  have  fresh  pots  or  tubs,  the  present 
being  the  most  favourable  time  for  the  operation.  As 
a  compost  for  the  Citrus  tribe,  French  gardeners  use 
a  mixture  of  loam,  peat,  and  rotten  dung,  in  a  state  of 
black  mould  ;  we  have,  however,  found  them  to  thrive 
well  in  yellow  turfy  loam  and  thoroughly  rotten  cow- 
dung,  mixing  a  portion  of  broken  charcoal  through  the 
■mass.  One  thing,  however,  should  be  strictly  attended 
to,  and  that  is  drainage,  which,  if  imperfect,  will  soon 
produce  ruinous  results  ;  they  will  likewise  thrive  all 
the  better  for  being  rather  under  than  over  potted. 
Such  as  do  not  require  a  complete  shifting  should  have 
their  drainage  examined,  and  the  state  of  the  sod  as 
regards  dryness  noted,  that  their  winter  treatment  may 
be  regulated  accordingly.  Directly  Japan  Lilies, 
Gladioli,  and  plants  of  like  habit  have  done  blooming, 
remove  them  to  the  foot  of  a  south  wall  to  ripen  their 
growth  ;  water  them  moderately  till  their  tops  show 
signs  of  decay,  when  they  may  be  laid  on  their  sides  till 
potting  time.  The  earliest  struck  Pelargoniums  should 
uow  be  potted  off,  exposing  them  on  all  occasions  to  the 
weather,  except  during  heavy  rains  ;  the  older  plants 
first  cut  back,  which  have  made  shoots  an  incli  or  two 
iu  length,  should  now  be  shook  out  of  their  old  soil,  the 
roots  trimmed,  and  repotted  in  smaller  pots  ;  if  they 
«an  be  plunged  in  a  slight  bottom  heat  till  the  roots  get 
a  start,  it  will  help  them.  To  have  a  late  bloom  of 
Fiiciisias,  let  a  portion  of  the  stock  have  their  young 
wood  cut  back  about  one  half  ;  if  these  are  placed  in  a 
little  extra  heat  they  will  break  again,  and  go  on 
blooming  till  Christmas.  Continue  shifting  Cinerarias, 
Chinese  Primroses,  Calceolarias,  Humeas,  and  other 
seedling  plants  for  next  season's  blooming. 

rORCINS  DEPARTMENT. 
In  addition  to  carrying  out  the  culture  of  late  crops, 
the  principal  point  demanding  attention  is  the  proper 
ripening  of  the  present  season's  wood.  The  foundation 
for  next  season's  success  must  be  laid  now,  by  attending 
to  this  important  part  of  cultivation.  It  was  formerly 
the  practice,  after  Grapes  and  Peaches  were  gathered, 
to  take  but  little  further  notice  of  the  trees,  till  pruning 


time  ;  but  good  growers  know  how  necessary  to  future 
success  is  the  reverse  of  this.  While  the  principal 
leaves  of  the  Vine,  Peach,  and  indeed  every  kind  of 
fruit  tree,  can  be  kept  healthy,  they  are  depositing  in 
the  tissues  of  the  plant  the  proximate  elements  for 
future  crops — hence  the  importance  of  carefully  pre- 
serving them  from  inj  ury  ;  and  by  exposing  them  to 
light  and  air,  enable  them  at  the  same  time  to  exercise 
the  best  effects  in  ripening  the  wood  of  the  plant. 
Attend  to  the  wants  of  the  newly  potted  Strawberries 
for  next  season's  forcing  :  they  should  now  be  enjoying 
an  open  and  sunny  exposure.  Carefully  remove  all 
runners  as  they  appear  ;  and  as  they  are  now  rooting 
fast,  should  be  assisted  with  liquid  manui'e,  and  every 
means  practised  to  obtain  stout  healthy  plants  the 
present  autumn,  as  no  future  management  will  com- 
pensate forneglect  in  this  particular  at  the  present  time. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Unless  some  precautions  are  taken  to  keep  the  taller 
plants  in  the  beds  of  geometric  flower  gardens  within 
'  proper  limits,  they  will  be  likely,  towards  the  end  of  the 
season,  to  get  too  high,  and  will  destroy  the  uniform 
appearance  essential  to  this  style  of  gardening.  A  con- 
stant watch  should,  therefore,  be  kept  on  plants  likely  to 
exceed  the  standard  height,  and  by  frequently  pinching 
back,  or  pegging  down,  endeavour  to  keep  the  same 
pattern  beds  at  the  same  height.  At  this  season,  with 
beds  of  flowering  plants,  frequent  cuttings  back  and 
trimmings  will  be  required  to  prevent  a  straggling 
hribit  in  free-growing  plants,  and  which  the  late  rains 
will  help  ;  at  the  same  time  allow  no  dead  flowers  or 
seed-pods  to  remain  on  the  plants.  By  careful  attention 
to  these  little  matters,  the  season  of  blooming  may  be 
prolonged,  till  the  plants  are  destroyed  by  frost.  Lawns 
should  be  well  swept  in  dry  weather,  to  remove  worm- 
casts,  and  afterwards  be  well  rolled.  Wliere  worms  are 
very  troublesome,  water  with  clear  lime-water  ;of  full 
strength  ;  this  will  bring  them  to  the  surface,  when  they 
should  be  removed.  Cuttings  of  various  evergreens 
should  now  be  planted,  to  keep  up  the  reserve  garden. 
Directly  the  eai-ly  cuttings  of  bedding  stuff  have  taken 
root,  remove  them  to  an  open  situation,  or  place  them 
out  of  doors,  to  insure  a  hardy  habit. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
For  the  last  time  go  over  the  Peaclies  and  Nectarines, 
and  nail,  or  tie  in,  further  growths,  at  the  same  time 
removing  any  very  weak  or  extra  strong  shoots,  which 
will  not  be  wanted  for  fruiting  next  season.  The 
remaining  shoots  being  thinner,  will  derive  more  influ- 
ence from  the  sun's  rays,  increasing  the  temperature  of 
the  wall.  Remove  leaves  where  they  prevent  the  fruit 
from  properly  colouring.  The  best  kinds  of  Plums  and 
Nectarines  should  be  protected  from  wasps  and  flies  by 
some  kind  of  hexagonal  netting.  Continue  to  tie  in  and 
stop  Figs  and  Vines  against  walls,  and  protect  the  fruit 
as  above. 

KITOnEN  GARDEN. 
In  earthing  up  Celery  the  greatest  care  is  necessary 
to  prevent  any  portion  of  the  earth  from  falling  into  the 
heart  of  the  plant,  which  would  prevent  the  upright 
growth  of  the  inside  leaves,  and  spoil  its  appearance  for 
the  table  ;  nor  should  the  earth  be  pressed  too  closely 
round  the  upper  part  of  the  plant,  as  frequently,  when 
such  is  the  case,  it  bulges  out  below.  The  best  practice 
is  to  tie  each  plant  up  loosely  with  matting  (having 
previously  removed  the  suckers  and  small  leaves),  and 
then  a  little  earth  can  be  added  every  week,  as  the  plant 
increases  in  height.  Another  common  error  arises  fi'om 
earthing  Celery  up  too  soon.  It  should  be  allowed  to 
grow  to  a  considerable  size  before  earthing  up  is 
attempted ;  and  be  frequently  soaked  with  water,  as  but 
little  rain  will  reach  the  roots  afterwards  ;  it  should 
likewise  never  be  touched  when  the  plants  are  at  all 
damp.  Cardoons  will  require  similar  treatment.  Leeks 
in  drills  may  have  earth  dra^vn  up  to  them  by  the  hoe. 
Autumn  Cauliflowers  and  Broccoli  planted  in  shallow 
trenches  should  now  have  them  filled  up  ;  for  unless  in 
very  dry  situations  the  natural  rains  will  keep  them 
moist.  Late  Peas  and  Beans  will  require  close  atten- 
tion, to  prevent  mildew;  well  supply  the  former  with 
liquid  maMure.  The  advancing  winter  crops  of  Broccoli, 
Borecole,  &c,,  should  be  kept  frequently  hoed,  and 
vacant  ground  may  yet  be  filled  up  with  the  later  kinds. 
Tomatoes  are  likely  to  be  late,  and  the  leaves  shading 
the  fruit  should  be  removed  ;  and  prevent  the  plants 
making  any  further  growth  by  constant  stopping.  As 
time  permits,  the  Potato  crop  may  be  taken  up,  begin- 
ning with  the  earliest  kinds  first.  In  this  locality  fully 
one-half  of  the  early  ones  is  rotten,  and  fields  of  the 
later  kinds  are  scarcely  worth  the  digging.  They  should 
be  allowed  a  few  weeks  under  a  shed  or  other  shelter 
before  being  stored  away  for  good,  that  the  sound  ones 
only  may  be  selected. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


?; 

TBUFKttATUas. 

and  Sept. 

.* 

Of  the  Air 

Of  the  Earth, 

Wind. 

■« 

s 

Max. 

Mia. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Menn 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep.    deep. 

Friday..  27 

i: 

30.117 

30,107 

7ii 

54 

61.5 

(m 

604 

F, 

n 

Sfttur.  ..  28 

'dO.OlO 

S9.993 

7fi 

hi 

Mi 

s  w. 

0 

Sunday  .  19 

i.t 

30.Pl!4 

29.969 

76 

47 

Kl.r. 

61 

S.E. 

1)1 

Monday    30 

la 

30.019 

30.010 

7-J 

45 

53.5 

6?, 

61^ 

S.W. 

Oi 

Tuea.    ,,  31 

16    30.07? 

30.007 

fi<) 

44 

Sfift 

fil 

62 

s  w. 

Oi 

Wed.    „     1 

17    30.195 

30  o:io 

43 

57.5 

ei 

60 

S.W. 

0 

ThufB...     2 

IS 

30.-:6i 

30.2:0 

77 

45 

61.0 

604 

60 

S.W.I   .0(1 

Averaita  ... 

3(i.l0i    '  30.0-13 

73.8  '  47.3  '  60.8 

63.3    ■  C0£ 

.or 

it  "J/— Fine  ;  smill  white  clouds ;  clear  at  nisht. 
■JS— Fogiiy  ;  very  dusky  y—'.O  a  M.;  very  die;  clear. 
E9 -Very  fine;  densely  overcast ;  tine,  with  light  clouds. 
30— Cloudy ;  very  fine;  clear  at  nij{ht. 
31— Clear;  very  fiae;  clear. 
1— SliKh'driEile;  very  fine;  eoraedropsof  rainoccasional'y;  clear 

and  fine. 
2— Foggy ;  cloudlesfl,  wiih  hot  8uq  ;  clear  at  nipht. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  ^eeki  i  deg.  abuve  the  averag"*. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CIII3WICK, 
During  the  laat  26  yeara,  for  the  enauinsweek,  ending  Sept  11,  1S52. 


Sept. 


Sunday  5 
Won.  6 
Tuea.  7 
Wed.1  8 
Thura.  9 
Friday  10 
Satur.    1 


G9.S 
C7.O 

63.2 
C9,5 


43.4 

46.6 
483 
4S.I 
49.3 

47.S 
41.3 


No.  of 
Years  in 
which  it 

Balned. 


GreatcBt 

Quantity 
of  Eain. 


0.30  in. 

0.70 

0,B5 

0.65 

1.09 

1.27 

0.46 


Prevailing  Winds. 


2   3.  1    1'  4   5I  7 


"■■"'■      *'  UkJ.i  t'l.il  3/,J  a  U.ttJ  *.w,    iATUi/        w 

The  blKbeat  temperature  during  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  6th, 
13)8,  and  7th,  1813  aod  1S46— therm.  S3  de^.;  and  the  lowest  on  the  6lh,  ISoO— 
tberai.30  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Apples:  W E  C.  Apples  in  many  cases  will  keep  longer  if 
gathered  when  the  kernels  are  white,  but  then  of  coarse  they 
wither.  They  certainly  keep  beat  if  not  gathered  till  the 
kernel  becomes  brown.  il 

Books  :  B  M.  You  will  find  at  p.  488  of  this  year's  volums  all 
we  know  of  M.  Fabre's  pamphlet  about  the  iE^ilops.  Seeds 
of  the  JE.  ovata,  and  the  var.  triticoidea,  may  possibly  bs 
procured  from  Messrs.  Vilmorin,  of  Paris.  Tulaane's  bookOH' 
Truffles  caH  be  parchaeed  of  any  of  the  foreign  books  el  lerSi, 
who  will  procure  it  from  Paris.— 1/  D.  Lindley's  "Theory 
of  Horticulture." 

CoTTiNQs:  H  G.  Laurels  will  strike  well  enough  now.  The 
others  are  doubtful.  They  may,  however,  be  tried  now  with 
aa  good  a  chance  of  success-  as  at  any  time,  Better  now 
than  later. 

Froit  Tbees:  BJS.  The  following  will  be  suitable  for  the 
spaces  you  mention.  South  wall  :  QroRse  Mignonne,  Royal 
George,  Bellegarde,  Noblesse,  and  Barringtou  Peaches; 
Violette  Hutive,  Stan  wick,  Blruge,  and  Duwntoa  Nectarines  ; 
and  the  Moorpark  Aprico^  For  the  South-east  aspect :  the 
Greengage  Pium,  Royal  and  Turkey  Apricots.  For  the 
South-west  aspect :  the  Purple  Gage  and  Coe's  Golden  Drop 
Plums. II 

Fdngi:  J.  Subscriber.  These  plants,  if  dry  and  thick,  like 
Boleti,  may  be  preserved  by  simple  drying,  after  having  been 
steeped  for  a  few  hours  in  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  ; 
if  thin,  or  epipbyllous,  by  simple  pressure.  As  to  the  succu- 
lent kinds,  like  Agarics,  various  modes  have  been  proposed, 
but  they  are  not  satisfactory,  and  would  not  answer  jour 
purpose.  The  best  plan  is,  we  believe,  that  of  Dr.  Klotzsch, 
described  in  Smith' ij  "  English  Flora,"  vol.  v.,  p.  10*,  by  the 
Rev,  Mr.  Berkeley. 

Geapes:  C  P  Q,  The  late  heavy  rains  being  permitted  to  fall 
on  a  deep  undrained  border,  after  a  period  of  so  much  heat 
and  drought,  would  have  the  effect  of  causing  your  fruit  to 
crack.  The  cause  of  ttie  shanking  of  your  Hamburghs  mnst 
also  be  looked  for  in  the  border,  which  certainly  should  have 
been  artiQciailv  drained  when  made.J 

Green  Kidney  Beans  :  WclUwlslisr.  The  following  plan  of 
preserving  them  was  published  some  time  ago  in  the  "Flore 
des  Serres  :" — "In  fine  weather  gather  the  pods,  before  the 
seeds  are  too  risible  take  the  threads  off,  plunge  the  poda 
into  boiling  water,  and  take  them  out  again  immediately  ;  let 
them  cool,  put  them  in  a  tub  in  layers  5  inches  deep,  alter- 
nating with  Vine  leaves,  which  must  begin  and  end  the 
series  :  on  the  top  of  the  last  layer  of  Vine  leaves,  put  a 
stone,  heavy  enough  to  keep  the  whole  well  pressed ;  thea 
pour  some  salt-water  until  the  top  is  covered  ;  replace  the 
water  as  it  evaporates.  The  Beans  can  thus  be  preserved 
quite  fresh."  Ripe  Vegetable  Marrows,  like  other  ripe 
fruit,  will  keep  sound  for  some  time,  provided  they  are  kept 
dry.  See  Mr.  Cuthill's  excellent  article  on  the  subject  at 
p.  261  of  our  volume  for  1850, { 

Gdano  :  Constant  Header.  It  is  now  too  late  for  applying  liquid 
guano,  for  the  purpose  of  better  awellin?  off  Peaches  or 
Grapes ;  it  would  spoil  their  flavour.  We  are  doubtful 
whether  guano,  at  any  time  or  in  any  form,  is  a  good  manure 
for  fruit  trees. 11 

Matting  :  C  B.  The  source  from  which  the  matting  about 
which  you  Inquire  is  derived  is  unknown.  It  comes  from 
Cuba.  It  may  be  bought,  we  believe,  of  Mr.  Ayres,  of 
Blackheatb. 

Myrtles:  WDF.  They  appear  to  have  been  struck  by  the 
sun  ;  or  to  have  been  accidentally  left  without  sufficient 
water  at  a  time  when  the  sun  was  shining  strongly.  At  all 
events  they  are  dead.  Whether  the  roots  are  in  the  same 
condition  can  only  be  told  by  actual  inspection.  If  alive  they 
had  better  be  repotted,  and  the  stems  be  cut  down  to  the 
living  wood.    They  will  break  again,  in  that  case. 

Names  of  Fboits  :  SB.  Your  Peach  is  the  Grosse  Mignonne. 
You  state  that  the  flavour  is  not  equal  to  that  of  the  fruit 
from  the  original  tree,  imported  from  France,  34  years  ago. 
Probably  that  had  been  worked  on  the  Almond  stock,  on 
which  the  Grosse  Mignonne  succeeds  well.  Before  the 
alterations  in  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kensington,  many 
imported  trees  of  the  above  variety,  worked  on  the  Almond, 
existed  there;  and  they  bore  very  fine  fruit.  If  your  soil  ia 
not  too  cold,  you  should  work  the  sort  on  the  A  mond.H 

Names  of  Plants  :  F  F.  Lagerstromia  Reginse.— Jdcfc.  It 
seems  to  be  an  imperfect  state  of  some  Clavaria.— ./>  i2  C. 
Inula  dysenterica  and  Linaria  spuria. — M  A  K.  Cerinthe 
major,— Ci^.  Malva  rotundifolia ;  1,  Erica  tetralii  ;  2,  E. 
cinerea;  3,  Calluna  vulgaris.— (J  J  C  Thelepbora  moliis- 
aima,  Pers.,  apparently  abundant  this  year,  as  it  has  been 
received  from  other  quaiters,  M.  J.  B.—E  E.  Rumeies 
cannot  be  determined  by  examining  the  leaves  only.  The 
fruit  must  accompany  them.  Your  leaves  look  as  if  they 
belonged  to  R.  obtusiColiup.— Y-^^.  Centaurea  moschata,  or 
Sweet  SuUan.— iio6in  Hood.  Clematis  campanulata. 

OacHiDs:  A  Constant  Sub.  You  must  not  use  corrosive  suD- 
liuiate  at  all,  in  any  quantity  whatever.  Is  it  P0|^^5  -f  t^T 
you  employ  it  to  kill  worms  in  pots,  and  do  not  find  it  Kill 
the  roots  of  your  plants?  Calotiyction  is  handsome,  the 
other  not.  We  do  not  recognise  your  Indian  leaves ;  they 
have  a  very  common  appearance.  If  you  wish  to  send  your 
plants  to  rest,  it  ia  full  time  to  diminish  syringing. 

Pomegranates  :  Gidnare.  A  Pomegranate  is  not  a  ciimDer, 
but  a  small  tree.  It  usually  blossoms  a  few  years  after 
planting  :  and  will  do  without  shelter  on  a  south-east  wall, 
but  will  not  flower  weU  there  unless  you  have  a  very  warm 

Potatoes  :  R  S.  Yams  are  a  tropical  production,  and  cannot 
be  grown  out  of  doors  in  Great  Britain.  You  will  not  replace 
Potatoes  by  anything  at  present  known,  except  grain  crops. 
Common  root  crops  are  too  watery  and  unsubstantial  to  suit 
the  population.  Instead  of  searching  tor  what  does  not 
exist,  attention  should  be  directed  to  counteracting  the 
disease  in  the  Potato,  by  many  years  of  serious  alteration  in 
the  mode  of  cultivation.  But  years  of  perseverance  may  be 
required  to  effect  any  great  constitutional  change, 

•»»  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made. 


36— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


569 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS- 
IE  being  notorious  that  eictenslTe  adulterations  of  this 
MA2{DR£  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,   AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  tlio  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

Th«  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  he  the  best  security,  aad,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  loiv£st  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
9t.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2h  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  beat  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Kape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwabd  Possee,  Sec,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 

MANURES. — The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  La wEs's Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William. street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
immonia,  91. 10s.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5s.  per 
con,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


pHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
Vy  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
Increasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt.,  2a.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 


THE  ECONOMIC  PORTABLE  MANURE  COM- 
PANY manufacture,  and  have  always  for  sale,  the 
following  M  \NURE5  :— Patent  Manure,  51.  5s.  per  ton  ;  highly 
concentrated  Fffical  Manures,  Bl.  10s.  per  ton  ;  Superphosphate 
of  Lime,  51.  2s.  6d.  per  ton ;  Turnip  Manure,  4^.  10s.  per  ton  ; 
Gvpsum,  V.  5s.  per  ton. 

Orders  and  appUcations  for  agencies  to  be  addressed  to 
T7ILLIA3I  Dodos  and  Co.,  Managers,  102,  Leadenh all-street, 
Loudon. 


LINSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  English,  Rape 
Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Habe  FoTHEEGiLL,  20i  A,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


p  ARSON'S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
^^  PAINT,  especially  patronised  by  the  British  and  other 
Governments,  the  Hon.  East  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Companies,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  seats. 
The  Aiiti-Corrosion  is  particularly  recommended  as  the  mo3i 
durable  out-door  Paint  ever  invented,  fur  the  preserviition  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  Bricli,  Compo,  Cement, 
itc,  work,  as  has  been  proved  by  'he  practical  tebt  ot  upwards 
of  GO  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (between  500  and  6i0)  testi- 
monials in  its  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  given  tliem,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  before  the 
public  notice. 

Lists  of  Colours,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  application  to  Walter  CAasoNand 
Son,  No.  9,  Great  Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-street,  Royal 
Exchange,  London. — No  Agents.  All  orders  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct. 


T   IQUID    MANURE    conveyed   over- 
-*-'  land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

Hydraulic  Enoineeb,  70,  Strand,  London. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

Wells  sdnk  and  Boeing  done  ih  all  parts 
OF  Town  oa  Codntkt. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


f>OYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
-*  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.— BoTD'a  Scythe  is  capable  ot 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  u=;e  it  shuts  up 
like  a  claep-knife.  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Boyd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  usetul  improvement." — G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digginir  Fnrks  are  those  celebrated  by  ilr.  Mecbi : 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  efi'ect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Dbat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


IRON  HURDLES,  FENCING,  ETC. 
CTEPHEXSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street 
O  London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  beg  to 
inform  their  friends  and  the  public  generally  they  are  now 
manufacturing  Iron  Hurdles,  at  the  following  low  prices  : — For 
sbeep,  6  ft.  long  3  ft.  high,  5  bars,  35.  5d.  each  ;  and  for  cattle, 
6  ft.  long,  3  ft.  3  in.  high.  5  bars,  3s.  dd.  each. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA.  ETC.,  SUPPLIED. 

A  PRIZE  MEDAL  FOR  SUPERIOR  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

THE  CELEBRATED  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 
Patent  Spadea,  Daisy  Rakes,  Scjthes,  Draining,  and 
other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  6s,  per  dozen.  Carpenters' 
and  Smiths'  Tools,  &c.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
53.  G'i.  per  dozen.  Patent  fumigators  for  destroying  insects 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouses,  &,c  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H.  Boobbter 
and  Co.'a  (late  Stuech  and  BooBBTEa),  Ironmongery,  Brass- 
foundry,  Nail  and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-street. 
Clare-market,  London,  Established  nearly  200  years  for  the 
sale  of  goods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices. 
Goods  forwarded  to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 
Lists  sent  by  post. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'  NEW  STEEL  DIGGING 
FORKS  AND  URAININQ  TOOLS.— Silver  Medal  at 
LeweB  Show  was  awarded  to  BURGESS  and  KEY,  103,  New- 
gate-atreet,  London,  for  these  celebrated  FORKS.  It  would  be 
endless  to  quote  the  unlimited  approbation  expreased  by  the 
leading  agriculturists,  farmers,  nurserymen  and  otlicra,  from 
the  nobleman  to  the  labourer;  but  all  who  have  u-ed  them 
concur  in  Mr.  Mecbi's  remark,  "  That  they  facilitate  labour 
quite  20  percent."  Early  orders  are  requested.  Price  lists 
sent  OD  application. 

FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  uae  of  Farms, 
Cotta^ei,  Maoure  Tanks,  and  Shal. 
low  Weill.  £  a.    d. 

PfttentPomp 1  15    0 

fatent  Pump,  with  1 5  feet  of 
lead  pipe  attached,  and 
bolt*  and  nati  ready  for 

flrlnqr   2  10    0 

Larger  tize^  if  required. 
Ma/  be   obtaiced    of    any    Iron- 
monger or   Plumber    in    Town    or 
Country,  or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manafactnrerg, 

JOHN   WARNER   X    SONS, 
9,  Crescent,  Jevilo-strcet,  London. 
Every  deflcripllon    of    Muchlncry 
for  Halting  and  Pordnar  Water,  elthftr  by  Steam,  Horse,  or 
Manaal  power.     Fire  and  Oardnn  Engines,  iic. 
The  usnal  allowance  to  the  Trade. 

VyATERPROOF  PATHS,— TIiobc  wlio  would  cnjo)- 

''  their  Oarflens  drjring  tlie  winter  months  should  con- 
t'nict  their  wnliin  of  I'OHTL^ND  CKMKNT  CONOKKTK, 
which  arc  formed  [hu(  ; — -Screen  the  gravel  of  which  th<' piilh 
i»  at  present  mado  from  tho  loarn  which  U  mlx^d  with  It,  hih) 
to  crery  part  of  clean  gravel  ad'I  ori«of»liHrp  rlv<jr  sand.  To 
Ave  partf  of  iiuch  equal  mlJtture  odd  ono  of  I'ortland  Cement, 
nnd  Incorporate  tho  whole  well  In  the  dry  stato  before  appiylnK 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  Inches  thick.  Ar(> 
lAboorer  c»n  mix  find  spread  It.  No  tool  U  required  boydrnl 
the  apade,  and  In  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  n  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  throii([h  or  ri[M.n  it,  and  it  reslstii  thi 
•ctlon  of  the  severest  (roFt,  It  is  ncct-siary,  ns  water  il<>i;%  rmi 
«oak  through  It,  to  give  a  fall  from  tho  tniddio  ot  llio  piith 
tp«*rd«  Uusidcfl.— Manufactufrsof  thtiComcnt,  J.U,  WuiTi 
AftA  BoMi,  MUlbanlustreet.  Weatmlnater. 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  4,  1852. 


MEETING  FOB  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
THnBSDlT,       Sept.     9-AgricuUural  Imp.  Society  oflteland. 


It  may  be  interesting  at  the  present  time  to 
give  a  short  account  of  the  various  steps  by  which 
the  Reaping  Machine  has  attained  its  present  form. 
It  is  by  no  means  a  novelty,  for  the  corn-fields  of 
the  Britons  were  reaped  by  machinery  in  the  days 
of  the  Romans.  If  we  figure  to  ourselves  a  low 
cart  pushed  before  an  ox,  with  the  shears  of  Bell's 
or  Hussey's  reapers  nailed  to  the  top  of  the  tail- 
board— a  sturdy  Roman  in  the  bottom  of  the  cart 
raking  inwards,  with  hasty  strokes,  the  ears  of  corn 
as  the  cart  is  urged  along,  and  trampling  them 
under  his  feet  within  the  body  of  the  carriage,  we 
shall  have  obtained  a  pretty  good  idea  of  a  Roman 
reaping  machine  and  its  modus  operandi  in  the  field. 

The  Roman  idea  was  obviously  to  ripple  or  strip 
oil'  the  ears  of  corn — securing  the  grain  in  the  first 
place,  and  afterwards  the  straw  as  provender  and 
litter  for  cattle ;  and  from  the  days  of  the  Romans 
up  to  those  of  Arthur  Young  this  idea,  and  the 
rude  implement  for  carrying  it  into  practice,  appear 
to  have  been  lost  sight  of.  About  the  latter  period 
attention  was  again  turned  in  this  direction  ;  for 
Young,  in  his  "Annals  of  Agriculture,"  notices  the 
fact  of  Loitt's  "translation  from  Pliny  and  Pal- 
LADius "  having  suggested  the  above  idea  to  Mr. 
Wm.  Pit,  of  Pendeford,  who  brought  out  a  reaping 
machine  on  the  Roman  principle.  The  "  Complete 
Farmer,"  a  work  printed  in  1793,  quoting  from 
Young,  gives  a  drawing  and  description  of  the 
machine.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  ripples  or 
stripping-rakes  fixed  on  the  periphery  of  a  drum 
for  rippling  oft' the  corn,  and  throwing  it  backwards 
into  the  cart,  from  which  it  is  removed  when  full. 
The  drum  is  set  in  motion  by  a  band  from  the 
wheel  of  the  cart,  which  is  pushed  before  the 
lii'r.se,  like  its  predecessor.  Mr.  Pit's  copy,  there- 
fore, from  the  ancient  model,  must  be  taken  as  the 
first  modern  attempt  at  the  reaping  machine. 

About  the  commencement  of  the  present  century 
Mr.  HovcK  entered  the  fiehl  with  a  new  idea,  and 
[lateiited  a  reaping  machijie  which  cut  with  revolving 
.scythes,  but  was  destitute  of  efficient  gathering 
■•ipparatus.  In  this  case  the  cutting  department 
appe.-ir.H  to  have  met  with  some  approbation,  but 
till!  gatliering  being  a  complete  failure  the  whole 
fell  to  the  ground  a  fruitless  .speculation. 

Mr.  I'luncket,  a  London  machinist,  brought  out 
the  lldrd  machine,  an  improvement  of  liuvcK'a,  the 
principal  difference  between  the  two  being  that  he  I 


substituted  a  circular  steel-plate,  sharp  at  the  edge, 
and  serrated  like  a  sickle,  for  the  scythes.  It  was 
drawn  behind  the  team  like  the  American  reapers 
now-a-days,  the  horses  going  along  the  standing 
corn,  and,  like  the  original,  it  was  destitute  of 
gathering  apparatus.  A  short  description  of  it  may 
be  seen  in  the  supplement  of  the  "Encyclopedia 
Britannica  " — article  Agriculture. 

In  1806,  Mr.  Gladstone,  a  millwright,  of  Castle 
Douglas,  entered  the  field  with  further  improve- 
ments. His  cutting  wheel  was  smooth  edged,  like 
a  scythe,  and  shielded  with  projecting  prongs,  which 
aided  in  collecting  the  corn,  and  holding  it  while 
being  cut,  and  it  was  also  furnished  with  apparatus 
for  sharpening  the  knife  as  it  revolved,  besides  a 
gathering  apparatus  in  the  shape  of  revolving  rakes. 
A  drawing  and  description  of  this  machine  may  be 
seen  in  the  "  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia  "  —  article 
Agriculture. 

Mr.  Salmon,  of  Woburn,  Beds,  next  made  his 
appearance  as  a  rival  with  the  first  machine  on  the 
clipping  principle.  It  had  also  a  more  complete 
gathering  apparatus  than  the  former,  laying  down 
the  cut  corn  in  separate  parcels  ready  for  binding. 
Drawings  of  this  machine  may  be  seen  in  the 
supplement  of  the  "  Encyclopedia  Britannica  " — 
article  Agricidture. 

In  1811,  the  late  Mr.  Smith,  of  Deanston,  fookup 
the  subject,  exhibiting  a  machine  on  a  small  scale, 
worked  by  two  men  ;  in  1812  a  larger,  worked  by 
one  horse  ;  and  in  1814  one  by  two  horses.  His 
attention  appears  principally  to  have  been  directed 
to  the  gathering  department.  A  drawing  of  his 
two-horse  machine,  with  a  description,  may  be  seen 
in  the  supplement  to  "  Encyclopedia  Britannica."  Its 
cutting-wheel  is  like  that  of  Gladstone's,  but  it  is 
pushed  before  the  horses  by  means  of  a  pole  from 
the  rear,  is  borne  on  four  wheels,  which  gives  it 
greater  stability  than  its  predecessor,  although  more 
awkward  to  turn,  and  its  gathering  apparatus  was 
a  drum — in  shape,  the  frustrum  of  a  cone  with  its 
base  uppermost. 

In  1815,  Mr.  Scot,  of  Ormiaton,  next  came  out 
with  improvements,  both  in  the  cutting  and  gathering 
departments.  On  the  peripheiy  of  the  cutting- 
wheel  16  serrated  blades  are  fixed  projecting 
forwards,  and  thus  both  cutting  and  clipping  as  they 
pass  through  the  shields  in  front  in  which  they 
work.  The  gathering  drum  has  rakes  which  project 
through  its  circumference  in  front,  but  are  drawn 
into  the  interior  behind,  and  thus  let  the  corn  fall 
off  in  a  regular  swathe.  The  machine  is  borne  on 
two  wheels  in  the  centre  of  the  cutting-wheel,  and 
is  pushed  before  the  horse,  yoked  by  two  shafts  as 
in  the  old  Roman  contrivance.  A  plan  and 
description  may  be  seen  in  the  "  Edinburgh  Ency- 
clopedia,"— article  Reaping. 

In  1820,  Mr.  Joseph  Mann,  of  Ruby,  Cumber- 
land, exhibited  a  working  model  of  a  reaping 
machine  to  the  Abbey  Holme  Agricultural  Society, 
which  underwent  several  subsequent  improvements. 
At  first  it  was  placed  before  the  horses,  subsequently 
behind  them.  It  had  a  polygonal  cutting  wheel  of 
12  sides,  and  a  gathering  drum  with  25  rakes,  with  a 
fixed  rake  at  the  side  for  stripping  or  cleaning  the 
revolving  rakes  when  the  cut  corn  fell  into  a  regular 
swathe.  It  was  borne  on  three  wheels,  two  in  the 
rear  and  one  in  front,  to  which  the  horse's  shafts 
were  attached.  A  drawing  of  it  may  be  seen  in 
the  fourth  volume  of  the  "  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Agriculture,  1833." 

In  1822,  Mr.  Ogle,  of  Rennington,  near  Alnwick, 
entered  the  field  with  two  new  ideas,  the  sti'aight 
alternate  working  knife,  and  the  fan  or  flapper.  A 
drawing  of  this  machine  may  be  seen  in  th  e  fifth  volume 
of  the  "  Mechanics'  Magazine."  Its  appearance  and 
modus  operandi  is  so  like  that  of  Mr.  M'Cormick's 
that  the  one  would  pass  for  the  other,  both  requiring 
a  man  with  a  rake. 

The  next  candidate  who  entered  the  field  was  the 
Rev.  Patrick  Bell,  in  1826,  who,  whether  the 
ideas  were  original  with  himself  or  not,  connected 
Salmon's  cutting  apparatus.  Ogle's  flapper,  and 
an  endless  gathering  cloth,  his  own  invention.  As 
in  the  Roman  machine,  his  machine  is  placed  before 
the  horses.  Perhaps  the  most  important  part  of  his 
invention  is  the  new  arrangement  of  previous 
improvements,  giving  them  a  practical  utility  ;  for 
his  machine  is  tlie  first  which  has  been  able  to  keep 
its  ground  in  the  harvest  field,  all  the  others  having 
been  laid  aside.  Shortly  after  the  invention  several 
machines  were  sent  to  the  United  States,  and  both 
in  the  New  World  and  in  Forfarshire  they  have 
ever  since  been  in  successful  operation. 

Between  18.30  and  1851  various  improvements 
were  mado  by  Mann,  Smith,  and  others,  on  the 
revolving  cutting  machinoa.  On  the  list  may  be 
mentioned  several  jiatentces;  for  instance — Mr. 
Duncan  in  1840, Mr.  I'millipps  1841,Mr.TowNsiiEND 
1H41,  Messrs.  Miijdluton  and  Phillips  1843,  Mr. 
OiDSON,  184C,  but  all   with   equal  want  of  success. 


570 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  4, 


Across  the  Atlantic  it  was  different;  for  there' 
parties  were  animated  by  different  circumstances 
and  different  ideas ;  and  hence  the  contents  of  the 
Great  Exhibition— a  modification  of  Ogle's  machine 
by  Mr.  M'Cormick,  and  a  combination  of  Ogle's 
and  Salmon's,  or  rather  of  Bell's,  cutting  apparatus 
in  Hussey's  machine,  both  successful. 

It  will  thus  be  perceived  how  distant,  as  it  were, 
some  of  our  most  ingenious  minds  have  _  kept 
themselves  from  those  points  on  which  the  ultimate 
success  of  the  Reaping-machine  now  appears  to 
depend.  To  the  Romans  is  due  the  putting  "  the 
cart  before  the  horse  ;  "  to  Mr.  Boyce,  the  placing 
it  behind  him;  to  Mr.  Gladstone,  the  shielding 
or  sheathing  of  the  cutting-knife  ;  to  Mr.  Salmon, 
the  shears ;  to  Mr.  Ogle,  the  straight,  single, 
alternate-working  knife  and  fan  ;  to  Mr.  Bell,  the 
combination  of  shears,  fan,  and  gathering-cloth; 
and  to  Mr.  Hus:^ey,  the  combination  of  Salmon's 
and  OuLti's  cutting  apparatus  with  Ogle's  mode 
of  gathering  with  a  rake.  But  although  these  are 
all  great  improvements,  yet,  doubtless,  we  are  far 
from  the  nearest  attainable  point  to  perfection. 


THE  REAPING  MACHINE. 

It  is  desirable  that  as  many  persons  as  possible  should 
this  year  state  their  experience  iu  the  use  of  the  reap- 
ing machine,  as  well  as  any  suggestions  respecting  it 
which  have  occurred  to  them.  No  other  mode  seems 
so  likely  to  moderate  botli  extravagant  expectations 
and  undue  disparagement,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
facilitate  useful  improvements.  Your  Paper  is  a  very 
fitting  receptacle  for  such  communications  ;  and  I  am 
unwilling  to  delay  mine,  because  your  Leader  in  the 
Gazette  of  the  14th  takes  a  much  more  decided  tone  as 
to  the  present  success  of  the  machine  than  is  yet  justified 
by  the  result  of  its  trials  in  these  parts.  There  is  here 
a  prevalent  conviction  that  the  machine  wastes  corn  to 
such  a  degree  that  more  is  lost  in  that  way  than  is 
saved  in  labour.  Two  persons,  at  least,  have  thrown  it 
aside  after  trial,  and  one,  though  he  has  it  in  his  pos- 
session, has  not  even  had  it  put  together.  This  want  of 
perseverance,  and  the  unwilUngness  to  make  a  httle 
sacrifice,  is  greatly  to  be  regretted,  and  can  be  by  no 
means  encouraging  to  the  spirited  machinists  who 
direct  their  attention  to  the  introduction  of  agricultural 
implements  ;  but  an  excuse  must  be  admitted  iu  the 
fact  tbat  harvest  is  the  last  time  of  the  year  in  which 
agriculturists  can  afford  to  give  either  mind  or  body  to 
experiments. 

Now  for  my  own  experience  on  the  subject.  I  saw 
the  reaper  (Garrett's)  cutting  a  field  of  Wheat  on  the 
farm  of  a  machinist  in  this  neighbourhood.  The  crop 
was  light,  and  stood  up  perfectly  ;  and  the  field  was 
almost  a  dead  level.  The  horses  went  at  a  smart  walk. 
The  corn  was  cut  smoothly  and  well,  tolerably  delivered 
from  the  rake,  and  though  there  was  some  confusion 
among  the  binders,  who  were  mechanics,  still  the 
sheaves  were  reasonably  well  made,  and  there  was  but 
little  left  on  the  ground,  certainly  not  more,  if  so  much, 
as  in  ordinary  band  reaping.  In  this  trial,  as  a  result 
of  previous  trials,  the  second  tailboard  was  dispensed 
with.  The  general  opinion  of  the  farmers  present 
seemed  to  be  tbat  the  cut  was  perfect,  but  that  tlie 
speed  of  the  machine  should  be  increased  and  the  pace 
of  the  horses  diminished  ;  that  some  alteration  was 
required  on  the  side  of  the  machine  next  the  standing 
corn,  to  guide  the  cut  corn  with  more  accuracy  on  to 
the  platform,  as  some  fell  over  the  wheel  and  iu  disorder ; 
and  that  the  weight  was  too  great  upon  the  horse's 
necks.  I  heard  no  complaint  of  waste,  and  I  saw  no 
reason  for  any  complaint  on  that  score. 

Having  bought  this  identical  reaper,  and  my  men 
having  received  two  hours'  instruction  from  the 
operatives,  the  machine  was  ou  the  first  fine  day  set  to 
work  iu  a  20-acre  field  of  Wheat  on  a  hill  side,  rough 
and  flinty.  The  crop  was  heavy,  and  the  whole  more 
or  less  reclined  in  one  direction,  except  that  there  were 
patches  here  and  there  laid  iu  various  directions  ;  and 
some  acres  too  much  laid  to  attempt  cutting  them  by 
machine.  Altogether  it  was  such  a  crop  as  with 
generous  tillage  we  are  apt  to  find  when  wind  and  rain 
has  prevailed.  Thus  the  reaper  was  fully  tried.  It  cut 
perfectly  up  hill  or  down,  seldom  clogged,  and  did  not 
appear  to  require  any  increased  speed  to  work  efficiently, 
the  horses  moving  at  their  usual  walking  pace.  Alter 
a  few  rounds  the  men  worked  it  well.  This  was  a  severe 
trial  of  the  reaper,  and  I  was  pleased  to  find  it  did  so 
well.  But  the  result  was  easily  seen  to  be  a  great  h  ss 
as  compared  with  hand  reaping.  It  seemed  quite  impos- 
sible to  get  the  corn  cleanly  picked  up,  even  when  the 
straw  was  left  of  full  length,  and  in  places  the  ears  were 
cutoff  short  in  quantities,  with  little  or  no  straw  attached. 
And  although  the  introduction  of  the  horse-rake  when 
carrying  the  field  would  save  some  part  of  the  corn 
missed  by  the  binders,  yet  the  sacrifice  both  in  quantity 
and  quality  would  be  great.  Now  as  in  good,  and  stiU 
more  in  high  farming,  it  is  almost  the  exception  ou  most 
lands  to  find  the  crops  standing  well  up,  it  seems  to  me 
manifest  that  without  some  modification,  by  which  the 
reaper  shall  be  adapted  to  crops  moderately  laid, 
without  this  immense  loss  from  cutting  off  the  ears  too 
short,  it  must  become  comparatively  useless. 

At  the  commencement  of  harvest  I  had  60  acres  of 
"Wheat,  only  20  of  which  (not  the  field  afterwards 
experimented  upon)  could  have  been  cut  well  and 
without  loss  by  ihe  reaper.     I  had  cut  them,  however, 


by  hand  before  I  possessed  the  reaper,  and  therefore  on 
this  point  I  express  belief  only  and  not  knowledge.  I 
have  also  120  acres  of  Oats  and  Barley.  Of  these  not 
more  than  30  or  40  acres  gave  any  promise  of  a  favour- 
able result  with  the  reaper  ;  and  since  the  rain,  it  would 
be  impracticable  to  use  it  with  good  effect  in  any  part 
of  the  crop.  This  year  is  so  far  peculiar  inasmuch  as 
the  storms  have  occurred  at  or  just  before  harvest ;  but 
storms  and  rain  occur  almost  annually,  and  heavy  crops 
seldom  escitpe  any  year  entirely;  and  where  patches 
are  not  of  sufticient  size  or  frequency  to  justify  the 
preparing  a  way  round  them  in  the  first  instance,  loss 
must  take  place  iu  cutting  through  them,  or  delay  and 
interruption  in  avoiding  them,  iu  order  to  cut  them  out 
by  hand.  Mr.  Bell's  plan  of  putting  the  knives  before 
the  horses  would  be  a  great  assistance  in  such  cases,  as 
the  reaper  would  then  cut  its  own  way  round  any 
patches  desirable  to  avoid  ;  Mr.  Mechi's  introduction  of 
the  wheel  to  carry  the  weight  of  the  machine  will 
probably  relieve  the  horses;  Mr.  Crosskill  has  given 
more  speed  to  the  machine  if  it  be  required  ;  and  even 
if  machinery  shall  not  be  found  partly  to  effect  the 
object,  greater  skill  both  in  clearing  the  machine  and  in 
clearing  the  ground  may  be  acquired  by  attention  ;  but 
with  all  these,  still,  in  the  absence  of  some  means  to 
prevent  the  waste  occurring  in  the  manner  I  have 
described,  we  cannot  depend  upon  the  machine  for  our 
harvest  work,  and  continue  at  the  same  time  to  aim  at 
growing  heavy  crops,  as  we  should  be  too  frequently 
left  in  the  lurch,  having  no  men  provided,  and  bein, 
unable  to  use  the  machine. 

I  shall  give  no  estimate  of  the  cost  of  working  the 
machine,  as  we  have  used  it  too  little  yet  to  afford 
full  data;  but  I  may  say,  that  the  facts  being,  that  the 
machine  is  5  feet  wide,  that  it  seems  seldom  desirable 
to  take  a  wider  cut  than  4  feet;  that  moving  at  the 
rate  of  2  miles  per  hour  for  10  hours  without  stoppages 
or  hindrance  of  any  sort,  it  would  pass  over  a  space  of 
8^  acres  only,  there  seems  no  gi'ounds  for  the  assertion 
frequently  made,  that  it  will  cut  ou  an  average  from  12 
fo  16  acres  a  day.  With  English  farm-horses,  with 
stoppages  and  delays  of  various  sorts,  in  a  working  day 
of  12  hours,  giving  out  two  for  meals,  I  cannot  but 
think  that  from  6  to  7  acres  will  be  found  in  practice 
to  be  the  day's  work  ;  and  I  think  that  the  expense 
will  exceed,  or  at  least  equal,  mowing.  However,  it  is 
quite  as  difficult  in  many  parts  to  get  corn  well  mowed 
by  hand  as  it  is  to  get  it  well  reaped  by  the  machine. 
For  this  and  other  reasons  it  is  desirable  that  efforts 
should  be  made  to  perfect  the  reaper  and  adapt  it  to 
British  crops  ;  for  it  is  clear  that  if  we  cannot  use 
machinery,  while  the  Americans  and  others  can  and 
will,  we  must  lose  ground  in  the  great  race  which  we 
are  running  against  all  the  world.  Alex.  Hall  Hall, 
Watcrgatey  Emswortli,  Aug.  17. 


to  M'Cormick,  and  again  on  the  13th,  we  met  Hussey's 
machine  by  Crosskill,  before  the  Driffield  Farmers' CIub,|  ^"j 


at  Driffield,  where   we  again  proved  the  superiority  o£| 
our  machine.  Burgess  and  Key. 


Mr.  Peter  Gibson,  smith  and  machine-maker,  Dock- 
street,  Dundee,  in  a  letter  to  the  Northern  Warder,  says : 
I  was  the  first  that  brought  the  reaping-machine  into 
practice.  I  made  the  principal  part  of  the  Rev,  Mr. 
Bell's  original  machine  iu  1826.  Mr.  Bell  had  the  idea, 
I  carried  it  into  execution  ;  and  for  this  invention  Mr. 
Bell  obtained  a  premium  of  50?.  from  the  National 
Society.  In  1830  I  made  one  for  Mr.  Alexander  Bell, 
farmer,  Mains  of  Tealing,  brother  of  the  inventor.  In 
1832  I  made  four  of  these  machines,  viz.,  one  for  Mr. 
James  Thomson,  farmer,  Findowrie,  near  Brechin  ;  one 
for  Colonel  Miller,  Orquhard,  Fifeshire  ;  and  another  for 
Mr.  George  Moodie,  farmer,  Dunbog,  Fifeshire  ;  and 
one  for  Mr.  Andrew  Whitton,  farmer,  Auchter-house, 
Forfarshire.  I  made  another  in  1833  for  Mr.  James 
Robertson,  farmer,  Reddieleys,  Fifeshire  ;  another  in 
1834  for  P.  B.  Yattes,  Madison  county,  Stitte  of  New 
York,  America.  And  here  an  error  has  been  com- 
mitted. The  advertiser  says  four  machines  were  sent 
to  America  from  Dundee  ;  but  so  far  as  I  know  only 
one  machine  was  sent  from  Dundee  to  America  by  me, 
and  I  know  of  no  other  person  who  made  them  at  that 
time.  In  1836  I  made  one  to  James  Geddes,  farmer, 
Morayshire,  for  the  Morayshire  Agricultural  Society. 
The  last  one  I  made  was  in  1844  for  the  Count  de 
Bombelles,  Austria.  The  machines  were  never  brought 
into  general  use,  principally  because  of  the  persons 
entrusted  with  them  (who  were  generally  some  of  the 
farmers'  own  servants)  not  knowing  how  to  work  them 
properly.  To  this  there  were  two  exceptions,  viz.,  Mr. 
George  Moodie,  farmer,  Dunbog,  Fifeshire  ;  and  Mr. 
Jamts  Thomson,  Findowrie,  who  cut  with  them  from 
100  to  130  acres  annually  for  a  great  number  of  years. 
The  machine  exhibited  at  the  Highland  and  Agricultural 
Society's  Show  at  Perth,  belonging  to  Mr.  Bell,  of 
Inchmichael,  purporting  to  have  been  made  by  Messrs. 
Carmichael,  of  the  West  Foundry,  Dundee,  'was  made 
about  18  or  20  years  ago,  and  was  only  repaired  and 
put  in  working  order  by  them.  From  ike  Arbroath  Guide, 
August  14. 

In  yom*  leading  article  on  reaping  machines  in  your 
Journal  of  14th  inst.,  you  refer  to  a  trial  which  took 
place  near  Perth,  in  which  you  state  M'Cormick's  was 
tried.  Numerous  misstatements  have  appeared  in 
various  journals,  all  tending  to  mislead  the  public  as  to 
the  real  merits  of  M'Corniick's  machine,  and  in  this 
case  we  trust  to  your  sense  of  justice  to  insert  our 
statement,  which  is,  that  M'Cormick's  machine  was  not 
at  the  Perth  meeting,  and  that  it  never  has  been  tried 
(to  our  knowledge)  in  competition  with  Bell's.  On  the 
3d  inst.  we  were  engaged  at  Sheffield  in  the  trials  of 
our  machines  against  Hussey's,  manufactured  by 
Crosskill  and  Dray,  in  which  trial  the  prize  was  awarded 


THE  FARM  AT  LOIS  WEEDON. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Smith  has  satisfactorily  proved  thatJ 
on  certain  soils  and  at  certain  intervals,  Wheat  after] 
fallow  may  be  continuously  produced  in  crops  equal  to 
those  which  occupy  the  wliole  of  the  ground,  without 
deteriorating  and  without  the  application  of  manui'e  ; 
yet,  as  has  been  observed,  it  is  open  to  trial  whether 
his  distances  are  the  best,  or  the  alternating  of  narrow 
and  wide  spaces  between  the  rows  as  productive  as  when 
all  the  spaces  are  wide  enough,  say  about  2  feet,  to 
admit  the  deep  working  of  Mr.  Smith's  alleys,  between 
every  row  ;  there  is  no  doubt  in  any  man's  miud  whO' 
has  tried  them,  that  either  are  more  so  than  any  spaces 
under  18  inches  in  any  deep  well  worked  soils,  with  the 
requisite  hoeings,  &c  ,  during  the  growth  of  the  crop  ; 
and  again  whether  an  application  of  manm'e,  and  to 
what  amount,  would  not  be  profitable. 

A  query  has  been  put  forth  whether,  in  a  rotation  of 
crops  and  the  manuring  and  change  of  ground  which  a 
rotation  implies.  Wheat  requires  so  much  space  ?  The 
object  sought  in  these  wide  spaces  is  twofold — a  fallowing 
process,  and  an  equal  if  not  an  increased  production. 
In  a  rotation  in  which  crops  intervene,  which  do  not 
admit  of  summer  working  the  soil,  as  Peas,  &:c  ,  or  of 
neither  summtr  nor  winter  working,  as  Clover,  &c.,and 
ranting  the  beneficial  effects  of  frequent  fallows,  these 
k'ide  spaces  are  necessary  to  the  fertilising  of  the 
soil;  and,  if  the  wide  spaces  are  necessary  to  crops  of 
Wheat  without  manure,  giving  "a  large  ear  at  the  end 
of  a  healthy  straw,  with  as  few  weeds  as  possible  wasting 
the  strength  of  the  ground,"  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
these  wide  spaces  are  much  more  necessary  in  the 
greater  general  luxuriance  superinduced  by  the  appli- 
cation of  manures  and  by  the  accumulation  of  substances 
in  the  soil  favourable  to  their  particular  growth  in 
those  years  that  intervened  between  the  occupation  of 
the  ground  by  these  crops. 

We  are  inclined,  with  Mr.  Clarke,  to  give  a  preference 
to  alternate  wide  and  narrow  spaces  between  the  rows- 
of  corn  in  clean  ground,  and  in  such  case  the  narrow 
spaces  may  possibly  be  reduced  to  9  inches,  or  three  or 
more  rows  may  be  sown  at  those  intervals;  but  of  all 
this  we  want  experience.  So  far  as  small  experiments 
through  a  course  of  many  years  enable  us  to  decide,  we 
are  convinced  that  for  the  wide  intervals  on  any  lands, 
and  under  any  rotation,  greater  spaces  will  le  required 
than  18  inches  ;  and  in  rich  and  deep  soils  much 
greater  still,  to  give  a  maximum  crop.  Much  indeed  in 
this  tillage  must  be  left  to  the  discrimination  of  the 
'farmer,  as  a  great  deal  will,  of  course,  depend  on  the 
nature,  depth,  and  cultivation  of  the  ground.  In  our 
experiments  we  have  had  no  instances  in  which  spaces 
of  21  inches  were  too  much,  and  we  have  had  many  iu 
which  they  were  not  enough  to  produce  a  standing  crop 
or  the  greatest  return;  indeed  iu  one  instance  with 
Barley,  where  the  general  spaces  were  21  inches,  a 
space  of  3  feet  6  inches  between  two  of  the  rows  gave 
an  increased  return  of  7  to  5.  We  have  never  found,  in 
ground  in  good  heart  and  well  tilled,  2  feet  spaces 
between  every  row  too  much.  We  have  no  doubt  that 
in  soils  of  great  natural  or  artificial  depth,  spaces  full  as 
wide,  if  not  wider  than  those  of  Mr.  Smith's,  may 
profitably  be  used ;  so  wide,  indeed,  as  to  admit  of  a  green, 
or  ixiot  crop,  but  whether  between  every  row  of  corn  or 
between  two  or  three  rows,  is  a  subject  for  inquiry. 
We  had  last  year  an  acre  and  a  half  of  Wheat  in 
rows  at  intervals  of  4  feet  (Cabbages  in  the  spaces)j 
the  land  undi-ained,  though  much  requiring  to  be 
drained,  and  otherwise  ill-prepared  ;  till  the  time  of 
blossoming  the  Wheat  promised  a  fair  average  return 
of  a  broadcast  crop,  but  the  blight,  so  common  of 
late  years  in  Ireland,  then  came  on  and  spoiled  th© 
experiment. 

In  Ireland,  from  whence  we  write,  and  perhaps  there 
are  some  iu  England  to  whom  it  may  also  be  fitting,  we 
would  recommend  a  system  of  tillage  embracing  Mr. 
Smith's  plan,  which  even  the  extreme  poverty  of  the 
poorest  of  the  farmers  of  the  country  would  not  prevent 
their  adopting,  and  which  could  not  fail  of  being  more 
beneficial  to  them  than  their  present  tillage  of  grain 
crop  after  grain  crop  until  the  laud  is  so  exhausted  as 
to  require  to  be  left  for  several  years  uncropped,  iu 
weeds  and  rubbish,  to  restore  it  to  a  maudlin  state  of 
fertility.  It  might  also  be  found  an  acceptable  one  to 
those  possessing  more  capital,  though  falling  short  of 
that  required  for  what  is  called  high  farming. 

It  is  simply  this  :  after  placing  so  much  of  the  land 
as  the  farmer's  capital  will  allow  under  a  good  regular 
course  of  tillage  suitable  to  the  land,  to  adopt  Mr. 
Smith's  plan  ou  the  rest  ;  in  the  foul  state  of  the  fields 
of  Ireland,  we  would,  however,  prefer  two  rows  instead 
of  his  three,  and  they  might  be  1^  foot  apart,  thus 
leaving  the  alleys  at  his  breadth  of  3  feet  ;  we  should 
have  for  seed  (rows  and  alley)  4}  feet.  When  his 
spring  work  is  over,  the  farmer  should  then  collect  (and 
make  up  with  ashes,  bog  stuff,  or  such  materials  as  he 
can  obtain)  as  much  manure  as  he  can,  and,  so  far  as- 
this  reaches,  sow  or  plant  in  the  alleys  Rj.pe,  Stubble 
Turnips,  or  Cabbages,  as  stolen  crops,  for  winter  and 
spring  feed,  or  crops  for  ploughing  under  in  some  cases. 
By  threshing  the  tops  of  the  sheaves  of  the  grain  crop 
of  this  land,  without  breaking  them,  and  sending  the 
grain  to  market,  he  may  from  the  produce  of  this  land 
supply  himself  with  stock  to  consume  these  stolen  crops. 


36—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


571 


together  with  a  portion  of  the  straw  ;  he  will  at  the 
same  time  create  manure  to  extend  the  green  cropping 
on  it.  To  the  Irish  farmer  this  will  be  all  profit ;  for 
the  part  of  his  farm  which  he  has  placed  under  a  good 
regular  course  of  alternate  cropping  will  support  as 
much  stock,  and  produce  as  much  grain,  as  the  entire  of 
his  land  does  under  its  present  cultivation. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  depth  of  drains  there  is  one 
argument,  and  what  we  are  inclined  to  think  a  very 
strong  one,  in  favour  of  deep  draining,  that  has  not  been 
produced';  it  is  the  effects  that  deep  draining  produces 
in  deepening  the  fertile  soil.  Now  there  is  no  man  who 
would  not  give,  all  other  things  equal,  more  rent  for 
deep  land  tJian  for  shallow  land.  The  upward  growth 
of  a  plant,  and  its  consequent  productiveness,  is  propor- 
tional to  the  downward  growth  of  its  roots  ;  at  whatever 
depth  the  roots  of  most  plants  find  themselves  in  excess 
of  water,  be  it  at  2  feet  or  at  5  feet,  they  cease  to  go 
deeper — their  object  is  accomplished,  they  obtain  suf- 
ficient water  for  their  needs,  tlieir  tissue  there  becomes 
dissolved.  A  tap  root  of  a  plant  becomes  fibrous,  even 
when  it  meets  with  running  water,  and  spreads  its 
fibres  laterally.  It  is,  then,  the  depth  at  which  the 
roots  find  water  in  excess  in  tlie  soil  that  regulates  the 
upward  growth  of  a  plant ;  the  roots  only  maintain  a 
healthy  growth  of  plant  so  long  as  they  find  iu  the  soil 
very  little  more  than  the  water  of  its  saturation  ;  the 
deeper  the  drains  are  cut,  the  greater  depth  of  soil  in 
this  state  must  be  available  to  the  roots.  Q. 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  "R." 

(Continued  from  page  54f*.) 

Before  leaving  the  question  of  the  more  extended  use 
of  ammoniacal  manures  for  the  Turnip  in  Scotland  and 
in  some  parts  of  England  than  in  others,  we  will  again 
call  attention  to  the  ingenuous  criticism  of  the  writer 
*'  R."  on  a  sentence  in  om*  paper  on  Turnip  culture 
relating  to  this  subject ;  and  we  shall  thus  find  a 
starting  point  for  a  few  general  remarks  as  to  the  scope, 
object,  and  bearing  of  our  observations  on  the  subject 
of  climate,  more  particulai-ly  as  affecting  the  growth  of 
the  Turnip  in  our  rotations. 

After  arguing  in  his  article  of  August  2,  1851, 
exactly  in  accordance  with  the  views  maintained  in  our 
paper,  on  the  action  of  nitrogenous  manures  on  the 
Turnip,  that,  under  a  defect  of  them,  the  plant  was 
liable  to  come  to  "  premature  ripenesSj^  and  that,  under 
the  influence  of  such  manures,  the  "r;f«^i/7/ "  of  the 
plant  is  ^* maintained  in  the  end  of  the  season" — 
our  own  expression  being,  that "  the  viialKi/und  longevity 
of  the  plant  is  much  increased  ; "  he  thsn  goes 
on  to  say  of  the  Swede,  "  that  it  admits  of  being 
Eown  in  the  early  part  of  May,"  "at  least,  on  all  soils 
moderately  retentive  of  moisture."  ****** 
"  The  great  advantage  of  the  Swede  in  Scotland  is,  that 
it  admits  of  early  culture  ;  hut  iJiis  can  only  he  done 
ichen  it  i$  well  dressed  with  nitrogenous  manures." 
According  to  "R,,"  then,  a  condition  important  to  the 
certainty  of  the  crop  when  sown  early,  and  with  a  liberal 
supply  of  nitrogenous  manures,  is  a  certain  amount  of 
moisture  in  the  soil.     But  he  then  remarks  ; — 

"Mr.  Lawes  en'irely  rcTerses  the  climalic  action  of  ammc- 
pia  ;  for  if  the  following' passage  has  anj  moaning  at  all,  tlitrd 
is  a  double  fallacy  in  it :" — 

"  '  Peruvian  guano,  which  contains  al.irg^  quantity  of  ammo- 
nia as  well  aR  p'locpbaics.is  (ouijd  to  be  a  oiuch  niort  certain 
iDHnure  for  Tiirnipa  in  Scoilond,  where  ihe  fall  of  rain  ib  large, 
than  in  ttose  partaof  Lnyland  where  it  ia  much  IcBa.'" 

"  R."  then  adds  :— 

*•  The  fup^riori  y  of  the  seasoDi  in  Scotland  over  England, 
for  the  growth  of  ihe  Turnip,  depends  more  upon  a  lower  tern- 
peraiure  in  tl  e  early  part  of  the  eeason  than  any  slight  differ- 
ence in  (he  amount  of  r&in." 

Now,  even  had  our  remarks  on  the  subject  of  the 
Turnip  season  in  Scotland  stopped  short,  as  here  quoted 
by  "R.,"  any  critic  who  had  carefully  read  our  paper 
through  would  have  seen  that  the  expression,  a  more 
^'  certain  "  manure  when  there  was  a  large  fall  of  rain, 
had  reference  to  someadmitted  uncertainty  orirregularity 
in  the  results  obtained,  especially  by  such  manures,  this 
being  a  fact  to  wliich  we  liad  several  times  drawn 
attention  in  the  course  of  our  paper  ;  namely,  the 
frequent  deatruction  of  the  plant,  as  we  in  one  place 
thus  expreeecd  it — "especially  in  the  absence  of  rain 
during  the  early  etagea  of  grouth,"  when,  as  was  at  that 
time  much  more  generally  the  case,  ammoniacal  manures 
were  sown  too  near  the  Eced  ;  and  this  was  a  circum- 
stance which,  we  then  Eitatcd,  was  probably  one  fruitful 
Bourcc  of  the  conflicting  opijiions  then  held  as  to  the 
value  of  faucli  manuree. 

But,  had  our  remarks  aa  to  the  Turnip  season  of 
Scotland  hUtpycd  sliortaa  quoted  by  "  R.,"  and  especially 
bad  wc  not,  ajiart  from  lliis  purely  incidental  \>i)hit  of 
view,  clearly  titated  in  the  courBO  of  our  paper  what 
were  the  main  characteri sties  of  climate  bcHt  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  the  Turnip,  we  freely  grant  that  then  the 
explanation  now  given  would  have  been  need(;d  for 
ignorant  and  carclcw*  reading  ;  and,  indeed,  tliat  in  this 
Bcntence,  tlic  general  fuperionty  of  the  climate  in 
Scotland  for  the  growth  of  the  Turnip  wa«  very 
inadequat^.'ly  indicated  in  thus  citing  the  fall  of  ruin  alone*. 

Before  bringing  further  quotations  Irom  otir  papcrH, 
howf;ver,  we  may  hf-rc  remark,  as  (o  iUo  (/encrul  t-fioct 
of  a  large  fall  of  rain  during  a  Turnip  reason,  opart 
from  the  incidental  point  of  view  above  alluded  to,  that 
wo  Imagine  the  viewH  of  tlio  writfr  "II"  on  this  wubjict 
must  liC  exactly  identical  uitli  our  own,  when  lie  quotes 
the  caco  of  tiuperpIioHpliate  of  linic  giving,  in  u  wet 
$t<ucm,  7  Ions  more  bulb  than  gtiono;  lli«  latter  manure 
having  "develoj^cd  the  Swede  Htenis  to  a  most  injuriouH 
exUrnl"— or,  aa  wc  Iiave  it,  "an  hxcma  of  nitrogen  in 


the  soil  produces  too  large  a  proportion  of  leaf  and  too 
little  tendency  to  form  bulb."  We  say,  we  cannot  sup- 
pose that  the  writer  who  thus  illustrates  the  vast  source 
of  constituents  of  a  large  fall  of  rain,  and  who  thus 
speaks  of  the  effects  of  an  excess  of  nitrogenous  supply, 
can  hold  any  opinion  as  to  the  effects,  so  far,  of  a  large 
fall  of  rain,  or  of  an  excess  of  nitrogen,  different  from 
our  own  ;  or  that  he  can  in  any  degree  miderrate  the 
value  of  the  former. 

By  virtue,  however,  of  his  invariable'practice  towards 
us,  of  misrepresentation,  he  has  sought  to  convey  the  idea 
to  his  readers  that  we  recognise  a  difference  in  fall  of 
rain  alone,  as  contributing  to  the^general  superiority  of 
a  Turnip  season  ;  and  that  by  us,  at  all  events,  the 
importance  of  a  certain  "Zower  (em^em(w7'e"  is  entirely 
overlooked. 

The  following  is  the  sentence  in  our  paper  immediately 
succeeding  the  one  quoted  by  "  R.,"  which,  he  says, 
reverses  the  climatic  action  of  ammonia,  and  contains  a 
"  double  fallacy  "  : — 

"Indeed  the  natural  ageiides  of  season  are  much  raore  favour- 
able 10  the  growih  of  Turnips  iu  Scotland,  and  in  the  north 
and  west  of  England,  than  in  the  eastern  counties,  where  the 
application  of  sliill  and  capital  upon  a  soil  well  suited  to  the 
pitint  has  gained  for  them  a  high  reputation." 

In  this  sentence,  then,  it  is  obviously  the  general,  and 
not  the  particular  character  of  the  Turnip  season  that 
is  spoken  of  ;  and  the  question  arises — what  is  to  be 
understood  by  "  the  natural  agencies  ? "  Had  we,  in  the 
course  of  our  paper,  clearly  defined  the  natural  agency 
of  season  favourable  to  the  growth  of  the  Turnip  to 
comprise  anything  more  than  merely  a  large  fall  of  rain  1 

As  to  the  scope,  object,  and  bearing  of  our  treatment 
of  the  subject  of  climate  in  relation  to  our  various  crops, 
those  who  have  read  our  paper  will  not  need  to  be  told 
that  it  was  undertaken  ostensibly  with  the  view  of 
affording  some  key  to  the  results]  of  our  experiments 
upou  various  crops,  with  various  manures,  in  different 
seasons.  No  one,  indeed,  more  than  ourselves  would 
disclaim  for  our  remarks  on  this  subject  any  pretension 
to  a  systematic  or  adequate  treatment  of  the  general 
question  of  chmate  as  affecting  our  different  crops.  Yet, 
at  the  same  time,  we  distinctly  claim  for  them 
correctness  so  far  as  they  went,  and  suitableness  to  the 
limited  object  iu  view.  As  to  what  were  their  pre- 
tensions iu  this  respect,  we  defined  them  at  the  outset, 
as  relating  merely  to  the  "  quantity  of  rain  that  falls, 
the  number  of  days  in  which  it  falls,  and  the  tempera- 
ture during  the  period  when  the  plant  is  actively  growing 
or  forming  seed."  We  professed  only  to  give  a 
"  summary  of  the  statistics  provided  by  the  rain  gauge 
and  the  register  thermometer  ;"  and  after  giving  o)ie 
such  in  connection  with  the  Turnip  question,  we  say  : 

"  By  such  a  EumTnar//  as  is  here  given,  of  course  on'y  the 
general  differences  in  the  seas'jns  are  brought  to  I'ght ;  but  our 
readers  will  prebably  admit  that  the  greatly  increased  labour 
of  examination,  wure  the  table  more  extended  and  in  de'ail, 
would  scarcely  be  compenaated  for,  if  the  main  characters, 
requisite?,  and  tfficea  t>f  ihe  Turnip  season  can  be  ascertained 
without  ir."  And,  again,  we  saj  on  this  point,  '  All  we  wish 
to  maintain  is  the  general  effect  of  season  upon  the  growth  ol 
the  cultivated  Turnip.'" 

But,  restricted  and  incidental  only  as  was  the  scope  of 
our  treatment  of  the  subject  of  season  as  affecting  the 
Turnip  crop,  it  was  at  any  rate  more  than  enough  to 
show  that  we  have  again  and  again  defined  tJie  natural 
agencies  of  season,  favourable  to  the  growth  of  the 
Turnip,  as  comprising  something  more  than  merely  a 
comparatively  large  fall  of  rain  ;  and  surely,  too,  more 
than  enough  to  condemn  the  unworthy  attempt  to 
impute  error  to  us  on  this  head,  by  picking  out  an 
isolated  expression,  and  giving  it  a  general  sense,  when 
it  was  obvious — as  well  from  the  immediate  context  as 
from  the  general  tenor  of  our  views — that  such  could 
never  have  been  intended.  Thus  we  say  (referring  to 
the  season  of  1845,  which  had  proved  a  very  favourable 
one  for  the  Turnip,  as  compared  with  1843  and  1844)  : 

"A  relatively  laigo  number  of  rainy  days,  an  enhanced 
actutil  amount  of  rain,  and  a  loiv  degree  of  temperature,  are 
prominontly  the  cha'  actera  which  distinguish  the  assumed 
Turnip  seaFon  of  1845  from  that  of  the  two  preceding  yeais, 
and  during  a  considei'bble  portion  uf  the  period^,  especially 
from  that  of  18i3." 

Again,  distinguishing  the  seasons  under  which,  in 
practice,  our  diii'ereut  crops  are  grown  :  — 

"In  those  facts,  even  though  ro  general  and  limited  hi  their 
indication,  there  i-*  scarcely  ouu  whico  does  not  show  that  the 
most  fuvouruble  conditions  uf  growth  for  our  cultivated  bulb- 
forming  Turnips  are,  relatively  to  thohe  for  the  seed-producing 
graaiinenuH  plants,  a  lou)  degree  of  teiftperature,  a  largo  number 
of  rainy  days  and  a  large  actual  amount  oi  ruin." 

And  further,  in  reference  to  the  Turnip  season,  after 
defining  certain  limits,  we  say — 

"  Aifaln,  llic  loiocr  the  temperature  the  less  important  is  a  con- 
tinuiiij  and  a  large  ariiouiii  of  rain." 

Such,  then,  is  the  combination  and  mutual  adaptation 
of  influences  which  we  had  pointed  out  as  characterising 
a  favourable  Turnip  season  ;  and  wo  think  the  readers 
of  the  Gazette  will  think  with  us,  that— Ihey  having 
been  thus  previously  defined — certainly,  no  critic,  at 
once  conipot(.'ut  and  hoiicBt,  when  wc  afterwards  speak 
of  "  the  natural  agencies  of  season"  as  being  "  much 
more  fitvourablo  to  the  growtli  of  Turnips  in  Scotland 
and  the  North  and  West  of  England  than  in  tiio  oastcni 
countieH,"  would  represent  us  as  meaning  a  largo  fall 
of  rain  alone.  But  this  writer,  "  i{,,"  does  not  givo 
this  sentence  referring  to  the  general  Turnip  season  of 
Scotland,  nor  any  referring  to  a  Turnip  reason  gene- 
rally— quotes  ftnl)'  the  one  v.hicli  refers  to  the  particular 
point  of  a  largi;  fall  of  rain— find  thereupon  tells  his  | 
readers  that,  "Mr.  La  wos  entirely  reverses  the  climatic 
action  of  aiiinioiiiit" — and  that  in  his  views  there  is  a 
'*  double  fallacy  ;"  and  then,  on  his  own  account,  ho 
informs  theui,  tliat  a  comparatively  low  temperature,  aa 


veil  as  the  fall  of  rain,  may  have  something  to  do  with 

Ilia     timtfoi"     I  T         /?  T  r,,^i.r,r. 


the  matter  !  /,  B.  Lawes. 

{To  he  continued,) 


Home    Correspondence. 

Mildewed  Wheat.— VJiih.  the  view,  if  possible,  of 
gaining  some  information  from  your  knowledge  and 
experience  which  may  throw  light  on  a  subject  of  con- 
siderable importance  in  this  locality,  I  take  the  liberty 
of  sending  you  a  specimen  of  the  Wheat  grown  on  our 
farm  this  year.  Our  whole  crop  is  in  one  piece  o£ 
between  45  and  50  acres,  and  the  whole  of  it  is  as  bad 
as  that  enclosed  ;  utterly  worthless  both  straw  and 
corn,  even  the  pigs  and  poultry  not  caring  to  eat  the 
latter.  Now  what  is  the  probable  cause  of  this  %  The 
aspect  of  the  farm  is  north-easterly,  and  the  soil  is  the- 
same  as  that  prevailing  through  tlie  greater  part  of 
South  Wiltshire,  lying  on  the  upper  chalk.  With  regard 
to  the  aspect  of  the  farm  I  should  observe,  that  land 
lying  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  valley,  with  of  course 
an  aspect  the  reverse  of  ours,  is  subject  to  the  same 
description  of  blight,  though  not  this  year  to  the  same- 
extent.  The  condition  of  that  farm  is,  I  should  say^. 
higher  than  the  one  we  occupy,  which,  until  three  years 
ago,  when  it  was  taken  in  hand  by  the  owner,  was 
subjected  for  several  years  to  a  system  of  utter  ex- 
haustion. The  four-course  system  has  of  late  years 
been  followed  here.  I,  Turnips  ;  2,  Barley ;  3,  Grass 
(Rye-grass  and  Clover)  ;  and  4,  Wheat,  The  Wheat 
up  to  the  time  of  its  blossoming  promised  exceedingly 
well  ;  the  straw  stout  and  the  ears  large.  I  do  not  know 
what  your  practice  is  with  regard  to  such  communi- 
cations as  this ;  if  irregulai',  I  must  apologise  for 
troubling  you,  but  if  not  you  will  be  doing  those  of  our 
neighbours  who  are  similarly  afflicted  (though  none  are 
nearly  so  badly  as  we  are)  and  ourselves,  personally, 
essential  service  by  giving  us  your  views  on  the  subject. 
So  far  as  I  know,  1  believe  I  have  stated  everything 
that  is  necessary  to  enable  you  to  form  an  opinion,  but 
if  you  would  wish  any  further  information  I  shall  be 
most  happy  to  give  it.  /,  Williams  Bell,  Hlndon,  Wilts. 
[The  whole  plant  is  destroyed  by  mildew.  Thanks  for 
your  communication,  though  unfortunately  we  are  unable 
to  give  you  any  consolation.  The  disease  appears  to- 
attack  white  Wheats  rather  than  red  ;  and  all  sorts  are 
more  liable  to  it  in  a  wet  season,  and  when  of  gross  and 
bulky  growth.] 

SoiLth  Hants. — The  harvest  commenced  m  this  division 
of  the  county  a  month  ago.  Since  then  the  weather 
has  been,  on  and  off,  a  continuous  series  of  storms  and 
gales  ;  at  intervals  of  sunshine  and  clear  weather^ 
Wheat  was  carried  and  ricked,  the  sheaves  damp  an^ 
wet  in  the  bonds,  and  growing.  In  this  state  and 
manner  the  greater  portion  of  the  Wheat  has  beeu 
housed.  Even  of  those  who  have  carried  none  at  all,, 
few  have  opened  or  aired  the  sheaves,  but  merely  shifted 
the  stooks.  Those,  but  few  in  number,  who  opened 
their  sheaves  saw  the  mischief  within,  wet  as  dung,  and 
ears  sprouted  ;  where  the  tops  of  sheaves  met  and  damp 
within,  long  sprouts  might  be  seen.  The  white  Wheats 
have  suffered  sadly,  growing  out  in  the  butts  and  heads 
of  the  sheaves.  The  mischief  is  done  ;  and  now  that  the. 
weather  has  changed  for  the  better,  many  will  repent  of 
not  having  had  a  little  patience.  Some  ricks  have  takea 
fire  and  smouldered,  and  had  again  to  be  taken  abroadj 
some  to  be  thrown  into  the  dung-yard.  Many  ricta* 
around,  it  is  thought,  will  show  signs  of  mischief  within. 
None  of  these  ricks,  if  they  do  not  reek,  can  be  taken  in 
and  threshed  till  March  or  June  next  year.  Man  him- 
self adds  to  the  mischief,  and  destroys  more  than  the 
dispensations  anddecrees  of  Providence.  X.  Y.Z., Hants,  ■ 

Cochin  China  Fowls. — Recent  numbers  of  the  Gazette 
show  that  a  satisfactory  solution  is  still  wanted  of  the 
question,  whether  a  fifth  toe  in  a  Cochin  China  fowl  is- 
evidence  of  impurity  of  bi-eed  ?  and  the  following  facts- 
seem  adverse  to  the  affirmative  view  taken  by  your 
referee,  Mr.  Baily.  I  have  four  hens,  a  cross  between 
the  five-clawed  Dorking  and  a  five-toed  Cochin  China 
cock,  two  of  which  have  four  toes  and  two  five ;  whereasp- 
if  the  five  claws  in  the  Cochin  China  cock  f^ttested  a 
fixed  abnormal  variety,  the  whole  of  hia  progeuy  from 
five-toed  Dorking  hens  might  be  expected  to  have  five 
claws.  The  cock  is  a  handsome  bird,  red  and  buff  in 
plumage,  with  yellow  legs  slightly  feathered  above  the 
toes.  He  is  the  produce  of  an  egg  got  from  London. 
I  have  also  a  clutch  of  Cochin  China  chickens,  produced 
from  eggs  obtained  from  Chelmsford,  one  only  of  which 
has  five  claws.  They  are  fine  birds,  well  feathered  down 
the  legs.  The  one  with  five  toes,  however,  beai's  no 
resemblance  to  the  Dorking  ;  it  is  more  than  three 
months  old,  and  still  without  erect  feathers  hi  the  tail, 
and  the  growth  of  its  plumage  has  not  been  quicker 
than  that  of  other  chickens  with  four  claws  iu  the  same 
batch.  Now,  ns  tiie  Dorking  feathers  rapidly,  and  the 
Cochin  China  slowly,  it  nppears  reasonable  to  conclude: 
tliat,  if  the  five  claws  in  (he  Cochin  China  were  proof  of 
an  nrlmixturo  of  the  blood  of  the  Dorking,  its  presence 
would  have  induced  a  growth  of  feathers  corresponding 
wilh  that  of  tho  Dorking,  but  no  such  eifect  was, 
noticeable.  Tho  cross  between  tho  Cochin  China  cock 
and  iJiii'king  hens  is  largo  and  hniidsonio.  My  puUetS' 
bcgnn  to  lay  at  about  six  months  old,  and  two  cockerels 
of  the  sanio  ago  weighed,  without  the  featherH,  7  Utg. 
each.  Tho  hens  seem  very  liable  to  tho  hatching 
iini)uIso.  Thero  are  not  likely  to  bo  uny  Dorkings  in 
Cochin  China,  and  if  it  could  bo  satisfactorily  ascer- 
tained whether  five-chiwed  fowls  aro  found  thero,  fresh 
light  would  bo  tiirown  upon  tho  mooted  poiut.J  A 
Cvnalant  Ueadcvy  East  Lothiav, 


572 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  4, 


Eveninr/ School  fm' Lahouring  Men,  —  It  afforded  me 
very  considerable  pleasure  to  see  by  a  Leader  in  a 
late  Paper  that  you  were  wielding  your  pen  in,  at  least, 
attempting  to  confer  a  blessing  of  no  ordinary  kind 
upon  the  working  classes  ;  namely,  a  taste  for  reading, 
and  the  means  of  feeding  that  taste.  A  few  years  ago 
I  felt  impressed  with  the  necessity  and  importance  of 
such  an.  undertaking  as  the  one  you  suggest,  for  two 
reasons  :  the  first  was  a  wish  to  awaken  the  dormant 
energies  of  my  neighbours,  and  induce  them  to  partake 
in  those  intellectual  pleasures  from  which  they  had  been 
debarred,  either  through  poverty  or  neglect ;  the  second 
reason  was  a  wish  to  be  surrounded  with  intelligent 
aeighbours,  for  as  I  look  upon  enlightenment  as  a  good- 
producing  principle,  and  upon  ignorance  as  an  evil- 
producing  one.  I  felt  it  my  duty,  though  in  a  secluded 
and  out-of-the-way  village  in  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, to  make  an  attempt,  an  account  of  which  I  now 
forward  you,  in  hopes  it  may  induce  others  to  make 
similar  efforts,  fully  believing  that  mutual  benefit  must 
be  the  result,  as  "  'tis  more  blessed  to  give  than  receive." 
Day-schools  are  very  important  institutions,  as  they 
afford  the  rudiments  out  of,  or  on,  which  we  may  build, 
more  particularly  so  when  the  tuition  is  purely  secular  ; 
my  scholai's  were  nearly  all  adults,  varying  in  scliolarship 
from  the  "Reading  made  Easy"  upwards.  Whether 
fliey  had  felt  the  necessity  of  making  a  desperate 
attempt  to  possess  the  lost  or  missing  treasure,  I  do  not 
know  ;  but  I  often  thought  this  was  the  case,  as  they 
laboured  so  diligently,  and  progressed  so  surprisingly. 
I  made  a  small  weekly  charge,  enough  to  pay  for  fuel 
■and  candle,  of  such  as  could  afford  to  pay,  but  I  excluded 
none  on  that  account ;  some  were  pretty  good  readers 
and  writers,  but  bad  at  accounts ;  these  I  kept  working 
most  constantly  where  I  saw  they  were  most  deficient ; 
this  was  the  principle  on  wliieh  I  invariably  acted,  at  the 
same  time  confining  their  attention  as  much  as  possible  to 
such  rules  as  I  knew  would  be  most  useful  to  them  in 
their  respective  trades.  I  also  made  a  practice  of 
delivering  a  lecture  to  them  as  often  as  my  time  would 
permit,  chosing  for  a  subject  some  instance  from 
natural  philosophj'-,  which  I  supposed  would  be  enter- 
taining and  profitable,  and  in  this  manner  spent  many  a 
pleasant  and  most  agreeable  evening.  In  order  to  create 
or  encourage  a  taste  for  reading,  I  commenced  a  book- 
<ilub,  which  answered  its  end  so  admirably  that  I  shall 
trouble  yon  with  a  detailed  account  thereof.  I  had 
alsoanotherobject  in  view  ;  L  e.,  a  wish  to  foster  abook- 
buying  taste  ;  each  member  paid  2d.  per  week,  a  constant 
subscription.  With  this  sum  bookswerepurchased,  which 
were  common  property  for  six  months  after  their 
admission  into  the  club,  affording  in  that  time  each 
member  sufficient  time  to  read  them.  The  books  could 
be  then  collected  and  divided  as  equally  as  possible  into 
lots,  which  were  then  drawn  for  aud  distributed  amongst 
the  members,  each  one  getting  a  book  or  books  equiva- 
lent to  the  sura  of  money  he  had  paid,  and  as  many 
books  as  he  could  read  iu  six  months  in  addition.  Each 
member  became  possessed  of  books,  which  formed 
something  to  attract  him  to  home,  and  was,  at  least,  the 
beginning  of  a  home  book-club,  which  I  hope  to  see 
established  in  every  cottage  in  the  kingdom.  I  fully 
believe  "night  schools"  for  adults  are  most  useful  and 
profitable  institutions,  and  should  be  encouraged  by 
every  one  who  wishes  well  to  his  brother  man.  William 
Payne,  Fir  Vale,  Sheffield. 


— » 

ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  ENGLAND. 

A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover  Square,  on  Wednesday,  the  19th  of  May, 
Colonel  Challoner,  Trustee,  in  the  Chair.  Professor 
Way,  the  consulting-chemist  to  the  Society,  delivered 
(■before  the  members  the  first  of  his  proposed  lectures 
on  the  light  thrown  by  the  agricultural  principles  of  the 
celebrated  Jethro  Tull  on  facts  connected  with  modern 
•cultivation. 

Prof.  Way  stated  that  his  object  in  the  present 
lectures  was  to  call  attention  to  the  principles  enunciated 
by  Jethro  Tull  fully  a  century  ago,  and  to  make  such 
■quotations  from  his  work  as  would  seem  most  forcibly 
to  illustrate  his  views  and  the  arguments  by  which  they 
were  supported.  In  doing  so  Mr.  Way  wished  it  clearly 
to  be  understood  that  he  was  not  advocating  any  system 
or  practice  founded  upon  those  principles,  but  simply  of 
pointing  out  how  far  the  ideas  of  an  author,  who  wrote 
almost  before  the  dawn  of  modern  chemical  science, 
were  compatible  with  the  facts  and  laws  which  have 
been  since  recognised  and  established.  As  might  be 
anticipated,  wherever  Tull  attempted  any  scientific 
explanation  of  facts,  the  terms  he  employed  were  anti- 
quated and  obsolete — in  accordance  with  the  vague  and 
fanciful  theories  of  the  older  chemists  and  physiologists, 
but  utterly  inconsistent  with  the  present  state  of  these 
sciences.  Still,  in  the  midst  of  all  these  crudities,  there 
might  be  seen  a  large  amount  of  philosophical  reasoning  ; 
and  those  who  carefully  studied  the  writings  of  Tull 
•would  find  that  many  of  the  discoveries  in  agricultural 
science  which  are  accorded  to  philosophers  of  tlie 
present  day,  were  more  or  less  clearly  anticipated  and 
announced  by  the  author  in  question.  Cobbett,  to  whom 
we  are  mdebted  for  the  most  convenient  edition  of 
iuUs  book,  takes  occasion  in  his  preface  to  pay  a 
deserved  compliment  to  the  excellence  of  its  contents, 
and  to  remark  that  the  re-publication  of  the  work  would 
stnp  many  modern  agricultural  writers  of  their  borrowed 
plumage.  The  great  principle  of  Tull  was,  that  the  soil 
flnd  the  air  together  contained  all  that  was  necessary. 


without  the  aid  of  manure,  for  the  production  of  luxu-  ^ 
riant  vegetation  ;  but  that,  in  order  to  render  the  one  , 
and  the  other  available  for  this  end,  it  was  necessary 
that  the  soil  should  be  opened  up  by  abundant  pulverisa- 
tion and  comminution  of  its  parts. 

The  arguments  with  which  this  view  was  sustained 
were  most  forcible  and  convincing.  The  better  to  illus- 
trate his  meaning,  he  had  compared  the  parts  of  the 
earth  to  which  the  roots  of  plants  attach  themselves 
with  the  Grass  or  lierbage  on  which  animals  feed.  Thus 
the  fissures  or  openings  thi'ough  which  the  roots  pene- 
trate, and  the  internal  surface  upon  which  they  spread 
their  delicate  fibres,  constitute,  in  TuU's  language,  the 
"  pasture  of  plants  " — a  most  happy  expression,  and  one 
which  facilitates  in  the  mind  the  comprehension  of  his 
subsequent  reasonings.  So,  then,  as  an  animal  will 
grow  and  fatten  in  pro|)ortion  to  the  suitability  in 
quality  and  sufficiency  iu  quantity  of  the  food  to  which 
it  has  access,  in  the  same  manner  the  rapidity  of  growth 
and  the  luxuriance  of  a  plant  will  depend  upon  the 
nature  and  abundance  of  the  "  pasture  "  jirovideJ  for  it 
in  the  recesses  of  the  soil.  But  the  pasture  of  plants 
differs  from  that  of  animals  in  this  important  respect — 
that  whilst  in  the  latter  case  the  quantity  can  only  be 
increased  by  taking  in  more  surface,  the  pasture  of  plants 
may  be  indefinitely  extended  and  renewed  by  the  pulve- 
risation of  the  soil,  which  is  constantly  exposing  new 
surfaces  to  the  roots.  Nothing  can  be  more  true,  as 
Tull  says,  than  that  for  all  practical  purposes  the  soil  is 
infinitely  divisible  ;  and  that,  since  tlie  roots  of  plants 
caimot  by  possibility  occupy  every  interstice  which  may 
exist  in  a  highly  comminuted  soil,  each  additional  stirring 
is  tantamount  to  the  production  of  a  new  internal  sur- 
face, and  a  fresh  source  of  food.  Then  he  argues  that 
constant  comminution  and  opening  of  the  soil  not  only 
enables  the  roots  of  plants  to  benefit  by  the  stores  of 
food  already  existing  in  the  soil,  but  that  it  at  the  same 
time  materially  increases  that  stock  by  letting  in  the 
atmosphere  loaded  with  invigorating  and  healthful 
supplies.  It  is  obvious  that  Tull  could  have  had  only 
a  faint  notion  of  the  changes  in  the  nature  of  the  soil 
which  might  be  brought  about  by  the  inttuence  of  the 
air,  and  we  can  imagine  the  pleasure  which  he  would 
have  derived  from  the  acquisition  of  the  more  exact 
knowledge  which  in  relation  to  this  point  we  now  pos- 
sess ;  but  none  the  less  was  he  convinced  that  such  an 
influence  was  exerted,  and  one  of  the  objects  of  his 
method  of  cultivation  was  to  take  full  advantage  of  it. 
Acting  upon  these  principles,  Tull  had  introduced  a 
s^'stem  of  cultivation  of  crops  planted  in  rows  by  the 
drill,  and  had  earned  thereby  the  gratitude  of  posterity, 
which  was  exhibited  in  the  almost  universfli  adoption  of 
that  system.  But  he  had  also  attempted  a  method  of 
growing  crops  wdiich  had  not  been  so  generally  followed. 
In  addition  to  the  provision  for  stirring  the  soil  between 
the  rows  of  plants,  he  had  left  intervals  of  varying  but 
very  considerable  width  between  every  second  or  third 
row,  which  enabled  him  at  all  times  of  the  year  to  carry 
out  his  principle  of  pulverising  the  soil.  These  intervals 
were,  in  fact,  in  the  position  of  a  naked  fallow  for  the 
year,  and  were,  in  the  succeeding  season,  in  their  turn 
brought  under  a  crop.  Mr.  Way  did  not  intend  to 
enlarge  upon  the  practical  part  of  this  subject,  which 
many  of  his  hearers  understood  far  better  than  himself  ; 
but  he  wished,  irrespectively  of  any  particular  form  of 
accomplishing  that  end,  to  impress  upon  them  the  great 
importance  and  value  of  a  thorough  comminution  of  the 
soil,  both  as  rendering  available  its  present  riches,  and 
enabling  it  to  receive,  from  the  air  whatever  beneficial 
effects  the  latter  was  able  to  produce.  Mr.  Way  read  a 
number  of  passages  from  the  author's  work,  commenting 
upon  and  explaining  them  as  he  proceeded,  aud  con- 
cluded his  lecture  by  commending  the  book  to  the  careful 
study  of  all  those  who  had  not  yet  become  acquainted 
with  it. 

Lord  Berners  had  great  pleasure  in  proposing  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  Prof.  Way  for  the  interesting  lecture  he 
had  then  delivered,  which  would  be  useful  in  pointing 
out  to  practical  men  the  causes  of  their  success  or  failure 
in  particular  cases.  Evei-y  farmer  knew  that  the  clay 
placed  below  a  manure-heap  increased  its  value  and 
quantity.  There  was  no  description  of  land  that  was  not 
benefited  by  green  crops.  He  had  some  land  so  foul, 
that  he  had  ploughed  down  the  Mangold  on  it,  and  found 
the  wide  spaces  yield  from  9  to  15  tons  per  acre.  He 
had  more  Wheat  on  strong  land  than  on  simple  fallows. — 
Mr  Kowlandson  had  never  greater  pleasure  in  his  life 
than  in  seconding  the  vote  of  thanks  for  the  lecture  they 
had  just  heard,  and  which  he  considered  did  great  credit 
to  Prof.  Way,  and  proved  the  practical  uses  of  funds 
appropriated  by  the  Society  to  scientific  purposes.  He 
had  himself  been  engaged  in  chemical  operations  on  a 
large  scale,  and  he  could  particularly  estimate  the  value 
of  one  of  the  facts  adduced,  which  would  revolutionise 
the  plan  of  processes  connected  with  it,  namely,  the 
constitution  of  the  double  silicates,  and  the  superiority 
of  lime  as  an  active  convertible  agent.  It  would  have 
been  thought,  under  the  old  system,  that  the  soda-com- 
pound was  superior.  He  conceived  that  the  theory  of 
Prof.  Way  would  open  views  of  unexampled  importance 
in  reference  to  the  promotion  of  fertility  in  soils.  It 
was  probable  that,  if  the  double  silicates  could  be  ob- 
tained economically,  direct  manuring  with  the  double 
silicate  of  lime  might  eventually  be  adopted  as  preferable 
to  marling  and  liming.  He  remarked  that  the  double 
silicate  of  alumina  and  lime  formed  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  hydraulic  cement,  and  might  probably  be  manu- 
factured on  a  large  scale. — Colonel  Challoner  thought 
that  these  lectures,  as  delivered  by  Prof.  Way,  did  a 
great  deal  to  establish  that  intelligent  principle  of  farm- 


ing which  led  at  every  step  to  the  inquiry  '*  Why " 
such  and  such  things  should  be  done  by  him  ?  He  con- 
sidered that  the  Council  had  acted  very  wisely  in  their 
arrangements  for  the  lectures  to  be  delivered  from  time 
to  time  before  the  members  of  the  Society. — Mr. 
Evelyn  Denison,  M.P.,  inquired  the  condition  of  pul- 
verised and  burnt  soils,  and  the  power  of  the  latter  to 
absorb  ammonia. — Prof.  Way  remarked  that,  although 
by  burning  soils  their  staple  was  destroyed,  such  soils 
were  improved  by  the  resulting  pulverisation.  Clay  was 
mechanically  improved  by  being  burnt,  but  it  could 
then  only  absorb  ammonia  mechanically  as  a  porous 
substance,  the  hydrated  double  silicates  having  lost  by 
heat  their  properties  of  absorbing  that  alkali,  and  clay, 
when  burnt,  was  accordingly  deprived  of  the  power  of 
chemical  absorption  dependent  simply  on  the  action  of 
those  silicates. — Mr.  Chandos  Wren  Hoskyns  then  gave 
an  interesting  account  of  his  personal  visit  to  the  crops 
of  the  Rev.  S.  Smith,  of  Lois-Weedon  Vicarage,  in 
Northampton,  the  best  exponent,  as  Prof,  Way  had  just 
then  described  him,  of  the  TuUian  system  of  cultivation, 
and  the  author  of  a  paper  "  on  the  experiment  and 
experience  of  the  growth  of  Wheat  year  after  year  on  the 
same  acre  of  land,"  in  the  last  volume  of  the  Society's 
Journal,  page  133.  His  results,  as  Mr.  Hoskyns 
remarked,  were  only  so  wonderful,  that  they  did  not 
receive  the  credit  they  deserved  ;  although,  when 
j)ersonally  inspected,  they  carried  at  once  a  conviction  of 
their  perfect  feasibility,  notwithstanding  the  marvellous 
absence  of  all  manure,  as  technically  so  understood  by 
such  term,  in  the  carrying  out  of  his  simple  but  effective 
processes.  —  Mr.  Gadesden  could  fully  confirm  Mr. 
Hoskyns's  statement,  as  he  had  also  paid  a  personal  visit 
to  Mr.  Smith's  farm  and  inspected  his  crops.  The  soil 
was  a  stiff  one,  and  so  stift'  that  Mr.  Smith's  own  tenant 
farmer  expostulated  with  him  in  reference  to  the  circum- 
stance ;  but,  although  no  manure  had  been  used,  it  had 
become  so  fertile,  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  cast  off 
the  top  staple  and  bring  up  the  clay.  Mr.  Smith  had  6 
acres  of  Wheat,  and  intended  to  extend  the  cultivation  to 
0.  He  understood,  too,  that  the  Earl  of  Essex  had  50 
acres  on  the  same  system. — Mr.  John  Mainwai'ing 
Paine,  of  Farnhara,  could  simply,  but  entirely  confirm 
all  that  Mr.  Hoskyns  had  stated  with  regard  to  Mr. 
Smith's  experimental  Wheat-fields,  under  the  Tullian 
mode  of  culture  as  practised  by  him.  He  would,  how- 
ever, very  briefly  state  what  he  saw,  and  the  impression 
which  Mr.  Smith's  crops  left  on  his  own  mind.  The 
first  time  that  he  saw  them  was  immediately  after  in- 
specting Mr.  Lawes's  experimental  Wheat  at  Rotham- 
sted,  about  the  last  day  of  June.  He  had  thus  a  good 
opportunity  of  forming  a  comparison  of  the  appearance 
of  the  respective  crops  at  that  time.  Mr.  Lawes's  highly 
manured  nitrogenous  plots  were  then  looking  splendidly 
well  :  Mr.  Paine  had  also  some  of  his  own  similarly 
manured,  which  was  likewise  very  promising,  and  which 
did  realise  from  7  to  7^  quarters  per  acre.  He  had  thus 
in  his  mind's  eye  some  very  good  standards  of  com- 
parison, and  hi  was  bound  to  state  that  Mr.  Smith'sfar 
exceeded  either  of  them  in  luxuriant  appearance  and 
promise  of  crop.  When  he  first  beheld  them,  he  could 
not  help  exclaiming,  "  This  land  has  been  lavishly 
dressed  with  ammoniacal  manure."  And  so,  indeed,  it 
really  had  been,  from  atmospherical  sources  ;  for  this  we 
knew  and  could  appreciate,  after  Mr.  Way's  most 
valuable  discovery  of  the  absorption  and  retentive 
powers  of  clay  soils.  Mr.  Paine  felt  assured  that 
there  could  be  no  mistake  about  this  matter.  The  nitro- 
genous aspect  of  the  whole  crop,  in  his  opinion,  stood 
out  in  too  bold  relief  to  be  overlooked  for  a  moment. 
He  was  also  particularly  struck  with  the  largeness  and 
regularity  in  size  of  the  ears  of  the  corn,  and  with  the 
uniform  height  of  the  straw.  This  he  did  not  expect  to 
find  ;  yet  such,  he  remarked,  was  the  fact.  On  asking 
Mr.  Smith  to  explain  the  cause  of  this  remarkable  fea- 
ture in  thin-sown  Wheat,  he  replied  that  he  believed  it 
simply  to  arise  from  the  circumstance  of  early  sowing, 
by  which  means  the  plants  were  enabled  to  tiller  out  be- 
fore the  spring.  These  appearances,  and  the  subsequent 
large  crop  obtained  by  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Paine  need 
scarcely  state,  after  what  Mr.  Smith  had  explained  fully 
in  his  pamphlet,  was  obtained  exclusively  by  deep  and 
frequent  stirrings  of  the  soil.  His  method  was  founded 
on  TuU's  principles,  and  was  a  great  improvement  on 
Tull's  practice.  Mr.  Smith's  intervals  are  smaller  ; 
there  are  three  rows  instead  of  two,  and  he  digs  down 
deeply  into  the  subsoil,  which  Tull  was  afraid  to  touch. 
Mr.  Paine  considered  Mr.  Smith's  practice  to  afford  a 
most  beautiful  illustration  of  the  large  amount  of 
ammonia  available  for  agricultural  purposes  existing  in 
the  atmosphere,  and  at  the  same  time  of  the  absorptive 
power  of  clay  or  loamy  soils.  He  had  seen  Mr.  Smith's 
crops  again  this  season  ;  they  were  as  remarkable  for 
their  luxuriance  as  last  year,  probably  more  so.  There 
was  no  sign  of  exhaustion  in  the  field  then  cropped  with 
its  seventh  successive  growth  of  Wheat  ;  but,  on  the 
contrary,  there  was  some  danger  to  be  apprehended 
from  its  exuberance.  There  was  evidently  an  accu- 
mulation of  atmospherical  and  disintegrated  mineral 
manurein  that  field,for  an  explanatiouof  which Mr.Paine 
thought  we  must  fall  back  upon  the  information  Mr, 
Way  had  given  us  relative  to  the  absorption,  retention, 
expenditure,  and  consequent  balance  of  manure  left  in 
the  soil.  Mr.  Paine  could  perceive  nothing  peculiar  in 
the  geological  structure  of  the  land  at  Lois-Weedon  which 
would  lead  us  to  infer  that  Mr.  Smith's  success  was  at  all 
attributable  to  that  cause.  It  was  manifestly  what  would 
be  good  Wheat  laud,  when  well  drained  and  well  culti- 
vated. With  common  management,  the  surrounding 
land  did  not  produce  large  crops.     In  fact,  Mr.  Paine 


36—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


573 


narked,  it  was  well  known  that  many  trials  _  of  the  i 
lie  plan  were  then  proceeding  elsewhere,  in  different 
auties,  with  every  probability  of  similar  success 
lerever  the  laud  possessed  the  necessary  ingredients  of 
ly  or  loam.  At  that  time  he  was  himself  carrying  out 
is  system  on  one  of  his  fields ;  the  surface  soil  of  which 
IS  an  extremely  stiff  clay  resting  upon  a  subsoil  of  the 
ver  chalk  marl  ;  he  having  selected  the  field  in 
estion,  because  it  had  already  borne  three  Wheat  crops 
the  four  preceding  years.  It  was  sown  with  Wheat  in 
e  v/inter  preceding  1848,  the  laud  being  at  that  time 
a  f^ood  state  of  cultivation  ;  the  crop  was  an  extraor- 
nary  fine  one  till  it  fell,  and  then  it  only  produced 
out  six  quarters  of  bad  quality  per  acre.  It  was  sown 
184:9  with  Wheat,  again  without  any  manure  ;  the 
suit  was  5^  quarters  of  good  Wheat  per  acre  :  all 
rough  the  season  the  flag  and  straw  had  a  very  light 
een  appearance,  evidently  showing  the  want  of 
imonia.  There  was  Clover  in  1850  cut  twice,  aud 
thou t  any  manure  ;  and  in  1851  it  was  again  sown 
th  Wheat  and  manured  with  guano.  The  result  was 
;rop  of  upwards  of  seven  quarters  per  acre,  weighing 
lbs.  per  bushel.  Immediately  after  last  harvest  the 
Id  was  deeply  ploughed  and  cleaned  from  weeds, 
preparation  for  Mr.  Smith's  plan  ;  but  for  want  of 
e  requisite  implements  it  was  not  sown  till  the  9th  of 
3vember,  at  the  rate  of  half  a  bushel  per  acre,  without 
V  kind  of  manure  :  it  looked  thin  and  miserable 
rough  the  winter,  so  that  the  intervals  could  not  be 
mched  up  till  the  middle  of  March.  The  ground 
IS  then  broken  18  inches  deep,  and  some  of  the 
bsoil  brought  to  the  surface.  The  rows  of  Wheat 
ve  been  hoed,  and  the  intervals  deeply  stirred  up  to 
3  present  time.  The  whole  field  had  at  that  time  a 
)st  luxuriant  appearance,  the  flags  of  a  dark  green 
lour,  and,  like  Mr.  Smith's,  if  there  be  any  fault, 
,r.  Paine's  crop  was  only  looking  too  gross  in  con- 
ion  than  otherwise. — Mi*.  Denison,  M.P.,  inquired  as 
the  levelness  of  all  the  ears  of  Wheat  in  these  cases, 
,d  referred  to  .the  objection  sometimes  made,  that 
lien  Wheat  tillered  much,  many  of  the  ears  never 
ained  perfection.  —  Mr.  Alcock,  JI.P.,  required  a 
.tement  of  the  profit  and  loss  on  this  plan  of  cultiva- 
iH. — Mr.  Briscoe  referi'ed  to  its  connection  with  spade 
jsbandry. — The  Earl  of  Essex  remarked  that  all  his 
irk  was  done  by  the  spade,  and  no  difficulty  was 
iperienced. — Mr.  WolrycheWhitmore  state  J  the  results 
;his  own  experience  in  deep  cultivation  on  his  estate 
i  Shropshire.  The  effects  of  trenching  a  piece  of  garden 
;5uud  3  feet  deep,  and  leaving  it  without  manure, 
ire  so  wonderful,  that  strangers  on  witnessing  these 
iects  could  scarcely  be  persuaded  that  the  ground  had 
[t  been  heavily  manured.  A  portion  of  the  arable 
|id  too,  on  one  of  his  farms,  was  ploughed  12  inches 
[2p,  and  the  remainder  was  only  ploughed  shallow  : 
|;  result  was,  that  while  the  deep-ploughed  land  was 
Dst  luxuriant,  the  shallow  was  so  indifferent  that  he  did 
It  know  what  to  do  with  it.  He  then  cited  the  results 
t  Mr.  Woodward's  farming  in  the  Vale  of  Evesham, 
[i  Mr.  Randall's  opinion  that  dry  ground  should  be 
111  trodden  with  horses  in  the  early  spring.  They  Were 
1  well  acquainted  with  the  pulverising  and  consolidating 
|wer  of  Crosskill's  clod-crusher  :  still  he  thought  that 
medium  should  be  observed  in  these  operations,  and 
(it  pulverisation  especially  should  not  be  carried  too 
I* ;  the  market-gardenei"s,  he  believed,  having  ceased  to 
us  their  soil  as  formerly  through  a  fine  sieve. — Mr. 
landos  Pole  recollected  an  instance  on  his  own  property 
i  the  result  of  great  consolidation  from  trampling. 
I  the  November  of  1 850  the  whole  of  a  pack  of  hounds 
id  run  through  the  same  gateway  of  a  Wheat-field. 
i.e  soil  at  Radboume,  as  those  would  remember  who 
Ire  present  at  the  trial  of  implements  at  the  Society's 
l^by  Meeting,  is  a  remarkably  strong  one,  and  the 
i:)und  near  the  gateway  in  the  line  of  these  runs  was 
jidden  down  as  hard  as  a  table  :  it  was  thought,  accord- 
8;Iy,  that  the  Wheat  would  fail  in  this  part  of  the 
lid  ;  but  on  the  contrary,  it  was  found  before  reaping 
lit  it  had  become  the  best  part  of  the  whole  crop, — 
I",  Wliitmorc  remarked  that  he  had  gone  to  12  inches 
E3p. — Mr.  Paine  stated  tliat  he  had  proceeded  to 
id  inches,  and  had  found  that  the  deeper  he  went  the 
&:ter  crops  he  obtained, — Colonel  Chulloner  referred 
I  the  diHV,-r';nt  meciianical  condition  acquired  by  the 
^nicleg  of  soil  in  the  process  of  sifting. — Professor  Way 
i-ijght  nobody  could  doubt  the  value  of  consohdation 
ar  pulverisation.  In  these,  as  in  all  other  cases,  no 
ths  could  militate  against  each  other,  while  errors 
;ht.  The  lighter  soilw  were  those  to  which  conaoli- 
,ion  was  most  applicable ;  heavy  soils  required 
.veriaation  before  coneoHdation.  Mr.  Smith,  he 
ieved,  preferred  a  aolid  bottom  to  his  land.  Perfect 
ouring  waa  obtained  from  tlie  air  ;  in  fact,  that  clay 
sif  manured  itftclf. 

The  vote  of  thanks  to  Professor  Way  for  his  kindness 
lelivering  theintercftting  and  important  lecture  which 
ly  bad  then  heard,  was  then  put  by  Colonel  Challoner 
ra  the  Cliair,  and  carried  unanimoubly  ;  Professor 
ly,  ID  acknowledging  the  compliment,  exproHsing  the 
isfaction  it  gave  hirn  on  tliat  and  on  all  other  occa- 
w  to  aid  in  the  great  work  of  promoting  the  objects 
ihe  Society, 

The  Ai/oiT  OP  Accounts  waa  held  on  Friday,  tlie 
it  of  May.  The  Earl  of  Ducie,  Prcfjidcnt  ;  Mr.  Kay- 
nd  Barker,  Chairman  of  the  I-'inanco  Committee  ; 
onel  ChallontT  and  Mr.  H,  Ijlanshard,  membcrH  of 
Finance  Committee  ;  and  Mr.  Thomas  Knight,  Mr. 
»rgo  J.  Raymond  Barker,  and  Mr.  George  Dyer, 
lit/im  on  the  part  of  the  Soci';ty  ;  were  prenent. 
The  Account*  of  the  Society  from  July  to  DvcQtahcr, 


1851,  were  examined,  audited,  and  found  correct.— The 
Bankers'  Letter  and  Transfer  Receipt  relating  to  the 
purchase  of  Stock  in  the  3^  per  Cents,  for  1010^.,  were 
laid  before  the  Auditors. 

A  Special  Council,  for  deciding  on  the  Report  to 
be  made  by  the  Council  to  the  ensuing  General  Meeting 
of  the  Society,  was  held  on  Friday,  the  21st  of  May,  the 
Earl  of  Ducie,  President,  in  the  Chair.  On  the  motion 
of  Col.  Challoner,  seconded  by  Mr.  Raymond  Barker, 
the  Report  was  taken  into  consideration  and  agreed  to 
accordingly. 

The  half-yearly  General  Meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held  at  the  Society's  House  in  Han  over- square  on 
Saturday,  the  22d  of  May,  the  Earl  of  Ducie,  President, 
in  the  Chair.  We  have  already  laid  before  our  readers 
a  report  of  the  proceedings  at  tins  meeting. 

Miscellaneous. 

Dirt  in  the  Uight  Place  at  Tlptree. — Near  the  farm 
buildings  is  the  great  tank,  to  the  mouth  of  which  we 
mount  up  the  side  of  a  rough  mound.  A  couple  of 
trap-doors  being  opened,  we  look  down  into  a  gloomy 
vault  of  the  size  of  a  small  cottage,  wherein  tliere  sleep, 
in  a  dull,  heavy  way,  the  remains  of  a  great  many 
things.  Every  atom  of  manure  upon  the  farm,  all  offal, 
every  dead  dog  or  sheep,  is  buried  here.  Cattle  dead  of 
disease  are  skinned,  cat  into  quarters,  and  thrown  down 
this  trap-door.  "  What  is  the  density  of  this  mass,  Mr. 
Mechi  ?"  "  If  we  were  all  to  jump  in  it  would  float  us 
all,  and  an  elephant  or  two  into  the  bargain."  This  is 
a  country  supply  of  Mechi's  magic  paste  intended  to 
improve  the  blades  of  Grass  and  corn.  Any  gruel  so 
thick  and  slab  never  was  yet  concocted  in  a  witch's 
cauldron  ;  a  frog  would  be  a  ridiculous  drop  to  throw 
into  such  a  bucket ;  and  the  farm  labourers  who 
"round  about  this  cauldron  go,"  if  they  read  Shak- 
speare,  must  think  him  far  from  having  attained 
sublimity  in  his  ideal  of  a  filthy  mess.  This  is  the  filth 
collected  on  a  single  farm,  every  grain  of  which  the 
seed  upon  the  farm,  fulfilling  its  appointed  office  in  the 
scheme  of  nature,  is  ready  to  convert  into  corn, 
Cabbage,  Clover,  aud  the  like,  which  will  again  pass  into 
flesh.  This  pool  is  not  a  Slough  of  Despond,  but  a  true 
Bethesda  to  the  sickly  land  about  it.  Over  this  pool 
we  may  well  think  how  large  a  tank  would  be  required 
to  hold  the  filth  of  Loudon,  and  of  many  another  city. 
Such  filth  lies  partly  stagnant  under  towns,  and  partly 
pours  into  their  rivers  ;  it  ripens  crops  for  undertakers 
in  the  city,  and  yields  crops  for  butchers  and  for  bakers 
in  the  field.  If  we  look  down  into  the  tank  we  shall 
perceive,  now  that  the  pool  is  stirred,  no  solid  wheel 
could  move  in  the  thick  mass  to  mix  it  properly  ;  what 
iron  could  not  manage  is  done  by  the  impalpable 
substance  of  the  air.  Powerful  streams  of  air  are 
forced  in  from  below  by  the  adjoining  engine  ;  these 
make  their  way  upward,  and  slowly  the  huge  mass  stirs, 
the  scum  breaks  upon  its  sm-face,  and  strange  shapes  of 
corruption  rise  to  the  top,  slowly  pass  aside,  and  sink 
again.  AVater,  drained  from  the  farm — the  water  that 
once  puffed  the  land  up  as  a  diseased  excrescence,  a  bog 
tumour — flows  into  the  tank,  is  mixed  with  the  more 
solid  matter,  and  having  thinned  it  to  the  due  con- 
sistence, passes  with  it,  in  the  form  of  liquid  manure, 
through  a  pipe  that  lies  under  the  strong  thumb  of  a 
steam  engine.  Through  a  pipe  5  inches  in  diameter, 
the  steam  engine  forces  the  fertilising  stream  into  a 
series  of  tubes,  which  run  under  the  brown  skin  of  the 
soil  as  arteries  run  under  our  own  skins,  charged  with 
nourishment.  .  .  .  Whatever  rots  in  the  fault  to-day 
will  probably  be  growing  in  the  field  to-morrow  ;  there 
is  no  waste  of  matter  aud  there  is  no  waste  of  time. 
The  manure  heap  might  be  transformed  twice  over  into 
growing  vegetables,  and  be  back  in  the  shape  of  a  double 
quantity  of  manure,  instead  of  lying  idle  for  a  twelve- 
month as  it  does  occasionally  in  the  old-fashioned  farm- 
yard. Nothing  lies  idle  at  Tiptree.  The  tank  is  the 
great  stomach  of  the  farm  into  which  all  refuse  goes  as 
food,  and  forms  the  cliyle  that  is  to  pass  as  the  farm's 
blood  through  pipes  under  the  whole  surface  of  the 
land.  It  creates  new  life,  out  of  which  there  comes  new 
death,  which  returns  to  the  great  central  stomach  and 
builds  up  new  life  again.  As  the  boys  manage  at  leap- 
frog, the  pot  here  is  always  kept  a  boiling,  and  death  in 
the  pot  becomes  life  in  the  pasture.  Dickens'  /loiischohl 
Words. 

Cattle- Fecdinr/.  —  Reflecting  on  the  gi'eat  question 
of  cattle-foeding,  I  am  daily  more  and  more  convinced 
of  its  general  ill-management,  and  of  the  great  difficulties 
in  arranging  the  temperature  to  the  season,  with  our 
present  ill-arranged  farmeries.  Had  I  to  remodel  my 
own,  I  would  attach  a  fanner  to  the  steam  engine  for 
summer  ventilation,  and  in  winter  the  waste  steam 
would  circulate  in  pipes  through  all  my  cattle-houses — 
thus  controlling  the  fluctu.ations  of  some  50  degrees  in 
the  temperature,  economining  food  and  increasing  profit. 
I  am  well  assured  that  not  a  fly  will  venture  in  the 
sunnner  draught  caused  by  a  faimcr.  In  winter  wo 
Hco  cattle  with  staring  coats  absolutely  chasing  each 
otiier  about  to  keep  up  circulation,  much  as  wo  should 
do  under  tho  same  circumstances.  What  a  contrast 
this  forms  to  tho  fat,  sleek,  lazy  lapdog,  eating  little, 
but  luxuriating  in  the  radiation  of  a  good  register 
,  fitovo  !  Tho  npopletic  ( iijoyments  of  warmth  and 
tranquillity  tell  favourably  in  tho  farmer's  fitoek  balance 
sheet.  Our  young  farmers,  who  shall  Imvo  studied 
physiology  at  tho  Koyal  Agricultural  College,  will  not 
want  my  advice  in  this  matter.  I  conaidcr  it  very 
iiijudicioim  in  winter  to  give  our  cattle  eitlicr  cold 
wut^,*r  or  frozfu  TurnipH,  tliuH  abntracting  tiic  carbon  of 
the  food  and  producing   dlarrlujua.      Mr,    Graburn'a 


example,  in  this  respect,  is  most  judicious,  the  cold  cut 
Turnips  being  warmed  by  admixture  with  the  hot  steamed 
straw  or  hay.  These  pinching  times  will  make  ua 
economical  in  details.  Mr.  Mechi's  Second  Paper, 

Tares  on  Wheat  StiMle.— {Expenses  per  acre.)    £  g.  a^ 

Half-)  ear's  rent         i    q    ^ 

Ditcu  tithe,  ic.  *_*         "'    q    5    0' 

15  carts  of  manure  (filling,  carting,  and  spreading)  ".    0  10    0 

One  ploughinj  0    7    0 

One  rolling        [_[     0     0     9- 

Tno  bu,hel8  of  eeed !!!    0    9    0 

Drilliuff "    0    1    6 

Harrowing        0    0    9 

^2  14     0 

Fed  off  with  sheep  eating  half-apound  of  Rape-cake  per- 
day.  Followed  by  Swedes,  Green  Rounds,  or  trans- 
planted Cabbage  and  Kohl  Rabi.  Mr.  Mechi's  Second 
Paper. 

Colne  Engaine. — Last  week  we  wandered  as  far  as 
Colne  Engaine,  for  the  purpose  of  knowing  whether  Mr. 
J.  D.  Piper  was  still  farming  his  land  on  the  no-plough- 
ing system,  and,  if  so,  of  ascertaining  what  kind  of  a 
show  he  had  for  a  crop.  On  going  to  the  land  we  found 
on  it  a  strong  and  very  beautiful  piece  of  Payne's 
Defiance  Wheat,  aud  we  quickly  ascertained  that  the- 
land  on  which  it  stood  had  not  been  ploughed  up,  or 
turned  over  by  any  implement,  for  the  period  of  nine 
years,  and  that  during  the  whole  time  Wheat  had 
followed  Wheat,  without  intermission  or  cliange  of" 
crop.  The  description  of  Wheat  had  been  occasionally 
altered.  We  saw  another  piece  of  Mr.  Piper's  Wheat 
(white),  planted  after  Potatoes,  the  ears  of  which  are 
far  above  the  usual  size,  and  will  certainly  averago 
from  85  to  90  kernels  in  each  head.  The  great 
peculiarity  here  is,  that  the  Wheat  was  sown  very  thin 
—in  fact,  at  the  rate  of  only  six  pints  per  acre.  The 
holes  for  the  seed  were  set  eight  square  inches  apart, 
and  in  each  hole  but  one  grain  was  dropped.  The  crop 
will  be  an  excellent  one.  Ipswich  Express. 

Is  my  Farming  Costly? — Although  in  marketing,  and 
other  such  matters,  I  lose  some  advantages  by  my 
personal  absence,  a  reference  to  my  detailed  operations 
will  show  that  I  farm  at  much  less  cost  than  the 
general  run  of  farmers  holding  unimproved  farms.  The 
small  number  of  horses  I  keep  will  prove  this.  For 
instance,  owing  to  drainage,  ray  land  works  one  horse 
lighter,  aud  I  can  plough  at  almost  any  time  ;  whilst  on 
undrained  lands  there  are  many  idle  days  or  weeks  for 
the  horses.  Again,  my  manure  is  carted  at  once  from 
under  the  animals  aud  ploughed  in  ;  thus  avoiding  the 
double  cartings,  fillings,  turning  over,  and  waste  of  the 
ordinary  well-washed  dung-heaps.  Owing  to  the  ab- 
sence of  fences,  aud  by  the  squareness  of  my  fields,  two' 
horses  always  plough  an  acre  per  day  ;  then,  by  steam- 
power,  the  corn  is  threshed  as  fast  it  comes  from  the: 
stacli,  instead  of  being  barned  aud  handled  twice.  By 
using  Garrett's  horse-hoe,  I  can  hoe  better  and  deeper- 
at  Is.  per  acre,  than,  by  the  hand-hoe  at  Ss.  6d.  There- 
are  many  other  advantages  arising  from  the  removal  of 
4^  miles  of  fences  ;  such  as  gain  of  space,  ready  drying- 
and  warming  of  the  soil,  &c.,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
benefit  and  saving  resulting  from  being  uow  able,  owing. 
to  drainage,  to  fold  my  heavy  land  with  sheep.  Twice 
harrowing  is  now  sufficient  on  my  soil,  wliere  eight  and' 
ten  times  used  to  be  occasionally  required.  The  efl'ects. 
of  m^'  previous  improvements  are  showing  themselves 
in  annually  increased  productions  of  improved  quality. 
It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  valuation  of  my  I'ental- 
was  raised  last  year  threefold,  a  pretty  clear  evidence 
of  the  benefits  resulting  from  my  improvements.  Mr^ 
Mechi's  Second  Paper. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Baiin  Flooring  :  Subscnhcr.  We  have  handed  your  question  to 
an  architect,  from  whom  we  shall  probahly  hear  nest  week. 

BoxManore:  JB.  It  is  not  easily  compared  with  guano.  So 
far  as  their  ammonia  is  concerned,  on  which  thtir  immediate 
effect  depends,  pevhups  it  would  be  (air  to  say  that  froni 
10  to  1^  tons  of  Kood  box  manure  would  be  equal  to  one  (on 
of  guano;  and  that,  as  regards  their  phosphoric  acid,  more' 
than  duublo  that  quantity  of  manure  would  not  be  equal  to 
that  quiintity  of  guano. 

Canary  Seed;  J  LB.  You  will  find  a  full  account  of  Kentish 
practice  in  the  cultivation  of  Canary  in  *'  BInckie'a  Cyclo- 
paedia of  J\griculture."  Four  gallons  of  seed  are  sown  per 
acre  in  rows  a  foot  apart,  on  the  surface  of  a  dry  loam,  in  the 
mon'h  of  March,  and  it  is  treated  and  harvested  pretty  mucbt 
as  Wheat  is. 

Capital  :  A  S.  We  cannot  say  what  amount  is  needed  for 
commencing  farming  in  Ireland,  in  tho  absence  of  a  Imow.. 
ledge  of  circumstances.  Tho  capital  needed  may  vary  from 
5i.  to  12i.  You  may  have  to  purchase  a  largo  touant-righl- 
on  the  part  of  the  previous  occupier. 

Cow  '.  C  P.  A  first  class  cow  is  not  to  bo  had  under  16^  or  16^., 
Perhaps  tho  best  sort  for  your  iiurpose  are  to  be  had  in 
Yorkshire.  One  of  .the  large  Ilolderncas  breed,  such  aa  the 
London  cawkcepers  purchase,  would  be  most  liltety  to  suit, 
you.  Some  weeks  ago  wo  had  a  corrcRpondent  who  wrote  on  . 
the  subject  of  London  milk,  giving  liis  address  in  this  faper  j. 
perliape  he  could  bo  of  use  to  you. 

Drainaoe  Lf.vel  :  A  B.  Mr,  Bailey  DentonMs  probably  as  good' 
us  any,     It  is  sold  by  instrument  maliers  in  London, 

Essay  on  Dairy  Management  :  U.  Your  proposal  is  under 
coiibideration.     Plenso  to  give  us  your  ndilrCMs. 

FEEDI^o  Boxes:  IP" A-'.  It  matters  little  \vhat  bottom  is  laid  If 
you  litter  abundantly,  for  tho  siraw  will  wuck  up  tho  water. 
Clay  or  mortar  composition,  or  bricks,  will  do. 

Guano  :  J  P.  It  will  work  very  well  with  ihe  suporphopphato  ; 
and  tho  Turnips  will  bcneOt  by  tho  former,  although  they 
have  received  a  doHC  of  tho  latter. 

IIOBSF-i'owFR  Mowing  Maouine:  ERO.  Bo  jon  moan  IhC' 
reaping  machine  ?  If  ao,  our  loading  nrlicle  may  give  yoa 
tho  iinswer  you  wihh. 

Mkktin'ib:  Auoii.  Tliiinks  for  your  hint;  wo  will  endeavour  to. 
liicrcHco  our  iidticcs  ti\i  aijriouUnrnl  meetingiJ. 

TouLTuv :  li  B.  I  conHldor  that  Mr.  Ulxon'rt  in  tho  best 
book  on  Poult) y  liitborto  published.  It  la  dilTicult  to 
nnttwor  your  second  question,  an  you  do  not  say  what  Ib 
your  object  in  keepinjf  fowls— oggn,  pliiinugo,  or  table.  If 
CKgH,  tho  poncined  Uainbro's  lay  tho  litrgust  number,  and 
tlHiy  never  Hot.  Next  to  them  eoniu  tho  Oocliin  Chinas,  I  t 
you  WQntlarf{0  eggs  Uoep  tho  Sputileb  ;  if  }>ou  witiit  to  &ivt 


574 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Sept.  4, 


"ood  fowls  keep  the  Dorking.  If  they  are  to  lire  hard,  and 
jou  keep  bu^  one  cnek,  the  pame  will  answer  yourpurpose. — 
Zjancashire  The  weight  of  Dorking  fowls  much  depends  on 
age  and  the  time  of  year  ;  I  will  not  say  feeding,  because  I 
will  assume  they  are  well  fed.  The  averaje  weight  of  f;ood 
Porking  fowls  in  March  or  April  should  be— cocks,  7  to 
■8  lbs.;  hens,  5  to  6  Ib-i.  There  will  of  course  be  some 
heavier — some  ii;4hter  ;  but  this  wou'd  he  an  average  ol"  go  ^d 
birdfl ;  very  old  hens  will  weigh  rather  more.  I  do  not 
fcelieve  any  cock  out  of  condition  ever  weighed  10|  lbs. 
Those  who  have  taken  much  paina  know  it  is  difficult  to  get 
ihnt  weight  with  great  perseverance  both  in  stock  and  fvod. 
It  is  not  a  very  unusual  thing  to  get  one  to  weigh  9  lbs.,  but 
■it  is  always  a  cock,  and  very  fat.  My  motive  for  meniioning 
that  weight  was  only  to  prove  that  the  pure  bird,  while 
\oung  and  tender,  was  aa  heavy  as  any  cross-bred  of  the 
same  age.  The  cocks  that  weigh  9  lbs.  are  one  in  ten 
thousand.  At  CbristmHS  time  there  are  plenty  of  them 
'for  sale  in  Leadenball  market.  They  are  fowls  that 
*isve  been  saved  and  fatted  on  purpose,  —  J  R  R, 
Honiton.  Place  the  win»  of  your  duck  on  a  block  or 
tiible,  introduce  a  s'out  sharp  knife  between  the  spur  and 
1  he  wiDg.  then  let  some  one  strike  the  back  of  the  knife,  and 
ttie  operation  is  finished.  Turn  the  duck  out  at  once;  it 
V.  ill  bleed  a  great  deal,  but  that  is  of  no  consequence,  and 
the  cold  water  will  stop  it.  You  must  remove  at  least  eii.',ht 
icatheiB,  and  be  careful  not  to  cut  the  spur,  as  it  6av3s  the 
rvound  while  green.— Subscriber.  Your  food  is  good,  save  the 
■earth-worms;  I  would  never  give  them.  Challt  and  Cayenne 
]iepper  are  the  best  remedies  for  diarrbcoa.  Are  jou  sure 
ihey  have  sweet  and  fresh  water?  Guinea  fowls  bear  con- 
liaement  badly.— 3/ TT  A'.  Your  fowls  have  the  roup;  you 
will  find  the  treatment  in  most  of  the  numbers  of  this  publi- 
cation.  Poland  fowls  are  subject  to  disease  during  the 
growing  of  the  top-knot,  but  from  the  eye  swelling,  I  shou'd 
Jcarhewas  also  roupy.  If  it  be  from  the  top-knot  you  will 
find  the  feathers  die  growing  downwards  under  the  skin. 
Greai»e  the  skin  well,  and  where  you  can  detect  hardness, 
open  it  gently  with  a  stout  needle.  Raise  the  feather  till  the 
end  is  out.  J.  liaily,  113,  ilonnt-street, 

Rotation :  Urban.  If  you  farm  highly,  you  should  keep  stock, 
and  make  beef  and  mutton  ;  in  thut  way  you  might  make  it 
pay.  We  should  not  like  to  grow  Barley  af  er  Wheat;  but 
it  is  impossible  to  say  what  sort  of  crop  should  be  grown,  in 
ignorance  of  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  locality. 

•Stall-feeding  of  Sheep  :  Inquirer.  A  very  full  account  of 
filled  feeding  *.heep  is  given  at  page  162  of  the  volume  of  the 
jigricultui-al  Gazette  for  1843.  As  to  food,  20  lbs  of  Turnips 
o-dav,  and  J  to  1  lb.  of  Beans  or  Barley,  or  2  or  albs,  of  hay 
cut  into  chaff  and  soakedin  Linseed  soup,  would  begoid  food 
for  a  sheep  ;  and,  in  summer,  cut  Clover  substituted  tor  the 
Turnips  would  answer. 

Wheat  :  Danum.  Apply  to  Mr.  Beman,  of  Moreton-in. 
tbe-Marsh,  Gloucestershire;  we  know  he  has  grown  some 
first  rate  red  Wheats.  We  do  no';  know  the  "  Golden  Em- 
peror," The  **  Talavera"  white  Wheat  is  a  stiff-strawed 
Bort,  with  the  florets  distant  from  one  another  in  the  ear.  It 
is  a  good  variety. 


COTENT  GARDEN,  Sept,  4. 
Tegetables  and  Fruit  continue  to  be  well  supplied.  Melons 
are  p'entiful  and  iine.  Excellent  Greengage  and  other  Plums 
still  arrive  from  France,  and  also  Fears,  and  Apples.  Apricots 
are  nearly  over.  Tomatoes  likewise  still  continue  to  be  im- 
ported. Filberts  realise  35s,  and  453.  per  100  lbs.  Potatoes 
are  very  plentiful,  but  many  of  them  diseased.  Pc^as  are 
scarcer.  Mushrooms  are  cheap,  good,  and  plentiful.  Cut 
flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Roses,  Mignonette, 
Bignonia  venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 

Fine-apples,  per  lb.,  4s  to  63      ^  Pears,  per  doz.,  2a  to  39 

Grapes,hothou8e,p.  lb.,  2s  to  53 

Peaches,  per  doz.,  6s  to  lis 

Kecfarines,  per  doz.,  43  to  12d 

Apricots,  per  doz..  Is  to  49 

Plums,  per  punnet,  Is  to  3a 

—  Greengage,  do.,  2s  to  33 
Figs,  per  doz.,  la  6d  to  2s  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsh.,  43  to  7a 

—  kitchen,  do.,  Ss  to'JSs 
Melons,  each,  2s  to  6a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 


per  half  sieve,  4s  to  83 
Currants,  do.,  2^  to  Ss  od 
Gooseberries,  do,,  'is  6d  to  33 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5b 

—  sweet,  per  lb,,  23  to  Ss 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  perlOO,  3s  6d  to  10a 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  203 

to  228 

—  Brazil,  do,,  12s  to  Us 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  la  3d 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

la  6d  to  2e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  23  to  53 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  4s  to  Gs 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  48  to  53 
potatoes,  per  ton,  6O5  to  130a 

—  per  cwt,,  3a  6d  to  Ts 

—  per  bush.,  la  6d  to  23  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  3s  to  48 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veget.Marrow.p.doz,6d  tols6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p,  doz.,  3s  to  53 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish, p.doz..l83dto  3d 
Beet,  per  duz.,  I3  to  2s 
lieeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 


VEGETABLES. 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  Gd  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  per  score  4d  tols 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Is  3d 

—  per  bu'ih.,  39  to  5s 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  €d  to  1 9 
Artichokes,  per  doz,,  43  to  68 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  29  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
WalKrcresses,  p.  12bun,9d  to  Is 


IIAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Truaaea, 
Smitbfield,  Sept.  2. 


JPrime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  i 
Inferior  do.  ...  65         72 

Rowen         GQ        — 

New  Hay     65        77 

Cdmbebland  &! 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  8O9  to  883 

Inferior  do 60         75 

Kew  Hay      —         — 

Old  Clover 98      105 


Clover 

.  953  to  IO65 

New  do,      , 

..  78          85 

Straw 

.  33          40 

Ji. 

J.  Davis. 

liBKET,  Sept 

2, 

Inferior  Clover 

...  8-13  to  92a 

New  do. 

...  70        — 

Straw 

...  41)        45 

JoaB 

DA  Baker. 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Aug-.  30. 
The  supply  of  Beasta  is  not  so  large  as  of  late,  and  there  is  a 
cheerful  trade  for  them  ;  consequently  prices  have  advanced. 
A  few  choice  Scots  have  made  4s.,  but  not  generally  enough  to 
quote.  Sheep  and  Lambs  are  not  nearly  so  pleutifui  as  they 
have  been  ;  trade  is  brisk,  at  a  small  advance  on  Friday's 
quotations.  Calves  are  not  so  numerous,  and  rather  more 
money  is  obtained  for  the  best  descriptions.  From  Germany 
and  Holland  there  are  1821  Beasts,  7190  Sheep,  267  Calves, 
and  35  Pi^js  ;  from  Spain,  150  Sheep  ;  from  Scotland,  80  Beasts  ; 
and  2000  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  ofSlbs.— B  d      _    _ 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.        ...  8  8  to  3  10 

Best  Short-horns  3     6 3    8 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  8  —  32 

Best  Downs  and 

Ilalf-breds      ...4     2 4    4 

Do.  Shorn 0  0  —  0    0 


Perst.  of  Slbs.- 8    d       8 
Best  Long-wools,  3  10  to  4 


Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn  0 

Lambs 
Calves 
Pigs 


0-0 
2  —  3 
0-0 


Beasts,  4524  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  28,820  ;  Caives/342  ;  Figs,  435 


Friday,  Sept.  3. 

We  have  a  fair  supply  of  Beasts  and  the  demand  is  good. 
There  i-*  an  advance  on  Monday's  quotations  of  ab^ut  2d.  per 
8  lbs.  The  number  of  Sheep  is  small ;  we  have  a  brisk  trade 
at  an  advance  of  fully  2d.  per  8  lbs.,  and  in  some  inntatices 
ralher  more.  Good  Lambs  are  very  scarce  and  dear  ;  middtinsj 
ones  are  al90  more  f;eely  disposed  of,  AlthouRh  the  number 
of  Calves  is  large,  they  are  readily  sold  at  ralher  more  monpy. 
From  .Germany  and  Holland  we  have  about  400  Beasts,  2750 
Sheep,  408  Calves,  and  15  Pi;js ;  300  Beasts  from  the  northern 
and   midland,  and  102  Milch  Cow3  from  tlie  home  counties, 

Per  St,  of  81b3  — 3    d       s    dl      Per  st.  of  81b9.— a     d      s 


Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  d:c.        ...  3  10  to  4  0 

Best  Short-horna  3    6  —  3  10  j 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3  4  | 

Beflt   Downs   and  j 

Half-breds       ...  4     4—4  6  i 

Do.  Shorn          ,..0    0  —  0  0  ! 


Bust  Lontt-wools  ,  3  10  to  4 
Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3  4  —  3 

Do.  Shorn           ...  0  0-0 

Lambs      4  8  —  5 

Calves       S  4  —  4 

Pigs           3  0  —  4 


Beasts,  955  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  10,630;  Calves,  628  ;  PigB,  365. 


COAL  MARKET.— Feidat.  Sept.  3 
Holywell,  14s.;   Neiv  Tan6eld,   12s.  Gl.;  WaUsend  Harton, 
I4s.;  Walls  end   Haawell,  I69.  9d. ;  Wallsend  Hetton,  158,  6d, 
— Ships  at  market.  89. 


HOPS.— BoEODon  Habket,  Sept.  S, 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  seven  pockets 
more  of  new  Hops  have  arrived  atmarket — onefrom  Ton  bridge, 
Kent,  which,  for  first  pickings,  are  of  excellent  quality,  and 
haye  been  sold  by  Messrs.  Meaee  and  Wild  at  H.  per  cwt.  ;  the 
other  six  pochets  were  grown  at  Marden,  Kent,  and  have  been 
sold  by  the  Hop  Planters  Company  at  6i.  per  cwt.,  being  a  low 
and  mouldy  sample.  The  demand  for  yearlinga  continues 
steady,  at  late  prices.    Duty,  24  0,000;. 


WOOL. 

Beadfoed,  Thdesday,  Sept,  2.— There  is  no  change  worthy 
of  comment  in  the  state  of  our  English  wool  market  during 
the  current  week.  Tbe  transac'ions  have  continued  to  be 
limited,  with  prices  generally  supported,  but  the  tone  some- 
what in  favour  of  buyers.  Short  wools  and  noils  are  very 
scarce,  and  in  active  dt^mand. 


MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Aur.  30.— The  supply  of  Wheat  by  land  carriage 
samples  from  Essex  and  Kent  this  morning  was  good,  and 
consisted  almoat  entirely  of  the  new  crop,  tbe  condition  of 
which  continues  wretched  ;  and  the  best  of  it  could  only  be 
disposed  of  at  a  decline  of  3s.  to  4a.  per  qr,  upon  last  Monday's 
rates.  Low-priced  foreign  met  a  good  retail  inquiry  at  former 
prices.  We  reduce  our  quotations  for  barrel  Flour  Is.  per 
barrel  — The  few  samples  of  new  English  Barley  at  market 
were  disposed  of  at  the  prices  of  this  day  week.— Beans  and 
Peas  bring  our  extreme  quotations. — Oats  meet  a  fair  sale  at 
last  Monday's  rates.— There  were  about  350  qrs.  of  new  white 
Mustard  Seed  at  market,  mostly  much  weathered,  A  few 
picked  samples  found  buyers  at  lOs.  to  lis.  per  bushel. 

Pee  Imperial  Qdahter.  s,      s. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  43—50 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  42—54 

—  —    Talavera  52—56 

—  Norfolk 40—48 

—  Foreign 37—55 

Barley,grind.&  distil. ,248to27s...Chev.  25—32 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  20 — 25 
Oats,  Easex,  and  Suffolk 18-19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  118 — 22 

—  Irish Potato'l7— 20 

—  Foreign .Poland  and  Brew[18 — 20 

Rye     — 

Rye-meal,  foreign |     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 239  to  3l8 Tick  29— 32 

—  Pigeon  293 —  35s. ..Winds. I     — 

—  Foreign Smallj27— 34 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent 13oilers  31 — 33 

—  Maple 323  to  35s Grey  31—33 

Maize     White     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37 — 40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25—32 

—  Foreign per  barrel|21 — 24 

Feiday,     Sept.    3.— The    supply    of    Wheat,    English    and 

foreign,  and  also  of  foreign  Flour,  has  been  good  this  week, 
but  moderate  of  other  articles.  The  market  was  thinly 
attended,  and  but  little  inclination  was  shown  to  purchase 
either  English  or  foreign  Wheat ;  in  the  latter  a  few  sales  were 
forced  at  the  reduction  above  mentioned.  In  the  value  of 
Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  we  observe  no  alteration,  Oats  move 
off  slowly  at  Monday's  prices. 

AEEIVAL9  THIS  WEEK. 


Red  , 
tied  . 


Red  . 


Malting  . 
Malting  . 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign  . 


narrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
Tellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


32—44 
38—48 


-30 


17—19 
17—19 
15-18 


29-32 

26—27 
;n-34 
■27—36 


25-32 
28—34 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreiffu  . 


Wheat. 


Qrs, 

3280 


Barley. 


Qrs. 

210 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

100 

17U0 

4720 


Flour. 


1730  sacks 
9*60  brlfl" 


Imperial  Aveeaoes. 


July  24 

J.    d. 
40    7 

—    31 

40    0 

Aug.    7 

49    7 

—    14 

39     7 

—    21 

31    2 

—    28 

43    7 

Aggrcg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Bablet.  Oatb,    Rte.    Beans.    Peaa. 


19  10  29  7 


s.  d. 

i8  9 

39  11 

29  7 

30  3 
29  4 
29  9 


a.  d, 

33  10 

34  2 
33  9 

33  7 
83  2 

34  4 


i-  5 
33  5 

30  6 

31  4 
29  10 
81  1 


31  9 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Fldctdations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Avesaqeb. 


raicES.  Jdlt24   JdltSI.J  Aug.  7    Aug.  11.  Adg.  21.  Aug.  28, 


Id 

2  — 

7 

0 

7 

7 


LiveHPooL,  Tdesdat,  Aug.  81. — The  market  this  morning 
was  slenderly  attended  by  buyera,  still  a  fjirmnderate  busineaa 
was  transacted  in  the  good  qualities  of  Wlieat  and  Floui',  at 
Friday's  prices,  being  a  decline  cf  Id.  to  2d.  per  bushel  on  the 
former,  and  6d.  per  barrel  on  the  latter.  The  Fhtur  now 
arrivin?  out  of  condition  was  entirely  neglected.  Oats  and 
Oatmeal  were  each  easier  to  buy.  Egyptian  Beans  rather 
dearer,  and  very  scarce.  Peas  also  scarce,  and  Is.  to  2s  per 
qr.  higher.  In  Indian  Corn  nothing  doing. — -Fkidat,  Aug.  27. 
— Several  purchases  of  American  Flour  were  made  by  specu- 
lators on  "Wednesday  at  full  prices,  but  with  more  favoursble 
weather  since,  the  millers  and  dealers  have  been  cautions 
operators,  and  at  this  morning's  market  the  business  trans- 
acted was  moderate,  and  at  a  reduction  of  Id.  pir  bushel  on 
Wheat,  and  3d.  to  6d.  per  barrel  on  Tuesday's  quotations. 
There  was  no  alteration  in  the  value  of  any  other  article  of 
t'-e  grain  trade,  with  a  limited  demand  generally. 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING— 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japannet 
ised.  Iron. 

2-incb  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide    ...    7d.  perjd.    Sd.peryd 
2-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ...     9       „  CA      ,, 

2-inch     „      extra  strong     „  ...12      ,,  9"      „ 

Ig-ioch      ,,       light  ,,  ...     8       „  6        „ 

IS-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10      „  8       „ 

Ig-inch      ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  14      ,,  11       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  pricei 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  pricei 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow. proof  netting  for  Pheasantries 
Zd.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  pc^t  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

CHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND      POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d,  per  rtinning  yard. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvanised. 
24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  Id.  per  yard. 
30  in,    ,,      2  in.    „        9d.        „ 
36  in.     ,,       2  in.     ,,       10;Jd.       ,, 
48  in.    „      2  in.    ,,      U.  2d.    ,, 


Not  Galvanised 

5(2.  per  yard. 

6Jd.         „ 

lid.       „ 

lOd.         „ 


Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  Zd.  per  square  foot 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price,  Thl 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  W38  B< 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  ac 
knowledjred  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kini 
ever  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high 
Is,  6d.  and  2i  3rf.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flowe; 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Archi>s,  Bordpring,  Flowei 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  HorticuUura 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalopues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox.  City  of  London  Wire  Worl 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8 
Snow-hill.  London. 


G 


EORGE  ARTINGSTALL   and  CO.,  Latchfori 

WiEE  WOEK.3,  WABEiNGTON, 


Manufacturers  of  Improved  Strong  i 

RABBIT-PROOF     WIRE     NETTING. 

12  inches  high      4d.  per  yard. 

18      ditto  6d.        „ 

24      ditto  M.        „ 

All  other  widths  at  proportionate  prioes. 

Wire  Work  for  Aviaries,  Conservatories,  Fencing,  Ac  ,  &c,! 

also  extra  strong  Wire  Kiln  Floors  for  drying  Grain,  &c.,  Ac, 


FOR    WATERING     GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING     LIQUI 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED    INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPES. 


TAMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  an: 
^  Mandfactdbeb,  Goswell  Road,  London, 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Waterine  Gardens,  CO 
veying  Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portat 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  pf-rffctly  sound  Watr, 
proof  and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  Tbey  are  particulai 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedingly  useful 
Dwellins--houBeB  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  A 

Hose  Reels  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  Jong  lengt '. 
of  the  Yulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manuf8 
tared  by  J.  L,  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work, 

N.B.— Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  wi 
Roses.  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  rea 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  HAWCOCK,GoBwell  Me^ 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attention. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  saperior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  tliese  Structures  having-  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kio;,'do[n,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E  D.  could  execute;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  VFork  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  conipetition. 
Pateat  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  3  feet  loog  by  1  toot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  ^o  sli'le  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Whart  or 
Railway  StatioQ,  at  Is,  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  raiter,  -100  fc,  ni  Us.  Sd.  ; 
2i  ft,  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  52d  ft.,  80i.  13^.  8d. ;  23  fr.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ra'ter,  712  ft.,  ill.  10s.  Sd,  Heating  by  Hot  Water  oq  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Saahes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walts,  &c,,  7d.  andSd.  per 
foot,  super. 


GREENHOUSE  &  CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

HOT-WATER    APPARATUS  MANUFACTORY, 

KESSALL-GEEECf,   HaEBOW-EOAD,   LONDON. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  io  which  he  erects  all  kinrls  of  Green- 
houses, ConBervatories,  Forcing  Pits,  &c.,  and  all  other  build- 
ings for.  Horticultural  purposes,  combining  all  the  moat  modem 
impropemeots  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
heating  Horticultural  Buildiogs,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  4Ssc.,  has  received  the  greatest 
approba-ioD  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  had 
been  extensively  engaged. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  WorUs,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  beat  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.— A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointmeit  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R,  H.  Pfijscs  Albeet.  — ORNAMENT.AL  WATER 
FOWL,  coDsistingof  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
Chiiia,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese.  S>  hie  Id  rakes,  Pin- 
tail.  Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  goid-eyed  and  dnn  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  &c., 
domeBlica-ed  and  pinioned  :  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Mai  ly, 
Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  Fotvls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigd ;  and  at  3,  Half-moon 
Passage,  Gracechurch-atreet,  London. 

LONG    SUTTON    RAM    SHOW. 

MR.  JOHN  CLARKE  has  the  pleasure  to  inform 
his  Friends  and  the  Breeders  of  S  beep  that  his  SHOW 
of  RAMS  will  take  place  as  usual  on  Wed.vesday,  September 
the  3th,  OQ  which  day,  or  on  any  Fucceeding  Friday  during  the 
seaaon,  he  would  esteem  their  company  a  favour.  The  Kams 
will  be  penned  on  the  Wednesday,  at  1  o'clock,  and  Letting 
commence  at  2  o'clock  precisely. 

Convejances  will  be  provided  to  meet  the  12  o'clock  down 
train  at  the  Wisbech  station,  to  return  in  time  for  the  up  train 
at  5. 3  J. — Long  Su';ton,  Sept.  4. 

nPHE     ZOOLOGICAL     GARDENS,     REGENT'S 

-\  PARK.areopentoVisitorsdaily.  The  Collectii^n  now  con- 
tains upwHrds  of  1500  specimens, includin;;  two  fine  Chimpanzees, 
the  Hippopotamus  {preqented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Eirypr), 
Elephants,  Rhinoceros,  Giraffes,  and  youn^r  Leucoryx,  Elands, 
B'jnte-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Linns,  Tigers,  Ja^'uars,  Bears, 
Ostricbes.aodtheApteryxpreaentedbytheLienlenant-Governor 
of  Xe*P  Zealand.  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  -Mr.  Gould's 
collectioa  or  Humminsf  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Band  of  the  Ist  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permission 
of  Col.  Hall,  on  every  Saturday,  at  Pour  o'CIock,  until  further 
notice.— Admission,  One  Shilltno;  on  MONDAYS  Sixpence 


«  PUREKA.  — FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS 
■»—*  differ  from  other  patterns,  not  merely  in  shape  and 
design,  butin  their  great  euperiority  off!',  quality  of  ma  erial 
and  workmanship."— G^yvf,  April  12,  1S52.  The  Illustrated 
Price  Lists  containing  directions  for  self-measurement  and 
every  particular,  are  forwarded  post-free;  and  the  p«ttern- 
booka  ht  select  from,  of  the  New  Register,  d  Coloured  Shirting 
on:rcceipt  of  eU  stamps.  — RICHARD  FORD,  38  Poultry 
London. 


■|\/IECHI'S  RAZORS,  STROP,  AND  PASTE 
-!■'-•-  fjr  11  J.  1,  LEADESfliLUSTKEET,  London  Pair 
of  Raz  jrs,  7,!. ;  Strop,  3j.  6(2.  ;  Paste,  Cd.  The  Hazom  warranted, 
or  eicbanged  if  not  approred.  Tlwse  whg  And  sliafiog  painful 
aod  difficuic  will  do  well  to  try  the  above,  it  being  well  known 
that  MKCHI  has  been  eminentlj  euccessful  in  rendering 
■  harm;  an  eaiy  operation.  Superior  Sharing  Bruahes  NapI-8 
?'?.?'rw?2  "V^  "'■'.'"'^  "'  flrst-rate  quality  lor  the  Toiiet. 
»-AU  I  lO.N.— Do  not  buy  any  Strop  as  genuine  unless  MECll  I'S 
mine  u  on  it,  there  being  so  many  counierfeiis.  Elegant  Case 
01  hazors  for  presents  fron  2bi.  to  10  guineas.  Ivorv-handled 
aod  Scotch  Strops. 

rPHE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly. 

.V  .'°'?'"'?i  1"^  """"■  POxei-ful,  walBtco«.puche>.  Glass 
the  fUe  of  a  Walnnt,  to  discern  minate  objects  at  a  distance  of 
«  to  ^f  Ditltrs,  which  Is  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTI.NO 
"""ii^^uJUIS^^^'  G^'^TLEUEN.  and  OAMBKBEl'l-jltS  ' 
Vi^iL-  n  ^^'^  '"""^  impf»r:ant  INVtNlION 

io  TELb-OUPK.S,  poMe8«in?  auch  extraonliaary  powers  that 
Bome— 34  ioche»,  wiih  an  *xtra  eye-piece-»ii!  hhow  disiinctiy 
Jupiter  «  M'loo,  Hatum'i  Ilioy,  and  the  Double  stars  Thev 
■uperude  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes— f„r  the  wdiau 
coa'-p-.ck^t,  ^-^hootlntf.  Military  purposAS,  Ac.  Oijeru  aod 
Kacv-Ciurte  Olas«ea  with  wonderful  powem  ;  a  miuuto  obi-ct 
canb^ctfarlj  »een  from  JO  to  12  mtk-a  (iMtant.— Invaluable 
Acoustic  lafimmeDts  for  relief  of  (fztrcine  D.ufaesB. 

MBifie.  a  AMD   B.    80L0VI0N8,  OmciAM*  and  Aobuib 
39,  Albeinarle-atreot,  opposite  the  York  ilotrjl,  London. 


TTEAL  Sc  SON'-S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 

J  A  OF  BKD-4TEAD3,  f>ent  fre«  by  po«t.  o-mmin,  do..Kn» 
and  pricad  of  upward*  of  Oat  Hvaujii.i>  difTfiront  HtiiUiaiuia 
In  Iron,  JJra*B,  Japanned  Wood,  I'.,li(ihod  JJirch.  MatjoBony, 
Hotewood  and  Wfiltiut-troe  Wof>di;  uUo  tht-lr  IVIced  LUt  of 
BeddloK  ;  and  their  New  Wareroorjw  eaiblo  ihtm  to  kof.i,  one 
Of  each  dc»tf(n  fixed  for  lonpoctlon.  Tlj.:y  havu  hNo,  In  tiddi'lon 
^.^^'?i^  "',"■'  ■"*'='*■  *  «'■*'■"'  vfiricty  of  tliu  W»it  iU^.iiii.n  of 
PAH  MIAN  »EI>^TEAlja,b«tlila  Wood  onti  Iron,  which  th«y 
narejiiu  Imported. 

vj/'t**"  *'•**  ""■'■  ""''*«a'*  nn**  TlAdlng  VanafAotnMr*, 
w*,  l«.M»ait«fii  Cvurt  Hottd,  LoodoD. 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  p^uks  in  a  sponi^e  bath,  is  ad  mi  ably 
adapted  fur  summer  uie,  on  accnuot  of  its  extreme  coi>lne8a, 
and  which  can  be  changed  io  one  moment  from  a  bfd  to  a 
lounge  or  Fofa  for  tlie  Hittioii-room,  may  be  eeeo  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLEN'S,  7(>,  Oxford-street, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Mutallic  Bodsteadrt, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  &c.  Ac,  toge^hI^,r 
with  a  large  assortment  of  the  Patent  Radiating  und  other 
gtoves,  a*  d  every  other  description  of  Ironmoncery. 


DO  YOU  WANT  LUXURIANT  HAIR, 
WHISKERS,  «bc.  ?-Emilt  Dean's  CRINILENE  has 
been  many  years  established  as  the  only  prepjiratiou  that 
can  be  relief  upon  for  the  Restoration  of  the  Hairiu  BaldneKH 
from  any  cause,  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off,  strongtheniug 
weak  Hair,  and  checking  Greynees,  anJ  for  the  production  of 
Whiskers,  Mou'itachios,  Eyebrows,  d:c.,  in  three  or  four  weeks 
with  certainty.  It  is  ac  el-gintly  scented  compound,  and  will  be 
sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  2i  postage  stamps,  by  Miss  Dean, 
37  A,  Manchester-street,  Graj's-inn-road,  Loodoo.  At  ho  ne 
daily,  from  11  till  7. — "It  perfectly  restored  my  Hair  after 
seven  years'  baldness."  Major  Hine,  Jersey. —  "  Crinilene  is 
the  best  stimulant  for  the  hair  I  have  ever  analysed."  Dr. 
Thomson,  Regent-square. 


LADIES  TRAVELLING,  or  during  the  Drive,    the 
Aquatic  Excursion,   or  while  otherwise  exposed  to   the 
Bcorchiiig  rays  of  the  sun,  and  heated  partic'esof  dus*,  will  find 

ROWLANDS'  KALYDOR 
a  most  re'reshiiig  preparation  for  the  complexion,  dispelling 
the  c'oud  of  I'lngour  and  relaxation,  allaying  aU  heat  and 
irritability,  and  immeii.'tely  affordini^  the  pleasiug  sensation 
attending  restored  elasticity  and  healthful  state  of  the  ekio. 
Composed  ol  choice  exotics  ot  balaannic  nature,  uteily  tree 
from  all  mineral  admixture,  and  pleasing  and  deli^htfat  in  its 
effects,  Rowland's  KaLTDje  tends  to  neutral  se  the  efft^et^  of 
atmosphere  ujjon  the  skin,  and  to  promote  that  healMiy  action 
of  the  microscopic  vessels,  by  which  its  general  well-buing  and 
the  beauty  of  its  appearance  are  so  essentially  promoted 
Freckles,  Tan,  Spots,  Pimple?,  Flushes,  and  Discoloratioiis  fly 
before  Ub  application,  and  give  place  to  delicate  clearness  with 
the  glow  of  beauty  and  ot  bloom.  In  cases  ot  Sunburn,  or 
Stings  of  Insects,  its  viitues  have  long  been  acknowledged. 

Its  purifying  arid  lefresbing  properties  have  obtained  its 
selection  by  Royalty,  and  the  several  Codets  throughout 
Europe,  together  with  the  elite  of  the  Aristocracy. — Price 
4s.  ed.  and  Ss.  Gd.  per  bottle. 

CAnxroN. — The  viords  Rowlands'  Kaltdoe  are  on  the 
wrapper  of  each  bottle. 

Sold  by  A.  Rowland  and  Sonb,  20,  Hatton -garden,  London  ; 
and  by  all  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary  manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— Is.  An  Improved  Cluthes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  uiual  time,  and  incapable  of  injuring  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushee,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Ru^^. 
Stan  bristles, which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh. 
Brashes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  po  werf  u  I  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  preserved 
paluable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parlies'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
Binglet,  and  Co. 'a  Sole 'Establishment,  130  b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holles-atreet,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  per  box. 

Caution.  —  Beware  of  the  words  *'From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  by  some  houses. 


VALUABLE   REMEDIES    FOR   THE   AFFLICTED. 

DR.  ROBERTS'S  CELEBRATED  OINTMENT, 
called  the  POOR  MAN'S  FRIEND,  is  confidently  recomi 
mended  to  the  Public  as  an  nnfaiiing  remedy  for  Wounds  of 
every  description,  a  certain  cure  for  Ulcerutcd  Sore  Legs,  if  of 
20  years' standing ;  Cuts,  Burns,  Scalds,  Bruifles,  Chilblains, 
Scorbutic  Eruptions  and  Pimples  on  the  Face,  Sore  and 
Infl;imed  Eyes,  Sore  Heads,  Sore  Breasts,  Piles,  Fistal:i,  and 
Oanciirous  Humours,  and  is  a  specific  for  those  afflicting 
Eruptions  that  sometimes  follow  vaccjoatioQ.  Sold  in  pots  at 
Is.  Ihd.  and  23.  9d.  each. 

Also  his  PILULE  ANTISCROPHDL^,  confirmed  by  more 
than  40  years'  experience  to  be,  without  exception,  one  of  the 
best  alterative  medicines  ever  compounded  for  purifying  the 
Blood,  and  assisting  nature  in  all  her  operations.  Hence  they 
are  used  in  Scrofulas,  Scorbutic  Complaints,  Glandular 
Swellings,  particularly  those  of  the  Neck,  &c.  They  form  a 
mild  and  superior  Family  Aperient,  that  may  he  taken  at  all 
times  without  confinement  or  change  of  diet.  Sold  in  Boxes, 
at  Is.  Ud.,  2s.  dd.,  is.  Gd.,  Us.,  and  ^2s. 

Sold  Wholesale  by  the  Proprietors,  Beach  and  Baenicott, 
at  their  Dispensary,  Biidport ;  by  the  London  houses.  Retail 
by  all  respectable  Medicine  Vendors  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Obseeve. — No  Medicine  sold  under  the  above  name  cin 
possibly  be  genuine,  unless  "Beach  and  Baenioott,  late  Dr. 
Roberts,  Bridport,"  id  engraved  on  the  Government  Stamp 
affixed  to  each  package. 

PARR'S  LIFE  PILLS  ARE  ACKNOWLEDGED 
TO  BE  THE  BEST  MEDICINE  IN  THE  W0RL1>.— 
Economy  should  be  practised  in  all  things,  but  more  p  irticu- 
larly  in  matters  of  Medicine.  The  restoration  to  heaiih  has 
generally  been  purchased  at  a  costly  price  ;  and  certainly  if 
liealth  could  not  be  procured  at  any  other  rate,  a  costly  price 
should  n'>t  be  an  object  of  scruple.  But  where  is  the  wisdom, 
where  is  the  economy  in  spending  vast  aums  on  a  physician's 
attendance,  when  hOund  health  and  long  life  may  be  ensured 
by  the  cheap,  aafe,  and  simple  remedy  of  Paee's  Life  Pills  ! 

TO     LADIES. 

pAEa's  Life  Pills  are  especially  efficacixius  in  all  the  variety 
of  ailments  incident  to  the  Fuir  Sex.  Lidiea  even  of  the  most 
delicate  constitutionn  will  find  them  particularly  btineficia] 
both  before  aod  after  confinement;  and  for  general  uho  in 
Schools  they  cannot  be  too  strongly  recommended.  They 
mildly  and  speedily  remove  all  Skin  Eruptions,  Sailowness  ol 
Complexion,  Nervous  Irritability,  Sick  Head-wcho,  Depression 
of  Spirits,  Irregularity,  or  general  derangement  of  Uie  byntem. 

Sold  by  Hunnay  and  Co.,  and  Sanger,  Oxford-ttrcot ;  E. 
EdwardH,  07,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  ;  Uiirciay  and  Sons,  Far. 
ringdon-Btroet ;  Sutton  and  Co.,  Bow  Churchyard,  London. 
Price  li.lXd.,  '2s.i)d.,  aod  family  packets  11«.  each  ;  and  by 
all  Cbemi»ts, 


RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 
I  \U.  JjESIjIE    ('ontiimcs   to  supply  tlie  atihctcd  with 

-L/  hirt  colcbrfitcd  U*iini;dy  for  thin  alarming  complaint,  (h« 
great  HUcoCfH  of  which,  fur  miiny  yearn  piiat,  rondora  any 
furthfir  Comment  unno'icHtary.  It  fa  uawy  and  palnlcai  ifi  uho, 
causing  no  inconvenience  or  ('ooflnemnnt,  and  in  appUcablo  to 
nvory  vnrloty  of  ninglo  and  double  Rupture,  howcvi-r  bad  or 
of  long  Btaniiiiig,  In  male  or  female  of  nny  og«.  Thi-  rcmi-dy 
will  be  BMiit,  pott  fr.ie,  on  receipt  of  7a.  (id.  by  Poat-  IHcc  ordtM, 
pnyable  at  tim  Oeiiernj  PuhcoUIco,  or  jiOBtiige  (iifttii[.H,  by  Dr. 
ilEiBEET  l.r.nur.,  ;i7  a,  ManclieMtcr.Htreot,  Onij'n-itin-roHd, 
London.  — At  h.-mo  dally,  from  10  till  1  and  fl  till  S  o'clock ; 
tiuiidoH  lU  tUll  ou'y. 


.Sales  fay  Auction. 

NOaBITOM  NUR^IERT. 
IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  AMERICAN  X  OTHER  PLANTS. 
VjESSRS.    PR(JTMER0E     and     MOKRIS     liave 

i'J  receive!  instructions  from  Mr.  Smith,  the  celebrated 
raiser  of  American  Plants,  to  submit  to  public  c^<mpetitlon  by 
Auc  ion,  an  the  Nur,rry,  Norbiton,  Kingston,  Surrey  oa 
MONDAY,  Septemb.r  2i),  at  11  for  12  o'clock  precisely  In 
consequence  ot  the  number  of  Lota,  a  considerable  qu  mtity  of 
Scarlet.  Yellow,  aod  otber  fin-  Hybrid  Rhi-dodendroDs,  com- 
prising large  Arbor^a,  Smithii,  Veuu^tum,  Ked  and  White 
Maximum,  and  other  har.ly  kinds,  incluiiing  Dr.  (looker'u 
Sikkiai  speciew  ;  also  large  Camellias  and  Azalea  Indica,  well 
set  with  bio  m  hud'i ;  ICilmlas,  large  Laurtls,  Lautestinus 
Litium  lanciUliu  i  in  varieti'.-s,  Roses  in  pot^,  &c.  'I'he  stock 
is  i-articular'y  worthy  the  atteation  of  Noblemeu  and  Centle- 
inen  improving  their  colUction,  as  well  as  the  Trade,  for  its 
excellence, — May  be  viuwed  prior  to  the  sa'e.  Catalogues  may 
be  had  on  application  to  Mr,  Smith,  on  the  premises;  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers 
American  Nursery,  Leytonslone,  Essex,  * 


UXBRIDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 

NURSERY,    SEED,  AND    FL0RI3  FS"    BU.^ISESS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  are  directed 
by  the  Tru'itee  for  Sale  and  Mortgagee,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Barthulomew-lane,  early  in  October,  in  one  Lot 
{if  not  previously  disposed  of  by  private  contr;ict),  the  valuable 
Leases  and  Goodwill  of  the  UXBRIDGE  NURSERY,  which 
has  been  e&tablishfd  upwards  of  i'O  years  ;  also  the  whole  of 
the  celebrated  NURSERY  STOCK,  riding  over  from  12  to  13 
acres,  comprising  Fruit  and  Forest  Treesof  the  first  description, 
and  rich  assortment  of  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees, 
Deciduous  Shrubs,  and  American  PI  .ntf- ;  together  with  the 
Sreenhouses,  and  the  Choice  Greenhouse  Plants,  Pits,  Frames, 
Seeds,  Drawers,  and  sundry  effects.  Particulars,  which  are 
being  prepared,  may  be  had  of  Messrs.  Tdotin  an  1  Patebson, 
Solicitors,  4,  Biide-court,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars;  and 
of  Messrs,  PaiTHEEoE  and  Moaais,  Aucioneers  and  Valuers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


STOCK    AND    CROPS    OF    A    MARKET    GARDENER. 

MESSRS.  DAVIES  and  VIGERS  have  been 
instructed  by  the  Proprietor  to  sell  by  Amotion  on  the 
premises.  Lawn-lane,  South  Lambeth,  on  TUESDAY.  21et  of 
September,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  the  whole  of  the  STOCK  and 
CROPS  on  the  Land,  with  a  large  quantity  of  Rhubarb  roots 
of  the  best  varieties.  Mint-roots  for  forcing.  Boxes  and  Lights, 
Hand-glasses  and  Bells,  Baskets,  a  quantity  of  Manure,  a 
Dennett  nearly  new.  Light  Chaise  Carts  and  Market  Carts 
and  Wheelbarrows.  A  young  and  active  Cart  Gelding.  G  years 
old,  a  handsome  Nag  15  hands  high,  6  years  old,  and  very  fast, 
and  a  variety  of  useful  and  valuable  property.  To  be  viewed 
the  day  before  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on 
the  premi.sea  ;  of  Mr.  J.  Bell,  Covent  Grird.-n  Market;  of 
Mr.  Inglhdew,  Borough  Market;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
3,  FrddericU's-plac(\  Old  Jewry. 
N.B.  Time  will  be  allowed  for  clearing  the  Rhubarb  roots. 


TO  FLORISTS  AND  GARDENERS,   ETC. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  a  compact  FLORIST'S 
BUSINESS,  with  four  small  GreenhouscR,  Frames, 
Lights,  Stock-in-trade,  d:c.  Thepremiies  are  ^ituated  in  one 
of  the  leading  thoroughf>ires  into  London,  and  iu  the  midat  of 
a  highly  respectable  neighbourhood,  about  3  miUs  distant  from 
London-br  dge.  An  industrious  Mao,  with  a  email  capital, 
will  find  this  an  excellent  opportunity. — Apply,  by  letter  only, 
to  A.  B.,  2,  Tbomas.place,  Stockwell-izreen,  Surrey. 


NURSERY,     SEED,    AND     FLORIST     BUSINESS 

HOPE  NURSERIES,  NEAR  BEDALE,  YORKSaiRE. 

Situate  one  mile  north  ot  the  Sinrlerby  Station  cf  the  Leeds 

Northern  Railway, 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  Business  which  has 
been  suciCisfuUy  carried  on  by  the  late  Mr.  Wm.  Mat 
upwards  of  25  years.  The  premises  compriae  4i)  acres,  2G  of 
which  are  occupied  as  Nurseries,  with  Snow  and  Propagating 
Houses  containing  300(1  feet  of  Glass.  Part  of  the  purchase 
money  might  remain. — Apply  to  Mr.  BEVBRLEr.  L*dB. 


ryO  BE  DISPOSED    OF,  a  first-rate   NURSERY 

J-  and  SEED  BUSINESS,  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
populous  of  the  Midland  Towns,  and  surrounded  by  a  wealthy 
neighbjurh.^od.  The  connection  has  been  established  3i)  j  ears, 
and  the  returns  are  now  averaging  200Ui.  per  annum.  Part  of 
the  purchase  money  might  remain  ou  eecurity  of  the  stock. — 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  to  Messrs,  Noble,  Cooper,  and  Bolton, 
Fleet-street,  London. 

•yO    BE    DISPOSED    OF,    the    BUSINESS    and 

i-  STOCK  of  a  well-established  KURStiRY,  adjoining  a 
large  town,  comprising  a  Seed  Shop,  with  everything 
appertainiag  thereto.  Five  Greenhouses,  and  a  Nursery  well 
stocked  with  good  useful  stuff.  The  Advertiser,  being  desirous 
to  part  with  the  above,  would  dispose  of  the  whole  for  350J, 
Po?<8CB3ion  to  be  had  in  September. — For  further  particulars, 
address  M.  W.,  Office  of  thi^  Paper. 


i^O  BE  LET,  for  a  term,  at  Michaelmas  next,  a 
FARM,  thiee  miles  from  Uxbrid>ie,  and  between  ihe 
Great  Western  and  North  Western  Railways,  and  15  miles 
from  Oxford-street  and  Piccadilly.  It  consists  of  about 
515  Acres,  of  wliioh  rather  less  than  half  are  Grass.  A  con- 
siderable  part  ot  the  Laud  has  been  draiued  within  the  last 
lewjears.  The  Shooting,  which  has  been  btricily  preserved, 
may  be  bad  with  the  farm.  The  house  is  a  lage  and  com- 
modious fimiiy  residence,  within  a  iew  minuteK'  walk  of  tho 
church.— To  view  the  farm,  apply  to  Mr.  E.  Powell,  Eastoote, 
near  Pinner,  Middlesex. 

SUSSEX. 

TO  BE  LET,  a  Farm  of  about  220  acres,  which 
has  received  a  very  largj  oulliiy  in  pipe  draiiiage  and 
improvements,  situate  about  l'.i  miles  from  the  Balcombe 
Sta'ion  on  the  Biighton  Railway;  «ith  a  gtiod  Family 
UeHi'lencf,  two  Lubouiers'  Cottages,  modurn  and  txcelleot 
Farm  Buildings,  and  the  right  of  hh  toting.  Pos-session  to  be 
had  at  MlchaelinaH  next.  For  further  pariicul.irs  and  terms, 
apply  to  Messrs.  Davies  and  ViOEas,  Land  and  Estate  AgeatS, 
iNo.  3,  Frederii;k'B-p!aco,  Old  Jewry,  London. 

HOLLOWAY'S  PILLS  FOR  DEBILITATED 
CONSilTUnONS,  DISORDERtJO  LlVhR,  and  INDl- 
liESTlON.— Tho  wonderful  flUcacy  of  tlii-  hi.lutary  modicino 
ind  the  KOod  cff<jcts  produced  on  patients  sull'iring  from  dlaeasea 
of  ho  Sttimm.h,  Livor  Oiiinp'iiintx,  Kilo,  ami  imligoHtion,  tiro 
nlinov  iiii-.rodlblo  If  they  worouot  confirmed  by  diiil.v  proofHOf  tho 
CUIUS  tffoctud  by  ihum,  und  titc  ptrnuinLin.  bi-intit  dirlv,  d  from 
(hidr  use.  Tho  exhilarating  projiorties  ot  tlnhc  invniuublo  Pills 
entirely  biiniHh  all  nervnUHncMH  from  tlie  HybLuiii,  sirtmgtheii 
the  lono  of  tho  Stomach,  and  thereby  jironion  cllget.tlnn.  All 
puntMUH  Buifcring  from  jttopHy  Hhould  uhb  llolhuiay's  Pills,  ai 
liey  are  the  moflt  Bufo  and  curtahi  remedy  ever  known  for 
Imr  dreadful  malady.  Sold  by  all  Druggists,  and  at  Piofesbor 
HoLLoWAx'j  HBtub'l'h'nout,  244,  Strand,  London. 


vx^cvrmtNjcKO     uHKumULE    AND' AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.         [Skpt.  4. 


JAMES    PHILLIPS    &    CO. 


AGENTS  FOR  THE  SALE  OF 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH    PLATE    GLASS, 

FOR     HORTICULTURAL     PURPOSES,     ONE-EIGHTH     OF     AN     INCH     THICK, 

SPECIMENS  OF  WHICH  WERE  SHOWN  AT  THE  GREAT  EXHIBITION,  AND  OBTAINED  THE  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Respectfully   leg   to   submit  the  following  extracts  m  favour  of  Hartlefs   Patent  Rough  Plate   Glass  in  a  detailed  form,  partly  from  the 


Gardeners'  Chronicle,  and  from  letters  addressed  to  them:' 


"  We  incline  to  the  belief  that  no  glass  has  ever  been  made 
which  is  flo  well  adapted  for  hothouse  roofs  as  the  '  Patent 
Rough  Plate,'  manufactured  by  Mr.  Hartley.  This  glasg  in 
prepared  by  rolling,  which  destroys  transparency  without 
dimiiiishing  translucency— it  is  slightly  rouRh  on  the  surface, 
which  has  the  important  effect  of  dispersing  the  sun's  rays 
instead  of  concentrating  them.  *  •  ♦  Ic  readers  a  fihade 
superfluous  in  summer,  and  we  do  not  expect  that  it  will  inter- 
cept any  material  amount  of  light  in  winter;  we  believe, 
indeed,  that  light  passes  through  it  as  freely,  though  nut  as 
directly,  as  through  transparent  glass.  The  mei-a  fact  of  its 
rendering  a  't-hade*  loue  of  the  worst  of  a  gardenei's 
nuisances)  unnecesBary.  gives  the  'Patent  Rough  Plafo*  a 
great  value  in  our  eyes."— t/drtZeders'  Clironide,  Aug.  I"-,  1818. 

"It  is  now  six  months  since  the  fitness  of  Hartley's  Patent 
Rough  Plate  Glass  to  supersede  the  common  sheet  was  sug- 
gested in  these  columns.  The  impossibility  of  obtaining  th^.' 
latter  with  any  certainty  that  it  will  not  burn  the  leaver 
beneath  it,  had  bi-come  notorious,  and  cheap  Rough  Plate  was 
suggested  as  a  eubsiitute.  Thid  kind  of  glass  is  made  of  the 
same  materials  as  sheet,  hut  by  a  very  different  process. 
Instead  of  being,  in  the  tirft  instance,  blown  into  the  form  of  a 
cylinder  or  '  muif.'  then  slit  and  liattened— a  diificult  process, 
incapable  of  mailing  it  level  or  iVee  from  large  irregular  lenses 
—Rough  Plate  id  at  once  rolled  into  plates,  and  left  with  an 
irregular  granulated  surface,  which  breaks  and  bends,  and 
separates  the  rays  of  light  as  they  pass  through  i^,  thus  render- 
ing their  concentnition,  and  the  burning  consequent  upon  it, 
impossible.  But  it  was  oljected  by  those  whose  opinion  in  all 
practical  matters  hart  deservedly  the  greatest  weight,  that, 
although  ibis  Hough  Glass  mij^ht  be  suitable  for  glazed  struc- 
tures in  the  summer,  it  couid  not  be  safely  employed  in  winter, 
'because  of  the  small  quantity  of  light  that  was  able  to  pa^B 
through  it,'  and  that,  therefore,  any  advantage  that  might 
attend  it  in  one  season  would  be  counterbalanced  at  another. 
This  was  entireiy  at  variance  with  our  own  opinion  ;  we  saw 
no  difference  in  the  quantity  of  lit^ht  that  passed  through  ;  on 
the  contrary,  the  amount  appeared  to  be  the  same  in  ijotb 
cases,  the  difference  being  that,  by  rough  plate,  light  was 
dispersed,  and,  by  common  sheet,  concentrated,  or,  at  least,  not 
iuteriered  with  by  dinpersion.  It  was,  however,  felt  that  tlie 
objections  taken  by  the  former  would  be  better  answered  by  au 
experiment  than  by  any  man's  opinion;  and  therefore  tiie 
Garden  Cummittee  directed  it  to  be  tried  in  the  garden  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  at  Chiswick.  For  this  purpose  a  small 
pit,  unventilated,  except  by  sliding  the  sashes,  and  heated  by 
hot-water  pipey,  was  selected.  In  the  last  week  of  August  thi^ 
pit  wa^  filled  with  eott-wooded  plants,  which  can  only  be  kept 
in  health  in  the  presence  of  a  large  quantity  of  light,  among 
which  were  the  following,  viz.: — The  Begonias  odorata, 
undulata,  argyrostigma,  and  dicbotonia ;  Torenia  asiatica, 
Pentaa  carnea,  Adiimia  nylvatica,  Calostylis  aurantiaca,  and 
Achimenes  picta.  The  four  begonias,  Calostylis,  Adainia,  and 
Pentas  had  been  cut  close  back,  and  were  leatless,  Torenia 
was  a  cutting  just  struck,  and  of  Aeliimenes  the  dry  tubers 
were  employed.  The  experiment  was  thus  set  in  action,  without 
any  special  care  having  been  raken  to  make  it  succeed  ;  on  the 
contrary,  everything  was  against  success.  It  is  needless  to 
say  that  the  months  of  October,  November,  and  December, 
184S,  were  more  than  usuully  gloomy,  and  that  neither 
January  nor  February  off-red  any  advantage  over  those  monihe 
in  ordinary  years.  In  addition  to  thip,  it  was  often  necessary 
to  leave  the  plants  in  the  dark  all  day  long,  in  consequence  of 
the  sashes  being  covered  with  frozen  mats,  which  could  not  be 
removed.  Nevertheless,  and  notwithstanding  these  impedi- 
ments, the  experiment  was  perfectly  successful.  On  Tuesday 
last,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  Mr.  Gordon, 
to  whom  the  experiment  was  confided,  produced  the  plants 
above  named  in  the  most  beautiful  health,  with  firm  short 
wood — broad,  thick, clean,  bright.greenleaves,  andintbecaseof 
the  Gesnera  and  Pentas,  flowers  perfect  in  colour,  bize,  and  form . 
In  short,  it  may  be  said,  without  the  least  exaggeration,  that 
more  perfect  esiimples  of  hii.'h  cul'ivation  were  never  seen,  and 
few  so  perfect.  It  was  clear  that  there  had  been  no  deficiency  ot 
any  elementor  condiiion  which  is  required  for  the  most  peifect, 
health.  This  conclusive  proof  of  the  excellence  of  Rough  Plate 
Glass  possesses  the  highest  agricultural  interest.  IT  SIIO  WS 
THAT  GARDCNERS  ARE  NOW  SECURED  EFFECTUALLY 
FROM  THE  SCOHCUINi}  EFFECTS  OF  THE  SUN  DURING 
SUMMER,  AND  THAT  AIL  THE  COSTLY,  AS  WELL  AS 
INCONVENIENT  CONTRIVANCES  FOR  SHADING,  MAY 
BE,  IN  FUTURE,  DISL»ENSED  WITH.  A  gentleman  of  our 
acquaintance  has  lately  been  called  upon  to  pay  for  shading  a 
sint;le  span-roofed  house  no  lees  a  sum  than  60^,,  which  is 
little  less  than  the  cost  of  the  whole  glass  roof.  Had  the 
value  of  Rough  Plate  Glass  been  known  only  nine  months  ago, 
his  vexatious  outlay  mif^ht  have  been  avoided.  Such  glass 
does  all  that  a  screen  can  do,  and  no  light  is  intercepted. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  ihat  the  result  of  the  experiment  now 
detailed  will  be  the  abandonment  of  transparent  sheet  glass  in 
gardening,  and  that  every  hand-glass,  sash,  roof,  or  screen, 
hereafter  to  be  erected,  will  be  glazed  with  Rough  Plate.  In 
many  cases,  indeed,  it  would  be  worth  while  to  unglaze  the 
south  side  of  houses,  and  to  substitute  Hough  Plate,  reserving 
•  the  former  glass  for  repairs  of  the  north  side.  It  is,  however, 
to  be  understood  that  the  glass  in  question  is  NUT  common 
Rouf;:li  Plate,  which  is  too  heavy  and  expensive,  but  a 
PATENT,  THIN,  ROUGH  PLATE."— Gtfrdeners'  Chroniole, 
Feb.  24,  1849. 

"  I  learn,  with  satisfaction,  that  a  substitute  for  Sheet  Glass 
is  likely  to  be  found  in  Roujjh  Plate,  and  I  hope  soon  to  see  all 
plant  structures  glazed  with  it."— Extract  from  a  Letter  sii/ned 
•' Beta."— Gardeners'  Lhronicle,  Feb.2<i,  1S4D. 

"  I  am  of  opinion,  that  for  all  the  common,  and  probibly  most 
of  the  general  purposes  of  gardening,  the  Rough  Plate  Glass 
will  be  found  invaluable."— ie((er  from  James  Diaican,  Basing 
Park. — Gardeners'  Chron'ic'.e,  May  lid,  1819. 

"  la  confirmation  of  the  remarks  you  have  made  in  favour 
of  Rough  Plate  Glass,  and  for  the  encouragement  of  those 
who  are  doubtful  whether  It  will  answer  or  not  for  general 
horticultural  purposes,  I  wish  to  state  that  my  employer  had 
the  roofs  of  a  small  stove  and  greenhouse  glazed  with  it  last 
autumn,  anrt  that  the  plants  wliich  are  growing  in  them  look 
remarkably  well.  *  •  *  I  was  doubtful  whether  it  would 
be  suitable  for  forcing,  baton  trying  a  quantity  of  Geraniums, 
Petunias,  ic,  under  it,  I  feel  confident  it  will  answer  this 
purpose  equally  as  well  as  other  glass,  and  with  less  trouble 
and  expense,  for,  being  bo  thick,  le=3  lire  is  required  to  keep 


up  a  suitable  temperature;  LESS  FIRING,  NO  SHADING, 
AND  LESS  GENERAL  ATTRNTION,  TOGETHER  WITH 
THE  PLEASURE  OF  HAVING  THE  PLANTS  LONGER 
IN  BLOOM,  are  advantages  not  to  be  overlooked,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  satisfaction  experienced  in  seeing  plants  of  a 
beautiful  dark  green  colour,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  fear  of 
having  them  scorched. "~Let(er /*'0»i  J.  Marshall,  Gardener  to 
Archibald  iforthington,  Esq.,  the  Mount,  Whitchurch,  Salop. 

Letter  to  Gardeners'  Chronicte.  from  James  Roberts.  Gardener  to 
the  Duke  of  Cleveland,  Raby  Castle,  October  20,  1819.— "Since 
this  sort  of  ghiss,  so  tiighly  recommended  in  your  columns, 
has  answe'-ed.  British  Sheet,  21  oz.  and  upwards,  is  losing 
ground,  and  not  without  reason.  I  have  tried  it  on  a  small 
seale  this  season,  against  common  crown  and  16  oz.  sheet  for 
the  growth  of  Melons  ;  it  has  answered  well  ;  it  superseded  by 
far  the  16  oz,  sheet,  but  I  could  not  perceive  any  difference 
betwixt  it  and  crown,  as  far  as  the  growth  of  the  plants  and 
maturity  of  the  fruit  were  concerned.  The  Rough  Plate  and 
Crown  were  put  in  a  six-light  Macphail  pit,  three  lights  of 
each,  side  by  side.  Eight  lights  glazed  with  the  16  oz.  sheet 
occupied  a  separate  range,  but  they  showed  no  comparison 
with  the  above  as  regards  the  health  and  vigour  of  the  foliaee, 
&c.,  both  pita  receiving  the  same  treatment.  THE  PRO- 
PERTIES POSSESSED  BY  ROUGH  PLATE  IN  DIFFUSING 
LIGHT  ARE  ASTONISHING." 

"If  it  can  be  shown  that  Cape  and  New  Holland  plants 
flourish  as  well  under  this  glass  as  under  the  Sheet  Glass 
during  the  winter  months,  I  can  see  a  decided  advantage  in 
the  Rough  Plate  during  the  summer  months  of  the  year." 
— Letter  from  J.  S.  H,  H  ^  Eenbv.ry  Hill.— Gardeners'  Chronicle, 
Nou.  17,  1819. 

"  I  have  a  very  high  opinion  of  the  Rough  Plate  for  plant 
growing,  and  thick  it  would  bo'h  admit  sufficient  light  and 
obviate  the  necessity  of  shading." — Extract  of  letter  from  Mr, 
J'xmcs  Roberts,  Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Cleveland,  Raby  CabUe. 

'*  We  have,  fur  some  time  past,  occasionally  piiinted  out  the 
value  of  Rough  Plate  Glass  for  garden  buildmgs,  in  conse- 
quence  of  its  superiority  to  Sheet  Glass  as  a  medium  through 
which  light  is  admitted  in'o  plant-houses.  Continued  expe- 
rience leaves  US  no  room  to  doubt  that  this  is  the  beat  material 
yet  produced,  and  that  it  will  in  time  supersede  glass  of  all 
other  kinds  for  the  greater  part  of  gardening  purposes.  *  -p  * 
As  for  the  article  substituted  for  Rough  Plate,  and  which  is 
actually  in  the  market  for  the  purpose  of  imposing  upon 
gardeners,  it  is  wholly  unfit  fur  any  horticultural  purpose. 
The  best  samples  of  it  which  we  have  vec  seen  is  sold  by  Mr. 
JAMES  PHILLIPS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STRBET.  Among 
other  attempts,  is  one  to  persuade  buyers  that  thin  and  genuine 
Rough  Plate,  one-eighih  of  an  inch  thick,  cannot  be  made  ; 
and,  consequently  to  compel  the  public  to  buy  a  thicker  glass, 
at  a  hik'her  price.  There  is  no  truth  in  the  statement,"  3sc. — 
From  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Deo.  8,  1319. 

"  I  am  quite  satisfied  whh  it  (Patent  Rough  Plate)  in  every 
way,  and  have  no  doubt  of  its  superiority  over  every  other 
kind  of  glass.  •  •  »  One  thing  I  find  certain,  that  it  will 
bear  very  rough  handling,  without  breaking  or  cracking." — 
Mr.  T.  Ward,  Bailtam  Mill,  Surrey,  Dec.  16,  1849. 

"As  far  as  my  experience  has  as  yet  go  oe,  your  Patent 
Rough  Plate  Glass,  which  I  have  used  in  my  greenhouse  and 
Vinery,  answers  very  well  ;  AND.  NOTWITHSTANDING  ITS 
WANT  OF  TRANSPARENCY,  THERE  IS  MORE  LIGHT  IN 
THE  HOUSE  THAN  BEFORE,  ft  <■  «  I  OBSERVED  NO 
BURNING  OF  THE  PLANTS,  NEITHER  DID  MY  ^i^V^- 
DY^^EK."—N.  Hihbert,  Esq.,  Munden  Mouse,  Watfo)-d,  Dec.ll, 
1849. 

"  ViNEflY  AND  Coir.HonsE. — I  have  just  started  something 
novel  in  a  glazed  cow-house,  wliich  it  has  occurred  to  me  you 
might  like  to  hear  of.  The  cow-house  is  95  feet  long,  span, 
roofed,  the  roof  being  made  the  same  as  for  slating,  but  the 
ratters  rebated.  It  is  glaztd  with  Hartley's  patent-rolled  plate 
in  panes  24  inches  long  by  29  inches  wide,  eo  that  it  is  very 
light.  An  iron  bar  is  run  across  midway  between  the  ridge 
and  the  eaves,  to  supply  the  place  of  a  purlin.  The  roof  cost 
a  few  pounds  more  only  than  slate.  Very  ample  ventilation  is 
provided  for,  all  round  the  house,  by  a  ventilator  along  the 
whole  ridge.  Vines  are  planted  in  front  of  the  house  at  every 
two  feet  (the  distance  between  the  rafters),  and  it  is  presumed 
that  the  shade  from  these,  and  au  abundant  supply  of  fresh 
air,  will  prevent  the  cattle  from  suffering  from  heat,  even  in 
the  height  of  summer.  There  will  not  be  much  escape  of 
ammonia,  as  gypsum  diluted  with  sulphuric  acid  will  be  used 
on  the  floor  ;  and  if  some  little  does  rise,  probably  it  will  be 
of  service  to  the  Vines,  I  have  been  a  good  deal  twitted  as  to 
bow  I  mean  to  prevent  the  farm  people  from  helping  them- 
selves to  the  Grapes,  but  with  an  honest  cowman  who  may 
keep  the  key  in  his  pocket,  that  is  surely  an  easy  matter.  For 
the  first  two  years,  until  the  border  Vines  bear,  the  house  will 
be  supplied  with  pot  Vines." — T.  W.  Latvford,  Llandilo,  South 
Wales. — Gardeners'  Chronic'.e,  March  30,  186U. 

"Out  of  the  whole  quantity  of  the  glass  you  sent  me,  not 
one  pane  was  broken.  My  opinion  of  your  glass  is,  that  not 
only  can  it  not  be  surpaeaed,  but  it  cannot  be  equalled  by  any 
other  person.  I  have  never  seen  any  before,  or  siuee,  so  good. 
Allow  me  again  to  offer  my  best  thanks  for  your  great  civility 
and  kindness  in  attending  to  my  various  orders  ;  and  you  may 
rely  on  it,  if  I  iiave  it  in  my  power  to  be  of  any  assistance  to 
you,  I  will  at  all  times  most  readily  bear  my  testimony  to  the 
excellent  qualities  of  your  glass,  and  the  great  attention  you 
pay  lo  any  orders  that  may  be  given  to  you." — From  the  Rev. 
J.  WiUs,  Jun.,  ^oulh  Perrott,  Crewkcme,  April25,  1349. 

"  One  word  as  regards  the  condition  of  Rough  Plate,  after 
two  years'  use ;  if  there  be  any  change  at  all,  it  becomes  to  the 
eye  somewhat  more  transparent.  It  has  no  greater  affinity 
for  dirt  than  any  other  glass,  nor  am  I  conscious  of  i's  pos- 
sessing  any  disadvantage  peculiar  to  itself.  I  do  not  remember 
to  have  seen  a  leaf  scorched  or  burnt  under  this  glase."- j3"., 
Bristol. — Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Nov. 29, 1851, 

"  I  can  speak  with  some  confidence  of  the  merits  of  Hart- 
ley's  Rough  Plate,  from  atrial  of  one  year.  In  Sept.  1850,  I 
built  a  new  house,  and  glazed  it  with  Hartley's  glass,  and  it 
has  FAR  EXCEEDED  MY  EXPECTATION.  The  light  is 
gently  diffused  ;  it  neuer  scorches,  and  requires  no  shading  (no 
slight  merit  during  ihe  last  hot  summer),  and  the  forced 
Strawberries  in  the  spring  ripened  a  FORTNIGHT  EARLIER 
than  those  in  an  atfjoiiHJi^r  /iottsc  glazed  with  small  sheet  glass. 
I  have  since  built  another  house  this  autumn,  and  glazed  it 
with  Hartley's  glass —  so  safn^Jled  am  I  tvith  its  excellence.  Its 
rough  surface  has  no  tendency  to  become  dirty." — J.  J.  C,  Fair 
Oak.— Gar  demurs'  Chronicle,  Noo.  29, 1851, 


"  I  happen  to  have  from  4000  to  5000  feet  of  vineries  glazed 
with  21.0Z.  sheet,  which  was  procured  fiom  a  first-rate  firm, 
but  I  have  n&ver  been  able  to  get  over  a  season  without  tlie  foliage 
of  my  Vines  being  dreadfuUy  burnt.  I  have  had  Camellias  burnt 
under  it  7  feet  from  the  roof.  Now  a  word  as  to  the  merits  of 
Rough  Plate.  At  the  present  time  I  have  nearly  3000  feet  of  it 
in  use,  and  I  am  so  far  satisfied  of  its  superiority,  not  only 
over  sheet-glas?,  but  also  over  all  other  kinds  of  glass  for 
horticultural  purposes,  that  for  whatever  is  to  re-glaze  or 
erect  new  here,  I  will  adopt  it  without  hesitation.  I  use  it  for 
plant  culture.  Melons,  Cucumbers,  propagating,  dtc. ;  and 
perhaps  no  one  regrets  more  than  I  do  that  I  cannot  replace 
the  sheet  in  my  vineries  with  it.  It  is  a  rtiisfaA't;  to  suppose- 
that  it  obstructs  light ;  on  the  contrary,  it  collects  and  diffuses  it 
better  than  the  clearest  Sheet  or  Crown  Glass.  Another 
advantage  which  it  possesses  is,  that  there  is  lU)  scorching  and 
no  shading.  As  to  this  kind  of  glass  becoming  dirty,  that  has 
not  happened  here  :  there  are,  however,  many  samples  of  glass 
in  the  market,  called  Rough  Plate,  lohich  I  would  ?iot  use.  It 
effects  a  saving  of  fuel,  and  is  proof  agtinst  the  severest 
storms."- James  Roberts,  gardener  to  tlie  Duke  of  Cleveland, 
Raby  Caitle,  Nov.  28.—Garde7i€r3'  Chronicle,  Deo,  6,  1S51. 

'*  It  may  interest  some  of  your  readers  to  know  that,  last 
winter,  I  re-glazed  with  '  Haetley's  Ronoa  Plate,'  a  vinery 
which  had  previously  been  glazed  with  sheet  glass,  and  which 
gave  occasion  to  the  complamts  I  formerly  made  against  that 
article.  The  vinery  is  a  large  house,  with  a  flat  roof, 
requiring  nearly  1000  feet  of  glass,  and  during  the  last  summer 
it  has  answered  every  expectation  Txvas  led  to  hope  from  its  use  i 
and  I  have  much  pleasure  in  adding  my  testimony  to  its  good 
properties  and  adap  ation  to  most  gardening  purposes."— Joftn 
Spencer,  gardener  to  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  Bowojd,  £>eo,  2 ^ 
—  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Dec.  6,  1851. 

"  I  have,  for  the  last  3  years,  had  a  large  quantity  of  PineSv 
and  a  variety  of  Stove  plants,  growing  under  Hartley's  Patent 
Rough  Plate  Glass.  During  the  hottest  sunshine  I  have  never- 
required  shade,  and  the  plants  have  grown,  especially  the  Pines, 
with  a  health  and  vigour  that  I  have  neoer  seen  surpassed.  No- 
instances  ut scorching  have  occurred,  nor  has  the  glass  become 
dirty.  I  never  would  use  any  other  kind  of  glass  for  liorticiUturaZ 
purposes." — Tirydail. — Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Dec,  6,  1861. 

*'  The  south  side  of  the  roof  of  the  plant-stove  here  was 
glazed  with  Haetley's  Patent  Rodgh  Plate,  in  panes  30  by 
7,  three  years  ago  ;  and  from  my  experience  of  it,  I  consider  it 
superior  to  sheet  glass  in  many  respects.  All  the  plants  that 
I  have  grown  under  Rough  Plate  possess  a  richer  hue  than  the 
same  kinds  grown  under  sheet  glass.  The  light  transmitted 
through  Rough  Plate  is  as  powerful  as  that  through  sheet  or 
crown  glass  ;  and  it  is  of  a  better  quality  than  sheet  glass  gives, 
I  consider  that  this  description  of  glass  is  a  boon  to  the  horti- 
culturist, as  the  obligation  to  s/«ide,  to  save  plants  from  the 
scorching  propensities  of  sheet  glass,  at  a  time  when  you 
require  the  sun-light  upon  them,  is  a  very  serious  disadvantage.'*' 
— Henry  Bundy,  gardener  to  Lord  Dynevor, — Gardeners'  CJironiclej^ 
Dec.  5,  1851. 

"We  have  more  letters  to  the  same  effect;  and  ode  own 

EXPERIENCE     IS    CONCLDSlVELr    IN    FATOOE    OF  IT." — EditOr    Of 

Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Dec.  6,  1351. 

"  I  am  glad  to  state  that  my  Melon  plants,  under  Hartley's 
GlasR,  are  far  in  advance  of  those  under  the  common  giaSB» 
though  all  of  the  sa»ie  age,  in  the  same  pit  and  soil,  and,  wliat- 
is  more,  though  the  former  do  'not  get  the  sun  so  soon,  on  account 
of  the  angle  of  the  house." — E.  Woodlands,  Esq.,  York  Lodge, 
Southampton,  May,  1351. 

' '  I  have  much  pleasure  ia  adding,  that  your  glass,  the  Rough 
Plate,  gives  great  satisfaction.  It  answers  very  well  for  Vines, 
and  I  have  not  yet  perceived  any  approach  to  burning.  The 
best  proof  is  the  increased  vigour  of  ihe  plants  growing  under 
it,  without  the  necessity  of  a  shade." — James  Seyworthj  Esq.y 
Newbury  Hill,  Berks,  June  23,  1851. 

"  I  can  speak  most  highly  of  the  excellence  of  your  glass,  as 
compared  with  Sheet  Glass,  which  I  had  been  in  the  habit  of 
using  before." — The  Hon,  J,  J,  Carnegie,  Fair  Oak,  Petersfield^ 
July  11,  1851. 

"  I  am  glad  to  say  I  still  more  and  more  admire  •  HARTLEY'S 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE.'  I  have  on  .all  occasions  recom- 
mended it  among  my  friends,  who  have  all  liked  it  very  much. 
I  only  wish  I  bad  used  it  for  all  my  roofs.  It  requires  no 
shading  whatever.  It  admits  su_^cient  light  andheat  ioraUpur- 
poses;  aud  /  am  convincedthe  TRUE  Hartley's  Patent  Rough 
Plate  must  give  satisfaction.    I  am  much  sdbpeised  the  BOOP 

OF  THE  CaiSTAL  PaLACE  WAS  NOT  GLAZED  WITH  IT." — TheReV.^ 

J.  Wells,  Rectory,  South  Ferrott,  Crewkeme,  Somerset,  Aug,  17 
1851. 

"  Mr.  Canning  (Elsenham  Vicarage,  Nov,  28, 1851),  after  two 
years'  experience  of  Patent  Rooqh  Plate  Glass,  can  have  no 
hesitation  in  giving  his  opinion  that  it  is  admirably  adapted 
for  the  roof  of  a  vinery.  Mr.  Canning's  Grapes  under  it,  both 
last  year  and  this,  have  been  perfect  in  colour  and  flavour,  and 
the  wood  is  thoroughly  ripened,  so  as  to  give  every  indication 
of  a  crop  of  fruit  next  year.  The  glass  in  question  is  not  dis~ 
figured  by  dirt,  offers  iio  obstruction  to  the  light,  and  not  the 
slightest  tendency  to  scorch  has  been  noticed," 

"  I  have  had  the  experience  of  two  years  with  the  Rough 
Plato  Glass,  and  I  can  speak  most  favourably  of  its  beaeflcial 
effects  for  Peaches,  Vines,  Strawberries,  and  Pines.  There  is  no- 
scorching  or  failing  of  the  glass,  and  in  my  opinion  there  is  no- 

EEASONABLE  OBJECTION  TO  ITS    MOBE    EXTENSIVE   USE,   WEEBEU 
BDCH     ADVANTAGES    ARE   ACQUIEED." —  ThOmaS    HobUiig,    Fsq.t 

White  Barnes,  Nov.  29,  1851. 

"ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS.— We  should  have  no  hesitation 
in  using  this  for  a  vinery— indeed  we  should  select  it." — 
Cottage  Gardener,  Nov,  29,  1851. 

"  There  can  be  no  question  no^o  that  Rough  Plate  Glass  is  the 
most  beautiful,  as  well  as  the  most  useful,  kind  of  glass  that 
can  be  employed  in  horticulture.  It  is  free  from  all  the  faults 
of  sheet  or  transparent  glass,  and  it  has  many  advantages 
peculiar  to  itself,  icitJiout  a  single  disadvantage  as  «.  set-off,"~~ 
Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Jan  20,  1850. 

"  My  Rough  Plate  (bought  of  Phillips  and  Co.),  has  proved 
itself  invaluable.  During  that  trying  week  of  June,  when  the 
thermometer  was  at  86°  in  the  shade,  I  had  no  sort  of  pro- 
tection, and  many  of  my  Vines  being  in  pots,  were  close  to  the 
glass,  aud  not  one  leaf  was  affected ;  whereas  I  know  of 
persons  who  lost  their  crops  of  Grapes,  from  having  roofs  of 
crown  glass  unprotected."  — ^r(ftwj-  Moore,  Walpole  Rectory 
Lynn,  Jtdy  27,— Gardeners'  Chronicle,  August  H,  1852, 


JAMES  PHILLIPS  &  Co.,  Horticultural  Glass  Warehouse,  116,  Bishopsgate-street  Without,  London. 


Printf^ii  by  Willia; 


nffl..»  ;.,  1  P^®*-*^"""^*'  °^  ^°-  13'  Upper  Woburo-pUce.  iu  the  pariah  of  St.  Pancras,  and  pBKDSRictt  Miillbtt  Evans, 
a,w^r.iVi.^  ?^''t5J'^^^*'  '"  ^^^  Precinct  of  Whltefriara,  ia  the  City  of  London;  and  piibliehed  by  them  at  the  office,  Sio, 
^averciBemeatd  anU  Communicattoaa  are  tg  be  adbbb33BD  to  thb  Editob.— Satobdat,  SaPXBMaBU  4, 1852. 


of  No.  7,  Church  row.  Stoke  Newhigton,  both  In  the  County  of  Middlesex.  Ptjotera,  st  their 
b,  Cbarlefi-Btreet,  Iu  the  pariuh  ol  St,  Paul's,  CoYeut-gardeD,  In  the  flaid  County,  where  all 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.-The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  37.— 1853.] 


SATURDAY,    SEPTEMBER  11. 


[PRICB''6d. 


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Koie,  Manetti  ^ 

S»ll»bury  Hoit.  Society   5 

SaoBCTiera  guineensia   5 

Spruce  gall  A.deIgeB   5 

Trees,  bleeding 5 

Trowbridge  Hort.  Society  ....  & 
Turnip*  to  hoe 5 

—  rotln    ....• •••■.  5 

Ventilation  of  looma 5 

Wniptrap  » 

Wheatcrop    & 

—  mildewed 5 

—  Wordin  Seaionou 5 


THE  NORTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
-  SOCIETY'S  GR.\ND  DAHLIA,  and  MISCELLANEODS 
EXHIBITION  will  beheld  at  the  Gate  House  Hotel,  Highgate, 
on  Tdesdat,  the  I4th  instant.  Entrance  from  1  to  4  o'clock,  Is.; 
from  4  to  7  o'clock,  Gd.  C.  P.  Lochnee,  Hon.  Sec. 

Warwick  House,  Harrow-road. 

N.B,  The  Cbrysaothemum  Exhibition  will  be  held  on 
Monday,  the  22d  November. 


VALE  OF  TAUNTON  DEANE  HORTICUL- 
TURAL AND  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— THIRD 
EXHIBITION,  to  be  holdea  in  the  Viyary  Park, 
Beptehbeb  15,  1852, 

PRIZE    LIST    FOR    NURSERYMEN, 

Open  to  all  England. 

Plants  ih  Pots.— For  the  best  6  Cockscombs,  1st  prize,  10s. ; 

2d,  03.     For  the  best  collection  of  LiliumB,  Ist  prize,  15s; 

2d.  105. 

Cot  FtowEBS.— German  Asters,  36  distinct  varieties,  two  of 
a  sort,  l«t  prize,  10s.  ;  2d,  5s.  Ditto,  24  ditto,  Ist  prize,  Ts.  Gd., 
2d,  5s.  Verbenas,  36  varieties,  1st  prize,  10s.  ;  2d,  5s.  Ditto, 
24  ditto,  1st  prize,  7s.  Gd.  •  2d,  5s.  Dahlias,  36  varieties; 
let  prize,  IE.  10s.  ;  2d,  15s.  Ditto,  24  ditto,  Ist  prize,  11. ; 
2d,  10s.  Hollyhocks,  24  named  varieties,  l&t  prize,  10s. ; 
2d,  5f. 

Persons  intending  to  compete  are  requested  to  communicate 
with  the  Hon.  Sec,  Mr.  J.  Kingsbdet,  10,  Hammet-street, 
TauDtODt 


COUNTY  OF  GLOUCESTER  AND    CHELTEN- 
HAM HOUTICULTURaL  SOCIETY. 
The  ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND 
holding  its  Akndal  Meeting  in  the   neighbourintr  City  of 
Gloucester  dnrint;  tbe  mouth  of  July,   1853,   the  County  of 
Gloucester  and  Cbclteoham  Horticultural  Society  have  fixed 
on  the  T1JE6D4.T  during  the  week  of  such  meetiog  for  their 
Jolt  Exhibition,  and  on  that  occasion  have  determined  on 
considerably  augmenting  the  Schedule  of  Prizes.    The  other 
shows  will  take  place  as  usual,  which  will  be  duly  announced. 
J.  H.  Williams,  Hon.  Sec. 
Committee  Room,  332,  High-street. 

WINTER  CUCUMBERS.— "LORD  KEYNON'S 
Favourite."— Numerous  inquiries  within  the  last 
week  for  the  above  CUCUMBER  SEED  haviog  been  made, 
Edwakd  Tile;  begs  to  inform  his  customers  that  he  has  some 
good  old  Seed  of  this  variety,  which  surpasses  all  others  for 
Winter  cultivation.     Sold  in  packets  at  25.  Gd.  each. 

Also  some  oiher  fine  varieties  of  Loog  Cucumbers,  which  are 
equally  good  for  early  winter  cultivation,  at  2s.  6d.  per  packet. 
On  receipt  of  penny  postage  stamps  to  the  amount,  the  seed 
will  be  forwarded  per  return. 

Edwaed  Tilet,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  14,  Abbey 
Churchyard,  Batb. 


CAMDEN  NURSERY,  CAMBERWELL,  LONDON. 
XSriLLIAM   BARNES  respectfully  begs  to  inform 

'  '  bU  Friend*  and  the  Public  generally,  that  he  has  now 
ready  a  email  portion  of  very  superior  Calceolaria  Seed,  which 
be  int«ndt  sending  out  In  Packets  at  2s.  6d.  and  58.  each. 
A  remittance  is  t;xpected  from  unknown  corre^pondeots. 

GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 
T      WEEKS   A.vD  Co.,   King's  Road,   Chelsea,   have 

M  •  a  most  splendid  collectiou  of  VINE.S,  very  etroog  and 
clean,  two  and  three  yflurs  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  sorts 
for  Plawtimo  or  Feditino  im  I'otb, 

Also  an  «xienilv*;*ji»r,^-— *W  collection  of  STOVE  and 
GRBENHOU'iE^^S^SXTrrS,  with  all  new  varieties.  See  our 
Catalognjl^^dled  to  each.  Also  our  Iliastratious  on  Hobti- 
cotTOM'j^oiLDiNO  and  Hkatino  by  Hot-watee 

J.pJJ^JU  and  Co.,  Kitig't-road,  Chelnca. 


^^t 


t  NEW  AND  BEAUTIFULLY  VARIEGATBD-LEAVED 
PLANT, 

CISSUS    DISCOLOR    (BLUME.) 
TyiLLlA.VI  JtOLLISSON  and  SONS  beg  leave  to 

•  »  Inform  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  the  tra'Je,  that  'hey 
Intend  tending  oat,  on  and  after  the  27th  of  Kcptornbcr,  trxflr 
new  and  beautifully  v«riegiied-lea?od  cilmtdng  plant,  CISsUH 
DISCOLOR,  of  Hlumo,  which  baa  b«en  so  unlT-r^aHy  admired 
tbl«  sammer  at  tbo  CbUnlck  and  Uegent'a  Park  Eihibirion<(. 
Price  21«.  per  plant.  The  ueual  allowance  to  the  trndo  If  two 
or  more  plant*  wro  ord«ro'l,— Tooting  Nursery,  ncdr  (.or.'Irin. 

PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  TliK  iilOAT 
OF  THE  HU.V.-Ufto  E.  F.  ARCHEK'H  JIAIlt  (JLOTIl.  a 
perfect  non-conductor  of  h^at,  and  udtnltting  light  without 
htat,  where  a  covering  i^  rrquirod  ;  it  U  2  yardrt  wide,  and  any 
leoytfa,  at  U.  Ad.  p-  r  yard,  mid  much  chuaper  than  iJMi  Mats. 
JS.  f .  AECuui  161,  Oiford-stre^tj  London. 


DOUBLE  ROMAN  AND  PAPER  WHITE  NAR- 
CISSUS, 4s.  per  dozen.— The  above  bulbs,  the  former  of 
which  is  so  justly  esteemed  for  its  early  blooming  and  excessive 
fragrance,  and  the  latter  for  its  purity  and  elegance,  have  been 
just  received  at  A.  Cobbett'b  Italian  and  Foreign  Warehouse, 
18,  Pali-maU,  near  Waterloo-place,  London. 

FEW  FRIENDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Cabton,  once  Gardener  at  Sjon  House,  and  now  wholly 
dastitute,  having  formed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  further  aid, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  their  arrangements.- 
Subscriptions  will  be  received  by  John  EnwABDs,  Esq.,  Wace 
Cottage,  Holloway,  London. 


MAY'S    IMPERIAL    MUSHROOM    SPAWN. 

JAMES  MAY  begs  to  inform  the  Trade  and  Mush' 
room  Growers  that  he  has  a  large  quantity  of  the  above 
article  now  ready  ;  it  is  of  first-rate  quality.  Price  can  be 
had  on  application. 

J.  M.  was  sorry  to  be  obliged  to  disappoint  bo  many  persons 
last  season,  be  not  having  stock  to  supply  many  of  (he  orders 
he  was  favoured  with.  He  now  begs  to  inform  tbe  Trade  he 
has  taken  extensive  premises,  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing 
a  large  quantity ;  and  will  be  able  to  supply  any  quantity,  at  a 
moderate  price, — Fulham,  near  London. 


CAMELLIAS   AND   CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

CHANDLER  AND  SONS,  Nurserymen,  Wandsworth- 
road,  Surrey,  have  now  tine  heaKhy  plants  of  Camellias 
well  set  with  flower-buds  at  30s.  per  dozen  ;  larger  size,  423. 
per  dozen,  Bushy  plants  of  Cbryaantbemums  to  flower  well 
this  autumn,  of  the  best  sorts,  9s.  and  12s.  per  dozen.  Dutch 
Bulbs  just  imported.  Hyacinths,  well  selected,  6s.  to  123.  per 
dozen.  Narcissus,  Tulips,  Crocus,  &c.,  at  reasonable  prices, 
Post-office  orders  payable  at  Keunington  Cross., 

QTRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— The  under-mentioned 
^  first-rate  varieties,  which  have  all  been  thoroughly  proved 
to  the  satisfaction  of  their  growers,  are  now  ready  for 
sending  out. 

TROLLOP'S  VICTORIA.- This  is  one  of  the  finest  Straw- 
berries  ever  yet  sent  out;  it  has  been  exhibited  at  numerous 
exhibitions  last  season  and  this,  and  proved  superior  to  all 
others  for  its  superb  quality,  and,  as  au  early  forcer,  is  not 
equalled  ;  11.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen  planirs. 

CREMONT'3  PERPETUAL  OR  DOUBLE  BEARING 
STRAWBERRY  ;  11.  per  hundred,  or  3a.  per  dozen. 

MYaTT'S  SURPRISE,  extra  fine       10s.  Qd.  per  lOO, 

PRINCE  ARTHUR,  ditto  7     ti        „ 

BLACIC  PRINCE,  a  first-rate  early  variety  ..,    r>    0        „ 

PROLIFIC,  very  fine  and  early  5    ':>        „ 

ELEANOR,  the  best  and  latest  beariny;  Straw- 
berry,  maay  of  the  fruit  growing  lo  'i^  oe..r 

very  firm,  aud  first-rate  for  travelling        ...    5    0        „ 

BRITISH  QUEEN  (true)  3    fl        „ 

BRITANNIA  (very  fine)  5     0        „ 

STIRLING  CASTLE  STRAWBERRY    (fine)    5    0        „ 

ELIZA  6     0        „ 

GL08E  „         6     0        „ 

ALICE  MAUDE      3    6        „ 

"GOLIATH"  3    6        „ 

The  above  are  strong  well-rooted  plants,  and  such  as  will 
ensure  satisfaction.  Fine  plants  can  be  had  for  potting,  if 
required,  which  were  pricked  off  for  the  purpose  early  in  the 
spring. 

N.B.  Those  Strawberries  at  3s.  per  dozen  will  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free. 

FINE  ANTIRRHINUMS,  all  saved  from  striped  and  spotted 
varieties,  such  as  will  give  every  satisfaction  and  bloom  early 
next  spring,  Ss.  per  100. 

SWEET  WILLIAMS,  48  superb  varieties,  3s.  per  100. 

SEEDLING  HOLLYHOCKS,  extra  fine,  saved  from  all  the 
best  varieties  iu  cultivation,  and  such  as  will  give  satis- 
faction, 11.  per  100,  or  3s,  per  dozen.  (One  hundred  of  these 
superb  Hollyhocks  were  planted  out  in  a  bed  last  autumn,  and 
86  of  them  proved  to  be  double  flovrers  and  equal  to  the  varieties 
they  were  saved  from). 

A  remittance  must  accompany  the  order,  either  by  penny 
postage  stamps  or  a  post-office  order,  on  receipt  of  which  tbe 
whole  or  any  quantity  of  tbe  above  will  be  seat  hamper  and 
package  free. 

Edwaed  TiLEr,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Barh,  Somerset, 


SEED    WHEAT. 

THE  HYBRID  WHEAT,  a  new  variety,  which 
obtained  the  Prize  Medal  of  tbe  Great  Exhibition,  is  now 
ofi'ored  for  sale  by  Mr.  R.  Ratnbied,  of  Hengrave,  near  Bury 
St,  Edmunds,  Suffjik.  Price  fids.  p«r  quarter,  to  include  sacks 
and  delivery  to  the  Bury  St.  Edmunds  Station  of  the  Eastern 
Union  Railway.  The  cullection  of  ppaclmens  of  Hybrid  Wheat 
shown  by  Mr.  II.  RArwiiiBD  is  highly  spoken  of  in  the  Reports 
of  the  JurloH  of  the  Groat  Exhibition,  Class  HI.,  page  61,  and 
satiffttctory  letters  have  been  received  from  gcotlcmou  to  whom 
seed  was  supplied  last  year.  Further  particulars  will  bo  aont 
upon  application  to  Mr.  Raynbied,  of  Hongravo,  or  to  Mr. 
H.  Ratndibd,  of  Laveratoke,  near  Andover-road.  Hants- 


riOCniN    CHINA    FOWLS.— White,    Black    and 

V^'  Huff,  or  Yelliiw  Ohickeni  of  this  most  useful  breed  to  bo 
dinpostd  of  by  a  Gentleman  who  obtained  prizes  for  tbe  latter 
coloured  vurieilcH  al  the  last  great  Poultry  Show  ut  lilrmlng- 
ham. — Apply  to  JoatPH  LemuN.PosuoIBci',  Sandbnch,  Clioahlro, 

pIIINESK    PIGS.— A  beautiful   Sow,  of  the   finest 

Vy  B|,uclcH,  with  a  Llt'or  of  Tun  for  Halo,  at  .'(.  ha.  tho  Sow, 
and  1  giilniMi  per  licad  for  tho  litter  two  montliH  old.  AIho  a 
cholc«  lot  of  impriivcd  KorliHlilro,  ut  15«,  oao'i,  two  rnontlis  old  ; 
sriDt  froo  to  RolKnti!  station.  — Apply  to  Mr.  MAHiif*,  M)  rind  01, 
Mlnorl'S;  und  to  vi<.tv  to  A     WAl^^■'.rt[^,  (JliinUvocI,  .Siirr.-v. 

/I   RKEN     AND    ilOTilOUSKS,    made    by 

>^  -■  Miichlntjry,  at  ,f.  Lkwt/i'  Mortloulturnl  WorUo,  Hlamford 
IIIII,  Mlddh-ftcx,  wumtntud  bctt  iiiuturlulfl,  and  tho  uhcapostln 
iiinglaud.— A  List  of  i*rluos  Buat  by  euuloBlng  2  postage  tiumps, 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,  tiC. 

fAMES   PHILLIPS   a^d   CO.   beg   to  hand    their 

prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Paobed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 

e.  3. 

<i. 

6by4,Ciby4J     . 

7  by  6,  n  by  6*     . 

8  by  6,  8"  by  6J    . 
8  by  6,  8J  bj  5  "    . 
9by7,  lubyS       , 

..     0  13 
..     0  15 
.    0  16 
.    0  17 
.    I    0 

0 
0 
0 
6 
0 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes   not 
above  40  inchee long. 

16  oz 3cf.   to  3^(1. 

21  do Z\d.to5d. 

26  do 5d.    to7id. 

In  Crates  of  30O  ft.,  16  o"z., 
2id.  perfoot. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE  GLASS  for  Con- 
servatories, Public  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  &c., 
^  inch  thick.    Packed  in  boxes  of  50  feet  each. 

6by4and6iby4i...l03.  6d.  |  7  by  5  and    7*by  51...12s.  Oc?. 

8  bv  6  and  8*  by  6i..,133.  &d.  (  9  by  7  and  10    by  8  ...15^.  Od. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  86  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inchee,  at  385.,  40s. ,  to  42s.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

GLASS  MILK  PANS, 
The  same  size  as  tbe  foreign  ones,  but  superior  in  oolottr, 
make,  and  quality,  at  2^.  each,  or  21s.  per  dozen,  as  reconr- 
mended  by  Captain  Stanley  Carr. 

GLASS    CHURN    THERMOMETERS,   for  regulating  the 
Temperature  of  Cream. 
LORD   CAMOY'S   MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 
GLASS  CREAM  POTS,  4;c.  <bc. 
CUCUMBER  TUBES.  PROEAGATING  AND  BEE  GLASSES, 
TILES  AND    SLATES,    WASP  TRAPS, 
PLATE,    CROWN,    AND    ORNAMENTAL    GLASS, 
SHADES  FOR  ORNAMENTS,  FERN  SHADES, 
And  every  Article  iu  the  Trade. 
HORTICULTURAL  GLASS   WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Without,  London. 


REDUCTION    IN  THE   PRICES   OF  PLATE  CLASS. 

THE  UNION  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 
respectfully  inform  the  Trade,  and  the  Public  generally^ 
that  they  have  revised  their  Tariff  of  Prices,  and  uiuue  con- 
siderable r-uuctions  tuo.eia. 

The  new  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  at  the  WorkSj 
Pocket  Nook,  St.  Helens, 

Wareboust :— 99,  Hatton-garden,  London. 
„  11,  York-street,  Manchester. 
„  15,  South  John-street,  Liverpool. 
Messrs.  C.  and  J.  Mdlloch.  30,  Turuer's-court,  Glasgow  ; 
Mepsrs.  John  Dik  -i;  Co.,  Bath  street,  Bristol.      ___ 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS.  OIL, 
AND   COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICED  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W,  WALKER,  L'^AD,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  GoLODR  Meeohants,  125,  Qu'een-sLr'"*-  Portsea,  F.iipply 
in  any  quantities,  at  v^liolesnle  pricBS,  Crowi,  and  Horticultural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  tM'ched  VK\.;  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  andGri>enhousoti,  Ol^Es  ^lilb  Pans,  Bee, Cucum- 
ber, and  Propagating  Glasses,  uad  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  (Quarries,  iic.  Deep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  PumpB. 
Plumbers*  Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.  B. — Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  conntry. 

GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIES,  ETC- 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  Id.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Liats  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co..  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Oardeners*  Chronidc  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


DEANE'S  WARRANTED  GARDEN  TOOLS.— 
Horticulturists,  and  all  interested  in  Gardening  Pursuits, 
are  invited  to  examine  DEANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.'S  extensive 
Stock  of  GARDENING  and  PRUNING  IMPLEMENTS,  best 
London-made  Garden  Engines  and  Syringes,  Colebrook-dale 
Garden  Seats  and  Chairs. 


Averuncatora  Garden  Scrapers 

Axes  Gidney'fl     Prussian 

Bagging  Hooks  Hoe 

Bills  Grape  Gatherers  & 

Borders,       various       Scissors 

patterns  Gravel  Rakes    and 

Botanical  Boxes  Sieves 

Boyd's  Pa  tent  Scyfclic  Qreenbouso     Doors 
Brown's  Patent  Fu-      and  Frames 

migator  Hammers 

Cases  of  Pruning  In-    Hand-glass  Framos 

struments  Hay  Knives 

Daisy  Hakes  Horticultural  Ham- 

Dibbles  mcrrt  &,  Hatchets 

Draining  Tools  Hoes  of  every  pat- 

Edging   Irons   and      torn 

Shears  Hotbed  Handles 

Flower  Scissors         LudloH'  Sot  of  Tools 
„       Stands     in    Labels,  various  pat- 
Wires  «Jj  Iron  tornp,     In     Zinc, 
Fumigatora  Porcelain,  &c. 
Galvunio      Borders     Lines  and  Ruols 

and    Plant   Pro-    Marking  Ink 

tectora  Mattocks 

Garden  Chairs  and    Menogniphs 
Seats  Motalllo  Wire 

„    Loops  Milton  Ilutchotei 

,,     Rollers  Mole  Trjips 

DEANE,  DRAY,  and  CO.  aro  hoIo  Agonts  for  LINGH  ANI'S 
PERMANKNT  LAltHLS,  saiiiplos  of  which,  with  their  Illus- 
triitdd  Lint  of  noriiciiltuial  Ttiulu,  can  bo  hcnt,  post  paid,  to 
anypartoftho  Ur.itcil  KlnKdom,  Also,  Wbotonale  and  Retail 
AgontH  f,n-  SAYNUlt'8  ciili'hnttca  PRUNING  KNIVES,  used 
oxiiliiHivdy  by  the  llrMt  (Jurdoiiors  in  tho  Uuitud  Kingdom.— 
DEANI':,  DRAY,  is,  CO.  (Opculnu  to  the  Monumont),  London- 
bridge. 


Mowing  Machines 
Pickaxes 
Potato  Forks 
Pruning  Bills 

„    Knives,variou8 

„    Saws 

„    Scissors 

„    Shears 
Rakes      in     great 

variety 
Reaping  Hooks 
Scythes 
Scythe  Stones 
Shears,  variouB 
Sickles 
Sickle  Saws 
Spades  and  Shovels 
Spuds 

Switch  Hooks 
Thistle  Hooks 
Transplanting  Tools 
Trowels 
Tutfing  Irons 
Wall  Nails 
Watering  potB 
Weed  Hooks 
Wheelbarrows 
Youths' Sot  of  Tools 


578 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Sept.  1], 


HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

EXHIBITflONS     m     REGENT    STREET. 


THE  COUNCIL  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  Hereby  Give  Notice,  that,  with  a  view  to  the 
further  encouragement  of  good  cultivation  at  all  seasons  aod  in  all  branches  of  Gardenine,  Medals  and  CertificatpH  of 
Merit  will  be  given  at  the  General  Meetings  of  the  Society  in  Regeut-Btreet,  during  the  years  1852  and  1S53,  according  to  the 
following  Schedule,  and  under  the  Regulations  thereto  annexed : — 

Strawberries  (one  dish  only  shown  by  each  Ex- 

btbttor)  

New  Grapes       

Mabch  15.     Third  Tuesday.  Meeting  at  3  p,m, 


1852. 

October  19.     Third  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

The    best    collections    of   Hardy    Annuals   {cut 
flDWPrs),  each  sort  named  correctly       ...         ...     SB.  C. 

Table  Pears,  correctly  named,  in  collections  of 

six,  two  specimens  of  each  sort  to  be  produced     SB.  C. 
■'Greea  Peas,  named  correctly  ...    C. 

NovEMBEfi  2.     First  Tuesday ._.         Meeting  at  2  P.m. 

Ohryaantheniuras   (ehown  in   bIxcb,  in  pots  not 
exceeding  11  inches  in  inside  diameter)  ...    SK.  SB. 

Alpine  Strawberries SB.  C. 

Celery  (shown  in  three  heads)         C 

December  7,    First  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

Autumn-flowering    Heath?    (shown  in  sixes,    in 

pots  notmoro  than  11  inches  in  inside  diameter)     SK.  SB. 

Table  Pears,  as  in  October SB.  C. 

The  beet  lot  of  forced  Vegetables SB.  C. 


1833. 

JanuaetIS.     Tliird  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

The  best  collection  of  Hardy  Winter-flowering 

Plants  (cut  flowers  admissible) SB.  C. 

English  Grapes SB.  C. 

The  best  and  most  varied  Salad    SB.  C. 

FeeeoaetIS.     Tliird  Tuesday Meeting  at  2  p.m. 

Camellias  (shown  in  threes,  in  pots  not  exceeding 

15  inches  in  inside  diameter)       SK.  SB. 

Tuble  Pears,  as  in  October SB.  C. 

Lettuces  (shown  in  sixes)      SB,  C. 

MAEcnl.     First  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Chinese  Primulas  (shown  in  pairs  in  9-incIi  pots)     SB.  C. 
Himalayan  Primulas,  in  pots  SB.  G. 


ST?.  C. 
SK.  SB. 


Hybrid  RlmdodendronB  (one  pot  only  to  be  shown 

by  each  Eshihitor) SK.  &B. 

Strawberries  in  pots,  in  threes        SB.  C. 

The  best  and  most  varied  Salad     SB,  C. 


ApeilS.    First  Tuesday 

Hyacinths  (sihown  in  pots  in  sixes) 

Fruits  or  Vegetables,  preserved  whole  by  private 
persons  for  tamily  u^e,  wi  thout  sugar  or  vinegar 
(shown  in  boUles  of  white  glass,  one  bottle  of 
each  kiad),  accompanied  by  a  written  account 
of  the  manner  in  which  they  have  been  pre- 
pared     

Forced  Peas       


Meetii^g  at  3  p.m. 
SB.  C. 


SB.  C. 
SB.  C. 


ApEit  19.  Third  Tuesday Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

Cyclamens,  in  pots      SB.  C. 

Cherries  (one  dish  only  to  be  shown  'by  each 


Exhibitor) 
Cauliflowers,  in  sixes 

U AY  2i.  Fourth  Tmsday 

The  two  best  collections  ofVegetables 

JoNE  28.    Fom-th  Tuesday.  

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

Jolt  26.    Fourth  Tuesday 

The  two  best  collections  of  Vegetables 

SK. — Silver  Knightian  Medal. 
SB. — Silver  Banbsian  do. 
C. — Certiticate  of  Merit, 


SB.  C. 
SB.  C. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m. 

SK.  SB. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m 
SK.  SB. 

Meeting  at  3  p.m 
SK. SB' 


1.  The  Medals  and  Certificates  of  Merit  are  on  no  account 
to  be  increased  beyond  tho?e  named  in  this  schedule.  They 
are  to  be  given  for  fine  cultivafion,  and  not  for  mere  novelty, 
which  is  to  be  a  secondary  consideration  with  thejudges,  unless 
attended  by  great  excellence. 

2.  Prizes  may  be  withheld  if  the  objects  exhibited  for  com- 
petition do  not,  in  the  opinion  of  the  judiree,  deserve  them. 

3.  Although  thoie  subjects  of  exhibition  which  are  thus 
specially  indicated  are  what  the  Council  are  most  desirous  of 
receiving,  nevertheless  other  objects  are  also  admissible,  and 
additional  prizes  may  even  be  given  for  them  ;  provided  they 
possess  very  conspicuous  merit.  The  Silver  Knightian  Medal 
will  be  the  highest  additional  reward  which  the  judges  can 
bestow,  without  the  special  sanction  of  the  Council. 

4.  la  a  future  year  other  kinds  of  produce  will  be  selected 
for  special  competition. 

5.  Cut  flowers  are  not  admissible,  except  when  it  is  expressly 
so  stated. 

6.  Dishes  or  baskets    for  fruit    and    vegetables    must    be 


furnished  bv  the  Exhibitors,  if  they  are  present  or  live  near 
London.  The  Society  will  only  find  dishes  for  what  comes  from 
a  considerable  distance. 

7.  Fruit  must  be  perfectly  ripe  and  perfectly  ooloured,  or  it 
will  be  disqualified. 

8.  Vogetabies  must  be  produced  in  the  state  in  which  they 
are  offered  for  sale  in  the  best  class  of  shops,  and  properly 
prepared  for  the  cook. 

9.  Foreign  fruit  and  vegetables  are  admissible,  but  not  in 
competitioQ  with  produce  of  home  growth. 

10.  Everything  must  be  in  the  room  three  hours  before  the 
meeting,  and  ready  for  inspection  by  the  Judges  two  hours 
before  the  meeting.  If  anything  received  later  is  allowed  to 
be  exhibited,  it  will  be  liable  to  exclusion  from  competition. 

11.  Exhibitors,  and  Exhibitors  only,  can  receive  passes  to 
enable  them  to  return  to  the  meeting-room  after  the  Prizes 
shall  have  been  adjudicated.  Two  hours  before  the  meeting 
they  mu<4t  quit  the  room,  in  order  that  the  Judges  maybe 
undisturbed. 


ESTABLISHED    MORE   THAN    100   YEARS. 

THOMAS    MTLLINGTON, 

IMFOETER   AND    DEALER   IN 

dlASS    FOE    COITSERTATORIES,     GEEE1H0USE3,    GAEBEN    FEAMES, 

AND    BWELLINQS. 

WAREHOUSE,    87,    BISHOPSGATE   STREET  WITHOUT,   LONDON. 


12s.  Od. 
13    0 

15    0 


[Squares  ia  Boxes  100  feet  each. 

Dnaerebj4 

ebj4,  64  by  4 

mVnlllih^^^^^^^   

9  by  7,  8  by  8,  12  by  9,12  by  10    I  „„    „ 

13  by  10,  14  by  10,  15  by  10    ...  /  '"'    " 

iiARG-E  SHEET  of  No.  16.  very  superior,  packed  in  cases  of  100,  200,  and  800  feet,  at  ZJii.  to  2W.  per  foot. 
HARTLEr'S  and  other  ROUGH  PLATE,  from  J  to  1  inch  thioli. 
Glass  Milk  Pans,  Preserve  Jars,  Bee  and  Propagating:  Glasses.   Plate  Glass,   Patent  Plate,  Plain,  ornamental,  and 
rr„„S      '.f'^"       as  every  description  of  Window  Glass  now  manufactured.     Glass  Shades,  round,  oval,  and  square,  for 
Clocks  and  Ornaments.    Fern  Shades  and  Dishes.  i        , 


Cut  to  any 
10  ounces 

size. 

Squares  not  above  40  inches  long. 
Per  foot. 
Os.  2j<i.  to  Os.  M. 

21       „ 

OH     too    4 

26       „ 

0    5       too    6 

32       „ 

0    6J     too    8 

HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTT^S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WOUKS* 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kincdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfectlooj 
vrith  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition'. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  elide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  samematerialw  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wbarf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  10  ft.  G  inches  long,  ]2ft.  ralter,  400  ft.,  23^  6s.  8d  • 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  528  it.,  Ml.  133.  8rf. ;  28  ft.  Sins,  long' 
15  ft,  ralter.  712  ft.,  iU.  10s.  8rf.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Saahes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
soot,  super. 


_,_,„  A     BARGAIN. 

J-('0'R    SALE,  a  lean-to    GREENHOUSE,    14   feet 

nnfl  wli'""'""'.--''^  1°  """■'  """'«  »'■  '■^0  '"■y  best  materials 
and  workm,,n«hi,i,  well  painted,  and  ready  for  fiiina.  May 
.W  r?,  "  ""r'""-  NicBoiLB  and  Co.,  Hortioullural  Builders, 
tiier.  of  H^,  „  ';'""^.°''.  '^o'-oer  of  Plumber-street.  Mannfac. 
lureia  ot  Hot-water  Apoaratus  of  every  description. 

au^o'L-vtr^JroaaSLVerms"."'  ""'"'  °°  ""=  'I'"'-' ««==- 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


y^^^^ 


-I^W 


/?J.RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvera  Street,  Chelsea, 
VJ  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  poseibleterms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Wobilify, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  thev 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


■pWING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS 
Lj  — The  following  are  tbe  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained: — Me.isrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
sea;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Onborn,  Nurserymen,  A;c., 
Fulham,  London  ;  Mr.  Glendiuning,  Kurserj-man,  itc,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurterymen,  Exeter- 
Messrs.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs,  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull.  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafi'ord. 
shire;  Mr.  Ewiag,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anirlesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St, 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
tbe  best  principle.    Existing  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 
T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  HoT- 
^  •  HOUSE  EoxLDEEs ;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
tbe  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  ore  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn waterpasses  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO,, 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
C  a  ALLBNGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing like  tbe  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
pivan  time.  It  is  one  of 
those  boilers  that  warms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Eegia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Tines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  2i  inches  wide 


Oalvaa-  Japanned 
ised.  Iron. 

Td.peryd,    fid.peryd. 

I      »  6J      „ 

i2      „  -  9       ,, 

.1      "  ®        • 

10      „  8 

14       „  11 


2-inch     ,,      strong 
'2-inch     ,,      extra  strong 
IS -inch      ,,       light 
1^-inch     ,,      strong 
l^-inch     ,,      extra  strong 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


G 


EORGE  ARTINGSTALL  and  CO^ 

Wire  Woeks,  WabeingHN, 


Latchfo£d 


Manufacturers  of  Improved  Strong 
RABBIT    PROOF     WIRE    NETTING. 

12  inches  high      4d.  per  yard. 

18      ditto  6d.        „ 

21      ditto  8d.        „ 

All  other  widths  at  proportionate  prices. 
Wire  Work  for  Aviaries.  ConserratorieSjoFencing,  &e.,  <fec, ; 
also  extra  strong  Wii-e  Kiln  Floors  for  drying  Grain,  &c.,  ifcc. 


«  'P ITREKA.  —  FORD'S      EUREKA       SHIRTS 

-■—J  difi'tr  from  other  patterns,  not  merely  in  shape  and 
design,  but  in  their  great  superiority  of  fit,  qualiry  of  material, 
and  workmanship."— <?fof»e,  April  12,  1852.  The  Illustrated 
Price  Lists  coataioing  directions  for  self-measurement  and 
every  particular,  are  forwarded  post-free;  and  the  pattern- 
books  to  select  from,  of  the  New  RegiHtortd  Coloured  Shirting, 
on  receipt  of  six  stamps,  — RICHARD  FORD,  38,  Poultry, 
London. 


37— 1852.J 


THE    GARbl^NLlRy^    (JURUiUULlJJ' 


^p 


NEW  AND  CHOICE  PLANTS  AND   BULBS. 

BASS  AND  BROWN'S  NEW  AUTUMN  CATA- 
LOGUE is  now  ready  :  it  embraces  much  deacrip'ive  and 
useful  ioformatioQ.  Oa  receipt  of  three  postage  stamps  it 
wiUbe  Beat  free,  or  gratis  to  purchasers.  It  contains,  among 
other  new  plants,  the  NEW  GERANIUMS  last  out.  at  reduced 
prices,  of  which  we  possoas  a  fine  stock,  and  will  shortly  be 

Seed  and  HoTticulturalEatablishraent,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


JUST     IMPORTED. 

JOHN  SUTTON  j\nd  SONS,  Seed  Growers, 
Reading.  Berks,  liave  just  received  from  Messrs.  Byvolt 
and  Mr.  De  Boom,  of  Haarlem,  a  superior  collection  of 
HYACINTHS,  ANEMONES,  and  other  Bulbous  FJower  Rootp, 
which  may  be  depended  upoa  as  the  best  which  can  be  procured, 

J.  S.  and  Sons  recommend  early  planting:  but,  for  tbe 
accommodation  of  those  wbo  prefer  it,  they  will  import  a  fresh 
assortment  for  later  planting  in  October. 

The  Priced  List  will  ba  ready  shortly,  and  the  following  are 
ihe  prices  of  some  of  the  leading  articles  ;—       Per  duz  —s.   d. 

The  finest  Hyacinths,  by  name  10    6 

Piue  dit'o  ditto Qs.  to    9    0 

Finest  ditto,  in  separate  colours,- without- names  ...    5    0 

J^mquils,  sweet  double  ...         ...         2     6 

Double  Roman  and  Paper  White  Narcissus  3    6 

G-ladiolus,  finest  mixed ...        ...        S    6 

Early  Tulips,  of  sorts,  per  100,  7s.  61?,;  per  doz 1     0 

Crocuses,  many  sorts,  per  1000,  16s.;  per  100,  Is.  6d.  to     2     0 

Anemones,  new,  large  doable Per  100    7     0 

,,  fine  mixed,  single ,,         6    0 

A  complete  collection,  including  all  the  most  desirable  kinds 
of  BuIb»/or  spring  blooming,  11,  IO5.,  II.,  or  lOa. 

N.B.  All  Orders  to  the  araouut  of  30s,  and  upwards  will  be 
sent  Cabsiage  Free. 
Address,  John  Sotton  &  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berks. 

GUERNSEY  AND    BELLADONNA  LILIES. 

BRIDaEWATER  PAGE  AND  CO.  have  the 
pleasure  to  ofcer  fine  Flowering  Bulbs  of  the  above  beau- 
tiful Autumnal  Lilies.  Guernsey  Lilies.  43.  per  dozen  ;  Bella- 
donna ditto,  4s.  per  dozen ;  Amaryllis  lormoaissima,  4s. 
per  dozen  ;  Early  Double  Roman  Narcissus,  is.  per  dozen ; 
ditto  Paper  White  do.,  is.  per  dozen  ;  ditto  largest  Jonquils, 
2s.  &d.  per  dozen.  All  orders  above  10s.  Gd.  will  be  delivered  free 
on.  the  South-Western  and  Great  Western  Railways. 

DUTCH  BULBS,  consisting  of  HYACINTHS,  TULIPS, 
CROCUSES,  GLADIOLI,  tbc,  have  juat  arrived  in  fine  con- 
dition, and  are  offered  at  greatly  reduced  rates.  Catalogues  of 
which  may  be  bad  on  application  to  Page  and  Co.,  Seed 
Merchants,  Southampton  (sole  Agents  to  the  Shale  Manure 
Companv  for  the  county  of  Hants). 

SHALE  MANURE,  31.  per  ton. 


NICHOLSON'S  TWO    NEW   SEEDLING   STRAWBERRY 

PLANTS. 

WILLIAM  NICHOLSON  continues  to  send  out  his 
unrivaled  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS,  viz.,  the  "  Ajax" 
and  "Ruhy"  at  21.  for  100  plants,  U.  5s.  for  50,  and  15s. 
for  25.  Order*  promptly  attended  to  on  the  receipt  of  a  Post- 
office  order.  The  "Ajax"  wa^  exhibited  last  year  in  Covent. 
garden  Market,  nine  of  which  weighed  16  oz,,  and  one  measured 
nine  inches  in  circumference.  The  fruit  of  the  "Ajax"  is  of 
a  fine  globular  shape,  the  colour  a  rich  dark  crimson,  very 
juicy,  and  of  particular  fine  flavour.  The  parent  plant  of  tbe 
•"Ruby"  is  now  sis  years  old,  in  fall  bearing,  and  had  146 
perf(tct  berries  upon  It  this  season ;  colour  ruby,  shape  fine 
oval,  size  a  little  less  than  tbe  "  Queen,"  of  fine  flavour,  is  very 
prolific,  and  continues  bearing  much  longer  than  any  other 
tnowakind  ;  fruit  having  been  gathered  from  it  this  season  up 
to  the  25th  August.  Testimonials  of  their  merits  have  been 
received  from  some  of  the  first  gardeners  in  the  kingdom, 
which  Mr.  N.  will  be  happy  to  produce  if  requested. 

William  Nicbolson,   Egglescliffe,  near   Yarm,   Yorkshire. 
September  11. 


SEEDLING  "ELIZA"  STRAWBERRY  (Rivers'.) 
— This  Strawberry  was  raised  five  years  since  from  Myatt's 
Eliza,  and  proves  to  be  one  of  the  finest  second  early  Straw- 
berries  known.  When  Keens'  Seedling  is  fully  ripe,  this 
commences  to  ripen ;  its  flavour  is  exquisite,  like  that  of  its 
parent,  and,  in  size,  it  is  equal  to  a  middle-sized  British  Queen  ; 
its  habit  is  robust  and  compact,  and  it  is  abundantly  prolific. 

StroDg  bearing  plant-),  last  year's  runners,  transplanted  in 
March,  33.  per  dozen  ;  20s.  per  100,  paid  to  London. 

Trollope'fl  Victoria,  a  good  early  Strawberry,  3s.  per  dozen. 
TaoMAS  RiVEBS,  Nurseries,  Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  U,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOa  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
CoDatlT  Snow.  — MoDrfaT,  Sept.  13;  Tli^me.-Tuesdar,  Sept.  14:  Nortli 

London.  — VVednenday,   Sept.  1.).  and  Thmsday.  Sept.  Ifi:  Hexliam Wed- 

ne*i6y.  Sept.lii  C-tnber.ell.  and  W'lltby  Amateur.-Tbu^Mday.  Sept.  Ifi; 
Hull.  Ajle.b«jr7,  B-th.  and  Notttng  Hill  Daliha. -Friday.  Sept.  17:  TurrifE 
and  Wbitehavea  Dahlia.— Saturday.  Sept.  It):  EdlDburgli  and  Ueatb, 


The  reports  upon  thf.  Potato  crop  in  Ireland, 
made  officially  by  the  Poor-law  Commissioners,  only 
■confirm  the  apprehensions  that  have  been  enter- 
tained as  to  the  formidable  extent  of  the  new 
disease.  The  general  opinion  seems  to  be  that  the 
state  of  things  at  the  present  time  is  much  as  it  was 
in  1846;  and  a  careful  examination  of  the  returns 
in  question  (149  in  number)  from  every  union  in 
Ireland  leads  to  no  other  conclusion.  Early  plant- 
ing, which  has  now  become  a  common  practice,  has 
produced  the  soundest  crops,  while  the  late  planted 
fields  Hoffer  most.  The  official  returns  not  having 
in  any  case  been  madeat  a  later  date  than  August  21, 
and  the  majority  being  at  least  a  week  earlier,  we 
fear  that  the  hopes  which  some  of  the  reporters 
entertain,  that  the  disease  will  not  extend  much 
further,  can  liardly  be  realised  ;  it  is  contrary  to  all 
•experience  that  it  should  not  steadily  progress  ;  we 
do  not  believe  that  it  has  ever  been  known  to  be 
•arrested,  except  in  the  caoe  ;ofjfl  crop  being  nearly 
jipe  when  it  broke  out. 

In  Ireland,  as  with  us,  tbe  stems  and  leaves  are 
•often  biackeneB,  without  the  tubers  themselves 
becoming  tainted  at  the  same  time;  but  it  is  per- 
fectly certain  that  under  such  circumstances,  cither 
the  tubers  will  eventually  rot,  or  the  croji  be  seriously 
diminished. 

The  mont  satisfactory  eircumiitance  elicited  by 


the  Government  returns  is  to  our  mind  the  fact  that 
the  cultivation  of  the  Potato  is  gradually  giving  way 
for  other  crops.  The  reporters,  indeed,  often  speak 
of  a  larger  quantity  of  land  than  of  late  years  being 
under  Potatoes  ;  but  we  iind  that  out  of  14i)  work- 
house sites  no  fewer  than  74,  or  one-half,  report 
that  "  no  Potatoes  have  been  planted  ;  "  and  upon 
the  whole  we  suspect  that,  although  it  may  be  true 
that  in  many  places  more  land  is  occupied  with  this 
crop  than  since  1847,  yet  there  is  very  much  less 
than  in  1845  and  previous  years. 


We  have  before  us  a  singular  example  of  that 
possibility  of  fixing  a  sport,  to  which  allusion  has 
been  so  often  made. 

Mr.  Salter,  of  the  Versailles  Nursery,  Hammer- 
smith, observed  last  year  among  his  seedling  Dahlias 
one  which  produced  a  number  of  green  scaly  flower 
heads,  but  no  perfect  flowers.  The  root  was  pro- 
pagated this  season  and  every  plant  is  now  covered 
with  similar  heads  of  scales,  looking  more  like  an 
Artichoke  than  a  Dahlia.  All  the  plants  are 
vigorous,  but  there  is  not  a  single  perfect  flower- 
head  upon  any  one  of  them,  so  that  the  sport  seems 
to  have  become  already  fixed. 

Of  one  of  the  specimens  now  before  us,  and  which 
we  owe  to  Mr.  Salter,  the  following  is  a  repre- 
sentation. 


/?^ 


It  will  be  seen  that  in  this  case  the  bracts  or 
scales  of  the  involucre,  and  the  paleEe  of  the  recep- 
tacle, instead  of  retaining  their  usual  membranous 
state,  have  all  taken  on  them  the  texture,  colour, 
and  veins  of  leaves,  even  narrowing  their  bases  into 
footstalks.  Not  only  is  there  no  trace  of  flowers  in 
the  axils  of  their  scales,  but  even  rudimentary  buds 
are  deficient.  The  receptacle  is  elevated  into  a 
slender  axis,  and  the  end  or  centre  of  it  is  in  no  one 
respect  different  from  the  central  scales  of  an  ordi- 
nary leaf  bud.  In  one  of  the  examples  the  clustered 
arrangement  of  the  involucral  leaves  is  entirely  gone, 
and  its  place  is  taken  by  a  mer^  branch  6  inches 
long,  covered  over  with  small  leaves,  of  which  the 
uppermost  are  packed  more  closely  and  are  smaller 
than  the  lower,  whose  stalks  are  fully  half-an-inch 
long,  and  are  inserted  in  a  tolerably  regular  spiral 
manner. 

This  monster  must  be  taken  to  demonstrate,  firstly, 
that  the  bracts  and  palea;  of  a  Dahlia,  and  therefore 
of  all  composite  flowers,  are  leaves  imperfectly 
developed,  or,  if  the  reader  pleases,  stopped  in  their 
growth  when  very  young  ;  secondly,  that  the  recep- 
tacle of  such  plants,  the  "  bottom  "  of  the  Artichoke 
for  example,  is  merely  a  branch  taking  a  horizontal 
development,  instead  of  growing  longitudinally;  and 
thirdly,  that  no  difficulty  exists  in  perpetuating 
sports  artificially. 

Mr.  Saltkii  and  others  should  cultivate  this  strange 
production  assiduously  ;  it  is  by  no  means  impro- 
bable that  it  m.ay  .again  sport  or  be  made  to  do  so, 
changing  the  green  of  its  scales  for  some  brightcolour; 
and  if  HO,  a  very  pretty  looking  garden  plant  would 
be  the  result. 

A  I'AiiAoiiAi'ii  w.as  lately  copied  from  a  daily  paper 
into  this  journal,  giving  an  account  of  the  ravages 


committed  by  the  Grape  inildetv  in  .Vladeiia.  tiome 
blighted  Grapes  from  that  island  have  been  forwarded 
by  C.  H.  C.  Plowden,  Esq.,  to  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker, 
•and  through  his  kindness  submitted  to  us  for 
inspection.  It  was  scarcely  probable  that  after  a 
long  voyage  they  could  arrive  in  a  very  satisfactory 
state,  but  though  much  bruised  and  decayed  they 
have  not  proved  entirely  void  of  interest.  Many  of 
the  Grapes  were  perfectly  sound,  while  others  were 
in  various  stages  of  decay,  but  none  cracked  and 
distorted,  as  is  frequently  the  case  with  our  own 
mildewed  Vines,  when  the  disease  is  very  aggravated. 
Not  the  least  trace  of  the  Oidmm  was  discoverable 
either  on  the  berries,  the  few  leaves  which  accom- 
panied them,  or  in  the  decomposed  matter  which  had 
been  deposited  on  the  sound  fruit.  But  instead  of 
the  Oidimn  almost  every  decayed  berry  exhibited, 
more  or  less  distinctly,  a  species  of  Verticillium, 
which  seems  to  be  the  same  with  that  figured  in 
the  "Annals  of  Natural  History,"  under  the  name  of 
V,  distans.  The  spores  of  this  are  about  tdVt  "f 
an  inch  in  length,  but  mixed  with  them  are  others 
which  are  triseptate  and  four  times  as  long,  exhi- 
biting all  the  characteristics  of  those  of  a  Fusarium. 
It  is  pretty  certain  that  F.  solani  Tubcrosi,  Desm., 
is  merely  the  perfect  state  oi  Daotyliuni  tenuissimum, 
which  so  often  occurs  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
stems  and  tubers  of  Potatoes  in  an  early  stage  of  the 
Potato  murrain ;  and  it  is  very  possible  that  we  have 
here  another  analogous  case,  for  two  forms  of 
fructification  occur  very  frequently  amongst  fungi. 

Another  point  of  interest  was  also  furnished  by 
the  decayed  berries.  A  vinous  odour  was  at  once 
perceptible  on  opening  the  box,  and  is  indeed  very 
common  in  decayed  Grapes,  provided  decomposition 
has  not  proceeded  too  far  ;  we  were  not  surprised, 
then,  that  the  first  glance  at  the  field  of  the  micro- 
scope brought  to  view  the  perfect  form  of  the  Yeast 
plant,  such  as  was  first  figured  by  Dr.  Hassall  in 
the  Lancet,  as  developed  freely  on  infused  malt,  and 
which  was  raised  by  Mr.  Berkeley  and  Mr,  G.  H. 
Hoffman,  between  thin  laminffi  of  glass,  immediately 
from  the  yeast  globules,  and  observed  in  every  stage 
of  growth,  from  the  first  germination  of  the  spores 
to  the  production  of  perfect  fruit.  The  plant  thus 
propagated  proved  exactly  identical  with  what  Dr. 
Hassall  had  previously  recorded,  and  his  suspicion 
that  he  had  the  perfect  form  of  the  yeast  globules 
before  him,  completely  confirmed. 

Other  moulds  were  present,  especially  Tricho- 
tliccimn  roseum,  yihich.  li  so  common  on  mildewed 
Cucumbers  and  Melons  ;  indeed  the  spores  were 
dispersed  in  such  quantities  as  to  make  it  very 
probable  that  the  fruit  when  gathered  was  more  or 
less  covered  by  it,  and  possibly  to  the  partial  or 
complete  exclusion  of  the  Oiditim,  which,  had  it 
been  present,  must  have  left  some  traces  behind. 
The  spores  of  the  Oidium  average  j-l~j^  of  an  inch, 
while  those  of  the  Trichothecium  are  only  half 
that  size,  and  therefore  could  not  very  easily  escape 
notice. 

The  Grape  mildew  is  so  completely  under  the 
control  of  the  cultivator  who  will  perseveringly 
apply  the  lime  and  sulphur,  that  it  is  not  easy 
to  obtain  specimens,  where  every  one  is  equally 
diligent  in  the  use  of  the  prescribed  remedies.  We 
have  therefore  had  some  difficulty  in  procuring  fresh 
examples.  What  we  have  obtained  confirm  our 
assertion  as  to  the  mould  in  this  country  affecting 
principally  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  though 
not  confined  to  it.  We  have  nothing  to  retract  on 
the  subject,  and  nothing  to  add,  respecting  its  history, 
to  former  observations,  except  that  we  find  the 
spores  are  very  much  of  the  same  size  and  shape 
as  in  the  Rose  mildew.  A  singular  species  of 
Gonisporititn,  consisting  of  obovate  or  pyriform 
bodies,  about  T-o'Tnr  "f  an  inch  long,  furnished  with  a 
single  septum  at  the  narrow  end,  and  an  Ascophora 
agreeing  with  A.  glauca  were  abundant  on  the 
decayed  fruit,  especially  the  latter.  M.  J.  B. 


THE  UNNATURAL  EXCITABILITY  OF  TBE 
POTATO  A  PROOF  OF  ITS  CONSTITUTIONAL 
DEBILITY. 
There  is  one  phase  of  the  Potato  disease  which  I  have 
observed  since  the  beginning  of  tlie  malady,  that  baa 
not,  so  fiu'  as  I  am  aware,  received  tliat  attention  which 
its  importance  seems  to  doniuud — I  mean  the  unnatural 
degree  of  e.vcitability  manifested  by  the  tubers  at  this 
season  of  tlie  year.  Instead  of  being  dormant,  as 
formerly,  many  of  them  have  produced  a  sort  of  uudei'- 
ground  stem  upon  which  otiicv  tuljers  are  formed  ; 
others  have  made  shoots  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch 
long,  and  nearly  all  the  eyes  arc  starting  into  growth. 

If  tills  unseasonable  effort  atreprntluetion  is  a  general 
acconipanimont  of  tlio  disease,  1  think  it  affords  strong 
evideiH;;;  that  tho  discaso  itself  is  tbe  result  of  constitu- 
liuiial  debility  ;  for  wo  observe  that  every  unliealthy 
plant  puts  forth  the  most  pei'severing  eflbrts,  often  out 
of  as  well  as  in  soasoii,  to  produce  (lowers,  se.ej.s,  or  fruit, 
and  thus  roproduco  and  perpetualo  its  sjiecies.  Hence 
wo  often  say  of  such  uulicalthy  subjects,  they  are  flower- 


580 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Sept.  li. 


ing,  fruiting,  or  seeding  themselves  to  death.  But  this 
is  not  strictly  correct ;  for  the  extraordinary  fertility 
of  these  plants  is  seldom  the  cause,  but  generally  the 
proof  of  pre-existing  debility.  So  the  peculiar  excita- 
bility of  the  Potato  is  not  a  producing  cause  of  disease, 
but  affords  a  strong  proof  that  its  vital  energy  is 
impaired.  Now,  every  gardener  knows  that  plants 
in  a  weak  condition  become  the  prey  of  a  whole 
host  of  insects,  parasitic  fungi,  &c.  In  fact  a 
terrific  struggle  goes  on  between  preservation  and 
destruction — life  and  death.  The  plant  puts  forth  all 
its  efforts  to  live  j  these  different  agencies  seem  deter- 
mined to  destroy  it  ;  and  destroy  it  tliey  certainly  will, 
unless  some  extraneous  aid  comes  to  its  support ;  as  it 
seems  to  be  a  law  pervading  alike  the  vegetable 
and  animal  kingdoms,  that  all  diseased  subjects  should 
quickly  perish,  and  not  continue  to  cumber  or  mar  the 
beauty  of  the  earth.  It  is  obvious,  too,  that  the  slightest 
change  of  the  air,  either  in  reference  to  heat  or  moisture, 
will  often  prove  fatal  to  a  weakly  plant,  whereas  the 
same  or  far  greater  changes  would  not  at  all  affect 
injuriously  the  same  plant  in  health — simply  proving 
that  a  weakly  plant  furnishes  a  favourable  medium  for 
the  development  of  active  disease  ;  while  a  healthy 
plant  is  furnished  with  the  means  of  resisting  it.  Hence 
the  best  antidote  against  the  ravages  of  disease  is  a  good 
constitution, or,as  a  physician  would  say,  "a  well  balanced 
circulation,"  Our  continued  barbarous  treatment  has 
impaired  the  constitution  of  the  Potato.  How  is  it  to 
be  restored  to  its  original  vigour  1  by  cutting  off  the 
diseased  parts,  or  diligently  hunting  and  destroying  every 
little  insect  that  has  lived  unmolested  upon  Potato  leaves 
for  years  ?  No.  But  by  going  earnestly  to^work,  with  the 
view  of  restoring  the  general  health  of  the  Potato.  This 
may  be  effected  not  only  by  raising  new  varieties,  but 
by  at  once  securing  the  soundest  tubers,  subjecting  them 
to  the  rational  systems  of  treatment  recommended  in 
your  excellent  Leader  of  the  4th  inst. ;  and,  above  all, 
bringing  them  under  a  system  of  sti'icfc  temperance 
regimen. 

For  years  we  have  been  stimulating  the  Potato 
plant  with  rich  manures,  gorging  its  whole  structure 
■with  more  crude  sap  than  its  lanky  stems  and  smothered 
leaves  could  possibly  elaborate  ;  and  thus  throwing  its 
whole  system  into  plethoric  disorder,  and  predisposing 
it  to  the  attacks  of  every  poisonous  miasma.  It  may 
be  necessai'y  for  a  time  to  forget  om*  ever-present  utili- 
tarian motives,  and  to  cultivate  the  Potato  more  with  a 
view  to  improve  its  sanitary  condition  than  for  profit ; 
for  I  have  always  observed,  without  any  exception,  that 
the  richer  the  land  and  the  better  the  crop  the  more 
virulent  the  disease,  and  vice  versd. 

To  surround  a  Potato  plant  at  the  present  time  with 
a  mass  of  decomposing  vegetable  or  animal  manure 
resembles  the  folly  of  a  man  who,  in  the  time  of  cholera, 
would  prefer  inhaling  the  pestiferous  odour  of  a  London 
sewer,  and  debasing  himself  by  intemperance,  to 
breathing  the  pure  air  of  the  country,  and  practising 
the  strictest  sobriety.  By  the  former  course  of 
conduct  he  would  almost  to  a  certainty  perish  ;  by 
the  latter,  escape.  So  with  the  Potato  plant ;  for 
I  beliovw  there  is  a  striking  analogy  between  the 
originating  cause  of  cholera,  so  far  as  it  is  known, 
and  the  cause  of  the  Potato  disease.  Both  seem  in  a 
certain  sense  to  be  atmospheric  ;  that  is,  the  active 
principle  appears  either  to  originate  in  some  general 
disorganisation  of  the  atmosphere,  or  in  the  diffusion 
throughout  certain  strata  of  the  same,  of  some  subtle 
but  powerful  and  destructive  agency.  But  this  active 
principle  seems  comparatively,  if  not  quite,  harmless, 
until  it  meets  with  conditions  congenial  to  the  develop- 
ment of  its  deadly  effects  ;  and  these  conditions  may,  in 
botli  cases  I  believe,  be  correctly  defined  in  two  words 
—dirt  and  debility. 

In  conclusion  I  may  mention  that,  with  the  exception 
of  crops  on  poor  soils,  the  disease  is  generally  very 
virulent,  and  I  believe  two-thirds  of  the  crops  will  be 
destroyed  this  year.  B.  T.  Fisli,  Kirldeatliam  Sally 
RedcaVf  Yorkshire. 


active  six-legged  larva,  with  jointed  antennae  and  long 
slender  setie  at  the  extremity  of  the  body,  it  becomes  an 
inert  mass,  in  which  all  the  Umbs  are  absorbed,  with  the 
exception  of  the  threads  which  form  the  sucker  by 
which  it  exhausts  the  sap  of  the  various  vegetables  upon 
which  it  is  found.  In  the  aphides  we  have  still  more 
curious  and  complicated  changes  ;  the  females  at  one 
time  of  the  year  producing  eggs,  and  at  another  fully 
developed  larvse  (one  writer  has,  indeed,  asserted  that 
he  has  seen  them  bring  forth  winged  individuals),  and 
this,  too,  without  the  necessity  of  impregnation  by  the 
male  for  the  period  of  many  successive  generations.  In 
this  family,  too,  we  have  the  strange  anomaly  of  the 
females  produced  at  one  season  being  quite  unlike  those 
which  are  found  at  another  ;  in  other  words,  whilst  they 
are  winged  and  like  their  'partners  at  one  season,  they 
remain  undeveloped  as  regards  their  aerial  locomotive 
organs  at  another. 

The  engravings  in  the  present  article  afford  an 
instance  in  which  this  modification  is  carried  to  its 
greatest  extent ;  indeed,  so  far,  that  the  females  found 
atone  period  of  the  year  have  been  regarded  as  belonging 
to  the  family  CoccidEC,  and  those  produced  at  another 
as  Aphideous. 

These  circumstances,  so  interesting  and  anomalous, 
are  accompanied  also  by  effects  upon  the  vegetable 
economy  of  tlie  trees  on  which  the  insects  are  reared, 
resulting  in  the  production  of  an  excrescence  which 
shows  us,  to  a  certain  extent,  how,  in  flowering  plants, 
leaves  are  transformed  into  petals. 

In  our  Paper  for  1844,  p.  796,  there  appeared  an 
article  by  "Ruricola"  on  a  disease  of  the  Larch  tree  in  the 
spring  resembling  American  blight,  occasioned  by  small, 
nearly  globose,  soft  blackish  animals,  more  or  less 
clothed  with  a  short  white  cottony  substance,  not  larger 
than  a  pin's  head,  with  six  very  small  legs,  and  a  short 
stout  proboscis,  from  which  proceeds  a  long  flexible 
setiform  tube  inserted  into  the  scales  of  the  bud  ;  and 
close  to  each  ofthese  animals  was  to  be  observed  a  cluster 
of  minute  eggs,  30  or  40  in  number,  each  attached  by  a 
long  slender    thread.      The    accompanying    wood-cut 


ENTOMOLOGY. 

The  Spbdce-gall  Adelqes. 
The  ordinary  routine  of  development  of  insects, — from 
an  egg  deposited  by  a  full-grown,  winged  female  to 
an  active  larva,  grub,  or  caterpillar,  thence  to  a  quiescent 
pupa  or  chrysalis,  from  which  is  produced  a  fully  deve- 
loped individual,  male  or  female,  resembling  its  parents 
in  all  respects — is  subject  to  certain  modifications  in 
different  tribes  which  are  amongst  the  most  remarkable 
physiological  phenomena  hitherto  observed  in  the  animal 
world.  Many  entire  orders  of  insects,  grasshoppers, 
mantides,  cimices,  cicadse,  &e.,  indeed  differ  from  the 
preceding  routine  being  subject  as  it  were  to  an  advance 
towards  perfection  in  their  earlier_states,  the  larvte  differ- 
ing but  little  from  the  perfect  insect  except  in  the  absence 
of  wings,  whilst  the  pupa  state  is  active  and  the  insect 
furnished  with  rudimental  wings.  Amongst  these  tribes, 
however,  we  find  a  certain  degradation,  as  it  were;  many 
individuals  never  acquiring  wings,  but  continuing  in  a 
state  very  similar  to  that  of  pupie  ;  possessing,  however, 
all  the  generative  powers  of  their  more  perfectly 
developed  relatives.  These  curious  modifications 
are,  moreover,  observed  in  a  stiU  higher  degree 
in  the  species  of  two  famihes  of  insects  which 
are  continually  before  the  eyes  of  the  gar- 
dener, namely  the  aphides  and  scale  insects.  In 
the  former  the  ordinary  development  of  insects  occurs 
in  the  male  alone,  whilst  the  female  undergoes  a  strange 
degi-adation  of  powers  and  instincts  j  for,  from  a  small 


females.  From  the  habits  of  the  insect,  which  differs 
generically  from  the  common  aphides,  he  gave  to  it  the- 
generic  name  of  Sacciphantes,  considering  it  probable 
that  the  Larch  species  would  associate  with  this  group. 
The  Spruce  Fir  species  was  named  by  Linnsei^  Chermes 
Pini  Abietis ;  and  De  Geer  described  it  as  the  Aphis 
Gallarum  Abietis.  De  Geer's  history  on  this  insect  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  complete  in  his 
"Memoires;"  and  from  it  we  learn  not  only  that  the  galls 
in  question  or  pseudo-cones  are  produced  by  the  attacks 
of  the  minute  larvse,  the  eggs  of  which  are  deposited 
between  the  scales  of  the  buds,  but  also  that  the  females 
at  one  season  of  the  year  resemble  those  described  by 
"  Ruricola  "  on  the  Larch  ;  whilst  at  another,  they  so 
closely  resemble  the  winged  male  figured  by  "  Ruricola'*' 
on  the  Spruce,  as  to  render  it  probable  that  "  Ruricola's '* 
two  insects  belong  to  the  same  species.  Dr.  Ratzeburg 
has  also  illustrated  these  insects  in  his  "  Forst  Insecten," 
Vol.  III.,  and  from  his  observations  we  further  leara  that 
the  females  have  the  power  of  producing  eggs,  and  even, 
living  young,  before  they  acquire  their  wings.  Evidencer 
of  this  remarkable  fact  will  be  found  in  our  woodcut^ 
fig.  e,  copied  from  Ratzeburg's  plate  : — 

5 


represents  part  of  a  twig  of  the  Larch  (fig.  1),  with  one 
of  the  insects  and  its  cluster  of  eggs  (fig.  2),  five  of 
the  eggs  in  a  small  cluster  (fig.  3),  a  single 
egg  detached  (fig.  4),  and  the  insect  itself  magni- 
fied (fig.  7).  At  the  same  time  there  were  also 
observed  on  the  leaves  a  number  of  very  minute  six- 
legged  active  larvse,  which  "Ruricola"  correctly  regarded 
as  the  young  hatched  from  some  of  the  eggs.  These 
are  represented  ou  the  leaves  at  fig.  5,  and  one  of  them 
magnified  at  fig.  6.  When  these  larvse,  however,  had 
once  selected  a  leaf,  they  inserted  then*  rostrum  and 
appeared  to  rest  in  a  dormant  state.  In  the  beginning 
of  June  they  had  spread  over  the  leaves  of  the  Larch, 
and  were  beginning  to  be  clothed  with  a  white  cottony 
substance.  "  Ruricola"  tliought  these  insects  were  closely 
allied  to  Coccus,  from  which  the  female  differed  in  not 
being  covered  with  a  scale,  and  in  the  eggs  being 
deposited  not  beneath  the  nibther  but  on  one  side  of  her; 
and  in  the  young  not  having  setiform  tails.  He  sug- 
gested that  it  was  possible  that  they  might  be  the 
Adelges  Laricis  of  Vallot,  which  is  indeed  the  case. 

In  a  subsequent  number  (1844,  p.  831),"  Ruricola"  also 
gave  the  description  of  another  insect,  which  inhabits 
the  curious  pseudo-cones  of  the  Spruce  Fu*,  so  much 
resembling  the  genuine  fniit  of  that  tree  as  to  have  been 
mistaken  for  a  modification  of  them.  One  of  these  pseudo- 
cones  is  represented  cut  in  half  in  the  accompanying 
fig.  1,  showing  a  number  of  httle  cells  on  the  outer 


margin,  in  one  of  which,  fig.  2,  is  to  be  observed  a  small 
insect,  which  is  represented  detached  in  fig.  3,  and  mag- 
nified in  fig.  4.  These  proved  to  be  the  pupae  of  a 
species  of  Aphidte,  from  which  the  wuiged  individuals 
(figs.  5  and  6)  were  produced  in  the  months  of  July 
and  August ;  most  of  the  winged  specimens  proved 
to  be  males,  but  "Ruricola"  observed  others  with 
more  acuminated  tails,  which  he  suspected  might  be 


The  woodcut  here  given  moreover  represents,  fig.  a,  a 
sprig  of  Larch,  with  two  of  the  pseudo-cones,  a  portion  of 
the  outer  edge  of  a  cone,fig.  rf,to  showthecavities  with  the 
enclosed  insects,  another  portion,  fig.  6,  showing  the  mode 
in  which  the  two  lips  of  the  cells  open  when  the  insects 
have  attained  their  full  size,  and  a  portion  of  a  leaf,  fig.  c, 
springing  from  one  of  the  cones  ou  which  the  exuvise  of 
the  pupje  are  observed  sticking  in  considerable  numbers-, 
the  pupEe  creeping  out  of  thecells,  and  being  transformed 
in  the  open  air  to  winged  insects.  As  regards  the  generic- 
name  of  these  insects,  we  should  have  adopted  that  of 
Linnaeus  (Chermes),  were  it  not  a  veraacuJar  name  <^ 
the  cochineal  insect :  that  of  Sacciphantes  is  also 
untenable,  being  preceded  by  that  of  Adelges,  previously 
imposed  by  Vallot.  /.  0.  W. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Late  Peas.— I  certainly  should  not  have  troubled  yo» 
further  on  this  subject  if  the  plan  laid  down  by  that 
great  investigator  of  the  laws  of  nature — the  late  Mr, 
Knight,  had  been  properly  carried  out  by  your  corre* 
spondent  "  A.,  Bucks."  The  deep  digging  aud  manuring 
the  Celery- trench  were  only  half  doing  the  work.  Itseems 
all  went  on  well  while  the  roots  were  confined  to  this 
rich  narrow  space,  but  by  the  time  the  plants 
commenced  to  fruit,  and  when  the  energies  of  the  roots 
were  most  needed,  they  began  to  penetrate  the  sides  of 
the  trench,  exhausted  by  the  former  crop,  where  they 
could  neither  find  liberty  nor  nourishment,  and  were 
consequently  checked.  Had  "A.,  Bucks,"  cultivated 
his  ground  2  or  3  feet  on'either  side  of  his  row  of  Peas 
as  hberally  as  he  did  underneath,  he  might  have  been 
enjoying  his  dish  of  green  Peas  in  brown  October, 
instead  of  deploring  theirabsence,  W.  Fitzsimon,  Reigate,. 
Sitri'ey. 

Begonia  Preatoniensis. — Messrs.  Lucombe  and  Pince's- 
advertisement,  at  p.  561,  reminds  me  of  an  opinion! 
was  led  to  form  on  receiving  from  them  lately  fine 
specimens  'of  the  above-named  plant — that  Begonias 
must  soon  become  as  popular  as  Achimenes,  GloxiniaSj,. 
and  the  like,  now  that  the  process  of  hybridisation  has 
been  so  successfully  brought  to  bear  upon  them.  You 
will,  perhaps,  allow  me  to  mention,  for  the  information 
of  those  who  have  not  seen  it,  that  this  B.  Prestoniensis  is 
probably  the  handsomest  of  the  Begonias — certainly  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  j  so  that  it  must  become  a  popular 
plant.  It  is  said  to  come  from  B.  cmnabarina  crossed 
with  B.  nitida,  and  unites  with  foliage  and  flowers  very 
much  like  those  of  the  former  the  shrubby  character 
of  the  latter,  so  far  modified  as  to  be  literally  of  a  neat 
branched  habit  of  growth ;  the  leaves  are  obliquely 
ovate-acuminate,  slightly  lobed,  and  doubly-serrate  en 
the  margin,  and  the  flowers  come  along  the  branches  in 
axillary  trichotomous  cymes,  elevated  on  long  red 
peduncles  above  the  dark  green  leaves.  These  flowers 
(male  4-petaUed,  female  5-petalled)  are,  perhaps,  rather 
smaller  than  in  B.  cinnabarina,  but  brighter  coloui'edj 
and  they  have  unquestionably  a  very  pleasant  Rose-like 
odour,  which  was  discoverable  after  a  long  railway 
journey.  It  is  a  true  Diploclinium,  not  a  Platyclinium,, 
like  its  female  progenitoi',  having  the  placentas  double^ 


37—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


581 


A  fi^re  of  it  will  be  published  in  the  forthcoming,  and, 
I  believe,  final  numberj  of  the  "  Garden  Companion." 
Thomas  Moore,  Chelsea. 

Manetti  Rose. — I  have  read  Mr.  Rivers's  remarks,  at 
p.  565,  relative  to  this  Rose,  and  I  have  since  seen  the 
plants  he  there  alludes  to,  but  my  opinion  of  this  Rose 
as  a  stock  remains  unaltered.  It  is  suited  to  special 
rather  than  general  use,  and  that  in  a  very  limited 
degree.  The  Roses  he  mentions  are  certainly  growing 
freely  enough  on  it,  but  I  have  'seen  the  same  sorts 
growing  equally  well  in  similar  soils,  both  on  the  Dog 
Rose  and  on  their  own  roots — freer,  I  may  say,  in  the 
latter  instance.  Where  then  in  the  examples  he  adduces 
is  the  advantage  ?  Now  it  is  no  flattery  to  say  that 
Mr,  Rivers  is  one  of  our  first  horticulturists,  and  if  he 
found  some  difficulty  in  its  cultivation,  so  much  that  he 
considers  it  necessary  for  Messrs.  Lane  and  Paul  to 
**  serve  a  sort  of  apprenticeship"  to  know  how  to 
manage  it,  is  this  stock  suited  for  general  culture  ? 
Can  any  amateur  or  gardener  afford  the  time  (leaving 
out  the  question  of  the  premium),  to  serve  an  apprentice- 
■ship  to_Mr.  R.  to  learn  how  to  grow  Roses  on  this 
stock  ?  which  thing,  when  learnt,  is  aot  worth  the  learning. 
I  trow  not.  On  one  point  Mr.  R.  seems  to  me  to  argue 
Strangely  for  a  man  of  his  practical  knowledge.  He 
«ays,  « Is  not  the  Manetti  a  hybrid  China  Rose  ?  and 
are  not  all  our  finest  autumnal  Roses  of  the  same  race  ? 
The  "transition  must  therefore  be  less  than  when  a  bud 
of  a  hybrid  Rose  is  placed  in  a  Bog-Rose  stock." 
Agreed.  But  will  Mr.  R.  argue  thence  that  it  is  better  ? 
Is  it  an  axiom  in  horticulture,  that  the  closer  the 
affinity  of  the  stock  and  scion  the  better?  Does 
Che  Peach  thrive  better  on  the  common  Almond 
than  on  the  Plum  ?  Is  the  seedling  Apple  a 
better  stock  for  the  Apple  than  the  Crab  ?  Surely 
not  ;  and  numerous  other  instances  will  doubt- 
less occur  to  him  in  which  the  advantage  is  not  in  the 
precise  ratio  in  which  the  stock  is  akin  to  the  bud  or 
graft.  ^  As  for  the  remarks  of  "  J.  M. "  respecting 
«  astonishing  results,"  "  universal  panaceas,"  and  "  gal- 
vanised wires*'  they  require  a  more  philosophic  pen 
than  mine  to  grapple  with  them.  I  am  content  to  deal 
with  facts.  Certainly  I  have  too  much  love  for  my 
Roses  to  wish  them  transposed  where  they  would  have 
to  undergo  such  a  combination  of  hardships  as  "  poor 
thin  light  soils,"  "  reeking  atmospheres,"  "  murky  fens," 
and  "withering  siroccos,"  and  I  would  entreat  that 
portion  of  poor  suffering  humanity  who  may  be 
"  doomed  to  quiver  "  under  such  circumstances,  if  they 
cannot  themselves  escape,  at  least  to  place  their 
faTourite  flowers  beyond  such  influences.  William  Paul, 
Nurs€7'ieSf  CheshuTit,  Herts. 

Wasp  Trap. — You  have  formerly  recommended  as  a 
wasp  and  fly  trap,  a  wide-mouthed  Gooseberry  bottle 
with  a 'tin  or  other  funnel  in  it  Try,  and  you  will 
recommend  a  ti'ansparent  bottle.  The  difference  in  the 
numbers  caught  in  an  opaque  and  a  transparent  bottle 
"is  surprising.  The  reason  is  evident ;  in  the  opaque 
bottle  the  light,  towards  which  the  captives  fly,  is  up  the 
ftuinel,  in  the  transpai'ent  bottle  the  light  is  all  round 
them,  thither  they  keep  flying  till  they  can  fly  no  longer, 
and  then  fall  into  the  liquor,  a  mixture  of  beer  and 
treacle,  A  Header  from  the  beginning. 

Erigeron  canadensis. — Those!  botanists  who  wish  to 
obtain  specimens  of  the  Erigeron  canadensis,  or 
Oanadian  Fleabane,  will  find  plenty  of  it  growing  in 
the  triangular  space  which  is  now  being  fast  built  over, 
between  the  end  of  Deptford  and  New  Cross,  having 
Oonnter  Hill  to  the  west  of  it.  As  the  houses  are 
increasing  rapidly  there,  it  will  be  best  to  lose  no  time, 
as  next  season  there  may  be  no  open  ground  left  This 
"is  now  a  rare  plant ;  but  is  spoken  of  by  Ray,  as  growing 
plentifully  about  London  in  his  time.  I  have  learnt 
that  the  place  where  I  found  it  was  at  least  50  years  in 
occupation  of  Messrs.  Cormack  and  others  as  garden 
ground.  The  high  system  of  manuring  which  gardeners 
voold  find  necessary  for  their  purposes  would  probably 
not'suit  the  habits  of  the  Fleabane  ;  but  no  sooner  would 
neglect  reduce  the  groundto  itsnaturallyeterilecondition, 
thaji  the  seedc  of  Erigeron  would  beg^n  to  germinate,  and 
produce  the  plentiful  supply  now  found  there.  In  this 
Tact  may  be  found  an  explanation  of  the  occasional 
disappearance  and  restoration  of  several  interesting 
pUnts  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  William  lloU, 
BromUy. 

Carrum  Crown. — Some  time  ago  I  was  riding  in  the 
country.  I  saw  a  carrion  crow  (Corvua  corone)  fly  out 
of  a  bam  with  an  egg  in  its  beak;  it  flew  about  60 
yards  into  a  field,  laid  down  the  egg,  and  went  for 
another.  I  then  disturbed  it,  when  it  flew  three  or  four 
hundred  yards,  with  the  other  egg,  to  its  feast.  I 
searched  for  the  first,  which  I  had  great  difficulty  in 
-finding  ;  it  was  placed  in  the  print  of  a  horse's  foot, 
and  completely  covered  over  with  clods  ;  it  was  per- 
fectly uninjured.  I  was  extremely  surprised  tf>  find 
that  it  could  carry  so  large  a  substance,  notwithstanding 
the  saw-like  edge  of  the  mandible.  The  general  im- 
pression is  that  it  pierces  the  egg  with  one  mandible. 
Such,  however,  is  not  the  case.  F.  />,,  Pernhorc. 

CutkiWti  fil'jck  Hpi'fic  Clumber. — Permit  me  to  inform 
"  Mary  "  that  gathering  .!»2  Cucumbers  off  three  plants 
up  to  the  present  period  is  not  amiss  for  a  lady  gardoner. 
Mr.  IJouchfrr,  an  amateur,  living  in  tho  New-roml  hfn-, 
however,  cut  C2  Cucumbers  from  onf)  plant,  r-ncli 
m'ASuring  1 4  inches  long,  which  bt^U  "  Mary  ;"  but 
Mr.  B.  had  had  a  good  Cucumlx^r  season.  Thiw  year 
ha«  lM:cn  very  unfavourable  to  Cucumber  growing  ; 
ther»;fore,  upon  the  whole,  "  Mary  "  has  done  remark- 
ably well,  and  deserves  praise.  1  trust,  however,  tlmt  I 
<*hall  not  frighten  tho  IiJdy  when  X  tell  her  that  I  have 


grown  as  many  Cucumbers  upon  one  plant  befoi'e  the 
end  of  May  as  she  has  cut  from  three  up  to  August  20. 
Mine  are  growing  upon  a  trellis  2  feet  from  the  ground. 
Cucumbers  bear  better  on  ti*ellises  than  placed  other- 
wise, and  they  are  finer  flavoured,  on  account  of  the  free 
circulation  of  air  which  plays  over  and  around  the  foliage. 
I  would  advise  the  lady  and  others  who  are  growers  of 
Melons  and  Cucumbers  to  build  a  4  or  9-inch  walled 
brick  pit,  even  if  it  were  but  for  one  light,  the  back  wall 
being  5  feet  high,  the  front  three  and  a  half.  After  the 
hot  dung  and  earth  are  put  into  the  pit  in  spring,  then 
plant  out  one  or  two  plants  ;  two  are  safer,  in  case  of 
one  failing.  Train  them  up  a  stick  until  they  are  18 
inches  or  so  from  the  mould,  then  form  a  rough  trellis 
of  strong  rods  of  hazel,  the  stronger  and  rougher  the 
better,  in  order  that  they  may  not  bend.  Then  if  the 
spring  is  cold  some  fermenting  material  may  be  put 
round  the  brick-work.  Do  not  forget  to  get  a  fine 
lively  toad,  with  some  water  for  it  to  drink,  as  well  as 
to  bathe  in,  and  place  it  in  the  pit.  Let  "  Mary"  take  my 
advice,  and  tell  us  the  result  next  year.  James  Cuthill, 
Camherwell. 

Effect  of  Heavy  ManuHng  on  the  Potato  Disease. — 
I  observed  a  few  weeks  ago  a  letter  in  your  Paper  on 
the  Potato  disease,  by  Mr.  Cuthill.  I  have  no  wish  to 
dispute  the  position  taken  up  by  that  clever  cultivator, 
that  the  disease  is  occasioned  by  the  use  of  rank  and 
fermenting  manures  ;  but  knowing  tho  importance  of 
facts  in  such  a  discussion,  perhaps  you  will  give  insertion 
to  the  following  : — On  March  6  I  planted  a  quantity  of 
Irish  Cup  Potatoes,  from  seed  raised  by  myself,  and 
perfectly  free  from  disease,  on  a  piece  of  very  poor  dry 
sandy  soil,  which  had  lain  for  50  years  under  wood 
(Scotch  Fir  chiefly).  The  only  manure  given  was 
4  cwt.  of  Peruvian  guano  per  acre.  The  crop  on  this 
ground  was  vei-y  luxuriant  in  appearance,  and  the  stems 
remarkably  tall  and  green  till  about  a  week  ago,  when 
disease  appeared,  and  so  rapidly  has  it  spread  that  now 
there  is  scarcely  a  green  leaf,  and  I  have  seen  several 
tainted  tubers.  On  March  25  I  planted  on  a  piece  of 
ground,  which,  though  light  and  sandy,  has  been  many 
years  in  cultivation,  a  quantity  of  the  same  kind  of 
Potato,  and  prepared  in  the  same  way ;  but  manured  with 
21  horse  loads  of  farm-yard  dung  per  acre.  This  plot, 
although  never  so  luxuriant  in  foliage,  is  as  yet  perfectly 
green,  and  free  from  disease.  Another  fact,  mentioned 
by  a  neighbour  of  mine,  is  that  in  1846,  one  part  of  his 
Potato  field  was  overflowed  by  the  river  Spey,  and 
while  the  part  which  escaped  was  much  affected  by 
disease,  the  part  overflowed  was  entirely  sound. 
John  CnsJiny,  Speymouth^  Morayshire,  N.  B, — Five  years 
ago  I  took  a  cottage  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Edin- 
burgh for  summer  quarters,  to  which  cottage  is 
attached  a  garden  of  about  half  a  Scotch  acre  ;  when  I 
entered,  the  ground  was  very,  very  poor,  and  I  manured 
it  strongly  ;  the  crop  was  excellent  and  not  a  diseased 
Potato.  Having  a  cow  and  two  horses,  the  manuring 
was  of  course  very  heavy.  In  the  first  year,  1848, 
where  there  was  no  disease,  at  least  one-third  went 
wrong  in  1849  ;  and  every  year  since,  the  strong 
manuring  being  continued,  the  greater  has  been  the 
amount  of  destruction.  I  tried  this  year  the  effect  of 
lifting  early,  and  in  a  small  break  of  about  four  bolls  of 
American  Earlies,  not  above  a  dozen  of  diseased 
Potatoes  were  found,  after  being  about  a  month  in  the 
pit.  I  observed  this  morning  the  gardener  collecting  a 
dishfiU  for  dinner,  and  for  every  two  sound  Potatoes  he 
put  into  the  basket,  he  threw  aside  upon  an  average 
nine  diseased  ones ;  and  all  this  decay  occurred  within 
about  four  weeks.  I  therefore  agree  with  your  corre- 
spondent that  over  forcing  is  one  great  cause  of  the 
disease.  I  observe  that  Hollyhocks  particularly  are 
affected,  also  Apple-trees,  and  that  Roses  are  unusually 
mildewed  and  rusted.    W.  K.  A. 

Memoranda  from  Java,  {continued  from  p.  534). — 
Among  timber  trees  the  Tectona  or  Indian  Teak  justly 
takes  the  lead  amongst  these  of  the  east,  and  that  of 
Java  is  usually  considered  to  be  the  finest  in  quality. 
Like  the  Oak,  the  Teak  takes  from  70  to  100  years  to 
arrive  at  maturity,  and  even  then  it  requires  a  good 
strong  soil ;  the  tree  varies  in  height  from  60  to  90  feet, 
and  sometimes  it  is  from  6  to  9  feet  in  diameter.  The 
Java  Teak  fiowers  in  the  dry  season  and  ripens  its  fruit 
about  November,  just  before  the  north-west  monsoon 
sets  in.  It  is  one  of  the  few  trees  which  in  the  tropics 
sheds  its  leaves  at  once,  like  those  of  more  temperate 
countries.  With  respect  to  physical  distribution,  the 
Teak  abounds  in  Java,  Ceylon,  Malabar,  Coromandel, 
and  especially  in  the  empires  of  Birma  and  Pegu  ;  it  is 
found  both  in  the  plains  and  mountains — in  the  latter 
not  exceeding  4000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
wood  of  the  mountain  Teak  is  much  harder  than  that 
of  the  plains,  but  more  stunted  in  its  growth  ;  in 
favourable  flituations  in  the  forest  it  almost  excludes 
every  other  tree,  even  amongst  Epiphytal  plants  few  are 
found  clinging  to  its  branches.  In  comparing  tho 
qualities  of  Toak  with  Oak,  the  first  is  by  far  superior  ; 
it  is  equally  strong  hut  somewhat  more  buoyant,  t!ie 
durability  ia  more  uniform  ;  and  it  demands  leas  care  or 
preparation.  It  may  bo  UBcd  almost  groon  from  the 
foroHt  without  foar  of  wot  or  dry  rot,  and  it  will  endure 
(ill  climates  or  alternations  of  climates,  nor  docH  it  contain 
tlmt  acid,  as  in  tho  Oak,which  corrodes  and  dcHtroys iron; 
t)nt,  on  tho  contrary,  it  poBSCBscH  an  essential  oil  which 
tfMids  to  preserve  iron.  Tho  Teak  is  often  used  for  ship 
builrJing,  heamH  for  largo  Htoros,  or  piles  to  [trotoct 
hrcftst-work  of  rivc^rs  ;  it  is  entirely  unfit  for  making 
casks  to  hold  wino  or  spirits  in,  on  account  of  tho  strong 
orlour  which  it  imparts  to  all  liquids  which  are  solvents 
of  tho  ensential  oil  in  which  tlmt  odour  is  contained  ; 


on  the  other  hand,  it  improves  arrack,  as  it  imparts 
some  of  that  peculiar  flavour  which  people  affect  to 
relish.  The  medicinal  qualities  of  Teak  are  an  infusion 
of  the  leaves  drank  as  tea  in  cases  of  cholera.  The 
wood  is  seldom  used,  although  it  imparts  to  water 
a  bitter  taste,  somewhat  similar  to  that  from  the 
leaves.  The  native  name  in  Java  is  Jattie  or  Djattie, 
the  word  Teak  belongs  to  British  India.  The  only 
superiority  the  Oak  has  over  Teak  is  in  the  con- 
struction of  casks  for  holding  wines  or  spirits,  for, 
when  exposed  to  the  rays  of  a  tropical  sun,  it  cracks  and 
soon  decays.  Although  the  Oak  is  indigenous  to  Java, 
and  abounds  in  vast  quantities  in  the  forest  at  an 
elevation  as  low  as  7000  feet  above  the  sea  level, 
producing  timber  of  extraordinary  size,  perfectly 
straight,  and  from  5  to  7  feet  in  diameter,  growing  in 
situations  not  further  than  60  miles  from  Batavia,  it  is, 
nevertheless,  unknown  to  the  natives,  nor  even  used,  or 
brought  into  use  by  the  Government  itself.  The 
Liquidambar  is  a  fine  tree  growing  to  the  height  of 
1 00  feet,  inhabiting  the  dense  forest  at  an  elevation  from 
5000  to  8000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  where 
the  cold  is  sensibly  felt ;  consequently,  it  is  never  met 
with  on  the  plains.  The  wood  is  of  a  very  hard  texture, 
fine  in  grain,  and  varying  in  colour  from  a  bright  red  to 
a  pale  rose,  which  makes  it  valuable  to  the  furniture- 
makers  of  the  East.  The  natives  of  the  mountainous 
districts  are  remarkably  fond  of  the  fruit  of  the  Chestnut 
(Castanea  javanica  and  C.  argentea),  and  oftentimes 
entirely  subsist  upon  them  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  season  in  which  the  trees  are  in  bearing  ;  they  may 
be  eaten  raw  or  roasted,  with  salt  or  without,  as  the 
natives  are  in  no  way  particular  in  that  respect.  The 
quality  of  the  timber  is  regulated  by  the  age  of  the  tree  ; 
if  cut  down  when  very  old,  it  is  of  little  use,  but,  at  a 
moderate  age,  it  then  far  exceeds  that  of  the  Oak  in 
durability  for  posts,  &c.  The  general  range  of  growth 
is  from  1000  to  4000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
In  Conifers  only  two  genera  (Podocarpus  and  Agathis), 
are  indigenous  to  Java.  The  first  consists  of  four  species, 
which  are  equally  distributed  over  the  low  plains,  or  in 
the  forest  at  an  elevation  of  9000  feet  above  the  sea 
level  ;  two  species  are  lofty  trees,  yielding  an  abundance 
of  resin,  while  the  other  two  are  dwarf,  and  planted  in 
gardens  about  Batavia.  The  Agathis  loranthifolia, 
Dammara  alba,  and  Pinus  Dammara,  are  one  and  the 
same  tree,  which  grows  to  an  extraordinary  height,  and 
yields  a  kind  of  hard  pitch  or  resin  that  exudes  spon* 
taneously  from  the  tree.  There  are  two  varieties  of  this 
in  commerce,  which  are  distinguished  by  their  colour  or 
consistence,  and  by  the  name  of  Damar  batoe  in  Malay, 
or  Damar  sella  in  Javanese,  meaning  stony  resin  ;  the 
other,  Damar  Putih  in  Malay,  or  Damar  Puteh  iu 
Javanese,  the  white  resin.  The  tree  in  a  growing  state 
is  known  by  the  name  of  Kibieraa  latakki,  the  masculine. 
The  Antiaris  toxicaria,  or  deadly  Upas  tree  of  Java, 
is  one  of  the  lai'gest  trees  in  the  forest :  the  stem,  or 
trunk,  rises  perpendicularly  to  the  height  of  80  feet 
before  sending  out  any  branches,  which  then  are  a  few 
stout  horizontal  ones  with  several  irregular  curves, 
dividing  into  smaller  branches,  and  forming  an  xm- 
compact  head.  The  bark  of  the  stem  is  of  a  brownish 
colour,  bursting  into  longitudinal  furrows,  and  nearly 
2  inches  in  thickness.  In  the  Sundanese,  or  western 
part  of  the  island,  it  is  very  scarce,  and  is  only  known 
in  one  district,  although  the  rest  of  the  forest  is  equally 
dense.  Nor  is  it  widely  distributed  over  the  centr^ 
parts;  I  have  only  met  with  it  in  two  districts — the 
first  a  few  scattered  trees  in  the  Djieng  and  Battur,  the 
other  at  the  mountain  Unarang.  On  the  contrary,  in 
the  eastern  districts  it  takes  a  wider  distribution,  and  ia 
found  in  Malang,  Passurnan,  Pugar,  Bandawasa,  and 
Banyuwangi.  In  the  places  mentioned  it  is  found  only 
iu  the  deepest  recesses  of  the  forest,  surrounded  on  all 
sides  with  trees,  shinabs,  or  climbing  plants  encircling  its 
stem,  and  occasionally  Orchids  cling  to  its  branches;  a 
proof  that  the  Antiaris  is  not  hurtful  to  any  other  plant 
near  it,  nor  is  there  that  barren  or  naked  ground  about 
it  which  has  been  so  much  spoken  of.  The  inspissated 
juice,  or  poison,lies  in  the  outer  bark,  or  cortex,and  when 
fresh  wounded  it  flows  from  it  in  form  of  a  milk-white 
sap;  when  applied  to  the  skin  it  produces  an  intolerable 
itching,  followed  by  a  severe  pain  and  herpetic  eruption. 
The  liber  or  inner  bark  of  the  tree  produces  a  fibrous 
texture  much  resembling  coarse  clotli,  which  the  poorer 
natives  of  those  districts  wear  round  their  loins,  and 
some  make  a  kind  of  hat  from  it  In  its  preparation, 
tlie  bark  requires  bruising,  a  long  immei'sion  in  water, 
with  repeated  washing,  so  as  to  free  it  from  all  particles 
of  poison  that  it  formerly  contained  ;  if  not  properly 
prepared  before  using  for  the  purposes  mentioned,  when 
it  becomes  wot  the  wearer  experiences  an  itching  to  a 
degree  beyond  sufferance.  In  Java  there  is  an  extensive 
variety  of  plants  possessing  noxious  qualities.  The 
natives  dread  the  touch  of  Urtica  ovalifolia,  or  even  to 
approach  it  too  near,  moro  than  they  do  tho  Upas  tree.  In 
the  distribution  of  this  plant  it  is  found  in  every  forest 
on  tho  island  ;  it  is  always  used  by  tho  Javanese  to 
irritate  the  buffalo  in  his  combat  with  tlie  tigor.  Tho 
Clititok  or  Tjettek  (Strychnos  Tieute),  is  a  far  more 
intouHo  poison  than  tho  Antshar,  and  only  takes  one- 
lialf  tho  time  to  destroy  life  ;  but  it  must  always  be 
lirHt  boiled,  then  it  acts  moro  directly  on  the  nervous 
syHtem  and  brain,  and  generally  it  destroys  life  by  one 
Hudrlen  effort  If  taken  inwardly  instead  of  introduced 
into  tho  circulation  of  tho  blood,  it  then  acts  as  a  most 
violent  poison,  requiring  a  greater  length  of  time  to 
have  tho  same  effect.  Tho  poison  is  prepared  chiefly 
from  tho  bark  of  tho  main  or  tap  roots,  which  are  of  a 
:  bright  brick  colour.  John  Hemhall. 


582 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Sept.  11, 


Artts, —  Oil  the  lorenoou  of  Thursday,  August  19, 
about  12  o'clock,  I  noticed  a  large  quantity  of  strange- 
looking  insects  flying  slowly  backwards  and  forwards 
over  certain  parts  of  the  lawn  in  our  pleasure-grounds  ; 
circumstances  called  me  away,  but  between  1  and 
2  o'clock  I  returned,  when  I  made  it  my  business  to 
entrap  one  of  the  sti'angers,  for  the  purpose  of  a  closer 
examination.  Instead  of  laying  hold  of  a  single  indi- 
vidual, however,  I  found  that  I  had  caught  a  couple, 
male  and  female,  of  tiie  common  red  ant,  in  the  act  of 
pairing.  I  immediately  placed  them  on  the  turf  at  my 
feet,  when  to  my  surprise  the  first  thing  the  male  did 
was  to  cut  close  off  his  mistress's  wings,  using  for  that 
purpose  his  mandibles  very  expertly  ;  nor  could  she  rid 
herself  of  him  by  any  means,  althougli  she  appeared  to 
struggle  hard,  until  he  had  entirely  divested  her  of  them, 
the  operation  occupying  but  a  few  seconds.  This  accom- 
plished, he  immediately  withdrew  from  her  ;  and  she, 
as  if  ashamed  of  her  mutilated  condition,  instantly  hid 
herself  by  burrowing  in  the  turf,  probably  there  to  form 
a  new  colony  ;  at  this  time  there  were  thousands  of 
them  floating  about  in  the  air,  but  not  in  the  form  of  a 
column,  and  I  watched  hundreds  of  them  alight  on  the 
grass.  There  were  few  females  unaccompanied  by 
males,  some  having  three,  many  two,  and  many  one 
only  ;  but  in  every  case  I  noticed  that  the  females 
were  deprived  of  their  wings  on  alighting  by  the  males, 
as  I  have  already  described  ;  they  cut  them  off  close  to 
the  body,  giving  each  wing  a  separate  clip  with  their 
saws.  On  examining  the  turf  closely,  an  immense 
quantity  of  those  wings  could  be  seen.  I  observed  that 
as  soon  as  the  males  had  performed  this  seemingly  cruel, 
although  I  doubt  not  in  some  way  necessary  operation, 
they  generally  seemed  stupid  and  much  fatigued, 
although  others  of  them  appeared  to  fly  off  in  search  of 
fresh  partners.  There  is  no  doubt,  therefore,  that  they 
pair  on  the  wing,  and  what  I  have  stated  may  be  allowed 
to  explain  the  fact,  which  I  do  not  elsewhere  recollect 
to  have  seen  accounted  for,  namely,  that  female  ants  are 
often  seen  without  wings,  and  vice  vei'sa.  G.  W.  Dick, 
Livci'mcrc  Pari;  Sv.jfoll: 

The  Deodar.— '^ot  being  aware  that  the  Deodar  has 
fruited  in  this  country  prior  to  this  date,  I  have  thought 
it  might  be  interesting  to  know  that  a  fine  tree  of  this 
beautiful  Conifer,  2S  feet  high  by  23  feet  through,  is 
producing  abundance  of  cones  here  at  the  present  time. 
T.  .R.J  Bw^y  Eill,  near  Dorhing. 

An  aged  Pear  Tree's  Petition. — In  a  garden  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  ancient  city  of  Norwich  I  stand,  a 
venerable  Pear  tree,  of  noble  size,  admired  by  all  who 
see  me,  affording  a  grateful  shade  from  the  noon-day 
sun,  an  object  of  beauty  to  the  eye,  and  a  topic  of  many 
an  interesting  conversation.  But,  alas  !  that  conversa- 
tion has  too  deep  an  interest  for  me.  I  hear  discussed 
my  past  gloi'ies,  my  present  degeneration,  and  my 
probable  fate.  I  have  indeed  been  a  fruitful  tree  ;  but 
because  no  longer  abounding,  my  fair  owners  threaten 
me  with  destruction.  But  I  have  at  last  found  a  friend. 
One  who  was  enjoying  a  happy  hour  on  the  lawn  I 
beautify,  and  who  had  lieard  of  my  past  bounties, 
entreated  for  a  respite.  He  urged  that  application 
should  be  made  to  you,  and  suggested  that  you  might 
dictate  a  course  which  would  restore  me  to  my  pristine 
state.  Pardon  me  if  I  myself  address  you  and  implore 
your  pity.  Instruct  me  as  to  what  can  be  attempted  to 
restore  an  invalid  to  health  ;  devise  a  remedy,  and  you 
will  ever  be  remembered  with  gratitude  by  An  Ancient 
Pear  Tree^  St.  George's  Colgate,  Norwich.  [Worthy 
friend,  exUgno  quovis  hand  Jit  inercurius  ;  prescriptions 
cannot  be  given  after  any  sort  of  description  of  ailments, 
or  no  description  at  all.] 

Bleeding  Trees. — A  person  who  has  had  much  expe- 
rience among  woods,  informed  me  tliat  it  is  an  excellent 
plan,  before  plugging  holes  in  trees,  to  take  a  red-hot 
iron  a  little  larger  than  the  hole  and  char  the  wound 
with  the  iron  ;  the  charring  prevents  the  bleeding,  and 
also  keeps  the  wood  from  decaying  near  the  injured 
part.  P.  Mackenzie. 


Societies. 

LiN'NEAN,ilfa2/6. — The  President  in  the  Chair.  Read, 
some  "  Notes  on  the  Leaf  of  Guarea  grandifolia,  Dec," 
by  Dr.  Alexander,  as  follows  : — In  the  enclosed  speci- 
mens of  a  Guarea  from  Jamaica,  the  G.  grandifolia, 
Dec,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  lower  leaflets  have  fallen 
off,  while  younger  ones  are  being  developed  at  the 
extremity  of  the  same  petiole.  At  the  time  of  flowering, 
the  number  of  leaflets  varies  from  a  single  pair  to  eight 
or  ten  pairs  ;  but  as  these  fall  off  in  the  course  of  a  few 
months,  the  petiole  elongates,  and  at  each  successive 
rainy  season,  of  which  there  are  two  in  the  year,  throws 
out  from  the  end  a  fresh  foliage  of  several  pairs.  The 
lower  and  older  part  of  the  petiole  in  the  meantime 
remaining  attached  to  the  stem,  becomes  completely 
ligneous  and  round,  and  acquires  a  rind  distinct  from 
the  wood,  and  covered  with  ienticelles  and  a  resemblance 
to  pith  in  the  centre  ; — takes  on,  in  short,  the  character 
of  a  branch,  fi-om  which  it  is  only  to  be  distinguished 
by  the  axillary  inflorescence,  the  absence  of  buds  in  the 
axillte  of  the  leaflets,  and  the  analogy  with  the  closely- 
allied  genus  Trichilia,  in  which  the  same  phenomenon  is 
seen  in  leaves  deciduous  after  the  second  development. 
In  Guarea,  at  least  in  this  species  of  it,  the  leaf  seems 
to  be  continuous  witli  the  branch,  without  articulation, 
and  to  have  no  definite  term  of  life,  hanging  on  till  over- 
topped and  killed  by  other  leaves.  Its  usual  length  at 
that  period  is  from  a  yard  to  4^  feet.  In  Adrien  de 
Jussieu's  memoir  on  the  Meliacere  are  the  foUowino- 


remarks  : — "  The  resemblance  of  the  leaflets  borne  on  i 
the  same  petiole  to  leaves  borne  on  the  same  branch 
becomes  more  striking  still  in  certain  genera,  as  Guarea, 
where  the  extremity  of  the  petiole,  after  a  series  of 
leaflets  perfectly  developed,  presents  some  which  are 
not  yet  so,  and  which  appear  to  belong  to  another  shoot. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  ascertain  what  becomes  of 
them,  a  thing  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  do, 
having  had  none  but  dried  specimens  to  examine." 
This  shrub  usually  grows  at  the  base  of  large  timber 
trees,  such  as  the  Eriodendron  anfractuosum,  in  the 
pasture  districts  of  St.  Ann's  parish,  establishing  itself 
between  their  elevated  buttress-like  roots,  and  with  its 
leaves  hanging  down  to  the  Grass,  forms  natural 
arbours,  or  rather  stables,  in  which  the  cattle  repose 
during  the  heat  of  the  day.  The  [negroes  use  them  to 
wattle  the  walls  of  their  huts,  and  call  the  bush  "  AUi- 
gator  Tree,"  probably  from  the  two  Spanish  words  "  a 
ligai',"  to  tie  with.  Where  it  stands  free,  it  attains  the 
size  of  a  full-grown  Apple-tree  ;  but  it  invariably,  I 
beheve,  grows  within  shelter  of  some  other  and  larger 
one.  Except  this  genus  and  Trichilia,  I  found  no  other 
in  Jamaica  that  had  the  character  of  leaf  above 
described. — The  President  exhibited  numerous  speci- 
mens of  recent  and  fossil  Cycadeas.  Among  these  was 
a  fine  specimen  of  a  new  species  (Cycadites  Saxbyanus, 
R.  Br.)  found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  by  Mr.  Saxby,  of 
Bonchurch.  The  President  remarked  that  all  the  speci- 
mens of  Cycadites  hitherto  found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
agreed  jn  having  an  elliptical  outline,  unaccompanied 
with  any  inequality  in  the  woody  ellipsis,  and  also  in 
having  a  bud  in  the  axilla  of  each  leaf  ;  in  these  respects 
differing  from  the  Cycadites  of  the  Isle  of  Portland,  and 
from  all  the  recent  species  of  Cycadese  with  which  we 
are  acquainted,  which  have  a  circular  outline  and  only 
scattered  buds.  Annals  oj  Natural  History. 


The  Natural  History  of  Animals.    By  T.  Eymer  Jones, 

F.R.S.  Vol.  II.  Van  Voorst.  Small  8vo. 
It  is  rather  more  than  seven  years  since  we  noticed  the 
first  volume  of  this  valuable  work.  The  second  volume, 
which  has  been  some  months  on  our  table,  is  in  all 
respects  worthy  of  its  predecessor,  and  to  some  will 
prove  even  more  acceptable.  Its  subject  is  Insects 
properly  so  called,  together  with  the  neai-ly  alhed  spiders 
or  Arachnids,  and  Crustaceans,  including  the  races  of 
shrimps,  crabs,  and  lobsters.  In  every  page  we  recOj_ 
nise  the  man  of  true  science  ;  there  is  no  pedantry  or 
affectation  ;  the  subject  is  rendered  famihar  by  means 
of  sterling  English  ;  and  although  we  perceive  the 
philosopher  everywhere,  the  reader  scarcely  suspects 
that  the  interest  which  he  feels  is  closely  connected  with 
the  strictly  classical  manner  in  which  the  work  is 
treated.  Excellent  woodcuts  illustrate  Mr.  Rymer 
Jones*  details,  the  style  of  which  will  be  appreciated  by 
the  following  extracts. 

The  prodigious  strength  of  insects  is  thus  described : — 

'*  Few  of  us  suspect  while  we  amuse  ourselves  with 
watching  the  active  gambols  of  the  tiny  beings,  that  to 
enable  them  to  perform  such  feats  as  we  see  them 
execute  every  day,  an  amount  of  strength  has  been 
conferred  upon  them  which  could  not  safely  have  been 
entrusted  to  any  of  the  larger  animals,  and  that  nothing 
but  the  comparatively  diminutive  size  to  which  all  the 
insect  races  are  jealously  restricted,  prevents  them  from 
becoming  the  tyrants  of  this  globe  and  the  destroyers 
of  all  other  terrestrial  creatm'es.  The  fables  of  antiquity 
have  seldom  ventured  to  attribute  to  the  most  redoubt- 
able of  mythological  heroes  such  deeds  as  are  every  day 
performed  before  our  own  eyes  ;  for  the  labours  of 
Hercules,  and  the  masonry  of  the  Cyclops,  equally  sink 
into  insignificance  when  compared  with  the  most  ordi- 
nary achievements  of  the  members  of  the  insect  world. 

"  Should  any  of  our  readers  be  sceptical  upon  this 
point,  perhaps  the  following  illustrations  of  super- 
herculean  strength  with  which  the  commonest  insects 
are  endowed,  selected  from  curious  sources,  may  prepare 
us  to  credit  more  easily  the  facts  which  we  shall  have 
to  record  in  subsequent  pages.  The  common  flea,  as 
every  one  knows,  will,  without  much  apparent  effort, 
jump  200  times  its  own  length,  and  several  gi'asshoppers 
and  locusts  are  said  to  be  able  to  perform  leaps  quite  as 
wonderful.  In  the  case  of  the  insect  they  scarcely 
excite  our  notice  ;  but  if  a  man  were  coolly  to  take  a 
standing  leap  of  380  odd  yards,  which  would  be  an 
equivalent  exertion  of  muscular  power,  perhaps  our 
admirers  of  athletic  sports  might  be  rather  startled  at 
such  a  performance. 

"  Again,  for  a  man  to  run  10  miles  within  the  hour 
would  be  admitted  to  be  a  tolerably  good  display  of 
pedestrianism  ;  but  what  are  we  to  say  to  the  little  fly 
observed  by  Mr.  Delisle,  *  so  minute  as  almost  to  be 
invisible,'  which  ran  nearly  6  inches  in  a  second,  and 
in  that  space  was  calculated  to  have  made  1 080  steps  ? 
This,  according  to  the  calculation  of  Kirby  and  Spence, 
is  as  if  a  man  whose  steps  measured  only  2  feet,  should 
run  at  the  incredible  rate  of  20  miles  in  a  minute. 

"  Equally  surprising  are  the  instances  of  insect 
strength  given  by  Mi*.  Newport.  The  great  stag-beetle 
(Lucanus  cervus),  which  tears  off  the  bark  from  the 
roots  and  the  branches  of  trees,  has  been  known  to 
gnaw  a  hole,  an  inch  in  diameter,  through  the  side  of 
an  iron  canister  in  which  it  was  confined,  and  on  which 
the  marks  of  its  jaws  were  distinctly  visible,  as  proved 
by  Mr.  Stephens,  who  exhibited  the  canister  at  one  of 
the  meetings  of  the  Entomological  Society. 


"The  common  beetle,  Geotrupes  stercorarius,  can,, 
without  injury,  support  and  even  raise  very  great 
weights,  and  make  its  way  beneath  almost  any  amount 
of  pressure.  In  order  to  put  the  strength  of  this  insect>- 
Atlas  to  the  test,  experimeuts  have  been  made  which 
prove  that  it  is  able  to  sustain  and  escape  from  beneath 
a  load  of  from  20  to  30  ounces,  a  prodigious  burthen 
when  it  is  remembered  that  the  insect  itself  does  not 
weigh  as  many  grains;  in  fact,  once  more  taking  man  as 
a  standard  of  comparison,  it  is  as  though  a  person  of 
ordinary  size  should  raise  and  get  from  imder  a  weight 
of  between  40  and  50  tons.  This  amount  of  strength  is- 
not,  however,  confined  to  the  short  thick-limbed  beetles. 
Mr.  Newport  once  fastened  a  small  carabus — one  of  the 
most  active  and  elegantly  formed  of  the  beetle  tribe — 
which  weighed  only  three  gi-ains  and  a  half,  by  means 
of  a  silk  thread,  to  a  small  piece  of  paper,  upon  which 
the  weight  to  be  moved  was  placed.  At  a  distance  of 
10  inches  from  its  load  the  insect  was  able  to  drag  after 
it,  up  an  inclined  plane  of  25  degi'ees,  very  nearly  85 
grains  ;  but  when  placed  on  a  plane  of  five  degrees  incli- 
nation, it  drew  after  it  125  grains  exclusive  of  the 
friction  to  be  overcome  in  moving  its  load— as  though  a. 
man  was  to  drag  up  a  hill  of  similar  incHnation,  a 
waggon  weighing  two  tons  and  a  half,  having  first  taken, 
the  wheels  off. 

"  Such  being  the  strength  of  insects,  as  tested  by  their 
powers  of  leaping,  running,  tearing,  carrying,  and 
drawing,  let  us,  in  the  last  place,  by  way  of  completing 
our  glance  at  this  part  of  their  economy,  briefly  advert 
to  their  capabilities  in  the  way  of  flying,  a  mode  of  loco- 
motion in  which  they  likewise  are  unrivalled  in  the 
whole  range  of  animated  nature.  In  order  to  prove 
this,  we  need  not  search  far.  The  common  house-fly- 
(Musca  domestica)  will  answer  our  purpose  as  well  as 
more  striking  examples.  This  familiar  inmate  of  our 
dwellings  has  been  calculated  by  a  \vriter  in  ^Nichol- 
son's Journal'  to  fly,  when  engaged  upon  ordinary 
business,  at  the  rate  of  5  feet  in  a  second,  but  upon  an 
emergency  it  will  clear  30  or  35  feet  in  the  same  period. 
^In  this  space  of  time,*  to  use  the  illustration  adopted 
by  Kirby  and  Spence,* a  race-horse  could  clear  only  90 
feet,  which  is  at  the  rate  of  more  than  a  mile  in  a  minute, 
Om'  little  fly,  m  her  swiftest  flight,  will  in  the  same 
space  of  time,  go  more  than  one-third  of  a  mile.  Now 
compare  the  infinite  difference  of  the  size  of  the  two 
animals  (10  millions  of  the  fly  would  hardly  counter- 
poise one  racer),  and  how  wonderful  will  the  velocity  of 
this  minute  creature  appear  !  Did  the  fly  equal  the 
race-horse  in  size,  and  retain  its  present  powers  in  the 
ratio  of  its  magnitude,  it  would  traverse  the  globe  with 
the  rapidity  of  lightning.' " 

The  distinctions  between  insects  and  Arachnids  or 
spiders  is  pointed  out  in  the  following  passages  : — 

"  In  the  insect,  properly  so  called,  the  body  is  nat^r 
rally  divided  into  three  principal  portions,  the  head,  th© 
tliorax,  and  the  abdomen,  all  of  which,  especially  the  two 
former,  are  so  connected  as  to  permit  them  to  move 
freely  on  each  other  ;  but  in  the  Arachnidan  the  head 
is  firmly  consolidated  with  the  thoracic  portion  of  the 
body,  so  that  the  two  together  constitute  but  one  broad 
piece,  named  by  entomological  writers  cephalo-thorax. 

"  Insects  are,  in  their  perfect  state,  for  the  most  part 
provided  with  wings  ;  but  among  the  Arachnidans  these 
organs  are  invariably  deficient  ;  the  former,  likewise, 
undergo,  during  their  preparatory  states,  a  series  of ' 
metamorphoses  by  which  their  form  is  completely 
changed,  whilst  the  latter  simply  moult  their  skins, 
remaining  throughout  their  Uves  in  pretty  nearly  the 
same  condition. 

"  The  organs  of  the  senses  are  Hkewise  vei'y  differently 
constructed  in  the  two  classes — the  compound  eyes  of 
the  insect,  with  their  numerous  facets,  are  replaced  in 
the  Arachnidans  by  a  small  number  of  simple  ocelli, 
variously  disposed,  and  the  antennae,  which  in  insects 
are  evidently  the  seat  of  such  delicate  sensations,  are 
here  doubtfully  represented  by  two  jointed  organs^, 
terminated  by  a  pair  of  forceps  of  variable  structure,  to 
which  the  names  cheficera  and  antenna-pincers  are 
applied  by  naturalists. 

"The  Arachnidans  likewise  differ  from  the  insects 
in  the  structure  of  their  mouths,  in  the  aiTangement  of 
their  respiratory  and  circulatory  apparatus,  in  the 
number  of  their  legs,  and  in  many  other  important  par- 
ticulars which  will  necessarily  present  themselves  to  the 
reader's  notice  as  we  proceed. 

"  It  is,  however,  in  the  construction  of  the  respiratory 
apparatus  that  the  most  marked  differences  exist  between 
the  true  insects  and  the  members  of  the  class  we  are 
about  to  describe,  as  will  be  evident  on  examining  the 
breathing  apparatus  of  the  scorpion." 

The  habits  of  spiders  furnish  us  with  the  last  extract 
for  which  we  can  find  space  : — 

"  It  is  not  merely  in  the  construction  of  their  resi- 
dence that  these  spiders  turn  their  silken  filament  to 
account ;  with  its  assistance  they  are  enabled  to  fabricate 
a  cradle  for  their  progeny,  so  well  contrived  that  it  is 
impossible  to  contemplate  it  without  admu'ation,  or 
without  reflecting  that  even  amongst  these  most  savage 
and  ferocious  of  all  living  animals,  '  Love,  strong  as 
Death,'  has  been  appointed  the  safeguard  and  defender 
of  the  race.  Who  would  expect  anything  like  affection 
in  a  female  spider,  remorseless,  cruel,  and  blood-thirsty 
as  she  is  I  Her  very  mate  approaches  her  with  fear  and 
trembling,  for  should  she  not  happen  to  be  in  an 
extremely  good  temper,  his  life  inevitably  pays  the 
forfeit  of  his  rashness,  his  amiable  spouse  feeling  not 
the  slightest  objection  to  obtain  a  hearty  meal  by 
devouring  her  better  half ;  yet,  strange  to  say,  no  animals 
can  be  pointed  out  more  devotedly  attached   to  their 


37—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


i83 


progeny  tlian  the  females  of  these  relentless  devoui*ers. 
When  about  to  lay  her  eggs,  converting  her  silken 
thread  to  a  new  use,  the  spider-mother  coustruets  with 
it  a  beautiful  globular  basket  or  cocoon,  iu  which  she 
deposits  her  precious  treasure,  and  then  binds  the  cradle 
to  some  part  of  her  body,  or  sometimes  simply  carries 
it  clasped  to  her  breast ;  no  matter  how  she  may  be 
engaged,  she  never  leaves  it,  even  while  at  the  chase  in 
search  of  food  ;  no  danger,  no  torture  will  malce  her 
drop  her  cherished  burden,  nor  while  life  lasts  will  any- 
thing compel  her  to  desert  the  charge  entrusted  to  her 
care.  When  the  young  are  hatched  the  spectacle  is 
equally  interesting,  for  the  new-born  progeny,  as  they 
leave  the  egg,  creep  out  upon  their  mother's  back,  who 
carries  them  about  and  defends  them  with  tiger-like 
courage,  until  they  become  strong  enough  to  procure 
their  own  subsistence." 

"  Spiders,  unlike  the  true  insects,  frequently  change 
;heir  skin,  and  present  themselves  in  a  new  and  enlarged 
dress  as  their  growth  proceeds.  The  manner  ia  which 
this  operation  is  effected  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Black- 
wall,  to  whose  excellent  observations  oa  the  structure 
ind  economy  of  these  creatures  we  must  again  be 
indebted  for  an  account  of  the  process  : — '  Preparatory 
:o  casting  its  integuments,  the  spider  spins  several  strong 
ines  in  the  vicinity  of  its  snare,  from  which  it  suspends 
■tself  by  the  feet,  and  a  filament  proceeding  from  the 
fpmners."  After  remaining  for  a  short  time  ia  this 
situation,  the  homy  covering  of  the  thorax  gives  way  by 
i  fissure  running  down  each  side  of  the  body,  imme- 
b'ately  above  tlie  insertion  of  the  mandibles  and  legs,  so 
hat  the  head  and  thorax  are  the  first  parts  liberated. 
Che  line  of  separation  pm'sues  the  same  direction  till  it 
xtends  to  the  abdomen,  which  is  tlie  next  part  dis- 
lUgaged  ;  the  extrication  of  the  legs  being  the  last  and 
Teatest  difficulty  the  spider  has  to  overcome.  As  the 
uspensory  filament  eomiected  with  the  spinners  of  the 
xuviae  is  considerably  shorter  than  the  legs,  and  does 
lOt  undergo  any  sensible  alteration  in  length  ;  the 
bdomen  during  ihe  process  of  moulting  becomes  gra- 
dually deflected  from  its  original  horizontal  dU'ection, 
ill  it  assumes  a  vertical  position  nearly  at  right  angles 
rith  the  thorax.  By  this  change  of  postui'e,  attended 
.ith  numerous  contortions  of  the  body,  and  alternate 
ontractions  and  extensions  of  the  limbs,  the  spider  is 
ultimately  enabled  to  accomplish  its  purpose.  The 
-pines  witli  which  the  legs  are  provided,  no  doubt  con- 
:ibute  to  facilitate  the  operation  greatly  ;  for  as  they  are 
ireeted  down  the  lunbs,  and  are  moveable  at  the  will 
,f  the  animal,  when  it  has  partially  drawn  its  legs  from 
leir  sheath,  by  contracting  them,  it  can  prevent  them 
.'om  re-entering,  by  slightly  erecting  the  spines,  and 
aus  bringing  their  extremities  in  contact  with  the  inner 
irface  of  the  integuments.  When  the  spider  has  com- 
le'fely  disengaged  itself  from  the  slough,  it  remains  for 
short  period  in  a  state  of  great  exliaustion,  suspended 
■  '■  by  a  thread  from  the  spinners,  connected  with  the 
■■  of  the  abdominal  portion  of  the  cast  skin,  which 
■■ii  corrugated  and  drawn  together.  The  entire 
locess,  as  above  described,  occupies  the  space  of  about 
0  minutes.  After  reposing  a  little,  the  spider  further 
ttaches  itself  to  the  suspensory  lines  by  the  claws  of 
he  feet,  and  when  its  strength  is  sufficiently  restored, 
nd  its  limbs  have  acquired  the  requisite  degree  of 
rmnegg,  it  ascends  its  filaments  and  seeks  its  retreat.' ' 


■  ds  hy  the  H(M.  Julian  Pant.  London.  Pickering, 
—  A  beautiful  and  cheap  little  volume,  full  of 
ite  poetry  and  good  feeling,  remarkable  alike  for 
nc-y  of  thought  and  happy  expression. 
racant  Tlironc^  and  its  CUumants.  A  Scottish 
Pp.  48.  (A  child's  honV).— Manual  of  Physical 
fhy.  Pp.  1-27.— r/ic  BlarMUrry  Oathering.  Pp. 
A  pretty  child's  book).  —  The.  Brltieh  Empire. 
1.  _  (An  Elementary  Catechism).  All  2-tmo. 
.bridge. 

Ruwian  Bath.  By  M.  Roth.  —  Movements  or 
'f_  (a  book  of  gymnastics),  by  the  same. 
iridiie.  Two  8vo.  pamphlets, 
vn  I inprox'tmGntA  ;  a  kttcr  to  Dr.  Lyim  Play/air. 
H.  Robertson,  M.D.  Bradbury  and  Evans.— A 
l';t  pointing  out  the  great  medical  importance  of 
springs  at  Buxton. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Mr.    BAR»(f>'    NURSKHT,    SoLTIIAMrTON-STREET,    CaM- 

IRWBLL. — F<:w  men  liavo  had  tnoro  experience  in 
fcnt  growing  tlian  .Mr.  Bamc-w,  and  few  in  their  time 
.re  been  moro  siiccoiflful.  We  need  scarcely  wonder, 
en,  th&l  his  fttock,  even  durii:g  the  uhort  time  ho  lirm 
wn  in  busincff^  on  h'w  own  acCTunt,  begins  n\rciu]y  to 
thibit  8/jmc  of  the  <.XfxlbMif;c  whicli  was  wont  to  clm- 
iCttOFWi  his  productiontt  from  the  nniglibrmrliood  of 
romi*}'.  Hifl  niirtwry  occupitB  about  3  iicreH,  and  con- 
joa  several  gla«H  Iiouhch  well  filled  with  hUtvo  nndgrccn- 
>u«eplftnu.  InthecnltivttlionofllifjHfMr.BariieHcmployH 
urcr^al  in  a  Inrgo  c-xtciit,  and  which  Ik  navlily  obtained 
tcr  one  of  thwo  gn-at  firen  with  which  our  mctropoliH 
unfortiinHttjIy  tw>  often  vinitcd.  Wo  uaw  a  large  hciiii 
thirt  charred  wood,  wliicli  Mr.  B.  connidefH  better 
it«d  to  ill':  rcfjuiremcniH  of  bin  pInntH  than  charcoal 
cparod  from  '^ntcii  timber.  Thi.i  material  in  broken 
>  iiit/>  Hninil  p\':cjM  nnd  iiiM;d  for  drainagf,  and  for 
ixing  ihron^h  the  Hoil  in  whi«h  llio  |iliint>t  nro  grown, 
noog    other    thing*    which    ono   acldom    »eeH,   wo 


remarked  examples  of  Orchis  longicoruu,  which  Mi\ 
Barnes  intends  "  sending  out "  next  year  (by  the 
way,  a  most  valimhle  forcing  plant,  whicli  Mr.  Barnes 
knows  how  to  grow  :  Ed.),  and  Cypripedium  spectabile, 
an  interesting  and  showy  Orchid  whicli  may  be  culti- 
vated either  in  borders  orin  a  pot.  Mr.  B.'s  fine  specimen 
of  this,  wliich  he  was  wont  to  show  at  our  metropolitan 
exhibitions,  will  be  familiar  to  all  who  have  been  in  the 
habit  of  visiting  those  grand  displays.  A  straight  walk 
passes  through  the  nm'sery,  with  borders  on  either 
side.  At  the  back  of  each  border  is  a  row  of  Holly- 
hocks, with  Dahhas  in  front  ;  the  Hollyhocks  were  in 
fine  condition,  and  well  worth  inspection.  The  most 
conspicuous  amongst  them  were  Coraet,  with  flowers  of 
bright  crimson,  very  large,  and  of  good  form  ;  this  is 
one  of  the  best  in  cultivation.  ;  Rosea  grandifiora,  a 
pretty  flower,  of  apink  colour  ;  Sulphurea  perfecta,  one 
of  the  finest  of  the  sulphur- coloured  varieties  ;  Magnum 
bonum,  a  fine  dark  kind  ;  Enchantress,  deep  pink  colour 
and  showy  ;  Charles  Baron,  a  splendid  large  flower,  of 
a  pinkish  salmon  hue  ;  Rosea  alba,  very  pretty  ;  and 
Snowball  Superb,  a  beautiful  white.  We  also  remarked 
Rosy  Queen,  Walden  Gem,  Obscura,  and  several  other 
fine  sorts.  Mr.  Barnes  has  also  some  beds  of 
seedlings,;  from  which  something  good  is  expected. 
Behind  the  Hollyhocks  are  long  beds  filled  with  various 
plants,  among  which  was  a  fine  mass  of  Roses  that  had 
been  "  worked"  this  spring,  and  are  thriving  famously. 
Among  other  things,  there  was  also  a  bed  of  a  fine 
Delphinium,  of  a  lovely  blue,  which  was  very  striking  ; 
and  as  this  is  a  colour  much  wanted  in  a  flower  garden, 
it  cannot  fail  to  be  an  acquisition.  '  We  now  come  to  a 
greenhouse  28  feet  long  and  16  feet  wide,  with  a  stage 
iu  the  centre  filled  with  excellent  Fuchsias,  among  which 
were  Clapton  Hero,  a  good  kind  ;  also  Fair  Rosamond, 
a  fine  bold  flower  ;  Darling,  which  Mr.  B.  stated  to  be 
a  fine  sort  for  bedding  ;  Inaccessible,  a  vei-y  good 
variety,  and  many  others.  At  the  back  of  the 
Fuchsias  were  some  good  Pelargoniums  for  bedding, 
among  which  we  observed  plants  of  Lady  Holmes- 
dale,  a  dwarf  grower ;  Bishop  Stow,  with  fine 
trusses  of  bright  scarlet;  and  King  of  Naples,  one  of  the 
best  of  horse-shoe  kinds,  and  a  fine  trusser.  The  next 
house  was  filled  chiefly  with  Azaleas  and  Camellias, 
and  a  third,  about  30  feet  long  and  17  feet  wide,  con- 
tained all  the  best  sorts  of  fancy  Pelargoniums;  on  the 
front  stage  was  a  fine  stock  of  that  beautiful  variegated 
Pelargonium,  the  Flower  of  the  Day,  which  is  equally 
suitable  for  pot  culture  and  for  bedding.  It  is  best 
grown  in  a  little  heat  in  winter  ;  where  it  can  have  that, 
it  forms  a  very  ornamental  plant  during  the  dull  season. 
In  addition  to  this  was  the  new  Pelargonium,  Mountain 
of  Light,  a  beautifully  variegated  variety,  which  is  a 
great  favourite  and  ought  to  be  in  every  collection  ;  in 
the  same  house  were  also  some  nice  plants  of  the  goid- 
leaved  Pelargonium,  Lady  Cottenham,  which  is  said  to 
be  a  freer  grower  than  the  old  sort  called  Golden  Chain. 
In  addition  to  the  above  there  is  a  stove  about  30  ieet 
long  and  13  feet  wide,  with  a  brick  pit  in  the  centre  and 
shelves  on  either  side.  Here  we  remarked  various  Achi- 
menes,  a  good  stock  of  Allamanda  neriifoHa,  the  beautiful 
Ixora  javauica,  and  other  stove  plants.  At  the  back  were 
Japan  Lilies,  just  coming  into  bloom,  amounting  to 
about  100  pots.  When  fully  blown  they  cannot  fail  to 
make  a  fine  display.  The  nursery  is  walled  in  all 
round,  and  therefore  affords  room  for  and  contains  a 
fine  stock  of  young  trained  trees,  both  "riders"  and 
dwarfs.     Other  hardy  plants  are  also  pretty  abundant. 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Dahlia. — Having  been  a  very  successful  culti- 
vator and  exhibitor  of  this  fine  autumn  flower  for  several 
years,  and  the  size  of  my  blooms  generally  having 
attracted  much  notice,  I  beg  to  offer  a  few  brief  remarks 
upon  its  culture,  more  especially  as  respects  watering. 
I  have  tried  all  kinds  of  manure  water,  likewise  guano, 
but  I  have  found  nothing,  as  yet,  equal  to  soot-water 
and  soapsuds.  It  is  a  general  rule  with  most  growers 
to  place  half  rotten  manure  round  the  roots,  and  then 
draw  the  earth  up  so  as  to  form  a  basin,  a  practice 
which  is  greatly  required  ;  but  there  is  an  evil  attending 
it,  for  oftentimes  when  the  roots  are  taken  up  to  be 
stored,  they  are  found  to  be  very  mucii  cankered  or 
warty,  and  hundreds  of  worms  ai'ealso  discovered  there  ; 
by  watering  vt-ith  soot-water  and  soapsuds  the  roots 
will  be  perfectly  clean  and  free  from  all  insects,  and 
much  larger  flowers  may  bo  expected.  Tho  most 
successful  traps  for  earwigs  I  have  found  to  bo  the 
bloom  stalks  of  Ilog-wccd,  or  Rhubarb,  &.c.,  dipped  in 
milk,  to  soften  tlie  pith,  wiiich  earwigs  are  particularly 
fond  of  ;  blowing  liicni  out  of  the  stems  into  a  bottle,  and 
pouring  Bciililing  water  on  them,  is  the  quickest  way  to 
dif^poHo  of  so  great  an  enemy.  E.  licnncttj  PcrdlsiodL 


National  PLomcoLTtJaAL  H^jceetit,  ^cpt  fl.— Mr.  Perry  in 
tho  Cbiiii-.  OHhlltiH  mid  llulljhi(Ok.i  forni.a  ttio  principiil  Hiib- 
Jwct*  <-f  oxhiblili>ri,  wliilo  Ruiion  wuro  ri!i*ri'H()ntBd  by  u  Jlno 
Uiiii»liiy  or  Bourbon  Prlnco  Albert  (  Piuil),  iiollotd  In  oiii*  r«port 
of  tho  lahtinoijilDicnftbU  Society.  Fueh^hio,  Olmlloll,  IMiloxui, 
Vn'*\u\nn.  hikI  VcrO'-iiait  fiomwleM'cl  u  niuo  iH-iiI.iy.  Of  nnnn-il 
JJihiliiH  \fr.  EdwurdB  fitaK«<l  ft  colN-cilon  n't  Vi  bloonifl,  iho  bow" 
bclnir  Alico,  Mr.  Soldmi,  Harmiild,  Mrn,  Ucrbiirt,  nnd  IVimcii 
Ri.d*lwl!l.  A  llr«t.uliii.H  c«rltliciito  vvhh  iiwardud  t-i  Ul.irU.,lii  * 
Mr«.  0.  llnoly.  i  olour  tiiilmoa,  Hll({btly  fliikod,  lower  [in'.-tl 
nlri|>0'l  wi(b  ruR(],  tJt  rlUiaiHoat'  merle  to  (Jlitdlolus  Oem,  co'^nir 
brilliant  ornngu  RCftrlut,  briHo  of  putul  biilF,  iirid  marked  wllli 
ricb  criin»f>n.  CffrlKluatu  tu  Dubllu  Ain<i/,i)ri  (llolmcti),  wlilti* 
ground  b'ddly  tlii[>ud  with  lutiD,  Firxt-uliiit  dlltrt  to  MUic 
KhiK  (KawllriK<i).  Curtlflonro  t<i  DiihlLi  Urilliitnt  (IUwliiii{H), 
briKtii  rrnrlet,  Plrtt.obii*  Uy  Dublin  (|>iuuii  Vtittorlu  ( Whou'nir). 
Ditto  t*)  UnhWa.  \\\*%  Onrollno  (Hrlltl< ).  J.iibol  of  Cgrnmonda- 
lion  to  Oabllu  Uaonlmlty  MMwurdi).      Curtlllcato  to  ilully- 


huck  RuiuuB  (faul).  Firdt-class  dittu  to  Hullyuock  White 
Globe  {Pauli,  and  Certificate  to  Hollybock  Laviaia  (Paul).  A. 
further  debcripdou  of  iheae  flowers  will  be  furnished  ou  spme 
future  day. 

Maidstone  Floaicdltdeal  SociETr,  -S'cpt.  8,— We  are  glaiJ 
to  be  able  lu  state  that  tbie  Society  is  in  :in  exceedingly  thriving 
condition,  so  much  so.  we  underHtand,  that  alter  ah  liabilities 
of  the  CU1  rent  year  ehall  have  been  paid  eft',  a  bihiace  will 
ranoaiu  to  the  credit  of  tho  Society  amounting  to  more  thna 
lOOi.  Thi3  is  as  it  should  be.  The  folloreiui^  in  a  sumaiary  of 
the  principal  classes  iu  which  awards  were  made,  viz. ; — 
D  ihlias  :  JJ4  open  to  all  England,  2i  for  dealers  only,  and '21; 
and  12  for  private  growers  only;  all  were  etroogly  contested, 
and  a  fine  display  was  the  result.  In  the  open  class  Mr, 
Turner  whb  first,  Mr.  Epps  second,  and  J.  Shadden,  Esq., 
third.  Dealers:  Mr.  E^pps  fimt,  and  Mr.  Mitchell  second. 
Private  growers,  2-1  :  lat,  Mr.  Watts  ;  2d.  C.  Scudaaiore,  Esq.; 
and  3d,  W.  Mercer,  Esq.  12  :  1st,  F.  Scudamore,  Esq. ;  2d,  J. 
MoQckton,  Esq. ;  and  3d,  Mrs.  HolHogworth  ;  tho  best  tiowery, 
comprising  the  severiil  collections,  were,  Braeg's  Admiral  and 
Srar;  Barnes'  Fearless;  Druinmond's  Tom,  Beeswing,  Sir  U. 
Whiltinaton  ;  Keyoea*  Dou:;la3  Jerrold,  Triumphant,  Sum- 
mit of  Perfection,  Sir  1''.  Balhurbt ;  Turner's  Mr.  nnd  Mrs. 
Seldon,  Roundhead,  Moininfj  Star,  MaJviaa.  Edmund  Foster, 
Sir  C.  Napier,  SbylocU.  Qutcn  of  Lilacs,  Nil  DeBperandum, 
BavDoaid  ;  and  Mitchell's  Queen  of  Beautius  ;  to  tbese  may  bu 
added  Gteneral  Faucher,  Kant,  Sir  R.  Peel,  Mrs.  Hansard,  dsc. 
Certificates  were  awarded  to  Drummond's  Bob  ;  Turn.er's  Sir 
J.  Franklin;  Wheeler's  Queen  Victoria;  and  filitchell's 
Duchess  of  Sutherland.  Lochuer's  striking  Fancy,  named 
Claudia,  was  staged.  Foremost  among  Hollyhocks,  which 
were  plentiiul,  stood  a  large  collection  from  Mr.  Bragg  {not 
for  competition).  Verbenas  were  supplied  in  10  collections  of 
21  bunches  each  ;  Mr.  Epps  and  Mr,  Bunyard  taking  the  prizes 
fur  dealers.  Roses  were  bold,  fresh,  and  plentiful ;  Mr, 
Mitchell  being  the  largest  contributor.  Stove  and  greenhouse 
plants.  Fuchsias  and  cut  flowers,  were  all  in  true  character, 
aud  gave  evidence  of  care  and  skill. 


Salieboby,  August  31. — At  on  excellent  floral  fHe  held  here 
the  followiag  awards  were  made  : — Dahlias  ;  amateurs,  13 
blooms  ;  1st,  Mr.  J,  Edwards,  Wace  Cottage,  ilolloway,  with 
Mr.  Seldon,  General  Faucher,  Morning  Star,  G-.  Glenny,  SirF. 
Bathurst,  Snowflake,  Model,  R,  Cobdeo,  Dr.  Frampton,  Sir  R. 
Wnittington.  Queen  of  Beauties,  6r.  ViUiers  ;  2d,  Mr.  Robinson, 
Pimlico,  with  Nil  Deaperandum,  Queen  of  Lilacs,  General 
Faucher,  Mr.  Seldon.  Essex  Triumph,  Uua.Dukeof  Wellington, 
R.  Cobden,  Sir  R.  Whittington,  Sir  0.  Napier,  SirF.  Bathurst, 
Fearless  ;  3d,  —  Yeales,  Esq.,  with  Seraph,  iModel,  Mias 
Chaplin,  Mr.  Herbert,  R.  Cobdeu,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Mr.  Seldon, 
Queen  of  Whites,  General  Faucher,  Nonpareil,  Duke  ot 
Wellington,  and  Nil  Desperandum.  The  varieties  forming 
the  4tli  and  5th  coUectioua  were  simiUr  to  the  preceding. 
For  12  varieties  sent  out  at  any  time  by  Mr.  Keynes,  a  Silver 
Cup  was  voted  to  Mr.  Dodds,  of  Salisbury,  lor  Yellow  Standard, 
Miss  Chaplin,  Summit  of  Perfection,  Mr.  Herbert,  Iriumphaut, 
Douglas  Jerrold,  Mre.  Herbert,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Flora  Mac 
Ivor.  Gauntlet,  Aurora,  and  iNanny ;  2d,  Mr.  Yeales  ;  3d,  Mr. 
J.  Edwards.  Dealers— 24  blooms :  let  Mr,  J.  Keynes,  with 
General  Faucher,  John  Edward,  Seraph,  Fearless,  Yellow 
Standard,  Essex  Triumph,  Miss  Chaplin,  Negro,  Mr.  Seldon, 
R.  Cobdeu,  Annie  Salter,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Duke  of  Cambridge, 
Frederick  Jerome,  Mrs  Herbert,  Model,  Princess  RadziwiU, 
Douglas  Jerrold,  Malvina,  Sir  R.  Peel,  G.  Glenny,  Queen  uf 
Beaaties,  and  Triumphant ;  2d,  Mr.  Drummond  ;  3d,  Mr. 
Wheeler,  iu  whose  collectiona  Morning;  Star,  El  Dorado,  Alice, 
Gem  of  the  Grove,  Elizabeth,  and  British  Queen  were  fine.. 
The  Fancies  shown.by  Messrs.  Kejnes  (1),  and  Drummond  (2), 
were  unnamed. 

Trowbbidqe  FLOEicDLToaAL  SociETT,  ,4m£(.  25. — There  was 
an  interesting  meeting  on  this  occaaion,  the  Society,  although 
quite  in  its  infancy,  being  extremely  well  attended  both  by 
exhibitors  and  visitors.  The  show,  as  a  provincial  one,  was 
among  the  best  we  have  seen  for  some  yeare,  many  of  the  speci- 
mens  of  stove  and  greenhouse  plants  being  very  well  cultivated, 
and,  in  many  instances,  would  not  have  disgraced  a  London 
exhibition.  The  awards  were  liberal,  indeed  too  much  ao  as 
regards  the  nurserymen,  whose  plants,  geuerally  speaking, 
were  poor  compared  with  those  exhibited  by  amateurs.  A  list 
of  prizes  has  been  furnished  us ,  but  no  mention  is  made  of  the 
names  of  the  subjects  for  which  they  were  given. 


Cataloqoe  of  Select  Eosea  received  from  Mr.  J.  Mitchell,  of 
Maresfield,  Sussex. 

Dablias  :  3'  WD.  Such  sports  as  yours  are  not  uncommon 
among  Dahlias.  Some  account  of  a  more  remarkable  ona 
will  be  found  in  another  column. 

Potting  PELAEQONiojia  foe  WiNTEa:  J H,  Mr.  Dobson,  in  his 
excellent  little  Treatise  says  : — "  By  the  beginning  of  October 
the  plants  (well  rooted  cuttings  in  2  and  3-inch  pots,  with  their 
tops  pinched  ofFj,  may  be  again  shifted,  that  is,  if  they  are 
sufficiently  strong,  into  4-iucli  pots  ;  keeping  in  mind  the 
same  treatment  as  was  recommended  iu  potiing  them  off, 
except  iu  stopping  them,  whicli  must  ha  done  according  to 
the  time  they  are  required  to  be  in  flower;  June  is  the 
principal  month.  Plants,  therefore,  that  are  required  for 
June  should  be  stopped  back  about  the  second  or  tnird  week 
in  December,  when  they  must  be  kept  di-y  till  tho  eyes  are 
visible.  As  soon  as  they  are  sufficiently  broken  they  may  be 
Again  shifted  into  their  bloom*n;;-pot8 ;  a  C-ioch  pot  will  be 
quite  large  enough  for  an  autumn-etruck  cutting,  as  the 
plants  must  not  b'i  making  jtrowth  while  they  are  in  flower. 
They  will  require  no  raoro  bhifiing  till  after  they  are  cut 
down,  when  they  mav  be  [.in-pared  for  making  specimens," 
SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

FucneiAs:  A3.  Noc  ko  good  na  tooio  posaes^ing  tho  same 
coluucs  now  in  cultivation  about  Loudon. — J  J,  Cirenoester. 
Your  seedling,  though  huudsumo,  ia  no  iuprovement  oa 
kinds  we  already  posai-MS. 

Gloxinia  :  A  iS.  A  nice^flower  In  the  way  of  Pyliana  ;  but  too 
small.  .  I^  i  "      -'.-.'JZ 

HoLLYUocKS  :  F  S,  Aberdeen.  All  too  much  HpoUed  ond  withered 
lor  us  to  form  anything  like  a  correct  opinion  ot  tliom  ;  the 
bloomp  Were  even  detached  from  their  footstalks,  and  tho 
distiijguiihinir  numbers  released  from  their  plnnos. 

Veuuknas  :  //P.  Crimson  Kinu:  is  largo,  but  HI  formed  ;  Alba 
niuK'na  is  Ii  uiisnoiiier,  the  truss  to  natnod  being  of  »  deep 
pinkiah  blubU  ;  individually  tho  pip?  pusaoss  littlo  merit. 


Miscellaneous. 

On  the  Sansev'rcra  c/uineeiisiitf  or  African  Ihmp. — Tho 
tloaignaHon  of  Afriea'n  bow-string'  Homp  beatowc'd  upon 
it  wiiH  evidently  ilurivod  i'roni  tUo  usoa  to  wliiclx  tho 
fibres  wuro  aiiplluiJ  by  tbo  (ilmriginea  of  tboao  couaU'iea 
from  wbich  it  wii«  obuineil,  viz.,  in  tbu  iniinufacturo  of 
bow-HtriiiK^^of  HiipL'i'ior  strriif^tii  find  ibirubility  tu  otliorSj 
at  tbat  puriod  in  ordinary  ruijuiHition  aniongsf,  tlio  nogro 
warriora  of  (Jninoa,  boiuro  tiiu  iinporLiitioii  of  lii'o-ai*n)8 
Iiftd  bet'omo  bo  goneral  ah  to  obviate  tlio  noeenbity  of 
Hiicli  wcapoMH  UH  bowH  and  arrows.  Tbo  modern  Afri- 
eauH  UMiiaily  omploy  tlio  exsiecfitod  iibrca  of  tbo  plant 
ill  tbu  coiiHlnietion  of  liKbinK-UnoB,  nets,  thread,  and 
other  iiimis  of  cordiiHO,  coiiHideriiig  tlieni  to  bo  bottei' 
eapabie  of  reaiuting  tiie  dt'Htruetivo  action  of  continual 


584 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Sept.  11. 


imuiersiuu  in  sea-water  tliaii  otliei"  vegetable  subscauces 
similarly  prepared.  The  natives  of  Akkrah  terra  the 
Hemp  procured  from  this  plant  Blaw,  and  prepare  it  by 
the  following  simple  process.  With  the  view  of  obtain- 
ing fibrils  of  the  length  necessary  for  their  purposes, 
the  exterior  or  largest  leaves  are  always  selected  in 
preference  to  the  others  ;  these  in  the  first  instance  are 
well  beaten  between  two  stones,  then  placed  in  water 
or  in  holes  dug  out  of  the  ground  and  closely  covered 
over  by  moist  soil  for  the  space  of  three  days.  At 
the  expii-ation  of  this  period,  when  the  mass  has  be- 
come fully  softened,  it  is  removed  and  subjected  to 
Another  pounding,  to  dissever  the  fibrinous  from  the 
pulpy  portions  of  the  leaf,  which  are  next  thoroughly 
cleansed  by  ablutions  of  fresh  water  from  the  latter, 
and  then  dried  in  the  sun.  They  are  subsequently 
made  up  for  sale  in  small  bundles,  containing  each 
about  a  dozen  lesser  portions,  twisted  at  one  end,  of  a 
light  brown  hue,  and  seldom  exceeding  a  foot  in  length. 
Another  kind  of  Flax  named  Annasse  is  also  manufac- 
tured by  the  same  people  from  the  Bromelia  ananas, 
but  by  a  somewhat  different  method.  The  leaves  are 
stretched  on  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  and  the  surfaces  suffi- 
ciently scraped  to  expose  and  divest  their  longitudinal 
filaments  from  the  pulpy  matter  in  which  they  are  em- 
bedded ;  they  are  then  repeatedly  washed,  and  after- 
wards exposed  to  bleach  in  the  sun.  The  fibres  thus 
procured  are  of  a  beautiful  white  colour,  and  much 
longer  than  those  of  the  Blaw.  Emmo  is  a  third  sort, 
obtained  from  the  trailing  stem  of  a  species  of  Convol- 
vulus or  creeper,  in  a  similar  manner  as  the  Pine-apple 
Flax,  with  which  it  is  conjoined  in  the  formation  of  the 
mesh-work  of  their  fishing-nets ;  the  edge  ropes  being 
more  exclusively  composed  of  the  Blaw.  Annasse  is 
likewise  used  to  manufacture  the  native  thread  or 
twine,  resorted  to  equally  for  sewing  as  stringing  beads, 
although  they  have  another  kind  of  twine  made  from 
the  sheaths  of  some  gramineous  product  for  the  latter 
object.  Adanson  has  remarked  that  the  negroes  of 
.  Senegal  make  very  good  ropes,  fishing-lines,  and  nets, 
not  so  apt  to  rot  in  the  water,  from  the  Guinea  Aloe, 
which  is  doubtless  the  same  species  of  Sanseviera  as 
that  of  Akkrah,  as  is  also  the  Flag  or  Grass  mentioned 
by  Winterbottom  that  the  Timmanes  and  BuUoms  de- 
signate Ipperboh,  and  employ  as  a  substitute  for  Hemp. 
Like  the  leaves  of  the  Bromelia,  they  are  laid  upon  a 
board  and  scraped  with  a  thin  piece  of  wood  until  freed 
from  the  pulp,  and  then  dried  in  the  sun.  The  nets 
made  from  this  are  neither  so  sti'ong  nor  so  durable  as 
those  made  from  the  Palm  leaves,  but  they  are  much 
easier  prepared.  Extracts  from  a  paper  hy  Dr.  T7.  F. 
Da/niellj  published  in  the  Pharmaceutical  Joui^nal. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For    the   ensuing  vjeelc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

The  continual  decline  of  summer  flowering  plants 
will  render  attention  to  the  things  we  formerly  recom- 
mended to  be  grown  for  autumn  blooming  the  more 
'necessary ;  these  should  be  placed  in  a  favourable 
position  to  perfect  their  growth,  when  they  may  be 
gradually  brought  into  bloom.  In  addition  to  Aphe- 
'landras,  Justicias,  Eranthemums,  Poinsettias,  and  other 
winter  blooming  plants,  a  good  stock  of  Begonias  should 
■be  pushed  on,  as  scarcely  any  plants  are  more  useful 
for  the  purpose.  A  few  Oranges,  Gardenias,  and 
Francisceas,  which  have  been  a  long  time  at  rest,  may 
be  I'emoved  to  warmer  quarters  for  an  early  bloom.  Let 
everything  be  done  slowly,  or  a  start  into  growth  will  be 
the  result,  without  bloom.  A  few  dozens  of  Calceolarias, 
Salvia  splendens,  patens,  and  gesneriflora — and  the  tall 
scarlet  Lobelias,  should  nowbe  shifted  into  their  blooming 
pots.  They  will  add  much  to  the  display  in  the  conser- 
vatory during  the  late  autumnal  months.  In  addition  to 
the  above  the  scarlet  and  pink-flowered  horse-shoe 
Geraniums  in  pots  should  be  removed  under  cover  and 
kept  growing.  Water  Chrysanthemums  with  liquid 
manure.  Where  dwarf  blooming  plants  are  wanted  a, 
quantity  may  be  layered  in  3dnch  pots ;  for  this' 
pm^pose  we  plant  the  old  stools  in  the  open  border, 
when  the  layering  can  be  easily  managed.  The  potting 
■of  Hyacinths,  Tulips,  and  Narcissus  for  forcing  should 
now  be  proceeded  with  ;  select  firm,  well-ripened  bulbs; 
after  potting  plunge  them  in  ashes  behind  a  north  wall, 
and  place  a  frame  over  them.  The  Guernsey  Lily 
should  now  be  obtained  and  potted  forthwith,  keeping 
them  cool  till  the  blooms  are  fairly  open.  Make  a  good 
sowing  of  Mignonette  for  the  winter  and  early  spring 
^fupply, 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — Grapes  ripe,  or  approaching  that  state,  will 
require  abundance  of  air.  In  wet  weather  make  fires 
by  day  only,  and  allow  free  ventilation  through  the 
night.  We  are  strongly  in  favour  of  having  some  kind 
■of  ventilation,  to  work  independent  of  the  sashes,  and 
when  such  is  the  case  a  thorough  circulation  of  air  can 
be  maintained  in  all  weathers  ;  the  advantages  of  this 
will  be  known  by  those  who  are  obliged  to  keep  Grapes 
through  the  damp  dark  weather  of  November  and 
December,  which  in  houses  imperfectly  ventilated  is  a 
difficulty.  We  may  add,  the  apertures  should  be 
protected  by  copper-wire  netting  or  some  material 
which,  while  it  will  admit  air  freely,  will  prevent  the 
admission  of  insects.  The  bunches  of  ripe  Grapes 
should  be  frequently  looked  over,  to  remove  decayed 
berries.  When  very  eai'ly  Grapes  are  desired,  and  the 
wood  13  perfectly  ripened,  means  should  be  taken  to 


throw  tiie  Vines  into  a  state  of  rest;  to  assist  this  the 
Vines  should  be  tied  together  and  protected  from  the 
sun  by  mats  or  a  temporary  framing  of  boards,  exposing 
them  at  night  to  the  coolness  of  the  atmosphere.  Vines 
to  be  stai'ted  in  October  may  be  pruned  at  once.  For 
the  above  reasons  Vines  in  pots  for  early  forcing,  which 
have  well  ripened  their  wood,  should  be  removed  to  the 
shade  of  a  north  wall  ;  the  practice  applies  equally  to 
Peaches,  Nectarines,  or  Cherries  in  pots,  intended  to  be 
started  early.  The  trees  in  the  early  Peach-houses 
should  be  lightly  brushed  over  with  a  small  bunch  of 
spray,  to  remove  any  ripe  leaves  from  the  shoots,  that 
the  sun  and  air  may  get  free  access  to  the  wood.  Pay 
every  attention  to  ■  the  last  crop  of  Melons  ;  let  the 
walls  be  washed  once  or  twice  with  the  sulphur  wash, 
to  keep  down  red  spider.  As  the  fruit  will  by  tliis  time 
be  set,  fresh  growths  should  be  pinched  out,  that  the 
energies  of  the  plant  may  not  be  uselessly  diverted  from 
the  swelling  fruit.  Keep  up  the  bottom-heat  to  85", 
and  allow  air  liberally  in  fine  weather  ;  those  in  frames 
must  have  the  top-heat  kept  up  by  linings,  to  guard 
against  checks  by  rain  or  cold  weather. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

The  usual  routine  to  insure  good  keeping  in  every 
department  must  be  continued  ;  leaves  now  begin  to 
fall,  and  daily  attention  will  alone  serve  to  keep  every- 
thing in  order  ;  as  most  of  the  new  things  on  trial  are 
in  bloom  by  this  time,  and  have  grown  sufficiently  for 
their  habit  to  be  ascertained,  notes  of  such  as  appear 
worthy  of  future  notice  should  be  made,  and  their 
propagation  at  once  proceeded  with.  Phloxes, 
Peutstemons,  Delphiniums,  Pansies,  and  similar  things, 
struck  early,  should  now  be  transferred  to  nursery  beds, 
to  wait  till  the  regulation  of  the  herbaceous  ground  and 
borders;  make  memorandums  of  the  height,  colour, 
time  of  flowering,  &c.,  of  each  new  plant  in  this  way 
that  comes  under  notice,  that  in  re-arranging  them  a 
proper  admixture  of  colours  may  be  planted  ;  and  at 
the  same  time  regard  can  be  paid  to  the  time  when  the 
borders  are  expected  to  look  the  most  gay,  by  selecting 
kinds  accordingly.  Beds  for  early  spring  bulbs  should 
now  be  got  in  readiness  ;  a  mixture  of  sandy  loam  and 
decomposed  leaves  or  cow-dung  will  form  a  good 
compost,  adding  sharp  sand  where  the  loam  is  at  all 
strong  ;  in  this,  Hyacinths,  Narcissus,  Tulips,  Gladiolus, 
Anemones,  &c.,  will  thrive.  We  advise  those  who  can 
procure  them  to  get  the  spring  flowering  varieties  of 
Scilla  ;  the  blue  of  these  charming  little  plants  is  very 
striking  in  early  spring. 

FLORISTS'    FLOWERS. 

This  is  a  good  time  to  divide  and  plant  out  Pansies 
for  spring  bloom  ;  and  as  every  amateur  is  a  raiser  of 
seedlings,  these  should  be  put  out  on  a  well  prepared  bed. 
Polyanthuses,  too,  will  require  some  care  ;  we  are  sorry 
these  beautiful  spring  flowers  are  not  more  cultivated 
iu  the  southern  counties,  for  could  we  get  the  energies 
of  some  of  our  best  fiorists  there^directed  towards  them, 
doubtless  we  should  soon  have  amanifest  improvement ; 
and  the  sameness  which  is  now  complained  of,  would 
speedily  be  obviated.  Dahlias  are  now  in  full  glory, 
consequently  will  require  considerable  attention ;  shading 
blooms  for  exhibition,  trapping  vermin,  watering,  &c., 
with  a  bright  look-out  for  those  blossoms  fi-om  which  it 
is  intended  to  gather  seed  ;  early  flowers,  provided  they 
are  well  formed,  are  the  most  desirable,  and  as  they  die 
off  the  decayed  petals  should  be  removed.  Plant  out  offset 
Tulips,  and  prepare  the  best  bed  immediately,  so  that  it 
may  have  abundant  time  to  sweeten,  by  repeated 
turnings,  &c.  Another  thing  of  vital  importance  is 
to  look  well  after  Carnation  and  Picotee  seed  ;  when  well 
swelled,  the  calyx  may  be  slit  down  on  one  side,  to  allow 
the  escape  of  moisture,  which  otherwise  will  prove 
injurious. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN, 

Proceed  with  gathering  the  more  early  kinds  of 
Apples  and  Pears  as  they  ripen,  and  see  the  fruit  rooms 
are  properly  cleaned  for  their  reception.  Peaches,  &c., 
should  be  gone  over  each  morning,  and  those  gathered 
that  appear  getting  ripe.  The  above,  and  the  better 
sorts  of  Plum,  are  always  higher  in  flavour  when 
gathered  and  kept  in  the  fruit  room  a  day  or  two  before 
being  sent  to  table. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

In  this  department  the  principal  work  will  consist  in 
carrying  out  the  culture  of  growing  crops,  directions 
for  which  will  be  found  in  former  Calendars.  Endive, 
Bath  Cos,  and  one  or  two  sorts  of  hardy  Cabbage 
Lettuce,  should  be  still  planted  on  south  slopes  to  afford  a 
supply  for  winter.  A  good  plot  should  likewise  be 
planted  with  Cabbage  plants. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  years,  for  the  easuing  weet,  endiD^  Sept.  13, 1S52. 


53H 

lit 

53h 

ii 

as 

No.  Of 
Years  in 
which  it 

Greatest 
Quamlty 
of  Eala. 

PreTailluK  Winds. 

Sept. 

■z. 

3 
3 

4 
3 
S 
4 
4 
.1 
7 

1  2  iliio 
5125,5 

B    3    2    6    6 

3    2:5!  11  5 
3'  i'  4    5    3 

2  2    S   9    4 
1    l'2    6    5 

San  da;  12 
VIoa.      V^ 
Tues.     14 
Wed,     1& 
Thara.  16 
Friday  I7 
Satur.    18 

67.1 
67.1 
66.6 
C6.3 
6?.l 
6S.8 
66.0 

1S,S 
*.6 
46.7 
45.S 
48.0 
47.0 
41.7 

d7.9 
56.4 
56.7 
56J 
5S.0 
B7.9 
55.4 

8 
11 
12 
12 
10 
10 
12 

0.49  in. 

0.49 

0-34 

0.63 

0.50 

0.60 

0,76 

1 
3 

5 
I 
3 
3 

The  hiKhent  temperature  durine  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  \1 
1841.  and  17tb,  1343-thetm.  31  deg.;   and  the  loweet  oa  the  l"th,  134 
therm.  29  deg. 

— 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


i 

TBaiFBHATDBB. 

< 

Sept. 

0 

3 
a 

19 

or  the  llr. 

Ofthe  Earth. 

Wind. 

s 

M.«. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday.. 

3 

30.187 

30.121 

76 

49 

62.5 

61 

59 

R 

,00 

Satur.  ., 

4 

30.093 

75 

h\ 

63.0 

H\ 

E. 

00 

Sunday  . 

5 

•i\ 

29.990 

29.935 

73 

50 

61.5 

62 

60 

S 

OS 

Monday 

f- 

29.970 

29.938 

69 

60 

59.5 

62 

611 

N, 

Tues.   .. 

23 

29.929 

29.913 

69 

55 

62(1 

61* 

59* 

W 

.4» 

Wed.    .. 

H 

24'   =9.982 

29.951 

GS 

!.« 

63.0 

59* 

r. 

,14 

Thurs... 

9 

29.926 

29.859 

69 

59 

61.0 

60J 

59 

N.E. 

.09 

AverRKO 

30.011 

29.963 

71.3 

531 

62.2 

61.2 

59,5 

105 

3-FoBfcy;  very  flue;  clesr  at  night. 

4— Fogey ;  very  flue ;  overcast. 

6— Unilormly  overcast  and  warm;  clear  at  ntght. 

fi— Fine;  very  fine;  densely  overcast;  rain. 

7— Uniformly ovcrcasti   hazy;  acTete thunder-storm,  commeBclnff 

at  5  r.M. 
S— HeaTv  rain,  with  thunder  and  liRhtninr;  dark  clooda;  clear. 
9— Cloudy;  showery;  fine;  lightning  at  night;  rain. 
Uean  temperature  of  tbe  week.  3  4-lOth  deg.  ftbore  the  aTciase. 


Notices   to  Correspondents  I 

^acHTNiNTHfl  :  Messrs.  Lticonibe  and  Co.  Your  hybrid  *'  aplen- 
diduB,"  produced  from  JE.  speoiosus  by  grandifloma  ifl  indeed 
a  fine  tbing.    One  of  the  heads,  containing  more  than  20 
scarlet  and  yellow  flowers,  each  between  3  and  4  inches  long, 
ia  one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  we  ever  saw.    A  figure  of 
it  will  be  given  in  Paxton. 
B00K.9 :    Young  Amateur.    Paxton'a   "Cottager's    Calendar;" 
and  a  *'  Treatise  on  the  Pansy,"  by  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slough. 
We  cannot  recommend  dealers. t— •/''?.  You  muat  apply  to 
the  buoksellers  ;  we  cannot  recommend  dealers. t 
BaoaaELs  Spaooya:  Sub.  They  ahould  not  be  stopped  till  they 
show  a  disposition  to  cabbage  at  the  top  ;  then  pinch  off  the 
point  of  the  main  stem,  which  will  have  a  beneficial  effect  oa 
the  side  eprouts.^ 
Climbers:    Inquirer,    The  following  will  possibly  suit   your 
purpose,  viz,,   Ariatolochia  glgas,  Pa'-iiularia  odoratisaima, 
Stephanotia  floribunda,  Pasaiflora  racooiosa,  and  any  of  tha 
Tacaonias-J 
DiSEiEEa  :  Meath.  The  eauae  of  the  black  spots  and  red  stains 
on  the  leaf  of   a  Bramble  is    a   Fungus    called   Aregma 
bulboaum. 
FnNCTioNs  OF   Plants  :   D   Tod.    A  volume   on  Vegetable 
Physiology  is  needed  to  answer  yonr  questions.    You  will 
find  a  reply  to  them  in  any  general  modern  work  upon  that 
subject,  to  which  we  beg  to  refer  yon.     We  can  only  say  that 
green  colour  is  never  formed  in  the  absence  of  light,  except 
in  the  ease  of  certain  deep-sea  Fucoids. 
Gbapes  :  J  WandCo.  Yon  will  find  the  distinguishing  character- 
istics of  raost  of  the  sorts  you  enumerate  given  in  the  Cata* 
logue  of  Fruits  publiflhed  by  the  Horticultural  Society.* 
Gkeehhodses  :  J  O.  Next  week.    Your  demands  are  too  large 

to  be  complied  with  on  the  instant. 
Insects  :  C.  The  caterpillar  found  in  the  leading  shoot  of  a 
large  Holly  in  St.  James's  Park,  is  that  of  the  wood-leopard 
moth  (Zeuzera  ascuH).  It  is  quite  unusual  for  it  to  attack 
the  Holly.— TFC  T.  Thanks;  but  the  specimen  was  quite 
dried  up.  We  can  hardly  think  the  inaects  could  have  made 
such  a  mistake  in  their  instinct.  They  are  certainly,  how- 
ever, the  larva  of  some  species  of  the  Linnsean  genus  Phry- 
ganea ;  but  on  immersing  them  ia  water,  they  made  much 
less  progress  than  when  placed  on  dry  paper.— J  JV.  The 
caterpillars  on  Pinua  Mughus  and  austriaca  are  those  of  a 
species  of  sawfly  (Lophyrua  Pinil,  which  is  fortunatoly  rare 
in  thia  country,  but  occasionally  does  much  mischief  in  the 
great  Pine  forests  of  the  continent.— .4  B  X.  The  insect  sent  U 
the  common  Lepisma  saccharina,  or  sngar-louse,  found  in 
dark  cupboards,  &c.  The  cricket  is  an  active  creature  all 
its  life,  i.e.,  after  being  hatched  from  an  egg.  In  its  early 
state  it  resembles  Its  parents,  except  in  having  no  wings  and 
wing  cases,  W.  .         .    1. 

Ktanising  Timbeb:  P  J N.  We  believe  the  proportions  to  be 
unimportant.    A  half  saturated  solution  would  be  ample  in 
either  case. 
Magpies  :  J  A.  Perhaps  the  best  way  of  getting  rid  of  them  13 

to  shoot  them.    They  are  too  cunning  to  be  trapped. J 
Modelling    Fedit  :  Young  Nurseri/nian.    Take    your    Apple, 
grease  it,  and  place  it  in  piaster  of  Paris,  so  as  to  be  half  im- 
mersed.   This  may  be  done  by  pouring  the  plaster  of  Paris 
into  a  cylinder  of  paste-board.    Leave  the  fruit  undiaturbed 
till  the  plaster  is  set.    Then  sink  two  holes  in  the  upper  edge 
of  the  mould,  and  pour  on  it  plaster  enough  to  fill  np  the 
cylinder  and  to  form  the  remainder  of  the  mould.    The  next 
day  take  the  two  halves  of  the  mould  apart,  and  remove  tha 
Apple.    Have  ready  some  hot  bee*«-wax,  of  which  pour  the 
lower  mould  half  full ;  clap  on  the  npper  mould,  shake  them 
well  together,  and  then  put  by.    In  a  quarter  of  an  hour  you 
will  have  made  your  Apple,  which  must  be  afterwards  taken 
out  and  painted  with  powder- colour*  rubbed  up  with  tur- 
pentine only,  , 
Names  of  Feuits  :  P  J  Newton.  Your  Apple  appears  to  be  the! 
Red  Astracban.ll— JCC.  Your  Plum  is  the  Washington.il— 
milestone  and  Co.  The  Grape  is  not  yet  ripe.    It  is  very  like 
the  Royal  Muscadine.    The  leaves  of  this  are  smooth  abovfl, 
hairy  beneath ;  and  in  every  respect  like  those  you  sentti       ; 
Names  of  Plants:   J  A.  Antirrhinum  Orontium,— .4.  B  X 
Brassica  Napus — common  Rape. — Diamond.  Platanua  orieo. 
talis.— / -4.  Apparently  Schinus  Molle,  from  Peru.— JiV.  Ai 
very  fine  variety  of  S.  Bucephalus,  which  will  be  published 
iu  Pax  ton's  "  Flower-garden,"  under  the  name  of  S.  Buce- 
phalus var.  guttata.— CS" 5. 1,  Ceterach  officiuamm,  Willd. 
2,  Asplenium  Ruta-muraria,  L. ;  3,  A.  Trichomanes,  L.  (frora 
a  dry  place) ;  4  and  12,  A.  Adiantum  nigrum,  t. ;  5  and  Itt, 
Polypodium  vulgare,  L. ;  6,  Asplenium  Trichomanes,   L. 
7,  Lastrea  Filix-maa,  Presl ;  8,  L.  dllatata,  Presl ;  9._ScolO 
pendrium  officinarum,  Sm. ;  11,  Pleria  aquilina,  L.  S.—EG 
Cyanotis  vittat a.— Cauaiieiwij.    The  deciduous  Cypress,  0 
Taxodium  distichum. 
Patcbodli:  C  L.  This  drug  is  not  produced  by  PenUiem 
Patcliouli  (there   is   no    such    plant),    but    by  Pogostemoi 
Patchouli.    We  do  not  know  whether  it  ia  need  as  a  perfum 
by  the  Turks  ;  it  is  in  India.    The  leaves  are  merely  dried. 
Roots  :  J  N.  These  organa  penetrate  solid  earth,  Ac,  by  a  slo' 
process  of  addition  to  their  points.    The  result  of  this  cuiioi; 
mode  of  organisation  is  a  gradual  softening  and  dlsplac 
ment  of  earth,  or  an  avoidance  of  insoluble  matter,  whii 
gives  the  roots  an  extraordinary  power  of  iuiinuation.    J 
addition  there  enaues  a  lateral  development,  or  increase  < 
thickneaa,  which  haa  in  some  instances  such  enormous  fori 
as  to  displace  the  heaviest  and  most  solid  masonry. 
R0SE8  :  Robin  Eood.  The  buds  of  the  Roses  dropped  off  becaas 
in  such  very  hot  weather,  their  evaporating  force  was  great 
than  the  action  of  the  roots,  so  that  sap  could  not  be  co' 
veyed  into  them  as  fast  as  it  was  consumed.    In  other  word  1 
they  perished  becauae  they  were  starved.— P  L  O.  We  cann  : 
recommend  dealers.} 
Shaneing  :  B  ire.  If  you  will  refer  to  our  former  reply  y( . 
will  aee  that  shanking  may  arise  from  various  causes.    Tl 
destruction    of  your  leaves   was  one    cause.    Leaves  mi, 
nevertheless  be  very  large  and  green,  and  yet  shanking  wi , 
occur,  because  in  that  case  it  arises  from  a  cause  differe 
from  loss  of  leaves.    You  may  be  made  sick  by  a  dose 
white  vitriol,  or  by  rising  to  a  great  elevation  in  the  air, ' 
hy  bleeding,  or  by  seeing  some  disgusting  object.    Here,  1 
in  shanking,  many  different  causes  produce  an  identic 
result. 
The  Epipactis  :  Ann,  Cork.  It  is  E.  latifolia  in  a  comm( 
state  which  you  have  sent,  and  not  the  smooth  variety  late 
figured  by  us.    This  species  is  extremely  variable. 
WiNDSOB  Beans:  A  B,  How  can  you  occupy  yourself  wi 
such  idle  inquiries  ?    You  might  as  well  ask  whether  all  tl 
Apples  this  year  grow  with  their  stalks  upwardi. 


,37—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


585 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extenBlve  adaUerationa  of  this 
MANUBE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Governoient  and 

■  to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

bay  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  Character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  Becurity,  aodj  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  'price  cut  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  hy  them,  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
«ither  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing.  Linseed, 
Kape  Cakes,  Perurian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  6T«7  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
ralaable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwabd  Pdsseb,  Sec,  Bridge- street,  Blaekfriars,  London. 


MANURES. — The   foUowing    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  LiWEs's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Inmip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  PeiuTian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  U,  lOs.  per  ton ;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


LINSEEC  CAKE,  Foreign  and  English,  Rape 
Cake,  Pa-uviau  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Hi.BK  FoTHEaa<,L,  20iA,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Heilth  and  Wealth  of  Towu  and  Country  by 
increasing  the  us*  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnates  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fteces  are  ab- 
aorbed,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcial  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulham,  Middlesex,  it  60s.  per  ton,  4s.  per  cwt.,  25.  6d.  per 
half  cwt. 


FARM    TO    LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  frm  Michaelmas  next,  MAISEY 
HAMPTON,  acapial  Sheep  and  Com  Farm,  containing 
CtO  acres,  of  which  two-tiirds  are  Arable,  with  suitable  Field 
Bam  and  Homestead,  "he  Farm  is  in  the  course  of  being 
thoroughly  drained,  whicl  is  nearly  completed.  A  Lease  will 
be  granted.— For  particula-s  apply  to  Messrs.  Bhatendeb  and 
Tbindeb,  Land  Agents  antsurveyors,  Cirencester. 


WATERPROOF  PiiTHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
»  »  their  Gardens  dorini  the  winter  months  should  con- 
etruct  their  walks  of  POR'LAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
wWch  are  formed  thus  :—Scren  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
ia  At  present  made  from  the  lam  which  is  mired  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  4d  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  part«  of  such  equal  mixt^e  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  welin  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  belaid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spreadlt.  No  tool  ia  required  beyond 
the  apade,  and  In  48  hours  t  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Tegetatlon  cannot  grow  throuti  or  upon  it,  and  it  resistB  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost,  I(s  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fd  from  the"  middle  of  the  path 
towardB  the  "ides. — Manufactiers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B,  White 
&nd  SoK8,  Millbank-street,  W^minster. 

CARSON^S  ORIGINS  ANTI-CORROSION 
PAINT,  especially  patroned  by  the  British  and  other 
Governments,  the  Hod.  Eastindia  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Companies,  moat  publitbodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-doc  work  at  their  country  seats' 
The  Anti-Corrosion  is  particuMy  recommended  as  the  most 
durable  out-door  Paint  ever  ittnted,  for  the  preservation  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Woo(Stone,  Brick,  Compo,  Cement, 
&c.,  work,  as  has  been  proved  I  the  practical  test  ol  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerts  (between  500  and  600)  testi- 
moniali  In  its  favour,  and  whiclfrom  the  rank  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  give  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  of  the  kin  hitherto  brought  before  the 
public  notice. 

Lists  of  CoIoorB,  with  Priceslogether  with  a  Copy  of  the 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  applation  to  Walter  Caeson  and 
SoM,  No.  9,  Great  Winchester-seet,  Old  Broad-street,  Royal 
Exchange,  London.— No  Agents  All  orders  are  particularly 
Teqoested  to  be  sent  direct. 


MANCHESTER  AND  LIVERPOOL  AGRICUL- 
TUltAL  SOCIETY.— District  :  South  Lancashire, 
Cheshire,  and  all  other  Parts  within  35  miles  (in  a  direct  line 
of  Warrington.) 

The  ANNUAL  SHOW  of  this  SOCIETY  will  be  at  LIVER. 
POOL,  on  the23d  of  SEPTEMBER.  The  Competition,  except 
for  Implements,  is  principally  confined  to  the  District,  but  12 
Prizes  are  given  for  Horned  Cattle,  Horses,  and  Sheep,  for 
which  Parties  living  beyond  the  District  may  compete. — 20 
Prizes  are  given,  for  the  first  time,  for  POULTRY. 

Prize  Lists,  and  any  other  information,  may  be  obtained  by 
applying  to  the  Secretary, 

The  last  day  of  Entry  Is  the  17th  of  September. 
Warrineton,  Sept.  11.  Hknby  White,  Secretary. 


EMIGRANTS  TO  AUSTRALIA,  ETC.,  SUPPLIED, 

A  PRIZE  MEDAL  FOR  SUPERIOR  LOCKS  WAS 
AWARDED  TO  J.  H.  BOOBBYER,  AT  THE  GREAT 
EXHIBITION  OF  1851. 

THE  CELEBRATED  STEEL  DIGGING  FORK, 
Patent  Spades,  Daisy  Rakes,  Scjthes,  Draining,  and 
other  Garden  Tools.  Mole  Traps,  6s.  per  dozen.  Carpenters' 
and  Smiths'  Tools,  ttc.  Rubbers  for  sharpening  Scythes, 
23.  Qd,  per  dozen.  Patent  fumigators  for  destroying  insects 
on  Plants,  in  greenhouses,  &c.  :  at  Messrs.  J.  H,  Boobbtee 
and  Co.'s  (late  Stdbch  and  Boobbteh),  Ironmongery,  Brass- 
foundry,  Nail  and  Tool  Warehouse,  14,  Stanhope-street, 
Clare-market,  London.  Establt^had  nearly  200  years  for  the 
sale  of  goods  from  the  best  Manufactories  at  the  lowest  prices. 
Goods  forwarded  to  any  part  on  the  receipt  of  remittance. 
Lists  sent  by  post-     ^^_____ 


M'CORMICK'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  REAPER 
has  received  numerous  Prizes  during  the  present  sea^ton  ; 
amongst  others,  the  award  of  the  Jury  appointed  by  the  R.  A. 
College  at  Cirencester,  after  nine  days'  trial  upon  all  kinds  of 
crops  and  in  all  weather.  —  Winton's  Parkes'  celebrated 
Steel  Digging  Forks,  as  recommended  by  Mr.  Mechi ;  they  save 
full  20  per  cent,  in  labour  ;  they  obtained  the  Silver  Medal  at 
the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  the  Ist  prize  at  the  Royal 
Yorkshire  Show  at  SheflSeld,  1st  prize  at  Galway.  and  also  at 
the  Royal  Dublin  Show.— Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn 
hqs  received  the  prize  at  every  Meeting  where  it  has  been 
exhibited,  including  those  of  the  R.  A.  Society  at  Exeter,  Great 
Exhibition,  and  at  Lewe».— Urwin's  Force  and  Lift  Pump,  par- 
ticularly adapted  for  Liquid  Manure.  Mr.  Mechi  has  one  in  qse, 
and  it  is  working  to  perfection.  Kase's  Force  and  Suction 
Pump,  well  suited  for  a  Farm  Fire  Engine  or  Liquid  Manure 
Pump  ;  it  is  by  far  the  cheapest  and  most  effective  Pump  now 
out.  Galvanised  Iron  Lift  Pumps  at  a  very  moi^erate  price. 
Gutta  Percha  Pumps,  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  Liquid  Manure 
and  Garden  purposes,  Gutta  Percha  Driving  Bands  for 
Machinery,  Waterproof  Canvas  Hose  coated  with  Gutta  Percha, 
for  Liquid'  Manure.  Leather  Hose  and  Bands.  Richmond 
and  Chandler's  Improved  Scroll  Knife  Chaff  Machine  has 
obtained  the  prize  at  the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  and 
at  every  other  show  this  season.  Starbuck's  American  Ploughs, 
Grain  Bruisers.  Also  every  kind  of  Agricultural  Implement 
sold  by 
BURGESS  &  KEY,  103,  NEWGATE-STREET,  LONDON. 


^Iie  ^Qvicultuxul  (Bunttti 

SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  11,  1852. 

MEETING  FOE  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
TaiTBBDAT,       Sept.   16— A.^caUurBl  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


BOYD'S    SELFADJUTING    SCYTHE. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCfllE  and  the  celebrated 
STEEL  UIOOINrj  PORK^-IiorD'.  Sojthe  i!  capable  of 
'"oeloff  adjuited  to  any  an((le  by  \  jiernon  unlng  It,  and  never 
reqatret  the  aid  of  a  blackunith.hen  oat  of  uie  it  shutB  up 
like  a  claap-knifc.  Tba  Gar'ltpt'  C,hr(m\t.lt  thui  comiiienlH 
upon  11 :— "  We  ijladl;  «tate  that-.  Boro's  Scjilie  elands  well 
the  (Treat  tc«t,  experience,  especly  with  hie  late  Inifcnioun 
and  Tery  u«ef'jl  Improvement."-.  C.,  16th  May,  \%Wi.  The 
Stael  Xi\l%\nz  Fork*  are  tboiitetebriited  by  Air.  Mccbl  : 
"  When  a  labourer  ba3  once  uii  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  othor  implement  for  dlKi^.  They  effect  a  «avln«  of 
nearly  60  per  cent,  in  labour."  Wholeiiale  and  Ketall  at 
Wm.  DaaT  and  Co.'a  Agrlculturalnplement  and  Machinery 
Warehouie.  SwaD-lane,  Upper  Tmei'Street/near  London- 
bridga. 

STEPHENSON  amd  PEILLl,  Gracccliurcli-»lrcct, 
London,  and  17.  New  I'ark.«t«,  Douthwsrk,  Mauufao- 
tarert  of  Copper  Cylindrical  an]mproved  Conical  Iron 
BOILER'*,  end  Conservat/jry  andotbouie  Hiillderii,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  re.pectfuiiy  cell  tl^ttention  of  the  Nobility, 
Otntry,  and  Numerymcn  to  their  .ire  but  elljiiacloue  melhofl 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  otbrluUdlnKH  by  hot  water. 
From  the  eitenslve  worke  they  bayiccutcd,  references  ut 
th.  hlgh.it  reipectablllty  can  bo  (fa,  and  full  partlculare 
NroUbad  oa  application. 


We  add  a  few  words,  for  the  sake  of  inquiring 
correspondents,  in  explanation  of  the  plan  on  which 
the  Working  Men's  Educational  Union,  to 
which  we  referred  at  page  537,  intends  to  act. 
Beyond  the  occasional  employment  of  lecturers 
within  the  limits  of  London,  and  the  occasional 
publication  of  an  outline  lecture,  the  Union  does 
not  contemplate  undertaking  directly  either  lecturing, 
education,  or  book  publication  :  it  proposes  to  enter 
into  competition  neither  with  schools  nor  publishers, 
but  hopes,  nevertheless,  to  be  helpful  to  both. 
The  leading  feature  of  the  Society's  operations  is  the 
publication  of  popular,  cheap,  and  portable  diagrams, 
in  order  to  promote  and  encourage  lecturing  to  a 
class  of  persons,  chiefly  adults,  who  may  be  thereby 
instructed  and  edified,  at  the  same  time  that  needful 
amusement  is  provided  for  them.  Closely  connected 
with  this  leading  idea  are  the  other  objects  of  the 
Union,  promoting  the  formation  of  popular,  cheap, 
yet  sound  lending  libraries  for  working  men  and 
their  families,  and  the  encouragement  of  mutual 
instruction  classes  amongst  them.  For  the  details 
of  these  different  schemes  we  refer  inquirers  to  43, 
Skinner-street,  Snow-hill,  London,  where  the 
prospectus  of  the  Society  may  be  had,  from  which 
we  have  extracted  the  above  statement  of  its  objects. 

There  are  few  topics  more  frequently  the  subject 
of  discussion  than  milk  and  its  management,  doubt- 
less because  science  lags  farther  behind  in  the  dairy 
than  in  any  other  department  of  the  farm.  Com- 
plaints have  been  loudly  raised  of  the  want  of 
experiments  in  connection  with  this  subject,  both 
on  the  farm  and  in  the  laboratory  of  the  analytical 
chemist ;  but  whatever  may  be  wanting  in  the  latter, 
a  little  inquiry  into  the  facts  of  the  case  will  .show 
that  as  regards  the  former  the  outcry  is  in  some 
measure  groundless ;  for  in  no  department  does 
practice  pre.sent  us  with  a  greater  variety  of  examples, 
whether  in  the  management  of  cows  or  their  pro- 
duce. For  instance ; — In  many  of  the  northern 
isles  the  cow  has  yet  the  alternative  of  collecting 
her  scanty  fare  from  tlie  produce  of  the  se.t-shore 
and  that  of  the  lieath.  Aloni(  our  Alpine  districts, 
again,  from  Cornwall  to  Caithness,  we  have  many 
oilier  peculiar  and  interesting  varieties  of  ni.tnage- 
rnent ;  wliile  in  our  lowlands,  Celtic  and  Saxon, 
although  farmers  number  by  hundreds  of  thousands, 
it  may  without  exaggeration  be  stated  that  the 
practice  of  no  two  of  them  coincides  in  its  ilelails. 

It  is  wholly  unnecessary,  therefore,  to  put  fanners 
to  any  expenne  in  the  shape  of  experiments;  all  that 


is  necessary  being  to  furnish  our  columns  with  the 
details  of  existing  practice,  in  order  to  enable  science 
to  unravel  the  chemical  anomalies  of  the  dairy. 

Some  time  ago  we  stated  that  the  peculiar  taste 
of  milk  and  its  products  attributed  to  Turnips  and  wild 
Onions,  was  different  from  that  ordinary  rancidity 
which  arises  from  exposure  to  the  influence  of  the  air, 
and  we  have  little  doubt  that  the  investigation  now 
going  on  in  some  of  our  laboratories  will  corroborate 
this  conclusion ;  for  the  acids  peculiar  to  butter  in 
its  ordinary  state  of  oxidation  are  the  butyric, 
caproic,  and  capric,  of  which  the  latter  two  are  the 
most  offensive.  Now,  caproic  acid,  says  Sir  R.  Kane, 
in  his  "  Elements  of  Chemistry,"  "  has  the  pecu- 
liarly characteristic  odour  of  sweat,  and  capric  acid 
the  odour  of  the  goat"  odours  entirely  different  from 
that  which  has  been  variously  attributed  to  Turnips 
and  wild  Onions,  and  which  often  exist  in  the  absence 
of  these  iveeds.  The  subject  is,' we  believe,  engaging 
the  attention  of  some  of  the  first  continental 
chemists  ;  but  while  science  is  strenuously  labouring 
in  so  important  a  field,  let  not  the  practical  farmer 
sit  idle. 

In  returning  such  an  account  of  dairy  management 
as  that  proposed  above,  all  the  different  circum- 
stances which  affect  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
milk  and  its  products  would  require  careful  notice. 
These  circumstances  may  be  enumerated  in  several 
divisions,  thus — 1.  Age,  breed,  and  detailed 
description  of  the  cow,  as  regards  size,  form,  health, 
general  state  and  constitution,  distance  from  calving, 
Sec.  2.  The  food  and  treatment  of  cows.  3.  The 
dairy  treatment  of  the  milk ;  and  4,  climate  and  sea- 
son of  the  year.  All  these  affect  milk,  and  in  giving 
in  reports  of  them  each  division  would  require  to 
be  further  subdivided,  and  the  different  subdivisions 
then  circumstantially  treated.  From  the  importance 
of  the  subject  the  details  of  different  districts  might 
be  usefully  collected  by  the  various  local  agricultural 
societies. 

The  above  divisions,  it  will  readily  be  perceived, 
and  still  more  the  different  subdivisions,  are  so 
intimately  connected  with  each  other,  as  on  some 
occasions  to  render  it  no  easy  task  to  distinguish 
effects  produced  by  the  one  from  those  produced  by 
another.  Cows,  for  instance,  are  very  voracious,  not 
unfrequently  foul  feeders,  and  consequently  are 
every  now  and  then  suffering  from  attacks  of  surfeit 
and  stomach  complaints.  When  first  turned  out 
to  Grass,  put  upon  Turnips,  Tares,  or  any  other 
similar  change  of  diet,  such  attacks  are  of  consider- 
able duration — several  days,  even  weeks  elapsing 
before  the  sufferers  are  able  to  overcome  them, 
during  which  time  the  attack  of  necessity'affects  the 
secretion  of  milk.  On  such  occasions  the  character 
of  the  food  cannot  be  considered  the  only  cause  of 
any  alteration  in  the  ordinary  character  of  the  milk. 
In  general,  however,  no  doubt  the  milk  cow  may  not 
inaptly  be  compared  to  a  distillery  or  brewery  ;  to 
throw  all  sorts  of  trash  into  the  mash-tun,  and  yet 
to  expect  to  drink  the  same  quality  of  liquor  as  from 
pure  malt  is,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  expecting  too 
much. 

In  the  daily,  again,  it  may  often  be  equally  diffi- 
cult to  trace  chemical  results  to  their  respective 
sources,  owing  to  the  susceptibility  of  milk  and  its 
products  to  change,  and  their  being  continually 
surrounded  by  so  many  changing  causes.  When 
milk  is  newly  taken  from  the  cow,  and  when  it  has 
not  remained  too  long  in  the  udder,  it  is  slightly 
alkaline,  but  from  this  state  to  various  degrees  and 
kinds  of  acidity  it  hurries  with  a  rapidity  often 
during  the  heat  of  summer  scarcely  credible. 
If  the  cow  is  labouring  under  sickness  or  excite- 
ment of  any  other  kind,  from  causes  such  as  those 
alluded  to  by  our  correspondent  "  H.  D.,"  the  work 
of  secretion  may  be  improperly  performed,  so  that 
the  milk  may  only  be  partially  manufactured,  as  it 
were,  and  consequently  decomposition  will  be  both 
more  rapid  and  different  from  what  it  would  have 
been  if  the  milk  had  been  properly  manufactured. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  organs  of  secretion  may  be 
healthy  and  performing  their  functions  with  ease, 
and  yet  passing  elements  sufficient  to  flavour  the 
milk,  which  flavour  may  be  either  agi'eeable  or  not. 
Then  we  have  the  atmosphere  of  the  dairy  always 
more  or  less  contaminated  with  elements  injurious 
to  milk,  arising  from  the  process  of  natural  decay. 
Now,  under  all  these  circumstances,  considerable 
difficulty  may  often  be  experienced  in  tracing  causes 
from  their  results  ;  and  there  is  the  more  need, 
therefore,  that  the  chemist  should  receive  the 
assistance  of  the  farmer. 

Such  ia  the  position  and  prospects  of  the  dairy, 
and  it  will  readily  be  perceived  from  it,  that  while 
chemists  are  active,  an  important  work  lies  at  the 
door  of  the  farmer  ;  viz.,  to  render  a  more  accurate 
account  of  facts  connected  with  cow-feeding  ani 
dairy  practice,  than  has  yet  appeared  before  '.he 
public,  for  which  very  flattering  prospects  are  'leld 
out  in  retom. 


586 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  11, 


ROTATION  OF  CROPS. 

Wk  do  not  find  Liebig  at  all  explicit  on  the  modus 
operandi  by  which  a  plant,  in  appropriating  its  peculiar 
inorganic  elements,  does  not  deprive  the  soil  of  those 
which  do  not  enter  into  its  organism.  It  is  true  he  speaks 
of  one  plant  leaving  hchind  (?)  that  which  a  second,  and 
the  second  that  which  a  third,  may  require,  and  he  also 
says,  which  may  serve  to  explain  the  meaning  he  would 
give  to  leaving  behind,  "  when  substances  which  are 
incapable  of  being  employed  in  the  nutrition  of  a  plant 
exist  in  the  matter  absorbed  by  the  roots,  they  must  be 
again  returned  to  the  soil ;"  but  he  leaves  us  again  at 
sea  in  concluding  his  chapter  "  On  the  Alternation  of 
Crops  "  for  he  says,  "  The  reasons  why  this  interchange 
of  crops  is  so  advantageous  — the  principles  which  regulate 
this  part  of  agriculture  are,  therefore,  the  artificial  pro- 
duction of.  humus,  and  the  cultivation  of  different  kinds 
of  plants  upon  the  same  fields,  in  such  an  order  of 
succession,  that  each  shall  extract  only  certain  com- 
ponents of  the  soil,  whilst  it  leaves  behind  or  restores  those 
■which  a  second  or  third  species  of  plant  may  require  for 
its  growth  and  perfect  development." 

But  it  is  upon  the  production  of  humus  by  an  artificial 
cultivation  that  he  appears  mainly  to  rely  for  beneficial 
results  from  the  alternation  of  crops  ;  on  this  subject  he 
freely  dilates  and  is  very  clear.  In  the  transformations 
of  existing  compounds  in  a  plant,  he  says,  "  There  are 
produced  gaseous  matters  which  are  excreted  by  the 
leaves  and  blossoms,  solid  excrements  deposited  in  the 
bai'k,  and  fluid  soluble  substances  which  are  eliminated 
by  the  roots.  .  .  .  Substances  containing  a  large  propor- 
tion of  carbon  are  excreted  by  the  roots  and  absorbed 
by  the  soil.  Through  the  expulsion  of  these  matters 
mifitted  for  nutrition,  the  soil  receives  again  with  usury 
the  carbon  which  it  had  at  first  yielded  to  the  young 
plants  as  food,  in  the  form  of  carbonic  acid."  And  while 
he  takes  away  the  ground  given  by  the  experiments  of 
Macaire-Princep  from  under  that  part  of  the  theory  of 
M.  de  Candolle,  which  regards  the  return  of  inorganic 
matters  to  the  soil,  he  establishes  by  these  same  experi- 
ments the  replenishing  of  the  soil  by  the  roots  with 
organic  matters,  which,  derived  from  the  air  and  through 
the  leaves,  had  entered  into  the  organism  of  the  plant 
and  were  capable  of  being  converted  into  humus. 

"  It  is  certain  that  the  gummy  and  resinous  excre- 
ments observed  by  Macaire-Princep  could  not  have  been 
contained  in  the  soil ;  and  as  we  know  that  the  carbon  of 
a  soil  is  not  diminished  by  culture,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
increased,  we  must  conclude  that  all  excrements  which 
contain  carbon  must  be  formed  from  the  food  obtained 
by  plants  from  the  atmosphere.  Now,  these  excrements 
are  compounds,  produced  in  consequence  of  the  trans- 
formations of  the  food,  and  of  the  new  forms  which  it 
assumes  by  entering  into  the  composition  of  the  various 
organs." 

And  while  he  ascribes  some  of  the  benefits  derived 
from  the  alternation  of  certain  crops  to  their  requiring 
only  a  small  quantity  of  inorganic  matter,  he  appears  to 
attribute  far  more  to  their  suppl_)'ing  the  soil  with 
organic  principles. 

"  These  plants  (Saintfoin  and  Lucerne)  are  remarkable 
on  account  of  the  great  ramifications  of  their  roots,  and 
strong  development  of  their  leaves,  and  for  requiring 
only  a  small  quantity  of  inorganic  matter.  Uutil  they 
reach  a  certain  period  of  theii-  growth,  they  retain  all 
the  carbonic  acid  and  ammonia  which  may  have  been 
conveyed  to  them  by  rain  nnd  the  air,  for  that  which  is 
not  absorbed  by  the  soil  is  appropriated  by  the  leaves  ; 
they  also  possess  an  extensive  four  or  sixfold  surface, 
capable  of  assimilating  these  bodies,  and  of  preventing 
the  volatilisation  of  ammonia  from  the  soil,  by  com- 
pletely covering  it  in.  An  immediate  consequence  of 
the  pi'oduction  of  the  green  principles  of  the  leaves,  and 
of  their  remaining  component  parts,  as  well  as  those  of 
the  stem,  is  the  equally  abundant  excretion  of  organic 
matters  into  the  soil  from  the  roots." 

What  Liebig  affirms  of  tliese  plants,  Saintfoin  and 
Lucerne,  may  be  also  predicated  of  most  of  these  crops 
we  term  fallow  ones. 

However  satisfactorily  Liebig  may  show  that  the 
fertility  induced  by  the  introduction  of  plants  yielding 
abundant  excretions  of  organic  matter  into  the  soil,  yet 
he  does  not  inform  us  how  these  matters,  being  of  the 
same  nature,  that  is,  capable  of  being  converted  into 
the  same  substance,  carbonic  acid,  can  per  se  effect  an 
increase  of  produce  by  the  alternation  of  crops  requiring 
various  elements  of  nutrition  ;  and  it  does  appear  some- 
what anomalous  that  the  plants  giving  out  the  largest 
supply  of  this  substance  are  followed  by  those  assimi- 
lating the  least,  and  those  giving  out  the  least  by  those 
assimilating  the  most, 

^Ve  are  also  yet  without  proof  of  the  way  in  which 
the  inorganic  components  of  the  soil  are  supposed  to  be 
less  diminished  by  the  alternation  of  crops.  On  this 
tabula  rasa,  then,  we  will  inscribe  what  we  believe  to 
be  a  probable  solution. 

We  find  this  solution  in  the  action  on  the  crude  in  organic 
components  of  the  soil  of  the  carbonic  acid  introduced 
mto  it  by  the  excrements  of  plants  ;  for  the  experiments 
of  Struve  "  have  proved  that  water  impregnated  with 
carbonic  acid  decomposes  rocks  which  contain  alkalies 
and  then  dissolves  apart  of  the  alkaline  carbonates." 

Thus,  then,  that  which  appeared  a  difiiculty  in  Liebig 
clears  the  way  for  this  solution,  for  these  so  called  fallow 
■:iilants  collect  from  the  air  and  give  to  the  soil,  through 
t^r  roots,  abundant  excretions  of  organic  matter,  which 
.<^\iig)  in  proportion  to  their  amount,  on  the  crude 
moiganic  matters  in  the  soil,  render  soluble  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  them  for  the  requirement  of  the  succeeding 


crop  of  plants,  which,  in  its  turn,  collecting  organic 
matters  less  abundantly  from  the  air,  give  to  the  soU  less 
excretions,  but  still  in  sufficient  amount  for  the  demands 
ofacropwhich  requires  only  a  small  quantity  of  inorganic 
matter.  Thus,  in  an  alternation  of  crops,  each  crop 
supplies  enough  of  organic  excrements  to  act  on  the 
inorganic  matters  of  the  soil  to  supply  sufficient  earthy 
nutriment  to  the  succeeding  one,  and  each  crop  is  thus 
supplied  hi  proportion  to  its  need,  tlirough  the  agency 
of  the  preceding  crop,  and  with  little  waste  to  the  soil  ; 
for  those  plants  which  offer  larger  evaporating  surfaces, 
and  require  less  inorganic  food,  finding  in  the  soil  a 
smaller  amount  of  soluble  earthy  matter,  necessarily 
take  up  a  weaker  solution  of  them,  while  those,  on  the 
contrary,  which  offer  less  evaporating  sm-faces  and 
require  more  inorganic  food,  finding  in  the  soil  a  larger 
amount  of  soluble  earthy  matters,  necessarily  take  up  a 
stronger  solution  of  them.  O. 


NOTE  ON  THE  ADULTERATION  OF  GUANO. 

(From  the  last  number  of  the  Highland  Societj's  TransactionB.] 
In  a  former  number  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Society, 
I  published  a  variety  of  facts  regarding  the  adulteration 
of  guano  which  had  come  under  my  notice  at  that  time, 
and  I  supposed  that  I  had  then  said  enough  to  put  farmers 
on  their  guard.  Some  facts,  however,  have  recently  come 
out,  which  lead  me  to  suspect  that  adulterated  guano  is 
sold  in  Scotland  to  a  much  larger  extent  than  is 
generally  supposed.  I  say  sold  in  Scotland;  for,  so  far 
as  my  present  information  goes,  I  have  no  reason  to 
suppose  that  the  actual  adulteration  is  practised  here — 
all  the  cargoes  which  I  have  been  able  to  trace  having 
been  imported  from  different  parts  of  England,  where 
the  adulteration  seems  to  be  carried  on  in  a  wholesale 
manner. 

The  circumstances  which  induce  me  again  to  refer  to 
the  subject  in  the  Transactions  arise  mainly  from  a 
series  of  articles  which  have  recently  appeared  in  the 
Gardeners^  Chronicle  on  low-priced  guano.  After 
pointing  out  (what  ought  to  be  familiar  to  every  one) 
that  no  genuine  Peruvian  guano  can  be  sold  for  under 
0/.  bs.  per  ton,  the  editor  proceeds  to  refer  to  various 
cases  in  which  guano  has  been  adulterated,  cautiously 
avoiding  any  imputations  on  individuals;  and,  among 
others,  he  says,  "  We  should  not  be  surprised  if  a  bad 
opinion  were  entertained  of  the  cargo  of  the  Pandora, 
Captain  Jay,  which  loaded  at  tho  Mudhole  Tier,  and 
sailed  for  Berwick  with  ISO  tons  of  guano  in  bulk." 

The  publication  of  this  article  caused  great  excite- 
ment in  Berwickshire,  and  samples  were  sent  to  the 
laboratory,  both  by  the  owners  of  the  cargo  and  by 
different  gentlemen  who  had  purchased  quantities  of  it. 
These  analyses  of  portions  from  different  parts  of  the 
cargo  all  showed  large  adulteration,  although  the  extent 
of  adulteration  varied  in  different  portions,  as  might  be 
expected,  from  the  difficulty,  or  almost  impossibility,  of 
making  a  perfectly  uniform  mixture  on  the  large  scale. 
I  give  the  results  of  tlu'ee  of  these  analyses. 


Water       

Organic  matter  and  ammoniacan 

Halts      J 

Fhosphatefi         

Sulphate  of  lime 

Ciirbooate  of  lime        

Alkaline  salts 

Sand        


No.  I. 


13.05 

35.32 

26.61 
U.18 

6.27 
4.57 


No.  II. 


11.95 
25.00 
25.32 
28.04 

3?80 
5.83 


100  00   100.00   100.00 
10.62    8. SO    7.59. 


No.  III. 


14.30 
22.84 
26.19 
21.32 
2.19 
6.55 
6.05, 


which  I  select  at  random  from  a  number  made  in 
the  laboratory,  may  serve  to  represent  its  usual 
ingredients: — 


Water         

Organic  matter    ... 
Phosphates 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Sand  


,    16.16 

14.54 

3'i.20 

,    27.25 

3.45 

8.40 

100.00 
1.29 


Ammonia 

Now,  a  mixtiu-e  of  equal  weights  of  this  substance 
and  of  the  Peruvian  guano,  of  which  I  have  given  the 
analysis  above,  would  have  this  composition: — 

Water        14,16 

Organic  matter 34.04: 

Phosphates  26.04 

Sulphate  of  lime  I3.G3 

Carbonate  of  lime         1.72 

Alkaline  salts      5.S3 

Sand  5.08 


For  compai'ison^s  sake,  I  give  the  analysis  of  a  good 
Peruvian. 

Water  

Organic  matter  and  ammoniacal  salta 

Pbof-pbat63  

AUtaline  salts       

Sand  


Ammonia 

It  appears,  then,  that  the  adulterated  article  in  this 
instance  contains  a  quantity  of  sulphate  of  lime,  or 
gypsum,  varying  in  different  parts  of  the  cargo  from  14 
to  28  per  cent.  In  consequence  of  this  addition,  the 
per  centage  of  ammonia  is  depressed  from  17.5,  the 
proportion  found  in  genuine  Peruvian,  to  10.62  and  7.59. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  quantity  of  phosphates  is 
higher  in  the  adulterated  than  in  the  genuine  guano; 
and  about  5  or  6  per  cent  of  sand  is  foimd,  whereas  the 
usual  per  centage  is  1.5,  and  it  rarely  exceeds  2.  It  is 
obvious,  from  the  increased  per  centage  of  phosphates  in 
these  samples,  that  they  hive  been  adulterated  ;_with 
some  material  rich  in  phosphates.  Thus,  for  instance, 
in  the  second  aniUysis,  the  amount  of  gypsum  and  sand, 
which  form  the  adulteration,  amount  together  to  about 
one-third  of  the  whole  guano ;  or,  in  other  words,  such  a 
mixture  would  be  produced  by  adding  one  ton  of  foreign 
matters  to  two  tons  of  guano.  In  doing  this,  however,  the 
per  centage  of  phosphates  would  be  reduced  from  2'2, 
the  normal  quantity,  to  somewhere  about  14  per  cent. 
In  this  case,  however,  we  find  upwards  of  25  per  cent; 
and  the  necessary  inference  is,  that  out  of  that,  10  per 
cent  have  been  added  along  with  the  other  adulterating 
material.  On  considering  the  whole  case,  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  coprohtes,  either  ground  or  dissolved  in 
acid,  have  been  employed  to  adulterate  this  guano. 
There  is  an  article  largely  sold  under  the  name  of 
dissolved  bones,  which  is  really  made  from  coprolites, 
and  that_  I  suspect  to  have  been  employed.  Its  com- 
position varies  very  much,  but  the  following  analysis, 


Ammonia 


100.00 
9.40 


which  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  adulterated 
samples.  It  is  more  than  hkely  that  the  method  of 
adulteration  varies  greatly,  and  that  coprohtes  simply 
ground,  and  gypsum  itself  are  used;  at  all  events,  the 
latter  substance  is  always  present  in  considerable 
quantity.  Now,  such  dissolved  coprohtes  as  that  of 
which  I  have  given  the  analysis,  can  be  proa'uced  at  a 
cost  of  about  3^.  per  ton,  and  gypsum  can  be  bought  for 
1/.  55.;  so  that  the  depreciation  in  value  i?  very  great. 
But  the  adulterated  guano  was  sold  at  ^l.  10s. — the 
price  of  the  genuine  article. 

Recent  experience  has  shown  me  that  considerable 
quantities  of  this  sort  of  adulterated  guano  are 
imported  into  Scotland,  or  at  least  tlut  attempts  are 
made  to  import  it,  which,  I  have  no  »oubt,  are  some- 
times checked  by  analysis,  but  oftej,  I  fear,  escape^ 
owing  to  the  negligence  of  buyers.  The  importation 
fakes  place  entirely  at  the  small  seq^orts,  and  no  case, 
so  far  as  I  know,  has  occm-red  a'  Edinburgh;  but  a 
considerable  number  have  occurrec'at  other  ports.  In 
proof  of  this,  I  give  here  analysis  which  have  been 
made  in  the  laboratory  during  thifseason  from  different 
places.  I  do  not  know  whethe  or  not  the  guanoes 
analysed  have  been  sold  at  the  places  mentioned,  but 
they  have  been  sent  from  therefor  analysis,  and  very 
likely  the  result  may  have  prevfited  their  sale;  but,  of 
com'se,  I  have  no  information  o'-  that  point. 


Water         

Organic  matter  and 
ammoniacal  salts 
Pliopphates 
Sulphate  of  Hme ... 
Carbonate  of  limt 
AlUaline  salta 
Sand  


11.72 

:  36.28 

24.54 
12.90 

11  29 
3,27 


100.00      30.00 
10.36      11.04 


Ar. 
broaii. 


3.03 
3.75 


8.16 
5.3L 


Dunbar. 

13.10 
26.23 
23.35 
20.57 
2.53 
6.49 
7.73 


13.60 

20.63 

23.89 
17.16 
3. 67 
7.11 
7.94 


100.00       100.00       100.00 
7.95  7  80  6.76 


Mon- 
trose,* 


13.31 

22.94 

24.49 

20.7& 

1.25 

5.45 

11.80 


It  would  be  easy  to  mulply  these  analyses,  but  those 
I  have  given  will  suffice  o  show  how  very  prevalent 
the  practice  of  adulteratio  is;  and  to  impress  upon  the 
practical  farmer  the  imponnce  of  taking  every  precau- 
tion in  the  purchase  of  ai  article  upon  which  so  much 
of  his  success  depends,  Thomas  Anderson,  M.D,, 
Chemist  to  the  Society. 


PAUERISM. 


Bv  the  old  Poor-law  or  Scotland  the  rate  is  now 
divided  between  the  lanords,  called  heritors,  and  the 
occupiers  ;  the  assessme:  was  raised  on  the  heritors, 
each  district  levying  a  ■»luntary  rate  on  each  heritor- 
according  to  the  value  aivhich  his  estate  was  estimated 
in  the  county-books,  nder  that  law,  real  property 
only  was  assessed.  Bjthe  new  law  the  assessment 
may  still  be  raised  as  bore — by  voluntary  taxation,  in 
which  case  the  admintration  of  the  funds  remains 
under  the  charge  of  thiieritors  and  kirk  session  ;  or 
the  funds  may  be  raise'b;'  a  legal  rate,  in  which  case 
they  are  administered  b  s  board  which  is  elective,  the 
election  being  made  by  temajority  of  rate-payers,  who 
may  fix  the  rate,  accordh  to  the  requirements  of  the 
parish,  on  means  and  sutemce,  instead  of  on  the  valued 
rental  either  received  paid  ;  by  which  means  all 
property  is  made  to  coi'ibute  to  the  support  of  the 
poor.  Neither  under  tl:present  nor  the  late  law  have 
the  able-bodied  a  right  be  on  the  poor-roll ;  nor  can 
the  helpless,  if  they  havi  parent  or  son  able  to  support 
them,  as  is  the  Enghsh  'V.  Funds  used  to  be  collected 
in  the  churches,  to  whi  every  one  contributed  ;  and 
so  obligatory  was  thisReriug,  that  many  persons,  not 
able  to  contribute  a  hcJenny  or  penny,  remained  from 
church  through  prider  shame.  The  funds  collected 
were  distributed  und  the  direction  of  the  minister 
of  the  kirk  and  heri'S  ;  the  latter,  however,  very 
seldom  interfered,  anthose  persons  only  were  recog- 
nised as  paupers  whfrom  age,  sickness,  or  unavoid- 
able causes,  were  ui'le  to  earn  their  subsistence  by 
their  own  labour,  ch  persons  have  long  since  had, 
in  fact,  a  legal  right>  support  in  Scotland,  being  con- 
sidered as  afilicted  biie  hand  of  God,  not  only  to  prove 
their  own  tempers,  t  to  test  the  charity  of  their  more 
fortunate  fellow- creires. 

While  the  questifof  compulsory  Poor-laws  for  Scot- 

•  This  sample  waicnt  from  Montrose,  but  had  been  im- 
ported into  Dundee'. 


37—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


587 


land  was  agitated  and  undecided,  it  was  strenuously 
urged  by  many  enlightened  and  benevolent  men. 
The  late  Dr.  Chalmers,  who  had  devoted  much  of  his 
valuable  time  to  the  practical  administration  of  parochial 
funds,  agreed  with  many  enlightened  and  benevolent 
in di-v-i duals,  that  in  this  country  any  approximation  to 
the  Poor-law  of  England  was  to  be  deprecated  ;  the 
principal  objections  being  to  this  effect; — 1.  That  a 
compulsory  law  deadens  the  feelings  of  charity  in  the 
hearts  of  those  wlio  have  the  means  of  bestowing  gifts, 
inasmuch  as  it  renders  almsgiving  a  matter  of  obligation 
— a  tax  instead  of  a  beneficence;  and,  therefore,  excites 
no  gratitude  in  the  mind  of  the  recipient.  2.  That  such 
law  leads  to  improvident  marriages  and  pauperism  ; 
and  that  the  feeling  of  self-respect  and  the  habits  of 
self-reliance  become  impaii'ed  by  the  consideration  that 
the  parish  must  support  those  who  become  pauperised, 
as  a  matter  of  legal  necessity.  Now,  compulsory  assess- 
ment does  no  doubt  weaken  the  Christian  grace  of 
charity,  but  only  in  those  persons  who  are  naturally 
selfish  and  hard-hearted,  and  who  make  the  plea  of 
compulsory  obligation  as  a  plausible  argument  for  not 
doing  what  they  would  have  found  some  other  excuse 
for  not  doing.  We  knew  an  illustration  of  this  in  the 
instance  of  the  wife  of  a  Scotch  farmer.  Previously  to 
the  compulsory  clause  she  had  been  accustomed  to 
give  Qatmeal  and  Potatoes  to  mendicants  ;  on  the 
operation  of  the  new  law  she  ceased  her  gratuities, 
observing  "  We  must  hold  our  hands  for  our  ain  bairns." 
The  true  spirit  of  charity  could  not  have  existed  in  her 
heart,  else  it  would  not  have  been  extinguished  by  a 
system  which  methodises  and  tiu-ns  to  the  best 
general  account  the  means  which  are  contributed 
by  legal  rating.  The  objections  to  the  principle 
of  compulsion  we  need  not  consider  at  any  length  ; 
the  necessity  of  abandoning  the  voluntary  prin- 
ciple is  too  evident  when  the  selfishness  and  heartless- 
ness  of  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  employing  classes 
is  considered.  Under  very  favourable  circumstances, 
mendicancy  may  be  kept  down,  or  greatly  restrained 
lA-ithin  narrow  limits,  and  the  destitute  poor  reUeved 
by  spontaneous  benevolence  ;  but  so  much  will  depend 
(when  contributions  are  gratuitous),  on  the  discretion  of 
the  distributors,  on  the  means,  dispositions,  and  caprices 
of  individuals,  that  there  can  be  no  implicit  reliance  on 
modes  of  relief  for  pauperism,  which  are  not  regulated 
by  laws  compelling  every  one  of  means  and  substance  to 
bear  a  portion  of  the  burden,  according  to  his  abilities. 
But,-  admitting  the  practicability  of  providing  adequately 
for  the  wants  of  the  poor  in  towns,  and  suppressing 
mendicancy  (which  is  a  paramount  object),  where  money 
and  zealous  committees  of  management  may  be  found, 
how  are  the  unemployed  able-bodied  poor  to  be  secui'ed 
from  starvation,  or  great  distress,  when  the  sources  of 
emplojToent  happen  to  cease,  without  a  poorhouse  to 
receive  them  I  and  for  this  purpose  it  is  evident  that  the 
voluntary  system  would  provide  very  insufficient  means. 

The  second  objection  is  now  to  be  considered.  Ex- 
perience proves  that  it  is  in  the  most  degraded  condi- 
tions of  life,  the  greatest  improvidence  as  to  marriage 
prevails.  Generations  of  beggars  succeed  each  other, 
where  no  means  are  presented  for  bettering  their 
state.  With  them,  especially,  the  moral  preventive 
check  has  no  influence,  pursuing  their  brute  instincts, 
and  too  low  in  the  social  scale  to  feel  such  in- 
fluence— which  operates  chiefly  in  the  higher  classes 
in  proportion  as  they  estimate  and  aspire  to  the 
decencies  and  comforts  of  life — they  disregard  all 
prudential  considerations. 

Improvidence  as  to  marriage  is  notoriously  most  com- 
mon in  the  lowest  orders,  for  instance,  among  the 
poorest  of  Scotsmen  and  Irishmen  of  the  Celtic  tribe, 
not  only  among  genuine  beggars,  but  in  the  vast  class  of 
labourers,  cottiers,  and  little  farmers,  always  inian 
inverse  ratio  to  the  grade.  All  the  reports  furnished 
to  Parliament  concur  in  showing  that  the  poorer  the 
individuals  the  more  anxious  are  they  to  marry,  from 
"an  anxiety  to  have  children  to  support  them  in  their 
old  age,"  and  also  from  the  beUef  that  they  "  cannot  be 
worse  off  than  they  are." 

Doctor  Alison,  of  Edinburgh,  has  remarked  with 
truth  and  point  that  more  are  deterred  from  early  and 
improrideot  marriages  by  the  hope  of  bettering  their 
condition  tlian  by  fear  of  destitution.  When  men 
despair  of  rising  hjglier  in  position  and  feel  that  farther 
dc-gnulatioii  is  impossible,  tliey  become  reckless  in  the 
extreme  ;  but  where  employment,  and  therefore  food, 
filiall  be  provided  for  them  by  a  lal^our  rat«,  the  misery 
of  bopelesttnCBa  is  removed,  and  Poor-laws,  which  pro- 
vide against  dchtitution  an<l  its  moral  evils,  tend  to 
fltlmulate  l!ie  poor  and  raiwj  the  Ujuh  of  their  character. 
Those  who  are  accaitomcd  tt)  artificial  wants  feci  tho 
power  of  tlio  moral  rofitraiiitH  regarding  improvident 
marriages  in  a  degreo  wliich,  with  reference  to  tho 
registrations  of  roamagp,  will,  in  ihe  words  of  Mr.  Carr, 
bo  hardly  credited  when  ntaU-A  in  fii(ur<.'8, 

Tliiu  tinjtli  liuH  a  r<;markable  illustration  in  France, 
where,  in  all  the  higher  clu«»efi,  tho  dreml  of  liaving 
more  than  two,  or  at  moHt  three  children,  may  bo  said 
to  have  a  universal  moral  infiu<:ricc — raoral  in  the 
phil'';ftopiiical,  but  mrMt  imwoml  in  the  familiar  senso  of 
this  adjective.  So  strong  is  tho  desire  of  countcrtwUing 
the  cfTtcls  of  tlio  French  law,  wliicli  enforces  almost  an 
Gfjual  divinion  of  )finr!e<l  property  amon^  chtlclren,  that 
it  is  not  uncommon  even  for  w.ry  young  married  roiiplen, 
powfcssiiig  considcrahle  ostaU^K,  to  resist  tho  temiitation 
of  havin{{  even  a  Micond  cliild,  in  order  ^that  all  tho 
parf:ntal  property  may  be  engatjed  by  ono  inheritor. 
This,  indetd,  in  {msliing  tho  argumoni  to  an  extreme, 
but  it  in  an  unanswerable  test  of  a  principle — it  bears  | 


out  our  reasoning.  Among  the  small  French  pro- 
prietary class  the  preventive  check  is  found  to  diminish 
in  force  as  the  scale  of  property  descends.  The 
peasantry,  with  their  patch  of  land,  have  children  as 
God  and  Nature  dictate.  As  people  acquire  education 
and  civilised  habits,  they  become  desirous  of  acquiring 
tlie  decencies  of  lile. 

Nor  will  the  distant  contemplation  of  having  a  legal 
provision  available  to  them  in  case  of  future  misfortune 
prevent  industriously  disposed  persoiaslrom  using  every 
exertion  while  they  have  opportunity  ;  and  even  the 
most  prudent  of  the  lower  orders  of  the  English  value 
their  right  to  parochial  settlement  as  a  freehold  which 
will  entitle  them  to  future  support  as  a  security  against 
destitution,  but  not  as  an  encouragement  to  a  presump- 
tuous neglect  of  their  present  opportunities,  or  an 
inducement  to  marriage. 

Of  the  sum  collected  by  assessments,  mortifications,* 
and  voluntary  contributions,  for  the  year  ending  14th  of 
May,  1851,  with  a  Parliamentary  grant  of  1U,OOOZ,  for 
medical  relief,  the  expenditure  lor  the  poor  of  Scotland 
was  (omitting  fractions)  : 
ReRistered  poor       ...  £i04.21S    Medical  relief  ...    £20,311 

Casunl  ditto 25,917     Poorhouse    buildings      21,576 

General  sanitary  mea-  Management  ...       52,009 

sures  1,038     Law  expenses  ...       10,872 

The  number  of  poor  relieved  within  the  same  year 
was: 

Registered  poor       99,777 

'  "  42.09r 


Casual  ditto 

lasane  or  fatuous  ditto     ... 

Orphans  or  deserted  children 


3,520 
7,643 


The  rate  of  pauperism  appears  to  have  been  about 
10  per  cent,  on  the  population,  which,  by  the  last  census, 
is  2,870,784. 

The  decrease  in  the  number  of  registered  poor  has 
been  trifling  ;  but  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  casual 
poor  relieved  within  the  year  has  been  very  great.  Yet, 
owing  to  the  deep  distress  that  prevailed  in  most  parts  of 
the  Highlands  and  islands,  and  to  the  temporary  relief 
there  afforded  to  destitute  able-bodied  persons  classed  as 
casual  poor,  tliere  has  been  on  the  days  on  which  the 
returns  were  made,  viz.,  1st  of  January  and  1st  of  July 
— a  recorded  increase  of  the  number  relieved.  In  some 
cases  destitute  able-bodied  poor  were  classed  as  casual 
poor  for  temporary  relief,  else  they  might  have  perished, 
and  the  board  of  supervision  having  a  discretionary 
power  in  ui-gent  cases,  directed,  in  the  case  of  Barra,  a 
very  poor  parish  in  Long  Island,  under  8  &  9  Vict., 
cap.  83  (which  recognises  no  distinction  as  to  right  of 
relief  between  temporary  and  permanent  disability), 
that  "  all  destitute  persons  who,  though  previously  able- 
bodied,  have  ceased  to  be  so  for  want  of  sufficient 
nourishment,  hereby  acquire  a  right  or  claim  of  relief 
precisely  the  same  as  that  of  persons  who  have  been 
able-bodied,  but  who  have  ceased  to  be  so  from  age, 
sickness,  accident,  or  any  other  cause  ;"  and  the  Board 
did  not  acknowledge  the  pleaof  inabihty  to  make  suitable 
assessment  as  an  excuse  for  not  i'ulfiUing  the  statutory 
obligation  to  provide  for  the  support  of  actual  paupers, 
whether  able-bodied  or  not.  The  principle  thus  laid 
down  is  of  general  application  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom.  On  this  point  Mr.  M'Neile,  of  the  board  of 
supervision,  gave  this  very  peremptory  caution  to  an 
inspector  of  poor  :  "  You  will  be  held  responsible,  tliat, 
in  exercising  the  discretionary  power  conferred  upon 
you  by  the  parochial  board,  you  do  not  permit  any 
applicant  for  relief  to  suffer  iu  health  before  you  give 
relief ;  and  second,  should  any  applicant  who  has 
been  refused  relief  perish  from  want  of  food,  you  would 
subject  yourself  to  be  indicted  by  the  public  prosecutor, 
on  a  charge  of  culpable  homicide,  as  accessory  to  the 
death  of  the  person  so  refused.  Persons  who  are  desti- 
tute and  who  are  suffering  from  want,  so  as  to  be  no 
longer  able-bodied,  have  a  legal  right  to  relief  j  and 
parochial  boards  are  by  law  required  to  provide  the  funds 
necessary  to  relieve  them." 

The  Celtic  population  of  the  islands  in  the  West  of 
Scotland,  though  in  the  most  miserable  condition 
generally,  became  utterly  destitute  when  the  failure  of 
the  Potato  occurred.  But  previously  they  did  not 
require  any  systematic  poor-law.  While  the  manufac- 
ture of  kelp  afforded  tliem  employment,  they  needed  no 
gratuitous  relief.  This  manufacture,  with  field-labour 
and  fishing,'affori!ed  them,  in  summer,  the  means  of 
subsistence.  As  to  the  domestic  accommodation,  even 
now,  if  tlieir  cabins  are  waterproof  over  head,  they  do 
not  trouble  themselves  about  the  dryness  of  the  mud 
floors  ;  and  in  many  Highland  districts  the  families  of 
labourers,  in  wliat  are  called  good  circumstances,  move 
about,  as  a  matter  of  course,  without  shoes  and  stock- 
ings, whicli  in  Knglaiid  would  bo  considered  extreme 
misery.  People  so  circunifstanced  are  only  a  rlegree  or 
two  above  the  clans  of  paupers  as  to  tho  comiorts  of 
life,  and  yet  tliey  only  solicit  fiuch  employment  as  will 
insure  to  them  tho  regular  receipt  of  tlio  low  wages  at 
which  they  aro  willing  to  work.  Ah  to  the  vagrnncy, 
whicii  has  so  often  brought  rejtroach  upon  the  Scotchmen 

•  MortlflcHtionii  are  Inndu  or  inonpyfl  loft  ut  the  doalh  of  tho 
tcmnior  for  iho  BU|i[trirt  of  ocrmhi  (.■ndowrncnti*  or  ch'iritlcH,  hy 
which  mvuna  thu  poor  of  noniu  lootiMttuA  iiro  nuiiportrtl  in 
Hcot)un<),  r.nd  thoro  tlivy  hfoonio  HubHtltuteH  for  poor-rriKiH. 
In  other  tnituncOM  mortlllcntioiiH  aro  loft  mh  bnrttrlux  to  pny 
for  tho  cfhioudori  (if  pour  hoyn  bi.-l(ni[flnK  to  curtain  ulnxHcit  of 
tho  ontTDuiiity,  at  nomu  colh-irc  or  lii;{hvr  order  oI'hoIiooI  (hiin 
tho  ordlrnry  imroihhil  ono.  In  filiiir>Ht  all  tlio  iinclont  Ht'otoli 
burKliH  th(:ii4f  iiiiirtlltuaUonH  RXiHl  for  tmrli  and  otliur  piirpcfon, 
lU'l  urn  tucrttMPud  by  ^rani*  frotn  thu  Town  OotincilH,  Thtiy 
film)  (rxlHt  In  norrif]  ununtry  |iiirlMlii!>i  for  tho  HU|i|ir>rt  of  iho 
ronlly  (loor.  Htnnii  tho  coininilioi-y  ahrtunuineriti*  hiiv<i  hcuri 
««tohlUliii(l,  rnorrlDcfittonu  hiivu  not  hi-cn  loft  lor  tho  pcior,  t>ut 
they  muy  haw  buoii  hcurd  of  tor  tlio  aid  of  pour  nuliolarn. 


of  the  Highlands,  the  fact  is,  that  nece&sity  alone  sendfj. 
them  forth.  They,  like  their  Celtic  brethren  of  Ireland^ 
are  naturally  indisposed  to  go  from  home,  and  though 
found  in  Glasgow  and  other  lowland  towns  of  Scotland, 
as  the  others  are  in  Liverpool  and  London,  performing 
the  severest  and  most  degrading  labours,  they  would 
much  rather  be  in  their  native  countries,  where  they 
find  the  language  and  habits  identical  with  their  own^ 
If  they  could  find  sufficient  employment  and  wages  at 
home,  they  would  not  migrate  20  miles  from  it.  A 
petition  presented  to  the  Legislature  by  upwards  of 
1000  individuals  from  the  parish  of  Barra,  for  means  of 
emigration  to  North  America,  was  the  strongest  evidence 
of  their  domestic  destitution.  Unquestionably  people 
under  such  circumstances  have  had  a  strong  case  for^ 
tiie  poor-law,  which  will  for  the  futui^e  save  them  from 
starvation.:  ^-^S^ffi^^^^W-. 

Many  of  the  lowland  parts  of  Scotland,  as  hasTbeen 
the  case  in  England,  suffered  much  from  the  inroads  of 
Irish  vagrants  also,  who  swelled  the  list  of  casual  poor 
to  an  intolerable  degree,  during  the  famine  in  their  own 
country,  and  the  labouring  poor  of  Great  Britain 
generally  have  had  cause  to  complain  that  the  bread 
has  been  taken  out  of  their  mouths  by  the  immigrant 
labourers  from  Ireland.  However,  as  the  tide  of  Irish 
emigration  has  latterly  turned  towards  America,  the 
number  of  casual  poor  in  the  British  returns,  of  whom 
the  Irish  constituted  so  large  a  portion  in  the  most 
accessible  parts  of  Great  Britain,  has  sensibly  decreased. 

The  evils  of  vagrant  pauperism  had  been,  especially 
before  the  enactment  of  the  poor-law,  so  oppres- 
sive in  Scotland,  that  the  General  Assembly  reported 
that  the  stranger  poor  carried  away  in  the  form  of  alms 
from  a  parish  more  in  value  than  would  support  com- 
fortably the  whole  of  its  own  poor.  The  number  of 
persons  in  the  23  poor-houses  in  operation  on  the 
1st  of  July,  1851,  was  5312,  and  the  accommodation 
is  estimated  for  7536.  Where  a  poor-house  lias  been 
erected  by  iVinds  raised  from  a  "  combination  "  of 
parishes,  the  expenses  of  maintenance  are  paid  by 
equitable  apportionment,  as  in  England.  M.  D. 
(To  he  continued.) 


Home  [Correspondence. 

The  Harvest  of  1852. — I  am  sorry  to  inform  you  thafs 
the  crops  in  this  part  of  Hampshire  are  much  damaged 
by  the  storm  of  rain  and  wind  of  Wednesday,  11th 
August,  which  was  perhaps  one  of  the  most  severe  ever 
witnessed  in  harvest ;  it  blew  a  perfect  hun'icane,  treea 
uprooted,  limbs  torn  from  them,  buildings  stripped  of 
theii-  thatch  and  tiles ;  in  fact,  so  severe  was  the  storm, 
here,  that  the  south-west  side  of  hedge  and  tree  looked 
as  though  they  had  been  scorched  with  fire.  I  need 
not  tell  you  how  the  crops  suffered  by  such  a  storm, 
the  Wheat  crop  in  exposed  situations  was  nearly  threshed. 
A  neighbour  of  mine  that  has  some  Barley  near  the 
shore  told  me  the  eai-s  were  blown  off  the  straw  ;  mine 
and  others  is  very  much  damaged,  having  blown  on  to 
the  ground  and  growing  there  ;  and  from  the  ears  being 
so  near  the  ground,  much  is  cut  off  with  the  scythe  and 
will  be  lost.  The  storm  has  been  followed  by  a, 
succession  of  heavy  thunder' showers  for  a  week,  such 
as  are  seldom  witnessed  in  this  pai't  of  the  country, 
much  of  the  Wheat  in  consequence  is  very  much  grown^^ 
and,  from  having  to  untie  most  of  it,  much  has  been 
tossed.  I  was  fortunate  to  get  up  about  35  acres  of 
your  red  straw,  nearly  all  I  grow  of  that  sort,  befor© 
the  rain  ;  a  little  of  it  left  out  is  nearly  spoilt  j  it  sprouts 
very  quick,  but,  on  the  whole,  it  is  as  good  a  Wheat  as 
we  can  sow.  I  fiud  the  Fenton  as  good  a  cropper,  or  a 
little  better,  but  the  quality  is  not  so  good  ;  it  does  not 
sprout  so  soon.  One  hardly  knows  how  to  estimate  the 
loss  from  such  a  storm,  but  the  damage  must  be  very- 
great;  it  is  worse  than  the  bad  harvest  of  1048.  Om'S  is 
a  favourable  situation  for  harvest ;  being  on  the  coast, 
we  catch  the  breeze,  if  there  is  any.  I  cannot  help 
thinking  that  the  short  notice  you  took  of  the  rise  in  the 
market  in  your  Paper  of  the  2l8t  ult.,  must  have  beeiv 
made  without  suflftcient  knowledge  as  to  the  damage  the 
crops  had  sustained,  for  I  feel  sure  that  if  they  are 
injured  generally  as  they  are  here,  that  it  would  have 
justified  a  greater  rise  ;  that  corn  should  be  as  cheap 
as  is  possible  to  produce  it  I  think  quite  right,  but  that 
we  farmers  should  have  an  advantage  in  a  rise  of  price 
caused  by  such  a  storm,  and  such  causes,  for  the  whole 
crop  seemed  in  jeopardy,  is  nothing  more  than  legiti- 
mate ;  but  to  write  against  it  makes  one  have  misgivings 
that  the  Editor  of  the  QascUc  is  not  quite  so  much  of 
the  farmers*  friend  as  we  took  him  for.  If  you  are 
really  engaged  iu  farming,  you  know  how  much 
the  farmer  has  suffered  these  four  years  paatj 
nor  does  there  seem  much  prospect  of  a  x'ecovery.  I 
have  ever  been  a  Free-trader,  and  must  acknowledge 
that  I  have  suffered  much  from  sticliing  to  a  principle 
that  is  opposed  to  my  interest.  Thero  cannot  be  a  doubt 
but  free  trade  has  benefited  the  rich  and  tho  poor  to  a 
very  great  extent,  at  the  expense  of  tho  farmer  ;  but 
that  farmers  will  bo  able  to  live,  even  after  having 
farmed  high,  I  begin  to  have  my  misgivings.  I  am 
ainofig  thoso  that  have  used  largt-ly  of  guano  from 
its  first  import  to  this  country,  having  .spent  a  sum 
equal  to  tho  annual  rent  of  my  hind  in  guano  and 
other  manures.  My  cro[)8  liavo  largely  benefited  by  it, 
but  I  (Ind  from  year  to  year  that  tho  corn  docs  not 
incrcaHo  in  proportion  to  the  straw,  and  that  thero  is  a 
dcciilod  falling  oif  in  quality  of  tho  corn.  If  this  is  to 
bo  tho  case,  1  ask,  how  iiro  wo  to  moot  the  low  price  at 
which  wo  havt!  boon  selling  corn  Iiitlierto  at  a  decided 
lotjs  to  many  of  us,  situated  as  1  am  with  a  heavy  land 


588 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept.   U, 


farnij  where  we  purchase  all  our  slieep  and  other  cattle 
to  fatten  at  a  price  not  in  proportion  to  what  we  make 
of  them  when  fat,  with  our  rent  as  it  was  before  free 
trade,  labour|only  reduced  one-ninth  taxes  and  poor  rates 
not  at  all  ?  I  own  that  I  begin  to  feel  that  I  am  working 
and  losing  my  property  for  the  benefit  of  others,  which 
fits  worse  the  longer  it  is  continued.  We  have  had 
splendid  weather  this  last  \veek  (August  27).  We  are 
carting  our  Barley  in  excellent  condition.  James  Fames. 
Ventilation  of  Rooms :  To  Builders. — Now  that  gas 
stoves  are  getting  into  use,  by  which,  as  by  the  Arnott's 
stove,  very  little  is  carried  up  the  chimney,  ventilation 
becomes  quite  essential  to  Iceep  the  air  of  the  room  in  a 
wholesome,  respirable  state.  This  may  often,  not  always, 
be  done  by  good  management  of  the  window  ;  hut  the 
moat  effectual  and  constant  means  is  Arnott's  cliimney- 
valve,  which  requires  an  opening  into  the  chimney,  near 
the  ceiling.  The  valve  shall  be  described  below  ;  but  I 
wish  first  to  recall  to  builders  a  very  simple  method  of 
making  the  opening,  without  defacing  the  front  of  the 
chimney,  recommended  five  or  six  years  ago  in  the 
«  Journal  of  the  Public  Health."  It  is  simply  to  build 
a  round  drain  tile  (about  4  inches  in  diameter)  into  the 
chimney,  at  the  top  of  the  room.  This  can  be  stopped, 
if  not  wanted  ;  and  when  required,  opened  by  merely 
cutting  away  the  plastering,  and  the  Arnott's  valve  fixed 
before  it.  The  simplest  form  of  this  valve  is  a  plate  of 
metal,  with  a  round  hole  (about  4  inches  diameter  for 
an  ordinary  room),  crossed  by  a  brass  wire  grating  of 
half-inch  squares,  behind  which  hangs  a  little  silk  curtain, 
with  a  wire  at  bottom  to  keep  it  flat.  So  long  as  there 
isupdraught,thecurtain  is  drawn  in  towards  the  chimney, 
and  leaves  the  hole  open  ;  but  on  the  slightest  downward 
current,  the  curtain  is  pressed  against  the  grating,  and 
prevents  the  return  of  smoke  or  foul  air  into  the  room. 
/.  Prideaitx,  August  25. 

The  Smell  of  New  Paint. — -A  bundle  of  old  dry  hay, 
wetted  and  spread  about, presents  a  multifarous  absorbing 
surface  for  this  ;  especially  if  not  on  the  floor  only,  but 
over  pieces  of  furniture  which  allow  circulation  of  air, 
as  chairs  laid  upon  their  faces,  &c.  Large  vessels  of 
water,  as  trays  and  pans,  are  not  uncommonly  used,  with 
good  effect ;  but  the  multiplied  surfaces  of  the  loose 
hay  give  it  great  advantage.  It  must  be  kept  wet,  how. 
ever,  or  at  least  damp,  for  the  oily  vapour  does  not  seem 
to  be  readily  absorbed  unless  the  air  is  kept  moist  by 
evaporation.  /.  PHdcaux. 

The  Wheat  Crop. — You  say  that  you  wish  you  could 
induce  some  hundreds  of  farmers  to  give  their  opinions 
respecting  the  injury  done  to  the  late  crop  of  Wheat. 
It  is,  I  think,  the  duty  of  all  to  assist  in  endeavouring 
to  find  out  the  true  cause  of  the  late  failure,  and  there- 
fore I,  as  an  occupier  of  several  hundred  acres  of  light 
land,  do  not  hesitate  to  give  you  my  opinion.  We  may 
have  had  some  quantity  of  mildew,  but  I  cannot  but 
think  that  an  almost  tropical  sun  coming  suddenly  upon 
a  crop  gorged  with  moisture  or  sap,  and  causing  a 
sudden  stoppage  of  circulation,  has  been  the  principal, 
if  not  sole  cause  of  deficiency  of  ear  and  blackness  of 
straw  ;  and  I  fully  believe  that  the  loss  occasioned  by 
the  above  cause  will  amount  in  a  very  great  many 
instances  to  between  '2  and  2J  quarters  per  acre.  Until 
the  end  of  June  we  had  constant  moisture  ;  suddenly 
the  rain  ceased,  and  we  had  the  thermometer  for  days 
Tanging  between  80^  and  90^  in  the  shade  ;  and  the  fact 
that  where  the  land  was  the  richest  and  best  farmed 
suffering  the  most,  seems  to  carry  out  my  idea  of  the 
cause  of  mischief.  You  likewise  wish  for  the  report  of 
persons  who  may  have  used  the  reaping-machine  ;  I 
have  this  year  used  one  of  Hussey's,  made  by  Crosskil], 
and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  giving  my  unqualified 
approbation  of  the  way  in  which  it  did  its  work  upon  a 
^ood  upstanding  Wheat  crop  ;  and  it  has  shown  itself 
more  especially  useful  this  year,  inasmuch  as  the  corn 
comes  from  the  reaper  like  a  sheaf  from  the  sickle, 
while  my  mown  com  is  thickly  strewn  with  ears  at  the 
"bottom,  all  of  which,  from  the  quantity  of  wet,  are 
more  or  less  sprouted  ;  and  I  am  quite  satisfied  with 
the  quantity  of  land  it  is  able  to  clear ,"while  for  cleanness 
of  work  and  evenness  of  cut,  nothing  I  have  ever  yet 
.seen  can  come  near  it.  I  have  seen  no  other  machine 
At  work,  so  can  give  no  opinion  upon  the  rival  reapers; 
t)ut  I  cannot  see  that  M'Cormick's  is  preferable,  because 
it  lays  the  corn  away  from  the  tread  of  the  horses,  as 
it  must  be  ultimately  tied  up  ;  and  I  am  of  opinion 
that  when  the  com  is  ripe,  it  is  better  in  this  variable 
climate  to  stack  it  as  soon  as  it  is  cut,  whetiier  it  is 
done  by  machine,  scythe,  or  sickle.  JR.  S. 

Produce  of  Wheat  Sowed  in  Drills  20§  inches  asunder. 
— I  have  threshed  the  Swiss  white  Wheat  sowed  at  wide 
intervals,  as  described  in  your  Gazette,  Aug.  21.  The 
produce  of  1  acre  and  14  perches  is  6  quarters, 
4  bushels,  42  lbs.  of  good  Wheat ;  2  bushels  21  lbs.  of 
tail  corn  fit  for  bread  ;  and  58  lbs.  of  chicken  corn,  put 
up  at  63  lbs.  per  bushel.  The  Wheat  weighed  60f  lbs. 
the  imperial  bushel,  which  was  as  much  as  I  expected, 
since  the  portion  sowed  at  20§  inches  was  much  more 
mildewed  than  that  sowed  10^.  I  have  no  doubt  that 
the  yield  of  the  latter  will  be  considerably  greater  and 
of  better  quaUty.  I  hope  there  is  not  much  reason  to 
despond  as  to  the  produce  of  the  present  harvest,  for  I 
have  no  doubt  that  I  have  threshed  my  least  productive 
€rop.  Charles  Paget,  Ruddington  Orange,  Notts,  Aug.  31. 
Beam. — Neither  winter  nor  spring  Beans  are  blighted, 
but  the  wmter  Beans  are  the  best  crop.  They  were 
^wn  in  the  first  week  in  October  upon  Wheat  stubbles 
dressed  with  10  one-horse  loads  of  manure,  drilled 
19  mches  apart.  They  were  horse-hoed  in  February, 
and  gmbbed  6  inches  deep  in  April.  The  stubble  is 
now  clean.     The  spring  Beans   were   drilled  in  land 


similarly  prepared  in  February,  2  feet  apart,  covered 
in  with  the  ridging  plough,  and  the  intervals  cleared 
with  the  subsoil  plough.  Early  in  March  they  were 
harrowed  level,  horse-hoed  in  April,  and  grubbed  in 
May.  The  soil  is  covered  with  young  chicken-weed, 
but  the  crop,  which  is  too  thin  upon  the  ground,  will 
yield  well  to  the  straw,  diaries  Paget,  Ruddington 
Gi-a-agc,  Notts,  Aug.  31. 

M'C&rraich's  Reaping  Machine.— 1  saw  a  light  crop 
which  had  been  very  well  cut  with  this  machine,  3  acres 
in  2  hours  20  minutes.  I  tried  it  on  mine,  but  found 
that  no  man  could  draw  away  the  corn  quickly  enough, 
nor  would  the  machine  cut  the  corn  where  it  was  laid, 
unless  when  meeting  it.  It  was  taken  to  another  crop, 
of  perhaps  4  quarters  to  the  acre,  and  cut  4  acres  very 
well  in  a  little  more  than  three  hours.  Charles  Paget, 
Ruddington  Orange,  Notts,  Jug.  31. 

Imcciiu,  the  Cultivation  of. — This  is  the  most  lucrative 
crop,  and  is  attended  witli  the  least  expense  of  any  we 
grow,  though  several  hundreds  of  others  are  under  our 
care  and  management.  For  the  guidance  of  inquiring 
correspondents,  permit  us  to  submit  to  notice  our  mode 
of  culture.  We  cultivate  30  rods,  which  serve  our 
horse  with  ample  provender  from  the  beginning  of  May 
to  the  end'of  September,  valued  at  3s.  per  week.  We 
always  take  three  cuttings  during  the  summer,  and 
sometimes  four,  and  the  average  weight  of  the  three 
cuttings  per  rod  is  3  cwt.,  equal  to  24  tons  per  imperial 
acre,  without  taking  into  account  the  fourth  crop.  As 
ours  is  a  tenacious  soil  we  dress  the  said  30  rods  in 
midwinter  with  15  bushels  of  soot,  and  fork  it  in  between 
the  rows  in  February  ;  by  this  we  are  successful  in 
warding  off  slugs  and  insects.  We  sow  ours  in  shallow 
drills  one  foot  apart,  and  keep  it  clean  after  each  cutting. 
The  most  essential  point  in  preparing  the  ground  for 
reception  of  the  seed  is  double  trenching,  on  which  all 
success  depends  ;  on  light  soils  a  dressing  of  [rich  loam 
previously  is  efficacious,  and  on  strong  soils  a  lighter 
material  is  necessary.  Near  towns  it  will  always  sell 
at  \s.  per  rod,  first  cut  ;  ^d.,  second  do. ;  and  Qd.,  third 
do. ;  equal  to  18^.  per  acre,  per  annum,  or  9d.  per  cwt. 
Therefore,  under  proper  management,  one  acre  is 
nearly  sufficient  for  six  horses  at  least  five  months  in 
the  year.  Hardy  tD  Son,  Maldon,  Essex. 

Hoeing  Tttmips*  —  Mr  Pusey  in  the  Agricultural 
Journal  calls  attention  to  a  new  mode  of  hoeing  Turnips 
with  Garrett's  horse-hoe,  ?'.e.,  after  having  hoed  between 
the  drills,  the  hoe  is  so  set  that  in  going  right  across 
the  drills  you  cut  up  say  12  inches,  and  leave  4  or  more 
at  pleasure,  the  Turnips  will  then  stand  in  bunches  say 
2  feet  between  drills  (the  distance  I  drill  mine),  and  16 
inches  from  centre  of  bunch  to  centre  of  ditto  ;  it 
should  be  a  good  and  regular  plant  all  over  the  field,  or 
it  does  not  answer  well.  Mr.  Pusey's  mode  is,  then  to 
have  them  singled  by  children  ;  I  have  done  so,  but  do 
not  like  it  so  well,  as  the  hoe  moves  all  the  earth  close 
up  to  the  plant,  and  also  cuts  up  any  weeds  that  may  be 
left  in  the  bunch  of  remaining  Turnips.  I  have  prac- 
tised this  plan  at  times  for  the  last  10  seasons,  having 
purchased  one  of  Garrett's  horse-hoes  in  the  spring  of 
1843  ;  but  I  would  not  advise  the  purchase  of  one  ex- 
clusively for  Turnips  for  the  sake  of  saving  a  few  pounds, 
as  I  know  from  experience  that  Wheat,  Barley,  and  all 
corn  crops  can  be  hoed  on  most  lands  at  a  much  cheaper 
rate  and  much  more  effectual  by  it  than  by  hand.  In 
fact,  too  much  praise  cannot  be  bestowed  on  this  very 
excellent  implement  of  Messrs.  Garretts,  which  stands, 
in  my  estimation,  next  to  the  plough  ;  and  it  is  a  pity 
that  it  cannot  be  made  at  a  very  much  reduced  price, 
especially  now  that  farmers  have  lost  more  than  one- 
third  the  price  of  their  produce,  which  certainly  is  the 
mainstay  of  human  existence,  and  ought  to  be  followed 
by  a  corresponding  reduction  in  all  manufactured 
articles,  especially  where  much  labour  is  bestowed. 
James  Eames. 

Turyiip  Rot. — I  fmst  you  will  give  publicity  to  this 
letter  in  your  next  Number,  for  the  purpose  of  my 
learning  the  cause  of  failure  in  my  Turnips,  through 
some  kind  reader  of  the  Gazette,  who  has  had  a  more 
extensive  practice  than  such  an  humble  practitioner  as 
I  am.  I  will  explain  the  mode  of  treatment  I  gave  the 
affected  piece  of  Turnips,  the  extent  of  which  is  about 
1  rood.  The  first  week  in  May  I  spread  manure  (farm- 
yard) on  the  ground,  at  the  rate  of  50  tons  to  the  acre. 
The  soil  is  a  stiff  clay,  on  a  substratum  of  fox  sand. 
The  manure,  after  being  spread  on  the  surface,  I  had 
dug  into  the  gi'ound  mth  spades,  so  that  all  when  done 
exhibited  an  even  surface,  as  if  prepared  to  plant  Cabbages. 
The  foregoing  operations  being  finished  by  the  12th,  I 
next  opened  drills  at  32  inches  apart  and  sowed  my 
seed  (Imperial  Purple-top  Swede)  ;  the  seed  grew 
beautifully,  and  never  got  the  slightest  check  from  fly 
or  any  other  cause,  so  the  next  operation  was  thinning 
and  hoeing.  I  first  thinned,  and  afterwards  hoed,  so  as 
to  leave  the  plants  standing  12  inches  from  plant  to 
plant.  You  will  observe  the  object  I  had  in  view  in 
preparing  the  ground  after  the  manner  described,  and 
the  wide  space  between  the  drills,  and  what  appeal's  to 
some  the  great  distance  from  plant  to  plant  in  the  drills. 
The  object  was  simply  this  :  I  intended  planting  Bore- 
cole through  the  Turnips,  believing  they  will  stand  a 
useful  crop  next  spring,  when  the  Turnips  are  removed. 
The  Borecole  stands  at  32  by  30.  The  next  part  of  the 
operation  was  after  I  had  hoed  the  Turnips,  and  the 
plants  had  acquired  a  good  size.  I  got  all  the  spaces 
or  alleys  between  the  drills  dug  with  the  fork,  which 
considerably  added  to  the  improvement  of  the  crop. 
Now  the  crop  has  attained  a  very  great  size  of  bulb, 
and  is  accounted  by  all  who  see  it  an  extraordinary 
crop.    I  also  expect  a  very  good  crop  from  the  greens, 


as  they  are  thriving  apace.  I  keep  off  the  intruding 
leaves  of  their  neighbouring  Turnips.  I  find,  on  examin- 
ing the  Turnips,  that  a  great  many  of  them  are  infected 
with  rot ;  it  first  makes  its  appearance  in  the  crown  of 
the  plant  and  penetrates  through  the  bulb  to  the  bottom. 
Last  week  I  deprived  the  Turnips  of  all  their  decayed 
leaves,  or  any  straggling  leaves  perforated  by  insects, 
for  the  purpose  of  admitting  a  free  circulation  of  air 
through  the  crop.  I  trust  that  by  your  giving  this 
letter  a  place  in  your  valuable  columns,  some  of  its 
readers  will  be  so  kind  as  to  say  what  they  consider  to 
be  the  cause  of  the  rot,  with  some  remedy  towards  the 
prevention  of  its  future  progress.  And,  also  to  say 
when  I  might  safely  take  up  my  Turnips,  so  as  to  give 
the  greens  a  fair  chance.  /.  Kelly,  Tan'a  Agricultural 
School. 

Mildewed  Wheat. — Many  thanks  for  yom:  attention 
to  my  communication  on  the  subject  of  our  mildewed 
Wheat.  If  the  cause  of  its  being  mildewed  exists  in  the 
soil  and  not  in  the  climate  of  our  farm,  I  assume  that 
there  is  a  remedy  for  it  ;  and  your  observations  on  my 
communication,  although  not  directly  affording  us  any 
consolation  for  our  present  loss,  lead  us  to  infer  a 
possible  cause  for  it.  You  say  Wheats  "  are  more 
liable  to  it  in  a  wet  season,  and  when  of  gross  and  bulky 
growth,"  in  which  latter  case  I  presume  the  roots  of  the 
plant  are  more  expansive  and  go  deeper  into  the  subsoil. 
Our  surface  soil  being  light  and  porous,  rain  when  it 
falls  goes  quickly  through  it,  leaving  it  dry  ;  but  below 
that  surface  lies  the  chalk,  absorbing  like  a  sponge  the 
moisture,  and  retaining  it  in  a  stagnant,  and  I  imagine, 
unhealthy  state.  Now,  may  it  not  be  that  the  roots  of 
the  Wheat  plant  descending  into  this,  create  a  diseased 
condition  and  produce  the  mildew  ?  the  remedy  of 
course  for  this,  if  it  should  be  the  probable  cause^  is 
obvious,  to  withdraw  the  bottom  water  by  draining.  As 
against  this  theory,  however,  it  is  but  fair  to  state  that 
land  within  a  very  short  distance,  with  similar  surface 
and  subsoil,  bears  good  crops  of  Wheat.  /.  Williams 
Bell.  [The  experience  of  the  author  of  "  A  Word  in 
Season"  on  mildew,  and  its  remedy,  which  we  hope 
shortly  to  give  our  readers,  will  be  instructive  on  this 
subject.] 

A  Word  in  Season. — So  much  is  said  of  Mr,  Smith's 
system  of  growing  Wheat,  that  the  record  of  any  trial 
may  be  useful.  Last  year  I  planted  an  acre,  one-third 
broadcast,  one-third  dibbled  in  rows  12  inches  apart, 
one-third  on  Mr.  Smith's  plan,  with  this  exception,  that 
I  left  intervals  of  4  feet  instead  of  3,  I  understood  the 
direction  to  be  half  the  ground  planted,  whereas  Mr. 
Smith  plants  three-fifths,  that  is,  tlu'ee  rows  where  there 
would  be  five  if  the  whole  were  planted.  Others  nearly 
made  this  mistake  on  reading  the  former  edition  of  the 
"  Word  in  Season  ;"  the  diagram  sets  the  matter  right, 
but  still  Mr.  Smith  speaks  of  (page  35)  "  one  moiety  of 
each  of  these  4  acres  in  Wheat."  The  land  had  been 
previously  planted  with  Beans,  the  portion  sown  broad- 
cast was  ploughed,  the  remainder  hoed  and  set  either 
by  hand  or  with  Newington's  dibble.  I  send  three  ears, 
and  though  not  precisely  the  same  sort  of  Wheat,  they 
show  the  character  of  the  three  crops  —  that  dibbled  in 
rows  1  foot  apart  was  the  largest  crop  I  almost  ever 
saw  ;  the  broadcast  the  best  quality,  and  that  on  Mr, 
Smith's  plan  the  largest  ears.  I  shall  continue  the 
experiment,  sowing  the  Wheat  in  September  instead  of 
October.  A  Small  Farme)\  [The  ear  from  Mr.  Smith's 
plot  is  certainly  a  very  fine  one — 12  sets  of  florets  on 
each  side.] 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 

A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday,  the  2d  of  June. 
The  following  Members  of  Council  and  Governors  of 
the  Society  were  present :  Lord  Portman,  Trustee,  in 
the  Chair  ;  Sir  John  V.  Shelley,  Bart.,  Sir  Charles 
Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  Robert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Raymond  Barker  (Hambledon),  Mr.  Raymond  Barker 
(Fairford),  Mr.  S.  Bennett,  Mr.  Ivatt  Briscoe,  Captain 
Wentworth  BuUer,  R.N.,  Mr.  Burke,  Mr.  W.  G.  Caven- 
dish, M.P.,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr,  Freeland,  Mr. 
Gadesden,  Mr.  Garrett,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr. 
Grantham,  Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr. 
Hornsby,  Mr.  Jonas,  Rev.  C.  R.  Keene,  Mr.  Kinder, 
Mr.  Lawes,  Colonel  Le  Couteur,  Mr.  Shaw,  Prof. 
Simonds,  Mr.  Simpson,  Mr.  Slaney,  M.P.,  and  Mr. 
Crompton  Stansfield,  M.P. 

Humphris  W.  Freeland,  Esq.,  of  the  Albany,  London, 
was  elected  a  Governor  of  the  Society. 

The  following  new  Members  were  elected  : 

James,  Richard,  Haverfordwest,  Pembrokeshire 

Ludlam,  William,  Bradford,  Yorkehira 

Bishop,  John,  Norwich 

Bennett,  Henry,  London-road,  Liverpool 

Farley,  Rev.  C.  T.,  Eaatham,  Tenbury,  Worcestershire 

Weslhead,  J.  P.  B.,  M.P.,  Lea  Castle,  Kidderminster 

Taylor,  George  Edward,  Oatlaods,  Leeds 

Filder,  John,  Mead's  House,  Eastbourne,  Sussex 

Howard,  Hon.  C.  W.  G.,  M.P.,  Naworth  Castle,  Cumberland 

Read,  James,  Whittlesea,  Cambridgeahire 

Macnamara,  Arthur,  Caddiogton  Hall,  Herts 

Locock,  Charles,  M.D.,  Hertford-street.  May-fair 

Bermiogham,  Tbomas,  J.P.  for  the  county  of  Galway 

Curme,  Charles,  Arlington-eqnare,  Islington 

Goulton,  BeDjamin.  Gedney  Djke,  Long  Sutton,  Lincolnshire 

Bunny,  Edward  John,  Christ  Church,  Oxford 

Harrington,  Earl,  Elvaston  Castle,  Derbyshire 

Blandford,  Henry,  Sandridge  Cottage,  Melksham,  WiltB 

Bosby,  William,  Newton-le-WlHows,  Bedale,  Yorkshire 

Newman.  Thomas,  Craysmarsh  Farm,  Melksham 

Smith,  G.  P.,  Oatidie,  Northamptonshire 

Jones,  Henry  P.,  28,  Mark-lane,  London 

Buller,  Morton  Edward,  Dilhome,  Cheadle,  Staff*. 


37—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


589 


Finances. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council  the  monthly 
.•eport  on  the  accounts  of  the  Society  ;  from  which  it 
appeared  that  the  current  cash  balance  in  the  hands  of 
the  bankers  was  3022L 

President  Eixct. — Lord  Ashburton,  having  been 
sleeted  by  the  members  of  the  Society  at  their  recent 
general  meeting  the  President  of  the  Society  for  the 
year  ensuing  the  rising  of  the  Lewes  meeting,  addressed 
i  letter  to  the  Council  expressing  his  regret  that  the 
state  of  his  health  would  oblige  him  to  leave  England  for 
the  Gennan  Spa  during  the  autumn  of  this  year,  and 
thus  prevent  him  from  occupying,  as  it  would  otherwise 
bave  been  his  lordship's  pleasure  and  duty  to  have  done, 
the  vice-chair  at  the  Pavilion  dinner  at  the  ensuing 
Country  Meeting,  and  from  presiding  at  the  general 
meeting  and  Council  to  be  held  on  the  following  day  m 
the  County  Hall  at  Lewes.  He  hoped,  on  his  retui-n  to 
England,  to  devote  himself  to  the  duties  of  the  high 
jffice  to  which  he  had  been  thus  unanimously  elected  by 
-he  Society. 

Lewes  Meeting.-— Sir  John  Villiers  ghelley,  Bart., 
^resented  to  the  Council  tlie  Report  of  the  General 
Lewes  Committee,  of  which  he  was  the  Vice-Chairman, 
ietailing  the  satisfactory  progress  of  the  arrangements 
or  the  Lewes  Meeting.  This  report  was  received  and 
idopted  accordingly. 

District  for  1856. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker  presented 
0  the  Council  the  Report  of  the  Special  Committee 
ippointed  at  a  former  Council  to  consider  the  district 
our  years  in  advance,  to  supply  the  place  of  the  South- 
eastern district  of  the  current  year  ;  and  their  recom- 
Uiudation  that  the  district  of  the  Country  Meeting  of 
he  Society,  for  the  year  1356,  should  comprise  the 
ounties  of  Huntingdon,  Cambridge,  Bedford,  Buclung- 
lam,  Hertford,  and  Essex. 

Gloccester  Meeting. — The  agreement  between  the 
\layor  of  Gloucester  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Society 
vas  laid  before  the  Council,  and  executed  in  duplicate 
mder  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Society  and  the  powers  of 
he  Charter. 

The  following  letter,  from  Mr.  Saunders,  of  Worcester, 
lated  the  22d  of  May  last,  and  addressed  to  the  Secre- 
ary,  was  received  with  much  satisfaction  by  the  Council, 
vho  ordered  their  best  thanks  to  be  expressed  for  it  to 
>Ir.  Saunders  and' the  Worcester  Committee  : — 

"lam  directed  by  the  Committee  appointed  for  promoting  the 
lolriing  of  ihe  meeting  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  in  1353 
.:  Worcester,  to  ackoowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the 
:h  inst.,  and,  in  reply,  to  express  the  regret  of  the  Committee 
t  the  unsuccessful  result  of  their  application  to  the  Council, 
he  Committee  desire  me  to  express  their  hope  that  the  Coun- 
il  of  the  Rojjil  Agricultural  Society  will,  upon  some  early 
uture  occasion,  take  into  their  consideration  the  very  strong 
laims  of  this  city  for  the  holding  of  a  Meeting  of  the  Society 
3  Worcester.  The  Committee  assure  the  Council  that  the 
ordial  aid  of  the  residents  in  this  city  and  neighbourhood 
.■ill  not  be  wanting  to  enaore  the  success  of  the  meeting  at 
iloucester." 

Fi.VES  FOR  NoN-EsHiBiTiox.  —  The   Secretary   laid 
efore  the  Coimcil  the  following  general  Report  on  the 
'ines  incurred  by  parties  who  had  entered  live  stock 
ir   the  Windsor  Meeting,  and  caused  the  Society  to 
3cur  the  expense  of  providing  accommodation  for  their 
nimals  ;  which  were  eventually,  however,  not  sent  to 
iie  meeting.     The  Council  having  excused  two  parties 
ho  had  sent  notice  before  the  day  of  meeting,  that  in 
ne  case  a  pig  had  died  on  the  railway,  and  in  the  other, 
hat  the  servant  specially  accustomed  to  the  manage- 
ment of  a  stallion  to  be  exhibited  had  met  with  a  severe 
cciden^  the  following  was  the  detail  connected  with 
-le  remaining  parties,  on  whom  the  claim  of  fine  was 
lade,  and  who  had  sent  no  notice  whatever  before  the 
ay  of  meeting  of  their  intention  to  withhold  any  of 
leir  stock  from  exhibition.     These  parties  were  47  in 
umber,  of  whom  21  paid  the  fine  on  the  Secretary's 
rst  application  ;  the  other  26,  who  did  not  comply  with 
je  rule  of  the  Society,  were  written  to  a  second  time, 
li-:a  12  of  them  paid  ;  tlie  remaining  13  were  addressed 
:  Secretary  for  the  thu'd  time,  when  nine  of  them 
There  was  then  left  a  final  residue  of  five  persons 
.iledtomaketherequLredpayment,and  whose  names 
iianded  over  by  the  unanimous  order  of  the  Coun- 
Messrs.  Tooke,  Son,  and  Hallowes,  sohcitors,  of 
rd-row.     In  consequence  of  the  legal  repreaeuta- 
•.hus  made  to  them  on  this  final  reference,  the 
of  the  parties  liable  to  the  fines  in  question,  with 
■:ception  of  the  two  parties  only  who  had  been 
:i  on  the  special  grounds  referred  to,  made  the 
■  ntB  required  of  tliem,  the  object  of  the  Council  in 
.rorcement  of  the  rules  of  the  Society  iiaviug  been 
!•;  tsubliflhment  of  a  princir>lc  of  imj)artial  justice  in 
leir  proceedin;:H,  rather  tlian  the  mere  recovery  of  the 
EiaU  soma  of  which  tiiese  fines  consisted. 
Prize  Essavs — Mr.  PuBcy,  M.P,,  Chairman  of  the 
onrnal   Committte,    transmitted   to   tho   Council   the 
How'wg  adjudication  of  a  prize  in  thi«  department : 
To  John  Wll*/,n  'l«to  Principal  of  the  Uoyal  AgHculiural 
College,  Cir'n-;e»terj,  of  Heath  Lodge,  Iver,  Buckln«ham. 
•hire,   thfi   .S'k:IcI|'»  prize  of  30  lorerel^^DS.  for  tbo  bent 
■eoonntor  ihc  Manufacture  of  Hogar  from  tieot-root,  which 
•bouJd  laclude  ibe  following  loformatlon  :— 1,  The  cuiilra- 
ttOD  of  the  HtHt*.  lor  thi*  parpoHe  In  France,  Belgium,  or 
Oennany  ;  ^nd  the  extent  to  which  hi^h  manuring  affeotn 
Ito  laccharlnQ  ontcut*.      2.  Whether  Mangold  WurMi  in 
appllcabJe  Vj  the  manufactare  of  Mngar  T     il.  Maoulacturo 
oi*  Bairar  acc^jrdluK  to  tho  latcit  linprovod  proc«*ic<i.    4. 
Bbpotal  of  the  refuBo  for  the  dUtllUtlon  of  ■piriti,  oxtrBc- 
tloD  of  lolu.  nr  fei'ding  of  cwttle.    5,  Comparison  of  pr<ilU 
per  acre  from  {:riHluctionof  iiugar  or  com  at  preaent  pncoM. 

Paizes  poit  r.HHAYH  A>r»  Ukcor;s.  —  Lord  Porlnmn 
id  before  ihc  Council  the  following  Sclicdulc  of  iViztu 
r  1663,  ill  Uic  department  of  iCmuya  aod  IteportB^ 


J-'armmg  of  Herelurdsuiro ^5u 

Farming  of  Surrey      50 

Farming  of  DerbjBhiro         50 

Heavy  Land  Farming            30 

Light  Land  Farming 80 

CultiTfttion  of  Beans  and  Peas        10 

Hereditary  dieeaies  tn  the  Sheep  and  Fig  20 

Any  other  Agricultural  uubjeut       20 


This  schedule  was  adopted  by  the  Council,  subject  to 
the  usual  conditions  of  competition,  and  the  dehvery  of 
the  essays  and  I'eports  at  the  Houae  of  the  Society  ou  or 
before  the  1st  of  March,  1853. 

Deputation  on  Guano. — On  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Fisher  Hobbs,  seconded  by  Mr,  Shaw,  the  following 
resolutions  were  carried — 

1.  That  a  deputation  to  the  Minister  be  appointed  to  repre- 

sent the  importance  of  taking  erery  poBGible  means  to 
eSect  a  reduction  in  the  price  of  guauo. 

2.  That  it  consist  of  such  members  of  the  Council  and  of  the 

Society  as  may  think  fit  to  attend. 

3.  That  the  Secretary  communicate  to  the  President,  and 

request  a  day  of  interview  with  the  Premier,  and  com- 
muoicato  to  the  Society. 

4.  That  a  copy  of  these  reaolutions  be  sent  to  the  Duke  of 

Richmond. 

Potato  Disease. — The  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  H.  M. 
Principal  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Foreign  Depart- 
ment, transmitted  to  the  Council,  through  Mr.  Adding- 
ton,  the  following  despatch  addressed  to  his  lordship  by 
H.B.M.  Cousul-Geueral  at  Warsaw — 

*'  Warsaw,  May  13th,  1852. 

**  Although  the  kingdom  of  Poland  has  suffered  compara- 
tively very  little  from  the  blight  of  the  Potato  plant,  which  has 
of  late  years  been  so  general  in  the  more  western  countries  of 
Europe,  everything  relating  to  that  still  uoexplaiued  pheuo- 
menon  has  nevertheless  received  much  attention  here  from 
private  individuals  as  well  as  from  the  public  authorities. 
With  the  exception  of  Ireland,  there  is,  perhaps,  not  another 
country  in  which  the  culture  of  the  Potato  forma  so  important 
a  feature  of  the  rural  economy  of  the  nation,  as  it  does  in 
Poland,  although  its  introduction  into  this  country  is  of  com- 
paratively recent  date  ;  and  much  public  attention  has  lately 
been  excited  here  by  an  article  extracted  from  a  foreign  pro- 
vincial newspaper,  ascribing  the  so-called  '  Potato  disease  '  to 
tho  presence  of  too  much  free  ammonia  in  the  lands  on  which 
the  plants  are  cuUivated  ;  and  pointing  out  the  very  simple 
means  of  counteracting  this  evil  by  the  employment  of  fixed 
alhaliea.  This  theory  appears  bo  strongly  to  bear  out  the  view 
which  was  taken  here  of  the  subject  at  the  very  hetjianing  of 
the  epidemic  appearance  of  the  evil  in  question  (as  reported  in 
my  letter  consular,  No.  28,  of  the  16th  October,  18i6),  that  I 
am  induced  to  btiog  the  statement  to  your  lordship'^  notice, 
for  the  information  of  such  persons  as  may  he  specially  inte- 
rested in  ascertaining  the  correctness  of  the  observatiou.  I 
havft  not  seen  the  original  statement;  but  the  article  above 
alluded  to  mentions  that  it  is  copied  from  the  'Kolnische 
Zei'ung,'  to  which  it  had  been  communicated  by  a  Dr.  Voget, 
of  Heinsbarg,  in  the  Governmental  district  of  Aix-la-Cbapelle, 
Dr.  Voget  recommends  as  the  most  simple  mode  of  decomposing 
the  free  ammonia,  wherever  by  chemical  tests  it  may  be  proved 
to  exist,  and  whether  arising  from  artificial  manures  or  from 
natural  causes  inherent  in  the  quality  of  the  soil,  to  use  crude 
gypsum  as  a  top-dressing,  oi'  to  irrigate  the  ground  with  very 
strongly  diluted  muriatic  or  sulphuric  acid,  in  the  same  manner 
as  liquid  manures  are  applied,  or  before  carrying  out  the 
manure,  to  mix  it  witb  gypsum,  ashes,  or  acide,  &c. 
"(Signed)  "Gdst  do  Plat, 

*'  H.  M.  Con.-Geu.  in  Poland." 

The  Council  ordered  their  best  thanks  to  be  conveyed 
to  the  Earl  of  MahnesbmL*y  for  the  favour  of  this  com- 
munication. 


AGRICULTURAL  SHOW  AT  GALWAY. 
The  following  remarks  on  the  more  prominent  animals 
exliibited  at  tliis  meeting,  we  take  from  the  L-ish 
Farmers^  Qazette.  They  were  pressed  out  from  last 
week's  Number  by  the  long  report  connected  with  the 
English  Agricultural  Society. 

CLASS  A.— SHORT-HORNED. 

Section  I.  Bulh  calved  on  or  afUr  the  l$t  of  January,  1S47, 
and  previous  to  the  ist  of  January .  1850. — The  first  prize  wa* 
awai-ded  to  Phceuix,  the  property  of  and  bred  by  Thomas 
Chrisp,  Enq.,  Hawkhill,  Alnwick,  Northumberland.  Phceaix 
was  tlie  winner  at  the  lati.-  show  at  Perth  of  the  Highlaod  and 
Agricultural  Society,  and,  we  have  heard,  has  been  purcliasid 
by  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  for  the  handsome  sum  of  200 
guineas.— Bamboo  (11132),  the  property  of  and  bred  by  A.  F. 
Nugent.  Esq.,  Pallas,  Tyuagh,  was  the  winner  of  the  second 
prize  in  this  section. — Lord  Talbot  de  ilalahidu's  bull,  Blunder, 
bred  by  William  Garnett,  Esq.,  was  most  deservedly  com- 
mpnded. 

Section  II.  BuUs  caXoed  in  tlie  year  1850.— The  first  prize  was 
awarded  to  Dencalioo,  tho  property  of  Lord  Clonbrock ;  bred 
by  Mr,  Hinricks,  of  Breclienbrougb.  The  second  prize  in  thi^ 
section  was  awarded  to  SdI,  the  property  of  Thomas  Bail.  Esq., 
Malubide;  bred  by  William  Torr,  Enq.,  of  Aylesby  Manor, 
LincolfiBhire.  —  In  this  section  we  would  notice  Mr.  Chalonei-'s 
bull,  Bailey  Sugar,  bred  by  tbat  gentlpmao. 

Section  HI.  Bulls  calved  on  or  after  the  1st  of  January,  1851. 
— Firitt  prize  to  Emerald,  ihe  property  of  and  bred  by  'Ihomas 
Ball,  Esq. — The  second  prize  to  Snowdrop,  belonging  to  Lord 
Clancariy.  In  this  section  there  were  two  or  three  good  epeci- 
mcns  besides  tho  prize  animals.  Of  these  we  may  notice 
Young  Forrest,  bred  by  and  the  property  of  Lord  Talbot  du 
Mulaiilde;  also  Mr.  SUilllng'a  bull,  Roller.— The  showofyeav- 
liog  bulls  was  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  spring  bhow  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  both  as  to  numbors  and  quality  ;  but, 
from  the  season  of  tho  year  and  tho  locality,  this  was  to  be 
expected. 

Si-cTioN  IV.  CowBin  calf,  or  tlial  have  liadacaXf  in  1852 .—The 
flrflt  prize  was  awarded  to  the  cenjbiated  cow,  Maldo'.  Killerby, 
tho  property  of  A.  F,  Nugent,  Etq  ;  and  tho  second  prizo  to 
tho  no  Itt.s  equally  cf^iobriilod  cow,  Grandillora,  the  property 
of  and  bred  by  J.  J.  Turner,  E^q,,  Newtown  Villa,  Kllcull.  n. 
The  awardu  in  this  secilou  underwent  much  criticism,  and  h« 
far  as  our  Judgment  is  concerned,  we  are  of  opinion  that 
OrandiOora  Is  not  only  the  bandsomest,  but  aUo  tho  most 
mtful  cow  of  the  two,  and  in  this  opinion  wo  wero  backed  by 
Komo  of  the  best  judgcn  on  tho  gniuml. 

HicTioN.  V.  Vcifert  in  calf  or  In  taiik.  calved  in  Ihc  year  ISia. 
— Thu  llrnt  prixo  In  ibis  ecctlon  wan  awarded  to  tho  very  beau- 
tiful heifer,  Duiterfly,  tho  property  of  and  bred  by  Charles 
TowiH'hy,  Knj.,  M  1'  ,  TuvtmUy  Park,  Ilurnloy,  Luncaohlrw. 
KIio  wim  ftlwo  tho  Buccenslul  holler  nt  tliu  Lewes  Hhow  of  Ihe 
Kfi((ll»h  Adflculturul  Hociuty,  and  at  tho  late  show  of  tho  York- 
•hire  Hoirlciy,  nt  Hhcnield,  and  was  deHervedly  awarded  llif 
Porcell  Chall.-nKO  Oup,  ot  tho  bent  anitriiil  In  th»  show-ydrd  at 
0«lw«y.— Tho  tircond  prlz«  was  won  by  Mr.  Nugcnt's  helur, 
Habj.— Id  thin  scotl'.n  thiro  wero  two  hrlfcTH,  CountfHfl  iind 
Hu«an,  cxh)hlt<:d  by  Lord  Tulbot  do  Mitlnhidw;  Couutttss  war- 
bred  by  A.  F.  Nugcat,  Eff|.,  and  Hubuu  wu»  bred  by  Pranch 


Walsh,  Esq.,  FrankTille,  Acoboy.  Both  ot  tneae  neilent  were 
very  handsome  animals ;  their  shapes,  handling,  and  colour 
were  all  that  could  be  desired,  and  we  feel  sure  that  they  will, 
at  a  future  time,  prove  very  formidable  to  any  competitor 
aKflinat  tht-m. 

Section  VI.  Heifers  in  calf  or  in  milk,  calved  in  the  year  1850. 
—The  first  prize  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Nugent's  heifer.  Muftlla  • 
and  the  second  to  Mr.  O'Meagher's  heifer,  Dimple.  BesideB 
these  heifere,  we  would  notice  as  particularly  good  No,  53, 
Sydney,  bred  by  and  the  property  of  J.  J.  Turner,  Esq. 

Section  VII.  Heifers  calved  on  or  after  the  lit  of  January,  1851, 
— The  first  prize  was  most  deservedly  awarded  to  Mr.  Towne. 
ley's  very  beautiful  heifer,  Frederachii. ;  and  the  Becood  to 
Lady  Harris,  the  property  of  and  bred  by  St  George  Grey  Esq 
Dorrington.— No.  62  in  this  class,  Young  Myrtle,' bred  by  and 
the  property  of  A.  F.  Nugen*',  Esq  ,  was  well  worthy  of  notice. 

In  the  other  classes  of  cattle,  there  were  few  worthy  of  notice 
except  the  prize  animals.  The  section  for  Long-horns  may 
now  be  safely  withdrawn  from  the  premium  sheet. 

CLASS  D.— HORSES. 

Section  I.  Cart  S(allio7i$  over  three  years  old,  and  foaled  on 
or  after  the  lat  of  January,  18*5. — In  this  section  there  were 
several  really  go..d  animals  exhibited.  The  first  premmm  was 
gained  by  No  Mistake,  the  property  of  John  Woolsey,  Esq., 
Milesdown,  Castlebellingham ;  and  the  Hccond  by  Lively, 
belonging  to  Alexander  Binney,  Esq.,  Santry,  Dublin.  We 
also  noticed  a  very  nice  Clydesdale  horae,  shown  by  Mr.  FitZb 
Patrick,  Downpatrick  ;  and  we  believe  the  competition  between 
this  animal  and  the  premium  horses  was  very  close.  He  was 
much  admired  as  a  vei'y  handsome  horse,  and  from  his  shape 
and  size  was  universally  considered  to  be,  perhaps,  the  most 
usefu'.  hoise  in  the  yard  for  improving  the  breed  of  horaes 
amouff  the  majority  of  farmers  in  this  country. 

Section  II.  Cart  Stallions  foaled  on  or  after  1st  January^. 
ISJS.— First,  prize  to  Mr.  Halt's  horse,  Glaucer ;  and  second  to 
Young  Blythe,  the  property  of  James  Young,  Carpet  Hall, 
Linlithgowdhire,  Scotland.  This  horse  was  a  year  younger 
than  Glaucer,  and  gives  every  promise  of  becoming  a  firat-class 
animal. 

Section  III,  Thorough-hred  SlaUions.—Only  one  entry,  to 
which  the  medal  was  awarded. 

Section  IV,.  Cart  Mare  in  foal,  or  vRth  a  foal  at  her  foot,  or 
having  reared  a  foal  in  the  year  1851. — First  to  Mr.  Halt's 
Clydesdale  mare.  Bete ;  the  second  to  Mr.  Woolsej's  mare, 
Nelly,  both  very  good  specimens  of  draught  mares. 

Section  V.  Cart  Fillies,  not  exceeding  three  years  old.— The 
prize  to  Mr.  Rait's  Clydesdale  filly,  Gentle,  three  years  old, 

CLASS  E.— SHEEP-LEICESTERS. 

Section  I.  Shearling  Bariis. — The  first  prize  to  F.  F.  Hamil. 
ton,  Esq.,  for  a  ram  bred  by  Mr.  Landy,  Holme  Pierrepoint,. 
Notiingnam;  the  second  to  Thomas  Carter,  Esq.,  Scales, 
Richmond,  Yorkshire.  In  this  section  there  were  many  first- 
class  rams  shown,  among  which  we  would  notice  the  two 
belonging  to  Thomas  SkiBing,  Esq.,  Queen's  College.  Galway  v 
also  the  sheep  shown  by  Mr.  Rait,  Mr.  La  Touche,  of  Harris- 
town  ;  Mr.  Hudson,  Kilmore  ;  Lord  Clonbrock,  &c. 

Section  II.  Tico-ihear  Itarns.  — First  prize  gained  by  Thos.. 
Carter,  Esq.  ;  second  by  George  Spencei-,  Esq.,  Normanton 
House,  Hinckly.  Leicesttrshlre,  whose  ram.  No.  235,  was  also 
commenced.  We  noticed  also  the  sheep  shown  by  Mr.  A.  C. 
Skilling,  Prospect,  Oranmore  ;  John  La  Touche,  Esq.,  Harris- 
town ;  and  Charles  Ellison,  Esq.,  Loughglynn,  as  being  very 
superior. 

Section  III.  Bams  of  any  other  age.— The  prize  was  gained- 
by  a  very  good  sheep  belonging  to  Thomas  Skilling,  Esq. 

Section  IV.  Five  Shearling  Ewes.  The  first  and  second  prizes 
were  both  carried  off  by  Mr.  Carter,  of  Scales,  Yorkshire^- 
The  pens  of  ewes  belonging  to  Mr.  Hudson,  Mr.  La  Touche, 
Mr.  Rait,  Mr.  Hamilton,  and  Mr.  Skilling,  were  also  of  greati 
merit. 

Section  V.  Fen  of  Five  Ewe  ioiii&s.— Premium  awarded  to 

the  pen  belonging  to  John  La  Touche,  Esq.,  Harristown.    Very 

fine  lambs  were  also  shown  by  Mr.  SkilUug  and  Mr.  Hamilton. 

CLASS     F.  — OTHER      LONG-WOOLLED      SHEEP,     NOX 

liUAHFIED  TO  COMPETE  AS   LEICESTERS. 

Section  I.  Shearling  Earns. — David  Kerr,  Esq.,  CloniOj 
Edinderry,  obtained  the  first  prize ;  and  F.  P.  Hamilton,  Esq., 
the  second.  Mr.  Thunder,  Kingston  Lodge,  Navan  ;  Mr.  Ball,, 
Malahide;  Mr.  Garnett,  Archhall ;  Mr.  Rait,  and  Mr.  Jones, 
of  Roscommon,  exhibited  also  several  excellent  animals. 

Section  II.  Two-shear  Earns. — Mr.  Bait  carried  off  both' 
premium?.     Mr.  Thunder's  ram  also  possessed  great  merit. 

Section  III.  Rams  of  any  oVier  age. — Mr.  Thunder  was  hera 
the  successful  competitor. 

Section  IV.  Pen  of  Jiue  Shearling  £ifes.— Awarded  to  Mr, 
Rait's  pen.     Mr.  Garuect  aUo  showed  Eome  splendid  ewes. 

Section  V.  Fen  of  Jive  Ewe  Jktm&5.— Premium  awarded  to- 
Mr.  Gtiraett's  pen  ot  lambs. 

CLASS  G.— SOUTHDOWNS. 

Section  I.  Shearling  Earns.  Premiums  granted  to  Tiernaa- 
and  Lockhart,  Dublia. 

Section  II.  Earns  of  any  other  age. — Awarded,  deservedly,  to 
Mr.  Owen's  ram. 

StcTioN  III.  Fi^e  Shearling  £uies.— Awarded  to  Mr.  Wool- 
sey'a  pen  of  ewes. 

CLASS  H.— CHEVIOTS. 

Section  I.  Shearling  i?o)it3.— Premium  gained  by  the  Mar- 
quis of  Conyngham. 

In  Sections  II  and  III.,  namely,  for  Earns  of  lany  other  age, 
and  for  Shearling  Ewes,  tho  Marquis  of  Conyngham  was  also 
the  Buccesslul  competitor.  Wo  must  remark  that  all  his  lord- 
ship's sheep,  which  wero  exhibited,  were  bred  by  Colonel  La. 
Touche,  and  fully  maintained  the  character  which  the  Luggela 
tlock  has  so  long  possessed  as  first-class  Cheviots.  Mr.  C.  W, 
Hamilton,  Uamwood,  Dunboyne,  showed  a  pen  of  five  very  good 
sheariicgs  ;  as  for  tho  other  lots  shown,  thsy  were  but  poor- 
specimens  of  Cheviot  sheep. 

In  Blackfaccd  Sheep,  the  only  prize  awarded  was  gained  by 
J.  J.  Lopdell,  Esq.,  Raheen,  Athenry,  for  his  ram.  We  cer- 
tainly expected  that  in  tho  capital  of  Connaught  there  would 
have  been  a  larger  turn-out  of  mountain  sheep  ;  but  we  trust 
tills  will  be  Quiooded  before  the  next  ehow  in  that  provincei. 
One  great  object  with  all  parties  who  may  be  desirous  of  keei>- 
ing  such  sheep  ought  to  be,  to  get  tho  best  of  the  kind,  foi' 
several  specimens  shown  as  imported  bhcop  were  very  unlike 
what  would  bo  turned  out  at  a  show  in  iScotland ;  and  It  is 
only  by  procuring  the  heat  that  sat  Ik  factory  results  will  ba 
produced. 

CLASS  K.— SWINE. 

This  class  was  well  represented  by  a  numerous  show  of 
Boi'ksbirea,  which  still  seem  tho  favouritcR,  In  which  tho  Bun- 
hurj,  OroUer,  Munck,  and  Wurburton  blood  stood  pre-eminent. 
Mr.  Wurburton  showed,  we  believe,  thirty  animals  of  this 
beiiutilui  breed,  taking  tho  second  prize  in  Soctlon  1  ;  highly 
cuuimeuded  In  Section  :) ;  first  and  second  prize  in  Section  i.  ; 
and  aecond  prize  in  Section  (}. 

In  Section  I.,  for  the  best  hoar  under  18  months,  Arthur  C. 
Obalgiicau,  Bunowen,  Ballymahon,  was  awarded  the  llrnt  prh:e 
of  IIJ  HovN.  for  hU  boar,  Priur  Bacon,  No.  40!)  ;  and  tho  Uov. 
Jolio  Wurburton  the  second  pitZDof  five  sovs  ,  lor  his  boar,  No. 
■ill.  In  this  section,  .Joseph  Sliurp  Spencer,  of  Hinoltlcy, 
LeicoNtcrshlro,  showed  a  beamlful  white  hour,  Windsor,  No. 
*(l)7.  Jle  was  alHo  tho  Huocossful  coiiipetUur  In  the  hows, 
Suction  !i ;  but  thu  Borkshlrou  woro  thu  fuvouiltus  amongst  tho 
bojiPH. 

In  Mf.otion  II.  Thomas  Skilling,  Epq.,  Prnfoflsor  of  Agricul- 
ture, (fctjoen's  College,  Oalwuy,  citi'ricd  awuy  tho  first  prize  of 
»  HUVH,,  Im-  hlH  whho  hour,  'l\  \  montliH  t))d  ;  Alexander  Mont- 
Kijincry,  Kilmer  IIouhc,  Bailivor,  Athboy,  took  thu  weoond  prize 
ut4sov0.,  for  u  Bcrkslilro  boar;  and  lildwfud  Ci'okcr,  Bully- 


390 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  11, 


tore  House,  was  commended  for  a  Berkshire  boar,  No.  4i2, 
two  years  and  three  months  old. 

In  SECTfON  lit,,  for  the  hest  breeding  Sow,  un-ler  18  nvynths 
old,  Joseph  Sharp  Spencer,  Hinckley,  look  the  firat  prize  of 
eight  Bovs.,  for  his  veiy  hoe  wliite  sow.  Purity,  No.  433,  1  year 
and  24  days  old  ;  she  was  in  pig.  This  exhibitor  owned  alec 
No.  434,  Lady,  with  a  litter ;  and  Perfection,  No,  435,  in  pig,  a 
very  beautiful  animal,  only  4  monihs  and  2  weeks  old.  These 
white  pigs  were  very  much  admired.  Edward  Croker,  of  BttHy- 
tore  House,  was  awarded  the  second  prize  of  four  nova.,  for  a 
beautiful  Berkshire  sow,  and  No.  428,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Warbur- 
ton,  hip;hly  commended  ;  &he  wa>^  in  piir,  and  liut  13  months  old. 

In  Section  IV,,  the  Kev.  John  Warburton'o  Berkshire  sow. 
No.  43S,  took  the  first  prize  of  tivo  eovs.  Mr.  Augunius  War- 
■burton's  Berkshire  sow,  tbe  second  prize  of  two  hovs.  ;  and 
No.  440,  Thomas  Ball'd  Berkshire  sow,  commended.  In  this 
Kcc  ion  Mr.  J.  Sharp  Spencer  exhibited  a  white  fow.  Queen, 
No,  43C,  with  a  litter.  Hhe  was  an  oaormoua  and  a  very  beau- 
tiful animal. 

In  Section  V.,  for  the  hest  Utter  of  three  Breeding  Ptgs,  Lord 
Jlonck  justly  took  the  firs:  prize  of  tive  sovs.,  for  Jot  No.  4C0  ; 
and  Mr.'AugustU'i  Warburton  the  second  prize  for  lot  No.  456. 
There  were  eeveral  lots  of  very  fine  creatures  in  this  sec  ion, 
and  the  honours  wore  keenly  contested. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Blighted  Wheat:  W Nibbevt.  It  is  blighted,  bu":  we  do  not 
see  that  it  i.■^  mi  Id  ewe  ).  It  is  not  likely  that  chemical 
analysis  would  detect  the  presence  of  fl  poison,  which  might, 
nevertheless,  be  present  in  sufficient  qnantity  to  destroy  the 
plane.  If  yiju  are  connecied  with  the  English  Agricul'ural 
Suclety,  possibly  they  might  investigate  the  subject,  if,  ou 
your  statement,  it  was  deemed  doserviogof  further  examina- 
tion. Tour  application  should  ba  made  to  the  Secretary,  in 
Hanovei'-pquare. 

Daibt  Essay  ;  H.  Please  to  give  us  your  address. 

Bmiobation  :  6  LB.  Messrs.  Chambers'  publications  on  tbe 
subject  are  as  instructive  and  useful  as  any  ;  and  they  direct, 
we  believe,  to  other  publications  which  are  trustworthy  too. 

Gdano  :  A  Smith.  The  committee  appointed  to  issue  the  terms 
of  the  lOOU!.  prize  have  not  yet  given  in  their  report. 

Leaves  OF  s^WEDEs  :  &  HiU.  They  present  precisely  the  same 
blotched  appearance  which  the  Mangold  Wurzel  leaves  have 
flhown  after  the  attack  of  an  insect  whose  grub  has  eaten 
out  the  green  matter  in  places  between  the  sides  of  the  leaf. 
Do  you  find  any  grubs  in  the  leaves  1 

Tank  ;  OaUoway.  Build  It  of  brick,  ramming  down  and 
puddling  clay  in  behind  it.  We  would  erect  it  apart  from 
the  dung  pit,  and  connect  iho  two  with  a  drain.  Soapsuds 
and  house  waste  will  not  injure  the  liquid.  A  common  life 
pump  will  answer  the  purpose  perfectly;  letting  the  pipe 
terminate  2  or  3  leet  from  the  bottom  of  the  tank. 

"Wild  Oats  :  J MC.  They  are  Ave^ia  fatua,  the  common  wild 
Oat,  a  native  of  this  country. 


iaar&ets* 


COTENT  GARDEN,  Sept.  II. 
Vegetables  and  Fruit  are  still  well  supplied.  Melons  are 
plentiful  and  good.  Greengage  and  other  Plums  still  arrive 
from  France,  and  also  Pearsand  Apples.  Apricotn  are  nearly 
over.  Tomatoes  likewise  atili  continue  to  be  impurted.  Filberts 
realise  35i.  and  45s.  per  100  lbs.  Potatoes  are  very  plentiful, 
but  badly  diseased.  They  are  also  alighily  advancing  in  p;ice. 
Peas  are  scarcer.  Mushroums  are  cheap,  and  plentiful.  Cut 
tlowera  consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Koses,  Mignonette, 
Bigoonia  venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 
Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  48  to  63        Pears,  per  doz.,  23  to 


Grapes, hothouse,p.  lb.,  2s  to 5s 
Peaches,  per  doz,,  Ss  to  129 
Neciarines,  per  doz.,  4e  to  12s 
Apricots,  per  doz..  Is  to  4s 
PI u 111 ■i,  per  punnet,  Is  to  38 

—  yreengage,  do.,  29  to  3a 
Figs,  per  doz..  Is  6d  to  23  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bah,,  4s  to  7a 

—  kitchen,  do.,  Ss  to,5s 
Melons,  each,  28  to  Ga 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  28 


Cabba'ges,  per  doz.,6d  to  Is  8d 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

lsedto2£ 
Peas,  per  sieve,  2s  to  5b 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6s 
Greens,  per  doz,.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  4s  to  58 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  X30s 

—  per  cwt.,  Ss  6d  to  79 

—  per  bush.,  Is  fid  to  23  6d 
Turnips,  perdoz.,38  to  43 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veget.Marrow,p.doz,Cd  tol66d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  itd  to  Is  ad 
Carrots,  p.  doz,,  3s  to  5s 
t^pinaeh,  per  sieve,  Is  to  2.1 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish,p.doz.,ls3dto  3d 
Beet,  per  du«..  Is  to  2s 
£jeeks,  per  bnnch.  Id  to  2d 


VBGETABLES. 


per  half  sieve,  4s  to  8s 
Currants,  do.,  28  to  3s  od 
Gooseberries,  do,,  2s  6d  to  Ss 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5a 

—  sweet,  per  lb,,  2s  to  3s 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  3s6dto  lOs 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to -8s 
Nnts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  22s 
Brazil,  do,,  I2s  to  14s 


Shallots,  per  lb„  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb,,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce, Cab.,  perscoreid  tols 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  dd  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salada,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4B 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott., 9d  to  Is  3d 

—  per  bush.,  39  to  5s 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  par  doz.,  4s  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bochs.,  28  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  hunch, 4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  (id 
W.atercresses,  p.  12ban(9dtol8 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  Trnases. 

SMlTHFtELD,   Sept.  9. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  763  to  858 
Inferior  do.  ...  -65        70 

Howen  63         — 

New  Hay    63        75 


Clover 

New  do. 

Straw 


COMBEaLAND  Mabeet,  Sept.  9. 


...  SSstolOOs 
...  80  95 

...  30  40 

E.  J.  Datis. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  80b  to  88a 
Inferior  do. , 
New  Hay 
Old  Clover  . 


GS 

72 

60 

7S 

98 

105 

Fine  old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
Straw 


Whitechapel,  Sept.  9. 


Inferior  Clover      ...  708to92a 

New  do 70        92 

Straw  86        40 

JoaBDA  Bakea, 


.  SOsto  84s 


Old  Clover... 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 


..1008tol058 
..  90  95 


.  70 


SMITHFIELD.— Monday.  Sept.    6. 

We  have  a  few  more  Beasts  than  on  Monday  last ;  however, 
Ihe  demand  is  large,  and  the  quotations  of  that  day  are  fully 
maimaincd.  Some  choice  Scot»,  inc.,  have  made  48.,  but  this 
price  is  not  generally  given.  The  supply  of  Sheep  and  Lambs 
is  the  same  as  of  late  ;  the  butchers  do  not  willingly  nive  our 
last  quotaiions  still  they  are  realised.  Good  C»lves  are  rather 
Bcarcer,  and  fully  as  dear  as  on  Friday.  From  Germany 
ano  ilcHand  there  are  1855  Beasts,  6710  Sheep,  212  Calvea, 
and  110  Pies;  from  Scotland,  60  Beasts  ;  and  2200  from  the 
northern  and  midland  counties. 

Per  St.  of  81b8, 


Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.        ...  8  8 

Beat  Short- horns  3  6 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3 

Best    Downs   and 

Half-breds      ...  4  4  —  4 

Do.  Shorn    0     0 0 


to  3  10 


Per  st,  of  Slbs. — s  d      s  d 

Best  Long-woola  .  3  10  to  4  2 

Do.  Shorn           ...  0  0  —  0  0 

Ewes  &.  2d  quality  3  4  —  38 

Do.  Shorn 0  0 — 0  0 

Lambs      4  8  —  5  4 

Calves      3  4—4  0 

Piga          ...         ...  3  4—4 


,  4701 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  29,210  ;  Calves,  281 ;  Pigs,  375, 


Friday,  Sept.  10. 

We  have  an  average  supply  of  Beasts;  trade  is  dull  for 
them;  in  most  instances  Mnnday'8  quotations  are  realised, 
but  a  clearance  is  with  difficulty  effected.  There  is  a  fair 
number  of  Sheep  for  the  time  of  year  ;  a  larpe  proportion, 
however,  are  of  middling  quality,  the  choicest  kinda  therefore 
make  the  same  as  on  Monday,  but  trade  on  tbe  whole  ia  worBe. 
The  demand  for  L.imbs  has  much  decreased,  and  prices  are 
lower.  Choice  Calvce  maintain  late  quo'a'ion'*  ;  other  kinds 
arelower.  From  Germany  and  Holland  vvehave362  Iiea3te,2830 
Sheep,  297  Calvea,  and  35  Pi^s ;  350  Beasts  from  the  northern 
and  midland,  and  114  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 

Perst.  of  81bi.~s  d  ad 
Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  <&.c.  ...  8  8  to  3  10 
Best  Short-horns  3  6  —  38 
2d  quality  Beasts  2  8  —  32 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds  ...  4  4  —  4  6 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0    0  —  0    0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— B     d      s 

A 

Eest  Loai;-wool&,  3  10  to  4 

2 

Do.  Shorn 

Ewes&2dquality  3    0—3 

6 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0    0  —  0 

0 

Lamba     i    4—5 

2 

CalveB      S    0—4 

0 

Pigs          3    4—4 

0 

COAL  MARKET.- Pbidai,  Sept.  10. 

Holywell.  Us. ;  Tanfield  Moor,  128.  3d. ;  Davison's  West 
Hartley,  ISp.  Gd. ;  Wallsend  Riddell,  Us. ;  Wallsend  Daawell, 
ICh.  ;  Wallsend  Hetton,  153.  9d.  Wallsend  Laoibton,  15s.  to 
15s.  8d.;  Wallsend  Tees,  15s.  3d. ;  Merthyr,  2l9.— Ships  at 
market,  21. 

HOPS.— BoHoDoa  Maeket,  Sept.  10. 

Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  about  1500  lbs. 
of  new  Hops  have  arrived  nt  market,  and  are  selling  as  follon's  : 
Weald  Keuts,  il.  15s.  to  51.  12s.  ;  Sussex.  U  43.  to  51.  There 
i-i  a  good  demand  for  yearlinjfs  at  from  51.  lOs.  to  6i.  Gs.  Duty, 
24O,000J. 


WOOL. 

BfiADFOBD,  Thukbdat,  Scpt.  9, — There  is  no  material 
change  to  report  in  the  general  state  of  the  English  wool 
market.  The  transactions  during  the  current  week  have  not 
been  extensive,  but  those  entered  into  were  characterised  by  a 
firm  tone  of  prices.  Spinners  are  only  reluctant  buyers  at 
current  rates,  and  seem  to  content  themselves  by  the  supply  of 
immediate  wants,  in  the  hope  that  a  more  favourable  oppor. 
tunity  may  present  itself  for  laying  in  their  customary  stocks 
at  a  somewhat  later  period.  Short  wools  are  very  active  in 
demand,  and  prices  are  well  supoorfed. 
MARK  LANE. 

Monday,  Sept.  6.- The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  good,  consisting  almost  entirely  of 
the  new  crop.  Dry  picked  samples  commanded  the  prices  of 
this  (lay  se'nnight,  but  the  damp  and  inferior  qnalities  were 
disposed  of  at  irregular  prices,  some  quantity  remaining  unsold 
towards  the  end  ot  the  market.  Foreign  meets  a  fair  retail 
inquiry  at  the  decline  noted  on  Friday  last,  being  2s.  to  3s.  per 
qr.  below  the  highest  prices  lately  obtained.  — Flour  is  heavy, 
and  we  reduce  our  quotations  2s.  per  barrel. — The  finest 
samples  of  malting  Barley  were  sold  at  the  full  prices  of  last 
week  ;  inferior  and  grinding  qualities  are  the  turn  cheaper-^ 
Beans  and  Peas  bring  our  extreme  quotations. — The  Oat  trade 
is  firm  at  late  rates. 

Pee  lupEBiAL  QoAaTEE. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  in  Suffolk.. .White  36—60  Ked 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  40—54  Red  , 

—  —    Talavera  52 — 56 

—  Norfolk 40— 48  Red 

—  Foreign 37 — 52 

Barley.grind.rJs distil. ,24s to -278. ..Chev.  125—33  Malting 

—  Foreign  ...grindinganddistilling  21) — 25  Malting 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk ,18—19 

—  Scotch  andLincolnshire...Potatoll8 — 22 

—  Irish Potato  17— 20 


18—20 


Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

Rye     

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagan 283  to  3l3 Tick 

—  Pigeon   29s —  35s. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small  27— 34 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  32 — 36 


29—32 


—  Maple 32a  to  35s .flrey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign perbarrel 


31—33 

37—40 
26—32 
21—24 


32—44 
38—48 


28—30 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign  . 

Marrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Sufifolk... 
Foreign  . 
rellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


17—19 
17-19 
15-18 


26—27 
33  —  38 
27—36 


Aebitals  in  the  Poet  of  London  last  Week. 


25—32 
28-34 


Flour,  9911  sks 
—  17939  brls 

Eoglieh  

Irish     

Foreign  


Qrs. 

4766 


14897 


Barley.   Malt. 


Qrs. 
249 


4550 


Qrs. 

3885 

43 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

100 

29S0 

H017 


Qrs. 

70 


655 


Qrs. 
SO 


154 


FaiDAT,  Sept.  10. — The  supply  of  Wheat  and  Oats  from 
abroad  this  week  are  considerable,  but  moderate  of  other 
articles.  To-day's  market  was  not  so  well  attended  as  of 
late,  and  there  was  less  disposition  to  purchase  Wheat,  of 
which  the  sale  was  limited,  but  we  do  not  note  it  cheaper. 
Flour  is  in  improved  demand  at  Monday's  prices.  There  ie  no 
alteration  in  the  value  of  spring  corn.  In  cargoes  of  Wheat 
afloat  there  is  little  doing,  and  prices  are  the  turn  lower.  The 
same  applies  to  Indian  Corn. 

Abeivals  this  Week. 


English  ... 

Irish    

Foreign  ... 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
2110 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
590 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

1520 

500 

32980 


Flour. 


1560  sacks 
3290  brig 


ImPEEIAL   AVEEAGE3. 


July  31.. 
Aug.    7.. 

—  14.. 

—  21.. 

—  28.. 
Sept.    4.. 


Agereg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Babley.  Oats    Rye.    Beans.    Pbab, 


s.  d. 

27  8 

27  3 

27  5 

27  4 

28  2 
28  2 


s.  d. 

20  6 

20  6 

19  6 

19  3 

20  3 
20  5 


27    8    20    0    30    0 


3.  rt. 

n  11 

29  ,7 

30  3 
29  4 
29  9 

31  3 


s.  d. 

34  2 

33  9 

33  7 

33  2 

34  4 
34  10 


I  ,d. 
33    6 

30  6 

31  4 
29  10 
31  1 
31    6 


Fldotoationb  in  the  labt  Six  Week's  Avebaqeb. 


Pbices.  July  31.  Aug.  7  Aug.  It.  Aug.  21.  Ago.  28.  Sept.  4 


.443  9<J- 
'43     7 

41     2 

40     0 

39     7 

39    7 


LivEEPOoL,  TdesDay,  Sept.  7, — There  has  been  a  good  de. 
mand  at  our  market  to-daj ,  and  nearly  all  sold  up. — — Pbidat, 
Sept.  3. — The  weather  since  Tuesday  has  been  all  that  the 
farmer  could  desire  to  secure  his  crops,  and  eveu  in  late  dis- 
tricts the  harvest  is  growiog  to  a  favourable  close.  The  grain 
market  has  consequently  ruled  dull,  but  there  has  been  no 
pressure  to  sell  good  quality  of  Wheat  and  of  Flour  at  less 
money ;  and  at  our  Corn  Exchange  this  morning,  with  a 
moderate  consumptive  demand,  prices  generally  were  well 
supported.  Egyptian  Beans  improved  Gd.  per  qr.  No  change 
in  the  value  of  any  other  article  of  the  grain  trade. 


Sales  fig  Auction* 

NORBITON  NURSEUT. 
IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  AMERICAN  5  OTHER  PLANTS. 

[V/jESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  hav( 
-^'J  received  instructions  from  Mr.  Smith,  the  celebratec 
raiser  ot"  American  Plants,  to  submit  to  public  competition  b; 
Auction,  at  the  Nuraery,  Norbitoo,  Kingston,  Surrey,  oi 
MONDAY,  September  2i),  at  11  for  13-  o*clock  precisely,  ii 
consequence  of  the  number  of  Lots,  a  considerable  quantity  o 
Scarlet,  Yellow,  and  other  fine  Hybrid  Rhododendrons,  com 
prising  large  Arborea,  Smithii,  Venustum,  Ked  and  Whit< 
Maxiinuta,  and  other  hanly  kinda,  including  Dr.  Hooker*! 
Sikkirn  species  ;  also  larifB  Camellias  and  Azalea  Indica,  wel 
stt  with  blorm  buda  ;  Kulmias,  large  Laurels,  Laurestinus 
Lilium  lancifoliu  ti  in  varieties,  Roses  in  ptite,  &c.  The  stocl 
is  jiarticularly  worthy  the  attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentle 
men  improving  their  collection,  as  well  as  the  Trade,  for  iti 
escellence. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  tbe  sale.  Catalogues  ma; 
be  had  on  application  to  Mr.  Smith,  on  the  premises  ;  of  tht 
principal  Seedsmen  in  Loudon  ;  and  oi'  the  Aactioneera 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Esses. 


UXBRIDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 

NURSERY,    SEED,  AND    FLORISTS*    BUSINESS. 

IVj  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  directei 

■*-'-*'  by  the  Trustee  for  Sale  and  Mi>rtga{,'ee,  fo  sell  by  Auction 
at  the  Marl,  Barlholomew-lane,  early  in  October,  in  one  Lo 
(if  not  previously  disposed  of  bv  private  conrr»ct),  the  valuabl 
Leases  and  Goodwill  of  the  UXBRIDGE  NURSERY,  whicl 
has  been  establishid  upwards  of  20  years;  also  the  whole  o 
the  celebrated  NURSERY  STOCIC,  riding  over  from  12  to  1! 
acres,  comprising  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees  of  the  first  description 
and  rich  assortment  of  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees 
Deciduous  Shrub.^,  and  American  PUnts;  together  with  th 
Greenhouses,  and  tbe  Choice  Greenhouse  Plants,  Pits,  Framee 
Seeds,  Drawers,  and  suodry  effects.  Particulars,  which  ar^ 
being  prepared,  may  be  had  of  Messrs.  Tdstin  and  Pateesou 
Solicitors,  4,  Biide-court,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars  ;  am 
of  Messrs.  PitoTHBaoE  and  Mosais,  Aucuoueers  and  Valuers 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


COCHIN    CHINA    AND    OTHER    POULTRY. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  seU  by  Auction,  at  hi! 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUES 
DAY,  21st  September,  at  12  for  1  o*cl'»ek.  an  aasemblage  o 
about  100  PAIRS  OF  COCHIN  CHINA  AND  OTHEI 
FOWLS,  of  the  purest  blood,  from  ttie  collections  of  Mr.  A 
Stainton,  Homsey-road,  Holloway,  and  several  other  wel 
known  Amateurs  ;  among  them  will  be  founi  many  of  grea 
weight,  and  some  from  birds  that  have  ob'.ained  prizes  at  thi 
Birmingham  and  Halifax  Shows  :  tbey  are  from  the  celebratet 
breeds  of  Sturgeon,  Punchard,  Moody,  Fletcher,  Gwynne,  <fcc. 
of  the  favourite  colours,  and  in  excellent  condition.  Alsi 
three  Skye  Terriers,  18  months  and  2  years  old. — May  be  viewe) 
tbe  niornine  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

STOCK    ANO    CROPS    O.?    A    MARKET    GARDENER. 

MESSRS.  DAVIES  and  VIGERS  have  beei 
instructed  by  the  Proprietor  to  sell  by  Auction  on  thi 
premises,  Lawn-lane,  South  Lambeth,  on  TUESDAY,  2l3t  o 
September,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  the  whole  of  the  STOCK  am 
CROPS  on  the  Land,  with  a  large  quantity  of  Rhubarb-rooii 
of  the  best  varieties.  Mint-roots  for  forcing,  Boxes  and  Lights 
Hand-glasses  and  Bells,  Baskets,  a  quantity  of  Manure,  : 
Dennett  nearly  new,  LigHt  Chaise  Cures  and  Market  Garti 
and  Wheelbarrows,  A  young  and  active  Cart  Gelding.  6  yean 
old,  a  handsome  Nag  15  hands  high,  6  years  old,  and  very  fast 
and  a  variety  of  useful  and  valuable  property.  To  be  vietvei 
the  day  before  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  ot 
the  premises  ;  of  Mr.  J.  Bell,  Covent  Garden  Market ;  o 
Mr.  Ingledew,  Borough  Market;  and  of  tbe  Auctioneers 
3,  Frederick'a-place,  Old  Jewiy. 
N.B.  Time  will  be  allowed  for  clearing  the  Rhubarb  roots. 


NURSERY,     SEED,     AND     FLORIST     BUSINESS 

HOPE  NURSERIES,  NEAR  BEDALE,  YORKSHIRE. 

Situate  one  mile  north  of  the  Sinderby  Station  of  the  Leedj 

Northern  Railway. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  the  Business  which  ha 
been  successfully  carried  on  by  the  late  Mr,  Wu.  Mai 
upwards  of  25  years.  The  premises  comprise  40  acres,  26  o 
which  are  occupied  as  Nurseries,  with  Snow  and  Propagatin; 
Houses  containing  SOOO  feet  of  Glass.  Part  of  the  purchas 
money  might  remain. — Apply  to  Mr.  Beverley,  Leeds. 


TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  a  first-rate  NURSERY 
and  SEED  BUSINESS,  situated  in  one  of  the  mo( 
populous  of  the  Midland  Towns,  and  surrounded  byia'wealtb 
neighbourhood.  Tbe  connection  has  been  established  30  year) ! 
and  the  returns  are  now  averaging  2000i.  per  annum.  Part  <  j 
tbe  purchase-money  might  remain  on  security  ot  the  stock.- 1 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  toJMessrs.  Noble,  Cooper,  and  Boltoi 
Fleet-street,  London.  | 

TO    GARDENERS    AND    OTHERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  and  entered  on  immediately,  a  con 
fortable  COTTAGE,  and  about  2500  Peet  of  GLASS,  v/i 
stocked  with  excellent  young  Vines  jast  coming  into  full  bearin 
and  either  wiih  or  without  one,  two,  or  more  Acres  of  Gardei 
Orchard,  and  other  Lands,  as  may  be  convenient  to  a  pers( 
taking  tbe  same.  Situated  at  Aldermoor,  about  3  miles  fro 
the  iuoreasingly  populous  town  of  Southampton,  which  coi 
municates  by  railway  with  the  Metropolis  and  all  other  par 
of  England.— For  particulars  apply  to  James  Tee,  Aldermoc| 
Shirley,  Southampton. 


TO  NURSERYMEN  AND  FLORISTS. 
ri^O  BE  LET  OR  SOLD,  a  SMALL  NURSER 
J-  at  Oamberwell,  with  three  Greenhouses,  Pits,  ifcc,  a 
about  1  acre  of  ground. — Full  particulars  may  be  had  of  1 
Jeffebiss,  Nurseryman,  Albany-road,  Camberwell,  and  Mess 
Fbotheboe  and  Mobbis,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

'-r'HE  ZOOLOGICAL  GAEiJ)ENS,  REGENT 
-■-  PARK,  areopen  to  Visitors  daily.  The  Collection  now  c< 
tains  upwards  of  1500  specimens,includins  two  fine  Chimpanze 
tbe  Hippopotamus  (presented  by  H.H.  the  Viceroy  of  Egyj 
Elephants,  Rhinoceros.  Giraffes,  and  young  Leucoryx,  Elan 
Bonte-boks,  Camels,  Zebras,  Lions,  Tigers,  Jaguars,  Bea 
Ostriches.and  the  Apteryx  presented  by  tbe  Lientenant-Goven 
of  New  Zealand,  All  Visitors  are  now  admitted  to  Mr.  Goul 
collection  of  Humming  Birds  without  any  extra  charge. 

The  Baud  of  the  Ut  Life  Guards  will  perform,  by  permiBBl 
of  Cot.  Hall,  on  every  Saturday,  at  Four  o'Clock,  until  fartl 
notice.— Admission,  One  Shilling  ;  on  MONDAYS,  SiXPEM 

NEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without   detach: 

any  of  its  parts,  packs  in  a  sponge  butb,  is  admira 
adapted  for  summer  ui-e,  on  account  of  its  extreme  coolof 
and  which  can  be  changed  in  one  moment  from  a  bed  b 
lounge  or  FOfa  for  tbe  sitting-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLEN'S,  76,  Oxford-street, 
where  aiso  ie  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Metallic  Bedatet 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  &c.  &c.,  toget 
with  a  large  assortment  of  tbe  Patent  Radiating  and  o( 
Stoves,  atid  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery, 


37— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


591 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRCSU  and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tootb-Brash 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
aivisiona  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaniop  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary  manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— IJ.  An  Improved  Clotbes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  ui^ual  time,  and  incapable  of  injurins  the  finestnap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brn'^heB,  with  tho  durable  unbleached  Rus. 
iian  bristleSj  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
,  Brurihes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerfalfriction.  Velvet- 
Brashes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
iiLinner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  preserved 
raluable  properties  of  absorption,  Titality,  and  durability,  by 
'  neans  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  witb  all  intermediate 
I'jarties'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
j  .uiurv  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
iBiNGLET,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  130b,  Oxford-street, 

■  Dne  door  from  Holies-street,  London. 

■  IIETCALFE'S  ALKALI>'E  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  perboi. 
1  Caution. —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  Metcalfe's,*' 
( adopted  by  some  houses. 


\T\0     YOU     WANT     LUXURIANT     HAIR, 

'JL'    WHISKERS,    &c.?— Emily   Dean's   CRIXILENE    has 

(jeen    many    years    established  as    the   only  preparation   that 

';an  be  rehed  upon  for  the  Restoration  of  the  Hair  ia  Baldness 

rom  any  cause,  presenting  the  Hair  falling  off,  strengthening 

veak  Hair,  and  checking  Greyness,  and  for  the  production  of 

iThiskers,   Monetachios,  Eyebrows,  &c.,  in  three  or  four  weeks 

vith  certainty.  Itis  an  elegantly  scented  compound,  and  will  ba 

ent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  21  postage  stamps,  by  Miss  Dean, 

7  A,    Mao  cheater-street,   Gray's-inn-road,  London.     At  honoe 

lailv,  from    11  till  7. — "It  perfectly  restored  my  Hair,  after 

;vea   years'  baldness."   Major    Hike,  Jersey. —  "  Crinilene  is 

he   best  gtimuiant  for  the  hair  I  have  ever  analysed."  Dr. 

?bomson,  Regent-square, 


RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 

DR.  LESLIE   continues  to  supply  tlie  afflicted  with 
his  celebrated  Remedy  for  this  alarming  complaint,  the 
reat   success   of  which,   for  many  years  past,    renders    any 
ir:h'3r  comment  unnecessary.     It  is  easy  and  painless  in  use, 
ausiog  no  inconvenience  or  confinement,  and  is  applicable  to 
verv  variety  of  single  and  double  Rapture,  however  bad  or 
-'  ' ' -^  ataodiog.  in  male  or  female  of  any  age.    The  remedy 
2  sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  Ts.  6d.  by  Post-jffice  order, 
■j  at  the  General  Posuofiice,  or  postage  stamps,  by  Dr. 
"  F.T   Leslie,   S7   a,    Manchester-street,  Gray's-iun-road, 
n.— At  home  daily,  from  10  till  land  5  till  8  o'clock ; 
55  10  till  1  only. 


A  CLEAR  COMPLEXION. 
-^  ODFUEY'S     EXTRACT     OF     ELDER 

J     FLOWERS    is     strongly  recommended    for    Softening, 

npr'>Ting,  Beautifying,  and  Preserving  the  SKIN",  and  giving 

.  b''5omiog  and  charming  appearance,  being  at  once  a  most 

i:t  perfume  and  delightful  cosmetic.    It  will  completely 

=  Tan,  Sun-barn,  Redness,  &c.,  and  by  its  balsamic  and 

.'  quaiiiie^,  renJer  the  sktn  soft,  pliable,  and  free  from 

-?,  scarf,   (tc,    dear  it  from  every  humour,  pimple,  or 

u  ;  and  by  con-iouing  its  use  only  for  a  short  time,  the 

Lll  become  and  cominue  soft  and  smooth,  and  the  com- 

a  perfectly  clear  and  beautifiil. — Sold  in   bottles,  price 

,  with  directions  for  aaiog  it,  by  all  Medicine  Venders 

■ ;  rfumera. 


^HE  COMFORT  of  a  FIXED  WATER-CLOSET 

-  iorll  — Placesin  cardens  converted  into  com'ortahle  water- 
3-=et5  by  the  PATENT  HERMETIOaLLY-SE ALED  PAN, 
.'.h  its  self-acting  water  trap  vaWe,  entirely  preventing  the 
:!irn  of  cold  air  or  effluvia.     Price  li.     Any  carpenter  can  fix 

i:i   two  hoars.      Indispensable  for    health  in  hot  weather. 

7'atent  Hermetically-Sealed  Inodorous  Ciramodes  for  the 

J  >m  1    price   II.   is.,  '11.6s.,   and  3J.     A  prospectus  with 

.    : -ings.  forwarded  by  enclosing  a  post  stamp. — At  Fife  and 

,  ^    J*;,  Tavistock  street,  Covent-garden,  London. 

PATRIMONIAL     ALLIANCE     ASSOCIATION, 

^-*-     LESALLY    ESTABLlSaED.    1819.      Head    Offices,— 
'  -  "jO  ;  UnooloVInn-Fields  Chambers,  and  2,  Portsrcouth- 

-  .:,  Liocoln's-Inn-Ficlde.  Branch  Offices  :  Liverpool,  BriPtol, 

UancheBter.     Aberdeeu,     and    Dublin.      Confidential 
.=  :  R.  Warwick,  Eaq. 

TRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCtATION.     Conducted 

•i    system    so    successfully    adopted    on   the    Cootinent, 

7  established  a^  a  medium  for  the  introduction  of  both 

iQknown  to  each  other,  who  are  desirous  of  entering  into 

■  nony.      None  but  respectable  parties  negotiated    with. 

-nis  may  aign  by  iniJdal  or  otberwise.     Full  particulars, 

Tinted  form-i  of  application,  list  of  agents,  and  tnstruc- 

^'eot  free  on  receipt   of  six  postage   stamps,  by  Hdqo 

-Kr.roitD.    Esq.,   Secretary.     Registrar's    Offices:    Lincoln's- 

!j-FieldH  Chambers,  and  Xo.  2,  Portsmouth-street, Lincoln's- 

t-t  ields,  I.ondon. 


TABLE  AND  DESSERT  KNIVES,  IN  CASES. 
T  ECHI,    Cutler,     4,    Leadenhall-street,    has    an 

^  'excellent  variety  of  perfectly  new  Patterns  in  Ivory, 
.  and  Agate  DESSERT  KNIVES,  in  CA-Eii,  and  every 
■,>:iiiatt(  Table  Knives,  etceltent  in  quality  and  reasonable 
.70.  AIao  a  variety  of  Kolfe  Sharpeners,  several  new 
r,«,  WharnclifTi  Peoknive«,  Soiesora,  Razors,  Strops, 
nod  Sharing  Bmsbea,  4cc.  His  Rnzor-strops  and  Pa<>te 
:  1 1  worth  the  aitentioQ  of  those  who  iind  shaving  difficult. 


loLLOWAY'S  OINTMENT  AND   PILLS, 

1-    ASToKffiHlHO    aeJKBDIES    FOR    TUE    CUHS    OF 

^     AyZROVa   WOU.SDS.— ExTTBctof  a  letter  from  John  Noble, 

'     J..  M«yoT  n(  B  •itmi.  dai*d  \iigmill2th,  1852,  "  To  Professor 

illoway.  JJeir  S  r:  Mrs.  Sarah  Dixon,  of  Liquorpond-wtreet, 

iton,  bai  thta  day  dep'^ffld  before  mn  that  nne  wan  nffiicced 

h  ale«r«  on  her  «rm«,  f#et,  ondjonmorou*  prirtu  of  hor-toody  ; 

I  although  th*!  firi'  ra«'lickl  adricv  wu  pr'jcurArl,  at  tho  cost 

>  larg«!  mim  of  morn^,  sfai  obtained  no  relief,  but  became 

'««.     Beiii>{  advi»«d  to  try  your  invaluable    Pilln  and  Oiot- 

it  ihe  did  so,  and  pftrieTcied  In  their  ui'-,  by  which  means 

hM  b«no  r>crreo*iy  cured." — H'lld  by  all  OraggiHtH,  and  at 

tmtor  Holuiwai'b  Eittub.lshment,  21t,  Strand,  London. 

^'  'EIMSTONE'3   EYE    SNUFF. —  «  London,    25, 

li,  '  K-pp-.'-strfot,  July  21,  iy52,— I  hereby  oertlfy  that  tho 
,^  ••vff  invontcd  and  rnvnufuritured  by  Mr.  Wm.  Grlmntono, 
'Z  htllerhary,  HigiiKtiie,  li  qal'efr<^e  from  tobacco,  and  oom- 
'_^  «e6  of  h«rh%  rtpibleof  <*vcri'inff  mildly  tho  pituitary  fjlnridii, 
,-j  hoot  ex'^rci»ln(f  any  ■aiJi'''|'i';nt  n'lr'.'oitc  action  oa  tho 
\^  lealoT/^n-.  TnesnufF  H  ihernrorft  a'Japtnd  to  rnllevo  oon- 
''  ^  rtoot  ■ff'cMnjt  tfte  brain  and  the  virion,  Andrew  IJr*,  M.I)., 
l.S,,  Fro.e««'>r  of  OncmiAtry  aai  Annlytiol  O'Krrnlnt."  The 
if»  li  th<t  rf«f)lt  of  an  aonlytiiii  of  (Jrirn«iioii«'«  Ryn  HnolT 
id  by  the  Hpanish  Cnn>a>  Oenerol  (Morquio  of  tlByaino, 
,^)  tt  K«veiiije  p>irp'i«e*.  — W.  OftiMHTuxr..  I>nfK>t  for  hid 
^  namt\r.  ItM^enar^Vtr,  the  only  article  th«t  will  produco  a  new 
'Jv  iHfaof  Hair,  t'lld  Iq  trinni^ular  bottle*,  4«.,  7f,,  llj,  oacIi, 
f^  h  pamphlet  of  real  tvvilrn'rnlalM  ;  «l«o  hl«  exlen«lva[y  fmned 
rb  Tobicr.o,  (h«  tmoka  Kqualiany  Orlontal  Pantllle,  Od.  per 
xe,  U.  f>er  pound,  62,  Iltffb-ttreet,  New  Oxford.^treet. 


Nolo  readT/,  price  10s.  6d.  cloth  hoards,  witli  very  co'pious  Index,  Volume  V.  of 

OTES    AND     QUERIES: 

A    MEDIUM    OF 

INTER-COMMTJUICATION    FOS   LITEEASY    MSN,    ARTISTS, 
ANIiaUAEIES,    GEITEALOSISTS,    ETC. 


This  Volume,  the  First  of  the  Enlarged  Series,  contains  Articles  by  the  most  distinguished  Scholars  of  the 
daj',  upon  the  following  subjects,  among  many  otliers  of  interest :  — 

LITERARY  HISTORY.-Defoe's  Pamphlets— Addison 

and  his  Hymns — Lord  Kin^  aoi  the  Sclatera — Gibber's  Live3 
of  the  Poets — Collins— David  Mallet — John  Goodwin's  Pam- 
phlets—Young's Narcissa — Macaronic  Poe'.ry — Cowley  and 
his  Monument — Deau  Swift's  Library. 


Bl  BLIOGRAPHY.—Jocelya's  Legacy —Goldsmitli  on  tlie 

Cock-lane  Ghost,  and  History  of  Mechlenburgh— Dr.  Johnson 
— Expurgated  Quaker  Bible— /.iter  Con/ormitiaiMHi— Bowyer 
Bible— Baxter's  Heavy  Shove. 

BIOGRAPHY.  — Butler    at    Ludlow    Castle  —  General 

Wolfe— Old  Countess  of  Desmond— Churchill  the  Poet— The 
Counts  Konigsmark — Sterne — John  Tradescant  the  Younger 
an  Englishman— Thomas  Crawfurd— Sir  A.  CummiHi;— Auto- 
biography of  William  Oldys— Rev.  J.  Paget— Rev.  M.  Gay, 

POPULAR  MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS.-Boiling  to 

Death— Papers  of  Perjury— South  Sea  Playing  Cards— Dial 
Mottoes- Pilgrimages  to  Holy  Land— Burials  in  Woollen— 
Boy  Bishops— Serjeants'  Rings  and  Mottoes— Plague  Stones. 

POPULAR  SAYINGS.— Long   Meg   of  Westminster — 
Brother  Jonathan— Men  of  Kent  and  Kentish  Men. 

FOLKLORE.— Populai*  Stories  of  English   Peasantry 

—Seventh  Sons- New  Yeai's  Bain— Lent  Crocking— Valen- 
tine's Day— Bee  Superstitions,  &G. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  SHAKSPEARE,    his  Life  and 

Writings,  by  Messrs.  J.  P.  CoiUar,  Corney,  Hickson,  Singer, 
A.E.B."  and  other  Writers. 

OLD    ENGLISH    LITERATURE.  —  Illustrations      of 

Chaucer— Old  Flemish  and  Old  English  Literature  carapared 

Thomas  Bastard  and  his  Poems — Ben  Jooson — Ballads  of 

Lord  Delaware— The  Miller'fl  Melody— Not  long  ago  I  drunk 
a  full  Pot,  &Q. 


GLOSSARIAL  NOTES. -Meaning  of  Era  Garsecg,&c 
—Provincial  Dialects— Corrupted  Names  of  Places— Scoto- 
Gallicisms. 

GENEALOGY  AND  HERALDRY.-Taylor  Family- 
Sheriff*  and  Lord  Lieutenants — Richard,  Earl  of  Chepstow 

St.  George's  MSS.— Isabel,  Qaeen  of  Mann— Duchess  of 
Lancaster — Notte  of  Imbijrcourt— Sir  Richard  Pole. 

ENGLISH,   SCOTCH,  AND   IRISH    HISTORY.-The 

Garter  of  George  III. — Bonaparte  and   Lord    Whitworth 

Algernon  Sydney  —  Danes  in  England— Junius  Queries- 
Speaker  Lenthall— Lady  Arabella  Stuart — Scotti'ih  Regal— 
— The  Lord  Marchers  of  Wales— Where  was  Auna  Boleyn 
buried  ?— Birthplace  of  St.  Patrick  — Earl  of  Errol— Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots'  Monument  at  Antwerp — Three  Estates  of  the 
Realm. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ANTIQUITIES.-General  Pardons 
—Collars  of  S3.— Broad  Arrow— Stone  Pillar  Worship— Last 
of  the  Paiasologi  —  English  Surnames  —  Sainted  Kings 
incorruptible — Rhymes  on  Places— Cagotg,  &c. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY,  &C.-Moravian  Hymns 
— Roman  Index  Eipargatorius-Qospel  Oaks— Can  a  Clergy- 
man marry  himself  ?  — Coverdale's  Bible  — St.  Paul  aad 
Aristotle— Simon  of  Sudbury— Raster's  Pulpit- Can  Bishops 
vacate  their  Sees— The  Book  of  Jasher— The  King  Finger. 

FINE  ARTS,  MUSIC,  &C.-EagUsh  Free  Towns  — 
Portraits  of  Purcell— Ancient  Timber— Town  Halls— Old 
Music— Miniatures  of  Cromwell — Market  Croasos- System  of 
Musical  Notation. 

NUMISMATICS.-Eaglish  Historical  Medals  —  Coins 
of  Vabilathus- Bronze  Medals. 

NATURAL  HISTORY.-Age  of  Trees— Liundations  and 

their  Phenomena— Many  Chitdren  at  a  Birth— Tho  Fish  called 
Veadace — Salmon  Fisheries — Dodo  Queries — Longevity. 


Notes  and  Qceeies  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  bring  before  the  General  Readee  every  week  a  vast  amonot  of  Curious 
and  Interesting  Intormalion. 

It  is  especially  intended,  as  its  name  implies,  to  assist  Men  of  Letters  and  of  Research  in  their  pursuits.  Those  who  meet 
with  facts  worrhj  of  preservation  may  record  them  in  its  oolum^ns ;  while  those,  again,  who  ara  pursuin:;  literary  inquiries 
may,  through  this  Medium,  aak  for  inforoiation  on  points  which  have  baffled  their  own  individual  researchas.  How  ofceu  is 
even  the  best-informed  writer  stopped  by  an  inability  to  solve  some  d^iabt  or  understand  some  obscure  allusitn  which  suddenly 
starts  up  before  him  !  How  often  does  a  reading  man  stumble  upon  some  elucidation  of  a  doubrfal  phrase  or  disputed  passage  ; 
— some  illustration  of  an  obsolete  custom  hitherto  unnoticed  ;  -some  biographical  anecdote  or  precise  date  hitherto  unrecorded  ; 
— some  book,  or  some  edition,  hitherco  unknown  or  imperfectly  described. 

Ttiis  Publication,  as  everybody's  Comuun-place  B  'Ok,  will  be  a  depository  for  those  who  6nd  suoh  material^,  and  a 
resource  for  those  who  are  in  search  of  them  ;  and  will  thus  eventually  become  a  most  useful  supplemeac  to  works  already  in 
existence, — a  treasury  for  enriching  future  editions  of  them, — and  an  important  contribution  towards  a  more  perfect  hiSvory 
than  we  yet  p:isnes8  of  our  Language,  our  Literature,  and  those  to  whom  we  owe  them. 

NiiTES  AND  QoEEies,  which  has  been  permanently  eoiargedto  Tweoty-four  Pages,  is  publislied  every  Saturday,  price  4d., 
Stamped  d<2,,  and  in  Parts  at  the  end  of  each  Month.    A  Specimen  £I<amberaent  ou  receipt:  of  hve  postage  stamps. 


Lord  Braybrooke. 
John  Britton,  Esq. 
John  Bruce,  Eaq. 
J.  Burtt,  Esq. 
W.  D.  Christie,  Esq, 
J.  P.  Collier,  Eaq. 
W.  D.  Cooper,  Ebq. 
Boltm  Corney,  Esq. 
P.  Cunningham,  Esq. 
Rev.  T .  Corser. 
Dr.  Dalton. 
Profeesor  De  Morgan. 
Hepworth  Dixon,  Esq. 
Sir  Fortunatus  Dwarris. 


The  Numbers  already 
Sir  Henry  Ellis. 
G.  Forbes.  Esq. 
E.  Foss,  Esq. 
Rev.  A.  G-atty, 
Henry  Hallam,  Esq. 
J.  O.  Halliwell,  Esq, 
E.  Hawkins,  Esq. 
Rev,  J.  Hunter. 
Samuel  Hickson,  Esq. 
Duuglas  Jerrold,  Esq. 
Rev.  Dr.  Kennedy, 
R.J.  King,  Esq. 
Rev.  L,  B.  Larking. 


published  cootaln  Articles  by 
Marc  Antony  Lower,  Esq. 
W.  B.UacCabe,  Esq. 
Rev.  S.  R.  Miitland,  D.D. 
Sir  F.  Madden. 
J.  H.  Marbland,  Esq, 
J.  E.  B.  Mayor,  E=q. 
Lord  MonsoQ. 

R.  MoncktonMilne'',Edq.,M.P. 
George  Ormerod,  Esq. 
J.  R.  PlanchL',  Esq. 
E.F.  RimbauU,  Esq. 
Rev.  l>r.  Rock. 
S.  W.  Singer,  Esq. 


E.  Smirke,  Esq. 
George  S'-opheiis,  Esq. 
E.  Strickland,  Esq, 


Earl  of  Shaftesbury. 

W.  J.  Thorns,  Esq. 

B.  Thorpe,  Esq. 

Rev.  J.  H,  Todd,  D.D. 

Sir  W.  C.  TrevelyaUj  Bart. 

T.H.  Turner,  E-^q. 

Rev.  Henry  Walter. 

Albert  Way,  E>q. 

Benjamin  B.  Witfen. 

W.  Yarrell,  Esq.,  &c.,  &c. 


On  tlie  following  Subjects,  among  others  : — 


Literary  History. 

Bibliography, 

Biographical  Illustrations. 

Popular  Manners  and  Customs, 

Origin  of  Proverbial  Siiyings. 

Folk-Lore. 

Ballads  and  Old  Poetry. 

Illustrations  of  Shakapeore. 


Illustrations    of   Chaucer  and    Early 

English  Literature. 
Glossarial  Note-. 
Notes  on  Hallaui,  Macaulay,  i;c. 
Genealogy  and  lleraidry. 
Miscellaneous  Antiquities. 
Ecclesiastical  History. 


Writings   of   English    and  Continental 

Reformers. 
■History  of  London  and  its  Neighbourhood 
Remarkable  Events  in  Englidh  History, 
Anglo-Saxon  Literature. 
Kine  Arts. 
Natural  History,  die,  ikc. 


OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 


"  Thorc  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  value  of  a  literary  Medium 
of  thiH  peculiar  kind." — AUicnoiWKi. 

"  We  like  tho  plan  much.  *  "  We  wish  success  to  a  publica- 
tion which  promisee  to  be  agreeable,  intelligent,  and  useful."— 
Literary  Gazette. 

"This  publication  promises  to  fill  up  a  void  that  ha<4  con. 
stantly  been  lameut'id  by  every  pi-rHOu  cngafi;ed  in  any  parti- 
cular branch  of  study  that  required  oicperlvnce  and  rofieirch, 
*  *  It  Ik  a  publication  In  which  all  literary  persnus  mufit  feci  a 
deep  inturuHt,  and  that  han  uur  heartiest  wishes  for  its  suc- 
ce»H."— -Vomitjjf  UoraUi. 

"This  is  a  new  periodical,  with  a  now  idea,  and  ono  that 
mill  be  Hure  to  receive  UDCouraf{om<tnt  amunKst  floholura  and 
readurfl  really  duttervlng  ihat  app'-llatioii." — H'eckli/  P^'cws. 

"  That  vuluible  puhUcatl'in,  tho  '  Noio«  and  (iaoriea,'  so 
anRplcluLinly  commeiicud," — New  UcU'a  Mce-icwfcr. 

*'  With  nhomioever  tho  idea  of  puhUHhliiK  this  UHoful  and 
intorofctinK  pertodlunl  first  urigintttud,  tliar.  purnon  tn  cniitlod 
to  tho  thiiuk*  of  cvfirj  uuthrjr,  antiquat^,  and  ncholnr  of  tho 
Uidud  Kingdom.  *  "  Wu  rccomuiurid  in  all  itlnuurity  tho 
'  NoUio  (iiid  t^oiTiuH  '  to  the  utioutlon  of  lovers  of  iituraturo  in 
(^cncrul," — Morniiiff  I'ott. 

''A  nirdliiin  ot  iituir.communioatlon  for  nion  engaifod  In 
»tudl<>uii  jmriuttt  of  tho  highosc  value.     Its  faullLtloH  4'or  ooN' 


lecting  out-of-the-way  information  on  doubtful  or  dittpiited 
poiut»  are  great;  and  all  who  are  engaf^uil  in  partioulur  de- 
partments of  literary  inquiry,  or  in  the  editing  of  any  of  the 
old  English  writers,  will  do  well  to  avail  thtimsolvea  oi  '  Notes 
and  Ciueries.'" — Examivcr. 

"  Its  utility  to  scholars,  artists,  antiquarians,  haB  conducted 
this  periodical  to  a  litnge  of  Itfn  when  it  may  bo  said  to 
hiiVH  woalherod  tho  danger  of  infancy.  *'  *  The  utility  of  the 
work.aH  a  medium  of  intcr-oommuuicntlon,  U,  of  courHO,  Its 
fii-Kt  feature  ;  hu'.  its  numbers  also  foi  in  a  colUciloa  of  ourioua 
anec'ioto  and  KOSfiip." — ^pcct'tlor. 

"  Wo  hfivo  pi-ruHid  with  iiitonao  intorost  ovi>ry  number  of 
this  pcrlodiotil  ns  it  hu«  ap()oanid.  W«  h  ivo  found  timt  as  it 
has  proceedud  it  han  incroused  In  importiinoo  and  in  valae ; 
and  wu  havo  Uttic  doubt  that,  c.>niinuli>K  to  be  mnntigod  us  it 
has  been,  and  uh  uiirufully  edited  as  it  is  uc  pi'osent,  it  must 
bi'coriio  ati  ouiabUshod  oluhs^boolc  in  every  llbi-tiry." — Dublhi 
Rcoicw. 

"Tiiu  work  Imvinff  beon  oonductod  with  uiiHAggliig  spirit, 
and,  we  uro  liuppy  to  add,  untnitlug  good  t»Hlo,  has  alroady 
Hvcurvd  itnOlf  a  respoctablu  pluoo  tu  public  oitr/imatloti.  "  *  Wu 
inuHC  now  take  lifuvu  ot  our  plunsant  uotDinporary,  and,  iu 
doing  HO,  oaiiaot  but  oxprotH,  an  nmnihcrH  ol  tho  rupublicof 
lutturH,  our  K'''^(>^ful  Hun<(u  of  his  uHuful  u,ntl  motiturKiue 
labourH." — ClutmOera'  EUinhxirgh  Jbuniot. 


Gbohoe  BttLt,  l^G,  Fleot-Btrcet ;  and  by  order  of  all  BooIceoUoi'a  and  Newsmen. 


592 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.       [Sept.  II. 


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Contents :— 
Agricultural  Geology  of  North-Eastern  America.— James  F. 

W,  Johnston. 
Production  of  Butter. — Thomas  Rowlandson. 
Farmin;^  of  NorthamptonBhire. — William  Beam. 
Experiments  in  Futteoing  Cattle. — Colonel  Douall. 
Power  of  Soils  to  absorb  Manure.— J.  Thomas  Way. 
Manufacture  of  Sugar  from  Beet-Root.— Joha  Wilson. 
Improved  System  of  Irrigation. — John  Btckford. 
SyBtem  of  Lajing-out  Catch-Meadows.— Sir  Stafford  North- 
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Mr.  Pusej's  Note  on  the  Same. 

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Manure  from  Sewage  Water.— Thornton  J.  Herapatb, 
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In  the  press,  and  will  speedily  be  published, 
Part  I.    8vo., 

FOLIA    ORCHIDACEA.— An   Enumeration  of  the 
known  species  of  ORCHIDS:  with  brief  notes  upon 

ALL,  AND  THE  DISTINCTIVE    CHAEACTEEB    OF    SDCH    AS    ABE    NOT 

MENTIONED  IN  THE  GENERA  and  SPECIES  of  ORCHIDA- 
CEOUS PLANTS. 

BY  PROFESSOR   LINDLEY. 

The  work  upon  which  the  present  Enumeration  is  founded 
was  commenced  in  April,  3830,  and  terminated  in  October, 
1810.  Twenty-two  years  hare  therefore  elapsed  since  its 
commencement,  during  which  period  the  advance  of  discovery 
has  been  so  rapid  that  numerous  genera  have  been  added 
to  what  were  then  known,  others  have  baeo  Fubdivided 
or  wholly  remodelled,  and  multitudes  of  ftpecies  have  been 
introduced,  and  published  in  so  many  difierent  works,  that 
their  ideaiificHtion  has  become  attended  with  very  great 
difficulty.  In  1830  the  Orchidaceous  plants  of  tropical  America 
were  scarcely  knuwa  in  either  Gardens  or  Herbaria  ;  of  late 
years  they  have  multiplied  enormously ;  those  of  the  Philippines 
were  unheard  ot;  and  the  numerous  Javan  species  were  only 
puzzles  which  none  but  the  Dutch  had  the  means  of  unravelling. 
At  the  present  day  we  have  actually  in  cultivation  a  greater 
number  of  Orchids  than  were  known  In  1830  from  books  and 
herbaria  taken  togeihcr.  As  an  example  the  genus  Maadevallia 
may  be  mentioned  ;  in  1S33  supposed  to  consist  of  only  three 
species,  and  to  belong  to  the  section  called  Yandese,  but  now 
known  to  include  between  30  and  40  species,  and  to  De  a  true 
Malaxenus  geous,  nearly  related  to  Pleurothallis. 

The  auth'>r  feels  that  under  such  circumstancps  it  is  time 
that  the  ground  over  which  he  formerly  paesed  should  be 
re-examined,  and  that  he  should  once  more  endeavour  to 
collect  into  a  scientific  form  the  copious  materials  still  unpub- 
lished, or  scattered  through  volumes  which  are  inaccessible  to 
-those  who  have  not  constant  access  to  large  libraries. 

In  doing  ihis,  however,  the  nature  of  the  subject  compels 
him  to  follow  an  uimaual  plan  of  publication.  Although  the 
greater  psrtof  the  genera  of  this  Natural  Family  have  now 
"been  examined  by  liimself  and  reduced  to  order,  their  true 
structure  OBcertaiued,  and  their  place  in  a  systemaiical  arrange- 
ment determined,  yet  there  is  still  a  considerable  number 
concerning  which  he  has  no  sufficient  information.  If  genera 
were  to  follow  in  the  present  work  in  regular  sequence,  accord- 
ing  to  some  eetablished  plan  of  arrangement,  it  must  necessarily 
happen  that  an  infiufficiently  known  genus  would  require  to  be 
introduced  as  soon  as  it  was  reached  in  the  publicaiion, 
whether  useful  inturmalion  concerning  it  had  been  gained  or 
not ;  and  tijo  possible  result  would  be  to  place  it  in  the  classifi- 
cation  where  it  is  has  no  claim  to  remain.  For  the  purpose  of 
avoiding  this  inconvenience  each  genus  will  be  pa^'ed  separ- 
ately— or  printed  on  a  single  leaf  if  it  does  not  require  more 
space.  By  this  means  no  genus  need  appear  uotil  something 
certain  is  known  ab  jut  it :  and  the  best  known  genera  can  be 
taken  first.  At  the  completion  of  the  work  they  can  all  be 
arranged  according  to  whatevei-  method  further  experience  and 
accumulated  information  shall  show  to  be  most  expedient. 
In  the  meanwhile  the  reader  can  either  retain  the  genera 
in  the  order  of  publication,  or  place  them  tempornrily  in  alpha- 
betical order,  or  arrange  them  in  the  manner  proposed  in  the 
author's  "  Vegetable  Kingdom."  No  inconvenience  will  attend 
disturbing  tbe  work  as  it  proceeda,  becauae  no  pages  will  be 
used  for  the  short  genera,  and  each  large  genus  will  he  paged 
by  itself ;  the  date  of  publication  being  indicated  at  the  bottom 
of  the  tirbt  page  of  each.  This  will  he  readily  understood  by  a 
jeference  to  the  first  part  of  the  work. 

Tbe  author  would  solicit  continued  assistance  from  those 
botanists  who  can  render  it,  especially  as  regards  the  Orchids 
of  Polynesia,  South  Peru,  the  north-west  coast  of  New  Holland, 
Borneo,  New  Guinea,  and  the  Dutch  possessions  in  Asia.  The 
materials  which  his  correspondents  may  place  at  his  disposal 
will  be  caiefuUy  examined  and  acknowledged  in  the  work  as  it 
advances.  But  he  is  obliged  to  reqaeat,  firstly,  that  all  speci- 
mens  may  be  good  and  examinable,  such  fragmentg  as  are 
frequently  seuthim  being  wholly  useless  for  scientific  purposes  ; 
and,  secondly,  that  they  may  be  in  all  cases  duplicates  only  ; 
for  he  cannot  undertake  to  send  back  dried  plants  unless  there 
18  some  express  eogagijment  to  that  effect.  In  return  for 
assistance  of  any  extent,  his  correspondents  will  receive  a 
copy  of  the  work  as  it  appears,  provided  they  will  favour 
him  with  the  address  of  some  person  in  London  who  will 
take  charge  of  it. 

J^  MATTHEwg,      Upper  WelUogton-street,  Corent-garden. 


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Annual        pruning  Planting     out,    ar-  distance,  shorten 

time,  principle  of  rangement         of  ing  heads,    &,c, 

execution,  &c,  trees,  &c.  saw    proper    foi 

Binding  up  Pushing  eye,  spring  the  purpose 

Budding  knife  treatment  of  dwarf  GRAFTING,     f 

Budding,    time    of  shoots  from  Aphides,    to    keej  I 

year,  day,  time  of  Roses,  differentsorts  down                     ( 

day,   state  of  the  on  the  same  stock  Free-growers,      re  J 

plantjcareof  buds  Roses,  short  list  of  marks  on 

Budding  upon  body  desirable  sorts  for  Graft,   binding    u] 

Bud,    insertion   of,  budding    with    a  and  finishing 

into  stock  pushing  eye  Grafting,  advantag 

Bud,  preparation  of.  Sap-bud,  treatment  of 

for  use  of  Grafting,  dLisadvan 

Buds,  dormant  and  Shape  of  trees  tage  of 

pushing  Shoots    and    buds.  Operation  in  dlffei 

Buds,  failing  choice  of  ent  months 

Buds,    securing    a  Shoots  for  budding  Preliminary  obsei 

supply  of  upon,   and    their  vations 

Caterpillars,  slugs,  arrangement  Roses,      catalogn 

and     snails,     to  Shoots,        keeping  and  brief  descrij 

destroy  even,  andremov-  tion  of  a  few  sort 

Causes  of  success  ing  thorns  Scion,    preparatio 

Dormant         buds,  Shortening        wild  and  insertion  of 

theory  of  replant-  shoots  Scion,    choice    an 

ingwithexplained  Stocks,  planting  out  arrangement  of 

Guards    against  for  budding  upon;  Stock,   preparatic 

Labelling        [wind  the  means  of  pro-  of 

Loosing  ligatures  curing  ;     colour,  APPENDIX. 

March  pruning  age,  height;  sorts  A  selection  of  vai 

Mixture  for  healing  for  different  spe-  etias 

wounds  cies  of  Rose  ;  tak-  Comparison       bi 

Pruning  for  trans-  ing  up,  trimming  tween      bnddil 

plantation  roots,    sending  a  and  grafting 


Price  55.  Gd.,  cloth. 
Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged, 

ORNAMENTAL  AND   DOMESTIC   POULTRY 
their  History  and  Management.     By  the  Rev.  Edutj 
Saul  Dixom,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Intwood  with  Keswick. 

"  This  book  is  the  best  and  most  modern  authority  that  c 
be  consulted  on  the  general  management  of  Poultry." — Si 
li)ig  Observer,  j 

Just  Published,  price  U.  6d.,  free  by  post  Is.  lOd. 

LABELS     FOR     THE      HERBARIU 
CONSISTING  OF  TBE  NAMES  OF  THE 

Classes,  Alliances,  Orders,  and  Sub-Orde: 

OF 

PROFESSOR  LINDLEY'S  "  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM 
So  printed,  in  large  type,  that  they  can  be  cat  out  and  pas 
into  The  Hebbaeium. 

Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  Ss.  6d.,  the 
Third  Edition  of 

RURAL       CHEMISTRl 
By  Edwaed  Solly,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S., 
Honorary    Member  of  the  Royal    Agricultural   Society 
England,  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticultural  Soci 
of  London,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  In  the   Hon.  E.  I.   C 
Military  Seminary  at  Addiscombe,  &o.  <fec. 

J.  Matthews,  6,  Upper  Wellington-street,  Strand. 


PilDted  by  William  Brahbubt,  of  No  13,  Upppr  Woburn-plnce,  In 
pariBhof  St.  Pancras,  and  Fbkdikick  Mullett  Ev4mb,  of  \o.  7.  Chu 
row.  Stoke  Newiustoo,  both  m  ttie  County  of  aiiddleaex  Printer! 
tlielr  Office  in  Lombard-street,  in  the  Preciuct  of  Whilefriara.  lO 
Citv  of  London;  and  publiphed  by  them  at  the  office,  No.  5,  Chas 
Bire.'l,  in  ihe  parish  of  St,  Paul's  Covent  garden.  In  tbe  said  Con 
when.?  all  Advertiaemflnts  and  Com  muni  cation  a  are  to  be  ADDaBBBI! 
IHB  i.'piroa.— Satubbai,  SariHUBsa  il,  i8b2. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.-The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  38.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    SEPTEMBER  18. 


[Price   6d. 


Ajri.  Society  of  England 604  a 

—  —  —    Joarnal 

of.  rev fi05  a 

Affri.Ifnp.  Society  of  Ireland  .  6 '5  o 

Apples  for  tarta 601  c 

Apricots  on  a  nortb  wall b9S  b 

BritUti  Aiioclatioa 596  b 

Caleodar.  horticultural 600  a 

Charcoal,  peat biS  c 

ChflToleyf^te 605  c 

ChoroEemaa  595  c 

Corroaive  aublimate . . . .  59/  c— 600  c 

Dahlias,  sew &<J9  a 

Entomolosical  Society 693  b 

Farm  accooata 602  a 

Fruit,  importance  of  lijht  to  ..  595  a 

rim<i.develop!iieito( 595  e 

OardenerB'  educatiou.. b97  b 

Guano  or  a  sabKktutfl 603  c 

Holllcfl  kille-i  by  mic8  593  b 

HoUyhock,the 599  6 

Hop,  chutse  of  lex  ia   597  b 

lAtai,  Importance  of 595  a 

Ma^ie^.  uses  of 597  c 

Meloo.  Victoria COO  c 

Mice,  Hollies  killed  hy £9S  t 

Muabrorims,  poisonous 599  c 

—    hone 600  c 

Onions,  Californinan 600  a 

OreUdt,  importatloD  of    595  c 

Oilers 60S  c 


INDEX. 

Pea.aweet  597  6 

Pears  pyramid, ,, 600  c 

Peatcharcoal    596  c 

Petunias  forcoDserTatorieB,.,,  596  e 

Plants,  acclim^tininK 597  a 

Potatoes  in  Kildare    603  c 

—  Mr.  Ealon'a    605  6 

Potato  disease  and  cuttiog  oft 

the  haulm 593  6 

—  disease  and  peat  charcoal  596  e 

—  —    weeds,  pteventlTe  of  593  a 

—  need 597  « 

Pumpkins 600  a 

Eesping  machines    ....  601  6—603  c 

Reriews,  miscellaneoas 59S  e 

Bose,  Cloth  of  Gold  597  c 

—  Manetti 597  c 

—  home 597  b 

Royal  Nursery.  Slough 599  a 

Salatia,  boiled  600   c 

Spiders,  word  ahnnt 593  a 

S  oc«,  reuimc  andbree^ng  ..  603  a 

Sulphuric  add &9S  a 

Toads,  wAsps  eaten  by 593  a 

Tomato  disease. 59ft  6 

Tradr  memoranda 596  e 

Ylrf^iliacnpenHtB 597  a 

Wasps  eatea  by  toads    598  a 

Weeds,  to  eradicate   601  a 

Weeds  a  preventlre  of  Potato 

disease     593  a 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 


J  WEEKS  AND  Co.j  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  moat  splendid  coUectioQ  of  VINES,  very  strong  aod 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  beat  sorts 
for  Planting  or  Feditinq  ikt  Pots. 

Also  an   extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  STOVE   and 

GREENHOUSE   PLANTS,   with  all  new  varieties.    See  our 

Catalogues  devoted  to  each.    Also  our  IlluRtrations  on  Hoaxr- 

cotTUttAL  Bdildinq  and  Heating  by  Hot-wateb. 

J.  Weeks  and  Co,,  King'e-road,  Chelsea. 

A  FEW  FRIENDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Caeton,  once  Gardener  at  Sjou  House,  and  now  wholly 
destitute,  having  formed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  further  aid, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  their  arrangements.— 
Subacriptiona  will  be  received  by  John  Edwaeds,  Esi-,  Wace 
Cottage,  Holioway,  London. 


NATIONAL  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY.— 
Notice  is  hereby  given  that  the  Thirteenth  Meeting  of 
the  Seaaon,  for  the  examination  of  SEEDLINGS,  will  be  held 
on  Thursday,  the  23d  inst.,  when  all  flowers  mu3t  be  staged  by 
1  o'clock,  at  which  hour  the  Censobs  will  assemble.— By  order, 
John  Edwaeds. 


H 


CUTHILL'S   PRINCE  OF  WALES   AND 
BLACK    PRINCE    STRAWBERRY    PLANTS. 

THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES  was  raised  in  1849  ;  it 
is  the  latest  we  have  in  this  country— was  in  bearing 
August!.  The  flavour  is  excellent;  a  scarlet  cooe-ahapad 
fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  Keen ;  throws  its  bloom  well  up, 
foliage  light  green,  and,  like  its  royal  relative  (the  Black 
Prince),  an  enormous  bearer.  If  planted  on  a  northern  aspect, 
it  will  bear  till  Septeoober,  Price  U.  per  100,  or  10s.  Qd.  for  50. 
A  few  plants  extra  allowed  to  tbe  Trade. 

Also  the  celebrated  BLACK  PRINCE,  the  earliest  in 
England.  This  year  they  were  picked  in  the  open  ground, 
at  83.  per  lb,,  by  me.  See  also  Mr.  Meredith's  account  of 
its  forcing  qualities  at  the  Duke  of  Sutherland's.  Are  now 
ready  for  sending  out. 

CoTBiLif's  Pamphlet  on  the  Potato,   Asparagus,    Seakale. 

Rhubarb,  Strawberry,  Melon,  Cucumber,  ttec.  2s..  or  by  post 

id.    Also  his  '*  Market  Gardening  round  London,"  Is.  Qd. 


FRUIT     TREES. 

UGH  LOW  AND  CO.  invite  the  attention  of  the 
Trade  to  their  Stock  of  Maiden  Fruit  Trees.    They  are  I  or  by  post  Is.  Sd.    The  true  Lapstooe  Kidney  8s.  per  bushel- 


of  unusually  fine  growth  this  season,  and  the  collection  com. 
prises  all  the  mo^t  approved  kind3  of  Peaches,  Nectarines, 
Apricots,  Plums,  Pears,  ifcc,  &c.  Also  strong  healthy  treea  of 
£aisba  Apricot  and  Stanwick  Nectarine. 

H.  L.  and  Co.  will  have  pleasure  la  showing  them  to  any 
parties  who  may  visit  their  Nureery. 

Clapton  Nursery,  near  London,  Sept.  is. 


/ESCHYNANTHUS    SPLENDIDUS. 

LUCOMBEj  PINCE,  &  Co.,  are  now  sending  out 
ttroog  healthy  plants  of  their  much-admired  new  Hybrid 
£ftchynantta,  and  they  can  confidently  recommend  it  as  a  plant 
which,  cannot  fall  to  give  general  sattsfactioD.  The  following 
high  ten  tlmo  Dials,  indeed,  sufficiently  justify  them  in  saying  so. 
frice  2ls.  each. 

Dr.  Lindley,  In  the  Oardener^  Chronide,  of  Sept.  11,  1852. 
thus  speaks  of  it:— "Your  hybrid,  '  Splendidus,'  produced 
f.^rom  X..  Bpecio5U3  by  grandifioms,  ia  indeed  a  fine  thing,  one 
of  tbe  heads,  con'aining  more  than  20  scarlet  an  1  yellow  flowers, 
each  between  3  and  1  inches  long,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
objects  we  ever  saw.  A  figure  of  it  vrill  be  given  in  '  Paxton.'  " 
From  the  "Gardeners'  Magazine  of  Botany,"  Dec.  1851:— 
'•  A  hybrid  prodnation,  and  a  very  beautiful  one.  It  is  no  doubt 
the  fioestof  its  race,  which,  a<  is  well  known,  now  contains  many 
Tery  splendid  imported  species.  It  will  prove  a  most  useful 
ornamental  plant,  of  very  easy  culture,  and  tbe  brilliance  of  its 
large  clusters  nf  flowers  will  make  it  conspicuous  amongst  the 
most  showy  plants.  It  is  easily  ctiltivated,  and  the  specimen 
from  which  the  drawing  was  taken  was  grown  in  a  cold  frame, 
and  had  a  cluster  of  upwards  of  a  score  flowers  upon  every 
•hoot," 

From  the  Gardener:^  JoumaJ,,  of  March  13th,  1852  :—'*  The 
•pectes  under  coosidtratlon  (^E  ^chynanthus  splendidus)  is  one 
of  the  moat  recently  introduced,  and  certainly  one  of  the  very 
best."- Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  Sept.  18. 


Post-office  orders  on  Camberwell  Green, 

JAMBS  COTHILL,  Cambebwell,  London. 


DOUBLE  ROMAN  AND  PAPER  WHITE  NAK 
CISSUS,  is.  per  dozen..-  Tho  :''bov(j  b  :"  i,    J fwiiiier  of 

which  is  sojuatly -3^.' L'  ■'■  "  *-i  iy  h'ooming  and  excessive 
fragrance,  and  the  lai-terfor  its  puncy  n.L'1  elegance,  huva  been 
just  received  at  A.  Cobbett'b  Italian  and  Foreign  Warehouse, 
18,  Pall-mall,  near  Waterloo-place,  London. 


STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— The  under-mentioned 
first-rate  varieties,  which  have  all  been  thoroughly  proved 
to  the  satisfaction  of  their  growers,  are  now  ready  for 
sending  out. 

TROLLOP'S  VICTORIA.— This  is  one  of  the  finest  Straw- 
berries ever  yet  sent  out;  it  has  been  exhibited  at  numerous 
exhibitions  last  season  and  this,  and  pro7ed  superior  to  all 
others  for  its  superb  quality,  and,  as  an  early  forcer,  is  not 
equalled  ;  \l.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen  plants. 

CREMONT'S  PERPETUAL  OR  DOUBLE  BEARING- 
STRAWBERRY  ;  II.  per  hundred,  or  3s.  per  dozen. 

MYATT'S  SURPRISE,  extra  fine       lOs.  Od.  per  lOO. 

PRINCE  ARTHUR,  ditto  7     6        „ 

BLACK  PRINCE,  a  first-rate  early  variety  ...    5    0        „ 

PROLIFIC,  very  fine  and  early  6    0        „ 

E  LE  ANOR,  the  best  and  latest  bearing  Straw- 
berry, many  of  the  fruit  growing  to  'l\  oz., 
very  firm,  and  first-rate  for  travelling        ...    6    0        „ 

BRITISH  QUEEN  (true)  8    6        „ 

BRITANNIA  (very  fine)  ..         5    0        „ 

STIRLING  CASTLE  STRAWBERRY    (fine)    5    0        „ 

ELIZA  6    0        „ 

GLOBE  6    0        „ 

ALICE  MAUDE      3     6         „ 

"GOLIATH"  3    6         „ 

The  above  are  strong  well-rooted  plants,  and  such  as  will 
ensure  satisfaction.  Fino  plants  can  be  had  for  potting,  if 
required,  which  were  pricked  off  for  the  purpose  early  in  the 
spring. 

N.B.  Those  Strawberries  at  3s.  per  dozen  will  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free. 

FINE  ANTIRRHINUMS,  all  saved  from  striped  and  spotted 
varieties,  such  as  will  give  every  satisfaction  and  bloom  earljt 
nest  spring,  5j.  per  100. 
SWEET  WILLIAMS.  48  superb  varieties,  3s.  per  100. 
SEEDLING^HOLLYHOCKS,  extra  floe,  saved  from  all  the 
best  varieties  in  cultivation,  and  such  as  will  give  satis- 
faction, li.  perJlOO,  or  Ss.  per  dozen.  (One  hundred  of  these 
superb  Hollyhocks  were  planted  out  in  a  bed  last  autumn,  and 
86  of  them  proved  to  be  double  flowers  and  equal  to  the  varieties 
they  were  saved  from). 

A  remittance  must  accompany  the  order,  either  by  penny 
poeT.ge  stomps  or  a  post-office  order,  on  receipt  of  wbich  *' 
.:^^\^  or  any  quantity  of  tbe  above  will  be  sent  hamper  auu 
package  free. 

EDWAttD  TiLEr,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  14, 
Abbey  Churchyard,  Balh,  Someriiet. _^^^_^ 


NEW  AND  CHOICE  PLANTS  AND  BULBS. 

BASS  AND  BROWN^S  NEW  AUTUMN  CATA- 
LOGUE is  now  ready  :  it  embraces  much  descriptive  and 
useful  information.  On  receipt  of  three  postage  stamps  it 
will  be  sent  free,  or  gratia  to  purchasers.  It  contains,  among 
other  new  plants,  the  NEW  GERANIU.VtS  last  out,  at  reduced 
prices,  of  which  we  possess  a  fine  ati^^-,  and  will  eho.rtly  be 
ready. 

Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment,  Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


CAMDEN  NURSERY.  CAMBERWELL,  LONDON 
fJiaLLIAM   BARNES  respectfully  begs  to  inform 

»'  his  Friends  and  the  Public  generally,  that  he  has  now 
ready  a  email  portion  of  very  superior  Calceolaria  Seed,  which 
he  intends  sending  out  in  Packets  at  2s.  6(2.  and  5s.  each. 
A  remittance  is  expected  from  unknown  correspondents. 


HEXACENTRIS    MYSORENSIS. 

MESSRS.  VEITCH  and  SON  will  not  be  prepared 
to  send  out  the  above  beautiful  Climber  till  the  spring  of 
1853,  when  those  who  have  kindly  ordered  it  may  rely  on 
receiving  strong  plants.  Due  notice  will  be  given  when  the 
plants  are  ready. — Exeter,  Sept.  18. 


NEW    PELARGONIUMS,    ETC. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Fi.ori.st,  &c.,  Edge  End, 
Mariden,  near  Burnley,  Lancashire,  begs  to  state  that 
hU  Autamo  Catalogue  of  all  the  new  and  lending  kinds  of  fine 
8bow  and  Fancy  Pelargoniums  Fuchflias,  Verbenas,  Petunias, 
Paotiei,  Hollyhocks,  Carnation?,  Picotees,  and  Cinerarias,  at 
Tery  reduced  prices,  it)  now  ready,  aod  may  be  had  fur  one 
■Urop. 

Good  plant*  of  choice  Cinerarias,  9a.,  12«.,  15i.,  and  18a.  per 
doxeo. 

PlQe  show  Chrysanthemums,  Cj.,  Oa.,  and  12i.  per  dozen. 
„         Lilllpatlenne  ditto,  Ga.,  9a.,  and  12s.  per  dozen. 

PeUrgoolumi,  floe  show  varieties,  9a.,  12#,,  and  upwards, 
per  do«*:n. 

CameiUan,  21«.  and  upward*  per  dozen. 

Order*  amountJog  to  25a,  and  upwards  carriage  free  to 
I.lT«rp<^>oI,  Manr,he%tcr,  and  Leedii ;  for  more  distant  carriage 
extra  plant*  will  bo  added.  It  1*  respectfully  requoBted  that 
all  oraere  be  accompauicd  with  a  Poit-offlco  order  payable  ot 
Uanden,  Lancaiihir«. 

Choice  Cineraria  Seed,  free  by  poit,  J«.,  U.  Cci.,  aod  2«,  per 
packet. 

GUERNSEY   AND    BELLADONNA  LILIES. 

BRIDGEWATER  PAGE  AND  CO.  have  the 
pleaiure  to  uiUr  Hne  Flowcriog  Bulb*  of  the  above  beau- 
ttfal  Auturnnal  Lillc*.  c;uorn*oy  Lllie*.  U.  per  dozon  ;  Bdla- 
doooa  ditto,  4a.  pT  fl'«*!n ;  Amarylll*  formoiil*«lmri,  4*. 
per  dozen;  Early  Double  lioman  Narcl*«u*,  4a.  per  dozen; 
ditto  Pap*r  White  do.,  4#.  per  down  ;  ditto  larKe*t  Jonquil*, 
3a.  M.  perdoz'-n.  All  order*  above  10a.  O'i.  will  be  delivered  free 
on  the  Soath-W«»tern  and  Great  WeHtom  Hallway*. 

DCTCH  BULBS,  confuting  of  HyACIKTIia,  TnLlPS- 
CUOCL'SfJS,  OL^urOLI,  Ac.  hire  Juu  arrfrcd  In  fin.- can - 
dltlon,  and  are '>fr«rcd  at  greatly  rvluc«d  rate*,  Cotaloguij*  of 
wbfch  may  be  had  on  opplicatif.n  t<j  pAor  and  Co.,  Ho«rd 
Jle  chant*.  Sou'tiamiitoa  (•olc  A<ont<  to  the  Sholo  Manure 
Company  for  the  county  of  Hani*), 

BUALE  MANUIIE,  V.,  per  ton. 


WINTER  CUCUMBERS.— "LORD  KEYNON'S 
Favourite."— Numerous  inquiries  within  the  last 
week  for  the  above  CUCUMBER  SEED  having  been  made, 
Edwabd  TiLEY  begs  to  inform  his  customers  that  he  has  some 
good  old  Seed  of  this  variety,  which  surpasses  all  others  for 
Winter  cultivation.     Sold  in  packets  at  23.  ^d.  each. 

Also  some  other  fine  varieties  of  Long  Cucumbers,  which  are 
equally  good  for  early  winter  cultivation,  at  2s.  Gd.  per  packet. 
On  receipt  of  penny  postage  stamps  to  the  amount,  the  seed 
will  be  forwarded  per  return. 

Edwabd  Tilet,  Nurseryman  and  Seedsman,  14,  Abbey 
Churchyard,  Bath. 


CEEDLING  "ELIZA"  STRAWBERRY  (Rivers'.) 
^  —This  Strawberry  was  raised  five  years  since  from  Myatt's 
Eliza,  and  proves  to  be  one  of  the  finest  second  early  Straw- 
berries known.  When  Keens'  Seedling  ia  fully  ripe,  this 
commences  to  ripen;  its  fluvour  Is  exquisite,  like  that  of  Its 
parent,  and,  in  size,  it  Is  equal  to  a  middle-flizod  British  Queen  • 
Its  habit  in  robust  and  compact,  and  it  Is  abundantly  prolific. 

Strong  Hearing  plant-*,  lost  year's  runners,  transplanted  in 
March,  ;ia.  per  dozen  ;  2(la.  por  100,  paid  to  London. 

Trollope's  Victoria,  a  good  early  Strawberry,  3a.  per  dozen. 
Thomas  Uivehs,  NurHcriea,  Sawbridgownrtb,  Hertw. 


NOTICE. 

PETER  LAWSON  and  SON,  of  Edinburgh,  have 
just  issued  special  Priced  Lists  of  FOREST  TREES. 
SHRUBS,  FRUIT  and  ROSE  TREES;  also  BULBOUS 
ROOTS  adapted  for  the  present  seaaon,  which  may  be  had  on 
application,  or  free  by  post  from  their  Agent,  Joqn  C.  Sommebb, 
159,  Fenchurch-street,  London.  Alao, "The  Syo"i>.i9  of  the 
Vegetable  products  of  Scotland,"  inonevoIumLV  v, -ilOs.eti, 

CAMELLIAS,  CHINESE   i*  ZALEAS,  a.o  RHO- 
DODENDRONS.—For  those  who  wi«Q  to  ornament  their 
Gon^ervatorled,  dec,  H.  LANE  and  SON,  Great  Berkhamp- 
Btead  Nurseries,  have  tbe  pleasure  of  etatlng  that  their  plants 
are  very  fine,  and  at  the  following  prices  : 
CAMELLIAS,  21s.,  30s.,  363,,  and  423.  per  dozen. 
AZALEAS,  123.,  18s.,  243.,  30s.,  and  SSs.  per  dozen. 
RHODODENDRONS  (yellow  and  spotted,  of  various  shades), 
Ss.  to  lUa.  Sd.  each.  

NEW    GERANIUMS, 

RAISED    BY    MESSRS.    BECK,    FOSTER,  HOTLE,  &c. 

Sent  odt  fob  the  Fibst  Time  in  Speinq,  1852. 

EDWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 
will  be  prepared  to  send  out  in  October  the  undermen- 
tioned GERANIUMS  :— 

Selected  from  the  following  varieties,  683.  per  doz. 
Ganymede  Enchantress  Rubens 

Vandyck  Surprise  Beatrice 

Celia  Chieftain  Gbloe 

Claudiana  Constantino  Cristine 

Eurydice  Flying  Dutchman        Illuminator 

Little  Nell  Monteith  Naval  E.uigbt 

Pretty  Polly  Saladin 

Selected  from  the  following,  42a.  per  doz. 
Fainter  Improved        Exhibitor  Colonel    of  the 

Elise  Mrs.  Mangles  Bufi'i 

Ambassador  Rubens  Enchantrose 

Fuichra  Plantagenet  Shylook 

Remus  Lord  Mayor  Lablache 

Laviana  Jullien  Magnet 

Mochanna  Bride  of  Abydos  Comoiission 

Arethuaa  Ganymede  First  of  May. 

E.  G.  H.  and  Son  have  now  received  their  annual  eupply  of 
DUTCH  ROOTS,  in  the  finest  condition,  Catalogues  of  which 
can  be  bad  post  tree  on  application. 

WelliuKton  Nuraery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London. 


VICTORIA  NURSERY,  UXBRIDGE,  MIDDLESEX. 
''P      APPLEBY     (lato     Foreman     ami     Landscape 

■»-  •  Gardener  fur  McBrtrs.  IIondorHOii's,  of  Pinc-applu-pluci!), 
b«g*  to  inform  the  Public  that  he  has  taken  tho  above  premisi-B, 
whwrfl  ho  Jntendfl  carrying  on  the  NUUSERV  AND  SEED 
BUSINEH'i  tn  all  Its  branclicfl,  and  truntn,  by  a  careful  selec- 
tion of  gonuinu  Secdn  and  Fruit  Trees,  to  merit  and  receive 
encDiiruKcnient  and  nupport. 

T.  A.  having  had  grwiit  experience  In  Designing  and  Laylng- 
out  OardimH,  bog«  to  oiler  hlw  Horvli.cB  to  Noblemen  and  Oontlo- 
mi>n  about  to  lay  out  Now  Oardcno,  or  alter  uud  Improve 
old  onofi. 


lorttiHon   of  gnnnino  Dutch 
111!  oll'or*  at  very  uioduralo 


T.  A.  Iin*  jmt  reffllvcd  nn  \\ 
Dulh*,  In  flnu  condition,  wlilcli 
price*. 

The  Vioiorla  Nursery  In  two  milii  from  the  Wont  Droyton 
Htatlun,  0(1  the  Great  Wc*torn   Hallwoy. 
every  train.— Victoria  Nursery,  8i;pt.  18, 


WEIGELA  MIDDENDORFFIANA.— For  the 
information  of  all  persons  who  have  purchased  from  the 
Subscribers  a  plant  under  the  above  name,  we  horoby  give 
notice,  that  we  h'lvc  unintentionally  been  the  medium  of 
olrculating  quite  a  dillViront  plant  to  tho  true  Weigela  Middon- 
dorUitina.  Wt  possoHS  the  true  species  receiveil  direct  from 
Russia,  but  UH  wo  had  not  plants  sufllclent  for  tho  orders  wo 
hail  rocolvcd,  wo  purchaHiid  In  Paris  u  quantity  under  thO 
name  of  Weigolii  lutta,  which  we  undorwtood  to  be  the  same 
plant.  From  thcHU  have  originated  all  tho  plants  of  the  spurious 
variety  which  liavo  been  sold  by  ufi. 

All  partioM  who  have  recolvod  this  plant  from  us  aro  at  liberty 
to  deduct  tho  amount  charged  from  their  accounts,  or  wo  vrill 
n-placo  tlioin  with  tho  true  Hpcclos,  free  of  carriage,  oorly  Id 
till)  uiiHUing  Npriiig. 

HiKiPi  I.iiw  'ind  Oi).,  Cliiplon  Niirpory.  near  London.  Sept.  18. 

pRO'l'KCriUiN  OK 


J'LANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 

OF  TilK  .SUW.-U«c  E.  F.  ARCHER'S   HAIRCLOTH,  a 

perl'dot  non-conduotor  of  huat,  and  admitting  light  without 

heat,  whore  a  coverhig  U  required  ;  It  Is  i!  yardH  wide,  and  ony 

Omnlbu  OH  moot    length,  at  \».  id.  p'V  yard,  uud  much  cheaper  than  Bass  Mats, 

'  E.  F.  AitoifBU,  4S1,  Oxfurd'BtreeCi  Lotidoa. 


594 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[Sept.  18, 


TO    NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,    AND    THE    TRADE. 


HAY,     SANGSTER,     AND      CO. 

Are  now  ready  to  send  out  their  N3W  EAR2iY  Wo.  1  PEA,  price  29.  6d.  per  Quart,  and  can  with 
coufidence  recommend  it  as  a  very  superior  article. 

About  the  second  week  in  October  tbc-j  will  be  ready  to  send  out  their  New  Early  Scarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES  RHUBARB' 
5*.  each.     It  19  quite  as  earlv  as  the  TriDce  Albert,  much  larger,  red  throughout,  of  erquisite  flavour,  and  a  large  cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  those  not  haviug  au  account  open  wiih  H.,  S.,  aud  Co,,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  Post-office,  or  pi>atage  stamps. 

Annexed  are  a  few  of  the  many  Letters  we  ha>ee  recei/oed  frdin,  pct/rties  Who  had  small  qua/ntities  of  the 

No.  1  PEA  last  year: — 


Market  Deeping,  Aug.  6,  1852. 

Dear  Sirs,— I  have  grown  your  No.  1  Pea,  aud  can  recom- 
mend  it  as  the  earliest,  best  flavoured,  and  longest-podded 
Pea  ever  grown  in  this  neighbourhood. — I  am,  Sird,  your 
obedient  servant,  Wm.  Alqae. 

To  Messrs,  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co. 


Dorchester  Nursery,  Aug.  5,  1852. 

Gentlemen,— I  feel  pleasure  in  bearing  testimony  to  the 
exceedingly  prolific  and  eicelleotly-flavoured  Early  Pea,  which 
you  call  No.  1  ;  those  friends  of  mine  who  tried  them  prefer 
them  to  any  other  that  is  yet  grown  as  an  early  Fea,— I  am, 
Gentlemen,  youra,  &e.,  Janb  BishOP. 

To  Measrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co. 


Fordham.  Aug.  20, 1852. 

Dear  Sirs,- Your  No.  1  Pea  is  the  best  Early  Pea  that  ever  I 
cultivated.  I  have  tried  almtist  every  Pea  in  cultivation,  and 
it  is  the  best,  the  earliest,  iiud  the  beat  bearer.  I  planted  one 
pint,  and  I  have  goi:  a  peck  aud  a  halt  of  Peas  from  the  pint. 
I  sowed  some,  to  try  to  have  anoilier  crup ;  they  were  sowed 
the  20th  of  July,  and  they  have  now  puda  on  tliem,  which  is 
but  one  mouth.  I  shall  euw  no  other  early  Pea  bu'-  them 
another  season. — I  remain,  SiirS,  your  moet  obedl6nt  servant, 

To  Messrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co,  Edwahds  BeoWn. 


Colchester,  Aug.  6,  1852. 
Dr-ar  Sirs,— We  have  much  pleasure   in  stating  that  your 
Early  Pea  is  one  of  the  best  and  earliest  we  have  yet  seen. — 
Yours  respectfully,  s.  Chisnell  and  Son, 

Ea.'Jt  Hill  Nursery,  Colchester. 
To  Messrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co. 

Sisson  Hou^e,  July  6,  1852. 

Dear  Sir,— It  is  with  preat  pleasure  toat  I  iomrm  you  that  I 
found  your  Early  i^o.  1  Pea  the  earliest  and  best  I  have  yet 
grown,  audit  was  much  admired  by  many  friends  for  the  size 
of  its  pods,  the  greeuuess  of  the  Pea,  and  also  for  being  such  a 
first-rate  cropper  ;  in  fact,  no  geutienian'a  garden  should  ba 
without  it. — 1  am,  dear  Sir,  yours  obediently,     W.  J.  Coopea, 

To  Mr.  Sangster. 

Morton,  August  9,  1852. 

Sir,— -I  can  with  confidence  reoommoad  your  Early  No.  1 
Pea ;  it  has  given  general  Batistaction  in  ttie  ueiKhbourhood. — 
i  am  yours  respectfully,  George  DiFpy,  SeedsmaCj  d:c. 

To  Mr.  Sangster. 

Brixton,  August  5,  1852. 

Dear  Sir,- Your  Early  Pea  No.  1  bad  not  a  fair  trial,  the 
■weather  being  so  very  dry  this  seiiBon  ;  its  habit  of  growth  is 
good,  and  a  good  pod  for  an  early  Pea  ;  of  a  fair  size.-^Yours 
faithfully,  E.  Dghyeb. 

To  Mt.  Sang&ter. 


Worthen,  Shtewsbury,  Augusts,  1852. 
Gentlemen. — lean  with  confidence  recommend  your  Early 
No.  1  Pea,  for  being  very  early  and  a  good  cropper,  aud  in 
height  about  2^  feet. — I  am  jour  obedient  serviiut, 

Richaqd  Dowses,  Groeei*,  &c. 
To  Mesars,  Hay,  Sangster,|and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants^ 

Retford,  August  17,  1852. 

Dear  Sir, — I  have  great  pleasure  in  saying  I  have  tried  your 
Early  No.  1  Pea,  and  hod  it  the  earlieGt  aud  best  flavoured  of 
early  Peas  I  ever  grew ;  although  sown  six  weeks  later  than 
other  sorts,  they  were  equally  early,  much  larger  pod,  and, 
indeed,  altogether  a  superior  article. — I  am  youra  respectfully, 

To  Mr.  Sangster.      Ghab.  Eybe,  Gardener  and  Seedsman. 


Radge  Heath,  Sept.  8, 1852. 

Dear  Sir,— What  few  I  grew  of  your  Early  No.  1  Pea  I 
found  to  be  very  early,  and  a  good  cropper. — I  am,  dear  Sir, 
yours  truly,  Robebt  Fbances,  Farmer. 

To  Mr.  Sangster, 


Hucknall  Torkard,  Aug,  12,  1852. 

Sir, — I  can  with  confidence  recommend  your  Early  No.  1 
Pea  ;  it  is  decidedly  the  earliest  Pfta  I  have  ever  grown. — I  am, 
Sir,  yours,  &c.,  Wm.  Flint,  Seedsman, 

To  Mr.  Sangster. 

Rudge  Heath,  Cleaverley,  Aug.  9, 1852. 

Sir, — When  you  advertise  your  prices  of  Seeds,  I  shall  fee! 
obliged  by  your  sending  me  a  list.  I  think  your  Early  No.  1 
Pea  the  earliest  Pea  I  nave  eVer  had  or  seen.— Yours  truly, 

To  Mr.  Sangster.  Jaues  Hebbebt. 

Kidderminster,  Aug.  8, 1852, 
Sir, — I  have  proved  your  No.  1  Pea  to  he  the  earliest  I  have 
ever  sown.    It  is  an  excellent  cropper,  and  well  podded.     I 
intend  to  plant  double  the  quantity  next  year. — I  remain.  Sir, 
your  humble  servant,  John  Geubham. 

To  Mr.  Sangster. 

Tonbridge,  Aug.  5, 1852. 
Gentlemeh,— I  received  yours  this  morning  respectiuif  the 
Pea3.  I  have  to  say  I  planted  your  No.  1  Pea,  the  Racehijrse, 
and  the  Early  Frame  in  one  row,  all  the  same  day,  and  I  foiind 
the  No.  1  Pea  ready  to  pick  12  or  11  days  sooner  than  either 
of  the  others. — Gentlemen,  yours  most  respectfully, 

Teds.  Haabis. 
To  Messrs^  Ray,  Sangster,  and  Go, 


St.  Clement's,  Oxford,  Au?.  4, 
Gentlemen,— Having  tried  your^  No.  1    Pea    this    year,    I 
consider  it  the  best  and  ]ar;;est  early  Pea  known;  the  pod  is 
of  great  length,  and  the  flavour  very  fine. — YoUrs  respectfully, 
J.  Kino,  Corn  Dealer  aild  Seedsman. 
To  Messrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co. 

Ralnham  Nutsety,  near  Slttingbourne,  Au».  6,  1652. 

Sir, — With  much  pleasure  I  can  inform  you  that  your  No.  1 
Pea  is  the  very  earliest  I  have  yet  seen,  and  wa-^  highly 
admired  by  all  my  friends  who  saw  it  growing,— Sir,  I  am 
yours  truly,  Geo.  Longlex. 

To  Mr.  Sangster,  Seedimin,  &c.,  Ne*ingtoh  Butts. 

Northampton,  Aug.  11, 1852. 

Sir, — I  consider  your  Early  No.  1  Pea  lo  be  the  earliest  in 
cultivation ;  a  first-rate  cropper,  and  of  the  very  best  quality  ; 
that  is  my  lirm  opinion  of  it, — I  remain,  yours  truly, 

To  Mr.  Sangster.  J.  Pebkins. 


Aylesbury,  Buc6s,  Aug.  13, 1852. 

Dear  Sir, — With  confidence  I  can  recommend  your  No,  1 
Pea,  being  the  earliest  and  most  profitable  I  ever  planted.— 
Youffl  truly,  John  Petty, 

To  Mr.  Sangster.  Gardener  aud  Seedsman. 


Ross,  Aug.  13,  1852. 

Dear  Sir, — The  Pea,  No.  1,  which  you  sent  me  is  one  of  the 
best  and  the  earliest  I  have  ever  planted.  It  can  be  recom- 
mended to  any  part  of  the  liingdomi — Yours,  very  respectfully. 

To  Mi*.  Sangster.  John  Tbehebne. 

Gentlemen, — I  have  a  very  good  opinion  of  your  Early  No,  1 
Peas;  they  are  to  be  recommended  to  any  gardener.  I  should 
wish  to  have  some  more  of  them  for  the  next  sowing,— I  am, 
g  o  ntleman,  your  obedient  servant,  THoaia  Woollven. 

To  Meesrsi  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co. 


To  save  Carriage  we  hav&  appointed  the  folloioinfj  parties,  where  both  a/i'ticles  may  he  kad:- 


Messrs.  Austin  and  M'Aslan, 
Seed  Merchants,  Glasgow 

Mr.  >Vm.  Algar,  Seedsman, 
Market  Deeping,  and  Stam- 
ford 

Mr.  Joseph  Berry,  Seed  Mer- 
chant, Dublin 

Mr.  Sam.  Blockley,  Seedsman, 
Chesterfield 

Mr.  Wm.  Boswnrth,  Seedsman, 
Ashby  de  la  Zouch 

Mr.  S.  C,  Baker,  Seedsman, 
AtherstoU 

Mr.  Thomas  Bunyard,  Seeds- 
man, Maidstone 

Mr.  Thoa.  Clarke,  Seedsman, 
Retford 

Mr.  Chas.  Clarke,  Nursery  aud 
Seedsman,  Gravesend 

Mr.  Wm.  Caprin,  Seedsman, 
Newark 

Mr.  Sam.  Coveny,  Seedsman, 
Dover 

Messrs.  Wm.  Drummond  and 
Sons,  Seed  Merchants, 
Stirling 

Mfessrs.  Dickson  and  Turnbull, 
Seed  Merchants,  Perth 

Messrs.  F.  and  J.  Dickson, 
Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Chester 

Mf.  E.  Dtlnot,  Seedsman,  &c., 
Ramsgate 


Mr.  Emanuel  Day,  Nursery 
and  Seedsman,  Shipstou-bn- 
Stour 

Mr.Geo.  Diffy,  Seedsman,  &c., 
Morton,  Lincolnsliire 

Mr.  Tbos,  Dean,  Nursery  and 
Seedsman,  Uppingham 

Messrs,  Fisher  and  Holmes, 
Ilandaworth  Nursery,  Shef- 
field 

Messrs.  S.  Finney  and  Co., 
Seed  Merchants,  Gateshead 

Messrs.  Frier  and  Son,  Seed- 
Merchants,  Birmingham 

Mr.  Wm.  Fairbeard,  Seeds- 
man, (fcc,  Green-street,  Kent 

Messrs,  Garraway,  Mays,  and 
Co.,  Bristol  Nursery,  Bristol 

Mr.  Jos.  Green,  Seedsman, 
&c.,  Tetenhall,  near  Wol- 
verhampton 

Mr,  J^s.  Goble,  Seedsman.&c, 
Bicester 

Mr.  J,  Hayward,  Nursery  and 
Seedsman,  Evesham 

Messrs,  Thos.  Imrie  and  Sons, 
Seedsmen,  ibc,  Ayr 

Mr.  John  Kearsley,  Seedsman, 
&c,,  Leeds 

Mr.  John  Keynes,  Nursery  and 
Seedsman,  Salisbury 

Mr.  J.  King,  Seedsman,  ijcct, 
St,  Clement's,  Oxford 


Mr.  W.  D.  Lingham,  Seeds- 
man, ifcc,  Worcester 

Mr.  Henry  Law,  Seed  Dealer, 
Northampton 

Mr.  Thos.  Marriott,  Kuraefy 
and  Seedsman,  Nuneaton 

Mr.  Geo.  Marshall,  Seedsman, 
&c.,  Leamington 

Mr.  Jas.  Mickle,  Seedsman, 
(tec,  Folkstone 

Mr.  Wm.  Masters,  Botanic 
Gardens,  Canterbury 

Mr.  W.  Miller,  Nuraery  and 
Seedsman,  Newbury 

Mrs.  Ann  Milan,  Seed  Dealer, 
Doncaster 

Messrs,  Martin  and  Son, 
Nursery  aud  Seedsmen,  Hull 

Mr.  E.  Mitchell,  Bristol  Gar- 
dens, Kemp  Town,  and  55, 
Marine  Parade,  Brighton 

Mr.  E.  Nicholls,  Seedsman, &c., 
Vauxhall  Gardens,  Stour- 
bridge 

Mr.  Jno.  Petty,  Seedsman, 
(fee,  Aylesbury 

Mr.  Edward,  Perkins,  Seeds- 
man, itc,  Leamington 

Messrs,  Benjamin  Reid  and 
Co.,  Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Aberdeen 


Miss  Ann  Reason,  Seed  Dealer, 
Stratfoi'd-on-Avon 

Mr.  W.  E.  Rendle,  Plymouth 
Manure  Company,  Plymouih 

Mr.  James  Rickets,  Nursery 
and  Seedsman,  Deal 

Mr.  W.  H.  Rogers,  Nursery 
and  3oed3man,Southamptou 

Messrs,  W.  Robinson  and  Son, 
Nursery  and  Seedsmen, 
Loughborough 

Mr.  Wm.  Skirving,  Nursery 
and  Seedsman,  Liverpool 

Messrs.  John  Sutton  and  Sons, 
Seed  Merchants,  Reading 

Mr.  Robert  Stark,  Seedsman, 
Edinburgh 

Mr.  George  Townsend,  Seeds- 
man, Fordham,  Cambridge- 
shire 

Mr.  J.  Treherne,  Seedsman, 
Rosa 

Mr.  Wm.  Toogood,  Seedainan, 
Westergate,  near  Bognor 

Mr.  Wm.  Weller,  Seedsman, 
Chatham 

Mr,  George  Wheeler,  Nursery 
and  Seedsman,  Warmiaster 

Mr.  Wm.  Warner,  Seedsman, 
Grantham 

Mr.  R.  C.  Ward,  Seed  Mer- 
chant, Bath, 


Newi/ngton  Suits,  London,  Sept.  IS. 


P>  AKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Cbelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty 
prTnrT  ^'    ^^'"CE    ALBEaT.  — ORNAMENT AL     WATER 

J  U  W  L,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
fr^  ;I'^w- 1  "^''*^'  ^'■^"*'  ^°f^  laughing  Geese,  Shietdrakes,  Pin- 
tail, vyidgeou,  summer  aud  winter  teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
bhoveilers,  K.)ld.ejed  aod  dun  Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  &c., 
STt^'''«  ^^"''P'P''*"^*^:  ^'^"  Spanish.  Cochin  China.  Maliv 
™^^'n  p"'*"?'  T^  ^^^king  Fowls;  white,  Japan,  pied,  aiid 
*?.?.Wn't  i'^"?^  P""""  China  Pigs;  and  at  8,  Half-moon 
Passage,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 


PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HR.  SMITHE,  of  Eastling,  Faversham,  Kent, 
•  informs  the  public  that  his  mixtures  of  the  Natural 
Grasses  and  small  Clovers,  gathered  principally  under  his 
superiatendence,  iocludiog  every  sort  necessary  to  form  a 
Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  tfcc.  (which  should 
be  particularly  stated),  are  now  ready  to  be  delivered  by 
Railway  to  any  Station  in  England,  carriage  free,  at  23s.  per 
acre,  allowing  it  bushels  per  acre  ;  Mixtures  for  Lawns,  &c. 


GERANIUM    "WILLMORE'S    SURPRISE." 
JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  will  be  prepared  to  send 

^  out  this  extraordinary  variety  on  the  Ist  October;  it  is  a 
moustrom  production,  of  good  habit,  with  beautifully  fringed 
leaves  and  leaflets.  The  fl  jwers  are  double,  of  a  rich  crimson, 
with  good  mirkin.{s  ;  the  trusses  are  bold  and  erect,  and  each 
bloom,  with  its  monstrous  calyx,  remains  in  parfection  for 
several  weeks.  It  is  adapted  for  pot  culture,  or  bedding,  and 
is  altogether  of  a  very  pleasing  aspect.  Price  &s.  each,  or  255. 
the  halt-dozen.  The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade,  besides  a 
plant  over  for  every  three  ordered. 
Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith. 

KINGHORNE'S  SEEDLING   EPACRISES. 

JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  will  be  prepared  to  send  out  these  beautiful  Seedlings 
on  the  1st  October,  from  which  they  have  selected  the  following 
distinct  kinds  : — 

E.  KINGHORNII.— Tube  medium  length,  very  stout,  beauti- 
fully pencilled  with  rose  colour,  pure  white  tip,  and  sepals  well 
reflexed  :  a  most  profuse  bloomer.     Price  73.  6d. 

E.  GRANDIFLORA  RUBRfl.— Tube  longer,  stouter,  and 
much  higher  coloured  than  grandiflora  ;  tips  pure  white ;  sepals 
expand  well ;  very  free  b!oomer.     Price  6s. 

E.  MINIATA  SPLENDENS.— Tube  larger  and  longer  than 
miniata,  of  a  more  brilliant  colour,  white  tip,  more  distinct ; 
sepals  expand  well ;  extremely  free  bloomer.     Price  5s. 

PRICE  OF  THE  SET,  155.— The  usuil  discount  to  thfl 
Trade,  besides  a  set  over  on  every  three  sets  ordered. 

These  superb  Epacrlses  are  really  the  most  useful  plants 
offered  to  the  Public  this  season.  Tney  are  very  great  improve- 
ments,- both  in  habit  and  profuseoess  of  blooming,  over  all 
former  introductions,  and  will  prove  highly  valuable  for 
exhibition. 

Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith. 

WILLIAM     HAMILTON,    Seedsman,    &c,,    156, 
CUEAP5IDE,     LONDON. 

Snowdeops,  very  floe,  2fl.  per 


loo. 

Nabcissos,  Soleil  d'Or,  Zs,  per 
doz. 

„    Dbl.  Roman,  Ss,  per  doz. 

„    paper  white,  Ss.  per  doz. 

,,    Grand  .vionarque(largeJ, 
Gs.  per  doz. 
Hyacinths,  exceUentrnJjctures 
33.  Gd.  per  doz. 

,,        named    for  pots  or 
glasses,  Gs.  to  123.  per  doz* 


Common  mixed  Crocus  Is.  per 

100. 
Superior  Dutch  Mixed  Crocus, 

ls,6d.  per  100,; 
Gbocds,   very  large  and   fine 

yellow,  25.  6d.  jper  100. 
,,         12    distinct   varieties 

named,  3s.  per  100. 
„         in  separate   colours, 

Is.  Gd.  to  23.  per  100. 
Tulips,  fine   border  varieties, 

eaily  and  late,  5s.  to  Is.  GU. 

per  100. 

i,- GLASS  DISHES  with  six  superior  HYACINTHS  ready 
planted  in  Moss,  and  .which  are  easily  transmitted  to  the 
country  without  injury,  55. ;  the  price  increases  from  53.  to 
105.  tid.  according  to  the  size  of  Dish  and  num  ber  of  Hyacintha. 

Tlie  above  are  aU  warranted  fine^  and  will  be  delivered 
in  the  best  possible  condition. 

Wm,  Hamilton's  Catalogue,  containing  an  immense  variety 
of  bulbous  roots,  &c,,  may  be  had  on  application. — Address, 
156,  Cneapside,  London.  

n^O  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  a  first-rate  NURSERY 
-L  and  SEED  BUSINESS,  situated  in  one  of  the  moat 
populous  of  the  Midland  Towns,  and  surrounded  by  a  wealthy 
neighbuurhood.  The  oonnection  has  been  established  30  years, 
and  the  returns  are  now  averaging  2000i.  per  annum.  Part  of 
the  piirchase-money  might  remain  on  security  of  the  stock. — 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  to  Messrs.  Noble,  Coopeb,  and  Bolton, 
Fleet-street,  London. 

REDUCTION     llNJl  THE    PRICES   OF   PLATE  CLASS. 

THE  UNION  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 
respectfully  inform  the  Trade,  and  the  Public  generally, 
that  they  have  revised  their  Tariff  of  Prices,  and  made  con- 
siderable reductions  therein. 

The  new  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  at  the  Worki, 
Pocket  Nook,  St.  Helena. 

Warehouse  :— 99,  Hatton-garden,  London. 
,,               11,  York-streett  Miinchester, 
,,               15,  South  John-street,  Liverpool. 
Messrs.  C.  and  J.  Mdlloch,  30,  Turner's-court,  Glasgow  ; 
Messrs.  John  Dix  &  Co.,  Baihstreet,  BristoL 

G  L  A  S  S. 

THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S   FOREIGN    SHEET 
GLASS  is  far  superior  to  any  other  manufacture,  as  well 
as  cheaper.    In  100-feet  boxes,  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 

6  inches  by  4  and   6J  by  4.i      13s.  Ott. 

7  „         Sand    ^i  by  5*      16    0 

8  ,,         5  and   8    by  54      15    0 

8  „         Gaud    84by  Gi      17    6 

9  „         7  and  10    by  8        20    0 

12         „       10  and  18    by  9        20    0 

And  many  other  sizes,  or  cut  to  order  in  various  thicknesses. 
Cases  containing  large  Sheets,  in  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at 
2l5.  per  100  feet, 
ROUGH  PLATE,  perfectly  flat,  J  in.  thick,  best  manufactured. 

In  sizes  under  15 inches...... Gd.  per  (oott 

„        „        35     , 8d.        „ 

,,        50     , 94d.      11 

;;    ;;    75  „   i2d.    „ 

Milk  Pans,  23.  to  Gs.  each  ;  Metal  Hand  Frames,  GlasB  Tiles 
aud  Slates  ;  Cucumber,  Propagating,  and  Bee  Glasses;  Wasp 
Traps,  Glass  Shades,  and  Plate  Glass,  at  87,  Bishopsgate- 
street  Without,  London,  same  side  as  Eastern  Countiea  Rail- 
way.— Established  100  years.  " 


JAMES  PHILLIPS  and  Co.,  116,  Bishopsgate-street 
Without,  beg  to  inform  their  friends  they  are  prepared  to 
supply 

GLASS      MILK     PANS, 
the  same  size  as  the  foreiBn  ones  (18  inches  in  diamBlcr)  but 
superior  in  colour,  make,  and  quality,  at  Is.  each,  or  21s.  per 
dozen.    Lord  Camoy'a  Mills  Sjphons,  lactometers.  Milk  Tests, 
Glass  Cream  Pots,  &c.,  (be. 
116,  Bishopsgate-street  Without,  London. 

GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  Bi. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  reldy  packed  (or  immediate  delivery. 
Li<!ts  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  fop 
PATENT  RODGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  SLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPASATINa 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  aod  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-squ.ire,  London. 
I        See  Oardmers'  Chr<jnkU  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


38—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


595 


MEW   PELARGONIUMS,    ETC. 
TOHN  DOBSON'S  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 

t)  of  the  new  SEEDLING  PELARSONIDMS  to  be  aeuc  out 
in  OciobBi"  neit,  may  be  bad  oa  appUcatioQ.  Early  orders  will 
insure  good  plants.  ^    .  „      ■      ■  j    ^  m      . 

J.  D.  is  now  sending  out  the  following  in  good  strong  Plants. 
All  orders  above  II.  package  and  carriage  paid  to  London, 

Chrysanthemuoia,  finest  show  varieties         per  dozen 
,,  Lillipntiaiis 

CinerariaSi  named  varieties        

Daisies,  GeroiaQ  named  varieties        

Pioks,  a  fine  healthy  stook  of  named  varieties 
„       Anna  Boleyn,  strong  plants  for  pottiug 

PelargOQiams,  fine  show  tlawers,  from 

3.  D.'s  stock  of  Pelargoniuma  is  very  large  and  in  finehealth, 
and  the  seleciione,  if  left  to  him,  he  is  assured,  will  give  the 
greatest  satisfaction.  A  large  stock  of  Hoiljhocks  of  the  bast 
and  newest varieiiefl  will  be  ready  for  sending  out  in  a  few 
weeks,  from  12s.  per  dozen. 

Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth,  Middlesex.  


9s. 
133. 

39. 
63. 
6s. 
12s. 


BEACH'S  QUEEN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS.— 
Having  taken  several  Prizes  these  two  years  with 
QUEEN'S  STRAWBERRIES,  thousands  of  them  weighing 
upwards  of  2  oz.,  many  of  them  I  exhibited  last  year  in  the 
Crystal  Palace  upwards  of  3  oz.,  and  this  year,  at  Chiswick, 
they  gained  two  Koightiao  Medals  on  July  10th  ;  and  also  on 
the  Itth  Au J.  the  Head  FriEJ  at  the  Great  Show  at  Lewes.  See 
also  Dr.  Liodley's  opinion  of  them  in  the  Gardeners*  Chronicle 
of  the  10:h  of  July,  and  likewise  Mr.  Cuthill's  account  of  my 
place  in  thi  same  Journal  of  the2-lth  of  Ja'y.  Strong,  healthy, 
and  fine  plants  are  now  ready  to  be  srent  out  at  5s;  per  100,  box 
included.— Post-office  Orders  on  Honnslow  to  Mr  Thomas 
Beach,  Market  Gardener.  Worton,  Isleworth.  near  London. 


DUTCH    BULBS. 

CHARLES  TURNER  has  imported  an  extensive 
and  varied  collection  of  DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS, 
Tfbich  have  arrived  in  the  best  possible  condition. — Priced 
Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application. — Royal  Nursery,  Slough. 

IMPORTANT   SALE   OF  TUUPS. 

CAREY  TYSO,  Florist,  &c.,  Wallingford,  Berks, 
respectfully  informs  his  friends  and  the  Public,  that  iu 
consequence  of  some  alterations  in  his  business  arraogementB, 
he  is  about  to  decline  the  fufther  cultivation  of  his  celebrated 
•COLLECTION  OF  TULIPS,  consisting  of  nearly  400  of  the 
best  named  varieties,  including  several  Seedlings  of  great 
merit,  and  is  consequently  determined  to  offer  them,  for  cash 
only,  at  prices  varying  from  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  charge 
in  the  Catalogue  of  the  present  year.  Beds  arranged  for 
planting,  of  any  dimensions,  at  half  the  price  formerly  charged. 

C.  T.  offers  other  FLORISTS' FLOWERS  as  heretofore,  and 
solicits  attention  to  the  following  assortments  :— 
Anemones,  100  superb  double  varieties        ...    243.  to£l  10    0 

Banunculuaes,  loo  ditto 4O3.  to    4    0    0 

Irises,  5u  splendid  varieties       20s.  to    1  10    0 

•Crocuses,  100,  in  15  fine  sorts ...0    4    0 

Eyaclnths,  double  and  single,  per  doz.        ...      5s.  to    0  12    0 

CataloKues  may  be  bad  by  forwarding  two  postage  stamps. 


GENUINE    DUTCH    BULBS. 

JOHN  CATTELL,  Westerham,  Kent,  begs  to  an- 
nounce that  his  importation  of  the  above  has  arrived  in 
first-rate  condition,  a  Catalogue  of  which,  containing  also 
.Plants  for  forcing,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application, 
by  inclosing  one  penny  stamp. 

J.  C.  wishes  particularly  to  call  attention  to  bis  Seedling 
Japan  Lilies,  one  of  which,  named  ATR0-RU8R.UM,  is 
decidedly  tbe  deepest  coloured  variety  in  cultivation,  and  has 
the  advantage  of  coming  into  flower  three  weeks  earlier  than 
the  Japan  species. 

CAMPANULA  CARPATICA  ALBA  VERA— pure  snowy 
'White  variety  of  Campanula  carpattca.  J.  Catteli,  has  much 
pleasure  in  t>elng  able  to  offer  this  desirable  herbaceous  plant, 
the  habit  and  size  of  flower  the  same  as  C.  carpatica,  very 
strong  plants  in  4-inch  pote,  3s.  6d.  each  ;  good  plants  in 
3-icch  pots,  2<.  Gd.  each. 

Campanula  CARPaTICA  alba,  bluish  white,  9d.  each. 

J.  C.  has  a  large  stock  of  the  ander-Uamed  to  offer,  whole- 
sale  prices  may  be  had  on  application  by  eucloslug^  one  penny 
stamp.  Tropaeolam  tricolorum  grandiflorum,  Tropaj  dum 
brachycera?,  Tropie  jium  pentaphyllum,  Gladiolui  Brenchley- 
enai9,  SciUaflibirlcu,  Anemone  pavonia,  all  sorts  of  Japan  Lilies. 


SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  18,  1832. 

MEETI\aS  FOE  THE  BSSOING  WEEK. 

TsDKiis.T.      Sept.    23-NationalPloricaUural 3  p.m. 

CoriiTKT  8ao»..— MondaT.  Sept.  O  ;  Worlliirapton  DaWia.— Tueaday, 
Sept.  21:  NorwicU — Wednesday.  Sept.  33;  Votk.— Thursdor.  Sept.  2i: 
Oxfordihije. 


That  the  agency  of  LrijHT  is  esseatial  to  vegeta- 
tion is  a  fact  which  has  been  long  known  ;  bat  the 
amount  of  it  which  different  kiniJs  of  plants  require, 
and  that  which  is  necessary  for  the  same  plant  in 
different  stages  of  growth,  have  not  yet  been  dis- 
tinctly ascertained.  It  is  recorded,  that  in  the  time 
of  TiBEBitis,  Cucumbers  were  grown  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year,  in  boxes  or  baskets,  which  were  taken 
in-doors  when  the  nights  were  too  cold,  and  set  out 
during  the  day  to  the  light,  admitted  through  specu- 
laria,  or  thin  plates  of  talc.  Hence,  it  appears,  that 
light  wan  then  considered  as  important  as  it  is  gene- 
rally at  the  present  day,  otherwise  so  much  pains 
would  not  have  been  taken  to  secure  its  access  to 
the  plants.  These  were  not  grown  under  a  dark 
roof,  with  only  light  in  front  Tliey  were  exposed 
to  a  full  but  diffused  light  through  the  talc,  like  that 
which  is  afforded  by  rough  plate-glass. 

Centuries  afterwards  structures  were  built  having 
the  two  ends,  back,  and  roof  impervious  to  tlie  rays 
of  liglit,  this  being  only  admitted  in  front  through 
as  much  sjjace  as  the  architect  thought  proper  to 
leave  unblocked  by  massive  piers,  necessary  to  give 
to  his  design  an  imposing  front,  or  to  be  in  harmony 
with  the  architecture  of  the  palace  or  mansion  to 
which  the  structure  may  have  happened  to  be  an 
adjunct.  It  was  called  an  Orangery;  for  Orange- 
trees,  possessing  an  extraordinary  tenacity  of  life,  did 
live  in  such  places.  They  grow  slowly,  and  do  not 
rapidly  decav.  Their  leaves  l.-ist  during  wintei',  and 
are  green,  ihoogh  only  partially  exposed  to  light. 


Daring  a  long  winter  the  plant  of  course  must 
suffer  ;  but  be  this  as  it  may,  pallid  or  green,  it  is 
sometimes  drawn  forth  from  its  shade  for  the  season 
saddenly  to  bear  the  shock  of  a  hot  san. .  Unac- 
quaintance  with  the  effects  of  light  is  the  cause  of 
such  errors  as  this. 

The  importance  of  light  to  vegetation  ought  to  be 
constantly  borne  in  mind.  Without  it  no  sub- 
stantial growth  could  be  made.  The  Oak,  formed 
into  the  hard  ponderous  timbers  of  ships,  was  once 
in  a  fluid  state ;  solid  as  it  has  become,  it  passed  at 
one  time  or  other  through  the  very  fine  vessels  of 
the  leaves,  in  the  form  of  sap,  consisting  chiefly  of 
dilate  carbonic  acid.  The  decomposition  of  the 
latter  is  effected  by  light,  and  the  carbon  becomes 
a  flxed  constituent  of  the  tree. 

Light  consists  of  different  coloured  rays  ;  some 
are  distinguished  as  calorific,  others  as  chemical ; 
but  it  will  be  most  suitable  for  our  present  purpose 
to  refer  to  light  in  terms  that  are  generally  well 
understood,  namely,  direct  light  and  diffused  light. 
The  source  of  both  is  of  course  the  same  ;  but  the 
first  consists  of  direct  solar  rays,  whilst  diffused  light 
is  derived  from  these  after  they  have  been  broken,  re- 
flected, and  diffased.  They  come  from  all  directions. 
The  shadow  caused  by  a  perpendicular  object  placed 
in  direct  rays  forms  a  parallelogram,  which  is 
always  in  a  direct  line  with  the  object  and  the  sun. 
Diffused  light,  on  the  contrary,  forms  a  shadow  which 
extends  back  from  whatever  portion  of  the  sky  it  is 
admitted.  If  the  only  window  in  a  room  faces 
directly  north,  the  shadow  of  any  perpendicular 
object  in  the  room  placed  opposite  the  centre  of  the 
window  will  extend  directly  south ;  and  if  the  object 
be  placed  opposite  the  side  of  the  window,  the 
shadow  will  be  in  a  line  with  the  object  and  the 
centre  of  the  window. 

The  depth  of  shadow  is  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  light.  If  large  trees  with  dense  foliage 
obstruct  the  view  of  the  sky  from  even  a  north 
window,  the  shadow  'of  anything  in  the  room  will 
consequently  be  less  distinct.  A  conservatory  glazed 
on  all  sides  will  therefore  receive  little  light,  if  high 
trees  are  planted  near  it,  even  on  the  north  side. 
Trees  growing  against  a  north  wall  will,  in  like 
manner,  receive  less  light  if  the  sky  is  partially  hid 
from  them  by  high  trees  at  a  little  distance. 
Houses  facing  the  north  in  a  street  are  rendered 
gloomy  by  the  houses  opposite,  especially  if  these 
are  dark  and  smoky.  If  white,  so  as  to  reflect  direct 
light  abundantly,  of  course  the  case  would  be  very 
different,  so  much  so  that  sanitary  commissioners 
might  well  direct  their  attention  to  it. 

From  what  has  been  stated  we  presume  it  will 
be  acknowledged,  that  although  the  beneficial  effects 
of  light  as  regards  vegetation  have  been  long  known, 
yet,  even  in  modern  times  its  importance  is  fre- 
quently overlooked.  We  have  endeavoured  to  throw 
out  some  hints  that  may  be  usefully  considered ; 
but  the  subject  affords  a  wide  field  for  investigation. 
It  is  well  known  that  some  plants  in  all  countries 
grow  in  the  sun,  whilst  others  affect  the  shade  ; 
yet  we  find  hundreds  of  exotics  all  subjected  to  the 
same  treatment  with  respect  to  light. 

The  same  plant  may  also  beneficially  receive 
a  certain  amount  of  light  during  one  stage  of  its 
growth,  and  a  greater  amount  at  another.  A 
remarkable  instance  of  this  is  afforded  by  the 
following  details,  which  we  have  received  from 
Mr.  John  Povey,  gardener  to  the  Rev.  John 
Thoeneyoroft,  Tliorneycroft  Hall,  near  Congleton. 
He  says  : — "  I  send  you  a  few  Peaches  taken  from 
a  tree  which  was  brought  to  this  garden  as  a  nursery 
plant  in  1832  ;  the  following  winter  it  was  planted 
where  it  now  stands,  the  wall  and  border  being 
both  new.  For  the  first  10  years  I  do  not  recollect 
that  it  ever  bore  a  single  fruit,  owing  to  a  large 
Sycamore  tree  overshadowing  the  wall  where  it 
stood  ;  and  that  tree  being  an  object  visible  from 
various  parts  of  the  premises,  my  master  felt  the 
greatest  reluctance  to  take  it  down ;  but  about  10 
years  ago  he  consented  to  remove  it,  and  since  that 
lime  the  Peach  tree,  which  had  never  before  that 
I  recollect  carried  a  single  fruit,  has  rewarded  us 
with  a  fine  crop  every  year  ;  of  which  tlie  enclosed 
are  a  fair  sample.  The  number  this  year  on  the 
tree  is  30  dozen ;  in  18.51,  33  dozen  ;  in  18.00,  30 
dozen  ;  the  extreme  length  of  the  tree  is  ."il  feet,  on 
a  wall  10  feet  6  inches  in  height ;  and  without  the 
least  exaggeration,  I  think  I  may  say  that  the  tree 
itself  is  a  perfect  picture  —there  is  not  a  naked  spot 
in  it ;  it  IS  covered  with  foliage  and  fiuit  to  its 
very  foot,  and  has  been  greatly  admirerl  by  all  who 
have  seen  it ;  the  kind  is,  as  you  will  see,  llie  old 
Royal  George." 

The  Peaches  were  largo  and  finely  coloured  ;  and 
it  did  not  appear  that  the  tree  had  been  over- 
burdened, notwithstanding  the  heavy  crop  it  had 
produced  in  this  and  previous  years  since  il  bngan 
to  bear.  The  example  jjroves  that  the  Peach- 
tree  may  be  extraordinarily  well  grown  with  less 


light  than  is  requisite  for  its  fruiting  ;  but  mat  fruit 
will  not  come  without  abundance  of  direct  sun-light ; 
and  this  is  doubtless  the  case  with  many  other  species 
of  plants.  It  is  evident  thai  the  amount  of  shade 
which  plants  will  bear,  requires  to  be  ascertained  by 
experiment. 


No  season  was  ever  more  productive  of  fungi, 
esculent  and  non-esculent,  than  the  present.  The 
woods  and  meadows  absolutely  teem  with  them, 
and  those  labourers  who  are  sufficiently  active  anii 
industrious  to  wade  through  the  wet  Grass  before 
sunrise  are  reaping  a  second  harvest  from  the 
abundance  of  the  common  Mushroom  and  its 
varieties.  Other  excellent  species,  such  as  the 
Champignon,  Clavaria,  Hydmitn  rcpandum,  the 
common  Chantarelle,  and,  above  all,  the  esculent 
Boletus  and  Agaricus  delicioius  are  no  less  plentiful, 
and  afford  many  a  treat  to  those  who  are  skilled  in 
their  distinctions,  and  above  the  common  prejudice 
which  rejects  everything  except  a  single  form  of 
A.  cainpestris.  Scarcely  a  station  can  be  visited 
with  a  view  to  obtain  any  particular  species,  though 
two  lustra  or  more  have  passed  since  its  occur- 
rence, but  it  is  found  on  the  old  mycelium, 
in  confirmation  of  the  dictum  that  fungi  are  almost 
as  constant  to  their  true  localities  as  phasnogams. 
A  spot,  for  instance,  which  some  14  years  ago 
yielded  a  single  specimen  of  the  curious  and  gigantic, 
and,  according  to  Vittadini,  the  exquisite  Agaricus 
strobiliformis,  is  now  covered  with  scores  of  the 
species,  presenting  a  most  pleasing  and  singular 
sight.  The  mycelium  was  spreading  all  the  time, 
and  waited  only  a  favourable  concurrence  of 
circumstances  for  its  development. 

This,  however,  is  but  the  bright  side  of  the  picture ; 
the  other  is  gloomy  enough  ;  the  Grapes  in  many 
districts  are  destroyed,  the  Plums  have  withered  on 
their  branches,  the  Potatoes  are  as  bad  as  in  1845, 
the  produce  of  the  Wheat  crop  materially  diminished, 
and  now  other  forms  of  evil  are  daily  evidenced. 
Amongst  others,  a  singularly  rapid  decay  in  Pears  has 
lately  been  forwarded  to  us  from  Aberglasney,  which 
merits  a  passing  notice,  though  we  have  met  with 
it  before.  A  very  circumscribed  light  brown  stain 
is  the  first  evidence  of  evil;  this  rapidly  spreads,  and 
eventually  the  whole  substance,  as  well  as  the 
surface,  assumes  a'dark  colour  and  soft  consistency, 
exhibiting  in  concentric  rings  a  crop  of  Oiclium 
fruotigenium,  whose  spores  are  at  least  a  third  longer 
than  those  of  the  Grape  mildew.  The  mycelium 
burrows  deep  into  the  flesh,  where  it  is  first 
developed,  and  only  after  the  partial  decay  of  the 
fruit  makes  its  appearance  externally.  It  was  long 
since  stated  by  Dr.  Hassall  that  the  decay  of  fruit 
was  attributable  to  the  action  of  fungi ;  and  though 
he  carried  his  views  too  far  in  the  especial  instance 
which  came  under  his  notice,  there  is  little  doubt 
that  such  is  the  case  in  the  present  instance. 
The  mould  was  doubtless  developed  amongst 
the  cells  in  consequence  of  some  derange- 
ment of  their  chemical  condition  and  attendant 
depression  of  vital  energy ;  but  when  once 
the  growth  has  commenced  it  is  easy  to  understand 
how  rapidly,  in  accordance  with  Mr.  Graham's 
ingenious  notion,  the  death  of  those  portions  of 
mycelium  which  were  first  produced  is  capable  of 
communicating  a  taint  to  the  tissues  of  the  plant 
with  which  they  happened  to  be  in  contact.  In 
the  present  instance,  as  in  the  Grapes  from  Madeira 
lately  noticed,  the  yeast  plant  had  been  extensively 
developed,  but  probably  during  the  transit  of  the 
specimens. 

The  mould  is  well  figured  by  Ehrenderg,  on 
Pears  exhibiting  precisely  the  same  appearance  as 
those  before  us,  in  his  well-known  treatise  on  the 
development  of  fungi.  M.  J.  B. 

It  will  be  seen  from  our  advertisements  that  a 
further  sale  of  Mr.  Linden's  new  Orchids  will  take 
place  at  Stevens's  next  Friday.  We  need  not  say 
that  Mr.  Linden  is  the  most  successful  of  the 
Continental  importers  of  this  Order,  and  that  his 
statements  have  always  been  found  to  be  verified 
by  the  result.  We  are,  therefore,  glad  to  announce, 
on  his  authority,  that  among  the  lots  to  be  offered  on 
the  24th  are— two  Anguloas,  one  with  large  purple, 
the  other  with  large  white  flowers  ;  the  rare  bearded 
Braaavola  Dighi/ana  from  Honduras ;  Burlingtonia 
granadensis ;  two  supposed  new  CaUki/as  from 
Michoacan  and  New  Grenada;  E/iidendrum 
vilellinum,  a  large  variety  from  Michoacan ;  Epi- 
dcndrum  Sccptram,  a  very  fine  thing,  with  long 
spikes  ;  Gakmidra  Funchiana,  from  New  Grenada, 
said  to  be  very  handsome  ;  several  Oiicidiums  and 
OdontogloiSHiM,  among  which  hOd.Pcscatorai,  one 
of  the  most  charming  species  of  the  whole  order. 


THE  CIIOROZEMA. 

Most  of  the  spocios  of  lliis  uhoI'uI  gonus  are  com- 
paratively ciiaily  cultivated,  imcl  possesa  a  reniarliiibly 
ologunt  Imbit  of  growth  ;  if  tlio  young  wood  is  properly 


596 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Sept.  18,. 


ripened  in  autumn  they  will  bloom  in  the  warm  end  of  i  be  used,  and  the  weaker  varieties  are  longer  lived  in 
a  greenhouse  all  through  the  winter  and  spring  months ;  peat,  although  their  growth  will  not  be  equally  rapid  M 
and  few  plants  at  that  season  form  more  graceful  or  first.  Alpha. 
beautiful  objects  than  well-grown  and  bloomed  specimens 
of  Chorozema. 

Persons  well  acquainted  with  the  culture  of  hard- 
wooded  greenhouse  plants  are  very  careful  to  select 
dwarf,  healthy,  well  propagated  examples  for  growing 
into  first-rate  specimens  ;  therefore,  beginners  cannot 
be  too  particular  in  the  selection  of  good  plants  to  begin 
with  ;  and  in  cases  where  they  have  to  be  obtained  from 
a  distance  they  should  be  ordered  at  a  season  when  they 
will  not  be  liable  to  be  parched  or  frozen  on  the  journey. 
The  present  and  following  month  is  a  proper  season  for 
procuring  plants  fi'om  nurseries.  If  they  are  in  proper 
order  as  regards  pot-room,  when  received,  they  will 
require  merely  a  careful  supply  of  water,  and  an  airy 
situation  in  the  greenhouse  during  winter.  lu  March 
place  them  in  the  closest  end  of  the  house,  and  have 
soil,  &c,,  in  readiness  to  give  a  shift  as  soon  as  neces- 
sary. The  proper  time  for  shifting  is  when  the  pots 
are  filled  with  healthy  roots,  and  before  the  latter  become 
matted.  I  must  not  be  understood,  however,  to 
recommend  beginners  to  shift  their  plants  in  winter,  or 
when  the  roots  are  comparatively  inactive  ;  experienced 
cultivators  are  careful  to  avoid  any  necessity  for  shifting 
hard-wooded  plants  after  September  till  they  commence 
active  growth  in  spring,  and  young  growers  should  be 
careful  to  afford  such  plants  sufficient  pot  room  for  the 
winter,  without  shifting  later  than  August.  After 
potting  water  cautiously,  keep  the  atmosphere  rather 

close  and  moist,  and  sprinkle  the  plants  overhead  on 

fine  mornings,  to  encourage  the  roots  to  [strike  into  the 

fresh   soil.     When   fairly  established  a  more    liberal 

supply  of  water  will  be  necessary,  and  anr  must  be 

freely  admitted  on  mild  days,  but  cold  drying  currents 

on  first  entering  the  house  should  not  be  permitted  to 

pass  over  the  plants.     About  the  beginning  of  May,  or 

earUer  if  the  weather  proves  settled,  the  young  specimens 

may  be  removed  to  a  cold  pit,  which  will  form  a  suitable 

situation  for  their  making  tlieir  summer's  growth  in.    If 

cold  weather  with  frosty  nights  occur  after  the  plants 

are  removed  to  the  pot,  or  frame,  cover  the  glass  at 

night,  and  regulate  the  supply  of  air  during  the  day,  so 

as   to   prevent  their  sustaining  a   check  from  a   low 

temperature.     Unless  the  frame  occupies  a   situation 

sheltered  from  the  midday  sun,  a  light  shade  should  be 

afibrded  for  a  few  hours  on  the  forenoons  of  bright  hot 

days — and  the  plants  should   be   sprinkled  overhead 

morning  and  evening  and  allowed  as  moist  an  atmosphere 

as  possible.     Too  much  air  can  hardly  be  given  except 

during  the  occurrence  of  parching  winds,  when  it  will 

be  better  to  raise  the  lights  on  the  sheltered  side  only, 

and    to    keep    down    the    temperature    by    shading. 

Vigorous  growing  specimens  of  the  stronger  varieties 

will  probably  require  a  second  shift  about  July,  and  this 

should  be  given  them  as  soon  as  it  is  necessary,  in  order 

that  the  roots  may  lay  hold  of  the  fresh  soil  before  winter. 

As  regards  stopping  and  training,  the  habit  of  growth  of 

the  most  showy  species  is  such  that  very  little  attention 

is  required  in  these  respects  to  form  handsome  specimens. 

A  few  stakes  for  the  support  of  the  main  branches,  and  the 

timely  stopping  of  any  iIi-pIaced,'"over-luxui'iant  shoot 

will  be  sufficient.  Henchmanni,  and  some  others  of  a  very 

slender  habit  of  growth,  will,  however,  require  careful 

staking,  and  the  twining  varieties  must  also  be  provided 

with  proper  means  of  support.      Shading  and  sprinkling 

overhead  had  better  .be  discontinued  as  soon  as  the  heat 

of  summer  is  over,  but  allow  the  plants  to  receive  the 

benefit  of  night  dews,  by  placing  the  lights  so  that  they 

will  throw  off  a  sudden  storm  of  rain,  and  yet  leave  the 

plants  fully  exposed.     Towards  the  end  of  September 

remove  the  specimens  to  a  light  airy  situation  in  the 

greenhouse. 

If  the  object  in  view  is  to  obtain  large  specimens  in 

the  shortest  possible  time,  remove  the  flowers  in  spring 

as  they  appear,  and  the  more  expeditious  way  of  doing 

this  will  be  to  cut  back  the  branches,  so  as  to  remove  all 

the  eyes  which  show  flower.     The  plants  should  then  be 

placed  in  a  moist  temperature  of  about  55*^,  to  encourage 

active  growth.     They  may  be  treated  as  recommended 

for    last    summer,    and    if    all    goes    on    well,    they 

will   form  large  handsome  specimens   by   the   end  of 

the  season,  and  will  form  beautiful  objects  during  the 

winter  and  spring  months.     Having  obtained  moderate- 
sized  handsome  plants,  the  aim  should  be  to  keep  these 

in  a  healthy  state  for  as  many  years  as  possible.     This 

will  be  best  accomplished  by  cutting  back  the  shoots 

after  flowering,  and  slightly  thinning  out  the  branches 

by  removing  altogether  any  weakly  or  unhealthy  twig, 

and  giving  but  a  small  shift  every  other  year.     The 

strong-growing  varieties  will  make  sufficient  growth  if 

placed  out  of  doors  during  the  summer,  but  such  as 

Henchmanni  are  best  kept  under  glass.     Treated  in  this 

way  they  will  last  for  several  years,  but  it  is  safest  to  be 

provided  with  a  stock  of  good  young  plants,  as  the  loss 

of  a  specimen  may  be  calculated  on  as  an  occasional 

occurrence.      Red  spider  may  be  looked  for  on  most 

varieties,  and  must  be  eradicated,  or  the  destruction  ^of 

the  plant  is  certain  ;  this  is  easily  prevented  by  laying 

the  affected  plant  on  its  side  and  giving  it  a  liberal 

washing  with  a  powerful  syringe.     Henchmanni  is  very 

liable  to  be  attacked  by  mildew  if  kept  in  a  moist  con- 
fined atmosphere  ;  therefore  apply  sulphur  the  moment 

the  pest  appears. 

The  best  soil  for  the  Chorozema  is  rich  turfy  peat, 

broken  small,  an-l  mixed  with  sharp  silver-sand,  small 
potsherds,  or  chai-coal.     The  addition  of  one-fourth  of 

turfy  sandy  loam  will  be  an  improvement  for  the  strong- 
growing  varieties  j  but  strong  adhesive  loam  should  not 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  ADVANCE- 
MENT OF  SCIENCE. 
The  twenty-second  meeting  of  this  association  was  held 
this  year  at  Belfast.  We  shall  give  from  time  to  time 
a  report  of  such  matter  as  relates  to  the  objects  of^thia 
Paper. 

Oil  the  Qomposiiion  and  Economy  of  tJie  Flax  Crop, 
by  Professor  Hodges. — From  the  earliest  periods  we 
have  reason  to  believe  that  the  inhabitants  of  Ireland 
were  acquainted  with  the  qualities  possessed  by  the 
fibre  of  the  Flax  plant,  for  clothing.  By  whom, 
however,  or  from  what  country  it  was  introduced, 
we  have  no  satisfactory  record ;  for  the  assertion 
made  by  some  writers — that  the  Phoenicians  were  the 
instructors  of  the  Irish  people — is  destitute  of  historical 
foundation.  Our  Irish  name  for  Flax  is  i/tm,  which  word 
is  also  applied  to  thread,  while  the  term  anairt  is  used  to 
express  linen  cloth.  Dr.  O'Donovan  informs  me  that 
it  has  no  cognate  term  in  any  language  with  which  he  is 
acquainted,  and  is  evidently  a  word  of  great  antiquity. 
In  the^rehon  laws  also,  we  find  it  enjoined  that  the 
Brughaidhs  must  be  acquainted  with  the  mode  of 
working  Flax.  The  linen  shirt,  dyed  yellow,  indeed, 
appears  to  have  been  a  national  dress  ;  and  the  Jesuit, 
Edmund  Campion,  speaking  of  the  "meere"  Irish, 
describes  their  fondness  for  capacious  linen  garments. 
"  Linen  shirts,"  he  says,  "  the  rich  doe  weare  for  wan- 
tonness and  bravery,  with  wide  hanging  sleeves,  play  ted; 
thirtie  yards  are  little  enough  for  one  of  them."  The 
importance  of  Flax  cultivation  in  Ireland  appears  to 
have  been  recognised  by  the  English  Government,  as 
may  be  found  from  the  number  of  legislative  enactments 
and  grants  for  its  encouragement.  In  1809,  Government 
appropriated  the  sum  of  20,000Z.  for  this  purpose.  The 
exertions  of  several  national  societies  have  also  been 
directed  to  the  promotion  of  Flax  cultivation ;  the 
labours  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  were  early  excited 
in  improving  the  management  of  this  crop.  Since  the 
establishment,  in  1841,  of  the  Royal  Flax  Improvement 
Society,  an  association  of  proprietors  and  manufacturers 
which  was  originated  and  holds  its  meetings  in  Belfast, 
there  has  been  expended,  of  money  collected  by  sub- 
scriptions from  members,  8000^.,  and  of  money  granted 
by  the  Government  to  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Flax  Cultivation  in  the  south  and  west  of  Ireland,  4000^. 
Yet,  notwithstanding  the  efforts  wliicli  have  been  made 
by  Governments  and  Societies  to  stimulate  the  culture 
of  Flax,  and  though  the  total  extent  of  the  crop  pro- 
duced last  year  was  estimated  by  the  Government  Com- 
mission as  equal  to  138,619  acres,  the  value  of  which 
would  be  about  1,700,000^.,  this  produce  is  only  about  a 
fourth  of  that  annually  required  by  the  rapidly  increasing 
manufactures  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Though  Flax  is 
to  be  found  in  cultivation  in  almost  every  part  of  Ireland, 
yet  it  is  in  Ulster  that  its  chief  development  is  to  be 
found.  Of  the  138,619  acres  of  Flax  grown  in  1851, 
only  14,893  acres  were  beyond  the  bounds  of  this  pro- 
vince. It  is  in  Ulster  also  that  the  chief  seats  of  its 
manufacture  are  to  be  found. 

RepoH  on  the  Iniluence  of  tke  Solar  Radiations  on  the 
Vital  Powers  of  Plants  growing  under  different  Atmospheric 
Conditions,  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Gla-DSTONE. — As  a  preliminary 
matter  of  inquiry,  the  mere  effect  of  coloured  media  in 
accelerating  or  retarding  the  growth  of  various  kinds  of 
plants  was  tried.  Hyacinths  were  chosen  as  the  sample 
of  bulbous-rooted  plants.  Roots  of  as  nearly  as  possible 
the  same  size  and  description  in  every  respect  were 
grown  under  the  various  bell-glasses.  Certain  differences 
were  described,  both  in  the  rootlets  and  the  leaves, 
which  might  fairly  be  attributed  to  the  character  of  the 
light.  The  time  of  flowering  and  the  flowers  themselves 
were  not  affected  by  it ;  and  the  greatest  growth  (esti- 
mated quantitatively  in  each  instance)  took  place  in  the 
plant  exposed  to  all  the  rays  of  the  solar  spectrum  ; 
the  „next  greatest  was  under  the  blue  glass.  Wheat 
was  also  grown  in  a  similar  manner  ;  the  method  of 
arrangement  of  apparatus  being  minutely  detailed, 
and  the  character  of  the  corn  plants  which  appeared 
under  the  various  glasses.  Those  under  the  yellow 
were  the  most  sturdy  in  their  growth  ;  those  under 
the  blue  the  least  healthy ;  whilst  some  grown 
under  a  nearly  darkened  shade  grew  quickly  nine 
inches  long,  put  forth  no  secondary  leaves,  and  died  in 
a  month.  Mallows  were  grown  in  a  similar  manner. 
The  detailed  observations  were  too  much  the  same 
purport  as  in  the  preceding  instance.  As  it  had  been 
formerly  observed  by  the  author  and  his  brother,  that 
plants  kept  in  an  unchanged  atmosphere  appear  to  enter 
into  a  sort  of  lethargic  condition,  experiments  were 
instituted  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  the 
alteration  in  light  produced  by  coloured  media  made  any 
marked  variation  in  this  matter.  The  Pansy  and  the 
Poa  annua  were  the  plants  selected  ;  and  comparative 
experiments  were  made  with  a  darkened  shade,  and 
with  no  covering  at  all.  The  results  were  various  ;  but 
scarcely  conclusive,  unless  in  reference  to  the  fact  that 
plants  survive  much  longer  for  being  in  unchanged  air. 
Tlie  colourless  and  yellow  media  appeared  most  favour- 
able to  the  healthiness  of  the  plants.  As  experiments 
on  growing  plants  must  stretch  over  a  considerable  time, 
the  author's  observations  were  not  put  forth  as  founda- 
tions for  any  generalization,  but  just  as  samples  of 
his  preliminary  attempts. 

A  Report  on  the  Altiludlnal  Ranges  of  Plants  in 
the  North   of  Ireland^   by   Prof.  Dickie,   M.D, — The 


observations  were  made  on  Slieve  Donard,  in  County 
Down,  attaining  an  elevation  of  2796  feet ;  Muckishand. 
Erigal,  in  County  Donegal,  the  height  of  the  former 
being  2190  feet,  of  the  latter  2450  feet ;  and  Nephin,,in 
the  north-west  of  County  Mayo,  its  elevation  being 
2639  feet.  It  might  have  been  expected  that  in  general 
the  species  noted  would  have  the  upper  and  lower* 
limits  of  each  respectively  obeying  the  usually  imder- 
stood  law.  Instead  of  which,  it  appears  that  their- 
natural  upper  limits  are,  with  a  very  few  exceptional- 
lower  in  the  North  of  Ireland  than  in  North  Briton; 
The  lowest  limits  of  plants  usually  found  at  high- 
elevations  were  next  examined,  and  those  of  20  species- 
in  Ireland  compared  with  their  recorded  lowest  fimits 
in  different  parts  of  North  Britain ;  from  which  com-- 
parison  it  appears  that  the  lower  limits  in  Ireland  are  - 
generally  much  lower  than  in  North  Britain.  It  may 
be  stated,  in  other  words,  that  in  Ireland,  with  a  climate 
which  is  generally  mild,  plants  usually  growing  in  low 
grounds  do  not  rise  so  high  upon  thejnountains  as  in' 
North  Britain  with  a  less  favourable  climate  ;  and 
plants  usually  growing  at  high  elevations  descend  lower  ■ 

in   Ireland;  than  in  many  parts  of  North  Britain. 

Prof.  Balfour  had  often  observed  a  considerable  descent 
of  Alpine  plants.  Draba  incana  he  had  found  on  the 
sea-shore.  Saxifraga  oppositifolia  was  found  very  low 
near  Glasgow. — Prof.  Walker  Arnott  mentioned  several 
instances  of  Alpine  plants  descending  to  the  sea-shore,  as- 
Saxifraga  aizoides.  He  thought  those  plants  descended 
which  grew  in  the  vicinity  of  streams,  and  would  divide 
Alpine  plants  into  dry  and  moist.  There  was  a  con- 
siderable difference  in  the  distribution  of  plants  according^. 
aa  they  grew  on  continents  or  islands. — Mr.  L.  Reeve 
observed  that  the  lines  of  distribution  of  many  of  the 
plants  referred  to  by  Prof.  Dickie  corresponded  witht 
the  isothermal  lines  of  Humboldt. — The  Prince  of  Canino 
thought  it  of  first  importance  to  distinguish  between  dry 
and  wet  Alpine  plants.  In  investigations  oh  the  distri- 
bution of  plants  care  should  be  taken  to  take  into  con- 
sideration the  physical  properties  of  the  soil.  —  Mr.- 
Wyville  Thomson  had  found  Alpine  plants  at  the  mouth' 
of  the  river  Dee,  but  not  in  its  course.  He  thought 
this  was  due  to  the  sea  supplying  the  warmth  low  down 
which  the  snow  did  higher  up.  Neither  snow  nor  sea 
protecting  the  plant  in  the  middle  parts  of  the  river's 
course. 


TRADE  MEMORANDA. 
Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley,  67,  Tower-street,  Westminster- 
road,  London.     A  correspondent  asks  \rfio  this  gentle^ 
man  is  1 


Home    Correspondence. 

The  Petunia  as  a  Conservatory  Border  Plant, — I  am  ■ 
afraid  some  will  be  surprised  at  my  recommending  the 
Petunia  as  a  conservatory  plant,  seeing  it  is  so  very 
common.  I  however  regard  this  as  a  weak  objection,, 
provided  the  plant  be  suitable  and  useful  ;  and  that  it  i& 
so  I  have  proved  this  year,  when  it  has  answered  so 
admirably  that  I  think  it  is  worth  a  trial  by  those  who 
are  fond  of  having  their  conservatories  well  supplied 
with  flowers.  I  propagate  in  spring,  in  a  bottom-heat 
of  about  Qa'^  or  TO**.  After  the  plants  are  rooted  I  keep- 
them  growing  freely  on  with  as  little  heat  as  possible.  I 
planted  a  healthy  plant  from  this  stock  in  the  conserva- 
tory border  early  in  March,  keeping  it  well  supplied 
with  water.  I  trained  it  up  to  a  stake  about  5  feet  high. 
A  mouth  after  its  transplantation  it  commenced, 
flowering,  and  since  that  time  up  to  the  present  it  has 
gone  on  blossoming  incessantly  ;  and  now  it  seems  by 
no  means  exhausted,  looking  full  of  vigour,  and  likely  to 
continue  in  flower  for  months  to  come  ;  it  measures  5 
feet  high  and  5  feet  through,  and  is  covered  with  innu- 
merable blossoms.  It  does  not  seem  subject  to  the 
attacks  of  insects  like  some  conservatory  plants.  I 
frequently  syringed  in  the  evening  for  the  purpose  of 
washing  off  the  dust  and  preserving  a  green  healthy^ 
appearance.  It  seems  capable  of  standing  a  very  great 
amount  of  heat  without  any  bad  effects,  if  it  be  welL 
supplied  with  water.  I  have  tried  another  Petunia  as 
a  trellis  plant  in  a  back  border  in  the  same  house.  As, 
it  grows  rapidly  it  requires  attention  in  tying  up  the 
shoots.  It  has  answered  admu-ably,  flowering  for  many 
months,  sometimes  being  subject  to  a  sun  heat  of  110*^" 
Fahr.  Very  much  of  course  depends  upon  taste  in  the 
selection  of  plants.  To  my  taste  there  is  no  purple 
flower,  as  a  conservatory  border  plant,  capable  of  suc- 
cessfully competing  with  the  Petunia.  Willidm  Payne, 
Fir  Vale,  near  Shield. 

Peat  Charcoal  and  the  Potato  Disease. — The  melan- 
choly reports  concerning  the  Potato  crop  which  reach 
us  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  make  me  lament  the 
little  use  that  has  hitherto  been  made  of  peat  charcoal;, 
although  Mr.  Cuthill  has  long  urged  a  trial  of  it  in  his 
various  pamphlets,  and  confirmed  its  efficacy  by  much 
experience,  yet  but  few  have  adopted  it.  I  have  been 
induced  to  plant  a  large  proportion  of  ray  crop  with 
charcoal  this  year,  and  I  have  a  more  satisfactory 
produce  than  ever  I  recollect  to  have  had,  both  in  sizej 
quantity,  and  quality  ;  and  the  sight  which  my  lofts  at 
this  time  present,  I  imagine  cannot  be  surpassed,  if 
equalled,  in  the  kingdom.  In  some  plots  of  ground 
where  I  did  not  use  charcoal,  I  have  fared  as  my  neigh- 
bours have  done,  very  bad — Potatoes  small,  and  partly 
diseased.  I  may  mention  that  fi'om  the  earliest  stage  of 
growth,  the  crop  planted  in  cliarcoal  shewed  great  vigour 
of  stem,  and  an  unusual  intensity  of  green  in 
the  leaves.  I  have  elsewhere  observed  that  the  expe- 
rience of  an  eminent  gardener  first  led  me  to  adopt  the 


38—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


597 


use  of  charcoal ;  and  not  being  a  chemist  myself,  I  attri- 
buted the  wonderful  effects  to  its  valuable  anti putrescent 
qualityj  preserving  the  tuber  from  rot,  and  I  was  quite 
ignorant  (until  last  month),  of  its  possessing  a  far  higher 
scientific  value.  I  subjoin  a  few  extracts  connected 
with  this  subject  from  an  August  provincial  paper,  on 
*^the  weather,  electricity,  and  the  Potato  disease," 
emanating  fi'om  the  pen  of  a  talented  writer  and 
chemist  in  the  medical  profession.  This  gentleman, 
in  his  remarks,  attributes  the  Potato  disease  to  a  great 
deficiency  of  electricity  in  the  atmosphere,  and 
remarks  upon  it  thus  : — "The  true  explanation  of  the 
Potato  gangrene  is  very  simple,  but  few  are,  perhaps, 
aware  of  the  fact,  that  the  leaves  of  a  plant  are  identical 
with  the  lungs  of  an  animal  ;  that  the  sap,  or  blood  of 
the  Potato  is  absorbed  from  the  soil,  carried  then  to  the 
leaves,  and  here  obtains  the  *  breath  of  life,'  from  the 
electricity  evolved  in  the  exchange  of  oxygen  for  carbon. 
If,  therefore,  the  atmosphere  should]  be  nil  as  to  its 
electricity,  the  sap  descends,  or  the  blood  thus  unpurified 
or  decarbonised  returns  to  the  tuber,  which  rots, 
perishes,  and  passes  for  want  of  life.  Such  is  briefly 
my  view  of  the  Potato  gangrene  ;  and  the  state  of 
the  electricity  registered  this  year  bears  me  out  in  this 
very  simple  explanation."  He  further  remarks : — 
"  Where  charcoal  is  used,  what  is  the  rationale  ?  The 
§ap  is  supplied  with  more  carbon  (peat  charcoal  con- 
tains 96  percent,  of  cai'bon. — Herapath),and  this,  from 
its  affinity  for  oxygen  absorbs  more  of  the  latter  from 
the  atmosphere,  and  hence  the  plant  possesses  greater 
vitality,  oxygen  being  the  *  breath  of  life' of  the  sacred 
writer.''*  Never  having  perused  such  conclusive  scientific 
reasoning  as  to  the  value  of  charcoal  for  the  Potato  crop, 
and,  in  fact,  for  any  other  esculents,  I  have  thought 
the  above  might  be  interesting  to  your  readers.  John 

Lillyj  Olastonhury. 1    am  in   the  habit  of  growing 

early  field  Potatoes  every  year.  I  propose,  in  addition 
to  a  good  maunring  with  yard  manure,  to  use  peat 
charcoal,  which  I  am  now  preparing,  impregnating  it 
daily  with  slops  from  the  house.  The  way  I  think  of 
using  peat  charcoal  as  to  apply  about  half  a  pint  to 
each  Potato  set,  after  it  is  inserted  in  the  hole,  which  I 
dibble.  Do  you  think  this  mil  be  the  best  way  to  use 
this  substance  ?  Would  a  broadcast  sowing  be  more 
ef&cient,  to  be  followed  by  a  harrowing  %A.  B.  [Use  the 
■first  plan.] 

Virgilia  capmsis. — I  forward  a  sprig  and  a  flower  of 
this  hardy  and  evergreen  shrub  ;  it  will  grow  as  a  bush, 
or  climb  beautifully.  We  have  grown  it  here  as  a  bush, 
but  we  have  not  more  than  this  one  plant.  About 
12  months  since  we  turned  it  out  of  a  pot  against  a 
south  wall  in  peat  soil,  where  it  has  made  very  luxuriant 
and  extraordinary  growth.  It  covered  a  space  of 
15  feet  in  length,  and  is  10  feet  high  ;  it  has  been  in 
flower  about  two  months  ;  is  sweet  scented,  and  to  see 
this  large  plant  in  full  bloom  is  a  sight  not  often  to  be 
met  with  ;  it  has  likewise  a  beautiful  foliage.  N,  J.  B,^ 
near  Exeter.  [It  is  Virgilia  capensis,  a  beautiful  tree 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.] 

Acclimatising  Plants.  —  I  have  given  my  continued 
best  attention  to  the  subject  of  acchmatising  exotic  plants 
At  this  place  during  the  last  35  years  ;  and  I  have  made 
a  written  record  of  all  the  successful  results  during  that 
time,  some  of  which  may  perhaps  be  worthy  of  notice. 
Kichardia,  i.  e.,  CalJa  aethiopica,  in  pots,  produces  much 
seed,  of  which  I  sowed  some  in  the  open  ground  in  the 
■end  of  March,  1822,  in  a  vegetable  mould,  on  a  clayey 
subsoil,  latitude  oG"  55',  altitude  about  180  feet  above 
.the  level  of  the  sea.  I  put  a  broken  one-light  frame  over 
it.  In  six  or  seven  weeks  several  seedlings  grew  up,  in 
all  15  plants  ;  here  they  continued  to  grow  well  until 
autumn,  when  I  took  them  up  with  balls  of  earth,  potted 
them,  and  kept  them  under  glass  all  winter.  One  of 
these  seedlings  began  to  flower  in  13  months.  In  the 
-spring  of  18'23  I  planted  it  in  the  open  border,  under  a 
lugh  wall  with  a  western  aspect,  so  that  the  sun  did  not 
shine  on  the  plant  till  12  o'clock  ;  hero  it  begins  flower- 
ing in  the  end  of  May  and  June,  and  grows  sometimes 
3  feet  high.  One  year  it  produced  1 1  flowers,  and  it  has 
produced  seeds.  From  1823  it  continued  to  grow  and 
flourish,  surviving  the  long-remembered  severe  winters 
of  1836-7-8;  in  the  spring  of  1838  it  was  first  taken  up  ; 
it  was  a  large  mass  of  roots,  of  which  I  replanted  a 
portion  in  the  same  place,  and  it  continues  to  grow  and 
flower  well.  In  October,  1851,  I  was  compelled  to  take 
it  up,  owing  to  alterations  ;  it  had  then  a  large  cluster 
of  green  seeds.  I  cut  the  plant  in  halves,  one  of  which 
Is  again  growing  in  the  same  place  under  a  wail, 
planted  deep  in  cool  loamy  earth,  in  a  shady,  well- 
sheltered  flituation  :  and  the  part  with  seeds  was 
put  in  a  pot,  and  placed  under  glass.  The  cluster 
of  seeds,  ^  oz.,  ripened  in  the  end  of  December,  of 
which  I  sowed  wime  in  a  pot  on  February  18,1851, 
and  raised  20  Hcedlings:  they  are  planted  now  three  in  a 
pot,  and  one  in  a  'J-\nc\\  pot ;  those  planted  three  in  a  pot 
began  flowf:ring  January  15,  1852,  in  less  than  a  year 
from  the  time  of  their  being  .lown.  By  variouH  wayH  of 
managing,  the  plants  arc  in  flower  nearly  all  the  year. 
Several  are  growing,  and  flower  well  in  other  places  ; 
ondcr  walls,  in  this  situation,  it  produced  seven  large 
flowers  l&Ht  June.  The  ahovo  plant  has  bcon  twice 
tranflplant'id,  and  hoB  lived  upwurdH  of  30  years. 
I  have  found  as  many  as  eight  Bceds  jn  one  borry  ;  tho 
largest  ncedH  produced  the  hardicnt  plants,  and  two 
varieticft — major  and  minor.  A  secdHng  Calla,  in  a 
9-iDch  pot,  grew  4/^  feet  high,  and  produced  a  large 
cluster  of  ripf;  HcedH,  which  weighed  4^^  oz.  A  jilant, 
in  flower  last  Fchnmry,  was  if^  feet  high,  in  a  pot  of 
rich  earth,  with  sometimes  two  largo  twin  Icavci*  on  one 
i40t«talk,  and  two  columns  in  one  flower ;  sometimes 


the  flowers  are  double,  so  called  here,  with  flowers 
7  inches  wide  ;  it  is  a  graceful  plant  for  a  shady  room 
or  hall,  or  among  statuary,  &c.  I  have  gathered 
2  oz.  of  seeds  in  a  year,  besides  the  above.  John  Streety 
Biel,  East  Lothian. 

TixcJisition  of  Sexes  m  tJte  ^op-plant. — Amongst  our 
Kentish  Hop-growers  it  has  often  been  a  matter  of 
surprise  that,  although  they  have  for  years  been  careful 
to  eradicate  the  male  plants  from  their  gardens,  or  to 
confine  their  number  to  one  or  two  hills  on  an  acre, 
yet,  notwithstanding  all  this  care,  occasionally  "  red 
bines  "  and  males  spring  up  where  they  were  not  looked 
for,  and  upset  all  the  grower's  calculation.  It  is  usual 
to  mark  such  hills  just  previously  to  the  picking  of  the 
crop,  so  that  they  may  be  dug  out  when  the  tops  are 
cut  off.  Many  a  labourer  has  had  to  bear  his  master's 
anger  for  not  havmg  thoroughly  torn  up  and  destroyed 
the  plant,  or  else  for  having  used  part  of  it  again  to 
renew  some  weakly  stool,  and  thus  perpetuate  the 
plague — or  how  could  it  be  ?  It  is  now  some  years 
since  I  had  ocular  demonstration  of  the  change  of  sex 
in  the  same  plant  in  my  own  nursery:  a  female  plant 
that  had  borne  hops  for  several  years  produced  both 
male  and  female  blossoms,  and  of  course  a  small 
quantity  of  hops  in  the  one  year,  and  in  the  following 
the  plant  became  entirely  a  male  plant,  and  without 
power  to  produce  a  single  hop.  This  fact  I  communi- 
cated to  Dr.  Royle,  who  published  my  opinion  on  the 
subject,  and  which  accounts  for  the  seeds  vegetating 
from  grounds  where,  to  the  casual  observer,  no  male 
plant  is  to  be  found.  To  the  scientific  observer  who  is 
always  watching  the  transmutations  of  leaves  to  flowers 
and  their  appendages,  the  fact  is  well-known  that  many 
diclinous  plants,  like  the  hemp,  do  occasionally  produce 
in  a  spike  of  one-sexed  flowers  one  or  two  where  the 
flowers  are  of  two  sexes,  and  thus,  to  a  common 
observer,  a  male  plant  produces  a  few  perfect  growing 
seeds.    The  accompanying  sketch   was  made   from  a 


plant  growing  on  the  estate  of  F.  Nearae,  Esq., 
Macknade,  near  Favershara,  and  is  remarkable  for 
having  only  the  terminal  blossoms  females,  whilst  all 
the  rest  are  males.    Williajn  Masters,  Canterbury. 

Sweet-Peas. — It  may  possibly  be  worth  recording,  that 
from  one  self-sown  Painted  Lady  Sweet-Pea,  I  have 
grown  the  immense  number  of  343  pods,  and  1890  Peas 
this  summer,  Amelia. 

Gardeners. — From  information  statistically  and  other- 
wise carefully  collected,  it  is  found,  that  as  a  body, 
gardeners  are  masters  of  more  knowledge  generally,  and 
have  received  a  better  education,  than  most  other 
professional  classes  of  persons.  The  greater  responsi- 
bility therefore  attaches  to  them  in  practically  diffusing 
and  turning  the  blessing  to  good  account.  Beta. 

Rose  Ilmisc. — Will  some  of  your  readers  kindly  favour 
me  with  an  opinion  on  a  house  which  I  am  about  to 
erect  for  the  purpose  principally  of  growing  Tea  Roses. 
It  will  have  a  span-roof,  the  gables  facing  the  north  and 
south  ;  height  at  gutter  4^  feet,  ditto  at  ridge  9\  feet  ; 
the  area  will  be  20  feet  square,  the  door  in  the  north 
side  ;  a  9-inch  brick  wall  will  be  cai-ried  up  2  feet  all 
round,  on  which  the  plate  will  rest,  and  above  that, 
along  each  side,  will  be  sashes  2  feet  in  height  by  3  feet 
long,  hinged  at  top  and  opening  outward  in  the  usual 
way  ;  abovo  these  the  upper  plate,  and  upon  that  the 
rafters  of  a  fixed  roof,  glazed  with  largo  glass  on  the 
plan  of  Mr.  Ilivers'  orchard -houses.  The  glass  will  be 
21  oz.  sheet,  30  inches  by  20  inches,  puttied  into  steam 
cut  rabbets.  The  ends,  which  will  be  glass,  will  have 
two  ttliding  sashcH  of  about  3  feet  square  each  for  addi- 
tional ventilation  near  the  ridge,  Jtijller  blimls  will  be 
placed  on  the  roof  and  soutli  end.  On  tho  inside,  all 
round,  will  j_bo  a  bed  of  soil  (carried  up  as  high 
OS  tho  outer  wall,  and  supported  l»y  a  half  brick 
thick,  in  cement,  wall)  3  feet  wido,  to  bo  planted 
entirely  with  Tea  Rohch;  then  a  path  of  Portland  comont 
3  feet  wido,  tho  centre  being  occupied  with  a  stage  for 
RoMOH  in  potH,  or  other  plants  elevated  near  tho  ghwH, 
and  under  the  Ht/igo  will  he  a  mink  tank,  to  recoivo  tho 
rain  from  tho  roof.  IJeforo  commencing  this  Iiouho  I 
Bhould  ho  extremely  thankful  to  know  whether  it  will 
answer  the  purpose  intended,  and  whether  it  could  be 
improTod     upon    without     greater    oxponso  \      I    do 


not  at  present  think  of  heating  it,  bur  should  i 
afterwards  desire  to  do  so,  what  plan  of  laying 
hot-water  pipes  would  be  most  desirable  ?  Can  I  also 
have  any  information  as  to  the  success  which  attends 
large  and  wide  glass,  whether  much  breakage  arises 
from  frost,  &c.  ?  Your  correspondent  at  Farnham  glazed 
an  orchard-house  with  panes  of  the  above  size  30  inches  by 
20  inches.  Should  I  putty  all  laps  and  leave  the  drip 
to  run  out  at  bottom,  on  Mr.  Rivei's'  plan  ?  and  would 
puttying  laps  entirely  prevent  breakage  by  frost  %  if  not, 
what  width  of  open  lap  is  best  1  If  my  humble  building 
is  not  beneath  notice,  a  practical  opinion  on  these 
matters  will  greatly  Oblige  F.  H.  S. 

Potato  Seed. — I  wish  very  much  you  could  induce  the 
writers  in  your  Paper  (to  say  nothing  of  the  public  at 
large)  not  to  use  the  word  "  seed,"  applied  to  Potatoes 
for  setting  ;  it  causes  much  confusion  and  indistinctness 
in  their  communications.  How  could  they  describe  the 
process  of  raising  new  sorts  from  real  seeds,  if  the  word 
be  used  in  that  indiscriminate  manner  ?  F.  S.  A,  0. 
[We  heartily  join  our  correspondent  in  the  hope  that 
words  may  be  used  more  correctly.] 

Corrosive  SiMhnate. — In  reply  to  your  observation, 
at  p.  568,  on  the  use  of  corrosive  sublimate,  I  beg  to 
state  that  I  have  always  used  it  to  destroy  worms  in 
pots  in  greenhouses  and  hothouses,  and  in  no  one  instance 
has  it  destroyed  a  plant ;  the  proportion  is  half  an 
ounce  of  corrosive  sublimate  to  2,^  gallons  of  water, 
a  table- spoonful  to  a  small  pot  and  more  in  proportion 
to  larger  ones.  Earth-worms,  wire-worms,  and  wood- 
lice  come  to  the  surface  directly,  an  effect  I  cannot 
produce  with  the  use  of  clear  lime-water,  as  once 
suggested  by  one  of  your  correspondents.  A  Comtant 
Suhscnher.  [This  is  a  very  unexpected  statement,  and 
we  would  ask  our  correspondents  if  they  have  any 
similar  experience  with  this  dangerous  poison.  We 
are  aware  that  lawns  have  been  watered  with  corrosive 
sublimate  without  bad  effects,  but  it  has  been  imagined 
that  in  such  a  case  the  poison  was  either  decomposed 
upon  reaching  the  ground,  or  that  the  flinty  skin  of 
Grasses  protected  them  from  its  action.] 

Cloth  of  Gold  Rose. — I  imagine  that  it  is  not  very 
common  for  this  favourite  Rose  to  flower  the  first 
season  from  the  bud ;  and  as  it  gets  the  name  of  being 
a  shy  bloomer  1  have  been  induced  to  send  you  the 
following  statement  respecting  its  blossoming  here: — 
A  bud  inserted  upon  a  strong  shoot  of  the  common 
China,  growing  against  a  south  wall,  on  the  9th  of  July, 
1851,  soon  afterwards  started  into  growth  and  continued 
gi'owing  until  the  frost  stopped  its  progress  late  in 
November;  at  this  time  it  had  nearly  reached  the 
height  of  61  feet.  I  had  formerly  observed  that  the 
pecuhar  habit  of  this  Rose  was  to  produce  its  flowering 
shoots  from  the  strongest  growth  of  the  previous  year, 
and  particularly  from  those  buds  nearest  the  top  ;  I 
therefore  left  the  shoot  to  break  as  high  as  it  had 
ripened,  which  was  within  a  foot  of  its  top.  Seven  of 
the  uppermost  shoots  produced  flowers,  which  numbered 
in  all  20;  these  were  produced  without  any  assistance 
in  the  way  of  protection  during  winter,  and  within  12 
months  from  its  union  with  the  stock.  /.  IF.,  Gardens, 
Gordon  Castle. 

Uses  of  a  Magpie. — About  three  miles  from  Pershore 
there  was  a  small  open  heath,  full  of  gravel-pits  and 
abounding  in  reptiles.  Farm  buildings  were  erected 
there,  and  the  people  say  that  they  were  extremely 
annoyed  by  hawks  (who  took  the  chickens  before  the 
woman's  face  while  feeding  them),  toads,  snakes,  newts, 
frogs,  &c.  For  the  last  two  years  they  have  kept  a 
tame  magpie  ;  yesterday  the  woman  told  me  that  they 
had  entirely  lost  all  their  nuisances  ;  that  the  magpie 
keeps  them  all  in  their  proper  places.  F.  D.,  Pershore, 

The  Manettl  Rose. — 1  ought  to  apologise  to  youu 
readers,  for  omitting  to  give  the  very  simple  management 
required  to  make  this  a  healthy  stock.  For  dwarf 
Roses,  the  cuttings  should  be  made  10  inches  long,  all 
the  buds  cut  off  but  two  at  the  top  of  the  cutting  ;  they 
should  be  planted  deeply,  so  that  the  two  buds  are  just 
above  the  surface,  and  suffered  to  grow  one  season  ;  the 
following  autumn  or  spring  they  should  be  taken  up,  the 
two  young  shoots  cut  off  close  to  the  stem  and  trans- 
planted, previously  removing  with  the  knife  all  the  roots 
on  tho  stem,  leaving  only  the  tuft  of  roots  at  bottom, 
and  planting  them  about  3  inches  deep,  leaving  7  inches 
out  of  the  ground  ;  the  following  summer,  after  the  25tli 
of  August,  they  may  be  budded,  the  buds  placed  in  the 
steith  (not  in  the  young  shoots)  about  4  inches  from  the 
o-round,  the  buds  will  grow  rapidly  tho  following  summer, 
and  caro  must  be  taken  about  the  middle  of  June  to  cut 
off  the  stock  above  the  bud,  an  operation  called  by  nursery- 
men" heeling  "  or  "  snagging;"  the  wound  will  then  soon 
heal  over,  and  tho  junction  will  bo  perfect.  For 
standards,  cuttings  one  year  old  should  be  planted  in 
rich  soil,  in  rows  3  feet  apart,  and  1  foot  plant  from 
plant,  suffered  to  grow  one  season,  and  then  cut  down 
close  to  the  surface  of  tho  ground  in  February  ;  several 
shoots  will  rise — leave  three  (if  only  one  shoot  be  left,  it 
becomes  too  full  of  sap,  and  breaks  into  numerous 
laterals)  ;  fasten  ono  to  a  stake,  and  suffer  the  others  to 
grow  all  tho  summer  ;  early  in  the  autumn  remove  the 
two  wild  nhoots,  the  following  summer  the  staked  shoot 
will  put  forth  many  laterals.  Cut  off  all  those  close  to 
tho  Htcm,  within  18  incliOH  of  tho  base,  and  allow  tho 
others  to  grow  all  tho  Hummer  ;  bud  in  the  stem,  at  the 
height  required,  in  August.  Tho  following  autumn,  'm 
Oetohor,  cutoff  close  to  tho  stem  all  tho  side  shoots. — ■ 
Allow  mo  to  answer  friend  Paul's  queries.  Tho  Apple 
growH  more  freely  in  good  soils  when  grafted  on  seedling 
Apples  than  on  tho  Crab,  as  many  of  the  orchardists  in 
Gloucostorshiro  can  testify.    The  Peach  grows  moro 


598 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


VSept.  18, 


freely,  in  a  proper  soil  aad  climate,  and  is  more  lasting, 
whea  budded  on  the  Almond  than  on  the  Plum  stock. 
The  culture  of  the  Peach  in  the  soutli  of  France,  and 
here  in  orchard-houses,  will  exemplify  this.  I  may  add, 
that  Manetti  Rose  cuttings  may.  be  budded  the 'first 
season  after  planting  ;  but  they  do  not  form  such  sound 
well-rooted  plants.  Thomas  Rivers. 

Weeds  a  iwcventive  of  Potato  disease. — On  occupying 
a  house  in  this  neighbourhood  for  the  summer  and 
autumn  months,  I  found  in  the  garden  five  plots  of 
Potatoes  ;  symptoms  of  the  disease  appeared  more  or 
less  in  every  plantation,  and  I  took  the  generally 
adopted  means  of  saving  the  crop  by  cutting  off  the 
green  tops  and  earthing  up,  to  secure  better  drainage, 
&c.  Ij  however,  totally  neglected  one  lot,  ajad  it  became 
thickly  and  completely  covered  with  weeds,  2  and  3 
feet  ui  height.  From  tlie  other  plots  I  could  scarcely 
get  one  good  Potato—  they  were  wretchedly  diseased — 
and  in  despair  I  was  driven  to  tlie  neglected  plantation; 
upon  digging  tliis  I  was  most  agreeably  surprised  ;  in 
102  tubers  I  only  found  seven  bad,  and  these  merely 
spotted  upon  the  surface,  so  slightly  indeed  that  in 
former  years  no  notice  would  have  been  taken  of  it. 
The  haulm  was  completely  withered,  the  earth  was  very 
dry  and  harsh,  presenting  an  exhausted  appeai'aoce ;  the 
weeds  were  deeply  rooted,  and  from  their  number  must 
have  prevented  all  atmospheric  influence,  with  the 
exception  of  the  heaviest  rains.  I  do  not  recommend 
anybody  to  cultivate  weeds  in  theur  garden,  but  I  can- 
not help  fancying  that  I  am  indebted  to  a  crop  of  weeds 
for  a  crop  of  Potatoes.  C.  F.  P.,  Betchworth,  Swrcy, 
Septemher  8.  [Say  rather  to  the  exhausted  soil  laid  dry 
by  the  evaporation  from  the  weeds.]] 

AlWord  or  two  about  Sjyiders. — As  I  was  walking  in  a 
yoiong  shrubbery  a  day  or  two  ago,  I  saw  a  large  Tipula, 
or  ^Daddy  Long-legs,  fly  into  the  web  of  a  spider, 
suspended  between  the  branches  of  a  young  Ljirch. 
Presently,  from  underneath  one  of  the  said  branches,  I 
perceived  the  owner  of  the  web,  one  of  the  Epeu'idse, 
cautiously  make  his  appearance.  He  seemed  puzzled  what 
to  do  with  a  customer  I  calculated  about  six  times  the 
size  of  himself,  and  he  remained  some  time  perfectly 
motionless.  At  last  he  made  up  his  mind,  and  with 
three  darts — a  hop,  step,  and  a  jump — he  fixed  himself 
upon  the  head  of  his  victim.  The  struggle  was  for  a 
short  time  fierce,  but  the  diminished  aciion  of  the  poor 
Daddy  told  too  truly  who  was  master.  About  this  time 
I  observed  another  spider,  smaller  than  the  other,  with 
a  flat  body  and  sti'ong  legs,  cautiously  creeping  along 
one  of  the  supports  of  the  web  towards  the  field  of 
combat ;  and  having  satisfied  himself  that  the  game  was 
nearly  dead,  he  made  a  dart  and  came  down  upon 
it,  to  the  manifest  consternation  of  Epeii'us,  who 
retreated  a  short  distance  to  ponder  upon  his  future 
plans.  No.  2,  now  with  admirable  dexterity  com- 
menced rolling  over  the  dead  body  of  tlie  Tipula, 
until,  enveloped  in  web,  it  had  somewhat  the  appearance 
of  a  mummy.  Having  done  this  he  began  to  cut  a  line 
here  and  thei*e,  evidently  preparing  to  carry  away  and 
enjoy  his  surreptitiously  obtained  prize  in  a  secret  and 
retired  part  of  his  dominions,  Epeirus,  however, 
seemed  quite  aware  of  his  opponent's  intentions,  and 
seizing  his  opportunity,  he  quietly  dropped  on  to  the 
body,  and  No.  2  prudently  retired.  The  movements  of 
the  latter  were  now  especially  interesting.  He  evidently 
wished  to  avoid  a  close  combat  with  his  enemy,  but 
having  permitted  liim  to  rest  some  time,  he  very 
cautiously  approached  within  reach  of  his  fore- 
paws,  and  with  these  lie  most  dexterously  endea- 
voured toj  subject  his  foe  to  a  roll  in  the  web, 
similar  to  that  which  he  had  bestowed  upon  the  poor 
Daddy.     Epeirus  was,  however,  on  the  alert,  and  at  the 

f>roper  moment  he  slipped  away  and  again  retired, 
eaving  his  enemy  in  possession.  These  movements  or 
manceuvres  were  repeated  for  several  minutes,  and  it 
was  quite  doubtful  who  would  remain  master  of  the 
field.  All  at  once  I  observed  Epeirus  walk  off  the 
ground,  and  alter  remaining  a  short  time  on  the 
end  of  the  Larch  brauch,  he  dropped  down  into 
the  Grass  beneath.  As  I  considered  this  a  virtual 
abandonment  of  the  contest,  I  went  ray  way.  Two 
hours  afterwards  I  returned  aud  found  the  body 
had  been  carried  to  the  point  from  whence  Epeirus 
had  dropped  iuto  the  Grass ;  and  upon  examina- 
tiou  I  perceived  a  connecting  line  from  tlie  point 
to  the  Grass.  The  movement  had  evidently  been  the 
result  of  a  compromise  ;  for  now  a,t  one  end  of  the  poor 
Tipula  was  firmly  fixed  Epeirus,  while  he  of  the  flat 
body  was  quietly  enjoying  his  feast  at  the  other.  And 
I  mused  upon  what  I  had  seeu  ;  and  I  thought  had 
Machiavelli  himselt  instructed  the  eaters  they  could  not 
have  evinced  moi-e  skill,  or  arrived  at  a  more  s;atisfac- 
tory  termination  of  the  dispute.  C.  R.  Bree,  Stowma^rket. 
Sulphuiic  Acid. — I  see  it  stated  that  vipegar  is  largely 
adulteruted  with  vitriol  (sulphuric  acid),  and  this  is 
spoken  of  as  being  injurious.  Now  we  have  been 
recommended  to  make  "  Raspberry  acid"  with  sulphuric 
acid  mixed  with  water,  till  about  the  sourness  of  Lemon- 
juice,  in  place  of  vinegar.  I  am  anxious  to  know  if  tliis 
13  likely  to  be  deleterious.  I  have  been  under  the 
impression  that  the  sulphuric  acid  would  have  a  tonic 
effect  on  the  stomach,  but  I  wish  sq  know  its  real 
properties.  A.  C. 

Wasps  eaten  hy  Toads.— A\)Owi  a  fortnight  ago,  when 
the  remauis  of  some  old  crops  were  being  removed  from 
a  border  in  the  kitchen  garden,  a  toad  was  distm-bed  in 
Its  shady  bower,  and  had  to  take  a  walk  in  the  sunshine 
when[the  thermometer  was  about  90=",  In  its  mid-day 
walk,  as  it  was  passing  along  the  sunny  side  of  a  Piuin 
tree,  it  came  to  a  half-eaten  Plum,  with  a  number  of 


wasps  feasting  upon  the  remains  of  the  injured  fruit  ; 
here  it  made  a  stop,  and  I  was  wondering  whether  it 
was  going  to  taste  the  fruit,  or  the  wasps  that  were 
devouring  it.  I  had  not  long  to  wait,  for,  in  a  moment 
it  swallowed  one  of  the  wasps.  I  was  thinking  it  had 
made  a  mistake  for  once ;  but  no,  for  it  soon  made  a  dart 
at  another  and  took  it  in,  a  third  came  within  its  reach 
and  was  soon  out  of  sight ;  it  appeared  as  if  three  wasps 
were  sufiicient  fora  meal,  for  it  might  have  had  more. 
When  it  found  shelter  from  the  sun  I  took  the  part  of 
an  injured  Plum  and  bruised  it  a  little  and  put  it  near 
the  toad  ;  there  were  soon  plenty  of  wasps  on  the  Plum, 
and  within  reach  of  the  toad  j  but  Biifo  vulgaris  appeared 
to  say  ; — No  more  I  thank  you.  Nahcra, paucis  contenta 
est.  Peter  Machen'^w- 

Tomato  Disease. — A  disease  is  attacking  Tomatoes 
similar  to  that  which  is  affecting  the  Potato.  I  planted 
a  considerable  quantity  on  the  south  side  of  a  new  wall, 
and  they  are  nearly  all  blighted.  The  disease  made  its 
appearance  about  the  1st  of  August.  Last  year  I  had 
some  affected  in  the  same  way,  but  nothing  approaching 
to  the  same  extent.  Have  any  of  your  readers  been 
visited  by  a  like  calamity  1   W.  R.,  Preston,  Hampshire. 

Hollies  Destroyed  hy  Mice.  —  I  have  had  a  great 
number  of  beautiful  Hollies,  varying  in  height  fi'om  1 
to  8  feet,  stripped  of  their  bark  about  6  inches  up  the 
stem  from  the  ground.  They  were  growing  in  very 
small  plantations  under  Fir  trees ;  and  it  is  quite  evident 
that  the  work  has  been  done  by  mice.  I  would  feel 
obliged  by  being  informed  whether  this  is  a  common 
occurrence,  and  wha,t  steps  sliould  be  taken  to  prevent 
further  damage.  W.  C. 

ApHcots  on  a  North  Wall. — I  liave  been  induced  to 
offer  a  few  words  on  this  subject,  from  the  frequency  of 
complaints  regarding  the  uncertain  nature  of  the  Apricot 
crop,  more  particularly  in  the  southern  parts  of  England. 
I  need  scarcely  say  that  the  Apricot  is  deserving  of 
some  attention,  not  only  for  its  excellence  as  a  dessert 
fruit,  but  also  on  account  of  its  qualities  as  a  preserve, 
than  which  there  is  none  finer  or  more  beautiful ;  they 
are  in  much  request  for  both  pm-poses  at  this  place,  and 
every  attention  has  been  paid  to  ensure,  if  possible,  a 
crop.  The  trees  have  been  lifted  and  replanted  in 
suitable  soil  and  protected  from  spring  frosts,  but  the 
success  has  been  so  unsatisfactory  that  it  was  thought 
necessary  to  remove  many  of  them,  in  order  that  some- 
thing of  a  more  profitable  character  might  be  grown 
instead.  Having  an  impression  that  the  Apricot  might 
be  cultivated  on  the  north  side  of  a  wall,  I  selected  an 
old  tree  on  which  for  three  successive  years  I  had 
looked  in  vain  for  fruit,  and  planted  it  on  a  prepared 
border  on  the  north  side  of  a  wall ;  the  result  has  been 
a  'good  crop  of  fruit,  well  coloured,  and  of  excellent 
quality  ;  lateness  is  the  only  difference  between).them 
and  those  on  a  south  aspect,  this  I  consider  an  advantage 
rather  than  otherwise,  more  especially  where  dessert  is 
required  at  all  times.  In  situations  where  Apricots  are 
obtained  from  other  aspects,  trees  might  be  advan- 
tageously planted  on  the  north  side  of  a  wall  with  the 
view  of  affording  a  successional  crop  ;  the  advantages 
derived  from  having  the  trees  on  a  north  aspect  are, 
that  unseasonable  earliness  is  prevented,  and  shading  or 
syringing  unnecessary  after  a  frost,  previous  to  the  sun 
shining  upon  the  trees.  I  am  also  of  opinion  that  trees 
grown  on  a  north  wall  will  not,  as  is  usual,  die  off 
limb  by  limb,  but  in  this  I  have  not  yet  had  sufficient 
experience.  I  am,  however,  so  satisfied  with  my  present 
success,  that  I  intend  removing  all  the  Apricot  trees 
that  ai'e  in  this  place  to  the  north  sides  of  the  walls. 
0.  T.,  Staiisted,  Sussex. 

ThePotaio  Disease,  and  Culling  off  the  Haulm Ilately 

paid  a  visit  to  Mr.  Diplock,  of  the  Griffin-inn,  Fletching, 
which  I  have  done  for  three  years  in  succession  ;  and  as 
Mr.  D.  has  been  very  successful  with  his  Potatoes,  not 
having  had  one  diseased  tuber  for  the  last  three  years, 
while  his  neighbours  around  have  had  to  deplore  nearly 
the  entire  loss  of  theirs,  I  give  ycu  the  mode  whereby 
he  prevents  the  ravages  of  the  malady.  As  soon  as  the 
slightest  symptoms  of  disease  are  manifested  in  the  leaf, 
and  before  it  has  reached  the  stero,  Mr.  D.  has  the  tops 
cut  off  close  to  the  soil,  at  the  same  time  in  passing  he 
presses  in  with  his  foot  the  top  left  behind  ;  they  are 
then  thicldy  earthed  over,  to  prevent  bleeding,  and  if  the 
soil  is  observed  to  be  damp  a  few  days  after,  a  fresh 
coat  of  soil  is  added.  It  is  to  the  preventing  of  the 
bleeding  that  Mr.  D.  attributes  his  success,  as  he  finds 
by  this  mode  that  the  Potatoes  swell  and  grow  as  usual, 
while  those  left  uncovered  become  exhausted  by  bleeding, 
and  grow  no  larger.  Mr.  Diplock  has  now  a  fine 
healthy  crop  of  Potatoes,  and  not  a  diseased  tuber 
among  them,  while  every  other  grower  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood find  theii's  more  or  less  diseased.  Wni.  Woodj 
Woodlands  Nursei'y^  Marcsjield,  -near  UcJcfieldj  Sussex, 


numbers  of  insects,  of  all  orders,  recently  observed  on- 
the  edge  of  the  perpendicular  cliffs  near  Boulogne,  the 
wind  at  the  time  blowing  gently  from  the  land;  as  well  as 
an  instance  m  which  a  humble  bee  trying  to  regain  the 
cliff  had  impaled  itself  on  the  sharp  point  of  a  Rush,, 
which  had  pierced  the  hard  covering  of  its  back.  Other 
instances  of  the  impalement  of  insects  on  thorus,  were 
mentioned  by  Messi'S.  Desvignes,  Curtis,.  Bond,  and 
other  members,  in  some  cases  evidently  by  shrikes,  but 
in  othei's  by  the  insects  flying  against  the  thorns. 
Mr.  Douglas  exhibited  specimens  of  various  rare  Micro- 
lepidoptera,  chiefly  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Ripleyj, 
including  Plutella  horridella  from,  the  garden  of  Mr. 
Napier,  of  Ockham  ;  also  Bedellia  somuulentella,  reared 
from  the  leaves  of  Convolvulus  arvensis,  a  species  much 
subject  to  the  attacks  of  Ichneumonidse,  as,  out  of  56 
larvse,  40  were  destroyed  by  the  last  named  parasites  ; 
also  specimens  of  a  second  bx'ood  of  Lithocolletes- 
scabiosella,  reared  from  Scabiosa  columbaria.  Mr^ 
Augustus  Sheppard  exliibited  various  rare  Lepidoptem 
from  Margate  ;  Mr.  Edv^in  Shepherd,  others  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Dover,  and  Mr.  Dutton,  several  from- 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  including  the  very  rare  Agrotjis- 
lunigera  ;  and  Mr.  S.  Stevens,  specunens  of  the 
splendid  Brazilian  butterfly  CaUithea  Batesii,  wMch  ha4 
been  reared  from  the  larva  by  Mr.  Bates.  Mr.  Moore 
exhibited  specimens  of  various  parasites  found  on  birds 
and  animals  in  the  Zoological  Society's  collection  in  the 
Regent's  Park.  A  communication  was  read  from  the 
secretary  of  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  .of 
Charleston,  South  Carolina.  Mr.  Curtis  mentioned 
the  occurrence,  near  Tunbridge,  of  vast  quantities- 
of  ScEeva  unicolor,  all  of  which  proved  to  he- 
males,  and  which  he  now  regarded  as  only  a  variety 
of  S.  Pyrastri.  He  also-  mentioned  that  all  th^  - 
specimens  of  the  pale  variety  of  Colias  Edusa  (named. 
C.  Helice)  had  proved  to  be  females^  He  also  esjiibited 
a  specimen  of  the  fine  Sphinx  Antaeus,  of  Drury  (a- 
native  of  Trinidad)  which  had  been  reared  and  found 
alive  in  the  gardens  of  the  Horticultural  Society  at 
Chiswick.  He  thought  it  probable  that  many  of  our- 
rare  supposed  native  species  were  inhabitants  of  other- 
countries,  which  had  been  imported  iuto  this  country 
with  plants,  &c.  He  thought  also  that  the  light  of  out' 
lighthouses  often  attracted  continental  species  flying, 
over  the  ocean,  instancing  the  only  specimen  of  Eulepia- 
cribrum,  talvcn  in  the  east  of  England,  and  Captain 
Chawner's  unique  individual  of  Ophiusa  lunarisj  both, 
taken  under  such  circumstances.  He  also  exhibited  a 
leaf  of  Viburnum  Lantana,  covered  with  a  flattened  kind, 
of  galls.  Mr.  Stainton  commuiucated  the  translation  q£ 
a  paper  on  microlepidoptera,  from  "  The  Tauschvere^us 
Berecht ;"  and  Mr.  Wilkinson  exhibited  some  of  the- 
curious  cases  of  the  laryse  of  $  Tinea  found  on  the  Oak. 
and  Birch,  resembling  a  bivftlye  shell. 


^oci'etie^. 

Entomological,  September  6. — J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq., 
F.L.S.,  President  in  the  Ciiair.  Amongst  the  donations 
received  since  the  last  meeting,  was  aseries  of  the  publi- 
cations of  the  Smithsonian  Institute  of  North  America, 
and  various  rare  insects  presented  by  Signer  Passerini, 
the  Rev.  J.  Green,  and  Messrs.  Bond  and  Guyon.  The 
President  announced  that  a  new  Part  of  the  Transactions, 
N.  S.  Vol.  II.,  Pai't  2,  was  ready  for  distribution  among 
the  members.  Mr.  Weir  exhibited  a  number  of  rare 
Microlepidoptera  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Tunbridge 
Wells;  and  Mr.  F.Bond  a  series  of  interesting  Coleoptera, 
from  the  bantsof  the  \J[undai'ra river,  in  Eastern  Australia. 
The    President  noticed   the    occmTence    of    immense 


Tlie  Georgics  of  Virgil,  in  Heroic  Couphis,  By  Rev; 
E.  Cobbold,  M.A.  Lumley.  12mo  ;  pp.197. — He  is  a- 
bold  man  who  undertakes  to  produce  Vh-gil's  Georgics- 
in  a  modern  agricultural  dress.  The  attempt  has  never  ■ 
yet  succeeded,  and  perhaps  never  will ;  for  this  evident 
reason— that  a  poet  is  not  a  farmer,  nor  a  farmer  a 
poet,  nor  the  combination  of  farmer  and  poet  likely  to 
be  also  a  gardener,  a  botanist,,  and  a  good  classical 
scholar.  The  best  version  has  hitherto  been  that  of 
King,  noticed  by  us  in  a  previous  volume.  Mr.  Cobbold; 
is  a  new  candidate  for  pubUc  favour,  but  we  fear  can 
hardly  be  regarded  as  a  more  successful  one,  notwith- 
standing the  cleverness  with  which  passages  are  here 
and  there  rendered.  His  fault  is  an  oecaaional  looseness 
and  inexactness  of  translation,,  which  not  only  fails  to- 
convey  the  author's  meaning,  even  in  the  form  of  a 
paraphrase, butactuallymisrepresentshim.  For  example,, 
Virgil  gives  the  following  directions^  for  knowmg  one- 
kind  of  land  frwn  another  :. — 

"  Pinguig  item  quae  sit  tellus,  hoc  deBique  pacto 
Bi-cimus  :  baud  uuquam  raaaibusj aetata  fati&oit, 
Sed  picia  Id  morem  ud  digitos  leateeclt  taabeodo. 
Htimtdaixi.ajorQS  be^rb^.B  alit,  ip^aque  ju&to 
Lsetiorl  a^  nimium  ne  sit  mibi  fertilis  ilia, 
Neu  se  praevalidam  primis  oatendat  ariatis. 
Quffi  gravis  est,  ipao  tuoitam  se  pondere  prodit ; 
Quieque  levis,    Promtum  ^t  oc^lis  prsediBcere  aigrafCj^ 
Kt  quis  cat  color.    At  Pceleratum  esquirere  t'rigua 
Diffli'ile  est :  pices  tanlilin,  taxique  nocentes 
laterdasi,  aut  hederse  paadunt  vestigia  nigraej' 

This  is  rendered  by 

**  k  fruitful  soil  may  easily  be  ecano'd, 
Iq  tbac  it  crumbles  not  witbia  tbe  band  ; 
But  like  teoacioua  pitob  will  fast  adhere, 
And  pn  the  palm  uod  fttipera'Tendji  appear. 
Wet  land  yields  milhy  Hades  of  too  great  length,. 
Tax'd  by  hHTfiidUy  beyond  its  strength. 
Ah  I   may  no  field  of  mine  u'er-fercila  be, 
With  ears  too  rank  to  reach  nv^tuntyt 
Tbe  bbayier  aud  tbe  light  are  known  full  well 
By  their  own  weight :  nor  need  we  stay  to  tell 
Of  colour  caught  at  fight :  stiU,  we  must  owa 
That  lean,  aold  lands  are  not  so  Gurely  known  : 
Where  Spruce  alone,  with  here  and  there  ft  Yeff, 
Aud  darkly  frowning  Ivy  riae  to  view." 

In  these  paragraphs  the  word  « fruitful  "  ill  repre- 
sents the  pinguis  of  the  origina!,  which  rather  meaflt 
what  is  familiarly  called  fa^t  Igjid  ;  that  is,  a  riclii,  stiflf^ 
soapy  clay,  "  Milky  blades "  is  a  strange  version  of 
majores  lierhas,  or  rank  herbage  ;  « taxed  by  humidity 
beyond  its  strength,"  is  not  in  Virgil  ;  we  should  trans- 
late «cit  s&  pyo;vaXidam prhfiis  ostendat  aristis,  "lest  it 
show  itself  to  be  over  strong  by  the  first  ears  it  pro- 
duces;" that  is  to  say,  "les,t  the  cx*op  runs  to  grass 
rather  than  to  ear.'*    Nor  can  we  admit  nigrce  Itedercs 


38— 1852J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


5t>9 


to  mean  "darkly  frowning  Ivy,"  the  oiigrce  evidently 
referring  to  the  colour  of  the  fruit.  This  sort  of 
criticism  belongs,  however,  to  the  field  of  literature,  to 
which  we  gladly  resign  it. 

WaJpers'  Annales  Botanices  Systematicce.  Vol.  III., 
Part  3.  From  Cupuliferje  to  Orchidacese. — The  latter 
have  been  prepared  by  Dr.  Reichenbach  the  younger, 
and  contain  some  useful  original  observations.  It  is, 
however,  necessary  to  remark  that  the  long  critical  notes 
upon  Asiatic  genei*a  are  transcribed  from  Blume's 
Rumphius,  and  do  not  belong  to  the  Editor,  as  would 
appear  from  the  absence  of  references. 

Sooker*s  Flora  of  New  Zealand.  Part  2.  4to.  Reeve 
and  Co, — This  number  conducts  the  reader  to  the  Eri- 
caceous  order,  of  which  some  representatives  occur  in 
New  Zealand  ;  it  is  chiefly  occupied  with  Umbellifers, 
Loranths,  Cinchonads,  and  Composites.  The  plates  are 
admirable  specimens  of  Mr.  Fitch's  skill  as  an  artist. 
Upon  the  whole  they  do  not  say  much  for  the  beauty  of 
the  New  Zealand  flora  ;  but  it  seems  as  if  some  of  the 
Celmisias,  showy  Composite  plants,  might  be  useful  for 
beds  for  summer  decoration. 

Pictures  from  St.  Petershwf/h,  By  Edward  Jermann. 
Translated  fj'om  the  German,  hy  F.  Sardman.  Square 
12mo;pp.  276.  Longmans. — A  volume  of  the  Traveller's 
Library,  containing  an  interesting  and  favourable  account 
of  the  great  Russian  capital.  The  author,  an  actor, 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  much  jpatronised  there, 
which  lends  force  to  the  opinions  he  expresses  lu  favour 
of  the  present  state  of  Russian  society. 

Connemaraf  and  the  Irish  Highlands.  Groombridge. — 
A  little  guide-book,  of  no  pretension,  with  a  map  of  the 
wild  country  and  its  rugged  shores. 

The  Ethnolorpi  of  Europe, —  The  Ethnology  of  the  British 
Islands.  By  R.G.  Latham,  M.D.,F.R.S.  2  vols.,  ]2mo. 
Van  Voorst. — Two  highly  interesting  volumes,  filled  with 
acute  criticism  and  learned  disquisitions,  which,  we  need 
not  say,  deserve  the  serious  study  of  all  who  bethink 
themselves  of  the  origin  of  the  races  of  man,  and  of 
their  own  race  in  particular. 

Tlie  Twin  PupUs,  or  Ediccation  at  Home.  By  Ann 
Thomson  Gray.  12mo.  Hatchard.  Pp.  576.— Well 
meant,  but  mistaken  ;  and  drearily  dull  into  the  bargain. 
If  home  education  is  to  produce  such  results  as  the 
book  before  us,  we  should  beseech  our  readers  to  send 
their  children  to  school. 

The  CJtemisiry  of  Gold.  By  J.  Scoffern,  M.B.  Orr 
and  Co.  r2mo  ;  pp.  125,  with  woodcuts. —  A  useful 
book  to  the  gold-seeker  who  desires  to  know  something 
more  than  the  mere  art  of  separating  pure  gold  from 
the  bed  in  which  it  lies.  Dr.  Scoffern's  undoubted 
chemical  skill  may  be  taken  as  a  guarantee  that  what 
this  trifle  does  contain  may  be  relied  upon.  The 
general  reader  will  find  some  curious  details  worth  his 
knowing  respecting  the  value  of  gold  at  diff'erent 
periods,  the  quantity  that  has  been  coined  from  time  to 
time,  and  so  on. 


Garden  Meraoranda. 

v,i  Royal  Nursery,  Slough. — We  visited  this  nursery 
i^Hie  other  day,  chiefly  with  a  view  to  inspect  the  large 
^  collection  of  Dahlias  which  is  grown  here,  with  so 
much  care,  by  Mr.  Turner.  The  plants  are  cultivated 
in  "  quarters"  of  convenient  size,  each  plant  standing  6 
feet  asunder  one  way  and  5  feet  apart  the  other  ;  and  at 
present,  although  the  height  of  the  bloom  is  certainly 
■  past,  they  are  still  exceedingly  gay.  A  remarkable 
fact  connected  with  Dahlias  grown  for  exhibition 
here  is,  that  as  a  whole  the  plants  are  gayer 
I  than  those  that  have  not  undergone  the  process  of 
thinning  of  the  shoots,  and  disbudding,  operations  essen- 
tially necessary  for  the  production  of  large  flowers. 
Owing  to  the  immense  size  of  the  individual  blooms,  the 
plants  are  still  as  gay  as  if  no  shoots  had  been  taken 
away  ;  but  Mr.  T.  informed  us  that  after  a  certain 
period,  say  the  20th  August,  all  young  shoots  are 
removed,  which,  up  to  that  time,  had  only  been  judiciously 
thinne'l  Among  new  varieties  we  remarked  Sir  J. 
Franklin,  a  buff  of  exquisite  form  and  good  habit,  and 
the  flowers  appeared  to  corae  vei-y  true  ;  Grand  Duke, 
bluiah  lilac,  large,  and  rather  coarse,  yet  a  full  constant 
flower,  and  one  that  must  become  popular  ;  Drum- 
mond'ri  Bob,  a  new  scarlet,  Iiaving  the  same  shade  as 
Lee's  Bloomsby,  a  flower  never  grown  now,  on  account 
of  ita  deficient  form  ;  this  was  in  the  best  possible  con- 
dition, the  petaU  boini;  neat,  small,  well  formed, 
and  finely  imbricated.  There  was  a  large  number  of 
blooms  of  this  fine  variety,  all  of  which  appeared 
to  be  equally  good.  Plantagcnet,  a  shaded  purpio, 
is  also  one  of  tlie  mofit  approved  form.  Of  those  most 
recently  distributed  by  the  tra^le  may  be  mentioned 
Annie  Salter,  which  was  particularly  fino,  being  a 
delicate  p<ach  with  white  at  the  baao  of  the  pctfiiH; 
Dr.  Frampton,  good  in  »hapo  and  habit,  but  rathr-r 
tmall,  wjiite-cdged  and  mottled  with  crimson ;  Bir  it. 
Whittington,  a  noble  crimson ;  Douglaa  Jcrrold,  a 
yellow  tipped  with  red,  but  not  of  the  lufst  fonn; 
Triumpiianf,,  a  good  sh;L[H:d  njby  criinn/Hi,  and  poHsosH- 
ing  a  noble  habit;  fcicarlet  King,  lak'!,  hut  too  flat 
to  match  with  the  iino  llwwerH  now  out;  Sir  (J.  Napirr, 
ft  mwJel  in  fonn,  and  <M:rtairily  tlio  bcttt  red,  or  liuavy 
scarlet,  in  cultivation;  (^ucon  of  iJeauty,  white  ti(ip<:d 
with  roHO,  very  beautiful,  but  uncertain;  .Sir  U.  I'cdl, 
bright  vermilion,  with  sri'mll  yellow  tip,  cxlrornely  flni; 
in  form.  Morning  Star,  a  flery  orange,  not  the  beat  in 
form,  but  very  attractive  and  constant,  (iueen  of 
Dahlian,  a  flower  of  b.vj  Imhit,  and  very  incoiiHtaut,  y';t 
It  ha'l  vjmo  noble  blooinH  on  it,  uith:id  uIko  Androiiteda. 
Id  whitcfl  ihcro  appcar»  to  be  utill  a  deficiency  j   tiuecn 


of  Whites,  although  rather  coarse,  is  the  best ;  Kant  is 
a  good  shaped  flower,  but  it  soon  becomes  thin  ;  Bar- 
maid, Mr.  Seldon,  Mrs.  Seldon,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  Mr. 
Herbert,  Miss  Spears,  George  Villiers,  and  the  old  Esse.x 
Triumph,  each  exhibited  the  good  effects  of  higli  cultiva' 
tion.  In  fancy  varieties,  Princess  Charlotte  is  a  first-rate 
addition.  Mrs.  Hansard  maintains  her  character  as  the 
best  of  the  yellow-gi'ound  class,  and  Emperor  de  Maroc 
as  the  best  dark  fancy.  Lochner's  Claudia  is  a  good 
new  variety,  purple  tipped  with  white  ;  Spectabilis, 
striped  ;  Glorie  de  Kain,  also  distinctly  and  beautifully 
striped  ;  Laura  Lavington,  Miss  Ward,  Rachel,  and 
Kossuth,  are  tipped  varieties  of  good  shape. 

In  the  glass  houses  there  is  at  present  little  to  record; 
it  may,  however,  be  worthy  of  mention  that  the  Pelar- 
goniums for  the  May  shows  have  just  received  their  last 
shift,  and  are  already  staged.  The  plants  for  later 
exhibitions  are  also  housed,  and  although  in  small  pots 
are  looking  vigorously.  Those  for  June  will  be  finally 
repotted  about  the  end  of  October.  The  Fancies  have 
"  bi'okeu"  very  regularly,  and  are  encouraged  to  make 
a  good  start  with  a  little  warmth  at  night.  The  youn; 
stock  is  coming  on  fast,  and  is  strong  and  healthy. 

Pinks  are  being  planted  in  their  blooming  beds.  Of 
Carnations  and  Picotees  there  ai*e  immense  numbers 
here,  all  exhibiting  the  very  best  of  health  ;  the  first 
layered  are  being  removed  from  ^the  stools  to  be 
potted  for  wintering.  Auriculas,  which  are  very  fine, 
are  exposed  night  and  day  when  it  is  not  likely  to  I'ain, 
and  even  then  the  back  and  front  of  the  frame  are  left 
open. 

A  bed  of  the  new  Phlox,  called  Spencerii,  was  in 
bloom  ;  it  has  the  best  habit  of  any  we  have  seen.  The 
colour  is  rose,  or  rosy  lilac,  with  a  white  eye,  and  the 
flowers  are  of  average  shape,  but  in  habit  it  surpasses 
most  of  this  numerous  class,  having  a  very  large  head  of 
blossoms,  and  being  only  about  1  foot  high,  on  stout 
stems  requiring  no  support. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  know  that  the  old  crown 
glass  received  considerable  damage  here  a  short  time 
ago  from  a  severe  hail-storm.  The  remainder  of  this 
glass  is  now  fast  disappearing  before  the  modern  sheet, 
none  of  which  was  broken  by  the  storm  alluded  to.  We 
Iiad  almost  forgottea  a  new  scarlet  Pelargonium,  named 
King  of  Scarlets,  whose  habit  is  a  little  stronger  than 
that  of  Tom  Thumb,  but  it  has  broad  petals,  forming 
a  circle,  and  is  certainly  an  acquisition  to  this  very  useful 
class  of  plants. 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Hollyhock. — In  a  notice  of  Mr.  Paul's  little 
pamphlet  entitled,  "An  Hour  with  the  Hollyhock,"  at 
p.  663,  1851,  we  promised  to  return  to  the  subject  at  a 
fitting  opportunity  ;  we  now  proceed  to  redeem  our 
pledge,  and  commence  with  some  remarks  on  form. 
Our  opinion  is,  that  for  every  half-inch  in  height  of  ball 
there  should  be  an  extension  of  one-eighth  of  guard  petal 
beyond  the  ball,  and  we  would  have  the  height  of  the 
ball  to  be  one-half  its  diameter  ;  thus,  a  flower  1,^  inch 
high  should  possess  three-eighths  of  guard  petal,  the 
florets  forming  a  diameter  of  3  inches,  and  with  the 
guard  petals  a  whole  flower  of  3|  inches  in  diameter  ; 
larger  flowers  should  possess  similar  proportions,  smaller 
ones  are  scarcely  to  be  tolerated,  for  we  have  varieties 
now  very  nearly  approaching  our  proportions,  and 
of  little  less  than  6  inches  in  diameter ;  then  as 
respects  the  guard  petals,  all  admit  that  "  they 
should  be  thick,  dense,  whole  on  the  edges,  and 
entirely  free  from  fringe  or  serrature  ;"  in  other 
words,  "  perfectly  smooth  and  even,"  "  neither  ridgy, 
serrated,  nor  curled  ;"  to  require  the  guard  petals  to  be 
"flat."  is  to  require  an  absolute  contradiction  of  all 
previous  notions  relative  to  the  standard  of  perfection  in 
florists'  flowers  ;  as  well  might  we  desire  the  guard 
petals  of  Pinks,  Picotees,  and  Carnations,  to  be  flat, 
whereas  the  gentle  cupping  of  theguard  petals  constitutes 
the  charm  and  grace  of  the  flower,  and  so  it  must  be 
with  the  Hollyhock  ;  we  deem  it  therefore  a  sine  qua  non 
that  the  guard  petals  do  gently  cup,  a  term  well  known 
to  florists  ;  of  the  texture  of  both  guards  and  florets  no 
difference  of  opinion  exists,  the  freer  from  a  crape-like 
appearance  the  better — solid,  dense,  and  velvety  ;  so  in 
regard  to  the  florets,  they  must  be  "  compact  and  closely 
arranged,  free  from  pockets,  the  anthers  not  to  bo 
seen,"  and  aq  respects  colour  "  clear  and  decided."  "  In 
striped,  veined,  mottled,  or  shaded  flowers,  the 
ground  and  overlying  colour  should  be  distinct 
and  well  defined,  free  from  all  confusion."  We  have  as 
yet  only  touched  on  the  quality  of  flower  ;  let  us  now 
advert  to  habit  and  arrangement  of  ttov/ers  on  a  spike. 
Tlicro  are  many  varieties  which  produce  so  great  a  pro- 
fusion of  flowers  that  a  crowded  an4  confused  appear- 
ance is  tho  result.  Others,  again,  on  the  contrary,  aro 
Hcarco  of  bloom;  and  for  this  there  is  little  compensation, 
while,  as  regards  tho  former,  the  cultivator  can  thin  so 
an  to  pleaso  himself.  One  point  hitherto  overlooked 
Im  a  [)ropotiaity  which  some  sorts  have  of  drooping,  not 
Uio  Hpiko  but  the  flowers  ;  bonce  it  is  necessary  that  tho 
(ootstalks  ho  strong,  and  of  a  length  proportionatu  to  tliu 
si/,0  of  tli<5  flower,  so  iw  to  display  it  without  materially 
ovfu'lapping  its  neighbour  ;  tlio  lar^or  tho  llooni 
tliercfor-)  tho  stronger  inuHt  tho  stem  be.  Somo 
divcrhity  of  opinion  cxints  rc^spocting  foliage  being 
ttormitte<l  to  bo  seen  l*etween  tho  flowdrs  forming 
tho  Hpiko  in  a  cut  stale  for  exhibition  ;  but  wo  hold 
that  a  clean  and  healthy  leaf  of  moderate  size,  and 
not  too  proiriinenf,  cannot  but  ho  rcLtarded  ns  assist-  1 
ing     in   tho   display   of    thoso     natural     boautie^    for 


whicfi  the  Hollyhock  is  so  famous  ;  thus  to  rob  them  of 
all  their  foliage  is  to  deprive  them  of  much  of  their 
charm.  We  are  of  opinion  that  a  collection  of  1  i  spikes 
is  highly  improved  when  some  few  leaves  are  retained, 
and  those  near  tho  base,  and  particularly  on  spikes 
which  are  placed  at  the  corners  of  the  show  board. 
With  Pansies,  Pinks,  Picotees,  Carnations,  Dahlias, 
Roses,  &c,,  uniformity  in  the  mode  of  exhibiting  has 
been  secured  ;  may  we  suggest  that  some  such  regu- 
lation is  needed  with  spikes,  for  although  during  the 
agreeable  *'  hour"  previously  alluded  to,  we  are  told  how 
to  take  spikes  to  an  exhibition,  nothing  further  is  stated, 
the  want  of  which  is  fully  exemplified,  when  common 
ginger-beer  bottles  are  used  for  holding  flowers, 
detracting  of  course  greatly  from  the  neatness  whicli 
should  obtain  at  every  well-ordered  exhibition.  We 
would  propose  i  that  they  be  formed  iu  two  lines 
of  a  given  distance  from  each  other,  say  a  board 
of  15  inches  from  back  to  front;  the  back  row 
of  six  holes  to  be  ^3  inches  from  the  edge  and 
E)  inches  apart,  the  front  row  of  five  holes  to  be 
also  3  inches  from  the  front  edge,  and  alternating  with 
the  back  row  of  holes.  The  invitation  of  11  spikes, 
required  by  this  plan,  may  at  first  read  somewliat  odd  ; 
in  the  case  of  1 2 — two  lines  cannot  well  be  carried  out  to 
display  all  to  the  best  advantage ;  some  have  set  12  up 
in  three  lines — the  front  with  three,  the  centre  four, 
and  the  back  with  five  spikes;  but  this  arrangement 
does  not  produce  so  agreeable  an  exhibition  as  wo 
seem  to  see  by  the  two  lines ;  again,  as  regards 
uniformity  of  heights,  if  with  flat  boards  the  back  row 
of  stems  may  be  18,  and  the  front  row  15  inches  long,  or 
if  the  stems  be  all  of  one  height,  and  18  inches  seems  tho 
popular  measurement,  then  the  board  should  be  raised  6 
inches  higher  at  back  than  at  front.  The  metropolitan 
Dahlia  measurement  suits  tlie  purpose  admirably,  and  no 
other  should  be  tolerated.  Let  us  hope  that  the  plan 
now  suggested  may  meet  with  similar  approval.  Om» 
nextarticle  will  be  on  colours  and  their  classification.  /.  E, 


The  Geavesend  and  Milton  Fluwer  Show  took  place  in 
the  Tivoli  Gardens  on  the  9th  last,,  aod  waa  tolerably  well 
attended.  The  display  ot  Dahlias,  Hollyhocks,  »lkc.,  was  good. 
Several  prizes  were  awarded,  but  we  have  only  been  furnisbed 
witb  a  list  at  the  awards,  without  the  names  of  the  subjects  for 
which  they  were  given. 


Gatalogde  of  Bulte  received  from  Messrs,  J.  and  J.  Fraser, 
Lea  Bridge-road,  Esses. 

ScAELET  Pelaboonioms  :  J L.  They  cannot  be  depended  on  to 
live  through  the  winter  out  of  doors,  without  protection,  in 
th?  neighbouthood  of  Blackheath.  Fuchsias  may  suivive ; 
although  ihey  lose  their  leaves  and  the  soft  toi*s  of  their 
brancbes,  they  may  be  expected  to  push  afresh  next  apring» 
and  flower  beautifully  during  the  suoimer. 

SEEDLI^JG  FLOWERS. 

China  Abtees:  M  Vilmorin.  Your  Aatera  are  exceedingly 
beautiful,  and  mostly  very  double.  AUhougb  we  have  the 
same  colours  in  tlowers  in  this  country,  yet  ihey  want  that 
extreme  brightness,  and,  in  some  instances,  tiae  metallic 
hue  which  yours  possess.  1,  rose,  petals  delicately  edged 
with  white,  perhaps  scarcely  sufficieudy  double ;  2,  white, 
centre  barely  up  enough  ;  3,  white,  petals  very  broad  and 
fine  :  4,  rose,  incurved,  but  scarcely  full  enough  ;  5,  medium- 
sized  rose,  shaded  with  white,  very  fine;  6,  violet  petals, 
broad,  and  edged  with  white,  very  beautiful,  buc  scarcely 
full  enough  in  the  centre;  7,  lilac,  petals  ed;{ed  with  white, 
broad  and  fine;  8,  violef,  petals  edited  with  white,  flower  of 
medium  size,  and  very  double;  9,  deep  violet,  with  petals 
broadly  and  distinctly  edged  with  white,  exceedingly  beautiful ; 
10,  violet,  petals  edged  with  white;  11,  rose,  outer  petals 
broad  and  incurved,  perhaps  scarcely  full  enough  in  the 
centre,  but  very  fine  aud  somewhat  new  in  character;  12, 
deep  lilac,  petals  edged  with  white,  flower  large  and  very 
double  ;  13,  rose,  petals  slightly  edged  with  white,  large  and 
full;  14,  violet,  petals  edged  with  white;  15,  deep  violet, 
shading  off  to  white  at  the  base  of  the  petals,  large,  measuring 
quite  3  inches  across  ;  16,  carraioe,  petals  broadly  edged  with 
white;  17,  carmine,  mottled  in  the  centre  with  white,  large 
and  fine  ;  18,  large,  white,  resenribliug  a  fine  Chrysanthemum  \ 
certainly  one  of  the  best,  whites  we  have  seen.  All  the 
above  had  petals  of  good  substance,  broad  and  Jong,  and,  ia 
some  instances,  finely  incurved  towards  the  centre  of  tUo 
fiowers,  which  were  nioatly  of  large  size. 

DAnLiAs:  W  N ,  Hornchnrch,  Not  new  in  colour,  being  nearly 
identical  with  that  of  Phantom,  petal  good,  but  of  the  general 
form  we  can  say  nothing,  as  every  petal  had  fallen  from  both 
bloomR.— <3  B.  1,  purple ;  2,  dense  crimson  scurlot ;  3,  blush 
white.  There  is  no  oovelty  in  the  shade  of  colour  ot  the  first, 
although  it  possesses  other  points  of  excellence;  the  second 
is  of  a.  deeper  shade  than  is  yet  to  be  found  iu  the  cliiss  ;  the 
third  has  a  drawback,  which  we  Tear  will  not  leave  it,  viz.,  a 
fold  or  rib  iu  the  centre  of  every  petal.  Wo  recomnieud 
that  2,  as  a  yearling,  be  taken  care  of,  pnd  propagnted 
for  growlh  in  18'j3. — C  A'.,  Pinhy.  Ciiro':v  will  not  do;  it  is 
below  average  size  for  exhibitlou,  common  iu  colour,  aud  has 
a  disposition  to  reflex. 

FocHfiA  :  C  K,  ilenry  Monteith,  a  pretty  and  graceful  flow&fi 
but  too  narrow  iu  the  sepals. 

rioLLViiocK  :  D.  It  is  Homewhut  late  to  judge  of  the  merits  of 
these  flowers  now.  the  bloom  submitted  may,  next  season, 
prove  to  bo  of  much  better  general  form,  and  wo  should  be 
ftorry  to  oondeuin  it  with  such  a  chance  In  Its  favour,  Bluutq 
it  again. 

PfcTONiA  :  J  P,  Enscx.  Dull,  soft,  and  rough. 

Vebuenab  :  J  S.  1,  such  a  colour  would  bo  weloomo,  If  acoom- 
panied  by  merit  in  oiher  res|ii?cts  ;  i,  bimilur  to  lleoise,  f;om 
which  wo  uiinnot  distinguish  It;  3,  oxceedln^ly  hold,  itud 
toniiinL;  a  goml  iruHH,  with  the  centro  nlci-ly  dovelDped  ;  tho 
dull  hliiido  of  red,  vvlrbout  any  brlKhlness  t.l'  eye,  ti'nds  iiiuuJi 
to  dbtriitit  froiri  Its  vuIuli,  nuvurtbuleun  wu  would  rccunimeud 
Us  being  yrown. 


Miscellaneous. 


Dcathit  from  Eatiu;/  Poisonom  Fungi. —  A  melan- 
choly accuk'iit  occurrod  lately  fit  CroHs-y-Cnilof|, 
South  WaloH,  whcrt-hy  tho  liven  ol"  two  pcrHoim  wore 
HiKU'ilicoil,  owiii^'  |,o  tlicir  partiilcin^r  of  hoiho  poisonous 
tiin^^i  which  hy  niiHcIuinco  had  ^ot  mixed  tip  with  some 
inuHhntonia.  It  app(!ar8  that  the  servant  of  Mr. 
.JcnkitiH,  hlioplccoper,  CroHS-y-Cniloii,  sat  rlowii  with  tho 
mn  niid  (laiij^htcr  of  her  nijiHk-r  to  a  mippor  of  niufih- 
rooiiiH,  ami  aiuoiu^'iL  tii(;ni  must  havo  hoiii  Romo  fungi 
of  a  dulctcrioua  chuructcr,  for  next  morning  botii  tho 


mo 


THE    GARDENERS^     CHRONICLE. 


[Sett.  18, 


STATE  OP  THE   WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
DurtDg  the  laet  26  yGar»,forthe  enBuin?  n-eek,  endiOK  Sept,  25,  1352. 


daughter  ot  Mr,  Jenkins  and  the  aervaut  girl  were 
seized  with  symptoms  resembling  English  cholera,  and 
they  subsequently  expired  in  great  agony.  It  is  hoped 
that  this  lamentable  occurrence  will  act  as  a  salutary 
warning  at  this  peculiar  season  of  the  year,  when  the 
use  of  mushrooms  is  generally  prevalent.  Times, 

Callfornian  Onions. — The  Madeira  Onion,  which 
never  weighs  more  than  a  pound  in  any  country  except 
Spain  and  Portugal,  and  which  in  the  last  mentioned 
country  never  exceeds  6  lbs.,  acquires,  in  the  gold  soil 
of  California,  as  many  as  21  lbs. — Pepin  in  Revue 
Horticole.  We  quite  agree  with  M.  Pepin  in  wishing  to 
know  something  more  of  the  conditions  under  whicli 
this  startling  result  is  obtained.  He  remarks  that  the 
best  Hyacinths  are  obtained  near  Haarlem  in  very 
fine  sand,  the  warmth  and  constant  dampness  of  which 
secure  the  full  development  of  the  bulbs. 

Puniplcbis. — I  find  nothing  noticed  of  the  Pumpkin, 
a  crop  wliich  I  think  quite  as  valuable  as  any  crop  I 
grow.  I  plant  the  common  Cheese  Pumpkin  ;  the  soil 
is  not  material,  they  will  grow  in  any  good  soil  ;  light 
is  the  best,  and  the  richer  the  better.  I  generally  plant 
after  corn,  where  I  should  otherwise  put  Oats.  Plough 
oncej  harrow  it  down,  and  checker  it  out  J  0  feet  apart  ; 
manure  in  the  hill  with  one  fork  full  of  good  manure  ; 
cover  the  manure  witli  the  hoe,  and  plant  five  or  six 
seeds  in  a  hill.  When  up,  work  with  the  cultivator 
and  hoe,  and  reduce  the  stalks  in  the  hill  to  two  ;  plough 
and  attend  to  them  as  often  as  corn.  This  crop  will 
produce  about  15  tons  of  Pumpkins  per  acre  in  good 
seasons,  and  be  wortli  more  for  hogs,  cattle,  or  house 
use,tlian  any  acre  of  corn  tliat  can  be  produced  from  the 
same  quantity  of  land.  Amencan  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  weeJc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
■As  all  tlie  more  delicate  greenhouse  plants  are  by  this 
"  time  housed,  the  few  remaining  out  may  be  allowed  a 
short  time  longer  out,  provided  the  weather  continues 
dry  ;  Camellias,  Chinese  Azaleas,  and  some  Acacias 
will  not  be  hurt  for  a  week  or  two,  if  circumstances  do 
not  permit  of  their  being  housed  immediately.  Green- 
house and  stove  plants  of  an  herbaceous  character,  after 
they  have  done  blooming,  should  have  some  care,  to  get 
their  roots  properly  ripened  before  they  are  stowed 
away  for  the  winter.  To  effect  this  with  Achimenes, 
Gesneras,  Gloxinias,  &c.,  they  should  be  placed  in  a  spare 
house  or  pit  near  the  glass,  and  supplied  with  water 
only  to  lieep  them  from  flagging.  This  will  allow  the 
foliage  to  ripen  gradually,  and,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
the  tubers  or  roots.  AmaryUis,  and  the  different  varieties 
of  Japan  Lilies,  require  the  same  treatment  ;  the  latter, 
however,  being  more  hardy,  may  be  ripened  off  at  the 
base  of  a  south  wall  or  cold  pit.  Brugmansias,  Clero- 
dendrons,  Erythriuas,  AUamaudas,  and  plants  of  similar 
habit,  may  be  gradually  induced  to  a  state  of  rest  in 
any  house  of  medium  temperature  with  an  atmosphere 
drier  than  a  common  stove.  Admit  air  day  and  night 
to  all  descriptions  of  greenhouse  plants ;  in  many  species 
the  growth  is  not  yet  perfected,  and  an  abundance  of 
■  air,  dried  by  the  heating  apparatus  in  very  damp 
v/eather,  is  the  only  means  that  remain  to  bring  about 
that  result.  This  may  be  assisted,  on  sunny  days,  by 
early  closing  for  a  couple  of  hours  in  the  afternoon,  but 
open  the  houses  at  six  again,  to  get  the  cool  night 
temperature. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
Pinery. — At  tiiis  season  Pines  are  growing  fast,  and 
those  intended  for  very  early  fruiting  should  have  a 
drier  atmosphere  as  tlie  heat  and  length  of  the  days 
decrease.  The  object  should  be  to  produce  a  cessation 
of  growth  early,  to  allow  for  sufficient  time  to  rest  before 
they  are  required  to  show  fruit.  To  assist  the  above, 
keep  the  plants  rather  dry  at  root,  and  admit  air  plenti- 
fully. The  principal  crop  not  expected  to  show  before 
February  or  March,  may  be  grown  on  for  some  time, 
and  supplied  with  manure  water  ;  advantage  should, 
however,  be  taken  of  all  opportunities  to  give  air  liberally 
— in  dull  weather  raaUing  fires  to  permit  of  your  doing  so  ; 
in  proportion  as  the  growth  is  vigorous  must  be  the 
admission  of  air,  and  a  drier  atmosphere  be  maintained, 
to  produce  short-leaved  sturdy  plants,  without  which 
fine  fruit  need  scai'cely  be  expected.  The  bottom-heat 
should  be  kept  steady  (by  whatever  means  it  is  pro- 
duced), at  about  90°,  allowing  it  gradually  to  fall  to  85° 
towards  winter.  The  above  directions  will  apply 
equally  to  successions,  which  should  be  kept  growing  for 
some  time  yet,  but  the  atmospheric  moisture  should  be 
gradually  reduced  as  the  days  get  shorter.  The  above 
will  more  especially  be  necessary  when  the  stock  is 
growing  in  pits  heated  only  by  dung  linings.  Pine 
plants  will  be  found  to  bear  a  low  temperature  through 
the  winter  much  better  when  their  summer  growth  has 
become  matured  by  exposure  to  a  drier  medium  and 
free  ventilation  during  the  autumn  months.  As  cold 
weather  may  now  at  any  time  set  in,  the  linings  should 
be  kept  in  good  working  order,  and  materials  for  cover- 
ing them  should  be  at  hand  when  wanted.  Peach 
House. — Directly  leaves  have  fallen  from  the  wood  of 
the  early  house,  the  shoots  should  be  untied  and  left 
free  for  some  time,  at  the  same  time  taking  out  any  wood 
left  at  former  prunings,  and  which  may  not  be  wanted. 
We  do  not  advise  shortening  back  forced  Peaches  till 
they  have  been  some  time  started,  and  when  the  buds 
are  sufficiently  advanced  to  make  sure  of  a  good  leaf- 
bud  to  cut  back  to.  Strawberuies  in  pots  must 
be  attended   to  with  water  in   dry  weather ;  remove 


runners  as  they  appear,  and  keep  theoi  free  from  weeds. 
With  us,  in  damp  seasons  like  the  present,  they  are 
liable  to  get  the  spot  in  their  leaves,  a  disease  which  we 
hope  is  not  general,  as  we  know  of  no  cure  for  it  except 
di'y  weather.  Where  new  borders  are  intended  to  be  made 
the  next  spring,  now  is  the  best  time  for  procuring  the 
difierent  composts,  as  well  as  getting  in  what  is  required 
for  the  usual  potting,  &c.  Soils  vary  much  in  difierent 
localities  ;  for  general  purposes,  a  yellow  loam,  full  of 
vegetable  fibres,  will  be  the  best.  Such  is  most  easily 
met  with  in  old  pastures,  commons,  or  open  downs ;  and 
we  have  seen  loam,  of  excellent  quality,  covering  lima- 
stone  rocks,  and  at  considerable  elevations.  On  no 
account  select  soils  from  low  or  swampy  situations,  as 
they  are  generally  sour,  from  the  prevalence  of  the 
oxides  of  iron,  or  other  mineral  acids  they  contain. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Annuals  will  now  be  generally  out  of  bloom,  and,  with 
few  exceptions,  should  be  entirely  removed,  as  the 
saving  of  seed,j  unless  in  few  instances,  should  never  be 
attempted  in  well  kept  gardens,  and  the  seeds  themselves 
can  be  purchased  at  so  trifling  an  expense,  that  it  hardly 
repays  the  trouble.  The  vacancies  left  by  their  removal 
should  be  filled  ^up  by  Wallflowers  and  other  biennial 
flowering  plants  ;  and  by  spring  bulbs,  of  various  kinds, 
which  will  add  much  to  the  gaiety  of  the  borders  next 
spring.  The  latter,  when  planted,  should  be  labelled, 
that  they  may  not  be  disturbed  in  cleaning  the  borders 
at  future  times.  When  the  soil  is  at  all  worn  out,  a 
spadeful  or  two  may  be  removed,  and  a  little  fi'esh 
compost,  for  the  roots,  put  in  when  planting  them. 
Herbaceous  plants  will  require  the  dead  flower  stalks 
removed,  carefully  retaining  such  as  are  producing 
flowers,  or  even  where  they  are  green,  as  they  will  help 
to  keep  ofi"  the  naked  appearance  borders  of  these  plants 
present  during  the  winter.  Every  means  should  now 
be  put  in  hand  to  complete  the  propagation  of  plants  for 
the  ensuing  year's  flower-garden  ;  on  no  account  neglect 
this,  for  very  late  struck  cuttings  are  liable  to  damp  off 
in  the  winter.  Where  large  quantities  of  these  things 
are  required,  and  frame  or  pot  room  is  scax'ce,  the  more 
common  things  may  remain  in  their  striking  pans ; 
these,  when  struck,  should  be  slightly  topped,  and  set 
in  a  sheltered  place  out  of  doors,  for  a  short  time.  This 
wiU  harden  the  plants  sufficiently  to  bear  damp  and  cold 
much  better  than  plants  which  have  not  been  exposed. 
The  bedding  out  Geraniums  (especially  the  fancy  kinds) 
should  be  potted  off  immediately  they  are  struck,  and 
be  kept  in  a  close  frame  till  they  become  established, 
when  more  hardy  treatment  may  be  given  them  ;  the 
present  has  been  an  unfavourable  season  for  them  out 
of  dooi's.  Cuttings  of  scarlet  Geraniums  and  Calceolarias 
may  now  be  put  in  in  quantities,  the  latter  seldom  strikes 
well  earlier.  Sulphurea  splendens  has  proved  an  acqui- 
sition, and  should  be  made  the  most  of.  As  leaves  are 
now  beginning  to  fall,  constant  sweeping  must  be  had 
recourse  to,  to  pi'event  any  appearance  of  Utter.  Lawns, 
at  this  season,  will  requu-e  rolling  often,  to  keep  down 
worm-casts  and  preserve  them  firm,  at  the  same  time 
following  closely  with  the  scythe,  that  good  keeping 
may,  in  some  way  compensate  for  the  waning  show  of 
flowers. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Apples  and  Pears  which  show  indications  of  ripening 
should  be  gathered  and  placed  in  the  fruit  room.  In 
arranging  them  have  >every  sort  labelled,  with  the 
name,  and  date  it  was  gathered  on,  written  plainly, 
leaving  room  for  the  time  it  ripens  and  its  duration  in 
season  to  be  afterwards  added.  This  is  more  necessary 
with  new  kinds  of  fruit,  whose  character  is  as  yet 
imperfectly  known.  Alpine  Strawberries  should  be  kept 
clear  from  weeds,  and  watered  in  dry  weather.  Gather 
Filberts  and  other  nuts  as  they  ripen,  and  spread  tliem 
thinly  on  the  floor  of  lofts  or  out-houses  for  the  husks 
to  dry  ;  they  may  afterwards  be  packed  in  baskets,  and. 
placed  in  situations  just  dry  enough  to  keep  the  husks 
"from  getting  mouldy,  and  not  sufficiently  so  to  cause 
the  kernel  to  shrivel. 

KTTCDEN  GARDEN. 

Few  more  things  will  require  planting  after  this 
time,  but  whenever  opportunity  permits,  attend  to 
growing  crops.  Gherkins,  Onions,  Radish  pods,  and  other 
pickling  vegetables  should  now  be  gathered.  Tarragon, 
Mint,  Parsley,  Burnett,  and  Sorrel  should  now  be  potted 
for  winter  use  ;  Basil  and  Marjoram  should  likewise  be 
pricked  into  pots  to  keep  green  through  the  winter. 
Gather  Tomatoes  as  they  ripen,  and  forward  any  late 
ones  by  placing  spare  sashes  before  them.  Late  crops 
of  Peas  and  Beans  should  be  assisted  by  liquid  manure, 
unless  they  were  planted  in  trenches,  over  rotten  dung, 
when  it  will  not  be  necessary. 


Sept, 

Hi 

Hi 

53h 

5^ 

No.  Of 

Tears  In 
which  it 
Eaiaed. 

Greatest 
Quaatity 
of  Rain. 

Prevailing  Windo 

_ 
3 

1 

2 

I 

6  2 

ii? 

6,5 
5'  2 
4    1 

ll  5    4    4 
2   3   4    0 
2  6;  4    2 
3,  5'  6    4 
16   5    2 

1  41  »\  3 

2  41  91  4 

2: 

Sunday  19 
Mon.     20 
Tueo.     £1 
Wed.      22 
Thurs.  23 
Friday  24 
Satur.    25 

66.8 
66.9 
66.7 
C-.2 
66.0 
65.4 
6S.9 

45.7 
4b.O 
45-8 
•16.0 
46.5 
46.5 
4fi.O 

56.C 

56.0 
66.2 
56.6 
S6.3 

f.5.a 

55.9 

11 
12 
14 
12 
15 
U 
11 

0.60  in. 

0.45 

0.50 

0.40 

1.21 

0.75 

OJO 

3 
2 
I 
1 
1 
1 

Tde  hieheut   temperatare  during  tbs  above  period  occurred 
18i2-tbcrin.82des.;  and  the  lowest  on  the  23d,  1845— therm.  30 


on  the  2 
deg. 


STATE  OF  T«E  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
For  the  weekeadios  Sep^lG,  1852,  asohaervedat  tho  Horticultural  Oardens,! 


?r 

TBMFHKATDait. 

Sept. 

"a 
S 

3 

Of  the  Air. 

Ofthe  Earth. 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep.    deep. 

Wind. 

^ 

Mai. 

Mil. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

Friday..   ]0 

29.907 

29S22 

69 

49 

59.0 

61 

59 

NE 

.10 

Satur.  ..11 

■J7 

29.S62 

29.826 

45 

66.0 

60 

59 

N  W 

Sunday  .  IZ 

•iH 

29.925 

29.81S 

42 

h.i.ll 

59 

5K 

N. 

on 

Monday    13 

St 

29.937 

29.89» 

67 

46 

5(1.5 

57 

58 

Tues.   .,14 

I 

29.947 

29.7.SS 

63 

46 

54.5 

58 

58 

N  W 

Wed.    ..  i; 

2l   29.^78 

29.398 

63 

45 

MM 

.W 

67 

.S 

Thurs...  16 

3 

29.817 

29,6S: 

61 

34       47.5 

57 

57 

M. 

.00 

Average    . . 

29.853 

29.75! 

65,4 

43.8 

54.6 

53  5 

5S.0 

.23 

10 -Cloudy;  heavy  clouds i  slightly  overcast. 

11— Fine  through  ut;  clear  at  nlRht. 

22— FiDf ;  inass-8  of  white  cIouiIr;  clear  "ml  cogl. 

13— Fine;  very  fine;  uniformly  overcast  at  night. 

14— Clear;  dry  air;  densely  overcast ;  rain. 

15  — S  iRhtly  overcHfit ;  cloudy;  showers;  rain  at  niKht. 

16— Fine;  heavy  white  clouds;  clear  and  cold  at  niRht. 

Uean  temperature  of  the  week,  2^  deg.  beluTv  the  average. 


Notices  to  Corresoondents. 

CoaROBivE  Sdbliu&te  :  Devonshire.  If  you  can  introcluce  this 
Bubstance  into  the  system  of  a  tree,  without  ita  being' 
decomposed,  it  will  kill  it.  The  way  would  be  to  introduce 
a  flolu'ion  between  the  bark  and  wood  when  the  sap  Is  rising. 
It  destroys  by  itH  poisonous  quality. 

Egg  Plant  :  WS.  Do  not  think  of  carrying  this  to  Madeira. 
You  will  find  it  there  one  of  the  commonest  eaculenta.  It  is 
grown  everywhere  in  countries  hot  enough  to  ripen  it  well — 
which  is  not  the  case  here. 

Feens  :  Land  A.  Take  them  up  with  large  balls  as  soon  as 
the  leaves  are  withered.  Put  thetn  in  the  most  shady  part 
of  your  rockwork,  for  Ferns  like  shade  and  moisture. 

FauiT  Trees:  Gallicus.  The  following  are  hardy,  good  bearing 
standard  orchard  Apples  for  tarts ;  — Wormsley  Pippin, 
Hawthornden,  Keswick  Codlin,  DumL-low'd  Seedling,  and 
Rymer.ll 

Pdnqi:  a  C.  We  believe  the  Horse  Mushroom  to  be  what  Ib 
called  White  Cap— the  Acaricus  Goorgii ;  and,  if  so,  it  may 
be  known  from  the  real  Mushroom  by  its  cap  being  slightly 
tinged  with  yellow,  and  the  flesh  betn^  yellowish  when  cut. 
Take  care,  however,  what  you  are  about,  for  it  is  easy  to 
make  dangerous  mistakes  in  Fungi.  Some  people,  Dr. 
Badham  for  instance,  cook  excellent  dishes  out  of  what 
others  dare  not  touch  ;  but  he  seems  to  know  by  instinct 
what  Fpecies  are  good.  It  is  dangerous  to  follow  bis  ex- 
ample, unless  you  possess  his  peculiar  tact.  No  speciBc  anti- 
dote for  Fungus  poison  is  known  ;  the  best  remedy  is  imme- 
diate evacuation. 

Gheenbodses:  JG.  We  have  nothing  to  add  to  what  will  hare 
been  gathered  from  weekly  statements  in  our  columos.  As 
to  iinprooement^  in  construction,  we  know  of  none  that  are 
recent.  The  aspect  is  immaterial,  provided  it  is  not  north. 
Span-roofs  are  better  than  lean-tos  for  all  purposes,  and 
more  economical.  Rough  plate  should  be  used  for  both  roof 
and  sides,  if  appearance  is  not  important ;  if  it  is  necessary 
that  the  sides  should  be  seen  through,  then  any  smooth  glass 
may  be  used.  Glass  io  short  pieces  is  most  favourable  to 
ventilation  ;  in  long  pieces  it  looks  better.  Ventilation  is  a 
problem  not  much  nearer  solution  now  than  it  was  20  years 
ago.  The  diflBculty  is  to  admit  a  great  abundance  of  air, 
warm,  continually,  so  as  to  keep  the  atmosphere  in  active 
raoion.  The  most  effectual  methods  yet  thought  of  are 
those  in  which  the  air  is  admitted  directly  to  the  surface  of 
heated  pipes  by  means  of  drains  or  similar  channels  of  con-  , 
veyance.  Hot  water  continues  to  be  the  favourite  medium 
of  heating ;  but  it  is  probable  that  for  many  simple  purposes,  , 
such  as  merely  keeping  frost  out,  flues  will  be  re-introduced  ; 
if  well  constructed,  there  is  no  doubt  about  their  answering 
every  purpose,  and  they  are  cheap. 

Heating  :  A  Subscriber.  We  have  not  seen  galvanised  iron 
troughing  used  for  hot-water  tanks  for  bottom-heat  for 
growing  Cucumbers,  and  we  cannot  tell  whether  or  not  it 
would  answer. 

Insects:  J"  B.  We  know  of  no  other  plan  to  destroy  the  larvaa 
of  Agrotis  segetum,  now  committing  much  havoc  in  the 
Turnip  crops,  than  to  pull  up  such  plants  as  show  the 
presence  of  the  enemy,  and  hand-pick  them.  Lime  water, 
or  gas-tar  water,  added  to  the  sheep  dung,  would  probably 
prove  destructive  to  many  insects  which  lodge  there,  which 
is  not,  however,  the  case  with  those  in  question,— £  B  E. 
Try  slices  of  Potato  stuck  on  skewers  and  buried  near  tho 
roots  of  the  Strawberries.  The  traps  should  be  examined 
every  morning.  Please  to  send  us  specimens  of  the 
grubs.   W. 

Manetti  Robe,  JR  L.  We  cannot  print  statements  from  corre- 
spondents unknown  to  us. 

Maples  :  J  L.  The  excrescences  so  common  upon  the  leaves  of 
the  Maple  are  galls  produced  by  some  insect. 

Names  of  Feoits  :  Edward  B  E.  Your  Peaches  appear  to  be— 

1,  Royal  George;  2,  Late  Admirable  ;  3,  Newington  Peach, 
a  clingstone  ;  4,  Royal  George.  II— J"  P.  Your  Grape  is  the 
same  as  one  called  the  Chasselas  rouge  Royale.  It  is  a  variety 
of  the  Royal  Muscadine,  from  which  it  diSfers  little,  except 
in  coIour.il 

Names  of  Plants:  F  8  A  C.  The  Noyan.Vine  is  Ipomoea 
sinuata  (the  Convolvulus  dissectus  of  Linnaus).    The  Jaa- 

.  mine  is,  we  presume,  azoricum  ;  it  flowers  readily  enough  in 
a  conservatory,  if  planted  in  the  border ;  its  roots  want 
room.  The  Chinese  Iris  will  flower  regularly,  if  it  is  ■mell 
ripened  every  year ;  but  it  must  have  plenty  of  light  atid  heat 
during  the  ripening  process. — R  Draper  1,  Salicornia  pro- 
cumbens  ;  2,  Chenopudium  fruticosum  ;  3,  Aster  Tripolium  ; 
6,  Gentiana  campe&tris.— 5  a)id  Son.  Caiyategia  pubesceos.— 
FR.  We  believe  it  is  Vallota  purpurea;  but  it  was  hardly 
examinable.  —  i2  L.  Silene  Armeria,  Verbena  multihda, 
Crucianella  stylosa.— i/  C.    1,  Goniopteris  tetragona,  Presl  ; 

2,  Phlebodium  aureum,  R.  Br. ;  3,  Pteris  serrulata,  L.  ;  4, 
P.  haetata,  Sm.  S.—R  D.  4,  Cyatopteris  fragilis,  Beriib.  ;  5, 
Asplfuium  Trichomanes,  L.  S.—Diss.  Escallonia  rubra.— 
F  S.  Next  week.— T .(4  Af.  Echinops  sphDerocephalus.  Wedo 
not  know  where  the  vinegar  fungus  is  to  be  procured. 
Vinegar  made  by  it  is  perfectly  wholesome. 

Potato  :  5  S.  Do  not  use  manure  at  all  in  planting  them.  If 
you  have  charcoal  ashes,  or  any  such  substance,  peat  char- 
coal for  instance,  employ  that. 

Pybamid  Pears  :  A.  Smith.  The  following  sorts  are  proper  for 
training  in  the  pyramidal  form  :  — Williams'  Bon  Chretien, 
Beut're  d'Amanlia,  Louiae  Bonne  (of  Jersey),  Napoleon,  Passe 
Colmar,  Thompson's,  Knight's  Monarch,  Chaumontel,  Glouc 
Morceau,  Beurre  de  Capiaumont,  Eyewood,  Broom  Park, 
and  Easter  Beurre. II 

Rose  Diseases  :  A  Subscriber.  The  spots  on  the  R«se  leaves 
are  caused  by  the  spawn  of  some  fungus  that  is  not  yet 
developed.  ,  „   . 

Salads  :  S  S.  To  Beet-root  add  cold  boiled  Portugal  OnUjua, 
sliced  thin  ;  also  cold  boiled  Celery,  or  Celenac,  or  Kohl 
Rabi.    The  Beet  may  be  either  red  or  white  or  yellow. 

Seeds  :  A  Constant  Subscrii>er.  None  of  the  sorts  you  name  are 
worth  raising.  They  have  liiUe  beauty  in  cultivation,  even 
it  they  flower,  which  is  unlikely. 

Tobacco:  R  3  G,  In  preparing  the  leaves  for  the  purpose  of 
fumigation,  hang  them  up  in  an  airy  shed  for  a  time  to  dry, 
then  throw  them  into  a  heap  to  ferment,  then  dry  again,  and 
they  are  ready  for  use.J 

Transplanting  Evergreens  :  W  C.  You  may  commence 
moving  them  now  with  safety.J    , 

Victoria  Melon  :  J  iVeeks  and  Co.  Fruit  small— 3J  inches  m 
length,  and  2}  in  diameter;  in  shape  a  regulaily  formed 
oval ;  skin  as  smooth  to  the  touch  as  polished  marble,  of  a 
beautiful  pale  orange  or  lemon  colour,  and  as  thin  as  that  of 
an  Apple  ;  flesh  white,  transparent,  like  that  of  some  of  the 
Cabul  Melons,  but  the  flavour  is  not  good  ;  the  fruit,  how- 
ever, is  BO  remarkably  handsome  and  beautifiil  that  it 
deserves  to  be  tried  again.ll 


38—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


601 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
J   It  being  notorious  that  estenflive  aduUerations  of  this 
ANUKE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

onsider  it  to  be  their  daty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

I  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

uy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
I  course  be  the  best  aecurity,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
ttention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
ell  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Th^  lowest  wholesale  price  at  wJdch  sound  Peruvian 
'uano  has  been  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
I.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^-  per  cent. 

■  Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
;ther  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


ITANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
-'J-  factured  at  Mr.  LAWEs'BFactorj-,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Saperphoaphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproUtes  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  (Villiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
.mmonia,  9{.  10s.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  &s.  per 
in,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


rHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
tape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
nd  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
efuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
alaable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwam)  Pobseb,  Sec.  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars.  Loudon. 


rHE  ECONOMIC  PORTABLE  MANURE  COM- 
PANY manufacture,  and  offer  for  sale,  the  fol- 
awing  ilANURES  :— Wheat  Manure,  4J.  10s.  per  ton  ;  highly 
;  onceutrated  F^Bcal  Manures,  3i.  19s.  per  ton  ;  Superphosphate 
;  f  Lime.  51.  os.  per  ton ;  Turnip  Manure,  4  .lOs.  per  ton  ; 
rypsum,  1?,  53.  per  ton. 

Orders  and  applications  for  agencies  to  be  addressed  to 
S'lLLiAii  DoDDS  and  Co.,  Managers,  102,  Leadenhall-street, 
.  jOiJon. 


r  INSEED    CAKE,    Foreign    and    English,     Rape 

*— ^  Cake.  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
cid  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
:a:.s  FoiHEEQiLL,  20i  A,  Upper  Thames-street,  Loudon. 


^  niARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.—Pro- 
^'  mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
Qcreasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
sEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
orbed,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
'ulbam,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  2a.  6d.  per 
.a If  cwt. 


T  IQUID   MANURE   conveyed  over- 
■^  land  by 

FREEMAN    ROE, 

HTDaAULic  Enqineeb,  70,  Steand,  London. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

f^ELLS  StlNS  AND  BoBING  DONE  IN  ALL  PAETS 

OF  Town  oa  Countkt. 


'CORMICK'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  REAPER 

-i-^JL  has  received  numerous  Prizes  during  the  preaentseason  ; 
amongst  others,  the  award  of  the  Jary  appointed  by  the  R.  A. 
College  at  Cirencaster,  after  nine  days'  trial  upon  all  kinds  of 
jrops  and  in  all  weather.  —  Wintoo'a  Parkes*  celebrated 
-^ceel  Digging  Forks,  as  recommended  by  Mr.  Mechi :  they  save 
r'all  20  per  cent,  in  labour  ;  thoy  obtained  the  Silver  Medal  at 
:he  n.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  the  Ist  prize  at  the  Royal 
I'orbfihire  Show  at  Sheffield,  lat  prize  at  Galway.  and  also  at 
the  Royal  Dublin  Shaw. — Anthonj's  Patent  American  Churn 
fiai  received  the  prize  at  every  Meeting  where  it  has  been 
sihibited,  inclodlng  those  of  the  K.  A.  Society  at  Exeter,  Great 
Exhibition,  and  at  Lewe". — Urwin's  Force  aod  Lift  Puoip,  par- 
ticularly adapted  for  Liquid  Manure.  Mr.  Mechi  has  one  in  use, 
and  it  is  working  to  perfection.  Ease's  Force  and  Sacti!^>n 
Pump,  well  suited  for  a  Farm  Fire  Engine  or  Liquid  Manure 
Pump  ;  it  is  by  far  the  cheapest  and  most  effective  Pump  now 
-jQt,  Galvanised  Iron  Lift  Pumps  at  a  very  moderate  price, 
3utta  Percha  Pumps,  Gutta  Percha  Tubing  for  Liquid  Manure 
■XTid  Garden  purposes,  Gutta  Percha  Driving  Bands  for 
ilachioery^  Waterproof  Canvas  Hose  coated  with  Gutta  Percha, 
ror  Liquid  Manure.  Leather  ITose  and  Bands.  Richmond 
-ind  Chandler's  Improved  Scroll  Knife  Chaff  Machine  has 
obtained  the  prize  at  the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  and 
at  every  othtr  show  this  season.  Starbutk's  American  Ploughs, 
Grain  Bniiaeri,  and  every  kind  of  Agricultural  Implement 
koldby 
!  BPBOE33  ds  KF.T,  108.  NEWGATE-STREET,  LONDON. 


ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE, 
CIRENCESTER. 
Patron— His  Royal  Highness  ParwcE  Albert. 
President  of  Council— Earl  Bathdrst. 

Vice-President—E^irl  Ddcie. 
Principal—Rev.  J.  S.  Hatgaeth,  M.A. 
pBOFESSoas,  ifcc. 
aiemistry-J.  A.  C.  Voelcker,  Ph.  D.,  F.C.S. 
Geology,  Zoology,  and  Botony— James  Buckman,  F.G.S.,  P.L.S. 
Veterinary  Medicine  and  Surgery— (i.  T.  Brown,  M.R.C.  V.3. 
Surveying, Civil  -Engineering.ib  Mathematics— Vf  .Sowerhy,  A..l,C,E. 
Manager  of  Farm— R.  Vallontine. 
Assistant  to  Chemical  Professor— A.  Williams,  M.R.C. S. 

The  next  Quarter-day  for  the  Admission  of  Students  is 
Wednesday,  October  6th.— Students  are  admitted  either  as 
Boarders  or  as  Out- Students.  The  Annual  Fees  for  Boarders 
vary  from  45  to  80  guineas,  according  to  aue  and  other  circum- 
stances. The  Fee  for  Out-Students  is  40J.  per  annum.  The 
College  Course  of  Lectures  and  Practical  Instruction  is  com- 
plete in  one  twelvemonth — thou'.;h  for  younger  students  a  longer 
time  is  recommended.  There  is  a  department  for  general  as 
well  as  for  agricultural  education. 

Prospectuses  and  information  can  he  had  on  application  to 
the  Principal.— Cirencester,  Sept.  18,  1852, 


tXTATERPROOF  PATHS.— Tiiose  who  would  enjoy 
■  '  their  Gardens  daring  the  winter  months  should  con- 
nmct  their  walkH  of  POKTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETR. 
■rhich  are  formed  thus :— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
L«  at  [i>r««ent  made  from  the  loam  which  in  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  erery  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
Hv«  partt  of  Kuch  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
lod  Incorporate  the  whole  well  In  the  dry  Htate  before  applying 
the  w»t«r.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
laboarer  can  mix  and  spread  It.  No  tool  In  required  beyond 
:h«  tpade,  and  In  48  boarn  It  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
^•KStatlon  caonoi  grow  through  or  upon  It,  and  it  renUia  the 
ictloa  of  the  severest  froit.  It  in  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
loak  throngh  it,  to  gire  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
:owardB  the  »idfes.— Miinufactarers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  Wdite 
%nd  Bom,  Miilbank-Htrefit,  Westminster. 

ri  ARSON'S  OklGINAL  ANTI-CORUOSION 
vy  FAINT,  e<p<?clally  p»tronl<ed  by  tho  British  and  other 
"Jotemments,  tho  Hon.  East  India  Company,  tho  principal 
Dock  Companies,  mont  public  bodies,  and  hy  the  Nobility, 
I'ientry,  and  Clori^y,  for  out-door  work  at  tholr  country  seatn. 
The  Anti-Corrosion  Is  particulatiy  rocomini:n'Icd  ao  tho  mont 
larahle  out-door  Paint  ever  Invented,  for  tho  preservation  of 
Dvery  description  of  Iron,  Wo'td,  Stone,  Brick,  Compo,  Cemont, 
Iec,  work,  as  has  beer*  proved  by  tho  practical  tedt  ot  upwards 
>t  BO  years,  and  by  th«  ntimerous  {between  6(jr>  and  fl'iO)  tontl- 
u'jniaU  In  !'.«  favour,  and  which,  from  tho  rank  and  station  In 
*ocl*ty  of  thoio  who  have  given  th ism,  have  n<!V«r  ynt  been 
tqoalled  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  buloro  tho 
public  notice. 

LIsta  f/f  Coloari,  with  Prices,  tozothorwith  a  Copy  of  the 
retlUfflonlals,  will  b«s*tnt  on  application  to  WALTna  Carson  and 
low.  No,  9,  Great  Wlnchestor-strfiot,  Old  Hroad-strtiet,  Uoynt 
-:zchaQg«,  London.— N'^  Agouti.  All  orJers  ara  parliculurJy 
'•qaefUd  to  b«  sent  direct. 


THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  and  POULTRY 
SHOW,  1352.— The  Fourth  GREAT  ANNUAL  EXHi- 
BITION  of  FAT  CATTLE.  SHEEP,  PIGS,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  the  14th,  15tb,  16th,  and  17th  of 
December  nest.  The  Prize  Lists,  and  any  further  informa- 
tion,  may  be  had  from  the  Secretary. 

John  Moboan,  jun.,  Secretary. 
Offices- No,  2,  Insurance  Buildings,  Union  Passage, 
Biroiiuijham. 


THE  DORSETSHIRE  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE 
IMPROVEIHENT  OF  DOMESTIC  POl/LTUY.-The  first 
Exhibition  of  this  Aesociation  will  be  held  in  Dorchester,  on 
THURSDAY,  the  18th  of  November,  1852,  open  to  all 
England.  Prize  Lists,  Forms  of  Entry,  and  the  Rules  of  the 
Association  may  be  had  on  forwarding  sii  penny  postage 
stamps  to  the  Honorary  Secretary,  Entries  to  be  made  (on  the 
Forms  only),  on  or  before  the  1st  of  October. 
Dorchester,  Dorset.  6.  J.  Andeews,  Hon.  Sec. 


SEED    WHEAT. 

THE  HYBRID  WHEAT,  a  new  variety,  which 
obtained  the  Prize  Medal  of  the  Great  Exhibitiuo,  is  now 
offered  for  sale  by  Mr.  R.  Ratnbibd,  of  Hecgrave,  near  Bury 
St.  Edmunds,  Suffjlk.  Price  60s.  per  quarter,  to  include  sacks 
and  delivery  to  the  Bury  St.  Edmunds  Station  of  the  Eastern 
Union  Railway.  The  collection  of  specimens  of  Hybrid  Wheat 
shown  by  Mr.  H.  Ratnbibd  is  highly  spoken  of  in  the  Reports 
or  the  Juries  of  the  Great  Exhibition,  Class  111.,  paye  61,  and 
satisfactory  letters  have  been  received  from  gentlemen  to  whom 
seed  was  supplied  last  year.  Further  particulars  will  be  sent 
upon  application  to  Mr.  Ratnbibd,  of  Hengrave,  or  to  Mr. 
H.  Ratnbibd,  of  Laverstoke,  near  Andover-road,  Hantss 


FARM    TO    LET. 

TO  BE  LET,  from  Michaelmas  next,  MAISEY 
HAMPTON,  a  capital  Sheep  and  Corn  Farm,  containing 
310  acres,  of  which  two-thirds  are  Arable,  wiih  suitable  Field 
Baru  and  Homestead.  The  Farm  is  in  the  course  of  being 
thoroughly  drained,  which  is  nearly  completed.  A  Lea^e  will 
be  granted,— For  particulars  apply  to  Messrs.  EttAVENDEE  and 
Tbindee,  Land  Agents  and  Surveyors,  Cirencester. 


^fie  ^gricitltitral  Bmtttti 

SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  18,  1852. 

MEETINa  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
TnoBaDAT*     Sept.   23— AK^-icultaral  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


According  to  ths  old  proverb,  an  apprenticeship 
has  always  to  be  served  before  the  workman  can 
successfiilly  handle  the  simplest  implement  of  the 
farm,  and  the  more  complicated  the  instrument  the 
longer  the  period  of  apprenticeship.  Of  the  sound- 
ness of  this  theoiy  there  is  no  diversity  of  opinion, 
and  therefore  its  application  to  the  reaping  machine 
will  be  generally  admitted.  If  it  takes  a  man  several 
years  to  make  a  good  ploughman,  a  reputation  the 
majority  never  attain — how  long  will  it  be  before 
we  are  efficient  workers  of  the  reaping  machine  ? 

The  question  is  a  broader  one  than  at  first  sight 
is  apt  to  be  imagined,  involving  not  merely  the 
labours  of  harvest,  but  those  of  seed-time  also  ;  and 
it  is  principally  in  consequence  of  this  latter  view 
of  the  question  that  we  at  present  return  to  it,  for  we 
are  now  preparing  our  Wheat  lands  for  seed,  and  it 
is  of  importance  that  in  doing  so  we  should  be 
paying  attention  to  the  demands  of  the  reaping 
machine  in  the  ensuing  harvest.  If  toe  are  driving 
on  regardless  of  the  revolutionary  changes  now  taking 
place,  we  must  say  tliat  our  enterpiising  cousins 
are  acting  very  differently  in  the  cultivated  lands  of 
America.  Necessity  compels  them,  apart  from  the 
consideration  of  having  to  undersell  us  in  Liver- 
pool ;  and  if  our  labourers  continue  to  leave  us  for 
the  "  diggins  "  at  the  rate  they  are  now  doing,  it  is 
difficult  to  say  what  may  be  the  position  of  our 
harvest  in  18.53,  or  how  dependent  we  may  then  be 
upon  the  reaping  machine  for  the  security  of  the 
necessaries  of  life. 

The  first  demand  of  the  reaping  machine  in 
harvest  is  level  laml,  free  from  deep  furrows,  hii^h 
riiigcs,  and  other  unevennesses  presenting  obstacles 
to  its  successful  working — such  as  inequality  of 
ilrauglit  to  the  horses ;  dilFeroiil  lengths  of  crop,  and 
hence  its  being  laid  in  ditl'erenl  directions  by  Ijad 
weather ;  and  unequal  resistance  to  the  cutting 
ap[)aratus,  leaving  a  haggleil  stubble  of  unequal 
lengths. 

If  the  horse  drawn  at  varying  angles,  the  machine 
can  never  work  well,  even  waiving  the  (|uestion  of 


draught.  On  the  other  hand,  the  least  waste  of 
moving  power,  or  the  application  of  the  horse 
power  in  the  most  profitable  manner,  is  certainly  not 
the  least  interesting  view  of  the  question,  since  the 
severity  of  horse-labour  is  generally  complained  of. 
It  is  true  that  the  construction  of  the  machine  is 
here  involved  ;  but  whatever  may  be  its  construction, 
whether  moved  before  the  horses  or  behind  them, 
borne  on  two  wheels,  as  the  American,  or  three,  as 
in  the  case  of  Mr.  Mann's,  going  over  furrows  and 
ridges  not  only  increases  the  amount  of  horse-labour, 
but  otherwise  tends  to  injure  its  working. 

The  second  obstacle  arises  from  a  difference  in 
the  quality  of  the  straw  and  its  consequences. 
Generally,  the  crop  is  shorter  in  the  furrow  imme- 
diately on  either  side  than  at  the  middle  of  the 
ridge.  In  the  furrow  this  generally  arises  from  a 
less  depth  of  soil ;  at  the  centre  of  the  ridge  as  often 
from  improper  manuring  as  an  extra  depth  of  soil  ; 
for  in  laying  out  the  ridge ,  an  open  furrow  is  left 
into  which  twice  the  quantity  of  manure  is  turned. 
There  is  also,  generally,  a  finer  mould  at  the  middle 
than  half-way  from  it  to  the  furrow  ;  hence,  a  finer 
and  closer  braird.  Now,  the  effect  of  all  this  at 
harvest  is  obvious ;  for  at  this  period  we  see  in  all 
the  furrows,  it  may  be,  standing  corn,  while  along 
the  centre  of  the  ridge  it  is  completely  laid  ;  or  if 
the  whole  ridge  is  laid,  then  how  often  do  we  find 
the  corn  parting  from  the  middle  of  the  ridge  to  the 
furrows,  like  the  hair  on  one's  head,  from  tlie  crown 
to  either  side ;  a  state  of  things  principally  resulting 
from  improper  culture,  and  presenting  obstacles  to 
the  reaping  machine  almost  insurmountable. 

It  is  very  obvious,  therefore,  that,  to  prepare  the 
ground  for  the  working  of  the  reaping  machine,  in 
the  most  successful  manner,  furrow-draining  or 
under-draining  must  be  carried  out  to  a  greater 
degree  of  perfection  than  has  yet  been  attained, 
generally  speaking ;  for  without  this,  a  perfectly  level 
surface  or  surface  in  one  plane  is  impracticable,  and 
unless  we  have  such  a  surface,  uniformity  of  tilth, 
of  fertility,  of  quality  of  the  crop,  and  of  exposure 
to  the  influence  of  the  weather,  cannot  be  obtained. 
If  we  could  suppose  these  conditions  obtained,  then 
the  whole  of  the  crop,  if  laid  at  all,  would  be  laid 
in  one  direction  ;  and  being  laid  thus,  it  would  not 
be  that  complete  obstacle  to  the  reaping  machine 
which  is  now  found  in  every  instance  of  laid  corn. 

The  ingenuity  of  our  implement-makers  has 
gone  far  already  to  remove  the  third  obstacle  from 
before  the  reaping  machine  ;  but  in  crossing  furrows 
obliquely  it  cannot  be  wholly  overcome.  The 
sounder  view  of  the  question  obviously  is  to  do  away 
with  open  furrows,  instead  of  making  machinery  to 
cut  the  corn  imperfectly  out  of  them. 

The  reaping  machine  also  demands  large  open 
fields,  with  low  fences  of  equal  height ;  for  when 
fields  are  small  they  occasion  a  greater  waste  of 
horse-labour  in  turning,  besides  less  or  more  damage 
to  the  crop,  while  the  crop  itself  is  more  liable  to 
be  irregularly  laid  and  twisted  about  in  bad  weather 
than  in  large  open  fields  ;  and  this  latter  result  will 
be  increased  by  trees  standing  in  fields  or  hedge- 
rows, by  overgrown  hedges,  low  at  one  place  and  high 
at  another,  with  gaps  at  every  short  interval,  for 
such  give  rise  to  eddies  with  all  their  consequences. 
In  many  wooded  districts  it  would  no  doubt  be 
difficult  to  comply  with  this  request,  owing  to  their 
subdivision.  But,  at  all  events,  if  we  cannot  make 
things  better  than  they  naturally  would  be,  we 
certainly  ought  not  to  make  them  worse,  which  we 
do  by  making  high  ridges,  deep  furrows,  improper 
fences,  and  by  unequal  manuring,  S;c.,  as  has  already 
been  shown. 

The  next  demand  of  the  reaping  machine  brings 
us  to  the  harvest  field,  where  special  hands  will 
always  be  required  to  work  it,  as  is  the  case  with 
sowing,  threshing,  and  chaff-cutting  machines  ;  and 
where  the  different  manipulations  are  equally  difficult 
to  learn,  and  hence  will  require  similar  attention. 
For  instance,  he  who  can  manage  the  rake  of 
Hussey's  machine  may  never  become  a  good  driver, 
the  latter  requiring  a  control  over  horses  which  very 
few  of  our  ordinary  ploughmen  exhibit,  besides  a 
knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  crop,  and  of  the  action 
of  the  machine  under  different  circumstances.  The 
lea  of  driving  the  horses  at  an  equal  pace,  or  even 
of  taking  an  equal  Ijreadth  of  the  crop,  without  regard 
to  the  state  of  the  crop  and  the  ability  of  the 
man  at  the  rake,  is  just  as  absurd  as  it  would  be  for 
a  mower  to  talk  of  going  over  the  ground  in  the  same 
manner  with  liis  scythe  ;  and  to  take  due  notice  of 
all  these  particulars  is  not  so  easy  a  task  as  many, 
wo  fear,  have  imagined  during  the  bygone  harvest, 
although  it  is  one  which  must  be  performed  before 
success  can  be  approximated. 

Such  is  the  position  of  the  reaping  machine  in 
seed-time  and  harvest,  and  it  will  readily  be  per- 
ceivi'd  that  the  latter  must  not  be  lostsight  of  during 
the  former,  and  hence  our  present  outlook  in 
preparing  the  ground  for  seed. 


602 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Sept.   18, 


FARM  ACCOUNTS.— No.  IV. 

{Continued from  page  539.) 
The  following  are  the  contents  of  the  Ledger,  so  far  as 
filled  from  the  Jom-nal  given  in  August  21.  The  entries 
there  made  are  here  collated  under  the  several  accounts 
which  they  respectively  concern  ;  and  from  these 
accounts  a  balance-sheet  could  be  prepared  in  the 
manner  stated  at  page  42fi,  showing  the  financial  result 
of  the  proceeduigs  up  to  the  date  to  which  they  have 
been  carried.  The  Index  on  the  next  column  states  the 
number  of  each  account,  as  a  reference  to  its  place  in 
the  book. 


Dr. 


1850.  Dairy  field,  12  acres,  rent  30s.  per  acre.       £    s.  d. 

Oct.  27.  To  plougbiDff,  drillinif,  Ac,  &c 2.  — 9  12    0 

27.  To  labour,  &c.,  this  motuh  3.  — 1  14    6 

27.  To  3  qr».  seed  Wheat,  at  42s 3.-6    6    0 


INDEX. 

B. 

L. 

Barn  field    

...      4 

Labour  account 

Brook  meadow 

...      8 

M. 

0. 

Manures 

Church  field 

...      6 

MasoD,  WUliam 

Cuckoo  wood 

...    10 

P. 

Cows,  pigs,  &c. 

...    12 

Pond  field    ... 

Cash  account 

...    21 

Path  field    ... 

Capital        

...     22 

S. 

D. 

Stable  field... 

Dairy  field 

...       1 

Sheep 

P. 

Seed  corn    ... 

Farm  stock,  &c.  &c. 

...     11 

Simmons,  John 

H. 

T. 

Home  pasture 

...      9 

Thompson,  Peter 

Horse  account 

...    11 

W. 

Housekeeping 

...    23 

Wood  field  ... 

I  AND  J. 

Wright,  Bichard 

Jones,  John 

...    14 

PER  CONTRA. 

Dr. 


1850.  Pond  field,  8  acres,  rent  15s.  per  acre.'        £    s.  d. 

Oct.    G.  To  120  loads  manure,  at  3s.  per  load      ...  2.— 18     0     0 

20.  To  ploughing,  drilling,  (be.  2.— 10  15     0 

20.  To   abour  this  month  2.—  3    10 

20.  Tq,i  qrs.  seed  Wheat,  at  ila 3.—  4    4    0 


PER  CONTRA. 


Dr. 

1850.         Stable  field,  20  acres,  rent  203.  per  acre.       £  s. 

Oct.  20.  To  labour,  *fcc.,  Haulminij 3.— 1  13 

Nov.24.  Tr>  ploughing  this  monih      4.— 9  12 

24.  To  labour,  &c.,  hedging-,  &c.,  this  month  5.-5    8 

Dec.    1.  To  ploughing  tl-'is  month      G. — 2     8 

29,  To  labuur,  <feo.,  hedging-,  4:,c 7,-1    7 

29.  To  do.  120  rods  land  draining        8.— 1  10 


PER  CONTRA. 


Z>r. 


Bam  field,  10  acres,  rent  18j.  per  acre. 


PER  CONTRA. 


1850.       Church  field,  10  acres,  rent  2^s.  per  acre. 
Oct.    4.  To  Clever  hay,  per  valuation  l.- 


£  s.  d. 
-4    5    0 


PER  CONTRA. 


1850.  Wood  field,  12  acres,  rent  20s.  per  acre.        £   a.  d.\ 

Oct.    4.  To   making  fallow,  150   loads    manure,  1 

sowing  Turnips,  rent,  &c.,  p.  valuation  1.— 76  14    0  I 


PER  CONTRA. 


1850.  Path  field,  8  acres,  rent  25s.  per  acre.         £    s.  d. 

Oct.    4.  To  making  fallow,  and  2  years' rent      .,.  1.— 28  16    0 


PER  CONTRA. 


Brook  meadow,  6  acres,  rent  335.  per  acre. 


PER  CONTRA. 


Home  pasture,  9  apres,  rent  28s,  per  acre. 


PER  CONTRA 


Cuckoo  wood,  5  acres,  rent  lOf.  per  acre. 


PER  CONTRA. 


11  Dr.  i  ■ 

1850.  Farm  stock,  implements,  &c.  £    s,  d.\      1850. 

Oct.    4.  To  valuation  of  farm  stock,  as  per  in-  [  Oct.  31.  By  i 

ventory  1.— 236  15  0     Nov.  24. 

6.  To  10  qrs.  Oats,  at  18s.  perqr 3.—    9    0  0  |  Dec.  29. 


PER  CONTRA, 
undry  farm  work  this  month 
ditto  ditto 

ditto  ditto 


12  j)j.^  ^^-      

1850.  Cows,  pIgB,  &c. 

Oct.    4.  To  2  cows,  at  dl.  each,  see  valuation 
4.  To  sundry  pigs,  poultry,  tfcc.' 
27.  To  labour,  and  boy's  attendance  ... 

Nov. 24.  To  carting  Turnii)3,  &c 

24.  To  labour,  (tc,  this  month 

Deo.29.  To  carting  Turnips,  &c 

29,  To  labour*  dsc,  this  month  ... 


from 


13  Dr. 
1850.  Manure. 

Oct,   4.  To  150  loads  manure  and  straw, 

last  crup,  per  valuation 

Nov.  24.  To  carting  and  making  bottom    ... 

24.  To  labour,  &c.,  this  month 
Dec,29.  To  sundries,  carting  chalk,    &c. ... 

29,  To  labour,  die,  this  month 

29,  To  30  loads  of  chalk,  at  Gs.'per  load 

14  Dr. 

1850.                      John  Jones,  Chelmsford.  £    ».  d. 

Oct.   4.  To  cash  3,-449    0    0 


£    s. 

d. 

I.— 18    0 

0 

1.— 10    0 

0 

2.—  0  12 

0 

5.—  1  12 

(1 

5.—  0  13 

0 

7.—  2     0 

0 

7.—  1    a 

6 

£    :. 

d. 

1.-42  10 

e 

4.—  4  IB 

0 

5.—  0  18 

0 

6.-15  12 

0 

7.—  2     0 

6 

8.-  9    0 

0 

PER  CONTRA. 


1850.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.   6.  By  pond  field,  120  loads      ... 


William  Mason. 


£    s.  d. 
-eo    0    0 


£    s. 

d. 

2.— 60    0 

0 

6.—  3    4 

(1 

6.-  0  12 

0 

6.-.-  4    0 

0 

7.—  1    7 

0 

15  Dr. 
1850. 

Oct.  10.  To  cash 

16  Dr.  ' 
1850.                                     Sheep. 

Oct.  5.  To  60  ewes,  al  24s.  each,  per  W.  Mason.. 
Kov.  24.  To  carting  Turnips,  (fee,  this  month     .. 

24.  To  labour,  &c.,  this  month  

Dec.  29.  To  carting  Turnips,  &r.,  this  month    ., 

29.  To  labour,  Ac,  this  month  

17  Dr.  

1850,  Labour  account.  £  s.  d. 

Oct.  27.  To  cash 4.-7    0    6 

NoT.21.    ditto     6.—  7  16    0 

Dec.  29.    ditto     ... 8.— 7  13    0 

18  Dr. 

1850. 
Oct.  18.  To  cash  . 

19  Dr. ^ 

1850.  Seed  Corn.  £   a.  d. 

Oct.   8.  To  5  qrs.  Red  Wheat,  at  42s.  per  qr.     ...  3.— 10  10    0 

20  Dr. 
1850. 

Oct.  27.  To  cash... 


1850.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.    5.  By  56  ewea.  at  24s.  each 


PER  CONTRA, 


1850.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.  27.  By  labour  on  farm  this  month 
Nov.  24.  ditto  ditto 

Dec.  29.  ditto  ditto 


Richard  Wright. 


£  s.  i. 
...  4.—  9    0    0 


1850.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.   6.  By  10  qrs.  Oats,  at  18s.  per  qr. 


1850 
Oct.  27,  By  sundries 


PER  CONTRA. 


John  Simmons. 


£   s.  d. 


1850. 


PER  CONTRA. 


.  4.— 10  10    0  1  Oct.    8.  By  5  qrs.  Red  Wheat,  at  42s. 


21  Dr.  j 

1851).  Cash  (or  bankers).  £     s.  d.\     1850.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.    1.  To  caah  ia  hand  on  entering  farm       ...  3.— 1000    0    0  l  Oct.  31.  By  sundriea  paid  this  month 

Nor.  24.  ditto  ditto 

I  Dec.  29.  ditto  ditto 

22 


Cr. 


1850.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.  4,  By  valuation  of  farm  stock,  manure,  tal- 
lows, &c,,  &C.,  as  per  inventory 


Cr.  4 

Cr.  5 

Cr.  6 


Cr. 

n 

£ 

.1.  d. 

2.— 20 

7    0 

6.^19 

4    0 

7.-24 

0    0 

Cr.         13 

£    s.  d. 

.  2.— 18    0    0 


Cr. 

£ 

14 
s.  d. 

,—449 

0    0 

Cr. 

£ 

2.— 60 

15 
3.  d. 
0    0 

Dr. 
Dr. 


Capital  employed. 


1860.  PER  CONTRA. 

Oct.    1.  By  capital  employed  on  farm  .... 


Cr. 
£ 
3.-  7 

G 7 

.  8.-17 

s. 

0 
IB 
13 

17 
d. 
6 
0 
0 

Cr. 

£ 
..  8.— 9 

s. 
0 

18 
d. 
0 

Cr. 

£ 

.  3—10 

s. 
10 

19 
d. 
0 

Cr. 
£ 
.  3.^10 

s. 
10 

20 
d. 
0 

Cr, 

£    s. 
4.^615  10 
6.—    7  16 
8.—  17  13 

21 
d. 

6 
0 
U 

Cr. 
£ 
1.-1000 

s. 

22 
0 

23. 

n^?^S;   ™  Housekeefing. 

Oct.  31.  To  cash  on  account 

29.  ditto  


£   s.  d. 

...  4.— 10     0    0 
...  8.— 10     0     0 


PER  CONTRA. 


21 


Dr. 


Peter  Thompson, 


lS5f).  PER  CONTRA. 

Dec.  29.  By  30  loads  of  chalk,  at  Gs.  per  load 


Cr.  24 

£   s.  d. 

,8,-9     0     0 


THE  KEAPING  MACHINE. 

[The  following  is  an  abridgment  of  the  report  o-; 
judges,  published  in  the  North  British  AgricuUwist,  in 
reference  to  a  trial  of  reaping  machines  the  other  day 
at  Keillor,  in  Forfarshire.] 

We,  the  undersigned,  having  been  rec^uested  to  act 
as  judges  at  the  trial  of  reaping  maohines,  which  took 
place  this  day  at  the  above  farm,  pursuant  to  a  chal- 
lenge given  by  Hugh  Watson,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  George 
Bell,  for  a  Sweepstakes  of  Fifty  Sovereigns  each,  to  test 
the  merits  of  the  different  machines  which  are  now 
attracting  public  attention  in  the  country,  and,  if  pO£l- 
aible,  to  decide  upon  the  best  before  next  season, 

REPORT. 

That  only  three  reapers  appeared  upon  the  field,  viz.  a 

1.  An  American  machine,  known  by  the  name  of  Hussey  % 

constructed  aud  improved  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mr.  Crosskill,  of  Beverley,  and  worked 
by  his  agent,  Mr.  Love. 

2.  A  similar  machine,  with  some  important  improve- 

ments, exhibited  by  Lord  Kinnaird  ;  and, 

3.  The  old  original  reaping  machine,  invented  by  the 

Rev.  Mr.  Bell,  of  Carmylie,  Forfarshire,  and  whicbj 
it  appears,  has  been  worked  by  his  brother,  Mr, 
George  Bell,  on  his  farm  of  Inchmichael,  in  the 
county  of  Perth,  for  upwards  of  20  years.  i 

As  it  was  desirable  that  the  merits  of  the  machiiii^ 
should  be  tested  in  every  possible  way,  it  was  deemed 
advisable  that  the  locality  should  not  be  too  favourable 
to  their  easy  working,  but  should  possess  all  the  average 
difficulties  of  an  ordinary  corn  crop,  so  as  to  ascertain 
the  working  powers  of  each.  Accordingly  the  ground 
selected  for  the  trial  was  a  large  field  of  Barley,  on  the 
slope  to  the  south  of  Keillor  House  ;  and  tliree  lots  of 
i  imperial  acre  each  having  been  measm'ed  off,  Bellas 
machine  was  started  first,  and  performed  its  worl^ 
steadily  and  well  in  45  minutes.  We  examined  the 
stubble  carefully,  both  up  and  down  hill,  and  it  was  cut 
much  to  our  satisfaction,  though  some  difference  of 
opinion  existed  as  to  which  way  the  machine  worked 
best.  It  appeared  that  the  breadth  cut  each  time  waa 
something  over  6  feet,  and  the  corn  was  delivered  at  the 
side  of  the  machine  in  one  uniform  long  line,  and  most 
convenient  for  the  binders,  Mr.  Bell  concluded  by 
driving  a  transverse  cut  obliquely  across  the  field,  and 
right  through  the  centre  of  the  grain,  which  appeared  to 
show  off  the  merits  of  the  machine  to  much  advantage. 

The  other  two  machines  were  then  set  to  work  on 
similar  lots  of  ground,  and  Hussey's,  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mr.  Love,  cut  about  two-thirds  of  the  pre- 
scribed quantity  within  the  45  minutes,  while,  from  some 
reason  not  explained,  the  other  did  not  complete  its 
task.  As  these  two  machines  were  nearly  similar,  with 
the  exception  of  that  exliibited  by  Lord  Kinnaird,  which- 
had  an  endless  cloth  revolving  directly  in  the  track  of 
the  machine,  and  intended  to  faciUtate  the  delivery  of 
the  corn  in  a  straight  line  behind  it,  the  work  performed- 
by  them  was  nearly  alike.  We  found,  on  examination, 
that  the  breadth  cut  was  about  3|feet  each  time  ;  and. 
though  the  stubble  was  well  cut  up  hill,  and  when  the 
machine  worked  against  the  inclination  of  the  Barley^ 
yet  it  was  quite  the  contrary  down  hill,  where  the  stalks 
were  often  dragged  and  left  imcut.  Indeed,  so  strongly 
did  the  director  of  Hussey's  machine  feel  this  difficulty, 
that,  after  the  first  round,  he  avoided  cutting  down  hul-  ■ 
at  all,  and  confined  himself  to  working  up  hill  ex- 
clusively, by  which  means  nearly  one-half  the  time  was- 
lost.  The  stops  of  these  two  machines  were  also  much 
more  frequent  tlian  with  Bell's,  arising  from  stones  audi 
other  impediments,  as  well  as  from  the  cutters  driving. 
into  the  ground,  which  not  only  caused  great  delay,  bijt 
also  ran  much  risk  in  damaging  the  machines  irr&- 
parably.  From  the  shortness  and  peculiar  constmction 
of  the  cutters,  it  appeared  to  us  that  they  were  much 
too  Uable  to  choke  or  clog,  particularly  when  they  came- 
in  contact  with  anything  green,  or  lying  at  an  angle 
from  them,  which  rendered  it  often  necessary  to  stop' 
the  machines,  in  order  to  have  the  teeth  cleared,  and 
the  impediments  otherwise  removed. 

When  the  trial  at  the  Barley  was  completed,  tiie- 
parties  adjourned  to  the  Wheat  field,  and  Bell's  machine- 
first  charged  directly  into  the  centre,  aud  cut  a  large 
lane  for  itself  upwards  of  six  feet  in  breadth,  laying  the- 
Wheat,  which  was  an  exceedingly  heavy  crop,  in  ft 
perfectly  straight  line,  and  peculiarly  well  placed  for 
the  binders.  The  reaping  of  this  heavy  crop  appe^ed 
to  be  comparatively  easy  work  after  the  Barley,  and 
the  easy  masterly  way  in  which  it  was  cut  down,  without 
any  apparent  difficulty  or  noise,  gave  general  satisfac- 
tion. Three-quarters  of  an  acre  was  cut  within  the- 
half-hour,  or  at  the  rate  of  an  acre  within  the  three- 
quarters,  while  the  stubble  appeared  beautifully  clean- 
and  well  cut,  and  no  delay  whatsoever  took  place  in  the* 
performance  by  Bell's.  A  lane  having  been  thus- 
cleared,  the  two  other  machines  set  to  work,  and  com- 
pleted half  an  acre  each  in  shorter  time  and  with  greater- 
ease  than  with  the  Barley,  and  the  stubble  exhibited 
none  of  those  inequalities  winch  marked  the  down  hill' 
work  at  the  other  crop. 

With  regard  to  the  relative  merits  of  the  different 
machines,  in  the  first  place,  we  consider  Bell's  cutting 
shears  as  much  superior  to  the  knives  or  chisels  of 
Hussey's;  that  they  do  the  work  in  a  much  easier  and 
effective  manner,  and  are  not  liable  to  the  stops  and 
delays  we  have  alluded  to  ;  nor  are  they  calculated  to 
frighten  the  horses  not  accustomed  to  them,  as  Hussey's 
noisy  rattling  choppers  are  apt  to  do.  We  also  thinlt 
that  the  wheel  with  the  spiral  thread  round  it,  to  work 
the  cutting  shears  in  Bell's,  is  a  most  ingenious  im- 


8— 1852. j 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


608 


ment,  and  adds  greatly  to  the  easy  and  effective 
ng  of  the  machine, 

the  next  place,  Bell  does  by  simple  and  ingenious 
laery  what  Hussey  attempts  to  do  by  manual  labour 
nely,  to  gather  the  corn  with  the  revolving  fan, 
icline  it  at  the  proper  angle  to  the  cutters,  and  also 
iver  it  from  the  machine  by  the  endless  web,  so  as 
ice  it  in  a  convenient  position  for  the  binders, 
ler  advantage  incident  to  the  original  machine  is, 
he  horses  propel  it  before  them,  and  can  charge  all 
20  into  the  centre  of  the  heaviest  crop,  and  clear  a 
"or  themselves  without  trampling  on  the  corn  ;  and 
3  endless  web  works  both  ways,  it  delivers  the  corn 
L-mly,  by  sliifting  the  gear  at  every  turn,  while 
thers  must  have  a  way  first  cleared  for  them  by 
rs,  before  they  commence  tlieir  work, 
conclusion,  therefore,  we  have  no  hesitation  in 
luncLng  Mi*.  Bell's  to  be  the  best  and  most  effective 
ag  machine  that  has  been  yet  submitted  to  our 
;.  That  it  is  superior  in  every  respect,  both  in 
pie  and  in  practice,  to  any  of  its  rivals,  which,  in 
linds,  are  only  humble  and  defective  imitations  of 
riginal,  and  that  it  is  not  only  deserving  the  con- 
:e  of  the  farming  classes  of  these  countries,  but 
,  even  iiu  its  present  form,  and  under  proper  and 
ous  management,  to  be  a  powerful  auxiliary  in 
5  the  vas.''  and  priceless  crops  of  this  country  next 
which,  from  obvious  reasons,  is  becoming  more 
rious  and  di£S.cult  every  successive  season, 
i  cannot,  however,  close  this  most  interesting  and 
:Tant  investigation,  or  separate  witliout  expressing 
2ep  obhgation  which  we  owe,  in  common  with  the 
ry  at  large,  to  llr.  Hugh  Watson,  of  Keillor,  for 
aergy  and  zeal  he  had  displayed  on  this  occasion, 
Qiy  in  procuring  tardy  justice  to  the  merits  of  Mr. 
the  now  undisputed  inventor  of  this  most  important 
ment,  but  also  for  the  vast  and  inestimable  benefit 
3  conferred  upon  the  whole  community,  by  assert- 
3  utility  at  this  most  critical  and  eventful  period, 
y  securing  the  confidence  of  the  public  in  its  use, 
^pare  them  to  meet  those  fluctuations  in  tlie  labour 
et  which  are  becoming  daily  more  inevitable, 
gned)  George  A.  Grey,  Millfield  Hill,  Northura- 
)erlaud  ;  Chas.  Chambers,  Aberdeenshire ;  John 
jjjARLANO,  Kincardineshire ;  Andrew  Archer, 
(iTorfarshu-e  ;  William  Blackadder,  C.E,,  Glam- 
l-nis  ;  Archibald  Turnbull,  Perthshire,  Judges. 
jJoHX  Ogilvy,  Bart.,  Aldovan  ;  Edward  Bdllen, 
.Dublin, Stewards,  Alexander  Geekie,  Baldowrie, 
^Timekeeper. 


J    THE   REARING   AND    BREEDING    OF 
ANIMALS. 

'he  following  is  an  abridged  report  of  a  discussion 
5  late  meeting  of  the  North  Lancashire  Agricultural 

ty.] 

.*.  Laycock,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  said — During 
jst  three  years  he  had  purchased,  in  open  market,  a 
ler  of  stoclv  at  the  market  price,  and  fed  them  in 
3,  which  he  considered  the  Ijest  mode  ;  and  he  had 
ed  these  cattle  with  every  item  connected  with  their 
Drt  during  the  whole  period  they  had  been  with 
He  had  sold  these  cattle  in  open  market,  and  had 
n  Dp  a  balance-sheet  for  the  three  years,  to  show 
x»ct  state  of  the  matter  at  the  end  of  that  period. 
id  taken  his  Turnips  on  the  ground  as  worth  6s.  per 
for  feeding  purposes,  though  he  believed  some 
era  did  not  consider  them  to  be  worth  so  much, 
le  average  of  the  tliree  years  that  he  had  produced 
at  the  market  price,  he  had  obtained  Gs.  per  ton  for 
le  Turnips  he  had  used.     He  had  paid  the  market 

for  all  the  Linseed  and  other  food  that  he  had 
liased,  and  he  found  that  he  was  some  little  gainer 
and  above  6s.  He  had  given  56  lbs.  of  .Swedes  to  a 
and  three  feeds  per  day  ;  2  lbs.  of  Linseed  per  day, 
d  with  chaff,  in  order  to  give  bulk,  for  he  found 
in  using  such  concentrated  food  as  Linseed  and  oil- 
,  unless  there  was  something  to  give  bulk,  the  food 
td  through  the  animal  undigested,  and  of  course 
)Ut  benefiting  it.  If  he  had  short  crops  of  Turnips, 
»uld  not  give  them  so  much  at  a  feed,  he  would 
them  two  feeds  of  Turnips  and  two  of  Linseed  and 
ke  ;  but  he  never  e.xccedcd  6  lbs.  of  oilcake  per 
ae  he  found  that  was  as  much  as  the  animal  could 
ifacture  into  beef.  Allowing  also  Nibs,  a  day  of 
,  and  for  attendance  to  each  animal  per  week  six- 
e,  the  cost  of  feeding  each  animal  was  altogether 
hi.  per  week.  On  the  credit  side  he  took  the  value 
,6  animal  and  of  the  manure  in  the  time  be  had  it. 
lad  Ujc  manure  weighed  out  of  the  boxes  in  which 
ninial  was  kept,  the  feeding  box  being  lU  feet  by  'J, 
UDcteen  or  twenty  wjeks  ;  and  the  weight  during 

time  was  5  tons  6cwt.  2 'jrH.  7  lbs.,  which  ho 
civcd  f)  he  worth  7«.  <id.  per  Ion  ;  iudeul,  ho 
d  have  no  hesitation  in  affirming  it  to  be  worth 
per  Um.  Ho  made  his  estimate  in  this  way : 
jought  a  Utii  of  manure,  of  that  rpiulity,  with 
he  wA'ui  and  liquid  parLiclen  of  the  anintal,  wu^ 
er^uaJ    to    I'eruvian    guano  ;    and    Ut    keep  up 

fertility  of  the  land  he  thought  it  inucli 
valuable,  if  taken  at  7<.  <id.  per  ton,  which 
Intel  to  about  '2t{.  'id.  per  week  for  each  animal, 
le  feeding  he  had  taken  each  lot  of  animabi  as  ho 
haswl  ilitm.  The  heifers,  for  instance,  at  Co.  I  \il,. 
week,  came  to  M)Ul.  ;  and  m  «<.-lling  tlieso  iho 
ore  had  got  t)ie  price  for  hi-i  food,  and  a  balance  of 
,vcr  and  above  the  i\i,  per  cwt.  for  his  Turnip«. 
«  facta  shuved  tjie  practicability  of  feeding  animals 
ill  way.    The  next  lot  w  fed  were  stcera,  not  of  so 


good  a  quality,  and  by  them  he  lost  U.  lis.  Ul,,  on  the 
same  scale  that  he  gained  by  the  other  lot.  Probably 
these  animals  had  not  the  same  disposition  to  fatten  as 
the  others.  On  a  third  lot  he  gained  4s.  \0d.  over  and 
above  the  price  of  their  food  ;  and  the  other  lots  in  a 
similar  way.  He  believed  that  by  feeding  beasts  in 
loose  yards,  where  this  manure  so  much  deteriorated 
by  being  exposed  to  the  rain,  he  should  have  lost  by 
feeding  these  beasts.  One  point  gained  by  feeding 
animals  in  the  boxes  was,  that  they  could  ventilate 
them,  and  regulate  the  temperature  so  much  better  by 
a  small  aperture.  He  did  not  want  a  large  draught, 
but  space  sufficient  for  fresh  air  to  replace  that  vitiated 
by  the  animal's  breath.  Thei-e  had  sometimes  been 
disappointment  felt  by  persons  commencing  to  feed 
animals,  on  observing  the  slow  progress  they  made  in 
feeding.  From  experiments  he  had  made,  weighing 
the  animals  at  stated  periods,  he  found  that  on  an 
average  the  best  they  could  do  by  fair  feeding  gained 
10-^  lbs.  of  beef  per  week',  which  was  about  the  value  of 
the  food  he  had  debited  them  with.  If  they  could  grow 
Turnips  at  6s.  per  ton,  he  felt  satisfied  that  it  was 
desirable  to  grow  as  many  as  they  had  animals  for.  His 
own  httle  farm  had  proved  to  him  the  advantage  of  the 
manure  every  time  he  had  applied  it.  Mr.  Laycock 
read  from  his  memorandum  book,  in  which  the  entries 
were  put  in  the  following  form  : — 

"  The  result  of  fattening  13  steers  and  6  heifers. 
"Dr.  1849. — Sir  short-horned  heifers  and  13  steers,  fed  in  boxes 
in  the  following  manner  : — Three  feeds  of  Swedes  per  day. 
5ij  lbs.  each  feed,  or  10^  cwt.  per  week,  3s  l^d.  ;  2  lbs.  crushed 
Linseed  per  day  each,  steamed  and  mixed  with  chaff,  equal 
to  14  lbs.  per  week,  iis.  per  qr.,  or  lis.  Gd.  per  cwt..  Is.  5d.  ; 
14  lbs.  straw  per  day  for  food  and  litter  (20a.  per  ton),  lO^d. ; 
attendance,  6d.  ;  total,  5s.  lid. 
"  1848. — Six  heifers  put  up  to  feed —  £    s.    d. 

Oct.  20.    Cost     72  15    6 

Dec.  2(1.    No.  1.    4  weeks. 

Dec.  27.    No.  2.    5      „ 
"  1849.— Feb.    6.    No.  3.  14      „ 

Feb.  21.     No.  4.  16       „ 

Mar.  15.    No.  6.  19      „ 

Mar.29.    No,  6.  21      „ 


Profit 


79  weeks,  at  5s.  \ld. 


23    7 
9    0 


£105    3    3 

'  Cr.  1849. — Manure  contained  in  a  box  10  feet  by  9  feet  and 

2  feet  deep,  from   Oct.  24th  to  March   17th.   or  19  weeks, 

.^1  cwt.  per  week  for  one  beast,  5  tons  6  cwt.  2  qre.  7  lbs.,  at 

7s.  Gd.  per  ton.  equal  to  2s.  8d.  each  beast  per  week. 

'  Cr.  1848, — Dec.  20,  sold  No.  1,  deducting  expenses, 

at £14  15    1 

Dec.  27,  sold  No.  2 15    0  10 

'  Cr.  1849.— Feb.    6,  sold  No.  3 IS    6    6 

Feb.  21,  sold  No.  4 17    6    3 

Mar.16,  soldNo.  5 16    5    0 

Mar.  29,  sold  No.  6 16  1110 

Manure  for  79  weeks,  at  5|  cwt.  per 
week,  and  73.  Gd.  per  ton,  equal  to 
2s.  8d.  per  week  each  beast  (as  abore 
stated)        8  17    9 


£105    3    3 
'Dr,  1848. — Six  steers  put  up  to  feed  Nov.  1,  cost  ...    86    6    0 
1849. — June  6,  26  weeki.*  expenses  for  5,  and  34 
weeks'  expenses  for  1,  or  164  weeks, 
Se.Ud 43  10    4 


£134  16    4 


'  Cr.  1819.— June  6.    Sold  5  steers  for           19  10  0 

Ditto  1      20    0  0 

Manure  for  164  weeks,  5|  cwt.  per  week, 
at  7s.  Gd.  per  ton,  equal  to  2s.  Scf.  per 

week           18    9  0 

loss     4  17  4 


£134  16    4 


'  Dr.  1848.— Four  small  steers  put  up  to  feed  Dec.  5, 
cost 

No  1,  16  weeks  ;  No.  2,  26  weeks  ;  No.  3, 
03  weeks  ;  No.  4,  33  weeks  ;  or  a  total 
108  weeks,  at  5s.  lid 

Profit 


31  19    0 
0    4  10 


£65     3  1(1 


'  Cr,  1849.— Sold,  March  19,  No.  1  for 11  0  10 

Ditto,  .lune  10,  No.  2,  for 13  0    0 

Ditti.,  July  31,  Nos.  3  and  4         20  0    0 

Manure,  lo8  wet;ks,  5J  cwt.  per  week, 

equal  to  2j.  3d 12  3    0 


£65    3  10 

'  Dr.  1849. — Three  stirks,  put  up  to  feed  Ma;*ch  ]5, 

cost 40    0    0 

No.  1,  13  weeks'  feed  ;  No.  2.  13  weeks' ; 
No.  3,  20— total,  46,  at  6s.  lid.  ...    13  12    2 

£53  12    2 

■  Cr.  1849.— .Tune  10,  sold  No.  1,  at      

Ditto,  sold  No.  2,  at  

Sept.  1,  sold  No.  3,  at        

Manure,  46  weeks,  at  23.  fid 

Loss     


Mr.  Ellison,  a  farmer,  hero  rose  in  a  stato  of  con- 
siderable excitement,  and  said  (addressing  Mr.  Laycock), 
I  should  like  to  ask  yon,  sir,  in  the  first  place,  are  you 
a  practical  farmer '{ — Mr.  Laycock  :  I  must  first  ask 
you  a  'piestion — what  <l<i  you  call  a  pi'aetical  farmer  ? — 
Mr.  Ki.i.isoN  :  Do  you  get  your  living  by  it!— Mr. 
Laycock:  No,  I  do  not.  (Laugblor.)— Mr.  Ullison  : 
No  ;^I  fouml  th(it  out  long  since.  And  I  siiould  like  to 
know  very  much  how  you  can  make  maiuiro  ij.t  7«.  Gd.  n 
ton.  It  takes  '.fff  fons  *^f  our  best  manures  to  manure  a 
sfatuto  acre  fif  Turnips,  whereas  2  cwt,  of  guano  an'f 
10  bushels  of  boncH  will  bring  us  a  greater  quantity  of 
Turnips,  and  the  b(»rj')H  and  guario  only  C(jHt  'l.0,v.  Jf 
you  can  njake  a  profit  by  larming,  you  d(!ccivo  mo.  I 
never  heard  such  a  ridiculous  talc  in  my  life.  You  have 
got  your  icHwitiH  out  of  Mr.  .Meclh's  book,  who  bought 


his  farm  for  50^.,  and  laid  out  1 3,000/.  upon  it,  and 
wants  to  teach  all  the  farmers  in  this  country  ;  and  it- 
you  think  to  teach  all  the  farmers  in  this  room,  you  are 
under  a  very  great  mistake  indeed.  I  '11  defy  any  on© 
to  make  a  profit  as  you  say.  If  you  had  your  living  to 
make,  you  would  very  soon  be  in  the  stiff  lock-up,  sir. 
(Great  laughter  and  cheers,)  Gentlemen,  I  have  listened 
and  been  disgusted  long  enough.  In  reference  to  some 
of  Mr.  Binn's  statements  (a  former  speaker),  Mr.  Ellisoxi 
then  pointed  out  the  increased  facilities  now  existing  fop 
getting  bone-dust  and  manure,  compared  with  what 
there  were  years  ago  ;  and  then  proceeded  to  describe' 
his  own  method  of  rearing  25  cows.  He  gave  then& 
their  mother's  own  milk  until  they  were  six  weeks  old:, 
and  then  gave  half  new  milk  and  half  old,  until  the 
autumn,  and  then  he  gave  them  Turnips  and  straw.  By 
consuming  good  straw,  it  mfide  manure  of  one-third  the 
value.  Some  of  the  cows  Mr.  Townley  had  shown  tbafc 
day  were  too  fat  for  dairy  cows  ;  and  when  he  spoke  to 
the  person  who  was  showing  some,  he  said,  "  Oh,  but  I 
can  reduce  them  in  six  weeks."  What  was  the  use  of 
prizes  for  fat  cows,  if  they  were  to  be  reduced  again  2^- 
Mr.  DwiNiNG  then  made  some  remarks  on  the  growth 
of  breeding  cattle,  but  could  not  be  heard,  owing  to  the 
noise  and  confusion  which  prevailed  in  (he  part  of  the 
room  where  he  spoke  from. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Guano,  or  a  Suhstilule. — The  offer  by  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  a  reward  for  the  discovery  of  a  cheap 
and  available  substitute  for  guano,  connected  with  the 
result  of  the  conference  held  with  the  Earl  of  Derby  oa 
the  1 1  th  of  June  last,  has  added  importance  to  a 
subject  justly  deemed  of  the  greatest  interest  to  agrU 
culture.  Having  devoted  much  time  in  ascertaining  the 
elements  which  constitute  the  fertilising  qualities  of 
pure  and  genuine  samples  of  Peruvian  guano,  and  by 
comparing  results  of  analyses  with  those  obtained  an(J 
described  by  skilful  chemists  of  the  present  day,  I  have 
thought  it  a  duty  to  avail  myself  of  the  columhs  of  your- 
Paper,  in  order  to  lose  no  time  in  directing  the  attention 
of  soientiilo  men  to  a  few  leading  principles,  which  miwt 
form  the  basis  of  any  attempt  to  produce  a  manure 
that  can,  by  possibility,  compete  with  the  imported 
article.  Mr.  Thomas  Eowlaudsoji,  in  his  circijar  of 
I2th  of  June—"  On  the  only  Practical  Mode  of  cheapen- 
ing Guano,  and  preventing  its  sale  in  adulterated  forms," 
states,  as  his  opinion,  that  "  By  the  introduction  of 
other  and  abundant  substances  for  forming  fertilisers- 
than  those  previously  employed,  a  manure  of  equal  or 
superior  value,  at  a  reduced  price,  can  be  obtained  from 
substances  the  produce  of  the  British  dominions." 
While  admitting  the  full  value  of  sewage  liquid,  as 
proved  in  the  meadows  near  Edinburgh,  and  witnessing,, 
close  at  hand,  the  effectual  operation  of  the  systeni  of 
drainage  now  rapidly  advancing  in  and  around  Croydop,,. 
where,  in  point  of  fact,  our  farmers  ought  to  bring  ^ 
the  proof  the  real  merits  of  fascal,  deposited  manure^,. 
I  still  feel  much  hesitation  in  adopting  the  opinion  that 
such  matters  can  compete  with  that  most  comprehensive 
fertiliser  which  we  term  guano,  or  huano.  Let  us  cpij^ 
sider  the  nature  of  this  substance,  and  the  processes  by 
which  it  is  secreted,  and  then  judge  for  ourselves. 
Guano  is  the  excrementitious  deposit  from  myriads  of 
cormorants,  flamingoes,  cranes,  &c,,  whose  food  is  ex- 
clusively sea-fish,  found  in  the  highest  perfection  on  the 
granite  rocks  or  islands,  10  miles  from  Chincha,  off  the 
coast  of  Peru.  Little  or  no  rain  there  falls,  and  the 
sun's  rays  exert  great  desiccating  effects.  Guano,  there- 
fore, must  be  found  very  different  from,  if  not  greatly 
superior  to  the  faecal  matter  excreted  by  man  or  tlie 
mammalia,  inasmuch  as  the  urine  and  dung  of  that 
class  of  animals  are  evacuated  separately,  whereas  in 
birds  the  excretions  of  the  kidneys  and  intestines  are 
both  contained  in  the  fteces.  Guano  ought  also  to  be  a 
richer  manure  than  the  excrements  of  man  or  of  animals^ 
on  account  of  its  being  produced  by  sea- fowl,  which  live 
solely  on  fish,  without  admixture  of  vegetable  matter. 
Now,  if  the  philosophic  chemist  reflect  deeply  upon  the 
above  facts,  will  it  not  become  evident  that  a  maniu:e 
equal  and  responding  to  guano  can  never  be  produced 
at  home,  unless  prepared  from  substances  that  shall 
combine  every  one  of  the  elements  in  which  that  manure 
abounds.  Let  the  reader  peruse  Dr.  Ure's  paper  com- 
mencing Vol.  v.,  p.  287,  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Journal,  and  then  reflect  how  we  could  produce — first, 
that  great  bulk  of  what  the  writer  called  undefined 
organic  matter,  the  origin  of  his  potential  ammonia  ;. 
then,  the  large  per-centage  of  the  bone-phosphate  of  fish, 
in  a  condition  of  inimitably  fine  subdivision  ;  then  H^e 
important  urate  of  ammonia  ;  and  lastly,  the  var^o.^s■ 
soluble  salts  with  ammoniacal  and  alkaline  bases.  I 
despair  not ;  but  a,?suredly,  unless  the  chemist  can 
discover  a  compound  uniting  in  itself  all  the  requisite 
ingredients,  and  the  operator  bo  ablo  to  produce  any 
retpiired  qtiantify  of  the  ,'^anip,  in  a  stato  of  mcclianical 
subdivision  of  particles  conl'nrmablo  to  that  of  guano, 
and  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  the  stipulated  !il.  per  ton, 
wo  have  littlo  fo  expect  in  tlio  way  of  successful  compe- 
tition. PliiUUdftcs. 

Potatoes  in  Klldare. —  Having  read  many  interesti^ig 
articles  in  yotn*  instructive  Gazette  on  thick  and  thin 
Si'cding,  by  Mr.  Wiikin.i  and  others,  and  having  myself 
been  actively  engai^-ed  all  my  life  in  horticultural  iind 
agricultural  pursnitH,  1  natunilly  take  much  interest  hi 
Much  experimcnis  ;  and  in  order  to  loarn  something 
new,  i  visited  the  farm  of  Thomas  J.  Dimsdale,  jun.^ 
Esq.,  iin  jnlelligcnt  and  experimental  Kngliahman,  who 


604 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  18,; 


has  been  surprising  the  natives  of  Kildare  for  the  last 
ffliree  years.  He  was  planting  his  Potatoes  when  I 
visited  him,  and  the  width  of  his  drills  .attracted  my 
notice  ;  they  were  4  feet  and  3  feet  respectively.  I,  of 
course,  inquired  the  reason  for  such  an  apparent  waste 
of  land.  Mr.  Dimsdale  replied  that  the  ground  was 
dirty,  and,  moreover,  he  was  trying  a  few  experiments 
in  wide  and  narrow  drills,  and  kindly  invited  me  to 
visit  him  when  the  crop  was  ready  to  dig.  This  I 
cheerfully  did  about  ten  days  ago.  Mr.  Dimsdale  first 
took  me  to  the  field  where  the  drills  were  4  feet  wide, 
and  solicited  me  to  select  a  stem,  which  I  did,  a  medium 
sized  one ;  he  pulled  it  up,  having  no  spade,  and  I 
counted  42  Potatoes,  the  second  trial  43,  and  the  third 
41  ;  of  course,  there  were  a  few  small  ones,  but  I  do 
not  remember  ever  seeing  so  many  Potatoes  at  a  single 
show.  Qn  trying  the  3  feet  drills,  we  found  the  largest 
Potatoes  1  ever  saw,  and  more  of  them  by  one-fourth 
than  is  generally  obtained  in  the  usual  width  of  drills. 
This  farm  is  situated  in  one  of  the  large  bogs  of  Kildare, 
and  there  was  nothing  remarkable  in  the  manure  used, 
as  it  was  bought  from  the  cottagers  on  the  bog,  if  I  may 
give  them  the  aristocratic  name  of  cottagers,  for  really 
such  houses  for  human  beings  to  live  in  quite  surpasses 
imagination.  I  am  glad  to  state  that  we  did  not  find  a 
rotten  Potato  in  all  we  tried.  I  am,  indeed,  sorry  that 
I  cannot  tell  the  same  story  of  my  own,  which  are  really 
not  worth  lifting.  P.S.  The  names  of  the  Potatoes 
were  Dutch  Reds  and  Red-nosed  Kidney.  A,  MattkeWy 
Moore  Abbey,  Sept.  4. 

Weeds,  to  Eradicate. — The  late  summer  rains  have 
produced  an  unusually  large  quantity  of  weeds  of  all 
descriptions,  inasmuch  as  the  greater  part  of  seeds 
which  have  lain  in  a  dormant  state,  during  many  past 
dry  seasons,  have  now  germinated.  So  much  the  better, 
as  the  future  maybe  fairly  expected  to  be  comparatively 
the  more  free  from  such  seedlings,  provided  that  due 
care  be  observed  in  eradicating  them.  For  the  promo- 
tion of  the  agricultural  interest,  we  take  this  opportunity 
of  recommending  the  use  of  Bentall's  broadshare  sur- 
face plough,  to  be  put  into  immediate  requisition  where 
■opportunity  offers.  As  this  is  one  of  the  first-rate 
modern  implements  for  this  purpose  now  introduced, 
all  should  if  possible  avail  themselves  of  it,  or  at  least 
of  the  use  of  some  other  similar  implement.  Care 
should  be  taken  that  weeds  are  burned  as  soon  as  they 
can  be  collected,  which  should  be  as  early  in  the  day  as 
possible,  to  prevent  their  shedding  seeds.  A*  Hardy  and 
Son,  Maldon,  Essex. 


^ocittit^* 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND, 
A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover- square,  on  Wednesday,  the  9th  of  June,  Mr. 
'Ratmond  Barker,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  Pro- 
fessor Way,  the  Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Society, 
delivered  his  concluding  Lecture  on  the  agricultural 
principles  of  Jethro  Tull,  illustrated  by  modern  facts. 

Prof.  Way's  object  in   this  second  and  concluding 
lecture  was  to  examine  how  far  the  views  and  prin- 
ciples   of    Tull    were     consistent    with    the    modern 
discoveries  of  agricultural  chemistry.     Plants  consisted 
of  certain  organic  and  mineral  elements,  the  nature 
of  which   was   now  well    understood.      The    question 
was,   could  these  substances   be  supplied  by   the  air 
and  by  the  soil  without  manure,  as  Tull  supposed  ?     It 
■was  pretty  generally  conceded  at  the  present  day  that 
cai'bonic   acid,   ammonia,    and    water,  together,  were 
capable     of    furnishing     all    that    was    necessary    to 
build    up    the    organic    structure    of    plants  ;    whilst 
no  soil  of  ordinary  fertility  would  be  found,  upon  exami- 
nation, to  be  absolutely  deficient  in  any  of  the  mineral 
ingredients  that  were  required  by  vegetation.     The  air 
contained  both  ammonia  and  carbonic  acid,  but  it  might 
'he  open  to  question  whether  in  sufficient  quantity,  not 
merely  for  a  natural  but  for  a  forced  production  of 
Wheat  and  other  crops,  such  as  alone  would  suffice  for 
the  wants  of  a  populous  community  like  that  of  this 
country.     The  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  air  had 
been  found  by  repeated  experiments  of  M.  Saufeure  to 
amount,  on  the  average,  to  a  thousandth  part  of  its 
weight,  and  Liebig  had  calculated  that  at  any  one  time 
there  was  in  the  au'  as  much  carbon  in  this  invisible  form 
as  would  suffice  for  the  production  of  the  whole  coal  fields 
existing  throughout  the  world.     It  required  no  stretch 
of  the  imagination  therefore  to  suppose  that,  with  the 
air  constantly  in  motion  and  constantly  renewed  to  the 
roots  of  plants,  they  might  receive  from  this  source  all 
the  carbon  which  was  required  for  their  growth.    Whilst, 
too,  every  disintegration  of  the  soil  gave  access  to  this 
carbonic  acid  in  larger  quantity  for  the  direct  supply  of 
food,  indirectly  it   contributed   to   the    sustenance   of 
plants  by  rendering  available  the   necessary   mineral 
elements  of  their  food,  which  water  impregnated  with 
carbonic  acid  was  capable  of  dissolving.     With  regard 
to  the   quantity  of  ammonia  in   the  air,  we   did  not 
possess  such  satisfactory  information.     Of  its  existence 
there,  no  one  entertained  a  doubt  ;  it  was  produced  by 
the  decay  of  animal  and  vegetable  bodies,  given  off  in 
"the  exhalations  of  living  animal  bodies,  and  probably  in 
"the  sweet  perfumes  of  flowers,  and  thrown  out  in  certain 
parts  of  the  world  in  immense  quantities  by  volcanoes. 
But  to  ascertain  the  proportion  of  ammonia  in  the  air 
was    extremely  ■  difficult,    and    although  it    had  been 
attempted  by  more   than  one  able  experimenter,  the 
results  must  only  be  looked  upon  as  distant  approxima- 
tions to  the  truth.     Fresenius,  to  whom  the  most  careful 


experiments  in  regard  to  this  matter  are  due,  found 
that  1,000,000  parts  by  weight  of  air  contained  0.133 
parts  of  ammonia.  Without  stopping  to  examine  the 
probability  of  these  figures  representing  the  average 
amount  of  ammonia  in  the  air,  we  might  ask  whether 
such  a  quantity  would  suffice  for  the  wants  of  an  abun- 
dant vegetation.  This  question  it  was  impossible  to  an- 
swer. Mr.  Way's  own  recent  investigations  had  brought 
to  light  the  existence  in  the  soil  of  certain  double  silicates 
possessing  the  power  of  abstracting  the  carbonate  of 
ammonia  from  the  air  with  as  much  avidity  as  if  they 
were  strong  acids.  A  good  soil  well  opened  by  culti- 
vation would  therefore  be  constantly  at  work,  day  and 
night,  collecting  ammonia  from  the  air  ;  and  the  quan- 
tity that  could  be  so  obtained  would  only  be  limited  by 
tlie  frequency  of  the  renewal  of  the  air.  Of  course  we 
could  not  say  how  often  this  would  take  place  ;  but 
what  with  alternations  of  temperature,  differences  in 
the  heat  of  the  soil  and  the  air,  the  influences  of  wind, 
and  perhaps  also  a  constant  interchange  in  the  particles 
of  air  themselves,it  wasevident  that  the  renewal  of  the  air 
in  the  soil,  and  the  consequent  acquisition  by  it  of  ammo- 
nia, might  go  on  to  a  very  great  extent.  And  it  was  worthy 
of  remark,  too,  that  this  collection  of  ammonia  by  the 
soil  was  quite  independent  of  rain  and  dews,  and  was 
always  proceeding.  The  more,  therefore,  the  soil  was 
exposed  to  the  air  the  richer  it  would  become.  Of 
course  Mr.  Way  spoke  of  soils  containing  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  clay.  Some  light  soils  there  might  be  that 
would  be  injured,  not  benefited,  by  saeh  exposure.  Mr. 
Way  went  on  to  speak  of  the  experiments  of  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Smith,  at  Lois-Weedon,  expressing  the  great  grati- 
fication which  he  had  experienced  from  a  visit  to  that 
place.  These  crops  of  Wheat  which  were  now  growing 
on  land  which  had  been  for  six  years  under  Wheat 
without  manure  of  any  kind,  looked  as  if  they  had 
received  a  dressing  of  ammoniacal  salts  ;  and  that, 
indeed,  was  the  fact,  though  the  ammonia  had  been 
added  not  directly,  but  indirectly,  and  from,  the  air,  by 
the  abundant  cultivation  which  Mr.  Smith's  method 
enabled  him  to  give.  Mr.  Way  was  of  opinion,  then, 
that,  so  far  as  the  organic  elements  of  vegetation  were 
concerned,  there  was  no  absolute  impossibility,  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  every  probability,  that  they  might  be 
secured  in  all  abundance  for  large  crops  without  manure, 
provided  that  the  soil  was  fully  exposed  to  the  influence 
of  the  air.  The  only  question  that  remained  was  in 
regard  to  the  exbaustioa  of  mineral  matters  by  this 
mode  of  cropping.  Mr.  Way  believed  that  the  danger 
of  mineral  exhaustion  in  soils  was  frequently  very 
greatly  overrated.  There  was  no  doubt  that  the  con- 
tinuous cropping  by  Wheat  or  any  other  plant,  without 
the  return  of  anything  in  the  shape  of  manure,  would 
gradually  but  certainly  reduce  the  quantity  of  mineral 
matter  contained  in  the  soil  ;  but  the  quantities  so  re- 
moved were  now  accurately  known,  and  it  would  be 
found  that  a  continuous  course  of  cropping  by  Wheat 
for  many  years  took  from  the  land  only  a  very  insig- 
nificant quantity  of  these  substances.  The  following 
table  showed  the  amount  of  phosphoric  acid,  potash, 
&c.,  removed  by  a  large  crop  of  Wheat  in  one  and 
20  years  respectively,  and  in  another  column  of  the 
table  would  be  found  the  pcr-centage  composition  which 
the  soil  must  have  to  yield  them  for  20  such  crops. 

35  B03HBL3  OF    WhE4T  AND   2  TONS    OF    STRAW. 


1  Crop. 

20  Crops. 

i*er-ceQCagB  re- 
moved from 
Soil  bj  20  Crops. 

Silica  

lbs. 
171 
30 
3 
IS 
10 
39 
3 

lbs. 

3420 
6i)0 
180 
320 
200 
780 
60 

0.152 

Piiosphoric  acid   

0.027 
0.007 

o.oit 

0.009 

0.035 

Soda 

0.003 

277 

,^540 

0.248 

The  per-centage  removed  from  soil  by  20  crops  is  calculated  on 
the  assumption  that  the  soil  is  ID  iuchea  deep  aud  weighs 
1000  tons. 

Those  who  had  had  anything  to  do  with  the  analysis  of 
soils  would  see  that  no  soil  of  ordinary  fertility  would 
be  found  without  a  small  quantity  of  those  minerals 
here  mentioned  ;  indeed,  it  is  usually  the  case  that  a 
loamy  soil  would  contain  from  two-tenths  and  upwards 
of  potash,  and  other  things  in  proportion  ;  and  although 
the  whole  of  this  might  not  be  available  at  any  one  time, 
the  constant  stirring  of  the  land  bringing  into  play  the 
action,  furnished  a  constant  supply  adequate  to  the 
wants  of  the  plants.  But  although  there  might  be  no 
danger  of  exhausting  the  land  by  this  system  of  culti- 
vation, Mr.  Way  did  not  see  what  good  reason  there  was 
for  continuing  it  on  the  same  land  for  more  than  a 
certain  number  of  years — say  seven  or  ten — and  then 
alternating  with  other  land,  which  had  been  meanwhile 
under  manure.  In  conclusion  he  begged  to  say  that, 
having  shown,  as  far  as  he  was  able,  the  admissibility  of 
the  improved  Tollian  system  on  Theoretical  considera- 
tions, his  duty  was  over  ;  it  was  for  practical  men  them- 
selves to  test  thoroughly  the  merits  of  the  plan,  and  to 
decide  upon  its  ultimate  adoption  or  rejection. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Gadesden,  seconded  by  Mr, 
Wolryche  Whitmore,  the  best  thanks  of  the  Council 
were  voted  to  Prof.  Way,  for  the  favour  of  this  second 
lecture  on  a  subject  of  so  much  interest  and  importance. 

Capt.  Wentworth  Buller,  R.N.,  had  visited  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Smith's  farm  at  Lois-Weedon  ;  and  he  went  to  it  as 
sceptical  as  a  man  could  go.  He  was  told  that  Wheat 
had  been  grown  for  six  years  successively  on  the  same 
land,  and  was  informed  of  the  application  of  labour  to 
the   several  operations   of  the   crop.     He  resolved,  if 


possible,  to  pick  holes  in  the  system.  He  examined 
thresher  and  the  labourers  on  the  farm  ;  he  looked  o 
the  crops  ;  but  he  was  unable  to  detect  any  error 
the  statements  made  to  him.  Mr.  Smith  showed  I: 
his  Wheat,  and  the  fields  on  which  his  average  cr 
of  36  bushels  an  acre  had  been  raised ;  his  n 
corroborated  his  assertions.  He  ascertained  the  pr 
of  digging,  and  found  that  people  could  earn 
a  day.  All  the  manure  was  applied  to  the  green  crd 
which  were  as  marvellous  as  the  corn  crops.  He  1 
first  a  heavy  crop  of  Rye  cut  in  April,  then  Swec 
and  afterwards  trenching.  There  was  not  too  much 
too  little  moistui'e.  The  roots  extended  to  18  incl; 
The  crop  being  never  checked,  the  straw,  as  in  I 
Hewitt  Davis's  system,  was  bright,  from  the  vegetalj 
not  being  retarded.  Captain  Buller  had  procured  so! 
of  Clayton's  three-pronged  forks,  18  inches  long, 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  what  could  be  done  on  i 
plan.  They  were  worked  by  day  labourers,  at  ! 
common  wages  of  the  country.  They  dug  6^  rods  a-i 
of  light,  stony  soil,  thoroughly  well,  to  the  depth 
1 8  inches,  at  about  Zd.  a  rod.  He  had  been  surprii 
at  the  amount,  excellence,  and  economy  of  the  wj 
executed. — Mr.  Eodwell,  of  Alderton  Hall,  had  U 
the  fork  much  on  his  own  property  in  Suffolk.  1 
forks  were  of  the  light  spit  kind,  and  the  best  w 
made  in  that  county  ;  they  went  to  the  depth  of, 
inches,  and  turned  the  soil  completely  up.  A  thousi 
acres  of  land  had  been  dug  to  that  depth,  at  from  2 
to  Sd.  the  square  rod,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  up 
Chicory  crop.  The  expense  of  this  forking  was  ft 
30s.  to  33s.  Ad.  per  acre  ;  aud  the  labourers,  during 
winter  months — from  October  to  April— could  earn  ft 
IDs.  to  12s.  per  week.  —  Mr.  J.  Mainwaring  Pa 
being  extensively  engaged  in  Hop  cultivating,  had 
attention  much  directed  to  operations  of  the  nature  tl 
referred  to.  He  trenched  at  intervals,  and  every  j 
dug  200  acres  to  a  perpendicular  depth  of  18  inci 
The  cost  was  greater  at  the  first  digging.  It  cost  1 
245.  per  acre  to  bring  the  bottom  soil  to  the  surface, 
perhaps  might  be  better  to  do  it  at  two  spits,  in  the  ss 
manner  as  Mr.  Smith  did,  in  which  case  it  would  < 
him  30s.  per  acre.  The  laboui-ers  can  earn  from  2i 
2s.  6d.  a  day.  He  had  found  one-horse  scarifiers 
best  for  intervals.  He  had  seen  Wheat  crops  on  1 
well  manured  with  ammoniacal  salts,  guano,  and  ot 
substances,  look  poor  and  blighted  ;  while  those 
adjoining  portions  of  the  same  land — treated  on  ] 
Smith's  plan,  retaining  in  the  soil  an  available  stocl 
nutriment  without  being  required  to  be  manured  for 
current  year — were  looking  remarkably  well,  and  yiel 
7|  quarters  of  Wheat.  By  applying  to  the  crop  itse 
large  amount  of  ammoniacal  matter,  a  great  portioi 
it  was  lost  for  the  immediate  purposes  of  vegetat 
In  reply  to  an  inquiry,  he  stated  that  he  had  kn< 
ashes  or  burnt  turf  applied  for  Carrots  seven  years  ; 
— Mr.  Hamond  thought  the  nature  of  the  soil  ought 
be  talien  into  consideration.  He  had  paid  243.  an  acre 
trenching  at  18-inch  intervals.  He  considered  that . 
Smith's  charge  of  21.  a  load  for  straw  on  the  credit  i 
of  his  account  was  too  much. — Mr.  Gadesden  remarl 
that  he  was  much  struck  with  that  part  of  the  lect 
where  it  was  stated  that  so  small  a  proportion  of 
inorganic  elements  of  a  soil  are  exhausted  by  cropp 
The  question  of  exhaustion  was  one  that  had  been  o 
raised  against  Mr.  Smith's  system.  It  appeared,  h 
ever,  that  such  exhaustion  would  be  practicably  ah 
impossible,  provided  the  soil  was  from  time  to  time  I 
in  a  state  of  sufficient  comminution.  Professor  A 
had  placed  the  subject  in  a  new  and  clearer  li 
He  had  even  said  that  it  would  be  cheaper  to  su) 
manure  than  to  go  on  growing  crops  without  it. 
however,  Mr.  Smith's  crops  in  this,  their  seventh  y 
were  better  than  Mr.  Gadesden's  show-crop  last  j 
and  the  profit  of  such  system  of  cultivation  should  ■ 
tinue  unabated,  he  himself  could  see  no  reason  foi 
being  abandoned  ;  as  no  person  would  cease  to  cuUi 
profitably.  The  expense  of  cultivation,  too,  was  rendi 
light  by  the  implements  which  Mr.  Smith  emplo 
the  principal  of  which  was  a  single-horse  scar 
that  worked  two  lands  at  a  time.  Mr.  Gadesd 
operations  being  carried  on  in  heavy  land  in  Surrey, 
him  more  money  than  Mr.  Smith's  at  Lois-Weedo 
a  fighter  soil.  He  had  now  17  or  18  acres  in  cul 
tion  under  the  new  system ;  but  the  season  had  1 
particularly  trying,  and  the  autumn  having  been 
the  grain  had  lain  long  in  the  soil ;  he  found  the  sy; 
a  difficult  one  to  carry  out  in  such  seasons.  Mr.  Sm 
object  he  believed  was  to  get  the  Wheat  to  tiller  hi 
winter,  not  to  be  retarded  till  the  spring.  In 
weather  the  scarifier  could  not  be  worked. — Prof. ' 
replied  that  he  did  not  mean  to  say  that  the  time  w 
come  when  the  system  would  be  abandoned  ;  but  tt 
would  be  continued  as  long  as  it  was  found  to  gc 
profitably.  He  saw,  however,  no  reason  why  manu 
should  not  continue  to  be  applied  to  green  crops, 
should  only  be  omitted  for  Wheat.  There  would  b 
hai'm  in  carrying  on  the  system  under  the  same  circ 
stances  for  ten  years.  A  time  of  improved  mechai 
appliances  might  supersede  the  use  of  manures ;  w 
on  the  other  hand,  a  cheaper  source  of  ammonia  n: 
be  discovered. — Capt.  Buller  remarked  that,  as 
Smith's  land  was  on  the  oolite,  it  might  yield  a  la 
amount  of  mineral  matter  to  vegetation,  while  the  cliJ 
was  favourable,  and  the  amount  of  rain  small.  He  ue 
stood  that  Mr.  Smith  attached  great  importance  to 
effects  of  exposure  to  frost,  and  accordingly  tha 
turned  up  his  land  rough  for  the  purpose  of  receivin, 
full  benefit  of  that  influence. — Mr.  Whitmore  h 
that  the  lecture  they  had  just  heard  would  be  publi 


-1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


605 


Society's  Journal,  in  order  that  it  might,  on 
Z  ;  of  its  importance,  receive  the  full  attention  of 
tnbers. — In  reply  to  an  inquiry  by  Mr.  Baskerville 
Mr.  Thomas  Smith  said  that  if  anything  ruined 
^  iting  it  would  be  the  winter  Beans,  which  October 
I  in  hues  5  feet  apart,  yielded  7^  quarters  to  the 
-Mr.  RowlandsoQ  thought  that  in  addition  to  the 
ing  efifects  of  the  system,  a  great  deal  depended 
time  of  sowing.  It  had  just  been  said  that 
ou^ht  to  tiller  in  winter.  In  eastern  countries, 
^l^heat  tillered  before  Christmas  the  hogs  were 
into  it.     He  considered  that  early  sowing  would 

i')ductive  of  great  results  ;    winter-sown  Oats  in 
'  would  return  double.     While  acknowledging  the 
^rits  of  Mr.  Smith's  operations,  he  was  still    of 
a  that  time  of  sowing  was  as  important  a  point  as 
eparation  of  the  land.     Mr.  Rowlandson  regarded 
tture  as  the  fasciculus  of  all  the  sciences,  none  of 
can  be  neglected  without  in  a  certain  degree  inju- 
r  affecting  its  operations  ;  and  however  correct  any 
3  might  be  in  itself,  its  application  would  lead  to 
errors,  unless  all  the  circumstances  and  bearings 
ti  particular  case  were  duly  taken  into  considera- 
-Mr.  Paine  had  just  seen  a  crop,  sown  on  the  9tii 
rember,  looking  at  that  time  as  well  as  could  be 
d, — Mr.  Rodwell  thought  that  no  stated  rule  could 
i  down  for  the  time  of  sowing,  either  in  reference 
!  soils  or  climate  of  different  parts  of  tlxe  kingdom, 
lew  soils -In  the  same  county  and  parish  on  which 
Id  be  unwise  to  sow  in  every  case  either  uniformly 
or  late.     He  had  gained  the  e.xperience  of  a  great 
years  on  that  point,  but  found  that  it  was  di^cult 
down  any  fixed  rule  on  the  subject.     He  might, 
rer,  venture  to  say  that  good  lands  were  better 
ed  for  being  sown  in  October  and  sandy  soils  in 
nber. — Mr.  Gadesden  observed   that  Mr.  Smith 
>wn  Wheat  on  the  11th  of  September,  that  he  was 
id  the  month  after  to  plough  up,  in  consequence  of 
;rain  having  matted  ^on   the  soil.— Mr.  Rodwell 
■ed  to  the  gradual  modification  of  his  practice  of 
PB  by  the  experience  of  successive  years.     When 
st  sowed  corn,  he  applied  to  his  land  20  loads,  or 
>n9,  of  farm-yard  manure  ito  the  acre,  agreeably 
the  practice  also  followed  at  that  time  in  the  ad- 
ig  county  of  Norfolk.     He  then  gradually  reduced 
lanuring  to  one-half  that  amount ;  afterwards  to 
ads  la  four  years,  applying  it  twice  during  that 
i  at  10  loads  per  acre.     He  believed  that  if  he 
put  on  each  year  only  five  loads  per  acre,  or  still 
er  quantities  at  shorter  intervals,  he  should  derive 
er  advantages  than  from  a  greater  quantity  applied 
Ice. — Mr.  Thomas  Smith  remarked  that  he  believed 
Is&e  opinion  of  his  brother  that  it  would  be  best  to 
kat  Lois-Weedon  for  a  year  or  two  longer  on  the 
Imt  plan,  and  then  to  introduce  root  crops  into  tlie 
|m.  [We  have  the  best  reason  for  knowing  that  this 
fecture  of  Ml'.  Thomas   Smith  has   no  foundation 
lever,  being  utterly  at  variance  with  the  scheme  and 
jotentionof  the  author  of  the  "  Word  in  Season." — 
iAgricidtm-al  Gazette.'] 

he  Council  then  referred  these  lectures  of  Prof. 
V,  and  interesting  results  connected  with  TuUian 
vation,  kindly  communicated  to  the  Society  by  Mr. 
,  of  Dunse  Castle,  to  the  Journal  Committee. 
munications  from  Mr.  Spencer  Stanhope  on  a  trial 
lanures,  and  from  Mr.  Peter  Love,  on  facts  con- 
ed with  the  deposition  of  siliceous  matter  on  the 
!at  stalk,  illustrating  points  discussed  in  a  former 
ire  by  Prof.  Way,  was  also  referred  to  that  com 


EPCTATION  ON  Guano. — The  following  members  of 
icil  and  Governors  of  the  Society  met  by  appoint- 
t  in  the  Council-room  at  the  house  of  the  Society 
ulf-past  2  o'clock,  previously  to  assembling  at 
;lock  at  the  official  residence  of  the  Prime  Minister, 
lowning-Btreet,  as  part  of  the  deputation  which  the 
1  of  Derby — on  the  representation  of  the  Earl  of 
ie,  as  the  President  of  the  Society— had  expressed 

pleasure  it  would  give  his  lordship  to  receive : 
lely,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  Lord  Berners,  Hon.  R. 
CUve,  MP.,  Baron  Goldsmid,  Sir  John  Villiers 
lley,  Bart,  Sir  Charles  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr. 
5ck,  M.P.,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Captain  Went- 
th  Buller,  R,N.,  Captain  Stanley  Carr,  Rev.  Thomas 
tr,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Hud- 
of  Castleacre,  Mr,  Thompson,  Prof.  Way,  and  Mr. 
as  Webb. 

he  Duke  of  Richmond  Iiaviog  taken  the  chair,  it 
arranged  that  the  deputation  should,  in  itH  inter- 
f  with  the  Prime  Minister,  conHne  itself  to  the  object 
which  it  lia*!  been  S[H;ciaIly  appointed  by  the  Council 
finely,  "to  r*,*pre»ent  to  his  lordship  the  importance 
iking  every  possible  means  to  effect  a  reduction  in 
price  of  guano."  At  the  request  of  the  meetin;^ 
tain  Buller  and  Mr.  Hudson,  of  Castlcacre,  con- 
ed to  address  the  Earl  of  Derby  on  the  part  of  the 
utation. 

aptain  Stanley  Carr  presented  to  the  Society  an 
resting  .Spanish  work  on  guano,  published  last  year 
Lima,  and  entitled,  "  Estudioa  aobrc  cl  Ifuano,  d 
loria  do  las  Contratos  cclebra'hw,  por  el  Gobierno 
I  sa  oxpendio  exterior  ;  precedidu  do  R<;HoxioncH 
erales  sobre  sisteinas  do  cultivo  y  abonos  :  por 
-S.,"  for  which  attention  tiic  meeting  exprcfwed  to 

tlwir  beat  thankH. 


he  Members  who  attended  that  Meeting  havlnt; 
urned,  at  4  o'clock,  u>  I>'»wning-8trcct,  were  joined 
he  folloiring  additional  Members  of  the  Society,  with 


whom,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Hudson,  their  Secretary, 
they  formed  the  Society's  Deputation  to  the  Earl  of 
Derby — namely,  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Hon  Colonel 
Douglas  Pennant,  M.P.,  Hon.  Edward  Lloyd  Mostyn, 
M.P.,  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  R.  G.  Graham,  Bart., 
M.P.,  Su-  Robert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  John  V.  B. 
Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Bramston,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Ivat  Briscoe,  Mr.  Darby,  Mr.  Fellowes,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Floyer,  M.P.,  Mr.  Freeland,  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Langston,  M.P.,  Mr.  Walter  Long,  M.P.,  Mr.  Mar- 
shall, M.P.,  Mr.  Nesbit,  Mr.  Odams,  Mr.  Wilson  Patten, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Robartes,  M.P.,  Mr.  Rowlandson,  Prof. 
Sewell,  M.P.,  Mr.  Slaney,  M.P.,  Mr.  Crompton  Stans- 
field,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  Wreford, 

In  the  absence  of  the  Earl  of  Ducie,  the  President  of 
the  Society,  who  was  confined  at  that  time  to  his  bed  by 
severe  illness,  the  Deputation  was  headed  by  the  Duke 
of  Richmond,  and  introduced  by  his  Grace  to  the  Prime 
Minister,  Captain  Buller  and  Mr.  Hudson,  of  Castle- 
acre,  then  addressed  the  Earl  of  Derby  on  the  part  of 
the  Deputation ;  and  his  lordship,  in  the  course  of  his 
reply,  promised  to  aid  the  object  of  the  Society  by  every 
means  that  then  were  or  might  afterwards  be  placed 
within  his  power.  The  Deputation  then  expressed 
theu"  acknowledgments  of  his  lordship's  courtesy  in 
admitting  them  to  an  interview,  and  retired. 


AgricdlturalLmprovement  of  Ireland, — The  follow- 
ing report  upon  the  Potato  disease  and  its  cure,  by  dressing 
the  seed  before  planting,  was  read  at  a  late  meeting. 
The  Secretary  reported  that  having  had  a  call  from  Mr. 
Eaton,  gardener  to  Sir  T.  Butler,  Bart.,  of  BalUntemple, 
county  Carlow,  and  heard  the  former  explain  in  detail 
a  variety  of  experiments  in  growing  Potatoes,  whereby 
Eaton  stated  that  he  had  discovered  a  mode  of  growing 
perfectly  healthy  tubers,  he  addressed  a  note  to  Sir  T 
Butler  on  the  subject,  and  received  a  reply  stating  that 
EatoQ  had  succeeded  in  so  dressing  and  planting  his 
Potato  seed  as  to  grow  sound  crops  of  good  quality,  and 
that  "  this  year,  although  the  crop  in  the  fields  of 
BalUntemple  is  injured  to  nearly  the  extent  of  one-half, 
and  not  a  field  in  the  neighbourhood  has  escaped  without 
considerable  injury,  I  can  safely  assert  that  in  about 
1  rood  of  ground  which  has  been  planted  in  the  garden, 
not  a  solitary  plant  has  been  affected."  The  matter 
being  one  of  national  importance,  and  the  honourable 
baronet,  who  advised  Mr,  Eaton  to  apply  to  this  office, 
having  vouched  for  the  fact  of  perfectly  good  and  healthy 
Potatoes  being  grown  by  Mr.  Eaton,  iu  Sir  T.  Butler's 
gardens,  I  considered  it  my  duty  to  make  a  preliminary 
investigation  of  the  grower's  case,  and  to  report  there- 
upon to  the  Council  as  follows : — 

1.  Mr.  Eaton  explains  that  he  was  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  late  Countess  of  Belvedere  for  seven  years 
as  land-steward  and  gardener,  during  which  time  he 
obtained  17  prizes  from  the  Westmeath  Horticultural 
Society,  at  its  meetings  held  in  MuUingar  ;  some  of 
these  prizes  being  given  for  the- best  early  Potatoes, 
He  afterwards  lived  in  the  service  of  the  Right  Hon, 
the  Earl  of  Meath,  dm'ing  which  time  he  was  awarded 
at  the  Royal  Dublin  Society's  show  two  medals  for  the 
best  sample  of  Indian  Corn  grown  by  him.  He  left 
Lord  Meath's  service  in  April,  1849.  In  September 
thereafter  he  went  to  Mr.  Dawson,  of  Cullamore,  where 
he  was  till  January,  1S50,  when  he  went  to  Sir  T. 
Butler,  and  with  whom  he  has  been  till  lately. 

2.  Mr.  Eaton  explains  that  subsequent  to  the  violent 
attack  of  the  Potato  disease  in  1845,  he  was  doubly 
careful  in  greening,  preserving,  and  selecting  the  seed 
for  his  crops,  but  still  they  failed  to  a  large  extent.  But 
it  occurring  to  him  that  the  virus  of  the  disorganisation 
either  proceeded  from  small  insects  which  he  saw  in  the 
roots  of  the  plants,  or  that  these  injurious  insects  re- 
sulted from  a  deleterious  fluid  or  substance  in  the  tuber, 
which  was  foreign  or  opposed  to  the  plant's  healthy 
development,  he  (Eaton)  bethought  himself  of  applying 
a  compound  dressing  of  certain  substances  to  the  Potato 
tubers  when  cut  for  planting,  in  order  to  ascertain,  if 
possible,  whether  such  deleterious  fluid,  or  injurious  in- 
sects, were  the  cause  or  effect  of  that  vegetable  disorgani- 
sation which  precedes  or  follows  from  the  Potato  disease, 
■ij Accordingly,  in  1848,  he  took  some  Potato  seed,  pur- 
chased from  Mr.  O'FarrelJ,  seedsman,  Dublin,  and 
sowed  the  same  in  a  Melon-bed  in  the  month  of  April. 
The  seed  sprouted,  and  the  plants  grew  up  very  vigo- 
rously till  about  the  middle  of  July,  when  they  were 
blighted  iu  a  single  night.  Eaton  then  took  up  the 
plants,  and  cut  tiiem  down  to  about  4  or  5  inches 
in  length.  The  one-half  of  them  he  planted  upon  a  gax*- 
den-bordcr,  and  the  other  portion  he  re-planted  in  the 
Molon-bed.  The  latter  he  dressed  with  his  composition 
before  setting.  These  grew  vigorously,  and  were  taken 
up  in  November,  the  tubers  being  the  size  of  hon-eggs, 
and  perfectly  sound.  Those  plants  which  had  not  been 
drcHHcd  with  the  composition  were  taken  up  at  the  same 
time,  and  were  found  to  be  generally  diseased,  many 
rott<m.  The  next  experiment  he  made  in  February, 
Kl.jl,  by  cutting  large  seed,  applying  to  it  two  dressings 
of  bin  compound,  thou  planting.  At  the  same  time 
be  planUid  similar  seed  alongnidu  of  tlic  dressed  Potatoes. 
Wlieri  the  dresHcd  ones  camo  to  maturity,  they  were 
all  sound  and  of  excellent  quality.  Tlio  haulms  were 
vigorous  and  healthy  all  aUmi^,  showing  at  no  time 
any  symptom  of  blight,  and  only  colouring  from  the 
fading  process  insoparablo  from  the  ripening  of  tho 
tuber.  The  othorH,  which  had  not  been  dressed  witli 
tho  compound,  hut  were  planted  ulongsido  of  tho 
dressed  onoH,  showed  the  disease  upon  the  Htalits  at  an 
early  stage,  getting  worso  and  worwe  ;  and  when  the 
tubers   wore  taken  up  they  were  much  diseased.     Jn 


order  to  satisfy  his  mind  that  his  system  was  not  an 
exceptional  case,  but  might  be  held  to  apply  generally  in 
the  preparation  of  seed,  so  as  to  avert  the  Potato  disease 
George  Eaton,  in  February,  1852,  planted  Potato  seed 
cut,  dressed,  and  undressed,  exactly  as  in  the  experi- 
ment and  process  described  above,  as  gone  through  in 

1851.  Those  grown  from  the  seed  dressed  with  the 
compound  were  all  sound  in  haulm  and  tubers,  as  above 
explained  in  experiment  1851.  The  Potatoes  now  on  the 
council-table  are  the  roots  so  grown  from  dressed  seed  * 
and,  judging  from  the  healthy  streaky  texture  of  the 
skin,  and  the  depth  of  the  eye  of  the  tuber,  no  Potatoes 
seen  by  me  since  the  first  appearance  of  blight  seem  so 
vigorous  and  safe  to  be  used  as  seed  ;  but  whether  they 
would  grow  perfectly  healthy  without  being  again  dressed 
with  Mr.  Eaton's  compound  is  very  doubtful.  He  says, 
that  in  the  experiments  of  1851  and  1852  the  dressed 
and  undressed  seed  were  set  plot  beside  plot,  and  that 
while  the  haulm  of  the  compound- dressed  seed  grew 
always  healthy  and  the  tubers  sound,  the  seed  which 
had  not  been  prepared  with  the  compound  produced 
haulms  and  tubers  (alongside  of  the  others)  affected  au<3 
diseased  in  the  same  manner  as  the  ordinary  crops  of 
the  country.  Mr.  Eaton  states  that  his  preparation  and 
application  would  not  increase  the  price  of  seed  Potatoes 
more  than  10s.  per  acre,  if  quite  so  much.  A  few 
hours  after  the  dressing  is  applied,  the  cut  seed  emit  a 
thicltish  dark-coloured  fluid,  which  has  a  most  disagree- 
able stench.  He  has  experimented  successfully  upon- 
Beldrums,  Pink-eyes,  Bangers,  and  Ox-nobles,  and  will 
undertake  to  extract  the  deleterious  matter  from  any 
kind  of  Potato. 

Cheveley  Fete. — It  may  be  remembered  by  some 
that,  last  year,  a  grand  horticultural  fete  took  place  at 
Cheveley-park,  and,  in  addition,  this  year  it  was  an 
nounced  that  a  poultry  show  would  be  held  at  the  same 
time,  which  took  place  on  Thursday,  the  8th  inst.,  being 
a  beautiful  day.  Of  poultry,  which  was  by  far 
the  greatest  attraction,  there  were  about  114  pens, 
besides^quantitiesin  baskets.  The  exhibitors  were  fi'om 
various  pax'ts — from  Yarmouth  on  one  side,  and  Sussex 
on  the  other.  There  was  great  competition  in  Cochin. 
China  fowls,  particularly  in  the  class  of  the  chickens  of 

1852.  The  most  attractive  of  the  young  Cochin  Chinas 
were  those  from  Mr.  H.  Peck,  who  obtained  the  prize  ; 
these  were  fine  light  coloured,  and  the  cock  bird  the 
lightest  and  handsomest  bird  we  ever  saw. 


TkeJournal  of  the  English  Agricultural  Society.  Vol.  XIII  ^ 
Part  I.  John  Murray,  Albemarle-street. 
The  current  number  maintains  the  high  character 
which  this  periodical  has  acquired.  In  practical  arti* 
cles  descriptive  of  existing  agricultui'e,  and  in  scientific 
ones  suggestive  of  improved  practice — in  the  records  of 
experiments  by  practical  and  by  scientific  men — the 
present  volume  bids  fair  to  equal  any  that  have  preceded 
it.  We  have  in  the  present  "  Part"  of  it,  instructive 
reports  on  Northamptonshire  farming,  and  on  that  of 
Cumberland  ;  reports  of  experiments  on  fattening  cattle 
on  different  sorts  of  food,  and  of  similar  experiments 
on  the  different  breeds  of  sheep.  Mr.  Way  contributes- 
another  instalment  of  his  valuable  report  on  the  power 
of  soils  to  absorb  manure.  Mr.  Rowlandson  gives  Z/ 
very  full  and  particular  statement  on  the  production  of 
butter.  Professor  Johnstone  has  recorded  the  valuable 
experience  on  the  relation  of  geology  and  agriculture,, 
which  he  acquired  in  his  travels  and  researches  on  that- 
subject  in  North-Eastern  America;  the  subjects  of 
irrigation,  Beet-sugar,  sewage  -manure,  are  discussed  ; . 
and  Mr.  Pusey  himself  contributes  a  useful  suggestion 
on  the  hoeing  of  Turnips,  which  has  already  been- 
referred  to  elsewhere  by  our  correspondent  Mr.  Fames, 
of  Hampshire.  We  shall  print  from  time  to  time, 
extracts  from  the  volume  in  other  sections  of  our 
Journal.  It  must  suffice  for  the  present  thus  to  have 
characterised  its  contents  for  the  sake  of  those  who,  not. 
being  members  of  the  society,  can  obtain  it  only  by- 
pm'chase. 


Notices   to  Correspondents* 

Faem  BoiLDiNGB  :  A  Subscriber.  We  have  published  several 
plana  in  past  volumes  ;  at  present  wo  must  be  satiafled  with 
refeiTiDK  to  them  and  to  the  plans  published  in  the  different 
agricultural  Cyclopedias.  The  Transactions  of  the  Highland 
Society  contain  plana  of  farm  buildinga  suited  to  amall  farms. 
GnAfls  :  H  E  J.  It  will  improve  the  land.  But  the  best  way  is 
to  Btifick  the  land  and  allow  their  manure  to  benefit  the  land.. 
Gi'ui/n  manurlof^  is  a  wasteful  sytitem  at  the  best,  as  regards 
the  money  result ;  and  it  i»  extravagant  when  applied  aa  you 
intend  to  do  to  Grass  lands. 
Gbabs  Seeds  :  B  R  Af,  You  must  not  sow  tho  Grass  seeds 
Qopp — it  is  too  late.  You  should  wait  till  March.  Give  the. 
land  a  harrowing  and  cleaning  just  before  sowing.  Or  you- 
may  sow  tho  Barley  in  March,  and  hoe  the  Grass  seeds  in 
Hft(;r  the  Barley  is  up,  in  April. 
LrcEBNC  :  Constant  Header.  If  sown  now  it  would  come  up  and- 

b'-  destroyid  by  the  first  frost.     You  must  sow  in  April. 
OsiEUB  :  Osier.  An  intelligent  corrcspoiidont,  at  page  CO,  1845, 
says  ;— "  Wow,  If  I  had  1  acres  to  plant  with  Oaiers,  I  would 
plant — 

One  with  brindled  Osier 3  ft.  0  In.  by  2  ft.  0  In. 

Olio  with  lust  new  lUnd     B        0  „2        0 

li:ilt  with  bluck-buddud  Spaniard  <t       0         „  2        0 
Mull' with  yoUow-burkod  Ortior    ...  2        C  „  1        8 

Half  with  groon-loavod  Osier       ...  2        (1  ,,18 

Half  with  real  French        2        0  ,,1        4 

And  I  would  try  a  rod  or  two  of  bitter  Purple,  remembering 
that  the  greon-loavod  Osier  and  bitter  Ornard  should  bu  in 
tho  wettest  ground.  NovurthelesB,  It  U  a  great  error  to  sup- 
piiflo  OrtlcrB  grow  bc«t  in  fiwani])y  ground.  They  grow  best 
in  u  looHc  Handy  loam,  but  do  not  mind  luiing  occasionally 
ovtrllovvud."  You  may  phint  now,  by  Juat  sticking  tlio 
cuttings  right  ond  downwards  into  tho  land, 


606 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  li 


PoDLTKT :  B.  The  old  remedy,  and  I  believe  the  best,  iu  to 
wash  the  hen's  breast  with  vinegar.  Shut  her  from  her  neat 
night  and  day. — JR.  The  eggs  were  bad,  doubtless  from  the 
wretched  condition  of  the  cock  bird.  He  is  eaten  up  with 
fever,  that  prevents  his  moulting,  and  causes  the  white 
wattles.  Rub  the  comb,  and  all  parts  affected,  with  any 
grease  that  has  neither  salt  nor  flour  in  it.  Give  him  a  table- 
apoonful  of  castor-oil  every  day  for  four  days  ;  feed  hiaa  on 
oatmeal  mixed  Witt  lukewarm  milk,  and  Lettuce  leaf  eh  jpped 
fine  with  it ;  if  he  improve  under  this  treatment,  then  feed, 
when  the  fever  has'  disappeared,  as  geneiously  as  you  can. 
Be  Bure  they  have  plenty  of  clean  water,  and  that  it  ia 
changed  every  day  ;  bad  water  will  cause  all  the  ailments  you 
complain  of.^-i'L  G.  I  cannot  tell  you  the  cause.  Some  ai-tri- 
bute  it  to  feeding  wi-h  meat,  some  to  weakness.  Ic  mostly 
difappeare,  and  I  should  thiok  cool  feeding  the  best  remedy, 
— M  D  L.  k  chicken  will  easily  take  as  much  chalk  as  would 
cover  a  sixpence,  and  one-third  of  the  quantity  of  Ciyehno 
.pepper  at  a  dose.  I  have  seldom  found  the  latter  necessary, 
when  the  first  has  been  given  in  the  early  stage  of  the  disorder. 
'It  is  not  necessary  to  be  very  particular  in  making  doses  for 
^oulti'y,  as  allhou^'h  large  quantities  are  seldom  given,  they 
will  take  t'lem  with  impunity.  I  have  seen  a  hen  take  8 
grains  of  calomel  without  any  perceptible  effect.  Almost  all 
diarrhcea  in  chickens  is  c:iU9ed  by  bad  water.  The  Cambridge 
is  the  hardiest  turkey  for  any  climate.  J.  Baily,  113,  Mount- 
street. 

IWFLtTENCE   OF  OCT-DOOE  EMPLOYMENT  ON  THE  FiMiLE   PoPU- 

LATioN  :  A  Reader.  We  have  seen  remarks  on  this  subject  in 
the  reports  to  Government  of  school-inspectors,  but  are 
unable  to  give  detailed  and  exact  reference.  You  will  find 
in  page  l9,  vol.  vii.,  of  the  English  Agricultural  Society's 
Journal,  remarks  on  the  subject  by  Mr,  WichoUs,  with  a 
reference  to  the  reports  of  the  commissioners  appointed  in 
1842,  to  inquire  into  the  employment  of  women  and  children 
in  agricultural  districts. 
SoTATioN  OF  Caops  :  Urban.  Your  land  must  be  first  rate,  or 
your  manure-bill  must  be  considerable,  to  permit  such  a 
rotation  afl  you  propose.  Swedes,  Oats,  Winter  Beans,  Wheat, 
-Barley,  succeeding  one  another,  would  soon  rob  any  land 
that  was  not  naturally  exceedingly  rich,  or  artificially  most 
liberally  recruited,  and  for  this  latter  purpose  we  doubt  if 
stolen  crops  of  Mustard  and  Italian  Rye-grass,  to  be  fed  off 
between  the  Beans  and  Wheat,  and  between  the  Barley  and 
Swedes,  would  suffice.  It  is  simply  the  exhaustion  and  foul- 
ness ot  the  land  consequent  on  two  coi'n  crops  in  succession 
that  makes  U3  object  to  them.  Of  course  you  may  have  them 
in  succession  if  you  choose  to  apply  manure  and  labour 
£D'ough  to  meet  these  objections.  We  know  of  no  objection 
±0  Talavera  Wheat ;  millers  like  it,  and  so  do  farmers.  It  is 
well  suited  tospring  sowing,  and  it  is  a  stiff  strawed  sort. 
■Other  sorts  exceed  it  in  productiveness ;  for  instance, 
Spalding's  red  Wheat  and  red-slraw  white  Wheat, 


ifiarfeet0* 


COTENT  GARDEN,  Sept.  la. 
TegStittbles  and  Fruit  are  plentiful.  Melons  abundant,  and 
S*lums,  Pears,  and  Apples  sufficient  for  the  demand.  Apricots 
are  all  but  over.  Tomatoes  continue  to  be  imported,  but 
English  grown  ones  may  now  be  obtained.  Filberts  realise 
better  prices.  Potatoes  are  plentiful,  but  diseased.  Peas  are 
scarce.  Mushrooms  are  plentiful.  Cut  fluwers  consiat  of 
Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Roses,  Mignonette,  Bignouia  venusta, 
•and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 
Fine-appI'eB,  per  lb.,  3s  to  Ss        Pears,  per  doz.,  23  to  6, 


■GrapeB,hothouse,p.  lb.,  2s  to'Ss 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  Ss  to  8s 
i^ectarlnea,  per  doz.,  39  to  7s 
Plums,  per  puDiiet,  Is  to  Ss 
Figs,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsh.,  43  to  7fl 

—    kitchen,  do.,  Ss  to  5s 
Melons,  ekCh,  2s  to  5a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  lo  8d 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

l5  6d  to2& 
Peas,  per  sieve,  28  to  53 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  ia  to  6b 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Tomatoes,  per  bf.  sieve,  48  to  5s 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  3b  6d  to  Ts 

—  per  bush.,  l8  6d  to  23  6d 
Turhips,  per  doz.,  8s  to  43 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  Gd 
^eget.Marrow,p.doz,6d  to  IsSd 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  la  ad 
Carrots,  p.  doz,,  3s  to  5s 
Spinaoh,  per  Siete,  Is  to  23 
Oaions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spani8h,p.doz.,ls3dto  3i 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 
iifleks,  per  b^nch,  Id  tb  2d 


TEGETABLES, 


—  per  half  sieve,  4s  to  8s 
Almonds,  per  peck,  Ss 

—  Bweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3ii 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  ed 

-^    per  100,  3s  6d  to  10a 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  22s 

—  Brazil,  do,,  123  to  14s 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce, Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  Is 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  t  o  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle.lstols 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  3d 

~    per  bush.,  Ss  to  5s 
Sorrel,  per  bf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  63 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  31 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  2s  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buooh,4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Wattrcresses,  p.l2bun,9dtols 


Prime  Meado-w  Hay  753  to  85s 
Inferi6rdo.  .,.  60         70 

Kowen         SO        60 

liJew  Hay 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  86  Trusses. 
SuiTHFIELD,   Sept.  16. 


Clover 

New  do. 

Straw 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  80s  to  885 
Inferior  do. , 
Kew  Hay 
Old  Clover  . 


COMBEELAND  MAEKET,  Sept.  IG. 


...  80s  td  100s 
...  70  90 
...  28  36 

E.  J.  Davis. 


75 
77 
105 
Whitechapel 


,  65 
.  60 


Inferior  Clover      ...  SOstoOOs 

New  do 78        95 

Straw  26        40 

Joshua.  Baker. 


Sep^  16. 
Old  Ulover... 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 


..lOOstolOSs 


,  90 
,  65 


Fine  old  Hay        ...  80s  to  86s 

Hew  Hay      65        75 

Inferior  do.           ...  50       60 
Straw  32        35 

SMITHPIELD.— Monday,  Sept.  13. 
There  is  a  considerable  increase  in  the  aupply  of  Beasts, 
■which  causes  a  slight  depression  in  the  trade;  however,  the 
^quotations  of  last  Monday  are  pretty  generally  realised,  and 
very  few  remain  unsold.  The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is 
the  same  as  on  Monday  last ;  the  prices  of  that  day  are  fully 
maintained  ;  indeed  a  few  of  the  choicest  descriptions  have 
made  more  money.  The  Calf  trade  remains  unaltered.  From 
Gennauy  an(i  Holland  there  are  181L  Beasts,  5860  Sheep, 
260  Calves,  and  105  Pigs  ;  from  Scotland,  80  Beasts  ;  and  2500 
i'roQQ  the  northei'n  and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  of  Slbe.    _  _       _  _ 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  (be.       ...  S  8  to  3  10 

Best  Short.horns  3  6  —  3  8 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3  2 

Best  Downs   and 

Half-breds      ...  4  4  —  4  6 

Do.  Shorn    0  0  —  0  0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— g    d       s 
Best  Long- wools  ,4    0  to  4 


Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn   0 

Lambs     4 

Calves 3 

Pigs         3 


0  —  0 
4  —  3 
0  —  0 
6—5 
0—4 


Beasts,  5267  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  29,210  ;  Calves,  350  ;  Pigs,  330 

rp.  FaiDAT,  Sept.  17. 

ihe  number  of  Beasts  i3  larger  and  trade  slower;  however 
«S^,r^T  I^''''"/^^*'"''''^'^'  *^^y  ^^«  mostly  disposed  of  at 
twv.^.  I  ?,r^^  ^  P"'=^^-  1'''^^®  »s  much  slower  for  Sheep,  and 
although  the  supply  ia  not  large,  they  cannot  be  sold  except  at 


reduced  prices.  There  is  now  very  little  demand  for  Lamb  ; 
middliogones  are  very  unsaleable.  Good  Calves  are  rather 
dearer,  and  trade  is  more  active  for  all  kinds.  From  Germany 
and  Holland  we  have  551  Beasts,  2850  Sheep,  and  293  Calves ; 
350  Beasts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and  83  Milch  Cofts 
from  the  home  countieB. 


Per  8t.  ofSlbs.— s 

d       8    d 

Per  St.  of  8Ibs.— a    d      s    d 

Best  Scots,  Eere- 

Best  Long-wools  .  3  10  to  4    0 

fords,  &a.       ...  3 

8  to  3  10 

Do.  Shorn 

Best  Short-horns  3 

6  —  3    8 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3    2  —  3    6 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

8  —  3    2 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0    0  —  0    0 

Best  Downs  and 

Lambs      4    0 — 5    0 

Half-breds      ...  4 

2—4    6 

Calvea      S    0  —  4    4 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0    0 

Piga          3    4  —  4     4 

Beasts,  1143;  Sheep 

and  Lamb 

3,  9,630;  Calves,  502  ;  Pigs,  470 

COAL  MARKET.— FaiDAr.  Sept.  17, 
Holywell,  Us.  3d. ;  Eden  Main,  Ws.  6d.  ;  Tanfield  Moor, 
12rt.  3d.;  Watlsend  Riddell,  14s. ;  Wallaend  Haswell,  158.9d.; 
Wallsend  Hetton,  15s.  6d.;  Wallsend  Lambton,  153.;  Walls- 
cud  Stewarts,  15s.  6d.;  Wallsend  Tees,  158,  6d.— Ships  at 
market,  97. 

HOPS.— BoEooGH  Maeket,  Sept.  17. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  a  good  supply 
of  new  Hops  have  arrived  at  market,  and  are  selling  at  the 
following  pfices  :— Farnhams,  lOOa.  to  1123.  per  cwt. ;  country, 
90s.  to  10f>8. ;  Mid  and  EastKeOte,  SOs.  to  140s.;  Weald  Rents, 
70S.  to  84s.  ;  Sussex.  70a.  to  8O3.  Inferior  and  mouldy  samplea 
at  much  less  prices.  The  duty  is  backed  at  245,O0OE.  and 
250,000i.,  but  it  is  generally  thought  to  be  much  overrated. 
Worcester  Fair  being  on  Moniay  next,  is  eipected  to  settle 
pricea  to  some  extent. 

WOOL. 
BaADFOED,  Thdesdat,  Sept.  16.— The  inquiry  for  moat  de- 
scriptions of  English  wool  during  the  current  week  has  been 
languid,  but  late  prices  are  well  supported.  Spinners  are 
naturally  reluctant  in  the  present  depressed  condition  of  the 
trade  to  operate  extensively  at  the  high  rate  wool  is  now  com- 
manding ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  staplers  knowing  the  utter 
impossibility  of  replacing  their  present  stocks  from  the  country. 
Hill  not  sell  unless  they  can  realise  prices  somewhat  commen- 
surate with  those  current  there.  Short  wools  aiid  noils  are 
realising  high  prices  from  their  comparative  scarcity. 

MARK  LANE. 

Monday,  Sept.  13.— The  aupply  of  English  Wheat  by  land 
carriage  samples  to  this  morniog's  market  was  fair  but  we 
are  unable  to  note  any  improvement  in  the  condition  ;  picked 
samples  Commanded  the  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight,  but  the 
majority  are  still  very  irregularly  sold.  Foreign  met  a  good 
retail  inquiry,  but  holders  not  being  generally  inclined  to 
accept  the  prices  offered,  the  business  transacted  was  limited. 
— English  Barley  is  fully  Is.  per  qt.  cheaper  ;  foreign  grinding 
sells  at  about  the  prices  of  thisday  ae'nnighf. — Beans  and  Peas 
are  very  scarce,  and  bring  rather  more  money.- The  Oat  trade 
is  slow,  and  to  effect  sales  it  ia  necessary  to  submit  to  a  slight 
reduction.— The  Flour  trade  is  firm. 
PtR  Impeeial  Qdahteb, 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  <fc  Suffolk.. .White  3S— 50  Red  32—44 

—    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  40—51  Red  38—48 

TalaVera  52—56 

•^    Koi'folk 40—48  Red  , 

Foreign 36—62 

Barley.grind.d! distil., 243 to 278. ..Chev.  25—32  Malting.  27—29 
Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  20—26  Malting  .  25-80 


Oats,  Eases,  and  Suffolk I]8— 19 


18—22 
17—20 
18—20 


Scotch  and  Lincolnshire... Potato 
Irish Potato 

—  Foreign   ..Poland  and  Brew 

Rye     _ 

Rye-meal,  foreijjn -i- 

Beans,  Mazagan 283  to  3ls.,....Tick  29—32 

—  Pigeon  29s  —  353... Winds.      — 

—  *'oreign Small  27—34 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  34 — 37 

—  Maple 328  to  35s Orey  3-1-35 

Maize     , , White      — 

Flour,  beet  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37—40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25—32 

Foreign per  barrel  21 — 24 


Peed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign , 

Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egvptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
STellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


26—27 
;J6— 39 
.:7— 36 


Abeivals  in  tee  Poet  op  London  labt  Week. 


Flour,  743l3ke 
—     3292  brls 

English  

Irish     

Foreign  


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
8049 

29780 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
671 


2120 


Qrs. 

5150 
60 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

605 

510 

50242 


Qrs. 
126 


491 


Qrs. 

192 


4!4 


Feidat,  Sept.  17.— The  ari'ivals  of  grain  and  Flour  during 
the  week  have  been  good,  but  to-day's  market  was  only 
moderately  attended,  and  a  small  basiness  fraosacted  ;  prices 
of  both  English  and  foreign  Wheat  remain  nominally  as  on 
Monday.— Flour  is  in  fair  request,  and  fully  as  dear.— Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peas  meet  a  fair  demand,  at  Monday's  prices. — The 
Oat  trade  is  firm,  at  late  rates.- Of  floating  cargoes  of  Wheat 
but  few  sales  have  transpired;  39s.  6d.  per  qr.,  cost,  freight, 
and  insurance,  has  been  paid  for  Ghirka, 

lUPEBIAL  AVEEAOES. 


FO.R    WATERING     GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING     LlC 
MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 
PATENT  VULCANISED  INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPI 


TAMES  LYNE  HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  A|i 
*^  Mandfactdbeb,  Goswell  Road,  London. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Watering  Gardens  ( 
veymg  Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portl 
Gas  Lamps,  and  all  purposes  where  a  pTfectly  sound  Wi 
proof  and  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  They  are  pafticulj 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedingly  useft 
Dwellin^-housea  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,, 

Hose  Reels  for  winding-up  and  wheeling  away  long  leng 
of  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manffl 
tured  by  J.  L.  Hancock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work, 

N.B.— Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hoae,  fitted  up  11 
Rosea,  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  jjinta  re 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns.  I 

All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.L.HANCocK,Go3weIlMi , 
Goswell  Road,  London,  will  meet  with  immediate  attentio]  | 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING 

7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


ised. 

Japan 
Iroi 

Td.peryd. 
9      ,, 
13      ., 

Id. per 
9       ,. 

10  :: 

6       >. 

n     „ 

2-inch  meah,  light,  24  inches  wide 

2-tnch     „      Btron^  „ 

2-inch     „      extra  strong     „ 
IS-inch     „      light  „ 

If-inch     „      strong  ,, 

l|-inch     „      extra  strong:     „  ...  j»     „         ii      ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  pri( 
If  the  upper  half  ia  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  pri 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantrl 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Marlset-pls 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London^  Pel 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND      POULTI, 
KEITINa,  Sci.  per  running  yard. 


Aug.    7.. 

—  14.. 

—  21.. 

—  28.. 
Sept,    i.. 

—  11,. 


Aggreg,  Aver. 


Wheat,  Baeley,  Oats.    Rye,    Beans,    Peas, 


s.  d, 

39  7 

89  7 

41  2 

43  7 

44  9 


1.  d. 

27  3 

27  6 

27  i 

28  2 
28  i 
27  10 


27  8 


19  3 

20  3 
20  6 
13  10 


19 


s.  d, 

3.3  9 

83  7 
S3  2 
34  4 

84  10 
34  S 


84  0 


d. 

30  6 

31  4 
29  10 
31  1 
81  G 
31  9 


81  0 


Duties  on  Poreign  Grain,  Is,  per  qr. 
Pluctoations  in  the  last  Six  Week's  Aveeages, 


44j  9<i- 
43    7 
42    S 
41    2 

S9    7 


-U- 


LivEEPOoL,  TtJEsDAT,  Sept.  14.— The  imports  of  grain  and 
Flour  this  week  are  moderate,  both  from  our  own  coast  and 
from  foreign  ports.  The  Corn  Exchange  this  morning  was 
slenderly  attended  by  buyers.  A  moderate  demand  waa  ex- 
perienced for  Wheat  and  Flour,  and  all  good  qualities  fully 
supported  late  prices.  Superfine  sweet  American  Flour  com- 
mands 21s.  to  21s.  6d.  per  barrel.  In  Oats  and  Oatmeal  there 
was  a  limited  business.  A  few  Irish  new  Oata  sold  at  2s.  5^d. 
per  45  lbs.  Beans  ware  a  little  easier  to  buy.  Barley  and 
Peas  without  alteration  in  value.  Indian  Corn  also  unchanged. 
Feidat,  Sept.  10.— The  weather  baa  been  highly  pro- 
pitious all  the  week  for  the  northern  harvest,  now  near  upon 
completion.  The  Corn  Exchange  this  morning  was  slenderly 
attended  by  millers  and  dealers,  but  we  had  a  few  buyers  of 
Wheat  and  Flour  to  go  into  the  interior,  and  altogether  a  fair 
moderate  business  was  effected  at  about  last  Tuesday's  rates. 
In  Oats  and  Oatmeal  no  change,  and  not  many  samples  of 
Irish  new  on  show.  Egyptian  Beaus  further  improved  6d.  per 
quarter.  Barley  and  Feas  unaltered  in  value.  lodia  Cora  in. 
fair  request. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  rtimaing  yard,  2  feet  *ide. 


Galvanised. 
24  in,  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard. 
30  in.    „      2  in.    „        9d.        „ 
36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „ 
48  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is.  2d.    „ 


Not  Galvanised 
5d.  per  yard. 
6id.       „ 
7^d.       „ 
lOd.  ,, 


Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  2d.  per  square  fiH 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  T| 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  wa8 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  \ 
knowledged  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  theki' 
ever  offered.  E-xtra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  8  feetbifj 
Is.  Gd.  and  2s.  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  FlOn 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flofl 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Pencil  i 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultn ! 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalogues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  po'; 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  W( 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  G  and 
Snow-hill,  London. 


G 


EORGE  ARTINGSTALL  and  CO.,  Lawchfo 
Wise  Woeks,  Waebinqton> 


Mannfaoturepfl  of  Improved  Strong 
RABBIT-PROOF    WIRE     NETTING.' 

12  inches  high     4d.  per  yard, 

18     ditto  Bd.       „  , 

24      ditto  „     8d.        „ 

All  other  widths  at  proportionate  prices. 
Wire  Work  for  Aviaries,  Conservatories.  Fencing,  &c.,  &> 
aleo  extra  strong  Wire  Kiln  Floors  for  drying  Grain,  &c.,  & 


:\ 


38—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


607 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

For  Kidge  and  Fiirrow  Eoofs,  Greenhouses,  Railway  Stations,  Engine  Sheds,  Mills, 
Market-Halls,  and  Public  Buildings  generally. 


Foa  C0N8EE7AT0EIE9,    POBLIC    BoiLDlNQS,    MaNHFACTOBIES, 
SETLIGHTS,    itC-,  ttC. 


Paceed  in  CEATE9,  foF  cuttiDg  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured ; — 

30  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  „  50  to  70    „  


In  Squabes,  cat  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Under    8  bj    6      

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8     


10  by   8 
It  by  10 
1^  feet  sup, 
B        „ 

4  „ 

5  „ 


14  by  10      

IJ  feet  super,,  if  the  leng'.h  does  not  exceed  20  inches 


3 

4 
5 
6 
8 
10 
12 
15 


or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long 


20 

SO 

SO            „ 

S5 

33 

40 

iO            „ 

45 

^5            .1 

55 

65            „ 

70 

70 

85 

One-eighth 

3-16th  inch 

iinch 

inch  thiclt. 

thick. 

thiol;. 

3,  d. 

s.  d. 

s.d. 

}      0    6 

0    8 

0  10 

0    4 

0    6 

0    7 

0    44 

0    7 

0    8 

0    5 

0    7 

0    9 

0    ik 

0    7 

0    9 

0    6 

0    8 

0  10 

0    6i 

0    8 

0  10 

0    7 

0    84 

0  10 

0    7J 

0    9 

0  104 

0    8 

0    94 

0  11 

0    84 

0  10 

1    0 

0    9 

0  11 

1    1 

1    0 

1    2 

PACKED    IN     BOXES    OF    50   FEET    EACH. 

6iao&QBbj4  inches,  and  6^  ihcbes  by  4i  inches  ...  10s.  6d.      I      8  inches  by  6  inches,  and  8^  incbes  by  6^^  inchea       ...   13s.  %d, 

■y      „      bj6      „       and?*      „      by  6*      ,,       ...12s.  Od.      |      9     „       by  7      „       and  9  J      „      by  7^,  aod  10  by  8   ISa.  Od. 

Wli^i  a  quantity  is  required,  an  estimate  will  he  fui'nish.ed  on  application, 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


LARGE    STOCK   OF 


AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS     ON     SALE, 

AT   TWENTY   PER  CENT,  BELOW   THE   USUAL   COST. 


COTTAM     AND     HALLEN 


KE-AREANGING  THEIE 


MANUFACTORY  AND  SHOW  ROOMS  FOR  THE  SALE  OF 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS, 

WISH  TO  DISPOSE  OF  A  LARGE  ASSORTMENT  NOW  IN  STOCK,  PREVIOUS  TO  MAKING 
THE  NECESSARY  ALTERATIONS  IN  THEIR  PREMISES. 

^te  Implements  are  of  the  best  and  most  modem  invention  and  %tsefid  description,  and  a  saving  of  20  per  cent, 
and  upwards  will  be  effected  by  any  purchases  made  from  this  Steele. 

SSGISTBRSD    PRIZB    EN'A.1VZB1&    STABIiC    FtrBZiTZTURB. 

FRIZ&    EXBXBITZOTO'    GATBS. 

XRO20'    BVBDIiES    A.TffX>    GAMB    "WIRB    KETTiKC, 

CATALOaUES    ON    APPLICATION. 

COTTAM  AND  HALLEN,  2,  WINSLEY-STREET,  OXFORD-STREET,   LONDON. 

BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

'i-USULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelseaj  Hot- 
•  aoCBB  BC7iLDEft4 ;  HotticoUure  in  all  Its  branches  npon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  econom)- 
caL  The  tire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  TheFui'nace 
Bari  are  HoUow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn  walcrpassep  before 
enteria^  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
caasiog  a  very  rapid 
elrcalation,  and  pro- 
duclnft  double  the  eff'^^ct 
from  the  Bamo  quantity 

of  fUPl. 

J.  WEEKS  ANT)  CO., 
Ktn;^«  Road,  Chelsea, 
OlIALLENGBthewhole 
Tvoi-ld  to  make  a  Boiler 
ih^t  will  produce  any- 
thlnit  like  the  sarao 
tnvct,  with  the  fiame 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  n 
Kivtm  time.  It  i«  one  of 
thofleboilcr»thatwarm» 
tlio  water  of  tlmlr  Vic- 
toria HCf^'U  Tiirik,  Mhicli  c  jnlain*  20,000  f;allonii,  and  aUo  heato 
«CT«r&l  lart^e  Forcing-bouieii  and  ranges  of  Piti,  with  a  smalJ 
oooiumptfoo  of  fuel. 

Plana,  Models,  And  EitlmateB  of  nortlfiuUural  Bntldlngit ; 
ftUo  Catal'igueB  of  riaotn,  Vioen,  Seed*,  dtc,  furwardud  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  KlDt|;'s-roftd,  ChelBta,  Londofi. 

OTEPIIENSON  AJfD  PEILL,  flI,Gra<!ftchurcli-fttPpef, 

*-?  L/>ndon,  and  17.  Now  r.-irh-Atrrot,  HouthWirk,  Mnnufuc- 
tar«ri  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Tmprofvd  Cofilciil  Iron 
BOILRRI,  and  Conii«rviitiiry  and  Ilothiiute  Britldrm,  cither 
In  wo'>d  or  Iron,  rMppclfully  call  thn  ftttffr.llun  of  the  Nobility, 
Octitry,  nnd  NurK^ryini^n  to  Ibclr  nlmpN:  but  <-0tcR'd'iUii  metho<) 
of  warrnln^f  lIorttnilt'irAJ  and  o'.hpr  Bulldlnicu  b/  hot  wntvr. 
From  r.lio  ffitflmtlve  work*  thoy  have  executed,  refcrtncoH  of 
thft  l.l^h«<it  rfi<pm:MibHlty  can  be  given,  uad  full  idrtlcultm 
iarDl»,hcd  on  apptlcbtlOD. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
ST  EEL  DIGGING  FORKS,— Boyd's  Scythe  ia  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-kuife.  The  Oard&iers'  Chronicle  thu3  comments 
upon  it :— "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Bosd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement."— G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Diggin?  Forks  arc  those  celebrated  by  Mr.  Mechi : 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Deay  and  Oo.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  In 
England. — A  Listof  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROTAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDENCn,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Cuelbea,— The  superior  qualities  In  every 
rcBpfict  of  tlieie  KtructureH  liuving  hewn  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  haa  cau«ea  a  greater  demand  for  thorn 
than  13.  D.  could  execute;  he  has  been  obliged  to  hnvo  perfect 
and  powfirful  mnchlnery  made  to  meet  the  numorous  ordorn, 
find  can  now  oxocute  any  amount  of  wofk  to  great  perfection, 
with  dlipntch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  nil  coinpetitlim. 
Patent  Ilothoui«B,  wltli  excellent  glaHh,  S  foet  long  by  I  font 
wide,  every  front  a»flh  to  open,  and  every  topono  toHlldo  down, 
with  (lullcy  mndo  of  the  snmomtttcrialfl  bb  the  electric  telegraph 
wire,  which  require  no  painting:  dollverod  free  to  Wharf  or 
(tnllwfiy  Wtnllon,  at  U,  '2d.  per  toot  super.,  complete,  having 
hion  /Ittetl,  and  every  portion  marked  provlouftly,  making  a 
Orccnhi.unolfl  It,  C  Inchon  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,23;,  0».8(i.  ; 
VI  ft.  Oln*.  long,  do.  do.,  B2fl  ft.,  mt.  13a,  8rf. ;  28  f  l.  (1  Inn.  Jong, 
15  ft.  ra'tnr,  71*<!  ft.,  ill.  lOi.  Hd.  Healing  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
moot  approved  rind  economical  prlnclpUin, 

Patent  SafihoB  for  Fits  and  Peucb  Walla,  &c.,  Id,  and  Bet.  per 
foot,  super. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CO:^slSrENT  WITH   GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


/^RAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
VJ  London,  hdvlog  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  moat 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


GARDEN  FRAMES,  PITS,  GREENHOUSES.— 
TRANSPARENT  SHEETING,  an  effectual  protection 
against  frost,  giving  li^'ht  to  plants,  Is.  per  yard,  nearly  two 
yards  wide ;  thick  canvaes  ditto,  Is.  per  square  yard ;  tar- 
pauling,  Id.  per  square  yard.— R.  RICHARDSON,  21,  Ton- 
bridge-place,  New-road,  N,B.  Upwards  oflOO  thick tarpaulings, 
second  hand,  various  siz^s,  at  Is.  per  square  yard, 

r^EAP    ENCLOSURE    FOR    POULTRY. 

^— ^  —Extract  from  Newton's  Shilling  Work  on  Management 
of  Domestic  Poultry  and  Artificial  locubation  in  Garden  Hot- 
houses:—*' We  bought  our  wire-work  for  the  enclosure  of 
RrcBAHDSON,  Tonbridge-place,  London.  It  is  6  ftet  high,  and 
cost  Is,  per  yard  run,  ready  paintel,  the  mesh  about  2  inches  ; 
this  we  fixed  to  posts,  G  feet  apart.  A  cheap  enclosure."  This 
wire-work  is  rahbit-proof,  and  may  be  had  in  any  width, 
from  6  feet  to  15  inches,  at  6|ti,  per  square  yard.  As  a  fence 
against  hares,  rabbits,  cats,  doga,  sheep,  deer,  &c.,  it  will  be 
found  to  answer;  also  for  enclosing  fowls,  pheasants,  &c. — 
R.  RicHAEDSOH,  21,  Tonbridge-place,  corner  of  Judd-street, 
New- road. 

'X'HE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 

-*-  invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waistcoat-pocket  Glass 
the  eize  of  a  Walnut;,  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
4  to  5  miles,  which  is  found  to  be  invaluable  fo'-  YACHTING, 
and  to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKEEPERS. 
TELESCOPES.— Anew  and  moat  important  INVENTION 
itt  TELESCOPES,  poaseSsim;  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
some- 3.^  inches,  vi-ith  ah  extra  eye-piece— wiil  ahow  distinctly 
Jupiter's  Moon,  Saturn's  Ring,  and  the  Double  Stars.  They 
supersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes- fur  the  waidt- 
coat-pocket.  Shooting,  Military  purposes,  &c.  Opeia  and 
Race-course  Glasses  with  wonderful  powers  ;  a  minute  object 
can  be  clearly  seen  from  JO  to  12  miles  distant.— Invaluable 
Acouatic  Instruments  for  relief  of  extreme  D.-afness. 
Messes.  S.  and  B.  SOLOMONS.  0PTICIA^f3  and  Aceists, 
>,  AlbemaHe- street,  opposite  the  York  HoteU  London. 


HEAL  &  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE 
OF  BEDSTEADS,  sent  free  by  post,  conta-ns  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  One  Hundred  different  Bedsteads 
in  Iron,  Brass,  Japanned  Wood,  Polished  Birch,  Mahogany, 
Rosewood  and  Walnut-tree  Wonds ;  also  their  Priced  List  of 
Bedding  ;  and  their  New  Ware-rooms  enible  them  to  keep  one 
of  each  design  fixed  for  inspection.  They  have  also,  in  addition 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  the  best  de.signs  of 
PARISIAN  BEDSTEADS,  both  in  Wood  and  Iron,  which  they 
have  just  imported. 

Heal   and    Son,  Bedstead    and    Bedding    ManufaoEnrers, 
196,  Tottenham  Coort  Road,  London. 

ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  packs  iu  a  sponge  bath,  is  admirably 
adapted  for  summer  use,  on  account  of  its  extreme  coolness, 
and  which  can  be  changed  in  one  moment  from  a  bed  to  a 
lounge  or  sofa  for  the  tdttinp-room,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  and  HALLEN'S,  7G,  Oxford-street, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Metallic  Bedsteads, 
fitted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocline,  «fco.  <fec.,  together 
with  a  large  assortment  of  the  Patent  Radiating  and  other 
Stoves,  and  every  other  description  of  Ironmongery. 


THE  ZOOLOGICAL  GARDENS,  REGENT»S 
PARK,  are  open  daily.  All  Visitors  are  admitted 
to  Mr.  Gould's  collection  of  Humming  Birds  without  any 
extra  charge.  The  Band  of  the  iHt  Life  Guards  will  per- 
form, for  the  last  time  this  pcason,  on  Saturdiiy,  Sept,  18, 
at  Four  o'clock.  The  first  living  fliiccimon  of  CITOIROPOTA- 
MU3  ever  seen  in  Europe  is  now  added  to  the  collection. — 
AdmiasioD,  One  SniLLiNO  ;  on  MONDAYS,  Sixpence, 


LADIES^TRAVELLING,  or  during  the  Drive,    the 
Aquatio  Excursion,  or  while  otherwise  exposed  to   the 
scorching  rays  of  the  sun,  and  heated  particles  of  dust,  will  find 

ROWLANDS'  KALYDOR 
a  most  refreshing  prepnriition  fnr  the  completion,  dispelling 
the  cloud  of  langour  and  relaxation,  allaying  all  iieat  and 
irritability,  and  linmotil.-itely  all'nrding  the  ploaHlng  sensation 
attending  rofltot-ed  olaRticity  and  healthful  state  of  the  slua. 
Composed  of  choice  exolion  ot  balsamic  nature,  utterly  Ireo 
from  all  mineral  iidmixtiiro,  and  pluaeliig  and  deliglitrul  in  its 
elTectH,  RowLANoa' Kalvui'Ji  tondu  to  neutraliao  the  effects  of 
atmosphere  upon  the  wkin,  and  to  promote  that  healthy  action 
rtf  the  microscopic  vcshl-Ih,  by  whieli  its  general  well-being  and 
the  beauty  of  Its  aiipearance  are  BO  esiiontially  promoted. 
I'rocklcB,  Tan,  Spots,  Pmiplos,  Fluihos,  and  Disoolorations  fly 
before  Its  application,  and  give  placu  to  dcllcato  oleariieBB  with 
tho  glow  ot  beauty  and  of  bloom.  In  cases  of  Sunburn,  or 
HttngH  of  InsoctH,  its  virtues  havo  long  boun  ficknowlfldged, 

li'^  purifying  atid  rofronblng  ptopi-rtloH  hnvo  obbuined  Its 
Holcclion  by  Royalty,  and  tho  aovoral  CoDttTs  ihrouglinut 
Eurojjo,  together  with  the  filho  of  tho  ArlSttocraoy*- Prioe 
4s.  (Wl.  and  tia.  Gd.  per  bottle. 

OAiiTroN.- Tho  words  Rowlands'  Kaltdob  are  on  tho 
wrapper  of  ouch  bottle. 

Sold  by  A.  UoWLAND  an-l  Sons,  20,  Itatton-gardon,  London  ; 
and  by  all  Chemists  and  Pcrfumera. 


608 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURA.L     dZEirE.       [Sept.  18. 


On  the  20lh  of  September  will  be  published,  price  6s.  Sd.  in.  cloth, 
THE  FIFTH  VOLUME  OF 

HOUSEHOLD    WORDS: 

A  Weekly  Journal,  conducted  by  CHARLES  DICKENS. 

DESIGNED  FOB  THE  INSTRUCTION  AND  AMUSEMENT  OP  ALL  CLASSES  OP  BEADEBS,  AND  TO  ASSIST  IN  THE 
DISCUSSION  OF  THE  SOCIAL  QUESTIONS  OF  THE  TIME. 

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THE    HOUSEHOLD    MERATIVE    OF 
CUERENT    EVENTS; 

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OFFICE,   16,    WELLINGTON   STREET,  KORTH. 


WANTED,  the  following  Numbers  of  the  "  GAR- 
DENEKS'  CHRONIOLE"forI850:— Nob.  43,  October  2S, 
47,  November  23  ;  48,  November  30  ;  49,  December  7 ;  51,  Decern, 
ber  21.  One  sbilling  each  will  be  given  for  the  above,  on 
application  to  Mr.  Rastall,  24,  Ebary-etreet,  Pimlico,  Loodon. 


D 


With  numerous  Woodcuts,  3s,  Gd,,  bound  and  giU, 
OMESTICATED    ANIMALS. 

Fifth  Editioa. 

WILD  ANIMALS.    Sacond  Edition. 

By  Mart  Robebtb. 

London  :  John  W.  Fabicee  and  Son,  West  Strand. 


GRACE    AGUILAR'S    NEW    WORK. 

Foolecap  8vo,  illustrated  with  Frontispiece  and  Vignette, 
price  7s.  Qd., 

THE  DAYS  OF  BRUCE: 
A  Stobt  FftOM  Scottish  History.  By  Geace  Aouilae, 
Author  of  "  Hoooe  Influence,"  "  The  Mother's  Recompense," 
•*  The  Tale  of  Cedars,"  **  Woman's  Friendship,"  "  Women  of 
Israel,"  &c.,  Ac. 

■'  *  The  Days  of  Bruce'  will  impress  upon  the  reader  a  strong 
sense  of  the  ability  and  noble  capt  of  thought  which  distinguished 
its  lamented  author."— £«^iia/titfo™an'3  Magazine. 

"It  is  long  since  we  met  with  a  worii  which  combines  so 

happily  the  best  qualities  of  historical  fiction." — Eclectic  Review. 

*'  An  extremely  interesting  story  that  absorbs  the  attention 

and  never  suffers  it  to  flag  till  the  last  page  is  closed,  and 

then  the  reader  will  lay  down  the  volume  with  regret." — Critic. 

London  :  Gbooubridge  and  Sons,  5,  Faternoster  Row. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE  FOR  SALE, 
from  ISi3  to  1852,  together  eight  years,  all  perfect  and  in 
good  condition,  except  the  year  l049,  which  wants  one  Number. 
—For  price  and  further  particulars  apply,  by  letter,  to  Q.  H., 
Gardener,  Oak  HalL,  Wanetead,  Essex. 


NEW  WORK    BY   THE   REV.  G.  R.  GLEIG,    M.A. 

On  Friday,  October  1,  will  be  published,  in  One  Volume,  16mo, 

price  2s.  6rf, ;  or  in  Two  Farte,  price  Is.  each, 

ri-'HE  BATTLE  OF  LEIPSIC.  By  the  Rev.  G.  R. 
J-  Gleio,  M.A.,  Cbaplain-General  of  the  Forces,  and  Freben- 
dary  of  Sc.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  Author  of  '*  Story  of  the  Battle 
of  Waterloo,"  &c.  Forming  the  29th  and  3l)ch  Farts  of  The 
Tbatelleb's  Libbarf. 

Just  published,  in  The  Tbavellee's  Ltbbabt, 
JERRMiNN'S    PICTURES    FROM    ST.    PJiTERSBURG. 
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lSl7and  1818. 

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Principal  Show  Flowers. 

THE   STANDARD    of   PERFECTION   for   the 

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containing  Instructions  tor  the  Culture  ot  Vafietables  and  Fruit 
Trees,  arranged  lor  the  Use  ot  Schools  of  both  Sexes.  By  the 
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Lately  published,  price  7s.  6ii., 

THE  DOVECOTE  AND  THE  AVIARY; 
being  Sketches  of  the  Natural  History  of  Pigeons  and 
other  Domestic  Birds  in  a  Captive  State  ;  with  Hints  for  their 
Management.  By  the  Rev.  E.  S.  Dixon,  M.A.,  Author  of 
"  Ornamental  and  Domestic  Puultry." 

*'  We  have  been  reading  Mr.  Dixou'B  boob  upon  the  Dovecote 
and  the  Aviary.  Oar  thoughts  are  full  of  guane,  curassows, 
cassowaries,  emeus,  and  the  like  ;  it  is  good  for  our  peace  that 
we  should  let  some  of  them  fly." — Hoxtscliold  Words,  No.  120. 

"'The  Dovecote"  is  as  much  addressed  to  tiie  scientific 
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with  the  *  Aviary,'  deserves  a  place  upon  the  library  shelf 
beside  the  entertaining  and  instructive  productions  with  which 
Waterton,  Jesse,  and  such  men  have  enriched  our  recent 
popular  literature." — Midland  Counties  Serald  ;  second  notice. 
London:  John  Mqbbat,  Albemarle-streeC, 


GLENNY'S  GARDEN  ALMANAC,  with  Twenty 
fine  Engravings,  a  Complete  List  of  the  best  varieties 
in  Fruits,  Flowers,  Plants,  and  Vegetables,  and  important 
advice  to  the  thirty  thousand  readers  who  will  see  it  before 
November  is  out.  Advertisements  must  be  sent  immediately 
to  George  Cox,  12,  King  William-street,  Straod.  N.B.  Adver- 
tisements sent  for  insertion  must  be  accompanied  with  a  Post- 
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Poet  8vo,  with  Four  Illustrations,  Gs., 

rALCONRY  IN  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  INDUS. 

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Author  of  *'  Goa  and  the  Blue  Mountains,"  &c. 

John  Van  Vooest,  1,   Paternoster  Row,   London. 


TO  BE  SOLD.~THE  JOURNAL  of  the  ROYAL 
AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND,  complete 
from  the  corameneoment  of  the  work  to  the  year  1852  inclusive  ; 
bound  in  calf,  lettered,  &c.— Apply  to  Mr.  Newman,  Bookseller, 
Bruton-Btreet,  Bond-Htreet,  Loudon. 


Sale0  62  Auction* 

NORBITON  NURSERY. 
IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  AMERICAN  2t  OTHER  PLANTS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  have 
'  received  instructions  from  Mr,  Smith,  the  celebrated 
raiser  of  American  Plants,  to  submit  to  public  competition  by 
Auction,  at  the  Naraery,  Norbiton,  Kingston,  Surrey,  on 
MONDAY,  September  20,  at  11  for  12  o'clock  preciselj",  in 
consequence  of  the  number  of  Lots,  a  considerable  quantity  of 
Scarlet,  Yellow,  and  other  fine  Hybrid  Rhododendrons,  com- 
prising large  Arborea,  Smithii,  Venustum,  Red  and  White 
iMaximum,  and  other  hardy  kinds,  including  Dr.  Hooker's 
Sikkim  species  ;  also  large  Camellias  and  Azalea  Indica,  well 
set  with  bloom  buds  ;  Kalmias,  large  Laurels,  Laurestlnus, 
Lilium  lancifolium  in  varieties,  Roses  in  pots,  &c.  The  stock 
is  particularly  worthy  the  attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentle- 
men improving  their  collection,  as  well  as  the  Trade,  for  its 
excellence, — May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale.  Catalogues  may 
be  had  on  application  to  Mr.  Smith,  on  the  premises  ;  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


UXBRIDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 

NURSERY,    SEED,  AND    FLORISTS'   BUSINESS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  are  directed 
by  the  Trustee  for  Sale  and  Mortgagee,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  early  in  October,  in  one  Lot 
(if  not  previously  disposed  of  by  private  contract),  the  valuable 
Leases  and  Goodwill  of  the  USBRIDGE  NURSERY,  which 
has  been  established  upwards  of  20  years  ;  also  the  whole  of 
the  celebrated  NURSERY  STOCK,  riding  over  from  12  to  13 
acres,  comprising  Fruitand  Forest  Treesof  the  first  description, 
and  rich  assortment  of  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Trees, 
Deciduous  Shrubs,  and  American  Plants;  together  with  the 
Greenhouses,  and  the  Choice  Greenhouse  Plants,  Pits,  Frames, 
Seeds,  Drawers,  and  sundry  effects.  Particulars,  which  are 
being  prepared,  may  be  had  of  Messrs.  Tustin  and  Patebson, 
Solicitors,  4,  Bride-court,  New  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars  ;  and 
of  Messrs.  Peotheeoe  and  MoEEia,  Auctioneers  and  Valuers, 
American  Nursery.  Leytonstone.  Essex. 


NYMPH/EA     GIGANTEA. 

MR.  J.  C.    STEVENS    is    instructed    by   Messrs. 
Standisb  and  Noble  to  include  in  his  sale  on  FRIDAY 
next,  three  Tubers  of  the  above  magnificent  and  rare  Aquatic. 
They  will  be  sold  without  reservation. 
King-streer,  Covent-garden,  Sept.  18. 


ORCHIDS    OF   THE    CHOICEST   VARIETIES  FROM  NEW 
CREIMADA,    COLOMBIA,    MEXICO,    ETC. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  for  sale  by 
Auction,  at  his  Great  Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent- 
garden,  on  FRIDAY  next,  24tb  inst.,  at  12  for  I  o'clock,  two 
consignments  just  received  by  Mr.  Linden  from  his  collectors 
in  South  America  and  Mexico,  in  excellent  condition,  and 
comprising  good  plants  of  Bpidendrum  vitellinum  and  spec- 
trum, a  new  Gattleya  from  Micboacan,  described  as  extremely 
brilliant  in  colour,  and  a  new  species  from  New  Grenada, 
Qaleandra  Funckiana,  very  handsome  ;  Odontoglossum 
Pescatorei,  Djevium,  hastilabium  ;  Oncidium  candelabrum,  a 
new  Trichopilia  from  Colombia,  a  new  Lselia  from  Mexico, 
Brassavula  Digbyana  from  Honduras,  and  a  new  species  from 
New  Grenada,  Aog'i'o^'  purpurea,  and  numerous  other 
desirable  varieties. — M^y  be  viewed  Uie  dayprior,  and  morning 
of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


NOTICE. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  notify  that  having, 
concluded  an  agreement  with  Sir  Josepri  Paxton  for  the 
purchase  of  the  Entire  Collection  of  Messrs.  Loddiges'  Plaitts 
or  the  Crystal  Palace  Company,  the  Sales  by  Auction  pre- 
viously advertised  will  not  take  place. 
88,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  Sept.  18. 

COCHIN    CHINA    AND    OTHER    POULTRY. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wilt  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  88,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY, Slst  September,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  an  assemblage  of 
about  100  PAIRS  OF  COCHIN  CHINA  AND  OTHER. 
FOWLS,  of  the  purest  blood,  from  the  collections  of  Mr.  A. 
Stainton,  Hornsey-road,  Holloway,  and  several  other  well 
known  Amateurs ;  among  them  will  be  found  many  of  great 
weight,  and  some  from  birds  that  have  obtained  prizes  at  the 
Birmingham  and  H  ilifax  Shows  :  they  are  from  the  celebrated 
breeds  of  Sturgeon,  Punchard,  Moody,  Fletcher,  Gwyuue,  Ac, 
of  the  favourite  colours,  and  in  excellent  condition.  Also- 
three  Skye  Terriers,  18  months  and  2  years  old. — May  be  viewed 
the  morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

LAMBETH. 

TO  NOBLEMEN, OENTLEMEN,NURSERYMEN,BUILDERS, 
AND  OTHERS  ENGAGED  IN  PLANTING. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  been  favoured  with. 
instructions  from' Mr.  Sangster  to  submit  to  public  com- 
petition by  Auction,  on  the  premises.  Fie  as  aat.pl  ace.  West- 
square,  Lambeth,  on  MONDAY,  October  I,  and  following  days, 
at  11  o'clock,  without  the  least  reserve  (in  consequence  of  the 
the  ground  being  required  for  great  alterations),  the  whole  of 
the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  consisting  of  fine  Evergreens 
and  Shrubs,  Fruitand  Forest  Trees,  American  Piants,  Deci- 
duous and  Ornamental  Shrubs,  &c.  Among  the  stock  will  be 
found  Chinese  Arbor- Vitse,  from  2  to  6  feet  high  ;  large  Green 
Hollies,  and  all  other  kinds  of  Evergreens  ;  a  considerable 
quantity  of  splendid  Standard  Mulberries,  and  every  other 
description  of  Fruit  Trees,  in  the  finest  condition,  as  well  as- 
many  thousands  of  Apple,  Pear,  Pium,  and  Cherry  Stocks, 
Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Climbing  Plants,  Rhubarb  for 
Forcing,  &C. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale.  Catalogues 
(Gd.  each,  returnable  to  purchasers)  may  be  had  on  the  pre- 
mises ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  5, 
Hoxton-aquare,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell,  Loudon. 

~'  "THE    CEDARS."   PUTNEY. 

FORMING  PART  OF  THE  PUTNEY  COLLEGE  ESTATE, 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  submit  to  public  com- 
petition, by  Auction,  on  the  premises  as  above,  on 
FRIDAY,  Sept.  24,  at  11  o'clock  (by  order  of  Mr.  Jolley,  in 
consequence  of  having  to  give  up  the  premises  at  Michaelmas), 
the  whole  of  the  valuable  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS;  also  the 
Fruit  Trees,  Evergreens,  and  Shrubs ;  Garden  Pots,  and 
sundry  effects. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had  on  the  premises  ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of 
the  Auctioneer,  5,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery, 
Shacklewfll,  near  London. 

STOCK    AND    CROPS    OF    A    MARKET    GARDENER, 

MESSRS.  DAVIS  AND  VIGERS  have  been 
instructed  by  the  Proprietor  to  sell  by  Auction  on  the 
premises,  Lawn.lane,  South  Lambeth,  ou  TUESDAY,  21st  of 
September,  at  13  for  1  o'clock,  the  whole  of  the  STOCK  and 
CROPS  on  the  Laud,  with  a  large  quantity  of  Rhubarb-roots 
of  the  best  varieties.  Mint-roots  for  forcing.  Boxes  and  Lights, 
Hand-glasses  and  Bells,  Baskets,  a  quantity  of  Manure,  a 
Dennett  nearly  new.  Light  Chaise  Carts  and  Market  Car[& 
and  Wheelbarrows.  A  young  and  active  Cart  Gelding,  6  years 
old,  a  handsome  Nag  15  hands  high,  6  years  old,  and  very  fast, 
and  a  variety  of  useful  and  valuable  property.  To  be  viewed 
the  day  before  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on 
the  premises  ;  of  Mr.  J.  Bell,  Covent  Garden  Market ;  of 
Mr,  Ingledew,  Borough  Market ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
3,  Frederick's-place,  Old  Jewry. 
N.B,  Time  will  be  allowed  for  clearing  the  Rhubarb  roots. 


WARE,  HERTS. 

TO   FLORISTS   AND  OTHERS, 

MR,  REE  will  sell  by  Auction  on  THURSDAY, 
September  23,  at  12  o'clock  (by  order  of  the  executors 
of  the  late  Mr.  James  Hudson)  a  valuable  collection  of 
GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  consisting  of  Geraniums,  Fuchsias, 
Azaleas,  Camellias,  and  Miscellaneous  Plants ;  also,  two 
Greenhouses,  Forcing  Pit,  Garden  Utensils,  &c.,  &c, 

TO  BE  LET,  a  PRODUCTIVE  MANOR  FARM, 
with  the  right  of  Shooting,  within  15  miles  of  London,  and 
only  3  miles  from  the  town  of  Uxbrldge,  545  Acres  of  Fertile 
Land,  in  good  condition,  consisting  of  257  Acres  of  Grass, 
and  288  Acres  of  Arable,  with  a  superior  House  and  Home- 
flteads.— To  view,  apply  to  Mr.  Ed.  Poweli,,  Eastcote,  near 
Pinner,  Aliddlesex ;  and  for  particulars  to  Messrs.  Dayis  and 
ViOEES,  Land  Agents,  3,  Frederick's-place,  Old  Jewry,  London. 

MANUFACTURERS  BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT 

TO   THE  QUEEN. 

Ohtained  the  Prize  Medal  Great  Exhibitiofij  1851, 

JS.  FRY  AND  SONS  have  all  the  advantages  which 
•  experience  and  a  Manufactory  on  a  large  scale  can 
command. 

FRY'S  FRENCH  CHOCOLATES,  which  are  used  at  the 
royal  table  and  by  the  first  nobility,  are  delicious,  both  taken 
as  a  beverage  and  for  eating.  Those  who  wish  a  cup  of  really 
fine  delicious  well-frothed  Chocolate,  to  pass  softly  off  the 
palate,  should  obtain  these  articles.  Important  Directions  are 
contained  in  each  package.  Most  persons  have  never  tasted 
this  beverage  in  perfection. 

FRY'S  CHOCOLATE  BONBONS  are  dellcions  and  nutritious 
condiments  for  the  railway  carriage,  for  invalids,  the  nursery, 
and  the  luncheon  table,  and  especially  adapted  for  presects. 
Their  celebrated  SOLUBLE  COCOA  is  so  moderate  in  price, 
that  no  person  need  resort  to  other  makers.  It  will  go  farther 
than  inferior  qualities,  thus  purchasers  obtain  most  for  their 
money  by  using  FRY  and  SONS  SOLUBLE  COCOA,  in  green 
and  gold,  or  .in  hexagon  packets,  will  be  found  of  excellent 
quality. 

FRY'S  HOMEOPATHIC,  DIETETIC,  and  GRANULATED 
COCOAS  possess  perfect  solubility— light,  nutritious,  and  deli- 
cate articles — to  invalids  invaluable. 

J.S,  Fet  and  Sons'  name  on  the  label  of  their  COCOA  NIBS 
will  warrant  them  perfectly  genuine, 

FRY'S  PATENT  COCOA  possesses  a  full  flavour. 

J.  S.  Fey  and  Sons,  Bristol,  Manufacture  all  kinds  of 
Chocolates  and  Cocoas. 

Fet's  Chocolate,  or  Cocoa  Paste,  Chocolate  Powder,  Broma, 
and  Soluble  Chocolate,  require  no  boiling. 

Sold  by  Tea  Dealers,  Grocers,  and  Druggists  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland.  Be  careful  to  observe  that  the  nameof'FET 
and  Sons"  is  on  the  packet  of  each  article.  Enquire  at  all 
Grocers  for  Fey  and  Sons'  Book  on  Cocoa— Geatis. 


Piinted  by  William  BainaoRr,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburu-place,  in  the 
PBTiHli  of  St-  Pdncras,  and  Frkdbbick  Mullbtt  liVAN3,  oi  No.  7.  Church - 
row.  Stoke  Newiuisron,  both  In  the  County  oT  Middlesex  Ptintere,  at 
their  OlHce  in  Lombird-Bireet,  in  the  Preciuct  of  Whitefriarft.  in  the 
City  01  LoD-lon  ;  and  pQbliahed  by  them  Ri  the  office.  No.  5,  Charles- 
Btreet,  in  the  piriah  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  In  the  aaid  County, 
where'  all  Aivertiscinents  ami  CimniuninHtioas  are  to  be  ADDSSBSBO  TO 
THB  £j}lToa,— Satvkdat,  SsriBMSBE  IS,  ISaS. 


. 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


AGRICULTURAL    G 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Hural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Pai*t  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  39.— 1S52.] 


SATURDAY,    SEPTEMBER  25. 


[Price  6tZ. 


INDEX. 


Acacia  visci'in  

A.sri.  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland  . 

AgxL  Society  of  Eo^laQd 

B  arley.  pro!  ific .... .' 

Baro  door  •.... 

BoDea  as  manure •  • . . . 

British  A,a«ociacioa 

Calendar.  horticuUnral 

Calycanthus  occdentallB 

Cattle,  to  fafcQ 

Crops  at  Rotherfield 

Dairy  management 

Pi?B.  lecond  crop  of 

Filberit,  to  prune    

—    culture  of   

FloWcn,  cut,  will  they  travel  7 

Food,  feaweedi  as 

Fmiti,  H  i  malayan 

Funi;!,  ettable.. ........611  a— 

Grape,  n^w 

Kei  B{Mr.)  gardeiL  noticed  .. 
Landscape       Gardening,       by 

Smith   ret. 

Lawes"  (Ur.^ experiment!  .... 

LeonotiB  Leooorus 

Loddiges'plaatt 


613  c 

Kl  a 

C2,'  e 

620  c 

6:2  6 

619  c 

612  a 

616  a 

613  b 

620  a 

619  c 

617  c 

613  6 

616  c 

612  t 

61a  6 

612  b 

615  c 

612  t 

613  a 

6U  c 

614  a 

619  a 

611  b 

616  a 

Unnare,  bone  6 

Nonh     London     FlorieuUnral 

Society 6 

OrchiilB,  Wariiewici^B 6 

—  Liodeu'a... C 

Peaches.  larRe 6 

Pear  trcea,  root  pmned 6 

Potato  diieaae..., 611  6—6 

Reaping  mscliine  ......  6176—6 

ReTiews,  miscellaneous    6 

RoBe,M«Detti  G 

Rotbamsted experiments    ....  6 

Salsify 6 

Scorzonera     6 

Scully,  on  the  Land  qnestion, 

rev 6 

Sea  weeds  as  food   ,..,  6 

Seeding,  thin 6 

St'awbenry  nmnera    e 

Tallow  Kteaves.. .,....,, .,.,..  6 

Violetrunoers 6 

Walks,  )>ortlaQd  cement 6 

Water  pipes,  glasi  G 

Weather,  the e 

Wheat,  culture  of 6 

—  Weedou  6 


CAMELLIAS    AND    CINERARIAS. 

THOMAS  RADDENBERRY,  Clifton-Down  Nur- 
iery,  Bristol,  begs  to  offer  good  Plants  of  the  finest  sorts  of 
Camelias  (with  buds),  30s.  per  dozen  ;  extra  strong,  423. 
Cinerarias,  12  from  the  following  list,  for  125.,  package  included : 
Lady  Hume  Campbell,  Lady  Gertrude,  Queen  of  England, 
Queen  of  Beauties,  Lettice  Arnold,  Jetty  Treffz,  Marianne, 
Magna,  Pauline,  Othello,  Electra,  David  Copperfield,  Angelique, 
Flora  M'lvor,  Carlotta  Grisi,  Eitinguiaher,  Renville,  Madame 
Sontag,  Pluto. 


AMBROSE'S  SEEDLING  FANCY  PELAR- 
GONIUMS, to  be  Bent  out  the  middle  of  October  :— 

MAGNUM  BONUM. — Upper  petals  crimson  purple,  lower 
petals  pencilled  and  shaded  with  crimson  violet,  form  and 
Bubstance  good  ;  reueived  a  firat-class  certificate  at  the  National 
FloricaItur*l  Society.    U.  Is. 

DARLING. — Upper  petals  rosy  lilac,  lower  petals  light,  with 
roiy  lilac  markiogs  ;  an  abundant  bloomer  and  good  grower, 
11.  is. 

RB3PLENDENS.— A  brilliant  scarlet  crimBon  flower ;  lower 
petals  light,  with  markings  of  the  name;  a  flower  of  good 
form,  the  most  brilliant  of  its  class.    11.  Is. 

60LIAH. — The  largest  and  most  showy  colour  yet  raised  ; 
upper  petals  rich  mulberry  colour,  shaded  with  violet;  lower 
petals  marked  with  the  same  coloi^r,  clear  white  throat ;  a 
deUoat«  grower,    10s.  6d.         , 

BARRIER. — Upper  peta'.'  lich  mulbeiTy  colour,  with  a  rich 
Telvety  texture  ;  lower  p  .  ils  violet  crimson ;  good  grower 
and  free  bloomer,    los.  GU. 

PRINCESS  ALICE  MAUDE.— Upper  petals  bright  crimson, 
and  margined  with  white ;  lower  petals  white,  tinged  with 
blush,  fine  form  ;  an  immense  bloomer  and  good  grower,  and 
will  become  a  great  favourite.  10s.  Gd. 

Narsery,  King-street,  Battersea, 

NEW    GERANIUMS, 
RAISED    BY    MESSRS.    BECK,    FOSTER,   HOTLE,  &o. 

EDWARD   GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 
will  be  prepared  to  send  out  ia  October  the  undermen- 
tiooed  GERANIUMS  :— 

Selected  from  the  following  varieties,  68*.  per  doz. 


Painter  Improved 

Elise 

Ambaiiador 

Palchra 

Remas 

Lavinai 

Mochanna 

Arethuaa 


Exhibitor 

Mrs,  Mangles 

Rubens 

Plantagenet 

Lord  Mayor 

Jullien 

Brida  cf  Abjdoa 

Ganymede 


Colonel    of  the 

Buffs 
Enchantress 
Shylook 
Ldblache 
Maf;net 
Commissiou 
First  of  May. 


Selected  from  the  following,  42#.  per  doz. 
Ganymede  Enchantress  Rubeni 

Vandjck  Surpriso  Beatrice 

Cell*  Chieftain  Chloe 

Claudlana  Constaoco  Criatioa 

Earydice  Flyinjf  Dutchman       Illuminator 

Little  N»ll  Monteith  Naval  Knight 

Pretty  Polly      .      I     Saladia 
E.  G,  H.  and  Son  have  now  received  their  annual  lupply  of 

DUTCH  ROOTS,  in  the  finest  condition,  Catalogues  of  which 

will  be  forwarded  poit  free  on  application. 

P.8,  In  noting  the  prices  to  this  advcrtlsemont  of  Sept.  18, 

we  by  error  attached  them  vUi  vena,  which  we  now  correct, 
WelllogtrjQ  Nuriery,  St.  Juhn'a  Wood,  London. 


WILLIAM     HAMILTON,    Seedsmapt, 
CUEAPdIDE,    LONDON. 
Commoa  mixed  Crocus  I«.  per 

lOO. 
Bap«rlor  Dutch  Mixed  Crocas, 

If.  M.  per  loo. 
Caocdc,  very  large  and  floe 

yellow,  2l.  *>i  per  100. 

,,        12    dUtinct   varieties 

named,  3i.  per  100. 
„         In  iii:|iurat«   colours, 

1*.  f>I.  ViUt   p«r  100, 
TcLiPH,  fine   border  varieties, 

early  and  late,  &$.  to  7«.  i'td. 

per  100. 


&c,,    156, 


SwowDRopfl,  very  fine,  2b.  per 

loo. 
Nabcissos.  Solell  d'Or,  Zs.  per 
doz. 

,t  Dbl.  Roman,  Za.  per  doz. 
,,  paper  white,  3i.  per  doz. 
,,  Grand  Monarque(lurgo), 
C».  pt^r  doz, 
Htacimthb,  excellent  mixtures 
3j.  fid.  per  doz, 
,,  named  for  pots  or 
glasicn,  Ci.  to  I'Ji.  per  doz. 


GLASS  iJl^illES  with  six  superior  nVACINTILS  ready 
planted  In  Mom,  and  which  are  easily  truufimftted  to  the 
country  without  injury,  'tt. ;  the  price  increaie*  from  Ci.  to 
lOf.  f'd.  according  to  the  size  of  Dish  and  numhvrof  Hyacinths, 

77i4  ajjf/vc  arc  ait  war /•anted  flaet  aii/i  will  be  delhxired 
in  the  best  poasilU  r/nvUti/jn^  mtk  extra  bulOs  toco/it(/cnmle 
for  carria(fe. 

Vm.  HiMibToN's  Cata1o([ue,  containing  nn  immeose  variety 
of  bulbous  roo'.i,  &c.,  may  be  bod  on  application.— Address, 
liC,  Cfaeapsldc,  LoudoD. 


TO   NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,   AND   THE   TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA,  price  2s,  6rf.  per 
quart,  and  can  with  confidence  recommend  it  as  a  very  superior 
article. 

About  the  second  week  in  October  they  will  be  ready  to  send 
outtheirNevvEarly  Scarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES  RHUBARB, 
5s.  each.  It  is  quite  as  early  as  the  Prince  Albert,  much  larger, 
red  throuehout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large  cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  those  not  having  an  account  open 
with  H.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  PoBt-office,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  Testimonials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had,  see  Qanlcners'  Chronicle  18th  September,  1352,  page  594. 

Newington  Butts.  London^ ^^ 


A  FEW  FRIENDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Carton,  once  Gardener  at  Sjon  House,  and  now  wholly 
destitute,  having  formed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  his  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  further  aid, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  their  arrangements.— 
Subscriptions  will  be  received  by  John  Edwards,  Esq.,  Waco 
Cottage,  HoUoway,  London. 


GOLIATH    STRAWBERRY. 

JAMES  KITLEY  wishes  again  to  draw  public 
attention  to  this  most  superb  Strawberry,  by  stating  facts 
which  prove  it  to  be  without  a  rival.  The  original  bed, 
which  is  9  feet  by  38  feet,  and  6  years  old,  produced  this 
season  90  qts.  of  fiae  large  fruit ;  and  a  bad,  36  ft.  by  36  ft., 
and  3  years  old,  pr.  educed  255  qta.  of  beautiful  large  high- 
coloured,  Pine-flavoured  fruit,  the  ground  being  so  thickly 
covered  as  to  render  it  impoaaible  to  step  between  without  first 
removing  the  fruit,  although  the  plants  were  2^  ft.  apart.  They 
were  the  admiration  and  aatonishdient  of  numerous  gentlemen 
and  gardeners  who  visited  his  grounds.  A  Post-office  order  for 
3j,  6d.,  or  stamps  to  that  amount,  will  secure  100  strong  well- 
rooted  plants,  package  included  ;  Is.  6d.  in  stamps  will  secure 
by  po  St  six  fine  plants  to  any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

Also  Trollope's  Victoria,  U.  per  100;  Black  Prince,  3s.  6(i. ; 
Eleanor,  2s.  Gd.  ;  Alice  Maud,  2*.  Gd. ;  Keens'  Seedling,  2s.  Gd.  ; 
Hooper's  Seedling,  2s.  6(i.;  Hauiboia,  2s.  Gd.;  BathScarlet,  2s.  Gti.; 
Elton  Pine,  2s.  6d.— N.B.  The  Tradesuppliad  atvery  low  prices. 

Lyncombe  Vale  Nursery,  Bath. 

M^nSSSRSTJ.  and  H.~BR0WN  offer  the  following 
selected  Plants,  which  they  will  forward  to  any  part : — 

25  Azaleas,  new  hardy  Belgian  varieties,  ou  their  own  s.  d. 

roots,  with  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name           ...  20  0 

25  American  Azaleas,  do.         il".                   15  0 

25  Hardy  Amerieaa  P!c._'^tB,  oo^]  ■^'' ,  ,:ort,  byname        ...  10  6 

12  tlardy  Heaths  and  '^'mias    on    ■  {'li  sort         ; 6  0 

12  Rhododendrons,  including  .tsarlet.  White,  and- Rose, 

hardy  varieties ...         ...         ...  12  0 

Fine  hardy  Scarlet  Rhododendrons,  2  feet,  per  dozen    ...  10  0 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  3  feet,  well  grown,  in  pots,  do,    do....  10  0 

12  Climbing  Roses,  choice  sorts,  in  pots     6  O 

12  Bourbon  Roses,  on  their  own  roots,  in  pots     10  6 

12  Tea-pcented  Roses,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name,  in  pots  ...    9  0 
12  Orchidea,  choice  species  and  good  plants,  including 
Scanbopeas,  Dendrobiums,  Epidendrums,  Oncidiums, 

&c.,  for 30  0 

50  Choice  Greenhouse  Plants,  oneof  aeort.  byname(ihis 
collection  is  highly  recommended,  for  new  green- 
houses, Ac. )       40  0 

50  Choice  fragrant  flowering  Stove  Plants  and  Climbers  45  0 

24  Choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name    16  0 

12  New  Azalea  Indicas,  oneof  a  sort          ...            12s.  to  25  0 

12  Camellias,  choice  sorts,  set  with  buds 30  0 

24  Fine  new  Fuchsias,  do.,  do.          10  0 

12  Choice  Chrysanthemums,  new  sorts,  by  name 6  0 

12  New  Dwarf  Pompon  Chrysanthemums,  do.,  do.         ...    8  0 

12  New  Perennial  German  Phloxes,  one  of  a  sort            ...     8  0 

New  Geraniums,  ahow  and  fancy,  at  reduced  prices. 

New  Verbenas  and  Petunias,  per  dozen      6  0 

12  Ferns,   beautiful  varieties,  suitable  for  Glass  Cases, 

Greenhouse,  Stove,  and  hardy  r  jck-work,  eachselection  10  0 

6  Bulbs  of  Lilium  lancifolium,  one  of  a  sort       12  0 

Choice  Vines,  strong  plants,  from  eyes,  in  pots,  per  doz.  15  0 
Fine  Strawberry   Plants  of  all   the  leading  kinds  at  the 
advertised  prices.    Dutch  Bulbs  of  all  kinds. 

Fine  Fruit  Trees  of  all  sorts,  Trained  and  Untrained  ;  list  of 
names  and  prices  by  post. 
Albion  Nursery,  Stoke  Newington,  London,  Sept.  25. 


C1  HATER'S  and  other  Growers*  New  and  Splendid 
^  DOUBLE  HOLLYHOCKS,  at  a  reduced  price,  warmnted 
true  to  name.  Strong  plants  now  ready  for  delivery,  12  for 
lOs.  Gd.,  six  for  Gs.,  package  Included,  which  may  be  selected 
from  the  following  well-known  Show  v.irieties:  Qaceu  of 
England,  Aurantia,  Belladonna,  Blcolor,  Conspicua,  Delicata, 
Elegnn?,  Formosa  superb,  No  Plus  Ultra,  Noblissima,  Obscura, 
Rosea  spicata,  Rosy  Queen,  Sulphurea  perfecta  (new),  Venosa, 
and  Brilliant.  The  above  to  be  had  of  William  Denter, 
Seedsman,  die.,  82,  Gracechurch-streot,  London, 
A  remittance  reipecffully  requested, 

NEW  PELARG"o~N  IlTms,  ETC. 
LTENRY  WALTON,  Florist,  &e,,  Edge  End, 
*■  *-  Marnden,  near  iiurnley,  Lancashire,  begs  to  state  that 
bin  Autumn  Catalogue  of  all  the*  new  and  I'-ndUig  kinds  of  fine 
Show  and  Fancy  PclarRonlum'!,  FuchHias,  ViirbcniiH,  Petunias, 
I'aDSlflH,  IlnUyhocks,  Carnatlonn,  PicotvoH,  and  Clnorariafl,  at 
very  reduced  prices,-  la  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  for  one 
stamp. 

Good  plants  of  choioo  Oincrarias,  9s.,  12s.,  15d,,  and  ISs.  per 
dozun. 

Fine  show  ChrynaiithGrnumfl,  Ob.,  I>3.,  and  128.  per  dozen. 
„  Lilllputlciino  ditto,  (is,,  0«.,  am)  12s.  pur  dozen. 

Pelarjjoniumt),  fine  show  variotl««,  Oa,,  128.,  aud  upwards, 
per  dozpn, 

CamoiIlaB,  21fl.  and  tipwnrdii  per  dozen. 

Order*  nmoiintlng  to  2.'ifl,  and  u|(wards  carrliigo  free  to 
Llvorpdtjl,  Manchester,  mid  L'lodH  ;  for  more  distant  carriage 
extra  [ilfintH  will  bo  added.  It  ii  roHpentf.illy  n-qucHtod  that 
all  ordors  ho  accompouiod  wilh  a  PoBt-ofllco  ordor  payable  at 
Mamdon,  Lancashire. 

Choice  Cineraria  Seed,  froo  by  poHt,  It.,  Is.  Od.,  and  25.  por 
packet. 


DUTCH    BULBS. 

CHARLES  TURNER  has  imported  an  extensive 
and  varied  collection  of  DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS, 
which  have  arrived  in  the  best  possible  condition. — Priced 
Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application. — Royal  Nursery,  Slough. 


GERANIUM    "WILLMORE'S    SURPRISE." 

JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  are  row  prepared  to  send 
out  this  extraordinary  variety.  It  is  a  monstrous  production, 
of  good  habit,  with  beautifully  fringed  leaves  and  leaflets.  The 
flowers  are  double,  of  a  rich  crimson,  with  goodmarkini^s  ;  the 
trusses  are  bold  and  erect,  and  each  bloom,  with  its  monstroug 
calyx,  remains  ia  perfection  for  several  weeks.  It  is  adapted 
for  pot  culture,  or  bedding,  and  is  altogether  of  a  very  pleasing 
aspect.  Price  5s,  each,  or  253.  the  half-dozen.  The  usual 
allowance  to  the  Trade,  besides  a  plant  over  for  every  three 
ordered.  , 

Nursery  and  feeed  Establishment,  Hammersmith. 


CALCEOLARIA    SEED. 

MR.  HENRY  MAJOR,  Knosthorpe,  near  Leeds, 
bega  to  announce  that  his  Calceolaria  Seed  is  now 
ready  to  send  out  in  Packets  at  2s.  Gd.  each.  It  has  beea 
saved  from  rich  and  beautiful  varieties,  and,  therefore, 
good  and  beautiful  colours  aud  shapes  may  reasonably  be 
expected.  Also,  Select  Pansy  Seed  at  23.  Gd.  per  packet. 
Now  is  the  season  to  sow  each  kind  for  an  early  bloom  next 
summer, 

H.  M.  has  the  pleasure  of  informing  his  friends  that  he  will 
have  several  very  distinct  and  beautiful  varieties  of  Calceo- 
laria to  scad  out  next  spring,  prior  to  which  due  notice  will 
be  given. 

CLODDIGES  AND  SONS  beg  most  respectfully  to 
•  inform  their  friends  and  the  public  in  general,  that  in 
coBseque!,.ce  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Company  having  purchased 
their  collpctioo  ofPLANTS,  they  will  be  for  the  future  unable 
to  execute  any  orders.  They  take  also  this  opportunity  of 
expressing  their  grateful  acknowledgments  for  the  confideneo 
reposed  in,  and  liberal  patronage  bestowed  upon  their  house 
during  nearly  a  century. 

N.B.  All  claims  upon,  and  amounts  due  to  the  firm,  arc 
respectfully  requested  lo  be  seat  in. — Hackney,  Sept,  25, 

NEW    WHITE    BROCCOLI  -"D1LC0CK»S-   BRIDE." 

BAIN^RIDG-^  AND  ilTA  l"^''^- hiz  to  announce 
that  they  havt  po>cli3"i*d  ot  '  ^Ulcock  the  entii  '  stock 
of  th9  above,  which  is  •  «iroir  "-W  o.  ttie  highest  merLt,  sur- 
passing every  othat  ■'it'f."-b6  i'i.i-.famed  "Mammoth"),  as  the 
following  will  testify,  -.i  has  beon  sold  in  the  York  market  at 
Is.  per  head, 

"  York  Horticultural  Sccietr,  June  IS,  1352. 
"In  reply  to  your  inquiries  I  find  *  Dilcock's  Bride  Broccoli' 
was  awarded  first  aud  third  prize*  1850  ;  first,  second,  and  third, 
1851 ;  and  first,  second,  and  third  in  the  present  year,  Itought 
to  be  grown  by  every  gentleman's  gardener,  especially  where 
any  are  grown  for  competition.  Market  gardeners  also  will 
find  it  to  their  profit  to  possess  it. — Yours  truly, 

"  R.  Dempsev,  Hon.  Secretary." 
The  Seed  will  be  sent  out  in  the  autumn  in  sealed  packets  at 
2s.  Gd,  each,  containing  about  1300  Seeds,  and  may  he  had  of 
themselves  at  York  ;  or  of  Me5srs.  Noble,  Couper,  and  Bolxon', 
Seed-mevchants,  152,  Fleet-street,  London. 
Hope  Nursery,  York. 

gS»  BASS  AND  BROWN'S  New  Autumn  Catalogue 
is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  Free  on  receipt  of 
T/iree  Posta(/e  Stamps. 

BEST    NEW    GERANIUMS     OF    LAST    SEASON. 
STRONG    PLANTS    NOW    READY. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  have  the  pleasure  to  offer  as 
under  the  following,   all   new  varieties  of  last  aeason, 
raised  by  Messrs.  IIotle,  Foster,  and  Dobson. 

The  CoUecLion  may  be  had  for  31.  15s. 
Any  12  for  60s.,  or  left  to  our  selection,  for  44s, 
d. 


Ariadne  (Foster)     5 

Ambassador  (Dobson)  ...  3 

Arethusa  (Dobson) 3 

Chieftain  (Hoyle)    3 

Colonel      of      the     Buffd 

(Hoyle)    5 

Commissioner  (Beck)    ...  3 

Elise  (Hoyle)     5 

Enchantress  (Foster)    ...  5 

Exhibitor  (Beck)     3 

Ganymedo  (Hoyle) 


Gem  (Dobson) 3  6 

Herald  (Hoyle)        3  6 

Incomparablo(Dob8on)...  3  6 

Lavinia  (Foster)      8  Q 

Magnet  (Hoyle)        7  6 

Mochanna  (Hoyle) 3  6 

Monteith  (Foster)   3  6 

Painter  Improved  (Beck)  3  0 

Purple  Standard  (Foster)  5  0 

Itubena  (Foster)      ...     ...  3  6 

Shilock  (Foster)     ,..     ...  fi  Q 


NEW    FANCY    GERANIUMS 

RAISED  BY  AMBROSE,  AYIIGS,  AND    HENDERSON. 

The  12  varieties  for  21.  2s, 


3.  d, 

GipBoy  Quoon  (Ayros)    ..,  5  0 

Mironda  (Ayres)      6  0 

Othello  (Henderson)      ...  8  Q 
Princess  Royal  (llonder- 

8"n) 3  6 

Richard   Cohden  (Arab.)  C  0 

Superba  (Ambrose)        ...  5  0 


Ambassador  (Henderson)  3    (i 
Beauty     of    St.     Jolm'a 

Wood  (Hotidorsou)     ...  3    G 

Oiiliban  (Ayres)        6     U 

Captivallon  (Ambrose) ...  5    ll 

Electra  (Ayres)        2    (i 

Formoflisslma  (Ayres)  ...  5     0 
NEW  SCARLET   AND   PINIC-FLO WERING  HORSE-SHOE 
LEAVED  GEKANIUMS. 

a.  d.  I  a.  cT. 

Amazon  (liow)        2    0  |  Odoratisslma    grnndlflo- 

Dullunco  (A.  Hondorson)  2    (t  I      mm  (Hendorson)        ...  2    fi 
llendorHonil  (Henderson)  2    (t    Bhrubhind  Pot  (Honder- 
Moutitiiiu  of  Light  {Lou)  3     (J  1      son) 8    C 

For  viirlotleH  of  previous  Introduction  see  catalogue.  Our 
annual  importation  of  Dutch  IJulba  has  arrived  In  excellent 
oonditidii.  Wo  also  bog  to  call  uttuntloa  to  our  very  Ruperb 
colIeclluiiH  of  Uatiunculi,  Gladioli,  Iris,  and  an  extensive  stock 
of  other  roots. 

Post-ofllco  orders  payable  to  STEPnEM  BaowN,  Seed  and 
HortlouUuraliEHtabllHlnuuiit,  Sudbury,  aullolk, 


610 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Sept.  25, 


T,^^LLIAM  E,  RENDLE  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Seedsmen,  and  Florists,  by  Royal  Permission,  to  Her 

*  *      Most  GaACioue  Majesti  tbk  Qoeen,  beg  reap-ctfuUy  to   Bt:ir.e  that  they  h&vo  this  season  a  very  large  and  well  selected 
Stock  of  all  the  NEWEST  AND  BKST  GEitANlUMS,  which  they  are  enabled  to  offer  at  very  reduced  prices. 

CiiKS^IAG-S     F^SB     (SB3S    BSSiOW.) 


GERANIUMS. 

As  some  of  the  following  yarietiea  are  scarce,  early 
orders  are  respectfully  solicited. 

MAGOTET  (Hoyle's). 

A  highly  coloured  scarlet  crimson ;  large  black  blotch,  varying 

towards  the  margin,  on  a  scarlet  crimson  ground,  without 

being  lighter  ou  the  edge  ;  very  profuse  bloonier  and  constant ; 

very  striking  flower.    10^.  Gd.  each. 

AS^XADrrE  (Poster's). 
Rosy  purple  bottom  petals,  rich  diirk  top,  with  narrow  mar- 
gin of  rose,  clear  white  centre,  free  bloomer,  large  truaa,  and 
fine  substance;  good  early  exhibition  plant.     7s.  Gd.  each. 

PtritffiiB  srANBARB  (Poster's). 
Bottom  petals  rich  purple;  black  top  petals,  with  narrow, 
even  fiery  mar,7in.     This  fluwer  possesses  fine  substance  and 
shape;  the  best  put'pleout,    7s.  Gd.each. 

nOYlM-Z'S    OC£X.ZiATU-M. 

This  is  a  very  novel  and  striking  flower,  and  should  be  in 
every  collection.  The  lower  petals  are  bright  pink,  with  a 
distinct  and  constant  spot  of  deep  crimson;  top  petals  deep 
crimson  spot,  shaded  with  bright  rose.  It  has  a  pura  white 
centre,  and  is  altogether  a  most  showy  and  lovely  variety. 
Trice  3s,  6d.  each. 

53.  Od 


BnehantreES    (Foster's)  5s. Od 

Herald  (Hoyle's)    5  0 

Silk  Mercer  (Beck's)  ...  3  G 

Eosa  (Beck's) 3  6 

QueenoftheIsle3{Luff's)  2  6 

Loveliaess  (Bet-k'n)       ...  2  6 

Major  Domo  (Beck's)  ...  2  G 

Pretty   Polly  (Tarnei-'s)  2  6 

Prince  of  Orange  (no>lo)  2  6 

RoL  d'Enler  (Morgan's)  2  6 

Flavia  {Hoyle's)     2  6 

OceUatum(Hojle'd)    ...3  6 


Lablache  (Poster's) 

Tucomparable  (Beck's)      5  0 

Illuminator  (Turner's)      3  6 

Christine  (Kovle's)        ...  3  6 

Goliah  (Luff's)        2  6 

Eurydice  (Foster's)       ...  2  6 

Tyrian  Qieen  (Beck's)      2  6 

Rosalind  (Beck's) 2  6 

Lucifer  (Morgan's)        ...  2  6 

May  Ci'ieen  (Hoyle's)     ...  2  6 

Ajax  (Hoyle's) 2  G 

Queenof  rorbay(Morgan)  3  6 


Purchasers  Selection  of  twelve,  from  tlie  followmg  Idst 

/O?'  ;^lj  or  TWENTY /(»'  £1    10s. 

Ihia  (Hoyle's)  - 
Rubiola  (Hoyle's) 
Corinne  (Hoyle's) 


Cardinal  (Hoyle's) 
Heartsease    (do.) 
Generalissimo    (do.) 
■NectarCup     {dn.) 
Beautv  of  Montpelier  (Ruudle) 
Boule'de  Feu  (Brsgg's)    " 
lady  Peel  (t'aley's)  '^. 

Candidate  (Brag;i'e) 


Surprize  (Elliott's) 
Gaiety  (Bragg's) 
Prince  Arthur 
Village  Maid  (Walton's) 
Mfl^nficent  (Foquette's) 

Pii/)'chaser''s  Selection  of  twelve  froDi  the  following  lAst 
for  ]  2s.,  or  twenty /or  1 85. 
Gipsey  Bride,  Falstaff,  Star,  Ariel,  Victory,  Brilliant,  Negress, 
Sundown,  Symmetry,  Gustavus,  Gulielma,  Virgin  Queen,  (jran- 
difloi'a,  Clown,  Mercury,  Slar  of  the  West^  Lady  Ebrington, 
Jenny  Lind,  Refulgeos,  Cruenta',  Crusader,  fiincesB  Emilia, 
and  Centurion. 

All  Orders  above  £2  will  he  delivered,  CARRIAGE  FREE^  to  any  Station  on  the  Great  Western, 
Exeter,  or  SoiUh  Devon  Railways.    All  Orders  attended  to  in  strict  rotation. 

WILLIAfVl     E.    RENDLE    AND     CO., 

NURSERYMEN,  SEEDSMEN,  AND  FLORISTS,  UNION  ROAD,  PLYMOUTH. 


The  following  have  been  selected  with  much  care  from  some 
of  the  best  growers,  and  will  be  sure  to  give  satisfaction.  As 
some  of  the  varieties  are  very  scarce,  early  orders  are  reanect- 
fnlly  solicited. 


Miranda  (Ajres') 


.  53.  Cd 


Gipsey  Queen  (Ayres') ...  5  0 

Turbay  Hero  (Morgan's)  5  0 

Caliban  (Ayres')     3  6 

Marion  (Heederaon's)       2  6 

Albonii  superb  (Ayres')    2  6 

Exquisite  (Henderson's)  2  6 

Pencillatum  (Ayres')    ...  2  6 


Ci^lestial  (Ayres') 

Formoaissima  (Ayres') 

Samb  J  (Ayres')      

Defiance  (Ambrose) 

Beauty  (Ayres*)      

Othello  (Henderson's) 
Lucy  N6al(  Ayres') 


53.  Od 
5    0 


Purchaser's  Selection  0/ twelve  from  the  following  List 
for  £1,  or  ivf  EHiY  for  £1  lOs. 

Hero  of  Surrey,  Viccory  superb,  Miss  Sheppard,  Pilot,  Gaiety, 
Alboni,  Creole,  MagDi6cent,  Fairy  Queen,  Lady  Rivers, Modesta, 
Flexuosa,  Lady  Plymouth,  Nosegay,  Jehu  improved,  Mazeppa 
superb,  Jenny  Lind,  Statiaskii,  Unique,  Queen  Victoria,  Jehu, 
Beauty  of  Winchester,  Bouquet  toat  fait,  ifec.  <kc. 
SCARXiET  G-BRANIVMS. 
Purchaser's  Selection  of  twelve  from  the  following  List 
for  12s.,  or  twenty /o?"  18s. 

Queen  of  Summer,  Royalist,  Fire  Qaeen,  Excellence,  Mag- 
num Bonum,  Commander-in-Chief,  Hendersonii,  Monarch, 
Britannia,  General  Tom  Thumb,  Glendinning's  Perpetual,  ttc, 

MOUNTAIN  OF  LIGHT.— Very  handsome  foliage;  the 
white  in  this  variety  is  more  pure  than  in  "Flower  of  the 
Day,"  the  colour  deep  scarlet ;  free  bloomer  and  dwarf  habit. 
5s.  each. 

FLOWER  OF  THE  DAY.— A  beautiful  variegated  variety, 
with  pale  scarlet  flowers,  very  good.  Is.  Gd.  each. 

DANDY.— A  beautiful  miniature  plant,  adapted  for  small 
pots,  and  edging  of  fl  iwer  beiis,  Is.  each. 

CINERARIA,  from  newest  and  finest  varieties,  2s,  3d.  per 
packet. 

CALCEOLARIA,  saved  from  first-rate  flowfirs,  and  carefully 
impregnated,  2s.  Gd.  per  packet. 

DUTCH    FLOWER    ROOTS. 

W.  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.  have  jiist  received  a  large 
and  fine  Collection  of  Bulbs,  which  are  offered  on  very 
reasonable  terms  j  Catalogues  of  which  ca/nbe  obtained  on 
application. 

Collections   of  Balbs.' 

No.  1  Collection,  all  the  most  approved  sorts £3    0    0 

No.  2  Collection,  containing  smaller  quantities  ...2    0    0 

No.  3  Collection  for  a  email  garden         10     0 

For  details  of  Collections,  see  Citalogue. 

Trollope's  i-victdrla    Strawberry. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  Strawberries  of  the  day.  It  has  been 
exhibited  at  numerous  Exhibitions  during  the  past  and  present 
sea-ion,  and  pi'oved  superior  to  all  others  for  its  superb  quality, 
and  as  an  early  forcer  is  unequalled.  Price  li,  per  100,  or 
3s.  per  dozen, 

Eitley's  Roliah  Strawberries,  33.  Gd.  per  100. 

Cuthill'd  Black  Prince,  ditto,  33.  Gd.  per  100. 

All  the  other  Prize  Strawberries  equally  low. 


Bristol, 


Zd'.B.  Our  General  Catalogue  of  Forest  Trees  for  tbe  coming:  .A-ntumnt  \7ill  be  ready 

for    delivery    sbortly. 


FINE    ANEMONE    ROOTS    AND    SEED. 
TO  THE  NOBILITY,  GENTRY,  AND  CLERGY. 

HENRY  GIBSON,  Floore,  near  Weedon,  North- 
amptonshire, has  now  on  sale  an  unlimited  stock  of 
the  finest  Striped  and  other  Anemone  Roots,  at  the  following 
low  prices,  viz.,  5s.  per  100,  or  2J.  per  1000;  seed  saved  from 
the  above  of  1852  growth,  in  packets  containing  2000  seeds, 
6s.  ;  smaller,  containing  1000,  3?.  Sent  free  to  any  part  of 
England  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order  on  the  Weedon  Post 
Office,  payable  to  Heney  Gibson, 


HYACINTHS,   DUTCH    BULBS,  ETC. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London, 
by  appoiutment  Florist  to  heb  Majesty  the  Qoeen, 
and  to  HIS  Majesty  the  King  of  Saxony,  begs  to  say  that 
heha<i  received  his  usual  supply  of  HYACINTHS  and  DUTCH 
BULBS,  in  very  fine  condition.  His  catalogue  of  Bulbs,  &c., 
will  be  forwarded  on  application. 


GREEN  AND  HOTHOUSES,  made  by 
Machinery,  at  J.  Lewis'  Horticultural  Works,  Stamford 
Hill,  Middlesex,  warranted  best  materials,  and  the  cheapest  in 
England.— A  List  of  Prices  sent  by  enclosing  2  postage  stamps. 


ESTABLISHED    MORE    THAN    100   YEARS. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON, 


IMPORTER    AND    DEALER   IN 


9LASS    FOR    OONSEEVATORIES,     GREE¥H0irSE3,     GARDEN    FRAMES, 

AND    DWELLINGS. 

WAREHOUSE,   87,    BISHOPSGATE   STREET  WITHOUT,   LONDON. 


123.  M. 
13    0 


Squares  ia  Eoses  100  feet  each. 

Under  6  by-t 

Sbyt.  64  by  4, 

8b|6:8lS?ejH-9by7      

9  by  7,  8  by  8,  12  by  9,  12  by  10    I  „„    „ 

13  by  10,  14  by  10,  15  by  10     ...J  ^0    0 

LARGE  SHEET  of  No.  16,  very  superior,  paclied  in  cases  of  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at  iid.  to  2J(i.  per  foot. 

HARTLEY'S  and  other  ROUOH  PLATE,  from  J  to  1  '"*  thick. 

Coloured' i^w^ll^t!"'  ^™""«  .•'".'•»■  Bee  and   Propagating   Gtlasses,    Plate   Glass,   Patent  Plate,  Plain,   ornamental,  and 

C!oek"and  ornlentr' Ferf  iSeTand  Dishtr  """'  """"  ■>'.a°uf'"=tured.     Glass  Shades,  round,  oval,  and  square,  f.r 


it  to  any 

size. 

Squares  not  above  40  inches  long. 
Per  foot. 

IG  ounces 

OS.  2J<i.  to  Os.  8(J 

21       „ 

0    34     too    4 

26      „ 

.. 

0    6       too    6 

32      „ 

0    ej     too    8 

LANGAGE   NURSERY. 

CHARLES  WOOLVEN  invites  the  attention  of  Fruit 
growers  and  the  public  generally  to  his  large  and  very 
superior  stock  of  Fruit-trees,  comprising  about  4000  standard 
Apples,  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cherries;  fine  straight  stems  6i  to 
8  feet  in  height,  irim  125.  to  2l3.  per  dozen.  Also  a  good  stock 
of  dwarf  and  trained  trees,  all  of  the  most  approved  kinds, 
from  12s-  to  36s.  per  dozen,  A  capital  stock  of  Gooseberries 
and  Currants,  all  of  the  very  best  kinds,  from  23.  Gd.  to  3s.  Gd, 
per  dozen,  now  in  excellent  condition.  C.  W.  also  wishes  to 
recommend  to  gentlemen  and  builders  his  large  stock  of  Ever- 
greens, Forest  Trees,  and  other  Shr'jbs,  at  equally  low  prices,— 
C.  WooLVEM,  Nurseryman,  Upper  Edmoatoi,  Middlesex. 

AMERICAN  PLANTS. 
JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his" Catalogue 
*J  of  the  above  Plants,  Rosea,  Conilere,  &c.,  is  novr  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  enclo^^ing  two  poHtatje  stamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
described  in  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  aelecung, 

^"The  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  from  this 
establishment. — The  American  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near 
Farnboiough  Station,  South- Western  Railway, 

DUTCH    BULBS    IMPORTED.  ^ 

T^AWE,  COTTRELL,  and  BENHAM,  Seedsmen 
■L'  and  Florists  {successors  to  Mr.  Frederick  Warner), 
have  now  received  their  second  importation  of  Dutch  Bulbs, 
Hyacinths,  Crocus,  Liliums,  &;c,  isc,  in  fine  sound  condition, 
Guernsey  and  Belladonna  Lilies.  Catalogues  on  application. 
8,  Laurence  Pountney-lane,  and  36,  Moorgate-street ;  late  28. 
CornliiH. jo  ,  , 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAJlES,  *tc. 

TAMES  PHILLIPS  and  CO.  beg  to  hand  their 
^  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes   not 
above  40  inches  long. 

16  oz 3d.    to3id. 

21  do 34d.  toSd. 

26  do 5d.    to7id. 

In  Crates  of  300  ft.,  16  o"z., 
2\d.  perfoot. 

HA"llTLEY'S  PATENT  ROUGH  P'LATB  GLASS  for  Coa- 
servatories,  Public  Buildings,  Manufactories,  Skylights,  isc, 
J  inch  thick.    Packed  in  boxes  of  50  feet  each. 

6  by  4  and  GJ,  by  4i...l03.  6d.  I  7  by  5  and    7i  by  5i.„12s.  Od. 

8  by  6  and  8^  by  64. ..133.  6d.  |  9  by  7  and  10    by  8  ...\6s.  Od. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
In  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  383..  40s.,  to  42s.  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARRY  GLASS. 

GLASS  MILK  FANS, 
The  saifle  size  as  the  foreign  ones,  but  superior  in  colour, 
make,  and  quality,  at  2s,  each,  or  2l3.  per  dozen,  as  recom- 
mended by  Captain  Stanley  Carr. 

GLASS    CHURN"  THERMOMETERS,   for  regulating  the 
Temperature  of  Cream. 
LORD    CAMOY'S    MILK   SYPHONS,    LACTOMETERS, 
GLASS  CREAM  POTS,  <fcc.  &;c. 
CUCUMBER  TUBES,  PROPAGATING  AND  BEE  GLASSES, 
TILES   AND    SLATES,    WASP  TRAPS, 
PLATE.    CROWN,    AND    ORNAMENTAL    GLASS, 
SHADES  FOR  ORNAMENTS,  FERN  SHADES, 
And  every  Article  in  the  Trade. 
HORTICULTURAL  GLASS    WAREHOUSE,  1X6,  Bishopa- 
gate-street  Without,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC 


Packed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each.                        * 

£.s. 

li. 

6by4,  Giby4i     ... 

0  13 

0 

7by5,  7iby5t     ... 

0  15 

0 

8  by  5,  8    by6i    .. 
8byG,8iby6       ... 

0  15 

u 

0  17 

s 

9  by  7,  10  by  8 

1    0 

u 

BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  Kino's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  samematerialu  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  fc,  23;.  Gs.  8d.'; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  SOi.  13s,  8d.;  2S  ft,  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft..  411. 10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
moat  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvera  Street,  Chelsea, 
Loudon,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  wbich,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execut-  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confideuce  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  HocWater  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available.  - 


39—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


611 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FIME. 

J     WEEKS   AND  Co.,  King's  Road,   Cliolsea,   have 
•   a  m '8E  splendid  coUectioa  of  VINtlS,   very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Ejes,  all  tho  best  eorte 

for  PLiNTINQ  or  FaOITINQ  IN   PoT3. 

Also  an  extensive  and  valuible  collection  of  STOVE  and 
GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  with  all  new  varieties.  See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  eacb.  Also  our  Illu-ttraliou3  on  Hqbti- 
CULTuaAL  BtjtLDiNo  and  Heatinq  by  Hot-water. 

J.  Weees  and  Co.,  King'e--road,  Chelsea. 


DOUBLE  ROilAN  AND  PAPER  WHITE  NAR- 
CISSUS, is.  per  dozen. — The  above  bulb^,  the  former  of 
which  is  aojustly  esteemtjd  for  its  early  bluooiio;^  and  escessire 
fragrance,  and  the  latter  for  its  purity  an  1  elegance,  hava  been 
juit  received  at  A.  Cobbett's  Italian  aod  Foreign  Warehouse, 
18,  Pall-mall,  near  Waterloo-place,  Loudon. 


GUERNSEY   AND    BELLADONNA  LILIES. 

BRIDGEWATER  PAGE  AND  CO.  have  the 
plea9ure  to  offer  fine  Flowering  Bulba  of  the  above  beau- 
tiful Autumnal  Lilies.  Guernsey  Lilies,  45.  per  dozen;  Bella- 
donna .ditto,  43,  per  dozen ;  AmarjUis  formosissimi,  43. 
per  dozen;  Early  Double  Roman  Narciaaus,  4s.  per  doaeu ; 
ditto  Paper  White  do.,  43.  per  dozen  ;  ditto  largest  Jonquils, 
25.  6'i.  per  dozen.  All  orders  above  IO5.  6d.  will  be  delivered  free 
on  the  South- Western  and  Great  Western  Railways. 

DUTCH  BULBS,  coQaistiog  of  HTACINTHS,  TULIPS. 
CR0CUSB3,  GLADIOLI,  itc.,  have  ju^t  arrived  in  fine  con- 
dition, and  are  offered  at  greatly  reduced  rates,  Catalogues  of 
which  may  ha  had  on  application  to  Page  and  Co.,  Seed 
Merchants,  Southampton  (sole  Agents  to  the  Shale  Manure 
Company  for  the  county  of  Hants). 

SHALE  MANURE,  31.  per  ton. 


CAMDEN  NURSERY,  CAMBERWELL,  LONDON. 
TXTILLIAM   BARNES   respectfully  begs  to  inform 

■  *  hia  Frieudii  and  the  Public  geoerally,  that  he  hag  now 
ready  a  email  portion  of  very  superior  Calceolaria  Seed,  which 
he  intends  sending  out  in  PaclEets  at  25.  6d.  and  5s.  each. 
A  remittance  is  eipected  from  unknown  correspondents. 


CAMELLIAS,  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  and  RHO- 
DODENDRONS.—For  those  who  wish  to  ornament  their 
Conservatories,  tfcc,  H.  LANE  and  SON,  Great  Berkhamp- 
atead  Nurseries,  have  the  pleasure  of  stating  that  their  plants 
are  very  fine,  and  at  the  following  prices  : 

CAMELLIAS.  24s.,  30s..  365.,  aod  42s.  per  dozen. 
AZ  AL  E  \S,  12s..  18s.,  245.,  30s.,  and  36s.  per  dozen. 
RHODODENDRONS  (yellow  and  spotted, of  various  shades), 
55.  to  lOa.  Gd.  each. 


WEIGELA  MIDDENDORFFIANA.  — For  the 
information  of  all  persons  who  have  purchased  from  the 
Subscribers  a  plant  under  the  above  name,  we  hereby  give 
notice,  that  we  have  unintentionally  been  the  medium  of 
circulating  quite  a  different  plant  to  the  true  Weigela  Middeo- 
dorffiana.  We  poeaeas  the  true  species  received  direct  from 
Russia,  but  as  we  had  not  plants  sufficient  for  the  orders  we 
bad  received,  we  purchased  in  Paris  a  quantity  under  the 
name  of  Weigela  lutea,  which  we  understood  to  be  the  same 
plant.  From  these  have  originated  all  the  plants  of  the  spurious 
variety  which  have  been  sold  by  us. 

All  parties  who  have  received  this  plant  from  us  are  at  liberty 

to  deduct  the  amount  charged  from  their  accounts,  or  we  will 

replace  them  with  the  true  species,  free  of  carriage,  early  in 

the  eneuing  spring. 

Hdgh  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery,  near  London,  Sept.  25. 


FRUIT     TREES. 

HUGH  LOW  AND  CO.  invite  the  attention  of  the 
Trade  to  their  Stock  of  Maiden  Fruit  Trees.  They  are 
of  unusually  fine  growth  this  season,  and  the  collection  com- 
.prieea  all  the  most  approved  kind^  of  Peaches,  Nectarines, 
Apricots,  Plums,  Peara,  die,  &c.  Alsoatroug  healthy  treea  of 
Kaisha  Apricot  and  Stanwick  Nectarine. 

H.  L.  and  Co.  will  have  pleasure  in  showing  them  to  any 
parties  who  may  visit  their  Nursery. 
Clapton  Nursery,  near  London,  Sept.  25. 

KINGHORNE'S  SEEDLING   EPAGRISES. 

JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  are  prepared  to  send  out  these  beautiful  Seedlings, 
from  which  they  have  selected  the  following  distinct  kinds  : — 

E.  KINOHOflNir.— Tube  medium  length,  very  stout,  beauti- 
fully pencilled  with  rose  colour,  pure  white  tip,  and  sepals  well 
reflexed  :  a  mn^f  profuse  bloomer.     Price  7a.  Gd. 

E.  GBANDIFLORA  RUBRA.— Tuba  longer,  stouter,  and 
much  hiirher  coloured  than  grandiflora ;  tips  pure  white ;  sepals 
«ipand  well ;  very  free  bloomer.     Price  65. 

L.  MINIATA  SPLENDENS.— Tube  larger  and  longer  than 
mloiata,  of  a  more  brHIiant  colour,  white  tip  more  distinct ; 
sepaU  expand  well  ;  extremely  free  bloomer.    Price  5s. 

PRICR  OF  THE  rtET,  I65.— The  usual  diacouut  to  the 
Trade,  besides  a  set  over  on  every  three  seta  ordered. 

These  euperb  Epacrlses  are  really  the  most  useful  plants 
offered  lu  the  Public  this  season.  They  are  very  great  improve- 
meutf,  b*.th  in  habit  and  profuseness  of  blooming,  over  all 
former  iotroductioua,  and  will  prove  highly  valuable  for 
exhibition. 

>'urb^ry  and  Seed  Eatablishmen^  IlamnQcrsmith, 


Eixt  OarUener^'  Cfvronicle, 

SATURDAY,  HEPTEMDER  25,  1852. 
« 

It  is  often  supposed,  especially  by  those  who 
are  advocates  of  the  notioa  that  fungi  are  the  mere 
offspring  of  the  fortuitous  concurrence  of  certain 
chemical  and  atmospheric  conditions,  that  the 
species  are  Jess  constant  than  in  other  branches  of 
hotany,  and  in  fact  scarcely  worthy  of  the  name. 
Those,  however,  who  haye  most  diligently  studied 
these  curious  productions,  are  well  assured  that  they 
are  cjuile  an  constant  in  their  characters  as  any  other 
natural  assemblage  of  plants.  There  are  frequently 
multitudes  of  forms  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
species,  so  as  to  make  it  very  difficult  to  draw  up 
ipecific  characters  which  shall  be  univerHally  appli- 
cable, but  this  may  be  said  also  of  many  plants 
which  do  not  baffle  all  powers  of  investigation,  as 
the  Willows  and  Hrarables. 

Fungi,  however,  grow  occasionally  nnder  such 
(ringnlar  circumstances  as  modify  the  species 
conjiiderably.  Every  one,  for  instance,  is  aware  of 
the  immemie  difference  which  exists  between  the 


same  species  of  Sphmria,  when  growing  on  a  thick 
branch  and  on  a  filiform  twig.  The  common 
Sph(ena  herlarum,  again,  may  be  expected  to 
present  a  very  puzzling  aspect  when  produced  on  the 
red  sea-weeds,  cast  up  upon  the  exposed  beach, 
instead  of  being  developed  beneath  the  cuticle  of 
herbaceous  stems.  Nor  are  there  stranger  differences 
of  locality  amongst  the  higher  fungi.  Agaricus 
velutipes,  so  common  on  old  trees,  occurs  also  on 
herbaceous  plants,  as  Lupines.  Agaricus  prcecox, 
which  grows  usually  on  exposed  pastures,  has  been 
gathered  on  the  dead  stem  of  Inula  rjlandulosa. 
Agaricus  siparius  on  the  cases  of  caddis  worms, 
instead  of  Fern  stems.  A  Cojjrimis  on  the  dressings 
of  fractured  limbs  ;  and  otherequally  singular  changes 
of  habitat  might  be  noticed.  In  general,  species 
occurring  in  such  strange  localities  are  to  be 
regarded  with  some  suspicion,  the  differences  they 
exhibit  being  seldom  specific. 

These  observations  have  been  called  forth  by 
the  examination  of  some  Agarics  found  in  great 
profusion  on  the  walls  of  the  sewage  filtering 
apparatus  at  Croydon,  growing  out  of  the  dried 
scum  and  fteces  clinging  to  the  brickwork.  One 
was  a  Copriiius,  which  would  not  bear  a  long 
journey,  and  has,  consequently,  not  come  within 
our' notice,  except  so  far  as  the  dead  spores  certainly 
indicate  that  genus.  The  other  is  a  very  puzzling 
species,  which  we  believe  to  be  a  form  of  Agaricus 
physaloides  of  BuUiard.  It  is  in  fact  just  inter- 
mediate between  that  species  and  Agaricus  liber- 
tatis,  which  is  apparently  identical  with  the  first  six 
figures  of  Sowerby's  Agarictis  virosus,  the  very 
species  which  proved  so  fatal  to  a  family  at  JVIitcham 
some  40  years  since,  and  which  is  figured  by 
Letellier  under  the  name  of  Agaricus  clivularum. 
The  principal  difference  in  our  specimens  and 
Sowerby's  species  consists  in  the  flatter  pileus, 
which  very  rarely  exhibits  any  elevation  in  the 
centre,  and  in  the  presence  of  a  decided  veil  when 
the  pileus  is  very  young.  The  spores  are  of  a  clear 
delicate  lilac  when  seen  by  transmitted  light.  It 
may  be  the  more  necessary  to  point  out  their  close 
affinity  to  the  plant  of  Sowerbv,  as  they  have  a 
strong  Mushroom  scent  which  might  easily  prove 
deceptive.  M.  J.  B. 

At  last  the  Potato  Disease  has  produced  a  new 
idea.  Planting  in  dry  ground,  or  in  barren  ground, 
in  autumn  or  the  early  spring,  greening  or  burying, 
pulling  up  the  rotting  stems,  pr  catting  them  off,  or 
leaving  them  alone  ;  guano,  peat  charcoal,  cinders, 
peat,  plaster  of  Paris,  or  nothing  at  all,  are  all 
subjects  that  have  been  discussed  till  facts  and 
inferences  are  exhausted. 

The  last  Number  of  the  Comptes  Rendus  brings 
us  a  thoroughly  new  project,  of  which  we  give  a 
literal  translation.  The  article  is  headed  "  Rural 
Economy  —  On  a  method  calculated  to  prevent 
the  Potato  disease."  (Extract  of  a  letter  from 
M.  Bayard.) 

"  In  the  property  I  possess  in  the  north  of  the 
department  of  the  Maine  and  Loire  (the  ancient 
Anjou)  commune  of  Jaille-Yvon,  the  Potatoes  of 
the  crop  of  1850  were  almost  all  spotted  and  bad. 
Before  planting  in  1851,  I  cut  a  hectolitre  into  sets, 
and  forced  into  each  set,  according  to  its  size,  one, 
two,  or  three  dry  Peas.  The  sets  were  planted, 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  country,  in  ridges. 
The  rest  of  the  ground  (about  a  hectare)  was  set 
with  Potatoes  not  charged  with  Peas. 

"  In  spite  of  the  dryness  of  the  summer,  the  Peas 
grew  strong  and  flowered,  while  the  Potato  stems 
pushed  vigorously. 

"The  latter  were  neither  withered  nor  diseased; 
the  tubers  were  all  sound,  but  were  small  and 
numerous.  They  kept  perfectly  well,  and  some  were 
used  for  setting  in  June  last  (1852).  A  part  of  the 
other  Potatoes  was  diseased. 

"  While  this  experiment  was  going  on  in  a  field 
of  heavy  soil  {argilo-schisteuse),  hardened  by  the 
dryness  of  the  season,  similar  trials  were  made  in  a 
kitchen  garden,  the  soil  of  which  was  lighter,  and 
brought  to  a  good  tilth  by  m.anuring  ;  the  seedlings 
were,  moreover,  watered.  The  result  was  the  same. 
The  tubers  charged  with  Peas  were  preserved  from 
disease,  but  the  others  planted  in  the  same  soil 
rapidly  indicated  signs  of  ill  health. 

"  During  the  growth  of  the  Pea  stems  and  Potato 
shoots  I  had  some  of  them  pulled  up  and  examined. 
I  observed  that  the  early  vegetation  of  the  Pea  had 
carried  off  from  the  tulier  its  excessive  humidity, 
and  favoured  the  development  of  the  Potato. 

"  Ashes,  the  use  of  which  has  been  recommended, 
appuar  to  me  to  act  in  the  same  way,  but  less  com- 
pletely. Th«^  absorb  in  part  tho  excessive  humidity 
by  reason  ol  the  saline  matters  they  contain,  but 
there  is  no  such  rapidity  of  absorption  as  follows 
the  vegetation  of  the  Pe.as." 

We  have  all  heard  of  a  "capon  pricked  with 
bacon,"  and  a  very  good  thing  it  is;  but  a  Potato 


pricked  with  Peas  is  quite  a  novelty.  Let  us  hope 
that  it  may  be  always  as  successful  as  M,  Bavabd 
has  found  it.  The  plan  evidently  rests  upon  the  same 
foundation  as  the  speculations  that  have  received 
so  liftle  favour  as  to  the  influence  of  weeds  upon 
the  Potato  crop.  "  They  draw  off  the  disease," 
says  one  ;  "  they  screen  the  Potato  plant  from  the 
currents  of  malaria  that  destroy  them,"  is  the 
theory  of  a  second  ;  at  all  events  "  they  do  act  well 
somehow,"  cries  a  third.  The  difficulty  has  been 
that  there  is  no  lack  of  weeds  in  Ireland,  and  yet 
weeds  were  not  found  a  safeguard  in  that  country  ; 
and  that  with  us  a  weedy  field  is  often  found  to  be 
one  of  the  worst. 

It  may  be  conjectured  that  where  weeds  and 
sound  Potatoes  have  been  found  in  connection,  the 
weeds  were  thin  enough  and  strong  enough  to 
exhaust  the  land  of  its  moisture,  without  over- 
shading  it ;  and  if  so,  that  may  be  regarded  as  being 
analogous  to  what  M.  Bayard  tells  us  of  his  Peas, 
experiments  with  which  we  recommend  to  all 
ingenious  persons  through  the  country.  One 
advantage  at  least  seems  to  attend  the  plan— that 
you  get  a  crop  of  Peas,  if  you  lose  the  crop  of 
Potatoes. 


LEONOTIS  LEONURUS. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  showy  of  late  flowering  plants^ 
and  is  well  deserving  of  extensive  cultivation  for  autumn 
decoration.  When  properly  managed  it  is  extremely 
useful  for  succeeding  the  brilliant  Clerodendrons  in  the 
conservatory,  and  when  seen  in  the  shape  of  well  grown 
and  bloomed  specimens,  It  is  hardly  less  attractive.  It 
is  a  plant  of  very  easy  culture,  and  yet  beginners  seldom 
manage  it  well,  owing,  doubtless,  to  a  want  of  knowledge 
respecting  the  peculiarities  of  treatment  necessary 
to  ensure  success.  It  is  of  a  strong  and  rather 
straggling  habit,  and  unless  care  is  taken  the  specimens 
become  tall  aud  unsightly ;  and  the  growth  must  be  well 
ripened  early  in  autumn,  otherwise  flowers  will  be  but 
scantily  produced.  To  have  good-sized  plants,  with 
properly  ripened  wood  early  in  September,  it  is  neces- 
sary  to  have  nice  compact  specimens  in  7-inch  pots  to 
begin  with  in  spring. 

About  April  select  cuttings  of  the  stunted  bits  of 
young  wood,  plant  in  light  sandy  soil,  cover  with  a  bell- 
glass,  and  plunge  the  pots  in  a  gentle  bottom  heat  till 
the  cuttings  are  well  rooted,  which  will  be  in  the  course 
of  a  niontli.  Pot  them  singly  in  4-inch  pots,  when 
they  have  become  sufficiently  rooted  tobeiir  hanclluig,and 
place  them  in  a  close  place  till  weU  established.  When 
this  has  taken  placeremove  them  to  a  cold  u-ame,  and  keep 
them  regularly  stopped  till  compact  bushy  plants  in 
7-inch  pots  are  secured.  Protection  from  frost  and 
damp,  with  a  moderate  supply  of  water,  is  all  they 
require  dm'ing  winter.  In  MSrcli  reraov.e  them  to  a 
temperature  of  from  50^  to  GO",  where  a  moist  growing 
atmosphere  can  be  m<aiutained,  and  give  a  moderate  shift 
to  induce  them  to  break  freely.  If  the  plants  break 
irregularly  pinch  off  the  points  of  such  shoots  as  may 
take  a  decided  lead,  and  peg  them  down,  which  will 
throw  the  sap  into  the  weaker  shoots,  and  tend  to 
equalise  the  growth  ;  but  allow  the  shoots  geuer.aUy  to 
make  five  or  six  sets  of  leaves  before  giving  the  final 
stopping.  When  this  is  done  the  outside  shoots  should 
be  pegged  down,  and  if  weak  left  without  stopping. 
The  stronger  ones  should  be  pinched  back  to  dormant 
eyes.  Treated  in  this  way  a  sullicient  number  of 
shoots  to  form  large  specimens  will  be  obtained  early 
in  the  season  ;  and  this  is  of  the  greatest  importance 
where  an  abundant  supply  of  blossom  is  expected. 

When  the  plants  start  into  free  growth  after  stopping, 
they  may  be  shifted  into  their  flowering  pots,  the  size 
of  which  must  be  regulated  by  the  convenience,  &c.,  of 
the  grower  ;  12-inch  pots  will  be  large  enough  for 
moderate-sized  specimens,  aud  15-inch  ones  will  not  be 
too  large  for  the  plants  under  liberal  aud  proper 
treatment.  After  shifting,  the  object  should  be  to 
secure  short-jointed  wood,  to  obtain  which  the  plants 
must  be  kept  rather  cool,  placed  near  the  glass,  and 
freely  supplied  with  air.  When  the  specimens  are  fairly 
established  in  their  flowering  pots  with  shoots  about  a 
foot  in  length,  which  will  probably  be  tho  case  .about 
the  middle  of  June,  remove  them  to  a  sheltered  situation 
out  of  doors,  where  they  will  bo  slightly  screened  from 
the  forenoon  sun,  sudden  exposure  to  wliich  would 
probably  check  their  growth,  aud  the  result  would  be  a 
second  attempt  at  growth  in  autumn,  when  they  should 
be  showing  flower.  If  allowed  to  remain  in  this 
situation  for  about  a  month,  and  supplied  with  manure- 
water  twice  or  thrice  a  week,  and  attended  to  with 
staking,  &o,,  they  will  be  large  bushy  specimens,  and 
should  be  removed  to  the  south  side  of  a  wall,  and  rather 
sparingly  supplied  with  water.  This  will  check  growth, 
and  tho  exposure  to  the  full  force  of  the  sun's  rays  will 
ripen  tho  wood.  I  need  not  s.ay  that  manure-water 
should  be  discontiuued  when  the  object  is  to  harden 
the  wood. 

Early  in  September  remove  the  specimens  to  a  dry 
airy  house,  aud  about  a  month  before  it  is  wished  to 
have  them  in  llowor,  keep  tho  atmosphero  rather  close 
anil  moist,  and  give  manure-water  to  such  as  may 
ajjpcar  to  want  more  pot  room.  Munagod  in  this  way, 
every  shoot  will  produce  a  fine  long  sjtiko  of  bright 
auarlet  flowers,  and  willjifford  an  ample  rew.ard  for  the 
attention  necessary  to  produco  theui.  Whilo  in  bloom 
a  rather  dry  atmo-spherc,  with  a  temperature  of  about 


612 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Sept. 


•2.i. 


45**,  is  necessary  to  preserve  the  flowers  from  damp,  by 
which  they  are  liable  to  be  injured,  and  at  this  time 
they  may  be  regularly  watered  with  advantage  with 
clear  weak  manure-water.  I  prefer  young  plants,  and 
regularly  throw  the  specimens  to  the  rubbish  heap  ^hen 
their  beauty  is  over,  merely  reserving  one  to  furnish  a 
supply  of  cuttings,  I  cannot  say  that  the  old  plants 
are  equal  to  young  ones,  but  doubtless  with  cutting  back, 
and  a  slight  shift,  they  would  form  useful  specimens  a 
second  season. 

The  Leonotis  is  not  particular  as  to  soil,  but  as  it  is 
desirable  to  be  able  to  cheek  growth  somewhat  suddenly, 
a  light  sandy  rather  poor  loam  is  preferable,  to  which 
may  be  added  about  one-foui-th  leaf-soil.  Alpha. 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION"  FOR  THE  ADVANCE- 
MENT OF  SCIENCE. 

Morphological  Analogy  between  the  Disposition  of  the 
Branches  of  Exogenous  Plants  and  the  Venation  of  their 
Leaves,  by  Prof.  M'Cosh. — The  author  said  that  the 
view  which  he  Hook  of  the  morphology  of  the  plaut 
might  be  regarded  as  an  extension,  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, of  the  theory  of  Goethe.  According  to  this  theory, 
all  the  appendages;  of  the  axis  of  the  plant,  including 
leaves,  bracts,  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  &c.,  are  formed 
on  a  common  plan,  of  which  the  leaf  may  be  taken  as 
the  type.  It  had  occuiTcd  to  him  (Dr.  M'Cosh)  that 
we  may  regard  the  branches  of  the  plant  and  the  whole 
plant  as  formed  on  the  same  plan.  We  may  thus  regard 
the  plant  as  constructed  on  one  model  throughout. 
Speaking  in  this  paper  of  reticulated-leaved  plants,  he 
showed  that  there  is  a  correspondence  between  the 
disposition  of  the  branches  along  the  axis  and  the 
distribution  of  the  venation  of  the  leaf  : — (1)  In  some 
plants  the  lateral  branches  are  disposed  pretty  equably 
along  the  axis,  whereas,  in  others,  a  number  are 
gathered  together  at  one  point,  and  the  plant  becomes, 
in  consequence,  verticillate  or  whorled.  Now,  he 
found  that  wherever  the  branches  are  whorled,  the  leaves 
of  the  plant,  as  in  the  Rhododendron,  or  the  veins  of 
the  individual  leaf,  as  in  the  common  Sycamore  and 
Ladysmautle,  are  also  whorled.  (2)  He  showed,  further, 
that  when  the  leaf  has  a  petiole,  the  tree  has  its  trunk 
unbranehed  to  near  the  base  (as  in  the  case  of  the 
Sycamore,  Apple,  &c.) ;  and  when  the  leaf  has  no  petiole, 
the  trunk  is  branched  from  the  root,  as  in  our  common 
ornamental  lawn  shrubs — the  Bay  Laurel,  Holly,  Box, 
&c.  (3)  He  showed,  further,  that  the  angle  at  which 
the  branches  go  off  from  the  axis  is  the  same  as  that  at 
which  the  side  veins  go  off  fram  the  main  veins.  His 
observations  during  [the  past  summer  had  been  chiefly 
directed  to  this  point,  and  he  made  the  measurements  by 
means  of  a  graduated  circle  with  a  moveable  index.  In 
these  measurements  he  took  the  augle  formed  by  the 
main  lateral  branches  with  the  axis,  and  by  the  main 
lateral  veins  with  the  midrib.  The  angle  of  the  veins 
of  the  leaf  is  easily  taken.  It  is  more  difficult  to 
determine  the  natural  angle  of  the  branches,  inasmuch 
as  the  direction  of  the  branch  may  be  modified  by  a 
variety  of  circumstances,  as  by  winds,  its  own  weight, 
&c.  Still  there  is  evidently  a  normal  angle  for  each 
species  of  plant,  which  may  be  ascertainsd  by  taking  the 
average  of  a  number  of  measurements  of  a  freely 
growing  plaut.  He  had  measured  in  all  about  210 
species  of  plants,  and  found  the  angle  of  the  branch  and 
of  the  vein  to  correspond.  He  produced  a  tabulated 
statement  of  these  210  plants,  and  called  the  special 
attention  of  the  Section  to  several  of  them. 

The  Blach  and  Qreen  Teas  of  Commerce^  by  Dr.  Royle. 
— It  was  a  remarkable  fact  that  the  subject  of  the  dif- 
ference between  the  black  and  green  teas  had  been,  until 
recently,  a  matter  of  great  uncertainty.  The  Jesuits, 
who  had  penetrated  into  China,  and  Mr.  Pigou,  were  of 
opinion  that  both  the  black  and  green  teas  were  pro- 
duced from  the  same  plant  ;  while  Mr.  Reeve  believed 
that  they  were  manufactured  from  two  distinct  plants. 
Now,  as  regarded  himself,  he  (Dr.  Royle)  had  adopted 
the  view  that  the  best  kinds  of  black  and  green  tea  were 
made  from  different  plants  ;  and  examination  of  tea 
samples  seemed  to  confirm  that  view,  but  a  repetition 
of  the  experiment  had  not  done  so.  Mr.  Fortune,  sub- 
sequent to  the  China  war,  having  been  sent  out  to  China 
by  the  Horticultural  Society  of  England,  made  inquiries 
on  the  fubject.  He  there  found  the  Thea  bohea  in  the 
southern  parts  of  China  employed  for  making  black  tea  ; 
and  in  proceeding  as  far  north  as  Shanghae,  he  found 
the  Thea  viridis  used  in  making  green  lea  near  the  dis- 
tricts wh^re  the  best  green  tea  was  made.  So  far, 
therefore,  the  information  obtained  seemed  to  confirm 
the  view  of  two  different  species  of  Thea  being  employed 
to  make  the  two  different  kinds  of  tea;  but  Mr.  Fortune, 
in  visiting  the  district  of  Fokien,  was  surprised  to  find 
what  he  conceived  to  be  the  true  Thea  viridis  employed 
in  making  hlach  tea  in  districts  near  where  the  best  black 
tea  was  made.  He  took  plants  with  him  from  Fokien  to 
Shanghae,  and  could  find  no  difference  between  them. 
It  was  still,  however,  desirable  to  get  specimens  from  the 
district  where  the  black  and  green  teas  of  commerce  were 
actually  made,  and  this  had  latterly  been  effected.  In 
consequence  of  the  great  success  which  had  attended  the 
experimental  culture  of  tea  in  the  nui'series  established 
in  the  Himalayas,  Mr.  Fortune  was  again  sent  to  China 
by  the  East  India  Company.  He  proceeded  to  the 
northern  parts  of  the  country,  in  order  to  obtain  tea 
seeds  and  plants  of  the  best  description,  as  the  most 
likely  to  stand  the  Himalaya  climate.  Mr.  Fortune  pro- 
cured seeds  and  plants  in  great  numbers,  and  sent  them 
to  the  Himalayas,  where  they  had  been  since  cultivated. 
When  he  had  reached  Calcutta,  the  tea  manufacturers 


whom  he  had  brought  with  hiin  made  from  plants  in  the  i 
Botanic  Gardens  their  black  and  green  tea  from  the  ' 
same  specimens  ;  so  that  it  was  evident  it  was  the 
process  of  manufacture,  and  not  the  plant  itself,  that 
produced  the  green  tea.  All  now  who  were  acquainted 
with  the  difference  between  black  and  green  teas  knew 
that  they  could  be  prepared  from  the  same  plant  without 
the  assistance  of  any  extraneous  materials,  though  it 
was  a  common  thing  for  manufacturers  to  use  indigo, 
Prussian  blue,  turmeric,  &c.,  in  colouring  the  tea.  Dr. 
Royle  showed  specimens  of  the  black  tea  plant  from  tiie 
Woo-e-Shan,  and  of  the  green ;  tea  plant  from  the 
Hwuychon  districts.  No  specific  difference  could  be 
obseVved  between  the  two  specimens. 

Dr.  Lankester  read  the  Twelfth  Report  of  a 
Oominittee  appointed  to  inaJce  Experiments  on  the 
Growth  and  Vitality  of  Seeds. — The  seeds  set  apart 
for  this  year's  sowing  were  those  collected  in  184-1. 
It  was  the  third  time  the  same  seeds  had  been  ex- 
perimented on,  and  it  was  found  that  there  was  a 
very  evident  decrease  in  the  numbers  which  have 
vegetated,  compared  with  those  of  previous  sowings. 
Dr.  Lankester  explained  the  object  of  the  committee, 
and  stated,  that  the  fact  of  Raspberry  seeds  growing, 
which  had  been  taken  from  the  stomach  of  the  body  of  a 
human  being,  buried  in  a  tumulus  in  Dorsetshire,  and 
which  had  been  doubted,  had  been  re-investigated  during 
the  past  year,  and  there  seemed  no  reason  to  doubt  that 
the  seeds,  thus  buried  [for  centuries,  had  germinated. 
— Dr.  Royle  stated,  that  having  been  present  when 
the  original  mass  of  matter  from  the  stomach  of  the 
dead  person  was  brought  to  Dr.  Lindley  in  London, 
and  the  Raspberry  seeds  discovered  in  it,"  he  had  no 
doubt  of  the  correctness  of  the  conclusion  that  the 
seeds  which  had  thus  been  swallowed  and  buried,  had 
germinated  after  the  lapse  of  centuries. 

On  the  Geographical  Distribution  of  [Animals  in 
connexion  with  the  ^Progress  of  Human  Civilisatioiij 
by  W,  Ogilby,  Esq. — The  author  treated  his  subject 
in  a  very  popular  manner,  and  pointed  to  the 
less  civilised  nations  of  the  world,5as  being  so  from 
the  absence  of  animals  capable  of  domestication. 
America  and  Australia  were  the  great  types  of  this 
deficiency.  The  following  conclusion  of  his  paper 
will  give  an  idea  of  the  general  argument  and  style. 
"  Let  us  now  examine  the  facilities  which  the  natives 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  possessed  for  developing 
civilisation  compared  with  those  of  America  and 
Australia.  The  former  had  those  great  collaborateurs 
in  their  social  progress,  they  had  the  hoi'se,  the  ass, 
and  the  camel,  for  beasts  of  burden  ;  and  they  had 
the  sheep,  the  ox,  and  the  goat,  for  food  and  a 
thousand  other  useful  purposes.  The  consequence 
of  this  was,  that,  at  .a  very  early  period — at  a  period 
of  which  there  are  few  authentic  historical  documents 
extant — the  nations  of  WesternU|Asia  had  advanced 
ia  civilisation  to  an  extent  which  is  now  only  beginning 
to  be  thoroughly  understood  and  appreciated.  The 
researches  of  such  eminent  men  as  Dr.  Layard 
into  the  ^antiquity  of  Assyria  and  Egypt  prove  this 
beyond  question  ;  and  show  that  those  nations  had 
advanced  ^to  a  power  which,  in  modern  times,  has 
scarcely  been  equalled,  and  that  we  are  only  now  in 
the  same  state  with  regard  to  civilisation  that  they 
were  three  or  four  thousand  years  ago,  whilst  the  less 
fortunate  inhabitants  of  America  and  Australia  would  be 
obliged,  by  the  want  of  those  facilities  possessed  by  the 
former,  to  remain  in  their  original  condition  for  eternity. 
— Prince  Canino  said,  thatj  there  were  some  points 
on  which  he  coincided  with  the  author,  but  there 
were  others  also  on  which  he  differed.  He  did 
not  consider  that  it  was  the  animals  who  were 
to  be  blamed  for  the  backward  state  of  the 
aborigines  of  America  and  |New  Holland,  but  the 
people  themselves.  As  a  beast  of  bm-den,  he 
thought  the  American  bison  might  be  tamed,  and 
made  to  serve  ;,that  purpose  as  well  as  the  ox,  for  it 
was  a  stronger  animal,  and  possessed  many  useful 
qualities  which  the  ox  did  not.  As  another  example  of 
what  the  people  of  those  countries  might  do  in  this  way, 
he  would  refer  to  the  American  Grapes,  which  at  one 
time  were  thought  so  useless  that  there  was  a  proverb  to 
that  effect  ;  but  now  it  was  found  that  a  good  wine  can 
be  made  from  them.  In  confirmation  of  Mr.  Ogilby's 
opinions  as  to  the  origin  of  domestic  animals,  he  might 
say  that  the  prototype  of  the  common  cat  was  that  kept 
in  the  temples  of  Egypt, 


SEA-WEEDS  AS  FOOD. 

The  luxuriance  and  rich  abundance  of  the  sea- weeds 
(Fuci)  which  abound  in  almost  every  part  of  the  rocky 
shores  of  Great  Britain,  are  too  well-known  to  need 
asserting  here  ;  but  out  of  this  very  abundance  the 
question  naturally  arises  :  Is  their  economical  value 
fully  appreciated  ?  True,  in  the  manufacture  of  kelp, 
there  long  flowed  a  rich  stream  of  profit  to  the  pro- 
prietors on  the  rocky  shores  of  the  north.  Their  value 
too,  as  manure,  has  not  been  entirely  overlooked,  although 
I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  applied  other  than  in  a 
fresh  state  ;  of  its  fertilising  properties  in  that  con- 
dition we  have  abundant  evidence.  Mr.  Donaldson 
remarks  that  the  quality  of  earthy  composts  and  farm- 
yard dung  is  prodigiously  improved  by  a  mixture  of 
sea-weed.  Now,  were  the  agricultural  chemist  to  direct 
his  attention  to  the  subject,  I  do  not  see  why  the  rich 
fund  of  nitrogenous  and  saline  pi'inciples  which  abound  so 
profusely  upon  our  shores  should  not  be  taken  advantage 
of,  and  so  manufactured  and  concentrated  as  to  form  a 
portable,  cheap,  and  valuable  manure,  transferable  to  any 


part  of  the  kingdom.  It  is,  however,  to  other  properties 
which  are  possessed  in  so  eminent  a  degree  by  several 
species  that  I  would  here  more  '  particularly  direct 
attention  ;  I  allude  to  the  large  quantity  of  saccharine 
matter  and  vegetable  mucilage  which  they  contain.  As 
to  the  quantity  of  which  Professor  John  states  that  one 
of  the  species,  Fucus  vesicnlosus,  contains  750  parts  iu 
every  1 000,  a  statement  which  Mr.  Brown,  of  Had- 
dington {vide  a  paper  read  some  years  ago  before  the 
Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Useful  Arts  in 
Scotland),  considers  somewhat  exaggerated  ;  whilst, 
according  to  his  own  researches  another  species^ 
F,  palraatus,  yields  by  infusion  about  half  its  own 
weight  of  the  principle  in  question.  This  last  species- 
is  the  Dulse  of  the  Lowland  Scots,  the  Duilloisq  of  the 
Highlanders  ;  in  Ireland  it  is  called  Dillesk.  The  old 
cry  of  "  Buy  Dulse  and  Tangle  '*  will  not  be  quite 
unfamiliar  to  any  one  who  may  have  sojourned  in  the 
northern  Athens  ;  Tangle  meaning  the  tender  shoots- 
and  young  fronds  of  Fucus  digitalus,  called  Red 
Ware  in  the  Orkneys,  the  Stat-mhara  or  Sea-weed  of 
the  Highlanders  ;  both  are  eaten  fresh  from  the  sea, 
commonly  without  any  preparation,  in  the  way  of  a 
salad.  In  the  Orkneys,  the  pinnae  of  F.  esculentus  are 
eaten  under  the  name  of  mirkles  ;  other  species,  as  F, 
edulis  and  F.  cihatus,  are  occasionally  eaten  in  the  same 
manner.  F.  vesicnlosus,  mentioned  above,  is  valuable 
also  to  the  Scottish  islanders,  as  winter  food  for  cattlsj 
of  which  it  constitutes  a  considerable  part,  LiuuEeus 
says  that  the  people  of  Gothland  boil  the  plant,  and, 
mixing  it  with  coarse  flour,  feed  their  pigs  with  it,  and 
hence  it  there  receives  the  name  of  S\vine-tang. 

We  have  only,  then,  to  improve  upon  these  facts  to 
convert  a  valuable  substance,  now  only  partially  appre- 
ciated, even  in  the  vicinity  of  its  production,  into  ao 
article  of  universal  consumption  ;  as  it  is  evident  that 
such  large  proportions  of  nutritious  matter  as  are  coni- 
tained  in  thisdivisionof  the  vegetable  kingdom,  growing^ 
as  it  does,  so  exuberantly  on  our  very  shores,  must  be 
invaluable. 

Indeed,  one  of  the  species  bearing  the  name  of 
Irish  Moss,  is  well  known  in  some  parts  as  a  nourishing 
and  easily-digested  food  for  invalids,  boiled  with  milk 
and  sugar,  which,  when  cool,  forms  a  beautiful  blanC' 
mange. 

In  the  manufacture  of  mucilage  on  an  extensive  scale 
as  food  for  cattle  we  may  quote  Mr.  Brown's  formula* 
He  says,  "  Let  the  Tangle-ware  be  bruised  by  some  rude- 
machine,  macerate  a  day  or  two  in  water,  acidulated  by 
vitriol,  wash  well  in  cold  water,  boil  some  hours  in 
three  or  four  times  its  weight  of  water  ;  strain,  evapo^ 
rate  the  decoction  to  a  thick  ropy  consistence,  mix 
with  bran,  and  put  up  in  cakes.  These  cakes,  after- 
being  dried,  keep  for  any  length  of  time,  and  may  be 
given  to  cattle  in  the  same  way  as  Linseed-cakes, 
broken  and  mashed  with  warm  water.  The  decoction 
might  also  be  evaporated  to  dryness  and  transported  ia 
the  form  of  cakes  of  mucilage." 

I  think  it  highly  probable  that  were  a  corresponding 
degree  of  delicacy  observed  in  the  manufacture,  ouff 
provision  shops  might  be  furnished  with  an  article  of 
human  consumption,  possessing  very  great  nutritious 
properties,  and  available  to  the  working  classes  at  an 
exceedingly  cheap  rate.  J^m.  Hudson,  Alderwasleyy 
near  Belper,  Derbyshire, 


Home    Correspondence. 

Filberts. — The  Filbert,  as  most  people  know,  is  very 
successfully  cultivated  in  many  parts  of  Kent.  The  soil 
best  adapted  for  it  is  a  sandy  loam,  but  I  have  also  seen 
it  flourish  in  a  portion  of  old  brick  rubbish  mixed  with 
loam.  Filberts  are  particularly  fond  of  manure  and 
require  a  good  top  di'essing  every  year.  The  best  mode 
of  increasing  them  is  by  grafting  on  seedling  stocka^ 
which  should  be  "  worked  "  in  February  or  March  ;  or 
they  may  be  propagated  from  suckers.  The  latter  mode 
is  generally  preferi'ed  in  Kent,  Layering  in  spring,  or- 
sowing  the  nuts  in  October  or  March,  alao  offer  means- 
of  increasing  the  stock.  When  one  year  old  they 
they  should  be  planted  out  in  rows  in  beds.  In  this- 
way  they  may  be  trained  so  as  to  form  standards  or- 
dwarfs.  The  best  time  to  make  new  plantations  is  from* 
October  to  March,  choosing  mild  weather  for  planting. 
Plenty  of  room  should  also  be  allotted  for  each  tree,  aa- 
they  do  not  succeed  so  well  when  they  are  crowded, 
which  ia  very  often  the  case.  When  I  was  living  at 
Wildernesse  Park,  in  Kent,  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
visiting  many  excellent  Filbert  grounds,  and  the  prac- 
tice there  was  generally  to  train  the  trees  with  a  sho3:t 
stem,  similar  to  a  Currant  or  Gooseberry  bush,  and  also 
to  keep  them  very  thin  of  wood.  Every  shoot  that  is 
expected  to  bear  fruit  is  shortened  at  the  end,  in  order 
that  it  may  not  weaken  the  branch.  Filberts  mostly 
bear  from  the  upper  young  wood,  or  from  yoimg  shoots- 
from  the  bases  of  the  side  branches  a  twelvemonth  old. 
The]  leading  shoot  of  young  trees  intended  for  dwarfs- 
should  be  shortened  two-thirds  every  year  until  they 
reach  the  size  required.  The  best  sorts  to  cultivate  are 
the  red  and  white  Filbert.  The  Cosford  and  Cob  Nuts- 
are  also  very  desirable.  Where  size  is  required  the 
Downton  square  nut,  Spanish,  and  large  Cob  may 
be  selected.  The  nuts  should  be  gathered  in  bunchesi- 
as  soon  as  the  "  cup  "  and  nut  tiu-n  brown.  They  should 
be  properly  dried  and  laid  in  a  box  nearly  air-tight,  with 
saw-dust  and  salt,  so  as  to  prevent  the  kernel  from 
shrivelling.  B.  Bennet,  Perdiswell. 

Eatable  Fimgi. — In  turning  over  the  pages  of  yoiuf 
Journal  of  last  week,  I  find  among  the  Notices  to  Corre- 
spondents, that  my  "instinct"  has  been  complimented 


39— 1852.J 


THE     (iAHUEJNEKlS'     CHKUiMiULE 


fmm 


way  which,  as   it  is  ^quite  undeserved,    I    take 

opportunity  of  modestly  but  pointedly  repudiating. 

not  by  instinct  that  I  have  learnt  to  know  whole- 

e  from  unwholesome  funguses,  but  by  the  exercise 

he  same  discriminative  faculty  by  which  you  select 

'  vegetables  and  fruit,  and  all  men  know,  when  they 

it,  a  Mushroom  from  a  Toadstool.     As   funguses 

a  for  a  portion  of  each  year  abi'oad  the  diet  of 

ions,  and  fresh  or  dried  are  largely  consumed  by 

ilaases  in  every  civilised  country  but  our  own  ;  as, 

•cover,  many  excellent  practical  treatises  have  been 

lished  in  German,  FrenchJ  and  Italian,  instructing 

r  respective  "pubHcs"  how,  without  instinct,  they 

r  safely  in  this  matter  shun  their  poison  and  choose 

-T  food ;    such    notorious    facts    as    these    are,    I 

celve,  sufficient  to  secure  from   the  imputation  of 

mess  or  indiscretion  any  one  who,  by  his  example 

teaching,  may  endeavour  to  remove  misconception, 

substitute  wholesome  food  in  the  room  of  unwhole- 

le  prejudice.     Deaths  occur  every  year  from  eating 

le  deleterious  productions  of  this  class,  in  consequence 

(vhich   our  common   Mushroom  itself  has   been   of 

looked  upon  not  without  suspicion.     To  show  them, 

[  and  my  friends  have  been  doing  for  the  last  five 

rs,  that  species  do  not  change  their  natures  ;  that 

shrooms  and  a  host  of  other  wholesome  funguses 

er  become  unwholesome  ;  and  that  Ag.  torminosus, 

.  emetlcusj  and  Ag,  necator  will  always  gripe  andi 

nit  and  kill,  is,  I  conceive,  the  best  way  to  prevent 

mistakes  of  the  rash,  and  to  allay  the  fears  of  the 

id.     The  present  has  been  an  "  annus  mirabilis  "  for 

guses.     Your  distinguished  mycological  cjnlributor, 

I.  J.  B.,"  with  whom  I  have  lately  been  staying,  has 

mierated  several  species  of  which  we  partook  together. 

ere  are  many  other  equally  excellent  kinds  which 

;  more  plentil'ul  hereabouts  ;  as  Am.   vaginata,  and 

:arici   rubescens,   orcella,    heterophyllus,    caperatus, 

gmeus,  ruber,  &e.,  which  have  been  in  culinary  use 

Ih  in  our  own  and  friends'  famiUes  for  the  last  six 

;eks  ;  and  puflf  balls  of  the  larger  sort  have  been 

usually  common.      One  of  tliese,  the  largest  I  have 

;n,  measuring  48  inches  round  and  weighing  6^  lbs. 

-s  brought  to  the  kitchen  some  short  time  ago,  and 

ing  cut  into  inch-thick  slices  for  fi'ying  was  distributed 

longst  our  neighbours,  who  regretted,  as  we  do,  that 

2se  vegetable  sweetbreads  are  not  of  more  common 

cmTence.  C.  D.  B.,  Suffolk.     [We  esteem  the  know- 

dge  of  our  learned  friend  much  too  highly  to  have 

Itended  to  disparage  it  by  what  we  said,  as  we  hope 

\;^^■  be  evident  to  him  upon  reading  our  observations 

lice  more.] 

New  Grape. — Havmgread  (at  p.  678, 1850)  a  descrip- 
|)n  of  a  new  Grape,  pronounced  by  you  to  be  capita!,  I 
I  nclude  it  must  be  something  exceedingly  good.  Could 
:'U  kindly  give  me  any  information  as  to  whom  I  should 
''ply  for  plants,  and  you  will  much  oblige,  CUricus. 

I  'Ve  can  repeat  that  the  Grape  in  question  was  excel- 
nt  ;  but  regret  that  we  can  give  no  farther  informa- 
)n.     We  have  published  your  note,  in  the  hope  that 

i  e  unknown  possessor  of  the  Grape  may  be  induced  to 

I I  it  out.] 

I  Water  Pipes. — I  shall  be  grateful  to  any  correspondent 
ho  can  advise  me  under  the  following  circumstances, 
[y  lead  pipes,  conveying  the  water  to  my  house  from 
a  hydraulic  ram  (a  distance  of  600  yards),  are  all 
)rroJed,  from  the  action  of  the  water,  in  the  space  of 
ght  years.  As  it  is  of  course  out  of  the  question  after 
lis  failure  to  replace  the  old  with  new  lead  pipes,  I  am 
Txiuus  to  know  if  glass  pipes  of  1^  inch  bore  would 
iar  tlie  pressure  of  an  hydraulic  ram  ;  and  if  not, 
hether  any  other  description  of  pipes  can  be  recom- 
lendeJ  for  this  purpose.  I  believe  the  lead  cisterns 
nd  pipes  are  all  equally  corroded  from  the  absence  of 
ill  sulphates  in  the  water.  The  lead  cisterns  I  have 
,3placed  with  slate  ones.  0.  M.  G. 
i  27^  Weather. — Have  any  of  your  observing  corre- 
ipoudents  noticed  the  remarkable  change  in  the  temper- 
jture  on  the  evening  of  Saturday,  the  18th  inst.  ? 
I'ciday  morning  there  was  a  sharp  frost — i.  e.  sliarp  for 
le  time  of  year,  very  cold  and  hoai'y,  but  I  did  not  see 
;e.  Saturday  morning  was  sufficiently  cold  to  bear  a 
je  in  my  study,  all  Saturday  afternoon  the  rain  came 
own  heavily.  Going  out  of  my  door  at  O^  p.m.,  I  was 
truck  with  the  extreme  warmth  of  the  air,  which  had 
auch  the  character  of  that  in  a  greenhouse  ;  I  looked 
t  my  pocket  thermometer  on  my  study  table,  and 
5und,  although  a  fire  was  in  the  room,  that  it  was 
tanding  at  08'';  I  took  it  out  of  doors,  and  the  mercury 
ofle  toTC;  I  broughtit  in  and  it  fell  to  Sir-*,  but  rose  again 
tat  of  doors  to  70".  1  observed  these  phenomena  until  I 
vent  to  bed  at  11.  The  wind  was  blowing  from  the 
outh.  In  little  more  than  24  hours  we  observed  here 
.  difference  of  temperature  amounting  to  40'\  I  assume 
he  Vi^ra  cawjt  to  have  been  the  great  absorption  of  heat 
ty  the  ground  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  week.  There 
rere  large  masHes  of  clouds  drifting  away  quite  low, 
vhile  others  lar  above  were  stationary,  and  the  blue 
\ky  and  the  twinkling  stars  t'ild  that  there  at  least  all 
van  calm  and  quiet,  0.  R.  Bree,  /Hlowmarket.  [It  was 
jxactly  the  same  near  London.] 

Lar^c  Pmrh. — A  Peach,  very  similar  to  the  Chancellor 
"but  without  the  little  kidney-Hhaped  lobcH  at  thf,-  \)a.m 
jftlie  leaves),  has  just  been  gathoredjn  the  garden  of 
[Jeorge  Miller,  Eflq.,  F.H.S.,  Waltham-house,  Chiswick 
W&ll,  measuring  1 1  \  inches  in  circumference,  and  weigh- 
ng  10  ouncc3.  It  was  gi'own  on  a  wall  with  a  western 
lapect,  unprotfictcd  by  glasH  or  oth«;rwine.  /.  0.  W. 

SirawUrrM,  VioUts,  and  PUjg. — Allow  mo  to  nbk 
irour  opinion  on  the  three  following  pointft,  all  appear- 
Dg  to  me  to  involve  the  same  principle: — lut.  .Some 


good  authorities  maintain  that  all  Strawberry  runnera 
ought  always  to  be  removed  ;  others,  that  so  removing 
them  in  autumn  only  causes  more  to  be  thrown  out,  to| 
the  detriment  of  the  blossom-bearing  powers  of  the' 
plant.  [It  is  not  necessary  that  runnersshould  be  allowed 
to  form  in  the  autumn  because  they  have  been  removed  in 
the  spring.  Whenever  they  appear  they  can  be  stopped  ; 
no  doubt  exists  that  the  mother  plant  is  weakened  by 
producing  them.]  2d.  In  preparing  Neapolitan  Violets,' 
for  winter  flowei-ing,  it  is  recommended  to  remove  all 
summer  runners.  I  have  followed  this  plan  two  years,  and  ■ 
find  I  get  very  few  flowers.  [Probably  your  Violets  are 
thus  forced  to  run  too  much  to  leaf ;  which  is  not  the 
case  with  the  Strawberry,  provided  it  is  thoroughly 
exposed  to  sun  and  wind.]  3d.  In  Fig  cultivation  it  has 
been  recommended  to  remove  the  second  crop  as  soon 
as  it  appeal's  ;  as  the  embryo  Fi;;s,  which  canuot  ripen 
in  England,  di'aw  on  the  nourishment  of  the  plant.  I 
tried  this  last  yeai*,  and  have  a  bad  crop  now  ;  though' 
tills,  I  find,  is  a  general  complaint  this  season.  Is  it  not| 
probable,  that  by  taking  off  the  earlier  embryo  Figs, 
which  form  on  the  lower  part  of  the  branch,  one  stimu- ; 
lates  into  premature  growth  those  which  lie  higher,  and^ 
which,  if  not  so  stimulated,  would  have  remained' 
dormant  until  the  spring,  and  then  fruited  ?  [We  should 
never  i-emove  the  second  crop  of  Figs — for  this  reason, 
that  the  Fig  tree  is  always  over  vigorous  in  this  damp 
climate,  and  the  second  crop,  although  in  general  useless 
otherwise,  tends  to  check  exuberance.]  Q.  S.  B. 
■  Calycantlms  occidefiitalis  ;  alias  0.  macrophyllus. — The 
specimen  I  send,  is  from  a  small  plant  that  is  now  in 
flower  here.  I'or  the  last  three  years  it  has  occupied  a 
place  in  the  shrubbery,  where  it  promises  to  become  a 


which  is  a  fact  well  known  in  my  neighbourhood.  My 
invariable  mode  of  treatment  is  this  :  First,  in  regard  to 
Potatoes  for  planting  at  digging  up  time,  I  throw  out  on 
the  ground  those  I  intend  for  setting,  preferring  them 
about  the  size  of  a  Walnut  to  plant  whole.  I  let  them 
remain  out  in  all  weathers  for  a  month  or  six  weeks,  to 
get  thoroughly  brown  and  hardened,  I  then  hang  them 
up  in  frail  baskets  in  a  cool,  dry,  dark  place,  being  satis- 
fied that  they  are  then  in  a  better  condition  for  planting 
in  the  spring  than  when  they  ai'e  carelessly  put  away  in 
a  mass  ;  they  throw  out  a  stronger  shoot,  and  are  con- 
sequently better  able  to  withstand  frost  or  whatever 
may  attack  them,  than  when  they  are  allowed  to  dwindle. 
Next  in  regard  to  manure.  I  dig  a  large  hole  and  throw 
in  all  the  refuse  of  the  garden  and  house,  particularly 
all  the  soap-suds,  as  containing  alkali,  but  more 
especially  the  chamber  lye,  for  its  saline  properties, 
together  with  road-scrapings,  old  mortar,  and  any 
rubbish  that  comes  in  the  way.  About  September,  I 
empty  the  hole,  and  get  a  load  or  two  of  sea-weed, 
and  make  a  heap  of  alternate  layers  of  the  manure 
and  sea-weed  and  cover  it  up  with  a  good  thick  coat  of 
sea-weed,  which  prevents  exhalation,  and  the  saltness 
of  the  weed  also  gets  washed  into  the  heap  by  the  rains. 
I  turn  the  heap  two  or  three  times  during  winter,  always 
covering  it  up  again  with  more  sea-weed,  then  in  the 
spring  I  have  a  good  heap  of  well-rotted  saline  manure, 
which  I  spread  over  the  ground  and  dig  in,  planting  as 
I  go  with  the  setting-stick,  having  previously  steeped 
the  Potatoes  two  days  in  a  strong  decoction  of  Elder 
leaves.  I  should  never  think  of  planting  Potatoes  in 
a  trench,  and  burying  them  with  rank,  half-rotten 
manure.    In  places  remote  from  the  sea-side  where  the 


striking  object,at  once  remarkable  for  its  fine  lai*ge  foliage 
and  the  singular  appearance  of  its  bright  chocolate 
coloured  flowers,  tipped  or  variegated  with  greenish 
orange.  Its  habit  resembles  that  of  the  old  and  well 
known  'Calycanthus  floridus,  only  it  is  much  larger  in 
evei'y  respect,  and  apparently  of  more  vigorous  growth. 
I  consider  it  a  very  desirable  plant,  and  a  good  addition 
to  our  collection  of  hardy  shrubs.  I  am  rather  sur- 
prised at  the  various  kinds  of  Calycanthus  not  being 
more  generally  cultivated,  especially  when  it  is  known 
that  they  will  thrive  in  any  light  garden  soil,  provided 
the  situation  is  not  too  dry  and  exposed.  Few  plants 
bear  the  knife  so  well,  and  the  oftener  their  young  shoots 
are  pinched  the  more  freely  do  they  flower.  This  fact 
has  been  noticed  by  M.  DecandoUe,  who  states  in  his 
Prodromus  (vol.  iii.,p.2),thattheremovalof  the  terminal 
leaf-bud  of  a  shoot  causes  the  production  of  two  new 
flower-buds  ;  and  that  by  this  practice  a  succession  of 
flowers  during  the  whole  summer  may  be  obtained  when 
desirable.  Under  this  mode  of  treatment  I  have  little 
doubt  of  Calycanthus  occidentalis  flowering  freely  and 
becoming  ornamental.  I  am  not  awaro  if  its  flowers  are 
sweet  scented,  but  those  of  the  other  kinds  of  Calycanthus 
arc  very  fragrant.  Wi/i.  B.  Booths  CarclcWf  Sept.  1.5. 
[We  borrow  from  "  Pax  ton's  Flower  Garden"  the 
accotnpanying  wood-cut,  to  illustrato  this  plant,  which 
some  of  our  readers  may  not  bo  acquainted  with.  J 

The  Potato  X'wfCiMc.— Seeing  with  regret  tho  rapid 
progress  tho  disease  is  making  among  (Potatoes,  I  am 
induced  to  ofFt-r  a  few  suggcHtions  which  have  come 
under  my  notice,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  bo 
inclined  to  adopt  them.  I  must  begirij  by  stating  that 
not  a  Hpeck  of  disoaso  has  evor  appeared  among  my 
Potatoes  from   first  to  lant,  either  in  haulm  or  tuber, 


weed  cannot  be  obtained,  perhaps  a  few  pounds  of 
manure  salt,  judiciously  sprinkled  in  layers,  might  form 
a  good  substitute.  I  plant  ou  a  gravelly  soil,  with 
a  subsoil  of  hard  dry  loam  and  large  stones.  I 
have  thoroughly  trenched  it,  having  gone  down 
four  feet  with  it.  Depend  on  it  there  is  nothing 
like  the  pick-axe  for  Potato  ground.  I  must 
here  be  allowed  strongly  to  condemn  the  highly 
reprehensible  and  slovenly  practice  of  leaving  diseased 
Potatoes  on  the  ground  after  digging.  What  pos- 
sible good  can  be  expected  from  it  \  What  evils  may 
not  arise  to  future  crops?  I  would  advise  a  more 
careful  selection  of  kinds  for  planting  than  is  generally 
practised  ;  let  it  be  borne  in'mmd  that  it  is  just  as  easy 
and  cheap  to  grow  a  good  sort  as  a  bad  one.  Let  me 
not  be  misunderstood,  as  wishing  to  dictate  in  any  way 

far  from  it ;  these  remarks  are  wholly  independent  of 

whatever  has  been  written  or  said  before  on  the  subject, 
they  are  solely  the  result  of  my  own  observation;  and  I 
am  fully  confident  if  strictly  adhered  to,  with  any  other 
simple  precaution  which  may  suggest  itself,  together 
with  the  blessing  of  Providence,  who  always  assists  those 
who  help  themselves,  that  in  a  short  time  the  Potato 
disease  will  wholly  disappear,  and  become  a  thing  of  the 
past.  George  Towtero^  Bittcrne,  Southampton. 

Acacias.— The  A.  viscosas  have  been  in  the  liabit  of 
showing  their  whitish-pink  flowers  in  June  or  July,  and 
again  in  September,  but  this  year  the  common  Acacias, 
after  flowering  in  June,  have  within  the  last  week  again 
shown  their  white  flowers.  L.  L.  [The  statement 
respecting  cottagers  was  not  enclosed.] 

The  Manetti  liosc.—l  have  been  somewhat  surprised 
to  |see  my  name  brought  forward  in  connection  with 
this  Rose,  by  my  friends  Mr.  Kivers  and  Mr.  Mickle. 
The  latter  gentleman  I  have  only  seen  once,  having  met 
Mr.  Rivers  and  him  in  a  railway  train  from  Folkestone. 
I,  in  course  of  a  conversation  relating  to  Manetti,  stated 
that  it  was  curious,  some  plants  of  it  which  had  been 
budded  with  Rosos  two  orthreeyoarsago,  were,  from  some 
cause  or  other  getting  worse  each  year.  I  have  just 
examined  tho  same  plants  and  find  no  improvement  in 
tliom.  Wo  have  about  four  acres  of  this  Hose,  and  some 
of  the  Roses  on  it  are  extremely  strong.    If  Mr.  Rivera 


GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Sept.  25,  1 


and  Mr.  Mickle  take  advantage  of  a  friendly  conversation 
and  misconstrne  it  to  suit  tliemselves,  I  tliink  they  would 
do  well  to  appreutice  themselves  to  me,  for  the  lesson  I 
teach  is  to  do  all  you  can  by  your  own  exertions  for 
yourself,  but  always  to  avoid  even  a  hint  at  other 
people's  expence.  John  Ed.  Lane,  Tlie  Nurseries,  Great 
Serkhampstead. 

Soot-pruned  Pear  Trees. — In  addition  to  what  has 
been  so  often  stated  in  the  Chronicle,  as  regards  the 
merits  of  root-pruned  Pear  trees,  and  their  early 
bearing,  I  send  you  an  account  of  this  year's  produce  of 
12  dwarf  root-pruned  trees,  which  were  planted  at 
Lord  Lyndhurst's,  Turville-park,  in  November,  1849  ; 
they  were  planted  on  mounds,  as  recommended  by  Mr. 
Kivers,  and  about  10  feet  from  a  high  garden  wall, 
with  a  south-east  aspect,  and  have  been  pruned  and 
cultivated  by  the  gardener  carefully,  according  to  Mr. 
Rivers'  precepts.  It  may  be  mentioned  that  neither 
the  exposure  nor  soil  is  favourable  to  fruit  trees.  In 
addition  to  this  year's  crop,  nearly  all  the  trees  bore 
fruit  in  1350  and  1851.  Subjoined  are  the  names  of 
the  varieties  and  quantity  of  Pears  on  each  tree. 
1  BeuneDicl     120  1    7  Napolein 30 


2  Louise  Bonde  (of  Jersey)  110 

3  Coloiar  d'Ele 3"2 

4  Biurro  d'Araanlis 70 

5  Peuire  de  Mello 52 

6  Oiplieline  d'EugUien    ...    46 
—Georgey. 


8  Soldat  d'Esperen  22 

9  Beurre  Slerbmann   17 

10  Bdnvie  Van  Mons 8 

11  Allele  de  Saint  Denis  ...    4 

12  Beurre  Ranee..... 3 


Paries  and  Pleasure   Grounds;  or,  Praciiad  Notes  on 

Coxmtry  Residences^  Villas,  Pidjlic  Parhs,  and  Gardens. 

By  C.  H.  J.Smith.  8vo.  Keeve.  Pp.  290. 
Mr.  Smith  Is  an  experienced  landscape  gardener,  and 
a  man  of  much  good  sense.  Hi3  practice  has,  we 
believe,  laid  principally  in  Scotland,  where  his  talents 
are  respected.  His  opinions  are  therefore  entitled  to 
attention,  although  he  may  ouly  add  one  to  the  long  list 
of  authors  upon  taste,  whose  views  are  as  much  disputed 
as  appreciated  in  everything  except  broad  general 
principles.  For  ourselves,  we  believe  that  Mr.  Smith,  if 
he  does  not  take  such  lofty  flights  as  Repton  and  Price, 
is  as  safe  a  guide  as  these  distinguished  men^  and  much 
safer  than  some  of  their  successors. 

The  author's  remarks  upon  subjects  easily  understood 
by  readers  of  all  ranks,  serve  to  show  his  turn  of  mind. 
Let  us  take  a  few  examples — for  instance  : 

"  Grass  Slopes. — Terraces  are  often  faced  with  Grass 
slopes  instead  of  walls  ;  and  though  the  resulting  effect 
is  inferior,  these  slopes  are  very  suitable  for  places  where 
a  plain  style  of  decoration  is  required,  and  particularly 
at  a  distance  from  the  mansion-house,  as  on  the  sides 
of  bowling  greens,  or  m  flower-gardens,  and  in  the  more 
remote  parts  of  the  pleasure-grounds.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  a  terrace  with  a  regularly  formed  Grass 
bank  of  considerable  depth  has  mostly  a  bald  appearance. 
This  arises  partly  from  its  surface  being  so  plain  as  to 
have  no  variety,  and  partly  from  the  absence  of  a 
diversity  in  light  and  shade,  particularly  in  those  slopes 
which  face  towards  the  south.  A  long,  natural  slope  of 
Grass  is  often  very  beautiful  ;  but,  on  examination,  it 
will  be  found  that  it  is  free  from  that  dead,  mechanical 
uniformity  common  in  artificial  works.  Perhaps,  how- 
ever, light  has  the  greatest  influence  in  this  respect — a 
fact  very  much  overlooked  in  landscape  gardening.  The 
sm'face  of  the  slope  is  turned  up  towards  the  hght ;  and 
so  it  wants  that  vaiiety  of  shade  which  even  a  plain  wa^l 
exhibits  at  different  periods  of  the  day.  Accordingly  it 
is  found  that,  when  facing  the  north,  and  in  an  inierior 
degree  when  facing  the  east  and  west,  these  Grass  slopes 
are  always  more  effective  than  when^tnrned  to  the  south, 
for  in  this  last  position  they  are  seldom  seen  in  shade, 
and  consequently  have)  a  bare  and  bald  effect.  Never- 
theless a  long  deep  Grassy  slope,  closely  shaven  and 
neatly  kept,  is  always  populai*,  however  ineffective  it 
may  be  in  the  eye  of  refined  taste." 

*'  Stairs  on  Terraces.— YWghts  of  steps  form  an  excel- 
lent means  of  decorating  teiTaces.  When  connected 
with  walls,  they  are  susceptible  of  a  considerable  degree 
of  ornament.  Stairs  on  Grass  slopes  afford  less  scope 
for  decoration  ;  vases  placed  on  their  sides  may  be 
deemed  the  most  proper  objects  for  this  pui'pose.  Stairs 
should  be  placed  at  the  ends  of  terraces,  as  well  as  at 
their  centres  ;  they  may  be  omitted  in  the  latter  position, 
but  if  they  are  only  found  there,  they  have  a  sensible 
effect  in  diminishing  the  appearance  of  length  in  the 
terraces  by  dividing  them  into  halves.  Properly,  stairs 
should  be  in  connection  with  walks,  but  they  may  some- 
times be  introduced  without  the  latter.  In  either  case, 
when  there  is  more  than  one  tier  of  terraces,  the  flights 
of  stairs  should  be  successively  carried  from  the  top  to 
the  bottom  of  the  whole  series.  Anything  short  of  this 
produces  an  uncomfortable  feeling,  as  if  some  of  the 
flights  of  stairs  had  been  misplaced  tlu'ough  perversity^ 
or  lost  by  mistake." 

Ho  thus  expresses  himself  concerning  the  dotting 
system  of  planting  : 

"  This  consists  in  placing  a  number  of  objects  in  nearly 
equidistant  positions,  without  reference  to  their  intrinsic 
or  relative  importance.  Examples  of  this  mode  of 
planting  oecur|in  the  park,  when  plantations,  clumps,  or 
groups  are  set  down  in  complete  isolation,  or  without 
any  perceptible  relation  to  surrounding  objects.  Trees 
ai'e  seen  occupying  the  broad  spaces  or  narrower 
openings  between  the  woods  without  a  greater  affinity  to 
one  mass  than  to  another.  This  effect,  exhibited  on  the 
Bide  of  a  green  hill,  where  it  is  peculiarly  infelicitous, 
has  been  well  compared  to  a  pattern  of  sprigged  muslin 


Into  pleasure-grounds  and  gardens  the  dotting  system  has 
also  intruded  :  in  these,  figures  containing  shrubs  and 
flowers,  as  well  as  single  shrubs  and  trees,  are  often 
sprinkled  with  the  most  undeviating  regularity.  The 
main  object  would  seem  to  be  to  leave  unoccupied  no 
piece  of  Grass  or  plot  of  ground  above  a  certain  and  very 
moderate  size.  On  the  lawns  of  many  gardens  this 
paltry  and  tasteless  system  has  been  carried  out  to  the 
greatest  perfection.  A  better  taste,  mdeed,  is  now 
being  diffused  ;  we  have,  however,  observed  a  finished 
specimen  of  this  style  in  a  garden  of  great  pretension 
and  celebrity,  and  which  is  supposed  to  exhibit  the 
very  perfection  of  British  gardening.  A  Pinetum  is 
dotted  over  an  extensive  lawn,  without  respect  to  the 
natural  physiognomy  of  the  trees,  and,  what  is  more 
surprising,  without  any  regard,  so  far  as  we  could  dis- 
cover, to  their  botanical  affinities  as  species.  A  few 
formal  clumps  of  Rhododendrons  lend  their  aid  to 
complete  the  general  insipidity.  It  must  be  admitted,  at 
the  same  time,  that  it  is  seldom  that  lawns  are  dotted 
with  such  hardy  tenants.  They  are  frequently  filled 
with  half-hardy  objects  undergoing  the  miseries  of  accli- 
matising experiments  ;  and  the  eye  is  regaled  with  the 
stunted  growth  and  discoloured  foliage  in  summer,  and 
the  stike  and  the  mat  or  furze  covering  in  winter.  The 
results  of  the  dotting  system  are,  a  general  monotony  and 
an  insipidity,  which  no  variety  in  the  character  of  the  trees 
or  shrubs  will  ever  overcome.  There  is  the  same  breadth 
of  light  and  shade  on  this  tree  and  on  that — the  same 
patchwork  of  sunbeam  and  shadow  wherever  the  eye  can 
tm*n.  On  the  common  or  in  the  native  forest  we  do 
not  find  the  wild  denizens  of  nature  'put  down  at  equal 
distances.  Where  the  hand  of  man  has  not  interfered, 
the  trees  and  bushes  are  seen  in  masses  and  irregular 
clusters  with  single  plants  scattered  round  them,  and 
forming  groups  of  greater  or  less  dimensions.  In  the 
mass  or  group  you  will  scarcely  find  half-a-dozen 
plants  growing  at  the  same  distance  from  each  other. 
The  single  trees  are  mostly  in  closer  proximity  to  some 
portion  of  the  general  group  than  to  another.  Hence 
arise  the  infinitely-diversified  beauties  of  the  native 
Pine-forest,  and  the  captivating  and  almost  inimitable 
grace  of  the  wild  Oaks  and  Birches  on  the  sides  of  the 
Highland  glens  ;  and  hence,  too,  the  ceaseless  inter- 
change of  light  and  shade  both  on  tree  and  turf,  on 
which  the  eye  never  fails  to  dwell  with  pleasure.  In 
shoi't,  grouping  is  everywhere  productive  of  interest 
and  beauty  ;  dotting,  of  insipid  monotony  and  languor." 

Passages  such  as  this  show  that  Mr.  Smith  has  a  true 
sense  of  the  beautiful ;  but  we  are  not  sure  that  he  does 
not  carry  his  ideas  of  the  picturesque  to  places  where  it 
is  attended  with  inconvenience,  and  is  therefore  objec- 
tionable. We  especially  refer  to  his  observations  upon 
botanic  gardens,  which  he  would  construct  with  refer- 
ence to  general  effect  rather  than  as  they  are  now 
planned.  A  botanic  garden  is  a  place  in  which  plants 
are  gathered  together  for  the  purpose  of  studying  their 
separate  structure  or  combined  peculiarities,  and  not  for 
studying  the  principles  of  landscape  gardening.  A 
botanic  garden  in  which  the  last  point  is  introduced 
becomes  a  park,  and  the  name  is  misapplied,  or  it  may 
be  a  combination  of  the  two,  as  at  Kew,  Now,  the 
essence  of  a  place  for  study  is  that  all  things  should 
be  readily  accessible,  and  placed  where  it  is  most 
easy  for  students  to  consult  or  compare  them.  Space 
should  be  economised,  in  order  to  save  labour  in 
running  about.  Objects  that  resemble  each  other  should 
be  placed  where  they  can  be  comparatively  examined. 
In  short  in  a  botanic  garden  convenience  is  everything, 
effect  the  last  point  to  be  thought  of.  To  our  minds 
the  formal  enclosures^  in  the  Jardin  des  Planies  are 
perfection  for  this  purpose.  But  sm'ely  those  principles 
of  arrangement  are  the  very  I'everse  of  what  a  landscape 
gardener  would  approve  of.  In  like  manner  we  suspect 
that  "territorial"  arrangements  of  plants  will  meet  with 
httle  approval.     Mr.  Smith  says  : — 

**  For  example,  we  might  have  a  British  Flora,  a 
French  and  German  Flora,  a  Mediterranean,  a  Russian 
and^  Siberian,  a  North  American  Flora,  and  various 
others.  Undoubtedly,  one  of  the  most  curious  things  in 
our  flower-gardens  is  to  see  natives  of  the  Alps  and 
the  Himalayas,  of  Oregon  and  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  all  growing  peacefully  and  lovingly  together  ; 
but  in  consequence  of  this  promiscuous  planting,  the 
facts  of  botanical  geography  are  at  once  lost  sight  of, 
and  very  often  completely  foi'gotten.  It  is  admitted 
that  it  would  be  difficult,  or  rather  expensive  and 
laborious,  to  carry  out  the  territorial  system  to  a  great 
extent :  yet  it  might  be  within  the  compass  of  attainable 
effort  to  adopt  the  principle  in  part.  We  should 
like  to  see  a  real  American  garden — that  is,  one  con- 
taining only  American  plants,  and  not  the  mixed 
affair  which  goes  generally  under  that  name.  There 
might  at  least  be  distinct  gardens  for  the  natural 
vegetation  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  her  principal 
colonios — those,  namely,  in  North  America,  the  Cape, 
Austi'alia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  mountainous  regions  of 
India.  It  is  not  proposed  that  every  plant  which  is 
to  be  found  within  the  limits  of  any  country  should  be 
included  in  these  separate  arrangements  ;  but  it  seems 
possible,  by  the  selection  of  characteristic  species,  to  give 
a  fair  representjition  of  the  vegetable  economy  of  the 
territory  selected,  and  even  to  convey  an  expression  of 
its  external  pliysiognomy.  The  space  required  for 
such  purposes  is  not  necessarily  large,  as  the  trees 
and  shrubs  which  occupy  most  space  might  be  kept 
small,  there  being  other  specimens  of  the  same  Species, 
in  the  general  collection,  allowed  to  reach  their  natural 
development.  Let  any  one  go  into  a  botanic  garden, 
as  commonly  arranged  at  present,  in  order  to  acquire  a 


knowledge  of  the  vegetation  indigenous  in  any  of  the^ 
temperate  regions  of  tRe  world,  and  most  likely  he  will 
have  to  trace,  by  the  aid  of  books  and  other  appliances, 
a  botanical  system  scattered  over  the  whole  grounds 
before  he  can  obtain  even  a  glimpse  of  the  object  of  hia 
research.  From  the  divisional  gardens  we  are  now  re- 
commending, persons  about  to  travel  might  receive  at 
once  a  general  idea  of  the  vegetation  they  Sre  likely  to 
meet  with  in  ioreign  countries;  and  all  might  learn  with 
little  trouble  how  much  we  are  indebted  to  particular 
regions  for  the  trees,  shi-ubs,  and  plants  that  tenant 
our  gardens.  Certainly,  the  unbotanical  public  would 
find  more  attraction  and  instruction  in  these  than  in. 
strictly  scientific  arrangements.  We  therefore  strongly 
recommend  them  to  the  attention  of  our  readers,  admit-  ^ 
ting  at  the  same  time  that  they  would  require  some 
increase  of  room  and  of  expense  ;  still  we  think  that  there 
are  several  botanic  gardens  in  Great  Britain  of  extent 
and  resources  sufficient  to  admit  of  the  experiment 
being  tried  with  success." 

All  this  reads  very  well ;  but  how  is  the  plan  to  be 
carried  out,  supposing  it  were  worth  attaining,  which 
we  do  not  think.  How,  for  instance,  is  the  characteristic- 
vegetation  of  the  United  States  to  be  represented  better 
than  it  is  ?  Some  Pines,  and  other  hardy  trees.  Rhodo- 
dendrons, Azaleas,  and  Magnolias,  are  characteristic  as 
far  as  they  go,  but  trees  are  not  the  only  characteristics  ; 
the  herbage  is  even  more  pecuhar,  and  we  are  quite  unable 
to  conceive  how  such  plants  as  Sabbatias,  Gentians, 
and  Sarracenias  of  the  lowlands,  or  the  peculiar  alpine 
vegetation  of  the  rocky  mountains,  are  to  be  brought: 
together  in  this  counti-y,  in  such  a  way  as  to  impress 
the  uninformed  spectator  of  what  he  is  to  regard  as 
the  pecuharities  of  transatlantic  vegetation.  Mr.  Smith 
can  hardly  mean  that  his  characteristic  plants  are  to  be 
exhibited  in  garden  pots ;  if  so,  such  of  them  as  are 
attainable  are  to  be  found  in  botanic  gardens  already.  If 
he  means  that  the  characteristic  features  of  each 
country  are  to  be  produced  in  natural  situations  and  in 
some  such]  proportions  as  they  must  bear  when  they 
are  wild — and  as  he  writes  on  landscape  gardening  such 
must  be  his  meaning,  we  presume — then  we  can  only 
express  our  fear  that  his  plans  are  unattainable. 


Lowre's  spelling 'and  Dictation  Booh.  12mo  ;  pp.  70^ 
Longmans. — A  useful  elementary  book,  well  conceived 
and  well  executed. 

A  Dirge  for  Wellington.— k  Poem.  By  Martin  P. 
Tupper.     Pp.  10.     Hatchard. 

Memoir  of  tlie  Dulce  of  Wellington  (No.  31  of 
Longmans'  Travellers'  Library). — A  reprint  of  twa 
admirable  articles  which  appeared  in  the  Times  imme- 
diately after  the  death  of  the  great  Duke. 

TJie  Battle  of  Levpsig,  by  the  Rev,  G.  R.  Gleig 
(Nos.  29  and  30  of  Longmans'  Travellers'  Library).— 
An  interesting  narrative  of  a  very  great  event,  written 
in  the  happy  manner  of  the  author.  But  will  the  reader 
in  Messrs.  Spottiswoode's  office  explain  who  Caliancourfe 
was,  and  Milordavitch,  and  Guilay,  and  Latour  Mabourg,. 
and  some  other  important  personages  of  whom  we 
never  before  heard.  Is  it  possible  that  they  can  have 
been  relations  of  om*  old  acquaintances  Caulamcourt^ 
and  Miloradovitch,  and  Giulay,  and  Latour  Maubourg  J 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Mr.  H.  Bellf.nden  Ker's,  Cheshunt. — Fdw  gentle- 
men take  so  much  interest  in  their  gardens  as  Mr. 
Ker,  and  therefore  we  were  not  surprised  to  find 
his  place  one  of  *' sweet  retirement"  from  the  active 
bustle  of  a  city  life.  His  cottage  is  in  the  Swiss  style, 
agreeably  ornamented  with  evergreen  drapery,  and  half 
surrounded  by  a  terrace-walk  furnished  with  l«ses, 
which  are  at  present  extremely  gay  with  scarlet 
Pelargoniums.  On  the  south  of  the  cottage 
is  a  well  kept  lawn  containing  some  fine  Cedwa, 
Cypresses,  Deodars,  a  weeping  Larch,  and  a  beau- 
tiful example  of  Cryptomeria  japonica  9  feet  high 
which  was  stated  to  have  been  turned  out  of  a 
3-inch  pot  only  three  years  ago.  In  addition  to  these, 
we  remarked,  among  other  interesting  trees,  Paulovnia 
imperialis,  which,  although  it  does  not  flower,  is  very 
ornamental,  on  account  of  its  handsome  foliage.  A 
circle  of  Fuchsia  gracilis,  which  is  still  one  of  the  best  of 
the  hardier  kinds, siuTOundingan  old  tree  stump,  covered 
with  Ivy,  had  a  good  effect,  being  just  now  in  full  bloom. 
It  survives  the  winter  without  any  protection ;  and 
although  the  tops  are  killed  by  frost  every  winter,  they 
push  again  the  following  spring,  and  flower  beautifully 
all  the  summer.  On  a  piece  of  rockwork  at  the  edge  of 
the  lawn,  near  the  house,  the  Castor-oil  plant  (Palma 
Christi)  was  growing  very  luxuriantly,  and,  owing  to  its 
elegant  habit  and  large  handsome  leaves,  it  fonned  an 
object  at  once  striking  and  effective.  A  broad  teri'ace* 
walk  and  a  ha-ha  divide  the  lawn  from  the  adjoining  park 
on  the  south  ;  on  the  west  is  a  little  flower  garden  in  the 
shape  of  beds,  on  gravel,  separated  from  the  lawn  by  a 
closely-clipped  Portugal  Laurel  hedge;  and  on  the  east 
is  a  Rosery,  flanked  on  either  side  by  beds  of  herbaceous 
plants.  Scarlet  Pelargoniums  are  planted  in  lines 
between  the  Rose  trees;  and  now  that  the  latter 
are  out  of  flower  the  Pelargoniums  are  just  in 
the  height  of  their  beauty.  Among  bedding  plants* 
in  the  flower  garden  the  following  are  still  gay, 
viz: — Tom  Thumb,  Ivy-leaved,  Ayres'  Gem,  Hunts- 
man, Lady  Mary  Fox,  Mangles'  variegated,  and  Com- 
pactum  Pelargoniums;  Kentish  Hero,  Amplexicaulis, 
and  Kayii  Calceolarias  ;  a  semi-double  purple  Petunia. 


39—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


615 


:.obinsou's    Deftance    and    other    Verbeuas,    Lantana 
elicatissima,  Bouvardia  ti'iphylla,  Salvia  patens,  Cuphea 
latyceutra,  the  white-flowered  variegated  Alyssum,  and 
iotoma  axillaris,  which  is  the  only  annual  Mr.  Wooley 
die    gardener)    has    retaiued,     and    which     is     well 
'orth   gi'owing,    on    account   of  the    interesting    pale 
lue  star-shaped  flowers  which   it   produces   in   great 
bundanee.     The  Cuphea  has  been  found  fault  with  in 
eds  on  Grass,  for  being  too  dingy,  but  on   gravel  it 
)oks    brigiit    and    eftectiVe.      Anemone     japonica    is 
ast    coming    into    flower,    and    Cliina    Asters    have 
een  very   fine,  but  tlieir  beauty    is    now    over.     A 
)ng  walk  leads  from  thi^  garden   by  the  side  of  an 
rehai'd  of  Apple  trees  (among  which  ahuost  the  only 
'ees  that  have  anything  like  a  good  crop  are  the  Lemon 
'ippin),  and  round  the  shrubbery,  which  is  extensive. 
t    is    bordered    with   Dahlias,   Hollyhocks,    Phloxes, 
*entstemons,    and    Roses,    &c.      Among     the    latter 
ouvenir  de  la  Malraaison,  Paul  Joseph,  Fabvier,  and 
'6iat  des  Batailles,  are  still  yielding  stray  blossoms, 
nd  furnished  with  plenty  of  buds.     The  last  named  is 
adeed  the  first    Hose  of  the    season,  and  it    is   also 
he  last ;  and    how  intense    is   the   rich  crimson,    or 
ather    scarlet,    of    those    blooms     produced    in    the 
.ntumn,  when'  the  sun  is  not  sufficiently  powerful  to 
ob  them  of  theu^  colour  !     We  had  nearly  forgotten 
0  mention    that  a  collection    of    Gourds  is  success- 
uUy  gTO\vn  on  the    grassy 'south  slope    of  the  ha-ha 
u  front  of  the  lawn,   where   theii'  large  leaves   and 
'arionsly-coloured  fruit  have   not  a  bad  effect.     The 
y'tchen  garden  and  glass  structures  are  situated  on  the 
iast  side  of  the  house.     Among  the  latter  perhaps  the 
nost  interesting  is  a  protected  trellis,  i.  e,  a  rough  trellis 
iovered  with  glass  sashes  10  feet  in  length,  resting  on 
l-feet  posts  at  the  back,  and  li  foot  supports  in  front. 
Che    back   is   quite   open  ;    but  the    ends    are  closed 
rith    deal    boards,    and  an    U-iuch  plank    is    nailed 
Jong  the  front,  but  so  as  to  admit  plenty  of  air.     From 
ihis  trellis,  which  is  about   16  yards  long,  and  contains 
bur  trees,  Mr.  Ker  has  this  year  had  a  crop  of  between 
lOandoO  dozen  first-rate  well-ripened  Peaches,  which  for 
solour,  size,  flavour  and  juiciness,  could   not  be  sur- 
>a5sedby  the  best  fruit  from  a  wall.     His  success  this 
tntoward  season  is  perfect,  and  therefore  the  advantages 
udsing  from  such  contrivances  will  be  obvious,  and  they 
ure    so    simple    in    their    coDStraction    that  a   clever 
l^abourer  might  erect  one  in  a  day.     No  mildew  has 
Attacked  the  trees  on  tliis  trellis;  and  although  red  spider 
,  iegan  to  make  its  appearance  during  the  hot  weather  of 
Inly,  it  was  soon  checked.     We  understood  Mr.  Wooley 
to  say  that  he  took  off  the  lights  and  kept  them  off  for 
four   or    five   weeks.      This     treatment    arrested    the 
orogi-ess  of  the  spider,  and  prevented  the  trees  receiving 
iny  injury  from  it.     This  [;temporary  exposure  of  the 
trees  has  slightly  retarded  the  ripening  of  the  fruit,  so 
is   to   make   them   succeed   those   on   the  walls.     Iilr. 
Wooley   mentioned  that  he    had   in    former    seasons 
,  retarded  raid-season  Peaches,  (such  as  Grosse  Mignoune, 
Royal  George,  and  others)  till  the  beginning  of  October, 
-jy  keeping  off  tlie  lights  till  the  beginning  of  September. 
We   had   almost    forgotten   to  add,  that   Jlr.   Wooley 
:ted  ills  trees  jfrom   the   severe  spring  frosts  by 
j^og  the  glass  with  refu-ie  hay  when  the  nights  were 
iro^ty,  which    seems  to    have   been  a   most  efficient 
protection.     This  year's  wood  is  ripening  satisfactorily, 
iul  there  can  be  no  doubt  there  will  be  a  good  crop  again 
season.     A  Vinery  on  the  principle  of  .Mr.  Rivers' 
-i   houses,  is    maturing  a  fair  crop  of  Grapes, 
wnicii  are  well  coloured,  though   the   bunches  are  not 
harge.     The  Vines  were  cut  back  by  a  sharp  frost  in 
(April ;  but  they  soon  regained  their  former  vigour  and 
^growtli.     ^The  house  is  furnished  by  ;  a  brickj  Arnott 
;stove  ;  but  no  fire  heat  has  ever  been  applied.     On  the 
north  side  of  this  are  two  span-roofed  Orchid  houses, 
one  heated  by  a  tank,  the  other  by  4-inch  hot- water 
ipipes,  all  from  one  boiler.     The  walls  of  the  latter  house, 
|aa  well  as  those  of  the  Vinery  just  mentioned,  consist  of 
ideal  boards  covered  on  the  outside  with  tarred  felt,  and 
they  answer  admirably.     The  Orchids,  which  iiave  been 
so  successful   in   obtaining  prizes   this   year,   both   at 
Chiswick  and  Rej;ent*a-park,  are  in  good  health,  and 
some  of  them  are  in  bloom.     Among  the  latter  was  the 
blue  Vanda  (V.cacrulea),  and  Lseliasuperbiensisshowin'^ 
flower   spikes.    ;The  singular  Lady's   Slipper   (Cypri^ 
pedium    insigne),  will   Boon   be    in   full   flower.      Mr. 
Wooley  informed  us  that  this  is  one  of  the  best  plants 
he  has  for  drawing-room  decoration,  as  it  may  be  had  in 
blossom  in  great  perfection  from  October  till  February, 
We  saw  the  remains  of  a  capital  crop  of  Peaches  on  a 
south  wnll,  and  on  the  north  side  of  the  same  were  some 
fine  Morc'Uo  Ch';rrieH,  which  are  netted  up  to  keep  them 
from  binls.     Tlje  "  ^inaiters"  of  the  kitchen  p;ar(Jcn  are 
bopierc'l  with  dwarf  pyramidal  root-pruned  Pear  trees, 
from  one  of  wlijch    (Louijjc  Bonne,  of  Jersey),  about 
G   feet   higli,   Mr.    Wooley   cfathcred  half  a   bushfd  of 
ripe    Pear*    this  week.      Wo   als^j    remarked    Mario 
Louise    double-worked   on    the   Ciiiince,  full    of  fruit. 
On    the    south    side    of    tho    kitchen    garden     ia    a 
2-ftcrc     orchard    of    pyramidal      root- pruned     Apple 
and    Pear    trees,   &c.  ;    but  hero,  as   elsewhere,    the 
crop  on  thoHC*   Iiai  been  comparatively  a  failure  this 
year.     A  mlopin^  bank  at  the  bottom  of  thia  orchanl  in 
covcrc<I  with  Apple  trees,  whoso  branches  aro  trained 
on  short  staken  up  tho  face  of  tho  bank,  about  I  foot 
above  itfl  Hurface.     Tliey  have  not  borna  so  well  this 
year  ;   but  we  were  informed  that  they  generally  pro- 
duce excellent  crops  managed  in   lliis  w»y.     Like  Mr. 
Rivers,  Mr,  Ker  advocates  the  um  of  burnt  earth,  which 
be  finds  very  UKcful  for  mixing  with  his  stiff  cluy,  which 
forma  tiie  staple  of  liis  garden. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Will  Cut  Flowers  Travel  ? — At  the  Caledonian 
Horticultural  Society's  Exhibition,  on  the  Kith  inst,, 
a  1st  prize  for  Hollyhocks  was  awarded  to  Messrs. 
Paul,  of  Cheshunt,  Herts  ;  a  1st  prize  for  24  Dahlias; 
ditto  for  12  fancy  kinds,  and  several  first-class  Certi- 
ficates for  Dahlias,  to  Mr.  C.  Turner,  of  the  Royal 
Nursery,  Slough,  Bucks  !  after  taking  tho  flowers 
all  the  way  from  London  to  Edinburgh,  together  with 
the  respective  journeys  from  Cheshunt  and  Slough  to 
Euston-square.  More  than  450  miles  were  thus  tra- 
versed with  innumerable  shiftings  and  joltings,  such 
as  travellers  by  "road  and  rail"  know  full  well. 
During  our  experience  in  the  management  of  exhi- 
bitious,  both  monster  and  select,  distance  has  often 
beeu  held  out  as  an  excuse  for  not  bringing  blooms  for 
competition,  the  usual  phrase  being  tiiat  "  We  do  not 
stage  our  flowers  upon  an  equality  with  your  local 
frieuds,  who  cut,  pack,  and  run  up'the  show  morning." 
Alas!  such  excuses  can  no  longer  obtain;  and  let  us 
hope  that  in  future  praiseworthy  efforts,  like  those  of 
Messrs.  Paul  and  Turner,  in  addition  to  their  first 
prizes,  obtained  against  strong  competition,  may  always 
meet  with  similar  reward.  /.  E. 


NoaTB  London  FLoaicoLXDaAii  SooiErr,  Septerahci-  11.— 
TtiBf  e  was  a  capital  exhibition  on  thin  occaaioo,  every  available 
iach  of  space  being  covered.  Tlie  foUoiving  awards  were 
made: — Dahliia  :  Amateurs,  12  blooma. — Ist,  Mr.  Robiason, 
with  John  Ed^vard,  Qaeen  of  Whites,  Duko  of  Wellington, 
Fearless,  Mr.  Seldoo,  Absolatn,  Queen  of  Lilacs,  Scarlet  Wem, 
Sir  0.  Napier,  Ricbard  Cobdeu,  Princess  Rudziwill,  aui 
Triumphant;  2d,  Mr.  J.  S.  Prockter,  with  Mrs.  C.  Bacon, 
Richard  Cobden,  Qaeen  of  Lilacs,  General  Faucher,  Scarlet 
Gem,  Louis  Eoasutb,  Sir  R.  Peet,  Nonpareil,  Sir  P.  Banhurj'. 
Fearless,  an.i  Uiilia  ;  3d,  Mr.  W.  Holmee,  with  Mrs.  C,  Bacon, 
Mr.  Seldon,  G.  Glenny,  Qaeeii  of  Lilacs,  Sir  F,  Bathurst;,  Dake 
of  Welliniiton,  Richard  Cobdan,  Sir  R.  Peel  (misnamed  Sir  C. 
Napier),  Roundhead,  Fearless,  Shy  lock,  and  Elizabalh 
(Daniel's) ;  4th,  Mr.  H.  Ilaut,  wiih  Queen  ot  Lilacs,  Mr,  Seldoa, 
Queen  of  the  East,  Aiimiral,  Shylocb,  Dr.  Frumpttai,  Daky  oi 
Wellington,  Sir  R.  Whittington,  and  Fearless;  5tb,  ilr.  J, 
Edwards,  with  ilorniug  Star,  Thames  Banlc  Hero,  Mrs.  Seldon, 
General  Faucher,  Una,  John  Edward,  Admiral,  Mr.  Seldon, 
Sir  C.  Napier,  Sir  R.  Whittington,  Qaeen  of  Beauties,  and 
Triumphant;  6tb,  Mr.  Cook,  with  G.  Glenny,  Etizibeth, 
Absolam,  Scarlet  Gem,  Earl  Clarendon,  Princess  Radzi. 
will,  Mrs.  C.  Bacon,  Admiral,  Fearless,  Trinmphant,  Malvina, 
and  Alice;  Tih,  Mr.  Winiisor ;  8th,  Mr.  Weaiherall ;  three 
other  collections  were  stage.i  in  thia  class.  —  Six  dis- 
tincc  Fancy  Dahlias:  l&c,  Mr.  J,  Edwards,  with  Miss 
Compton,  Rachael,  Mrs.  Hansard,  Jeaanette,  Highland  Chief, 
and  Elizabeth  ;  2d,  Me.  Hoiddr,  with  Cricker,  Miss  WiirJ, 
SpeL'tabilis,  Claude,  Kosautb,  and  Elizabeth  ;  ad,  Mr.  J.  S, 
Prockter,  wilh  Mies  Wejlaud,  Qufttn  of  Fairies,  Elizabeth, 
iliHS  Vizard,  Mrs.  Hansard,  and  Rosenante  ;  two  other  col- 
lecdoiis  were  also  staged. — 12  Hollyhocks  :  1st,  Mr.  Holder, 
wiih  Comet.  Princets  Rojal,  C.  Turnyr,  Presidaut,  Geuera! 
Bern,  Spectabilis,  Prima  Donna,  M;ignam  Bonum,  Napol.;on, 
0.  Baron,  Venosa,  and  Model  ot  Perfeitiou. — 1^  Vtrbsnas  : 
1st,  Mr.  C.  P.  Lochner ;  2d,  Mr.  Weatherall ;  the  leading 
varieties  in  these  groups  were  King,  Napjiuon,  E-tqiiisite,  Sc. 
Margaret,  British  Queeu,  Rosea,  Mrs.  Mills,  Dofiaoce,  Laura, 
Mariaane,  BriUiaut,  Maguiticerit,  Lilac  Riral,  Vn-giniaj, 
Standard,  and  Natii^ual. — Six  Fuchsias:  Isr,  Mr.  M'l-Jwan; 
id,  Mr.  Cragg  ;  the  sorts  being  General  Oudinoc,  Novelty,  Futr 
Rosamond,  Don  Glovauui,  Orion,  Goueral  Ciiangarnier, 
Splendida,  Snowball,  and  Prince  Arthur,  <fcr. ;  there  woi'e 
the  most  showy.  Dealers — 2i  Dahlias:  Isf,  Mr.  J.  Keynes,  ol 
Silibbury,  witti  princess  Radziwill,  Negru,  Dou^ias  Jerrold 
(Keynes),  JohnEdward,  Quueti  of  Whites,  Mr.  Herber;- (KeynesJ, 
Malvina,  Geueral  Faucher,  Sir  F.  Bathnrst  (Keynes),  Uui 
(Keynes),  Essex  Triumph,  Annie  Salter,  Mr.  Seldon,  Mag- 
nihcent  (Keynes),  Standard  of  P.rlectioa  (Keynes),  Fearless, 
Duke  of  Wellington,  Sir  J.  Whittington,  Queea  ot  the  East, 
Sir  R.  Peel,  Beauty  of  Keni;  t,Keynes),  Frederick  Jerumo, 
Goliath,  and  Triumphant  (Keynes);  2  1,  Mr.  Legge,  with 
Fearless,  Led  a,  Queen  of  Beauty,  Maguificenr,  U.  Glenny, 
Roundhead,  Queen  ot'||DahUas,  Thames  Bank  Hero,  Jo:iu 
Edward,  Marcoioneas  Cornwaliis,  Sir  J.  Whittington,  Mc. 
Herbert,  Carmina,  Mrs.  0.  Bacon,  Duke  of  Wellington, 
Phantoin,  Sir.  Charles  Napier,  Triumph,  Seraph,  Sir  [Robert 
Peel,  Barmaid,  Summit  of  Perfection,  Fame,  Sir  Frcdt^ricit 
Bathurst;  and  JMr.  Hunt  also  staged  a  CJUeccion  ot  21  sjt  ts. 
12  Fancies— Dahlias  ;  1st,  Mr.  J.  Keynes,  with  Emiiereur  dj 
Maroe,  Elizabeth,  Rachael,  Miss  Compton,  Laura  Lavingtou, 
Mrs.  NVillis,  Princess  Cliarlotce,  Cricket,  Eleganti^aima,  Rinu- 
bow,  Nancy,  and  Mrs,  Haaaard  ;  2d,  Mr.  U.  Logge,  with  ^laid, 
of  Lodi,  Mrs.  Hansard,  Princess  Charloite,  Miss  CoiiiiJtun, 
iladame  Rose,  Belle  de  Nogenc.  Jetty  Trett'z,  Stfiata-perfecta, 
Misa  Blackmore,  Jenny  Lind,  Lady  Grenville,  aud  Uelle  de 
Pecque  ■  3d,  Mr.  Hunt,  with  simiUir  soi'ts.  24  Verbenas  :  la', 
Mr.  G.  Smith;  2d,  Mr.  Shuckley.  The  best  sorts,  as  far  at, 
display  went,  were  Standard,  Miss  Jane,  M.  Juliieo,  Alba 
Magna,  King,  Model  of  Perfection,  Heloise,  Koh-l-Noor, 
Marianne,  Dehance,  Ariel,  St.  Margaret'a,  Gloirj  de  Pai'ia 
(famouB  for  bedding  purpuses),  Eliza  Coyk,  GrauJia,  Joan  o( 
Arc,  Exquisite,  Alboni,  Surprise,  Brilliauc,  Macraiitha,  and 
Uriaadu.  6  Fuchsias  :  I,  Mr.  G.  Smith,  with  Cartoui,  Arruada, 
Nonauch,  Actieon,  Prince  Arthur,  and  Nil  Dosperandum. 
Extra  prizeA  pruaeated  by  Mr.  Turner  fur  (i  blooms  ut  Dutilia* 
let  out  by  himself,  the  lat  was  won  by  Mr.  Robimon,  and  the 
■^d  by  Mr.  Prockter.  Mr.  Edwards  and  Mr.  Coolc  al«o  com- 
peted. Tho  best  sorts  shown  wero  Morniug  Star,  Queen  ol 
LtlacR,  Mr,  and  Mrs.  Seldoo,  Shytuck,  and  Scuilut  Gum.  Ot 
U<)S(i«  Mr.  Wilkiuaoa  had  sunie  hue  hunchon,  nmung  which 
were  admirable  bloucus  uf  Souvenir  de  la  Mattn^ieun,  Madame 
Guillotte,  Satranot,  Litdy  A.  Puul,  Suuctiet,  Auidalio,  La 
Relu'j,  Comte  do  Parla,  liaronuo  Provubt,  Devouiojisii,  Mrs. 
hilliott,  bevenjn  Gowor,  Sldonia,  .Madame  L/tli'iv,  Lamarquu, 
Duchess  uf  Sutherland,  Goubauu,  Ouaiit  des  UatiitlluH,  Conitc-.«ii 
Ducautel,  AiiiAndine.Luiiia  Nupotui>u, Queen,  Uouquettudc  ITluri', 
Mrs.  Boaanquur,  Paul  Joseph,  Armotsa,  Oramuttiie  superieurL-, 
and  iJuches  .o  de  Thui  ingu,  wiilch  wo  taiiu  Ic  will  be  likely  auiii) 
dty  to  displace  lluiirb'iii  Queeu,  being  a  very  desirable  uddiiMn 
to  the  moHt  suleul  cilluu^i'in.  Seedlings  were  numerous,  aii'i 
pruvud  un  thi-y  always  d'>,  u  Huurce  ut'  much  inorest ;  uiuoug:%l 
li'ihiiu*,  Sir  J.  Fraukllu  (L'uriitii)  took  the  leail ;  for  lo  a 
Urst-cluNB  Certilluatu  was  added  an  extra  itriza  fur.  the  bom 
^leedllri/,  ulfored  by  Mr.  LouIiikt,  and  aUu  a  further  extra 
prize  ulf-;ru<l  by  Mr.  J,  t^divurdn  for  the  hett  bloom  In  tliu 
ontiro  vxhihitluii.  Thu  npuiikn  butter  thingH  than  wu  couM 
|i'(tiitbly  Bii)  uf  It ;  there  were  in  all  ovor  -lUU  bUmmH  stugud  f  >r 
cjifipoitttuii,  uud  til  hu  ttiu  bi^Ht  uMHing  ho  many  pr»vuH  that  it 
muac  liiduud  hi  llr«t.rate,  Tlic  21  host  Seedling  prizj  w.is 
awnrdOd  tu  I'lautai^eiiut  (Turner),  a  deep  viuluc,  huld  iiuii 
iiovvl  :  tills  ul»<i  reculvud  ik  tic*t-u\itH.i  Ourdtlu.tte,  undid  lijb 
(Druniiiigiid),  a.  b  jld  suurlut,  ^revloitvly  nutleud  ;  lirlUta  it 
(llawlluKS)  Wan  Hlmliurly  ruwurdrd  ;  t'lls  IH  likuwlsu  ii  soarivt ; 
Wuiideriut  (Kuyii«A)  bud  the  lilio  dlHtlnution  uoiifurrud  un  U, 
iiiuro  for  Itt  nuvulty  tnuii  uutuil  fiuiillty,  thw  b.i<u  uf  the  poinln 
being  aiiibor  and  bluiviiuU  purpiu  t'^wuidii  ihulr  tip*) ;  this 
clus:«  of  llotrarH  will  cro  luii({  ba  pupuiur  If  not  luuUu  too 


numei-uus  by  frivolous  distinutiuns,  and  ni.ireover  liie  piesenc 
blotches  must  become  ivgular  stripes  or  flakes,  bo'd,  distinct  and 
well  deiined.  Of  other  seedlings,  Claudia  (L-chnor)  is  a  strik- 
ing fancy  ;  purple  with  bold  tip  of  pure  white  ;  Grand  Duko 
(Turner)  was  commended  as  being  useful,  colour  deep  rosy 
lilac;  Ilenriette  (Howard),  Hevculea  (llawlings),  Conquer- 
ing Hero  (ITawUngs),  Kossuth,  Sir  J.  Paston,  Cambrian 
Beauty,  and  some  others,  made  a  larger  number  than  Hsual. 
To  Fuchsias,  first-class  Certilicates  were  awarded  to  Glory, 
and  to  Lady  Franklin,  boih  from  Mr.  G.  Smith  ;  the  former  is 
a  glorious  dark,  the  latter  an  approach  to  puvpie  and  white, 
so  much  needed  fur  coatrasf,  our  lights  ac  present  ruanioic 
mostly  with  scarlet  corollas.  An  extra  prize  was  awarded 
Mrs.  Hansard,  aa  being  the  beat  fancy  Dahlia  in  the  entire 
exhibition,  the  selection  falling  on  the  bloom  exhibited  in  the 
raiser's  first.staad,  to  which  we  have  already  directed  atten- 
tion. J,  E, 


Cataloodes  received  from  Messrs.  Baas  and  Brotvn,  Sudbury, 
Suffolk;  and  from  Mr.  Godwin,  Ashbourn,  Derbyshire, 


Miscellaneous. 

Mr.  Warszeiolcs' s  Orchids^  to  be  sold  on,  Friday,  Ist 
Octoberj  were,  we  understand,  collected  on  the  hiih 
between  Bolivia  and  Brazil,  the  cordllleras  of  Sarrata 
and  Tipuari  and  Ulimari,  where,  webelitve,  no  collector 
had  before  been  in  search  of  snch  plants,  and  possibly 
the  first  and  last  tliat  will  be  brought  from  that  qnarter, 
as  Warszewicz  describes  the  frost  to  have  been  so 
intense  when  crossing  with  his  collections  to  the  coast, 
that,  notwithstanding  his  covering  them  well  with 
woollen  cloths,  he  lost  the  greatest  part  of  the  delicate 
ones  ;  what  have  arrived,  and  are  in  good  health,  are, 
we  understand  as  follows  : — 3  species  of  Anguloa, 
2  species  of  Ly caste  or  Angnloa,  I  species  ofZygope- 
talutn  ?  large  yellow  flowers  ;  1  species  of  Cyrtopo- 
diura  ?  1  species  of  Trichopilia,  3  species  of  Odonto- 
glossum — one  like  the-  Odoutoglossura  grande  in  its 
pseudo-bulb;  an  Epidendruiii,  habit  of  Starafordianuni ; 
and  a  Sobralia,  described  as  branched,  and  like  Laalia 
snpei'biens  in  flower  ;  to  which  will  be  added  a  few 
plants  saved  from  a  former  collection  in  New  Grenada, 
imported  last  year,  in  excellent  health,  namely 
MasdevalUa  coccinea  (a  most  charming  thing,  with, 
flowers  as  red  as  a  soldier's  coat),  Trichopilia  suavis, 
2  species  of  Angnloa,  &c. 

S'nUis  of  SihJclm  Himalaya, — Peaches  never  ripen 
in  Sikkim,  apparently  from  the  want  of  sun  ;  the  tree 
grows  well  at  3000  to  7000  feet,  aud  flowers  abundantly, 
and  its  frnit  makes  the  nearest  appi'oach  to  maturity 
(according  to  the  elevation)  from  July  to  October.  At 
t)ai  jiling  it  follows  the  Euglish  leason,  flow^  rsin  March 
and  fruits  in  September,  when  the  scarce  reddened  and 
still  hard  fruit  falls  from  the  tree.  It  is  curious  that 
throughout  this,  the  temperate  region,  there  is  hai'dly 
an  eatable  fruit  except  the  native  Walnut.  English 
cultivated  fruits  are  extremely  poor  ;  the  native  are 
confined  to  the  Walnut,  E:ome  poor  brambles,  of  which 
the  "  yellow  "  and  "  ground  iCaspberry  "  are  the  best, 
some  insipid  Figs,  and  a  very  austere  Crab-apple.  The 
European  Apple  will  hardly  ripen,  the  Pear  not  at  all. 
Currants  and  Qoosebarries  show  no  disposition  to 
tlirive,  and  Strawberriss,  which  grow  well,  ripen  a 
flavourless  berry.  Vines,  Figs,  Pomegranates,  Plumsj 
Apricots,  &c.,  will  not  succeed  even  as  trees.  European 
vegetables  again  grow  and  thrive  remarkably  well 
throughout  the  summer  of  Darjiling,  and  the  produce 
is  very  fair,  sweet  and  good,  but  inferior  in  flavour  to 
the  English.  Of  tropical  fruits  cultivated  below  4000 
feet  the  Orange  and  Banana  alone  are  frequent,  with 
Lemons  of  various  kinds.  The  season  for  these  is,  how- 
ever, very  short :  that  of  the  Plantain  might  with  care  be 
prolonged,  but  the  fruit,  as  I  havo  said  above,  is  poor  ; 
Oranges  abound  in  winter,  aud  are  excellent  in  flavour, 
but  neitiier  so  large  nor  free  of  white  pulp  as  those  of 
South  America,  the  West  Indies,  or  west  coast  of 
Africa,  Mangoes  are  brought  from  the  plains  ;  they  do 
not  thrive  in  the  valleys  ;  aud  though  I  liave  seen  the 
Pine-app'e  plant,  I  never  met  with  its  fruit.  A  singular 
and  ahuost  total  absence  of  the  light  aud  heat  of  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  in  the  fruiting  season  is  the  cause 
of  this  dearth.  Both  tho  farmer  and  orchard  gardener 
know  full  well  in  England  the  valno  of  a  bright  sky  as 
well  as  of  a  warm  autumnal  atmosphere.  Without 
this  corn  does  not  ripen,  aud  the  fruit  trees  are  blighted. 
The  winter  of  the  plains  of  India  being  more  analogous 
in  its  di,9tribution  of  moisture  and  heat  to  a  European 
summer,  such  fruits  as  tlie  Peach,  Vine,  and  even 
Plum,  the  Fig,  Straw!*  rry,  &c,,  may  be  brought 
to  bear  well  in  March  to  April  aud  May,  if  they 
are  only  carefully  attended  through  tho  previous 
hot  and  damp  seasons,  which  is,  in  respect  to 
the  functions  of  flowering  and  fruiting,  their  winter. 
Menco  it  appears  that,  though  some  English  fruits  will 
turn  the  winter  solstico  of  India  (November  to  May) 
into  summer,  and  then  flower  and  fruit,  neither  these 
nor  others  will  thrive  in  the  summer  of  7000  feet  on  tho 
outer  Himalaya,  thougli  its  temperature  so  nearly 
approaches  ttiat  of  Eiiglaml,  by  reason  of  tho  accumu- 
lated evils  of  its  oxcesaivo  rains  and  fogs.  Further, 
they  are  often  exposed  toa  winter's  cold  no  loss  rigorous 
tlian  the  average  of  that  of  London,  tho  snow  lying  for 
a  week  on  tiio  ground,  and  tho  thorinomi-ter  descending 
to  25  ',  It  ia  true  that  in  no  caso  is  tho  oKlremo  of  cold 
so  groat  hero  aa  in  England,  but  it  is  snllicient  to  check 
vegetation,  and  to  [n'ovont  fruit  troca  flowering  till  they 
aro  fruiting  in  tho  plains.  Thcro  is  in  this  a  groat  dif- 
ference between  tho  ulimato  of  tho  central  and  eastern 
and  western  Himalaya,  at  equal  clovatioiis.  In  tho 
cantcrn  (Kumin>n,  &,c,)  tho  winters  aro  colder  and  more 
comfortless  than  in  Sikliim — tho  aummors  warmer  and 
leys  Immid.  Tho  rainy  suason  \h  Bhortor,  and  tho  sun 
uhinos  80  much   nioro  frequently  through   tho  heavy 


616 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


shoi>'cis  tllat  the  Apple  and  otlier  fruits  are  brought  to 
a  much  better  state.  It  is  true  that  the  rain  gauge  may 
show  a  greatei-  fall  there,  but  this  is  no  measure  of  the 
humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  and  still  less  so  of  the 
amount  of  the  sun's  direct  light  and  heat  intercepted  by 
aqueous  vapour.  It  takes  no  account  of  the  quantity  of 
moisture  suspended  in  the  air,  uor  of  the  depositions 
from  fogs,  which  .^re  far  more  fatal  to  the  perfecting  of 
fruits  than  the  heaviest  brief  sliowera.  In  the  v.illey  of 
Nepal,  Mr.  Hodgson  informs  me  that  at  4000  feet  the 
Apple,  though  flavourless,  ripens  well  and  is  a  good 
fruit,  as  are  two  varieties  of  tlie  European  Fig  ;  but 
these  ripen  at  the  same  seasons  as  they  do  in  the  plains, 
the  winters  being  so  mild  that  snow  is  rare,  and  never 
lies.  There,  however,  the  Plantain  and  Mango  do  not 
vipen,  nor  the  Orange  always.  It  is  too  warm  for 
Gooseberries,  Currants,  and  Raspberries,  and  too  rainy 
for  the  Vine.  Apricots  may  be  produced  with  care,  but 
jaeldom  Peaches.  The  Indian  solstices,  which  are  marked 
by  one  season  of  excessive  drought,  and  the  other  of 
.excessive  humidity,  can  never  be  favourable  to  a  copious 
fruit  market.  The  obstacles  to  the  production  of  good 
European  fruits,  either  in  the  plains  or  hills,  are  mani- 
fest, nor  do  the  tropical  kinds  flourish  as  in  other 
quarters  of  the  globe,  where  the  seasons  are  not -so 
contr.is^ed.  Hence  there  is  not  one  good  fruit  peculiar 
to  the  country,  and  perhaps  but  one  which  arrives  at 
full  perfection  ;  namely,  the  Mango.  The  Plantains 
are  good,  so  are  the  Oranges  and  Pine-apples,  but  are 
less  abundant,  and  of  inferior  itinds,  and  remain  a 
shorter  se.asou  in  perfection  than  they  do  in  most  other 
equally  warm  climates.  Wlio  that  has  walked  the  fruit- 
markets  of  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  or  Western 
Africa,  hai  not  been  struck  with  the  profusion  of  all  the 
above  fruits  throughout  the  year,  and  of  many  more 
besides,  which  are  unknown  to  India  2  Dr.  Hooker,  in 
ihe  Journal  of  the  Horticidlural  Society. 

Messrs.  Loddvjes'  Plants. — The  following  circular 
has  been  issued  since  our  last: — "  Hackney,  8th  Sept., 
1852.  The  Crystal  Palace  Company  having  purchased 
our  collection  of  plants,  we  are  unable  to  e.^ecute  any 
fui'ther  orders.  Tendering  our  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments for  the  kind  and  liberal  patronage  bestowed  upon 

our   house   during  so  many  years,  we  are,   &c, C. 

Loddiges  and  Sons."  We  congratulate  the  Crystal 
Palace  Comp.any  upon  their  having  'become  the  pro- 
prietors of  this  matchless  collection. 

Mr.   Linden's  Orchids What  kind  of  prices  these 

realised  may  be  gleaned  from  the  following  :  — Epiden- 
drum  macrochilum  roseum,  fetched  \l.  4s.;  E.Sceptrum, 
11.  &s.  ;  E.  vitelhnum,  21.  16s.;  Odontoglossum  hasti- 
labium,  21.  ;  0.  najvium,  from  M.  3s.  to  Zl.  5s. ;  0. 
Pescatorei,  61.  ;  Brasavola  Digbyaua,  21.  6s.  ;  Anguloa 
purpurea,  from  il.  IBs.  to  Bl.  15s.  ;  A.  sp.  nova,  21.  6s.  ; 
A.  Ruckeri,  21.  15s.  ;  a  supposed  new  Cattleya  from 
Michoacan,from  21.  4s.  to  SI.  3s. ;  Galeandra  Funckiana, 
61.  ;  and  Oncidium  candelabrum,  SI.  5s.  The  number 
of  lots  in  all  was  156, 


[Sept.  25, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

(For  the  ensuing  U'eeJc.) 
— t —  " 
PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
'The  conservatory  will  still  be  kept  gay  by  fresh  in- 
troductions of  plants  in  bloom,  and  the  removal  of  such 
as  begin  to  decay.  It  will,  however,  not  be  desirable  to 
overcrowd  the  house  at  this  season  of  the  year,  as  the 
permanent  inmates  will  require  to  have  all  the  light  and 
ah'  possible,  to  effect  the  ripening  of  their  wood.  The 
climbiug  plants  in  tins  and  other  houses  should  like- 
wise have  a  weekly  regulation,  shortening  back  the 
sTioots  going  out  of  bloom,  and  training  the  remainder 
in  a  suitable  manner,  to  effect  a  free  natural  habit. 
Climbing  plants  in  pots,  as  Keunedyas,  Hardenbergias. 
&c.,  should  likewise  be  neatly  tied  to  their  trellises, 
and  exposed  to  a  good  share  of  light.  The  borders  in 
ttie  conservatory  will  require  less  water,  and  this  should 
be  still  further  reduced  as  the  days  shorten,  making  a 
difference,  however,  with  strong  rooting  plants,  which 
will  require  larger  quantities  than  others.  The  buds  of 
Camellias,  where  too  thick,  should  be  thinned  out 
according  to  the  strength  of  the  plantj ;  water  such  as  have 
not  been  recently  potted  with  clear  soot-water,  which 
will  help  them  to  perfect  good-sized  flowers.  A  batch 
of  Hoses  having  had  a  short  rest  may  now  be  placed  in  a 
light  pit,  for  after  removal  to  the  plant-houses  ordrawing- 
rooms,  they  will  be  useful  after  the  out-door  ones  are  over. 
For  a  number  which  is  useful  we  recommend  the 
following  as  blooming  very  late  :  Devoniensis,  Elise 
Sauvage,  Goubault,  and  Smith's  Yellow  ;  and  Scarlet 
Odoratft,  among  the  "  Teas."  Most  of  the  Perpetuals 
and  Bourbons  should  likewise  be  grown — Gcant  des 
Batailles  particularly  so,  and  the  dwarf  miniature  Roses 
arc  pretty  objects  for  the  drawing-room,  when  grown 
in  pots.  A  portion  of  the  stock  of  Chrysanthemums 
should  be  placed  under  glass,  to  forward  them  ;  thin  out 
the  bloom  buds,  and  water  with  liquid  manure.  In 
arranging  Pelargoniums  for  the  winter,  allow  them  the 
lightest  and  warmest  end  of  the  house,  unless  there  is  a 
separate  house  for  them,  when  the  Fancies  should  have 
the  best  end  ;  keep  them  close  to  the  glass,  and  do  not 
allow  them  to  touch  each  other ;  those  cut  back  late 
may  yet  be  shaken  from  tlieir  old  soil  and  repotted, 
placing  them,  however,  in  a  slight  bottom  heat  after- 
wards, to  facilitate  their  quick  rooting  ;  cuttings  struck 
should  be  potted  at  once,  if  not  done  previously.  Let 
the  greatest  cleanliness  be  carried  out  in  every  house. 
The  pots  should  be  frequently  washed  on  the  outside,  and 
H10S3  prevented  from  growing  on  the  surface  soil.    Make 


it  a  rule  to  clean  out  each  house  after  the  morning's 
watering,  that  they  may  get  dry  early  in  the  forenoon. 
Specimen  plants  should  be  frequently  turned  round,  to 
prevent  their  becoming  one-sided.  Keep  only  moderate 
fires  to  stove  plants  at  this  season. 

FOIICIN&  DEPARTMENT. 

ViKERV. — Where  it  is  intended  to  begin  forcing  next 
month,  pruniug  should  no  longer  be  delayed,  that  the 
cuts  may  have  time  to  heal  before  the  sap  rises.  The 
borders  should  be  covered,  a  week  or  two  previous  to 
putting  on  the  sashes,  with  some  dry  material  to  retain 
the  heat,  for  which  dry  leaves  neatly  covered  over  and 
protected  from  rains  will  answer.  As  the  natural  heat 
of  the  border  declines  (which  will  be  very  slow  under 
the  above  conditions),  a  portion  of  fermenting  materials 
may  be  added  to  promote  a  regular  action  to  the  roots. 
After  pi'uning,  the  rough  bark  should  be  rubbed  off  and 
the  Vines  dressed  with  a  mixture  of  soft  soap,  sulphur, 
and  tobacco  watei*,  diluting  it  with  water  to  a  medium 
strength.  Unless  the  Vines  are  much  infested  this 
dressing  need  not  be  done  till  the  sashes  are  put  on. 
Brush  the  composition  well  into  the  crevices,  and  have 
it  of  a  proper  consistence  to  adhere  to  the  stem  for  some 
time.  Vines  started  by  the  middle  of  October  may  be 
expected  to  ripen  their  crop  by  the  beginning  of  April. 
Peacb-house. — Take  ever^-  opportunity  of  removing 
t\\e  ripe  leaves  and  liberating  tiie  shoots.  The  cool 
nights  will  now  prove  of  the  greatest  advantage  in 
ripening  and  hardening  the  young  wood.  It  would 
prove  of  great  benefit  to  Peach  borders  if  they  could  be 
protected  from  heavy  autumnal  rains,  which,  by  soaking 
the  borders,  keep  up  a  growth  at  the  root  longer  than 
is  favourable  for  the  thorough  ripening  of  the  wood. 
The  game  remarks  apply  equally  to  late  Vinery  borders. 
/LOWER  GAltDEN  AND  SHRDBBERY. 

Where  extensive  alterations  are  in  contemplation, 
involving  the  planting  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs, 
no  time  should  be  lost  in  commencing  operations,  from 
the  present  time  to  the  middle  of  November  being  the 
most  favourable  season  for  planting  the  above.  The 
transplanting  of  large  trees  and  shrubs  is  now  become 
so  general  and  well  understood,  that  a  detail  of  the 
practice  is  unnecessary.  We  would,  however,  remind 
our  readers  that  a  considerable  part  of  their  future 
success  will  depend  on  each  plant  being  furnished 
with  a  suitable  soil,  and  the  stagnation  of  water  round 
their  roots  prevented  by  proper  drainage.  Where  large 
masses  of  soil  are  prepared  for  the  plants,  as  in  the  case 
of  large  trees,  the  mounds  will  require  being  made  up 
to  a  sufficient  height  above  the  general  level  to  allow 
for  sinking.  Trees  look  aud  thrive  best  when  growing 
on  slight  elevations  ;  but  this  rule  on  dry  soils  may 
easily  be  carried  too  far.  As  the  planting  proceeds, 
mulch  with  short  Grass  or  litter  for  a  good  space  round 
each,  and  where  the  plants  are  large,  a  hay-band  wound 
rouud  the  principal  stem  and  branches  is  of  benefit ; 
the  plants  should  be  well  watered  in,  but  the  natural 
rains  will  generally  suffice  afterwards,  with  occasional 
sprinklings  over-head  in  dry  weather.  Tall  trees  should 
be  secui'cly  staked,  to  prevent  rocking  by  the  wind. 
Bring  to  a  close  the  pruning  of  evergreens,  that  the 
wounds  may  have  time  to  heal  before  winter.  Cuttings 
of  many  kinds  may  be  still  put  in.  Our  previous 
directions  respecting  the  necessity  of  increased  vigi- 
lance in  keeping  every  part  in  order  should  be  acted 
upon,  especially  now  the  fall  of  the  leaf  and  the  general 
decay  of  summer  flowers  render  them  imperative  in 
well-kept  places. 

FLORISTS'    FLOWERS. 

Give  Tulip  bulbs  a  thorough  revision,  as  the  time  for 
planting  is  rapidly  drawing  near:  i*emove  the  offsets,  to 
be  planted  by  themselves  as  soon  as  the  bed  is  prepared 
for  them  aud  the  weather  suitable.  From  the  last 
year's  collection  of  offsets  very  nice  maiden  or  un- 
bloomed  bulbs  may  be  obtained  to  add  to  the  main  bed  : 
these  will  usually  bloom  cleaner  than  older  ones.  We 
would  advise  a  more  strict  scrutiny  as  to  purity  of  base 
and  stamens  ;  for  we  find,  especially  in  the  north,  that 
flowers  of  the  most  awkward  shape  and  gross  impurity 
are  allowed  to  win  at  many  exhibitlous  ;  for  instance. 
Sable  Rex,  Potter's  Albion,  Lustre  des  Beautes,  Due 
de  Savoy,  &c.,  still  figure  conspicuously  in  their 
prize  lists.  These,  with  us  in  the  south,  have  been 
doomed  flowers  years  ago.  Draw  the  soil  round  the 
crowns  of  Dahlias,  where  not  effectually  covered  ;  look 
over  the  plants,  and  collect  any  heads  of  seed 
which  may  be  ready,  choosing  a  dry  day.  Continue 
to  pot  layers  of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  taking 
care  that  the  soil  is  well  freed  from  wireworm  and 
injurious  insects  by  hand  picking;  those  layers  which 
are  not  sufficiently  rooted  should  be  placed  under  hand- 
glasses on  gentle  heat,  four  layers  in  a  pot;  if  planted 
firmly,  close  to  the  sides,  they  will  speedily  become 
established. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Take  the  opportunity  of  dry  days,  to  earth  up  Celery 
and  Cardoons,  if  the  latter  are  grown,  and  to  tie  up  Lettuce 
and  Endive  for  blanching;  house  immediately  late 
Onions,  and  keep  them  in  well  ventilated  sheds  ;  Cauli- 
flowers now  showing  their  heads  should  have  a  few 
leaves  turned  over,  to  protect  them  from  frost.  Clear 
off  crops  as  they  are  gathered,  and  dig  up  the  ground  for 
future  use;  prepare  a  piece  of  ground  in  a  sheltered 
situation  for  hand-glass  Cauliflowers.  When  Tomatoes 
are  late  in  ripening,  place  spare  sashes  before  them,  to 
assist  in  getting  them  in  ;  finish  taking  up  Potatoes, 
and  if  they  are  dry,  pit  or  store  them  away  directly, 
as  we  find  exposing  them  to  the  air  increases  the 
disposition  to  rot. 


STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
For  the  week  ending  Sept.  23,  ISrl.  atobBervedat  the  HorticaltaralQardenB, 


TlVPBBtTDElII. 

-< 

o 
1 
3 

Babouitib. 

Wind. 

Sept. 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

Uu. 

Mln.    'Wex. 

MiQ. 

JMean 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep.    deep. 

FrWay.. 

17 

29.8)9 

29.8n 

fi" 

37 

49.5 

h\\ 

54) 

E. 

.Oil 

Satur. .. 

29.643 

29.2J6 

fiS 

ft3 

69j 

54^ 

ftlA 

K 

29.639 

29.263 

63 

RR 

N  K 

::o 

J' 

£9.593 

29..^3 1 

56 

S3 

S  V. 

7    30.164 

2D.fi(l5 

57 

34 

45  5 

55 

54 

W. 

01 

8'   30.(17  1  30.370 

62 

47 

51.5 

ftS 

&3 

w. 

nn 

9    30.46-2      30.4i7  1     66 

43 

54.5 

51 

51 

w. 

.00 

Averaice 

'  29.967    '  29.75:*      CS.O      43.1 

53.0   1   547    '  54.3 

Ml 

Sept. 

17 

-s 

light  ioi 

with  coltl  aad 

tiesvy 

lew;  V 

ry  fiae 

;  clear 

andcc 

Id. 

—  18  -Fokkv  ;  con^tiot  heavy  rain  ,  clear  at  Di<ht, 

—  19  -Cloudy;  UQironuly  ovdrcast;  cold  at  oight. 

—  20— Slight  rain;  ehowery  ;  clear. 

—  Sl-BoiBtcrous  with  rain;  cloudy;  clear  and  cold  at  niKbt. 

—  23-C!eftr;  veryliii»;  cloudy;  overcast 

—  23— Overcast;     very   fine;   low  fog  at  night;    barometer  steadily 

very  hla;h. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  week.  3j  de;.  below  the  average. 
« 

STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  AT  CIJISWrCK, 
During  the  last  26  yjara,  for  the  ennulug  week,  endinj  Oct  1,  13J2. 


Sao  day  26 

Mon  27 

Tues.  28 

Wed.  29 

Tbura.  30 

Friday  l 

Satur.  2 


46.2 
45.2 
41.0 
4'>.3 
44.1 
42.9 
415 


No  of 
Tears  in 
which  it 

Eaiaed. 


Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 


Prevailiag  Winda, 


i  4   4;  1   4   6'  1 


3    2    2,6632 


The  hizheat  temperature  dudnijr  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  26th 
1S28 ;  26ih.  27th,  2'Jth -therm,  79  deg.;  and  the  loweW  oa  the  27ih,  1323— 
therm.  21  deg. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

Books:  Mary  Ann.  Any  bookseller  can  procure  it  for  you,  if  ho 
chaoses.     We  never  recommend  dealers. { 

BHiTian  Pomology:  Youjigsier.  Your  letter  haa  been  sent  to 
Mr,  Hogg,  who  will,  no  doubt,  give  it  due  attention  + 

Cdcombsbs  :  J  P  WilUoii.  Your  Bpecimen  v^as  a3  parTect  a 
one  as  we  ever  saw  ;  and  as  good  as  it  was  handsome.  Bat 
it  seem-i  to  have  something  of  the  "Smyrna"  in  it,  which 
some  gardeners,  with  whom  we  disagree,  disapprove  of. 
They  think  prickles  necessary— In  order,  we  presume,  that 
they  may  have  the  pleasure  of  paring  them  off. 

FiLBEETS  :  Omega.  Cut  off  the  tops  as  you  propose.     The  trees 
should  be  kept  strictly  to  a  single  stem,   and  spurred  like  a 
Currant  buah.     You  will  find  the  pruning  and  mauftgemenl -j 
of  Filberts,  in  full  detail,  in  the  vol.  for  1650,  p.  101.    Plant  1 
itnmediately  the  leaves  have  fallen. || 

Fir  Insects:  Abiss.  The  coccus  of  the  Apple,  and  of  the  hot- 
houses,  perishes  instantly  if  touched  with  spirit  of  wine,  or 
spirit  of  tar.  So  will  the  Chermea  Pini.  But  will  these  trees 
themselves  bear  the  spirit  ?  and  if  they  could,  would  not  the 
expense  be  too  great  ?  You  should  try  a  branch  with  spirit 
of  tar  and  ascertain  the  fact :  having  done  which  you  will 
perhaps  report  to  us.  A  solution  of  soft  soap  in  tobacco- 
water,  applied  with  a  syringe,  is  used  with  success  in  many 
cases,  but  its  action  ia  by  no  means  bo  searchiug  as  that  of 
spirit  of  tar. 

Heating  :  DerhysUre.  One  l-iach  pipe  made  to  pass  along  one 
side,  and  to  return  along  the  other,  of  your  chamber,  will 
give  you  heat  enoueh.  Let  your  pipes  be  a  footbelow  the  stones. 

HoESE-EADisa  :  JC  YZ  will  thank  florae  of  our  readers  to  in- 
form him  what.is  the  best  plan  of  eradicating  **  Horse-radish.'* 
He  has  already  more  in  his  garden  than  is  required,  and  it 
has  begun  to  Invade  the  neighbouring  beds. 

HoETicDLTDBAL  SociETT  :  Derbyshire.  We  do  not  agree  with  yoa 
in  opinion.  Subjects  of  exhibitions  must  wait  their  turn. 
What  is  excluded  this  year  may  be  admitted  another.  There 
is  not  room  for  everything  at  once.  Apples  the  most  neglected 
of  fruits  !     What  can  you  mean  ? 

HoRT.  Soc .  Feoit  Cat.  :  J  C  This  is  the  best  known  authority 
for  fruits.  Your  informant  has  probably  a  better  opinion  of 
his  knowledge  than  we  should  entertain. 

Insects:  Y  Z.  The  ca:erpillar  you  inquire  about  is  most  pro- 
bably that  of  the  swallow-tailed  moth  (Ourapteryi  aambu- 
caria),  belonging  to  the  family  GeometridiB,  so  named  from 
the  geometrical  mode  in  which  the  caterpillars  restaud 
walk.   W. 

Names  of  Fbdits  ;  J  D.  Apple 8 :  1,  Trumpington,  or  Eve- 
Apple  ;  2,  Scarlet  Crofton  ;  5,  Minchall  Crab.  Puars  :  1,  Man- 
Buettej  2,  4,  6, 16,  Passe  Colmar ;  5,  Qlout  Morceau  ;  7,  Brown 
Beurre  ;  8,  Duchesse  d'Angouleme  ;  H,  21,  Beurre  Dtel ; 
17,  Beurre  Ranca  ;  20,  Marie  Louise.  Plum  :  B.  white  round 
Damfliin.  Peach:  C,  Late  Admirable. |l—(?tt(ata<!  1,  Hoary 
Morning;  2,  Aiiame' Pearmaln. 11—3/5'.  1,  Duchesse  d'Angoa- 
leme  ;  4,  Easter  Beurre  ;  5,  6,  Beurre  Diel ;  7,  St.  Germain. 
Apple;  Fearn's  Pippin.y— TA  M.  1,  Crassane  ; 2,  Louise  Bonne 
(of  Jersey) ;  3,  Glout  Morceau  ;  4,  Williams"  Bon  Chre.ien.U 
A  Young  Gardener.  Your  Peach  is  the  Late  Admirable.]]  — 
W  S.  The  Pear  is  Williams'  Bon  ChrStien,  and  the  Peach  is 
the  Noblesse.ll 

Naues  of  Plants  :  Z.  Clavaria  cristata. — A,  S,  Corydalis 
bulbosa  is  hardy,  so  is  Erinosma  verna  Hdr&ert  (aliai  Leu. 
coium  vernum) ;  the  two  others  are  tender. — F  R.  It  is 
Vallota  purpurea. — A  B  D.  Hypnum  proliferum.  2.  Bryum 
ligulatum. — J  S.  Perncttya  mucrouata ;  are  not  its  piak 
berries  very  pretty  ? 

Portland  Cement:  J  C.  Beautiful  looking  walks  may  he 
made  with  this  material.  Ko  weeds  will  come  on  them  ;  they 
will  stand  any  degree  of  frost.  As  to  price  of  materials,  for 
that  you  must  consult  the  merchants  who  deal  in  the  article. 
Plaster  of  Parts  is  not  suited  for  making  garden  walks^ 
independently  of  its  bad  colour.    It  is  uocu  too  soft, 

PoTAiJEs  :  H  M.  You  can  replant  now,  but,  to  make  the  ex- 
periment perfect,  the  tubers  should  not  hare  been  taken 
up.  Perhaps  you  may  as  well  stop  till  next  seaioii. — An 
Amateur.  Peat  charcoal  is  peat  charred.  Peat  pulverised  ia 
peat  separated  from  the  fibre  and  not  charred.  The  difi'ar- 
ence  is  of  the  same  nature  as  roast  beef  and  raw  beef. 
One  cannot  be  substituted  for  the  other. 

Raspbebeies:  IKC  Largefruitbeiogyourobject,  it  will  notba 
advisable  to  leave  more  than  four  canes  to  each  plant.  Trim 
off  the  laterals,  shorten  and  train  the  shoots  in  January.il 

Sali^ift  and  Scobzoneba:  W  T  B.  Scorzonera  has  the 
broadest  leaf.  The  leaves  of  Salsify  resemble  Leeks  at  a 
dis'iiiice,  and  its  roots  are  white ;  those  of  Scorzonera  are 
black  outside.  Your  crop  having  run  to  seed,  the  roots  will 
not  be  good.  Although  they  have  done  so,  we  do  not  suppose 
that  therefore  seed  saved  from  them  will  produce  plants 
npt  to  run,  if  sown  at  the  proper  season.  Salsify  is  the 
Tragopogon  porrifolius ;  the  other  is  the  Scorzonera 
hispanica  H 

TuE  Osage  Obanoe  :  Sdbina.  It  is  a  tree  called  Madura 
aurautiaca;  we  never  heard  ]of  its  fruiting  in  this  country. 
Perhaps  you  may  obtain  it  of  Messrs.  Osborne  and  Co.,  of 
Fulbam.  No  doubt  it  will  ripen  at  Genoa,  for  it  is  regardless 
of  winter's  cold  and  greedy  of  summer  heat. 

Vinegab  Plant:  (r  A' J/ states  that  if  TAM  will  furnish  ua 
with  his  address,  he  will  be  happy  to  communicate  respecting  } 
the  fuDgus  asked  about,  and  will  give  ever;  iaformatioa  i 
wished  for  belonging  to  it. 


39— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


617 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
V-/  It  being  notorious  that  6stensi?e  adQlteratious   of  this 
MA.NUR£  are  atill  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  lilPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Goverameat  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

bay  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  aecurity,  aod,  in  addition  to  particular 
atwntion  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
we'I  to  remind  buyers  that— 

Tkt  lowest  wholesale  price  at  wJtick  sound  Peruvian 
Qua)io  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS. per  ton,  less  2^-  per  cent. 

Auy  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
eUher  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Soperphoaphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolltes  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  Wiiliam-street,  City,  London. 
N,B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Amtnonla,  91.  lOa.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5$.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheut  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
acii  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quaptity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 

EDWiKD  PoRSES,  Sec,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London, 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
Increasing  the  Uie  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR- 
COAL, im^iregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
sorbed, aud  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Charcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge, 
Fulhaoi,  Middlesex,  at  60s,  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  2^.  6d.  per 
balf  cwt. 


LINSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  English,  Rape 
Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Maek  FoiHEHGiLL,  201  A,  Upper  Tnames-street,  London. 


SEED    WHEAT. 

THE  HYBRID  WHEAT,  a  new  variety,  which 
obtained  the  Prize  Medal  of  the  Great  Exhibition,  is  now 
offered  for  sale  by  Mr.  R.  Ratnbird,  of  Heograre,  near  Bury 
St.  Edmunds,  Suffolk.  Puce  60s.  per  quarter,  to  includw  sacks 
and  delivery  to  the  Bury  St.  Edmunds  Station  of  the  Eastern 
Union  Railway.  The  collection  of  specimens  of  Hybrid  Wheat 
stiown  by  Mr.  H.  Ratnbibd  is  highly  spoken  of  ia  the  Reports 
of  the  Juries  of  the  Great  Exhibition,  Class  III.,  page  51,  and 
aatiifactory  letters  have  been  received  from  genileinen  to  whom 
-seed  was  supplied  last  year.  Further  particulars  will  be  sent 
upoa  application  to  Mr.  Ratnbihd,  of  Hengrave,  or  to  Mr, 
3.  Rainhied,  of  Laverstoke,  near  Andover-road,  Hants. 


M'CORMICICS  PATENT  AMERICAN  REAPER 
has  received  numerous  Prizes  during  the  preaentseason  ; 
amongst  others,  the  award  of  the  Jury  appointed  by  the  R.  A. 
College  at  Circncister,  after  nink  days'  trial  upon  all  kinds  of 
cropa  and  in  aU  weather.  —  "Wintou'a  Parke**  celebrated 
■6:eel  Digging  Forks,  as  recommended  by  Mr.  Mechi  :  they  save 
full  20  per  ceot.  in  labour  ;  th-y  obtained  the  Silver  Medal  at 
the  R.  A,  Society's  Show  at  Leaves,  the  Ist  prize  at  the  Royal 
iforkshire  Show  at  Sheffi-ild,  Ist  prize  at  Galway,  and  also  at 
the  Royal  Dublin  Show.— Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn 
hfts  received  the  prize  at  every  Meeting  where  it  has  been 
-eihitrited,  loclnding  those  of  the  tt.  A.  Society  at  Eieter,  Great 
Exhibition,  and  at  Lewe.— Urwin'a  Force  and  Lift  Pump,  par- 
ticularly adapted  fur  Liquid  Manure.  Mr.  Mechi  has  oneiu  use, 
aod  it  i»  working  to  perfectivjn.  Kase'fl  Force  aod  Suction 
Pump,  well  suited  for  a  Farm  Fire  Engine  or  Liquid  Manure 
Pump  ;  it  is  by  far  the  cheapest  and  most  effective  Purap  now 
oat.  Galvanised  Iron  Lift  Pumps  at  a  very  motlerate  price. 
Qatta  Percha  Pumps,  Gutta  Fercha  Tubiog  for  Liquid  Manure 
and.  Garden  purposes,  Gutta  Percha  Driving  Bands  for 
Machinery,  Waterproof  Canvas  Hose  coated  with  Gutta  Peicha, 
for  Liquid  Manure.  Leather  Hose  and  Bands.  Richmond 
and  Cnandler's  Improved  Scroll  ivuif'o  Chaff  Machine  has 
obtained  the  prize  it  the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewea,  and 
at  every  other  show  this  season.  Starbuck'^  American  Pluugbs, 
Grain  Bruiser*,  anl  every  kind  of  Agricultural  Implement 
told  by 
BURGESS  <fe  K^,Y,  103,  NEWGATE-STREET,  LONDON. 


THE  DORSETSHIRE  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE 
li£PUOVE«ENT  OF  DOMliSTIC  PUULTKY.-The  first 
ExhtbitioD  of  this  AeBOciation  will  be  held  iu  Dorchester  on 
THURSDAY,  the  lS:h  of  November,  1S52,  open  to  all 
Koglsnd.  Prize  Llst-t,  Forma  of  Entry,  and  the  Rules  of  the 
AJtociatioQ  may  hi  had  on  forwarding  six  peony  postage 
Btampa  to  the  Hyn  jrary  Secretary.  Entries  to  be  made  {on  the 
Tormt  ooly),  on  or  bct'ore  tho  Ist  of  October, 
Dorcbeittr,  Doriet.  G.  J.  AMonEwa,  Hon.  Sec. 


QTEI'HENSO.N"  and  PEILL,  CI,  Gracechurch-street, 

O  London,  and  17,  Sew  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
turer* of  Copp«r  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILER'4.  and  Connerv-itory  and  Ilothuuie  Builders,  either 
la  wood  or  iron,  re«p«ctfully  cull  the  utteution  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nuricrjoien  to  their  uimple  but  effleacloua  method 
of  warmiott  Horticultural  and  oth<ir  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  cxteriiive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
tho  highe*t  respectability  cau  be  gircu,  and  lull  particulars 
furnUhed  on  appllcatioo. 


C LARSON'S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
■^  PAIN  r,  especially  patronised  by  tho  British  and  other 
Oovernmcn's,  the  (Ion,  East  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Conipanl'ji,  most  public  bodlen,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Oentry,  and  Clority,  for  out-door  work  nt  their  country  scatH. 
Tho  Antl-Corrofl'tn  In  particularly  recommcniled  as  tho  moat 
durable  oiit-d-ior  Paint  ever  lovt-nted,  for  tho  preservation  of 
•very  description  of  Iron,  Wo  id,  Stone,  Brick,  Compo,  Cement, 
itc,  work,  as  ban  bean  proved  by  the  prncllcut  tbst  ol  upwards 
4f  60  years,  and  by  the  oumorous  (hotwijcn  r>r>i>  and  H  if)}  testl- 
mool&li  lo  Its  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  In 
society  of  those  who  have  given  thorn,  have  nuvcr  yet  boon 
cqiuUed  by  anjthlog  of  tho  kind  hitherto  brought  bttforu  tho 
yabllc  notice, 

LUu  of  Colo>]ri,  with  Prices.  toKcthor  with  a  Copy  of  tho 
TMtlmonUls,  whl  be  sent  on  application  to  Waltkh  CAitsonund 
Bow.  No.  9,  Or«U  W'ioch«slcr.strtot  Old  IJroad-s'.ru'jt.  Uo>uI 
Kichang*.  London.— Nj  Ajfeutt.  All  oriurs  are  particularly 
r«quMt*d  to  be  scut  direct. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
STEEL  DIGGING  F0aR3, -Boyd's  Scythe  ie  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith ;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Oardeners'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it :— "  We  gladly  sta.te  that  Mr.  Boyd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement."— G.  C,  I5th  May,  185'-'.  The 
Steel  Digging  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Air.  Mecbi : 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  othur  implement  for  digging.  They  eff^-'ct  a  saving  of 
nearly  60  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Deay  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  aud  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HR.  SMITHE,  of  Eastling,  Faversham,  Kent, 
•  informs  the  public  that  hia  mixtures  of  the  Natural 
Gra-^scs  and  small  Clovers,  gathered  principally  under  his 
superintendence,  including  every  sort  necessary  to  form  a 
Permanent  Pasture,  accordant  with  the  soil,  itc.  (which  should 
be  particularly  stated),  are  now  ready  to  be  delivered  by 
Railway  to  any  Station  iu  England,  carriage  free,  at  23^-.  per 
acre,  allowiug  3  bushels  per  acre  ;  Mixturan  for  Lawns.  Ac. 


GALVANISED     WIRE      GAMK      NETTING.- 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japanned 
iaed.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide    ...    7d.  per  yd.    6d.  per  yd. 
2-inch     „      etrong  „  ...    9      „  61     „ 

2-inch      „      extra  strong     „  ...  12      ,,  9       „ 

I|-inch      „       light  ,,  ...     8      ,,  C        ,> 

1^-inch     ,,      strong  „  ...  10      „  8       „ 

l|-inch      ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  14      „  11       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
dd.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BaRNARO  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  In  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


^fve  ^gricultutsl  ^untHi 

SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  25^  1852. 


MEETING  FOtt  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
TnuEBDAT,     Sept.    30-isriculturdl  Im[i.  Society  of  Ireland. 


The  information  wliich  has  been  acquireii  by  this 
year's  experience  of  the  reaping  machine  will,  no 
lioubt,  suffice  for  the  instruction  of  both  farmers  and 
agricultural  implement  makers  against  another 
season.  Certainly,  there  is  many  a  machine  now 
regularly  ami  successfully  at  work  in  our  mills  and 
manufactories,  which  did  not  at  first  promise  or 
perform  so  well  as  any  of  the,  many  forms  of  reap- 
ing machines  which  have  this  season  been  tried  ; 
and  however  many  acres  may  have  been  mangled 
and  injured  by  our  first  bungled  attempts  at  harvest 
by  machinery,  the  experience  of  the  season  certainly 
sanctions  the  hope  of  ultimate  success. 

The  only  source  of  doubt  on  the  subject  exists  in 
the  fact,  that  no  expressions  of  confidence  in  our 
present  reaping  machines  have  exceeded  in  force 
what  fell  from  competent  judges  more  than  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago,  in  reference  to  the  attempts  which 
had  then  been  made,  but  which,  nevertheless,  have 
for  all  that  time  resulted  in  nothing.  But  no  such 
general  excitement  on  the  subject  existed  .then  as 
has  now  been  produced.  Besides,  the  manufacture 
of  machinery  for  agriculture  is  now  a  vastly  more 
important  business  than  it  then  was — the  firms  then 
engaged  in  it  have  more  than  quadrupled  their 
trade,  and  hive  increased  more  than  tenfold  in 
njniber — and  neither  they  nor  the  now  anxious 
farmer  will  let  a  chance  drop,  which  20  years  ago 
they  might  have  disregarded. 

The  general  result 'of  the  trials  which  have  been 
made  has  gone  in  favour  of  the  completer  machines. 
IIusskyV,  which  merely  cuts  the  corn,  Ii.as  been 
improved,  both  as  reganls  the  labour  which  it  involves 
ami  the  excellence  of  its  performance  ;  but  M'Coii- 
mii.k'h  has  gained  upon  it ;  and,  in  several  instance.s, 
Burpassed  it  in  favour. 

Thus,  one  of  the  most  important  contests  of  the 
season,  undoubtedly,  was  that  on  the  grounds  of  the 
Itoyal  Agricultural  Colluge,  at  Cireiiceslcr  ;  and  the 
judges  heaJed  'jy  Mr.  Cuiaia  IIavwaiid,  of 
Queiigeley,  ^Jloucester,  were  .as  competent  to  give 
a  tiound  verdict  as  any  who  ii.ave  biicn  callorl  upon  [ 


to  decide  on  the  relative  merits  of  the  machines  ;  and 
they  inclined  to  give  a  preference  to  the  latter. 
The  trial  extended  over  several  days  and  the  work 
done  exceeded  100  acres.  We  were  not  present  on 
the  occasion,  but  know  the  ci  ops  and  the  ground, 
and  can  testify  to  its  having  been  a  case  of  fair 
average  harvest  work.  The  conclusion  arrived  at 
was  couched  in  these  words  :  "  We  are,  therefore, 
of  opinion,  that,  of  the  two  machines,  thus  tried, 
M'CoBiMicK's  has  the  advantage  in  lightness  of 
draught,  security  of  cutting,  and  clearing  itself 
under  adverse  circumstances,  and  in  the  more 
convenient  delivery  of  the  sheaves." 

Among  the  important  facts  involved  in  this  trial 
is  the  superiority,  in  the  judgment  of  the  inspectors, 
of  the  serrated  blade  over  oscillating  knives ;  the 
stubble  appeared  neatest  after  Hussey's,  but  SJ 
bushels  per  acre  had  been  raked  off  them,  and  only 
2J-  bushels  off  M'Cokmick's  ground. 

In  Scotland,  again,  where  the  performance  of  the 
original  reaping  machine,  invented  by  Mr.  Bell, 
has  been  repeatedly  compared  with  that  of  Hussey's, 
the  former  has  in  every  case  come  off  victorious  ; 
the  position  of  the  horses  enabling  it  to  charge 
right  into  a  standing  crop,  and  the  apparatus  for 
removing  the  cut  grain,  and  laying  it  in  swathe  by 
the  side  of  the  machine,  are  the  great  points  in  its 
favour,  and  we  incline  to  believe  that  if  the  machine 
can  be  constructed  more  cheaply  than  has  hitherto 
been  the  case,  it  will  be  the  favourite  form  of  the 
reaper  another  year. 

We  give  the  particulars  of  some  further  trials  in 
another  page,  and  presume  that  we  shall  not  now 
have  occasion  to  recur  at  much  length  to  the  subject 
until  the  approach  of  the  harvest  season  of  1853. 

Everywhere  art  and  science  are  fast  triumphing 
over  the  systems  of  our  forefathers,  and  the  farther . 
our  progress  on  the  way  of  improvement  the  more 
easy  is  the  conquest  which  they  are  effecting.  In 
no  department  of  the  farm,  perhaps,  is  it  more 
necessary  to  attend  to  the  instruction  which  they 
offer  than  in  the  management  of  cows  for  dairy 
purposes  ;  for,  though  butter  and  cheese  may  be 
imported  to  supply  our  demands,  the  importation  of 
milk  or  cream  is  a  more  diificult  problem  to  solve. 

It  is  said,  that,  to  find  out  the  seat  of  the  disease 
is  to  effect  half  a  cure,  and,  accordingly,  to  point 
out  the  short- comings  of  our  present  mode  of 
managing  and  feeding  dairy  cows  would  facilitate 
a  most  important  improvement. 

The  subject  divides  itself  into  two  questions — 
food  and  treatment.  As  regards  the  former,  milk 
has  been  taken  as  the  type  of  food  for  the  whole  of 
the  mammalia,  and,  therefore,  the  proportion  of  its 
constituent  elements  should  be  attended  to  in  the 
feeding  of  milch  cows.  This  proportion  is  somewhat 
different  under  different  circumstances,  but  it  will 
be  sufficiently  near  the  truth  for  our  present  purpose 
to  say,  that  on  an  average  milk  contains  of  solids 
15  per  cent,  and  of  water  85.  The  analysis  of 
Henry  and  Chevallier  gives  the  former  a  little  less, 
and  the  latter  rather  more,  the  solid  part  being 
12.98  and  the  liquid  87.02  per  cent.  We  have 
here,  therefore,  as  a  type  of  food,  solids  and  liquids 
blended  together  in  the  above  proportion ;  and  large 
as  the  proportion  of  water  appears,  it  will  require 
rather  to  be  increased  than  otherwise,  in  the  case  of 
food  for  cattle  ;  for,  in  general,  85  per  cent,  of  water 
will  be  found  too  small. 

Blood  has  been  taken  as  another  type  of  food,  and 
it  will  be  found  that  in  the  proportion  of  its  solid 
and  liquid  portions,  and  the  general  arrangement  of 
elements,  it  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  milk. 

Natural  pasture  has  also  been  taken  as  an  example 
of  the  best  food  for  milch-cows  ;  for,whenfed  uponit, 
Ihey  give  the  largest  quantity  and  the  best  quality 
of  milk.  Now,  in  this  case,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
proportion  of  solids  and  liquids  approximate  closely 
to  that  of  milk,  and  even  that  the  different  elements 
of  the  solid  portion  stand  in  the  same  ratio  to  one 
another.  As  we  depart  from  this  arrangement 
unfavourable  consequences  are  experienced ;  for 
instance,  when  Grass  lands  are  top-dressed,  and  the 
Grass  allowed  to  get  to  some  considerable  length 
before  it  is  fed,  it  gives  a  disagreeable  raiikness  of 
flavour  to  the  milk;  and  during  rainy  weather  a 
similar  result  is  experienced.  VVe  are  all  again 
familiar  with  the  richness  of  the  flavour  of  butter 
when  cows  are  first  turned  out  to  Grass,  whether 
natural  or  artificial  ;  that  from  Rye-grass  being 
inferior  to  that  from  fine  old  pasture,  but  superior 
to  that  from  n.atural  Grass  of  an  inferior  kind.  The 
judicious  mixture  of  Grasses,  as  being  favourable  to 
good  milk,  is  a  problem  of  great  importance  to  the 
dairy  farmer. 

It  is  probably  owing  in  some  measure  to  the 
failure  of  this  due  proportion,  that  rank  pasture 
or  Grass  after  a  heavy  top-diessing  does  not  produce 
so  finely  a  flavoured  article  as  short  pasture  from  a 
soil  of  uniform  fertility  ;  for  it  will  almost  always 


618 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  25^ 


be  found  that  when  natural  Glasses  are  allowed  to 
get  to  any  length,  the  coarser  sorts  so  far  choak  the 
finer  that  we  have  not  the  same  mixturCj  and  hence 
not  the  same  quality  of  food. 

But  the  case  of  butter  from  cows  just  turned  out 
to  GrasSj  in  spring,  is  a  compound  one  involving  two 
causes  ;  for  not  only  is  there  a  change  of  food  to 
account  for  the  result,  but  a  change  of  treatment  also. 
Previous  to  taking  out  the  cow  to  Grass,  she  may 
have  been  not  only  living  on  food  of  an  inferior 
quality,  but,  as  is  too  often  the  case,  she  may  have 
been  confined  in  a  badly  ventilated  hovel  without 
exercise.  And  this  is  the  second  important  branch  of 
our  subject.  During  summer  as  well  as  winter,  cows 
require  accommodation  to  shelter  them  from  the 
extremes  of  weather.  As  near  an  approach  as  can 
be  made  to  uniformity  of  temperature  for  the  cows 
•aplenty  of  pure  air — and  sufficiency  of  exercise,  are, 
with  the  supply  of  appropriate  food,  the  elements  of 
successful  practice  on  the  dairy  farm. 

Irregularity  of  feeding  and  milking,  with  bad 
grooming,  are  other  branches  of  treatment  requiring 
grave  consideration.  Generally,  there  is  too  long  an 
interval  between  supper  and  breakfast ;  for  the 
secretion  of  milk  is  an  active  process,  and  does  not 
sleep  when  the  cattle-man  goes  to  bed.  And  the 
same  may  be  said  of  milking  ;  long  fasting  and  seldom 
milking  are  two  successful  expedients  in  practice  for 
putting  the  cow  dry.  In  the  cow-house,  again,  it 
but  too  frequently  happens  that  the  currycomb  and 
brusharewanting,while  the  language  of  thecow-herd, 
and  his  handling  and  general  demeanour  towards  the 
cows,  are  even  ruder  than  towards  oxen  destined  for 
the  shambles  !  A  cow  in  calf,  or  after  calving, 
requires  gentle  treatment,  and  her  skin  should  be 
kept  clean,  and  she  should  be  kept  otherwise  in 
comfortable  circumstances.  Taking  into  consider- 
ation the  few  points  alone  which  have  been  named, 
it  will  readily  be  perceived  that  the  general  treatment 
of  the  milch-cow  is  as  yet  anything  but  perfect, 
whether  we  refer  to  the  food  or  the  treatment  she 
receives  ;  for,  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  year, 
the  former  is  very  far  from  the  simple  type  which 
Nature  has  given  us,  and  the  latter  is,  if  possible, 
even  more  at  variance  with  what  Nature  requires. 


THE    WEEDON    SYSTEM    OF    GROWING 
WHEAT. 

■Frequent  reference  has  been  made  by  your  corre- 
spondents to  the  Weedon  system  of  growing  Wheat ; 
and  the  leading  point  of  their  remarks  has  been  mildew. 
'^  Thin-sown  Wheat,  with  wide  intervals,  is  subject  to 
mildew  ;  and  the  result  is,  large  heads,  it  may  be,  with 
light  ears  and  shrivelled  grain." 

I  do  not  know  tliat  I  can  better  reply  to  this  than  by 
giving  a  report  of  my  own  and  my  neighbours'  crops 
this  season.  Let  me  first  of  all  refer  to  the  field  on 
which  my  principal  crop  is  grown.  It  was  in  a  most 
favourable  condition  for  my  experiment  when  I  took  to 
it  first,  in  1850  ;  for  it  was  exhausted.  The  result  was, 
that  there  was  no  fear  of  over-luxuriance,  and  it 
produced  5  quarters  1  bushel  from  the  moiety  of  each 
acre,  uninjured  by  mildew.  I  call  it  the  moiety  of  each 
acre,  because  the  lands  are  each  exactly  5  feet  wide, 
and  I  trench  exactly  2-4  feet  every  year  for  a  fallow  for 
the  succeeding  crop,  and  leave  2^  feet  every  year  un- 
trenchedjfor  the  growing  crop. 

In  1851, 1  sowed  the  other  moiety  of  each  acre,  and 
the  crop  is  carried  and  in  stack.  Judging  from  the 
size,  regularity,  and  fulness  of  the  ears,  I  fix  the  yield 
at  from  36  to  40  bushels.  The  grain  ripened  prema- 
turely— 10  days  before  its  time— and  so  will  fail  as  to 
full  beauty  in  the  sample.  But  the  straw  was  bright — 
"the  brightest  I  have  seen  this  season,"  I  heard  a 
farmer  say — and  the  crop  wholly  uninjured  by  mildew. 
Two  of  my  neighbours  have  adopted  the  plan  with 
almost  equal  success  with  myself  ;  one  on  half  an  acre, 
the  other  on  a  field  of  5  acres.  Of  the  latter  crop, 
one  acre,  sown  two  or  three  months  too  late,  was  de- 
stroyed by  mildew  ;  the  remaining  four,  a  very  fine 
crop,  sown  in  tolerable  time,  escaped.  The  half-acre 
piece,  sown  in  good  time,  was  wholly  uninjm'ed  by 
mildew. 

But  there  is  a  dark  side  of  the  pictm-e  ;  the  sun  does 
not  shine  on  it  from  every  point.  I  have  shown  by  my 
own  experience,  and  by  that  of  others  under  my  own 
immediate  observation,  that  mildew  is  not  a  part  of  the 
Weedon  system  ;  but  by  management,  or  want  of 
management,  it  may  be  made- so. 

It  will  be  recollected  by  the  readers  of  the  "Word  in 
Season  to  the  Farmer,"  that  I  spoke  there  of  another 
plot  of  ground  set  apart  for  the  early  trials  of  my 
scheme.  It  was  broken  up  nine  years  ago,  having  been 
breast- ploughed,  and  the  turf  been  carried  off.  It  has 
since  had  eight  crops  consecutively  without  manure  ; 
the  first  year  Oats,  the  second  year  Veti.-hes,  and  the 
six  following  crops  Wheat,  from  the  alternate  moieties 
of  the  acre.  Though  fearfully  scourged,  it  still  does  not 
suff^er  or  cry  out,  but  seems  rather  to  laugh  and  sing  all 
the  more.  Every  touch  of  the  scarifier  brings  out 
some  latent  virtue.  It  was  here,  at  the  outset  of 
my  experiment,  I  had  this  nejghbourlv  warning,  «  Wliat 
are  you  domg,  Sir  ?  Your  land  gives  yon  but  little 
Grass  (not  a  ton  of  hay  to  the  acre), «  and  it  will  grow 
vou  httle  h,it  ivppH«'>     And  when   I   persevered  and 


brought  up  to  the  surface  15  inches  of  yellow  clay — like 
that"  nasty  stuff"  of  the  far-seeing  clay-farm  chronicler 
— it  was  the  cry  of  one  and  all,  of  every  passer-by,  of 
every  farmer  and  every  labourer  in  the  parish,  "  His 
land  is  done  for  ;  he'll  never  have  a  crop  again  as  long 
as  he  lives  ! "  I  persevered  however ;  and  what  is  the 
cry  now  ?  Not  the  cry  of  all,  but  still  the  cry  of  a  few, 
"  No  wonder  he  has  such  good  crops  ;  for  his  land  is  so 
good  !  "  The  few  are  quite  right.  The  land  is  indeed 
good  ;  it  is  excellent ;  there  seems  scarcely  a  limit  to 
its  power  of  production.  But,  with  all  the  infinite 
variety  of  this  description  of  soil,  I  do  not  hesitate  to 
express  my  conviction  that  the  great  majority  of  clays 
spread  over  the  kingdom  could  be  made,  with  similar 
treatment,  equally  good  and  equally  productive  with 
mine.' 

Well,  upon  this  plot  of  ground  I  goi;  in  my  sixth  crop  of 
Wheat  in  the  middle  of  October,  1 85  l,unavoidably  too  late 
by  a  whole  month.  But  that  was  not  all.  When  the  plant 
came  slowly  and  irregularly  up,  I  found  too  late  there 
had  been  something  wrong  in  the  seed  :  seed  crushed  in 
threshing  had  been  used  :  it  had  lain  several  days  in  a 
fermenting  heap  after  dressing ;  and  the  result  in  March 
was,  chasms  in  every  row  of  from  12  to  24  inches,  and 
more  in  length  from  plant  to  plant.  The  crop  was 
considered  gone.  I  knew  too  well,  however,  the  effect 
of  tillage,  and  stirred  round  every  plant,  as  with  Turnips. 
I  so  fed  and  pampered  it  with  the  hoe,  that  it  spread, 
and  tillered,  and  grew  into  the  finest  and  most  luxuriant 
crop  I  ever  had.  It  is  now  threshed  out ;  and  the  yield 
is  very  nearly  4  quarters  and  2  bushels  from  the  half 
portion  of  the  acre. 

I  have  entered  into  these  details,  in  order  to  point  a 
moral.  The  produce,  it  will  be  seen,  was  large,  but  the 
grain  generally  proved  thin  and  light  in  the  scales.  The 
truth  is,  that  this  feeding  and  forcing  of  the  plant  came 
too  late.  There  were  but  few  tillers  in  the  early  spring, 
but  after  the  process  I  have  described,  fresh  ones  were 
thrown  out  so  numerous  that  I  have  since  counted  in 
the  stubble  as  many  as  53  stems  from  a  single  grain. 

It  was  upon  these  fresh  tillers  that  the  mildetufcll.  The 
plant  was  formed  almost  wholly  of  these  tillers  ;  and 
while  the  few  early  and  original  stems  were  growing 
and  ripening  into  the  dry  maturity  of  age,  these  late 
ones  were  still  youthful  and  succulent  and  porous.  Then 
came  the  season  of  trial — the  rains  of  summer  and  the 
fogs  of  autumn.  The  stomata  of  the  straw  were  open 
to  inhale.  The  sporules  of  the  fungus  entered  in.  The 
sap,  checked  in  its  circulation,  ceased  to  flow  upwards. 
The  grain  no  longer  filled  ;  and  the  end  is  an  uneven 
sample,  saved  only  from  being  positively  bad  by  the 
few  ears  of  early  growth.  Examine  a  single  plant  of 
late-tillered  Wheat  at  harvest,  and  some  few  ears  will 
be  found  witli  plump  full  grains  ;  others  with  corn  deep 
in  the  cleft,  furrowed,  and  thin.  The  latter  tell  their 
own  tale  of  ill-timed  luxuriance  and  wrinkled  growth. 

There  is  scarcely  a  farmer  who  has  not  suffered  from 
late-tillered  Wheat.  The  wireworm,  or  the  slug,  or 
something  has  been  at  work,  and  he  finds  at  spring  Ins 
Wheat  crop  patchy  and  thiu.  To  his  astonishment  the 
thin  patch  grows  and  overtops  the  rest.  The  plant  has 
had  room  to  spread,  and  has  filled  the  blank  space  with 
tillers  : — too  late.  They  are  become  plethoric  and  pre- 
disposed to  disease,  and  mildew  comes  and  spoils  all. 

A  whole  field  has  been  thin  and  backward  at  spring. 
A  dressing  of  guano  will  set  it  up,  and  is  applied.  With 
what  results,  in  a  season  like  the  past,  full  many  a  farmer 
can  tell.  A  tenant  of  my  own  dressed  a  part  of  a  Wheat 
crop  with  guano  ;  it  forced  the  plant  forward  and 
heightened  the  straw,  and  lengthened  the  ear,  and 
marked  it  out  to  a  foot  from  the  unfavoured  portion  of 
the  field.  But  it  mildewed,  and  came  down.  I  saw 
the  crop  before  reaping.  The  unfavoured  part  stood  up, 
not  free  from  scars,  it  is  true,  but  with  healthy  and  well- 
filled  ears,  marked  out  to  a  foot  from  their  prostrate 
and  blackened  neighbours. 

To  the  thin  sower  the  moral  is  this  :  "  Late-growing, 
luxui'iant  Wheat  rarely  prospers.  Therefore,  sow  early. 
Let  the  plant  tiller  fully  before  winter,  or  quite  early  in 
spring.  Give  each  stem  an  equal  start  at  the  genial 
season  of  growth,  and  then  there  need  be  no  alarm  as  to 
the  result,  subject  only  to  those  visitations  from  which 
no  Wheat  on  any  system,  on  the  same  description  of 
soil  with  his,  and  under  the  same  climate,  is  secure." 
S.  Smith,  Lois-WeedoUjSfpt.  14,  1852. 


you  little  but  weeds.'* 


THE  REAPING  MACHINE. 

[We  have  been  favoured  by  Mr.  Harkness  with  the 
report  on  this  subject  lately  published  by  him  in  his 
capacity  of  Secretary  tojthe  Royal  Agricultural  Im- 
provement Society  of  Ireland.  The  following  is  an 
abridgment  of  it 

Any  one  acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  late 
lamented  James  Smith,  of  Deanston,  one  of  the  greatest 
promoters  of  agriculture  Scotland  ever  saw,  must  know 
that  he  carefully  and  zealously  pursued  the  formation  of 
a  reaping-machine  long  prior  to  1815.  In  that  year  he 
had  brought  his  machine  into  working  order,  and  a 
committee  of  the  Highland  Society  of  Scotland  was  ap- 
pointed to  see  it  in  operation,  and  to  report  upon  it  to 
the^Society.  And  this  was  done.  It  was  set  to  cut 
0;;t  f  and  Beans,  and  the  committee  reported,  that 
the  machine  not  only  wrought  expeditiously,  "  took  up 
the  whole  straw  close  to  the  ground,  and  laid  the  cut 
corn  with  great  evenness  and  regularity,  ready  for  the 
bandmakers  and  binders,"  but  they  also  reported,  "that 
in  their  humble  opinion,  this  machine  is,  perhaps,  next 
to  the    plough^  itself,  the_most  ^valuable  invention_ that 


has  occurred  in  the  annals  of  husbandry — that  the  dis- 
covery is  of  great  national  importance — and  that  Mr. 
Smith  is  not  only  highly  deserving  of  the  patronage  of 
the  Society,  but  eminently  entitled  to  the  special  favour 
of  Government  and  to  liberal  Parliamentary  reward  ; 
that,  regarding  Mr.  Smith  as  standing  high  in  the  class 
of  ingenious  men,  who  devote  their  talents  to  the  good  of 
their  country,  they  felt  themselves  called  upon  to  recom- 
mend earnestly  that  the  Society  be  pleased  to  make  him 
a  present  of  200  guineas  as  a  mark  of  their  approbation, 
and  as  an  encouragement  to  labour  for  the  public  good.'* 
In  the  same  year  (1815)  19  respectable  farmers, 
in  the  district  of  Monteitli,  who  saw  the  machine  work,  ' 
in  a  similar  way,  bore  a  willing  testimony  in  favour  of 
Mr,  Smith's  machine,  by  certifying  *'  that  the  cutting 
and  laying  were  most  correctly  done,  and  that  the  quan- 
tity of  work  performed  exceeded  their  most  sanguine 
expectation.  They  congratulated  the  public  on  Mr. 
Smith's  success,  and  were  fully  satisfied,  that  in  a  very 
short  time,  the  machine  would  be  generally  used,  where- 
ever  agriculture  is  properly  understood  and  practised." 
Whether  the  patriotic  inventor  and  manufacturer  of 
this  machine  ever  got  the  200  guineas,  as  recommended 
by  the  Highland  Society's  committee,  we  know  not ; 
but  this  we  do  know,  that  notwitstanding  the  very 
strong  report  and  recommendations  iu  favour  of  Mr. 
Smith's  machine,  by  the  committee  aud  a  large  body  of 
good  Scotch  j^riculturists,  it  seemed  to  have  been 
allowed  to  go  to  sleep  for  many  years. 

However,  to  proceed  with  our  sketch  of  the  Scotch 
reaper — Mr.  Bell's  improved  one  made  its  appearance 
iu  1823,  with  a  plate  and  description  of  it  iu  the  High- 
land Society's  journal  of  that  year,  the  editor  thus  ex- 
pressing his  opinion  of  its  merits  : — "  We  have  seen  it 
at  work,  and  we  feel  satisfied  that  it  possesses  not  only 
all  the  ingenuity  which  we  formerly  ascribed  to  it,  but 
complete  efficiency.  Its  manner  of  performing  its  work 
is  faithfully  given  in  the  annexed  report,  which  was 
subscribed  on  the  field  hy  the  member  of  Parliament  and 
the  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Forfar,  and  by  40  landed 
proprietors  and  praetii:al  agriculturists,  who  were  pre- 
sent.    The  certificate  proceeds  thus  : — 

"  Powrie,  lOth  Septcrabev,  1828.  _ 
"  We,  Proprietors  of  Land,  Farmei's,  and  others,  have  this 
day  witnessed  t'je  operation  of  Mr.  Pe'er  Bell's  reaping 
machines  at  Powrie,  in  the  coun'.y  of  Forfar.  They  were  em- 
ployed in  cattinj^down  Oats,  Barley,  and  Wheat,  on  ground  of 
uneven  surfwce  and  considerable  declivity.  Each  machine  was 
aboQf  5  feet  broad,  aud  consequently  cus  down  this  breadth  of 
corn  as  it  parsed  along.  The  stubble  was  from  tbree  to  four 
inches  bigh,  completely  free  from  lo^se  stravr,  and  the  cut 
corn  was  deposited  on  the  side  of  the  machine,  as  it  advaaoed» 
in  a  very  regular  manner  ;  and  without  rolling,  was  collected 
into  compact  and  well-formed  sheaves,  wi:h  the  greatest 
facility  and  despatch.  At  the  rate  at  which  the  machine 
moved,  it  was  ascertained  by  measurement  that  it  cut  down 
about  an  imperial  acre  in  the  hour.  From  sii  to  eight  persona 
seemed  to  be  necessary  in  gathering,  binding,  aud  setting  the 
corn,  so  as  to  keep  pace  with  the  operation  of  the  machine. 
Each  machine  was  moved  by  a  single  horae,  aud,  as  we 
learned  from  ihe  practical  mechanic  who  attended,  may  cost 
aboni:  ZOl. 

"  We  beg  leave  to  express  our  convictions  that  Mr.  BelPs 
reaping  machine  will  g  me  immediately  into  general  use — that 
it  Tf  lU  confer  a  signal  benefit  on  agriculture — that  his  invention 
is  of  national  importance — and  that  be  deserves  the  highest 
encouragement  for  his  active  and  strenuous  exertions  for  the 
public  good.^' 

It  had  been  frequently  asked,  as  ii  matter  of  wonder, 
how  Mr.  Bell's  machine  was  so  little  known  till  now  it 
had  come  out  with  an  effulgence  which  dazzled  the  pubhc 
gaze.  That  it  was  so  httle  thought  of  from  1828  to 
1829,  or  practised  by  the  British  farmer,  was  no  fault  of 
Mr.  Bell.  As  now  shown,  he  worked  it  publicly  in  1828, 
and  in  1829  !it  was  exhibited  at  Gla-sgow,  at  the  High- 
land  Agricultural  Society  of  Scotland,  and  a  medal 
awarded  to  it.  Not  only  so,  but  about  the  year  1830, 
an  elaborate,  yet  minute,  article  appeared  from  the  pen 
of  the  late  Mr.  Loudon,  speaking  in  high  terms  of  it. 
Mr.  Loudon,  an  able  and  ardent  promoter  of  agricultural 
improvement  and  knowledge,  sent  to  Mr.  Bell  some 
hundreds  of  his  paper,  which  the  latter  addressed  to 
many  influential  persons — to^  all,  in  fact,  he  thought 
likely  to  entertain  and  promote  the  invention  j  and  the 
result  of  all  this  agitation  was,  that  no  one  stu'red  in  the 
matter,  Mr.  Bell  being  left  to  work  away  for  20  years 
cutting  his  own  crops  in  the  Carse  of  Gowrie  with  the 
very  machine  now  exhibited,  several  of  his  neighbours 
'even  having  never  had  the  curiosity  to  walk  over  hia 
farm  to  see  his  reaper  work.  In  truth,  this  narrative 
shows  that  enterprise  in  agricultural  improvement  is 
still  much  needed. 

1.  Formerly,  when  agriculture  was  rudely  managed, 
and  lands  undrained,  the  harvest  came  forward  to  a 
ripening  condition  piecemeal,  the  lightest  aud  best  cul- 
tivated grounds  ripening  to  the  sickle  first,  the  heavy 
next,  and  the  wet  soil  last.  But  now  that  drainage 
Uud  good  pulverisation  are  advised  by  all,  and  adopted 
by  many,  the  crops  of  a  farm  frequently  come  to  the 
sickle  within  a  week  or  ten  days  of  the  same  time,  and 
ought,  therefore,  to  be  smartly  cut  down  and  preserved, 

2.  But  how  can  this  be  accomplished  with  the  ordi- 
nary labourers  of  the  present  day  ?  Emigration  has 
carried  out  [of  Ireland  a  very  large  proportion  of  her 
most  able-bodied  workmen,  and  still  the  cry  is  "they 
go."  This  may  not  yet  have  produced  a  dangerous 
deficit  of  labour  for  the  general  ngricuUuml  operations 
of  the  year  ;  but  when  a  large  harvest  requires,  from 
its  general  and  rapid  ripening,  to  be  cut  down  in  1 4  days, 
or  say  three  weeks,  while  labourers  equal  to  cut  it  in 
six  weeks  can  alone  be  commanded,  is  it  not  clear  that 
much  damage  must  occur  to  the  crops  so  ripening  and 
left  to  shed  their  seed.  And  here  it  is  that  a  reaping 
machine  on  crop  in  a  proper  state,  and  on  properly 
cultivated  laud,  may  be  of  advantage  ;  for^if  it  were  to 


39—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


619 


cut  the  grain  no  cheaper  than  ordinary  reapers  would 
cost,  still  by  the  farmer  cutting,  say  10  acres  a  day,  with 
a  machine,  in  addition  to  what  he  could  manage  with 
his  usual  complement  of  hand  reapers,  it  is  clear  a  great 
saving  from  protecting  tlie  grain  against  over-ripening 
and  shaking  would  be  effected  ;  and  probably  as  great  a 
saving  by  getting  the  crop  cleverly  into  the  barn-yard 
before  a  break  of  weather.  The  extraordinary  emigration 
from  Ireland  to  America,  and  the  increasing  emigration 
from  England  and  Scotland  to  New  South  Wales,  form 
cogent  matter-of-fact  arguments  in  favour^of  good  and 
valuable  reaping  machines.^ 

3.  The  existence  of  a  scarcity  of  labourers  imphes  a 
direct  rise  in  harvest  wages.  So  it  has  been  this  season 
in  Ireland  ;  and  so  much  as  lOs.  and  12s.  per  imperial 
acre  have  been  paid  in  England,  while  there  is  good 
reason  to  believe  that,  with  a  good  reaping  machine,  it 
could  have  been  cut  for  4s.  or  5s.  per"  acre.  Thus  a 
sa^-ing  in  100  acres  of  white  crop  would  be  at  least  25Z., 
and,  probably,  as  much  more  by  being  able  to  reap  in 
due  time,  and  save  the  best  grain,  which  is  too  often 
knocked  off  short  by  handling  the  stuff  when  over-ripe 
and  exposed  to  bad  weather. 

4.  One  of  the  great  drawbacks  in  cutting  with  the 
sickle,  and  partly  alsowith  the  scythe,  is,  that  the  straw 
is  much  compressed,  and  when  bound  up  is  thereby 
tardy  in  winning  so  as  to  be  fit  for  being  built  into  a 
proper  corn-rick. 

In  a  moist  climate,  such  as  this,  any  practice  which 
lays  an  embargo  upon  the  stocked  grain,  keeping  it 
weeks  in  the  field,  is  a  serious  loss  to  the  farmer.  But 
crops  cut  with  Mr.  Bell's  machine,  which  lays  the  grain 
loosely  and  regularly  along  the  ridge,  the  huts  all  the 
one  way,  and  the  tops  all  the  other,  could  be  so  handled 
and  managed  as  to  be  capable  of  being  carried  and 
stacked  in  one-half  the  time  that  crops  cut  with  the 
sickle  could  be  stacked.  This  would  be  attended  with 
a  decided  advantage — a  saving  of  money. 

Many  other  advantages  attending  the  use  of  a  good 
and  cheap  reaping  macliine  might  be  stated,  but  these, 
we  think,  form  the  mam  ones,  and  ought  to  suffice. 

But  we  know  it  will  be  urged  by  some,  that  however 
plausible  such  considerations  are  in  favour  of  reaping 
maclilnes,  their  application  would  prove  injurious  to  the 
agricultural  labourers  whose  employment  and  wages  aro 
yet  too  scanty  in  Ireland. 

The  objection  Is  founded  on  mere  assumption,  the 
dreaded  evil  of  reaping  machines  injuriously  displacing 
manual  labour,  being  an  airy  vision  merely.  No  doubt 
the  reaping  machine  used  over  say  one-half  of  all  white 
crops  in  the  three  kingdoms,  in  addition  to  all  the 
reapers  who  could  be  commanded,  would,  shorten  the 
period  of  cutting  work  say  one-half,  or  on  an  average, 
say  14  days, — but  what  would  be  the  consequence  ? 
As'  the  farmer  would  thereby  secm'e  his  crop  at  less 
cost  and  with  less  loss,  he  would  be  the  better  able, 
from  his  savings,  to  employ  extra  hands  after  harvest  in 
preparing  and  cleaning  land  for  Beans,  Oats,  and  winter 
Vetches,  to  feed  his  cattle  and  sheep  upon  in  spring.  The 
speedy  clearing  of  his  stubble  land  would  also  induce 
hun  to  trench  deep,  burying  the  Couch  Grass  in  the 
month  of  September,  in  his  stubble  set  apart  for  deep- 
rooted  gi'een  crops  in  the  spring.  In  this  proper  and 
productive  method  of  employing  labourers,  we  see  a 
much  more  economic  and  laudable  method  of  serving 
the^  working  agricultural  classes,  than  by  encouraging 
their  employment,  in  competing  by  hand  labour  against 
a  mixed  system  and  a  less  expensive  one,  of  mechanical 
and  manual  work.| 


ROTHAMSTED  AND  THE  WRITER  «R." 

We  have  quoted  from  our  paper,  in  regard  to  the 
growth  of  the  Turnip,  that,  within  certain  limits,  the 
lower  the  temperature  the  less  ijiiportant  "  is  a  continuity 
and  a  large  amount  of  rain."  Any  one,  indeed,  who 
has  attempted  carefully  to  study  statistics  of  the  more 
tangible  elements  of  season,  namely,  of  maximum, 
minimum,  and  mean  temperature,  range  of  temperature, 
inches  of  rain,  and  number  of  rainy  days  (to  say  nothing 
of  the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  varying 
character  of  the  sun's  rays),  of  different  seasons  or 
locality,  in  connection  with  particulars  of  the  quantity 
or  the  quality  of  agricultiu'al  produce — the  result  of 
otherwise  equal  circumBtancea  of  growth — will  have 
learnt,  as  one  of  their  first  lessons  in  this  field  of  inquiry, 
that  it  ia  the  mutual  atJUiptativn,  of  the  various  climatic 
elements  to  the  several  ttaffee  of  r/rowth  of  the  plants, 
that  we  miiat  seek  to  trace  the  real  influence  of  varying 
climatic  cireumBtanccs,  in  determining  the  vei'y  varying 
qonntity  and  quality  of  the  produce. 

It  was,  indeed,  being  strongly  impressed,  at  the 
OUtect,  with  the  importance  of  studying  the  question  in 
this  point  of  view,  that  we  have  for  years  been  engaged 
in  collecting  HtatisticH  of  the  growth  of  the  cereal  grains, 
and  specimens  for  examination,  from  various  countries 
and  cliinatCH  ;  and  that,  at  one  time,  a  tour  was  contem- 
plated throu^di  all  the  corn-growing  districfa  of  Europe, 
m  order  to  gain  fuch  information  relating  to  this  ponit 
as  tlie  current  slaiistics  could  not  Kujiply  ;  but,  espe- 
cially too,  Willi  a  view  of  coming  to  some  dcciitiun  as  U) 
the  limit  of  pynluctiim  of  various  wjils  and  of  various 
climates,  under  such  iiystem  of  culture  as  seemed 
C8(ten(ial  Ut  corn-exporting  districtw. 

It  was,  t/jo,  under  the  lull  consciouHncsB  of  tlie  very 
Hmitt-d  inttl[!lit  which  hucIi  figur*:H  as  we  provided  were 
eompe'ent  to  fupjily,  as  U>  the  circiimstaiices  of  growth 
of  our  cultivated  Turnip,  that  we  claimed  for  them  the 
indication  rnly  of  the  main  and  characteristic  features 


of  a  Turnip  season.  Indeed,  when  writing  our  paper 
on  Tm'nip  Cultm'e,  we  had  before  us  a  striking  illustra- 
tion of  the  error  into  which  we  should  be  led,  in  relying 
in  any  arbitrary  or  unconditional  manner  upon  indivi- 
dual characters  of  season,  as  affecting  the  produce  of 
the  crop.  Thus,  notwithstanding  the  vast  influence  of  a 
large  fall  of  rain,  in  conjunction  with  other  climatic 
elements,  it  was  found,  by  a  comparison  of  the  general 
characters  of  the  Turnip  seasons  of  1845  and  1846 
respectively,  within  a  considerable  circle  round  London, 
that  the  amount  of  rain  was  considerably  larger  in 
1846  than  in  1845  ;  though,  owing  chiefly  to  the  com- 
pensating circumstance  of  a  much  lower  temperature 
{ani  especiaVy  &  much  lower  maximum)  in  1845  than 
in  1846,  dm-ing  a  greater  part  of  the  season,  that  of  the 
former  was  much  more  favourable  to  the  growth  of  the 
Turnip  than  that  of  the  latter.  Indeed,  the  Turnip 
season  of  1845  is  one  of  the  best,  and  that  of  1846  the 
worst,  that  we  have  had  for  the  last  8  or  1 0  years. 

As  to  the  competency  of  the  current  statistics  of  the 
various  chmatic  elements  enumerated  above,  to  serve  in 
the  elimination  of  a  sound  agricultural  theory,  a  very 
considerable  experience  in  this  matter  has  strongly 
impressed  us  with  the  necessity  for  great  caution  in  the 
application  of  them  to  such  a  purpose.  It  may,  however, 
be  of  some  interest  to  those  who  pay  any  attention  to 
this  subject,  if  we  give,  in  a  very  general  way,  an  outline 
of  our  method  of  studying  any  such  climatic  figures  as 
we  may  think  fit  to  adopt. 

Taking,  for  instance,  the  several  points  of  mean 
maximum,  mean  minimum,  mean,  and  mean  daily  range, 
of  temperature— the  inches  of  rain  and  the  number  of 
rainy  days  we  have  an'anged — first,  for  the  whole  period 
or  season  under  consideration,  the  figures  for  each  of 
these  elements  separately,  in  a  table  of  weekly  or 
monthly  periods,  of  the  different  years  or  places,  as  the 
case  may  be.  We  next  bring  together,  in  tables  for 
each  separate  month  or  other  sub-divisional  period 
respectively,  the  statistics  of  the  several  climatic  elements 
collectively.  The  figures  in  each  of  these  tables  of 
actttal  quantities  for  the  several  years  or  places  are 
then  reduced  to  their  indices  —  that  is  to  say,  correspond- 
ing tables  are  drawn  out,  in  the  columns  of  which,  figures 
representing  the  ordei'  only  of  the  actual  quantities,  year 
compared  with  year,  or  place  with  place  are  given.  A 
column  is  also  given  of  tlie  sum  of  the  indices  of  the 
weekly  or  monthly  periods  of  which  the  "season"  is 
supposed  to  be  constituted.  And  these  sums  are  again 
reduced  to  a  column  of  tlieir  indices.  In  some  cases, 
too,  the  sSveral  points  are  reduced  to  the  form  of  a 
diagram. 

In  the  case  of  our.  own  field  experiments,  we  have 
arranged  by  the  side  both  of  the  actual  climatic  sta- 
tistics, and  of  their  indices,  both  the  actual  amounts  of 
pi'oduce  under  otherwise  equal  circumstances  of  growth, 
and  their  order  or  indices.  But  in  studying  the  subject 
in  its  more  general  and  extended  bearings  a  diagram  is 
frequently  found  the  most  applicable  form  of  arrange- 
ment. By  methods  such  as  are  here  indicated,  the  vast 
body  of  figures  of  detail,  with  which  it  is  necessary  to 
deal  in  studying  this  subject  by  the  aid  of  statistics,  is 
brought  at  once  to  a  few  columns  of  main  and  charac- 
teristic indications  ;  and  when  these  are  once  fixed  upon 
the  mind,  the  points  of  a  more  minute  and  detailed 
character  will  then  he  more  conveniently  traced  in  the 
figures  of  detail  themselves. 

But  besides  these  more  tangible  and  obvious  charac- 
ters of  climate  or  season,  affecting  the  accumulation  and 
elaboration  of  vegetable  substance,  the  general  or  cha- 
racteristic influence  of  which  upon  the  growth  of  some 
of  the  crops  of  our  rotations,  we  endeavoured  to  illustrate 
by  means  of  a  condensed  summary  of  statistics  relating 
to  them — there  are  others,  namely,  light,  and  the 
moisture  of  the  atmosphere,  to  which  we  only  referred  in 
a  very  casual  manner. 

See  paper  on  Turnip  culture,  Jom'nal  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society,  Vol.  VIII.,  Part  2,  p.  539. 

"  It  must  be  remembered,  then,  that  the  Turnip  plant,  cul- 
tivated as  food  for  stock,  is  gathered  at  no  well.detined  stage 
of  its  growth  ;  but  whilst  containing  a  vast  amount  of  circu- 
latiug  fluid,  the  proportion  and  concentration  of  which  is 
subject  to  constant  variation,  under  the  influences  of  the  still 
active  vital  processes  of  the  plant,  the  varying  stores  of 
moisture  and  of  food  presented  to  the  roots,  and  the  circum- 
stancrs  of  temperature,  light,  and  moisiurc  o/  iM  atifiosphcre,  to 
which  the  leaves  are  exposed." 

Each  of  these  influences,  namely,  the  moisiure  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  the  varying  character  of  tJie  sun's  rays 
throughout  our  seasons,  plays  a  very  important  part  in 
determining  the  quantity  and  the  character  of  the  pro- 
duce of  the  various  crops  as  grown  in  our  rotations.  To 
the  latter  influence  the  writer  "R."  does  not  refer  ;  and, 
so  far  as  we  are  aware,  no  one  has  hitherto  attempted  to 
apply  the  floating  and  independent  scientific  observations 
bearing  upon  this  subject,  in  the  manner  which  it  has 
appeared  to  us  Ihcy  are  capable  of  application,  in  further 
elucidation  of  some  of  the  phenomena  of  our  rotations. 
This  is  a  point,  however,  which  wo  hope  ourselves  to 
follow  out  on  some  futm'o  occasion. 

Ui)on  the  moisiure  of  the  atniosjihcre  the  writer  *'  R." 
lays  much  stresH,  partly  in  correction  of  the  omisaioiis 
of  Liebig  on  this  point ;  but,  especially  in  reference  to 
its  direct  intluenco  ujiou  the  evaporation  from  plants, 
and  an  thereby  iiiutorially  iifi'ecting  their  growth,  wo 
think  that  in  endeavouring  to  fix  alleiition  upon  the 
seeiililig  omission  of  otliers  on  this  point,  he  has  liiinself 
given  it  an  undue  prtqiouileraiicc.  However  close, 
and  in  some  ciwea  even  tlircet,  may  bo  llic  connection 
between  evaporation  and  the  fixation  of  cerljiiii  coiihti- 
tueiits  ill  plants,  yet,  according  to  our  nuiucroiis  oxpcri- 
mcnta  on  this  subject,  with  the  cereals  uud  other  corn. 


and  with  the  root  and  other  green  crops,  this  connection 
would  seem  to  be  so  various,  even  under  ecjual  climatic 
circumstances,  according  to  the  nature  and  source  of 
the  constituents,  and  to  the  conditions  in  which  they  are 
stored  up  in  the  different  plants,  that  the  evaporation 
itself  can  by  no  means  be  uncondilimallij  attributed 
even  to  the  collective  climatic  influences  alone,  which 
determine  ordinary  evaporation.  Still  less  can  it  be  so 
mainly  dependent  upon  the  amount  of  moistm-e 
existing  in  the  atmosphere,  as  the  readers  of  the 
articles  of  "R."  on  this  subject  would  be  led  ta 
imagine.  We  cannot,  however,  enter  adequately  upon 
this  subject  either,  in  this  place  ;  but  we  may  observe,  in 
passing,  that  the  varying  relation  of  evaporation  to 
constituents  fixed  by  the  Turnip  plant,  under  equal 
climatic  circumstances  of  growth,  according  to  the 
source  of  those  constituents,  and  to  the  proportions  of 
leaf  and  bulb  which  they  may  form,  would  seem  to  be  a 
point  of  great  significance  ;  and  it  is  such,  also,  as  to 
afford  us  confirmation  o/  the  views  which  we  have  main- 
tained in  relation  to  the  "  consuming  "  or  "  collecting  " 
fimctions  respectively  of  the  crop.  /.  B.  Lawes. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Bone  Manure  is  the  cheapest  and  most  durable  of 
manures  now  in  use  ibr  all  heavy  loams.  The  moat 
scientific  as  well  as  the  best  practical  agriculturists 
have  given  it  a  fair  trial  in  central  Cheshire  and  south 
Cheshire  ;  and  Shropshire  is  following  their  steps  ;  and 
ultimately  all  England,  I  believe,  will  adopt  the  same 
practice,  owing  partly  to  the  great  success  of  the  Cheshire 
farmers.  It  is  30  years  since  my  father  commenced  the 
system  of  farming,  more  to  be  particularised  in  the  latter 
p.irt  of  this  letter,  under  the  persuasion  of  Mr.  Warbm-- 
ton,  of  Arley  Hall,  who,  it  may  truly  be  said,  is  ranked 
as  a  leader  of  its  introduction  in  Cheshii'e.  Mauy  a 
farmer  wishes  him  long  life  and  happiness,  as  a  warm 
advocate  of  improved  systems  of  tillage.  There  are 
two  plans  laid  down  as  the  best  for  the  use  of  bones. 
First,  take  and  drain  (say  36  inches  deep,  and  7  yards 
apart)  a  plot  of  cold  heavy  loam,  break  it  up  with  wliite 
crop,  follow  with  a  green  crop,  not  heavily  manured 
with  farm-yard  dung,  then  lay  it  down  with  white  crop, 
Barley,  Oats,  or  Wheat.  When  the  weather  suits,  in 
March  or  April,  sow  on  the  grain  crop  your  Clovers 
and  other  mixture  of  Grasses,  and  pass  a  roller  or 
harrow  over  them,  so  as  not  to  injure  or  pluck  up  your 
corn.  When  the  grain  is  reaped,  be  on  the  look-out,  in 
September  or  October,  for  a  nice  showery  d.ay,  and  .apply 
35  to  40  cwt.  of  well-beaten  bones,  the  finer  the  bett^aj. 
before  winter  sets  in,  the  Clovers  will  be  strong  and  able 
to  stand  the  coming  frosts,  &c.  You  will  have  a  crop 
of  Clovers  to  pay  you  for  the  manure  at  once.  The  land 
so  treated  will  do  for  two  mowings.  After  these  two 
mowings,  in  the  month  of  October  or  November,  or  very 
early  in  the  spring  following,  scatter  about  12  to  15  cwt.. 
more  very  fine-ground  raw  bones.  Land  thus  treated 
will  graze  seven,  ten,  aud  in  some  instances  14  yeaa'S 
without  any  additional  manures.  2d.  Sound  land  that 
needs  no  draining  may  be  covered  over  on  the  pasture 
Grass  with  not  more  than  30  to  40  cwt.  of  well-groimd 
raw,  or  finely  beaten  stewed  bones,  with  good  success  ; 
some  have  applied  4  tons  to  the  Cheshire  acre,  but 
2  acres  may  be  covered  with  that  weight  with  as 
much  success.  Land  under  my  own  knowledge  that 
has  been  manured  with  bones  14  years  ago,  has  been 
broken  up  for  white  and  green  crops,  and  the  old  bones 
being  thus  revived,  have  told  a  good  tale  in  the  first 
white  crop,  being  more  than  double  the  weight  of  grain 
given  on  the  same  piece  16  years  ago,  that  is,  previously 
to  bones  being  used  for  the  land.  The  old  method  of 
having  land  laying  to  Grass  as  meadow  land  for  20  ta 
60  years,  is  now  considered  worse  than  madness. 
Grasses  thrown  up  by  the  improved  course  of  husbandry 
are  heavier,  and  100  per  cent,  more  nutritious,  than 
those  of  "my  Lord's  old  Park,"  not  having  been 
ploughed  these  scores  of  years.  The  best  farmers 
break  up  with  a  white  crop,  follow  with  one  or  two 
years'  green  crops,  then  lay  down  to  Gr.ass  with  a  white 
crop.  All  acres  herein  named  are  of  the  Cheshire 
measure.  Bones  aud  tiles,  or  pipes,  are  the  only  or  chief 
materials,  with  the  blessing  of  Providence,  to  carry 
poor  farmers  over  Free-trade  Bridge,  feter  Barier, 
Grappenhall,  Cheshire. 

iJo(/ie):/irfrf.— Thinking  that  you  may  he  pleased  with 
being  informed  of  our  late  and  present  prospects  in  this 
neighbourhood,  I  write  to  give  you  ft  brief  account  of 
them.  In  the  first  place.  Wheat  is  quite  the  average, 
great  straw,  no  mildew,  very  light,  and  a  littlo  grown. 
Oats  good  ;  above  the  average,  but  rather  light.  Barley, 
the  little  that  we  grow,  good.  Hops  above  the  average, 
little  hurt  by  the  wind  ;  picking  just  beginning  ;  a  very 
little  mould.  Hay  a  good  crop,  and  well  harvested  ; 
Turnips,  the  few  we  grow,  going  on  well  ;  Potatoes,  I 
am  sorry  to  say,  quite  gone,  as  bad  as  the  first  yeai'. 
I  observed  the  blight  first  about  the  middle  of  .lone,  and 
it  has  gone  on  steadily  ever  since  ;  most  dug  up;  the  few 
that  nro  good  very  small.  In  the  spring  we  had  a 
great  blossom  on  our  Iruit  trees,  but  a  rough  wind  in 
June  soon  made  sad  havoc,  which  was  coin|)Ictcd  by  the 
wind  a  fortnight  since,  which  not  only  brought  down 
nciiily  all  that  was  left,  but  bringing  up  tlio  salt  spray 
from  the  sea  has  burnt  the  leal,  so  that  many  trees  look 
like  November,  and  the  fruit  aiipenrs  to  bo  completely 
stopped  in  ils  growth.  On  touching  tho  black  leaves 
with  the  tongue,  the  salt  tastes  quite  sensibly  and 
iiiiuseouB.  Wo  have  had  great  heat  for  some  time,  and 
on  Monday  a  repetition  of  thunder-storms,  which  con- 


620 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept. 


io, 


tinued  both  days  (Monday  and  Tuesday)  all  around  us 
in  every  direction,  and  is  still  continuing  while  I  write, 
cue  having  just  passed  over  us,  with  a  very  heavy  fall 
of  rain,  and  great  heat.   W.  Baldoch. 

Talloio  Greaves  for  Fattening  Animals.  —  I  would 
strongly  recommend  to  your  numerous  subscribers 
tallow  greaves  in  feeding  pigs.  This  description  of  food 
may  appear  objectionable  on  the  ground  of  rendering 
the  pork  rank,  but  I  have  not  found  it  to  be  so  when  a 
fair  portion  of  corn  food  of  some  description  has  been  used 
in  conjunction.  What  the  effect  of  greaves  might  be 
on  the  pork,  if  pigs  were  confined  exclusively  to  them 
as  an  article  of  diet,  I  am  not  prepared  to  say.  But  we 
must  not  forget  that  nature  uses  her  own  chemistry  in 
the  process  of  assimilation,  taking  one  body  and  reject- 
ing another.  Moreover  it  is  not  to  be  forgotten  that 
^'e  are  bound  to  prepare  food  for  every  class  of 
consumers — Belgravia  and  Whitechapel,  the  dyspeptic 
and  the  peptic,  and  what  would  alarm  the  pylonic 
regions  of  the  former  would  be^cheerfully  solicited  by 
the  latter.  I  can  only  add  that  the  eff'ect  of  tallow 
greaves  on  chickens  is  marvellous,  in  egg-laying. 
Throughout  the  past  winter,  with  a  small  brigade  of 
poultry,  we  were  never  without  eggs.  As  the  greaves 
are  prepared  in  very  solid  square  cakes,  the  method  of 
using  them  I  adopt  is  to  break  them  into  pieces  and 
then  to  steep  them  in  cold  water  about  30  hours.  The 
better  plan  of  proceeding  in  pig-diet  is  to  boil  the 
gi'eaves.  In  the  cooked  form  this  food  becomes  a  real 
j>alliative,  and  the  whole  duty  of  the  pig  is  confined  to 
overloading  his  stomach,  and  indulging  in  solid  sleep. 
And  that  which  the  pig  leaves  behind  as  a  legacy  would 
hQ  regarded  a  treasure  even  in  Lobos  Island.  A,  B. 

Barley. — If  you  think  the  following  worth  inserting 
it  is  at  your  service.  Last  year  I  observed  growing 
amongst  some  Cabbage  plants  a  plant  of  Barley,  which 
i  took  but  little  notice  of  until  the  month  of  July,  when 
I  thought  it  was  making  a  rather  extraordinary  growth, 
so  left  to  see  the  event  ;  when  taken  up  it  had  made 
27  stalks,  and  produced  784  grains,  which  I  intended  to 
keep,  but  sent  some,  by  request,  to  a  person  who 
intended  to  try  it,  and  the  remainder  I  kept  to  plant 
this  year  myself.  To  again  test  it,  I  planted  them  the 
middle  of  April  of  this  year,  and  the  produce  has  far 
exceeded  my  expectations.  I  have  now  by  me  from  one 
grain  5G  stalks,  the  greatest  number  of  grain  being 
39  on  one  ear,  and  producing  above  1700  seeds.  I  have 
been  induced  to  send  this  by  large  farmers  who  have 
seen  it,  and  say  it  ought  to  be  in  every  farmer's  hand, 
a;s  nothing  near  it  was  ever  known.  It  should  also  be 
mentioned  that  the  land  was  only  manured  with  lime, 
and  grown  in  an  orchard  ;  and  the  sample  is  bright  and 
very  much  lai'ger  than  any  other  sort,  the  braird  much 
longer,  and  a  miller  says  it  is  the  finest  he  ever  saw, 
and  should  like  a  large  quantity  of  it ;  it  would  make 
S])Iendid  malting  Barley.  I  think  the  average  number 
of  stalks  to  be  about  from  35  to  40,  and  about  35  grains 
t-o  every  ear,  making  at  least  above  1200  seeds.  After 
one,  the  saving  in  the  sowing  too  would  make  a  great 
consideration,  as  50,000  seeds  would- sow  an  acre,  which 
is  something  less  than  a  foot  apart  from  seed  to  seed 
which  I  planted.  I  can  refer  you  to  very  respectable 
gentlemen  as  a  guarantee  for  the  above  statement. 
XVm.  Allen  J  Seedsman,  Totnes. 

Thin  Seeded  Wheat. — Permit  me  to  reply  briefly  to 
tlie  challenge  of  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son,  as  published 
in  your  Jom'ualj  August  28th,  to  compete  with  me,  and 
even  beat  me  in  the  cultivation  of  Wheat  and  Barley, 
and  upon  a  plan  different  from  the  one  I  have  been  for 
many  years  pursuing  and  recommending  to  others. 
I  assure  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son  that  I  have  never 
contended  for  victory,  unless  it  be  a  victory  over  long 
and  obstinately  cherished  prejudices  ;  I  shall  rejoice, 
therefore,  and  very  greatly,  if  not  only  they  but  all 
England  should  be  enabled  fairly  to  triumph  over  me. 
But  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son  must  drop  the  notion  that  I 
had  learnt  the  method  of  rearing  Barley  late  from  them; 
they  know  very  well  that  I  never  saw  thera  nor  their  land 
untd  last  year  at  nearly  harvest  time;  nor  did  I  know 
until  that  time  that  they  had  ever  gi'own  Barley  or  any 
other  kind  of  grain,  yet,  as  all  my  neighbours  know,  I 
had  then  Barley  ripening  in  my  field,  the  seed  of  which 
was  drilled  in  with  my  drill  on  the  19th  day  of  June; 
and  my  previous  crop  was  put  in  on  the  6th  of  June; 
and  I  had  a  crop  in  1845  witnessed  to  by  Mr.  Morton, 
seu.j  which  produced  63  bushels  per  acre,  and  was  put 
in  equally  as  late.  My  crop,  which  was  growing  to 
maturity  when  I  visited  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son,  and 
which  was  drilled  in  on  the  19th  of  June,  was  on  land 
which  had  grown  Wheat  the  four  previous  years,  the 
yield  of  which  on  an  average  was  44  bushels  an  acre, 
or  176  bushels  for  the  four  years  ;  and  the  Barley  crop 
succeeding  it  was  46  bushels  an  acre,  and  the  finest 
Bai'ley  I  had  ever  before  seen,  as  was  proved  by  tlie 
merchant  who  bought  what  I  sold  of  it,  for  he  himself 
used  the  whole  on  his  own  farm  for  seed.  Let  me  also 
fut  my  competitors  in  mind  that,  like  the  gallant  Scotch 
general,  "I  dunna  waste  my  pooder;"  for  the  largest 
quantity  of  seed  I  used  for  any  of  the  above  referred  to 
■orops  was  not  more  then  2  pecks  or  16  quarts  per 
acre  of  either  Wheat  or  Barley;  and  the  smallest 
quantity  for  my  Wheat  crops,  and  which  were  always 
my  best  crops,  was  only  the  fifth  part  of  16  quarts,  or 
but  a  little  more  than  three  quarts.  I  am  particular  in 
-stating  these  results,  in  order  that  there  may  be  no 
mistake  hereafter  when,  as  I  conclude  they  will,  my 
competitors  publish  their  doings.  I  state  also  that  I  do 
^A  possibly  can  to  make  my  doings  witnessed  and 
tested  by  as  many  witnesses  as  I  can ;  as  one  example 
ot  this,  I  will  observe  that  when  Mr.  Morton  inspected 


my  Barley,  he  also  looked  at  my  crop  of  Wheat  then 
growing;  that  crop  was  threshed  in  the  field  by  a 
machine,  and  measured  in  the  presence  of  many  of  my 
parishioners,  and  the  yield  was  52  bushels  an  acre.  I 
do  not  know  the  system  pursued  by  Messrs.  Hardy  and 
Son,  but  they  will  excuse  me  for  stating  that  whatever 
be  the  quantity  of  seed  I  use,  I  deposit  it  in  the  ground 
grain  by  grain ;  that  is,  I  never,  except  accidentally,  put 
more  than  one  into  one  place,  whether  I  use  my 
maximum  quantity  of  2  pecks,  or  my  minimum 
quantity  of  3  quarts  only.  By  pursuing  this  plan, 
had  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son  paid  me  a  visit  a  month 
since,  they  might  have  gone  into  my  fields  and  have 
puUed  up,  of  the  red-strawed  white  Wheat,  root  after 
root,  from  single  grains  of  seed  having  produced  upwards 
of  2000-fold,  and  of  my  Egyptian  Wheat  upwards  of 
3500-fold;  and  of  the  latter  I  have  found  a  few  roots 
which  have  yielded  more  than  4000-fold;  and  should  my 
life  be  spared  I  undertake  to  do  the  same  next  year. 
In  conclusion,  I  wish  it  to  be  particularly  observed, 
should  others  feel  interested  in  these  results  besides  my 
competitors,  that  they  must  not  expect  to  do  the  same 
by  merely  thin-seeding  their  grounds,  but  they  must 
cultivate  also,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  year  keep  a 
scientifically  made  hoe  going,  not  a  horse-hoe  commonly 
in  use,  which  cuts  off  the  roots,  but  one  properly  and 
scientifically  constructed.  Perliaps,  also,  I  should  state 
that  the  machines  I  use  for  putting  in  my  seeds  are  Dr. 
Newington's  patented  dibble  and  a  two-horse  drill, 
invented  and  made  by  myself ;  with  either  of  these 
machines  I  can  put  in  my  seed  grain  by  grain,  just  as 
much  or  as  little  as  I  please — indeed  I  can  nearly  count 
the  number^of  grains.  I  am  aware  that  many  farmers 
and  others  of  your  readers  will  disbelieve  all  or  most  of 
the  above  statement;  but  if  they  will  uot  believe  me,  and 
will  take  the  trouble  to  pay  my  friend  Mr,  Piper,  of 
Colue  Engain,  a  visit,  they  will  find  still  more  wonderful 
results,  or  they  will  be  enabled  to^  witness  the  finest 
crops  of  Wheat  perhaps  they  ever  saw,  and  all  from 
thin  seeding  ;  and  the  best  plot,  that  is  the  largest 
yield  and  finest  grain,  is  from  exactly  2  quarts  of  seed 
per  acre.  George  Wilh'ms. 

Wkeat-growing — Two  improved  systems  of  Wheat 
cultivation  have  lately  been  introduced  to  the  agri- 
cultural world  ;  and  I  think  a  comparison  of  the  merits 
of  each  would  be  interesting  :  firstly.  Dr.  Newington, 
the  well-known  inventor  of  some  implements,  advocates 
thin  seeding  by  dibble,  and  attaches  great  weight  to  the 
frequent  stimng  of  the  soil  by  means  of  his  hand-hoe 
and  cultivator  ;  several  agriculturists  of  note,  who  have 
made  use  of  these  implements,  testify  as  to  their  efficacy 
in^  having  enabled  them  to  grow  from  50  to  52  bushels 
per  acre  of  Wheat.  No  doubt  their  land  must  have  been 
wjU  manured,  and  otherwise  well  treated  ;  whereas,  on 
the  second  system,  that  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith  of  Lois- 
Weedon,  no  manure  is  used.  This  mode  of  culture  has 
been  already  amply  dilated  on  in  your  Paper,  and  very 
deservedly  attracts  great  attentioa;  for  where  it  is  an 
object,  as  is  generally  the  case,  most  especially  with 
small  capitalists  in  southern  counties,  to  grow  a  very 
large  breadth  of  Wheat  every  year  in  succession,  no 
system  for  the  attainment  of  that  object  can  equal  Mr. 
Smith's  ;  but  how  many  persons  there  are  who  find  it 
their  interest  in  these  times  to  keep  a  large  proportion 
of  live  stock  on  their  farms,  and  to  grow  a  considerable 
breadth  of  green  crop  for  soiling  them.  Now,  where  this 
is  practised,  a  smaller  proportion  of  land  is  required  for 
the  growth  of  Wheat,  perhaps  not  more  than  a  fifth  or 
a  tenth  of  the  holding  ;  and  for  a  small  amount  of  acreage, 
I  think  the  farmer  who  keeps  a  good  many  cattle  will 
find  it  both  practicable  and  very  advantageous  to  apply 
manure  for  his  Wheat,  and  crop  the  whole  acre,  instead 
of  cropping  only  half  of  it  upon  Mr.  Smith's  plan,  as 
both  Dr  Newington  and  Mr.  Smith  concur  in  general 
principles,  both  attaching  great  importance  to  thin 
seeding  as  well  as  to  disintegrating  and  pulverismg  the 
soil.  Some  might  argue  that,  as  the  earth,  by  being 
constantly  stirred,  naturally  attracts  the  ammonia  con- 
tained in  the  atmosphere,  the  farm-yard  manure  in 
addition  would  confer  too  much  ammonia,  but  this  I 
cannot  apprehend  unless  the  soil  be  very  rich.  I  believe 
that,  with  manuring  for  the  Wheat  dibbling  at  10  inches 
apart  and  stirring  between  the  slants,  the  land  will  be 
left  in  better  heart  after  the  crop,  by  this  mode,  than  it 
would  be  with  Mr.  Smith's  wider  stirred  intervals  and 
no  manures.  I  have  had  a  fork  made  for  stirring  the 
soil  two  or  three  inches,  which  is  used  somewhat  after 
the  fashion  of  a  Dutch  hoe,  and  I  think  a  labourer  with 
his  fork  will  cultivate  the  land  nearly,  if  not  quite  as 
expeditiously,  as  with  Dr.  Newington's  cultivator.  I  should 
be  glad  to  hear  the  result  of  your  experience  with  the 
hand-dibble ;  as,  if  it  acts  as  efficaciously  as  the  old-fashioned 
dibbles,  it  certainly  appears  to  be  much  more  expeditious 
and  thereby  economical,  According  to  Dr.  Newington's 
estimate  of  \l.  Bs.  \Qh  for  dibbling  an  acre  of  Wheat 
witii  his  hand  implement,  the  whole  cost  of  the  acre  in 
ploughing,  manuring,  &c.,  up  to  the  time  of  marketing 
the  grain,  will  amount  to  about  'Jl.  16s. ;  and  if,  say  48 
bushels  can  be  produced  by  this  mode  of  culture,  this  at 
40a'  per  qr.  will  be  121.',  and  as  the  cost  of  manuring  for 
the  Wheat  is  charged  against  it  in  the  sum  I  name  for 
total  expenses,  we  may  take  credit  for  the  straw  upon 
Dr.  Newington's  system  equally  with  that  of  Mr.  Smith, 
which  will  be  worth  at  least  as  much  upon  the  whole 
acre  as  upon  Mr.  Smith's  half  acre.  Say,  therefore,  the 
straw  to  be  worth  3/.  4s.,  and  we  have  the  handsome  sum 
of  11.  8s.  for  rent,  interest  on  capital,  and  profit,  from 
the  acre  of  Wheat  sown  and  cultivated  by  Dr. 
Newington's  implements,  which  I  believe  is  nearly  if  not 
quite  equal  to  Mr.  Smith's  returns.  //.  B. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETr  OF  ENGLAND. 
A  Weekly  Council  was  held  on  Wednesday,  the 
16th  of  June.  Present:  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
Trustee,  in  the  chair  ;  Lord  Bridport,  Hon.  H.  R.  Clive, 
M.P.,  Sir  John  VilUers  Shelley,  Bart.,  Sir  John  V.  B. 
Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Arkwright  (Hampton 
Court),  Mr.  Raymond  Barker  (Hambledon),  Mr.  H. 
Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Briscoe,  Mr.  Browne,  Mr. 
BuUer  (Dilhorne),  Mr.  E.  Bullen,  Dr.  Calvert,  Rev.  T. 
Cator,  Mr.  Gadesdeu,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Bas- 
kerville  Glegg,  Mr.  Grantham,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr. 
Law  Hodges,  M.P.,  Mr.  Horatio  Kerable,  Mr.  Lennox 
Naper,  Mr.  Townley  Milford,  Mr.  C.  E.  Overman, 
Mr.  Malvicieux  (Paris),  Mr.  Parkins,  Mr.  Rowlandson, 
Prof.  Sewell,  Prof.  Simonds,  Mr.  Simpson,  Mr.  Reynolds 
Solly,  and  Mr.  R.  Trench. 

Substitute  for  Guano. — Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  gave 
notice  that  he  should  move  the  following  resolution  at 
the  ensuing  Monthly  Council  on  the  7th  of  July  ; 
namely -"That  a  prize  of  lOOOZ.  and  the  Gold  Medal  , 
of  the  Society  be  offered  for  the  discovery  of  a  manure, 
equal  in  fertilising  properties  to  the  Peravian  Guano, 
and  of  which  an  unlimited  supply  can  be  furnished  to 
the  English  farmer,  at  a  rate  not  e,HceediDg  5;.  per 
ton." 

Points  of  Cattle. — Mr.  Overman  called  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Council  to  the  established  success,  as  he 
understood,  of  that  system  of  ascertaining  the  milking 
qualities  of  dairy  from  external  relations  and  configura- 
tion, which  M.  Guenon  had  submitted  to  the  considera- 
tion of  Members  of  the  Society,  at  the  Northampton 
Meeting,  in  the  year  1847  ;  and  at  the  ^same  time 
brought  under  the  notice  of  the  public,  by  republishing 
in  that  year  (through  Messrs.  Longman  and  Co.)  the 
English  translation,  which  had  already  been  printed  in 
France,  of  the  work  containing  the  details  and  illus- 
trations of  his  system.  Experience  had  since  that  date 
been  gained  in  these  discriminations,  and  their 
correctness  confirmed  or  modified  by  practical  reference 
to  animals  of  well-known  qualities  in  various  parts  of 
the  Continent  as  well  as  in  this  country,  especially  in 
Ireland,  where  a  translation  of  M.  Guenon's  work  had 
been  published  in  successive  numbers  of  the  Farmers' 
Gazette,  and  subsequently  in  a  collected  form  by  Messrs.  ' 
Orr  and  Co.,  of  Paternoster-row,  in  London. — Mr. 
Fisher  Hobbs  could  bear  testimony  to  the  value  of  these 
criteria  ;  for  having  on  one  occasion  met  M.  Guenon  at 
Castleacre,  he  was  surprised  to  find  that  M.  Guenon 
selected  from  among  the  Devon  cattle  on  that  farm,  by 
means  of  external  formation  and  peculiar  developments, 
exactly  those  animals  which  Mr.  Hudson  knew  from 
actual  experience  to  be  the  best  dairy  cows  of  his  herd. 
—The  Duke  of  Richmond  thought  that  this  was  a  sub- 
ject of  great  interest  and  importance,  and  one  that  well 
deserved  to  be  referred  to  a  committee  of  practical 
farmers.  He  would  not,  howevei',  confine  these  points 
to  dairy  cattle  generally,  any  more  than  to  the  Channel 
Islands'  cattle  in  particular.  He  had  been  favoured  by 
Colonel  Le  Couteur  with  scales  of  points  for  Short-horns 
and  other  breeds,  drawn  up  m  a  similar  manner  to  those 
of  the  Jersey  cattle,  which  were  last  year  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  judges  in  that  class  at  Windsor,  when  their 
awards  gave  so  much  satisfaction  to  all  parties.  His 
Grace  was  in  communication  with  Colonel  Le  Couteur 
on  this  subject,  and  he  would  take  an  opportunity  of 
laying  these  scales  of  points  before  the  Council.  He  , 
would  repeat,  however,  that  it  would  be  desirable  to 
have  the  whole  question  submitted  to  the  consideration 
and  actual  test  of  a  committee  of  practical  farmers,  with 
a  request  that  they  would  report  their  recommendations 
to  the  Council. — Dr.  Calvert  had  not  yet  been  able  to 
understand  the  origin  of  the  difference  in  the  quality  of 
milk  given  by  the  same  cows  on  difierent  farms.  He 
was  awai'e  that  difference  in  the  amount  and  quality  of 
the  herbage  would  often  account  for  difference  in  the 
amount  and  quality  of  the  milk  ;  but  he  had  met  with 
many  cases  in  which  this  circumstance  was  not  sufficient 
to  furnish  a  satisfactory  explanation  ;  and  he  thought 
these  various  external  conditions  of  pasture  and  manage- 
ment of  the  cows  themselves  were  important  ones  to  be 
considex'ed. 

Miscellaneous  Communications. — Sir  John  Conroy, 
Bart.,  transmitted  to  the  Council  a  sample  of  Wheat 
grown  at  Arborfield  Hall  in  1851,  and  sold  in  Reading 
market,  on  the  5th  of  June,  1852,  at  5-2s.  a  quarter  ;  it 
was  seeded  under  3  pecks  to  the  acre,  and  drilled  in 
at  13  inches  apart;  it  yielded  5  quarters  to  the  acre, 
and  weighed  65  lbs.  to  the  bushel. — Mr.  Scratton,  of 
The  Priory,  near  Prittlewell,  Essex,  communicated  the 
particulars  connected  with  the  blight  that  had  appeared 
extensively  among  his  own  winter  Beans  and  those  of 
his  neighbours. — Mr.  Farmer,  of  Fazeley,  suggested  an 
inquiry  on  this  subject  of  the  Chicory  crop  :  "  What 
were  its  properties,  and  whether  it  could  not  be  grown 
for  other  purposes  than  as  a  substitute  for  coffee  ;  such, 
for  instance,  as  brewing  beer,  wholly  or  in  part  as  a 
substitute  for  malt,  or  for  feeding  purposes  in  the  cases 
of  horses  and  pigs." — Mr.  Hill  Dickson,  of  26,  Gresham- 
sU-eet,  informed  the  Council  of  the  near  completion  of 
his  Portable  Flax-BreaUing,  Scutching,  and  Heckling 
Mills  for  farmers,  and  invited  a  personal  inspection. — 
Mr.  CroU,  of  Bow  Common  Lane,  called  the  attention  of 
the  Council  to  a  simple  test  of  the  purity  of  sulphate  of 
ammonia,  founded  on  its  being  volatilisable  at  a  red- 
heat,  while  the  earthy  impurities  would  remain  behmd 
on  the  shovel  or  other  plate  of  iron  used  for  the  purpose. 
Mr.  Freeman  Roe,  of  70,  Strand,  presented  a  Camoys 


39—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


G-21 


block-tin  Dairy  Syphon,  witli  piston  and  wooden  stand 
complete,  which  he  would  manufacture  for  the  agricul- 
tural community  at  one-half  the  lowest  price  yet  charged 
for  them — namely,  at  Is.  6d, — The  Council  ordered  their 
usual  acknowledgments  for  the  favour  of  these  commu- 
nications. 


A  Weekly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday,  the  23d  of  June  : 
present,  tiie  Earl  of  DuciE,  President,  in  the  Chair  ; 
liOrd  Berners,  Sir  John  Villiers  Shelley,  Bart.,  Sir 
Robert  Price,  Bart,  M.P.,  Su-  Henry  Shiffner,  Bart., 
Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Col.  Austen, 
Mr.  RajTnond  Barlier,  Mr.  Browne,  Capt.  Wentworth 
Buller,  R.N.,  Dr.  Calvert,  Mr.  W.  G.  Cavendish,  M.P., 
Mr.  George  Dyer,  Mr.  C.  Eyre,  Mr.  Gadesden,  Mr. 
Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Glegg,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr. 
H.  Kemble,  Mr.  Rowlandson,  Prof.  Sewell,  Mr.  Simp- 
son, Mr.  Robert  Smith,  Mr.  Solly,  Mr.  Spencer  Stan- 
hope, Mr.  Trench,  and  Prof.  Way. 

Mr.  Scratton  made  further  communications  to  the 
Council  on  the  progress  of  the  blight  in  winter  Beans. — 
Mr.  Gadesden  stated  that  his  own  crop  had  been  at- 
tacked, and  he  understood  that  in  Northamptonshire 
and  Somersetshire  similar  crops,  in  one  instance  to  the 
extent  of  40  acres,  were  mowed  down  and  carried  to 
the  manm-e-yard  in  large  quantities. — Mr.  Fuller,  M.P., 
reported  the  attack  of  his  Cabbages,  in  Sussex,  by  a  small 
white  maggot  eating  into  the  stems  and  roots. — The  Earl 
of  Tyrconnel  transmitted  communications  from  Sir 
Gardner  Wilkinson  and  Mr.  Grimstone,  on  the  subject 
of  Egyptian  Wheat  and  Peas,  of  which  his  lordship  fa- 
voured the  Council  with  specimens. — Messrs.  Swinburne 
reported  their  manufacture  of  cheap  glass  utensils  for 
dairy  pm'poses. — The  Council  ordered  their  usual  ac- 
knowledgments for  the  favour  of  these  commuuications. 


A  Special  Codncil,  for  deciding  on  the  Judges  to 
be  selected  for  the  Lewes  Meeting,  was  held  on  Wed- 
nesday, the  23d  of  June  :  present,  the  Earl  of  DnciE, 
President,  in  the  chair  ;  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  W. 
G.  Cavendish,  M.P.,  Mr.  Braudreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Fisher 
Hobbs,  Mr.  William  Simpson,  and  Mr.  Robert  Smith. 
The  Council  took  into  consideration  the  special  object 
of  their  meeting,  and  decided  on  the  Judges  to  be 
appomted  in  the  various  departments  of  the  Exhibition 
at  the  Lewes  Meetmg. 


AGRICCTLTURiL     IMPROVEMENT     SoCIEIT     OF    IRELAND, 

Sept.  7.— Mr.  Thomas  Harkness,  the  secretar3',  read  the 
following  report  of  the  judges  of  the  Society,  in  reference 
to  the  reaping  machines  of  Mr.  Bell,  of  Perthshire,  and 
Mr.  Robinson  : — 


"  Judaei—LorA  Talbot  de  Malahidc,  Chas.  Wm.  Hamilton 
lower    Dominick.street ;     Eobert    0.    Wade,     ClonebraDev, 
CrosBakealc;    Fiolay    W..  Cmack,    Lower   Bomluiek-street 
Thomas  Thompson,    Holywoodrath.    Caetleknock 
Willan,   MttchelstowQ,  Finglas 
Clooee ;    Thomas    Paul,    ~'     " 


,    Benjamin 
.    Thomas  Bntlei-,  Priestonn, 
.  ,    Blaokhall-place ;     George    Harden, 

fiODtstowo,  Finglaa  ;  and  Richard  Phillips,  Belgrave. 

"  Thursday. — This  day  the  committee  proceeded  to 
the  workmg  of  Mr.  Bell's  machine  on  a  fine  standing 
field  of  Wheat,  in  a  field  belonging  to  Thomas  Thomp- 
son, Esq.,  Holywood.  The  cuttmg  commenced  at  half- 
jpast  10  o'clock,  and  at  10  minutes  past  12  it  was  timed 
n  its  cutting  for  one  hour,  at  the  end  of  which  it  was 
found  to  have  cut  an  Irish  acre,  less  six  perches  ;  and 
the  staff  was  then  set  about  binding  and  stookinij.  It 
was  a  very  heavy  crop,  full  of  rank  Clover  and  Grasses, 
and  it  took  the  men  and  women  an  hour  and  six  minutes 
to  bind  and  stook  that  which  had  been  cut  in  the  hour. 
The  machme  cut  the  whole  straw  from  3  to  4  inches  to 
the  ground  in  first-rate  order,  and  laid  the  cut  crop  with 
perfect  evenness  and  regularity,  in  fine  order  for  the 
binders  to  take  up  and  bind.  The  machine  cut  dean  a 
breadth  of  .5  feet  6  inches,  and  the  work  was  done  quite 
clean.  The  committee  feel  called  on  to  express  it  as 
their  mature    conviction,   that    Mr.    Bell's    improved 

reaper  is    a  machine  of  great  value  in  agriculture . 

ia,  in  fact,  of  national  importance,  and  deserves  the 
highest  encouragement.  Mr.  Bell's  machine,  during 
the  Thursday  and  part  of  this  morning,  cut  as  near  as 
could  be  calculated  about  7i  Irish  acres.  The  com- 
mittee consider  the  draught  o(  this  machme  about  equal 
to  that  of  a  two-horse  plough,  or  two-horse  harrows 
It  ia  the  opinion  of  the  judges  that  this  machine,  in  fair 
average  working,  will  cut  per  day  of  10  hours,  with  two 
pair  of  horses  in  a  yoke  of  two  hours  each,  and  two 
are  capable  of  cutting  10  acres  per  day.  ' 

'■/Vi-iay.— This  day  .Mr.  Robinson's  improved  Hussoy 
machine  wat  worked  upon  the  same  field  ;  and  tliougli 
committee   consider   that   Mr.    Boll's  machine    is 


the 


Bupenor  in  point  of  principio  and  working  power 
nevertheless  the  judges  present  con.sider  it  a  machine 
of  merit  and  utility,  superior  to  the  other  machines 
which  they  have  v:ea  worked  Cexccpting  Mr.  Bell's) 
and  very  creditable  to  Mr.  Kobinaon,  the  quantity  cut 
by  it— namely,  r,?,  perches  in  -10  minutes— being  at  the 
rate  of  half  an  acre  and  I :)  perches  per  liour." 

The  Chairman  said  he  had  been  very  much  gratified 
at  witnessing  the  performance  of  ,\Ir.  Bell's  reaping 
machine,  and  no  one  could  have  seen  it  without  being 
surprised  that  such  a  candle  could  have  been  hid  under 
a  buahcl  for  so  many  years. 


NcU*  on  TriUmd  and  the  Lawl.  (liKttion.  1.  PrecTrwh 
in  Land.  2.  TUc  (Jhmwl  hlimdn.  By  Vincent 
ScnUy,    Exj.,   (^.C.    Dublin :    Hodges    and    Smith, 


Grafton-street.      London :    Simpkin,    Marshall,  and 

Co.  ;  and  James  Ridgway. 
Mr.  Vincent  Scully  has  recently  published  a  short  tract 
under  the  above  title,  which  is  not  the  less  deserving  of 
attention  from  its  conciseness,  a  quality  which,  whether 
in  books  or  in  viva  voce  speeches,  is  most  commendable, 
provided  that  succinctness  does  not  involve  obscurity,    i 

Half  of  this  little  book  is  partly  a  digest  of  a  previous 
work  on  the  land  question  by  the  same  author,  and  also 
as  supplementary  argument ;  the  remaining  moiety,  as 
the  title  indicates,  is  a  sketch  of  the  Channel  Islands, 
whose  agricultural  prosperity  is  in  a  great  measure 
attributable,  in  Mr.  Scully's  opinion,  to  the  cheapness 


and  improvement  by  the  new  possessors  would  be  a 
very  extended  consequence  —  has  not  been  realised. 
Nor  have  British  farmers,  except  in  very  small  numbers, 
been  induced  to  locate  themselves  on  the  lands  vacated 
by  pauperised  tenants,  and  forced  from  the  necessitous 
landlords  by  the  pressure  of  a  disastrous  in.solvency. 
And  why  has  this  great  depreciation  of  land  followed 
in  Ireland  from  the  system  of  cheap  and  easy  transfer, 
which  has  tended  to  the  contrary  result  in  other  coun- 
tries ?  Evidently,  because  the  sudden  introduction  of  a 
vast  quantity  of  property,  to  be  promptly  and  peremp- 
torily sold  by  the  auctioneers  (at  the  time  when  the 
number  of  capitalists  of  the  most  desirable  order  had 
and  general  facilities  affecting  the  transfer  of  land  in  P^een  nearly  extinguished  by  the  calamitous  consequences 


those  highly  favoured  portions  of  the  British  empire. 
We  shall  make  some  remarks  on  each  part. 
1.  Free  trade  in  land. 

The  chief  object  of  the  writer  is  to  convince  the  land- 
owners of  Ireland  that  their  peculiar  interests  will  be 
advanced  by  the  introduction  of  a  perfectly  free  trade  in 
land,  which  would  remove  all  existing  impediments  to 
the  general  interests  of  that  country,  aud  advance  those 
of  England  and  of  the  empire  at  Large. 

Our  readers  may  recollect  that  our  own  occasional 
observations  on  the  transfer  of  land  have  been  in 
accordance  with  the  general  principle  advocated  by  Mr. 
Scully.  We  have  expressed  a  desire  for  the  simplification 
of  those  laws  which  place  the  purchase  of  land  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  great  majority  of  moderate  capitalists,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  technicalities,  the  artificial  obstacles,  the 
unwise  limitations,  and  the  disproportionate  expenses 
(considered  relatively  with  the  actual  money  value  of 
the  land  itself),  which  the  investigations  of  titles 
&c.,  necessarily  occasion  before  a  transfer  can  be 
effected.  \li  the  formalities  which  impede  the  sales 
of  land  were  simplified  and  cheapened,  the  value  of  land 
in  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  would  rise  in  the 
market.  We  know  that  in  many  parts  of  the  nei<yh- 
bouring  Continent  40  years'  purchase  is  no  uncommon 
rate,  and  this  principally  because  there  are  no  tedious 
forms  and  expensive  barriers  to  render  it  inaccessible. 
We  have  maintained — and  we  have  no  reason  to  chan<'e 
our  opinion — that  if  land  could  be  transferred  as  cheaply 
as  bank  stock,  it  would  be  more  sought  for  than  the 
latter,  and  become  more  valuable.  If,  in  the  words 
of  Mr.  Scully,  the  "  landowners  continue  to  '  lay 
field  on  field,'  and  to  accumukate  large  tracts  into  few 
hands,  still  greater  evil  is  also  chiefly  caused  by  the 
legal  obstacles  to  its  free  transfer.  Those  impediments 
are  occasioned  principally  by  the  legal  delays  and 
expenses  attendant  upon  the  transfer  of  landed  property, 
as  well  as  by  those  laws  that  permit  land  to  be  held 
either  in  perpetual  mortmain  or  under  indefeisible 
settlements,  for  a  period  that  may  extend  to  any  number 
of  existing  lives,  and  21  years  after  their  expiration, 
and  which  period  is  in  practice  periodically  renewed." 

As  to  the  general  principle  that  law  reforms  are 
required  by  which  even  any  small  purchases  of  land 
may  inexpensively  be  obtained  by  the  yeomanry  class 
or  any  small  capitalists*  desirous  of  vesting  their  funds 
in  land,  and  of  personally  cultivating  it,  we  are  not  at 
issue  with  Mr.  Scully,  or  those  who  think  with  him, 
however  we  may  doubt  the  expediency  of  adopting  some 
of  his  remedial  measures  ;  and  to  avoid  quoting  from 
our  own  pages,  we  would  refer  the  reader  to  the  editorial 
article  of  the  24th  of  April  last,  as  an  exposition  of  our 

opinion,  that  a  general  register  of  titles  to  land and 

Scotland  affords  a  mode — and  the  assimilation  of  the 
transfer  of  land  to  that  of  stock,  would  be  amono-  the 
most  effective  means  for  liberating  land  from  the  existing 
padlocks  which  close  access  to  it  so  despotically. 

It  may  be  said  that  recent  facts  in  Ireland  prove  the 
contrary  of  some  of  the  foregoing  assertions  ;  that,  under 
the  hop-step-and-jump  movement  introduced  by  the 
Encumbered  Estates  Bill,  land  has  been  sold,  or  rather 
sacrificed,  at  a  lower  rate  than  it  has  been  sold  for  at 
any  period  within  the  memory  of  living  man  ;  that  none 
of  that  competition  among  small  and  local  capitalists 
more  especially,  as  had  been  anticipated,  has  been  ex- 
cited ;  and  that  the  general  relief  to  Ireland  which  had 
been  contemplated  by  the  late  Ministry  as  resulting 
from  the  transfer  of  property  from  insolvent  to  solvent 
hands  has  not  been  realised  :  in  short,  that  the  sales  of 
land  have  been  generally  made  at  disastrously  low 
prices. 

"  Now,  then,"  as  Mr.  Scully  says,  "  it  is  always  an 
easy  matter  to  suggest  imperfections,  real  or  imagin.-iry, 
in  the  details  of  any  proposed  plan  for  attaining  a  desir- 
able object,  whilst  it  may  be  difficult  to  devise  a  more 
perfect  course.  Thus,  whilst  all  persons  now  admit  the 
manifest  evils  inherent  in  the  present  land  system 
of  Ireland,  and  few  deny  that  great  advantages  would 
arise  from  the  immediate  removal  of  artificial  obstruc- 
tions to  the  natural  free  dealing  and  free  trade  in  land 
there  are  some  who  still  object  to  the  plan  that  has  been 
suggested  for  effecting  the  necessary  reform  ;  but  no 
one  ha8_  attempted  to  siqiply  a  better  Bubatituto  and  to 
define  its  details  in  any  practical  and  attainable  shape." 
The  reform  which  Mr.  Scully  proposes  is  a  perfect  free- 
trade  in  land.  As  far  as  the  agency  of  the  Encumbered 
Estates  Act  has  gone,  it  has  been,  like  most  human 
schemes,  an  admixture  of  good  and  evil  ;  the  good  in 
some  particulars  has  been  exaggerated,  and  the  evil  has 
also  been  magnified.  But,  undoubtedly,  the  anticipated 
rcBults  in  social  and  national  improvement— through  the 
acquisition  of  projierty  in  land  in  small  diviBions  (from 
20  to  .10  acres),  by  which  it  was  expected  that  reuidcnco 

•  The  Kroat  Ijalk  of  tijo  lun 
prietofH. 


dfl  is  htld  by  flmall  fjtocU  jiro- 


of  the  famine,  and  when  a  general  notion  prevailed 
that  the  burdens  on  the  land  would  absorb  any 
rental),  absolutely  gorged  the  market.  This  cause 
more  than  any  other,  occasioned  many  thousands 
of  fair  and  fertile  acres  to  be  sold  to  mere  land- 
jobbers  or  speculators  in  the  market,  who  contrived  by 
the  many  influences  they  could  exercise  over  a  doomed 
property  to  elevate  tliemselves  to  the  position  of  landi- 
owners  by  bidding  in  the  mart  eight  or  nine  years'  pur- 
chase of  fair  rental.  Nay,  in  many  cases,  the  standard 
of  value  set  up  by  the  purchaser,  and  all  the  extreme 
depreciators  of  property,  was  not  the  assumed  rental.,, 
however  moderate,  but  the  amount  of  rent  actually  paid 
by  a  pauperised  or  a  dishonest  tenantry,  whereas  the 
intrinsic  value  of  the  land  ought  to  have  been  the 
standard  of  price — looking  to  the  natural  progress  of 
the  country,  after  the  famine  and  its  consequences  should 
have  passed  away. 

It  is  almost  a  matter  of  regret  with  us  that  some  aid 
was  not  afforded  to  the  Irish  landowners,  by  which  the 
sacrifice  of  estates  much  below  the  standard  at  which 
they  were  saleable  previously  to  the  famine  period,  and 
their  consequent  sudden  insolvency  might  have  been 
obviated.      Mr.  Scully  has  been  an  advocate   of  land 

debentures.      We  must  give  his  own  views  here  : 

"  One  of  the  chief  obstacles  usually  felt  to  the  invest- 
ment of  money  in  the  purchase  of  land  is,  that  capital  so 
invested  becomes  permanently  locked  up,  and  its  utility 
thereby  diminished.  This  objection  would  be  obviated, 
and  the  v.alue  of  all  land  be  greatly  increased  to  its  owner, 
if  he  could  use  it  at  any  time  as  a  sort  of  circulating 
medium,  by  possessing  a  limited  power  to  charge  it  with 
negotiable  land  debentures.  He  might  thereby,  from 
time  to  time,  without  expense  or  delay,  raise  sums  of 
money  to  pay  his  debts,  to  give  portions  to  his  children, 
to  improve  and  stock  his  farms,  and  to  meet  his  current 
engagements.  The  principle  of  land  debentures  could  be 
advantageously  applied  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  a 
voluntary  conversion  of  all  charges  that  now  affect  land 
property — such  as  head  rents,  crown  rents,  quit  rents, 
tithe-rent  charges,  determinable  or  perpetual  annuities, 
mortgages,  family  charges,  and  judgments.  By  thus 
converting  property  in  the  land  into  land  debentures  of 
equivalent  value,  it  would  become  as  tranferable  aa 
personal  property.  These  debentures,  or  the  money 
value  which  they  would  represent,  might  be  put  into 
settlement,  and  there  would  no  longer  exist  any 
necessity  for  having  intricate  settlements  of  land. 
The  land  would  be  represented  by  those  transfer.able 
debentures,  and  in  lieu  of  complicated  systems  of 
registering  all  aets,  deeds,  and  incumbrances  of  various 
sorts,  there  would  thenceforth  be  substituted  the  most 
simple  forms  of  charge  and  transfer."  He  assumes 
that  *such  debentures  would  be  negotiable  like  bills  of 
exchange,  and  be  eagerly  sought  after  as  securities 
by  bankers,  &c.  "  "the  proposed  debentures  would 
resemble  in  many  respects  the  land  debentures  already 
issued  under  the  Irish  Drainage  Acts.  These  are 
charged  on  the  lands  drained  or  improved,  with  the 
advantage  of  a  Parliamentary  title  and  a  priority  over 
all  other  charges  except  quit  rent  and  tithe  rent  charge. 
The  interest  upon  them  is  payable  half-yearly,  on  every 
first  day  of  January  and  first  day  of  July,  and  they 
are  transferable  by  simple  endorsement,  mthont  stamp 
duty." 

-A  petition  in  favour  of  the  issue  of  debentures  of  this 
character,  prepared  by  Mr.  Scully,  and  signed  by  a 
great  number  of  the  Irish  aristocracy  and  landowners- 
generally,  was  presented  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament 
in  1850.  Mr.  Scully  thinks  that  if  this  scheme  had 
been  fully  carried  out,  free  trade  in  land  would  have 
been  the  result  in  Ireland.  The  object  of  the  Securities 
for  Advances  Bill  in  1850,  which  did  not  pass,  would 
have  tended  to  raise  the  value  of  estates  to  be  sold 
under  the  Encumbered  Estates  Act  ;  but  as  it  would 
have  necessarily  involved  the  compulsory  sale  of  the 
estates  of  those  proprietors  who  might  avail  themselves 
of  its  provisions,  it  was  rejected  ;  they  "  considered 
the  proposed  securities  for  advances  unjust  as  well  as 
injurious  to  them,  unless  its  provisions  should  be  so 
extended  as  to  enable  them  to  raise  a  limited  sum 
through  tlie  means  of  land  debentures."  Who  can 
however  predicate,  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  of  tb.o 
effect  of  any  financial  or  other  measures  affecting 
Ireland  whose  anomalies  perplex  every  reflecting 
mind  ?  The  facilities  at  this  moment  accessible  to  any 
one  desu'ing  to  invest  capital  in  the  soil  of  Ireland  at  n 
low  or  very  reasonable  rate  of  purchase,  are  extreme  ; 
but  will  the  purchasers  avail  themselves  of  them  whilo 
the  year  of  grace  is  continued  to  the  commissioners  1 

2.  The  second  part  of  tlio  tract  consists  of  a  very 
judicious  and  interesting  digest  of  the  statistics  of 
Jersey  and  Guernsey,  carefully  compiled  j  though,  like 
the  greater  iiortion  of  Ireland,  of  remote  Gaulish  or 
Celtic  origin,  thu  inhabitants  of  these  highly  favoured 
islands  have  nothing  of  tho  original  Gaulish  character  ; 


622 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Sept.  25, 


their  admixtui'e  with  the  more  modern  inhabitants  ofi 
Normandy  has  imparted  to  them  much  of  the  French  ' 
character  in  its  best  aspect.  Of  Guernsey  it  has  been  \ 
said  by  nn  old  historian,  that  "  the  earth  is  of  tlio  same  ■ 
nature  with  Crete  and  Ireland,  not  apt  to  foster  any 
venomous  creature  in  it."  Why  Mr.  Scully  has 
appended  to  his  other  pages  what  is  more  appropriate 
to  a  tourist's  guide  book,  at  first  puzzled  us  not  a  little  ; 
but  advancing  to  the  close,  we  find  that  liis  purpose  is 
to  show  "  that  the  prosperous  state  of  those  islands  is 
mainly  attributable  to  superior  local  government  and 
institutions,  but  especially  to  a  superior  laud  system." 

The  distinctive  features  are— I.  A  perpetuity  of 
estate  or  tenure ;  2.  A  convenient  an<l  uniform  descrip- 
tion of  charge  upon  the  land  ;  3.  An  inexpensive  mode 
of  transferring  either  the  ownership  of  the  land  or  the 
charges  upon  it. 

In  the  principal  islands— Jersey  and  Guernsey — land 
is  transferred  by  a  short  and  simple  written  contract, 
verbally  acknowledged  in  open  court  before  official 
witnesses.  The  contract  is  then  registered,  and  the 
lai'gest  estate  may  be  thus  disposed  of  for  51.  at  tlie 
utmost.  "  Here,  then,''  says  a  shrewd  and  graphic 
writer,  "that  multiplier  of  tautologies,  the  unwieldy 
•conveyancer,  teeming  with  long  needless  provisoes  and 
mere  useless  covenants,  with  which  with  inken  gall  he 
blackens  and  bestrews  the  bleached  hide  thicker  than 
the  wool  it  fostered,  may  view  with  surprise  the  same 
kind  of  short  primitive  deed,  found  among  the  musty 
muniments  of  his  client  (and  often  contemplated  with 
wonder  how  lawyers  then  could  live),  still  affording 
even  greater  security  against  flaws  and  quibbles  than 
all  the  multiplied  tautology  and  perplexity  of  his  bulky 
roll,  too  large  to  fold  and  yet  too  short  to  bind."  The 
incumbrances  on  any  property  are  in  the  Channel 
Islands,  as  in  France,  readily  ascertained  by  a  reference 
to  the  register. 

Instead  of  letting  land  to  a  tenant  for  a  term  of  years, 
or  from  year  to  year,  generally,  at  a  fixed  money  rent, 
the  owner  of  land  in  these  fertile  islands  transfers  it 
for  a  price  to  be  paid  either  directly  in  money,  or  by 
certain  charges  called  quartiers  de  froment  (corn  rents)  ; 
and  generally  but  one-fourth  of  the  amount  is  paid 
down,  the  other  three  parts  remaining  as  charges  under 
the  technical  term  of  rentes. 

**In  Jersey  each  quarter  is  always  a  fixed  sum  of 
money,  but  in  Guernsey  the  quarter  may  be  either  a 
fixed  money  payment,  or  it  may  be  made  to  fluctuate 
according  to  the  current  price  of  Wheat.  Each  of  these 
quarters  bears  an  interest,  at  a  specified  rent ;  that 
is,  in  respect  of  every  20  quarters  charged  upon  any 
land,  the  owner  of  those  quarters  may  stipulate  to 
receive  a  fixed  or  a  ftuctuatiug  payment  equivalent 
to  the  amount  or  value  of  one  of  those  quarters,  and 
so  in  proportion  for  any  greater  or  lesser  number 
of  quarters  charged  upon  the  laud.  This  annual 
interest  constitutes  a  fixed  or  a  fluctuating 
income  payable  to  the  owner  of  the  quarters  in  the 
nature  of  a  money  or  of  a  corn  rent.  There  is  no  other 
description  of  incumbrance  charged  upon  the  land 
except  some  seignorial  dues  when  makiug  an  agree- 
ment for  the  letting,  or,  more  correctly  speaking,  for 
the  sale  of  a  farm  to  a  new  occupier,  it  may  be  agreed 
that  the  quarters  shall  thereafter  be  either  permjinent 
or  redeemable.  All  rentes  or  quartex-s,  whether  fixed  or 
fluctuating,  permanent  or  redeemable,may  be  transferred 
by  their  owners  upon  registering  a  short  contract  of 
sale.  Rente  rachelable  is  that  rent  or  income  which  the 
■occupier  may  redeem  at  any  time,  Jiente  assignable  is 
that  from  which  he  may  relieve  himself  by  transferring 
a  similar  rent  of  equal  value  charged  upon  other  land. 
Jiente  foncicre  is  that  which  the  occupier  cannot  redeem 
unless  with  the  consent  of  the  holder,  by  whom,  how- 
ever, it  may  be  sold  ;  but  in  that  event  the  occupier 
would  be  entitled  to  a  pre-emption  upon  indemnifying 
the  purchase  witliin  a  limited  period.  The  reJitc  fondere 
Slot  being  liable  to  redemption,  commands  a  higher  price 
than  the  rente  rachetahle.  The  advocates  of  fixity  of 
tenure  in  Ireland  will  be  glad  to  know  that  in  the 
Channel  Islands  the  occupier  of  land  is  entitled  to  hold 
his  farm  in  perpetuity  ;  but  they  should  remember  that 
this  is  conditional  on  their  paying  the  yearly  interest  on 
the  three-fourths  of  the  purchase  money  usually  remain- 
ing as  rentes.  It  is  no  doubt  a  happy  circumstance  for 
the  occupier  of  land  to  have,  as  in  these  islands,  the 
privilege  of  gradually  diminishing  the  amount  of  rent, 
and  of  becoming  independent  of  despotic  control  ;  but 
the  Irish  occupier  has  too  often  lost  sight  of  the 
essential  condition  by  which  he  could  have  any  just 
reason  to  consider  his  occupancy  as  perpetual,  viz.,  the 
just  and  punctual  payment  of  the  rent  he  undertook  to 
pay  to  his  landlord. 

A  Jersey  farmer  would  not  contemplate  the  infliction 
of  such  injustice  to  the  owner  of  the  property  which  he 
occupies ;  he  strictly  performs  his  part  of  the  mutual 
contract ;  aud  the  result  of  the  happy  understanding 
that  exists  between  the  owner  and  the  occupier  of  the 
soil  in  that  island  (in  Guernsey  the  proprietors  generally 
cultivate  their  own  land),  is  that  the  land  bears  an 
exceedingly  higli  value,  the  soil  and  the  climate  being 
■also  pre-eminently  favoui*abIe  to  general  husbandry. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Saen  Floor  :  A  Subscriber.  White  deal  does  very  well,  bat  the 
omier  of  the  farm  should  uso  the  more  durable  material,  and 
oa:i  should  thert^fore  be  preferred.  The  beat  way  to  make  a 
wooden  fl  :or  vermin  proof  is  to  excavate  the  area  of  the 
building  about  two.  feet,  then  fill  it  to  the  depth  of  a  few 
iDobes  with  broken  etonea,  and  place  on  the  top  of  the  levelled 
V'^^^  ''^"Sli  fi«g3  with  dressed  joints.  Thofie  flags  should  be 
laid  before  the  building  is  up,  and  should  be  received  iato  the 


substance  of  the  wall.  Dwarf  walla  are  built  to  carry  the 
ekepera  on  while  the  flooring  is  being  laid.  See  "  Blackie's 
Cyclopedia  of  Agriculture,"  article,  "Farm  Buildings." 

Rearing  and  Beeeding  of  Animals  :  J  Q,  The  Preston 
Chronicle. 

Roofing  :  XY.  We  have  never  heard  of  any  preparation  of 
caoutchouc  being  used  for  this  purpose.  The  lightest  roofinj< 
is  the  asphalted  tele.  The  beet  ia  slate.  That  which  will 
belt  un  te  cheapness  and  durability  for  a  large  extent  is 
prob.ibly  the  corrugated  iron. 

Rotten  TuaNips  '.  A  B.  It  is  very  UUely  that  the  crop  is  gene- 
rally damaged,  The  weather  is  probably  the  cause,  and  that 
has,  no  duubt,  affected  the  whole,  though  not  in  an  equal 
degree. 

SoDK  Beee  :  D  W  says.  "  On  referring  to  your  Puper  of  March 
9th,  185.),  for  a  remedy  to  prevent  beer  turning  acid,  I  find 
one  there  recommended,  but  would  your  correspondent  give 
the  particulars  of  the  process  that  he  has  for  so  many  years 
suocessfully  practised?" 

Steam  Plough,  dsc. :  Anon.  We  do  not  know  that  It  has  ever 
been  MseJ.  It  has  been  tried,  in  Lincolnshire  and  Lancashire, 
and,  we  thinlf,  Dumfrieshire.  Mr.  Usher's  steam-plough  too 
was  lately  tried  near  Edinburgh.  We  have  obtained  infor- 
mation on  one  point  for  you,  viz.,  Messrs,  Garrett  employed 
60  to  100  man  20  years  ago.  and  now  between  4')0  and  500. 

Tkencbing  :  A  Z,  Smsex.  We  should  prefer  the  experience  of 
your  tenant  to  that  of  any  other  man,  as  it  was  obtained 
upon  the  land  you  intend  to  cultivate.  At  the  same  time  it 
should  be  your  guide  only  s  *  long  as  your  land  is  as  it  then 
was;  perhaps  uudrained,  or  under  other  circumstances,  to 
which  the  injury  of  bringing  the  subsoil  up  may  have  been 
owing.  The  safest  way  will  be  for  you  to  trench  the  land, 
digging  the  second  spit  in  its  place,  and  throwing  the  upper 
spit  on  the  top  of  it ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  season  or  two 
afterwards  jou  may  throw  the  subsoil  to  the  top.  If  the 
land  be  good  you  may  dibble,  and  half  a  bushel  to  the  acre 
would  be  enough  for  a  full  crop. 

Urine  :  A  O.  Peat  ashes  will,  to  some  extent,  hinder  the 
"goodness  "of  the  liquid  manure  from  escaping,  especially 
if  they  are  slowly  burned  so  as  to  become  charred.  But  if 
you  can  get  dry  pulverised  peat,  that  will  be  the  better 
material  with  which  to  form  a  compost.  It  will  absorb  and 
retain  the  ammonia,  and  become  itself  reduced,  so  as  to 
become  a  valuable  manure. 


iiiarRet0* 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Sept.  25. 
Vegetables  and  Fruit  are  plentifully  supplied.  Melons  are 
good  and  cheap.  Plums,  Fears,  Apples,  aud  excellent  Peaches 
B'ill  arrive  from  France.  Apricota  are  over.  Tomatoes  are 
abundant.  Filberts  realise  rather  better  prices.  Potatoes 
are  very  plentiful,  but,  in  many  iastauceg,  'diseased.  They 
have  not  altered  in  price.  Peas  are  nearly  over.  Mushrooms 
continue  plentiful.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargo- 
uiums,  Roses,  Mignonette,  Bignonia  venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 
Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  33  to  53        Pears,  per  doz.,  2a  to  5s 


Grapes, hothouse,p.  lb.,2s  to 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  6s  to  8s 
Nectarinea,  per  doz.,  Sa  to  7a 
Plums,  per  punnet.  Is  to  3a 
Figs,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  2s  Cd 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsb.,  43  to  7s 

—    kitchen,  do.,  33  co  5a 
Melons,  each,  2g  to  5d 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 

VEGETABLES. 


per  half  sieve,  4s  to  83 
Almonda,  per  peck,  58 

—  sweet,  per  lb,,  28  to  39 
Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  la  6d 

—  per  100,  33  6d  to  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz..  Is  to  Ss 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

to  22s 

—  Brazil,  do.,  12s  to  lis 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is  8d 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

Is  fid  to  2e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  2s  to  5s 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6e 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Tomatoes,  per  bf.  sieve,  4s  to  5e 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  60s  to  130s 

—  per  cwt,,  3s  fid  to  78 

—  per  bush.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz.,  3b  to  48 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  lo  6d 
Veget,Marrow,p.doz,6d  tolsfid 
Celery,  per  bundle,  iJd  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  3s  to  53 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spani8h,p.doz.,ls3dto  3d 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  28 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  Gd  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,perscore4d  tols 

—  Cob,  p.  score,  9d  to  is  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  8d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Is  3d 

—  per  bush.,  33  to  5s 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  fid  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz,,  4s  to  63 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  28  to  8s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buQch,4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Watercressea,  p.  12bun,9d  to  la 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  86  Trusaea, 
SBIiTBFIELD,   Sept.  23. 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  723  to  80b    Clover 
Inferior  do.  ...60         68      New  do.      ... 

Rowen         SO        60      Straw 

New  Hay     —        —  I 

Cdmbeelamd  Maeket,  Sept.  23, 


..  75s  to    958 
.,  65  90 

,.  28  36 

J.  Davis. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  753  to  86a 

Inferior  do 65         68 

New  Hay     —        — 

Old  Clover 88        95 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


Joshua  Bakes. 


Fine  old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
Straw 


Whitecoapbl,  Sept.  23. 
...  808  to  843     Old  Clover... 
...  65         75       Inferior  do. 
...  65        65      New  Clover 
...  30        33      Inferior  do. 


...100b  to  105b 


,  84 
.  55 


SMITHFIELD.—MoNDAT,  Sept.  20. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  again  very  large,  and  the  weather 
rather  unfavourable.  Trade  ie  consequently  duU,  still  choice 
qualities  reach  3s.  lOd.  Inferior  are  lower,  and  cannot  all  be 
sold.  The  number  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  ia  emaller;  however, 
prices  are  no  better  ;  indeed,  late  quotations  are  not  so  freely 
given,  owing  to  large  supplies  at  the  dead  markets.  Lamb  is 
nearly  out  of  season.  Choice  Calves  are  as  dear  as  on  Friday ; 
inferior  are  rather  lower.  From  Germany  and  Holland  there 
are  2081  Beasts,  6540  Sheep,  262  Calves,  and  60  Pigs  ■,  from 
Scotland,  100  Beasts  ;  aad2900  from  the  northern  and  midland 
counties. 


Peret.  of  Bibs.— a 
Best  Scots,  BTere- 

fords,  die.  ...  3 
Best  Sbort-horne  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half.breds      ...  4 

Do.  Shorn   0 

Beaste,  5513 


3  to  3  10 

4 
6 


-3     0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— a  d  s  d 
Best  Long-wools  .4  0  to  4  2 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0     0—0     0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3     4  —  38 

Do.  Shorn  0    0  —  0    0 

Lamba     4    0  —  5    0 

4—4     6     Calves      3     0—4     4 

0  —  0     0     Pigs  8     4—4     4 

Sheep  "and  Lambs,  28,900  ;  Calves,  33  2  j'Pigs,  340 
Feidat,  Sept.  24. 
We  have  a  considerable  number  of  Beasts,  but  the  majority 
are  of  middling  quality;  the  choicest  kinds,  therefore,  make 
fully  as  much  as  on  Monday.  Several  middling  ones  remain 
unsold.  The  supply  of  Sheep  and  Lambs  is  also  good  fur  the 
time  of  year;  trade  is  dull,  and  late  quotations  are  barely 
maintained.  The  number  of  Calves  is  lame,  and  lower  prices 
are  submitted  to;  the  reduction  is  chiefly  in  inferior  kinds. 
From  Germany  and  Holland  we  have  610BeastBj  2170  Sheep, 


and  261  Calves;  400  Beasts  from  the  northern  aud  midland, 
and  89  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— 3 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  die.  -..  3 
Best  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 


8  to  3  10 
4  —  3  8 
4  —  3     0 


Per  St.  of  8lb3.— s  d      s 

Best  Lonir-woola  ,  3  10  to  4 
Do.  Shorn 

Ewestfc2dquality  3  4  —  3 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0  0-0 

Lamba     4  0^4 

Calves      2  8  —  4 

Pigs           3  0  —  4 


Beasts,  1299  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  7,110;  Calves,  557  ;  Pigs,  465. 
COAL  MAIIKBT.— fc-aiDAY.  Sept.  24. 
Holywell,  15b.  ;  Eden  MiiiQ.    15^  6d.  ;    West  hartley,  163.  6d.: 
Wallsend  Riddell,  l4s.  6d.  ;  Wallaend  Hetton,  16a.  Gd.  ;  Walls- 
end  Stewarts,  16s.    6d. ;    Wallaend  Tees,  IGs.    6d.— Ships  at 
market,  53. 


WOOL. 
BaADFOED,  TauEaoAT,  Sept.  23.— Oar  English  wool  market 
has  presented  during  the  current  week  no  features  indicating 
a  satisfactory  chtuige  from  the  dull  monotonous  tone  whictt 
has  prevailed  for  some  weeks  previously.  The  transactionB 
may  have  been  nearly  an  average,  but  there  ia  an  entire 
absence  of  animation  in  them,  and  the  sales  effected  are 
generally  the  result  of  either  absolute  requirement  on  the  part 
of  the  spinner,  or  a  clear  inducement  of  pricQ  held  out  by  the 
stapler.  Strangely  at  variance  with  this  state  of  things,  here 
i^  the  spirited  demand  and  firm  tone  of  prices  in  the  country. 
With  dealers  there  is  bu';  one  feeling  secima  to  exist,  and  it  ia 
couragecusly  acted  upon— viz.,  to  secure  all  the  good  wool 
they  can  find,  at  such  prices  as  the  farmers  may  be  pleased  to 
offer  it.  What  may  be  the  result  of  this  decided  anomaly  it 
is  impoBsible  at  present  to  say.  Tbe  facts  are  patent  to  all 
connected  with  the  trade,  but  the  solution  of  the  problem  is  a 
matter  which  time  only  can  determine. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Sept.  20.— The  supply  of  new  English  Wheat  to 
this  morning's  market  was  good,  and  met  a  alow  sale  on  the 
terms  of  this  diiy  se'onight;  in  foreign,  very  little  business 
was  done,  and  prices  must  be  considered  nominally  as  laat 
quoted.  The  Flour  trade  is  heavy,  but  we  do  not  alter  our 
quotations. — The  finest  parcels  of  malting  Barley  were  sold  at 
the  prices  of  this  day  week,  but  inferior  are  difficult  to  quit  at 
a  slight  reduction.  In  grinding  there  is  no  alteration. — Beans 
and  Peas  continue  scarce,  and  in  demand  at  our  extreme  quota- 
tions.—The  Oat  trade  is  slow,  and  sales  could  only  be  effected 
at  a  slight  reduction, 

Peb  Impeeial  Qdaetee.  la. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...Whlte  36— 50 

—  —    fine  selected  run8..,ditto  40— 51 

—  —    Talavera  52—56 

—  Norfolk 40—48 

—  Foreign 86-02 

Barley.grind.A;  distil.,  25s  to  27s. ..Chev.  125—32 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling;2U — 25 
Oats,  Esses,  and  Suffolk |l8— 19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..PotatollS — 22 

—  Irish Potato  17—20 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew '18— 20 

Rje     ., I     - 

Rye-raeal,  foreign — 

Beans,  Mazagan 28s  to  Sis Tick  29— < 

—  Pigeon  293  — 35s. ..Winds.      — 

—  Foreign Small  27— i 

Peaa,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  36 — ; 

—  Maple 328  to  86b Grey  31—34 

Maize     White     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37 — 40 

—  Suffolk ditto|25— 3-,^ 

Foreign per  barrel |21 


Red  , 
Red  , 


Red  , 


Malting 
Halting 


Peed 

Feed 

Peed 

Foreign 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  , 
Tellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


Aeeivals  in  the  Poet  op  London  last  Week, 


32—44 
38—48 


30 


17—19 
17—19 
15-18 


29—32 

26—27 
38-40 
23—38 


25-32 
28—34 


Flour,14241sUs 
—  22160  brh 

English  

Irish     

Foreign  


Wheat.  I  Barley. 


Qrs. 
3668 


15651 


Qra. 
927 
133 

1273 


Malt.    Oats. 


Qrs.      Qra, 

2546  4 

53      1980 

—     151591 


Beans.    Peaa. 


Qrs.  Qrs. 

220  41 

80  — 

606  I         7 


Feidat,  Sept.  24.— The  supplies  of  grain  and  Flour  during 
the  week  have  been  small.  To-day's  maritet  was  thinly 
attended,  and  a  limited  business  transacted  ;  pi  icea  of  Wheat 
are  unaltered,  and  for  Flour  our  oKtreme  quotations  are 
obtained.  The  arrivals  from  the  Meiliterranean  on  the  coast 
are  considerable,  but  have  been  chiefly  sold  floating  ;  holders 
are  firm  at  36s.  6d.  tob9s,,  cost,  freight,  and  insurance.  Spring 
com  of  all  aorta  commands  our  extreme  quotations. 
Aeeivals  this  Week. 


English  ... 

Irish    

ForeiRn  ... 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 

2740 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
1450 


Oate. 


Qrs. 

190 

2770 

13800 


Flour. 


980  sacks 
1150  sacks 


lupEBTAL  Averages. 


Aug.  14.. 

—  21.. 

—  28.. 
Sept.    4.. 

—  11.. 

—  18.. 


Aggreg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Bablet.  Oats    Rte.    Beanb.    Pe 


s.  d. 

27  5 

27  4 

28  2 
28  2 
27  10 
27  4 


27     9 


s.  d. 

19  6 

19  3 
■20  3 

20  5 
18  10 
18  7 


19    6 


8.  d, 

33  7 
83  2 

34  4 
34  10 
34  5 
34  4 


34     1 


3.  d. 
31  4 
29  10 
31  1 
31  6 
31  9 
29  10 


30  11 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FLnOTUATIONS  IN  THE  LAST    SlX    WeEK'S   AVEEAOEB. 


Peioes.  Ano.  It,  Aug,  21,  Acq.  28,  Sept.  4,  Sept.11.  3ept.18, 


448  9d 


ZJ 


II 


LivEEPooL,  Tuesday,  Sept,  21, — The  imports  this  week  both 
from  our  own  coast  and  from  abroad,  are  cmill.  The  attend- 
ance at  this  morning's  market  was  small.  Wbeat  sold  in  fair 
quantities  at  quite  as  good  pvices  as  could  be  obtained  las4 
week.  Good  parcels  of  American  Fiour  are  still  very  scarce, 
and  rather  dearer;  Old  and  new  Oats  were  iu  fair  request 
and  supported  last  week's  currency.  Oatmeal  alow  of  sale. 
Barley  and  Peas  were  unchanged  in  value.  Egyptian  Beans  • 
advanced  Is.  6d.  per  qr.,  and  the  market  was  cleared.  Some 
fre^h  arrivals  are  daily  expected.    There  was  more  doing  in 

Indian  Corn,  and  it  was  rather  dearer. Feidat,  Sept.  17.— 

At  our  Corn  Exchange  this  morning,  with  an  uousunlly  thin 
attendance  of  millers,  sales  of  Wheat  of  all  descriptions  pro- 
ceeded very  slowly,  aud  the  traosacttous  ^-ere  of  limited 
amount,  without  change  in  price.  Flour  was  also  dull,  and 
rather  easier  to  purchase.  Malt  has  been  in  fair  demand 
through  the  week  at  recent  quotations.  No  new  malting 
Barley  has  yet  appeared.  The  market  i<.  almost  cleared  of 
Egyptian  Beans  at  283.  ed. :  fine  English  sell  at  37a.  to  333.  per 
qr.  New  Oats  are  scarce  and  in  request  at  fo.mpr  rates,  and 
old,  upon  a  moderate  demand,  remain  steady  in  value. 


39—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


623 


LARGE    STOCK   OP 

AGEICULTUEAL    IMPLSMEITS     ON    .BALE, 

AT   TWENTY   PER  CENT.  BELOW   THE    USUAL   COST. 


I'-PHE     GARDENER'S    CH  aONICLE     AND 

I  -IL  AGaiCULTUaA-LGAZETTEFORSALE.— TheVuIuraes 
for  181'J,  1847,  aod  1848,  strouglj  bouud  in  boards,  and  the 
whole  of  the  foUowing  numbers  up  to  tho  prtseat  time,  all 
complete  and  in  good  condition,  pi-icj  bl.  53.— Direct  to  Mr, 
Horn,  News-agent,  Grej--3treet,  NewcaiUo-on-Tyne. 


COTTAM     AND      HALLE  N 


EE-AERJNGING   THEIR 


MANUFACTORY  AND  SHOW  ROOMS  FOR  JHE  SALE  OF 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS, 

WISH  TO  DISPOSE  OF  A  LARGE  ASSORTMENT  NOW  IN  STOCK,  PREVIOUS  TO  MAKING 
THE  NECESSARY  ALTERATIONS  IN  THEIR  PREMISES. 

The  Implemoiis  cere  of  the  hcst  and  most  moclet'^i  invention  and  useful  description,  and  a  saving  of  20  ^er  cent, 
mid  upwards  will  he  effected  hy  any  -purchases  made  from  this  Stoch 

PSIIZE    XiSHIBITZOlKr    G-ATJ^S. 

CATALOGUES   ON   APPLICATION. 


OOTTAM  AND  HALLEN,  2,  WINSLEY-STREET,   OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  ETC. 
ITETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
!--»■  British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d, 
i  jr  sqaare  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
'  et  of  which  are  ke[it  ready  picked  for  immediate  delivery. 
ists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
ATF:NT  ROUi?^  PLA.TE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
ILES  au^l  SLATES,  WATEU-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
LASSES.  GLASS  illLK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
RNAMS^JTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
>  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  ChronicU  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


PATENT  SHEET  GLASS,  sold  in  cases  coutaining 
25  sheets,  48  inches  long  by  3(j  inches  wide— 300  feet,  at 
t.  95,  per  case,  net  cash.  Especial  attention  is  directed  to  the 
ize,  43  by  36  inches,  containing  12  supepficial  feet,  and 
reighing  about  18  oz.  to  tha  foot,  which  ia  the  largest  ever 
aade. 

Also  anv  of  the  following  sizes,  at  20s.  per  ino  feet. 

10  by  9.  11  bv  9,  13  by  9,  li  by  9,  15  by  9.  16  by  9,  17  by  9, 
8  by  9,  19  by  9.  20hv9. 

12  by  10.  13  by  10,  14  by  10,  15  by  10,  16  by  10,  17  by  10, 
8  by  10,  19  by  lO,  20  by  10,  23  hy  10,  25  by  10. 

14  by  11,  15  by  11,  16  by  11,  17  by  11,  18  by  11,  19  by  11, 
0  by  11,  21  by  II,  22  by  11.  25  by  11. 

14  by  13,  17  by  12,  20  by  12,  21  by  12,  22  by  12,  23  by  12, 
tbyl2,  25bTl2. 

16  by  13.  17  by  13,  19  by  13,  21  by  13,  22  by  13.  24  by  13, 
5  by  13,  26  by  13. 

17  by  14,  21  bv  14,  2?  by  14,  23  by  14,  24  by  H.  26  by  14. 

SIXTBRN  OUNCES  TO  THE  FOOT. 

FOREIGN'  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  qnality,  packed 

n  cages  of  20f>  feet,  and  in  Bizea  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 

lJO  inches,  at  38?..  40s  ,  and  42s,,  per  case. 

JAilES    PHILLIPS    AND    CO.,    IIG,    BISHOPSGATE- 

STREET.  WITHOUT. 


;:hort!cultural  building  and  heating 

I  BY   HOT   water. 

■rUBULAR  BOILERS  OP  ALL  SIZES.  WARRANTED  THE 
MOST  EFFICIENT. 

T      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's-road,    Chelsea,   Hot- 

'  •  H0C3E  BciLOEKs;  Hordcyliure  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
arc  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  Are  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bar'!  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passoF  beibre 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  tho  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King'*  Itoad,  Chelsea, 
';:iALLT;N6Eiho  whole 
world  to  mako  a  Boiler 
ihit  win  produce  any- 
"ling  like  the  same 
filVf;t,  with  tho  same 
'jiKiritity  of  Fuel  in  a 
i:'v>-n  time.  It  Is  one  of 
t  iOioholIerft  thiitwarrafi 
tho  wrttor  of  ihelr  Vic- 

oritt  r,<^^i.t  ;.>..»,  wij.i...  c.^utiiiub  20,000  gallonx,  and  alftOhoatA 

ereral  Urge  Porcln^-h oases  »nd  rangon  of  Plti,  vs-lth  a  small 

:tiniumptloo  of  fact. 
PUnn,   Mo-IelR,  nnd   Ettfrnntef  of  norticaltoral  BatldingR ; 

lUo  CtUlogues  cf  riantii,    Vinef,  Socdt,  die,  forwarded  on 

ippUcatlon. 

J.  WKEK5*  and  Co.,  Klng'i-road,  Cliclaea,  London, 

NEWI.NGTON'S    IMPROVED    HAND-DIIiI3LE. 
;A|iptj  u>  Mr.  C.  OABitf.1.,  The  flarroj  Chamber*,  Arundol. 
:rcet,  Htrind,  London.     A  Pronpectaii  lent  on  application. 


PHE    ZOOLOGICAL      GARDENS,    UEGENT»S 

-A.  PAi'.K.  are  open  daily.  Tho  Driit  living  Kpccimon  of 
3UOIUOPUTAMU4  ever  iioen  In  Europe  U  now  added  to  tho 
>>U«ction,  All  Tiftltom  are  admitted  to  Mr.  (Jould'ij  Humming 
JlrOt,  *v,  Ir.ir  fi'ri  oh*-;^".     A-Tnil-nlon  Is.,  Mondoyi  Cd, 


REDUCTION  IN  THE:PRICES  OF  PLATE  GLASS. 

THE  UNION  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 
respectfully  inform  the  Trade,  and  the  Public  generally, 
that  they  have  revised  their  Tariff  of  Prices,  and  made  con- 
siderable reductions  therein. 

The  new  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  at  the  Works, 
Pocket  Nook,  St.  Helens. 

Warehouse  :— 99,  Hatton-garden,  London. 
,,  11,  Yorli-street,  Manchester. 

,,  15,  South  John-street,  Liverpool. 

Messrs.  C.  and  J.  Mallqch,  30,  Turner's-court,  GlasgoTv  ; 
Messrs.  Jubn  DiX  ffc  Ci>..  Rath  street.  Bristol. 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  THE  SUN.— Use  E.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
perfect  non-conductor  of  heat,  and  admitting  light  without 
heat,  where  a  covering  is  required  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  Is.  id,  per  yard,  and  much  cheaper  than  Bass  Mats. 
E.  F.  AacHEE,  451,  Oxford-street,  London, 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND   COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLODR  MEB0HANT9,  125,  Queen- Street,  Portsea,  supply 
in  any  quantities,  at  wholesale  prices,  Crown  and  Horticultural 
SHEET  GLASS,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
Conservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee,  Cucum- 
ber, and  Propagating  Glasses,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Ornamental  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  &q.  D-jep  Well,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Piumberu'  Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
London  prices. 
N.  B. — Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


TO    AGRICULTURISTS. 

PHOSPHATE  OF  LIME,  IVORY  BLACK,  or 
BURNT  BONES  containing  about  60  per  cent,  of  phos- 
phate  of  lime,  and  suitable  for  conversion,  by  the  addition  of 
sulphuric  acid,  into  superphosphate  of  lime,  or  to  use  in  place 
of  raw  bones,  for  sale  on  moderate  terms,  delivered  at  the 
carriers'  or  on  board  a  vessel  at  Liverpool.— Apply  to  R.  Lloyd 
and  Co..  Acton  Bridge,  near  Northwich. 


THE     GENERAL      LAND     DRAINAGE     AND 
IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY. 
Henry  Kee  Seimer,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Chairman. 
Sia  John  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Deputy  Chairman. 
Empowered  by  Act  of  Parliament  to  execute  all  works  of 
drainage    (including   outfalls   through   adjoining   estates),   to 
erect  farm-buildings,  and  to  carry  out  every  kind  of  permanent 
improvement  upon  estates,  under  settlement  or  disability,  to 
provide  the  money  or  to  enable  the  landowner  to  employ  his 
own  capital  and  execute  the  works  by  his  agents,  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  Company,  the  amount  of  the  outlay  and 
the  attendant  expenses   being  charged  upon  the  property  by 
way  of  annuity,  extinguishing  the  debt  at  the  rate  of  61,  per 
cent,  for  farm-buildings,  and  51.  per  cent,  for  drainage,  roads, 
and  other  improvements.  W.  Clifford,  Sec. 

Offices,  52,  Parliament-street.  London. 


ROYAL    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE, 
CIRENCESTER. 
Pa!ron— His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Albeet. 
Fresident  of  Council — E;irl  Batooest. 

Vice-President— Envl  Ddcie. 
Principal— iivv.  J.  S.  Uayoaeth,  M.A. 
The  next  Quarter-day  for  the  Admission  of  Students  is 
Wednesday,  October  6th. — Students  are  admitted  either  as 
Boarders  or  as  Out-Students.  The  Annual  Fees  for  Boarders 
vary  from  45  to  80  guineas,  according  to  a^e  and  other  circum- 
stances. The  Fee  tor  OuuStudents  is  401.  per  annum.  The 
College  Course  of  Lectures  and  Practical  Instruction  is  com- 
p'etc  in  one  twelvemonth — thou^'h  for  younger  students  a  longer 
time  in  recommended.  There  is  a  department  for  general  as 
well  as  for  agricultural  education. 

ProHf>ecm8ue  and  Infurmatiun  can  be  had  ou  application  to 
the  Principal.— CirencBftter,  Sept.  25,  1852. 


/COCHIN    CHINA,    SPANISH,    POLAND,   AND 

V-/  OTHER,  FOW'L.  — A  fuw  thorougti-bred  Cochin  Chicks, 
three  to  five  monihn'  old,  lOs.,  158.,  and  208.  the  pair  (if  a 
quantity  arc  wanted  a  reduction  in  price)  ;  White-croaied 
iJJack  Folands,  Ifis.  ;  ShniKhai,  208.;  Gold  or  Silvcr-laccd 
SebrlKHt  bantams,  lbs.;  first-rate  ditto,  20s.;  Gold  or  Sllvor- 
spangled  PolanriH,  3  guinean  ;  Milk  White  Ditto,  boarderl,  very 
hand«omo  and  ruro,  8  Kuinea«  ;  pure  Spanish,  Sflfl.,  35fl.,  and 
iOa. ;  Gold  Hpangitd  Uumhurgh,  lOs.  all  per  pair;  Dorking, 
If.  each  ;  Malay,  fia.  each.  A  fewgood  Cochin  China  Cockcrcle, 
6«,  each.  AddrnHfl  Gkuhok  BooTiiny,  Louth,  Llncolnshiro. — 
N.B    PirBUratt'  (J. .chin  >iiid  HhniiKhal  Kuc»,  Sa.  per  dnzeo. 


«  I^-'URKKA. 

i-J     dltfur  frof 


i'UKD'S       EUREKA       .SHIRTS 

from  other  patterns,  not  merely  In  shaifi)  aii<l 
dotilgn,  but  In  thrlr  groat  suporlorlty  ot  fit,  quality  of  muicrlal, 
uiid  workiuanHhlp."— Oio'x;,  April  12,  1852.  Thu  llluatraled 
Price  LIhIhi  containing  dlroc'lonH  for  «elf..meaHuroiiiciit  and 
every  jiartlcular,  aro  forwiirdyd  puHt.freo  ;  and  tho  p  ittcrn- 
boolcH  Co  Holcot  from,  of  tlio  New  Reglhtereu  Culouriid  Shining, 
on  rr-cdlpt  of  nlx  fltampn.  — HIOIIAKD  FORD,  38,  Poultry, 
London, 


Just  published,  Fifth  Edition, 
pATECHISM    OF    COTTAGE    FARMING. 

V>  "  If  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allotment  tenantry  or  the 
cultivators  of  sm.'ill  farms  to  manage  their  land  more  profit- 
ably tlian  they  miy  hitherto  have  b'^eu  accuatomed  to  do 

we  v..u:ui'e  to  recoiimend  thie  little  Catechism  as  likely  tB  be 
very  useful  for  distribution  amoxisthem."— Gardeners'  Chronicle 
and  AgricaUural  Gazette. 

Also,  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  GARDENING. 

Price  id.  each  ;  13  copies  sent  free  by  post  fir  is.  Gd.    The 

two  Catechisms  bound  together  in  cloth,  Is 

These  clever  and  interesting  lictle  Catechisms,   by   a  well- 

kiio'.vn  writer  on  Rural  Economy,  are  admirably  adapted  for 

diffiioiiig    an   improved  knowledge  and  practice  of  Farming 

and  Gardening  among  the  smaller  class  of  cultivators. 

Also,  Third  Edition,  price  2s  ,  hound  in  c'oth, 

RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 

AND  GARDENERS:  A  Treasury  of  Information  on  Cow- 
Keeping.  Sheep,  Piu'S,  Poultry,  the  Horse,  Pony,  Ass,  Goat, 
Honey  Bee,  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
&c.,  &c.,  &c.    By  Maetin  Doyle,  and  others. 

"  It  is  all  that  it  professes  to  he."— British  Quarterly  Review. 

"This  is  rural  economy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and 
form  ;  its  multifarious  and  interesting  suhjeets  may  actually 
be  said  to  be  condensed  to  the  utmost.  Tho  book  has  but  to 
be  seen  by  those  for  whom  it  is  prepared  to  be  admired,  and, 
we  may  add,  to  be  purchased." — Christian  Witness. 

London  :  Geoombbidge  and  Sons,  Paternoster  Row. 
Sold  by  all  Booksellers. 

In  the  press,  and  will  speedily  bo  published, 
Part  I.    8vo., 

FOLIA   ORCHIDACEA.— An   Enumeration  of  the 
known   species  of  ORCHIDS:  with  brief  notes   dpon 

ALL    AND  THE   DISTINCTIVE    CHAEACTEBS    OF    SUCH    AS    AEE    NOT 

MENTtoNED  IN  THE  GENERA  and  SPECIES  of  ORCHIDA- 
CEOUS PLANTS. 

BY  PROFESSOR   LINDLEY. 

The  work  upon  which  the  present  Enumeration  is  founded 
was  commenced  in  April,  1830,  and  terminated  in  Oci^ober, 
1840.  Twenty-two  years  have  therefore  elapsed  since  its 
commencement,  during  which  period  the  advance  of  discovery 
has  been  so  rapid  that  numerous  genera  have  beun  added 
to  what  wore  then  known,  others  have  been  euhdivided 
or  wholly  remodelled,  and  multitudes  of  species  have  beea 
introduced,  and  published  in  so  many  different  works,  that 
their  identificition  has  become  attended  with  very  great 
difficulty.  In  1830  the  Orchidaceous  plants  of  tropical  America 
were  scarcely  known  in  either  Gardens  or  Herbaria;  of  late 
years  they  have  multiplied  enormously ;  those  of  the  Philippines 
were  unheard  ot;  and  the  numerous  Javan  species  were  only 
puzzles  which  none  bat  the  Dutch  had  the  means  of  unravelling. 
At  the  present  day  we  have  actually  in  cultivation  a  greater 
number  of  Orchids  than  were  known  in  1830  from  books  and 
herbaria  taken  together.  As  an  example  the  genus  Masdevallia 
may  be  mentioned  ;  in  1833  supposed  to  consirtt  of  only  three 
species,  and  to  belong  to  the  section  called  Vandere,  but  now 
known  to  include  between  30  and  40  species,  and  lo  be  a  true 
Malaxeous  genus,  nearly  related  to  Pleurothallie. 

The  autbur  teels  that  under  such  circumstances  it  is  time 
that  the  ground  over  which  he  formerly  passed  should  be 
re-examined,  and  that  he  should  once  more  endeavour  to 
collect  into  a  scientific  form  the  copious  materials  Rtill  unpub- 
lished, or  scattered  through  volumes  which  are  inaccessible  to 
those  who  liave  not  constant  access  to  large  libra'ies. 

In  doing  Ibis,  however,  the  nature  of  the  subject  compels 
him  to  follow  an  unudual  plan  of  publication.  Although  the 
greater  part  of  the  genera  of  this  Natural  Fiimily  have  now 
been  examined  by  himself  and  reduced  to  order,  their  tr',ie  . 
structure  ascertained,  and  their  place  in  a  systematical  ai  range- 
ment  determined,  yet  there  is  still  a  considerable  number 
concerning  which  he  has  no  sufficient  information.  If  genera 
:  were  to  follow  in  the  present  work  in  regular  ^tquence,  accord- 
ing to  some  established  plan  of  arrangement,  it  must  necessarily 
happen  that  an  insufficiently  known  genus  would  require  to  be 
introduced  as  soon  as  it  was  reached  in  the  pubhcalion, 
whether  useful  information  concerning  it  had  been  gained  or 
not ;  and  the  possible  result  would  he  to  place  it  in  the  classifi- 
cation where  it  is  has  no  claim  to  remain.  For  the  purpose  of 
avoiding  this  inconvenience  each  genus  will  he  pa^ed  separ- 
ately—or printed  on  a  single  leaf  if  it  does  not  ri.-quire  more 
space.  By  this  means  no  genua  need  appear  until  sumelhing 
certain  is  known  about  it :  and  the  best  known  genera  can  be 
taken  first.  At  the  compleiion  of  the  work  tboy  can  all  be 
arranged  according  to  whatever  method  further  experience  and 
accumulated  information  shall  show  to  be  moht  pspedieat. 
In  the  meanwhile  the  reader  can  either  retain  the  genera 
in  the  order  of  publication,  or  place  them  temporarily  in  alpha- 
betical order,  or  arrange  them  in  tho  manner  proposed  in  the 
author's  "  Vegetable  Kingdom."  No  InconvenieuCB  will  attend 
disturbing  the  work  as  it  proceeds,  because  no  pages  will  be 
used  for  the  short  genera,  and  each  large  genus  will  be  paged 
by  itself;  the  date  of  publication  being  indicated  at  the  bottom 
of  the  first  page  of  each.  This  will  be  readily  understood  by  a 
reference  to  the  first  part  of  the  work. 

The  author  would  solicit  continued  assistance  from  those 
botanists  who  ciin  render  it,  especially  as  regards  ^hl^  Orchids 
of  Polynesia,  South  Peru,  the  north-west  cous^  of  New  Holland, 
Borneo,  New  Guinea,  and  the  Dutch  poesessiuns  in  Abia.  The 
materials  which  his  correspondents  may  place  at  hia  disposal 
will  bo  carefally  examined  and  acknowledged  in  the  work  as  it 
advances.  But  he  is  ubligud  to  request,  firsily,  that  all  speci- 
mens may  be  good  and  examinable,  suub  tiuttniems  as  are 
tiequenily  sent  him  being  wholly  useless  for  scu  nlific  purposes  ; 
and,  secondly,  that  they  may  bo  in  all  casis  duplicates  only  ; 
for  he  cannot  undertake  to  Bend  back  dried  plants  uiiltss  there 
is  some  express  engagement  to  that  effect.  lu  return  for 
assistance  of  any  extent,  his  correapondentH  will  receive  a 
copy  of  the  work  as  it  appears,  provided  th<'y  will  favour 
him  with  the  address  of  sumo  ptrsun  in  Lundou  who  will 
tnko  (;hargc  of  it. 

J.  Matthews,  6,  Uppor  Wellington-Btreet,  Covont-gardon. 


Lately  publiahed,  price  7s.  Gt/., 
1^X1  E    DOVECOTE   AND  THE   AVIARY; 

X  being  Skoicbes  of  tho  Natural  Hlhtoiy  oi  Pigeons  and 
other  Domoalc  Birds  in  a  Captive  Stoic  ;  with  Hints  (or  their 
Managoment.  By  tho  Rev.  E.  S.  Dixon,  M.A,,  Author  of 
*'  Ornamontal  and  Domoellc  Poultry." 

"  Wo  havu  bucu  reading  Mr.  Dlxoit'a  book  upon  the  Dovecote 
and  tho  Aviary.  Our  tliyuglits  uro  full  of  ruiihb,  corassows, 
ciiBHKwarles,  eineuB,  and  the  like  ;  it  U  ifood  fnr  nur  peace  that 
w«  should  lot  Motno  of  thorn  fly.**— //oHic/wIrf  iro<(/s.  No.  120. 

<■  '  The  Duvucoto  '  U  as  much  adilruShcd  n.  the  scientific 
naturallHt  and  tho  general  reudtr  as  to  tho  pigeon  keeper,  uod, 
with  fill)  *  Avlury,'  doserveH  u  plaoo  upon  the  library  shelf 
hi  side  tbo  onterlatnlug  and  Instructive  productions  with  which 
Waturton,  Jobhu,  and  Koch  men  havo  enriched  our  recent 
popular  Uiorafure,"—i/WI«ii.'i  ComdUa  Uer<dd :  acoond  notice. 
London:  Joun  MuaaAY,  Albomurlc-Btroet. 


624 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTUR.\L     GAZETTE.       [Sept.  25. 


1 


In  the  Press,  to  be  ready  earhj  in  December,  elegantly  hound  in  cloth,  gilt  edges,  price  Fifteen  Shillings, 

UNIFORM    WITH   LONGfFELLOW'S  POEMS,  Jjo., 

A   NEW   AND    HIGHLY   ILLUSTRATED   EDITION   OF 

THE     LADY     OF     THE      LAKE. 

BY  SIR  WALTER  SCOTT,  Bart. 
WITH    NUMEROUS    ILLUSTRATIONS    ON    WOOD. 

FROM  SKETCHES  BY  BIRKET   FOSTER  AND  J.  F.  GILBERT. 


This  Edition  of  Sie  Waltee  Scott's  "  Ladt  of  tbe  Lake  "  will  include  all  the  A  uthor's  latest  Copyright  Notes,  and 
Additions  not  contained  in  any  other.  It  ivill  be  uniform  with  the  Illustrated  Editions  of  CampheU'e,  Rogers',  Thomson's, 
Goldsmith's,  and  Longfellow's  Poems,  and  will  form  a  beautilul  and  appropriate  Gift-Book  for  Christmas. 

The  Illustrations  of  the  Scenery  described  in  the  Poem  are  from  Sketches  drawa  on  the  s^iot  by  ilr,  Fostee,  expressly  for 
this  Work,  end  will  comprise  all  tbe  principal  places  alluded  to  in  the  Poem. 


ADAM  AND  CHARLES  BLACK,  EDINBURGH, 


CAPTAIM    PENNY'S    EXPEDITION    IN    SEARCH    OF 

SIR  JOHN    FRANKLIN. 

Just  publiehed,  in  2  vols,  post  8vo,  with  Two  coloured  Charts 

by  A.  Petermann,  Six  Plates  (four  colourad),  and  numerous 

AVood  Engravings,  price  27.?.  cloth, 

TOURNAL  OF  A  VOYAGE  in  BAFFIN'S  BAY 

0  and  BARROW'S  STRAITS,  ia  the  years  1850  and  1S51, 
performed  by  II.M.  Ships  Lady  Franltlin  and  S-'phia,  under 
the  command  of  Mr.  William  Penny,  in  search  of  the  minaing 
Crews  of  H.M.  Ships  Erebus  and  Terror  :  with  a  Narrative  of 
Sledge  Excursions  on  the  Ice  of  Wellington  Channel;  and 
Observations  on  the  Natural  History  and  Physical  Features 
of  the  Countries  and  Frozen  Seas  visited.  By  Petee  C. 
SUTHEELAND,  M.D.,  M.  R.C.S.  E.,  Surgeon  to  the  Expedition. 

*' So  many  accounts  of  Arctic  Expeditions  have  been  pub- 
lished within  the  last  30  years,  that  even  their  strange  and 
striking  scenes  have  lost  something  of  their  novelty.  Interest 
as  well  as  variety,  however,  are  given  to  Dr.  Sutherland's 
narrative  by  the  pureuits  i)f  the  author.  The  profession  of 
medicine  and  a  taste  for  natural  history  not  only  directed  his 
attention  to  the  hygienic  circumstances  of  the  voyage  and  the 
wintering,  as  well  as  to  the  many  rare  facts  in  natural  history 
that  such  a  voyage  would  produce,  but  they  have  coloured  the 
work  by  constant  pictures  of  external  nature.  This  feature 
continually  varies  the  monotony  of  a  sea-voyage  by  exhibiting 
some  of  the  wonders  of  the  deep,  and  gives  animation  to  the 
barrenness  of  the  Arctic  regions  by  calling  attention  to  the 
vegetable,  insect,  and  animal  life,  with  which  the  most  rigorous 
regions  are  teeming  at  times." — Spectator. 

London  :   Lonqaeah,  Bsown,  Green,  and  Lonqmanb. 


On  the  30ih  inst.  will  be  published,  price  One  Shilling,  the 
Eighth  Number  of 

BLEAK    HOUSE.      By     CHARLES     DICKENS. 
With  Illustrations  by  Hablot  K.  Beowne.     To  be  com. 
plated  in  Twenty  Numbers,   uaiform,  with    "  David   Copper- 


aeld,"  d;c 


Beadbdrt  and  Evanb.  II,  Bouvcie-street, 


Mt 


On  the  30th  inat.  will  be  published,  price  One  Shilling,  the 
Tenth  Number  of 

SPONGE'S  SPORTING  TOUR.  By  the 
Author  of  "  Flandley  Cross,"  "  JorrockaV  Jnunts,"  ifec. 
Illustrated  with  One  Coloured  Engraving  and  numerous  Wooi^- 
cutH,  by  JoHH  Leech. 

Nutnbera  I.  to  X.  may  be  had  by  order  of  any  Bookseller 
or  NewBvendor,  and  at  all  Railway  Stations. 

Beadbobt  and  Evans.  11,  Bouverie-street. 


UXBRIDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 

NURSERY,    SEED,     AND    FLORISTS'    BUSINESS. 

MESSRS,  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  directed 
by  the  Trustee  for  Sale  and  Mortgagee,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Bar:holomew-lane,  on  THURSDAY,  October  U, 
in  one  Lot  (if  not  previously  disposed  of  by  private  contracl), 
the  valuable  Leases  and  Goodwill  of  the  UXBRIDGE 
NURSERY,  which  has  been  established  upwards  ot  20  years; 
aUo  the  whole  of  the  celebrated  NURSERY  STOCK,  riding 
over  from  12  to  13  acres,  comprising  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees  ^oS 
the  first  description,  and  rich  assortment  of  Ever^r-jen?, 
Ornamental  Trees,  Deciduous  Shrubs,  and  American  Plants, 
together  with  the  Greenhouses,  and  the  Choice  Greenhouse 
Plants,  Pits,  Frames,  Seeds,  Drawers,  and  sundry  effects. 
Particulars,  which  are  bting  prepared,  may  be  had  of  ilessrs. 
TtTBTiN  and  Pateeson,  Solicitors,  4,  Bride-court,  New  Brid;,'e- 
street,  Blackfriare  ;  and  of  Messrs.  Feotheboe  and  Moaais, 
Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone, 
Essex. 


MESSRS. 
instructec 


Just  published,  in  8vo,  with  Woodcuts,  Part  XLIIl.,  price  55  ; 
also  the  Fourth  and  concluding  Volume,  price  3Z.  10s.,  of 

THE  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  ANATOMY  AND 
PHYSIOLOGY.  Edited  by  Robeet  B.  Todd,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Professor 
of  Physiology  and  of  General  and  Morbid  Anatomy  in  Kin^j's 
College,  London;  and  Pliysiciinto  King's  College  Hos;>itHl. 

Contents  of  Paet  XLIIL— Voice  {concluded),  by  John 
Bishop,  Esq. ;  Wrist- Joint,  Normal  Anatomy  of,  by  Dr. 
M'Dowel ;  Wrist-Joint,  Abnormal  Anatomy  of,  by  Dr.  Adams. 
Index  to  the  Fourth  Volume.  Supplement :— Ovum,  by  Dr. 
Allen  Thomson. 

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PARKS  AND  PLEASURE  GROUNDS  ;  or. 
Practical  Notes  on  Country  Residences,  Villas,  Public 
Parks,  and  Gardens.  By  Chaeles  H.  J.  Smith,  Landscape 
Gardener  and  Garden  Architect,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Society  of  Arts,  Caledinian  Horticultural  Society,  &,c. 

Contents  :  —  The  Houses  and  Offices— The  Approach^ 
Pleasure  Grounds  and  .Floorer  Gardens — The  Park— Orna- 
mental Characters  of  Trees  detached  and  in  combinaiion — 
Planting— Fences  of  the  Park  and  Pleasure  Grounds — Water— 
The  Kitchen,  Fruit,  and  Forcing  Gardens— Public  Parks  and 
Gardens— The  Villa — The  Laying-out  and  Improvement  of 
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G LENNY'S  GARDEN  ALMANAC,  with  Twenty 
fine  Engravings,  a  Complete  List  of  the  best  varieties 
in  Fruits,  Flowers,  Plants,  and  Vegetables,  and  important 
advice  to  the  thirty  thousand  readers  who  will  see  it  before 
November  is  out.  Advertisements  must  be  sent  immediately 
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TO    NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYMEN, 

AND    OTHERS. 
600  Double  CimelHas  fur  absolute  Sale,  1  to  3  feet ;  300  iQdiaa 
Azaleas;  300  Lilium  lancifolium  rubrum;   100  fiae  buQhj 
Scarlet  Rhododendrons. 

PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
cted  by  Mons.  A,  Van  Geert,  of  Ghent,  to  submit 
to  public  competition  by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew- 
lane,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  13,  at  12  o'clock,  the  alaove, 
which  comprise  all  the  leading  varieties,  and  are  well  furnished 
with  bloom  buds.  On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  Catalogue*  ■ 
may  be  had  at  the  Auction  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex,  , 

A    LUCRATIVE    CONCERN.  i 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  to  dispose  of  by  private 
contract,  a  first-rate  NURSERY,  situate  about  fou* 
miles  from  the  City,  consisting  of  Three  Acres,  well  stocked 
with  fine  Evergreens,  Fruit  Trees,  &c.  A  considerabla 
quantity  of  Greenhouse  and  other  potted  Plants,  three  newly- 
erected  Greenhouses,  several  Pits  and  Frames,  Seed  JJrawers, 
Fixtures,  &c.  A  good  Seed  and  Jobbing  connection.  A  new 
four-roomed  dwelling-house  on  the  premises ;  Lease  unexpired, 
18  years;  Rent,  251.  Reason  for  disposing,  the  proprietor 
retiring  from  tbe  Nursery  busineBS. 
5,  Hoxton-square,  Sept.  25. _^__ 


EARLY     SALE     OF      DUTCH      BULBS. 

TO  GENTLEMEN.  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHEKS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  submit  to  public  com- 
petition, at  the  Auction  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  oo 
FRIDAY,  Oct.  1st,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate  Collection  of 
DUTCH  BULBS,  consisting  of  the  finest  Double  and  Singlo 
Hyacinths,  Narcissus,  Tulips,  Jonquils,  Anemones,  Iris,  A;c,  ; 
also  all  the  new  varieties  of  Crocus,  Gladiolus  Queen  Victoria, 
new  and  beautiful,  as  well  as  every  other  variety  ;  and  the  first 
portion  of  20,000  superb  mixed  Ranunculus,  from  one  of  iho 
first  growers  in  the  country. — May  be  viewed  the  morning  ol 
Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneer, 
5,  Hoxton-square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery,  ShacUlewell. 


LAM  BETH. 

TO  NOBLEMEN.QENTLEMEN.NURSERYMEN,  BUILDERS, 
AND  OTHERS  ENGAGED  IN  PLANTING. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  been  favoured  with 
instructions  from  Messrs.  Hay,  Sangster,  and  Co.,  to 
submit  to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Pleasant-place,  West-equare,  Lambeth,  on  MONDAY,  Oc:,  1, 
and  following  davs,  at  ll  o'clock,  without  reserve  (in  conse- 
quence of  tbe  the  ground  being  required  for  great  alteratiooaV 
the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  consisting  of 
very  fine  Evergreens  and  Shrubs,  Fruit,  Forest,  and  Orna- 
mental Trees,  American  Plants,  &c.  The  stock  comprise* 
large  Chinese  Arbor- Vitie,  from  2  to  6  feet  high  ;  large  Greejx 
Hollies,  and  all  other  kinds  of  Evergreens ; 


a  considerable 


TO 


LAVENDER     GROWERS,     GARDENERS, 
FLORISTS,  ETC. 


Price  5j.,  beautifully  printed  and  illustrated, 

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SHIRE. Containing  minutely  engraved  Travelling  Maps,  Charts 
of  the  Railways,  a  Chart  of  ihs  Courne  of  the  River  Wye, 
numerous  Views  of  the  Scenery,  engraved  on  Wood  and  Steel, 
and  a  copious  Itinerary. 


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possess  peculiar  historical  or  picturesque  interest. 

A.  <b  C.  Black,  Edinburgh:  and  sold  by  all  Booksellers. 

MR.  THOMAS  T ATE»S  WORKS  on  MECHANISM, 
MECHANICS.   ARITHMETIC,  &c, 

•' Under  the  head  'Industrial  Mechanics,' I  set  last  year  a 
section  from  Mr.  Tate'd  recently  published  work,  entitled 
'Elements  of  Mechani-m,' and  propose  to  do  so  next  year.  I 
mention  this,  because  such  questions  have  not  heretofore  been 
included  in  the  industrial  mechanics*  paper.  This  work  musr 
not  be  confounded  with  Mr.  Tate's  'Exercises  on  Mechanics,' 
The  word  '  mechanism'  is  to  be  understood  in  a  different  sense 
from  mechanics." — From  the  Hev.  H.  Moseley^s  Report  of  Train- 
ing Schools  for  1851  and  1852. 

"  They  have  been  taught  arithmetic  on  those  first  principles 
of  which  Mr.  Tate's  little  work  give!  so  simple  an  exposition  ; 
and  they  apply  them  to  complicated  arithmetical  questions  with 
great  readiness  and  accuracy.  The  advantage  ot  this  method 
is,  that  each  operation  of  numbers  in  the  solution  of  aritli- 
metical  questions  becomes  a  demonstration  ;  and  that  arith- 
metic is  made  by  it — for  educational  purposes— the  logic  of  the 
people."— /-rom  (fte  Rcm.  H.  mseley'a  Beport  of  the  KiidUr  Hall 
Training  Schools  for  1851. 

London:  Longman,  Beown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans  : 

Of   whom  may    be    had    a    List    of   Mr.    Tate's    Elementary 

Mathematical  Works. 


TO  BE  SOLD,  (very  cheap)  by  tender  or  private 
contract,  on  or  before  the  30th  of  September,  inst,,  three 
pieces  of  yonug  planted  LAVENDER  in  a  IJ  acre  piece;  a 
\  acre  piece;  and  a  half-acre  piece,  in  Penny's  Lane,  and  afield 
below  the  chalk-pit  adjoining  the  Wargrave-road  about  two 
miles  from  Heoley,  and  three  miles  from  the  Groat  Western 
Railway  at  Twyford.  There  are  from  15  to  20,000  young  and 
good  fresh  Lavender  Trees,  just  fit  for  a  new  stock,  or  cheaply 
to  extend  any  person's  plantation.  They  will  be  sold,  either  by 
the  pieceof  land  they  grow  upon,  or  by  the  dozen  of  good  plants; 
so  as  to  be  removed  and  re-planted  this  autumn. — For  turther 
particulars  apply  personally  to  John  Foed,  of  the  lata  Lavender 
Grounds,  near  Wargrave,  Berks, 


•-pO  BE  DISPOSED_  OF, 


first-rate  NURSERY 
and  SEED  BUSINESS,  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
populous  of  the  Midland  Towns,  and  surrounded  by  a  wealthy 
neighbourhood.  The  connection  has  been  established  30  years, 
and  the  returns  are  now  averaging  20001.  per  annum.  Part  of 
the  purchase-money  might  remain  ou  security  of  the  stock. — 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  to  Messrs.  Noble,  Cooper,  and  Bolton, 
Fleet-street,  London. 


5aleg  tg  gluctton, 

BLACKHEATH. 
TO  NOBLEMEN,  OENTLEMEU,  NURSERYMEN,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  ;  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Mr.  Hally  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  pre- 
Tranquil  Vale,  Blackheath,  on   MC^DAT,  October  11, 


at  11  o'clock— about  1000  Double  CAMELLIAS  from  2  to  5 
feet,  beautifully  set  with  bloom  buds  ;  200  strong  Camellia 
Stocks  ;  also  choice  Greenhouse  and  hardy  ornament.al  Plants, 
comprising  Indian  and  hardy  Azaleas,  Andromeda  floribunda, 
Araucaria  imbricata,  Cupressus  fuoebris  and  GOTenianum, 
Crypfomeria  japonica,  Cantua  dependens,  Berberia  Darwinii, 
Dielytra  ppectabilis,  a  few  tine  plants  of  the  new  Saxe.GothiB 
conspicua,  Pompone  Chryeaathemums,  die. — May  be  viewed 
one  week  prior  to  tbe  Sale  ;  Catalogues  may  be  had  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  in  Loudon;  on  the  Premises  ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex, 


quantity  of  splendid  Standard  Mulberries,  and  every  other 
description  ot  Fruit  Tree,  in  the  finest  condition,  as  well  as 
many  thousands  of  Apple,  Pear,  Plum,  and  Cherry  Stoekl, 
Standard  and  Dwarf  Koses,  Climbing  Plants,  a  quantity  of 
Rhubarb,  Seakale,  and  Asparagus,  for  Forcing,  &x.  ;  aHo  a 
capital  heavy  Town  Cart,  and  a  quantity  of  Paving  Stones.— M»y 
be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale.  Catalogues  {id.  each,  returnable  to 
purchasers)  may  be  had  on  the  premises;  ot  the  prrndpal 
Seedsmen;  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  S,  Hoiton-square,  and 
Ebenezer  Nursery.  Shacklewell,  London. 

COCHIN   CHINA   FOWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TITES. 
DAY  28th  of  September,  at  12  for  1  o'clock-COOHIN  CHINA 
FOWLS,  from  the  stock  of  well-known  amateurs,  incluJiog  a 
pair  of  Sturgeon's  Birmingham  prize  birds,  1851,  and  ^-hiclieiis 
from  the  same;  a  Birmingham  prize  Malay  Cock,  1351, 
and  Chickens  ;  some  handsome  black  Chickens,  bred  from 
Birmingham  prize,  white  Cochin  China  Cock  and  coloured 
Hen  and  many  others  ofthe  favourite  colours ;  buff,  yellow,  and 
partridge,  of  great  weight  and  celebrated  breeds.  May  be  seen 
on  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  ot  Mr.  i.  C. 
Stevens,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden. 

ORCHIDS. 

ME.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King.street,  Covent-Garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  October  1,  at  12  for  1  o'clock— ORCHIDS,  collected 
by  Mr.  WiEszewiEZ  in  Bolivia  and  the  bordering  Cordilleras 
of  Brazil,  hitherto  unknown,  comprising  Anguloas,  Lycajtes  ? 
Trichopils  Odontoglosaums,  a  remarkable  species  resembling 
a  Huntleya  or  Zygopetalum,  a  Sobralia  of  remarkable  character 
bearin-  a  number  of  flowers,  which  is  like  Lselia  superbiens— 
all  these  plants  are  in  fine  robust  health  ;  to  which  will  be 
added  the  rare  MASDEVALLIA  COCCINBA,  a  TrichopiUa 
suavis,  and  some  others,  survivors  of  an  importation  from  New 
Grenada  last  year;  also  a  collection  ot  Bast  Indian  Orohide, 
comprising  Vanda  carulea  very  fln»,  Aerides  afflne,  Dendro. 
bium  Farmeri  very  fine,  Paitoni,  Cambndgeanum,  Dal. 
housianum,  Devonianum,  formoaum,  Sic,  a  part  of  which  has 
iust  arrived,  and  part  has  been  six  weeks  in  this  country,  .and 
in  the  finest  health.-May  bo  viewed  the  day  prior  and  mornins 

of  sale,  and  catalogues  had. __^ 

STOVE    AND    GREENHOUSE    PLANTS^ 
THE  COLLECTION  OF  AN  AMATECfR. 

MR  J  C  STEVENS  is  instructed  to  sell  by  Auction 
at  his  Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  or 
PRinAY  8th  October,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a  collection  ot  well 
g™wnTpecim?n  STOVE  AND  GREENHOCSE  PLANTS, 
including  Heaths,  Rhododendrons,  Azalea  md.oa,  and  Ca, 
mellias,  well  deserving  attention.-May  he  viewed  on  the  daj 
prior,  and  morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Fruited  by  Wltlim  BainBOSI,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place  lu  th( 
p^ri.bofs"l>.r,cr„,»„d  Pk.o.b.c.  M„li1..t  Eyit.,  ot  No.  7.  Chatcli 
rnw  Stoke  NewiuKton.  both  In  the  County  ol  Middlesex.  PrloterB,  a 
S  Oaice  In  Lomb°rd-.treet,  in  the  Precinct  of  WUIlettinr..  lolhi 
Ciiy  or  London;  nod  pnbliehed  by  tbem  at  the  office  No.  i,  Chariel 
BIreet  in  the  pRrish  of  SI.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  in  tbe  eaid  Count; 
wliere  all  Adfertiiements  and  ConiniUDiratiaue  are  to  be  ADoaBaBSD  If 
THa  Efllioa,— SiXUSDAI,  Sbptembbb  25,  lSa2, 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICLE 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL   -GAZETTE. 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  Creneral  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley, 


No.  40.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  2. 


INDEX. 


LgA,  Society  or Ene'and    ■■.. 

—  —•     Journal  oflrieb, 

noticed 

Aloe.  Ain'rican.  in  bloom  .... 

AaberRine 

fieaos,  Prenck.late. 

Beea,  iWArmtDeof 

British  Associatioa 628  A— 

BtiildlDK  material,  new    

Caledoaian  Hort,  Society 

Calead&r.  horticultural 

Cattle,  live  and  dead  welzhtBOf 

—  feeding  of   

Conifers,  disease  in 

Crops,  Irisb 

Farmiiic-,  Weedoa    

Fiidiuue 

Fiib,  Rold  

Food,  cattle  

Fun^ion  CoolferB  

^    oaPearleaves 

Glae,  marlae 

Grape,  purplf  FroQtigoaD  .... 

Gre«bna  eaisia 

Hotse  Radisb 

HorticuUu-al  -Society's  garden 

Hyacinths,  culture  of  

Naiiooal  Floricultural  Society 
Orchids,  sale  of    


636  a 

K?7  c 

623  c 

629  c 

62y  a 

629  a 

-63A  c 

631   c 

630  6 

632  a 

fiSS  a 

633  6 

627  a 

639  c 

635  b 

62;  a 

630  a 

633  b 

627  a 

629  b 

612  a 

6-l<i  a 

630  a 

C29  a 

630  e 

631  6 

631    6 

632  a 

Ochidt.  British 

Pauperism 

Pilars  for  tttrta 

Pear-leaf  fungi 

Peas,  i«re   

Pig  lood. 

Pinus  iaaiiTDiB 

Potatoes,  substitute  for. . 

^    autumn  pUntiag.. 

—    HmoQg  weeds 


..629  c 


—    bad.  to  keep  for  pigs 

Reaping  mnchines 6 

SeMjoir,  thin    6 

Stable  maoBsrement  6 

Stephanotia  diribunda 6 

Summsr.  the  late    6 

Tempemtare 6 

Toads  eat  wasps 6; 

Tomato  disease 6 

Villai{e  excuraioas 6 

Vine  diHe4He 6 

Walls,  glazed 6 

Wasps  eaten  by  toads    ,.,  6 

Weather   627  &— 6 

WeiKhts,    live    and    dead,  of 

caitle 61 

Whitby  Floricultural  Siciety..  6 
Wind,  effect  of  storm  of  6 


FRUIT     TREES. 

HUGH  LOW  AND  CO.  iavite  the  attention  of  the 
Trade  to  their  Stock  of  Maidea  Fruit  Trees,  They  are 
of  uaasually  fiae  growth  this  season,  aod  the  collectioa  com- 
prieea  all  the  moat  approved  kinda  of  Peaches,  Nectariuee, 
Apricots,  Piatns,  Pears,  &,c.,  (fee.  Also  stroag  healthy  treea  of 
Kaisba  Apricot  and  Staawick  NecCariae. 

H.  L.  aad  Co.  will  have  pleasure  in  showing  them  to  any 
parties  who  may  viait  their  Nursery, 
Clapton  Xursery,  near  London,  Oct.  2. 


TO    THE    AMATEURS    OF    TULIPS. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Florist,  Clapham  Rise,  near 
London,  hegs  to  inform  the  AMA.TEUR.S  th«t  he  has 
published  a  NEW  CATALOGTTE  of  the  above  FLOWERS,  in 
which  he  has  made  a  very  considerable  reduction  in  the  prices 
of  the  leading  kinds,  and  will  be  happy  to  forward  his  Catalogue 
on  appUeatton. 


A     PAUL   AND   SON   beg  to   announce   that  their 
•    CATALOSUES  of  ROSES  and    HOLLrEIOCKS,  con- 
tainini;  all  ihe  fine  new  varieties  for  the  present  season,  are 
now  ready,  and  may  be  had  free  on  application,  enclosing  Two 
Penny  Stamps  for  the  postage. 
The  ADTUMis  AL  ROSES  are  «tiU  fiaeiy  in  bloom. 
Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  Herts,  October  2. 


GOLIATH    STRAWBERRY. 

JAMES  KITLEY  wishes  again  to  {draw  'public 
attention  to  this  moat  superb  Strawberry,  by  stating  facti 
which  prove  it  to  be  without  a  rival.  The  original  bed, 
which  is  9  feet  by  36  feet,  and  6  years  old,  produced  this 
season  dO  qts.  of  fiae  large  fruit ;  and  a  bed,  36  ft.  by  36  ft,, 
and  3  years  oH,  pr  duced  253  qts,  of  beautiful  large  high. 
coloured,  Pine.fiavoured  fruit,  the  ground  being  so  thickly 
covered  as  to  render  it  impoaaible  to  step  between  without  first 
remuviDg  the  fruit,  a]thou|;h  the  plants  were  2^  ft.  apart.  They 
were  the  admiration  and  aatonisbment  of  numerous  gentlemen 
and  gardeners  who  visited  his  grounds.  A  Post-office  order  for 
3l.  Sd.,  or  stamps  to  that  amount,  will  secure  100  strong  well- 
rooted  plants,  package  included  ;  Is.  Gd.  in  stamps  will  secure 
by  post  six  fioe  plants  to  any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

Alio  Trollope'*  Victoria,  II.  per  100  ;  Black  Prince,  3s.  Gd. ; 
Eleanor,  is.  Gd.  ;  Alice  Maud,  2s.  Gd. ;  K«eoi'  Seedliag,  2s.  6d.  ; 
Hooper's  Seedling,  2a.  G'i.;  Hautboii,  2 j,  G'i.;  Bath  Scarlet,  2s.  Gd.\ 
Elton  Pine,  25.  6<i.— N.B.  The  Tradeaapplied  at  very  low  prices. 

Lyncombe  Tale  Nursery,  Bath. 


FINE    ANEMONE    ROOTS    AND    SEED. 

TO  THE  NOBILITY,  GENTRY,  AND  CLERGY. 

HENUY  GIBSON,  Floore,  near  Weedon,  North- 
amp'-onshire,  ha*  now  on  sale  an  unlimited  stock  of 
the  finest  Striped  aad  other  Anemone  Routs,  at  the  following 
low  prices,  viz.,  5j.  per  100,  or  2!,  per  1000;  seed  saved  from 
the  above  of  18-'j2  growth,  in  packets  containing  2000  seeds, 
5m.  ;  imaller,  containing  lOOO,  3s.  Sent  free  to  any  parr,  of 
England  on  receipt  of  a  Poat-offlce  order  on  the  Weedon  Post 
Office,  payable  to  Il£N&r  GiBaow. 


AMBROSE'S  SEEDLING  FANCY  PELAR- 
GONIUMS, to  be  sent  out  the  middle  of  October  :— 

HAONUM  BO.NUM. — Upper  petals  crimson  purple,  lower 
petals  pencilled  and  shaded  with  crimson  vlolot,  form  and 
fob«tance  good  ;  received  a  flrsuclasa  ccrtlticate  at  the  National 
Plorlcalluril  i^oclety.     11.  is. 

DARLING.— Upper  petals  rosy  IHac,  lower  petalw  light,  with 
roty  lUac  marking*  ;  an  abundant  bloomer  and  tcood  erowor, 
11.  If. 

HKSPLENDENS.— A  brilliant  scariet  crfmson  flower;  lower 
petals  light,  with  marking!  of  the  (iiime  ;  a  fl>jwer  of  gojd 
form,  th<4  most  brilliant  of  lu  clats.     11.  1«. 

OOLIAII.—  Thu  largest  and  most  showy  colour  yet  raised  ; 
opper  p«tuls  rii:h  mulberry  colour,  shaded  with  violet;  low^r 
petals  marked  with  the  same  colour,  clear  white  throat  ■  a 
delicate  Krowcr.     10*.  G'i. 

BAURIER. —Upper  petals  rich  mulberry  colour,  with  a  riuh 
velvety  texture;  lower  petals  violet  crimson;  good  grower 
and  free  hl<i<jmer.     log.  Cd. 

PUINCEd-i  ALICE  MaUDE.— Upper  petals  bright  crlmnon, 
aod  mnrgioed  wuh  white;  lower  petals  whiti^  tinged  with 
blush,  fine  form  ;  an  Imtiiunte  bloomer  and  good  grower,  and 
will  become  a  great  favourite.   lOs.  Qd, 

Sarttri,  King-street,  Batteriea. 


LOUIS  VAN  HOUTTE, of  Ghent,  Belgium,  hoa  junt 
Issued  his  ciewOENERAL  CATALOGUE,  which  may  bu 
bad  on  appllciiMun  to  hi*  Agents,  Messrs.  Kstiiam  and 
BLA^■.K^■tn^  Cux  and  Jlaratnond's  ^^iiyx,  Lgwor  Thaujua-street, 


NEW    GERANIUMS. 
TOHN  SCOTT,  Florist,  Bathford,  near   Bath,   can 

O  supply  the  following  NEW  GERANIUMS  at  42s.  per  dozen  : 
— Amba^isador,  Ariadne,  Enchantress,  Elise,  Magnet,  Mo- 
channa,  Lord  Mayor,  Lablache,  Ganymede,  Flying  Dutchman, 
Purple  Standard,  Illuminator,  Beck's  RoEa,  aod  May  Queen, 
{the  14),  45f.  The  fancy  Geranium  Richard  Gobden,  3s.  Gd. 
each  ;  Annette,  2s.  Gd.  each. 

J.  S.  has  a  dozen  of  each  of  the  following  sorts,  which  he 
can  supply  to  the  Trade: — Magnet.  Enchantress,  Lablache, 
Purple  Stundard,  Ambaflsador,  and  Flying  Dutchman.  Price 
on  application.  It  is  respectfully  requested  that  a  Poat-ofEce 
order  (payHble  at  Bath)  accompany  orders  from  unknown 
corrcspondeuts. 


HEPATICAS. 

WILLIAM  FIELD,  Florist, Flookersbrook, Chester, 
begs  to  offer  strong  3  and  t  year-old  Planns,  of  the  single 
blue  Hepatioa,  at  25s.  per  100,  or  101. 105.  per  1000.  The  above  are 
strong  and  good,  and  cannot  fail  to  give  satisfaction  ;  also 
Delphinium  Barlowti,  Gs.  per  dozen.  Catalogues  of  Herbaceous 
Plunts,  dsc,  on  application.  A  remittance  or  reference  from 
unknown  correspondents. 

EW     GERANIUMS,    SHOW     AND     FANCY 
VARIETIES.— All  the  best  sorts,  of  the  latest  introduc- 
tion, can  be  obtained  from 

WILLIAM    E.  RENDLE    AND    CO., 

NURSERYMEN, 

Plymouth. 

For  particulars,  see  Oardeners'  Chronicle  for  Sept.  25,  page  610. 

DUTCH    FLOWER    ROOTS. 

W.  E.  Rendle  and  Co.  have  received  their  Annual 

Importation,  which  is  offered  oti  reasonable  terms. 

Catalogues  can  be  procured  as  per  address  above. 

A  FEW  FRIENDS  to  the  Family  of  Mr.  James 
Caeton,  once  Gardener  at  Syon  House,  and  now  wholly 
destitute,  having  formed  a  small  purse,  in  order  that  he  may 
emigrate  with  bis  family  to  Australia,  solicit  some  further  aid, 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  complete  their  arrangements. — 
Subscriptions  will  bo  received  by  John  Edwahds,  JBbi.,  Wace 
Cottage,  Holloway,  London. 


STRAWBERRI  ES. 

WILLIAM.  MITCHELL   hanag  a  large  Stock  of 
strong  well-rooted  plants  of  the  uuddr-mentioned  kinds, 
begs  to  oflfer  them  to  the  public  at  ihi  low  price  (>f  II.  per  1000, 
namely: — Keens'  Seedling,  British  '.ia»en,  and  EUou  Pine. 
W.  M.  considers  the  above  t'-pi  tlreu  hc-it  ..u-ts  now  grown. 
Post-office    orders    made    p»yj:J>le    to    V^'itLiiM    Mitcheli,, 
Enfield  Highway,  Middlesex,  wLLl  meet  with  proaipt  attention . 

A     FINE     OPPORTUNITY. 

FOR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 
the  following  are  strongly  recommended.  Carriage  paid. 
See  below. 

SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  and  ALPINES, 
100  iu  50  choice  sorts,  (our  aelection,  25s. ;  100  in  100  choice 
sorts,  our  or  purchaser's  selection,  30s. 

FLOWERING  and  EVERGREEN  St^lRUBS,  TREES,  &c,, 
purchaser's  or  our  choice,  per  100  in  100  sorts,  2t. ;  our  own 
choice,  in  50  sorts,  U. 

COMMON  LAURELS,  U  to  2  feet,  per  1000,  31. ;  per  100,  8s. 
2  to  3  feet,  bushy  plants,  per  1000.  il. ;  per  100,  lOs. 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  lA  to  2  feet,  20j.  per  100,  or  2s.  Gd. 
per  dozen.     2  to  3  feet,  extra  ti'oe,  25s.  per  100,  or  33.  per  dozen. 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  3  feet,  per  1000,  lOs. 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  6  to  6  feet,  .lOs.  per  100. 

ROSES,  50  splendid  sorts,  standards,  U.  per  100,  or  15s,  per 
dozen.  11(0  superb  sorts.  Dwarf  Roses,  35s.,  or  6s.  pur  dozen, 
our  choice  ;  mixed  do.,  253.  par  100,  or  43.  per  dozen. 

STOVE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  40s.;  our 
own  choif^e,  in  50  sorts,  35s. 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  40s.; 
our  own  choice,  in  50  sorts,  353. 

ERICAS,  purchaser's  choice,  60  sorts,  21,  10s.;  our  cboica, 
in  50  Horts,  bust.  40^.,  or  9.^.  p(;r  dozen. 

CHINESE  AZALEAS,  20  fiuo  show  sorts,  203.,  our  choice  ; 
purchaser's  choic,  253,,  or  18s.  per  dozen. 

These  are  all  fine,  healthy  grown  plants. 

nOLLYHOCKS,  fine,  double  coloured,  30^.  per  100  ;  do.  seei]. 
In  packets,  warranted  to  produce  75  in  lOO  double,  la.  Gd.  each. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  7O3.  per  lOOO  in 
100  sorts  named,  or  I'Js.  per  lOO  iu  50  Sortu. 

CURRANTS— May's  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castlo  Red,  is  the 
largest  and  bebt  sort  grown,  and  ought  to  be  grown  In  every 
garden,  25fl.  pur  lUO,  or  is.  per  dozen.  Red  Grape  and  Ch;uii- 
piigno  Currantd,  tine,  10a,  per  KlO,  or  23,  per  dozen. 

Ai'PLES  and  PEARS,  line,  clean  standardi.,  lOs.  per  dozen, 
or  70fl.  per  100  ;  choice  uf  aorta  left  to  uh,  very  soleut. 

PLUMS  and  CHERRIES,  Hnest  sorts,  atundnrdfl,  I83.  per 
dozen,  our  choice ;  dwarf-traiucd  do.,  3s.  iSd.  each,  or  3^3.  pur 
dozun. 

APRICOTS,  PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  fine,  three 
jearH  trained,  of  host  sorts,  own  choice,  -Is.  each,  or  40a.  per  doz. 

N,B.  A  fiou  stock  of  Lurch,  Spruci;,  Odk,  Oca.,  size  and  prtcua 
on  application.  May's  Deucriptivu  Catalogue  in  three  parts  : — 
Part  1  contalus  Stovti  and  OrounhouHe  PlantH  ;  Part  2,  Hardy 
IlorbaceouH  PlantH,  Rusos,  Shriibi,  tkc.  ;  and  Part  3  contains 
Fruit  TruuK,  «fec. ;  tu  h-i  hud  »n  application. 

Ornamental  GroundA  deiii/;rii;d  graiiH,  by  giving  moasuro- 
munt,  ii:c.  ;  and  Plans  furnlahuil  on  the  sitinu  turin>t,  and  uxo- 
cu^rd  on  the  must  llhorul  terms.    Forest  plun'lng  by  cHllmato. 

•«•  All  orders abfjvc  21.  10b.  oarri/tgi:  2)ai<l  to  Latvion,  Livm-poo', 
Ulriniiujlium,  arid  ,Edinhurgh,  awi  all  the  inUrmcUiati}  alallone 
wWUn  160  mUci  0/  tlie  Nuracry. 

A'ldrL'sn  all  nrdora  and  cummuiiicatlonn  to  IIlnuv  Mat,  thu 
Iliipe  Nurserius,  Lcomlrig  L'tnu,  IJudulu,  Yorkshtie,     A  remit- 
tance or  rofurencu  fromuultujwn  curruHiJUiiUuiitft  rcxpucifully  | 
rc^uaitcdt 


[Price  Ge?, 


THK  ,.y./.«. *-  INSTITUTE,  organised,  three  years 
ago,  bv  the  BELGIAN  GOVERNMENT  for  the  STUU^ 
and  PRACTICE  of  HORTICULTURE  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  LOUIS  VAN  HOUTTE,  Floriat  to  the  King  of  the 
Belgians,  receives  a  limited  number  of  foreign  hoarders  (but 
no  day  scholars  of  any  nation).  This  Establishment  is 
situated  at  GHENT,  capital  of  Flanders,  only  two  hours  from 
Ostend.  For  the  terms,  which  are  very  reasonab'e,  apply  to 
the  Director.  The  scholastic  year  commences  on  the  15th  of 
Octobar  and  continues  to  the  15th  of  August, 

Prospectuses  are  to  be  had  of  Meaara.  Betbam  and  Blackith, 
Cox  and  Hammond's  Quays,  Lower  Thames-street,  London; 
or  from  Mr.  William  Walton,  No.  11,  Carlion-street,  Liverpool* 


IMPERIAL     MUSHROOM     SPAWN. 

JAMES  MAY  begs  to  mform  the  Trade,  and  Mush- 
room-growers in  general,  that  he  has  still  a  fine  Stock  of 
the  above  article  now  just  ready,  the  price  of  which  can  be 
had  on  application. — Ftilham,  near  London,  October  2. 

NEW    PELARGONIUMS,    ETC. 

HENRY  WALTON,  Florist,  &c.,  Edge  End, 
Marsden,  near  Burnley,  Lancaaliire,  bega  to  state  that 
his  Autumn  Catalogue  of  all  tlie  new  and  laadiug  kinda  of  fine 
Show  and  Fancy  Pelargoniums,  Fuchsias,  VerbenaB,  Petunias, 
Pansies,  Holljhocks,  Carnations,  Picotees,  and  Cinerarias,  at 
very  reduced  prices,  is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  for  one 
stamp. 

Good  plants  of  choice  Cinerarias,  Qs.^  12s,,  15s.,  and  I8s.  per 
dozen. 

Fine  show  Cbryaanthemums,  Gs.,  9s.,  and  12s.  per  dozen. 
„         Lilliputienne  ditto,  6s.,  9s.,  and  12s.  per  dozen. 

Pelargoniums,  fine  show  varieties,  9s.,  12s.,  and  upwarda, 
per  dozen. 

Camellias,  21s.  and  upwards  per  dozen. 

Orders  amounting  to  25s.  and  upwards  carriage-  free  to 
Liverpool,  Manchester,  and  Leeds  ;  for  more  distant  carriage 
extra  plants  wiil  be  added.  It  is  respectfully  requested  tbat 
all  orders  be  accompanied  with  a  Post-office  order  payable  at 
Marsden,  Lancashire. 

Choice  Cineraria  Seed,  free  by  post.  Is.,  Is,  6tf.,  and  2s.  per 
packet. 

NEW    GERANIUMS, 

RAISED    BY    MESSRS.    BBCIC.    FOSTER,    HOYLB,  <fcc. 

EDWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 
will  ha  prepared  to  send  put  in  October  the  undermeo- 
tioned  GERANIUMS  ;— 

Selected  from  the  foUo wing,  varieties,  63«.  per  doz. 


Painter  Improved 

Elise 

Ambassador 

Pulchra 

Remus 

Lavinai 

Mochanna 

Arethusa 


Exhibito-.' 

Mrs.  Maoi^le'i 

Kubeiis 

riant2,;i:-:>fc 

Lord  Aiajor 

Jullien 

Bride  cf  Abydos 

Ganymede 


Selected  from  the  following,  42s.  per  doz. 


Colonel    of  the 

Ruffs 
Bnchantress 
S 11  y  look 
Ldblache 
Magnet 
Commission 
First  of  May. 


Ganymede 

Vandjck 

Ctilia 

Glaudiana 

Eurydice 

Little  Nell 

Pretty  Polly 


Enchantress 

Surprise 

Chief  Ciiin 

Constauce 

Flying  Dutchman 

Monteith 

Saladin 


Rubens 

Beatrice 

Chloe 

Cristine 

Illuminator 

Naval  Knight 


ly  of 


E.  G.  H.  and  Sow  have  now  received  their  annual  supply 
DUTCH  ROOTS,  in  the  finest  condition,  Catalogues'of  whkb 
will  be  forwarded  post  free  on  application.  ■         ^^ 

P.S.  Ifi  noting  the  prices  to  this  advertisement  of  Sdpt.  18, 
we  by  error  attached  them  mce  versa,  which  we  noTT  corfeot. 

Wellington  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  Loudon.  '.-1' 

DOUBLE  ROMAN  AND  PAPER  WHITE  NAR- 
CISSUS, 4s.  per  dozen.— The  above  bulbs,  the  former  of 
which  is  so  justly  esteemed  for  its  early  blooming  and  excessive 
fragrance,  and  the  latter  for  its  purity  ami  elegance,  have  been 
juHt  received  at  A.  Cobbett'h  Italian  and  Foreign  Warehouse, 
18,  Pall-mall,  near  War.erloo-place,  London. 

GUERNSEY   AND    BELLADONNA  LILIES. 

BRIDGEWATER  PAGE  AND  CO.  have  tho 
pleasure  to  offar  fine  Flowering  Bulbs  of  the  above  beau- 
tiful Autumnal  Lilies.  Guernsey  Lilies.  Is,  per  dnzen;  Bella- 
donna ditto,  4s.  per  dozen  ;  AmarjUia  iormosiasima,  is. 
per  dozen;  Early  Double  Roman  Nurcissus,  4s.  pur  dozen- 
ditto  Papur  White  do,,  4fl,  per  dozun  ;  ditto  Inrgost  Joiiquile* 
2s,  Gd.  per  dozen ,  All  orders  above  IO3.  Gd.  will  be  delivered  free 
on  tho  South- Western  and  Groat  Western  Railways. 

DUTCH  BULBS,  consisting  of  HYACINTHS,  TULIPS 
CROCUSES,  GLADIOLI,  <fcc.,  hHve  juat  arrived  in  tine  coni 
dltion.  and  are  offered  at  greatly  reduced  rates,  Catalogues  of 
which  may  be  had  on  application  to  Page  and  Co.,  Seed 
Merchants.  Southumiiton  (solo  Agentd  to  tho  Shale  Manuco 
Company  for  tho  county  of  Ilants). 

SHALE  MANURE,  31.  per  tOD, 


WEIGELA  MIDDENDORFFIANA.— For  the 
Information  of  all  persons  who  huvo  purohaRed  from  the 
Subscribers  a  plant  under  the  above  niuno,  we  hereby  give 
notice,  that  wo  htivo  unintentionally  been  tho  medium  of 
circulating  quite  a  different  plant  to  tho  true  Welgela  Middoo-. 
dorlllana.  Wo  posBOss  tho  true  fipecica  recoivoil  direct  from 
RuHsIa,  but  as  wo  ha<l  not  plantH  aLiflioiODt  for  tho  urdora  we 
had  rcculvod,  wo  purchaaud  In  Paris  a  quantity  under  tho 
niiuio  of  Woigijlfi  lutna,  which  wo  utidurHtuod  to  ho  the  sumo 
plant.  From  tlioao  have  originated  nil  tho  plants  of  the  spuriouti 
varloty  whk'li  liavo  hooti  iiold  by  uh. 

All  partloa  who  havo  ri'uuivod  this  plant  from  us  are  at  liberty 
to  deduct  ttiu  amount  charged  from  their  accounts,  or  we  will 
rtiplaoo  thorn  with  tho  truu  species,  Iroo  of  carriage,  early  iw 
the  onsuing  aprlng. 
Muoii  Low  und  Co.,  OInpton  NurBory,at»A''  '^pj'don,  Oct,  2. 


626 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  2, 


g5ir^BAS3  AND  BROWN'S  New  Autumn  Catalogue 
is  now  ready^.and  will  ie  sent  Free  on  receipt  of 
Three.  Postage  .Stamps. 


BEST-    NEW    GERANIUMS     OF    LAST    SEASON. 
STRONG    PLANTS    NOW    READY. 

1':^  ASS  AND  BROWN  have  the  pleasure  to  offer  as 
-^   under   the   foUowin;,',    .ill   new  vaviL-ties   of  last  neason, 
raised  b.v  Mcssr.^.  Ho^lb,  Fostes,  aa'l  Oobson. 

The  Collecdon  mav  be  hurt  fnr  3'..  153. 
Any  Iti  foi-  5if3  ,  or  left  to  our  seleciiun,  for  44s. 
s*  d. 


Ariadne  (Foster)     5    0 

Anibassndor  (Uobson)  ...  3     G 

Aretbusii  (Dobson) 3    6 

Ciiief'ain  (Hoyle)     3     6 

Colonel      of     the    Buff. 

(ao.\le)    5     0 

Commiasion'^r  (EecU)    ...  3    6 

Elise  (Hoyle)     5     0 

Eochantress  (Fuster)    ...  f'    0 

Exhibiiov  (Beck)     3     G 

Ganvmedj  (Hoyic) 5     0 

NEW    FANCY 
RA.ISED  BY  AMiJItOSE,  AYRE:5,  AND   HENDEftSON. 
The  12  varieties  for  2i.  25. 
,  d. 
6 


Gem  (Dobaon) 

Heral.l  (Hoyle)         

I  QCyiTi  parable  (Djbdon),.. 

Lavinia  (Foster)      

Ma^'oet  (Hoyle)        

Moclianna  (Doyle) 

Monteith  (Foster)    

Painter  Improved  (Beck) 
Purple  Standard  (Foster) 

Rub'jQs  (Foster)      

cSbjlocU  (Foster)     

GERANIUMS 


s.  d. 
3     « 


Ambassador  (Hen^lerson)  3 
Beauty     of    St.     John's 

"Wood  (Ilecdersoii)     ...  3  6 

Caliban  (Ayres)        5  0 

Captivation  (Ambrose)...  5  0 

Electra  (Ayres)        2  6 

Formoeisslma  (Ayres)  ...  5  0 


Gipsey  Qaeen  (Ajres)    ...  5 

Miranda  (Ayres)      5 

Othello  (flonderson)      ...  3 
Princess  Royal  (Hender- 
son)   3 

Richard    Cobden  (Amb.)  5 
Superba  (Ambrose)        ...  5 


d. 
0 
0 
6 

6 
0 
0 

NEW  SCARLET  AND   PINK-FLOWERING  HORSE-SHOE 
LEAVED  GERANIUMS. 

s-  d.\  s.jd. 

Amaz  in  (Low)        2    6  |  Odoratissima    grandiflo- 

Defianco  (A.  Henderson)  2     6  |      rum  (Henderson)        ...  2     6 
Hender-Houi*.  (Henderson)  2     G     Shrubland^  Pet  (Hender- 
Mountain  of  Light  (Lee)  3     6  |      son) 3     6 

For  varieties  of  previous  introducaon  see  catalogue.  Our 
annual  itnpiirtation  of  Du'cb  Bu  bOias  arrived  in  excellent 
condition.  We  also  he^  to  call  attention  tO'  our  very  superb 
coll<;ctions  of  Ranuncuiij  Gladioli,  Iris,  and  an  extensive  stock 
of  o'ber  I'oo's, 

Pos'-offioe  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Bhown,  Seed  and 
Hor'iciiUural  Eatabli>.hment,  Sudbury,  SufF.dk. 


ROSES!     ROSES!! 
A      GODWIN'S     DESCRIPTIVE    CATALOGUE, 
Xi.  .     OF  ROSES,  for  the  ensuing  season,  is  now  ready,  and 
may  be  had  in  excbanfre  for  one  postage   scamp. 
Ashbourne,  Derbyshire. 


QUPERB  HOLLYHOCKS.— A  Selection  of  the  best 
^  Hollyhocks,  by  R,  B.  BIRCUAM,  Hedenbam  Rosary, 
Bungay,  Suffolk.  s.  d 

Aurantia  (Rivers'),  salmou       1     0 

Black  Piin-e,  new  (Gibbon's),  a  good  black,  muoh  more 
doulile  than  the  old  one,  and  pioduces  a  fine  S]jike    ...    3    6 

Bicolor  (Cba.er'ir),  purple  and  nhtte 1     6 

Comuiand«r-io-Ctiiel  (Barron's),  Ught-edged  rose  ...     1     6 

Comet  ((3(iater's).  bright  ruby  red      ...      ' 2     6 

Delicata  (Barrnn'fi),  French  white 1     0 

Dido  (Pursona'),  brownish  red  3     6 

Elegan-i  (Chater's),  delica'c  blush 1    6 

Enchantress  (Cha'er's),  deep  pink 2    6 

Formosa  (Barron's),  claret      1    0 

Hebe  (Bircbam's),  fine  peach  blossom,  fiovjer^ilarge  ,ancl, 

fall,  produiit^s  a  fine  spike     3     6 

Joan  of  Arc  (Parsons';,  silvery  blush  10     6 

Lady  Braybroobe  (Ch^ter's  ,  rosycrioison 7     6 

MagTium  Bonum  (Barron's),  dark  maroon 3     0 

Meteur  (Bircham'a),  a  crim^oa. scarlet,  centre  we^  up,,. 

and  fine  guard  pe'al.  produces  a  fine  spike,  extra  fia§     5    0 
Model  of  Perfection  (Barron's),  good  whi-e,  chocolate 

ground      ...         ■■■         ...         ...     1     0 

Mr.  C.  Barron  (Ohater's).  piukish  sa'uion 3    0 

Mandarin  tBircnam's),  nankfieu,  large  andfuU,  changing 

to  pale  chocolate  5    0 

Napoleon  (PowS),  liirht-eJj,'el  puce 3     0 

Obscura  (Cliater's),  silvery-shaded  puce      1     0 

Pourprede  Tyre  (Birchara'ti),  ruby  purple,  splendid  form, 
and  iine  texture,  guard  petals  f^mootVi,  centre  full,  and 
■weU  up,  produces  a  splendid  spike,  decidedly  the  bast 
yet  raised.  First  Ciasa  Certificate.  National  Society, 
Sept.  13,  1851  ;  South  London,  Sept.  S,  1852  ;  see 
Gardeners'  Chronicle,   July  31 ;  and  the  "Florist"  for 

Sept.,  1852  10    6 

Penelope  (Bircbam's),  deep  rosy  pink,  shaded,  large  and 
full,  vi^ry  distinct,  produces  a  splendid  spike.  A  Certi- 
ficate National  Floricul  ural,  Sept.  18,  1»51       7     6 

Pandora  (bircbam's),  bronze,  buff  and  orange,  large  and 

fall  fl'jwer,  and  spike  up  well         5    0 

Priace  of  Orange  (Bircham'a),  a  buff  yellow,- with  orange 

at  the  base         3    6 

Pillar  of  Beauty  (Parsons'),  bright  rosy  crimson 5    0 

Picta  (Parsons'),  rosy  salmon,  light  edged 5    0 

Qaeen  (Barron's),  beautiful  blU'th      1     0 

Queen  of  renrnark  (Bircbam's),  an  orange-yellow,  of  a 
new  and  desirable  shade,  producing  a  fine  apihe.  A 
First    Class     Certificate    awarded.      See    Gardeners' 

C/u-oi!ic?e,  July  31,  1852  5     0 

Rosy  Qaeeu  (Chater'a).  rosy  blueb 1    6 

Rpeei  grandifL  >ra  (  Barron's),  fine  rosy  pink  2     6 

Rosea  Alba  {Barron'a},  rose  and  wh'te         2     0 

Spectabilifl  (Cnater'w),  rose  and  salmon       3    6 

Safrano  (Psirsons'),  pink  and  salmon,  b  jff  gua^d  petals, 

laige  and  fine 7     6 

Snlphurea  perfecta  (Rivers'),  fine  sulphur 1    0 

Sulphur  Queen  (Chater's),  beautiful  primrose,  chocolate 

ground,  tine  form        10    6 

Triumphant  (Parsons'),  pale  primrose,  tinted  with  deli-, 

cate  rose 6.0 

Walden  Gem  (Chater'a),  or  Char>s  Turner  (Black),  deep 

ruby  crimson,  ex^ra  tino       ...        ...        ...    3    6 

White  Perfection  (Cbater's),  pure  white      3    G 

Yellow  Model  (Birchara'.'^).  a  peculiar  shade  of  primrose 
yellow,  with  chocolate  ground,  splendid  form,  and  fine 
texture  ;  fl  iwers  large,  centre  well  up  ;  produces  a 
splendid  epike,  one  of,  the  best, yet  raised.  First-ciaas  ■ 
Certificate  ii warded  by  the  National  FloricuHural 
Socie'y,  September  13,  18-51.  See  Qardaicrs'  Chronicle, 
July  31,  and  the  "Florist'*  for  September,  1852,  &c....  10    6 

If  the  Selection  be  left  to  R.  B.  B.  : 
First-rate  varieties  of  ibe  above,  per  doz;n  ...^€2    0    0 

Good  ,,  „  „  10    0 

Semi-double  kinds,  with  brilliant  colours,  such  as 

manyof  the  S'JO^ch  varieties,  under  names  per  doz.  0  12     0 
Fine  double  fl>v.ers,  with  splendid  colours,  selected 
when  in  bloom  from  many  thousand  seedlings; 
these  are  sToug  ground  roots,  but  without  names, 

per  dozen 0    6    0 

Ca,rria^e  paid  to  London ;  plants  added  to  compensate  for 
long  carriage,  and  every  attention  paid  to  package. 

Post-pffice  orders,  payable  at  Bungay  Ofli-'e,  to  Robert 
BiEcaiM. 


LANGAGE   NURSERY. 

CHAKLES  WOOLVEN  invites  the  attention  of  Fruit 
growers  and  the  public  generally  to  his  large  and  very 
aupeiior  stock  of  Fniit-iree-;.  comprising  ubouc  4.0U0  standard 
Afiples,  Pears,  Pluaas,  and  Cherries  ;  fine  straight  s'em^  6J  to 
8  feet  in  height,  fv  im  12s.  to  2l3.  per  dozen.  AU>1  a  eood  stuck 
of  dwarf  ami  trained  treea,  all  of  the  most  approved  kinds, 
fr  :m  12s.  to  36s.  per  doztfu.  A  capital  stock  of  Gooseberries 
and  Currants,  all  of  the  very  b.sC  kinds,  from  2a.  Od.  to  Zx.  Gd. 
per  dozen,  now  in  excellent  condition.  C.  W,  also  wishes  to 
recommeni  to  gentlemen  and  builders  bis  larg.s  s'ock  of  Ever- 
greens, FurestTroes,  and  other  Shrubi,  a',  equa'ly  low  prices. — 
C.  WooLVEN,  Nurseryman,  Dpper  Edmoaton,  Middlesex. 


pUTUILL'S  PRINCE  OF  WALES  AND  BLACK 

^  PRINCE  STHAVVBKRKY  PLANTS,  still  sending  out 
these  two  sorts.  See  f  .rmer  Advertise.nents.  Prince  uf  Wales, 
II.  D-r  100;  Black  Prince,  Ss. 

CUTHILL'S  PAMPHLETS  ON  THE  POTATO,  &.C.,  &c., 
as  a  Preventive  of  the  Disease,  '2s.,  by  p<ist  2s.  id  ;  atsu,  his 
MARKliT  GARDENING  ROUND  LONDON,  Is.  Gd  ,  by  post 
Is.  8d. — Post-offlce  O'ders  o:i  Camberwcll  Green. 

JAMES  CUTUIL-Li,  CAMBEnwELL,  London. 


GE01lGEJACKIVIAN,NuRSERYMAN,Woking,Surrey, 
\}j  mile  from  Woking  Station,  South  Weaieru  Railway, 
begs  to  announce  he  has  just  publiabed  a  new  and  c>)mpl'ite 
Catalogue  of  his  American  Plani:3,  Ornamental  Evergreens, 
Conifers,  flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Rosea,, Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  dbc.  &c.,  and  majbe.iiad  on , application  by 
Inclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

LA.R.GE   CAM  E  L  L  I  A  S. 

SOMMERVILLE  and  DEAN,  Landscape 
Gaed-;nees,  Seedsmen,  ttc,  Clifcon  Road.  St.  John's  Wood, 
Londmi,  have  received  instructions  f i  om  a  gentleman  to  offjr 
for  sale  about  18  FIME  CAMELLIAS,  ranging  from  4  to  7  feet, 
and  well  set  with  flower  buds.  The  plants  may  be  seen  any  day 
(except  Sunday)  OQ  application  to  the  Gardener  at  3,  Addison 
Road,  Bayswater  ;  and  particulars  as  to  price  to  Sommebville 
and  Dean,  as  above.  ^_^ 


S  WICKS  begs  respectfully  to,  inform  his  friends 
•  that  his  NaW  LACHENALIa'  AUREDM;  and  L. 
WinKSIANA  are  ready,  at  I5.  each;  YELLOW  PAPILION.A- 
CEOUS  PELARGONIUMS  and  straw-and  other  ditto,  at  his. 
each  ;  Double  Oxalis  lUs. ;  Ornithoga'um  aureum  and  various, 
Is.  each.  AUowance  to  the  trade.  All  haVie  been  grown 
out  of  doors.— Address  10,  BosweU-courtj.Deyonshire-streetj 
Qiieen  s-square,  London. 


ROSE,    AND    OTHER    CATALOGUES, 

BY  THOMAS  RIVERS. 

A  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE  OF  ROSES, 
-^  containing'  a  selection  only  of  the  fiaeetvarieties,  for  two 
postage  s'amps. 

A  DeecriptiveCatalogueof  FRUITS,  for  foui;  postage  stamps. 
This  was  published  October,  1851. 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  TREBS-and  SHRUBS,,  for  two 
postage  stamps. 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  ORffAM'^BNTAi;'  TREES  for 
LAWNS,  free. 

The  MINIATURE  FRUIT  GARDEN;  or  the  Cnlture  of 
Pyramidal  Pear  and  other  Fruit  Trees  for  24  postage  s!:amps, 
Nurieries,  Sawbridgewortb,  Herts. 


LINSEED  CAKE,  Foreign  and  English,  Rape 
Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsuna,  Salt,  Peat  Charcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sa'e. — Apply  to 
Mabk  FoTHEROiLL.  204  A.  Uppec  Tham»8Tsr.reet.  Lonrion. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


P  DENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
-"-J  •  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structare^  baviGjr  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdona,  lia^  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E.  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  mucbinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  di--.patch,  and  for  qaalityand  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  HothouB-s,  witn  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  lop  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materialu  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wire^,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is.  '2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  evory  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  IG  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  40fJ  ft.,  23i  6b.  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  (i  ins.  long,  do.  do..  52'i  ft.,  801.  ISs.  8d.;  28  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  ratter,  712  ft.,  411.  10s.  8d.  Hentin>;  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principleR. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &e.,  7d.  andSd.per 
foot,  super, 

REDUCTION   IN  THE  PRICES  OF  PLATE  GLASS. 

THE  UNION  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 
respectfully  inform  the  Trade,  and  the  Public  generally, 
that  they  have  revised  thoir  Tariff  of  Prices,  and  made  con- 
siderable redactions  therein. 

The  new  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  at  the  Works, 
Pocket  Nook,  St.  Helens. 

Warehouse :— 99,  Hatton-garden,  London. 
„  H,  York-street,  M  mchester. 

,,  15,  South  J. ihn. street,  Liverpool. 

Messrs.  C.  and  J.  Mallocb,  3'),  Turoer's-court,  Glasgow  ; 
Messrs.  John  Dix  4;  Co.,  Bath  street,  Bristol. 

DRAINAGE. 
EW    LEVELLING   INSTRUMENT.— 

(Reqisteeed  No.  2602.) 


N 


This  Print  represents  the  Insti-uraent  oneji/th  (he  real  size. 

This  ia  a  simple  and  effdctive  Self-recording  Instrument, 
suitable  for  Levelling  Drains,  Sewers,  or  Roads,  or.  for  Mea- 
suring the  Elevations  and  Depressions  of  Ground.  It  consists 
of  a  Telescope,  Level,  Graduated  Arch,  and  Tripod  Stand,  The 
Arch  is  so  divided  as  to  show  the  rise  and  fall  in  feet  and  inches. 
{From  the  Praclical  Mechanic's  Journal.  Feb.  1,  1851.) 

"  In  the  hands  of  even  the  most  unlettered  farm-servant  this 
little  instrument  will  afford  the.  most  correct  measurements,  as 
the  operator  has  only  to  level  the  plate  and  bring  his  sight  to 
bear  upon  the  object,  when  the  elevation  or  depression  is  given 
at  once.  It  will  be  a  most  useful  contrivance  for  draining  or 
road-making." 

Price  4^.  4s.— Madeonly  by  GAfiDENEEand  Co.,  21,  Buchanan- 
street,  Glasgow. 


ESTABLISHED    MORE   THAN    100   YEARS. 

«- 


ILLINGTON, 


THOMAS 

IMPORTER  AND  DEALEE  I!f 

GIA5S    :F0R    CONSSEVATORIES,     GRESfHOUSE?,     GARDEH    FRAMES, 

AND    DWELLINGS. 

WAREHOUSE,    87,   BISHOPSGATE   STREET  WITHOUT,   LONDON. 


Cat  to  any  size.     Squares  not  above  40  inches  long. 
Per  fuot. 

10  ounce!       Os.  2i'l.  ta.Os.  M. 

21       „  0    3*     too    4 

26       ,,  0    6       toO    6 

32       „  0    6J„    too    8 


12s.  Od. 
18    0 


Squares  in  Boses  100  feet  each. 

Under  6  by  4    ,        

6  by  4,  64  byi-        -i-        

sb^U.lbfoiH"'""^     15   0 

0  by  7,  8  by  8,  12  by  9,  12  by  10   1  „.     . 

13  by  10,  11  by  10,  1.5  by  10     ...  }  '"'    " 


LAESE  SHEET  of  No.  16,  very  superior,  packed  in  cases  of  100,  200,  and  300  feet,,  at  ild.  to  2J<i.  per  foot. 
HARTLEI'S  and  other  RODaH  PLATE,  from  J  to  1  inch  thick. 
Glass  Milk  Pans,  Preserve  Jirs,  Bee  and   Propagating:   Glasses,   Plate  Glass,   Pa'ent  Pl,ate,  Plain,   ornamental,  and 
Coloured,  as  well  as  everv  description  of  Window  Glass  now  mauufactufed.     Glass  Shades,  round,  oval,  and  square,  for 
Clocks  and  Ornaments.    Fern  Shades  and  Dishes. 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT     ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

For  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofed  Greenhouses,  Railway  Stations,  Engine  Sheds,  Mills, 
Market-Halls,   and  Public  Buildings  generally. 


Foa  CoNSEayAToRiEs,  Public  Bdildinqs,  MANUFAcToaiESj 

SKYLrGHTS,    ifcC,   tfcc. 


Packed  in  Crates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as-  Manufactured  : — 

^i)  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  „  50  to  70    „  


In  Sqdaees,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    6      

Bby    6  and  under  10  by    8 


10  by  8    „ 

14 

14  by  10 

1 

li  feet  sup.  ,, 

3 

3   >. 

4 

i 

5 

6   „    .. 

e 

0   >, 

8 

8 

10 

10 

12 

12   ,. 

15 

14  by  10     

1^  feet  super,,  ifthe  leng'h  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long  . 


20 

30 

SO,     ,, 

85 

85 

40 

40     „ 

45 

45     „ 

5i 

55     „ 

70 

70     ,, 

85 

One.eighth    3-16th  inch  .     i  inch 
inch  thick.        thick.  thick. 


s.  d. 
0    6 


s,  d. 
0    8 


0  6 
0  7 
0  7 
0  7 
0  S 
0  8 
0  8i 
0  9 
0  94 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


s.  d.. 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9, 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10} 

0  11 

1  0 

1   1 

1    2 


.     .  -   13s.  6<I. 

by  74,  and  10  by  8   15s.  Oi. 


PACKED    IN     BOXES    OF    50  FEET    EACH. 

6  inches  by  4  inches,  and  64  inches  by  4.^  inches  ...  10s.  6d.      I      8  inches  by  6  inches,  and  84  inches  by  04  inches 

7  „      by5      „       and7J      „      by  6J      12s.  Od..     |      9      „       by7      „        and  9i  ■■    "' 

When  a  quantitj/  is  reguired,  an  estimate  will  ie  fm'nislu;d.  on  application. 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HOETICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


40— 1852. J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


627 


NEW    GERANIUMS. 

ISAAC  jDAVIES  can'supply  goodMiealthy  plants^  of 
the  f>jl!o(vin?  varieties,  which  at-e  a  selectioti  from  those 
raise<1  an<l  exhibited  last  year,  six  of  which  obta'Qed  prizes  at 
the  Jane  Exhibition.  Regent's  Park. 

Magnet,  Is.  6/. ;  Parp'e  Stan-lard,  5;.;  E.ise,  55  ;  Herald, 
5s.-  Arethusa,  55. ;  Ganymede,  fls. ;  Lahlache,  53.;  Mocbanna. 
5s.  '•  Cristina.  5s.  ;  or  tbs  lot  of  nine  for  1^  lis.  I5d  ,  b  'x  and 
package  included,  cash  price.  Remif^anoe  or  reference 
res t)&c*f ally  requested  from  unltaown  eorresp  mdeots. 

LarkSeld  Nui-=;erv.  Waver'^Tpe.  npar  U^>'rpn-^^. 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VEf^Y  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  m 'S":  splendid  coU*'ctio'i  of  YINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  bast  sorts 
for  pLANTi.*;o  or  FBurTiNG  iM  Pots 

Also  an    es^ensive  and   va^u  ible  conection  of  STOVE    and 
(iREESHOUSE    PLAXTS.    wirh  all   new  variefie^.     See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  eacT.     Also  our  Illa«tra'ioas  on  aoBTi- 
coLTtJaiX  BoiLDi-JG  and  Heating  by  Hot-wateb. 
J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King's-road.  Chelsea. 


NOW  SENDING  OUT-NEW  PELARGONIUMS. 

JOHX  DOBSON  is  now  sending  out  in  strong  plants 
hi^  new  Seedlings  which  are  perfectly  distinct  from  .iny- 
thinc  on",  being  new  in  colour,  goirl  shape,  and  free  bloomers, 
mos"  of  them  in  his  winning  s^and^  in  Jum  last,  where  he 
obtained  the  two  first  prizes.  Also  12  gnnd  show  varie'ies 
for  lij,'.  per  dozen,  in  ■i-inch  pots,  and  requiring  an  immediate 
shift. 

J.D's.  C.italoerue  for  1352-53,  with  fall  des^criptions  of  the 
abova — also  Fuchsia?,  Hollyhock^,  Verbenas.  &c.,  in  choice 
aelecticinB — is  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  in  exchange  for  two 
postage  stamps.  A  few  copies  of  J.  iJ's.  "  Treatise  on  the 
Pelarjonium."  remain  unsold,  and  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt 
of  eT^a:  p-osfage  stamps. 

Alsj  a  few  hundred  TuHp  bulbs,  the  eurplus  stock  of  an 
amattiur,  atSOa.per  100.  including  Bib.  Holmes' King.  Cenotaph, 
Boi  de  CereF,  Roi  de  Egypt.  Reine  d'  Egypt,  Mouotaia  of  Snow. 
AlcoD.  Cleopatra,  &c.  ;  Biz  Tricolor,  Abadda,  Surpass  Can- 
tique,  Liwrsnce's  Duke  of  Clarence,  Catafalque  Sarpasse.  Poly, 
phemu-.  Tippoo  Saib,  Reuben  St.  Louis,  Bell's  K-ng  and  Queen, 
Ac,  ;  Rose.s,  Matilda,  Triomphe  Royale,  Hebe,  Preticosa,  Belle 
Hellcna,  &c. — Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth. 


EDWARD    PIERCE,   Yeovil    Nursery,   Somerset, 
h\s  for  fialefi.  large  stock  of  the  best  kinds  of 
CAMELLIA  J4P0NICAS        ...     6  to  9  inches     ...     £5  per  100 

AZ.\LEA  IXDICAS         12  inches  ...     £5  per  100 

ERi:  ^.5       12  inches  ...     £5  per  100 

I  Hi-  Fruit  Trees.  Ornamental  Trees,  and  Evergreen  Shrubs, 
j^re  particularly  fiae,  stock  extensive,  and  prices  low;  a  very 
J  large  quantity  of  strong  Quick.— P.S.  Reference  with  orders 
from  unknown  correspondents. — Oct.  2. 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHX  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 
of  the  abiv©  Plants,  Rose"*,  Conifers,  &c,,  isno'v  published, 
■and  may  be  ob^ained  by  enclosing  two  postage  stamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
de«cnbs.i  in  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

^*Tne  Rhododendrons,  Aza'eas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Koyal  Botanic  Girdens.  Regent's  Park,  are  from  this 
a^t^^'i^bment  —The  American  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near 
F  .-r.-o-nugh  Station,  South- Western  Railway. 


GERANIUM    "WILLMORE'S    SURPRISE." 
T'-'HX  AND  CHARLES  LEE  are  now  prepared  to  send 

J    I  u'  this  extraordinary  variety.  It  is  a  monstrous  product'on, 

jf  g  i-ji  habit,  with  beautifully  fringed  leaves  and  leaflets.  The 

lowers  are  double,  of  a  rich  crimson,  with  good  mirkinji  ;  the 

raises  are  bold  and  erect,  and  each  bloom,  with  its  monstrous 

aivi;,    remains  io  perfection  for  several  weeks.     It  is  adapted 

■  culture,  or  bedding,  and  is  altogether  of  a  very  pleasing 

Price  53.  each,  or  253.  the  half-dozen.      The    usual 

."-ce  to  the  Trade,  besides  a  plant  over  for  every  three 

.'•  -  i^ry  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hammersmith. 


KINGHORNES  SEEDLING   EPACRISES. 
[OHX  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  announce  that 

■  ^;  are  preoared  ro 'end  ou':  these  beautifal  Seedlings, 
.kh  thpyhive  selected  the  following  distioct  kifids  :— 
-■''jno^NlI.— Tube  medium  length,  very  stout,  beauti. 

r-c'.ll^d  with  roie  colour,  pure  white  tip,  and  sepals  well 
:  a  moat  p-ofase  bloomer.     Price  73.  €d. 
:AN0IFL0RA  rubra.— Tuba  lonicer.   stouter,    and 
^her  coloured  than  zrandiflora  ;  tips  pure  white  ;  sepals 
^e\l  ;  verv  free  bloomer.     Prif^e  Si. 

;Sl\rA  SPLEXDENS. -Tube  larger  and  loneer  than 
.  of  a  more  brilliant  colour,  white  tip  more  distinct  • 

-ipand  well ;  extremely  free  bloomer.    Price  Sj, 
-^   OF    THE   SET,    155.— The  usual    discount    to  the 

'jes:d-r8  a  sH  over  on  every  three  sets  ordered. 

:   aQf>«rb   Epa'-Hses   are  really  the  most  uoeFul  plants 

:■»  the  Public  this  aeasoo,  Tney  are  very  great  improve- 
;"t  t  in  habit  a-nd  profuseness  of  blooming,  over  all 
introductions,   an  1    will    prove   highly    valuable   for 

'>D. 

ry  and  S«edE-ttabU"hmen+.  Tlamnriersmith. 


:03LEfVI€N,  GENTLEMEN,  AND  THE   TRADE. 
1  ,  SANG3TER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 

■    thrir  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA.  price  2>,  Qd.  per 
r.d  can  ffitbcooOdtoce  recommend  itaa  a  very  superior 

th?  (ccond  weak  in  October  thov  will  be  ready  to  send 
'. New  B%rly  Scarlet  PrtlSCK  OF  WALES  RHUBARB, 
It  i«  qnf'ea*  early  as  th*;  Prince  Albert,  much  larger, 
/■izhont,  of  exqaUite  flavour,  and  a  large  cropper. 
fhc<  Order*  from  tho»e  not  having  an  accijunt  opon 
.  .'^.,  and  Ci.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  tbe 
I.  PofC-ofHce.  or  pottage  ttampa. 

TettirDoolalt  and  partU^  where  both  artlctei  can  be 
'1.  *.-e  Oaf'lK^'i^.rt'  Chr<y}iicU  IS'.h  Sup-ember,  1852,  paRO  591  - 
1  ile»«''«.  y.  and  J  iJirKfoH,  and  Co,,  Heed  Morchttntfl,' 
itt^gpitr;  M!»nch»;*ter;  Bit*  and  B«owj«,Sped  and  Ilortlcul' 
r«l  K«:abtl*hrTM-o*,  rtadbary,  SufT'tlk ;  and  Mr.JiiEPH  Snri^ 
•o  Nor»*Tj  ao'1  HeeiJaman,  Wjocbetter, 
NewtDjrVju  Butta,  London. 


3ie  ©avuener^l'  Cfiromcle. 

SATURDAY,  OOTOJiER  %  1852. 

lUITINO  rOR  TUB  EKHUI'tO  WKEK. 
Tsa«i»iT.      Oct.      7-TfMioii«l  rtorkulioral 3  r.H. 

-♦ 

Ix  jnim  partsi  of  Oermanv,  and  in  the  <li»trict 
thfl  Vo.ges  Monntains  in  t'rance,  llie  Sii.vp.ii  Fin 
i>ul<j>;cl  to  a  dineaie  which  tot-illy  altero  the 
pearance  of  the  treen,  inHomuoh  that  they  are 
own  hy  the  natives  nn'ler  the  name  of  Hcxen- 


hesen  and  Paneuvs  de  Sotie,  names  equivalent  to 
Witches'  Brooms.  The  leaves  acquire  a  reddish- 
brown  hue,  and  are  copiously  sprinkled  with  little 
sori  full  of  orange-coloured  spores,  with  a  delicate 
white  filmy  peridium. 

Another  somewhat  similar  production,  hut  not 
so  attractive  to  the  common  eye,  occurs  on  the  same 
species  of  Pine,  at  least  in  Germany  ;  and  in  our 
own  country  Scotch  Firs,  especially  when  young,  are 
often  infested,  sometimes  to  a  dangerous  degree, 
with  an  analogous  fungus,  which  on  the  bark  of  the 
thicker  branches  acquires  a  very  large  size. 

Each  and  all  of  these,  however,  are  far  surpassed 
by  a  curious  species  gathered  on  Abies  Smithiana 
by  Dr.  Thomson,  amongst  the  Northern  Himalayas, 
at  an  elevation  of  8000  feet.  The  leaves  are 
reduced  in  length  nearly  one-half,  and  curved,  and 
the  whole  upper  surface  is  occupied  by  one  or  more 
large,  elevated,  more  or  less  elongated  sori,  some- 
times disposed  in  two  rows,  which  must  give  the 
diseased  tree  a  very  strange  appearance,  and  at 
length  prove  fatal,  from  the  immense  diversion  of 
nutriment  requisite  to  support  a  parasite  so  large 
and  multitudmous.  As  a  species  it  is  totally 
different  from  the  three  European  fungi  just 
mentioned,  for  not  only  is  its  general  appearance 
distinct,  but  the  spores  are  greatly  elongated,  and 
often  exceed  -j^  of  an  inch  in  length,  while  those 
of  the  other  species  approach  more  a  globular  or 
ovate   form,   and  are  respectively,   taking  average 


samples, , 


I  and  - 


:  of  an  inch  long.     The 


spores  are  mixed  with  mucediaous  filaments,  some 
of  which  are  ready  to  fructify.  These  are  doubtless 
extraneous  and  belong  probably  to  some  Penicillinm. 
The  dried  specimens,  like  some  other  allied  parasites, 
have  a  sweet  smell  resembling  that  of  Violets. 


1-=^^ 


We  have  given  a  figure  of  a  diseased  twig  covered 
with  JEddium  Thommni,  and  of  the  spores,  one 
of  which  is  attacked  by  a  young  mould. 

We  take  the  present  opportunity  of  stating  that 
M.  Drsmazieres  has  published  specimens  of  the 
Grape  mildew  in  a  late  number  of  his  dried 
Cryptogams,  under  which  he  states  that,  as  in  the 
Madeira  specimens,  a  form  of  TiickotherAum  roseum 
was  often  present.  He  believes  the  Oidium  to  be 
almost  identical  with  O.  Erj/siphoidcs.  M.  J.  B. 

It  is  now  time  to  say  a  word  about  the  late 
SUMMER.  After  a  cold  spring  and  summer  up  to  the 
3d  of  July  in  the  present  year,  a  fortnight  of 
excessively  hot  weather  was  experienced.  It  is 
stated  by  M.  Bauual  (Rcvuc  Ilirrticolc),  that  in  this 
period  the  maximum  temperature  in  the  shade  at 
the  Observatory  at  Paris  was  upwards  of  80"  Kah. 
in  ei^ht  succtHsive  days  ;  and  that  a  similar  instance 
of  continued  high  temperatun:  li,ad  only  occurred 
once  during  a  century  and  half,  ami  that  was 
between  the  20th  and  27lh  of  .Inly,  WVit,.  I 

The   following   Table  exhibits    the    maximum,  | 


minimum,    and    me;in    temperatures  at    Paris    and 
Chiswick  from  the  3d  to  the  16th  of  July  inclusive  : 


Maximom. 

Minimum. 

MEAN. 

1852. 

Pjiis. 

wick. 

Paris. 
5t  3 

wiqk. 
51 

Poris. 

66.45 

Chi8- 
wick. 

July    3... 

73.C 

80 

65.; 

..      4... 

8'..1 

94 

67.5 

57 

71..33.. 

7-5.5 

1,       5... 

87.8 

97 

64  2 

60 

78  01 

78  5 

,.      6  .. 

89.0 

9) 

63  3 

61 

78  71 

7.5  5 

,1      "-.. 

8;.2 

90 

C7.4 

49 

73.94 

69.5 

„       3  .. 

82  n 

87 

63.1 

51 

72  S9 

09-0 

„       9... 

87  9 

o: 

63  5 

5t 

75  74 

73.0 

.,     10... 

92  3 

87 

67.1 

53 

7il.70 

70.0 

,.     11... 

87.9 

81 

6-i.7 

57 

77.3G 

69  0 

„     12... 

91  6 

79 

6:3 

56 

73.53 

67.5 

„     13  .. 

\n  8 

81 

67.1! 

59 

80  24 

65  0 

,,     li.. 

9.'  6 

81 

66  7 

60 

79  70 

70  5 

„     1.5... 

92  3 

87 

6.5.3 

53 

79  05 

70  0 

„     10.-- 

91.S 
35  31 

87 
8G  B4 

68  3 
64  73 

62 
65  92 

8159 

79.5 

Meiiis  ... 

7.;  49 

71.28 

It  appears  from  the  above  table  that  the 
highe.st  temperature  in  the  period  occurred 
at  Chiswick,  on  the  4th — thermometer     ...  97.0° 

The  highest  at  Paris  occurred  on  the  16th — • 
thermometer  ...         ...         ...         ...  94.8° 

So  that  the  extreme  at   Chiswick  exceeded 

that  at  Paris  by        ....     2.2° 

The  average  maximum  temperature  was,  at  Paris, 
88.31=;  at  Chiswick,  86.64°.  The  average  minimum 
temperature  was,  at  Paris,  64.73° ;  at  Chiswick, 
6.5.92'.  Mean  range  of  temperature,  at  Paris, 
23.58°;  at  Chiswick,  30.72^ 

Although  the  days  were  remarkably  hot,  yet  the 
nights  at  Chiswick  were  little  more  than  two  degrees 
warmer  than  usual  at  the  same  period  of  the  season. 
The  great  range  of  temperature  above  exhibited 
may  be  attributed  partly  to  the  coldness  of  the 
ground,  but  chiefly  to  the  prevalence  of  easterly 
winds,  which  kept  the  temperature  comparatively 
low  in  the  absence  of  the  sun's  rays. 

The  following  table,  on  the  authorities  of  M.  Arago 
and  M.  Barral,  shows  that  extremes  of  high  tempe- 
ratures are  of  more  frequent  occurrence  in  the 
present  century  than  in  the  past.  It  includes  all 
the  instances  of  the  thermometer  in  the  shade 
exceeding  92.8°  at  Paris,  since  the  year  1700. 
Centigrade  degrees  have  been  reduced  to  those  of 
Fahrenheit. 


Datf. 

1705— Aug.  6    .... 

Des. 
....    92.8 

Date. 
18?2- 
1635- 
1836- 

1842  ^ 

.  1816 
13.52- 

-JiinolO  .... 

-July  22 

-July     1  

Deff, 
...    92.8 

1706-Aiit'.  8    .... 

....     95.5 

...    93.2 

1733-Julv  7    

....     96.0 

...     93.7 

1751-JaljU  .... 
1755     

....     9"i.O 
....     94  4 

...     96  S 

Aug,  nt 

Aug.  17  

.Au».  13  

^Jalv    5 

July  31  

■^us.    I  

I,^u-.    6  

-Ju'y  16  

,.,     91.4 

101.1 

..     95.3 

"9^  (juij  16 :::: 

....    99.1 

...    03,9 

1800— Aug,  18  .... 
1^02— -Aug.   8 

....     95.9 
....     97.5 

...  97.7 
...    93.9 

1803     

....     93.0 

...    93.2 

lS:)e_July  15 

...     97.1 

...    95.5 

13ia_Julj  21  .... 

....     94.1 

...     94.3 

Only  seven  times  in  the  last  century  did  the  ther- 
mometer exceed  92.8°;  this,  in  the  present,  has  been 
already  exceeded  17  tim(?s. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  VINE  DISEASE, 

MADE    IN   PIEDMONT,    ITALY,   AND    THE   SOUTH    OF   FRANCE. 
By  M.  Gdeein-Meneville,  fComptes  Rendup,  Sept.  1352,) 

The  rapid  examination  which  I  have  made,  dm'ing 
my  journey  in  many  very  different  localities,  of  nume- 
rous vineyards  attacked  by  tlie  disease,  has  shown  me 
that  it  is  not,  as  I  formerly  stated,  ■when  the  Grapes  are 
over-run  with  the  mildew  that  we  can  hope  to  arrive  at 
a  knowledge  of  the  cause  of  the  disease  ;  but  rather  by 
searching  for  it  at  different  periods,  perhaps  at  the 
begmning  of  the  year,  in  the  roots  and  fluids  of  the 
plant.  All  the  facts  which  '.I  have  observed  in  the 
course  of  ray  journey  lead  me  to  think  that  tiiere  is  a 
deeply  seated  causeof  disease  in  the  disorganisation  of  the 
Vines,  as  well  as  in  that  of  the  Potato,  ami  in  silk-worms 
in  countries  where  these  are  extensively  reared.  This 
cause  appears  to  consist  in  a  want  of  equilibrium  in  the 
functions,  whether  it  be  from  an  excess  of  vitality,  or 
too  rapid  vital  movement,  or  from  a  deficiency  of  vitality, 
atnny,  excessive  weakness.  Prol>ably  both  these  causes 
lead  to  the  same  result,  a  disease  terminating  in  mildew 
under  certain  conditions.  I  shall  confine  myself  to  such 
preliminaries  as  have  been  suggested  to  mo  during  a  sort 
of  inspection  made  at  "a  period  when  the  only  thing  that 
could  be  slated  was  the  ravages  occasioned  by  the  disease, 
and  shall  proceed  to  report  the  facts  which  I  have  this 
season  had  an  opportunity  of  observing. 
:'It  is  very  remarkable  that  in  Italy  as  in  France  nearly 
all  agree  that  the  disease  in  its  first  attacks  fell  with 
greatest  severity  on  tlio  finest  Vines,  on  those  tliat  ai'e 
sheltered,  planted  in  good  soil,  also  those  on  trellises 
placed  against  houses,  in  courts  and  gardens  ;  those,  in 
short,  which  are  in  the  most  vigorous  condition,  although 
tlioy  may  liave  been  well  syringod  and  manured,  arc  the 
most  attacked.  I  have  obtained  proofs  of  this  at  Nice, 
around  Marseilles,  and  In  tlic  department  of  the  Lower 
Alps.  In  t!io  garden  of  M.  Eugune  Robert,  at  Sainte- 
Tulle,  I  saw  the  diseano  comnioncu  on  nonu)  magnificent 
ti-elliscd  Vines  long  beforo  it  appeared  in  tlio  open 
country;  then  it  made  its  appearance  on  the  strong 
VincH  cultivated  in  the  plain  of  Moiinsfpio,  in  very  ricli 
soil  formed  by  tlio  alluvia  of  tiu:  J.)uran(!P.  It  is  a  fact 
deserving  jjarticular  notice,  that  many  Vines  in  the 
garden  of  M.  E.  Robert,  of  Sainte-Tullc,  wbiuli  they  had 


628 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  2, 


eglected  to  prune,  aad  which,  were  covered  with  healthy 
fohage,  produced  bunches  entirely  free  from  disease, 
although  growing  beside  those  that  were  the  most 
affected.  It  is  also  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  Vines  in 
a  wild  state,  rambling  in  the  hedges  sm'rounding  the 
infected  vineyards,  showed  uo  trace  of  disease.  I  have, 
indeed,  seen  a  few  exceptions,  some  Vines  planted  high 
and  in  poor  soil  have  shown  disease  ;  but  such  instsmces 
are  rare,  whereas  it  is  quite  the  reverse  as  regards  those 
that  are  vigorous,  for  by  far  the  greater  part  of  them  are 
diseased. 

At  Sainte-Tulle,  where  I  had  a  little  more  time  for 
observation,  I  have  recognised  the  disease  in  the  Vines, 
although  the  bmiches  exhibited  uo  trace  of  the  Oidium. 
These  Viues  had  on  their  year-old  wood,  and  on  their 
shoots,  which  bore  magnificent  bunches,  some  dark  and 
reddish  specks,  formed  by  a  longitudinal  series  of  small 
dots,  like  the  outbreaking  of  little  buds,  indicating  a 
diseased  state  of  the  sap.  Having  studied  and  figured 
these  external  traces  of  disease,  and  having  daily  observed 
the  development  of  the  specks,  I  soon  perceived  that 
these  preceded  by  several  days  the  appearance  of  the 
Oidium  on  the  Grapes.  I  pointed  out  these  facts  to 
M.  E.  Roberts,  and  to  some  cultivators  at  Sainte-Tulle 
and  Monosque  ;  I  have  also  repeated  my  observations 
on  the  later  sorts  of  Vines,  and  I  could  foretell  the 
appearance  of  the  disease.  When  I  saw  on  apparently 
very  healthy  and  vigorous  shoots  a  series  of  dark  specks, 
ranged  longitudinally  and  following  the  course  of  the 
vessels,  I  could  announce,  to  the  great  astonishment  of 
the  peasants,  that  their  Vines  would  be  mildewed  in  a 
few  days.  To  this  characteristic  of  specks  on  the  shoots 
another  may  be  added,  which  is  this  : — The  shoots 
affected  ai-e  much  more  brittle  than  those  not  attacked 
by  the  disease. 

A  distinguished  entomologist,  M.  Lefebure  de  Cerisy, 
au  old  naval  officer,  now  retired  at  Toulon,  has 
made  similar  observations,  at  his  country  seat  at  Mon- 
trieux,  on  some  magnificent  Vines  in  his  garden.  He 
has  observed  these  black  and  brown  specks  on  the 
shoots,  their  arrangement  in  longitudinal  lines,  and  their 
constant  coincidence  with  the  attack  of  the  Oidium  on 
the  bunches. 

From  these  facts,  although  merely  glanced  at,  may 
■we  not,  however,  conclude  that  the  Grape  mildew  is 
entirely  the  consequence  of  a  disease  in  the  Vine  itself, 
a  disease  which  generally  attacks  with  greatest  severity 
the  most  vigorous  plants,  and  which  might  be  called 
inflammation  proceeding  from  an  excess  of  vitality  ? 

If  it  is  really  so,  and  if  these  hints  should  be  confirmed 
by  good  observations,  we  may  be  permitted  to  hope  that 
means  will  be  found  to  counteract  the  disastrous  effects 
of  this  disease,  instead  of  patiently  waiting  till  it  naturally 
dies  off,  as  is  fortunately  the  case  with  all  epidemics,  A 
remedy  may  be  discovered  by  endeavouring  to  re- 
establish the  balance  of  the  vital  functions  of  the  Vine, 
Some  very  curious  and  important  facts  can  be  already 
adduced  in  support  of  this  idea.  The  bleeding  of  the 
Vine,  recommjnded  by  a  Piedmontese  cultivator,  for 
stopping  the  progress  of  the  evil,  pruning  at  a  different 
period  from  that  in  which  it  is  usually  performed,  at  a 
period  when  the  sap  is  in  motion  so  as  .to  cause  a  loss, 
more  or  less,  of  this  fiuid  nourishment  of  the  plant, 
laying  bare  the  roots,  and  root-pruning  ;  all  these  pro- 
ceedings, which  may  be  called  debilitants,  accord  with 
the  idea  of  an  excess  of  vitahty. 


withstanding  frequent  synngings.  There  was  no 
really  healthy  green  foliage  to  be  seen  upon  them. 
Although  the  trees  were  large,  many  of  them  cover- 
ing the  portion  of  wall  assigned  to  them,  they  were 
taken  up,  carefully  preserving  all  rtie  roots.  The 
border  was  trenched  and  the  trees  replanted  at  the 
same  depth  as  before,  for  they  were  not  too  deep. 
The  consequence  was  that  the  trees  recovered  and 
produced  a  healthy  foliage,  quite  free  from  mildew. 
The  roots  were  not  in  stagnant  water,  for  this,  in 
the  Society's  garden,  is  only  to  met  with  far  below 
the  roots  of  trees.  The  roots  of  these  Apricots  may, 
however,  have  penetrated,  a  wet  season,  the  previ- 
ously untrenched  yellow  loam,  which  may  not  have 
afforded  sufficient  moisture  in  a  dry  season,  and 
thus  may  have  caused  the  mildew.  Now,  the 
branches  were  nailed  against  the  same  wall,  exposed 
to  the  same  air,  they  were  placed  exactly  under  the 
same  circumstances  as  before,  but  the  roots  were 
differently  and  better  situated  than  formerly.  We 
may,  therefore,  conclude  that  the  mildew  was  owing 
to  the  condition  of  the  roots  ;  for  when  this  condition 
was  changed  the  mildew  disappeared,  although  all 
other  circumstances  were  the  same.  Ill 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION"  FOR  THE  ADVANCE- 
MENT OF  SCIENCE. 
Major  Munroon  the  conversion  of  ^^yUopsiiitoTnticum. 
— Major  Munro  produced  to  the  section  a  series  of  speci- 
mens of  jEgilops,  siiowing  the  gradual  transition  of  JK. 
ovata  into  jE.triaristataand  triticoides,and  stated  that  the 
Gardeners'  C/ti'OTiicZc  had  recently  detailed  the  particulars 
of  an  experiment  extending  over  several  years,  and 
carefully  carried  on  by  M.  Esprit  Fabre,  from  the 
results  of  which  it  was  evident  that  he  had  succeeded  in 
converting  the  wild  Sicilian  worthless  Grass  into 
good  useful  Petanielle  Wheat.  Indeed,  so  sudden 
was  the  change,  that  M.  Fabre  published  in  the 
"Coraptes  Rendus,"  of  1839,  one  of  the  first  years  of 
the  experiment,  a  short  account  stating  that  he  had 
succeeded  in  producing  Wheat  from  /Egilops  triticoides. 
Some  persons  have  argued  that  this  fact  indicates  the 
non-existence  of  genera,  and  many  even  now  have 
resumed  the  belief  that  Wheat  can  be  changed  into 
Barley,  and  Oats  into  Rye,  and  it  would  be  as  well  that  the 
minds  of  these  persoussliouldbe  disabusedof  such  notions. 
A  genus  is  difficult  of  definition,  but  is  a  good  term 
to  apply  to  one  of  those  divisions  or  groups  of  plants 
within  the  wide  range  of  which  species  can  wander,  but 
beyond  which  they  cannot  go.  The  opportunity  of 
seeing  a  large  number  of  specimens  of  any  particular 
family,  such  as  Major  Munro  stated  he  had  recently 
enjoyed  with  Grasses,  convinced  him  that  it  was  pos- 
sible, without  the  aid  of  powerful  glasses,  to  place  with 
very  slight  examination  the  greater  number  of  Grasses 
at  once  in  their  proper  genera.  Sometimes  it  would  be 
difficult  to  define  in  words  the  exact  differences,  but  the 
eye  distinguished  them  at  once.  The  author  then 
explained  with  diagrams  the  difference  between  the 
genera  Hordeum,  Secale,  Triticum,  and  Avena,  and 
contended  that  no  one  genus  of  these  forms  could  be 
converted  into  either  of  the  others.     On  the  contrary, 


it  had  long  been  suspected  by  botanists  that  Triticum 
A  letter,  by  Count  Borromee's  gardener  having  been  j  and   ^gilops  were  identical  ;  and  Pal.  de  Beauvois,  in 


published  in  the  newspapers,  and  the  good  effects  which 
he  obtained  in  Piedmont  from  bleeding  his  Vines  being 
thus  generally  kuown,  it  will  be  unnecessary  to  dwell 
on  this  fact,  which  ought  to  form  a  subject  of  serious 
experiment  in  the  ensuing  season. 

The  late  pruning  of  the  Vine  appears  to  me  to  merit 
great  attention.     I  have  been  informed  that  this  year  a 


1812,  in  his  valuable  illustrations  of  the  genera  of 
Grasses,  and  with  rather  a  tendency  to  subdivide  genera, 
said  that  he  could  discover  no  difference  between  Triticum 
and  yEgilops.  There  is  no  real  difference,  and  therefore 
the  change  above  mentioned,  although  curious,  is  not 
contrar-y  to  the  laws  of  genera.  Wheat  itself  varies 
wonderfully,  the  smooth  red  land  being  externally  unlike 


simple  peasant,  named  Tessier,  at  Tremoulat,  in  the  I  the  long  bearded   variety,  now  cultivated  for  its  very 


commune  of  Valence  (Drome),  vexed  at  having  lost  his 
crop  in  former  seasons,  resolved  to  try  an  exj-eriment, 
and  determined  not  to  prune  one  part  of  his  Vine  till 
the  buds  began  to  swell,  which  was  five  weeks  after  he 
had  pruned  the  other  part.  This  Vine  lost  in  conse- 
quence a  very  large  quantity  of  sap,  but  its  vegetation 
was  not  retarded  ;  and  it  has  not  been  attacked  by  the 
Oidium,  wliilst  the  others  near  it,  and,  indeed,  all  the 
surrounding  vineyards  were^aimost  completely  overrun. 
On  my  retm-n,  I  was],  informed  that  .late  pruning  had 
given  similar  results  at  Paris. 

Another  fact  ought  to  be  stated  in  support  of  the  idea 
I  have  expressed  as  above.  M.  Castera  informs  me  that 
he  has  obtained  excellent  results  from  uncovei'ing  the 
roots  of  his  Vines  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  and 
cutting  off  all  the  superficial  fibres,  leaving  the  roots 
uncovered  for  some  weeks. 

Another  instance  of  the  advantages  of  late  pruning  in 
preventing  the  Grape  disease  was  announced  by  M. 
Roussel,  a  Vine-grower  at  Joyeuse,  department  of 
Ardeche.  He  stated  that  one  portion  of  a  Vine  was 
pruned  in  December,  and  the  other  portion  of  the  same 
Vine  in  April,  The  latter  was  free  from  disease,  whilst 
the  former  was  attacked.  He  had  also  seen  equally 
good  effects  produced  on^a  Vine  pruned  early,"but  sub- 
sequently bled  by  making  several  incisions  when  the  sap 
was  in  motion,  thereby  causing  the  escape  of  a  considei*- 
able  quantity  of  this  liquid. 

[In  connexion  with  the  above  remarks  on  the 
cause  of  mildew,  we  may  mention  a  circumstance 
which  came  within  our  observation  15  years  ago,  in 
the  gardens  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  at  Chiswick. 
The  Apricot  trees,  on  a  wall  with  an  eastern  aspect, 
had  become  completely  covered  with  mildew,  not- 


great  produce  in  many  parts.  The  author  also  stated 
as  a  guide  in  coming  to  conclusions  on  the  subject, 
that,  in  all  the  numerous  instances  of  abnormal  structures 
that  had  come  under  his  observation,  on  at  least  30 
different  genera  of  Grasses,  the  universal  tendency  in 
the  spikelet  was  to  elongate  its  axis,  and  increase  its 
number  of  flowers  ;  and  never  in  one  solitary  instance 
observed  to  become  fewer  flowered  than  in  the  normal 
state. — Dr.  Arnott  observed,  that  several  botanists,  and 
himself  among  the  number,  were  not  yet  convinced  of 
the  actual  transmutation  of  ^gilops  ovata  into  Triticum, 


■-■'''  STEPHANOTIS  FLOPJBUNDA. 

When  I  state  that  this  lovely  stove  twiner  comes  from 
Madagascar,  it  will  be  readily  inferred  that  it  likes  a 
warm  moist  temperature,  to  promote  vigorous  gi'owth 
and  secure  an  abundant  display  of  its  snowy  white 
deliciously  fragrant  blossoms  ;  nevertheless,  like  many 
other  plants  which  are  natives  of  warm  climates,  when 
the  wood  is  properly  ripened,  it  may  be  wintered  in  a 
temperature  very  little  warmer  than  that  of  au 


summer,  aud  shifted  as  necessary.  Cuttings  got  ii 
early  in  March,  and  properly  attended  to  during  th< 
summer,  may  easily  be  made  into  well-established 
plants  in  6-inch  pots  in  the  course  of  the  season.  Wintei 
them  in  a  light  airy  situation  where  the  temperature 
may  range  from  50"  to  60°,  and  water  cautiously  and 
rather  sparingly. 

As  early  in  spring  as  convenient  remove  the  youn^ 
plants  to  a  brisk  bottom-heat  of  80"  or  85°,  and  main- 
tarn  a  close  moist  warm  temperature  of  from  70**  to  75** 
Any  weak  straggling  shoot  should  be  cut  back,  and  thi 
stronger  ones  shortened,  aud  any  of  the  plants  that  maj 
have  filled  their  pots  with  roots  should  be  shifted — i 
liberal  shift  being  given  to  such  as  are  vigorous  and 
thriving.  It  is  advisable,  however,  at  this  stage  U 
decide  as  to  whether  the  plants  are  intended  for  plant- 
ing out  or  flowering  in  pots,  and  also  the  sized  specimei 
preferred.  Well  established  plants  in  8-iuch  pots  maj 
be  shifted  at  once  into  15-inch  pots,  which  will  be  suf 
ficiently  large  for  the  growth  of  very  fine  specimens 
and  training  should  be  attended  to  before  the  younj 
wood  makes  much  progress.  Light,  round,  wire  trel 
lises,  18  inches  across,  and  about  4  feet  high,  are  tht 
best  for  the  purpose.  If  a  Uberal  system  of  treatmeui 
is  pm'sued  during  the  summer,  with  a  sharp  bottom- 
heat,  the  plants  will  make  immense  progress,  and  will 
cover  their  trelhses  closely.  Towards  the  middle  o: 
September  the  atmosphere  should  be  gi-adually  kep; 
rather  drier,  and  the  plants  should  be  wintered  in  a  drj 
airy  place,  where  the  temperature  may  average  aboui 
55°.  This  treatment  will  ripen  and  harden  the  youn^ 
wood,  and  prepare  it  for  furnishing  in  the  coming  season 
a  liberal  display  of  blossom. 

If  it  is  wished  to  have  the  plants  in  flower  early  ir 
the  year,  it  will  be  necessary  to  replunge  them  it 
bottom-heat,  say  towards  the  end  of  March,  and  to  treat 
them  much  the  same  as  directed  for  last  season,  excepi 
that  the  atmosphere  should  not  be  kept  moist,  anj 
shifting  of  course  will  not  be  required.  When  in  flowei 
(with  which  the  plants  will  be  thickly  covered  if  thej 
have  been  properly  managed),  they  may  be  removed  t( 
the  greenhouse,  conservatory,  sitting-room  window,  ci 
to  any  other  desirable  situation  where  an  average  tem- 
perature of  from  50°  to  60°  can  be  maintained.  Witb 
judicious  management  in  keeping  the  atmosphere  rather 
dry,  and  avoiding  the  settlement  of  damp  upon  the 
blossoms,  they  will  remain  in  perfection  for  many  weeks 
indeed,  ray  own  specimens  of  Stephanotis  usually  retain 
their  places  in  the  conservatory  for  some  two  months  aj 
a  time,  and  most  attractive  objects  they  are  throughoul 
this  comparatively  long  period.  I  am,  however,  careful 
to  keep  them  perfectly  free  from  red  spider,  and  tfl 
gradually  prepare  them  for  removal  from  a  high  moisi 
temperature,  and^also  to  afford  them  a  close  corner  ic 
the  conservatory. 

When  their  beauty  is  over,  they  should  be  loosened 
from  their  frames,  the  weaker  shoots  entirely  cut  out, 
and  the  length  of  the  stronger  ones  greatly  reduced. 
The  plants  should  then  be  placed  in  bottom  heat,  main- 
taining, at  the  same  time,  a  warm  moist  growing  atmo- 
sphere, sprinlUing  overhead  morning  and  evening,  and 
supplying  clear  weak  manure-water,  in  oi'der  to  induce 
them  to  break  freely.  If  liberally  treated  in  this  way 
for  six  weeks  or  two  months,  the  plants  will  make  plenty 
of  young  wood,  which  must  be  ripened^as  directed  for 
last  year,  when  the  specimens  will  flower  as  abundantly 
as  in  the  previous  season. 

The  Stephanotis  may  be  partially  disrooted  when 
necessary,  with  little  or  no  injury.  The  soil  will 
probably  be  found  to  have  become  sodden  aud  unkind 
by  the  end  of  the  second  flowering  season,  in  which  casi 
the  plants  should  be  tm'ned  out  of  their  pots,  the  soddei 
soil  and  decayed  roots  removed,  and  repotted  in  th( 
same  sized  pots,  unless  it  is  desirable  to  have  largei 
specimens,  in  which  case  they  may  be  afforded  thi 
largest  sized  pots.  Treated  in  this  way,  the  specimeni 
will  last  I  know  not  how  long,  for  my  oldest  plant  is  stil 
my  most  prolific  bloomer.  Good  fresh  turfy  loam  anc 
peat,  in  about  equal  proportions,  broken  small,  with  l 
liberal  mixture  of  sand,  charcoal,  or  potsherds,"  forn 
the  most  suitable  compost  for  the  growth  "of  younj 
plants.  To  the  soil  for  plants  that  have  been  disrooted 
I  usually  add  about  one-fifth  thoroughly  decayed  cow 
dung,  passed  through  a  fine  sieve  to  clear  it  of  worms  j 
Alpha.  I 


dinary  '    ^  ,  „  .  . 

greenhouse  ;  indeed,  it   is  more  easily  accommodated  j  been  anything  but  cheering,  and  a  friend  of  mine  wb 


Home    Correspondence. 

British  Orchids. — I  noticed  a  communication  in  you  \ 
Paper,  at  p.  oGi,  from  some  one  in  Sussex,  suggestm 
that  our  British  Orcliids  might  be  grown  as  beddin| 
plants.  I  have  anxiously  looked  for  a  reply  to  such  a 
unusual  statement,  but  none  having  as  yet  appearei 
I  am  induced  to  believe  that  the  thing  is  not  practicabL 
Having  paid  some  Uttle  attention  to  the  matter,  an 
tried  several  times  to  cultivate  some  of  the  more  show 
species,  I   am  obliged  to  confess  that  my  success  ha 


in  this  respect  than  would  be  supposed  by  persons 
having  only  for  their  guide  the  climate  of  its  native 
country. 

It  may  be  propagated  by  short-jointed  cuttings  of  the 
young  wood  selected  from  flowering  plants  if  possible  in  a 
half  ripe  state,  planted  in  sandy  peaty  soil,  covered  with 
a  bell-glass,  and  plunged  in  a  brisk  bottom-heat  of  about 


has  ardently  tried  for  some  years  to  obtain  a  coUectio 
of  our  native  Orchids  in  a  cultivated  state,  has  bee 
equally  unsuccessful;  although  he  prepared  his  bee 
with  cart-loads  of  chalk  and  other  materials  supposed  i 
favour  their  growth,  and  even  then  he  could  seai-cel 
obtain  a  bloom.  The  Fly  Orchis  flowers  pretty  well  i 
a  cultivated  state,  but  the  Spider  Orchis,  the  Bee,  an 


85",  in  which  they  will  emit  roots  freely,  and  probably  |  the  rare  Lizard  Orchis  have  in  all  cases  refused  1 
be  ready  for  potting  siugly  in  small  pots  in  the  course  blossom.  Now  this  is  very  annoying  after  taking  i 
of  a  month  or  six  weeks  from  the  time  in  which  they  much  pains  to  secure  them  the  conditions  common  l 
were  put  in.  They  must  be  returned  to  bottom-heat  their  wild  state.  Your  correspondent  has  surely  n( 
'  after  potting  singly,  and  kept  close  and  moist  during  the    had  much   experience   in   their   cultivation,  when  1 


•■**. 


40—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


629 


jroposed  to  introduce  them  as  bedding  plants  ;  lie  must 
ilsOj  T  think,  be  wrong  in  his  surmises  that  Cypripedium 
talceolus  is  plentiful  in  the  north  of  England,  for  during 
t  sojourn  of  many  years  in  the  northern  counties  I 
lever  could  hear  of  it  being  found  wild  anywhere  except 
it  Castle  Eden,  on  the  east  side  of  Durham,  and  even 
:here  it  was  exceedingly  scarce  ;  and  from  the  inquiries 
ten  made  about  it,  it  is  likely  it  is  lost  entirely  ere 
low — the  period  I  speak  of  being  15  or  20  years  ago. 
looker,  in  his  "  British  Flora,"  reports  it  as  found  in 
'woods  in  the  north  of  England,  but  rare;"  and 
kssaredly  it  is  rare,  as  I  never  heard  of  any  other 
ocality  being  mentioned  for  it.  That  the  cottagers 
jrow  it  in  beds  must  be  a  mistake,  as  its  possession 
I  confined  to  a  very  few,  and  no  exotic  plant  (rare 
thes  excepted)  was  regarded  with  more  interest  than 
his  beautiful  native.  I  shall  be  glad  to  hear  of  its 
>eing  more  plentiful,  but  at  the  time  I  speak  it  certainly 

i  ros  I'are,  and  I  fear  will  ever  be  so.     However,  anyone 
s*ho  has  been  successful  in  the  culture  of  this  and  other 

1  !*rchids  of  British  origin,  will  confer  a  favour  on  many 

I  in  anxious  collector  of  wild  plants,  by  recording  their 
iractice  and  experience  in  the  matter.  H.  L.  T. 

Potatoes  ill  Old  Tan. — A  few  weeks  ago  I  read^in 
.'Our  columns  an  account  of  a  successful  experiment  in 
■egard  to.  planting  Potatoes  and  preventing  disease  by 
ising  old  ten  for  covering  ;  and  as  I  tried  the  same 

,  hingand  proved  its  good  effects  in  1846,1  have  suc- 
e>sfully  followed  itup  ever  since.  I  very  much  approve 
'fa  light  porous  covering,  particularly  for  strong  lands. 
Tan  is  plentiful  in  this  neighbourhood,  and  may  be  em- 
doyed  on  a  small  scale  ;  but  on  a  large  one  I  think 
tubble  or  chaff  might  answer  the  purpose,  i.  e.,  the 
irills  might  be  filled  with  them,  and  but  little  mould  put 
rver  them  at  the  time  of  planting.  I  will  state  my  mode 
'f  management.  I  manure  and  dig  the  ground.  I  then 
Qake  drills  6  inches  deep,  and  2  feet  6  inches  apart  ;  I 
lien  put  my  seed  Potatoes  (the  very  largest  size),  in  the 
irill  12  inches  apart ;  old  tan  is  next  put  on,  so  plenti- 
lilly  that  a  ridge  is  left,  giving  an  appearance  to  the 
trills  as  if  they  were  banked  up  for  good.  The  alleys 
.re  kept  clean  by  hoeing,  but  no  earth  is  drawn  up  over 
he  tan,  which  is  of  itself  heavy  enough.  A  Uttle  mould 
night  be  applied  over  stubble  or  chaff,  but  the  land 
oust  be  prepared  and  manured  as  for  white  Turnips, 
irevious  to  drilling.  I  find  by  planting  large  whole 
'otatoes  that  I  get  one-third  more  weight  of  produce 
■n  the  same  ground  than  I  obtain  either  from  small  or 
ir:re  ones  cut,  and  I  have  less  small.  J.  Rodfjcrs,  ffidl. 
L'xU  Green  Peas  and  French  Beans.  —  Having  read 
everal  statements  in  your  pages  in  favour  of  late  Peas, 
nd  finding  that  some  have  almost  doubted  the  possibility 
f  having  them  very  late  in  the  season,  I  beg  to  state,  for 
he  encouragement  of  young  gardeners  and  amateurs, 

I  riat  I  find  little  difficulty  in  supplying  the  table  through 
)ctober  with  good  Peas,  provided  the  weather  is  favour- 
ble.  I  have  now  (Sept.  28),  two  crops  in  full  bearing  ; 
ne  is  Knight's  Tall  Man*ow,  the  other  Victoria 
larmw.  I  have  also  another  crop  of  the  former  variety 
1  full  bloom  ;  last  year  I  furnished  the  table  with  a  dish 
n  the  oth  of  November  :  this  was  not  a  mere  handful, 
ir  the  sake  of  saying  they  were  gathered,  but  a  good 
ish.  I  would  also  advise  late  crops  of  French  Beans  to 
e  had,  which  I  think  are  not  grown  so  much  as  they 
eserv-e  ;  they  are  plentiful  with  me  at  present,  I  have 
Iso  some  in  full  bloom,  and  in  fine  autumns  I  find  such 
rops  very  useful  ;  last  autumn  I  gathered  a  good  dish 
n  the  30th  of  October.  I  presume  many  have  less  to 
ontend  with  than  myself  as  to  soil  and  situation.  I  live 
1  a  valley  much  exposed  to  strong  winds,  which  are 
■prevalent  about  this  season,  and  I  suffer  much  from 
and  early  frosts,  the  soil  being  a  stifi"  loam  on  a 
subsoil.   W.  D.  S.y  Deal. 

f'h  Fronti^fnan  Chape.—ln  a  Vinery  at  this  place, 

ir  upon  a  Purple  Frontignan  Vine  has  now  pro- 

='pontaneou9ly,  for  two  consecutive  seasons,  white 

T  only,  or  fruit  of  the  white  Frontignan  ;  probably 

.riety  originated  in  this  way,  although  I  do  not  find 

n   i  circumstance  upon  record.  Oeon/e  Wells,  Scotney. 

I! .  -^e-ra/liik.^ln  reply  to  "X.  Y.Z."  (see  p.  616)  I  have 

►  -itate  that  the  only  Huccessful  way  of  eradicating  Hnrse- 

idish  \h  to  trench  the  ground  well  3  feet  or  more  deep, 

ifofully  turning  the  soil,  and  picking  out  every  portion 

■  th"^;  root*  ;  none  of  the  latter,  however  smnll,  must  be 

rm'tfcd  t'>  remain,  or  they  will  grow.     If  properly 

•Jiis  plan    will  be  found  a  Hure   way  of  entirely 

■  Ing  it.  L'.  Dmn^M,  PerdUwell. 

. — ^Tlie   following   circumBtanoo    connected  with 

.-'^nrred  this  Heason  in  the  garden  of  the  Hev,  Mr. 

-  ,  f.f  Bametcommon,  Hertfordshire.     For  several 

.-    ■  '.  past  I  have  hnA  the  management  of  a  few  InvcH 

that  gentleman   kcepH,      Tlii.i  year  he  had  two 

..;>^-,  liives,  and  near  the  end  of  February  I  went  to  see 

I  they  ha/l  aurvived    the    winter,  and  whether  their 

■filter  stock  of  proviHionn  wan  exhaunted,  and  would 

riqaire  feeding  or  not.     After  1  had  done  examining  the 

/o  hircfl  Mrs.  Jones  rcque«t*;d  me  to  put  a  glaua  on  tin- 

p  of  one  of  the  hivca  for  tho  bcoa  to  work  in,  for  tin- 

irp'-v?  of  obtaining  a  quantity  of  pure  honey.     I  did 

:  ^.':'i  then  covered  the  glojua  and  left  the  bees  to  the 

-rn  of  their  own  wilU.     On  the  w;cond  day  of  May 

I'luen  called  on   me  early   in   the  forenoon,  and 

■  d  me  to  come  and  look  at  ou'j  of  the  hivcH,  an  a 
iiany  Ixjcfl  were  out  in  a  cluster  out*«ide  thehivo,and 

'iitfht  they  were  likely  Uj  Hwarm.    Ah  the  morning 

14  r-loudy  nnd  wt  early  in  the  »ea«on,  I  thought  that  lliey 

ight  not  ft  warm  for  a  fow  dayx,  although  they  were  in 

r  liiwtcr  outride  the  hive,  an  I  have  had  my  own   Ijcch 

I  in  th'!  name  way  under  the  alighting  hoard  for 

Irrrable  time  Wfftre  Hwarming  ;  between  12  and  ' 


1  o'clock  the  same  day  1  went  into  the  garden  to  see 
the  state  of  the  hives ;  I  had  not  been  there  more  than 
a  few  minutes  when,  from  the  hive  that  the  glass  was 
placed  upon  in  the  end  of  February,  a  fine  swarm 
came  off" ;  no  time  was  lost  in  putting  them  into  a  hive, 
and,  strange  to  say,  a  few  minutes  only  elapsed  when 
the  other  hive  swarmed  also  ;  the  bees  had  made  no 
comb  in  the  glass  placed  on  the  top.  On  the  15th  day 
after  the  two  hives  swarmed  I  called  at  Mr.  Jones's  to 
see  if  there  was  any  appearance  of  either  of  the  two 
hives  throwing  (in  apian  language)  a  cast,  and  seeing 
the  bees  of  one  of  the  hives  rather  in  a  state  of  agitation 
and  apparently  no  work  going  on,  I  concluded  that  they 
might  come  off  that  day ;  and  in  a  short  time  they  came 
off,  and  I  put  them  into  a  iiive.  I  had  just  finished 
hiving  the  bees  when  the  other  hive  sent  out  a  cast  also  ; 
it  is  rather  a  singular  circumstance,  considering  that  the 
gentleman  had  only  the  two  stock  hives  ;  if  he  had 
been  in  possession  of  a  considerable  number,  no 
notice  might  have  been  taken  of  this  circumstance. 
Robert  Boionie,  Arldey-lane  Cottage,  Barnet  Common^ 
Herts. 

Pear-leaf  Fungi. — -In  a  recent  Number  a  corre- 
spondent inquired  the  cause  of  the  orange  spot  on  Pear 
leaves,  and  was  answered  that  it  arose  from  a  fungus 
called  "  Dothidea  colliculosa,"  but  that  no  exact  reason 
could  be  given  for  its  appearance.  After  very  careful 
e.xamination  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  Dothidea  is  not  of 
itself  a  perfect  fungus,  but  merely  the  early  stage  of 
jEcidium  cancellatura,  which  is  now  mature  and  shed- 
ding its  spores.  The  Dothidea,  so  called,  consists  of 
small  orange-yellow  conical  bodies  on  the  surface  of  the 
leaf,  which  eventually  subside  and  turn  black,  while  on 
the  underside,  exactly  beneath  these,  grow  several  larger 
peridia  conical  at  their  tops,  but  round  beneath.  When 
ripe,  as  they  now  are,  the  apex  splits  into  ragged  threads 
like  the  calyptra  of  a  Moss,  and  under  a  glass  is  transpa- 
rent, exhibiting  the  spores  through  the  interstices,  even 
under  a  common  lens.  At  length  the  calyptra  is  thrown 
off  and  a  hole  like  a  crater  is  seen  by  which  the  spores 
escape.  I  send  you  a  sketch,  which  may  perhaps  best 
illustrate    the    subject.      I  have   never   been  able   to 


1.  Pear-lettf  affected  by  .■Eci'^ium  cancellatura. 

2.  A  peridium  si^parated  and  magniSed. 

3.  Spores — reddish  brown. 

discover  anything  like  fructification  in  the  so  called 
Dothidea ;  and  as  every  specimen  at  this  period  presents 
the  form  above  described,  1  think  this  Dothidea  ought 
to  be  struck  oiit  of  the  list  of  fungi.  This  fungus  is 
sometimes  most  destructive  ;  a  friend  of  mine  having 
been  obliged  to  destroy  one  fine  tree,  and  having  the 
parasite  now  communicated  to  nearly  every  tree  in  his 
garden,  causing  the  fruit  to  be  almost  useless,  and  in 
some  cases  to  fall  off  prematurely.  The  only  remedy 
I  know  is  to  pull  off  every  leaf  that  is  attacked  early  in 
the  summer,  for  it  will  increase  rapidly  if  neglected 
until  sometimes  every  leaf  is  diseased,  and  the  fruit 
starved  in  consequence.  F.  J.  Graham,  Cranfoi'd. 

Effects  of  a  severe  Storm-  of  Wind  in  August  last. — 
Wishing  to  know  if  certain  phenomena,  occasioned  by 
the  severe  storm  jn  August,  which  has  occurred  here, 
has  been  observed  anywhere  else,  I  venture  to  give  you 
an  account  of  them,  as  I  have  not  found  that  they  are 
noticed  in  your  journal.  The  storm  of  wind  which 
swept  along  the  southern  coast  of  England  on  the  11th 
of  August,  with  such  terrific  and  almost  unprecedented 
violence,  was  most  severely  felt  in  this  part  of  Sussex, 
injuring  the  corn  crops,  whether  standing  or  in  shocks, 
to  an  alarming  degree.  I  am  not  a  farmer,  but  a 
great  lover  of  nature,  and  will  describe  what  has 
occurred  here.  The  old  town  of  Hastings  is  situated  in 
a  narrow  valley,  rendered  very  picturesque  in  its  higher 
part  by  trees,  chiefly  Elm;  tlie  wind  swept  up  this  valley, 
burning  the  leaves  of  the  trees,  either  wholly  or  partially, 
taking  one  aide  of  a  hedge  and  leaving  the  other  intact, 
&.C.  The  consequence  was  that  the  next  day  we  were 
plunged  into  a  mid-winter  landscape,  the  trees  were 
bare,  and  the  ground  covered  with  crisp,  black  leaves,  not 
at  all  resembling  leaves'which  fall  in  autumn.  Twodays 
aCterwarda  the  Ehne  began  to  show  signs  of  putting  forth 
new  shoots,  and  one  of  the  severest  sufferer.s,  a  fine  old 
tree,  is  now  in  all  the  glories  of  early  summer  foliage. 
The  Larch  in  the  neighbourhood  ha-s  done  the  same, 
and  the  other  trecB  and  shrubs  have  followed  in 
different  degrees.  A  Laburnum,  the  upper  half  of 
wliich  rittea  aitove  a  low  wall,  huH  itn  lower  part  covered 
with  itJ4  dark  green  leaves,  while  tlie  ujjpcr  liaa  tondor 
green  luaves  and  complete  flowor  budn,  which  will  open 
in  a  few  days.  i\\  an  adjoining  valh;y  to  the  eastward 
(Fairlight-glen)  I  oljn<a'vi;d  the  lantaHtic  effect  thin  gave 
to  tlio  wood  ;  autumn  tints  are  fringed  by  light  grt'cn, 
the  iM'  untain  AhIi  eapeeially  riatng  a  Httlo  above  the 
unKcathed  Oak-  -thu  HamoeHuctHmay  be  seen  in  one  and 
the  Hanio  tree.   Tliin  appears  to  bo  worth  noticing,  though 

it  may  not  be  \U'V.\\\'mr  to  iIhh  place.  A'.  It'.,  //fulhig.t. 

AlinoMt  all  tin;  treui  iti  this  part  of  the  country  (Suhhox) 
hIiow  more  or  le»H  of  tlie  blTccin  of  a  severe  gale  of 
wind,  from  the  Houtli-we«t,  which  wc  had  hero  about 


two  months  since.  ISome  of  the  trees  on  the  side 
facing  the  wind  have  changed  their  summer  attire  for 
the  sere  and  yellow  leaf  of  autumn,  while  others  are 
denuded  of  their  foliage  on  that  side,  the  other  compa- 
ratively retaining  its  usual  appearance.  But  perhaps 
the  most  remarkable  effect  of  that  wind  is  shown  in  a 
group  of  six  Horse  Chestnuts  in  the  Priory  Park,  the 
brown  colour  of  the  dead  leaves  on  which  contrasts 
strangely  with  the  light  green  of  the  young  shoots  pro- 
duced since  the  storm,  and  still  more  strangely  with  the 
numerous  spikes  of  beautiful  flowers  with  which  that 
side  of  the  trees  is  covered.  The  spikes  are  smaller  but 
quite  as  numerous  on  one  tree  as  in  the  spring  ;  the 
other  trees  have  not  put  forth  so  many.  C.  W,  (?., 
Chi-ckeste): 

Pinus  insignis. — I  have  a  very  fine  example  of  this 
Conifer  under  my  care  which  last  year  produced  one 
cone,  and  this  year  it  has  but  the  same  limited  quantity. 
I  imagine,  however,  that  as  it  becomes  older,  we  shall 
have  a  good  supply  of  them.  It  was  planted  18  years 
ago.  Does  it  usually  bear  cones  in  this  country  ?  {^0.'] 
William  Whale,  Engleficld  Green. 

Aubergine, — Though  the  Aubergine  does  not  ripen 
well  in  this  country,  it  nevertheless  an'ives  at  such  a 
degree  of  perfection  as  to  make  it  a  delicate  and  excel- 
lent article  of  food,  if  dressed  in  the  following  manner  : 
— When  the  fruit  has  attained  all  the  maturity  of  which 
it  is  capable  in  our  northern  latitudes,  it  should  be  cut 
lengthwise  in  quarters,  and,  after  being  lightly  sprinkled 
with  salt  for  two  or  three  hours,  allowed  to  drain.  The 
divided  fruit  should  then  be  placed  in  the  well  of  the 
dripping-pan  where  meat  is  roasting,  and  in  about  tliree 
quarters  of  an  hour  served  quite  hot,  either  alone,  or 
mth  a  little  strong  gravy.  So  dressed  it  partakes  of  the 
combined  excellence  of  Salsafy  and  Tomatoes.  The 
variety  cultivated  was  the  violet-coloured  Aubergine,  of 
which  seeds  were  distributed  by  the  Horticultural 
Society  in  the  spring.  The  Chinese  Brinjal  succeeds 
about  as  well  as  other  kinds  of  Egg-plant,  and  is,  doubt- 
iess,  equally  good.  M.  J.  B. 

The  Weather. — Mr.  Bree,  of  Sto^^'ma^ket,  asks  "  if  the 
remarkable  change  in  the  temperature  on  Saturday,  the 
]8th  ult.,  was  observed."  Here  it  was  just  as  he 
states.  I  was  obliged  to  exclude  the  external  air,  to 
prevent  the  condensation  of  vapour  on  the  walls,  &,c.j 
inside  the  house,  which  took  place  to  a  greater  extent 
than  I  ever  remember,  wherever  the  external  air  was 
admitted.  The  vapour  was  also  condensed  on  the  out- 
side of  the  windows,  showing  a  difference  of  temperature 
of  at  least  10°  between  the  air  within  and  without, 
J.  C.  C.J  near  A  hingdon. 

West  of  Ireland, — The  Potatoes  in  the  south-east  of 
Mayo,  after  partially  recovering  (or  rather  having  the 
disease  suspended),  have  lately  had  another  access  of 
disease.  All  other  crops  are  good,  early,  and  nearly 
safe.  Sheep  and  cattle  bring  good  prices.  This  has 
been  an  extremely  good  year  for  fruit  of  all  kinds.  The 
autumn  is  very  early,  the  weather  being  like  October 
rather  than  September.  Many  Limes,  Witch  Elms, 
Horse  Chestnuts,  and  Walnuts  particularly,  have  lost 
their  leaves.  Emigration  is  increasing,  owing  to  the 
failure  of  Potatoes.  Our  best  smiths,  masons,  car- 
penters, and  labourers  are  either  gone  or  going. 
Ballandyne. 

Toads  eat  Wasps. — I  can  confirm  the  notice  of  Mr. 
Mackenzie  at  p.  598,  that  toads  eat  wasps.  You  may 
remember  that  I  sent  you  an  account  two  years  ago,  of 
a  couple  of  the  large  Jersey  toads  in  my  possession 
changing  their  skins.  These  pets  are  still  in  full  health 
and  vigour,  and  I  have  frequently  given  them  wasps 
and  humble  bees  in  considerable  numbers.  They  appear 
quite  as  insensible  to  the  stings  of  these  insects  as  the 
boa  in  the  Zoological  Gardens  was  to  the  flavour  of  his 
blanket.  I  have  ascertained  they  are  very  fond  of 
worms,  which  affords  me  an  excellent  opportunity  of 
procuring  a  more  abundant  supply  of  food  than  from 
insects  alone.  They  take  worms  of  the  largest  dimen- 
sions, and  having  got  one  into  the  mouth,  they  deal  with 
it  most  energetically  and  somewhat  ludicrously  vnXh 
their  fore-paws,  scraping  away  any  dirt  or  debris  that 
may  chance  to  adhere  to  them  whilst  they  are  wriggling 
about  their  jaws.  Large  beetles  (Carabi)  and  cock- 
chaffers  (Melolontha)  disappear  in  an  instant  ;  but 
great  dragon-flies  (/Eaima)  are  rather  puzzling  when- 
ever the  wings  are  disappearing  transversely  to  the 
gape.  I  am  reminded  that  one  of  tliem  dispatched  in 
one  day  a  liandful  of  grasshoppers,  three  worms,  and  a 
dozen  humble-bees.  J.  S.  Hendoio,  Ilitcham,  Sept.  20. 

Potatoes  among  Weeds. —  One  of  your  correspondents 
speaks  of  having  saved  his  Potato  crop  by  permitting 
weeds  to  grow  up  and  cover  it.  He  was  certainly 
fortunate  in  meeting  with  such  unexpected  success  ;  but 
in  order  that  peraons  may  not  encourage  weeds  with 
the  idea  of  having  sound  Potatoes,  I  beg  to  forward  the 
result  of  a  crop  that  was  dug  from  an  orchai'd  where 
weeds  had  been  allowed  to  run  at  large  ever  since  the 
Potatoes  were  earthed,  some  of  the  weeds  being  from  3 
to  4  feet  liigh  ;  and  the  issue  is  that,  out  of  2((  square 
yjirdM,  there  was  not  one  bushel  of  sound  Potatoes.  It 
iH  my  opinion  that  the  weeds  keeping  the  ground  bo  very 
dnmji  lIuH  wet  stunnicr  caused  the  Pc)tatoeM  to  rot  so 
exteuHively,  excluding  as  they  did  all  buu  and  air.  L\ 
Jknncttj  Perdiswdl, 

American  Aloe  in  Bloom. — There  is  now  in  flower  at 
the  Wliito  House,  Colebrookdale,  Salop  (tlie  seat  of 
Mi'H.  Darliy),  a  specimen  of  the  Agave  americana,  or 
American  Aloe,  HUjijiosed  to  bo  abovo  100  years  old. 
The  plant  has  thrown  up  two  lowering  stems,  the  largest 
Hi  feet,  and  the  Hmallor  ono  13  feet  high.  The  larger 
stem   has  24    brunchcn,   cotiiprising   from    13   to    132 


6£0 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Oct.  2, 


flowers  (ju  each;  the  sraaller  stem  has  18  branches, 
comprising  from  11  to  61  fiowers  on  each  branch.  As, 
from  the  great  rarity  of  the  flowering  of  tlie  plant  in 
this  country,  few  have  an  opportunity  of  comparing  one 
specimen  with  another,  tiie  following  account,  taken 
from  Thornton's  "  Botany"  (a  book  not  accessible  to 
every  one),  may  assist  in  forming  some  idea  of  the 
present  plant  After  mentioning  that  the  Aloe  was 
brought  from  South  America  into  Spain,  he  states,  that 
one  is  represented  to  have  flowered  at  Lambeth,  in 
1690,  and  two  other  plants  in  1714,  at  Hampton  Court- 
palace  ;  and  that  the  one  from  which  the  representation 
given  by  him  was  taken,  flowered  in  September,  1790, 
at  Smith's  Nursery,  at  Dalston,  near  Hackney.  This 
plant  was  then  supposed  to  be  about  70  years  old,  "  at 
which  time  it  displayed  its  '  scape,*  or  trunk,  arising 
from  the  centre  of  the  leaves,  increasing  with  astonishing 
rapidity,  until  it  reached  nearly  the  height  of  30  feet  ; 
resembling  the  mast  of  a  sHip,  and  there  projected  from 
its  summit  at  proportionate  distances  13  great  branches, 
at  each  of  whose  exti'emities  were  found  from  80  to  100 
flowers,  on  proper  peduncles  or  flower  stalks  of  diff"erent 
lengths  ;  that  each  flower  might  have  its  due  position 
as  to  light  and  heat,  exciting  in  the  beholder  the  idea 
of  a  vast  chandelier."  It  will  be  observed,  that  the 
plant  described  by  Thornton,  though  nearly  twice  the 
height- of  the  one  at  Colebrookdale  (which,  by-the-bye, 
is  said  to  be  the  first  recorded  to  have  flowered  in 
Shropshire),  hag  fewer  branches  ;  and  although  the 
average  number  of  flowers  on  each  branch  is  greater, 
the  total  on  all  the  branches  is  considerably  less,  the 
plant  at  Colebrookdale  having  on  its  main  stem  24 
branches,  comprising  1515  flowerp,andon  its  second  stem 
18  branches,  comprising  6'6d  flowers;  altogether  42 
branches,  comprising  2154  flowers.  It  is  a  curious  coin- 
cidence (but  nothing  more),  that  the  two  stems  together 
are  about  the  height  of  the  one  described  by  Thornton. 
Inanote,  the  properties  of  the  Aloe,in  its  nativecountry, 
are  thus  stated.  "  In  the  whole  vegetable  creation, 
there  is  not,  perhaps,  a  plant  more  useful  than  the  one 
we  have  described.  As  a  defence  it  bids  defiance  to  all 
inti'uders.  Its  leaves  are  employed  as  a  thatch  for 
houses  ;  and  properly  managed,  they  will  separate  into 
fibres  which,  manufactured,  .can  supply  tlie  place  of 
hemp,  flax,  and  cotton.  The  thorns  with  which  it  is 
armed  serve  for  awls,  or  are  made  into  nails,  or  pins, 
or  needles.  When  rightly  tapped,  from  three  to  four 
hundred  gallons  of  sap  may  be  extracted,  which  may  be 
fermented  into  wine,  or  by  simply  boiling,  reduced  to  a 
pulp,  which  ser»;es  all  the  purposes  of  soap.  The 
ligneous  stem  is  made  use  of  by  the  carpenter,  or  for 
fuel  ;  and  the  honey,  which  copiously  distils  from  the 
flowers,  wheu  collected,  is  a  most  efficacious  remedy  in 
asthma,  and  other  disordersjof  the  chest."  The  gardener, 
■with  the  permission  of  his  employer,  will  have  much 
pleasure  in  gratifj'ing  the  curiosity  of  any  one  who  may 
be  pleased  to  visit  this  "  wonder  of  nature,"  in  the 
course  of  the  ensuing  month.   W.  Q.,  September  28, 

Gold  Fiish — Will  some  of  jour  correspondents  kindly 
fui'nish  me  with  the  best  mode  of  increasing  gold  fish. 
I  have  a  quantity  which  was  bred  about  five  years  ago, 
but  they  have  not  bred  since.  This  I  attribute  to  having 
a  few  tench  in  the  pond  with  the  parent  fish.  Some  of 
the  young  ones  have  turned  red,  and  theothers  are  of  a 
brownish  tint.  Will  the  brownish  fish  turn  red  in 
course  of  time  ?  Sid}scnbei\ 

Planting  Potatoes  in  Autumn. — I  think  the  nearer  we 
approach  Nature  in  the  cultivation  of  Potatoes  the 
better,  and  autumn  planting  is  the  full  observance  of 
this  principle.  When  autumn  planting  is  not,  or  cannot 
he  resorted  to,  I  am  convinced  the  Potatoes  intended 
for  sets  in  the  spring  following  should  remain  in  the 
ground  where  they  are  grown  during  the  winter,  and 
be  at  once  transplanted  to  their  new  situation.  Of 
course  cai'e  must  be  taken  to  preserve  them  from  frost, 
by  ploughing  fresh  earth  upon  the  drills,  and  this  opera- 
tion would  throw  off  much  water  and  drain  the  ground 
on  which  the  Potatoes  are  lying.  I  am  fully  satisfied, 
from  observation  and  enquiry,  that  the  Potato  disease 
is  ti'aceable  to  a  perversion  of  the  natural  habits  of  the 
plant,  and  ill-treatment  being  continued  for  yeai's,  its 
vitality  and  constitutional  powers  are  so  reduced  as  to 
render  it  a  prey  to  any  damaging  influence  peculiar  to 
the  season.  I  heai'd  a  person  say  :  "  My  Potatoes  are 
very  good."  "  How  is  this,"  I  enquired,  leading  the 
way  to  the  place  where  these  good  Potatoes  were  growing. 
I  found  them  very  good  indeed,  but  not  large.  The 
secret  is,  they  were  the  produce  of  Potatoes  grown  the 
year  before  ;  that  is,  the  old  Potatoes  had  never  been 
taken    out   of  the  ground.  T.   T,   Roxoley,   Jiotothorne, 

Chestcrjleid. In  October,  1851,  I  set  about  half  an 

acre  of  good  rich  soil,  drained,  with  Regent  Potatoes, 
about  10  inches  deep.  They  appeared  above  ground 
rather  earlier  than  the  spring  set  plants,  but  only  a 
little  earlier,  and  did  not  show  signs  of  being  fit  to 
harvest  so  soon  as  the  Shaws,  which  were  set  in 
February  and  March.  The  crop  is  not  remarkable 
either  way  ;  but  the  tubers  are  small,  and  there  is  more 
disease  among  them  than  I  have  hitherto  had  in 
Regents.  /.  E.  Gray,  WiUesdon. 

Grenhna  cassia.  —  A  present  having  been  made  me 
of  some  Kussian  greshna  cassia,  it  has  reminded  me  of 
the  excellence  of  this  article,  and  that  probably  it  would 
be  the  best  of  all  substitutes  for  the  Potato.  Greshna 
cassia  is  nothing  more  than  Buckwheat  freed  from  its 
husk  and  partially  broken,  in  the  manner  that  groats 
^•e  made  from  Oats.  At  St.  Petersburgh  it  is  the 
cheapest  kind  of  food,  and  might  doubtless  be  aff"orded 
here  at  a  very  low  price.  It  has  the  advantage  of  being 
highly  nutritive,  is  easy  of  digestion,  and,  like  the  Potato, 


may  be  eaten  with  any  kind  of  meat,  or  simply  alone, 
requiring  nothing  more  than  the  addition  of  a  little  salt 
and  butter  ;  or  for  the  poor  man's  table,  dripping.  This 
cassia  may  either  be  cooked  in  an  oven  or  over  the  fire  ; 
if  in  a. water  bath  all  the  better,  to  prevent  the  chance 
of  burning.  It  should  be  put  into  a  rather  deep  vessel 
with  twice  or  thrice  its  bulk  of  water,  according  to 
expected  evaporation,  and  left  in  the  oven,  or  on  the 
fire,  till  each  grain  becomes  soft,  but  yet  so  dry  as  to 
retain  its  original  form,  and  not  in  the  least  pappy. 
Greshna  cassia  might  be  immediately  imported  from 
Russia  at  a  cheaper  rate  tlian  haricot  can  be  obtained. 
In  future  seasons  it  would,  doubtless,  well  repay  the 
expense  of  cultivation,  and  of  freeing  it  from  its  husk.  B. 
Tomato  Disease. — A  correspondent,  from  Hampshire, 
complains,  at  p.  598,  of  a  disease  attacking  his  Tomatoes 
similar  to  the  Potato  disease,  andjinquires  whether  any 
of  your  readers  have  been  visited  with  a  like  calamity. 
In  the  second  or  third  year  of  the  Potato  blight  I  had  a 
ow  of  Tomatoes  fastened  to  stakes,  and  the  end  of  the 
row  was  exposed,  owing  to  a  gap  in  the  hedge,  to  a 
damp  south-west  wind  which  then  set  in.  The  plants  at 
that  end  of  the  row  were  soon  after  extensively  blighted, 
and  the  disease  was  soon  communicated  to  the  remainder 
of  the  row,  I  then  concluded  that  the  Potato  bfight  was 
very  much  owing  to  atmospheric  influences — the  Tomato 
and  Potato  being  both  species  of  the  genus  Solanum. 
J.P.,Sept,2\. 


^mtXits. 


Caledonian  Horticultural,  Sept.  2.  —  W.  Steele, 
Esq.,  in  the  chair.  Premiums  were  awarded  as  follows  : 
— Best  two  sorts  of  Peaches  :  1st  prize  to  Mr.  Ramsay, 
gr.  to  Sir  D.  Baird,  Bart.,  for  Noblesse  and  Royal 
George  ;  2d,  to  Mr.  Thom,  gr.  to  C.  Balfour,  Esq.,  for 
the  same  varieties  ;  3d,  to  Mr.  Crocket,  gr.  to  Col. 
Ferguson,  M.P.,  for  Noblesse  and  Bellegarde.  Necta- 
rines :  1st  prize  to  Mr.  Crocket,  for  Violette  Hative,  and 
Elruge  ;  '2d,  to  Mr.  Ramsay,  for  Due  de  Tello,  and 
Elruge.  Muscat  Grapes  :  1st  prize  to  Mr.  Lees,  gr.  to 
the  Earl  of  Haddington  ;  2d,  to  Mr.  Saunders.  Black 
Hamburgh  :  1st  prize  to  Mr.  Thom,  for  a  bunch  weighing 
3  lbs.  14  oz. ;  2d,  to  Mr.  Kidd,  gr.,  Rossie  Priory,  whose 
bunch  weighed  4  lbs.  2  oz.  ;  3d,  Mr.  Crocket.  Fron- 
tignans :  1st,  Mr.  Crocket,  with  the  grizzly  variety. 
Xiighest  flavoured  bunch  of  Grapes  of  any  sort :  1st 
prize  to  Mr.  Thompson,  gr,,  Wishaw,  for  Golden  Drop  ; 
2d,  to  Mr.  Lees,  for  Chasselas  Musque.  Moorpark 
Apricots  :  1st  prize  to  Mr.  Ramsay  ;  2d,  Mr.  Hardie, 
gr.  to  W.  Chambers,  Esq.  Greengage  Plums  :  1st,  Mi-. 
Calder,  Seacliffe ;  2d,  Mr.  Dunlop,  Drum ;  3d,  Mr. 
M'Laucblan,  Barnton  ;  best  three  sorts  ;  1st  prize  to 
Mr.  Crocket,  for  Washington,  Purple  Gage,  and  Magnum 
Bonum  ;  2d,  Mr.  Thom,  for  Victoria,  Washington,  and 
Magnum  Bonum.  Highest  flavoured  Melon:  1st  prize  to 
Mr.  Ramsay,  for  Duke  of  Bedford ;  2d  to  Mr.  Mossman, 
for  Bromham  Hall ;  3d  to  Mr.  Fowler,  Smeaton. 
Heaviest  six  Jargonelle  Pears  fit  for  immediate  use  :  Ist 
prize  to  Mr.  Lees  ;  2d  to  Mr.  Fowler.  Dahlias:  nursery- 
men—  1  St  prize  to  Mr,  Handasyde,  for  Nil  Desperandum, 
Duchess,  Beeswing,  Marchioness,  George  Glenny,  Sir 
R.  Whittington,  Queen,  Mr.  Seldon,  Sir  Charles  Napier, 
Snowflake,  Sir  F.  Bathurst,  and  Queen  of  Beauties  ; 
2d  to  Messrs.  Downie  and  Laird,  for  Sir  E.  Antrobus, 
John  Edwards,  Richard  Cobden,  George  Glenny, 
Mr.  Seldon,  Crocus,  Duke  of  Wellington,  Barnard,  Sir 
Charles  Napier,  Miss  Spears,  Malvina,  and  Triumphant ; 
practical  gardeners :  1st  prize  to  Mr.  Begg,  Greenlaw, 
for  Marchioness  of  Coruwallis,  Duke  of  Wellington, 
Mrs.  C.  Bacon,  Sir  Robert  Peel,  El  Dorado,  Mr.  Seldon, 
George  Glenny,  Richard  Cobden,  and  Crocus.  Equal 
2d  premiums  were  voted  to  Mr.  Oswald,  Murthly 
Castle,  and  Mr.  Reid,  Broomfield ;  Mr.  Oswald's 
varieties  were  :  Marchioness  Cornwallis,  Ring,  Emperor 
of  Whites,  George  Glenny,  Duke  of  Wellington,  Mrs. 
Seldon,  Sir  R.  Peel,  Mr.  Seldon,  Sir  E.  Antrobus ;  and 
Mr.  Reid  produced  Yellow  Standard,  Mr.  Seldon,  Ci'ocus, 
Duke  of  Wellington,  Sir  Charles  Napier,  Alice, 
Beeswing,  Marchioness  Corawallis,  and  Newington 
Rival ;  amateurs  :  1st  prize  to  J.  Mood,  Esq.,  for 
Sir  F.  Bathm-st,  Mrs.  Seldon,  Mr.  Seldon,  Princess 
Radziville,  Standard  of  Perfection,  and  Marchioness 
Cornwallis ;  2d  to  Mr.  Sanderson,  for  Nil  Desperan- 
dum, Cardinal  Ferretti,  Duke  of  Welhngton,  Queen 
of  the  Grove,  and  King  of  Dahlias.  HoUyhoclvS  : 
1st,  Mr.  Fowlis,  Woodliouselee,  for  Walden  Gem 
(Chater),  Mr.  C.  Baron  (Chater),  WilUam  (Veitch), 
Susannah  (Veitch),  Triumphant  (Pai'sons),  Seedling 
No.  1,  Safranot  (Parsons),  General  Bern  (Veitch), 
Spectabihs  (Chater),  Sir  David  Wedderburn  (Currie), 
Miss  Innes  (Webster),  and  Comet  (Chater)  ;  2d,  Mr. 
i  Pow,  Norton,  for  Illuminator,  Seedling,  Susannah, 
,  General  Bem,  Mr.  Berwick,  Magnum  Bonum,  Enchan- 
tress, Queen,  Rosea  grandiflora,  Sulphurea,  Sultan,  and 
Acme  ;  3d,  W.  Blackwood,  Esq.,  for  Tom  Carlyle, 
Walden  Gem,  Lady  Clerk,  Illuminator,  Tom  Glen, 
Susannah,  Charles  Turner,  Spectabilis,  Magnum  Bonum, 
Sir  David  Wedderbm-n,  and  Captain  Peat.  Phloxes 
in  pots,  one  dark  and  one  light :  1  st,  Mr.  Gourlay. 
Vegetables  :  Ist  prize  to  Mr.  Pender,  Moredun.  The 
prize  of  one  guinea,  offered  through  the  Society,  by 
Messrs.  Downie  and  Laird,  for  the  best  1 8  Hollyhocks, 
was  gained  by  Mr.  Veitch,  Melville  Castle,  with  the 
following  kinds  :  General  Bem,  William,  Susannah, 
Hamlet,  Golden  Prince,  Marchioness  of  Lothian,  Sphinx 
Pyramidalis,  Lady  Bleak,  Mazena,  Lady  Flora  Hastings, 
Mungo  Park,  Napoleon,  Shakspeare,  Venus,  Sir  R. 
I  Bruce,  Lucy  Neal,  and  Thunderer.    A  second  premium, 


given  by  the  Society,  was  voted  to  Mr.  Fowlis,. 
for  Triumphant,  William,  Susannah,  General  Bem, 
Walden  Gem,  Mr,  C.  Baron,  Seedling  No.  1,  Charles 
Turner,  Comet,  Safranot,  Sir  Dfivid  Wedderburn, 
Spectabilis,  Lady  Clark,  Miss  Innes,  Napoleon,  Magniun 
Bonum,  and  Queen.  Messrs.  Dicksons  and  Co.  con- 
tributed a  selection  of  Heaths,  Fuchsias,  and  Adiimenes,, 
with  Lilies,  Verbenas,  and  China  Asters.  Messrs,  J, 
Dickson  and  Sons  exhibited  Aehimenes  and  Heaths, 
with  other  greenhouse  and  stove  plants,  and  stands  of 
Dahlias,  Messrs.  P,  Lawson  and  Son  furnished  fruit 
of  Lawson's  Golden  Gage  Plum,  of  which  the  committee 
expressed  a  favourable  opinion  ;  also  Heaths  and  other 
exotics,  with  Roses,  Marygolds,  and  ,  Hollyhocks.  Mr, 
Handasyde  contributed  Dahlias,  including  superior  fancy 
varieties,  for  which  au  extra  award  was  voted  ;  and 
Messrs.  Ballantyne  and  Sons  sent  Hollyhocks,  Messrs.. 
Downie  and  Laird  produced  Verbenas,  Asters,  and 
Hollyhocks  (including  a  number  of  seedlings),  and 
flowers  of  Antirrhinum  Hendersonii.  Mr,  R,  M.  Stark 
sent  a  selection  of  greenhouse  plants  and  blooms  of 
Dahlias,  Hollyhocks,  and  Verbenas,  Mr.  R,  T.  M'lntosh- 
showed  a  plant  of  Lilium  lancifolium  album;  and  Mr. 
Grieve  blooms  of  Hollyhocks,  Asters,  and  Pansies,. 
including  several  seedlings.  Several  new  members 
were  enrolled. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

HonTICULTDRAL  SoCIEIy's  GAEDEN,TuRXnAM-GEEEN.. 

— When  we  visited  this  establishment  a  month  ago,  we 
foimd  the  fine  Phalsenopsis  amabihs  in  the  Orchid  house 
out  of  bloom,  a  very  rare  occurrence  at  any  season  with^ 
this  useful  plant  ;  the  flower  spikes  had  been  cut  back, 
and  were  just  beginning  to  brealc ;  they  are  now  coming 
fast  into  beauty,  and  will  doubtless  continue  gay  all  the 
winter.  In  the  adjoining  greenhouse  were  nice  bushes 
of  the  Rock  Abeha  (A.  rupestris)  a  very  useful  shrul> 
for  blossoming  at  this  season  ;  Hedychium  flavescens,. 
received  from  Dr,  Siebold  under  the  name  of  H.  Rox- 
bm'ghii,  has  also  been  in  flower  here;  it  is  a  rather  showy 
plant,  with  pale  yellow  or  straw-coloured  flowers  that 
emit  an  agreeable  spicy  fragrance.  The  white  blossomed 
Mandevilla  suaveolens  formed  a  gay  rafter  ;  it  can 
be  kept  clear  of  red  spider  in  a  cool  house  j  bat  in  a 
warm  one  it  is  sadly  infested  with  this  pest,  Oxahs 
Bowiei,  which  every  year  about  this  time  is  so  gay 
in  a  little  frame  in  front  of  the  Orchid-house,  is  already 
yielding  a  goodly  ci-op  of  cheerful,  round,  red  blossoms, 
about  the  size  of  a  shilling,  which  will  increase  in 
profusion  from  this  time  up  to  Christmas,  The  bright 
blue  Plumbago  Larpentee  was  really  sufficiently  gay,  in 
an  open  border  in  the  flower  garden  near  the  Council- 
room,  to  deserve  a  better  name  than  it  lias  received. 
It  is  perfectly  hardy;  and  what  have  we  in  its  way 
more  effective  at  this  season?  Among  annuals  Tagetes- 
signata  makes  a  good  bed, which  is  still  gay;  and  among 
newer  sorts  may  be  mentioned  Cosmos  bipinnatifida 
atro-purpurea,  with  purple  flowers,  large  and  fine, 
somewhat  resembling  blooms  of  a  single  Dahlia, 

The  httle  greenhouse  near  the  carpenter's  shop  has 
been  newly  painted,  and  the  plants  —  Cape  species  of 
Pelargonium,  Balsams,  and  a  few  other  showy  things- 
fresh  arranged.  This  is  one  of  the  most  useful  houses 
for  an  amateur  with  which  we  are  acquainted  ;  it  has  a 
flat  span- roof  with  a  passage  down  the  middle,  on  either 
side  of  which  is  placed  flowering  plants,  and  behind  these- 
newly  propagated  half-hardy  plants  are  stowed  away  for 
the  winter.  The  stove  adjoining  this  is  gay  with  Aehi- 
menes and  Begonias,  both  of  which  are  brought  forward 
in  frames,  and  introduced  as  they  come  into  flower.  Id 
this  way  considerable  gaiety  can  be  maintained, the  plants 
being  at  all  times  removed  as  soon  as  their  beauty  is 
over.  In  a  pit  near  this  stove  was  the  Society's  portion 
of  the  Oregon  seeds,  lately  received  from  Jefi'rey,  of 
which  some  mention  was  made  at  p.  551,  They  con- 
sist of  PiuuseS'  and  other  things  which  have  not  yet  had 
time  to  germinate.  We  noticed  two  Pinuses  raised 
from  Russian  seeds  here,  which  are  expected  to  be  new ; 
one  is  named  P.  Padufia,  and  another  sort.  In 
the  same  pit  the  Golden  Lachenalia  (L,  aui'ea)  was 
in  flower,  and  an  extremely  handsome  thing  it  is.  We 
cannot,'^  however,  say  as  ^  much  of  a  reported  yellow 
Pelargonium,  sent  over  from  the  Cape  by  the  same  col- 
lector (Wicks)  ;  it  is  one  of  the  fleshy-rooted  species 
sometimes  called  Hoareas,  bearing  umbels  of  six  or; 
eight  pale  buff  blossoms,  the  two  upper  ones  composed  j 
of  long  narrow  petals,  having  a  minute  crimson  spot 
near  their  middle.  It  may  possibly  prove  useful  as  a 
breeder  ;  but  in  an  ornamental  point  of  view  it  is 
certainly  valueless. 

Cinchona  Calisaya,  the  Peruvian  bark  plant,  which  was 
reported  a  month  ago  to  be  flowering  in  the  Society's 
garden,  for  the  first  time  in  Europe,  is  still  in  bloom,  and 
has  excited  much  interest.  The  flowers  appe.ir  in  panicles 
at  the  ends  of  the  lateral  shoots  ;  they  .ire  pale  flesh 
coloured  before  expansion,  but  nearly  white  when 
fully  open,  and  emit  a  faint  balsamic  odour.  The 
corolla  has  a  cylindrical  tube  about  half  an  inch  long,and  a 
reflexed  five-lobed  limb,  singularly  fringed  with  long 
transparent  hairs.  From  this  species  is  obtained  the 
best  bark  used  in  medicine.  It  is  found  in  forests  in 
the  hottest  parts  of  Bolivia  and  southern  Peru.  The 
plant  in  the  Society's  garden  was  raised  from  seeds 
sown  in  the  end  of  1848.  It  has  been  grown  in  a  stove, 
on  a  gentle  bottom-heat,  and  during  its  younger  state  i1 
had  its  branches  carefully  tied  down,  to  induce  it  to  make  * 
laterals,  and  it  is  possibly  in  a  great  measure  owing  tc 
this  treatment  tliat  Mr.  Gordon  has  beaten  his  Conti- 
nental neighbours  in  flowering  the  "  Calisaya  ;"  for  i 


40—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


631 


was  from  the  Jardia  des  Piaiites  that  the  seeJa  were 
received  through  the  kindness  of  J.  B.  Pentland,  Esq. 
The  flowers  last  but  a  short  time  before  they  drop  ;  but 
they  are  speedily  succeeded  by  otiiers. 

The  plants  in  the  American  garden  have  made  good 
growth  this  season.  The  Pampas  Grass  (Gynerium 
argenteum)  is  throwing  up  several  flower  stems,  some 
of  which  are  just  beginning  to  open.  Among  other 
interesting  plants  here  we  noticed  the  Californiau  Oak 
(Quereusagrifolia),  the  fine  hardy  evei'green  Ceanothus 
verrucosus;  CatalpaBungeana;  Peraettya  ciliaris,  a  sort 
with  larger  leaves  than  the  common  kind ;  the  female 
Garrya,  witli  clusters  of  nearly  ripe,  hairy,  bluish  purple 
fruit  ;  an  interesting  dwarf  Laurel,  ami,  if  it  does  not 
run  away,  exceedingly  useful  for  small  gardens,  raised 
from  seeds  of  the  common  Laurel  by  General  Moncktoa ; 
various  Sikkim  Rhododendrons ;  and  Gaura  Lind- 
heimeri,  a  branching  herbaceous  plant,  growing  from  2  to 
to  3  feet  high,  and  producing  numerous  showy  white 
and  reddish  flowers  at  this  time  of  the  year  ;  the  latter 
is  certainly  a  valuable  addit'on  to  hardy  border  plants. 
Among  more  common  plants,  few  are  more  useful  than 
Cotoneaster  microphylla,  whose  red  berries  are  very 
ornamental  at  this  season  ;  it  has  a  pretty  effect  on  rock- 
work,  en  which  it  displays  itself  to  advantage.  The 
hardy  Cornish  and  other  Heaths,  and  the  white  and 
purple  Menziesias,  are  also  highly  decorative  plants 
during  the  later  months  of  the  year.  They  have  been 
and  are  still  in  good  bloom  here, 

^  We  observed  that  all  the  more  important  plants  in 
difierent  parts  of  the  garden  are  being  labelled  with 
common  wooden  tallies,  painted  white  above,  and  tarred 
on  the  part  which  enters  the  ground.  The  name  is 
written  on  them  with  common  ink,  which  is  afterwards 
varnished  over,  for  the  sake  of  protection.  They  have 
a  good  appearance,  and  being  about  IS  inches  in  the 
ground,  will  not  be  liable  to  be  pulled  up  or  lost. 

In  the  Rose-house  the  plants  have  thriven  satis- 
factorily since  the  weather  has  become  cooler,  and  now 
there  is  a  good  sprinkling  of  flowers  in  it,  which  will 
yet  be  more  plentiful,  as  there  is  still  a  large  show  of 
buds.  It  may  be  worthy  of  mention  that  while  the 
heads  of  those  plants  on  the  Manetti  made  little  i 
progress,  the  stocks  threw  up  suckers  ;  but  now  that  the 
superabundant  sap  is  being  drawn  away  from  the  stock 
by  the  increased  head  the  suckers  are  disappearing. 

In  the  large  conservatory  Hedychium  Gardnerianum 
is  still  in  flower.  It  has  been  extremely  gay,  and  is  a 
plant  which  no  house  of  this  description  should  be 
without.  As  soon  as  the  beauty  of  the  flower  heads  is 
past  they  should  be  cut  off,  and  as  the  stems  ripen 
they  too  should  be  removed  close  down  to  the  bottom, 
which  keeps  the  plant  tidy,  and  strengthens  it  for  next 
year's  flowering.  Cestrum  aurantiacum  is  coming  into 
bloom  a  second  time  this  year.  The  tree  Statice  (S. 
arborea),  planted  out  in  the  border  has  been  gay  for 
some  time  past,  as  has  also  been  Berberis  tenuifolia, 
which  succeeds  well  here,  but  is  too  tender  for  the  open 
air.  Erica  concolor  is  also  a  showy  Heath  at  this 
season.  On  the  shelves  was  a  nice  plaut  of  Araucaria 
Cookii,  3  feet  Iiigh  ;  and  near  the  entrance  some  capital 
examples  of  Sedum  Sieboldii,  which  is  a  useful  winter 
plant  It  is  perfectly  hardy  ;  but  .when  placed  out  of 
doors  care  most  be  taken  to  protect  it  from  slugs.  The 
shelves  of  this  house  will  soon  be  gay  with  Chrysanthe- 
mums, which  are  very  promising  this  year.  They  have 
been  grown  in  comparatively  small  pots,  and  the  foliage 
has  been  successfully  kept  oq  their  lower  parts  by  means 
of  manure  water. 

Some  half-hardy  plants,  too  tender  for  the'conservative 
wall,  which  have  been  placed  in  the  glass  wall  are  look- 
ing as  yet  very  healthy  and  promising.  The  Vines  and 
Figs,  &c.,  are  also  going  on  satisfactorily,  and  some  of 
the  fruit  on  the  latter  looks  as  if  it  would  ripen,  pro- 
vided the  nights  do  not  become  very  cold  and  frosty. 
Capsicums  are  maturing  fruit  in  it ;  but  the  Aubergine, 
pat  out  for  trial,  is  a  failure. 

The  Peaches  on  the  protected  trellis  in  the  garden  not 
having  ripened  last  year,  the  upper  side  being  soft  while 
the  under-side  was  liard,  the  bottom  was  raised  nearer 
the  trees  and  paved  with  tiles,  and  this  season  what  fruit 
earrived  the  npring  frosts  has  ripened  perfectly  on  all 
sides,  a  circumstance  which  must,  we  think,  be  attributed 
to  Uie  reflection  from  the  tiles.  They  were,  liowever, 
later  tlian  the  same  sort  on  the  open  wall,  and  though 
well  coloured  were  scarcely  so  well  flavoured. 

As  regards  Cottara  and  ilallen'^  Peach  frame,  we  have 
still  to  re(>ort  what  we  stated  before,  viz  ,  that  although 
the  tree  is  in  vigorous  health  the  fruit  is  not  so  good— at 
least  as  far  as  this  trial  has  gone— as  that  on  the  open 
wall.  FVuit  on  the  latter  has  been  very  fine  this  season, 
many  of  the  Late  Admirable  and  Chancellor  Peaches 
measuring  10  inches  in  circumference.  Smne  of  them* 
are  cnclo*;d  in  Halliman's  "  fruit  protectors,"  which 
have  l>een  found  useful  in  saving  valuable  fruit,  not 
only  from  wospM,  but  aUr*  from  falling  on  the  ground 
and  being  bruiiKcl,  in  which  ro<(pt,'ct  thfy  arc  prcfcrablu 
to  a  net^' 

Somewjill  Peftrf»hareb«en  gathered, audamongotliers 
Beorr^  R-mce,  which,  though  a  late  s^ji't,  cumc  off  with 
eren  a  hM'^Ui  touch  of  the  hand.  They  were  worked  oti 
the  ^iuce,  whicli  would  apjicar  to  accelemto  tlio 
ri[>ening  of  this  variety  mt/ns  than  tho  Pear  nUfck. 
Among  virts  in  the  fruit  room,  wo  muHt  not  omit 
to  ntentioa  Bc.vliteirH  Hc«;dling,  a  w:w  Pearrais<jd  by  J. 
Bea'Inell,  En'].,  of  Tottenliaui.  The  fruit  is  nearly  niiddl.;- 
simd  and  turbinate,  the  skin  pale  ycllowiMh-i^reoii  on  tin; 
aha/led  side,  and  rcl  next  tho  sun.  The  flesh  is  melting, 
«xce«MJioijly  juicy  and  rich.  Us  p*;riod  of  rifKJtiiug  in 
from  the  middle  of  September  to  that  of  October.     It 


does  not  keep  long  after  being  ripe.  The  tree  is  au 
abundant  bearer,  and  the  variety  cannot  fail  to  become 
a  favourite.  The  Elton  Pear,  a  coreles^  variety,  is  not 
so  well  known  as  it  should  be  ;  when  ripe  it  is  exceed- 
ingly good.  Along  with  these  were  good  examples  of 
Beurre  Bosc,  Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  aud  other  kinds. 

Among  Peas  in  the  kitchen  garden,  Hamiltou's 
November,  Sutton's  Early  Goliath,  Knight's  Dwarf 
White  Marrow,  and  the  Auvergue,  were  all  sown  on 
the  same  plot  of  ground  on  the  16tli  of  July  last.  The 
two  first-named  have  produced  no  crop  ;  Knight's 
Dwarf  White  Marrow  is  coming  into  flower,  while  the 
Auvergue  is  now  in  bearing.  Seitze's  Floreutiner 
Pfluckerbse  Pea  proves  to  be  the  Early  Frame ;  as  does 
also  Whalley's  Early  Prince  of  Wales  ;  Weeks'  Royal 
Alfred  is  a  sort  of  MaiTow,  but  not  so  sugary  as 
Knight's.  In  addition  to  the  Haricot  de  Belgique,  men- 
tioned ia  our  last  report  as  being  a  good  sort, 
we  have  to  recommend  the  Bush  Haricot  (H.  soli- 
taire), which  grows  about  15  inches  high,  throwing 
out  a  number  of  branches  nearly  close  to  the  ground, 
thus  forming  a  kind  of  bush.  It  bears  abundantly, 
the  pods  being  5  inches  long,  crisp,  and  excellent 
It  forms  a  valuable  succession  to  the  earlier  sorts, 
especially  during  hot  dry  weather.  Newington  Wonder 
French  Bean  is  also  an  excellent  variety.  It  grows 
about  afoot  high,  and  is  early  and  productive.  It  forms 
seeds  bub  slowly,  and  the  pods  remain  long  tender. 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Hyacinth,  Narcissus,  &c.,  that  make  such  fine 
ornaments  for  a  greeoliouse  and  drawing-room  in  winter 
should  be  potted  early  in  the  present  month,  in  order 
that  a  fine  display  of  bloom  may  be  insured.  X  have 
found  5-inch  pots  to  be  most  suitable,  and  I  would 
therefore  recommend  them ;  to  manage  these  flowers 
well,  it  is  essential  that  the  pots  be  well  drained,  for 
although  they  will  thrive  in  glasses  of  water  they  require 
efficient  drainage  when  'potted.  I  have  found  it  an 
excellent  plan  to  place  about  2  inches  of  good  rough 
rotten  dung  next  the  crocks  ;  the  soil  best  adapted  for 
them  is  two  parts  good  loam,  one  part  well  rotted  cow- 
dung,  and  one  part  leaf-mould,  with  equal  portions  of 
peat  and  sand,  all  being  well  mixed  together.     In  potting 

1  have  found   filling  the  pots  rather  firmly  to   within 

2  inches  of  the  top,  placing  the  bulb  in  the  centre,  and 
afterwards  filling  up  to  the  rim,  better  than  the  old 
practice  of  potting  loosely  and  pressing  the  bulb  into 
the  soil.  After  potting  they  may  be  removed  to  a  spare 
frame  or  corner,  and  covered  over  with  ti  or  8  inches  of 
old  tan  or  ashes,  where  they  may  remain  until  the  time 
arrives  for  placing  them  in  a  warm  stove  or  pit  to  start 
them.  By  fuUowiug  the  above  directions  I  imagine  that 
few  complaints  will  be  heard  respecting  unripe  or  bad 
bulbs,  aud  the  grower  will  be  well  rewarded  for  his 
trouble  by  a  fine  display  of  bloom.  £.  Bennett, 
Perdiswell, 

National  FLotticoLxoaii,  Socterr,  ^ept.  23. — Mr.  J.  S. 
PaocETEfl  in  the  Chair.  As  might  beexpecied,  Dahlias  formed 
the  principal  fiiature  of  attraedon  at  this  meeting.  Among 
seeedlinge,  Burges^i'a  Geui  of  the  GroTa  was  awarded  n. 
Certiticate  of  Mei'it ;  it  is  a  yellow,  slighilj  tipped  with  pui-pte  ; 
a  Label  of  Conimeadatioa  was  usbiuned  to  Bragy's  Miss 
Matthews,  but  we  have  rt:asoQ  to  believe  thxt  a  higher  aw.ird 
would  have  been  given,  had  the  proper  uuinber  of  blooms  been 
staged.  Louhner's  Claudia  was  highly  approved  of  for  its 
diatiuctness,  but  it  is  wanting  in  geai:ral  properties.  A  siugul n- 
sport  was  contributed  by  Air.  Leg,'e,  in  the  shape  of  two  blooms 
from  one  plant,  the  one  a  dam  shaded  seif  in  the  way  ot 
R.  Cobden.  ihe  other  had  a  atroiii^  marking  of  bluah  on  every 
petal ;  Holmes's  Amazon  was  again  shown  by  the  raisei".  A 
first-class  Certihcate  was  graotiid  to  a  i^etd'ing  Tigridia,  of 
great  heaucy,  from  Dr.  Alucleao.  O.  Holmes,  t)sq.,  whh 
elei;ted  a  member,  aud  Mr,  Turville  nominated  as  a  candidate. 

Whitby  AaiATEoa  FL!}EiCDL'rDaAL  Societk.  —  The  autuum 
exhibitioQ  was  hold  on  the  Itth  inst.  In  the  doral  department 
there  tvas  an  excellent  diapl^y,  especially  of  Dahlias.  Mr.  't. 
Gdwurd,  of  YorU,  obtained  tlie  1st  prize  fur  '^i  dibsimitur 
bloouin,  whicu  comprised  the  following  viirieties,  all  in  tine 
character:  Duke  of  Wellinj^ton,  (leorge  Gltuny,  AlaKniticeut 
(Kdwardn'),  Ulack  Diamond,  Lord  Major,  El  Dorain,  t^aoen  ol 
Ldacs,  Mrs.  Ward,  Admiral,  Tolson  d'Or,  Queen  of  tho  East, 
AbMoIam,  Mr.  Seldou,  Oaneorofc  Hero,  Seraph,  Marchionesft 
orCornwallis,  John  Edward,  fllarquis  of  Worcester,  Sir  Chai'lun 
iN'apier,  Chaoipioo,  Sir  It.  foel,  .Sommitof  Perfecion,  ShyUicK, 
and  MisH  Speera.  In  Mr.  Edwardo'  collection  of  13  and  1-*  we 
noticed  nice  blooms  of  Charles  Villiers,  Optunus,  box,  Sussex 
Hero,  Sir  J.  Framp*'on,  Rouudbead,  Duchuos  of  Lancaster,  Sir 
K.  Whlttiagton,  Mr.  Palmer,  Standaid  of  Perlec:ion,  and 
lilanohe  Fleur,  with  others  alieady  noticed  in  Ids  tray  of  M 
bloom*.  Mr,  S.  Anderson  was  lirat  iu  the  collection  of  six 
bluoiU'*,  the  varieties  being  Sliylock,  DuUo  of  Wellmjjton,  B;*r. 
rnaid,  Mr.  Seldon,  Qaeea  ot  Lilacs,  and  Captain  Warner. 
Arijong  single  blooms  Mr.  Anderson  vias  tlrst  in  piak  or  ro'o, 
with  Queen  ot  Lilacs;  ditto  la  liluc,  scarlet,  and  rose,  with 
Sir  Cbarlei  Napier;  ditto  in  salmon,  orange,  or  buif,  witri 
Uuko  ot  Welliugtou  ;  ditto  In  pnoe  or  purple,  with  Mr.  Suldou  ; 
and  ditto,  la  ruby  or  light  crimson,  with  Ueeswiug.  In  dark 
criiiiBon  or  rn  irooti,  Thomas  Percival,  Euq.,  was  first  witli 
Esiex  Triuaipli ;  ditto  lu  jidlow  or  sulphur,  with  Crocus;  and 
ditto,  I u  bent  of  any  uolour  not  before  apuuified,  with  Joity 
TrullK.  Xhi;  only  seedling  worthy  of  nottcu  wis  a  promising 
dower  eshlbited  by  Mr.  Gc-orge  Ed^vard,  call.d  Mtk.  JoIm 
^^1ator,  but  which  wo  nhould  Hltu  t^i  B'je  iignln  bo'ore  wodoncriio 
It*  prijpurllwo.  The  cut  Verbunan  wero  Very  tine,  but  tlio 
T4r1«'-ka  were  those  in  genural  uultlvutlon.  In  I'iiu^iIch,  Mr, 
M.  Woodhounu  obtaUie  1  ilie  premier  pri/.e  wlili  Mr.  Bcuit,  aitd 
uUo  tho  first  prize  for  a  p.iu  of  12  blujms,  which  comprlnod 
Mr,  IteCk,  i.T  J.  I'nuiwim  ( \ljijor),  Supl'omo,  Diiubews  ot 
KJtluud,  Ulu'>eyelMald(.;1aJur},  ^Vliitu  ^ur^oaitc,  PotypnetiMH, 
UurullQU,  Mis.  UtfCk,  u  i:lu<'tUiii;<,  and  two  other-.  Mr.  Wotnt- 
h'liiHu  was  lirst  In  the  coili^i  tlou  "I  six  cut  KoDi  s,  wUli  Mrs. 
llo«ai(qu>!t,  Ofiaut  'Id  lla'ulllu>,  I'lul  Joseph,  S'lUVuiilr  du  la 
.Milhriiilaod,  AciiMlle,  unt  VViIliiui  .fuin*-.  lldlyrioclts  a>id 
China  A«CTrs  wuro  only  liiditl'urent.  Tuufu  win  nothing  purtl- 
oul'irly  mrlktrtg  la  tho  plum  dopartiiient. 

QATALoaaita  rucolvud  from  Metnrii,  Lawiuii  uiid  Sjhk,  Edln. 
ii'ir^h ;  I'anI  mid  cjoilt,  Chcniiuut ;  Dillltitijiiu  and  Gi.>,, 
Hmrinvr,  llnKtoud.  I^hmcx  ;  Musiirs.  Wood  and  riuu,  MarcH- 
Ih-M,  near  Urkllold  ;  Mr.  (^rooin,  of  Clapbmii. 

UAiiiiiAS  :  A"  it  C,  Uarr  Mall.  VoU  will  Hnd  aa  anBWur  in 
unoth'.'r  p-irl  of  the  i'npor. 


SEEDLING  FLOWER?. 

CALCE0LtRi\9;  D  F,  aii<l  Oo.  Shrivelled  up  pass  recovery 
when  received. 

Dahlias  :  J  M,  Pelt-iowii.  Oran:<e  Standard  will  not  do;  ifiB 
too  flat,  and  toodoficientof  "  stulf  "  to  be  good  in  the  ceutre  ; 
Duke  of  Wellington,  Lcda,  General  FaucUer,  and  .Nt^.rniag 
Star  all  approach  ic  in  colour,  and  all  of  them  are  b.;tfer  ia 
general  character.  Duchess  of  Satherlaud  w<n  awarded  a 
prize  at  the  lata  .Nididstone  exhibition;  it  closely  resembles 
old  Egyptian  ICing,  per-'aps  lo'ig  since  lost ;  the  bise  of  the 
petals  is  white,  midwiy  to^vards  the  tips  they  beco:ne 
mottled  with  bright  lake,  wliich  becomes  more  dense  as  it 
proceeds  outwards,  the  extreme  tips  aga^n  becoming  of  a 
similar  colour  as  that  at  their  ba^re  ;  the  form  is  but  iniiri.T- 
cat,  and  the  centre  middlin;^  ;  it  is  valuable  for  lis  strikin;; 
general  appearance  alone. —  IC  H.,  Hiinic'i-trch.  We  shoald 
call  the  flower  you  name  Purple  Monarch  crimsun,  the  bai^ks 
of  the  petals  are  purple,  but  taking  a  front  vi-.MV  of  rhi;  flo  v^p 
they  are  not  sten ;  the  centre  is  ':uo  much  depressed,  petaU 
well  formi:d  and  ^yramelricilly  arranged,  producing  a  lirsc 
rate  shoulder  ;  the  delVct  noticed  may  result  from  •-ho 
advanced  season  ;  but  if  the  plancbe  vigorous  we  doub;  uo 
improvement  will  take  place  ;  if,  on  the  contrary,  it  has  beea 
over-bloomed,  we  shall  o.tpect  to  see  this  variety  take  a 
place  next  season.  Tho  other  flower  has  nothing  p  irCipu- 
larly  novel  about  it.— IP"  if,  H,  Golden  Eaglu  :  colour  a 
rich  golden  oranga-ycllow  ;  fljwer  of  average;  depr,h,  exqilisito 
in  outline  ;  petals  smooth  and  cupped,  somevvhat  indented  ; 
centre  tight,  but  low — the  lat'ec  m<iy,  however,  be  a  fault 
consequent  upon  the  advanced  season.  As  a  single  flower, 
this  was  admired  at  the  last  National  Floricultural  Meeting. 
Abigail  has  but  an  iadilI«rcQt  outline,  owing  to  the  length 
and  farm  of  petal  it  cannot  be  otherwise;  colour  blush, 
slightly  mottled  with  purple  ;  centre  prominent.  Our  Notices 
last  week  were  deferred  owing  to  the  length  of  the  North 
London  Report. 

Delphinidm  :  F  JI  S.  Pulchrum  ia  a  very  fine  thin^.  Its  light 
blue  blossoms  are  exceedingly  haadsome,  and  will  c^airasC 
well  with  the  dark  flowered  kinds. 

Hollyhocks  :  B.,  Cohie-park.  Four  spikes  each  exceeding 
2  feet  in  length.  1  is  by  far  the  best,  colour  deep  rose, 
centre  well  elevated  and  compact,  guard  petals  narrow  ; 
scarcely  set  close  enough  on  the  spike  ;  2,  a  shade  U.jhter 
and  brighter  than  1,  but  waning  both  ilie  fulness  and 
elevation  of  that  variety  ;  3  C^'so  labelled  i),  is  ideniical 
ill  colour  with  I,  with  bad  flat  centre,  and  rat^^^ed  wide 
guard  ;  -t  (also  named  Mr.  Reeve),  is  of  a  delicate  pale 
pink,  with  much  substance  and  as  smooth  as  most  soi'ts  chat 
we  have  seen  this  season  ;  the  centre  wants  more  dtjjth. 

LoBELtA;  F F.  Too  much  dried  up  when  received  to  enable 
us  to  pass  any  opinion  as  toits  merits. 

pLTCNlAs:  O  3.  l  alone  has  any  merit;  2,5,6,  and  S  are 
large  aud  bolddooking,  but  they  waut  symme:ry. 

RosE:7.tf.  Lady  ShelU-y,  H.P,,  is  a  good  bold  globular 
Hower,  not  unlike  tlie  shade  of  colour  of  youc  well-known 
Dahlia  of  ti^e  same  name.  In  fragrance  it  is  the  very  acme  of 
perfection  itself;  foliage  broad  and  elegant;  we  fear  that 
its  solidity  and  lightness  in  cold  siiuatioiis  will  preveut  it 
expanding  freely ;  ueverthtjless,  for  perfuuie  alone,  it  is 
worth  oue-hilf  our  autumn  Ko3<:3. 

Scarlet  Pelargoniums:  R  W.  Bulgeti's  Norwood  Needling 
ia  of  good  Colour  aud  bold  in  the  truss  ;  ihe  iuaividiial  pips 
are  small,  though  round  and  smooth  ;  habit  is  of  much 
importance  with  scarlets,  aud  of  this  iio  idi:a  z-±m  bs  formed 
from  cut  blooms. 

Vekbena  :  -tftfdiciia,  A  nice  looking  white,  with  grcit*ish-yeIlow 
eje. 


Miscellaneous- 

A  Neio  Building  Material.  —  An  invention  has 
recently  been  patented  for  the  adaptation  of  a  prepara- 
tion of  coke  and  other  substances,  by  which  bricks, 
paving  slabSj  door  and  stair  steps,  tiles,  pipes,  blocks, 
railway  sleepers,  and  other  articles  of  general  use  by 
builders,  &c.,  can  be  produced  with  a  perfection  aud  at 
a  cost  that  will  inevitably  effect  a  complete  revolution 
in  the  building  trade.  The  price  at  which  it  is  proposed 
to  offer  the  coke  brick  to  the  public  is  only  8o'.  per 
thousand,  scarcely  one-third  of  the  cost  of  the  clay- 
brick,  while  in  point  of  durability  it  is  iafiuitely  supe- 
rior to  the  best  article  supplied  from  the  kilus.  The 
manufacture,  as  we  learn  from  the  specification,  is 
effected  by  means  of  cust-iron  moulds,  the  interior  of 
which  are  of  the  exact  dimensions  of  the  common 
brick ;  in  this  mould  a  certain  quantity  of  duff,  or 
waste  coal,  powdered  coke,  charcoal,  or  cinders,  is 
placed,  and  beiug  carbonised,  the  amalgamated  mate- 
rial swells  to  the  exact  form  required.  When 
taken  from  the  mould  it  undergoes  a  liuishing  process, 
in  which  varnish  is  applied  to  the  end  or  side,  having 
while  wet  a  coating  of  powdered  glass,  with  an  admix- 
ture of  a  mineral  colouring  matter,  sifted  ovei:  it.  The 
brick  is  thou  vitrified,  wheu  a  beautiful  glaze  of  any 
required  colour  is  produced,  and  the  article  is  ready  for 
use.  During  the  manufacturing  process  the  fumes  are 
passed  through  water,  by  which  means  several  valuable 
results  are  obtained,  as,  far  instance,  ammonia,  worth 
about  bll.  a  ton  (aiul  each  ton  of  coat  contaius  about 
16  lbs.  weight  of  it)  ;  gas,  pitch,  naphtha,  and  coal  tar 
aro  also  obtained  by  tho  siuuo  means.  Tho  finishing 
process  is  ouly  required  for  particular  purposes  ;  as  ia 
many  instances  the  coko  brick  ia  equally  available 
without  it,  Tho  material  is  rendered  lire-prouf  by 
an  application  of  tho  muriate  of  akuniita  ;  and  i.^ 
impervious  to  atmospheric  iulluouces  by  tho  very 
nature  of  its  formation.  When  articles  of  coko 
fabric  aro  rc'((uirL-d  uf  extranrdinary  density,  a 
variation  in  tho  filling  material  is  nuce.'^sai'y,  as  also 
im  oxtramvliiuu-y  ainonnt  of  conipn.'^Hiuii,  by  which 
moans  thoru  is  liavily  any  limit  to  tho  di;|;roo  of  solidity 
obtainod.  It  further  appt^iu's  that  there  is  no  descrip- 
tion of  article  used  in  the  (Tuction  or  ornamentation  of 
biiildingrt  but  may  bu  proiluccd  from  'the  niatmal  ;  thus 
columns  for  interior  and  oxtorior  uhd,  c-::riiice-4,  capitals 
of  plain  or  claboratiily  ornamontod  design,  in  ondless 
variety  and  unlimited  qimntity,  can  be  manulactured 
aud  HU|)idicd  in  a  fini.sh<.Ml  statu,  at  a  reduction  \n\  the 
pruHont  cost  of  suoli  article's  that  mu.st  Mnrprise  all  who 
iiavo  oce:iHi(in  to  fed  iiiL'.reatcil  In  tJncli  matters.  Wo 
undcrHtand  that  the  patcnice  projiosca  to  grant  licenaea 
for  vending  tho  aevcrai  articles  manufactured  under  his 
patent,  and  that  tho  jX-r  coutago  upon  the  sales  will 
render  such  liconsoa  both  lucrative  and  dcfcirublo,  iudc- 


632 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[Oct.  2, 


pciiUeuL  ui  "lm;ii  Liie  eiicoLiiiii^eiiiejit  given  to  liceucea 
to  manufacture  is  extremely  liberal.    Weel-ly  Times.  \ 

Marine  Glue. — Practical  horticulturists  are  well 
aware  how  soon  many  substances  employed  in  gardens 
become  decayed  ;  for  example,  wood,  the  cords  of  straw 
mats,  clothsj  canvas  shades,  &c.  Means  of  preventing 
this  have  been  long  sought  aftei",  but  all  hitherto  tried 
have  imperfectly  answered  the  purpose.  It  appears 
that  the  difficulty  is  at  last  surmounted,  and  that  the 
marine  glue  affords  an  almost  indestructible  coating  for 
wood,  iron,  canvas,  and  other  substances  which  ai'e 
injuriously  affected  by  long  contact  with  air  and 
moisture.  A  widow  lady,  Madame  Audouin,  who  takes 
an  interest  in  manufactures,  has  lately  presented  to  tlie 
Central  Horticultural  Society  at  Paris,  some  specimens 
of  cloth  and  canvas  adapted  for  horticultural  purposes, 
which  had  been  prepared  with  marine  glue,  and  which 
she  said  would  last,  exposed  to  all  weathers,  for  almost 
any  length  of  time.  The  President  of  the  Society, 
thinking  that  this  invention  would  prove  of  great  use, 
nominated  a  commission  for  verifying  the  statements 
announced  by  Madame  Audouin,  and  its  report  has 
been  highly  favourable.  Marine  glue,  invented  by  Mr. 
Jeffery  upwards  of  10  years  ago,  is  a  substance 
resembling  pitch  in  its  composition,  and  possesses  all 
the  qualities  of  the  latter  without  its  faults.  It  is  as 
insoluble  in  water  as  pitch,  and  it  does  not  melt 
with  the  heat  of  the  sun,  neither  does  it  scale 
and  crack  by  contraction  from  cold.  It  glues 
pieces  of  wood  together,  with  great  firmness,  is  imper- 
vious to  water,  and  according  to  the  preparation  which 
it  undergoes,  it  hastheproperty  of  being  either  inflexible 
or  pliable,  and  elastic  :  and  it  may  be  thinly  used  as 
varnish  for  any  article  to  which  its  application  would  be 
desirable.  It  has  been  experimentally  employed  for 
several  years,  and  every  year  affords  additional  proof  of 
its  utility.  M.  Pepin,  botanic  gardener  at  the  Museum 
-af  Natural  History,  assisted  by  some  members  of  the 
Central  Society  of  Horticultui'e,  have  given  much 
attention  to  the  use  of  marine  glue.  Five  hundred  props 
of  Oak  and  Chestnut  have  been  in  the  ground  some  two, 
and  others  three  years,  without  the  slightest  change. 
Various  landowners  and  horticulturists,  and  among  them 
the  Due  de  Rohan,  and  M.  Bella,  of  the  Agricultural 
Institution  of  Grignou — have  had  cloths,  canvas,  and 
wood-work  prepared  with  marine-glue,  and  have 
acknowledged  the  beneficial  results.  The  trials  made  at 
the  Museum  have  been  equally  satisfactory.  We  ouglit 
therefore  to  considerthis  composition  asa  great  acquisition, 
and, doubtless, its  application tohorticuitural  purposeswill 
soon  be  general.  It  will'  save  much  of  the  expense 
which  is  every  year  incui-red  by  the  deterioration  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  articles  used  in  gardening. 
Reviie  Horticole.  [We  should  like  to  hear  something 
more  of  this  substance  from  correspondents  in  this 
country.     What  solvent  is  used  \] 

Sale  of  Mr.  Warszexvicz^s  Orchids.  —  The  kind  of 
prices  these  realised  are  as  follows :  Dendrobium 
Fai-meri,  from  1/.  to  4Z.  ;  other  Dendrobes,  from  8s.  to 
\l.  ;  Anguloa  or  Lycaste,  from  11.  2s.  to  11.  17s.  6rf. ; 
an  Odontoglossum  like  grande,  from  3Z.  10s.  to  5^,  5s.  ; 
a  Trichopilia,  from  2^.  15s. to  Al.  hs. ;  T.suavis,  Al.  lOs.; 
Masdevallia  coccinea,  from  bl.  to  6Z.  ;  Epidendrum 
bicornutum,  from  2Z.  10s.  to  3Z.  5s.;  Vanda  cserulea, 
from  21.  2s.  to  3Z.  3s  ;  a  supposed  new  Cattleya,  from 
Al.  to  11.  15s.  ;  a  Zygopetalum,  from  ]/.  to  \L  16s.  ;  a 
Sobralia,  like  Lselia  superbiens  in  flower,  from  21.  5s.  to 
3?.  IDs.  Other  lots,  of  which  there  were  in  all  162, 
fetched  from  8s.  to  30s.  each. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  weeh.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

In  consequence  of  endeavouring  to  keep  as  good  a 
show  in  the  plant-houses  as  possible,  there  is  often  a 
want  of  room  at  this  season  for  all  the  plants  intended 
for  spring  blooming  ;  where  such  is  the  case,  a  variety 
of  greenhouse  plants  may  be  ventured  in  open  sheds,  or 
under  temporary  shelter  for  a  time,  and  introduced  to 
the  houses  as  the  Fuchsias,  Chrysanthemums,  and 
similar  plants  go  out  of  bloom  ;  among  the  plants  which 
are  comparatively  hardy,  and  will  bear  this  treat- 
ment, are  Camellias,  Hybrid  Rliododendrons,  Myrtles, 
Glethras,  and  some  Azaleas.  They  should,  however, 
be  kept  dry  and  exposed  to  as  much  light  as  is  con- 
sistent with  security  from  frost — in  fact  we  know  of  no 
better  structure  than  a  well-thatched  shed  for  winter- 
ing Fuchsias,  Brugmanslas,  standard  Pomegranates, 
Hydrangeas,  and  a  quantity  of  other  plants  used  for 
decorating  the  flower-garden  and  plant-houses  during 
summer,  and  which  are  too  cumbersome  to  be  kept 
under  glass  through  the  winter  ;  even  Orange  trees 
winter  well  in  such  erections,  if  their  wood  is  tolerably 
well  ripened  before  being  housed. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

The  present  season  is  not  inaptly  called  the  winter  of 
the  forcing  department,  owing  to  the  state  of  repose 
most  forced  plants  are  now  in  ;  to  those,  however,  who 
have  large  demands  to  satisfy  in  the  forthcoming  spring, 
it  ought  to  be  a  state  of  considerable  activity.  The 
ripening  of  the  wood  of  forced  trees  will  still  demand 
attention.  Tbe  repairing  and  painting  of  forcing- 
houses  should  likewise  be  carried  on,  as  should  also  the 
necessary  repairs  to  the  heating  apparatus.  Fermenting 
materials  should  be  prepared  for  covering  borders,  as 
well  as  for  forcing  Asparagus,  Seakale,  and  Rhubarb, 
towards  the  end  of  the  month  ;  and  for  keeping  up  the 
heat  to  succession  Pines  and  Cucumbers  growing  in 
pits  heated  by  the  above  means.     Vines,  Peaches  and 


iNectanuea,  fiuins,  CUerries  and  J^'igs  in  pots,  intended 
to  be  started  early,  should  likewise  have  what  pruning 
they  require,  and  be  kept  in  the  cool  tenipei'ature  of  a 
northern  aspect,  out  of  the  sun's  rays,  to  winter.  The 
roots  should  be  examined  as  well,  and  where  it  is  con- 
sidered a  shift  will  be  necessary  to  carry  the  crop  out, 
such  should  be  given,  bearing  in  mind,  however,  that 
for  very  early  forcing  most  fruits  will  succeed  best  in 
comparatively  small  pots,  provided  they  are  well  sup- 
plied with  liquid  manure.  Keep  fires  by  day  to  late 
Grapes,  and  abundant  ventilation  to  keep  the  air  in  the 
houses  dry.  The  last  crop  of  Melons  should  be  kept 
up  to  a  temperature  of  70°  by  night,  with  an  increase 
of_15"  by  day,  to  allow  for  plentiful  admissions  of  air, 
on  which,  and  a  moderately  dry  atmosphere,  the  flavour 
of  the  fmit  will  much  depend.  In  succession  Pine  pits, 
where  the  internal  air  of  the  pit  falls  below  60^  at  6  a.m., 
covering  should  be  had  recourse  to,  and  the  day 
temperature  kept  up  to  70°  by  well  regulated  linings. 
Where  hot-water  is  used,  moderate  fires  should  be 
employed  to  keep  up  the  above  heat — mind  the  bottom- 
heat  is  steady  at  about  85'^. 

jfLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Endeavour  to  compensate  for  the  declining  beauty  of 
summer  flowers  by  carefully  removing  dead  blooms  and 
leaves  as  they  appear,  and  by  constant .  attention  to 
neatness  and  order.  The  last  stock  of  cuttings  of 
Calceolai'ias  and  a  few  other  things  should  now  be  got 
in  ;  harden  off  such  cuttings  as  have  taken  root  by  a 
week  or  two's  exposure,  and  get  pits,  frames,  and  other 
shelters  in  readiness  to  be  filled  ;  as  the  plants  are 
hardened  off  a  few  things  may  yet  be  potted,  but  unless 
they  can  have  a  little  heat  to  assist  their  rooting,  this 
opex'ation  had  better  be  deferred  until  February.  Still 
continue  planting  out  bulbs  for  spring  decoration,  and 
Wallflowers,  Rockets,  Sweetwilliams,  and  other  bien- 
nial plants  to  fill  up  the  vacant  spaces  left  by  annuals  in 
the  borders  and  herbaceous  beds.  Plant  out  over  a 
slight  bottom  heat  a  frame  or  two  of  Neapolitan  Violets, 
plant  them  in  light  rich  earth,  near  the  glass  ;  if  a  pit, 
Fieated  by  a  hot-water  pipe  can  be  afforded  them,  fine 
blooms  may  daily  be  expected  through  the  winter.  A 
stock  should  likewise  be  potted  into  6-inch  pots  for  the 
greenhouse  ;  keep  them  in  a  frame  for  a  few  days  after 
potting,  after  which  give  aii*  daily,  and  pinch  off  runners 
as  they  appear. 

FLORISTS'    FLOWERS. 

The  season  of  the  gorgeous  autumnal  Q,ueen  of  the 
gardens  is  now  nearly  past,  therefore  preparations  must 
be  made  to  harvest  the  roots  of  the  Dahfia  as  soon  as 
frost  blackens  the  tops  ;  for  if  not  removed  from  the 
ground  when  this  is  the  case,  the  eyes  round  the  crown 
will  again  start.  Copper  or  metallic  wire  should  be 
procured,  to  which  may  be  attached  labels  made  of  deal 
and  painted,  so  that  by  being  moistened  or  slightly 
rubbed  with  white-lead,  they  can  be  written  on  at  any 
time.  Put  in  offset  Tulips  immediately,  at  least  when- 
ever the  ground  is  in  a  fit  state.  Keep  Auriculas  in 
frames  well  tilted  during  wet  weather  ;  take  care  also 
that  no  drip  occurs ;  as  soon  as  pex*ceived  remedy  the 
evil,  or  serious  mischief  will  ensue.  It  is  not  yet  too 
late  to  make  up  beds  of  Pinks  and  Pansies,  but  the 
sooner  done  the  better.  Now  is  a  good  time  to  make 
plantations  of  Hollyhocks  ;  they  get  established  before 
winter,  in  which  case  they  bloom  stronger,  by  having  a 
better  start  than  when  put  in  during  the  spring. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Apples  and  Peai's  should  be  gathered  as  they  show 
indications  of  ripening  ;  all  the  choice  sorts  should  be 
placed  singly  on  the  shelves  of  the  fruit-room,  and 
labelled,  as  before  advised.  Keep  the  new  Strawberry 
beds  clear  of  weeds,  and  pinch  off  runners.  The  fruit- 
tree  quarters  should  have  a  good  cleaning  before 
winter  ;  cut  out  the  old  wood  of  Raspbei'ries,  and  leave 
only  sufficient  of  the  new  to  produce  the  next  season's 
crop. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Every  dry  day  should  be  taken  advantage  of  to  clear 
out  the  remains  of  old  crops,  leaves,  &c.,  which  not  only 
afford  a  harbour  for  slugs  while  on  the  ground,  but  have 
at  all  times  an  untidy  appearance.  The  vacant  quarters 
should  have  a  rough  digging,  if  time  permits;  if  not  they 
should  be  raked  over  clean,  and  dusted  over  with  hot 
lime  to  kill  what  slugs  are  found  on  the  surface.  Cabbage 
plants  may  yet  be  planted  on  well  trenched,  rich  land ; 
and  the  true  Bath  Cos  and  hardy  Hammersmith  Lettuce 
should  be  planted  out  in  a  warm  situation  to  come  in 
early.  Thin  out  the  seed-beds  of  Cauliflowers  and 
Lettuce,  and  prick  out  the  thinnings  on  warm  sheltered 
borders,  and  a  portion  into  frames,  to  have  the  protec- 
tion of  glass  in  severe  weather.  The  Brown  Dutch 
Lettuce  we  advised  being  sown  for  forcing,  should  be 
pricked  out  a  foot  apart,  to  get  bushy  plants  by  the 
beginning  of  December,  when  they  may  he  trans- 
ferred to  the  forcing  frames.  Earth  up  Celery, 
Cardoons,  and  Leeks  as  ithey  advance,  and  tie  up 
Endive  and  Lettuce  when  dry.  Onions  stored  away 
should  be  frequently  turned  over,  and  take  the  oppor- 
tunity of  bad  weather  to  trace  them  up,  and  after- 
wai'ds  hang  them  in  dry  airy  situations  ;  they  keep 
much  better  in  that  state  than  when  allowed  to  remain 
in  heaps.  Continue  to  prepare  droppings  for  future 
Mushroom  beds.  Beds  not  spawned  should  be  examined, 
and  when  the  heat  declines  to  SC*  or  thereabouts,  insert 
the  spawn  9  inches  or  a  foot  apart,  and  3  inches  deep 
over  the  bed  j  beat  the  whole  firm,  and  allow  it  to  remain 
a  few  days,  when,  if  it  gets  no  higher,  a  coating  of  fresh 
loam  (not  too  heavy),  should  be  placed  over  the  bed,  and 
well  beat  down,  minding  the  Joam  is  not  by  any  means 
wet ;  the  bed  should  then  be  covered  slightly  with  hay. 


STATE  OF  TkiG   WEAratltt  NliAlt  LONDON, 


For  the  week e 

idiDg  Sept.  liO,  13. 

2   aBO 

hservcd  at  tbe  HorticaUural  GardeaB, 

ChiBwick. 

i 

TlMFBaaJOBB. 

Sept. 

o 
o 

a 

Of  the  Air 

Of  the  Earth. 

Wiai 

1 

Max. 

Miu.    'Max. 

1 

Min. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday.. 

U 

30.^6G 

30.322  1    67 

46 

56.5 

55 

63 

N.E. 

.01 

S«tar,  .. 

','r. 

30.239 

29.960  !     66 

&5.0 

554 

B. 

Sunday 

2fi 

la 

■-•9.906 

293S4 

61 

45 

hXtt 

65* 

E. 

M 

Monday 

':7 

u 

29.869 

29.692 

61 

4S 

643 

bbi 

TUCB.    .. 

=> 

29.391 

28.956 

62 

50 

66.0 

fi5 

54 

Wed.    . 

'.n 

m 

29.292 

29.179 

63 

42 

52.5 

55 

61 

Thura. . 

at) 

17 

29.674  j  29.(70  !    59 

42 

50.5 

&4i 

m 

S.W. 

A.veraii:e     . . 

29.833    '  29.637      6:.7 

45.3      54.0  1  55.1 

53.9 

1.19 

2^-FoKl(y;  Yeryfioe;  deoee  fog  at  DlKbt. 

25  — Dense  foe.  with  heaTj  dew;  very  floe;  foggy. 

26  — Heavy  dew;  fOKKT;  hazy  and  calm;  overcast;  hazy. 
37— Rfii'efoi;  overcait;  heavy  and  cnnetaot  rala  at  niiht. 
23— CouBtaot  rain:  foitjry;  rain  a(  night. 

29 -Cloudy:  sllzht  flboweri;  cloudy  and  cold  at  night. 
SO-Overcnst;  hoistcroas  ,  fine  but  windy;  rain  at  niRht. 
Mean  temperature  ot  the  w^ek,  H  dez.  belofT  the  averase. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 

DuriDE  the  laat  26  yean,  for  the  eoiuisfc  week,  ending  Oct  9. 1852. 


Hi 

11 

No.  Of 
Tears  in 

which  It 
Bained. 

Greatest 

Quantity 
ofEaln. 

Frev^og  Wlnda 

October. 

I 

4 

1 
1 

a 

3 
5 
3 
2 
4 
4 
4 

i!  1  sl  2 

2,  —   5  10    3 

2  15    5    5 

3  31  3    8    b 
1    2    411    2 
3    2   4    6,6 
1    l'  5    9    5 

3: 

Sunday   'i 
UoD        4 
Tuea.       B 
Wed.       6 
Thuri.     7 
Friday    a 
Satnr.      9 

63.1 

63.fi 
63,9 
61.0 
62.5 
60.7 
59.7 

45.6 
«Ji 
45.3 
43.S 
44.S 
43.2 
44.0 

54.3 
53  7 
54.1 
52.7 
&3.6 
B1.9 
51.8 

15 
12 
111 
13 
16 
11 
15 

1.01  la. 

0.36 

0.67 

0.78 

0.58 

0.63 

0  52 

2 

The  hiKheat   temperature  during  tht  above  period   occurred  on  t 
1834— therm.  80  deg. ;  and  tbe  lowe»t  on  the  5th,  185"— therm.  3S  deg. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

Books  :  A  P.  You  will  find  tbe  information  you  seek  In  our 

advertising  columns  of  last  week,  p.  G2i.t—lieader,  We  do 
not  know.  You  must  apply  to  your  bookaeller.t — X  Y Z. 
"The  Tree  Rose,"  and  Rivers'  "Rose  Amateur's  Guide," 
will  possibly  suit  you.  There  are  no  cheap  works  on 
CoDiferEQ  besides  those  you  mentiou.t 

Glazed  Walls  :  Jacobus.  If  you  place  gla^s  against  a  wall  you 
may  consider  that  in  so  doing  you  are  conitructing  a  sort  of 
Peach-house.  You  must  have  the  means  of  giTiog  more  or 
leBd  air,  and  to  regulate  thin  you  must  have  a  person  at  hand 
to  attend  to  it.  He  can  maintain  a  higher  temperature  Inside 
the  structure  than  that  of  the  open  wall,  and,  consequently, 
be  can  forward  the  fruit ;  but  to  have  the  latter  well  coloured 
it  must  be  near  the  gla^s  ;  as  near  as  it  conyenlently  can  be, 
if  possible  within  3  feet  of  it.  Something  like  what  you 
propose  is  to  he  seen  in  the  Society's  garden  at  Chiswick.H 

Heatimg  :  De/tcieiidj.  In  the  first  place,  82"  is  sufficient  for 
bottom-heat.  In  the  next  place,  with  such  a  quantity  of 
pipeh  as  ;ou  possess,  you  ought  to  have  the  command  of  more 
heat  if  it  were  wanted.  We  see  no  defect  in  the  present 
arrangement,  nor  any  improvement  in  what  you  suggest. 

Hollies  :  A  B.  They  may  be  budded  now.J 

Insects:  E  R  T.  Toe  harveit  bug  1»  a  very  minute  species  of 
the  family  of  mite  Acaridas  (AcaruB  autumnalis).  Scarcely 
anything  is  known  of  its  general  habits,  except  that  in 
autumn  it  takes  every  oppnrtuoity  of  burrowing  into  the 
softer  parts  of  the  human  sbio  for  food.  It  ia  not  peculiar  to 
chalk  diBtricts.  W. 

Manoees  :  Deficiency.  All  gardeners  who  understand  their 
businesfl  prater  cow-dune  to  horse-dung  for  potted  plants. 

Names  of  Feuitb  :    O  F  Aigburth.  1,  Seckel ;  2,  Marie  Louise  ; 

3,  Easter  Beurre  ;  4,  Beurre  Bosc ;  5,  Beurr6  Ranee  ;  6,  Dun- 
more.  The  Apples  in  their  present  state  are  unknown, II — 
JohnA.Timie.  1,  Wormaley  Pippin  ;  2,  Beauty  of  Kent ;  5, 
Keiwick  Codlin  ;  6,  Blenheim  Pippin  ;  9,  Gloria  Mundi ;  10, 
Cat's  Head.ii— .47ion.  1,  like  Black  Worcester;  2,  probably 
Beurr^  Ranee  ;  3,  Dunmore ;  4,  Beurre  d'Areoiberg.  Tbe 
fruit  is  from  lute  blossoms;  and  as  you  observe,  it  has  not 
its  usual  characters,  neither  will  it  prove  melting.  W— Edward 
Bales.  1,  5,  6,  Violette  Hative  Nectarine;  2,  7,  8,  Late 
Admirable  Peach;  3,4,  Royal  Georpe.||— J  (7  O.  Plums:  1, 
Coe's  Golden  Drop ;  2,  Knight's  Large  Green  Drying.  Apples  : 
1,   Kerry   Pippin;  2,   Carlisle  CodJin  ;  3,  Yellow  Ingestrie  ; 

4,  Scarlet  Nonpareil ;  5,  Early  Nonpareil.  Pear  :  2,  Autumn 
Bergamot.II — Z.  1,  Williams's  Bon  Chretien  ;  2,  Beurre 
Ranee  ;  3.  Marie  Louise  ;  4,  Easter  Beurre  ;  5,  Chaumontel.H 

Names  of  Plahts:  W  L.  1,  Cystopteris  bulbifera,  Bemh.; 
nativeof  North  America;  usual  heightaboutlfoot, sometimes 
li  foot.  2,  A»p'eninm  (§  Athyrium)  Filix-lfemina,  in  a  smalt 
■tate.  S. —  WL.  3,  Equisetum  palustre  ;  *,  Juncnsuliginosus  : 

5,  ScirpuB  Betaceus.  We  should  hope  that  a  gardener  can 
employ  his  money  better  than  in  buying  books  containing 
coloured  Bgures  of  Ferns,  Mr.  Moore's  book  is  not  coloured. 
— A  S.  1,  Salix  alba  ;  2,  S.  purpurea. — C  F.  Lithospermum 
arvense.  —  J  3f  R.  Momordica  Balsamina,  and  some 
Casuarina.— -<  W.  1,  Francoa  appendioulata;  2,  Chelono 
obliqua.— £6f)i.  They  are  Junipers.— J  X>.  Smilax  aspera. 

OccDPATiON  :  An  Old  Sub.  We  make  it  «  rule  not  to  give  legal 
opiolons.  You  may,  however,  depend  upon  this,  that  a 
nurseryman  can  claim  no  such  exemption  as  you  expect. 
There  is  no  ground  for  it,  because,  since  you  will  have  notice  at 
Christmas  to  go  at  Midsummer,  you  have  all  the  spring  for 
the  removal  of  stock.  Any  inconvenience  or  loss  you  may 
fluitain  will  be  owing,  not  to  defects  In  tbe  law,  but  to  your 
not  having  taken  the  prudent  precaution  of  securing  a  lease 
of  your  prfamiscB. 

Feabs  foe  Tarts:  GaXllcus.  Chaumontel,; Double  de  Guerre, 
Catillac,  and  Easter  Bergamot.  On  a  wall  with  a  bad 
aspect,  the  Balgowan  Nectarine  may  perhaps  half  ripen  for 
tarts  in  your  climate.U 

Potatoes  :  Iveragh.  We  should  think  that  M.  Bayard's  plan  of 
forcing  Peas  into  Potato  sets  can  hardly  be  practised  in 
autumn  planting. 

RHODODEMDttONB  :  Laticoahire.  You  had  better  thin  them. 
Prune  them  immediately  after  flowering,  if  they  grow  out  .of 
shape  •  they  are  much  handaomer  so  than  when  allowed  to 
form  an  entangled  bank,  and  they  flower  better.  If  you  are 
not  satisfied  with  the  quantity  of  flowers,  then  pick  off  the 
seed-Tessels  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  swell.  There  is  no 
remedy  for  sea  breezes  except  shelter. 

Vine  Diseasb  :  O  S.  Tour  Vines  are  attacked  by  the  Vine 
mildew,  which  has  been  so  frequent  a  subject  of  diacussion  in 
these  columns  for  three  years  at  least.      ^  .       , 

Vine  Mildew  :  W  D  S.  You  will  find  M.  Gnson's  remedy  for 
this  pest  published  in  our  Number  for  July  8,  p.  419.J 

Vines  :  W  Q.  Black  Hamburgh  Grapes  are  too  watery  to  dry  ; 
all  that  you  can  do  is  to  prevent  their  moulding,  by  beeping 
up  a  gentle  dry  heat  in  damp  weather.  They  are  not  worth 
the  expense  of  making  into  wine.  We  fear,  however,  you 
will  not  find  them  very  saleable  when  they  become  shrivelled, 
—  WCE.  The  same  answer  applies  to  your  question.  There 
are  no  known  means  of  preserving  watery  Grapes,  except 
keeping  them  perfectly  dry  and  well  ventilated.  "Herme- 
tically sealing,"  by  which  we  presume  you  mean  putting  a 
little  sealing-wax  on  the  stalk  where  it  is  cut  off,  is  an 
absurdity.  It  does  neither  good  nor  barm.  If  your  Grapes 
arc  put  into  paper  bags,  they  must  be  of  tissue  paper  ;  the 
only  use  of  which  is  to  keep  off  flies  and  dust. 

Vinegae  Plant:  If  IT  £J/ will  send  his  address,  we  can  now 

I     say  how  be  can  communicate  with  "  T.  A.  M," 


40—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


633 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURIST  S.— 

V>    It  bein^  notorioQ3  that  extensive  adalteratiyns   of  this 
KANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

OXLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  nnd 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  csrefnlly  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  chat — 

TJie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
SI,  OS.  per  t07tf  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing.  Linseed, 
Kape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate.  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refnse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
Talaahle  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwasd  Pobseb,  Sec,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


W" 


FOR    WATERING    GARDENS,     DISTRIBUTING     LIQUID 

MANURE,     BREWERS'     USE,     ETC. 

PATENT  VULCANISED   INDIA-RUBBER  HOSE  PIPES. 


TAMES  LYNE   HANCOCK,  (Sole  Licensee  and) 
*^  Mandfactdsee,  Go5Well  Road,  London. 

These  Pipes  are  well  adapted  for  Waterinir  Gardens,  con- 
veying Liquid  Manure,  racking  Beer  and  Cider,  for  portable 
€a.A  Lamps,  and  ail  purposes  where  a  pprfectly  sound  Water- 
proof aod  Flexible  Pipe  is  required.  They  are  particularly 
suitable  for  Fire  Engines,  and  are  found  exceedingly  useful  in 
Dwellins-housea  for  conveying  Hot  or  Cold  Water  to  Baths,  inc. 

Hose  ReeU  for  winding-np  and  wheeling  away  long  lengths 
«f  the  Vulcanised  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  are  now  manufac- 
tured  by  J.  L,  Hawcock,  of  light  and  cheap  wicker  work. 

N.B.— Vulcanised  India  Rubber  Garden  Hose,  fitted  up  with 
£oses.  Jets,  and  Branches  complete,  with  union  joints  ready 
to  attach  to  pumps  or  water  cisterns. 

-All  Letters  or  Orders  addressed  to  J.  L.  HANCocK,QoswellMews, 
^oawell  Road.  London,  will  meet  with  Immediate  attention. 


T   IQUID   MANURE    conveyed   over- 
-^  land  by 

FREEMAN     ROE, 

IIiDEAULic  Enqineeb,  70,  Stband,  London. 

Farms  supplied  with  water  by  the 

HYDRAULIC    RAM. 

VeLLS  aoNK  AND  BoBING  DONE  IH  ALL  PAUTS 
OF  Town  or  Oohntet. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Tomlp  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coi»roUteB  5     0     0 

Office,  63.  King  William. street,  City,  London. 
H.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  10«.  per  ton  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  SI.  5a.  per 
ton,  In  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


CHARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
mote the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
tncreasing  the  n^^e  of  that  valuable  manare  PEAT  CriAR- 
COAL,  iraprescnated  with  the  fertiUsing  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft, 
S'ild  at  the  Charcoal  aod  Sewage  Works,  Scuuley-bridge, 
Fulbam,  Middlesex,  at  60j.  per  ton,  is.  per  cwt.,  2a.  Gd  per 
faair  cwt.  ^ 

PERMANENT     PASTURE. 

HR.  SMITHE,  of  Eaatling,  Favershara,  Kent, 
•  loformv  the  public  that  his  mixiurea  of  the  Natural 
Ormtsei  and  small  Clorcrs,  gathored  jirlnclpally  under  his 
itiperlntend^nce,  locludinjf  erery  sort  neceinary  to  form  a 
Permanmt  Pasture,  accordant  with  thn  soil,  &c.  (nblch  ihould 
b«  particularly  •t>ted|,  are  now  re.idy  to  be  delivered  by 
Ratlway  to  any  Sta'ion  In  Englnnd.  oirrlage  free,  at  23i.  per 
■cr«.  aflowinz  a  baihcit  per  acre  ;  Mlztnren  for  Lswns,  Ac. 


M'CORMICK'S  PATENT  AMEKICAN  REAPER 
bai  rec'rtrcrt  uufoeroua  Prizcii  during  the  prcaeotsria^ion  ■ 
amoDgitotbert,  ih«  Mward  of  the  Jury  npnolntcd  by  the  II.  A,' 
College  at  Ciroito^tcr,  after  Vtm  day*'  trial  upon  all  kindu  of 
crops  and  In  all  wtathpr,— Win'on'i  Purke«'  celebrated 
tf  i«el  DigKlng  Fork*,  ns  recommended  by  Mr.  Mocbl :  tfacy  sure 
full  20  per  cent.  In  lt\t<)W  ;  th-y  otjtaliied  tlie  Sliver  M'--daI  ut 
thff  R.  A.  Hocl<;ty'«  Show  at  tnni:*,  the  Ut  prize  at  the  Royal 
Torkihlre  Hhnw  at  HhtfHeld,  lat  prixo  at  Galway,  and  aUo  at 
tb«  Royal  Dublm  Hhow.— Anrhonj'n  Patent  American  Churn 
h«t  received  thi;  prize  at  every  Meeting  where  it  h.m  bxttn 
«iblblied,  Inclodiog  tho«e  of  the  H.  A.  Society  tt  Eictrr,  Otent 
Eihlbltlon,  and  »t  Lewi;-. — Crwln's  Force  and  Lift  Pump,  par- 
tlcalarly  adapted  for  Liquid  Manure-  Mr.  UechI  hn«  one  in  utn, 
aad  U  U  working  Ut  perfection.  Kane's  Force  and  Su<:tii>n 
Pomp,  well  suited  for  a  Farm  Fire  Engino  or  Llijultt  Manure 
Panp  ;  It  It  by  far  the  ch*«i»e«t  (ind  mo«t  efTectlve  /'ump  now 
OQt.  OslT«nl««d  Iron  Lift  PumpK  at  a  very  moderntn  price. 
Oott*  Percha  Purni.a,  Outta  Percba  Tubltjg  for  Lk'juld  Manure 
and  Garden  purpoies,  Outta  Porrhri  /Jriving  iiumin  for 
Uochlnvry,  Waterproof  Csnvfu  IJo^e  cn^t^d  wlih  Out'fi  Pi-rcbn, 
for  Liquid  Mnnure.  Leather  Moie  and  Ilnnds.  Itichrnon'! 
•d4  Cbaadier'a  Improved  Hcroll  Knito  ChatI  Machine  hn* 
obUlaed  tbr  prki  nt  the  R.  A.  Hocioty's  Hliow  at  Lewes,  nn<l 
at  tTwry  wber«h')W  thl<  iieason.  Btnrbu.  k%  Amerlcm.  Pl'iuttbt, 
Grain  brrjtfcr*,  and  every  klod  of  Agricultural  Implement 
Mid  by 
iJUaGBSS  4  KKY.  103,  NEWOAIE-STIIEET,  LONDON. 


KESSINGLAND    WHEAT. 
;^ILLIAM    GRIFFIN,  Eydon,  Dnveuti-y,  begs  to 

ay  that  he  is  delivering  at  Banbury  this  productive 
variety  of  HVbeat,  in  quantities  x>f  not  less  than  half  quarters, 
at  the  rate  of  52s.  per  quarter,  indudinfr  Backs. 

Orders  accompanied  by  Poet-tfflce  Orders  will  bo  punctually 
at  e-ided  to. 


R' 


OYAL     AGRICULTURAL     COLLEGE, 

CIBENCKSTER. 

Patron — His  Royal  Highness  Pbtnce  Albert. 

President  of  Council — Eiirl  Batbcest. 

Vtce-Presideiit—E a.rl  Ducie. 
Fi'incipal—Kev.  3.  S.  Hatgahth,  M.A. 
The  next  Quarter-day  for  the  Admission  of  Students  is 
Wednesday,  October  6th. — Students  are  admitted  either  as 
Boarders  or  as  Out-Students.  The  Annual  Fees  for  Boarders 
vary  from  45  to  80  guineas,  according  to  ai^e  and  other  circum-' 
stances.  The  Fee  for  Out-Students  is  40i.  per  annum.  The 
College  Course  of  Lectures  and  Practical  Instruction  is  com- 
plete m  one  twelvemonth— though  for  youogcr  students  a  longer 
time  is  recommended.  There  is  a  department  for  general  as 
well  as  for  agricultural  educatitin. 

Prospectuses  and  information  can  be  had  OQ  application  to 
the  Principal.— Cirencester,  Oct.  2,  1852. 


E' 


HIGHLAND    AND    AGRICULTURAL    SOCIETY. 
DINBURGH      VETERINARY       COLLEGE.— 

The  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  HIGHLAND  and  AGRICUL- 
TORAL  SOCIETY  of  SCOTLAND,  appointed  to  superintend 
the    VETERINARY    COLLEGE,    hereby    intimate    that    the 
Session  will  commence  upon  Monday,  the  Sth  of  November. 
Tbe  Course  of  Study  will  he  conducted  as  follows  : — 

1,  ZoVatrica,  including  the  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Patho- 
logy of  the  Horse,  Neat  Cattle,  Sheep.  Pig,  uud  Dog,  Stable 
Management,  and  the  Business  of  the  Forge,  by  Prof.  Dick. 

:.*.  The  Principles  of  Chemisiry  and  Pharmacy,  by  Dr.  Geoboe 
WiLiON,  F.R.S.E. 

o.  General  Zootomy  and  DemonstratioDs,  by  Mr.  Bablow, 
V.S. 

4.  Zoothcrapeutics,  comprising  Veterinary  Materia  Medica 
and  Dietetica,  by  Mr.  Don,  V.S. 

5.  Practical  Pharmacy,  by  Mr.  WoBTniNOTON,  V.S, 

By  order  of  the  Commit'ee, 
Edinburgh,  Sept.  27. Jn    Hall  Maxwell,  Sec. 


SMITHFIELD    CLUB. 

NOTICE. — Ail  Cei'tificates  for  Stock  and  Implements 
intended  to  be  exhibited  at  the  ensuing  showof  tbe  Smith- 
field  Club,  must  be  delivered  in  to  the  Honorary  Secretury  on 
or  before  SATURDAY,  the  6tb  of  NOVEMBER  (none  will  be 
received  after  that  day.) 

Tbe  Printed  forms  of  Certificates  (which  alone  are  allowed 
to  be  used),  Lists  of  Prizes,  Jic,  can  be  obtained  of  B.  T. 
Bbandbeth  Gibbs,  Hon.  Sec,  Corner  of  Half  Moon  Street, 
Piccadilly,  London, 


Eiit  ^sitcttltural  Sa^ette. 

SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  2,  1852. 

MEETING  FOE  THE  ENSHING  WEEK. 
THTinsDAT,    October  7— Afrricultiiral  Imji.  Society  of  Ireland. 


We  have  received,  too  late  for  publication,  from 
Mr.  Curtis  Haywaup,  of  Quedgeley,  Gloucester,  a 
letter  intimating  that  an  error  of  considerable 
importance  occurred  in  the  publitshed  report  about 
the  trial  of  reaping-machines  at  Cirencester.  The 
large  quantity  of  waste  raked  up  after  these  reaping- 
machines  was  not,  as  stated,  the  waste  per  acre, 
but  the  whole  waste  over  the  extent  of  3  acres  cut 
by  each.     We  will  publish  the  letter  next  week. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  subjects  that  can 
occupy  attention  during  the  months  of  October  and 
November,  is  that  on  which  Colonel  M'Douall 
writes  so  well  in  the  current  Number  of  the  English 
Agricultural  Society's  Journal.  The  economical 
conversion  into  beef  and  mutton  of  the  enormous 
quantities  of  cattle  food  which  are  now  grown  for 
winter  consumption,  is  a  matter  of  the  very  highest 
agricultural  importance ;  and  it  is  one  on  which  the 
experiments  made  at  Logan,  and  recorded  in  the 
article  to  which  we  refer,  throw  a  great  deal  of  light. 
Lst  us  attempt,  as  shortly  as  possible,  to  state  some 
of  the  results  to  which  they  lead.  We  cannot  in 
one  article  name  all  the  experiments  that  were  made 
and  are  described  by  Colonel  M'Douall  ;  it]must 
suffice  to  refer  to  a  few  of  them. 

Experiment  1 :  Three  lots  of  cattle  were  fed  for 
100  days,  on  3  lbs.  of  Bean-meal  for  each  beast  daily 
for  5C  days,  increased  to  fl  lbs.  daily  for  the  remain- 
ing 44  days.  The  cattle  each  had  R  lbs.  of  straw 
daily  in  fodder,  four-fifths  being  Oat  and  one-fifth 
Wheat  straw.  Lot  1  had  84  lbs.  of  Mangold  Wurzel 
each  in  three  feeds  ;  Lot  2, 108  lbs.  of  White  Carrot ; 
and  Lot  3,  120  lbs.  of  Swedi.sh  Turnips.  The  design 
of  the  experiment  was  to  determine  the  relative 
feeding  values  of  these  three  green  crops.  The 
results  were  as  follows  :  In  100  days  each  animal 
consumed  in  each  lot  respectively  7(3  c\vt."of  Man- 
gold Wurzel,  !)G  cwt.  of  Carrots,  and  107  cwt.  of 
Swedes  ;  antl,  as  regards  the  other  aspects  of  the 
Huliject  we  extract  the  following  passage  : — 

"  After  deducting  the  value  of  the  artificial  food 
in  each  c^isa,  the  increasn  of  weight  on  the  .animal 
leaves  r,\il.  p(;r  cwt.  for  the  Mangold,  Ayi.  for  the 
white  Carrots,  and  .'Jj(/.  per  cwt.  for  tlie  Swedes. 
In  tlii'i  northern  part  of  (Jjoat  liritain  20  tons  of 
Mangold,  20  tons  of  white  Carrots,  and  30  tons  of 
.Swedes  are  found  to  be  nearly  the  ecjuivaleiil  produce 
of  an  acre  of  land  similarly  iiianuieJ  ami  managed. 
At  tiio.ie  i>rices  .— 

£.  I.  d. 

Mnnffol't  ;it>l(]i  here    «  lA    r)  per  ncro. 

Whl'flCmTote 7  I»    0       ,, 

Hw«3(le»      1>     7     C        ,. 


'I  Tlie  numLier  of  fattening  cattle  which  a  farm 
maintains  is  a  good  criterion  of  its  fertility,  and 
provided  that  they  are  profitably  kept,  the  more  a 
farmer  can  keep  the  more  will  he  enrich  his  farm. 
It  is  therefore  important  for  him  to  know  the 
description  of  gieen  crop  which  will  profitably 
support  the  largest  head  of  stock.  These  experi- 
ments show  that  an  acre  of 

MatigoH  5i«l(]s  6  months'  green  food  for  3  stall-fed  cattle. 
White  Carrots        „  „  ■2i,  „ 

Swedes  ,,  „  3^         „ 

So  that  the  farmer  in  this  climate,  who  should  grow 
20  acres  of  green  crops,  could  keep  (with  the  aid 
of  the  artificial  food  already  mentioned),  67  head  of 
fattening  cattle  on  that  quantity  of  Swedes,  60  head 
on  the  same  extent  of  Mangold,  and  only  47  head  on 
an  equal  breadth  of  white  Carrots.  These  figures 
must  be  taken  relatively  rather  than  absolutely,  for 
there  is  always  a  certain  amount  of  unavoidable 
waste  in  the  details  of  management. 

"  In  the  south-eastern  and  southern  counties  of 
England,  where  the  climate  and  soil  are  more  favour- 
able to  the  growth  of  Mangold  than  Swedes,  and 
where  the  proportion  per  acre  would  be  nearly 
inverted,  30  tons  of  Mangold  and  20  tons  of  Swedes 
being  there  equivalent  crops,  the  great  superiority 
of  the  Mangold  for  those  districts  is  strikingly  shown 
by  this  experiment." 

The  result  of  this  experiment  is  not  what  we 
would  have  expected.  Not  only  the  quantity  but 
the  quality  of  the  Swede  crop  in  Scotland  is  superior 
to  what  it  is  in  England ;  and  if  the  Mangold 
Wurzel  can  to  any  extent  beat  the  Swede  in  the 
former  country,  it  must  be  held  greatly  to  excel  it  in 
the  latter.  We  have  always  believed  it  to  be 
the  superior  of  the  Swede  per  acre ;  and  in 
Scotland  it  appears  also  to  be  its  superior  per  ton. 
We  select  another  experiment  for  quotation  : — 
Experiment  .5  :  three  lots  of  cattle  were  fed  respec- 
tively as  follows  : — 

"  Lot.  11.  Cattle  fed  on  Three  Feeds  Turnips  per 
day,  with  Rape  and  oil-cahe. — Each  animal  consumed 
on  an  average  118  lbs.  Swedes  per  day  for  56  days 
with  Ij  lb.  of  Kape  and  li  lb.  of  oil-cake  mixed, 
and  the  remaining  44  days  each  animal  consumed 
118  lbs.  Swedes  and  2|  lbs.  oil-cake  with  2j  lbs. 
Rape-cake  per  day,  and  5  lbs.  of  straw  daily  for 
fodder.  At  the  commencement  the  cattle  consumed 
126  lbs.  Turnips  daily,  but  this  gradually  decreased 
to  110  lbs. 

"  Lot  12.  Cattle  fed  on  Three  Feeds  Turnips 
per  day  and  oil-cahe. — Each  animal  consumed  on 
an  average  for  the  first  56  days  119  lbs.  of  Swedes 
and  2i  lbs.  of  oil-cake  per  day  along  with  the 
noonday  feed,  and  the  remaining  44  days  each 
animal  consumed  119  lbs.  of  Swedes  per  day  and 
4  lbs.  of  oil-cake.  Fodder  the  same  as  before.  At 
the  commencement  the  cattle  consumed  126  lbs.  of 
Turnips  daily,  but  this  gradually  decreased  to 
112  lbs. 

"  Lot.  13.  Cattle  fed  on  Three  Feeds  Turnips 
per  day  and  a  mixture  of  oil-caie,  Oats,  and  Bean- 
meal. — Each  animal  consumed  126  lbs.  of  Swedes 
per  day,  and  J  lb.  of  oil-cake,  1  lb.  of  Oats,  and 
1  lb.  of  Bean-meal  mixed  together,  for  56  days, 
and  for  the  remaining  44  days  the  same  quantity 
of  Swedes  per  day,  and  l|  lb.  oil-cake,  1^  lb. 
Oats,  and  Ij  lb.  Bean-meal.  Straw  for  fodder 
as  before." 

All  the  cattle  were  accustomed  to  their  different 
kinds  of  food  for  three  weeks  before  the  experiment 
commenced.  The  following  is  an  extract  relating 
to  this  case  from  the  table  containing  the  results  of 
all  the  different  experiments : — 


Value    of 

Total  cost  of 

Lots. 

liicrrase 
per  hchd. 

Food 
per  head. 

Gain. 

LosB. 

f  J.    d. 

£  3.    d. 

1.    d. 

>.    d. 

11 

2  11    6 

•i  12     9i 

1     44 

12 

2  1.5    4 

2  13     2 

2    2 

13 

2  IG     5 

2  16     OJ 

1    41 

This  experiment  forms  a  "  comparative  trial  of  the 
effects  of  different  kinds  of  artificial  food,  of  equal 
money  value,  as  auxiliaries  to  Swedes  in  the 
fattening  of  cattle  :  3  lbs.  to  4  lbs.  of  good  oil-cake 
per  day  give  a  better  return  than  a  mixture  of  the 
same  money's  worth  of  oil-cake,  Oats,  and  Bean- 
meal  given  dry,  or  of  oil  and  Rape-cake  in  nearly 
equ.-il  proportions." 

There  are  other  experiments  recorded  to  which 
we  shall  draw  the  attention  of  our  readers  another 
week  ;  meanwhile  we  must  just  add  an  extract  on 
the  relative  merits  of  box,  stall,  and  shed  feeding. 
The  following  is  the  very  striking  result ; — ■ 

"  After  tlie  value  of  the  artificial  food  is  deducted, 
each  lot  of  cattle  leaves  for  the  Swedes  consumed  as 
follows,  viz. : — 

£  f.  d. 

Ilnz-focdlngglvua  n  return  of  4f'/.  poront....  11  17  IS  per  aero. 

H'llll      ,,                   „                i'd 1(J  12  6        „ 

Hhcil      ,,                   ,,                8}d 1)  7  0        „ 

Where  litter  is  abundant,  box-feeding  proves  itself 
the  most  remunerative  of  the  three  plans,  and  shed- 


634 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Oct. 


feeding  greatly  the  least — so  very  inferior  is  the 
result  in  the  last  case  that  a  persistence  in  the 
practice  would  be  absurd,  and  it  is  only  as  between 
the  first  two  that  a  comparison  need  be  drawn. 
Each  stall-fed  animal  uses  about  1  ton  of  straw  for 
litter  during  the  six  months  of  feeding,  while  each 
box-fed  animal  requires  nearly  3  tons.  In  a  dry 
climate,  with  a  soil  suited  to  sheep-feeding,  where 
two-thirds  of  the  Turnips  may  be  consumed  on  the 
ground  and  one-third  drawn  home  for  cattle,  box- 
feeding  will  probably  be  found  in  every  respect  the 
most  advantageous  system  ;  where  only  one-thirdof 
the  green  crop  is  to  be  fed  by  cattle  there  will 
generally  be  a  sufficient  supply  of  straw  to  furnish 
the  requisite  supply  for  the  cattle-boxes  ;  but  if 
either  the  climate  or  the  soil  is  adverse  to  sheep  on 
Turnips,  and  if  the  whole  green  crop  mutt  be 
consumed  by  cattle,  box-feeding  with  such  a 
supply  of  litter  would  be  impossible,  and  stall- 
feeding  therefore  indispensable.  And  where  straw 
is  valued  as  an  article  of  food,  the  two  tons  saved 
on  each  animal  by  the  system  of  stall-feeding  gives 
it  a  manifest  superiority  over  the  loose  boxes." 

Colonel  JI'Douall's  experience  extends  over 
250  cattle  fattened  annually,  and  its  result  on  the 
■whole  is  the  very  satisfactory  one  that  6s.  or  7s.  a  ton 
can  be  made  of  Swedish  Turnips  by  converting 
them  into  beef.  Of  course  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  cattle  are  well  housed  and  regularly  and 
carefully  fed ;  and  it  is  to  these  points,  as  he  well 
observes,  that  anyone  who  would  make  green  crops 
pay  must  direct  his  attention  : — 

"  The  substitution,"  he  says, "  of  the  cooked  midday 
feed  for  one-third  of  the  former  allowance  of 
Turnips,  has  enabled  us  to  increase  our  fattening 
cattle  by  one-third  in  number,  leaving  a  propor- 
tionately larger  return  per  acre  for  Turnips  con- 
sumed, and  a  greater  increase  of  valuable  manure. 
Economy  in  feeding  is  the  great  secret  of  success 
in  making  the  Turnip  crop  pay  ;  a  certain  effect 
must  not  only  be  produced  in  a  given  time,  but  it 
must  be  produced  at  the  cheapest  cost.  As  yet  we 
have  found  nothing  equally  nutritive  and  so  cheap 
as  two  feeds  of  raw  Swedes  per  day  and  4  lbs.  of 
Bean-meal,  cooked  with  an  equal  weight  of  cut 
straw,  given  as  the  midday  feed." 


horses,  I  consider  it  greatly  in  favour  of  the  earth  iloor,  I  The  famine  of  1847,  which  gave  sudden  rise  to  such 
for  although  in  the  stable  with  a  good  paved  floor,  the  |  an  appalling  amount  of  pauperism  and  mortality  in 
chief  portion  of  the  urine  ij  drained  away  into  a  tank,    Ireland,  and  which,  combined  with  the  agency  of  a  vast 


yet  it  is  not  done  without  some  loss,  and  the  great 
objection  of  an  impure  air  in  the  stables  when  closed, 
and  also  during  the  removal  of  the  litter,  whereas  m  the 


emigration  that  principally  resulted  from  it,  has  reduced 
the  population  from  8,175,524  in  1841,  to  6,615,794  in 
1851,  was  stalking  through  the  length  and  breadth  of 


case  of  stalls  bottomed  with  earth,  not  a  drop  of  tlie  the  laud,  before  any  approach  to  adeo[uate  relief  of 
manure  is  lost,  but  it  is  so  completely  absorbed  and  pauperism  was  afforded  from  any  quarter.  The  number 
deodorised  that  the  air  is  quite  pure,  the  animals  are 


clean,  and  the  labour  of  cleansing  the  stall  is  so  much 
diminished,  that  I  do  not  hesitate  to  offer  the  plan  to 


of  poor  accommodated  in  workhouses  before  out-of-door 
reUef  was  sanctioned  and  provided  for  by  any  liberal 
advances  from  the  Imperial  treasm*y  was  very  incon- 


your  notice  with  the  greatest  confidence,  believing  that !  siderable  ;  and  previously  to  June  184o,  the  numbers 


it  will  be  found  the  cheapest  and  most  effectual  mode  of 
retaining  the  manure,  and  of  affording  health  and 
comfort  to  the  horses.  I  need  scarcely  say  that  I  have 
followed  the  plan  ever  since  the  commencement  of  the 
experiment,  and  that  I  intend  to  continue  it,  until  some 
more  advantageous  mode  can  be  devised. 

In  conclusion  I  beg  to  observe,  that  my  desire  of 
imparting  to  my  brother  farmers  the  results  of  any 
experiment  from  which  I  have  derived  benefitj  has 
induced  me  to  offer  this  short  essay  upon  the  pi-esent 
occasion,  Joseph  Blunddl,  BursUdon,  Sept,  2, 


PAUPERISM. 

iConiinued  from  page  587.) 
"We  now  advert  to  Irish  pauperism.  It  was  no  easy 
matter  for  any  Government  to  obtain  a  poor-law  for 
Ireland,  though  it  was  so  imperatively  called  for  by  the 
circumstances  of  that  country,  because  some  of  the  most 
influential  land  proprietors  opposed  any  tax  which 
would  so  materially  affect  themselves.  They  dreaded 
the  introduction,  which  they  looked  on  as  an  instrument 
for  crushins  property  already  suffering  from  their  own 


that  starved  from  the  inadequacy  of  workhouse  room 
was  terrific  in  the  west  and  south-west  of  the  country 
especially.  When  the  barriers  that  had  been  opposed 
to  out-door  relief  were  removed,  an  inconceivable  tide 
of  pauperism  rushed  in,  as  the  ■  accompanyiflg  table 
exhibits — 


Masimuai  niiinber 

ia  workhoU3e9. 

on  out-door  relief. 

At  February  27, 1847 

116.321 

No  out-door  relief. 

„  June  24.  1SJ8    ... 

140,227 

-— 

„  Julj  1,  1818      ... 



88S,8S9 

„  Jane  16.  1340    ... 

227,329 

— 

„  July  7, 1849       ... 

— 

784,567 

„  February  23. 18ou 

264,048 

— 

„  July  22,  1850     ... 

— 

148,909 

„  Aprils,  1851      ... 

252,015 

— 

..    Aoril  26.  1851    ... 

— 

10,93S 

Of  the  enormous  crowds  reported  as  recipients  of  out- 
of-door  relief,  many  no  doubt  fraudulently  represented 
themselves,  or  were  so  represented  by  dishonest  distri- 
butors of  the  money  and  food  supplied  ;  for  what  con- 
trolling power  could  resist  the  first  influx  of  the  tide^ 
and  what  vigilance  could  regulate  the  pressm'e,  so  that 


morbid  inactivity,  or  the  political  mismanagement  of  jit  should  be  adjusted  on  all  points  with  correctness? 
their  ancestors.  The  proprietors  were  divided,  with  The  progress  and  immediate  results  of  the  famine,  and 
many  honourable  exceptions,  into  two  parties,  both  j  the  inadequacy  of  employment  for  the  numbers  who 
opponents  of  a  compulsory  poor  law,  though  from  |  stood  idle  in  the  market-place,  had  such  a  distui-bing 
different  motives.  The  one  objected  from  dread  of ,  influence  on  the  social  system  and  the  frame-work  of 
heavy  reductions  from  their  rentals,  already  crippled  ; ;  the  poor-law,  that  the  original  rule  of  refusing  relief  to 
the  other  (a  much  smaller  body),  composed  of  landlords  ,  the  able-bodied  poor  was  Of  necessity  departed  from  ;  in 
with  little  pauperism  pressing  on  their  estates,  e.vclaimed  [  fact,  few  of  them  could  be  classed  as  able-bodied,  even 
against  poor-rates  for  the  relief  of  their  neighbours'  according  to  the  letter  of  the  law,  when  absolute  hunger 
estates  as  an  act  of  injustice  to  themselves,  and  i  or  a  very  meagre  diet  had  debilitated  the  physical 
protested  against  paying  the  penalty  of  other  men's  powers  of  the  most  robust  of  the  labouring  people, 
negligences.  They  said— fairly  enough— "we  will  take  ]  The  active  workmg  of  the  poor-law  in  Ireland  com- 
care  of  our  own  paupers  ;  but  in  the  name  of  equity  do  j  menced  under  singular  and  unforeseen  difficulties  of 
not  load  our  backs  with  relief  bills  for  the  squatters, '  almost  every  kmd.  On  reference  to  the  table,  it  appears 
and  cottiers,  and  petty  tenants  of  other  landlords,  who  |  that  the  number  of  paupers  relieved  out-of-doors  reaches 


STABLE  MANAGEMENT. 

[We  have  received  from  Mr.  Blundell,  of  Bursledon, 
near  Southampton,  the  following  copy  of  an  essay  on  the 
above  subject,  to  which  there  had  been  awarded  a 
premium  by  the  South- East  Hants  Agricultural  Club. 
Mr.  Blundell  states  his  willingness  to  answer  any 
questions  that  may  arise  out  of  its  publication.] 

The  attention  of  agricidturists  having  been  much 
excited  of  late  upon  the  subject  of  manures  and  their 
value,  and  it  being  generally  admitted  that  now  we  are 
obliged  to  compete  with  the  foreign  corn  grower,  one  of 
the  means  of  reducing  our  cost  of  production  must  be 
derived  from  an  improved  mode  of  management  of  home- 
made manures,  whereby  the  quantity  may  be  increased 
and  the  quality  improved  and  retained,  I  therefore 
beg  to  offer  in  competition  for  the  premium  given 
by  the  Fareham  Agricultural  Society  for  the  best 
wi'itten  account  of  any  experiment  in  connection  with 
agi'iculture,  the  following  statement  of  an  experiment 
entered  into  by  me,  on  my  farm  at  Maidenstone-heath,  and 
Commenced  in  January,  1851,  for  the  purpose  of  proving 
the  [best  mode  of  standing  farm  horses  in  stable,  by 
which  the  greatest  amount  of  manure  could  be  taken  up 
and  I'etained,  and  which  would  afford  the  largest  share 
of  health  and  condition  to  the  animals. 

I  have  hitherto  been  provided  only  with  a  stable  the 
stalls  of  which  were  paved  with  stone  in  the  ordinary 
way,  with  a  gutter  passing  at  the  back  of  them, 
conveying  the  liquid  manure  into  the  farm-yard,  where 
it  became  mingled  with  the  manure,  a  large  portion  no 
doubt  being  washed  away  by  rain  and  lost.  But  after 
seeing  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the  construc- 
tion of  a  tank  for  the  liquid  manure  to  drain  into,  upon 
a  farm  under  my  management  belonging  to  Richard 
Trench,  Esq.,  I  became  dissatisfied  with  my  former 
accommodation  for  cart-horses,  and  I  decided  upon 
making  some  alteration,  but  believing  that  the  tanli 


ought  to  bear  their  own  burthens  without  compelling 
ug  to  put  our  shoulders  to  them." 

But  the  poor-law  has  passed,  and  though  in  the 
present  transition  state  of  Ireland  nothing  can  be  yet 
decidedly  told  of  its  efficiency,  it  must  be  deemed  an  act 


a  very  low  figure  indeed,  and  in  order  to  remove 


all 
probable  nec~essity  in  future  for  relieving  the  poor, 
except  in  workhouses,  these  have  been  so  enlarged  as 
to  accommodate  about  400,000  individuals. 

The  rate  of  weekly  mortality  in  them  has  decreased 
of  justice  and  a  means  of  good  for  that  country.  And  [from  43.6  per  1000  inmates  in  1847  to  5.6  in  1851, 
it  is  one  of  justice  to  Great  Britain  also.  For  it  was  j  One  of  the  most  melancholy  features  in  the  portraiture 
manifestly  a  grievance  to  permit  the  overwhelming  ,  of  Irish  pauperism,  even  to  a  recent  period,  is  the 
influx  of  Irish  poor,  from  want  of  domestic  support,  to  ,  considerable  number  of  deaths  from  want,  as  recorded 
rush  into  Liverpool,  Glasgow,  and  other  British  ports,  j  by  coroners'  inquests;  even  so  lately  as  from  April  1850 
to  be  concentrated  in  pauperism  thei-e,  or  be  diffused  ^  to  April  1851,  214  have  died  from  this  cause,  yet  this 
throughout  the  interior.  i  number  is  trivial  compared  with  the  numbers  which 

The  sales  which  have  taken  place  under  the  Encum-  ]  have  perished  from  famine  and  its  naturtil   successor 


bered  Estates  Act,  show  the  impoverished  state  of  a 
large  proportion  of  the  landed  proprietary,  and  how 
impossible  it  would  have  been  for  them  to  allow  from 
their  rentals  the  reductions  necessary  for  the  support  of 
the  vast  amount  of  pauperism  in  Ireland.  Previously 
to  all  legislation  on  the  subject,  Mr.  Guinness,  then  M.P. 
for  Kinsale,  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons  that  he 
was  the  receiver  of  an  estate,  the  rental  of  which  was 
30002.,  of  which  6000Z.  was  paid  in  jointm'es  and  interest 
to  mortgagees. 

The  new  poor-law  imposed,  we  will  say,  3s.  in  the 
pound  on  the  rated  rent ;  the  owner  was  therefore  to 
pay  1200Z.  out  of  his  20001.  a-year,  while  the  parties 
receiving  the  60001.  did  not  pay  a  farthing.  This 
strongly  showed  a  necessity  for  assessing  on  means  and 
substance,  so  that  the  provision  made  for  charitable 
purposes  should  not  be  drawn  from  the  pocket  of  one 
person  out  of  many  recipients  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
same  estate,  merely  because  he  is  the  nominal  owner 
of  it.  The  insolvent  condition  of  a  great  portion  of 
Irish  property  unfortunately  stamps  these  remarks  of 
Count  de  Streelicki,  who  dispensed  the  bounty  of  the 
London  Association  in  some  of  the  most  miserable  parts 
of  Ireland  with  the  impress  of  truth.  '*  Now  in 
consequence  of  the  new  poor-law  and  other  new  enact- 
mems  of  Parliament,  those  who  have  a  real  interest  in 


— fever,  in  the  previous  years.  A  lesser  scourge,  in  the 
form  of  contagious  ophthalmia,  principally  affecting 
children  under  15  years  of  age,  has  a  prominent  place 
in  the  catalogue  of  the  ills  which  probably  result  from 
insufficient  or  unhealthful  food  and  crowded  confinement 
in  workhouses.  27,200  cases  of  this  malady  have  been 
officially  noticed  as  having  occurred  among  the  poor- 
house  paupers.  Exceptmg  a  few  utterly  distressed 
unions,  where  the  poor-rates  long  pressed  intolerably  on 
the  landowners,  but  where  it  does  not  appear  that  any 
excesses  of  philanthropy  on  the  part  of  the  guardians 
were  committed  towards  the  many  thousands  of 
famishing  families  which  solicited  their  aid,  unless  "  the 
course  which  they  took  in  discontinuing  the  adminis- 
tration of  out-relief  before  a  sufficient  extent  of  work- 
house accommodation  had  been  provided  to  enable  them 
to  do  30  without  risk  to  the  lives  of  the  destitute  poor  " 
be  an  act  of  benevolence,  the  general  financial  condition 
of  the  unions  is  satisfactory,  and  the  amount  of  rates 
is  by  no  means  of  an  alarming  magnitude,  even  in 
reference  to  the  comparative  poverty  of  the  country. 
The  total  expenditure  of  poor-rates  for  the  half-year 
ending  March  31,  1851,  was  551,853?.,  and  a  farther 
reduction  is  confidently  expected. 

( To-be  continued,) 


attached  to  the  stable  did  not  afford  all  the  benefit  that  j  the  preservation  of  their  property,  will  be  forced  to  look. 


might  be  derived,  although  the  manure  from  the  tanli 
may  be  used  either  in  the  liquid  state  or  mixed  with 
ashes,  I  therefore  determined  upon  taking  up  the  floor 
of  the  stalls  of  my  stable,  and  relaying  them  in  the 
hollow  form  at  a  depth  of  1 4  inches  in  the  centre,  from 
the  former  level,  gradually  diminishing  the  depth  until 


as  they  never  did  before,  to  the  improvement  of  their 
tenantry.  Those  wdio  are  insolvent  must  part  with  the 
nominal  tenure  of  laud,  and  leave  their  estates  to 
capitalists  who  can  better  discharge  the  duty  of  laud- 
lords  ;  and  lastly,  the  masses  who  had  hitherto  been 
abandoned  to  themselves  and  to  their  brutal  instincts  for 


it  meets  the  level  of  the  front  part  of  the  stalls,  and  the  self-preservation,  will  find  henceforth  their  interest 
pathway  behind.  I  then  proceeded  to  fill  the  floor  of  linked  with  that  of  the  landlord,  and  will  find  advice,  help, 
the  stalls  with  good  loamy  earth,  in  as  dry  a  state  as  I  1  encouragement,  and,  in  extreme  cases,  a  legal  support." 
could  get  it,  and  keep  it  littered  with  straw,  as  cleanli-  j  Many  of  the  landlords  laboured  with  admirable 
ness  requires,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  ordinary  energy  to  maintain  the  poor  on  their  own  estates.  For 
stables,  and  the  I'emoval  of  the  earth  has  been  [  example,  Mr.  Hamilton,  of  St.  Ernau's,  in  the  county  of 
continued  as  often  as  it  became  saturated  with  urine,    Donegal,    sustained    his    paupers    at    great     personal 


and  when  it  began  to  throw  off'  the  ammoniacal  vapour. 
I  find  the  earth  requires  changing  about  once  in  three 
months  during  winter,  but  in  the  summer  season,  when 
the  horses  eat  green  food,  it  requires  to  be  changed 
every  six  or  eight  weeks. 

In   making  a   comparison  of  the   advantages  to  be 
derived  as  exhibited  by  this  experiment  of  standing  farm 


sacrifices  by  the  labour  wages  which  he  afforded,  and  kept 
them  all  out  of  the  workhouse.  And  it  is  to  be  lamented, 
that  that  gentleman  and  others  who  made  similar  efforts 
to  maintain  their  own  poor,  were  rendered  liable  by  law 
to  the  payment  of  rates  for  the  support  of  the  poor  of 
neighbouring  estates,  which  were  not  so  fortunate  as  to 
have  such  humane  and  spirited  landlords. 


ON  THE  PHOSPHATIC  NODULES  OF  THE 
GREENSAND  ON  THE  NORTH  OF  IRELAND. 

Prof.  Houges  gave  an  account  to  the  British  Asso- 
ciation of  his  interesting  discovery  of  the  existence,  in  the 
greensand  of  the  north  of  Ireland,  of  nodules,  rich  in, 
phosphate  of  lime,  the  important  fertilising  ingredient 
of  bones.  The  beds  of  greensand,  he  remarked,  occurred 
immediately  under  the  chalk,  and  belonged  to  what  was 
called  the  chalk  formation.  They  extended  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Moire  to  the  Giant's  Causeway,  form- 
ing in  some  places  a  broad  belt,  and  m  other  parts  a 
narrow  stripe,  and  presented  various  shades  of  colour, 
from  yellow  green  to  a  rich  dark  green  colour.  The 
nodules  which  he  had  analyzed  were  found  imbedded  in 
the  greensand,  and  possessed  peculiar  interest,  as  affoi'd* 
ing  the  agriculturist  a  native  source  of  the  phosphoric 
acid.  The  beds  of  greensand  contained  about  5  per  cent, 
of  the  bone  earth  phosphate,  while  the  nodules  afforded 
so  much  as  from  30  to  50  per  cent.  He  gave  the  analysis 


40— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


635 


*^f  a  sample  of  the  greensaud  from,  the  neighbourhood 

of  Kihroot,  in  Antrim  : — 

100  parts  v/ere  found  to  contain— 

Water  ...       ^ 0.97 

Organic  matters    ... 0.78 

Potash         0.56 

Soda 0  25 

Lime 4.14 

Magnesia      0.41 

Oxide  of  iroQ  4.85  . 

Alumiaa       2.41 

Sulphuric  acid       trace. 

Chlorine        0.04 

FiiospliOric  auid,  equal  to  6.68  bone  earth,  phosphate   3.24 

Silica,  soluble  in  potash 6.41 

Insoluble  silxeous  matters       74.83 

Carbouic  acid  and  loEs 1.11 

100.00 
One  ton  of  the  sand  would,  therefore,  convey  to  the 
soil  148i  lbs,  of  bone  earth  phosphate,  worth,  at  f  rf.  per 
lb.,  95.  dd. 

Dr.  Hodges  also  directed  attention  to  the  valuable 
discovery  of  phosphatic  nodules  in  England,  and  of  a 
mineral  in  America,  rich  in  phosphate  of  Ume  ;  and 
gave  an  account  of  some  successful  experiments  which 
had  been  made  with  greensand,  applied  as  a  manure. 
He  said  that  he  pm'posed  making  a  I'eport  on  the  sub- 
ject at  a  future  meeting. 


Home  Coirespondence. 

ViUage  Excursions. — Many  of  your  readers  take  an 
interest  in  this  subject,  and  I  therefore  beg  to  inform 
you,  in  connection  with  it,  of  a  day  of  most  thorough, 
and,  I  am  quite  sure,  most  wholesome  enjoyment,  spent 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Chepstow  and  Tintern  by  1 70 
of  tlie  villagers  of  Falfield  and  Whitfield.  We  started 
in  six  spring  waggons  at  half-past  5  a.m.,  the  more 
"respectable''  portion  of  the  party  arriving  with  us  at 
the  Aust  Passage  in  some  eight  or  ten  gigs  or 
"traps,"  at  about  3  a.m.  Here  we  crossed  the 
Severn,  and  with  the  aid  of  four  of  the  waggons 
taken  across  with  us,  we  performed  the  distance  of  10 
miles,  to  Tintern  Abbey  and  back,  before  evening.  This 
gave  us  ample  time  for  enjoying  the  many  pleasant 
sights  and  sounds  that  were  in  store  for  us  ;  for  a 
large  portion  of  the  party  consisted  of  the  Whitfield 
village  singing-class,  who  had  been  preparing,  weeks 
beforehand,  for  the  performances  of  this  day,  and 
accordingly  acquitted  themselves  to  admiration. 
Certainly  the  old  echoes  of  Windcliff  and  the 
Abbey  never  resounded  to  the  voice  of  a  merrier 
party.  We  reached  the  shore  about  half-past 
5  P.M.,  had  cake  and  coffee  prepared  for  us  in  the 
grounds  of  the  Beachley  Hotel,  and  after  singing 
our  best  in  honour  of  the  kind  old  landlady  who  had 
made  us  so  welcome,  we  recrossed  the  Severn  and 
reached  home  before  9  p.m.,  after  one  of  the  brightest 
days  that  e.vists  in  the  memory  of  any  one  of  us. 
Now  let  us  not  forget  the  facts  of  the  case.  Here  were 
170  people  conveyed  16  miles  and  back  by  waggon, 
crossing  the  Severn  twice  (which  cost  about  \s.  a-piece), 
provided  with  cake  and  coHee  for  breakfast,  with  cold 
meat,  coffee  and  tarts  for  dinner,  and  with  cake  and 
coffee  for  tea,  at  a  cost  of  about  2s.  Qd.  each.  The 
party  consisted  chiefly  of  farm  labourers  and  their 
children.  We  had,  in  addition  to  them,  the  Dis- 
senting minister  of  the  place  and  his  family,  with 
two  or  tliree  of  the  farmers  of  the  neighbourhood. 
Who  can  doubt  that  a  day  of  such  simple  and  yet  such 
thorough  enjoyment  had  a  most  useful  tendency  ?  The 
whole  proceedings  were  conducted  on  teetotal  prin- 
ciples !  and  the  result  proves  that  there  is  nothing  in 
these  principles  inconsistent  with  the  highest  satis- 
faction of  which  man's  physical  and  social  nature  is 
capable.  I  will  promise  any  one  who  shall  start  such 
an  amiual  fete  as  this  in  any  other  locality  a  rich 
reward  in  the  many  happy  faces  he  will  see  about 
him  ;  and  in  the  cheerful  elasticity  which  long 
afterwards  ho  will  find  brought  to  bear  upon  the 
ordinary  daily  duties,  whether  of  the  schools  or  the 
forma  of  the  neighbourhood.  And  as  regards  the 
cost,  let  the  people  once  taste  the  simple  pleasure  of 
such  a  treat,  and  the  tickets  of  admission  to  the  party 
will  readily  sell  at  a  price  perfectly  covering  the 
expense.  M.S.yGt^/uccxttrshirc. 

Tftin  SfAoiwj.—  li  is  well  now  and  then  to  compare 
notes  on    this  matter.     There  is  evidently  a  general  ' 
diminution  in  the  quantity  of  seed  sown,  even  amongst ' 
the  moat  inveterate  and  prejudiced  thick  seeders.     The  '■ 
higher  we  farm  the  less  seed  we  must  sow.     Land  can  : 
never  be  ino  rich  for  com,  provided  the  quantity  of  seed 
i«  adapted  to  the   condition  of  the  soil  ;   our  cottage 
gardenH  are  conclmiive  evidences  in  this  matter.     The 
most  incurable  tiiick  sower  of  cereals  will  admit  that  for 
hiH  TuntipH  or  other  nwLs  8f»ace  is  as  imUHpennablc  as 
food.     He  known  that  a  seed  bed  of  Cabbage  plants,  if 
not  remf^'ed  or  thinned  in  duo  time,  pcriHheK  from  over- 
crowding.    The  name  remark  appliet)  to  a  plantation. 
You  cannot  have    perfect  development   withf)nt  Hpacc, 
air,  and  light.     Take   the  mero  qubhlt'in  of  foo'l.     ff 
there  was  <luo  provinion,  Kolid  and  liquid,  for  three  hkmi  ; 
for  nine  montliH,  and  twelve   men   were   compelled    Ut 
■obftiftt  on  it,  you  would  naturally  find  at  tiie  end  of  that 
period  a  majority  of  deatliH  and  a  niinority  of  cripj>leH, 
instead  of  three  welUdcvcIoped  robunt  individualw.    Th<: 
same  thing  t.kos  place  in  over-crowded  corn  cropH.     In 
th«  early  utage  everything  h>okfl  prosfR-rous,  but  wirn 
in  May  and  June  the  craving  demands  for  nutrition 
cannot  be  hiipplit-d,  prematurity  and   imperfection  di«-  [ 
appoint  the  fanner'ft  hojK;  ;  tiio  hhrivelled   kernel,  the 
puny  ear,  the  Sfjft  and  fallen  straws  Ijear  fearful  evidence  ! 


of  the  vital  struggles.  A  farmer  who  sows  thin  must  be 
content  to  receive  an  abundant  share  of  pity,  ridicule, 
and  blame,  during  the  early  stages  of  vegetation.  Even 
your  well-wishers  can  scarcely  control  their  nervous 
condolence  on  your  harvest  prospects.  I  endm*ed  a 
pretty  considerable  treat  of  this  kind  when  I  first  com- 
menced farming,  but  now  my  neighbours  and  the 
labourers  say,  if  we  look  a  little  unpromising  in  April, 
"  Never  mind,  you  will  be  sui-e  to  beat  us  before  har- 
vest." It  would  be  impossible  to  lay  down  any  fixed 
quantity  for  vai'ying  soils,  climates,  and  conditions.  One 
of  my  best  fields  this  year  is  from  one  bushel  of  seed 
Wheat,  drilled  in  December,  after  Tares  mowed  off"  and 
white  Turnips  fed  off,  following  the  Tares,  I  drilled 
field  of  Barley,  after  white  Turnips  fed  off,  on  a  stiff 
clay,  putting  in  7  bushels  in  6  a  acres,  or  one  bushel  and 
half  a  peck  per  acre.  The  result  is  a  most  abundant 
crop  of  stiff  reedy  straw,  and  at  least  52  bushels  of  good 
malting  Barley  per  acre.  Those  who  examine  the 
stubble  admit  that  there  must  have  been  plenty  of  straw, 
and  conclude  that  I  must  have  drilled  3  bushels  per' 
acre.  I  need  hardly  say  that  there  is  an  abundant  plant 
of  red  Clover.  The  kernels  of  the  Barley  were  large 
and  well  developed,  and  the  ears  contained  from  14  to 
20  kernels  on  each  side.  The  straw  was  estimated  at 
four  great  waggon-loads  per  acre,  although,  of  course  I 
never  use  waggons,  which  people  are  getting  gradually 
ashamed  of,  even  in  this  county.  The  quantity  of  crop 
depends  more  on  the  depth  of  cultivation  and  amount  of 
food,  rather  than  upon  the  quantity  of  seed.  If  seed 
Wheat  is  but  bs.  per  bushel,  a  saving  of  55.  an  acre 
would  be  considered  a  gx'eat  reduction  in  rent.  We  are 
much  indebted  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Hewitt 
Davis,  and  the  Rev.  George  Wilkins,  for  their  perse- 
verance in  the  good  cause  of  thin  seeding.  I  consider 
myself  still  too  thick  a  seeder,  but  shall  come  down  by 
degrees.  I  heard  that  Sir  John  Conroy  grew  1 1  qrs. 
of  Oats  per  acre  from  2  pecks  of  seed.  I  have  grown  a 
fine  crop  from  1  bushel.  On  ill-farmed,  undrained,  and 
unclean  land  we  often  see  large  quantities  of  seed  sown, 
to  "smother  the  weeds,"  and  because  "  there  is  not  force 
in  the  land  to  make  the  plants  branch  or  tiller." 
P.S.  I  have  often  been  amused  by  seeing  a  farmer 
very  carefully  raising  a  new  stock  of  corn,  depositing 
one  kernel  in  a  hole,  keeping  the  laud  clean,  and  ob- 
taining an  immense  increase.  Having  by  these  means 
got  a  good  supply,  he  at  once  relapses  into  the  old  system 
of  heavy  seeding,  and  a  comparatively  insignificant 
return.  /.  J.Mechiy  Tljitree-halljScpt.  21. 

Tallow  Qreaves  for  Pig  Food. — I  can  bear  my  testi- 
mony to  the  observations  made  in  the  Gazette  of  the 
25th  September,  as  to  the  value  of  tallow  greaves  in 
pig  feeding.  I  have  long  been  accustomed  to  diet  my 
pigs  on  this  food.  Tallow  greaves  at  the  present  time 
are  rather  high — 12^.  per  ton  ;  but  even  at  this  price  it 
will  be  found  the  cheapest  food  for  manufacturing  pork. 
I  have  found  that  my  cows  are  much  benefited  with  a 
small  portion  of  this  food,  when  fresh.  Occasionally  it 
will  be  found  that  the  steeped  or  boiled  greaves  run 
into  putrescence  in  hot  weather  ;  but  I  have  found  this 
to  have  no  injurious  effect  on  the  health  of  the  pig. 
■  In  this  state  I  would  guard  against  using  it  for 
cows — for  these  they  should  be  fresh.  Some- 
times the  gi'eaves  will  be  found  to  be  burned. 
This  is  produced  through  the  carelessness  of  the  melter 
not  keeping  his  ingredients  well  stirred  in  his  copper. 
Such  greaves  as  these,  which  are  converted  into  a  sort  of 
animal  charcoal,  I  find  to  have  a  tendency  to  scour  the 
pigs,  but  I  liave  never  had  a  pig  fail  in  health  with  this 
food.  I  have  tried  Barley,  at  20s.  per  quarter;  damaged 
American  flour,  at  13s.  per  cask,  196  lbs.,  and  every 
description  of  food,  but  I  never  was  so  successful  as 
with  greaves.  The  conditions  to  observe  in  using  it  are, 
first,  if  pigs  are  put  upon  this  food  all  at  once,  they 
ought  to  be  a  good  size,  about  six  months  old  ;  if  small 
pigs  are  to  be  fed  with  it,  they  should  be  brought  to  be 
accustomed  to  it  gradually,  as  this  is  very  forcing  food, 
Secondly,  the  pigs  should  be  well  supplied  with  water, 
They  are  Visited  with  great  thirst.  Chickens  and  ducks 
are  very  fond  of  greaves.  I  believe  in  Aylesbury,  tallow 
greaves  are  very  largely  used  for  fatting  ducks.  I  never 
heard  any  one  yet  complain  of  the  quality  of  duck  meat 
from  Aylesbury.  X.  X. 

A  Fevj  Words  to  those  tvko  have  to  compete  with  the 
•prices  of  the  Foi'tifjn  Exports  of  Corn. — From  the  scien- 
tific investigations  of  the  system  of  Jothro  TuU  for  tilling 
the  soil  given  in  the  interesting  lectures  by  Professor 
Way,  before  the  Ui.yal  Agricultural  Society  of  England, 
he  evidently  proved  the  system  as  sound  by  tlie  chemical 
knowledge  of  the  duy  ;  as  has  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  of  Lois 
Weedon,  in  practice,  by  a  most  successful  trial  of  several 
years,  with  the  addition  of  some  improvements  in  wor 
ing  out  the  system,  by  which  it  appears  that  tlie  farmers 
of  the  United  Kingdrun  have  been  leaving  too  little  to 
Nature  ;  and  by  ho  doing,  their  present  jioaition  is  need 
lessly  onerous.  They  have  taken  the  unprofitable  side  of 
the  conditions  of  nature,  that  of  dressing  the  land,  rather 
than  expending  a  little  more  on  the  jjrnpcr  tilling  of 
the  soil,  and  therefore  ov(.T-cropping,  and  in  many  in- 
Htanees  over-drcHMing  the  l;uid,  creating  diseaHo  at  a 
great  cost,  which  Naturo  never  docH,  for  sho  directn, 
"Add  more  labour  in  der-pt^ning,  and  often  Htirrlng  tin; 
Hfiil,  not  to  Hpt-ak  of  draining  in  thcHU  enlightciiod  days  ; 
leave  more  U}  my  gratuitniiH  work,  togeUn.r  with  the 
alternate  portions  of  caeh  arre  loft  fallow,  to  bo  cropped 
alternately,  and  my  atmoHphericHtoro-houHo  nhall  supply 
the  neccHBary  fertllinfrra  to  enable  the  yield  of  more 
abundant  cropH  at  lews  cost,  ho  that  by  expending  and 
sowing  leHH  you  may  reap  more."  Now,  itniay  be  UHlted, 
!»   Nature'B  providence   bestowed  on  all   lands  alike ! 


Undoubtedly  so  :  but  then  all  lands  areuotin  acoudition 
for  this  pi'actice,  neither  is  corn  aloue  required  ;  some 
perliaps  are  brick  lands,  but  the  provision  is  equal  in 
all  soils  in  accordance  with  their  respective  natures. 
Mechanically,  you  may  buUd  up  or  change  the  constitu 
tion  of  most,  if  not  all  soils,  to  grades  of  fertility,  but 
this  is  a  work  of  time,  and  of  considerable  outlay. 
Nor  do  we  speak  of  neglected  lands,  which  have  been 
impoverished  by  over- cropping,  without  complying  with 
the  conditions  of  nature  ;  for  by  frequent  exposure  to  the 
fertilising  influences  of  the  atmosphere,  such  lands  must 
be  brought  round  first  by  the  proper  means.  Professor 
Way's  investigations  have  already  thrown  light  upon 
the  absorbing  powers  of  the  soil,  especially  of  clays  for 
ammonia,  and  on  the  peculiar  properties  of  thedouble 
silicates  ;  and  to  quote  the  substance  of  his  remarks,  after 
having  inspected  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith's  farm  "  that  the 
crops  had  the  appearance  as  if  they  had  been  highly 
dressed  with  ammuniacal  salts,  which  in  fact  they  had 
been  from  atmospheric  sources,"  must  surely  be  a  satis- 
factory evidence  ;  allow  me  to  add,  not  from  the  Lobos- 
Islands,  at  the  cost  of  9/.  10s.  per  ton,  but  from  the 
gratuitous  hand  of  Nature.  I  cannot  too  often  repeat 
the  necessity  of  preparing  lands  for  these  conditions. 
Now  I  will  make  a  few  remarks  which  I  conceive  to 
bear  essentially  upon  such  prepared  lands.  It  may  be 
asked  what  is  to  become  of  all  the  manure  ?  or  how  is 
Nature  to  get  at  it,  if  it  be  not  caiTied  to  the  land  I  The 
answer  appears  to  be,  or  is,  she  appropriates  or  dispenses- 
it,  be  it  where  it  may,  to  lands  prepared  to  receive  it 
(without  our  giving  ourselves  the  trouble  of  fetching  it 
from  the  other  hemisphere,  at  a  cost  of  from  one  to  three 
millions  sterling  annually,  not  to  speak  of  "  artificials"),. 
if  the  soil  be  oidy  properly  exposed  and  fallowed  to 
benefit  from  Nature's  resources,  so  that  he  who  tills  his- 
land  the  most  assiduously  gets  the  better  gratuitous 
fertilising  supplies.  The  manure  made  on  a  farm  ought 
to  be  enough  for  the  improving  purposes  of  the  soil,  and 
for  the  especial  services  of  the  green  crops,these  being  con- 
sumed at  home.  A  word  on  the  manure  of  towns  :  let  the 
sewage  convey  it  away  as  heretofore,  for  although  it  may 
appear  to  us  as  lost,  Nature  still  appropriates  its  virtues 
to  our  well  tilled  lands,  without  our  laying  out  some 
millions  to  create  miles  of  ducts,  and  there  will  be  plenty 
left  of  refuse  for  the  services  of  the  improvement  of 
lands,  if  only  properly  exposed  to  Nature's  balm.  For 
full  instructions  for  carrying  out  this  system,  I  refer- 
readers  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith's  pamphlet  of  "  A  Word 
in  Season,"  whereby  the  farmers  so  fortunate  as  to 
hold  the  required  class  of  lands,  of  which  there  are  some 
millions  of  acres  in  this  island  alone,  may  compete  with- 
the  foreign  market  to  the  utmost  advantage,  if  the  rules 
laid  down  be  carried  out  in  strict  integrity.  An  Old 
Sahscriher, 

To  Preserve  damaged  Potatoes  for  Pig-feeding. — It  will 
be  found  in  raising  the  Potato  Crop  this  season  that  a 
great  quantity  is  damaged,  at  least  such  is  the  case  in 
this  locality  ;  many  of  the  tubers  are  found  quite  rotten. 
These  we  throw  away,  but  all  those  in  which  the  tissue 
of  the  Potato  is  only  partially^destroyed,  are  sorted  out  for 
pig-feeding  ;  but  it  will  be  found  if  they  are  put  aside  in 
quantities  that  fermentation  ensues  directly,  and  the 
disease  proceeds  with  such*  rapidity  as  soon  to  reduce 
them  to  a  mass  of  putrefaction.  But  if,  instead  of 
storing  them  so  as  to  be  used  at  leisure,  they  are  taken 
at  once  as  they  are  got  up,  and  washed  and  boiled,  and 
wliilst  quite  hot,  taken  and  mashed  into  casks,  sprinkling, 
in  a  little  salt  as  you  proceed,  and  packing  them  very 
solid,  they  will  keep  fresh  for  some  months.  We  had 
a  great  many  done  so  a  few  years  ago,  when  we  had  a 
quantity  of  damaged  potatoes,  and  they  were  as  sweet 
after  Christmas  when  we  finished  them  as  when  packed 
into  the  casks  the  September  previous.  Sugar  hogsheads 
answer  well  to  pack  them  in.  /.  W.,  fSalop.  [They  will 
keep  after  being  thus  boiled,  if  only  packed  tightly  and 
rammed  together  in  aheap  against  a  wall.] 

Burnt  Tan  and  Potatoes. — Many  cases  are  before  the- 
public  in  which  charcoal  and  ashes  have  paUiated  or  pre- 
vented the  Potato  disease,and  in  the  Gardeners^  Gkronicle,. 
August  28,  is  one  of  bui'nt  tan  ;  not  charred  (it  would 
appear),  but  ash  burnt.  This  seems  to  be  a  destructive 
process,  inasmuch  as  all  the  ash  is  contained  in  th& 
charcoal  ;  and  the  charcoal  itself  is  much  esteemed  as 
an  agricultural  dressing  ;  witness  the  numerous  testi- 
monials of  peat  charcoal,  which,  if  perhaps  at  present 
over-estimated,  is  undoubtedly  valuahle  as  an  unstinker, 
and  anti- putrescent.  That  tan  charcoal  would  be  equal 
to  peat  charcoal  in  these  I'espects  is  most  probable 
The  quantity  obtainable,  too,  is  not  insignificant,  nor 
the  process  ditticult.  For  the  quantity,  the  excise 
returns,  while  the  duty  on  leather  continued,  was 
-10,000  tons  in  UI25,  which,  all  circumstances  considered, 
is  perhaps  now  double  ;  and,  assuming  a  ton  of  leather 
to  use  3  tons  average  of  bark  and  other  tanning  mate- 
rials, wo  have  thus  some  200,000  tons  of  this  refuse  to 
dispose  of.  For  the  process  ;  to  fire-ciiar  this,  would 
require  drying,  and  considerable  attcndanco  to  prevent 
ash  hnrning  or  extinction  ;  and  ib  would  diffuse  a  harsh 
and  op[>reHbivo  odour,  as  it  now  does  in  asli  burning  at 
the  tini-yard.H.  But  it  may  be  limc-clwuTcd  with  httlo 
<ir  none  of  thoso  troubles.  It  requires  no  further  drying 
than  drainage,  because  the  limo  absorbs  and  even 
reijuiroH  the  moiKturo  to  Blake  and  produce  tlie  Iieat. 
TIna'{!  \h  no  trouble  in  raising  up  iind  watcliing  a  gradual 
firi^  inconstant  danger  of  too  niucdi  air  or  too  little; 
the  abHorbed  vapour  does  not  annoy  tho  noighboUrhood 
to  anything  liko  the  extent  of  tho  fire-fumo,  and  tho 
charcoal  is  alltaliHod  while  the  lime  is  rendered  mild. 
All  that  is  required  is  to  mix  in  tho  (juick-Iimo  (th6 
fresher  tho  better)  with  the  damp  bark,  and  cover  it 


636 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Oct.  2, 


well  with  earth  ;  tlie  lime  will  absorb  the  moisture  and 
heat,  at  the  same  time  drying  the  bark,  which  the  heat 
will  char  more  or  less,  in  proportion  to  the  lime  em- 
ployed. If  too  much  Jime,  it  will  swell,  perhaps  crack 
the  cover  of  earth,  and  admit  air  enough  to  burn  away 
more  or  less  of  the  charcoal  ;  if  too  httle,  of  course  the 
charring  will  be  imperfect.  The  proportions  must 
depend  on  the  dampness  of  the  bark,  the  goodness  of  the 
lime,  and  the  mass  to  keep  in  the  heat.  Probably — 
with  good  lime,  well-drained  bark,  and  a  heap  of  three 
or  four  loads — 1  to  H  bushel  of  lime  would  be  about 
the  thing  for  a  load  (one-horse  cart)  of  spent  bark. 
And  there  arises  another  question,  may'not  the  bark  be 
better  used  for  Potatoes,  in  their  present  tender  state, 
without  burning  at  all  ?  Peat  water  seems  to  have 
I'emarkably  preserved  Potatoes  from  decay  when  dug 
from  amongst  others  which  gavs  way  to  the  disease  ; 
and  peat  water  has  a  weak  acidulous  astringency  like 
tan  refuse,  though  generally  weaker.  In  the  early  cul- 
tivation of  Potatoes,  as  reported  in  the  early  Trans- 
tions  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  vegetable  manures  were 
much  used,  which  we  know  ferment  acid,  and  the  Pota- 
toes were  hardy  enough  ;  but  the  produce  was  since 
increased  by  dung,  with  which  the  cut  tubers  have  been 
inoculated  yearly  for  centuries,  and  they  are  now  unable 
to  resist  any  putrefactive  influence  either  in  the  soil  or 
air.  Do  not  these  facts  indicate  antiseptic  manuring 
and  high,  and  fresh  or  mountain  air,  as  desiderata  for 
at  least 'seed  Potatoes  ?  and  may  not  tan  bark,  raw  or 
charred,  but  not  ash  burned,  be  one  of  the  most  eligible 
of  such  dressings,  where  the  conveyance  is  not  too 
costly?  We  are  not  without  examples  of  its  success, 
recent  as  well  as  early.  /.  PHdeaux,  Sept.  6. 


Societies* 

ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  ENGLAND. 
A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House, 
in  Hanover-square^  on    Wednesday,   the    7th  of  July. 
T!ie  following  Members  of  the  Council  and  Governors 
of  the  Society  were  present :  The  Earl  of  Ducie,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair  ;  Lord  Southampton,  Mr,  Raymond 
Barker,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr.  Braudreth,  Mr.  W.  G.  Caven- 
dish,  Colonel    Challoner,   Mr.  Druce,    Mr.  Gadesden, 
Mr.  Hamond,  Mr,  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.   Hornsby,  Mr. 
Kinder,    Mr.   Milward,    Mr.   Mainwaring  Paine,   Mr. 
Shaw,  Prof.  Simonds,  Mr.  Simpson,  and  Prof.  Way. 
The  following  new  members  were  elected  : 
Phillips,  G.  L..  Ashdale,  Haverfordwest,  Pembrokeshire 
Pjm,  FrancU  Leslie,  Radwell  House,  Baldock,  Herts 
Howe,  Edward,  Morniagthorpe,  Long-Stratton,  Norfolk 
Court,  P.  S.,  Saltwood,  Hythe,  Keot 
Brown,  George,  ATebury,  Marlborough,  "Wilts 
Phillips,  James  B.  L.,  Malws,  Aberjatwith,  Cardigan 
Underbill,  Henry,  Wolverhampton,  StalTordahire 
Aspiin,  Charles,  East  Tilbury-place,  Romford,  Eases 
Chatfield,  Robert,  Greatham  House,  Petworth,  Susaer 
Squier,  Sanmel  W.,  Langdon  Hills,  Romford,  Essex 
Abbott,  William,  Woodhouse  Curr,  Leeds,  YorkBh'.re 
Skinner,  James,  Sherrington  Hhuhg,  Selmeaton,  Lewes 
Bennett,  Luke,  Dimsdale  Hall,  Newcastle,  Staffordshire 
Cane,  Edward,  Berwick,  Lewe*,  Sussex 
Baker,  William,  West  Johnson,  Bps.  Nympton,  Devonshire 
Dixon,  Henry,  Frankham,  Wadhurst,  Sussex 
Pulton.   Hamilton  Henry,  C.JE.,  Great  Queen-street,  Weat- 

mineter 
Greaves,  Edward,  Barford,  Wurwickahire 
Murray,  Robert,  Kestoo,  Bromley,  Kent 
Bullen,  Edward  (Barrister- at- Law),  Uoper  Sackville-street, 

Dublin 
Pain,  Thomas,  Salisbury,  Wilts 
Graburn,  William  John,  Melton-Ross,  Lincolnshire 
Holroyd,  Erederick,  New  Norlh-road,  Hudderstield,  Torks. 
Rolt,  John,  Ozleworth  Park,  Gloucester 
Milles,  Johu,  The  Forest,  Tunbridge,  Kout. 

Finances. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  presented  to  the  Council  the 
monthly  report  on  the  accounts  of  the  Society,  from 
v'hich  it  appeared  the  current  cash  balance  in  the  hands 
of  the  bankers  was  2823/.  This  report  was  received 
and  adopted. 

Reports  were  read  and  confirmed  from  the  Chemical 
Committee,  on  the  favourable  prosecution  of  Professor 
Way's  researches ;  from  the  General  Lewes  Committee, 
on  the  completion  of  the  arrangements  for  the  ensuing 
country  meeting ;  and  from  the  Veterinary  Grant 
Committee,  requesting  a  postponement  of  their  recom- 
mendations to  the  monthly  meeting  in  November. 

Substitute  for  Guano.^Ou  the  motion  of  Mi'.  Fisher 
Hobbs,  seconded  by  Colonel  Challoner,  the  following 
motion,  of  which  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs  had  given  notice 
at  a  former  meeting,  was  carried  unanimously,  namely, 
"That  a  prize  of  1000?.,  and  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Society,  be  offered  for  the  discovery  of  a  manure  equal 
in  fertilising  properties  to  the  Peruvian  guano,  and  of 
which  an  unlimited  supply  can  be  furnished  to  the 
English  farmer  at  a  rate  not  exceeding  ol.  per  ton." 
The  Council  appointed  the  following  Committee  to  take 
into  consideration  the  conditions  under  which  the  com- 
petition for  the  prize  should  take  place,  and  to  report 
10  the  Council  their  recommendations  on  the  subject, 
namely  :~The  Earl  of  Ducie,  Chairman,  Sir  John  Villiers 
Shelley,  Bart.,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Capt.  Wentworth 
Buller,  R.N.,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs, 
Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Hudson,  of  Castleacre,  Mr.  Shaw, 
and  Mr.  Thompson. 

Fat  Cattle.— On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Simpson,  it  was 
resolved  unanimously,  "  That,  at  the  proper  time,  the 
Council  take  into  their  deliberate  consideration  the 
special  iastructions  to  be  given  to  the  Society's  Judges  of 
Live  Stock  at  its  future  Country  Meetings,  respecting 
animals  that  may  be  exhibited  on  those  occasions  in  an 
overfed  condition  inconsistent  with  their  character  and 


value  as  breeding  stock."  The  President  then  gave 
notice  that,  at  the  first  Council  he  should  be  able  to 
attend  after  the  expiration  of  his  year  of  office,  he 
would  be  prepared  to  bring  forward  this  important 
question  for  their  consideration,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  offer  a  suggestion  whether  it  might  not  be  advisable 
at  future  country  meetings  to  have  both  a  fat  stock  and 
a  store  stock  division,  in  different  departments  of  the 
show. 

The  Annual  Country  Meeting  of  the  Society, 
comprising  an  exhibition  of  live  stock  (including 
poultry),  an  exhibition  and  trial  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments and  machinery,  and  a  Pavilion  Dinner,  took 
place  at  Lewes,  in  Sussex,  in  the  week  commencing 
Monday,  the  12th  of  July.  We  have  already  given 
ample  details  of  the  whole  of  these  objects,  with  the 
exception  of  the  General  Mrkting  of  the  Members, 
held  at  the  County  Hall,  on  Friday,  the  16th  of  that 
month,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Vice-President,  in 
the  chair.  The  following  resolutions  were  passed 
unanimously  :  — 

1.  On  the  njotion  of  Lord  Berners,  seconded  by  Mr.  Shaw : 
*'  That  the  best  thanka  of  the  Society  bo  conveyed  to  the  Chief 
Officers  of  the  Borough  of  Lowes,  for  their  cordial  co-operation 
in  promoting:  the  arrangements  for  the  Lewes  Meeting." 

2.  On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Wilaou,  seconded  by  Mr,  Milward  : 
"  That  the  best  thanka  of  the  Society  be  given  to  the  Local 
Committee,  and  Mr.  H.  Davey,  their  Secretary,  for  the  kind 
and  zealous  attention  they  had  shown  to  the  wishes  of  the  So< 
ciety  in  carrying  oat  the  details  cooaected  witti  the  arrange- 
ments for  the  Meeting." 

3.  On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Barnett:  "  That  the  beet  thanks  of  the  Society  be  expressed 
to  those  owners  and  occupiers  who  had  placed  their  land  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Society  for  cbe  trial  of  implements,  and  as  sites 
for  the  Show-yards  and  Pavilion." 

4.  On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Grantham,  seconded  by  Mr.  H, 
Bannerman:  "  That  the  best  thanks  of  the  Society  be  signified 
to  Professor  Simonds  for  the  important  lecture  he  had  delivered 
before  the  members  at  the  Lewes  meeting,  and  forthelote- 
resting  series  of  original  drawings,  illustrating  on  a  magnified 
scale  the  result  of  his  microscopical  investigations  on  the 
subject,  he  had  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  that  lecture." 

5.  On  the  motion  of  Mr,  Fisher  Hobbs,  seconded  by  Lord 
Berners  :  "  That  the  best  thanks  of  the  Society  be  expressed  to 
the  various  railway  companies  thriiughout  the  kin.'dom  for  their 
liberal  co-operation  in  promoting  the  objects  of  its  country 
meetings,  and  for  the  extraordinary  usdistance  rendered  to  the 
exhibitors  by  the  oSicers  of  those  lines  that  were  more  espe- 
cially and  locally  connected  with  the  Lewes  Meeting." 

6.  On  the  motion  of  Lord  Berners,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Grantham  and  Mr.  Shaw:  "That  an  expression  of  tlie  best 
thanks  and  respect  of  the  Society  be  conveyed  to  the  Earl  of 
Ducie,  for  the  devoted  and  conscientious  discharge  of  the 
high  duties  of  his  office  durinir  the  year  of  bis  lordship's 
presidency,  which  terminated  at  the  Lowes  Meeting." 

7.  On  the  motion  of  Lord  Berners,  seconded  by  Mr.  Milward  : 
"  That  the  cordial  thanks  of  the  General  Meeting  of  that  day 
be  given  to  the  chairman,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  for  his  kind- 
ness in  presiding  on  that  occasion,  and  for  the  services  he  had 
so  willingly  rendered  at  all  times  to  the  Society," 

Mr,  Barker  acknowledged  the  kind  compliment  then 
paid  him.  It  was  gratifying  for  him  to  receive  so 
pleasing  a  mark  of  their  approval.  He  was  sincerely 
attached  to  the  Society,  and  ready  under  every  circum- 
stance to  lend  his  co-operation  for  the  advancement  of 
its  truly  national  objects. 

Mr.  Wilson,  of  Stowlangtoft,  remarked  that  he  could 
not  allow  the  meeting  to  separate  without  informiug  the 
Members  of  the  unanimous  satisfaction  of  the  implement- 
makers  with  every  arrangement  connected  with  the 
exhibition  and  trial  of  their  implements  and  machines, 
and  with  the  adjudication  of  the  prizes. 

A  Special  Council  was  held  in  the  County  Hall,  on 
the  same  day,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  any  local  orders 
that  might  be  required  at  the  close  of  tiie  Country 
Meeting  ;  present,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  V.P.,  in  the 
chair,  Mr,  Barnett,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Shaw,  and 
Mr.  Wilson. 

A  Weekly  Council  wag  held  at  the  Society's  House 
in  Hanover-square  on  Wednesday,  the  28th  of  July : 
present.  Colonel  Challoner,  Trustee,  in  the  chair  ;  Sir 
Robert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  M.  de 
Chroustchoff  (Chamberlain  to  the  G-rand  Duchess  Cathe- 
rine of  Russia),  Mr,  H.  P.  Jones,  Mr.  Rowlandson, 
Prof.  Sewell,  Mr.  H.  A.  Smith,  and  Prof.  Way. 

Inoculation  for  Pleuro-Pneumonia.  —  His  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Albert  transmitted  to  the  Council, 
through  Colonel  the  Honourable  Charles  Grey,  a  com- 
munication addressed  to  his  Royal  Highness  by  Dr.  de 
Saville,  of  Brussels,  on  the  result  of  his  investigations 
during  25  years,  on  the  "  Pneumonie  Exsudative 
epizootique  des  betes  bovines,"  and  his  desire  to  test  the 
value  of  his  curative  system  by  inoculation  on  animals 
in  this  country.  The  Council  ordered  their  best  thanks 
to  be  conveyed  to  his  Royal  Highness  Prince  Albert 
for  this  kind  attention  on  his  Royal  Highness's  part  to 
the  national  objects  of  the  Society  ;  and  at  their  request 
Professor  Sewell,  of  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  un- 
dertook to  consult  with  Prof.  Simonds  on  the  commu- 
nication and  proposal  in  question,  and  to  make  a  joint 
report  on  the  subject  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Council. 

Production  of  Heat  and  Light. — Mr.  Warriuer,  of 
16,  Pan  ton-square,  transmitted  to  the  Council  the 
following  communication,  dated  the  28th  of  July  :  — 

"  I  take  the  liberty  of  submitting  a  short  statement  of 
an  invention  which,  after  a  long  series  of  trials  and 
difficulties,  has  latterly  come  into  use  in  France,  and 
which  I  think  is  likely  to  prove  useful  in  agriculture, 
and  to  be  at  the  same  time  a  great  boon  to  the  horti- 
culturist. It  is  the  production  of  pure  hydrogen  gas 
from  water,  for  the  purpose  of  heating,  lighting,  di-ying 
and  malting.  Tlie  production  is  exceedingly  simple. 
In  any  place  already  fiu:nished  with  a  steam  boiler,  the 
addition  of  three  retorts,  of  the  size  of  3  feet  long  by 
14  inches  diameter,  will  give  2000  cubic  feet  of  gas  per 
1  hour.    The  cost  of  such  gas  is  small,  as,  in  its  purification. 


which  is  made  over  the  carbonate  of  soda,  the  bi- 
carbonate is  produced,  ■which  repays  the  cost  of  fuel 
and  wear  and  tear  of  production.  The  mode  by  which 
it  is  produced  is  as  follows.  The  fires  being  lighted 
under  the  boilers  and  retorts,  the  last  become  white  hot 
by  the  time  the  steam  is  produced  from  the  boiler. 
When  heated,  the  mouth  of  the  retort  is  opened,  and  a 
layer  of  about  two  inches  thick  of  small  charcoal  or  braize 
is  thrown  in,  the  lid  is  then  replaced,  and  in  about  three 
minutes  the  steam  is  turned  on  into  the  pipes,  which 
are  inside  of  the  retorts.  These  pipes  are  perforated 
with  small  holes,  having  capsules  on  them,  by  which  the 
steam  is  distributed  over  the  charcoal,  and  thus  becomes 
decomposed,  and  forms  gas  ;  the  gas  then  passes  up  the 
pipe  into  the  hydraulic  main,  where  any  steam  that  may 
escape  decomposition  is  condensed  The  gas  then 
passes  into  the  purifiers,  the  plates  of  which  are 
covered  with  carbonate  of  soda,  and  as  the  gas  consists 
of  two  parts  carbonic  acid  and  one  part  pure  hydrogen, 
the  soda  absorbs  the  carbonic  acid,  and  the  pure 
hydrogen  passes  into  the  gasometer,  for  the  supply  of 
any  place  where  required.  The  flame  of  this  gas  being 
blue,  the  light  is  obtained  from  allowing  the  flame  to 
play  upon  a  net-work  of  platinum  wire,  which  becomes 
white  hot,  and  gives  a  brilliant  steady  light  without 
smoke  or  flame.  In  the  public  lights  now  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  a  distance  of  ISO  metresexists  between  each,  ■ 
whereas  in  the  common  gas  50  metres  only  are  allowed. 
The  advantage  which  this  gas  possesses  over  the  common 
coal-gas  is  the  facility  of  manufacture,  no  unpleasant 
residuum,  and  its  cheapness,  which  will  cause  it  to  be 
introduced  into  all  large  establishments  at  any  distance 
from  a  town.  For  the  purpose  of  warming  conserva- 
tories it  is  invaluable.  The  cost  of  the  apparatus  for 
50  lights  is  about  50^.,  100  lights  lOOL,  and  so  in 
proportion." 

Mr.  Rowlandson  thought  the  [proposed  plan  would 
be  useful  if  there  were  a  great  demand  for  the  bi- 
carbonate of  soda  produced  ;  this  demand,  however,  on 
which  the  economy  of  the  process  appeared  to  depend, 
was  not  liltely,  he  thought,  to  arise  ;  and  he  had  known 
an  instance  a  few  years  ago  of  this  salt  being  produced 
in  a  chemical  manufactory  more  largely  than  it  could  be 
sold  off. — Colonel  Challoner  thought  it  was  advisable  in 
all  cases  of  proposed  new  applications  to  bring  their 
practicability  to  the  test  of  actual  experience. — The 
Council  ordered  their  usual  acknowledgments  to  Mr. 
Warriner  for  his  attention  in  submitting  this  commu- 
nication to  their  notice. 

Destruction  of  Deep-rooted  Weeds, — The  Council 
had  their  attention  called  to  a  mode,  proposed  in 
Belgium,  for  destroying  Docks,  Thistles,  and  other  deep 
seated  weeds,  by  the  insertion  of  a  drop  of  oil  of  vitriol 
into  the  upper  part  of  their  root  ;  which,  it  was  stated, 
at  once  acted  corrosively  on  its  substance  and  destroyed 
the  vitality  of  the  plant. 

Mr.  Rowlandson  favoured  the  Council  with  an  inte- 
resting account  of  the  progress  of  the  Earl  of  Essex's 
operations  at  Castiobury,  in  tilling  at  intervals  on  the 
London  clay  ;  which,  although  similar  to  the  red  flinty 
clay,  and  consequently  stiff  and  impervious,  had  become 
mider  his  lordship's  system  of  management,  by  digging 
and  ploughing,  as  friable  as  the  most  friable  loams.  Mr. 
Rowlandson  had  been  much  struck  with  the  extra- 
ordinary results  he  had  witnessed. 

A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House, 
in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday,  August  4.  The 
following  Members  of  Council  and  Governors  of  the 
Society  were  present : — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Vice- 
President,  in  the  chair,  Lord  Bridport,  Colonel  Austen, 
Mr.  Blanchard,  Mr.  Bramston,  M.P.,  Colonel  Challoner, 
Mr.  Freeland,  Mr.  Gadesden,  Mr.  Garrett,  Mr.  Brau- 
dreth Gibbs,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Hornsby,  Mr. 
Milward,  Prof.  Sewell,  Mr.  Shaw,  Prof.  Simonds,  Mr. 
Simpson,  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Stowlangtoft,  and  Prof.  Way. 

The  following  new  members  were  elected  : — 

Wilio'n,  John,  Seacroft  Hall,  Leeds,  Yirkahiro 

Pauran3.  Thomas,  Watercombe,  Wareham,  Dorsetshire 

Churchill,  William,  King's  Head,  Gloucester 

St.  Alban'a,  Duke  of,  Radbourne  Hall,  Brip;g,  Lincolnshire 

Erringtrn,  Rowland,  Sandoo,  Hoiham,  North umberlandBhire 

Gatty,  George,  Crowhurst-place,  Battle,  Suflsex 

Gratran,  Right  Hon.  JameB,  TenniUenlll,Ennifllierry,  Ireland 

Churchill,  T.  B.,  the  Plough  Hotel.  Cheltenham 

Noel,  Charles,  Bell  Hall,  Stourbridge,  Worcestershire 

Gurooy,  Russell.  Q  C  37,  Ruasell-square,  London 

Clay,  Nicholas,  Enfield,  Chipping-Ongar,  Essex 

How,  William,  Bideford,  Devonshire 

Harcourt,  Ref.  L.  Vernon,  Westdean  House,  Chichester 

Thomson,  John,  Badminton,  Chippenham,  Wilts, 

Walter,  John,  Gosport  Oak,  Tipton,  Staffordshire 

Halkett,  Rer.  Dunbar,  Rector  of  Little  Buokham,  Surrey 

Carr,  Mijor,  Lancing,  Shoreham,  Sussex 

Lakeraan,  John,  CoMisloet,  Bodmin,  Cornwall 

Sporiing,   Henry   Grace   Wilson,   10,    Hjde   Park    Terrace, 

London. 
Finances. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  as  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council  the  Monthly 
Report  on  the  accounts  of  the  Society,  from  which  it 
appeai'ed  that  the  current  cash-balance  in  the  hands  of 
the  bankers  was  2650^.  The  quarterly  statements  of 
income  and  expenditure,  invested  capital  and  liabilities, 
were  laid  on  the  table  for  the  information  of  the  mem- 
bers. The  Council  confirmed  the  recommendation  of 
the  Committee,  that  the  claims  against  the  Society  on 
account  of  the  Lewes  Meeting  should  at  once  be  ascer- 
tained and  discharged. 

Fines. The  Council  ordered  a  letter  to  be  addressed 

to  each  person  who  had  become  liable  to  the  fine  for 
non- exhibition  of  implements  or  stock  entered  for  the 
Lewes  Meeting,  requesting  the  payment  of  the  same 
agreeably  with  the  rules  of  the  Society. 

Implements. — Colonel   Challoner,   Chairman    of  the 


40—1832.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


637 


Implement  Committee,  having  presented  the  report  of 
that  Committee,  the  Council  made  the  following  de- 
cisions :  — 

I.  That  XO;.  and  a  Silver  Afedal  be  awarded  to  Messrs. 
ClaytoD,  Shuttleworth,  and  Co.,  for  their  having  exhibited 
at  the  Lewes  Meetiug  a  Fixed  Threshing  Machiae,  with 
JiliUhiiig  dressing  apparatus,  which  perfornaed,  in  the 
opinion  of  tbe  Judges,  and  to  their  entire  sacistaction, 
every  operation  of  threshing,  Bhaking  the  straw,  dressing 
the  corn  in  the  most  perfect  manner,  and  weighiog  it  into 

IL  That  the  Prize  of  101.,  offered  for  the  best  Light  Waggon 
for  general  purposes,  ahould  be  divided  between  Mr. 
Crosskill  and  Mr.  W.  Ball ;  the  Judges,  in  accordance 
with  their  third  instruction,  having  specially  reported  to 
the  Council  their  opintoa  that,  in  the  competition  for  that 
prize,  the  respective  waggons  of  those  exhibitors  were  the 
two  best  to  that  department,  and  possessed  equal  merit. 

The  Council  then  proceeded  to  the  consideration  of 
the  Prizes  to  be  offered  for  Implements  and  Machinery 
at  the  Gloucester  Meeting  next  year,  and  agreed  to  the 
following  schedule,  deferring  their  decision  on  the  con- 
ations of  competition  and  the  regulations  of  the  Prize- 
sheet  till  their  Monthly  Meeting  in  November  :^ 

Plough  best  adapted  for  general  purposes      £7 

Plough  beet  adapted  for  deep  ploughing         7 

Oue-way  or  Turn-wrest  Plough 7 

Paring  Plough          5 

Dynamometer  for  traction  of  ploughs 5 

Snbsoil  Pulveriser 5 

Draining  Tile  or  Pipe  Machine 10 

Instruments  for  Hand.uae  in  Drainage          3 

Heavy  Harrow         5 

Light  Harrow 5 

Cultivator,  Grubber,  and  Scarifier        10 

Pair-horse  Scariher 5 

Drill  for  general  purposes...        10 

Steerage  Corn  and  Turnip  Brill 10 

Drill  for  small  occupations           5 

SmalUoccup&tton  Seed  and  Manure  Drill o 

Turnip  Drill  on  the  flat      10 

Turnip  Drill  on  the  ridge lu 

Dropping  Machine  for  aeed  and  manure          10 

Manure  Distributor 10 

Horse  Hoe  on  the  flat        5 

Horse  Hoe  oa  the  ridge 5 

Agricultural  Tools  for  hand  labour      5 

Reaping  Machine     2u 

Mowing  Machine  for  Grasses      10 

One-horse  Cart  for  general  purposes -        ...  5 

Light  Waggon  for  general  purposes      10 

Portable  Steam-eajiine,  not  exceeding  S-hotBe  power         ...  20 

For  the  second-best  ditto,  ditto 10 

Fixed  Steam-engine,  not  exceeding  S-horse  power 20 

For  the  aecond-best  ditto,  ditto 10 

Portable  Threshing  Macliine,  not  exceeding  ^-horse  power  10 

Portable  Threshing  Machine,  not  exceeding  6-horse  power  15 
Portable  Threshing  Machine,  not  exceeding  6.horse  power 

(aoishing)           20 

Fixed  Threshing  Machine,  not  exceeding  G-horse  power 

(market) 20 

Corn-dressing  Machine      5 

Ditto  ditto,  for  smalt  occupations          5 

Grinding  Mill  for  meal      10 

Linseed  and  Corn  Crusher           5 

Chaff-Cotter,  by  horse  or  steam  power, 10 

Chaff-Cutter,  by  hand-power       5 

Turnip- Cutter          5 

Oilcake  Breaker,  for  every  variety  of  cake     5 

Ditto,  for  thin  cake  •   3 

Steaming  Apparatus  for  general  purposes       5 

Flax-straw  Machine,  by  manual  or  other  labour    10 

Churn » 3 

Misc.  Awards  and  Essential  Improvementa 21 

New  Implement,  such  sum  as  the  Council  may  decide       ...  — 

General  Gloucester  Committee. — The  Council  then 

oreed   to   the  appointment  of  the   following    General 

.Gloucester  Committee,  namely  :   The   Earl   of  Ducie 


Chairman),  Duke  of  Richmond,  Eai'l  of  Chichester, 


^ord  Portnian,  Hon.  R.  H.  Clive,  M.P.,  Sir  John  Vil- 
liers  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  Matthew  White  Ridley, 
Bart.,  Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Colonel 
Austen,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr. 
Brandreth,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs, 
Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Fislier  Hobbs,  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Jones,  Mr.  Charles  Lawrence,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr. 
Posey,  Mr.  Shaw,  and  Mr.  Simpson. 


tatoea  are  lo  be  raised  from  the  tuber,  eouud,  healthy,  whole 
Potatoes  are  recommended  for  planting.  Cutting  Potatoes  ts 
decidedly  condemned.  Anything  which  impairs  the  vitality  of 
the  seed  increases  the  liability  todisease. 

Quality  or  kind  of  Soil.  —  A  dry,  light,  loose,  warm  soil  is 
considered  necessary  to  the  soundnesB  and  health  of  the  vege- 
table, as  well  as  to  its  richness  and  flavour,  the  latter  depend- 
ing quite  as  much  on  the  quality  of  soil  as  on  the  variety  of 
seed,  A  wet,  heavy,  compact  soil  directly  promotes  the  dis- 
order. Far  up  on  the  side  of  a  mountain  or  hill  ie  a  favourable 
location  for  the  growth  ot'  the  Potato ;  and  new  land  contains 
more  of  the  qualities  requisite  for  its  nourishment  and  health 
than  old  or  worn  out  soils. 

Influence  of  Atmotphere.  —  Potatoes  should  be  as  little  ex- 
posed to  the  air  as  conveniently  may  be.  Their  natural  placo 
is  under  grounii.  By  too  much  exposure  they  become  potsuned, 
and  turn  green.  Soma  recommend  depositing  them  for  the 
winter  in  holes  under  ground  in  a  dry  ^oil;  or  If  kept  la  a 
cellar  to  preserve  thpm  dry,  in  bmall  quantities,  in  sand  ;  and 
to  kee'p  them  cool.  Keeping  large  quantities  in  a  body  in  the 
cellar  is  by  some  supposed  to  promote  heat  and  putrefaction. 
Planting  in  the  fall  is  recommended  by  some,  as  Potatoes  leit 
in  the  field,  over  winter,  are  observed  to  come  forward  earlier 
in  the  spring,  to  grow  more  vigorously,  to  get  ripe  earlier  and 
before  the  blighting  rains  in  August,  and  to  be  more  sound, 
fair,  and  healthy, 

Manures. — AH  anti-patrescents,  such  as  lime,  wood-ashes, 
pulverised  charcoal,  plaster,  salt,  nitrogen,  Ac,  are  belii^ved  to 
contribute  directly  to  the  health  of  the  Potato,  as  well  as  to 
add  to  its  richness  and  flavour;  and,  of  courae,  to  pi-event 
putrefaction  and  disease.  Of  other  manures,  well-rotted  com- 
nost  is  preferred.  Stable-manure  is  too  strong  and  heating, 
and  produces  ill-flavoured,  unhealthy  Potatoes,  and  is  decidedly 
condemned. 

Disease  Contagion,  Old  Age,  and  i>eaWi.— These  are  common 
to  vegetables  as  well  as  to  animals.  All  are  liable  to  disease, 
some  more  some  less, according  to  circumstances,  predisposing 
causes  and  prevenuvo  means.  Some  vegetable  dieeasea  are 
bv'lieve'd  to  be  contagious.  The  present  disease  is  thought  bv 
many  to  he  of  that  class.  One  field  of  Potatoes  is  liable  to 
take  the  disorder  from  another  field.  Potatoes  are  predisposed 
to  disease,  by  bad  cultivation,  old  age,  bad  soil,  bad  manures, 
suiden  changes  of  weather,  warm  rains,  &c. 

liavages  of  Insects,  Fungi,  <tc. — The  best  writers  consider  the 
ravages  of  insects  as  at  most  but  a  predisposingcause,  rendering 
the  Potato  more  liable  to  disease  by  enfeebling  the  plant.  By 
many  writers  insects  are  considered  as  remotely  affecting  thw 
Potato  •  by  others,  as  having  no  effect  at  all.  The  fungus  on 
Potatoes  is  not  the  cause  of  the  rot.  It  finds  the  Potato, 
previously  diseased,  a  fit  subject  for  its  operation. 

The  general  conclusions  to  which  the  facts  preaeated  in  these 
various  communications  seem  to  lead  ua,  are— 
I,  That  the  disease  bears  a   striking  resemblance  to  the 

cholera,  and  probably  exists  in  the  atmosphere. 

II,  That  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  specific  cure  has  been,  or 

ever  will  be  discovered  ;  bat 

III.  As  in  cholera,  certain  preventives  are  well  ascertained,  by 

the  application  of  which,  the  liabilities  to  disease  may 

be  greatly  lessened. 

IV.  That  by  obtaining  the  soundest  seed,  by  planting  in  the 

mast  favourable  soils,   and  by  using  the  most  suitable 

manures,  we  may  have  a  good  degieo  of  couHdenco  in 

the  succeasful  cultivation  of  this  useful  ve;<etable, 

V.  That  we  may  expect  that,  like  the  cholera,  the  Potato 

rot  will  become  less  and  less  formidable  from  year  to 

year,  aod  eventually  subside  into  a  mild  and  miinage- 

able  epidemic,   if  that  term  may  be  used  in  such  it 

connection. 

The  Council  ordered  their  best  acknowledgments  to 

be    conveyed    to    Mr.   Dawson,  for    his  attention   in 

favouring  the  Society  with  this  communication. 

Mr.  B.  Sanderson,  of  Woodford  Wells,  in  Essex, 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  Council,  conveying  his  expe- 
rience of  four  years  in  the  trial  of  Potato  cultivation  in 
poor  land  without  manure,  during  which  period  no  taint 
of  disease  had  made  its  appearance,  although  the  original 
stock  of  tubers  had  been  diseased  while  grown  with 
manure. — Tlie  Council  ordered  their  best  acknowledg- 
ments also  for  the  favoiu'  of  this  communication. 

Miscellaneous  Communications. — M.  Henri  Mares, 
of  Montpellier,  Perpetual  Secretary  to  the  Agricultural 
Society  of  the  Department  de  rHerault,  transmitted  to 
the  Council  the  transactions  of  that  Society  for  the  last 
five  years,  with  a  letter  expressive  of  the  desire  he  felt 
to  mark  his  sense  of  the  gratification  he  derived  last 
year  in  witnessing  the  results  of  English  farming,  by 
this  offering  of  the  record  of  their  own  cultivation  of  the 
art  of  agricuUm'e  in  the  south  of  France  under  circum 


Berners  transmitted  from  Keythorpe  Hall,  in  Leicester- 
shire, specimens  of  Turnip  plants  in  different  stages  of 
their  growth,  raised  in  a  rich  loamy   soil  from    seed 
transmitted  to  the  Society  by  the  Russian  Government, 
— Mr.  Sti'afford  presented  a  copy  of  the  tenth  volume 
of  his   illustrated  edition  of  Coates's  "  Herd-book   o-f 
Improved  Short-horned  Ca^le." — Mr.  Bail  ward,  of  Hor- 
sington,  suggested  a  prize  for  an  Essay  ou   Orchards 
and  their  management,  the  choice  of  fruit,  and  whether 
the  colour  of  the  Apple  can  be  adopted  as  a  guide  to 
the  choice  for  cider-making  ;  the  best  management  of 
Apples  previously  to  grinding,  and  then  wliether  any 
interval  should  elapse  before  pressing  ;  after  that,  how 
cider  may   be   best   made,  managed,  and  kept, —  Dr» 
Coley,  of  Brussels,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Council  on 
the  collection  of  seeds  and  grain,  the  free  transmission 
of  agricultural  packets  between  England  and  Belgium, 
and  the  system  of  inoculation  for  Pieuro-Pneumonia. — 
Mr.  Carr,  of  Belper,  one  of  the  mechanical  judges  at 
the  Country  Meetings  of  the  Society,  presented  to  each 
member  of  the  Council  a  pair   of  his  raachine-mad& 
horse-shoes,  for  which  he  claimed  the  advantages  of  a 
better  bite,   increased   durability,   more   exact  fitting,, 
freedom  from  concussion,  equal  protection  to  the  foot, 
less  weight,  wear,  and  tear,  smaller  nails  and  fewer  in 
number,  exemption  from  burning  the  foot,  freedom  from 
uneven   tread,  and  less  price,  four  middle-sized  shoes- 
being  produced  at  a  profit  by  this  mode  of  manufacture 
at  the  small  charge  of  one  shilling  for  such  a  set. — Mr. 
C.  H.  Webber,  of  Buckland,  addressed  a  letter  to  ihe- 
Couneil  on  an  adaptation  he  had  found  advantageous' 
for  shaking  straw. — Lieut.  Browne  communicated  the 
result  of  his  endeavours  to  improve  the  Agricultural 
Fumrgator  he  had  exhibited  to  the  Council  on  a  former 
occasion,  by  the  application  of  a  strap  or  wheel  to  turn 
the  fan  as  the  machine  is  moved  along,  in  order  that  ic 
may  be  adapted  to  the  fumigation  of  large  buildings  and 
also  of    Hops.  —  Captain  Stanley  Carr  laid  before  the 
Council  a  tabular  statement  of  the  rate  of  charge  for 
very  economical  seamless  canvas  hose  imported  by  Mr.. 
Peterson,   of    Water  Lane,  from  the  establishment  of 
Burbach  and  Co. — Prof.  Donaldson  addressed  a  letter 
to  the  Council  on  his  views  respecting  the  heating  power 
of  lime  in  soils. — Mr.  E.  Oliver  transmitted  from  Bruges- 
a  collection  of  various  agricultural  notices. — The  Council 
ordered  their  usual  acknowledgments  for  the  favour  of 
these  communications. 

The  meetings  of  the  Council  stand  adjourned,  over  the- 
Autumn  recess,  to  the  first  Wednesday  in  November, 


Inoculation  for  Pleuro-Pneumonia. — Prof.  Seweli    stances  of  climate  so  different,  and,  in  an  agricultural 


and  Prof.  Simonds  reported  their  opinion  on  the  ques- 
tion of  introducing  the  inoculation  system  for  cattle  into 
this  country  ;  and  although  they  were  adverse  to  such 
introduction  in  the  present  stage  of  the  inquiry,  they 
thought  it  desirable  that  the  Society  should  have  full 
knowledge  of  the  facts  connected  with  this  subject, 
which  occupied  so  large  a  share  of  attention  in  Belgium, 
Holland,  France,  and  Prussia  at  the  present  moment. 
They  hoped  dtiring  the  ensuing  recess  of  the  Council 
to  gain  such  an  estimation  of  the  exact  nature  of  the 
new  curative  system  as  would  enable  them  to  report 
more  circumatautially  to  the  Council  at  their  November 
meeting. 

Potato  Disease. — Mr,   Dawson  transmitted  to  the 


sense,  so  much  more  trying  than  those  of  this  country, 
Mr.  Johnson,  Secretary  of  the  New  York  State  Agri- 
cultural Society,  transmitted  a  copy  of  the  details  of 
experiments  in  Draining,  for  which  prizes  had  been 
awarded  to  Mi*.  John  Johnson  and  the  Hon.  T.  G. 
Yeoraans.— Mr.  W.  C.  Fowler,  of  Amherst,  Massa- 
chusets,  presented  a  copy  of  the  Report  of  Commissioners 
concerning  the  establialmient  of  an  Agricultural  School, 
and  other  subjects  relative  to  the  advancement  of 
the  interests  of  agriculture  in  the  Commonwealth  of 
Massachusets,  —  Mr.  KUngemann,  Secretary  to  the 
Hanoverian  Legation,  has  informed  the  Society  that  the 
Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  German  Agriculturists  will 
held   at    Hanover   from   the    5th   to    the    11th 


be  held  at  Hanover  from  the  5th  to  the  11th  of 
Council  a  synopsis  of  the  several  communications  on  the  j  September  next,  and  in  the  hope  that  members  of  the 
causo  and  cure  of  the  Potato  rot,  received  by  the  Exe-  |  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England  would  favour 
cutive  of  .MttSHacliusets,  in  consequence  of  a  prize  of  1  them  with  their  attendance,  he  has  transmitted  to  the 
10,000  dollars  offered  to  any  person  within  that  common- I  Society   a   copy    of    the    circular   Invitation    and    the 


wealth  who  should  satisfy  the  Governor  and  Council  that, 
by  the  test  of  at  le.-wt  live  successive  years,  he  had  dis- 
covered a  sure  and  practical  remedy  for  that  malady. 
ThU  document,  prepared  and  just  published  under  tlio 
authority  of  the  le^i-ilaturo  of  Maasachusets,  by  Mr. 
Amasa  Walker,  secretary  to  that  commonwealth,  con- 
tains the  following  summary  of  these  communications  : 

Although  tliese  cminuoicadons  may  not  furuiah  any  per- 
fect euro  or  preventive  i>f  the  Potato  dlija«o,  jct  thoy  u^ree  in  ' 
to  mtaj  important  p')in'.i,  and  xfTcr  no  iiiuny  vuluuble  hin 
relating  to  the  nattirt;,  cultWalion,  pruH<:rvutlun,  und  Impr'iv. 
msot  of  the  Potnf),  that  the;  cannot  fall  to  bu  or  (;n!at  |>ub'iu  ' 
Utility.    The  kimll  inty  of  viun*  cxprumud  by  the  moat  inti-Ur-  , 
ft«ot  and  cxperliiiced  vfrlc«)r«,  relutiog  to  the  nature,  culttva 
tton,  dineave,  and  cure  of  the  Potato,  U  truly  roinnrkubto.  ami 
w«  tblok  anaplclou*.    Am<ing  the  prindijal  polritK,  ruluthig  to 
which  there  U  a  KenorAl  concurrence,  are  tbc  foWuMuK  '■ —  ' 

ffoatvlrunt  and    VH/j.'.itij    of  (/k    .ycc^i.— ItonewiDg     Iho    need' 
from  iho  ball  ofhcuiihy  *li(i>r.ju<  pi'tn'ii  cvury  few  yoam,  cvon  I  .   *    i 

fMOrtlog  to  the  iiu'i?e  place  In  -inutb  Am«rlc«,  and  takiuK  tiio  ;  p"frientea    i 
S6«d  from  the  wild  Pututo,  U  coutidercd  Importau',,    When  Pu-    removal   of 


Programme  for  the  occasion. — Mr.  Pai'rington,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Cleveland  Agricultural  Society,  conveyed  to 
the  Council  the  thanks  .of  that  body  for  the  steps  they 
had  taken  in  reforenco  to  effecting  a  reduction  in  the 
price  of  guano. — Captain  Weutworth  Duller,  R.  N., 
presented  a  copy  of  liis  pamphlet,  entitled,  "  Remarks  on 
the  Monopoly  of  Guano." — Mr.  Rowiandson  addressed 
to  tlic  Council  such  suggestions,  derived  from  his  own 

,     _  -       ,     ,,  ^.        .experience,  as  Imd  reference  to  the  conditions  of  the 

aa  ctltur  no  many  valuuble  hintH,  d     •   .    t        •      r         c-    i    l',.   l    r      r<  \ii     j-d       i- 

■  '    Society's  prize  for  a  SuIjHtitute  for  Guano. — Mr,  Cliaplin, 

M.l*.,   Chairman    of   tlio    London   and    South- Western 

Railway  Company,  exprensed  his  willingness  to  receive 

from    the    niembeis  of  the  Society,   to   wliieh   he  aluo 

belonged,  any  sugi^estions  that  in  their  opini-in  would 

tend  to  proniote  tlie  ugrieultural   interest  by  means  of 

railway    arrangements.  —  Mr.    Ormnhy    Guro,     M.I*., 

HUinplo  of    his   J''iax   dressed,  after    the 

tliu  aeed,  at  a  cost  of  ^hI.  pur  lb.— Lord 


laetijm* 

Tlie  Journal  of  the  Rayed  Agricidtu,ral  Improveniait 
Society  of  Ireland  and  Irish  Agriculturist,  Published 
at  the  oStice  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Improvement 
Society,  41,  Upper  Sack ville-s tree t,  Dublin. 
This  monthly  periodical  is  one  of  the  results  of  the  ener- 
getic secretaryship  of  Mr.  Harkness,  secretary  to  the- 
above  Society.  It  is  calculated  to  be  of  much  use  as  an 
agency  of  the  Society  in  disseminating  sound  agricul- 
tural information,  such  as  the  farmers  of  Ireland  require. 
The  present  number  contains  full  reports  of  the  aunua!" 
meetings  of  the  societies.  We  extract,  as  a  specimen  of 
the  descriptive  and  critical  power  brought  to  bear  on 
the  subjects  discussed,  the  following  statement  in  refer- 
ence to  the  different  kinds  of  reaping  machines  that  have 
been  tried  during  the  season  : — 

"  We  have  seen  all  these  machines,  and  we  have  con- 
versed with  many  most  intelligent  farmers  and  mecha- 
nics, and  the  universal  opinion  is  that  the  principle  of 
these  machines  is  defective,  while  in  practice  they  are 
Uable  to  injm'ies  of  a  serious  kind,  frequently  choking 
up,  requiring  daily  sharpening,  and  that  they  are  attended 
with  great  loss  of  time.  The  only  machine  on  the  prin- 
ciple referred  to^  which  promises  to  be  positively  bene- 
ficial, is  that  of  Mr.  Robinson,  of  Belfast — refei'red  to 
by  the  judges  of  the  council  in  their  report,  which  )&■ 
elsewhere  published  by  us  this  month.  Mr.  Robinson 
has  made  Hussey's  machine  much  lighter,  more  com^ 
pact,  and  of  much  less  draught  than  the  original ;  and 
we  doubt  not  that  that  ingenious  and  persevering  mecha- 
nic will,  by  next  harvest,  produce  a  reaper  which,  at  a- 
moderate  price  and  cost  of  working,  will  prove  very 
acceptable  and  useful  to  the  tenantry  of  Ireland;  althouglt 
in  point  of  simplicity  of  principle,  completeness  and 
efficiency  of  mechanism,  or  amount  of  work  capable  i<y- 
be  executed,  it  falls  far  short  of  Mr.  Bell's  Perthshire 
reaper.  This  machine  was  worked  part  of  Thursdayj. 
9th  September,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  10th,  cutting 
74  acres,  Irish,  of  heavy  Wheat,  thick  Clover,  and 
Grasses  in  splendid  style,  laying  tlie  swathe  of  grain  in. 
the  most  perfect  order,  and  to  the  admiration  of  every 
spectator  in  the  field.  Mr.  Bell  showed  various  of  the 
stewards  and  ordinary  workmen  how  to  work  the  im- 
plement, on  which  they  severally  took  charge  of  it  and: 
guided  it  through  the  corn  field  with  precision  and  ease. 
It  cut  clean  in  all  directions,  laid  the  corn  as  exact  as 
any  liand  could,  and  clipped  through  the  Clover  and 
Grasses  with  great  cleverness.  In  a  word,  Mr.  Bell's 
machine,  as  a  reaper,  stands  A.  1.  But  Mr.  Robinson's 
implement,  already  noticed,  comes  next  to  it  in  point  of 
merit,  being  preferable  to  all  tho  other  reapers  of  Great 
LJritain.  It  iniido  very  good  work,  and  will,  no  doubt, 
in  Mr.  Robinson's  bunds,  bo  made  much  more  easily 
woriied  and  effective.  Certainly  it  is  liable  to  choke 
with  weeds  and  t^ruHH  ;  but  not  H<t  nmch  .so  as  the  reapers 
of  (Onglarnl  ;  nor  docM  it  give  oil'  the  grain  so  clean  and 
evenly.  The  English  machinca  are  liable  to  tho  sanio 
objection.    To  sum  up  :  Bell's  is  tho  most  perfect  and 


638 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Oct.  2, 


effective  machine.  The  cost  price  is  heavy  at  first  sight; 
'601. ;  but  truly  light  to  those  with  large  crops  to  cut. 
Mr.  Robinson's  machine  is  superior  to  all  the  other 
kinds  ;  will  prove  a  useful  instrument  to  many  small 
tenants  who  cannot  afford  to  pay  more  than  15^.  or  16^. 
for  a  reaper.  Next  year  these  matihines  will  be  exten 
sively  used — we  mean  Bell's  Scotch  reaper  and  Mr. 
Robinson's  improved  Husaey  ;  and,  in  a  year  or  two, 
will  supersede  all  the  others,  and  prove  of  lusting  beuefit 
■toa'^riculture  and  the  nation." 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BuOAD-LEiVED  MOSTARD  OF  CHINA  :  C  S.  Wo  do  nOt  liDOW  it, 
ut  least  untlBp  ihi-  uame. 

■Contents  of  Vaolt  :  Constant  Sub  Youli-id  better  have  plenty 
oil;  i)f  burned  H^-Jjee  or  cbarcoall>  maUer  of.  any  kind— peat 
cba'coal  would  be  capital  for  ih^?  purpose.  Throw  that  into 
the  vault  to  bpf/in  with,  and  make  a  compost  with  the  re- 
ni«iuder  close  by  the  farm. 

■Guano;  A  B.-  It  must  not  be  mixed  wiih  your  lime  composts. 
The  afihes  and  phU,  12  months  old,  may  bi'  mixed  with  guano 
■without  harm  ;  but  the  lime  and  Fait,  if  tbe  tlieory  of  their 
mutual  action  holds  good,  will  by  ibis  time  have  become,  in 
a  DieasH''e,  converted  into  muriate  of  lime  and  carbonate  of 
soda  The  mutiate  of  lime  would,  we  imigine,  do  no  harm  ; 
but  the  caibmate  of  soda  might,  and,  we  imagine,  would 
d'-compose  any  fixed  amnioniacal  salts  exisiintj  in  tbe  guano, 
iiiid  detach  the  ammonia  from  i'B  couibina'ionR  iu  those 
3:\lt%  leaviufj  it  in  the  volatile  form  to  mal^e  i's  escape. 

E.iv£  AND  Dead  Weigdt  of  Cattle  :  B  J  W.  You  will  find  a 
very  full  and  excellent  article  on  this  subject  iu  tbe  current 
number  of  B'ackie'a  "  Cyclopedia  of  Agricubure,"  article 
"Meat,"  by  Mr,  Bwart,  of  Newcastle, ou-Tyne.  As  regards 
osen,  he  divides  them  into  three  clashes,  viz.,  let,  ahort- 
horn^,  Hcrefords,  Devons ;  2d,  best  long-borna  and  Gal- 
loways; and  3d,  Kyloes  and  mountain  cartle;  and  tbe 
fo'lowing  tabJe.giveB.his  opinion  on  the.quettion  of  relation 
between  live  an^.carcas')  weight: — 


Condition. 


Half  fat  .       ...  .     ... 

Iiroderately  fat 
Fr-ime  to  very  fat    ... 
Extr■^0!■d^^^arUy  fat 


Per  cent. 

of  Beef  of  the  Live 
Weight, 

Class  1. 

54  to  S9 
60  —  62 
63  —  66 
07  —  Ti 

Cias9  2. 

Class  3. 

5(1  to  55 
56  —  60 
61  —  63 
64  —  68 

46  to  50 
51  —  65 
56  —  60 
61  —  68 

Iq  our  eiperieuce  these  figures  are  too  high.  We  have  often 
iiilleds.jod  Hereford  oxen  wViich  yielded  no':  more  than  half 
tbeir  live, weiiibt  of  beef.  Tbe  details  regardinr  sheep  and 
pigs  are  given  in  full  detail.  You,  should  consult  the  work. 
As  regards  tbe  last  to  which  jou  refer,  we  make  one  more 
€xttact:— 

Live  Weight,  in  stone  of  14  Ibg.  Per  cent,  of  Pork. 

Above  40       87  to  83 

Prom  35  to  40       84  —  8G 

30 35       8J  —  84 

2p,  —  30       81— .82 

20  —  25       80 

15  —  20       78  —  79 

Under  15       75  —  77 

We  have  published  a  good  deal  of  inf.jrmatiou  from  Martins, 
52ear  Dover,  on  tbe  subject  of  live  and  dead  weight  of  pigs  in 
p9St  numbers, 
"Winter  Oats:  A.  If  you  c^n  procure  the  seed  of  autumn- 
^  ar-wn  Oais-you  may. sow  in  November  with  safety;  but  not 
tbrit,  we  knjDw  with  any  prospect  of  a  .much  greater  crop 
in  1353. 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Oct.  2. 
Tegetables,  and  Fruit  continue  plentiful.  Melons  are  good 
and  chejip.  PlUfas,  Pears,  Applet,  and  Peaches  still  arrive 
■fro:n  France.  Tomatoes  are  abundant.  Filberts  realise  from 
50s.  to  (i5s.  PotatOPi  are  very  plentiful,  but,  in  many  io- 
atanceg,  diseased.  They  have  not  altered  in  price.  Peas  are 
nearly  over.  Muehrooms  continue  plentiful.  Cut  flower,8 
consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Koees,  Mignonette, BignQula 
veaasta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3s  to  5n 
■GrapeF.hotbouse.p,  lb., 2sto 4-; 
P«i:L'hes,  per  doz.,  5s  to  83 
Kvtiarines,  per-doz.,  38  to  7.-t 
PLums,  per  punnet,  Is, to  3s 
Pig-;,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  23  t!d 
Apjii&s,  dessert,  p.  bah,,  43  to  Ts 

—    kitchen,  do.,  3s  to  6e 
Melons,  each,  2s  to5d 
ij,euious,_per  doz.,  Is  to  2b 


Cribbagea.  per  doz.,  fid  tols  3d 
F.Tench  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

l3  6d  to  2e 
Peas,  per  sieve,  29  to  5a 
Cauiitiowers,  per  doz.,  43  to  68 
6r.?eu3,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 
Tomatoes,  per  bf.  sieve,  4s  to Ss 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  6O3  to  130s 

—  per  cwt.,  3s  6d  to  79 

—  per  bush.,  Is6d  to  2b  6d 
Turnips,,  perdoz.,88  to  4s 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veg'et.Marrow,p.doz,6d  tolsGd 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  la  ad 
Cirrota,  p,  doz  ,  Ss  to 59 
Bpinacb,  per  sieve,  Is  to  2s   . 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spani8h,p.doz.,lK3dto  Zs 
Beet,  pflr  duz.,  Is  to  28 
£:eebs,  per  bunch.  Id  to  3d 


VEGETABLES. 


Pears,  per  doz.,  Is  fid  to  3s 

—  per  half  sieve,  Ss  to  68 
Almonds,  per  peck,  58 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  Sa 
Oranges,  per  uoz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 

—  per  100,  33  6dto  10s 

—  Seville,  per  doz.,  Is  to  8s 
Nut9,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20^ 

to  228 

—  Brazil,  do.,  12s  to  14a  . 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce, Cab., perscoreid  tols 

—  Cofl,  p,  score,  9d  to  la  6d 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.pun,,2dto  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto4fl 
Musbrooma,  p.pott.,9d  tols  3d 

—  per  bush.,  8s  to  6a 
Sorrel,  per  bf.  sieve,  fid  to  la 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4$  to  63 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  buchs.,  23  to  8s 
Mint,  per  buuob,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 4d 
Marjoram,  do.,  3d  to  6d 
Wattrcresses,  p.l2buo,9dtol8 


HAY,— Per  Load  of  86  Trussos. 
SUITHFIELD.   Sept,  30. 


Clover 

New  do. 

Straw 


'jfrlme  Meadow  Hay  72^  to  80a 
Inferior  do.  ...  60         6G 

Rowen  60         60 

New  Hay     —        — 

A  brisk  trade  for  the  best  Hays 
difficult  to  selJ. 

Cumberland  Mahket,  Sept. 


...  75s  to    95s 

...  65  85 

...  28  34 

E.  J.  Davis. 

anything  of  inferior  quality 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78a  to  86s 

inferior  do 65  .      73 

New  Hay     —        — 

Old  Clover 90        96 


30. 


.  65b  to  84  d 


Inferior  Clover 

New  do —        — 

Straw  28        34, 

JosBtJA  Baege. 


SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Sfpt.  27. 
We  have  a  large  increase  in  the  supply  of  Beasts.  We 
rarely  have  ao  many,  except  at  Christmas  time  ;  the  average 
weight,  however,  of  course,  is  not  nearly  so  large  as  at  that 
eeason.  The  number  is  about  1140  over  that  of  the  correspond- 
ing day  last  year  ;  consequently,  prices  are  lower,  and  a  con- 
siderable quantity  remains  unsold.  Sheep  are  not  more  plen- 
tiful, but  the  demand  is  smaller ;  our  quotations  are  therefore 


about  2ii.  per  8  lbs.  lower.  We  do  not^quote  Lamb,  as  it  may 
now  be  considered  out  of  season.  Calves  ate  also  rather 
lower.  From  Germany  and  Holland  there  are  2371  Beasts, 
909)  Sheep,  and  2-t4  Calves;  from  Scotland,  100  Beasts;  and 
Sl'io  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 

Per  St.  of  31b8.— 8  d  B  d  Per  st.  of  81bs.— 9  d  8  d 
Best  Scots,  Here-  Best  Long- wools  .3     6  to  3  10 

fordp,  (fcc.        ...3,  6  to  3     8     Do.  Shoru  ...0     0  —  0     0 

Best  Shoit-horns  3    4—3     C     Ewes  &  2d  quality  3     0  —  8    4 

2d  quality  Beaiite  2    4—2  10     Do.  Shorn    0     0  —  0    0 

Best    Downs   and  Lambs      0     0-0     0 

Half-breds      ...  4     0  —  4     4     Calves      2     8—4     0 

Do.  Shorn    0     0  —  0     0     Piga  8     0—4     4 

Beasts,  6266  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  28,560  ;  CalveSj  301  ;  Pigs,  415, 
Feidat,  Oct.  I. 

Tbe  number  of  Beasta  is  large,  but  it  chiefly  consists  of  those 
left  over  from  Monday,  and  an  inferior  descrip'ion  of  fresh 
arrivals.  Choicest  kinils  are  by  no  mean-*  plentiful,  and 
Moid  ay's  quotations  are  maintained  tor  them  ;  but  other 
descriptions  are  low,  and  many  remain  unsold.  Wo  have  an 
usual  supply  of  Sheep  ;  trade  fur  them  is  about  the  same  as  on 
Monday,  with  a  more  ac:ive  demand  fur  the  best  kinds.  Trade 
is  very  dull  for  Calvcs  at  rather  lower  priceG.  The  foreign 
supply  is  785  Beasts,  3G20  Sheep,  and  233  Calves  ;  tbe  number 
of  Milch  Cows  18  82. 


Per  Bt.  of  Bibs.— 3 

d       s 

A 

Per  St.  of  Slbsl — a 

d      B    d 

Best  Scots,  Eere- 

Best  Lonn-wools  .  3 

6  to  3  10 

fords,  <!rc.       ...  3 

C  lo3 

K 

Do.  Shorn 

Best   Sliort-horna  3 

2  —  3 

e 

Ewesi  2d  quality  3 

0  —  8    4 

■2d  quality  Beasts  2 

2  —  2 

n 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0    0 

Best   Do'^ns   and 

Lambs     0 

0-0    0 

Half-breds      ...  4 

0  —  4 

4 

Calves      2 

8  — 3  lo 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0 

(I 

Pies 8 

0—4    4 

Beasts,  1450;  Sheep 

and  Lambs,  7,330;  Calves,  407  ; 

Pigs,  830. 

COAL  MARKET.— Fbidat,  Oct.  1. 
Holywell.  16s.  6d.  ;  West  Hartley,  17-.  6d.;  Wallsend  Hetton, 
17a.  Gd.— Ships  at  market,  15. 


WOOL. 

BsADFOHD,  TauBSDAT,  Sept.  30.— The  market  for  Eaglifih 
wool  during  tbe  preceding  w.iek  has  continued  steady,  both 
as  regaris  demand  and  prices,  Tbe  transactions  have  not 
been  on  any  more  extended  scale  than  for  some  time  past,  but 
tbe  tone  of  prices  is  deridedly  firm,  with  a  slightly  upward 
tendency.  Should  tbe  present  large  consumption  of  English 
wool  continue,  there  is  no  reason  to  apprehend  any  uotavour. 
able  variation  of  prices,  and  staplers  seem  j  astified  in  holding 
their  stocks  rather  than  submitting  to  the  sacrifice.  The 
state  of  matters  In  the  country  where  wool  cannot  mw  be 
secured  to  sell  at  even  the  smallest  profit  here,  tends  to  con- 
firm this  resolution  of  the  dealers.  Short  wools  and  noils  are 
a  good  sale  at  slightly  improved  rates. 


From    6    by 


10 


Per  foot.  Per  100  feet. 
at  Ud.  is  £0  12  6 
„  2d.  „  0  16  8 
„  2irf.  „  0  18  9 
,,  2id.  „  1  0  10 
2^J.     „     1     2  11 


Red 

fted  , 


MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Sept.  27.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  good,  and  sold  oa  the  terms  of  this 
day  se'nnight.  We  experienced  a  fair  retail  country  demand 
for  foreign,  at  late  rates. — In  the  value  of  Flour  we  observe  no 
alteration  fro'ii  Friday.- Fine  malting  and  grinding  Barley 
sells  at  last  week's  prices  ;  secondary  qualities  are  diffi  !ult 
to  quit. — Beans  and  Peas  continue  iu  demand  at  extreme 
prices. — Tbe  Oat  trade  is  firm,  and  Russian  are  the  turn 
dearer. 

Pee  iMPEHTAt  QUAHTEE.  8.       8. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  36—50 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  40 — 64 

—  —    Talavera  52 — 56 

—  Norfolk 40—48 

—  Foreign 34 — 54 

Barley,grind.4;.distil,,249.to27a...Chev. '25—32 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distiUi,ng|22 — 25 
Data,  Essex,  and  Suffolk |18— 19 

—  Scotch  iind  Lincolnshire. ..Potato!l8— 22 

—  Irish Potatoin— 20 

—  Foreign   Poland, and  Brew'18 — 20 

Rye     I     - 

Rye-meal,  foreign '     — 

Beans,  Mazagan..„..283  toSla Tick  29— 32  Harrow. 

—  Pigeon   29s  —  353.. .Winds.'     —      Longpod 

—  Foreign SmaU;29— 84  fSgyptian 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  36 — 33  Suffolk. 

—  Maple 32s  to  368 GreyjSl— 34  Foreign 

Maize     White'     —      fellow. . 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered. ..per  sackjST — 40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25— 32  NTorfolk  .  25-32 

—  Foreign perbarrel]21 — 24  Per  sack  28—84 

Feidat,  Oct.  1.— The  arrivals  of  aU  foreign  grain  and  Fiour 

are  moderate;  those  of  Wheat  are  chiefly  cargoes  from  the 
Mediterranean.  At  this  morning's  market  Wheat  met  nn  im- 
proved  inquiry,  and  a  fair  business  wat  transacted  at  the  full 
prices  of  Monday  last. — The  supply  of  Barley  is  very  shorthand 
prices  are  unaltered. — Beans,  Peas,  and  Oats  are  fully  as  dear 
as  on  Monday. — The  Flour  trade  is  firm.  Floating  cargoes  of 
Wheat  from  the  Black  Sea  have  also  been  more  in  demand  ; 
Gbirka  iu  realising  3»s.  6d.  to  395.  9d, ;  Marianople,  40s.  to 
4l8.  Gd.,  cost,  fre'ght,  and  insurance. 

lUPEBIAL  AVEEAGES. 


Ked 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed. 
Feed. 
Feed, 
t'oreign  . 


32—44 
38—48 


27—29 
26  -29 


17—19 
17—19 
15-18 


29—32 

-29 
38-40 
28—38 


GREENHOUSE  8c   CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

HOT-WATER  APPARATUS  MANUFACTORY, 
Kewsall-geeen,  Harrow-eoad,  London. 
JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  the 
^  attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  tbe 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Green- 
houses, Conservatories,  Forcing  Pits,  &c  ,  and  all  other  build- 
ings for  Hurticultura]  purposes,  combining  all  the  most  modem 
improvements  with  eletjant:e  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
heating  Horticultural  Buildingn,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  die,  has  received  the  greatest 
approba'ion  from  the  Nohility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  had 
been  extensively  engatjed. 

GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  GREENHOUSES 
PIT    FRAMES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  in  bixe"?,  contaioing  10 
square  feet  eacS.attbe  following  REDUCED  PR  ICES  for  cash. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes,  —  Inches,  Inches. 

Under    6  by  4 

4  »  7     „     5 

5  „  8     „     6 

6  „         10     „     8 
8        „         12     ,,     9       .. 

La'Eer  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long. 
16  oz,  from  dd.  to  d\d.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size. 
21  oz.    „    3id.  to5d.  „  „ 

26  oz.     „     Zid.  to  7U.  „  „  „ 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  ZOO  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cuoumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pane,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitbijrto  manufactured  in  glass. 

PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  window  gla?s  in  a  gentleman's  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  sash  is  required, 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Price.s,  since  the  removal  of  the  excise  duty  re- 
duced one  half.  List. of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
London. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PIIIOBS  OOX^ISTEffT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


■^n 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erectione,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything |0f  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  tbe  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  NobilHj, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the, greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  refereuces. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which-the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  avail^Uo., . 


Aug.  21.. 

—  28,. 
Sept,    4.. 

—  11.. 

—  18,. 

—  26.. 


Aggrcg.  Aver. 


Wheat. 


Bablet. 


s.  d. 

27  i 

28  2 
28  2 
27  10 
27  i 
27  6 


27    9 


Oats, 


3.  d. 

19  3 
■20  3 

20  6 
18  10 
18  7 
17  11 


19 


Peas. 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is,  per  qr, 

FLtJCTUATIONS  IN  THE  LAST   SiX    WeEK'b   AVEEAGEH. 


4-13  )d 
48    7 


6 

2  — 
6 
6 


71 


LxTEBP.ooL,  Tuesday,  Sept.  28. — The  arrivals  from  Ireland 
and  coastwise  this  week  have  been  small,  but  there  has  been 
a  fair  supply  from  abroad.  At  this  mornicg's  markiit  there 
was  a  moderate  attendance  of  tbe  trade,  who  showed  little  dis- 
position to  buy,  and  newly-arrived  American  Wheat  and  Flour 
were  offered  from  the  quay  at  a  decline  of  Id.  to  2d.  per  70  lbs. 
and  3d.  to  6d.  par  barrel  on  the  prices  of  this  day  week,  without 
much  effdct.  New  0  its  and  Oatmeal  were  with  >ut  change ; 
but  old  mealing  Oats  realised  rather  more  money.  Burleyj 
Beanp,   and  Peas  met  with   a  fair  retail  sale  at  full  prices. 

ladian    Corn  was    without    alteration  in    value. Feidat, 

Sept.  'Ji. — At  our  Corn  Exchange  this  morning,  old  and  new 
Wheals  were  in  fair  request,  and  a  few  parcels  of  the  formQi; 
were  taken  for  shipment.  Prices  generally  were  unchanged, 
excepting  in  a  few  cases  with  the  newly  arrived  American,  for 
whioh  a  trifle  less  was  taken.  Flour  maintained  late  prices, 
and  purely  good  brands  still  scarce.  Indian  Corn  steady,  at 
293.  Gd.  for  American  yellow,  and  308.  lor  white.  There  was 
no  variation  in  the  quotations  of  other  articles. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OP  ALL  SIZES.  WARRA2JTED  THB 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

J  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-raad,  Gielsea,  Hot- 
•  HOUSE  EuiLDEKs ;  Hortietilture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  wan-anted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention,  TbeFurnace 
Bar^  are  HolIowTub  's 
through  which  the  re- 
turn  waterpaasep  before 
entering  tbe  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pi*o- 
ducinj  double  the  eff-^ct 
from  the  same  quantity 

J.  WEEE:3  and  CO., 
K'og'a  Road,  Chelsea. 
CEALLENGEtbewhole 
wo'ld  to  make  a  Boiler 
tbit  will  produce  any- 
tning-  like  the  sam? 
eS---C',  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
!,'!ven  time.  It  i^  one  of 
t'loseboilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  SQ.OOO.gaUons,  and  also  he'its 
several  larije  Forcing-houses  and  ranges, of  Pits,  ^ith  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings-;, 
aUo  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vine-",  S^eds,  &c.,  forwardod  on. 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  K'og's-road,  Chelsea,  Li  don'- 


40—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


639 


TO   GROWERS   OF   FRUIT  AND   VEGETABLES. 

GEORGE  TAYLOR,  JUN., 

FOREIGN   AND    BRITISH    FRUIT    SALESMAN. 

WtlOLE^ALE    AND     RETAIL    GREEN-GROCER, 

ST.  JOH.M'S    MARKET,    LIVERPOOL, 

WILL    CONTRACT  Tor,   to    PURCHASE,  every 
descritn-ga  of  GARDEN  PRODUCE,  including 
Hothouse  Grapes  Cboica  Appleii 

Pine-apples  »       Flowers, 

Melons  Mu'ihrooms 

Peaches  Apricots 

Kec  ariiiea  Plum's,  &c.,  &c.    Alao, 

Choice  Pears  1    Vegetables  of  every  description. 

Patment  : — 
NEXT  CASH  ON   DELIVERY. 
GARDEN"  AND  OTHEB  PRODUCE  SOLD  on  COilMISSION. 


JAMES  PHILLIPS  and  Co.,  1 1 6,  BIshopsgate- street 
Without,  beg  to  inform  their  fiienda  they  are  prepared  to 


supply 


G  LASS      MILK      PANS, 


iie  same  size  a**  the  fceign  oqb^  (17  iccheB  in  diameter)  but 
mperior  in  colour,  make,  aod  quality,  at  2s.  each,   or  21s.  per 
iozen.    Lord  Camoy'a  Mills  Syphons,  Lactometers,  Milk  Teats, 
jlass  Cream  Poie,  &c  ,  &.c. 
116,  Bishopsga'^e-atreet  Without,  London. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    SCYTHE. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
■STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.— Boyd's  Scythe  is  capable  of 
leing  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
•eqnires  tbe  aid  of  a  bluckstnich  ;  when  out  of  u^e  it  shuts  up 
ike  a  Clasp-knife.  The  Oar-lencrs'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
ipoQ  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Botd's  Scythe  stands  well 
he  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  in.:enious 
ind  Very  useful  improvemeot." — G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
steei  Diggin.'  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  ilr.  Mechi : 
'When  a  labmrer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
viib  any  oih'.r  imitlement  for  digi^inj^.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
learly  50  per  cent,  iu  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
iVsi.  Okay  aod  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
JVarehoase,  Swdn-lanCj  Upper  Thames-street,  near  LTjndon- 
Jiidge. 


G 


ALVANISED     WIRE      GAME 

7d,  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


NETTING.- 


2.iDcb  mesh,  light,  21  inches,  wide 
2-iDch     f,      strong  ,, 

2-iacb     ,,      extra  stron^?     „ 
[|-iacb     „      light  „. 

il.lnch      „       stron;,'  ,, 

Lf-tnch      ,,       extra  htrong      „ 

All  the  above  can  be  miid'^  any 
[f  the  apficr  half  15  a  coarse  mesh,   it  will  reduce  the  prices 
roe-fourth,   GalvHnisedsparrow.proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
W.  per, squire  fool.    Pat'crn'^  fom-arded  post  free. 

Manufactu-ed  by  BARS  \R  )  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Iforwich,  atid  deiiviTed  fre^  of.  expense  in  London,.  Peter. 
I>oroa;;b,  llaUj  or  Newcastle. 


G^^yaii-  Japanned 

ieed.  Iron. 

7d.  per  yd.  5d.  per  yd. 

9      „  GJ,     „ 

■  12       „  9        „ 

.   8     „         e      „ 

.  10      „  8        ,, 

14       „  11 

r'idth  at  proportionate  prices 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTRY 
2f  BTTINO.  bd.  per  running  yard. 


— ^r-r:-  .ri'":'-  ■  -'':'"^i^^ 


04iyA!{13Ep  AKi\o,  .7<1.  n«?r  ruoning  yard,  2  ruf?t  wide. 
Oafranttfid. '  Kot  OuivaulBed 

M  In.  wide,  2  in.  siMh,  VI.  p«r  yarjS.       ...       td.  per  yard. 
MlD,    ,,      If  Id.    „        d(J.        „  ...        6id.        „ 

MId.    „      2  In.    „      Vi^d.      „  ...        7id. 

18  In.    „      2  in.    „      li.  ud.    „  ...     lOd.         „ 

8p*rrow  Pr<y*r  Kettintr,   GalvnntiieU,   M,   per  nqnara  foot, 

iM«  to  Any   %\7jt  tor  the  s%at«  proportionate  price.     Thin 

■rU«l«  wk4  tb'mn  at  the  "  Ore«t  KxhiMciuti,"  nhcro  It  w^iA  to 

ftdiolred  for  itr.  H/ht  atjd  dunibU  AppOAraacA,  and  ac- 

lioowlwlffe'l  to  h«  tbft  cheA{>eir.  and  bunt  article  of  the  kind 

•TtrofTercd.    Extra  ■tron;?  Wlro  Hh«ep  Nflttlnff.  3  foot  h Ik h, 

l«.  6c/.  a&d  2j  3'^pcrj«rd.     ANo  every  dencrlptlon  of  Flower 

Tralnirri,    Ddhllii   Kodi,    Onrdftn    Arch-n,    Itord.HnK,    Flower 

tm.di    Tjin/    Wire,   TrellU    Work,    InvUlblo  Wire  F(mcln«. 

■  I,  »nd  ercry  dc^orlptioi  of  Wlrn  Work  tor  Hortlculiurul 

«  —  tllu4tra*ed  Co^nl"/uv3  of  P«it<irn»  f'^rwardcd,  po«t- 

•  1  •i.t-lkfiMon  to  T,  n.  Pox.  City  of  London    Wire  Work 

•■)  I'on  F«rtic«  Manufactory,  44,  fl  Id  oner-street,  and  6  and  8, 

II  c^-h'I  ,  hrr.  ''jn. 


IMPORTANT     TO     SMALL     FARMERS     AND 

OTHERS    INTENDING    TO    EMIGRATE. 

n-'HE   GOVERNMENT  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK, 

jL  British  North  America,  hiivlir,;  complnted  the  Survey  of 
three  Townships  in  the  Counties  of  Wesmoreland  and  Kent, 
on  the  GuUof  Sf.  L'^wrence  and  near  the  contemi)lated  Junc- 
tion of  the  NEW  BRUNSWICK  and  NOVa  SCORIA  R.ML- 
WAT3,  at  SHAniAC,  tho  Cimmittee  of  the  "CANADIAN 
LAND  AND  RAILWAY  ASSOCIATION"  have  instructed 
their  Ajent  to  purchase  one  of  these  Townships,  consisting  of 
li)0  Allotments,  of  l-iO  ac-'es  each  ;  and  they  no.v  off^ir  these 
Allotmen  a  on  very  favourable  conditions  to  such  partioa  as 
are  inclined  to  emigrate  to  the  healthy  and  proJijctiva  colony 
of  Nev  Brunswick.— For  full  parUculurs  apply  per>OjiaUy  or 
by  letter  (post  paid)  to  the  Secretary,  13,  Alderm  tubury, 
London. 


p  ARSON'S       ORIGINAL       ANTI-CORROSION 

y^  PAIN  L",  especially  patronised  by  the  Britis'i  and  other 
Guvernmen's,  the  Hon.  East  ludi  i  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Companies,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gen'iry,  and  Clergy,  fof  out-door  work  at  their  country  seats. 
The  AiitUCorrosion  is  particularly  recomm'?niied  as  tiio  most, 
durabie  out-door  Paint  ever  invented,  for  the  presL-rv^ition  of. 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wo'"'d,  Stone,  Brick,  Coaipo,  Cement, 
(be,  work,  as  has  been  proved  by  the  practical  test  ot  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (loecween  500  and  G  iQ)  testi- 
monials in  its  favour,  and  which,  from  the  mnk  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  given  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equ;illed  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  before  the 
public  notii:a, 

Lists  of  Colours,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  application  to  Walter  CiRsowand 
Son,  No.  9,  Greit  Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-sfreut,  Royal 
Exchange,  Lmdon.— No  Aijeuts,  All  orJars  are  particularly 
requested  to  be  sent  direct, 


PROTECTION  OF  PLANTS  FROM  THE  HEAT 
OF  TtlE  SUN.— Use  E.  F.  ARCHER'S  HAIR  CLOTH,  a 
perfect  non-conductor  of  heat,  and  admitting   light  without 
heat,  where  a  covering  is  required  ;  it  is  2  yards  wide,  and  any 
length,  at  la.  4^d.  per  yard,  and  much  cheaper  than  Basa  Mats. 
E.  F.  AEcaea,  451,  Oxf  ird-street,  London, 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-streetj  King's 
Roai,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majesty 
and  H.  R.  H.  Pbino.-  Albert.-- ORNAMENT AL  WATER 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
Chiua,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese,  Shiehirakes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  Kold-eyed  and  dun  Divers.  Carolina  Ducks,  &c., 
domesticated  and  pinioned  :  aUo  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Mai  ly. 
Poland,  Sutrey,  and  Dorlting  Fowls;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  aud  at  3,  Half-moon 
Passage,  Gracechurch-street,  Loudon. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street^ 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southw^rk,  Mnoufac- 
turers  of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  end  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Baildora,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  atteutiim  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nurserymen  to  .their  simple  but  effii;_a,':.VQ.U3  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  apd  other  Buildings  b,-  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
the  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  aud  full  particulars 
furnished  on  application. 


ANEW  BEDSTEAD,  portable  without  detaching 
any  of  its  parts,  packs  iu  a  sponge  bath,  ia  admirably 
adapted  for  summer  use,  ou  account  of  its  extreme  coolness, 
aud  which  can  be  changed  iu  on'j  moment  from  a  bed  to  a 
lounge  or  sofa  for  the  sitting-room,  may  be  seen,  at, 

OOTTAM  aud  HALLEN'S;  70,  Oseord.street,. 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  Mesallic  Bedsteads, 
htted  with  and  without  the  Patent  Rheocliue,  ^tc.  <kc.,  togethnr 
with  a  large  assortment  of  the  Patent  Ridiating  and  other 
Stoves,  acd  every  other  desci;iptipn  of  Ironmongery, 


A     NEW    STOVE.— GREAT  NOVELTY.— In    the 

xX-con*truction  of  the  BURTON  REGL-ITER  STOVE,  it 
was  the  hrel  care  of  the  inventor,  \VI!,L1AMS.  BURTOM,  lo 
avail  himself  of  the  most  valuf^d  ot'miidern  improvements  in  the 
art  of  heating,  and  secondly,  so  to  mo'"lify  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  aa  at  once  to  obtain  the  simplest  and 
most  perfect  combuition;  a^ter  a  long  series  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  sub^ititution  of  ;i  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
present  clumayand  ill-adapted  hirs,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  well  as  purity  and 
quantity  of  heat,  ia  far  bejond  his  xaoi^t  sanguine  expectations, 
while  fir  cleanliness  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
able. Price  from  5Ga.  to  Ibl.  To  bd  seen  in  use  dai(y  in  his 
show-rooms,  where  also  are  to  be  secA 

950  STOVES  and  3-25  FENDERS 
"'^  ^  (  exclusive  of  reserved  atnckj  all  differing  ,in  pattern, 
forming  ihn  largest  aflsortmmt  ever  collected  together.  They 
are  marked  in  plain  6,jures,  and  at  prices  proportionate  .with 
those  that  have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  mp«t 
di,itiDguidhed  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves, ,  with  bronzed 
ornamen'.s  and  two  sets  of  b:tr'.i,  21.  Ma.  to  Oi.  lOs.  ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  bt.  I'l.-t.  ti>l25i  12,3  ; 
bronzed  fenders  complete,  with  atandurils,  from  Ig.  to'ol.  ;  yteol 
fenders,  from  2i.  ISa.  to  Gl.  ;  ditto,  with  rich  ormolu  ornamentu, 
from  2i.  15b.  V,  71.  7d. ;  fire-irons,  from  Is.  Od  the  set  to  il.  is. 
Silvester  and  nil  other  patent  stoves,  wlih  ra^Uating  bearth- 
platee  ;  wnd  kiichen  ranges,  which  he  is  erjab'.ed  to  sell  at, these 
very  reduced, cb.irges. 

First— From  the  frequency  aqd  extent  of  hia  puvohasc'i ;  and 

Secondly — Fmna  those  purehuses  being  .mi^do  exclusively 
for  C'lBh. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TF,--J  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  comoiunicating),  exclusive  of  thf  ehop,  devored  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENRRVL  FUIINHHING  I  UONMON  l3  E  KY 
(■including  Cutlery,  NirUel  Silvc,  Plated  !md  J.ipanneil  Wares, 
Iron  and  lira:iH  Hedi-l-jads),  ho  arrunj^ed  and  cl(.»Bifled  that 
purchaBera  may  easily  iind  ut  once  make  their  BcluQtiona. 

Catalogues,  with  P^ngravlni^H,  SROt  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  returnud  for  tvi-ry  artlcl'j  not  approved  of, 

3y,  OXFORD  STREET  (.;orner  of  Nowm  m-fltroet)  ;  Nos. 
I  and2,NEWMAN3rREEI  ;  and  4  and  fi,  PERRY'S  VLAOE, 


BERDOE'S  WATERPROOF  OVER-COATS,  and 
SHOOTING  JAOKtiTH,  A  very  lurg.i  Bro<;k  of  auj.orlnr 
KarmentB  in  every  ioiprdVid  ninleri  »l  mul  Htyle,  ani;l  of  cvtry 
degree  of  warf;j'h,  or  HglitncMH,  ginirauU-od  to  reHl«t,niiy 
nmountof  ruin  ;  in  clitirn^'M  r<-duc.;d  to  tlit;  low.-st  point  con- 
nUtmt  with  tti«  principle  Uiit  an  unlcio  to  hu  rt-a'ly  cheap 
muBt  be  0000  Ev**ry  i4lis«  nUo  of  the  WATERPROOF  PAL- 
MUMthowidl  known  Light  Ovor-Coiit,  for  uM  HcusynH  (prlco 
ifii.)  Ridm;;  and  Driving  Oiipoi,  Li-Ki^li'g,",  Bovh'  ovor-ContH 
itiid  CapsH,  ahu  CloaUn,  Mantles,  Hiihlts,  die.  for  Ladies,  all 
thoroughly  linjcjrvlom  to  rain,  viniViVT  oimruucTiNo  fiikb 
VKwrrLATloN,  t'lo  futul  ubj'-ctlon  to  all  o  her  wnlorproof^,— 
W.  ISI-:RL;0I).  Tailou  »nd  Ovru-Coat  Maki;ii,  !"i,  New  Uond 
bTiut.T,  and  f/J,  CuuMiiLL  (only.) 


nj-^HE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 

-a-  invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waletcont-pocUet  Glass 
the  eiKOof  a  Walnu^  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
i  to  5  miles,  which  is  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTING 
and  to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  aod  GAMEKEEP;!;RS.' 
TELESCOPES.— A  ne'/T  end  most  Important  INVENTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  pisses^in-  Kuch  extraordinary  powers  that 
some- 3,Jinches,  wnh  an  extra  eye-piece  — wilUhow  distinctly 
Jii[KterN  Muo-i,  SiUurn's  Ruig.  and  the  Double  Stars.  They 
supersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes— f.r  the  waist- 
noa -p'^ckiir.    Shooting.    Military    purposes,    ic.      Opera    and 


Rani'-cour^e  Glasses  with  wonderful 


powers  ;  a  minute  object 


can  he  clearly  seen   from   10   to  12  miles  dUtant.—liivaluable 
Acoustic  lo'^trunientB  for  relief  o'  exTi'me  D  afuess. 

Messrs.  S    and    B.    SOLOMONS.  Opticians  and  Aoeists 
39,  Albema-le-iireftt,  optiortite  the  Yorlt  Hnte!.  Limdon.  ' 


t^OUND  AND  WHITE  TEETH  are  not  only  indis- 

^  ppnsi^bly  requisite  to  a  pleasin  f  emetior  iu  rrjule  and 
female,  but  they  «re  pecu  iarly  .Hpprecjiifed_ibtongb  life  as. a 
bIess'Tighi,i,'hly  conducive  to  titepurp  »s-iBof  health  and  longevity. 
The  great  esteem  in  which  the  publii^  have  long  held 

ROWLANDS'  0D0';T0.  or  Pearl  DENTiFaiCE, 
prPcludcB  the  necessity  here  of  enteringiimo  :i  minute  detail  of 
its  merits,  and  the  siugu'ar  advantages  it  i-o  emiuentlv  pos- 
sesses over  the  usual  powders  sold  fur, the  teet.'i.,  It  is  suffioient 
to  observe  that  Rowlands'  Odonto  is  a  pure  preparation  of  the 
most  efficient  Eastern  Herbs,  which  no:  only  ha^.  tlie  property 
of  rendering  the  above  boau'iful  organs  of  themou'-ti  dazzliogly 
white,  but  it  strengthotig  their  organic  strucure,  and  fulfils 
the  pleasing  task  of  rendering  the  brf^a'h  6w(;et  and  pure.  It 
should  never  (in  paiiicular)  be  forKO'ten  tha',  when  used  in 
early  lite,  it  effectually  prevents  all  aches  in  liie  Teeth  and 
Gums — effaces  all  spots  and  discolourations  whatsoever— rgradi- 
cates  scurvy — and,  in  a  word,  soon  reali-ies  the  chiftf  attribute 
of  Health  and  Beauty.— A  FINE  SET  OF  PfiARLY  TEETHI 
Price  2s  dd.  per  box. 
%'*  Beware  of  Sporiods  Imitations,  The  genuine  article 
has  tbe  words  "Rdwlands"  Odonto"  on  the  Label,  and 
"A.  Rowland  ai.d  Sons.  20,  Hatton  Garden,'  engraved  on  the 
Government  Stamp  affiled  on  each  box.  Sold  by  them,  and 
by  Chemists  and  Piirfuiners. 


«  WHERE  SHALL  WE  GO  THIS  MORNING  I  " 
»  »  Such  is  usually  the  query  over  tbe  breakfast  table  with 
visitors  to  London.  Let  us  answer  the  qunstion.  If  you  can 
admire  the  most  beau'iful  specimens  o'  Papier  Mache  manu- 
factur-s.  which  are-produced  iu  this  country,  di^'p'-ayed:  in-the 
most  attractive  forrn'i — if  you  want  a  h;mds'>me  or  useful 
Dressipg  Case.  Work  Box,  or  Writing  Desk — if  you  need  any 
requisite  for  the  work  rahle  or  toilet — or  if  you  desire  to  see  one 
of  the  most  elegant  emporiums  in  London,  then  you  will  go  to 
MECIU'S.  i,  LEADENHA.LUSTREET,  near  the  India 
House,  in  whose  Show-ruoma  you  may  lounge  away  an  hour 
very,  pleasantly. 


HOLLOW  AY'S  PILLS,  THE  MOST  UNPRE- 
CEDENTED MEDICINE  FOR  THE  CCRE.OF  BILE 
AND  DISORDERED- STOMACH, ^Extract-ot^a-ietter-from 
Mr.  D.  E.  Evans,  commercial  traveller,  Chester,  dated  Sep- 
tember 7,  1851'.  "To  Professor  Hollow  ay.  Sir,— For  a  con- 
siderable period  I  suffered  dreadfully  from  Bile,  Indige^tvoD, 
and  disordered  Stomach;  in  the  Iiopes  of  obtaining  relief,  I 
took  a  great  variety  ot  medicine,  bu'.  all  proved-ol  no  avail.  I 
was,  however,  recommended  by,  Mr.  Huglie;^,  of  Harlech,  to 
try  your  Pills,  and  it  is  with  pleaame  thai:  I  shou'd  inform 
you  that  they  soon  restored  my  appetite,  and  I  niw  enjoy  ihe 
very  best  of  health.  (Signed)  D.  E.  Ktans." — Sold  by  all 
Druggists;  and  at  Professor.  Hollowax's  Establisbmeat,  2M, 
Scrand,  London. 


HEAL  &  SON'S  ILLUSTRATED  CATALPGUE 
OF  BEDSTEADS,  sent  freti  by  post,  conlams  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  One  Hundred  diff^^reut  Bedsteads 
in  Iron,  Brass,  Japanned  Wi>od,  Polished  Birch,  Ma'nogany, 
Rosewood  aod  Walnut-tree  Wood-* ;  also  their  Priced  List  of 
Bedding  ;  aud  their  New  Ware-rooms  enAb'e  tht?m  to  keep  one 
of  each  design  fixed  for  inspection.  They  liave  also,  in  addition 
to  their  usual  stock,  a  great  variety  of  tbe  best  designs  of 
PARISIAN  BEDSTEADS,  both  iu  Wood  and  Iron,  which  they 
have  just  imported. 

Heal    and    SoJf.  Bedstead    an^    Bedding    Manufacturers, 
lOG,  Tottenham  Court  Road,  London. 

0  YOU  BRUISE  YOUR  OATS  I     A  Quarter  of 

Oate  at  a  Quiuei,  well  cru-^hed,  will  nearly  make  four 
S'lcks.  Immense  snv.hig,  a^d  important  improvement  of  the 
animal.- OAT  BRUISEKS,  Chaff- Cutler?,  Ploughp,  Threshing' 
Machines,  Domestic  Flour  iMids,  Light  Carts,  Mining  Tools, 
Gold-Sifting  Machine,  fijick  and  Tile  di;to.  Corn  Dressing 
ditto,  Ilorne  and  Stesm  Machir.ery  put  up,  &■:.  _Order  early. 
Repairs  done.    Inspect  the  operation  of  above  articles. 

M.  Wedlake  and  Co..,   118,  Fenchurch-street,  London. 
Pamphlet  ou   Feeding,  Is,     List  aud  liO  Illustrations,  la,, 
free  per  post. 

P~~URE  COCHIN  CHINA  CHICKENS,  well  feathered 
to  the  toes,  seven  months  old,  aud  weighing  from  14  lbs. 
to  IG  lb?,  the  couple,  at  from  3Us.  to  43s.  ;  and  Chickens  between 
i.VEiijiu_d.three  months  o.kVat_15s.  j)er  pair.  Young_CockSj  7s.  6d. 
eaob.— Address,  Thomas  Page,  Chatteris.  Cimihrldgeshire. 


pOCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS.— White,  Black,  and 
vV  Yellow  or  Boff  colomed  Chickene  to  be  dsposedof  by  a 
Gentleman  wtio  obtained  prizes  for  this  most  useful  breed  at 
the  Monster  Exhibition  of  last  ye;ir  at  Btrminirh.nm,  as  well  as 
atother  less  important  Poultry  shows.— Apply  to  Josi'Pii  Lemon, 
"  s'-offioc,  Sau'lbach,  Cheshi  >-.      


.    lOCHlN'   CHINA    FOWLS    for.   SALE. -^.Large 

V-'     Healthy  Birds  oi  the    Pui'')  Breed.  — Ajjply  to  Mr,  Ma'> 
k9nzle,  Seaforth  House,  near  Fiiroh»m.  Snrrc-y.    


ELM:    TREES. 

TO   NURSEKYMEN,    •.Mo.,    &.c. 

IX/ ANTED,  some  ELM  TREES,  from  13  to  30'feet 

»  *  hli^h,  with  straight  st(-ms,hiindriomeheiuJfi,.andi)ruJlcltca 
sprou'ing  ab.mt  10  feor.  iibovii  the  roo'^a. 

Tlroy  must  huvo  boju  moved,  no,t,.lon(5(T  ,th:i,n  threci  years 
ago;  mu'tbe  taken  U|>  very  careluUy  with  loofc'  dhrous  roots  ; 
thiir  living  must  be  guaran'ccd,  and  ilicy  must  bo  dellvared  at 
Kmi^ingto  I,  in  the  vicinity  of  tho  Ciiurch. 

If  any  Nursurjniui  hriviitg  etic'i  Elini  will  addross  a  letter  to 
.1.  F.,  No.  2'1,  Hanover  Tornicc  V.llaa,  Nutting.  llilJ,  B«|'S*yiiter, 
London,  stadng  the  nuinliur  hu  may  have,  tliolr  rcspec'lve 
huij;hlH,  and  the  prii/c  pur  doKon  ut  which  they  will  bt)  (iell,V|Ored, 
li'i  will  probiibl.v  hear  ui  a  pnn-hitser— Out.  2,  

TO  GRAPE  GROWERS  AND  FLORISTS. 
'^PO  UE  LlilT,  with  iinnii-'iliate  powscsHiou,  the,  ROSE 
X  HILL  NUKSiJRlES,  at  B'i)(:hi,ou,  connt.snng  of  a  fiorles 
of  12  SoccoH'diin  and  Forcing  Oriipe  Jtou-uh,  Po'ich  Stovo, 
['rnp'i;/atlnt,'  aii'l  Plant  Houses,  ami  nume<;"u+  pits,  covertiil 
by  l(t,(iOft  ft.  of  ^1  IBS. 

N,B.  Tho  Ground  Inyn  open  to  the  BOulh'*iud  is  shslteued 
frnih  ttic  north  utid  woitf-,  and  cnc.loHod  bv  wuIIh  clothed-wlih 
full  bu'irliiK  irot'B  'I'liD  Vini!»-ttnd  Ti-cbh  will  by  suhcd.ulotl,>'niid 
the  liicomiuj;  tenant  will  liivo  the  choice  ol'  |irov!dlng.his  onu 
fltock, 

Afiply  to  MfcBHrM,  JoflBiMi  Paiison«  aud  Son,  Ee'ato  A.ruits 
I  anrl  Auc'tonocr8,  Marine  I'lu- al-j,  llHghum. 


640 


THE    GARDENERS'    CiiaONICLS     AND     AGRLCULTURA.L    GAZETfE.         [Oct.  2, 


Thia  day  is  piibltshed,  price  id.,  post  free  for  Eight  Stamps, 

THE         GREENHOUSE: 
Its  CoNSTEcrcrioN  iND  Management  PoPDLiKLT  Teeated. 
By  the  Author  of  *'  Tbe  Garden  FaAME." 
This  origioal  work  forms  the  Eighth    Treatise   in  GnooM- 
bkidqe's  Farm  aad  Gai'den  Essays,  price  id.  each,  eb  follows  : 

1.  Tbe  Cultivation  of  Arable  Land. 

2.  Rearing  and  Mauagemeat  of  Poultry. 

3.  Annuals  for  the  Flower  Qardea. 

4.  A  Treatise  on  the  Horse, 

5.  Fruit  Trees  and  Frait-bearlag  Shrubs. 

6.  A  Treatise  on  Cattle. 

7.  The  Garden  Frame. 

8.  Tbe  Greenhouse:  Its  Construction  and  Management. 
»»*  Tbe  above  Eight  oriuinal  works,   written   etpressly  for 

this  Series  by  the  best  Authors,  may  now  be  had,  neatly  bound 
in  one  volume,  price  35, ;  Post  free  for  35.  Gd, 

London :  GnoijUBaiDOE  and  Sons,  5,  Patcrasster  Row, 


TABLES   ON    CATTLE,    HAY,   AND    DRAINING. 

Eighth  Edition,  price  2s.  6d.  cloth  of 

ANEW  SET  OF  TABLES  for  Computing  the  Weight 
of  Cattle  by  Meaynrement,  the  Quantity  of  Hay  in  Ricks 
of  different  Forms,  the  Value  of  Land,  «fcc.  &.c.  To  which  is 
now  added,  a  Concioe  System  of  FARM  BOOK-KEEPING.  By 
Jaues  ST£ACHaN,  Focbabers. 

Tbe  Book-keeping  is  also  sold  separately,  price  6^. 

Second  Edition,  price  23.  Gd.  cloth,  of 

STRACHAN'S    TABLES    ON    DRAINING,    with 
Practical  Directions. 
Oliver  and  BoxD,  Edinburgh  ;  Siupcin,  MAnaHALL,and  Co., 
London, 


On  the  18th  of  November  will  be  published,  price  la., 

THE  GARDENERS*  ALMANACK. 
Edited  by  G.  W.  Johnsom,  Esq. 
Besides  the  usual  contents  of  an  Almanack,  it  will  contain 
Lists  of  the  best  Florists'  Flowers  and  Fruits  ;  a  List  of  the 
chief  Florists  and  Nurserymen  of  the  Untted  Kingdom,  and 
very  copious  practical  instructions  in  all  departments  of 
Gardeuing,  AHaANQED  Alphabeticai.ly  to  facilitate  reference. 
Published  by  the  Statione&s'  Company^  Ludgate-street, 
London. 


G LENNY'S  GARDEN  ALMANAC,  with  Twenty 
fine  Engravings,  a  Complete  List  of  tbe  beat  varieties 
in  Fruits,  Flowers,  Plants,  and  Vegetables,  and  important 
advice  to  tbe  thirty  thousand  readers  who  will  see  it  before 
November  is  out.  Advertisements  must  be  sent  immediately 
to  Geoeoe  Cox,  18,  King  Street,  Coveot-Gardeo,— N.B.  Adver- 
tisements sent  for  iueertton  must  be  accompanied  by  a  Post- 
office  order  for  payment.  Terms  :  Two  guineas  a  page  ;  half 
a  page,  25s.  Small  Advertisements,  7  lines  or  under,  lUs.  Gd., 
and  Is.  per  line  above  that  number. 


GEOLOGICAL  MINERALOGY. 

KING'S  COLLEGE,  London.— Professor  Tennant, 
F.G.S.,  will  commence  a  COURSE  of  LECTUIIBS  on 
MINERALOGY,  with  a  view  to  facilitate  the  Study  of 
GEOLOGY,  and  of  the  application  of  Mineral  Substances  in 
the  ARTS.  The  Lectures  «1H  be  illustrated  by  an  extensive 
collection  of  Specimeos,  and  will  commence  on  Wednesday 
morning:,  October  13  h,  at  9  o'clock.  They  will  be  continued 
on  each  auci:eeding  Wednesday,  at  the  same  hour. 

R.  W.  Jelf,  D.D.,  Principal. 


LIFE   OF    MARY    QUEEN    OF   SCOTS. 

Early  in  October  will  be  published,  the  Third  Volume  of 

MISS    AGXE3    STRICKLAND'S 

LIVES    OF    THE    QUEENS    OF    SCOTLAND  ; 
AND  English  FaiNcessEs  connected  with  ihe  Roxai. 
SnccEssioN. 

This  volume  of  Miss  Aqnes  SiaicELAND's  Royal  Biographies 
contaias  the  commancemeot  of  a  perdonal  life  of  Mury  Stuart, 
which  it  is  believed  will  be  found  more  authentic  and  cumplete 
than  any  which  han  yet  appeared.  Tbe  collection  and  arrange- 
ment of  materials  for  it  was  commenced  many  years  ago — 'even 
before  the  publicaiion  of  the  *'  Livesof  theQueeusof  England." 
It  compriseii  an  amount  of  curious  and  important  information 
hitherto  inedited,  the  fruits  of  long  and  arduous  research  in 
the  State  Paper  Offices  of  England,  Scotland,  France,  and 
other  nations,  and  in  tbe  Cbarter-cbests  of  the  descendants  of 
the  noble  families  of  Great  Uritain  ancestrally  conuacted  with 
that  momentous  period.  The  result  is  a  Bingraphy  which  is 
likely  to  be  the  crowning  work  of  Misa  Strickland's  great 
national  undertaking. 

Tola.  I.  and  IT.  contain  the  Lives  of  Margaret  Tudor,  Mag- 
dalene of  France,  Mary  of  Lorraine,  and  Margaret  Buuglas, 
Countess  of  Lennox, 

The  Series  will  be  completed  in  6  vols,  post  8vo.  E  rnbellished 
with  Portraits  and  Historical  Vignettes.     Price  IDs,  Gd.  each. 
William  Blackwood  and  Somb,  Edioh'ir'h  and  London. 


THE  FARMER'S  MAGAZINE, 
October.  Couteoti — Plate  1,  A  Hereford  Steer;  I'late  2, 
A  Southdown  Ram.  Jetliro  TuU,  by  C.  W.  Johnson  ; 
Manuring,  by  T.  Rowlandson ;  Culture  of  Beet-root,  by  J. 
Reeve  ;  the  Spurry  — how  to  destroy  ;  Agricultural  Biography  ; 
Tbe  Duke  of  Porclaiid'a  Meadows;  the  Agricultural  Districts; 
on  various  Breeds  of  Cattle;  Production  and  Harvesting  of 
Crops ;  the  Galway  Banquet ;  Capital  in  Land ;  Ilueing 
Turnips,  by  Philip  Pusey  ;  Disea'tes  of  Plants  ;  Labour  and 
the  Poor — tbt;  Rural  Districts;  Resources  of  the  Soil;  the 
New  Gold  Fields ;  Weeds;  Agriculture  in  France;  tbe  Teeth 
of  Horses  and  Cactle :  Reaping  Machines;  Schools  and 
Gardens;  Horticultural  Calendar;  Meteorogical  Diary; 
Review  of  the  Curn  aud  Cattle  Trades;  Agricultural  Reports, 
Fairs,  Manures,  *Sic. — Rogerson  and  Tdsfobd,  216,  Strand.— 

Price  23.  ^ _^ 

Just  published, 

THE  FAMILY  ECONOMIST  for  OCTOBER, 
price  One  Penny.  The  previous  volumes  of  the  Familt 
EooNoutST  may  now  be  had,  bound  in  extra  cloth,  iu  two 
double  volumes,  price  3s.  each. 

MONTHLY  STORY  FOR  YOUNG  PEOPLE. 

3d,  each, 
STORIES  FOR  SUMMER  DAYS  AND  WINTER  NIGHTS 
second  series,  just  publishi-d,  RISING  AND  THRIVING 
previously  published  22  Stories,  may  be  liad  separately,  or  v\ 
five  volumes  elegantly  bound,  price  Is,  each,  or  the  first  four 
volumes,  bound  two  volumes  in  one,  extra  cloth,  piice  '2s.  each. 

BUDS  AND  BLOSSOMS: 
A  Series  of  Pretty  Stories  for  Little  Cbildren,  with  Illustrations 
by  Whimpee.  Nuw  ready,  The  Fir  Tree's  Story  ;  :ilready  pub- 
lished—1.  The  Story  of  a  Daisy.  2.  Rover  and  bio  Friend?. 
3.  Little  Frank.  4.  The  Little  Fortune  Seekers.  5.  Tbe 
Blackberry  Gathering  ;  price  Id. 

Also  now  ready,  price  Gd..  Part  X.  of  tbe  DICTIONARY  OF 
DOMESTIC  MliDlCINE  AND  HOUSEHOLD  SURGERY,  by 
Spencer  Thujuon,  M.D.,  L.R.C.S.,  Edinburgh.  This  work 
will  be  corapitned  io  12  farts. 

London  :  Ghoombeidqe  and  Sons.    Sold  by  all  Booksellers. 


DR.    LARDNER'S    HANDBOOK     OF    NATURAL 
PHILOSOPHY   AND  ASTRONOIVIY. 

This  day,  large  12mo,  price  85.  Gd.  cloth, 

A  HANDBOOK  OF  NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY 
AND  ASTttONOSlY.  By  L)iony«id8  Laedneb,  formerly 
Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy  in  University 
College,  London. 

Second  Course :  Containing  Heat.  Common  Electricity, 
Maifuetlam.  and  Voltaic  Electricity.     With  20U  Woodcuts. 

•,*  Tbe  Tbird  Course  (completing  the  work)  will  contain 
Astronomy  and  Meteorology. 

London:  Tatlor,  Walton,  and  Ma-BEelt,  28,  Upper  Gower- 
street,  and  27,  Ivy-lane. 


On  tbe  Ist  of  November  will  bo  published,  price  Is. , 

THE  ANGLER'S  ALMANAC  FOR  1853: 
being  a  Hand-bnok  and  Guide  to  tbe  Principal  Rivm-H, 
Lakes,  and  Fisheries  in  Gredt  Britain,  Ireland,  and  Scotland, 
and  containing  all  the  information  required  by  tbe  Sportsman 
for  the  year,  by  a  Practical  Anqlee,  author  of  many  papers 
on  the  subject  of  Fisheries  and  Fishermen. 

There  is  no  Sport  in  which  a  book  for  constant  reference  is 
BO  much  wanted  as  Angling,  as  those  already  publiebed  are  tOD 
large  and  expensive  for  general  purposes,  or  not  sufficiently 
comprehensive.  The  work  wanted  sbouldbeof  a  convenient 
size  for  tbe  pocket,  us  a  constant  companion  to  be  referred  to 
on  all  occasions. 

In  addition  to  the  matter  to  be  found  in  Almanacs,  it  will 
contain  a  Notice  in  the  Calendar  of  the  day  on  which  Fishing 
begins  in  the  various  rivers  ;  the  Laws  of  Angling  and  taking 
Fith  abridged;  brief  instructions  for  taking  each  kind  ot 
Fish  in  diflferent  Fisheries;  Ply  and  Artificial  Bait  making; 
Rod  and  Tackle  making ;  Instructions  to  make  an  uutnc 
complete  ;  directions  concaining  lists  of  the  principal  Flshini;- 
houses  ;  Lists  of  Rod  and  Line  makers.  Winch  Makers,  &c.  ; 
Anecdotes  of  Angling  and  Angiern  ;  List  of  the  principal 
Rivers,  Lakes,  and  Fisheries  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

It  is  intended  also  to  cunfine  the  Adveriisements  which 
will  appear  iu  it,  as  much  as  possible,  to  articles  connected 
with  the  sport ;  and.  iheretbre,  preference  will  be  given  to 
Fishing  Tackle  Makers,  and  to  tho^e  peroons  who  have 
Fishing  to  let,  or  who  provide  accommodiition  to  Anglers 
visiting  neighbourhoods  where  Fishing  is  to  be  got,  so  as  to 
give  the  greatest  information  in  the  smallest  possible  space. 

N.6.  The  Almanac  can  be  had  bound  with  blank  paper  for 
memoranda,  with  a  tuck  as  a  pocket-book. 

London:  Q.  CoX,  18,  Kiag-slreet,  Covant  Garden;  and 
by  all  Booksellers  and  Fishmg-tackle  Makers. 


T^HE  QUARTERLY   REVIEW,    No.   CLXXXIL, 
-L    will  bspablished  on  THUl4SD\Y  JSEXT,  OcTunEii  7il]. 

CaNTBNTS : 

I.  BRITISH  BARDS  AND  SIONEBENaE. 
II.  IilNIAN  ISLANDS. 

III.  IRISH  SALSIOS. 

IV.  DR.  CHAL.\£EI1S. 
V.  SINDH. 

VI.  LOH.D  LANSDALE. 
vn.  GOLD  D(SCOVERIES. 
VIII.  PARLIAMENTAltT  PBOSPBOTS. 
John  MoRaAY,  Albemarle.Btreet. 


POPULAR     WORKS     ON     BOTANY 

BY    DR.    LINDLEY. 

Lately  published, 

•yHE    ELEMENTS    OF     BOTANY,    Structural 

J-      AND    PHYSlOLOGiciL,       With  a   Glossary    of    Technical 
Terms,  and  numerous  Illustrations.     123.  cloth. 

This  completes  the  series  of  Elementary  Botanical  Works 
by  Professor  Lindlei,  of  which  "  School  Botany,"  and  "  Tbe 
Vecetable  Kingdom,"  form  the  other  parts. 

The  first  two  Parts  of  The  Elements  of  Botant,  comprising 
Structural  and  Physiological  Botany,  and  a  Glossary  of  Tech- 
nical Terms,  are  published  in  one  octavo  volume,  price  125. 

These  three  parts  form  a  complete  manual  of  Botany  for 
Medical  and  other  Students  who  have  made  themselves 
acquainted  with  the  author's  '*  School  Botany." 

N.B.  The  Glossary  may  be  had  separately,  price  5s, 
BEADBoai  and  Evans,  II,  tiouverie-street. 


Sales  6s  Auction. 


\JU.  ALEXANDER  will   sell  by   Auction,  at 

i'J     Marr,  (near  tbe  Bank  of  England),  on  TUESDAY,  0 


CHOICE    COLLECTION    OF    TULIPS, 

the 
Octo- 
her  12,  1852,  at  12  o'clock,  the  well-known  Collection  of 
TULIPS,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  New  (of  the  Derby 
Arms,  Kirkdale).  They  comprise  all  the  finest  flowers  iu  cul- 
tivation, viz..  Gibbon's  Princess  Royal,  Enchantress,  Maid  of 
Orleans,  Maid  of  Athens,  Countess  of  Harriogtun,  Lady  Flora 
Hastings,  Purple  Perfection,  Cbellastou  Beauty,  Britannia, 
Prince  Albert,  Sable  Monarch,  VVood's  Van  Amburgh,  Thalia, 
Louis  XVI.,  George  Glenny,  Salvttor  Rosa,  Pandora,  David,  &c. 
Among  the  Rosas,  Anastasia,  King  of  Scarlets,  Lady  Leicester, 
Lady  Stanley,  Lady  Vernon,  Miss  Catherine,  Dixon's  Bion, 
Jeffery's  Elizabeih,  Mury  Lamb.  Headle>'a  Rose  Ellen,  Conn- 
tess  of  Eglinton,  Lady  Boyle,  Camuse  de  Craix.  Rose  Lac.  ifcc. 
The  biaarres  comprise  Pilot,  Stroog's  King,  Competitor,  Tri- 
color, Shakespeare,  Apelies,  Marcetlus,  Porope  Funebre,  Coro- 
nation, New'a  Lewis,  Lord  Lilford,  tfcc.  Also  a  quantity  of 
fine  Seedling  Breeders,  among  which  are  some  fioely  broken 
flowers.  The  whole  will  be  sold  without  ihe  least  reserve.— 
May  be  viewed  on  the  morning  of  Sale.  Cata!oi;ues  to  be  bad 
at  the  Mart;  of  Messrs.  Dawe,  CoTTasLt.,  and  Benham,  Seeds, 
men,  Moorgate-street,  City;  H.  Alexandee,  Shacklewell ;  and 
also  of  Mrs.  New,  Everton  Valley,  Kirkdale,  upon  receipt  of 
four  stamps. 


LAM  BETH. 

TONOBLEX£EE«r.QENTLEMEN,NURSERYM[EN,BITILDERS, 
AND  OTHERS  ENGAGED  IS  PLANTING. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  been  favoured  with 
instructions  from  Messrs.  flay,  Sangster,  and  Co.,  to 
submit  to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  premises. 
Pleasant-place,  West-square,  Lambeth,  on  MONDAY,  Oct.  4, 
and  foUowiog  days,  at  ll  o'clock,  witbuut  reserve  (in  conse- 
quence of  the  llio  ground  being  required  ior  great  alterations), 
tbe  whule  of  tUo  valuable  NURSEtlY  STOCK,  condisting  of 
very  fine  Evergreens  and  Shi-uba,  Fruit,  Forest,  and  Orna- 
mental Trees,  American  Plants,  &c.  Tbe  stock  comprises 
large  Chinese  Arbor- Vitse,  from  2  to  6  feet  liigb  ;  large  Green 
Hollies,  and  all  other  kinds  of  Evergreens  ;  a  consi^lerable 
quantity  of  splendid  Standard  Mulberries,  and  every  other 
description  of  Fruit  Tree,  in  the  finest  condirioo,  as  well  as 
many  thousands  of  Apple,  Pear,  Plum,  and  Chtrry  Stocks, 
Standard  aud  Dwarf  Roses,  Clim^iiig  Plants,  a  quantity  of 
Rhubarb,  Seakale,  and  Asparagus,  for  Forcing,  »toc.  ;  also  a 
capital  heavy  Town  Cart,  aiida  quantity  of  Paviiii?  Stones, —  May 
be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale.  Oattil<jgues  {Gd.  each,  returnable  to 
purchasQi's)  may  be  had  on  the  piemiees;  of  the  principal 
Seedsmen;  aud  of  the  AaciiDneer,  5,  Hostgn-^qu^re,  and 
iibenezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell,  London, 


HORNSEY    ROAD. 

TO  GENTLEMEN",  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS,  &  OTHERS. 
VTESSRS.    PROTHEROE     and     MORRIS    have 

i-Ti  received  instructions  from  Mr.  Pamplim  to  Sell  by 
Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  THURSDAY, 
Oct,  14th,  at  1  o'clock  (if  not  previously  disposed  of  by  privata 
contract,  in  consequence  of  the  Proprietor  relinquishing  tire 
Business),  the  valuable  LEASE  of  the  PARADISE  NUaSERY, 
H  years  of  which  is  unexpired,  consisting  of  two  Acres  of  rich 
Nursery  Ground,  with  Dwelllog-bouse  thereon.  The  Preminea 
are  well  situated,  being  within  two  miles  of  the  Regent'a- 
park,  and  adapted  tor  carrying  on  a  first-rate  Business.  The 
whole  or  part  of  the  Greenhouses,  Pits,  &c.,  with  the  Stock, 
which  is  of  the  most  saleable  description,  can  bs  taken  at  a 
valuation,  to  suit  the  convenience  of  tbe  purchaser.  —  The 
Premises  may  be  viewed  one  week  prior  to  the  Sale.  Particu- 
lars may  be  obtained  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Ltle,  Solicitor,  17,  Blooms- 
bury-Btreet,  Bedford-square;  on  the  Premises;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nurse'-y,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

CHELSEA. 
TO   GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 

FOR  PEREMPTORY  SALE. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sabmifc 
to  public  competition,  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Radnor-street,  Kieg's-road,  Chelsea  (by  order  of  the  executors 
of  the  late  Mrs.  Maey  Habeison).  on  MONDAY.  October  18,. 
at  U  o'clock  ;  the  whole  of  the  NURSERY  STOCK,  comprising 
Evergreens,  Oroamental  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees,  consisting  of 
Aucubus,  Arbutus,  Green  [loUes,  Laurels,  Evergrteu  Privet, 
Ribes,  Limes,  Planes,  choice  Roses,  standard  and  dwarf, 
trained  and  untrained  Peach,  Apiicot,  Plum,  Cherry,  Apple,. 
Pear,  Walnut,  Filbert,  Gooseberry,  Currant  trees,  &;c.— May 
be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale ;  Catalogues  may  be  had  on  tho 
premises  ;  of  tbe  principal  seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYMEN, 
AND   OTHERS. 

600  Double  Camellias  for  absolute  Sale,  1  to  3  feet ;  300  Indian 
Azaleas;  30O  Liliucn  lancifolium  rubrum;  100  fine  bushy 
Scarlet  Rhododendrons. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  Mons.  A.  Van  Geert,  of  Ghent,  to  submit 
to  public  competition  bv  Aucuon,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew- 
lane,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  13,  at  12  o'clock,  the  above, 
which  comprise  all  the  leading  varieties,  and  are  well  furnished 
with  bloom  buds.  On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues 
may  be  had  at  the  Auction  Mart,  and  of  cUe  Auctioneers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


UXBRiDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 
NURSERY,    SEED,    AND    FLORISTS'    BUSINESS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  are  directed 
by  the  Trustee  for  Sale  and  Mortgagee,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  TSORSDAY,  October  U, 
in  one  Lot  (if  not  previously  disposed  of  by  private  contract), 
the  valuable  Leases  and  Goodwill  of  the  UXBRIDGE 
NURSERY,  which  has  been  established  upwards  ot  20  years  ; 
aUo  the  whole  of  the  celebrated  NURSERY  STOCK,  riding 
over  from  12  to  13  acres,  comprising  Fruit  and  Fore'^t  Trees  of 
the  first  description,  aud  rich  assortment  of  Evergreens, 
Ornameatul  Trees,  Deciduous  Stirubs,  and  American  Plants, 
together  with  the  Greenhouses,  and  the  Choice  Greenhouse 
Plants,  Pits,  Frames,  Seeds,  Drawers,  and  sundry  effects. 
Particulars,  which  are  being  prepared,  may  be  had  of  Messrs. 
TosTiN  and  Patebson,  Solicitors,  4,  Bride-court,  New  Bridge- 
street,  Blackfriar.s ;  aud  of  Messrs.  PEOTHEaoE  and  Moebis, 
Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone, 
Essex. 

BLAGKHE ATH. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  &c,     < 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  ;  MORRIS  are 
inetrnctedby  Mr.  Haliy  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  pre- 
mises. Tranquil  Vale,  Blackheath,  on  MONDAY,  October  II, 
at  11  o'clock— about  1000  Double  CAMELLIAS  from  2  to  5 
feet,  beautifully  set  with  bloom  buds  ;  200  strong  Camellia 
Stocks  ;  also  cboi  e  Greenhouse  and  hardy  ornamental  Plants, 
comprising  Indian  and  hardy  Azaleas,  Andromeda  floribanda, 
Araucaria  imbricata,  Cnpressus  fuoebris  and  Govenianum, 
Cryptomeria  japonica,  Cautua  dependens,  Berberia  Darwinii, 
Dielytra  spectabilis,  a  few  fine  plants  of  the  new  Saxe-Gothse 
conspicua,  Pompone  Chrysanthemums,  &c.— May  be  viewed 
one  week  prior  to  tbe  Sale ;  Catalogues  may  be  had  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  in  Loudon;  on  the  Premises  ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

STOVE    AND    GREENHOUSE    PLANTS-,, 
THE  COLLECTION  OP  AN  AMATEUR. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  instructed  to  sell  by  Auction^ 
at  his  Great  Rjom,  3S,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  8th  October,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a  collection  of  well 
gruwo  specimen  STOVE  AND  GRSENnOUSS  PLANTS,, 
including  Heaths,  Rhododendrons,  Azalea  indica,  and  Ca. 
melliae,  well  deserving  atceution. — May  be  viewed  on  the  day 
prior,  and  morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 


COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction  at  hia 
Grrat  Room,  3S.  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
TUESDAY  next,  5th  of  October,  at  12  fori  o'clock— COCHIN 
CHINA  FOWLS,  a  very  choice  selection  from  the  stock  of  Mr. 
B.  Holmes  of  Birmingham,  and  of  several  other  well-known 
amateurs  in  that  neigbbmrhood,  incladiog  some  white 
Chickens,  same  stock  as  Yarmouth  Prize  Birds,  and  many 
that  have  taken  Prizes  at  Cheltenham,  Btrmiogham,  tbe, 
most  of  them  of  the  favourite  light  colours,  and  of  groat  merit — 
May  be  viewed  tbe  morning  of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had  of  Mr, 
J.  C.  Stevens,  3S,  King-street,  Covent-gardeu ;  who  will  be 
happy  to  forward  them  to  any  party  enclosing  a  stamped 
directed  envelope. 


TO    GARDENERS. 
^■PO  BE  LET,  A  GARDEN  of  about  tlu'ee-quartera. 

-L  of  an  acre,  with  a  convenient  COTTAGE,  most  eUgibly 
situated,  tivo  miles  north  of  London,  in  tho  higheit  state  of 
cultivation,  well  stjcked  with  Roots,  Moss  aud  other  Roses, 
An  excellent  trade  has  been  done  in  it  for  the  last  20  years  by 
the  lace  proprietor,  who  is  now  deceased.  — Apply  to  J.  T. 
Barlow,  Estate  Agent,  &c.,  17,  Car.jlme-phice.  Capenhagen- 
strees,  Islmgtou;  aud  15,  Am  her  at- terrace,  Shacklewell-green. ' 
near  Kiugsland,  London.  *  I 


Printed  by  William  BnAnBOBT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  AT oliuro -place,  in  the 
pariebof  St.  PaucmB,  anJ  Pukdb&ick  JIulleit  EvA^8,  of  vo.  7.  Church-' 
ro;^■,  Siolte  Newmaioii,  both  lu  tlie  Couoty  or  MidUleaex.  Printers  at 
tlieir  Office  m  LoinbArd-ntreer,  in  the  Preciuct  of  Wli'tefriars.  io  the 
City  01  Londnn;  and  publiBted  by  them  at  tUe  olBce,  No.  5,  Chrtrlei- 
atiect,  JQ  (he  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Coffeat-gardea,  iu  the  said  County,  i 
where  all  AdirertitiB.aeQta  and  Com^uoirHtibiis  are  to  ba  ADiiiiHSSfiD  TO 
ma  EniroB,— Sati/buai,  Ocroaua  2, 1352.  ; 


THE  GARDENERS'  CHRONICL: 

CULTURAL 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  EJconomy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley- 


No.  41.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  9. 


[Price  6d. 


INDEX, 


Apple. the 

AipbftUe  flaora 

Barley,  to  low .,.. 

British  Attocitv'ion    ....  

Caledoni&n  HorLSa<:iet7 

CElendKr.  horticoltiirii. 

Cftpeitbome,  report  oa,, 

Cftrton.  Jame  < 

Cornwall  Hort.  Soc 

Crops,  rotation  of 

I)  elftra  ■pecubilli    

DraiiiDf 

Driffield  Fumen'Club 

EntomaloriCAl  Society 

Fairy  riots    

FarmUsiaNonuuidr 

—    prod  ts  of 

FUKicold 

Food,  adullerated 

Faatti  attacking  Gruses 

Gaehentinj:  

Grsuec,  PunKion 

Heitlo^.  £<• 

laka.  writiDe   -.   .   

JackBon'i  [  Uessri.)  nuriery 
L^wm' (Mr.).expB  tmeDU650£, 
I^aTea,  imponaoce  or 


HS« 

65:1  e 

65-2  a 

641  b 

S47  6 

C4-I  a 

6i3  a 

Sid  a 

641  6 

fi52  6 

f>ih  e 

6i9  ft 

65  ■:  6 

646  6 

644  a 

653  6 

545  e 

fi45   c 

64:i  a 

645  b 

643  a 

6i5  6 

647  c 

617  a 

651  c 

643  1, 

651 

6iT 

Milk  pans,  irlaai ; 

fis--^ 

N«i..  .«1  FloriouUoral  Society 

6*; 

Orchids,  Briti»h 

6(4 

—     Cup- 

647 

Paaperinin 

<ia\ 

PeacUci.  Ure' 

646 

—    double  flowerinic 

645 

P'ar«,  to  BTAthflf   

6VB 

Pi^f'ediQic 

652 

fiir. 

K«m       

64-> 

651 

R-Yiew«                  646  c 

-6i'-l 

RothftmB'edexp«imeatB650  b 

-6il 

Tomxto  diBGHse., 

Victoria  Reila  

6<7 

Whnat.  to  dibble 

fi.si; 

644 

Woodlands,     queries     reipect 

York  Horticultural  Society  ...  617  b 


HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  LONDON.— 
At  the  Mee-ifi(t  in  Rei?ent-8tr;-ec,  at  3  p  h.,  October  19. 
the  obiects  of  Speciml  Eihlhiiion  will  be  collection*  of  RA.RDY 
ANNUALS,  TABLE  PEARS,  and  GREEN  PEAS. 


ROYAL  SOUTH  LONDON  FLORICULTURAL 
SOCIETY— The  CommUtee  of  the  aboTe  Society  will 
meet  at  th«  Homt  Tavern  Kflnolnjfton,  for  the  purpose  of 
receiTinirSEEDLINQ  FLORISTS'  FLOWERS  and  PLA.NT3 
for  opinioQ,  and  awarding  Fir-tt-Claas  CertiftcateB  to  the 
deserrine,  on  THDBsnAT,  the  14th  Ofitober.  lltb  November, 
and  9th  December,  1852  Joan  I.  Neville,  Sec. 

Eb«nezer  Bouse.  Peckbam,  Surrey. 


NEW     GERANIUMS,     SHOW     AND     FANCY 
VARIETIES.— All  the  best  sorts,  of  the  latest  introduc- 
tiOQ,  can  be  obtaioed  from 

WILLIAM    E.  RENDL^    AND    CO., 

nurserymen, 

Plymouth. 

For  particalars,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  for  Sept.  25,  page  610, 

DUTCH    FLOWER    ROOTS. 

W.  E.  Rendls  and   Co.  Iiave  received   their   Annual 

Importation,  which  is  offered  on  reasonable  terms, 

CatalogiLes  can  he  procured  as  per  address  above. 

DOUBLE  ROMAN  AND  PAPER  WHIT^NArT 
CISSUS,  45.  per  dozen. —The  above  balba,  the  former  of 
which  Is  80  justly  esteemed  for  its  early  bloomine  and  excessive 
{ragraace,  and  the  latter  for  its  purity  an-i  elegance,  bava  been 
just  received  at  A.  Cobbett'b  Italian  and  Foreign  Warehouse, 
18,  Pall-mali,  near  W..<erirtn-place,  London. 


FINE    ANEMONE    ROOTSAND    SEED. 

TO  THE  NOBILITY,  GENTRY,  AND  CLERGY. 

HENRY  GIBSON,  Floore,  near  Weedon,  North- 
amptooebirti,  ha't  now  on  sale  an  unlimited  stock  of 
the  finest  Striped  aod  o'her  Anemone  Roota,  at  the  following 
low  prices,  viz.,  5j.  per  loo,  or2i.  per  1000;  seed  saved  from 
th«  above  of  1852  growth ,  in  packets  containing  2000  seeds, 
Si.  •  tmaller,  cooiaining  1000  3s.  Sent  free  to  any  part  of 
Eniland  on  receipt  of  a  Post-cffice  order  on  the  Weedon  Post 
Office,  payable  to  Hewby  Gibsoh. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA  ;  or,  PERPETUAL  TREE 
VIOLET  (Tede}.— The  enest  Stock  for  many  years 
of  the  above,  which  h<>6  proved  the  b»Bt  of  all  VIOLETS,  is 
now  offered  to  the  Public  by  Edward  Tilet  ;  he  can 
recommend  it  with  great  coifidence,  and  has  also  receiTed 
namerouft  tesiimonlali  from  lifferent  parties  ppeakiog  of  its 
qaalities,  aod  giving  it  the  lijiheat  praise.  It  is  beim'ifiily 
scented,  the  flowera  as  larpe  us  (he  Double  Blue  ilepatiaa, 
blooming  freely  from  August  to  the  end  of  May,  and  perfe<ily 
hardy.  This  is  the  proper  tioe  for  making  beda  or  pottijig, 
and  li  o(  theae  plant*  grown  n  pots  will  scent  a  large  Oreen- 
bouee ;  alBo  a  email  h';d  of  th^rn,  9  feet  long  by  3  wide,  wil/  he 
iofficient  to  furoiah  a  family  with  Bouquetn  the  whole  oftbe 
winter  and  spring.  Large  pkuts,  Gs.  per  dozen;  email  plaits, 
Z$.  per  dozen. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA  ALBA;  on,  DOUBLE  WHITE  TIEE 
VIOLET. — Thla  Is  also  a  verj  fine  variety,  and  resemblea  tbe 
former  Violet  in  maoy  pariimlarH,  with  the  excpption  oj  its 
colotJf.     Large  plants,  Ga.  p«r  duzen  ;    smaller  ditto,   3ti.|per 

RUSSIAN  SUPERB  VIOI^T,  Blue  and  White  (TrueJ— A 
very  n»efui  aod  fine  VMfi-'y  ;  Ja   per  dozen. 

A  TREATISE  on  the  naurfl  and  mode  of  Cultivation  of 
the  VIOLET.— Edward  Tint  bi'gn  tu  introduce  to  the  tptico 
of  all  lovem  of  ibia  fl  iwer  a  freatlBc,  which  will  not  only  give 
an  Insight  inui  lt«  i>rot>er  m'do  of  cultivation,  but  also  c]rec- 
tloos  for  keeping  It  In  con'imal  bloom  the  whole  of  the  wiptfr, 
It  will  alio  as*(ac  many  whobave  already  grown  thU  va^ety, 
as  It  introduce*  several  ditlnct  plnns  by  whtch  it  miv  bo 
cnltiratcd  nioit  nufrciifu'l;.  Purchaitera  to  the  amouR  o( 
Five  .*ihlllloga  will  have  -b'  TreatUe  Included;  or,  po»(freo 
to  any  part  on  receWit  of  12  jenny  Htnmpn. 

OIHKLLO  CLUVE  CAR.'ATION.— To  those  perftona  \+iob6 
orders  c^mc  too  late  Iiist  ifa«on  (th'j  plants  bclbg  uH  Hildj, 
E.  T.  begs  to  say  he  huK  a  Hne  stock  of  this  beautiful  (jovu 
(for  colour  and  fragrance  jnrf)aalled),  and  can  i"U|((ilyjiiiy 
qaantity  at  Si.  dd   per  (ctlr.povtiige  bud  [/nckot  Incluilud. 

rUKU  WHITE  CLoTE  ;aKNATION;  also  a  largo  *.ck 
of  this  splendid  variety  at  1,  C'i.  per  j  air,  postiigc  atid  paclago 
Iree. 

BTRAWBERKY  I'LAN"4  can  bo  sdll  supplied  tn  d'-ry 
Variety  and  pric<r,  «»  •««  Ocr'MnKrt'  C'hronkk  f»>r  Hopt.  4,  14:^. 

The  whole,  "r  any  parcjf  the  ahovr-,  cun  be  sent  poitiiKo 
and  pKckagiq  fre«.  un  rc»:pt  of  tho  auiount,  by  a  post-ttlua 
ord«r,  or  i>«nny  ••orops. 

Edward  Tilet,  NurM^maDi  Seedsmani  aod  ?Io|sl' 
H,  Abbc^.cbarchrard,  BftD. 


GUERNSEY   AND    BELLADONNA  LILIES. 

BRIDGEWATER  PAGE  AND  CO.  have  the 
pleasure  to  offor  fine  Flowering  Bulbs  of  the  above  beau- 
tiful Autumnal  LlUes.  Guernsey  Lilies,  is.  per  dozen;  Bella- 
donna ditto,  is.  per  dozen ;  Amaryllis  formosiEsima,  4^. 
per  dozen :  Early  Double  Roman  NarciasuB,  45.  per  dozen ; 
ditto  Paper  White  do.,  is.  per  dozen  ;  ditto  largest  Jonquils, 
23  Gd  per  dozen.  All  orders  above  lOi.  G-i.  will  be  delivered  free 
on  the  South- Western  and  Great  Western  Railways. 

DUTOH  BULBS,  cimsisting  of  HYACINTHS,  TULIPS, 
CROCUSRS,  GLADIOLI.  Jcc,  have  juit  arrived  in  fine  con- 
dltion,  aod  are  offered  at  greatly  reduced  rates,  Catalogues  of 
which  may  be  had  on  application  to  Page  and  Co.,  Seed 
Merchants,  Southatapton  (sole  Agents  to  the  Shale  Manure 
Company  for  the  county  of  Hanfa). 

SHALR  MANURE.  SL  per  ton. 


DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS,  at  a  reduced  price.— 
HYACINTHS,  mtied,  all  colours '21s.  per  100 

TUl-TP^,  mixed,  early  double  and  single      ...      Gs.       ,, 

JONQUILS Gs.       „     , 

I"!^,  miied,  splendid  colourf4 43.       „ 

CROCUS,  Dutch,  mixed,  all  colours    12*.  p.  1000 

Lesser  quantities  may  be  bad  at  the  same  rates.    The  above, 
with  every  other  kind  of  flowering  Bulb,  equally  low  in  price 
to  be  had  of  Wjlliam  Denteb,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  32,  Qrace- 
church-street  (near  the  Spread  Eagle),  Loodon. 
No  charge  for  packages. 


NEW    GERANIUMS,    CINERARIAS,    ETC. 

SAMUEL  FINNEY  and  CO.  are  now  prepared  to 
send  outtbef'-llowingnewQ-ERANlUMS  at  45s.  perdoz.  :  — 
Arethuua,  Arirtdne,  Chieftain,  Colonel  of  the  Buffs.  ChriBtine, 
Commissioner,    Eliae,  Enchantress,    Exhibitor,  Gem,    Herald, 
Incomparable,  Labtacbe,  Lavinia,  Magnet,  Mochanna,  Painter 
Improved,  Purple  Standard,  Rubens,  Shjlock. 

The  following  at  303.  per  dozen  : — 
Ambassador,  Beatrice,  Chloe,  Cynthia,  Capelln,  Ganymede, 
GeneraUiBBitno,   Little  Nell,   Major   Domo.   Mooteitb,   Prince 
Arthur,  Purpurea,  Rosa,  Silk  Mercer,  Tynan  Queen. 

They  hare  also  a  large  Stijck  of  all  the  new  and  beat 
Cinerarias  at  123.,  I85,,  and  244  per  dozen  ;  Pansies,  do.  do.,  at 
9j.,  123.,  aod  18s.  per  dozen,  bucket  and  package  included,  and 
extra  plants  presented  to  couipensata  for  long  carriage.  A 
remittance  or  reference  required  from  unknown  ciorrenpondentn. 
Gateshead  Nursi^vy,  Newcastle-upon-T,\ne. 


NEW    SHRUBBY   CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  A«OUT  FIFTY  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFDRE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  moBt  splendid  and  superb  Collection  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  and  recommend,  they  having  been  carefully  saved  and 
varied  from  the  most  unique  aelection  in  the  kin?dom.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrub^iy  they  are  perpetually  in  flower  ;  and 
from  tbe  great  varie'y  acid  bi-il;'':ocy  of  their  colours,  ihey  are 
invaluahle  for  the  couserv.ui^ry  i^  beilding-mit. 
^J^^WREKS  ami  o.q..  Kfc's  H  ■.(,!)    OnELss*,  London. 


CRYPTOMERIA     JAPONICA. 

A   FEW    THOUSAND    SEEDLINGS,  from    3  to 
G  inches  high,  at  SOs.  per  100. 
Aleo,  IMPORTED  .>EED,  at  2os.  an  ounce,  which  will  pro- 
duce  upwards  of  1500  Plants.   Terms,  Cash,  being  the  property 
of  a  gentleman. 

Apply  to  J.  and  C.  Lie,  Nurserymen,  Hammersmith,  near 
Loudon. 


LANGHEDGE   NURSERY. 

CHARLES  WOOLVEN  invites  the  attention  of  Fruit 
growers  and  the  public  generally  to  his  large  and  very 
superior  stock  of  Fruit-tree«,  comprising  about  4000  standard 
Apples,  PearB,  Plums,  and  Ciierries  ;  tino  straight  stems  6^  to 
8  feet  in  height,  Ir^m  128  to  2l3.  per  dozen.  Also  a  ROod  stock 
of  dwarf  and  trained  trees,  all  of  the  moat  approved  kinds, 
fr.jm  12s  to  36j.  per  dozen.  A  capital  stock  of  Gooaeherries 
and  Currants,  all  of  the  very  best  kinds,  from  2s.  Gd.  to  3s.  Gd. 
per  dozen,  now  in  excellent  condition.  C.  W.  also  wishes  to 
recommend  to  gentlemen  and  builders  bis  large  stock  of  Ever- 
greens, Forest  Trees,  and  other  shrubs,  at  equally  low  pricea.— 
C.  WooLTEN,  Nurseryman,  Upper  Edmonton,  Middlesex. 


'OLIATH    STRAWBERRY. 

JAMES  KITLEY  wishes  again  to  draw  public 
attention  to  this  most  suuerb  Strawberry,  by  stating  facts 
which  prove  it  to  b«  without  a  rival.  the  original  bed, 
which  id  9  feet  by  36  feet,  and  6  years  old,  produced  this 
season  90  qts,  of  fine  large  fruit;  and  a  bed,  3S  f t.  by  36  ft. 
and  3  years  old,  pr  duced  255  qta.  of  beautiful  large  highl 
coloured,  Pin^-fiavoured  fruit,  the  ground  being  so  'hickly 
covered  as  to  render  it  impDMsibla  to  step  between  without  first 
removing  thefruit,  although  the  plants  were  2J  ft.  apart.  They 
were  the  admira'ion  and  astonishment  of  numerrni'*  Kentieraen 
and  gardeners  who  viHited  bis  grounds.  A  Post-office  order  for 
33.  6d.,  or  stamps  to  that  amount,  will  Pccure  HiO  strong  well- 
rooted  plants,  package  included  ;  la.  Gd.  in  stamps  will  secure 
by  post  six  fine  plants  to  any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

Also  Trollope'a  Victoria,  U.  per  100  ;  Blnck  Prince,  3s.  Gd. ; 
Eleanor,  2s  6ci- ;  Alice  Maud,  2h,  6(i. ;  Keens'  Seedling,  2s.  6d.' • 
Hooper's  Seedling,  23.  6'/.;  Hau-boin,  2s.  Gd.\  Bath  Scarlet,  2s.  6d,' 
EltonPin6,23.  Gd.— N.B.  The  Trade  supplied  at  very  low  prices.' 

Lyncombe  Vale  Nur-prv.  Bith. 

GERANIUM    "WILLMORE'S    SURPRISE." 
JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  are  now  prepared  to  send 

t^  out  thia  extraordinary  variety.  It  is  a  monstrou-*  production, 
of  good  habit,  with  beautifully  fringed  leaves  and  le^fiets.  The 
flowers  are  double,  of  a  rich  crimaon,  with  good  m  irkin,s'3  •  the 
trusses  are  bold  aod  erect,  and  each  bloom,  with  its  monstrous 
calyx,  remains  in  perfection  for  several  weekt.  It  is  adapted 
for  pot  culture,  or  bedding,  and  is  altogether  of  a  very  pleasing 
aspect.  Price  5s.  each,  or  253.  the  half-dozen.  The  usual 
allowance  to  the  Trade,  besides  a  plant  over  for  every  three 
ordered. 
Nursery  and  Seed  Establishment,  Hamm^ramith. 

TTZ-EIGELA     MIDDENDORFFIANA.  — For     the 

*  »  information  of  all  persons  who  have  purchased  from  the 
Subcrtbers  a  plant  under  the  above  name,  we  hereby  give 
notice,  That  we  have  unintentionally  been  the  medium  of 
circulating  quite  a  different  plant  to  the  true  Vl^eigela  Midden- 
dorffiana.  We  possess  the  true  species  receive'i  direct  from 
Russia,  but  as  we  had  not  plants  sufficient  for  the  orders  we 
had  received,  we  purchased  in  Paris  a  quaotitv  under  the 
name  of  Weigela  luc^a,  which  we  under.itoud  to  be  the  same 
plant.  From  these  have  originated  alltheplauts  of  the  spurious 
variety  which  have  been  uold  by  us. 

All  parties  who  have  received  this  plant  from  us  at.'  i'  "nerty 

o  deduct  the  <£mouoc  charged  from  their  acci.unts,  or  we  will 
replace  them  vvith  the  true  species,  tree  of  caniage,  early  in 
the  ensuing  opriog. 

Hugh  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery,  near  London,  Oct,  9. 

HYACINTHS.    DUTCH   BULBS,   ETC. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London, 
by  Appointment  Florist  to  her  Majebtj  the  Queer, 
and  to  HIS  Majesty  the  King  of  Sax  nt.  begs  to  say  that 
he  has  received  his  usual  supply  of  HYACINTHS  aod  DUTCH 
BULBS,  in  very  fine  condition.  His  Catalogue  of  iiulbs,  .Ssc, 
will  be  forwarded  on  apulica'Jon 

WILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Seudsman,    &c.,    ise", 
OHE/iPSlUa,    LONOON. 

Tory  a/«,  2j.  per 


NOTICE. 
pETER  LAWSON  and  SON,  of  Edinburgh,'  have 
-*-  just  ienued  speijial  I'ncecl  Lists  of  FOREST  TitKES, 
SHRUBS,  FRUIT,  and  ROSE  TREES;  also  bulbous  Roots 
ad^tpted  for  the  preseot  seasoa,  whiuU  may  be  had  on  applicii- 
tion,  or  free  bj  post  fr-m  their  Agent,  John  C.  Someeb,  159, 
Fenchurcb.arreet.  London.  Mho,  "  Tbe  Synopsis  of  the  Vege. 
getable  Produce  of  Scotland,"  in  one  volurne,  price  lOs  6ci. 


A. 


PAUL   AND   SON   beg   to   announce   that  their 

CATALO'^Ues  ot  ROSKS  iind  HOLLYHOCKS,  con- 
taining all  ihu  fine  now  vurietiea  for  the  present  season,  are 
now  reiidy,  and  may  be  had  tree  on  application,  enclosing  Two 
Ptnny  S'ttrnp-*  f.r  the  pnHt-jgo, 

TheAUTUMKAL  ROSES  are  Htill  finely  In  bloom. 
NurHf^ric'H,  C'l'-shun',  llt'rts.  Oefnbirg. 


LOUIS  VAN  UOUTTE,  of  Ghent,  Belgium,  has  just 
Ueuod  blM  uow  UhNKltAL  CaTALOUUK,  which  may  bo 
hiid  'in  aprilioatlon  to  hix  Ac'O's,  Messrs.  Bltham  and 
Blackith,  Oox  and  Hammond's  tiuays,  Lower  Thumoa-streat, 
Loudon. 

\\J  ILLIAM  WOODanh  SON^begTo"  inform  "their 

*  *  friend-,  a.-d  .h--  public  that  tl.uir  Collection  of  AUTUMN 
PLOWIOUINQ  IlOsE.S  is  now  lloily  lu  bloom,  and  will  bo 
found  well  worthv  of  (i  vi»il'. 

W.  W.  and  MoN'a  UKSCIIII'TIVC  CATALOOUR  ofc- RO^^KS 
lm«i  hcoii  torwiirrlod  to  all  who  Ijiivh  favoLirud  thuru  wltn  their 
coinmandM,  and  in.iy  bo  hiid  ou  aj)pli(Millou  at  tho  Nursery,  by 
encl'i^itig  two  poiiny  Kfatrnrn. 

Woodlandfi  Nuraory,  Maroitiiold,  near  Uckflcid,  Suflflcx. 


Common  mixed  Crocus  Is,  per 

UtO. 
Superior  Dutch  Mixed  CrocuB, 

Is.  fid.  per  100. 
Cbocds,   very  large  and   fine 

yellow,  25.  Gd  per  100. 
,,         12    diettnct    varieties 

named,  3s.  per  100. 
„         in   separate    colours. 

Is.  Gd.  to  2s  per  100. 
Tllips,  fine    border  varietiis, 

early  and  late,  bs,  to  7s.  GJ., 

per  100. 

GLASS    DISHES   with   six 


Ssowoaops, 

100. 
Naecissus,  Soleil  d*Or,  Zs.  per 
doz. 

,t  Dbl.  Roman,  3^.  per  doz, 
„  paper  white,  3s.  per  doz. 
.,  Grand  vlonarque(largeJ, 
6s,  per  doz. 
Hyacinths,  excellent  mixtures 
3s.  fid.  per  iJoz. 
, ,  D  amed     for    pots    or 

glasses,  63.  to  12s.  per  doz. 

superior  HYACINTtl^S  ready 
planted  in  Moss,  and  which  are  easily  transmitted  to  the 
country  without  injury,  Os.  ;  tho  price  increases  from  5$.  to 
105.  fid.  according  to  the  size  of  Dish  and  number  of  Hyacinths. 

TJie  ahove  are  all  warranted  finCy  and  will  he  delivered 
in  the  best  possible  condition,  loith  extra  bidbs  to  cojnpensate 

for  carriage. 

Wm.  Hamilton's  Catalogue,  containing  nn  immense  variety 
of  bulbous  roots,  Jic,  may  be  had  on  application. — Address, 
156   CiFcapHiHe.  London. 

lOHN    HOLLAND,  Bradshaw    Gardens,  Middleton, 

^  Lancashire,  reHpfutfally  informs  his  tioricultui'iil  friends 
that  his  new  Cat  ALOQUli,  containing  prict;d  lists  uf  all  the 
new  varieties  of  Auriiiul'i&,  Alpines,  Polyamhus,  Carnations, 
Picotees,  Pinks,  Fancies,  and  tho  "Lancashire  Show  Goose- 
berry trees,"  are  now  ready,  and  will  be  forwarded  oa 
application,  euclosing  a  postage  stump. 


FOUR  of  the  best  and  moat  profitable  STRAW- 
BliUaiES  to  grow  are  GULlATH,  ELEANOIt,  BlUnStl 
QUEtN,  and  OLD  PINE.  Tho  lant  is  best  for  preservers. 
Plants,  true,  2s.  Gd.  per  lOD,  or  203.  per  lOOO.  Also,  our 
Siedling  Plum  DWARF  PaOLIFIC,  never  failing  to  produce 
alar^e  crop,  as  it  fiuwers  lato,  thereby  eaciiping  the  spring 
frosts.  Fruit  ripe  in  July.  Plants,  3s.  fid.,  aud  one  oyer  to 
the  trade  if  rhree  are  taken.     Paid  to  London. 

Catalogues  of  Uohom  and  Nursory  Stock  upon  application. 
DiLi,i8T0MB  and  Co.'a  Nui'HorioB,  Sturmer,  Halstcid,  Bsbcx, 


NEW    GERANIUMS. 

ISAAC  DAVIES  can  supply  good  healthy  plants  of 
thu  fitllowing  varlo'los,  which  are  u  soloctlon  from  those 
rwised  and  exhibited  luttyciir,  hI.'c  of  which  obtained  prizes  at 
the  Juno  Exldhltloo,  Itegont's  Purlt, 

Mugnof,  78.  0'/. ;  Purpio  .Standard,  Gs. ;  Ellso,  Bs  ;  Herald, 
fia. ;  Arotlmmi,  Tm.  ;  Gunymodo,  fia. ;  Lublaolio,  53.  ;  Munliaiiua. 
r»((,  ;  CrlHttnii,  fiu.  ;  or  tho  lot  of  nine  for  1(  Via,  Gd.,  box  nnd 
|mi;|{Hi;o  Included,  otiHh  price.  Itmnittance  or  reference 
rcBincfoItv  r(if|uehtcd  from  unknown  correHpundouts. 

LurUUold  Nursery,  Wavcrtreo,  near  Liverpool. 


i  nt^     u  A  K  JU  K  IM  ETR^     C  H  R  ON  IC  L  E . 


[Oct.  9, 


18  5  2. 

LIST    OF    ORCHIDEOUS    PLANTS    INDIGENOUS    TO    ASSAM, 

AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


«•' 

7» 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12' 
13> 
14» 
IS 
16 
17- 
18" 
19 
20° 
21» 
22«' 
23" 

24* 
25 

26 

27«' 

28 

29' 

30 

31" 

32« 

33» 

31 

35»« 

S6» 

37  • 

38« 

39 

id 

4l«' 

42 

43* 

44>' 

45»' 

4e» 

47* 
48 

49 

£0 
SI 

S2«» 

53* 

54- 

«5« 

ee 

67 
SB 
69* 

60 

61* 

62 

68' 

64» 

65« 

66" 
67 


70 
71 

72" 

73' 

74' 

76«» 

70' 

77" 

78»' 

79 

80" 

81" 

82" 

83>» 

84 

86* 

86* 

87'» 

88* 

89" 

90 

91» 

92 
930 


MicroBtylia  Wailichil  1,. 
i)beroaia  inditolia 

.,    sp 

[jipariH  ep.  

..    sp 

,.     «P 

..     »P 

Otochilus  fascus 

,,    albua  

PboUdota  imbricata    .. 

,,    uQilulata 

,,    articulata 

..    »P 

..     sp.    ...        

Coelogyoe  fl.iviaa 

,,     undulata    ... 

„    fioibriata? 

„    UDifiora 

„    barbata      

„    prfficox  ?     

,,     maculata 

„     Wallicbiana 

„    ocellata      

„    Gardneriana 

„    cristata       

„    sp 

„    flava!        

!•     sp 

>,    sp 

,,    sp 

!•    sp 

„     sp 

Bolbopbjllutn  leopard 
num        

,,    umbellatum 

„     Khaejanum ; 

,■    sp 

M    sp 

„    sp 

,.    sp 

,.    sp 

Cirrbopetalum  sp, 

„    sp 

„    sp 

,.    sp 

,.    sp 

Trico-ma  fluaviB 

Eriafliva  

Bria  sp 

,,    deosiflora 

„    ferruginea 

ff    paniculata 

>•    sp 

>.    sp 

„     sp 

„      sp 

.\poruiii  ancepa  ... 
,,     cuapidatum 

„    sp 

„    "P.? 

Dendrobium  Pierardi  .. 
„     heterocarpiim 
„    Chryaantbum 

,,    Paxtoni      

„    Bp.  like  do. 

„    formoaum 

„    longicornu 

„    calceolus    

,,     Fulcatum 

,,  JenkiiiBii    ... 

,,  caeruleBcena 

„    nubile         

„     Gibsonii      

,,     stuposum 

,,  Cambridgeanum . .. 

,,  tran-tpareos 

„  like  do.,  varioua  ... 

„  DevODianum 

,,  Dalhousianum     ... 

„    muUicaule 

„     Oriffithii     

,,     Faruieri 

„  deoBidorum  pallid. 

,,  do.     rostum 

„  intermedium 

„    BP 


.,    ep 

^pathoglottiB  pubeacens 
A.rundina  bambusifolia 

Phaius  grandifollua 

Wailichii 

maculata 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Small,  pen  Rreen 

Minute,  jetlowish 

Small,  yellow         

Lardisb,  green  yellow 

Small,  deep  purple 
„     yellowish  brown 
„           „         and  white 
„    white 


,,       „    and  yellow 

„    yellow 

Largish,  white        

„  „  and  brown  .. 
„  „  and  lateritiou! 
„    white 

Large,  white,yellow,&  roae 
,,         ,,         and  rose 
,,    pale  yellow  and  deep 

oraoge 
,,     white  and  yellow 
,,         ,,      streaked     with 
bright  yellow 
^mall,  brown  and  yellow 
Large,  yellow  and  brown 
Small,  brown  ami  yellow 
„     whi:e  and  brown 
,,     pale  yellow    >... 
,,     while  (pretty) 
Largish,  pale  cinnamon  , 
Large,  jellow  spotted  with 

purple. 
Largith,  dull  yellow 
-imall,  greeniah 
Largish,  bright  yellow 
Small,  white,  fragrant 
„    dull  purple     ... 


Small,   greenish,  fragraot 

,,    dull  purple 

Large,  browa  and  yellow.. 
Largiuh,  dull  purple 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell 

Largihh,  dull  yell.  &  brown 

Largish,    white     streaked 

with  brown 

„  „     tinged    witb 

yellow 

,,    ferruRineoua  ... 
Small,  spotted  with  purple 
Largish,  white 

,,  It    &  dull  purp. 

Minute,  rosy  

Snaall,  white  


Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Large,  pink  and  yellow  .. 
,,  yell,  and  br.  fragran 
„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

,,    orange  and  brown  ... 

Very  large,  white  and  yell,, 
fragrant 

Large,  .white  and  orange... 

Very    dark    yellow,     rose, 
and  purple 

Large,  yellow  and  purple... 

lively  yellow 

deep  lively  purple  ... 
white  rosy  purple  ... 
yellow  and  brown   ... 

■^mall,  white  

L:irge,  lively  yell,  and  br. 
deep  lively  purple  ... 
pale  rose  and  purplt- 
lilac-roso  and  yellow 
rose,  white,  and  purp. 
while  and  purple  ... 
pale  yeU.  and  orang' 
lively  „  ,, 
white  and  orange  .. 
pale  ro&e  and  orange 
pale  yellow  tb  brown 

lively  orange 

„  yellow  &  brown 
yellow,  pink,  and  br. 
pink  and  yellow 

Largish,  yellow  and  purple 

Lurge,  pale  rose  and  lively 
purple 
white,  brown,  &  pur. 

,,      rosy  scented 


94 

n"" 

9^< 

97* 

9-i' 

!)9« 
100' 
lOl* 
102 

103« 

104* 
105* 
106« 

107* 
08* 

10 
111 
112 
113 
lU** 
lib*" 

ns 

117** 
(18* 
119* 
120*' 
121*' 
l-.'2*' 
123*' 

125 
126 
127 
'28 

130 

131* 

132 

133* 

134* 

135 

136 

137*" 

138 

139 

140" 
14l«* 

U?** 

143** 

144** 

145* 

146*' 

147 
148 


Naubs. 


Ph»iusalbus 
-AputariaBcnilis  ... 
A   latifoUa 
Eulophia  virena  ... 

.1     sp 

t.     sp 

M     PP 

M         Bp 

Tanda  teres 

cristata 

multlflora  ... 
coerulea 

BP 

Bp 

Bp 

Camarotis  purpurea 
Micropera  pallida 
Sacculabiuin  micranthm 

,,     retuHura      

,,    papillosum 

„    Calceolare 

„    Bp.  like  do. 

„     caroifolium 

„    dasypngon 

,,    appf?ndiculatam  ... 

..    PP 

Sarcaathus  sp 

»      Bp 

»      sp 

»      sp 

»      Bp 

M      Bp         

Aerides  affine     

„    odoratum 

.*    sp 

.,     sp 

Agroatophyllium      Kha- 

syanum 
Xiphosium  acuminatum 
Acanthophippiuui  Bp,  ,., 

..     sp 

Cjmbidiumgiganteum... 

„    pendulum 

,,    aloifolium , 

„     eburneum , 

,,    incoTispicuum 
Cymbidium      longipota. 
lum 

,,    cyprifollum 

»    sp 

M  8P 

»  Bp 

»  BP 

>.  SP 

Phalsenopsia,  sp. 

Euphorboecis  pygmiea... 
Geodorum  dilatatutn    ... 


Rox. 


Platantherasp.  ... 
Peristylis  sp. 

Habenaria  hamigera 

sp 

Bp 

BP 

.-      sp 

Pogonia  Joliana... 

Bp 

..     8P 

Cyrtoaia  sp. 
■^pirduthea  sp.    J... 
Zc^uxine  sulcata 

iVUSQCtOChilUS 

burghli 

sp 

Cypripedium     venustum 

msigne 

Caianthe  denaiflora 

sp 

BP 

sp 

^-.       BP 

Goodyera  sp 

BP 

-      BP 

Ophrys  8p.  

.-    sp 

Anthoginum  ep 

Uonatea  sp. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Large,  white,   rosy  scenieri 
Largish,  rose  and  green  ., 

?  

Large,  green  and  white    .. 
„     dull  yellow  &  browu 

,,     deep  purple 

,,     green  and  yellow 
,,     purplish  green 
Very    large,    ro>»y    purple, 

yellow  and  brown 
Largish,    greenish,    white, 
and  purple 
white  and  roae 
Very  large,  deep  blue 
Largish,  dull  purple 

„         and  green 
yellow  and  brown    ... 
Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

,,    pale  yellow    

Small,  rosy 

Largish,  lively  spotted 
Small,  pale  yeilow  «b  pur. 
yellow  and  brown    ... 
pale  do.  and  rose     ... 

rosy      

green  and  purple     ... 

yellow 

rosy  and  deep  purple 

Small,  rosy 

white  and  yellow 


„    rosy  red 
Large,  rosy  purple... 
„  „     Bweet-Bcented 

Large,  like  afi&ne,  and  very 

eweet-scented 
Small,  white 

Large,  white 

dull  purple    ... 

white,  streaked 

Very  large,  yell,  ami  brown 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purpl 

Very  large,  white 

Small,  brown  

Largish,  green  and  purple 


Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  white 

brownish  purple 

Very  large,  white 

Large,  white  and  brown  .,, 

green  and  dull  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  reddish 
brown 

Minute,  yellow        

Large,  white,  purple,  and 
yellow 

deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Large,  white  

Largish,      white,      eweet- 

scented 
Small,  green  

yellow  

greenish  yellow 

white 

Large,  white  

Small,  rosy  white 

largish,  green        ...        ... 

Small,  purple 

Largish,  golden  yellow    ... 

Small,  white  

rosy  white      

white 

Large,  green  and  purple  ... 
red  and  yellow 
lively  yellow 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Large,  white  and  green    .. 

„     and  yellow  ... 

dull  purple     

Small  white 

„    dull  purple    ... 
Largish,  rosy  purple 

green  and  purple    ... 

rosy 
Small,  sreea  


150' 
151** 

1-52 

153 

154 

1 55' 

1^6 

l57<"' 

l58*' 

160»» 
l6l** 
1.62«* 
l63»* 

lfi4»« 

r-5«* 

l66»* 
l67» 

ItiS** 

i^d** 

l70*» 

I7l»» 

l72 

l73 

l74 

l75*» 

,76»« 

l77»* 

l78* 

.^achynathus  (3  to4  sp.):  Hoya  (5  or  6  sp.)  ;  Arum  (several); 
Lilmm  (1  sp.) ;  Nepenthes  (1  sp.)  ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 
(150  to  200  sp.)  ;  Palma  (Livistonia,  Leoxalia,  Caryota, 
Calamus,  die.)  are  also  indigenous,  and  can  be  sent  if 
required. 


Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  with  an  asteriek  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  asteriBka  are  considered  very  rare 

The  charges  for  a  box  of  4  cubic  feet  measurement,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  51.  or 
SO  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  which  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  1  r.  S  a.  a  Piant ;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  new  Plants  not  Included  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  VThen  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  diacount  ot  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

Plants  can  also  be  sent  in  glass  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  measuring  2  feet  6  inchea  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  height,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  be  made.  Glass  covers  can  also  be  supplied  for  the  other  boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  le  made  to  Messrs.  Charlks  Cantor  am,d  Co.,  m  Calcutta, 

AB8A-M,  August  1.  185 J 


ROSE,    AND    OTHER    CATALOGUES, 

BY  THOMAS  RIVERS. 

A    DESCRIPTIVE    CATALOGUE     OF    ROSES, 
containing  a  selection  only  of  the  finest  varieties,  fur  two 
postage  samps. 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  FRUITS,  for  four  postage  Htamps. 
This  was  published  October,  1851. 

A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  TREES  and  SHRUBS,  for  two 
postage  stamps. 

A  Deccripiive  Catalogue  of  ORNAMENTAL    TREES    for 
LAWNS,  tree. 

The   MINIATURE    FPUIT   GARDEN;   or  the  Culture  of 
Pyramidal  Pear  and  other  Fruit  Trets,  for  24  postage  stamps. 
Nurseries,  Saw  bridge  worth,  Herts. 


NEW    RHUBARB- 

BAILEY'S  EARLY  MONARCH. 
"  I  am  highly  delighted  with  the  Early  Monarch,  and  can 
confidently  recommend  it  as  the  very  best  early  Rhubart> 
Er.'wn.  The  foliage  also  is  peculiar  and  very  beautiful." — 
J.  F.  Wood,  F.H.S. 

"  For  colour,  size,  and  precocity  '  Bailey's  Early  Monarch  * 
is  moat  assuredly  worthy  of  very  extensive  cultivation  ;  it  is  a 
decided  acquisition."— Suburban  Borticidturist. 

Plauta  53.  each,  lo  be  had  of  the  raiser,  Mr.  John  Bailet, 
Longton,  Staffi>rd8hire.  A  few  packets  of  Victuria  Seed 
h)bridised  with  Early  Monarch,  1«.  each,  or  free  per  post  lor 
U  penny  stamps, 


FRUIT     TREES. 

HUGH  LOW  AND  CO.  invite  the  attention  of  the 
Trade  to  their  Stock  of  Maiden  Fruit  Trees.  They  are 
of  unusually  fine  growth  this  season,  and  the  collection  com- 
prifles  all  the  most  approved  kiudt  of  Peaches,  Nectarines, 
Apricots,  Plums,  Pears,  (fcc,  &c.  Also  strong  healthy  treea  of 
Kaisha  Apricot  and  Stanwick  Nectarine. 

H.  L.  and  Co.  will  have  pleasure  in  showing  them  to  any 
parties  who  may  visit  their  Nursery. 
Clapton  Nursery,  near  London,  Oct.  0. 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Windleshara,  near  Bagshot, 
Surrey,  Ethibitor  of  American  Plants  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Regent'F-parlt.  begs  to  inlorm  the  Nobility 
and  Public  he  haa  published  a  Descripdve  CATALOGUE  OP 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Coniferte,  Rotes,  Ornamental  Shruba, 
die.  die,  and  may  be  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps.  —  Near  Staines  Station,  Windsor  Branch,  Souui- 
Western  Railway. 

KINGHORNE'S  SEEDLING  EPAORISES. 
TORN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  announce  that 

^  they  are  prepared  to  send  out  these  beauUful  Seedlings, 
from  which  they  have  selected  the  following  distinct  kinds  : — 

E.  KINGHORNIL— Tube  medium  length,  very  stout,  beauti- 
fully pencilled  with  rose  colour,  pure  white  tip,  and  sepals  well 
refiexed  ;  a  most  profuse  bloomer.     Price  73.  6d. 

E.  GRANDIFLORA  RUBRA.— Tube  longer,  stouter,  and 
much  higher  coloured  than  graodiflora ;  tips  pure  white ;  aepaU 
expand  well ;  very  free  bloomer.     Price  5s. 

E.  MINIATA  SPLENDENS.— Tube  larger  and  longer  than 
mioiata,  of  a  more  brilliant  colour,  white  lip  more  distinct ; 
sepals  expand  well  ;  extremely  free  bloomer.     Price  5s. 

PRICE  OF  THE  SET,  16s.— The  usual  discount  to  the 
Trade,  besides  a  set  over  on  every  three  sets  ordered. 

These  superb  Epacrlses  are  really  the  most  useful  plants 
offered  to  the  Public  this  season.  They  are  very  great  improve- 
ments, both  in  habit  and  profuseness  of  blooming,  over  all 
former  introductions,  and  will  prove  highly  valuable  for 
exhibition. 

Nursery  and  Seed  EatabliBbmen*,  TTaromersmith. 

DWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 

will  he  prepared  to  seud  out  (the  middle  of  this  month), 
their  new  CINERARIAS  and  Fancy  GERANIUMS,  for  which 
they  solicit  early  orders,  as  the  stock  of  sume  of  the  varieties 
is  limited, 

NEW     CINERARIAS. 
Charles  Dickena,  large  purple  puce,  good  petal,  light    s,  d, 

shade  round  the  disc,  each 6    6 

Charlotte,  white  and  bright  carmine,  equally  propor- 
tionate, carmine  diec,  dwarf,  and  very  gay        5    0 

Conspicua,  clear  white,  lavender  disc,  tree  and  good  habit  5  0 
Kate  Kearney,  very  large,  clear  while  lilac  diac,  fine  ...  6  0 
Loveliness,  bright  roey  crimaon,  white  circle  round  a 

carmine  disc      5    0 

Marguerite  d'Anjou,  dark  crimson,  maroon  diec,  good 

form,  stout  petal,  dwarf  spreading  babit  7    G 

Prince  Arthur,  scarlet  crimaon,  fine  large  petal,  a  very 

brilliant  flower 10    6 

Rosalind,  clear  white,  tipped  with  purple,  grey  disc, 
splendid  fi)rm  and  habit,  extr.i         10    G 

Pnce  of  the  Set,  £2  2s. — Ifsiial  discount  to  tJie  Trade, 

NEW     TANCY     GERANIUMS. 

Criterion,  bright  violet  carmine,  laced  edgio,;  of  white,    s,  d. 
each  lower  petal  spotted  with  carmine,  good  form,  fine 
habit  and  truss 10    6 

Fanny,  upper  petals  fine  dark  roae,  lower  petals  spotted 
with  rose 10    6 

Flora  M'lvor,  black  maroon'upper  petals,  white  throat 
and  belting        10    6 

Italian  Beauty,  rich  deep  carmine,  or  scarlet  crimson, 
white  blush  edging  and  throat,  early  and  very  free 
bloomer 10    6 

Lady  Dowoes,  rosy  crimson,  edged  with  white,  lower 
petals  violet  rose,  fine  white  throat,  good  truss,  fine 
exhibition  variety,  extra        10    6 

Marginata,  violet  crimaon,  with  deep  edging  of  white, 
lower  petals  all  white,  with  a  striking  small  spot  of 
violet,  distinct ig    $ 

Queen  of  the'Fanciea,  violet  crimson,  white  margin,  lower 
petals  violet  rose,  shading  off  tn  white,  large  clear  white 
throat,  smooth,  well  arranged  flower  and  truaa,  excel- 
lent habit,  extra  fine  form     ...         lo    g 

Price  of  the  Set,  £3  3s,     Usiial  discount  to  the  Trade. 
Wellington  Road  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London.— Oct.  9. 


^  BASS  and  BROWN'S  New  Autumn  Catalogue 
is  now  ready,  and  will  be  sent  Free  on  receipt  of 
Three  Postage  Stamps. 

BEST    NEW    CERANIUMt    OF    LAST    SEASON. 
STRONG    PLANTS   NOW    READY. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  havt  the  pleasure  to  offer  as 
under  the  following,   all  lew  varieties  of  last  seaaon, 
raised  by  Messrs.  Hotle,  Fostei,  and  DoeaoN. 

The  Collection  may  be  had  for  31. 15s. 
Any  12  for  5\is.,  or  left  toour  selection,  for  iis, 

s.  d.  s,  d. 


Aradne  (Foster)  ...  . 
Anbassador  (Dobaon)  , 
Artihuaa  (Dobson) ...  . 
Ciii?frain  (Hoyle)  ...  , 
CoUnel      of     the     Ruf 

(loyle) 

Cnnmiasioner  (Beck) 

Eli3e(Hoyle)     

Enshantresa  (Foster) 
Exiibiior  (Beckj     ...    . 
Gaiymede  (Hoyle) . 


,  5  0  3-em  (Dobson)  ... 

,  3  6  lerald  (Hoyle)        3  6 

,  3  6  ncomparable(Dob80n),,.  3  6 

,  3  6  ^avinia  (Foster)      3  6 

1  itagnet  (Hoyle)       7  6 

,  5  0  ilochanna  (Hoyle) 3  6 

,3  6  Ilooteith  (Foster)    3  $ 

,  5  0  fainter  Improved  (Beck)  3  6 

,  6  0  turple  Standard  (Foater)  5  0 

,3  6  lubens  (Poster)      3  6 

5  0  ihjlock  (Foster)     5  0 

NEW    FANCY  tiERANIUMS 

RAISED  BY  AMBROSE,  AYlBS.  AND  HENDERSON. 


Am)a8sador  (Henderson)  3 
Beaity     of    St.     John's 

Vood  (Henderson)     ...  3  6 

Calban(AyreB|       5  0 

Capivation  (Ambrose)...  5  0 

Eletra  (Ayres)         2  6 

Fomosisaima  (Ayres)  ...  6  0 


The  12  variotis  for  21.  2s. 

.  d. 


Gpaey  Queen  (Ayrea) 

iSiranda  (Ayrea)     a 

Qhelto  (Henderson)      ...  8 
f^iocess  Royal  (Hender- 

son) 8 

Rchard    Cohden  (Amb.)  6 
Stperba  (Ambrose)       ...  5 


s.d. 
5    0 


NEW  SCARLET  AND  PINK-FIOWERING  HORSE-SHOE 
LEAVED  GERANIUMS. 

s.  d.\\  .        s.  d. 

AoBzon  (Low)        3    6  I  Otoratisaima    grandiflo- 

Ddance  (A.  Henderson)  2    6  1      4im  (Henderson)        ...2    6 
Hadereouii  (Henderson)  2    6    Sh'ubiand  Pet  (Hender- 
Muotain  of  Light  (Lee)  3     6|      ©n) 8     6 

'or  varieties  of  previous  introdiotion  see  catalogue.  Our 
amual  importation  of  Dutch  Bu>b  has  arrived  in  excellent 
coidition.  We  also  beg  to  call  atention  to  our  very  superb 
colections  of  Ranunculi,  CHadioli,  jris,  and  an  extensive  stock 
of  >ther  roots.  i 

■osuoffice  ordera  payable  to  Sjepheh  Beown,  Seed  and 
Hrticultural Eatabliahment,  Sudbary,  Suffolk. 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 
of  tho  abuve  Plants,  Roseo,  Coniiere,  &o.,  isno*  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  encloiiing  two  postaite  stamiis.  Tbe 
coloura  of  all  the  Rboiioflendrops  worthy  ot  cul-ivatloQ  are 
described  in  order  to  facilitate  purcbasers  in  ae'ec'injj. 

©pThe  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens.  Reeent*!*  Park,  are  from  this 
eBtablishment— The  American  Nursery.  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near 
Farnborouch  Station,  Soatb.Wpstern  Railway. 


SAFFRON  WALDEN  NURSERY. 

SUPERB     DOUBLE     HOLLYHOCKS. 
X\7"ILLIAM  CHATER'S  List  of  the  above  splendid 

'V  Flowers  ia  now  ready,  containing  ,a  careful  selection  of 
all  the  newest  varieties  of  other  raisers,  with  those  of  'he  late 
llr.  Baron,  first  sent  oat  by  W.  C,  and  W.  Chateb's  own 
raisio)^,  mo3t  of  which  stitl  ataod  unTivalled.  Ttie  prices, 
colours,  and  heights,  are  faithfully  affixed  to  eicb  flower  ;  also, 
is  added,  a  selection  of  the  best  Scotch  varieties,  &c.,  die, 
wh'ch  may  be  bad  by  enclosing  a  postage  fitamp. 
Saffron  Walden.  October  9. 


cum,"  which  enable  us  to  give  aJ'-^jure  of  it,  though 
necessarily  an  imperfect  one,  buf^^^ci en tly  satisfac- 
tory, it  is  hoped,  to  admit  of  the  ^isy  recognition  of 
the  plant,  should  it  occur  to  any  of  our  readers  who 
reside  in  the  southern  parts  of  England,  where  it  is 
most  likely  to  occur.  Beneath  the  calycine  glumes 
an  oblong,  dark,  olivaceous  body  protrudes  on  either 
side,  which  from  a  very  early  period  is  clothed  with 
obovate  spores  of  the  same  colour,  divided  irregu- 
larly by  obhque  septa  into  three  or  four  cells.  It 
gradually  swells,  especially  at  the  base,  adhering  to 
the  centre  of  the  glumes,  becoming  transversely 
lacunoso-plicate,  so  as  to  resemble  in  form  the  seed  of 
a  Walnut  or  a  portion  of  the  human  brain.  Some- 
times, however,  it  exhibits  detached  cup-shaped 
bodies,  resembling  a  little  irregular  Peziza. 

It  is  not  easy  to  point  out  the  affinities  of  this 

ROSES!     ROSES!!  curious  fungus.     Cesati  has  not  been  able  to  do  so, 

GODWIN'S     DESCRIPTIVE  '  CATALOGUE    who  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  it  in  its_  dif- 

OF  ROSES,  for  the  ensuing  season,  ia  now  ready,  and    ferent  stages  of  growth;  and  after  a  Very  diligent 

examination  we  have  not  been  able  to  arrive  at  a 
perfectly  satisfactory  solution  of  the  question.  The 
mostprobable  opinionis,that  asthe  curious  gelatinous 
bodies  so  common  on  several  species  of  Juniper  are 
merely  a  more  complete  development  of  the  dusty 
Picccinice,  simulating  the  forms  of  true  Hymeno- 
mycetes,  such  as  the  orange  Tremella,  which  every 
one  must  have  noticed  on  decayed  sticks,  so  Cere- 
hella  is  an  analogous  edition  of  Polj/cj/stiSj  "  auctior 
et  emendatior,''  as  the  phrase  of  the  bibliopoles 
runs.  Indeed  we  have  little  doubt  on  the  subject, 
though  we  are  not  in  a  position  to  prove  the  justice 
of  our  surmise.  The  structure  of  the  gelatinous 
base  is  cellular,  a  structure  found  in  many  Uredines, 
and  therefore  by  no  means  adverse  to  our  view. 
We  have  given  figures  of  the  plant  and  its  fructifi- 
cation in  different  stages  of  growth. 


may  be  had  in  exchange  for  one  postage  stamp. 
Ashbourne,  Derby-hire. 


GEORGE  JACKM:AN,NuRSERTMAN,Woking,Surrey, 
IJ  miie  from  Woking  Station,  South  Western  Railway, 
begB  to  annouuce  he  has  just  published  a  new  and  complete 
Catalogne  of  his  Americaa  Plants,  Ornamental  Evergreens, 
Conifers,  flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  tbc.  <bc.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
TnciosioK  two  postage  stam^js. 


ROSE    NURSERIES,    HERTFORD. 

EP.  FRANCIS'S  CATALOGUE  OF  NEW  AND 
•   SELECT  KOSES  FOR  1852  and  18)3  is  now  ready, 
and  will  be  forwarded  gratis  upon  app'ication. 

Fine  strong  plants  of  Chioese  Fauebral  Cypress,  in  pot?, 
-4  feet,  10«.  «d.  each.— October  9. 


MUSHROOM    SPAWN    FOR    SALE. 
"TCfM.  FREEMAN  returns  his  gi-ateful  thanks  for 

•  •  the  liberal  support  he  has  received  for  the  last  30  years, 
and  begi  to  inform  the  public  that  he  has  now  for  sale  a  fine 
■ample  of  the  above  article,  well  worthy  the  attention  of 
noblemen's  and  gentlemen's  gardeners,  as  it  is  of  the  first 
quality.  W.  F.  has  been  not  only  a  maker  for  the  above  long 
period  but  also  a  practical  grower  ;  and  he  bests  to  inform  the 
Trade  that  they  can  be  sapplied  on  the  most  reasonable  terms. 
Samples  sent  to  any  part  of  the  kingdom  if  required. — For 
particulars,  &c..  direct  to  Wm.  Feeeman,  Gardener,  Kenaal 
New  Town.  Paddinsrton.  London, 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  m"8t  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  sorts 
"for  Flaittino  or  Feoiting  in  Pots. 

Also  an   ex'ensive  and   valuable  collection  of  STOYE    and 
GREESH0U-5E    PLANTS,    with  all   new  varieties.     See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.    Also  our  Illuntrations  on  Hoeti- 
cuLTDKAL  Bdildinq  and  Heating  by  Hot-watee. 
J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  Eing'^-road,  Chelsea. 


SDPERB  NEW  APPLE, 

BRADLEY'S    GOLDEN     PEARMAIN. 

TJICHARD  BRADLEY  begs  to  inform  Nurserymen 
^  and  the  Public  generally  that  it  is  his  inten  ion  to  send 
-cut  this  very  excellent  new  APPLE  in  November  next, 

R.  B.,  in  offering  the  above,  can  with  confidence  recommend 
it  as  being  a  very  superior  variety  and  worthy  a  place  in  every 
■collection.  It  will  be  touad  a  creat  acquisition  f ■  r  Table  or 
Ktcben.  First  quality,  second  size  ;  season  from  December 
to  February.  It  is  an  early  and  prolific  bearer,  and  a  very  free 
grower. 

Opinion  of  R.  Maenock.  E^q..  in  Qard^ners' and  Fai-viicrs' 
Journal  for  Oct.  26,  18i0  :— "  BEN.  Tour  Apple  seems  to  be  a 
-variety  very  near  the  Margill,  or  between  that  and  ibe  Ribston 
Pippin.  It  hHS  the  general  fo-m  and  flavour  of  the  one  with 
the  spotting  of  the  other.  T'-e  flesh  is  crisp  and  graceful.  On 
the  whole,  we  think  it  is  an  excellent  dessert  Apple,  and  looks 
as  good  AS  it  is." 

Fine  healthy  dwarf  plants,  lOj.  6(2.  each;  half  standards, 
12f.  dd.  each.  One  plaot  over  to  the  Trade  when  three  are 
<irdered. 

The  stock  being  small,  early  orders  are  requested,  to  secore 
plants.  A  remittance  to  accompany  the  order  from  unknown 
-correspondents,  to  be  m^de  payable  at  Southwell  Post-office, 
JTotu. —  Agents  ;  Messrs,  Fisher,  Holmes,  and  Co.,  Flandsworth 
Kursery,  >bef5eld.  Package  free.  All  orders  above  U.  \\a.  6(i. 
•carriage  paid  to  Looioo  and  all  places  within  100  miles  of  the 
Dnriery. —  Ha'am  Nurfer^,  Siuthwell,  Notts. 


TO   NOBLEMEN,   CENTLEIVIEN,   AND    THE   TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA,  price  2$  %d.  pa- 
-quart,  and  can  with  confldeoce  recommend  It  as  a  very  superiur 
article. 

About  the  second  week  in  October  they  will  be  ready  to  aetd 
out  their  New  Early  Scarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES  RH0BAR3, 
bi.  each.  It  \\  quite  at  early  as  the  Prince  Albert,  much  larger, 
red  tbrotiscbout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large  cmpper. 

P<jrt.^ffice  Orflers  from  those  not  having  an  account  open 
vltb  H..  S,  and  Co.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Boroogb  Po»t-offlce,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  Testimonials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
bad.  tee  Oardmert'  ClironicU  18ch  September,  1852,  page  6!i  . 

Kewtnrton  Bnt»»,  London. 


Clit  (BarueiierjS'  ©liiouicU, 

SA  TURDA  y,  OCTOBER  9,  1852.      ! 

-  -  — ♦ 
Evert  parasite  which  attacks  those  species  of 
Orasses  that  afford  the  staple  food  of  so  large  a 
portion  of  mankind,  or  even  less  valuable  speciespf 
the  same  great  natural  order,  provided  it  really  exlr- 
cises  any  deciiled  influence  on  health  or  fruilfuluejs, 
is  always  an  object  of  interest  to  the  cultivator,  aptt 
from  any  more  purely  scientific  conaideratiojs. 
Few  more  remarkable,  and  more  baneful,  shouldit 
ever  occur  on  a  larj^e  scale,  have  ever  met  t^e 
attention  of  the  mycologist  than  that  which  (jKni(\ 
found  in  Italy  in  IWjO,  infesting  to  a  great  exte|t 
the  glumes  of  Andropoijon Tsch/emi.  Excellent  spl- 
cimens  of  this  singular  species  have  been  publishd 
at  No.  1587  of  Klotzscu's  "  Herbarium  Mycolog- 


1.  Cerehella  Andrcpogonis,  Ces.,  spreading  like  a 
Menilius  over  the  glumes. 

2.  Individuals  magnified  40  diameters,  growing, 
detached,  and  scattered. 

3.  A  portion  as  seen  from  above,  highly  magnified, 
showing  the  cellular  structure  and  spores. 

4.  A  .section  through  ditto,  magnified  340  dia- 
meters. 

6.  Origin  of  spores  from  cellular  tissue. 
6.  Young  and  mature  spores. 
Most  of  the  figures  are  from  the  pencil  of  Mr. 
Brcome.  M.  J.  B. 


Arb  Leaves  necessary  to  the  growth  of  roots, 
stems,  and  other  parts  ?  is  a  question  which  it  may 
seem  superfluous  to  ;i.sk.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
find  a  practical  physiologist  who  entertains  any 
doubt  upon  the  subject ;  for  leaves  are  looked  upon 
as  being  no  less  essential  to  the  nutriment  of  a 
plant  than  a  stomach  to  the  supply  of  an  animal 
with  the  materials  from  which  its  body  is  elaborated. 
Nevertheless  there  are   certain    undeniable   facts 


which  may  be  thought  to   lead  to  an  opposite  cdn^ 
elusion. 

In  the  "  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society," 
Vol.  v.,  p.  110,  published  iu  April  18.00,  the  writer 
of  these  remarks  made  the  following  statement, 
when  pointing  out  the  singular  fact  that  the  Potato 
increases  largely  in  bulk  after  the  removal  of  its 
stem  and  leaves. 

"  That  tubers  and  roots  will  grow  for  many  years, 
although  their  tops  are  removed,  is  an  undoubted 
fact,  be  the  explanation  of  the  process  what  it  may. 
It  is  now  17  years  since  M.  Dutrochet  brought  to 
the  notice  of  physiologists  the  unexpected  fact  that 
in  the  Jura  may  be  found  the  roots  of  Fir  trees 
still  alive  and  growing,  at  the  end  of  45  years  after 
the  trunks  were  felled.  A  similar  example  is 
recorded  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Berkeley  in  the  case  of 
an  Ash  tree  which  had  been  sawn  over  level  with 
the  ground.  (See  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  18.50,  p.  99). 
Gardeners  know  very  well  that  the  tuberous 
Tropseoluras,  the  stems  of  which  have  been  acci- 
dentally broken  off,  will  continue  to  grow  for  a  long 
time  afterwards  ;  as  also  will  tuberous  Bindweeds. 
These  are  notorious  facts,  though  they  have  never 
been  recorded  with  the  exactness  which  is  desirable 
in  scientific  questions.  And  it  so  happens  that  I 
have  now  before  me  a  very  illustrative  case,  which 
places  the  matter  beyond  all  further  question. 

"  It  chanced  that  in  the  Conservatory  of  Chiswick 
House  a  plant  of  Sello's  Ipomcsa  was,  in  November, 
1840,  destroyed  to  the  ground  by  frost,  since  which 
period  it  has  neither  made  buds  nor  leaves. 
Nevertheless,  its  roots  have  continued  increasing 
rapidly  in  size.  In  fact,  it  has  been  frequently 
repotted  as  its  increase  in  size  demanded  it ;  for  in 
1840,  at  the  time  of  the  accident,  it  was  but  a  small 
root.  During  this  long  period  it  has  been  subjected 
to  a  high  temperature.  At  this  moment  the  root 
forms  a  coil,  not  unlike  a  boa  constrictor,  1  foot 
across,  6  inches  deep,  and  weighing  7^  lbs.  Although 
we  have  no  record  of  its  weight  at  the  time  when 
the  stem  perished,  yet,  as  it  has  continued  to  grow 
for  nine  years  and  a  half,  and  was  originally  in  a 
small  pot,  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  assume  that  it 
has  acquired  at  least  seven  times  its  original  weight. 
Although  no  leaves  have  been  formed,  yet  many 
attempts  at  the  production  of  stems  are  visible  upon 
the  specimen,  in  the  form  of  short  stunted  tubercles 
or  incipient  hranches  ;  and  the  root  is  now  so  full 
of  vitality  that  I  entertain  no  doubt  of  the  possi- 
bility of  compelling  it,  by  artificial  means,  to  resume 
its  growth. 

"  Here,  then,  is  a  very  striking  proof  that  plants 
have  an  inherent  power  of  growth  without  leaves. 
It  is  probable  that  in  this  case  the  bark,  of  which 
a  large  surface  has  been  exposed  to  light,  has  acted 
as  a  substitute  for  foliage,  perspiring,  and  assimi- 
lating food,  as  all  green  parts  do,  whether  leaves  or 
not.  It  is  also  probable  that  the  surface  of  the 
root  which  rested  upon  the  earth,  and  which  still  is 
colourless,  has  constantly  attracted  from  the  soil  the 
food  which  the  bark  is  assumed,  in  this  case,  to  have 
assimilated.  But  if  such  a  power  can  be  recognised 
in  an  Ipomosa,  we  must  also  admit  its  existence  in 
the  tuber  of  a  Potato,  even  although  that  tuber  is 
not  exposed  to  light ;  and  the  vital  force  of  the 
latter  must  be  allowed  to  be  capable  not  only  of 
converting  into  starch  the  gum  which  was  supplied 
by  the  leaves,  but  of  absorbing  gaseous  and  fluid 
matters  from  the  soil,  and,  by  their  assimilation,  of 
continuing  to  grow,  although  perhaps  for  only  a 
limited  time." 

We  observe  that  M.  Durand,  of  Caen,  has  arrived 
at  similar  conclusions,  apparently  without  being 
aware  of  the  foregoing  statement.  In  some  experi- 
ments published  in  the  "  Comptes  Rendus,"  Aug.  16, 
1852,  it  was  found  that  Poplars,  Apple  trees, 
Acacias,  &c.,  on  which  nothing  was  left  except 
Miselto,  grew  in  diameter  notwithstanding  the  loss 
of  their  green  organs.  The  two  following  experi- 
ments were  still  more  conclusive. 

Exp.  1.  At  a  yard  and  a  half  above  the  soil,  an 
old  Elm  tree  was  cut  across  before  winter.  The 
tree  thus  mutilated  was  a  mere  fragment  of  trunk 
under  whose  bark  some  adventitious  buds  were 
collected,  so  as  to  form  a  bur.  The  wound  was 
covered  with  plastic  clay.  As  soon  as  the  adven- 
titious buds  began  to  move  in  the  spring,  they  were 
carefully  removed  as  fast  as  they  appeared.  Never- 
theless, a  layer  of  wood  was  formed.  In  the 
following  year.s  the  same  thiug  happened,  that  is  to 
say,  in  the  absence  of  leaf -buds,  leaves,  or  any  green 
parts,  a  layer  of  wood  was  formed  eveiy  year  ;  and 
it  was  ascertained  that  the  roots  of  the  Elm  under 
experiment  were  not  accidentally  grafted  with  the 
roots  of  other  Elms,  as  is  said  to  have  been  the 
case  with  the   Fir  trees    brought  into  notice   by 

DuTROoTlET. 

Lime  trees  operated  upon  in  the  same  manner 
gave  the  same  result. 
Kxi'.  2.  A  ring  was  cut  out  of  a  Beet-root  standing 


mm 


IHE    UAkUEWERb^    CHROMICLE. 


[Oct.  9, 


above  ground  ;  the  incision  was  made  between  2  and 
3  inches  below  the  crown,  where  the  buds  and  leaves 
grew.  The  crown  was  cut  off  immediately  below 
the  first  leaves,  excepting  that  a  rudimentary  leaf- 
bud  was  saved  on  one  side  of  the  plant.  The  bud 
grew  ;  the  root  increased  in  all  directions.  Below 
the  bud  was  formed  a  small  protuberance,  which, 
when  examined,  was  found  to  consist  of  five  new 
woody  layers  ;  but  those  layers  did  not  extend  round 
the  root ;  they  went  no  further  than  the  protuber- 
ance itself.  Right  and  left  of  the  protuberance  the 
plant  had  the  same  number  of  layers  of  wood  as  it 
had  when  the  experiment  commenced,  which  was 
seven.  Nevertheless  the  diameter  of  the  Beet-root 
had  much  increased  in  the  parts  not  beneath  the 
protuberance.  Some  variation  was  made  in  this 
experiment,  but  the  result  was  the  same ;  it  was 
dear. that  bulk  increased  without  the  assistance  of 
leaves,  &c. 

This  class  of  facts  appears  to  ns  to  be  so  very 
important  in  practice  that  we  shall  return  to  the 
subject,  and  at  the  same  time  direct  attention  to 
some  other  facts,  of  a  different  although  similar 
nature,  which  M.  Durand  has  also  made  known. 
In  the  meanwhile  we  should  be  greatly  obliged  to 
any  physiologist  who  can  furnish  us  with  any 
evidence  upon  this  carions  inquiry. 


concentrate  from  t\  surrounding  ground  large  quan- 
tities of  phosphate^  in  their  tissues,  and  hence  when 
they  decay,  the  ground  which  has  produced  them  is 
more  fertile,  and  the  Grass  more  green.  As  the 
original  little  ring  of  spawn  only  grows  outwardly,  it  is 
clear  that  its  fructification  — the  toad-stools — must  grow 
in  a  ring,  gradually  increasing  in  diameter. 

It  is  impossible  to  have  a  clearer  or  more  simple  and 
satisfactory  explanation  of  a  natural  phenomenon  than 
this  union,  as  it  were,  of  the  botanical  and  chemical 
explanation  affords  us.  Why  then  reject  what  is  so 
clear,  and  flounder  so  unmistakeably  in  the  mazes  of 
electricity  ? 

I  cannot  forgive  either  the  author  of  the  "  Chip  "  for 
supposing  that  imaginary  things  are  in  reality  more 
poetical  than  real  ones.  Poetry,  whether  that  of  Nature 
or  of  painting,  or  of  versification,  is  a  conception  of  the 
beautiful.  Now,  there  is  nothing  in  imagination,  or  in 
dreamy  visionary  creations  of  the  intellect,  half  so  beau- 
tiful as  a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  Nature.  The  sight 
of  a  fungus  may,  to  some  minds,  foe  loathsome,  but 
look  into  its  natural  history  —  its  reproduction  —  its 
growth — its  organisation ;  fancy  that  all  these  are  pro- 
duced, not  by  the  invisii3le  agency  of  a  poetical  fairy, 
but  by  the  design  and  omnipotence  of  an  all-wise  Being 
— and  our  conception  of  the  beautiful  will  be  great  and 
complete.  C.  R.  Bree^  StowmarJceC, 


of  the  task  had  been  done, — the  naming  and  arranging; 
were  now  alone  necessary.  Dr.  Harvey  could  do  no 
more  than  he  had  done  at  present. 


WITSENIA  CORYMBOSA. 


FAIRY  RINGS. 

No  one  will  deny  the  great  ability  of  the  author  of 
*' Pickwick,"  and  few  people  doubt  the  usefulness  of 
•^  Household  Words.*'  Clothed  in  the  mantle  of  genius, 
sayings  and  doings  of  every-day  life,  the  mysteries  of 
art,  the  hard  dull  things  of  utility,  come  out  in  a  form 
at  once  refreshing  and  beneficial  to  the  mind.  Strange, 
then,  is  it  to  see  that  when  science,  to  which  all  art  is 
subservient,  and  the  triumphal  progress  of  which  will 
mark  the  Idth  century  in  all  future  time  ;  strange  is  it, 
1  say,  that  science  should  not  receive  the  honour  which 
is  due  to  it  at  the  hands  of  so  excellent  and  useful  a 
writer  as  Mr.  C.  Dickens.  Turn,  if  you  doubt  this 
statement,  to  No.  131  of  "  Household  Words,"  and  at 
page  34  of  the  said  number  for  Sept.  25,  1852,  you  will 
find  an  article  upon  "  Fairy  Rings,'*  in  which  the  author 
rejecting,  or  not  alluding  to,  the  only  really  rational 
explanations  ever  offered  of  those  singular  phenomena 
•—those  of  the  botanist  and  chemist — rushes  with  the 
\rildness  of  imagination,  "let  loose,"  into  a  most 
'unscientljic  and  untenable  revival  of  the  old  electric 
theory  of  the  origin  of  fairy  rings. 

Nothing  so  useful  to  explain  things  apparently  inex- 
plicable as  electi'icity.  I  truly  believe  there  are  people 
to  be  found  who  think  everything  in  the  world  is  due 
to  electricity  ;  and  papers  like  the  "  Chip,"  in  "  House- 
hold Words,"  will  perpetuate  the  delusions  of  such 
people. 

I  do  not  find  fault  with  the  author's  opening  invoca- 
tion to  Poetry  and  Fairies.  If  he  will  favour  me  with 
a  call,  I  will  take  him  to  people  living  in  a  wild  rural 
district  who  believe  that  the  fungi  on  gate-posts  are 
made  by  fairies  ;  and,  in  fact,  that  the  said  fungi  are 
really  pots  of  "  fairies*  butter  ; "  and,  further,  the  said 
people  will  gravely  tell  you  they  have  seen  the  same 
butter  made  by  real  live  Titanic  weirds.  With  all  due 
deference  to  the  author  of  the  "  Chip,"  there  is  just  as 
much  real  evidence  to  prove  that  these  rings  are  made 
by  fairies  as  that  they  are  caused  by  electricity.  His 
friend  who,  in  the  fulness  of  originality,  discovered  that 
a  ring  on  his  la\vn  had  exactly  the  outline  of  the  tree 
under  which  he  made  his  observations,  and  hence 
jumped  at  once  to  the  conclusion  that  the  phenomena 
was  produced  by  electricity,  ought  to  have  known  that 
thousands  of  "fairy  rings"  flourish  without  trees  or 
any  other  agent  by  which  electricity  might  be  influ- 
enced. While  I  write  I  see  three  on  my  own  meadow. 
One  is  a  ring  round  a  tree  ;  the  other  is  a  ring  imder 
a  tree,  certainly,  but  situated  not  north  and  south 
with  regard  to  the  stem,  but  exactly  the  re- 
verse ;  and  the  third  is  an  equally  complete  circle, 
without  a  tree  near  it  to  guide  the  electi'ic  fluid, 
"What  will  men  at  all  conversant  with  the  properties  of 
electricity  say  to  the  following  passage  sent  out  in  a 
popular  publication,  by  a  popular  writer — to  remove  the 
ignorance  of  the  people.  "  In  the  north  is  the  great 
store-house  of  electric  power  ;  and  when  a  supply  is 
required  in  other  directions,  the  fairy  rings  are  halting- 
places  on  its  way  from  head-quarters."  I  have  heard  of 
our  friends  in  America  talking  of"  bottling  a  sunbeam," 
but  I  think  this  is  common  sense,  when  compared  to  the 
above  passage.  Perhaps  the  conclusion  of  the  "  Chip," 
which  is  an  old  quotation  from  a  "  Quarterly  Review," 
puts  the  electric  theory  rather  more  forcibly.  "  A 
person  in  Virginia,  standing  at  his  door  during  a  great 
thunder-gust,  was  killed  ;  an  intermediate  tree,  at  some 
distance,  was  struck  at  the  same  time  ;  and  when  the 
corpse  was  examined,  it  was  found  that  the  tree  was 
delineated  upon  it  in  miniature."  (!) 

Now  all  this  is  a  sad — very  sad  going  back.  The 
cause  of  fairy  rings  has  been  set  at  rest,  as  any  one  I 
think,  who  has  read  Mr,  Way*s  paper,  will  admit. 
Botanists  tell  us  that  the  under-ground  spawn  of  fungi 
grows  only  in  a  border  rad  ating  in  every  direction  from 
the  centre  where  the  spore  originally  germinated ; 
therefore,  the  thallus  of  a  funi^us  is  the  commencing 
point  of  a  fairy  ring.  But  whence  the  ring  ?  Why, 
Mr.  Way  has  analysed  these  fungi,  and  found  that  they 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  ADVANCE- 
MENT OF  SCIENCE. 

On  a  Microscopic  Alga  as  a  Gaicse  of  the  Phenome- 
non of  the  Colouration  of  large  Masses  of  Water,  by 
Prof.  Allm&h. — It  appeared  in  httle  conglomerated 
gelatinous-like  masses,  and,  when  submitted  to  the 
microscope,  it  was  found  to  consist  of  a  number  of 
fronds.  The  younger  fronds  were  nearly  spherical,  and 
consisted  essentially  of  a  central  mass  of  transparent 
gelatinous  matter,  surrounded  by  a  crust  composed  of 
minute  cells,  containing  a  green  colouring  substance. 
The  crust  being  much  slower  in  its  growth  than  the 
internal  nucleus,  it  soon  bursts,  and  the  nucleus  then, 
by  an  apparent  spontaneous  action,  assumed  a  regular 
form,  not  unlike  an  hour-glass,  which  soon  separated 
into  two  distinct  fronds.  Some  of  them  being  put  into 
a  glass  tube,  and  placed  in  the  window,  were  observed 
to  arrange  themselves  in  a  mass  on  the  side  of  the  tube 
opposite  to  that  exposed  to  the  sun's  rays — that  side  of 
the  mass  towards  the  light  being  formed  into  a  beautiful 
concave  curve,  which  might,  he  thought,  when  fully 
investigated,  reveal  some  important  facts  as  to  the 
nature  and  influence  of  light. 

On  the  Distribution  of  the  Marine  Algce  on  the 
British  and  Irish  coasts,  with  reference  to  the  (probable) 
Injimnce  of  the  Qvlf  Stream,  by  Professor  Dickie. — • 
There  were,  he  said,  forms  of  marine  Algee  generally 
admitted  to  be  characteristic  of  our  northern  coasts,  and 
others  of  the  southern.  The  remarks  he  was  about  to 
make  referred  to  those  generally  deemed  of  southern 
type ;  that  is,  those  which  usually  are  more  or  less 
abundant  in  low  latitudes,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
absent  from  high  latitudes.  Such  species,  natives  of  our 
coasts,  may  be  classed  under  three  heads :  first,  those 
confined  to  the  southern  parts  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  ;  second,  species  of  more  extensive  range,  since 
they  extend  to  the  north  of  Ireland  and  south-west  of 
Scotland  ;  third,  those  found  abundantly  in  the  south  of 
England,  and  ranging  along  the  western  coasts  of  both 
islands,  as  far  as  Orkney  and  Shetland  ;  and  the  species 
enumei'ated  under  these  three  classes,  and  amounting  to 
more  than  20,  are,  so  far  as  we  can  ascertain  up  to  the 
present  time,  absent  from  a  certain  part  of  the  east  coast 
of  Scotland,  A  considerable  proportion  of  them  reappear 
in  Shetland  and  Orkney.  The  marine  vegetation  in 
these  northern  islands  resembles  that  of  the  north  of 
Ireland,  though  there  is  a  difference  between  them  of 
from  4*^  to  5"  of  latitude.  The  marine  plants  of  some 
of  the  north-eastern  counties  of  Scotland,  intermediate 
in  latitude,  are  of  more  boreal  character.  The  drifting  of 
tropical  fruits,  &c.,  to  the  western  and  northern  parts  of 
Ireland  and  Britain,  is  a  proof  of  the  direction  and 
presence  of  the  gulf  stream;  the  development  of  southern 
forms  of  Algae,  at  the  extreme  northern  parts,  is  a  proof 
of  the  same,  and,  moreover,  seems  an  indication  of  its 
influence  in  reference  to  temperature.  Are  we  to 
consider  their  absence  from  certain  parts  of  the  east 
coast  of  North  Britain  as  owing  to  a  lower  sea  tempera- 
ture than  in  localities  where  they  exist  ?  The  portion 
of  the  coast  in  question  is  precisely  that  which,  from  the 
generally  understood  eom'se  of  the  gulf  stream  may  be 
least  exposed  to  its  influence.  Investigations  respecting 
the  temperature  of  our  seas  are,  however,  still  desiderata; 
and  without  such,  an  important  modifying  element  has 
been  overlooked  having  reference  to  the  climate  of  the 
British  islands. — Prof.  E.  Forbes  said  that  the  distribution 
of  marine  animals  corresponded  with  those  of  marine 
plants.  The  same  anomalies  which  Dr.  Dickie  had  pointed 
out  with  regard  to  plants  existed  with  regard  to  animals. 
Less  attention  had  been  given  to  the  distribution  of 
raax'ine  Algte  than  almost  any  other  organic  existences. 
With  the  exception  of  the  labours  of  Dr.. Harvey,  little 
or  nothing  has  been  done.  We  wanted  a  more  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  temperature  of  the  ocean  at  different 
depths. — [This  hint  resulted  in  a  subsequent  recom- 
mendation from  the  Section  that  the  Government  would 
prosecute  this  inquiry.] — Prof.  Walker  Arnott  said 
that  he  possessed  waggon-loads  of  Algte  from  all  parts 
of  the  world,  which  were  greatly  at  the  service  of  any 
botanist  who  would  work  at  them.    The  collecting  part 


AuTiTHN  blooming  plants  with  blue  flowers  are  by  no- 
means  abundant;  and  this  fine  old  plant,  although  one  of 
the  best  of  this  character  for  greenhouse  purposes,  does 
not  appear  to  be  very  generally  cultivated.  Its  foliage 
and  habit  contrast  admirably  with  the  ordinary  inmates 
of  a  greenhouse  ;  it  is  easily  managed,  flowers  freely, 
and  the  blossoms  remain  in  perfection  many  weeks  if" 
in  a  cool,  dry,  airy  house.  Good  healthy  plants  in 
5-inch  pote  should  be  selected  to  commence  with,  as 
weakly  ill-propagated  examples  are  difBcult  to  get  into* 
free  growth,  and  in  the  hands  of  beginners  only  occasion 
disappointment.  Treated  as  a  cool  greenhouse  plant,  it 
will  grow  and  flower  abundantly,  and  form  a  large 
specimen  ;  but  it  delights  in  a  moist  gentle  heat  during 
its  growing  season,  and  when  accommodated  with  thi& 
it  makes  wood  very  rapidly. 

Where  large  specimens  are  desired  without  loss  of 
time,  the  young  plants  should  be  placed  in  a  close  moist 
pit  or  house  in  February,  or  early  in  March,  where  thei 
temperature  may  average  about  65°  ;  they  should  stand 
near  the  glass,  and  be  freely  supplied  with  air  on  mild 
days.  Whilst  growing,  they  should  never  be  allowed  to 
become  pot  bound  ;  healthy  plants  may  be  expected  to 
require  a  shift  shortly  after  beiug  placed  in  heat,  and 
such  may  be  shifted  into  pots  two  sizes  larger  than  those  in 
which  they  have  been  growing,  or  from  5-inch  to  8-inch 
pots.  Sprinkle  over-head  with  the  syringe  on  the 
morning  and  evening  of  bright  days,  and  maintain  a 
moist  atmosphere,  but  apply  water  to  the  soil  sparingly 
for  a  fortnight  after  potting,  when  the  roots  shall  have 
struck  into  the  fresh  soil,  and  there  will  be  less  danger  of 
over-watering.  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  tho 
plants  be  kept  growing  steadily  and  not  allowed  to 
sustain  the  slightest  check  after  they  have  started  into 
free  growth,  until  it  becomes  necessary  to  prepare  them 
for  winter,  and  this  is  easily  effected  ^vith  ordinary 
attention.  When  fairly  established  after  shifting  they 
will  require  a  rather  liberal  supply  of  water  at  the  roots, 
but  this  must  be  administered  with  care,  and  a  regular 
and  somewhat  moist  atmosphere  should  be  maintained. 
On  the  occurrence  of  bright  days  with  cold  drying 
winds,  which  are  usually  abundant  in  March  and  Aprll^ 
it  is  better  to  allow  the  temperature  to  rise  considerably 
above  the  maximum  than  to  permit  a  current  of  cold 
drying  air  to  pass  over  tender-growing  plants,  by  a  free 
admission  of  air  at  the  back  and  front  of  the  house.. 
After  the  middle  of  April  the  temperature  may  be 
allowed  to  range  as  high  as  65''  by  day,  but  it  should 
not  exceed  bb"*  at  night.  The  plants  may  be  placed  in 
a  cold  frame  during  the  summer  months,  but  they 
should  not  be  removed  before  the  middle  or  end  of 
May,  as  it  would  probably  be  difficult  to  maintain  a 
sufficiently  high  temperature  at  an  earfier  period. 
During  bright  hot  weather  a  thin  shade  should  be 
thrown  over  the  glass  for  a  few  hours  in  the  forenoon. 
Sprinkle  the  plants  over-head  and  shut  them  up  early 
on  sunny  evenings,  but  admit  air  for  the  night. 

Such  of  the  plants  as  received  a  large  shift  in  spring 
will  hardly  require  a  second  during  the  season,  but  if 
any  of  them  seem  to  want  more  pot  room,  give  a  small 
shift  as  early  as  it  may  appear  to  be  necessary,  in  order 
that  the  plants  may  fill  their  pots  with  roots  before 
winter.  The  shading  should  be  discontinued  early  in 
August,  the  atmosphere  kept  drier,  and  the  plants  freely 
exposed  to  light  and  air,  with  a  view  to  ripen  the  wood 
previous  to  the  approach  of  winter.  They  may  be 
wintered  in  a  light  airy  part  of  the  greenhouse,  and  be 
rather  sparingly  supplied  with  water  at  the  root  during 
their  season  of  rest.  If  good  plants  are  selected  to  begin 
with,  and  these  treated  the  second  season  as  directed 
for  the  first,  they  will  be  handsome  specimens  in  12-inch 
pots,  and  may  be  allowed  to  flower  the  second  autumn. 
When  the  grower  is  satisfied  with  the  size  of  the  speci- 
mens they  should  not  be  placed  in  heat  in  spring,  but 
retained  in  a  close  part  of  the  greenhouse,  and  freely 
exposed  to  light  until  they  come  into  flower.  If  having 
a  succession  of  flowermg  plants  is  an  object,  some  might 
le  placed  in  a  gentle  warmth  early  in  spring,  and 
removed  to  the  greenhouse,  when  they  have  made 
aiffiicient  growth  ;  they  would  be  in  flower  early,  and 
vould  be  succeeded  by  those  in  the  greenhouse. 

The  Witsenia  likes  a  rich  fibry  peat,  which  should  be 
Iroken  up  moderately  small  with  the  hand,  rejecting  all 
hit  the  best,  and  mixing  with  about  one-sixth  of  sharp 
slver  sand.  Use  plenty  of  drainage,  and  in  shifting 
nake  the  soil  rather  firm  about  the  ball,  and  be  very 
Greful  to  have  both  the  ball  and  soil  in  a  proper  state 
s  to  moisture,  as  in  using  rough  soil  and  giving  a  large 
siift  it  is  very  dif&cult  to  correct  an  error  in  this  matter. 
Although  not  difiicult  to  propagate,  the  operation  is 
lather  tedious.  Select  the  stronger  shoots  of  the  cur- 
jent  season's  growth  when  about  half  ripe,  insert  them 
u  sandy  peat,  cover  with  a  glass,  and  place  them  in  a 
^ery  gentle  bottom  heat.  The  cuttings  should  be  got  in 
a  early  in  the  season  as  convenient,  so  as  to  get  them 
istablished  singly  in  small  pots  before  winter.  Alpha. 


Home  Correspondence. 

British  Orchids, — Having  given  ray  attention  to  the 
cultivation  of  British  Orchids  in  various  soils  and  situa- 
tions, I  am  of  opinion,  owing  to  the  unfavourable  re- 
sults which  attended  my  endeavours,  that  they  will 
never  be  generally  cultivated  with  sufficientsuccess  to 


41--1  852,J 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONTClTEr 


secure  tUem  a  permuaent  place  ia  the  flower-garden. 
'In  the  neighbourhood  of  Chichester,  however,  many  of 
the  species  indigenous  to  the  locality  are  found  capable 
of  removal  from  their  native  places  to  adjacent  flower- 
,  borders,  without  the  least  deterioration  to  their  future 
development.  Of  this,  "A.  D.**  (see  p.  564),  whose 
collection  under  cultivation  I  have  frequently  had  an 
■opportunity  of  seeing,  has  had  abundant  proofs  ;  in  fact, 
in  this  locality  the  indigenous  kinds  seem  to  flourish  in 
spite  of  the  worst  treatment — tubers  taken  up  and  totally 
denuded  of  soil,  on  being  replanted,  flourish  with  a 
vigour  never  witnessed  in  other  situations,  and  sufficient 
to  justify  "A.  D."  in  suggesting  them  as  subjects  for 
the  flower-garden.  I  have,  however,  forwarded  great 
quantities  of  the  tubers  of  the  Oplirys  muscifera,  apifera, 
aud  other  rare  species,  from  this  neighbourhood  to  my 
friends  in  different  parts  of  England  with  results  similar 
to  those  complained  of  by  "  H.  L.  T.,"  the  tubers  only 
surviving  to  throw  up  one  puny  spike  of  flowers,  to  pay 
for  the  carriage  and  trouble  of  removal  from  their 
native  places.  With  « A.  D."  it  is  different ;  for  not 
oiUy  has  he  a  flourishing  collection  in  his  flower-borders, 
bat  also  a  healthy  assortment  springing  from  the  turf  of 
his  lawn,  most  of  which,  I  believe,  he  planted  there. 
In  my  opinion  this  latter  mode  of  cultivating  them  is 
decidedly  the  best,  and  greatly  enhances  the  value  of 
plants  of  this  class,  which  seem  more  adapted  for  private 
than  general  gratification.  All  admirers  of  British 
Orchids  residing  in  situations  so  peculiarly  adapted  to 
their  growth  would  do  well  to  commence  their  cultiva- 
tion :  many  of  the  species  would  amply  repay  any 
trouble  bestowed  upon  them.  The  Platanthera 
chlorantba,  so  abundant  in  Sussex  aud  other  places, 
*vill  be  found,  owing  to  the  fragrance  which  its  flowers 
exhale,  well  calculated  to  take  the  place  in  the  bouquet 
or  vase  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley,  the  scent  being  much 
the  same  ;  the  chief  difference  between  the  two  is  that 
the  former  is  considerably  stronger,  and  comes  into 
flower  exactly  when  the  Lily  of  the  Valley  ia  going  out 
The  Cypripedium  calceolus  was  found  not  many  yeara 
ago  in  Castle  Edendean,  and  specimens  of  it  were  also 
observed  in  the  gardens  of  one  or  two  cottagers  in  the 
neighbourhood,  but  doubtless  it  is  now  extinct  in  that 
And  every  other  British  locality.  I  believe  it  has  also 
been  found  in  one  or  two  places  in  the  north  of  York- 
shire ;  if  my  recollection  serves  me  right  Baines 
enumerates  it  in  his  "  Flora  of  Yorkshire  ; "  those  who 
have  the  work  in  question  will  have  the  opportunity 
of     observing     for    themselves.      6.   H.,    Woodlands 

Nursery f     Uckfitldy    Sussex. 1    observe,    at    page 

628,  that  «H.  L.  T."  doubts  my  statement  that 
several  of  the  British  Orchids  can  be  grown  as 
l^edding  plants.  His  friend  and  himself  having  both 
tried  and  failed  to  succeed  in  their  cultivation, 
''induces  him  to  believe  that  the  thing  is  imprac- 
ticable." He  further  supposes  that  I  cannot  have 
had  much  experience  in  their  cultivation  to  propose 
their  introduction  for  bedding  purposes.  Now,  with- 
out ^entering  upon  a  statement  of  whether  my  expe- 
rience of  their  culture  has  been  of  long  or  short 
duration,  su3ice  it  to  say,  that  it  has  been  of  sufficient 
length  to  enable  me  to  aay  with  confidence  that,  here  at 
least,  there  would  be  no  more  difficulty  in  obtaining  beds 
-of  the  sorts  I  named  at  page  564  than  there  would  be 
in  having  a  bed  of  Tulips,  Hyacinths,  or  any  of  the 
Narcissi,  as  they  grow  as  freely  and  with  as  little 
trouble  as  any  other  herbaceous  plant.  But  your  corre- 
spondent says,  '*  be  has  paid  some  little  attention  to  the 
matter,"  and  I  will  be  courteous  enough  to  give  him 
credit  for  the  statement ;  and  to  furnish  him  with  a 
better  opportunity  of  judging  whether  or  not  I  have 
exaggerated  or  advanced  any  wild  or  impracticable 
theory,  I  will  mention  the  different  heights  which  some 
Orchids  have  attained  under  cultivation  here  this  season. 
Orchis  mascula  reached  from  12  to  18  inches  ;  mono, 
12  inches;  maculata,  from  14  to  18  inches; 
pyramidalis,  from  9  to  14  inches  ;  Habenaria 
bifoUa,  from  14  to  18  inches  ;  Gymnadenia  co- 
nopsea,  from  14  to  18  inches  ;  Ophrys  apifera, 
from  12  to  15  inches  ;  muscifera,  from  10  to  15  inches  ; 
and  permit  me  to  add,  they  were  not  "drawn,"  but 
strong  and  healthy  in  proportion  to  their  height,  their 
flowers  bright  and  well  formed,  and  they  have  been 
nnder  cultivation  between  three  and  four  years. 
Surely  this  is  enough  to  satisfy  any  reasonable  ex- 
pectati<m  that  there  is  little  or  no  doubt  in 
the  matter,  and  after  all  "the  thing  may  be  prac- 
ticable." Your  correspondent  also  joins  issue  with  me 
for  even  snggesting  that  a  trial  might  bo  made  to  culti- 
vate the  Cypripedium  calceolus  ;  and  endeavours  to 
instruct  us  as  to  its  scarcity.  That  it  is  scarce  X  am 
well  aware,  and  that  was  one  reason,  independent  of  its 
value  as  an  ornamental  plant,  why  I  hinted  that  a  trial 
ou^t  to  be  made  to  grow  it ;  and  I  intimated  that  diffi- 
cultieii  would  have  to  be  surmounted  ia  its  cultivation. 
But  through  wliat  medium  **  H.  L.  T."  could  view  what  I 
said,  to  induco  him  to  think  1  meant  the  cottaj^era  grew 
beds  of  it,  I  cannot  understaud ;  and  certainly  if  any  one 
has  made  a  "mistake"  in  the  case,  it  is  himself.  Who 
-ever  dreamt  of  such  a  thing  as  cottagers  growing  bedn 
of  any  kind  of  flower,  howevjr  great  a  favourite  i  more 
especially  such  a  plant  as  the  one  in  question.  1  moroly 
said  it  was  occasionally  scon  growing  in  cottage  gardens, 
and  this  fact  he  admits  to  be  the  case,  by  stating  that 
**  its  potwession  was  ctmiitmd  to  a  very  fuw."  However, 
I  can  inform"  H.  L.  T.,"  on  pretty  gowl  authority,  tlutt 
it  has  \tevn  ttean  growing  wild  in  tliu  locality  he  mentions, 
long  after  the  time  he  Hiates  tliat  enquiries  wcro  made 
about  it.  I  would  now  invite  all  ttione  in  any  way 
intereated  in  the  cultivation  of  aatir«  Orchids,  to  oome 


forward  and  honestly  state  their  experience,  whether  they 
have  been  successful  or  the  reverse.  This  would  do 
infinitely  more  to  forward  the  end  in  view  than  tryin^ 
to  throw  discredit  on  the  statements  of  others.  A.  D., 
Dale  Parh,  ArundeL 

Wintering  Potatoes  for  Planting. — I  may  mention 
that  I  planted  Potatoes  of  the  name  of  Flooks  here  in 
February  last,  which  had  been  wintered  in  a  bed-room 
quite  dry.  They  were  not  sprouted  when  planted,  but 
were  free  from  disease-,  and  firm.  The  quantity  of 
diseased  ones  in  the  produce  is  very  small  ;  while  Ash- 
leaved  Kidney,  close  by,  planted  at  the  same  time,  are 
two-parts  out  of  three  totally  rotten  or  diseased  ;  the 
latter  were  kept  in  a  damp  place,  and  before  planting 
vegetation  had  taken  place.  I  am  of  opinion  that 
keeping  Potatoes  firm  and  free  from  sprouting  during 
their  period  of  rest  has  much  to  do  with  the  disease. 
I  propose  selecting  some  free  from  the  malady  this 
year,  and  keeping  tiiem,  as  near  as  I  can,  as  the  Flooks 
were,  and  as  fine  as  the  Kidneys  were,  and  I  will  report 
the  result.  Cymro. 

JRair^ — The  following  is  the  amount  which  has  fallen 
here  during  the  six  months  ending  30th  September  last, 
and  the  number  of  days  in  each  month  on  which  some 
rain  was  found  in  the  gauge.  I  have  no  means  of  com- 
paring the  rain-fall  with  that  of  former  years  in  this 
district ;  but  I  have  little  doubt  that  the  quantity  of 
rain  which  fell  in  June  and  August  last,  and  more 
particularly  in  June,  was  far  above  the  average  of  those 
months,  whilst  that  of  April  was  far  below  its  average. 
In  May,  July,  and  September  the  rain-fall  was  probably 
about  the  average  amount  The  rain  gauge  is  placed 
between  the  Copped-hill  and  the  river  Wye,  at  an 
elevation  of  about  40  feet  above  the  ordinary  level  of 
the  river : — 


ATerage  of  17 

F»ll  in 

Days  on 

years  at 

HOMTH. 

Inches  and 

which  some 

Chiswick,   ac. 

Decioaal 

Rain  was 

cording  to 

parts. 

m  the 

Daniell's 

Gauge. 

Tables. 

April 

.38 

1 

1.55 

May     

1.89 

8 

1.67 

June 

S.37 

21 

1.98 

July 

2.87 

8 

24t 

Augait          

4.78 

18 

2,37 

September    

3.09 

12 

2.97 

— ff.  Goodrich,  Tiear  Moss,  ffereford. The  following 

table  exhibits  the  amount  which  has  fallen  at  Chiswick, 
in  the  present  year,  up  to  the  end  of  September,  com- 
paratively with  the  average  for  the  last  26  years : — 


1862. 

26  Tears' 
Average. 

laches. 

Inches. 

January    

2.71 

1.67 

Februaiy  

1.05 

1.61 

March        

0.2S 

1.40 

April 

0.52 

1.65 

IMay     

174 

1.74 

June 

4.69 

1.77 

July    

2.27 

SS7 

AuKUSt       

3.ei 

2.44 

September 

Total      ... 
October     

3  64 

2.62 

20.48 

17.17 

2.60 

November 

2.29 

December 

... 

1.52 

6.41 

Inches, 
Amoaot  la  January,  February,  March,  1852  ...  =  4.01 

Which  was  below  the  average         0.67 

AmouDt  ia  April,  May,  Juae         =  6.95 

Which  was  above  rhe  average         1.79 

Amount  ia  July.  Augunt,  September =  9.52 

Which  was  above  the  average         2.19 

It  appears  from  the  accompanying  table  that  in  February 
the  amount  of  rain  was  fully  half  an  inch  below  the 
average ;  March  and  April  were  unusually  dry  months ; 
in  May  the  rain  was  exactly  equal  to  the  average  ;  in 
July  nearly  so  ;  but  in  January,  June,  August,  and 
September,  the  quantity  was  greatly  in  excess.  The 
exact  average  amount  for  the  whole  year,  deduced  from 
the  last  26  years*  observations,  at  Chiswick,  is  23  639 
inches.  If  we  take  from  this  quantity  that  which  has 
fallen  up  to  the  end  of  September,  20.48  inches,  there 
remains  little  more  than  3  inches  to  be  supplied  during 
the  last  three  months  of  the  year ;  and  it  will  be  seen 
from  the  table  that  they  usually  give  more  than  double 
that  quantity.  || 

Heazing  Greenhouses  with  Qas. — About  two  months 
ago,  a  gentleman  in  my  neighbourhood  asked  me  what 
was  the  most  economical  way  of  heating  a  greenhouse 
12  feet  by  9  ?  An  idea  struck  me,  that  if  a  small  gas 
pipe  could  be  brought  under  ground  from  the  house  to 
the  greenhouse,  and  then  carried  through  the  latter  by 
piping,  it  would  answer.  This  has  been  effected  in  the 
following  cheap  and  easy  manner.  A  wrought-iron  box 
Wfw  made  2  feet  square,  with  a  door  in  it  for  opening  to 
light  the  gas,  as  well  as  to  give  it  air  to  burn  with. 
This  box  was  fixed  in  the  brick-work,  near  the 
back  of  the  cast  end  of  the  house  ;  /rom  this  a 
3-inch  pipe  fixed  near  the  top  of  the  iron  box, 
waH  led  to  the  other  end  of  tho  house,  from  which, 
after  riBJng  G  inches  higher,  it  was  conducted  back  again 
and  panscd  through  tho  end  of  tho  house  into  the  open 
fiir,  whf^rc,  forming  a  bend,  it  ran  up  the  outside  in  tho 
slmpo  of  a  chimney,  with  a  little  cap  on  tho  toj)  to  keep 
out  tho  rain.  Tho  gentleman  hat  had  this  contrivance 
lighted  nevoml  times  to  show  it  to  his  friends,  who  are 
all  so  Batisfied  with  it  that  they  mean  to  Imvo  one  put  up 
for  themselves  ;  the  burner  is  a  fisli-tail,  which  can  be 


regulated  so  as  to  furnish  much  heat,  or  little.  No 
lighting  till  required  is  needed  ;  no  burning  and  over- 
heating over  night ;  and  as  to  economy,  when  full  on,  it 
burns  6  feet  of  gas  per  hour.  Instead  of  wrought-iron 
pipes,  however,  they  should  have  been  cast-iron,  with 
saddles  on  them  to  hold  water,  but  even  in  the 
present  case  a  zinc  saddle  might  be  made  to 
answer.  I  had  the  gas  lighted  when  I  went  to 
inspect  it,  and  in  five  minutes  the  pipe  was  hot  at  the 
other  end  of  the  house.  This  simple  apparatus  will  not 
rest  here ;  if  gas  can  be  applied  upon  a  small  scale  it 
can  upon  a  large  one,  and  no  doubt  in  time  forcing 
houses  will  be  warmed  by  it  as  well  as  Melon  and 
Cucumber  pits,  large  greenhouses,  conservatories,  and 
houses  of  all  sorts.  But  I  hear  some  one  say,  country 
places  cannot  have  it ;  cannot  gentlemen  put  up  ^aa 
apparatuses  %  only  one  fire  would  then  be  wanted  to  do 
the  duty  of  the  whole  establishment.  James  Cutkill^ 
Camherwell.  [The  difficulty  with  gas  has  always  been 
that  it  bums  the  air,  and  also  contaminates  it  by  escape. 
It  is  indispensable  that  both  these  sources  of  evil  should 
be  most  effectually  guarded  against — not  a  very  easy 
thing  to  do,  as  is  shown  by  the  number  of  similar 
attempts  which  have  ended  iu  failure.] 

Double  Blossomed  Peach, — I  have  a  tree  of  this  kind 
planted  about  12  years  since  ;  it  has  frequently  borne 
two  or  three  fruit,  hut  this  year  really  a  crop  ;  there 
were  between  four  and  five  dozen  fruit,  and  above  three 
dozen  are  still  on  the  tree,  or  were  until  last  night's 
wind,  many  of  them  of  good  perfumy  flavour.  They 
are  not  larger  than  an  Apricot.  Is  not  this  rather  an 
uncommon  case  ?  In^irer.  [The  double-blossomed 
Peach  rarely  produces  fruit.  It  has  been  known  to  do 
so  after  cold  springs  ;  when  the  more  forward  blooms 
are  injured  by  frost,  the  later  occasionally  set] 

Gold  Fish  (see  p.  630). — Permit  me  to  inform  your 
correspondent  that  he  must  remove  all  the  tench  and 
any  other  kind  of  fish  he  may  happen  to  have  in  his 
pond  ;  as  fish,  in  general,  are  fond  of  gold  fish  spawn. 
Allow  a  quantity  of  shingly  grit  to  remain  along  the 
sides  of  the  pond,  as  the  fish  like  to  deposit  their  spawn 
on  it,  and  also  let  the  mud  accumulate  at  the  bottom,  as 
it  afibrds  protection  to  the  fish  in  sevete  frosty  weather. 
All  the  brown  fish  (they  are  always  dark  at  first),  will 
ultimately  turn  of  a  golden  colour.  For  the  information, 
not  only  of  your  querist,  but  for  the  public  generally,  I 
beg  to  say  that  the  male  fish  have  always  bright  shining 
tails.  This  will  be  a  guide  to  those  who  wish  to  get  a 
stock  of  these  beautiful  creatures.  Attention  to  the 
above  directions  cannot  fail  to  ensure  success.  William 
Welton,  Brompion. 

Adulterated  Food. — Thorough  drainage  in  all  towns 
is  necessary  to  render  the  atmosphere  healthy.  But  of 
what  use  are  all  precautions  to  defend  the  outward  man 
when  tlie  interior  is  supplied  with  adulterated  food  ? 
Let  the  air  be  ever  so  invigorating,  it  will  not  enable 
the  constitution  to  bear  up  against  the  poison  mixed 
with  various  articles  of  consumption.  The  impure  diet 
eaten  by  all  classes  (more  particularly  the  lower  orders), 
in  all  large  towns  is  more  injurious  than  people  imagine. 
Many  maladies  may  be  traced  to  unwholesome  food, 
now  attributed  to  imperfect  draining,  bad  enough  no 
doubt,  though  not  the  main  cause  of  disease  in  populous 
cities.  The  flesh  of  over-driven  animals  verging  on 
putrefaction,  stale  fish  only  fit  for  manure,  fermenting 
vegetables,  sausages  made  of  any  and  everything,  well 
seasoned  with  Cayenne  pepper  and  red-lead,  with  many 
other  articles  too  numerous  to  mention,  but  judiciously 
made  up  for  the  market.  Beer  made  with  the  smallest 
possible  quantity  of  malt  and  Hops,  strengthened 
with  drugs  peculiar  to  the  trade ;  spirit,  whose 
fire  and  heat  is  increased  by  the  most  pernicious 
ingredients,  destroying  all  powers  of  digestion  in  the 
course  of  a  very  short  time.  Pickles  with  copper,  to 
give  them  a  pretty  colour,  and  the  vinegar  diluted  with 
corroding  acids.  Men  and  women  swallow  all  th^e  in 
large  qualities,  and  are  surprised  they  requure  the 
assistance  of  the  doctor.  The  only  wonder  is,  the 
humane  frame  can  at  all  resist  such  a  combination  of 
horrors.  Not  one-half  of  the  list  of  villainous  compounds 
to  which  the  human  stomach  is  doomed  have  been 
enumerated  ;  however,  sufficient  may  have  been  said  to 
place  individuals  on  their  guard  against  committiog  a 
description  of  suicide  by  swallowing  all  kinds  of  filth 
without  the  trouble  of  inquiry.  The  anecdote  of  the 
pious  tradesman  may  well  be  repeated  at  the  present 
day  with  a  slight  addition,  «  John,  hast  thee  shut  up  the 
shop,  leaded  the  pepper,  coppered  the  pickles,  and 
dusted  the  sugar  1"  "Yes,  master,"  "then  come  to 
prayers,  to  worship  the  unknown  God."  Surely  no  man 
who  cheats  his  customers,  aud  knowingly  and  wilfully 
injures  that  most  precious  of  all  things  "health,"  can 
believe  in  the  existence  of  an  omnipoteutand  just  Being. 
What  diflerence  is  there  between  a  man  who  robs  you 
on  the  highway  from  dire  necessity,  or  the  sleek  well- 
fed  extravagant  tradesman  who  picks  your  pocket,  and 
poidons  you  into  tho  bargain,  for  the  love  of  that  which 
he  truly  worships — money,  through  the  agency  of  the 
very  aliment  you  consume?  The  latter  is  more  guilty 
in  the  sight  of  his  Maker  than  the  former,  adding 
hypocrisy  to  all  his  other  sins.  Falcon. 

Diclijira  spectabilis. — Tho  following  is  some  account 
of,  periiapa,  tho  most  splendid  specimen  of  this  Fume- 
wort  that  has  ever  been  grown  in  this  country.  The 
plant  to  which  I  allude  was  planted  the  year  before  last 
in  tho  garden  of  a  gentleman  at  Lexdon  Heath,  near 
Colchester,  and  was  then  only  a  few  inches  high.  During 
that  and  tho  Inst  year  it  grew  and  flourished  wonder- 
fully,  but  this  year  it  reached  a  size  and  form  that  very 
far  surpasses  anything  of  the  kind  that  I  ever  heard  of. 


646 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Oct.  9, 


In  the  middle  of  August  it  became  necessary  to  cut  it 
down,  on  account  of  its  enormous  size,  to  prevent  it 
from  destroying  some  neighbouring  Roses,  and  it  then 
measured  upwards  of  30  feet  in  circumference,  and 
5  feet  in  height.  I  have  never  had  an  opportunity  of 
examining  it  closely,  but  I  have  constantly  seen  and 
admired  it  from  the  road  in  passing  by,  and  I  have 
repeatedly  heard  from  one  who  has  been  inside  the 
garden  that  whai|I  have  here  stated  is  entirely  correct.  I 
have  also  been  told  that  between  April  and  August  it 
frequently  bore  upwards  of  200  perfect  spikes  of  flowers 
at  once,  and  that  it  had  not  a  single  stem  or  branch 
broken  by  the  wind,  although  in  a  very  bleak  and  exposed 
situation.  I  should  add  that  it  is  planted  in  the  richest 
artificial  soil  that  can  be  made,  and  that  in  winter  it  is 
left  wholly  unprotected.  In  the  flower  garden  of  the 
same  gentleman  there  are  also  extraordinary  specimens 
of  the  Myoporum  tenuifohum,  the  two  sorts  of  Vincas, 
and  of  the  new  Cantua  dependans  ;  I  have  not  seen 
them  myselPj  bat  I  am  informed  by  good  authority  that 
they  are  of  a  size  and  form  far  beyond  anything  ever 
attained  in  any  of  our  best  managed  greenhouses,  owing 
entirely,  I  believe,  to  the  soil  which  is  given  to  them. 
A  Lover  of  Flowers. 

James  Carton, — I  beg  to  state  that  James  Carton  and 
Ms  family  sailed  from  the  port  of  Dartmouth  direct 
for  the  diggings,  at  Port  Philip,  on  Friday,  October  ], 
in  the  ship  Janet  Mitt:hell ;  his  eldest  son,  16  years  of 
age,  having  sailed  for  Sidney  six  weeks  ago;  his  youngest 
son,  a  baby,  six  weeks  old,  in  all  1 0  souls.  They  are  well 
provided  with  clothes  and  other  necessaries  for  the 
voyage.  |  His  passage,  outfit,  and  extras,  have  cost 
upwards  of  150/.,  besides  presents  of  clothes,  seed, 
tools,  &c.  This  notice  will  satisfy  the  parties  that 
doubted  of  his  going,  and  will  also  let  those  who  have 
generously  come  forward  with  the  ways  and  means 
know  that  he  was  seen  comfortably  settled  on  the  ship's 
rations  by  Mr.  Forsyth,  who  has  taken  charge  of  his 
outfit  and  embarkation.  R.  C, 

Diseased  Potatoes. — The  treatment  I  have  hitherto 
adopted  for  the  preservation  of  my  Potatoes  has 
answered  my  most  sanguine  expectation.  I  do  not 
take  up  the  crop  until  the  stalk  has  lost  its  green 
appearance,  and  is  decayed.  I  throw  away  the  putrid 
and  soft  Potatoes,  and  those  that  are  covered  with  a 
brown  scurf,  or  partially  diseased,  I  separate  from  the 
general  crop,  and  subject  the  whole  to  a  large  supply  of 
slacked  lime,  lime  ashes,  or  wood  ashes,  thrown  over  and 
well  mixed  with  them.  The  drying  or  antiseptic  quality 
of  the  lime  acts  like  magic  on  them,  and  checks  the 
putrefaction  in  a  few  hours  ;  so  that  the  brown  Jscurf  is 
instanily  dried  up,  und  can  be  peeled  oflf  from  the  good 
part  of  the  Potato,  which  may  be  boiled  for  pigs,  or  for 
other  farm  purposes  when  required.  The  general  cx'op, 
which  possibly  might  still  have  many  infected  ones 
amongst  them,  I  keep  in  an  outhouse,  buried  in  the 
ashes  until  wanted,  and  even  up  to  the  time  of  I'eplanting, 
"without  the  germinating  principle  of  the  Potato  being 
the  least  injured  by  the  process.  I  had  good  mealy 
Potatoes  the  whole  of  last  season  when  all  my  neigh- 
bours were  complaining  of  the  closeness  and  bad  quality 
of  their  crops.  I  grow  about  80  bags  yearly,  and  use 
about  6  or  8  bushels  of  lime  or  ashes  for  them,  which 
is  not  lost,  but  may  be  used  on  the  farm  afterwards. 
Charles  Huberts,  Bickingtonj  iiear  Barnstaple. 

Large  Peaches. — The  lollowing  is  the  weight  of  12 
Late  Admirable  Peaches,  gathered  in  the  garden  of 
H,  Earle,  Esq.,  Allerton  Tower,  on  the  2d  inst.  The 
12  weighed  5  lbs.,  the  largest  measuring  10  inches  in 
circumference  an-i  weighing  8^  oz.  For  Peaches  about 
London  this  weight  may  be  considered  small,  but  it  is 
reckoned  very  good  about  Liverpool.  James  Clarren. 

Tomato  Disease. — I  expected  to  have  seen  more  re- 
plies in  reference  to  the  request,  at  p.  598,  respecting 
the  Tomato,  as  it  has  now  become  an  article  of  exten- 
sive use.  Mine  were  diseased  the  first  year  in  which 
the  Potatoes  were  affected,  and  they  have  been  so,  more 
or  less,  every  season  since.  This  year  I  had  a  fine 
promising  crop,  but  on  examining  it  about  a  month  ago 
I  could  not  find  one  fruit  sound.  I  am  in  the  habit  of 
growing  Tomatoes  to  a  great  extent  in  the  open  ground, 
and  although  every  season  many  have  been  spoiled  by 
the  disease,  I  have  found  them  a  profitable  crop.  They 
have  generally  failed  this  year  in  this  neighbourhood  on 
all  soils  and  in  all  situations.  M.  Shackell,  Path. 

The  Apple. — You  inquire  what  I  can  mean  by  saying 
that  "  the  Apple  is  the  most  neglected  of  fruits."  Now 
I  would  ask  if  that  degree  of  attention  is  generally  paid 
to  the  Apple  which  its  merits  demand  1  Attached  to 
most  private  residences  you  will  find  an  orchard,  it  is 
true,  but  how  is  it  managed  ?  are  the  trees  ever  pruned 
in  any  other  way  than  merely  by  taking  out  hei'e  and 
there  a  large  limb  I  The  dead  wood  is  seldom  or  never 
removed  ;  weeds  are  allowed  to  cover  the  ground,  or  the 
Grass  grows  until  it  is  sufficiently  long  for  hay  ;  it  is 
then  mown,  taken  away,  and  disposed  of  as  may  be  con- 
sidered best.  Tliese  are  facts  patent  to  all  who  visit  the 
gardens  of  the  nobility  and  gentry.  I  could,  however, 
name  a  few  places  where  the  Apple  receives  every 
attention  which  it  is  necessary  to  give  it,  both  in 
regard  to  pruning  and  manuring,  and  I  will  instance 
one.  In  a  nobleman's  garden,  not  100  miles  from 
the  ancient  town  of  Nantwich,  may  be  found  a  fine 
example  of  Apple  culture  in  the  shape  of  trees— not 
large,  rambling,  and  wild  looking— but  neat  dwarf 
bushes,  not  more  than  5  feet  in  height,  with  beau- 
tifully formed  heads,  as  fiat  as  a  table,  many  of  which 
nave  seen  some  40  summers,  and  still  they  bear  an 
abundance  of  fine  healthy  fruit,  whose  like  would  not  be 
easily  found  m  any  other  place,  and  all  this  is  obtained 


by  skilful  annual  pruning  and  manuring.  I  observed  on 
my  visit  there  the  other  day,  several  old  and  favourite 
kinds  in  the  finest  state  of  perfection,  such  as  Court- 
pendu-plat,  Devonshire  Quarrenden,  Downton  Pippin, 
Dumelow's  Seedling,  Baxter's  Favourite,  Golden Reinette, 
Yellow  Ingestrie,  and  many  others  equally  valuable, 
amongst  which  I  may  mention  Mere  de  Menage,  ^an 
Apple  seldom  met  with,  especially  in  such  perfection  as 
it  is  grown  here.  Many  fruit  of  this  sort  weighed  20  oz. 
each,  and  I  was  informed  that  they  had  frequently  been 
found  to  weigh  as  much  as  23  oz.  each.  I  may  add, 
however,  that  everything  is  done  in  first-rate  style, 
under  the  superintendence  of  a  first-class  gai'dener. 
Derhysldre. 

Potatoes.— I  send  you  a  correct  account  of  my  Potato 
crop  of  this  season,  consisting  of  three  sorts,  as  it  dis- 
plays in  a  remarkable  manner  the  important  fact  that 
all  sorts  do  not  suffer  to  an  equal  extent,  even  though 
late.  It  will  appear  by  the  present  statement,  that  of 
the  Prince  Regents  upwards  of  one-third  were  diseased. 
Of  the  Farmer's  Profit  one-fourteenth  only  were  bad  ; 
and  of  the  Red  Champion,  which  is  the  earliest  of  the 
three  sorts,  and  very  handsome,  only  1  bushel  in  29 
was  affected.  The  ground,  which  is  light,  was  manured 
last  year  for  Turnips,  the  greater  part  of  which  was 
ploughed  in,  and  no  more  manure  added.  They  were 
planted  in  March.  The  Farmer's  Profit  was  raised  by 
myself,  from  a  few  I  received  from  a  friend  six  years 
ago,  and  has  always  yielded  by  far  the  soundest  crop  of 
any,  as  well  as  the  largest ;  sometimes  they  have  been 
all  sound,  with  scarcely  any  middlings  and  chats  ;  and 
it  is  an  excellent  Potato  when  all  other  sorts  are  past 
eating.  The  Red  Champion  1  also  raised  from  a  single 
Potato  ;  it  is  a  good  keeper,  but  not  so  prolific  as  the 
Profit. 


Ware. 

Mid. 

Chats. 

Bad. 

Prince  Re;?eQtB       

Farmer's  Profit      

Red  Champioa       

Bush. 

201) 

164 

S8 

Biisli. 
182 

14 

Bush. 
47 
8 
4 

Bush. 

173 

16 

2 

F.  J.  Qraham,  Cram-ford 

SoctcttES. 

Entomological,  Oct.  4. — J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq.,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  Chair.  The  President  announced  that  the 
Society  had  removed  its  apartments  from  Old  Bond- 
street,  to  No.  12,  Bedford-row,  Holborn,  where  the 
future  meetings  of  the  Society  will  be  held.  A  special 
vote  of  thanks  to  Miss  Bronifield,  for  a  further  donation 
of  tlie  entomological  books  of  her  late  brother  Dr. 
Bromfield,  was  read  and  signed  by  the  members  present. 
Mr.  Edwin  Shepherd  exhibited  a  number  of  rare  Lepid- 
optera,  taken  near  Dover  in  July  ;  also  a  specimen  of 
Vanessa  Antiope,  taken  at  the  same  place  at  the  end  of 
September.  Mr.  Samuel  Stevens  also  exhibited  another 
specimen  of  the  same  insect,  taken  at  the  same  time  at 
Hampstead,  as  well  as  a  remarkable  dark-coloured  spe- 
cimen of  Argynnis  Paphia.  Mr.  F.  Bond  exhibited  the 
caterpillar  of  Anticlea  Berberata,  and  mentioned  that  he 
had  also  lately  seen  Vanessa  Antiope  flying  near  Cam- 
bridge. Mr.  Hunter  brought  for  distribution,  from  the 
Undercliff  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  specimens  of  the  rare 
Mononychus  Pseudacori,  which  resides  in  the  larva  state 
in  the  seed  pods  of  Iris  foetidissima,  within  which  the 
peifect  insects  are  found.  Mr.  Weir  exhibited  speci- 
mens of  Coleophora  deaurella,  taken  in  Clover-fields  at 
Tuubridge  Wells  ;  and  Mr.  Douglas  specimens  of  Ela- 
chista  testacella,  bred  from  Sison  amomum,  as  recorded 
and  figured  by  De  Geer,also  Roeslerstammia  pygmeeana 
and  its  larva,  which  resides  in  burrows  in  the  leaves  of 
the  Deadly  Nightshade,  having  the  instinct  to  throw  out 
the  excrement  from  its  burrow,  contrary  to  the  usual 
habit  of  mining  larvte.  Mr.  Hunter  mentioned  a  new 
mode  of  collecting  moths,  by  placing  pieces  of  rag 
dipped  in  sugar  and  beer  upon  bushes,  to  which  the 
moths  resoi'ted  in  great  numbers.  This  plan  was  found 
far  more  economical  than  the  old  one  of  sugaring  the 
stumps  of  trees.  Mr.  Douglas  read  the  commencement 
of  a  paper  by  himself  and  Mr.  Stainton  on  the  identifi- 
cation of  the  hitherto  undetermined  species  of  minute 
moths  whose  histories  are  recorded  by  De  Geer  and 
Reaumur.  The  introductory  portion  of  this  paper  is 
of  considerable  interest,  as  it  gives  a  general  view  of  the 
various  modes  adopted  by  the  larvae  of  different  species 
of  minute  moths  which  burrow  into  leaves.  Many 
cm'ious  new  facts  were  given,  and  several  corrections  of 
Zeller's  paper  on  the  same  subject  published  in  the 
"l8is"in  1838.  A  note  on  the  insect  named  gru-gru, 
which  is  eaten  in  the  West  Indies,  was  also  communi- 
cated by  Mr.  Douglas.  The  insect  had  hitherto  been 
supposed  to  be  the  larva  of  a  Calandra,  but  from  the 
account  now  given  it  appears  to  be  that  of  a  Prionus. 
A  number  of  the  insects  are  roasted  on  a  skewer,  and 
are  esteemed  a  luscious  dainty. 


ROTAL  HOETICDLTDBII.  (  F  CoBNWALt,,  Sept.  17.— At  thlB,  the 
lasc  exhibition  lor  tht;  jireseDt  year,  ihe  fuiiowtng  prizes  were 
awarded  :— Finest  Pini'.aiij)le,  Queen,  Mr.  Vivian  ;  2d,  Black 
Antipua,  Mr.  Friend.  Bu-c  Melon,  King's  Own  Green  Flesh, 
Mr.  IJaubuz;  2d,  Duncan's  Gre6n  Flesb,  Mr.  Vivian;  8d, 
Bowood,  Rev.  Canoo  Rogers,  liest  dit-h  of  Grapes,  Muacaia, 
Black  Hamburgh,  Blacli  Prince,  Black  St.  Peter,  iic^  Mr. 
Vivian;  2d,  Biack  Huniburgb,  Muti(.ac  of  Alexandria,  Blaclt 
Prince,  Fronttgnans,  WLite  Sweetwater,  Sjriao,  and  Black 
Cluater,  Rev.  T.  Phillpotie.  Be>t  bunch  of  Gr-ipes,  Muscat  ot 
Lunelle,  Mr.  Vivien  ;  2d,  Syrian,  Mr.  Friend.  Beatrix  Peaches, 
Warburtou,  Mr.  Vivian;  2d,  Violette  Hative,  Mr.  Daubuz;  3d, 
BeUtgarde,  Rev.  Canon  Rogera.    Bast  eix  Pears,  Gre^  Cathe- 


rine, Rev.  T.  PhillpottB  ;  2d,  Grey  Caroline,  Mr.  Friend.  Best- 
six  Nectarines,  Eiruge,  Rev.  T.  PhillpottB.  Beut  12  Apples, 
Autumn  Pearmain,  Rev.  Canon  Rogers.  Bestdibh  of  Cherries* 
Morelio,  Mr.  Buubuz.  Best  dish  of  Plume,  Nectarine,  Rev. 
T.  Phillpiittfi  ;  2d,  Magnum  Bunutn,  Rev,  Canon  Rogers. 
Flowebs  — Beatl2  Stove  and  Greenhonse  Plants  :  Clerodendroa 
atbne,  Getnera  picta,  Tbunbergiu  aurantiaca,  Vluca  roeea> 
Justicia  albiflora,  Franciscea  acuminara,  Lescbenaultia 
formosa,  dsc,  Mr.  Daubuz;  2d,  Plumbago capensis,  P  Larpentss, 
Erauihemum  puUhellom,  Feutas  caraea.  £rica  vestita  rosea, 
Cjrtdceras  retiexum,  Acbimenes  veoubta,  &c.,  Mr.  W.  M, 
Tweedy.  Bebt  6  varieties,  Clerodeudron  paniculatum,  Dipla- 
denia  crassinrida,  Torenia  asiatit-a,  Ixora  javanica,  Mr,. 
Gaubuz  and  Rev.  T.  Pbillpotts  ;  3d,  Aliamanda  catbartica, 
Schuhertia  graveolens,  Tetratheca  verticiUata,  Rondeletia 
••peciosa  major,  CjTtoctras  reflexum,  Mr.  Friend  ;  4th,  iEschy- 
naotbu-  Lobbii,  Viuca  ro&ea,  Justicia  carnea,  Cbirita  zeylanica, 
Angeionia  pubesceos.  Sir  C.  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.  Best  specimen. 
Stuve  Plant,  iEscbynanthus  graudiflorus,  Rev.  T.  Pbillpotts;. 
2d,  Clerodendrun  athae,  Mr.  iJaubuz  ;  3d,  Ixora  oocclnea,  Mr. 
Friend.  Be^t  Grceohouge  specimen,  Pbsenocoma  proUferum, 
Mr.  Daubuz.  Best  6  Orchids  in  tlower,  Dendrobium  chrj..> 
santhum,  Phalsnopsis  grandiflora,  a  Catileya  and  Ouoldluoip 
Mr.  Daubuz.  Best  specimen  ditto,  Cattleya  Harrisonias, 
Mr.  Friend.  Best  4  Heaths,  Hartnelli  retorta  major^ 
Banksiana  purpurea,  Irbyana,  Mr.  Daubuz.  Best  specimen 
of  ditto,  Cionetiiana,  Mr.  Daubuz.  Best  6  Fucbrias,  fiabeDS- 
Gem  of  the  West,  Un  que,  Seedling,  Elegantissima,  Ignea, 
Seedling,  Mr.  Daubuz ;  2d,  Prince  Arthur,  Ignea,  Splendida^ 
Gem  of  the  West,  Voltigeur,  Mirabilis,  Mr.  Friend.  Best 
specimen  ditto,  Seedling  1851,  Mr.  Daubuz  ;  2d,  Banbs*  Volti- 
geur,  Mr.  Friend.  Best  12  Dahlias,  Magniflcent,  Beesniog,. 
Fearless,  Princess  Louisa,  Richard  Cobdun.  Box,  Mr.  Seldon, 
Pertecta,  Princess  RadziviUe,  Sir  Edmund  Antrobu9,  Beaaty^ 
of  Haaiing-^,  Toiaon  d'Or,  Mr.  Friend  ;  2d,  Suowflake,  Fame, 
Duke  of  Wellington,  Gem,  Golden  Drop,  Fearlese,  Sir  F. 
Baihurst,  Sir  Edmund  Antrobus,  Queen  of  Lilacs,  Mr.  Seldon, 
berapb,  Beauty  of  Uasiiugs,  Mr.  Jennings  ;  3d,  Xolson  d'Or^, 
Mrs.  .Anderson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  Magoihcent,  Admiral 
Stopford,  Shylock,  Duke  of  Cambridge,  Fearless,  Marchioness 
of  Cornwallis,  Empereur  de  Maroc,  Princess  RadziviUe,  Anta- 
gonist, Mr.  W.  M.  Tweedy.  Best  6  XVahlias,  Box,  Cleopatra, 
Bathonia,  Princess  RadziviUe,  Beeswing,  Marchioness  of  Corn- 
wallis,  Mr.  Daubuz-,  2d,  Mr.  Seldoo,  Beeswing,  Fearieas,  Cap- 
tain Warner,  Princess  Louisa,  Toison  d'Oi,  Mr.  Friend;  Sd, 
Duke  of  Wellington,  fame,  Mr.  Seldon,  Fearieas,  George  Glenny,- 
Grenadier,  Mr.  Jenniogs.  Beat  UolIjbockfrMagnec,  Miss  BaroOp. 
Spleodeus,  Suowbail,  Abd-el-Kader,  S.>ffroo,  Bicv^lor,  Magaum 
Bonum,  Corner,  Rosy  Queen,  Formosa,  MIsk  Forbes,  Queen, 
Enchantress,  Elegans,  iSir  C.  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P.  Best  AsterSp^ 
Mr.  W.  Woolcuck.  Best  Bulbous  Plants,  Lilium  lancifolium 
album,  spticiosum,  roseum,  Mr.  Daubuz.  Best  Yerbenaa^' 
Purple  rival.  Perfume  Madeleine,  Emperor  of  China,  Orlando, 
8t.  Margaret,  DeUance,  Mr.  W.  M.  Tweedy.  Exra A. —Asters, 
Mr.  Vivian.  Exotics,  grown  in  the  open  air,  Ozotbamiin& 
thyrsifloruB,  Melaleuca  pubescens,  and  depressa,  Genista- 
oduraia,  Cliantbus  puniceus,  Veronica  speciosa,  Thunbergia 
coecinea,  Siphocamp^lus  bicolor,  Tecoma  oapensls  aad 
jaominoides,  BrugmaQoia  suaveolens.  Acacia  TertlciUata, 
Stacice  Dicksonii,  Abutilon  stiiatum,  Uedyebium  Havum, 
Plumbago  capensid,  PuUenasa  stricta,  Nerium  splendeos, 
Mauraud^a  ±farclayana.  Orange,  Citron,  Lemon,  Cassia  mol— 
tigiaudutoxa,  Edwardsia  grandiflora,  Metrosidwoo  Horibunda, 
Er^tbriua  crista-galli,  Greviliia  acanthifolia,  Abtrlia  Uori- 
huuda,  Camellia  Aitoni,  Lep  to  sperm  urn  amblguum,  Btug» 
maiibia  atrosanguinea,  Melaleuca  uppooiti folia,  Eriva  baccans, 
Mauraud^a  Buiclayana  alba,  Putuspoium  Toblra,  BroDze 
Medal,  Mr.  Frieod,    Echites  spleadens,  Mr.  Daubuz. 


aSoofts  '^tttCat^. 


ArcJdtectural  Botany.  By  Wm.  Griffith,  Architect. - 
4  to.  Gilbert  and  Co.  Pp.  10  (a  pamphlet). — That 
natural  objects  were  the  t'oundation  ot  all  the  beau- 
tilul  forms  so  happily  applied  by  the  ancients  to- 
architectural  decoration,  is  as  incontestable  as  that  the- 
neglect  or  waut  of  due  appreciation  of  the  peculianties 
ot  natural  forms  led  to  the  loss  of  that  classical  beauty 
which  the  most  untutored  mind  admires.  We  are^. 
therefore,  glad  to  see  any  endeavour  to  revive  the 
study,  and  we  wish  Mr.  Griffith  success  in  his  attempt 
to  show  how  this  may  best  be  done  for  architectural 
purposes.  We  must,  however,  hint  that  he  has  much 
to  learn  before  he  will  become  a  master  of  his  art,  and 
that  he  by  no  means  succeeds  in  catching  the  true 
features  by  which  Nature  characterises  many  of  the 
plants  he  has  employed  in  his  designs.  For  instance,, 
10  bears  small  resemblance  to  Adoxa,  8  has  no  simili- 
tude to  Passiflora,  nor  could  any  one  recognise  the  Hop 
in  No.  12,  which  looks  more  like  a  Vine  loaded  with 
Grapes.  It  strikes  us,  moreover,  that  independently  of 
non-resemblance,  the  Adoxa  pattern  is  unskilinlly 
managed.  Symmetry  is  the  soul  of  Nature,  and  every 
departure  from  symmetry  is  fatal  to  beautiful  form,- 
Measured  by  this,  the  only  true  standard,  Mr.  Griffith 
will  find  that  his  designs  are  susceptible  of  very  great 
improvement. 

History  of  the  Battles  of  Ligny,  Quatre  Bras,  and 
Waterloo.  8vo.  Booth. — A  re-issue,  in  monthly  parts,  of 
a  well-known  popular  account  of  these  important  military 
affairs.  Mr.  Jones's  clever  and  well-known  sketches 
accompany  the  letter-press,  as  does  an  autograph  of  tie 
Duke  of  Wellington. 

Practical  Experience  at  tlu  Diggings  of  the  Oold  Fields 
of  Victoria.  By  William  Hall.  2d  edition.  8vo.  Effing- 
ham Wilson  (a  pamphlet).  — A  recommendation  to 
emigrants  that  they  should  select  Victoria  rather  than 
Sydney  as  the  field  of  their  operations.  In  October, 
1851,  the  author  started  for  Mount  Alexander  and  the 
diggings  there  ;  on  arrival  he  found  2000  tents  and 
10,000  diggers  at  a  place  , called  Golden  Point.  The 
amount  of  their^  earnings  _seems  fabulous,  but  Mr.  Hall 
informs  us  that  he  speaks  of  what  he  actually  saw,  and 
the  general  result  of  the  diggings  confirms  his  statements. 
It  would  seem  that  all  cases  of  disappointment  should 
be  called  cases  of  non-perseverance.  Digging  is,  how- 
ever, desperately  hard  work,  and  idle  fellows  prefer 
thieving,  for  which  there  seems,  owing  to  the  absence 
of  Government  protection,  no  remedy  except  Lynch  law  ; 
of  the  manner  in  which  that  is  administered  the  follow- 
ing is  a  specimen  : — "  Two  freed  men  from  Van  Dieman's 
Laud,  who  had  been  hard  at  work  for  some  time,  and 
had  conducted  themselves  so  as  to  gain  the  confidence 


of  their  more  respectable  neighbours,  on  dividing  their 
gold^  quarrelled  over  a  nugi^et,  and  one  of  them  struck 
the  other  with  an  axe  and  killed  him.  He  then  despoiled 
his  murdered  comrade  of  his  gold  (about  24  pounds) 
and  was  packing  up  his  clothes  to  depart,  when 
the  occupier  of  one  of  the  adjoining  tents,  who  had  heard 
the  threatening  language  used  by  the  villain,  and  suspect- 
ing something  serious  had  taken  place,  looked  into  the 
tent,  and  saw  the  unfortunate  victim  lying  weltering  in 
his  blood.  He  returned  unperceived  to  his  tent  for  his 
fowling-piece,  and  when  tlie  murderer  came  out,  he 
threatened  to  shoot  him  if  he  attempted  to  move.  He 
then  called  for  assistance,  and  the  ruffian  was  secured. 
A  number  of  the  diggers  had  by  this  time  collected  on 
the  spot,  and  it  was  resolved  to  hang  him,  in  order  to 
deter  others  from  the  commission  of  the  like.  The  culprit 
evinced  the  greatest  fear  on  the  occasion,  and  begged 
for  mercy  and  to  be  taken  before  the  Commissioner  in 
the  most  abject  manner  ;  but  the  stern  reply  was — "  You 
shall  have  the  same  mercy  at  our  hands  that  you  shewed 
your  messmate.'  A  rope  was  obtained,  and  thrown 
over  a  branch  of  a  tree,  and  he  was  soon  dan£;ling 
between  the  heavens  and  tlie  earth.  The  body  of  the 
murdered  man  was  then  decently  inten'ed,  one  of  the 
diggers  reading  the  beautiful  and  sublime  service  of  the 
Church  of  England  over  his  remains.  There  were  at 
least  4000  diggers  present  at  the  interment,  and  the 
attention  and  decorum  paid  during  the  ceremony  had  a 
striking  effect  on  all  present.  The  body  of  the  murderer 
was  then  cut  down,  thrown  into  a  hole,  and  covered  up." 
Another  fellow  was  tarred  and  feathered,  and  then 
ducked — accidentally — to  death.  It  is,  however,  under- 
stood that  matters  are  different  now,  and  that  the  power 
of  English  law  is  efficiently  maintained.  This  book  is 
well  worth  reading. 

LaheU  for  Specimens  of  Ferns,  By  Thomas  Moore. 
— Neat  and  useful  for  those  who  take  a  pride  in  the 
beauty  of  their  collections.  They  are  on  the  same 
plan  as  Dr.  Lindley's  Labels  for  the  Herbarium,  and 
form  three  quarto  leaves. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs.  Jackson's,  Kingston. — This  nursery,  which 
is  about  a  mile  from  the  New  Kingston  station,  on  the 
South- Western  Railway,  has  long  been  celebrated  for 
its  valuable  stock,  comprising,  among  other  things,  fine 
collections  of  Orchids  and  Heaths.  On  the  right  of  the 
entrance  is  a  show-house,  about  40  feet  long,  filled  with 
flowering  plants,  among  which,  until  very  lately,  the 
different  Japan  Lilies  have  been  very  gay.  The  same 
bouse  also  contained  a  good  show  of  Fuchsias.  Between 
this  and  the  other  glass  houses,  at  the  other  side  of  the 
nursery,  is  a  straight  walk,  on  either  side  of  which  were 
some  fike  specimens  in  tubs  and  large  pots  of  the  beautiful 
Araucaria  imbricata  ;  some  of  the  plants  were  as  much 
as  5  feet  high,  and  well  furnished  with  branches  down 
to  tne  soil.  These  plants  are  kept  in  pots  for  the 
purpose  of  accommodating  persons  who  may  want 
specimens  to  plant  out  at  once,  instead  of  waiting  five 
or  six  years  for  their  fommtion.  Of  the  value  of  this 
plant  in  an  ornamental  point  of  view  little  need  be  said  ; 
but  we  may  mention  that  it  requires  a  good  soil  to  grow 
it  in  perfection,  good  tarfy  loam  being  most  suitable  for 
it  To  the  left  of  this  walk  is  a  span-roofed  Orchid- 
honse  of  considerable  length,  with  a  table  in  the  centre 
and  shelves  on  either  side,  filled  with  many  choice  plants. 
Among  others  we  remarked  Calanthe  vestita,  a  some- 
what scarce  Orchid,  but  one  of  the  most  useful  for  winter 
blooming,  producing  successively  long  spikes  of  white 
and  crimson  flowers,  for  three  months  at  a  time. 
The  rare  Dendrobium  clavatum  shown  by  Messrs. 
Veitch  this  season  wus  also  here,  associated  with  some 
fine  plants  of  D.  macrophyllum,  Aerides  crispum,  A. 
roseum,  and  a  nice  example  of  A.  raaculosum,  Vanda 
tricolor,  and  others.  These  were  all  suspended  from  the 
roof  in  baskets,  and  were  growing  luxuriantly.  In  the 
same  house  plants  of  Odontoglossum  grande  were 
beautifully  in  bloom,  together  with  MiltoniaClowesii,  and 
a  few  others.  At  the  end  of  this  stove  was  a  collection  of 
variegated  plants,  intermixed  with  Ferns  and  Lycopods. 
Among  the  former  were  some  of  the  beautifvd  variegated 
Orchids,  consisting  of  Anicctochilus  argenteus,  A.  inter- 
medius,  A.  xanthophyJlus,  a  very  distinct  and  beau- 
tiful epeciefl,  the  foliage  being  more  than  2  inches  long, 
of  a  velvety  dark  colour,  wth  a  broad  orange  and  green 
stripe  down  the  centre,  and  ornamented  with  a  beautiful 
golden  net-work.  These  are  all  grown  under  hell 
gUsaes  and  kept  in  tlie  sliade.  In  the  same  house  were 
also  some  Pitcher-plants,  among  which  Nepenthes  distil- 
latoria  was  20  feet  high,  growing  in  a  pot  and  trained 
up  the  rafters.  The  next  house  inspected  was  another 
span-roofed  one,  about  .30  feet  long  and  12  wide.  It 
contained  a  collection  of  dwarf  Cacti  and  a  few  Orchids 
and  other  tilings.  A  third  span-roofed  house,  about  the 
same  length,  was  filled  with  Orchids  and  Ferns  ; 
among  the  former  was  a  very  fine  plant  of  Odonto- 
glossum grande,  growing  vigorouBly  and  flowering 
beautifully.  Messrs.  Jackson  cultivate  this  better  than 
most  people.  They  grow  it  in  a  pot  with  peat  and  good 
drainage,  and  at  the  coolest  end  of  the  Mexican  house. 
Associated  with  it  were  Cattlcya  Aclandite,  C.  margiiiata, 
C.  snpcrha,  and  C.  pumila,  all  of  whicli  were  on  blocks 
of  wofjd  suspended  from  the  roof.  This  was  stated  to 
be  much  the  safest  plan  of  managing  these  vahiiiijle 
J^cies,  whicli  if  put  in  potM  are  apt  to  lofce  their  young 
sho'^fts.  Oricidiurn  Cavendihhii  was  also  Hhowiiig 
good  spik<Hi  of  fiowcrs.  This  is  a  lovely  Orchid  for 
■winter  blooming,  its  bright  yellow  flowers  being  very 
striking,  and  tbey  last  long  in  perfection.     CameUixm 


promised  to  be  very  gay.  Among  Heaths,  Erica 
Austiniana  is  a  beautiful  new  species  :  it  was  raised 
between  E.  retorta  and  Jacksonii.  In  pits  were  some 
hundreds  of  the  new  Sikkim  Rhododendrons,  and  among 
other  things  of  interest  we  remarked  a  good  collection  of 
hardy  variegated  plants,  and  a  new  Pentstemon,  which 
bids  fair  to  become  a  first-rate  border  plant. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Nationai.  Floeicdltdbal  Societt,  Oct.  7.  —  Sufficient 
niemberB  were  not  present  on  this  occasion  to  foroQ  a  ineetioi^, 
consequently  n'l  awards  were  made.  As  mi^'ht  be  expected  a' 
this  advanced  period  of  the  seas'in,  subject''  of  exhibition  were 
not  numerous:  Mr.  Iu);i'dm,  gr.  to  her  Majesty,  at  Frogtnore, 
sent  a  new  scarlet  Pelargonium  named  Harlequin;  it  is  a 
pale  scarlet,  with  a  lanre  full  truss,  the  individual  dowers  being 
also  fine,  and  evidently  a  free-grower;  its  novelty,  however, 
consisted  in  its  very  pecu'iar  foliage — each'leaf  having  a  stronti 
horse-shoe  mark,  which,  in  abnuthalf  the  foliage,  ia  of  a  brit;ht 
pink  colour,  the  rest  of  the  leaf  being  pale  green,  and  all  three 
colours  fingularly  distributed  on  other  portions  of  the  foliage. 
Several  Dahlias  were  present:  Mr.  Burgess  sent  Beauty  of  the 
Grove,  a  dull  yellow,  tipped  with  criinsun  purple,  good  in  form, 
centre,  and  general  outline.  Mr.  Turner  had  several  varieties, 
ami>iig  which  was  Plantagenet,  of  which  there  were  six  btuoms, 
all  in  very  good  order,  being  well  up  in  the  centre,  and  having 
great  depth  of  petal ;  the  colour  is  purple,  shaded  with  lilac  ; 
in  shape  it  resembles,  but  is  superior  to  Mr.  Seldon.  He  also 
furnished  Grand  Duke,  a  bluish  lilac  ;  large,  and  very  deep. 
Mr.  Kniiiht  exliibited  three  blooms  of  a  fancy  variety,  clear  pale 
yellow  in  colour,  disiinotly  tipped  with  white  ;  in  form  it  is 
equal  to  many  of  the  selfs.  Three  blooms  were  also  shown  of 
Lochner'rt  Claudia,  which  has  been  previously  described, 

YoaK  HoETicoLTDaAL  Society. — The  autumn  txhibition  of 
this  Society  took  place  on  the  iSih  ult.  The  show  on  the  whole 
waa  a  very  excellent  one,  but  the  floral  depanraent  would  have 
been  much  better  a  week  earlier.  The  Dahlias,  Holiyho;ks, 
Asters,  t&c.,  showed  the  effects  of  the  late  stormy  weather, 
which  has  been  very  destructive  to  the  beauty  of  the  gardens 
in  'he  northern  counties.  In  Dahlias  (Nurserymen),  Mr.  Ed- 
ward was  first  for  the  tray  of  24  blooms,  wiLh  Queen  of  Lilacs, 
Absalom,  Blanchefleur,  Black  Diamond,  Crocus,  ^ir  R.  Whit- 
tington.  Earl  of  Clarendon,  Marchioness  of  Cornwallis,  Fear- 
less, Queen  of  Whites,  Miss  Ward,  King  of  Dahlia",  Hero, 
Marquis  of  Worcester,  John  Edward,  Gloire  dn  Kaine,  Queen 
of  Dahlias,  El  Dorado,  Mr.  Seldon,  Duke  of  Wellini,'ton,  Sussex 
Hero,  Magnificent  (Keynes),  General  Pauchier,  and  Duchess. 
Messrs.  Backhouse  were  first  for  IS  blooms,  with  Duke  of 
Wellington,  Marchioness  of  Cornwallis,  Crocus,  Blancbefieur, 
John  E'l  ward,  Quetin  of  Lilacs,  Black  Diamond,  El  Dorado, 
Mr.  Seldon,  Sir  R.  Peel,  Queen  of  Dahlias,  Magnificent,  Duke 
of  Cambridge,  Absalom,  Lord  Mayor,  aud  others.  Twelve 
Blooms :  Mr.  Clark  was  lat,  with  Lord  Mayor,  Admiral, 
Princess  Louisa,  Mrs.  C.  Bacon,  Mr.  Seldon.  George  G^eiiuy, 
Magnificent,  Dane  Croft  Hero,  Fearlesn,  Negro.  Earl  of 
Clarendon,  and  Sir  F.  Bathurat.  Six  Dahlia-^ :  1,  Mr.  H. 
Powell,  with  Barmaid,  John  Edward,  Purple  Standard,  Mrs. 
Hansard,  Yellow  Gem,  aud  Admiral.  Twelve  Fancy  Dahlias  : 
IsC,  Mr.  Edward,  with  PriDCess  Charlotte,  Flora  M'lvor,  King 
Fisher,  Empereur  de  Maroc,  Miss  Ward,  Laura  Lavington, 
Mrs.  Merry,  Alfred,  Lola  Montes,  Viscomte  de  Ressiginer, 
Gaaparine,  and  Mrs.  Hansard;  2d,  Messrs.  Backhouse;  3d, 
Mr.  Clark,  with  Gaie'y,  Miss  Comptun,  Mrg.  Laboucbere,  La'iy 
CaMum,  Empereur  de  Maroc,  King  Fisher,  Duncinee,  Lady 
Grenviile,  Discount,  Bella  de  Nogent,  Floral  Beauty,  and 
Comce  de  Flandre.  In  class  showing  among  'he  single  blooms 
there  was  nothing  worthy  of  notice.  Mr.  W.  WiUison  showed  a 
tray  of  seedlings,  but  they  were  very  indifferently  bloomed,  I  here 
was  a  criaisou  variety  in  this  tray  culled  Comet,  which  is  a 
promising  fiower.  The  Pansies  were  very  poor  indeed.  Messrs. 
Backhouse  showed  a  tray  of  21  China  Asters,  wbich  were  very 
beautiful :  the  flowers  were  large  and  full,  broad  petalled,  and 
striking  in  colour.  Mr.  Appleby  obtained  the  first  prize  for 
Hollyhocks,  both  in  spikes  and  trays  ;  amongst  them  were  fine 
blooms  of  Comet,  Commander-in-Chief,  Elepans,  Magnum 
Bonum,  Mr.  C.  Barron,  Walden  Gem,  White  Perfection,  Meteor, 
and  other  flowers,  principally  Chater  and  Bircham's  varieiits. 
Amongst  cut  Roses  we  noticed  some  nice  blooms  of  Mrs. 
Bosanquet,  Standard  of  Marengo,  Geaut  des  Balailles, 
Paul  Jiiseph,  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison,  Acidalie,  die. 
The  Verbenas  were  barely  passable.  In  the  plant  dt^partmeut 
there  were  several  well-grown  and  profusely-bloomed  Fuchsias  ; 
for  the  best  collection  of  which  Mr.  Ed  ward  was  firat.withPuritj', 
Cortona,  KooBuih,  Pearl  of  England,  VoltiReur,  and  Alpha  ; 
2d,  MesKrs.  Bainbridgeand  Hewison,  with  Resplendent,  Cuptin 
Hero,  Dr.  Smith,  Don  Giovanni,  Lady  Dartmouth,  and  PearJ, 
of  England ;  3d,  ditto,  with  Clapton  Hero,  Scarletina  refiexa. 
Dr.  Grosse,  Pearl  of  England,  Sir  J.  Fal^tuff,  and  Alpha, 
Private  Growers:  1st,  Mias  Backhouse,  with  Kossuth;  2rt, 
Hon.  P.  Dawnay.with  Prince  Arthur.  Though  uneonu'^cted  wiih 
floriculture,  we  may  mention  that  the  show  of  frui>a  and  vege- 
tables exceeded  that  of  almost  any  previous  show  in  this  ciiy. 

The  Geand  Dahlia  amd  Holliuoce  Cumj-etition,  open  lo 
the  United  Kingdom,  which  has  been  already  alluded  to  at 
page  615,  took  place  in  the  garden  of  the  Caledonian  Horti- 
cultural Society,  Edinburgh,  on  the  18th  ult.  AUhough  the 
weather  and  occasional  frosts  had  proved  eomewhac  detri- 
mental to  Dahlias  and  Hollyhocks  (the  season  bein^  rather 
late  for  the  latter),  still  there  was  a  splendid  display  of  these 
flowers  from  many  parts  of  England  and  Scotland;  and  the 
number  of  stands  entered  tor  competition  was  higher  than  on 
any  previous  occahion  in  Edinburgh.  After  a  careful  inspection 
oi  the  various  productions,  the  principal  prizes  were  awarded 
as  follows: — For  the  best  24  Dahliu  blooms  produced  by 
nurfterymen  :  the  prize  (Silver  Cup,  value  five  sovereigns)  was 
gained  by  Mr.  Turner,  of  Slough,  whoso  stand  comained 
beautilul  blooms  of  Plantagenet,  General  Feuchier,  Queen  of 
Dahlias,  Princess  Radziville,  George  Glenuy,  Mr.  Seldon,  Sir 
C.  Napier,  Andromeda,  Princess  Louiha,  Bob,  Mias  Spears, 
Malviua,  Grantus  Gem,  Thames  Bank  Hero,  Yi^Uow  Staudurd, 
Esses  Triumph,  Queen  of  Beauties,  Mr.  Herbert,  Sir  F. 
Thesiger,  Lady  Eleanor  Cuthcart,  Sir  R.  Peel,  Seraph,  Beau'y 
of  Versailles,  aud  Sir  John  Franklin  ;  2d,  Mesurs.  Dickson 
and  Sous,  Edinburgh,  Prize  of  One  Guinea  offered  for  tliu  bettt 
\2  blooms  of  Fancy  Dahlias,  produced  by  nurserymen.  The 
prize  was  awarded  to  Wr.  Turner  for  the  following  sorts,  the 
bloume  being  well  marked  and  of  good  size  ; — Eltzubeth,  Mro. 
llauHurd,  Princess  Charlotte,  Miss  Compton,  Lady  Grenviile, 
Claude,  Phaetnn,  Triumphant,  'Jlaudiu  (Loehner'»),  Laura 
havington,  Miss  Ward,  and  Empereur  de  Maroc.  For  the  best 
12  DuhliaH,  produced  by  practical  garden eru  or  ainateura 
(Silver  Cup,  value  live  soveri^tgnb;,  the  prize  was  awarded  to 
Mr.  Uutd,  gr.  to  W.  Wilson,  i-fq.,  BlackhHll,  lor  Magmti'-eut, 
Bicxwlng,  Mr.  Seldon,  George  Gleniiy,  Sir  F,  Haihursc.  iJuke 
«1  WullloKtun,  Mir  Charles  Napier,  Gem  of  t'-e  Gruvu,  Murcliio- 
nLHi  Coruwullib,  Sir  K.  Wliitllugtou,  Alice,  and  Pilncess 
lUdzlvlllu;  2d,  Mr.  Srcnbousf,  Duiiftrmliiiu.  Tlie  best  «ix 
blooms  of  ruiicy  Dahlias,  produced  b>  pruuiical  gnrdenertt  or 
uiuutcurH  ;  the  pri/.o  (lliilf  a  Guinea]  was  gaint'd  by  Mr. 
:ltenbouhi],  with  Mn>.  Shuw  Lefuvre,  Mrtt.  Hansard,  M.sx 
lilucltinoru,  Dr.  Huriicr,  II ei  uititu,  and  one  uniiuined. 
I'.ir  tliu  beat  nix  Dahlia  bloom h,  produced  by  umua-nrH, 
ilio  pitzo  (Fifte.  u  bhlllinnHj  wim  awarded  to  J.  Mood, 
Km!-,  fur  BfoswhiK,  Quceu  of  Dahllac,  Sir  Robrrt 
I'vul,  Autagouint,  Ml  DeHptrandum,  aitd  Mngtittlcent.  FuJ 
the  bcHt  12  Bplkes  ut  Uoliyhocki  jiroduuud  by  nurserymuu, 
the  .Sllvur  Cujf,  value  H.,  wun  awarded  to  MehKib.  A.  Paul  and 
HoDf  Ohokbuut,  for  Urocea,  Cuructucui,  Foruiuiu,  Trluuiphuus, 


Queen,  Gem,  vVatturU  Suiprise,  Ootiiot,  Saipua":*  I't.reuta, 
Miss  Forbp'i.  and  two  new  varieties  that  were  much  admired, 
Professor  Dick,  and  I.izzy  ;  2d,  Messrs.  Downie  aud  Laird, 
with  3u»nnnah,  Charles  Turner,  Lady  E.iz'*betb,  Sir.  D. 
Dundas.  Yellow  Standard,  Lady  Dundas.  Model,  Walden  Gem. 
Rosea  Grandiflora,  Napoleon,  Sir  D.  Wedd-rburn,  and  Queen. 
Fop  the  best  12  spikes  of  Hollyhocks  pr'>duced  bv  practical 
gardeners  (for  which  a  Silver  Cup,  value  5i  ,  was  otFoindJ,  the 
prize  was  awu-ded  to  .Mr.  Fowlis.  gr.  to  J.  Tyller,  Esq  ,  for 
Susanna'',  Charles  Turner,  Magnum  Bonum,  Triumphant, 
Comet,  Illuminitor,  Walden  <iem,  Lady  Clarke,  Sabriaa, 
Safranot,  General  Bern,  and  William.  For  the  lent  24  cut 
blooms  of  Hollyhocks,  produced  by  practical  gardeners  or 
arnateurif,  the  prizf»  (los.),  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Fowlis,  for 
Walden  Gem.  Illuminator,  Miss  Innes,  Willixm,  Pyramidalis, 
Susannah,  Sir  D.  Wedderhurn.  Ladv  Clarke,  Magnum 
Booum,  Marchioness  of  Lothian,  Sudley,  Lord  Melville, 
Comer,  Flying  Dutchman,  Aurautia,  Conqueror,  Seed- 
ling, Sulphurea  Perfecta,  Globe  Claret,  General  Bern, 
Mra.  C.  Bai^on,  Napoleou.  Spectabilis,  and.,Q'ieen.  Seed- 
lings :  Curcificates  were  awarded  to  Dahlia  Plantagenet 
{Turner's),  Bub  (Druinm  ni'-),  and  Sir  John  Franklin 
(Turnei'dJ.  Mr.  Keynew  exhibited  blooms  of  Lilac  Kinn  (Raw- 
lingH),  to  which  a  Certificate  was  also  voted  ;  this  is  a  lilac 
of  great  promise.  Messrs.  Paul  sent  blooms  of  their  new 
Autumnal  Rose,  "  Prince  Albert,"  which  was  very  much 
admired,  being  of  a  deep  rich  cohiur,  and  flowering  in  immense 
clusters;  a  Certificate  was  awarded,  Mr.  Hairtson,  Darling, 
tun,  prodmed  a  Seedling  Dahlia  of  a  rosy  liltic  colour,  and 
blooms  of  his  Seeding  Fuchsiii,  Euijland's  Glory,  a  light 
variety,  with  sepals  well  r*  flexed,  to  which,  in  the  absence  of 
the  plant,  ic  was  nut  within  the  ru'O'i  of  the  Society  to  grant  a 
certlticate.  Several  interesting  seedlings  were  also  coatii- 
buted  by  X.  Anderson,  Esq  ,  and  others. 

Cataloqde  received  from  Mr.  Turner,  of  the  Royal  Nursery, 
Slough. 


Miscellaneous . 

Victoria  Regia, — Tliis  magnificent  Water-Lily  has  been 
cultivated  with  much  success  by  Mr.  Buist,  of  Phila- 
delphia. We  visited  Mr.  B.'s  nursery  lately,  when  it 
was  expected  one  of  the  flowers  would  be  open.  It  was, 
however,  only  partly  open,  but  there  wei'e  several  other 
flowers  about  to  bloom.  Mr.  Buist  has  had  no  difficulty 
whatever  in  raising  the  plant,  the  seed  having  only  beea 
planted  on  the  29th  of  April  last.  It  has  thus  attained 
its  growth  and  bloomed,  without  giving  any  trouble,  in 
a  little  over  three  mouths.  Amencan  Paper. 

Writing  Inks. — It  may  be  stated  that,  as  a  general 
rule,  writing  inks  containing  logwood  do  not  flow  readily 
from  the  pen.  A  solution  of  creosote  in  rectified  spirit 
of  wine  or  pyroligneous  acid  is  the  best  preservative  of 
ink  from  mouldiness.  Pharmaceutical  Jom-nal 

Cape  Orchids. — Tbe  terrestrial  Orchids  deserve  more 
than  a  passing  remark  :  they  are  numerous  and  very 
beautiful  ;  in  my  opinion  there  are  many  here  but  little 
inferior  to  the  most  showy  of  the  epiphytous  kinds.  I 
shall  take  care  to  forward  a  good  parcel  of  roots,  and 
then  perhaps  cultivators  may  have  an  opportunity  of 
judging  for  themselves.  In  the  meantimea  description, 
however  faint,  may  uiduce  some  to  give  them  the  atten- 
tion they  so  well  merit.  Fancy  then  a  plant  with  the 
general  characteristics  of  an  Ophrys,  pi-oducing  a  spike 
of  flowers  as  large  and  as  thickly-set  as  those  of  Sacco- 
labium  guttatum  ;  often  indeed  measuring  2  feet  in 
length,  of  a  bright  salmon-colour  intermixed  with  as 
bright  a  yellow.  Another  with  plaited  foliage  and  a 
nodding  head  of  some  20  bright  yellow  blossoms, 
having  a  deep  stain  of  crimson  on  the  cucuUate  lip,  in 
the  manner  and  of  the  size  of  a  Dendrobium.  Again,  a 
species  with  fleshy  persistent  leaves  and  an  erect  stem 
of  about  2  feet,  supporting  from  15  to  30  large  yellow 
flowers,  the  lip  blotched  and  lined  with  pale  purple, 
bearing  the  aspect  of  some  robust  Epidendrum  ;  and 
others  whose  white  and  pink  blossoms  at  a  little  distance 
are  easily  mistaken  for  Hyacinths.  Mingled  with  these 
is  often  found  a  plant  not  less  curious  or  beautiful,  which, 
I  imagine  to  be  an  Orobanche  (Harveya  capensis,  Hook. 
Ic.  Plant,  t.  118):  its  habits  agree  exactly  with  that 
parasite  ;  it  produces  a  flower  stem  of  about  a  foot  in 
length,  bearing  five  or  six  very  large  pure  white  flowers, 
averaging  about  3  inches  in  diameter  ;  it  is  usually 
found  adhering  to  a  Thistle.  With  regard  to  the  culture 
of  African  terrestrial  Orchids  I  would  observe  that  the 
soil  I  fancy  the  nighest  approach  to  their  native  medium 
will  be  found  in  the  black  alluvial  mould  of  marshes  or 
water-meadows,  tempered  with  pure  sand,  which  enters 
largely  into  the  composition  of  all  the  soils  here,  where 
we  have  nothing  like  the  peat-soil  of  England,  nor  is 
there  much  decaying  vegetable  matter  present  where 
these  Orchids  are  usually  found.  Ail  those  from  the 
coast  are  subject  to  a  long  period  of  drought ;  and  unless 
specially  marked  as  the  inhabitants  of  swamps,  this  fact 
will  have  to  be  borne  in  mind.  The  dry  season  commonly 
extends  from  April  to  October,  and  (or  two  months 
towards  the  end  of  tliis  period  they  may  be  said  to  be 
perfectly  dry,  and  being  in  most  cases  but  just  beneath 
the  surface  would  be  subject  to  extreme  aridity  were  it 
not  for  the  shelter  afforded  by  the  thick  vegetation  of 
herbs  and  Grasses  by  which  tliey  are  surrounded.  In 
October  the  rains  begin  at  first  but  sparingly,  dews  how- 
ever are  frequent  and  heavy,  and  in  November  and 
December  the  ground  becomes  saturated  ;  January  and 
part  of  February  dry  weather  usually  prevails,  to  be 
succeeded  by  even  more  rain  than  betore.  Most  of  the 
terrestrial  Orchids  bloom  at  the  beginning  of  each  of 
those  rainy  periods,  and  by  the  end  of  Mny  the  leaves 
of  such  as  arc  deciduous  widior  and  die  off.  Tlie  mean 
temperature  need  not  be  high  i'or  tlionV,  as  I  frequently 
find  the  coant  plants  running  back  to  an  elevation  of 
L'OOO  or  even  lilMlO  feet,  and  at  this  height  sliarp  frosts 
are  very  common  in  our  winter  Be»Hon.  I  fancy  that 
grcenhoiiso  treatment,  with  the  liolp  ol'  a  close  frame  at 
tl)o  commencement  ol  their  growth,  will  prove  all  that  is 
needed,  and  to  keep  tliom  rather  less  dry  than  is  usual 
with  bulljH,  during  the  tMrfiid  Bcaaon.  PlanVs  Excursion 
^n  the  Zulu  CoaiUri/f  in  JJookcr*s  J oumalj>f  Botany, 


648 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  9, 


Calen£Sar  of  Operations, 

{For    the   ensuing  weclc.') 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

The  preparation  of  plants  to  bloom  at  Christmas 
should  be  taken  in  hand  forthwith,  that  no  hurrying  at 
au  after  period  may  be  necessary,  and  whicli  generally 
proves  unfavourable  to  a  show  of  bloom.  Begin  with 
the  eirliest  rested  plants  first,  and  tho>ie  which  take  the 
longe^it  time  to  bring  into  flower.  The  common  and 
Otaheitian  Orange  and  Daphne,  if  tlie  wood  is  well 
ripened,  will  soon  show  bloom  under  a  gentle  heat, 
a  little  extra  warmth  may  be  necessary  to  open  their 
Howers,  Chinese  Azaleas  and  Gardenias  take  a  longer 
time,  and  should  immediately  be  put  to  woik  in  a  house 
or  pit  where  a  little  artificial  heat  can  be  applied  and 
increased  as  the  buds  swell.  The  stock  of  stove  plants 
previously  prepared  for  winter  flowering  should  like- 
wise be  placed  in  a  warm,  light  part  of  the  stove,  wliere 
they  will  soon  commence  flowering.  The  different 
varieties  of  EpiphyUura  truncatum  are  very  useful  at 
this  season,  and  if  they  have  formed  their  buds  may  be 
placed  at  the  cool  end  of  the  stove,  to  expand  their 
flowei".  Another  useful  plant  for  the  drawing-room  is 
the  well-known  Calla  aethiopica,  which  when  in  bloom 
forms  an  elegant  vase  plant  ;  a  few  at  a  time  should 
therefore  be  potted  in  rich  soil  and  placed  in  a  warm 
pit,  as  likewise  a  few  of  the  earliest  potted  Roman 
Narciisus  and  Van  Thol  Tulips.  Mignonette,IS'eapoHtan 
Violets,  and  Chinese  Primroses  should  be  placed  in 
suitable  situations  to  forward  them  into  bloom,  and  the 
reserve  stock  kept  secure  from  rains,  but  with  plenty  of 
.  air,  in  the  cold  frames.  Give  seedling  Calceolmias  and 
-Ciuerarias  another  shift,  and  keep  down  green  fly  ;  they 
.should  be  kept  in  a  medium  temperature  through  the 
winter,  that  their  growth  may  be  progressive.  In  the 
-Stove  let  a  drier  atmosphere  be  kept  as  the  days 
decrease ;  a  night  temperature  of  60*^  will  be  quite 
,, sufficient  to  carry  plants  through  the  winter,  but  give 
air  every  forenoon,  if  possible.  Orchids. — The  principal 
^art  will  be  at  rest  or  approaching  that  state,  and 
agreeably  with  previous  directions  should  be  placed 
in  a  cooler  and  drier  house  ;  or  if  no  such  can  be 
afforded  them,  at  the  coolest  end  of  tlie  one  they  are  in; 
if  a  perfect  show  of  bloom  is  desirable,  prevent  their 
.  starting  into  growth  at  this  season,  which  some  kinds  in 
vigorous  health  may  attempt  to  do.  Lrolias  are  now 
in  full  beauty,  and,  witli  other  kinds  in  bloom,  should 
liave  a  cumparatively  dry  atmosphere,  to  preserve  their 
flowers  in  perfection.  Aeriaes,  Vandas,  and  other 
apecies  requiring  more  heat,  should  be  kept  at  the 
warm  end  ot  the  house.  Attend  punctually  to  clean- 
liness in  every  department,  and  look  closely  after  cock- 
roaches, criclvCts,  and  woodlice,  which  are  troublesome 
,  pests  in  Orchid  houses  ;  the  night  temperature  should 
range  from  60*'  to  65". 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
PiNERT. — With  those  Pines  intended  to  fruit  through 

•  4ho  early  part  of  next  summer  and  autumn,  nothing  can 
->he  done  further  than  keeping  up  the  top  and  bottom 

heat,  and  gradually  reducing  the  moisture  of  the  house, 
which,  for  some  time  to  come,  should  be  kept  compara- 

•  tively  dry  j  this  treatment,  combined  with  a  regular 
-Ventilation,  will  produce  the  best  effects  on  strong 
:-growing  plants,  by  inducing  a  state  of  rest,  and  enabling 
"ihe  plant  in  tlie  meantime  to  organise  the  peculiar  secre- 
-tions  necessary  to  obtain  fine  fruit  next  season.  We  do 
Slot  recommend  a  less  bottom  heat  than  85°  at  any  season, 
being  satisfied  that  Pines  i-equire  their  roots  to  be  kept 
u  a  growing  medium,  when  even  the  top  heat  is  not  so 

ihigh  by  several  degrees.  If  the  thermometer  indicates 
h\i^  or  (iU'^  in  the  morning,  it  will  be  sufficiently  high, 
but  fires  sufficient  to  raise  the  temperature  12"  or  15" 
should  be  made  ;  this  will  allow  for  a  liberal  supply  of 
air,  which,  during  sunshine,  should  be  considerably 
increased.  The  above  treatment  will  answer  for  the 
younger  stock,  keeping  up  the  top  heat  by  frequent 
additions  to  the  linings,  where  that  mode  of  heating 
is  pi'actised.  Water,  if  required  at  all,  should 
only  be  given  sparingly,  using  it  in  a  tepid  state.  To 
Pines  swelling  their  fruit  still  continue  a  moist  atmo- 
sphere, which  will  now  be  obtained  with  less  difficulty, 
and  which  in  some  houses  or  low  pits  it  may  even  be 
desirable  to  moderate.  Admit  all  the  light  possible  by 
washing  the  glass  and  removing  anything  which  may  be 
growing  over  them.  Air  each  day  must  not  be  neglected, 
or  a  loss  of  flavour  will  be  the  result.  Moderate  water- 
ings should  be  given,  using  liquid  manure  ;  but  be  care- 
ful to  keep  water  from  coming  in  contact  with  the 
flowers  of  any  Pines  in  bloom  for  reasons  formerly 
adverted  to.  Melons,  unless  when  grown  by  fire-heat, 
will  be  useless  after  this,  and  may  theretbre  be  cleared 
away.  Those  in  houses  swelling  their  fruit  should  be 
kept  growing  by  a  good  heat.  Keep  the  air,  however, 
somewhat  dry,  that  the  remaining  fruit  may  not  be 
deficient  in  flavour.  The  Dampalia  hybrid,  and  some 
others,  will  keep  in  a  warm  room  a  considerable  time 
after  being  cut,  for  which  purpose  they  should  not  be 
allowed  to  get  quite  ripe  on  the  plant. 

FLOWER  GAHDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
As  frost  may  be  expected  daily,  those  plants  which 
it  is  desirable  to  save  should  at  once  be  taken  up  and 
potted,  A  number  of  plants  for  flower  garden  deco- 
ration, blooms  better  when  of  a  certain  age,  and  such, 
with  others  which  it  is  desirable  to  save  for  propagation, 
should  be  first  attended  to.  Last  season's  late  struck 
cuttings  of  scarlet  Gei'aniums,  and  most  of  the  other 
bedding  kinds,  should  be  especially  reserved  ;  as  when 
carefully  potted  and  grown  they  bloom  earlier  and 
finer  the  second  year  ;  besides,  there  is  often  a  difficulty 


in  procuring  cuttings  of  the  latter  in  sufficient  quantities 
to  satisfy  large  demands,  and  hence,  an  additional  reason 
for  preserving  them.  Large  Salvias  may  be  transferred 
to  pots,  and,  if  required,  will  help  to  keep  the  conser- 
vatory gay  for  some  time.  Calceolarias,  Petunias, 
Verbenas,  and  similar  kinds  which  are  easily  propagated, 
should  be  allowed  to  remain  till  frost  comes  on,  when 
they  may  be  cleared  away  to  the  rubbish  heap.  Attend 
to  the  cuttings  not  yet  struck,  and  which  after  this 
will  root  more  freely  if  a  little  additional  heat  can  be 
given  them  ;  those  already  struck  should  be  placed  in 
their  winter  quarters,  arranging  them  according  to  their 
powers  of  resisting  frost,  that  proper  covering  hereafter 
may  be  provided  for  each.  Continue  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  v/intering  Fuchsias,  Hydi-angeas,  Brug- 
mansias,  &c.  ;  pot  off"  Intermediate  and  Brompton 
Stocks  for  next  spring,  to  winter  in  cool  frames ;  proceed 
with  the  planting  of  all  sorts  of  trees  and  shrubs,  as  the 
season  appeal's  very  favourable  at  present  for  the  purpose. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

One  of  the  greatest  drawbacks  to  out-door  gardening 
is  the  failure  of  wall  fruit,  too  often  arising  from  ill  con- 
structed or  too  rich  borders.  If  it  is  intended  to  renew 
or  renovate  any  borders  during  the  present  winter, 
immediate  steps  should  be  taken  (if  not  already  prepared) 
to  procure  a  supply  of  sound  healthy  loam  with  the  tm-f 
on  it ;  if  this  is  of  a  moderately  heavy  nature,  a  portion 
of  tire  sweepings  or  scrapuigs  of  roads  may  be  mixed 
with  it  for  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Cherries,  and  Apricots; 
in  its  natural  state  it  will  suit  Pears  and  Plums,  Let  the 
bottom  of  the  intended  borders  be  not  only  well  drained 
with  pipes,  to  carry  off  the  excess  of  water,  but  place  a 
foot  or  18  inches  of  rubble  beneath  the  compost,  which 
need  not  be  more  than  18  inches  deep  for  Peaches 
and  Apricots,  and  2  feet  for  Plums,  Pears,  &c. 
The  borders  should  have  a  good  slope  from  the  wall  to 
the  walk,  and  dung  of  no  kind  should  be  used.  If  these 
precautions  are  followed  there  will  not  be  much  fear  of 
the  result.  Ground  for  orchards  and  fruit  tree  quarters 
intended  for  planting  this  season  should  be  trenched, 
and  a  dressing  of  short  dung  may  be  well  mixed  with 
the  soil  in  digging,  more  particularly  for  Raspberries, 
Gooseberries,  and  other  small  fruit.  The  first  point, 
however,  will  be  thorough  drainage,  if  there  is  the  least 
indication  of  springs,  or  a  retentive  subsoil. 


TATE  OF 

R  LONDON, 

s 

rSE  WEATHER  NEA 

For  the  week  CDdiner  Oct.  7, 1862.  »•  ohierred  at  the  Hortieultarnl  Garden*, 
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w 

Ml 

Wed.    .. 

h 

cTI  29.711 

2'J.54r 

b2 

39 

45  5 

51 

51 

N  W 

115 

Thurn. .. 

7 

34 

2S*.'J24 

29.312 

33 

a? 

45.0 

511)     1  5Ui 

w 

to 

Avflraiftt 

29.RSU   1  M.tOi      55.7   '  'iO.l  '  4S.0 

51.S    \  51.3 

1,27 

1— Jfii  c  tnrouBtiuui ;  otercHSt  at  uight. 
3— llDi'ornily  overcast;  veryfinf;  clear, 
a  -IMear;  very  fine;  clea'  nndcold  at  nittht 
4— Oveicaat ;  coiiatant  heavy  ralo  all  ilny  ;  clrar, 
5  — Olear  nnd  bolBtemus;  cloudy;  clear;  rnto  at  ntfcht. 
6— Kiiiu;  showery;  clear  at  uiKhL 
7— Cloudy;  llae;  c'ear  and  cold ;  uniformly  overcast. 
Uean  temperature  ol  tbe  wek ,  54deif .  hetuw  the  average. 


STATE  OP  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWTCK, 

urtDg  the  Ian  2S  years,  for  the  eniuiDK  vreek,  ending  Oct.  16, 1B3-. 


II  f 

55^ 

|3h 

No.  of 
leara  in 
which  It 

Rained. 

Qreatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 

PrevaUinu  Wlndi 

October. 

1 
1 
3 
3 

1 

2 

3 
4 
.=( 
2 
2 

3-  7 
2;  3  4 

l'-!  5 
2—1  6 

i^] 

4    1    A 

S: 

n 

7 
8 
5 
5 
S 

5 

Sanday  10 
Mon       11 
Tues.     1-J 
Wed.     i;i 
Thura.  14 
Friday  15 
Satur.    16 

61.3 

63J 
60.9 
69.0 
59.3 
57.3 
53.5 

4U 

44.5 
43.3 
42.7 
43.0 
41.3 
42.7 

53.6 
63.3 
53.0 

5i.:t 
io; 

49.i 
50.6 

12 

12 
14 

i;i 

13 

11 
11 

o.r.3  in. 

OJl 

1.U0 

o.5;i 

0.50 
1.04 
0  53 

s 

a 

b 
G 
3 

The  blKhest  temperature  durinx  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  !4iht 
18.J5 -tticria.  76dei;.;  and  the  lowest  oa  the  ISitb,  1S43,  and  15th,  Ittili- 
therm.  24  deff. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Books  :  M.  Booker  and  Aroott'd  "  British  Flora,"  or  Babing- 
tou's  "  MaDuuI  of  Britiah  Plants,'*  are  all  that  can  be 
required,  unless  he  studies  Cryptogaroic  j^lants.  For  them, 
he  Hhoulii  take  the  fifth  volume  of  Smith's  '*  EnglUh  Flora," 
a>tei>ited  by  good  acliromatio  and  dimple  microscopes. — 
H  K,  The  "Folia  Orchidacea'*  will  contain  eventually 
{D.  v.),  u  complete  account  of  all  known  plants  of  the  order; 
but  it  will  require  some  years  to  complete  it.  Tbe  first  part, 
containipg  Stanhopes,  lonopsis,  CoryantheB,  Odontoglossum, 
and  others,  is  nearly  ready  ;  and  a  second  part  ih  iu  for- 
wardness. If  you  have  dried  plants  of  the  on.ler  which  you 
desire  to  have  examined,  you  should  send  a  set  of  them,  num- 
bered to  correspond  with  a  duplicate  set  in  your  own  pos- 
sessioo,  to  Dr.  Liudley,  21,  Kegent-Btreut ;  but  you  must  re- 
member that  he  baa  publicly  announced  that  be  cannot 
ruturn  anytbiu^  of  this  kind. 

Cabbage  Seed;  T  .Vsajs  lie  had  s'lme  seed  from  a  respectable 
grower  in  England,  ooe-halfof  which  came  up  tbe  largi^  York 
Cabbai^e,  as  they  ou^ht  to  have  done ;  but  along  with  them 
Fdmethliig  which  he  wishes  to  know  whether  it  is  lla^^ged 
Jdckor  Borecole,  and  whether,  underpeculiar  circumafances 
of  auil  and  climate,  such  a  change  mi^ht  not  be  produced. 
Tbe  specimens  received  were  too  young  to  determine  what 
they  really  are  ;  but  they  are  not  the  Ragged  Jack,  nor  any 
other  Ciilibai,'6  or  Borecole;  for  thest-,  with  the  exception  of 
some  from  Obina,  have  all  smooth  leaves  ;  whereas,  on  tbe 
young  plants  in  question,  bristly  hairs,  like  those  on  n 
Turnip  leaf,  were  perceptible.  One-half  of  the  seeds  would 
not  have  degenerated  thuH,  whilst  the  other  halt  remained 
true.  Is  not  pussihly  the  former  some  cruciferous  plant  in- 
digenoua  to  Ireland?  If  not,  your  Eiiglish  aecdsmau  will 
doubtless  afl^'ord  >(>u  some  explanation  |l 

Insects:  W  T  r.  Your  Vine  and  Fuchsia  leaves  are  infested 
by  tbe  comuion  rhrips,  Fow-lered  Hulpbur  thrown  over  the 
leaves,  and  t'umigaiiua  with  sulphur,  are  the  bi;st  remedies. 
—  W  M  B,  Bixshlcy.  It  is  possible  that  the  insect  >nu  sent 
(but  which  was  not  found  lu  your  unte)  wuh  one  of  the  Sta. 
pbylinidaj  (commonly  called  devil's  coach-horses}  but  the 
hales  in  the  Turnips  were  doubtlesK  made  by  the  caterpillars 
of  a  large  mutb,  whose  history  will  be  shortly  given  la  our 


entomological  series.  The  best  plan  to  eradicate  them,  and 
preserve  tbe  next  year's  crop,  is  to  pull  up  'he  plants  as  soon 
as  they  flaf.  and  handpick  and  de-^troy  the  grubs.   IK. 

Lawns  :  NorUiwood.  Gas-water  will  remove  the  slimy  green 
mould  trnm  your  newly-sown  lavrn,  J 

Maeine  Glue  :  J  F.  We  never  give  prices,  or  recommend 
tradesmen.    Yi>u  should  apply  to  tbe  dealers  in  glue.} 

Names  OF  Feuits  :  BBC.  1,  Willirfma'  Ron  Chretien  ;  2,36, 
Mnrie  Louise  ;  3,  Glout  Morceau  ;  7,  H,  Catillac  ;  8,9, 16, 18, 
Easter  Btturre ;  10,  28,  Louise  Bonne  (of  Jersey);  12,  14, 
Bcurre  Biel ;  \'6,  22,  Doyenne  Blanc  ;  15,  21,  Passe  Culmar  ; 
17,  23,  '£Q  30,  Qansel's  Bergamoe ;  19,  Beurre  Boac ;  20, 
Winter  Nelis;  24.  Beune  d'Aremberg;  25,  Seckel;  81, 
Brown  Beurro  ;  32,  Cbaumontel.  ||  —  JK  P  L.  5,  Beurrd 
Diel ;  7,  Beurre  de  Capiaumon^ :  8,  Napoleon  ;  12,  de- 
cayed ;  14,  Wi  liams'  Bon  Chretien,  between  4  and  5 
inches  iu  length,  and  8  inchei  In  circumference  — 
Can  this  be  from  a  standar  •  !  Whether  from  a 
standard  or  wall,  it  seems  to  suit  your  northern  climate 
well-  16  is  like  the  preceding,  but  not  so  smooth  fleshed; 
17,  Autumn  Bergamot ;  19,  Beuri  e  Uance  ;  20,  Beurre  Boic  ; 
27,  ^t  Germain.  Your  Apples  cannot  yet  be  ascertained.  ||— 
A  Webb.  1,  Grange's  Pearmain  ;  2.  W  Tmsley  Pippin ;  3, 
Bowntoo;  4,  ISaster  Beun^  ||— >$ub.  1,  Black  Acban ;  2,4, 
Marie  Louise  ;  3,  Court  pendu  Plat ;  d.  B>enheim  ;  6,  Norfolk 
Beaufin;  7,  Chaumontel;  9,  Wormsler  Pippin;  10,  Hall 
'Donr.W—Balla-ndyne.  1,  Newtown  Pippin;  'i,  Tiumpington; 
4  Hawthornden  ;  5,  French  Crab;  8,  Manks'  Codlin ;  10, 
Ortley  ;    I,  Standard   Hawthornden  ;    2,  Standard  Nonsuch; 

3,  Standard  Keswick  Codlin;  4, Scan-iardKiogof the  PipplnB.|| 
— A  S  L.  1,  Blenbtim  Pippin;  2,  Dumelow's  Seedling;  3, 
London  Pippin  ;  5,  Salopian  ;  7,  King  of  the  Pippins  ;  8, 
Early  Nonpareil ;  9,  Trumplngton,  or  Eve  Apple  of  some.  U— 
J  B.  1,  St.  Germain  ;  2,  Flemish  Beauty  ;  3,  specimen  im- 
perfec,  probably  Winter  Nelis ;  5  Black  Achan  ;  6,  Glout 
Morceau;  7,  Catillac;  8,  11.  Williams'  Ron  Chretien;  10, 
Seckel;    12,  Summer  Bon  Chr^'ien  ;    3.  King  of  tbe  Pippins  ; 

4,  Alexander  ;  5,  Devonshire  Quarrenden  ;  6,  Kerry  Pippin,  || 
—  W.  3.  38.  41,  Golden  Pippin  ;  6,  Beau'y  of  Kent ;  7.  Henri 
Quatre;  9,  Waliham  Abbey  See-Jling  ;  12,  New  Rock  Pippin  ; 
14,  Barcelona  Pearmain;  20,  C-urt  nf  Wick;  30,  31,  DnQ- 
mure;  32.  Catillac  ;  33,  34.  Beutr^  Diel ;  39,  61,  Ross  Non- 
pareil;  44,  Boston  Russet ;  4G,  du,  C5,  King  of  tbe  Pippins  ; 
47,  Knight's  Monarch  (false);  48,  Aston  Town;  49,  53, 
Golden  Reinette;  58,  Braddick's  Nonpareil;  69,  Winter 
Nelis  ;  62.  London  Pippin  ;  63,  Scarlet  Nonpareil ;  68,  Purple 
Gage ;  69,  Early  Bergamot ;  71,  Williams'  Boa  Chretien  ; 
Apple-sbaped  Service,  number  not  legible,  through  decay.  [1 

Names  OF  Plants:  AB.  2,  Platyloma  rotnndifulia,  J*,  fm. ; 
3,  Lycupodium  (Schotdi,  Bori.);  4,  L.  stoloniferum.  5.— 
PS.  Cr>ptogramma  crispa,  Bemft.  S.—BF.  Anpidium  spi- 
nulDSum.  S — 5  Y.  Two  magnihceut  varieties  of  Gesnera 
bulb<ins,one  of  the  finest  of  all  stove  plants.— j4)t  Old  Gardener. 
Collomia  grandifiora,  a  common  hardy  annual  from  Oregon, 
— Shem.  Funkia  Sieboldi,  and  Paronychia  argentea.  la 
order  to  propagate  the  latter,  some  of  the  shoots  must  be 
prevented  flowering  and  then  layereii,  care  being  taken  that 
no  blossoms  appear  till  the  layers  are  rooted. —  tV  Q,  It  is  a 
rule  with  a^  nut  to  name  Cryptogamic  plants,  which  have  no 
relation  to  horticulture.— if  X.  Odontoglossum  graode,  and 
either  a  stray  variety  of  Catasetum  Naso  or  a  netr  species. 
—J.  B.  There  is  nothing  to  show  that  this  is  more  than  a 
green  variety  of  the  Scotch  Fir ;  ii  is,  however,  useless  to 
>;ive  an  opinion  upon  specimens  ot  Fines  unaccompanied  by 
cones,  or  a  word  of  information  concerning  the  history  of  the 
specimens.— P  S.  Colocasia  odora  is  also  called  Caladium  and 
Arum  odorum.  Arum  Colocasia  is  now  called  Colocasia 
untiquorum— the  two  plants  are  totally  different.  The  latter 
may  be  grown  in  mud  in  a  tank  of  water  in  a  greenhouse  ia 
suinmer ;  but  tbe  water  must  be  drawn  off  in  winter,  or  the 
esculent  roots  will  rot. — M  A  C.  7,  some  double  Heliautbus  ; 
8,  Hypericum  calycinum  ;  12,  Kerria  japonica ;  14,  some 
Solidago;  19,  Hibiscus  Trionum  ;  20,  Guuphaitum  margari- 
taceum;  21,  Qeraoium  nodosum  I  It  is  not  possible  to 
name  encb  fragmentit  with  any  cerrainty. — J  3,  Daphne 
coUina. —  Sub.  Escallonia  montevidensis.  , 

New  Bdildimo  Material:  on.  We  regret  our  inability  to 
Kive  you  'he  information  you  seek. :( 

New  Suni'H  Wales:  A  B.  Tbe  Superintendent  of  theGovem- 
ment  Bo'anic  Garden,  Sydney,  is  Mr.  Charles  Moore, — iVB. 
Very  good  garden  seeds  of  any  kind  are  useful  in  New  HoU 
land  ;  but  ordinary  kinds  are  to  ba  bad  there  in  abundance. 
What  it  may  bo  best  to  take  depends  upon  the  part  to  which 
a  man  goes.  Cotton  is  cultivated  at  Moreton  Bay,  where  it 
succeeds  well ;  but  it  can  never  pay  till  the  price  of  labour 
falls  to  that  of  New  Orleans.  There  is  as  much  diflerence  in 
the  climate  of  tbe  ditferenc  parts  of  Australia  as  of  Europe, 
and  more.  If  you  go  North  of  Sydney  you  may  take  with 
you  whatever  forms  the  cultivation  of  the  Mediterranean. 
Remember  only  that  in  consequence  of  the  enormons  rate  of 
waK,es  there,  nothing  can  pay  which  can  be  imported  from 
cheaper  countries. 

Obanqe  Trees  :  An  Old  Sub  asks  if  any  of  our  correspondtntfl 
can  designate  a  standard  work  on  the  culture  of  tbe  Orange 
tree  in  a  climate  congenial  to  it?  Bis  inquiry  has  relation 
to  culture  in  our  Australian  colonies;  a  treatise,  there* 
fore  upon  stove  or  greenhouse  produce  would  not  answer 
the  purpose.  Bo  thniks  he  has  seen  some  such  work  ai 
desired  in  thebooknellers'  shops  in  Paris,  We  presume  that 
Risso's  "  Traite  aurl'Uranger"  is  too  long,  and  the  article 
Oranger  in  the  "  Bon  Jardinier"  too  short  tor  bis  purpose. 

P.eont:  Sub.  You  may  move  it  now  with  advantage, 

Peab  Gatperino:  Jjujitirer.  Pears,  whether  early  or  late, 
must  be  gathered  wboQ  they  will  scarcely  hang  any  longer 
on  the  tree.  This  is  the  best  general  criterion.  There  are 
excepiions;  for  example,  Williams*  Bon  Cbtetien  and  the 
Flemish  Beauty  must  be  gathered  before  they  readily  part 
from  the  tree,  otherwise  they  became  too  musky.  In  some 
seasons  the  Glout  Morceau  will  and  may  remain  on  the  tree 
till  after  the  leaves  have  fallen.H 

RHoDODhWDaoNs  :  Bella  Domva,  If  your  scarlet  Rhododendron 
does  not  flower,  it  is  because  it  has  neither  sun  nor  air 
enough  when  it  ia  making  its  wood. — It  is  Marrow,  a  kindof 
Gouri),  not  Mallow,  which  is  not  eatable.  Catalpa  syringi. 
folia  only  wants  age  to  flower  freely.  It  should  stand  Moglj 
on  a  lawn,  or  in  some  such  place,  and  when  25  or  30  years 
(lid  will  flower  freely  in  a  climate  as  good  as  that  of  the 
valley  of  the  Thames. 

Stills  :  A  Constant  Subscriber.  You  should  enquire  of  the 
souond-hand  booksellers  for  some  book  treatmg  upon  the 
art  of  making  strong  waters.  When  a  still-room  was  as 
common  in  country  houses  as  a  pamry,  the  *■  Stili-woman'i 
Guide"  was  as  common  as  a  cookery  book  now  ia.  We  are 
not  ourselves  acquaitited  with  the  subject;  if  any  corre- 
spondent who  understands  the  arc  oi  dlaiiiling  on  a  small 
scale  should  see  this  note,  he  will  probably  be  good  enough. 
to  give  \ou  the  proper  title  of  such  a  book.  _  I 

Stoves  :  5  P.  That  is  the  most  useful  and  economical  store 
lur  greenhouse  purposes  which  is  best  set,  retains  the  heat 
longest,  and  consumes  the  least  fu^l.  In  these  requisites 
there  is  little  difference,  except  price,  between  conical, 
tubular,  and  waggon  boilers  ;  ail  sorts  of  fancy  patterns  are 
in  lUe  market.  To  say'more  would  be  to  recommend  dealers, 
which,  considering  the  general  excellence  ot  hollers  now-a- 
dajB,  would  be  an  improper  deviation  from  a  necossary,  and, 
we  submit,  a  very  proper  rule,  to  which  we  adhere  in  all 
cases  wnere  the  public  interest  will  permit  us. 

Walks:  BF,  The  plant  which  infests  your  walks  is  common 
Nosioc.  You  can  only  remove  it  by  keeping  the  walks  dry, 
or  by  poisoning  it  with  whatever  will  kill  moss,  to  which 
plants  it  is  somewhat  related. 


41—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  Dotorious  that  exteoBlve  adulterations  of  this 
MAKUAE  are  s-iU  carried  OD, 

ANTONV  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUAXO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  parchaae  will 
of  course  be  the  beet  aecurity,  and,  in  addition  tn  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONT  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Tlie  lowest  wholesale  price  at  wldch  sound  Peruvian 
•Ouano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  thelast  two  years  is 
31.  5s.  per  tony  less  2^  -per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
«lther  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  suwing.  Linseed, 
Kape  CakaSf  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  OTcry  other  artilicial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  ^alt,  tbe 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
Talaable  thso  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
EovABD  Pdbseb,  Sec,  BrifJge-dtreet,  Blackfriars,  London. 

MANURES. — The   foliowing    Manures  are    manu" 
faciured  at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  ; 

Tornip  Manure,  per  ton  JE7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  (ViUiam-street,  City,  London. 
K.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Amo^nia,  91.  lus.  per  ton ;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91,  5s.  per 
Con,  in  dock.     Sulphate  nf  ammonia,  3rc. 

y  INSEED    CAKE,    Foreign    and    English,     Rape 

J-^  Cake.  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum.  Salt,  Feat  Cbarcoal, 
and  all  other  Manures  of  known  value,  on  sale. — Apply  to 
Mabe  FoTHEBQtLL,  20i  A,  Upper  Thames-street,  London. 

HARCOAL    AND   SEWAGE   MANURE.— Pro- 

mote  the  Health  and  Wealth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
tncreasing  the  use  of  that  valuable  manure  PEAT  CHAR. 
GOAL,  impregnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SEWAGE,  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  faeces  are  ab. 
•orbed,  and  the  water  pressed  out  bright,  palatable,  and  soft. 
Sold  at  the  Cbarcoal  and  Sewage  Works,  Stanley-bridge,  Ful- 
bam.  Middlesex,  at  60g.  ppr  ton.  J  a.  per  cwt..23.  fid,  per  halfcwt. 

M'CORMICK-S  PATENT  AMERICAN  REAPER 
has  received  numerous  Prizes  during  tbe  presencseason  ; 
amongst  others,  the  award  of  the  Jury  appointed  by  the  R.  A, 
College  at  Cireocsster,  atter  N[nf  days'  trial  upon  all  kind*  of 
crops  and  in  all  weather. —  Win^oii's  I'arkes'  celebrated 
Steel  Digging  Forki,  as  recommended  by  Mr.  Mechi :  they  save 
fall  20  per  ceot.  in  labour  ;  they  obtained  the  Silver  Medal  at 
the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  the  lat  prize  at  the  Royal 
Yorkshire  Show  at  Sheffield,  let  prize  at  Galway,  and  also  at 
the  Royal  Dublin  Show. — Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn 
haa  received  the  prize  at  every  Meeting  where  it  has  been 
-exhibited,  including  those  of  tbe  R.  A.  Society  at  Exeter,  Great 
Exhibition,  and  at  Lewe-. — Urwin's  Force  and  Lift  Pump,  par- 
ticularly adapted  for  Liquid  Manure.  Mr.  Mechihas  one  in  use, 
and  it  is  working  to  perl'ectiun.  Kase's  Force  and  Suction 
Pump,  well  suited  for  a  Fario  Fire  Engine  or  Liquid  Manure 
Fump  ;  it  is  by  far  the  cheapest  and  most  effective  Pump  now 
-oat,  Oalvaained  Iron  Life  J^umps  at  a  very  moHerate  price. 
Outta  Fercba  Pum(»B,  GuttaFercba Tubing  tor  Liquid  Manure 
and  Garden  purposes,  Gutia  Perch  a  Driving  Bands  for 
Machinery,  Waterproof  Canvas  Hose  coated  with  Gutla  Percha, 
for  Liquid  Manure.  Leathr^r  Hose  and  Bauds.  Richmond 
and  Chandler'H  Improved  Scroll  Knife  Chaff  Machine  has 
obtained  tbe  prize  at  the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  and 
at  every  other  show  this  season.  Starbuck's  American  Ploughs, 
Grain  Bruisers,  and  every  kind  of  Agricultural  Implement 
sold  by 
BURGESS  &  K'^Y.  103.  *JKWGATR.STREET    LONDON. 


DO  YOU  BRUISE  YuUK  OATS?  A  Quarter  of 
Oats  at  a  Guinea,  well  cruabed,  wilt  nearly  make  four 
-sacks.  Immense  shviu^,  and  important  improvement  of  the 
animaL— Oat  BRUISERS,  Ohutf-Cuitere,  Ploughs,  Tbrcshing 
Machines,  Domestic  Flour  Mills,  Light  Carts,  Mining  Toi>lfl, 
6old-Sifting  Machine,  Brick  and  Tile  ditto,  Coru  Dressing 
ditto,  Horse  and  Stesm  Machiuery  put  up,  &c.  Order  early. 
Repairs  done.  Inspect  the  operation  of  ab'Te  articles. 
M.  Wedlaee  and  Co.,  UB,  Fenchurch-street,  London. 
Pamphlet  on  Feeding,  Is.  List  and  110  Illustrations,  Is., 
free  per  post.     __^ 


CARSON*S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
PAINT,  especially  piitrunised  by  the  Britisn  and  otber 
OoTemmeniB,  the  Hon.  Ease  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  CooipBoies,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  tbe  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  seats. 
The  Anti-Corroeioo  Is  particularly  recommended  as  the  most 
■darable  out-duor  Paint  ever  invented,  for  the  preservation  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wond,  Stone,  Brick,  Compo,  Cement, 
4iC.,  work,  as  has  been  proved  by  'be  practical  test  of  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerous  (between  fiOO  and  6>jU)  testi. 
moniats  Id  its  favour,  and  whicb,  frum  the  rank  and  station  in 
•ociety  of  those  who  have  given  them,  have  never  yet  been 
«qaaUed  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  helbre  the 
public  notice. 

Llsu  of  Colours,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the 
Tettlmonlali,  will  benent  on.ippllcation  to  Waltea  CAasoNand 
8oif,  No.  9,  Great  Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-street,  Royal 
Exchange,  London. — No  Agents.  All  orders  are  particularly 
reqtweted  to  be  sent  direct.       ^      _^ 

KESSINGLAND    WHEAT. 
ILLIAM    GRIFFIN,   Eydon,  Daventry,  begs  to 

say  that  be  Is  d«liv('rlng  at  Banbury  this  productive 
variety  of  Wheat,  in  quantiii'3»  of  not  leas  than  half  quarters, 
At  tbe  rate  of  ■'/.'«.  per  quar'er,  including  Racks. 

Orders  accotopaoied  by  Post-tfiice  Orders  will  be  punctually 
attended  to. 


W 


SEED    WHEAT. 

PAYNE'S  DEFIANCE  REVITT  oa  BEARDED 
WHEAT,  wfilrh  gnlnt^d  tbe  prize  medal  at  the  Orent 
Exhibition,  and  Is  alio  hlghlr  "pokcii  ot  in  frofesHOr  Liodley's 
lecture  upon  "  aabR'ftDce4  Us'-d  nn  food,"  U  offered  to  Wheat- 
growers  by  tl.  Patkc  with  confidence,  more  eiip«clal)y  after 
tbe  msny  flattfHnif  letters  thut  h»  Las  received  of  It^  merits  as 
to  produce,  quality,  and  lt»  being  lein  liable  to  bliKht  or  uilldew, 
tbe  above  Wn^at  was  raiA«d  tr<'m  a  single  ear.  and  haw  betiii 
«rown  with  great  succ-ss  (nr  nlz  yearn.  Testimnnluls  from 
nrmers  and  millers  from  dlfTcreot  parts  of  the  kinndoin  can 
b«  obtained  by  applying  V>  Mr.  II.  Patmb,  Blrdbro.  k-moui, 
naar  UalsiAid,  E**ez.  I'rlce  d'ii.  p*r  coutub  <tt  four  buHhels 
(fack  lncliid>'d),  and  delivered  at  the  Aiidlej-find  Hta'lon, 
£aatera  Counties  Hallway.  All  orders  of  not  lesa  thun  (ini: 
coomb,  accompanied  by  a  remifanee  for  the  amount,  will  be 
pnnetaally  at<end«d  tn ;  or  by  I'o«t.f>fDce  order  madepajablu 
to  HiMBT  Patnk,  at  Hu)»t«iad,  Esiex. 

II.  P.  haM  al*o  a  very  trti*-.  tUtCi*  Of  Browlck  Red  Wheat  to 
dispoee  of,  at  'J6t,  per  coomb,  which  bo  thJakf  the  best  Red 
Wb4*t  gr-iWD. 


q^HE     GENERAL      LAND     DRAINAGE     AND 

J-  IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY. 

Henry  Kca  Setmee,  Esq.,  M.P,  Chairman. 

Sir  JonN  Shelley,  Bart.,  M  P.,  Depufy  Chairman. 

Empowered  by  Act  of  Parliament  to  execute  all  works  of 
drainage  (including  outfalls  through  adjoining  estates),  to 
erect  f«rm-bul!dings,  and  to  carry  out  every  kind  of  permanent 
impr  vement  upon  estates,  under  settlement  or  disability,  to 
provide  the  money  or  to  enable  the  landowner  to  employ  his 
own  capital  and  execu'e  the  works  by  his  agents,  under  the 
puperlntendence  of  the  CompHUv,  the  amount  of  the  outlay  and 
the  attendant  expenses  being  charged  upon  the  property  by 
way  of  annuity,  extinguishing  the  debt  at  the  rate  of  61  per 
cent,  for  farni-buildini^s,  and  51.  per  cent,  for  drainage,  roads, 
and  other  improvements.  W.  Clitfohd,  Seo, 

Offices,  52,  Parliament-street.  London. 


HITCHIN  AND  HOME  COUNTIES  DOMESTIC 
POULTRY  ASSOCIATION.— OpER  to  All  England. 

The  First  Annual  Exhibition  of  this  Society,  will  be  held  at 
Hitchin,  on  the  20th,  22d,  and  23d  of  NOVEMBER,  1852,  when 
Prizes  amounting  to  upwards  of  8QI.  will  be  oft'ered  for  public 
competition. 

Hitchin  is  a  first  class  station  on  the  Groat  Northern  Railway, 
30  miles  from  London  ;  at  which  Station  is  a  junction  with  the 
Cambridge  and  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  Regulations  and 
Prize  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  to  thf  St-cretary,  by 
iocl'isiiig  two  poRtaRe  stamps.  Entries  for  Exhibition  close  on 
rbe  6th  of  NOVEMBER.  Admittance  to  the  private  view  on 
Saturday,  November  20th,  by  a  53.  Ticket  (not  transferable), 
which  will  be  available  for  the  three  days  of  Exhibition,  And 
on  Monday  tbe  22d,  or  Tuesday  the  23d,  la.  each. 

S.  Goodwin,  Sec. 

The  Directors  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties 
Railways  have  agreed  to  run  cheap  trains  on  the  occasion,  and 
to  cive  free  passage  to  all  Poultry  for  the  Exhibition  (at  owner's 
risk),  and  to  carry  back  free  all  that  is  unsold. 


SMITHFIELD    CLUB. 

NOTICE. — All  Certificates  for  Stock  and  Implements 
intended  to  be  exhibited  at  the  eopuing  show  of  the  Smith- 
field  Club,  must  bp  dnlivered  in  to  the  Honorary  Secretary  on 
or  before  SATURDAY,  the  6th  of  NOVEMBER  (none  will  be 
received  after  that  day.) 

The  Printed  forms  of  Certificates  (which  alone  are  allowed 
to  be  used).  Lists  of  Prizes,  &c.,  can  be  ohtattied  of  B.  T. 
Bbandretr  Gifiss,  Hon.  Sec,  Corner  of  Half  Moon  Street, 
PiC'-adilly   Lonrion. 


Eiu  ^grtcttlttttal  iBuntUi 

SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  9,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOB  TBE  ENSDING  WEEK. 
TannSDAT,  October  14— ARricuiturnl  Imp.  Society  of  Irelnnd. 
TuttusoAi,         —     21— AitriculturBl  Imp.  tiociety  of  Ireland. 


Autumn  rains  are  now  beginning  to  tell  which  is 
the  drained  and  which  is  the  undrained  field.  In 
many  cases  the  diiference  between  the  two  (other 
things  being  equal),  is  such  that  experience  is 
necessary  to  give  an  accurate  idea  of  it.  On  an 
average  of  years  the  quantity  of  rain  which  falls 
during  this  season  is  greater  than  that  which  falls 
during  winter,  spring,  or  summer.  If  the  average 
depth  of  the  12  months  be  2  inches  apiece,  that  for 
October  will  be  2i  inches.  The  demand  of  plants 
upon  this  stock  of  water  and  the  evaporation  of  it 
from  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  reduced  to  the 
lowest  level,  and  hence  the  miserable  consequences 
now  visible  on  many  an  undrained  clay  soil.  The 
farmer  accustomed  only  to  the  dry  soils  of  Berkshire, 
Berwick,  or  Nairn,  if  transplanted  into  some  of  the 
fens  of  Lincolnshire,  the  wealds  of  Sussex,  or  the 
carse  lands  of  the  sister  country,  would  be  entirely 
at  a  loss ;  certainly  the  practice  with  which  he  has 
been  the  most  familiar  and  successful  hitherto, 
perhaps  that  of  eating  off  Turnips  with  sheep,  would 
be  the  last  he  would  think  of — and  he  would 
probably  have  some  difficulty  in  crediting  the  effects 
produced  by  such  a  simple  agent  as  an  inch  and  a 
half  or  2-inch  draining  pipe. 

The  grand  work  of  the  present  month  is  the 
harvesting  of  root  crops,  such  as  Mangold  Wurzel 
and  Swedes,  and  the  getting  Wheat  into  ihe  ground  ; 
and  it  is  in  these  operations  that  such  differences  as 
we  have  alluded  to  are  more  particularly  expe- 
rienced. The  ploughing  of  Wheat-stubble  for  the 
ensuing  green  crops  can  yet  be  performed  without 
experiencing  any  serious  inconvenience ;  but  it  is 
far  otherwise  where  the  teams  have  to  be  turned 
into  the  newly-ploughed  fields  with  the  harrows 
and  the  drill,  if  the  lands  are  not  properly  drained. 
If  they  are  efficiently  drained,  the  soil  will  receive 
comparatively  little  injury;  but  where  tenacious 
clays  are  undrained,  the  getting  in  of  Wheat  is  now 
becoming  an  unpleasant  affair.  Such  soils  cling  to 
the  feet  of  the  sower,  the  horseman,  and  the  horses ; 
the  lumps  of  mortar  which  fall  from  the  feet  on 
such  occasions  are  often  of  great  size,  and  so  worked 
as  to  Jbe  fit  almost  for  the  mould  of  the  brickmaker ; 
they  form  serious  impediments  to  after  culture. 
Every  impression  thus  made  is  a  cup  for  holding 
water  ;  and  if  the  harrows  following  fill  up  the 
majority  of  the  holes,  this  does  but  increase  the 
evil,  for  the  cups  become  the  recipients  of  a  mass 
of  well-worked  clay,  which  when  hardened  by  the 
sun  are  impervious  as  so  many  bricks.  The 
conHequences  which  follow  such  a  state  of  things 
need  .scarcely  be  mentioned,  for  the  soil  becomes  a 
solid  body,  so  worked,  that  when  the  heat  of  spring 
returns,  it  becomes  hardened  into  an  almost 
impervious  mass  long  before  the  scorching  months 
of  summer  arrive  to  wind  up  the  fruitless  neason. 
If  the  latter  monlhs  of  spring  have  been  favourable 
for  hoeing,  and  if  an  inch  or  two  of  tlie  surface  soil 
have  been  got  pulverised  so  as  to  retain  a  sufficiency 
of  moisture  for  summer,  and  if  the  first  months  of 


summer  are  also  favourable,  a  fair  crop  m;iy,  after 
all,  be  reaped;  but  these  are  but  exceptions  to  the 
general  experience  of  that  failure  in  the  harvest 
field  which  ordinarily  follows  such  a  state  of  things. 

A  closer  examination  of  the  chain  of  facts  which 
leads  to  such  results  will  show  that  the  heavy 
showers  of  July  and  August  fill  up  the  fissures  or 
cracks  of  undrained  lands  long  before  they  make 
any  impression  on  those  of  land  that  has  been 
drained,  loading  the  whole  of  the  subsoil  with  the 
maximum  quantity  of  water  which  it  can  absorb. 
If  this  has  taken  place  before  the  land  has  been 
ploughed  after  harvest,  and  it  generally  is  so,  the 
action  of  the  sole  of  the  plough  and  the  trampling 
of  tbe  feet  of  the  horses  in  the  furrow,  will  tend  to 
compress  the  whole  into  a  perfectly  solid  body. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  the  soil  has  been  properly 
drained,  the  heavy  showers  of  the  latter  months  of 
summer  and  the  first  of  autumn  do  not  fill  up  the 
fissures  of  the  soil,  though  these  fissures  in  such 
cases  are  not  so  large  or  numerous,  but  are  conducted 
by  them  to  the  drains  and  removed  faster  than 
otherwise  they  would  be  ;  so  that  when  the  sowing 
of  Wheat  comes  it  finds  the  subsoil  open  and 
carrying  off  that  excess  of  water  which  the  surface 
soil  cannot  absorb.  No  doubt  the  state  of  the 
soil  at  this  season  will  veiy  much  depend  upon 
the  character  of  the  weather  which  has  been 
experienced,  for  clay  soils  are  very  absorbent, 
retaining  a  large  quantity  of  water  whether  drained 
or  not ;  if  light  showers  only  have  been  experienced, 
the  soil  may  absorb  the  water  as  fast  as  it  falls  in 
either  case,  so  that  the  difference  between  the  two 
may  scarcely  be  distinguishable  ;  but  light  showers 
are  not  the  general  character  of  those  of  autumn, 
and  certainly  the  present  season  is  not  an  exception 
to  the  general  rule. 

There  is  another  important  effect  produced  by 
the  heavy  rains  of  summer  and  autumn,  which 
deserves  consideration.  They  purify  the  subsoil  of 
drained  lands  while  they  render  that  of  the 
undrained  more  sour  and  injurious  to  the  roots  of 
plants.  In  the  former  case  they  carry  off  many  of 
those  mineral  substances  which  give  to  soils  of  this 
class  their  peculiar  tenacity,  thus  increasing  their 
subsequent  porosity,  and  hence  their  capability  of 
being  more  easily  and  effectually  drained  during 
winter  when  showers  are  more  frequent  and  less 
heavy.  The  quantity  of  mineral  matter  which  rain- 
water removes  on  such  occasions  must  be  con- 
siderable, for  in  Huntingdonshire  pond-water  con- 
tains as  much  as  40  grains  to  the  imperial  gallon  ; 
while  water  from  wells  yields  as  much  as  70  grains 
to  the  gallon,  the  mineral  substance  consisting 
principally  of  the  sulphates  and  carbonates  of  lime. 
The  quantity  and  quality  of  the  substances  thus 
carried  off  will,  of  course,  depend  upon  the  quality 
of  the  soil.  Where  the  lands  have  been  properly 
drained,  such  washings  of  the  soil,  together  with  the 
action  of  manures,  and  of  tjje  heat  of  the  sun  upon 
it,  and  the  circulation  of  tife  air  throughout  it,  will 
soon  change  the  bluish  sterile  appearance  of  the 
clays  of  the  lias,  oolite,  and  coal  measures,  into 
that  of  a  healthy  and  fertile  loam.  On  the  other  hand, 
on  undrained  land,  until  its  fissures  are  completely 
closed,  heavy  rains  bring  up  those  substances  from 
the  subsoil,  mixing  them  with  the  active  soil,  ren- 
dering it  sourer  and  more  infertile  ;  and  hence  very 
often  arises  the  necessity  of  naked  fallows. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  it  is  no-easy  task  either 
to  enumerate  the  benefits  arising  from  the  proper 
drainage  of  land  or  to  recount  the  evils  which  un- 
drained land  suffers  during  a  season  like  the  present. 

Wf,  have  received  from  Mr.  Bailey  Denton, 
whose  name  is  well  known  in  connection  with 
various  permanent  improvements  of  which  land  is 
susceptible, a  number  of  questions  on  thesubject  of  the 
present  and  prospective  state  of  wooDLANn,  having 
particular  reference  to  estates  under  disabilities  and 
restrictions  of  entail.  The  following  are  the 
enquiries  he  wishes  to  make,  and  they  are  addressed 
especially  to  landowners  and  land-agents,  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  the  opinions  prevailing  in  different 
localities,  and  the  facts  peculiar  to  such  localities. 
The  results  of  the  enquiry  he  proposes  hereafter  to 
give  in  our  columns ;  and  as  the  subject  is  one  of 
very  considerable  agricultural  importance,  we  hope 
that  any  of  our  readers  who  may  be  competent 
to  add  to  existing  knowledge  on  the  subject  will 
kindly  do  so. 

Int.  Are  tbo  froodlendn  upon  TOUr  entate  profitable?  (la 
anHWerlni;  this  qiieotlon  rcf^ur'l  should  b(>  bad  to  tbe  aversi^e 
BTiiiual  rollirn  fur  a  BCriefl  of  yours,  derived  from  tiiober,  bark, 
end  undi-rwood  (If  the  woodn  nru  hi  hniid)  after  piiyiiieot  of  uU 
ouiKi)ln){n  (riitcB.  tuxep,  cherKeH,  woodmeit'H  vvq^oh,  and  ex- 
p^nnr'H),  eomiiured  with  tbe  rent  or  unuual  value  of  adjacent 
ar'iblo  or  panture  land.) 

y.l.  What  hiiH  hnon  the  avornije  annual  return  from  wood- 
lanrl  for  Ihe  lant  '2S  yenrrt  ?  What  periods  UHually  Intervona 
between  falle  In  your  loonUty 'j  (U'your  expertooce  does  not 
extend  to  'JS  yearR.  ploano  to  etuto  the  average  of  any  interim 
extfodlii^  from  fall  to  full.) 

M.  What  Ib  tbe  approximate  rent  or  annual  value  of  arable 
or  paBturo  land,  situate  adjacent  to  the  woodland  ? 

4tb.  What  ore  the  average  annual  charges  per  acre  on  tbe 


650 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Oct.  9, 


woodland  of  your  esta'o,  such  as  land-tax,  tithe  rent  charge, 
parochial  and  oth-r  rates  ? 

5th,  What  are  the  present  and  what  have  been  the  receot 
prices  of  Oak,  Elin,  and  Ash  per  foot ;  or  what  the  ruling  prices 
of  differen'  sizes  or  meetiogs  ?  Of  Oak  bark  per  ton  ?  And  of 
(average)  underwood,  per  rod  or  acre  ? 

6th.  Will  the  value  of  the  woodland  on  your  estate  improve  ? 
(In  answering  this  question  rej^ard  should  be  had  to  the  quality 
of  the  timber  and  underwood,  the  age  and  vigour  of  the  trees, 
the  proximity  of  the  estate  to  limber  markets,  and  the  meana 
of  transport.)  * 

7th.  Do  jou  consider  that  judicious  planting  of  well-assorted 
timber  on  weil-selHcted  spots  (having  in  view  agricultural 
economy,  beautv  of  landscape,  preservation  of  game,  dci;.),  will 
better  meet  future  demands  for  timber,  piirticalarly  with  refer- 
ence to  repairs  upon  the  estate,  than  the  continuance  of  the 
present  system  of  woodland  management  ? 

8th.  If  the  unremuoerative  woodland  were  cleared,  do  you 
consider  that  the  timber,  underwood,  &,c.,  would  pay  the  cost 
of  falling,  grubbing,  clearing,  and  draining,  taking  the  average 
cost  of  draining  at  5L.  per  acre  1 

9th.  What  has  been  the  price  per  statute  rod  or  acre,  in  your 
locality,  for  crubbing,  with  or  without  any  allowance  of  roots 
to  the  labourers  ? 

The  object  of  the  inquiry  is  to  place  before  the 
landed  interest  and  the  Government  the  unsatis- 
factory state  of  much  of  the  woodland  of  this 
country,  and  to  show  that  the  conversion  of 
impoverished  woods  into  cultivated  arable  and 
pasture  land  is  a  permanent  benefit,  under  certain 
restrictions  and  compensations,  which  may  be  fairly 
charged  upon  the  inheritance ;  to  ascertain  how  the 
obstacles  to  such  improvements  arising  from 
restrictions  of  settlement  may  be  overcome  without 
resort  to  fresh  legislative  powers,  and  to  provide 
a  medium  by  which  the  trees  and  underwood 
of  woodlands  yielding  no  current  profit  may 
be  converted  into  money  and  applied  to  the 
cost  of  the  improvement ;  and  where  the  expen- 
diture shall  exceed  the  realised  amount,  to 
charge  the  balance  on  the  land  for  a  terminable 
period.  We  would  give  every  encouragement  to 
the  enquiry,  in  the  hope  that  it  may  tend  to  secure 
to  the  owners  of  entailed  estates  the  means  of 
bringing  profitless  portions  of  their  properties  under 
useful  cultivation,  with  advantage  to  their  successors, 
as  well  as  their  tenantry  and  labourers. 

Replies  may  be  addressed  either  to  the  Editor  of 
this  Paper,  or  to  Mr.  Bailey  Denton^  52,  Parliament- 
gtreetj  London. 

FARMING  IN  NORMANDY, 
As  you  kindly  accepted  ray  former  contribution 
respecting  the  farming  of  Belgium,  you  may  not 
reject  my  present  account  of  the  farming  in  Nor- 
mandy, where  I  spent  a  few  weeks  last  autumn. 
I  might  have  sent  it  to  you  earlier,  and  I  cannot  acquit 
myself  of  negligence  ;  for  in  these  days  there  is  a  seek- 
ing for  truth  in  farming  that  ought  to  be  gratified, 
though  there  may  be  little  to  learn  in  the  practice  of  our 
Norman  neighbours,  and  not  much  to  fear  from  their 
competition,  I  was  located  at  Dieppe,  and  walked 
much  over  the  land,  across  the  fields  into  their  villages, 
and  talked,  more  or  less,  as  well  as  I  could,  with  almost 
every  husbandman  I  met.  The  soil  of  the  district  is  a 
sandy  loam,  that  contains  more  sand  than  clay,  and 
very  little  lime,  notwithstanding  the  surface  soil  has  a 
foundation  of  chalk.  It  is  probably  a  drift  covering  the 
chalk.  In  consequence  of  the  predominance  of  sand  the 
land  is  light  to  work  ;  it  breaks  up  freely,  and  does  not 
consolidate  into  a  hard  top  in  drying  after  rain,  so  that 
it  is  free  and  open,  admitting  air  and  water  freely.  It 
is  generally  ploughed  with  three  horses  attached  to  an 
enormous  plough  similar  to  one  I  have  seen  in  Kent. 
It  is  ploughed  rather  deep.  Another  consequence  of 
the  nature  of  the  soil  is,  that  it  imbibes  the  heat  from 
the  sun,  and  becomes  very  dry  in  summer,  and  has  not 
that  supply  of  moisture  that  adapts  it  for  Turnips, 
which  are  never  grown,  nor  is  natural  pasturage  found 
on  the  hills.  Clover,  Vetches,  and  Lucerne,  are  culti- 
vated principally  for  hay  and  seed.  Hay  is  essential  to 
their  system,  and  is  generally  well  made  in  their  open 
country  and  dry  climate  ;  is  never  stacked  in  the  field, 
but  taken  to  their  crofts.  Their  great  end  is  to  get 
com.  Wheat,  Oats,  and  Rye— seldom  Barley.  They 
also  grow  Rape  seed  for  oil.  The  nature  of  the  soil,  the 
frequent  ploughings,  the  open  country  without  hedges, 
and  the  powerful  sun,  check  the  growth  of  weeds,  so 
that  with  what  we  should  call  slovenly  farming,  the 
land  is  pretty  clean.  A  fallow  system  is  thus  unde- 
signedly worked — not  the  fallow  of  a  whole  year,  but 
during  part  of  the  summer  much  of  the  soil  is  exposed 
to  the  sun  and  thereby  fertilised.  I  apprehend  they 
find  this  practically  necessary,  in  order  to  invigorate  a 
soil  hard  cropped  by  corn — for  their  system  is  decidedly 
a  natural  system — for  they  plough,  and  sow,  and  make 
little  return  to  the  soil  in  manure,  but  they  vary  their 
crops,  growing  Wheat,  Rye,  of  one  botanical  family  ; 
Vetches,  Clover,  Lucerne,  of  another  ;  and  Rape,  of 
another  ;  changes  of  species,  by  which  one  crop  saves 
another,  as  not  drawing  so  much  from  the  same 
resources.  So,  with  their  practice  and  their  climate, 
tlie  land  is  kept  in  static  quo,  for  they  keep  very 
few  sheep,  grow  no  Turnips,  nor  do  they  fold  them 
on  strong  Clovers  as  we  do,  and  thereby  double  our 
natural  produce.  I  cannot  speak  with  certainty  as 
to  their  produce  per  acre,  but  Wheat  cannot  average 
more  than  16  bushels,  and  other  corn  in  proportion. 
It  is  decidedly  poor  man's  farming,  in  a  natural  way — 
little  capital  being  required,  and  the  tillage  easy. 
^  Their  horses  are  good  ;  I  saw  no  oxen  used ;  and  their 
miplenients  simple,  but  well  adapted  for  their  system 
and  soil.     It  would  amuse  our  sheep  masters  to  see 


their  little  flock  of  50,  tended  by  a  stupid  shepherd 
dressed  in  a  cloak  (with  his  two  dogs),  following  them 
constantly,  and  keeping  them  from  trespassing  on  the 
corn  or  Hay-grass ;  not  a  Turnip  provided  for  winter, 
only  a  little  patch  of  Rape  for  the  ewes  for  milk,  at  the 
time  of  lambing.  In  the  winter  the  flock  of  sheep  is 
housed  in  a  large  barn,  having  a  fixed  hay-rack  all 
round  it.  I  travelled  100  miles  by  rail  in  an  open 
country,  and  I  saw  only  seven  of  these  small  flocks  of 
sheep ;  I  cannot  say  much  in  favour  of  the  breed ;  at 
their  markets  you  see  a  few  rugged  half-fat  sheep,  not 
three  alike.  Their  cattle  are  somewhat  better  ;  milk  is  a 
great  object  with  them  for  butter.  The  breed  is  some- 
thing like,  but  a  little  larger  and  more  fleshy  than  the 
Alderney.  No  really  fat  meat  is  exhibited,  but 
wholesome  beef  may  be  procured.  The  vales  of 
Normandy  are  quite  a  contrast  to  the  hills — here  are 
beautifulnaturalGrass,orchards,and  gardens.  Tall  trees, 
cottages  with  Vines  trained  over  them,  and  orchards. 
The  Apple  trees  in  great  perfection  ;  you  see  no  old 
decayed  ones,  all  are  vigorous  and  fruit-bearing,  and 
even  in  the  fields  on  the  hills  you  often  find  Apple  trees. 
The  population  of  Normandy  is  not  great :  there  are 
few  detached  farm  or  cot-houses,  but  the  villages  are 
large,  contain  good  substantial  houses  and  out-houses, 
often  brought  within  an  enclosure  of  several  acres, 
surrounded  with  high  banks  planted  with  trees.  These 
form  the  crofts,  and  have  many  separate  buildings  : 
the  capacious  farmhotise  with  granary  in  the  roof  (the 
common  practice  with  every  house,  the  ground  floor 
containing  the  bed  and  sitting-rooms),  the  pigeon-house, 
apple  and  bake-house,  well-house,  stable,  barn,  sheep- 
houses,  and  a  garden  and  orchard  ;  making  a  place  of 
shelter  for  the  whole  stock  in  winter.  The  entrance  to 
these  crofts  is  generally  by  a  large  gateway  of  Morman 
style,  sometimes  surmounted  by  a  room  or  granary. 
The  people  appear  industrious  and  thrifty  ;  you  meet 
witii  no  beggars  in  the  country;  on  the  whole  Normandy 
rural  life  appears  replete  with  comfort  and  content. 
Thomas  C.  Brown,  Cirencester,  October  4. 


ROTHAMSTE0  AND  THE  WRITER  «R.» 

{Continued  fro^n page  G19.) 

Returning  to  the  question  of  the  use  of  amraoniacal 
manures,  in  addition  to  farm-yard  manure,  for  the 
Turnips  as  grown  in  ourrotations,we  have  now  considered 
their  effects  in  regard  to  the  increase  of  the  crop,  and 
to  its  nitrogen- collecting  agency.  We  have  ai'gued  that 
such  manures  will  frequently  secure  the  full  orbit  of 
growth  of  the  crop,  when,  from  defective  climate  or  other 
circumstances,  this  would  not  be  fully  attained  without 
them.  We  have  also  particularly  called  attention  to  the 
fact,  that,  wherever  the  effect  of  ammoniacal  manures 
has  been  unduly  to  increase  the  production  of  leaf,  we 
may,  as  fai'  as  present  knowledge  enables  us  to  judge, 
suppose  that  there  has  probably  been  an  expenditure  of 
some  of  the  nitrogen  thus  provided  by  manure  or  a 
lessened  gain,  rather  than  any  increased  accumulation 
of  it  from  natural  sources  by  their  use.  We  now  come 
to  another  important  question  ;  namely, — the  effects  of 
nitrogenous  maniu'es  upon  the  composition  and  feeding 
value  of  the  crop. 

In  all  our  experiments  upon  the  influence  of  manures 
upon  the  composition  of  the  Turnip,  whether  upon  the 
Norfolk  White  or  upon  the  Swede — and  they  have  been 
very  numerous, — we  have  found  that,  other  things  being 
equal,  the  per  centage  of  nitrogen  in  the  produce  may 
be  much  increased  by  the  use  of  nitrogenous  manures. 
We  find,  too,  that  this  is  to  a  certain  extent  the  case 
with  the  leaf  as  well  as  with  the  bulb.  So  far  as  the 
leaf  is  concerned,  it  is  obvious  that  the  feeding  value  of 
the  crop  is  not  enhanced  by  the  increase  of  nitrogen 
stored  up  therein  ;  and,  as  we  observed  in  our  paper  on 
Tm-nip  culture,  as  any  increased  amount  of  nitrogen  so 
obtained  in  the  leaf  had  been  previously  supplied  by 
manure,  there  is  no  gain  to  the  farm,  even  a  maniLrial 
effect,  from  this  source,  by  the  crop. 

On  the  current  and  almost  stereotyped  opinions  on  the 
subject  of  the  feeding  value  of  different  constituents  of 
food,  it  would,  however,  be  concluded  that  the  increased 
per  centage  of  nitrogenous  compounds  in  the  root 
clearly  indicated  a  proportionally  increased  feeding 
value.  Dr.  Anderson  in  his  recently  published  vei'y 
elaborate  series  of  analyses  of  Turnips,  grown  with 
different  manures,  and  under  different  circumstances, 
agrees  with  ourselves  in  finding,  that,  generally  speaking, 
the  per  centage  of  nitrogen  in  the  produce  is  increased 
by  niti'ogenous  manures.  He,  however,  at  the  same 
time  considers  that  an  increased  per  centage  of  nitrogen 
would  be  the  index  of  a  proportionally  increased 
feeding  value  of  the  crop.  The  idea,  indeed,  'generally 
prevails  among  chemists,  that  the  value  of  food,  as  such, 
is  determined  chiefly  by  its  per  centage  of  niti-ogen. 

In  the  course,  however,  of  a  very  extensive  series  of 
feeding  experiments  upon  sheep,  pigs,  and  bullocks,  and 
with  dry  foods  as  well  as  with  roots — and  also  from  the 
consideration  of  numerous  human  dietaries,  and  other 
matters  relating  to  this  question — we  have  been  led  to 
believe  that  the  supposition,  that  the  comparative  value 
of  foods,  as  such,  is  measurable  by  their  per  centage 
of  nitrogenous  compounds,  requires  considerable 
modification. 

Stating  the  facts  in  very  broad  and  genei*al  terms,  we 
have  found,  that  beyond  a  somewhat  narrow  limit — 
below  which  few  current  food-stuffs  are  found  to  go — the 
amount  of  nitrogenous  compounds  does  not  influence  the 
quantity  of  food  which  an  animal,  under  ordinary 
circumstances,  will  consume  within  a  given  time  ;  and 
further,  that  beyond  this  point  it  has  a  very  slight  and 


diminishing  effect  in  determining  the  increase  in  weight 
when  fattening.  On  the  other  hand,  other  things  being 
equal,  both  the  amount  of  food  consumed  and  that  of 
the  increase  produced,  are  found  to  bear  a  very  direct 
relation  to  the  amounts  in  the  food  of  certain  constituents 
destitute  of  nitrogen.  The  relationship,  indeed,  is 
almost  numerically  identical  in  several  sets  of  the  same 
description  of  animal,  under  otherwise  equal  circum- 
stances, but  with  different,  though  comparable  des- 
criptions of  food,  so  far  as  the  araount  of  these  constituents- 
consumed  to  a  given  weight  of  animal  within  a  given 
time  is  concerned.  The  amount,  however,  of  nitrogen 
consumed  under  the  same  circumstances,  will 
frequently  vary,  in  different  sets  of  animals,  a& 
ranch  as  from  one,  to  two,  or  three.  Provided, 
however,  the  non-nitrogenous  compomids  of  the  food  are 
suited  to  the  requu-ements  of  the  animal,  an  increase 
of  nitrogenous  compounds  beyond  a  certain  and  some- 
Avhat  low  per  centage,  will  give  a  slightly  greater 
tendency  to  increase  in  weight ;  though,  as  already 
stated,  beyond  a  narrow  limit  of  nitrogenous  supply  an 
increased  amount  of  it  tends  to  the  increase  of  the 
animal  in  a  rapidly  decreasing  ratio.  We  may  observe, 
that  the  result  as  here  stated,  has  been  obtained  as 
clearly  in  the  use  of  dry  foods,  as  with  Turnips  and 
other  succulent  substances. 

In  Tui'nips,  however,  more  especially,  we  have  found, 
that  when  the  per  centage  of  nitrogen  is  much  increased 
beyond  that  which  is  frequently  found  by  the  use  of 
farra-3'ard  manure,  the  feeding  qualities  of  the  crop  may 
be  diminished  rather  than  increased,  and  sometimes  so 
even  to  a  very  serious  degree.  We  have  pointed  out, 
both  in  our  paper  on  "  Turnip  culture,"  and  in  that  on 
"  Sheep  feeding,"  that  this  result  depends  materially  upon 
the  degree  of  the  maturity  of  the  crop.  And  we  have 
also  argued,  that  a  very  high  per  centage  of  nitrogen, 
is  of  itself  a  pretty  frequent  indication  of  immaturity 
as  a  feeding  crop  ;  and  also,  in  a  late  stage  of  its 
growth,  of  a  probable  defect  of  such  carbonaceous 
supply,  as  would  favour  a  healthy  ripening  of  the  bulb. 
Thus,  in  our  paper  on  "  Turnip  culture,"  we  say  ;— 

"There  is  then,  with  the  highest  per  centage  of  nitrogen, 
more  of  circulatiQi:^  fluid,  and  less  of  depo-ited  substance  than 
with  the  lowest ;  and  ninee  there  was,  moreover,  not  only  a  less- 
maturer  bulb,  hue  a  less  average  prudace  of  it  in  a  given  time, 
ihan  when  the  n'trogeoous  supply  was  leas,  we  are  led  to 
infer,  that  the  high  per  centage  of  nitrogen  indicates  a  relative 
deGcienoy  of  carbouaceoas  suoatance,  rather  than  a  favourahl; 
IncreaBed  amount  of  nitrogen." 
And  again : — 

'  All  the  fpecimens  in  which  we  found  a  high  per  centage  of 
nitrogen,  were  those  in  whicb  there  was  a  great  development 
of  leaf,  with  a  comparatively  sma  1  tendency  to  form  bulb  ^ 
and  we  believe  thac  the  high  per  centai^e  wa^i  due  to  a 
deGcient  accumulation  of  carbon  by  the  plant.  'Wbil^t,  then, 
the  high  per  centage  of  aitrogen  may  indicate  an  abundance  of 
it  in  <be  soil,  the  t^rowch  of  the  plaot  has  been  in  otber  respects- 
defective.  •  It  is  probable  that  the  fuU  grown  hvAb  of  auch  as 
bas  only  a  due  proportion  of  leaf,  will  t<eldum  have  a  per 
centage  of  nitrogen  much  higher  tban  that  wbich  bas  been 
usually  observed  ;  for  with  an  increused  supply  of  niirogen, 
there  is  an  exceseive  production  of  leaf,  aud  a  bulb  which 
though  richer  in  nitrogen  is  not  protitably  developed." 

We  repeat,  that  where,  for  the  particular  climate  and 
class  of  soil,  the  proportion  of  leaf  is  too  great,  there 
will  probably  frequently  be  a  deficiency,  rather  than  an 
additional  accumulatiou  of  nitrogen  in  the  crop  by  the 
use  of  it  in  manures  ;  and,  if  the  bulbs  of  such  a  crop 
be  employed  as  food  before  they  are  fully  ripe,  they 
will  probably  contain  a  very  high  per  centage  of 
nitrogen,  but  be  at  the  same  time  defective  in  feeding, 
quality.  We  have  little  doubt,  indeed,  that  the  character 
of  inferior  feeding  quality  which  guano-grown  Turnips 
have  frequently  obtained,  has  arisen  from  the  effects  of 
ammoniacal  manure,  to  which  we  have  called  attention. 
Again,  when  we  remember  that  Dr.  Voelcker  has  found 
by  direct  experiment,  that  some  succulent  vegetable  sub- 
stances may  contain  nearly  one-fom*th  of  their  nitrogen 
in  the  form  of  ammoniacal  salts,  our  own  views  on  the 
point,  when  we  say  that  these  matters  are  "  only  brought 
within  the  range  of  the  organism,  themselves  as  yet 
unorganised,  and  existing  as  saline  and  other  changeable 
fluids,  to  which  may  readily  be  atti'ibuted  a  medicinal  and 
purgative,  rather  than  a  direct  nutritive  effect,  elabora- 
tion to  some  extent  being,  as  we  are  aware,  an  important 
element  in  the  condition  of  food  for  animals  ;'*  this 
opinion,  then,  we  say,  would  seem  to  require  Uttle 
fm'ther  confirmation.  In  relation  to  this  subject,  how- 
ever. Dr.  Anderson's  analyses,  before  referred  to,  are 
of  high  interest.  Thus,  he  finds  that  by  far  the  Isurger 
proportion  of  the  nitrogen  of  Turnips  exists  in  the  fluid 
state  ;  that  is,  in  the  juice.  And  hence,  as  well  as  from 
oth^T  reasons,  we  have  additional  grounds  for  supposing^^ 
that  much  of  it,  at  least,  is  in  an  imperfectly  elabo- 
rated state. 

Whilst  however,  we  consider,  that  the  per  centage  of 
nitrogen  even  in  dry  and  fully  elaborated  vegetable 
products,  but  especially  in  succulent  foods,  is  by  no- 
means  an  unconditional,  or  even  usually  correct  measure 
of  feeding  value  ;  we  at  the  same  time  admit,  tlmt  in 
regax'd  to  both  classes  of  substances,  there  is  here  a  very 
wide  field  open  for  future  research.  AVe  have  ourselves 
made  many  nitrogen  determinations  in  Turnips  of 
different  varieties,  grown  by  different  manures,  on 
different  soils,  and  in  different  seasons;  and,  whilst 
these  have  aided  us  in  drawing  the  conclusions  stated 
above,  they  at  the  same  show  liow  much  there  is  yet 
to  learn,  as  to  the  influence  of  soil,  climate,  and  manuring, 
on  the  composition  and  feeding  qualities  of  Tm-nips  and 
other  succulent  produce. 

We  have  argued  then,  in  accordance  with  the  views 
maintained  in  om*  papers  that,  although  a  due  supply  of 
nitrogenous  manure  is  very  important  for  the  Turnip 
crop,  yet,  that  an  excess  of  it  may  both  reduce  the 


41— 1852. J, 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


651 


amount  of  nitrogen  collected  from  natural  sources,  and 
lessen  the  feeding  value  of  the  crop.  It  remains,  then, 
for  the  observant  and  intelligent  practical  farmer, 
bearing  in  mind  the  several  points  to  which  we  have 
endeavoured  to  call  his  attention,  so  to  adapt  his  system 
of  manuring  to  the  natural  and  other  circumstances 
around  him,  as  to  secure  to  himself  in  regard  to  them 
the  full  benefits  of  the  crop.  Nor  can  it  fail,  that  the 
further  experience  thus  gained,  will  of  itself  open  up 
new  points  for  scientific  inquiry  ;  and  thus  it  is,  that 
the  true  relations  of  science  and  practice  must  result 
in  advantages  to  each  reflected  from  the  other. 

We  have  now  completed  the  remarks  called  forth  by 
the  representations  made  by  the  writer  "R"  of  our 
views  on  the  subject  of  the  growth  of  the  Turnip  in  our 
rotations ;  but  there  yet  remains  one  main  division  of 
the  discussion  ;  namely — his  representation  of  our  views 
as  to  the  circumstances  of  growth  of  the  cereals  ;  and 
this  we  hope  to  take  an  early  opportunity  of  entering 
upon.  /.  B.  Lawes. 


PAUPERISM. 

iContinttedfrom  page  G34.) 

Englishmen  long  accustomed  to  pay  heavy  rates  for 
the  support  of  the  poor  may  smile  at  the  idea  of  an 
outcry  against  the  levy  of  2(Z.  to  the  U.,  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting  the  overpowered  imions,  and  to  aid  the  emi- 
gration from  the  worldiouses  of  persons  suitable  for 
emigrants,  especially  girls  previously  trained  in 
household  and  domestic  duties,  with  a  view  to  their 
transmittance  to  some  of  our  colonies.  Fortunately, 
however,  this  small  rate  ordered  by  the  lord-lieutenant 
under  12  Vic,  c.  24,  in  December,  1850,*  has  been 
levied  without  a  rebellion  ;  and  excellent  results  pur- 
chased at  such  inconsiderable  inconvenience  have 
followed  from  the  imposition  of  this  rate.  The  com- 
missioners' report—"  A  part  of  the  fund  raised  as  rates 
in-aid  has  been  applied  by  us  to  the  assistance  of 
emigi-ation  from  the  workhouses  of  some  unions,  a  mode 
of  application  expressly  authorised  by  the  rate-in-aid 
act.  To  avoid  as  far  as  possible  creating  the  expectation 
of  being  assisted  to  emigrate,  on  the  part  of  persons  who 
might  be  attracted  by  that  prospect  to  the  workhouse, 
we  limited  the  selection  to  persons  ehgible  in  all  respects 
who  had  been  previously  resident  in  the  workhouse  for 
the  space  of  one  year  at  least.  By  this  com-se  we  have 
relieved  some  of  the  over-burdened  unions  from  the 
expense  of  maintaining  for  an  indefinite  time  persons  able 
to  work,  but  apparently  having  no  prospect  of  employ- 
ment on  the  spot  ;  and  we  have  at  the  same  time 
provided  the  guardians  with  additional  workhouse 
accommodation  without  incurring  expense  in  liii-ing  or 
erecting  and  fitting  up  new  buildings."  In  many  unions 
no  disposition  to  emigrate  has  been  manifested,  and  the 
absence  of  it  in  such  localities  may  be  deemed  an 
evidence  that  no  pressing  necessity  for  it  exists. 

We  shall  place,  as  to  some  principal  details,  in  juxta- 
position the  last  reports  of  three  unions  selected  as 
average  representations  of  the  relative  circumstances 
of  pauperism  in  some  of  the  best  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom : — 


Parishes 

Nomber  of  acres 

PopolatioQ         [[[ 

Paupers  io  workhouses 
Externs  renJBtered 

Do,    casuiil 

Hatio  of  paupers  relieved  to 

100  inhabitaacs        

Average  weekly  cost  of  each 

pauper       in       workhouse, 

ctotbiog  iocladed    

Average  dlito  of  each  extern 

about 


England.'  Ieeland. 


Newbury     Wexford 
Union.        Union. 


■•( 

43,681 

20,819 

176 

20U 

25 

8-2 


28.  4id. 
U.  Od. 


Pa-     I 
rishes,  9  i 

17,10f) 
37 
883 
41 

19.50 

Is.  Id. 
± 


Easter 
Ross  Com- 
bination. 


Electoral 

DivistODS, 

31 

125  280 

51,079 

1,280 

1 


2*50 


U.  ild. 


General  Description  of  Dietary  used  in  each  of  the  abov^ 
Unio-iis. 

Newbury  Union :— Bread  in  abundance,  gruel,  broth, 
bacon,  or  other  meat  (three  times  a  week);  pea-soup, 
rice,  or  suet  pudding;  cheese,  potatoes,  and  other 
vegetables ;  and  to  the  infirm— tea,  sugar,  and  a  little 
butter. 

Wexford  Union :— Porridge  of  oatmeal  and  Indian 
meal,  white  and  brown  bread,  sweet  milk,  buttermilk, 
soup,  and  tea  and  sugar  occasionally  to  the  aged  and 
infirm  adults. 

Easter  Koss  Combination  Parishes  :— Meal,  with  milk 
or  treacle-water  invariably  for  breakfast  or  supper, 
oatcake,  pea-soup,  barley,  brotb,  potatoes,  rice,  and 
occasionally  herrings  for  dinner. 

The  Carnarvon  dietary  is  nearly  identical  with  that 
of  Newbury,  but  shows  a  somewhat  larger  allowance  of 
bread,  meat,  and  cheese. 

The  variations  in  food  tables  of  Uie  different  countries 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  (ts  indeed  those  in  the  difrerent 
unions  of  the  same  countries,  are,  owing  to  a  judicious 
rule  univeraally  acted  on,  not  to  give  a  better  diet  in 
any  workhouse  (or  rather  in  be  a  det,Tee  below  it)  than 
la  the  ordinary  food  in  the  locality  of  the  chuia  of  persons 
relieved  there. 

The  tabular  rotums  from  the  Wexford  Union'present 
but  one  case  of  pauperism  relieved  out  of  the  work- 
house. The  vjlitary  r'-cipicnt  of  such  relief  (a  paralytic 
nian),  is  the  only  individual  who  lias  received  out-door 

•  ClrcumiMincei  had  onco  before  imperatively  called  for  a 
rate,  and  of  petty  amount. 


assistance  since  the  union  was  formed.  In  other  unions 
the  column  for  paupers  relieved  out-of-doors  during  the 
last  year  is  blank ;  and  the  respective  guardians  probably 
consider  that  this  circumstance  affords  to  tiie  public 
strong  testimony  of  the  generally  good  condition  of  the 
labouring  classes  in  their  localities.  If  indeed  the 
amount  of  real  pauperism  is  to  be  estimated  by  the 
number  of  individuals  in  the  workhouses  of  such  unions, 
there  would  be  cause  for  congratulation ;  but  when  it 
is  considered  that  few  adults  except  those  on  the  verge 
of  starvation,  utterly  unfriended  and  destitute  of  the 
means  of  subsistence,  will  enter  them,  we  must  fear  that 
there  remains  unrelieved  a  very  large  amount  of  what 
may  be  faii-ly  termed  pauperism,  if  the  want  of  the 
necessaries  and  decencies  of  life  deemed  indispensable, 
even  in  the  lowest  grade  in  England,  gives  a  just  claim 
to  relief  from  poor-rates.  If  a  degree  above  the  starva- 
tion point,  at  which  of  necessity  the  pauper  is  driven 
into  the  workhouse,  be  considered  a  s.itisfactory  state  of 
the  poor,  we  must  express  regret  that  a  more  elevated 
line  on  the  scale  of  human  necessities  is  not  taken  as 
the  standard  point ;  and  our  strong  hope  that  a  close 
approximation  to  that  level  of  comfort  which  by  long 
usage  and  legislative  protection  has  been  established 
(with  inconsiderable  variations)  for  the  English  poor, 
will  be  considered  as  a  necessary  act  of  justice  and 
humanity  for  the  poor  of  Ireland  also.  In  such  case 
the  alternative  of  the  workhouse,  or  no  relief  whatever, 
will  not  be  permitted  to  become  either  the  law  or  the 
usage  of  the  land. 

The  effort  to  introduce  this  severe  system  has  been 
made  in  England,  and  it  has  failed.  English  humanity 
revolted  from  the  cruelty  of  practically  compelling  the 
old  and  infirm  poor  who,  with  good  reputation,  have 
supported  themselves  aud  families  by  honest  industry  as 
long  as  their  limbs  could  discharge  their  functions,  to 
enter  the  workhouses.  It  is  no  fault  of  the  labouring 
poor,  generally  speaking,  that  they  do  not  save  money 
during  the  years  of  active  employment  for  declining  age, 
for  they  very  seldom  possess  more  than  barely  suflicient 
for  the  wants  of  the  passing  day.  The  EngHsh  poor- 
houses  afford  a  better  dietary  than  the  Irish  to  the 
inmates  ;  there  is  a  strong  repugnance  on  the  part  of 
the  poor  to  enter  them  ;  and  this  feeling  is,  if  possible, 
still  stronger  among  the  peasantry  of  Ireland,  the  idea 
of  a  prison  with  the  name  of  workhouse.  Even  the 
most  miserable  of  them  dislike  to  go  into  them. 

And  it  is  not  judicious  to  discourage  that  feeling 
which  renders  the  poor  unwilling  to  leave  their  own 
hearths,  and  the  humblest  domestic  accommodation  for 
the  crowded  feeding  rooms  and  dormitories  of  the 
workhouse.  Yet,  it  is  a  fact,  that  those  who  once 
conquer  this  repugnance  and  pass  its  threshold,  feel 
ready  to  go  there  again  and  again,  losing  the  desire  of 
independence,  the  sentiments  of  self-respect,  and  the 
consciousness  of  degradation.  These  make  fewer  efforts 
at  self-support  in  their  own  dwellings.  The  moral 
effect  then  attained  by  assisting  those  who  are  striving 
to  help  themselves,  should  be  kept  in  view  ;  and  a 
proper  regard  should  be  given  to  the  characters  of  the 
applicants  for  relief  as  much  as  to  their  need.  The 
workhouses  are  admirable  asylums  for  the  able-bodied, 
who  are  wilfully  idle,  provided  they  be  compelled  to 
work  in  retm'n  for  the  food,  raiment,  and  lodging  afforded 
them  ;  or  deserted  children,  the  houseless  poor,  and 
the  sick  who  cannot  be  sufficiently  treated  and  cared 
for ;  but  not  for  other  classes  of  poor,  if  they  prefer  their 
homes.  It  is  neither  politic  nor  humane  to  apply  the 
poorhouse  test  in  all  cases  as  a  criterion  of  the  fitness 
of  relief  ;  we  except  the  able-bodied,  to  whom  such  test 
should  be  rigidly  applied.  We  would  not,  however, 
dissuade  from  the  exercise  of  great  caution  in  affording 
out-door  relief  in  Ireland  where  the  poor-law  is  new, 
and  where  the  abuses*  which  have  not  ^beeu  altogether 
subdued  even  in  England,  are  to  be  scrupulously 
avoided, but  in  all  doubtful  cases  we  would  lean  to  the  side 
of  charity.  And  it  is  to  be  remarked,  that  in  the  case  of 
pauper  families  consisting  of  numerous  individuals  and 
of  aged  married  couples,  economy  suggests  the 
expediency  of  giving  out-door  relief,  which,  with  their 
other  resources,  may  enable  the  recipients  to  live  at  home, 
instead  of  going  to  the  poor-house,  at  a  greater  cost  to 
the  rate-payers  for  maintenance  aud  additional  buildings. 
The  Irish  poor  do  not  expect,  in  cases  of  sickness  or 
infirmity,  such  fiberal  assistance  as  is  often  afforded  to 

persons  of  similar  need   in  England.     For  example 

a  widow,  with  a  family  of  two  healthy  lads  (earning  3s. 
each  per  week),  and  a  stout  grown-up  girl,  had  another 
daughter  labouring  during  many  months  under  a  wasting 
disease.  During  the  latter  period  of  her  illness,  her 
weekly  allowance  was — 


Money 

lireafl 

Piut  uf  Port  wine 

Bread  for  poultices 

2  Ibn.  of  inuClon        

1  lb.  of  arrow  root    ... 
Nurxe  (ihti  itiok  girru  mother) 
Jfruiid  for  htr  ub  nurtie 

Kxirn  nurse 

Brtjiitl  for  extra  nui'Be  

Oruccrles  fornurHei 

Extra  aUonuDce  during  tliu  last  week  . 


Funeral  expcnBefl  : 
Kliti  (loUin  .., 
Sliroud... 

llfirors 

Burial  feet 


...  Is.  Gd. 

...  0  9 

...  2  0 

...  0  0 

...  U  7 

...  0  c 

...  I  G 

...  0  9 

...  1  0 

...  0  9 

...  1  (> 

...  (i  0 

17  7 


,  11 

,     2 


*  Prom  a  ooplouft  maci  of  the  alniont  inorediblo  mlHoianaifo. 
meut  nhlch  wai  tulcrutod  in  Engluud  when  the  ilrat  annuul 


Tliifi  occurred  recently,  and  though  the  recipient  of 
this  relief  was  in  every  respect  deserving  of  it,  we  object 
on  general  principle  tu  some  of  the  items  of  expenditure  ; 
for  instance  a  niothtr  should  not  be  paid  for  attendance 
on  her  own  child,  and  the  Irish  poor  unquestionably 
would  not  require  it ;  nor  would  Irish  mothers  say  « it 
is  a  hard  case  for  we  poor  mothers  to  have  to  work  for 
our  religion."*  Reversing  the  cu-cumstances  just  stated^ 
it  was  considered  by  some  overseers  uuder  the  former 
English  poor  that  "  for  children  to  be  dutiful  to  their 
old  and  sick  parents  was  a  great  hindrance,  and  therefore 
they  paid  daughters  for  sitting  up  with  their  aick 
parents."-!* 

Though  a  sick  person  should  have  every  reasonable 
comfort,  any  practice  by  which  the  selfishness  of  the 
relatives,  whose  duty  it  is  to  afford  at  least  their 
affectionate  attendance,  may  be  encouraged,  is  to  bo 
deprecated.    ' 

( To  he  conUnued.) 


Home    Correspondence. 

Reaping  Machines. — As  you  have  noticed  the  report! 
of  the  judges  upon  the  trial  of  reaping  machines  at  th& 
Royal  Agricultural  College  Farm,  at  Cirencester,  in  your 
Gazette,  perhaps  you  will  allow  me  to  make  known 
through  your  paper,  also,  a  mistake  which  occurred  in 
the  report :  not  affecting  the  relative  merits  of  the  two 
machines  tried,  but  of  rather  material  importance  to  the 
character  of  the  work  performed  by  these  machines.  It  is 
stated  that  the  rakiugs  after  Hussey 's  machines  amounted 
to  Vi  bushels,  and  after  M^Cormick's  to  2\  bushels 
per  acre, — a  large  and  wasteful  ^quantity.  It  ought; 
to  have  been  per  3  acres,  which  was  the  quantity  of 
ground  measured  and  raked,  which  would  give  only  ^ 
ofabushel  to  M'Cormick's  and  l^bushel  to  llussey's  per 
acre.  The  mistake  occurred  in  filling  in  the  quantities,, 
and  has  been  explained  in  a  letter  to  the  Tiiaes  by 
Mr.  Valentine,  the  College  farm  manager,  but  it  ia 
desirable  that  it  should  be  further  known  to  those- 
who  may  not  have  seen  it,  /.  Curtis  Hayward^ 
Qiiedgeley,  Qloucestershire* 

Ruthamsted  and  the  Writer  ^^  R." — Excuse  one  word 
of  interruption.  Mr.  Lawes,  in  Agricultural  Gazette  oi 
25th  inst.,  has  the  following  passage :  "  Upon  the 
'  moisture  of  the  atmosphere '  the  writer  '  R '  lays  much 
stress,  partly  in  correction  of  the  omissions  of  Llebig 
on  this  point,  but  especially  in  reference  to  its  (^ect 
influence  upon  the  evaporation  fi-oni  plants,  and  as 
thereby  materially  affecting  their  growth  ;  we  think 
that  in  endeavouring  to  fix  attention  upon  the  seeming 
omission  of  others  on  this  point  he  has  himself  given  it 
an  undue  preponderance,  &c."  Will  Mr.  Lawes  be  so- 
good  as  to  give  the  passage  to  which  this  refers.  We 
really  think  when  any  of  our  opinions  is  thus  criticised 
by  any  one  he  might  give  the  paragraph,  and  boldly  point 
out  the  matter  which  he  considers  objectionable.  We 
shall  be  very  wiUiug  to  alter  or  amend  any  of  our  opiuions 
if  surhcieuc  reasons  are  adduced  for  our  doing  so  ;  if 
not  we  will  try  and  defend  them.  We  shall  wait  with 
patience  until  Mr.  Lawes  concludes  his  reply,  but  w© 
cannot  help  thinking  it  is  a  great  pity  that  Mr.  Lawes 
finds  it  necessary  to  introduce  so  much  matter  that  is 
entirely  extraneous  ;  for  example,  we  have  only  got  the 
benefit  of  the  two  last  paragraphs  in  the  Gazette  of  2oth 
inst,  where  we  were  entitled  to  the  whole.  We  would 
not  have  taken  any  notice  of  one  instance  of  this  mode 
of  lengthening  out  his  defence.  R.  Russelt,  KilwhisSy 
Sept.  30. 

Mangold,  or  Mangel-  Wurzel,  the  field  Beet. — There 
are  three  known  varieties,  one  only  of  which,  the 
Orange-Globe,  will  be  noticed  in  this  communicatlon,- 
and  that,  in  consequence  of  a  plot  of  such  extraordinarily 
luxuriant  health  and  bulk  of  crop  as  to  induce  a  parti- 
cular inquiry,  which  might  enable  the  writer  to  describe 
the  several  leading  processes  adopted  in  its  cultivation^- 
The  plot,  estimated  at  one-third  of  an  acre,  is  on  the 
London  road,  not  remote  from  the  Croydon  station  j 
the  site  originally  was  a  meadow,  on  the  strong  clayey 
hazel  loam  which  characterises  that  locality.  Belonging],. 
however,  to  a  gentleman  qualified  to  develope  aU  its 
capabilities,  for  producing  green  crops  for  cows,  it  was 
thoroughly  and  deeply  worked  with  the  spade  a  few~ 
years  since,  and  then  fundamentally  enriched  by  stable 
manure.  Every  crop  of  the  Cabbage  family  raised  on 
this  land  since  1849  has  been  strikingly  fine  ;  among. 
those  one  of  Cow  Cabbage,  at  perfectly  regular  distances, 
and  always  clean,  could  not  be  overlooked.  Some  lighter 
earth,  that  had  been  richly  tiUed  in  a  neighbouring 
quartex',  was  introduced  a  year  or  two  since,  and  now 
the  earth  has  acquired  a  much  darker  tint,  partly  also- 
in  consequence  of  being  dressed  with  gai'den  refuse  of 
every  kind  carbonised  by  slow  combustion.  Thus  much 
potash  has  been  introduced,  a  salt  which  the  Orange 
Beet  affects,  there  being,  according  to  analysis,  no  less 

report  of  tbu  CummlbHluntra  waa  published  in  139l>,  wo  seleot 
one  of  a  ver>  curiuuit  nature. 

The  ezptiuao  of  a  paupur'tf  marriage  at  Compton  was  aa 
folWwe  : — 
PuttiDfj;  the  horse  and  cart  up  at  the  public  bouao,        £   s,  d. 

wultiiitf  for  the  oleif^yuian  to  cuuiu  home    ...         ...     0     12 

To  tliu  cioi-gynuu  for  u  liceiiBo 8     3     ft 

WlMliim  Bulier,  for  (iIh  Uochv  aud  curt  0     6 

Clori^yiiiun  not  uC  lioiiiu,  expuuHuB    ut  the  Swan  Ian,  i 
KeepiiiK  Kumboid  (tlie  tnule  pauper)  lu    holt,    uu 

for  woddiuj^  dinner  ...         ... 

0.  Cox,  ciiiiBtuble,  for  gold  ring  for  William  Kumbul'd 

to  bo  iiiari'ied  wiib  ,..         ,,.         ...     0     8     0 

l*arBOii*B  and  olurk's  fooB o  15    0 


Ian,  I 

uud  I   1  19     4^ 


(KL'port,  pugolS«.) 


£0  IG 


*  first  Auuuul  Aeportofthe  Pour  law  GomioliionerB,  p.  184. 
t   Ibid  p.  165. 


w 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Oct.  9, 


than  31.88  per  cent  ol  it  in  the  ash  of  the  bulb  and  leaf. 
Guano,  to  a  moderate  extent,  was  used  on  the  present 
occasion.  The  soil  best  adapted  for  Beet-root  is  a  deep 
sandy  loam,  made  rich,  if  not  naturally  so,  by  thorough 
manuring,  the  manure  well  incorporated  with  the  earth 
to  the  very  bottom  of  the  trenches  ;  and  here,  as  for 
every  crop  of  the  fai-m,  fold  or  stable  manure  should 
be  generously  used,  upon  the  principle  that  fermen- 
tation is  indispensable  in  order  to  develope  those 
electricities,  the  play  of  which  constitutes  the  vital 
activity  of  laboration,  and  intro-susception  or  absorption 
of  the  sap.  It  is  all  very  well  to  pay  attention  to  the 
mineral  theory,  but  to  the  chemical  energy  excited  by 
the  ^decomposition  of  putrescent  substances  we  must 
ascribe  those  attractions  and  combinations  which  affect 
vegetable  growth  and  support.  All  these  conditions 
'being  complied  with  efficiently,  the  seed  was  deposited 
in  due  time.  The  young  plants  advanced,  slowly  at 
first,  owing  to  the  dry  cold  weather  of  May,  but  rapidly 
during  the  soaking  showers  of  June.  In  sowing,  it  is 
always  desirable  that  the  seed  be  fresh,  obtained  from 
the  most  perfect  plants,  and  so\vn  not  later  than  the 
second  week  of  May,  about  an  inch  deep,  either  along 
-drills,  or  by  dibble  in  holes  4  inches  asunder,  three  seeds 
in  each.  When  up,  and  out  of  danger  from  frost  and 
insects,  the  young  Mangold  is  to  be  singled, — to  stand  at 
least  12  inches  from  one  another  in  the  rows.  In  the 
plot  under  review  the  rows  appear  to  be  18  or  20  inches 
apart,  the  plants  fully  12  inches  asunder  in  the  ranks. 
In  growing,  blanks  can  be  filled  up  by  transplanting, 
provided  the  fibrous  roots  be  not  torn  off.  The  Yellow, 
or  Orange  Globe  is  neither  so  long  nor  so  apt  to  extend 
upwards  above  the  earth  as  the  red  variety  of  Mangold. 
This  preferable  habit  is  completely  exemplified  in  the 
present  instance.  The  breadth  of  the  roots  is  strikingly 
great,  in  some  specimens  from  6  to  7  inches  across, 
giving  18  10  21  inches  circumference  at  the  shoulder, 
ascertained  by  measure,  just  below  the  surface  level ; 
and  the  plants,  as  a  whole,  being  now  great,  the 
bulk  of  food  must  be  prodigious.  Having  had  oppor- 
tunity to  inspect  the  progress  of  this  crop  from  its 
earliest  stages  to  its  present  admirable  condition,  it  has 
been  seen  that  order,  regularity,  and  destruction  of  weeds 
liave  included  all  the  processes  of  labour  that  have  been 
Tequired,  but  these  were  strictly  attended  to.  /.  T. 

TheusxMl  Price  given  for  I>ibbling  an  acre  of  Wheat 
with  one  of  Dr.  Newington's  hand  dibbles  is  4s.  per  acre, 
not  U.  Bs.  lOJd.,  as  stated  by  H.  ff.,  the  holes  being 
4  inches  apart,  and  the  rows  10  ;  2  pecks  per  acre  being 
■the  usual  quantity  of  seed,  which  gives  about  3  grains  to 
each  hole.  The  crop  should  not  be  got  in  later  than 
the  end  of  October.  This  system  of  seeding  answers 
well  on  poor  land,  if  some  stimulating  manure  be  har- 
rowed in  with  the  seed  ;  the  plants  ought  to  tiller  before 
the  cold  weather  sets  in,  and  not  much  on  the  approach 
of  warm  weather.  Hoeing  and  stirring  may  be  carried 
on  till  the  middle  of  March,  and  not  later,  otherwise  the 
crop  will  become  mildewed,  or  an  uneven  sample  will  be 
produced.  Would  H.  H.  state  how  much  laud  he  can 
hoe  and  stir  in  a  day  with  Dr.  Newington's  hand  hoe 
and  cultivator,— two  acres  of  Turnips  being  the  usual 
quantity  per  day  hoed  with  a  proper  implement.  Would 
Mr.  Smith  also  state  his  experience  with  this  implement, 
and  also  what  he  has  been  doing  with  a  deep  stirrer  in- 
vented by  Dr.  Newington  for  Mr.  Smith's  system  of 
cultivation.  Will  any  one  who  has  Dr.  Newington's 
drop  drills,  state  their  opinion  of  them.  Now  would 
also  be  the  proper  time  for  persons  to  state  their  ex- 
perience of  the  hand-dibbles.  Autumnal,  not  spring 
tillering  is  required  for  Wheat,  but  every  one  must  use 
their  common  sense  in  these  matters.  N. 

Barley  Seeding. — I  wish  to  explain  that  I  do  not 
advocate  late  seeding  of  Barley,  nor  of  any  other  kind 
of  grain  j  but,  on  the  contraryjlike  the  late  Mrs.  Rams- 
bottom,  I  like  to  take  time  by  the  "firelock,"  and  would 
recommend  all  others  to  do  the  same.  In  the  instance 
of  Barley  sowing,  I  merely  gave  the  examples  of  late 
sowing  to  show  that  I  had  done  so  long  before  I  knew 
or  had  heard  of  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Son,  and  I  wish 
now  to  add,  that  my  having  done  so  was  from  accident 
or  necessity,  and  not  from  choice.  To  secure  a  good 
crop  I  would  recommend  eai'Iy  seedmg,  though,  by 
accident,  late  seeding  might  be  successful,  as  it  was  with 
me  under  my  thin-seeding  system.  Let  me  also  add, 
that  I  have  received  a  letter  Jrom  Mr.  Piper  in  answer 
to  one  I  sent  him,  in  which  he  says  that  there  was  a 
little  over  two  quarts  of  seed  per  acre  for  the  crop 
which  yielded  IS  coombs,  or,  as  he  expresses  it, 
'I  60  bushels."  But,  admitting  that  the  seed  was  a 
little  over  two  quarts,  still  we  find  the  yield  to  have 
been  enormous,  namely,  upwards  of  800-fold.  I  do  not 
ask  thick-seeders  to  do  the  same,  because  I  know  they 
cannot ;  but  Mr.  Piper  writes  that  his  field  had  been 
Wheat  every  year  for  the  eight  previous  years,  and  all 
those  crops  were  very  fine,  averaging  more  than  40 
bushels  an  acre.  Let  me  add,  that  when  I  paid  Mr. 
Piper  a  visit,  about  a  month  since,  I  inquired  as  I  drove 
along,  of  all  I  could,  what  was  the  supposed  average  of 
the  yield  of  Wheat  this  year  in  his  neighbourhood  and 
parish,  and  the  answers  I  received  gave  it  as  between 
seven  and  eight  coombs.  "  But,"  say  the  farmers,  "  we 
who  cultivate  hundred-acred  farms  cannot  grow  so  much 
per  acre  as  the  man  who  cultivates  only  a  few  acres — say 
eight  or  ten."  Then,  I  reply,  my  friends,  divide  your 
farms  that  they  shall  be  so  small  that  you  can  make 
every  acre  grow  what  it  ought  to  grow  ;  do  this,  and 
w>en  you  will  import  labourers  and  export  corn,  and  not 
do  as  you  are  now  doing,  namely,  exporting  your  men 
and  importing  food  to  support  those  who  remain  behind. 
It  IS  a  reproach  for  the  most  powerful  nation  on  earth 


to  be  indebted  to  all  the  rest  of  the  world  for  daily  food. 
Why,  were  accident  or  misfortune  to  deprive  us  of  the 
sovereignty  of  our  seas  for  only  one  year,  half  England 
would  perish  with  famine,  and  disease,  the  constant 
attendant  on  famine  ;  but  were  all  English  farmers  to 
follow  the  example  of  my  friend,  Mr.  Piper,  we  should 
fear  no  evil,  but  have  plenty  of  all  the  necessaries  of 
life  for  ourselves,  and  much  to  spare  for  our  less  favoured 
neighbours.  Qeo.  Wilkim. 

Plcuro-pnewnonia. — About  two  years  ago,  1 1  of  my 
cows  had  the  pleuro-pneumonia,  and  nine  of  them  died. 
In  the  spring  of  this  year  five  more  were  taken  ill  of  it, 
and  they  all  died.  Since  that  time  eight  of  my  cows 
have  had  this  disease,  and  under  a  different,  and  to  me 
a  new  treatment,  they  have  all  recovered.  I  therefore 
think  that  some  of  your  readers  may  derive  benefit 
from  being  made  acquainted  with  the  remedies  which 
have  been  in  my  case  so  successful.  The  most  important 
point,  no  doubt,  is  to  begin  in  time  and  not  to  wait  when 
there  is  suspicion  of  a  cow's  illness,  in  the  hope  that 
she  may  be  better  soon.  None  of  the  remedies  which  I 
am  about  to  suggest  have  any  permanent  effect  ^  on  the 
"  note  "  of  a  cow.  When  the  cow  is  ill  bleed  her ;  and  if 
the  lungs  labour  much,  blister  the  sides.  Give  as  a 
drink  one  quart  of  water  saturated  with  salt.  Mix 
a  quart  of  ground  malt  and  a  large  handful  of  salt,  with 
an  equal  quantity  of  bran  in  a  mash,  and  also  give  that 
to  the  cow  ;  repeat  the  mash,  with  a  pint  instead  of  a 
quart  of  malt,  every  hour  until  the  cow  chews  her  cud  ; 
at  all  events  continue  the  mash  (reducing  the  malt  to  a 
pint)  every  two  or  three  hours,  till  the  cow  licks  herself, 
if  the  cow  at  any  time  refuses  the  mash,  cram  her  with 
it.  If  on  the  second  or  third  day  the  cow  continues 
very  ill,  bleed,  blister,  and  give  salt  aud  water  as  before. 
Fasten  a  warm  rug  on  the  back  and  loins  of  the  cow, 
and  let  it  remain  there  during  her  illness.  I  am  indebted 
to  a  neighbour  for  the  malt  mash  prescription,  which  he 
told  me  had  never  failed.  I  did  not  try  it  alone.  One 
good  effect  of  the  malt  appears  to  be  that  it  excites  the 
cow  to  determined  efforts  to  chew  her  cud,  and  to 
preserve  the  cud  is  I  think  essential  for  her  recovery. 
Rcdph  A.  Thicknesse,  Beech  Hill,  Wigan,  Septemier  30. 

Pig  Feeding, — I  see  some  writers  in  your  journal  are 
advising  the  use  of  tallow  greaves  in  pig  feeding.  A 
few  years  since,  I  remember  Mr.  Huxiable,  who  has 
been  hunted  to  death,  announced  he  had  a  pig  secret, 
and  he  advised  the  use  of  tallow,  I  believe  ;  at  least,  it 
was  alleged  to  be  tallow  by  one  of  your  con*espondents, 
who  expressed  himself  rather  sarcastically  towards  Mr. 
Huxtable.  I  have  a  strong  suspicion  that  the  pig  secret, 
which  was  never  divulged,  that  I  know  of,  consisted  in 
the  use  of  tallow  greaves.  A.  B. 

Glass  Milk  Pans.  —  l  have  bought  some  of  the  glass 
milk  pans  sold  by  Phillips,  made  after  the  form  and  (in 
part)  price  of  the  Holstein  milk  pans,  as  specified  by 
Capt.  Stanley  Carr  (?).  They  are  very  nice  ;  but  I  think 
they  would  be  much  improved  if  the  sides  were  less 
upx-ight ;  they  would  thus  expose  a  larger  surface  for 
the  cream,  without  being  heavier  or  more  expensive.  J. 
£.  Gray. 

Farmers'  Clubs. 

Driffield  : — Rotation  of  Crops. — At  the  last  monthly 
meeting  of  this  Club,  Mr.  John  Wheatley  introduced  the 
subject.  He  said  "  The  rotation  of  crops  is  a  subject  of 
great  importance  to  us  all ;  and  my  chief  object  is  to 
show  how  necessai'y  *a  variety  of  cropping'  is,  and 
the  importance  of  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  various 
manure,  capable  of  supplying  the  elements  requisite  for 
the  successful  production  of  the  various  crops.  The 
many  different  soils,  which  are  found  in  a  country 
like  this,  render  it  difficult  and  uncertain  to  follow  any 
determined  course  of  management.  Though  much  has 
been  said  by  many  writers  of  the  day  on  the  subject  of 
manures,  aud  the  general  management  of  soils,  I  fear 
there  is  yet  a  want  amongst  us  of  the  due  knowledge 
of  the  various  manures  it  is  prudent  at  all  times  to 
apply  to  the  soil.  If  we  wish  to  successfully  cultivate 
our  soils,  we  must  not  only  consider  the  proper  manage- 
ment of  our  crops,  but  the  means  to  be  adopted  to 
restore  back  to  the  soil  those  elements  of  which  it 
may  have  been  deprived  by  the  previous  crop.  We 
look  through  the  columns  of  the  different  agricultural 
magazines  and  journals,  and  perceive  that  subjects  are 
constantly  agitated;  but  there  is  not  one  individual 
suggestion,  one  mode  of  practice,  or  one  recorded 
result  that  does  not  form  matter  of  doubt,  disputation, 
and  sometimes  almost  rude  contradiction.  An  attempt, 
then,  to  bring  about  a  uniformity  of  opinion  would  be 
hopeless ;  but  there  are  general  principles  which  cannot 
legitimately  be  disputed.  The  excrements  of  man  and 
animals  have  been  employed  from  the  earliest  ages  for 
increasing  the  fertility  of  soils  ;  and  it  is  completely 
established,  by  all  experience,  that  they  restore  certain 
constituents  to  the  soil  which  are  removed  with 
the  roots  and  grain,  or  the  entire  plants  grow 
upon  it.  But  it  is  too  often  observed  that  the 
crops  are  not  always  abundant  in  proportion  to  the 
quantity  of  manure  employed,  and  that  the  produce  of 
many  plants  diminishes,  in  spite  of  the  apparent  replace- 
ment by  manure  of  substances  removed  from  the  soil, 
when  they  arecultivated  in  the  same  field  for  several  years 
in  succession.  On  the  other  hand,  a  field  which  may 
have  become  unfitted  for  certain  kinds  of  plants,  is  not 
on  that  account  nnsuited  for  another,  and  upon  this  a 
system  of  rotations  has  been  gradually  founded,  the 
principal  object  of  which  is  to  obtain  the  greatest  possible 
produce  in  a  succession  of  years,  with  the  least  expense 
of  manure.    A  knowledge  of  rotation,  therefore,  is  most 


important  in  the  science  of  agriculture,  and  absolutely 
essential  to  its  profitable  production.  What,  may  I  ask, 
would  have  been  the  state  of  our  Wold  districts,  had  it 
not  been  for  a  due  rotation  of  crops,  which  has  so 
signally  succeeded ;  and  lands  that  were  once  considered 
valueless  are  now  more  readily  occupied  than  those 
heavier  soils,  which,  from  their  nature,  were  considered 
more  suited  to  the  growth  of  Wheat ;  a  state  to  which 
they  have  been  brought  by  a  constant  rotation  of 
cropping  now  so  generally  adopted  in  these  districts.  It 
is  the  greatest  mistake  to  think  that  the  temporary 
diminution  of  fertility  in  a  field  is  chiefly  owing  to  the 
loss  of  the  decaying  vegetable  matter  it  previously  con- 
tained. It  is  principally  the  consequence  of  the 
exhaustion  of  potash  and  soda,  which  are  only  restored 
to  the  soil  by  the  slow  process  of  the  more  complete 
disintegration  of  the  materials  of  the  soil  Plants 
require  different  constituents  of  soil,  and  changing  the 
crop  from  year  to  year  will  maintain  the  fertility  of  the 
soil,  provided  always  that  the  cropping  be  done  with 
judgment,  quite  as  well  as  leaving  the  land  at  fallow. 
The  Oak,  or  any  other  shrub  or  tree,  after  thriving  for 
a  generation  on  a  particular  spot,  gradually  sickens,  and 
in  its  progress  removes  from  the  soil  substances  essen- 
tial to  its  growth,  and  leaving  others  favourable  to  a 
different  kind  of  tree,  such  as  the  Beech  or  the  Pine. 
So  we  find  from  practice  that  one  crop  in  artificial 
rotation  with  another  extracts  from  the  soil  a  certain 
quantity  of  inorganic  matter  ;  a  second  crop  carrying 
off  in  preference  that  which  a  former  one  had  left,  and 
neither  could  nor  would  take  up.  When  we  grow 
different  plants  on  the  same  soil  for  several  years  in 
succession,  the  first  of  which  leaves  behind  that  which 
the  second,  and  the  second  that  which  the  third  requires, 
the  soil  will  be  fruitful  for  all  the  three  kinds  of  produce. 
If  the  first  plant,  for  example,  be  Wheat,which  requires 
the  soil  to  contain  the  greatest  portion  of  siliqate  of 
potash,  the  plants  to  succeed  it  should  be  Turnips  or 
other  bulbous  plants,  which  require  little  of  that  element. 
It  is  evident,  then,  that  an  increase  of  fertility,  and  con- 
sequent increase  of  produce,  can  only  be  expected  where 
we  add  more  to  the  soil  of  the  proper  material,  and  adopt 
the  proper  rotation  of  cropping.  Any  soil  will  partially 
regain  itself  by  laying  fallow.  This  is  owing  to  the 
atmospheric  action,  and  the  conversion  of  stubbles  and 
roots  into  food  fitting  for  plants  But  although  the  quan- 
tity of  vegetable  matter  in  a  soil  may  be  increased  to 
a  certain  extent  by  cultivation  and  alternate  cropping, 
still  there  cannot  be  the  smallest  doubt  that  a  soil  must, 
without  help,  ultimately  lose  those  constituents  which 
are  removed  in  the  solid  roots  and  leaves  of  plants  raised 
upon  it.  By  the  aid,  however,  of  chemical  research  and 
new  discoveries,  those  elements  may,  by  artificial  means, 
be  supplied,  and  the  land  restored  to  precisely  the  same 
state  as  that  in  which  it  was  before  being  exhausted. 
It  is  cei'tainly  a  matter  of  indifference  whether  we 
employ  excrements,  ashes,  or  bones,  in  carrying  out  the 
principle  of  restoring  to  the  soil  those  substances  which 
have  been  taken  from  it  by  a  previous  crop  ;  but  unless 
we  know  accurately  what  those  matters  are,  how  is  it 
possible  to  supply  them  except  at  random  !  Fermented 
dung  may  be  really  useful  if  no  nitrogen  be  required  ; 
and  I  am  of  opinion  that  a  time  is  not  far  distant  when 
our  fields  will  be  manured  with  saline  solutions,  with 
ashes  of  burnt  straw,  or  phosphoric  acid  prepared  in 
chemical  manufactories,  instead  of  the  present  system 
of  trampling  the  stiaw  with  cattle  to  cause  its  decom- 
position, and  its  quality  varied  exactly  in  proportion  to 
the  kind  of  food  consumed  upon  it.  A  knowledge  o£ 
the  actual  requirements  of  lands,  and  of  the  exact  com- 
position of  the  proposed  manure,  is  obviously  necessary 
to  enable  the  farmer  to  adopt  the  one  or  the  other  as  a 
fitting  remedy.  If  our  object  be  the  full  development 
of  the  grain  which  we  know  contains  nitrogen,  our 
manure  then  must  be  rich  in  nitrogen.  It  is,  therefore, 
highly  important  that  the  manures  used  for  the  produc- 
tion of  the  cereal  crops  must  be  rich  in  nitrogen,  and  in 
a  state  capable  of  being  taken  by  them  as  food.  Nature, 
by  the  ordinary  action  of  the  atmosphere,  furnishes  as 
much  nitrogen  to  a  plant  as  necessary  for  its  bare  exist- 
ence ;  but  plants  do  not  exist  for  themselves  alone.  A 
plant  may  be  furnished  with  carbonic  acid,  and  all  the 
materials  it  may  require  for  its  mere  life — we  may  supply 
it  with  vegetable  matter  in  a  state  of  decay  in  the  most 
abundant  quantity — yet,  after  all  we  may  have  done, 
it  will  not  attain  a  complete  development  unless  nitrogen 
be  afforded  it  by  a  supply  of  suitable  manure.  I  am 
fully  aware  that  it  is  utterly  impossible  that  any  one 
system  of  rotation  can  be  adopted  for  every  description 
of  soil ;  so  infinitely  is  that  variety  in  tenacity  and 
quality,  that  I  believe  only  those  who  cultivate  them 
are  able  to  determine,  in  every  case,  what  course  of 
crops  is  the  most  profitable  to  be  adopted.  Therefore, 
the  system  I  propose  speaking  of  may  be  applied  not 
only  to  light  but  heavy  soils  ;  yet,  I  readily  admit, 
thex-e  are  many  heavy  soils  to  which  it  is 
not  suited,  and  that  certain  locaUties  and  various 
circumstances  may  render  its  adoption  unsuitable. 
What  may  be  termed  the  Norfolk  system,  or  the  four- 
course  shift — Turnips,  Barley  or  Oats,  seeds,  and 
Wheat — though  considered  the  most  characteristic  of 
the  present  rotation,  has,  for  many  years,  been  proving 
itself  too  limited  in  power,  and  is  now  regarded,  by  all 
scientific  and  practical  farmers,  as  quite  incomplete  to 
fairly  bring  out  the  resources  of  the  most  favourable 
districts.  Already  it  has  began  to  fail  in  one  crop,  and 
though  the  cereal  and  corn  crops  may  follow  each  in 
their  turn  without  alteration,  yet  the  alternate  or  green 
crops  are  subject  to  deteriorate  from  too  frequent 
recurrence.    The  red  Clover  is,  I  think,  admitted  can 


41--v-.lj?52.] 


THE     AURILIULI  U  RAL     UAi^JillE. 


«89 


be  ng»  longer  repeated  once  in  four  yeare,  and  the  sub- 
BtitutioQ  of  Rye-grass  is  but  an  imperfect  remedy.  Yet, 
thanks  to  ecientific  information,  I  am  readily  led  to 
beUeve,  that,  by  certain  application  of  special  artificial 
manures  appropriated  for  the  growth  of  the  Clover 
family,  it  may  be  produced  and  grown  as  vigorously  in 
its  course  as  the  other  crops.  The  cause  of  its  failure 
has  been  a  subject  of  great  bewilderment  to  farmers, 
and  of  much  controversy  amongst  the  scientific  agricul- 
turists. Some  give  a  favourite  opinion,  ascribing  the 
failure  to  an  exhaustion  of  some  constituents  of  the  soil, 
which  are  specially  required  for  the  sustenance  of 
Clover,  and  have  pointed  to  a  manurial  supply  of  those 
eonstituents,  particularly  by  the  aid  of  gypsum  ;  but  I 
hare  tried  gypsum,  which  had  not  the  desired  effect, 
and  did  not  even  determine  where  it  had  been  applied. 
Anot  her  opinion  ascribes  the  failure  to  the  presence  of 
some  vegetable  excretions  which  are  poisonous  to 
Clorer,  and  pointing  out  as  a  remedy  the  chemical 
decomposition  of  the  offensive  matter,  or  the  avoiding 
the  particular  crop  by  which  they  are  deposited.  Still, 
I  must  confess  my  own  opinion  is,  that  applications  of 
manuring  properties  may  be  found  fitting  to  produce 
the  Clover  lamily  vigorously  ;  for  what  can  the  land 
receive  during  its  interval  of  rest  but  some  constituents, 
either  from  the  atmosphere  or  the  decomposition  of  the 
roots  and  plants  grown  upon  it,  all  of  which  may  be  sup- 
plied artificially  to  the  soil.  I  am  of  opinion  that  a  liberal 
supply  of  the  phosphates  of  lime  to  the  Turnip  crop  will 
leave  sufficient  in  the  soil  to  aid  the  Clover.  I  fear  it  is 
the  rule  rather  than  the  exception  to  apply  bone-dust  and 
sulphuric  acid  in  much  less  quantities  than  under  the 
old  system  of  using  half-inch  bones.  With  liberal 
application  of  superphosphates,  such  as  12  bushels  of 
bone-dust  diluted  with  acid,  I  have  grown  better  crops 
of  Clover ;  and  this  year's  produce  I  consider  the 
greatest  test,  for  where  my  Clover  is  now  growing,  the 
land  has  not  been  rested  foranumber  of  years.  I  attribute 
this  to  the  use  of  dissolved  bone,  the  food  for  the  crop 
extending  to  the  Clover.  I  am  fully  convinced  that  a 
great  portion  of  the  half-inch  bones  rest  dormant  in  the 
soil,  and  do  not  give  off  their  fertilising  properties  until 
brought  into  that  soluble  state  which  sulphuric  acid  in 
so  short  a  time  produces.  I  likewise  think  much  depends 
on  the  fineness  of  the  tilth  of  the  soil,  and  its  fastness 
and  solidity  when  the  Clover  is  sown.  In  some  fields  in 
the  Wold  districts  the  Clover  is  frequently  seen  alive 
and  healthy  on  the  headlands,  whilst  it  has  perished  in 
every  other  part  of  the  field.  It  would  therefore 
appear  to  owe  its  prosperity  on  the  headlands  to  the 
circumstance  of  their  having  been  trampled  by  the 
horses  when  turned  round  in  their  work,  and  the  part 
of  the  field  having  become  comparatively  consolidated. 
As  before  stated,  the  failure  of  the  Clover  has  been,  and 
still  continues,  the  bewilderment  of  farmers.  I  advise 
all  not  to  spare  the  Turnip  crop,  and  let  the  manure, 
whatever  it  may  be,  be  soluble  and  ready  food  for  the 
plants ;  and  where  such  Uberal  supply  is  provided 
with  judgment  in  its  preparation,  and  the  land 
acquires  solidity  by  the  treading  of  sheep,  I  do  think 
that  we  may  be  enabled  to  sustain  Clover  against 
the  severity  of  the  frost,  or  any  cause  which  may  arise 
to  destroy  its  productiveness.  There  are  other  modes 
which  I  have  tried  to  put  off  this  Clover  crop,  by  an 
Dtervention  of  Peas;  but  it  is  very  uncertain,  and  in  many 
instances  signally  failed  ;  and  during  the  past  and  the 
present  year  I  fear  that  some  varieties  are  little  better 
than  worthless.  I  have  tried  the  practice  of  growing  Tares 
and  Rye  instead  of  the  Clover  crop,  and  depastured  them 
with  sheep  till  midsummer,  then  ploughed  them  up, 
manured  and  boned,  and  drilled  with  Rape  and  Mustard, 
and  the  crop  was  abundant  It  was  eaten  off  with  sheep, 
and  in  the  autumn  sown  with  Wheat.  I  considered 
this  was  a  good  preparation  for  a  heavy  crop  of  Wheat, 
but  it  was  not  what  I  expected  ;  there  seemed  to  be  a 
sickliness  and  a  want  of  that  strength  and  vigour  which 
might  have  been  expected  from  such  cultivation.  I  fear 
there  is  some  poisonous  effect  produced  in  the  growth 
of  Tares,  which  is  detrimental  to  the  full  development 
of  Wheat ;  but  I  am  now  speaking  of  Umestone  soil, 
and  therefore  would  not  wish  it  to  be  supposed  that 
such  a  case  would  occur  in  an  opposite  description  of 
floil,  for  I  am  fully  satisfied  of  the  great  difference  in 
the  constituents  of  the  various  soils  which  cover  the 
vast  space  of  this  country.  But  with  a  liberal  and 
proper  supply  of  artificial  manures,  such  as  are  best 
appropriated  to  the  cereal  and  vegetable  crops,  I  am 
fully  satisfied  of  the  advantages  of  adding  artificial 
macures  to  the  soil  ;  and  whatever  difference  of  opinion 
may  exist  respecting  these  moat  special  fertilisers,  I 
trust  time  and  experience  may  prove  that  they  are  the 
very  foundation  of  our  good  husbandry  of  tlie  present 
day  ;  but  so  prejudiced  are  some,  that,  even  when  faeti 
are  deliberately  laid  before  them,  tliey  will  not  give 
credit  to  such  undenial>lc  results.  To  prove  the  hi^h 
estimation  which  I  entertain  of  the  valuable  properties 
of  artificial  manurcH,  I  may  state  that  tho  coat  actually 
expended  on  the  Garton  Field  farm  of  415  acres,  during 
the  last  15  yearn,  has  been  130  per  cent,  on  the  annual 
rental  ;  and  the  result  of  such  an  expenditure  of  the 
tenant's  capital  has  been  a  fourfold  increase  of  pro- 
ductiveness, amply  repaying  for  the  heavy  outlay,  and 
the  expenses  incurred,  which  are  ncce&tmrily  caused  by 
Huch  increased  productivcuess." 

Farm  Memoranda- 

Capestiiormk  Hall,  CfiiviiMiiK  :  /m/jcctori*  Heport. — 
Thia  farm  contains  t'/.i'2  acren.  Tlio  gieatcst  portion  of 
the  8oil  U  a  good  friable  loam,  on  a  marly  clay  ;  [tart  of 


the  remainder  consists  of  stiff  clay  loam  on  stiff  clay  ; 
part  peaty  soil  on  clay  ;  another  portion  is  a  good  sandy 
loam  on  a  sandy  subsoil.  The  crops  were  tliis  year  as 
follows: — Pasture  land,  171  acres;  meadow.  Clover 
meadow,  and  seeds,  43  acres  ;  Wheat  after  Turnips,  25 
acres  ;  do.  after  Clover  ley,  50  acres  ;  Oats,  after  leys,  9 
acres;  do.  after  Wheat  41  acres  ;  Peas,  3  acrea;  Pota- 
toes, 8  acres ;  Turnips,  40  acres  ;  Cabbage,  2  acres ;  total, 
392  acres.  The  rotation  of  cropping  adopted  is  Wheat, 
Turnips,  Wheat,  Clover  ;  and  if  after  turf,  Oats,  Tur- 
nips, Wheat,  Clover.  The  stock  kept  is  10  working 
horses,  15  ley  and  other  horses,  5  bulls,  12  dairy  cows, 
27  feeding  cows,  45  feeding  steers,  25  heifers  in  ley,  54 
Btirks,  51  rearing  calves,  45  pigs,  177  sheep,  and  82 
lambs  ;  total,  523.  In  summer  the  stock  is  kept  on 
chopped  Grass  and  Clover,  and  in  winter  on  Turnips, 
chopped  straw,  linseed,  and  corn.  About  1500  tons  of 
manure  are  made  upon  the  fai*m  every  year,  which  is 
used  for  Turnips  and  other  green  crops.  The  whole  of 
he  liquid  manure  is  made  available  by  means  of  a  tank 
provided  for  the  purpose.  4  tons  of  guano  are  applied 
annually  upon  the  new  seeds,  and  2  tons  of  dissolved 
bones  are  put  upon  the  Turnip  land.  There  has  been 
little  draining  done  on  this  farm,  a  great  portion  of  the 
land  not  requiring  it,  nor  has  any  part  of  it  been  marled 
of  late.  New  farm  buildings  have  been  erected  within 
the  last  three  years  ;  also  a  new  covered  dung  pit,  with 
sheep  and  pig  pens,  on  the  box  feeding  principle.  This 
claimant's  farm  lies  in  a  good  climate,  and  is  moderately 
undulated,  A  considerable  portion  of  it  is  too  much 
interspersed  with  woods  and  single  trees  for  the  carrying 
on  of  arable  cultivation  with  advantage  or  profit,  but  is 
exceedingly  well  suited  for  grazing  purposes.  There 
has  been  a  considerable  extent  of  old  fences  eradicated, 
but  the  trees  still  remain.  The  25  acres  of  Wheat  after 
Turnips,  and  the  20  acres  after  Grass  and  Clover  ley,  is 
altogether  a  superior  crop  ;  it  would  average  between 
44  and  50  bushels  per  acre,  being  strong,  thicU,  healthy, 
and  well  fed.  About  20  acres  also  of  old  ley  was  a  bulky 
crop,  but  not  "  kindly,"  about  one-third  of  which  would 
yield  badly,  and  the  other  two-thirds  would  be 
productive,  but  coarse  in  the  grain.  Another  field 
of  Wheat,  also  after  old  Grass,  on  a  clay  soil,  is 
nearly  a  failure,  caused  by  the  grub  in  winter  and 
spring,  and  by  the  mildew  in  summer.  One  portion  of 
Oats  after  Turnips,  h  clean  heavy  crop,  and  would 
average  70  bushels  per  acre.  The  remainder  after 
Grass  and  Wheat,  very  good.  The  Peas  and  Potatoes 
were  good,  the  latter  healthy  and  vigorous  when  in- 
spected, the  former  was  just  carted.  The  Peas  had 
been  in  3  feet  rows.  The  Turnip  crop  was  very 
healthy,  and  tolerably  equal,  and  very  clean.  Part  of 
the  meadow-land  has  been  newly  laid  down,  and  now 
appears  productive.  A  great  portion  of  the  pastm'e  is 
very  old  ;  some  parts  of  it  good  thick  herbage,  other 
portions  poor,  and  would  be  much  improved  by  liming 
or  boning.  Another  portion  is  both  wet  and  poor.  In 
short  the  old  Grass  has  not  had  much  done  to  it  lately 
in  the  way  of  improvement.  Some  of  the  fences  are 
modern  and  good,  others  nothing  particular.  The  new 
farm  buildings  are  well  arranged,  and  their  elevated  site 
gives  facilities  for  carting  from  the  dung  pit  by  a  tunnel 
under  the  shippon,  the  road  being  level.  The  pit  is  37 
yards  long,  7  broad,  and  is  10  feet  deep  below  the  level 
of  the  farm-yard.  There  are  two  rows  of  sheep  and  pig 
pens  erected  over  it,  5  feet  above  the  level  of  the  yard, 
and  a  passage  up  the  middle  between  each  row,  with  a 
door  and  steps  at  each  end  of  the  passage.  The  yard  or 
road  round  this  duug  pit  is  five  yards  wide,  and  leads  to 
the  shippons  and  cattle  sheds,  which  are  erected  entirely 
round  the  yard.  There  is  a  steam-engine  for  threshing, 
churning,  cutting  hay,  straw,  green  Vetches,  Grass,  and 
Clover.  Food  is  steamed  from  the  boilers.  No  kind  of 
fodder  is  given  uncut.  All  the  gates  and  roads  are 
substantial  and  in  good  order.  Reports  of  Prize  Farms 
of  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  AgHcuUwal  Society. 


Jfile&ieijj. 

A  Memoir  on  the  Equinoctial  Stonns  of  March  and  Aprils 
185U  ;  an  Inquiry  into  the  Extent  to  which  the  Motatory 
Theory  may  be  Applied.  By  F,  P.  B.  Martin, 
Esq.,  M.A. 
We  have  to  acknowledge  with  thanks  the  receipt  of  a 
copy  of  this  volume,  which,  though  printed  we  presume 
for  private  circulation,  we  take  the  liberty  of  naming 
here,  as  a  valuable  contribution  to  that  branch  of 
meteorology  to  which  it  more  especially  refers.  It  is  a 
successful  application  of  the  rotatory  theory  to  the 
explanation  of  certain  storms,  whose  character  and 
history  at  the  ditterent  points  where  observers  were 
stationed  are  given  in  great  detail.  We  mention  this 
for  the  information  of  those  of  our  readers  who  ai'e  par- 
ticularly interested  in  this  subject,  and  who  will,  no 
doubt,  remember  the  valuable  weekly  meteorological 
report  witli  which  we  were  last  year  favoured  by  Mr. 
Martin. 


Miscellaneous. 

Is  Farming  aa  ProfUahlc  as  Trades  or  Professions  ? — 
I  should  say  decidedly  not  ;  nimply  because  the  returns 
are  neccBsarily  more  slow.  Nature  will  nut  bo  hurried  ; 
however  highly  wo  may  manure,  still  our  Whciit  crf)[) 
reqiiircH  nearly  a  year  to  grow  ;  another  elapHcs  befuro 
the  whole  of  it  finds  its  way  to  market  :  wliilHtin  manu- 
facture many  rettirns  may  Ito  made  within  tho  Hunio 
period.  iV-rliapM  this  in  fortunate,  lor  1  know  not  wlio 
would  forauko  tho  beauties  of  nature  and  independonco 


of  a  country  life,  for  smoky  and  confined  cities,  except 
as  a  matter  of  profit.  Mr.  Mechi's  Second  Pa'ptr. 

T/ie  Effects  of  Liquid  Manare.~An  extensive  landed 
proprietor,  in  Ayrshire,  writes  us  (the  Glasgow  Daily 
Maii)f"  You  say  that  20  sheep  can  be  kept  on  an  acre 
of  Italian  Rye-grass.  I  know  that  many  more  than  that 
number  can  be  kept  on  a  Scotch  acre  of  it.  At  present 
there  are  about  70  sheep,  of  about  20  lbs.  a  quarter,  fed 
on  a  Scotch  acre  of  Italian  Rye-grass  per  month.  When 
first  put  up  in  the  pens,  within  doors,  each  sheep  eats. 
12  lbs.  per  day  of  Italian  Rye-grass  and  half  a  pourtd  of 
Rape-cake  j  but  as  they  take  on  fat  they  gradually  fall 
off  eating  as  much,  per  day,  of  the  Italian  Rye-grass  ; 
and  can  consume  not  more  than  8  Iba.  per  day.  It  is 
quite  wonderful  what  a  quantity  of  Italian  Rye-grass, 
watered  with  the  liquid  manure,  can  be  cut  from  a 
Scotch  acre.  It  can  be  cut  four  times  in  the  year  ;  and 
the  weight  of  the  four  cuts  is  upwards  of  40  tons  of 
moist  Italian  Rye-grass." 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

CovESED  Tabd  :  J  Waldron.  We  have  jour  MS.,  and  wilt 
publish  it. 

Dbopst  :  <?.  If  the  cow  has  dropsy  of  the  abdomen  she  should 
be  tapped  with  a  proper  in^truiiient,  and  b;  a  competent 
pracutioner.  Youutt  on  Cattle  and  Sheep,  Spoon«ron  Sheep, 
and  the  articles  on  the  Bubject  in  Morton'^  Cyclopedia,  will 
furnUh  information  on  ihediBeaies  ofouwe  andBh»rp,  WC  S. 

Flooe  fjr  Cattle  Stalls  z  J  E  O.  A«phalce  flooring  has  been 
reuommeoded.  We  give  the  foilowfnic  recipe,  not  on  our  owq 
experience,  but  on  that  of  a  correflpoDd<-nc  "J.  P.  B,,"  who 
lajB,  "  Dig  pifted  gravel,  such  as  is  used  for  toppinif  walkB. 
and  use  coal-gns  tar  ;  level  the  ground  perfectly  ;  mix  gravel 
and  tar,  two  quarts  of  the  latter  to  each  bushel  of  the  former, 
till  erery  particle  of  Kravel  is  saturated  with  tar.  This  is 
best  done  on  a  boarded  or  stone  flour  ;  spread  erenly,  about 
one  inch  thick  ;  roll  till  bard  with  a  heavy  garden  roller. 
When  dry,  add  from  two  tn  five  inches  more,  according  to 
the  purpose  for  which  the  floor  is  required,  Holl  as  soon  as 
laid,  and  frequently,  until  It  is  quite  solid.  Cost,  at  6  inches 
deep,  9c2  per  square  yard,  at  the  following  high  prices: — 
gravel,  Id.  per  bushel;  gas  tar,  il^d.  per  gallon;  labour, 
l3.  Gd,  per  day."  There  are  very  many  varieties  of  bearded 
Wheat.  Many  botanical  species  of  I'riticum  are  a»ned.  We 
knuw  of  no  Bell'a  reapiug  machine  In  England;  Mr.  Cross- 
kill  promises  to  issue  them  next  summer. 

Italian  Rte-qrass  :  A  B,  We  would  roll  it  before  winter, 
when  the  land  in  somewhat  dry.  It  is  well  to  put  something 
over  the  dram  pipes  before  filling  in  loose  earth  ;  but  merely 
for  the  purpose  of  hindering  the  earth  from  falling  through 
the  uncovered  joints  into  the  conduit — a  reversed  curf  is  as 
good  a  thing  bb  can  be  used  for  the  purpose.  We  should  uso 
a  pipe  of  about  1^-inchbore  for  common  drains;  a  larger  one, 
of  course,  for  mains. 

ScouaiNQ  :  A  Saxon  in  Ireland.  It  has  been  very  prevalent  this 
year,  iu  consequence  of  the  luxuriance  of  the  pastures  and 
the  prevalence  of  so  much  wet.  Remove  the  lambs  as  soon 
as  possible  to  drier  and  less  lucuriant  pasturage,  and  give  a 
little  Ltneeed  cakedaUy.  By  way  of  medicine  ;,'ive  the  follow, 
iug : — Tincture  of  Opium,  1  Pcruple ;  Pnpared  Chalk, 
powdered,  1  drachm;  Magnesia,  powdered,  1  scruple;  ia 
thick  gruel  once  a  day.   W.C^S. 


— ^ — 
COVENT  GARDEN,  Oct.  9. 
Notwithstandinc;  the  unfavourable  change  in  the  weather, 
Tegetablea  and  Fruit  continue  tolerably  plentiful.  Melons 
are  becoining  scarcer.  Plums,  Pears,  ApploR,  and  Peaches  still 
arrive  from  France.  Tomatoes  are  nearly  over.  Filberts 
realise  from  dOs.  to  65s.  Potatoes  are  rising  in  price.  Peaj 
are  over.  Mushrooms  continue  plentiful.  Cut  flowers  consist 
ut  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Roses,  Mignonette^  Bignonia 
venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRniT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  8b  to  6a 
Grapes, hothou8e,p.  lb.,  2s  to 6s 
Puacbes,  per  doz.,  10s  to  ISs 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,  3s  to  Hs 
Plums,  per  punnet,  2&  to  4s 
Pigs,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  2s  Od 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  hsh.,  4s  to  7a 

—    kitchen,  do.,  Ss  to  63 
Melons,  each,  28  to  bd 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
French  Beaos,  per  half  sieve, 

2s  to  2e  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  6d  to  2s 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz,, 6d  to2s6d 
Sreene,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2b 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  4b  to  Ss 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  6Us  to  18Us 

■ —    per  cwt.,  4s  to  83 

—  per  bush.,  Ia6d  to  4s  6d 
Turnips,  perdoz,,  'iB  to  2BGd 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  fid 
Vegot.  Marrow,  p.  doz,  6d  to  Is 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  Sd 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  23  fid  to  48 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  &paniBh,p.doz.,ls3dto  Ss 
Beet,  per  duz..  Is  to  Is  fid 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


VEGETABLES. 


Lemons,  per  doz,,  is  to  2b 
Pears,  per  doz,,  Is  fid  to  4h 

—  per  half  sieve,  5s  to  7» 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  208 

to  22s 

—  Brazil,  do.,  12s  to  14b. 
Kent  Cubs,  75s  to  80s 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  fid  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  fid  to  8d 
Lettuce, Oab.,  perflcore4dto6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  Is 
Radisbeu,  per  doz.,  8d  to  1» 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  fid 
Endive  per  score,  Is  to  Is  fid* 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horite  Radtsh,  p.bundle,l&co&a 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Is  3d 

—  per  bu->h.,  3s  to  Ss 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  fid  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  So 
Fennel,  per  buueti,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  28  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bun<jh,3d 
Marjoram,  do,,  2d  to  3d 
Watircressea,  p.  12buu,4d  to  Gd 


HAY.— Per  Loud  of  88  TruaBea. 

SUITRFIELD.    Oct.  7. 

Prtme  Meadow  Hay  723  tu  7ds 

Clover        76s  to   958 

[nfurior  do. 

...  00         60 

Now  do 60         85 

Row«n 

...  48      as 

Straw        27         83 

_         » 

E.  J.  OAVia. 

A  abort  aupply. 

Gdmbebland  MAaKtT,  Oct.  7. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  808 

Inferior  Clover      ...  75lto84& 

Inferior  do. ... 

...  00        72 

New  do —        — 

New  Hay      ... 

— 

Straw           28        34 

Old  Clover  ... 

..    92        88 

JOBHOi  BiEEB. 

WniTECHAPKL.   Got.  7. 

PlDO  old  Ilay 

...  80ito848 

Old  Clover lOOatolOOa 

New  Hav     ... 

...  70        76 

Inlorior  do.          ...  —         — 

Interior  do. 

...  65        OS 

New  Clover          ...  85          96 

Straw 

...  26        82 

Inferior  do.          ...  60          70 

SMITFIFIELD.— Monday,  Oct.  4. 

Tho  number  of  Ui  asts  Is  1000  less  tliun  on  Monday  last,  BtHl 
It  Is  larno.  Tho  avorairG  quality  of  tho  supply  Is  very  Inferior. 
The  cliolccst  descriptions  oro  roadlty  sold,  and  in  some  in- 
Btfiniti'H  uiuke  4h,,  but  wo  citiiiiot  (juutu  it  its  iin  average. 
Ihuro  lire  more  buicra  for  middling  ones,  and  almoht  itll  aro 
di  posed  of.  Wo  hiivo  but  il  Mrnull  HUp|)ly  ot  Sliccj),  uud  trade 
is  lul'y  rccuvcrud  I'ruin  tUo  dcprcs^lgn  uf  limt  Monday.    Some 


few  choice  Downs  malte  nearly  48.  Sol.  Trade  is  also  rather 
ifeBtter  for  CtilveB  ;  indeed,  everytliiDg  is  pretty  well  cleared 
off  From  GeriDttiiy  and  Holland  there  are  2563  Beastf, 
7740  Sheep,  and  203  Calves;  from  Scotland,  40  Beasts  ;  and 
20(10  from  the  northern  and  midland  counties, 


perst.  of  81b8.— 8 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  8 
Beet  Short-hiirne  3 
■2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best   Downs  and 

Half-breda      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn    0 


B     d 


8  to  3  to 
6  —  3  8 
6  —3     0 


Per  at.  of  81ba.— s 
Best  Long-woola .  3 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewefi  &  2d  quality  3 
Do.  Shorn 
Lambs 
Calves 
Pipfl 


,  0 


d       8 

d 

10  to  4 

2 

0  —  0 

0 

2  —  3 

l> 

0-0 

0 

0  —  0 

0 

0  —  4 

0 

4—4 

4 

4—4    6 

0-0  0  _  „ 
Beasts,  6225  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  26,610  ;  Calves,  303  ;  Hg«,  320. 
FaiDAT,  Oct.  8. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  still  large  ;  trade  is  eiceedingly 
heavy,  eapeciaUy  for  inferior  descriptions.  A  few  choice 
•quali'lies,  not  beinj;  plenlifal,  are  sold  fully  as  dear  as  on 
Monday.  The  supply  of  Sheep  is  small,  but  equal  to  the 
Remind.  Monday's  prices  are  fully  supported,  and  an  early 
clearance  is  effected.  Calves  are  not  so  plentiful  ;  they  are 
<iuickly  disposed  of  at  rather  more  money.  Our  foreiijn  Bupuly 
18  485  Beasts,  2210  Sheep,  and  150  Calves;  there  are  400 
Beasts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and  101  Milch  Covfs 
from  the  home  counties. 


Per  St.  of  81b9 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  4o.       ...  3 
Best  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds       ...  4 
Do.  Shorn 


6  to  3  10 
4—3  8 
4  — 2  10 

4—4  6 
0  —  0    0 


Perst.  of Slbs.— B 
Best  Lonn-wools .  3 
Do.  Shorn 
Ewes  ji  2d  quality  3 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Lambs     0 

Calves      3 

Pigs 


d      8 
10  to  4 

2  —  3 
0-0 
0-0 
4  —  4 
4—4 


Beasts,  1354 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  5,740;  Calves,  337  ;  Pigs,  610. 
COAL  UiKliliT.— FaiDil,  Oct.  8, 

Townley,  15s.  6d. ;  West  Hartley,  169.  ;  Wallsend  Garforth, 
I6b  •  Wallsend  Haewell,  173.  6d. ;  Wallsend  Hetton,  178.  6d. ; 
Wall'send  Stewarts,  17s.  6d. ;  Wallsend  Tees,  178.  6d.— Ships 

at  market,  130.      ^ 

WOOL. 

Beidfosd,  THUEsDiT,  Oct.  ".—Our  English  wool  market 
has  exhibited  indications  of  greater  cheerfulness  during  the 
current  week  than  for  some  lime  past,  and  the  transactions 
may  be  considered  as  rather  more  than  the  average  Prices 
have  ranged  firmly  for  nearly  all  classes  of  good  combing  wools, 
and  seem  to  have  a  slight  upward  tendency.  Stocks  in  the 
hands  of  staplers  are  utjusually  light  for  the  season,  and  the 
diffitulty  of  replacing  from  the  country  at  present  rates  renders 
it  probable  that  they  will  continue  so.    Noils  and  brokes  find  a 

tready  sale,  at  improved  prices. 

MAllK  LANE. 

MoMDiT,  Oct.  4.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  by  land 
carriage  samples  to  this  morning's  market  was  small ;  the 
condition  of  the  Essex  was  fair,  but  much  of  the  Kent  was 
bad.  The  former  met  a  quick  sale,  at  an  advance  of  Is.  per 
<ir.,  while  the  latter  was  taken  slowly  at  last  week's  rates. 
Toreign  was  itiquired  after,  and  our  quotations  were  fully  sup- 
ported. Flour  met  a  fair  inquiry  at  late  priceB.— The  barley 
trade  is  firm  at  the  rates  of  tliis  day  week. — Beans  are  la.  per 
<jr.  dearer. — White  Peas  are  scarce,  and  prices  continue  to 
advance  ;  Maple  and  Grey  are  Is.  per  qr.  cheaper.— Oats  bring 
^d.  to  Is.  per  qr.  more  money. 

Peb  Imperial  Qdasteb, 
■Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk.. .White 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

.—  —    Talavera  

_    Norfolk 

—  Porelpn 

Barley.grind.dt  distil. ,24s  to  27fl...Chev. 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato 

—  Irish Potato 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew 

HjB     

Bye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagan 20a  to  31b Tick 

—  Pigeon  32s  — 858. ..Winds. 

—  Foreign Small 

Feas,  white,  Essex  and  itent Boilers 

—  Maple 328  to  35s Grey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

_    Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

FEinAT,  Oct.    8. — The  arrivals  of  Wheat  and    Flour    are 

large,  but  of  other  articles  the  supplies  are  small.  This 
moroiog's  market  was  thinly  attended,  and  transactions  were 
very  limited,  but  in  the  business  done  extreme  prices  were 
realised  for  both  Wheat  and  Flour.  Of  floating  cargoes  there 
are  none  on  the  coast,  and  for  such  as  are  not  arrived  higher 
prices  are  asked.  Spring  corn  of  all  sorts  continues  in  good 
^lemand,  at  the  extreme  prices  of  Monday. 
Aebivals  this  Week. 


60 
12-64 
52—66 
40—48 
34—54 
26—82 
22—26 
18—19 
18—22 
17—211 
18—21 
29-32 

30—33 
38-40 
29—84 
38—41 
31—33 

37—40 
25—32 
21—24 


Red  , 
Ked  . 


Red  

Malting  . 
Malting  . 

Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

l;'oreign  . 

Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk. ,, 
Foreign  . 
fellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


-44 
38—48 


27—29 
26-29 

17—19 
17—19 
16—19 


30-33 
.iO-84 
29—30 
40-42 
23—38 


25—32 
28—34 


English  ... 

Irish    

Foreign  ... 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
2710 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
1880 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

430 

118 10 

4460 


Flour. 


'   *    BODSE   BDILDEES  t 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING   AND    HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER. 

TUBCLAU  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFPIOIBNT. 

WEEKS    AND   CO.,    King's-road,    Chelsea,  HoT- 

Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  tire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re. 
turn  water  passes  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
irom  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
C  rt  iLLENOE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
hat  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
those  boilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vinos,  Seeds,  die,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


890  sacks 
1470  Backs 


.lUFGBIAL  AVEBAQES. 


Aug.  28.. 
Sept.    4.. 

—  11.. 

—  18.. 

—  26.. 
Oct.     2.. 


Aggreg.  Aver. 


Wheat.  Babley.  Oats.    Rte.    Beans.    Peas. 


s.  d. 

23  2 

28  2 

27  10 

27  4 

27  6 

27  4 


s.  d. 
20  3 
20  6 
18  10 
18  7 
17  11 
17    4 


s.  d. 
29  9 
31     3 


«.  d, 
34    4 

84  10 
34  6 
34  4 
33  10 
33  10 


s.  d. 
il  1 
31  6 
31  9 
29  10 

29  10 

30  0 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FLOOTnATIONS  IN  THE  LAST   SlX    WeEE's  AvBBAGES. 


Peioes.    Ado.  28.  Sept.  4.  Sept.11.  Sept.18.  Sept.26.  Oct.  2. 


44s  9(i 
48     7  - 


42 

40 


j:_r 


LivcBPuoL,  Tdesdat,  Oct.  5. — Except  fair  quantities  of  Oats 
and  Oatmeal  from  Ireland,  the  arrivals  from  other  quarters 
of  grain  and  flour  are  light  thia  week.  At  thia  mornicg's 
markt;t  there  vras  a  moderate  attendance  of  buyers,  and  a  fair 
TbuBinees,  with  the  tendency  of  prices  slightly  in  favour  of  the 
sellers.  Wheat,  in  some  instances,  improved  Id.  per  bushel, 
and  prime  Flour  6d.  per  barrel.     There  was  no  alteration  in  the 

quotations  of  any  other  article  of  the  corn  trade. Fbidat, 

Oct.  1, — There  has  been  little  change  in  prices  of  grain  aod 
Fluur  since  Tuesday,  and  at  this  day's  market  the  attendance 
waa  moderate,  with  about  the  usual  demand  for  consumption. 
Prime  American  Flour  was  saleable  at  21s.  to  228.  per  barrel ; 
white  Indian  Corn,  30a.  6d ;  yellow,  29s.  6d. :  and  mixed  corn, 
-38.  per  480  lbs.  Choice  Irish  new  Oata  sold  at  Ss.  7d.  per 
45  lbs.    Egyptian  Beans,  30a.  per  480  lbs. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJUSTING    S  o'y^i"'' H 


F>OYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
^  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.-BoTD'a  Scythe  ia  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith  ;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Gardeners'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  etate  that  Mr.  Boyd's  Scythe  Btande  well 
the  great  tost,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement,*' — Q.  C,  ISth  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  DigginK  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Air.  MecM : 
*'  When  a  labrturer  baa  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Dkat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


DRAINAGE. 

NEW   LEVELLING   INSTRUMENT.— 
(REGtSTEBED  No.  2602.) 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  In  the  country,  are  now  in  a  poaition  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

6.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  the; 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


PURE     WATER. 

THE      ASBESTOS      FILTER.— Manufacturers, 
TATLOR  AND  PEARS,  Late  OXLEY  and  CO., 
^8,  George-yard,  Lombard- street,  London. 

EXTEACT  PEOM  *'  LANCET," 
June  26, 1852. 
•'  The  Asbestos  Filter  of 
Mesers.  Oxiey  and  Co.  is  the 
best  Filter  hitherto  con- 
structed. Its  superiority 
consists  in  the  following 
circumstances ;— First,  The 
filtering  media  are  composed 
of  layers  of  Asbestos  and 
river  sand,  so  arranged  as 
to  admit  of  being  readily 
removed  and  cleansed  from 
Af^  time  to  time,  froaa  the  im- 
(\\,i  r  purities  derived  from  the 
water  which  passes  through 
them.  Second,  The  mineral. 
Asbestos,  is  substituted  for 
the  animal  substance.sponge, 
the  advantages  of  the  former 
being,  that  It  is  not  liable  to 
become,  like  sponge,  putre- 
ficent,  and  that  it  may  be 
easily  and  perfectly  cleansed. 
As  the  public  are  still  con- 
demned to  dri  nk  filthy 
Thames  water,  no  family 
having  regard  for  cleanliness 

and  health  should  be  without 

SrfZir"!;;^?^'    an  efficient  filter." 


BERDOE'S  WATERPROOF  OVER-COATS  and 
SHOOTING  JACKETS.— A  very  large  stock  of  superior 
garments  in  every  improved  material  and  style,  and  of  every 
degree  of  warmth,  or  lightness,  guaranteed  to  resist  any 
ami^unt  of  rain  ;  at  charges  reduced  to  the  lowest  point  con- 
sistent with  the  principle  that  an  article  to  be  really  cheap 
must  be  good.  Every  size  aUo  of  the  WATERPROOF  PAL- 
LIUM, the  well  known  Light  Over-Coat,  for  all  seasons  (price 
455.)  Riding  and  Driving  Capes,  Leggings,  Boys'  Over-Ooats 
and  Capes,  also  Cloaks,  Mantles,  Habits,  &c.  for  LiDiES,  all 
thoroughly  impervious  to  rain,  without  obsteuctino  fbee 
VENTtLATioM,  the  fatal  objection  to  all  other  waterproofs. — 
W.  BERDOE,  Tailor  and  Ovee-Coat  Makee,  96,  New  Bond 
Steeet,  and  69,  Coenhill  (only.) 


,2^  This  Print  represents  (he  Listrumcnt  om-Jlfth  the  real  size. 

This  is  a  simple  and  effective  Self-recording  Instrument, 
suitable  for  Levelling  Drains,  Sewers,  or  Roads,  or  for  Mea 
Buring  the  Elevations  and  Depressions  of  Ground.  It  consists 
of  a  Telescope,  Level,  Graduated  Arch,  and  Tripod  Stand,  The 
Arch  is  so  divided  as  to  show  the  rise  and  fall  in  teet  and  inches. 
(From  the  Practical,  Mechanics  Journal.  Feb.  1,  1851.) 

"  In  the  hands  of  even  the  moat  unlettered  farm-servant  this 
little  instrument  will  afford  the  most  correct  measurements,  as 
the  operator  has  only  to  level  the  plate  and  bring  his  sight  to 
bear  upon  the  object,  when  the  elevation  or  depreasion  is  given 
at  once.  It  wilt  be  a  most  useful  contrivance  for  draining  or 
road-making." 

Price  4^.  4s. — Made  only  by  Gabdenee  and  Co.,  21,  Buchanan- 
street,  Glastfow. 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan- 
ised. 

Japanned 
Iron. 

7d.peryd, 
12       „ 

M.peryd. 

1*  ;: 

8      it 

6       » 

10      „ 

14       » 

8       >. 
11       ,. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  34  inches  wide 

2-inch      ,,       strong  „ 

2-inch     „      extra  strong     „ 
Ig-inch     ,,      light  „ 

I|-inch      „      strong  ,, 

Ig-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „ 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  tor  Pheasantriea, 
8d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borouEh,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. __^_ 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 

MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


E  BENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  B.  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  witu  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Ij,  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  16  ft.  6  inches  long,  12  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  23;.  6».  Sd. ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  ZQl.  IBs.  Sd.;  28  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  411, 10s.  8d.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  7d.  and  8(3.  per 
foot,  super^ ^ 


E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
—The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained:— Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  &c.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs,  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c., 
Fulham,  London ;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  &.C.,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bnU,  Nurserymen,  Perth  ;  Mr.  M'Intoeh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford, 
shire  •  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St, 
Helen's,  Lancashire.  ^  ■,        .j 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the  best  principle,    Eiiating  Walls  covered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 


41— 1852.J 


THE     AGRICULIURAL     bA/LEllE 


0  13 
0  15 
0  15 

0  15 

1  0 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOnSES,    PIT    PllAlIES,  &c. 

TAMES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.   beg   to  hand    their 

"  pricesof  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash: 

Cat  to  order  in  Panes  not       Pacbed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 

above  40  inches  long.     Gut  to    each.  £.  s.  d. 

any  sise.  Per  foot.         6  by  4,  6i  hyr\ 

16  oz 23(i.  to    3d.       7by5,  7iby5o' 

21  do SJd.  to44.J.        8  by  5,  8    by  SJ 

26  do 3W.  toJM.       8bj6,  8ibyii 

32  do eid.to   Sd.       9  by  7,10  by  8 

Packed  in  Crates  of  300  feet  at  2id,,  16  ounces  to  the  foot, 

or  14  ounces  SJd. 

ANT  OP  THE  FOLLOWINS  SIZES  at  ISs.  per  100  feel:— 
10  by  a,  11  bv  9,  13  by  9,  14  by  9,  15  by  9.  16  by  9,  17  by  9, 

IS  by  9,  19  by  9.  20  by  9 
12  by  10.  18  by  10,  14  by  10,  15  by  10,  16  by  10,  17  ,by  10, 

18  by  10,  19  by  10,  20  by  10,  23  by  10,  25  by  10. 
14  by  11.  15  by  11,  16  by  11,  17  by  11,  18  by  11,  19  by  11, 

20  by  11,  21  by  11,  22  by  11,  25  by  II. 
14  by  12,  17  by  12,  20  by  12,  21  by  12,  22  by  12,  23  by  12, 

3i  by  12,  25  by  12. 

16  by  IS,  17  by  13,  19  by  13,  21  by  13,  22  by  13,  24  by  13, 

S5  by  IS,  26  by  13. 
J7  by  11,  21  by  14,  22  by  14,  23  by  14,  24  by  14,  26  by  14. 

PATENT  SHEET  CLASS, 
Sold  in  cases  containing  25  sheets,  4  8  inches  long  by  36  inches 
wide — 300  feet,  at  31  9j  per  case,  net  cash.  Especial  attention 
is  directed  to  the  size,  48  by  36  inches,  contaioiog  12  superficial 
feet,  and  weighing  about  17  oz.  to  the  foot,  which  is  the  largest 
ever  made. 

FOREIQ^  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  33s.,  40s  ,  to  42s  .  per  case. 

HARTLEY'S  PATENT  QUARllT  GLASS. 

Milk  Pans.  from25.  to  6s.  each,  Pripagating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Cimoys'  Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTnRAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops. 
?ate-street  Without,  London. 

Extract  from  a  letter  addressed  to  us  by  Mr.  J.  Patterson,  of 
Atherstone:— "  I  have  coajpared  your  sample  of  Glass  with 
many  others  sent  me,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  yours 
is  superior  to  any  of  tbem." 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manutaccure,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  etzes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  wnich  are  kept  ready  pricked  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on'application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATEll.PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORXASIESTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.   35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronu'^  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


THE  CHEAPEST  HOUSE  FOR  LEAD,  GLASS,  OIL, 
AND   COLOURS. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  CHARGED. 

HJ.  AND  W.  WALKER,  Lead,  Glass,  Oil,  and 
•  CoLODR  MEBCHiNTS,  125,  Q'leen- Street,  Portsea,  supply 
io  any  qaaotities,  at  wioiesale  prictjs,  Crown  and  Horticultural 
SHEET  GLA.S3,  Patent  and  Polished  Plate,  Rough  Plate  for 
CoDservatories  and  Greenhouses,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  Bee, Cucum- 
ber, and  Pr.ipanaung  Glaaoee,  and  every  description  of  Glass 
for  Horticultural  purposes.  Oruameotal  and  Stained  Glass, 
Church  Quarries,  ic.  Deep  Weil,  Lift,  and  Garden  Pumps. 
Plumbers'  Brass  Work,  Brushes,  Varnishes,  and  Colours  at 
Zioodon  prices. 
N.  B. — Experienced  workmen  sent  to  any  part  of  the  coantry. 


SEED   WHEAT— IMPORTANT   TO    FARMERS. 

MR.  BEMAN,  of  Moreton-in-Marsh,  having  re- 
ceived so  muny  voluntury  te.stimoniaU  of  the  superiority 
of  his  two  new  varieties  of  Wheat,  the  PRIMA.  DONNA,  and 
DONNA  MARIA,  this  season  over  any  other,  is  induced  again, 
through  the  medium  of  the  press,  stronifly  to  '■ecomraeod  tbem 
as  beint^  capable  of  producing  from  12  to  16  bushels  per  acre 
more  than  any  other  variety  ;  and  they  certainly,  this  seasuD, 
were  more  tree  from  blight  and  miMew  than  any  other,  on 
acctuot  of  gniwing  Hiiflfer  in  the  straw.  Price  Sis.  per  quirter, 
delivered  either  in  Glourrester,  Worcester,  Birmingham, 
Bristol,  Banbury,  or  Oxf  Td,  in  new  sacks  at  la.  Gd.  each. 
Cash  or  eatisfactury  reference. — N.  B.  If  le-^s  than  one  quart^^r  is 
ordered  price  10s,  per  bushel. — Agents  for  London.  Mr,  Tnos. 
0[BB3,  corner  of  Balf.mooa-street ;  and  Mr.  Geo.  Gibbs, 
Diivn-street. 


C'OR    SALE,    very    handsome    CHINA    ARBUR- 

r  VITiE,  S  to  (»  feet;  variegated  and  green  HOLLIES,  3  to 
8  Feet;  fine  busby  LADafiLS.  3  to  6  feet ;  TREE  BOX,  very 
bushy,  3  to  6  fct,  with  a  variety  of  other  fine  Evergreens,  by 
the  hundred  or  single  plant,  at  tnodernte  prices  ;  CAMELLIAS, 
well  set  wirh  fl')wer-bud8,  30s.  and  upwards  per  dozen  ;  OtlRY- 
oAN  I'HBMOMS,  bus-  sorts,  9a,  and  12s.  per  doz..  at  Chakdlee 
and  Son's  Nursery,  Wandswurth-road,  near  London. 


DRIED     PLANTS. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  TWO  SETS,  of  from  250 
to  oitO  Species,  CO  lected  by  Mr.  S.  Mossuan  in  1850,  partly 
in  the  viciiities  of  Port  Philip,  Green  Cape,  and  Sydney,  and 
partly  in  Tan  Diemeii's  Land  and  New  Zealand.  They  are 
well  preserved,  and  have  been  carefully  named  by  the  late 
Dr.  Lemann. 

Apply  to  Mr.  MooEE,  Botanic  Garden,  Chelsea,  London. 


TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  NURSERY  STOCK, 
extending  over  20  Acres  of  Ground, — J.  W.  Wabnee  begs 
to  inform  his  friends  and  the  public,  that  it  is  bis  intention  to 
withdraw  from  the  Nursery  Busine.^s,  and  to  offer  the  whole 
of  hi3  Stock  at  greatly  reduced  prices,  in  order  to  clear  the 
grounds  aa  speedily  as  possible.  Separate  Catalogues  of 
Roses  and  Nursery  articles  are  being  prepared,  and  will  be 
forwarded  on  application. 

Nurfleries,  G'trt'nrth    near  Leeds,  Oct,  9. 


PURE  COCHIN  CHINA  CHICKEr^S,  well  feathered 
to  the  toes,  seven  months  old,  and  weighing  from  14  lbs. 
to  16  lbs.  the  couple,  at  from  SUs.  to  42s.  ;  and  Chickens  between 
two  and  three  mouths  old,  at  15s.  per  pair.  Young  Cocks,  7s.  6d. 
each. — Address,  Thomas  Page,  Chatteris,  Cambridtteshire. 


IRON      HURDLES. 

STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,Gracechurch-street 
Loodoo ;  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manu- 
facturers of  every  description  of  Iron  Fencing,  beif  to  call  the 
attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  to  their  present  prices 
of  HURDLES:— for  Sheep,  6  feet  long,  3  feet  high,  with  5  bars, 
at  4s.  ;  and  for  Cat'le,  6  teet  ioDg,  3  feet  8  inches  high,  with 
5  bars,  at  4s.  Gd.  each. 


AN   IMMENSE   STOCK    OF   GARDEN   ORNA- 
ME5T3  m«y  now  be  inspiicted  at  Aobtin  and  Seelet'b 
Artificial  Stone  Worli«,  or  pattern  sheets  will  bo  Hent  by  poit 
tOBDj  Rentleman  who  may  not  have  an  opportunity  to  call, 
Keppel  Row,  New  Koad,  Regent'ii  Park. 


BEAUTIFUL  HAIR,— Of  the  numerous  compounds 
cnitantly  aonounc«d  for  prnm-itiog  the  growth  or  repro. 
doctlon  of  the  Human  (lair,  tew  nurvive,  even  lu  name,  beyond 
•  ve-y  limited  perio'J ;  whiUt  (ho  fctincensful  reiiaUs  of  ROW- 
LANOS'  MACASSAR  OIL  darin;f  the  latit  half  century  have 
proved  beyond  qu'-ntlon  that  I'  I*  endowed  with  ningulurly 
nourithing  powtr*  In  ihc  growth  and  rent'^tration  of  the  human 
hair,  and  woen  every  other  known  ipeclBc  has  failed.  This  mild 
yet  powerful  renovator  inainuaien  uh  balHamic  properties  Into 
the  pores  of  tiie  head,  noarikhea  the  hair  In  Its  ernhryo  ntati', 
accelerates  lt«  growth,  cleaniv*  It  from  icurf  and  dandrlff, 
■Mtalns  it  In  maturlry,  an>)  contlnu>;R  its  p'Xiaettlon  of  healthy 
Tlfoar,  «Uky  Kofcne^a,  and  Inxurious  redundance,  to  the  lateitt 
pir\ff\  of  human  life.  I'*  opnra'ion  In  caaun  of  batdneiis  it 
pMoltarly  active,  and  tn  the  ({rowth  of  whl>>kerR,eyohrowii,  and 
nnitactiios,  ItUaliounfmiog  In  it »  ■thnulatlvn  operation.  For 
children  It  In  especially  r^c-mmHii'led,  as  torming  the  haflls  of  u 
beautiful  bead  of  hair.  Pric*-  '^t.  'id.  and  7>.  ;  or  family  bottles 
(cqoAl  to  four  pmall),  IOm.  Gd  ;  and  double  that  size,  21$. 

(jAOTtOH. — <)n  tho  Wrapper  of  each  b>ttt}i>  are  the  wordu 
lUiWLAifDt*  Uacamsae  Oil,  in  two  lines.— Sold  bv  A.  Rowlami> 
and  HoNt,  20,  ilattou-garden,  London;  and  by  all  Chemists  and 
Ptrfumers. 


THE  ONLY  STOVE  WITHOUT  A  FLUE.— 
Plain,  from  12s.  to  25s. ;  Oroamental,  from  3ls.  fid.  to  Six 
Guineas  ;  Stands  fot  Stoves,  23,  Gd.,  Ss.,  and  53.  each,  for  which 
her  Majesty's  Rojal  Letters  Patent  have  been  granted,  Fros- 
pectua.  with  Drawing-*  and  Report,  forwarded  free. 

Caution. — An  injunction  having  been  granted  by  the  Vice- 
Cbancellor,  in  the  case  of  "  Naso  v.  Cabman,"  restraioing  the 
defendant  Irom  mabins  or  selling  any  colourable  imitation  of 
the  Plaintiff's  Stove  or  Fuel,  the  public  is  respectfully  informed 
that  the  orik{lnal  "  Joyce's  Patent  Stove  without  a  Flue,  and 
the  prepared  Fuel,"  can  only  be  obtained  from  Swan  Nash, 
or  his  authorised  Agents.  Every  genuine  Stove  has  the  name 
and  address  of  the  Proprietor  on  a  brass  plate.  "  SWAN  NASHj 
253.  Oxford-street." 

JOYCE'S  Patent  for  warming  Halls,  Passages,  Green- 
hoQses,  Water-closets,  Shops,  Store-rooms,  and  all  places 
requiring  artificial  warmth.  The  above  Stoves  do  not  emit 
smoke  or  unple:tsant  smuU,  and  will  burn  without  attention 
or  repleoisbiDg  Irom  twelve  to  tweoty.four  hours.  To  he  seen 
in  use  daily,  at  the  sole  b'roprie tor's,  B.  Nash,  Ironmonger,  &c., 
253,  Oxford-street,  ani  at  the  Ciiy  Depot,  119,  Newgace.street, 
London  ;  andjto  be  had  from  the  principal  Ironmongers  in  town 
and  country. 

PATENT  PREPARED  FUEL  for  the  Stoves.  2s.  6d.  per 
bushel ;  only  genuine  with  the  Proprietor's  name  and  seal  on 
the  sack. 

S.  Nash,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  119,  Newgate-street,  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  Portable  Ecouomical  Vtipour  Bath, 
for  Families,  Travellers,  &c,,  &c.,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
II.  lis.  6d.    Medical  I'estimouiala  forwarded  on  application. 

Syphon  Air-Vent  Beer  and  Wine  Taps,  3s.  and  Ss.  6d. 
Electro-Silvered.  Ss,  Cd 


A   CLEAR   COMPLEXION. 

GODFREY'S  EXTRACT  OF  ELDER 
FLOWERS  is  strongly  recommended  for  Softening, 
Improving,  Beautifying,  and  Preserving  the  SKIN,  and  giving 
it  a  blooming  and  cbarmioi;  appearance,  being  at  once  a  most 
fragrant  perfume  and  delightful  cosmetic.  It  will  completely 
remove  Tan,  Sun-burn,  Redness,  (be,  and  by  its  balsamic  and 
healing  qualities,  render  the  sktn  soft,  plinble,  and  free  from 
dryness,  scurf,  Jcc,  clear  it  from  every  humour,  pimple,  or 
eruption  ;  and  by  con'iouing  its  use  only  for  a  shore  time,  tho 
skin  will  become  and  con'inuo  soft  and  smooth,  and  the  com- 
pleiion  perfectly  clear  and  beautiful. — Sold  in  bottles,  price 
2b.  dd.,  with  directions  for  using  it,  by  all  Medicine  Venders 
and  PerfumerH. 


LONG    EVENINGS    MADE   SHORT. 

MECHPS  FAMOUS  BAGATELLE  TABLES 
Manufactured  upon  the  premises,  4,  LEADENHALL- 
STREET,  LONDON,  make  long  evenings  appear  short,  and 
C'jmbine  calculation  with  amusement,  price  3^  IO5.,  41.  10s., 
■)L  IO5.,  up  to  12i,  Sold  also  by  his  Agents,  Spiers  and  Son, 
Oxford  ;  Powell,  the  Lounge,  Leeds  ;  Eautee,  Liverpool ;  Wool- 
field,  Glasgow;  Thompson,  Nottingham;  Stephenson,  Hull; 
Squiers,  Dover  ;  Steel  and  Rix,  Norwich.  None  are  genuine 
without  Meohi's  name. 


METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
bus  the  Important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  tho 
dlvlHlons  of  the  teeth,  and  cleatiing  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  antf  is  famous  for  tho  hairs  not  coming 
I00H6, — la.  An  improved  Clothes-Erusb,  that  cloiins  in  a  third 
part  of  tho  UHual  ilnie,  and  incapable  of  injuring  the  Hnestnap, 
Penetrating  flair-HruHhua,  with  tho  durable  unbtonched  Ruh. 
slun  bristlen,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesb- 
(iru»hi;8of  lm|irov«d,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Vclvet- 
Bruflheft,  which  net  In  tho  most  surprising  and  euccosstui 
manner.  Tim  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  proHorvod 
valuable  properties  of  abfl«»rptlon,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
inoann  of  direct  importations,  dlspennlng  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  nod  duHiructivo  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  ^Mnulno  Smyrna  S|iungo.  Only  at  Metoalke, 
IiiNoi.er,  and  Co.'s  Sole  B-tt'ihlinhmont,  130  n,  Oxford-street, 
itnn  door  from  llollen-ntri-et,  London. 
MKIOALFK'S  ALKALINK  TOOTH  POWDER,  2j.  per  box 
Cadtion.  —  Beware  of  tho  words  "From  Metoalie'ii/ 
adopted  by  somu  hotiBCS. 


FARMING    OF    NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 

Just  published,  price  Is.  Gd-,  the 

PRIZE  ESSAY  ON  THE  FARMING  OF 
NOltTHAMt'TO.VSHIKB.  By  William  Beaen,  Land 
Agent  and  Valuer,  Hundley  Farm,  I'owcester;  for  which  Fifty 
Pounds  wliH  awarded  by  the  Royil  Agricultural  Society, 

Reprinted,  by  special  permission,  itojx  tho  la&t  published 
Journal  of  the  Suciety. 

London:  Hamilton,  Adams,  and  Co. :  and  mav  bo  had  of 
all  Booksdlers.  j     »  «»u  «i 

r;i  LENNY'S  GARDEN   ALMANAC,  with  Twenty 

VT  fine  EoiiravingH.  a  Complete  List  of  the  bent  varieties 
in  Fruits,  Flowers,  Plants,  and  Vegetables,  and  important 
advice  to  the  thirty  thou'*and  readers  who  will  see  it  before 
November  is  out.  Adverti-iemcnts  must  be  sent  immediately 
to  Geoeoe  Cox,  18,  King  Street,  Covent-Garden.  —  N.B.  Adver- 
tisemeocs  sent  for  Insertion  must  be  accompanied  by  a  Post- 
office  order  for  payment.  Terms  :  Two  guineas  a  page  ;  half 
a  paire,  253.  SmttU  Advertisements,  7  lines  or  under,  lUa.  6d., 
and  Is.  per  line  above  that  number. 

On  the  IsC  of  November  will  be  published,  price  Xa.f 

THE  ANGLER'S  ALMANAC  FOR  1853  : 
being  a  Hand-book  and  Guide  to  the  Priticipal  Rivers, 
Lakes,  aod  Fisheries  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  Scotland, 
and  con'aining  all  the  information  required  by  the  Sportsman 
for  the  year,  by  a  Practical  Aholeb,  author  of  many  papers 
on  the  subject  of  Fisheries  and  Fishermen. 

There  is  no  Sport  in  which  a  book  for  constant  reference  is 
BO  much  wanted  as  Angling,  as  those  already  pnbLiehed  are  too 
large  and  expensive  fur  general  purposes,  or  not  sufficiently 
comprehensive.  The  wort  wanted  shouidbeof  a  convenient 
size  for  the  pocket,  as  a  constant  companion  to  be  referred  to 
on  all  occasions. 

In  addition  to  the  matter  to  be  found  in  Almanacs,  it  will 
contain  a  Notice  in  the  Calendar  of  the  day  on  which  Fishing 
begins  in  the  various  rivers  ;  the  Laws  of  Angling  and  taking 
Fi-ih  abridi^'ed  ;  brief  instructions  for  taking  each  kind  of 
Fish  in  different  Fisaeries  ;  Fly  and  Artificial  Bait  making; 
Rod  and  Tackle  making ;  Instructions  to  make  an  outlit 
complete  ;  directiuos  containing  lis'-s  of  the  principal  Fishing- 
houses  ;  Lists  of  Rod  aud  Line  makers.  Winch  Makers,  &c. ; 
Anecdotes  of  Angling  and  Anglers  ;  List  of  the  principal 
Rivers,  Lakes,  and  Fisheries  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

It  is  intended  aUo  to  conhne  the  Advenisements  which 
will  appear  in  it,  as  much  as  possible,  to  articles  connected 
with  the  sport;  and,  therefore,  preference  will  be  given  to 
Fishing  Tackle  Makers,  aud  to  those  perHons  who  have 
Fishing  to  let,  or  who  provide  accommod  (tion  to  Anglers 
visiting  neighbourhoods  where  Fishing  is  to  be  got,  so  as  to 
give  tbe  greatest  information  in  the  smallest  possible  space. 

N.B.  The  Almanac  can  be  had  bound  with  blank  paper  for 
memoranda,  with  a  tuck  as  a  pocket-book. 

London:  G.  Cox,  18,  King-street,  Covent  Garden;  and 
by  all  Booksellers  and  Fishmg-tackle  Makers. 


On  the  18th  of  November  will  ha  published,  price  la,, 

THE  GARDENERS'  ALMANACK. 
Edited  by  G.  W.  Johnson,  Esq. 
Besides  the  usual  contents  of  an  Almanack,  it  will  contain 
Lists  of  the  best  Florists*  Flowers  and  Fruits  ;  a  List  of  the 
chief  Florists  and  Nurserymen  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
very  copious  practical  instructions  in  all  departments  of 
Gardening,  AaEANOED  Alphabetically  to  facilitate  reference. 
Published  by  the  Stationees'  Company,  Ludgate-street, 
London. 


Just  published.  Fifth  Edition, 
pATECHISM    OF    COTTAGE    FARMING. 

Vv'  "  If  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allotment  teunntry  or  the 
cultivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  tbeir  land  more  profit- 
ably than  they  may  hitherto  have  Deen  accui'omed  to  do— 
wa  venture  to  recommend  this  little  Catechism  as  likely  to  be 
very  useful  for  distribution  among  them."— Gardfiners'  Chroniele 
and  Agrnaaltural  Gazette. 

Also,  Fifth  Edition, 
CATECHISM    OF   GARDENING. 

Price  id.  each  ;  13  copies  sent  free  by  post  for  4s.  6d.  The 
two  Catechisms  bound  together  in  doth,  Is. 
These  clever  and  interedting  little  Catechisms,  by  a  well- 
known  writer  on  Rural  Bconomy,  are  admirably  adapted  for 
diffusing  an  improved  knowledge  and  practice  of  Farming  and 
Gardening  among  the  smaller  ciass  of  cultivators. 

Also,  Third  Edition,  price  25.  bound  in  cloth, 
RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 

AND  GARDENEHS:  A  Treasury  of  luformation  on  Cow- 
Keeping,  Sheep,  Pigs,  Poultry,  tbe  Horde,  Pony,  Abb,  Goat, 
Honey  Bee.  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
&c.,  dsc,  inc.     By  Maetin  Doxle,  and  others. 

"  Itis  all  that  it  professes  to  be." — British  Quarterly  Review. 

"This  is  rural  economy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and 
form;  its  muUifavious  and  interesting  But>ji?cts  may  actually 
be  said  to  be  condensed  to  the  utmost.  The  book  has  but  to 
be  seen  by  those  for  whom  it  is  prepared  to  be  admired ,  and, 
we  may  add,  to  be  purchased."— C/triafutn  Witness. 

London  ;  GBooMBftiDQE  and  Sot»s,  Paternoster  Row. 
Sold  by  all  Bookseller-^. 


Now  ready,  complete  in  Two  Volumes,  imperial  4to, 
price  Fifteen  Guineas,  half-bound  in  morocco, 

THE  GENERA  of  BUTTERFLIES,  or  Diurnal 
Lepidoptera :  com  prilling  their  Geuoric  Characters,  a 
Notice  of  their  Habits  and  Transfivrmaiious,  and  a  Catalogue 
of  the  Species  of  each  Genus.  Bv  Edward  Uoddleday,  F.L.S., 
F.Z.S.,  late  Assistant  in  the  Zoolo!,'ical  Department  of  the 
British  Museum  ;  and  John  O.  Westwood,  Esq.,  President  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  London.  Illustrated  withEiiihty- 
six  coloured  Plates  from  Drawings  by  W.  C.  Hewitson,  Esq., 
author  of  "  British  Oology," 

***  Subscriburs  are  requested  to  complete  their  sets,  as  it  is 
not  intended  to  continue  tho  bale  of  the  separate  Parts,  of 
which  a  few  only  remain, 

London  :  LowoMiN,  Beown,  Geeen,  and  LoNOHANa. 


MR.  BRODERIP'S  NEW  WORK. 
Poflt  8po,  103.  6(1.. 

LEAVES  FROM  THE  NOTE-BOOK  OF  A 
NATURALIST.  By  W.  J.  BitoDKEir,  Esq,  F.R.S., 
Author  of  "  Zoological  Rooveations."  Ruprlutod  from  Fraaer'fl 
Magazine. 

London:  John  W.  Pabkee  and  Son,  West  Strand. 

NEW    WORK    ON    CONSUMPTION. 

Just  published  In  Kvo,  price  Oiiu    Guinea, 

A  TREATISE  ON  TUBERCULOSIS,  the  Constitu- 
tional Origin  of  CoNflUMPrioN  and  Soa^FULA.  Uy  Henby 
Ancell,  Into  Surgoon  to  ilio  Wostofii  Geiu'riil  Dispensary,  and 
Lecturer  on  Matiirin  Midlca  aofl  JurlsjirudHiico  In  tho  Sohool 
of  Anatomy  and  Mo'llclno  ndj'ilnlng  St.  GenrRo's  Hospital  ; 
Author  of  "  A  Course  of  LecturoH  on  tho  Pliyhlolo^y  and 
Pathology  (if  tho  hlood,"  of  "  CommonturloM  on  ihe  Doctrines 
of  Dr.  .luHtus  Lii'blg,"  (to, 

London:  Loncuan,  Brown,  Obe&n,  and  Longmans. 


656 


TKK     GA.KUEMKK.iS'     (JKK.UNlGm     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.  [Oct.  9. 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCKS.— A  Selection  of  the  best 
HollydnckB,    b;   H..  B.  BIftCUAM,    Usdenham   Rosary, 
Bungay,  Suffolk.  a,  d 

Aurantia  (Rivers'),  BalmoQ       1 

Black  Pria>  e,  new  fOibbon's),  a  good  black,  much  more 
double  than  the  old  one,  and  produces  a  fiae  spike    ...    3    G 

Bicolor  (Cha  er'*),  purple  and  white 1 

Commander-in-Ctiier  (Barron's),  light-edged  role  ...    1    6 

Comet  (Ciiater's),  brleht  ruby  red      2    6 

Delicftta  (Barron's).  French  white 1    0 

Dido  (Pureons'),  brownish  red  3    6 

£legans  (Cbater'x),  delicate  blush 1    6 

Bncbantresi  (Charer'e),  deep  pink 2    6 

Formosa  (BarronV).  claret      1    0 

Hebe  (Birchum's),  fine  peach  blossom,  flowers  large  and 

fall,  pruducnH  a  ttne  spike 3    6 

Joan  of  Are  (ParinnK*),  silvery  blu»h  10    6 

Lady  Bra>brnoke  (Cbater's,  rosy  crimson 7     6 

Maguum  Bonuin  (Burron'H),  dark  maroon 3    0 

Meteor  (Blrcbarn'o),  a  crimson  scarlet,  centre  well  up, 

and  fine  gunrd  t'O  a),  producer  a  fine  npike,  extra  fine     5    0 
Uodel  of  Perfection  (Barron's),  good  white,  chocolate 

ground     10 

Mr.  C.  Barron  (Chater'e),  pinkish  salmon 3    0 

Mandarin  (Birctium's),  nankeeu,  large  and  full,  changing 

to  pale  chocolate  .,,        A    0 

27apoleon  (Pow'k),  liirht-edgel  puce 3    0 

Obscura  (Cbater's),  silver^-shndiid  puce      1     0 

Fourprede  Tyre  (Birchain'e),  ruby  purple,  splendid  form, 
and  fine  texture,  guard  petals  smooth,  centre  full,  and 
well  up.  produces  a  splendid  spike,  decidedly  tbe  best 
yet  raibed.  First  Clans  Certificate.  National  Society, 
Sept.  18.  1851  ;  South  London,  Sept.  8,  1852  ;  see 
Oardeners'  Chronicle,   July  31  ;  aud  tbe  "Florist"  for 

Sept.,  1852  10    6 

Penelope  ( Birchnm's),  df  ep  rosy  pink,  shaded,  large  and 
full,  very  distinct,  produces  a  splendid  Bpike,  A  Cerii- 

ficHte  Nutional  Fionculfural,  St'pt.  18,  1b61       -.     7     6 

Pandora  f  Rircbam's),  bronzo,  buff  and  orange,  large  and 

full  flower,  and  fipike  up  well         5    0 

Prince  of  Orange  (Bircbaiu'e),  a  buff  yellow,  with  orange 

at  the  base         ...         ...         3     6 

Pillar  of  Beau'y  (ParsooR'),  bright  rosy  crimson •'»    0 

Plcta  (Paraons'),  rosy  salmon,  liKht  edged 5     0 

Queen  (Barron's),  beautiful  blu-h     1    0 

Queen  of  Denmaik  (Hircham's),  an  orange.yellow,  of  a 
new  and  desirable  shade,  producing  a  fine  spike.  A 
First    Class    Certificate    awarded.      See    Gardeners* 

Chronicle.  J a^y  31,  1852  5    0 

Rosy  Queeu  (Chater's),  rosy  blush 1    6 

Rosea  grandiflora  (Barron'sj,  fine  rosy  pink         2    6 

Rosea  Alba  (Barron's),  rose  and  white        2    0 

Spectabili*  (Chater'n),  rose  and  salmon       8     6 

Safrano  (PHrsons'),  pink  and  salmon,  buff  guard  petals, 

large  andfiue 7    6 

Sulphurea  perfecta  (Rivers'),  fine  sulpbur ....    1    0 

Sulphur  Queen  (Cbater's^  beautiful  primrose,  chocolate 

ground,  tine  form        10    6 

Triumphant  (Parsons'),  pale  primrose,  tinted  with  deli- 
cate rose 6    0 

Walden  Gem  (Chater's),  or  Charles  Turner  (Black),  deep 

ruby  crimson,  extra  fine        ..„     3     6 

White  perfection  (Chater's),  pure  white       3    6 

Yellow  Model  (Bircham's),  a  peculiar  shade  of  primrose 
yellow,  with  chocolate  Rround,  splendid  form,  and  fine 
texture  ;  flowers  large,  centre  well  up  ;  produces  a 
splendid  spike,  one  of  tbe  beat  yet  raised.  First-class 
Certificate  awarded  by  the  National  FloricuUural 
Society,  September  18,  1351.  See  Qarcleners*  Chronicle, 
July  31,  and  ihe  "  FloriKt"  for  September,  1852,  &c.  ...  10     6 

If  the  Selection  be  left  to  R.  B.  B.  ;  ~z 

First-rate  varieties  of  ihe  above,  per  dozen  ...^2    0    0 

Good  ,,  „  „  10    0 

SemLdouble  kinds,  with  brilliant  colours,  such  as 

many  of  the  S(.'oich  varieties,  under  names,  per  doz.  0  12    0 
Fine  double  flowers,  with  splendid  colours,  selected 
when  in  bloom  front  mauy  thousand  seedlings ; 
these  are  strung  ground  roots,  but  without  names, 

per  dozen 0     6     0 

Carriage  paid  to  London;  plants  added  to  compensate  for 
long  carriage,  and  every  attention  paid  to  package. 

Post-office  orders,  payable  at  Bungay  Office,  to   Robebt 


A     FINE     OPPORTUNITY. 

FOR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 
the  following  are  strongly  recommended.  Carriage  paid. 
See  below. 

SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  and  ALPINES, 
100  in  St)  choice  sorts,  our  selection,  25s. ;  100  in  100  choice 
aorts,  our  or  purchaser's  sebcion,  305. 

FLOWERING  and  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  TREES,  die, 
purchaser's  or  our  choice,  per  100  in  100  aorte,  21. ;  our  own 
choice,  in  50  sorts,  11. 

COMMON  LAURELS,  ]  J  to  2  feet,  per  inOO,  3i. ;  per  100,  8s. 
2  to  3  feet,  bunhy  plants,  per  1000.  il. ;  per  100,  10s. 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  1^  to  2  (eet,  20s.  per  100,  or  2j.  6d. 
per  dozen.     2  to  3  feet,  extra  tine,  255.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen. 

EVERGREEN   PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  B  feet,  per  1000,  40s. 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  5  to  ti  feet,  30s.  per  100. 

ROSES,  50  splendid  sorts,  standard^',  il.  per  100,  or  15s.  per 
dozen.  lUO  superb  sorts.  Dwarf  Roses,  SSs.,  or  6s.  per  dozen, 
our  choice  ;  mixed  do.,  25s.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  dozen. 

STOVE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  60  sorts,  40s.;  our 
own  choii?e,  in  50  sorts,  35s. 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  40s.; 
our  own  choice,  in  50  sorts,  35s. 

ERICAS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  21.  10s.;  our  choice, 
in  50  sortR,  best.  iOs..  or  Us.  p^r  dozen. 

CHINESE  AZA.LEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,  205.,  our  choice ; 
purchaser's  cboic  ,  253.,  or  18s.  per  dozen. 

These  are  all  fine,  bealthy  grown  plants. 

HOLLYHOCKS,  fine,  double  coloured,  30s.  per  100  ;  do.  seed, 
in  packets,  wHrmnted  to  produce  75  in  100  double.  Is.  6(2.  each, 

GOOSEBERRIES,  finest  Lancasliire  sorts,  70s.  per  1000  in 
100  sorts  named,  or  Ids.  per  100  in  50  sorts. 

CURRANTS— May's  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  is  the 
largest  and  best  sort  grown,  and  ought  to  be  grown  in  every 
garden,  25s.  per  KlO,  or  4s.  per  dozen.  Red  Grape  and  Cham- 
pagne Currants,  fiof,  lOs.  per  lUO,  or  23.  per  dozen. 

APPLES  and  PEARS,  fine,  clean  standards,  10s.  per  dozen, 
or  705.  per  loo  ;  choice  of  sorts  left  to  us,  very  select. 

PLUMS  and  CHERRIES,  finest  sorts,  standards,  ISs.  per 
dozen,  our  choice ;  dwarf-trained  do.,  3s,  Gd,  each,  or  S6s.  per 
dozen. 

APRICOTS,  PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  fine,  three 
years  trained,  of  besi.  sorts,  own  choice,  4s.  each,  or  40s,  per  doz. 

N.B.  A  fine  stock  of  LMrch,  Spruce,  Oak,  &c,,  size  and  prices 
on  application.  May's  Descriptive  Catalogue  in  three  parts  :  — 
Part  I  contains  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  ;  Part  2,  Hardy 
Herbaceous  i'lants,  Ruses,  Shrubs,  &.c.  ;  and  Part  3  contains 
Fruit  Trees,  d:c. ;  to  be  bad  on  application. 

Ornamental  Grounds  designed  gratis,  by  giving  measure- 
ment, 6ic.  •  and  Plans  furnished  on  the  same  terms,  and  exe- 
cuted on  the  raoflt^  liberal  terms.     Foresc  planiing  by  estimate. 

*«*_  All  ordersdbove  21.  10s.  carriage  paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Birmingham,  and  Edinburgh,  and  all  Ihe  intermediate  stations 
within  15U  miles  of  the  Nurseri/. 

Address  all  ord-rs  and  communications  to  Henry  May,  the 
Hope  Nurseries,  Loemiofi  Lane,  Bedttle,  Yorkshire.  A  remit- 
tance or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  respectfully 
requested,  1 


NEW     GERANIUMS. 

GEORGE   SMITH   has  a   first-rate   Stock  of    the 
fulluwing  fine  varieties  at  Sds.  per  dozen,  or  two  dozen 
for  60s..  seLuoted  from  tbe  foUowiug  varieties  : 


Ariadne 

Beatrice 

Bride  of  Abydof 

Celia 

Chieftain 

Cbloe 

Claudinia 

Elise 

Enchantress 

Eurydice 


Exhibitor 

Ganymede 

Gem 

Incomparable 

Jiillien 

Mnrrel  (^uight) 

Lavlnia 

Little  Nell 

Lord  Mayor 


Magnet 

M  ichanna 

Uonteidi 

Painter  Improved 

Pul-'bra 

Remus 

Shylock 

Surprise 

Rubens 


NEW    FANCY    GERANIUMS.— 36s.  .per  dozen. 


Ambairador  Formosissima 

Alboni  Superb  Gipsvy  Queen 

Caliban  Miranda 

Captivatioa  Marion 

Celestial  John  Bull. 

Electa  ' 

A  PoBt-oflSce  Order,  payable  at  Islington,  is  respectfully  re- 
quested  to  accompany  orders  from  unknown  correspondents. 
ToUington  Nursery.  Horn^ey  R  >ad,  Islington,  near  London. 


Otbello 
Perfection 
Painted  Pet 
Torbay  Hero 

Sambo 


•^PHE     RtlEOCLINK,      OR      SPRING     COUCH, 

-*•  portable  without  detaiihiog  any  of  its  parts,  softer  than 
a  Fea  ber  Bed,  and  which  can  be  changed  in  Oae  Moment  from 
a  Couch  to  either  a  Bed  ot  Sofa,  may  bn  seen  at 

COTTAM  AKD  HALLEN'S  76,  OXPORD-STRRET. 
where  also  is  ou  view  a  great  variety  of  METALLIC  BED. 
STEADS,  fitted  with  and  without  the  patent  RHEOCLINB, 
&c.  ibc,  together  with  a  large  assortment  of  the  patent 
Radiatine  and  <ither  STOVES,  and  every  other  description  of 
IRONMONGERY. 


ANEW  STOVE.— GREAT  NOVELTY— In  the 
conatruction  of  the  BURTOH  REGISTER  STOVG.  it 
was  the  first  care  of  the  inventor,  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  most  valued  of  modern  improvements  in  the 
art  of  heating,  and  secondly,  so  to  modify  and  alter  tbe 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  once  to  obtain  tbo  simplest  and 
most  perfect  combtHtion  ;  after  a  long  series  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  substitution  of  a  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
present  clumsy  and  ill-adaptetl  bars,  succeeded  in  producinif  a 
stove  which  for  Bofc  and  brilliant  light,  as  well  as  purity  and 
quantify  of  heat,  is  far  bojond  his  most  sanguine  expectations, 
while  fiir  cleanliness  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
able. Price  from  5(>s.  to  152.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  in  his 
show-rooms,  where  also  are  to  be  seen 

9.00     STOVEb      and      325       FENDERS 

■^  "  (exclusive  of  rcerved  stock)  all  differing  in  pattern, 
forming  the  largest  assortment  ever  collected  together.  Tbey 
are  marked  in  plaio  figures,  and  at  prices  proportionate  with 
those  that  bave  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most 
difltioguisbed  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  2t.  lis.  to  51  lOs. ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  51.  lO.*,  to  12s.  I2s.  ; 
bronzed  fenders  complete,  with  standards,  from  7s.  to  SI. ;  steel 
fenders,  from  21.  15s.  to  Gl. ;  ditto,  with  rich  ormoluornaoaence, 
from  21,  15s.  to  71.  Is.  \  fire-irons,  from  Is.  9ii.  the  set  to  4i.  4s. 
Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  with  radiating  hearth- 
plates  ;  and  kitchen  ranges,  which  be  is  enabled  to  sell  at  these 
very  reduced  charges. 

First — From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  his  purchases  ;  and 

Secondly — From  those  purchases  being  made  exclusively 
for  cash. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TKtf  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communication),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FUllNISfimG  IRONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nicliel  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads),  so  arrant^ed  and  classified  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

89,  OXFORD  SFRKET  (curner  of  Newm^n-street)  ;  Nns. 
land  2,  NBWMANSTREET;  »nd  4  and  fl    prrrY'^  "r.Anw. 


LAMPS  OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  PATTERNS.— 
The  largest,  as  well  a»>  choiceat  assortment  of  PaLMi-:1v'S 
MAGNUM  and  other  LAMPS  —  CAMPHINE,  AHGAND, 
SOLAR,  and  MOOERATEUR  LAMPS,  with  all  the  latest 
improvemen's,  and  of  the  newest  and  most  recherche  patterns, 
in  ormolu,  Bohemian,  and  plain  glass,  or  papier  mache,  in 
exiNtence— is  at  W.  S.  BURTON'S,  and  they  are  arranged  in 
one  large  room,  so  that  the  patterns,  sizes,  and  sorts  can  be 
instsntly  selected. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicarintr).  exclusive  ot  tbe  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plated,  and  japanned  wares, 
iron  and  brass  bedBteads),  so  arranged  and  ciaiisified  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  engravings,  seni  (per  post)  free.  The  money 
returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Newman-street);  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NEWMAN-STRBBT  ;  and  4  and  5,  PERRY'S.PL ACE. 


BLACKHEATH. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  &c. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
iimtrutJted  by  Mr.  Haliy  to  sell  by  Aucti'>n,  on  the  pre- 
mises. Tranquil  Vale,  Blackbeath,  on  MONDAY,  October  11, 
at  11  o'clock— about  1000  Double  "CAMELLIAS  from  2  to  5 
feet,  beautifully  set  with  bloom  buds  ;  200  strong  Camellia 
Stocks  ;  also  c'loi  e  Greenhouse  and  hardy  ornamental  Plants, 
comprising  Indian  and  hardy  Azaleai,  Andromeda  floribunda, 
Araucaria  iuibricata,  Cupressus  fuuebris  and  Guveiilanum, 
Cryptomeria  japonica,  Camua  depeadens,  Berberis  Darwinii, 
Dielytra  spfcrabilis,  a  few  fine  plants  of  lUe  new  Sase-Gothje 
cnnspicua,  Pompone  Chrysanthemums,  »tc. — May  be  viewed 
one  week  prioi-  to  the  Sale  ;  Ca'alogues  may  be  had  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen  in  London;  on  the  Premises;  aud  of  the 
Auc'ionenrs.    AnifrifHn  Nnrsf-v,   i  ("vto'isfooo.  Rssex. 


HORNSEY  ROAD. 
TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS,  &.  OTHERS. 
\l\  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  have 
-i-'J-  received  in-tructions  from  Mr.  Pampi-in  to  Sell  by 
Auction,  at  tbo  Mart,  Bartholomew-Iane,  on  THURSDAY, 
Oct.  14th,  at  1  o'clock  (if  not  previously  disposed  of  by  private 
contract,  in  consequence  "f  the  Proprietor  relinquishiufj  the 
Business!,  the  valuable  LEA.sEof  tbe  PARADISE  NURSERY, 
14  years  of  which  is  uo'-xpiied,  consisting  of  two  Acres  of  rich 
Nursery  Ground,  with  Dwelling-house  thereon.  Tbe  Premises 
are  well  situated,  being  withm  two  miles  of  tbe  Regent'a- 
park,  and  adapted  tor  carrying  on  a  first-rate  Bufioes-.  The 
whole  or  part  of  tbe  Greenbouses,  Pits,  &c.,  with  the  Stock, 
which  is  of  the  most  saleable  description,  can  be  taken  at  a 
valuation,  to  Puit  the  convenience  of  the  purchaser.  —  The 
Premises  may  he  viewed  one  week  prior  ti  the  Sa'e.  Particu- 
lars may  be  obtained  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Ltle,  Solicitor,  17,  Blooms- 
bury-street,  Hedfonl-square ;  on  the  Premises;  aud  of  the 
Auctioneers,  Americau  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex, 


TO    NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYMEW  ! 

AND   OTHERS.  j 

**00  Double  Camellias  for  abs  ilu'.e  Stile,  1  to  3  feet ;  800  ladiam  "^^ 
Azaleas;  301  Ltliun  lancifolium  rubruoi ;   lOt)  fine  bushy 

Sf-arlur,  Rhododendromt,  i 

]\/rESSRS.  ^ROTHEROE     and     MORRIS    are-  \ 

L»X  iQBtructf  ,3^  MoQS.  A.  V*a  Geert,  of  Gh«at,  to  submit 
to  public  comp'j, 'don  by  Auc'ion,  at  the  Uart,  Bartholomew- 
lane,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  13.  at  12  o'clock,  the  above, 
which  compriie  all  the  leading  varieties,  and  are  well  fumished 
with  bloom  buds.  On  view  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  , 
may  be  had  at  tbe  Auction  Mart,  and  of  the  AuccioQMrs,  j 
American  Wurgftt^.   fiOvroiMt^nf,  "iQae*. 

UXBRIDGE,     MIDDLESEX. 
NURSERY,    SEED,    AND    FLORISTS'    BUSINESS. 
]V/r  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  AND  MORRIS  are  directed 
^'J-   by  the  Trustee  for  Sale  and  Morrgatree,  to  sell  by  Auction, 
atthoMart,  Bartholomew-lane,  oo  THORSDAY,  October U, 
in  one  Lot  (if  not  previously  disnosed  of  by  private  contract),* 
the    valuable     Leaseii    and     Goodwill     of    tbe     UXBRID^B 
NURSERY,  which  has  been  established   upwards  ot  20  years  r  ' 
also  the  whole  of  the  celebrated   NURSERY  STOCK,  riding 
over  from  12  to  13  acres,  comprising  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees  of 
the   first    description,   and  rich    assortment    itt   Evergreeoi, 
Ornamental  Trees,  Deciduous  Snrubs,  and   American   Plants, 
togetber  with  the    Greenhoutes.   and  the    Choice  Greenhouse 
Plants,   Pits,  Frames,   Seeds,    Drawers,     and    sundry    efieots. 
Particulars,  which  are  b-^ing  prepared,  may  be  had  of  Messrs. 
Tnariw  and  Patkesok,  Solioitors,  4,  Bride-court,  New  Bridge. 
street,   Blackfriars  :  aud  of  Messrs.   Peotheboe  and  Moeeis, 
Auctioneers  and  Valuers,  American    Nursery.    Leytonstone. 
Es-iex.  J.         J  » 


CHELSEA. 

TO   GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYiVIEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC. 

FOR  PEREMPTORY  SALE. 

jl/TESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit 

L'X  to  public  competition,  by  Amui.in,  on  the  premises, 
Radnor-Btreec,  King's-road,  Cbetsea  (by  order  of  the  executors 
of  the  late  Mrs.  Mast  tUaaisoN)  on  MONDAY.  October  18, 
at  11  o'clock;  the  whole  of  the  NURSERY  STOCK,  compriaioc 
Evergreens,  Ornamental  Fruit  and  Forest  Trees,  consisting  of 
Aucubui,  Arbutus,  Green  Koll  es,  Laurels,  Evergreen  Privet, 
Ribes,  Limes,  Planes,  choice  Roses,  standard  and  dwarf, 
trained  and  untrained  Peach,  Apiicot,  Plum,  Cherry,  Apple, 
Pear,  Walnut,  Filbert,  Go.JSebeiTy.  Currant  trees,  &c.— May- 
be viewed  prior  to  the  sale;  Caalogaes  may  be  had  on  the 
premises;  of  the  principal  seedimen  io  Lundon  ;  and  of  the 
Aucttoneers.  Ameri  an  PJur'en.  Leytunn'one.  G«a«i. 

ESCaOL  NURsEKY. 
TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS  AND  OTHERS. 
]Yf  ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell  by 
J-'J-  Auction  on  the  premises,  Eschd  Nuraery,  Haverstock- 
hill,  Camden-town,  on  WSDMESDAY,  October  27,  and 
following  day«,  at  11  o'clock  each  day,  (by  order  of  the 
proprietor,  in  consequence  of  the  ground  being  lot  fir  building 
purposes),  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK, 
consisting  of  Forest,  Fruit,  Ornamental  Trees,  «nd  Deciduous 
Shrubs,  with  a  large  assortment  of  fine  Evergreens  ia 
great  variety. — Catalogues  are  being  prepared  aud  may  be 
had  ou  the  premises ;  of  tbe  principal  Seedsmen  in  London; 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery  Leytonstone,  Essex. 
N.B,  The  whole  of  the  Gr-'enhouses,  Pits,  atid  Utensils  in 
trade,  together  with  the  choice  lireeuhouse  Plants,  will  be 
submitted  to  public  competition  early  in  tbe  sprtog. 1 

COCHIN   CHINA   FOWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his- 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  C'vencgardeti,  ou  TUES- 
DAY next,  October  12,  at  12  for  1  o'cluck-COCflIN  CHINA 
FOWLS,  many  from  the  celebrated  strains  of  Mr.  St-ggall,  Mr. 
Holt,  Mr.  Stainton,  Mr,  Punchard,  and  other  breeders  ;  a  few 
Mulay  and  Spanish  ditto,  Muscovy  and  Wild  Duokfl  and- 
Drakes,  several  prize  Fowls,  Chickeuii,  Jcc. — May  be  viewed 
on  the  raoroin?  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  on  application 
to  Mr.  J.  C  Stevens,  38,  Kiag-street,  C  .venr-garden,  who  trill 
forward  them  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  directed  envelope. 


FRUITING    PINE   PLANTS. 
]\/rR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  seU  by  Auction,  at  his 

'-'-'-  Room.  38,  Kiog.-treet,  Covent-Kurden,  on  FRIDAF, 
October  15,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  about  Thirty  Fruiting  QUEEN 
PINE  PLANTS,  clean  and  healthy.— May  be  viewed  the 
m'>rnin?  of  sale. 


ORCHIDS. 
THE  COLLECTION  OP  A  GENTLEMAN. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  directed  to  announce  for 
Sale  by  Aucti-m.  at  his  Great  Room,  33,  Kiog-street, 
C oven t- garden,  on  FRIDAY,  Oct.  22,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a 
seltfct  and  valuable  Collection  of  Established  ORCHIDS, 
including  good  Plants  of  Phalaenopsia  amabiiis  and  graodi- 
flora,  Vaoda  insignis,  teres,  tricolor,  and  other  East  Indiaa 
and  South  American  sorts. — May  be  viewed  the  day  prior  and  | 
morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had.  \ 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS.      I 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the, 
Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  FrtlUAY,  October  15,  at 
12  o'cltck,  a  first-class  collection  of  DUTCH  BULBS,  and  a 
variety  of  EVER'iREENS  and  SHRUBS.— May  be  viewed 
the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogaea  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of 
tbe  Auctioneer,  5,  Hoxtoa-square  ;  and  Ebenezer  Nursery, 
Shacklewell.  London. 

CHOICE    COLLECTION    OF    TULIPS.i 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart  (near  the  Baok  of  England),  ou  TUESDAY,  Octo- 
ber 12,  1852,  at  12  o'clock,  the  well-kuown  Collection  of 
TULIP-^,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  New  {of  the  Derby 
Arms,  Kirbdale).  They  comprise  all  the  6ne8t  flowers  In  cnl- 
tivatioii,  viz.,  Gibbon's  Princess  Royal,  EnchantrePS,  Maid  of 
Orleaus,  Maid  of  Athens,  Counters  <>f  Harrington,  Lady  Flora 
Hastings,  Purple  Per  fee' ion,  Chellaston  Beiuty,  Britannia, 
Prince  Albert,  Sable  Monarch,  Wood's  Yan  Amburgh,  Thalia, 
Louia  XYI.,  George  Glenuy,  Salv-itor  Rosa,  Pandora.  David,  <fec. 
Among  the  Roses,  Anastasia,  King  of  Scarlets,  Lady  Leicester, 
Lady  Stanley,  Lady  Yernon,  Miss  Catherine,  Dixon's  Bion, 
Jeflery'.N  Klizabeih,  Mary  Lamb,  Headley'it  Rose  Ellen,  Coun> 
tens  of  Eglinton,  Lady  Boyle,  Oamu^e  de  Craix.  Rose  Lac,  ^bc. 
The  Biaarres  comprise  Pilot,  Strong's  Kmg,  Competitor,  Tri- 
color, Shakespeare,  Apelles,  Marcellus,  Pompe  Funebre,  Coro- 
nation, New's  Lewis,  Lord  Lilford,  &;c.  Also  a  quantity  of 
tine  Seedling  Breeders,  among  which  are  some  finely  broken 
flowers.  The  whole  will  be  sold  without  tbe  least  reserTe.— 
May  be  viewed  ou  the  morning  of  Sale.  Cataloi:ue8  to  be  had 
at  the  Mart;  of  Messrs.  Dawe.  Oottbell,  aud  Besbam.  Seeds- 
men, Moorgate-atreet,  City;  H,  Alexandee,  Shacklewell ;  and 
also  of  Mrs.  New,  Everton  Yalley,  Kirkdale,  upon  receipt  of 
four  stamps.  


Printed  by  William  BainBDai.  of  Ho.  13,  Upper  Woburo-place,  in  the 
pmrieb  of  St-  Pttucraa,  tioil  b'uKDaiiicE  Mullbtt  Evan  a,  of  \o.  7.  Chorffh* 
row.  Stoke  NewiL>;iOQ,  both  m  me  County  oi  ilidUleaes:  Pcinters  at 
their  Office  -a  Lombsrd-ctreet,  in  tbe  Preciuct  of  VVtutefriars,  in  the 
Ciiy  of  London;  and  puoUaiieJ  by  tbeiu  a[  tlie  office.  No.  5,  Charle*. 
Birci-t,  111  the  pufiah  of  5t  Paul's  C<ivh  at- garde  u,  in  the  a  aid  County, 
where  iiU  idiertipR.n  ■nr.3  an>l  Conrnuni.'atioaB  are  to  be  addbbBBBD  TO 
tua  EDiTOa.— Satpbuat,  OcroBsaS,  ]i3j2. 


- 


RONICLE 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  BTews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  42.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  16. 


[Price  6d. 


A.1oe,  itnerican 6<>l  e 

Bouniar,  t  royal 5SA  a 

BriiiB^  AisociaciOQ 660  c — G66  b 

Bulbs,  spriQR 6G^  a 

'Calendjir,  horticoltcural 66t  a 

^    sgricnltunJ   6G9  a 

CarAwajr,  to  sow 669  ( 

CMtle,  to  feed    666  fi 

—    carcaie  irifiebtsof ,  667  t 

ClCTelRnd  Apri.  Sociery    ......  6('3  6 

Dahliai,  to  store 663  e 

Craiaasre  and  heavy- raias   .,,.  666  a 

£pi>acCi9pbyUaDCtie3 660  fi 

Fruit  trees,  wall 6G1   c 

Faclisii  priacepa G60  t 

r*n?i.  Pe»r.leaf 662  a 

Gr&pes,win^ 664  ( 

HorlicultUTal   Society' a  meel- 

Intcs  6S9  ( 

Hyacinths,  caltTiTe  of  603  o 

Larch,  growth  of 66-2  a 

Ltnneati  Society 662  t 

Lorint^B 660  a 

iJaytsia  dmbandit 6C0  a 


Oniin,  Shallot 66*.  6 

ParaaitCa GfiO  a 

P^ara.  la'ce   ...•.• 662  a 

Pear.le*f  funci , 6r.2  a 

Peas,  trials  with  061  6 

Potatoes  and  weedu GGC  a 

Potato  dtaease  661  e 

Poulrry,i;apeB  in Gi>S  a 

Reaping  macliiues 6rS  6 

Seedine,  thin ,,......  66i  e 

Sevra^^e.  applicit'.OB  of 6i;6  c 

SballotOoion CGI  6 

Spades  and  shovels G68  a 

Tan.  charred 6C7  c 

Trees,  wall  fruit  661    c 

Tarnipn,  vaIui  oCa  ton 66S  a 

Vege'ubles,  new    .,,., 661  6 

Vineyards  American...., 664  a 

Walmer  Castle  ;;irdeQB. .......  G<3  a 

Water  we*;d.  Dew 662  c 

Weights,  carcase G67  b 

—    of  Pears  GS2  a 

Wheat,  culture  of , 669  6 

WiU!  Gripes 664  c 


CRYPTOMERIA     JAPONIC  A. 

A   FEW    THOUSAND    SEEDLINGS,   from    3   to 
6  inches  high,  at  SOs.  per  100. 
Aleo,  I^fPORTEO  SEED,  at  20s.  an  ounce,  which  will  pro- 
dace  upwards  of  1530  Plants.   Term?,  Cash,  hiiug  the  property 
of  a  gentleman. 

Apply  to  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen,  Hammersmith,  near 
Iiondon, 


SAFFRON  WALDEN  NURSERY. 

SUPERB     DOUBLE     HOLLYHOCKS. 

XmLLIAM  CHATER'S  List  of  the  above  splendid 
'  '  riowers  i=  now  ready,  containing  a  careful  selection  of 
all  the  newest  varieties  of  other  raisers,  with  thoRC  of  the  late 
Mr.  Baron,  first  sent  oat  by  W.  C,  and  W.  Chater's  own 
raising,  moat  of  which  still  stand  anrivalled.  The  prices, 
colours,  and  heights,  are  faithfully  affixed  to  each  flower  ;  also, 
is  added,  a  selection  of  the  best  Scotch  varieties,  &c.,  «fcc., 
which  may  be  had  by  enclosing  a.  postage  btamp. 
Saffron  Walden,  October  16. 


NEW    RHUBARB. 

BAILEY'S  EARLY  MONARCH. 
"  I  am  highly  delighced  with  tha  Early  Monarch,  and  can 
coa6dently  recommend  it  as  the  very  best  early  Rhubarb 
priwn.  The  foliage  also  ia  peculiar  Hud  very  beautiful." — 
J.  F.  Wood,  F.H.S. 

"For  colour,  sizo,  and  precocity  '  Bailey's  Early  Monarch  ' 
is  moat  assuredly  worthy  of  very  extensive  cultivation  ;  it  is  a 
decided  acquisition." — Suburban  Sorticult-irist , 

Plants  53.  each,  to  be  had  of  the  raiser,  Mr.  John  Bahet, 
Longton,  Staffijrdshire.  A  few  packets  cf  Victoria  Seed 
hybridised  wi'-h  Early  Monarch,  Is.  each,  or  free  per  post  for 
14  penny  stamps. 

'         NEW    GERANIUMS,    CINERARIAS,     ETC. 

C  AMUEL  FINNEY  and  CO.  are  now  prepared  to 

O  send  out  the  following  new  GERANTUMS  at  455.  perdoz.  :  — 

Arethuaa,  Ariadne,  Chieftain,  Colonel  of  the  Buffi.  Christine, 

Commissioner,  Elise,  Enchantresa,  Exhibitor,  Gem,    Herald, 

Incomparable,  Labiache,  Lavinia,  Magnet,  Moch^inna,  Painter 

ImproTed,  Purple  Standard,  Rubens,  Sbjlock, 

The  following  at  30j.  per  dozen  :— 

Ambassador,  Beatrice,  Chloe,  Cynthia,  Capella,  Ganymede, 

Generallisaicno,   Little  Nell,   Major   Dome,   Monteitb,   Prince 

Arthur,  Purpurea,  Rosi,  Silk  Mercer,'Tyrian  Queen. 

They  have  also  a  large  Stock  of  all  the  new  and  best 
Cinerarias  at  123.,  13s.,  and  2ii.  per  dozen  ;  Pan%ies,  do.  do.,  at 
9s.,  12s.,  and  I83,  per  dozen,  basket  and  package  included,  and 
extra  plants  presented  to  compenEate  for  long  carriage.  A 
remittance  or  reference  required  from  unknown  correspondentB. 
Gateshead  Nursery,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

NEW    PELARGONIUMS. 

JOHN  DOBSON  is  now  sending  out,  in  strong  plants, 
the  following  first-rate  varieties : —Vulcan,  Spot,  Pdsha, 
Jupiter,  Gertrude,  C'jmmaod<;r,  and  Harriet.  Also  12  good  show 
rarietles  for  12s.    Planti  iziTen  in  to  compensate  for  carriage. 

J.  D.'a  Catalogue  for  1852-3,  with  full  descriptions  of  the 
atbove,  also  Fuch-^ias,  Cinerarias,  Holljhocks,  Verbenas,  &c., 
is  DOW  ready,  and  may  be  had  in  exchange  for  two  postage 
stamps. 

AI50  a  few  hundred  Tulip  bulbs,  the  Burplus  stock  of  an 
amateur,  at20«.per  100,  including  Bib.  Holmes' King,  Cenotaph, 
Itol  dc  Cere^,  Roi  de  Kgypt,  Relne  d'  Egypt,  Mountuin  of  Snow, 
Alcon,  Cleopatra,  d:c.  ;  Biz.  Tricolor,  Abadda,  Surpuss  Cun- 
tiqu*,  Lawrence's  Duke  of  Clarence,  Catafalque  Surpntse,  Poly- 
phemu!,  Tippoo  Saib,  Reuben  St.  Louis,  Bell's  King  and  Queen, 
4ec.  ;  Roses,  Mafllda,  Triomphe  Rojale,  Hebe,  I'reticosa,  Belle 
Hellena,  &c.— Woodlanda  Nursery,  Ulcworth, 


NEW    VARIEGATED    GERANIUM. 

GAINES'  ATTRACTION.— This  is  one  of  the  most 
distinct  variegated  varieties  yet  introduced  to  the  public, 
potsemiog  a  dsrk  green  foliage,  with  rod  rnrtrkings  edged  with 
pare  white;  the  colour  of  the  llower  a  beuutirul  cherry,  and 

Jiuite  diff^jrent  to  any  other  variegated  Gernnlim  jot  itnt  out, 
rom  its  grer.nne^H  of  growth  and  compact  habit,  oh  it  blooms 
Id  great  abundance.  It  will  be  valuable  for  bedding  or  pot- 
culture.    lOf.  6d. 

h.  G.  begs  to  announce  that  bin  Dcitcrlptlvo  Ll<.t  of  show  and 
fancy  Pelargoniums,  itc,  may  bo  bad  by  applying  at  the 
Barsery,  Hurrey-lanc,  Batter«ea, 


NOTICE. 

PETER  LAWSON  ano  .SON,  of  Edinburgli,  have 
Just  li»ued  tpec-lal  I'tirj-A  Mats  of  FOItKHT  TKKEM, 
BHRU8S.  FRUIT,  and  ROSE  TRflKS  ;  alio  Bulbous  Roos 
adapted  for  the  presant  season,  which  may  be  bud  on  apphrn. 
lion,  or  free  by  p^st  fr»m  their  Agint,  JoriM  C.  HoM»:a<i,  lO'J, 
Fcncbarch^tre«t,  Ix}ndoD.  AIro,  "  The  HyuopsI*  of  the  Vcgo- 
gttabU  Produce  of  Hcotlaad,"  ia  one  rolame,  price  IO4,  Qfi. 


CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 
JOHN  HENCHMAN  has  the  following  Seedlings  to 
ti    offor:- 

Cedru?  deodara,  strong  seedlings  in  thumb  pots,  101.  per  1000. 

Finns  longifolius,  do.     -       do.  li.  IO3.  perlOO. 

Pinufl  excolsa,  do,  store  pots,  15s.  per  100. 

Abies  Smithiana,  do,  do.        15s.  per  100. 

Cupreesus  toruloBus,        do.  do.        15s.  per  100. 

J.  H.  has  about  50  very  fine  busby  Arbor-vitte  from  G  to  3  feet 
high,  which  will  be  sold  a  bargain,  and  are  warran*:ed  to  move 
with  good  balls.  Packets  of  choice  Calceolaria,  Cineraria,  and 
Pansy  seed,  2s.  Cd.  each.  Strong  seedling  Hollyhocks  raised 
from  Chater's,  the  finest  named  varieties,  53,  per  dozen,  and 
30s.  per  100.  Many  of  these  plants  have  bloomed  this  autumn, 
and  will  all  make  strong  blooming  plants  next  year. 

Edmonton,  near  London,  Oct.  16. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  ABOUT  FIFTY  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  FUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  most  splendid  and  superb  Collectioa  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARI.VS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  and  recommend,  they  having  been  carefally  saved  and 
varied  from  the  most  unique  selection  in  the  kingdom.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrubhy  they  are  perpetually  in  flower ;  and 
from  the  great  variety  and  brilliancy  of  their  colour*,  they  are 
invaluable  for  the  conservaior-x  or  bedding-out. 

J.^WKEIvS  and  Co.,  King's    "-iP.  Chelsea.  London. 


NEW      GERANIUMS,    SHOW     AND     FANCY 
VARIETIES.— AH  the  best  sorts,  or  the  latest  introduc- 
tion, can  be  obtained  from 

WILLIAM    E.  RENDLE    AND    C6.,- 
NURSERYMEN", 

Plymouth.  \  ^. 

For  particulars,  sec  Gardeners^  Chronicle  for  Sept.  25,  page  .  .?■ 
DUTCH    FLOWER    ROOTS. 
W.  E.  Rendle  and   Co.  have  received   their  Annual 
Importation,  which  is  offered  on  reasonahle  terms. 
Catalogues  can  he  pi'ocured  as  per  address  above. 


TO   NOBLEWEIM,   GEiMTLEMEN,  AND   THE  TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER^  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA.  price  23.  Cd.  per 
quart,  and  can  with  confidence  recomtnend  it  as  a  very  superior 
article. 

About  the  second  week  in  Octiber  th  ly  wilt  be  ready  to  ^lend 
out  their  New  EariyScurlot  PRIS-CK  O^  WALES  RHUBARB, 
5s.  each.  It  U  quite  as  early  as  the  I'riaco  Albert,  much  larger, 
red  throughout,  of  exqiv'-ite  Hivour,  »  -d  a  large  cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  Li  ■ -.i  tho^e  not  hai 'ne  an  account  open 
with  II.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  '.  j  ni^-  .^-  luj  =^'  ,  -.ho  Fiiiii,  at  the 
Borough  Post-office,  or  poat^g':  !ii,.imi>s. 

For  Testimonials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had,  see  Gardeners'  Clironicle  18th  September,  1852,  page  5H  . 

Newiogtou  Butts,  London. 


CHATER'S  and  other  Growers'  New  and  Splendid 
DOUBLE  HOLLYHOCKS,  at  a  reduced  price,  warranted 
true  to  name.  Strong  plants  now  ready  for  delivery,  12  for 
IO3.  Gd.,  six  for  6s.,  package  included,  which  may  be  selected 
from  the  following  well-known  Show  varieties :  Qieen  of 
England,  Aurantia,  Belladonna.  Bicolor,  Conspicua,  JUelicata, 
Elegans,  Formosa  superb,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Nobllssimo,  Obscura, 
Rosea  Bpicata,  Qaeeo,  Sulphurea  perfecta  (new).  Venosa,  and 
Brilliant.  The  above  to  be  had  of  William  Denteb,  Seedsman, 
(fcc  ,  82,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 

A  remittance  respectfully  requested. 


LOUIS  VAN  HOUTTE,of  Ghent,  Belgium,  has  just 
issued  his  new  GENERAL  CATALOGUE,  which  may  be 
had  on  application  to  his  Agents,  Messrs.  Betham  and 
Blackith,  Cox  and  Hammond's  Quays,  Lower  Thames-street, 
London. 


LANGHEDGE   NURSERY. 

CHARLES  WOOLVEN  invites  the  attention  of  Fruit 
growers  and  the  public  generally  to  his  large  and  very 
superior  stock  of  Fruit-trees,  comprising  about  401)0  standard 
Apples,  Pears,  Flum3,  and  Cherries  ;  fine  straight  stems  6^  to 
8  feet  in  height,  from  12s.  to  2I3.  per  dozen.  Also  a  good  stuck 
of  dwarf  and  trained  treea,  all  of  the  most  approved  kinds, 
from  123.  to  3Gs.  per  dozen.  A  capital  stock  of  Gooseberries 
and  Currants,  all  of  the  very  best  kinds,  from  23.  Cd.  to  33.  Gd. 
per  dozen,  now  in  excellent  condition.  0.  W.  also  wishes  to 
recommend  to  gentlemen  and  builders  his  large  stock  of  Erer- 
greens,  Forest  Trees,  and  other  Shrubs,  at  equally  low  prices. — 
C.  WooLVEN,  Nurseryman,  Upper  Edmontou,  Middlesex. 

EDWARD"  PIERCE,   Yeovil    Nursery,   SomeFset, 
has  for  salo  a  largo  stock  of  the  bjst  kinds  of 
CAMELLIA  JAPONICAS        ...    0  to  9  inches    ...    £5perl00 

AZALEA  INDICA3         12  inches  ...     £5  per  100 

ERICAS       12  lucbos  ...     £5  per  100 

His  Fruit  Treon,  Ornamental  Trees,  and  Evergreen  Shrubs, 
arc  particularly  fine,  atook  extensive,  and  prices  low;  a  very 
largo  quantity  of  strong  Quick.— P.S.  Reference  with  orders 
from  unknown  correspondents. — (►ct.  IB.  


PLANTS  FOR  BLOOMING  IN  THE   CONSERVATORY  IN 
WINTER  OR  EARLY  SPRING. 

A/TESSRS.  J.  AND  J.  FUASER,  Nursehymen,  Lea- 
I*A  biidgc-road,  Essex,  beg  lo  oftVr  the  following,  finely  sot 
with  bloom  buds,  at  the  undcrmentloticd  moderate  prices  :  — 

Azalea  Indlca.  in  fine  sorts,  18s.  to  HOs.  per  do/.. 

Kpit'TU  and  Ericas    „        IZa.  to  18«.       ,, 

Rhododendrons  120.  to  Itig.       „ 

Uardy   Azaleas,   including    flno    Belgian 

vurtuticH         03.  to  18».       „ 

Mo'B  find  I'fovonco  RoflfS  ...         ...         ...  128.        „ 

Lllrics,  OuoUler  Koa«;fl,  Wofgola  roiea,  &c.  }2s.       ,, 

Thy  above  are  all  bt;autltuily  grown,  well  Ofttabllshod  in 
pot«,  and  aro  fit  for  lirioi'-diute  forcing. 

RemlttiinccQ    rcHpeuifuUy    requested    from    unUnowD    cor- 
rcupoudents. 


NEW    NEMOPHILA. 
NEMOPHILA.  AUftlTA  ALBA  OCULATA,  2I3,  per  oz., 

AT 

T      G.     WAITE'S     SEED     ESTABLISHMENT, 

^  •  HU,    HlOH   HOLBORN,    LONDO;'. 

ANEMONES,  show  flowers,   in   100  named  varieties,   one  of 
eiich,  153.  per  100. 
,,  fine*  doubU  scarlet,  83.  per  100. 

RANUNCULUSES,  in  100  named  varieties,  one  of  each,  123. 
per  100. 
„  Scarlet  Turban,  153.  per  1000,  large  roots. 

„  mixod  from  show  flowers,  splendid,  Ss.  p.  100. 

GLADIOLUS  GANDAVENSIS,  large  roots,  ^Os.per  100. 
,,  Qa^en  Victoria  „  25s.  ,, 

,,  Futrnosissiraus  ,,  25s.  ,, 

At  J.  G.  "Waiters  Seed  Establishment,  181.  Iliijh  Holborn. 

GOLIATH    STRAWBERRY. 

JAMES  KITLEY  wishes  again  to  draw  public 
attention  to  this  mont  superb  Strawberry,  by  stating  facts 
which  prove  it  to  b-i  without  a  rival.  The  original  bed, 
which  is  9  feet  by  35  feet,  and  6  years  old,  produced  this 
season  90  qts.  of  fine  large  fruit;  and  a  bad,  3G  ft.  bj  36  ft,, 
and  3  years  old,  pr  educed  255  qts.  of  beau'iiful  large  higb- 
coloured,  Pina-fltvourod  fruit,  thj  ground  beiug  so  thickly 
covered  as  to  reuiler  it  impossible  to  step  between  without  first 
removing  thetVui;,  although  the  plants  were  2^  ft.  apart.  They 
were  the  admirati  on  and  astonishmont  of  numerous  gentlemen 
and  gardeners  wl  o  visited  his  grounds.  A  Post-office  order  for 
33.  Sd.,  or  stampi  to  that  amount,  will  secure  100  strong  well- 
rootod  plants,  package  included ;  Is.  Bd.  in  stamps  will  secure 
by  post  six  fine^lnnfs  to  any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

Also  Trollop(/s  Victoria,  11.  per  100  ;  Black  Prince,  3s.  Gd. ; 
Eleanor,  2s.  Gd}  ;  Alice  Miiud,  2s.  Gd. ;  Keeoi-'  Seedling,  2s.  Gd.  ; 
Hooper'  ^  "^  ng,  2s.6  l.;  Hau'boifl,2s.  6/.;  Bath  Scarlet,  23.  6d.; 
Elton  r  vtiejiGd.— N.B.  Tho  Trade  supplied  at  very  low  prices. 
^Jjyr.^+HOii''.  'e  Nursery,  Bath. 

FOUR  of  uie  best  and  most  profitable  STRAV/- 
BGRRII5S  togri>ware  GOLIATH,  ELE  ANOU,  BRITISH 
QUEEN,  and  OLD  PINE.  Tho  last  is  best  for  preservers. 
Plants,  true,  2s.  Gd.  per  lOT,  or  20s,  per  1000.  Also,  our 
Seedling  Plum  DWARF  PROLIFIC,  never  failing  to  produce 
aia^^;e  crop,  as  it  flowers  late,  thereby  escaping  the  spring 
frpste.  Fruit  ripe  in  July.  Plants,  33.  Gd  ,  and  one  over  to 
tha  trade  if  three  are  taken.     Paid  to  Londuo. 

Catalogues  of  Roses  and  Nursery  Stock  upon  application, 
DiLLiaxoNE  and  Co.'s  Nurseries,  Sturmer,  Halsteid,  Essex. 

AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Windleshani,  near  Bagsbot, 
Surrey,  Etb'bitor  of  Ajnerican  Plants  ac  the  Royal 
Botanic  Garden",  ^J^egcnir-iar't.  begs  to  in^o^m  the  Nobility 
and  Public  he  has  imbliHh'-I  a  Dascri,  '  '?  CATALO  »UE  O? 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  LV  "ens,  Ro-  ,rnnLnental  Shrubs, 
(te.   «tc.,   au'l  m^y  ,*  iti    '■'    h'   -  nclos     .    twr,   poKta*^e 

stamps.  —  Near    SEain-:,    ;.itation,     vVind=or    Branch,    SouUi- 
WeEt^rn  Railway. 


CATALOGUES. 

MESSRS.  H,  LANE  and  SON,  Great  Berkharap- 
stead,  Herts,  beg  to  inform  their  Patrons  that  the 
undermentioned  Descriptive  Cataloa:u(!5  may  now  be  had:  — 
General  and  Supplementary  Rose  Catalogues  for  two  postage 
stamps  ;  Tiee  and  Shrub  and  Fruit  Catalogue  for  two  postage 
stamps  ;  Indian  Azalea,  Camellia,  &u.,  for  one  postage  stamp. 


NEW     GERANIUMS. 

GEORGE   SMITH   has   a   first-rate   Stock   of   the 
following  fine  varieties  at  3i)S.  per  dosen,  or  two  dozen 
for  60s.,  selected  from  the  following  varieties  :  — 
Ariadne  Exhibitor  Magnet 

Beatrice  Ganymede  M  ichanna 

Bride  of  Abydos         Gem  Monteith 

Colia  Incomparable  P«inter  ImproTcd 

Chieftain  Jvillien  Pul.:hi\x 

Chloe  Marvel  (Knight)         Remus 

Claudinia  Lavinia  Shylock 

Eltse  LitUe  Nell  Surprise 

Encbantrflsa  Lord  Mayor  Rubens 

Eurydice 

NEW   FANCY   GERANIUMS.— 863.  per  dozen, 
AmbasBador  Formofiissiina  Othello 

Albiini  Supurb  Gipsey  Quoeu  Perfection 

Caliban  Mirand.i  Painted  Pot 

CaptivaKon  Marion  Torbay  Hero 

Celestiiil  John  Bull  Sambo 

Electa 

A  Post. office  Order,  payable  at  Islington,  -is  reipoctfully  ra- 
questfd  to  accompany  orders  from  unknown  corrospnodonts. 
To'ltngton  Nuraury,  Ilornsey  R  'ad,  Islington,  n'lar  London. 


EDWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 
aro  now  prepared  to  send  out  their  ui!W  CINERARIAS 
and  FANCY   GCRANIUMS  for   thin   Season,  which  they  can 
confldontly  recommend,  for  which  early  oriers  are  solicited— 
as  tho  stock  of  some  or  the  variotii'S  U  limited. 
NEW     CINERARIAS. 


a  d  I 

Charles  Diclccng 5  0 

Coiippicuu  ...        ...    ^  0  I 

Loveliness  5  0  | 

I'riiico  Arthvir 10  G 

Price  of  the  Scf,  £2  2.f, 

NEW      FANCY 
a.    d. 

Criterion 10    G 

Flora  Mclvor     10    0 

L'ldy  Downos      ...         ...  10    0 

Qiinim  of  tho  PonclcB  ...  10     0 


Cli!irlotte 

Rati?  Kfuriioy    ... 
Marguiirlto  d'AnJou 
ItiiHilind  ... 

Usual  discount  to  the  Trade, 
GERANIUIVIS. 

Fanny 

Italian  Beauty  ... 

Mnrgiaata 


^t 

(1 

.'"> 

II 

7 

« 

111 
adi 

6 

s. 

a. 

ID 

II 

10 

6 

11) 

e 

Price  of  the  Set,  £'A  .'is. — Umal  discount  to  the  Trade. 

For  doHoriptton  of  tlio  ubovo  Boo  tliis  Paper  of  October  9. 
Wolllnglon  llond  Nursery,  3t,  John's  Wood,  Loudon.— Oct.  IC, 


658 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  16, 


.  Od.  each,  or  75s.  per  100. 
G         „  10!.       „ 


TO    THE    AMATEURS    OF    TULIPS. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Floeist,  Clapliam  Rise,  neav 
Ltmcion.  Vicgs  to  inform  the  AMATEURS  that  he  hii< 
published  .1  NEW  CATALOGUE  of  the  above  Fi-OWERS,  in 
■which  he  has  mad.^  a  very  coueiderablo  reduciion  in  the  priced 
of  the  leading  kinds,  and  will  be  happy  tofoi ward  bis  Catalogue 
OQ  appliealion. 

CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 

A     PAUL  AND  SON  have  a  fiue  Stock  of  CEDARS, 
•   which,  for  beauty  of  Rtowth,  canuot  be  surpassed,  and 
which  they  beg  to  offer  as  under  : — 
CEDRUS  DBODARA        ...    1  ft..  It 
...    2  ft.,  2 
...    8  ft.,  3 
„  4  to  5  ft.,  7 

CEDRUS  AFRICANU3   ...    1  ft,  2 
...    2  ft.,  3 
CEDAR  OP  LEBANON  ...    1  ft.,  1 

2  to  3  ft.,  2 

3  to  4  ft.,  3 

4  to  5  ft.,  5 
,,                      6  toG  ft.,  7 

Also  the  following,  of  various  heighlsf— Abies  Morinda, 
Menziesii,  IDooglasii ;  Piuus  apulceosia,  Avacahuite,  Excelsa, 
luBigois,  ilacroearpa,  Lambertiana  ;  Picea!  uobilis,  Araucaria 
iuibricata ;  Criptomeria  j^ipoaica;  Cupreasus  Qoveoiana, 
Lambertian.i;  Juniperus  bibeinica,  Chinenfiis,  E.xcelsa;  Thuja 
fiiiformis,  Wareana;  Taxodium  dislicltam,  Sumporvirens ; 
Tasus  adpressa,  Irish  Yew,  Gold  striped  do.,  and  numerous 
others  equally  fine  plants  and  eqiiallj  cheap.  Priced  Catalogues 
of  Coniferae  furnished  on  application.  ; 

Nurseries,  Cheshunf.  Hertn.— Ocruher  16. | 


MESSRS.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  OF  CALCUTTA. 


I" 


151.       ,. 
il.  per  doz. 
3aa.       „ 
403.       „ 
75«.  per  100. 
2is.  per  doz. 
86s.       „ 
54s.       „ 
843.       „ 


LOCKSBROOK    NURSERY,;   BATH. 

I>  SHACKELL  begs  again  to  offer  the  public  his 
i-  beautiful  SEEDLING  ViOLET  "RUSSIAN  SUPERB," 
■which  variety  canoot  fail  to  give  the  bi/fhest  aatisfaction. 
Strong  bl.jomins  Plants,  haoiijer  and  packa.5e  iocluded,  6s.  per 
dozen  ;  Soiall  Plants,  such  as  may  be  sea:  through  the  post, 
4a,  per  dozen. 

R.  S.  has  almost  an  inexhaustible  stock  of  Double  Blue 
Perpetual  Tree  Violet.  Strong  fine  healthy  Phinta,  having 
fiom  20  to  30  blooms  on  each  plant,  euch  as  would  make  a 
display  at  once,  he  will  render  at  the  low  price  of  25,  6d.  per 
dozen,  hamper  included  ;  or  lis.  ptr  100,  hamper  included. 
In  quantities  of  not  less  thau  1  dozen  or  100.  One  hundred 
plants  of  this  variety  would  supply  several  .Bouquets  per  day 
from  this  time  uutil  the  end  of  Msy  nest.  A  large  Bouquet  of 
sach  of  these  two  varieties  can  be  seut  tbroi^i^h  the  post  on  the 
receipt  of  12  penny  postage  stamps. 

Neapolitan  Violet  Plants        Vs.  per  dozen. 

Double  Whi'e  Tree  Violet       3s.  „ 

Ditto  ditto  Violet  ...        Si         ,, 

Single  White  Russian 3j,  ,, 

Old  Russian  Violet       5s\'     "  hundred. 

Hamper  and  package  included.  '^^   '_. 
Post-office  Orders  payable  to  Robert  Shackell,  *^      '""" 
Broad-street,  Bath. 


rsG, 


PELARGONIUMS. 

CHARLES  TUKNER,  Royal  Nursery,  Slough,  begs 
to  offer  the  following  NEW  PfiLARGONIUllS,  raised  by 
FOSTER  and  HOYLE  ;  strong  plants  of  which  are  now  ready 
for  delivery.  The  usual  discount  to  the  trade.  If  the  set  is 
taken  a  liberal  allowance  wilt  be  made.  The  following  were 
raised  by  Kdmdnd  Fostee,  Esq.,  of  Clewer  Manor: 

OPTIMUM,  large  aud  fiue  bhape ;  full-BizeJ  truss,  and 
emooth,  with  great  dep  h  and  richness  of  colour  ;  lower  petals 
bright  crimson,  w  ith  large  glossy  black  paich  on  tlie  top  petals, 
leaving  a  narrow  well-defined  margin  of  crimson-scarlet  ;  free 
bloomer  and  good  habit;  has  been  generally  and  very  fauccess- 
fully  eshibited  ;  was  figured  in  the  January  number  of  the 
"Florist"  for  1SV2.  A  coloured  illustration  may  be  had  on 
encJosins  eight  postage  stamps.     4/*^ 

QUEEN  OP  MAY,  very  bright  novel  orange-ecarlet,  with 
deep  epot  on  the  top  petals,  with  scarlet  margin.    31s.  Gd. 

NATIONAL,  a  rich  dark  flower;  crimson  bottom  petals; 
black  blotch  oa  top  pe.tals  ;  fiery  narrow  margin  ;  fine  sub- 
stance.     3l3.  Od. 

ELEANOR,  compact  new  flower ;  deep  rose  bottom  petals, 
maroon  trp  petals,  narrow  margin  of  rose,  white  throat.     21s. 

RaCH  AEL.  free  constant  variety,  and  good  grower  ;  maroon 
top  petals,  margin  and  bottom  petals  rosy  crimson ;  good  ex- 
hibition plant.    '2ls. 

CHALLENGER,  small  bright  flower,  free  bloomer,  scarlet 
crimson  bottom  petals,  top  petals  maroon,  scarlet  margin. 
10s.  M. 

HEROINE,  rose  bottom  petals,  black  blotch  oa  top  petals, 
rose  margin,  white  centre.     10s,  Gd. 

Varieties  raised  by  G-.  W.  Hoyle,  Ebq.,  of  Reading: 

ASTREA,  white  centre,  deep  piuk  loner  petals  mottled  with 
orange,  rich  maroon  and  oraoge  top,  the  orange  showing  richly 
towards  the  margin,  which  is  rose.    21s. 

OSCAR,  rich  scarlet-crimson,  black  blotch,  free  and  con- 
stant, and  of  good  quality.     21s. 

LEONORA,  fine  circular  flower,  white  centre,  warm  pink 
lower  petals,  rich  maroon  and  orange  blotch,  and  even  margin 
of  pale  jiink  ;  occasionally  curly.     21s. 

ZARIA,  a  pretty  novel  cupped  flower,  warm  pink  ground 
colour,  clear  centre,  lower  petals  deeply  marked  with  a  con- 
stant spot  of  maroon  and  orange,  very  striking,  small  black 
and  orange  blotch.  21s.  (Figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  Sep- 
tember.) 

LAGOMA,  fine  form,  free,  and  coustant ;  lower  petals  rose, 
rich  black  top  petals,  with  margin  of  deep  rose.    21s. 

PORTIA,  large  and  showy,  lower  petals  white,  tinted  with 
very  pale  rose  ;  large  carmine  blotch,  with  white  margin.     2ls. 

CORDELIA,  good  form,  and  novel  in  style,  lower  petals  pale 
pink,  rich  top  evenly  edged  with  deep  rose  or  carmine  and  light 
pink  ;  not  good  early.     15s. 

BASILISK,  good  quality  and  free,  in  the  way  of  Salamander, 
but  brighter  ;  early  bloomer.     15s. 

GALATEA,  large  white  centre,  lower  petals  shaded  with  rosy 
lilac,  dark  blotch  shaded  on  the  margin  with  rose  and  lilac  ; 
early,  free,  and  constant.     15s. 

AMAZON,  fine  cupped  flower,  white  centre,  warm  pink  tinted 
with  lilac,  medium-sized  black  blotch,  with  bright  orange 
round  it.    ]yj. 

BUTTERFLY,  very  profuse  and  constant,  white  centre, 
mottled  rose  and  li'ac  lower  petals,  orange-red  top  petals,  with 
margin  of  lilac;  petals  too  narrow,  butvery  striking.     15s. 

MEDORA,  white  centre,  warm  pink  lower  petals,  orange 
top  petals,  margin  pink,  good  bloomer,  free  aud  constant.    I5s. 

AL81RA,  very  profuse  bloomer,  very  striking,  but  starry  in 
shape,  ground  colour  pale  lilac,  large  black  and  purple  spot  on 
me  lower  petals,  black  and  purple  top  petals,  with  margin  of 
lilac.     10s,  Gd.     (Figured  in  the  "  Florist  "  for  September.) 

KULLA,  ground  colour  deep  rose,  large  dark  spot  on  the  top 
petals,  with  distinct  deep  spot  on  the  lower  petals.  lOs.  6d. 
(^'Kured  in  .ha  "  Florist"  for  September.) 

1  /"^^^  (TnfiNEH).  rosy  crimson  bottom  petals,  strongly 
marked  aud  veined  with  crimson,  top  petals  maroon  with 
cr'inBOu  margin,  shnwy,  free  bloomer.     15s. 

RINGLEAOER  (Tukner),  scarlet  crimson  bottom  petals, 
maroon  blotch  ou  top  petals,  scarlet  margin,  very  attractive. 
10s.  6a. 

Also  all  (he  approved  older  varieties. 

Royal  ^u^se1y,  Slough, 


LIST  OF  QRGHIDEOUE 


18  6  2. 
PLAITS  INDIGENOUS  TO  ASSAM 


AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  Sec. 


6»» 

7» 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12* 
13* 
W 
15 
16 
17* 
18»* 
19 
20* 
21* 
22*' 

24* 
25 

26 

27** 

28 

29" 

30 

31*^ 

S2». 

33*1 

Zi 

36»^ 
37^ 

as* 
■40" 

42 

43* 
44«' 
45*' 
46* 
47* 
48 


66*+ 
67 

68* 
69 

70 
71 
72*» 

73* 

74* 

75M 

76* 

77" 

78** 

79 

80*1 

81** 

82*' 

83*« 

84 

85* 


Names. 


Microstylis  Wallichii  ?,.. 
Oberonia  inditolia 

,.      Bp 

(iiparia  sp.  

„     sp 

„     Bp 

.,     ep 

Otochilus  fascus 

,,    albua  , 

,  Pholidota  imbricata    ... 

„    undulata 

„    articulata 

»     sp 

..    sp 

Coelogyne  flavida 

„    undulata 

„    fimbriata? 

„     unitiora 

„    barbata      

„     proBcox  ?     

,,    maculata 

,,     WttUichiana 

„    ocellata      

,,    Gardneriana 

,,    cristata       

„    sp 

„    fiava!         

,1    sp 

»     sp 

»    sp 

n      Sp 

„      sp 

Bolbopbyllura    Ifi^ardi- 

num ,      

„    umb'^itatutn 
„     K^tfsyanumj 

»i   "sp 

„    sp 

„    sp 

„    PP 

..      sp 

Cirrhopetalum  sp, 

»    sp 

»     Bp.     ...        

»    sp 

»    sp 

Tricosina  suavis 

'Eria  fliva  

Eria  sp 

„    densiflora 

,,     ferruginea 

„    paniculata 

»     sp 

»    i^V^ 

»    sp 

M       sp.      ..ff  

Aporum  anceps 

,,    cuspidatum 

»    sp 

„     sp.  1 

Dendrobium  Pierardi  ... 
„     heterocarpum 
,,    Chrysanthum 
,,     Pastoni 
„     sp.  like  do. 
„    formosum 

,,    longicornu 

„    calceolus 

„    sulcatum 

,,    Jenkinsii 

„  CEsrulescens 

,,    uobile         

,,  Gibsonii 

„    Btuposum 

,,  Cambridgeanum ... 

„  tran-ipareus 

„  like  do.,  various  ... 

,,  Devoniatiuin 

„  Dalhousianum     ... 

„    multicaule 

„     Griffichii    

„     Farmeri      , 

„  densiflorum  pallid. 

„  do.    roseum 

„  intermedium 

>i    sp 

)•    sp 

»    sp 

.>     sp 

Spathoglottis  pubesceuB 
Arundina  bambusifolia 

Phaius  graodifoliu3 

.,     Wailicbii 

,,    maculata 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower, 


Small,  pea  green 

Minute,  yellowish 

Small,  yellow         

Largish,  green  yellow 

Small,  deep  purple 
„    yellowish  brown 
,,            I,         and  white 
,,    white 


„       „    and  yellow 

,,    yellow 

Largish,  white        

„  ,,  and  brown  ... 
„  „  and  lateritiou^ 
„    white 

Large,  white,yellow,&  rose 
,,        ,,        aud  rose 
„    pale  yellow  and  deep 

orange 
,,    white  and  yellow     ... 
„        „      streaked    with 
bright  yellow 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Large,  yellow  and  brown  .. 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 
,,    white  and  brown 

„    pale  yellow   ; 

,,    white  (pretty) 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

Large,  yellow  spotted  with 
purple. 

Largibh,  dull  yellow 

Small,  greenish      

Largish,  bright  yellow     ... 

Small,  white,  fragrant 
„    dull  purple     


Small,   greenish,  fragrant 

„    dull  purple     

Large,  browu  and  yellow... 
Largish,  dull  purple 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

Largish,  dull  yell,  ik  brown 

Largish,    white     streaked 

with  brown 

„  „    tinged    witb 

yellow 

,,    ferruaiueous 

Small,  spotted  with  purple 
Largish,  white        

,,  „    &  dull  purp. 

Minute,  rosy  

Small,  white  


Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Large,  pink  and  yellow  ... 
,,  yell,  and  br.  fragrant 
„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

,,    orange  and  brown  ... 

7ery  large,  white  and  yell,, 
fragrant 

Large,  white  and  orange... 

Very    dark    yellow,     rose, 
and  purple 

Large,  yellow  and  purple.. 
„     lively  yellow  ... 
,,    deep  lively  purple    ... 
„     white  rosy  purple    ... 
,,    yellow  and  brown    ... 

^mall,  white  

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br. 
,,  deep  lively  purple  ... 
„  pale  rose  aud  purple 
,,  lilac-rose  and  yellon 
„  rose,  white,  and  purp. 
,,  while  and  purple 
„  pale  yell,  and  orang< 
„  lively  „  „ 
„  white  and  orange  .. 
,,  pule  rose  and  orange 
„    pale  yellow  &  brown 

„    lively  orange 

11  )i  yellow  4;  brown 
„  yellow,  pink,  aVd  br. 
„     pink  and  yellow 

Largish,  yellow  and  purple 

Large,  pale  rose  and  Kvelj 

purple 

„    white,  brown,  <fc  pur. 

»  >>  jt  It 

„  ,,      rosy  scented 


94* 
95»' 
9fi»' 
97» 
98»* 
99«' 
100* 
101*' 
102 

103* 

104* 
105* 

loe*' 

107* 

108*' 

109*- 

110 

lU 

112 

113 

I14» 

115»' 

L16 

U7»* 

I18» 

119*^ 

1 20*' 

121*' 

\_>2* 

123*^ 

124'"* 

125"* 

126 

127 

128 

129*'' 

130 

131* 

132 

133* 

135 

136 

137** 

138 

139 

140* 

141** 

141** 
143** 
144^' 
145* 

146*' 

147 
148 


L50** 
151  •* 

152 
153 

154 

1 55-= 

1-56  <■* 

157«* 

158** 

159«* 

160** 

|61** 

162** 

l63«* 

l64*» 

1^5*- 

,66** 

167* 

168*' 

1S9** 

[70** 

l7l»* 

l72 

173 

l74 

l75*' 

|76" 

l77*' 

l78* 


Naues. 


Phaius  albus       

Aputaria  senilis 

A  latifolia  

Eulophia  virena 

„     sp 

)•    sp.    ... 

II    £P 

»     sp 

Vanda  teres 

„    cristata     

,,    multiflora 

„    ccerulea      

I,    Bp 

II    sp 

M    sp 

Camarotis  purpurea    ... 
Micropera  pallida 
Saucolabium  mlcraathm 

„    retusum     

„    papillosum 

,,    Calceolare 

„    sp.  like  do, 

„    caroifolium 

„    dasypogoa 

„    appendlculatum  ... 

.,    sp 

Sarcanthus  sp 

»    sp 

II    sp 

»     sp 

It     sp 

t>      8P 

Aerides  affine     

„    odoratum 

„    sp 

M       sp 

Agrostophylliam     Kha- 

eyanum 
Xiphosium  acuminatum 
Acanthophippium  sp.  ... 

»     ep 

Cymbidium  giganteum... 

„     pendulum 

,,    aloifolium 

„    eburneum 

,,    inconspicuum 
Cy  mbidium      longipeta- 
lum 

„    cyprifolium 

II    sp 

II     sp 

It      sp 

II       EP 

..     sp 

1  phalsnopsis,  sp. 

Euphorboecis  pygmaea.. 
Geodorum  dilatatum    ., 


Platantherasp 

Peristjlis  sp 

Habenaria  hamigera? .. 

,1    sp 

.1    sp 

ji    sp. 

t.    sp 

Pogonia  Joliaua 

It    sp 

>.    sp 

Cyrtosia  sp.  

Spiranthes  sp.    [ 

Ztiuxine  sulcata 

AnEectochilus            Rox. 
burghii 

I.    sp 

Cypripedium     venustum 

I,    insigne 

Calanthe  densiflora 

It    sp 

>i     sp 

It     sp 

It     sp 

Goodjera  sp, 

II    sp 

»    sp 

Ophrys  sp. 

„    sp 

AnthogiDum  sp, ... 
Bouatea  sp. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Large,  white,  rosy  scented 
Largish,  rose  and  green  ... 

i  

Large,  green  and  white    ... 

„    dull  yellow  &  brown 

„     deep  purple 

,,    green  and  yellow 

,,    puiplish  green 
Very    lar^e,    rosy    purple, 

yellow  and  brown 

Largish,   greenish,  white, 

and  purple 

„    white  and  rose 
Very  large,  deep  blue       ... 
Largish,  dull  purple 

„  „        and  green 

„    yellow  and  brown    ., 
Small,  yellow  and  purple.. 

„    palejellow     

Small,  rosy 

Largish,  lively  spotted 
Small,  pale  yellow  &  pur. 

,,     yellow  and  brown     ,, 

„    pale  do.  and  rose    .. 

„    rosy      

„    green  and  purple     ,. 

,,    yellow 

„    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Small,  rosy 

„    white  and  yellow 


,,    rosy  red 
Large,  rosy  purple... 
,,  „     sweet-scented 

Large,  like  affine,  and  very 

sweet-scented 
Small,  white 

Large,  white  ... 

,,    dull  purple    ... 

„    white,  streaked 
Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 
Large,  dull  yell,  and  purple 

ii  11  11 

Very  large,  white   ... 
Small,  brown 
Largish,  green  and  purple 


Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  white 

„    browoibh  purple 
Very  large,  white  ... 
Large,  white  and  brown  ... 

,,     green  and  dull  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

brown 
Minute,  yellow 
Large,  white,  purple,  aud 
yellow 

„    deep  rosy  purple  and 

white 

Large,  white 

Largish,      white,      flweet- 

scented 
Small,  green  ...        . 

„    yellow 

,,    greenish  yellow 

,,    white 

Large,  white 

Small,  rosy  white  ... 

Largish,  green 

Small,  purple 

Largish,  golden  yellow    . 

Small,  white  ... 

„    rosy  white     ... 

„    white 

Large,  green  and  purple  , 
,,    red  and  yellow 
,,    lively  yellow  ... 

Small,  brown  and  yellow. 

Large,  white  and  green    . 
„  „     and  yellow  , 

„    dull  purple     ... 

Small  white i 

,,  „  dull  purple  . 
Largish,  rosy  purple 

„    green  and  purple    . 

,,    rosy      

Small,  green  ...        . 


Do. 
Ter. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Epi. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Epi. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Ter. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ter, 

Do. 
epi. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Ter. 
Epi. 

Do. 

Do. 


zEscbynathuB  (3  to  4  sp.) :  Hoya  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  (several)  ; 
Lilium  (1  sp.) ;  Nepenthes  (1  sp.)  ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 
(150  to  200  sp.) ;  Palms  (Livistonia,  Leoxalla,  Caryota, 
Calamus,  &c.)  are  aUo  indigenous,  and  can  be  sent  if 
required. 


Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditco  marked  with  two  asterisks  are  considered  very  rare  _ 

The  charges  for  a  box  of  4  cubic  feet;  mea-uremeut,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  5t.  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  wiiicti  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  1  r.  8  a.  a  Plant ;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
seut,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  ntw  Plunts  not  included  in  the  list  are  aent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  "When  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  discount  ot  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

Plants  can  also  be  sent  in  glass  cases,  on  thfi  Wardian  pl^n,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  height,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  Will  be  made.  Glass  covers  can  also  be  supplied  for  the  other  boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 


ASSAM,  August  1,  1852. 


ROSE    NURSERIES,    HERTFORD. 

EP.  FRANCIS'S  CATALOGUE  OF  NEW  AND 
•    SELECT  K0SE3  FOR  1852    and   1853   is  now   ready, 
aud  will  bt  forwarded  gratis  upon  app  ication. 

Fine  strong  plants  ot  Chinese  Fuoebral  Cypress,  in  pots, 
4  feet,  l\Js,  trf.  each. — October  9. 


A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  announce  that  their 
•  CATALOGUES  of  ROStfiS  smd  HOLLYHOCKS,  con- 
tainini,'  all  the  fiue  new  varieties  lor  the  present  season,  are 
now  reailv,  and  may  be  bad  Iree  on  appiicatioo,  enclosing  Two 
Penny  Siamps  fur  the  postage.  The  AUTUMNAL  ROSES  are 
still  finely  in  bloom.— If  urserieg,  Cneshunt,  Herts,  Octob  r  LG. 


42— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


659 


YOUELL    AND    CO.    BEG   TO    OFFER    THE    FOLLOWING 


FRUIT     TREES. 

Comprisiog  the  best  varieties  ia  cultivation,  as  follows  : — 
Apples,  standard,  oa  sterna  5  to  6  feet,  bushy,  15s.  per  dozen. 

„         dwarf  trained,  stronp,  30^.  per  dozen. 
Pears,  standard,  on  stems  5  to  G  feet,  Eood  heads,  ISj.  p.  doz. 

„        dwarf  trained,  strong,  30.'.  to  Stjs.  per  dozen. 
Cherries,  standard,  on  stems  5  to  6  feet,  18s.  per  dozen. 

,,  dwarf  trained,  strong,  425  per  dozen. 

Apricots,  dwarf  trained,  very  strong,  35.  6d.  to  5s.  each. 
Peaches  and  Nectariaea,  do.  do..  3s.  G.i.  to  bs.  each. 
Plums,  do.  do.,  25,  6d.  to  3s.  Gd.  each. 

Faatolff  Raspberry  (Youell'.t).  We  still  refer  with  pride  to 
■this  excellent  variety,  by  far  the  best  red  ia  cultivation ;  strong 
canes,  155.  per  100. 

Large  white  Raspberry,  of  unequalled  size  and  flavour,  ad- 
znirable  for  the  dessert,  2is.  per  100. 

Gooseberries,  the  finest  prizs  sorts,  selected  for  size  and 
flavour,  in  strong  bushes,  is.  per  dozen. 

Currants,  alt  the  most  approved  sorts,  viz.,  new  White 
Dutch,  Raby  Castle,  Black  Naples,  &c.,  in  strong  bushes,  is. 
per  dozen. 

Strawberries,  all  the  finest  varieties. 

Rhubarb,  strong  undivided  roots  of  Myatt's  Yictoria,  Lin- 
nans,  and  Royal  Albert,  the  best  kinds  for  forcing,  83,  per  doz. 

Figs,  Brown  Ischia.  strong,  25.  Gd.  each. 

Asparagus  iGiant),  3  years,  per  100,  Sa.  Gd. 

Seakale,  very  strong,  2s.  per  dozen. 
'Do.,  fine,  53.  per  100. 

Owing  to  the  luxuriant  growth  these  make  in  our  eaa-coast 
nursery,  the  roots  are  very  fine  and  healthy. 

CONIFER/E. 

Axaacaria  imbricata ;   the   massive   appearance  and  unique 

character  of  this  tree,  joined  to  its  extreme  hardihood,  entitle 

it  to  the  first  place  among  hardy  trees.    We  possess  a  large 

stock,  and  he^  to  offer  it  as  follows  : 

12  to  15  inches         305.  per  dozen. 

2  feet 81s.       ,, 

3  feet 15s.  each. 

Fine  large  specimens  4  guineas  each. 
Cedrus  Beodara,  the  sacred  Cedar  of  the  Himalayas ;  this  tree, 
in  appearance  not  unlike  a  Larch,  bat  weeping  and  ever- 
green,  is  so  highly  esteemed  by  the  natives  of  these  regions 
as  to  become  an  object  of  reverence.  With  us  it  is  perfectly 
ihardy,  and  one  of  our  most  ornameatal  traes. 

1  year,  from  seed  20s.  per  100, 

2  years,      do,  SOs.     „ 

9  to  12  inches,  do.         503.     „ 

15  to  13  inches,  do 125.  per  dozen, 

IS  inches  to  2  feet,  do 2±3.  „ 

3  to  4  feet,  splendid  plants    ...  60s.         ,, 
5  to  6  feet,  fine  specimens      ...  2l5.  each. 

Zriah  Yews,  1  to  l|  foot Gs.  p. doz, 

,,  2  feet ds.     ,, 

„  2  to  3  feet      12s.     „ 

Taxos  pyramidally,  or  new  upright  YeWj  12  to  15  ias,  18s.     „ 

„      adpressa,  6  inches  -     .,.  12s.      „ 

„     Dovastonii,  or  weeping  Tew      ISs.     „ 

„     Gold  variegated      12s.     „ 

Thuja  pendula         ...  I85,     „ 

„      Donniana     5s.  each. 

Capressus  Lambertiana,  15  to  IS  laches        ...    29.  Gd.  each, 
„         Goveniana,  IS  inches  to  2  feet      ...    3s.  Gd.    „ 

„         Fuuebris,  15  inches Zs.Gd.    „ 

„  Uhdeana,  12  to  15  inches la.Gd,    „ 

„  torulosa,  18  inches  to  2  feet  ...    Is.Qd.     ,, 

•tfoniperas  Bedfordiana,  6  to  9  inches 6s.  per  dozen, 

„  „  IS  inches  to  2  feet    ...  ISs.         „ 

„  sqaamata,  4  iuches,  strong  ...    Os,         „ 

plnus  excelsn,  or  tall  growing;  this  fine  Fir,  from  the  Hima- 
layas, has  long  silvery  foliage,  and  ia  of  very  rapid  growth. 
It  merits  a  place  in  even  the  smallest  collection. 

6  inches,  in  pots 6>.  per  dozen. 

12  to  18  inches,  bushy    ...  125.  „ 

18  inches  to  2  feet  ...  ISs.  „ 

3  to  4  feet,  very  strong  ...  SOs.  „ 

5  to  6  feet,  fine  specimens  60s.  „ 

6  to  9  icches,  bedded      ...    48,  „ 
18  inches  to  2  feet,  bedded    S$.  „ 

Villus  Gerardiana,    a  very    robust  dwarf  species,    from  the 

Himalayas ;  it  makes  a  pretty  object  in  situations  where  very 

tall  trees  are  not  desirable,  its  maiimom  height  being  50  feet. 

Strong  bushy  planrs,  6  inches 9s.  per  dozen. 

Finos  Cembra,  2  to  3  feet 303.  ,, 

Cedms  Libanos,  18  iochas  to  2  feet       12s.         ,, 

„  „         2  to  3  feet  24s.  „ 

„      argenteus,  the  silver    Cedar  of  Mount 

Atlae,  12  to  20  ioches     3j.6d.each. 

Picea  Pindrow;  this  fine   species   of  silver  Fir  recommends 

itself  by  its    very  long  foliage    and   robust  habit,   closely 

resembling  P.  Webbiana, 

4  inches,  strong        ,„        12f.  per  dozen. 
0  t)U  inches  ...        24a.  „ 

Picea  Finsapo,  from  the  mountains  of  Spain;  theleavesof  this 

■pectes  are  strung  and  rigid,  and  arranged  on  the  stem  in 

the  m:tnner  of  a  bottle  brush,  a  very  distinct  and  beautiful 

sx>«cles. 

S  years,  from  seed,  strong I89.  per  dozen. 

Fme  »pecimea9,  2  to  3  feet  in  height,  and  as 

much  through        15s.  to    21s.  each, 

Plcea  cephalooics,  15  to  18  inches         2s.6d.  „ 

Abici  morindft,  a  fine  robuvt  species  of  Spruce, 

of  a  we«piag  h«blt,  from  the  Uimalayas, 

2  to  3  ftfdt 80f.  perdozen. 

Abios  Menzleili,   a   very    diatinct    species  of 

Spruce,  with  foliage  Bllvery  on  the  under  ilde, 

12  to  15  incbcK       I85.  „ 

Abies  I'umiU,  dwarf  ipecies  of  Spruce,  forming 

a  dfiarf  compact  Khrub  ..  ISs.  „ 

Abies  orlentalii  (true;,  anuthcr  dwarf  species, 

reryornaroeo'ai,  a  to'J  inches,  bushy  .,.    18s.  „ 

Taxodlum  terapervfrcnp,  IH  to  2t  inches        ...    80s.  ,, 

Cryptomeriajapoulca,  1)  to  2  feet       42s.         „ 

„  „  2  to  3  feet  C0«.  „ 

Podocarpu*  Totara,  12  to  18  inches      24f.         ,, 

Dacridlum  Fraakltnil       2i,  OU.  each. 


i)il*rcas  Fordl),  a  hardy  and  very  oroameotol  evergreen  Oak, 
vrlth  twlated  fullago,  12  to  15  Inches,  12j.  per  dozon. 
Do,  do.,  18  Inches  to  2  fo«t,  18«.  per  dozon. 

Do.  do.,  2  feet  to  3  feot,  30i.  per  do/.ci). 

Qavrcas  Unatu,  fine  species  from  the  Himalayas,  dusorlbod  as 
the  "  Ktng  of  Bvergrcoo  Oaks,"  6  to  0  iaohcs,  slroog,  3s.  GU. 
«acb, 
Qoercuf  rotundlfolla,  0  to  12  Inches,  'ii.  Cd. 
„        bsUuta,  0  Vt  12  inchi.-s,  2i.  (id. 

,,        Ilex  rar.  Ifu'nel,  a  very  flue  variety  of  the  ovorgrcr-n 
Oak,  with  rtry  broarj  fulla^o,  18  Inches  to  2  foot,  3f.  Cd.  oa'.ii. 
Do.  dij.f  2  10  3  feet,  Oi.  each. 


The  Lucorabe  Oak,  S  to  10  feet,  fine  transplanted  specimens, 

7s.  Gd.  eich. 
Standard  Thorns,  Is.  Gd.  to  2s.  6d.  each. 
Weeping  Ash,  on  8  to  10  feet  stems,  very  strong  and  bushy, 

fine  specimens,  3s,  Gd.  to  5?.  each. 
Poraytbia  viridiBsima,  1  to  2  feet,  strong  anl  bushy,  125.  p.  doz. 
WeigeU  rosea,  2  to  3  feet,  bu^by,  IS3.  per  doz^-n. 
Euoiijinus  japonicus   foliis  var.,  ono  of  our   best  variegated 

shrubs,  of  dtvarf  and  compact  habit,  9  to  li  inches,  bushy, 

9s.  per  dozen. 
Do.  do.,  12  to  18  inches,  do.,  125.  per  dozen. 

Ilex  latifoUa  ;    this  variety,   wich  fine  Laurel-like  foliage,  is 

quite  unique  among  Hollies  ;  strong  plants,   12  to  IS  inches, 

ISs.  per  dDZitn. 
Ilex  SbepparJii,  a  remarkable  variety,  with  very  broad  foliage, 

and  free  blojiiiiog  qualities  ;  the  finest,  perhaps,  of  the  green 

Hollies  ;  strong  plants,  2s.  6d. ;  smaller  do.,  123.  per  dozen. 
Bays,  strong,  63.  per  dozen. 
Aucubas,  Gs.  to  9s.  per  dozen. 
Roses,  afiaecoUectioQoftha  most  approvedvarieties  for  summer 

and  autuma  blooming  ;  standards,  per  dozen,  ISs. ;  half  do., 

15s  per  dozsn;  dwarf  on  own  roots,  93.  per  dozen. 

HARDY    CREEPERS. 
Hedera  Regneriyns,  or  Giant  Ivy,  Is.Od.  each.         ~ 

,,        silver-stripei,  Is.  each ;  palmated,  I3.  Gd.  each. 
Jasminum  revolutum,  very  strong,  Is,  Gd.  each. 

,,         fru'icosum,  Is.  each. 
Clematis,  sweet-scented,  9s.  per  dozen. 
,,         montana,  125.  per  dozen. 

,,        Sieboldii  and  azurea  grandiflora,  ISs.  per  dozen. 
Pyrus  japonica,  9s.  per  dozen. 

Escallonia  rubra,  12s.  per  dozan.     Pyracantha,  93,  per  dozen. 
Wistaria  sinensis,  Is.  6d.  to  3s.  Gd.  each. 
Bouriault,   Ayrshire,  Noisette  and  other  climbing  Roaes,  in 

strong  plants,  65.  per  dozen. 
Magnolia  grandiflora,   Esmoutbii,   ferruginea,  strong  plants, 

35   GJ.  each. 
CeanotUus  americanus,  hardier  than  C.  azareus,  12s  per  dozen. 
,,  rigidus,  the  hardiest  and  best  of  the  new  Californian 

species,  2s.  Gd.  each. 
Cotoneaater  micropbylla,  admirable  for  walls  ;  its  white  flowers 
and  coral  berries  form  a  striking  contrast  to  its  dark  green 
foliage,  93.  per  doz-en. 

GREENHOUSE    PLANTS. 

Camellias  of  the  finest  varieties,  set  wi:h  buds,  in  good  strong 
plints,  303.  per  duzen. 

Ericas,  fine  blooming  bushy  plants,  in  large  ISs,  12s,  per  doz.  ; 
suiiiUer  do,,  9s.  per  dozen. 

Epacvis,  nice  plants,  in  small  ISs,  in  many  fine  varieties,  9s. 
par  dozen. 

Ciaeparias,  choice  kinds,  new  varieties,  ds.  per  dozen. 

Mandevilla  suaveolens ;  this  fine  creeper,  of  robust  habit, 
produces  numerous  bell-shaped,  highly  fragrant  flowers,  of 
the  purest  white  in  large  clusters  ;  strong  plants,  Is.  Gd.  each, 

Passiflora  racemosa  carulea,  the  hardiest  and  best  for  a  green- 
h>use,  producing  in  abundance  its  pretty  purple  flowers; 
strong  plants.  Is.  GJ,  each. 

Passifiora  Bellotti,  a  fine  peach-coloured  new  variety,  2s.  each. 

Mitraria  coccioea  ;  this  fine  new  shrub  produced  its  fine  scarlet 
bladdery  flotvers  freely  in  our  nursery  last  season,  on  plants 
ia  433.  We  confidently  recommend  it  as  highly  orna- 
mental ;  it  makes  a  beautiful  sp  >ciinen  ;  stronij  plants,  in 
large  433,  Is.  Gd.  each  ;  afewfinesp^cimeas,  Ss.Gd,  to  os.  each. 

Philadelphus  mexicanus,  a  neat  dwarf  shrub,  producing 
flowers  as  fragrant  as  the  Orange,  123.  per  dozen, 

Aphelexis,  six  tine  varieties,  Is,  each. 

Crassuli  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  new  deep  s:arlet  variety, 
strung,  Is.  Gd.  each. 

Statice  pubenila,  the  prettiest,  perhaps,  of  the  genus,  pro- 
ducing its  pretty  blue  and  white  flowers  nearly  through  the 
season  ;  strong  plants,  85.  per  dozen. 

Leschenaultia  formosa,  12s.  per  dozen. 

„  biloba  nana,  18s.  per  dozen, 

Sollya  Drummondii,  a  neat  blue  flowering  creeper,  suitable 
fur  trellises,  18s.  per  dozen. 

Burchellia  capeutsis,  this  fine  old  favourite,  123.  per  dozen. 

With  many  other  fine  species  and  varieties,  on  aa  average 
I'.'s.  per  dozen. 

HARDY  BULBS,  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS,''ETC. 
Gladiolus  in  -ignis,  a  fine  robust  (<pefi6fl,  producing  during  the 

summer  and  autumn  months  long  spikes  of  g!o.ving  scarlet 

flowers,  almost  too  dazzling  to  look  upon,  Gs.  per  dozen. 
Tigridia  conchiflora,  the  yellow  tiger  flower,  very  handsome, 

3s.  per  dozen. 
Lilium  laneifolium  album,  the  beautiful  white  Japan  Lily, 

95.  per  dozen. 
Hyai:inth8,  of  the  finest  varieties  byname,  for  glasses  or  forcing, 

Gs.  to  9s.  per  dozen. 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  fine  strong  roots,  43.  per  100. 
Oxaiis  floribund-t,  one  of  the  finest  of  our  hardy  perennials, 

producing  its  pretty  pink  ^flowers  in  profusion  through  the 

suomer  and  autuma,  6s.  per  dozen. 
Oialit?  elegans  and  elegans  major,  two  pretty  species,  very  free 

bloomers,  Os,  per  dozen. 
Viola  lutea,  the  yellow  Violet,  a  vury  neat  and  distinct  species, 

93.  per  dozen, 
UoUyhoclis,  the  choicest  varieties  of  the  principal  growers,  123. 

to  IHs.  per  dozen. 
Patifties  (our  collection  comprises  all  the  known  varieties  of 

mi:rlt),  strong  plants,  Gs.  to  l-'s.  per  dozen. 
Rockets,  double  white,  'is.  per  dozen  ;  double  purple,  Gs.  per 

dozen;  crimson,  X8s.  perdozen. 
PrlrarosuB,  the  old  double  scarlet  or  maroon  ;  we  are  fortunate 

in  posuesning  a  good  stock  i^f  this  rure  though  flue  old  plant. 

Strong   plaiitB,  125.  per  doz-^n  ;  double  white,  U.  per  dozen  ; 

Ulao,  4«.  per  dozen  ;  purple,  (Jd.  per  dozen. 
New  Iliilglan  Uaifies  lu  muiiy  varieties,  4a.  por  doz^jn. 
Berbcrls  Uiirwiuli,  I83.  per  dozen. 
Deutziu  gracilis,  18s.  per  dozen. 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 
T      WEEKS   AND  Co.,   King's  Road,   Chelsea,    have 

O  %  a.  mist  splendid  collection  ot  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  aorta 
fur  Planting  or  Feoiting  in  Pots. 

A.U0  an  extensive  and  vaiuible  collection  of  STOVE  and 
fJREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  with  all  new  varieties.  See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.  Also  our  Illastratious  on  Hoail- 
coLToaAL  BoiLDiNQ  and  Heating  by  IIot-watee. 

J.  W£EE3  and  Co.,  ICing's-road,  Chel-ea. 

EOiiGEJACKM[AN,NuRSEiiYjiAN,Wokmg,SuiTey, 

IJ  mile  from  Wokiug  Station,  South  We-teru  Uatlway, 
begs  to  aQriouuce  iie  has  just  publishi^d  a  new  and  cmiplute 
Cicalogue  of  h'n  Am^jricau  Plantf,  Ornamental  Everjjreens, 
Gouiiers,  flo-vering  Shrub-,  Standard  aid  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Treea,  Jio.  ijc.,.aa'i  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

OUBLE  RO.MAN  AND  PAPELl  WHITE  NAR- 

CISSU3,  43.  per  dozen.— The  above  balbs.  the  former  of 
which  is  so  justly  esteemed  for  its  early  blooming  and  excessive 
fragrance,  and  the  latter  for  iu  purity  an  i  elegance,  have  been 
ju^it  received  at  A.  Cobbett's  Icalian  aad  Foreign  Warehouse, 
18,  Pal!-mall,  near  Waterloo-'place,  Loudon. 

(MEW    WHITE    BROCCOU-"D1LCOCK'S    BRIDE." 

BAINBRIDGE  and  HEWISOX  beg  to  announce 
that  they  have  purchased  of  Mr.  Dilcock  the  entire  stock 
of  the  above,  which  is  a  liroccoli  of  the  hii^hest  merit,  sur- 
passing every  other  (even  the  far-famed  "  Mammoth"),  as  the 
foUowiiig  will  testify.  It  has  beau  sold  iu  the  York  market  at 
I5.  per  head. 

"York  Horticultural  Society,  June  18,  1852. 
"  In  reply  to  your  inquiries  I  find  '  Dilcotik's  Bride  Broccoli  * 
was  awarded  first  and  ihinl  prizes  1350  ;  tirat,  second,  and  third. 
1851 ;  and  first,  second,  and  third  in  th«  present  year.  It  ought 
to  be  grown  by  every  gentleman's  gardener,  especially  where 
any  are  grown  for  competition.  Mark©',  gardeners  also  will 
find  it  to  their  profit  to  possess  it. —Yours  truly, 

"  R.  Dempsei,  Hou.  Secretary." 
The  Seed  will  be  sent  out  in  the  au'.umu  iu  sealed  packets  at 
'2s   GU.  each,  containing  about  1300  Seeds,  and  may  be   had  of 
themselves  at  York  ;  or  of  Messrs.  Noble;,  CouP£B,  and  BoLTON, 
Seed-merchants,  152,  Fleet-sireet,  London, 
Hope  Nursery,  York. 


KINGHORNES  SEEDLING   EPACRISES. 

JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  are  prepared  to  aoud  out  these  beautiful  Seedlings, 
from  which  they  have  selected  the  following  diatinct  kinds  :— 

E.  KlMSHOtlNII,— Tube  medium  length,  very  stout,  beauti- 
fully pencilled  with  rose  c  )lour,  pure  white  tip,  and  sepals  well 
reflexed  :  a  moit  profuse  bloomer.     Price  75.  Gd. 

E.  GIIANDIFLORA.  RUBaA.— Tuba  longer,  stouter,  and 
much  higher  coloured  than  [,'raudtflora  ;  tips  pure  white  ;  sepals 
expand  well ;  very  free  bloomer.     Price  5s. 

E.  MINIATA  SPLENDENS.— Tube  larger  and  longer  than 
miniata,  of  a  more  brilliant  colour,  white  tip  more  distinct; 
sepals  expand  well  ;  extremely  tree  bloomer.     Price  5s. 

PRICE  OF  THE  SET,  15s.— The  usual  discount  to  the 
Trade,  besides  a  sit  over  on  every  three  sets  ordered. 

These  superb  Epacrlses  are  really  the  most  useful  plants 
offered  to  the  Public  this  season.  Tney  are  very  great  improve- 
ments, both  in  habit  and  profuseoess  of  blooming,  over  all 
former  introductions,  and  will  prove  highly  valuable  for 
exhibition. 

Nursery  and  Seed  Establiihaient,  nammersmlth. 


THHOMAS  CRIPPS 
-L    new  and  select  Roses 

respectfully  o£fer3  the  foil 

Owin* 

: — 

P..P.xaA.s.     sm,.D,vfs. 

PEEPETtlilS.       ^'^° 

Dwfs. 

d,   s.d 

La  Sadiiisante 

3  6 

Biodore          

7  fi 

Docteur  Juillard    ... 

6  0 

Blancbe  Portemer  ... 

S  0 

Lucy  Baraote 

2  6 

Mere  de  St.  Louia    . 

7  Ii 

Mdm.  Leclerc  GuiUory 

S  0 

Miss  iVIeymott 

7  « 

William  SriffitlH     ... 

3  6 

Victoria  (Paul's)      ... 

.1  (1 

Souvenir  de  la  Reine 

Isocrate          

7  S 

de  Belgeg 

7  e 

Mdoi.  Seigneur 

.■>  0 

Paiala  de  Criatal     ... 

i  U 

Choreau         2  0 

1  fl 

Baronne  Ilallez  (beau- 

Gen. Cavaigriac  (fine)  2 

6 

2  0 

tiful)            3  0 

'2  0 

Mdm.  Fremion 

1!  (i 

Cumte  de  Bourmout 

7  6 

Aldin.  Ililairo 

B  0 

Clemence  Isauce      ... 

a  (1 

L'Efendard  du  Grand 

L'Eufant     du     Mont 

Homme       

7  a 

Cirmel        

5  1) 

Mdm.  Flory 

7  Ii 

Beranger        

2  1) 

Robert  Burns 

3  a 

Charles  Boiaster 

1)  0 

iiu^eiie  Sue 

7  Ii 

Souvenir I'Empire  ... 

r;  u 

Augu^te  Mie  (fine)  ...  5 

() 

a  a 

Caroline    da    Sausal 

Jeanne    d'Arc    (fine)  S 

(i 

R  r. 

(flue)           8  S 

2  (i 

Mdm.  Andry 

5  0 

Geaeral  Negrier      ...  3  6 

2  1) 

loermis 

b  0 

Geaer.il  Brea 

3  (i 

Gen.  Balaage 

b  U 

Louisa  OJier 

&  (1 

Gen.  Drouot  (moss). 

Rose   du    Roi    (aQW 

Herman  Kegel  (do.) 

white)         2  0 

i  (i 

CARNATIONS    AND    PICOTEES. 

Wo  are  probably  the  largest  (irowors  of  ihoHc  In  the  world; 

and  as  our  soil  und  climate  Hult  ihem  admirably,  they  attain  a 

luxuriance  with  uh  unknown  in  other  places.     Wo  can  supply 

tfood  Hiruug  Plants  of  the  best  varieties  as  follows  :—     £  s.    d. 

1:^  pLiira,  the  very  best  and  utiwoet        1  lo    0 

VI  \>%ivn,  line  do.  0  18     0 

loo  palm,  very  beat  and  newest     7  10    0 

H'()  piiirM,  li.io  do.  COO 

I'l  |mii-5,  lino  mlxerl  birder  do 0    9    0 

IJ  pairs,  true  old  Olovo      0  I'J    0 

PINKS. 

I'J  pain,  finest  Tarlollos     *      0  18     0 

I'J  pnlr«,  fine  do 0  lli    0 

Ifortjauonui  planfit,  la  great  variety,  per  lUO    1     fj    0 

A  l«rgu  quantity  of  itrung  £rergreou  Prlvot,  pur  10 JO    1  15    0 


AU  Orikrt  of  £2  and  upwrxrda  are  delivered  Cari-iuf/c  Free  to  London  and  Hull,  as  well  an  to  any 
ICailwai/  fitaCion  within  J  /iO  miku  of  (he  Nurmtrij. 

PMt-offloe  Ord«ri  to  be  made  payable  to  TOVBXiIi  Sn.  CO.,  Hoyal  zarar«ory,  Oreat  Tarmoutb* 


Geant  des  Batailles,  per  dozen,  Tor  hed^,  stds.  15$.,  dwfs.  \5s. 

Standard  Roses,  in  splendid  variety,  the  sokc-ion  being  loft 
to  T.  C,  ISs.  and  21s.  per  doKen.  Divarf  do,,  finest  varieties, 
12j.  to  ISj.  per  dozen.  Bwurf  do.,  good  varieties  by  name^ 
63.  per  dozen. 

The  above,  if  ordered  now,  will  be  sent  in  November  securely 
packed  to  any  part,     A  remittance  or  reference  is  requested. 

Tuubridge  Wolls  Nursery,  Kent,  Oct,  IG. 


©He  SatDrenet^'  CSirontcle* 

SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  10,  1852. 

MEETING  Foil  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
TuBS&jli,      Oct.     19 -Horticultural  S  r.u. 


Next  Tuesday  the  new  regulations  for  the  Exhi- 
bitions of  the  HoiiriouLTUiiAi.  Socikty  in  Itegent- 
street  come  into  operation ;  and  in  oiiier  that  our 
readers  may  he  aware  of  llie  nature  of  tlie  changes 
that  have  been  made,  we  print  the  following 
regulations. 

**  The  Council  of  tlio  IlorticuUural  Society  hereby  give 
notice,  thut,  with  a  view  to  the  I'urlhei"  eiicourageiuent 
of  good  cultivation  at  all  HcaHoim  and  In  all  branches  of 
gardening,  Mi^dals  ami  Certilieato^i  of  Merit  will  bo 
given  nt  the  General  McotingM  of  tlie  Society  in  llcgent- 
street,  during  tlio  years  ll)6'2  aud  1853,  under  the 
following  regulatioiiH  : — 

"  1.  Tlio  MedalB  and  Certificates  of  Merit  are  on  no 
accoinit  to  bo  inereiiHed  beyond  tlioao  named  in  the 
seliedule.  They  are  to  be  give;i  for  lino  cultivation, and 
not  for  mere  novelty,  wlncli  iti  to  be  a  uecoudary  con- 


660 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  16, 


sideration  with  the  Judges,  unless  attended  by  great 
excellence. 

•'  2.  Prizes  may  be  withheld  if  the  objects  exhibited 
for  competition  do  not,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Judges, 
deserve  them. 

"  3.  Although  those  subjects  of  exhibition  which  are 
thus  specially  indicated  are  what  the  Council  are  most 
desirous  of  receiving,  nevertheless  other  objects  are  also 
admissible,  and  additional  prizes  may  even  be  given 
for  them  ;  provideo  thev  possess  very  conspicuous 
MERIT.  The  Silver  Knightian  Medal  will  be  the  highest 
additional  reward  which  the  Judges  can  bestow,  with- 
out the  special  sanction  of  the  Council. 

"4.  In  a  future  year  other  kinds  of  produce  will  be 
selected  for  special  competition. 

"  S.  Cut  flowers  are  not  admissible,  except  when  it  is 
expressly  so  stated. 

"  b'.  Dishes  or  baskets  for  fruit  and  vegetables  must  be 
furnished  by  the  exhibitors,  if  they  are  present,  or  live 
near  London.  The  Society  -will  only  find  dishes  for 
what  comes  from  a  considerable  distance. 

"  7.  Fruit  must  be  perfectlt  ripe  and  perfectly 
^         COLOURED,  or  it  will  be  disqualified. 

**  8.  Vegetables  must  be  produced  in  the  state  in  which 
they  are  offered  for  sale  in  the  best  class  of  shops,  and 
properly  prepared  for  the  cook. 

"  9.  Foreign  fruit  and  vegetables  are  admissible,  but 
not  in  competition  with  produce  of  home  growth. 

"  10.  Everything  must  be  in  the  room  three  hours 
before  the  meeting,  and  ready  for  inspection  by  the 
Judges  two  hours  before  the  meeting.  If  anything 
received  later  is  allowed  to  be  exhibited,  it  will  be  liable 
to  exclusion  from  competition. 

"11.  Exhibitors,  and  exhibitors  only,  can  receive 
passes  to  enable  them  to  return  to  the  meeting-room 
after  the  prizes  shall  have)  been  adjudicated.  Two 
hours  before  the  meeting  they  must  quit  the  room,  in 
order  that  the  Judges  may  be  undisturbed." 

The  privileges  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Society 
remain  as  they  were,  but  it  should  be  observed  that 
no  strangers  can  have  admission  without  the 
personal  or  written  order  of  a  Fellow.  We  may 
also  add,  in  order  to  prevent  misunderstanding,  that 
in  addition  to  the  subjects  of  special  exhibition,  on 
this  occasion  (namely  hardy  annual  flowers,  table 
Pears  now  in  season,  and  Green  Peas,  all  correctly 
named),  others  are  admissible,  as  will  be  seen  in 
the  3d  of  the  above  regulations. 


The  tropical  and  temperate  parts  of  the  world 
abound  in  true  parasites  of  extraordinary  beauty, 
■which  derive  their  nutriment  from  the  trees  on 
which  they  grow.  For  this  reason  they  are  unculti- 
vable  ;  there  is  no  means  of  securing  under  glass  the 
arborescent  vegetation  which,  because  of  its  magni- 
tude, bears  their  attacks  without  sustaining  material 
injury.  With  us  the  Miselto,  a  parasite  of  similar 
nature,  produces  little  inconvenience  to  the  Apple, 
Lime,  and  other  trees  on  which  it  is  found ;  for 
they  contain  nutriment  enough  for  themselves,  with 
much  to  spare  for  the  Miselto  which  infests  them. 
But  if  Apple-trees  grew  in  hothouses  we  then 
should  hardly  see  the  Miselto,  inasmuch  as  trees  so 
small  as  to  be  grown  under  glass  would  have  no 
nutriment  to  spare  beyond  what  is  required  for  their 
own  need,  and  if  attacked  by  parasites  would  perish 
from  exhaustion. 

Hence  there  is  no  hope  of  our  ever  beholding  in 
Europe  the  magnificent  Loranthus  hicolor  of  Bengal, 
or  any  of  that  singular  tribe  which  to  the  habits  of 
Viscum  add  the  flowers  and  colours  of  our  finest 
Honeysuckles.  Debarred  by  natural  causes  from 
the  cultivation  of  exotic  parasites  we  seek  conso- 
lation among  epiphytes. 

But  although  true  parasites  are  beyond  our  attain- 
ment, and  we  shall  no  more  see  Loranths  in  hot- 
houses than  humming-birds  in  aviaries,  yet  it  is 
desirable  that  the  horticultural  -world  should  be 
made  aware  of  a  glorious  plant  of  their  order, 
■which,  with  the  other  peculiarities  of  those  parasites, 
joins  that  of  growing  in  the  earth. 

In  the  Swan  River  Colony  there  lives  a  tree 
called  NuYTSiA  floribunda,  a  beautiful  plant, 
figured  in  the  Appendix  to  the  first  23  volumes  of 
the  "Botanical  Register,"  p.  xxxix.,  with  very 
large  thyrses  of  bright  orange-coloured  flowers. 
Allan  Cunningham  states  that  it  flowers  in  the 
summer  months  (December  and  January),  and  such 
is  the  abundance  of  the  orange-coloured  blossoms, 
that  the  colonists  at  King  George's  Sound  compare 
it  to  a  tree  on  fire ;  hence  it  has  gained  the  name  of 
"  Fire  tree."  A  second  species  was  found  by  the 
same  traveller  in  1817,  in  the  more  avid  parts  of 
the  Blue  Mountains,  west  from  Port  Jackson  ;  he 
described  it  as  a  very  bushy  shrub,  3  feet  high, 
flowering  usually  in  the  spring  of  the  colony  (October) 
but  very  inferior  in  beauty  to  the  Swan  River  plant. 
This  remarkable  tree  appears  to  be  a  true  Loran- 
thaceous  genus,  and  for  a  long  time  was  assumed  to 
be  a  parasite,  although  it  always  grew  out  of  the 
ground.  A  ready  explanation  of  that  fact  was 
found  in  the  assumption  that  it  was  a  parasite  upon 
roots  ;  and  hence  no  attempts  have  been  made  to 
introduce  it.     It  has,  however,  been  now  ascertained 


to  have  no  parasitical  properties.  Two  letters 
addressed  by  Mr.  James  Drummond  to  the  Hon. 
W.  H.  Mackie,  of  Perth,  for  a  sight  of  which  we 
are  indebted  to  a  friend,  contain  the  following 
interesting  information  concerning  Nuytsia  flori- 
bunda ;  dated  "  Hawthornden  Farm,  1850." 

"May  11. — I  have  already  stated  to  yon  strong 
circumstantial  evidence  against  the  Nuytsia  being 
parasitical ;  but  I  have  at  length  had  the  satis- 
faction of  having  the  plant  grown  from  seed  in  an 
old  watering-pot  filled  with  sand  in  the  garden 
here,  and  constantly  under  my  own  eye ;  the  radicle 
is  strong  for  the  size  of  the  plant  and  r£^her  fleshy, 
the  cotyledons  are  four  in  number,  glaucous,  and  in 
form  resembling  the  leaves  of  the  plant ;  the  young 
plants  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  young  Stone 
Pines.  The  young  plants  of  the  genus  Loranthus 
are  widely  different  in  appearance  and  economy ; 
their  berries  throw  out  a  body  having  some  resem- 
blance to  a  root,  which  terminates  in  a  sort  of 
disk  which  the  seed  usually  places  flat  on  the  bark 
of  a  tree  or  other  substance  with  which  it  happens 
to  be  in  contact ;  the  Loranths  have  no  descending 
axis  of  growth  or  root;  but  by  some  unknown 
attraction  or  afiiaity  between  them  and  the  trees  on 
which  they  grow,  the  latter  immediately  adopt  them, 
enclose  them  by  their  bark,  and  send  up  sap  to 
nourish  them." 

"  Jimo  15.  —  I  send  you  germinating  seeds  of 
Nuytsia,  showing  their  roots  and  cotyledons.  To 
several  of  the  young  plants  the  covering  of  the  seeds 
still  adheres,  which  shows  that  there  can  be  no  mis- 
take in  the  matter.  The  Nuytsia  grows  very  easily 
from  seed,  although  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  a 
young  seedling  plant  self  sown.  I  think  it  is  owing 
to  the  large  winged  seeds,  which  are  very  conspicuous 
objects,  being  mostly  destroyed  by  parrots  and  small 
animals  of  the  Marsupial  and  Mus  families.  When 
I  say  that  I  have  not  seen  self-sown  Nuytsias,  I 
mean  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  seedling 
plants  in  the  vicinity  of  trees  which  bear  seed. 
Suckers  are  common  near  the  roots  of  old  trees, 
which  grow  up  and  form  the  groups  of  this  tree 
which  we  so  generally  meet  with.  It  is,  never- 
theless, evident  that  the  original  trees  from  which 
these  groups  were  produced  must  have  been  seed- 
lings. The  Nuytsia  is  often  seen  forming  groups, 
sometimes  singly  on  the  sand  plains  in  the  interior 
where  no  other  tree  exists,  and  where  the  seeds 
must  have  been  carried  for  many  miles  by  the  wind  ; 
for  travelling  in  that  way  their  broad  wings  are  well 
adapted." 

Such  being  the  fact  with  this  plant,  we  confidently 
anticipate  a  sight  of  it  in  our  gardens  ;  for  it  seeds 
of  it  should  refuse  to  travel,  living  plants  can  be 
easily  brought  over  for  any  of  Mr.  Drummond's 
correspondents. 

Upon  turning  to  our  herbarium  we  find  this 
memorandum  in  Allan  Cunningham's  hand-writing. 
"A  terrigenous  tree,  indigenous  to  the  shores  of 
King  George's  Sound,  where  it  grows  on  barren 
rocky  hills.  It  also  inhabits  the  forest  country 
about  Swan  River.  At  King  George's  Sound  it 
rises  to  the  height  of  12-15  feet,  and  the  fruit, 
which  was  originally  discovered  by  the  late  Mr. 
Baxter,  is  perfected  in  May."  Perhaps  the  plant 
more  resembles  some  magnificent  Hakea  or 
Grevillea  than  anything  else,  having  the  same  kind 
of  tough  leathery  leaves. 

That  must  be  a  very  fine  Florist's  Flower  that 
would  induce  us  to  introduce  a  notice  of  it  into  this 
part  of  our  columns,  which  is  usually  reserved  for 
discussions  of  higher  interest.  There  is,  however, 
no  rule  without  an  exception  ;  and  we  feel  obliged 
to  bring  forward  as  prominently  as  possible  a  new 
Fuchsia  in  the  way  of  Corallina,  the  beauty  of 
which  we  can  scarcely  find  adequate  language  to 
describe.  Flowers  of  the  deepest  rose  colour, 
3  inches  long,  with  a  deep  purple  corolla,  stamens 
projecting  an  inch  beyond  the  flower,  the  slender 
pale  pink  stalk  of  which  is  from  2  to  3  inches  long  ; 
such  is  a  single  blossom.  Every  twig  is  loaded  with 
from  three  to  seven  of  these  gorgeous  flowers,  so 
that  the  branches  are  forced  downwards  by  the 
weight  which  they  are  unable  to  support.  Add  to 
this  that  the  leaves  are  firm,  deep  green,  with  bright 
reddish  stalks,  and  that  the  young  wood  is  of  the 
same  colour,  and  the  mind  may  conceive  what  a 
magnificent  efi^ect  is  produced  by  this  variety,  which 
has  been  well  named  Fuchsia  princeps  by  Messrs. 
LucoMBE  and  Pince,  of  Exeter,  the  raisers  of  it. 


EPIPACTIS  PHYLLANTHES. 
The  recent  notice  of  an  Epipactis  in  your  pages,  as 
being  sent  to  you  by  Mr.  Harcourt,  of  Westdean 
House,  has  led  me  to  send  you  a  copy  of  the  lithograph 
of  an  Epipactis,  and  of  the  MS.  notes  upon  it,  which 
I  collected  in  the  upper  part  of  Phillis  Wood,  near 
Westdean,  Sussex, in  the  years  1838-9,  and  described  by 
comparison  a'-,  the  time.    I  do  not  doubt  that  Mr. 


Harcourt's  plant  and  mine  are  the  same.  In  its  lip, 
flowering  season,  and  general  structure,  it  difi*ers  widely 
fromE.latifolia.  I  named  it  phyllanthes,  for  distinction'^ 
sake.  Some  notes  in  addition  I  have  given  on  the 
same  sheet  with  the  description.  Qeraj'd  Smith,  Ashton 
Hayes  Parsonage,  September  29. 

EPIPACTIS  PHTLL4NIHES,  G.E.S. 

(QarEN-PLowERED  Helliborine.    Phillis  Wood,  Sdsbex.) 
Spec.  char. :  Root  leaves  sbeathiag,  broad-elliptic. OTate  :  appOF 

ovate-lanceolate,  all  Jirm.,  keeled,  smooth.    Flowera  secuod, 

cemuous.    Lip  ovaU,  undivided,  pointed,  convex,  and  keeled 

on  the  back.    Stigma  rounded-angular. 

GOMPABATIYE   DeBCBIPTION  OF 

1^.  latifolia. 


E.  phyllanthes. 
Plant,  scattered  in  groups,  or 

flolitary,  6  to  18  inches  high. 
Roots,  copious,  zig7.ag,uniform, 

simple,  blunt,  downy. 
Stems,  erect,  wavy,  round  and 

purple  at  the  base,  angular 

and  yellowish-green  above. 

Young  shoots  pink,  1    Stem 

occasionally  glandular, 

downy  above. 
Leaves,  broad'y  elliptic  below, 

with  smooth  sheaths,  narrow- 
ing upwards  into  the  lanceo- 
late bracteas  ;  their  sub- 
stance ,/ir)n,  scarcely  plaited, 

but    rather    striated:     with 

1  to  3  principal,  and  many 

smaller  parallel  veins,  edged 

with  minute  glandular  hairs, 

obtusely  pointed. 
Raceme,  of  alternate  cernuous 

flowers,    on   longish    green 

stalks. 
Germen  obovate  taper,  rough. 

ish. 
Flower  l)ud,  triquetrous ;  point    Bad  with  a  short  straight  points 

long  dejlexed. 
Sepals  ovate,   taper  pointed,    ;9epa{5broader,greeaorparpIe.. 

often  cohering  at  the  points, 

pale    green ;    keels,    darker 

green. 
Petals  ovate,  concave,  keeled.    Petals  purplish,  or  pink. 

yellowish  green. 


The  same,  on  similar  statiouB* 


The  same,  but  dull  grey-green 
or  purple,  and  doivny. 


Substance  thin,  praifCfZ.  Fria- 
cipal  veins  many  ;  edget  jfifv 
ru[a(e. 


Flower  ■  ttallcs    shorter,    and' 
purplish  in  many  cases.. 

The  same,  but  short. 


Lip,  similar  in  form  and  tex- 
ture to  the  petals,  ovate, 
pointed,  presenting  a  smooth 
giobous  convexity  at  the 
back,  and  keeled. 


PoUeii  masses,  in  two  close, 
ovate  cells.  Stigma  rounded 
angular,  point  protninent. 

Flowering  at  least  one  month 
earlier  thao  2.  latifolia,  and 
in  seed  when  E.  latifolia 
was  in  full  bloom. 

Flowers  scentless,  Sept.  1833, 
July  1839. 


Lip  of  two  portions.  1,  Vhe 
upper,  cup-shaped,  crenate, 
shining  and  ribbed  on  the 
convex  back;  2,  the  lower, 
uniform,  with  an  obtuse,  re- 
curved point ;  above,  com- 
municatmg  by  a  channel 
which  has  callosities  on 
either  side  with  the  cup- 
shaped  superior  portion. 

Pollen  masses  the  same.  Stigma 
squarish,  point  Jlattened. 

E.  latifolia  had  scarcely  ex. 
panded  its  dark-green 
cluster,  on  every  locality  as 
to  elevation,  when  E,  phyU 
lanthes  was  in  perfection. 


This  pretty  plant  was  gathered  from  a  single  locality, 
upon  the  elevated  part  of  Phillis  Wood,  near  Westdean, 
Sussex,  on  a  gravelly  soil,  where  it  occurred  with  Galium 
verum,  Fragaria  vesca,  &c.,  under  the  shade  of  dwarf 
Sallows  and  Birches,  first  in  seed  in  Sept.  1838,  and  the 
second  time  in  blossom  July,  1839,  and  was  regarded  as 
a  variety  of  E.  latifolia  in  which  the  lip  had  been  re- 
placed by  a  petaloid  leaf.  The  form  of  this  part  has- 
proved  uniform  in  all  the  specimens  examined.  , 

I  have  specimens  of  Ophrys  fucifera  E.B.S.  to  2649,. 
in  which  the  lip  is  replaced  by  a  sepal  ;  and  this  year  I 
gathered  at  KtUin,  in  Perthshire,  a  plant  of  Habeuaria 
bifolia  with  a  sepaliform  lip. 

But  there  are  points  in  the  structure,  texture,  and'  | 
flowering  season  of  E.  phyllanthes,  G.E.S.,  which  rendeir  j| 
its  distinctness  from  E.  latifolia  possible.  I 

The  lip  and  petals  being  uniform,  the  plant  in  de»i| 
scription  approximates  Goodyera,  and  when  I  gathered 
it,    it   occurred  to  me  that   this   might  be  the  plant 
mentioned  in  Camden  as  G.  repens. 

Excepting  the  crenulated  lip,  the  following  species', 
closely  resembles  our  plant ; — 

Serapias  niicrophylla,  fol.  caulinis  ovato-lanceolatig, 
inferioribus  brevissimis,  flor.  cernius,  labello  ovato  acuto 
crenulato,  cal.  sub^equali.  Ehrhart  Britrage,  4,  p.  42. 
Habit,  in  sylvis  montosis.  Persoon.  Syn.  PI.  1807, 
1990,  2. 

Sir  James  E.  Smith,  under  E.  latifolia,  Engl.  Flora, 
vol.  iv,  418,  1,  p.  41,  observes,  "a  specimen  in  which  the 
lip  is  perfectly  entire,  was  sent  me  from  Worcester- 
shire many  years  ago  as  a  new  species." 

The  examination  of  a  large  number  of  specimens  of 
E.  latifolia  has  not  afforded  a  single  instance  of  approxi-- 
mation  to  E.  phyllanthes,  in  the  form  of  the  lip. 

This  plant  is  evidently  the  same  with  that  figured  in 
the  Gardeners'  Ohronicle,  No.  34,  p.  536,  for  August  21j 
1852,  as  having  been  received  from  the  Hon.  and  Rev, 
L.  V.  Harcourt,  of  Westdean-house,  and  described  in 
that  number,  as  well  as  referred  to  again  in  No.  ?5, 
p.  549,  for  Aug.  28. 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  ADVANCE 
MENT  OF  SCIENCE. 
Notes  on  tJie  Distribution  of  Animal  Life  in  {he  Areli 
Regions,   by   Mr.  A.  Petehmann. — The   occurrence  < 
animals  in  the  Arctic  regions,  and  its  bearing  on  th 
missing  expedition  under  Sb  John  Franklin,  is  a  snbje< 
which  has  of  late  excited  a  good  deal  of  interest,  an 
has  given  rise  to  the  most  conflicting  opinions.     Arcti 
explorers  in  particular  have  varied  so  much  in  the 
statements  of  the  results  of  their  own  personal  observ 
tion,  that  it  seems  almost  impossible  to  arrive  at  at 
satisfactory   conclusion.      Some    have  maintained  tl 
existence  of  animals  in   the   Arctic  regions  in  gre 
numbers,  affording  abundance  of  food  to  man  ;  othe 


42—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


661 


09  Stoutly  insist  upon  the  extreme  scarcity,  if  not  total 
absence,  of  animals,  Mr.  Petermann  then  proceeded  to 
state,  that  the  views  hitherto  entertained  regarding  this 
subject  were  narrow,  circumscribed,  and  consequently 
arroneoua  ;  that  individual  observations  in  particular 
locaUties,  comprised  within  a  small  space  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  had  been  received  as  data  upon  which  to  build 
general  statements  regarding  the  entire  Arctic  regions, 
though  in  such  observations  the  whole  Asiatic  side  of 
the  Polar  basm  had  been  altogether  overlooked.  Argu- 
ments were  then  adduced,  from  the  geographical  features 
and  natural  history  of  those  northern  regions,  to  prove 
that  the  commonly  received  hypothesis,  that  with 
ascending  latitudes  there  was  a  proportional  descent  of 
temperature,  and  a  consequent  decrease  of  animal  and 
vegetable  Ufe,  is  a  fallacious  one.  With  regard  to  the 
tearing  of  these  observations  upon  the  Franklin  Expe- 
dition, Mr.  Petermann  further  remarked : — The  general 
opinion  is  that  the  missing  vessels  have  been  arrested 
somewhere  between  Wellington  Channel  and  Behring's 
Straits,  and  the  Siberian  shores.  Most  probably  their 
position  is  nearer  to  the  latter  than  to  the  former  points. 
As  these  three  regions  abound  in  animal  life,  we  may 
fairly  conclude  that  tho  intervening  portion  partakes  of 
the  same  character, — and,  moreover,  that  the  fm*ther 
Sir  J.  Franklin  may  have  got  from  Wellington  Channel, 
and  the  nearer  he  may  have  approached  the  north- 
eastern portion  of  Asia,  the  more  he  will  have  found  the 
-animals  to  increase  in  number.  The  direction  of  the 
isothermal  lines  corroborates  this  assumption,  as  they 
are  indicative  of  a  higher  summer  temperature  in  that 
region  than  in  any  other  ivithin  the  Polar  basin.  Those 
countries  bemg  probably  unmhabited  by  man,  tho 
animals  will  have  continued  unthinned  by  the  wholesale 
massacres  by  which  myriads  are  destroyed  for  the  sake 
of  their  skms  or  teeth.  An  interesting  fact  was  men- 
tioned by  Lieut.  Osbom, — namely,  that  Captain  Penny, 
in  September,  1850,  had  seen  enormous  numbers  of 
whales  running  southwards  from  under  the  ice  in  Wel- 
lington Channel.  We  knew  this  to  be  also  the  case  in 
the  Spitzbergen  sea  every  spring,  and  that  these  animals 
are  numerous  along  the  Siberian  coasts.  This  not  only 
proves  the  existence  of  one,  or  perhaps  two,  Polar  seas, 
more  or  less  open  throughout  the  year,  but  also  that 
these  seas  abound  in  animal  life  :  to  satisfy  enormous 
nnmbers  of  whales,  an  amount  of  food  is  required  which 
cannot  be  small.  And  it  is  well  known  among  the 
Tchuktchi,  on  the  north-eastern  coasts  of  Siberia,  where 
land  to  the  north  is  said  to  exist  in  contiguity  to,  and 
probably  connected  with,  the  lands  discovered  by 
-Captain  Kellett,  that  herds  of  reindeer  migrate  between 
those  lands  and  the  continent.  Taking  all  these  facts 
into  consideration,  the  conclusion  seems  to  be  a  reason- 
able one,  that  Franklin,  ever  since  entering  Wellington 
Channel,  has  found  himself  in  that  portion  of  the  Arctic 
regions  where  animals  probably  exist  in  greater  plenty 
than  in  any  other.  Under  these  circumstances  alone 
his  party  could  exist  as  well  as  other  inhabitants  of  the 
Polar  regions  ;  but  we  must  not  forget  that,  in  addition 
to  .the  natural  resources,  they  would  in  their  vessels 
possess  more  comfortable  and  substantial  houses  than 
any  of  the  native  inhabitants.  So  far  as  food  is  con- 
cerned, reasonable  hope,  therefore,  may  be  entertained 
that  the  missing  expedition  would  not  altogether  suffer  by 
the  want  of  it;  their  fate,  however  depends  upon  other 
circumstances  as  well,  among  which  that  dire  scourge  of 
mariners,  the  scurvy,  is  probably  more  to  be  feared  than 
any  other. — Sir  R.  I.Murchisonexpresseditashisopinion 
that  the  ascertained  fact  that  there  was  abundance  of 
animal  life  available  for  food  in  these  regions,  afforded 
among  other  things,  one  ground  for  hope  that  this  adven- 
turous party  still  survived,  and  that  he,  for  one,  would 
never  give  up  that  hope  until  their  death  was  actually 
ascertained,  or  some  other  circumstances  transpire 
sufficient  to  prove  that  his  hope  was  a  delusion ;  and 
while  even  a  shadow  of  hope  remained,  he  trusted  that 
the  British  would  not  cease  their  efforts  to  seek  out  and 
rescue  these  unfortunate  men  from  theu:  fearful  and 
perilous  position. — Professor  Owen,  being  requested  to 
state  his  opinion  concerning  the  paper  that  had  been 
read,  observed  that,  with  regard  to  the  various  subjects 
discussed  in  the  paper,  he  could  not,  for  want  of 
sufficient  information,  pronounce  any  decisive  opinion  ; 
but  he  thought,  from  the  facts  stated  respecting  the 
temperature  and  the  existence  of  animals  in  such 
abundance,  there  was  a  very  strong  probability  that 
Franklin's  party  might  still  be  in  existence. — Mr.  Reeve 
remarked  that,  in  most  of  the  Arctic  expeditions  of 
which  any  account  had  been  given,  tho  greatest 
difficulty  encountered  by  explorators  was  that  of 
o'btaining  food  ;  not  that  there  was  any  scarcity  of 
animal  life,  for  all  the  information  received  by  him 
tended  to  confirm  the  statements  of  Mr.  Petermann 
regarding  its  abun<l:ince,but  these  animals  were  generally 
beyond  reach— they  could  not,  in  fact,  be  got  at,  though 
they  hail  been  seen  in  great  numbers.  As  an  example, 
he  stated  that  in  Dr.  8utlierland*s  expedition,  they  could 
not  obtain  food  even  for  the  dogs  which  drew  the  sledges, 
and  they  would  themselves  have  suffered  severely  had 
there  not  been  an  abundant  stock  of  provisions  in  tlioir 
•hips.  It  was  his  opinion  that,  from  tho  inaccessibility 
of  food  for  one  reason,  not  to  mention  any  other,  these 
helpless  men  had  long  since  found  their  graves  in  tlieso 
dreary  and  desolate  regions. — Colonel  Sabino  thought 
that  where  the  Esrjimaux  could  live  Englishmen  could 
live,  and  that  too,  with  much  greater  case  and  comfort 
than  the  iiatives  of  tlioso  regions,  inasmuch  as  they 
poSACflsed  a  shelter  to  uttrnti  extent  from  tho  inclemency 
of  the  climate  on  board  their  ships,  and  means  of 
[ixocuring  eubeistcnce,  and  that    effectively,    in  their 


stores  of  ammunition.  With  regard  to  the  probability 
of  their  escaping  that  pestilence  among  sailors,  the 
scurvy,  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  offer  any  opinion. 
It  was  certainly  a  very  long  time  to  be  at  sea ;  but  not- 
withstanding, he  thought  there  were  still  reasonable 
grounds  for  hope. — Sir  D.  Brewster  confirmed  the 
general  opinion,  by  arguments  drawn  (from  the  geology 
of  the  country,  and  by  reference  to  ascertained 
facts  respecting  the  temperature  of  those  regions. 
—  Sir  E.  I.  Murchison  alluded  to  the  expedition 
under  Dr.  Rea,  who  had  no  difficulty  what- 
ever in  procm'ing  food  for  his  party,  and  who  stated 
that  they  were  in  a  much  better  condition  after  than 
before  their  expedition  to  the  Arctic  regions. — Prince 
De  Canino  observed  that,  imtil  positive  evidence  of  the 
fact  tliat  these  men  had  ceased  to  exist  had  been 
obtained,  every  one  was  bound  by  every  feeling  of  com- 
passion, as  well  as  by  all  the  ties  of  duty  to  men  who  had 
perilled  their  lives  for  the  public  weal,  not  to  keep 
silent,  but  to  raise  his  voice  inj  demanding  that  some 
great  national  effort  should  be  made  to  deliver  them  if 
Uving,  and  if  dead,  which  he  hoped  and  trusted  was  not 
the  case,  at  least  to  relieve  the  public  mind  from  its 
suspense  regarding  them.  If  it  were  so  that  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  his  party  had  found  their  graves  in  those 
desolate  and  inhospitable  regions,  let  them  have  all  the 
glory  due  to  courageous  explorators  for  the  good  of 
mankind. 


Emperor  ;  but  they  are  certainly  not  decidedly  different 
permanently.  They  were  exactly  alike  in  the  above  trial. 
Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society. 


NEW  ESCULENT  VEGETABLES 

EXAMINED  IN  1852,  IN  THE  GARDEN  OP  THE 

HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

Bt  R.  Thompbon. 

"  ITardy's  Transmuted  Shallot  to  Onion,"  or  Jlardy's 
Shallot  Onion. — Seeds  of  this  were  presented  to  the 
Society,  March  20th,  1851,  by  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Sons, 
Maldon,  Essex,  accompanied  with  the  following  note  : — 
'*  The  transmuted  Shallots,  or  rather  Onions,  raised  by 
us  from  Shallot  seed,  and  planted  last  winter,"did  not 
produce  Potato  Onions,  as  was  presumed  they  might, 
but  numerous  heads  of  seed  varying  from  10  to  20  from 
a  single  bulb.  They  certainly  possess  the  qualities  of 
both  Onions  and  Shallots  in  flavour,  size  of  the  Onions, 
and  the  fact  of  their  being  divisible  hke  Shallots.  The 
blade  is  very  narrow,  partaking  of  both  species.  The 
seed  is  small."  The  seeds  were  sown  when  received, 
March  20th  ;  and  the  produce  is  a  mixed  race,  varying 
in  size,  form,  and  colour.  Some  are  regularly  formed 
by  concentric  layers,  like  an  Onion,  and  not  unlike  a 
Reading  Onion.  Sometimes  the  formation  consists  of 
two  closely-conjoined,  compressed,  but  separable  bulbs ; 
and  frequently  clusters  are  produced  very  like  Shallots. 
The  colour  in  some  approaches  that  of  the  Silver-skin 
Onion,  in  others  the  Blood-red ;  but  the  generality  are 
reddish-brown.  They  are  strong-flavoured,  and  have 
the  appearance  of  being  good  keepers.  From  the  want 
of  uniformity  in  the  size  and  form  of  the  bulbs,  the  crop 
would  not  be  profitable  for  the  growers  for  market.  By 
a  judicious  selection  of  bulbs  for  seed  a  useful  sound- 
keeping  variety  may  very  probably  be  obtained. 

Morentiner  I^ucket-bsc  Pea. — Presented  to  the  Society 
by  Mr.  Seitze,  Royal  Gardens,  Munich.  This  was  stated 
to  be  a  good  variety  of  early  Pea.  It  proves  the  same 
as  the  Early  Frame. 

Paradise  Pea. — Presented  by  Messrs.  Stuart  and 
Mein.  Sown  May  17th  ;  fit  for  use  July  23d.  About 
4  feet  high  ;  pods  straight,  flattish,  containuig  6-7  Peas 
of  good  quality.  An  abundant  bearer.  Dry  ||seeds 
yellowish-white.     Allied  to  the  Early  Charlton. 

Dori  de  Fils-James  Pea. — Presented  by  Bossin, 
Louesse  and  Co.,  Paris.  Sown  May  17th  ;  fit  for  use 
July  20th.  About  4  feet  high  ;  pods  straight ;  flattish, 
in  shape  and  size  like  those  of  the  Charlton,  but  the 
pods,  and  also  the  Peas,  are  pale  yellow.  It  is  a  curious 
degeneration,  most  probably  from  the  Charlton  ;  the 
plants  are  similar  in  growth  to  those  of  the  Charlton. 
The  quality  of  the  Peas  is  very  good  ;  but  thejwant  of 
greenness  in  the  pods,  even  in  a  young  state,  would 
render  the  sort  not  marketable. 

Sutton's  Early  Goliath  Pea. — Received  from  Messrs. 
Sutton  and  Son.  Sown  May  17th;  fit  July  18th. 
About  4  feet  high.  Pods  tolerably  large,  containing 
about  7  good-sized  white  Peas,  of  excellent  quality.  A 
very  good  early  productive  Pea. 

Sutton's  Superb  Matrowfat. — Received  from  Messrs. 
Sutton  and  Sons.  Appears  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Woodford  Green  Marrow. 

Early  Prince  of  Wales  Pea. — Presented  by  Messrs. 
Whalley,  of  Liverpool.  Sown  February  16th  ;  fit  Juue 
25th.     Appears  to  be  a  well-selected  Early  Frame. 

Royal  Alfred  Pea. — Presented  by  Messrs.  Weeks  and 
Co.  Sown  February  IGth  ;  fit  July  14th.  From  3  to 
4  feet  high,  of  strong  growth ;  pods  large,  nearly 
straight,  containing  6-7  Peas  of  good  quality.  A  sort  of 
Marrow,  but  not  so  sugary  as  Knight's. 

Trial  of  Early  Peas. — The  following  are  the  results  of 
sowings  of  different  kinds  of  early  Peas,  made  with  the 
view  of  ascertaining  their  comparative  merits  in  point 
of  earliness  : — ■ 

1.  Eurly  Frame  f  own  November  IB  ;  flt  June  4. 

•I.  Eail;  Kent    do.  do.      16 ;         ,,      4. 

3.  Eurlj  Emperor        tlo.  do,      15 ;         „      4, 

4,  SangBter'i  No,  1        do.  do,       lr> ;  „       4, 

0,  F.Hrlj  Charllon        do.  do.      10;         „    24. 

Dwarf        ;     ""•  ""•      '"■         "    '■ 

7,  Karlj  Hurprlie        do.  do.      15 ;         ,,    24. 

Tho  first  four  of  tho  above  may  bo  considered  iden- 
tical, Sangstor's  No,  1  whs  admitted  to  have  been  sent 
out  in  mistake.  Slight  differences  will  take  place  in  the 
lOarly  Frame,  and  other  sorts,  in  consequence  of  tho 
modo  of  saving,    ^llenco  tho  Early  Kent  aud  Early 


Home  Correspondence. 

American  Aloe. — A  specimen  of  this  Aloe  (Agave 
Americana)  is  now  in  bloom,  at  Moreby  Hall,  York, 
where  it  forms  a  very  stately  and  conspicuous  object. 
It  is  grown  in  a  box  nearly  3  feet  square,  plunged 
centrally  on  the  ground  level  of  the  spacious  gravel- 
terrace  on  the  east  wing  of  the  mansion,  in  which 
position  it  has  stood  about  1 0  years,  protected  during 
the  winter  season  by  moveable  glass  frame-lights, 
within  which  a  small  stove  has  been  placed  during 
severe  weather,  to  exclude  frost.  Previous  to  the 
formation  of  the  flower-stem,  the  leaves  extended 
between  40  and  50  feet  in  circumference,  the  heart  or 
central  part  of  the  plant  being  up  to  the  above  period 
2^  feet  in  diameter.  The  length  of  the  leaves  averaged 
from  6  to  10  feet,  and  they  were  from  12  to  16  inches 
wide  at  their  lowest  part  in  connexion  with  the  stem. 
The  flower  scape  is  20  feet  in  height ;  and  at  the 
elevation  of  about  10  feet  the  side  flower  branches, 
which  are  28  in  number,  commence  diverging  hori- 
zontally, from  the  main  column.  These  lateral 
flower-stems  are  about  18  inches  in  length,  pro- 
gressively shortening  towards  the  top,  thus  forming  an 
elegant  candelabra-hke  pyramid  or  outline.  Each  of 
the  side  branches  again  branch  off  into  three  smaller 
ones,  which  immediately  converge  into  one  large,  flat, 
umbel-like  cluster  of  densely  crowded  floral  envelopes, 
from  which  issue  numerous  projecting  yellow  stamens, 
or  male  organs,  surrounded  by  imperfectly  developed 
floral  leaves  or  sepals.  It  is  calculated  that  the  aggregate 
number  of  blossoms  contained  in  the  28  fascicles  is 
between  4000  and  5000.  The  excellent  preservation  of 
the  plant  for  such  a  period,  through  all  the  vicissitudes 
of  weather  incident  to  such  a  situation,  reflect  credit 
upon  the  management.  W.  Wood,  Fishergate  Nursery, 
York. 

Jottings  on  the  Potato  Disease. — I  have  never  before 
committed  to  paper  one  observation  on  this  topic.  But 
now  that  the  wild  spirit  of  theory  is  somewhat  abated, 
and  sober  reason  is  beginning  to  be  heard  aud  appre- 
ciated, I  venture  to  offer  my  mite  of  experience  in  aid 
of  the  good  cause.  From  repeated  observations,  and 
from  deductions  gleaned  from  the  experience  of  others, 
I  am  convinced  that  the  most  effectual  mode  of  securing 
a  crop  of  Potatoes,  now  that  they  are  yearly  affected 
with  the  disease,  is  to  check  as  much  as  possible  their 
natural  luxuriance.  This  can  be  effected  by  with- 
holding manure,  and  planting  in  poor  dry  soils.  I 
subjoin  an  instance^or  two  out  of  many.  In  the  first 
year  of  the  appearance  of  the  disease  in  its  most  violent 
form,  a  field  not  previously  cultivated,  and  which  con- 
sisted of  a  dry  sandy  soil,  producing  nothing  but 
Heather,  was  broken  up  and  planted  with  Potatoes,  At 
digging  t'une  the  crop  was  found  to  be  affected' but 
slightly,  while  all  around  were  almost  wholly  de- 
stroyed. In  several  fields  attacked  in  a  violent 
manner,  such  roots,  as  from  being  near  trees,  or 
on  poor  dry  spots,  though  scanty  in  produce,  were 
invariably  much  less  diseased  than  others  not  similarly 
situated.  And  in  the  present  year  I  have  a  remarkable 
instance  of  the  truth  of  this  position.  Early  in  the 
past  spring  a  piece  of  excessively  poor  land  of  a  hght 
sandy  nature  was  planted  with  early  and  late  kinds,  but 
principally  the  former.  They  came  up  well  ^and 
progressed  favourably  until  the  disease  attacked  .the 
tops,  and  quickly  destroyed  them.  At  that  period  the 
early  kinds  were  nearly  ripe  ;  tho  late  ones  not  half 
grown.  None  of  them  increased  in  size  of  tuber  after 
that,  but  whenthe  whole  were  taken  up  the  early  kinds 
were  scarcely  diseased  at  all ;  the  late  ones  considerably. 
It  may  be  well  to  state  that  no  manure  of  any  kind 
was  given  them.  Now  I  Imow  of  no  instance  in  the 
neighbourhood  where  there  is  so  little  disease  as  in 
those  I  have  mentioned.  There  is  scarcely  a  crop  that 
is  not  a  total  failure,  while  among  the  early  kinds  of  those 
planted  without  manure,  in  the  poor  soil,  scarce  two 
tubers  in  a  bushel  were  affected.  Nor  have  they 
evinced  any  tendency  to  decay  since  digging  time, 
and  they  have  been  taken  up  five  or  six  weeks. 
The  result  of  my  own  experience  and  observation  and 
that  of  others  which  I  have  investigated,  points  out  the 
following  as  the  most  advantageous  method  of  producing 
a  sound  crop  of  the  now  affected  plant. — 1,  Let  the  sets 
be  carefully  preserved  through  the  winter  in  a  sound 
aud  healthy  condition,  in  a  cool  place,  where  they  will 
not  be  induced  to  make  premature  growth  ;  and  if  they 
do  commence  growing,  do  not  damage  or  rub  off  the 
shoots,  2.  Plant  as  early  in  the  season  as  possible,  say 
the  end  of  February  or  first  week  in  March.  3.  Use 
no  manure.  4.  Choose  a  dry  and  light  soil.  5.  PlanI; 
none  but  early  kinds.  6.  Keep  the  ground  about  them 
thoroughly  free  from  weeds.  In  attending  to  these 
simple  and  practical  i-ules  more  success  will  be  obtained 
than  in  adhering  to  out-of-tho-way  remedies,  that  have 
neither  practice,  science,  nor  common  sense  to  recom- 
mend them.  Of  autumn  planting  I  have  not  experienced 
sufficient  advantages  to  recommend  it  over  that  of  early 
spring.  Crayon. 

Planting  and  Training  Wall  Trees. — The  disappoint- 
mont  resulting  from  loss  of  blossoms  every  spring,  evea 
where  trees  are  partially  protected,  has  induced  me  to 
think  that,  in  walled  gardens  tho  trees  ought  to  bo 
pinntud  on  tho  opposite  side  of  tho  wall  to  that  on  which 
tlioy  are  intended  to  bear  fruit ;  that  their  branchos 
should  bo  led  over  the  coping,  aud  trained  down  tho 


662 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Oct.    16, 


other,  say  south  side.  By  so  doing  we  should  have  all 
our  valuable  borders  to  do  as  we  liked  with,  and  we 
could  crop  them  up  to  the  very  foot  of  the  wall.  It  has 
always  been  remarked  by  gardeners  that  wherever  trees 
have  been  planted  on  a  north  wall  and  brought  oyer 
and  trained  down  the  south  side,  the  blossoms  have 
escaped  frost,  unless,  indeed,  it  has  been  very  severe. 
This  in  a  great  measure  would  do  away  with  spring 
covering;  for  by  the  present  system  of  planting  and 
training,  we  make  the  blossom  a  cup  to  hold  water, 
sleet,  or  snow,  as  the  case  may  be  ;  and  when  morning 
frosts  occur,  the  water  freezes,  and  the  organs, 
essential  to  fructification  perish.  It  is  notorious  that 
what  blossoms  do  escape  are  sure  to  be  [those 
on  the  undersides  of  the  shoots,  and  which  of 
course  look  downwards.  The  stamens  and]  pistils 
being  dry,  are  saved.  When  a  tree  is  on  the  north 
side  of  a  wall  the  sun  cannot  .ict  upon  its  stem, 
the  sap  therefore  flows  more  regularly  ;  the  practice 
would  also  save  mulching,  watering,  and  many  other 
annoyances,  for  in  some  places  where  I  have  been  even 
a  cat  must  not  be  seen  treading  upon  the  south  border. 
It  has  been  noticed  that  fruit" gathered  from  trees 
planted  after  this  fashion  has  been  of  a  better  flavour 
than  that  from  trees  growing  in  the  ordinary  way.  I 
planted  a  good  many  at  Broom  House,  Fulham,  in  this 
manner ;  and  Mr.  Knight,  of  the  Exotic  Nursery, 
Chelsea,  a  good  authority  in  such  matters,  will  per- 
haps say  how  they  have  succeeded.  In  addition  to 
the  above  advantages,  I  may  mention  that  a  tree 
trained  down  a  w.all  is  never  so  liable  to  red  spider  as 
one  otherwise  placed,  on  account  of  the  underside  of 
the  leaves  being  more  exposed  to  rains  and  dews  ; 
neither  is  it  so  liable  to  mildew,  on  account  of  its  main 
stem  being  protected  from  violent  sun-heat.  One  thing 
much  against  fruit  trees  is  that  the  majority  of  gardens 
lay  in  the  lowest  parts  of  the  park,  where  they  receive 
the  earliest  frosts  in  autumn,  and  the  latest  and  severest 
in  spring.  No  doubt  some  will  object  to  planting 
on  the  outside  of  walls,  as  they  will  be  unable  to  make  up 
those  unnatural  plum-pudding  borders  in  which  they  so 
much  delight.  This,  however,  to  a  great  extent,  might 
be  got  over.  It  is  a  well-known  fact,  that  the  late  Mr. 
Chapman,  of  Vauxhall,  never  made  a  border  for  his 
Grape-vines  ;  they  were  merely  planted  against  the 
wall  ;  and  in  the  present  year  Mr.  Chapman  told  me 
that  in^'  digging  down  he  could  not  even  find  a  root, 
they  had  passed  under  the  wall  to  the  other  side  where 
gardens  of  other  peopleg  abut  ;  and  for  fruit  from 
those  same  Vines  he  has  taken  numerous  prizes. 
Does  anyone  know  where  the  roots  of  the  famous  Vine 
at  Hampton-court  have  gone  ?  And  yet  it  is  a  fact 
that  upon  these  Vines,  over  whose  I'oots  we  have  no 
control,  the  berries  are  always  better  coloured  than 
under  ordinary  circumstances.  Do  not,  however,  let 
me  be  understood  as  wishing  to  depreciate  modern 
advances  in  fruit  growing.  I  am  only  bringing  forward 
cases  in  support  of  my  plan  of  planting  contrary  to 
what  at  present  exist  ;  besides,  those  borders,  if  any,  on 
the  outsides  of  walls  might  be  abandoned,  at  least  as 
far  as  a  few  stumps  of  Cabbages  and  greens  are  con- 
cerned. James  Cuthill,  CamherwcU. 

Van  Blons  Leon  Ic  Ckrc  Pear. — I  have  just  gathered 
a  basketful  of  this  variety,  and  thinking  them  very 
fine  I  weighed  six  of  them.  Their  weights  collectively 
were  4  lbs.  5  ozs. ;  the  largest  weighed  1 3  ozs.  Are 
these  weights  unusual  for  this  Pear  ?  A,  C.  R.  [The 
sort  has  been  grown  quite  as  large,  but  not  generally 
so  in  this  climate.] 

Larch. — "  Is  the  dictum  confirmed  which  Lord  Port- 
man,  I  believe,  set  forth  in  the  '  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Agriculture,'  that  the  Larch  fails  except  on  the  primi- 
tive rock  form.ations  1 "  The  above  query  has  been 
addressed  by  "  G.  R.  L."  to  the  editor  of  "  Notes  and 
Queries."  I  had  not  heard  of  this  dictum  before,  and 
I  shall  be  obliged  by  some  opinion  on  the  subject.  Diss. 

Pear-leaf  Fungi. — I  inclose  for  your  inspection  a  leaf 
and  small  portion  of  a  branch  affected  in  the  first 
instance  in  June  by  the  orange  spot,  and  succeeded  by 
the  .(Ecidium  cancellatura,  described  and  illustrated  by 
Mr.  Graham,  at  page  629.  All  the  Pear-trees  (which 
are  young)  in  the  gardens  here  are  seriously  affected  by 
this  disease,  several  to  such  an  extent  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  gather  a  dozen  entire  leaves  from  a  tree.  In 
many  instances  the  branches  and  petioles  are  affected  as 
the  specimen  sent  is,  penetrating  to  the  pith.  The  trees, 
as  may  readily  be  imagined,  have  a  pitiable  and  miser- 
able aspect.  I  am  anxious  to  collect  information  on  the 
subject,  and  to  devise  measures  to  prevent  the  recur- 
rence of  this  formidable  disease,  which  it  is  too  evident 
must  seriously  affect  the  future  welfare  of  the  tree.  Our 
trees  here  all  bloomed  profusely  last  spring,  and  set  a 
fair  crop  of  fruit,  all  of  which  dropped  soon  after  being 
attacked  by  tlie  fungi.  The  trees  in  the  orchards  around 
here  are  more  or  less  affected,  but  far  less  so  than  in 
the  case  now  under  consideration.  C.  E.  ]7ells.  Gardener 
to  T.  Gamhier  Parry,  Esq.,  Highnam  Court,  Gloucester. 

Potatoes  and  Weeds. — It  is  my  opinion  that  while 
your  correspondent,  at  p.  629,  justly  condemns  the 
practice  of  allowing  weeds  to  grow  among  Potatoes  as 
a  preventative  of  the  disease,  he  has  failed  to  prove  that 
either  the  weeds  or  the  disease  has  done  his  crops  very 
g.'eat  injury.  Under  any  circumstances  a  full  crop  of 
Potatoes  aud  weeds  could  not  be  expected  at  the  same 
time ;  and  while  he  has  been  able,  notwithstanding 
weeds  3  or  4  feet  high,  to  pick  up  nearly  a  bushel  of 
souna  Potatoes  from  20  square  yards  of  orchard 
ground,  which  implies  that  there  might  be  the  deterio- 
ratmg  influence  of  fruit  trees  to  boot,  where  is  the  cause 
of  complaint !  it  is  something  like  240  bushels  per  acre. 


a  splendid  crop  in  these  times.  The  principles  involved 
in  starving  the  plant  through  exhaustion  of  the  ground 
by  weeds,  by  cutting,  or  by  drawing  the'stems,  are  the 
same  ;  the  former  plan  is  a  lingering,  slovenly,  and 
uncertain  remedy  ;  and,  to  be  enabled  to  adopt  the 
latter  with  success,  recourse  must  be  had  to  the  earlier 
sorts  planted  early  in  early  spots.  Is  it  possible  that 
Potatoes  can  increase  in  size  after  having  had  tlieir 
stems  cut  close  to  the  ground  ?  [Undoubtedly.]  Is  it 
possible  that  drawing  the  soil  over  the  tops  of  Potatoes 
thus  treated  can  prevent  bleeding  ?  Ehen. 


LiNNEAN.  Meetings  which  our  own  reporter  has 
omitted  to  notice.  Nov.  4, 1851 — The  President  in  the 
chair.  Read  a  communication  from  J.  Couch,  Esq., 
F.L.S.,  recording  the  discovery,  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall, 
of  a  species  of  Onebidium,  allied  to  O.  Celticum,  Cuv. 
These  moUusca  were  found  by  Mr.  Couch  in  great 
abundance  on  a  confined  space  of  rocks  at  West  Coombe, 
in  Lantivet  Bay,  between  Polperro  and  Fowey,  con- 
gregated in  small  groups  about  a  foot  or  two  from  the 
surface  of  the  sea,  where  the  waves  break  over  them, 
ascending  and  descending  witli  the  tide,  so  as  constantly 
to  maintain  nearly  the  same  relative  position.  When 
wholly  immersed  (in  an  attempt  to  preserve  them  alive) 
in  a  bottle  of  sea-water,  they  did  not  survive  the  day. — 
Read  an  extract  from  a  letter  addressed  to  the  President 
by  W.  K.  Loftus,  Esq.,  the  naturahst  attached  to  the 
Turco  Persian  Boundary  Commission,  dated  at  Kerrind, 
Persia,  August  6th,  1851.  In  this  locality,  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  abounds  in  plants  producing  foetid 
gums,  Mr,  Loftus,  acting  on  Mr.  Brown's  recommenda- 
tion, had  procured  several  different  kinds,  of  which, 
and^  of  the  plants  producing  them,  he  gives  some 
particulars  in  his  letter.  Two  of  these  belong  to  the 
genus  Dorema,  Don;  and  a  third  derived  from  a 
plant,  which  Mr.  Loftus  regards  as  belonging  to  the 
tribe  Sileridse,  is  called  in  Kurdish  "beeje."  The  three 
gums  have  the  same  general  properties,  and  grow  on  a 
limestone  soil,  at  the  elevation  of  from  5000  to  7000 
feet.  Large  quantities  of  gum  are  also  produced  by  the 
wild  Almond,  a  species  of  Astragalus,  and  the  Pistacia 
vera,  which  grow  abundantly  in  the  same  neighbourhood; 
and  there  is,  moreover,  a  kind  of  Thistle,  which  exudes 
honey,  especially  from  the  bud,  on  being  pierced  by  a 
species  of  Rhynchophora. 

Decemher  16,1851 . — The  President  in  the  chair.  Read 
a  letterfrom  Mr.  Hogg,  F.R.S.jF.L.S.,  &c.,  to  the  secretary, 
recording  the  captm-e  of  two  species  of  pipe-fish  (Syng- 
nathus)  during  the  last  summer,  the  one  near  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Tees,  the  other  in  tbat  river  near  Middles- 
borough,  by  the  same  person,  a  fisherman  of  Stockton. 
The  first  of  these,  Syngnathus  Typhle,  L.,  measured 
15|  inches  in  length,  and  the  formula  of  its  fins,  which 
differs  in  the  descriptions  of  Donovan  and  Jenyns,  was 
as  follows  :— D.  39  ;  C.  10  ;  A.  (rubbed  off)  ;  P.  13  ? 
The  second,  S.  requoreus,  L.,  was  17^:  inches  long  ;  its 
dorsal  fin  had  39  rays  ;  and  the  caudal  fin  was  obsolete, 
or  rather  rudimentary,  the  rays  to  the  number  of  three 
(or  perhaps  four)  being  inclosed  within  the  skin  of  the 
body;  the  tail  was  fiattened  at  the  extremity. — Read 
also  a  "  Note  on  the  Natural  History  of  Shetland."  By 
Adam  White,  Esq.,  F.L.S.,  &c.  In  this  note,  after 
referring  to  Dr.  Hibbert's  researches  into  the  mineral 
riches  of  Shetland,  to  Dr.  Fleming's  contributions  to  its 
zoology,  to  Mr.  Dunn's  interesting  work  on  its  birds, 
and  Mr.  Hewitson's  investigation  of  their  eggs,  and  to 
the  fruitful  results  of  the  dredgings  of  Mr.  Barlee,  Mr. 
McAndrew  and  Professor  Forbes,  by  which  so  much 
has  been  done  to  increase  our  knowledge  of  the  living 
inhabitants  of  its  surrounding  seas,  Mr.  White  expresses 
an  opinion  that  the  zoological  riches  of  the  coasts  of 
Shetland  will  be  found  to  equal,  if  not  to  surpass,  those 
of  the  Firths  of  Forth  or  of  Clyde,  and  even  of  the 
coasts  of  Dorset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall  themselves.  He 
refei's  to  the  two  principal  rarities  in  the  flora  of  these 
islands  (the  Arenaria  Norvegica,  Gunner,  and  Ajuga 
pyramidalis,  L.),  and  concludes  by  announcing  the  dis- 
covery by  himself  of  a  Lapland  species  of  humble-bee, 
new  to  the  British  fauna,  which  occurs  not  uncommonly 
in  his  brother's  garden  at  Lerwick,  is  still  more  fre- 
quent in  that  of  Mr.  Bruce,  of  Sandlodge,  opposite 
Mousa,  and  seems  even  more  abundant  in  Unst. 
This  was  immediately  recognised  by  Mr.  Frederick 
Smith  as  Bombus  arcticus  of  Dahlbom  ;  but  as  a  species 
of  Bombus  had  been  described  by  Kirby,  under  the 
same  specific  name  in  the  "  Appendix  to  Captain  Parry's 
First  Arctic  Voyage  in  1822,"  and  consequently  ten 
years  before  the  publication  of  Dahlbom's  species,  Mr. 
White  proposes  to  name  the  latter  Bombus  Smithianus. 
He  adds  that,  in  accordance  with  Kirby's  rule  in  his 
"  Monographia  Apum  Anglise,"  he  would  have  preferred 
the  specific  name  of  Smitliiellus,  as  indicating  that  it 
was  named  after  a  describer,  and  not  merely  a  collector ; 
but  he  has  felt  himself  compelled  to  adopt  the  name 
of  Smithianus,  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  confusion 
with  another  species  of  the  family  of  Apidse,  to 
which  the  name  Smithella  has  been  applied. — 
Read  further  a  memoir  "  On  the  Forest  Trees  of  British 
Guiana  and  their  Uses  in  Naval  and  Civil  Architecture." 
By  Sir  Robert  H.  Schomburgk,  Ph.D.  &c.  This 
memoir  had  been  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  at  York,  in  October  1844;  but  as  only  a 
simple  notice  of  this  reading  had  appeared  in  the  Reports 
of  the  Association,  the  secretary  (in  whose  hands  Sir 
Robert  Schomburgk  had  placed  it)  thought  it  desirable 


to  read  it  again  before  the  Linnean  Society,  in  order- 
that  an  abstract  might  be  published  in  the  Society's 
"  Proceedings." 


Ee&tefo. 


OTie  New  Water   Weed;  Anacliarw  alsincKtriim.    Some 

Account  of  it.    By  W.   Marshall,   Es(j.      London. 

Pamplin. 
In  this  fourpenny  pamphlet  Mr.  Marshall  gives  a  clever- 
account  of  the  manner  in  which  the  fen  country  has 
been  invaded  from  the  United  States  by  a  force  to 
which  Government  can  oppose  no  resistance,  and  of 
which  the  laws  of  nations  take  no  cognizance. 

On  the  3d  August,  1842,  a  zealous  naturalist,  Dr. 
George  Johnson,  observed  the  enemy  swimming  in  the 
lake  of  Dunse  Castle,  in  Berwickshire.  Nobody  had 
witnessed  the  landing,  or  the  advance  into  the  country. 
"  The  lake,"  Mr.  Marshall  informs  us,  "  is  situated  upon 
a  tributary  of  the  Whiteadder  River,  which  flows  into 
the  Tweed.  Specimens  were  sent  at  the  time  to  Mr, 
Babington  ;  but  the  discovery  was  lost  sight  of,  and  the 
interest  in  it  died  away  until  the  autumn  of  1847,  when 
it  was  again  discovered  by  Miss  Kirby,  of  Lubbenham 
Lodge,  in  reservoirs  adjoining  the  Foxton  Locks,  on 
the  Canal  near  Market  Harborough,  in  Leicestershire." 

Oddly  enough  the  whole  body  of  invaders  consisted 
of  females  !  It  was  an  inroad  of  Amazons,  Nobody 
thought  the  ladies  would  do  any  harm,  and  they  were 
permitted  to  settle,  and  propagate  at  their  pleasure.  It 
turns  out,  however,  that  English  courtesy  went  rather 
too  far  ;  for  instead  of  squatting  quietly,  without  dis- 
turbing their  neighbours,  the  dames  have  gone  on  multi- 
plying and  spreading,  till  they  have  impeded  navigation,, 
stopped  the  passage  of  boats,  and  rendered  it  necessary 
that  the  Watford  Branch  of  the  Market  Harborough 
Canal  should  be  cleared  of  them.  They  are  threatening 
to  block  up  the  Trent,  and  from  the  progress  already 
made  in  Cambridgeshh-e,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the 
"  funnies  "  on  the  Cam  will  be  sent  to  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum  as  an  addition  to  the  antiquities  of  the  Uni- 
versity. But  Mr.  Marshall  shall  speak  for  himself 
concerning  this  female  weed  : — 

"That  it  is  already  a  source  of  annoyance  to  our 
watermen  is  evident  by  the  universal  complaints  which 
have  been  made  of  the  obstructed  state  of  the  river  Cam. 
I  am  told  that  the  river  at  the  backs  of  the  colleges 
has  been  so  blocked,  that  extra  horses  had  to  be 
yoked  on,  before  barges  could  be  got  np  to  Fosters'' 
Mills. 

"  Sluicekeepers  also  complain  that  masses  of  it  get 
into  the  pen,  and  when  the  slackers  are  drawn,  the 
openings  are  choked,  and  the  operation  of  letting  boats 
through  is  greatly  impeded. 

"  The  Railway  Dock  at  Ely  became  so  choked  with 
the  weed,  that  boats  could  not  enter  until  several  tons 
of  it  had  been  hfted  out.  At  Roswell  Hill  Pits,  below 
Ely,  the  entrance  docking  was  blocked,  so  that  the 
gault  boats  could  not  get  in  till  it  was  removed.  (It 
was  here  where  I  found  it  in  flower.) 

"  Rowers,  too,  find  it  interferes  with  their  amnae- 
ments  ;  and  swimmers  remark,  that  it  clings  to  them 
like  '  scratchweed,'  and  that  if  they  are  overtaken  by  a 
lump  of  it,  they  are  likely  to  be  entangled  and  dragged 
by  it  into  deep  water. 

"  Even  the  fishermen  complain  that  they  can  no 
longer  ply  their  nets  so  freely  as  they  were  wont ;  and 
I  am  informed,  on  good  authority,  that  they  have  dis- 
continued setting  their  hook-lines  {i.e.  lines  laid  across 
the  river  with  a  series  of  hooks  attached),  because  the 
'new  weed'  either  cai'ries  them  away  bodily,  or  strips 
them  both  of  their  baits  and  fish. 

"  Lastly,  the  drainage  is  impeded.  Mr.  Human,  sen.j 
our  experienced  officer,  informs  me  tliat  although  the 
waters  this  season  have  been  run  off  at  Denver  Sluice 
a  foot  lower  than  in  previous  years,  the  average  height 
of  the  water  in  the  river  below  Cambridge  has  been  a 
foot  higher  than  in  ordinary  seasons  ;  and  he  refers  at 
least  half  this  diflTerence  to  the  obstructions  occasioned 
by  the  presence  of  the  '  Anacharis.'" 

As  to  the  habits  of  this  agreeable  visitor,  yre  can  only 
say  that  if  half  what  we  find  in  the  following  paragraph 
is  true,  the  posse  comitatm  will  have  to  be  called  ontj. 
unless  we  are  all  to  be  strangled  in  our  own  ditches. 

"  I  have  already  described  the  weed  as  growing  In- 
dense  submerged  masses,  distinguishable  at  once  from 
all  others  by  its  'leaves  growing  in  threes  round  a 
slender  stringy  stem  ;'  and  although  this  brief  descrip- 
tion is  amply  sufiicient  to  identify  the  troublesome  pest, 
a  short  further  account  of  its  appearance  and  habits  may 
not  be  uninteresting.  The  colour  of  Jthe  plant  is  a  deep 
green  ;  the  leaves  are  about  half  an  inch  long,  by  an 
eighth  wide,  egg-shaped  at  the  point,  and  beset  with 
minute  teeth,  which  cause  them  to  cling.  The  stems 
are  very  brittle,  so  that  whenever  the  plant  is  disturbedj. 
fragments  are  broken  off.  Although,  at  present,  it 
cannot  propagate  itself  by  seed,  its  powers  of  increase 
are  prodigious,  as  every  fragment  is  capable  of  becoming 
an  independent  plant,  producing  roots  and  stems,  and 
extending  itself  indefinitely  in  every  direction.  Most 
of  our  water  plants  require,  in  order  to  their  increase, 
to  be  rooted  in  the  bottom  or  sides  of  the  river  or  drain 
in  which  they  are  found  ;  but  this  is  independent 
altogether  of  that  condition,  and  actually  grows  as  it 
travels  slowly  down  the  stream,  after  being  cut.  The 
specific  gravity  of  it  is  so  nearly  that  of  water,  that  it  is 
more  disposed  to  sink  than  float,  and  the  cut  masses  may 
be  seen  under  water,  either  on  or  near  the  bottomj. 
rolling  over  and  over  like  woolpacks,  clinging,  tO'  every* 


42—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


663 


tiling  they  meet  with,  and  accumulating  in  great 
quantities  at  locks  and  bridges  (hugging  the  piers  of  the 
latter),  and  grounding  in  shoal  water.  Its  mode  of 
growth  may  be  best  seen  in  still  and  narrow  waters 
(such  as  the  stream  above  the  mills  at  Cambridge), 
where  it  seems  to  spring  first  from  the  two  sides  and 
bottom,  meeting  at  length  in  the  middle,  and  completely 
filling  up  the  watercourse,  as  I  have  seen  in  some  cases, 
almost  to  the  exclusion  of  the  water." 

There  is  no  doubt  that  this  so  called  Anacltaris 
alslnastrum  is  the  same  as  the  Anacltaris  Nuttalli  of 
the  North  American  rivers,  and  that  it  has  been 
sepai*atedbotanicalIyupon  differences  without  distinction. 
How  it  got  here  across  the  Atlantic  is  the  problem  that 
Mr.  Marshall's  pamphlet  attempts  to  solve,  and  we 
think  most  satisfactorily.  His  explanation  is  a  model 
of  sound  reasoning,  for  which  we  must  refer  to  the 
pamphlet  itself.  All  that  ourspace  allows  us  to  add  is  that 
the  weed  is  traced  from  Rugby  to  the  Severn,  the  Thames, 
the  Nene,  the  Ouse,  the  Welland,  the  Trent,  and  the 
Humber  ;  and  from  a  tub  in  the  Cambridge  ^Botanic 
Garden  into  the  Cam.  How  it  got  to  Rugby  is  uncer- 
tain, but  there  is  much  probability  in  Mr.  Marshall's 
coDJectiire  that  it  was  brought  there  with  American 
timber  used  in  constructing  the  railways. 

"We  know  that  in  North  America  the  timber  is 
floated  in  rafts  down  the  rivers,  in  which  case  fragments 
of  the  American  weed  would  cling  to  it,  or  seeds  might 
find'their  way  into  the  clefts  of  the  wood,  and  if  but 
one  seed,  or  one  fragment  retained  its  vitality,  in  some 
moist  cranny,  till  it  reached  its  final  destination,  I 
verily  believe  it  would  be  sufficient  to  account  for  the 
mjrriads  of  individuals  that  now  exist  in  England. 
Indeed,  from  the  circumstance  of  all  the  plants  hitherto 
found  being  of  one  sex,  the  hypothesis  of  its  propagation 
from  a  single  seed  or  fragment  is  rendered  more 
probable  tlian  by  supposing  a  number  of  seeds  or 
fragments  to  have  been  imported." 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Walmer  Castle  Gardens,  near  Dover,  Se;pt.  25. 
—The  kitchen-gardens  here,  one  of  which  lies  on  either 
side  of  the  small  but  beautiful  pleasure  grounds  and 
flower-garden,  are  very  small.  There  are  no  hot- 
houses nor  greenhouses;  the  only  glass  erections  are 
two  Jlelon  and  Cucumber  frames.  In  one  of  the 
kitchen-gardens  is  a  wall  at  least  20  feet  high,  which 
forms  part  of  the  offices  and  stabling,  and  against  this 
wall  are  some  large  and  well  trained  Vines  of  the  Black 
Clus'er  kind.  In  this  garden  the  fruit  trees  are 
remarkably  healthy,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  fruit 
on  them,  and  all  in  excellent  keeping.  The  sides  of 
this  garden  are  surrounded  by  a  hedge  fence,  conse- 
quently there  are  but  few  wall  trees.  Cropping  is  well 
carried  on.  All  the  walks  are  edged  with  Strawberries 
and  gravelled  with  sea-gravel,  which  always  looks  light 
and  clean.  The  kitchen-garden  on  the  south  side  of  the 
pleasure-grounds  is  walled  in,  with  the  exception  of  the 
north  side,  which  is  bounded  by  a  belt  of  plantation  ; 
the  walls  are  well  covered  with  fruit  trees.  This,  like 
the  other  kitchen-garden,  is  well  cropped  and  in  excel- 
lent keeping.  The  moat  round  the  castle  is  also  well 
cropped  ;  the  trees  against  the  walls  on  either  side  of  this 
defence  are  very  healthy.  The  pleasure  grounds  lay  on 
the  west  front  of  the  castle,  and  in  these  the  Duke  used 
to  take  much  delight,  more  especially  in  the  woody 
bowers  which  oversliade  the  walks.  Here  are  some 
very  fine  specimens  of  evergreen  Oaks  and  large  Por- 
tugal Laurels,  Cypresses,  &c.  In  the  flower-beds  were 
Fuchsias  and  other  flowers,  which  wore  a  brilliancy 
peculiar  to  their  situation.  Blossoms  roimd  London  seem 
dull  and  colourless  compared  with  those  near  the  sea-side. 
The  beautiful  Tamarisk,  than  which  few  plants  better 
withstand  the  salt  spray,  looked  as  green  as  spring  Grass. 
Little  alteration  appeared  to  have  taken  place  in  these 
gardens  since  I  visited  them  two  years  ago.  The  last 
time  our  great  Duke  walked  in  them  was  the  day 
previous  to  his  death ;  he  wanted  to  pass  through  the 
lower  or  nearest  door,  but  being  locked,  he  said  to  one 
fff  the  men,  "  Never  mind,  I  will  go  to  the  other  door." 
The  head-gardener  (Mr,  Townsend),  is  one  of  the  Duke's 
old  ftoldiers,  and  has  lived  here  V.)  years.  James  Culhill, 
O.i.rnUnodL 


FLORICULTURE. 


Sprtso  Bulbs. — The  following  remarks  on  the  culture 
of  the  Hyacintl),  Narcissus,  Tulip,  Itanuncuhi8,Anemone, 
aod  Crocus,  taken  from  Atkinson  and  Barr's  Catalogue, 
joat  issued,  arc  from  the  pen  of  an  experienced  culti- 
TAtor  (whose  permission  we  have  to  publish  them),  and 
therefore  their  correctness  may  be  relied  on. 

The  Jfyricinlh. — There  is  scarcely  a  flower  in  cultiva- 
tion which  so  gratefully  repays  tlio  attention  bestowed 
npon  it,  and  which  is  so  accommodating,  as  the  Hyacinth. 
Ulrill  thrive  in  almost  any  soil,  or  medium  capable  of 
rationing  moisture,  and  will  flower  almoHtrisfiii'-Iy  when 
jrowQ  in  water  or  moist  sand,  as  when  planted  in  the 
rieheat  compost.  The  ilyacinth  has  long  been  a  fuvourito 
irilh  lovers  of  flowers  in  all  grades  of  society,  and 
Iciervedly  so,  for  there  is  not  a  Imbitation  fit  for 
nan  where  it  will  not  deign  to  grow  and  hloom.  Its 
Mcommodating  habits  and  easy  culture  bring  it«  bertuti- 
ol  spikes  of  Hwcet*w:ented  Mowers  within  the  reach  of 
ho  inhabitant  of  a  cottage,  and,  in  beauty  and  fragrance, 
t  ia  not  BOrpaaacd  by  any  plant  with  which  the  wealthy 
an  grac«  their  drawing-rooms  or  Howor-lionMes  at 
hriatmas.^  Much    has    bocn  written    respecting   tlio 


culture  of  this  lovely  plant,  tlie  greater  portion  ol  which 
has,  unfortunately,  been  calculated  to  deter  persons, 
dependent  upon  such  sources  of  information,  from 
attempting  its  growth.  It  is  usual  with  writers  on  the 
culture  of  the  Hyacinth,  to  state  that,  to  grow  it  suc- 
cessfully, a  very  rich  soil  is  absolutely  necessary.  The 
following  are  the  directions  for  the  selection  of  pi'oper 
soil,  from  a  treatise  recently  published — viz.,  *'  ^  turfy 
loam,  ^  decayed  cow  dung,  ^  sharp  or  clean  river  sand, 
and  \  leaf  soil,  with  which  a  bed  of  the  necessary  size 
and  2  feet  deep  must  be  formed,  by  those  who  would 
grow  Hyacinths  properly."  The  removal  of  the  natural 
soil,  and  procuring  and  replacing  it  with  the  above 
materials,  in  any  case,  would  be  a  work  of  considerable 
expense,  and  altogether  beyoud  the  means  of  many 
lovers  of  early  flowers.  But  we  know,  from  experience, 
that  any  well-drained  garden  soil  is  easily  rendered 
suitable  for  the  growth  of  the  Hyacinth.  If  the  soil  is 
of  a  strong  adhesive  nature,  add  2  inches  of  sharp  sand, 
and  as  much  good  well-decayed  manure  ;_then  dig  the 
soil  2  feet  deep,  taking  cai'e  to  nicely  mix  the  sand  and 
manure  with  the  soil  as  the  work  proceeds.  Friable 
loamy  soils  will  I'equire  merely  a  liberal  dressing  of 
manure,  and  deep  digging.  And  it  will  be  found  that 
the  Hyacinth  will  produce  equally  fine  spikes  of  blossom 
grown  iu  soil  prepared  thus,  as  when  planted  in  more 
expensive  compost.  The  fact  is,  that  the  secret  of 
haviug  first-rate  spikes  of  flower  consists  more  in  the 
selection  of  properly  ripened  bulbs  than  in  the  soil  in 
which  they  may  be  grown.  Foi',  as  in  the  case  of  other 
bulbous  plants,  there  is  stored  in  the  Hyacinth  the 
embryo  of  the  blossom  and  a  large  amount  of  accumulated 
matter  ;  and  the  production  of  splendid  spikes  of  flowers 
is  vastly  more  dependent  upon  the  presence  of  these  in 
perfection  in  the  bulbs,  than  upon  their  being  planted  in 
expensive  composts.  The  best  criterion  which  can  be 
ofiered  for  the  assistance  of  purchasers  in  the  selection 
of  proper  bulbs  is,  that  they  should  be  proportionably 
lieavy  for  their  size,  firm,  and  plump,  particularly  about 
the  crown.  Size  is  of  hardly  any  importance,  as  some 
varieties  produce  small  bulbs,  and  others  larger,  and  the 
varieties  with  the  small  bulbs  produce  equally  fine  spikes 
of  flower  as  those  with  the  largest  bulbs.  The  proper 
season  for  planting  Hyacinths  in  beds  in  the  open  air  is 
the  last  fortnight  of  October,  and  the  first  of  November. 
Select  a  dry  day  for  putting  iu  the  bulbs,  and  if  the 
same  can  be  chosen  for  the  preparation  of  the  soil,  it 
will  be  in  much  better  condition  for  the  growth  of  the 
plant  than  if  worked  when  wet.  Plant  in  lines,  9  inches 
by  12  inches  apart,  which  will  afford  space  between  the 
plants  when  up,  to  work  a  hoe,  for  the  destruction  of 
weeds  and  keeping  the  surface  friable,  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  moisture  in  dry  weather.  The  crowns  of  the 
bulbs  should  be  3  inches  under  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
and  lest  a  sevei-e  winter  should  occur  it  is  well  to  cover 
the  bed  with  a  few  inches  of  old  tan,  or  any  light  sub- 
stance, to  exclude  frost.  This  should  be  removed, 
however,  when  the  plants  begin  to  grow  through  it. 

Culture  in  Pots. — The  Hyacinth  is  remarkably  well 
adapted  for  this  purpose,  and  with  the  assistance  of  a 
garden  frame,  with  some  stable  manure  or  tan,  to  fui'nish 
a  gentle  heat,  it  may  be  had  in  flower  at  Christmas,  and, 
with  a  good  stock  of  bulbs,  the  display  may  be  kept  up 
till  April  or  May.  For  early  flowering,  the  bulbs  should 
be  planted  early  in  September,  those  to  flower  in  spring 
need  not  be  planted  earlier  than  recommended  for  beds. 
The  best  pots  are  those  known  as  "  6-inch  Hyacinth 
pots,"  which,  being  deeper  than  common,  afford  more 
space  for  the  roots.  But  where  these  cannot  be  con- 
veniently procured,  use  6  or  7-inch  pots,  such  as  may  be 
at  hand,  and  these  will  answer  perfectly.  The  soil  used 
for  potting  should  be  as  rich  as  possibla.  Such  as  one- 
half  fresh  loam,  cut  from  a  pasture,  with  the  turf 
decayed  iu  it,  and  well  decomposed  cow  or  horse  manure 
with  a  small  portion  oi  clean  sand.  Fill  the  pots  lightly 
with  the  prepared  soil,  and  place  the  bulb  upon  the 
surface,  slightly  pressing  it  into  the  soil.  Set  the  pots  on  a 
dry  surface,  and  cover  with  about  3  inches  of  old  tan. 
Alter  remaining  here  for  a  month  or  five  weeks  the  bulbs 
will  be  sufficiently  rooted  to  render  it  safe  to  remove  them 
to  a  gentle  bottom  heat  of  about  55'^,  and  introducing  a 
few  pots  at  intervals  of  about  a  fortnight,  a  succession  of 
flower  will  be  secured  until  those  in  the  open  air  come 
into  bloom.  Persons  possessing  no  better  accommoda- 
tion for  growing  plants  than  a  room  window  will,  with 
careful  management,  be  able  to  grow  and  flower  the 
Hyacinth  well,  if  not  to  have  it  in  bloom  as  early  as 
those  who  can  command  a  gentle  heat.  We  need  hardly 
observe  that  plants  grown  during  the  dark  days  of  winter 
should  be  placed  near  t)ie  glass,  and  be  freely  supplied 
with  air,  when  this  can  be  given  with  safety,  and  those 
grown  in  windows  will  draw  to  the  light  unless  the  pots 
are  frequently  turned.  Most  persons  know  that  a  sitting 
room  window  forms  a  suitable  situation  for  Hyacinths 
while  in  bloom,  and  that  their  beauty  will  be  longer 
in  fading  hero  than  in  most  situations  ;  but  many 
remove  tliem  from  a  closo  atmosphere,  anil  suddenly 
Cfxposo  tluni  to  cold  tirying  currents  in  the  sitting-room 
window,  by  which  they  arc  greatly  injured.  Wo  warn 
the  inexperienced  to  guard  against  this  common  error, 
and  to  avoid  subjecting  the  plants  to  sudden  changes  at 
any  period  of  their  growth. 

Culture  III  OlojfHrH. — Of  all  the  plants  with  which  wo 
are  acquainted,  the  Hyacinth  is  tho  most  suitablo  for 
tills  elegant  althongh  somewhat  unnatural  syHtcm  of 
culture.  Its  roots,  like  those  of  other  plants,  sbiin  tho 
light  with  inHtitictive  care,  th(;reforo  dark-eoluurod 
glaMKCS  should  bo  scdr-ctcd.  JMuco  tlio  \i\\\ht\  on  tho 
glasw:s,  and  fill  with  rain-waicr  to  wiihin  half  an  inch 
of  the  bulb  ;  not  them  iu  a  cellar,  or  any  other  dark 


j  cool  situation.  When  the  glasses  are  moderately  rilled 
with  roots,  which  will  be  tlie  case  in  the  course  of  three 
or  four  weeks,  remove  them  to  where  the  plants  will 
'  receive  a  moderate  light,  and,  as  soon  as  the  leaves 
assume  a  healthy  green  colour,  to  the  lightest  possible 
situation.  When  in  actual  growth,  keep  them  as  near 
the  glass  as  convenient,  and  turn  them'occasionally,  to 
prevent  long,  weakly,  ill-shaped  stem's.  The  water 
should  be  changed  at  least  every  week,  using  pure  rain- 
water, of  about  the  same  temperature  as  the  bulbs  may 
be  growing  in.  For  giving  vigour  to  the  plants  and 
colour  to  the  flowers,  we  know  of  no  better  means  than 
to  dissolve  in  a  quart  of  rain-water  an  ounce  of  guano 
and  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of  chloride  of  lime,  and  to 
pour  two  tea-spoonfuls  of  that  into  each  bottle  twice  a 
week  after  the  flowers  begin  to  appear  ;  this  may  also 
be  given  with  advantage  to  those  growing  in  pots. 
Bulbs  grown  in  glasses,  if  to  be  of  any  use  the  following 
season,  should,  as  soon  as  the  beauty  of  the  flowers  is 
over,  be  removed  to  a  bed  of  rich  soil,  in  a  frame,  or 
very  sheltered  situation,  be  carefully  planted  and 
properly  tended  until  the  leaves  die  off.  If  bright 
sunshine  or  frost  occur  before  they  become  accustomed 
to  their  fresh  situation,  aft'ord  them  ihe  protection  of  a 
slight  covering.  If  well  cared  for  till  ripe  they  will  be 
worth  planting  in  open  beds  the  following  season,  but, 
with  the  best  management,  they  will  not  bloom  so  finely 
as  imported  bulbs. 

Narcissiis.  —  We  possess  many  varieties  of  these 
beautiful  and  deliciously  fragrant  flowers.  They  may 
be  grown  in  beds,  in  a  sheltered  situation,  for  spring 
flowering,  and  in  pots,  or  on  glasses  of  water,  and  form 
delightful  objects  either  in  the  greenhouse  or  sitting- 
room  window,  in  tho  early  spring  months,  when  sweet- 
scented  flowers  are  scarce.  Their  treatment  need  hardly 
differ  from  that  recommended  for  Hyacinths,  only  that 
the  soil  should  be  rather  lighter,  and  it  will  require  less 
manure  added  to  it. 

Tulips. — These  are  equally  well  suited  for  the  deco- 
ration of  the  flower-garden  at  a  season  when  few  plants 
with  high-coloured  blossoms  can  be  had  in  bloom  in  our 
climate,  as  for  growing  in  pots  for  ornamenting  the 
flower-stands  ;  and  flowering,  as  they  do,  with  very  little 
artificial  heat  shortly  after  Cliristraas,  they  foi'ra  an  easy 
and  inexpensive  means  of  enlivening  the  flower-house 
during  winter.  They  require  much  the  same  treatment 
as  the  Hyacinth.  The  double  and  single  Van  Thols  are 
the  best  for  early  flowering,  and  their  brilliant  colours 
and  fine  compact  growth  render  them  worthy  of  exten- 
sive cultivation  ;  and  many  of  the  later  flowering 
varieties  are  still  more  showy. 

Ranunculuses. — These  succeed  best  when  grown  ui  a 
strong,  deep,  perfectly  drained,  loamy  soil.  The  beds 
should  be  dug  2  feet  deep,  and  a  liberal  dressing  of 
decayed  manure  mixed  with  the  under  soil,  but  this 
should  be  kept  6  inches  under  the  surface.  Plant  early 
in  November,  covering  the  tubers  about  2  inches,  and 
it  will  be  advisable  to  protect  the  beds  from  severe 
frost  and  drenching  rains  by  a  covering  of  old  tan  or 
dry  litter,  but  this  must  be  removed  before  the  plants 
appear  above  the  ground.  If  dry  weather  occurs|in 
April  or  May,  give  the  beds  a  liberal  drenching  of  water, 
taking  care  to  wet  the  foliage  as  little  as  possible,  and 
cover  the  surface  with  half  an  inch  of  sand,  which  will 
prevent  cracking,  and  also  retain  the  moisture.  The 
Turban  varieties  form  beautiful  beds  in  the  flower- 
garden,  and  are  so  cheap  that  they  should  be  largely 
planted  by  every  person  having  a  taste  for  beautiful 
flowers.  When  the  leaves  decay,  take  up  the  tubers 
and  store  them  in  a  dry  place  until  planting-time. 

The  Anemone. — Few  plants  are  more  beautiful,  or 
more  easily  cultivated  than  Anemones.  They  enjoy  a 
deep  rich  loam}'  soil,  and  but  for  the  depredations  of 
slugs  they  might  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the  soil,  until 
it  became  necessary  to  remove  them  to  afford  space 
for  the  healthy  development  of  the  tubers,  which  in- 
crease very  rapidly. 

Crocuses. — These  early  flowers  are  peculiarly  adapted 
for  growing  in  pots,  and  should  grace  every  cottage 
window  at  Christmas.  They  should  be  planted  rather 
thickly  in  small  pots,  and  liberally  supplied  with  water, 
while  growing  actively  ;  but  so  accommodating  are  they 
in  their  habits  that  little  need  be  said  respecting  their 
proper  culture.  When  grown  in  the  open  ground  the 
bulbs  sliould  be  transplanted  every  third  year,  which  is 
necessary  to  afford  space  for  the   increase  tiiey  form.    . 

We  have  only  to  add  to  tho  above  that  whei*e  Hyacinths 
are  cultivated  in  glasses,  nothing  beats  the  bottles  and 
supports  invented  by  Mr.  Tye,  of  Birmingham,  for  that 
purpose,  and  which  ai'e  figured  iu  our  Vol.  for  1051, 
page  291. 


Cataloodes  lecolviid  from  Mcasra.  A.tUiii&oa  and  Barr,  61, 
(iij,'h-9treet,  WorcoHtcr ;  ErliTiondton  iind  0>>.,  l}tlmc-9t^eo^, 
Dublin;  J.  and  J.  Piiirbairn,  Cl.iphom  ;  J.  Dobson,  Wood- 
lantlfl,  Irtloivorth ;  R.  J.  Liiwrcnco,  Ilamptou,  Middlesex; 
J.  Holland,  Mlddletoa,  near  Mnucliestor  ;  and  E.  P.  Frauois, 
of  Ilertl'oril. 

Dahlias  :  Caki.  You  mny  Ilmo  your  ground,  but  nothlup 
aiiHWcra  bo  woU  nw  ti-i'iichinjf,  mid  alluwiiiif  U  to  iio  up  lljjthc 
111!  iho  wliitor,  cxpostjd  to  tho  action  of  t'lOstB.— ,-(  /''.  Your 
rootB  could  not  liavo  bocn  rlpo.  U  in  hijudlcUjUH  to  lift  them 
aft(!r  (ho  first.  littld  fro-it.  Tlio  firtit  wi-idc  In  November  ffl  a 
irnnd  time,  if  dry  ;  tfrnn  Bhortonlnif  tho  period  tlu;y  have  to 
bo  iibovu  ground,  and  uIho  allniv  ni{  thu  rootn  tlmo  to  rlpou. 
If  Iho  noli  ia  totornbly  dry,  loavo  plonty  about  Ilia  tuberfl, 
iiinl  wlnt('r  lliom  hi  a  dry  cull'ir.  Tlio  Btulk^  ithould  bo  cut 
down  to  tho  hard  part  lmin"diiitcly  al)ovo  tho  oruwii,  boforo 
thuy  itro  put  iiivuy  In  thoir  wiiitur  (|u:u'turH.  Diihlian  can  bo 
drioil  up  by  too  wwM  air,  mid  rottod  by  too  rl.inip  a.  jdace  : 
riwotd  bo^h  thoHO  fxtroni'-ir. — imatcHV.  Vou  will  liiid  tlio  bent 
iidvico  'in  thu  onlijcct  about  whieh  yoii  iinqiiiro  In  Tumor's 
"  Florlut,  i'Vuitim,  and  Oartlon  MiKOclIiiny  "  for  this  your. 

r  II  cum  A  B  : ./  O.  Yi'UHhouUJ  not  Uei'p  yom-cuttloj^'H  fiuirely  ehut 
up,    Cllvc  thcni  a  llulo  ulr  In  thu  way  you-pfojKipe,  in  tho 


664 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.   16, 


middle  ot  liue  days  ;    if  jour  frame  ia  bepc  too  cluee,    ttie 
steam  and  damp  generated  will  cau^e  them  to  "fog  oS," 


SEEDLING  FL0\7ERS. 

Agsratum:  B  ib  ff.  Too  much  epoiled  before  it  reached  us, 
for  us  to  bo  able  to  form  any  opinioa  as  to  its  merits. 

Dahlia:  IVM.  PiincoofOrHnge  i^  the  brighteBt  orange  wehave 
seea.  The  petaU  are  bold,  smooth,  and  well  cupped  ;  centre 
average  ;  beautiful  and  symmeirical  on  the  face,  but  deficient 
in  depth.  A3  a  first  bloom,  and  at  so  late  a  period  of  the 
year,  we  consider  it  of  some  value  and  much  promise. 

P2TDNIAS :  R  Ft  Chichesicr.  Very  much  spoiled  by  being 
packed  in  dry  cotton,  but  apparently  of  little  value. 


Miscellaneous. 

A  Royal  Botanist. — There  is  one  king  in  Europe  who 
ia  a  good  practical  botanist,  and  who  must  look  back 
upon  the  hours  spent  in  the  arrangement  of  his  fine 
herbarium  with  far  more  pleasure  than  upon  those  wasted 
in.  a  vain  and  retrograde  course  of  politics.  The  monarch 
in  question  is  his  Majesty  of  Saxony,  who,  in  his 
scientific  career  at  least,  has  gained  honour  and  respect. 
Many  are  the  stories  told  by  his  subjects  of  their  ruler's 
adventures  when  following  his  favourite  and  harmless 
bobby  ;  how,  more  than  once,  astray  from  his  yawning 
courtiers,  he  had  wandered  in  search  of  some  vegetable 
rarity  across  the  frontier  of  his  legitimate  dominions, 
and,  on  attempting  to  return,  was  locked  up  by  his  own 
guards  as  a  spy  or  a  smuggler,  since  he  could  produce 
uo  passport  nor  give  any  more  proper  account  of  him- 
self than  the  preposterous  assertion  that  he  was  their 
king.  Fifteen  years  ago  he  made  a  famous  excursion 
to  the  stony  aud  piratical  little  Republic  of  Montenegro. 
It  was  literally  a  voyage  of  botanical  discovery,  aud 
the  potentate  sailed  down  the  Adriatic  in  a  steamer 
ifitted  out  with  all  the  appliances  of  scientific  investiga- 
tion. On  its  deck  he  might  be  seen  busily  engaged  in 
laying  out  his  plants,  ably  and  zealously  assisted  by  his 
equerries  and  aides-de-camp,  and  guided  by  the  advice 
of  eminent  botanists,  who  accompanied  him  as  members 
of  his  suite.  Such  a  kingly  progress  had  surely  never 
been  seen  before,  unless  Alexander  the  Great  may  have 
relieved  the  monotony  of  conquering  by  making  occa- 
sional natural  history  excursions  with  his  quondam 
tutor  Aristotle.  The  Montenegrins^  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions very  troublesome  and  by  no  means  trustworthy 
people — folks  who  still  keep  many  of  the  worst  habits 
of  the  old  Scottish  Highlauders  — were  mystified  into 
tranquillity  by  the  peculiar  proceedings  of  their  royal 
visitor  and  his  noble  attendants.  Resolved,  however, 
to  render  due  honour  to  so  distinguished  and  unusual  a 
guest,  they  furnished  a  guard  of  State  to  accompany 
him  in  all  his  peregrinations ;  and,  whenever  his  botanical 
Majesty  stooped  to  gather  a  new  or  rare  specimenj  the 
soldiers  halted  and,  with  much  ceremonyj  presented 
arms.   Westnvinster  lievieio. 

American  Vineyards. — There  are  at  least  1200  acres 
of  vineyards  around  Cincinnati  alone,  giving  employment 
to  no  less  than  600  efficient  labourers,  at  an  annual  cost 
of  20j000  dollars,  and  producing  in  moderately  favour- 
able seasons  240,000  gallons  of  wine.  Most  of  those 
engaged  in  the  culture  of  the  Vine  have  families  to 
support.  It  is  calculated  that  the  wine  interest  in 
Hamilton  county  affords  subsistence,  directly  and 
indirectly,  to  10,000  iudusti'ioua  and  sober  people, 
_  A'^ncrican  CMnlpner^^  Ch'oniaU^ 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the  ensuing  weel.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
The  present  bright  days  and  frosty  nights  will  prove 
of  advantage  to  greenhouse  plants  at  this  season,  by 
assisting  the  ripening  of  their  wood.  Air  should  have 
free  entrance  during  each  fine  day,  regulated  so  as  to 
avoid  draughts,  which,  under  any  circumstances,  are 
injurious  ;  dry  weather  should  likewise  be  taken  advan- 
tage of  to  clean  the  surface  soil  of  pot  plants,  and  to 
wash  the  outside  of  the  pots,  to  promote  free  evaporation 
from  the  soil  during  damp  weather  ;  great  attention 
should  likewise  be  bestowed  in  keeping  the  shelves, stages, 
and  paths  free  from  dirt,  decayed  leaves,  &c.  These 
little  attentions  to  order  will  give  the  houses  an  agreeable 
look  at  a  season  when  flowering  plants  are  getting  scarce. 
The  conservatory  and  stove  creepers  trained  under  the 
roof  will  require  an  additional  cutting  in,  to  allow  more 
light  to  pass  to  the  plants  underneath ;  such  as 
have  done  blooming  may  be  well  thinned  out  at  once, 
aud  the  remaining  shoots  tied  somewhat  closer  together. 
Hardenbergias,  Kennedyas,  and  other  early  spring 
flowering  creepers,  should,  however,  not  be  disturbed 
at  this  season,  or  it  will  materially  abridge  their  beauty 
in  the  spring.  Before  placing  Gloxinias,  Achimenes, 
and  similar  habited  plants  to  rest,  let  each  plant  be 
labelled,  that  no  confusion  may  arise  when  they  are 
wanted  for  potting  in  the  spring  ;  all  of  the  above  keep 
much  better  in  the  pots  in  which  they  grow,  and  should 
be  placed  to  winter  in  a  room  or  shed,  where  there  is 
no  danger  of  frost.  Gloxinias,  and  some  Gesneras,  in 
fact,  require  a  moderate  temperature  to  winter  in,  and 
should  be  frequently  looked  at,  to  see  that  they  are 
free  from  dampness,  which  often  destroys  the  best 
bulbs.  Amaryllis  and  Hedychium  having  ripened 
their  foliage  may  be  placed  on  their  sides  under  the 
stages  of  the  stove  or  a  warm  greenhouse.  Keep  only 
moderate  fires  to  the  stove  by  night,  and  endeavour,  by 
a  low  night  temperature  and  liberal  admissions  of  air  by 
day,  to  harden  the  plants  sufficiently  to  carry  them 
through  the  winter  without  excessive  fire-heat.  Bring 
on  Chrysanthemums;  they  will  now  require  liquid 
manure  frequently  ;  thin  out  the  terminal  and  Literal 


buds,  so  as  to  produce  a  succession  of  flowers.  Allow 
them  a  light  situation,  that  the  blooms  may  expand 
freely  and  come  a  good  colour. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — If  Grapes  are  expected  to  be  ripe  by  the 
end  of  Max'ch,  or  beginning  of  April,  no  time  should  be 
lost  in  closing  up  the  house,  premising  the  border  has 
been  covered  with  some  dry,  non-conducting  material 
this  fortnight  past.  The  stems  should  be  dressed,  if  not 
previously  done,  with  the  composition  before  noticed,  and 
tied  in  regular  order  to  the  trellising,  unless  in  the  case 
with  young  Vines  (which,  however,  should  never  be 
forced  so  early,  if  it  can  be  avoided),  whose  upper  buds 
are  apt  to  break  before  the  lower  ones  ;  and  which,  in 
consequence,  should  be  kept  to  nearly  an  horizontal 
position,  till  the  buds  are  all  evenly  started.  Fires  will 
scarcely  be  necessary  the  fii'sfc  fortnight,  but  close  early 
in  the  afternoon  on  sunny  days,  to  assist  the  night 
temperature.  Use  the  syringe  freely,  particularly  when 
the  house  is  closed  in  the  afternoon,  to  create  a  damp 
atmosphere  for  the  evening.  Where  pot  Vines 
are  started  instead  of  permanent  ones  for  the  first  crop, 
they  may  (after  being  dressed),  be  plunged  into  a  pit 
or  deep  frame,  and  have  the  advantage  of  dung  linings 
to  swell  their  buds  ;  a  very  slight  bottom  heat  will  be 
useful  at  first,  but  allow  it  gradually  to  decline,  as  the 
buds  swell,  or  a  check  will  occur  when  they  are  removed 
to  their  fruiting  house.  Still  continue  fires  by  day  and 
abundant  ventilation  to  late  Grapes.  Peach  House. — 
The  early  house  may  now  have  the  necessary  pruning, 
preparatory  to  putting  the  sashes  on  early  uext  month. 
The  other  houses  should  be  uutied  and  exposed  to  the 
weather,  unless  they  are  for  the  present  used  as  shelters 
to  &ome  descriptions  of  plants;  where  such  is  the  case,  as 
much  air  as  is  consistent  with  the  safety  of  the  plants 
should  at  all  times  be  kept  on.  To  grow  Cucumbers 
through  the  winter,  a  good  command  of  heat  and  light 
is  essential.  The  winter  plants  should  now  be 
progressing  fast.  Keep  the  bottom  heat  steady  at  90°, 
and  the  thermometer  may  reach  that  point  during  bright 
sun ;  70°  should  be  the  maximum  night  temperature. 
In  giving  air,  avoid  letting  currents  of  cold  air  come 
in  contact  with  the  foliage,  but  try  to  keep  up  a  gentle 
circulation  ;  and  stop  every  appearance  of  mildew  by 
sulphur.  The  boxes  or  beds  should  occasionally  have  a 
slight  surfacing  of  turfy  loam,  to  encourage  surface 
roots  ;  water  with  clear  soot  or  diluted  fowl's-dung 
water  each  alternate  time,  using  it  at  the  temperatui'e 
of  the  house. 

JTLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

In  most  localities  the  frost  of  the  9th  will  have 
destroyed  the  more  tender  plants  of  the  flower-garden, 
and  such  should  be  removed  immediately.  Proceed 
with  potting  such  plants  as  it  is  desirable  to  preserve  ; 
and  if  practicable,  a  little  artificial  heat  should  be  applied, 
to  help  them  to  make  root  before  winter.  In  general 
a  show  of  spring-fiowering  plants  is  fully  as  acceptable 
as  the  more  gaudy  plants  of  summer  ;  and  steps  should 
now  be  taken  to  fill  up  the  beds  as  they  are  cleared, 
for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to  the  enjoyment  of 
spring.  A  miscellaneous  mixture  of  dwarf  early- 
blooming  shrubs,  perennial  plants,  and  bulbs,  is  most 
coTnmonly  planted ;  but  in  regularly  laid  out,  or 
geometric  flower-gardens, the  disposition  of  colour  should 
be  carefully  considered, as  there  isanabundance  of  spring- 
flowering  plants  and  bulbs  to  form  a  rich  and  varied 
display,  if  properly  arranged  and  carried  out.  Next 
week  we  will  give  a  list  of  the  most  useful  plants,  &c., 
for  the  pm'pose  ;  in  the  meantime  a  good  stock  of  bulbs 
should  at  once  be  procured.  Lawns  will  at  this  season 
require  daily  sweeping,  to  present  anything  like  neatness ; 
roll  constantly,  wherever  the  turf  is  hollow,  to  keep  a 
firm  sward.  Well  clean  the  gravel-walks  for  the  winter, 
and  afterwards  let  them  be  well  rolled,  that  the  water 
may  pass  freely  off*  the  surface.  All  operations  of 
planting,  re-laying  turf,  and  border-making,  should  be 
actively  proceeded  with,  as  the  weather  may  not  con- 
tinue so  favourable  long,  and  one  day  now  ia  worth  two 
in  a  month's  time. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN.  ^ 

As  a  supply  of  salading  is  generally  in  request  during 
the  wintex*,  a  stock  of  nearly  full  grown  Lettuce  aud 
Endive  should  at  once  be  transferred  to  pits  or  frames. 
Where  the  protection  of  glass  can  be  given  in  frosty  or 
wet  weather,  the  above  should  be  kept  in  reserve  for 
use  in  very  severe  weather.  Endive  is  blanched  for 
salads  and  kitchen  use  by  various  means  ;  but  a  way 
we  prefer  (after  being  tied  up  when  perfectly  dry)  is, 
to  cover  as  much  as  requires  blanching  at  one  time  with 
leaves  (procured  as  dry  as  possible),  throwing  a  little 
long  litter  over,  to  prevent  them  being  blown  about 
with  the  wind.  Sow  a  crop  of  Radish  in  a  frame,  for 
winter.  Celery,  Cardoons,  and  Leeks  should  be 
earthed  up  in  dry  weather.  Broccolies,  Borecoles, 
&c.,  may  still  be  hoed  between  ;  as  should 
Winter  Spinach,  thinning  it  out  16  inches  apart. 


TATE  OF 

s 

DHB  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  ending  Oct.  U,  1S52,  atobserred  at  the  Horticultural  Garaeni, 

ChiBwick. 

« 

1                      TBXrBHATQaH. 

Oct. 

'a 

a 

25 

Of  thn  Air. 

Ofthe  Enth. 

Wind. 

"3 

Mai. 

M». 

1I»I. 

Mil. 

Men 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feel 
deep. 

fi 

S9.901 

=9  872 

47 

2S 

37.5 

49 

49 

N. 

.00 

4 

29.969 

29.961 

•19 

31 

40.0 

47 

N.K. 

.ik: 

27 

•J9.9S2 

29.919 

53 

3,4 

46.5 

47 

48 

N.W. 

.05 

MoDdaj 

11 

■-■a 

30.:;6 

30.05-2 

57 

M 

47i 

4Si 

48i 

N. 

M 

Tuea.   ,. 

1-; 

3M6i 

30J31 

56 

32 

440 

4.St 

43 

M 

Wed.    .. 

i:{ 

m 

3eJ60 

30.303 

54 

41 

47.5 

47J 

43* 

E. 

M 

Tfaura... 

14 

1 

30.291 

30.251 

4S 

46 

47.0 

43 

N.E 

.00 

Averaze... 

30.1i0  )  30.093  '  i1^  ■  36.3  '  41.3 

477    1  47J 

.05 

8— OTercast;  line;  overcwt ;  clear  and  frostr. 

9-Froaty:  clear  with  briRlit  iun;  clear  at  night. 
10— Slight  froit:  orercsBt  tbroufrhout ;  rain. 
11— Fine;  TCrj  fine;  clear  at  nifcbt. 
1^—  Quite  clear  ;  fine  ;  clfl*r  at  niEht. 
13— Slight  haze;  line;  cloudy,  with  dunky  hsze;  overcast. 
H— FoKty;  uniform  haze;  clf.ar  abore, OTercaat  near  the  horizon. 
Utan  temperature  of  tht  week ,  7i  deg.  beluw  the  aTcrage. 


STATE   OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHI3WICK, 
DuriuK  the  laat  35  yean,  for  the  eniulBK  week,  ending  Oct.  'i3, 1833, 


October. 

5!i 

lit 

|3h 

S| 

No,  of 
lean  in 

which  it 
Balned. 

Greateit 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

I 
1 

I 

■2 
I 
3 

z 
1 

3 
3 

j 

1 

"  w 

4*- 
1    1 

SI  I 

SI 

t 

5  10 

oi  7 

Sunday  l" 
Mon.     18 
Tuea.     19 
Wed.     so 
Thura.  21 
Friday  -j 
Satar.    23 

68.0 
&3.2 
59.8 
59.3 
53.3 
53.1 
57.5 

H3.0 

43.3 
40.3 
41.3 
39.3 
44.2 
41.3 

sn.3 

50.7 
50.0 
50.3 
49.0 
51.-2 
49.S 

a 

IS 

11 

13 
10 
17 
17 

O.IS  in. 

035 

0.11 

OM 

0.61 

0.50 

0,4S 

The  hisheat  temperature  during  the  abova  period  occurred  on  the  Slat* 
183ij_Uteriu.  73des.;  and  the  loweet  on  theSlst,  lS42-therm.20  de?. 


Notices  to  Correspondents, 

Books  :  W  B.  Standish  and  Noble's  book  on  Conifers,  and 
"  The  Winter  Garden,"  bj  Barron,  will  possibly  anit  you. J 

CocnMBEBd:  Delta.  Cuthill's  Black  Spine  is  one  of  the  best 
for  «arly  forcing  ae  well  as  for  general  purposes.! 

E:u[aiiiTiOM  :  N  B.  We  cannot  undertake  the  responsibility  of 
giTing  you  any  further  adrice.  If  you  are  a  man  of  intelli- 
^eoce,  70U  are  able  to  apply  the  information  we  bare  given  ; 
if  you  are  not,  you  had  better  either  stay  at  home,  or  keep 
your  money  from  speculation. 

Glaze  fob  Calico:  Header.  See  p.  18t  of  our  current  year's 
volume  X 

Geeewhodses  :  P  M.  On  no  account  use  Kyanised  timber  for  a 
greenhouse  roof,  if  it  is  ever  to  be  oxposed  to  a  bigh  tempe- 
rature. The  mercurial  salt  Tolatili89B  and  kills  plants. 
There  is  no  harm  in  sulphate  of  copper.  But  a  greenhouse 
roof  kept  well  painted,  and  origincdly  weU  constructed,  will 
remain  sound  tor  50  years.  We  are  unacquainted  with  the 
exact  quantity  to  di'saolre  in  a  gallon  of  water,  but  we  pre- 
sume tliat  the  water  ought  to  be  half  saturated. 

HoRTiCDLTUBAL  SociEXi ;  Sub  and  A  Z.  It  is  positively  re- 
quired that  ALL  FfiDiT  (and  Pears  are  fruit),  "shall  be  per- 
fectly ripe  and  perfectly  coloured,  or  it  will  be  disqualified." 
See  the  printed  regulations. 

Names  of  Fedits  :  J  A  Thine.  11,  Blenheim  Pippin ;  12,  Spice 
Apple ;  13.  Syke  House  Russet ;  14,  Scarlet  Nonpareil ; 
15,  Hughes's  Golden  Pippin ;  16  resembles  the  BorsdorfTer  ; 
17,  Brown  Beurre.ll— e  H.  2,  Beurre  d'Arcmberg  ;  3,  Ne  Plus 
Meuris  ;  4,  Winter  Nelis  ;  5,  Gelogil ;  7,  Uvedale'a  St.  Ger- 
main ;  8,  Old  Cotmar ;  9,  Easter  Beurre ;  10,  Ducbesse 
d'Angouleme  ;  11,  12,  15,  Glout  Morceau  ;  13,  Paaae  Colmar, 
The  Grape  with  the  now  red-tinged  leafappears  to  be  Oldaker'a 
St.  Peter's. II— £P,  Corfc.  1,  Aston  Town  ;  2,  Doyenne  Gria  ;  4, 
London  Pippin ;  5,  Blenheim  Pippin ;  6,  Northern  GreeniDg.!!— 
5  Tor  S  Z,  Pv.\nev  Eeath.  1,  9,  Beurre  Diel ;  4,  Glout  Mor- 
ceau ;  5,  Chaumontel ;  6,  10,  Beurre  Ranee;  7,  Maria 
Louise;  8,  Easter  Beurre ;  12,Beurred'Aremberg  ;  13,  Pasaa 
Colmar;  4,  Golden  Reinetle ;  6,  Early  Konpareil.  II— ' 
R  D.  1,  Blenheim  Pippin  ;  2,  Dumelow'a  Seedling  ;  3,  8, 
Heinetta  du  Canada ;  4,  Dutch  Mignonne  ;  5,  Early  Non- 
pariel ;  6,  Trumpington  ;  7,  King  of  the  Pippins  ;  9,  Kirke's 
Lord  Nelson  ;  1,  Marie  Louise  ;  2,  Beurre  Ranee.  Tour 
box  was  wrongly  directed  ;  you  have  lOd.  to  pay  for  it.H— 
Dalla.  Dumelow's  Seedling,  or  Wellington  Apple,  as  it  is 
frequently  called.  \\-~A  C.  2,  5,  21,  Beurre  Diel ;  3,  4,  7,  Napo- 
leon ;  6,  St.  Germain ;  8,  18,  Glout  Morceau ;  9,  Beurre 
Ranee;  10  and  a  23,  Swan's  Egg;  another  23,  Doyenng 
Blanc  ;  11,  20,  30,  32,  Marie  Louise  ;  12,  Gomte  de  Lamy  ;  15, 
Beurr6  Bosc  ;  16,  Ne  plus  Meuris  ;  17,  Calebosse  ;  19,  Louise 
Bonne  {oi  Jersey);  24,  FtemiBh  Beauty;  25,  Easter  Beurre  ; 
26,  28,  Winler  Bon  Chretien;  29,  Knight's  Monarch;  31, 
Fague  de  Naples.  || 

Names  of  Plants:  W K.  Dendrobium  chrysanthum. — L.  It 
is  the  CupresBua  torulosa,  a  very  fine,  tall,  hardy  tree ;  it 
grows  fast,  and  is  indifferent  to  soil,  if  it  is  not  calcareous. 
It  suiis  a  lawn  perfectly.  It  looks  well  while  young.  You 
may  prune  your  Deodars  now,  or  next  spring  when  tbey 
have  pushed  6  inches,  and  are  growing  fast;  but  the  lees 
you  prune  it  at  present  the  better.  It  will  probably  adjust 
itself.— J' J".  1,  Scarlet  Arbutus!  2,  double  Pomegranate! 
4,  Escallonia  roontevidensis ;  5,  a  bit  of  some  Hesperis ; 
3,  French  Tamarisk!  6,  white  Jasmine!  8,  Coreopsis  Atkin- 
sonii ;  7,  Laurustinus !  I—.B  SIflcfc.  Clavaria  pratensii. — P  M. 
Acacia  dealbata.— if  S  H.  The  plant  is  a  Saracha,  and 
correiponds  sufficiently  well  with  the  figure  and  description 
in  the  FI.  Peruvianaof  S.  procumbens.  We  are  not  aware  that 
the  berries  of  any  of  the  species  are  poisonous,  but  none  are 
recorded  ai  edible  except  S.  geDiculata,  which,  from  the 
character  given  of  its  inflorescence,  ie  evidently  a  Physalis. 
Will  you  favour  us  with  a  few  seeds  1 

Pines  :  O  A.  The  cones  of  Pinus  Insignis  are  not  very 
small.  Open  yours  when  ripe,  and  you  will  probably  find 
tbem  empty  of  seed. 

Rose-hodses  :  F  S  S,  We  see  no  objection  to  jour  plan,  unless 
it  be  that  you  do  not  provide  sufficiently  for  roof  ventilation. 
We  do  not  think  fixed  roofs  quite  answer  the  purpose,  the 
cross  current  of  air  below  the  ridge  not  relieving  the  house 
fast  enough  in  hot  weather  of  the  heated  air.  Tour  end 
windows  are  a  great  help,  no  doubt ;  but  will  they  do  enough  ? 
Cannot  you  make  one  sliding  sash  on  each  side  the  roof,  in 
addition  to  the  end  windows.  Air,  air,  air,  and  shelter,  is 
what  you  must  secure  effectually.  If  you  beat  it,  which  is 
needless,  use  a  brick  flue.  As  to  puttying  laps,  the  worst  of 
it  is  that  the  putty  inevitably  works  out  by  the  alternate 
expansion  and  contraction  of  the  glass.  We  see  no  harm  in 
iron  sash  bars.  There  is  no  risk  with  large  squares,  pro- 
vided they  do  not  exceed  a  foot  in  width. 

The  new  Weed:  Dis3.  This  is  the  Anacharis  alsinastnim,  of 
which  Mr.  Marshall  has  published  a  full  account,  as  jou  will 
see  in  another  column. 

YiNi  BoEDEBs:  JO.  If  in  top-dressing  your  Tine  border  you 
intend  to  add  a  quantity  of  crushed  bones,  it  would  certainly 
be  advisable  to  steep  them  in  liquid  manure  previous  to 
putting  them  on  the  border.  X 

Watee  Pipes  :  M  W.  Ton  had  better  employ  tubes  of  giaes  or 
iron,  not  lead.  The  latter,  though  much  used,  is  open  to 
serious  objections,}  -,,,,« 

Wink  Grapes  :  R  S.  Tou  had  best  plant  the  Black  Burgundy, 
Miller's  Burgundy,  and  Early  Black  July.  Lashner'i 
Seedling  is  said  to  be  an  early  thin-skinned  Grape,  but  we 
cannot  speak  of  its  merits  from  experience.  On  a  wall 
16  feet  hiffb  the  Royal  Muscadine  will  ripen  very  well  in  good 
seasons,  and  it  is  probably  the  best  white  table  Grape  you 
can  have  for  the  open  air.  The  Early  White  Malvasia  or 
Grove  End  Sweetwater  is  employed  on  the  Continent  for 
wine-makiDg  ||  .  .  ,      „,   ^.  , 

Misc  :  A  H,  Portulaca  Tbellussoni  is  an  annual.  Gladiolusesr 
should  be  planted  when  they  show  symptoms  of  growth ;  for: 
borders,  a  good  method  of  treating  them  is  to  pot  theni,i 
winter  them  in  a  cold  frame,  and  plunge  the  pots  in  th» 
border  next  spring.  By  this  plan  they  can  be  removed  whea 
their  stems  have  begun  to  get  shabby,  to  some  out-of-the- 
way  place  to  ripen,  and  thus  the  flower-border  can  alwaysj 
be  kept  tidy,  which  could  not  be  the  case  if  they  wen 

I    planted  out4 


I 


42— 1852. j 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


665 


LARGE    STOCK   OP 

AGEICULTURAL     IMPLEMENTS 


ON     SALE, 


AT   TWENTY   PER  CENT.  BELOW   THE   USUAL   COST. 


COT  TAM     AND      H  A  L  L  E  N 

RE-ARRiNGI.\G   THEIR 

MANUFACTORY  AND  SHOW  ROOMS  FOR  THE  SALE  OF 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS, 

WISH  TO  DISPOSE  OP  A  LARGE  ASSORTMENT  NOW  IN  STOCK,  PRBTIOUS  TO  MAKING- 
THE  NECESSARY  ALTERATIONS  IN  THEIR  PREMISES. 

37(«  Implements  are  of  tlie  best  and  most  modern  invention  and  useful  description,  and  a  saving  of  20  per  cent, 
and  upwards  will  be  effected  by  any  purchases  made  from  this  Stoci:. 

BECl'STEBEO    PBIZB    SNAMSI.    STABI.S     FU'BH'IXITJIS]. 

PRIZE    EXHI3ITIOIT    GATES. 

IBOir    BU'SSI.ES    AND    GAniE    ■WIS.-E    HETTIK6, 

CATALOGDES   O.N'   APPLICATION. 


COTTAM  AND  HALLEK,  2,  WINSLEY-STREET,  OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON. 


M'CORMICK'S  PATENT  AMERICAN  REAPER 
has  receiTod  numerous  Prizes  during  the  present  season  ; 
amongst  others,  the  award  of  the  Jury  appointed  by  the  R.  A. 
College  at  CireoceBter,  after  nine  days'  tiial  upon  all  kinds  of 
crops  and  in  all  weather.  —  Winton's  Parkes'  celebrated 
Steel  Digging  Forko,  as  recommended  by  Mr.  Mechi :  they  save 
fall  20  per  ceot.  in  labour  ;  tht-y  obtained  the  Silver  Medal  at 
the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  the  lat  prize  at  the  Royal 
Yorkshire  Show  at  Sheffield,  1st  prize  at  Galway,  and  also  at 
the  Royal  Dublin  Show. — Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn 
has  reccired  the  prize  at  every  Meeting  where  it  has  been 
oihibited,  including  those  of  the  R.  A.  Society  at  Eieter,  Great 
Exhibition,  and  at  Lewe'. — Urfvin's  Force  audLifcFump,  par- 
ticularly adapted  for  Liquid  Manure.  Mr.  Mechihas  one  in  use, 
and  it  ia  working  to  perfection.  Ease's  Force  and  Suction 
Pump,  well  suited  for  a  Farm  Fire  Engine  or  Liquid  Manure 
Pump  ;  it  is  by  far  the  cheapest  and  most  effective  Pump  now 
oat.  Galvanised  Iron  Lift  Pumps  at  a  very  moderate  price. 
Q-utta  Percba  Pumps,  Guttapercha  Tubing  for  Liquid  Manure 
and  Garden  purposes,  Gutta  Percha  Driving  Bands  for 
Machinery^  Waterproof  Canvas  Hose  coated  with  Gutta  Pei  cha, 
for  Liquid  Manure.  Leather  Hose  and  Bands.  Richmoud 
and  Cband!er*B  Improved  Scroll  Knife  Chatt'  Machine  has 
obtained  the  prize  at  the  R.  A.  Society's  Show  at  Lewes,  aud 
at  every  other  show  this  season.  Starbuck's  American  Ploughs, 
Graia  Bruisers,  and  every  kind  of  Agricultural  Implement 
sold  by 
BURGESS  i;  KF.Y.  103,  NEWGATE-STREET    LONDON. 


BOYDS  SELF-ADJ_UST1  NG  SCYTHE. 


BOYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  tlie  celebrated 
STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS.— BoTD's  Scythe  is  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  by  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blacksmith;  when  out  of  use  it  shuts  up 
like  a  clasp-knife.  The  Gardeyiers'  Chronicle  thus  comments 
upon  it : — "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Botd's  Scythe  stands  well 
the  great  teat,  experience,  especially  with  his  late  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement." — G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digging  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  Mr.  Mechi : 
'*  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  never  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digging.  They  effect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wsi.  Deat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


N 


DRAINAGE. 
EW   LEVELLING   INSTRUMENT.— 
(Registebed  No.  2602.) 


Thii  Print  represents  the  Instruni'jHt  one-Jt/th  tlie  real  size. 
This  is  a  Bimple  and  tffeciive  Self-recording  Instrument, 
soltable  for  Levelling  Drains,  Sowers,  or  Roads,  or  for  Mea 
lorinjf  the  Elevation?  and  DepressionB  of  Ground.     It  consii-tg 
o<  m  Telescope,  Level,  Graduated  Arch,  and  Tripod  Stand.  The 
Arch  ll  10  divided  an  to  show  the  rise  and  fall  in  feet  and  Inches. 
fFrom  tM  PnicliMl  yfcchanici  Journal,  f':b.  1,  1851.) 
"  In  the  hand*  of  even  the  raoat  unlettered  farm-servant  this 
little  lQ»tnjrnf;nt  will  afford  the  most  correct  meafturcmontR,  as 
the  operator  hai  only  to  level  the  plate  and  bring  his  flight  to 
bear  upon  the  object,  when  the  elevation  or  depression  tx  givvn 
at  once.    It  will  bo  a  moit  uJtsful  contrivance  for  draining  or 
read-making." 

Price  ^^  4i.— Madeonly  by  OiBDEHEaandCo,,  21,  Buchanan. 
•treet,  Ola^zow. 


C1AKS0N'.-S  OKIGl.VAL  ANTI-CORROSION 
■^  PAINT,  enpfclally  patronlied  by  the  British  and  othor 
OOTemmenti,  tba  Hon.  Kait  India  Company,  the  principal 
Dock  Companici,  moat  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  ana  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  tholr  country  »eatii. 
Tfc«  Anti-Corrosion  In  particularly  recommended  a«  the  most 
4arable  out-d'Xtr  Paint  ever  Invented,  for  the  preiprratioa  of 
every  deicrlption  of  Iron,  Wo'id.St^ine,  Brlf:U,  Compo,  Cement, 
Ac,  work,  a«  has  been  proved  by  the  practical  teHt  of  upward* 
o<r  60  yean,  and  by  tbe  ntim(>roufl  (hetweon  !t<l<)  and  '<  '0)  toot). 
moniaU  In  Its  favour,  and  vtblcb,  from  the  rank  and  itatlon  In 
•OcUty  of  tboto  who  have  given  them,  have  nbvcr  yet  beim 
•<ltulled  by  ariythlnir  of  tbe  kind  hitherto  brought  befor?  the 
public  notice. 

£ilit«  or  Coloan,  with  Priccti,  together  with  a  Copy  of  the 
TetUmonlaU,  will  be  nent  oo  application  to  Waltck  CAaaon  and 
Hon,  No.  9,  Great  WlnchcBter-iitrcet.  Old  IJroad-Btreot,  Koyal 
EzchaDge,  London.— No  Agenti.  All  orders  are  particularly 
rtquctod  to  be  leot  direct, 


TO    AMATEUR    GARDENERS, 
LOCAL   BOARDS  OF  HEALTH,   5    SANITARY  WORKS. 

PATENT  GLASS  TUBES,  Iron 
Coated  with  Glas«,  Gutta  Percha.  Com- 
hinated  ditto.  Patent  Flexible  India  Rubber 
Tubing,  and  every  other  Hose  for  Watering 
Gardens.  The  Hydraulic  Ram,  Fire,  Garden, 
and  every  other  kind  of  Pump,  Sluice  Cocks, 
Hydrants,  High  Pressure  Cocks,  and  all  other 
articles  to  be  had,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  of 

FREEMAN     ROE, 
HYDRAULIC   ENGINEER, 
70,  Stband,  and  Bbidgefiild,  Wandswohth. 
P.S.  Important  to  Farmers,  &c,— F.  R.  begs  leave  to  call 
attention  to  his  new  Water  Power,  which  in  many  cases  will 
supersede  the  use  of  the  Steam  Engine. 


FARM    AND    COTTAGE    PUMPS. 

PATENT  CAST-IRON 
PUMPS,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shal- 
low Wells.  £  a.  d. 

Patent  Pump  1  15     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of 

lead  pipe    attached,   and 

bolts  and  nuts  ready  for 

fixing  2  10    0 

Larger  eizqs  if  required. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Iron- 
monger or  Plumber  in  Town  or 
Country,  or  of  the  Patentees  and 
Manufacturers, 

JOHN  WARNER  X  SONS, 
3,  Crescent,   Jewia-street,  London, 

Every  description   of    Machinery ___^ 

for  Raising  and  Forcing  Water,  either  by  Steam,  Horae,  or 
Manual  power.    Fire  and  Garden  Engines,  (fee. 
The  usual  allowance  to  the  Trade, 


PEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL. 
nPHE  TEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL  COMPANY  are 
■*-  prepared  to  deliver  a  superior  Charcoal  {made  expressly 
for  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  aud  not  divested  of  any  of  its 
chemical  properties),  at  523,  Gd.  per  ton.— Apply  to  Mabk 
FoTUEEQiLL,  Agent,  204,  Upper  Thames-street. 

Linseed  and  Rape  Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  and 
all  Manures  of  known  value  on  sale. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  ai'e    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  LAWEs'sFactoryi  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    Q    0 

Superphonphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  (Villiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Amoibnia,  91, 10s.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION   TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations   of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  A3  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  pArties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  beit  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that— 

Tlie  lowest  whohsah  pr-ice  at  wldck  sovAid  Penman 
Guano  has  been  sold  hy  tkem  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  Bs.per  ton,  less  2jt  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealer*  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  tbe  article  must  he  adulterated. 

'T"'HE  LONDON   MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 

-L  the  bOBt  tarmi  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing.  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakei,  Peruvian  Guino,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  smlt, 
Edwa&d  Pokseb,  Sec,  Bridge-etreet,  Blackfrlars,  London. 


pUARCOAL  AND  SEWAGE  MANURE.— Pro- 
V-^  moto  the  Health  and  Wonlth  of  Town  and  Country  by 
fncroaiilng  the  ufto  of  that  vahiublo  mnnure  PEAT  CIIAU- 
COAL,  Imi.regnated  with  the  fertilising  matter  of  LONDON 
SfiWAGE.  The  ammonia,  phosphates,  and  fucos  are  ab- 
sorbed, and  tho  water  prostted  out  bright,  pulatiiblo,  and  soft. 

Sold  nt  the  Charcoal  and  SfWftgo  Works,  Stanloy-brldgo,  Ful- 
hnm,  Middlesex,  at  00*.  per  ton,  ie.  per  cwt.,  '23.  GU.  per  half  cwt, 

DR.  S.  NEWINGTON'S  IIAND-DIliBLES  for 
Planting  C'lrn  sclunthicHlly,  with  four  bets  uf  Cups  of 
dllfercnt  sizes,  from  seven  to  ttn  (IcpoNltorn  In  each  inntnimfnt, 
Price  from  Zl.  to  it.~~Mr.  0.  Uaubisl,  Surrey  ChamborB, 
Aruadel-stroot,  Strand,  London. 


SEED    WHEAT. 
"pAYNE'S  DEFIANCE    REVITT  on  BEARDED 

-*-  WHEAT,  which  gained  the  prize  medal  at  the  Great 
Exhibition,  and  is  also  highly  spoken  of  in  Professor  Lindley'a 
lecture  upon  "  Substances  Used  as  Food,"  Is  offered  to  Wheat- 
growers  by  H.  Pathe  with  confidence,  more  especially  after 
the  many  flattering  letters  that  he  has  received  of  its  merits  as 
to  produce,  quality,  and  its  being  less  liable  to  blight  or  mildew. 
The  above  Wheat  was  raised  from  a  single  ear,  and  has  been 
grown  with  great  success  for  six  jears.  Testimonials  from 
farmers  and  millers  from  different  parts  of  the  kingdom  can 
be  obtained  by  applying  to  Mr.  H.  Patne,  Birdbrotk-moat, 
near  Halstead,  Essex.  Price  32».ptr  coomb  of  four  bushels 
(tack  included),  and  delivered  at  the  Audley-end  Statioc, 
Eastern  Counties  Railway.  All  orders  of  not  less  than  one 
coomb,  accompanied  by  a  remittance  for  the  amount,  Tvill  be 
punctually  attended  to  ;  or  by  Post-office  order  made  payable 
to  Hbnbt  Patni,  at  Halstead,  Essex. 

H.  P.  has  also  a  very  true  stock  of  Browick  Red  Wheat  to 
dispose  of,  at  2Si,  pir  coomb,  which  he  thinks  the  best  Red 
Wheat  grown. 


SEED     WHEAT. 

MORTON'S  RED  STRAW  WHITE,  and  the 
ESSEX  ROUGH  CHAFF,  will  be  delivered  free  to  any 
South  Western  Station  below  Basingstoke;  beyond  it,  or  to 
Reading,  for  Is,  Gd,  a  quarter  extra  ;  at  65.  a  bushel  or  iGs,  a 
quarter,  for  l.J  or  upwards,  on  receipt  of  a  Post-office  order 
tor  the  amount  required,  with  Is.  each  for  sacks,  made 
payable  to  William  M.  Hillteb,  Bashley,  Lymington,  Hants, 

The  above  were  grown  upon  poor  land,  are  clean,  true,  aud 
well  saved  for  the  season. 

Also,  shortly,  some  Peruvian  Barley,  at  55.  6d.  a  bushel,  or 
423,  a  quarter,  delivered  as  above. 

Mr.  Helltek  would  be  glad  to  meet  with  a  previoudly  well- 
educated  aud  intelligent  PDPIL,  eithrr  in  agriculture  or  civil 
engineering.  Likewise  to  undertake  the  designing  and  super, 
intoudence  of  any  drainage,  irrigation,  or  other  works  of 
agricultural  engiueering  or  land  agency,  that  may  be  con- 
templated in  this  or  the  adjoining  counties  ;  or  in  any  part  of 
the  country  if  upon  a  sufficiently  extensive  scale. 


SEED   WHEAT— IMPORTANT   TO    FARMERS. 

MR.  BEMAN,  of  Moreton-in-MarsHj  having  re- 
ceived so  many  voluntary  testimonials  of  the  superiority 
of  his  two  new  varieties  of  Wheat,  the  PRIMA  DONNA  and 
DONNA  MARIA,  this  season  over  any  other,  is  induced  again, 
through  the  medium  of  the  press,  strongly  to  recommend  them 
as  being  capable  of  producing  from  12  to  16  bushels  per  acre 
more  than  any  other  variety  ;  and  they  certainly,  this  season, 
were  more  free  from  blight  and  mildew  than  any  other,  on 
account  of  growing  siiffer  in  the  straw.  Price  543.  per  quarter, 
delivered  either  in  Gloucester,  Worcester,  Birmingham, 
Bristol,  Banbury,  or  Oxford,  in.  new  sacks  at  Is.  Gd.  each. 
Cash  or  satisfactory  reference.— N.B.  If  less  than  one  quai  ter  is 
ordered  price  IO3.  per  bushel.— Agents  for  London,  Mr.  Thos, 
GiBBs,  corner  of  Half-moon-atreet ;  and  Mr.  Geo.  Gibes, 
Down-street. 


SMITHFIELD    CLUB. 

NOTICE.— All  Certificates  for  Stock  and  Implements 
intended  to  be  exhibited  at  the  ensuing  ahowof  the  Smith- 
field  Club,  must  be  delivered  in  to  the  Honorary  Secretary  on 
or  before  SATURDAY,  the  6th  of  NOVEMBER  (none  will  be 
received  after  that  day.) 

The  Printed  forms  of  Certiticatea  (which  alone  are  allowed 
to  be  used),  Lists  of  Prizes,  &c.,  can  be  obtained  of  B.  T, 
Brandreth  Gibes,  Hon.  Sec,  Corner  of  Half  Moou  Street, 
Piccadilly,  London. ^ 

HITCHIN  AND  HOME  COUNTIES  DOMESTIC 
POULTRY  ASSOCIATION.— Opem  to  All  England. 

The  First  Annual  Exhibition  of  this  Society,  will  be  held  at 
Hitchin,  on  the  20th,  22d,  and  23d  of  NOVEMBER,  1852,  when 
Prizes  amounting  to  upwards  of  801.  will  he  offered  for  public 
competition. 

Hitchin  is  a  first  class  station  on  theQrest  Northern  Ra^-lway, 
30  miles  from  Londun  ;  at  which  Station  is  Cy\^n-.*\'-^r:L  with  the 
Cambridge  and  Eautern  Counties  Railway.  Regulations  and 
Prize  Lists  may  be  bad  on  application  to  the  Sfcreiary,  by 
inclosing  two  pontage  stamps.  Entries  for  Exhibition  close  oa 
the  Gth  of  NOVEMBER.  Admittance  to  the  private  view  oa 
Saturday,  November  20th,  by  a  53.  Ticket  (not  transferable), 
which  will  be  available  for  the  three  dajs  of  Exhibition,  And 
on  Monday  the  22d,  or  Tuesday  the  23d,  Ig,  each. 

S.  Goodwin,  Sec, 

The  Directors  of  tbe  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties 
Railways  have  agreed  to  run  cheap  trains  on  the  occasion,  and 
to  give  free  passage  to  all  Poultry  for  ibe  Exhibition  (at  owner's 
risk),  and  to  carry  back  free  all  that  is  unsold. 

THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  and  POULTRY 
SHOW,  1852.— The  FOURTH  GREAT  ANNUAL  EX- 
HIBITION of  PAT  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  PIGS,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  the  14th,  15ih,  IKth,  and  17th  of 
DECEMBER  next.  The  PRIZE  LISTS,  CERTIFICATES  of 
ENTRY,  and  any  further  information,  may  be  had  from  the 
Secretary, 
The  Eutries  CLOSE  on  SATURDAY,  tbe  13th  of  November, 
John  Mobqan,  Jun.,  Secretary. 
Offices— 2,  Insurance-buildiDgs,  Unlon-paRsage,  Birmingham, 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  16,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  >TEEK. 
THoaBDAT,  October  21— ABricultural  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


One  of  the  most  amusing  errors  into  which  the 
advocates  of  what  we  call  an  excessively  thin 
«EKDiNG  of  the  land  are  apt  to  fall,  shows  itself  in 
the  importance  they  attach  to  the  relation  which 
exists  between  the  quantity  of  seed  and  the  produce 
from  it.  If  they  can  prove  that  they  by  their 
methods  have  obtained  1000-fold,  while  ordinary 
agriculture  obtains  little  more  than  10-fold  the  seed, 
they  think  that  the  whole  question  is  solved.  Now 
the  fact  is  that,  directly,  this  sort  of  relationship  has 
no  bearing  upon  the  merits  of  the  case  at  all.  An 
argument  may  be  raised  upon  it,  in  which  the  power 
of  plants  to  produce  abundantly  under  favourable 
circum.stances,  thus  illustrated,  may  inilircctli/,  no 
doubt,  bo  u.sed  to  enforce  the  evils  of  wasteful  con- 
duct at  seed  time.  But,  directly,  the  fact  which 
tliese  gentlemen  urge  cannot  and  ought  not  to 
induence  the  farmer.  He  has  to  deal  with  a  definite 
number  of  acres,  and  his  object  is  to  obtain  as  large  a 
a  net  quantity  of  Wheat,  or  other  grain,  from  it  for 


666 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Oct.  16, 


sale  as  he  can.  It  upon  that  extent  ot  land  he  could 
sow  100  sacks  of  grain  with  the  ceitainty  of  its  being 
only  doubled,  he  would  prefer  doing  so  to  taking  the 
advice  of  a  thin-  seeder  and  sowing  two  pecks  with 
the  certainty  of  obtaining  an  hundred  fold. 

The  question  for  the  farmer's  consideration  is — what 
remainder  exists  for  sale  after  deducting  the  seed  ? 
not  how  many  fold  the  seed  has  produced :  and 
we  must  add  that  unless  any  man  has  an  experience 
of  tens  of  years  over  hundreds  of  acres,  to  sanction 
any  proposal  in  this  matter  which  so  extravagantly 
upsets  ordinary  farm  practice  as  that  which  some  of 
our  correspondents  have  been  urging,  we  think  he 
had  better  keep  it  to  himself. 

"We  believe  that  on  land  in  good  cultivation, 
1  bushel  or  5  pecks  of  Wheat,  per  Imperial  acre,  sown 
now  in  rows  from  9  inches  to  1  foot  apart,  is  likely 
to  do  as  much  as  any  other  arrangement  in  the 
matter  of  seeding  towards  the  production  of  a  good 
crop  next  harvest ;  and  we  would  leave  all  the  talk 
about  pints  and  quarts  to  those  whose  incomes  do  not 
depend  upon  their  farm  practice.  We  readily  admit, 
•with  these  gentlemen,  that  great  waste  of  seed  does 
exist;  but  we  do  not  think  that  experiments  in 
garden  plots,  or  on  single  plants  from  single  seeds, 
ought  to  have  any  immediate  influence  on  the  farmer. 

We  last  week  referred  to  the  effects  of  excessive 
rains  and  of  drainage  upon  clay  lands  at  the  present 
season  of  the  year.  Let  us  now  glance  at  the 
connection  between  the  drainage  and  the  temperature 
of  such  soils.  The  principal  influences  affecting  the 
heat  of  the  soil  are  the  sun,  evaporation,  the  decom- 
position of  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  substances 
in  the  soil,  and  vegetation.  Of  these,  the  most 
important  are  the  contending  forces  of  solar  heat 
and  evaporation.  When  lands  are  drained  a  greater 
remainder  of  solar  heat  remains  with  them  than 
when  undrained  ;  for  when  water  stagnates  in  the 
soil  evaporation  is  increased,  and  carries  off  a  greater 
amount  of  heat.  It  not  only  does  so  during  the 
day,  thus  directly  counteracting  the  influence  of  the 
sun,  but  during  dry  nights  as  well,  reducing  the  tempe- 
rature of  such  soils  below  what  it  otherwise  would 
be.  And  hence  arise  other  differences  between 
soils  drained  and  undrained,  for  the  heat  which  the 
former  imbibes  from  the  sun  promotes  decomposition, 
and  vegetation  is  of  course  benefited  by  the  products 
of  such  processes  in  the  soil.  Again,  the  absence 
of  sufficient  heat  in  the  soil  not  only  checks  this 
decomposition  of  animal  and  vegetable  substances 
there,  but  the  imperfect  decomposition  which  alone 
it  allows,  in  the  absence  of  air,  results  in  acid  and 
other  compounds  of  an  injurious  kind  to  plants. 
On  the  other  hand,  when  rains  fall  upon  drained 
laiidiat  this  season  of  the  year,  they  seldom  leave 
the  surface-miiavourable  to  the  absorption  of  heat 
from  the  sun  sutEcient  to  promote  vegetable  decom- 
position. Probably  October  is  as  favourable  to  the 
fertilisation  of  the  soil,  by  the  proper  incorporation 
of  manure  with  it,  as  any  month  in  the  year  where 
proper  drainage  has  been  effected ;  for  a  consider- 
able degree  of  moisture  is  desirable  for  the  process, 
and  on  properly  drained  land  the  work  of  decom- 
position is  thus  maintained  during  October  at  the 
most  favourable  pitch  for  the  fertilisation  of  the 
soil ;  so  that,  indeed,  it  may  in  some  cases  be 
necessary  to  delay  the  period  of  sowing  Wheats, 
in  order  to  avoid  their  being  in  a  too  forward 
state  to  meet  the  rigours  of  winter.  It  is  very 
different  with  the  undrained  soil,  for  when  more 
rain  falls  than  its  absorbent  powers  can  retain,  the 
excess  flows  upon  the  surface,  shutting  out  the 
atmosphere,  and  by  evaporation  carrying  off  its  heat. 

When  undrained  lands  are  thus  kept  at  too  low  a 
temperature  for  any  length  of  time  by  rainy  weather, 
after  sowing  as  above  stated,  it  not  unfrequently 
occurs  that  much  of  the  seed  perishes,  leaving  the 
field  covered  with  blanks,  sometimes  to  such  a  degree 
that  it  has  to  be  ploughed  and  resown  with  spring 
Wheat  or  Barley.  Another  calamity  of  a  similar 
character,  and  scarcely  of  less  magnitude,  is  the 
throwing  or  spewing  out  of  Wheat  plants  in  frosty 
weather  during  spring,  a  calamity  also  obviated  by 
draining.  Of  the  consequences  which  flow  from' 
both  of  these  calamities,  we  need  not  say  a  word, 
they  are  those  which  confer  upon  such  lands  the 
title  ot  being  naturally  cold  and  unproductive — a 
title  which  they  seldom  or  ever  deserve,  for  as  all 
lands  are  unproductive  without  cultivation,  and  as 
a  difference  in  the  method  of  cultivation  renders  the 
one  field  productive  and  the  other  not,  the  differ- 
ence in  the  method  of  cultivation  is  obviously  the 
main  cause  ot  these  differences  of  productiveness  ; 
so  that  the  cold  clay  theory  resolves  itself  into  an 
attempt  on  the  part  of  cultivators  to  shuflie  their 
own  torpor  upon  their  undrained  lands. 

Both  at  this  season  and  in  spring  undrained  lands 
irequently  assume  a  deceptive  hue,  appearing  to  the 
casual  observer  as  if  they  were  thoroughly  dry,  and 
offering  an  mviting  season  for  sowing  ;  but  on  enter- 


ing the  field  the  true  state  of  things  is  soon  per- 
ceived ;  for  it  is  the  clods  and  projecting  elevations 
on  its  surface,  to  which  alone  this  dry  appearance 
is  owing.  These,  when  the  weather  is  fine,  become 
dry,  assuming  a  mouldering  form,  and  give  to  the 
whole  field  the  appearance  of  a  good  seed-bed  ;  but 
such  eminences  only  form  a  small  part  of  the  surface 
— while  they  are  comparatively  of  no  depth,  the 
water  may  be  standing  in  the  hollows  between  them. 

The  hoar-frosts  now  beginning  to  make  their 
appearance  in  the  mornings,  especially  in  our  north- 
ern provinces,  distinguish  very  conspicuously  drained 
from  undrained  lands  ;  and  they  illustrate  well  the 
relations  of  heat  and  evaporation.  The  greater 
cold  of  the  undrained  lands  always  covers  them 
with  a  greater  thickness  and  intensity  of  this  icy 
coating. 

Although  hoar-frosts  are  not  so  conspicuous  or 
easily  seen  on  ploughed  as  on  Grass  or  other  fields 
covered  with  plants,  yet  the  changes  of  temperature 
are  similarly  experienced  by  the  drained  and  un- 
drained fallow  lands,  the  vapour  from  the  latter 
being  frozen  before  it  is  so  from  the  former.  The 
effects  produced  by  "black"  frosts  are  also  similar, 
ruining  root-crops  on  the  undrained  land  before  they 
even  scarcely  begin  to  seize  upon  those  of  the 
drained. 

But  the  greatest  proof  of  the  influence  of  drainage 
upon  temperature  undoubtedly  is  the  earlier  period 
of  harvest,  which  is,  in  many  an  instance  in  this 
country,  owing  to  it. 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION— BELFAST  1852. 

"  On  the  Composition  of  Food  in  relation  to  Respiration 
and  the  Feeding  of  Animals."  By  J.  B.  Lawes,  Esq., 
and  Dr.  J.  H.  Gilbert.     Read  September  7th. 

Abstract. — The  general  connection  of  the  non-nitro- 
genous constituents  of  food  with  respiration  and  the 
formation  of  fat  in  the  animal  body,  on  the  one  hand, 
and  on  the  other,  that  of  the  nitrogenous  constituents 
with  the  formation  in  the  body  of  compounds  containing 
nitrogen,  and  with  the  exercise  of  force,  were  now  fully 
admitted.  But,  within  and  around  these  two  main 
points  there  were  still  many  open  questions.  It  was 
usually  maintained,  and  more  especially  when  laying 
down  rules  in  regard  to  the  dieting  of  fattening  animals, 
that  the  comparative  value  of  food,  as  such,  was  to  be 
measured  by  its  per  centage  of  nitrogenous  compounds. 
Bearing  upon  this  point  the  authors  exhibited  numerous 
tables  of  the  results  of  a  very  extensive  series  of  experi- 
ments upon  the  fattening  of  sheep  and  pigs.  The  several 
foods  employed  contained  different  proportions  respec- 
tively of  the  nitrogenous  and  non-nitrogenous  consti- 
tuents ;  and  the  general  arrangement  was  such,  that 
each  set  of  the  animals  to  be  compared  had  a  fixed  and 
limited  quantity  of  one  description  of  food,  and  was 
allowed  to  talte  ad  libitum  of  another  or  complementary 
food  ;  and  thus,  according  to  the  composition  of  the 
respective  foods,  the  animals  were  enabled  to  fi.x  for 
themselves,  in  obedience  to  the  demands  of  the  system, 
the  quantities  of  each  class  of  constituents  which  it 
required.  The  result  v;as,  that  when  due  allowance  was 
made  for  the  different  respiratory  and  fat-forming 
capacities  of  the  several  digestible  or  assimilable  non- 
nitrogenous  constituents  of  the  foods,  and  also  for 
those  which  would  probably  become  at  once  effete,  the 
amounts  consumed  by  a  given  weight  of  animal,  of  the 
same  description,  within  a  given  time,  and  under  other- 
wise equal  circumstances,  represented,  in  the  several 
sets,  with  different  descriptions  of  food,  almost  identical 
respiratory  and  fat-forming  capacities  ;  whilst  on  the 
other  hand,  the  quantities  of  the  nitrogenous  constituents 
taken  into  the  system,  under  the  same  circumstances, 
varied  in  the  different  cases  .ns  much  as  from  one  to  two 
or  tliree.  Consumption,  then,  was  regulated  by  'the 
respiratory  and  fat-forming  exigencies  of  the  animal, 
I'iither  than  by  the  amount  of  nitrogenous  constituents 
which  the  food  supplied.  This  view,  indeed,  was  only 
that  to  which  we  should  naturally  be  led  in  applying  the 
facts  and  principles  generally  admitted  when  the  rationale 
of  the  respiratory  process,  as  such,  was  under  considera- 
tion. But  in  the  current  methods  of  representing  the 
equivalents  of  different  foods,  there  v/ould  seem  to  be 
some  inconsistency  with  those  facts  and  principles. 

From  the  same  experiments  it  also  appeared,  th.at  the 
amount  of  increase  in  weight  of  the  fattening  animal 
also  bore  a  much  closer  relationship  to  the  amount  of 
the  assimilable  non-nitrogenous  constituents  of  the  food 
than  to  that  of  the  nitrogenous  ones.  A  certain  liberal 
amount  of  nitrogen  was,  indeed,  very  important  ;  but, 
beyond  a  limit  frequently  exceeded  iu  practice,  the 
effect  of  an  increased  per  centage  of  nitrogen  in  the  food 
upon  an  increase  in  weight  of  the  animal  was  in  a 
rapidly  decreasing  ratio.  Tlie  authors  considered,  there- 
fore, that  the  rule  generally  laid  down, — namely,  that 
the  comparative  values  of  foods,  as  such,  were  measur- 
able by  the  amounts  of  the  nitrogenous  compounds  which 
they  contained,  required  considerable  modification.  Of 
course,  when  tbe  value  of  the  manure  was  a  matter  of 
consideration,  a  new  element  was  brought  into  the 
question. 

Experiments  in  which  pigs  were  the  subjects,  were 
next  adduced,  showing  that  the  increase  in  weight  of 
the  fattening  animal  contained  much  less  niti'ogen  and 
a  larger  proportion  of  fat  than  was  usually  estimated  ; 
and  it  was  stated  that  experiments  upon  other  animals. 


which  would  be  published  at  some  future  time,  also  gav© 
results  in  the  same  direction.  It  was  also  shown,  fay 
reference  to  direct  experiments  with  pigs,  in  regard  to 
the  much  debated  question — namely,  whether  fat  was 
formed  in  the  animal  body  from  vegetable  substances 
not  containing  it,  or  whether  it  was  only  assimilated 
from  the  food  ? — that,  in  the  instance  cited,  about  fom' 
times  as  much  fat  had  been  stored  up  in  the  animal  as 
it  had  taken  of  fatty  substance  in  its  food.  This  result 
was  consistent  in  kind  with  that  of  the  more  recent 
investigations  of  MM.  Boussingault  and  Persoz  ;  which, 
though  they  had  been  somewhat  called  in  question,  the 
authors  considered  sufficiently  conclusive.  The  forma- 
tion of  fat,  even  to  a  considerable  and  practically  im- 
portant extent,  from  the  starch  series  of  compounds  was 
demonstrated  by  the  experiment  now  brought  forward. 
MM.  Dumas  and  Boussingault  had  indeed,  at  one  time, 
held  this  to  be  improbable  ;  and  other  writers  have  done 
so  more  recently  ;  but  it  would  seem  that  the  theoretical 
opinions  of  ^Professor  Liebig  on  this  point  might  be 
considered  to  be  fully  borne  out. 

Thus  far  the  authors  had  only  alluded  to  the  feeding 
of  fattening  animals  ;  but,  having  calculated  many  human 
dietaries,  and  also  from  a  consideration  of  the  manage- 
ment of  the  animal  body  imdergoing  somewhat  excessive 
labour — as,  for  instance,  the  hunting  horse,  the  racer, 
the  cab  horse,  and  the  fox-hound,  and  also  pugilists  and 
runners — they  considered  that  the  exigencies  of  the 
respiratory  system,  iu  the  cases  at  least  of  ordinary 
exercise  of  force,  kept  pace  more  nearly  with  the  de- 
mand for  the  nitrogenous  constituents  of  food  than  was 
usually  supposed.  A  consideration,  indeed,  of  the  habits 
of  those  of  the  labouring  classes  who  were  under  rather 
than  over-fed,  would  show  that  they  first  had  recourse 
to  fat  meat,  such  as  pork,  rather  than  to  those  which 
were  leaner  and  more  nitrogenous  ;  thus  indicating  that 
the  first  instinctive  call  was  for  an  increase  of  the 
respiratory  constituents  of  food.  It  cannot  be  doubted, 
however,  that  the  higher  classes  do  consume  a  larger 
proportion  of  nitrogenous  food,  in  the  form  of  meat, 
though  it  is  probable  that  with  it  more  fat  (which  is  one 
of  the  highest  of  the  respiratory  constituents  of  food) 
was  taken  into  the  system  than  was  generally  imagined. 
Fat  and  butter,  indeed,  may  be  said  to  have  about  twice 
and  a  half  the  capacity  in  this  respect  of  starch,  sugar, 
&c.  It  should  be  remembered,  too,  that  the  classes 
which  consume  the  most  meat  are  those  which  consume 
the  most  butter,  sugar,  and,  in  many  cases,  alcoholic 
drinks  also.  It  was  fmrther  worthy  of  remark  that 
where  labour  was  expended  in  the  manufacture  of  staple 
articles  of  food,  it  had  generally  for  its  object  the  con- 
centration of  the  non-nitrogenous  or  respiratory  con- 
stituents. Sugar,  butter,  and  alcoholic  drinks  were 
notable  instances  of  this.  Cheese,  which  at  first  sight 
might  appear  an  -exception,  was  in  reality  not  so  ;  for 
those  cheeses  which  brought  the  highest  price  were 
always  those  which  contained  the  most  butter,  whilst ' 
butter  itself  was  always  dearer  than  cheese. 

In  conclusion,  the  authors  were  not  to  be  understood 
as  in  any  way  depreciating  the  value  of  a  somewhat 
liberal  amount  of  nitrogen  in  food  ;  but  they  considered 
that  on  the  current  views  too  high  a  relative  importance 
was  attributed  to  it  ;  and  that  it  would  conduce  to 
further  progress  in  this  most  important  field  of  inquiry, 
if  the  current  opinions  on  the  subject  were  somewhat 
modified. 


APPLICATION  OF  SEWAGE. 

The  public  ought  to  be  particularly  gr.ateful  to  you, 
for  directing  attention  from  time  to  time  to  the  impor- 
tant question  of  how  town  sewage  may  be  best  made  to 
do  its  proper  work,  L  e.,  to  refertilise  the  land  from 
whence  in  the  first  instance  it  was  extracted. 

There  are  at  the  present  moment  throughout  England 
a  number  of  towns  (and  they  are  rapidly  increasing) 
which,  by  means  of  local  boards  appointed  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Public  Health  Act,  are  about  to  carry 
into  operation  the  works  necessary  for  draining  away 
from  the  sites  of  towns  that  "  horrible  stuff"  which, 
fermenting  in  cesspools  coeval  with  the  houses  them- 
selves, has  too  long  been  allowed  to  poison  both  the  air 
and  water  in  their  immediate  vicinity.  The  filling  up  of 
these  fever  genderers  and  the  prompt  removal  of  all 
decomposable  refuse  from  our  habitations,  is  a  great 
point  gained,  and  he  is  a  benefactor  to  his  species  who 
accomplishes  only  as  much  as  this  ;  but  the  benefit  of 
town  drainage  is  only  complete  when  the  sewage  iB 
turned  to  useful  account  as  manure.  It  is  not  enough 
that  we  purify  the  town,  we  must  also  enrich  the 
country,  Parodising  Shakspeare's  description  of  mercy, 
we  may  say  of  sewage  matter  that  under  proper 
management,  it  "  blesses  him  that  gives  and  him  that 
takes  ;"  and  one  of  the  most  important  questions  re- 
quiring a  speedy  solution  is,  "  What  is  the  best  mode  of 
de.aling  with  it."  It  ought  to  be  a  source  of  fertility  to 
the  adjacent  lands  ;  it  ought,  moreover,  to  be  a  source 
of  income  to  the  towns  ;  it  ought  to  become  a  substitute 
for,  or  at  least  an  aid  to,  Peruvian  guano.  It  must  con- 
tain the  elements  of  human  food,  seeing  that  it  is  human 
food  in  a  state  of  decomposition.  Its  component  parts 
must  be  properly  proportioned  for  the  production  of 
food,  for  the  same  reason.  Experiments  were  not 
wanting  to  show  that  it  is  as  efficacious  in  practice  as  it 
might  be  expected  to  be  in  theory,  and  yet,  with  a  per- 
versity which  seems  inexplicable,  tbe  indigenous  human 
guano  gives  place  to  the  exotic  of  birds  ;  and  while  the 
latter  commands  a  price  of  102.  a  ton,  and  its  "  island 
homes  "  are  coveted  by  more  governments  than  one,  the 
former  is^apparently  valueless,  as  it  can  hardly  be  given 


42—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


667 


away.  These  reflections  have  been  occasioned  by  a 
short  visit  I  paid  to  the  Croydon  manure  tank  a  few  days 
ago,  where  I  found  a  regular  straining  apparatus  in 
operation  for  the  purpose  of  retaining  the  more  solid 
parts  of  the  town  sewage,  and  a  man  employed  at  25s. 
a  week  to  superintend  the  preparation  and  delivery  of 
the  strained  manure  to  the  neighbouring  farmers.  I 
ascertained  that  the  semi-solid  manure  so  collected 
amounted  to  about  five  or  six  loads  a  week,  each  load 
being  equal  to  -ii-  cubic  yards.  I  inquired  at  what  price 
this  valuable  material  was  selling,  and  found  to  my 
astonishment  that  it  was  given  away.  The  man  told 
me  that  the  price  had  been  2s.  6d.  a  load  ;  but  that 
owing  to  its  being  then  harvest  time,  the  farmers  could 
not  spare  time  to  look  after  it,  and  so  the  authorities  had 
no  alternative  but  to  give  it  away,  to  get  rid  of  it.  I 
wish  to  guard  against  being  understood  as  placing  the 
Croydon  serai-fluid  rinsed  manure  in  competition  with 
dry  guano ;  but  after  making  all  reasonable  allowances, 
is  it  not  an  absurdity  and  a  shame  that  4-^  cubic  yards 
of  night-soil  should  fetch  no  more  than  2s.  6tZ.,  and  at 
last  be  given  away  for  want  of  a  purchaser  at  any  price  ? 
Now  I  do  not  believe  that  the  Croydon  farmers  or  any 
farmers  are  so  stupid  as  not  to  appreciate  the  value  of 
such  a  fertilising  material  ;  the  reason,  I  apprehend, 
why  it  is  not  eagerly  sought  after,  is  the  form  in  which 
it  is  offered  for  sale.  It  will  not  do  to  present  it  to  the 
agriculturist  in  a  mixture  like  the  contents  of  the 
witches'  cauldron,  "  thick  and  slab."  It  must  be  drier, 
more  portable,  and  deodorised  before  it  can  be  made 
profitable  to  Boards  of  Health,  and  it  is  the  problem  of 
how  it  can  be  rendered  so,  which  deserves  the  earnest 
?.ttention  of  intelligent  practical  men  of  the  country. 
One  sees  accounts  of  experiments  at  Richmond  and 
elsewhere,  where  a  pinch  of  some  magical  powder  pre- 
cipitates and  deodorises  a  quart  of  sewage,  and  a  French- 
man promises  to  effect  a  like  result  with  silicate  of  soda ; 
but  without  expecting  any  such  marvellous  results  as  to 
find  a  substance  which  shall  invariably  precipitate  all 
that  is  valuable  in  such  a  variable  compound  as  sewage 
water,  we  cannot  but  regard  these  attempts  with. satis- 
faction, and  bid  the  labourers  "  God  speed,"  Depend  on 
it,  ^ith  guano  at  101.  a  ton,  and  Wheat  at  from  24s.' to 
o6s.  a  quarter  (as  it  is  just  now  in  the  Isle  of  Ely),  it  is 
a  matter  of  life  and  death  with  many,  if  they  cannot 
increase  the  price  of  corn,  at  least  by  means  of  some 
economical  fertiliser  to  produce  a  larger  quantity  of  it, 
from  the  same  space.   TFm.  3farskaU,  Ely. 

[We  add  the  following  correspondence  on  the  same 
subject  from  the  columns  of  the  Times  newspaper.] 

The  question  ofi  liquefied  manure  is  so  important  in  a 
national,  sanitar}-,  and  agricultural  point  of  Anew,  that  1 
am  induced  to  trouble  you  with  the"  results  of  my  six 
months'  experience  of  its  use.  The  quantity  of  roots 
and  green  crops  is  very  largely  increased,  just  in 
proportion  to  the  extra  supplies  of  Hquid.  One  field  of 
Mangold  Wurzel  (six  acres)  is  estimated  at  40  tons 
per  acre,  vast  numbers  of  roots  weighing  from  20  lbs.  to 
25  lbs.  each,  without  tops;  but  the  most  striking  result  is 
in  the  improved  quality  of  the  productions.  Although 
the  soil  is  natiu-ally  poor,  sheep  now  fatten  rapidly,  cows 
keep  an  improved  condition,  and  give  milk  and  butter  of 
the  richest  description.  The  difference  in  so  short  a 
period  as  six  months  is  remarkable.  Grass  that  the 
animals  scarcely  cared  to  eat  is  now  eagerly  and  closely 
cropped.  The  liquid  applied  was  a  solution  of  various 
dead  animals,  from  a  horse  to  a  pig,  with  animal  and 
human  ordure,  decayed  vegetables,  and  every  kind  of 
offal.  I  was  not  surprised  to  find  Lord  Lonsdale  dis- 
appointed by  the  application  of  strong  manui'e  in  dry 
weather.  Success  is  dependent  on  an  abundant  lique- 
faction and  dilution  with  large  supplies  of  water.  The 
very  condition,  in  fact,  of  town  sewage  is  that  required 
by  agriculture.  On  my  small  farm  of  170  acres,  my 
daily  consumption  of  water  for  liquefaction  is  40,000 
gallons,  which,  fortunately  for  me,  my  bog-spring  supplies. 

Every  farmer  knows  that  undiluted  urine  from  the 
animals  will  destroy  young  Clover  and  tender  plants  in 
hot  dry  weather.  I  see  no  practical  difliculty  in  the 
application  of  town  sewage  to  agriculture.  A  500-horse 
power  steam-engine  would  raise  and  dispose  of  the 
whole  sewage  of  the  metropolis,  minus  its  storm  water. 
Few  people  are  aware  that  the  ordinary  sewage  of 
London,  irrespective  of  rain-water,  would  pass  through 
a  conduit  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter.*  Our  gigantic 
marine  steam  cj-linders  would,  if  they  could,  laugh  at  so 
puny  an  affair.  The  whole  storm  water  of  88,000 
acrea  in  Lincolnshire  is  disposed  of  by  a  steam  power  of 
800  hor3Cfl,tand  the  great  Hcdford  Level,  some  220,000 
acres,  is  drained  by  1200-hor8e  power  and  a  few  wind- 
mills. What  difficulty,  then,  can  there  be  with  so  small 
a  comparative  surface  aa  the  area  of  the  metropolis  i 
It  is  true,  you  ma«t  first  drain  men*s  minds  of  prejudice  ; 
you  mu.^t  Bhow  them  that  the  heavy  clay  soil  of  the 
London  basin  must,  like  their  flower-pota,  be  drained, 
or  the  liquefied  manure  would  do  mischief.  There 
must  be  permeation  and  percolation,  natural  or  arti- 
ficial. Our  chalkH,  sandH,  and  hot  gravel  wastes,  of 
which  there  are  plenty  around  the  metropolis,  need  no 
drainage,  and  are  now  ready  and  almost  praying  for 
those  precious  streams  which  are  now  poiHoning  our 
population  and  polluting  our  noble  river.  Wc  have 
better  than  the  Lobos  Inlands  at  home,  if  wc  choose  to 
avail  ourseivcH  of  it,  I'rofcHHor  Way  has  estimated  the 
London  sewage  to  be  worth  2,000,000^.  annually. 

Practically,  a  steam  heart  of  .'^OO  U)  lOOO-horse  power 

"  Hf  paKH  67  of  "Mlriiiteii  nf  [nfurmatlon  Utui-d  by  the 
GtV'-ral  Btmrd  of  Health,"  July,  IttW, 

!  He«  patce  328,  rol.  x\i.,  "  Uojnl  Soclety'i  Agricultural 
Joarnal,  '  FanDlag  of  Liocolaibire/" 


should  propel  through  iron  arteries  and  a  thousand 
veins  those  fertilising  essences  of  our  bread  and  meat, 
the  very  Hfe-blood  of  agriculture.  Experience  has 
taught  me  that  all  this  may  ^be  done  as  readily  with 
liquefied  manure  as  with  gas  or  water.  Pray  lend  your 
powerful  aid  towards  cleansing  our  towns  and  fertilising 
our  fields.  It  may  be  done  profitably. — I  am,  sir,  your 
obedient  servant,  J.  J.  Mechi. 

Wr.  Mechi's  letter  has  called  forth  the  following  : 

*'  Sir, — Is  it  to  be  tolerated  that  any  man  is  to  be  per- 
mitted to  do  what  Mr.  Mechi  is  doing  ?  Tlie  cholera  is 
coming,  and  Mr.  Mechi  boasts  that  he  is  pumping  a 
'solution  of  various  dead  animals,  from  a  horse  to  a 
pig,  with  animal  and  human  ordure,  decayed  vegetables, 
and  every  kind  of  offal,'  over  our  fields.  Within  five 
miles  of  town  one  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Board 
of  Health  has  been  trying  a  similar  scheme,  but  his 
neighbours  are  aware  that  cholera  is  a  necessity  with 
him,  as  otherwise  his  occupation  would  be  gone,  and  so 
excuse  him,  I  was  glad,  however,  to  perceive  that  in 
your  report  of  the  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Com- 
mission of  Sewers,  it  appeared  that  a  landholder  at 
Battersea  was.  informed  that  he  would  "not  be  permitted 
to  do  so  any  longer,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  what  is 
sauce  for  the  goose  may  also  be  applied  to  the  gander. 
Surely  these  gentlemen  should  be  compelled  to  deodorise 
their  filth  before  pumping  it  forth,  which  one  of  your 
recent  reports  of  the  commissioners'  proceedings  shows 
is  quite  possible  by  Mr.  Stothert's  plan. — I  remain,  su', 
your  obedient  servant,  A  Sufferer,     Oct.  8." 


2ito   7st.  ofUlba. 
3    »  10  ,, 

2    »  4 

1  ,.   24 

2  „    4  lbs. 

2  »  4  „ 
6  »  9  » 
U»    2    „ 

3  „    4    »         . 
10     ,,20    ,, 


CARCASS  WEIGHT  OF  CATTLE. 

We  now  proceed  to  treat  of  the  mode  of  ascertaining 
the  carcass  weight  from  the  live  weight,  severally,  of 
oxen,  sheep,  and  swine. 

The  weights  of  the  several  offals  of  oxen  vary  accord- 
ing to  circumstances,  as  follows  : — 

Hide  and  horns from 

Tallow       „ 

Head  and  tongue          „ 

Feet          „ 

Kidneys,  the  pair          „ 

Back  collop         „ 

Heart         „ 

lAver,  lungs,  windpipe,  and  spleen  „ 

Blood        

Stomachs,  entrails,  &c. 

Sometimes,  though  rarely,  the  weight  of  the  hide  and 
horns  reaches  10  stones,  and  that  of  the  tallow  20  stones. 
The  total  weight  of  offal,  according  to  the  foregoing 
statement,  ranges  from  about  2S^  stones  to  nearly 
51  stones,  and  in  rare  instances  to  nearly  63  stones  ;  but, 
as  the  minimum  of  every  item  of  offal  is  never,  and  the 
maximum  very  rarely,  to  be  met  with  in  any  case,  the 
variation  of  the  weight  of  offal  will  perhaps  be  from 
30  stones  to  60  stones,  a  discrepancy  of  30  stones  in  the 
offal  of  the  smallest  and  leanest,  and  that  of  the  largest 
and  fattest  animals. 

The  first  process  in  a  modification  of  the  proportion 
of  the  carcass  weight  to  the  live  weight  of  oxen,  to  meet 
the  circumstances  which  occasion  a  discrepancy  in  the 
same,  is  a  classification  of  the  different  breeds,  according 
to  the  extent  to  which  the  properties  which  cliaracterise 
such  may  affect  the  proportion  in  question.  With  a 
view,  then,  to  such  purpose,  the  following  divisions  of 
the  various  breeds  of  British  cattle  will  be  found  of 
considerable  efficacy  : — 

First, — Those  breeds  which  may  be  said  to  be  culti- 
vated and  improved  with  a  view  to  large  proportion  of 
carcass  weight  to  their  whole  weight  when  alive  ; 
secondly, — Those  breeds  which  naturally  possess  many 
good  ppints  in  respect  to  a  large  produce  of  beef, 
but  which  have  not  received  that  attention  to  improve- 
ment of  capabilities  as  those  iu  the  first  division  ;  and, 
thirdly, — Those  breeds  which  may  be  considered  as 
primeval. 

The  First  Class  will  thus  include  —  The  Durham 
short-horns,  the  Herefords,  and  the  breeds  of  Sussex 
and  Devon. 

The  Second  Class — The  best  sorts  of  the  long-homed 
cattle  in  the  midland  counties  of  England,  in  Lancashire, 
and  in  Ireland  ;  the  cattle  of  Lincolnshire,  Galloway, 
Angusshire,  Ayrshire,  Aberdeenshire,  Fifeshire,  Suffolk, 
and  the  better  sorts  of  Welsh  cattle. 

The  Third  Class  comprises  the  cattle  of  Argyleshire, 
the  western  islands  of  Scotland,  and  various  breeds  of 
mountain  cattle. 

By  compounding  the  effect  of  condition  with  the 
properties  peculiar  to  the  different  breeds,  the  following 
proportions  of  carcass  weight  to  the  live  weight  of 
cattle  are  the  result  of  attentive  observation,  and  have 
been  found  satisfactory  in  practice  : — 


Proportion  of  Beef  to  the  Live  Wei-rjkt  of  Oxen. 


Condition. 

Per  cent,  of  Beef  of  the  Live  Weiglit. 

ClnsB  1, 

Class  2. 

Cl.iss  ». 

Ilolff.it 

Mudcralcly  fat 

rriino  to  vtry  fat 
ExtruortJlnarj  fat 

64  to  61> 
61)  —  C'2 
03  —  no 
67  —  72 

60  to  65 
60  —  00 
01  —  03 
OJ  —  08 

■16  to  61) 
61  —  65 
60  —  00 
01  —  CO 

As  thcro  is,  however,  an  objection  to  the  foregoing 
tftblo,  in  tho  diffienlty  of  conveying  a  precise  ide/i  of 
condition  Ity  tlio  terms  made  use  r)l',  tlio  fnliowiiig  table 
of  tlie  firoportion  of  ijoef  to  tlio  live  weights  of  bullociia 
and  heifers,  in  condition  for  tiio  butfOier,  may  pei-luips, 
in  Bfirne  measure,  obviate  (lie  rliiliciilty  wliich  a|)[>lying 
the  terms  used  in  tho  former  table  arbitrarily  may 
occasion:—      ,  .^^^  


Live  "Woii^ht, 

in  atones  of  11  lbs, 

avoirdupois. 


Per  cent,  of  Beef. 


Class  1. 


Under  1891  Heifers 

—    laolSteers 

From  120  to  150  steers 

—  100  —  120  Heifers 

—  100  —  120  Steers 

—  90  —  100  Heifers 

—  90  — 100  Steers 

—  80—90  Heifers 

—  80—90  Steers 

—  70—    80:  Heifers 
Under  70 


70  to  72 
69  —  71 
66  —  68 
66  —68 
62-65 
o;  —  05 
57-01 
67-61 
53  —  .50 
63  —  56 


Class  2. 


06  to  69 
66-69 
63  —  65 

63  —  65 
60  —  62 
60  —  02 

64  —  59 
51-69 
50  —  53 
50  —  53 


63  to  68 
63  —  68 
57—62 
57  —  62 
51  —  6S 
51  —  56 
48—  60 
48  —  60 
45—47 


It  is  not  within  the  scope  of  possibility  that  any  table^ 
of  the  natui'e  of  those  given  above,  can  be  constructed 
to  meet  every  case  ;  and  even  with  tlie  most  extensive 
experience  as  to  every  one  of  the  elements  from  which 
they  can  be  constructed,  still  much  must  be  left  to  the- 
judgment  and  experience  of  individuals  in  order  to 
obtain  accurate  results  from  their  application.  It  is  as 
much  as  can  be  expected  from  such  means  that  accuracy 
can  be  obtained  in  most  cases,  and  a  tolerably  near 
approximation  to  the  truth  in  all  others.  When  bulls 
are  weighed  to  ascertain  their  carcass  weight,  a  some- 
what larger  proportion  of  beef  should  be  allowed,  and 
for  cows  fattened  after  having  several  calves,  and  also- 
for  old  bullocks,  the  proportions  of  beef  to  their  live 
weightwiU  be  somewhat  less  than  that  stated  in'the  fables. 
Cross-bred  beasts  frequently  have  the  properties  of  their 
parents,  in  which  ease  the  proportion  of  beef  to  be 
applied  must  be  that  to  which  the  parent  belongs  which 
it  resembles  most.  In  many  instances  we  have  met 
with  cases  of  fat  oxen,  bred  between  the  short-horn 
bull  and  some  of  the  smaller  sorts  of  Scotch  cows, 
which  inherit  all  the  superior  qualities  of  the  sire.  In 
one  instance,  in  particular,  we  witnessed  a  five  years'  old 
heifer,  bred  from  a  short-horn  buU  and  a  Buchau  cow, 
weighing  only  107  stones,  and  her  beef  -was  74  stones  ; 
but  the  offal  in  this  animal,  except  hide  and  tallow,  was 
almost  the  lightest  we  ever  witnessed  ;  certainly,  in 
proportion  to  her  weight,  it  might  be  truly  considered  a 
phenomenon. 

( To  he  conihmed.) 


Home    Correspondence. 

Charred  Tan, — I  quite  agree  mth  every  word  th:^ 
your  correspondent  J.  Prideaux  has  stated.  It  is  now 
two  years  ago  since  a  large  tanner  requested  me  to 
come  down  to  Bermondsey,  just  to  see  if  anything  could 
be  done  \vith  the  refuse,  as  he  called  it,  of  the  t.an  yards ; 
with  the  exception  of  tan,  everything  else  was  rich  in  oils 
and  alkaline  matters,  and  nearly  all  was  given  away. 
I  spent  a  day  again  amongst  them  this  week,  and  tried 
all  I  knew  to  form  a  company  to  be  called  the  Great 
Bermondsey  Manure  Company,  but  to  no  purpose,  as 
they  only  laughed  at  me.  I  got  next  door  to  one  who 
deals  vei'y  largely  in  loam,  I  think  he  was  a  glue  boiler  ,. 
now  this  artful  gentleman  manufactures  maniure  and 
sells  it  to  some  one  else  at  5L  per  ton,  and  I  was  told 
that  he  is  not  the  only  one.  I  have  no  objection  to  this 
mixing  of  manures,  only  keep  out  the  loam.  Let  them 
use  Irish  peat,  or  shale  manure  instead  ;  and  from  the 
various  rich  manures  that  I  saw,  there  is  not  a  doubt 
but  what  Bermondsey  would  afford  some  200  or  300  tons 
per  week,  of  mixed  manure,  equal  to  guano,  which  could 
be  sold  at  4^.  or  5^  per  ton.  The  plan  I  proposed  two- 
years  ago  was  to  take  some  20  acres  of  ground,  after 
the  company  -was  formed,  and  establish  drying  plates  to 
dry  the  tan  previous  to  charring,  and  when  the  tan  was 
charred  to  mix  all  the  other  ingredients  with  it.  I 
found  the  largest  tan-yard  in  Bermondsey  was  Mr.  Hep* 
burn's,  who  very  kindly  showed  me  all  over  his  ex- 
tensive premises  of  about  3  acres  ;  he  uses  80  tons  per- 
week  of  tan,  with  lime  and  other  things  in  proportion. 
The  nuisance  of  tan  became  so  great  that  in  order  to 
get^rid  of  it  he  put  up  an  hydraulic  'press,  (which  re- 
quires the  constant  attendance  of  two  men),  to  squeeze 
tha  wet  out  of  his  tan  ;  then  it  is  harrowed  to  the 
engine.  This  tan,  with  the  assistance  of  a  little  small 
coal,  which  he  buys  at  9s.  per  ton,  keeps  'a  20-horee 
power  engine  constantly  at  work,  and  in  this  way  he  gets 
rid  of  all  his  tan.  The  ashes  he  sells  at  a  good  price  for 
manure  and  other  purposes.  To  show  the  destructive 
process  of  burning,  Mr.  Hepburn  told  me  that  it  required 
6  tons  of  tan  to  make  1  ton  of  ashes.  I  was  glad  to  get 
out  of  Bermondsey,  the  whole  district  stinks  with  a 
mixtm-e  of  all  sorts  of  gases.  I  was  told  that  hardly  any 
cholera  came  amongst  them  two  years  ago.  I  have  been 
thus  particular  in  naming  all  I  saw,  for  there  arfl  miles 
out  and  miles  in  of  notliing  but  large  yards  of  skins 
heaped"  up  upon  one  another,  and  stacks  of  horns  of 
many  a  horned  knout  from  the  Grampian  hills  and 
Welsh  mountains.  Bermondsey  is  full  of  all  sorts  of 
tan  factories,  skin-dressers,  glue-makers,  vitriol-makera, 
and  every  other  maker  too  numerous  to  name,  not  say- 
ing a  woi'd  about  catsup  ;  tho  soup,  I  am  told,  makes 
this  article  very  pavoury  and  far  superior  to  Mushroom 
catsup.  The  best  part  of  the  horse  is  used  for  German 
sausages,  poor  puss  comes  in  ibr  tho  worst,  in  fact  every 
thing  in  BcrmondHey  seems  to  have  found  a  use  but  the 
splendid  manure  which  lies  in  heaps  to  vitiate  the  ail^— 
lying  until  some  cunning  carter  from  Kent  calls  in  and 
squeezes  sixpence  or  a  HhiUing  fiut  of  tho  proprietor  of 
the  yard  to  Uikc  away  a  waggon-lotul  of  rich  manure. 
Tills  I  saw  myself  at  Mr.  llepburn's  yard  ;  and  what 
Ibis  cunning  Kentish  carter  chai-ged  his  master  for  it 
when  he  got  home,  I  know  not.  The  waggon-load  con- 
sisted  of  limo,  ashes,  and  oily  matters,  but  no  tan. 


668 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Oct.  16, 


I  have  now  laid  before  the  pubhc  what  I  think  of  this 
mighty  waste  of  the  finest  of  manures,  and  shall  be  too 
glad  to  see  the  thing  carried  out.  James  Cuthill,  Cain- 
berwell. 

Spades  and  Shovels :  TFes*" versus  East  of  England. — 
I  have  in  my  employ  both  Cornish  and  Kentish  men, 
each  using  their  own  tools,  and  I  was  of  late  "much 
amused  and  afterwards  interested  in  an  animated 
discussion  between  them  on  the  relative  merits  of  their 
several  shovels — the  long  handles  against  the  short. 
The  Cornish  tool  is  long-handled,  with  a  blade  so 
strongly  resembling  the  celebrated  ace  of  spades,  that  I 
have  no  doubt  it  is  the  original  of  which  so  many 
portraits  ai-e  extant ;  its  merit,  in  a  Cornish  point  of 
view,  consists  in  obviating  the  necessity  for  bending  the 
back — in  its  length  of  leverage,  using  the  knee  as  a 
fulcrum.  The  Eastern  men  object  to  it  for  its  want  of 
capacity  and  being  too  far  from  its  work,  and  difficulty 
of  entering  the  soil  in  consequence.  Several  gallons  of 
beer,  I  understand,  have  been  gaged  and  drank  in 
support  of  both  sides  of  the  question,  without  materially 
advancing  the  merits.  Individually  I  oppose,  mildly 
and  discreetly,  the  Cornish  shovel.  I  see  error  in 
principle,  though  I  witness  good  practical  results. 
Mentioning  this  matter  elsewhere,  I  have  been  referred 
to  the  wisdom  of  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  in  selecting 
this  form  of  tool  for  the  use  of  the  Sappers  and  Miners. 
I  fear  this  is  no  fair  test,  e.xoept  of  its  antiquity,  or  of 
the  slowness  of  the  honourable  Board  to  adopt  change 
or  improvement.  As  in  sevei'al  districts  this  shovel  in 
ats  two  forms  is  exclusively  used,  can  any  practical  man 
from  Cornwall,  Devon,  Kent,  or  Middlesex  tell  me  why  1 
M.,  Deptford.  [We  extract  the  following  passage  upon 
a  corresponding  question  fi'om  BeWs  WeeHij  Messenger : — 
"  The  opinion  of  the  practical  agriculturist  and  that  of 
a  spectator  is  seldom  in  unison  on  the  introduction  of 
any  novel  farming  implement.  Never,  perhaps,  was 
there  a  more  exceptional  case,  however,  than  in  that  of 
Winton's  Parkes's  steel  digging  fork.  Its  five  narrow 
prongs  are  of  cast-steel,  composed  of  one  piece  without 
joint  or  weld.  These  forks  give  place  to  the  stones, 
assuming  a  perfect  form  instantly  when  withdrawn.  A 
trial  was  recently  made  of  Wintou's  Parkes's  steel 
digging  fork  against  that  of  the  old  broad-blade  fork  : 
the  result  was,  the  workman  with  the  narrow  tines  of 
elastic  steel  earned  4s.  while  the  one  with  the  broad- 
blade  fork  earned  only  2s.  Sd.,  out  of  which  6d.  was  paid 
toi  repairs.  The  saving  does  not  conclude  here  :  the 
weight  of  the  respective  implements  varies  almost  2  lbs. ; 
such  being  the  case,  five  tons  moi'e,  it  is  estimated,  was 
raised  by  the  man  adopting  the  broad-blade,  or  old 
character  of  fork.] 

T/ie  Gapes  in  Poidtrij. — I  trouble  you  with  a  few 
lines,  which  I  shall  feel  obhged  by  your  inserting  in 
your  Paper,  as  they  may  be  useful  to  some  of  your 
readers  who  are  fond  of  poultry,  and  have  been  unfor- 
tunate in  losing  their  chickens  by  a  disease  called  the 
gapes,  which  I  believe  is  generally  very  fatal.  I  heard 
a  neighbour  of  mine  had  lost  100  by  it  this  summer. 
The  disease,  when  violent,  prevents  them  eating  ;  if 
tliey  manage  to  pick  up  a  corn,  they  gape,  and  before 
they  are  able  to  swallow,  the  grain  has  fallen  out  of 
their  mouths,  so  that  they  are  literally  starved  to  death. 
Medicine  is  useless ;  and  the  only  cure  I  have  found  is 
to  cram  them  three  or  fotir  times  a  day,  which  keeps 
up  their  strength,  and  enables  them  in  a  short  time  to 
overcome  the  disease.  This  is  the  second  summer  I 
have  tried  the  experiment  and  with  complete  success. 
The  person  who  feeds  the  chickens  will  soon  find  out 
with  a  little  attention  those  that  do  not  eat,  as  they 
generally  creep  away,  and  are  frightened  at  their  more 
sturdy  companions  when  the  food  is  thrown  to  them. 
M.  A.  P.,  Winchester. 

Tlie  Value  of  a  Ton  of  Turnips. — Every  farmer  knows 
that  the  Wheat  crop  pays  its  own  immediate  expenses, 
and  leaves  a  profit  ;  that  Barley  is  also  remunerative, 
that  the  Clover  crop  is  an  inexpensive  one  ;  but  the 
Turnip  crop,  as  a  basis  for  the  other  three,  is  costly,  and 
entails  a  heavy  charge  beyond  its  immediate  return.  I 
believe  I  am  quite  safe  in  saying  that  every  ton  of  Tur- 
nips grown  in  the  south  by  the  ordinary  pi'ocess  of 
farming  costs  at  least  10s.  per  ton  ;  whilst  the  return,  if 
some  moderate  quantity  of  purchased  food  is  added,  is 
scarcely  4s.  per  ton  ;  and  where  much  purchased  food 
ia  used,  not  Is.  per  ton  is  left  for  the  Turnips.  Mr. 
Lawes's  experiments  in  the  English  Society's  Journal, 
testing  the  comparative  merits  of  various  breeds  of 
aheep,  has  produced,  incidentally,  a  complete  settlement 
of  this  question.  The  animals  were  allowed  Clover  hay 
and  oilcake  at  the  market  pi'ice,  in  addition  to  an  un- 
Kmited  supply  of  Turnips  ;  and  the  results  were,  that 
two  lots  paid  nothing  for  their  Turnips,  after  accounting 
for  the  purchased  food,  and  the  last  lot,  Cotswolds,  only 
left  Is.  per  ton  for  the  Turnips.  Jobbers  and  dealers 
in  this  neighbourhood  will  sometimes  give  2s.  6d.  to 
3s.  6d.  per  ton  for  Turnips  consumed  on  the  land, 
without  additional  food  ;  but  if  they  give  oilcake  they 
pay  nothing  for  the  Turnips.  Although  Colonel  Mao 
Douall's  tabulated  statements  in  the  last  Society's 
Journal  are  very  useful,  and  his  practice  sound,  they  by 
no  means  justify  such  a  value  for  Turnips  in  our  South 
country.  He  purchased  his  lean  stock  at  4s.  id.  per 
atone  of  14  lbs.,  and  sold  it  again  when  fattened  at  Ss. 
per  atone,  thus  gaining  a  clear  profit  of  Sd.  per  stone  on 
he  lean  stock  purchased.  By  deducting  this  source  of 
profit— U.  16s.  from  the  51,  is. — it  leaves  a  price  of  4s. 
per  ton,  instead  of  6s. ;  and  singularly  enough  this  cor- 
responds exactly  with  the  intelligent  tables  of  experi- 
ments published  by  Mr.  Laycock  at  Newcastle,  where 
He  shows  that  he  obtained  45.  per  toa  for  his  Turnips, 


and  the  manure.  If  I  remember  rightly,  your  experi- 
ments over  a  very  long  period,  and  large  return,  showed 
something  Hke  3s.  i^d.  per  ton  for  roots.  Col.  Mac 
Douall  is  probably  fortunately  situated  for  obtaining 
cheap  lean  stock  from  the  breeders  on  the  waste  lands 
of  Scotland,  but  practically  we,  in  the  south,  have  often 
to  buy  our  lean  stock  dearer,  net  dead  weight,  than  we 
can  again  sell  it  for  ;  and  in  the  case  of  sheep  especially, 
I  am  sure  that  7d.  to  Sd.  per  lb.  has  lately  been  paid  for 
lean  meat,  which  must  when  fattened  be  disposed  of  at 
6d,  or  6Jd.  Breeders  are  certainly  doing  well  now; 
but,  after  all,  a  breeding  flock  pulls  the  land,  for  its  bone 
and  muscle.  It  is  quite  clear  that  if  we  are  to  lose  61. 
to  10^.  per  acre  by  our  Turnip  crop,  that  sum  must  be 
charged  to  the  ensuing  crops  ;  and  it  is  here  that  the 
shoe  pinches.  How  important  is  it,  then,  that  we  should 
grow  our  roots  as  cheaply  and  abundantly  as  possible. 
I  have  long  watched  the  most  successful  farmers,  and 
have  observed  that  those  have  made  the  most  money 
who  have  used  bones  and  bone  manure  abundantly  ;  and 
I  honestly  believe  that  it  is,  taking  price  and  all  circum- 
stances into  consideration,  our  cheapest  manure.  The 
superphosphate  acts  quickly,  and  the  half-inch  bones 
tell  strangely  on  the  Clover  and  green  crops  that  follow. 
The  appHcation  of  all  my  manure  in  a  liquid  form  has  at 
present  given  me  very  great  advantages  in  root  and 
green  crops,  which  are  beyond  everything  of  the  sort 
I  ever  yet  produced  ;  but  I  shall  make  my  expei'ience  in 
irrigation  the  subject  of  a  future  communication  shortly. 
J.  J.  Mechi,  Tiptree,  Oct.  7. 


Cleveland  AeRicPLTnEAL  :  Reaping  Machines. — Six 
machines  were  brought  into  the  field.  These  were  Mr. 
Husaey's,  Mr.  M'Cormick's,  Mr.  Garrett's,  as  improved 
by  Mr.  Palmer,  of  Stockton-on-Tees ;  Mr.  Crosskill's, 
of  Beverley  ;  Messrs.  Dray  and  Co.'s,  of  London  ;  and 
Mr.  John  Wray's,  of  Leeming,  near  Bedale.  The 
machine  exhibited  by  Mr.  Palmer  is  Hussey's  with 
Garrett's  improvements,  which  consist  of  the  knife 
being  bevilled  on  one  edge  only,  and  being  made  capable 
of  cutting  soft  straw  crops,  such  as  Barley  and  Oats,  and 
it  has  been  considered  better  than  a  knife  bevilled  on 
both  sides.  It  has  an  improved  wheel  for  regulating 
the  height  of  the  cut,  and  also  Palmer's  roller  platform, 
so  that  a  man  can  throw  off  the  sheaves  with  half  the 
Labour  required  from  a  plain  platform.  The  weight  is 
carried  upon  the  horses'  backs,  instead  of  on  their 
necks,  a  rod  of  iron  being  used  to  connect  the  saddles. 
The  following  is  an  account  of  Mr.  M'Cormick's 
machine,  as  he  himself  read  it  upon  the  ground  after 
tlie  trial.  He  said,  "  The  essential  features  of  this 
machine,  as  distinguished  from  Hussey's,  made  by 
Crosskill,  Dray,  Garrett,  and  others,  are  the  following, 
viz.  :  My  machine  cuts  with  the  sickle  edge  and  reel 
combined,  so  that  a  man  riding  upon  the  machine 
delivers  the  com  at  the  side,  thus  making  the  two  opera- 
tions of  cutting  and  binding  entirely  independent  of 
each  other.  The  machine  cuts  6  feet  wide,  and  has  full 
power  to  do  its  work  at  tlie  ordinary  speed  of  a  plough 
team.  It  will  cut  as  close  to  the  ground  as  the  surface 
will  admit  of,  and  can  easily  be  adjusted  to  a  high  or 
low  stubble,  and  will  do  work  in  the  morning  dew,  or 
without  regard  to  the  weather.  It  ia  worked  by  two  men 
and  two  horses,  and  the  draught,  by  actual  test  made 
with  the  dynamometer,  is  only  about  equal  to  a  two- 
horse  plough,  and  is  less  than  Hussey's,  though  one-fifth 
larger.  Fifteen  acres  are  about  an  average  day's  work 
(the  raker  and  driver  changing  places  alternately),  and 
by  calculation  the  machine  cuts  an  acre  to  \\  miles 
forward  driving,  estimating  the  machine  at  5^  feet  only. 
At  Sheffield  on  the  2d,  and  at  Driffield  on  the  13th 
August,  in  cutting  about  2  acres  to  the  two  machines 
at  the  former,  and  at  least  1 0  acres  at  the  latter  trial, 
and  at  Sunderland  on  the  25tli  August,  the  first  prizes 
were  awarded  to  my  machine  as  the  best  in  every 
respect ;  and  although  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society 
at  Lewes  did  award  to  Hussey's  their  first  prize  recently, 
it  was  done  before  my  arrival  in  England,  and  my 
machine  was  represented  by  the  respectable  firm  of 
Bui'gess  and  Key,  of  London,  who  naturally  knew  very 
little  of  the  reaping  machines,  and  constructed  it  exactly 
according  to  the  pattern  of  last  year,  as  exhibited  at 
Cleveland,  which  was  not  adapted  to  cutting  near  the 
ground,  but  to  a  high  stubble,  as  we  do  in  the  United 
States,  While  this  is  true,  the  corn  was  quite  green  at 
the  date  of  the  Royal  Society's  show,  and  a  few  rows 
across  the  field  were  cut,  and  that  under  circumstances 
so  favourable  as  readily  to  admit  of  the  worse  appearing 
the  better,  I  am  here  now  to  found  the  character  of 
my  machine  upon  its  merits,  and  expect  to  prove  fully 
its  superior  adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the  farmers  of 
England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  Mr,  Hudson,  M,P,, 
chairman  of  the  Durham  County  Society,  having  ordered 
one  of  my  machines  for  next  year,  while  seeing  it  in 
operation  alongside  of  the  four  others,  I  volunteered  to 
cut  com  for  him,  wet  or  dry,  on  Saturday,  the  21st,  and, 
if  the  weather  is  not  very  bad,  will  cut  at  least  10  acres. 
I  may  just  add  that  my  machine  was  exhibited  at  Cleve- 
land last  August,  under  the  circumstances  mentioned 
above,  without  my  knowledge  or  consent  ;  and  the  same 
is  true  as  to  the  late  exhibition  at  the  Royal  Society,  when 
the  cutting  was  well  done,  but  too  high.  My  object  now, 
after  having  incurred  great  expense  already  in  getting  my 
machine  before  the  public,  is  its  general  introduction 
everywhere."  Mr.  Hussey's  machine,  as  exhibited  and 
improved  by  Messrs.  Dray,  which  has  received  several 
prizes,  was  tried,  it  appears,  under  rather  unfavourable 


circumstances,  in  consequence  of  the  horses  not  being 
proper  ones  for  the  purpose,  so  that  they  were  obliged  to  be 
changed.  This  machine  has  a  small  wheel  in  front, 
which,  it  is  said,  takes  all  the  bearing  off  the  horses, 
and  the  machine  is  moved  much  more  easily.  Also 
connected  with  it  ia  a  simple  and  most  effective 
apparatus  for  moving  it  about.  This  machine  was 
commended  by  the  jury,  Mr.  Husaey's  own  machine 
differs  from  that  exhibited  last  year  at  Middlesbro', 
although  the  same  in  principle.  It  is  8  feet  wide,  being 
3  feet  wider  than  the  original  one.  There  are  also  two 
wheels  in  front.  The  width  in  question  renders  it 
impracticable  to  deliver  the  corn  with  a  rake  ;  and  as  a  ■ 
substitute  for  it,  a  tilting  platform  and  flyer  have  been 
invented,  by  which  the  person  on  the  seat,  by  moving  a 
connecting  rod,  is  able  to  change  the  position  of  the 
platform  when  it  is  full,  and  to  throw  the  corn  out 
behind.  This  platform  falls  back  to  its  former  position 
immediately  to  receive  another  sheaf.  The  principle  o£ 
Mr.  Crosskill's  machine  is  well  known,  and  in  that  o£ 
Mr,  Wray's,  as  well  as  Mr.  Hussey's,  the  jury  were  of 
opinion,  as  to  some  points,  that  much  ingenuity  had 
been  displayed  in  their  construction.  In  Mr,  Wray's 
machine  a  revolving  belt  is  introduced  to  lay  the  corn  in 
swathe,  Mr,  Challoner  gave  the  jury  the  opportunity  of 
selecting  any  crop  upon  his  farm,  and  in  consequence  the 
trial  was  more  extensive  and  varied  than  it  otherwise 
would  have  been.  The  trial  was  in  a  field  containing  a 
crop  of  Oats  and  a  crop  of  Wheat,  of  about  5  acres 
each,  and  both  erect  and  average  crops. 

The  following  ia  the  Report  of  the  jury  : — "  In  the 
first  place  the  jury,  in  conducting  the  trial,  have  paid 
the  greatest  attention,  as  well  to  the  suggestions  of  the 
exhibitors  as  to  those  of  the  committee  of  this  Society. 
The  trial  waa  commenced  at  1  o'clock  yesterday,  and 
was  continued  up  to  7  o'clock  in  the  evening,  during 
which  time  the  whole  of  the  machines  brought  forward 
were  tried.  Mr.  Hussey's  machine,  in  consequence  of 
an  accident,  did  not  reach  the  trial  field.  The  trial  was 
resumed  this  morning  at  7  o'clock,  and  finished  at 
noon,  Mr.  Hussey's  machine  being  tried  first.  The 
whole  of  the  machines  were  put  to  the  most  severe  and 
varied  trial  upon  average  crops  of  Wheat  and  Oats,  and 
your  jury,  after  timing  and  measuring  the  operations 
of  the  diS'erent  machmes,  working  them  under  a  variety 
of  circumstances,  and  balancing  their  merits  and 
demerits,  have  come  to  the  decision,  by  a  majority  of 
eight  to  two,  that  machine  E,  as  exhibited  by  Mr.  John 
Palmer,  of  Stockton,  is  entitled  to  the  premium,  and 
they  are  unanimously  of  opinion  that  machine  0,  as 
exhibited  by  Mr.  M'Cormick,  should  be  highly  com- 
mended, and  that  machine  M,  as  exhibited  by  jNIessrs. 
Dray  and  Co.,  should  be  commended.  Your  jm-y  beg 
to  add  that  they  consider  the  machmea  A  and  B,  aa 
exhibited  respectively  by  Mr.  Hussey  and  Mr.  Wray, 
are  deserving  of  their  approbation,  inasmuch  as,  in 
some  respects,  there  was  much  ingenuity  displayed  in 
their  construction.  It  is  proper  to  add  that  one  of  the 
jm-y  was  of  opinion  that  the  merit  was  equ.al  between 
machines  E  and  0,  and  that  the  prize  ought  to  be 
divided.  The  jury  have  had  the  satisfaction  of  hearing 
several  of  the  exhibitors  express  their  unqualified 
approbation  of  the  manner  in  which  the  trial  was  con- 
ducted throughout.  Your  jury  cannot  conclude  their 
report  without  expressing  their  unanimous  thanks  to 
the  President  of  the  Cleveland  Agricultural  Society  for 
the  use  of  his  crops  on  this  occasion,  which  enabled 
them  to  make  the  trial  the  most  lengthened  and  varied 
that  has  taken  place  since  the  introduction  of  the 
reaping  machines  into  this  country  ;  and,  further,  they 
beg  to  add  that  the  greatest  praise  is  due  to  the  large 
and  respectable  assembly  on  the  ground  that  day  for 
the  orderly  manner  in  which  they  conducted  themselves 
during  the  trial. — John  Peikson,  Foreman. — Gamsbro, 
Aug.  26," 

In  the  course  of  the  evening  the  following  remarks 
were  made  by  Mr,  Wharton,  in  proposing  the  health  of 
the  judges  and  jurors  : — The  Chairman  had  called  their 
attention  to  certain  premiums  which  had  been  offered 
by  the  North  Ribblesdale  Association,  He  did  not  find 
any  fault  with  the  remarks  he  had  made  on  that  subject, 
but  at  the  same  time  he  must  state  that  they  had  offered 
on  several  occasions  premiums  not  exactly  similar,  but 
of  a  similar  character  to  those  which  are  recommended. 
Only  last  year  a  challenge  cup  of  20  guineas  was  offered 
by  the  Society  for  the  best  cultivated  farm  within  the 
district.  The  conditions  were  that  it  was  to  be  opento 
a  challenge  for  three  years,  and  at  the  end  of  that  period 
the  cup  was  to  become  the  whole  and  exclusive  property 
of  the  person  who  had  the  beat  cultivated  farm.  That 
call  was  not  responded  to  in  the  way  that  could  have 
been  wished,  and  he  believed  there  had  been  only  one 
entry.  One  great  objection  to  this  sort  of  premium  was 
the  great  expense  it  entailed  on  the  Society  in  visiting 
farms  at  a  distance.  They  must  have  at  least  three 
judges  to  go  roimd  and  inspect  the  farms,  because  it  was 
very  possible  there  might  be  a  difference  of  opinion  ; 
and  therefore  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  have_  a 
declaring  voice  on  a  question  of  that  sort.  It  was  qmte 
clear  the  expense  would  be  very  considerable  when 
farms  laid  on  opposite  sides  of  the  district,  more  par- 
ticularly when  they  had  not  a  railroad  running  through 
the  centre  of  the  district.  His  friend  the  Chairman 
seemed  to  think  a  very  great  deal  about  the  offering  of 
a  premium  for  a  manure  pump.  He  (the  Vice-Chair- 
man)  thought  that  they  had  no  right  to  have  liquid 
manure  on  their  farms,  and  that  it  should  be  absorbed 
by  the  straw,  which  is  taken  in  a  better  state  to  the  field. 
From  what  he  had  seen,  he  waa  perfectly  satisfied  that 
manure  made  in  the  yard,  under  cover,  and  therefore 


42—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


GG9 


that  upoa  which  rain  never  falls,  was  worth  double  the 
weight  of  that  laid  in  the  fold-yard.  He  then,  as  at  the 
last  meeting,  drew  attention  to  the  adulteration  of  guano, 
which  had  much  increased  of  late,  and  stated  it  to  be 
the  opinion  of  Professor  Way,  chemist  to  the  Royal 
Aoricultural  Society  of  England,  that  it  was  almost 
impossible  for  the  farmer  to  detect  these  adulterations. 
He  thought  this  was  a  most  important  subject,  and  one 
which  the  Society  ought  to  take  in  hand,  more  especially 
as  this  district  was  becoming  much  more  of  a  Turnip 
growing  country  than  it  was  10  or  15  years  ago.  He 
would  launch  a  new  scheme  he  meant  to  propose  to  the 
Society.  He  wished  to  form  a  guano  club  or  society 
which  should  have  the  proper  means  of  testing,  by 
analysis,  the  guano  which  was  purchased  by  its  members. 
He  was  satisfied  that  a  society  of  this  sort  would  prove 
of  greater  benefit  to  the  district  than  perhaps  any  other 
that  could  be  established,  because  the  profit  on  guano 
was  so  small,  and  consequently  the  temptation  to 
adulterate  it  was  so  great,  that  he  believed  it  hardly 
possible  for  a  small  dealer  to  deal  in  this  article  with 
profit  to  himself,  aud  maintain  the  character  of  a 
respectable  man  and  an  honest  dealer.  He  hoped 
shortly  to  call  a  meeting  for  the  purpose  he  had  named, 
and  tliat  the  farmers  generally  would  aid  him  in  his 
endeavour  to  establish  such  a  society.  There  were 
certain  gentlemen  present  whose  support  he  should  not 
solicit,  although  he  trusted  he  should  meet  with  their 
cordial  co-operation  ;  but  at  the  same  time  he  must 
state  that  it  was  the  bounden  duty  of  the  large  landed 
proprietors  of  the  district  to  come  forward  and  support 
the  society.  In  proposing  the  health  of  the  judges 
and  jurors  of  this  Society,  he  would  observe  that 
no  body  of  men  had  ever  more  difficult  cards  to  play 
than  to  decide  on  the  merits  of  the  reapers  on  the 
previous  day.  Their  duty  was  not  merely  to  ascertain 
whether  this  implement  or  that  implement  did  the  best 
work,  because  he  thought  that  every  one  who  saw  the 
work  done  must  admit  that  it  was  more  than  satisfactory. 
The  work  was  exceedingly  good  ;  in  fact,  as  far  as  he 
could  see,  there  was  no  work  done  by  any  of  the 
machines  which  they  could  find  any  great  fault  with. 
No  doubt  in  certain  places,  owing  to  the  state  of  the 
crop,  there  were  certain  failures ;  that  of  course  was 
not  the  fault  of  the  machine,  but  owing  to  the  position 
in  which  the  corn  was  laid  for  cutting.  He  had  heard 
the  decision  of  the  jury  canvassed,  and  he  was  not  at  all 
surprised  to  hear  a  great  number  of  different  opinions 
on  the  subject.  He  confessed,  if  he  had  to  make  up 
his  mind  at  this  meeting  to  purchase  a  reaper,  he  was 
not  prepared  to  say,  having  got  through  the  greater 
part  of  the  harvest,  which  he  would  buy  for  the  next. 
He  should  say  he  would  prefer  waiting.  —  Mr.  J. 
Peirson  responded.  He  said  that  there  were  13  points  in 
all  laid  before  the  jury  for  their  decision,  and  one  of  them 
was  how  the  machine  acted  on  hilly  or  uneven  ground  ; 
but  this  could  not  be  decided,  because  the  ground  was 
not  adapted  for  doing  so.  On  the  remaining  12  points, 
seven  were  decided  in  favour  of  Garrett's  machine,  and 
five  in  favom*  of  M'Corraick's,  so  that  the  jury  were  in 
no  way  unanimous  ;  but  there  were  other  points  they 
had  to  determine,  and  at  last  he,  as  foreman,  put  the 
question  which,  in  their  opinion,  was  the  best  ^machine, 
which  the  second,  and  which  the  third  ?  Thatjdecision 
had  already  been  laid  before  them,  and  he  thought  they 
would  give  the  jury  credit  for  having  done  their 
beat  according  to  their  judgment.  The  trial  was 
a  long  and  most  anxious  one  to  them,  and  if  they 
had  erred  at  all,  it  was  an  error  of  judgment. 
The  machine  exhibited  by  Mr.  Hussey  himself  was 
on  an  entirely  new  principle  as  regarded  the  "  tipping  " 
of  the  corn  from  the  platform,  but  they  considered 
it  much  too  large  for  general  use  in  this  district.  It 
cut  to  the  width  of  fJ  feet,  and  in  a  large  and  heavy  crop 
it  would  be  utterly  impossible  for  two  horses  to  work  it. 
He  understood  that  it  had  been  used  for  cutting  Flax  in 
America,  and  for  any  light  crop  of  Flax  or  Oats,  he 
had  no  doubt  it  would  act  admirably.  In  Mr.  Wray's 
machine  was  introduced  a  revolving  belt  to  lay  the  corn 
in  swathe.  Should  a  machine  of  this  description  be 
brought  into  general  use,  it  was  thought  that  it  would 
not  be  necessary  to  employ  so  large  a  number  of  hands 
as  with  Garrett's,  or  even  with  M'Cormick's.  With 
respect  to  the  delivery  of  the  latter  he  thought  it  was 
not  advisable  for  the  com  to  lie  on  the  ground  in  sheaf 
for  any  length  of  time.  The  draught  of  the  machines 
was  another  consideration,  and  although  M'Cormick's 
Bcemed  to  work  at  a  light  draught,  and  go  at  a  slow 
pace,  yet  they  considered  the  draught  of  Garrett's 
machine  was  nut  much  more  than  M'Cormick's. 
Anothfrr  thing  which  made  them  decide  in  favour  of 
Garrett's  was,  that  the  macliine  was  never  stopped 
during  the  experiments,  whilst  M*Cormick's  machine 
had  a  stoppage  on  two  or  three  different  occasiouH,  In 
a  trial  of  speed  on  3  roods  and  1 8  perches  of  land, 
Garrett's  machine  completed  its  quota  in  28  minutes, 
M'Cormick's  in  38  minutes,  and  Dray's  in  33  minutes. 


a  farm  that  adjoint  U9 ;  and  this,  I  thiad,  may  bo  partly 
accouated  for  by  the  nature  of  the  Boil,  which,  lying  as  it  does 
upon  gravel,  and  that  again  oa  cha'k,  teudi  to  couQ'eract  the 
iatlueaca  likely  to  arise  .from  rapid  changes  of  weather;  aa 
Buch  a  soil  is  not  easily  m\de  too  wet,  neither  i«  it  made  very 
dry,  without  a  long  coattnuaace  of  dry  weather.  Aa  I  said,  I 
think  this  nmat  be  partly  the  cause  why  we  had  no  blight  in 
ihia  neighbourhood.  I  know  it  is  said  that  the  old  red  straw 
Wheat  ia  more  hardy  than  some  othor  sorts,  but  tha  farm 
adjoining  us  was  sovra  with  a  d'ffdrent  sort,  and  oure  was 
partly  Spalding  and  partly  red  straw.  I  found  a  few  acres  of 
Spalding  that  were  a  little  dark  ia  the  straw,  but  it  waa  sown 
atcer  Tuvnipa,  and  I  of.en  find  that  Wheat  after  thein  d)e3 
not  seem  quite  so  healthy.  We  were  very  fortunate  in  securing 
the  Wtieit  in  good  order ;  when  we  saw  signs  of  rain  approach- 
ing, we  put  it  all  in  miw  on  the  field,  the  mowa  being  made 
no  hiijher  than  we  could  put  the  sheaves  iu  their  position  when 
standing  on  the  ground,  using  a  ladder  only  to  put  ou  the  cap 
sheaf.  This  I  find  to  be  both  the  quicUasc  and  safest  way  of 
securing  it  that  we  have  ever  tried.  Tna  mows  are  small,  and 
the  sheaves  have  not  to  be  brought  far ;  and  as  no  one  gets  on 
the  stack,  tbe  sheaves  are  sure  to  be  laid  with  their  heads  well 
up,  so  that  any  rain  that  falls  upon  them  eoon  finds  its  way  to 
the  ground,  a  thing  that  it  will  not  so  readily  do  when  some 
builders  get  upon  the  stack.  Here  I  am  tempted  to  notice  a 
system  of  rick  building  recomniendod  by  a  corraspoadent  in 
your  Paper  some  time  ago,  but  shall  leave  that  to  another  time.  . 
We  were  not  so  fortunate  with  some  of  our  Barley  that  was 
cut  early,  as  the  rain  came  on  it  a  day  or  two  before  it  was  fit 
to  carry,  and  it  lay  on  the  ground  lor  more  than  a  week  in 
very  heavy  rain;  but  as  we  hud  out-  Wheat  all  safe,  we  kept 
moving  it  often  and  kept  it  from  sprouting.  AUhough  it  is 
dark  in  colour,  the  quality  is  nit  much  damaged,  and  the 
weight  of  th*}  worst  escaeds  50  lbs.  per  bLishel ;  bat  some  have 
been  very  late  in  gettinj  iu  theirs,  and  it  is  all  but  destroyed  ; 
ill  some  places  they  have  but  ju^t  flat&hed.  The  only  tine 
weather  that  wis  have  had  for  carrying  was  from  August  19  to 
Sffptember  4  ;  and  what  wa?  not  secured  on  the  latter  date  has 
been  all  but  destroyed,  for  up  to  the  22d  inat.  ihere  has  not 
been  a  day  on  which  corn  could  be  carried  dry.  We  hive  not 
for  many  years  had  a  season  that  proved  to  ua  the  valu3  of 
despatch  more  forcibly.  Of  the  Tmuip  crop,  we  will  speak 
another  time  in  answer  to  the  queries  put  forth  by  the  Highland 
Society,  as  far  as  our  experience  and  observation  goes.  We 
shall  now  find  employment  in  cleaning  and  preparing  thg  land 
for  Vetches  and  root  crops  for  nest  year,  a  work  which  will  be 
heavier  than  usual,  as  the  season  has  been  well  adapted  for 
propagating  and  maturing  all  kinds  of  weeds.  G.  S. 


by  the  side  of  the  Browick  Red  Wheat  (the  most  pro- 
ductive sort  I  then  had),  on  a  piece  of  Red  Clover  ley 
on  a  gravelly  soil  in  good  condition.  I  found  the  resuJfc 
to  be  as  follows  : — 


Browick,  red 
Sandon'ri.  red 


Value 
P'  r  qr. 


38 
38 


Value 
per  acre- 


£  s.  d, 
11  3  10 
10  12     6 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

SEPTEMBER. 
DoKfST  Pakh,  ^--pf.  25.— Wo  may  now  wrlt«  a  few  llnei  at 
■omethln((  like  IcUnre.  81nc«  harrevt  bugnn  thero  has  no'. 
be«a  mach  spare  time;  wo  Uolahed  our4  ab'jut  throe  weekH 
a;CO,  and  perhapt  to  the  full  as  well  at  others  ;  but  thcro  baa 
be'm  a  ffood  dfral  of  dam'igc  done  by  the  heavy  rnimi,  and 
certainly  the  sinKulao  ex;itjctati'ms  that  wo  onco  cburlNhe  d 
Iiavd  not  been  rcatlned  In  any  way.  The  Whea^  althoutfli 
before  harv«4t  it  wa«  here  and  there  a  Ut'.lo  bll<htfld,  yet  I  did 
not  think  that  enough  Ut  matorlally  aflf^ct  ao  othnrwite  pro- 
mhlng  crop.    Wo  had  ao  bll^bt  la  ouri,  nor  was  tborc  any  on 


Miscellaneous. 

CiLltivatlon  of  WJieat. — October  20, 18.51,  were  drilled 
the  following  varieties  of  Wheat,  at  the  rate  of  about 
7  pecks  per  acre,  on  plots  of  laud  contiguous  to  each 
other,  after  a  white  Clover  ley  : — 


Qaantity 

Yalue  per 

Value 

per    Acre. 

Qaarter. 

per  Acre. 

E.     p.     Q. 

s. 

£    s.    d. 

New  Lammia,  red      

33    1    0 

40 

9  11    3 

Albert,  red         

40     3     0 

31 

9  13    6 

Browick,  red     

42     8     1 

38 

10     3     8 

Imperial  White 

39    1    0 

4G 

11    6    8 

Golden  Drop,  red          

41     0     1 

88 

9  15    4 

Spildins.  red     

41     1     0 

38 

9  15  11 

On  the  same  day  as  the  aboVe  sorts  were  drilled  I 
commenced  another  experiment  on  the  same  furlong  of 
land,  but  not  in  quite  so  good  condition,  by  drilling  the 
following  varieties  of  white  Wheats,  at  intervals  of 
8  inches,  at  the  rate  also  of  7  pecks  per  acre,  which  pro- 
duced the  following  result  : — 


I  published  the  result  of  an  experiment  iu  the  Messenger 
in  October,  1850,  respecting  hand-hoeitig  Wheat  in  the 
spring  of  that  year,  when  it  appeared  that  the  part  not 
hoed  produced  more  by  2  bushels  and  1  peck  per  acre 
than  that  part  well  hand-hoed.  In  1851  another  trial 
was  made  on  the  same  subject,  which  resulted  in  the 
hoed  Wheat  having  a  very  slight  advantage,  scarcely 
enough  to  pay  the  expenses  of  hoeing.  Again,  this  year^ 
I  made  a  further  experiment,  and  drilled  two  plots  of 
land  at  8-inch  intervals  with  red  Wheat,  one  of  which 
was  well  hand-hoed  in  April,  and  the  other  left  without 
having  the  soil  in  any  way  moved  in  the  spring.  The- 
produce  was  as  follows  : — 

Quantity  per  acre. 
B.     p.     G, 

Wheat  well  hand-hoed  42    0    0 

Wheat  not  hoed 41    3    0 

These  trials  seem  to  prove  that  it  is  useless  to  hoe- 
Wheat  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  unless  the  land  is  foul 
with  weed.  In  conclusion,  I  must  relate  another  expe- 
riment respecting  making  the  land  solid  for  Wiieat,  by 
pressing,  rolling,  &c.  Two  plots  of  land,  about  1  rood 
each,  were  drilled  with  Lammas  Wheat  on  a  white 
Clover  ley  and  gravel  soil,  and  managed  in  every  way 
the  samep  except  that  one  part  was  rolled  lightly,  as 
usual,  once  after  the  drilling.  Tlie  other  plot  was  rolled 
with  a  very  heavy  roller  three  times  over,  care  being 
taken  that  the  horses  did  not  walk  each  twice  over  in 
the  same  track,  consequently  the  soil  was  made  per- 
fectly solid.  When  threshedj  I  found  the  result  to  be 
as  under  : — •  , 

Quantity  per  acre» 

B.      P.    G. 

Wheat  land,  three  times  heavily  rolled  and 

horse-trod  38     2     0 

Wheat  land,  very  lightly  rolled         38     1     0 

This  experiment  shows  but  little  utility  in  being  at 
much  expense  to  get  the  land  firm  for  Wheat,  an  advan- 
tage I  have  for  some  time  doubted,  although  I  know  it 
is  adverse  to  popular  opinion. — I  am,  Sir,  your  obedient 
servant,  T.  E.  PavAettj  of  Beeston,  BUjrjleswade,  in  BdV& 
WeeJdy  Messenger: 


Value  per 
Quarter. 


46 
44 


Value  per 
Acre. 


10  12  9 
9  10  5 
8    0    2 


Imperial  White 

Couqens'd  unrivalled  White ") 

Wheat I 

Kent  Brown    Chaff   White  ( 

Wheat  ...   _... ...__  1 

The  land  on  which  these  trials  were  made  is  a  gravelly 
loam,  and  not  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  The  great 
difference  also  in  the  yield  in  the  last  experiment, 
between  the  least  and  most  productive  sorts,  clearly  in- 
dicates the  necessity  of  endeavouring  to  ascertain  the 
most  remunerative  kind  of  Wheat  to  grow.  The 
superiority  of  the  quality  of  the  Imperial  White  Wheat 
in  the  first  experiment,  although  grown  on  my  farm  for 
the  last  nine  years  without  a  change,  was  very  great  over 
the  red  Wheats,  which  seemed  very  much  washed  by  the 
heavy  x'ains  before  and  during  the  harvest,  whilst  the 
Imperial  White  Wheat  retained  the  beautiful  bloom  for 
which  it  is  remarkable,  and  being  very  hardy,  it  scarcely 
sprouted.  I  think  also  the  Browick  red  will  not  grow 
quite  so  quick  in  the  sheaf  in  wet  weather  as  some  other 
softer  kinds  of  red  Wheat.  Having  heard  much  of  a 
very  productive  sort  of  red  Wheat  called  the  Defiance, 
of  a  horned  or  bearded  kiud,  I  determined  to  try  its 
merits  against  three  otlier  good  varieties,  which  were 
all  drilled  on  the  same  day  and  in  the  same  maimer,  in 
October  1851,  at  the  rate  of  about  7  pecks  per  acre,  on 
plots  of  land  adjoining. 


Quantity 

Vjilue  per 

Vuluo  per 

ler    Acre. 

Quarter. 

Acre. 

I(     l\    a. 

a. 

£    s.    d. 

48     0     1 

83 

11    8    7 

410     1 

38 

9  IB    4 

41     2     1 

38 

9  17    8 

41    1    0 

38 

9  15  11 

Deflmce,  red    

Golden  Drop,  red 
Oold.-n  fioo'ly.  red       ... 
Simldiri({,  rod     ... ... 

The  Defiance  Wheat  is  generally  of  a  coarser  quality 
than  moat  other  red  Wheats,  yet  this  season  it  produced 
j-atlitT  a  better  sample  than  tho  other  sorts.  When  in 
shock  it  appears  to  rcHist  tlio  rain  from  penetrating, 
and  coriHC'jucntly  docs  not  sjirout  so  soon  as  Homo  other 
kindH  of  Wheat.  1  liavo  grown  it  only  one  himisoii,  hut 
nuran  to  try  it  again,  as  1  consider  it  very  productive. 
I  have  also  abrjut  three  acres  of  it  grown,  olMCvvhert', 
which  promises  to  yield  better  than  that  grown  in  tho 
f;xp(;riinent.  A  good  Kort  of  rod  Wheat  is  grown  in 
thiw  neighhonrliood,  niid  which  whh  recomincniled  to  mo 
for  trial ;  it  was  drilled  on  the  .'JOth  of  Octohcr,  1851, 


Notices   to  Correspondents* 

CiBAWAT:  Mr.  Viithank.  Sow  in  wide  and  shallow  rows  cno 
pallou  of  seed  per  acre,  by  drill  among  the  Wheat,  in  rows 
3  feet  apart.  After  Wheat  harvest,  work  the  laud  between 
the  rows  of  young  plants  witli  the  horse  hoe.  It  is  to  be  hoed 
and  liept  clean  during  the  ioUowing  summer,  when  it  pro- 
duces nothing.  In  the  two  following  suromera  it  is  in  full 
bearing,  and  may  afterwards  be  cleared  away  for  another 
Wheat  crop.  It  is  cut:  in  July  a  footer  more  from  the  ground  ; 
and  when  dry.  threshed  on  the  ground.  You  may  get  8  or  3 
cwt.  of  seed  per  acre  and  sell  it  tor  35s,  per  cwt. 

Fencing  for  Sheep  :  J  M—c.  Ii'on  hurdles  are  safoat.  Bat 
unless  sheep  would  do  harm  if  they  escaped,  the  greater 
cheapness  of  netting  would  make  it  preferable.  It  is  not  bo 
safe,  but  it  is  much  cheaper. 

Hat  oe  Chaff  :  A  Z.  Please  to  excuse  the  delay  of  a  week. 

Piper's  Thickset  :  Tritlcus.  Address,  Mr.  Piper,  Colne  Engaine 
Essex. 


COVENT  GARDEN.  Oct.  16. 
Vegetables  and  Fruit  in  general  continue  plentiful,  Melons, 
however,  are  becoming  scarcer.  Plums,  Pears,  Apples,  and 
Peaches  still  arrive  from  France,  Tomatoes  are  nearly  over. 
Filberts  realise  from  50s.  to  653.  Potatoos  are  rising  in  price. 
Mushrooras  are  Ptill  pretty  jdentlful.  Cut  flowers  consist 
of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Roses,  iligaonette,  Bignonia 
venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3b  to  63 
Grapes, hothouBB,p.  lb.,  2b  to  6a 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  IDs  to  ISs 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,  8a  to  Sd 
Pluma,  per  punnet,  23  to  49 
Figs,  per  duz.,  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bah.,  43  to  7b 

—    kitchen,  do.,  3s  to  Gs 
Melons,  each,  28  to  5s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  Is 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

2a  to2e  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  to  2d 
CauliHowors,  p.  doz.,  6d  to2sGd 
Greens,  per  doz..  Is  to  2s 
Tomatoes,  per  bf.  sieve,  49  to  5a 
PotatooB,  per  ton,  S^-^.  to  140a 

—  per  cwt,,  fit  to  9j 

—  per  bush.,  2<6d  to  4s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  Is  to  leOd 
Cucuiubers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Vegot.  Marrow,  p.  duz,  (id  to  Is 
Celery,  per  bundle,  3d  to  Is  8d 
CarrotB,  p.  doz.,  23  Cd  to  43 
Spliinch,  per  sieve,  Is  to  2s 
Onions,  pur  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  bpaniBh,p.doz.,lH;idto  Sd 
lieot,  per  du«.,  la  to  Is  tJ  I 
Looks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 


VEGETABLES. 


LemonH,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Peara,  per  doz,,  la  6d  to  43 

—  per  half  sieve,  6s  to  7a 
Almonde,  per  peck,  Se 

—  Bweot,  per  lb.,  28  to  3b 
Nut3,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  29s 

to  22b 

—  Brazil,  do,,  ISs  to  14a 
Kent  Cobs,  753  to  80a 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce.Cab.,  per6coro4d  to  fid 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  Od  to  Is  6d 
Endive  per  score,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  8d 
Morso  Radish,  p.bunille,lato8a 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  dd  to  Is  3d 

—  per  buhh.,  3s  to  Ss 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  Bieve,  6d  to  1  s 
ArtichokoB,  per  doz,,  4s  to  <Is 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunoh,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  buohs.,  2s  to  8s- 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
I3nsll,  green,  p.  buni-h.Rd 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
WattrcroB8cs,p.l2bun,4dt&6d 


HAY.-Pur  Loud  ol  8(t  TruflBca, 

Smithfield,  Oct.  14, 

Prime  Meodow  Iliiy  72h  to  SOs 

Clover        75s  to    98s 

Inferior  do.            ...  00         tH! 

New  do 70         81 

Ilowen          ■15         55 

Straw         25          30 

New  liny     —         — 

B.  J.  Davib. 

A  K"0'i  d<'mnnd  for  tho  hotter  deflcripHf>nB  of  both  Meadow 

Uay  and  Clover  ;  unjlhlng  inturlor  very  difflmlt  to  soil. 

ClIMllKllI,AND    MABKET.  Oot.  14. 

Prlmo  Meadow  liny  78s  to  8fls 

Inferior  Clover      ...  70a  to  848 

Inferior  do «()         li 

Now  do —        — 

New  Hny      —        — 

Straw 28       at 

Old  Clover 00      100 

JosuoA  Barea. 

670 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Oct.  16, 


HOPS.— BOBODQH  MABK.ET,    Oct.    15. 

Messrfl.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  a  very  exteneive 
trade  is  doini^  in  all  descriptions  of  Hops,  and  at  improved 
prices  for  the  best  samples  of  Middle  and  East  Kent,  ami  fine 
coloured  Sussex  Hopn.  At  Weyhill  Fair  about  2400  pockets 
of  Farnbams  and  2600  pockets  of  country  Farnbaraa  were 
pitched,  and  nearly  the  whole  have  been  sold.  Fanih.ims 
Irom  5i.  to  71. ;  country  do  ,  il.  10s.  to  51.  The  London  mer- 
chants have  done  a  good  trade  in  Keut  and  Sussex  Hops  by 

flample.    Duty  estimated  atSoQ.QOOZ. 

SMITHFIIiLD.— Monday,  Oct.  11. 

The  number  of  Btasts  is  nearly  the  same  as  on  JLmday  last. 
There  is  rather  a  better  demand  for  the  choicest  kinds,  but  at 
no  quotable  advance.  Trade  is  still  very  heavy  for  middling 
qualiues.  We  have  a  better  supply  of  Sheep,  both  as  regards 
numbera  and  quality  ;  in  consequence,  prices  are  lower  on  the 
average.  Although  the  number  of  Calves  is  by  no  means 
larpe,  we  cannot  maintain  la*e  prices.  The  weather  being 
milder,  trade  is  slow  fur  all  kinds  of  stock.  Our  foreign 
supply  consists  of  1335  Beasts,  4640  Sheep,  16i  Calvep,  and 
50  Pigs;  from  Scotland,  40  Beasts;  and  2800  from  the  northern 
ani  midland  counties. 


Per  8t.  of  8lb9.— 8 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  3 
Beat  Short-borna  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best   Downs   and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn   0 


8  to  3  10 
6  —  3  8 
4  —  3     0 


4  —  4 
0  —  0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— a 
Best  Long-wools .  3 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn  0 

Lambs     0 

Calves      3 

Piers 


d  8 
S  to4 
0-0 
0  —  3 
0-0 
0  —  0 
4—4 
0  -4 


Beasts,  5107  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  27,990 ;  Calves,  227  ;  Pigs,  370. 
FaiDAT,  Oct.  15. 
We  have  a  large  supply  of  middling  Beasts;  trade  is  worse 
for  all  kinds,  and  several  remain  unsold.  The  number  of 
Sheep  is  not  large,  yet  sufficient  for  the  time  of  year  ;  trade  is 
exceedingly  heavy,  and  lower  prices  are  submitted  to  in  order 
to  effect  a  clearance.  The  demand  for  Calves  is  very  much 
smaller,  and  a  considerable  reduction  in  price  is  the  result. 
Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  72i}  Beasts,  1810  Sheep,  and 
221  Calves ;  there  are  400  Beasts  from  the  northern  and 
midland,  and  83  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties, 


Perst.  of  81bs,— 8 
Best  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  ii-c.  ...  3 
Best  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs   and 

Half-breds  ...  4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 


s    d 

6  to  3  8 
4  —  3  6 
0  —  2  10 


Per  St.  of  Slbs. — s  d      s 

Best  Lont^-wools  .3  8  to  4 
Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &.  2d  quality  3  0  —  3 

Do.  Shorn  ...  0  0  —  0 

Lambs     0  0  —  0 

Calvea      2  8  —  3 

Pigs  2  8  —  3 


38—50 
42-54 
52—56 
40—48 
34—54 
25—32 


Red  , 
Red  . 


Red  . 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed...., 

Feed 

Foreign 


Beasts,  1392  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  5,500;  Calves,  397  ;  Pigs,  4951 
;      WOOL. 
BaADFOBD,  TauESDAT,  Oct.  14.— There  is  no  change  during 
the  week  in  the  demand,  and  the  staplers  hold  firmly. 
"         MARK  LANE.  " 

Monday,  Oct.  11.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  small,  and  disposed  of  at  au  advance 
of  Is.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight.  Foreign 
met  a  good  retail  inquiry  at  the  highest  prices  lately  obtain- 
able.— The  value  of  Flour  is  fully  supported —The  finest 
parcels  of  mailing  Barley  were  taken  at  last  week'a  prices  ; 
inferior  sorts  are  very  difficult  to  quit,  and  rather  cheaper. 
Foreign  grinding  is  very  scarce,  and  briogs  rather  more 
money — Beans  are  fully  as  dear. — Fine  English  white  Peas 
are  Is.  to  2s.  per  qr,  dearer;  Maple  and  Grey  I3.  per  qr. 
cheaper. — Oats  meet  a  fair  sale  at  the  rates  of  this  day  week. 

pEK  Imperial  Qoaetee. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White 

_  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —    Talavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 

Barley, grind.&  distil.,  248  to  27b. ..Chev, 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  di8tilling'22 — 25 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 118-19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  18 — 22 

—  Irish PotatOjl7— 20 

—  Foreign   ..Poland  and  Brew  18—21 

aye     29-32 

Rye-meal,  foreign |     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 299  to  31a Tick, 80— 33 

—  Pigeon  32s  — 358. ..Winds.  38-40 

—  Foreign Small|29— 34 

Feas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  38 — 41 

—  Maple 328  to  35s Grey  30—33 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Feidat,   Oct.  16.  —  To-daj'a  market  was   unusually  thinly 

attended,  buyers  of  Wheat  apparently  holding  off  in  hopes  ot 
forcing  holders  to  accept  lower  rates,  but  the  latter  being 
remarkably  firm,  some  portion  of  the  arrivals  will  be  taken  to 
granary  ;  prices  of  bath  English  and  foreign  must  be  noted  the 
same  as  on  Monday,  with  but  very  little  business  duing.  The 
few  cargoes  of  Wheat  on  sale  from  the  Mediterranean  are 
held  high  ;  say  Gbirka  41a.,  and  Egyptian  343,,  cost,  freight, 
and  insurance. — Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  meet  a  good  de- 
mand  at  Monday's  prices.— The  Oat  trade  is  alow,  and  the 
turn  cheaper,- In  Flour  there  is  but  little  doing. 
ImP£EIAL  Aveeages. 


37-40 
25—32 
21—24 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign . 
fellow.. . 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


17—19 
17—19 
15—19 


30-33 
30-34 
29—30 
40-42 

28—38 


25-32 
28—34 


Wheat. 

Baelet. 

Oatb. 

Rte. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Sept.    i 

_   11 

s.  d. 

a    9 
«2    5 
40    S 
89    6 
3S    9 
38    6 

«.    d. 

28    2 
27  10 
27    4 
27    6 
27    4 
27    6 

s.    d. 

20  a 

18  10 
18    7 
17  11 
17    4 
17    6 

s.    d. 
31    3 
30    9 

30  1 

31  0 
30    6 
28  10 

9.   d. 

84  10 
34    6 
34    4 

83  10 
33  10 

84  0 

s.    d. 
31    6 
31    9 

_    18 

29  10 

—    26 

29  10 

■Oct.     2 

30    0 

9 

30    4 

Anereg.  Aver. 

40    9 

27    7 

18    6 

30    6 

84    3 

30    7 

Datiea  on  Foreign  Grain,  l8,  per  qr. 

FLUOTDATIONS  in  the  LA8T   SiX   WEEK's  AVEEAQES, 


Peices.   Sept.  4.  Sept.11.  Sept.18.  3EPT.25.   Oct,  2.    Oct.  9. 


t2 


B  - 

e 

6 
9 
6 


n 


LiVEEPooL,  Tdesdat,  Oct.  12.— Wo  have  had  fair  arrivals  of 
foreign  Wheat  this  week,  but  of  Flour  and  other  articles  of  the 
grain  trade  they  are  small.  There  was  a  fair  attendance  of 
buyers  at  this  morning's  market,  and  prices  of  Wheat  and 
Flour  improved  Id.  to  2d.  per  bushel,  and6d.  per  barrel  and 
sack  on  the  quotations  of  this  day  se*unight,  with  a  healthy 
trade  to  both  town  and  country.  Fine  new  mealing  Oats 
scarce,  but  there  was  no  change  made  in  prices  of  this  article, 
or  of  Oatmeal,     Beans  and  Peas  rather  dearer.     Indian  Corn 

m  small  supply,  and  commands  full  prices. Feidat,  Oct.  8. 

—At  our  Corn  Exchange  this  morning,  we  had  a  healthy 
demand  for  Wheat  and  Flour  for  neighbouring  consumption, 
and  for  shipment  to  Ireland  and  coastwise.  The  advanced 
prices  of  Tuesday  last  were  well  confirmed  to-day,  and  the 
trade  generallj  has  a  stronger  aspect  than  of  late.  Oats  and 
Oatmeal  were  in  fair  request,  at  extreme  prices.  There  was 
an  improved  demand  for  Indian  Corn,  at  full  prices.  Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peis  command  extreme  quotations. 


ESTABLISHED    MORE   THAN    100   YEARS. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTON, 

IMPORTER   AND    DEALER  IS 

GLASS    rOS    CONSSUVATOKIES,     GREHNH0USE3,     GAKDEU    FEAMES, 

AND    DWELLINGS. 

WAREHOUSE,    87,    BISHOPSGATE   STREET   WITHOUT,   LONDON. 


Gut  to  an;  size.     Squares  not  above  40  inches  long. 

Per  foot. 

10  ounces       Os.  2}((.  to  Os.  3iJ. 

21       0    34     too    4 

26       „  0    5       too    6 

32       „  0    64     too    8 


12s.  Oti, 
13    0 


Squares  in  Boies  100  feet  each, 

Under  6  by  4     

6bj4,  64  bj4 

7  by  4,  7    by  6    >        ,      „  .      , 

8by6,  81b,6jJ-'""5<="''"'J''      

9  by  7,  8  by  8,  12  by  9.  12  by  10    1 
13  by  10,  14  by  10,  15  by  10     ...  ] 
LARSE  SHEET  of  No    16  vary  superior,  pacljed  in  cases  of  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at  2M.  to  2J(J.  per  foot. 
HARTLEr'S  and  otber  RODSH  PLATE,  from  i  to  1  inch  thick.  " 

Glass  Milk  Pans, -Preserve  J.irs,  Bee  and  Propagating  Glasses,  Plate  Glass,  Patent  Plate,  Plain,  ornamental,  and 
Coloured,  as  well  as  every  description  of  Window  Glass  now  manufactured.  Glass  Shades,  round,  oval,  and  square,  for 
Clocks  and  Ornaments.    Fern  Shades  and  Dishes.  ■*         i 


15 

20 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

For  aidge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Greenhouses,  Railway  Stations,  Engine  Sheds,  Mills, 
Market-HaUs,  and  Public  Buildings  generally. 


Toa  CoNSEavATOEiEs,  Public  Boildinqs,  Manufactoeies, 
Skylights,  ic,  (tc. 


Packed  in  Crates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  : — 

30  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  „  SO  to  70    „  


In  Squabes,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    6      

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8     


10  by 
It  by  10 
Ih  feet  sup. 
3        „ 


14  by  10 
li  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches  ] 

3  „  or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long  . 

4  "" 
5 
6 

a 

10 
12 
15 


20 

30 

30 

„ 

35 

35 

40 

40 

45 

45 

55 

65 

„ 

70 

70 

,, 

85 

One-eighth     3-16th  inch 
inch  thick.        thick. 


s.  d. 


0  64 

0  7 

0  7J 

0  8 

0  84 

0  9 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0  10' 

0  11 

1  0 


i  inch 
thick. 


s.  d, 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 

0  104 

0  11 

1  0 
1  1 
1    2 


PACKED    IN    BOXES    OF    50  FEET    EACH. 

3  ioches  by  4  inches,  and  ej  inches  by  4  J  inches  ...  10s.  Sd.     I     8  inches  by  6  inches,  and  84  inches  by  64  inches       .  .  ISs,  6S. 

r      „       by  5      „       and  7i      „      by  5*      12s.  Od.      I      9      „       by  7      „        and  OJ      „      by  7J,  and  10  bj  8   15s,  Od, 

When  a  quantity  is  required,  an  estimate  will  be  furnished  on  application, 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glasa  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varjing  from  2ti.  to  Zd. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thouaand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUG-H  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


SOHO    CLASS    WAREHOUSE,    26.    SOHO    SQUARE. 

ALFRED  GOSLETT  begs  to  inform  consumers  of 
Glass  for  Horticultural  purposes  that  he  supplies  the 
following  descriptions,  either  in  crates,  as  manufactured,  at 
Reduced  Peices,  or  cut  to  any  given  size :— ENGLISH 
CROWN  and  SHEET  GLASS  of  every  weight  manufactured. 
HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROLLED  ROUGH  GLASS,  one- 
eighth,  three-sixteenths,  and  one- quarter  inch  thick.  BELGIAN 
SHEET  GLASS,  in  cases,  containing  200  feet,  of  one  given  size, 
at  40s.  per  case,  in  parcels  of  five  cases  at  38s.,  and  iu  parcels 
of  10  cases,  at  37s,  per  case,  foe  Cash  ;  or  cut  to  order  at 
3d.  per  foot  superficial.  Estimates  or  any  further  particulars 
will  be  forwarded  upon  application. 


JAMES  PHILLIPS  and  Co.,  IIG,  Bishopsgate-street 
Without,  beg  to  inform  their  friends  they  are  prepared  to 
supply 

GLASS     MILK     PANS, 

the  same  size  as  the  foreign  ones  (17  inches  in  diameter)  but 
superior  in  colour,  malie,  and  quality,  at  2s.  each,  or  21s.  per 
dozen.    Lord  Gamoy's  Milk  Syphons,  Lactometers,  Mill£  Tests, 
Glass  Cream  Pots,  &c.,  &c. 
116,  Bishopsgate-street  Without,  London. 


HOTHOUSES,     GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


BOYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT. 


EDBNCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
•  King's  Road,  Chelsea. — The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  beeu  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition. 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glasa,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
RailWay  Station,  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenbouee  IC  ft.  6  inches  long,  l2  ft.  ratter,  400  ft.,  23Z.  Gs.  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long,  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  SOL  IBs.  8d.;  28  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
16  ft.  ralter,  712  ft.,  4U.  10s.  8rf.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  &c.,  Id.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


AN      IMMENSE      STOCK      OF 
GARDEN    ORNAMENTS 

may  how  be  inspected  at 

AUSTIN    AND    SEEIEY'S 

ARTIFICIAL  STONE  WORKS, 

Or  Pattern  Sheets  will  be  sent  by  post  to 
any  Gentleman  who  may  not  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  call. 


KEPPBL  now,  NEW  EOAD, 
EEGENT'S   PARK,    LONDON. 


!.ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide, 


NETTING.— 


"mi 

Galvan- 

Japanned 

ised. 

Iron. 

2-incb  mesh 

light,  2i  inches  wido 

..    7d.peryd 

5d.  peryd, 

2-inch     „ 

strong               J, 

..     9       „ 

6i     „ 

2-inch     „ 

extra  strong     „ 

..  12       „ 

9        » 

l^-inch     „ 

light 

",2      » 

6        » 

l§-inch     „ 
Ig-inch     ,, 

strong                ,, 

extra  strong     „ 

11        ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanisedsparrow-proof  nettingfor  Pheaaantrles, 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patceros  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  ia  Loudon,  Feter- 
borough,  Hull,  or- Newcastle. 


42—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


671 


QHEAP 


WIRE      GAME       AND      POULTRY 

HETTINQ,  5d.  per  ruaning  jard. 


GALYANISED  ditto,  Id.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised 

24  in,  wide,  2  in.  mesh.  Id.  per  yard.        ...        5d.  per  yard, 
SO  in.    „      2  in.    „        9d.        „  ...        6\d.        „ 

86  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ...        7}d.        „ 

48  in.    „      2  in.    „      Is.  2d.    „  ...      lOd.         „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Nettinff,  Galvanised,  Zd.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  tbe  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  the  *'  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  darable  appearance,  and  ac- 
knowledged to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
everoflfered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  NettinR,  3  feet  high, 
Is.  6d.  and  23.  Zd.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Stands,  Tjine  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  lovisibie  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  HorticuUaral 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalocues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox.  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING   AND   HEATING 
BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 
MOST  EFFICIENT. 

J  WEEKS  Ayo  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  Hot- 
•  HOUSE  Builders  ;  Horticulture  in  aU  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples.  These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passes  before 
entering  tbe  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
Eiog's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
thoseboilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
severailari^e  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

»  Plans,  Models,  and  Estimatea  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seede,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  Kin^s-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


«  PRIGI   DOMO."— A    Canvas,  made   of  prepai-ed 

J-  Hair  and  Wool,  a  pL-rfcct  noii-condactor  of  Heat  a""^ 
adapted  to  mnuy  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  purposes  ft^"^ 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  ia  required. 
It  is  2J  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  ienprth,  nt  la.  id  per 
yard  run. — Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  AacuEa,  Carpet  Miou- 
factarer,  451,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 


THE  RIIEOCLINE,  OR  SPRING  COUCH, 
portable  without  detachiog  any  of  its  pMits,  softer  than 
a  Feather  Bed,  aud  which  can  be  changed  in  One  Moment  from 
a  Coucb  to  either  a  Bed  or  Sofa,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  iND  UALLEN'S  76.  OXFOHD-STRKET, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  METALLIC  BED- 
STEADS, fitted  with  and  without  tbe  patent  RHBOCLINE, 
(fee.  &.C.,  together  with  a  large  assortment  of  tbe  pa'ent 
Kadiatioir  and  other  STOVES,  and  every  other  description  of 
IRONMONGERY. 

A     NEW    STOVE.— GREAT  NOVELTY.— In   tlie 

-Li-  coustrucdoa  of  the  BURTON  REGISTER  STOYE,  it 
was  the  tirst  care  of  tbe  ioveutor,  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  most  valued  of  modern  improvements  in  the 
art  of  heating,  and  secondly,  so  to  nioiity  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  oQce  to  obtain  the  simplest  and 
most  perfect  combustion;  after  a  long  series  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  substitution  of  a  graceful  form  of  shall  for  the 
present  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  bars,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  well  as  purity  and 
quantity  of  heat,  is  far  beyond  his  most  sanguine  expectations, 
while  foi'  cleanliness  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
able. Price  from  5f)S.  to  I5i,  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  ia  bis 
show-rooms,  where  also  are  to  he  seen 
•>nO  S  'i^  0  '^  E  S  and  3-25  FENDERS 
**^  ^  (  exclusive  of  reserved  stock)  all  differing  iu  pattern, 
forming  the  largest  assortment  ever  collectsd  together.  They 
are  marked  in  plain  figures,  and  at  prices  proportionate  with 
those  that  have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most 
distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  lis.  to  51.  IDs. ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  51.  li)s.  to  125.  I2s.  ; 
bronzed  fenders  complete,  with  standards,  from  7s.  to  31. ;  eteel 
fenders,  from  21.  \5s.  to  61. ;  ditto,  with  rich  ormolu  ornaments, 
from  21.  lbs.  to  71,  7s. ;  fire-irons,  from  Is.  dd.  tbe  set  to  41.  4s. 
Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  wiih  radiating  hearth- 
plates  ;  and  kitchen  ranges,  which  he  is  enabled  to  sell  at  these 
very  reduced  charges, 

First — From  tbe  frequency  and  extent  of  his  purchases  ;  and 

Secondly — From  those  purchases  being  made  exclusively 
for  cash. 

WILLIAMS.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SFIOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating;),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads),  so  arranged  and  clat^silied  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  {per  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of, 

39,  OXFORD  STREET  (corner  of  Newm m-street)  ;  Nos. 
1  and  2.  NEWMAN  STREET  ;  and  4  and  5.  PERRY'S  PLACE. 


Sales  bg  Auction* 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart,  Bartbolomew-lane,  on  TUESDAY,  Oct.  1!),  and 
following  day,  at  1-'  o'clock,  a  lirst-rate  collection  of  Dutch 
Bulbs,  10,000  Ranunculus  from  a  celebrated  grower,  a  variety 
of  Evergreens  and  Shrnbs,  Standard,  Dwarf,  and  Climbing 
Rotes,  &c. — May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale,  aud  Cata- 
logues had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  5,  Hoxton- 
square,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery.  Shacklewell,  Loudon. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
lAtmion,  hnvloK  had  considerable  experience  In  the  con- 
•troction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  whlcb,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  rnaierlalu,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
•conoiny  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  bo  surpassed  by 
gtoytblng  of  tho  kind  la  the  country,  arc  now  in  &  pofllttoii  to 
execut*)  orders  on  tbe  lofrest  ponnihle  terms. 

O.  and  O.  hafe  been  extensively  employed  by  tho  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Naraerymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  tliey 
have  boeo  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  tho  Kfeatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  llou  Water  Apparatus  is  aUo  comitructed  on  tho  most 
ftpproT«:d  and  scientific  prtnclplen,  for  all  purpoics  to  which  tho 
•ppllrAfion  of  llealInK  DT  Hot  Water  can  be  mndn  avnllablA. 

hliltf) r:'S  WATERPROOF    OVER-COATS  and 

SHOOTISO  JACKBT-S.— A  very  larjfO  stock  of  superior 
CknneDU  In  every  Improved  material  and  stylo,  and  of  every 
a»Kf«  of  waraith,  or  ]l;<htocsH,  KUArantoed  U}  resist  any 
amount  of  rain  ;  at  cbarKCH  reduced  to  tho  lowest  jintnt  con- 
iiUt«:nt  with  the  principle  that  an  article  tt>  be  ready  cheap 
mmtbeor^D.  Bvery  sixe  aUo  of  tho  WATKRI'KOOF  I'M. 
lAVM.  tho  well  known  Llffht  Over<Coat,  for  all  sonsons  <prlc-o 
46*.(  Kidin<  and  OrirlnK  Capes,  L<;KKlnK»,  lio>s'  ()vnr-*:iu\tn 
and  Ciii4:%,  kUo  Cloaks,  Mantles,  ilublts,  ike.  fur  LADtf:u,  all 
tborouifhly  Imperrloai  to  rain,  witiiodt  ossiBUCTrHo  viii.e 
TKHTiLATion,  i»io  fatal  objection  to  all  o^hcr  waterproofs.— 
W.  iJrUhflK.  TAiu^annd  Ovkr-Coat  Makcb,  DC,  Nf,w  Vonv 

bTfiiRT,  »i.d  ca,  C'uaKaiu.  (ooly.> 


C  H  E  L  S  E  A. 

TO  GENTLEMEN.  NDRSEaYMEN,  FLORISTS,  &c. 
POR  PERRMPTORY  SALE. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  submit 
to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  Premises, 
Radnor-3treet.  King'sroad,  Chelsea,  on  WED^fESDAY, 
Oct.  20,  at  11  o'clock  (by  order  of  the  executors  <>f  the  late 
Mrs.  Mary  Harrison),  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY 
STOCK,  comprising  Evergreens,  Ornamental  Fruit  and 
Forest  Trees,  consisting  of  Aucubas,  Arbutua,  Green  H'lllie?, 
Laurels,  Evergreen  Privet,  Ribes,  Limes,  Planes,  chuice 
Roses,  Standard  and  Divarf  trained  and  untrained  Peach, 
Apricot,  Plum,  Cherry,  Apple,  Pear,  Walnut,  Filbert,  Goose- 
berry, Currant  Trees,  &c.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale. — 
CataUgues  may  be  had  on  the  Premises  ;  of  the  principal 
Seedsmen  in  London,  and  of  the  Auctioneer^t,  American 
Nursery,  Leytonalone,  Essex. 


N\J  RSERY     STOCK. 
TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  BUILDERS,&  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  Sell 
by  Auction,  on  tbe  Nursery  Ground  adjuinin?  York- 
place,  Stoke  Newingtori,  on  MONDAY,  October  25,  and 
following  day,  at  11  o'clock  each  day^tine  Oruamental  and 
Deciduous  Trees,  Evergreens,  and  Flotvering  Sbrubs— con- 
sisting oi  Aucubas,  Portugiil  and  common  Laurels,  Variegated 
and  Green  Hollies,  Arbor-vi'oa,  Bays,  Ivies,  LttacG,  Arbutus, 
Box,  Limes,  Acaciaa,  Poplars,  Evergreen  Privet,  Azaleas,  and 
hne  Rhododendrons  well  set  with  bloom  buds.  A  hue  assort- 
ment of  Fruit  Trees,  comprisinc  Standard  and  Dwarf-trained 
Peaches,  Apricots,  Nectaiines,  Cherries,  Plums,  Pears,  Goose- 
berries, Currants,  Grape  Vinos,  &c.  May  be  viewed  prior  to 
the  Sale, — Catalogues  may  be  had  on  tbe  Premises  ;  of  the 
principal  Seedsmen;  and  of  the  Auctioneer^,  American 
Nursery,  Leyon'ttone,  Ennex. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,   FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell  by 
Auction  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  TIIUKS  DAY, 
October  21,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  a  flrst-cUiss 
collection  of  DUTCH  BULBS,  couiprininK  the  fiiiOHt  doublu 
and  single  Hyacinths,  Narcihsus,  Jonquils,  Crocus,  Snowdrops, 
Anem'tnes,  die.  ;  albo  a  fielected  usBoituient  <it  Pan»iies,  Holly- 
hocks, Pinks,  and  pernnniul  planrn,  from  a  first-ra'e  grower, 
together  with  the  whole  of  Mr.  Mowatt's  choice  collection  ot 
Tulips,  Seedlinge,  Breeders,  and  Mixtures.  A  aolected  assort, 
niont  of  Standard  and  Dwtirf  Roses,  American  Plants,  &c. — 
On  view  the  morning  of  sale;  Ciitulogues  may  bt^  had  at  the 
Mart ;  aud  of  the  Aucil  jneera,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone, 
Eanet. 


ESCHOL  NUItsKKY. 

TO    NOBLEWEN,    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 

BUILDERS   AND  OTHERS, 

MESSRS.  PltOTUKROE  and  iMiJRRIS  will  Bell  by 
Auction  on  the  preuiinoH,  Eachol  Nursery,  IluvcmiocU- 
hlll,  CauKlen-towii,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  27,  and 
f<dtowlng  dayn,  ut  11  o'clock  each  rlay,  (b>  order  of  the 
jiroprletur,  in  cunaerpionce  of  the  ground  being  lot  f  ir  bnlldhig 
purpo'ON),  tdc  whole  of  the  valuable  NUltslCltV  ST')(;iv., 
conttl«tiiig  of  FurcHt,  Fruit,  Ornnnicntul  Trcuit,  ond  DimmOuouh 
Blirubn,  nidi  ti  lurgo  imnortniunt  of  Hnu  Evurgr<MiriH  in 
great  vdrio'y  — CatuloguoH  arc  being  prcpurvd  and  iiiiiy  he 
htid  on  the  |.r«rniiHn;  of  the  pr!iiclj>al  Heedsmon  In  London  ; 
and  of  thi  Auetlonoerti,  Amorkuaii  Numury  L'^ytonH'onu,  Kntex. 
U.ii.  'Ilio  wtiolu  of  (ho  GruisnhoUHOH,  Him,  and  UcciimHii  In 
trHdf,  io,fOtber  with  tho  cholcii  Orcrnhounu  Plantn,  will  bu 
8ubnii'.',e'l  10  pub.ic  cvinp'Jiltlou  curly  in  tho  sprliiy. 


DEPTFOltD. 

TO    GENTLEMEN,   NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS    ETC 

lY/JESSRS.     PROTHEROE     and    MORRIS"^ 

1TJ_  iDstiuctfid  (by  Mr.  F.  Waener)  to  yubmit  lo  public  com- 
petition by  Auction,  ou  thu  premises,  adjoining  Albert- terrace 
New  Cross,  Deptford,  on  MONDAY.  Hovemb-ir  1,  at  11  o'clock 
ihe  whole  of  ihe  NUltSERY  STOCK  of  Evergreens  and  Fruit 
Trees,  coinpriBiMk' Chinese  Arbor-viiK,  Irish  Yew,  Red  Cedar 
Green  Holly,  Uprijiht  Cyprus,  Pinus  excelsa,  morinda  ■  Cedrua 
Deodara,  Arjiucana  imbncata,  Silver  and  Spruce  Firs 
Camellias,  and  Azalea  indica,  &e, ;  Standard  and  Dwarf 
trained  Aprico"-,  Plum.  Pear,  Apple,  Raepburry,  Gooseberry 
Curraiil;,  and  Strawberry  (sorts),  fine  standard  Mulberries  ic 
A  large  cjuautity  of  MitcheH's  Prince  Alberc  Rbubiirb,  Agp'ara-* 
gus,  Sealiale,  ^and  Early  Pucato  {HOrtn)  ;  alao,  the  erection  of 
two  sheds,  sundry  tools,  &c. — Maybe  viewed  pri  ir  to  the  sale  ■ 
Catalogues  had  on  tbe  premises;  of  Messrs.  Da.v.e,  Cottrell' 
and  Beuham,  3G,  Moorgate-street ;  of  the  principal  seedsmen'- 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytoostone,  Esses' 


ROTHERFIELD,   NEAR  TONBRIDGE  WELLS." 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENThEVfE>r,  NURSERYMEN,  ANB 

OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  In- 
Btructed  by  Mr.  Field  {who  is  declining  business),  to 
submit  to  an  unreserved  Sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premiscB, 
Steel  Cross  Nursery,  R-jtberfitld,  Su^sex,  on  MONDAY 
November  15th,  and  foUowio*  daya,  ai  IL  o'clock  each  day', 
the  whole  of  the  healthy  and  weU-grown  NDRSI:;RY  STOCK, 
coQsistiug  of  about  200,000  Forest,  Ornamental,  and  Fruit 
Trees  ;  20,0)0  evergreeus  ;  also  600,000  Q  licU  ;  fine  American, 
Plants,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  Seedling  Ash,  Alder, 
&c.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalo^jues  may  be 
obtiiined  oil  the  premise.^  the  Georjje  Inn,  Rotherfield;  Star 
luQ,  Mayfield  ;  Qaeen's  Head  Iim,  Wadhurxt,  Sussex;  Crown 
Hotel.  Toubridge;  Swan  Inn,  Tonbridge  Wells;  of  the  prin- 
cipal Seedsmen  in  London  ;  aud  of  the  Auctioneers,  American 
Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Esses. 
-  — -      ~5  R  CHIOS. 

THE  COLLECTION  OF  A  GENTLEMAN. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  is  directed  to  annouace  for 
Sale  by  Auction,  at  his  Great  Room,  38,  King-street, 
Covent-garden,  on  FRIDAY,  Oct.  22,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  a 
select  and  valuable  Collection  of  Established  ORCHIDS, 
including  good  Plants  of  Phalffiuopsis  amubilla  and  grandi- 
flora,  Vanda  insiguis,  teres,  tricolor,  and  other  East  Indian 
and  South  American  sorts. — May  be  viewei  the  day  prior  and 
mornine  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  bad. 

COCHIN    CHINA    FOWLS.  ~~ 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction  at  his 
Great  Room,  3S,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  Tuesday  , 
19th  October,  at  12  for  1  o'clock— COOHIN  CHINA  FOWLS, 
from  the  stock  of  Mr.  Joliu  Cook,  of  Homerton,  and  severij 
other  Amateurs,  comprisiug  well  feathered  birds  from  the 
celebrated  strains  of  Messrs.  Sturgeon,  Punchard,  Stainton, 
Ho  t,  aud  others,  many  from  prizi  birds  at  liirmiugham, 
Halifax,  ifcc.  Also  a  prize  Muscovy  Drake,  Ducks,  and 
Ducklings.  May  be  viewed  on  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logueshadof  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  38,  Kiug-streer,  Covent-garden, 
who  will  be  happy  to  forward  them  on  receipt  of  a  stamped 
directed  envelope, 

COCHIN    CHINA    FOWLS.  ' 

MR.  STRAFFORD  is  favoured  with  instructions 
from  Thomas  Sturgeon,  Esq.,  of  Grays,  to  sell  by 
Auction,  at  the  Bazaar,  King-street,  BaUt^r-streot,  Portman- 
square,  London,  on  TUESDAY,  November  2d,  his  early 
CHICKENS  of  the  present  jear;  includinc  several  White 
Cockerels,  and  also  a  number  of  Prize  and  Medal  Birds  of 
1851.  The  Chickens  are  mostly  bred  from  Bird^  that  at  Chel- 
teobam  and  Birmingham,  in  1S50  and  1851,  thrice  beat  all 
England,  besides  numberless  minor  victories.  Only  first-class 
birds  will  be  offijred,  and  none  parted  with  before  tbe  sale. — 
Catalogues  are  now  ready,  and  may  be  bud  upon  application 
to  Mr.  Strafford,  89,  Guildford-street,  Rusfell-aquare,  London. 

TO   MARKET   GARDENERS  AND   OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  W.  WARD  is  instructed  by  the  Executrix  of 
the  late  Mrs.  Mercee  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  ttie  premises, 
St.  James'd-road,  Blue  Anchor-road,  Bermoodsey,  ou  TUBS- 
DAY,  November  2,  at  11  o'clock  (wiihout  the  least  reserve),  all 
tbe  Growing  Crops  of  a  Market  Gardener,  consisting  of 
4  acres  of  two  and  tbree-year-old  Asparagus,  5i  acres  of 
Seakale  Crowns,  a.  quantity  of  Celery  and  C^lewort  Plants, 
Po'atoea,  Steds,  Slc;  about  2U00  Haud-glasses,  250  three- 
light  Boxes,  Wear  and  Box  Barrows,  all  tho  us^iial  implements 
of  trade,  the  erection  of  Bindinu'  Sheds,  stron.;  Draught  Horses, 
Waggons,  Carts,  Van,  Jic— Catalogues  may  ba  hid  of  Mr, 
Chapman,  Spitalfields-market ;  at  the  Glove,  Bitvough-market; 
White  Horse,  Covent-garden  ;  Green  Man.  Old  Kenc-road;  on 
the  premises  ;  aud  of  the  Auctioneer,  9,  Walvvorth-road. 


TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  NURSERY  STOCK, 
extending  over  20  Acres  of  Ground.— J.  W.  Warner  begs 
to  inform  his  fiiends  and  the  public,  that  it  is  his  iutention  to 
withdraw  from  the  Nursery  Business,  and  lo  offer  the  whole 
of  his  Stock  at  greatly  reduced  prices,  in  order  to  clear  the 
grounds  as  speedily  aa  possible.  Separate  Catalogues  of 
Hoses  and  Nursery  articles  are  being  prepared,  and  will  be 
forwarded  on  application. 
Nurseries,  Garforth,  near  Leeds,  Oct.  IG. ^ 


TO  GARDENERS. 

TO  BE  LET,  a  GARDEN,  of  about  three-quarters  of 
an  Acre,  with  a  convenient  Cottage,  most  elitfioly  situated 
two  miles  north  of  London,  iu  the  highest  stare  of  cultivation, 
well  stocked  with  Roots,  nod  Moms  and  oth.  r  Roses.  An 
excellent  trade  has  been  done  in  it  for  the  last  20  years  by  the 
late  proprietor,  wbo  is  now  decuased.  — Apply  to  J.  T.  Bablow, 
Estate  Agent,  &c.,  il,  Caroline. place,  Copenhagen-street, 
iMlingtou  ;  and  15,  Amherst-torrace,  Shaoklowell  Green,  near 
Kinj^rtland. 

TO    SAW^MILL    ENGINEERS^  " 

WANTED  IMMEDIATELY,  in  the  Soutli  of 
England,  a  p..wertul  PORIAULK  SAW-MILI-,  to  be 
driven  by  a  Locimiotivo  Steam  Enghie.  Tliu  following  general 
Specifications  will  give  Intending  Contruc'Or<i  an  outline  of 
what  is  wanted  :— fho  house  fur  contniniut,'  tbe  Sawing 
Machinery,  Benuhon,  nnd  Engine,  to  bo  C3  foot  lung  and  21  feet 
wide.  The  tddos  and  enda  to  he  construcud  of  sirong  wooden 
doors  ;  tho  roof  to  bo  made  of  GalvaniHcd  Oimugnted  Iron  ;  and 
the  whole  lo  bo  supported  by  Circular  Cust-iruQ  I'lllnrs,  and 
conotrmifod  in  such  parts  that  it  ni  ly  at  any  timo  be  con- 
viniently  taken  down,  removed,  and  pu*  ui»  UK'uin,  AU  the 
UL-cOHPHry  ShuftH,  Drums,  Pulleys,  Splnl^)o^  BoIih.  and  other 
Gearing  for  driving  tho  Saws,  to  bo  of  ilm  niowt  approved 
deHOiljp  Ion  and  perfect  manufacturo,  'I'wn  rtuwing  Heuchoa 
lire  ruftulroti ;  one  of  (iO  fuut  In  length,  wlih  a  hlUllng  frame 
30  feet  loULt  on  which  to  cut  largo  tinibitr,  and  anoiher  10  foot 
long  for  cutting  up  small  wood.  Thu  Kriglno  must  bo  con- 
xttucled  on  the  Loconiotlvo  prlnclplo,  of  M-tiume  power,  Of 
thu  moitt  approved  dusurlptlun  and  m mufiiuturu,  with  uufUcieat 
H>illdity. — Any  party  who,  on  tlieiie  gun«'ral  fpeoiHoJitlons,  is 
<liii|jOHed  to  niiiko  a  diuilnut  olTor,  will  bu  furninhud  with  a  plan, 
minute  npDi-IHcuiloiin,  und  every  oihor  noct^Hsary  tnlormutioti, 
on  iippllcntlua  to  Mr.  Buown,  Aruistun,  i'uelug  iJrldge, 
liduburgh. 


Q7'2 


THE    G.iRDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURA.L    GiVZETrE.        [Oct.  16, 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  hi3'  Catalogue 
of  the  above  Plauts,  Roses,  Conifers,  &c.,  is  no^  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  bj  enclodlug  tfro  posta;;e  stainpB.  The 
coloura  of  all  the  Uhodod'jodrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
described  la  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

^"The  Rhododendron!,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  from  this 
establishment. — The  American  Nursery.  Bagshot,  Surrey,  near 
Tarnborough  Statiou,  South- Western  Railway, 


FOREST  TREE  SEEDLINGS.— The   Subscribers 
reBpectfuUy    intimate    that    their    LIST    of    NURSERY 
STOCK  for  the  aeaflon  may  be  had  on  application. 
William  TTRQnH*itT  and  Sons,  Dundee. 


SUPERB  NEW  APPLE, 

BRADLEY'S    GOLDEN     PEARMAIN. 

EICHA.RD  BRADLEY  begs  to  inform  Nurserymen 
and  the  Public  generally  that  it  is  his  inten-ion  to  send 
out  this  very  excellent  new  APPLE  in  November  next. 

R.  B.,  in  otiV-riDg  the  above,  can  with  confidence  recommend 
it  a?  being  a  very  supeiior  variety  and  worthy  a  place  in  every 
collection.  It  will  be  fouHd  a  great  acquiaiiion  f v  r  Table  or 
Kitchen.  First  quality,  second  size  ;  season  from  December 
to  February.  It  is  an  early  and  prolific  bearer,  anil  a  very  free 
grower. 

Opinion  of  R.  Mabhock,  Esq.,  in  QarcUncr&'  and  Farmers' 
Journal  for  Oct.  23,  18)0  :— "  B  H  N^.  Your  Apple  seeoiB  to  be  a 
variety  very  near  the  MargiU,  or  between  that  and  the  Ribston 
Pippin.  It  has  the  general  form  and  flavour  of  the  one  with 
the  spotting  of  the  other.  Tite  flesh  ia  crisp  and  grateful.  On 
the  whole,  we  think  it  is  an  excellent  dessert  Apple,  and  looks 
as  good  as  it  is." 

Fine  healthy  dwarf  plants,  10s.  6d.  each;  half  standards, 
12s.  6<i.  each.  One  plant  over  to  the  Trade  when  three  are 
ordered. 

The  stock  being  small,  early  orders  are  requested,  to  secure 
plants.  A  remittance  to  accompany  the  order  from  unknown 
correspoodente,  to  be  made  payable  at  Southwell  Post-office, 
Uotta. — AgentE  :  Messrs.  Fiaher,  Holmea,  and  Co.,  Ilandsworth 
Kiireery,  Sheffield.  Package  free.  All  orders  above  It.  Us.  6d. 
carri:ige  paid  to  London  and  all  places  within  100  miles  of  the 
nursery. — Haiam  Nursery,  Southwell,  Notts, 

SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

BASS  AND  BROWN'S   NEW    AUTUMN   CATA- 
LOGUE,  sent  free  on  receipt  of  three  postage  feiamps. 

GERANIUMS,  £    s.  d 

12  varieties,  all  b?et  new  of  List  season  2    4    0 

20  varieties,  beat  of  the  previous  year 1  16    0 

25  varieties,  best  of  older  date      18    0 

Fine  varieties  6$.  to  ds.  per  dozen. 
FANCY    GERANIUMS. 

12^  all  befit  new  varieties  of  last  season 2    2    0 

Best  of  previous  introduction,  9s.  to  155.  per  dozen. 
NEW  SCARLET  AND    PINK    HORSE-SHOE   VARIETIES. 
Bix  new  varieties  of  last  eeasoo,  each,  2s.  Gd.  to  3s.  6d. 
See  Catalogue. 
For  names  and  separate  prices  of  the  above  Geraniums,  see 
our  Advertisement  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  September  25th 
and  October  2d  an-J  9th.    For  d-.'scriptions,  see  Catalogue, 
CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 
Strong  ba?by  pUnts,  well  set  with  flower-buds.       s.  d. 

12,  all  new  varieties,  best  of  last  season 12    0 

12,        do.        do.        beet  Lilliputian  of  last  season     ...    12    0 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  60  choice  varieties 45    0 

STOVE  PLANTS,  25  choice  varieties        24     0 

WINTER  AND  EARLY  FLO  WERING  GREENHOUSE 

PLANTS,  12  choice  varieties         15     0 

Do.  do.  STOVE  PLANTS,  12  choice  varieties    20    0 

HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS:— 

100  distinct  and  fine  vara.,  S^s  ;  50  vara.     ..,        ...    17    6 

100  supeiior  and  new  vars.,  50s. ;  50  vars 30     0 

ROCK  PLANTS,  25  fine  vara.,  12s. ;  12  vars 7     G 

ANTIRRHINUMS,  12 fine  vars.,  65. ;  12  superior  and  new  10    0 
PHLOX,  12  fine  vara.,  Gs. ;  12  superior  and  new  ...       9     0 

Do.         25  fine  vara.,  lOs.  6d  ;  25  superior  and  new    ...     15     0 
DWARF  ROCK  CISTU3,  24  splendid  new  vars.         ...    18    0 
Choice  collections  of  Cineraria,  Azalea  indica.  Rosea,  Uardy 
Ornamental  Climbers,  &c.  isc.    See  Catalogue. 

CHOICE    BULBS    AND     FLOWER     ROOTS. 
RANUNCULUS  (free  by  post),  with  cultural  instructions  :— 

100  vara.,  auperb  new  and  best  sorts 70    0 

100  vars,,  very  fine  of  older  sorts         35     0 

Oiel  Noir,  best  black  (23.  each),  per  dozen 18    0 

Best  Mixturee,  10s.  and  18s,  per  luO  ;   fine  5s  ,  or,  post 

free,  Gs.  per  100. 
ANEMONES,  50  beautiful  and  distinct  named  double...    12    6 
Do.  do.  do.  post  free    14    0 

Choice  double  mixtures,  per  100  ...  6s.  and    10    6 

La  Brilliantc  Eclatante,  single  bright  scarlet,  extra, 

per  100        10     6 

Fine  mixed  single,  per  lb.  4    0 

GLADIOLUS,  60  vara,,  splendid  early  and  late  kinds  ...    60    0 
25  vars.,  do.  do.  ...     30     0 

Xi  Bplendid  early  vars.,  10s.  Gd. ;  12  tine  vars.        ...      6    0 

12  superb  late  vars.,  Ramosus  habit 20    0 

Beauaful  early  mixture  (per  doz^m,  Ss.),  per  100    ...    20    0 
Colvillii,  2s.  per  doz. ;    C.  rubra,  3s.  per  doz, ;    Gan- 
davensis,  3s.  Gd.  per  doz. ;  Gan.  splendens,  2a.  Gd.      * 
each;   Rex   Rubrorum,   12s.  per  doz,,    lusignis, 
7s.  6d.  per  doz.  ;  Brenchleyensis,  3s.  each. 
Colvillii  grandis,  fine  new  dark  shaded  rosy  purple, 

each        3    6 

„  conepicua,  purplish  rose,  white  stripe,  very 

showy,  each      2    6 

„  roseum,   bright  rosy  pink,   deep    crimson 

stripe,  each       1     G 

ENGLISH  IRIS,  3S  splendid  and  select  varieties        ...    25    0 
Very  fine  mixed  (2s.  per  doz  ).  per  100  .  15     0 

IMPORTED  DUTCH  HYACINTHS,   50  vars.,  choice 

assortment 35    0 

Do.  di.  per  doz 6s.  to    15    0 

Do.  do,  in  colours,  without  names,  per  doz.      S    0 

CROCUS,  20  splendid  and  very  distinct  new  vare.,  12 

roots  of  each,  with  names       12    0 

6  splendid  named  vars.,  100  roots  of  each     17    0 

Fine  sorts,  separate  ciilours,  per  100  ..  3s.  Gd.  to  2  0 
TROP^OLUAITRICOLOUUM,  fine  tubers,  each,  2s.  0(i. to  3  0 
TRITONEA    AUREA,    splendid   orange    Cape    bulbs, 

^.lacb        2s.  6d  to      5    0 

DXALIS  ELEGANS,  bright  purple,  dark  centre,  new 

and  fine,  each      1    6 

I,  ,,  MAJOR,  large  fine  purple,  each      1    6 

CYCLAMEN,  in  7  beautiful  varieties,  each        ...  Is,  to      5    0 

Also  an  extensive  collection  of  imported  and  other  roots 

consisting  of  choice  early,  double,  and  late  Tulips,  Narcissus' 

Jonquils,  Lilium  lancifohum,  <fcc.,  for  whi-h  see  Catalogue. 

i^-  Goods  free  to  London,  or  any  Station  on  the  line  to 
JSorwich,  via  Ipswich,  with  orders  of  :;0s.  and  upwards,  and 
u'^ wards'^      ^"^  ^^^^^^  added,   gratis,   with    orders    40s.  and 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondents.  Post- 
office  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Bbown. 


CUPERB  HOLLYHOCKS.— A  Selection  of  the  best 
O  HoUyhockfl,  by  R,  B.  BIRCHAM,  Hedenham  Kosary, 
Bungay,  Suffolk.  g.  d 

Aurantia  (Rivers'),  salmon       1    0 

Black  Prince,  new  (Gibbon's),  a  good  black,  much  more 
double  than  the  old  one,  and  produces  a  fine  Bpike    ...    3    6 

Bicolor  (Chatr'a),  purple  and  white 1     6 

Commander-in-Chief  (Barron's),  light-edged  rose  ...    1    G 

Comet  (Chater'e),  bright  ruby  red      2    6 

DcUcata  (Barron's),  French  white 1     0 

Dido  (PorsoD*')-,  brownish  red  8    6 

EleganB  (Chater's),  delicate  blush 1     6 

EnchantresB  (Chater's),  deep  pink 2    6 

Formosa  (Barron's),  claret      1    0 

Hebe  (Bircham's),  fine  peach  blossom,  flowers  large  and 

fall,  producas  a  fine  spike 3     6 

Joan  of  Arc  (Parsons'),  silvery  bluah  10    6 

Lady  BrajbrooUe  (Chatar'ai,  rosy  crimson 7    6 

Magnum  Bonum  (Barron's),  dark  maroon 3    0 

Meteor  (Bircham's),  a  crimson  scarlet,  centre  well  up, 

and  fine  guard  pe'al,  produces  a  fine  spike,  extra  fine    5    0 
Model  of  Perfection  (Barron's),  good  white,  chocolate 

ground     10 

Mr.  C.  Barron  (Chater's),  pinkish  salmon 3    0 

Mandarin  (Bircham's),  nankeen,  large  and  full,  changing 

to  pale  chocolate  5    0 

Napoleon  tPon's),  light-edged  puce 3    0 

Obscura  (Chator's),  silvery-shaded  puce      1    0 

Pourprede  Tyro  (Bircham's),  ruby  purple,  splendid  forna, 
and  fine  texture,  guard  petals  smooth,  ceuire  full,  and 
well  up,  produces  a  splendid  epike,  decidedly  the  bjst 
yet  raised.  First  Class  Cartificate.  National  Society, 
Sept.  18,  1851  ;  South  London,  Sept.  8,  1852  ;  see 
Gardener!^  Chronicle,   July  31 ;  and  the  **  Florist "  for 

Sept.,  1852  10    6 

Penelope  (Bircham's),  deep  rosy  pink,  shaded,  largo  and 
full,  very  distinct,  produces  a  splendid  npiUe.  A,  Certi- 
ficate National  Floricultural,  Sopt,  18,  lo51       ...         ...'^^7     6 

Pandora  fBircbam's),  bronzg,  buff  and  orange,  large  and  " 

full  flower,  and  spike  up  well  5     0 

Prince  of  Orange  (Bircham's),  a  bufif  yellow,  with  orange 

at  the  base         3    6 

Pillar  of  Beauty  (Parsons'),  bright  rosy  crimson 5    0 

Picta  (Parsons'),  rosy  salmon,  light  edged 5    0 

Queen  (Barron's),  beauiiful  blu^h     1    0 

Queen  of  Denmark  (Bircham's),  an  orange-yellow,  of  a 
new  and  desirable  shade,  producing  a  fine  spike.  A 
First    Class     Certificate    awarded.      See    Gardeners^ 

Chronkh,  J \i\yU,  1852  5     0 

Rosy  Queen  (Chater's),  rosy  blu^h 1    6 

Rosea  grandifl>>ra  (Barron's),  fine  roRv  pink         2    6 

Rosea  Alba  (Barron's),  rose  and  white        ...    2    0 

Spectabiiis  (Coater'ti),  rose  and  salmon       3    6 

Safrano  (Pflrsons'),  pink  and  salmon,  baff  guard  petals, 

largeandfine    ... ...    7    6 

Sulphurea  perfecta  (Rivers'),  fine  sulphur 1    0 

Sulphur  Queen  (Chater's),  be:\utiful  primrose,  chocolate 

ground,  fine  form        10    6 

Triumphant  (Parsons'),  pale  primrose,  tinted  with  deli- 
cate rose 6    0 

Walden  Gem  (Chater's),  or  CharIe|;Turner  (Black),  deep 

ruby  crimson,  extra  fine        ...    L^: 3     6 

White  Perfection  (Chater's),  pure^TOite       3     6 

Yellow  Model  (Bircham's),  a  peculiar  sha'le  of  primrose 
yellow,  with  chocolate  ground,  splemiid  form,  and  fine 
texture  ;  flowers  large,  centre  well  up  ;  produces  a 
splendid  spike,  one  of  the  best  yet  raised.  Firat-ciass 
Certificate  awarded  by  the  National  FloricuUural 
Society,  September  18,  1851.  See  Gardeners'  Chronicle, 
July  31,  and  the  "  Florist"  for  Sepferaber,  1852,  Jcc.  ...  10     6 

If  tue  Selection  be  left  to  R.  B.  B.  : 
First-rate  varieties  of  the  abuve,  per  dozen  .,.^2    0    0 

Good  ,,  ,,  „  10    0 

Semi-double  kinds,  with  brilliant  colours,  such  as 

raanyof  Che  Sco'ch  varieties,  under  nimcs.  per  doz.  G  12     0 
Fine  double  flijwers,  with  splendid  colours,  selected 
when  m  bloom  from  many  thousand  seedlings; 
these  are  Strong  ground  roots,  but  without  names, 

per  dozen 0    6    0 

Carriage  paid  to  London;  plauts  added  to  compensate  for 
long  carriage,  and  every  attentionpaid  to  package. 
Post-office  orders,  payable  at  Bungay  Oflice,  to   Robebt 

BlRCHAM, 


A     FINE     OPPORTUNITY. 

FOR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 
the  following  are  strongly  recommended.  Carriage  paid. 
See  below. 

SELECT  HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  and  ALPINES, 
100  in  50  choice  sorts,  our  selection,  25s.;  100  in  100  choice 
sorts,  our  or  purchaser's  selRCtion,  30s. 

FLOWERING  and  EVERGREEN  SHRFBS,  TREES,  &c  , 
purchaser's  or  our  choice,  per  100  in  100  sorts,  21  ;  our  own 
choice,  in  50  sorts,  11. 

COMMON  LAURELS,  IJ  to  2  feet,  per  1000.  31 ;  per  100,  8s. 
2  to  8  feet,  buohy  plants,  per  1000.  41. ;  per  100,  10s. 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  1.^  to  2  feet,  20s.  per  loO,  or  2s.  6d. 
per  dozen.     2  to  3  feet,  extra  fine,  25s.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen, 

EVERGREE^f  PRIVRT,  fine,  2  to  3  feet,  per  1000,  40s. 

HORSE  CHESTNUTS,  5  to  G  feet,  30s.  per  100. 

ROSES,  60  splendid  sorts,  »tandards,  il.  per  100,  or  15s.  per 
dozen.  100  superb  sorts,  Dwarf  Roses,  35s.,  or  Gs.  per  dozen, 
our  choice  ;  mixed  do.,  25s.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  dozen. 

STOVE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  60  aorta,  40s.;  our 
own  choice,  in  50  sorts,  35s. 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  60  sorts,  40s.  ; 
our  own  choice,  in  50  sorts,  35s. 

ERICAS,  purchaser's  choice,  60  sorts,  21.  10s.;  our  choice, 
in  50  sorts,  best,  40s.,  or  9^.  per  dozen. 

CHINESE  AZALEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,  20s.,  oar  choice  ; 
purchaser's  choice,  25s.,  or  18s.  per  dozen. 

These  are  all  fine,  healthy  grown  plants. 

lIOLLYnoCKS,  fine,  double  coloured,  30s.  per  100  ;  do.  seed, 
in  packets,  warranted  to  produce  75  in  100  double,  Is,  Gd.  each. 

GOOSEBERRIES,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  70s.  per  1000  in 
100  sorts  named,  or  10s.  per  100  in  50  aorta. 

CURRANTS— May's  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  is  the 
largest  and  best  sort  grown,  and  ought  to  be  grown  in  every 
garden,  25s,  per  lUO,  or  is.  per  dozen.  Red  Grape  and  Cham- 
pagne Currants,  fine,  10s.  per  100,  or  2s.  per  dozen. 

APPLES  and  PEARS,  fine,  clean  standards,  10s.  per  dozen, 
or  70s.  per  100  ;  choice  of  sorts  left  to  u=,  very  select. 

PLUMS  and  CHERRIES,  finest  sorts,  standards,  I8s.  per 
dozen,  our  choice  ;  dwarf-trained  do.,  3s.  Gd.  each,  or  36s.  per 
dozen. 

APRICOTS,  PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  fine,  three 
years  trained,  of  best  sorts,  own  choice,  4s.  each,  or  40s.  per  doz. 

N.B.  A  fine  stock  of  Larch,  SpruC'^,  Oak,  &c.,  size  and  prices 
on  application.  Mat's  Descriptive  Catalogue  in  three  parts  : — 
Part  1  contains  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  ;  Fart  2,  Hardy 
Herbaceous  Plants,  Koses,  Shrubs,  &c.  ;  and  Part  3  contains 
Fruit  Trees,  tSrc. ;  to  hi  had  un  application. 

Ornamental  Grounds  designed  gratis,  by  giving  measure- 
ment, &,c. ;  and  Plans  furnished  on  the  same  terms,  and  exe- 
cuted on  the  most  liberal  terms.    Forest  plan'iog  by  estimate. 

*,*  AU  orders  above  21.  10s.  carriage  paid  to  London,  Liverpool, 
Bh'ininghain.  and  Edinburgh,  and  ali  the  intermediate  stations 
tuiViin  160  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Address  all  ordors  and  communications  to  Heney  Mat,  the 
Hope  Nurseries,  Leeming  Lane,  Bedule,  Yorkshire.  A  remit- 
tance or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  respectfully 
requested.  ' 


NEW  ROSES. 
PRINCE  ALBERT  AND  FA!RY  QUEEN.  *■" 
A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
■^^  •  beautiful  Roses,  of  which  they  at  present  hold  the  entire 
stock.  Prince  Albert  Bourbon  (Paul'a),  the  flowers  are,  in  the 
summer,  deep  scarlety  crimson,  in  autumn  rich  glowing  lake, 
■ii  inches  in  diameter,  finely  cupped  and  very  double,  the  out- 
line a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20  to 
30  fljwers  In  a  truss,  and  being  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  likely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  Roses  for  bedding.  The 
foliage  ia  large,  thick,  and  handsome,  and  it  surpasses  every 
Bourbon  R  )se  in  colour,  form,  and  abundance  of  bloom.  Strong 
Plants  in  November,  10s.  Gd.  each. 

This  Rose  will  be  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  November. 
It  has  obtained  first-class  certificates  from  the  National  Flori- 
cultural  Society  of  London,  and  the  Caledonian  Horticultural 
Society,  at  Edinburgh  ;  it  has  further  been  favourably  noticed 
by  the  leading  Horticultural  Journals,  and  ordered  by  above 
100  Nurserymen  and  Amateurs  who  have  seen  it  in  flower. 

Fairy  Qaeen  Hybrid  Perpetual  (Paul'ri),  soft  glossy  lilac,  of 
medium  size  and  perfect  form,  the  summits  of  the  petals  re- 
flexing  as  in  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  and  like  that  unique  rose  every 
shoot  produces  fl'jwers  ;  dwarf  habit.  Plauts  73.  Cd,  eactt. 
Early  orders  are  solicited,  as  the  stock  is  limited. 

Nurseries.  Cheshunt.  Herts,  16th  Oct. 

WILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Seedsman,    &c.,    I5ff, 
CHEAPSIDE.     LONDON. 
Common  mixed  Crocus  3s,  pei 
100. 


Snowdeops,  very  fiae,  2s.  per 

luO. 
NAECtssos,  Soleil  d'Or,  Ss.  per 
doz. 

„  Dbl.  Roman,  3s.  per  doz. 
„  paper  white,  3s.  per  doz. 
,,  Grand  Monarque  (large), 
6s.  per  doz. 
Hyacinths,  excellent miitures 
3s.  Gd.  per  doz. 
„  named  for  pots  or 
glasses,  6s.  to  123.  per  doz. 


Superior  Dutch  Mixed  Crocus, 

Is.  Gd.  per  100. 
Ceocds,   very  large  and    fine 

yellow,  2s.  Gd  per  100. 
,,         12    distinct    varieties 

named,  3s.  per  100. 
„         in  separata   colours. 

Is.  6t?.  to  2s.  per  100. 
Tulips,  fine  border  varieties, 

early  and  late,  6s.  to  73.  Gd. 

per  100. 

GLASS  DISHES  with  six  'superior  HYACINTHS  ready 
planted  in  Moss,  and  which  are  easily  transmitted  to  the 
country  without  injury,  5s. ;  the  price  increases  from  5s.  to 
10s.  *^d.  according  to  the  size  of  Dish  and  number  of  Hyacinths. 

The  above  are  all  warranted  fine ^  and  will  he  delivered 
in  the  lest  possible  condition,  with  extra  bulbs  iocompeiisate 
for  carriage. 

Wm.  Hamilton's  Catalogue,  contaiaing  an  immonee  rarieiy 
of  bulbous  roots,  &c.,  may  be  had  on  application.— Address, 
156,  Cneapside.  London. 


VIOLA    ARBOREA;    or,   PERPETUAL   TREE 

V  VIOLET  (Tede).— The  finest  Stock  for  many  years 
of  the  above,  which  has  proved  the  best  of  all  VIOLETS,  is 
now  offered  to  the  Public  by  Edwaed  Tiley  ;  he  can 
recommend  it  with  great  confidence,  and  has  also  received 
numerous  testiraoniaU  from  different  parties  speaking  of  ita 
qualities,  and  giving  it  the  highest  praise.  It  is  beautifully 
scented,  the  flowers  as  large  as  the  Double  Blue  Hepatica, 
blooming  freely  from  August  to  the  end  of  May,  and  perfectly 
hardy.  This  is  the  proper  time  for  making  beds  or  potting, 
and  12  of  these  plants  grown  in  pots  will  scent  a  large  Green- 
houee ;  also  a  small  bed  of  them,  9  feet  long  by  3  wide,  will  b& 
sufiicient  to  furnish  a  family  with  Bouquets  the  whole  of  the 
winter  and  spring.  Large  plants,  Gs.  per  dozen;  small  plants, 
3s.  per  dozen. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA  ALBA;  OR,  DOUBLE  WHITE  TREE 
VIOLET. — This  is  also  a  very  floe  variety,  and  resembles  the 
former  Violet  in  many  particulars,  with  the  exception  of  its 
colour.  Large  plants,  Gs.  per  dozen ;  smaller  diUo,  3s.  per 
dozen. 

RUSSIAN  SUPERB  VIOLET,  Blue  and  White  (True).— A. 
very  useful  and  fine  variety  ;  3s.  per  dozen. 

A  TREATISE  on  the  nature  and  mode  of  Cultivation  of 
the  VIOLKT.— Edward  Tilev  bfgs  to  introduce  to  the  notice 
of  all  lovers  of  this  fljwer  a  Treatise,  which  will  not  only  givo 
an  insight  into  its  proper  mode  of  cultivaiion,  but  also  direo. 
tions  for  keeping  it  in  continual  bloom  the  whole  of  the  winter. 
It  will  also  assist  many  who  have  already  grown  this  variety, 
as  it  introduces  several  distinct  plans  by  which  it  may  bo 
cultivated  most  su  excess  fully.  Purchasers  to  the  amount  of 
Five  Shillings  will  have  the  Treatise  included;  or,  post-free 
to  any  part  on  receipt  of  12  penny  stamps. 

OTHELLO  CLOVE  CARNATION.— To  those  persons  whose 
orders  came  too  late  last  season  (the  plants  being  all  soldj, 
E.  T.  begs  to  say  he  has  a  fine  stock  of  this  beautiful  Clove 
(for  colour  and  fragrance  unequalled),  and  can  supply  any 
quantity  at  3s.  Gd.  pee  pair,  postage  and  packet  included. 

PURE  WHITE  CLOVE  CARNATION;  also  a  large  stock 
of  this  splendid  variety  at  Is,  Gd.  per  pair,  postage  and  package 
free. 

STRAWBERRY  PLANTS  can  be  still  supplied  in  every 
Variety  and  price,  as  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  for  Sept.  4, 1852, 

The  whole,  or  any  part  of  the  above,  can  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free,  on  receipt  of  the  amount,  by  a  post-office 
order,  or  penny  stamps. 

Edwabo  Tiley,  Nurseryman,  Seedsman,  and  Florist, 
14,  Abbey-church.vard,  Batb. 


TO    NURSERYMEN   AND   OTHERS. 

QUICKSETS    WANTED. 

WANTED,  TENDERS  for  the  supply  of  1,200,00( 
gond  strong  QUICKSETS,  throe  y«ars  transplanted^ 
The  Quicksets  are  to  be  delivered  in  equal  proportions  at  the 
Tonbridge  Wells,  Battle,  and  Rye  Stations  on  the  Soutli| 
Eastern  Raitwdy,  and  delivery  to  commence  immediately,- 
Address  tenders  to  Mr.  Rich\rd  Peeby,  Battle,  Sussex. 

TO    NURSERYMEN   AND   PLANTERS. 

HAND  R.  STIRZAKER  have  now  to  offer  foi 
•  Sale  at  prices  unusually  low,  about  Two  Millions  0 
TREES,  consisting  of  Larch,  Scotch,  Spruce  and  Silver  Firs 
Ash,  Oik,  Sycamore,  Elm,  Beech,  Birch,  Thorns,  «tc.,  from  &j 
and  12s.  Gd.  per  lOOO.  About  1000  Laurestinus,  4  feet,  bushj 
— Catalogups  to  be  had  upon  application. 

Skertou,  near  Lancaster,  Lancashire,  Oct.  16.  

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjo 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  coi 
struct  their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE 
which  are  formed  thus: — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  pat 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  an 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand,  T 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cemen 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applyin 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  An 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyon 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rod 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  tb 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  m 
aoak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  pat 
towards  the  sides.- Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  Wmi 
and  Sons,  Millbank-street,  Westmioster. 


Printed  by  William  BainBOat,  ot  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place,  in  tl 
pambof  St.  Puncras,  aod  Frkdkkick  Muli.ktt  EvANa.  of  i\o.  7.  Chure 
row.  Stoke  Newiiiijtoa,  both  in  the  County  of  Middlesex  Printers 
tlielr  Office  iu  Loinbard-Btreet,  in  tbe  Precinct  of  Whitefriars.  in  tl 
City  ol  London;  and  publleded  by  them  at  tlie  office.  No.  a,  Cbarle 
Birert,  ID  ttie  parish  of  Si.  Pau\'B.  divent  gardeo,  in  the  said  Count 
where  all  idpertiBedoenta  and  CommuDi''Htlouft  are  to  be  ADnSBBBBD  1 
van  Editoh.— Satubdat,  Octodsr  16, 1853. 


,.=''' — 


ENEIS'  CHRONICLE 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  Hews.— The  Horticultural  Fart  Edited  by  Professor  I*indle^. 


No.  43.— 1S52.] 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  23. 


[Price  6d. 


Aet'i  Society  ot  Surrey BS5  a 

Aaemonp,  single 679  a 

Aflphaltc  flooring. t><>*  6S4  b 

Beans.  UaricoE. G76  6 

^    Scarlet  Baoner 677  c 

Berberries,  standard 6?0  b 

Books  reviewed. 673  c 

'  Calendar,  horticultaral 6S0  a 

Citile,  n-ei^ht  of 632  c 

Cii«as  discolor  ...- G79  6 

Dahlia,  Prince  Arthur    679  6 

Dibble,  Dr.  Newington's CS4  6 

Epiphyliuiup,  culture  of G76  c 

f  aim,  maaare  mide  eu    ...,.,  GS3  c 

^    Liverpool  prirs CSj  b 

Fi?.  purple  Isehia  ■ 677  (^ 

FloQ'iDB,  asphalte 6S4  6 

Fmli  ttees,  aale  of,  in  America  679  c 

Guano  and  duDg 6S4  c 

Gyneriuoi  ergenteum 679  a 

Heating,  cheap C77  a 

Horticultaral  iSoclity    67s  a 


Larch,  rot  in G76  6 

Maidevillasuaveolcna C77  a 

Manure  made  nn  a  farm  ......  633  c 

Orchids.  British    .675e-677  6 

Pauperiam CS3  b—GM  c 

Paul's  (Ueasre,)  Buriery C7S  c 

Peas,  Green    , 6f7  1 

Pics,  to  feed  6M  b 

Potatoes,  machiae  for  digging .  67^  c 

—    cultuie  of SSS  n 

Potato  disease 677  c 

Red  apider 677  6 

Roots,  to  harvest 6Si  c 

Scarlet  Runneis , 677  c 

Seeding,  thio 6y4  b 

Tanners'"  Bate" 673  a 

Tenant  rishl CSl  6 

Tulip  beds,  to  make    ^70  a 

VegeiableF,  new  G|6  6 

Violets,  Neapolitan G79  c 

Weights  of  cattle 6S2  c 

liVlndo^  xaTdening 67S  a 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  most  splendid  coHectioa  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  ol'l,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  sorts 
for  Planting  or  Fecitinq  in  Pots. 

Also  an  extensiye  and  valuable  collection  of  STOYE  and 
GREEXUOUSE  PLANTS,  with  ail  new  varieties.  See  onr 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.    Also  our  Illustrations  on  Hoeti- 

GDLTDRAL  BoiLDINQ  and  HEATING  by  HoT-WATEE. 

J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  Klag'e-road,  Chelsea. 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 
of  the  above  Plants,  Rosee,  Conifers,  &c.,  is  now  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage  efamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
described,  in  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

(g^  The  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c,,  annually  exhibited 
a*  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  establishment. — The  American  Nursery,  Bagshot,  Surrey, 
4  miles  from  Farnborough  Station,  South-Western  Railway, 
and  3  miles  from  Blackffater,  Sonth-Eastern  Railway. 


CATALOGUES. 

MESSRS.  H.   LANE  and  SON,  Great  Berkhamp- 
stead,    Herts,  beg  to  inform,  their  Patrons  that  the 
undermentioned  Descriptive  Catalogues  may  now  be  had  :  — 
GENERAL  AND  SUPPLEMENTARY  ROSE  CATALOGUES 
for  two  postage  stamps  ; 
TREE  AND  SHRUB  AND  FUUIT  CATALOGUE 
for  two  postage  stamps ; 
INDIAN  AZALEA.  CAMELLIA,  <tc.,  for  one  postage  stamp. 


RENDLE'S   NEW  TREE  AND  SHRUB  CATA- 
LOGUE.—Our  new  Autumn  Priced  List  of 

FOREST  TREES,  SHRUBS,  AND  FRUIT  TREES, 
Is  now  ready,  andean  be  had  on  application  in  eschange  for 
one  penny  stamp. 

The  Catalogue  contains  PRICES  of  SEEDLING  FOREST 
TREES,  New  and  Choice  SHRUBS,  Transplanted  FOREST 
TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  including  all  ihe  newest  and 
choicest  sorts  in  cultivation. 

Gtntlemcn  ivho  want  to  plant  largely  this  Autumn,  or 
who  reqidrc  to  lay  out  Pleasure  Grounds,  will  do  loell  to 
procure  one  of  these  Catalogues. 

LARGE   SURPLUS    STOCK. 
We  have  a  large  Suriilus  StocU  of  the  tVJllowing,  which  will 
be  offered  on  very  low  termF,  viz, :  -. 
Seedling  PINUS  AUSTRIACA, 
Fine  Plants  of  CEDRUS  DEUDARA. 
Two.years'  Bedded  SCOTCH  FIRS. 
Fine  stout  Plants  of  PIN'US  EXCELSA. 
Immense  Stock  of  SBAKALE  and  ASPARAGUS, 
TROLLOPE'S    VICTORIA    STRAWBERRIES, 
20s.  per  1(10,  or  3s.  per  (Jozen.    This  variety  should  be  grown 
in  every  garden. 

Apply  to  WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  NaaaEaiiiEN 
and  Seed  Meechants,  Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1786. 


DUTCH  BULBS. 
TTJ-HAT  CLARKE  and  CO,  SELL  FOR  IO5.  :— 
»  »  6  fine  Hyacinths  for  glasses  ;  6  good  Hyacinths  for  pots 
or  grouod ;  50  best  Crocuses,  in  four  colours  ;  50  double  Snow- 
drops ;  G  fine  double  Yan  Thol  Tulips  ;  6  Early  single  Yan  Thol 
Tulips  ;  1  dozen  double  white  sweet  scented  Narcissus  ;  6  double 
Jonquils  ;  1  dozen  winter  Aconites  (the  earliest  flowering  Bulb 
of  the  season) ;  25  good  mixed  Tulips  for  beds  or  borders  ; 
1  dozen  beautiful  mixed  double  Anemones. 

The  Undersigned  beg  reepevitfuUy  to  submit  the  pbove  com- 
plete  Collection  of  Dutch  and  other  Early  Bulbs,  which  are 
•dapted  for  flowering  in  the  dull  montha  of  winter  and  early 
spring. — Clieke  and  Co.,  Seedsmen  and  Florists,  86,  High- 
■treei,  Borouth,  London. 

CHANDLER  a\d  SONS,  Ntjrsertmen,  Wandsworth 
Road,  Surrey,  beg  leave  to  inform  the  public  that  they  have 
A  FINE  STOCK  OF  LARGE  EVERGREENS,  tjz.  :- 
Bollies,  Arboi^vitDe,  Laurels,  Box,  Arbutns,  &c.,  now  fit  for 
transplanting,  at  moderate  prices.  Also  CAMELLIAS,  boauti-. 
ftilly  set  with  flower-budi,  and  very  healthy,  at  30j,  and  upwards 
per  dosen.  -^ 

CHRrSANTnEMUWS  coming  into  bloom,  bushy  plants,  of 
the  best  sorts,  12s.  per  dozen. 


HYAaNTHS,    DUTCH    BULBS,    ETC. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London, 
by  Appointment  Floeist  to  bee  Majestt  toe  Qoeen, 
and  to  HIS  MAJEflxr  the  Kimo  of  Saioni,  begs  to  say  that 
he  bas  received  bis  usual  supply  of  HYACINTHS  and  DUTCH 
BULBS,  in  very  fine  condition.  His  Catalogue  of  Bulbs,  tLc, 
frill  be  forwarded  on  application. 


AMBROISE  VERSCHAFFELT,  Nurseryman, 
Ghent,  (Belgium),  has  just  published  hi-i.naw  Catalogue, 
which  may  be  had  of  his  agent,  ilr.  R.  SilheehAd,  5,  Harp- 
lane,  Great  Towar-street,  London. 


NEW  CARNATION,    PICOTEE,   AND   PANSY. 
JOHN    SCHOFIELD  and  SON    beg  respectfully  to 

*J    inform  their  friends  and  the  public  that  tbey  intend  sending 
out  this  Autumn  tlie  following  superb  Seedlings,  viz.  : — 

Panst  FEARLESS.— This  noble  flower  was  awarded  a  first, 
class  Certificate  at  the  National.  For  full  depcription  of  this 
and  the  following,  see  our  Catalogue.    Plants  53.  6d.  each. 

Carnation  MAGNIFICENT  (R.  F.)— This  flower  is  a  gem, 
and  will  be  indiBpensable  to  all  exhibitors.  As  the  stock  is 
very  short  (only  24  pairs),  early  orders' are  requested.  10s.  Qd» 
per  pair. 

PicoTEE  ANN,  medium  red  edge;  a  truly  valuable  flower ; 
one  of  the  best  in  its  class.     10s.  Gd.  per  pair. 

J.  S.  and  Son's  Stock  of  the  most  leading  sorts  of  Carnations, 
Picoteeg,  Pinks,  and  Pansiee,  are  in  fine  condition  this  Autumn, 
and  can  be  supplied  at  the  followioe  prices  :  — 
Carnations,  firstclass,  21s.  per  dozen  pair  ;  second,       Cs  tol25. 
Picotees  „  24s.  ,,  ,,  Ga.  tol23. 

Pinks  „  12s.  ,,  „         33.  Grf.  to    6s. 

Pansies  ,,  15s.  per  dozen  plants    „  Gs,  to  lOst 

Pansy  Seed,  selected  from  show-flowers,  23.  Gd.  per  packet, 

A  full  descriptive  Catalogue  of  tho  above  is  now  rettdy,  and 
may  be  had  free  on  application. 

Knowsthorpe,  near  Leeds,  Yorkshire. 


NEW  CATALOGUE- OF   FLORISTS'   FLOWERS. 

CAREY  TYSO,  Wallingford,  Berks,  begs  to  state 
that  his  new  Descriutive  CgtHlogue  of  T  iT'''LE 
ANEMONES,  RANUNCULUSES,  GERANIUMS,  <3AK ..  .- 
TIONS,  PICOTEES,  PI.-^KS.  &c.,  is  now  ready,  and  v. iU  be 
sent  post  free  for  two  hrbels  ;■  mRlnding  also  hU 

LIST    OF    40O    NAMED    TULIPS, 
which  he  is  selling  off  at  from  ONE-THtRD  to  One-half  the 
prices  of  the  current  yea.-.    Beds   arranged  for  planting  at 
half  price. 

C.  Ttso's  Popular  Treatise  oo  the  An  :mone,  od.  ;  do.Ranun- 
cuius,  6d.     SEEDS  of    hco  Fl  i.v    ^=.  -s.  (J/f.  p:-_  ^ajier. 


CRYPTOMERIA     JAPONIC  A. 

A   FEW    THOUSAND    SEEDLINGS,   from   3   to 
6  inches  high,  at  30s.  per  100. 
Also,  IMPORTED  SEED,  aft  20s.  an  ounce,  which  will  pro- 
duce upwards  of  1500  Plants.   Terms,  Cash,  being  the  property 
of  a  gentleman. 

Apply  to  J.  and  C.  Lee,  Nurserymen,  Hammersmith,   near 
London. 


GEORGE  JACKMAN,NuRSERYHAN,Woking,Surrey, 
IJ  mile  from  Woking  Station,  South  Western  Railway, 
begs  to  announce  he  has  just  published  a  new  and  complete 
Catalogue  of  his  American  Plants,  Ornamental  Evergreens, 
Conifers,  flowering  Shrubs,  Staodard  and  Dwarf  Rosea,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  &c.  &c.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamps. 


THE     PLANTING      SEASON. 

A  LARGE  QUANTITY  OF  VERY  STRONG  SEEDLING 
AND  TRANSPLANTED  LARCH  FIR,  SPANISH  CHEST- 
NUTS, AND  OTHER  FOREST  TREES. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  A.ND  SON  respectfully  invite 
attention  to  their  very  extensive  Stock  of  the  under- 
named FOREST  TREES,  prices  of  which  will  be  forwarded 
on  application  : — 

I  Spanish  Chestnuts  ...  2  to  3  ffc. 

Larch  Fir       1  to  5  ft. 

Scotch  Fir     1  to  5  ft. 

I  &c.  &c.  &.C. 

N,  B.  A  large  stock  of  particularly  fine,  strong,  woU-feathered 
Spruce  and  Silver  Firs,  from  2  to  S  feet,  peculiarly  adapted 
for  ornamental  planting. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  W.  W.  and  S,  have  to  offer  a  fino 
collection  of  Fruit  Trees,  standard,  dwarf,  and  trained  ;  also 
American,  Evergreen,  and  Flowering  Shrubs  ;  iJerbaceous  and 
Alpine  Plants ;  also  ;i  very  choice  selection  of  rare  Orna- 
mental Trees. 
Standard  and  Dwflif  iio3r^s,  as  usual,  in  very  large  quantities. 
Priced  Caialogucs  of  the  above  Stock  will  be  sent  in  exchange 
for  four  postage  stfiraps. 

Woofilant's  Nursery,  Maresfield,  Susaex. 


AUer  ... 

...  3  to  7  ft 

Ash     ... 

...  2  to  G  ft 

Beeftli  ... 

...  2  to  0  ft 

Birch  ... 

...  3  to  7  ft 

EDWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and 
ari 


SON 

are  now  prepared  to  "end  ou'   their  new  CINERARIAS 
and  FANCY  GF.IVANIUMS  it>''  thia-  Season,  which  tliey  can 
confidently  recnmDi<;nd,  for  nhii-U  L, ('••Iff  orders  are  solicited — 
as  tho  stock  of  I'ome.of  ihe  varieti"-  '    iimlted. 
^^W     '"IIV'S  .    \RI.\S. 


Charlotte 

Kate  Enarney    ... 
Marguerito^d'Anjou 

Rosalind 

Usiuil  discount  to  the  Trade. 
GERANIUMS 


TLOCKHART,  Seedsman,  U,  Fleet-street,  London, 
•  Bupplies  strong  Plants  of  the  following  STRAW- 
BERRIES at  2a.  Cri,  per  100,  viz. :— Keens'  Seedling,  Elton 
Fine,  British  Qiioen,  Mammoth,  Eleanor,  Eliza.  Bicton  White 
Pine  and  Black  Prince;  Fertlliued  Hautbois  and  white  Alpine, 
6i.  per  100  ;  white  Antwerp  Raspberry,  IGj.  per  100. 
Lists  of  Bulbn  and  .Scede  free  by  post. 


THE     BLACK    BARBAROSSA, 
-   A  GUAPB  THAT  DON'T  KNOW  HOW  TO  SHANK. 

JOHN  BUTCH EU,  in  again  bringing  the  above  truly 
■ptendld  and  ralaable  Late  Grape  into  the  notice  of  IlorU- 
eolturiatt,  begs  to  inform  tbem  that  ho  has  this  year  forced 
the  above  Orape,  snd  found  it  to  exceed  hid  expectations  as  to 
flavoar,  being  far  anperior  to  the  Hambro',  and  feels  confident 
tiiat  tbfi  sort  will  eventually  supcrHedo  thu  llamhro'.  A  bimch 
was  exhibited  at  thr:  Horticultural  Society's  Jtoomi,  Regcnt- 
•treet,  London,  on  tho  ^'Jth  inm.  ^i>eo  the  report  In  this  daj'a 
Faperi.  Fine  Fruitinj;  I'lanti.  from  Eyes,  19^.  ii-l.  each  ;  good 
Plants,  fii.  G'i.  ;  to  b<)  obtained  of  the  London  Agenttt,  Mcisriii. 
Dawe,  Cottkcll,  and  BetiniM,  Hoed  Merchants,  :td,  .Moorgatc- 
■treet ;  or  Mr.  I,  IikaeI.,  7,  Centre  Buildings,  Cuvcnt  Garden 
Varket;  and  Jorm  BoTcriEK,  Strat(ord^n-Avon. 
^Samplei  of  the  Berries  will  bo  ncnt  upon  tho  receipt  of  12 
pottage  utampt,  post  free. — Stratford-on-Avon,  Octob<;r  2'.i. 


LANGHEDGE   NURSERY. 

CHARLES  WOOLVEN  invites  the  attention  of  Fruit 
grower!  and  the  public  generally  to  hli  larf^e  and  vory 
superior  stock  of  Krulutre««,  comprislog  about  iWH  standard 
Apple*,  Pearl,  Plum«,  and  Cherries  ;  fine  straight  dlemH  0^  to 
8  ft*t  In  height,  fr  im  I2i.  Ui  21/.  pf^r  dozen.  Alio  a  Koufl  iii(>ek 
of  dwarf  and  trained  trcei,  all  of  the  mont  opjirored  klndN, 
trfitn  iJi.  Uj  ZOt.  pur  dozen.  A  capital  stock  or  Oooacberrion 
and  Crirrtnti,  all  of  the  vary  bint  kinds,  from  2j.  C,d.  to  ;',a.  Gd. 
p«r  <loE«n,  now  In  excellent  oonditl'.n.  0.  W.  alio  wishes  to 
recomrnend  to  gentleoDBn  and  b-jlldf  ri  bin  largt;  •',ock  of  Eror- 
cre>ene,  forest  Trees,  and  other  Hhrihi.at  equally  low  prices,— 
C.  ffo«Lr£v,  narHrrmtD,  Upper  Edmuuton,  Miildleiez. 


CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 
TOHN  HENCHMAN  Ims  the  foUowmg  Seedlings  to 
J    offer:— 

Cedrup  deodara,  strong  seedlings  in  thumb  pots,  101.  per  1000. 

Pinna  longifolius,  do.  do.  II.  10s.  per  100. 

PinuB  excolsa,  do.  store  pots,  15s.  per  100. 

Abies  Smithiana,  do.  do.        15s.  per  100. 

Cupreisus  toruloBus,        do.  do.        15s.  per  100. 

J.  U.  has  about  50  very  fine  busby  Arbor-vilre  from  6  to  8  feet 
high,  which  will  be  sold  a  bargain,  and  are  warranted  to  move 
with  good  balls.  Packets  of  choice  Calceolaria,  Cineraria,  and 
Pansy  seed,  2s.  Gd.  each.  Strong  seedling  HoUyhocka  raiiod 
from  Chater's,  the  finest  namad  vutieties,  Cs.  per  dozen,  and 
303.  per  100.  Many  of  these  plants  have  bloomed  this  autumn, 
and  will  all  make  strong  bloominji  plants  next  year, 

Edmonton,  near  London,  Oct.  23. 


Charles  Dickens 

CoDspicua  ...         ...     5  0 

Loveliness  S  0 

Prince  Arthur 10  6 

Price  of  the  Set,  £2 

NEW     FANCY 
s.  d.  I 

Criterion ...  10    6    Fanny 

Flora  Mclvor     10    6  |  Italian  Beauty 

Lady  Downea     10    6    Marginata 

Queen  of  the  Fancies  ...  10     C  I 

Price  of  the  Set,  £3  3s. — usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 

For  description  of  the  above  see  this  Paper  of  October  9. 

Wellington  Itoad  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London.— Oct. '. 


s. 

d. 

,■) 

II 

r. 

(1 

7 

f> 

10 

adt 

G 

s. 

It. 

10 

B 

10 

S 

10 

(> 

N. 


GAINES   begs    to    announce    that    he   is  now 
prepared  to  Bond  out  the  followinf;  superb  collection  of 
SEEDLING,  SHOW,  &  FANCY  GERANIUMS,  &c. 
SHOW    GERANIUMS. 


CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 

A     PAUL  AND  SON  have  a  fine  Stock  of  CEDARS, 
•   which,  for  beauty  of  growtli,  cannot  bo  surpassed,  and 
which  they  beg  to  olFer  as  under  ;— 
CEDUUS  DEOUAUA        ...    1  ft..  Is.  Orf.  each,  or  753.  per  100. 


2  ft.,  2 

„  ...    3  ft,,  3 

„  ■!  to5  ft.,  7 

CEDRUS  AFRICANDS  ...    1  ft.,  2 

„  ...    2  ft.,  3 

OEDAK  OF  LEBANON  ...    1  ft.,  1 

„  2  to  ■■}  ft.,  2 

„  3  to  1  ft.,  3 

„  4  to  .1  ft,,  6 

,,  6  too  It.,  7 


G         „  Ul. 

<•         I,  IM-       '•', 

C        ,,  4i.  perdoz. 

0         „  30j.       „ 

0         „  40s.       „ 

0         ,,  70j.  per  100. 

G         ,,  24s.  pordoz. 

«         „  80s.       „ 

0         „  Ms.       „ 

0         „  i)4j.       „ 

Also  tho  followlnfj,  of  VHrlouB  hoinhts  l—Abloa  Morlndu, 
Mrnzio.Ii,  Douglusli  ;  Plnua  apulconitlH,  Ayacuhuitc,  Ezcoho, 
InHlKnf.,  Macrocnrpu,  LnmhertlnnFL ;  IMcoa  nol'lIlH,  Araucoriii 
liiibricntu;  Cryptomorlu  l.ipoiilca;  CuprosHii.  OoTcnlniiii, 
Lumb.nlana  ;  Juiilpcru.  bibornlcn,  Chinennis,  Excolsa;  Thuja 
Allforml.,  Wareana;  Tnxodlam  dl.tlchuui,  Hcm|iurvlron.; 
Taxiiu  ft'ipr.nsa,  Iri.h  Yew,  Gold  i^trlpcd  do,,  and  nutncrouH 
ottiors  fiiiunlly  (liic  pKntiaud  cf("iolly  clieap.  I'rlccd  CtttnloguOB 
of  Conlfnrio  furnlabcd  on  appllciitioii, 
Nursorloi,  Ch«ibuQt,  U«rt«,— October  23, 


s. 

rt. 

Mrs.  Gnswood 
Earl  Spencer 

31 

21 

0 

Thomas  Wbito 

Esq.  :— 

Lady  Moreton 

21 

0 

3.  d. 

Dora 

21 

0 

Crour  do  Lion  ... 

...    31    G 

Aurantia 

21 

0 

Bruno     

...    21    0 

Lady  Thorold 

21 

0 

Sclina    

...    42    0 

Nonpareil 

« 

0 

Ualbildo 

...    81    S 

Cleopatra 

21 

0 

Chfirmiog  May... 

...    21    0 

Lady  Pacre 

42 

0 

Annie  Laurlo    ... 

...    21    0 

Pandora... 

21 

FANCY 

0 
CE 

Uhoda     

.  RAN  lUIVIS. 

...    21    0 

Rubiua      21s.  |  Lady  Mourdiiut  ,., 

Patriot    10a  Gd. 

The  foUowing  wore  raised  by  tho  Rev,  E,  Trimmer  : 
3.  d. 

Zuriclc    IS    0     Rosenlaril         

yrindonwaUl    1.0     0     BolUnzona 

Schollor 15     0 

NEW  SEEDLING  MIMULUS.BhownatthcLondooExhibUIons. 


16s. 


s.  d. 

21     0 
10     6 


Rpoctrttlsflimus  , 
i'ulcbciium 
Rmperor 
Prince  Arthur   , 


«.  rf. 

3  0 

8  0 

3  C 

S  (I 


Mojofitico .., 
Alpha 
Uximiui   ... 
Qrandillovum 


s.  d. 

3  0 

8  « 

8  G 

3  G 


Prico  of  tho  r?ct,  '2 hi. 
NEW  VARIEGATED  GERANIUM-CAIWES' ATTRACTION. 

ThtH  irt  out)  of  the  moot  dlHtlnct  vnrlogutod  varieties  yot 
introduced  to  thu  public,  poHHOMsIng  ii  dttrkgrorn  folinge,  with 
rod  miti  kingfi,  udgcd  with  pure  wliUc  ;  tlio  colour  of  tho  flower 
a  boautUiil  uhorry,  and  (juilO  dlU'orcmt  to  any  other  vuriogatod 
Ooraiihiivi  yot  soiit  out.  From  Its  fcoonoss  of  gi-owth  nnd  com- 
pact habit,  M  It  blooniH  In  grcr^t  ubuudauco,  it  wiU  bu  valuablo 
lor  b'  dding  or  pot  culture.    lOa.  Od. 

A  DtTcriiitlvo  List  of  ."^Jliow  and  Fancy  Polurgonlump,  ifcc, 
may  bo  Juid  by  nppljlngat  thoNuiHury,  Suvrey-lano,  Ualtcreyu, 
near  Juondon. 


674 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  23, 


MESSRS.  CHiRLES  CANTOE  &  CO.,  OF  CALCUTTA, 


18  5  2. 

Sf  OF  OESIiiEOSS  FIsilf  S  IMieilOllS  TO  ASSM 

AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


Ho, 


1* 
.2 
8» 
i 
6 

7« 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12« 
13* 
11» 
15 
16 
17- 
18" 
19 
20<' 
21» 
22«K 
28«. 

21" 
25 

2S 

27* 


31 
85*« 

3;» 
38« 
39 
i.0 

12 

43» 
440' 
45i.t 

46' 


SO 
61 

52»» 


66 
67 
63 
60 » 

m. 

Gl' 
62 
Gi' 
6!« 
S5« 

C6«* 
67 

03 

09 

7J 

71 

72»* 

73' 

74' 

70' 

70' 

77' 

7S»» 

79 

30" 

81"' 

S2*' 

S3>< 

84 

86* 

36» 

87«" 

S8« 

39"' 

90 

91. 
92 
93' 


Kahes. 


MicroBtylis  Wallicidi  ?, 
Oberoiii'i  iadifolia 

.,    Gp 

[lipariii  sp. 

>i     sp 

„     sp 

„    BP 

Otocbilu9  fLiscas 

PhoUdota  imbricata    . 

„  undulata    ... 

„  arliculata  ... 

,.     6p 

..    sp 

Ccelogyne  fiavidi 

„  uudulata    ... 

„  fimbviata?.., 

„  uuiflora 

„  barbita 

„  pra3i;ox  ?     ... 

,,  raacLjlata    ... 

„  Wallicliiana 

„  ouellaca 

„     Crardaeriana 
„    crietata 

„    sp 

„  fliva! 

,.    sp 

»    Si. 

n    sp 

»    sp 

,.    sp 

Solb^payllum    leopard 

nam        

„  umbellatuiu 

„  Khisyanam 

»    sp.    .". 

..    sp 

»    sp 

:,      PP 

..     sp 

Cirrhopetaluai  sp. 

sp 

sp 

sp 

..    sp 

Tricottina  euavis 

Eriaiiiva  

flria  sp 

,,    densiflora 


„  ferragioea 

„  paniuulata 

„  sp.    ... 

„  tp.    ... 

„  sp. 

„  sp. 
Apoi'um  aacopa 

,,  caspid^ttur 

„  6p. 

„  sp. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Dendrobium  Plerardi  ... 
„     >cterocarp'am 
„     CUrysantiauia 

J,    Pdstoni      

,,    Bp.  like  do. 

,,    formosum 

,,    loaglcernu 

,j    calceolus 

„    Bulcatum 

,,    jBakiDSii 

„  ctBvule3cen9 

,,    n  tbile         

„     Gibaonii     

„    s:upo3mii 

,,  CambridgeaauDi... 

„  tran^parcns 

,,  liko  do.,  various  ... 

,,  Devonianum 

,,  Dalhousiaaum     ... 

„    muUicaule 

„    Griffi'.bii    

„     Farmeri     

„  densiflorum  pallid. 

,,  do.    roaeuiu     ... 

,,  iatermediuiu 

.,    Bp 

t>     BP 

>i    sp 

M    ep 

5pathoglottis  pubesconf- 
A.ruQdina  bambaaifoUa 

Phaius  grandifolias 

Wailicbii 

macalata    ... 


Small,  pe*  greea 

Mina^e,  jellowish 

Small,  yellow  

Larpish,  ^reon  yellow 
Smill,  diaep  purplo 
,    yoUowish  brown 

,,        and  white 
white 


„       „    aad  yellow 

„    yellow 

Largishj  white        

„  .  „  and  bi'ovrn  ., 
„  ,,  aud  lataritiouf 
„    white 

Large,  whitejyeUow,»fc  roae 
,,         ,,         and  r03e 
„    pale  yelloiv  and  deep 

orange 
,,     white  aad  yellow 
„        „      streaked    with 
bright  yello'-v 
Soaall,  brown  and  yellow 
Large,  yellow  and  brown 
Small,  brown  and  yellow 
„    v/hi'.e  aud  brown 
„     pale  ysUow    ;... 
,,     white  (pralty) 
Largish,  pale  cinnamon  , 
Largo,  yellow  spotted  with 

purple. 
LargiBli,  dull  yellow 
■Small,  greenish 
Largish,  bright  yellow 
3njaU,  white,  fEagiant 
„    dull  purplo     ... 


Small,  greonish,  fragrant 

„    dull  purple 

Large,  browu  and  yellow.. 
LargiBh,  dull  purple 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell 

Lai-ijish,  dull  yell.  «ij  browu 

Largish,     white     streaked 

with  brown 

„  „    ttiKiged   with 

yellow 

,,    ferru^inaous  ... 
Small,  Epocted  with  purple 
Largish,  wUi:o        

s,  M     ffc  dull  purp. 

Jfinute,  rosy 
Small,  white 


Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Large,  pick  aad  yellow  .. 
,,  yall.  aad  br.  fragran 
„    lively  yell,  and  bi-owu 

,,    orange  and  brown  ... 
Very  large,  white  and  yell,, 

fragrant 
[*irge,  white  and  orange,.. 
Very    dark    yellow,    rose, 

and  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  purple... 

„    lively  yellow 

„  deep  lively  purple  ... 
„  white  rosy  purple  ... 
„    yellow  aud  brown   ... 

Small,  white  

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br. 
deep  lively  purple  ... 
pale  rose  and  purple 
iilac-ro33  and  yellow 
rose,  white,  and  purp. 
white  and  purple  ... 
pale  yell,  aud  orangf 
lively  „  ,, 
white  and  orange  ... 
pale  rose  aad  orange 
pale  yellow  &  brown 

lively  orange 

,,  yellow  &  brown 
yellow,  pink,  and  br. 
pink  and  yellow 
Largish,  yellow  and  purple 
Large,  pale  rose  aud  lively 
purple 
white,  brown,  &  pur. 

,,      rosy  scented 


9i» 

93»» 
97* 
93'^ 
99" 
100* 
101" 
102 

103« 

104* 

105* 
106* 

103' 
109* 
110 
111 
112 
113 

115' 
116 
117^* 

118* 

n9*' 

120* 

12 1« 

122* 

123** 

124** 

125 

126 

127 

128 

129** 

130 

131* 

132 

133* 

134^ 

135  • 

136 

137*< 

133 

L39 

140'^ 
141*^ 

142*' 

143*+ 
U4** 
145* 
14G' 

147 

lis 


150** 
151"* 

152 
153 
154 

155* 

ISC' 

157** 

153' 

159' 

1G0< 

iQV- 

1G2< 

163^ 

164*» 
I65*» 
166»* 
IG7* 

isg*-* 

170*» 
171*. 

172 
173 
174 
175** 

176** 
177** 
178* 


Naues. 


PhaiuB  albua 
Aputariaaeuilis  ... 
A  latifolia 
Eulophia  vireu3  ... 
»    sp 

))      8P 

„    ep 

„    sp 

Vanda  teres 

„    cristata 

„    multiflora  ... 

„     coerulea 

»    fiP 

»      Bp 

t.      Sp ■ 

Camarotis  purpurea 
Micropera  pallida 
Saccolabium  micrantbm 

,,    retusum 

,,    papillosum 

,,    Galceolare ... 

„    sp.  like  do. 

„    caroifoliutn 

„    dasypogoa 

„    appendiculatum 

.,    ep 

Sarcanthus  sp.   ... 

n      Bp 

»     sp 

»     sp 

>.    sp 

n      sp 

.Aerides  affine 
„    odoratum  ... 

.,     BP 

M    ep 

Agrostopbyllium     Kha- 

fiyanum 
Xiphosium  acuminatum 
Acauthophippiuui  sp.  ... 

..     sp 

Cymbidiumgiganteum... 

pendulum 

aloifolium 

eburneum  , 

inconspicuum 
Gymbidium      longipeta- 
lum 
„    cyprifolium 
9)    BP 

»    sp 

»    sp 

„    Bp 

..     sp 

Phalsenopsis,  sp. 

Eupborboscis  pygoaiea... 
G^sodorum  dilatatum    ... 


Platanthera  ap 

Peri3tylis  sp 

Qabonaria  hamigera? .,, 

sp 

sp 

sp 

..    sp 

Pogonia  Joliana 

sp 

..     sp 

Cyrtosia  sp 

Spiranthes  sp 

Zeuxina  sulcata 

AoEBctochiluB  Rox. 

burghii 

.      sp 

Cypripedium     venustum 

insigne 

Caianthe  denaiflora 

sp 

sp 

sp 

..     sp 

G-oodyera  sp 

sp 

..    BP 

Ophrys  sp.  

..     sp 

Anthoginum  sp 

Bonatea  sp 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Large,  white,  rosy  scented 
Largish,  rose  and  green  ., 

Large,  green  and  white    .. 
„    dull  yellow  &  browu 

,,    deep  purple 

,,    green  and  yellow 
,,    purplish  green 
Very    large,    rosy    purple, 

yellow  and  brown 
Largish,    greenish,    wbite, 
and  purple 
„    whito  and  rose 
Very  large,  deep  blue 
Largish,  dull  purple 
,,  ,,        and  green 

„    yellow  aud  brown   .. 
Small,  yellow  and  purple.. 

„    pale  yellow    

Small,  rosy 

Largish,  lively  spotted 
Small,  pale  yellow  &  pur. 
yellow  and  brown    .. 
pale  do.  and  rose    .. 

rosy      

greeu  and  purple     .. 

,    yellow 

rosy  aud  deep  purple 

Small,  rosy  ... 

,    white  and  yellow 


„    rosy  red 
Large,  rosy  purple ... 
,,  ,,     sweet-scented 

Large,  like  affiae,  and  very 

sweet-scented 
Small,  white  

Large,  white  

,,    dull  purple    

,,    white,  streaked 
Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 
Large,  dull  yell,  aad  purple 

Very  large,  whito 

Small,  brown  

Largish,  green  and  purple 


Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
aud  wbite 
brownish  purple 
Very  large,  white  ... 
Large,  white  and  brown  ... 
,,    green  and  dull  purple 
Largo,  yellow  and  reddish 
brown 

Minute,  yellow        

Large,  white,  purple,  and 
yellow 
„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Large,  white  

Largish,      white,      sweet- 
scented 

Small,  green  

„    yellow 

,,    greenish  yellow 

,,    white 

Largo,  white  

Small,  rosy  white 

Largish,  green        

Small,  purple  

Largish,  golden  yellow    ... 
Small,  white  

rosy  white      

white 

Large,  green  and  purple  ... 

„    red  and  yellow 

,,    lively  yellow  ... 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Large,  white  and  green    ... 

,  ,,     and  yellow  ... 

.,,    dull  purple     

Small  white 

,,  dull  purple  ... 
Largish,  rosy  purple 

green  and  purple    ... 

rosy      

Small,  green  


iEschynathug  (3  to  4  sp.) ;  Hoya  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  (several)  '> 
Lilium  (1  gp.) ;  Nepenthes  (1  sp.) ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 
(150  to  200  3p.) ;  Palms  (Livistonia,  Leoxalia,  Caryota, 
Calamus,  &;c.)  are  also  indigenous,  and  can  be  sent  if 
required. 


Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  wita  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Dicco  marked  with  two  asterisks  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  charges  for  a  bos  of  4  cubic  feet  meaiuremenc,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  hi.  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  wliich  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  reqmired,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  the  raro  1  r.  3  a.  a  Piaut ;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant,  when  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  hi  made. 

Whea  niiw  Plants  not  included  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  hoses  or  more  are  taken 
a  discounc  of  10  per  cent.  wUl  be  allowed, 

Plaucs  ciu  also  bj  ssnt  in  glaas  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  laches  in  lieight,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  be  made.  Glass  covers  can  also  bo  supplied  for  the  other  boxes, 
at  an  eitra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs,  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  Auriust  1>  1852. 

'yWENTY  CHOICE  NAMED  GERANIUMS  FOR 
J-  EiailTEEN  SHILLINGS,  in  CO-sized  pots,  in  strong 
robu  t  hsaiih. 

A(vly  to  William  E.  Rbsdle  and  Co.,  Florists,  Plymouth. 

P.)<-  General  List  of  Gcr.tniunafl,  see  Qa\-dQ')\C)'&'  Chronicle, 
a^e  610,  Sept,  25,  1852. 


PLECTRANTHUS  CONCOLOR  PICTA,  tlie  finest 
variegated-leaved  plant  yet  offered 7s.  6<7. 


TACSONIA 
Magazine ' 

Hnan  Low  and  Co, 


SANGUtNEA, 
for  October 


figured   in   "  Botanical 
Clapton  Nursery. — Oct.  23. 


A     FINE     OPPORTUNITY. 

FOR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 
the  following  are  strongly  recommended.  Carriage  paid. 
See  below. 

SELECT  HAUDT  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  and  ALPINES. 
100  in  50  choice  sorts,  our  selection,  255. ;  100  in  100  choice 
sorts,  our  or  purchaser's  selection,  30s. 

FLOWERING  and  EVERGREEN  SHRUBS,  TREES,  &o., 
purchaser's  or  our  choice,  per  100  in  100  sorts,  21. ;  our  own 
choice,  in  50  sorts,  IE, 

COMMON  LAURELS,  U  to  2  feet,  per  1000,  31. ;  per  100,  83, 
2  to  3  feet,  busby  plants,  per  1000,  U. ;  per  100,  lOs. 

PORTUGAL  LAURELS,  1^  to  2  feet,  20j.  per  100,  or  23.  6d. 
per  dozen.    2  to  3  feet,  extra  fine,  25s.  per  lOO,  or  Ss.  per  dozen, 

EVERGREEN  PRIVET,  fine,  2  to  3  feet,  per  1000,  405. 

FOIISE  CHESTNUTS,  5  to  6  feet,  30^.  per  100. 

ROSES,  50  splendid  sorts,  standardji,  4i  per  100,  or  155.  par 
dozen.  li)0  superb  sorts.  Dwarf  Roses,  3j3.,  or  65.  per  dozen, 
our  choice  ;  mixed  do.,  263.  per  lOD,  or  45.  per  dozen, 

STOVE  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  405.;  oar 
own  choice,  in  50  sorts,  35s. 

GRGENH0U3E  PLANTS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  40s.; 
oar  own  choice,  in  50  sorts,  353. 

ERICAS,  purchaser's  choice,  50  sorts,  21.  Ids.;  our  choicB, 
in  50  sorts,  best,  40^.,  or  Os.  per  dozen. 

CHI.VESE  AZALEAS,  20  fine  show  sorts,  205.,  our  choice ; 
purchaser's  choic-,  25s.,  or  I85.  per  dozen. 

These  are  all  fine,  healthy  grown  plants. 

HOLLYHOCKS,  fine,  double  coloured,  3f)s.  per  100  ;  do.  seed, 
in  packets,  warranted  to  produce  75  in  100  double,  Is.  6d.  each, 

GOOSEBERRIES,  finest  Lancashire  sorts,  70s.  per  1000  ia 
100  sorts  named,  or  10s,  per  100  in  50  sorts. 

CURRANTS— May's  Victoria,  or  Raby  Castle  Red,  is  the 
largest  and  best  sort  grown,  and  ought  to  be  grown  in  every 
garden,  25s.  per  100,  or  4s.  per  dozen.  Red  Grape  and  Cham- 
pagne Currants,  fine,  IO5,  per  100,  or  23.  per  dozen. 

APPLES  and  PEARS,  fine,  clean  standards,  IO3.  per  dozes, 
or  70s.  per  100  ;  choice  of  sorts  left  to  us,  very  select. 

PLUMS  and  CHERllIES,  finest  sorts,  standards,  18s.  per 
dozen,  our  choice ;  dwarf-trained  do.,  35.  Gd,  each,  or  86s.  per 
dozen. 

APRICOTS,  PEACHES,  and  NECTARINES,  fine,  three 
years  trained,  of  best  sorts,  own  choice,  4s.  each,  or  40s,  per  doz. 

N.B.  A  fine  stock  of  Larch,  Spruce,  Oak,  &c.,  size  and  prices 
on  application.  Mat's  Descriptive  Catalogue  in  three  parts  : — 
Part  1  contains  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants  ;  Part  2,  Hardy 
Herbaceous  Plants,  Roses,  Shrubs,  dec.  ;  and  Part  3  contains 
Fruit  Trees,  »fec. ;  to  ba  had  on  application. 

Ornamental  Grounds  designed  gratis,  by  giving  measure- 
ment, &,c. ;  and  Plans  furnished  on  the  same  terms,  and  exe- 
cuted on  the  most  liberal  terms.    Forest  planting  by  estimate. 

***  AU  orders  above  21.  10s.  carriage  paid  to  London,  Idverpool, 
Birmingham,  and  Edinburgh,  and  all  the  intermediate  stations 
witJi-in  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Address  all  orders  and  communications  to  HENar  Mat,  the 
Hope  Nurseries,  Leeming  Lane,  Bedale,  Yorkshire.  A  remit. 
tance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  respectfully 
requested. 


1    0 


S  6 

.  10  6 

,.7  6 

3  0 

5  0 

1  0 

3  0 


7    6 
6    0 


Q  UPERB  HOLLYHOCKS.— A  Selection  of  the  best 
O  Hollyhocks,  by  R.  B.  BIRCHAM,  Hedenham  Rosary, 
Bungay,  Suffolk.  8.  d 

Aurantia  (Rivers'),  salmon       1    0 

Black  Prince,  new  (Gibbon's),  a  good  black,  much  more 
double  than  the  old  one,  and  produces  a  fine  spike    „.    3    6 

Bicolor  {Chater'a},  purple  and  white 1    6 

Commander-in-Chief  (Barron's),  light-edged  rose-  ,..    1    6 

Comet  (Chater*8),  bright  ruby  red      2    6 

Delicata  (Barron's),  French  white 

Dido  (Parsons'),  brownish  red  

Elegans  (Chater's),  delicate  blush 

Enchantress  (Chater's),  deep  pink 

Formosa  (Barron's),  claret       

HebQ  (Bircham's),  fine  peach  blossom,  flowers  largo  and 

full,  producas  a  fine  apiko ,        

Joan  of  Arc  (Parsons'),  silvery  blush 

Lady  Braybrooke  (Chater's),  rosy  crimson 

Magnum  Bonum  (Barron's),  dark  maroon 

Meteor  (Bircham's),  a  crimson  scarlet,  centre  well  up, 

and  fine  guard  petal,  produces  a  fine  spike,  extra  fine 

Model  of  Perfection  (Barron's),  good  white,  chocolate 

ground     1 

Mr.  C.  Barron  (Chater's),  pinkish  salmon 3 

Mandarin  (Bircham's),  nankeen,  large  and  full,  changing 

to  pale  chocolate  S 

Napoleon  (Pow's),  light-edged  puce ,„    3 

Obscura  (Chater's),  silvery-shaded  puce      1 

Pourprede  Tyre  (Bircham's),  ruby  purple,  splendid  form, 
and  fine  testure,  guard  petals  smooth,  centre  full,  and 
well  up,  produces  a  splendid  spike,  decidedly  the  best 
yet  raised.  First  Class  Certificate,  National  Society, 
Sept.  13,  1851  ;  South  London,  Sept.  8,  1852 ;  see 
Gardeners^  Chronicle,  July  31 ;  and  the  "Florist"  for 

Sept.,  1852  10 

Penelope  (Bircham's),  deep  rosy  pink,  shaded,  large  and 
full,  very  distinct,  produces  a  splendid  spike.  A  Certi- 
ficate National  Floricultural,  Sept.  18,  laol       

Pandora  (Bircham's),  bronze,  buff  and  orange,  large  and 

full  flower,  and  spike  up  well         

Prince  of  Orange  (Bircham's),  a  buff  yellow,  with  orange 

at  the  base        ;* 

Pillar  of  Beauty  (Parsons'),  bright  rosy  crimson 5 

Picta  (Parsons'),  rosy  salmon,  light  edged 5 

Queen  (Barron's),  beautiful  blush     1 

Queen  of  Denmark  (Bircham's),  an  orange-yellow.  Of  a 
new  and  desirable  shade,  producing  a  fine  spike.  A 
First   Class    Certificate    awarded.      See    Gardeners^   " 

Chronicle,  July  31,  1852  5 

Rosy  Queen  (Chater's),  rosy  blush 1 

Rosea  granditlora  (Barron's),  fine  rosy  pink         2 

Rosea  Alba  (Barron's),  rose  and  white        2 

Speetabilis  (Chater's),  rose  and  salmon       3 

Safrano  (Parsons'),  pink  and  salmon,  buff  guard  petals, 

large  andfine 7 

Sulphurea  perfecta  (Rivers'),  fine  sulphur I 

Sulphur  Queen  (Chater's),  beautiful  primrose,  chocolate 

ground,  flue  form        10 

Triumphant  (Parsons'),  pale  primrose,  tinted  with  deli- 
cate rose 

Walden  Gem  (Chater's),  or  Charles  Turner  (Black),  deep 

ruby  crimson,  extra  fine       

White  Perfection  (Chater's),  pure  white      

Yellow  Model  (Bircham's),  a  peculiar  shade  of  primrose 
yellow,  with  chocolate  ground,  splendid  form,  and  fine 
texture  ;  flowers  large,  centre  well  up  ;  produces  a 
splendid  spike,  one  of  the  best  yet  raised.  First-class 
Certificate  awarded  by  the  National  Floricultural 
Society,  September  IS,  1851.  See  Gardeners'  Chronicle, 
July  31,  and  the  "Florist "for  September,  1852,  &c.  ...  10    6 

If  the  Selection  be  left  to  R.  B.  B.  : 
First-rate  varieties  of  the  above,  per  dozen  ,.,£2    0    0 

Good  „  ,.  - 10    0 

Semi-double  kinds,  with  brilliant  colours,  such  as 

many  of  the  Scotch  varieties,  under  names,  per  doz.  0  13    0 
Fine  double  flowers,  with  splendid  colours,  selected 
when  in  bloom  from  many  thousand  seedlings; 
these  are  strong  groundroots,  but  without  names, 

per  dozen 0    6    0 

Carriage  paid  to  London ;  plants  added  to  compensate  for 
long  carriage,  and  every  attention  paid  to  package, 

Po5t-offi':o  orders,  payable  at  Bungay  Office,  to  Robert  B. 
BiacHAii. 


...    5    0 


3    6 
3    6 


43— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


675 


NEW      GERANIUMS,     SHOW     AND     FANCY 
VARIETIES.— All  the  best  sorts,  of  the  latest  introduc- 
tion, can  be  obtained  from 

WILLIAM    E.  REIMDLE    AND    CO., 

NURSERYMEN, 

Plymouth, 

For  particulars,  see  Oardeners'  Chronicle  for  Sept.  25,  page  610. 

DUTCH    FLOWER    ROOTS. 

W.  E.  Rendle  and   Co.  have  received   their  Anmtal 

Importation,  which  is  offered  on  reasonable  terms. 

Catalogues  can  he  procured  as  per  address  ahove. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  announce  that  their 
•  CATALOGUES  of  ROSKS  and  HOLLYHOCKS,  coq. 
tainiog  all  the  fine  new  varieties  for  the  present  season,  are 
now  ready,  and  naay  be  had  free  on  applicitiiin,  enclosin:?  Two 
Penny  Stamps  for  the  postage.  The  ADTOMNAL  ROSES  are 
Still  finely  in  bloom. — Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  Herts,  October  23. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  ABOUT  FIFTY  YAREETIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  most  splendid  and  superb  Collection  of  SEEDLIN'Q 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  eonfidenay 
warrant  and  recommend,  they  having  been  carefully  saved  aad 
varied  from  the  most  unique  selection  in  th^  kinu'dom.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrubby  they  are  perpetually  in  flower ;  and 
from  the  great  variety  and  brilliancy  of  their  colours,  they  are 
invaluable  for  the  conservatory  or  bedding-out. 

J,  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London, 


TO    NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,   AND    THE  TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  I  PEA,  price  2s.  6rf.  per 
qaart,  and  can  with  confidence  recommend  it  as  a  very  superior 
article. 

About  the  second  week  in  October  they  will  be  ready  to  send 
outtheirNewEarlyScarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES  RHUBARB, 
S».  each.  It  is  quite  as  early  as  the  Prince  Albert,  much  larger, 
red  throughout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large  cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  those  not  having  au  account  open 
■with  H.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  Fo3t-offlce,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  TestimoniaU  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had,  see  Oardemn''  Chronicle  18th  September,  1352,  page  594 . 

Newington  Butte.  London. 

'         KINGHORNE'S  SEEDLING   EPACRISES. 

JOHN  AND  CHARLES  LEE  beg  to  announce  that 
they  are  prepared  to  send  out  these  beautiful  Seedlings, 
from  which  they  bare  selected  the  following  distincc  kinds  :— 

E.  KINSHORNII.— Tube  medium  length,  very  stout,  beautl- 
folly  pencilled  with  roae  colour,  pore  white  tip,  and  sepals  well 
reflexed  :  a  mi">qt  profuse  bloomer.    Price  75.  Gd. 

E.  GRANDIFLORA  RUBRA.— Tube  longer,  stouter,  and 
much  higher  coloured  than  grandiflora ;  tips  pure  white ;  espala 
■sipand  well ;  very  free  bloomer.    Price  d$. 

E.  MINIATA  SPLENDENS.— Tube  larger  and  longer  than 
Tniniata,  of  a  more  brilliant  colour,  white  tip  more  distinct ; 
sepals  expand  well ;  extremely  free  bloomer.     Price  5s. 

PRICE  OF  THE  SET,  15s.— The  usual  discount  to  the 
Trade,  besides  a  sst  over  on  every  three  sets  ordered. 

These  superb  Epacrlses  are  really  the  most  useful  plants 
offered  to  the  Public  this  season.  They  are  very  great  improve- 
ments, both  in  habit  and  profuseness  of  blooming,  over  all 
former  in  trod  actions,  and  will  prove  highly  valuable  for 
exhibition. 

Nursery  and  Seed  Eatablishment,  Hammersmith. 

SUPERB  NEW  APPLE, 

BRADLEY'S    GOLDEN     PEARMAIN. 

RICHARD  BRADLEY  begs  to  inform  Nurserymen 
and  the  Public  generally  that  it  is  his  intention  to  send 
out  this  very  excellent  new  APPLE  in  November  nest. 

R.  B.  in  offering  the  above,  can  with  confidence  recommend 
it  ai  being  a  very  superior  variety  and  worthy  a  place  in  every 
collection.  It  will  be  fouHd  a  great  acquisition  ftr  Table  or 
Kitchen.  First  quality,  second  size  ;  season  from  December 
to  February.  It  is  an  early  and  prolific  bearer,  and  a  very  free 
grower. 

Opiaion  of  R.  Mabhock,  Esq.,  in  Oardenery  and  Farmers 
Journal  for  Oct.  26,  1850  :—"  B  B  N.  Your  Apple  seems  to  be  a 
variety  very  near  the  Margill,  or  between  that  and  the  Ribaton 
Pippin.  It  has  the  general  form  and  flavour  of  the  one  with 
the  spotting  of  the  other.  TI.e  flesh  l«  crisp  and  grateful.  On 
the  whole,  we  think  it  is  an  excellent  dessert  Apple,  and  looks 
as  go:>d  as  it  is." 

Fine  healthy  dwarf  plaota,  IO5.  Gel.  each;  half  standards, 
12a,  G-i.  each.  One  plant  over  to  the  Trade  when  three  are 
ordered. 

The  Btcck  being  amall,  early  orders  ar^;  requested,  to  secure 
plant?.  A  remittance  to  accompany  the  order  from  unknown 
correspoodents,  to  be  made  payable  at  Southwell  PoBt-offiue, 
Kott*.— Agents  ;  Messrs,  Fisher,  Ilolmea,  and  Co.,  Handsworth 
Ziaraery,  Sheffield.  Package  free.  All  orders  above  U.  11».  (id. 
carriage  paid  to  London  and  all  places  within  100  miles  of  the 
nursery. — Halam  Nursery,  Southwell,  Notts. 


''fHOMAS  CRIPPS  respectfully  offers  the  following 
X  New  and  Select  HOSES  :— 

3tdi.  Dwfs, 
f.  d. 


VzBrtTUALt. 


Lft  SednifiaDte         ...  3  0 

Doctenr  Joillard    ...  5  0 

Lucy  Barante          ...  2  6 

Mdm.LeclcroGulUory  5  0 

WUliam  Griffith!  ...  3  6 
Souvenir  de  la  Rclno 

d«  Beiges 7  6 

PaUi>deCrifltAl  ...  6  0 
Baronne  Uanez(beau- 

tiful,            3  0  2  0 

Comte  tie  Bcarmont  7  0 

Ciemencc  Isaure  ...  &  0 
L'Eofant    du    Moat 

Carmcl     , 6  0 

Beranger        2  0 

Charlet  BoUiler     ...  6  0 

SoavenirrEmpIro  ...  6  0 
Caf^^ioe  do    Hauiial 

(ane)           3  6  2  0 

«ea«ral  Ncfrrter      ...  3  0  2  0 

9eQ«ral  Brea           ...  3  C 

U/xji»t  Oiler  ...  5  0 
R'j«c   <:u    Roi    Cneif 

»Wt«j         2  0  1  « 


PESPETOALB. 


Stda.  DwfB. 


s.  d,  3.  d 

DIodore          7  c, 

Blanche  Portemer  ...  5  0 

Mere  de  St.  Louis    ,..  7  C 

MiBB  -Mejmott           ...  7  S 

Victoria  rPaul's)     .,,  6  0 

iBOcrftto         7  G 

Mdm,  Seigneur        „,  &  0 

Chereau         2  0  Id 

Gen.  Cjvaignac(Sne;  2  6  2  0 

Mdm.  Fremion        ...  2  fl 

Mdm.  Htlairo          ...  C  0 
L'Eiendard  du  Grand 

Homme      7  0 

Mdm.  riury 7  0 

Robert  lluras         „.  3  8 

Eugene  Sue 7  0 

Auguito  MIe  (flDo)  ...BO  3  0 

Joanne    d'Arc    (Ode)  8  0  8  0 

Mdm.  Andry            ,„  fi  0 

locrmU          G  0 

OoQ.  Ijulaaffo          ...  S  0 

Oen.  Drouot  fmofi).  3  0  2  1 

Hermnn  Kegel  (do.)  3  9  2  0 


fl6*nt  dM  BatslUe*,  per  dozen,  for  \ytA*,  %XA%.  \'>».,  dwfa.  Iff*. 

8t*«<Urd  Koten,  in  Hplendid  variety,  the  aeluctlon  being  left 
to  T,  C,  I«i.  and  2-*i,  ptr  doien.  Dtvirf  do,,  finciit  varlctlen,  '■)»,, 
\t$.  ftti^  IfJi,  per  dotcn.    Dwarf  do.,  gwd  varieties  bj  nnmo, 

Itm  above,  Ifordertd  now.  will  be  asntla  November  icciroly 
packed  Ut  any  part.    A  remittance  rn*  rofercnco  I«  rcqaeitcd. 
TanbrWJit^  Wdiii  Nunery,  Kent,  Oc!.  2«. 


IMEW    WHITE    BROCCOLI-"  DILCOCK'S    BRIDE." 

BAINBRIDGE  and  HEWISOiN  beg  to  announce 
that  they  have  purchased  of  Mr.  DileocU  the  entire  stock 
of  the  above,  which  is  a  Broccoli  of  the  highest  merit,  sur- 
passing every  other  (even  the  far-famed  "Mammoth"),  as  the 
following  will  testify.  It  has  beeu  sold  in  the  York  market  at 
Is.  per  head. 

"York  ITorticiiUural  Society,  June  IS.  1S52. 
"In  reply  to  your  inquiries  I  find  'Dilcock'a  Bride  Broccoli  * 
was  awarded  first  and  third  prizes  1S50  ;  Brat,  seeoni,  aad  third, 
1S51 ;  a'ld  first,  second,  and  third  in  the  present  year.  It  ought 
to  ho  grown  by  every  gentleman's  gardener,  especially  where 
any  are  grown  for  competition.  Rtarket  gardeners  also  will 
fiud  it  to  their  profit  to  possess  it.  —Yours  truly, 

'*  R.  Dempsey,  Hon,  Secretary.** 
Tlie  Seed  will  be  sent  outin  the  autumn  in  sealed  packets  at 
25.  &'i,  each,  containing  ab.»ut  1300  Seeds,  and  may  be  had  of 
them5elves  at  York  ;  or  of  Messrs.  Noble;,  Cooper,  and  Bolton, 
Sc^d-merchants,  152,  Fleet-street,  London. 
Hope  Nursery,  York. 


LOCKSBROOK    NURSERY,    BATH. 

RSHACKELL  begs  again  to  offer  the  piibHc  his 
•  beautiful  SEEDLING  VIOLET  "RUSSIAN  SUPERB," 
which  variety  cannot  fail  to  gtve  the  hif^hest  satisfaction. 
Strong  blooming  Plants,  hamper  and  package  included,  65.  per 
dozen  ;  Small  Plants,  such  as  may  he  sent  through  the  post, 
is.  per  dozen. 

R,  S.  has  almost  an  inexhaustible  stock  of  Double  Blue 
Perpetual  Tree  Violet.  Strong  fine  healthy  PluntH,  having 
from  20  to  30  blooms  on  each  plant,  such  as  would  make  a 
display  at  once,  he  will  render  at  the  low  price  of  2s.  Gd.  per 
dozL'n,  hamper  included;  or  lis.  per  100,  hamper  included. 
In  quantities  of  not  less  than  1  dozeu  or  100.  One  hundred 
plants  of  this  variety  would  sujiply  several  Bouquets  per  day 
from  this  time  until  the  end  ot  May  next.  A  large  Bouquet  of 
each  of  these  two  varieties  can  be  sent  through  the  post  on  the 
receipt  of  12  penny  postage  stamps. 

Neapalitan  Violet  Plants         3s.  per  dozen. 

Doable  White  Tree  Violet      3s.  „ 

Ditto  ditto  Violet  3s.         ,, 

Single  White  Russian 3j.         ,, 

Old  Russian  Violet       5s.  per  hundred. 

Hamper  and  package  included. 
Post-office  Orders  payable  to  Robest  Shackeli,,  Florist,  36, 
Broad-street,  Bath. 


NEW  ROSES, 
PRINCE  ALBERT   AND    FAIRY  QUEEN. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
•  beautiful  Roses,  of  which  they  at  present  hold  the  entire 
stock.  Prince  Albert  Bourbon  (Paul's),  the  flowers  are,  in  the 
summer,  deep  scarlety  criniso^,  in  autumn  rich  gljwiu,'  lake, 
3^  inches  in  diameter,  fiooiy  cupped  and  very  double,  the  out- 
line a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20  to 
30  flowers  in  a  truss,  and  baing  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  likely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  Roses  for  bedding.  The 
foliage  is  large,  thick,  and  handsome,  and  it  surpasses  every 
B.iurbon  RiseincolOur,  form,  andabaadance  of  bloom.  Strong 
Plants  in  November,  10a.  Gi.  each. 

This  Rose  will  be  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  November. 
It  has  obtained  a  first-cla^s  certificate  from  the  National  Flori- 
cultural  Society,  the  Royal  South  LondonFloricnUural  Society, 
andtheCaladonian  Horticultural  Society,  at  Edinburgh;  it  has 
further  been  fav  'urably  noticed  by  the  leading  Horticultural 
Journals,  and  ordered  by  above  100  Nursevymeu  and  Amateurs 
who  have  seen  it  in  tiower. 

Fairy  Queen  Hybrid  Perpetual  (PaulV),  soft  glo^isy  lilac,  of 
medium  size  and  perfect  form,  the  sucnmita  of  the  petals  re- 
flexing  aa  in  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  and  like  that  unique  rose  every 
shoot  produces  flowers;  dwarf  habit.  Plants  73.  Gd.  each. 
Early  orders  are  solicited,  as  the  stock  is  limited. 

Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  Herts,  Oct.  23. 


FIRST-RATE  COLLECTION  OF  CONIFEROUS   PLANTS, 

WILLIAM  YOUNG  begs  to  inform  noblemen, 
gentlemeo,  and  others,  that  his  collection  of  Coniteroue 
Plants  is  this  season'  very  fine,  consisting  of  first-rate  apeci- 
m&us  of  Cedrus  Deodara  and  Lebanm,  Arauoaria  imbncata, 
Cryptomeria  japonica,  Taxodium  sempervirens,  Finns  insignia, 
Abies  Douglasii,  &c.  ic,  of  which  he  would  invite  a  personal 
inspection  ;  likewise  a  very  extensive  Stock  of  Forest  Trees  of 
every  description,  couRisting  of  fine  bedded  Alder,  Ash,  Beech, 
Birch,  Spanish  Chestnut,  Hazel,  Red  Hart  Willow,  several 
hundred  thousands  of  fine  bedded  Larch,  from  18  inches  to 
2  feet,  and  2  to  3  feet;  Scotch  Firs,  9  inches  to  1  foot,  and  18 
inches  to  2  feet;  ditto,  3  to  4  feet;  an  immense  quantity  of 
strong  bedded  White  Thorn  or  Quick  for  Fencing;  and 
Mahonia  aquifolium,  or  Amorican  Berberry,  for  cover,  which 
will  be  sold  cheap  if  taken  in  quantities. 

Catalogues  may  be  bad  by  enclosing  two  postage  stamps. 
Mi;ford  Nursery,  near  Godalming,  2  miles  from  the  Godalming 
Station  of  the  South- Western  Railway,  whore  conveyances  can 
always  be  obtained. 


\riOLA  ARBOREA;  or,  PERPETUAL  TREE 
V  VIOLET  (Trde).— The  finest  Stock  for  many  years 
of  the  above,  which  has  proved  the  beat  of  all  VIOLETS,  ie 
now  offered  to  the  Public  by  Edward  Tilet  ;  he  can 
recommend  it  with  great  confidence,  and  has  also  received 
numerous  testimonials  from  dilTerent  parlies  Ppeaking  of  its 
qualities,  and  giving  it  the  hight33t  praise.  It  is  benutifully 
ncented,  tho  flowers  aa  large  as  the  Double  Blue  Hcpatica, 
blooming  freely  from  August  to  the  end  of  May,  and  perfectly 
hardy.  This  is  the  proper  time  for  making  bedd  or  potting, 
and  12  of  these  plants  grown  in  pota  will  scent  a  large  Green- 
house ;  also  a  small  bod  of  them,  9  feet  long  by  3  wide,  will  be 
BUflJcient  to  furnish  a  family  with  Bouquets  ,the  whole  of  the 
winter  and  spring.  Large  plants,  Gs.  per  dozen;  small  plants, 
38.  Tier  dozen. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA  ALBA;  oa,  DOUBL.E  WHITE  TREE 
VIOLEl'.—Thin  i'l  also  a  vory  fine  variety,  and  resembles  the 
former  Violet  in  many  particulars,  with  the  exception  of  its 
colour.     Lar^e  plants,  Ca.  per  dozen  ;  smaller  ditto,  3a.'per  doz. 

UUiSlAN  SUPEILB  VIOLET,  Blue  and  White  (True).— A 
very  ui&ful  and  tioc  variety  ;  3j.  per  dozen. 

A  TREATISE  on  tho  nature  and  mode  Of  Cultivation  of 
the  VIOLET.— Edwabd  Tiley  begu  to  Introduce  to  the  notice 
of  all  lovers  of  this  fl  jwor  a  TreatiBo,  which  will  not  only  give 
an  innlght  into  its  proper  mode  of  cultivation,  but  also  direo- 
tlona  for  keeping  it  in  continual  bloom  tho  whole  of  tho  winter. 
It  will  aluo  nsnlat  many  who  have  already  grown  this  vaiiety, 
aa  it  Introduces  Fovcral  distinct  ijlans  by  which  it  may  bo 
cultivated  most  nm^coHsfuUy,  Purchasers  to  tho  amount  ot 
Five  ShllllngB  will  have  the  Troatlao  included;  or,  poflt-freo 
to  any  part  on  receipt  of  12  poany  Rtampa. 

OTIIKLLO  CLOVBOAUNATION.— To  thoao  persons  whoso 
order*  cimo  too  Into  last  Hcason  (tho  plants  hulng  nil  sold), 
E.  T.  bog*  to  ftuy  lie  hiin  a  fine  stock  of  thin  boaullful  Cii^e 
(for  colour  and  fraj{runco  unequalled),  and  can  BUpply  any 
quantity  at  3a.  Id.  \-v\-  p'llr,  pontago  and  pacltot  Included. 

I'UHK  WHTTBCLOTE  CAKNATION;  aho  a  largo  stock 
Of  tbls  Bplcii'lld  variety  at  Is.  Gd.  pwr  I'nir,  pofltiigo  and  package 
free. 

HTRAWBUmiY  PLANTS  can  bo  otHI  BUppUcd  in  ovory 
VAflety  atid  pries,  a*  aoo  Oij^dcftfirs'  Chronicle  for  Sejit.  4,  lar^a, 

Tho  wholo,  or  any  pore  of  tho  above,  can  bu  sent  p08tano 
and  pftckngo  froo,  on  receipt  of  tho  amount,  by  u  pont-oniio 
order,  or  ptuny  ntampB. 

Edvtard  Tir.KT,  NurBorymun,  Secdimiin,  and  Flonet, 
U,  Abb«y  oburubyard,  Batb. 


NEWPORT    NURSERY    GROUNDS. 

ESTABLISUED  NEAHLT  A  CeNTOKT. 

WILLIAM  WILKINS,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  PLANTING  SEASON,  invites  attention  to  his  fine, 
healthy,  and  unuaualiy  extensive  gontral  NURSERY  STOCK 
prepared,  by  periodical  removals  and  the  accumulation  of 
fibrous  roots,  for  planting  out,  so  as  to  ensure  success,  which 
he  will  offer  at  unprecedentedly  low  prices. 

FRUIT  TREES,  standard,  dwarf,  half  and  full  trained,  true 
to  sort,  of  all  the  varieties  recommended  by  th^  Hor  IcuUural 
Society,  of  kind  and  tigoroua  growth. 

FOREST     AND    ORNAMENTAL     TREES,     CONIFERS 
FLOWERING    SfIfiU3S,   &c.;    iucluding    boecimens   no  to 
15  feet.  ^ 

Standard  and  Dwarf  R03BS,  of  the  most  admired  varieties 

AMERICAN  PLANTS. 

Avery  large  stock  of  EVERGREENS,  of  excellent  habit,  for 
which  ihis  Nursery  his  been  po  long  celebrated  ;  including 
5100  Laurestinus,  4000  Sweet  Bays,  Laurels,  Ptiiiyreaa,  Ala- 
ternuses,  dwurt'  and  standard  Portugal  Laurels,  Chinese  and 
Box-leaved  Privet,  varieiiai-ed  ITotlies,  Sec.  ;  "bich,  as  the  land 
is  required  for  other  stock,  will  be  disposed  of  very  cheap,  par- 
ticularly when  large  numbers  are  purchused. 

CREEPIN(J  AND  TRAILING  PLANTS,  for  covering  walls, 
trellises,  ttc,  in  great  variety,  well  estahlishel  in  pots. 

GREENHOUSE  and  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS,  FLORISTS 
and  BOliDER  FLOWERS  ;   RUSSIA  MATS. 

THORN  PLANTS,  for  fencing,  of  prime  quality,  at  low  prices. 

In  consequence  of  W.  W.  having  declinetl  the  Seed  Busincs'', 
and  removed  to  a  residence  in  his  Nursery,  ho  has  bdco  enabled 
to  give  his  exclusive  attention  to  the  propagici^m  and  raising 
of  tho  large  stock  now  growing  in  healchy  conilition  in  his 
grounds  ;  and  all  orders  with  which  he  may  be  favoured  will 
receive  prompt  and  careful  attentiou,  so  as  to  merit  a  con- 
tinuance of  that  distinguished  patronage  which  he  baa  for  so 
mauy  years  enjojed,  and  for  which  he  returns  his  sincere 
thanks. — Newport,  Isle  of  Wight. 

€iu  @av&enet^'  Cfirowtcle. 

SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  23,  1852. 

« 

A  DISCUSSION  has  found  its  way  into  our  columns 
concerning  the  possibility  of  growing  hardy  terres- 
trial Orchids  as  ornamental  plants.  Opinion  is 
divided  as  to  this,  one  side  insisting  upon  their 
being  perfectly  cultivable,  and  well  suited  for  bedding 
out  or  forcing  ;  the  other  maintaining,  first,  that  they 
are  not  cultivable,  in  the  horticultural  sense  of  the 
term,  or  that  it  they  are  cultivable,  they  are  not 
worth  the  trouble  they  occasion. 

In  this  as  in  many  other  disputed  matters,  both 
sides  are  right ;  but  there  is  more  right  on  one  side 
than  on  the  other.  Some  are  certainly  not  worth 
cultivation,  except  in  botanic  gardens,  such  as  the 
species  of  Epipactis  and  Cephalanthera,  Accras 
anihropophora,  lAstera  ovata,  Herminiiim,  and  many 
of  the  Ophryses.  Others  are  perhaps  not  cultivable 
at  all,  such  as  Neottia  nidus  avis,  some  kinds  of 
Epipactis,  and  other  fibrous-rooted  species.  But  to' 
say  that  the  tuberous  kinds  of  Orchis  and  allied 
genera,  Platanthera,  Ophri/s,  Serapias,  and  the  like 
are  either  uncultivable  or  difficult  to  cultivate,  or 
unworthy  of  cultivation,  is  to  evince  a  singular 
un-icquaintance  with  notorious  facts.  Orchis  mas- 
cula,  latifoUa,  maculata,  ustulata,  and  militaris, 
Gymnadenia  conopsea,  &c.,  are  frequently  culti- 
vated with  perfect  success  for  years  together ;  and 
with  good  management  they  become  far  handsomer 
than  in  their  wild  state. 

It  is,  however,  a  circumstance  to  be  noted,  that 
they  all  thrive  best  if  sheltered.  Treated  as  frame 
or  greenhouse  plants,  they  acquire  a  vigour  and 
brilliancy  of  colour  which  they  are  not  usually 
thought  to  possess.  Although  natives  of  our  own 
country  in  many  cases,  and  in  others  inhabiting 
climates  where  the  winter  is  rigorous,  yet  they 
evidently  like  warmth  by  day,  and  to  be  guarded 
from  a  very  low  temperature  at  night.  0.  mascula 
and  morio  managed  as  greenhouse  plants,  well  fed, 
skilfully  put  to  rest  when  the  time  of  annual  torpor 
arrives,  and  then  taken  care  of,  become  objects  of 
such  striking  beauty  as  even  to  be  thought  new 
species  by  persons  not  critically  acquainted  with 
them.  It  is  indeed  probable  that  the  magnificent 
Orchis  foliosa  of  Madeira,  at  one  time  a  most 
beautiful  decoration  of  greenhouses,  but  eventually 
the  victim  of  negligence,  is  nothing  more  than  a 
noble  form  of  our  own  0.  latifolia,  invigorated  by  a 
long  residence  in  that  temperate  island.  Possibly 
the  explanation  of  the  circumstance  now  alluded  to 
is  to  be  found  in  their  natural  habits  among  Grass, 
or  in  woods,  whore  they  are  guarded  from  night's 
cold  by  the  surrounding  herbage  or  the  overhanging 
foliage. 

The  cause  of  failure  in  the  cultivation  of  these 
plants  is,  we  believe,  attributable  to  nothing  what- 
ever except  a  neglect  of  shelter  wlien  they  are  in 
leaf,  and  to  ill  treatment  when  going  to  rest,  provided 
always  they  wei-e  originally  in  good  heilth  when 
brought  under  domestication,  which  is  nineteen 
times  in  twenty  not  tho  case.  For  what  does  a 
person  do  when  he  sets  about  growing  wild  Orchids, 
except  go  into  the  neighbouring  iields  with  a 
trowel  wiien  the  plants  are  in  lluwci',  take  them  up 
with  "  a  good  ball,"  pop  them  into  a  l)asket,  where 
thciir  tender  leaves  are  crushed  mid  ruined  for  life, 
and  tlien  transfer  them,  with  little  KkiU  or  care,  to 
a  flower-pot  or  a  (lower  border  !     Under  such  con- 


e,7Q 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  23, 


ditions  the  wonder  is,  not  that  they  usually  langaish 
and  die,  but  that  they  ever  live. 

The  accompanying  cut,  which  may  he  taken  as  a 
type  of  all  the  tuberous  Orchids,  and  they  are  most 
worth  growing,  shows  their  manner  of  growth,  and 
explains  the  cause  of  the  failure  which  so  often 
attends  their  introduction  into  gardens. 

When  a  tuberous  Orchis  has  completed  its  growth, 
and  is  prepared  to  undergo  its  annual  rest,  it  consists 
of  a  somewhat  horny  oblong  body,  or  tuber  repre- 
sented at  B,  with  a  minute  bud  at  one  end,  and 
probably  the  remains  of  an  old  tuber  (A)  adhering 
to  it.  The  tuber  B  is  firm,  plump,  and  filled  with 
grains  of  starch  imbedded  in  mucilage,  analogous  to 
gum  tragacanth,  among  which  is  dispersed  a  small 
quantity  of  a  fragrant  or  strOng-smelling  matter 
similar  to  the  principle  which  gives  its  peculiarity 
to  Vanilla.  Thus  organised,  thus  prepared,  it 
remains  in  the  ground  during  the  autumn,  hardening 
under  the  influence  of  the  high  earth  temperature  of 
the  hottest  months  of  the  year,  and  no  doubt  under- 
going at  the  same  time  certain  other  constitutional 
changes,  of  whose  exact  nature  nothing  is  known, 
but  which  result  in  what  gardeners  properly  call 
ripeness.  Then  succeed  the  wet  and  cold  of  winter, 
which  the  Orchis  tuber  is  now  provided  with  the 
means  of  resisting.  Spring  follows,  and  earth  tem- 
perature rises ;  the  uew  growth  commences,  and 
leaves  unfold.  At  this  time  A  disappears,  if  it  had 
not  rotted  off  before  ;  it  had  already  been  dead 
matter  from  the  first  completion  of  the  growth  of  B, 
for  the  food  of  which  it  had  previously  served. 

With  the  renewal  of  growth  the  following 
changes  take  place : — B  having  thrown  up  a  new 
stem,  also  produces  from  its  neck  certain  fibres,  ec, 
which  spread  round  it  in  the  earth  in  a  circle,  and 
more  or  less  horizontally.  It  also  produces  a  new 
tuber  from  one  side  of  its  neck,  which  tuber  may  be 
called  D.  This  D  gradually  organises  itself  as  B 
did,  sucking  out  of  B  the  food  therein  contained, 


proved  by  Wm.  Barnes's  management  of  Orchis 
hngicormt,  a  southern  species,  which,  when  grown, 
as  we  some  time  since  saw  it  grown  at  Mr.  Hanbdry's, 
is  one  of  the  most  charming  of  greenhouse  plants. 
We  understand  that  Mr.  Barnes  is  now  cultivating 
it  for  sale. 

Those  who  know  terrestrial  Orchids  only  by  the 
species  commonly  vrild  in  England,  form  a  very 
inadequate  notion  of  what  they  really  are  in  the 
south.  Orchis  undulatifolia,  militaris,fasca,  papi- 
lionacea,  lonqibracteata,  longiconiw,  and  sambucina, 
Ophrys  tenthredinifera  and  latea,  with  Serapias 
cordifolia,  would  form  a  cluster  of  bright  colours 
and  beautiful  forms,  such  as  it  would  be  difficult  to 
eclipse  even  among  the  Epiphytes  of  the  tropics. 
As  to  any  outciy  about  the  impossibility  of  growing 
them,  we  can  only  say  that  it  wUl  chiefly  be  raised  by 
the  same  class  of  gardeners  as  that  which  maintained 
the  uncultivableness  of  Epiphytes  in  any  way,  and 
of  Roses  in  pots,  and  of  plants  in  general  in  slate 
boxes. 

We  observe  that  the  cause  of  the  Larch  Rot  has 
been  recently  inquired  into  by  a  correspondent  at 
p.  662,  who  supposes  Lord  Portman  to  have  stated 
that  Larch  fails  except  upon  primitive  rock 
formations.  We  cannot  for  our  own  parts  add 
anything  to  what  we  have  stated  upon  this  subject 
on  former  occasions  ;  but  we  undertake  to  say  that 
the  dictum  in  question  does  not  belong  to  the  noble- 
man whose  name  has  been  thus  introduced,  if  it  has 
any  parentage  whatever.  On  the  contrary,  we  have 
good  reason  to  know  that  Lord  Portman  entertains 
no  opinion  of  the  kind.  What  our  own  views  are, 
will  be  found  at  p.  435  of  our  volume  for  1851. 


i;::^ 


v-u^^' 


the  origlaal  label,  bearing  the  aceompanyiag  name,  uader 

which  he  had  obtained  the  variety  from  the  Continent. 
It  was  also  stated  on  the  label  that  ("  diese  SoHe  liefert 
12  &is  14  Zoll  Imiffe  und  iiber  \  ZoUhreiteSdioten'")  this 
sort  bears  poda  from  12  to  14  inohes  in  length,  and  up- 
wards of  an  inch  in  breadtlu  They  did  aot  attain  these- 
dimensions  here,^  the  season  being  dry,  and  the  ground 
cold  in  the  e*arly  part', of  summer  ;  but  some  were  10 
inches  long,  and  nearly  ati  inch,  broad,  and  doubtless 
they  would  grow  to  the  full  Size  mentioned  in  a  moist 
warm  season.  It  appears  to  be  the  same  as  the  Haricot 
Sabre  tf  AllemagTie  of  Noisette's  Mantod  du,  Jaxdinicr^ 
and  the  Sabre  of  the  Bon  Jardlnier.  it  grows  tall.  The 
pods  are  large,  curved,  tender  even  when  the  seeds  are 
half  grown,  but  the  latter  then  render  it  objectionable. 
It  does  not  remain  so  long  in  gathering  fit  for  use  in  a 
green  state  as  the  Bush  Haricot  {Saricot  soUiah'e)  and 
several  others, nor  does  it  bear  so  abundantly.  It  has, 
however,  good  qualifications,  which  are  thus  described 
in  the  Bon  Jardlnier : — "  This  variety  is,  perhaps,  the 
best  of  all  ;  it  bears  tolerably  well;  its  pods  are  of  an 
extraordinary  length  and  breadth ;  in  a  young  state 
they  make  excellent  haricots  verts;  when  nearly  full* 
sized  they  are  still  tender  and  fleshy,  and  may  be  used 
in  this  state,  either  fresh,  being  broken  in  small  pieces, 
or,  in  winter,  after  being  cut  into  narrow  strips  and  pre- 
served with  salt"  The  dry  seeds  are  tolerably  large, 
flat,  kidney-shaped,  and  white  ;  and  in  point  of  quality 
the  French  rank  them  amongst  the  best,  whether  used 
new  or  dried.  It  therefore  appears  that  this  variety 
possesses  good  properties,  which  those  who  can  may 
turn  to  account.  But  it  is  necessary  to  observe  that  it 
requires  good  tall  sticks,  and  these  are  too  expensive, 
excepting  for  those  who  have  their  own  plantations  to 
cut  from.  Jownal  of  the  Horticultural  Society. 


exactly  as  B  sucked  its  food  out  of  A.  It  does  not 
appear  that  after  the  first  B  has  any  influence  upon 
the  growth  of  the  plant,  food  for  the  leaves  being 
provided  by  cc,  and  returned  by  the  leaves  to  D. 
All  this  is  going  on  during  the  growth  of  the  new 
tuber  D,  the  vegetation  of  the  leaves,  the  display  of 
the  blossoms,  and  the  ripening  of  the  seed-vessels, 
if  any  are  produced. 

In  the  midst  of  these  important  operations,  the 
plant  collector  takes  up  the  Oichid  and  puts  it  in 
Ills  garden.  The  flowering  time  is  preferred,  because 
the  plant  is  most  easily  found  at  that  period.  All 
the  horizontal  roots,  cc,  are  necessarily  cut  through 
or  mutilated,  for  they  spread  far  round  the  central 
stem  ;  the  leaves  are  crushed  when  in  full  activity, 
and  when  all  they  can  do  is  imperatively  demanded 
by  the  young  tuber  D ;  and  from  the  shock  thus 
communicated  to  the  constitution,  the  plant  never 
recovers.  D  is  half  formed,  is  afterwards  starved, 
and  ends  in  being  a  shrivelled  impotent  body, 
incapable  of  carrying  on  its  race,  or  only  capable  of 
producing  an  emaciated  ofl^spring. 

But  if  the  plant  were  not  taken  up  till  D  was 
fully  ripe,  how  different  would  be  the  result.  The 
fibres,  c  c,  would  then  be  dead  and  useless ;  the  leaves 
would  have  completed  their  important  duties,  au'l 
all  the  organisation  of  which  D  is  susceptible  would 
have  been  secured.  In  that  state  D  would  give 
birth  to  a  new  plant  with  all  the  constitutional 
vigour  proper  to  the  species.  That  this  is  so,  is 
proved  by  the  facility  with  which  imported  Orchis 
roots,  collected  by  experienced  and  sagacious  persons, 
always  grow,  and  by  the  vigour  of  their  first  offspring. 
That  this  vigour  may  be  perpetuated,  and,  as  we 
have  already  observed,  augmented,  is  conclusively 


NEW  ESCULENT  VEGETABLES. 
EXAMINED  IN  1852,  IN  THE  GARDEN"  OF  THE 
HORTICULTDRAL  SOCIETY. 
Br  R.  Tbompsom. 
Haricot  de  Prague  ^a^spe'.-^btained  from  M.  Vfl- 
morin,  of  Paris.     This  is  a  tall  running  Kidney  Bean, 
but  the  pods  are  rather  thin-sided,  and  the  seeds  soon 
become  prominent,  therefore  it  is  not   to  be  recom- 
mended for  use  in  a  green  state  :  the  dry  seeds,  how- 
ever, are  said  to  be  of  excellent  quality. 

Haricot  ds  Belgique. — Presented  to  the  Society  by 
Messrs.  Bossin,  Louesse  and  Co.,  Paris.  This  has  blaci; 
seeds,  but  it  is  quite  different  from  the  Haricot  Noir 
de  Belgique,  which  is  a  dwarf  sort,  and  this  is  tall ; 
blossoms  white,  pods  large,  5  inches  iu  length,  and  still 
tender.  A  tolerably  good  bearer,  but  not  very  early. 
Where  sticlis  can  be  afforded,  this  variety  deserves 
cultivation,  for  its  quality  is  very  good. 

Bash  Haricot  (^Saricot  solitaire.) — Obtained  from 
M.  Vilraorin,  of  Paris.  Seeds  of  this  were  distributed 
to  the  Fellows  of  the  Society.  Grows  about  15  inches 
high,  throwing  out  a  number  of  branches  nearly  close 
to  the  ground,  thus  forming  a  Sort  of  bush.  The  shoots 
successively  emitted  bear  in  succession  ;  whilst  they 
also  shade  the  ground,  and  tend  to  keep  it  moist  in  dry 
weather.  The  flowers  ai'e  of  a  pale  blush.  The  poda 
are  abundant,  5  inches  in  length,  crisp,  transparent, 
excellent.  They  commence  to  form  tolerably  early, 
and  they  continue  long  fit  for  gathering  in  succession. 
The  dry  seeds  are  speckled  red  and  white.  The  rows 
should  be  2  feet  apart,  and  the  plants  half  that  distance 
from  each  other  in  the  row.  This  forms  a  succession  to 
the  earlier  sorts,  especially  during  hot,  dry  weather. 

Small  white-seeded  Haricot. — Presented  by  John 
Tinne,  Esq.  This  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  the 
Haricot  riz.  The  seeds  are  small,  white,  roundish-oval, 
like  those  of  the  Haricot  riz,  but  larger  ;  and  the  plant 
is  earlier,  more  productive,  and  hardier,  consequently 
better  adapted  for  this  climate.  Its  growth  is  between 
dwarf  and  tall.  The  blossoms  are  white  ;  pods  long, 
rather  narrow,  pale  green,  tender,  but  not  so  fleshy  nor 
so  good  as  various  others  for  use  in  a  green  state.  It 
may,  however,  be  well  substituted  for  the  Haricot  riz 
in  cases  where  that  variety  is  preferred  on  account  of 
its  small  white  seeds. 

Newington  Wonder  French  Bean, — Seeds  of  this  were 
received  from  Messrs.  Lee,  and  from  Mr.  Rendle. 
Both  proved  to  be  correctly  the  same  variety  ;  and  it  is 
an  excellent  one.  Very  dwarf,  about  a  foot  high,  early 
and  productive.  The  pods  are  moderately  long,  not 
very  broad,  but  having  thick  fleshy  sides,  within  which 
the  seeds  form  but  slowly,  and  the  pods  remain  long 
ci'isp  ;  their  colour  is  dark  green.  It  may  be  planted  in 
rows  18  inches  apart. 

Black  Belgian  Kidney  Bean. — ^Received  from  M.  Vil- 
morin,  of  Paris.  Although  this  variety  has  been  pre- 
viously noticed  in  the  Society's  Journal,  yet  the  present 
mention  of  it  will  doubtless  be  excused,  for  it  may  be 
usefully  stated  that  it  is  the  best  for  both  early  and  late 
sowing.  It  is  dwarf,  and  may  be  sown  in  pots  before 
the  open  ground  has  acquired  sufficient  warmth,  and  if 
planted  out  wlien  this  is  the  case  it  soon  comes  into 
bearing.  Again,  late  in  summer,  when  taller  sorts 
would  not  even  blossom  if  then  sown,  the  sort  in  question 
will  produce  a  good  crop,  that  will  keep  in  gathering 
condition  till  cut  off  by  frost.  This,  and  the  Newiugton 
Wonder,  are  considered  the  best  varieties  of  dwarf 
Kidney  Beans. 

Tilrhische  Bohne  (Schlachtschwej'dt-Stangenhohie) . — 
Presented  to  the  Society  by  J-  Tinne,  Esq.,  together  with 


THE  EPIPHYLLUM. 
Mant  of  the  varieties  of  this  genus  deserve  to  he 
classed  with  the  most  beautiful  and  useful  of  ornamental 
plants  ;  for  under  proper  treatment  their  showy 
blossoms  are  produced  very  abundantly  ;  and  where  it 
is  desirable,  they  may  be  had  in  flower  nearly  the  whole 
year  round.  Their  culture,  although  simple,  appears  to 
be  imperfectly  understood  by  many,  and  others  seem  to 
esteem  these  truly  interesting  plants  as  worthy  of  no  more 
attention  than  suffices  to  keep  them  alive. 

They  are  increased  by  cuttings  or  by  grafting  ;  the 
latter  method  is  adopted  in  the  case  of  weak  growing 
kinds,  like  thevarietiesoitruncatum,  which  are  supposed 
by  many  to  flourish  best  when  grafted  on  some  strong- 
growing  stock,  I,  however,  prefer  rooted  plants  of 
truncatum  as  well  as  of  others,  when  dwarf  handsomd 
specimens  are  wanted. 

Select  strong  firm  pieces  of  the  young  wood  for 
cuttings  ;  for,  although  any  part  wflljemit  roots,  young 
shoots  will  be  found  to  form  the  best  plants.  Lay  the 
cuttings  in  a  dry  place,  exposed  to  the  sun  for  a  day  or 
two  before  planting,  with  a  view  to  dry  up  the  super- 
fluous moisture.  Insert  them  singly  in  small  pots  well 
drained  and  filled  with  hght  sandy  soil,  and  plunge  in  a 
gentle  bottom-heat  in  a  close  warm  pit  or  frame,  and 
water  very  sparingly  until  they  have  become  rooted  and 
have  started  into  growth.  When  well  established  in 
their  pots,  shift  into  others  a  size  larger  ;  and  about  a^ 
fortnight  after  shifting  remove  the  plants  to  a  aituatioQ 
near  the  glass,  where  air  can  be  freely  admitted  on 
favom'able  occasions,  and  where  the  temperature  may 
average  about  65**,  which  will  be  found  more  conducive- 
to  strong  vigorous  growth  than  a  high  moist  temperature. 
A  moderate  supply  of  water,  sprinkling  over-head  on- 
the  evenings  of  bright  days,  and  stopping  any  over- 
gross  shoot,  so  as  to  secure  compact  well-formed  plants^, 
are  all  that  will  be  required  during  the  summer.  Early^ 
in  autumn  the  supply  of  water  should  be  gradually 
lessened,  and  the  plants  fully  exposed  to  suoshine,  to 
mature  and  ripen  their  growth. 

A  Ught  airy  situation  in  the  greenhouse  will  suit  them 
during  the  winter  months,  and  at  this  season  very  little^ 
or  no  water,  should  be  given  to  the  soil.  At  the  end  o£ 
the  first  season  the  plants  ought  to  be  nice  compact 
specimens,  capable  of  producing  a  good  display  of 
blossom  ;  but  unless  they  are  wanted  for  small  decora- 
tive plants,  they  should  not  be  allowed  to  flower  until 
the  following  season.  Early  in  M^rch  place  them  in  a 
moist  growing  temperature  of  55'^,  allowing  it  to  rise 
10**  or  15^  with  sun  heat;  water  liberally  with  tepid 
water,  to  bring  the  soil  into  a  moist  healthy  state  ', 
shift  into  larger  pots  as  may  be  necessary,  and  keep  the 
plants  growing  briskly  until  September,  when  they 
should  be  prepared  for  winter,  as  cUrected  for  last  season. 
If  the  wood  is  properly  matured,  and  the  plants  given  a 
season  of  rest,  by  water  being  withheld,  &c.,  as  already 
directed  for  the  winter,  they  will  produce  an  abuudant 
display  of  blossom  at  any  season  they  may  be  intro- 
duced into  a  gentle  heat,  and  few  plants  are  more  useful 
or  easily  managed  for  winter  forcing. 

Plants  intended  for  forcing  should  be  started  early 
in  the  season,  and  if  portions  are  grown  at  intervals 
during  the  spring  and  summer,  ripened,  and  wintered, 
there  wiU  be  no  difficulty  m  keeping  up  a  succession  of 
bloom  from  January  to  July.  ^  A  situation  in  an  early 
Vinery,  pit,  or  elsewhere,  with  a  moist  atmosphere,  and 
a  temperatnre  of  from  50^  to  60*^,  will  answer  for 
forcing  them.  Portions  should  be  introduced  at  in- 
tervals of  about  three  weeks,  and  those  to  flower  late 
must  be  retarded  by  being  kept  in  the  coldest  part  of 
the  greenhouse,  and  quite  dry.  Wliile  in  bloom  the 
plants  should  occupy  a  rather  cool  dry  atmosphere,  as 


43—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


677 


ae  flowers  will  last  loEger  under  such  circumstances 
oan  ia  a  high  moist  temperature.  When  the  beauty  of 
16  flowers  is  over,  thin  full-sized  specimen  plants 
averely,  cutting  out  any  old  shoots  that  can  be  spared, 
nd  weakly  young  shoots,  so  as  to  lighten  the  speci- 
lens  and  make  room  for  the  young  wood,  and  preserve 
be  desired  form.  The  plants  had  better  be  allowed  a 
Hinight  in  a  cool  place  to  recruit  tiieir  exhausted 
nergies  before  placing  them  in  heat,  especially  such  as 
lay  have  been  forced  early ;  and  such  plants  that  are 
ill  grown  need  not  be  kept  in  heat  longer  than  is  neces- 
ary  to  secure  sufficient  young  wood  to  afford  a  good 
ieplay  of  blossom. 

The  varieties  of  truncatmn  are  better  adapted  for 
dtmnn  and  winter  flowering  than  any  of  the  otliers, 
3  this  is  their  natural  season  of  blooming,  and  they  are 
isily  managed  and  amongst  the  showiest  objects  in  our 
x>ves  during  the  dull  winter  months.  These  naturally 
:art  into  growth  early  in  spring,  and  they  should  be 
icouraged  by  a  sharp  moist  heat,  as  they  are  weakly 
powers,  and  ought  not  to  be  stowed  away  in  a  cool 
reenhouse  after  flowering,  as  is  sometimes  done.  I 

The  most  suitable  soil  for  the  Epiphyllum  is  light 
mdy  turfy  loam  and  good  turfy  peat,  in  the  proportion 
f  three-fourths  of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter, 
icely  broken  up  and  mixed  with  sufficient  sharp  sand  to 
eep  it  porous,  and  ensure  free  di^inage  after  tiie  decay 
f  the  fibre.  When  the  specimens  attain  a  large  size 
cd  occupy  pots  as  lai^e  as  it  is  convenient  to  afibrd 
bem,  they  should  be  liberally  supplied  with  clear  weak 
lanure  water  during  the  growing  and  flowering  seasons, 
nd  the  pots  may  be  surfaced  with  rich  compost ;  this 
dU  aflbrd  sufficient  nourishment  for  years.  Light  iron 
.-ames  fixed  to  the  pots  form  the  best  supports  for 
.'aiuing  on  ;  these  are  easily  moved  with  the  plants  in 
ase  of  repotting,  and  are  not  always  breaking,  as  wooden 
takes  thrust  into  the  soU  are.  Aljpha, 


Home  Correspondence. 

MandevUla  SKaveolens. — In  a  recent'  visit  to  the 
Jotanic  Gardens  at  Montpelier,  I  observed  Mandevilla 
uaveolens  growing  over  a  trellis  as  a  hardy  cUmber. 
Vith  a  view  to  test  the  severity  of  the  winter,  I  inquired 
*iiat  species  of  Passiflora  flourished  under  similar  treat- 
aent,  and  learnt  that  none  but  P.carulea  would  Hve  there 
ut-of-doors ;  all  others  which  had  been  tried  hadbeen  killed 
■y  frost  in  winter.  On  my  remarking  that  P.  cserulea 
lourished  in  England,  the  gardener  assured  me  that 
vlandevilla  was  decidedly  more  hardy  ;  and  that  where 
\  caemlea  flourished,  he  had  no  doubt  Mandevilla 
v^ould  equally.  In  accordance  with  this  statement,  I 
ibserve  that  a  branch  of  Mandevilla  which  has  grown 
»ut  through  the  roof  of  my  greenhouse,  is  this  day 
October  18)  in  perfect  flower,  having  been  exposed 
ibout  10  days  ago  to  a  frost  which  injured  French 
Beans,  Convolvulus  major,  caused  the  leaves  of  Mangold 
R^urzel  to  droop,  and  so  damaged  flowers  of  Passiflora 
aerulea  against  a  wall,  that  they  did  not  expand.  I 
■hould  remiirk  that  the  greenhouse  is  span-roofed,  so 
iat  the  Mandevilla  was  exposed  both  to  wind  and 
radiation  without  any  protection  whatever.  I  mention 
this  to  induce  others  to  try  Mandevilla,  as  I  intend  to 
io  next  year  against  a  wall  where  Passiflora  flourishes, 
[  may  add  that  the  frosts  at  Montpelier  are  occasionally 
50  severe  that  Cupressus  lusitanica  was  severely  injured, 
ind  Oranges  and  Olives  killed  outright.  On  the  other 
iiand,  from  the  heat  of  the  summer  Nelumbiom  both 
lowers  and  seeds  in  a  tank  in  the  middle  of  the  garden. 

r.R. 

Oreen  Peas. — I  have  sent  a  few  pods  of  Peas  for  the 
)nrpo3e  of  showing  how  green  Peas  may  be  obtained  in 
Scotland  at  a  late  period  of  the  year  ;  and  if  they  can  be 
lad  in  the  north  with  little  trouble,  other  places  may  be 
nipplied  with  them  aa  well  or  better.  I  have  tried 
frequently  to  have  late  Peas,  in  former  years,  but  there 
3  commonly  a  frost  in  September  or  beginning  of 
October  that  has  disappointed  my  expectation.  This 
fexLT  there  were  C'  of  frost  in  the  beginning  of  Septem- 
3er,  which  killed  many  things  in  the  garden,  but  the 
Ate  Peas  escaped  injury.  The  variety  sent  is  Bishop's 
Dwarf  Improved  Long-pod  ;  they  were  sown  under  the 
sTOtection  of  a  wall  where  early  Potatoes  were  grown  ; 
ifter  the  Potatoes  were  lifted,  the  ground  was  dug,  and 
the  Peas  planted  about  ?>  inches  apart,  and  about  15 
inches  from  the  wall  ;  no  sticks  were  used  to  support 
them,  and  they  were  allowed  to  grow  upon  the  alley 
ratil  the  end  of  August,  when  they  were  gently  turned 
aver  to  the  wall  and  there  allowed  to  remain  to  grow 
antil  they  were  fit  for  use  ;  in  such  a  position  they  got 
beat  by  day  to  nourish  them,  and  protection  by  night 
from  frost,  and  by  such  a  mode  a  dish  of  green  Peas 
may  be  ha/l  Into  in  tho  ncason  ;  the  slug  soraetimos 
reeds  upon  the  outside  of  tho  pods,  but  it  can  bo  ki-pt 
in  subjection,  Pikr  Mackenzie,  Went  PlcaiXy  A'itirlinfjy  Oct. 
|fi.  [Tlicy  were  tolerably  good,  but  ntverthcJess 
inferior  to  all  that  were  produced  at  tho  Horticultural 
Societv*8  meeting,  in  Itcgcnt-strcct,  on  Tuewlay   last, 

with  the  exception  of  the  foreign  onc<i.] 1  have  fouini 

tho  btftt  late  Pea  to  l>e  Cart^-'s  Vict'^ria.  it  waH  thiH 
day  quite  Kwect  and  fresh,  like  an  early  summer  Pea. 
J.  JLyNtUur-jdacef  MawMiiM,  Ayrxhire,  Oct.  10. 

//ow  to  iieat  a  umall  OrcenJiouMe  clteajAy. — Being  fond 
of  flowers,  I  put  a  window  10  feet  by  A  ff.ct  into  rny 
lobby,  with  a  stand  in  front,  endoftvonring  by  tho 
luldition  of  a  stove  to  prcw;rvc  Bomc  plants  over  the 
winter  ;  tlic  exposure  was  U>  tho  north,  and  twr>-thirdH 
of  them  were  destroyed  by  damjjing  off  or  otlicr- 
wi»o.   'Under  such  circumstances,  I  resolved  to  erect  a 


small  greenhouse  with  au  exposure  to  the  south ;  and 
here  I  wish  the  particular  attention  of  many  of  your 
readers  similarly  situated  with  myself,  that  is,  not 
overburdened  with  cash,  and  therefore  who  should  be 
as  moderate  as  possible  in  the  erection  of  their  green- 
house ;  I  bought  old  windows  8  feet  by  4^  feet,  the 
expense  of  each  was  9s.,  and  put  glass  cupolas  on  the 
top  as  a  roof,  2^  feet  in  height.  The  size  of  the  house  is 
8  feet  by  8  feet,"and,  consequently,  at  the  liighest  point 
3  0^  feet  ;  the  total  expense,  after  being  painted  was 
under  10^.  The  roofing  consists  of  two  cupolas,  each 
8  feet  long  by  4  feet  wide,  with  zinc  conduit,  between 
and  round  the  whole  house.  The  next  point  to 
be  considered  was  an  eSectual  mode  of  heating 
the  same,  and  at  how  little  expense  during  the  -winter 
season.  As  I  live  in  Eduiburgh,  in  inclement  weather 
my  gardener  and  his  wife  remove  from  their  cottage 
and  live  in  my  kitchen  during  my  absence,  conse- 
quently a  fire  is  kept  on  there  night  and  day;  the 
idea  struck  me  that  a  pipe  placed  in  the  fire,  open  at 
both  ends,  the  one  end  open  under  the  bottom  of  the 
grate ;  and  which  pipe,  after  being  led  the  whole  length 
of  the  fire-place,  and  being  again  conducted  a 
second  time  through  the  fire,  and  thence  through 
the  wall  into  tlie  greenhouse,  might  effect  the 
purpose  wanted.  It  has  been  in  operation  now 
for  three  years,'  and  has  succeeded  most  admir- 
ably without 'a  single  farthing  of  extra  cost  to  me; 
tliere  is  a  stop  on  the  end  of  the  pipe  which  enters 
into  the  greenhouse,  by  which  the  heat  can  be  excluded 
when  necessary.  The  expense  of  the  pipe  with  building 
was  under  5Z.,its  diameter  is  3  inches,  and  the  surround- 
ing cast-iron  is  about  half  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  is  of 
great  importance  to  have  the  iron  pipe  heavy  in  metal, 
for,  supposing  that  the  fire  goes  out  during  the  night, 
hours  will  elapse  before  it  becomes  so  cold  as  not  to  be 
a  complete  protection  against  frost.  I  shall  be  happy  to 
give  further  information  to  any  reader  on  his  addressing 
me.   W.  K.  A.,  Esq,,4&j  South  B.  Canwigate,  Edinlmrgh. 

JRed  Spider. — For  several  years  past  I  have  been 
gi'eatly  annoyed  and  injured  by  the  arch  enemy  of 
gardeners — I  mean  the  red  spider.  I  am  a  Pine 
grower,  a  Grape  grower,  and  a  Melon  grower.  In  my 
capacity  of  Pine  grower,  of  course  the  red  spider  does 
not  molest  me.  As  a  Grape  grower  I  generally  receive 
a  yearly  visit  from  him ;  but  I  have  uniformly  found 
that  when  I  have  liberally  sprinkled  my  hot-water  pipes 
with  flowers  of  sulphur,  he  considers  that|  he  has 
received  *'  legal  notice,"  or  at  least  a  sufficient  hint  to 
quit,  and  vacates  accordingly.  But  in  my  Melon  frames 
he  estabhshes  himself,  and  founds  a  flourishing  colony 
for  the  season.  My  efforts  to  expel  him  have  hitherto 
been  imavailing.  Perhaps  I  ought  to  mention  that  my 
Melons  have  been  grown  in  common  dung  frames  or 
Macphail  pits;  nevertheless  I  have  not  failed  to  use 
sulphur,  by  sprinkling  it  over  the  fohage  of  the  plants, 
and  also  by  placing  it  on  heated  tiles  in  the  frame  ;  but 
although  I  have  sometimes  much  damaged  the  plants 
by  the  former  process — notwithstanding  the  care  I  have 
taken  to  protect  them  from  the  rays  of  the  sun  when  so 
treated,  the  spider  family  has  gone  on  increasing,  and 
has  ultimately  deprived  my  plants  of  health  and  vitality, 
so  that  the  fruit  produced  by  them  has  been  worthless. 
Several  months  will  now  elapse  before  Melons  are  sown, 
and  if  in  the  meantime  any  of  your  correspondents  will 
favour  me  with  a  few  hints,  so  that  I  may  save  my  crop 
for  the  coming  year,  I  shall  feel  greatly  obliged,  and  I 
think  I  may  add  that  an  obligation  will  be  confeiTed  on 
some  other  Melon  growers,  since  I  am  acquainted  with 
several  who  fail  in  the  cultivation  of  this  fruit  in  conse- 
quence of  the  visitations  of  the  enemy  to  which  I  have 
alluded.  W.  B. 

Bntisli  Oi'cliids. — I  have  tried  the  following  from 
chalky  pastures  in  the  south,  carefully  taken  up  and 
planted  amongst  soil  in  which  native  Orchids  are  found 
growing  in  Scotland,  but  without  success  ;  viz.,  Orchis 
fusca,  O.  macra,  Ophrys  apifera,  O,  muscifera,  O.  ara- 
nifera,  and  Aceras  anthropophora.  For  the  first  two 
years  they  flowered  equally  as  well  as  they  did  in  a 
wild  state,  but  their  beauty  decreased  every  year 
afterwards.  J  find  the  following,  however,  to  thrive 
beautifully,  and  sometimes  even  improve  under  culti- 
vation,— viz,,  Orchis  maeulata,  O.  mascula,  Gymnadenia 
conopsea,  Habenai'ia  bifolia,and  Cypripedium  Calceolus. 
I  grow  the  latter  in  peat,  and  find  it,  along  with  the 
more  beautiful  C.  spectabile  of  North  America,  almost 
as  easily  cultivated  as  any  common  herbaceous  plant. 
It  may  be  interesting  for  those  who  suppose  that  Cypri- 
pedium Calceolus,  in  a  wild  state,  is  now  extinct,  to 
know  that  it  is  still  found  pretty  abundant  in  a  wood  in 
tho  north  of  England  (or  at  least  was  so  a  few  months 
ago)  to  all  appearance  periectly  indigenous.  It  is 
growing  in  patches  in  various  parts  of  tho  plantation ; 
l>ut  in  the  mean  time  I  am  not  at  liberty  to  give 
publicity  to  it.s  precise  locality.  /.  RaCy  JIawkky  Oct.  Yd. 

Being  a  gi'cat  lover  of  British  Orchids  rather  than 

a  cultivator  of  them,  I  do  not  wish  to  arrogate  to  my- 
self tho  position  of  an  instructfir  regarding  the  best 
modes  to  bo  adopted  in  thoir  cultivation.  1  am,  how- 
ever, convinced  that  no  great  hkill  in  required  to  grow 
them.  It  bhould  bo  recollected  that  in  order  to  guard 
agftinHt  puny  plants  with  worlhlesH  lloworH,  they  bIiouUI 
bo  phinted  with  a  ball  of  earth  whenever  X'cmovcd  to 
any  new  and  more  favourablo  Hituation.  Some  of  tho 
IcHH  common  kindH,  as  a  boy,  I  well  romomh(;r  to  have 
Hccn  collected  and  iilaccd  in  their  natural  soil,  in  a 
chartered  plncf;,  where  they  wore  found  to  tlirivo 
adrnimbly.  'J  lie  following  vnrleticH  I  am  certain  nro 
perfectly  cultivabhi,  viz.,  OrchiM  morio,  maeulata,  lati- 
fo]ia,mascula ;  Uubouaria  viridiu,IIei'miuium  monorchis, 


Ophrys  apifera,  and  O.  muscitera.  In  this  neighbour- 
hood we  are  not  destitute  of  growers  of  these  interesting 
natives,  whicli  I  have  not  unfrequently  seen  planted  in 
a  Fernery  with  a  view  to  ennoble  it  at  the  spring  season, 
and  in  this  situation  they  have  succeeded  ;  during  last 
season  some  in  such  a  situation  flowered  very  creditably. 
The  sorts  were  Habenariabifolia, Orchis  maculata,niorio, 
pyramidalis,  latifolia  ;  Oplirys  apifera  and  muscifera, 
and  Aceras  anthropophora.   W.  WhalCf  EnyUjidd-green. 

The  paper  communicated  by  "  A,  D.,"  on  the  gi-owth 

of  British  Orchids,  so  fully  confirms  my  experience  in  tho 
cultivation  of  these  remarkable  and  beautiful  plants, 
that  I  cannot  withhold  my  testimony  in  corroboration 
of  all  he  states  ;  my  success  has  been  commensurate 
with  his,  although  the  number  of  species  I  have  been, 
able  to  procure  has  been  more  limited.  I  have  tliis 
summer  grown  tall  spikes  of  richly-coloured  and  well- 
formed  flowers,  from  roots  of  Orchises  in  their  third 
year's  cultivation,  and  Ophrys  in  their  second  ;  and  I 
cannot  believe  there  is  any  sufficient  reason  why  most, 
if  not  all  the  British  Orchids,  might  not  become  a 
part  of  our  garden  flora,  were  due  attention  paid 
to  their  peculiar  habits  and  choice  of  soil.  We  spare 
no  pains  in  preparing  our  Tulip  and  Hyacinth  beds, 
why  not  take  equal  care  to  secure  so  singularly  beau- 
tiful a  flower  as  the  Cypripedium  Calceolus,  which  ought 
ere  this  to  have  occupied  a  place  in  our  garden  lists  ? 
At  a  future  time  I  may  perhaps  say  a  word  or  two  on 
my  very  successful  cultivation  of  English  wild  flowers 
in  general  ;  someof  ournatives'are  exquisitely  beautiful, 
the  Tulipa  sylvestris  we  have  in  our  garden  forming  a 
lovely  and  fragrant  addition  to  our  spring  borders. 
The  bulbs  were  removed  from  the  Nottingham  meadows 
(where  they  grow  in  considerable  luxm'iance  with  Crocus 
vernus),  and  planted  in  fresh  sod  beside  Fritillaria 
meleagris  ;  and  on  this  same  border  and  in  similar  soil 
grow  in  vigorous  health  Orchis  mascula,  morio,  and 
pyramidalis.  A.  H.^  Springfield,  Liscard,  Oct.  18. 

Purple  Isclhia  Fig. — An  offset  planted  in  1837  in 
porous  soil,  such  as  coal-ashes  and  brick  and  lime  rub- 
bish mixed  with  the  common  soil,  which  is  heavy  loam, 
now  covers  1 15  square  feet  of  an  E.S.E.  wall,  and  nailed 
in  close,  produced  this  year  117  ripe  Figs,  some  weighing 
4  ounces  each,  and  last  year  113.  The  only  winter 
covering  is  a  few  Fir  branches.  William  Bade,  Bel- 
disten  Rectory,  mar  Hadlcigli,  Suffolk.  [This  is  the  kind 
of  soil  in  which  out-of-door  Figs  always  should  be 
planted,] 

Scarlet  Riinnen.—KhoMi  the  13th  of  September  there 
was  a  sharp  night  frost  here  ;  Peas  were  destroyed,  a 
row  of  Scarlet-runners  severely  injured,  the  gardener, 
a  labouring  man,  instantly  tried  guano  water  ;  the  plants 
revived,  flowered  and  fruited  anew,  and  till  this  week''3 
frost  finally  destroyed  them  they  have  yielded  a  con- 
tinually full  supply.  I  do  not  hear  of  any  others  in  the 
country  having  survived  the  earlier  frost  so  as  to  bear 

fruit,  R.  A.  H.,  Westmoi-eland.- The  late  frosts  having 

entirely  destroyed  the  tops  of  the  Scarlet-runners,  I 
would  recommend  the  roots  to  be  carefully  taken  up  and 
stored  away  in  damp  sand  or  mould,  in  a  dark  cellar  or 
shed,  where  they  may  remain  until  the  first  week  in 
April,  when  they  should  be  planted  one  foot  apart ;  by 
so  doing,  you  will  pick  Beans  nearly  a  month  sooner 
than  by  sowing  seed.  £.  Bennett,  Pa-diswell. 

Potato  Disease.- — Out  of  the  many  assigned  causes  of, 
and  remedies  for  this  disease,  it  appears  to  me  very 
doubtful  which,  if  any  of  them,  can  decidedly  be  refied 
on.  Some  ascribe  the  cause  to  over  manuring,  and 
to  wet  soils,  others  to  debility  and  bad  preparation  of 
the  sets ;  but  we  find  that  the  disease  attacks  indiscri- 
minately on  rich  and  poor  soils,  the  drained  and 
undrained,  and  the  light  and  heavy  lands,  and  likewise 
the  well  and  ill-prepared  sets.  There  are,  however,  to 
be  found  in  the  worst  seasons,  in  certain  localities,  patches 
that  altogether  escape,  for  which  ;;no  one,  that  I  am 
aware  of,  has  yet  been  able  to  give  a  decided  reason,  as 
under  the  same  circumstances  the  stated  reason  hag 
proved  a  failure.  I  think  the  following  will  show  that 
some  of  the  causes  assigned  for  this  disease  cannot  be 
correct :— The  soil  here,  which  does  not  average  more 
than  20  inches  in  depth,  on  a  loose  gravelly  and  sandy 
bottom,  is  very  light:  it  is  natm-ally  very  poor,  and  I 
am  quite  sure  that  it  has  never  been  made  artificially 
rich,  yet  every  year  since  the  commencement  of  this 
malady  a  large  proportion  of  both  early  and  late  cropa 
has  been  destroyed  in  proportions  of  one  quarter,  half, 
two-thirds,  and  so  on  ;  the  preparation  of  the  sets  has 
proved  of  no  avail.  Some  four  yeara  ago  a  meadow  of 
about  two  acres  on  this  estate,  which  had  been  for  many 
ears  laid  down  in  Grass,  and  well  known  not  to  have 
reccnved  any  manure  for  above  20  years,  became 
very  full  of  weeds.  To  clear  it  of  them  it  was  deemed 
necessary  to  plough  tho  Grass  up,  which  was  done  in 
the  summer  when  nice  and  dry.  All  tho  turfy  part  wag 
collected  in  heaps  and  burnt,  after  which  it  was  spread 
over  tho  gi-ound  again.  After  several  ploughings  and 
harrowinga  the  land  was  sown  with  Turnips,  tho  crop 
of  which  was  cleared  off  in  time  the  following  spring  for 
planting  it  with  i'otatoea  ;  still  no  manure  of  any  kind 
was  UHcd,  and  yet  nine-tenths  of  them  wero  so  much 
diBonRod  as  to  bo  only  fit  for  jiigs'  food.  This  could  not 
bo  from  over  manuring.  I  luivo  frc<iuontly  observed  on 
this  poor  soil,  that  where  most  dung  was  used  tho 
I'otatoes  wero  most  frco  from  disoaso.  I  liavo  seen 
Hullicicnt  in  this  neighbourhood  to  convinco  mo  that 
letting  llio  ground  bccnrao  overrun  with  weeds  will  not 
prevent  dincano  ;  thorcforo,  I  would  not  advise  any  one 
to  try  this  method  ;  for,  besides  tho  ttlovenly  appeai'- 
ftuco,  they  will  bo  coiiHigning  to  tho  ground,  in  tho  way 
of  BccdH,  what  will  cost  them  mucli  extra  labour  for 


678 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  23, 


many  years  afterwards,  I  consider  steaming  the  dis- 
eased Potatoes  preferable  to  boiling,  as  it  clears  them 
of  much  of  the  deleterious  matter  about  them  ;  if  they 
are  afterwards  raashedj  a  little  salt  mixed  with  them, 
and  then  packed  away  close  in  a  dry  place,  they  will 
Iceep  for  several  months,  and  form  excellent  food  lor 
pigs.  The  best  means  of  preserving  the  undiseased 
Potatoes  after  they  are  dug,  which  I  have  tried,  is  to 
lay  them  in  heaps  in  a  dry  shed  ;  then  procure  some 
best  Dorking  lime  hot  from  the  kiln,  sprinkle  as  much 
water  on  it  as  will  just  reduce  it  to  a  dry  powder,  then 
spread  it  in  this  state  over  the  heaps  of  Potatoes  in 
sufficient  quantity,  that  after  being  well  mixed  with  them 
they  may  be  all  covered  over  with  a  thin  coating  of  the 
lime.  /.  ShenCi  Gardener  to  S.  Lyne  Stephens^  Ssq.j  Roe- 
hampto7i3  Surrey. 

Tanners'  "  Bate.^*  —  I  am  informed  that  this  is  a 
liquid  infusion  from  pigeons'  dung,  and  the  excrement 
of  other  poultry,  in  which  the  "skins"  are  immersed  for 
a  given  period,  and  quite  free  from  any  tanning  principle. 
I  shall  be  glad  to  know  if  any  of  your  correspondents 
have  had  experience  of  its  beneficial  efl'ects  upon 
vegetable  crops  ?  Also  how  and  when  applied,  and 
under  what  circumstances  it  could,  by  liberal  application, 
be  rendered  beneficial  to  unproductive  fruit  trees  in  a 
mature  state  of  growth  or  otherwise  ?   W.  Wood,   Yorh. 

Window  Garchning. — Ever  siuce  the  introduction  of 
cheap  glass,  I  have  seen  the  possibility  of  cheaply 
applying  it  for  various  economic  purposes,  as  glass  walls, 
lining  to  common  walls,  and  otherwise.  At  the  present 
time,  I  propose  to  construct  the  lower  panes  of  windows, 
whether  in  shops,  chambers,  or  other  places,  double, 
somewhat  on  the  principle  of  a  Ward's  case,  and  therein 
to  introduce  Ferns,  bulbs,  and  what  not,  calculated  to 
realise  a  pretty,  living,  vegetable  screen.  Such  an 
ari'angement  would  constitute  a  pretty  blind,  and  furnish 
a  most  extensive,  and  at  the  same  time,  varied  addition 
to  the  great  pleasm'es  derivable  from  the  kingdom  of 
flowers,  and  that,  too,  under  circumstances  in  which 
nothing  of  the  kind  has  been  hitherto  accomplished  or 
contemplated.  The  plants  I  insert  iu  a  little  zinc  pan 
containing  earth,  and  malie  the  pane  moveable,  with  a 
view  to  introduce  water.  Henry  M'CormaCj  I\I.D., 
Belfast, 


Sotittits, 


HoETicHLTuKAt,  Ocl.  16.— Di'.  RoTLE,  Secretary,  in 
the  chair.  jMis3  Bolton,  E.  C.  Seaman,  Esq.,  J.  Harris, 
Esq.,  W,  J.  Phelps,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  Chater,  of  Haver- 
hill, Suffolk,  were  elected  Fellows.  The  new  regulations 
adverted  to  last  week  carae  into  operation  on  this  occa- 
sion, and  the  result  was  an  excellent  exhibition  ;  not 
only  of  subjects  sent  for  special  competition,  but  also 
of  other  things.  Of  Green  Peas  there  were  no  fewer 
than  six  dishes,  five  being  English  and  one  foreign. 
Among  Euglisli  exhibitions  the  best  w.as  that  from  Mr. 
Burns,  of  Chevening  ;  it  consisted  of  Knight's  Marrow, 
in  the  best  possible  condition,  being  young,  tender,  and 
in  every  respect  excellent.  Another  exceedingly  good 
exhibition  came  from  Mr.  Evershed,  market  gardener, 
Godalmiug.  The  sort  was  called  Long  Junquil,  a  little 
known  Pea,  but  apparently  of  first-rate  quality,  the  pods 
being  large  and  well  filled.  Mr.  Smith,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Eeay, 
sent  a  dish  of  Eax-ly  Warwick  from  Wanstead,  in 
Essex,  wliich  were  all  that  could  be  desired,  being 
young,  sweet,  and  good.  Indeed,  this  and  the  preceding 
exhibition  were  of  such  excellent  quality,  that  their 
receiving  some  mark  of  recognition  was  referred  to 
the  Council  for  consideration,  one  prize  being  all  tliat 
the  schedide  permitted  to  be  given  for  green  Peas. 
From  the  Rev.  P.  V.  Robinson,  of  Landeweduach 
Rectory,  Helston,  Cornwall,  came  a  large  podded  sort, 
called  Great  Britain,  which  was,  however,  a  little  too 
old.  It  was  stated  of  this,  that  from  a  sowing  made 
in  the  first  week  in  July,  the  first  dish  was  gathered  in 
the  first  week  in  the  present  month,  and  that  the  crop  is 
still  abundant,  with  blossoms  coming  out  daily.  A  dish 
of  Knight's  Tall  Marrow  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Culver- 
well,  gr.  to  H.  Milbauk,  Esq.,  of  Thorp  Perrow,  Yorli- 
shtre  ;  these-;.were  in  every  way  excellent,  but  they  were 
shelled,  and  therefore  could  not  be  compared  with  other 
sorts.  Finally,  Mr.  Lewis  Solomon,  of  Covent-garden, 
communicated  a  dish  of  foreign  Peas,  but  they  were  in 
miserable  condition,  the  pods  being  small  and  ill  filled. 
The  sort  resembled  Shilling's  Grotto.  —  Pears  were 
produced  in  considerable  quantity  ;  but  every  exhi- 
bition either  contained  one  or  more  unripe  fruit, 
or  did  not  consist  of  the  number  of  sorts  required, 
and  therefore  they  were  all  disqualified ;  never- 
theless, in  consideration  of  its  being  the  first  time, 
and  people  not  appearing  to  have  understood  the 
regulations  of  the  Society,  the  non-compliance  with 
the  regulations  was  overlooked  on  this  occasion,  and 
prizes  were  awarded,  1st,  to  Mr.  Robertson,  gr.  to  Su- 
A.  Dunbar,  Bart.,  Duffus  House,  Elgin  ;  and  Sd,  to 
Mr.  Anderson,  gr.  to  the  Earl  of  Stair,  at  Oxeuford 
Castle,  Midlothian.  The  first  of  these  exhibitions  con- 
sisted of  wonderfully  fin«  fruit,  for  the  far  north  of 
Scotland.  It  contained  Winter  Nelis,  Sinclair,  JIarie 
Louise,  Easter  Beurre,  extraordinary  specimens  of 
Grosse  Calebasse,  each  fruit  measuring  at  least  7  inches 
in  length  ;  Thompson's  very  large,  Duchesse  d'Angou- 
leme,  aud  Glout  Morceau.  The  second  comprised 
Mane  Louise,  Louise  Bonne,  Gausel's  Bergamot, 
Autumn  Bergamot,  Autumn  Bon  Chretien,  and  a  "  new 
variety  of  Marie  Louise."  Of  these  only  one  kind  was 
-unripe.  Another  exhibition  from  Jlr.  Burns,  of  Cheven- 
ing, consisted    of  Flemish  Beauty,   Comte  de   Lamy, 


Marie  Louise,  Gausel's  Bergamot,  Crassane,  aud  Seckel. 
A  foui'th  from)  Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak-hill,  was  coni- 
posed  of  Marie  Louise,  Beurre  Bosc,  Crassane, 
Duchesse  d'Angoul£*me,  Gansel's  Bergamot,  and  Van 
Mens  Leon  le  Clerc  ;  all  fine  fruit  but  wholly  unripe. 
Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  the  Earl  de  Grey,  had  Marie  Louise, 
Passe  Colmar,  Brown  Beurre',  and  a  sort  unknown. 
Collections  also  came  from  Mr.  M'Ewing,  gr.  to  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  at  Arundel ;  and  Mr.  Atkinson,  gr.  to 
Lady  Molyneux,  Stoke  Farm,  near  Windsor  ;  the 
latter  were,  however,  too  late  for  exhibition.  Of  foreign 
Pears  (which  it  will  be  understood  do  not  compete  witli 
Engllsli  ones,  but  with  other  foreign  Pears),  Mr.  Lewis 
Solomons  sent  a  collection  of  large  and  exceedingly 
handsome  fruit,  to  which  a  Banksian  Medal  was 
awarded  ;  it  consisted  of  Chaumontel,  Passe  Colmar, 
Mens  le  Curd,  Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  St.  Germain, 
and  Belle  Erme  ;  of  these  two  were  unripe.  The 
same  dealer  also  furnished  an    exhibition  of   English 

sorts,  large  aud  extremely  well-grown Of  fruit  shown 

without  reference  to  the  schedule,  Messrs.  Lane 
contributed  a  dish  of  Autumn  Bergamot  Pears, 
some  Golden  Drop  and  Blue  Imperatrice  Plums, 
and  a  dish  of  the  purple  Gu.ava. — Mr.  Woolley,  gr.  to 
H.  B.  Ker,  Esq.,  sent  Morello  Cherries  in  good  con- 
dition ;  and  Mr.  M'Ewing  a  dish  of  Keens'  Seedling 
Strawberries,  middling-sized,  but  rather  acid. — Mr. 
Story,  of  Dartford,  exhibited  examples  of  a  seedling 
Apple,  of  a  bright  red  colour. — From  Mr.  Jarvis,  gr.  to 
J.  Ruck,  Esq.,  of  Croydon,  came  two  Queen  Pine-apples, 
each  weighing  3  lbs.  12  ozs. ;  aud  Mr.  Povey,  gr.  to  the 
Rev.  J.  Thornycrofr,  sent  an  old  stool  of  Black  Jamaica 
with  two  suckers  on  it,  each  carrying  a  ripe  fruit  of 
fair  average  size  ;  it  was  stated  that  the  plant  which 
produced  them  had  ripened  off  a  fruit  upwards  of  4  lbs. 
weight  in  November  last  year. — Some  Grapes  were 
shown.  Mr.  Butcher,  nurseryman,  Stratford-on-Avon, 
received  a  Banksian  Medal  for  ga  bunch  of  the  Black 
Barbarossa,  weighing  3  lbs.  9  ozs.  Among  sorts  of 
second-rate  quality  this  is  certainly  one  of  tlie 
very  best,  and  it  deserves  a  place  in  every  house,  not 
only  on  account  of  its  large  size,  but  also  for  its  keeping 
so  late  iu  the  season.  Stilhvell's  Sweetwater,  exceed- 
ingly well  grown,  witli  large  plump  berries  almost 
transparent,  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Hargen,  gr.  to  R.  W, 
Edgell,  Esq.,  of  Egham  ;  and  Mr.  Davis  sent  a  large 
basket  of  Muscats,  consisting  of  fine  bunches  beautifully 
grown,  as  they  always  are  under  his  management. 
Each  of  these  exhibitions  received  a  Certificate  of 
Merit  ;  and  a  simitar  award  was  also  made  to  Mr. 
Spary,  of  Brighton,  for  good  Black  Hamburghs  grown 
without  fire-heat. — Of  Orchids,  a  fine  specimen  of 
Vauda  cffirulea,  than  which  we  Imow  of  no  plant  of  its 
colour  more  striking  at  this  season,  was  shown  by 
Messrs.  Lucombe  and  Pince,  to  whom  a  Kuightian  was 
awarded  for  it,  aud  a  Banksian  Medal  was  assigned  to 
Mr.  Woolley,  for  a  smaller  example  of  the  same  showy 
plant,  but  not  quite  the  same  variety  as  the  former.  The 
last-named  exhibitor  also  sent  the  new  white  Trichopilia 
albida.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Ellis,  of  Hoddesdon,  sent  Deu- 
drobium  flexnosum  in  the  way  of  D.  longicornu,  with  white 
flowers  striped  on  the  lip  with  orange.  Messrs.  Lane  had 
an  Epidendrum,  one  of  Mr.  Skinner's  importations,  and 
apparently  allied  to  E.  fragrans.  Of  other  plants, 
Messrs.  Standish  and  Nobie  contributed  a  new  evergreen 
shrub,  Skimmia  japonica,  bearing  a  profusion  of  beau- 
tiful red  berries,  which,  rising  in  clusters  above  the 
handsome  foUage,  are  exceedingly  attractive  at  this 
season.  Along  with  it  also  came  small  examples  coming 
into  blossom,  showing  that  only  a  short  time  is  required 
to  see  it  in  all  its  beauty  of  both  flower  and  fruit.  It  is 
believed  to  be  hardy,  but  of  this  further  proof  is 
required.  A  Knightiau  Medal  was  awarded  it.  A 
charming  Gesnera,  with  cherry  colom-ed  flowers  having 
a  pale  throat,  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Glendinning, 
of  Turnham-green.  Judging  from  its  foliage  and 
general  character,  it  appeared  to  be  a  cross  be- 
tween G.  discolor  and  purpurea.  A  Certificate  of 
Merit  was  awarded  it. — Mr.  Snow  sent  cut  specimens 
of  Aralia  japonica,  from  a  plant  12  feet  high,  which  is 
at  [present  flowering  in  great  profusion  in  the  open 
shrubbery  at  Earl  de  Grey's  place,  in  Bedford.5hire. — Mr. 
Cole,  gr.  to  H.  Colyer,  Esq.,  produced  Mediuilla  Sieboldii 
and  a  well-grown  Gusmania  tricolor.  These,  however, 
came  too  late  for  a  prize,  as  did  also  a  pretty 
variegated  plant  from  Messrs.  Low,  of  Clapton,  called 
Plectranthus  concolor  picta.  It  is  a  hothouse  plant,  with 
tender  pale  green  leaves,  prettily  blotched  with  deep 
brown. — Mr.  Francis  furnished  charmiug  cut  flov/ers  of 
the  following  Roses,  from  his  nursery  at  Hertford,  viz  :— 
Bourbon  Queen,  Jacques  Lafitte,  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  La 
Reine,  Devoniensis,  Geaut  des  Batailles,  Bougere,  Belle 
Allemande,  Rambuteau,  Elise  Sauv.age,  Dr.  Marx, 
Marquis  of  Ailsa,  Saffranot,  Comte  de  Paris,  Souvenir 
de  la  Malmaison,  Baronne  Prevost,  Standard  of  Marengo, 
Marquis  Boccella,  Cloth  of  Gold,  and  Dupetit  Thouars. 
— A  bouquet  of  hardy  annuals  was  contributed  by  Mr. 
Wrench,  of  London-bridge  ;  and  Mr.  Mills  sent  a  half- 
ripened  Cucumber  a  yard  in  length,  and  about  3  inches 
in  diameter. — From  the  Society's  garden  came,  among 
other  plants,  the  pretty  little  winter  Violet  Grass 
(Cochlearia  acaulis),  which,  if  sowu  in  an  American 
border  or  similar  place,  grows  and  blooms  from  this 
season  up  to  Christmas.  A  little  patch  of  it  taken  up 
and  put  in  a  saucer  iu  water  will  also  keep  flowering  a 
long  time,  rendering  it  an  interesting  plant  for  the 
drawing-room  window.  Along  with  it  were  Solandra 
Itevis,  fine  examples  of  the  useful  Sedum  Sieboldii,  the 
Golden  Lachenalia  (L.  aurea),  a  new  and  ver}'  handsome 
species,  producing  long  spikes  of  bright  yellow  tubular 


flowers  ;  two  Bromeliaceous  plants,  a  red  and  a  white 
flowered  kind,  from  M.  de  Joughe  of  Brussels,  a  small 
blossomed  yellow  Chrysanthemum  called  Hendersonii, 
which  is  valuable  for  its  earliness,  anticipating  as  it  does 
the  Chrysauthemum  season  by  some  weeks  ;  a  branch 
bearing  half-ripe  fruit  of  Benthamia  fragifera  from  the 
conservatory,  and  a  cut  spike  of  the  Peruvian  Bark-plant 
(Cinchona  calisaya),  whose  flowering  in  the  garden  for  th& 
fli'st  time  in  Europehas  recently  excited  so  much  interest. 
Associated  with  tliese  were  also  a  collection  of  hardy 
annuals,  in  the  shape  of  cut  flowers,  placed  in  pote.. 
Among  more  remarkable  kinds  were  blooma  of 
TropEcolum  Lobbianum,  whose  brilUant  orange  scarlet 
was  so  striking  as  to  attract  everybody's  attention  ;. 
Tagetes  siguata,  a  little  known  and  rather  handsome 
kind  ;  Cosmos  bipinnata  atro-purpurea,  with  purple 
flowers  somewhat  resembling  those  of  a  single  Dahlia  J 
the  Zebra  Mallow,  a  beautifully  striped  sort;  Phlox 
Drummondii,  one  of  the  most  useful  annuals  for 
autumnal  decoration  ;  Lupinus  pubescens  and  Hart^ 
wegii,  and  Calceolaria  chelidonoides,  a  variety  introduced 
by  I.  Anderson,  Esq.,  of  Edmburgh,  and  which  promises 
to  be  an  exceedmgly  useful  and  pretty  kind.  In  additioa 
to  the  above,  the  same  estabUshment  contributed  the 
following  Pears  all  ripe  and  fit  for  table,  viz.,  Marie, 
Louise,  Beurre  Bosc,  Gansel's  Bergamot,  Seckel,  Comte 
de  Lamy,  and  Belle  et  Bonne  ;  together  with  Anvergne 
Peas,  Neapolitan  Cabbage,  and  White  Paris  Cos 
Lettuces,  two  of  the  best  sorts  in  cultivation,  and  two 
Gourds,  one  (Potiron  jaune)  weighing  108  lbs.,  and  the 
other  (Egg-shaped  Gourd),  weighing  22|  lbs. 

The  following  proposed  alteration  in  the  bye-law3, 
which  had  been  read  at  two  previous  meetings,  was  on 
this  occasion  read  a  third  time  ;  viz. :  "  The  Council 
hereby  give  notice  that  they  propose  to  substitute  for 
chapter  8,  ai'ticlel,  of  the  present  bye-laws,  namely:  the 
number  of  honorary  members  shall  not  at  any  tune 
exceed  five  ;  the  following  words — the  number  of  hono- 
rary members  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  10."  This 
alteration  was  then  balloted  for,  carried  unanimously, 
and  became  a  law  of  the  Society. 

It  was  auuouuced  that  the  next  meeting  would  be  held 
November  2,  at  2  p.m.,  wlien  tlie  special  subjects  of 
exhibition  wiU  be  Chrysanthemums  (shown  in  sixes,  in 
pots  not  exceeding  1 1  inches  in  inside  diameter)  ;  Alpine 
Strawberries  ;  Celery  (shown  in  three  heads). 


Notices  ol  3oooft£i,  $^t. 

Design  for  the  Plan  of  the  New  Tor7;  Exhibition 
Bxdlding. — It  appears  that  Sir  Joseph  Paxton's  plan 
for  an  Exhibition  building  at  New  York  is  not  to  be 
adopted,  but  that  a  preference  has  been  given  to  a 
design  by  Messrs.  Carstensen  and  Gildemeister,  forming 
a  Maltese  cross,  with  an  octagonal  basement  and  a 
central  dome,  122  feet  high  and  105  feet  in  diameter. 
The  octagon  itself  is  365  feet  in  diameter,  exclusive  of 
three  enti'ance  halls.  From  the  design  before  us,  for 
which  we  are  indebted  to  the  com-tesy  of  Mi'.  Buschek, 
we  should  say  it  is  a  beautiful  adaptation  of  Sir  Joseph's 
principle  of  construction  ;  but  its  dimensions  offer  little 
accommodation  for  the  "  industry  of  all  nations."  ;  .  •  ', 

Walpers'  Annaks  Botanlces  Systcmaiicce,  vol.  in. 
fasc.  iv.,  includes  the  remainder  of  OrchidaceEe,  and 
goes  as  fai"  as  Avena  in  Graminese. 

Eeport  from  the  Provisional  Directors  of  the  Watford 
Spring  Water  Company  in  the  session  of  1852.  (A 
pamphlet.) — It  appears  that  this  project  has  for  the 
present  failed  to  establish  its  case  before  Parliament, 
and  that  the  shareholders  are  to  receive  back  16s.  put 
of  the  27s.  6d.  originally  paid  on  each  shai-e*  It  is 
asserted  upon  the  evidence  of  Drs.  Lanltester  and 
Eedfern  that  the  Thames  water  above  Teddington  lock, 
after  filtration,  aboimds  in  "19  different  species  of 
living  animuls,  and  also  fungi,"  This  looks  very  Kke 
overloading  the  company's  case  with  evidence,  and 
probably  says  more  than  is  meant. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messes.  Paul's  Nueseet,  Cheshuni,  Herts.  —  In 
visiting  this  nursery  the  other  day,  we  spent  a  short 
tune  .among  Camellias,  Azaleas,  Pelargoniums,  FuchsiaSj 
and  the  like,  in  the  glass-houses  at  the  entrance,  and 
then  passed  tlu'ough  beds  of  herbaceous,  American, 
and  climbing  plants,  to  the  arboretum,  adjoining 
which  Conifers  are  grown  principally  in  the  open 
ground,  the  practice  of  pot-culture  having  been 
abandoned  here  long  ago.  Judging  from  the  appearance 
of  Cedars,  Deodars,  Douglas  Firs,  Pinus  insignis,  and 
other  popular  kinds,  of  some  of  which  there  were  several 
beds  of  a  sort,  no  doubt  could  be  entertained  that  they 
thrive  well  under  this  system ;  and  no  difiiculty  is 
experienced  in  their  transplantation.  Some  thousands 
of  the  above  kinds,  from  1  foot  to  6  feet  liigh,  were  stated 
to  have  been  lifted  last  autumn,  and  not  one  in  a  himdred 
had  failed.  On  entering  a  second  nursery,  devoted 
chiefly  to  the  culture  of  Roses  aud  Hollyhocks,  we  found 
that  tlie  latter  had  done  their  work  ;  that  the  flowers 
were  past  and  the  seed  gathered.  Not  so,  however; 
the  Roses :  among  them  several  old  friends,  and  a 
few  new  ones,  were  still  in  full  bloom.  Among 
HijJirid  Perpdaals,  we  recognised  Duchess  of  Suthep- 
laud,  B.aroune  Prc'vost,  and  Geant  des  Batailles  J 
among  Bourhonst  Gloh'e  de  Rosameue,  Cornice  de 
Seine  et  JIarnc,  Le  Grenadier,  Dupetit  Thouars,  Queen, 
and  Armosa ;  -  among  Chinese,  Fabvier  aud  JMrs. 
Bosanquet ;    among     Teas,    Safranot ;     and    among 


43—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


679 


'oisettes,  Fellenbei-;».  Of  more  modem  or  less  geue- 
lUy  knoi^Ti  sorts  we  noted,  among  Hi/hrid  Perpetimls, 
foemi,  Multiflora,  lladame  Pepin,  Mere  de  St.  Louis, 
iueen  Victoria  (Paul's),  and  Reine  Matliilde,  tliese  six 
eing  blush  or  pink  ;  and  of  various  shades  of  crimson 
ladame  Trudeaux,  Robert  Burns  (Paul's),  Comte 
lobinsky,  [Stand.ard  of  Marengo,  Desgaches,  and 
ladame  Fi'emion.  A  pretty  China  Rose,  called  Pre- 
dent  d'Albeecjue,  of  a  bright  cherry  colour,  was 
looming  most  profusely.  Adverting  to  Bourbon 
'.OSes,  first  and  foremost  must  he  noticed  Prince  Albert 
Paul's),  an  entirely  new  variety,  which  is  now  offered 
ir  sale  for  the  first  time.  The  colour  varies  from  lake 
)  carmine  and  Tyriau  pm-ple ;  the  outhne  of  the 
ower  forms  quite  a  circle  and  it  appeared  to  be 
most  abundant  bloomer.  From  a  smgle  bed  of 
we  could  have  cut  a  bushel  of  flowers.  Of  other 
ourbons,  Ticomte  de  Cussy,  Menoux,  Justine, 
.ngelma,'Bucelle,  Leon  Oursel,  Apollo,  Madame  Pepin, 
ad  Duchesse  de  Thm'inge,  are  free  late  bloomers, 
wing  to  the  late  peculiar  season,  autumnal  Roses  have 
ot  flowered  so  profusely  as  they  sometimes  do,  but  the 
:owth  of  young  plants  has  been  remarkably  vigorous, 
3d  the  stock  is  generally  clean  and  in  good  health. 
he  work  of  removal  had  ah'cady  commenced,  even 
though  -many  sorts  were  still  in  flower.  This  was 
luded  to  by  one  of  the  workmen,  who  said,  "  I  wish 
lese  Roses  would  cease  to  bloom,  it  hurts  one  to  dig  them 
p  in  full  beauty.  But  there  is  no  help  for  it  ;  people  will 
ive  them,  for  they  want  to  get  tlieir  gardens  planted 
;2fore  cold  weather  arrives." 
R.  Hunox  Esq.,  Pdt.\ey  Paek. — It  is  well  known 
lat  the  noble  Gynerium  argenteum,  figured  in  o\u* 
olume  for  1851,  p.  757,  was  first  introduced  to 
ngland  in  the  gai'den  of  this  gentleman.  We  can  now 
;ate  that  the  parent  plant  has  this  year  thrown  up 
3  stems,  each  terminated  by  a  lai'ge  waving  silvery 
lame.     It  must  be  an  object  of  striking  beauty. 


FLORICULTURE, 


pREPABATioN  OF  TuLTP  Bed3. —  Foi'  the  successfu^ 
sue  and  fall  realisation  of  our  hopes  iii  connection 
rith  Tulip  culture,  the  operation  of  *' making  our  bed" 
as  ever  been  a  subject  of  much  solicitude ;  nor  lirvs  our 
Jerseverance  gone  unrewai-ded  dui'iug  the  ten  years  it 
|as  been  our  pleasure  to  cultivate  this  much  esteemed 
ower.  To  a  country  grower  much  of  the  labour  here 
;t  forth  as  necessary  to  our  case  may  doubtless 
3  dispensed  with  ;  but  we  who  have  had  to  contend 
!^^iist  an  atmosphere  closely  allied  to  tliat  of  mid- 
ondon,  have  found  the  full  benefit  of  this  "ground- 
ork "  in  the  superstructui'e  by  a  development  of 
>Iour,'purity,  and  size,  which  but  few  of  our  metropolitan 
'iltivators  have  succeeded  in  obtaining.  In  the  selection 
T  a  site,  let  the  bed  run  north  and  south  if  possible  ; 
lai'k  it  out  4  feet  3  inches  wide,  and  of  a  length  to  suit 
16  extent  of  the  collection  to  be  grown  ;  our  bed 
jn^'-ts  of  100  rows,  and  giving  each  row  a  distance  of 
;?,  the  entire  bed  measures  50.\  feet.  Let  all  the 
_  thrown  out  to  the  full  depth  of  2  feet  below  the 
round  level,  and  a  further  alley  down  the  centre  12 
icfaeswide  by  12  inches  deep;  [fill  this  alley  with  brick 
ibbish  or  otiier  similar  draining  material,  giving  it  a 
ig^t  inclination  aud  an  outlet.  'J'his  will  secm*e  perfect 
ninage,  a  condition  of  the  greatest  moment  ;  immedi- 
iely  on  the  drainage,  and  covering  the  entire  surface  of 
le  bottoDi,  place  a  layer  of  partly  decayed  stable 
lanure  to  the  thickness  of  G  inches;  on  this,  after  well 
leading  down,  fill  in  the  soil  or  compost  to  a  level  with 
le  snrroondiDg  ground.  As  respects  the  soil  or 
ipost  much  might  be  said  ;  om-s  was  naturally  of  a 
eavy  tenacioa^  cliaracter,  but  by  thoroughly  turning, 
id  with  large  mixtures  of  Wanstead  loam,  three  and 
rar-year-old  stable  manure,  silver  sanfl,  and  leaf  mouhl, 
at  fittle  of  the  original  remains,  and  these  Jform  the 
taple  of  our  mef^lium  for  the  certain  production  of  our 
kTOnrites.  The  soil  is  thrown  out  every  year  to  be 
■ell  aired  ;  and  to  compensate  for  annual  wear  and  tear, 
«  add  an  occasional  barrowful  of  rich  old  Carnation  com- 
os^  maiden  loam,  leaf-mould,  &c.,  avoiding  anything 
latmay  "be  poor,  or  seem  pooi-."  Every  third  year 
fego  down  to  the  lower  stratum  of  manure,  replacing  it 
itti  fresh,  and  wel!  incorporating  the   old  with    the 


have  conduced  to  its  neglect.  U  has,  however,  lately , 
received  patronage  from  a  few  whose  attentions  have 
been  amply  rewarded  by  its  improved  characteristics 
under  their  fostering  care.  Instead  of  the  long  cup, 
clumsy  long-eared  petals,  by  which  this  flower  has  been  dis- 
tinguished, and  which  may  be  well  called  "  wind  flower," 
for  they  looked  as  if  scared  by  this  rude  element,  we 
have  now  the  stiff,  well-rounded  petals,  six  in  number, 
short,  so  as  to  foi'm*a  semi-hemisphere,  a  cup  which  for 
beauty  of  proportions  the  five  or  ten  guinea  Tulips 
might  well  be  jealous.  The  bottoms  are  not  so  white 
as  a  good  bybloemen  jbut  pure  and  whole  coloured — 
either  cream,  pink,  or  rose,  sun'ounded  half-an-iuch 
from  the  base  of  tlie  petals  with  a  brilliant  cu'cle  of 
scarlet,  crimson,  or  blue  ;  stripes  too  are  to  be  found,  if 
not  equal  in  regularity  to  a  prize  Carnation,  yet  emu- : 
lating  with  it  for  variety  and  brilliancy  of  colouring. 
There  are  flowers  of  scarlet  and  pink  coloui*,  mottled  and 
blotched  with  white,  which  are  very  attractive,  and  help 
to  form  a  gay  mass  in  the  spring  not  to  be  surpassed. 
In  addition  to  these  genuine  single  Anemones,  there  is 
another  class  worthy  of  attentive  culture,  namely,  the 
semi-doubles.  These  have  from  12  to  16  petals,  and 
although,  iu  some  instances,  they  lose  of  necessity  that 
exact  uniformity  of  outline  so  agreeable  to  the  connois- 
seur, yet  they  are  enriched  by  quantities  of  petals  of 
the  most  dazzling  colours.  It  may  be  added,  in  com- 
mendation of  the  single  Anemone,  that  unlike  the 
Nai'cissus,  Iris,  or  Tulip,  which  produce  from  one  to  five 
flowers  in  a  season,  strong  -roots,  3  inches  across,  will 
furnish  a  succession  of  20  or  30  blooms.  T. 

Gaines's  "Prince  Arthur"  Dahlia, — Since  the 
days  of  the  beautiful  Dahlia  *'  Scarlet  Ranunculus," 
which  seems  to  be  now  lost  to  our  collections,  I  am  not 
aware  that  any  variety  has  been  raised  which  so  well 
promises  a  substitute  as  the  one  now  referred  to.  It  is 
a  dwarf,  compact,  stiff-branched  kind,  from  12  to  24 
inches  in  height,  displaying  its  large,  erect,  rich  crimson- 
coloured,  and  well-formed  flowers,  clear  of  its  foliage. 
As  a  really  ornamental  variety  admirably  adapted  for 
near  or  distant  effect,  it  bids  fail'  to  become  a  valuable 
addition  for  decorative  purposes,  either  in  pots  or 
otherwise,  or  in  large  or  medium-sized  gardens.  If 
the  young  plants  are  prevented  from  being  "drawn" 
or  weakened  in  gi'owth  after  the  first  potting  from  the 
cutting  state,  and  planted  obliquely  in  the  beds  or  border, 
it  will  unfold  its  blossoms  within  a  few  inches  of  the 
ground,  therefore  in  all  respects  it  is  a  most  desirable 
kind  for  a  display  en  massCj  or  in  small  or  large  groups. 
W.  Wood,  Yorh 


Catalogues  received  from  flfr.  Thomas  Barnes,  Danecroft 
Nurseries,  Stowmarket,  Suffolk ;  from  ilessrs.  J.  Schofield 
and  Son,  Kno^thorpc,  near  Leeds  ;  and  Mr.  Bragg,  of  the 
Star  Nursery,  Slouch. 

London  Flohists:  Omega.  You  pre  right;  bricks  an<i  mortar 
are  makinpT  Bad  havoc  with  uur  mcfcropo'itan  gardens  ;  on  all 
sides  is  a  London  gardener  mot  with  the  sail  aniiouncem£nt — 
*'this  land  to  be  let  for  building  purpnses."  puuiog  to  the 
route  from  time  to  time  some  of  our  best  florists.  Several 
localities  famous  for  their  "gardens"  cease  to  remain,  of 
which  Spitalfields  may  be  cited  in  illu?tra:ioa;  bo  with  Ba!!^- 
ni^ge  Wells  Road,  whf  re  rao^t  of  the  CUrkenwell  flovista  \yeve 
once  congrecated.  This  war  has  now  reftclied  that  locality, 
which  for  years  has  been  a  "  stronghold"  in  all  matters  of 
floriculture  and  horticulture,  viz.,  Edgen-Hvo  Road  and  Maida 
Hill.  Mr.  R.  Stains,  locg  one  of  our  leading  Pelargonium 
growers,  is  forced  to  quit,  and  othora,  we  are  informed,  havii 
also  got  similar  notice.  As  you  say,  "our  citizone  williDi'eed 
soon  have  far  to  travel  before  they  can  get  sight  of  a  garden." 

Pikes  :  Clericus.  Sappho  (CollcutJ ;  Lola  Montea  {Costar)  ; 
Cricerion  (Maclean) ;  Optima  (Turner) ;  Regulator  (Looker). 


SEEDLING  FLOWERS. 

Fucasus  :  JM,  1  will  not  do  ;  you  musthave  anticipated  su-.Ii 
an  opinion  by  your  own  comment  on  [No.  2,  which  is 
"elegantly  retlesed,"  with  a  smooth  corolla,  ot  good  form, 
colour  somewhat  dull ;  we  do  not  like  the  shape  of  the  tubs, 
which  should  swell  more  decidedly  at  its  juncture  with  the 
foot-stalk, 

Pelabooniom?  :  J  if.  Diai'ematum  Morganii  is  of  rich  hrisht 
colours  and  of  good  shiipo,  wi:h  aiout  petals  and  tightly 
formed  pip  ;  if  of  good  habit,  it  will  be  desirable  as  an 
autumnal  flowering  Bort.—  CT.  Scarlet  King  is  excellent  in 
form,  will  great  bri;^htae33 ;  we  have  never  seen  petals  so 
broad,  or  ou'lioe  of  pip  so  unbroken  and  circular. 

Verbena;  n  F.  A  fine  bu'd  truss,  and  flowering  at  so  late  a 
period  would  warrant  its  propa;?ation  for  trial  next  season, 
especially  as  whites  of  merit  are  Bcarce.  It  arrived  in  good 
condUioo. 


Miscellaneous! 

Cissies  Discolor. — This   magiiilicent   new    variegated 


iperincombent    soil.      Compost   similarly   constituted    plant  is  a   native   of    -Java,   and    has    been   recently 
»rms  the  ma^s  to  fill  in  with  when  tiic  boards  are  fixed,  j  introduced  to  this  country  by  the  Messrs.  Uollissoiis'  of 


loam  and  peat,  adding  some  leivt-inouhl  iii  ti<.|uul  p.-trw^ 
with  some  silver-sand,  and  mixing  all  well  together. 
If  it  is  grown  in  a  large  pot,  three  inches  of  drainage 
are  given,  v/ith  rough  peat  or  moss  on  the  top  to  keep 
the  mould  from  stopping  up  the  interstices  of  the  crocks, 
wliich  is  very  detrimental  to  all  plants.  If  they  have 
not  good  drainage,  so  that  the  water  can  pass  ofl'  quicldy, 
they  will  not  thrive.  The  pot  Js  then  filled  up  with  mould, 
and  the  plant  placed  about  half  an  inch  bulow  the  rim. 
Afterwards  a  gentle  watering  is  given  to  settle  the 
mould,  and  the  plant  is  placeii  at  the  hottest  pavt^of  the 
house,  and  always  kept  shaded  when  the  sun  is  powerful, 
which  keeps  the  foliage  of  a  much  better  colour. — When 
grown  in  a  pot  it  should  be  trained  round  some  sticks, 
or  round  a  trellis,  or  against  a  wall ;  it  also  looks  well 
up  the  rafters  of  a  house.  After  the  plant  has  done 
growing,  which  will  be  about  November,  allow  it  a  season 
of  rest,  by  keeping  it  rather  dry  at  the  roots  ;  only 
giving  just  enough  water  to  keep  it  a  little  moist 
till  it-  is  time  to  start  it  into  growth,  wliich  is  about 
February  ;  then  more  water  may  be  given,  but  not  too 
much  at  first,  until  it  roots  freely,  when  it  may  have  a 
good  supply.  B.  S.  Williams  in  lumcr''s  Florist, 
Fridiist,  and  Garden  Miscellany. 

Cidtivation  of  the  NeapolUan  Violet — In  the  early 
part  of  May  I  take  the  plants  from  the  cold  frames  or 
house,  shake  the  whole  of  the  soil  from  the  roots,  and 
divide  them  according  to  their  size  ;  large  plants  will 
divide  very  well  into  three,  the  small  ones  into  two 
plants.  These  are  then  planted  out  on  an  east  or  west 
border  in  rows,  1  foot  apart,  and  the  same  distance  from 
plant  to  plant,  taking  care  the  border  is  well  dug  and 
highly  manured  with  well  decomposed  hot-bed  manure, 
or  rotten  cow-dung,  which  last  I  find  of  great  service 
to  them.  After  planting  they  must  be  well  watered, 
and  should  the  summer  months  prove  very  dry  and  hot, 
they  will  require  to  he  well  and  frequently  supplied 
with  manure  water,  for  if  the  plants  do  not  grow  strong 
at  that  season  they  ai'e  very  liable  to  be  attaclced  by  the 
red  spider,  and  will  produce  small  flowers,  with  little  or 
no  perfume  ;  they  will  also  be  longer  before  they  flower. 
I  let  them  remain  in  the  beds  to  the  middle  or  latter 
end  of  September,  as  they  will  not  improve  much  after 
that  time  ;  they  are  then  taken  up  with  a  little  soil 
adiiering  to  the  roots,  aud  potted,  each  plant  in  a  6-iuch 
pot,  filled  v/ith  a  compost  consisting  of  equal  portions  of 
sandy  loam,  well  decomposed  tree  leaves,  and,  if  attain- 
able, very  rotten  cow-dung  ;  if  not,  rotten  dung  from  an 
old  hot-bed,  or,"what  is  better  sti  1,  bone-dust ;  the  pots 
must  be  well  drained,  and  I  fiad  charcoal  the  best 
material  for  that  purpose;  by  ro  means  use  peat  soil. 
When  potted  they  should  be  well  watered,  after  which  I 
place  them  iu  a  situation  well  exposed  to  the  sun,  ail*, 
and  light,  and  keep  all  the  runners  picked  clean  off  as 
they  appear,  as  I  find  they  injure  the  plants  if  allowed 
to  remain.  I  aho  keep  all  the  dead  leaves  picked  off". 
About  the  middle  or  latter  cud  of  October  they  should 
be  placed  in  a  frame  or  pit,  nearly  filled  with  old  tan, 
or  any  dry  material,  witliout  heat,  bringing  them  to 
within  3  or  4  inches  of  the  glass,  as  that  is  of  great 
importance,  for  if  they  are  plunged  deeper  in  the  bed, 
they  are  liable  to  damp  off  in  the  winter  months  in  bad 
weather,  and  I  find  if  the  foliage  is  bad  the  flowers  are 
bad  also.  During  the  winter  they  require  little  or  no 
water,  at  least  I  never  give  them  any  till  I  see  thena 
flag,  taking  care  then  not  to  wet  the  foliage,  for  tlijit 
should  be  kept  dry,  or  they  will  lose  it  by  damp.  Air 
should  be  admitted  freely  at  all  times ;  vAvm  favourable, 
a  covering  must  also  be  used  to  exclude  frost  from 
them,  as  that  is  very  injurious  to  their  flowering.  By 
the  above  treatment  my  plants  have  produced  me  great 
quantities  of  largo  and  strong-scented  blossoms.  If 
Violets  ai-e  required  later  iu  the  season  than  those  iu 
frames  will  last  iu  flower,  by  a  little  good  mauagemeufc 
they  may  be  obtained  nearly  in  every  month  of  the 
year  :  ray  method  is  to  take  up  part  of  my  plants  in 
July  and  August,  aud  plant  in  a  south  border,  in  beds, 
the  soil  of  which  is  prepared  for  them  of  equal  parts  of 
light  loam,  well  rotted  dung  and  river  sand,  c:irefully 
avoiding  peat,  as  I  have,  iu  some  instances,  known  it  to 
destroy  the  whole  of  the  plants  ;  they  are  planted  from 
a  foot  "to  15  inches  each  way,  and,  if  it  is  required,  well 
watered  ;  the  runners  aud  dead  leaves  are  all  picked  off 
as  they  appear,  and  the  soil  of  the  bods  kept  well  stirred 
with  a  Dutch  hoe  ;  at  the  latter  end  of  October  tho  beds 
are  hooped  over,  for  the  purpof^e  of  sheltering  thom  in 
bad  weather,  with  mats.  LJy  following  tlio  above  mode 
of  treatment  this  favourite  plant  blooms  with  me  abun- 


le latter  being  1 J  inch  deal,  9  inches  wide,  and  giving  I  Tooting.     It  was  the  admiration  of  every  one  who  saw    dantly,  and  I  can  confidently  recommend  it.  0.  Yowog, 


to  fall  0  inches  above  tho  surrounding  level.  Even  it  at  the  Chiswick  and  Ilcgent's  Park  exhibitions 
rith  so  much  exciting  material,  we  do  not  drive  too  during  last  summer,  and  it  has  been  awarded  several 
lOcb  colour  into  our  blooms  ;  it  ie  the  amount  of  colour  1  medals.  Tho  foliage  is  singularly  beautiful.  It  is  a 
btBJncd  that  has  f^o  lon^  wedded  us  to  this  system  "ofj  climbing  evergreen  stove-plant,  with  leaves  about  seven 
ig^  cultivation  "  in  preference  to  tho  "  starvation  plan  "  .  inches  long  and  three  broad,  their  under-sides  being  of 
0  long  Btereotyp'rd  by  writer«.  Tulips  require  "  good  I  a  beautiful  reddish-l»ui'plo  ;  their  upper  parts  richly 
rowing  "  a8  mufdi  as  any  subject  witli  which  we  arc  !  veined  with  red,  purple,  and  wlnto,  so  as  to  bo  very 
Cfjtttinted,  the  only  care  needed  in  the  uso  of  rich  !  striking,  producing  a  fiiio  effect  in  a  stove  or  Orehid- 
soodiments  i»,  that  they  be  previously  well  subdued  by  I  house.  1  saw  two  lino  phmts  of  it  at  Messrs,  UoUissons' 
Ano^heric  iniluences.  One  more  fact  before  wo  1  a  few  weeks  ago ;  they  wero  growing  in  pots,  anil 
iiote:  la«t  eeafon  we  planted  in  our  beet  bed  '10  trained  against  tho  end-wall  of  a  stcivo,  in  whicli  tho 
meder  roots,  compriMing  the  prinriipal  variefie»  of  the  I  charming  effect  of  tho  foliage  was  all  that  could  be 
!ar-£uDed  and  Lighly-vulucd  Chellaston  seedlings  ;  of!  desired  ;  and  this,  being  an  evergreen  species,  makes 
we  have  to  record  that  .'if  rooU  did  "break."  Is  it  more  valuable,  as  of  course  it  retains  its  bcautiini 
lot  thi*  contrary  to  the  old  prestige  of  forcing  into  a]  leaves  during  winter  as  well  as  summer  ;  and  during  tlio 
feetSfying  stat'j  by  the  "  poverty  principle  !  '*  Doubtlcwn,  !  dnll  months  wo  want  some  of  i\\^^:w  beautiful  variegated 
lOireT«r,  tho  entire  change  of  soil  and  situation  con- 1  plunl?i  to  decorate  our  stoves, — I  believe  this  plant  is  of 
riboted  much  to  no  important  a  result.  J.  li.  tolerably  cosy  culture,  and  grows   well  in   a   pot,   oi* 

8l!»0LK  A.VKMo.vfL— This   beautiful    early   visitant  in  |  planted  out  in  tho  stove.     Tho  way  in  which  Messrs. 
ipriDg  haa  not  received  the  attention  at  the  hands  of   Ilolliason  treat  it  is  as  follows  : — U  is  grmyn  in  a  pot 


in  OardcncTii'  Record. 

Machine  for  JJi[/(ji"'0  Po(alocs.~Mx\  F.  C.  SchafTor, 
of  Brooklyn,  has  invented  an  improved  maehino  for 
digging  PotatncFi,  and  is  about  to  take  o\it  a  patent  for 
it.°  The  scientllic  American  says  "  the  inachino 
embraces  a  scoop,  n  bvu.sh  o;,'lindcr,  and  an  endless  apron, 
connected  by  a  movable  frame,  by  working  which  the 
ocoop  is  made  to  enter  tho  ground  the  required 
distance,  and  raise  up  tho  Potatooa  which,  l)y  a  c^lindop 
having  a  )-evo!ving  brush,  aro  brought  forward  from  tho 
scoop  to  tho  endless  apron,  which  curries  them  away, 
and  deporiits  tiioni  in  a  receptaclo  at  tho  buck  of  tho 
IVamo.  Tho  innchinc  is  designed  to  bo  worked  by 
liortics  ;  tho  bottom  of  tho  scoop,  as  well  as  iho  bottom 
of  tho  rcccptaclo  lor  Iho  i'f.'fivtoe!',  is  formed  of  bars,  to 
Hoparalo  tlio  ilirt  IVom  the  l-*'jtut')OH  ;  tlm  Iji-usIi  romoy9S 
tho  dirt,  so  that  tlir^y  aro  reudei'od  very  elcaiu"  Anv^rlcan 
Gardeners*  ChronicU. 

Hale  of  Fruit  Trm  -In  ,4nw:r|C«.— Tho  Nam rl  Daily 
Advertiser  states,  that  tho  saJo  of  fruit  ti'ces   at^the 


IwiaUtlut  it  rneritn.    i'crliaps  il»  coiumouiicsa  may  I  willi   good  draiimgo,  tlio   Boil  conuisls  of  liglit  turfy  [Kodieatof  Wiu'ecnos  nlone  nmoimtoa  to  JjO,UUU  uouiua. 


680 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.   23, 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the  ensuing  2veeJc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
The  stock  of  stove  plants  which  we  formerly  recom- 
mended to  be  grown,  to  afford  a  sliow  of  bloom  through 
the  winter,  should  now  have  a  little  extra  heat;  unless  a 
house  is  appropriated  to  their  culture,  the  warm  end  of 
the  atove  should  be  selected  as  a  suitable  place  to  bring 
them  into  bloom  ;  expose  them  to  as  much  light  as 
possible.  Strong  growing  plants,  as  Justicias  and  Aphe- 
landras,  will  require  the  assistance  of  liquid  manure, 
particulai'ly  if  in  small  pots.  Begonias  are  now 
advancing  ^iuto  bloom  ;  transfer  a  portion  to  a  warm 
place  to  forward  tliem  ;  in  tying  them  up,  take  care  of 
the  foliage,  which,  in  some  species,  adds  greatly  to  their 
beauty.  Luculia  gratissima,  if  the  buds  are  forward, 
may  easily  be  got  into  bloom  by  a  slight  increase  of 
heat  ;  few  plants  at  this  season  so  well  repay  attention 
as  this  ;  to  the  above  add  a  few  of  the  earliest  rested 
EpacriseSj  to  bloom  a  few  weeks  earlier  than  the 
general  stock.  Bring  forward  Gesneras  in  a  moist  heat, 
but  harden  them  as  they  get  into  bloom,  that  if  wanted 
for  out-door  decoration  they  may  hear  transferring 
without  injury.  A  portion  of  the  stock  of  Roses,  Lilacs, 
Honeysuckles,  &e.,  in  pots,  should  be  placed  in  a  pit  to 
have  a  slight  advance  of  temperature  ;  the  present  is 
a  good  time  to  procure  from  the  nurseries  or  reserve 
garden  a  supply  of  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  and  Kal- 
mias  for  forcing  ;  select  plants  well  set  with  bloom,  and 
of  the  desired  size.  Some  of  the  hybrid  scarlet  Rhodo- 
dendrons, as  Nobleanum  and  others,  require  but  slight 
forcing  to  get  into  bloom,  and  will  be  the  best  to  start 
first.  Pot  them  into  as  small  pots  as  their  roots  can  be 
got  without  injury,  and  place  them  out  of  the  way  of 
frost  till  wanted.  A  few  stove  climbers,  including 
Bignonia  venusta,  Ipomtea  Horsfalliio,  and  some  Passi- 
floras,  will  yet  remain  in  perfection,  and  should  have 
occasional  trimmings,  to  remove  dead  flowers  and  stop 
straggling  shoots.  Let  the  atmosphere  in  the  stove  be 
moderately  dry,  that  a  lower  night  temperature  may  be 
permitted.  Where  frost  is  likely  to  injure-  any  free- 
growing  Iiouse  plants,  cover  the  house  or  pits  with 
mats  or  canvass,  in  preference  to  milking  very  strong 
^res  at  present.  Night  temperature  for  tiie  stove  60", 
allowing  an  advance  of  15**  or  20^  by  day.  Close 
early  in  the  afternoon. 

FORCING  BEPAKTMENT. 
Vinery. — Proceed  cautiously  with  the  Vinery  now 
commencing,  and,  by  closing  the  house  earlier  in  the  day, 
try  to  do  without  fires  for  a  short  time.  The  succession 
Vineries  as  the  wood  ripens  should  have  the  sashes 
removed,  unless  the  houses  are  wanted  to  stow  away 
some  of  the  newly-potted  plants  from  the  flower  garden, 
in  which  case  remove  the  decayed  leaves,  6cc.,  and 
expose  the  house  as  much  by  day  as  possible.  Pinery. 
— Continue  to  Pines  now  swelling  liquid  manure,  and  a 
good  allowance  of  air  each  fine  day,  without  which, 
neither  colour  nor  flavour  will  be  up  to  the  proper 
standard.  A  brisk  bottom  heat  must  he  maintained;  for, 
to  have  fruit  to  swell  well  at  this  season,  the  roots 
must  be  Icept  in  action.  Take  care  of  any  plants  now 
showing  fruit,  that  they  expand  their  blooms  perfectly, 
to  assist  which,  a  slight  increase  of  the  daily  temperature 
may  be  permitted  ;  these  will  be  extremely  valuable 
next  April.  The  whole  of  next  season's  fruiters  should 
have  from  this^  time  a  drier  atmosphere  and  plenty  of 
air.  Strawberries  for  forcing,  having  now  made  tlieir 
growth,  should  have  their  roots  protected  from  frost 
either  by  plunging  in  ashes,  and  protecting  the  tops  by  a 
■  temporary  covering,  or  removing  tliem  to  spare  pits,  to 

-be  covered  with  glass  or  shutters  iu  severe  weather. 
Auotlier  plan  is  to  stick  thom  in  narrow  ridges,  filling 

■the  interstices  between  the  pots  with  ashes  or  dry  earth; 
■by  this  plau  they  are  kept  dry,  and  are  easily  protected 
from  frost. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Dahlias,  Gladioluses,  Tigridias,  &c.,  should  at  once  be 
taken  up  ;  after  drying  their  roots,  store  them  away  out 
of  the  reach  of  frost  ;  an  underground  cellar  not  too 
damp  is  the  best  place  for  these  and  similar  roots  to 
winter  in.  Salvia  patens,  Marvel  of  Peru,  and  Com- 
melina  coelestis  should  be  kept  in  sand  or  dry  earth. 
Fill  the  beds  as  they  become  cleared,  either  with  a 
mixture  of  spring  flowering  plants,  or  agreeably  to  some 
arranged  design.  The  cuttings  struck  and  placed  out 
to  harden  off  should  be  placed  under  protection  at  once. 
Look  over  the  last  put  in  cuttings,  and  take  means  to 
prevent  their  damping  off.  Mats,  or  covering  of  some 
kind,  should  now  be  provided  for  covering  up  the  pits, 
&c.,  but  still  allow  an  abundance  of  air  by  day,  to 
established  plants. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
The  splendid  weather,  of  course,  hag  enabled  all 
Tulip  growers  to  get  their  best  collections  in  the  ground, 
if  not,  the  sooner  the  better.  We  cannot  advise  the 
old  Tulip-loving  exhibitor  much  ;  it  is  to  the  young 
growers  that  we  hope  our  advice  is  best  directed. 
Nothing  beats,  for  a  Tulip  bed,  well- decomposed  turf 
from  a  loamy  pasture  ;  this  with  some  river  sand  is  the 
ne  plus  ultra  for  fine  aud  clean  blooms.  The  amateur 
may  havp  sti-oug  and  large  flowers,  but  some  considera- 
tion is  necessary  at  planting  time,  in  order  (as  far  as 
good  judgment  goes)  to  ensure  good  blooms  for  exhi- 
bition. Newly  planted  Pink  and  Pansy  beds  will  want 
looking  over ;  a  gentle  stirring  of  the  soil  will  prove 
highly  beneficial,  at  the  same  time  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  there  should  be  a  reserve  planted  to  fi  1 


up  any  vacancy  wliicli  the  winter  may  make.  Auriculas 
must  by  no  means  be  covered  ;  they  are  hardy  enough, 
and  at  this  time  of  the  year  only  require  protection 
from  excessive  wet.  Our  Dahlias  are  all  out  of  the 
ground  and  labelled  —  of  course  everybody  who  has 
suffered  from  frost  has  followed  our  example. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Where  the  wood  is  tolerably  ripened,  and  root 
pruning  is  intended,  either  with  wall  trees  or  those  in 
the  open  quarters,  a  commencement  may  be  made  with 
the  earliest  ripened  trees  first  ;  we  shall  notice  it  again 
next  week.  Brush  off  the  ripened  leaves  from  wall 
trees  with  a  light  besom.  Peaches  and  Nectarines 
should  bo  gone  over  at  two  or  three  times.  The  sun 
and  air  will  help  considerably  to  ripeu  the  wood  after 
part  of  the  leaves  is  removed. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Tlie  principal  crops  of  Celery  and  Cardoons  should 
have  their  final  earthing  up  before  sharp  frosts  set  in. 
The  spring  crop  of  Celery  will,  however,  stand  the 
winter  better  with  only  one  moderate  earthing  up,  and 
the  remainder  towards  spring.  A  wide  sheltered  border 
should  be  selected  for  the  haud-glass  Cauliflowers.  The 
soil,  if  not  already  light  and  rich,  should  be  made  so 
previously  to  planting  ;  plant  three  or  five  plants  under 
each  glass,  in  a  slight  hollow,  which  will  be  useful  in 
the  spring,  when  they  require  water,  and  may  after- 
wards be  filled  up  as  the  plants  advance.  Keep  the 
glasses  on  for  a  few  days  after  planting,  to  get  the 
plants  established  ;  afterwards  expose  them  daily,  to 
harden  them  for  the  winter.  The  smaller  plants  should 
be  pricked  into  a  frame  to  winter,  and  some  of  them 
potted  in  S-inch  pots  for  turning  out  in  the  spring. 
Beds  of  Rhubarb,  Asparagus,  and  Seakale  should  be 
cleared  of  their  dead  stems  directly  the  leaves  are  ripe  ; 
where  the  above  are  in  request  in  December,  steps  should 
be  taken  to  force  them  ;  a  flue,  or  hot-water  pit,  is  the 
most  suitable  for  forcing  the  two  former,  planting  the 
crowns  thick  in  light  rich  soil  over  a  moderate  bottom 
heat;  Asparagus  should  be  kept  as  near  the  glass  as  can 
be  managed,  to  improve  the  colour  and  flavour.  Where 
pits  are  wanted  for  other  things,  a  few  roots  of  Rhubarb 
may  be  introduced  to  the  warm  end  of  the  Mushroom 
house,  or  iu  a  cellar,  but  we  think  the  flavour  improved 
by  being  forced  under  glass.  The  later  crops  of 
Rhubarb  may  be  forced  on  the  ground  where  they  grow, 
using  pots  or  boxes  for  covering  the  crowns  and  leaves, 
or  leaves  and  dung,  for  the  lieating  material.  Seakale 
may  be  either  forced  on  the  ground,  as  advised  for 
Rhubarb,  or  taken  up,  and  the  roots  put  iu  a  frame 
thickly,  on  a  gentle  bottom  heat,  and  blanching  the 
shoots  with  any  dry  material,  of  which  half-decayed 
leaves  are  perhaps  the  best ;  shutters  or  boards  may  be 
substituted  for  glass,  as  the  only  object  is  to  keep  the 
crown  dry.  French  Beans  in  pits  will  now  require  the 
application  of  fire-heat,  if  such  can  be  given,  or  if  not, 
cover  them  well  up  by  night ;  sow  successional  crops 
for  transferring  to  the  shelves  of  the  Pine  pits  ;  attend 
to  the  Mushroom  house,  by  making  slight  fires  when 
the  internal  air  falls  below  55'^ ;  give  a  gentle  watering 
to  beds  when  dry ;  keep  the  air  humid  by  frequently 
sprinkling  the  pipes  or  flues ;  remove  the  covering  from 
newly-spawned  beds,  directly  indications  of  the  coming 
crop  appear  on  the  suriace ;  make  fresh  beds  as 
required  to  keep  up  the  supply. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


£ 

TBMPEaATDBB. 

Oct. 

"i 
1 

0 

the  Air. 

OftheERrth. 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep.  1  deep. 

WInj. 

1 

Max. 

Mia. 

«.. 

Mln. !  Meau 

Friday..    13 

30.25R 

30.i:i3 

44 

49.0 

48 

43 

V 

Satiir. ..  IG 

•A 

S0.231 

30.212 

5'-' 

29 

40.5 

43 

4.3 

E. 

no 

Sunday  .  17 

A 

30.195 

30.124 

54 

as 

45.0 

47* 

43 

^.K 

Monday    18 

30.315 

30.175 

5G 

■M 

43.5 

474 

43 

;N  K 

TusB.    ..   19 

!> 

30.151 

30.305 

.■.i 

311 

43.5 

47 

43 

N 

Wed.     ..  20 

30.3i7  1   30.151 

.•.1 

Ha 

4G.0 

46J 

43 

S 

.no 

TUura. ..  2] 

a 

30.006  j   29.367 

69 

49 

54.0 

47 

474 

S, 

.26 

Average  ... 

■30.2r,3    '  30.138 

55.6 

36.0  '  45.S  '  47.3      47.9 

.26 

15— Fo^ffy;  overcaBt ;  clear  above,  but  hazy  near  the  horizon. 

16— FojiKy;  coldbfize;  clear;  froBty  at  niKbi. 

17— nensefo^i  cold  haze;  UTiiformly  overcaet. 

13— Very  fine  ;  briifbt  Bun  ;  cb-ar  at  iii|{bt. 

19-FogRy;  very  fine;  deuae  fog  in  the  evening. 

20— Foscy;  exceedinRly  lire;  bnzy  at  night. 

21— FoKSy;  hazy;  Blight  raiu;  overcmt;  heavy  rain  at  night. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  vfeek.^J  deg.  below  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
Daring  the  last  25  ysara,  forthe  enfluln;;  week,  ending  Oct.  30,  13j'> 


Sunday  24 
Mon.  25 
Tuea.  2(1 
Wed.  27 
ThurB.  28 
Friday  C9 
Satnr.    30 


55.7 
55.3 
51,5 


5|a 


No,  of 
Tears  In 
which  it 

Rained. 


Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 


l.OG 
0.43 
053 


Prevailing  Winils. 


.Ci_ 


-I  5'  2—!  4  s!  3 
3  3  3  I  6  7,  1 
3    4    1    3    3  10    1 


The  higheat   temperature  during  tho  above  period   occurred  on  the  29th 
F.nd  30ih,   i833-tberin.  67deg.;  and  the  lowest  on  the  29tb,  1542-therni. 

23  deg. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Berberhies  :  Shcm.  We  are  not  nni.Tre  tb;it  standard  Bpf- 
berries  are  iu  the  trade.  They  are  very  easily  made  hy 
trimminj;  up  a  strong  Bei  berry  etem  to  the  height  of  5  or  (i 
feet,  and  allowiusr  no  branches  to  sprout  lower,  aUo  talticg 
care  to  remove  all  suckers  as  they  appear. 

Coke  Bbicks  :  J  O  and  Header.  We  know  nothing  of  these 
beyond  what  is  stated  on  the  authority  of  the  Weekly  Times, 
atp.  C31.t 

Emioeation  :  WK  W.   Hop  seeds  may  be  had  ia  the  Hop 


districts,  aa  for  example  of  Mr.  Epps  of  Maidstone,  or 
ilasters  of  Canterbury,  and  they  will  travel  well,  if  1 
other  seeds  they  are  conveyed  in  a  coarse  bag  hung  in  at 
well  ventilated  part  of  the  ship.  We  aay  the  same  of  f 
trees,  ouly  they  may  as  well  be  buried  in  sand,  each  sort 
itself  in  a  small  hag,  packed  as  ti^hc  as  possible.  If  ti 
are  to  be  taken  they  can  only  go  next  April,  with  a  chanc 
life,  in  Wardian  caaea  placed  on  deck.  If  that  expeusive 
practicable  method,  in  the  present  crowded  state  of  emi? 
tion  ships  is  resorted  to,  then  it  would  be  as  well  to 
tho  cases  ready  at  once,  and  to  plant  the  trees,  ready  fo 
start  as  soon  as  the  time  comes, 

Fdchsias:  J  M,  Such  "sporta"  as  youra  are  very  comr 
among  Fuchsias.  We  have  seen  Ecveral  in  a  similar  c 
ditiOQ  this  seaBon.:^ 

Glass  :  Sub.  You  will  find  Hartley's  rough  plate  to  ans' 
your  purpose  hest.J 

Geapes  :  Red  Wood.  Your  Grape  is  the  Cornichon  Rouge. 
Zeta  de  Yaca,  which  it  resembles.  It  is  n  itmuch  esteemi 
— SiiJ},  You  will  find  some  account  of  the  Barbaroasa  in 
report  of  the  Horticultural  Society's  msetiDg  in  anot 
column.} 

Meat  Biscuit  :  T  C.  See  p,  515  of  our  current  year's  volun 

Names  of  Fbcits  :  J  D.  1,  St.  Germain  ;  2,  Beurre  de  Capi 
mont ;  3,  Marie  Louise  ;  4,  Winter  Craasane  ;  5,  Biah( 
Thumb  ;  6,  Doyennii  Blanc  ;  8,  Easter  Beurre  ;  9,  Fore! 
10,  Passe  Colmar;  11,  Belle  et  Bonne;  12,  Catillac ; 
Easter  Beurre  ;  14,  Comte  de  Lamy.  1,  Blenheim  Pippin 
Kerry   Pippin  ;    3,  King  of  the  Pippins  ;    5,  Wyken  Pipp 

6,  Early  Nonpareil;  8,  Manks  Codlin  ;  9,  Northern  Greeni: 
10,  Beauty  of  Kent.  \\~.rifD.  1,  9,  Qluut  Morceau  ;  2,  Beu 
Ranee;  S.Old  Colmar ;  4,10,  Beurre  Ranee  ;  5,  Comte  de  Lac 

7,  16,  Passe  Colmar;  3,  Winter  Nelis ;  9.  like  Knig: 
Monarch  ;  10,  Eaater  Beun  e  ;  11,  Chaumoniel ;  12, 14, 19, 
Marie  Loui?e ;  16,  Baurre  Bosc  ;  17,  21,  Napoleon; 
Duchesse  d'AngoulSme ;  20,  Beurre  de  Capiaumont; 
Doyenne  Blanc;  23,  St.  GarraaXn.W—J Allward.  1,  Ducht 
d'Augouleme  ;  2,  Pbefc  Colmar  ;  3,  Old,  Colmar  ;  4,  Wl 
Doyennd.  1,  Bath  Apple;  3,  Blenheim  Pippin;  4.  Bea 
of  Kent;  5,  Scarlet  Nonpareil;  G,  Court  of  Wick; 
Golden  Reinette,  U— 5  B  O  T.  1,  Seckel ;  3,  Marie  Loui 
4,  Aston  Town  ;  7.  Doyenne  Blanc  ;  9,  Flen 
Beauty  ;  12,  Beurre  Ranee,  February,  March  ;  13,  Calebas 
14,  Chaumontel,  December,  January;  15,  20,  21,  22,  Me 
Louise ;  18,  Winter  Nelis,  December,  January ;  7,  Sea 
Crofton;  9,  12,  King  of  the  Pippins;  10,  Cluster  Gol( 
Pippin;  11,  London  Pippin,  A  Pear  marked  W.N.  is 
Catillac.  On  some  of  the  Pears,  and  more  especially  on 
Apples,  there  was  not  a  trace  of  ink  visible,  conaequei 
nothing  could  be  done  with  them.  The  latest  Pears 
marked  as  you  requested  ;  the  others  will  be  fit  in  the  cou 
of  a  week  or  two.ii— i2  3,  3Ianchester.  The  White  Doyenne 
T  Binder.  1,  13,  Williams' Bon  Chretien  ;  2,  Beurre  Ran 
4,  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey  ;  5,  19,  23,  40,  Chaumontel ;  8, 
42.  45,  Glout  Morceau  ;  12,  25,  Easter  Beurre  ;  21,  Craasa 
23,  Marie  Louise;  24,  Uvedale's  St  Germain;  23,  Eai 
iiergamot;  2G,  Passe  Colmar;  27,  Urbaniste  ;  29,  Brc 
Beurre;  33,  Old  Colmar;  34,  Passe  Colmar;  35,  Gans 
Bergamot ;  36,  Bishop'a  Thumb  ;  37,  Aaton  Town;  44,  St.G 
man  ;  46,  Beurre  Diel ;  1,  King  of  the  Pippins  ;  47,  Alexandi 
— Laioneiwood.  1,  Minchall  Grab;  2,  Cornish  Aromatic 
Round  Winter  Codlin  ;  4.  Golden  Reinette  ;  5,  Chancel 
Peach;  G.  Brabant  Eellefleur ;  7,  Alexander;  8,  Downt( 
9,  Reinette  du  Canada  ;  12,  Hollandbury  ;  13,  Vicar  of  Wi 
field  ;  14,  Passe  Colmar ;  15, 19,  Na[.oleon  ;  16,  Aston  Tot 
18,  Bergermcester  ;  20,  Chaumontel;  21,  Easter  Bergam 
22,  24,  Beurre  Bosc;  23,  Comte  de  Lamy;  26,  Coe'a  Gol( 
Drop  Plum  || 

Names  OF  Plants  :  F  A  P.  Your  specimens  of  Ferns  marl 
1,  2,  3,  belong  to  one  species  only,  viz  ,  Lastrea  spinulc 
If  you  study  British  Ferns  only,  then  Moore's  "  Hlstoi 
is  quiie  sufficient  to  enable  you  to  determine  alt 
species.  S. — Agrostis  requests  us  to  oblige  him  by  nam 
the  Grasses,  &c.,  contained  in  a  parcel  as  big  as  a  pilk 
according  to  their  numbers,  at  our  own  convenience ;  and 
is  so  very  kind  as  to  say  that  if  there  should  be  too  manj 
name  at  once,  he  will  trouble  us  to  name  them  a  few  a 
time.  Considering  the  value  of  time,  and  that  naming  h 
baria  is  not  quite  the  business  of  the  editor  of  a  newspap 
we  feel  obliged  to  decline  this  kind  proposal.  Our  wish  ia 
aid  students  ;  but  only  such  students  as  think  it  worth  tb 
■while  to  aid  themselves. —  W  Wood.  Absence  from  Lont 
obliges  ns  to  defer  answering  your  inquiry  till  next  weeli 
V  Q.  As  far  as  can  be  ascertained  in  the  absence  of  coE 
lis  Pinus  Brutia,  and  2  Pious  halepensis. — EM,  Pleclr 
thus  fruticosus. — Selrake.  Platanthera  chlorantha  is  one 
the  plants  regarded  by  Linnaeus  as  the  same  as  his  Ore 
bifolia,  or  Butterfly  Orchis.  The  name  is  to  be  found  in  i 
modevn  English  Flora.— J/ari/.  Cristaria  coccinea. — Old  £ 
Vallota  purpurea,  Cratsgua  Aronia. 

Peaes  :  JEM.  Glout  Morceau  Pears  may  be  allowed  to  ht 
on  the  tree  till  the  leaves  mostly  drop,  if  they  will  do  so 
not,  of  course  they  must  4)e  gathered  when  they  easily  p 
from  the  tree ;  and  this  remark  applies  likenise  to  the  Cta 
montel  II 

Seeds  :  Q  W  P.  Let  them  be  as  dry  as  possible  ;  then  put  th 
loosely  in  canvas  bags,  and  cause  them  to  be  hung  up  in 
cabin  or  between  decks,  where  air  may  circulate  freely  ah 
them  during  their  voyage.  Grafts  will  perhaps  travel  b 
well  packed  in  damp  mosB.j — Eenry.  Seeds  for  India  sho' 
be  sent  immediately,  by  the  overland  conveyance,  packed 
damp  saoJ,  pressed  tightly  into  a  wooden  box.  Wood  as! 
_6hould  not  be  used.    Charcoal  dust  answers  well  enough. 

Sick  RnoDODEWDaoN  :  Bella  Donna.  We  made  the  best  gu 
in  our  power,  and  we  regret  that  the  suggestion  was  unsa 
factory.  You  will,  however,  easily  perceive  that  a  subject 
obscure  as  the  diseases  of  plants  is  not  susceptible  of  be 
dealt  with  in  the  absence  of  a  distinct  account  of  all  ' 
symptoms.  Uninformed  of  them,  it  is  not  possible  to  ans< 
such  questions.  For  instance,  it  is  very  likely  that  yi 
Plum  and  Cherry  trees  lost  their  leaves  frotn  the  dryness 
the  soil ;  but  there  may  have  been  many  other  causes,  oi 
to  be  judged  of  by  persons  on  the  spot — if  by  them. 

The  Azoees,  &e. :  A  Devonian.  It  is  probable  that  the  La' 
may  ha  heard  of  at  K«w.  Mr.  Plant's  agent  is  Mr.  S.  Steve 
Bloombbury-street,  Bedford-square.  We  think  the  vend' 
of  bulbs  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  are  to  be  depended  up 
as  far  as  their  knowledge  goes.  Horticultural  specimens,  si 
as  you  name,  may  be  preserved  perfectly  well  in  weak  ace 
acid,  which  is  far  cheaper  than  spirits  of  wine.  It  will  oj 
be  necessary  to  chflnge  the  acid  if  it  becomes  discoloui 
when  the  subjects  are  first  immersed. 

TiNERiES  :  C  P  and  Cavancnsis.  Span  roofs  are  best  for 
purposes.  Under  most  circumstances  it  is  better  to  pli 
young  Vines  than  to  transplant  old  ones.  The  latter,  ho 
ever,  carefully  lifted  and  replanted,  often  succeed  very  w( 
and  will  produce  you  a  ciop  sooner  than  young  Vmes.J 

Vine  Bobdees  :  A  Z  A.  A  top-dressing  of  bones  on  a  bore 
which  is  covered  over  all  the  winter  with  a  tarpaulin  w 
be  of  little  use  unless  it  be  forked  iu,  or  otherwise  broug 
into  contact  with  the  roots  ;  the  bones  might  be  steeped 
liquid  manure,  but  it  would  he  perhaps  better  to  apply  t 
latter  to  the  border  when  tho  Vines  are  in  a  growing  state 

Worms  on  Lawns:  J  5^.  Lime  water  prepared  by  letti 
water  stand  over  caustic  lime,  and  pouring  it  off  clear,  appli 
continually,  will  bring  them  out  of  their  boles,  when  th 
must  be  collected  and  destroyed.^ 

Misc.  :  Oallicus,  The  Dahlias  and  Nasturtiums  have  not  3 
been  killed  by  frost  at  Chiswick  ;  they,  however,  suffer 
considerably  on  the  night  of  the  8th  of  October,  from  ti 
greatest  froat  we  hare  experienced  this  season.j: 


43—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


681 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTUKISTS.— 
It  beioff  notorious  that  estenaive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

CoEsider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Governnient  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

ijuy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that— 

TJic  lowest  wholesale  -price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  thein  dicring  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2  J-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


PEAT  MOSS  charcoa;l. 

THE  PEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL  COMPANY  ai-e 
prepared  to  deliver  a  superior  Charcoal  (made  expressly 
for  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  and  not  divested  of  any  of  its 
chemical  properties),  at  52s.  €d.  per  ton. — Apply  to  Make 
roTHEBGiLL.  Agent,  20i,  Upper  Thames-street, 

Linseed  and  Rape  Calie,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  and 
all  Manarea  of  kiionm  value  on  sale. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
.  the  beat  terms  Wheat  MaDure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linaeed, 
Uape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Suptrphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
TAlnable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 

Edwabd  Pdbseb,  Sec.,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London, 


MANURES.— The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  jE7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  dl.  10s.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  Ss.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  «fec. 

SEED  WHEAT. 
pAYNE'.5  DEFIANCE  REVITT  ok  BEARDED 
J-  WHEAT,  which  gained  the  prize  medal  at  the  Great 
Exhibition,  and  is  also  highly  spoken  of  in  Protessor  Lindley's 
lecture  upon  "  Substances  Used  as  Food,"  is  otfered  to  Wheat- 
groweri  by  H.  Paise  irith  confidence,  more  especially  after 
the  many  tiattering  letters  that  he  has  received  of  its  merits  as 
to  produce,  quaUty,  and  its  being  less  liable  to  blight  or  mildew 
The  above  Wheat  was  raised  from  a  single  ear,  and  has  been 
grown  with  great  succiss  for  sis  years.  Testimonials  from 
farmers  and  millers  from  different  parts  of  the  kingdom  can 
be  obtained  by  applying  to  Mr.  H.  PArm,  Birdbrook.moat 
near  Halstead,  Essex.  Price  32s.  per  coomb  of  four  bushels 
C»ack  included),  and  delivered  at  the  Aadley-end  Station 
Eastern  Counties  Railway.  All  orders  of  not  less  than  one 
ooomb,  accompanied  by  a  remittance  for  the  amount,  will  be 
punctually  attended  to  ;  or  by  Postofflce  order  made  payable 
to  HZNBT  Patbe,  at  Halstead,  Essex. 

H.  P.  has  also  a  very  true  stock  of  Browick  Eed  Wheat  to 
dispose  of.  at  2t3.  per  coomb,  which  he  thinks  the  best  Ked 
Wheat  grown. 


SEED   WHEAT—IMPORTANT  TO    FARMERS. 
j\/TR.  BE.MAN,    of  Moreto.\-i.n--Marsh,  having   re- 

J.IJ.  ceivedfo  many  voluntary  testimonials  of  the  superiority 
?i/ivv'»"«"^"''"'^''=''  "f  Wheat,  the  PRIMA  DOSSIl  and 
JJO.N>A  MAIIIA,  this  season  over  any  other,  is  induced  again, 
throagh  the  medium  of  the  press,  strongly  to  recommend  them 
as  being  capable  of  producing  from  12  to  IG  bushels  per  acre 
more  than  any  other  variety  ;  and  they  certainly,  this  season, 
were  more  tree  from  blight  and  mildew  than  any  other,  on 
account  of  growing  siiffer  in  the  straw.  Price  51s.  per  quarter, 
delivered  either  in  Gloucester,  Worcester,  Birmiigham 
Bristol,  Banoury,  or  Oifjrd,  in  new  sacks  at  Is.  e<i.  each! 
Cash  or  satisfactory  reference.— N.B.  If  leis  than  one  quarter  is 
ordered  pnce  lOj.  per  bushel.— Agents  for  London,  Mr.  Tnos. 
GIBBS,  corner  of  Half-moon-street ;  and  Mr,  Geo.  Gibbs, 
Dofvn.&treet.  ' 


IRON      HURDLES. 

OTEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  Cl.Gracechurch-street, 
^  London;  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manu- 
nctnrers  of  every  description  of  Iron  Fencing,  beg  to  call  the 
•i'f,°,i',?5  ."'  ^'ob'cmen  and  Gentlemen  to  their  present  prices 
of  HURDLES  :-for  Sheep,  6  feet  long,  3  feet  high,  with  5  bars 
at  4il. ;  and  for  Cattle,  6  feet  long,  3  feet  3  inches  high,  with 
o  bars,  at  4s.  dd.  each. 


J\U.  S.  NEWINGTON'S  HAND-DIBBLES  for 
J-'  Planting  Corn  Bcientifically,  with  four  eeta  of  Cups  of 
different  sizes,  from  seven  to  ten  depositors  ia  each  instrument. 
Price  from  Zi.  to  4i.— Mr.  C.  Gabqiel,  Surrey  Chamberfl' 
Aniadet. street,  Strand,  London.  ' 

TJABBIT  NETsTsiIEEPliEl'sr^D  FISHING 
-'•'-  NETS.— Li.ng  Ilnre  and  Rabbit  Nets  from  50  to  100  yards 
long;  Sheep  Nets,  of  New  Zealand  Cord  or  Cocoa-nut  fibre 
4Ji(.  per  y«rd,  t  feet  high.  Pnhlog  Nets  of  all  kinds  for  homo 
uie  or  exportation. 
a.  BicnAaoion,  21,  Tonbridge.ploce,  New  Road,  London. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


NETTING.— 


Onlvan-  Jiipnnnod 
Iscd,  Iron, 

7-lnchmo»h,  ll;{ht,  2nncho*  wide    ,„   7d.peryd.  M.perjd, 

2.inch      ,,       •tron;f  „  ...    3       „  OJ      ,, 

2.tDcb     ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ,,,  12      „  9       ,, 

IS-inch     „      ]i;fht  8      ..  (1       .. 

IJ-lDch      ,,      siron^f 


J5-lDch      „      siron^f  10      „  H       „ 

l|.lnch      ,.      cztrastront;     ,,  ...  H      „  11        ,, 

AllifaeaDOvo  oarj  be  rnodo  iiny  width  at  proportlonnto  prlcfm. 
If  the  opper  hnir  Is  a  roarso  mesh,  It  will  redu(M)  the  prli.-ci* 
one-fonrth.  OalyaDlscdspnrrow.proofnottlndfor  Phcasantrlts, 
M.  per  iqatre  f'cil.     rattorn*  forwardc)  pont  frc*. 

Manufactured  br  HaUNAKU  and  iJIHilOP,  Mnrkot-plnco, 
Norwich,  and  dclitrored  free  of  eipomo  la  London,  i'etcr- 
borocigb,  Uuil,  or>'ewca)itle. 


BOYD'S    SELF-ADJ.USTi  NG    SCYTHE. 


POYD'S  PATENT  SCYTHE  and  the  celebrated 
*->  STEEL  DIGGING  FORKS. -BoTD'a  Scythe  ia  capable  of 
being  adjusted  to  any  angle  bj  the  person  using  it,  and  never 
requires  the  aid  of  a  blaclssmith  ;  when  out  of  uae  it  shuts  up 
like  a  claep-knife.  The  Qardencra'  Chronicle  tliU3  comments 
upon  it :— "  We  gladly  state  that  Mr.  Botd's  Scjthe  stands  well 
the  great  test,  experience,  especially  with  his  luto  ingenious 
and  very  useful  improvement."— G.  C,  I5th  May,  1852.  The 
Steel  Digginjf  Forks  are  those  celebrated  by  ilr.  Mechi : 
"  When  a  labourer  has  once  used  them,  he  will  nover  work 
with  any  other  implement  for  digginj?.  They  pffect  a  saving  of 
nearly  50  per  cent,  in  labour." —  Wholesale  and  Retail  at 
Wm.  Drat  and  Co.'s  Agricultural  Implement  and  Machinery 
Warehouse,  Swan-lane,  Upper  Thames-street,  near  London- 
bridge. 


WARNER'S  PATENT  FARM  AND  COTTAGE 
PUMPS.— Cast-iron  Pumps,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shallow 
Wells.  £  s.  d. 

Patent  Pump 1  12    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuts 

ready  for  fixing ...  2    S    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrantti  proceediug  to  the  Gold 
Regions  they  will   prove  to   be    the  most 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pump 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  or 
Plumber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manufacturers, 

JOHN    WARNER  X   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,   Jewin-street,  London, 
Every  description  of    Machinery  for  Raising  Water,  Fire 
Bnj^ines,  &;c. 


SMITHFiELD    CLUB. 

NOTICE.— All  Certificates  for  Stock  and  Implements 
intended  to  be  exhibited  at  the  ensuing  show  of  the  Smith- 
field  Club,  must  be  delivered  in  to  the  Honorary  Secretary  on 
or  before  SA.TURDAY,  theCthof  NOVEMBER  (none  will  be 
received  alter  that  day.) 

The  Printed  forms  of  Certiiicates  (which  alone  are  allowed 
to  be  used),  Lists  of  Prizes,  tfcc,  can  be  obtained  of  B.  T. 
Beandreth  Gibb3,  Hon.  Sec,  Corner  of  Half  Moou  Street, 
Piccadilly,  London. 


HITCHIN  AND  HOME  COUNTIES  DOMESTIC 
POULTRY  ASSOCIATION.— Open  to  All  England. 

The  First  Annual  Exhibition  of  this  Society,  will  be  held  lit 
Hitchin,  on  the  20th,  22d,  and  23d  of  NOVEMBER,  1852,  when 
Prizes  amounting  to  upwards  of  80i.  will  be  ofl'ered  for  public 
competition. 

Hitchin  is  a  first  class  station  on  the  Great  Northern  Railway, 
30  miles  from  London  ;  at  which  Station  is  a  junction  with  the 
Ciimbridge  and  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  Regulations  and 
Prize  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stanifls.  Entries  for  Exhibition  close  on 
the  Gth  of  NOVEMBER.  Adoiittance  to  the  private  view  on 
Saturday,  November  20th,  by  a  5s.  Ticket  (not  trauBterable), 
which  will  be  available  for  the  three  da53  of  Exhibition,  And 
on  Monday  the  22d,  or  Tuesday  the  23d,  Is.  each. 

S.  Goodwin,  Sec, 

The  Directors  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties 
Railways  have  agreed  to  run  cheap  trains  on  the  occasion,  and 
to  give  free  passage  to  all  Poultry  for  the  Exhibition  (at  owner's 
riskj,  and  to  carry  back  free  ail  that  is  unsold. 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  23,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Thobbdat,  October  2^— AKricuitural  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 
Thubsdat,        Nqv.    4— Atiricultural  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


We  have  never  entered  at  much  length  into  the 
Tenant-Right  question  of  Ireland.  Whoever  has 
taken  the  trouble  to  read  through  the  Blue  book 
containing  the  evidence  given  before  the  Agricul- 
tural Customs  Committee,  or  even  studied,  at  less 
expense  of  time,  the  Digest  of  the  Evidence  since 
published,  will  be,  not  improbably,  of  opinion  with 
ourselves,  that  until  some  better  solution  of  the 
matter,  in  the  shape  it  takes  on  this  side  St.  George's 
Channel,  is  arrived  at,  the  entertainment  of  it,  as 
an  agricultural  question,  free  and  clear  of  the  poli- 
tical relish  added  to  the  problem  in  its  compound 
Irish  form,  is  not  inviting:  unless,  as  is  indeed 
sometimes  the  case,  the  maxim  of  '  ignotum  per 
ignotius '  be  applicable  as  a  solvent,  instead  of  a 
discouragement. 

Tenant-right  is  of  itself,  and  without  any  extrinsic 
aggravation,  one  of  tho.se  slippery  subjects  the  diffi- 
culty of  handling  wliich,  fairly  and  without  undue 
partiality,  few  are  aware  of  till  it  comes  under  rather 
close  scrutiny.  It  looks  so  simple  at  first  sight,  .so 
natural,  so  aelf-evideiit  I  Who  can  possibly  ques- 
tion for  a  moment  tliat  the  occupier  of  land  shoulil 
be  the  owner  of  his  own  investments  made  in  it  ? 
Who  but  the  bare-faced  advocate  of  confiscation 
can  see  diftlculty  or  oKjection  in  such  a  proposition 
as  that  1  And  if  such  be  the  plain  meaning  of 
'  Tenant-right,'  who  can  have  a  hesitation  about  it, 
in  Knglaiui,  or  in  Irelan'i  ? 

liut  it  commonly  happens  th;it  very  obvious  ques- 
tions have  rcniaim.d  sur:li  for  so  long,  owing  to  the 
troiibloHoino  counterpoise  of  very  obvious  answer.s. 
If  it  be  a  maxim  of  Law  that  'a  Tenant  shall  not 


dispute  his  Landlord's  title,'  it  is  not  less  a  maxim 
of  Common  Sense  as  well  as  law  that  his  '  rights,' 
of  whatever  kind,  should  not  exceed  it.  And,  unfor- 
tunately, in  this  predicament  stands  '  Tenant-right ' 
in  the  large  majority  of  cases.  The  'Estate'  of  an 
Owner  of  land  is,  not  uncommonly,  of  such  a  nature 
that  the  power  to  grant  an  absolute  interest  in 
money  invested  on  the  property  is  one  which  the 
grantor  would  be  veiy  glad  if  he  could  confer  upon 
himself:  and  the  ground  upon  which  even  a  Lease 
for  a  term  of  years  (technically  inferior  to  an  estate 
for  life)  can  be  granted  by  a  Tenant-in-tail,  though 
the  term  created  may  extend  beyond  the  life  of  the 
lessor,  is  in  fact  because  the  rent  reserved  is  his 
only  as  long  as  his  '  estate,'  in  other  words  his  life, 
endures.  He  grants  nothing/roi«  or  at  the  expense, 
or  peril,  of  his  successor.  He  gets  the  best  rent  he 
can,  and  the  instant  he  is  dead,  the  rent,  and  all  he 
may  have  done  to  advance  or  improve  it,  falls  to  his 
successor.  The  tenant,  therefore,  who  asks  for  a 
Lease,  asks  for  something  which  the  owner  can  in 
most  cases  grant,  whatever  the  nature  of  his  own 
estate;  but  he  who  asks  for  'Tenant-right,'  as 
SuAKMAN  Crawford's  Bill  defines  the  term,  asks  in 
fact  for  an  enduring  interest  in  the  soil,  the  which 
to  carve  out  of  the  '  ownership  '  of  most  owners  of 
land,  would  be  enough  to  puzzle  all  the  lawyers  in 
Christendom. 

We  live  in  an  age  of  improvement ;  at  any  rate 
of  physical  capabilities  which  our  ancestors  never 
conceived  or  dreamt  of :  and  we  may  torture  our- 
selves for  ever  in  trying  to  put  the  new  wine  of 
modern  agriculture  into  the  old  bottles  of  mediaeval 
law.  Formerly  a  man  took  a  farm  '  to  make  a 
living  out  of  it;'  now  he  takes  it  to  make  'an 
investment'  in  it.  Not  that  farming  is  higher, 
ceteris  paribus ;  but  that  money-capital  has  in- 
creased, science  has  increased,  numbers  and  com- 
petition have  increased,  and  the  soil  has  become, 
necessarily,  a  subject-matter  of  competitive  invest- 
ment ;  it  is,'so  to  speak,  the  raw  material  of  a  more 
expensive  process  in  working  up,  demanding  a  larger 
capital,  which  in  its  turn  demands  a  better  security, 
extremely  surprising  to  the  old  squire,  and  puzzling 
to  the  old  lawyer.  And  the  name  of  this  puzzle  is 
'  Tenant-right.' 

Without  doubt  a  man  is  entitled  to  the  profits 
of  his  investment  in  an  English  or  Irish  farm,  as 
well  as  in  a  French  railroad,  an  Austrian  or  Turkish 
loan,  or  an  Illinois  canal ;  but  if  this  be  true  of  a 
tenant  from  year  to  year,  how  much  more  for  the 
'  owner  '  himself  1  But  unfortunately,  when  Little- 
ton wrote  upon  Tenures,  and  the  Eeal-property-laws 
of  this  country  were  constructed,  Draining-tiles 
were  not  in  use.  Cattle-sheds  were  thatched  hovels. 
Bone-dust  and  Superphosphate  were  unheard  of. 
Guano  was  as  unknown  as  the  country  it  comes 
from  :  the  whole  investment  in  the  soil  consisted  in 
sowing  three  bushels  on  an  acre  to  reap  nine ; 
and  by  this  to  earn  enough  to  keep  body  and  soul 
together  in  a  somewhat  rough  state  of  combination, 
but  suflicient  to  rub  on  with,  as  times  went. 

Meantime,  however,  pending  improvements  that 
must  begin  higher  up  in  the  landed  scale,  there  is  a 
portion  of  the  British  Islands  where  the  business  of 
taking  and  letting  land,  and  of  farming  it  too,  when 
taken,  is  about  as  well  understood  as  in  most  parts  of 
the  world  ;  and  where  notwithstanding  we  find  that 
the  whole  length  and  breadth  of  the  claim  of  tenant 
right,  with  all  the  rhetoric  that  may  be  raised  upon 
it,  is  by  the  general  consent  of  a  shrewd  people, 
compressed  and  compromised  into|the  shape  of  a  Lease 
for  nineteen  years.  After  the  lapse  of  time,  and  of 
Jlr.  Shauman  Crawford's  bill,  the  practical  wisdom 
of  our  Scotch  agriculturists  in  this  particular  may 
perhaps  begin  to  be  seen  in  Ireland,  and  the  some- 
what presumptuous  oversight  of  difficulty  and 
complexity  wrapped  up  in  the  word  Tenant-right 
be  a  little  better  appreciated  than  it  is  at  present. 

What  is  the  '  right '  of  a  '  tenant '  in  land,  or  in 
anything  else  that  one  man  can  hire  of  another  ? 
Clearly  this  :  to  enjoy  the  free  and  undisturbed  use 
of  it  for  the  period,  and  on 'the  terms  for  which  he 
has  taken  it.  If  he  has  taken  it  for  his  life  he  makes 
his  calculations  and  his  investments  accordingly. 
The  same  if  he  has  taken  it  for  twenty-one, 
or  nineteen,  or  fourteen,  or  seven  years.  On  what 
principle  of  justice  or  policy  should  the  arm 
of  Legislation  be  called  in  to  give  a  man  a 
fourteen  years'  interest  in  an  inve.stment  he  had 
made  upon  land,  that  he  had  taken  for  seven  ?  For 
the  greater  reason,  on  what  ground  shall  the  Law 
step  in  to  confer  a  pcrpetu.al  interest  in  an  invest- 
ment made  upon  the  stipulated  occupation  of  a  year  ? 
Lot  us  suppose  a  case. 

A  wealthy  man  biros  a  farm  of  a  small  proprietor, 
for  a  year,  Jind  ei'ects  npon  it  a  new  set  of  farm- 
buildings  to  his  own  liking  ;  everything  complete, 
and  nothing  superlhious.  At  the  end  of  the  twelve- 
month, either  for  a  good  reason  or  a  bail  one,  ha 
wishes  to  leave  it ;  and  he  demands  of  the  owner 


682 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Oct.  23, 


either  to  reimburse  him  for  his  outlay,  or  to  confer 
upon  him  a  permanent  claim,  a  rent-charge  in  fact 
upon  the  land  for  ever.  The  owner  is  a  person  in 
moderate  circumstances,  with  a  settled  life-estate; 
his  own  children  perhaps  not  succeeding  him  in  that 
property :  perhaps  he  has  many  farms  similarly  cir- 
cumstanced, similarly  occupied,  and  presenting  to 
him  similar  demands  cotemporaneously.  Here  is  an 
extreme  case  of  the  claim  of  '  Tenant-right '  taken 
to  illustrate  the  principle. 

And  what  is  the  principle  1  that  instead  of  obliging 
a  man  to  look  before  him,  and  demand  a  lease  of 
land  adequate  to  the  investment  he  purposes  making 
upon  it,  the  Law  shall  step  in  to  supply  his  omission 
and  confer  upon  him  a  lien  equivalent  to  a 
co-proprietorship  bequeathable  to  his  latest  posterity ; 
giving  him  in  fact  a  sort  of  everlasting  '  building- 
lease'  that  he  never  bargained  for,  and  which  the 
owner  was  never  willing,  or  perhaps  able,  to  grant. 
And  what  is  true  of  building  is  equally  true  of  any 
other  addition  or  improvement  that  may  have 
been  made. 

The  British  Parliament  having  repeatedly  refused 
to  commit,  for  English  agriculture,  this  breach  of 
the  old  and  sound  maxim,  "  Vigilantibus,  non 
dormientibus,  jura  subveniunt,"  is  to  be  asked 
again,  next  session,  to  do  it  for  Ireland.  So  we  are 
told  by  '  a  large  and  influential  conference  of  the 
leading  friends  of  Tenant-right,  in  and  out  of  Parlia- 
ment, held  on  the  8th  of  last  mouth  in  the  City 
Assembly  House,  Dublin,  with  the  view  of  bringing 
this  question  before  the  Legislature,  both  with 
reference  to  the  measure  that  may  be  proposed  by 
the  opponents  of  Sharjian  Crawford's  bill,  and  in 
order  to  secure  the  largest  possible  support  to  the 
cause  ? ' 

In  an  exposition  of  the  objects  of  this  bill,  read 
by  Mr.  Wilson  Gray  to  the  Meeting,  we  are  told, 
in  preface,  that  there  are  three  classes  of  tenants  for 
whom  the  protection  of  Tenant  right  is  required. 
First,  for  the  tenant  who,  without  any  such  security, 
has  improved  his  farm ;  secondly,  for  the  tenant 
who  has  not  improved,  but  with  such  security,  it  is 
believed,  would  improve  it ;  thirdly,  for  the  tenant 
who  has  improved  upon  the  faith  of  the  existence  of 
some  such  security.  A  rather  odd  division  of 
appellants,  it  must  be  confessed.  One  asks  for 
Tenant-right  because  he  has  improved,  another 
because  he  has  not,  and  a  third  because  he  has  acted 
on  the  belief  that  it  already  exists. 

There  is  a  singular  coincidence  of  this  tripartite 
division  with  the  three  countries  that  have  been 
brought  into  question.  In  Scotland,  without  Tenant- 
right,  the  tenant  has  improved  ;  in  Ireland,  without 
Tenant-right,  the  tenant  has  not  improved ;  and  in 
England,  without  Tenant-right,  the  tenant  has  acted 
as  if  there  was  Tenant-right.  So  that  you  have  the 
thi-ee  phases  of  human  action  agricolous,  as  seen 
'without  Tenant-right.'  What  its  development  would 
be,  with  it,  has  hitherto  had  but  local  and  partial 
exemplification,  and  that  not  of  the  most  satisfactory 
kind,  either  in  this  or  the  sister  kingdom.  Such  is 
the  extent  of  capital  that  land  will  swallow  in  the 
shape  of  investment,  that  half  a  centuiy  of  Mr. 
Sharman  Crawford's  '  Tenant-right '  accumulated 
from  one  occupier  to  another  would  swamp  the 
inheritance  altogether,  and  leave  to  the  mere  '  owner'' 
of  the  bare  acres  little  beyond  a  nominal  interest  in 
the  soil  that  others  had  been  doubling  their  capital 
upon. 

All  that  legislation  can  do,  or  be  properly  asked  to 
do,  between  Landlord  and  Tenant,  is  to  make  each 
party  observe  the  covenants  and  agreements  they 
have  respectively  entered  into;  not  to  make  new 
contracts  for  them,  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  their 
own.  In  the  hiring  and  letting  of  land  there  are 
undoubtedly  some  anomalies,  and  in  Ireland 
absentee-landlordism,  middle-men,  and  potatoes 
have  certainly  shown  them  up  in  their  sorriest 
working  and  results  ;  but  they  will  not  be  mended 
by  enactments  which  under  the  name  of  '  Tenant- 
right  '  would  discourage  every  man  in  his  senses 
from  becoming  or  remaining  an  owner  of  Irish  land. 
It  would  be  a  strange  measure  indeed  that  should 
so  propose  to  improve  the  condition  of  Ireland  at  the 


In  time  we  found  that  we  could  eat  more  of  tiiis  tuber  ; 
we  also  found  that  they  were  liked  by  pigs  and  cattle  ; 
we  began  to  use  them  more  freely.  We  also  discovered 
the  plan  of  taking  them  up  out  of  the  ground  when  ripe, 
and  putting  them  cai'efuUy  away  in  rooms  or  lofts  ;  in 
time  our  crops  increased  so  that  we  could  not  find  room 
in-doors  for  them,  and  we  at  last  pitted  them  out  of  doors ; 
this  may  be  not  moi'e  than  70  years  ago.  This  plan  of 
wintering  the  Potato  was  the  commencement  of  its  ruin  ; 
the  increase  of  crops  by  manm'es  was  so  abundant  that 
no  means  were  left  untried  that  might  still  increase 
them  ;  but  strange  to  say,  we  stiU  left  them  to  grow  in 
large  heaps,  covered  thickly  with  straw  and  mould,  and 
even  thatched  with  a  still  heavier  great-coat,  stopping 
all  perspiration  from  escaping.  The  consequences  of 
such  management  soon  showed  themselves  ;  the  Pota- 
toes heated,  sweated,  and  afterwards  began  to  grow  ; 
so  that  when  the  spring  arrives  they  are  found  all  matted 
together,  their  very  life's-blood  being  extracted  from 
them  ;  they  are  taken  out  and  puUed  to  pieces,  and 
what  nature  has  placed  inside  them  for  their  own  sup- 
port is  extracted  and  pulled  away  from  them  before 
planting  ;  they  are  then  cut  into  eyes,  and  if  the  Potato 
be  a^large  one  we  have  the  inside  left ;  this  is  given  to 
the  pigs,  not  even  allowing  a  fair  proportion  to  the  eye  ; 
we  dust  the  wounded  and  exhausted  parts  over  with 
lime  ;  we  have  our  land  prepared  at  great  expense  and 
much  care,  to  receive  this  already  half-killed  tuber,  or 
part  of  one  ;  it  is  planted,  but  before  it  can  grow  it  must 
fill  its  empty  cells  with  water, the  starch,  gluten, and  other 
matter  having  been  sweated  and  grown  out  of  it.  It 
grows ;  but  how  1  Why  with  a  watery,  Balsam-like 
stem,  that  when  it  is  squeezed  the  water  runs  out 
of  it.  Can  people  wonder,  then,  when  unfavourable 
weather  comes  on,  that  such  a  plant  cannot  stand  it  ? 
When  the  plant  has  grown  for  a  time,  and  produced 
tubers — some  perhaps  nearly  ripe,  while  others  are  in  a 
rjipid  state  of  growth — dull  rainy  weather  prevails  for 
a  week  or  so  ;  after  this  the  sun  breaks  out  in  all  its 
vigour  upon  the  earth  ;  the  plant  is  so  full  of  water  that 
evaporation  and  elaboration  is  stopped,  the  stomates  or 
breathing  spores — small  hairy  vessels  which  admit  the 
gases  and  the  air  to  elaborate  the  sap — get  stopped,  so 
that  the  moisture  which  the  plant  does  not  want  cannot 
evaporate.  This  being  the  case,  the  whole  plant  gets 
confused,  the  poisonous  sap  ferments,  the  circulation 
still  continues,  away  go  the  tubers  that  are  not  ripe, 
those  that  happen  to  be  nearly  ripe  suffer  less,  on 
account  of  the  flow  of  sap  being  finished.  The  Potato, 
like  all  other  plants,  if  mismanaged,  must  suffer  less  or 
more,  and  the  more  especially  if  the  we.ather  is  favour- 
able to  such  diseases.  All  pLants  are  liable  to  mildew, 
according  to  their  kind. 

In  order  to  bring  back  this  much  abused,  but  most 
useful  and  splendid  vegetable  to  its  original  health,  we 
must  consider  the  climate  from  which  it  comes  (and 
like  the  Lisianthus  Russellianus,  which  has  baffled  the 
skill  of  the  best  of  gardeners  to  keep  and  grow,  we  must 
look  into  its  natural  and  native  treatment).  The  Potato, 
then,  being  a  native  of  the  sea-coasts  of  Peru  and  Mexico, 
where  a  large  amount  of  salt  spray  must  be  deposited  at 
all  times,  the  air  much  impregnated  with  saline  gases,  if 
this  is  so,  then  we  ought  to  use  much  salt  and  no  strong 
manures  whatever.  Much  has  been  said  and  written 
about  autumn  -  planting  in  this  country.  If  the 
system  which  I  have  practised  for  the  last  22  years 
cannot  be  followed  out,  then  let  auturan-plantmg  be 
strictly  followed  out,  only  let  the  Potatoes  be  well 
fjreened  until  they  are  quite  dark,  the  skin  then  gets  so 
tough  that  no  insect  can  touch  it     ' 


whole  Potato  since.  I  have  many  hundreds  of  letters 
by  me  thanking  me  for  my  pamphlets,  some  of  them 
from  persons  who  cultivate  many  acres  of  Potatoes.  I 
have  just  had  one  from  a  person  in  Northamptonshire, 
saying  that  he  grew  8  acres,  all  sound,  and  that  he  was 
clearing  22^.  per  acre,  after  all  railway  expenses  were 
paid,  besides  saving  enough  seed  to  plant  12  acres  ^ext 
year,  while  all  those  around  him  were  diseased,  and  the 
same  sort  too  (Regents),  all  carefully  wintered  as  laid 
down  in  ray  pamphlet.  As  this  gentlera.an  must  be  a 
reader  of  the  Qazctle,  perhaps  he  will  be  kind  enough 
to  speak  for  himself,  as  well  as  many  more  who  have 
written  to  me  on  the  subject.  One  thing  we  ought 
never  to  forget, — if  a  thing  can  be  well  done  on  a  small 
scale,  it  can  also  be  done  on  a  large  one  ;  if  not,  do  not 
do  it  at  alt.  James  Cuthill^  Cartibevwell. 


6 

to  10  lb 

.5 

..  1* 

+ 

,.     6 

1^ 

,;  8 

^ 

»    8 

9 

,,   18 

i 

1.     6 

1* 

„     3 

„    s 

CARCASS  WEIGHT  OF  CATTLE. 
{Corttimiedfrom  page  667.) 
The   offals   of  sheep  weigh,  in   ordinary   cases,  as 
follow : — 

SkiD,  wilhout  fleec6>  from  . 

Talloiv 

Head      

Feet       

PlucU     

Stomachs  and  entrails 

Blood     

Loss  by  killing 

Fleece    

Horna     2     ,,    '3 

In  some  instances  the  weight  of  tallow  in  sheep  is  as 
much  as  20  lbs.  or  21  lbs.,  and  the  fleece  of  some  sheep 
will  weigh  as  much  as  10  lbs.  or  12  lbs.  The  total 
weight  of  the  offals  of  sheep  may  be  considered  to  vary 
from  40  lbs.  to  90  lbs. 

From  om*  experiments  on  the  subject,  we  are  led  to 
conclude  th.at  the  effect  of  the  different  circumstances 
which  we  found  to  cause  so  much  variation  in  the  pro- 
portion of  beef  to  the  live  weight  in  oxen  are  less  notable 
in  sheep,  and  we  have  failed  to  discover  any  increase  of' 
accm'acy  of  result  in  any  modification  as  to  breed  in  the 
construction  of  any  table  of  proportions,  by  which  to 
ascertain  the  proportion  of  mutton  to  the  live  weight  in 
sheep.  The  following  table  leads  to  results  as  accurate, 
perhaps,  as  the  subject  will  admit  of  ;  that  is,  a  tolerably 
close  approximation  to  the  truth  in  a  majority  of  cases 
to  which  it  may  be  applied  : — 

Live  weight 

in  lbs. 
280  to  800 


2B0  , 

,  2S0 

s-tn  , 

,  260 

220  , 

,  240 

2(10  , 

,  220 

ISO 

,  2IJI) 

100  , 

,  ISO 

140 

,  160 

120 

,  140 

100 

,  120 

SO 

,  ion 

GO, 

,     BO 

er  cent. 

Of  mutton 

n  wool. 

newly  shorn 

71  to  72 

to  75 

69  „  70 

73  „  74 

67  „  63 

71  „  73 

65  „  CG 

69  „  70 

63  „  61 

67  „  68 

61  „  62 

„  66 

„  60 

»  65 

53  „  53 

„  61 

„  57 

63  „  63 

53  „  56 

GO  ,,  61 

53  „  51 

53  "  59 

60  „  82 

„  57 

In  the  table  above,  the  column  headed  **  in  wool,'* 
applies  only  to  loug-woolled  sheep  ;  when  Southdown 
and  other  short-wooUed  sheep  are  weighed  in  the  fleecCj 
two  to  three  per  cent,  must  be  added  to  the  tabular  pro- 
portion of  their  mutton.  The  column  headed  '^  newly 
shorn"  will  apply  to  all  breeds  of  sheep,  without  mate- 
rial inaecui-acy  in  the  result,  except  to  sucix  as  have  very 
large  heads  and  feet.  As'a  carcass  of  porl;  includes  the 
head,  feet,  skin,  and  the  leaf  or  fat  lining  the  inside,  the 
offals  are  trifling  in  swine,  consisting  of  the  pluck, 
but  the  tubers  must  I  entrails,  mesentery,  blood,  hair,  &c.,  which,  however. 


be  planted  whole  when  the  eyes  begin  to  grow.  They 
then  grow  slowly,  forming  a  woody  stem,  as  they  do  in 
their  native  country.  This  first  woody  formation  never 
leaves  the  stem,  even  to  its  very  top  ;  the  vessels  are 
contracted  and  small  j  they  contain  much  less  water, 
as  is  the  case  in  their  usitive  country  ;  nud  it  is  a  well- 
known  fact,  that  the  Potatoes  on  the  coast  of  Peru 
have  a  dry  resting  season,  there  being  no  rain  whatever 
for  several  weeks.  This  may  be  called  their  winter,  hut 
here,  when  planted,  unprepared  for  tlie  winter's  rain 
and  cold  damp  earth,  it  is  quite  a  different  thing  alto- 
gether. And  then,  again,  what  manures  do  they  get  in 
their  native  state  %  None  but  salt-water  spray  and 
virgin  mould  ;  clearly  showing  that  if  we  want  to  pre- 
serve the  Potato  we  must  take  its  native  situation  as 
om*  guide,  foregoing  all  rich  and  stimulating  manures, 
and  be  contented  with  a  much  sniaUer  crop,  but  with  a 
much  finer  flavour,  and  richer  in  starch.  The  Potato 
is  like  all  other  plants  or  animals,  overgorging  or  over- 
feeding tends  always  to  disease,  and  should  unfavourable 
circiun stances  occur  disease  must  break  out.  We  blame 
everything  but  ourselves  as  having  been  the  cause  of  it; 


present  juncture."     The  tide  has,  happily,  set  in  the    ""^  tl^ijlg  '^^  certain    the  poorer  the  land,  the  more 
nil,o,.  „.  J  -i  i  1.1     I,    1.        ,    woody  the  stem   of  the  Potato,  the  less  luxuriant  m 

othei  way :  and  it  may  not  unreasonably  be  hoped  ■  f^Uage,  and  the  smaller  the  crop.    But  one  Potato  rich 
that  the  time  is  coming  when  an  improved  know-  ]  ;„  ^tSrch  is  worth  three  watery  ones  for  food  ;  in  fact, 
ledge  ot  their  own  practical  interests  may  enable  i  a  Potato  without  starch  is  worthless,  even  for  pigs. 
both  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land  in  Ireland  to  |      I  have  practised  my  system  now  for  22  years  ;  I  fii-st 
adopt  those  arrangements,  whether  of  Lease  or  othe 


I  have  practised  my  system  now  for  22  years 

_       ^  ,  -   -     !  discovered  it,  as  it  were,  by  accident,  wdien  at  Viscount 

wise,_  by  which  in  England  and  in  Scotland  people    Canterbury's,  in  Esse.x.     The  foreman  came  one  wet 


<  ontrive  to  make  their  own  'Tenant-right.'  C.  W.H. 


CUTHILL  ON  THE  POTATO. 

The  Potato  is  a  n.ative  of  the  sea-side  ;  it  is  found  on 

the  coasts  of  Peru  and  Mexico,  New  Zealand,  &c.  &c. 

When  ripe  it  is  Uke  a  ball  of   flour,  rich  in   starch, 

although  small  in  size.     For  a  long  time  after  it  was 


day  and  said  that  the  Pokatoes  in  the  loft  were  sprouting, 
that  they  wanted  picking  over.  A  thought  struck  mc, 
when  I  saw  them,  that  if  they  were  put  into  3-inch  pots 
they  would  come  earlier  than  by  picking  the  sprouts 
then  oft';  it  was  an  early  round  sort.  Some  one  or  two 
thous.ands  were  potted,  and  kept  in  an  empty  vinery 
they  were  planted  under  the  south  walls,  and  they  came 
in  very  early,  beating  those  in  the  frames.     This  was 


introduced  into  this  country  it  was  left  in  the  ground ';  the  commencement  of  my  plan  of  greening  and  winterhi 
summer  and  wmter,  not  being  taken  up  unless  wanted.  1  which  I  have  followed  ever  since  ;  neither  have  I  cut  a 


vary  only  with  the  size  of  the  animal  ;  the  proportion  of 
pork  to  the  same  live  weight  being  always  constant. 
The  proportions,  in  the  following  table,  of  the  carcass  of 
well-fed  hogs,  suitable  for  bacon,  or  for  victualling  ships, 
to  their  live  weights,  will  give  results  sufficiently  accurate 
in  most  cases  to  form  a  fair  estimate  of  the  value  of 


swine  : — 

Live  weight  in  stones 

Per  cent  of 

of  14  Iba.  avoirdupois. 

Pork. 

Above  10      

37  to  83 

From  33  to  10     ... 

31—86 

80  —  35      

83 —St 

25  —  30      

...    81-32 

20  —  25      

80 

15  —  20      

73—79 

Under  15     

75—77 

Having  discussed  the  mode  of  ascertaining  the  carcass 
weight  of  oxen,  sheep,  and  swine,  from  their  live  weight, 
at  sufficient  length,  perhaps,  to  convey  a  clear  compre- 
hension of  the  subject,  we  now  proceed  to  explain  the 
mode  of  attaining  the  same  object  from  dimensions. 
The  latter-mentioned  mode,  however,  can  only  be  advan- 
tageously applied  to  oxen  ;  as,  from  the  nature  of  their 
covering,  it  is  only  when  sheep  are  recently  shorn  that 
dimensions  for  ascertaining  then'  carcass  weight  can  be 
taken  with  accuracy  ;  and  in  so  small  an  animal  any 
inaccuracy  in  the  dimensions  would,  in  the  result  of 
their  computation,  be  much  too  great  a  proportional 
discrepancy  to  the  true  carcass  weight  to  be  of  practical 
utility  ;  and  the  difference  between  the  live  and  carcass 
weights  of  swine  being  comparatively  trifling,  and  their 
measm-ement  being,  moreover,  a  matter  of  some  diffi. 
culty,  the  carcass  weight  of  that  description  of  stock  is, 
perhaps,  most  readily,  and  also  more  accurately,  ascer- 
tained from  the  live  weight ;  the  remarks  about  to 
follow,  will  therefore  apply  exclusively  to  oxen. 

In  ascertaining  the  carcass  weight  of  oxen  from 
dimensions,  the  body  of  the  .animal  is  supposed  to  be  a 
cylinder,  of  which  the  girth  and  length  of  the  back  of 
the  animal  are  the  circumference  and  length  respectively; 
and,  having  found  the  solid  contents  of  the  same,  to 
assign  the  weight  in  pounds,  stones,  or  other  deuomina- 


43—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


683 


tion  of  weight,  for  eacli  solid  inch  or  foot  such  cyhnder 
may  contain,  as  experience  in  the  matter  may  have 
shown  to  be  proper  for  the  purpose. 

The  circumstances  of  shape,  condition,  sex  and  age, 
which  we  have  pre^usly  noticed,  as  rendering  a  modi- 
fication of  formula  necessary  in  deducing  tlie  carcass 
weight  from  the  weight  aUve,  operate  quite  as  power- 
fully in  occasioning  the  necessity  of  modification  of  tlie 
principle  stated  above,  ascertaining  the  carcass  weight 
from  dimensions  ;  and  the  necessity  of  the  modification 
as  to  the  shape  which  chai'acterises  tlie  different  breeds, 
although  not  greater,  is  more  apparent  in  the  latter- 
mentioned  mode  than  in  the  former.  If  we  compare  the 
conformation  of  the  short-horn  with  that  of  the  kyloe, 
we  find  the  wide  shoulder  and  chest,  arched  ribs,  broad 
lorn,  and  long  and  square  quarter  in  the  former  ;  whilst 
a  thin  shoulder,  a  narrow  but  deep  chest,  flatter  ribs, 
smaller  and  lighter  quarters,  characterise  the  shape  of  the 
latter.  The  section,  at  the  girthing-place  of  the  short-horn, 
approaches  a  true  circle  ;  whilst  in  the  kyloe,  the  section 
at  the  same  part  is  an  ellipsis,  with  a  considerable  dif- 
ference between  the  transverse  and  coujugate  diameters  ; 
besides,  the  bulk  of  the  hind-quarters  in  the  short-horn  is 
much  greater  than  those  of  the  kyloe.  In  these  points 
we- find  a  gradation  in  the  different  classes  into  which 
we  have  divided  the  various  breeds  of  British  oxen, 
with  a  view  to  a  modification  to  meet  difference  of  shape 
when  treating  of  ascertaining  the  carcass  weight  from 
the  weight  alive  ;  and  we  adopt  the  same  classification 
in  [treating  of  attaining  the  same  object  fi'om 
measurement. 

The  dimensions  to  be  taken  are  the  length  of  the  back 
of  the  animal,  and  its  girth  at  the  fore-ribs.  The  length 
should  be  taken  from  the  junction  of  the  cervical  and 
dorsal  processes  ;  which  point  can  easily  be  discovered 
when  the  head  of  the  animal  is  gently  raised,  so  that 
the  poll  may  be  just  level  with  the  shoulder,  in  a  sUght 
hollow  immediately  in  front  of  the  withers  in  most 
beasts  ;  and  in  bulls  and  other  cattle,  in  extraordinary 
condition,  the  exact  point  will  be  shown  by  a  slight 
plaiting' of  the  hide  on  the  upper  part  of  the  neck  ;  the 
line  should  then  be  carried  backward  to  that  point  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  tail,  from  whence  a  plumb-line 
v,i.]l  just  include  the  whole  of  the  beef  of  the  buttock. 
The  girth  should  be  taken  squarely  round  the  body, 
immediately  behind  the  elbow  of  the  fore  leg.  Both 
dimensions  must  be  taken  in  feet  and  inches,  with  the 
most  careful  accuracy,  when  the  beast  is  standing  per- 
fectly at  its  ease.  The  best  position  in  which  to  take  the 
dimensions  of  cattle,  for  ascertaining  their  carcass  weight, 
is  that  which  the  animal  falls  into  on  becoming  volun- 
tarily at  rest  after  walking  gently  a  few  paces.  In  taking 
the  girth,  the  line  should  be  drawn  as  tightly  as  it  can 
be  done  without  producing  any  creasing  or  nipping  in  of 
the  hide. 

TIte  computation  of  the  dimensions. — In  the  first  place, 
to  find  the  solid  content  of  a  cylinder,  of  which  the 
girth  and  length  of  the  animal  are  respectively  the 
circumference  and  length,  as  noticed  above,  the  rule 
for  which  is — to  multiply  the  square  of  the  cu'cum- 
ference  and  girth  by  the  decimal  '07958,  which  is  the 
area  'of  the  circle  whose  circumference  is  unity,  and 
such  product  again  by  the  length.  Having  thus  found 
the  sohdity  of  the  cyUnder,  the  next  step  to  ascertain 
the  carcass  weight,  is  to  multiply  such  by  some  number 
representing  the  weight  in  stones  of  each  cubic  foot 
contained  in  such  assumed  cylinder.  This  weight  we 
have  found,  from  numerous  experiments,  to  vary  from 
about  two  and  a  half  to  fom'  imperial  stones  per  cubic 
foot  ;  and  by  tlie  use  of  which,  the  rule  will  become  the 
square  of  the  girth  in  feet  and  inches,  multiplied  by  the 
length  in  feet  and  inches,  and  that  product  again  by  -2 
(very  nearly  the  product;  of  -O/GofJ  multiplied  by  2.^), 
or  by  -32  (very  nearly  the  product  of  '07058  raultiphed 
by  4),  for  the  weight  of  carcass  in  imperial  stones  in 
the  extreme  instances  of  our  experiments.  Now,  to 
meet  the  gradation  in  the  extent  of  the  sevex'al  circum- 
stances which  occasion  discrepancy  of  carcass  weight  of 
animals  of  e^^ual  dimensions,  the  following  table  of 
multiphers  Iiaa  been  constructed  from  elements  obtained 
in  our  experiments  on,the  subject ;  and  the  classification 
08  to  breed  wliich  we  have  adopted  therein,  is  the  same 
as  that  uwd  in  a^ertaining  the  carcass  weight  of  oxen 
from  their  weight  alive. 

Tftbla  0/  maltlpllcrs  of  ihe  product  of  the  square  of  the  (j'rth 
maltlblie<J  by  ttu-  l^nijtli,  to  aaccrtain  the  ciircaas  woii,'bt  ot 
oxen  In  iTi^xjrial  stonea — the  dimcoaioos  btlog  taken  iu  foot 
and  incbes, 

For  BuJUockt  and  Heifers. 
Condition  ol  Beut.  Deotmal  MuinpHers. 

CUm  1.    CIm«  2,    Class  3. 

'IZ 

.         ...    .'H 
.        J    .25 

2*;2 

, 270 

For  BufU. 

:/fl2 

27fi 

289 

32 


being  reduced  to  their  ecjuivalent  decimal  previous  to 
using  the  decimal  multiplier  in  the  table  :  or  the  inches 
over  feet  in  the  dimensions  may,  in  the  first  instance,  be 
reduced  to  the  decimal  of  a  foot,  and  the  whole  operation 
then  performed  by  multiplication  of  decimals.'-' 

The  result  of  either  of  the  methods  for  ascertaining 
the  carcass  weight  of  stock  is  in  imperial  stones  of  1 4  lbs. 
avoirdupois.  /.  Ewing,  in  Blackie's  Cydopcedia  of 
AijrlcuUiire.         ' ;  ■ 


Half  fat 

Mo'lerately  fat,,, 
Prlmo  f»t 
Very  fat 
Ex'-ruordloarll/fAt 


Modor^t'Iy  f.i»  .. 
Ordinarily  f.ii  ,,, 
Very  fat 
Extraordinarily  fat 


.220 

.22 

.21 

.23 

.nr, 

.n 

.M 

.U 

.27 

.25 

.25 

.21 

Mi 

.29 

.275 

.2li2 

.2«i8 

.270 

PAUPERISM. 

{Continued  frompage  651.) 

[EnBATUM. — In  our  last  article  on  this  subject,  in   the  8th 

line  from  the  top  of  column  c.  for  "religion."  read  "children." 

Two  lines  lower  down,  "English  poor"  should  be  "English 

poor  law."] 

The  training  and  education  of  cliildren  in  tile  Ii'isli 
poor-liouses,  the  orderly  liabits,  cleanliness,  morality, 
and  religion  which  may  be  there  imparted,  are  not  to 
be  expected  in  the  cabins  of  an  ignorant  and  degraded 
population.  It  is  very  important,  to  have  at  least  a 
large  garden  connected  with  every  workhouse  for  the 
exercise  and  healthful  labours  of  the  children  more 
especially.  To  the  Wexford  f  and  Enniscorthy  Unioii 
workhouses,  contiguous  to  each  other,  there  are  small 
farms  attached,  which  are  cultivated  by  boys  in  a  great 
measure  ;  the  value  of  the  productions  on  the  Ennis- 
corthy Union  farm,  consisting  of  10  acres,  has  been 
estimated  by  the  master  at  S9l.  for  the  last  year  ;  both 
the  health  and  the  conduct  of  the  juvenile  paupers  has 
been  improved  by  their  field  and  garden  laboiu's.  The 
usefulness  of  a  farm  for  the  pauper  labour  of  workhouse 
inmates  is  very  questionable  in  England  on  grounds  such 
as  these:  1,  many  farmers  would  discharge  their 
labourers  whenever  they  could  spare  them,  in  the 
certainty  of  getting  them  back  when  they  wanted  them  ; 
2,  the  labourers  would  then  in  many  instances  have  to 
walk^to  and  from  the  union  farm,  a  distance  equivalent  to 
half  a  day's  work  j  3,  the  inteiTuption  of  the  necessary 
workhouse  discipline  by  the;  introduction  of  farm 
labourers  unused  to  such  restraint,  and  the  embarrass- 
ments which  might  arise  on  the  union  fai'm  when  the 
fai'mers  would  require  the  labourers  ;  4,  the  expense  of 
maintaining  an  agricultural  staff. 

But  granting  that  such  reasons  have  much  force  in 
England,  where  the  supply  of  labour  is  usually  adjusted 
to  the  constant  demands  by  the  neighbom-ing  farmers, 
the  very  different  condition  of  a  large  portion  of  culti- 
vable but  neglected  land  in  Ireland  (as  also  in  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland)  seems  to  invite  the  application  of 
pauper  labour  as  a  remimerating  investment.  Even  if 
higher  and  more  pressing  considerations  were  to  have 
no  influence,  to  keep  able-bodied  men  out  of  tlie  work- 
house is  in  itself  a  great  point  to  be  gained  ;  and  if 
employment  could  be  provided  for  them  on  union  or 
parochial  farms,  iu  a  manner  which  would  not  interfere 
with  the  requirements  of  the  more  legitimate  employers, 
and  at  wages  a  degree  lower  than  the  ordinary  local 
scales,  the  maintenance  of  such°labourersJ  on  the  culti- 
vation of  waste  but  reclaimable  land,  would  be  desirable. 
The  paupers  who  might  otherwise  have  to  walk  some 
miles  daily  to  the  scene  of  their  labours  should,  in  our 
proposed  case,  be  provided  with  sleeping-rooms  and 
accommodation  for  cooking  their  food  (at  such  reason- 
able charge  as  would  repay  the  costs  of  the  necessary 
buildings,  by  gradual  reduction  of  the  debt  incvu'red 
by  erecting  them),  ^and  thus  be  enabled  to  take  home  at 
the  end  of  the  week  the  surplus  earnings  of  it. 

And  in  order  to  stimulate  industry  and  obviate  losses 
from  broken  days,  through  bad ,  weather  'or  any  contin- 
gencies, piece-work  should  be  the  rule  of  the  systeni  : 
so  that  every  advantage  of  time  audgseason  might  be 
taken. 

It  seems  idle  to  complain  now  of  a  superfluity  of 
workmen  in  Ireland,  where  the  population  has  been  so 
thinned  ;  but  if  individual  enterprise  should  not  absorb 
the  present  scanty  number  of  labom'ers  (and  even 
require  the  overflowings,  butuotofl'scourings,  of  English 
labour),  for  the  large  area  of  land  iu  want  of  culture, 
we  should  Hke  to  see  engrafted  on  the  present  poor-law 
a  clause  remedial  of  pauperism  in  the  .manner  just 
suggested  j  the  imposition  of  A  trifling  rate-in-aid  to 
accomplish  such  an  object,  both  in  Ireland  and  in 
Scotland,  where  an  analagous  necessity  exists  in  many 
districts,  could  not  be  reasonably  opposed  by  those  on 
whom  it  might  fall. 

As  a  means  of  assisting  the  unemployed  poor,  labour- 
rates  were  resorted  to,  which  are  still  in  course  of 
liquidation,  and  liave  usually  varied  in  their  proportions 
to  poor-rates  from  2}^d,  to  id.  in  the  pound,  and  in  some 
localities  where  distress  prevailed  to  much  extent,  to  a 
greater  degree.  Tho  object  was  good  in  principle,  but 
the  recipients  of  tho  relief  atfordod  fron»  this  source 


was  not  considerable.  The  most  idle  aud  lazy  description 
of  labourers  usually  appUed  for  the  work,  and  did  as 
little  as  possible  for  the  money  they  received.  In  some 
instances,  no  doubt,  their  bodily  debility  from  insuf- 
ficiency of  food  prevented  exertion,  and  the  money  for 
which  they  gave  their  time,  if  not  actual  labour,  was  but 
a  small  part  of  what  was  raised,  a  staff  of  overseerff^ 
sm'veyors,  secretaries,  inspectors,  treasm'ers,  &c., 
having  the  principal  share.-  Generally  speaking,  the 
works  executed  were  not  of  a  useful  description,  and  in 
many  instances  they  were  left  in  an  unfinished  state^ 
and  were  to  be  completed  by  county  presentments. 
The  owners  of  lands  on  which  draining  (often  imperfect) 
or  other  works  were  carried  on,  had  no  control  what- 
soever as  to  the  mode  of  accomplishing  them,  and  few, 
except  the  Government  officials  employed,  derived  sub- 
stantial advantage  from  them. 

The  paupers,  nominally  set  to  work  in  Ireland,  might, 
in  many  instances,  have  been  paid,  like  the  labourers  of 
Hampton  Tegle  in  England,  their  daily  wages  for  stand- 
ing in  the  parish  pound  like  cattle,  or  a  certain  sum 
per  day  for  killing  sparrows.  * 

In  the  latter  instance  5il.  odd  had  been  charged  to 
the  poor-rates  in  one  parish  under  this  head  in  tlu'ee 
years,  at  the  rate  of  Sd.  per  day.  If  the  overseers  had 
made  -an  honest  return  there  must  have  been  52,600. 
sparrows  killed,  which,  allowing  12  spai-rows  to  weigh 
1  lb.,  would  have  made  tlie  weight  4838  lbs.,  or  three 
good  horse  loiids,  and  the  meat  of  these  birds  would 
have  served  65  paupers  for  12  month?,  allowing  each 
pauper  half  a  lb.  of  sparrows  per  day,  for  three  days 
each  week  !  The  economical  overseer,  it  is  to  ba 
presumed,  had  all  the  feathers,  and  a  little  more  picking 
besides,  for  himself.  ^  ^  ' 

In  conclusion,  on  the  general  subject  of  pauperisms 
and  its  remedies,  as  it  .affects  the  United  Kingdom,  we 
wonld  invite  attention  to  the  English  allotrnent  system, 
which  has  proved  eminently  beneficial  in  England,  and 
is  making  great  progress  in  Ireltmd.  No  philanthropic 
society  has  effected  more  substantial  benefit  for  the 
poor — the  rur.al  poor  especially — than  the  London 
Labom-ers'  Friend  Society,  formed  many  years  ago  for 
the  pm-pose  of  stimulating  the  land  proprietary  and 
parochial  authorities,  to  let  out  to  the  poor  as  ranch  land 
as  each  applicant  may  have  means  to  cultivate,  without 
infringement  on  his  hours  of  ordinary  work.  The  gentry 
of  England  have  nobly  done  their  duty  in  promoting 
a  humane  work,  in  wdiich  many  individuals  have 
honorably  distinguished  themselves.  Almost  evel'y 
village  has  how  its  aUotment  giirdens  ;  and  the  reduction 
of  poor-rates  and  diminution  of  pauperism  have  been 
among  the  good  results  of  the  system  in  many  parishes. 
But  it  is  imperfect  in  its  operation  where  too  high  a 
value  is  set  on  the  land,  which  ought  to  be  let  to  the 
ndustrious  and  honest  poor  at  the  rate  charged  to 
solvent  farmers  in  the  vicinity.  It  should  be  remem- 
bered that  the  patch  of  ground  is  the  raw  material  from 
which  the  labour-  extracts  an  amount  of  food,  by  what 
may  be  termed  his  waste  labom',  which,  if  p.aid  for  in 
money,  would  be  a  serious  item  in  his  year's  expen- 
diture, and  that  it  is  of  vital  consequence  to  him  ta 
have  this  raw  material  for  his  labom-  supplied  to  him  at 
the  lowest  rate.  The  benevolence  which  charges  hinj 
the  maximum  instead  of  the  minimum  price  for  such  a 
necessary  is  very  'questionable.  Landlords  and  other 
classes  of  persons  who  can  provide  land  for  the  poor, 
according  to  the  principles  .and  rides  of  the  Labourers' 
Priend  Society,  cannot  more  effectively  relieve  existing  ^ 
and  obviate  the  pressm-e  of  future  pauperism  iu  their 
localities  among  labourers'  families  able  to  work,  than 
by  carrying  out  to  its  full  extent  the  .allotment  system. 
'W'herever  enclosures  are  made  of  commons,  the  local 
poor  h.ave  an  equitable  claim  to  their  share  for  gardens; 
and  from  this  source,  too,  under  wise  aud  generous 
.arrangements,  very  considerable  relief  might  be  afforded 
throughout  England  to  the  poor  adjoinmg  such  enclo-  ' 
sures.  M.  D. 


/V  CatiU  nol  iii^.wMti  In  Vie  Cluii'JhaWtn  referred  'to  in  tlie 
/orenoing  Ta'Ae. 
l;utcb  Cftltif  re'jui''c  thu  samn  inultlirllers  q»  Ihoflo  In  ClaiA  2. 
Ilul»t«la  builovkf,  rott«rieU  af'.or  baring  bcAU  worliod  in 

draught      22 

ShelUuJ  bul'ofkl  and  b^lfcri,  prime  fat 2 

It  frequently  liappcna  that  cross  bred  aniranli),  got  by 
Bhort-horn  bullit  powKiw,  in  an  eminent  dugreu,  the 
superior  projiortieM  of  their  aire,  in  which  case  tlio 
miiJti|iliiTi>  a|ipliciibl«  Ui  tiiem  arc  those  in  tho  column 
o(cliu«  I. 

Tills  firiit  operationo  of  tho  rorcgoing  rulo  may  be  ner- 
formed  by  duodccimalii,  tlic  duodocimalu  ia  tho  product 


*  In  order  to  render  the  rorcgoing  rulo  the  more  readily  com. 
prehended,  we  kIvo  an  cxamplo  from  Its  actual  apiilientioii. 
A  Abort-born  heifer,  three  jeiirn  and  nine  montliB  old,  bred  and 
fed  by  the  lato  Uuke  of  Northumberland  ;  ber  dinienHluns  juitt 
previous)  to  her  being  Idlled  at  ClirltttniiiH,  lytl,  were  fi  leet 
8  Inches  in  length,  and  U  feet  In  girth.  The  Metiial  wel){Iit  of 
her  carcans  was  12(1  stones  7  lbs.  The  computation  of  tho 
dlmcnnlom*,  according  to  tlio  foregoing  rulo.  Is  at  follows  : — 
The  flfiilaro  of  tho  girth,  1)  feet,  bi  HI  ;  tho  product  of  wbicll, 
multiplied  by  the  length.  5  feat  H  inclien,  or  6-0',  Is  lOM-O.'*':  and 
the  product  of  which,  multiplied  by  '275,  tlio  tabular  inuUtpller 
re'juired  In  the  caso,  Is  1211'21-',  tUc,  or  120^  stuiies,  nearly,  the 
carcass  wel^bt  by  computalloii. 

t  111  the  Wexfuf'l  one,  a  iniiKl.  with  standing  rigging  ban  boon 
put  up.  and  an  old  su'tman  lusirurts  tho  btiys  in  splielttg  tlcc. 
The  exerelso  of  going  aloft  ban  been  found  coiidueivu  to  buiillh, 
and  the  boys  who  have  been  apiii'untlced  to  sliijiowners  have 
found  the  advantage  of  such  training,  and  have  turned  out  vtry 
well.     Indiistrliil  works  by  both  sexes  are  taught  and  practised. 

X  There  are  now  about  2^,(1(10  ablcbodlud  mou  and  (lUUU  Ijoys 
obovo  the  aifo  of  15,  Iu  tho  Irlsb  workhouses. 


QUANTITY  OF  MANURE  MADE  ON  A  FARM, 
Tnis  depends  on.  the  rotation  pm'sued,  the  mode  of 
consuming  the  green  crops  aud  straw,  the  circumstances 
under  which  this  consumption  takes  place,  and  the 
management  of  the  excromentitious  matter  px'oduced. 
We  scarcely  require  any  chemistry  to  teach  us  ^that 
tho  quality  of  dung  voided  by  any  tlescription  of  fatten- 
ing  stock  or  milch  cows,  is  the  difference  between  the 
food  consumed  and  that  portion  of  it  rotaiued  in  their 
bodies  as  flesh,  fat,  &c.,  or  withdrawn  in  the  milk,  per- 
spiratioii,  respiration  ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  dung  ia 
tho  food,  rainua  tho  flesh,  fat,  millt,  and  insensible  waste 
through  tho  lungs  and  skin.  Tho  dung  is,  therefore, 
inferior  to  the  food  in  a  fertilising  point  of  view,  just  in 
proportion  to  tho  substances  extracted  from  tho  latter  by 
animals.  A  4-year-olil  ox  extracts  from  tho  fund  given 
him  only  thnao  substances  wNlch  serve  to  increase  the 
bulk  of  the  Bol't  parts  of  Ilia  body,  aud  to  support  the 
vital  portions  of  life  ;  while  a  younger  animal  not  only 
ilocs  both  of  tlicao,  but  also  extracts  what  ia  reipiired  for 
dcvulopiiig  tho  hard  and  bony  pnrta  ;  heiico  the  dung  of 
ft  mature  animal  is  more  valuable  tlmn  a  growing  one, 
just  in  proportion  to  tho  amount  of  matter  which  tho 
latter  pcrmaucntly  retains  to  build  up  the  Ijouy  and 
muaculitr  structure  of  hia  liody.  Tho  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  nuinuro  miido  upon  a  farm  tlcpends,  there- 
fore, on  Iho  iluacription  of  stock  kept  on  it  ;  and  as  the 
number  of  animals  to  bo  fed  ia  govornod  by  the  qimutity 
of  food  raised,  wo  aro  brought  to  tho  consideration  of 

*  Hoe  llrst  annual  Itoport  oi'  tho  Poor.law  Oommlesiouors  for 
moglandaud  Wales,  pp,  181  to  IBl, 


684 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Oct.  23, 


the  first  proposition  of  this  section,  that  the  quantity  of 
manure  made  on  a  farm  depends  on  the  rotation  pursued. 

There  are  three  marked  systems  of  cultivation  which 
have  established  themselves  in  this  country,  namely,  the 
4-course  or  Norfolk  system,  the  5-course  or  Northum- 
berland system,  and  the  6-course,  or  East  Lothian  system. 

By  the  first,  or  Norfolk  system  we  have  on  a  farm 
(say  for  conveniency  of  calculation)  of  1 20  acres,  30  acres 
of  Wheat,  30  acres  of  Turnips,  30  acres  of  Barley,  and 
30  acres  of  Clover  and  Rye-grass:  assuming  a  fixed 
amount  of  bushels  of  grain  for  the  different  rotations, 
and  calculating  from  a  great  number  of  data,  the  quantity 
of  straw  yielded  "per  bushel  on  well-cultivated  land,  and 
also  the  quantity  of  green-crops  grown,  we  shall  be  able 
to  ari'ive  at  an  approximation  as  to  the  whole  manure 
actually  produced  and  made  on  a  farm  under  the  different 
systems  specified. 

The  average  yield  of  Wheat  upon  well-cultivated 
farms  is,  according  to  an  average  taken  from  a  great 
number  of  published  experiments,  where  no  artificial 
manure  had  been  applied,  30  bushels  yielding  a  fraction 
more  than  100  lbs.  of  straw  to  every  bushel  of  grain. 
Of  Oats,  the  yield  may  be  taken  at  48  bushels,  each 
bushel  yielding  78  lbs.  of  straw.  Of  Barley,  the  yield 
was  a  little  more  than  41  bushels,  or  say  40  bushels, 
and  70  lbs  of  straw  to  the  bushel.  Swedes  17^  tons ; 
yellow  20  tons ;  and  white  22^  tons.  Of  Beans,  the 
yield  and  proportion  of  sti'aw  to  grain  are  more  variable, 
and  having  few  pubhshed  data  to  go  by,  we  assume  the 
yield  as  28  bushels  and  30  cwt.  of  straw.  Upon  a  farm 
of  120  acres,  cultivated  upon  the  4-course  system,  there 
will  be  of  straw  and  Turnips  as  follow  : — 

ton?,  cwt.  qrs.  tons.  cTrt.  q.r9 
36  acreBofWheat,27cwt.ofBtraw, 

per  acre  40    10      0 

30  acres  of  Barley,  25cwt.of8traw, 

per  acre  37    10      0 

7i  acres  of  Hay,  30  cwt,  of  straw, 

per  acre  „ 11      5      0 


lODS.  cwt.  qrs.  tons,  cwt.  qrs. 

48  acres  of  Wheaf,  Oata,  and  Bar- 
ley, in  equal  proportions,  at  27§ 
cwt.  of  straw  per  acre CO       8      0 

7i  acres  of  hay,  30  cwt.  per  acre    ...    115      0 


Dry  food 

3    acrea    of   Grass,    consumed    by 

hordes,  120  cwt 38 

374  acres  of  Grass  fed  off. 

li  acres  of  Turnips  consumed  by 

cattle  in  boxes     230 


77      13 


Dry  food  and  litter 

74  acres  of  Grass  coneumed  120 
cwt 45 

15  acres   of  Turnips,  indoors,  20 

tons         300 

1-5  acrea  fed  off. 

15  acres  Grass  fed  off. 

120 

15  acres  of  aftermath  consumed, 

green,  GO  cwt 45 


89 


Total  year's  food    ... 


£90 


479      5        0 
Supposing  the  stock,  indoors,  to  consist  of  4  horses  to 
work  the  farm,  and  bullocks,  box-fed,  the  distribution  of 
the  food  and  Utter  would  be  as  follows  : — 

tons.  cwt.  qrs,  tons.  cwt.  qrs. 
4  work  horses  will  consume  of  hay, 

as  fodder,  in  8  months,  or  243 

days,  1.^  stone  each,  per  day     ...       9      2       1 
Straw  as  litter  during  that  period, 

1  stone  per  day 6       0       2 

Green'^  food  for  122  days  in  summer, 

6  stones  each  per  day 13      6       0 

Straw  as  litter  duriag  that  perioci, 

1  stone  each  per  day     3     10 


36 


16  full-sized  cattle  will  consume  and 
fatten  upon  200  lbs.  of  Turnips 
each,  per  day,  for  210  days      ...  300      0 

Litter  and  fodder,  for  same  period, 

3  atones  each  per  day 63      0 

8  bullocks  will  consume,  of  cut 
Grass,  in  four  months,  168  lbs. 
per  day      71    14 

Litter  for  same  period,  19  lbs.  each 

per  day      8      1 


Five^course  Farmt  120  acres. — This  rotation  is  very 
various  as  regards  the  distribution  and  sequence  of  the 
crops.  In  Norfolk  it  is  1st,  Grass,  mown  once  ;i'  2d, 
Grass,  pastured  ;  3d,  Wheat ;  4tb,  Tui-nips  ;  and  5th, 
Barley. 

In  Scotland  it  is  1st,  Grass,  part  mown  for  hay,  and 
part  pastured  ;  2d,  Grass,  pastured  ;  3d,  Oats  ;  4th, 
Tm'nips  ;  and  5th,  Barley  and  Wheat ;  and,  in  some 
districts,  the  corn  crops  consist  solely  of  Oats  and 
Barley.  So  far  as  the  manure-producing  elements  of 
the  inquiry  are  concerned,  it  is  immaterial  which  system 
be  selected  for  comparison,  as  the  gross  produce  of 
straw  will  not  vary  more  than  a  few  tons  over  the  whole 
corn  crop.  The  following  may  be  taken  as  a  fair 
average  of  this  rotation  :— 


Winter  food  o/four  fforses— 

Hay,  243  dajp,  lA  atone  each    ...       9 
Straw  Jitter  for  same  period,  1 

stone  each  day. .         6 

Summer  food— 

Cut  Grass  for  122  days,  G  stones 

each  per  day 18 

Straw  litter  for  same  period,  1 
stone  each  per  day     3 

15  cattle,  consuming  as'  at  the  rate 
of  200  lbs.  each,  will  finish  in 
209  days     230 

Fodder  and  litter  for  same  period    58 


n 


(To  he  c(mtinucd.) 


*  The  horses  are  supposed  to  eat  12  lbs,  of  Oats  each,  per 
day,  in  winter,  and  8  lbs.  each,  per  day,  in  summer.  If  cake, 
or  corn  be  allowed  to  Ihe  cattle,  then  fewer  Turnips  will  be 
consumed,  or  more  cattle  may  be  fed ;  the  number,  however, 
T^ill  be  limited  by  the  quantity  of  fodder  and  litter  which  the 
farm  produces.  The  above  case,  and  those  cases  which  follow, 
are  arrarged  purposely  to  show  the  unaided  manure-producinK 
powers  of  different  liinds  of  rotatioos  ;  hence  we  have  omitted 
all  menticn  of  hay  or  straw  coneumed  by  bheep  folded  on 
Turnips.  Full-grown  cattle  will  fatten  in  6  months,  consuming 
Turnips,  straw,  and  hay  as  above  stated  ;  and,  in  the  com- 
P^'"^Bon  of  the  different  rotations,  all  mention  of  extra  or  pur- 
chased food  is  purposely  avoided,  in  order  not  to  complicate 
the  mvestjgation. 

t  In  the  five-course  system  the  af(er-matb  of  Clover-hay  is 
never  cut,  as  a  second  mowing  would  greatly  injure  the  Grass 
lor  the  tucceedirg  yt  ar.  It  is,  therefore,  depustured,  and  hence 
the  reason  wbj  no  mention  is  made  of  second  cutting  on  the 
above  calculations.  It  will  be  obtious  also,  to  the  practical 
farmer,  that  where  there  is  no  second  cutting,  there  cannot  be 
a  supply  of  cut  Grass  for  the  horeea  for  4  months.  In  practice, 
Vetches  would  require  to  come  in  to  supplement  the  first 
cutting  of  Grass;  but,  for  the  sake  of  uniformity  in  comparison, 
the  horses  are  supposed  to  have  Grass  during  the  4  summer 
months. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Mr.lBuxtdble's  Pig  Seo'et. — A  very  slight  acquaint- 
ance with  what  took  place  at  more  than  one  of  the 
Sutton  Waldron  agricultural  meetings,  so  fully  reported 
at  the  time  in  the  Agricultural  Gazette  and  other  papers, 
would  have  taught  your  correspondent  "  A.  B."  that 
Mr,  Huxtable's  "  pig  secret "  did  not  consist  in  giving 
his  pigs  tallow  greaves,  but  hogs'  lard,  a  practice  fully 
di^Tilged  and  explained  by  Mr.  Huxtable  himself  in  his 
speeches.  It  is  true  he  said  on  one  occasion,  if  I  re- 
member right,  that  since  his  secret  had  been  made 
kno\vn,  lard  had  become  so  dear,  that  he  had  been 
obliged  to  purchase  greaves  instead.  Greaves  ai'e  no 
doubt  good,  but  lard  is  best.  The  "  sarcasms,"  by  the 
way,  arose  from  the  idea  of  pigs  eating  themselves.  S.  E. 

Thin  Scediiig It  is  far  from  our  pm'pose  to  attempt 

to  controvert  our  esteemed  friend,  the  Rev.  G.  Wilkins, 
but  to  concur  in  all  he  affirms  respecting  thin  seeding ; 
our  principles  in  this  particular  are  so  coincident  that 
they  cannot  clash.  On  the  cause  of  Potato  disease, 
however,  we  entirely  differ.  Severe  indisposition  has 
prevented  om*  not  before  explaining  our  system  of 
growing  Wheat  and  Barley  differently  from  Mr. 
Wilkins  ;  and  as  our  plans  and  particulars  are  now 
waiting  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society 
of  England's  opinion,  at  their  meeting  early  in  Novem- 
ber, we  cannot  fairly  now  only  advert  to  it.  As  the 
time  is  advancing  for  sowing,  suffice  to  say,  that  two 
methods  have  been  adopted  by  us— one  is  transplanting 
Wheat  6  inches  apai't,  at  about  3  quarts  of  seed  to  the 
acre,  which,  in  consequence  of  its  being  planted  too 
thick,  has  produced  only  H  peck  to  the  rod,  or  7  quar- 
ters 4  bushels  to  the  acre ;  the  other  method  is  sowing 
or  transplanting  either  Wheat  or  Barley  on  half-rod 
stetches,  1  foot  square,  in  double  rows  on  each  side,  at 
something  less  than  2  quarts  per  acre  of  Wheat,  allow- 
ing 5  feet  distances  in  the  middle  for  the  culture  of 
Early  Dwarf  Potatoes  or  Early  Dwai'f  Peas,  to  come 
off,  or  to  be  cut  off  by  the  end  of  Jime  ;  thus  insuring 
a  sound  crop  of  Potatoes,  and  corn,  3.^  quai-ters  per 
acre.  This  plan  has  answered  admirably  with  us  ;  and 
if  put  in  practice  is  calculated  to  spare  the  sad  loss  of 
ground  now  sacrificed  for  the  growth  of  ample  supplies 
of  the  king  of  vegetables,  and  early  Peas.  Mr.  Allen, 
of  Totnes,  and  his  farming  friends,  may  be  assured  that 
they  are  yet  in  the  shade,  and  that  the  capabilities  of 
single  grains  of  corn  are  wonderful,  if  due  space  is 
allowed,  perhaps  beyond  their  conception.  For  instance, 
we  have  forwarded  to  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  a 
stub  of  Barley,  which  was  promiscuously  transplanted 
amongst  our  Wheat,  containing  80  straws  or  ears,  and 
produced  upwards  of  2000-fold  ;  thus  if  ^the  principle 
of  thick  seeding  held  good  (say  at  2  bushels  per  acre), 
it  would  by  calculation  amount  to  the  incredible  pro- 
duce of  4000  bushels,  or  500  quarters  per  acre! 
Another  con  tern  poraa-y,  Mr.  F.  Lance,  asserts,  in  the 
Cheshire  Gazette,  that  he  has  lately  exhibited  at  the 
Polytechnic  Institution,  Regent- street,  a  stub  of  Wheat 
containing  f)0  ears,  at  upwards  of  50  grains  in  each  ear. 
A  hraham  Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon,  Essex. 

Br.  Neuiiu/ton's  Dibble. — I  am  greatly  indebted  for 
the  information  given  by  "N.,"  at  page  652,  as  to  the 
cost  of  dibbling  an  acre  of  Wheat  with  Dr.  Newington's 
implement ;  whereat  he  also  states  the  distances  at 
which  the  seed  should  be  dibbled.  He  requests  that  I 
will  state  how  much  land  I  can  stir  with  Dr.  Newing- 
ton's hand-hoe.  I  regret  not  being  able  to  give  fail* 
experience  of  it,  owing  to  the  dislike  1  find  the  gene- 
rality of  labourei*s  entertain  to\Yards  it.  I  think  a 
willing  workman  might  accomplish  1^  acre,  or  perhaps 
2  acres  a  day  ;  but  I  Iiave  never  found  them  cultivate 
so  much  with  it,  and  I  now  propose  substituting  a 
horse-hoe,  with  narrow  coulters,  which  will  stir  from 
2  to  3  inches  deep  between  the  rows  of  dibbled 
Wheat.  JI.  B. 

A  sph  alte  FlooH-ng. — In  your  answers  to  correspondents 
last  week,  you  mention,  as  flooring  for  farm-buildings, 
gravel  and  coal-tar,  at  4i(7.  per  gallon.  I  beg  to  state, 
for  the  information  of  fai-mers  and  market-gardeners 
who  want  good,  durable,  and  dry  floors,  my  plan  : — I 
I  make  my  floor  solid  and  level  by  good  gravel ;  I  then 
use  a  cheap  asphalte  which  I  buy  at  the  Phoenix  Che- 


mical Works,  Rotherhithe,  at  ^\d,  per  gallon  or  4s.  6(2' 
per  cwt.  Melt  that  down  in  an  iron  pot,  and  mix 
while  the  asphalte  is  hot  a  good  quantity  of  dry-sifted 
road-dirt ;  then  pour  it  out  on  the  levelled  floor,  and 
level  it  down.  By  this  means  I  have  a  floor  impervious 
either  to  wet  or  damp,  quite  equal  to  stone^  and  ever- 
lastingly durable.  A  Constant  Reader. 

Guano  and  the  Rot. — While  guano  is  occupying  so 
much  attention,  with  respect  to  cost  and  supply,  the 
Lobos  Islands,  and  cheap  importation,  and  adulteration 
for  the  purpose  of  deceptive  cheapness — are  we  careful 
to  make  the  best  of  what  we  now  import  genuine  ?  We 
know  hew  stroug  it  is — how  dangerous  to  touch  or 
come  near  the  seed  in  drilling  —  how  much  dilution 
it  requires  for  hquid  manure ;  and  do  we  reduce  it 
enough  in  common  use  ?  No  doubt  it  is  very  effective 
as  now  used  ;  but  does  it  do  no  harm  as  well  as  good  S 
It  is  the  strongest  animal  manure  concentrated  by  dry- 
ing and  full  of  ammonia.  Dung  is  chiefly  TegetablOi 
seldom  containing  1  per  cent,  ammonia,  and  this  tho- 
roughly diffused  through  the  mass-  Guano  contains 
1 6  per  cent.,  and  when  mixed  with  three  or  four  times 
its  bulk  of  reducing  substance,  still  contains  4  per  cent. 
ammonia,  only  mixed,  not  thoroughly  diffused.  Sine© 
we  have  employed  it,  the  rot  has  attacked,  not  Potatoes 
only,  but  Potatoes  rot  more  with  it  than  with  cattle 
dung  ;  and  the  Potato  plant  is  quickly  blighted  in 
guano'vapour.  Other  reasons  are  assigned  for  the  rot, 
and  this  may  not  be  the  chief  ;  but  will  it  not  be  safer 
and  more  economical  to  reduce  it  much  more,  and 
with  vegetable  matter,  where  convenient,  to  assimilate 
it  to  yard  dung  %  Many  cases  are  on  record  where  the 
mixture  of  guano  with  farm  dung  has  answered  better 
than  either  alone.  Would  it  not  even  be  better  com- 
posted, where  the  ammonia  would  be  thoroughly  dif- 
fused, and  a  moi'e  nourishing  and  less  exciting  food 
supplied  to  the  plant  ?  All  these  mixtures  should  of 
course  be  made  on  the  farm,  the  portability  of  guano 
being  one  of  its  chief  recommendations.  I  have  gene- 
rally recommended  salt  to  be  mixed  with  guano,  weight 
for  weight,  salt  tending  to  counteract  putrefaction  and 
overgrowth  ;  and  in  Wheat,  to  strengthen  the  straw, 
and  make  the  grain  clean  and  heavy.  Fishery  salt,  or 
other  animal-foul  salt,  is  to  be  preferred  ;  and  I  believe 
this  mixture  would  also  be  the  better  for  composting 
with  sods  and  vegetable  matter.  For  drilling,  charcoal 
powder  is  probably  the  best  admixture — peat  charcoal, 
tan  charcoal,  lime-charred  sawdust,  or  even  charred 
(not  ash  burnt)  clay,  or  cindery  coal  ashes ;  not  less 
than  six  or  eight  times  the  bulk  of  the  guano,  and  all 
the  better  for  lying  together  damp  five  or  six  weeks 
before  being  used.  My  ai'gument  in  short  is,  that 
guano  is  likely  to  go  fm'ther,  do  more  good,  and  less 
harm,  if  generally  mixed  with  an  equal  weight  of  salt, 
and  reduced  by  eight  or  more  times  its  bulk  of  other 
materials  ;  allowed  to  lie  together  damp  some  weeks, 
aud,  when  convenient,  composted  with  dung  and  Uie 
other  customary  substances.  /.  PAdeaux* 

Voluntary  and  assessed  Relief. — To  those  who  believe 
that  the  feelings  of  compassion  are  kept  alive  in 
the  heart  by  the  ocular  contemplation  of  misery  at 
our  doors,  we  would  recommend  the  perusal  of  that 
part  of  Mr.  Chadwick's  report  which  expresses  his 
own  experience  on  this  very  point.  That  distinguished 
poor-law  commissioner  gives  this  deliberate  judg- 
ment, after  his  contemplation  of  pauperism  in  Dublin, 
before  the  compulsory  relief  of  the  poor  became 
established.  "  I  am  convinced  that  to  leave  the  desti- 
tute to  voluntary  charities,  so  far  from  encouraging, 
tends  to  destroy  the  finer  feelings.  When  I  first  arrived 
in  Dublin,  I  suffered  the  gi'eatest  pain  from  the  constant 
sight  of  half-naked  and  squalid  human  beings.  I  at  first 
attempted  to  relieve  them,  but  soon  found  that  it  was 
beyond  my  individual  means  to  make  the  slightest 
impression  upon  the  mass  of  misery,  and  gave  up  the 
attempt  as  hopeless.  Each  person  is  actuated  by  the 
same  feelings,  and  thus  charity  ceases.  By  degrees  I 
became  accustomed  to  much  of  the  misery  which,  on 
my  arrival  in  Dublin  12  months  previously,  had  made 
me  shudder.  The  only  scenes  to  which  I  did  not 
become  callous  are  those  which  may  commonly  be 
witnessed  in  Dublin  after  nightfall.  On  a  winter^s  even- 
ing, about  7  o'clock,  wretched  creatures  without  any 
other  covering  than  a  blanket  or  an  old  ragged  cloak, 
may  be  seen  stretched  by  the  railings  of  kitchen  windows 
watching,  with  intense  eagerness,  for  the  Potato  peelings 
and  for  the  scrapings  of  the  plates,  after  the  wealthier 
classes  have  dined — the  tribe  of  Lazarus  waiting  for  the 
crumbs.  These  scenes  always  make  me  rejoice  in  the 
comparatively  happy  lot  of  the  working  classes  in  my  o%vn 
country,  who  never  can  be  reduced  to  utter  destitution 
while  the  poor-laws  exist.  I  had  just  then  returned  from 
a  visit  to  the  most  pauperised  county  in  England,  Kent, 
and  had  been  delighted  with  the  comfortable,  substan- 
tial, neat,  pretty,  well  furnished  cottages  ;  with  the  good 
clothing,  and  the  healthy,  cheerful  independent  counte- 
nances of  the  inmates.  I  must  say  if  there  were  no 
choice  but  the  squalid  wretchedness  and  the  crime  of 
Ireland,  or  the  out-door  system  of  England,  vicious  as  I 
admit  that  system  to  be,  I  should  not  hesitate  to  embrace 
it  as  a  very  minor  evil."  The  city  of  DuUin,  and  St. 
John's  parish  in  Glasgow,  where  the  management  of 
Dr.  Chalmers  was  so  effective  under  the  voluntary 
system,  showed  that  it  is  only  excellent  for  relieving  the 
uncharitable  at  the  expense  of  the  charitable.  In  the 
metropolis  of  Ireland,  pre-eminent  for  its  public  and 
private  charities,  the  struggles  made  by  a  few  philan- 
'  thropists  for  the  suppression  of  mendicancy  and  the 
j  relief  of  pauperism  (before  the  enactment  of  the  poor- 
I  law),  by  collecting  alms  for  indigent  housekeepers,  and 


43— 1852.  J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


685 


provi'SiQg  shelter  aud  food  foi-  mead'ieaut's,  in  ordei-  to 
keep  them  frorn  the  streets,  proved  the  heartlessness 
and  incredible  meanness  of  several  of  the  wealthiest 
and  most  vohiptuous  occupiers  of  the  squares 
and  principal  streets,  and  the  total  inadequicy 
and  nncertainty  of  the  voluntary  system.  But  to 
confine  our  remarks^  for  the  present  to  Scotland 
alone.  The  sixth  annual  report  of  the  Board  of  Super- 
vision for  the  relief  of  the  poor  in  that  kingdom  (for 
1351),  shows  a  considerable  progress  in  parishes  and 
unions  from  the  system  of  voluntary  contributions  to 
that  of  assessment  since  the  b.oard  was  formed,  viz  : — 


Aognst  1845    

■'      ISIS    

1817    

Assessed. 
230    .... 

Voluntary 
Coatribu'.ioas. 
6-50 

443    .... 

53S    .... 

432 

322 

1S18    

GOO    .... 

230 

1849 

625    .... 

255 

1850 

.    644 

236 

„      isa   .... 

653     .... 

223 

In  some  counties  the  voluntary  system  has  been 
adopted  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  others  in  a  low 
ratio  ;  in  three,  only  in  a  solitary  parish  ;  and  in  seven, 
not  even  in  a  single  instance.  The  suras  contributed 
in  the  churches  of  the  assessed  parishes  during  the 
last  year  amounted  to  more  than  14,000^,  of  which 
about  8000Z.  was  appUed  by  the  kirk  sessions  to  the 
relief  of  the  poor  in  their  respective  parishes,  con- 
sisting generally  of  persons  who  had  fallen  into  tem- 
porary ditticulties,  with  the  view  of  preventing  them 
from  becoming  chargeable  to  their  parishes  as  paupers. 
It  is  not  necessary  [to  enter  into  the  minutiae  of  tlie 
modes  of  assessment  allowable  under  the  Scotch  law  ;  it 
is  sufficient  to  state  that,  of  the  653  parishes,  according 
to  the  report  assessed,  there  are  only  69  assessed  on 
means  and  substance.  It  appears  from  a  minute  of 
the  Board  of  Supervision,  that  the  claim  of  a  parochial 
board  for  assessed  sums  are  preferable  to  the  claim  of  a 
landlord  for  rent,  and  in  case  of  insolvency  are  payable 
out  of  the  first  proceeds  of  the  estate,  and  that  the  pro- 
prietor is  to  be  assessed  as  owner  and  occupant  when 
land  is  thrown  upon  his  hands  by  a  tenant.  It  appears, 
also,  from  the  same  authority,  that  in  case  of  persons 
refusing  to  be  ordained  elders  of  the  church  or  to  be 
elected  members  of  the  parochial  board,  from  a  desire  to 
avoid  responsibility,  tlie  proprietor  and  the  minister 
become  legally  and  of  necessity  the  parochial  board.  M.  I) . 


§>mtt\t^* 


SuRitET  Agricdltdral. — At  the  late  meeting  of  this 
Society,  Mr.   James   Gadesden,  of   Ewell  Castle,   the 
President  of  the  Association  for  the  current  year,  occu- 
pied the  chair;   and  in  proposing  "Prosperity  to  the 
Surrey  Agricultural  Association,"  said  : — Every  intelli- 
gent farmer  admitted  that  much  had  yet  to  be  learnt 
with  regard  to  the  earth's  fertility — that  science  was 
only  now  beginning  to  lend  her  aid  in  this  inquiry — and 
most  reflecting  agriculturists  also  believed  that  hereafter 
■we  should  see  a  much  larger  acreable  produce  than  had 
hitherto  been  obtained  from  the  land  (cheers).     It  was, 
he  believed,  to  the  combination  of  science  with  practice, 
that  they  were  to  look  for  increased  benefit.     Without 
that  combination  all  farming  operations  were  but  empi- 
rical, and  would  lead  to  no  satisfactory  results.     The 
state  of  circumstances  with  respect  to  the  late  harvest 
had  tended  very  much  to  impress  that  opinion,  with 
additional  force,  on  his  mind,  and  it  was  now  felt  by 
many  persons    that   in  some  parts    of    the    country, 
where    agriculture    had    been   indifferently    practised, 
much  had  yet  to  be  learned  in  ord^*  to  avoid  such 
a   fatality    as    that    of    the   last    season.      It    was    to 
scientific     knowledge,     then,     they    must     look     for 
information.     It  was   science  which  would   give   them 
an  analytical  knowledge  of  the  soil,  and  enable  tliem 
properly  to  deal  with  it.     It  was  science  which  would 
inform  them  of  the  component  elements  of  the  various 
plants  they  cultivated — the   cereal   crops,   the  gi-asses, 
and  the  bulbous  roots  ;  enabling  them  to  adapt  their 
manures  to  their  most  successful  growth  and  production. 
It  was  science,  also,  which  would  give  them  the  com- 
ponent elements  of  the  various  kinds  of  food  used  in  the 
rearing  and  fattening  of  stock,  and  teach  tliem  to  dis- 
criminate  between  the  fat-producing,  rauscle-formiu"', 
and  bone-creating  'portions  (hear,  hear).     To  no  pur- 
suit in  life  was  scientific   knowledge  of  greater  value 
than  to  the  cultivator  of  the  soil.     Ho  had,  therefore, 
observed  with  interest  and  pleasure  the  efforts  made  in 
that  town  to  disseminate  a  love  of  ecience  by  the  esta- 
bliflhment  of  a  Bcicniific  and  literary  institution,  and  the 
delivery  of  courflcs  of  lectures  of  that  kind.     It  was, 
however,  to  thf:  riHing  generation  that  tlicy  were  chiefly 
to  look  for  the  development  of  the  good  eced  thus  sown, 
and  he  would  came«tly  urge  upon  their  young  men  — 
the  future  tenant-farmers  of  the  country^tlio  import- 
ance of  directing  their  attention   to  the  acrpiircmcnt  of 
that  description  of  knowh;(Jge,  for  without  it  ho  feared 
they  would  only  bo  pIo'Ming  in  vain.     (Uiocrfl.)     Ho 
admitted   that   much    htvi   alrea/ly  been   done,  but  he 
hoped  much  more  would  be  done,  by  their  young  raon  ; 
and  he  would  cHpccially  rccomtncnd  to  them  to  taiaj  a 
leaf  in  this  rcHp4:ct  out  of  the  manufacturor*H  book,  in 
pjark  the   manner  in  which   ho  purmied  hi«  Hcientific 
inquirioH — the  mofic  in  which  ho  applied  tho  roHultH  of 
hi»  Acicntific  investigations  to  practical  unofl,  and  tho 
nieccw,  the  great  Bucccaa,  whicli  had  followed  tho  ajipli- 
oition  of  those  rcBuIt«.     That  within   tho  last  ftlght  or 
10  ycaro  very  great  advances*  had  been  made  by  ihoir 


agricultural   friends,  this  single   fact   was    conclusive 
evidence  :  the  great  manufacturing  firm  of  Garrett  and 
Son,  the  agricultural  implement  makers,  which  20  years 
ago  could  not  find  work  for  more  than  60  or  80  men,  now 
found  constant  employment  for  500  or  600  men.     And 
he  understood  that  Barrett  and  Exall,  Crosskill,  Howard, 
Hornsby,  and  Ransomes,  had  all  extended  their  engage- 
ments in  the  same  way.    He  took  this  to  be  a  very  hopeful 
indication  of  theawalcening  state  of  the  agricul  tural  mind. 
Why  had  he  adverted  to  topics  like  these  i     It  was  for 
the  purpose  of  calling  their  attention  to  the  pressing 
necessity,  fast  advancing  upon  them,  of  having  recourse 
to  every  possible  mechanical   appliance    in   order   to 
reduce  the  cost  of  production.     Without  this,  it  would 
be  impossible  for  them,  he  thought,  to  meet  the  times. 
They  must  look  forward  to  the  reaping  machlue  super- 
seding the  sickle,  and  the  threshing  machine  the  flail ; 
the  hand-hoe  must  give  more  place  to  the  horse-hoe, 
and,  in  the  level  districts  of  this  county,  he  anticipated 
seeing  in  a  few  years  the  smokuag  steam-plough — un- 
poetical  as  the  thought  might  be— taking  the  place  of 
the  horse-plough.      "To  this    complexion   they  must 
come  at  last ;"  and  if  they  would  not  adapt  themselves 
to   the  altered  and  altering  condition  of  things  they 
might  rely  upon  it  their  expenses  would  increase,  and 
their  profits  and  their  incomes  certainly  decrease.     Now, 
if  there  .were  any  truth  in  this  rough  sketch  of  their 
position,  surely  it  was  their  part,  as  wise  men,Ho  com- 
bine together  for  the  dissemination  of  intelligence — to 
sharpen  each  other's  wits,  and  to  quicken  eacli  other's 
zeal,  so  as  to  meet  these  trying  times  like  men.     He  did 
not  underrate  or  undervalue  the  difficulties  in  the  way. 
He  knew  them  thoroughly.     His  pocket  smarted  under 
them  at  that  moment.     But  he  would  not  despair.     In 
the  branch  of  manufacture  with  which  he  himself  had 
been  connected,  he  had  had  to  contend  with  difficulties 
just  as  great,  created,  too,  like  theirs,  by  the  measures 
of    the   Government ;    but  he    had    never  despaired, 
neither  would  he  despair  of  agriculture  now.     Relying 
upon  God's  help,  with  a  firm,  unflinching,  and  perse- 
vering com'age,  a  sinewy  arm,  and  a  clear  head^ 

"  Nought  should  make  them  rue, 
1^  farmers  to  themselves  did  prove  bat  trae.'' 

Mr.  Dmmmond,  M.P.,  in  the  com'se  of  some  remarks 
on  Agricultural  Education,  said :  If  a  man  had  done 
learning,  he  had  better  have  done  living  (hear,  hear). 
He  had  heard  of  finishing  schools  for  young  ladies,  and 
of  finishmg  schools  for  governesses ;  but  never  yet  of  a 
finishing  school  for  farmers.  A  great.boon  had,  how- 
ever, been  'offered  them,  of  which  they  had  not  taken 
advantage  ;  and  that  was  the  Agricultural  College.  He 
beUeved  that  of  the  60  young  men  who  were  in  training 
there,  not  one  of  them  was  the  son  of  a  Surrey  farmer. 
It  was  very  true  that  no  man  could  get  a  new  idea  after 
50,  but  he  could  still  go  on  improving  the  ideas  he  had, 
and  improving  his  sons  in  the  practical  details  of 
farming,  whilst  the  latter  were  devoting  themselves  to 
learning  agricultural  chemistry.  They  might  depend 
upon  it  that  in  this  I'espect,  as  in  others,  they  must  go 
ahead.  Another  thing,  they  did  not  take  sufficient 
advantage  of  machinery,  although  it  was  to  that  they 
must  chiefly  look.  Chemistry  had  done  all  it  could  for 
them,  and  it  was  to  mechanics  they  must  now  turn  their 
attention.  On  the  whole,  he  would  speak  to  them  in  the 
language  of  encouragement,  and  call  upon  them  not  to 
be  disheartened.  He  had  heard  a  gx'eat  number  of 
persons  say,  *'  Oh,  I  don't  see  the  use  of  going  to  these 
meetings.  They  only  want  us  to  go,  to  suck  our  brains." 
Now,  whenever  a  man  talked  of  another  wanting  to 
suck  his  brains,  they  might  rely  upon  it  there  was 
nothing  in  his  brains  to  suck  (laughter).  Whilst,  on 
the  other  hand,  he  who  had  anything  in  him  that  was 
worth  having  would  be  very  anxious  to  impart  it 
(cheers).  The  real  tenant-farmers  could  not  afford,  and 
ought  not  to  afford,  to  try  mere  experiments.  It  was 
not  their  business,  nor  even  to  spend  money  in  new 
machines.  They  who  could  afford  it,  let  them  try 
the  machine,  and  show  it  to  the  farmers,  and  when  the 
article  was  perfect,  then  it  would  be  time  enough  for  the 
farmers  to  use  it. 


October  ;  then  housed  and  fed  on  straw  and  Turnips 
UQtil  calving  timg  (say  February  or  Mirch),  then  they 
are  fed  on  hay.  Mangold  Wurzel,  and  ground  Oats. 
Claimant    makes    from    300   to   400   tons   of  manure 
annually,  which  is  principally  used  for  Potatoes,   Man- 
gold Wurzel,  and  Carrots,  and  any  ramaining  is  put  on 
the  Grass  land.     The  whole  of  the  liquid  miuure  is  coH 
lected  in  a  covered    tank.      IHie    claiin:int    also  buys 
annually  12  tons  of  bone-dusA,  2  to  3  tons  of  which  are 
used  for-'*rui'nIp3,  aud  th.e  remaiuder  is  put  upon  Grass 
land  for  pasture.     He  also  purchases  2  ton^  of  guanoj 
which,  mixed  with  bone-dust  and  salt,  is  used  for  Man- 
gold Wurzel.     10  tons  of  farm-yard  manure,  2  cwt.  of 
guano,   and  2  cwt.  of  salt,  is  also  use!  for  Mangold 
Wurzel ;  and  for  Carrots  and  Turnips,  10  cwt.  of  bone- 
dust,  2  cwt.  of  guano, and  2  cwt.  of  salt  is  u^ed  per  acre; 
Claimant  has  drained  eight  acres  annually  for  the  last 
three  years,  and  110  acres  have  bsen  drained  within  the 
last  15  years,   principally  with   tiles  and   slate   soles. 
Claimant  drained  eight  acres  of  moss  land  last  spring 
with    pipes,  the   mains  with  4   inches  and    branches- 
2  inches.     All  the  expense  was  borne  by  himself,  except 
the  tiles  and  slates,  which  were  provided  by  the  landlord 
at  a  cost  of  19^     Claimant,  last  year,  marled  3  acres, 
and  since  the  year  1834  has  marled  69  acres  of  this 
farm  at  his  own  expense.     He  has  bone-dusted  all  the 
fai'm,  filled  up   17  old  pits,  eradicated  300  rods  of  old 
fences,  raised  new  ones,  and  found  rails,  posts,  Quicks, 
&c,,  all  entirely  at  his  own  expense.     He  has  also  filled 
up  a  bog,  and  drained  the  same,  at  a  cost  of  30/.,  by 
which  means  57  perches  of  land  have  been  gained.     Ho 
has  also  deepened,  by  an  average  depth  of  18  inches^ 
a  small  brook  which  runs  through  the  farm,  at  a  cost  of 
lOti.  per  perch,  in  order  to  obtain  fall  enough  to   drain 
the  land  through  which  it  passes.     The  length  deepened 
was  1847  yards,  and  the  cost  14Z.     Tliere  has  also  been 
a  manure  tank  erected  by  claimant,  at  a  cost  of  25^., 
towards  which  the  landlord  contributed   hi.     All   the 
meadow  and  pasture  land  on  this  farm  is  in  high  con- 
dition.    The  Wheat  remarkably  clean,  but  its  produce 
only  medium.     The  crop  had  evidently  suffered  from 
the  light  and  open  nature  of  the  soil.     Of  the  Oats,  those 
after  leys  were  a  good  produce,  and  those  after  Wheat 
were  equal  to  the  best  crop  the  inspectors  have  at  any 
time  seen,  both  in  weight  and  quality.     The  Barley  was 
a  full  and  clean  crop  ;  all  the  green  crops  were  in  the 
highest  state  of  cultivation.     The  house,  yards,  garden^ 
and  fences,  were  most  satisfactory.   Eeport  of  tlie  Man- 
chester and  Liverpool  Agricidtural  Society^ 


^Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Chaffed  Steaw  and  Hay  :  A  Z.  We  should  prefer  this  cut  to 
the  whole  hay  for  cows  as  well  as  for  horses— thou^fh  our 
preference  of  it  would  be  stronger  in  the  latter  case  than  in 
the  former.  The  diTisioa  of  food  is  not  so  necessary  in  the 
case  of  ruminaat  animalB.  About  20  lbs.  of  hay  and  straw, 
in  a  mixture  of  2  of  the  former  and  1  of  the  Utter,  and  10  cr 
12  lbs.  of  Oats,  will  ba  good  keep  for  a  farm  horse.  As  for 
straw  for  cattle,  that  altogether  depends  on  what  roots  you 
give  them.  We  have  given  them  about  1  owt.  of  roots,  and 
about  14  or  16  lbs.  of  straw,  cut  into  half-inch  chaff,  damped 
over  with  hot  Linseed  soup,  so  as  to  add  2  lb?,  of  Linseed  to 
the  straw,  and  then  dusted  over  with  3  or  4  lbs.  of  Beau 
meal.  There  i3  no  reason  why  uncut  straw  should  be  pre- 
ferred to  chaff  in  open  yard  any  more  than  la  stalls,  that  we 
are  aware.  We  will  eudeavour  shortly  to  atate  the  case  in  a 
Leading  Article, 

"E-ab;  oe,  Rhab":  Woodjleld.  It  occurs  in  tho  list  of  agri- 
cultural provincialismB  about  to  appear  in  a  number  of 
Blackie'a  Cyclopedia  of  Agriculture  ;  and  the  signification 
it  there  bears  is  "shaly  subsoil."  It  is  a  term  descriptivo  of 
loose  shaly  subsoil  in  South  Wales,  whatever  formatioa  it 
belongs  to. 

KooT-HAavEST  :  A  Youiig  Fa^"iyier.  The  following  obierratioas 

on   this  subject  have    already  been    published  in    a  pant 

volume: — "  It  will  soon  be  time  for  the  farmer  to  think  of 

harvesting  such  portions  of  his  root  crops  as  he  intends  to 

Fig.  1. 


Farm  Blemoranda- 

pRiZE  Fausi  of  the  IManchester.  and  Liverpool 
Agricultural  Society. — Mr.  John Warbur ton,  Sandi- 
way  Head.  Inspectors'  Report : — This  claimant's  farm 
is  1524  acres,  aud  is  held  on  lease  for  14  years.  The 
description  of  soil  is  one  part  peaty  moss,  another 
part  sandy  soil,  and  the  remainder  heavy  strong  soil 
on  a  clay  subsoil.  The  cultivation  is  as  follows  :  Land 
in  pasture,  G3a.  3  r, ;  mearlows  and  seeds  mown,  27  a.; 
irrigated,  9  a.  ;  not  irrigated,  27  a.  ;  Wheat  after  Pota- 
toes, iia  ;  do.  after  Turnips,  &c.,  2  a.  ;  Oats  after  leys, 
fi  a,  ;  do.  after  do.  and  Wheat,  &c,  12a.,  ;  Barley,  5a.  ; 
Vetches  and  Rye,  3  a. ;  Potatoes,  J)  a.  ;  Turni[)9,  Ga.  ; 
Mangold  Wurzel,  5  a.;  Carrots  and  Parsnips,  l.a; 
orchard  and  gardens,  I  a. ;  homestead  and  roads,  2  a.  ; 
total,  J  52  acres.  Rotation  of  cropping  :  Ist,  Oats  ;  2ii, 
Potatoes,  Turnips,  Mangold  Wurzol,  Carrots,  &c.  ;  3il, 
Wheat  and  IJarloy,  with  seeds  ;  4tli,  Oats,  after  Wheat, 
sown  with  Grass  Hceds,  the  samo  being  covered  in 
autumn,  after  tho  Oats  arc  cut,  with  bone-dust.  Stock 
kept  on  this  farm  :  -1  farm  horHo^,  I  bull,  .'JO  dairy  cows, 
lOhcifors,  6  rearing  calves,  175  shcop  and  lainba,  30 
pigH;  total  25f;.  {Nntc.  From  170  to  lUO  shot-p  aro 
H'lld  off  annually,)  Tho  horses,  in  summer,  uro  thnjo 
montliH  out  at 'Jrass,  find  in  winter  aro  fed  on  cut  hay 
anil  Wh'iat  chaff,  or  on  cut  utraw  mixed  with  cruHhcd 
Oats  and  Carrots  ;  for  two  months  in  spring  they  liavo 
Rye  and  Vetch'is  given  to  thoin.  Tho  cows  aru  out  at 
Grass  from  tho  beginning  of  May  until  tho  mouth  of 


conflumo  in  tho  buildings.  Tho  Iirnt  of  tho  itbjvu  in  n.  di'av? 
ing  in  perspective  of  a  nerlos  of  heaps,  of  which  fig.  2  in  tho 
longitudinal,  and  (ig.  3  tho  transvorao  Turtlcal  flection.  Thoy 
are  iiia'Io  In  tho  following  manner  :  two  rows  of  hurdles  ara 
I)Ittcod  upon  a  firm  piece  of  ground,  parallel  to  one  another, 
and  9  foot  apart.  Tho  intorviil  botwoon  tlioflo  infilled  with 
roots,  tho  carts  bringing  thoin  from  tho  field  being  backed 
botwoon  thorn,  and  tilted  u])  at  tho  propur  place.  Tlio  roota 
nro  piled  u|)  iibovo  tho  hui'Ulua  in  a  ridged  or  roof-like  form 
and  nro  iiftorwards  covered  with  Rtraw,  roughly  dr.iwii  out 
ai  ft  ihiitch,  which  U  kept  In  Its  place  by  the  weight  of  long-, 
jioleB  ruHtlng  upon  It.  At  IiUcrvalH  of  two  or  throe  yards  fag- 
gotB  aroplfuiud  In  tiio  centre  of  tho  hoiii).  Inclining  baoltwarda, 
and  roaohing  from  tho  ground  to  tlio  roof  (hoc  a,  a,  a,  fig.  2), 
Tliofto  aot  Botnowhat  aa  clilmnoyB,  and  fftcllltato  a  duo  vea- 
tllatlon  of  tho  hoapa,  thua  htnderlog  any  toniJonoy  to  heating 
or  putrcfnotlon  in  tho  roota.  When  one  heap  is  ooraplotcd, 
another  la  built  within  a  foot  of  it,  tho  paaaago  loft  being 
iiitendod  aa  a  ohannol  both  for  tho  ogroai  of  tho  water  wlilch 
dropji  from  tbo  thatcli,  and  for  tho  ctrculatioa  of  air.    Wo 


686 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Oct.  23, 


security  against  frost,  at  the  sides  of  contipaou8  heapa,  is 
required,  further  than  that  which  is  aftorded  by  the  iuter-- 
locking-  of  the  bushy  caves  of  their  respective  rcofa.  When, 
however,  a  sjries  of  heaps  has  thus  accumulated,  as  in  fig.  1. 
a  rough  dead-wood  bed.'e  should  ba  constructed  around 
them  (see  section  in  fifr.  2  .  and  the  ppaeo  between  it  and 
the  hurdles,  which  may  bg  12  or  18  laches,  should  be  loosely 
filled  with  straw.  We  have  annually  kept  many  liuudred 
tons  of  Swede':,  Carrots,  and  Manjold  Wurzcl  in  this  way, 
■without  losing  any  considerable  portion  by  putrefaction.  I': 
fulfils  the  three  conditionp  of  success  in  the  pi  esen-ation  of 
root  crops  through  the  winter— it  furnishes  security  fn^m  the 
frost  and  wet,  and  at  the  same  time  provides  a  sufficient 
ventila  ion  of  the  heaps.  The  harvesting  of  root  crops  is 
■  beat  done  by  piece-work.  The  harvesting  of  a  good  crop  of 
Carrots  has  hitherto  cos*^  us  from  17s.  to  25s.  per  acre— that 
Of  Swedes  and  Mangold  Warz«l,  from  6  =.  to  lOs.  Fur  this  sum 
the  contractor  pulU  the  roots,  cuts  off  the  leaves,  tills  the 
roots  into  carts,  and  gathers  and  toads  the  leaves  also.  In 
the  operati-m  of  bavestiug  Carrots  the  spado  is  icquired  ;  it 
is  pressed  into  the  ground,  and  used  as  a  lever  by  the  right 
hand,  while,  by  the  left,  the  root  is  pulled  up.  Each  man  lifts 
two  rows  as  he  proceeds,  and  four  men  forming  a  company, 
eight  rows  are  thus  pulled  and  laid  regularly  on  the  ground  in 
two  lines.  Two  women  can  top  theroota,  i.  e.  cut  the  leaves 
off  them,  as  fast  as  this  number  of  men  can  pull  them  ;  and, 
leaving  the  roots  in  a  central  row,  they  throw  the  leaves  into 
two  lateral  ones,  as  they  proceed.  The  car'.s,  the  number  of 
which,  varying  according  to  the  distance  from  the  heaps,  must 
be  such  as  wiil  convey  the  roots  off  the  laud  aa  fast  as  they  are 
ready,  following  close  upon  the  cutters  ;  a  man  and  a  boy  will 
be  able,  under  ordina'-y  circumstances,  to  fill  both  roots  and 
leaves  into  them  as  fast  as  those  already  mentioned  can  pi'e- 
pare  them  ;  and  another  man  and  a  boy  will  be  able  to  pile 
the  roots  up  in  the  heaps,  and  tha'ch  and  finish  them  off  as 
they  proceed.  We  mention  all  these  details,  because  it  is 
all-imp  or  taut  to  the  speud  and  economy  of  the  operation 
that  the  forces  employed  in  the  different  parts  of  it  should 
be  rightly  proportioned  to  each  other.  The  leaves,  if  they 
be  already  withered,  may  either  be  left  on  the  ground  and 
ploughed  under,  or,  as  on  land  already  rich  enough  for 
grain  crops,  they  may  be  carried  away  to  the  fold-yard  and 
trod  down  by  the  cattle.  When  they  are  still  green,  they  may 
be  used  as  fodder.  Ae  long  as  leaves  are  green  they  remain 
useful  in  the  growth  of  the  plant.  The  only  reason  why  we 
should  harvest  our  Carrot  crop  before  the  roo-s  have  stopped 
growing,  is  their  extreme  senaitiveness  to  frost.  This  is  so 
great,  that  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  secure  before 
night  alt  the  roots  pulled  during  each  day  ;  if  they  get  frozen, 
though  it  be  merely  on  the  surface,  it  will  be  almost  impos- 
Bible  to  preserve  them  through  the  winter.  We  have  but 
one  more  remark  to  make,  and  that  is  on  the  fact  that 
rottenness,  when  it  is  owing  to  any  external  cause,  always 
commences  at  any  cut  or  bruised  portion  of  the  surface.  It 
thus  becomes  of  impor<;ance  that  the  Burface  of  the  roots 
should  be  cut  or  abraded  as  little  as  possible.  The  root  fibres 
should  not  be  cutoff  at  all,  and  tlie  leaves  should  be  cut  off  so 
far  from  the  crown  of  the  root,  as  that  they  may  fall  separated 
from  one  another.  So  far  as  our  experience  has  hitherto  gone, 
If  these  points  be  carefully  attended  to,  and  if  such  a  plan  of 
harvesting  be  adopted  as  fulHU  the  three  requisites  of 
success  before  alluded  to,  there  is  but  little  risk  of  the 
farmer  losing  much  of  hi&  crop  by  healing  or  putrefaction 
before  the  spring, 
White  Mdstabd  ;  J  H  P.  Itisawell  known  fodder  plant ;  of 
rapid  growth,  and  useful  whether  aa  green  manuro  or  as 
sheep  food.  See  voltvii.,  p,  31,  English  Agricultural  Societj'e 
Journal. 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Oct.  23. 
Vegetables  and  Fruit  in  general  continue  plentiful,  with  the 
exception,'  perhaps,  of  Melons,  which  are  becoming  scarcer. 
Plums,  Fears,  Apples,  and  Peaches  still  arrive  from  France. 
Tomatoes  are  all  but  ovei*.  Filberts  realise  from  SOs.  to  65b. 
Potatoes  are  still  rising  in  price.  Mushrooms  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Pelai'goniumB, 
Boses,  Migaonette,  Biguonia  venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 
FRDIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3s  to 
€l-rapeB,hothou8e,p.  lb.,  2s  to  6s 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  10s  to  IBs 
Nectarines,  per  doz.,  Ss  to  8s 
Plums,  per  punnet,  2s  to  is 
Pigs,  per  doz.,  la  6d  to  23  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsb.,  is  to  7a 

—    kitchen,  do.,  3$  to  6b 
Melons,  each,  2s  to  5d 


Cabbages,  per  dez.,  Gd  to  Is 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

28  to  2&  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  to  28 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz.,  6d  to SsGd 
Greens,  per  doz..  Is  to  2b 
I'omatoes,  per  bf.  sieve,  4s  to  Ss 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  85s  to  110s 

—  per  cwt.,  53  to  9s 

—  per  bush.,  2i^6d  to4fl6d 
Turnips,  perdoz.,  Is  to  i6  9il 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veget.  Marrow,  p.  doz,  6d  to  Is 
Celery,  per  bundle,  Dd  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  is 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  la  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spani6h,p.doz.,ls3dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz..  Is  to  Is  6d 
£ieeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 


VEGETABLES. 


Lemons,  per  doz..  Is  to  2s 
Pears,  per  doz..  Is  6d  to  4s 

—  por  half  sieve,  5s  to  7s 
Almonds,  per"  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3g 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  29s 

to  22b 

—  Brazil,  do.,  123  to  Ks 
Kent  Ooba,  75s  to  803 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce, Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  la 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  la  6d 
Endive  per  score,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle.lstoSs 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  3d 

—  perbubh.,  3s  to  6a 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  48  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  2s  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch.Sd 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
Watercre8ses,p.  12bun,4d  to  6d 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  86  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Oct.  21, 
Prime  Meadow  Hay  74s  to  80a  I  Clover 

Inferior  do.  ...  60         70      New  do , 

Howen         45        .55      Stravr 

New  Hay    —        —    |  E. 

A  short  supply  with  a  fair  demand. 
Cumberland  Market,  Oct.  21. 


.  803  to  953 
.66  84  , 
.  25  30 

J.  Davis. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  88s 
'   "    ■       '  ..60        72 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


..    94      100 

Whitechapel,  Oct»21, 
...  80stoS4s 
...  68        76 
...  50        63 
...  26        30 


29        3E 

Joshua  Bakee. 


Old  Clover... 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 


,  36 
,  50 


Inferior  do. . 
New  Hay     ... 
Old  Clover  ... 

Pine  old  Hay 
New  Hay     „, 
Inferior  do. 
Straw 

HOPS.— BoEODQH  Market,  Oct.  22, 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith  report  that  the  demand  for 
fine  Susses  Hops  is  on  the  inorease,  the  very  choicest  bringing 

?Fp^^n^J^  *«  ^^^-  P^"^  ^^^'  ^^^  "^"^y  "  atUI  estimated  from 
255,000;.  to  260,0001. 

„     ^,  COAL  MARKET.— FaiDAY,   Oct.  22, 

TT«*t?  f4  ^n!;  ^^- '  ^^^^  ^ein,  178.  6d. ;  Wallsend  Russell's 
Hetton  17s.  9d  ;  Wallsend  Haewell,  18s.  ;  Wallsend  Hetton, 
las.  ,   WaUsend  Stewarts,  18s.— Ships  at  market,  49. 

„.  ,    SMITHFIELD.-MowDAY.  Oct.  IS. 

1  be  supply  of  Beasts  is  unusually  large  :  trade  is  exceedingly 
eiow  for  all  kinds  ;  however,  choice  descriptions  do  not  eufter 


much  reduction,  but  a  large  number  of  middling  quality 
remain  unsold.  Sheep  are  also  more  plentiful;  trade  is 
worse,  especially  for  big  fat  mutton.  A  clearance  cannot  be 
effected,  although  lower  prices  are  submitted  to.  The  supply 
of  Calves  exceeds  the  demand;  consequently,  on  the  average, 
prices  are  lower.  Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  11)24  Beasts, 
6150  Sheep,  209  Calves,  and  60  Pigs;  from  Ireland,  300 Beasts  ; 
from  Scotland,  40;  and  3100  from  the  northern  and  midland 
counties. 


Per  St.  ofSlbs.— 8 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  8 
Best  Short.hornB  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn    0 


6  to  3  8 
4  —  3  6 
0  —  2  10 


0  —  4    4 
0—  0     0 


Perst.  of  81be.— 8  dad 
Best  Long. wools  .3  6  to  3  8 
Do.  Shorn  :  ...00  —  00 
Ewes  *fc  2d  quality  2  10—3    2 

Do.  Shorn  0    0  —  0    0 

Lambs     0    0  —  0    0 

Calves      2    8  —  3    8 

Pigs 


Per  St.  of  81bB.— 3 

d      s 

d 

Best  Scots,  Here. 

fords,  drc.       ...  3 

eio3 

R 

Best  Short-horns  3 

4  —  8 

(i 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

0-2 

10 

Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds     ...  i 

0—4 

4 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0 

0 

Beasts,  6357;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  30,130  ;  Calves,  271;  Figs,  410. 
Feiday,  Oct.  22. 
The  number  of  Boasts  is  large,  and  trade  very  slow;  a  con- 
siderable portion  remains  unsold,  although  still  some  choice 
qualities  make  as  much  as  on  Monday.  There  is  not  a  very 
large  supply  of  Sheep,  sufficient,  however,  for  flhe  demand  ; 
prices  remain  unaltered.  We  are  plentifully  supplied  with 
Calves  ;  trade  is  very  dull  for  them  at  a  small  reduction. 
Our  foreign  supply  consists  of  SJG  Beasts,  1990  Sheep,  and 
217  Calves;  there  are  250  Beast?  from  the  northern  and 
midland,  and  104  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties, 

Per  St.  ofSlbs. — a  dad 
Best  Louk-wooIb  .3  6  to  3  8 
Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  2  10  —  3    2 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0    0-0    0 

Lambs     0    0  —  0    0 

Calves      2    6  —  3    8 

Pigs  2    8  —  8    8 

Beasts,  1367 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  4,620;  Calves,  841 ;  Pigs,  SgO'' 

WOOL. 
BaADFonD,  Thobsdat,  Oct.  21.— There  is  no  change  during 
the  week  ia  the  demand,  and  the  staplers  hold  firmly. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Oct.  18.— The  supply  of  English  ',Wheat  from 
Essex  and  Kent  to  this  morning's  market  was  small,  and  sold 
on  the  terms  of  this  day  se'nnight.  The  arrival  of  foreign 
amounts  to  48,695  qrs.,  which  induces  the  buyers  to  hold  off, 
and  although  there  was  a  good  inquiry  the  sale  was  limited  ; 
prices,  however,  must  be  written  ihe  same  as  last  week.  In 
Barrel  Flour  there  is  little  doing. — The  Barley  trade  is  firm  at 
the  prices  of  Monday  last.- A  few  parcels  of  fine  English  white 
Peas  were  taken  at  an  advance  of  Is.  per  qr.,  but  inferior 
qualities  are  difficult  to  quit.— Beans  and  hog  Peaa  are  firm  at 
late  rates. — Oats  meet  a  fair  demand  at  the  prices  of  this  day 
se'nnight. 

Pee  Impeetal  Quabteh.  s.     s. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Sufltolk. ..White  38—50 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  42—54 

—  —    Talavera  52—66 

—  Norfolk 40—48 

—  Foreign 84 — 54 

B&rloy,grind.&;  distil. ,24s  to 278. ..Chev.  25—32 

—  Foreign  ,, .grinding  and  distilling'22 — 25 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18—19 


17—19 
17—19 
15—19 


30-33 
30—34 
29—30 
44 -4  G 
32—44 


Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  18 — 22  Feed, 

—  Irish Potato  17—20  Feed, 

—  Poreign   Poland  and  Brew  18 — 21  Faed. 

Rye     ,29-32  Foreign 

Rye-meal,  foreign 

Beans,  Mazagan 29s  to  31s Tick'30— 33  Harrow  . 

—  Pigeon  32s  —  35s...Wind3.  33— 40  Longpod 

—  Foreign Small, 29— 34  Egyptian 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  42—45  Suffolk 

—  Maple 32s  to  358 GreylsO- 33  Foreign 

Maize     White|    —      rellow,. 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered. ..per  sackiS? — 40 

—  Suffolk ditto  25— 32  Norfolk  .  25- 

—  Foreign perbarrel|21— 24  Per  sack  28— 34 

Feidat,   Oct.  22.— The  arrivals  of  all  grain  this  week  have 

been  moderate.  To-day's  market  was  fairly  attended  by 
country  buyers,  who  took  of  the  lower  deacriptiona  of  Wheat 
at  fully  Monday's  prices ;  in  the  better  descriptions  less 
business  was  done  than  on  Wednesday,  but  former  rates  were 
fully  maintained.  Flour  meets  a  current  sale  at  our  quota- 
tions. In  floating  cargoes  from  the  Mediterranean  a  good 
business  has  been  done  during  the  week,  at  an  improvement  of 
Is.  per  qr. ;  Ghirka  is  held  for  42s.,  Polish  Odessa  SOs.  6d., 
Gaiatz,  393.,  Rumelia  37s.  6d.,  all  f.  o.  b.,  including  freight  and 
insurance.— Spring  Corn  of  all  sorts  is  held  firmly  at  Monday's 
prices. 

Areivals  this  Week, 


Red  . 
Hed  . 


Red  

Malting . 
3J!alting 


32—44 
36—48 


27—29 

26—29 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreign  . 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
1910 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
2410 


Oats. 


Qrs, 
170 
100 

6680 


Flour. 


1650  sacks 
1630  sacks 


lUPEBIAl.  ATEEAOES. 


Sept.  11.. 

—  IS.. 

—  26.. 
Oct.     2.. 

—  9.. 

—  IS.. 


Aggrcg.  Aver. 


Wheat. 


s.  d. 

42  5 

40  5 

39  6 

38  9 

38  5 

37  10 


s,  d. 

27  10 

27  4 

27  5 

27  4 

27  5 

27  8 


27     6 


Oats. 


s.  d, 
18  10 
18  7 
17  11 
17    4 

17  6 

18  0 


18     0 


Rye. 


s.  d. 

30  9 

30  1 

31  0 
30  5 
28  10 
30  1 


30    2 


Beans. 


8.   d. 

84    5 

84     4 

33  10 
38  10 

34  0 
34     1 


34     1 


Peas. 


5.  d. 
31  9 
29  10 

29  10 

30  0 
30  4 
30     4 


30     4 


Fldctoations  in  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Aveeaoeb, 


Pbices.    Skpt.11.Sept.18.Sept.26,  Oct.  2.    Oct.  9.   Oct,  16. 


42s  Sd- 
40  5 
39  6 
S8  9 
88  5 
37  10 


LivEBpooL,  Tuesday,  Oct.  19.— The  arrivals  from  Ireland 
and  coastwise  during  the  past  week  have  been  fair  of  Oatmeal, 
but  small  of  other  articles.  There  was  the  usual  attendance 
of  the  town  trade  at  this  morning's  market,  and  only  a 
limited  consumptive  demand  was  experienced  for  Wheat  and 
Flour,  at  about  Friday's  prices,  being  an  advance  of  Id.  to  2d. 
per  70  lbs,  and  6d.  to  9d.  per  barrel  and  sack  since  this  day 
week.  Oats  and -Oatmeal  met  with  a  moderate  demand,  at 
late  rates.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  were  in  fair  request,  at 
an  improvement  of  Id.  to  2d,  per  60  lbs.  on  the  former,  and  6d. 
to  Is.  per  qr.  on  the  two  latter  articles.    Indian  Corn  afloat 

was  not  much  inquired  for. Feiday,  Oct.  15. — At  our  Corn 

Exchange  this  morning,  a  large  business  was  done  in  Wheat 
and  barrel  Flour,  at  an  advance  of  2d.  per  70  lbs.  on  the 
former  and  6d.  to  Is.  per  barrel  on  the  latter  article.  Sack 
Flour  was  held  at  Is.  per  sack  more  money,  but  the  sale  was 
limited.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  met  with  little  attention,  though 
offered  at  Tuesday's  prices,  The  stocks  of  Barley,  Beans,  and 
Peas  being  now  very  limited,  holders  were  enabled  to  realise 
extreme  rates  in  the  sales  made.  Indian  Corn  afloat  was  in 
good  request,  at  30s.  6d,  to  Sis,  per  qr. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THB 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

T      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    King's-road,    Chelsea,  Hot- 

^  •  BOUSE  Builders;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  TheFurnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passes  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
ot  the  boiler,  thereby 
cau-ting  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGEthewhole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
ihut  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
eff'^ct,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
piv^m  time.  It  is  one  of 
tboseboiiers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 

•■oria  Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  beats 

several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 

consumption  of  fuel. 
Plans,   Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultnral  Baildings ; 

aUo  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  die,  forwarded  on 

application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road.  Chelsea.  London. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING     AND    HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  QOOl) 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

Qr.  and  O,  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  ta  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 

HOTHOUSES      GREENHOUSES,     ETC. 


BY  HER 
MAJESTY'S 


ROYAL  LETTERS 
PATENT, 


EDENCH,  PATENT  HOTHOUSE  WORKS, 
■  King's  Road,  Chelsea.— -The  superior  qualities  in  every 
respect  of  these  Structures  having  been  proved  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  has  caused  a  greater  demand  for  them 
than  E,  D.  could  execute ;  he  has  been  obliged  to  have  perfect 
and  powerful  machinery  made  to  meet  the  numerous  orders, 
and  can  now  execute  any  amount  of  work  to  great  perfection, 
with  dispatch,  and  for  quality  and  price  to  defy  all  competition.  ] 
Patent  Hothouses,  with  excellent  glass,  8  feet  long  by  1  foot 
wide,  every  front  sash  to  open,  and  every  top  one  to  slide  down, 
with  pulley  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  electric  telegraph 
wires,  which  require  no  painting ;  delivered  free  to  Wharf  or 
Railway  Station,  at  Is,  2d.  per  foot  super.,  complete,  having 
been  fitted,  and  every  portion  marked  previously,  making  a 
Greenhouse  10  ft,  6  inches  long,  l2ft.  r.itter,  400  ft.,  232. 6a.  8d.  ; 
24  ft.  6  ins.  long.  do.  do.,  526  ft.,  301. 135.  M. ;  28  ft.  6  ins.  long, 
15  ft.  rafter,  712  ft.,  4lE.  10s.  M.  Heating  by  Hot  Water  on  the 
most  approved  and  economical  principles. 

Patent  Sashes  for  Pits  and  Peach  Walls,  <fec.,  7d.  and  8d.  per 
foot,  super. 


«  P'RIGI  DOMO."— A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
J-  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  purposes  for 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fised  temperature  is  required. 
It  is  2^  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  Is.  4d.  per 
yard  run.— Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  Aechbb,  Carpet  Mana- J 
facturer,  451.  New  Oxford.street,  London. 


CARSON»S  ORIGINAL  ANTI-  CORROSIOJN 
PAINT,  especially  patronised  by  the  British  and  othe; 
Governments,  the  Hon.  East  India  Company,  the  principa 
Dock  Companies,  most  public  bodies,  and  by  the  Nobility 
Gentry,  and  Clergy,  for  out-door  work  at  their  country  seats. 
The  Anti-Corrosion  is  particularly  recommended  aa  the  most 
durable  out-door  Paint  ever  invented,  for  the  preservation  of 
every  description  of  Iron,  Wood,  Stone,  Brif  k,  Compo,  Cement, 
&c.,  work,  as  has  been  proved  by  the  practical  test  of  upwards 
of  60  years,  and  by  the  numerous  {between  500  and  GOO)  testi- 
monials  in  its  favour,  and  which,  from  the  rank  and  station  in 
society  of  those  who  have  given  them,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  by  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  brought  before  the 
public  notice. 

Lists  of  Colours,  with  Prices,  together  with  a  Copy  of  th< 
Testimonials,  will  be  sent  on  application  to  Waltee  Cahson  am 
Son,  No.  9,  Great  Winchester-street,  Old  Broad-street,  Roya 
Exchange,  London.— No  Agents.  All  orders  are  particular!; 
requested  to  be  seat  direct.  " 


43—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


687 


ESTABLISHED    MORE   THAN    100   YEARS. 

THOMAS    MILLINGTON, 

IMPOaTER   AND    DEALER  IN 

GLASS    POR    COHSEEVATORIES,     GRESNHOUSBS,     GAUDEN    FRAMES, 

AND    DWELLINGS. 

WAREHOUSE,    87,   BISHOPSGATE   STREET   WITHOUT,   LONDON. 


Cat  to  any  size. 


16  ouDiies 
21       „ 
26       „ 
32       „ 


Squares  not  above  40  inches  long. 
Per  foot. 

Os,  2J  i.  to  Oj.  8(J. 

0    84     too    4 

0    5       too    6 

0    6J      too    8 


lis.  Od. 
13    0 


Squares  in  Boxes  100  feet  each. 

Under  6  bv  4     

Cbj4,  Gi'by4 

7  by  4,  7    byG    l.^j,.,,  >,„  7 

Obj7,  SbyS,  12by9,  12bjl0    I  „„    „ 

13  by  10,  14  by  10,  15  by  10     ...  j  2"    " 

LARSE  SHEET  of  No.  15,  very  superior,  packed  in  canes  of  100,  200,  and  300  feet,  at  2H.  to  2i4.  per  foot. 
HARTLEYS  ani  other  ROilSH  PLATE,  from  J  to  1  inch  thick. 
Glass  Milk  Pans,  Preserve  Jars,  Bee  and  Propajatinpr  Glasses,  Plate  Glass,  Patent  Plate,  Plain,  ornamental,  and 
Coloured,  as  well  as  every  description  of  Window  Glass  now  manufactured.     Glass  Shades,  round,  oval,  and  square,  for 
Clocks  and  Ornaments.    Fera  Shades  and  Dishes. 


each. 

£.  s. 

rl. 

6  by  1,  CI  by  4*     . 

..    0  13 

0 

7by5,  7iby6i     . 

..     0  15 

0 

8  bv  5,  8    by  5*    . 

..     0  15 

0 

8  by  6,  8J  bj  Gi 

..    0  16 

0 

9by7,  10by8       . 

-.10 

0 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,  d;c. 

JAMES    PHILLIPS    A^D    CO.    beg    to  hand    their 
prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cat  to  order  in  Panes  not  Packed  iu  Boxes  of  100  feet 
above  40  inches  long. 

Per  foot, 

16  oz 23d.  to    3d. 

21  do 3id.  to4^d. 

26  do 3i<f.  to  7id. 

82  do GMl.  to    Sd, 

Various  sizes  of  16  oz.  Sheet  Glas.e,  ;such  as  12  by  9,  12  by 
10, 13  by  10,  It  by  10,  and  15  by  10,  packed  in  boxes  at  18s.  por 
100  feet. 

Packed  in  Crates  of  300  fe6tat2id.,  16  ounces  to  the  foot, 
or  14  ounces  liid. 

PATENT  SHEET  CLASS, 
gold  in  cases  containing  25  sheets,  4S  inches  long  by  3G  inches 
wide— 300  feet,  at  ot.  Os.  per  case,  net  cash.  Especial  attention 
Is  directed  to  the  siza,  4S  by  3G  inches,  containing  12  superficial 
feet,  and  weighing  from  16  to  17  oz.  to  the  foot,  which  is  the 
largest  ever  made. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  3Sj.,  10s.,  to  42^.  per  case. 

Milk  Pans,  from  '2s.  to  Gs.  each,  Propagating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tabes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoys' Milk  Syphons, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICPLTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops. 
gate-Btreet  Without,  London. 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  ilanafaciure,  at  prices  rarjicg  from  2d.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  tha  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  ot  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATEXT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  ana  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetley  and  Co.,  35,  Saho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


SOHO    CLASS    WAREHOUSE,    26.    SOHO    SQUARE. 

ALFRED  G03LETT  begs  to  inform  consumers  of 
Glass  for  Horticultural  purposes  that  he  supplies  the 
following  desctiptiooa,  either  iu  crates,  as  manufactured,  at 
Bedcced  PaicES,  or  cot  to  any  Riven  size: — ENGLISH 
CROWN  and  SHEET  GLASS  of  everv  weight  manufactured. 
HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROLLED  ROUGH  GLASS,  one- 
eighth,  three-sixteenths,  and  one-quarter  inch  thick.  BELGIAN 
SHEET  GL-A3S,  in  cases,  containing  200  feet,  of  one  given  siz?, 
at  40£,  per  case,  in  parcels  of  five  cases  at  3Sj.,  and  in  parcels 
of  10  cases,  at  373.  per  case,  fuS  Cagh  ;  or  cut  to  order  at 
3d.  per  foot  Buperiicial.  Estinatea  or  any  further  particulars 
will  be  forwarded  upon  application. 


"\T;rATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
»  »  their  Gardens  during  the  winter  mouths  should  con- 
struct  their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEilENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus : — Scrcsu  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
U  at  pretient  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  euch  equal  miiturs  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  tha  whole  well  In  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  Apade,  and  in  4S  hours  i:  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
aottoQ  of  the  severest  frost.  Jc  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
Boak  through  it,  to  givo  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towardi  the  tides.— Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.B,  White 
and  Sons.  MUlbaiik-fltrcet.  Westminster. 


PURE     WATER. 

THE      ASBESTOS      FILTER.— Manhfacturers, 
TAYLOR  AKD  PEARS,  Late  OXLEY  and  CO., 
b,  Georgc-yard,  Lombard-street,  London. 

Eztbact   paoH  "Lancet," 
June  2G,  1852. 
*'  The  Aabcatos   Filter  of 
Me«r«.  Oxiey  ond  Co.  is  the 
best    Filter    hitherto    con- 
structed.       Its    superiority 
conHlstA    In    tho    following 
circumitancop ;— First,    The 
fIIt«rlog  media  arc  cumpoitd 
of  layers    of  Asbentos  and 
ri»er  sand,  lo  arranged  an 
to    admit   of   being    reuJily 
^..^^    removed  and  cleanaed  from 
'T)   timo  to  time,  from  tho  im- 
•  \     purities    derived    from    tho 
'     wa'cr  which  panics  through 
'     Ihom,   Hccond,  The  mineral, 
A4be<>toii,  U  substituted  for 
t^cnniMiaUiibttnnro.Hpongrt, 
the  ftdvnntfigci*  of  tho  former 
bf- ing,  that  It  \»  not  liable  to 
bcoomo,  llko  sponge,  putro- 
J  iccnt,   and  that  it  may   bo 

I  enJitly  and  perfectly  cleansed. 

Ax  the  public  aro  Dtlll  con- 
demned to  drink  (ilthy 
Thuradf  watnr,  no  family 
having  rugard  forclennllnorti 
*-r"'-  ;  nod  health  nhould  tw  without 
^5S«>'    on  efficient  Biter," 


EMIGRANTS'  TENTS,  HOUSES,  and  CARTS.— 
Strong  Canvas  Tent,  12  feet  square,  6  feet  high  in  the 
lowest  part,  51.  each  ;  ditto,  with  boarded  sleeping  loft,  a  dry 
secure  Tent,  and  requidag  no  lines  to  keep  it  up,  81.  IQs.,  with 
wlrework  6  feet  high  all  round,  and  wire  door,  IGs.  extra  ;  this 
is  the  best  Tent  yoc  invented.  TentP,  10  feet  square,  41. ;  9  feet, 
31.  ;  S  feet,  21.  ;  all  G  feet  high  in  the  lowest  part.  Soldiers* 
Bell  Tents,  42  feet  round,  3J. ;  Iron  and  Wood  Houses,  from  81. 
Drawings  and  full  details  of  Houses  and  Tents  sent. 

Carts,  6  feet  long,  4  feet  wide,  SI.  each  ;  ditto,  7  feet  long, 
4  feet  wide,  with  hoops  and  awning,  IU. ;  when  tail  board  and 
front  is  let  down  like  a  dog  cart,  youhave  11  ft.  by  4  ft.  covered 
in  by  the  awnin?,  a  tarpauling  to  come  to  the  ground  all  round, 
enclosing  the  wheels  and  the  whule  Cart  round.  Gold  Washing 
Machines,  and  various  Tools  for  Emigrants'  Cots,  73. ;  Ham- 
mocks,  with  mattress  aod  pillow,  5s.  &d.  each,  complete. 

R.  Richardson,  corner  of  Judd-street,  New  Road,  near 
King's  Cross,  London.— N.B.  Several  Tents  may  be  seen  up, 
and  Carts  in  course  of  construction. 


GARDEN  FRAMES,  GREENHOUSES,  PITS,&c. 
—TRANSPARENT  SHEETING,  a  substitute  for  Garden 
Mate,  admitting  light  to  plants,  and  keeping  out  frost.  Is,  per 
yard,  runs  nearly  2  yards  wide;  thick  canvas  ditto.  Is.  per 
square  yard;  large  waterproof  capes,  to  protect  a  man  from 
wet  while  stooping  dowo,  3j.  ;  cart  and  wnsgon  covers,  2s.  per 
square  yard ;  made-up  horses'  loin  cloths,  driving  aprons,  &c. 
R.  RICHARDSOX,  21,  Tonbkidge  Place,  New  Road,  London. 

N.B.  3000  London  Police    Waterproof  Capes,  fresh  dressed, 
ISs.  and  24s.  per  dozen,  for  gardeners  and  farm  labourers. 

A  small  Fire  Engine  for  sale,  price  lOi.,  with  a  quantity  of 
Hose,  <tc.,  complete  for  uae. 


THE    ONLY    STOVE    WITHOUT    A    FLUE.— 
Plain,  from  12i'.  to  2os. ;  Ornamental,  from  Sis.  ed.  to  Six 
Guineas;  S^auds  for  Stoves,  23.  Gd.,  Zs.,  and  6s.   each.    For 
which  her  Majesty's  Royal  Letters  Patent 
iiave    been    granted.      Prospectus,    with 
Draiviiifj:^  and  Report,  forwarded  free. 

JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  Halls, 
Passages,  Greenhouees,  Water-closets, 
ShopB,  Store-rooms,  and  all  places  re- 
quiring artificial  warmth.  Tho  above 
3:oves  do  not  emit  smoke  or  unpleasant 
smell,  aod  will  burn  without  attention  or 
i-eplenisbing  from  twelve  to  twenty-four 
hours.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily,  at  the 
.  sole  Proprietor'^,  S.  Nash,  Ironmonger, 
/f^Tm  ^'^•'  ^^^'  Osford-street,  and  at  the  City 

^ ^i^—  Depot,  113,  Newgate-strtet,  London  ;  and 

to  be  had  from  the  principal  Ironmongers  in  town  and  country. 
PATENT  PREPARED  FUEL  for  the  Stoves,   23.   Sd.   per 
bushel;  only  genuine  with  the  Proprietor's  name  and  seal  on 
the  sack. 

S.Nash,  253,  Osford-street,  and  119,  Newgate-street,  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  Portable  Economical  Vapour  Bath, 
for  Families,  Travellers,  &c.  &,c.,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
11.  lis.  Gd.    Medical  Testimonials  forwarded  on  application. 


ANEW  STOVE,— GREAT  NOVELTY.— In  the 
construction  of  the  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE,  it 
was  the  first  care  of  the  inventor,  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  moat  valued  of  modern  improvements  in  the 
art  of  heatiog,  aod  secondly,  so  to  modify  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  once  to  obtain  tho  simplest  and 
most  perfect  combustion;  after  a  long  series  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  subatifution  of  a  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
present  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  bars,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  well  as  purity  and 
quantity  of  heat,  is  far  beyond  hia  most  sanguine  especSations, 
whiie  for  cleanlinesB  and  cbeerfaluesa  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
able. Price  from  OGs.  to  151.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  in  bis 
showTooms,  where  also  are  to  be  seen 
■;5Q  STOVES  and  325  FENDERS 
^'  _  (  exclusive  of  reserved  stock)  all  differing  in  pattern, 
forming  the  largest  assortmont  ever  collected  together.  They 
are  marked  in  plain  figures,  and  at  prices  proportionate  with 
those  that  have  tended  to  make  bis  establishment  the  most 
distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  lis.  to  5i.  10s. ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  51.  lOs,  to  12s.  123,  ; 
brDoze'l  fenders  complete,  with  standards,  from  73.  to  U. ;  steel 
fenders,  from  21.  lo3.  to  tli. ;  ditto,  with  rich  ormolu  ornamente, 
from  21.  15s.  to  7i.  73. ;  fire-irons,  from  la.  9(i.  the  set  to  il.  4s. 
.■ijlvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  with  radiating  hearth- 
plates  ;  and  Ititcben  ranges,  which  he  is  enabled  to  sell  at  these 
very  reduced  chsrgca. 

I-'lrst— From  tho  frequency  and  extent  of  his  purchases  ;  and 

Secondly — From  those  purchases  being  raado  exclusivoly 
for  cash. 

WILLIAMS.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GBNERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nlcltol  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
iron  and  Brass  Bedstoade),  so  arranged  and  classltied  that 
purchaserB  may  eaoily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  KngravlngH,  sent  (per  post)  free.  Tho 
money  mtiirned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

H'J,  OXFORD  SrilBET  Ccornor  of  NowniHn-Btroot)  ;  Noo. 
1  and  2,  NEWMAN  STRFi-:'!  ;  and  4  and  5.  PERRY'S  I'LAOE. 

VyATERPJlOOF  CAPES,  ao  .  a3~to"'di"^uaiiy 
'  »  protect  a  man  from  wet  while  stooping  down,  '<iB.  each, 
suitable  for  Co;«chmcn,  OardeiierH,  Oamekucpors,  Watchers, 
Cuniiun,  IIornu-drivorH,  Porturu,  and  Agricultural  LabourorH, 
Three  -thouftHud  Loudon  Pollcemen'o  secoud-hand  Cupos, 
ro-drcmed,  IHa,,  and  2iB.  per  dozen.  Waggon  and  Oart 
Uuvcrr,  Ilofiio'  Loin  Clolhfl,  Waltrproof  Coiits,  Driving  AiM-ons 
for  OinH,  Dog-cartM,  and  OmnibuACH,  iic.—ll.  Riciiaiiukon, 
21,  Toribridgc-iilaco,  corner  of  Judd-Htroet,  Now-roiid,  Loud<^jn. 
N.B.^ — Trannparent  Sheeting,  nearly  2  yardu  wide,  Is.  per 
yard.  One  thousand  yordi  thick  Tarpauling,  sucond-huud, 
If,  por  Bfiaaro  yard,  made  up. 


ANTI-CHOLERA    PRECAUTIONS. 
'pHE  COMFORT  of  a  FIXED  WATER-CLOSET 

-L  fori!.— Placeain  gardens  converted  into  comlortable  water- 
closets  by  the  PATENT  HERMETICALLY-SEALED  PAN, 
with  its  self-acting  water  trap  valve,  entirely  preventing  the 
return  of  cold  air  or  cflliivia.  Price  U,  Any  carpenter  can  fix  it 
in  two  hours.  Indispensable  for  health  in  cahe  of  the  Cholera. 
AUo  Patent  Hermetically-Sealed  inodorous  Commodes  for  the 
sick  room:  price  li.  43.,  '21.  Gs.,  and  U.  A  prospectus  with 
encravings.  forwarded  by  enclosing  a  post  stamp. 

At  Fyfe  &  Co.'s.  2ii.  Tavistock-street,  Covent  Garden,  London. 

T  AMPS  OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  PATTERNS.— 
-L^  The  largest,  as  well  as  choicest  assortment  of  PALMER'S 
MAGNUM  and  other  LAMPS —  CAMPHINE,  ARGAND 
SOLAR,  and  MODERATEUR  LAMPS,  with  ail  tho  latest 
improremcn's,  and  of  tbe  newest  and  most  recherche  patterns 
in  ormolu,  Bohemian,  and  plain  glass,  or  pupier  mache  in 
existence— is  at  W.  S.  BURTON'S,  and  they  are  arranged  in 
oae  large  room,  so  that  the  patterns,  sizes,  and  sorts  can  te 
instantly  selected, 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicatioir).  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plaied,  and  japanned  wares, 
iron  and  brass  bedsteads),  so  arranged  and  clasaified  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free,  The  money 
returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of, 

39.  OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Newman-street);  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NEWMAN-STREET  ;  and  4  and  5,  PERRY'S-PLACB. 


HEAL  AND  SON'S  EIDER  DOWN  QUILTS  are 
made  in  three  varieties  — The  Boedeutd  Qoilt,  the 
PL4IN  Qoilt,  and  the  DovET,  The  Bordered  Qailt  is  in  the 
usual  form  of  bed  quilts,  aod  is  a  most  elegant  and  luxurious 
article.  The  Plain  Qailt  is  smaller,  acd  ie  useful  as  an  extra 
covering  on  tbe  bed,  as  a  wrapper  in  the  carriage,  or  on  the 
couch.  The  Duvet  is  a,loose  case  filled  with  Eider  Down,  as  in 
genera]  use  on  the  Continent. 

List  of  Prices  snd  Sizes  sent  free  by  post,  on  application  to 
Heal  and  Son's  Bedding  Factory,  196,  Tottenham  Court 
Road.  London. 

B;ERDOE'S  WINTER  OVER-COATS  and 
SHOOTING  JACKETS.— A  very  large  stock  of  superior 
garments  in  every  improved  material  and  style,  and  of  every 
degree  of  warmth,  or  lightness,  guaranteed  to  resist  any 
amount  of  rain  ;  at  charges  reduced  to  the  lowest  point  con- 
sistent with  tho  principle  that  an  article  to  be  really  cheap 
must  be  good.  Every  size  also  of  the  WATERPROOF  PAL- 
LIUM, the  well  known  Light  O^er-Coat,  for  all  seasons  (price 
i5s.)  Riding  and  Driving  Capes,  Leggings,  Boys'  Over-Coats 
and  Capes,  also  Cloaks,  Mantles,  Habits,  &.C.  for  Ladies,  all 
thoroughly  impervious  to  rain,  without  obsxructinq  FaEE 
VENTILATION,  the  fatal  objection  to  all  other  waterproofs.— 
W.  BERDOE.  Tailoh  and  Ovee-Coat  Makes,  9G,  New  Bond 
Strret.  and  69.  Cornhill  fonly.) 

MOST  I MPORT  AN  T .  DISCO  VERY.— Beautiful 
TEETH,  and  no  more  Toothache.  Under  the  immediate 
patronage  of  the  Court,  the  Marquis  of  Headfort,  the  Clergy, 
Captains  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  Fhysiciaua,  Surgeon  Den- 
tists, &c.  See  Testimonialfl  with  the  Cumpouod.  GRAHAM'S 
LIQUID  BOTANICAL  DENTIFRICE,  for  preserving  and 
beautifying  the  Teeth  ;  it  prevents  toothache  and  purifies  the 
breath.  It  is  highly  recommended  to  all  who  h^^ve  artificial 
and  defective  teeth.  Prepared  and  sold  by  James  Geaham, 
Bognor,  and  his  agent,  Mr.  Sanger,  150,  Osfoid-street,  London  ; 
and  all  chemists  and  perfumers.  Price  Is.  l.kd.  per  box. — 
N.B.  Ic  is  also  highly  recommended  after  smoking,  for  puri- 
fying the  breath,  and  is  most  refreshing  to  the  mouth  on  a  sea 
voyai^e,  and  is  very  much  used.  Every  family  should  use  this 
cnmpouo'i.     Beware  of  spurious  imitations. 

A   CERTAIN    REMEDY    FOR    INFLUENZA,    COUGHS, 
COLDS    AND    ASTHMA 

OPENCER^S  PULMONIC  ELIXIR.™  For  the 
^  nursery  it  is  invaluable,  as  it  is  as  agreeable  to  the  palate 
as  it  is  useful  in  all  eases  of  hooping-coui^'b,  chin-cough,  or 
common  coughs  arising  from  colds,  teething,  &c.  To  invalids, 
whose  ailments  are  increased  by  frosty  and  f>.v'gy  weat'  er,  it 
is  a  never-failing  source  of  comTort  and  ease  from  suffering, 
enabling  them  to  breathe  with  freedom  during  the  keenest 
frost  and  thickest  fog;  in  fine,  it  possessiis  every  property 
which  can  be  beneficial  in  cases  of  Coughs,  Colds,  Asthma, 
and  all  complaints  of  the  Chest  and  Luos^-  It  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  complaints  of  the  cbes'  to  attend  strictly 
to  the  state  of  the  bowels;  therefore,  should  they  be  costive, 
the  patient  should  use  a  gentle  aperient.  "  PARR'S  LIFE 
PILLS"  are,  from  their  mild  operation,  peculiarly  adapted  to 
aid  tho  Elixir  in  effecting  a  cure. 

Impobtant  Caution.  Notice. — Persons  desirous  of  testing 
the  efficacy  of  this  medicine  must  observe  that  on  each  bottle 
arc  the  words  "  SPENCER'S  PULMONIC  ELIXIR,"  and  that 
each  wrapper  has  a  fac-slmile  of  the  Proprietor's  signature, 
T.  Roberts  X-  Co. 

Prepared  only  by  T,  Roberts  and  Co.,  Crane,  court,  Fleet- 
etreo:,  London  ;  and  sold  by  E.  Edwards,  (j7,  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard ;  Barclay  and  Sons,  Favringdon-atreet ;  Sutton  and  Co., 
Bow  Churchyard  ;  Sanger  and  Co.,  Oxford. street,  London  ;  and 
by  all  respectable  Medicine  Vendors  iu  tho  Kingdom.  In 
bottles,  at  Is,  l^jd.  and  2^.  dd.  each. 


COUND  AND  Vi^HlTE  TEETH  are  not  only  indis- 
O  pensablj  requisite  to  a  pleasing  c-Kitiiior  in  male  and 
female,  but  they  are  pocu  iarly  appreciated  through  life  as  a 
blessing  highly  conducive  ro  the  purposes  of  health  and  longevity. 
The  great  esteem  in  which  tho  public  have  lung  held 

ROWLANDS'  ODONTO,  oa  Pearl  Dentifhice, 
precludes  the  necessity  here  of  entering  into  a  minute  detail  of 
its  merits,  and  the  singular  advantages  it  no  eminently  pos- 
Besses  over  the  usual  powders  sold  for  the  tei;th.  It  is  auf33ciont 
to  observe  that  Rowlands'  OooNTois  a  pure  preparation  of  tho 
most  efficient  Eastern  Uebbs,  which  not  only  has  the  property 
of  rendering  the  above  beautiful  organs  of  the  mouth  dazzUngly 
white,  but  it  iitrengthciis  their  ortvi"'c  striiciuro,  and  fulfils 
the  itlcasing  task  of  rendering  tlio  brfatli  e»v..ot  iind  pure.  It 
ahuuld  nover  (in  pai'tlcular)  ho  foi'ROUeu  tlm',  whrn  used  in 
early  life,  it  effectually  prevents  all  aches  ia  the  Teeth  and 
Gums— tfiaces  all  spots  and  discolourations  ivhatsoevcr— eradi- 
cates scurvy — and,  In  a  word,  noon  re^Utes  ttio  chief  uttributo 
of  Health  and  Beauty— A  FINE  SET  OF  PIiiARLY  TEETHI 
Price  23  'Jd.  per  box. 
%'  Beware  of  Spohtods  Isiitationb.  Tho  gonutoo  article 
has  tho  words  "Rowlands'  Odonto"  on  tiio  Label,  and 
*'A.  Rowland  and  Sons,  20,  Ilatton  Garden,' ougravud  on  the 
Governmoni  Stamp  adlxcd  on  each  box.  Sold  hy  them,  and 
by   Chemists  and  pDrlumijrH^ 

OLLO^VArs  OINTMENT  AND  PILLS  FOR 
TUB  CURB  OF  WOUNDS  IN  TUB  LEG.-E.xtraot  of 
u  letter  from  Mrs.  Simpson,  of  Bramluy,  near  Leeds,  dated 
October  I(t,  1852.  "To  ProfuQsor  I11olL')\vai:.  Sir,— 1  was 
nlllicttd  (or  18  montha  with  a  very  had  h  g,  in  vvhich  there  were 
three  deep  wounds  ;  I  tried  all  Idudu  of  remedied  and  was  under 
tlie  caru  of  diQ'eretit  surgeoni  hero  and  at  Lei:di,  but  derived  no 
beneht  h-oni  thetr  truatniunt.  I  was  at  length  advised  to  resort 
to  your  Ointment  and  i'llln,  imrl  am  happy  to  say  chat  by  tho 
UHo  of  these  valuable  mediuiiiert  my  leg  tu  couiideLely  cured  and 
itH  sound  iiH  uvtr  It  WHH." — Sold  by  nil  Drugi^iutti,  and  at  Pro- 
foHflor  IIolloway's  Katubll'hmcnt,  '^H,  Strand,  Loudon. 


688 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [Oct.  23. 


FRUIT     TREES. 

THOMAS  RIVERS  t'ega  to  svibmit  to  the  Public  a 
SYNOPSIS  of  his  FRUIT  TREE  CDLTUR.K.  The 
names  of  varieties,  with  descriptions  aad  priceB,  are  given  in 
his  descriptive  Catalogus  of  Fruits,  just  published,  sent  post 
free  for  six  postage  stamps. 

APPLES.  —  Standards  for  Orchards,  and  Pyramids  and 
Dwarfs,  on  Crab  Stocks;  Pyramids  and  Dwarfa,  and  Bwarfa 
Trained,  for  Gardens,  on  Paradise  S'ocUs. 

'^APRICOTS.— Dwarfs,  Dwarf  Trained,  Standards,  Standards 
Trained,  and  Dwarf  Bushes  in  pots  for  culture  under  rIhss. 

CHERRIES.— Standards  for  Orchards.  Dwarfs,  and  Dwarfs 
Trained'onthe  common  wild  Cherry  Stock,  Dwarfs  for  Bushes 
or  for  potting  for  culture  under  glass,  Dwarfs  in  pots,  and 
I)warfB  trained  on  the  Cerasus  Mahaleb  stock. 

CURRANTS,— Bushes  and  Pyramide. 

FIGS,— Dwarf  Bushes  ia  a  bearing  state,  in  pot3. 

GOOSEtbERRIES.— Buihes,  80  large  Lancashire  varieties, 
20  small  high-flavoured  ditto. 

GRAPES.— Vines,  from  eyes,  in  pots,  for  Vinenes  and  Hot- 
houses, fine  and  well  ripened  under  glass;  Ditto  hardy  kinds 
for  walls,  also  from  oyes  growing  in  the  open  quarters  ;  plants 
fine,  7  to  8  feet  in  height;  Dwaif  Bushes,  in  pots,  for  culture 
in  orchard  houses. 

MEDLARS.— Standards,  Dwarfs,  and  Pyramids. 

NECTARINES  AND  PEACHES.— Dwarfs,  Dwdrf3  trained, 
Standards,  Standards  trained,  and  Dwarf  Bushes  in  pots  in  a 
bearing  state,  for  culture  under  glas3. 

NUTS  AND  FILBERTS.— Dwarfs  and  Standards  for  garden 
culture,  the  latter  grafted  on  the  Spanibh  Hazel  Nut.  These 
form  very  prolific  trees. 

PEARS.— Siaudards  for  Orchards,  Pyramids,  Dwarfs,  and 
Dwarfs  trained  on  Pear  stocUs  :  Pyramids  from  one  to  six 
years  old,  Is.  Gd.  to  35.  Gd.  and  Ss.  eai-h  ;  the  two  latter  de- 
scriptions capable  of  bearing  a  good  crop  the  first  summer 
after  planting.  Dwarf  bushes  for  potting  and  Dwarfs  trained 
for  espaliers  or  walla  on  Quince  stockB.  Many  acres  are 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  culture  of  Pears. 

PLUMS.— Standards  for  Orchards,  Standards  trained,  Pyra- 
mids, Dwarfs  and  Dwarfd  trained  for  espaliers  or  walls.  The 
Pyramids  are  nearly  all  in  a  bearing  state,  so  as  to  be  able  to 
give  fruit  the  first  summer  after  planting.  Dwarf  Bushes  in  a 
bearing  state,  and  Dwarf  Bushes  in  pots  for  culture  under 
glass. 

QUINCES. — Standards  of  the  common,  and  Pyramids  of  the 
large  Portugal  Quioce,  the  finest  and  most  abundant  bearer, 
even  when  young,  otatl  the  Quinces. 

RASPBERRIES.— Canes  of  all  the  select  varieties. 

STRAWBERRIES.— Plants  of  all  the  varieties  worthy  of 
cultivation. 

MULBERRIES.— Standards  and  Dwarfs.  Some  fine  Stand- 
ards can  be  supplied  35  to  40  years  old.  These  are  6  to  7  feet 
high,  perfectly  straight,  and  measure  from  8  to  IG  inches  in 
girth,  5  feet  from  the  ground.  They  have  all  been  removed 
■within  three  years,  and  will  transplant  with  aafety. 

In  connection  with  fruit  tree  culture,  the  following  works  can 
be  supplied:— THE  MINIATURE  FRUIT  GARDEN;  or,  the 
Culture  of  Pyramidal  Fruit  Trees,  Fourth  edition.  Sent  free 
per  post,  for  24  postage  stamps.  THE  ORCHARD  HQUiiE  ; 
or,  the  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees  in  Pots  under  Glass.  By  Tnoa. 
RiVEES.    Per  post  for  30  postage  stamps. 

Sawbridgewortb,  Herts,  Oct.  23. 


S  WILSON  AND  SON  have  to  offer  for  Sale  at  very 
•  low  prices,  Scotch,  Spruce,  Larch,  and  Silver  FIRS,  from 
2  to  6  feet ;  large  Poplars,  Horse  Chestnuts,  Beech,  Laurels  and 
other  Shrubs  and  Forest  Trees  ;  dwarf-trained  Peaches, 
Nectarines,  and  Plums,  and  Standard  Roses.  Also  a  large 
collection  of  Fuchflias,  Chrysanthemums,  Geraniums,  and 
Verbenas. — AppUcations  for  prices,  &c.,  to  be  made  to  the 
Nursery,  Ilford,  Essex, 


Oa  the  30th  inst,  will  be  published,  price  One  Shilling  ,  the 
Ninth  Number  of 

BLEAK  HOUSE.  By  CHARLES  DICKENS. 
With  Illustrations  by  Hablot  K.  Browne.  To  bo  com- 
pleted in  Twenty  Numbers,  uniform  with  "  David  Copper- 
field,"  itc. 

Bradbdet  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. 


On  the  30th  inst.  will  be  published,  price  One  Shilling,  the 
Eleventh  Number  of 

MR.  SPONGE'S  SPORTING  TOUR.  By  the 
Author  of  "  Handley  Cross,"  *'Jorrocka'*  Jaunts,"  &;c. 
Illustrated  with  One  Coloured  Engraving  and  numerous  Wood- 
cuts, by  John  Leech. 

Numbers  I.  to  XI.  maybe  had  by  order  of  any  Bookseller 
or  Newsvendor,  and  at  all  Railway  Stations. 

Beadbdrt  and  Etans,  11,  Bouverie-atreet. 


On  the  First  of  November  will  be  Published,  price  2s.  Gd., 

PUNCH'S  ;POCKET-BOOK   FOR   1853.     With  a 
Coloured  Plate  by  John  Leech,   and  numerous  Wood 
Engravings  by  John  Leech  and  John  Tenniel. 
Pdnch  Office,  85,  Fleet-street, 


Second  Edition,  8vo,  price  5^.  Gd.,  cloth, 

G  LENNY'S  HAND-BOOK  OF  PRACTICAL 
GARDENING,  containing  Plain  Instructions  for  every 
Operation  connected  with  the  Ground,  including  Landscape 
Gardening. 

GLENNY'3  HAND-BOOK  to  the  FLOWER- 
GARDEN  AND  GREENHOUSE,  containing  a  Calendar  of 
Monthly  Operationn,    Price  6s.  Gd. 

GLENNY'S  HAND-BOOK  to  the  FRUIT  and 
VEGETABLE  GARDEN,  containing  a  Calendar  of  Monthly 
Operations.    Price  7s.  Gd. 

THE  HORTICULTURAL  MAGAZINE,  in  61 
Shilling  Parts,  or  in  Five  Volumes  handsomely  bound.  Price 
163.  each,  containing  Directions  for  the  cultivation  of  all  the 
principal  Show  Flowers. 

THE   STANDARD   of   PERFECTION   for   the 

PROPERTIES  OF  FLOWERS  AND  PLANTS;  originated  and 
defined  by  George  Glennt,  F.n.S.     Third  Edition,    Price  Is. 

GLENNY'S  GARDEN  ALMANACK  for  1053  wiU 
bfl  ready  November  1,    Price  Is. 

GLENNY'S  GOLDEN  RULES  for  GARDENERS, 
showing  in  a  few  words  what  Gardeners  ought  to  do  and  avoid. 
Price  Gd. 

't;  GLENNY'S  GARDENING  for  COTTAGERS 
with  Treatises  ontho  Management  of  Bees,  Poultry,  Pigs,  &;c 
Price  Gd. 

GLENNY'S  CATECHISM  op  GARDENING  ;  con- 
tainmg  Instructions  for  the  Culture  of  Vegetables  and  Fruit- 
^ees,  arranged  for  the  Use  of  Schools  of  both  Sexes.  By  the 
Rev.  J.  Edwards,  M.A.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  King's 
College,  London.     Price  ^d.  sewed  ;  Is.  Zd.  cloth. 

Also,    GARDENING    for   CHILDREN,   by    Rev. 
C.  A,  Johns.    Price  '2s.  C,d.~Vozt  free,  Gd.  extra,  each. 
George  Cox,  18,  King-Btreet,  Covent  Garden. 


Sales  &g  auction* 

NURSERY     STOCK. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  BU[LDER?,&  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  SeH 
by  Auction,  on  tho  Nuraery  Ground  adjoining  T(?rk- 
place.  Stoke  Newington,  on  MONDAY,  October  25,  and 
following  day,  at  11  o'clock  each  day— tine  Ornamental  and, 
Decidaous  Trees,  Evergreens,  and  Flowering  Shrubs — con- 
sisting of  Aucubas,  Portugul  and  common  Laurels,  Variegated 
and  Green  IlolUes,  Arbor-viias,  Bays,  Xvifls,  Lilaog,  Arbutus, 
Box,  Limes,  Acacias,  Poplars,  Evergreen  Privet,  Azaleas,  and 
fine  Rhododendrons  well  set  with  bloom  buds.  A  fine  aSBort- 
raentof  Fruit  Trees,  comprlsins  Standard  and  Dwarf-trained 
Peaches,  Apricots,  Nectarines,  Cherries,  Plums,  Pears,  Goose- 
berries, Currants,  Grape  Vines,  ibc.  May  be  viewed  prior  to 
the  Sale.— Catalogues  may  be  had  on  the  Premises  ;  of  the 
priiicipal  Seedsmen;  and  of  the  Auctioneera,  American 
Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Esses. 


ESGIIOL  NURSEllY. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 

BUILDERS  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell  by 
Auction  on  the  preoaises,  Eschol  Nuraery,  Haverstock- 
hill,  Camden-town,  on  WEDN'ESDAY,  October  27,  and 
fullowing  days,  at  11  o'clock  each  day,  (by  order  of  the 
proprietor,  in  consequence  of  the  ground  being  let  f  >r  building 
purposes),  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK, 
consisting  of  Forest,  Frui'",  Ornamental  Trees,  and  Deciduous 
Shrubs,  with  a  large  assortment  of  fine  Evergreens  in 
great  variety, — Catalogues  are  being  prepired  and  may  be 
had  on  the  premise^? ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London: 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery.  Leytonstone,  Essex. 
N.B.  The  whole  of  tlie  Greenhyuses,  Pits,  and  Utensils  in 
tradp,  together  with  the  choice  Greenhouse  Plants,  will  be 
submitted  to  public  competition  early  in  the  spring. 


DEPTFOKD. 
TO    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS.  ETC. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  (by  Mr.  F.  Waenee)  to  submit  to  public  com- 
petition by  Auction,  on  tha  premises,  adjoining  Albert- terrace, 
New  Cross,  Deptford,  on  MONDAY,  November  1,  at  11  o'clock, 
the  whole  of  the  NURSERY  STOCK  of  Evergreens  and  Fruit 
Trees,  comprising  Chinese  Arbor-vitae,  Irish  Yew,  Red  Cedar, 
Green  IloUy,  Upright  Cyprus,  Pinus  excelsa,  morinda  ;  Cedrus 
Deodara,  Araucaria  imbricata.  Silver  aad  Spruce  Firs, 
Camellias,  and  Azalea  indica,  &e.  ;  Standard  and  Dwarf 
trained  Apricot,  Plum,  Pear,  Apple,  Raspberry,  Gooseberry, 
Currant,  and  Strawberry  (sorts),  tine  standard  Mulberries,  drc. 
A  large  quantity  of  Mitchell's  Princo  Albert  Rhubarb,  Af^para- 
guB,  ;Seakale,^and  Early  Potato  (sorts);  also,  the  erection  of 
two  sheds,  sundry  tool.s.  ^c. — Maybe  viewed  prior  to  the  sale  ; 
Catalogues  had  on  the  premises;  of  Messru.  Dawe,  Cottrell 
and  Benham,  36,  Moorgate-street ;  of  the  principal  seedsmen  ■ 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Es3ex[ 


PADDINGTON. 
TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  PELAR- 
GONIUM EXHIBITORS,  AND  OTHERS. 
MESSRS.  PROTHERGE  and  MORRIS  ai-e 
favoured  with  instructions  from  Mr.  R.  Stains,  to 
submit  to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Maida  Vale,  Edgeware  Road,  Paddington,  on  FRIDAY,  5th 
November,  at  11  o'clock,  in  consequence  of  the  land  being 
required  for  building  purposes,  the  whole  of  the  valuable 
GREENHOUSE  PLANT>,  comprising  choice  show  and  Cape 
Pelargoniums,  consieting  of  Bet:k'ti  Ro9a,  Foster's  Shylock, 
Ariadne,  Enchantress,  Lavina,  Purple  Perfection,  Vandyke, 
Rubens,  Pulchra,  Monteith,  Hoyle's  Ajas,  Nectar  Cup,  Roua'a 
Abbi,  Fouquett's  Magnificent,  and  all  the  leading  varieties  ;  a 
fine  collection  of  Herbaceous  Plants,  Standard  Roses,  Box 
Edging,  &c. ;  together  with  four  capital  Greenhouses,  erection 
of  Cottage,  several  Pits,  1,  2,  aad  3-light  Botes,  Hand-lights, 
500  feet  of  Hot-water  Pipe,  two  Boikrj,  Furnaces,  Bricks, 
York  Paring,  Tiles,  'J4-iQch  Gar(len  Roller,  Fumig.itor 
(tirown's).  Syringe  and  Pump  (Reed's),  Garden  Seats,  Ther- 
momt-tere.  Water  Tubs,  Cans,  Garden-pots  ;  a  quantity  of 
rotten  Compost  and  Manui  c,  a  useful  Nag,  a  capital  Tumbrel 
Cart  and  Harneas,  and  sundry  other  eff<;cts. — May  be  viewed 
two  days  prior  to  tne  sale.  Catalogues  had  {Gd.  each,  return- 
able to  purchasers),  on  the  premises,  the  Hero  of  Maida  ;  of 
the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


WOOLWICH. 

TO     GENTLEMEN,   'NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS, 

AND   OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
directed  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  Bowater 
Nursery,  Woolwich,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  10th,  and 
fdllowing  days,  at  11  o'clock  each  day  (by  order  of  Mr. 
C.  A.  Wiiliame,  the  Lease  having  expired),  the  whole  of  the 
valuable  NURSERY  STOCK  of  Evergreens,  Fruit  and  Orna- 
mental Trees,  consisting  of  fine  Aucuba,  Arbutus,  Cnina 
Arboi-Vitai,  Sweet  Bays,  Phillyreas,  Yew,  varied  and  green 
Hollies,  Euonymus,  Privet,  Laurestinus,  Alaternus,  Rbodo- 
dendrons,  Kalmia,  Azaleas,  Spruce  Firs,  Standard  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  Cotoneaster,  Clematis,  Jasmine,  Virginian  Creeper, 
Aristolochia,  Irish  Ivies,  Herbaceous  Plants,  (be,  in  pots. 
Laburnum,  Poplar,  AYeeping  Ash,  Lime,  Elm,  Lilac,  Thorns, 
Standard  and  Dwarf-trained  Peach,  Nectarine,  Apricot,  Plum, 
Cherry,  Apple,  Fear,  Gooseberries,  Currant,  Ptbubarb,  &c. — 
May  b3  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale  ;  Catalogues  may  b?  had 
{Gd.  each,  returnable  to  purchasers)  on  the  premises  ;  of  the 
principal  seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers, 
American  Niirsery.  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


HORNSEY  ROAD. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 

BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  have 
received  instructions  from  Mr.  PiiiPLirr  to  submit  to 
an  unreserved  Sale  by  Auction,  on  the  nremises,  Paradise 
Nursery,  Hornsey-road,  Islington,  on  TUESDAY,  Nov.  2d, 
and  following  day,  at  \\  o'clock  each  day,  the  whole  of  the 
valuable  NURSERY  STOCK:,  consisting  of  a  rery  superior 
assortment  of  fine  Evergreeofl,  Fruit,  and  Ornamental  Trees, 
comprising  Green  and  Variegated  Hollies,  Bos,  Arbor-Vitj^ 
Laurestinus,  Philljreas,  Red  Cedars,  Arbutus,  Portugal  and 
Common  Laurels,  Bays,  Euonymui,  Alaternus,  Yews,  Aucuba, 
Cypress,  dtc.  ;  also  Apples,  Peare,  Cherries,  Plum4,  Goose- 
berries, and  Currants;  Planes,  Limes,  Thai-os,  with  fine 
Rhododendrons,  Azilea?,  Andromeda  fioribunda,  well  set 
with  bloom.  Box  Edging,  &;c.— May  be  viewed  and  Catalogues 
had  prior  to  the  sale,  on  the  premises  ;  of  the  principal  Seeds- 
men  in  London ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery* 
Leytonstone,  Esses. 

N.  8.  The  valuable  Lease  to  be  sold  or  let. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart,  Bartholometv-lane,  on  TUESDAY  and  TSUElS-l 
DAY,  October  26th  and  23th,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-class  coUec-l 
tion  of  DUTCH  BULBS,  and  about  500  fine  Standard  and 
Climbing  Roses,  comprising  all  the  best  varieties. — May  be 
viewed  the  morning  of  sale  ;  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart  ;: 
and  of  the  the  Auctioneer,  Ebenezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell, 

CHOICE   COLLECTION    OF   TULIPS. 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart  (near  the  Bank  of  England),  on  WEDNESDAY, 
Nov.  3d,  at  12  o'clock,  the  remaining  portion  of  the  well-known 
Collection  of  T  ULI  PS,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  New  (of  tho 
Derby  Arm3,  Kirkdale).  They  comprise  Gibbon'd  Princess  Royal, 
Enchantress,  Maid  of  Orleans,  Maid  of  Athens,  Countess  of 
Harrington,  LadyFlora Hastings,  Purple  Perfection,  ChellaetoQ 
Beauty,  Britannia,  Prince  Albert,  Sable  Monarch,  Wood's  Vaa. 
Amburgh,  Thalia,  Louis  XVI.,  George  Glenny,  Salvator  Ro33, 
Pandora,  David,  (tc.  Am^ng  tha  Roses,  Anastasia,  King  of 
Scarlets,  Lady  Leicester,  Lady  Stanley,  Lady  Vernon,  Miss 
Catharine,  Dixon's  Bion,  Jeffery's  Elizabeth,  Mary  Lamb, 
Ileadley's  Rose  Ellen,  Countess  of  Eglinton,  Lady  Boyle, 
Camuso  de  Craix,  Rose  Lac,  <tc.  TheBizarres  comprise  Pilot, 
Strong's  King,  Competitor,  Tricolor,  Shakespeare,  Apelies, 
Marcellus,  Pompe  Funebre,  Coronation,  How's  Lewis,  Lord 
Lilford,  <fcc.  The  whole  will  be  sold  without  the  least  reserve. 
—May  be  viewed  on  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  to  be 
had  at  the  Mart;  of  Messrs.  Dawe,  Cottbell,  and  Benham, 
Seedsmen,  Moorgate-street,  City ;  H.  Alekandee,  Shacklewell  j 
and  also  of  Mrs.  New,  Everton  Valley,  Kirkdale,  upon  receipt 
of  four  stamps, 

GREENHOUSES,     ETC- 

GEORGE  NICHOLLS  and  Co.  have  just  com. 
pleted,  and  have  for  sale,  a  very  handsome  Lean-to 
GREENHOUSE  (of  extra  height),  14  feet  by  10  feet  G  inches  ; 
a  smaller  do.  11  feet  by  8  feet  ■  also  others  in  progress.  G.  N, 
and  Co.  design  and  erect  Conservatories,  Pits,  and  every 
description  of  Horticultural  Buildings.  Hot-water  Apparatus, 
on  an  improved  and  economical  principle,  from  7i.  and  upwards.. 
— Address  City-road  (corner  of  Plumber. street),  London.  J 

TO     NURSERYMEN,    FLORISTS,    ETC.  f 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  an  Old-Establislied 
BUSINESS,  of  more  than  Thirty  Years'  Standing, 
situated  in  one  of  the  principal  Townq  North  of  Derby,  to- 
which  is  attached  a  First-Ciass  RETAIL  SEED  SHOP.— Tha 
Premises  at  the  Nursery  are  replete  with  every  convenience 
for  the  Propagation  of  Hard  aud  Soft-wooded  Plants.  This  is 
an  opportunity  rarely  to  be  met  with,  and  will  bear  tJae 
strictest  investigation.  No  good- will  required,  and  none  but 
principals  treated  with.  If  preferred,  the  Nursery  Ground 
(i?reehold)  may  be  purchased,  and  two-thirds  of  the  purchase 
money  may  remain  on  security.  The  above  is  offered  in  con- 
sequence of  the  death  of  the  previous  owner. — For  particulacs- 
address  A.  B.,  ilr.  Duncan  Haird,  Seedsman,  109,  St.  Martin's- 
lane,  London  ;  or  Mr.  John  Sampson,  Bookseller,  York. 

FOR  SALE,  a  Quantity  of  FRUIT  TREES,  in 
12  and  13-inch  pots,  that  have  been  grown  in  one  of 
Rivers's  Orchard  Houses,  consisting  of  50  of  the  best  sorts  of 
Peaches  aud  Nectarines,  18  Apricots,  12  Plume,  12  Peara, 
12  Figs,  and  6  Cberries.  The  Trees  have  been  in  their  present 
pots  18  months,  and  are  in  famous  condition  for  bearing  next 
year.  Many  of  them  have  borne  fine  fruit  this  season.— Further 
particulars  may  be  obtained  of  Mr,  C.  TnsNEa,  the  Roji ' 
Nuraery,  Slough.  _^_ 


ROTHERFIELD,  NEAR  TONBRIDGE  WELLS. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  AND 

OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
fltructed  by  Mr.  Field  (who  is  declining  businesa),  to 
submit  to  an  unreserved  Sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premises. 
Steel  Cross  Nuraery,  Rotherfield,  Suases,  on  MONDAY, 
November  lath,  and  fullowing  days,  at  11  o'clock  each  day, 
the  whole  of  the  healthy  and  well-grown  NURSERY  STOCK, 
consisting  of  about  200,000  Forest,  Ornamental,  and  Fruit 
Trees;  20,0i)0  evergreens  ;  also  600,000  Quick  ;  fine  American 
Plants,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  Seedling  Ash,  Alder, 
&c.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be 
obtained  on  the  pvemisen,  the  George  Ion,  Rotherfield ;  Star 
Inn,  Mayfield;  Queen's  Head  Inn,  Wadhurst,  Sussex  ;  Crown 
Hotel,  Tonbridge  ;  Swan  Inn,  Toobridge  Wells  ;  of  the  prin- 
cipal Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American 
Nuraery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


CAMELLIAS   AND    OTHER    PLANTS, 

FROM  THE  NURSERY  OF  MR.  JOSEPH  BAUMANN. 

OF    GHENT. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  C>vent  Garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  October  29,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  CAMELLIAS  of  the 
best  sorts,  well  set  with  bloom,  Deutzta  gracilis,  yellow  Rho- 
dodendrons.  Azalea  indica,  Ghent  Azaleas,  Gladioli,  and  some 
Orange  trees,  all  healthy  and  well-grown  plants. — May  be 
viewed  the  day  prior  and  morning  uf  sale,  and  Catalogues 
had  of  Mr,  J.  C.  Stevens,  58,  King-street,  Covent  Garden, 


SAFE  INVESTMENT.— One  or  two  SHARES 
be  disposed  of  in  an  established  and  important  Invention 
for  the  manufacture  of  an  Article  of  very  large  every  day 
demand.  Price  for  each  Share  lOOOI.  No  liability  to  tho 
Purchaser,  and  a  large  annual  return  is  certain. — Address, 
Mr.  MoBEAT,  11,  St.  Mary  Abbott'a-terrace,  Kensington, 
London. 


FRUITING     PINE     PLANTS. 

WANTED,  a  few  clean  and  healthy   FRUITINGp 
PISES. — Any  person  having  the  above;  to  dispoae  of, 
requested  to  forward  a  |List  of  SORTS,   with  PRICES, 
William  Chateb,  Saffron  Walden. — Oct.  23. 

:extensive  &  valuable  sheep  &  arable 
lands  in  west  sussex. 

TO  BE  LET,  foi*  a  terra  of  years,  and  occupied  at 
any  period  to  be  agreed  upon,  the  well-known  and 
valuable  SHEEP  WALK  of  Lady  Holt  Pakk.  in  the  parish  of 
Harting,  Sussex  ;  together  with  the  Arable  Farms  of  Huck- 
sholt  and  Castle ;  the  whole  comprising  upwards  of  1100  acres. 
The  tenant  will  also  have  the  right  of  Sheep  feeding  on  the 
adjoining  Down  of  West  Harting,  isc,  &c.,  of  above  500  acres. 
The  Pasture  Land  is  in  high  repute  as  a  Sbeep  Walk  ;  much 
of  the  Arable  Ground  is  of  that  easily  managed  nature  {chiefly 
Barley  and  Turnip  Land)  now  so  much  preferred  by  agricul- 
turists-, and  as  all  the  Lands  have  been  in  the  hands  of  th^ 
proprietor  for  many  years,  the  farmer  who  has  capital  has  not^' 
an  opportunity  rarely  to  be  met  with.  Tho  Hou8e  at  Hucfc; 
sholt  is  comfortable  ;  tbe  premises  and  Barns  arc  in  the  beat 
repair ;  and  the  Lands  will  be  let  tithe  free. 

A  welLselected  Flock  of  Southdowns  of  about  1000  head,  as- 
wcll  as  farming  Stock,  including  good  Horses,  maybe  purchaaea 
at  a  valuation.  ; 

Mr.  Robert  Chase,  of  East  Harting,  will  go  over  the  grounds 
with  persons  who  may  wish  to  examine  tbem,  and  offers  for 
the  lease  must  be  made  by  letter,  addressed  to  Mr.  William 
BowsTEAD,  Uppark,  Petersfield. 

Ample  security  and  undeniable  references  will  be  requirea. 

Printed  by  William  BEAPBrRT.  of  No.  13,  TJpper  Wobum-place,  lil  the' 
parifthofSt.  PaacrHS,  cad  Fubbbbick  Mollstt  EvA\a,  of  No.  7.  Cuurcn- 
row.  Strtke  KewiuKton,  both  in  the  CouDty  of  Middlesex  FrimefH  a* 
tbciV  Office  'n  Lombard-ftreet,  ia  tbe  Preciuct  of  Wbitefriftrs,  in  the 
City  of  LoQilon;  Rnd  published  by  them  ni  tbe  office.  No.  5,  Chanes- 
Btreet,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-Rarden,  in  the  said  Uouoty, 
where  all  Advertiaeinenta  and  CommuDifMtioaa  are  to  be^DOBSseBD^o 

TilB   EDITOS.— SATlfUDAT,   OCTOBBB  2S,  IS52. 


E  GARDENERS^ 

AND 

AG-mCULTU 


INICLE 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Hortic 


No.  44.— 1852.] 


SATUEDAY,    OCTOBER  30. 


1  Part  Edited  by  Professor  "laandlej. 
[Price  6^. 


INDEX. 


BIrrainsham  Poultry  Show.,,,  7 

Bl&ckbeny  sjTup 6 

BrainQ^nsi&B.  out-donr 6 

Calesdar,  horticultural G 

Cat'le.  to  stall  feed 6 

Coniiere,  TflrintiooB  aiaong  ..,,  6 

—  LawflOD's  list  of   G 

Cov-shed    6 

Cucumber,  Hunter'a  Prolittc  G 

S&blias  in  Cornwall  ■ C 

Pairy  farmins .....693  a—"' 

Bpipactii,  new  ..,.■...., G 

Bfion  Chib 6 

Farni,.>!T.  Palin'8   7 

^    manure  on  ..,,.,, ,  6 

FarminSi  dairy G 

Fruits, new , 6 

Grap?,  BarbaroBsa ,,  G 

Gmeriamarsenleam    ........  6 

Hollyhocks  in  pots 6 

Horticuttu-al  Society's  garden  G 

tArcb,  rot  in 6 

Leaves,   iocreaBe   of  plants  in 

bulkwitliout 6 

Manure  on  afarm.,..,. G 

—  Beware 6 

Milk,charaiDs 7 

Slimulus,  the    ( 


tSags  on  trees    .,....■ 

Oraose  Gnrdeas,  St.  Micliiel'a 

Palin'a  (Mr.)  farm 

Pfiichoull    

P'*l«ricoQiunis,  Cape  

Plante,     growth    of,     without 

leaves 

Plough,  Bubaoil ■ ,  -  -  - 

Potatoes  without  eyes  ...., 

Potato  disease 

Quercus  elflbra. 

RoatB,  pgt-bound 

Seeding,  thin ..., 

Sheep,  to  house-feed , 

Suails 

Statice  imbricata , 

Storm  in  Aui^ust'. .......... 

Strawberries,  new  , 

Turkey,  created    

Ti burnum  i apooicum 

Vines,  pat-Douud 

Vine  roildew 

—       —    id  Malaga  

Wheat,  sprouted , 

Willich'fl  Popular  Tables.., 

Window  Garileninp 

Witham  Labourers'  Society 
Yucca  gloriosft 


603  c 
695  b 

693  6 
699  b 
697  b 

694  b 
692  6 
593  c 


695  b 

693  b 

694  b 
691  e 
C99  b 
700  c 
69L  b 
699  c 
693  b 


HORTICULTUR.VL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.— 
At  the  iteetinf?  in  Regent-street,  at  2  p.m.,  Nov.  2,  the 
Object3  of  Special  Eihibitioa  will  be  CHRYSAiNTHEMUMS 
(sbowa  in  sixes,  ia  pots  not  esceedlntj  11  inches  in  inside 
diameter);  ALPINE  STRAWBERtllES  ;  CELERY  (shown  in 
three  heads). 


SCOTTISH     GARDENERS'     AND     LAND- 
STEWARDS'  ASSOCIATION,  for  the  relief  of  Aged  and 
Infirm  Gardeners,  Land-Stewards,  and  Foresters. 
Patron. 
His  Royal  Highnesfl  the  Peince  Albeet,  K.(J. 
Annual  Meeting, 
NOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  the  Annual  General  Meeting 
of  the  Association  will  be  held  at  No.  6,  York-place,  Edinburgh, 
on  WEDNESDAY,  November  10,  ensuiaer,  for  the  election  of 
Office-bearers  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  on  other  business,  in 
terms  of  the  deed  of  Constitution. 

ELECTION    OF    PENSIONERS, 
The  Sabacribers  are  also  informed  that,  after  the  General 
Meeting,  as  above,  aa  election  of  two  Pensioners  on  the  General 
Funds  will  take  place  ia  terma  of  the  Minutes  of  the  General 
Meeting,  held  on  2oth  May  last,  Chaeles  Lawsom,  Juq,, 

Committee  Room,  Hon,  See. 

6,  York  Place,  Edinburgh,  Oct.  23. 

Sabscribera  in  arrear  will  be  pleased  to  observe  that  the 
Subacription  for  the  present  year  (the  third)  waa  due  on  the 
l8t  of  June  last ;  and  that  if  not  paid  on  or  before  the  day 
preceding  the  election,  the  PQlUng  Paper  will  not  bp  received. 

PLANTS    FOR   BLOOMING    IN    THE   CONSERVATORY 
IN    WINTER   OR    EARLY   SPRIWC, 

MESSRS.  J.  AND  J.  FRASER,  Nurserymen,  Lea- 
bridge-roftd,  Esses,  beg  to  offer  the  following,  finely  set 
with  bloom  buds,  at  the  undermentioned  moderate  prices  :— 

Azalea  indica,  in  fine  sorts,  ■  13?.  to  30s.  per  doz. 

£pacris  and  Ericas    „        123.  to  ISs.       „ 

Rhododendrons  12s.  to  18^.       „ 

Hardy  Azaleas,  iaclading   fine   Belgian 

varieties        ... 9s.  to  18?.       „ 

Mo3S  aod  Prorence  Roses 12s.       „ 

Lilacs,  Guelder  Roses,  Weigela  rosea,  &c.  12s.       „ 

The  above  are  all  beautifully  grown,  well  established  in 
pota,  and  are  fit  for  immediate  forcing. 

Remittances  respectfully  requested  from  unknown  cor- 
respondents. 


R  H  U  B  A  R  B 

MITCHELL'S  GREY  EAGLE.— A  new  and  most 
excellent  variety,  having  all  the  best  qualities  combined 
in  one,  both  for  market  and  culinary  purposes.     24s.  per  doz. 

AiBO.  Mitchell'a  KOYAL  ALBERT,  Myatt's  LINN^US  and 
VICTORIA,  Ga.  per  doz.  All  the  above  are  strong  one  year 
planted  roots.  Also  some  very  strong  two  year  old  roots  of 
BOYAL  ALBERT  for  early  forcing.  'Ja.  por  doz. 

Poit-office  orders  payable  to  William  MtTcaztL,  Enfield 
Highway,  Middleaei. 

THE  HYBRID  or  CHAMPAIGN  CURRANT 
Btands  unrivalled  for  the  size  of  its  berries,  length  of  its 
bnncbes,  quality  of  lateness,  and  tartness,  that  no  birds  will 
tooch  it,  tnouKii  it  hang*  two  months  after  ordinary  kinds, 
without  netting.  Fine  rooted  jilantu,  4«.  per  dozen;  ditto 
Cnttin^s,  2f.  Nice  rooted  Beehive,  doublcboaring  Itaftpbcrry, 
warranted  one  of  the  largest  and  beat  variotlfjs  extant,  per 
dozen,  Za.  All  post  free,  and  secured  from  the  post-ofliee 
■tamp;  or  Urger  plants  of  either,  with  packages  by  rail, 
carriage  paid  Uj  Ijondon.  — From  AnaAOAM  Habdy  and  8on, 
8e9d.growers  and  .Sdedsmen,  Maldoo,  Essex.  Remittances 
reqtuwted. 


AMBROISE  VERSCHAFFELT,  Ndrseryman, 
Obeot,  (BeUiam),  ha«  Just  published  his  now  Catalogue, 
which  may  be  harl  of  hit  a^ant,  Mr,  R.  Siliiebbad,  S,  llarp- 
l»n*),  Great  Towflr-n'reet,  London^ 

WENTY  CHOICE  NA.MED  GERANIUMS  FOR 

EKilirKKN    H1IILLIN03,   In  CO-iIzed  pots,   la   strong 

robust  hvalth. 

Apply  to  William  E.  RrnDLE  and  Co.,  Florists,  Plymouth. 

For  General  LUt  of  Osraniumi,  soe   Oardeneri'   Chronicle, 

P*t«  610,  Hept.  2r,.  1852^ 


C HATER'S  and  other  Growers'  New  and  Splendid 
DOUBLE  HOLLYHOCKS,  at  a  reduced  price,  warrantod 
trae  to  name.  Htrong  plants  now  r««dy  for  dsllvory,  12  for 
Vit.  ftd.,  aix  for  Gi.,  package  Included,  which  may  bu  selected 
from  th«  r')llofring  well-kooirn  Hhow  varletloi :  Ciiioon  of 
England,  Anraoila,  nelladonna,  !iUsn\<ir,  Consplcua,  uollcata, 
ElcKanf,  Formosa  auporb.  No  L'lui  Ultra,  Nobllnslini,  Ob«:ara, 
Rosea  iplcata,  ^{  icon,  Hulphurca  nurfecta  (newj.  Vonoia,  and 
BrUIUnt.  Tbeabtyvetobohadof  William  Ukuxh,  iJetidsuian, 
4tc.|  b'if  Orftcechuroh-streot,  London. 

A  remittAQce  r«tp<H:tfully  requeitcd, 


NEW    PELARGONIUMS. 

JOHN  DOBSON  is  now  sending  out,  iu  strong  plants, 
the  followintj  firat-rate  varieties  :— Vulcan,  Spot,  Pasha, 
Jupiter,  Gertrude,  Commander,  and  Harriet.  Also  12  good  show 
varieties  for  125.     Plants  civen  ia  to  compensate  for  carriage. 

J.  D.'s  Catalogue  for  1852-3,  with  fall  descriptiuna  of  the 
above,  also  Fuchsias,  Cioerariaa,  Hollyhocks,  Verbenas,  &.C., 
is  now  ready,  and  maybe  had  in  cschauge  for  two  postage 
stamps. 

Also  a  few  hundred  Tulip  bulbs,  the  eurplus  stock  of  an 
amateur,  at  2O3.  per  100,  including  Bib.  Holmes'King,  Cenotaph, 
Roi  de  Ceres,  Roi  de  Egypt,  Reine  q'  Egypt,  Mountain  of  Snow, 
Alcon,  Cleopatra,  <!i;c.  ;  Biz.  Tricolor,  Abadda,  Surpass  Can- 
tique,  Lawrence's  Duke  of  Clarence,  Catafalque  Surpasse,  Poly, 
phemus,  Tippoo  Saib,  Reuben  St.  Louis,  Bell's  King  and  Queen, 
tfcc.  ;  Roses,  Mafilda,  Triomphe  Royale,  Hebe,  Preticosa,  Belle 
Hellena,  «fec.  — Woodlands  Nursery,  Isleworth. 


AMERICAN     PLANTS, 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his"  Catalogue 
of  the  above  Plants,  Rosea,  Conifers,  inc.,  is  now  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  enclo^iing  two  postage  stamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
described,  in  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

igS'The  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  eetablishmeut, — The  American  Nursery.  Bagahot,  Surrey, 
4  miles  from  Fiirnborough  Station,  South-Western  Railway, 
and  3  miles  from  Blackwatei*.  South-Eastern  Railway. 


ROSES  ON  MANETTII  STOCKS.— Rose  Mount 
Nursery,  York,  has  become  famous  for  Rosea  on  the  New 
Stock,  Manettii;  and  such  giants  as  I  now  have  to  offer  are 
nowhere  else  to  be  found.  It  ia  not  witbin  the  compass  of  an 
advertisement  to  enter  into  particulars  respectiag  the  merits 
of  this  stock,  but  I  mustsay,  Without  fear  of  contradiction,  that 
the  vigour  of  growth,  the  sizajand  quantity  of  bioams  upon  this 
stock,  is  really  surprising,  ft  i6  a  signiScanC  fact,  that  in  no 
case  within  my  kuowled?e^here  any  party  has  once  had  a 
few  Roses  upon  this  si^.^lgPwould  they  again  have  any  upon 
any  other  stock,  nor  {intb  the  exception  of  etrong-growing 
summer  or  climbing  Rob^"),  upon  their  own  roots. 

My  Stock  of  Plants  c  luaiua  a  choice  selection  of  the  very 
best,  including  the  newest  Roses  in  cultivation,  a  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  which  will  be  forwarded  to  every  application 
enclosing  a  postage  stamp. 

Thomas  Applebi,  Rose  Mount  Nursery,  York.— -Oct.  30. 


CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 

A     PAUL  AND  SON  have  a  fine  Stock  of  CEDARS, 
•   which,  for  beauty  of  growth,  cadaot  be  surpassed,  and 
which  they  beg  to  offer  as  under  : — 

CEDRUS  DEODARA        ...    1  ft.,  ]•.  M.  eae^,  or  75s.  per  100. 
„  ...    a  ft..  3    e         „  1(11.       „ 

„  ...     3  It.,  3     G  „  151.       „ 

„  i  to  5  ft.,  7     6  „  4L  per  doz. 

CEDRUS  AFRICANIJS    ...    1  ft.,  2     6  „     ..    SOa.       „ 

„  ...     2  fc,  3     6  „  40s.       „ 

CEDAR  OF  LEBANON  ...    1  ft.,  1    0         „  75s.  per  100. 

„  2  to  3  fc,  2    6         ,,  2is.  per  doz. 

„  8  to  4  ft.,  3    e         „  SGs,      „ 

„  4  to  5  ft.,  6     0  „  54?.       „ 

„  5  toC  ft.,  7     6  „  Us. 

Also  the  following,  of  various  heights ;— Abies  Morinda, 
Menziesii,  Douglasii ;  Pious  apulcensis,  Ayacahuite,  Escelsa, 
Insignis,  Macrocarpa,  Lambertiana ;  Picea  nobilis,  Araucaria 
imbricata;  Cryptomeria  japonica;  Cupressus  Goveniana, 
Lambertitina  ;  Juniperus  hibernica,  Chinensis,  Excelsa  ;  Tbuja 
filiformis,  Wareana;  Taxodium  diatichum,  Sempervirene ; 
Taxus  adpressa,  Irish  Yew,  Gold  striped  do.,  and  numerous 
others  equally  fine  plants  and  equally  cheap.  Priced  Catalogues 
of  Coniferse  furnished  on  application. 
Nurseries,  Cheshunt,  Herts, — October  30. 

ESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 

SELECTED    PLANTS,     FRUIT     TREES,    &c.,   which 
they  will  forward  to  any  part : — 

CHOICE     FRUIT     TREES. 

Fine  Dwarf  and  Standard  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots,  s,  d. 

Plums,  Pears,  and  Cherrieg,  the  beet  and  moat  approved 

sorts  of  these  respective  kinds,  true  to  name,  each, 

25   Gd,,  or,  per  dozen 24  0 

Untrained  or  Maiden  do.,  Is.  Zd.  each,  or,  per  dozen     ...  12  0 

Applei?,  Dwarfs  and  Saadarda  of  best  sorts,  p.  doz.,  10s.  to  15  0 

Floe  Gooseberries,  Currants,  and  Raspberries,  per  dozen     3  0 
Fine  Fige,  Medlars,  Quince,  Walnuts,  and  Mulberries, 

each         2  0 

Strong  Vines,  from  eyes  and  layers,  in  pots,  per  dozen  ...  15  0 
25  Azaleas,  new  hardy  fielgian  varioties,   on  their  own 

roots,  with  flower-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name           ,,,20  0 

25  American  Azalean.  do.         do.                   15  0 

25  Hardy  American  Plants,  ouo  of  a  sort,  by  name       ...  10  G 

12  Hardy  Hoathe  and  Kulmias,  ono  of  a  sort        6  0 

12  Rhododendrons,  including  Scarlet,  White,  and  Rose, 

hardy  varlolies ...  12  0 

Fine  hardy  Scarlet  Hhotlodendronn,  2  feet,  per  dozen    ...  10  0 

Fine  large  buHhy  Rhododondronn,  with  30  to 40  buds,  each     3  6 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  '.i  leet,  well  grown,  iu  pots,  do.     do....  10  0 

12  Climbing  itoHoa,  choice  sorts,  in  pots     G  0 

12  Bourbon  Roio>!,  on  their  own  room.  In  pots      10  G 

12  Toft-Rcouted  Rosen.  0110  of  a  sort,  by  name,  In  pots  ,,,     0  0 
12  Orclildea,  good  plmitH,  Including  Stanliopeas,  Dendro- 

biums,  EpidendrumH,  Uncldiurni,  <!tc.,  fur         30  0 

50  Choice  UrecDhouRo  Plants,  one  of  a  sort,  by  name  (this 

collection    is    highly    recommended,  for    now   gruon- 

liouscs,  &c.)       40  0 

21  Choice  Ericas,  one  of  a  sort,  by  namo    IC  0 

12  New  Azalea  Indicus,  ono  of  a  Hort           ...             128,  to  25  0 

12  Camolllas,  choice  sorts,  sot  with  buds    ...         .,,         ...  80  0 

12  Choice  Ohrysuntliumuinn,  now  Boris,  by  name 0  0 

I'i  tinvr  bwarf  Pompon  ChrynantliarnumH,  do.,  do.          ...     8  0 

12  .Vow  PcronnUl  Uormmi  I'liloios,  rmoofnsort            ...     8  0 
12  Ktrna,    beautiful  vurleiles,  »tiltablo  for  GliiSH   Oftsos, 

Orocuhouao,  Htovo,  and  hardy  r  tck-work,  onoh  soloctlon  10  0 

G  Biilhiof  Lillum  lanchoUuin,  one  of  a  sort        12  0 

Dutoli  Bulbs  of  all  Ulndi.     A  tliiu  ansortmnnt  c»t'  Fruit  Troes 
and  Kvf:rgroi:ri  Hhrubs,  v«ry  cheap,  for  CurnUhlng  now  gardonit, 
Albion  Nursery,  .'itoko  Nowlngton,  London,  Oct.  iiU. 


TO    THE    AMATEURS    OF    TULIPS. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Florist,  Clapham  Rise,  near 
London,  begs  to  inform  tbe  AMATEURS  that  he  has 
published  a  NEW  CATALOGUE  of  the  above  FLOWERS,  io 
which  he  has  made  a  very  coosiderable  reduction  in  the  prices 
of  the  leading  kinds,  and  will  be  happy  to  forward  big  Catalogue 
on  applieation. 

GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have. 
•  a  most  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  threa  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  sorta 
for  Planting  or  Fruiting  in  Pots. 

Also  an  extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  STOVE   and 
GREENHOUSE   PLANTS,   with  ati  new  varioties.    See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.    Also  our  IlIustraLious  on  Hobti- 
colturai.  BoiLniNQ  and  Heating  by  Hot-watee. 
J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  KingV-road    Chelsea. 


TO   NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,   AND   THE  TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA,  price  23.  Gd.  per 
quart,  and  can  with  confidence  recommend  it  as  a  very  superior 
article. 

About  the  second  week  in  October  they  will  be  ready  to  send 
out  their  New  Early  Scarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES  RHUBARB, 
5s.  each.  It  is  quite  as  early  as  the  Prince  Albert,  much  larger^ 
red  throughout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large  cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  Those  not  having  an  account  open 
with  H.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  be  mada  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  Post-office,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  Testimonials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  he 
had,  see  Oai-deners'  Chronicle  ISth  September,  1852,  page  594 . 

Newington  Butts,  London. 

DAWE,COTTRELL,  and  EENHAM  (successors to 
FaEDtaicK  Wauneb)  Leg  to  call  pub'ic  ntten'ion  to  their 
extensive  collection  of  DUTCi  BULBS,  comprising  Kyacinths, 
Crocus,  Narcissus,  Anemones,  Ranunculus,  Tulips,  &c.  itec. 
Priced  Li^ts  of  which  can  be  obtatued,  post  free,  on 
application. 

Strawberry  Planf^s,  Fruit  Trees,  Roses,  Rhubarb  Roots,  &c,, 
of  aU  tbd  newest  and  best  varieties,  supplied  at  the  advertised 
prices. 

Dawe,  Cotteell,  and  Benham  are  also  Agents  for  the" sale 
of  Butcher's  Black   Barbarotaa  Grape    Vine;  for  description, 
price,  Sec,  see  Gardeners^  Chronicle,  October  2s. 
36,  Moorgate-stroet ;  and  3,  Laurence  Pountney-lane,  London, 
(Establiiihed  at  Cornhill,  172ii.) 


TO  THE  SEED  TRADE, 

BEAUTIFUL   N^W   CAUFORNIAN   ANNUALS. 

COLLINST-V     H4i"'T-*V.EFnLlA     (HOOKER); 
MU'  ^ir WiOR  '    INDLEY.) 

MESSRS-  VRITCI-'/'and  £jON  are  now  prepared  to 
supply  Seed  of  the  above-namiid  Cotliasiaa,  wnich  were 
sent  them  from  California  by  Mr.  Lobb,  and  are  at  present 
solely  in  their  possession.  They  have  been  exhibited  at  the 
London  Shows,  where  they  obtained  Certificates  of  Merit,  and 
were  greatly  admired. 

Messrs.  V.  and  S.  have  also  to  offer  Seeds  of  the  beautiful 
and  sweet-scented  ABRONIA  UMBELLATA,  which  ia  well 
adapted  for  bedding.    Prices  forwarded  on  application. 

Exeter,  October  30. 

FUCHSIA-"  ENGLAND'S  GLORY." 

JOHN  HARRISONj  in  answer  to  numerous  in- 
quiries, begs  to  announce  his  intention  of  sending  out  ia 
April  next  this  truly  splendid  Fuchsia.  The  tube  and°  sepals 
are  a  pure  transparent  white,  the  latter  beautifully  roflexed 
and  no  green  tips  ;  the  corolla  large,  baautiful  deep  crimson, 
cupped  and  smooth,  habit  and  foliage  splendid,  in  short,  ia 
every  point  it  ia  unexceptionat>ly  superior  to  every  other  white 
Fuchsiayet  known.  A  plant  of  this  Fuchsia  was  shown  at  the 
Grand  National  Horticultural  Exhibition  at  Lewes  14th  and 
15th  July  last,  where  it  obtained  a  First-class  Certificate  ;  and 
Blooms  have  been  exhibited  at  nearly  all  the  provincial  shows 
in  the  country,  and  at  various  meetings  in  Loudon  and  ia 
Edinburgh.  There  is  but  one  opinion  of  this  b'uchsta,  and  J.  H, 
warrants  it  to  give  satiefuction  to  every  purchaser  ;  the  plants 
are  yet  in  splendid  bloom,  and  will  apparently  continue  to 
bloom  through  the  winter;  parties  can  yet  have  blooms  sent 
through  the  post  for  the  cost  tif  12  postage  stamps. 

For  opinions  of  the  press  see — "  The  Gardeners*  Record  and 
Amateur  Florist,"  for  August  and  Septembar  :  "  The  Midland 
Florist,"  for  September;  "The  Gardeuora*  and  Farmera* 
Journal,"  for  October  IG. 

Plants  in  April  10s.  Gd.,  or  four  for  31s.  Hd.    No  discount. 

The  names  of  the  gentlemen  in  the  trade  who  have  ordered 
plants  by  the  dozon,  aud  who  will  be  able  to  supply  plants  will 
shortly  be  civen  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  and  tbo  Jouniai, 

Grange  Nursery,  Darlington,  Oct.  HO. 

DWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON   and    SON 

are  now  prepared  ro  send  out  their  new  CINERARIAS 
and  FANCY   GERANIUMS  for  tills  Season,  which  they  can 
confidently  rocomincinl,  for  which  early  or>lors  are  solicited — 
as  the  stock  of  uomo  of  tho  varlcths  is  limited, 
NEW     CINERARIAS. 
B.  d  I 

CharloB  Dickons 6    0     Charlotte ^ 

Conppicua  5     0     Kato  Kearney     ... 

LovclinoHS  C     0     Marguorlte  d'AnJoU 

Prince  Arthur 10    G  '  Itosullnd 

Price  of  the  Self  £'2  2ii. — fJeaal  dincotmt  to  the  Trade, 
NEW     FANCY     GERANIUIVIS, 


E 


s, 

d. 

rt 

0 

r> 

0 

7 

e 

10 
adc 

ti 

a. 

d. 

Ill 

(> 

10 

B 

10 

a 

Criterion ...  10    G     Panny      

Flora  Mclvor     10    G     Italian  Beauty  .,. 

Lady  Downos     10    0     Marglnata  .,. 

<ium)n  of  tho  FanclOB  ...  10    0 

Price  of  (Ac  -S'd,  £U  3a. — Utiical  discount  to  the  Trade. 

For  doflorlptlon  of  tho  above  hao  this  Paper  of  October  9, 
Wolllngton  JCoad  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London.— Oct.  30. 


690 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  30, 


s.  d. 
4     0 


1  16 

1     8 


2    0 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 
SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

BASS  AND   BROWN'S    NEW    AUTUMN    CATA- 
LOGUE,  seat  free  on  receipt  of  three  postage  stamps. 
CERANIUMS. 
12  varieties,  all  best  new  of  last  eeasoa 

20  varieties,  beat  of  the  previous  year     

S5  varieties,  best  of  oldar  d-iie      

Fiue  varieties  Gs.  to  Os.  p  ^r  dozeo. 
FANCY    GERANIUMS. 

12j  all  best  new  varieties  of  last  season 2 

Best  of  previous  iotroductioo,  9i.  to  I65.  per  dozea. 

NEW  SCARLET  AND    PINK    IIORSE-SHOB   VAtllETIES. 

Six  new  varieties  of  last  season,  each,  2s.  Gd.  to  Ss.  Gd. 

See  Catalogue. 

For  names  aud  separate  prices  of  tlio  above  Geraniumg,  see 

our  Advertisement  in  the  QarJcners'  Chronicle  of  SeptembBr25th 

and  October  2d  an  J  9th.    For  descriptions,  eeo  Catalogue. 

CHRYSANTHEMUIVIS. 

Strong  bushy  plants,  well  set  with  flower-buds. 

12,  all  new  varieties,  best  of  last  season 

12,        do.        do.        best  Lilliputian  of  last  season     ... 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  50  choice  varieties 

STOVE  PLANTS,  25  choice  varieties        

■\VINTER  ANDEAllLYFLOlVERINaaREENHOUSE 

PLANTS,  12  choice  varieties 

Do.  do.  STOVE  PLANTS,  12  choice  varieties 

HARDY  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS 
100  distinct  and  fine  vara., 
100  superior  and  new  vars.,  503. 
■ROCK  PLANTS,  25fiDeTars.,  12s 
ANTIRRHINUMS,  12  flnevar3.,Gs 
PHLOX,  12  fine  vara.,  6s.  ;  12  superior  anil  new 
Do.         25  tine  vars.,  10s.  6d  ;  25  superior  and  new 


3.  d. 


12 
12 
45 
24 

15 

20 


;  50  vara. 

;  50  vars,    ... 

12  vara. 

;  12  superior  and  new  10 

9 

15 


17 
30 
7 


DWARF  ROCK  CISTUS,  24  spleadid  new  vara.          ...  IS 

Choice  collectiofis  of  Cineraria,  Azalea  indica,  Roses,  Hardy 
Oinamental  Climbers,  itG.  d;c.     See  Catalogue. 

CHOICE    BULBS    AND     FLOWER     ROOTS. 
RANUNCULUS  (free  by  post),  with  cultural  instructions  :  — 

100  va'"8.,  superb  new  and  best  sorta 70    0 

100  vura.,  very  fine  of  older  sorts         35     0 

Oiel  Notr,  baat  blaek  (2s.  each),  per  dozen    ...        ...  18    0 

Best  Mixtures,  10s.  and  18s.  per  IfiO  ;   fine  5s  ,  or,  p03t 

free,  6s.  per  100. 

ANEMONES,  5()  beautiful  and  distinct  named  double...  12    6 

Do.                    do.                   do.                      post  free  14    0 

Choice  double  mixtures,  per  100           ,.,          6s,  and  10    6 
La  Brilliante  Eclatante,  single  bri^jht  scarlet,  extra, 

per  100        10     6 

Fine  mixed  single,  per  lb.          ,.  4    0 

-GLADIOLUS,  50  vars.,  splendid  early  and  late  kinds  '.'..  50    0 

25  vara.,                   do.                      do.                       ,.,  30    0 

12  splendid  early  vars.,  10s.  Gd, ;  12  fine  vara.        ...  6    0 

12  euperb  late  var.s.,  Ramosus  habit ],'.  20     0 

Beautiful  early  mixture  (per  doz>_n,  3s.},  p-ir  100    ...  20     0 

Colvillii,  23.  per  doz. ;    C.  rubra,  3s.  per  doz. ;    Gan- 

davensia,  Ss.  Grf.  per  doz. ;  Gan.  splendeas,  23.  Gd. 

each;    Kcx    Rubrorum,    12s.  per  doz.,    Insiguls, 

73.  Gd.  per  tloz.  ;  Breoclilejensia,  3s-  each. 

ColviUii  grantlis,  fine  new  dark  shaded  rosy  purple, 

each        3    6 

„  conspicua,  purplish  rose,  white  stripe,  very 

showy,  each      2    G 

„  roseum,   bright  rosy  pink,   deep    cdmsoii 

stripe,  each      _        _  _  1    6 

ENGLISH  IR.13,  38  splendid  and  select  varieties        ...  25    0 

Very  fine  mi-ted  (2s.  per  doz  ).  per  100  *"  15  n 
IMPORTED  DUTCH  HYACINTHS,   50  var3."'choice 

assortment       3o    0 

Do.            d).           per  doz !!!  6s.  to  15    0 

Do.  do.  iQ  coloare,  without  names,  per  doz.  3  0 
CROCUS,  20  splendid  and  very  distinct  new  vars.,  12 

roots  of  each,  v/ilh  names        .,,         _  _  12     0 

6  splendid  named  vara.,  100  roots  of  each     ...         "'"  17     0 

Fine  sorts,  separate  co'ours,  pes-lOO  Is  Qd  to  3  0 
TROP^OLU.M  TRICOLORUM.  finef^Uers.  each  2s  6tf  to  3  6 
TRITONEA    AUI^fiA,    splendid    orangj    Cape    bulbs, 

each         23. 6cf.  to  5     0 

OXALIS  ELEflANSj  bright  purple,  dark  centre,  new 

and  fine,  each      1    6 

I)               M          JI\JOR,  large  fine  purple,  each  1    6 

CYCLAMEN,  in  7  beautiful  varieties,  each        ...  Is.  to  5    0 

Also  aa  extensive  collection  of  imported  and  other  roots, 

cou--i3ting  of  choice  early,  double,  and  late  Tulips,  Narcissus, 

Jonquils,  Lilium  lancifoltutn,  itc.,  for  whi  h  see  Catalogue. 

(^  Goods  free  to  London,  or  any  Station  on  the  line  to 
Norwich,  via  Ipswich,  with  orders  of  -JOs.  and  upwards,  and 
extra  roots  or  plants  aided,  gratis,  with  orders  40s.  and 
upwards. 

Remittances  required  from  unknown  correspondenta.  Post- 
office  orders  pavfible  to  Stephen  Beown. 


■yiOLA  ARBOREA;  OR,  PERPETUAL  TREE 
»  TIOLET  {Tkde).— The  Baeat  Stock  for  many  jearB 
of  the  above,  which  has  proved  the  best  of  all  VIOLETS,  is 
now  offered  to  the  Pablic  by  Edward  Tilet  ;  he  can 
recommend  it  with  great  coQfiilence,  and  has  also  received 
numerous  tenimoniaU  from  diiferent  parties  speaking  of  its 
qualiiies,  and  giving  it  the  highest  praise.  It  is  beautifully 
scented,  tlie  flowers  as  large  as  the  Double  Blue  Hepatica, 
blooming  freely  from  August  to  the  end  of  May,  and  perfectly 
hardy.  This  is  the  proper  time  for  making  beds  or  potting, 
and  12  of  these  plants  grown  in  pots  will  scent  a  large  Green- 
house; also  a  small  bed  of  them,  9  feet  long  by  3  wide,  will  be 
sufficient  to  furnish  a  family  with  Bouquets  the  whole  of  the 
winter  and  spring.  Large  plants,  Ss.  per  dozen :  small  plants, 
8s.  per  dozen. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA.  ALBA;  oa,  DOUBLE  WHITE  TREE 
TIOLE  r — This  is  also  a  very  fine  variety,  and  resembles  the 
former  Violet  in  many  particulars,  with  the  exception  of  its 
colour.     Lar^-e  plants,  Gs.  per  dozen  ;  smaller  ditto.  Ss.  per  doz 

RUSSIAN  SUPERB  VIOLET,  Blue  and  White  (True).— A 
very  useful  and  fine  variety  ;  3s  per  dozen. 

A  TREATISE  on  the  nature  aud  mode  of  Cultivation  of 
the  VIOLET.— Edward  Tudt  bjg!  to  introduce  to  the  notice 
of  all  lovers  of  this  fl  jwer  a  Treatise,  which  will  not  only  give 
an  insight  into  its  proper  mode  of  cultivation,  but  also  direc- 
tions for  keeping  it  in  confiuual  bloom  the  whole  of  the  winter. 
It  will  also  assist  many  who  have  alreaiiy  grown  this  variety, 
as  It  introduces  several  distinct  plans  by  which  it  may  ba 
cullivated  most  suooessfally.  Purchasers  to  the  amount  of 
I'lve  ShiUmgs  will  have  the  Treatise  included;  or,  post-free 
to  any  part  on  receipt  of  12  peony  stamiis. 

OTHELLO  CLOVE  CARNATION.-To  those  persons  whose 
orders  cimo  too  late  last  season  (the  plants  being  all  soldi, 
Ji.  i.  begs  to  say  he  has  a  fine  stock  of  this  beautiful  Clove 
(lor  colour  aod  fragrance  unequalled),  and  can  supply  any 
^rltl  w  H  f T?  IV  ",?'■■■  P""'"?-  ""''  P"="«  included.  ^ 
oFlhi,  >  1  i'J*^  ^^'^^^  CARNATION;  also  a  large  stock 
free        '"'"'"^  ""^^^3  ^'  's.  id.  per  pair,  postage  and  package 

vari^eu  alfn  ^"^^   PLANTS    can  be  still  supplied  in  every 
The  wh   1  P        •  "'  ""'  «««'«»«"■  Chnnidc  for  Sept.  4,  1852 

orderor  pJnnv  s?kmps'''"""  °'  "'"  '""°""'-  ^^ '^  PO^'-oiBoe 
l.i'l^be'y'cb'uicS'ard^-B'^rhf'""'     ««^™-.    -*    ^'o™'- 


MESSRS.  CHiRLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  OF  CALCUTTA. 


18  5  2. 
LIST  0?  OIOHIOEOUS  FLUlTi  mDmENOUS  TO  ASSAM 

AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &o. 


!• 

2 
3. 

4 

5 

6»i 

7" 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12» 
13* 
W 
15 
IC 
17" 
18'< 
19 
20» 
21« 
22»' 
23»' 

2j» 
26 

26 

27»» 

28 

29' 

30 

31" 


31 

35«» 
3G«' 

3r» 

38* 

39 

i9 

41»» 

42 

43» 

44"' 

45" 

4G« 

4T» 

43 

49 

50 

51 

52*' 

63' 

5»« 

65* 

66 

67 

53 

0»* 

60 
01* 
62 


66o« 
67 

63» 

69 

70 

71 

72»' 

73* 

74" 

75«» 

76' 

77- 

78' 

70 

80»> 

81" 

82*' 

83«' 

84 

85* 

SH* 

87" 

88» 

iil'i 

90 

91» 
92 
93» 


Naues. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Vlicrostylis  Wallichii  ?... 
Oberonia  inditolia 

.,    SP 

Liparia  sp.  

..    sp 

>i    sp 

..     sp 

Otochilus  fuscus 

,,    albus  

Pholidota  imbricata    ... 

,,    undulata    

„    articulata 

>i     sp 

..     sp 

Coelogyne  flavida 

„     undulata 

„    fimbriatat 

t,    uniflora 

„    barbata      

„    praecos  ?     

„    maculata 

„    Wallichiaoa 

„    ocellata      

,,    G-ardneriana 

„    crlstata      

»    sp 

„    flava!         

»    sp 

»    sp 

»    sp 

»    sp 

„    sp 

Bolbophyllnna  leopardi 
num        

,,    umbellatum 

„    K.haBjanam 

.1    sp 

>i    sp 

»    sp 

,.    sp 

..    sp 

Cirrhopetaiam  sp. 

1,    sp 

»    sp 

»    sp 

„    sp 

Tricosina  suavis 

Briafliva  

Eria  sp 

„    densiliora 

„  ferrugioea 

„  paniculata 

>•  sp 

■>  Ep 

..  sp 

..  sp 

Aporum  anceps 

,,  cuspidatum 

..    sp- 

„    ep. ! 

Dendrobium  Pierardi  .. 
„    heterocarpum 
„    Chrysanthum 

,,    Paxtoni      

„     sp.  like  do. 

,,    formosum 

„    longicomu 

„    oalceolus 

„    sulcatum 

„    Jenkinsii 

,,  csrulescens 

„    nibile         

„    Gibsonii     

„    stuposum 

„  Cambridgeanum ... 

„  transparens 

,,  like  do.,  various  ... 

,,  Devonianum 

„  Dalhousianutn     .. 

„  muliicaule... 

„    Griffi'.hii    

,,    Farineri     

„  densiflorum  pallid. 

„  do.    roseum 

„  intermedium 

»    sp 

»    sp 

..     sp 

..    sp 

Spathoglottis  pubescens 
Araodiua  bambusifolia 

Phaius  grandifollus 

VVailichii 

maculata 


Small,  pea  green 

Minute,  yellowish 

Small,  yellow  

Largish,  green  yellow 
Small,  deep  purple 

yellowish  brown 
„         and  white 

white 


„  ,,    andyellQw 

II  >t              11 

„  yellow 

Largish,  white 

„  ,,  and  brown 

„  ,,  and  lateritlouB 

„  white 

Large, white,yellow,«!i  roae 
,,        ,,        aud  rose 
„    pale  yellow  and  deep 

orange 
„    white  and  yellow 
„        „      streaked    with 
bright  yellow 
Small,  brown  and  yellow 
Large,  yellow  aod  brown 
Small,  brown  and  yellow 
„    white  and  brown 
„    pale  yellow   f... 
,,    white  (pretty) 
Largish,  pale  cinnamon 
Large,  yellow  spotted  with 

purple. 
Largibh,  dull  yellow 
Small,  greenish 
Largish,  bright  yellow 
Small,  white,  fragrant 
,,    dull  purple     ... 


Small,  greenish,  fragrant 

,,    dull  purple     

Large,  brown  and  yellow.. 
Largish,  dull  purple 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

Largish,  dull  yell,  ifebrotvo 

Largish,    white     streaked 

with  brown 

„  „    tiuged    with 

yellow 

„    ferrUL^ineoua 

Small,  spotted  with  purplt 
Largish,  white        

I,  ,,    &  dull  purp. 

Minute,  rosy  

Small,  white  


Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Large,  pink  and  yellow  .. 
,,  yell,  and  br.  fragran 
„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

,,    orange  and  brown  ... 

Very  large,  white  and  yell., 
fragrant 

Large,  white  and  orange.. 

Very    dark    yellow,    rose, 
and  purple 

Large,  yellow  and  purple... 
,,  lively  yellow  ... 
,,  deep  lively  purple 
„  white  rosy  purple  ... 
,,    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Small,  white  

L  irge,  lively  yell,  and  br. 
,,  deep  lively  purple  .. 
,,  pale  rose  and  purple 
,,  lilac-rose  and  yellow 
,,  rose,  white,  and  purp 
,,  white  and  purple 
„  pale  yell,  and  orang' 
,,  lively  ,,  ,, 
„  white  and  orange  .. 
„  pale  rose  and  orange 
„  pale  yellow  tSs  brown 
„  lively  orange  ... 
II  II  yellow  &  brown 
,,  yellow,  pink,  and  br. 
„    pink  and  yeliosv 

Largish,  yellow  and  purple 

Large,  pale  rose  and  lively 
purple 
,,    white,  brown,  &  pur. 

„  ,,      rosy  scented 


Ter. 

5pi. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ter. 
BpL 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ter. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Epi, 
Ter. 

Epi. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Per. 
Epi. 
Do. 


94* 

95«» 

83" 

97* 
9j«* 
99" 
100** 
101»* 
102 

103«» 

104»« 

105«» 

106*» 

107«* 

103" 

109** 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114" 

115 

lie 

117« 

118* 

119* 

120»' 

12f 

122" 

123*' 

124" 

125°' 

126 

127 

128 

129" 

130 

131* 

132 

133« 

134'» 

185 

136 

137" 

13S 

139 

140 
141** 

142** 
143" 

145* 
146<" 

147 
14S 


150** 
151«» 

1.52 

153 

154 

155" 

15G" 

157" 

153" 

1.59" 

ISO*' 

161" 

162»< 

I63»i 

lS4" 

1B5*» 

16G 

167 

IGS' 

119 

170' 

171' 

172 

173 

174 

l75 

1' 


Kaues. 


Phaius  alba? 
Aputaria  senilis  . 
A.  latifolia 
Eulopbia  vlrens . 

sp 

sp 

sp 

,.     sp 

Vanda  teres 


multiflora  . 
coerulea 
sp 


Camarotis  purpurea 
Mtcropera  pallida 
Saccolabium  micrantbm 

,,    retusum 

,,    papillosum 

„    Calceolare ... 

,,    sp.  like  do. 

„    caroifolium 

„     dasypogon 

„    appendioulatam  ... 

..    sp 

Sarcanthus  sp 

II    sp 

.,    sp 

•I      sp 

.1     sp 

II      sp 

Aerides  affine     

,,    odoratum 

.1    sp 

>i    sp 

Agrostopbyllium     Kha- 

Byanum 
X'phosium  acuminatum 
Acanthophippium  sp.  .. 

..     sp 

Cymbidium  giganteum.. 

„    pendulum 

„    aloifolium 

II    eburneum 

,,    inconspicuum 
Cymbidium     longipeta- 
lum 

„    eyprifoliuin 

II    sp 

.1    sp 

II    sp 

II    sp 

I.    sp 

1  Phalsenopsis,  sp. 

EuphorboBcis  pygmaea 
Gleodorum  dilatatum 


Platanthcrasp 

Peristylis  sp 

Habenaria  hamigera  ? .. 

II     sp 

I,    sp 

II    sp 

1.    sp 

Pogonia  Joliana 

■  I    sp 

II    sp 

Cyrtosia  sp.         

Spiranthes  Bp 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

Ansectochilus            Rox, 
burgbii 

II    sp 

Cypripedium     venuatum 

„    insigne 

Calanthe  densiliora 

„     sp 

>i    sp 

„    sp 

,1     sp , 

Goodyera  sp. 

I,    sp 

I.    sp 

Ophrys  sp. 

II    sp 

Anthoginum  Bp. ... 
Sonatea  sp. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower, 


Large,  white,  rosy  scented 
Largish,  rose  and  green  ... 
? 

Large,  green  and  white    ... 

„    dull  yellow  &  brown 

,,    deep  purple 

,,     green  and  yellow 

,,    purplish  green         .:. 
Very    large,    rosy    purple, 

yellow  and  brown 

Largish,    greenish,   white, 

and  purple 

„    white  and  rose 
Very  large,  deep  blue 
Largish,  dull  purple 

,,        aod  green 

_,    yellow  and  brown   .., 
Small,  yellow  and  purple.. 

„    pale  yellow    

Small,  rosy 

Largish,  lively  spotted 
Small,  pale  yellow  tb  pur. 

„    yellow  and  brown    .. 

„    pale  do.  and  rose    .. 

II    rosy      

„    green  and  purple     .. 

„    yellow 

„    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Small,  rosy 

,,    white  and  yellow 


,,    rosy  red 
Large,  rosy  purple... 
„  „    sweet-scented 

Large,  like  affine,  and  very 

flweet-BCented 
Small,  white  ... 

Large,  white  .„ 

,,    dull  purple    ... 

,,    white,  streaked 

Very  large,  yeU.  and  brown 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purple 

Very  large,  white   ... 

Small,  brown 

Largish,  green  and  purple 


Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  white 
„     brownish  purple 
Very  large,  white  ... 
Large,  white  and  brown 

„    green  and  dull  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

brown 
Vfinute,  yellow 
Large,   whito,  purple,  and 
yellow 
„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 
Large,  white  „, 

Largish,      white,      sweet- 
scented 
Small,  green  ,,. 

„    yellow  ...        , 

„    greenish  yellow        , 

„    white 

Large,  white  ... 

Small,  rosy  white  ...        . 
Largish,  green 
Small,  purple 
Largish,  golden  yellow    . 
Small,  white 

„    rosy  white 

„    white 

Largo,  green  and  purple  . 

,,     red  and  yellow 

,,     lively  yellow  ... 
Small,  bronn  and  yellow. 
Large,  white  and  green    . 

,1  ,,     and  yellow. 

„    dull  purple    ... 
Small  white 

„  ,,    dull  purple    . 

Largish,  rosy  purple 

„    green  and  purple    . 

,,    rosy      

Small,  green 


Do. 
Ter. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Epi. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Epi, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 
Ter. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Ter. 

Do. 
Epi. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ter. 
Epi. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 

Do. 
Oo. 

Da. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


177' 
l73* 

/EschynathuB  (3  to  4  sp.) :  Hoya  (5  or  6  sp.)  ;  Arum  (several)  ; 
Lilium  (1  sp.)  ;  Nepenthes  (1  sp.)  ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 
(150  to  200  sp.)  ;  Palms  (Livistonia,  Leoxalla,  Caryota, 
Calamus,  &c.)  are  also  indigenous,  and  can  be.  sent  if 
required. 


Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  astertsks  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  charges  for  a  box  of  4  cubic  feet  mei^iurement,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  51,  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Planes  wiica  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  1  r.  8a.  a  Plant;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  new  Plants  not  included  in  the  list  are  gent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  discount  of  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

Plants  can  also  bs  ssnt  in  gla^s  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plin,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  height,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  be  made.  Glass  covers  can  also  be  supplied  for  the  other  boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  August  I,  1852. ^ ^^ 

/"^RYPTaMERlA    JAPONICA,    raised    by    Seeds    /^  EORGE  JACKIVIAN,NuiLSERT3tAN,Woking,Surrey, 

vy  sttveii  by  WILLIA-M  YOUNit,  io  the  Miliord  Nursery,  wtio  VjT  ij  mile  from   Woking   Station,  bouch  Wee leru  Railway, 

begs  tOoflFar  floe  plaota  of  the  same,  If  tot  big  a,  1  foot  wide,  and  be?a  to  acQOuuco  he  haa  jaat  published  a  new  and  complete 

well  fumithed,  establi^^hed  in  p>ts,  at  123.  per  djzeo,   oclbs.  Catalogue  of  his  Americaa    Plaots,    OrDamental    Evergreens, 

per  100.  — P.S.   Perfect  Cones,  with  ripe  seed,  may  be  seen  on  Comters,   flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  aud  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 

the  plants  in  the  Nursery.  aul  Forest  Trees,  »fcc.  &c.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 

ililford,  near  Godalming,  Surrey.  inclosing  two  postage  Btamps, 


44—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


691 


NYMPH/EA    ALBA    AND    LUTEA    SEED. 

THE  SUBSCRIBERS  beg  to  intimate  that  they  can 
supply  fine  fresh  Seed  of  the  iibore  Nimphte  is,  in  packetfl, 
by  post,  free,  the  White  at  2s.  Gd.,  and  the  YeUow  at  5s. 
A  reiDittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correepandents. 
DiCKSONS  and  Co.,  Waterloo-place,  Edinburiih.— Oct.  30. 


CRYPTOMERIA     JAPONIC  A. 

A  FEW   THOUSAND   SEEDLINGS,  from   3   to 
6  inches  high,  at  305.  per  100. 
Also,  IMPORTED  SEED,  at  203.  an  ounce,  which  will  pro- 
duce upwards  of  1500  Plants.  Terms,  Cash,  being  the  property 
^Jf  a  gentletnan. 

Apply  to  J.  and  C.  Lsb,  Nuraerymeo,  Hammer smltta,  near 
LondoD. 


EDWARD    PIERCEj   Yeovil    Nursery,   Somerset, 
has  for  pale  a  large  stock  of  the  bijst  kinda  of 
CAMELLIA  JAPONICA  ...    6  to  9  inches    ...    £5  per  100 

AZALEA  INDICA  12  inches  ...     £5  per  100 

ERICAS      12  inches  ...    £5  per  100 

Bis  Fruit  Trees,  Ornamental  Trees,  and  Evergreen  Shrubs, 
are  particularly  fine,  stock  extensive,  and  prices  low ;  a  very 
large  quantity  of  strong  Quick. — P.S.  Rtference  with  orders 
itOTO.  unknown  correspondents, — Oct.  30. 


FOREST  TREE  SEEDLINGS.— The   Subscribers 
respectfully  intimate    that    their    LIST    of    NURSERY 
STOCK  for  the  Season  may  be  had  on  application. 
William  Ubqohabt  and   Sons,   Dund'^e. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  ABOUT  FIFTY"  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  A>'D  Co.j  Chelsea,  have  iiow  to  offer  a 
•  most  splendid  and  superb  Collection  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  and  recommend,  they  having  been  carefully  saved  and 
varied  from  the  most  unique  selection  in  the  kingdom.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrubby  they  are  perpetually  in  flower ;  and 
from  the  great  variety  and  brilliancy  of  their  colourjj  they  are 
invaluable  for  the  conservatory  or  bedding-out. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London. 


LANGHEDGE   NURSERY. 

CHARLES  WOOLVEN  invites  the  attention  of  Fruit 
growers  and  the  public  geaerally  to  his  large  and  very 
superior  stock  of  Fruit-trees,  comprising  about  iOOO  standard 
Apples,  Pears,  Plums,  and  Cberrles ;  fine  straight  stems  6i  to 
■8  feet  in  height,  i'rjm  125.  to  21s.  per  dozen.  Also  a  good  stock 
of  dwarf  and  trained  trees,  all  of  the  most  approved  kinds, 
from  12s.  to  363.  per  dozen.  A  capital  stock  of  Gooseberries 
and  Currants,  all  of  the  very  best  kinds,  from  23.  Gd.  to  3s.  6rf. 
per  dozen,  now  in  excellent  condition.  C.  W.  also  wishes  to 
recommend  to  gentlemen  and  builders  his  large  stock  of  Ever- 
greens, f  orestTrees,  and  other  Shrubs,  at  equallylow  prices. — 
C  WooLTEW.  Nurseryman,  Upper  Edmonton,  Middlesex, 


I  NEW    WHITE    BROCCOLI-" DILCOCKS    BRIDE." 

BAINBRIDGE  and  HEWISON  beg  to  announce 
that  they  have  purchased  of  Mr.  Dilcock  the  entire  stock 
of  the  above,  which  ie  a  Broccoli  of  the  highest  merit,  snr- 
pasaiog  evei7  otber  (even  the  far-famed  "Mammoth"),  as  the 
foliowiog  will  testify.  It  has  been  sold  in  the  York  market  at 
Is.  per  head. 

"York  Horticultural  Society,  June  18,  1S52. 
*'  In  reply  to  your  inquiries  I  find  '  Dilco Jk's  Bride  Broccoli  ' 
';iTaB  awarded  first  and  third  prizes  1850  ;  first,  secunil,  and  third, 
1851 ;  aod  first,  second,  and  third  in  the  present  year.  It  ought 
"to  be  grown  by  every  gentleman's  gardener,  especially  where 
any  are  grown  for  competition.  Market  gardeners  also  will 
find  it  to  their  profit  to  possess  it.— Yours  truly, 

_"  R.  Dempset,  Hon.  Secretary." 
The  Seed  will  be  sent  out  in  the  autumn  in  sealed  packets  at 
J     6J.  each,  containing  about  130CI  Seeds,  and  amy  be   Uad  of 
themselves  at  York  ;  or  of  Messrs.  Noble,  Coopeh,  and  Bolton, 
Seed-merchants,  152,  Fleet-streetj  London. 
Hope  Nursery,  York, 


THE     PLANTING     SEASON. 

A  LARGE  QUANTITY  OF  VERY  STRONG  SEEDLING 
AND  TRANSPLANTED  LARCH  FIR,  SPANISH  CHEST- 
NUTS,  AND  OTHER  FOREST  TREES. 

"IVILLIAM    WOOD    AND    SON   respectfully  invite 

»  '  attention  to  their  very  extensive  Stock  of  the  uoder- 
aamed  FOREST  TREES,  prices  of  which  will  be  forwarded 
on  application  : — 

Spanish  Chestnuts  ...  2  to  3  ft. 

Larch  Fir      1  to  5  ft. 

Scotch  Fir     1  to  5  ft. 

die.  (bo.  &c. 

N.B.  A  large  stock  of  particularly  fine,  strong,  well-f£athered 
Spruce  and  Silver  Firs,  from  2  to  8  feet,  peculiarly  adapted 
for  ornamental  planting. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  W.  W.  and  S.  have  to  offer  a  fine 
collection  of  Frait  Trees,  standard,  dwarf,  and  trained  ;  also 
American,  Everi^reen,  and  Flowering  Sbrub^  ;  Herbaceous  and 
Alpine  Plaote;  also  a  very  choice  selectioQ  of  rare  Orna- 
mental Trees. 
Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  as  usual,  in  very  large  quantities. 
Priced  Garalogueu  of  the  above  Stock  will  be  sent  In  exchange 
jT  four  poBTa;<e  itarops. 

WfKidlands  Nursery,  Marcsfield,  Suisex. 


Alder  ... 

...  3  to  7  ft. 

Aih     ... 

...  2  to  6  ft. 

Beech  ... 

...  2  to  e  ft. 

Birch  ... 

...  3  to  7  fl. 

LOGKSBROOK    NURSERY,    BATH. 

1^     SIIACKELL  begs  a^ain   to  offer  the  public  Iiis 
t.    bejuiiful  SEEDLING  VIOLET  "JtU.SSlAN  hUPKRIi," 
•which   variety  cannot   fail    to   give   the    hiRliest    siititfartiifn. 
8troDi(  blooming  Plants,  hamper  and  packaire  included,  fi».  per 
'■r^n;  Small  Planu,  such  as  may  bo  sent  through  the  post, 
per  dozen. 

i;,  B.  hftft  almntt  an  inexbaufltible  stock  of  Double  Blue 
.rpetual  Tree  Violet.  Strong  fine  healthy  PLintH,  having 
,tn  2'J  to  30  tflo'jmn  on  each  plant,  such  a<i  would  mnko  u 
■  •[.lay  at  once,  he  will  render  at  the  low  price  of  '2s.  (id.  p«r 
./.•::n,  }ifimper  Included;  or  lit.  per  100,  hamper  included. 
J  'j'jantitlen  of  not  le%n  than  1  dozen  or  100.  Onu  hundred 
.ijti  of  thf*  variety  would  t\i\>p\y  several  Urmrjiiiitu  per  day 
^rn  thi*  time  until  iho  end  of  May  next,  A  large  Bouquet  of 
Ji  of  tlu-^e  two  rarUtlen  can  bo  sent  tbrougb  the  post  uii  the 
',>;ipt  of  IJ  penny  poatagc  stamps. 

Neap ilitftii  Vr)let  Plants        3*.  per  dozen. 

Doutjle  Whlfft  Tree  Violet      Ht.         „ 

Ditu»  ditto  Violet  8|.  ,, 

Single  White  Ru«tlan 3*.  ., 

Old  Itusiian  Violet       Hi.  per  hundred. 

flaritper  and  pacltagQ  Included. 
"  Sir, —  I  have  often  heard  of  your  new  Rcfidling  Violut  cnttod 
Kasalan  Hii()erb,' and  tbe  Double  Tree  Perpomnl,  bu'.  until 
'  :i  scHKOfi  I  had  no  opportunity  of  knowing  liow  rcully  fino 
■  y    WRro,      How,    however,    having    both    kindii    In    rriy  own 
^rden  ber«,  I  ihink  It  but  only  fair  to  icll  you  ibnt  I  do  riot 
■'■nd  calilvatlQg  any  otbor  iiort  of  Violet ;  and  Ir  yoii  thtnk  It 
1  h-j  an)  Kunruniee  to  tbe  public  to  lifive  mj-Mplidon  on  their 
'  'Ii«,  you  h**i'  my  liberty  to  use  It,  lor  I  con  higoiy  recom- 
'id  ih-tii— Vour»,  itc,  "  I).  BfcATON." 

I'ott-ofllce  Ordirs  payable  to  KoSBlT  Suackbll,  Plorlat,  30, 
>id.str«0t,  Bath. 


NEW  ROSES. 

PRINCE   ALBERT   AND    FAIRY   QUEEN. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
•  beautiful  Hoses,  of  which  they  at  present  hold  the  entire 
slock.  Prince  Albert  Bourbon  (Paul's),  the  flowers  are,  in  the 
summer,  deep  scarlety  crimson,  in  autumn  rich  glowiDi;  Jake, 
yi  inches  in  diameter,  finely  cupped  and  very  double,  the  out- 
line a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20  to 
30  fljwers  In  a  truss,  and  being  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  liUely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  Roses  fur  bedding.  The 
foliage  is  large,  thick,  and  handsome,  and  it  surpasses  every 
Bourbon  R')se  in  colour,  form,  and  abandance  of  bloom.  Strong 
Plants  in  November,  30s.  Gd.  each. 

This  Rose  will  b«  figured  in  the  "Floribt"  for  November. 
It  has  obtained  a  first-tlaas  certificate  from  the  National  Flori- 
cuUural  Society,  the  Royal  Sou'.h  London  Floricultural  Society, 
andtbe  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society,  at  Edinburgh  ;  it  has 
further  been  favourably  noticed  by  the  leading  Horticultural 
Journals,  and  ordered  by  above  100  Nurserymen  and  Amateurs 
who  have  seen  it  in  flower. 

Fairy  Queen  Hybrid  Perpetual  (Paul't^),  soft  glossy  lilac,  of 
medium  size  and  perfect  form,  the  summits  of  the  petals  re- 
flesing  as  in  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  and  like  that  unique  rose  every 
shoot  produces  flowers;  dwarf  habit.  Plants  7a.  6d,  each. 
Early  orders  are  solicited,  as  the  slock  is  limited. 

Nurseries,  Clieshuot,  Herts,  Oct.  23. 

SEEDLING    CINERARIAS    AND    MIMULUS. 

WIVERY  begs  to  offer  the  following  beautiful 
•  and  distinct  varieties,  which  he  can  with  confidt;nce 
recommend. 

CINERARIA  *' ORLANDO,"  rich  violet  plum,  with  white 
circle  round  the  disc,  large  flower,  tine  form  ;  7s.  Gd. 

Do.  SONGSTRESS,  clear  white  ground,  beautifully  edged 
with  dark  blue,  fine  hjibit ;  7s.  Gd. 

MIMULUS  "AURORA,"  throat  lemoa  colour,  beautifully 
spotted,  and  deeply  margined  with  orange  crimaon  ;  5s. 

Do.  BEAUTY  OP  PECKHAM,  throat  bright  golden  yellow, 
spotted  with  crimson,  and  deeply  margined  with  velvety 
crimson ;  Ss. 

Do.  DELICATA,  throat  light  lemon  colour,  slightly  spotted 
and  deeply  margined  with  rose  ;  5s. 

Do.  I6NEA,  throat  bright  lemon  colour,  beautifully  spotted 
and  deeply  margined  with  rich  crimson  ;  5s. 

W.  I.  can  supply  a  good  variety  of  named  Cinerarias  from 
12s,  to  30s.  per  dozen.  Autumn  Catalogues  can  be  had  ou 
application.  —  H!inovei;_Nuvsery,  Peckham.  near  London. 


w 


ILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Seedsman,    &c.,    156, 

CHEaPSIDE,     LONDON. 


Common  mixed  Crocus  Is.  per 

100. 
Superior  Dutch  Mixed  Crocus, 

Is.  Gd.  per  100. 
Caocns,   very  large  and   fine 

yellow,  2s.  Gd  per  100. 
„         12    distinct    varieties 

named,  3s.  per  100. 
,,         in  separate   colours, 

Is.  Gd.  to  2s.  per  100. 
Tdlips,  fine   border  varieties, 

early  and  late,  5s.  to  7s.  (3d. 

per  100. 

GLASS   DISHES  with  six 


Snowdeops,  very  fine,  2s.  per 

100. 
NiacisaDS,  Soleil  d'Or,  3s.  par 
doz. 

„  Dbl.  Roman,  3s.  per  doz. 
,,  paper  white,  3s.  per  doz. 
„  Grand  Monarque  (large), 
6s.  per  doz. 
HrAciNTH3,escelleat  mixtures, 
33.  Gd.  per  doz. 
,,  named  for  pots  or 
glasses,  6s.  to  125.  per  doz. 

superior    HYACINTHS    ready 


planted  in  Moss,  and  which  are  easily  transmitted  to  the 
country  without  iojury,  5s.;  the  price  increases  from  5s.  to 
10s.  I'd.  according  to  the  size  of  Dish  and  number  of  Hyacinths. 

The  above  are  all  warranted  fine,  and  will  he  delivered 
in  the  best  possible  condition,  loith  extra  bulbs  to  compensate 
for  carriage. 

Wm.  Hamilton's  Catalogue,  containing  an  immense  variety 
of  bulbous  roots,  &c.,  maybe  had  on  application. — Address, 
1 56,  Cneapside,  London. 


]  OHN  HARRISON  having  a  great  stock  of  the 
<J  undernamed  articles,  offers  them  to  the  trade  at  the 
following  very  low  prices.  The  Fastolff  Raspberries  are  true 
and  free  from  mixture,  J.  H.  having  grown  no  other  variety  in 
bid  nursery  at  York  (which  ho  broke  out  of  sward  ten  years 
ago),  many  spurious  worthless  varieties  of  Raspberry  having 
been  sent  out  for  this  truly  valuable  variety. 

Per  100. 

Fastolff  Raspberry,  true      

Victoria  Currants       ... 

Black  Bang-up  do.,  the  best  known 

Victoria  Rhubarb,  true        

Lionfeus    do.  do 

Royal  Albert  do.      do 

Standard  Roses,  superior  plants,  in  100 

tine  varieties 62.  to     7     0     0 

Dwarf  do.,    worked  upon   the    Manettii 

stock,  splendid  plants       Zl.  to 

Delphinium  Barlowii 

Manettii  Rose  stocks Ss.Gi^.  to 

Strong  cuttinga,  10  inches 

Catalogues  of  Roses,  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs, 
may  be  bad  on  application. 

Grange  Nursery,  Darlington,  Oct.  80. 


.  £0     7 

.     0  12 

.     0  12 

1  10 

1  10 

1  10 


5  0 
1  10 
0  12 


Per  1000. 

£3  5  0 
4  10  0 
4  10     0 

It     0     0 


70s.  to  hi. 
5  0 
&c,, 


N      GAINES   begs    to    announce    that    he   is   now 
•  prepared  to  send  out  the  following  superb  collection  of 

SEEDLING,  SHOW,  &  FANCY   GERANIUMS,  &c. 
SHOW    GERANIUMS. 


s.  d. 

Mra.  Griswood 
Earl  SpeDcer 

31     G 

21     0 

Thomas  Whits 

Esq.  :— 

Lady  MoretoQ 

2L     0 

s.  d. 

Oura 

21     (1 

Coour  da  Lion  ... 

...     31     G 

Aurantia 

21    0 

Bruno     

...    21    0 

Lady  Thorold 

21    0 

Selina     

...    42    e 

.Vonpnreil 

42    0 

Malhildo 

...   31   e 

Cleopatra 

21     !J 

Charraioff  May... 

...    21    0 

Lady  lJucre 

42     (J 

Annie  Laurie    ... 

...    2X    C 

Pandora... 

21.     0 

Rhoda     

...    21    C 

FANCY     GERANIUMS. 

Rubiaa 

2l3.  1  Lady  Mourdaut  ... 

I'atrlot    11)3  IM. 

...    IDs. 

The  following  wero  raised  by  the  Key.  E.  Trimmer:— 

».  d 

3.  d. 

Zurich     ... 

1.'.    0 

RoHonlaril 

...    21    0 

<*rliidenwald 

10    0 

Belllnzona        ... 

...    10    6 

Hcliollor  ... 

16    (1 

NEW  SEEDLING  MIMULUS.Bhonn  at  the  London  Exhibitions. 

>.   d. 

s.  a. 

Kpoct&tlHtlmUB 

.1    0 

Miijantica 

...    i>    0 

I'ulohcllnm 

a   B 

Alpha      

...     8    0 

Kmpeior 

3    (1 

ExlmluH 

...    3    0 

I'riiioe  Arthur 

3    ti 

fjrandlflorum     ... 

...    3    0 

Pricf-  <irth.!  Hut,  2)8. 
NEW  VARIEGATED  GERANIUM  -GAINES'  ATTRACTION. 

TliU  In  rtriu  of  M>e  mont  dintlnct  varlogiitud  vrtrietloH  yet 
Introduced  to  tlirt  |iubllo,  pnHHii-Hlng  ri  ilarii-gruvn  folliigo,  with 
rud  riiarkiiigft,  i)dg<-d  wl(b  iiuro  wliHo;  iliu  colour  i>f  the  llowur 
D  bcauthul  cherry,  niu]  qnlto  dill'oiorir.  to  uuy  otiicr  viirlog-itud 
Oornnlum  yflt  nent  out.  From  ItH  freonOH  of  growth  and  coii- 
pHct  hnbt^  an  It  binoinn  In  great  obundancu,  It  will  bu  valuable 
for  b'-ddlog  or  pot  (lulturc.     Ida,  fid. 

A  DijxrrliitWo  Lint  of  HOow  imd  Fancy  Polnrgonlums,  &,c., 
nifty  l>e  h'ld  by  applying  ut  the  Nursery,  Surroy-luuo,  Uuttcrsca^ 
near  London. 


O  RITANNIA  RHUBARB.— This  is  hy  far  the  best 

-'-'  EARLY  KHUUARiJ  that  has  yet  been  offered  to  the 
publi.;.  It  is  earlier  than  the  Royal  Albert,  a  great  deal  more 
productive,  and  a  better  colour  and  flavour. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Royal  Albert  throws  a  flower-stem 
from  every  crown  almost  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  glow,  and 
consequently  not  more  Ihjin  one  early  gathering  can  he  got 
from  it ;  on  the  contrary,  thr)  Britannia  does  not  produce  one 
tlower-stcm  in  a  hundred  plants  throughout  tlie  season,  and 
cimeequently  the  produce  is  never  impeded.  The  leaf-s'talks 
grow  quite  erect,  are  very  numerous,  stronger  tli;in  the  Royal 
Albert,  and  are  a  beautiful  dark  pink  colour,  and  tbe  flavour 
equal  to  any  Rhubarb  grown.  The  Britannia  and  the  Victoria 
are  the  only  two  torts  of  Rhubarb  that  auy  one  need  wish  to 
grow— the  former  for  an  early,  and  the  latter  for  a  late  crop. 
It  has  not  had  a  cerlificato  from  tbe  Royal  Household  nor 
from  il.  Soytr  or  the  Club  Houses  ;  but  if  it  does  not  answer 
to  all  that  ia  here  said  of  it,  purchaserB  sball  have  the  price 
returned. 

One-year-old  roots  arc  now  ready  for  delivery  at  2a.  Gd.  each 
■and  fo^  every  trade  order  of8  roots  12  will  be  sent,  and  no 
trade  order  for  a  less  number  will  be  attended  to.  Orders 
with  a  remittance,  will  be  executed  in  rotation;  and  as  the 
stock  is  only  small,  early  orders  will  prevent  disappointment. 
Thomas  Applebv.  Rose  Moun'  Nurwery,  York. 


C'J.EOHGE  DAVIES   is  now   prepared  to  send  out 
*    the  following  NEW  GERANIUMS  at  42s.  per  dozen  :— 
Areibusa,   Ariadne,    Cnieftain,    Elise,    Enchantress,    Flying 
Dutchman,   Colonel  of  the   Buffs,  Ganymede,  Incomparable, 
La  Bleche,  Mochanna,  Magnet,  Purple  Standard. 
The  following  at  18s.  per  dozen  :— 
Boule  do  Feu,  Dazzle.  Generaliaaiino,  Clarinda,  Lord  Stanley, 
May   Queen,  Mount    HecU,    Major  Dumo,    Nepaulese    Prince 
Nectar  Cup,  Silk  Mercer,  Pride  of  the  Isles,  Tjrian  Queen.       * 
The  foUowin;?  at  123.  per  dozen  : — 
Brilliant,     Constance.    Cristabel,    Gipsey    Bride,    Elegans, 
Magnificent,  Prince  of  Orange,  Satisfaction,  Princess  Emila, 
Virgin  Queen. 

The  following  FANCY  GERANIUMS  at  20s,  per  dozen:— 
Dellcata,    Bride,   Gaiety,    Othello,  Oresfes,   Marion,   Prima 
Donna,  Prince  Albert,   Exquisite,  Reine  de  Fleur,  Reine  da 
France. 

The  following  CINERARIAS  at  I85,  per  dozen  :— 

Catherine  Seaton,   Nonsuch,  Fearless,  Prima  Donna,  Mra. 

Charles  Kean,  Rosy  Morn,  Lady  Hume  Campbell,  Effie  Deans, 

Mrs.  Sidney  Ileibert,  Clair  of  the  Isles,  Blue  Perfection,  Clara 

Mouberry.     Older  varieties  9a.  to  \2s.  per  dozen. 

ERICAS,  fine  blooming  plants,  12s.  tolSs,  perdozsn,  including 
Massoni,  Spreugeli,  Parmentieri  rosea,  (&c. 

■  5.    d. 

Abelia  uniflora,  new  2    6 

Kennedya  cvata  alba,  pure  white,  new  3     6 

Tegelia    bituminosa,   bright   yellow    Kennedya-like 

iiower.new 2    6 

Weinmannia  pubescena      ...    .     25.  Gd.  to     3     6 

Gompbolobium  barbigerum        3    6 

Sollya  Drummondii 1     6 

Daphne  Forluni ...     3     C 

,,        Indica  rubra         1    6 

Berberis  Fortuni      ...        2    6 

Clematis  crerulea  odorata,  new 2     G, 

The  above  are  cash  prices,  and  no  reduction. 
Stanley  and  Green  Lane  Nurseries,  Old  Swan,  Liverpool.-* 
October  30. 

RENDLE'S   NEW  TREE  AND  SHRUB  CATA- 
LOGPE.— Our  new  Autumn  Priced  List  of 

FOREST  TREES,  SHRUBS,  AND  FRUIT  TREES, 
Is  now  ready,  andean  be  had  on  application  in  exchange  for 
one  penny  stamp. 

The  Catalogue  contains  PRICES  of  SEEDLING  FOREST 
TREES,  New  and  Choice  SHRUBS,  Transplanted  FOREST 
TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  including  all  the  newest  and 
choicest  sorts  in  cultivation. 

Gentlemen  loho  want  to  i^lant  largely  this  Aututmif  or 
who  Tcqidre  to  lay  out  Pleasure  Grounds,  will  do  well  to 
procure  one  of  these  Catalogues. 

LARGE  SURPLUS    STOCK. 
We  have  a  large  Surplus  Stock  of  the  following,  which  will 
be  offered  on  very  low  terme,  viz.  :  — 
Seedling  FINDS  AUSTRIACA, 
Fine  Plants  of  CEDRU3  DEODARA, 
Two-years  Bedded  SCOTCH  FIRS. 
Fine  stout  Plants  of  PIN  US  EXCELSA. 
Immense  Stock  of  SEAKALE  and  ASPARAGUS. 
TROLLOPE'S    VICTORIA    STRAWBERRIES, 
20s.  per  100,  or  3s.  per  dozen.    This  variety  should  be  growu 
in  every  garden. 

Apply  to  WILLIAM  E,  RENDLE  and  CO.,  NoflSEEIMEN 
and  Seed  Meechants,  Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1736. 


SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  30,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOK  THE  ENSDING  'WEEIC. 

TusflDAT,      l^ov.      '2— Horticultural   2  p.u, 

Fhisat,  —         5 -Botanical 8  r.H. 


Our  advices  from  Malaga  inform  us  that  the  Vine 
Mildew  has  reached  that  great  seat  of  Grape  grow- 
ing. Muscatels  have  suffered  less  than  others,  only 
a  ievi  very  robust  full-grown  plants  in  the  shade  of 
trees  having  been  affected.  Tbe  shipping  Grapes 
and  all  green  sorts  high  trained  over  trellis  work 
or  on  trees,  called  there  Parras,  have  suffered  the 
most.  In  a  sm.all  town,  called  Alhaurin,  12  miles 
from  Malaga,  the  Grapes  have  not  suffered,  but  ia 
all  other  parts,  from  JMalaga  to  Alnieria,  all  green 
Grapes  have  been  destroyed.  It  is  singular  th,at  the 
red  and  black  Grapes  of  Mr.  Dei.ius,  even  inter- 
woven with  the  sick  plants,  haVe  not  suffered  at  all. 
The  worst  is  tliat  tlie  evil  is  still  progressing,  even 
after  tbe  gathering  of  the  Grapes,  and  causes  much 
alarm,  lest  next  year  there  should  bo  nioi'e  of  it. 
Mr.  Diir.ius  has  tried  bleeding,  though  late,  witll 
good  success  ;  to  make  use  of  bydro-sulpbato  of  lime 
is  out  of  the  question,  when  it  ia  necessary  to  care 
for  00,01)0  or  100,000  jilaiits.  Even  lrees,such  as  tho 
Cuialonia  iSiliipia,  have  been  attacked  by  the  same 
evil,  losing  ail  their  le.aves ;  but  after  being  well 
cleaneil,  they  bave  got  the  better  of  it.  The  first 
symploius  of  this  epidemic  wore  observed  alter  three 
consecutive  days  of  fog. 

We  have  also  learned  that  the  vineyard,s  on  the 


692 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  30, 


Theiss  are  diseased  to  such  an  extent  that  there 
will  be  no  Hungarian  wine  this  year. 

The  cause  of  this  new  pestilence  continues  as 
much  in  the  dark  as  ever;  meanwhile  opinions  are  as 
plentiful  as  blackberries.  Some  attribute  it  solely  to 
the  action  of  the  mildew  fungus ;  others  assert  that  the 
latter  supervenes  upon  a  previously  diseased  state 
of  the  tissues.  One  says  the  evil  arises  from  badly 
treating  the  plants ;  another,  on  the  contrary, 
ascribes  it  to  their  being  too  highly  cultivated.  For 
ourselves,  we  wait  with  patience  for  a  better  know- 
ledge of  facts,  and  for  the  results  of  experiments. 

This  need  not  prevent  our  producing  the  fol- 
lowing so  called  simple  and  economical  remedy, 
proposed  by  M.  Robouaii  {Comptes  Renclus,  Sep- 
tember 1852.)  This  gentleman  states  that  in  a 
former  memoir,  read  be/ore  the  Academy  on  the  20th 
of  October,  1851,  after  alluding  to  the  use  of  sulphur, 
lime,  and  other  remedies,  and  demonstrating 
the  difficulty,  or  indeed  impossibility  of  adopting 
them  on  a  large  scale,  he  pointed  out  a  fact  which 
he  thought  ought  to  be  strongly  impressed  on 
cultivators,  namely,  that  the  shoots,  leaves,  and 
bunches  of  Vines  shaded  by  Grass  or  other  sub- 
stances are  green  and  healthy,  whilst  those  of  the 
same  Vine,  and  even  of  the  same  branch,  exposed 
to  the  free  circulation  of  the  air,  are  diseased.  It 
therefore  appeared  to  him  that  strong  light  and  the 
direct  action  of  the  air  were  necessary  for  the 
development  of  the  disease.  This  he  believed  to  be 
a  valuable  indication  of  what  ought  to  be  done. 
" The  means,"  he  says,  "are  easily  inferred  ;  they 
are  simple,  and  may  be  readily  and  economically 
employed.  They  are  adapted  for  large  vineyards, 
and  instead  of  increasing  they  will  probably  diminish 
the  expense.  I  again  bring  the  mode  under  notice 
because  I  have  now  sufficiently  tried  it  to  know  its 
value.  \t  is  generally  and  incontestably  efficacious  ; 
and  I  shall  take  great  pleasure  in  showing  it  to  any 
one  desirous  of  seeing  it." 

"  In  more  than  a  hundred  different  parts  of  my 
garden,  all  the  Vine  branches  which  trail  on  the 
ground  are  healthy,  as  are  likewise  their  leaves  and 
fruit :  those  lying  on  the  dug  ground  are  of  a  less 
lively  green  than  those  on  the  Grass.  The  Vines  that 
were  pruned  as  usual  in  winter,  and  had  the  ground 
dug  about  them  in  spring,  but  which  have  not  since 
been  pruned,  nor  dressed  in  any  way,  are  much  less 
diseased  than  those  that  have  received  the  usual 
attention.  On  the  same  Vine,  the  upper  branches 
which  have  been  well  pruned  and  trained  may  be 
compared  with  the  lower  ones  which  have  been 
allowed  to  trail  along  the  ground  ;  the  former  are 
all  diseased,  whilst  the  latter  are  perfectly  healthy. 
In  some  Vines  the  progress  of  the  disease  can  be 
traced  increasing  more  and  more  the  higher  we  go. 
I  have  recommended  the  laying  the  Vine  along  the 
ground,  and  turfing  the  latter.  Oats  also,  which  can 
be  sown  at  any  time,  and  which,  when  cut  green, 
afford  an  excellent  green  crop,  soon  push  again, 
and  can  be  kept  at  a  proper  height,  appear  likely  to 
answer  the  purpose." 

"But,"adds  M.Robouam,  "it  should  be  understood 
that  these  experiments,  although  conclusive  in  a 
general  point  of  view,  require  to  be  regulated  by 
practice  as  regards  their  details." 

That  plants   will,  under  some  circumstances, 

INCREASE     IN     BULK,     IN     THE     ABSENCE    OF    LEAVES,    is 

proved  by  the  evidence  given  at  p.  643.  We  recom- 
mend this  fact  to  the  consideration  of  those  who 
maintain  that  a  removal  of  the  tops  of  diseased 
crops  will  necessarily  stop  all  further  growth.  One 
highly  important  question,  however,  still  remains 
nnanswered — what  are  those  circumstances  ? 

We  have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  roots  can 
grow  in  the  absence  of  branches  and  leaves,  until 
roots  have  arrived  at  a  state  of  complete  organisa- 
tion. If  a  plant  producing  tubers  loses  its  top  when 
the  tubers  are  young,  the  latter  perish  or  cease 
growing';  but  if  the  tubers  are  considerably  advanced 
in  formation,  then  they  will  continue  to  grow, 
notwithstanding  the  loss  of  the  leaves. 

It  would  seem  from  this  undoubted  fact  that  a 
considerable  amount  of  vital  force  is  required  in 
order  to  render  a  plant  independent  of  its  green 
organs  ;  but  that  it  becomes  independent  as  soon  as 
that  amount,  whatever  it  may  be,  has  been  acquired. 
In  the  beginning  the  green  organs,  exposed  to  light, 
appear  to  possess  exclusively  the  property  of  elabo- 
rating the  aqueous  and  gaseous  matters  which 
they  absorb,  and  of  so  forming  the  material  out  of 
which  growth  or  increase  of  size  elsewhere  is 
provided  for.  This  operation  takes  place  at  that 
time  exclusively  in  the  cells  of  the  green  organs, 
the  tubes  and  vessels  of  the  vegetable  structure 
being  mere  recipients  organised  by  the  matters  so 
elaborated.  This  power  of  assimilation  is  believed 
to  be  owing  to  the  high  vitality  of  the  cells  of 
the  green  organs  ;  but  in  proportion  as  the  subter- 
ranean  parts  become  organised  their  vital   force 


increases,  and  at  last  it  becomes  sufficient  to  enable 
them  to  act  independently  of  the  leaves  or  green 
parts.  If,  then,  at  the  time  when  a  subterranean 
organ  is  cut  off  from  communication  with  the  leaves, 
its  vitality  is  sufficiently  high,  its  cells  not  only 
absorb  water  and  other  matters,  as-was  the  case  from 
the  beginning,  but  also  decompose  and  elaborate 
them,  in  the  same  way  as  the  cells  of  the  leaves.  The 
result  of  that  elaboration  is  increase  in  bulk,  partly 
arising  from  the  distension  of  the  cells  and  the 
consolidation  of  their  contents,  partly  from  the 
increase  of  the  number  of  the  cells  themselves,  and 
also  from  filling  the  last  formed  cells  with  the 
matter  peculiar  to  the  species. 

That  underground  organs  do  possess  this  power, 
to  some  extent  at  least,  has  been  certain  ever  since 
it  was  known  that  starch  grains  were  formed  in  cells. 
Physiologists  say  that  starch  is  formed  by  the  action 
of  leaves.  By  this  they  do  not  mean  that  the  grains 
of  starch  found  in  a  ripe  Potato  were  first  formed  as 
sacJt  in  the  leaves  of  the  Potato  plant,  and  then  con- 
veyed to  the  tubers  ;  for  that  is  manifestly  impos- 
sible, there  being  no  openings  in  the  sides  of  the  cells 
of  a  plant  through  which  starch  grains  can  pass. 
The  real  meaning  of  the  statement  is  that  the 
matter  out  of  which  starch  grains  are  eventually 
formed  within  the  cells  of  a  Potato,  is  originally 
elaborated  in  the  leaves,  whence  it  travels  down- 
wards while  fluid,  until  it  reaches  the  subterranean 
cells,  where  it  is  finally  organised. 

All  that  is  required  in  order  to  secure  increase  in 
bulk  is  the  power  of  organisation ;  that  power 
depends  upon  the  presence  of  a  sufficient  amount  of 
vital  force;  therefore,  when  a  subterranean  body 
has  gained  enough  vital  force  it  has  gained  all  the 
organic  capabilities  which  are  necessary  for  increase 
of  size,  or  growth,  and  is  able  to  enlarge  even  though 
cut  off  from  communication  with  green  organs. 

We  do  not  at  all  intend  to  say  that  an  under- 
ground organ  will  increase  as  rapidly  in  the  absence 
of  leaves  as  it  will  if  they  are  present.  On  the 
contrary,  in  the  latter  case,  it  grows  by  virtue  of 
its  own  vitality  and  that  of  the  leaves  combined. 
A  double  power  is  brought  to  bear  upon  its  increase, 
and  at  least  twice  as  much  food  in  an  organisable 
condition  is  presented  to  it  for  consumption.  All 
we  contend  for  is,  that  although  leaves  may  be 
gone,  growth  will  go  on — and  to  a  much  greater 
extent  than  is  supposed.  If,  then,  a  root-crop  is 
from  any  accident  deprived  of  its  leaves,  it  is  by  no 
means  a  necessary  consequence  that  the  crop  is 
arrested  in  its  growth;  on  the  contrary,  provided  the 
defoliation  does  not  occur  till  towards  the  end  of 
the  season,  growth  will  go  on  notwithstanding. 

This  kind  of  growth  is,  we  believe,  always  un- 
attended by  the  formation  of  wood  or  its  equivalent, 
for  which  leaves  seem  indispensable,  as  we  may 
hereafter  show ;  but  that  is  a  different  part  of  the 
question,  and  of  more  interest  in  a  scientific  than  in 
a  horticultural  point  of  view. 


STATICE  IMBRICATA. 

This  is  an  extremely  useful  plant  for  decorative 
purposes,  and  under  good  treatment  it  soon  forms  a 
handsome  specimen,  covered  with  large  heads  of  rich 
blue  flowers  from  May  to  November  ;  and  if  wintered  in 
the  cool  end  of  a  stove  it  may  be  had  in  bloom  the  whole 
year  round.  I  do  not,  however,  recommend  it  for 
winter  flowering,  as  the  dense  heads  of  bloom  ai'e  very 
liable  to  suffer  from  mildew,  and  the  amount  of  light  at 
that  season  is  insufficient  to  colour  the  flowers. 

Young  healthy  plants  should  be  procured  at  once  by 
persons  intending  to  commence  its  culture  ;  these  will 
require  merely  the  ordinary  treatment  of  greenhouse 
plants  till  March.  As  early  in  that  month  as  may  be 
convenient  remove  them  to  a  light  airy  situation  in  a 
house  or  pit  where  the  temperature  may  average  from 
50"  to  60°,  and  be  careful  to  maintain  a  moist  atmo- 
sphere. In  the  case  of  delicate  subjects  it  is  better  to 
defer  shifting  for  a  week  or  two  after  placing  them  in  a 
growing  temperature,  but  vigorous  plants  like  that  under 
notice  should  beshiftedat  once,  if  the  pots  are  moderately 
filled  with  roots  ;  healthy  plants  in  5-inch  pots  may  be 
shifted  into  8-inch  pots,  but  badly  rooted  examples  had 
better  be  allowed  a  week  or  two  to  recruit  before  potting. 

If  all  goes  on  well  after  potting,  which  will  be  the 
case  if  this  operation  is  properly  performed  and  the 
plants  carefully  watered  and  attended  to,  they  will 
make  rapid  progress.  When  vigorous  growth  is  once 
induced,  air  should  be  admitted  freely  on  favourable 
occasions,  to  induce  a  robust;  habit  of  growth  ;  with  a 
circulation  of  air  the  temperature  may  be  allowed  to 
rise  to  70**  with  sun  heat,  but  55^  will  be  sufficiently 
high  at  night.  Towards  the  end  of  May  or  early  in 
June,  remove  the  plants  to  a  cold  frame  or  pit,  which 
can  be  kept  rather  close  ;  this  will  be  sufficiently  warm 
for  the  plants  during  the  summer  months,  and  will  form 
a  more  suitable  habitation  for  them  than  an  ordinary 
stove  or  greenhouse.  Moisten  overhead  mornings  .ind 
evenings  in  bright  weather,  and  shut  up  the  frame  after 
sprinkling  for  a  few  hours  in  the  evenings,  but  give 
air  for  the  night.  In  very  bright  weather  a  thin  shade 
may  be  thrown  over  the  glass  for  a  few  hours,  but  use 
this  very  sparingly.    Some  of  the  plants  will  probably 


requu-e  a  second  shift  towards  Midsummer,  when,  if 
well  rooted,  they  may  be  allowed  12-inch  pots.  Be 
careful  to  have  the  ball  and  soil  in  a  moist  healthy  state 
before  potting,  so  as  to  avoid  checking  the  plants,  which 
would  induce  a  tendency  to  flower,  and  greatly  retard 
the  object  in  view ;  but  a  few  flower  spikes  will 
probably  be  thrown  up  by  the  most  healthy  specimens, 
which  should  be  pinched  off  as  soon  as  they  are  observed. 
As  soon  as  damp  cloudy  weather  occurs  in  autumn 
remove  the  plants  to  a  light  situation  in  the  greenhouse, 
and  keep  them  rather  close  at  first ;  discontinue  sprink- 
ling over-head,  give  very  little  water,  with  a  view  to 
properly  mature  the  season's  growth,  and  prepare  them 
for  winter.  No  more  water  should  be  given  while  the 
plants  are  inactive  than  will  suffice  to  preserve  the  soil 
in  a  healthy  state,  and  the  leaves  should  be  sponged 
over  once  or  twice,  to  keep  them  clean. 

The  beginning  or  middle  of  April  will  be  a  propel? 
season  to  remove  the  specimens  to  the  close  end  of  the 
greenhouse,  or  any  light  situation  where  a  moist  tempe- 
rature of  about  50°  can  be  kept  up.  Here  the  plants 
will  throw  up  abundance  of  flower-stems  if  properly 
supplied  with  water,  and  will  probably  be  in  full  beauty 
in  about  five  weeks  after  being  placed  under  growing 
circumstances.  Durmg  the  flowering  season  they  will 
require,  as  already  stated,  to  have  their  leaves  sponged 
over  occasionally  ;  also  a  free  circulation  of  air,  to  pre- 
vent injury  from  damp,  a  light  situation  not  fully 
exposed  to  the  mid-day  sun,  and  a  liberal  supply  of 
clear  weak  manure-water,  such  as  would  be  obtained  by 
mixing  1  gallon  of  stable  urine  with  3  gallons  of  rain- 
water, or  1  lb.  of  good  Peruvian  guano  with  8  gallons  of 
soft  water.  When  damp  becomes  troublesome  amongst 
the  blossoms  in  autumn  cut  out  the  flower-stems,  remove 
the  plants  to  the  greenhouse,  and  treat  them  as  recom- 
mended for  last  winter.  When  growth  is  induced  the 
following  spring  the  specimens  may  be  shifted  into 
15-inch  pots,  in  which,  with  good  management  and  a 
supply  of  manure-water,  they  will  last  for  some  three 
seasons,  but  a  stock  of  young  plants  should  be  kept  up,  as 
a  specimen  will  sometimes,  even  under  careful  manage- 
ment, get  into  bad  health,  and  when  old  specimens  do 
so  they  had  better  be  thrown  to  the  rubbish  heap. 

Its  propagation  will  probably  be  somewhat  difficult  to 
inexperienced  persons.  Cuttings  should  be  selected 
of  the  half  ripe  shoots,  if  such  they  may  be  called,, 
slipped  off  with  a  heel,  trimmed,  and  planted  in  well- 
drained  pots,  filled  with  light,  peaty,  sandy  soil,  covered 
with  a  glass,  and  placed  for  a  fortnight  in  ashady  situation, 
in  a  temperature  of  from  50°  to  60**,  and  then  removed 
to  a  gentle  bottom  heat  of  about  75°,  where  they  will 
soon  emit  abundance  of  roots,  when  they  should  be 
potted  smgly  in  small  pots,  and  treated  kindly  till  well 
established. 

A  soil  consisting  of  three-fourths  rich  tm'fy,'sandy 
loam,  one-fourth  good  turfy  peat,  with  a  sufficient 
mixture  of  slmrp  silver-sand,  to  ensure  the  free  per- 
colation of  water  through  the  mass,  is  what  Statices 
luxuriate  in.  The  loam  and  peat  should  be  in  perfect 
order  as  respects  moisture  when  used,  and  ought  to  be 
brolien  up  into  small  pieces,  so  as  to  ensure  a,  perfect 
admixture  with  the  sand.  A^ha. 


NEW  FRUITS. 


EXAMINED  IN  1S52,  IN  THE  GARDEN  OF  THE 

HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

Br  R.  Thompson. 

Diichesse  de  Trevise  Strawberry. — Presented  to  the- 
Society  by  M.  Jamin,  Bourg-la-Reine,  near  Paris, 
Sept.  6,  1851.  Fruit  middle-sized,  ovate,  deep-red  j 
seeds  small,  rather  deeply  embedded  ;  flesh  pale  red, 
juicy,  with  a  brisk  rich  flavom'.  Leaves  large,  roundish, 
widely  and  rather  obtusely  serrated.  Leaf-stalks  mode- 
rately tall,  very  hairy,  the  hairs  on  these  spreading  hori- 
zontally, but  those  on  the  scapes  and  runners  are 
adpressed.  Appears  to  be  a  good  bearer,  ripening  quite 
as  early  as  Keens'  Seedling.  It  will  require  to  be 
planted  as  widely  apart  as  the  sort  just  mentioned.  As 
far  as  can  be  judged  of  it  in  the  present  season,  it  seems 
deserving  of  cultivation,  or,  at  all  events,  certainly  of 
further  trial. 

Salter's    Vei'saillaise  Strawberry.  —  Presented  to  the    ■ 
Society   by   Mr.  John   Salter,  Nurseryman,  Hammer-    M 
smith,  Oct.  24,    1851.     Fruit  large,  ovate,  sometimes    " 
flattened  or  cockscomb-shaped  ;  dark  red  ;  seeds  rather 
deeply  embedded  ;  flesh  pale,  juicy,  and  rich.     Leaves 
middle-sized,  roundish-oval,  widely  serrated.  Leaf-stalks, 
scapes,  and  runners  hairy,  the  hairs  spreading  almost 
horizontally.     A  good  bearer,  ripening  about  the  same 
time  as  Keens'  Seedling,  to  which  it  will  doubtless  be 
preferred  by  those  who  like  a  brisker  flavora'  than  is 
possessed  by  Keens'  Seedhng.     On  the  whole  it  is  worthy 
of  recommendation,  being  large  and  a  good  bearer  ; 
many  of  the  new  sorts  have  these  properties  only,  but 
this  has  also  good  flavour. 

BeadneU's  Seedling/  Pear. — This  waa  raised  by  John 
Beadnell,  Esq.,  West  Green  Road,  Tottenham,  and 
cuttings  of  it  were  presented  by  him  to  the  Society. 
The  fruit  is  nearly  middle-sized,  turbinate,  stalk  short ; 
eye  a  little  open;  skin  pale  yellowish-green  on  the 
shaded  side,  red  next  the  sun,  much  speckled  with 
whitish-grey  dots.  Flesh  melting,  exceedingly  juicy 
and  rich.  It  is  not  buttery,  but  so  melting,  when  used 
in  its  full  perfection,  that  one  can  scarcely  say  whether 
he  is  not  rather  drinking  than  eating.  Its  period  of 
ripening  varies  between  the  middle  of  September  and 
that  of  October.  It  does  not  keep  long  after  being  ripe. 
The  tree  is  vigorous,  and  bears  very  abundantly.  Shoots 


44—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


693 


1-ong,  bright  chestnut  coloui'ed  where  well  exposed,  much 
spotted  with  whitish  dots.  Leaves  moderately  large, 
cordate  on  the  young  shoots,  somewhat  concave  and 
acuminate,  serrated  ;  those  on  the  spurs  ai'e  elliptic. 
Stipules  linear,  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
petioles.  This  variety  cannot  fail  to  be  very  acceptable, 
en  account  of  its  rich,  abundant,  and  highly  refreshing 
juice. 

SliangJtae  Peach. — This  variety  was  sent  to  the  Society 
by  Mr.  Fortune,  who  found  it  growing  to  a  very  large 
size  in  the  North  of  China.  Along  with  a  plant  of  it 
Ki  a  potj  he  sent  some  of  the  Peach  stones.  These 
were  sown  and  came  up  abundantly  ;  but  they  had  a 
very  unpromising  appearance  for  fruit,  their  foliage 
being  narrow,  and  altogether  unlike  that  of  a  cultivated 
sort.  They  were,  however,  potted,  and  wheu  fit,  used  as 
stocks  for  the  original.  Several  trees  on  these  stocks 
were  planted  against  a  south  wall,  where  they  grew 
rapidly.  The  trees  have  produced  better  fruit  this  year 
than  formerly,  probably  owing  to  unusually  high  tem- 
perature in  July.  The  flowers  are  large,  the  leaves  of 
the  petals  deeply  coloured.  Leaves  crenated,  with  reni- 
form  glands.  Fruit  very  large,  10  inches  or  more  in 
circumference,  roundish,  and  very  handsome  ;  pale 
yellow  where  shaded,  and  delicate  crimson  red  next  the 
sun.  The  flesh  is  pale  yellow  next  the  skin,  but  very 
deep  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  it  is  attached  by  strong 
fibres  ;  yet  it  is  not  everywhere  adlierent,  like  the  flesh 
of  the  clingstone  Peaches.  It  is  juicy  and  rich,  but  it 
requires  to  be  gathered  a  day  or  two  before  it  is  used. 
la  this  state  some  gentlemen  preferred  it  to  old  esteemed 
sorts.  It  ripens  about  the  same  time  as  the  Bellegarde. 
The  tree  is  a  good  bearer.  Buds  of  this  sort  have  been 
distributed  to  the  various  nurserymen  or  other  Fellows 
of  the  Society  who  applied  for  them.  It  must  however 
be  observed,  that  it  requires  a  good  aspect  and  warm 
situation.  It  would  probably  answer  for  forcing,  with 
plenty  of  heat.  Some  buds  of  it  were  sent  to  Paris, 
and  there  its  fruit  is  said  to  be  splendid.  Like  all  large 
fruited  varieties,  it  ought  to  be  well  thinned.  Journal 
of  the  S&rlicuUural  Society. 


TAXIIATIONS  AMONG  CONIFERS. 

About  a  year  and  a  half  ago  I  ventured  to  address  a 
letter  to  you  on  the  uncertainty  of  that  system  of  classi- 
fication which  allowed  too  great  a  prominence  to  some 
of  the  characteristics  of  the  genus  Pinus,  which  by 
nature,  and,  I  believe,  by  the  accidents  of  culture,  are 
variable.  I  sent  you  specimens  of  some  remarkable 
variations  of  this  kind. 

The  great  excellence  of  botanical  mles  is,  that  they 
do  not  at  all  require  the  exception  to  prove  them.  They 
are  complete  in  themselves,  and  beautifully  demon- 
strative. Doctors  botanical  may  differ  no  less  th.in 
doctors  medicinal.  Eudlicher  may  persist  in  making  all 
Piceas  into  Abies,  and  all  Abies  into  Piceas,  to  the 
great  inconvenience  of  all  those  who  have  labelled  a 
whole  Pinetura  after  the  excellent  arrangements  previ- 
ously suggested  by  Dr.  Lmdley  and  Mr,  Loudon  ;  but 
the  botanical  rules  by  which  we  recognise  them  remain 
unbroken  throughout  the  world,  like  all  the  other 
perfect  works  around  us,  which  once  were  pronounced 
to  be  "  very  good." 

The  singular  vai-iety  of  Pinus  austrlaca  raised  in  my 
Pinetum,  and  of  which  I  sent  you  several  specimens  of 
l^ree  leaves  in  a  sheath  two  years  ago,  still  persists  in 
the  same  course.  All  over  the  tree  (about  10  feet  high 
or  more,  and  very  dense),  this  difference  from  all  its 
surrounding  brethren  is  most  remarkable.  I  also  find 
Pinus  Hartwegii  still  halting  between  two  opinions 
between  a  three-leaved  and  a  five-leaved  Fir.  Pinus 
mitls,  P.  variabilis,  P.  muricata,  and  others,  are  too  well 
known  in  their  similar  tendencies  to  need  remark.  My 
Pinus  insignis  has  many  a  group  of  four  leaves,  instead 
of  its  prescribed  three.  But  I  inclose  specimens  more 
remarkable  than  any,  viz.,  groups  of  P.  sylvestris  three 
in  a  sheath,  and  P.  macrophyfla  with  six  and  seven. 
There  are  many  of  seven,  and  I  have  found  them  of 
eight  in  a  sheath  ;  but  unluckily  I  broke  the  sheaths  in 
palling  them  from  the  tree,  so  I  do  not  send  them  to 
you.  If  these  of  sylvestris  and  macrophylla  were 
merely  one  or  two  accidental  specimens,  I  should  take 
no  notice  of  them  ;  but  of  the  former  I  have  gathered 
eight  or  ten  oxaraplca  round  one  bud  alone,  and  on  the 
macropliylla  the  examples  are  very  numerous. 

Your  journal  serves  the  cause  of  horllculturo  in  one 
out  of  many  other  desirable  ways  by  chronicling  facta  ; 
I  therefore  venture  to  send  you  these  remarks,  and  iho 
accompanying  specimens. 

The  pcTftistcnt  or  deciduous  scale— tho  bossed  or 
smooth  and  uniform  cone — the  winged  or  naked  seed, 
and  other  such  features,  mark  more  surely  the  natural 
subdivisionH  of  tlie  genus  than  what  we  have  hitherto 
too  much  rf;Bpcctcd  as  a  rule. 

'r-  The  cxcc-lloncies  of  all  natural  laws  surpass  that  of 
human  inventions  by  a  power  of  expansion  and  adaptii- 
fion  to  circumstancftH,  without  the  sacrifice  of  a  principle, 
or  even  tlie  infringement  of  a  rule.  The  botany  of  a 
country  is  but  one  chord  in  the  harmonious  asHociation 
of  Ihoac  m.'iny  beingH,  fonn«,  and  frmturcH  which  give  it 
it«  peculiar  character.  Tho  short-leaved  and  muscular 
natives  of  storm-blasted  Scotland  are  as  true  to  their 
borne  B8  the  pendant,  graceful,  easy-twining  forms 
which  spring  from  the  deep  deposits  of  a  tropical  jungle. 
But  they  both  have  this  in  common,  that  they  breathe 
the  same  u\t  and  rejoice  in  the  same  sun.  'i'alto  the 
rich  food  from  these  pampered  Hi-juthems  and  they  die  ; 
but  the  contrary  with  (ho  others  would  not  be  true.  I 
grant  tliAt  a  Scotch  Fir  would  dio  of  indigestion  in  a 


jungle,  and  of  a  headache  in  Egypt.  But  seriously 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  by  tiie  expansive  power 
of  natural  laws,  it  is  possible  that  such  alterations  may 
be  effected  by  change  of  climate,  soil,  and  long  lapse  of 
time,  as  to  harmonise  the  characteristics  of  a  stranger 
to  'those  of  his  new  associates,  and  greatly  change  the 
external  features  without  violating  the  sacred  laws  of 
its  constitution. 

The  strong  growing  Cedar  of  Mount  Lebanon  may 
have  expanded  into  the  tall  and  graceful  Deodar  of  the 
southern  sunny  Himalayas.  The  rich  Pelargonium  of 
our  flower-gardens  is  but  the  expansion  of  a  weed.  I 
leave  you  to  perhaps  a  vague,  but  a  pleasant  and 
sunny  inference.  I  refer  you  to  my  Pinuses.  Pinus 
Qloucesterensi^, 


Home  Correspondence. 

The  Mimulus, — I  have  for  years  been  an  exhibitor  at 
the  London  and  provincial  exhibitions,  but  I  never 
remember  a  prize  having  been  ofi'ered  for  a  collection 
of  Mimuluses.  Cannot  sometliing  be  done  to  bring  this 
beautiful  flower  into  notice  ?  At  present  it  appears 
almost  neglected  ;  for  one  scarcely  ever  sees  a  plant 
worth  looking  at.  I  think  if  a  prize  were  ofiTei'ed  at 
Chiswick  we  should  soon  see  this  flower  become  more 
popular  and  in  the  highest  state  of  perfection  ;  and  I 
ara  certain  it  would  be  greatly  admired  ;  for  what  is 
more  handsome  or  sho^vy  than  a  well  bloomed  Mimulus  \ 
I  have  always  been  very  fond  of,  and  have  paid  much 
attention  to  its  cultui'e.  It  is  easily  propagated  by 
cuttings,  layers,  or  seed.  The  soil  best  adapted  for  it  is 
equal  portions  of  peat,  sand,  leaf-mould,  loam,  and  cow- 
dung.  I  have  also  found  them  to  be  particularly  fond 
of  a  shady  situation.  Those  who  manage  the  Calceolaria 
■well  will  find  no  difficulty  in  cultivating  the  Mimulus, 
E.  Bennett,  Pcrdiswell. 

Pot-hound  Roots.- — It  is  now  10  or  12  years  since  a 
pit  was  planted  here  with  Vines,  most  of  which  were 
young  enough  to  allow  their  roots  to  be  spread  out  per- 
fectly. It  appears,  however,  that  some  were  either  too 
much  pot-bound,  or  planted  at  the  wrong  season,  to 
admit  of  this  operation.  lu  destroying  the  plants  lately 
I  was  able  to  examine  their  roots,  and  the  result  was, 
that  those  which  had  got  the  spiral  curve  when  planted 
had  always  kept  it,  and  would  unto  the  end,  as  they  had 
become  hard  aud  strong.|  ^The  accompanying  figm'es 


represent  respectively  the  natural  and  unnatural  posi- 
tions of  the  roots  at  the  end  of  10  years.  W.  Brownj 
Mcrcvalc,  Oct.  22. 

Yucca  fjloriosa. — Reading  in  your  pages  a  short  time 
ago  of  a  Yucca  gloriosa,  some  4  or  5  feet  high,  being  in 
flower,  and  thought  by  many  to  be  a  very  fine  plant,  has 
induced  me  to  send  you  an  account  of  one  now  growing 
in  my  nursery  which  measures  upwards  of  IG  feet  high, 
and  is  a  sucker  from  one  which  flowered  here  in  Hi29. 
I  have  been  told  by  many  who  have  seen  our  plant  that 
it  is  the  largest  specimen  in  the  kingdom  ;  it  is  still 
growing  as  vigorously  as  wheu  it  was  10  years  younger. 
Do  any  of  your  readers  know  of  a  larger  one  'i  Q. 
/i'dvmrdiff  Wells  Nursery,  Somerset. 

The  New  Bpipactin. — As  the  subject  of  the  new 
Epipactis  has  been  again  brought  forward  in  rather  a 
prominent  manner  in  tho  Chronicle  (p.  GO'D),  I  think  it 
right  to  add  a  few  remarks.  My  doubts  concerning  it 
are  very  far  from  being  removed  cither  by  tiio  editorial 
remark  (p.  fi'lO),  or  tho  interesting  paper  by  tho  llcv. 
O.  K.  Smith.  I  continue  of  opinion  that  Mr.  Ilarcourt's 
l)liint  is  a  form  of  my  I'l.  media.  Although  tho  ovary  is 
uHually  downy  in  that  ]iliint,  1  have  dried  specimens 
before  nio  in  which  it  is  hard  to  say  that  it  is  not  devoid 
of  down,  I  cannot  look  upon  thealiscnce  of  down  from 
tho  ovary  as  of  much  conHCfiucnco,  but  I  have  never 
seen  an  instance  of  tho  racliis  being  without  it,  as  ia 
«t,r»ted  to  bo  tho  case  in  Mr.  Ilarcourt's  plant.  Tho 
hliape  of  tho  lip  is  the  same  as  that  of  my  K.  media,  in 
wliirh  also  the  crcnation  ia  very  slight  ;  thcae  crcna- 
turcs  are  nearly  or  quito  wanting  in  tho  \L  purpunita 
(Sra.),  whicli  1  placo  as  a  variety  of  my  E.  media.     I  lay 


no  stress  whatever  upon  the  more  or  less  uniformly 
green  flowers.  It  is  not  my  intention  to  discuss  the 
question  if  E.  media  and  E.  ovalis  are  or  are  not 
"trifling  varieties  of  the  variable  E.  latifolia,"  but 
the  "new"  plant  is  at  least  as  near  to  E.  media 
as  that  is  to  E.  latifolia ;  indeed  I  think  that  it 
is  much  nearer.  The  true  E.  latifolia  is  a  much  less 
frequent  plant  in  this  country  than  my  E.  media, 
which  is  often  mistaken  for  it  by  British  botanists.  I 
have  no  difficulty  in  distinguishing  the  former  fi'om  the 
latter  at  sight,  aud  I  have  found  the  former  io  be  very 
constant  to  its  published  characters.  The  latter  is 
vai'iable  to  some  extent,  and  thus  rendered  difficult  to 
identify  with  the  plants  of  continental  botanists.  A 
careful  study  of  it  has  now  satisfied  me  that  my  E.  media 
is  the  E.  viridiflora  (Hoffm.)  as  figured  and  described 
by  H.  G.  Reichenbach,  in  his  "  Orchidese."  Mr. 
Harcourt's  plant  seems  to  be  the  greenest,  and  E.  pur- 
purata  (Sm.)  the  most  coloured  form  of  it.  As  it  seems 
more  than  ever  probable  that  my  plant  is  not  the 
E.  media  of  Fries,  which  is  perhaps  more  nearly  allied 
to  E.  ovalis  (Bab.),  we,  who  do  not  think  it  right  to 
lump  the  English  E.  media  with  E.  latifolia,  shall 
probably  have  to  adopt  Hoffman's  name  for  it.  An 
examination  of  the  description  of  E.  phyllanthes  of  Mr. 
G.  E,  Smith  (p.  660)  does  not  supply  me  with  any 
point  by  which  to  distinguish  it  from  E.  media  (Bab.) 
imless  the  "lip  similar  in  form  aud  texture  to  the 
petals  "  and  *'  undivided "  is  to  be  considered  aa  one. 
If,  however,  the  lip  is  really  such  as  these  words 
describe,  I  should  consider  his  plant  to  be  producing 
fiowers  in  a  state  of  monstrosity,  certainly  not  as  a 
species  or  permanent  variety.  The  meaning  of  his 
words  is  rendered  obscure  by  his  statement  that  the 
E.  phyllanthes  "  is  evidently  the  same  as  that  figured  " 
(at  p.  532),  where  the  lip  is  certainly  not  "  undivided ;" 
and  his  quotation  of  Sir  J.  E.  Smith's  remark  concern- 
ing a  "  specimen  in  which  the  lip  is  perfectly  entire,'* 
for  the  word  "entire"  is  there  manifestly  placed  in 
contrast  with  the  "  crenate  *'  of  the  preceding  sentence. 
Charles  C.  BaWnglon. 

Brur/man-sias.  —  I  observed  in  your  "  Calendai*  of 
Operations,"  published  on  the  9tli  inst,  that  you  speak 
of  the  necessity  of  now  taking  in,  among  other  plants, 
the  "  Brugraansia."  I  beg  to  say  that  those  under  my 
care  are  allowed  to  remain  in  the  ground  all  the  winter- 
As  soon  as  they  are  cut  down  by  the  frost  some  dry 
ashes  are  sprinkled  over  the  stumps,  and  they  are  left 
until  the  spring,  and  begui  to  shoot  early  in  May,  I 
have  now  one  about  seven  years  old,  which  has  grown 
this  year  nearly  8  feet  high,  and  is  the  largest  plant  I 
have  ever  seen  growing  in  the  open  air,  I  intend  trying 
the  Datura  in  the  same  way.  T.  C.  C,  Castle  Carey. 

The  Storm  of  August  the  llth.  —  I  have  but  just 
observed  an  article  at  p.  029,  respecting  the  effects  of 
this  storm  on  the  foliage  of  various  trees  and  shrubs  oa 
the  Sussex  coast.  I  am  a  witness  to  exactly  the  same 
effects  as  there  described,  viz.,  "  burning  the  leaves  of 
the  trees  either  wholly  or  partially,  taking  one  side  of  a 
hedge,  and  leaving  the  other  intact,  &e."  That  the 
effects  of  this  storm  extended  from  Southampton  to 
Dorchester  I  can  testify  by  my  own  observation,  so  that 
the  only  kind  of  trees  that  entirely  escaped  the  scorchmg 
were  the  Hollies,  which  abound  in  the  New  Forest. 
Oak  and  Beech  suffered  as  much  as  other  trees  ;  and 
young  leaves  succeeded  those  that  fell  off  in  mosfc 
instances.  The  burnt  appearance  was  the  more  remark- 
able, as  it  was  produced  not  by  a  dry,  but  a  wet  wind, 
the  rain  falling  in  torrents  the  whole  time.  I).  S.j 
Lymlngton,  Oct.  25. 

Potato  Disease. — Your  Leading  Article  of  the  4th 
September  (p.  563)  sustains  a  very  general  opinion 
that  to  a  vitiated  state  of  sap  brought  on  by  some 
unsuitable  culture — be  it  by  too  high  feeding  the  plant, 
or  be  it  by  injudicious  treatment  of  the  seed  tubers 
—  is  to  be  attributed  the  prevalence  of  the  epi- 
demical pestilence  which  ravages  our  Potato  fields. 
"  Of  all  the  causes  that  have  been  suggested,  consti- 
tutional debility  seems  best  to  agree  witti  the  facts  we 
now  know  connected  with  this  question."  Leaving  for 
after  consideration  the  reality  of  a  constitutional  debility, 
let  us  consider  the  two  causes  which  have  been  held  to 
have  originated  it.  And  first,  the  over  excitement  or 
excessive  nourishment  afforded  by  high  manuring.  In 
England,  where  from  the  use  of  oilcake,  corn,  roots, 
&c.,  in  the  feeding  of  cattle,  where  indeed  one 
feeds  for  the  dunghill,  rank  and  highly  puti'escent 
manures  are  made,  and  where,  from  the  Potato 
entering  into  a  very  limited  cultivation,  a  large  amount 
of  such  rich  manures  can  be  and  is  applied,  concentrated 
in  drills  about  the  tubers  and  roots,  some  grounds  are 
afforded  for  tho  opinion  that  high  manuring  may  have 
brought  on  a  constitutional  debility.  But  how  stands 
tho  case  in  Ireland,  proverbially  a  low  farming  country, 
where  the  principal  and  by  far  more  numerous  culti- 
vators of  tho  Potato  are  found  among  the  poorest  and 
lowest  farmers ;  where  no  oilcake,  no  corn,  no  roots  save 
tho  Potato,  and  of  this  but  little,  were  used  for  feeding; 
whoro  tho  cattle,  few  in  number,  wore  kept  starving 
through  tho  winter  days  upon  bare  pastures,  and  life 
juMt  k(!pt  in  them  by  a  little  hay  or  straw  at  niglit,  a  little 
niori)  generous  treatment  to  Potato  skinsand  refuse  being 
vouchsafed  to  tho  cow  giving  milk ;  where  tho  manure  waa 
inailu  up  of  tho  dung  of  these  wretchedly- fed  cattle,  whose 
condition  ia  the  spring  showed  their  feeding  in  tho  winter; 
of  Htraw  r(;ttcd  on  bye-roads  and  in  yards,  and  of  bog 
mould  ;  where  such  manure  as  this  was  spread  on  woni- 
out  slubblcH,  in  hizy-beds,  between  two  layers  of  clay  in 
tho  most  favourable  position  to  have  its  ammonia 
absorbed  by  tho  soil,  and  its  slight  pulrofuctivo  action 


694 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  30, 


neuti'iilised  ;  while  the  breadth  of  land  that  was  under 
Potatoes  was  so  disproportinate  to  that  under  other 
crops  that  the  manure,  such  as  it  was,  was  necessarily 
but  sparingly  applied  ?  It  were  too  absurd  to  attribute 
a  depraved  state  of  the  Potato  plant  to  its  gross  nourish- 
ment ;  yet  Ireland  has  suffered  to  the  full  extent  of  other 
countries  in  her  Potato  crops.  The  other  cause  of  this 
assumed  constitutional  debility  is  assigned  to  a  deteriora- 
tion of  the  seed  tubers,  as  Mr.  Cuthill  says,  "from  the 
long  continued  ill  treatment  of  the  tubers."  It  is 
certainly  agreeable  to  physiological  experience  that 
cuttings  carry  with  them  a  vital  force  propor- 
tionate to  the  health  of  the  parent  plant ;  but 
the  Potato  plant,  the  produce  of  the  seed  from  the 
Apple,  is  equally  huble  to  be  affected  by  disease,  as  the 
plant  from  the  tuber  cutting.  But  in  what  way  should 
we  expect  a  tuber  injured  by  heating,  and  by  the  destrne- 
tion  of  the  first  germination,  to  affect  the  growth  and 
health  of  its  offspring  ?  Should  we  expect  the  injurious 
consequences  of  this  ill  treatment  to  be  deferred  till  it 
had  arrived  at  full  growth,  till  it  had  produced  a  fulure 
generation  ?  Should  we  not  expect  a  puny  and  sickly 
plant,  whose  weak  vital  force  could  scarcely  maintain 
itself  through  the  ordinary  casu.alties  that  vegetable  life 
is  subject  to,  and  which  would  inevitably  sink  sooner  or 
later  under  the  influence  of  some  of  the  asperities  to 
which  it  would  surely  be  liable,  as  it  possessed  more  or 
less  strength  to  withstand  them  ?  But  what  do  we  find 
in  the  Potato  plant  I  Invariably  a  strong  and  luxuriant 
vegetation,  enduring  to  the  moment  of  the  attack  of  its 
insidious  enemy.  It  is  a  strongman  in  a  robust  maturity 
stricken  down  at  once  by  a  stronger  enemy— not  a  weak 
youth,  fluctuating  and  sinking  under  pulmonary  con- 
sumption. Although  either  of  these  causes  might  be 
sufficient  to  bring  on  a  debilitated  constitution,  yet,  for 
the  reasons  advanced,  it  appears  to  me  very  question- 
able that  they  have  done  so.  But  is  there  any  constitu- 
tional debility  in  the  Potato,  and  can  the  disease  be 
taken  as  a  sure  indication  of  it  ?  Is  its  destruction  by  a 
fungus  decisive  of  constitutional  depravity,  and  will  not 
fungi  grow  on  and  destroy  healthy  plants  ?  We  find, 
as  has  been  remarked  by  Dr.  Lmdley,  that,  "  in  all 
directions,  blight  is  making  havoc  ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
fungi  which  produce  the  appearances  popularly  known 
by  the  name  of  blight."  Wheat,  Pear  trees,  Vines, 
Pea  crops,  the  currants  of  Zante,  Raspberry  bushes, and, 
in  Ireland  since  the  appearance  of  it  on  the  Potato,  the 
Whitethorns  in  the  hedges  have,  as  they  say, "  taken  the 
disea  e."  Wherever  we  turn  fungi  have  fixed  them- 
selves ;  indeed  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  has  at 
once  and  suddenly  succumbed  to  this  puny  yet  irre- 
sistible enemy.  Has  all  vegetation  as  suddenly  become 
depraved?  is  constitutional  debility  to  be  ascribed  to  all, 
in  every  country,  under  every  treatment  ?  or  is  it  to  be 
limited  to  the  Potato  .=  This  surely  is  too  absurd.  The 
appeai'ance  of  fungi  has  been  too  gener.al,  too  simul- 
taneous, too  instantaneously  intense,  to  be  the  effect  of 
constitutional  debility,  which  must  come  ou  different 
plants,  and  on  the  same  plant  under  different  cultm'e 
and  climate  at  various  periods.  For  such  a  general, 
such  an  universal  production  of  the  mildew  fungi,  there 
must  have  been  a  cause  as  generally  pervading  the 
whole  globe ;  their  spores  must  have  found  seasons 
peculiarly  favourable  to  their  perfection  and  preservation, 
while  their  destructive  agencies,  which  prevented  their  un- 
due increase,  must  have  been  absent.  I  can  see  no  neces- 
sity for  more,  none  for  a  predisposition  of  plants  to  foster 
the  seeds  so  presented  to  them  ;  the  hydroscopic  powers 
of  the  parasites  are  sufficient  to  extract  the  nutriment 
from  healthy  plants  ;  and  indeed,  previously  to  their 
risible  effects  on  them  the  Potato  plants  invariably 
make  a  most  luxuriant  appearance,  and  bear  every 
evidence  of  being  in  a  most  healthy  state.  But  on  a 
debility  in  the  seed,  how  are  we  to  account  for  the 
tubers  in  pure  bog  soils  escaping  the  infection,  while 
the  leaves  and  stems  equally  suffer  with  those  in  the 
clay  soils  ;  there  are  now  before  my  own  eyes  Potatoes 
(Scotch  Downs),  digging  out  in  low  lying  fresh  bog  land 
manured  withiyard  dung,  in  which  not  a  diseased  tuber 
is  to  be  found,  though  their  stalks  suffered  fully  as 
much  from  mildew  as  those  in  an  adjoining  clay 
soil,  where  at  least  one-tliird  of  the  tubers  (the 
same  Scotch  Downs)  are  diseased.  Regarding,  then, 
fungus  as  the  sole  cause  of  the  Potato  disease, 
in  the  first  case,  in  its  appropriation  of  the  ascend- 
ing aqueous  sap  causing  the'  partial  death  of  the 
plant  ;  and  afterwards,  in  the  putrefaction  it  induces. 
I  would  seek  first  to  evitate  all  conditions  favourable 
to  its  striking  and  early  growth  in  giving  the  pl.ants  as 
much  air  as  possible,  unhesitatingly  refusing  the 
detestable  recommendation  to  let  weeds  grow,  and  next 
by  a  deep  tillage,  and  perhaps  deeply  buried  manures 
assist  the  plant  to  draw  sufficient  moisture  from  the 
soil  to  supply  its  own  wants  as  well  as  the  drain  on  it  by 
the  parasite.  Possibly  an  attempt  to  poison  the  fungus 
by  making  sulphur  an  ingredient  in  the  manure  might  be 
advisable.  Could  we  wage  a  general  war  against  the 
Potato  fungus  by  cutting  off  the  tops  of  the  haulm  as 
soon  and  as  often  as  the  spores  are  deposited  on  them, 
and  burning  them  with  quick-lime,  we  might  work  more 
eHectually  against  the  disease  ;  but  as  this  is  impractic- 
-  we  must  content  ourselves  with  devising  means  to 


able 


lessen  its  violence,  and  doing  this  wait  for  its'disnnpear- 
ance  when  it  has  run  the  course  of  all  epidemical 
attacks.  lerhaps  the  early  starving  process  might 
lece.ve  some  assistance  by  beating  oS  the  morning  dew, 
as  practised  w-ith  early  Potatoes  in  frosty  spring 
mornings.  Jas.  W.  Ooodiff,  Gmnard.  "      ^      ^ 

Sot  tn  Larch.— 1  should  be  obliged  if  any  of  your 
correspondents  would  advise  me  what  to  do  with  a 


plantation  of  about  4  acres,  which  was  planted  in  the  year 
'  1809  with  Oak,  Beech,   Larch,  Ash,  Elm,  and  Scotch 
i  Firs  ;  the  latter  have  been  long  thinned  out,  as  well  as 
j  many  of  the  others.   The  Larch  appeared  to  be  growing 
I  particularly  well,  also  tlie  Oak,  Ash,  and   Elm  ;    the 
1  Larch  of  a  size  to  be  useful  in  building,  and  having  an 
I  opportunity  of  disposing  of  them  for  that  purpose,  they 
have   been  all  cut  down,  and  all   were  unfortunately 
found  to  be  diseased  nearly  for  2  or  3  feet  from  the 
bottom.     The  Oak,  Elm,  and  Ash  are  all  very  thriving, 
but  not  of  a  size  to  repay  for  falling  at  present ;  but 
i  they  are  thinly  scattered  over  the  ground,  and  there  is 
'  sufficient   space   for    300    or    400    young   trees.      The 
Ash  have   been  sowing  themselves,   and    are   coming 
up    spontaneously,    like    weeds.      Should    I    be    con- 
tent  to   leave    them    alone ;    or    had    I    better   plant 
thickly  with  young  Larch  and  Oak.     The  formation  is 
certainly  not  primitive,  but  of  the  new  red  sandstone, 
and  the  soil  dry.  What  can  be  the  reason  of  the  decay  ? 
Have  they  been  left  too  close  together,  and  being  thus 
deprived  of  all  side  branches,  have  decayed  for  want  of 
nom'ishment  through  the  leaves  ?     Single  Larch  trees 
grow  beautifully  about  the  same  grounds,  and  have  not 
shown  the  same  symptoms  of  decay,  though  many  of 
them  are  much  older  trees.     I  should  be  very  glad  of 
some  opinion  and  advice.  L.  G.  K. 

Tine  Mildew. — I  have  watched  the  progress  of  this 
disease  on  Vines  for  these  last  three  years,  and  my 
opinion  is  that  it  follows  the  rising  sap  ;  for  I  find  that 
when  the  first  sap  in  the  branches  starts  there  is  no 
appearance  of  mildew,  but  as  soon  as  sap  rises  from  the 
root  mildew  comes  with  it,  developing  itself  first  on 
leaves  nearest  the  stem,  and  gradually  progressing,  till 
in  a  few  days  it  is  all  over  the  house.  I  do  not  con- 
sider that  the  state  of  the  air  has  anything  to  do  with  it. 
I  have  had  it  all  round  me ;  and  one  gentleman  in 
particular,  within  100  yards  of  me,  lost  the  whole  of  his 
crop  one  season  by  it  ;  but  by  following  my  advice  this 
year  he  has  had  sound  Grapes.  About  five  years  ago  I 
found  my  Vines  in  a  very  dirty  condition,  with  wood 
not  larger  than  a  tobacco  pipe,  and  the  bark  hanging  in 
strings.  The  first  thing  I  did  was  to  get  a  few  cart- 
loads of  loam,  the  p.irings  and  cleaning  out  of  some 
ditches,  some  well  rotted  dung,  and  some  lime  rubbish, 
and  I  mixed  all  well  together.  I  then  had  the  old  mould 
cleared  away  from  the  roots  and  the  new  material  put 
in  its  place,  being  very  careful  not  to  break  a  fibre  that 
could  be  helped,  for  I  had  the  roots  laid  as  bare  as  I 
could,  and  the  result  has  been  that  after  the  first 
season  I  have  had  abundance  of  good  Grapes  quite 
free  from  mildew.  By  adding  new  soil  to  the 
roots,  the  Vines  made  fresh  roots  "at  home,"  and 
sent  up  plenty  of  sweet  sap,  which  defied  all  attacks  of 
the  mildew.  When  the  latter  occurs,  however,  it  can  be 
stopped  by  throwing  damp  sulphurous  vapour  into  the 
house.  I  have  now  a  young  Vine  that  I  planted  two 
years  ago,  which  has  made  a  shoot  this  season  upwards 
of  21  feet  in  length.   W.  S.,  Jlillinr/don. 

Ihe  Barharossa  Grape. — I  have  been  asked  how  I 
knew  this  Grape  did  not  shank  3  My  Hamburghs  have 
always  done  so,  more  or  less,  and  most  assuredly  there 
are  few  houses  in  which  shanking  does  not  occur  j 
nevertheless  the  Barbarossa  is  free  from  it.  I  'was  at 
Trentham  the  other  day,  and  put  the  questiongto  Mr. 
Fleming,  wdio  has  fruited  it  two  years,  and  his  answer 
was,  "it  did  not  know  how  to  shank."  There  has 
never  been  a  shanked  berry  upon  the  original  tree. 
This  year  I  grew  16  bunches,  and  I  had  not  one  shanked 
berry  in  any  of  them.  It  would  be  seen  by  the  bunch 
which  I  exhibited  in  Regent-street,  on  the  19  th  inst., 
that  not  a  single  berry  had  been  removed  from  it  since 
it  was  thinned  in  June,  proving  I  think,  satisfactorily, 
the  correctness  of  my  assertion,  that  it  never  shanks. 
It  is  a  large,  handsome,  late  Grape.  John  Butcher, 
Stratford-on-Avon. 

Snails. — I  am  anxious  to  learn  from  any  of  your 
correspondents  if  there  be  any  effectual  method  of 
destroying  snails  in  large  numbers  with  small  expense 
and  trouble.  I  have  found  in  the  course  of  a  tour  in 
the  south  of  France,  the  vineyards  terribly  infested 
with  these  voracious  pests  ;  and  I  have,  at  the  request 
of  a  proprietor,  been  doing  my  best  to  discover  a  remedy 
in  gardening  books  ;  but  these  mostly  recommend  a 
careful  search  early  in  the  year,  before  the  breeding 
season.  This  is  obviously  impossible  in  a  large  tract 
like  a  vineyard.  I  am  therefore  in  hopes  that  some 
suggestion  may  be  put  forward  by  which  snails  may  he 
either  poisoned  or  otherwise  destroyed  without  risk  to 
the  plants.  Would  whitewashing  the  stems  and  espaliers 
be  of  any  good,  or  dusting  lime  over  them  ?  I  feai-  this 
last  would  prove  expensive,  but  if  successful  it  would 
quite  repay  the  outlay.  Any  feasible  hint  would  be 
gladly  experimented  with  in  a  small  scale,  to  test  its 
efficiency  and  safety.  Viator,  ihe  Grove,  Walton-on- 
Tl Lames. 

Patchouli.  ■ —  Having  many  plants  of  Pogostemon 
Patchouli,  I  am  most  desirous  to  know  how  to  properly 
dry  and  preserve  the  leaves,  as  in  India.  I  have  tried 
several  times  drying  them  in  the  sun,  but  they  shrivel 
up  and  do  not  retain  their  smell.  Would  any  book  tell 
me  !  A.  F.     [Not  that  we  know  of.] 

Potatoes  from  sets  uithout  eyes. — Permit  me  to  inquire 
whether  it  is  well  known  to  gardeners  that  about  a  square 
inch  of  the  substance  cut  out  of  the  centre  of  a  large 
Potato  will  produce  tubers  (but  small),  about  the  size 
of  nuts,  and  slender  haulm,  from  2  feet  to  4  feet  long. 
I  have  some  just  dug  up,  and  heard  of  others  planted 
experimentally.  Subscriber. 

Windoiv  Gardening.  —  Your  correspondent.  Dr. 
M'Cormac,  is  probably   not  aware  that  his  views  on 


this  subject  have,  in  part,  been  auticipated.  It  is 
known  to  many  that  a  highly  interesting  instance  of  the 
practicability  of  converting  the  lower  part  of  a  shop 
or  house-window  into  an  hermetically  scaled  case 
(Wardian  ?)  for  the  growth  of  small  tropical  or  greenhouse 
plants,  is  to  be  seen  in  the  corner  (chemist)  shop  at  the 
end  of  Sloane-street,  London,  forming  an  angle  ot 
Sloane-square,  Upwards  of  10  years  ago,  I  well 
remember  the  interest  which  a  passing  notice  of  this 
shop-conservatory  afforded,  as  a  sort  of  relief,  after  the 
inconvenient  perambulation  of  that  long  avenue  of 
brick  and  mortar,  which  an  occasional  disappoint- 
ment of  a  conveyance  imposes  upon  the  pedestrian. 
About  the  period  referred  to,  the  plants  contained  in 
this  case  were  various  Ferns,  Lycopods,  Aloes,  &c.,  &c. 
Window  gardening  is  probably  yet  in  its  infancy.  Why 
should  not  the  whole  area  of  one  window  In  a  drawing- 
room  be  entirely  devoted  to  this  object  1  The  partial 
absence  of  light  would  not,  I  fancy,  be  greater  than  the- 
exclusion  arising  from  the  usually  suspended  draperies 
or  hangings.  Perhaps  one  of  the  main  difficulties  in  the 
successful  management  of  large  Wardian  cases  arises  from 
the  deficient  means  of  maintaining  or  regulating  the 
requisite  degree  of  humid  atmosphere.  I  have  often 
thought  that  the  lowest  plants  should  rest  upon  a  floor 
or  trellis,  elevated  from  the  bottom  of  the  case,  which 
would  admit  of  an  additional  feature  ot  interest,  namely, 
a  reservoir  of  water,  which  might  either  be  trellised 
over,  or  the  garden  artist  might  erect  a  small  pic- 
turesque pyramid  in  the  centre,  or  otherwise  bridge  it 
over  with  such  material  as  that  the  graceful  fronds  and- 
stoloniferous  branches  of  the  Ferns  and  Lycopods  might 
wave  their  slender  forms  over  the  water.  It  may 
appear  chimerical  even  to  suggest  the  probability,  that, 
ere  long,  the  requisite  temperatm-e  and  humid  atmo- 
sphere required  for  large  Wardian  cases  will  be  supphed 
by  an  ingenious  contrivance  for  heating  the  reservoir  at 
the  base  by  a  communicating  medium  with  the  drawing- 
room  fire.    W.  Wood,  Torle. 

Hunter's  Prolific  Cucumber. — Mr.  George,  gr.  to  J. 
C.  Somerville,  Esq.,  Binder  House,  near  Wells,  has 
grown  this  variety  this  season,  from  a  cutting,  to  the 
following  size  and  weight — length,  33  inches  ;  girth, 
101  inches  ;  weight,  7  poimds.  This  fruit  was  perfectly 
straight,  being  the  finest  specimen  ever  seen  in  this 
part  of  England.  Geo.  Edwards.  [But  what  is  the  Me 
of  such  a  fruit  ?  which  of  course  was  ripe  when  these 
dimensions  and  weight  were  taken.] 


^— . 

Peter  Zawsm  and  Son's  List.    No.  YIT.    Synopsis  of 

the  List  of  the  Ahietincce.  Edinburgh.  LawsoD. 
It  is  not  often  that_we  find  it  necessary  to  criticise  the 
trade-lists  of  ^nursei'ymen  ;  they  are  generally  of  too 
slight  and  unpretending  a  character  to  form  part  of  the 
literature  of  gardening.  But  with  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Co.'s  it  is  diflerent ;  their  catalogues  are  usually  so  well 
prepared  as  to  take  rank  with  permanent  works,  and  to 
claim  the  same  kind  of  notice.  Such  being  the  casejW& 
cannot  avoid  pointing  out  the  inferiority  of  this  new 
part  to  its  predecessors,  a  circumstance  the  more  to  be 
regretted,  since  the  present  rage  for  Coniferous  plants 
makes  it  important  that  all  lisls  of  them  pretending  to 
authority  ^should  be  prepared  with  the  greatest  possible 
accuracy. 

That  Messrs.  Lawson  have  put  the  compilation  of 
their  Coniferous  Catalogueinto  very  incompetent  hands  is 
evident,  not  only  from  the  misprints  and  bad  orthography, 
but  from  graver  errors,  of  which  the  following  may  be 
taken  as  examples  : — Biota  (p.  6)  is  said  to  have  wingless 
valves  of  the  cone  ;  whereas  it  is  the  seeds  that  are 
wingless.  Ccphalotaxus  (p.  7)  is  characterised  by  its 
ruminated  albumen,  and  does  not  differ  from  Torreya 
in  any  one  circumstance,  according  to  the  generic 
phrase  given  by  the  author  of  the  Catalogue  ;  but  its 
all)umen  is  homogeneous,  not  ruminated,  and  thus  it 
differs  from  Torreya,  as  well  as  in  having  3-celled,  not 
4-ceUed  anthers.  Taxinem  (p.  7)  are  called  drupaciferfej, 
instead  of  drupiferse.  The  second  section  of  Podocarp'Uff 
(p.  8),  is  called  Endocarpus,  instead  of  Eupodocarpus, 
an  error  repeated  at  p.  41. 

Among  the  Pines,  Lady  Grenville's  is  called  Lady 
Granville's,  and  the  Latin  name  is  written  Grenvillei 
instead  of  GrenvillcEe  ;  Finns  Orizabte  (p.  87)  is  called 
P.  Orizaiii'o,  and  translated  Rustic  Pine  !  as  if  the  writer 
did  not  know  that  its  name  arose  from  having  been 
found  on  Mount  Orizaba.  Sir  Joseph  Banks's  Pine- 
(p.  21)  is  called  Bank's.  P.  Fischeri  (p.  23)  is  written 
Fischere,  and  called  Fisher's.  Lacrydia  ore  called 
Dacrydice  (p.  43)  ;  Mia-ocacJinjs  (p.  43)  is  called 
Mctcrocachrys  ;  the  origin  of  the  name  Sa^ce-Ootkcea  is 
attributed  (p.  45)  to  Hooker  instead  of  Lindley  ;  and 
finally  Pinus  Ccriibra  is  named  after  Loudon  the 
Cembran  Pine,  as  if  it  came  from  some  place  called 
Cembra ;  but  the  name  is  in  reality  that  employed  in- 
the  Valteline,  where  the  inhabitants  term  the  tree- 
Cembro  or  Cirmolo. 

Nor  are  all  the  errors  of  this  nature ;  in  what  pro- 
fesses to  be  the  scientific  arrangement,  are  others  of  a 
very  singular  character.  For  instance,  Endlicher,  whose 
definitions  the  writer  has  attempted  to  translate,  says 
of  Chamrecyparis,  *'  Seminum  integumentum  canalibus 
rcsiniferis  nullis  v.  vix  manifestis,"  i.e.,  the  covering  of 
the  seed  is  without  resinous  tubes  or  with  none  that 
can  be  clearly  seen  ;  this  is  ti'anslated  (p.  7)  '*  Seeds- 
in  a  channel-like  cot'e)',slightly,or  not  at  all  resiniferous ! " 
In  Cai'yocedrits  (p.  7)  the  buds  are  called  pcndated,  as 
if  the  writer  did  not  know  that  perulatus  signifies  scahjj 


44— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


695 


when  applied  to  leaf-buds.  One  more  instance  of  this 
sort,  and  we  have  done.  At  page  8  is  given  a  character 
of  the  genus  Nageia,  evidently  taken  from  Eudlicher  ; 
that  author  assigns  to  the  genus  (we  need  not  quote  his 
Latin)  a  receptacle  formed  out  of  the  axis  of  a  contracted 
spike,  which  axis  is  consolidated  with  bracts.  In  the 
Catalogue  the  "receptacle  is  connected  with  the  bracts^ 
by  the  axis  of  the  short  spike." 

These  specimens  show  conclusively  in  what  manner 
the  catalogue  before  us  has  been  compiled  ;  they  are  of 
a  nature  to  render  it  useless  to  the  public.  The  general 
design  of  the  work  is  however  good,  and  we  venture  to 
suggest  that  the  present  issue  be  cancelled  ;  if  the 
publication  is  stopped  until  the  Catalogue  shall  have 
been  carefully  revised  by  some  competent  person,  no 
great  harm  will  have  been  done,  and  it  -will  then  be 
worthy  to  be  classed  with  the  six  preceding  lists,  which 
have  been  issued  by  the  justly  eminent  firm  whose 
name  it  bears. 


Garden  Memoranda, 

HORTICDLTURAL  SoCIETY's  GaRDEN,  TuRNHAJI-GREEN. 

—One  of  the  most  interesting  plants  at  present  in 
flower  here  is  the  Pampas  Grass  of  Brazil  (Gynerium 
argenteum),  a  good  specimen  of  which  is  growing  in  the 
American  garden  near  its  entrance.  This  plant  has  12 
flower  stems,  each  some  8  feet  long,  about  the  thickness 
of  the  thumb,  and  surmounted  by  an  erect  panicle  of 
inflorescence  at  least  IS  inches  in  length,  which  beneath 
bright  sunshine  looks  like  a  beautiful  light-coloured 
feather  spangled  with  silver.  The  panicle  is  in  the 
form  of  that  of  the  beautiful  Arundo  Phragmites.  The 
leaves,  which  are  some  7  or  8  feet  long,  with  a  hard 
flinty  skin,  grow  in  tussocks,  which  in  situations  at  all 
favourable  soon  acquire  a  largo  size  ;  when  in  flower 
certainly  few  plants  ai'e  more  striking  or  mag- 
nificent in  appearance  than  this  gigantic  Grass,  which, 
being  perfectly  hardy,  will  be  found  to  be  a  great 
acquisition  to  the  ornamental  grounds  of  this  country. 
A  woodcut  representation  of  it  will  be  found  in  our  last 
year's  volume,  p.  757.  It  will  be  recollected  that  on 
the  north  side  of  the  walk  leading  from  the  large  con- 
servatory to  the  American  garden,  the  shrubs  were 
thmned  out  last  spring,  and  the  border  laid  down  in 
Grass  aa  far  back  at  least  as  the  Conifers  which  it  con- 
tains extended.  "We  have  now  to  report  that  the 
south  side  is  about  to  undergo  the  same  treatment, 
which  will  have  the  effect  of  opening  up  an  agreeable 
piece  of  lawn  on  the  west  side  of  the  conservatory  that 
cannot  fail  to  improve  the  appearance  of  this  part  of 
the  garden.  Many  of  the  shrubs  are  already  cleared 
off,  and  nothing  but  the  wet  weather  which  we  are  at 
present  experiencing  prevents  the  further  progress  of 
the  work.  Some  improvements  ai*e  also  being  effected 
on  the  east  side  of  the  arboretum,  in  the  shape 
of  thinning  out  and  regulating  the  shrubs  in  the  borders 
near  the  iron  tent,  and  in  making  the  surface  of  the  old 
arboretum  better  correspond  with  that  of  the  recently 
executed  work  on  the  east  side  of  the  walk,  which  runs 
from  the  tent  just  mentioned  to  the  main  entrance. 
This  latter  operation  consists  iu  levelling  the  ground,  by 
removing  the  tui'f  wlierever  it  was  too  high,  reducinf^ 
the  surface  to  the  required  depth,  and  then  neatly 
relaying  the  turf 

The  Chrysanthemums,  which  promise  to  |be  very  fine 
this  year,  have  been  placed  in  the  Conservatory  ;  but 
they    will   not    be    in   blossom    for    some    time    yet. 
The    yellow    Pompon   called    Hendersonii,  raised   we 
believe  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Henderson,  of  Wellington-road,  is 
still  as  full  of  gay  flowers  as  it  was  when  siiown  in 
Regent-street  on  the  10th  inst.     We  direct  attention  to 
this  plant  again,  because  we  have  heard  it  stated  that  it 
is  no  earlier  than   other  kinds.     This  is,   however,  a 
mistake,  as  the  plant  in  question  has  received  no  forcing 
whatever,  as  has   been  alleged,  but  has  been   treated 
precisely  aa  the  other  sorts,   whose  flowering  it   pre- 
cedea'by  several  weeks.     Perpetual,  or  tree  Carnations, 
have  been  placed  along  the  border,  which  they  enliven 
by  their  many-coloured  blossoms.  On  the  shelves  we  re- 
marked, here  and  there, dense  tuftsin  pans  of  Cochlearia 
acaulis,    whoso    multitudes   of  little    pale    blue    starry 
flowerH  have  a  cheerful  appearance.  In  one  of  thegreen- 
houBcs  the    handsome    Veronica    Andcrsonii  was  just 
coming  into  blossom.     Of  half-hardy  winter  flowering 
plants  this  is  one  of  the  very  best,  possessing  as  it  does 
a  good  habit  and  fine  foliage,  from  among  which  issue 
numerous  flowcr-Bpikes  as  long  as  the  finger  and  nearly 
twice  aa  thick  ;  the  tops  of  the  latter  are  blue,  while 
their  baaea  are  white,  and  in  the  excellent  contraht  pro- 
duced by  these  two  colours  conoists  the  charm  of  this 
truly  beautiful  hybrid.     In  the  propagating  Iiouso  the 
white  Glycine  was  iKjing  Bucccsafully  increased  by  being 
eleft-grafted  on  pieces  of  the  root  of  the  commoti  kind. 
The  Bftme  operation  waH  also  being  performed  with  Tree 
Piconicfl,  which  were  worktd  in  the  «amo  way  on  pioccH 
of  roots  of  tlic  herbaceous  Horts  ;  mana;;ed  aiU-r  tliin 
manner  tlioy  were  naid  to  niako  plants  in  about  a  month. 
An  Allamanda  led  along  the  top  of  the  narrow  span-roof 
of  this  house  has  been  one  mans  of  flowers  all  tlio  sum- 
mer, and  it  is  still  gay.     In  situutions  like  tluH,  where 
it    is    permitted    t^)    ramble     ahnoHt     unconstrained, 
it  blosBOins  far  more  [irofusely,  and  han  a  better  effect 
than   when    confined  to  a  limited    space.     iJipludenia 
urophylla    has   aluo    flowered    well,   and   been   pretty 
effective  under  similar  circumstanceH. 

As   rcgardH  Mr,  Swing's  glass  walls,  wo  have   this 
time  little  to  report,  except  that    Tomato    and   other 
CarMJcums  have  ripened  satisfactorily  In  them, 
la  the  Orchftrd  department  the  fruit  is  already  all 


gathered,  the  late  frosty  nights  rendering  this  neces- 
sary, even  for  such  kinds  as  Nonpareils,  Pears 
and  Apples  are  both  found  to  be  somewhat  out 
of  character  this  year,  in  consequence  of  nearly  all  the 
perfect  blossoms  having  been  destroyed  by  spring 
frosts.  Nevertheless,  among  Apples  we  remarked 
fair  examples  of  Blenheim  Pippin  from  a  standard,  as 
well  as  one  or  two  other  kinds.  Of  ripe  Pears,  in 
addition  to  what  were  mentioned  in  oui'  report  of  the 
Society's  last  meeting  in  Regent- street,  we  noticed 
the  following,  viz.,  Duchesse  d'Augouleme,  Beurr^ 
de  Capiaumont,  a  very  productive  sort,  from  dwarf  trees; 
it  is  more  russeted  this  year  than  usual,  and  when  it 
comes  so  it  is  better  flavoured  than  when  the  skin  is 
smooth  ;  Belmont,  one  of  the  late  Mr.  Knight's  Pears,  is 
larger  and  better  flavoured  than  the  Beurre  de  Capiau- 
mont,  and  it  comes  into  use  at  the  same  time. 
Associated  with  these  were  Hacon's  Incomparable  from 
a  wall  ;  but  it  is  better  flavoured  from  a  standard, 
and  it  keeps  longer.  The  Urbaniste  is  also  in  season  now. 

The  young  trees  in  the  orchard  have  made  good 
growth  this  summer.  Some  of  the  espalier  Cherries 
planted  in  1050  have  already  reached  their  fourth 
course.  It  may  be  worth  mentioning,  perhaps,  that 
some  Broccoli  planted  without  any  manure  iu  the 
orchard  ground,  which  was  well  trenched  3  feet  deep, 
has  thriven  better  than  that  i-wliich  was  planted 
in  highly  manured  land  in  the  kitchen  garden  ;  but 
which  was  not  so  deeply  trenched  or  worked.  In  the 
last-named  garden  the  Auvergne  Pea  is  still  green, 
blooming,  and  producing  a  few  pods,  so  that  this  may 
turn  out  to  be  one  of  the  best  Peas  for  late  crops.  As 
regards  Celery,  a  row  which  had  been  roofed  over  with 
straw  screens,  to  keep  it  from  frost,  had  grown  stronger 
and  better  than  the  rest.  In  the  same  department 
was  a  plantation  of  winter  Spinach,  consisting  of 
the  Flanders  and  Lettuce-leaved  ;  both  were  good, 
but  the  latter  could  easily  be  distinguished  from  the 
former  by  its  much  deeper  green  colour,  and  more 
fleshy  leaves.  Among  Bndives  the  Scarole  ii  fleur 
blanche,  or  white  flowered  Batavian,  is  an  excellent  sort, 
which  blanches  well,  and  the  Chicoree  fin  d'tte  is  found 
to  have  withstood  the  late  frosts  better  than  other  dwarf 
curled  sorts,  A  collection  of  Lettuces  and  Endives  has 
been  planted  in  protecting  frames,  and  also  both  on  the 
north  and  south  sides  of  ridges,  to  see  how  they  will 
stand  the  winter  under  these  respective  cu'cumstances. 

BisiiopsTOKE,  Hampshire,  the  residence  of  the  Very 
Rev.  the  Dean  of  Winchester.  —  In  this  favoured 
climate  the  Chinese  Quercus  glabra  has  ripened  acorns, 
and  the  Viburnum  japonicum  has  also  this  summer 
produced  several  bunches  of  white  flowers,  which  were 
very  fragrant. 


ration  of  the  cottage  ornee,  or  one  of  the  palatial  houses 
of  England.  We  have  no  plant  so  effective  as  a  single 
specimen,  or  which  in  its  symmetrical  proportions 
accords  so  well  with  straight  lines  and  architectural 
proportions  of  a  first-rate  residence,  as  the  plant  under 
notice.  Again,  the  season  of  the  Hollyhock  may  be  much 
extended  ;  for,  by  bringing  the  first  lot  in  pots  forward 
in  a  warm  situation,  and  retarding  a  late  lot  iu  a  north 
aspect,  we  might  have  plants  in  perfection,  from  June 
until  October.  In  fact,  iu  no  point  of  view  could  the 
Hollyhock  be  out  of  place.   W.  P.  Ayrcs,  BlaclcheaiJi. 

Dahlias. — Your  Calendar  wTiter  says  (p.  680),  "Our 
Dahlias  are  all  out  of  the  ground ;"  a  great  contrast 
with  those  in  this  neighbourhood.  Mine  are  still  in  great 
perfection,  having  this  day  (Oct.  25)  gathered  several 
blooms  as  full  and  perfect  as  any  we  have  had  during 
the  season.  JoJm  Hutdunson,  Truro,  Cornwall. 


Stoke  Kewinqton  CnaYSANTHEirDJi  Scciety. — At  the  quar- 
terly nieetiag  beld  on  Tbur^ddy  la'-t,  the  Preeident  in  the 
chair,  the  day  of  exhibition  havm^  beea  previoudj'  fixed  for 
the  18:h  November,  it  was  thought  advisable  iq  tbo  present 
state  of  uncertainty  ao  regards  the  DuUe'a  fiintral.  that  the 
show  day  be  un6xed  uufil  the  meeting  of  Parliamen',  wben  a 
day  clear  of  the  funeral  could  be  chosen.  The  Early  Hen- 
derson Chrysanthemum  waa  staged,  and  also  two  new  flowers 
by  Mr.  Taylor.     Several  members  were  elected. 


Adeiculas:  J H.  In  mild  vi'eatber  give  the  plants  all  the  air 
you  can,  keeping  th(  m  clean  by  divesting  them  of  all  decayed 
leaves.  Being  now  durmanf-,  cccasionally  give  a  little  water 
to  prevent  the  foliage  from  becoraing  flacuid,  but  take  care 
not  to  wet  the  plants  themselves. 

Cape  Pelakgonioms  :  Z.  The  following  compost  answers  well 
for  them ;  one  barrowful  of  turfy  loam,  two  barrowfula  of 
peat-earth,  with  a  little  well  decomposed  cow-dung,  sifted 
through  a  coarse  sieve,  i-veU  intermixed  with  a  good  portion 
of  Bilver-sand;  drain  the  pots  well  with  potsherds  and 
moderate-sized  pieces  of  charcoal,  broken  small ;  break  the 
hole  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  if  it  thould  not  be  sufliciently 
large  to  cause  a  thorough  drainase.  AVhere  a  liberal  ehif!: 
is  ^\VBX\,  small  stone-  and  potaherda  may  be  used,  broken 
email,  and  mixed  through  the  soil,  to  ensure  a  thorough 
drainage,  as  much  depends  upon  that  in  the  successful 
cultivation  of  this  class  of  flowers. 

Catalogue  received  from  Mr.  C.  Tyso,  of  Wallingford,  Berks.  ' 

ToLiPS  :  Fershore.  We  will  attend  to  your  suggestion.  They 
do  not,  however,  always  turn,  out  true  to  name. 


SEEDLING-    FLOWERS. 

Gladiolus:  W J E.    A  handsome  hybrid  of  the  gandavensia 

breed,  with  a  line  spike  of  scarlet  and  yellow  flowers,  which, 

are  also  individually  large  and  showy  ;  a  good  addition  t& 

this  useful  tribe  of  plants. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Can    Hollyhocks    be    grown    in    Pots  ? — At  the 
present  time,  wheu  I  think  it  is  becoming  yeavly  more 
manifest  that  florists'  flowers,  to  maintain  their  hold  on 
public  estimation,  must  be  shown  in  the  shape  of  plants 
as  well   as  iu   a  cut  state,  the  question  which   heads 
this  article  natm-ally  presents  itself.     Of  course  the  lag- 
behinds  and  stationary  folks  have  already  given  their 
verdict,  "  Impossible,"  "  Nonsense,"  and  so  forth  ;  but 
men  of  progress  may  be  inclined  to  try,  and  trying,  are 
sure    to    succeed  ;     for    though    red     spider,    thrips, 
mildew,    and    other    ills    which    plants    are  heir    to, 
may  present  themselven,   all  that   we  can  say   is,  we 
have   beaten  them  before,  and  we  will  conquer  again. 
Although  the  Hollyhock  is  a  gross  feeder,  and  requires 
considerable  root  room,  it  is   perhaps  not  more  gross 
than  some  other  plants  which  are  grown  for  exhibition 
purposes,  as  for  illustration  Clerodendrons ;  and  if  we 
observe  the  same  rule  with  the  Hollyhock,  and  give  it 
rich  compost  and  manure-water ;  in  fact,  if  instead  of 
allowing  a  cubic  yard  of  soil  we  concentrate  the  nutri- 
ment of  that  mass  in  a  ninth  part  of   its  compass,  I 
have   no  doubt  that  the  Hollyhock   may  be  grown  to 
great    perfection ;    yes,    to    greater    perfection    than 
when  unrestricted  in   the   open  ground,   inasmuch  as 
undue  grossness  may  bo  controlled,  and  so  equalised, 
that  instead   of   having   a    few    flowers  at   the   apex, 
the    plant   may   be   proportioned   to   the   flowers,  and 
the    flowers    to    the    plant  ;    that    is,  a    well    grown 
and    properly    bloomed     plant     may    be     produced  : 
of   course,    for    exhibition    purposes,    a  proportionate 
and    regularly    bloomed    plant    would    be    preferable 
to  a  large  one  with  a  few  remarkably  fine  flowers,  and 
yet  the  bloom-buds  might  be  so  thinned  out  and  pro- 
tected as  to  bring  them  to  great  perfection,  both  in  size, 
colour,  and  quantity.     I  have  had  some  plants  in  the 
open  ground  scarcely  more  than  i  feet  in  height,  and 
beautifully    branched,    which    I     consider     would    bo 
splendid    pot    snbjocts  ;    and    a    dozen    or    score    of 
ihenl,   nicely    bloiinicd    and    contrasted,    would    IVii'ni 
a  group   scarcely  Ices  remarkable  and  gorgeous  tlian 
ft  bank  of  Azaleas  in  May.     Hut  it  is  not  so  much  as 
objects  of  interest  at  exhibitions  as  for  general  gardening 
purposes  that  I  would  advocate  the  growlh  of  lliillyllockH 
in  pota;  for,  nicely  managed,  the  jiurprpses  to  which  they 
migllt   be    applied   in    a   dccoralive   point  of  view  arc 
fthnoHt  cndlcsH.      Grouped  logclhcr  in  well  contrasted 
miLS»c»  upon  lawns,  the  pots  plunged  in   the  Grass,  or 
even   .as   siiiglo    specinicuH,    njixcd   willi    gnrdcnesquc 
examples  of  Hhrnlis  or  dwarf  trees —arranged  in  lines 
along    straight    walks,    or    ujion    terraces,   placed    in 
ni(dioi),  or   indeed   arranged   anywiicro   whoro   a   very 
coii«iiicuoufl  object  is  rcquiri'd  ;   they  would  bo  found 
exceedingly  ellcetivo  and  alike   useful   for   the   decc- 


MiscellaneoTis. 

The  Ovange  Qardens  of  St.  ilichad's.—'Bnt  for  them  the 
country  would  be  one  l.irge  field  of  Indian  Corn.     To 
preserve   the  Orange-trees   from  being  broken  by  the 
hi'h  winds  when  laden  with  fruit,  it  is  requisite  to  plant 
tall  quick-growing  trees  round  and  across  the  quintas, 
the  Portuguese  name  of  the  Orange  grounds.     These 
shelters,  composed  of  Myrica  Faya,  Caraphoras,  Pitto- 
sporum  nndulata  and  Tobira,  each  possessing  their  owa 
particular   green,  and    scattered  over  the  face  of  the 
country  with  an  irregular  hand,  give  a  wild  and  varied 
charm   to  the  landscape   almost  indescribable.      It  is 
every  man's  ambition  to  possess  a  quinta.     They  toil 
early  and  late,  live  on  Indian  Coru-bread  and  water  day 
after  day,  in  order  that  they  may  purchase  a  quinta  in 
which  to  spend  their  saint-days  and  Sundays.     Quintas 
are  the  emporiums  of  pic-uics  ;  the  places  of  retreat  of 
the  citizens  in  summer.     Most  of  them  contain  a  snug 
cottage  ;  and  the  shelters  afford  plenty  of  shady  walks. 
These  quintas  are  of  as  many  different  forms  and  sizes 
as  they  possess  owners.     Every  proprietor  is  his  own 
designer,  and  a  great  variety  of  taste  is  displayed.     On 
one  point,  however,  they  .all  agree,  wdiich  is  tluat  every 
quinta  must  have  a  high  tower  and  flagstaff,  from  which 
fl.ags  and  pennants  wave  on  every  occasion.     Orange- 
tre^s  were  first  introduced  to  the  Azores  by  the  Portu- 
guese ;  and  as  the  fruit  became  an  article  of  commerce 
in  Portugal,  their  extension  was  encouraged  in  those 
islands,  in  all  of  which  they  grow.     Fayal  formerly  ex- 
ported nearly  as  many  Oranges  as  St,  Michael's.  About; 
10  or  12  years  ago  the  Orange-trees  of  Fayal  became  - 
infested  by  a  species  of  coccus  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
render  the  Oranges  worthless.     It  was  found  impossible 
to  destroy  the  pest,  and  the  trees  were  all  cut  down. 
Terceira  ammally   exports  from  20  to  30  cargoes   of 
Or.an<»es  ;  St.  Mary's  one  or  two.     St.  Michael's  at  pre- 
sent Is  the  great  mart  for  Oranges,  but  unfortunately 
there,  too,  the  coccus   has  made  its  appearance,  and 
several   quintas  have   been   already   destroyed.     It   ia 
supposed  by  many  that  the  Orange-trees  in  St.  Michael's 
grow  spontaneously,  and  produce  their  fruit  without  any 
care      This  is  a  mistake.     Before  the  Orange-trees  can 
be  planted,  a  high  wall  must  be  built,  and  Pittosporum 
undulata  jilanted  around  and  across,  to  break  the  force 
of  the  winds.     P.  undulata  is  now  generally  used,  grow- 
ing (piickcr  and  possessing  a  more  handsomo  appearance 
than  the  other  trees  employed  for  this  purpose,   A  hedge 
of  P.  unihilata  will  grow  in  live  or  six  years  from  20  to 
HO  feet  high.     When  the  walls  are  built  and  shelters 
planted,    the  ground    is  trenched,  but  any  attempt  is 
Hclilom  maile  to  level  it,  the  walks  following  the  natural 
uiiihilations.     This  dono,  tlio  Oiaiige-trees  arc  planted 
at  a  distance  of   from  2,';  to    DO   feet  apart,  and  the 
ground  sown  with  Lupins,  which  arc  eon.sidered  by  the 
f'ortugucso    to   be   a    I'avourite   food  of   Orange  trees. 
Seven    years   elapse    from    planting    time    beloro    tho 
Orange  trees  conio  into  full    bearing  j    during   which 
space  the  garilini  is  (U'opped  with  broad   Deans,  French 
lioans.  Melons,  and  Water  Mchms.     The  quintas  ol  the 
poorer  proprietors  are  always  cultivated  ;  llio  wealthy 
diacontiiiuo  this  practice  at  tho  expiration  of  the  abovo- 


696 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Oct.  30, 


J 


uained  iseriod.  The  Orange  trees  are  annually  pruned 
— thinning  out  their  superfluous  branchesij  so  as  to  allow 
a  i'ree  circulation  of  air,  which  is  i-equired  for  the  proper 
maturing  of  the  fruit.  Tiie  trees  bloom  in  jMarcIi  and 
April,  and  Oranges  are  gathered  as  early  as  November 
for  the  London  markets.  The  Portuguese  never  eat 
them  before  the  end  of  January,  at  which  time  tliey 
possess  their  full  flavour.  Orange  grounds  vary  in 
size  from  1  to  60  acres,  and  they  are  rarely  wholly 
occupied  by  Orange  trees  ;  Limes,  Citrous,  Lemons, 
Guavas,  and  other  fruit  trees  are  scattered  about  in 
them.  There  are  only  two  kinds  of  Oranges  cultivated 
iu  the  island,  viz.,  the  Portugal  and  the  Mandarin 
many  varieties  of  the  former  exist,  and  they  are  greatly 
improved  by  the  genial  climate  of  St.  Michaefs.  The 
Mandarin  Orange  has  not  been  many  years  in  the 
island,  nevertheless  there  are  some  trees  of  it  14  feet 
high  and  nearly  as  much  in  diameter.  This  capital 
little  Orange  has  lately  been  exported  to  Englaud, 
where  it  realises  a  higher  price  than  the  common  St. 
Michael's.  The  largest  Orange  tree  I  measured 
■was  30  feet  high,  the  stem  being  7  feet  in  circum- 
ference at  the  base.  The  produce  of  the  trees  is  almost 
incredible  ;  props  are  alwaj's  used  to  prevent  the  weight 
of  fruit  from  breaking  down  the  branches.  I  was 
told  by  Senlior  Jacintho  Victor  Vierya,  a  gentleman  on 
whose  veracity  I  could  depend,  that  an  Orange  tree 
the  quinta  of  the  Barao  das  Laranjeiras  produced  20 
large  boxes  of  Oranges,  each  box  containing  upv/ards  of 
a  thousand  fruit.  On  telling  Senhor  Vierya  of  the 
large  tree  I  had  measured,  he  assured  me  that  in  the 
garden  of  the  Barao  (who  was  the  fatherof  Orange  growers 
in  the  island),  many  larger  trees  had  been  cut  down, 
having  been  destroyed  by  the  coccus,  which  attacks  old 
trees  first.  In  the  Orange  grounds  of  the  wealthy,  a 
small  portion  is  generally  devoted  to  flower  gardening 
and  ornamental  shrubs.  Sometimes  surrounding  their 
casinho,  or  iu  a  remote  part  of  the  quinta,  sheltered  on 
every  side  from  the  winds ;  it  is  in  these  places  fine 
specimens  of  exotic  plants  are  to  be  found.  In  a  quinta 
belonging  to  the  Visconde  de  Praya,  at  Roche  do  Cao, 
are  two  plants,  Dracsena  draco  and  arborea  ;  the  former 
has  a  clear  stem  20  feet  high,  with  a  large  spreading 
top  ;  the  stem  was  6  feet  in  circumference,  and  nearly 
the  same  iu  thickness  to  the  top  ;  D.  arborea  was 
40  feet  high.  In  another  quinta  belonging  to  the  same 
nobleman,  in  the  centre  of  a  circular  Camellia  garden, 
was  the  best  plant  of  Pandanus  odoratissimus  I  have 
seen.  Much  of  the  fine  effect  that  might  be  expected 
in  a  large  Orange  garden  is  destroyed  by  the  quantity 
of  shelters  that  intersect  the  gardens,  yet  they  possess 
delightful  walks  and  avenues  of  Plttosporum,  and  are, 
on  the  whole,  very  enjoyable.  Two  hundred  ,ship  loads 
of  Oranges  are  annuaUy  exported  from  St.  Michael's, 
being  nearly  200,000  boxes.  Wallace,- in  Journal  of 
Horticultural  Society. 

Blaclcbcrry  Syrup,  made  after  the  following  recipe,  is 
a  very  valuable  medicine  for  summer  complaints  of 
children,  and  if  used  as  a  medicine  only,  the  brandy  is 
not  objectionable  : — Take  two  quarts  of  juice  of  ripe 
berries,  and  boil  in  it  half  an  ounce  each  of  nutmeg, 
cinnamon,  and  allspice,  and  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of 
cloves,  all  powdered  ;  strain  and  add  one  pound  of  loaf 
sugar  and  a  quart  of  the  best  French  brandy,  and 
bottle  and  seal  up.  Dose  for  a  child,  two  or  three  tea- 
spoonf^uls  ouce  in  three  hom-s.  American  Gardeners' 
Ckronicle. 


O'aisndar  of  Operations, 

{For   tliQ  Qiisumg  ivecJc) 

r'ORCII^&  DEPARTMENT. 
ViiNEUY.- — As  the  heat  of  the  earth  is  yet  some 
degrees  warmer  than  the  atmosphere,  let  the  borders  of 
the  Vineries  and  Peach-houses  be  covered  with  leaves 
or  Fern  as  dry  as  they  can  be  procured,  a  foot  or  18 
inches  deep.  The  leaves,  &c.,  should  be  made  firm  and 
afterwards  thatL-hed ;  this  will  not  only  serve  to  throw 
off  a  greater  portion  of  the  rain  during  the  forcing 
period,  but  will  help  to  retain  a  certain  amount  of 
warmth  in  the  border  j  and  if  extra  heat  is  afterwards 
required,  it  is  easily  applied.  Tarpauliug  or  waterproof 
canvas  is,  however,  the  best  protection  to  borders  against 
heavy  rains  ;  andif  the  expense  does  not  interfere,  should 
rdways  be  adopted.  The  above  precautions  are  necessary 
where  Grapes  in  perfection  are  required  iu  January,  as 
they  assist  in  keeping  the  roots  in  action,  and  conse- 
quently the  leaves  and  fruit  remain  longer  in  a  fresh 
state.  Make  fires  daily  during  damp  weather  ;  and 
admit  a^r  freely  at  the  same  time  to  Grapes  ripe  or 
ripening  ;  in  wet  weather  let  the  glass  of  the  succession 
Pineries  and  Vineries  be  well  washed,  to  admit  as  much 
light  as  possible  during  the  dull  days  of  winter.  Peacii- 
uousK — Prune,  dress,  and  tie  in  the  early  house,  if  not 
done.  The  commencement  of  forcing  must  be  deter- 
mined by  the  time  when  the  fruit  is  x'equired  ripe  ;  the 
end  of  November  is  a  good  time  to  commence,  for  the 
crop  to  ripen  about  the  1st  of  June  ;  if  required  in  May 
no  time  should  be  lost  iu  starting  them,  by  closing  the 
house  early  in  the  afternoon.  Fires  wid  not  be  wanted 
for  some  time.  Cucumbhrs.— Attend  to  the  growth  of 
the  winter  crop,  by  a  good  bottom  and  top  heat,  and 
regular  attention  to  training.  '  Keep  the  leaves  ratlier 
linn.  Do  not  allow  the  fruit  to  remain  uncut,  after  it 
is  of  sufficient  size,  Phmts  in  full  bearing  should  be 
assisted  with  liquid  manure  frequently.  Now  will  be  a 
good  time  to  make  a  sowing,  to  come  into  bearing  in  the 
spring  ;  but  by  good  management  the  winter  crop  wiU 
last  for  a  considerable  part  of  the  spring. 


JfLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Take  every  opportunity  of  removing  any  remaining 
plants  from  the  flower-garden  which  it  is  desirable  to 
Iceep  over  for  next  season.  Half-hardy  plants  and 
shrubs  will  likewise  require  some  protection  on  frosty 
nights.  Some  of  the  best  things  for  this  purpose  we 
have  are  conical  and  pyramidal  baskets  made  roughly 
with  common  Osiers  ;  they  admit  air  (no  important  part 
of  the  business),  and  in  severe  frost  should  be  thatched 
very  slightly,  either  with  Fern,  Beech  branches  with  the 
dry  leaves  on,  or  the  light  spray  from  the  Yew  or 
Spruce  Fir  ;  in  this  form  they  are  not  unsightly,  and 
are  cheaply  made.  As  the  beds  are  cleared  proceed  with 
filling  them  by  one  or  other  of  the  methods  noticed  in 
former  Calendars.  If  planted  in  the  mixed  style,  keep 
the  shrubs  in  the  centres  of  the  beds,  and  the  bulbs  and 
low  herbaceous  plants  to  the  sides  and  edges,  where  they 
will  easily  catch  the  eye,  and  prove  more  attractive. 
The  bulbs,  &c.,  should  be  correctly  labelled,  or  marked, 
that  they  may  not  be  disturbed  in  subsequent  cleanings. 
To  carry  out  this  plan  effectively,  a  reserve  garden  is 
indispensable,  to  remove  the  plants  to  in  the  spring,  as 
well  as  for  propagating  and  preparing  them  for  winter  ; 
therefore,  if  such  is  not  already  provided,  a  sheltered, 
shady  piece  of  ground  should  be  appropriated  for  the 
above  use,  the  expense  incurred  in  forming  which  will 
be  amply  i-epaid  by  the  amount  of  enjoyment' which  the 
cheerful  gaiety  of  early  spring  flowers  affords. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  planting  of  fruit  trees,  either  in  the  open  quarters 
or  against  walls,  may  be  commenced  at  once,  supposing 
the  borders  to  have  been  suthciently  prepared  for  their 
reception.  In  planting,  add  trees  between  old-established 
ones  against  walls;  a  hole  of  considerable  size  should  be 
made  for  the  young  tree,  and  refilled  with  the  fresh 
compost,  keeping  our  former  directions  in  mind  as  re- 
gards depth  of  border.  In  preparing  new  soil  for  plant- 
ing fruit  trees,  endeavour  to  keep  it  as  dry  as  possible, 
and  choose  a  dry  day  for  planting,  that  the  soil  may  be 
iu  a  favourable  state  to  facilitate  the  growth  of  fresh 
roots  this  present  autumn.  The'present  time  is  likewise 
the  most  favourable  for  relifting  and  root-pruning  such 
trees  that  are  too  luxuriant,  and  require  checking,  to 
induce  a  fruitful  habit.  We  prefer  lifting  the  trees 
entirely  (unless  they  are  very  large)  to  cutting  off  the 
roots  as  they  stand.  After  shortening  the  roots  propor- 
tionably  to  the  strength  of  the  tree,  spread  them  out 
near  the  surface,  and  fill  in  with  compost,  on  which  a 
mulching  of  half-rotten  dung  should  be  spread,  to  pre- 
vent frost  from  entering  the  ground.  But  wdiile  the 
above  is  often  necessary  with  existing  trees,  planted  in 
too  rich  or  too  deep  borders,  it  should  be  borno  in  mind 
that  it  is  only  a  palliative  measure,  and  in  the  course  of 
a  few  years  will  require  repeating,  unless  measures  are 
at  the  same  time  taken  to  make  the  border  shallower  or 
poorer,  as  the  case  may  be.  We  are  of  opinion  that 
most  wall  trees  would  be  more  fruitful,  were  their  roots 
confined  to  borders  of  very  limited  extent,  compared  with 
what  is  generally  the  case  ;  and  by  which  the  balance 
between  the  roots  and  branches  could  be  adjusted  with- 
out the  trouble  and  expense  of  lifting  and  root-pruning. 
Clear  off  the  remaining  leaves  from  wall  trees,  to  give 
the  wood  the  advantage  of  sun  and  air  to  assist  its 
ripening. 

EERATDM.—In  Plant  Department,    pa;;e   G30,  20  lines  from 
top,  for  "ouUdoor  decoration,"  read  "in-door  decoration." 


STATE  OF 

IR  LONDON, 

THE  WEATHER  NE^ 

For  tUa  week  ending  Oct.  23, 1852,  asobseneil  at  the  Horticultural  Gardens, 

ChlBwicli, 

si 

Oct, 

-0 

g 

Of  the  Air. 

Ofthe  Earth. 

Wind. 

a 

P 

Mai, 

Mln, 

Uax. 

Mln. 

Mean 

1  foot  2  feel 
deep.    deep. 

Friday,, 

52 

29.;fi2 

29.642 

60 

,nl 

53..5 

48 

•l"t 

S. 

Satur. .. 

';s 

29.086 

29.652 

61 

4S^ 

S  Vt, 

Sunday 

'2^ 

11 

29.629 

29.590 

57 

37 

47.0 

49 

43 

!<,W 

65 

•2i 

29.«6 

29.235 

50 

31 

40.5 

431 

43 

W 

55 

Tues.   . 

2() 

29.377 

23.377       49 

.TO 

39.5 

47 

47 

.s 

.33 

O    29.195 

23.312       46 

41 

43.» 

46          46 

N  W 

M 

Thura. , 

-ij 

15 

29.614 

29.313       49 

31     !  40,0 

46J        46 

N  W. 

.02 

Averaite..,, 

29.531    '  29.315  '  .S2.7      37.3      45  0 

4S.0    1  47.3 

193 

!■;;— Uazy;  lunar  rainbow  at  S  f.m  ;  rain  a'  ni^bt. 
113— Cliiuiiy  ;  ralu  ;  cvercaat  wilh  wbiie  clotidR. 
ill  — Clouiiy  ;  rain  ;  very  fine;  heavy  rain  at  n^bt. 
2j -Heavy  and  conBtaut  rain,  ht>lf  an  inch   ftU  between  8  a.m 

and  1  F.u- 
26— Clear;  t-liuht  fiR  ;  rain;  boiBleroiia;  cksr  at  nisbt. 
27— Rain  ;  bnrometer  very  low ;  hPttTy  da'k  clouds  at  night. 
ES— Deoeeiy  overcuBt ;  raiD  ;  cloudy;  clear. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  wek ,  equal  to  the  averagp. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
Daring  the  last  -26  yiarB,  for  the  ensuing  week,  endinR  Nov.  6,  1852. 

Oct.  and 

Nov. 

III 

II 

Mo.  of 
years  in 
whicli  it 

Bained. 

Greatent 
Quantitj 
of  Rain. 

Prevailinc  Win<lB. 

Sunday  31 
Mon.       1 
Tues.       2 
Wed.       3 
Thurs,    A 
Friday     5 
Satur.     6 

5?,.0 
54.5 
51.1 
53.2 
50.3 
52.5 
52.9 

39.2 
39.0 

:is.3 

3C,0 
39,0 
3S.5 

4n.l 
46-5 
46.5 
45  8 
43  1 
45.7 
4  5.7 

15 
11 
14 
13 
11 
13 
15 

0,33  in. 

0.19 

0.32 

0.4 1 

0.23 

0.7C 

1.02 

-1  >'  <;  1  3  5   7 

-  2.  5   2   2   9    2 
2    1   7'-   S'  s    6 
2    3    4    2    3    55 
4    2-    4    4    9,  1 
12    12    5  lo;  4 

—  12   3   4    9   3 

3 

4 

2 
2 
1 
4 

The  hi^heBt  temperature  during  tho  abov 
lS3i- therm.  03  deg.;  and  the  lowest  on  the  3t 

e   period   occurred  on  the  6 
,1345 -therm.  20  deg. 

b. 

Notices    to  Correspondents. 

Apples  :  T  C  C.  All  gardenipEboolis  contain  some  information 
ubnut  cultivating  Apples.  Perhaps  Lindlej's  "Guide  to  the 
Orchard  "will  suit  you  best ;  or  jou  may  consult  Loudon'a 
"  EncycIopxdJa  of  Gardfeuiog." 

Poors:  Old  ■Suh.  Lindlej's  "Theory  of  Horticulture"  is  not 
reprintiup. — D  S.  The  pamphlet  about  Tvhich  3  on  inquire 
may  be  had  of  any  bookseller.  We  never  recrmmcnd  dealtr^-.  J 
— -£■  M  li.  The  fcmall  edition  of  "English  Botany  "  will  pos- 
sibly Buit  jou.     We  know  nothing  of  the  i^ork  you  mention. J 

EsrALiEBs  :  D  B.  We  have  read  and  re-read  your  inquiry,  and 
confesB  our  inability  to  make  out  what  it  is  that  you  want  to 
know.  Cannot  ycu  get  some  ono  to  put  the  qaestiou  for  you 
in  a  clear  form  ? 


Edtcca  DiVABicATA  :  Clericiis.  We  have  not  Been  this  for  a  long 
time.  It  lias  probably  gone  out  of  cultivation,  having  little 
beauty  in  tho  eyos  of  the  world.  If  you  will  sign  your  name 
and  fall  address  to  a  queslion  upon  the  subject  we  will 
willingly  print  it ;  but  we  cannot  undertake  to  be  ourselves 
the  medium  of  exchanges. 

GARDENERd :  J IC  We  do  not  think  a  gardener  is,  unless  there 
is  a  special  agreement.  Why  should  a  gardener  be  entitled 
to  that  which  other  servants  cannot  claim  ?  If  he  chooses  to 
lake  a  place  60  miles  off  be  does  it  at  his  own  risk  and  charge, 
unless,  as  we  have  already  stated,  there  is  some  special 
agreement  between  him  and  his  master. 

GLAsa  :  IK  J,  Norfolk.  We  believe  it  to  beama'terof  indif- 
ference whether  the  rough  or  smooth  tide  of  Hartley's  glass 
is  outwards.  The  little  furrows  do  not  detain  dust,  »bc.,  as 
has  been  supposed. 

Gold  Fish  in  Glasses:  ^Y  H  S.  We  know  of  no  book  likely 
to  assist  you.  Bread  ie  said  to  be  injurious  to  them.  Nothing 
is  found  to  be  better  than  biscuit  (either  Aberoethy  or 
captains),  put  into  the  water,  which  Bbould  be  changed  tvro 
or  three  times  a  week. J 

Insects:  E  S.  Your  caterpillar  is  that  of  the  light  tussock 
moth  (Dasychira  pudibunda) ;  it  is  very  common,  especially 
in  Hop  grounds,  and  has  henco  obtained  the  name  of  hop- 
dog.  The  moth  appears  in  May  and  June.  W. — AB  CD. 
Your  *'nin;,^less  Lepiiioptaroua  self-concipient  lady"  is  the 
female  of  the  common  vapourer  moth  (Orgyia  antiqua),  the 
male  of  which  is  to  be  seen  flying  about  the  streets  ot  London 
in  fine  autumn  dayp.  The  fact  of  female  moths  laying  eggs 
is  of  common  occurrence.  The  same  takes  place  in  the 
common  poultry,  aa  every  hen-wife  knows,  but  it  is  not  often 
that  tlie  eggs  produce  fertile  progeny.  The  Acari  parasitic 
on  an  Agaric  were  not  detected  in  your  box.  W. —  W  M  H.  The 
small  insect  found  in  a  white  Turnip  is  one  of  the  numeroua 
species  of  rove  beetles  (Oxytelu?  morsitans).  We  believe  it 
frequents  the  deciiying  vegetable  rather  to  prey  upon  tho 
other  minute  herbivorous  insects  than  to  feed  on  the  decay- 
ing Turnip.  W.~]y  B,  co.  Doivn.  You  cannot  do  better  than 
have  your  Peach  wall  well  washed  with  a  thick  coating  of 
lime  and  soot,  which  fills  up  the  crevices,  kills  the  in  sec  tB, 
and  increases  the  heat  by  the  black  colour.  IV. 

Moss  ON  Teees  :  J  L.  Lime-water  will  not  hill  moss  on  fruifc 
trees,  but  a  good  coating  of  whitewash  will,  scraping  the 
roughest  of  the  moss  off  before  it  is  applied.  The  proper 
remedy,  however,  is  to  drain  the  ground  well  and  prune  the 
trees,  so  as  to  let  in  sun  and  air.  t 

MdstanqVine  Stocks:  Houston,  Texas.  We  will  answer  you 
privately ;  in  the  meanwhile  we  should  be  greatly  obliged  for 
a  supply  of  the  stocks. 

Names  cf  Fbdits  :  Jolm  Base.  1,  4, 12,  U,  16,  Pasee  Colmar ; 
2,  10,  Old  Colmar;  3,  White  Doyenne;  5,  Uvedale's  St.  Ger- 
main ;  6,  Napoleon  ;  7,  Brown  Beurre  ;  9,  7,  20,  23,  25,  Glout 
Morceau;  13,  Chaumontel ;  19,  Beurre  Ranee;  21,  Winter 
Nelis;  22,  Easter  Beurre  ;  2i,  Catillac  ;  26,  Blenheim  Pip- 
pin ;  23,  Pearson's  Plate;  29,  Cockle  PippiD.\\—0  F.,  Dover~ 
idge  Ball.  Your  Pear  is  the  Gansel's  Bergamont,  large 
enough,  but  the  flavour  is  not  such  as  the  variety  usually 
possesses. II— J/Z>.  1, 19,  Seckle ;  4,  22,  Glout  Morceau  ;  5,  26, 
30,  Benrie  Diel ;  6,  Duchesse  d'Angouleme ;  7,  Knight'a 
Monarch;  20,  Ilacon's  Incomparable;  21,  Gansel's  Berga- 
mot ;  23,  Crassane  ;  2i,  Brown  Beurr^  ;  25,  27,  29,  Passe 
Colmar ;   28,  Calebasse  ;   31,  Beurre  Ranee  ;    32,   Catillac ; 

1,  Hollandbury ;  2,  Alexander;  3,  Beauty  of  Kent;  4, 
French  Crab;  6,  Royal  Russet;  7,  Syke  House  Russet; 
8,  Downton ;  9,  Norfolk  Beiiutin  ;  11,  Supreme  Crab.li— 
W  B.  Your  Beurre  d'Aremberg,  No.  1,  is  the  Brown,  Bcurr^  ; 
your  Eabter  Beurre,  No.  2,  is  the  Louise  Bonne  (of  Jersey)  ; 
No.  3,  Thompson's;  and  No.  4,  llacoa's  Incomparable,  are 
correct ;  but  your  Golden  Nonpareil  Apple  is  the  Pomme 
Violet. II— P/i.,  a    Constant  Stihscriber,  J,  King  of  the  Pippins  ; 

2,  Dumelow's  Seedling;  4,  Brabant  Bellefleur;  5,  Rhode 
Island  Greening;  6,  Ortley;  7,  Reinelte  du  Canada.ll— J.E. 
Louise  Bonne  (of  J eT3ey)\\  — Constant  Iteader.  2,  Hawthorn- 
den  ;  3,  Codlin  ;  5,  Ribston  Pippin  ;  6,  King  of  the  Pippins  ; 
8,  Dutch  Mignonne ;  9,  Turk's  Cap  ;  10,  Beauty  of  Kent ;  12, 
Hughes'  Golden  Pippin  ;  16,  Norfolk  Beaufin ;  17,  Holland- 
bury  ;  1,  Beurre  Diel  ;  2,  Beurre  Rose  ;  3,  Rouse  Lench ; 
4,  5,  10,  Beurre  Rauce ;  6,  Althorp  Crassane;  7,  Marie 
Louise;  8,  Beurid  de  Capiaumont ;  9,  Grande  Bretagne 
dore;  13,  Cunmore ;  14,  Colmar;  17,  Easter  B*  urre  ;  IS, 
Passe  Colmar;  20,  Uvedale's  St.  Germain.H— J?.  JFalfcer.  3, 
Nonsuch  ;  7,  Chaumontel  ;  10,  Brabant  Belitfleur  ;  11,  Cras- 
sane ;  12,  Bedfordj^hire  Ft-undling ;  14,  Keswick  Codlin  ;  16, 
Alfriston  ;  19,  So,  Gravenstein ;  20,  22,  27,  Beauty  of  Kent ; 
21,  Hawthornden;  and  21,  Syke  House  Russet;  24,  Louise 
Bonne  (of  Jersey) ;  27,  Beauty  of  Kent;  28,  Braddich's  Non- 
pariel ;  29,  Old  Colmar ;  30,  White  Doyenne  ;  and  30,  Ribston 
Pippin;  33,  Ribston  Pippin;  36,  Reinette  du  Canada;  58, 
Sops  of  Wine  ;  82.  Belle  et  Bonne ;  83,  Catillac ;  84,  Doyenne 
blanc  ;  and  8i,  Wykeo  Pippiu.ii— -£&eii.  1,  Beurre  de  Capi- 
aumont; 2,  Althorp  Crassane;  3,  Glout  Morceau,  but  the 
condition  of  the  fruit  requires  to  he  improved.H— J  E.  1, 
Court  of  Wick  ;  2,  Kirke'e  Lord  Nelson  ;  3,  Golden  Noble ; 
4.  French  Crab;  5,  Codlin;  6,  Doyenne  Oris;  7,  Beurre 
Diel.U 

Names  of  Plants:  W  ^  T,  There  muet  be  some  mistake  ;  the 
plant  cannot  hove  come  from  Asaam.  It  is  a  variety  of 
Catasetum  tridenta^um,  with  a  clear  yellow  lip.  Neither 
Catasetum  nor  Cycnoches  exist  wild  in  Asia. — A  Young 
Gardener:  1,  Clelhra  alnifoha;  2,  Cerastium  incanum  ;  3, 
Helichrysum  bracteatum;  4,  Chelone  obliquu.— i/"X>.  Salvia 
pulchelfa  ;  it  will  live  out  of  doors  in  summer,  but  dies  in 
winter  without  shelter,  Itlikes  sea  air.— J* Hooper.  Probably 
some  Myoporum.— £  MR.  Asplenium  lanceolatum,  S.—D  M, 
Siilbum  vaporarium  (Berk.  &  Broome),  which  has  also 
occurred  in  the  Orchid  House  at  Kew.  It  is  probably  an  im- 
portation. M  J  B.—C  L  P.  Ceanothus  azureus.— ir  Q  A^ 
Acacia  melanoxylon.  —  W  Cr.  Phyllooactus  anguliger.— 
irP.  Snponariu  calabrica.— C£^.  Nerine  rosea.  The  leaf 
belongs  to  Amicia  Zygomeris, 

KEiLGHEitniES  :  F  H  L.  The  letter  adverted  to  in  yournote  as 
"accumpanjinj;"  it,  was  not  in  the  envelope.  We  will 
answer  you  privately. 

OoT-DooR  FiQs:  S  li  will  be  obliged  by  Mr.  W.  Eade,  or 
Beldisten  Rectory,  or  any  other  cultivator  of  out-door  Figs, 
informing  him  of  the  best  time  and  method  of  pruning  them. 

Potatoes  :  Z.  We  never  heard  of  their  changing  colour  in  con- 
sequence of  soil,  and  should  doubt  the  statement.  They  vary, 
however,  in  quality,  according  to  soil,  and  that  may  be  con- 
nected with  slight  changes  in  shades  of  colour. — E  F  L.  We 
have,  on  a  former  occasion,  mentioned  Mr.  Eaton's  statement, 
about  which  we  know  nothing.  It  is  not  possible  to  arrive  at 
any  satisfactory  conclusion  about  such  assertions;  and  the 
supposed  remedy  being  secret,  multiplied  experiments,  very 
difl"erent  from  the  little  garden  trials  mentioned  in  Mr.  Hark- 
ness'  report,  are  absolutely  indispensable  belore  the  question 
can  he  regarded  as  settled.  Let  us  have  half-a-dozen  acres 
treated  by  Mr.  Eaton,  in  half-a-dozen  ofthe  western  counties 
of  Ireland,  and  wait  the  result  of  them. 

Saeacba  :  E.  Many  thanks.  We  will  have  it  grown  and  tried 
as  an  esculent. 

Vines  :  W B  C,  Hoare's  directions  for  managing  Vines  out  of 
doors  are  the  best  we  know,  and  we  aro  unaware  of  any 
person  having  been  disappointed  in  the  results  ;  if  disap- 
pointmeLt  has  arisen  it  is  ascribable  to  mismanagement. 
We  see  no  advantage  in  serpentining  Vmes.  The  truth  is, 
that  a  skilful  Grape  grower  will  make  any  plan  answer. 

Vine  Bobdeks  :  O  S.  The  anphalte  covering,  mentioned  at 
p.  227  of  our  volume  for  1844,  answered  very  well,  except 
that  it  kept  tbe  border  a  little  too  dry.  That  however  might 
be  easily  remedied  by  careful  artificial  ffaterings.}: 


44—1352.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


m7 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
Ic  beiD^  notorious  that  extensire  aduUeratious  of  this 
MANURE  are  8tiU  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  tlie  Public  agaiuto  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  tliey  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  parcicular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  lUiak  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  ivholesale  i^rlce  at  xvliich  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  than  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS. per  ton^  less  '2%  per  cent. 

Any  res.iles  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  lejive  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


SMITHFIELD    CLUB. 

NOTICE.— AH  Certificates  for  Stock  and  Implements 
intendei  to  be  exhibited  at  the  eni»uinpr  showof  ibe  Smith- 
fiold  Chib,  must  bo  doliveied  in  to  the  Honorary  Secretary  on 
or  before  SATUHDAY,  the  6th  of  NOVEMBER  (nono  will  bo 
received  after  that  day,) 

The  Printed  forms  of  Certidcates  (which  alone  are  allowed 
to  be  used),  Lists  of  Prizes,  &c.,  can  be  obtained  of  B.  T. 
BaANDRETH  GiBBS,  Hoo,  Seo.,  Corner  of  Half  Moon  Street, 
PicC'idilly,  London. 


rpHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
-A-  the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Bape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  evury  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  a:jricultural  salt. 

'Bdwabd   Pprsfb.  Sec.  Hrii^gp-titrept.  Blnckfriars.  London. 


l\/f ANUHES. — The   following    Manui*es  are    mana 
-*-*-*^  factured  at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  GoproHtes  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  ^Yilliam-street,  City,  London. 
N.3.  Peruvian  G-uano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  los.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9J.  da.  per 
ron,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &C. 


PEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL. 
'T'HE  PEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL  COMPANY  are 
-■-  prepared  to  deliver  a  superior  Charcoal  (made  expressly 
for  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  and  not  divested  of  any  of  its 
chemical  properties),  at  52s.  Gd.  per  ton.— Apply  to  Mabe 
FoTHEBoiLL,  Agent,  204,  Upper  Thames-street. 

Linseed  and  Rape  Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gjpsum,  Salt,  and 
allManures  of  known  value  on  sa'e. 


MANURE. 
"pEAT  CHARCOAL,  completely  saturated  witli 
J-  London  Sewage,  ■nill  be  fomid  a  moat  effective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  COs.  per  ton, 
4s.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  6d.  per  ^  cwf. 

"  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer. 
tiliser  ;  we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabba^'e  plants;  we  put  half  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dahlia, 
sowed  it  in  the  row  -nith  B^-ans,  and  put  a  few  pincbes  to  each 
plant  of  Cabbage.  The  effect  ia  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  efficacious  the  second  year  as  the  first."— TAe 
Garden,  hy  Mr.  Qlemiy, 


SEED     WHEAT. 
■pAYNE'S  DEFIANCE    REVITT  or  BEARDED 

"-  WHEAT,  which  gained  the  prize  medal  at  the  Great 
Exhibition,  and  is  also  highly  spoken  of  in  Professor  Liodley's 
lecture  upon  "  Substances  Used  as  Food,"  is  offered  to  Wheat- 
growers  by  H.  Patne  with  confidence,  more  especially  after 
the  many  flattering  letters  that  he  has  received  of  its  merits  as 
to  produce,  quality,  and  its  being  leas  liable  to  blight  or  mildew. 
The  above  Wheat  was  raised  frum  a  single  opr,  and  ha3  been 
grown  with  great  succlSS  for  six  years.  Testimonials  from 
farmers  and  millers  from  different  parts  of  the  hin^dom  can 
be  obtained  by  applying  to  Mr.  H.  Payne,  Birdbroi  k-moat, 
near  Halstend.  Essei.  Pric3  32s.p(rcoomb  of  four  bushels 
(Back  included),  and  delirered  at  the  Audlej-end  Station, 
Eastern  Counties  Railway.  All  orders  of  not  less  than  one 
coomb,  accompanied  by  a  remittance  for  the  amount,  will  be 
punctually  atrended  to  ;  or  by  Post-office  order  made  payable 
to  Hesbt  Payne,  at  Htilstead,  Esses. 

H.  P.  has  alsu  a  very  true  stock  of  Browick  Red  Wheat  to 
dispone  of,  at  235.  per  coomb,  which  he  thinks  the  best  Red 
Wheat  grrwn. 


HITCHIN  AND  HOME  COUNTIES  DOMESTIC 
POULTRY  ASSOCIATION.— Open  to  All  England. 

The  First  Annual  Exhibition  of  this  Society,  will  be  held  at 
nilchio,  on  the  20lh,  22d,  and  23d  of  NOVEMBER,  1852,  when 
Prizes  amounting  to  upwards  of  80J.  will  bu  offered  for  public 
competition. 

Hitcbin  is  a  first  class  station  on  the  Great  Nor  [hern  Railway, 
30  miles  from  London  ;  at  which  Stati(»n  is  a  junction  with  ttio 
Cambridge  and  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  Regulations  and 
Prize  Lists  may  bo  had  on  application  to  the  Sccrerary,  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamps.  Entries  for  Exhibition  close  on 
the  Gih  of  NOVEMBSPi..  Admittance  to  the  private  view  on 
Saturday,  November  20tb,  by  a  bs.  Ticket  {not  transferable), 
which  will  be  available  for  the  three  rla>s  of  Exhibition.  And 
on  Monday  the  22d,  or  Tuesday  the  23d,  la.  each. 

S.  Goodwin,  Sec. 

The  Directors  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties 
Railways  have  agreed  to  run  cheap  trains  on  the  occasion,  and 
to  give  free  passage  to  all  Poultry  for  the  Exhibition  (at  owner's 
risk),  and  to  carrv  back  free  a'l  that  is  uniold. 


q^HE    BIRMINGHAM    CATTLE  and  POULTRY 

J-  SHOW,  a332.— The  FOURTH  GREAT  ANNUAL  EX- 
HlBITIO-^of  FAT  CATTLE.  SFIEEP,  PIGS,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  the  14th,  15th,  lUth,  and  17th  of 
DECEMBER  nest.  The  PRIZE  LISTS,  CERTIFICATES  of 
ENTRY,  and  any  further  information,  maybe  had  from  the 
Secretary. 
The  Entries  CLOSE  on  SATURDAY,  thi5  13th  of  November. 
John  Mobgan,  Jan.,  Secretnry. 
Offices — 2.  Insurance-buildings,  Union-pa-sage,  Birmingham. 

ROYAL  SOCIETY  FOR  THE^PROMOTION 
AND  IMPROVEMENT  OF  THE  liROWTH  OF  FLAX 
IN  IRELAND.— The  ANNUAL  GENERAL  MEETING  will 
take  place  on  FRIDAY,  5th  November,  in  the  Socieiy's  Rooms, 
Commercial  Buildings,  to  receive  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Committee,  and  Annual  Statement  of  Accounts,  to  elect  Office 
Eearers  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  to  transact  such  other 
bu-iiness  as  may  be  brought  forward.  The  Chair  will  be  taken 
at  Twelve  o'clock  by  the  Marquis  of  Downshibe,  President  of 
the  Society.  (By  order),  Jasies  Macadam,  Secretary. 

Belfast,  Oct.  30, 


THE  GREAT  METROPOLITAN  EXHIBITION 
of  POULTRY,  PIGEONS,  and  RABBITS,  undtr  the 
most  dietinguished  patronage,  will  take  place  at  the  extensive 
Cricket-jrrouud,  the  Oval,  Kennington,  on  SATURDAY, 
MONDAY,  TUESDAY,  and  WEDNESDAY,  the  1st,  3d,  -Itb, 
and  5th  of  January.    Full  pariiculara  will  shortly  be  announced. 


RABBIT    NETS,  SHEEP    NETS,  and    FISHING 
NETS.— Long  Hiire  and  Rabbit  Nets  from  50  tolUO  yards 
long;  Sheep  Nets,  of  New  Zealand  Cord  or  Cocoa-nut  fibre, 
^{d.  per  yard,  4  feet  high.    Fishing  Nets  of  all  kinds  for  home 
nee  or  exporiation. 
R.  RicuARpjow,  21,  Tonbridgc.place,  New  Road,  London. 


w 


ARNERS  PATENT    FARM  AND  COTTAGE 

PUMPS. — Cast-iron    Pumps,  for  (he  use   of   Farms, 

Cottages,    Manure    Tanka,   and    Shallow 

Wells.  £   a.  d. 

Patent  Pump, ,, 1  15     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuta 

leady  for  fixing 2  10    0 

Larger  elz  jb  if  required. 
To  Emigrantrt  proceeding   to  Ihe  Gold 
lUgioDB  they  will   prove  to  be  the  most 
simple,  dorable,  and  the  cbeapeit  Pump 
hitherto  iotroduced. 

May  bo  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  or 
PIuiHber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manufacturers, 

JOHN    WARNER  X   SONS, 
8,  Cre«cent,   Jowin. street,   London. 
ETery  description  of    Machinery  for  Raising  Water,   Fire 
^nglnet,  &c. 


REDUCTION     IN     PRICE. 

WEIR'S  iMr-novED  GALVANISED  WROUGHT- 
IRON  LKiUIlJ  MANURE  PUMP.-The  Fitiln/B  of 
the«e  Pumps  are  wholly  of  IJrat»,  and  there  in  no  leather  or 
other  matter  vtblcb  cnu  be  affected  by  the  mnnuro. 

Price,  complc'u,  with  10  fe«t  of  Patent  Fl«ib)o  Amalgamated 
India  Kiibber  and  Oalta  Porcba  Pipe,  U.  15#.  Terms,  Cash 
on  dellrery. 

Edwabd  Weir,  Agricti'tnral  Entilncor,  1C,  Bath-place,  Now 
Bond,  Lond'.D.     Removed  from  f>xford.ttrctt, 
CatilogncJi,  with  Illiiiifrfttlon*,  nnnt  froo  by  poflt. 

TO    AMATEUR    GARDENERS,  ' 

LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH,  Zc    SANITARY  WORKS. 

PATENT  GLASS  TUIJES,  Iron 
Cualcd  wlt>i  Olnif.  Otitta  Pcrcha,  Com. 
bioat«>4  Ohto,  Patent  Flexible  India  Rubber 
Tabing,  and  every  other  IIoio  for  Watering 
OordeDH,  The  H)(lraullc  Rnrn,  Pirn,  Oarden, 
and  CTcry  other  kind  of  Putnp,  Hlulce  CockB, 
nydr&ntR,  Hlifh  Prefl«ure  Cochi,  and  all  other 
i|Jg>.  articles  to  be  hod,  Wliolennte  and  Hctdll,  of 

^mL]&i  FREEMAN     ROE, 

■^"WiKr  HYDRAULIC    K  N  0  I  N  K  E  U, 

^^^^3     70,  5;tbADD,  and  IlRIDOlP/fLD,  WAHDIWOaTIT, 

P.8.  Importarit  t^i  Formers,  Ac— F.  K.  bo({«  Icare  to  call 
attention  lo  his  new  Water  Power,  which  In  moDy  cooet  will  j 
Kupenede  the  u«eof  the  Steam  Entfino.  I 


i^lie  ^gttcitltttrsl  @ai««.*«;* 

SATURDAY,  OCTOBER  30,  1862. 

MEETINGS  FOB  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
WBnKKsDATi    Nov.     3— A gricultuTal  Pociety  of  EnRlfluiJ. 
TuuBSUAT,  —        4— Aaricu'tuial  Irap.  Bocirty  of  Ireland. 

TuuasDiT,  —      11  — Asricu.tural  Im|i.  Society  of  Ireland. 


We  beg  to  remind  those  of  our  readers  who  are 
personally  interested  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Smithfield  Club,  that  the  period  during  which 
certificates  of  the  animals  to  be  exhibited  can  be 
received,  closes  earlier  than  usual  this  year — next 
Saturday,  Nov.  6,  being  the  last  day  of  it.  Those, 
therefore,  who  intend  exhibiting  should  place  them- 
selves in  immediate  communication  with  B.  T. 
BRANnnETH  GiBBS,  Esq.,  the  Honorary  Secretary, 
Halfmoon-street,  Piccadilly. 

The  house-feeding  of  the  sheep  is  surrounded 
with  many  more  difficulties  than  that  of  the  ox,  and 
hence  in  practice  has  made  less  progress  ;  at  the 
same  time  examples  are  sufficiently  numerous  to 
prove  that  it  is  not  an  exception  from  the  general 
rule  that  shelter  from  the  inclemency  of  our  climate 
is  necessary  to  the  health  and  proper  development 
of  the  bodies  of  all  our  domestic  animals,  and  that 
this  is  best  obtained  in  properly  constructed  feeding- 
boxes,  on  artificial  or  mixed  food.  For  example, 
breeders  and  feeders  for  the  exhibitions  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Society  and  Smithfield  Club  have  found 
that  they  cannot  enter  into  competition  on  the  out- 
door or  natural  system  against  the  artificial  or  house- 
feeding — unless  for  the  inferior  quality  of  stock  ; 
and  that  before  the  greatest  weights  can  be  obtained 
in  the  shortest  time  from  a  given  quantity  of  food, 
it  is  necessary  to  have  recourse  to  dry,  well-venti- 
lated, and  quiet  feeding-boxes.  And  besides  the 
cases  of  extra  fat  stock,  the  agricultural  press  teems 
with  examples  of  a  more  general  character,  where 
results  generally  are  recorded  in  favour  of  tlie 
system.  But  while  the  vast  m.ijority  are  thus 
recorded,  there  ia,  nevertheless,  a  respectalile 
minority  to  tlie  contrary  ;  .so  that,  as  yet;  public 
opinion  i.s  divided  on  the  subject,  and  before 
unanimity  can  be  expected  to  prevail,  a  more  careful 
investigation  of  experiments  is  nocetsary. 

In  the  prosecution  of  thi.s  important  .subject  ex- 
perimenters sliould  never  lose  sight  of  first  prin- 
ciples ;  for  tlieir  experiments,  liowever  carefully  per- 
forniofi,  and  however  plansible  maybe  the  deflnctiouH 
drawn  from  tliem,  can  never  overturn  the  estalilished 
laws  of  nature,  on  which  thctystem  of  house-feeding 
in  feeding- boxes  is  based.  For  example,  it  is  a  well 
authenticated  fact,  that  the  temperature  of  tho  body 
of  the  slieep  is  the  same,  from  the  poles  to  the 
e'piator,  while  its  position  with  reference  to  external 
tompeiature,  and  therefore  its  natural  ability  to  keep 


up  this  degree  of  heat,  is  very  different  in  every 
degree  of  latitude,  if  equally  exposed  in  the  open  air ; 
hence  thequantity  of  food  consumed  must  be  propor- 
tionally dift'erent,  to  maintain  the  animal  system  at 
this  uniform  degree  of  temperature.  In  this  respect 
the  radiation  of  heat  from  the  body  of  the  sheep  is 
not  different  from  that  from  the  body  of  man  ;  and 
we  know  that  when  exposed  in  polar  regions  our 
sailors  consume  a  larger  quantity  of  food,  with  all 
the  extra  clothing  which  they  wear ;  while,  as 
Lieeig  observes,  "  some  hunting  and  fishing  tribes 
will  with  ease  consume  10  lbs.  of  fish  or  flesh,  and 
perhaps  a  dozen  tallow  candles,  daily."  Now,  ex- 
periments can  never  prove  that  the  sheep  consumes 
less  food  out-doors,  exposed  to  the  inclemency  of  our 
winters,  than  they  do  when  sheltered  in-doors,  other 
things  being  equal,  but  the  contrary  ;  so  that  if  they 
eat  equal  quantities,  the  latter  must  increase  faster 
in  weight,  or  there  must  exist  some  peculiar  cause 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  contrary,  such  as  an 
inferior  quality  of  food,  irregularity  in  feeding, 
excitement,  &c. 

In  recording  experiments  of  this  kind  too  little 
attention,  we  are  afraid,  has  been  paid  to  the  con- 
stitution of  the  sheep,  while  habits  acquired  frcm 
peculiar  treatment,  at  variance  with  its  original  con- 
stitution, have  been  mistaken  for  natural  character- 
istics, as  the  following  observations  will  show. 

In  the  first  place^from  the  gaseous  matter 
emitted  from  its  body  being  more  fetid,  and  from  its 
dung  and  urine  being  more  liable  to  give  off  volatile 
and  offensive  matter,  and  from  the  quantity  of  pure 
air  consumed'for  respiration,  and  the  capillary  action 
of  the  skill  being  greater — the  sheep  requires  a  larger 
feeding-box  in  proportion  to  its  size  than  the  ox. 
The  difference  in  the  smell  of  the  two  may  convince 
any  one  of  the  soundness  of  this  conclusion. 
Instead,  therefore,  of  being  low,  as  is  generally  the 
case,  the  roof  of  the  feeding-box  should  be  lofty,  as 
well  as  the  dimensions  of  the  box  itself  sufficiently 
large  below,  so  as  to  procure  proper  ventilation. 
Crowded  pens  and  low  roofs  are  incompatible  with 
this,  summer  and  winter  often  creating  stagnant 
volumes  of  heated  air  in  the  former  season — in  the 
latter,  currents  of  cold  air,  worse  than  the  extremes 
experienced  in  the  open  field.  Not  only  does  the 
sheep  require  a  greater  abundance  of  pure  air  than 
the  ox,  but  it  also  requires  a  drier  bed,  to  avoid  foot- 
rot  and  other  evils  experienced  from  wetness — a 
demand  almost  impossible  to  be  complied  with, 
save  in  the  feeding-box  alone  ;  for  in  open  yards  and 
sheds,  in  rainy  weather,  from  being  exposed  to  the 
full  exciting  influence  of  light,  with  all  that  is 
passing  around,  and  from  being  more  agile,  and 
requiring  a  larger  amount  of  exercise  for  health,  the 
whole  pen  is  kept  continually  upon  the  move  ;  so 
that,  however  well  littered  it  may  have  been  at 
night,  long  before  morning  all  is  a  puddle,  worse 
than  offensive  to  the  fine  senses  of  the  sheep,  con- 
sequently when  any  of  the  pen  attempt  to  confine 
themselves  under  cover,  and  to  lie  down,  the  stench 
becomes  intolerable,  so  that  preference  is  generally 
given  to  the  outside.  In  this  position  their  skins 
become  wet  and  their  feet  tender. 

Again,  conclusions  relative  to  confinement, 
"  roving  disposition,"  and  economy  and  expense  of 
house-feeding,  are  generally  vague  and  unsatisfac- 
tory ;  for  confinement  is  but  an  expression  of  degree, 
sheep  in  all  cases  being  confined  to  their  mountain 
walks,  their  lowland  pastures,  or  enclosures  of  some 
kind  or  other,  as  open  yards  or  feeding-boxes :  and 
the  fact  that  the  Southdown  (one  of  the  most  timid, 
shy,  and  cautious  of  all  our  breeds)  thrives  best,  and 
pays  its  keep  the  best,  when  confined  in  the  feeding- 
box,  is  a  practical  refutation  of  all  the  objections 
here  involved.  "Art  may  succeed,"  say  our  ob- 
jectors, "  in  rearing  and  fattening  the  Southdown, 
Leicester,  and  such  breeds,  in  properly-ventilated 
feeding-boxes  ;  but  the  natural  system  only  suits 
the  roving  disposition  of  the  Cheviot  and  black- 
faced  breeds,  which  comprise  the  large  flocks  of  our 
mountain  walks  ;  there  feeding  boxes  could  not  be 
erected,  for  the  want  of  capital,  while  in  summer 
the  system  is  impracticable,  for  the  want  of  food." 
Oljjections  such  as  tliese  are  no  doubt  plausible,  but 
they  will  not  bear  a  close  investigation,  for  may  not 
the  roving  disposition  be  not  a  constitutional  charac- 
teristic, but  one  acquired  from  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances in  which  the  large  flocks  in  question  are 
placed  ? — being  compelled  by  necessity  to  walk  a 
certain  daily  round  in  search  of  food — a  round  as 
formal  as  the  line  of  a  railway,  while  self-preserva- 
tion from  eagles,  ravens,  foxes,  polecats,  &c., 
makes  them  more  gregarious  in  their  habits,  more 
timid,  shy,  and  watchful  than  they  othcrwi.se  would 
be.  in  such  positions  the  nervous  system  is  kept 
continually  in  an  excited  .slate,  consequently  requir- 
ing a  larger  supply  of  food  to  maintain  the  .system, 
especially  in  the  case  of  young  sheep,  who  are 
startled  by  every  bird,  bee,  or  butterfly  rising  on 
the    wing ;    hence,    in    some  measure  no    doubt, 


698 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Oct.  30, 


the  slowness  with  which  they  arrive  at  maturity, 
and  the  difficulty  with  which  they  are  fed  — 
results  which  disappear  as  we  remove  their 
causes;  for  the  above  breeds,  it  removed  to  the 
enclosed  pastures  of  the  lowlands,  fatten  faster  and 
at  an  earlier  age,  becoming  less  gregarious  in  their 
habits,  less  roving,  shy,  and  watchful.  If  we  reduce 
the  enclosure  by  netting,  shifting  (he  nets  as  the 
different  breaks  become  bai'e,  a  still  greater  improve- 
ment is  made ;  or  we  might  have  quoted  an  older 
system  than  either  the  field-fence  or  net,  viz.,  the 
tether — a  practice  with  which  our  readers  are  doubt- 
less familiar — one  under  which  both  the  black-faced 
and  Cheviot  breeds  fatten  with  great  rapidity,  after 
a  week's  experience  that  their  confinement  is  for 
their  welfare.  In  short,  Nature  is  always  ready  to 
adapt  herself  to  her  present  exigencies,  and  those 
habits  conducive  to  her  welfare  will  be  sooner 
acquired  than  those  of  a  diiferent  character.  The 
black-faced  sheep,  for  instance,  will  sooner  acquire 
the  habits  of  the  Leicester  than  the  Leicester  those 
of  the  black-faced.  Theotherobjections— that  box- 
feeding  during  winter  unfits  the  mountain  sheep  for 
its  walk  during  summer,  and  that  the  system  would 
not  pay — are  equally  untenable  ;  for  the  healthiest 
sheep  is  obviously  the  fittest  for  the  hills  at  any 
season  ;  while  if  the  southdown  pays  for  house- 
feeding  in  the  finer  climate  of  the  south,  the  system 
must  be  a  more  profitable  one  in  the  less  congenial 
regions  of  the  north.  There  are  no  doubt  many 
minor  objections  connected  with  this  part  of  our 
subject — objections  wdiich  our  present  limits  will 
not  allow  us  to  discuss  in  detail,  and  therefore  we 
shall  briefly  dispose  of  them  in  toto,  in  a  concluding 
sentence,  thus  v — The  sheep  is  more  dependent  upon 
man,  and  hence  on  artificial  systems,  than  any  of  the 
other  domestic  animals,  and  is  certainly  not  the 
less  ungrateful  for  them  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
art  has  done  less  for  it  than  for  either  the  horse,  ox, 
or  swine,  the  majority  of  its  family  being  still  treated 
on  the  natural  system  ;  and  however  numerous  may 
be  the  obstacles  which  art  has  to  triumph  over  before 
house-feeding  in  boxes  can  be  successfully  practised, 
that  is  no  reason  why  success  may  not  -ultimately 
crown  her  labours  in  the  most  forbidding  districts  ; 
for  in  these  we  can  point  out  thousands  of  acres 
capable  of  producing  Furze  in  abundance  from 
which  art  can  easily  return  ten  times  the  amount  of 
matter  Nature  now  does  from  her  scant}'  herbage. 


having  no  other  assistance  than  the  food  they  pick  up  ia 
fine  weather  ;  the  other  four  mouths  they  are  prin- 
cipally dependent  ou  cut  Tares  and  other  artificially 
raised  green  food  ;  and  yet,  upon  this  keep,  the  butter 
produced  is  of  the  finest  quality  and  readily  finds  pur- 
chasers all  the  year,  from  neighbouring  occupiers 
and  owners  of  farms,  at  prices  otUd.  and  ISd.  per  lb., 
according  to  the  time  of  year ;  and  so  successful  is  the 
result,  in  a  pecuniary  view,  that  Mr.  Smith  is  increasing 
the  extent  of  his  dairy  as  fast  as  the  increasing  fertility 
of  the  land  gives  him  the  means  to  keep  more  cows. 
He,  this  autumn,  has  added  6  cows  to  his  stock,  and 
this  he  has  .been  enabled  to  do  by  the  larger  growth  of 
roots  and  straw  which  the  additional  manure  thus  raised, 
and  the  preservation  and  application  of  the  liquid 
manure  which  hitherto  has  all  been  lost,  gives  him. 

As  far  as  I  can  learn  there  is  nothing  singular  in  the 
keep  and  care  of  the  cows,  or  the  management  of  the 
dairy,  beyond  what  is  pointed  out,  and  is  evident  on 
inspection  of  the  dairy.  The  cows  are  protected  all  the 
year  from  the  cold  and  damp  of  the  night  air,  by  shelter 
in  the  cow-houses ;  the  dairy  is  plain  but  kept  beautifully 
clean;  the  cow-hou3es!irewarm,dry,and  well  ventilated; 
and  if  there  be  a  secret  beyond  all  this,  it  lies  in  the  art 
of  preventing  the  butter  from  being  flavoured  with  the 
roots  given  to  the  cows,  and  in  the  richness  of  the  cream 
thrown  up  from  milk  produced  by  such  keep.  And  that 
there  is  a  secret  most  farmers  will  believe,  when  I 
tell  them  that  richer  cream  and  sweeter  butter  ia 
rarely  to  be  found  at  this  season.  But  what  this  secret 
is  I  cannot  tell  them,  for  it  is  not  known  even  to  the 
woman's  employer,  and  unless  it  lies  in  preparing  the 
milk  by  warming  it  prior  to  skimming  I  have  not  any 
idea.  And  this  is  only  a  guess  formed  from  the  rich 
appearance  of  the  milk  in  the  pans.  Hewitt  Davis. 


DAIRY  FARMING. 
In  the  Agricultural  Gazette  of  Sept.  25,  with  a  view 
to  the  improvement  of  dairy  farming,  allusion  is  made 
to  the  general  progress  of  art  and  science  in  all  other 
branches ;  and  it  will  be  admitted  by  every  one  who  has 
seen  the  greater  economy  of  food  and  the  more  success- 
ful management  of  cows  abroad,  that  little  here  has  been 
gained  from  the  progress  of  intelligence  to  benefit  this 
branch  of  British  farming.  In  this  country  the  success 
of  a  dairy  is  supposed  to  entirely  depend  upon  the 
natural  adaptation  of  the  pastures  and  climate  to  cow 
feeding,  and  little  assistance  is  given  to  cows  in  the 
winter,  either  in  shelter  or  support,  beyond  what  they  find 
under  hedges  or  in  exposed  hovels,  or  from  indifferent 
hay  and  fodder  straw  in  the  yard ;  and  it  is  supposed 
that  neither  good  butter  nor  cheese  can  be  produced 
except  the  cows  are  grazed  upon  Grass  of  dairying 
quality.  So  exclusively  in  practice  is  this  power  of  pro- 
ducing fine  butter  and  cheese  thought  to  be  confined 
to  certain  pastures,  that  nearly  the  whole  consumption 
of  England  is  the  produce  of  six  or  seven  counties ;  and 
if  we  look  still  closer,  we  shall  find  that  only  parts  of 
these  counties  are  so  applied ;  nay,  more,  when  you 
come  to  individual  farms,  you  will  be  told  of  the  differ- 
ences of  quality  from  different  fields,  so  greatly  does 
the  produce  vary  with  the  pasture,  and  so  limited 
are  the  parts  under  the  present  system  that  are 
thought  adapted  for  dairying.  Had  we  no  other  expe- 
rience than  that  g.ained  from  the  English  dairy  prac- 
tice, we  should  undoubtedly  believe  that  good  butter 
and  cheese  are  only  to  be  obtained  from  cows  pastured 
upon  permanent  Grasses  and  soils  of  a  particular  quality. 
But  from  what  I  have  lately  seen,  I  may  ask  are  dry 
arable  districts  necessarily  dependent  on  moist  permanent 
pastures  for  their  butter  and  cheese  ?  and  I  can  answer 
this  question  by  calling  to  mind  the  large  supplies  of 
butter  regularly  sent  to  this  country  from  abroad  ; 
rom  dairies  in  dry  sandy  countries,  where  the  cows 
are  without  pasture,  in  the  sense  understood  in  om- 
pasturing  districts.  But  without  going  to  the  continent, 
whence  so  much  butter  is  sent  us,  and  wdiere  the  prac- 
tice of  housing  the  cows  the  greater  part  of  the  year, 
and  keeping  them  on  roots  and  cooked  food,  is  general, 
there  are  examples  at  home  offering  us  lessons  of 
what  may  be  done  in  this  way.  Sir  John  Conroy,  in 
iserkslure,  has  his  cows  in  boxes  and  fed  upon  cut  food, 
and  shows  they  may  be  made  productive  of  rich  butter 
without  the  aid  of  pasture  ;  and  at  Chipstead,  in  Surrey, 
"^/ofn  '  "'="'"<=<'•  Upon  a  poor  dry  chalk  hill-farm 
01  -.10  acres,  with  only  5  acres  of  permanent  pasture, 
mamtamed  m  Grass  for  the  convenience  of  possessiu"  a 
turn  out,  and  not  for  .any  merit  .as  Grass  land,  Jlr.  SmT th 
has  established  a  dairy  of  30  cows  with  remarkable 
success.  Here  the  cows  for  8  months  in  the  year  are  fed 
upon  cut  straw,  bran.  Turnips,  and  Mangold  Wurzel, 


QUANTITY  OF  MANURE  MADE  ON  A  FARM. 
{Continued  from  page  GS4,) 

Six-course  Farm,  120  acres. — This  course  in  Scotland 
is,  1st,  Wheat ;  2d,  Turnips  ;  3d,  Barley  ;  4th,  Grass  ; 
5th,  Oats  ;  6th,  Potatoes  and  Beans,  or  one-half  corn 
and  one-lmlf  green  crops.  The  distribution  and  sequence 
of  the  crops  are  different.  In  Norfolk  the  six-course 
consists  of,  1st,  Wheat ;  2d,  B.arley  ;  3d,  Turnips  ;  4th, 
B.arley  ;  5th,  Grass ;  6th,  Grass,  or  corn  and  green 
crops  half  and  half.  In  both  cases,  however,  the  Turnips 
occupy  one-sixth  of  the  land,  so  that  the  manure-making 
materials  in  the  latter  will  only  vary  in  amount  in 
proportion  to  the  quantity  of  Crass  consumed  in  the 
green  state  or  made  into  hay.  The  Scotch  rotation  is 
selected  in  preference,  because  of  the  equal  distribution 
of  the  crops,  and  also  as  no  two  white  crops  follow  in 
succession.  The  amount  of  food  and  consumption  may 
be  stated  as  follows  :  — 

tons.  cwt.  qrs.  tons.  cwt.  are. 
20  acres  of  Wheat  at  27  cwt.   of 

straw  per  acre        27      0      0 

20  acres  of  Barley  at  25  cwt.   ot 

straw  per  acre        25      0      0 

20  acres  of  Oats  at  30  cwt.  of  straw 

per  acre         30      0      0 

7  acres  of  hay  at  30  cwt,  of  straw 

per  acre         10      0      0 

19  acres  of  Beans  at  30  cwt.  of  straw 

per  acre         15      0      0 

Total  dry  fodder  and  Httor 
3   acres   of   Grass  consumed  by 

horses,  130  cwt 

10  acres  fed  off. 

20  acres  of  Turnips  consumed  in- 
doors, 20  tons  

19  acres  of  Potatoes  sold. 

10   acres   of  Aftermath  consumed 
indoors,  60  tons      

Total  green  food    ... 


107      0 


400 

0 

0 

418 

6 

0 

30 

0 

0 

Winter  food  of  horses — 
4   work    horses'  hay,   2i3    days, 

14  stone  each  per  day 

Straw  Utter,  same  period,  1  Btoue 
each  per  day 
Suraviicr  food  of  horses — 
Cut  Grass  for  122  days,  6  stones 

each  per  day        

Straw  litter,  1  stone  each  per  day 

Winter  food  of  cattle^ 
21  cattle,  2uO  lbs.  of  Turnips  each, 

for213i  days        i 

Fodder  and  litter  for  same  period, 

3  stones  each  per  day    

Summer  food  of  cattle — 
i  cattle,  lOS  lbs.  of  Grass  each  per 

day,  for  100  days  

Straw  Jitter  for  100  days,  14  stone 

each  beaet  


1  ton  of  straw  over  . 


9 

2 

.1 

6 

0 

2 

18 
3 

6 

1 

0 
0 

00 

0 

0 

84 

1 

1 

554 
1 


By  the  five-course  the  numbers  will  stand  thus  : — 
Turnips  and  consumed  fodder,  300  tons  —  225  tons 
manure  +  litter  40  tons  =  265  tons  of  manure,  which, 
added  to  that  of  the  horses,  give  "290  tons  altogether,  or 
nearly  12i  tons  per  acre  for  the  24  acres  of  green  crop. 

By  the  six-course  rotation  Turnips,  Grass,  and  litter- 
consumed  458  tons  =  343^^-  tons  manure  +  60  tons  of 
litter  =  403.^  tons  manure,  which,  added  to  that  of  the 
horses,  give  4374  tons  altogether,  or  nearly  11  tons  of 
manure  per  acre  for  the  40  acres  of  green  crop. 

It  will  be  observed,  however,  in  connection  with  these 
data,  that  by  the  first  rotation  the  land  is  dunged  every 
fourth  year,  in  the  second  every  fifth,  and  in  the  third 
year,  or  twice  during  the  rotation.*  It  is,  therefore^ 
evident  that  the  sixth  rotation  produces  more  manure 
than  either  of  the  other  two,  notwithstanding  one-sixth 
part  of  the  green  crop  (Potatoes)  is  annually  sold  off 
the  farm. 

If  we  wish  to  increase  the  quantity  of  manure  made 
on  the  farm,  recourse  must  be  had  to  corn-cake  or 
Linseed  in  the  feeding  of  our  cattle,  by  which  means 
double  the  number  of  stock  may  be  kept,  and  the 
manure-heap  thereby  enriched  and  enlai'ged  in  propor- 
tion to  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  extra  food  con- 
sumed. It  has  been  pretty  well  ascertained,  howeveiv 
that  if  more  than  5  lbs.,  at  most  6  lbs,,  of  oilcake  be  given 
daily  to  each  beast,  a  loss  is  sustained  in  the  carcase 
without  adequate  compensation  being  obtained  from  the 
manure.  This  quantity,  however,  at  which  profit  ceases^ 
is  larger  in  proportion  to  the  character  of  the  animal ; 
where  an  ill-bred  beast  is  fed,  it  will  pay  for  but  little 
high-feeding,  while  a  well-bred  animal  will  make  one 
feel  the  advantages  of  feeding  it. 

There  are  various  other  modes  of  increasing  the 
amount  of  manure-producing  materials  ou  a  farm,  one 
of  which  is  the  cultivation  of  winter  green  crops,  such 
as  Vetches,  and  Rye,  or  Eape,  sown  in  autumn  after  a 
corn  crop,  then  used  as  green  food  in  the  early  part  of 
summer,  and  the  ground  afterwards  cropped  with  Tur- 
nips the  same  season.  These  stolen  crops,  as  they  are 
called,  can  only  be  profitably  cultivated  in  warm  districts^ 
such  as  the  southern  portion  of  England  and  Ireland, 
and  hence  they  have  not  been  admitted  into  our  calcula- 
tions. We  might  also  have  alluded  to  the  "Whitfield 
mode  of  cultivation,  in  which  the  manure  is  greatly 
increased  by  growing  large  quantities  of  Turnips  and 
Mangold  Wurzel  (about  HOOf  tons  annually  upon  a 
farm  of  240  acres),  and  their  consumption  in  boxes  by 
cattle  and  sheep,  eating  also  cake-Linseed,  grain  or 
prepared  food  ;  and  we  might  also  have  alluded  to  Mr^ 
Mechi's  system  of  board-feeding  without  litter,  the  straw 
bemg  all  cut  and  used  as  fodder,  and  the  use  of  enormous 
quantities  of  extra  food  along  with  the  green  crop,  but 
our  space  will  not  admit  of  the  investigation  ;  still  enough 
has  been  said  to  indicate  the  data  by  which  an  approxi- 
mation may  be  made  regarding  the  amount  of  manure 
made  by  either  of  these  systems.  Blaclci€s  Cyclopedia*  _^ 


555  G  0 
By  the  four-course  rotation  the  whole  Turnips,  Grass, 
and  straw  consumed  as  food  by  the  cattle,  amount  in 
roimd  numbers  to  393  tons,  which  give  295  tons  of 
manure,  and  with  the  litter  (5  stones)  added,  amount  to 
345  tons.  The  dung,  from  the  food  consumed  by  the 
iiorses  and  taken  from  the  stalls,  will  depend  greatly  on 
the  time  occupied  at  work  or  in  the  stable  ;  but  taking 
our  former  data  to  guide  us,  the  dung  actually  collected 
from  four  horses,  fed  as  already  stated,  will  be  rather 
more  than  34  tons  annually  ;  adding  the  whole  dung, 
m'ine,  and  Utter  together,  the  result  is  379  tons  as  the 
total  amount  of  manure  made  ou  a  farm  of  120  acres, 
farmed  on  the  four-course  shift,  or  fully  12iV  tons  per 
acre  to  the  30  acres  of  green  crop. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Ey don  Industrial  Club. — The  autumnal  show  of  this 
Club  took  place  on  the  i5th  instant.  The  subjects  of 
exhibition  were  numerous  and  good,  the  weather  fine, 
and  the  meeting  propitious.  Some  of  the  neighbouring 
clergy  and  gentry  who  take  an  interest  in  what  tends  to 
promote  theimprovementand  add  to  the  comfort  and  plea- 
sure of  the  several  classes  of  society,  attended.  The  show 
consisted  of  needlework,  articles  of  ingenuity  made  or  con- 
trivedin  Eydon,and  garden  and  field  produce  in  vegetables, 
grain,  and  roots  ;  to  the  best  specimens  of  which  prizes 
were  adjudged.  Rewards  were  also  adjudged  for  good 
conduct  in  service  to  boys  between  the  ages  of  10  and 
16  years  of  age,  and  to  young  persons  between  16  and 
24  years.  A  prize  of  \l.  was  distributed  among  the 
labourers'who  had  worked  for  the  last  year  on  the  farm 
of  the  farmer  who  gained  the  greatest  number  of  prizes  ; 
the  reason  for  this  prize  being,  that  credit  is  due  to  the 
labourers  as  well  as  the  occupier  who  produces  the  best 
specimen  of  crops.  To  the  tradesman  gaining  the 
greatest  number  of  prizes,  1 O5.  was  given,  and  to  the 
labourer  Ss.  The  annual  subscription  of  a  labom'er  and 
his  children  under  16  years  of  age  is  Gd.,  and  the  prizes 
are  all  small  in  amount  but  numerous,  so  that  one 
labourer  with  his  family,  for  prizes  and  service  rewards, 
received  as  much  as  195.  4fZ,  To  the  allotment  tenant 
gaining  the  greatest  number  of  prizes  the  Rev.  Francis 
Gierke  gave  5s.,  to  the  next  3s.,  to  the  next  2s.  The 
club  consists  of  149  members  ;  231  articles  were 
exhibited  by  59  exhibitors,  and  66  prizes,  &c.,  were 
given  to  the  amount  of  3^  ISs.  Qd.  F.  C,  Eydon. 

Cow  Shed  and  Yard. — We  have  received  a  plan  of  a 
yard  for  cows  and  pigs  from  Mr.  Waldron,  of  the  merits 
of  which  the  following  is  his  description  : — First,  it 
will  be  asked,  What  will  be  the  advantage  to  the  farmer 
of  this  yard  ?  First  he  will  keep  one-third  head  of 
cattle  more  with  the  same  acres  of  land,  than  in  turning 
them  out,  and  I  think  there  is  no  doubt  whatever  but 
it  will  be  much  better  for  the  health  of  the  cattle,  nofi 
for  a  man  to  go  and  fill  tlieir  racks  full  and  then  leave 

*  By  the  tuur-course  3.H>  tona  or  Diunur«  are  niiiUe  annually 
for  every  acre  on  the  farm  ;  by  the  tive-course  2.5,  and  by  the 
sis-course  3.64  tons. 

t  Mr.  Morton  states  (Ag)-icidtural  Oazette,  p.  450,  1845),  that 
"  200  tons  of  straw  used  as  litter  for  beasts,  horeep,  sheep,  and 
piss,  which  during  the  winter,  consume  1400  toua  of  roots, 
will  turn  out  about  3500  cubic  yards  of  made-manure,  in  the 
manaseinent  of  which  the  ordinal  y  quantity  of  earih  (say  six 
inches  deep  under  every  manure  heap)  has  been  used.  Taking 
a  sixth  part  from  this  quantiiy  as  earth,  thtre  will  he,  say 
29i)0  cubic  jards,  which,  at  one  and  a  half  yard  to  the  toa, 
gives  about  2000  tons  of  manure  yearly,  or  one-fourth  more 
than  the  roots  and  straw  consuuied— the  extra  quantity  beine 
obtained  from  the  use  of  extra  food." 


44—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


699 


them,  I  say  feed  them  for  two  hours,  a  little  at  a  time, 
then  leave  them  for  two  hours,  and  fill  the  troughs  full 
of  water  ;  by  this  plan  the  food  cau  be  changed  as  often 
as  you  please,  which  every  cow-man  knows  the  advan- 
tage of  ;  and  what  they  let  fall  the  pigs  will  pick  up. 
You  have  the  advantage  of  giving  them  Tares,  green 
Clover,  and  sweet  Mangold  Wurzel  leaves.  Your 
cattle  are  thus  at  home  under  your  eye,  not  galloping 
about  the  field.  The  next  point  is  the  manure  :  when 
turned  out  you  get  very  little  advantage  and  very  little 
worth  of  it ;  but  what  is  it  worth  from  the  yard,  say  50 
cows  and  100  pigs,  for  six  months  ?  Enough  to  manure  50 
acres  of  land  at  "20  tons  per  acre  ;  and  of  the  manure  made 
in  this  yard,  two  tons  are  equal  to  three  tons  exposed. 
The  next  consideration  is  the  value  of  your  pigs  ;  without 
the  yard,  perhaps  you  would  not  keep  above  10  or  12, 
and  they  running  about  and  losing  all  the  manure.  I 
will  put  the  yearly  profit  as  under  : — 

Say  17  cows  additional,  able  to  be  kept  £  s.  d. 

above  50,  at  12i.  per  cow  ...  ...  204  0  0 

Pig8        ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  150  0  0 

Manure,  at  the  least         ,..  ...  ,,,  150  0  0 

_  You  will  say  that  there  is  nothing  put  for  the  keep  of 
pigs  •  the  answer  is,  they  do  not  want  one  thing  more 
than  tlie  wash  whey,  and  what  grains  there  is  made,  put 
altogether  into  a  tank  and  given  them  when  wanted, 
with  Mangold  Wurzel  leaves;  by  that  keep  you  may  sell 
them  out  as  porkers.  The  next  is  two  men  additional, 
their  pay  to  be  struck  from  the  500?.— Now  I  will  say 
by  having  so  ranch  manui'e  for  the  farm  yearly,  and  by 
trenching  2  feet  deep,  if  properly  trenched,  it  will  want 
very  little  draining  for  surface  water,  only  springs ;  by 
such  culture  the  farm  Jwill  be  as  a  garden  more  than  a 
farm,  and  will  carry  any  crops  that  are  put  upon  it.  /.  TF. 
Sewage  J/anure. — Your  correspondent,  Mr.  Marshall, 
of  Ely,  says  the  Croydon  farmers  will  not  take  the  sewage 
manure,  he  supposes,  from  its  not  being  in  a  semi-liquid 
state,  and  the  problem  is  how  it  can  be  rendered  drier, 
which  deserves  the  attention  of  intelligent  practical  men 
of  the  country.  This  problem  is  easily  solved,  by  using 
peat-chai'coal  filters,  the  charcoal  taking  up  and  retain- 
ing all  the  valuable  portions  of  the  sewage,  the  water 
passing  off"  perfectly  clear  and  free  from  smell ;  when  the 
charcoal  is  satui-ated,  the  filters  are  emptied,  the  con- 
tents dried,  put  in  sacks,  and  ready  for  transit  to  any 
part  of  the  country  ;  can  be  drilled  in  or  sown  broad- 
cast, and  will  be  found  little  inferior  to  guano  and 
considerably  less  cost.  Mr.  T.  A.  Yarrow,  88,  St.  James's- 
street,  I  am  informed,  has  fitted  up  several  filters. 
The  peat-charcoal  and  sewage  works  at  Fulhara  are 
selling  their  manures  at  32.  per  ton,  and  no  accumulation 
of  stock.  I  agree  with  your  correspondent,  «  A  Sufferer," 
that  such  cesspools  as  Mr.  Mechi's  must  be  a  great 
nuisance,  as  also  the  manure,  however  diluted,  when 
put  out,  which  must  taint  the  whole  air  of  the  neighbour- 
hood. Your  correspondent  states,  that  Mr.  Stothart 
can  purify  all  filth  ;  his  mode  is  kept  secret.  Peat- 
charcoal  vnW  do  so  most  effectually  ;  can  be  obtained  at 
a  small  cost,  and  be  applied  by  any  person  ;  and  it  only 
requires  to  be  more  generally  known,  when  it  will  come 
into  most  extensive  use  both  for  sanatory  and  agri- 
cultural purposes.  7\— [The  following  letter  has 
appeared  in  the  Times  in  reply  to  that  of  «  A  Sufferer," 
which  we  copied  last  week,  complaining  of  the  injurious 
eflfects  to  health  which  Mr.  Mechi's  system  of  irrigation, 
if  generally  carried  out,  would  produce  : — "Sir, —  Your 
correspondent,  *  A  Sufferer,'  does  not  reflect.  Horses, 
pigs,  and  other  animals  will  die.  What  becomes  of 
them  now  1  Farmers  will  make  dung-heaps  and  spread 
them  all  over  the  country.  In  this  district,  when  the 
fields  are  spratted  or  "five  fingered,"  you  may  smell 
them  for  miles.  Merchants  will  import  200,000  tons 
of  birds'  dung  annually,  to  be  stored  in  our  towns  and 
to  scent  our  country.  Is  all  this  to  be  stopped,  or  is  it 
to  be  preferred  to  the  subterranean  unsmelt  transmission 
of  liquefied  mamu'e,  which,  when  it  reaches  its  destina- 
tion, rushes  from  the  pipes,  and  at  once  siuks  into  the 
earth,  the  only  natural  deodorizer  ?  Experience  has 
taught  me  that  carboys  of  acid  by  the  dozen,  and  gypsum 
by  tons,  are  vain  attempts  at  deodorizing,  and  this  is 
confirmed  by  the  highest  authority — the  Government 
Board  of  Health.  Your  correspondent  may  wonder 
that  eheep  and  cows,  having  a  choice  of  Grass,  will  feed 
on  that  which  labours  previously  had  been  saturated 
by  the  much  dreaded  liquid  ;  but  so  it  is,  and  cows  have 
fine  noses.  Every  country  bumpkin  knows  that  earth 
will  at  once  deodorize  carrion,  an  oniony  knife,  or  other 
offensive  smell  ;  and  but  for  this  allwise  provision  our 
overcrowded  grave-yards  would  long  since  have  pesti- 
fcrised  our  cities  and  deatroyed  their  populations.  We 
may  be  more  nice  than  wise,  and,  as  your  recent 
editorial  article  remarked  on  the  Irish  report,  tlie 
smelling  gaH-jj  are  not  often  the  most  poisonous.  I  am, 
Sir,  your  obedient  servant,  J.  J.   }>lRciUt  Tiptrcc-fiaH, 

>%tU'fecdinr/  of  fJoMle. — As  it  appears  to  me  that  tho 
rc«ult«  lately  publiuhed  in  your  valuable  Journal,  aa 
deduced  from  various  experiments  on  stall-feeding  cattle, 
are  fallaciou-<,  and  likely  to  prove  detrimental  to  the 
cultivation  of  ^rcen  cropn,  by  depreciating  ho  much  a.4 
they  do  the  value  of  Turnips  as  food  for  cattle,  I  beg 
leave  to  make  the  following  remarks  on  the  subject  :^ 
Mr.  Mechi  states  that  a  ton  of  Turnips  is  only  worth 
4*.,  and  in  hupport  of  lliis  Blatement,  refers  to 
the  exi^eriiiKjnts  of  Messrs.  Laycock,  McDouall,  and 
Lawes.  in  uU  thewe  cases  the  viiluo  of  tho  J  u mips, 
when  used  with  other  food,  has  been  arrived  at  by  sub- 
tracting (ho  value  of  tho  purchased  food  from  tho 
increased  vuluo  of  ihc  animal,  leaving  the  remainder  as 
the  ralue  of  the  Turnips,    Now,  with  great  respect,  this 


appears  to  me  an  illogical  deduction,  founded,  as  it  ia, 
on  an  assumption  of  which  we  have  no  proof  whatever, 
that  the  improvement  of  the  animal,  due  to  the  purchased 
food  alone,  has  been  commensurate  with  its  cost ;  but, 
independent  of  our  having  no  proof  of  this,  which  is 
sufficient  for  my  present  purpose,  I  doubt  it  to  be  a  fact, 
for  the  following  reasons.  Before  oilcake  was  so  much 
used  in  stall-feeding  as  now,  I  have  constantly  heard 
experienced  farmers  value  Turnips  for  feeding  at  from 
Qs.  to  lis.  per  ton;  and  again,  we  find  Mr.  Mechi  him- 
self admitting  that  "  where  much  purchased  food  is  used. 
Turnips  fall  in  value  to  Is.  per  ton."  Now,  I  am  very 
much  inclined  to  think  that  the  Turnips  hi  tliis  case  are 
doing  their  duty,  and  tliat  the  loss  (the  same  in  either 
case  to  the  farmer)  is  on  the  oilcake  instead  of  them. 
An  extreme  case  will  suffice  to  show  that  Mr.  Mechi's 
position  is  untenable.  Suppose  an  animal  fed  on  too 
large  a  quantity  of  cake  in  conjunction  with  Turnips, 
and  that  the  improvement  in  the  animal  proves  insuffi- 
cient to  cover  the  cost  of  the  cake,  this  would  leave  the 
value  of  the  Turnips,  according  to  him,  a  negative 
quantity.  No  one,  in  this  case,  would  say  that  the 
Turnips  were  positively  injurious  to  the  animal ;  no,  the 
loss  has  been  on  the  cake,  and  always  will  be,  until  we 
arrive  by  careful  experiment  at  the  exact  amount  of 
cake  which  can  be  given  to  an  animal  with  profit.  For 
this  purpose,  and  for  ascertaining  the  relative  values  of 
oilcake  and  Tiurnips,  we  want  the  following  experiments, 
which,  as  far  as  I  know,  have  not  yet  been  made  : — 
1st,  Between  animals  fed  with  hay,  chaff",  and  cake 
alone  ;  2d,  Animals  fed  with  a  similar  amount  of  hay 
and  chaff,  with  Turnips  equal  in  value  to  the  oilcake. 
The  result  will  give  their  relative  values,  which  we  want. 
R.  {?.,  Winchester. 

Crested  Turhey. — Mr.  Dixon,  in  his  interesting  work 
on  Poultry,  page  39,  seems  to  consider  that  the  crested 
turkey,  if  it  ever  existed,  has 
become  extinct.  I  saw  a  flock 
of  beautiful  white  turkeys, 
about  3  miles  from  Congleton, 
and  amongst  them  a  cock  1^ 
year  old,  a  sketch  of  whose 
head  I  made  and  send  you. 
The  woman  who  took  care  of 
them  said  that  many  of  the 
young  ones  had  the  crest 
when  hatched,  but  that  they 
either  fell  off  or  were  pecked 
out  by  the  others.  The 
feathers  were  about  4  inches 
long,  bare  quills,  and  a  tuft 
of  soft  white  do\vn  growing  at  the  ends,  E,  E,  Wilmot, 
HidmCf  SaJfieldj  Conrjhton. 

On  sprouted  Wheat. — As  unfortunately  this  year,  we 
have  all  of  us  more  or  less  of  this  article  to  deal  with, 
as  a  sufferer  myself  to  a  great  extent,  I  should  feel  most 
gratefully  obliged  to  any  of  your  correspondents  who 
would  inform  me,  and  also  my  fellow-sufferers,  the  moat 
economical  and  profitable  manner  of  converting  the  same 
into  rent.  Some  there  are  who  say,  "  Why  not  make  it 
into  malt  ?  "  others,  "  Convert  it  into  food  for  fattening 
cattle  and  pigs,  and  also  poultry."  Before,  then,  I 
begin  to  make  my  calculations  as  to  the  quantity  of  cake 
I  shall  require  this  year,  or  the  quantity  of  malt  for  my 
next  harvest's  consumption  (and  you  can  form  no  idea 
of  the  native  thirst  of  the  Salopians),  I  should  like 
much  to  have,  not  only  your  opinion  upon  this  vexed 
question,  but  also  those  of  any  of  your  intelligent  corre- 
spondents who  so  frequently  and  ably  contribute  to  your 
very  interesting  Oazctfc.  Salopiensis. 

Thin  Seeding. — I  rejoice  that  Messrs.  Hardy  have 
published  their  letter,  and  I  heartily  thank  them  for  it, 
as  it  is  by  such  men  alone  that  improvements  in  agri- 
culture are  to  be  made.  It  is  by  men  who  really  know 
how  to  cultivate  land,  and  to  make  the  best  of  it,  that 
the  agriculture  of  this  country,  so  favourable  for  its 
highest  development,  is  to  be  rescued  from  the  low  and 
degraded  state  in  which  it  has  existed.  Cannot  Great 
Britain  grow  corn  enough  to  support  all  its  inhabitants? 
It  can,  and  it  ought,  and  it  would,  if  her  farms  were 
cultivated  with  the  same  or  with  only  half  the  skill  that 
her  gardens  everywhere  are.  And  what  is  a  farm 
but  a  large  garden  ?  or  it  ought  to  be.  And  what 
ia  a  garden  but  a  small  farm?  But  we,  who  culti- 
vate our  tens  or  twenties  or  thirties  of  acres  are  Iield 
in  contempt  by  tho  men  who  hold  30  or  40  times 
more  land  than  they  know  how  to  manage,  or  have 
money  to  manage  it  with.  I  am  aware  that  tliere  are 
many  objections  against  dividing  this  country  into  very 
small  farms ;  but  there  are  as  many  in  favour  of  such 
division  ;  and  the  chief  of  which  is,  that  were  it  so 
divided,  England  would  export  corn  and  cattle,  and 
import  men,  women,  and  children  ;  emigration  societies 
would  cease  to  exist,  and  Mrs.  Chisholm's  occupation 
would  bo  gone.  There  is  not  a  country  in  the  whole 
world  which  ought  to  send  its  corn  to  market  .so 
cheaply  as  this  country  can,  there  being  no  country 
wherein  the  hmrls  could  he  so  cheaply  cultivated,  if  only 
half  tho  skill  and  industry  were  employed  on  them  ay 
is  also  in  any  one  of  our  national  maimfactoriea.  Let 
mo,  therel'ure,  af^ain  reason  a  little  with  tho  readers  of 
your  journal,  whom  I  am  aware  1  have  often  addresHed 
carnehtly,  but  I  hope  not  thoughtlessly  or  iiitomporately. 
I  am,  as  all  the  world  nearly  knows,  a  detc-rminod  and 
nncomproniising  advocate  of  thin  Heeding  of  land  ;  hut 
do  I  rely  npnii  thin  seeding  only  i  On  tho  contrary, 
have  I  not  reiterated  year  after  year  liiat  thin  seeding 
is  only  one  part  of  improved  cultivation  I  Have  I  not 
published,  1  may  say,  scoreK  of  letters  in  which  I  said — 
"  drain — drain  deeply  and  thoroughly,  so  that  all  tho 


rain  which  falls  on  the  land  may  pass  through  it,  and 
not  run  off"  it  ?  "  And  to  thorough  draining,  have  I  not  aa 
often  recommended  deep  and  thorough  cultivation  ?  And 
then,  and  not  till  then,  have  I  recommended  extremely- 
thin  seeding  of  the  land.  And  after  more  than  30, 1  may 
say  40  years'  experience,  I  now  fearlessly  pronounce,  and 
stake  ray  reputation  upon  it,  that  whoever  honestly 
carries  these  recommendations  out,  may  measure  his 
seed-grain  by  the  quart,  and  not  by  the  bushel,  as  ia  the 
all-geueral  practice  in  thiscountry.  He  will  grow  annually 
much  larger  crops  of  finer  grain  of  every  kind ;  also  he  may 
cultivate,  and  he  may  grow  the  same  kind  year  after  year 
with  less  exhaustionof  tiie  soil,  than  the  thick  seeders  cause 
by  every  crop  they  grow;  indeed,  their  whole  system  is  one 
continued  and  monotonous  repetition  of  exhaustions  and 
repletions  from  year  to  year,  and  from  youth  to  old  age,, 
until  each  succeeding  generation  di'ops  into  the  grave 
and  is  succeeded  by  another,  and  another,  and  another, 
and  so  on,  lilways  proceeding  in  the  same  track  exactly, 
and  as  much  afraid  to  emerge  from  it,  as  the  travellers 
by  a  railroad  would  tremble  at  being  driven  off  the  rail 
and  sent  headlong  down  an  embankment  100  feet  high* 
I  know  we  hear  nothing  but  laudations  on  the  vast; 
strides  in  improvement  agriculture  has  made  in  modem 
times ;  but  what  are  they  ?  or  wherein  do  they  exist  t 
I  put  these  questions  seriously,  and  should  be  pleased 
to  see  them  answered  ;  I  mean,  however,  as  to  the  culti- 
vation of  grain  crops  only,  as  I  admit  that  root  crops  are 
well  cultivated  ;  and  why  is  this  %  The  answer  is  this  :, 
because  all  the  root  crops  grown  by  farmers  are  grown 
also  by  market  gardeners,  and  it  is  on  this  account  that 
I  rejoice  so  much  to  know  that  the  Messrs.  Hardy  (who,, 
I  hope,  will  be  followed  by  many  others  of  their  class), 
are  turning  their  attention  to  the  growing  of  grain,  and 
to  use  no  more  seed  for  their  crops  than  their  owH: 
skill  and  nature  will  require  ;  and  as  I  know  they 
cultivate  well,  as  they  themselves  have  stated,  the- 
quantity  of  seed  they  will  requh'e  will  be  very  small 
indeed.  To  encourage  them  also  in  their  undertaking, 
I  inform  them  that  Mr.  Piper  makes  Ql.  an  acre  of 
clear  profit  annually  by  his  thin  seeding,  and  that  last 
year  to  convince,  if  he  could,  his  neighbours  of  the 
correctness  of  his  system,  in  one  field  he  used  a 
bushel  of  seed  an  acre ;  and  in  another  the  turn  only  of 
two  quarts ;  and  on  the  latter  he  had  7^  quarters  of 
as  fine  white  Wheat  as  ever  was  grown  per  acre,  or 
60  imperial  bushels,  or  I  would  state  full  900  fold  ;. 
and  on  the  former,  or  from  the  bushel,  he  had 
only  b\  quarters,  or  11  coombs,  or  44  fold  !  I  add^ 
also,  that  last  year  I  seeded  land  with  all  quantltiesj; 
from  three  quarts  to  a  bushel,  and  though  my  crops  are- 
not  yet  threshed,  I  have  a  small  bet  with  one  of  my 
churchwardens  that  the  three  quarts  will  produce 
nearerfseven  than  six  quarters  of  increase;  and  although: 
I  feel  I  shall  be  rebuked  for  it,  I  cannot  but  reiterate 
how  delighted  I  am  when  I  walk  in  my  fields  before 
harvest  among  my  ripening  grain,  and  am  able  to  stoop- 
down  anywhere  among  my  thinnest  seeded,  and  pull  up 
root  after  root,  as  many  as  I  please,  averaging  more 
than  2000  grains  to  them  of  as  fine  Wheat  as  ever  was 
grown,  i.  e.,  averaging  more  than  2000  fold ;  and  another 
example  : — I  have  now  a  parishioner  occupying  a  large 
farm  and  paying  the  highest  rent  I  ever  knew  for  such 
a  sized  farm,  who  was  bred  a  gardener,  was  then  a 
railroad  contractor,  and  is  now  a  farmer,  who  cultivates 
the  best  seeds  with  the  least  seed,  and  yet  his  crops  of 
grain,  pulse,  roots,  and  green  crops  are  the  largest  and 
best  I  ever  before  kuew  a  farmer  to  grow.  But  let  it 
not  be  forgotten  that  my  friend  was  not  bred  a  farmer, 
but  a  gardener,  and  his  farm  is,  in  every  part  of  it,  what 
every  Englishman's  farm  ought  to  be,  namely,  a  gardenj 
and  could  we  see  such  a  happy  state  of  agriculture 
general  through  our  land  the  hardy  sons  of  Britain- 
would  not  be  driven  to  seek  employment  and  food  in 
distant  foreign  states,  but  there  would  be  found  for  them 
at  home  full  employment  and  generous  wages  for  it  j 
and,  as  I  have  before  stated,  we  should  export  the  pro- 
duce of  our  farms  as  we  do  that  of  our  manufactoriea 
to  every  country  where  it  would  be  required,  and,  pro- 
bably in  return  should  import  labourers  for  our  fields  j 
for  I  am  perfectly  satisfied,  as  I  have  often  before  pub- 
lished, that  Great  Britain,  if  properly  cultivated,  could 
support  with  all  the  really  necessary  articles  she  requires- 
full  four  times  her  present  population.  Qeo.  WilkiTis. 


SocfetfciS* 

WiTfiAM  Laboureiis'  Friend.— The  following  report 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  annual  dinner  of  the  Society  i» 
abridged  from  the  Chelnuford^  Chronicle  : — 

The  Prijsidunt,  Lord  Uayleigh,  said  he  had  a  paper 
put  into  his  hands,  which  might  bo  interesting  as  to  the 
dctivils  of  tho  experiment,  but  the  result,  it  seemed,  was 
different  from  what  it  was  last  year,  which  appeared  to 
show  that  one  year's  trial  was  not  enough.  The  paper 
was  as  follows  : — 

"  Hailveht  tr  1852.— Tridl  of  three  riilROs  ulonuaide  each 
other,  drillciJ  Nov.  14,  I8CI.  Tormcr  crop,  IJeima ;  brouil  shared 
Htiil  Imrrovveil,  but  not  pliiUKhed  for  Wlieiit. 


Seed,  Pisa  Ague. 

Measure. 

AVeiqut. 

W&IODTPGBBDBH 

Peoka. 
8 
7 
0 

Bual).   pUn. 
■15          8 
50          0} 
CO          14 

StonoB.  IbB. 
200         10 

m        8 

223          1 1 

lbs.         OZ. 
Gl             G 
(11          13 
03            3 

TliuB  h\x  iicck»  K'vltiR  Iart<u>>t  yield  in  ineiiHure  and  wulgbt, 
aH  well  ft<t  woinht  ptT  butjliol,  bolnjj  coiiipletoly  tho  rovorae  of 
trial  miidu  tho  jnnr  bti'ore.  About  2  cv?t.  pur  ucro  of  suit  was 
flown  iju  Miirijli  11." 

The  Preaideut  said  tho  result  of  this  was  in  favour  of 
thin  sowing. — Mr.  Dixon:    That  is  not  thin  sowing.— 


700 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Oct.  30, 


The  President :  Ifc  is  thinner  than  8  pecks. — Could  any 
gentleman  give  them  an  account  of  the  working  of  the 
drain  plough  for  laying  of  the  pipes?  Mr.  Impey  had 
sent  him  a  circular,  and  he  wrote  to  him  and  told  him 
he  had  an  8-acre  field  which  he  should  not  much  mind 
his  doing  to  see  how  it  acted  ;  but  he  said,  if  there  was 
not  more  than  that,  it  would  not  be  worth  his  while  to 
come  and  do  it.  He  (Lord  R.)  thought  he  must  have 
seen  that  if  the  8  acres  answered,  they  Avould  most  likely 
have  more  done. — Mr.  H.  Dixon  said  he  had,  with  Mr. 
Hutley  and  other  gentlemen,  looked  at  the  working  of 
the  implement  his  lordship  had  referred  to,  and  there 
appeared  to  him  two  or  three  important  principles  which 
it  carried  out ;  first,  it  was  certain  as  to  depth,  and  next, 
as  to  the  accuracy  with  which  it  placed  the  pipes  :  these 
were  two  essentials  in  draining  land.  The  pipes  they 
saw  deposited  were  at  about  28  inches.  Another  great 
advantage  was  that  the  windlass  or  moving  power  being 
placed  on  the  headland  or  side  of  the  field,  no  damage 
otherwise  followed  from  the  tx'ampliug  of  horses.  He 
could  not  conceive  there  was  a  question  about  the 
accui'acy  with  which  the  machine  placed  the  pipes. 
There  was  one  circumstance  which  he  should  state  — 
when  they  saw  the  machine  at  work,  some  of  the  pipes 
were  bad  and  soft,  and  there  was  a  great  degree  of 
pressure  in  drawing  them  in  which  would  break  a  bad 
pipe ;  if  that  was  done,  such  was  the  power  applied  that 
the  broken  pieces  were  put  on  one  side,  and  the  next 
pipe  followed  and  filled  the  place.  Some  gentleman  had 
a  doubt  whether  the  pipes  were  in  a  position  that  was 
correct  and  proper,  and  holes  were  dug  in  the  land  to 
ascertain  this,  and  he  could  only  say  that  so  far  as  he 
saw,  the  pipes  were  placed  as  correctly  as  they  could 
place  them  with  the  spade.  The  work  was  so  uniform 
that  they  could  not  vary  as  to  depth,  if  they  were  right 
iu  estimating  the  fall  of  the  laud  for  the  m.achine  to 
work,  and  the  placing  of  the  pipes  must  be  a  certainty. 
Then  came  the  question  as  to  the  cost.  The  advantage 
was  not  in  the  cost,  because  the  cost  he  thought  was 
more.  But  the  cheapness  of  it  was  not  the  question  ;  ifc 
was  the  convenience  and  the  advantage  it  would  be,  for 
they  could  do  a  great  deal  of  drainage  rapidly  without 
putting  a  horse  on  the  land  or  disturbing  the  land  in 
any  way.  He  could  not  but  say  he  thought  it  was  a 
great  improvement. — Mr.  J.  Hutley  said,  Mr.  Dixon 
had  stated  there  were  some  bad  pipes  in  the  field,  but, 
at  the  same  time,  Mr.  J.  Ambrose  brought  some  good 
pipes,  and  he  stated  at  the  time  he  thought  they  went  in 
better.  Mr.  Speakman  and  three  or  four  of  them  had  a 
hole  dug  in  the  ground,  where  he  thought  the  pipes  lay 
so  much  better,  and  there  they  found  a  deficiency  of 
about  9  inclies.  In  that  soil  it  did  not  matter  much, 
but  in  some  soils  it  might. — Mr.  Dixon  :  If  one  pipe 
broke,  another  must  come  in  and  fill  the  vacuum. — The 
President :  Then  how  do  you  account  for  this  ?— Jlr. 
Dixon  :  I  cannot  account  for  it  at  all. — Mr.  Bentall 
said,  after  these  pipes  were  put  in  the  drain  the  rope 
was  pulled  back,  and  if  great  violence  was  used  iu 
hooking  a  horse  on,  it  might  pull  the  pipes  back  ;  and 
the  better  the  pipes  were,  the  more  ifc  would  be  likely 
to  occux".  It  might  take  place  30  or  40  feet  from 
the  end.  How  far  was  this  from  the  end  ? — Mr. 
Joseph  Hutley  said,  about  10  or  15  rods. — Mr.  Bentall 
said,  it  might  pull  the  pipes  back  that  distance. 
— Mr.  William  Hutley  gave  "  The  health  of  Mr.  H. 
Dixon,''  who,  he  said,  was  a  good  old  neighbour  to  him, 
and  who  he  had  always  found  so  straightforward  and 
honourable  a  man  that  he  thought  he  could  back  him 
against  all  the  world.  (Cheers.)  He  had  taken  some 
land  in  a  good  spot,  and  had  farmed  it  well ;  he  had 
supphed  pipes  for  draining,  so  as  to  break  up  the 
monopoly  that  before  existed,  and  had  reduced  the 
price  7s.  or  8s.  a  thousand  ;  he  had  done  some  good 
hi  the  neighbourhood,  and  some  good  with  his  physic — 
they  would  not  talk  of  those  he  had  killed,  but  they 
might  depend  on  it  he  had  cured  a  good  many.  (Cheers 
and  laughter.) — Mr.  Dixon  said,  he  was  placed  in  rather 
a  delicate  position,  as  he  came  there  to  meet  friends  con- 
nected with  agriculture  and  that  improvement  Society, 
but  they  had  somewhat  enlarged  the  basis,  and  had 
included  physic.  All  he  could  say  was,  that  he 
took  little  physic  himself,  and  he  would  say  to 
fhem,  hereafter  take  as  little  of  it  as  you  possibly  can. 
(Laughter.)  That  was  a  doctrine  he  should  not  have 
preached,  perhaps,  15  or  20  years  ago  ;  but  times  were 
altered,  and  as  they  must  save  every  farthing  they  could, 
he  said,  ta];e  especial  care  to  look  after  your  doctor's 
bills.  In  reference  to  farming,  Mr.  Hutley  seemed  to 
think  that  his  (Mr.  Dixon's)  was  superior  land,  and  no 
doubt  that  his  profits  were  large.  On  that  he  would 
not  say  much.  Certainly  he  (Mr.  D.)  had  made  a  great 
many  pipes,  some  millions,  and  they  were  in  the  ground 
somewhere,  and  he  hoped  doing  good.  As  to  the  general 
question,  farming  was  now  an  interest  of  great  import- 
ance, and  if  men  did  not  farm  better  than  they  did 
before,  he  thought  they  would  get  on  the  wrong  side  of 
the  balance  sheet.  There  were  one  or  two  points  con- 
nected with  agricultural  improvement  that  he  wished  to 
bring  before  them.  The  fii-st  question  which  he  would 
notice,  in  which  all  were  interested,  was  not  an  experi- 
ment but  a  practice,  sanctioned  by  others,  but  not  before 
seen  in  operation  here — he  spoke  of  the  present  system 
of  Mr.  Mechi,  at  Tiptree-hall,  conveying  all  the  manure 
of  his  yard  and  premises,  and  all  vegetable  and  animal 
matters,  so  that  nothing  was  lost,  to  a  tank  hquefyi^ig 
it,  and  then,  by  means  of  a  steam-engine  and  pipes, 
distributing  it  to  the  different  crops  on  the  land.  He  had 
watched  the  effect  of  that  system  carefully.  He  saw  it 
the  first  day  it  was  brought  mto  operation,  and  he  met 
there  men  of  the  first  talent  and  character,  Lord  Shaftes- 


bury, Mr.  Chadwick,  Dr.  Southwood  Smith,  and  others, 
who  had  gone  into  the  sanitary  part  of  the  question, ' 
and  were  desirous  of  seeing  how  far  this  plan  of  apply-  : 
ing  liquid  manure  could,  iu  connexion  with  the  sewerage 
of  our  towns,  be  made  beneficial  to  the  farmer.  Mr. ' 
Mechi  had  carried  it  out  with  great  liberality  and  spirit 
— he  had  not  spared  expense — and  though  he  was  perhaps 
in  practice  a  hit  or  miss  man,  he  looked  on  his  present 
practice  in  the  application  of  manure  as  of  essential  im- 
portance to  agriculture,  and  he  could  bear  testimony  that 
the  results  were  very  satisfactory  on  two  or  three  points. 
Some  of  Mr.  Mechi's  laud  was  moderate,  some  pool*,  and 
some  he  would  not  farm  if  they  gave  ifc  him;  and  one  in- 
stance of  the  effect  of  the  system  was  in  the  improve- 
ment of  a  piece  of  very  bad  Grass  :  ifc  was  on  a  piece  of 
close  compact  soil,  which  had  been  dug  up  and  burnt, 
leaving  nothing  behind  but  a  very  poor  soil,  and  there 
the  Grass  up  to  the  present  year  had  been  exceedingly 
bad,  but  within  the  last  four  or  five  months,  through 
the  application  of  manure  on  this  plan,  the  feed  of  that 
Grass  had  been  capable  of  sustaining,  or  feeding,  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  cattle,  and  to  this  day  it  maintained 
its  improved  condition.  Next  as  to  the  Clover.  This 
year  the  continued  rains  had  produced  good  crops  of 
Clover,  good  second  crops,  on  poor  lands  ;  but  the 
advantage  of  the  irrigation  to  Mr.  Mechi's  Cloverhad  been 
equally  as  striking  as  it  had  to  the  Grass.  What  would 
be  the  result  on  the  Wheat  when  nearly  ripe  he  would 
not  say,  bufc  he  should  think  it  would  be  rather  pre- 
judicial. Then  as  to  the  root  crop.  Mr.  Mechi  had  two 
fields  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  one  a  crop  of  great  magnitude, 
and  the  other  a  large  crop;  and  on  looking  over  these 
several  times,  he  had  observed  an  advantage  as  against 
his  own  on  much  better  land.  The  roots  had  grown 
faster  ;  the  blade  had  kept  its  colour — up  to  this  time 
it  was  a  vivid  green  ;  and  on  looking  over  it  a  fortnight 
ago  with  a  practical  man,  and  measuring  and  weighing 
the  roots,  they  found  some  weighing  24  lbs.  or  25  lbs. 
each,  and  he  pronounced  that  Mr.  Mechi  had  from  4  to  6 
tons  more  in  that  field  than  in  any  he  had  seen.  The 
gentleman  he  alluded  to  was  a  Devonshire  farmer,  and 
they  not  only  went  through  the  field  in  every  part  of  it, 
but  they  measured  and  weighed  the  roots ;  he  followed 
the  same  course  on  his  (Mr.  D.'s)  farm;  he  then  went  to 
Mr.  Hufcley's  farm,  where  he  made  a  like  careful  inspec- 
tion ;  and  he  was  au  excellent  judge,  a  man  who  had  no 
bias  in  the  matter,  and  he  said  one  field  of  Mr.  Mechi's 
was  the  best  he  ever  saw.  He  said  putting  the  two  fields 
together,  he  thought  Mr.  Hutley  and  Mr.  Mechi  had  equal 
crops  ;  on  the  whole,  though  the  former  was  one  of  the 
old  school,  who  thought  that  protection  for  the  farmer  was 
essentially  necessary,  if  everybody  else  was  injured — 
(laughter)  —  the  latter  part  of  the  sentence  was  his 
(Mr.  D.'s)  addition.  On  going  through  the  crops,  he 
decided  that  what  he  saw  at  Tiptree-liall  was  a  great 
advance  in  farming,  and  that  its  application  under  cir- 
cumstances favourable  to  it — for  it  was  not  all  farms  that 
could  supply  the  necessary  quantity  of  water — he  thought 
would  be  a  great  advantage,  and  might  prove  beneficial 
to  the  county  generally.  So  far,  then,  he  thought  Mr. 
Mechi  was  on  a  right  principle,  and  he  hoped  he  would 
carry  it  out,  and  would  succeed  in  it ;  for  he  spent  his 
money  liberally  in  these  matters— if  he  hit  on  anything 
that  would  be  an  advantage,  they  all  benefited  by  it; — he 
asked  nothing  of  them,  and  so  far  as  ho  was  before  the 
public,  he  was  a  benefactor  to  the  community.  (Hear.) 
With  respect  to  his  (Mr.  D.'s)  farm,  to-day  he  looked 
closely  to  a  piece  of  Mangold  Wurzel  of  his  own,  and 
the  result  (as  near  as  he  could  bring  it  out,  giving  it 
rather  against  the  land)  was,  that  he  had  30  tons  an 
acre.  He  had  weighed  the  roots  and  measured  the 
ground  ;  he  had  counted  them  at  different  parts  of  the 
field,  and  the  average  of  roots  was  80  per  rod,  while  the 
average  generally  was  not  more  than  40  or  50,  The 
average  weight  of  the  roots  was  5^  lbs.  each  ;  and  as 
there  were  80  to  the  rod,  the  crop  was  I'ather  over  30 
tons  an  acre,  and  he  could  not  make  less  of  it.  He  stated 
that  from  weighing  and  measui'ing,  not  as  an  estimated 
crop.  He  wrote  to  Mr.  Mechi  three  days  ago,  and  then 
said  to  him,  "If  you  come  before  the  public  with  a 
statement,  give  facts  ;  measure  and  v/eigh  your  roots, 
measure  your  land  to  an  inch,  for  to  talk  of  estimated 
crops  is  nothing  at  all."  (Cheers.)  The  mode  he  prac- 
tised iu  the  cultivation  of  his  crop  was  this  :  after  the 
plants  had  reached  a  certain  stage,  he  sent  the  subsoil 
plough  down  the  furrows,  and  the  movement  of  the 
soil  let  in  the  air  and  moisture  ;  he  cultivated  16  inches 
deep;  and  the  difference  in  weight  where  the  subsoil 
plough  was  used  was  several  tons  per  acre.  The  extra 
manure  applied  was  4  bushels  of  salt  and  IJ-  cwfc.  of 
guano  per  acre  ;  and  the  crop  was  30  tons. — A  Gentle- 
man :  Blades  and  all  ? — Mr.  Dixon  :  No,  without  the 
blades.  There  were  a  few  plants  put  in,  because  others 
had  missed,  and  they  were  as  large  as  the  others,  but 
rather  more  fanged. — Mr.  W.  Hutley  inquired  what 
effect  Mr.  Mechi's  system  had  on  the  Wheat. — Mr. 
Dixon  said  that  he  thought  watering  it  at  the  time  it 
was  ripening  would  be  a  prejudice  rather  than  an 
advantage. — Mr,  Hutley  asked  whafceff'ect  was  produced 
as  to  the  smell  of  the  matter  applied. — Mr.  Dixon  said 
it  was  offensivepwhile  going  on,  but  when  at  the  farm 
he  had  said  to  Dr.  Southwood  Smith,  *'  Let  us  go  down 
and  see  the  condition  of  the  soil."  They  took  up  a 
double  handful  of  the  soil,  but  could  not  smell  any- 
thing— the  earth  acted  as  a  natural  deodoriser.  There 
was  plenty  of  scent  in  the  air  ;  and  if  this  system  were 
carried  out  generally,  young  gentlemen  need  not  go  to 
find  smelling-bottles  for  their  sweethearts— there  would 
be  a  smelling-bottle  in  every  parish.  There  was  another 
thing  to  which  he  would  call  attention — the  system  of 


cultivation  at  Lois-Weedon.  He  had  seen  a  number 
of  gentlemen  who  had  been  there,  not  well  disposed  to 
believe  anything  about  it,  but  after  having  gone  into-it, 
they  were  obliged  to  say  that  every  statement  made  by 
Mr.  Smith  was  perfectly  true  as  to  the  cost  of  cultivation 
and  the  produce.  For  several  years  he  had  cropped 
the  same  land  with  Wheat,  without  manure,  relying 
upon  the  richness  of  the  subsoil,  which  was  dug  out  and 
placed  upon  the  surface  in  the  autumn,  for  the  crop  of 
the  following  year,  between  the  spaces  left  in  the  rows 
of  Wheat  plants,  half  the  land  being  in  Wheat  and 
half  thus  fallowed.  The  crops  of  Wheat  had  never 
been  less  than  4  quarters  ;  and  in  following  out  the 
same  plan  with  winter  Beans,  having  but  one  row  in 
every  5  feet,  his  crop  was  last  year  64  bushels  to  the 
acre.  Therefoi'e,  he  said,  new  prospects  were  opening 
on  them — they  could  grow  more  corn,  and  should  have 
a  prosperous  race,  even  of  farmers.  He  was  sorry  to 
say  the  small  farmer  without  means,  and  no  one  to  help 
him,  was  going  to  the  dogs  as  fast  as  possible  ;  but 
entei'prise  and  capital  were  always  ready,  for  even  under 
this  system  of  free  trade,  which  they  deprecated  so  much, 
they  would  be  a  thriving  race  with  thriving  prospects  ; 
in  fact,  he  had  lived  in  this  neighbourhood  half  a 
century,  and  he  would  say  ifc  never  was  iu  so  prosperous, 
happy,  and  thriving  a  condition  as  afc  this  moment. 
— The  President  said  it  seemed  to  be  the  prevailing 
opinion  that  Mr.  Mechi  was  now  on  the  right  scent — ■ 
not  a  very  agreeable  scent — and  he  was  sorry  he  was 
not  amongst  them.  The  reason  he  gave  was  that  he 
could  not  attend  meetings  of  this  kind,  because  he  should 
be  called  on  so  frequently  that  ifc  would  make  gi'eat 
demands  on  his  health.  He  should  be  exceedingly  sorry 
if  anything  had  occm'red  there  to  induce  him  to  make 
Witham  an  exception,  but  if  ifc  was  general  it  was  not 
so  ;  and  if  that  gentleman  had  been  present  he  should 
have  impressed  on  him  that,  though  they  were  plain 
spoken  people  there,  and  called  things  by  their  right 
names,  there  was  no  intention  to  offer  him  au  insult. 
His  presence  would  have  been  highly  satisfactory  to 
them,  for  everybody  must  have  felt  that  Mr.  Mechi  was 
a  person  most  agreeable  in  society,  willing  to  communi- 
cate his  knowledge  andideas,  and,  as  far  as  appearances 
went,  to  receive  good-naturedly  in  return  not  perhaps 
a  unanimous  opinion  in  his  favour.  He  (Lord  E.) 
should  be  excessively  grieved  if  a  feeling  on  Mr.  Mechi's 
part  existed  that  there  was  an  intention  to  treat  him 
otherwise  than  with  personal  respect,  however  they 
might  diff'er  from  his  conclusions.  He  begged  to  drink 
his  health,  and  might  he  continue  to  Carry  out  those 
plans,  some  of  which  they  might  ridicule,  and  some  of 
which  they  might  adopt. — Mr.  Dixon  said  he  should  be 
happy  to  communicate  the  compliment  to  Mr.  Mechij 
who  was  at  his  house. 


WiUicJts  Popular  Tables.  Longmans. — A  most  useful 
compilation,  to  which  most  people  will  want  to  make 
almost  daily  reference.  Besides  the  tables  presenting 
at  sight  information  on  the  value  of  lifehold,  leasehold, 
and  church  property,  &c.,  a  great  number  of  miscellane- 
ous tables  of  use  to  the  commercial  and  the  scientific 
man  are  appended.  The  whole  will  be  found  a  most 
desirable  companion,  whether  in  the  office  or  the  study. 
It  has  rapidly  attained  a  second  edition,  which  will  no 
doubt  soon  be  exhausted. 


Farm  Memoranda- 

Mr.  William  Palin,  Staplefoud  Hall,  near 
Chester, — Inspectors'  Report. — This  claimant's  fai-m  is 
'250  acres,  and  is  held  from  year  to  year.  There  is  a 
variety  of  soils  in  it,  such  as  sandy  loam,  clayey  loam, 
&c.,  and  the  subsoil  is  likewise  varied.  The  state  of 
cultivation  of  this  farm  is  as  follows  :  Pasture  land, 
116  a.;  meadow  and  seeds  mown,  15a.;  irrigated,  10a.; 
not  u'rigated,  24  a..;  Wheat  after  Oats  on  ley,  17a.; 
Oats  after  leys,  16a.;  Potatoes,  9  a. ;  Vetches,  followed 
by  Turnips  for  winter,  4  a.  ;  Turnips,  7  a.  ;  Mangold 
Wurzel,  4  a. ;  Carrots  and  Cabbage,  2  a. ;  Barley,12  a.  ; 
other  gi'een  crops,  viz.,  eaily  Potatoes,  followed  by 
Turnips,  Mangold  Wm'zel,  &c.,  7  a.  ;  orchard  and  gar- 
dens, 3  a. ;  homesteads  and  roads,  4  a.  ;  total,  250  acres. 
Rotation  of  cropping  :  1st,  Oats  on  leys  ;  2d,  Wheat  ; 
3d,  Turnips,  Mangold  Wurzel,  or  Potatoes  ;  4th,  Barley 
laid  down  with  seeds,  and  pastured  for  four  years. 
Stock  kept  on  this  farm  :  Seven  farm  horses,  5  colts, 
1  hack,  1  pony,  2  bulls,  52  dairy  cows,  23  heifers  (in- 
cluding eight  taken  in  during  summer),  12  rearing  calves, 
77  sheep,  32  lambs,  45  pigs  ;  total,  257-  The  horses 
are  generally  kept  in  the  stable  through  the  summer, 
during  which  time  they  are  fed  on  Clover  and  Vetches. 
In  winter  they  have  Clover,  hay,  Turnips,  corn,  chaff", 
and  occasionally  boiled  linseed.  The  cows  are  pastured 
in  summer,  and  fed  iu  the  early  part  of  winter  on  straw 
and  Turnips  ;  afterwards  Mangold  Wurzel,  hay,  and 
ground  Oats.  The  whole  of  the  liquid  manure  is  made 
available,  and  applied  to  the  meadows,  but  is  occasionally 
carted  upon  the  pasture  land.  Claimant  makes  from 
380  to  400  tons  of  horse,  cow,  and  pig  dung  annually, 
and  from  160  to  180  tons  of  compost  from  a  drain  in 
the  farm-yard  ;  the  former  is  used  for  green  crops,  the 
latter  for  meadows  and  pasture.  Claimant  has  manured 
a  great  portion  of  the  pasture-land  with  bone  manure, 
at  a  cost  of  8i.  per  acre,  consequently  he  does  not 
require  so  much  manure  as  he  formerly  did.  He 
frequently  apphes  lime  to  the  Grass  land,  at  the  rate 
of  4  tons  per  acre,  previous  to  breaking  up  the  Oats, 
the  cost  of  the  lime  being  10s.  per  ton,  at  a  distance  of 


44— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


W 


J  miles  from  the  farm.  Claimant  states  he  will  require  i 
0  tons  this  year.  He  occasionally  bays  a  few  toas  of 
finely  crushed  bones,  and  some  few  cwts.  of  guano,  for  , 
Xarnips  ;  and  also  a  preparation  from  bones,  guano,  &;e., 
called  the  Wolgarstene  fertiliser,  the  cost  of  which  has  , 
this  year  been  about  20^.  Generally  speaking,  guauo 
has  not  answered  on  this  farm.  Draining  :  Excepting 
the  meadow  land,  nearly  every  field  or  portion  of  field 
that  required  draining  has  been  done  several  years  ago. 
In  the  spring  of  1849,  claimant  drained  and  levelled  I 
6  acres  of  meadow  land  from  3  to  4  feet  deep,  with  tiles 
found  by  the  landlord.  He  has  drained  50  acres  at  his 
own  expense,  with  the  exception  of  the  cost  of  tiles. 
Last  year  the  landlord  drained  for  him  20  acres  of 
meadow  laud  and  20  acres  of  upland  pasture.  The 
drains  are  2-4  feet  apart,  and  3  feet  deep.  Clairaaut 
carted  the  pipes  four  miles  to  the  land,  and  spread  a 
portion  of  the  marl  from  the  drains  entirely  over  the 
field.  The  Wheat  crop  on  this  farm,  was  both  strong  in 
the  straw  and  good  and  healthy  in  the  ear.  We  esti- 
mated it  at  from  36  to  40  bushels  per  acre.  Oats  after 
leys  in  every  respect  a  first-rate  crop,  and  the  Barley 
was  a  uniform  good  crop  throughout.  The  Potatoes  in 
one  field  were  not  particularly  clean,  or  in  good  order  in 
other  respects.  In  another  field,  however  (and  by  far 
the  greatest  part  of  the  Potato  crop),  they  were  very 
cban,  and  apparently  under  first-rate  management. 
The  Turnips  were  perfectly  free  from  weeds,  but  weak 
in  plant-  and  the  ground  had  not  been  sufficiently  pul- 
verised. The  Mangold  Wurzel  was  also  free  from 
weeds,  and  in  a  garden-like  state  of  cultivation.  The 
rtiants,  however,  were  but  small  for  the  time  of  the  year, 
and  evidently  not  in  a  way  to  make  out  heavy  or  average 
produce.  The  pastures  and  meadow  laud  on  this  farm 
were  in  a  good  state  ;  and  the  house,  garden,  and  home- 
stead very  neat.  Note,  Whilst  going  over  this  Jarm, 
the  inspectors  noticed  a  patch  of  land,  about  20  perches 
on  which  40  bushels  of  raw  bones  had  been  applied  20 
years  ago.  The  bones  were  but  partially  broken'when 
used.  They  had  been  applied  six  years  before  any 
effects  could  be  clearly  perceived  ;  but  latterly  this  patch 
appears  to  improve  every  year.  Report  of  the  Manchester 
AgncvXtural  Society. 


Miscellaneous. 

Proper  Teraperatitre  at  which  to  Churn :  Experiments 
hh  Professor  Traill. — The  results  are,  for  conciseness, 
shown  in  the  following  table  : — 


^ 

,^ 

-a 

So. 

o  a 

—  ta 

a.a  o 

-II 

Quantity  0 

Butter 

obtained 

per  gallon 

WelRbt  of 

the  eliurne 

mills  per 

gallon. 

1823. 

b.  m. 

lb.  oz.  dwtB. 

lbs.  oz. 

1 

Aag.  18 

15 

5S» 

4     0 

1    15    7.6 

8      9 

it 

„    26 

l.i 

60 

3  15 

1    16    3.2 

8      8 

S 

„    30 

15 

62 

3    0 

1    14    0 

8      8 

i 

Sept.  i 

15 

64 

3     1 

1    12  12.7 

8      8 

5 

,.      0 

15        70 

2  SO 

1    10  10.6 

8      7 

About  the  same  period  a  similar  set  of  experiments  on 
churning  cream  was  made  by  Mr.  John  Ballantine,  of 
Edinburgh,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  greatest 
quantity  of  butter  from  a  given  quantity  of  cream  is 
obtained  at  60**  ;  and  the  best  quality  at  55°  in  the 
'  chnm  just  before  the  butter  comes.  When  the  heat 
exceeded  65^*  no  washing  coulS.  detach  the  milk  from 
the  butter  without  the  aid  of  salt ;  but  when  a  quantity 
of  salt  was  wrought  well  into  it,  and  the  mass  allowed  to 
stand  for  24  hours,  subsequently  being  well  washed  with 
cold  spring  water,  the  serous  portion  of  the  milk  was 
extracted. 


1825. 
June  13  18 
„  aoj  16 
M  24'  16 
Jolj  12 1  IC 
Oct.  20  IC 
Aug.  20l  16 


=1 


lbs,  oz. 
16  8  labour 
16  0  i2  houri 
16  0  2  hours 
15    8    30mln. 

15  12  '3    hourg 

16  5  'l^hoqr 


i  lbs.  to  pint. 

ditto. 

ditto. 
31ba.  Hoz.do. 
4  lbs.  Ifiz.do. 
i  Ibt.  ditto. 


No.  1  shows  the  greatest  quantity  of  butter  produced ; 
2  shows  the  beat  quality  ;  3,  excellent ;  4,  soft,  white, 
and  milky  ;  5,  injured  by  long  churning  ;  G,  excellent. 
The  same  gentleman,  after  an  experience  of  'At)  years, 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  butter  is  yielded  in  the 
largest  quantity,  and  of  the  best  quality,  by  the  entire 
milk,  kept  in  the  fir«L  place  until  it  has  become  per- 
ceptibly acid.  The  time  required  for  tliis  purpose 
varies  according  to  the  heat  of  the  weather,  the  tem- 
perature of  the  dairy,  &c.  ;  this  point  being  ordinarily 
ascertained  by  the  formation  of  a  strong,  thick  brat,  or 
Bcum,  showing  itself  on  the  surface,  which  then  becomes 
uneven.  When  fit,  the  milk  is  fput  into  a  chum,  as 
much  hot  water  being  abided  as  will  bring  the  whole  to 
a  temjKTature  of  fj't".  It  is  tlien  churned  at  the  rate  of 
'i'i  to  40  strokes  per  minute,  until  the  butter  comes, 
which  usually  requires  from  three  to  three  and  a  half 
hours,  when  the  velocity  is  diminished,  in  order  to 
gather  the  butter.  Journal  of  t/ic  Hoijai  AgricuUnrat 
Socinty,  Vol.  XI U. 

ThA  arrarufcfocnts  for  thji  af/firoachinrj  grmt  Exhihitlon 
^  fiUick  awl  SMrnvMic  Po^dtrjf  in  Birminyhaifo  arc  now 
in  active  progresfi,  daily  applications  being  received  for 
ccrtificfttcs  of  entry,  aa  well  06  promisca  o?  co-opcra(iou 


from  many  influential  persons  who  have  not  hitlierto  | 
been  connected  with  the  society.  Since  we  last  referred  | 
to  the  show,  the  management  of  the  general  business  has 
been  placed  on  a  more  formal  footing  ;  and  a  somewhat 
more  complete  division  of  the  labours  of  those  who  tiilce 
au  active  part  in  the  conduct  of  its  affairs  has  been 
carried  into  effect.  The  first  step  in  this  direction  was 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  Morgan  as  secretary — an  appoint- 
ment upon  which  we  may  congratulate  the  committee  of 
management,  as  a  better  selection  could  not  have  been 
made.  The  election  of  Mr.  Bill,  as  collector,  will,  at  the 
same  time,  lead  to  an  efficient  canvass  for  subscriptions, 
and,  we  doubt  not,  to  a  greatly  extended  list.  At  a 
recent  meeting  of  the  committee  of  management  several 
sub-committees  were  also  nominated,  one  of  which  will 
confer  with  the  directors  of  the  various  railway  companies 
with  respect  to  special  trains  and  other  accommodation. 
These  arrangements  will,  it  may  be  anticipated,  be  more 
complete  than  in  former  years,  as  already  the  managers 
of  two  or  three  lines  have  declared  their  readiness  to 
afford  all  possible  facilities.  The  appearance  of  Bingley 
Hall,  as  well  as  ^the  convenience  of  visitors,  and  the 
means  of  accommodating  the  stosic,  will  be  improved  by 
several  judicious  alterations,  which  the  trustees  have 
instructed  Messrs.  Branson  .and  Gwyther  to  make. 
Additional  space,  to  a  considerable  extent,  will  be 
obtained  by  covering  over  the  vacant  land  at  the  corner 
of  Cambridge-street  and  King  Edward's-place  ;  the  new 
building  forming  a  separate  compartment,  in  which  some 
portion  of  the  stock  may  be  placed.  A  large  and  com- 
modious refreshment-room  is  also  in  course  of  erection  ; 
and  au  alteration  in  the  mode  of  lighting  the  principal 
division  of  the  hall  will  add  greatly  to  the  general  effect  of 
the  show.  We  shall  have  other  opportunities  of  referring 
to  the  different  matters  connected  with  the  meeting  in 
which  the  public  are  interested  ;  but  we  would  to-day  call 
the  especial  attention  of  intending  exhibitors  to  the  fact 
that  the  certificates  are  now  being  issued,  and  that  an  early 
application  is  most  desirable,  in  order  that  the  entries 
may  be  completed  in  due  form.  The  prize  lists  for  this 
year  vary  in  some  essential  particulars  from  those  in 
operation  at  the  show  in  December  last  ;  and  the  regu- 
lations, as  well  as  the  instructions  to  the  judges,  have 
undergone  a  very  careful  revision,  with  the  view  of 
carrying  out  as  completely  as  possible  the  sound  prin- 
ciples of  competition  which  the  society  has,  from  the 
first,  sought  to  establish.  In  the  Poultry  Prize  List,  a 
greatly  extended  system  of  classification  has  been 
adopted,  which  it  may  be  useful  to  transfer  to  our 
columns.  It  is  as  follows  : — 
Spanish 

Dorking — Single  Combed. 
Dorkiog  —  Double     or    Rose 

Combed. 
Dorkinp— White. 
Cochin  China — Cinnamon,  and 

Buff. 
Cochin    'China — Brown,    and 

Partridge  Feathered. 
Cochin  China— White. 
Malay. 

Game  Fowl— White,  and  Piles. 
Game  Fowl — Black-breasted, 

and  other  Reds. 
Game  Fowl— Blacks,  and  Bras- 

By  Winged,  except  Greys, 
Game  Fon-l — Duckwingg,  and 

other  Greys,  and  Blues. 
Golden  Pencilled  Hamburgh. 
Golden  Spaogled  Hamburgh. 
Silver  Pencilled  Elamburgb. 
Silver  Spangled  Hamburgh. 
Poland     Fowl— Black,      with 

white  crests. 
Poland   Fowl  —  Golden,    with 

ruffs  or  beards. 
Poland  Fowl—Golden,    with- 
out ruffs  or  beards. 
Poland    Fowl— Silver,    with 

ruffs  or  beards. 
Poland  Fowl— Silver,  without 

ruffa  or  beards.  | 

The  mode  of  classification,  as  well  as  the  general  regula- 
tions, have  given  entire  satisfaction  to  those  who  are 
interested  in  domestic  poultry  ;  and  the  changes  now 
for  the  first  time  adopted  cannot  fail  to  increase,  not 
only  the  interest,  but  the  utility  and  popularity  of  the 
Exhibition. 

New  Subsoil  Companion  Plough. — The  OxfordJournal, 
in  speaking  of  the  Stow-on-the-Wold  and  Chipping 
Norton  Agricultural  Society,  says — "As  soon  as  the 
ploughing  was  over,  the  company  congregated  to 
witness  the  trial  of  a  subsoil  companion  plough, 
manufactured  and  patented  by  Mr.  Gillett,  of 
Brailcs.  This  plough  is  so  constructed  that  it  combines 
all  the  features  of  an  ordinary  plough  with  the  addition 
of  a  subsoil-plough,  which  may  be  used  at  the  same 
time,  or  deUched  or  suspended  if  necessary.  The 
combination  of  these  advantages  naturally  excited 
considerable  interest,  as  to  whether  the  implement 
could  fulfil  what  was  expected  and  said  of  it,  and  its 
trial  was  loolced  on  with  great  anxiety.  The  land 
selected  for  tlio  trial  was  by  no  means  adapted  for  it, 
becauao  it  was  light  and  rocky;  and,  therefore,  the 
plough  could  not  sufficiently  develop  its  powers,  and 
this  was  admitted  on  all  hands;  but  the  inventor  felt 
satisfied  that  even  under  such  disadvantages  it  would 
give  a  tolerable  idea  of  its  value  and  importance.  In 
that  conviction  ho  was  fully  borno  out  by  tho  triHl,'for 
tlie  work  was  well  executed,  and  the  subsoil-plough, 
taking  the  lower  furrow  and  following  in  tho  horses' 
track, Hhowed  at  once'its  perfect  applicability,  cBpccially 
for  ,Htill",  heavy  land"  wlioro  the  horses'  tread  rondcrs 
tho  ground  ho  hard  ay  to  prevent  tho  possibility  of  tho 
water  getting  away.  For  all  root  cropH  this  implement 
appears  to  bo  a-lmirably  adapted,  and  in  ploughing  for 
JJeaoB,  or  ivftcr  Turnips,  tho  munui-u   can   bo  moat 


Any  other  Distinct  Breed, 
Bantams : — 

Gold  Laced. 

Silver  Laced. 

White. 

Black. 

Any  other  variety. 
Pigeons  :— 

Carriers. 

Almond  Tumblers. 

Balds,   Beards,  and  Mot- 
tled Tumblers. 

Owls. 

Nuns. 

TurbltS, 

Archangels. 

Jacob'nes. 

Fantails. 

Trumpeters. 

Pou'ers  or  Croppers, 

Barbes, 

Rums. 

Dragoons. 
Geese. 
Ducka  :— 

White  Aylesbury. 

Houen. 

Any  other  variety. 

Muscovy. 
Turkej'B. 
Guinea  Fowl. 


advantageously  ploughed  in,  so  as  to  leave  it  near  the 
surface,  which  every  one  is  aware  is  a  most  deeirablo 
object.  The  general  opinion  of  all  who  examined  this  . 
plough,  and  witnessed  even  this  trial,  was,  that  it  was 
one  of  the  most  valuable  implements  that  lias  yet  been 
brought  before  the  notice  of  the  public,  for  it  not  only 
possesses  the  advantages  of  ploughing  and  subsoiling 
at  the  same  time,  and  with  one  operation,  but  the  cust  of 
this  combined  power  is  but  a  trifle  beyond  the  ordinary 
plough,  and  the  subsoil  can  be  attached  to  any  plough, 
while  the  draught  is  but  slightly  increased  by  it.  The  cost 
of  the  plougl)  complete  does  not  exceed  six  guineas,  and 
of  the  subsoil  alone,  to  be  attached  to  any  other  plouo-h 
two  guineas ;  so  that  the  expense  is  not  likely  to  interfere 
with  the  demand  for  au  implement  which  must  come 
into  general  use  as  soon  as  parties  become  acipiaiuted 
with  its  merits.  We  understand  tliat  tlie  patentee  hag 
already  received  numerous  orders;  an  1  of  all  the 
improvements  which  have  been  devised  for  the  pre- 
paration of  tlie  land  to  receive  seed,  thei-e  is  not  one 
which  is  so  calculated  to  effect  its  purpose  in  a  more 
successful  manner,  and  there  is  no  implement  of  the 
possession  of  which  a  farmer  may  be  prouder.  It  is  not 
anticipating  too  much  to  say,  that  within  a  twelvemonth 
there  will  be  scarcely  an  occupier  of  stiff,  heavy,  clay 
soil,  who  will  not  have  this  implement  in  operation,  for 
all  those  who  have  used  it  (and  it  has  been  at  work  a- 
short  time  already)  concur  in  saying  that  it  does  most 
effectually  fulfil  all  that  it  professes.  Great  credit  is 
due  to  the  parties  who  have  brought  their  skill  and 
judgment  to  bear  upon  an  implement  whieh  many  were 
inclined  to  think  admitted  of  no  improvement,  but  the 
reverse  of  which  has  been  developed  in  so  eminent  a 
degree  that  we  doubt  not  the  inventor  will  for  many  and 
many  a  year  be  regarded  as  one  who  has  conferred  a 
benefit  on  society  to  au  extent  that,  perhaps,  he  little 
anticipated." 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

AaaicuLTUKAi,  Tables  :  Constant  5u&scrt6er.  The  most  com- 
plete set  of  agricultural  tables  of  all  sorts  is  published  by 
Blackie  and  ^on,  of  Glasgow.  We  know  of  no  pamphlet 
publication  containing  what  you  want. 

Beer  :  IVimbome.  We  do  not  know  the  address  of  the  gentle- 
man who  offered  a  recipe  for  making  beer  from  the  Silesian 
Beet ;  perhaps,  however,  this  may  meet  his  eve,  and  inform 
him  that  you  would  be  glad  to  know  his  method. 

Gbeaves  :  It.  Greaves,  a  Subscriber  in  Waterford,  tells  us  they 
are  to  be  had  there  in  abundance.  Of  course,  however,  the- 
particulars  of  this  amount  are  matters  for  the  advertising 
columns  of  this  Paper. 

Land-measure  :  E  K.  A  Cheshire  acre  is  10,240  square  yards. 

Pig  Foud:  An  Enquir-:}'  asks  of  anyone  accustomed  to  giva 
greaves  to  porkers,  what  quantity  may  be  given  to  a  pig 
eight  or  ten  months  old,  per  day  ? 

Vinegar  •  E  F  L  says  "  I  have  a  quantity  of  cider  bottled  in 
perfect  order,  but  so  little  sweet  that  I  can  get  no  one  to  driak 
it.    How  can  I  make  vinegar  of  it  ?  " 


COVENT  garden,  Oct.  30. 
Tegetables  and  all  kinds  of  Fruit  in  season  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Melons  are,  however,  becoming  scarcer.  Pears 
and  Apples  adll  arrive  from  France.  Tomatoes  are  all  but 
over.  Filberts  realise  from  50s.  to  65s,  Potatoes  have  not 
altered  in  price  since  our  last  report.  Mushrooms  continue- 
pretty  plentiful.  Cut  dowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargo- 
uiums.  Rosea,  Mignonette,  Bignonia  venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 
FRUIT. 


Pins-apples,  per  lb,,  3s  to  6s 
Grapes,hothou8e,p.  lb.,  2s  to  63 
Peaches,  per  doz.,  lOa  to  15a 
Pomegranates,  each,  23  to  43 
Plums,  per  punnet,  2s  to  is 
Figs,  per  doz.,  la  fid  to  23  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsh .,  43  to  7s 

—  kitchen,  do.,  3s  to  6s 
Pears,  per  doz.,  la  fid  to  4s 

—  per  half  sieve,  5a  to  Ts 
VEGETABLES, 


Melons,  each,  2b  to  53 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  2s 

—  per  100,  6s  to  I2s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  2s 
Almonde,  per  peck,  5b 

—  Bweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  33 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  299- 

—  Brazil,   do.,  12s  to  14s 
Kent  Cubs,  753  to  808 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  la 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

2a  to  2s  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  to  2s 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz.,  6d  to2B6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2a 
Tomatoes,  perhf.  sieve,  4s to  Sa 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  853  to  1403 

—  per  cwt.,  68  to  95 

—  per  bush.,  2a  6d  to  4s  6d 
Turnips,  perdoz. ,  1  e  to  la  9d 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  tid 
Veget.  Marrow,  p.  doz,  6d  to  Ift 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz,,  23  6d  to  4s 
Spinach,  per  fiieve.  Is  to  28 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  SpaniBh,p,doz.,lB3dto  3a 
Beet,  per  duz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce.Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  IB 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Endive  per  score,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun,,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundIe,lsto8a 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  8d, 

—  per  bush,,  39  to  63 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz,,  4s  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  34 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz,  bnchs.,  23  to  8a 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 3d 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
WatcrcresBcs.p.  12bun,ldto6d 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  3G  Truflaea, 

Sbhthfield,  Oct.  28. 

Primo  Mendow  Ilaj  743  to  733 

Clover 

.  809  to    958 

...  GO         70 

Second  cut 

.  05         80 

...  45         65 

Straw 

.  20         28 

New  Uay     ... 

...  —         — 

E. 

J.  Davis, 

COMBEKLAND   MABKET,  Oot.  28. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  Hdt 

Inferior  Clover 

...  70a  to  848 

[nfurior  do. ... 

...  03        74 

Now  do. 

...  —        ~- 

Now  Hiiy     ... 

—        — 

Straw 

...  28        SS^ 

Old  Clover  ... 

...  96      100 

JosnoA  Bakeb. 

WniTEonAPKL,  Oct.  28. 

Fine  old  Hay 

...  —a  to  80s 

Old  Clover,., 

,.  96atol00» 

...  70        70 

Inferior  do.          , 

.,  —          .— 

...  50        C3 

Now  Clover 

..  88          95 

Straw 

...  22         28 

Inferior  do. 

..  66          68 

HOPS.— BoaouoH  Market,  Oot,  29. 
Moflsra.  Piitiondon  nod  Smith  report  that  tho  demand  for 

g no  Sussex  llopi  is  attll  very  oxtensifo,  at  improving  prices; 
no  VVoald  of  ICents  are  also  29.  to  4h.  iior  cwt,  dourer  ;  ohoico 
Goldinns  aro  becoming  very  scarce,  and  are  noUing  frooly  from 
71,  to  m.  por  cwt.  Duty  fltlll  OHttmuted  at  260,0001. 
POTATOES.—SotJTnwARK,  25. 
Tho  committee,  in  corninoncing  thoir  report  for  thofloflBOU, 
aro  happy  to  obtiorvo  I'otntoos  are  coming  In  much  better  con- 
dition, and  lota  dlituiiacd  thnn  was  oxpoctod.  During  the  paat 
wcok  tho  BuppUtjB  both  foreign,  coaatwleo,  and  by  rail,  havo 


702 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


beaa  conJiilerahle.  and  prices  decline.  Yorkshire  llegents, 
100s.  to  1203.  ;  Lincolnshire,  90n.  to  100s.  ;  Shaws,  80s.  to  90s. ; 
Scotch  Regents,  SOa.  to  lOOs. ;  French  whites,  SOs.  to  90d. 
SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Oct.  25. 
We  have  a  very  much  smaller  number  of  Beasts  than  on 
Monday  last ;  however,  the  supply  is  slill  abandant,  and  it  is 
only  in  few  instances  that  higher  prices  are  made.  The  supply 
of  Sheep  U  small,  cons:;queatly  we  are  enabled  tn  effect  a  fair 
clearance.  The  weather  ani  state  of  the  dead  markets  cause 
a  slow  trade,  and  prevent  much  advance  in  price.  The  trade 
ia  steady  for  Calves  at  Friday's'quotatious.  Oar  Iorei{;iiBUpply 
consists  of  2063  Beasts,  598 1  Sheup,  and  171  Calvua  ;  from 
Scotland,  50  Beasts  ;  and  2200  from  the  northern  and  midland 


[Oct.  30, 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH 


PLATE    GLASS, 

For  Eidge  and  Furrow  Eoofs,  Greenhouses,  Railway  Stations,  Engine  Sheds,  Mills 
Market-Halls,  and  Public  Buildings  generally.  '  ' 


8  to  8  10 
4 


couDtiee. 
Per  8t.  ofSIbB.— 8 

Beat  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.       ...  3 

Best  Sbort.hnrDB  3 

Ed  quality  BcastB  2    4—210 

Beat  Downs  and 

HaU.breds      ...  4     0  —  4    4 

Do.  Shorn   0    0  —  0    0 

Beasts,  5104 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— »  d  8  d 
Best  Long-wools  .3  C  to  3  S 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0    0  —  0 

Ewes  &  2d  qualitj  2  10  —  3    2 

Do.  Shorn  0     0-0    0 

Lambs     0    0  —  0    0 

Olives      2    8  —  3    8 

PlRs  2     8—3    S 

;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  28,230  ;  Calves,  223  ;  Pigs,  150. 
FaiDAl,  Oct.  29. 
We  are  not  over  supplied  with  ^ood  Beasts.  The  weather 
being  more  favnurable,  and  the  dead  markets  clearer,  prices 
on  the  average  are  better  than  on  Monday  last.  The  number 
of  Sheep  is  small,  and  mostly  of  inferiur  quality  ;  consequently, 
the  beet  descriptions  are  readily  disposed  of  at  a  slight 
advance  on  Monday's  quotations.  Trade  is  also  more  active 
for  Calves  at  rather  liiBher  rates.  Our  foreign  supply  conaists 
of  294  Beasts,  1840  Sheep,  and  118  Calves;  there  are  400 
Beasts  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and  95  Milch  Cows 
from  the  home  counties, 


Per  St.  of  81b8.- 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &(s.       ...  3 
Best  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 


s    d  I 


8  to  3  10 
6  —  3  8 
4  —  3    0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.- 

-B 

d 

R 

Best  Long-wools  , 

3 

8  to  3 

Do.  Shorn 

Ewes  &  2d  quality 

3 

0- 

-3 

Do.  Shorn 

0 

n- 

-0 

Lam'bs     

0 

0- 

-0 

Calves      

2  10- 

-3 

Pigs          

3 

0- 

-4 

lied 
Red 


Red 


2  —  4    4 
0-0    0 
Beasts,  1057 ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  4,320;  Calves,  288  ;  Pigs, 

WOOL. 

BbAdfobd,  Thdesdat,  Oct.  28.— The  firmness  manifested  at 

the  London  sales  gives  a  tone  that  no  kinds  of  wool  are  to  be 

bought  better,  and  the  staplers  here  hold  for  prices  that  the 

spinners  cannot  give.    Noils  and  broUes  are  without  change. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Oct.  26.— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  and 
Kent  to  this  morning's  market  was  small,  but  met  a  slow 
heavy  sale  at  barely  the  terms  of  this  day  Be'onight ;  Lincoln, 
on  the  contrary,  was  much  inquired  for.  There  was  a  large 
flale  for  low  qualities  of  foreign  Wheat,  but  in  the  better 
descriptions  little  business  was  done  ;  prices,  however,  may  be 
considered  Is.  per  qr,  higher  than  on  this  day  week.  The 
demand  for  Flour  is  less  active  than  last  week. — Barley  meets 
a  fair  inquiry,  at  the  rates  of  Monday  last. — Beans  and  Peas 
are  very  scarce,  and  in  some  inalances  command  an  advance 
of  Is.  per  qr. — For  Oats  there  is  a  good  demand  at  our  extreme 
quotations. 

Pee  Tmpeetal  Quaetee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  ifc  Suffolk. ..WhiteISS— 50 

—  —    fine  selected  run8...ditto  42— 54 

—  —    Talavera  15-i— 56 

—  Norfolk i40— 48 

—  Foreign l34 — 5 

Barley,grind.Jidistil,,24sto27s...Cbev.  |25— 3 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  22 — 25 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk |l8— 19 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..PotatoilS — 22 

—  Irish  Potato;!?— 20 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew;18 — 21 

Rye     29-32 

Kye-meal,  foreign I     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 303  to  323 Tick:32— 34 

—  Pigeon  33s  — 36s. ..Winds. ,38-40 

—  Foreign .....Small)29 — 34 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent l^oiler8|42 — 40 

—  Maple 328  to  358 Grey  30— 83 

Maize     White!     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37— 40 

—  Suffolk ditlo|25— 33 

.—    Foreign perbarrel|21 — 24 

Feidat,   Oct.    29.— The    arrivals    of  fore'gn    Wheat    and 

American  Flour  have  been  large  this  week  ;  of  other  articles 
moderate.  To-day's  market  was  tolerably  well  attended, 
and  a  fair  extent  of  business  transacted  in  foreign  Wheat,  at 
the  extreme  prices  of  Monday ;  the  late  value  of  English  is 
fully  supported.  The  Flour  trade  is  firm,  and  in  some 
ioB'ancei  fine  American  barrels  brought  rather  more  money. 
—Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  are  scarce,  and  their  value  remains 
as  oD  Monday. — The  Oat  trade  is  slow. — Floating  cargoes  of 
Wheat  from  the  south  are  held  firmly,  and  there  is  no  dispo- 
sition to  do  business  a  shade  below  the  prices  of  last  week. 
Imperial  Averages. 


Malting  . 
Malting  . 


Feed. 
Feed. 
Feed. . 
Foreign  . 


FTarrow  , 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
reliow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


32—44 
38—18 


27—29 
26-29 

17—19 
17-19 
15—19 


For  Conbeevatohies.  Public  Buildinqs,  Mandfactoeies, 
Skylights,   tfcc,  &c. 

Packed  i.v  Crates,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  ;— 

30  Inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  „  50  to  70    ,,  "' 

In  Squares,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :  — 

Under    8  by    6      

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    " 


10  by 
It  by  10 
1^  feet  sup. 

3  „ 

4  „ 
5 


14  by  10 

li  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches  '       ! 
3  ,,  or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long  . 


10 
12 
15 


20 
30 
35 
40 
45 
55 
70 


30 
35 
40 
45 
55 
70 
85 


One-eighth 
inch  thick 


s.  d, 
0    6 


l-ieth  inch 
thick. 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0  10' 

0  11 

1  0 


94 


i  inch 
thick. 


3,  d. 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  101 

0  11 

1  0 

1.  1 

1    2 


PACKED 

6  inches  by  4  Inches,  and  6^  inches  by  4\  inche: 

7  ,1       by  5      „       and  7*      „      by  5i      „ 


IN    BOXES 

...  lOs.  6d.      I 
...  123.  Od. 


OF    50  FEET     EACH. 

8  Inches  by  6  inches,  and  8.|  incheB  by  fi^  inebes       .      13s  Qd 

9  ■,       by  7      „        and  9i      „      by  7|,  and  10  by  8    16si  0«.' 
When  a  <inanlUy  is  required,  an  estimate  will  ie  furnished  on  application. 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND    CO., 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


HOETICULTDML     GLASS 

OF   EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S    WAREHOUSE, 

87,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 


LONDON. 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  and  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROnOH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Gardeners*  Chronicle  firat  Saturday  in  each  month. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   Vl/ATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


32- 

30- 

29—30 

44-47 

32—44 


25-32 


SOHO    CLASS    WAREHOUSE,    26,    SOHO    SQUARE 

ALFRED  GOSLETT  begs  to  inform  consumers  of 
Glass  for  Horticultural  purposes  that  ho  supplies  the 
following  descriptions,  either  in  crates,  as  manufactured,  at 
REODCEn  Peices,  or  cut  to  any  given  size  : — ENGLISH 
CROWN  and  SHEET  GLASS  of  every  weight  manufactured, 
HARVLEY'S  PATENT  ROLLED  KOOGH  GLASS,  one- 
eightb,  three.sLxteenths,  and  one.  quarter  inch  thick.  BELGIAN 
SHEET  GLASS,  in  cases,  containing  200  feet,  of  one  given  size, 
at  40s.  per  case,  in  parcels  of  five  cases  at  8S5.,  and  in  parcels 
of  10  cases,  at  37s.  per  case,  foe  Cash  ;  or  cut  to  order  at 
8d.  per  foot  superficial.  Estimates  or  any  further  particulars 
will  be  forwarded  upon  application. 


-34 


Wheat. 

Earlet. 

Oaxs 

Rye. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

s.  d. 

29  10 

Sept,  18 

J.   d. 
40    6 
89    6 
38    9 
38    5 

37  10 

38  8 

s.   d. 
27    4 
27    5 
27    4 
27    6 

27  8 

28  8 

s.    d. 
18    7 
17  11 
17    4 

17  6 

18  0 
17  10 

s.    d. 

30  1 

31  0 

)0    5 
23  10 
30     1 
25     8 

s.    d. 

34    4 

33  10 
88  10 

34  0 
84    1 
34    2 

'?9  10 

Oct.     2  ..    . 

30    0 

_      9 

—    16 

30    4 

_    23 

Agereg.  Aver. 

33  11 

27    8 

17  10 

29    4 

84    1 

30    2 

Fldctuations  in  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Ateeaqeb. 


Peices. 


40s  6d- 
S9  6 
S8  9 
S8  8 
38  5 
87  10 


Tr[ 


"1 


Oct.  23. 


LiVBBPooL,  Tdesdat,  Oct.  26, — We  have  had  rather  large 
arrivals  of  foreign  Wheat  this  we^k.  The  Coi-n  Exchange 
this  mornicg  was  tolerably  well  attended  by  home  and  distant 
buyers.  A  fair  business  was  transacted  ia  Wheat,  at  strong 
prices  tfenerally,  and  in  a  few  instances  the  lower  qtialities,  and 
some  fine  white,  rather  exceeded  the  rates  of  last  Tuesday. 
Choice  American  flour  is  scarce,  and  commands  full  prices. 
Oats  and  Oatmeal  both  brought  extreme  rates.  Indian  Corn 
■was  Gd.  to  Is.  per  qr.   dearer.    Beans  also  were  Gd.  per  qr. 

higher.    Barley  and  Peas  fully  supported  late  quotations. 

Feidat,  Oct.  22. — The  arrivals  from  Ireland  and  coastwise 
since  Tuesday  have  been  large  of  Oatmeal,  but  small  of  olher 
articles.  At  this  day's  market  there  was  a  fair  attendance  ot 
town  and  country  buyers,  and  a  moderately  good  business  was 
done  in  Wheat  and  Flour,  at  Tuodiy's  priL-es.  New  mealing 
Oats  were  without  chsinge,  but  old  provender  were  iu  request, 
and.  being  scarce,  brought  Jd.  per  45  Iba.  more  money.  New 
Oatmeal  met  with  a  fair  sal*^,  at  22,.  Gd.  per  load.  Bavlev, 
lieans,  and  Peas  were  each  held  ior  more  money,  which  checks 
Bales.  Indian  Corn  afloat  was  in  good  demand,  and  arrived 
for  lbrai7a'"'°  saleable  at  31s.  6d.  per  qr.  for  Galatz,  and  29fl.  6d. 


JAMES  PHILLIPS  and  Co.,  116,  Bishopsgate-street 
Without,  beg  to  inform  tbeir  friends  they  are  prepared  to 
supply 

G  LASS      M  I  LK      PANS, 
the  same  Bize  as  the  foreign  ones  [17  inches  in  diameter)  bat 
superior  in  colour,  make,  and  quality,  at  2a.  each,  or  21s.  per 
dozen.    Lord  Camoy's  Milk  Syphons,  Lactometers,  Milk  Tests, 
Glass  Cream  Pots,  &c.,  &c. 
116,  Bishopsgate-street  Without.  London. 


ORAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvera  Street,  Chelsea, 
^-^  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  ia  the  con- 
atruction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpaesed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

Gr.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gfentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
con6dence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  ia  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


GARDEN  FRAMES,  GREENHOUSES,  PITS,&c. 
— TRANSPAliENT  SHEETING,  a  substitute  for  Garden 
Mats,  admitting  light  to  plants,  and  keeping  out  frost,  Is.  per 
yard,  runa  nedrly  2  yards  wide;  thick  canvas  ditto,  Is.  per 
square  yard;  large  waterproof  capes,  to  protect  a  man  from 
wet  while  stooping  down,  3s.  ;  cart  and  watrgon  covers,  2s.  per 
square  \ard  ;  made-up  horses'  loin  cloths,  driving  aprons,  &.c. 
R.  RICHARDSON,  21,  Tonbbidoe  Place,  New  Road,  London. 

N.B.  3000  London  Police  Waterproof  Capes,  fresh  dressed, 
ISs.  and  24s.  per  dozen,  for  gardeners  and  farm  labourers. 

A  small  Fire  Engine  for. sale,  price  103.,  with  a  quantity  of 
Hose,  &c.,  complete  for  use. 


EMIGRANTS'  TENTS,  HOUSES,  and  CARTS.— 
strong  Canvas  Tent,  12  feet  square,  6  feet  high  in  the 
lowest  part,  51.  each  ;  ditto,  with  boarded  sleeping  loft,  a  dry 
secure  Tent,  and  requiring  no  lines  to  keep  it  up,  8^.  10s.,  with 
wlrework  C  feet  high  all  round,  and  wire  door,  16s.  extra  ;  this 
is  the  best  Tent  yec  invented,  TentP,  10  feet  square,  4^  ;  9  feet, 
U. ;  8  feet,  '21.  ;  all  G  feet  high  in  the  lowest  part.  Soldiers' 
Bell  Tents,  42  feet  round,  21.  ;  Iron  and  Wood  Houses,  from  31. 
Drawings  and  lull  details  of  Houses  and  Tents  sent. 

Carts,  G  feet  long,  4  feet  wide,  SI.  each  ;  ditto,  7  feet  long, 
4  feet  wide,  with  hoops  and  awning,  III. ;  when  tail  board  and 
front  is  let  down  like  a  dog  cart,  youhave  11  ft.  by  4  ft.  covered 
in  by  the  awoinEr,  a  tarpauling  to  come  to  the  ground  all  round, 
enclosing  the  wheels  and  the  whole  Cart  round.  Gold  Washing 
MachineH,  and  various  Tools  for  Emigrants'  Cots,  7s. ;  Ham- 
mocks,  with  mattress  and  pillow,  5s.  6d.  each,  complete. 

R.  RicBAEDsoN,  corner  of  Judd-street,  New  Road,  near 
King's  Cross,  iondon. — N.B.  Several  Ttnts  may  be  eeen  up, 
and  Carts  in  course  of  construction. 


ANTI-CHOLERA    PRECAUTIONS. 

THE  COMFORT  of  a  FIXED  WATER-CLOSET 
for  II, — Placesin  gardens  converted  into  com'ortable  water- 
closets  by  the  PATENT  HERME  TICALLY-SEALED  PAN, 
with  its  self-acting  water  trap  valve,  entirely  preventing  the 
return  of  cold  air  or  effluvia.  Price  II.  Any  carpenter  can  fix  it 
in  two  hourfl.  Indispensable  for  health  in  case  of  the  Cholera. 
AUo  Patent  Hermetically-Sealed  Inodorous  Commodes  for  the 
sick  room:  price  11.  4s.,  "-'I,  Gs  ,  and  31.  A  prospectus  with 
engravings,  forwarded  by  enclosing  a  post  stamp. 
At  Ftfe  (Si  Co.'fl.  26,  Tavistock-street,  Covent  Garden,  London, 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING   AND   HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER. 
TUBULAR  BOILERS  OP  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 
T  WEEKS  and  CO.,  King's-road,  Clielsea,  Hot- 
^  •  HODSE  Bdildess  ;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passes  before 
en.tering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
Quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
thoseboilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  vpith  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Eatimatee  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


BERDOE'S  WINTER  OVER-COATS  and 
SHOOTING  JACKETS.— Avery  large  stock  of  superior 
garments  in  every  improved  materia!  and  style,  and  of  every 
degree  of  warmth,  or  lightness,  guaranteed  to  resist  any 
amount  of  rain  ;  at  charges  reduced  to  the  lowest  point  con- 
sistent with  the  principle  that  an  artl<^le  to  be  really  cheap 
must  be  GOOD,  Every  size  aUo  of  the  WATERlROUl;  PAL- 
LIUM, the  well  known  Light  Over-Coat,  for  all  seasons  (price 
ibs.)  Riding  and  Driving  Capea,  LegRiogs,  Boys'  Over-Coats 
and  Capes,  also  Cloaks,  Mantles,  Habits,  &c.  for  Ladies,  aU 
thoroughly  impervious  to  rain,  without  obsteoctino  fbee 
VENTILATION,  the  fatal  objection  to  all  other  waterproota.— 
W.  BERDOE,  Tailob.  and  Over-Coat  Makeb,  9G,  New  Bond 
STfiEET,.and  69,  Cobnhill  (only.) 


44—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


703 


&ALVANISED     WIRE     GAME 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


NETTING.- 


Galvaa-       Jupnnned 
iaod.  Iron. 

2-inob  mesh,  liffht,  21  inches  wide    ...    7d,peryd,    Pd.peryd, 
2-inch      „       strong  ,,  ...9       „  Gi      ,, 

2-iQch      ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ...  12      ,,  Q~      „ 

|.inch.      ,,       light  ,,  ...     8       „  6        „ 

^-inch     „      strong  ,,  ...  10      „  8       „ 

|-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  14      ,,  11       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices, 
f  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  wilt  reduce  the  prices 
>ne-foarth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  net  ting  tor  Pheasantries, 
d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
loroagh,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

n  HEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
O  NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard. 


GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised 

i  in,  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard,        ...        5d.  per  yard, 
:Oin.    „      2  in.    „        9d.        „  ...        Gld.        ,, 

1.    „      2  in.    „      lOJd.      „  ...        7^d.        „ 

8  in.    ,,      2  in.    ,.      I5.  2d.    „  ...      lOd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Nettinff,  Galvanised,  3d,  per  square  foot, 
aade  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
.rticle  was  shown  at  the  *'  Great  Eshibition,"  where  it  was  so 
Quch  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appenrauce,  and  ac- 
iQowledtjed  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ver  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Nettinpr,  3  feet  high, 
3.  e-i.  andSa  3(f.  per  yard.  Also  every  desci-iption  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods.  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
itands,  Tyin?  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  lavisible  Wire  Fencing, 
lardlee,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
urposes. — Illustrated  Catalouaea  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
ree,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
nd  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  44,  Skinner-street,  and  G  and  8, 
'Qow-hill.  London. 


FRIGI  DOMO." — A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
-dapted  to  many  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  purposes  for 
overing  over  frames  where  a  fised  temperature  is  required, 
t  is  2i  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  Is.  id.  per 
ard  run  — Hanufuctured  only  by  E.  T.  Abcdee,  Carpet  Manu- 
actnrer,  451,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 


WATERPROOF  CAPES,  so  as  to  effectually 
protect  a  man  from  wet  while  stooping  down,  Zs.  each, 
luitable  for  Coachmen,  Gardeners,  Gamekeepers,  Watchers, 
barmen.  Horse-drivers,  Porters,  and  Agricultural  Labourers, 
three  thousand  London  Policemen's  Becood-hand  Capes, 
•e-dressed,  18j.  and  24^.  per  dozen.  Waggon  and  Cart 
^over?,  HoreeB'  Loin  Cloths,  Waterproof  Coits,  Driving  Aprons 
"or  OiiS,  Dog-carls,  and  Omnibuses,  &c. — R.  Richaedson, 
:i,  Tonbridge-place,  corner  of  Judd-etreet,  New-road,  London, 
N.B. — Transparent  Sheeting,  nearly  3  yards  wide,  la.  per 
yard.  Oie  thousand  yards  thick  Tarpauling,  second-hand, 
i.l.  per  sqnare  yard,  made  up. 

ATEKPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 

their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
;.tmct  their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
jvhlch  are  formed  ihm: — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
sat  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
o  every  part  of  clean  grave!  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
ive  parti  of  auch  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
ind  Incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
he  water.  It  miy  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
abourer  can  m'x  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
be  apade,  and  iu  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
r'e?otati')n  cannot  grow  through  or  up'>n  It,  and  it  resists  the 
iction  of  the  severest  fropt.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
oak  through  It,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
;oward»  the  *ldc9. — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
^nd  Sons,  .Ulllbank-street,  Westmioater, 


C;TEPHENSON  Ar«D  PEILL,  CI,  Gracechurch-atreet, 
■^  London,  and  17.  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
iarer*  of  Coppor  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
30ILEm,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouie  Butlders,  cither 
o  wood  or  Iron,  rcipnctfully  call  the  attcrttl'ui  of  the  Nobility, 
Sentry,  nnd  .*<ur«cr>rn'>n  to  thefr  nimple  but  efficacious  method 
)r  warming  Hortir;r]!t'iraI  and  otht-r  BuUdinKS  hy  hot  water. 
i'rom  the  exteimlve  worki  they  have  executed,  roferonces  of 
be  hUhett  respectability  can  be  giren,  Knd  full  particulars 
'arnlshed  on  application. 


VYIiERK  TO  BUY  A  DRES.SI NO-CASE.— In  no 
»V  article  ptrrhAps  U  caution  more  necvmary  thin  In  the 
3Urcba««  of  a  I>re»sing  Cas?,  f'jr  in  nooe  are  the  mtTOtrlciouH 
irti  ot  iho  tinprlncij.l'rd  m  iniifacturi.T  more  frequuntly  dia- 
sUyed.  MECHI,  J,  LBAUKVII  ALL  HTRRET.  no  ir  Grace- 
shurclntreet,  h%n  long  etijoyed  the  reputation  of  producing  a 
Dr«s<ilnf(  Ca«Q  In  the  most  Antohed  and  faultloin  mnnnor. 
Tboi':  who  purchase  one  of  him  will  he  sure  of  having 
thorouKhly-ieavofied  and  well-proparod  woid  or  Imther,  wlrh 
tbe  h-nnt(H  of  flmt'rato  Q-iallty.  The  prices  range  from  U. 
to  1'jOC  Thu«  the  man  of  fortune  and  he  of  modnruto 
in«an%  mty  aJtko  bo  Hulted,  while  the  traveller  will  find  the 
Mechi<in  r)r«««)ng  Ca«4  e«peeialJjr  adapted  to  bit  Deceeiltiei,— 
i,  LEAIjENHaLL  fctTRKKf, 

C  A F E    I N V ESTM ENT,— Ono  or~twTsH A UES'to 

^-^  br  dispose  1  at  In  nn  (S'abUsh*;d  and  ImportMiit  Invention 
for  tliM  inaiiufacturi)  of  an  Article  of  very  largo  ewry  day 
d«rm»nd,  Prlc«  for  each  Hhare  WtU,  No  lUhility  to  tliu 
l'ur<th.H»r,  find  n  large  annual  r«tnrn  Is  cnrtnln,— AddreiiM, 
Mr.  MctiAT,  n»  Ht.  Mary  Abb'^tfi-terrnce,  Keij»lngton, 
Londija, 


'T'HE  RIIEOCLINE,  OR  SPRING  COUCH 
J-  portable  without  detaching  any  of  its  parts,  softer  than 
a  Feather  Bed,  and  which  can  be  changed  in  Oae  SlomenC  from 
a  Couch  to  either  a  Bed  or  Sofa,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAil  AND  HALLEN'S  7G,  OXFORD. STRRET, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  METALLIC  BED- 
STEADS, fitred  with  and  without  the  patent  RHKOCLINE, 
&c.  &c.,  together  with  a  large  assortment  of  the  patent 
Radiating  and  other  STOVES,  and  every  other  deacrintioa  of 
IRONMONGERY. ^^ 

NEW  STOVE.— GREAT  NOVELTY.— In  the 
construclioa  of  the  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE,  it 
was  the  first  care  of  the  inventor,  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  most  valued  of  modern  improveTnents  in  the 
art  of  heating,  and  secondly,  so  to  morhfy  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  oace  to  obtain  the  simplest  and 
most  perfect  combustion;  after  a  long  series  of  expiiiimenta, 
he  has,  by  the  subatitution  of  u  graceful  foroa  of  shell  fur  the 
present  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  birs,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  well  as  purity  and 
quantity  of  heat,  is  far  beyond  his  most  sanguine  expectations, 
while  fijr  cleauliooss  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  uoapproacb- 
able.  Price  from  5(is.  to  151.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  in  his 
show-rooms,  where  also  are  to  be  seen 

95Q     STOVES      and      325       FENDERS 

"^'  (  exclusive  of  reserved  stockj  all  dififering  in  pattern, 
forming  the  largest  assortment  ever  collected  together.  They 
are  marked  in  plain  figures,  and  at  prices  proportionate  with 
those  that  have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most 
distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  lis.  to  5i,  IO3.  ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  51,  10s.  to  12s.  123.  • 
broazed  fenders  complete,  with  standards,  from  7s.  to  31. ;  steel 
fenders,  from  21.  15s.  to  Gl.  ■  ditto,  with  rich  ormolu  ornaments, 
from  21.  15s.  to  7i.  7s. ;  fire-irons,  from  Is.  9d.  the  set  to  il.  is. 
Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  with  radiating  heaith- 
plates  ;  and  kitchen  ranges,  which  he  is  enabled  to  sell  at  those 
very  reduced  charges. 

First— From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  his  purchases ;  and 

Secondly— From  those  purchases  being  made  exclusively 
for  cash. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOAIS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads),  so  arranged  and  classilied  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  oace  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD  STREET  (corner  of  Newmin-street)  :  NoB 
land  2.  NEWMAN  STREET  ;  and  4  and  5.  PERRY'S  PLACE 


'X'HE  ONLY  STOVE  WITHOUT  A  FLUE.— 
J-  Plain,  from  12s.  to  25s. ;  Ornamental,  from  Sis.  6d.  to  Six 
Guineas;  Stands  for  Stoves,  2s.  Gd.,  Sa.,  and  63.  each.  For 
which  her  Majesty's  Royal  Letters  Patent 
bftve  been  granted.  Prospectua,  with 
Drawings  and  Report,  forwarded  free. 

JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  Halls, 
Passages,    Greenhouses,     Water-closets, 
Shops,    Store-rooms,    and   all  places  re- 
quiring  artificial  warmth.      The   above 
Shoves  do  not  emit  smoke  or  unpleasant 
«mell,  and  will  burn  without  attention  or 
replenishing  from  twelve  to  tweniy-four 
hours.     To  be  seen  in  use  daily,  at  the 
sole  Proprietor's,  S.  Nash,   Ironmonger, 
tfec,  2-33,  Oxford. street,  and  at  the  City 
■^  Depot,  119,  Newgate-street,  Londoa;  and 
to  be  had  from  the  principal  Ironmongers  in  town  and  country- 
PATENT  PREPARED  FUEL   for  the    Stoves,    2s.    Gd.    per 
bushel;  only  genuine  with  the  Proprietor's  nume  and  seal  on 
the  sack. 

S.  Nash,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  119,  Newgate- street,  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  Portable  Economical  Vapour  Bath, 
for  Families.  Travellers,  &c.  «fcc.,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
11.  lis.  Gd.     Medical  Testimonials  forwirded  on  application. 


j\/TATRIMONIAL     ALLIANCE     ASSOCIATION 

i»-JL  LEGALLY  ESTABLISHED.  1819.  Uead  Offices - 
London:  Luicola'p-Inn-Pields  Ch^mbarH,  and  2,  Portsmouth 
BtreeCL^incaln's-Inn-Fields  Branch  Offices:  Liverpool,  Bristol 
York,  Manchester  Aberdeen,  and  Dublin.  Confidential 
Referee  :  R.  Warwick,  Esq.  ^umb* 

MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION.  Conducted 
on  the  system  80  successfully  adopted  on  the  Continent. 
Legally  established  as  a  medium  f^r  the  introduction  of  both 
sexes  unkQOrt-n  to  eaeh  other,  who  are  dediroiis  of  eoterinc  into 
Matrimony.  None  but  respectable  parties  negotiated  with 
ApplicHQts  may  sign  hy  initial  or  otherwise.  Full  particulars' 
with  printed  Jormi  of  application,  list  of  agents,  and  iustruc' 
tioos,  sent  free  on  receipt  of  six  postage  stamps,  by  Hdqo 
Rere^ford,  Esq  ,  Secretary.  Registrar's  Offices :  Lincoln's 
Inn-Fields  Chambers,  and  No.  2,  Portsmouth-street,  Lincoln's' 
Inn-Fields,  London. 


LAMPS  OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  PATTERNS.— 
The  largest,  as  well  as  choicest  assortment  of  PALMl^R'S 
MAGNUM  and  other  LAMPS  —  CAMPHINE,  ARG.A.ND, 
SOLAR,  and  MODERATEUR  LAMPS,  with  all  the  latest 
improvemen'^s,  and  of  the  newest  and  most  recherche  patterns, 
in  ormolu,  Bohemian,  and  plain  glas?,  or  papier  m:iche,  io 
existence— is  at  VV.  S.  BURTON'S,  and  they  are  arranged  in 
one  large  room,  so  that  the  patterns,  sizes,  and  sorts  can  be 
Instantly  selected. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IROilJMONGERY 
(including  cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plated,  and  japanned  wares, 
iron  and  brass  badnteads),  so  arranged  and  classified  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The  money 
returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Newman-street);  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NEWMAN-STREET  ;  audi  and  5,  PERRY'S-PLACE. 


RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS, 

DR.  LESLIE  continues  to  supply  the  afflicted  with 
bis  celebrated  Remedy  for  this  alarming  complaint,  the 
great  eucce^s  of  which,  fur  many  years  past,  renders  any 
further  comment  unnercasary.  It  is  easy  and  painless  in  use, 
causing  no  incoavenicnce  or  confinement,  and  is  applicable  to 
every  variety  of  single  and  double  Rupture,  howcvur  bud  or 
of  long  standiug,  in  iimie  or  female  of  any  age.  The  remedy 
will  be  sent,  post  free,  on  receipt  of  7s.  C((.  by  Post-;ifflce  order, 
payable  at  the  General  Puflt-offlce,  or  postage  Hiani|is,  by  Dr. 
Hebbebt  Leslie,  37  A,  Munchester-sireot,  Gray's-iun-road, 
London.— At  home  daily,  from  10  till  land  6  till  8  o'clock ; 
Sundays  excented. 


VALUABLE   REMEDIES    FOR    THE    AFFLICTED. 

DR.  ROBERTS'S  CliLEBRATED  OINTMENT, 
called  the  POOR  MAN'S  FRIEND,  ia  confidently  recom- 
mended to  the  Public  as  an  unfailing  retnedy  for  Wounds  of 
every  descriptiin,  a  certain  cure  for  UJcerutfd  Soro  Legt*,  If  of 
20  years' HtiindlnK ;  Cuts,  Hums,  Scalds,  Bruises,  Chilblains, 
Scorbutic  Erupiiuiifl  and  Pimpl'38  on  the  Face,  Soro  and 
Intlumcd  Eyou,  Sure  Ileadp,  Soro  Breaftts,  Piles,  Fistula,  and 
Ciincf;rouH  liumours,  nnd  Is  a  epeclUc  for  those  afllictlng 
Eruptiou't  that  KomiitimcB  follow  vaccination.  Sold  in  potrt  at 
li.  Hd.  and  'In,  Od.  eiich. 

Alio  his  PILUL/E  ANTISCROPIIULvE,  confirmed  by  more 
than  10  years'  ©xperUinco  to  bo,  without  cxcoptinn,  one  of  the 
beflt  altyrutlvo  niediclncB  ever  compoumicd  for  purllying  the 
Blood,  and  nHnlqtlng  Dnturo  In  all  bur  oporations.  Ileiicu  tliey 
are  UHcd  In  ficrofuln«,  Scorbutic  ComplnintH,  Glandular 
HwellliiKB,  particularly  those  ol  the  Neck,  &c.  They  form  u 
mild  and  Muperlor  Family  Aperient,  that  may  bo  taken  at  all 
lime*  without  conflnomcnt  or  cbitngo  of  diet.  Sold  in  Boxch, 
at  it.  }fi'i.,  'it.  'Jd.,  4t.  Gd.,  lU.,  and  T/s. 

Sold  Wliok-niil)!  hy  the  I'roprlctorw,  Beach  and  IJAiiNrooTT, 
(it  th<-lr  Dl<p(!n»ary,  Itildpriri;  by  the  Lrnidon  h'tun's.  Itutall 
by  nil  rcRpoctnble  M»MHcino  VetilorH  In  the  Unlterl  Kingdom, 

O118KUVK.— No  Medicine  «old  und.jr  the  nhovo  naiim  cm 
po«»ilbly  bii  KOiiulne,  unions  "BeacH  and  Bahmioott,  hito  J)r. 
Hohurts,  iJrl'Iport,"  U  engraved  on  the  Oovurninfiut  tJtomp 
ulhxed  to  eiich  package. 


-yHE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 

-A  invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waistcoat.pocket  Glass 
the  Size  of  a  Walnut  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
i  to  5  miles,  which  is  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTING 
and  to  SPORTSMEN.  GENTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKEEPERS;* 

TELESC0PE:3, — A  new  and  moat  important  INYJlNTION 
in  TELESCOPES,  possessing  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
some— 3i  inches,  with  an  extra  eye-piece— will  show  distinctly 
Jupiter's  Moon,  Saturn's  Ring,  and  the  Double  Stars  They 
supersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes— for  the  waist. 
coat-pocket,  Shooting,  Military  purposes,  Ac.  Opera  and 
Race-course  Glasses  with  wonderful  powers  ;  a  minute  object 
can  be  clearly  scon  from  10  to  12  miles  distant.— luvaluabla 
Acouitic  Instruments  for  relief  of  extreme  Diafness 

Messes.  S.  amd  B.  SOLOMONS,  Opxioians  and  Adeistb 
39,  Albemarle-atreet,  opposite  the  York  Hntel.  London.  ' 

\/l03T  IMPORTANT  DISCO VERY.-Beautiful 
J-'X  TEETH,  and  no  more  Toothache.  Under  the  immediate 
patronage  of  the  Court,  the  Marquis  of  Headfort,  the  Clergy, 
Captains  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  Physicians,  Surgeon  Den- 
lists,  &c.  See  Testimonials  with  the  Compound.  GRAHAM'S 
LIQUID  BOTANICAL  DENTIFRICE,  for  preserving  and 
beautifying  the  Teeth  ;  it  prevents  toothache  and  purifies  the 
breath.  It  is  highly  recommended  to  all  who  have  artificial 
and  defective  teeth.  Prepared  and  sold  by  James  Ghaham 
Bogoor,  and  his  agent,  Mr.  Sanger,  150,  Oxford-street,  London  ■ 
and  all  chemists  and  perfumers.  Price  Is.  IM.  per  bottle.— 
N.B.  It  is  also  highly  recommended  after  smoking,  for  puri- 
fying the  breath,  and  is  most  refreshing  to  the  mouth  on  a  sea 
voyaije,  and  is  very  much  used.  Every  family  should  use  this 
compound.     Beware  of  spurious  imitations. 

MANUFACTURERS   BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT 

TO   THE  QUEEN. 

Obtained  tlie  Prize  Medal  Great  ExhiUtlon,  1851. 

JS.  FRY  AND  SONS  have  all  the  advantages  which 
o  experience  and  a  Manufactory    on   a  large    scale    can 
command. 

FRY'S  FRENCH  CHOCOLATES,  which  are  used  at  the 
royal  table  and  by  the  first  nobility,  are  delicious,  both  taken 
as  a  beverage  and  for  eating.  Those  who  wish  a  cup  of  really 
fins  delicious  well-frothed  Chocolate,  to  pass  softly  off  the 
palate,  should  obtain  these  articles,  Important  Directions  are 
contained  in  each  package.  Most  persons  have  never  tasted 
this  beverage  in  perfection. 

FRY'S  CHOCOLATE  BONBONS  are  delicious  and  nutritious 
condiments  for  the  railway  carriage,  for  invalids,  the  nursery, 
and  the  luncheon  table,  and  especially  adapted  fur  presents. 
Their  ce'ebrated  SOLUBLE  COCOA  is  so  moderate  in  price, 
that  no  person  need  resort  to  other  makers.  It  will  go  farther 
than  interior  qualities,  thus  purchasers  obtain  most  for  their 
mouey  by  using  FRY  and  SONS  SOLUBLE  COCOA,  in  green 
and  gold,  or  in  hexagon  packets,  will  be  fouud  of  excellent 
quality. 

FRY'S  IIOMCEOPATHIC,  DIETETIC,  and  GRANULATED 
COCOAS  possess  perfect  solubility— light,  nutritious,  and  deli- 
cate articles — to  invalids  invaluable. 

J.S.  Fbt  and  Sons'  name  on  the  label  of  their  COCOA  NIBS 
will  warrant  them  perfectly  genuine. 

FRY'S  PATENT  COCOA  possesses  a  full  flavour. 

J.  S.  Far  and  Sons,  Bristol,  Manufacture  all  kinds  of 
Chocolates  and  Cocoas. 

Frt's  Chocolate,  or  Cocoa  Paste,  Chocolate  Powder,  Broma 
and  Soluble  Chocola'e,  require  no  boilinj;.  * 

Sold  by  Tea  Dealers,  Grocers,  and  Druggists  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  Be  careful  to  observe  that  the  name  of  "  Far 
and  Sons"  is  on  the  packet  of  each  article.  Enquire  at  all 
Grocern  for  Fet  and  Sons'  Book  on  Cooon — Gratis. 


METCALFE  and  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
diviflions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose.— Is.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  usual  time,  and  incapable  of  injuring  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian hriatles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated, and  povverful friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  iu  the  most  surprising  and  euceessful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Spon^^e,  with  its  preserved 
valuableproperties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNQLEY,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  130  b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2a.  perbox. 

Caution.  —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  by  Bome  bouses. 


TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  at  a  very  low  price,  ono 
of  SIEPIIENSON'S  CONICAL  COPPER  BOILERS, 
with  stand  complete,  as  good  as  new.  having  only  been  used  a 
faw  times. — Apply  to  lluasT  and  M'Mdllen,  Seedsman,  6, 
Leadenhnll-streot,  London;  or  to  W.  Wilsun,  NurBerjman, 
Wiriiborno,  Durset, 

1^^ A  R  M  T  0  L  E  T.— An  excellent  Slieep  Farm, 
situated  8  miles  from  Croydon,  oompri«iiig  11  guod  Farm- 
houno.  with  Farm  BuildlngH,  and  2'i"l  acres  of  Amble,  Pasture, 
and  Wood  Laud.  Itent,  Sul.  per  annum.  Additional  Meadow 
L.ind  can  bo  had  if  required.— Apply  to  G.  Moeison,  Esq,, 
8i)liclti)r,  Hoigato,  Surrey. 


TO  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS,  ETC. 
•-PO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  an  Oia-Establiahed 
JL  ItU.-'lNUSS,  of  moro  than  Thirty  Ycara'  Standing, 
filtnati'd  in  one  of  the  prlnclpiil  Tnwn^i  North  of  Derby,  to 
whUdi  Is  atrachod  a  Firsl-ChuB  RETAIL  SEKU  SHOP.— The 
I'rcinlsoi  ut  the  NurHoryaru  roplotu  with  tivory  convenience 
lor  lli(<  I'ropiiftallon  orilaid  and  S'lfl-woodrd  Plants.  This  is 
nn  (ipiiortiinliy  rarely  to  bo  met  with,  iind  will  bear  tiio 
HirluieHi  hivuAtlgiillon,  No  good  will  required,  and  none  but 
prlnidpiiN  truiite<l  witli.  II'  prd'oircd,  the  Nursery  Ground 
(KriM-holdl  miiy  ho  jiurclniHod,  and  iwo-tblrdf  of  the  j)urchrtHO 
iiioiioy  tii.iy  riiinalii  on  hOuurliy.  Thu  nhovo  in  cflored  In  con- 
iierpiDiici!  of  tho  ilouth  of  thu  previous  owmr.  —  Fur  particulars 
iiddrcsii  A.  M.,  Mr,  Duncan  Ilalm,  SoodHman,  109,  Ht.  Marliii'a- 
lane,  LoDduu  ;  or  Mr,  Juhu  yumpsou,  BooktoUer,  York. 


70  i 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONLCLE    AND     AGRIGULTUR.\L     GAZETTE.        [Oct.  30. 


KNAP   HILL   NURSERY,   WOKING,    SURREY. 

HOSEA  WATERER  respectfully  iuvites  attention 
to  tbe  following  : — 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  2,3,4,  and  5  feat  high.      We 
bare  a  fine  etock  of  large  Araucarias,  and  as  they  have  never 
been  in  pots,  thev  are  a.%  robust  and  handsome  as  can  welt  be. 
CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONIC  A,  2,  3.4,5,  6,  7,  aud  S  feet  high, 
all  from  seed  and  in  the  open  ground. 

CEDRUS  DEODAUA.  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7.  8.  10,  nnd  12  feet  high, 

„  OF  LEBANON.  3.  4,  5,  G,  7,  to  12  feet  hi:;;h.     The 

large  Deodars  and  Cedars  of  Lebanon,  hero  referred  to,  have 

been  regularly  removed   every  spring;  they    are  magniticent 

specimens,  and  ra-ght  bo  sent  any  distance  with  perfect  safety. 

ABIES    DOUGLASII,    from  seed,  2,  3,  4,  5,  G,  and  7  feet; 

larger  and  splendid  plants  S  to  12  feet ;  all  removed  last  epring, 

„         IIENZIKSII.  3,  4,  5,  6,  aad  7  feet  hiirh. 

„        CANADENSIS,  Hemlock  Spruce,  tine  plants,  5,  6,  7, 

and  8  feet  high. 

PICEA    NOGILIS,   stout    plants,    with    good   heads,    own 
bottoms,  2i  to  3  feet,  probably  not  to  be  met  with  in  any 
other  Nursery. 
PINU3  CEMRRA,  3.  4,  5,  6,  to  10  feet  high. 

,,         INSIQNIS,  all  from  seed,  and  most  beautiful  plants, 

3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet  high.     We  have  a  fine  lot  of  the^^e. 
CUPRESSU.S  MACROOARPA,  on  LAMBE  IITI  ANA,  from 

seed,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet  high.  We  have  a  fine  lot  of  these 
also. 

TAXODI0M  SEMPERVIRENS,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet  high  ; 
beautifully  furnished. 

JUJ^IPERUS  TIRGINIANA  {the  red   Cedar),  fine  plants, 

4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet. 

„  RECURVA,  3,  4,  5,  G,  7.  and  8  feet, 

„  EXCELSA,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet. 

,,  BEDFORDIANA,  3,  4,  and  5  feet.    This  is  a 

very  handsome  growing  plant. 

■  *  UPRIGHT  laiSII  JUNIPER,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  to  10  feet 
high.  These  are  really  splendid  examples  of  perhaps  one  of 
the  moat  stukiug  of  all  Junipers. 

*  UPRIG'ir  IRISH  yiilW,  4,  5,  6,  7,  S,  to  10  feet  high. 
These  plants  are  all  trimmed  to  one  stem,  and  are  not  therefore 
so  likely  to  divide  on  windy  nr  snowy  wpatlier, 

«  CHINESE  JUNIPER,  2.  3,  4.  5,  G.  7.  and  8  feet  high. 

*  CUPRESSUS  THYOIDES  VARIEGATA  (the  variegated 
white  Cedar),  most  beautiful  plants,  3  to  4  feet  high. 

*  GOLDEN  YEW",  worked  on  common,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  ft.  high. 

*  Visitnrs  to  Elvas  ton  Castle  cannot  have  failed  to  remark  the 
extraordinary  effect  produced  by  the  last  five  plants,  viz,, 
Irish  and  Gold-striped  Yews,  Irish  and  Chinese  Junipers,  and 
the  Variegated  White  Cedar;  and  I  believe  we  may  assert, 
without  fear  of  contradiction,  except  Elvaston,  a  similar  lot  of 
plants  to  those  here  offered  cannot  be  found  in  any  Nursery  in 
Britain. — Priced  Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

The  Knap  Hill  Nursery  is  vpithin  an  hour's  ride  of  Loudon, 
being  near  the  Woking  Station.  South-Western  Railway,  where 
every  train  stops,  aud  from  whence  conveyances  may  at  all 
times  be  had^^ 

EMARKS    ON    THREE    SUPERIOR    KINDS 

OF  PLUMS,  originated  from  Seed  about  10  years  since, 
by  MR.  HENRY  BOWLING,  Fbuit  GaowEa,  Woolaton-lawn, 
near  Southampton. 

It  is  a  well-ascertained  fact,  notwithstanding  the  trees  were 
planted  in  au  exposed  situation,  on  a  thin  gravelly  soil,  that 
from  their  first  coming  into  bearing,  four  years  ago,  to  the 
present  period,  the  produce  has  been  both  excellent  and 
abundant :  hence  it  is  presumed  to  have  arisen  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely,  from  their  being  clothed  with  foliage  prior  to  any 
bloom  becomin*  perceptible,  for  similarly  situated  are  360 
good  old  sorts  of  the  same  age.  nearly  without  fruit,  conse- 
quently of  little  or  no  value,  and  which  can  be  corroborated 
by  competent  and  respectable  persons,  at  whose  suggestion 
Mb.  Dowlinq  has  now  the  honour  of  submitting  this  Advenise- 
ment  to  the  no  ice  of  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  and  others. 

No.  1.  ANGELINA  BURDETT.— Size  medium  ;  form  some- 
what oblong;  colour  rich  purple,  copiously  covered  with  an 
azure  bloom  ;  flesh  amber  green,  parting  freely  from  the  stone  ; 
flavour  delicious;  ripona  upon  an  open  standard  about  the 
middle  of  August.  Against  a  wall  it  would  no  doubt  eclipse 
all  others. 

No.  2.  STANDARD  OF  ENGLAND,— Size,  rather  large; 
form  oval ;  colour  crimson  red  next  the  sun,  covered  with 
violet  bloom,  bright  red  on  tbe  shaded  side;  flesb  slightly 
yellow,  separating  from  the  stone;  flavour  exquisite;  ripens 
the  latter  end  of  August,  and  with  its  rivals  should  find  ample 
space  in  every  garden. 

No.  3,  WOOLS rON  BLACK  GAGE.— Size  medium;  form 
round;  colour  jet  black,  powdered  with  light  blue;  flesh 
yellowish  green,  parting  from  the  stone;  flavour  equal  in 
every  respect  to  the  Green  Gage,  with  this  superiority,  that 
while  the  latter  is  apt  to  crack  in  a  wet  summer,  and  will  not 
keep  after  being  gathered,  this,  on  the  contrary,  will  endure, 
if  the  climate  be  dry.  through  August  and  September.  This 
excellent  Plum  deserves  an  east  or  west  wall,  although  it  ripens 
well  on  an  open  standard. 

From  several  Testimunials  the  subjoined  are  selected,  as 
being  deemed  of  unexceptionable  authority  : — 

"Mr.  Thomas  Ingram,  of  her  Majesty's  Royal  Gardens, 
Windsor,  considers  them  to  be  of  fine  quality  and  Buperior 
flavour,  and  from  their  appearance  he  should  imagine  them  to 
be  good  keeping  Plums." 

Mr,  Robert  Thompson,  of  the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden, 
writes  thus — "  Your  three  Plums  are  indeed  of  first-rate 
quality,  and  I  should  recommend  their  extensive  cultivation. 
As  regards  No.  3,  I  consider  you  have  thrown  the  Green 
Gage  into  the  shade,  for  it  retains  all  the  properties  of  that 
Flum,  with  more  sujary  sweetness.  I  have  no  tear  of  my 
judgment  being  called  in  question." 

Mr.  John  Wright,  late  gardener  to  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Viscount 
Palmerston,  Broadlands,  in  a  communication  to  Mr.  Dow- 
ling,  states  that  "Angelina  Burdett  aud  Standard  of  England 
Plums,  are  not  only  prolific  and  of  surpassing  flavour,  but  from 
their  colour  and  form  striking  in  appearance.  The  Woolston 
Black  Gnge,  though  not  so  attractive  to  the  eye,  still  from  its 
extreme  richness  of  quality  is  admirable  to  the  taste." 

Sampshire  Independent,  Sept.  11,  1852, — "  A  meeting  of  gen- 
tlemen and  gardeners,  resident  in  this  locality,  took  place  on 
Monday,  at  the  Antelope  Inn,  to  test  the  quality  of  some  new 
Plums,  grown  by  Mr.  Dowlinq,  Woolston  Lawn,  Southampton. 
They  are  certainly  very  choice,  particularly  the  Angelina 
Burdett  and  the  Woolston  Black  Gage ;  and,  of  these  two 
kinds,  after  tasting  the  fruit,  every  person  present  gave  an 
opinion  decidedly  conhrmatory  of  the  high  judgment  pro- 
nounced m  their  favour  by  Mr.  Robert  Thompson,  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society's  garden." 

Ford  aud  Rice,  Nurserymen,  Seedsmen,  and  Florists,  New 
Road,  Southampton,  having  had  frequent  opportunities,  during 
the  last  four  years,  of  inspecting  the  three  parent  trees  in  Mr. 
Bowling's  fruit  plantation,  and  being  perfectly  convinced  of 
their  extraordinary  productiveness,  as  well  as  superlative 
excellence,  they  cannot  bat  feel  pleasure  in  undertaking  the 
Agency,  and  in  adding  their  humble  yet  zealous  tribute  of 
commendation. 

It  is  highly  gratifying  to  F.  and  R.  to  state  that  they  have,  to 
^f^tU  '^°"**'*^«'"a'3le  extent,  been  patronised  by  nearly  the  whole 
ot  the  neighbouring  nobility  and  gentry,  who  have  seen  the 
trees,  and  tasted  the  fruit. 

F.  and  R.  respectfully  solicit  early  orders  to  the  above 
aaaress,  which  will  be  duly  executed  in  rotation.  If  the  three 
sorts  are  taken,  the  price  will  be  Us.  each,  and  for  a  single 
tree,  1/.— N.B.  Ahst  of  the  trade,  comprising  all  orders  sent 
by  them,  will  shortly  be  advertised. 


PLECTRANTHU3  CONCOLOR  PICTA,  the  finest 
vuriftgated-Ieaveti  plant  yet  offered 


TACSONIA 
Magazine' 


SANQUINEA. 
for  October 


figured    in    "  Botanical 


iruon  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery.— Oct.  30. 


LAtSlDSCAPE   GARDENING    REVIVED   AS    AN    ART. 

MR.  THOROLD,  of  Thorpe  Bower,  near  Norwich, 
offers  his  services  to  the  nobility  and  gentry  as  a 
Landscape  and  Ornamental  Gardener  in  the  highest  style, 
includioi^  Decoration  a  around  a  House,  Forming  Wa'or, 
Approaches,  Vistas,  Picturesque  Scenery,  correcting  the  effjrts 
of  Amateurs,  and  directing  the  practical  execution  of  works. 

Mr.  T.  hag  no  connection  witli  Nurserymen  or   any  Trade 
whatever. 


TO  GENTLEMEN  AMATEURS  IN  FRUIT  GARDENING. 

THE  ADVERTISER  offers  his  services  and  expert- 
ence  in  cultivating  a  model  Vineyard,  upon  the  improved 
out-door  growth  of  the  Vine,  to  which  he  has  devoted  much 
attention,  and  is  fully  acquainted  with  choice  of  site  and  asoect, 
planting,  training,  and  judicious  Pruuing,  together  wiih  the 
most  favourable  means  of  coi-interacting  rthat  is  usually  attri- 
buted to  defect  in  c1im;i'e.  the  true  s\srem  of  the  Vine  being 
rarely  carried  out  in  England.  Genuine  Cuttings  supplied  for 
planting,  tbe  season  for  which  is  now  approaching.  Advice, 
with  Illustrations,  forwarded  to  persons  having  their  Vines  in 
disorder  or  ineufficiently  productive,  on  receipt  of  nit  I'^ss  than 
53.  in  postage  'stamps  or  otherwise. — Address  F.  A,  Moelet, 
15,  Orchard  Cottages,  Clarence  Road,  Lower  Clapton, 
Middlesex. 


g>alcg  &g  Auction. 

DEPTFOltD, 
TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS.  &  OTHERS. 

MESSRS,  PROTIiEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  (by  Mr.  F.  Warsee)  to  submit  to  public  com- 
petition by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  adjoining  Albert-terrace, 
New  Cross,  Deptford,  on  MONDAY.  November  1,  at  11  o'clock, 
the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK  of  Evergreens 
and  Fruit  Trees,  comprising  Chinese  Arbor-vilre,  Irisli  Yews, 
Red  Cedars,  Green  Holly,  Uprii;lit  Cyprus,  Finns  excels  a, 
morinda ;  Araucaria  imbricata,  Cedrus  Deodara,  Silver  and 
Spruce  Firs  ;  Standard  and  Dwarf-trained  Apricot,  Plum, 
Pear,  Apple,  Raspberrv,  Gooseberries,  Currant,  and  Straw- 
berry (sorts),  fine  standard  Mulberries,  «tc. ;  also,  the  choice 
Greenhouee  Plants,  consisting  of  about  200  double  Camellias, 
large  Azalea  indica  (sorts).  «teo.  ;  a  large  quantity  of  Mitchell's 
Prince  Albert  Rhubarb,  Seakale,  Asparagus,  and  Early  Pota- 
toes (sorts)  ;  with  the  erection  of  two  Shed>*,  Wooden  Fence, 
sundry  tools,  &c. — Maybe  viewed  prior  to  the  sale  ;  Catalogues 
had  on  the  premises  ;  of  Messro.  Dawe,  Cottrell,  and  Benham, 
3G,  Moorgate-streat ;  of  the  principal  seedsmen  in  London; 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Amc^rican  Nursery,  Leytoustone,  Essex. 


HOKNSbY  RUAU. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  have 
received  instructions  from  Mr,  Pamplin  to  submit  to 
an  unreserved  Sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  Paradise 
Nursery,  Ilomsey-road,  Islington,  on  TUESDAY,  Nov.  2d, 
and  following!  day,  at  11  o'clock  each  day,  tbe  whole  of  the 
valuable  NUUSERY  STOCK,  consisting  of  a  very  sunerior 
assortment  of  fine  Evergreens,  Fruit,  and  Ornamental  Trees, 
comprising  Green  and  Variegated  Hollies,  Box,  Arbor- Vitae, 
Laurestinus,  Fhillyreas,  Red  Cedars,  Arbutus,  Portugal  and 
Common  Laurels,  Bays,  Euonymu-,  Alaternus,  Yews,  Aucuba, 
Cypress,  «fcc.  ;  also  Apples,  Fears,  Cherries,  Plum^,  Goose- 
berries, and  Currants;  Planes,  Limes,  Thorns,  with  fine 
Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  Aodromeda  floribuada,  well  set 
with  bloom.  Box  Edging,  &c, — May  be  viewed  and  Catalogues 
had  prior  to  the  sale,  ou  the  premises  ;  of  the  principal  Seeds- 
men in  London;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery, 
Leytonstone,  Essex. 

N.B.  The  valuable  Lease  to  hd  sold  or  let. 


AVOOLWIGH. 
TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS,  5  OTHERS. 
]\/[ESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS-  are 
^^-'-  directed  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  Bowater 
Nursery,  Woolwich,  on  WEDNESDAY,  Novembfr  10th.  and 
following  days,  at  11  o'clock  each  day  (by  order  of  Mr, 
C,  A.  Williams,  the  Lease  hiving  expired),  the  whole  of  the 
valuable  NUR-iEHY  STOCK  of  Evergreens,  Fruit  and  Orna- 
mental Trees,  coneisting  of  fine  Aucabi,  Arbutus,  Coina 
Arbor-Vitse,  Sweet  Bays,  Fhillyreas,  Yew,  varied  and  green 
Hollies,  Euonymus,  Privet,  Laurestinus,  Alaternus,  Rhodo- 
dendrons, Kalmia,  Azaleas,  Spruce  Firs,  Standard  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  Cotoneaster,  Clematis,  Jasmine,  Virginian  Creeper, 
Aristolochia,  Irish  Ivies,  Herbaceous  Plants,  tfcc,  In  pots. 
Laburnum,  Poplar,  Weeping  Ash,  Lime,  Elm,  Lilac,  Thorns, 
Standard  and  D  varf-trained  Peach,  Nectarine,  Apricot,  Plum, 
Cherry,  Apple,  Pear,  Gooseberries,  Currant,  Rhubarb.  &c.— 
Mny  hi  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale  ;  Catalogues  may  ip3  had 
{G'i.  each,  returnable  to  purchasers)  on  the  premises  ;  of  the 
principal  seedsmen  in  London ;  and  of  the  Auctioneer&, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
]\/rR,  J.    R.VWLINGS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 

^''JL  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  ou  WEDNESDAY  and 
FRIDAY,  November  3d  and  5th,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-rate 
Collection  of  DUTCH  BCLBS  ;  also  abiut  500  tine  Standard, 
Dwarf,  Climbing,  and  Weeping  Roses  ;  avarietyof  Evergreens, 
.fee. — May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had 
at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  89,  Bridport-place,  New 
Nortli-road,  and  Ebenezn-  Nursery,  Shacklewell. 

IMPORTANT   CONSIGNMENT    FROM    BELGIUM. 

TONOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN.  NCRSERYAIEN,  FLORISTS 

AND  OTHERS. 

lYJR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  been  favoured  with 
^"-^  instructions  to  submit  to  public  competition,  at  the 
Auction  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  oq  THURSDAY,  Nov.  11, 
and  following  daj-,  at  12  o'clock,  about  500  double  Ca-nelliag, 
3IJ0  Indian  Azaleas,  and  200  Scarlet  Rhododendrons,  the  whole 
beautifully  furnished  with  bloom  buds  ;  also  about  1000  fine 
Standard  Roses,  comprising  all  the  leading  varieties,  together 
with  a  first-ra'e  coUeciion  of  Dutch  Bulbs. — May  be  viewed 
the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of 
the  Auctioneer,  89,  Bridport-place,  New  North-road,  and 
Ebenezer  Nursery.  Shacklewell. 


PLANTING  SEASON. 
|\/J"R,  J.  RAWLINGS  has  received  instructions  from 
■l-'-L  Mr.  RoBEflT  Neal,  to  submit  to  puDlic  competition  by 
Auction,  on  tne  premises,  Wandsworth-common,  about  the- 
middte  of  November,  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERT 
STOCK  ;  further  particulars  of  which  will  be  given  in  fatura 
advertisement).  "l 

89,  Bridport-place,  New  North-road,  Oct.  30.  1 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell  by 
Auction  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-laae,  on  T  HURS  D  AY, 
Nov.  4.  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-class  collection  of  DUTCH 
BULBS,  comprising  the  flnest  double  and  single  Hyacinths, 
Tulips,  Narcissus,  Crocus,  Jonquils,  Anemones,  Gladiolus, 
Irises,  die;  about  iOOO  very  choice  Ranunculuses  of  English 
growth  ;  a  selected  assortment  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses  ; 
American  Plants,  well  set  with  bloom  buds,  and  adapted  for 
potting.  May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale. — Catalogues  had 
at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leyton- 
stone, Esses. 


PADDINGTON. 
TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN.  NURSERYMEN,  PELAR- 
GONIUM EXHIBITORS,  AND  OTHERS. 
MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
favoured  with  instructions  from  Mr.  R.  Stains,  to 
submit  to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Maida  Vale,  Edgeware  Road,  Paddingtoo,  on  FRIDAY,  5th 
November,  at  11  o'clock,  in  consequence  of  the  land  being 
required  for  building  purposes,  tlie  whole  of  the  valuable 
GREENHOUSE  PLANTS,  comprising  choice  show  and  Cape 
Pelargoniums,  consisting  of  Beck's  Rosa,  Foster's  Shylock, 
Ariadne,  Enchantress,  Lavina,  Purple  Perfection,  Vandyke, 
Rubens,  Pulchra,  Monteith,  Hoyle's  Ajax,  Nectar  Cup,  Roup's 
Alibi,  Fouquett's  ilagnificent,  and  all  the  leading  varieties  ;  a 
fine  collection  of  Herbaceous  Plants,  Standard  Rosas,  Box 
Edging,  die. ;  together  with  four  capital  Greenhouses,  erection 
of  Cottage,  several  Pits,  1,  2,  and  S-light  Boxes,  Hand-lights, 
500  feet  of  Hot-water  Pipe,  two  Boilers,  Furnaces,  Bricks, 
York  Paving,  Tiles,  24-inch  Garden  Roller,  Pumigator 
(tJrown's),  Syringe  and  Pump  (Reed's),  Garden  Seats,  Ther- 
mometers, Water  Tubs,  Cans,  Garden-pots  ;  a  quantity  of 
Gold  Fish  and  Water  Lilies,  rotten  Compo.st  and  Manure,  a 
useful  Nag,  a  capital  Tumbiel  Cart  and  Harness,  and  sundry 
other  effects. — May  be  viewed  two  days  prior  to  the  sale.  Cata- 
logues had  (Gd.  each,  returnable  to  purchasers),  on  the  pre- 
mises, the  Hero  of  Maida ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in 
London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leyton- 
stone, Essex. 


MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  been  favoured  with  instruc- 
tions to  sell  by  Private  Contract  a  first-rate  NURSERY^ 
near  London,  consisting  of  three  Acres  well  stocked,  several 
Greenhouses  and  Pits,  a  considerable  quantity  of  Fotted 
Plants,  Seed  Drawers,  and  Fixtures,  Connexion  goo3.  Leaso 
18  years.  Cottage  on  Premises,  snug  Seed-trade,  &c.  Coming 
in  moderate.  Further  particulars  on  application. 
89,  Bridport-place,  New  North-road.  London.  Oct.  30. 

COCHIN    CHINA    FOWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  notify  that  the  next. 
Sale  of  Fancy  Poultry  will  take  place  at  his  Great  Room, 
38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  on  TUESDAY,  Novembers, 
at  12  fori  o'clock,  and  will  include  COCHtN  CHINA  FOWLS,  ' 
many  of  gr?aC  merit,  from  the  stocks  of  syveral  celebrated 
breeders,  of  the  favourite  colours  and  well  feathered.  Gold 
and  Silver  Pheasants,  White  Turkeys,  d:c.  Catalogues  are 
preparing,  and  when  published,  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt  of 
a  stamped  directed  envelope. — 38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden, 
LondoD, 


TO   MARKET   GARDENERS  AND   OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  W.  WARD  is  instructed  by  the  Executrix  of 
the  late  Mrs.  Meecbr  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
St.  James's-road,  Blue  Anchor-road,  Bermondsey,  on  TUES- 
DAY, November  2,  at  11  o'clock  (without  the  least  reserve),  all 
the  Growing  Crops  of  a  Market  Gardener,  consisting  of 
4  acres  of  two  and  three-year-old  Asparagus,  5i  acres  of 
Seakale  Crowns,  a  quantity  of  Celery  and  Colewort  Plants,. 
Potatoes,  Seeds,  &.c. ;  about  2000  Hand-glasses,  250  three-  ' 
light  Boxes,  Wear  and  Box  Barrows,  all  the  usual  implements 
of  trade,  the  erection  of  Binding  Sheds,  strong;  Draught  Horses, 
Waggons,  Carts,  Van,  *tc. — Catalogues  may  be  had  of  Mr. 
Chapman,  Spitalfields-market ;  at  the  Glove,  Borough-market; 
White  Horse,  Covent-garden ;  Green  Man.  Old  Kent-road;  oib 
the  premises  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  9,  Walworth-road. 


ROTHERFIELD,  NEAR  TONBRIDGE  WELLS. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  AND 

OTHEaS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  m- 
Btructed  by  Mr.  Field  (who  is  declining  business),  to 
submit  to  an  unreserved  Sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premises. 
Steel  Cross  Nursery,  Rotherfield,  Sussex,  on  MONDAY, 
November  15th,  and  following  days,  at  11  o'clock  each  dav, 
the  whole  of  the  healthy  and  well.grown  NURSERY  STOCK, 
consisting  of  about  200,000  Forest,  Ornamental,  and  Fruit 
Trees  ;  20,000  evergreens  ;  also  600,000  Qaick  ;  fine  American 
Plants,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  Seedling  Ash,  Alder, 
&c.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be 
obtained  on  the  premises,  the  George  Inn,  Rotherfield;  Star 
Inn,  Mayfield;  Queen's  Head  Inn,  Wadhurnt.  Sussex;  Crown 
Hotel,  Toubcidge  ;  Swan  Inn,  Tonbridge  Wells  ;  of  the  prin- 
cipal Seedsmen  in  London ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American 
Nursery,  Leytonstone,  BsseXi 


CHOICE   COLLECTION    OF   TULIPS. 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart  (near  the  Bank  of  England),  on  WEDNESDAY, 
Nov.  3d,  at  12  o'clock,  the  remaining  portion  of  the  well-known 
CoUectionofTULlPS,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr.  W.NEw(of  the 
Derby  Arms,  ICirlidale).  They  comprise  Gibbon's  Princess  Royal, 
Enchantress,  Maid  of  Orleans,  Maid  of  Athens,  Countess  of 
Harrington,  Lady  Flora  Hastings,  Purple  Perfection,  Chellaston 
Beauty,  Britannia,  Prince  Albert,  Sable  Monarch,  Wood's  Van 
Amburgh,  Thalia,  Louts  SVI,,  George  Glenny,  Salvator  Rosa^ 
Pandora,  David,  «fcc.  Among  the  Roses,  Anastasia,  King  of 
Scarlets,  Lady  Leicester,  Lady  Stanley,  Lady  Vernon,  Miss 
Catharine,  Dixon's  Bion,  Jeffery's  Elizabeth,  Mary  Lamb, 
Headley's  Rose  Ellen,  Countess  of  EgUnton,  Lady  Boyle, 
Camuse  ds  Craix,  Rose  Lac,  &c.  The  Bizarres  comprise  Pilot, 
Strong's  King,  Competitor,  Tricolor,  Shakespeare,  Apelles, 
Marceilus,  Pompe  Funebre,  Coronation,  New's  Lewis,  Lord 
Lilford,  (fee.  The  whole  will  be  sold  without  the  least  reserve^ 
— May  he  viewed  on  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  to  be 
had  at  the  Mart;  of  Messrs.  Dawe,  CoTTaELL,  and  Benham, 
Seedsmen,  Moorgate-street,  City ;  fl.  Alexander,  Shacklewell ; 
and  also  of  Mrs.  New,  Everton  Valley,  Kirkdale,  upon  receipt 
of  four  stamps.  

COCHIN     CHINA    FOWLS. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  is  favoured  with  iastructiong 
from  Thomas  Sturgeon,  Esq.,  of  Gray's,  to  sell  by 
Auction,  at  the  Bazaar,  Kmg-street,  Baker-street,  Portmau- 
aquare,  London,  on  TUESDAY,  November  2,  his  early 
CHICKENS  of  the  present  year;  including  several  white 
Cockerels,  and  also  a  number  of  prize  and  Medal  Birds  of  1851, 

The  Chickens  are  mostly  bred  from  birds  that  at  Cheltenham 
and  at  Birmingham,  in  1850  and  1851,  thrice  beat  all  England, 
besides  numberless  minor  victories.  Only  first-class  birds  will 
be  off"ered,  and  none  parted  with  before  the  sale. 

Catalogues  are  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  upon  application 
to  Mr,  SxaAFFoaD,  89,  Guilford-street,  Russell-square,  London* 


Printed  by  William  Bsadboei,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place.  in  the 
pariBhof  St.  Pancras,  and  Fbbdmbick  Mdllktt  Evahb,  of  So.  7.  Church- 
row  Stoke  NewiuRtoo,  both  lo  the  County  ot  Middleaex  Primers  at 
their  Office  m  Lomhard-street,  in  the  Precioct  of  Wbitefriara.  in  the 
City  ol  London;  and  publiabed  by  them  at  tlie  office.  No.  3,  Charles-  ■ 
atrcpt,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  in  the  said  Con nty, 
where  si!  AdvertiBeiURnta  and  Comuiiiniratioua  are  to  be  ADDBBasBD  XO 
THa  EoiiOA,— SAiuaDAX,  OciosbeSO,  1362, 


AND 


^ICLE 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Kconomy  and  General  l^ews.^The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Frofessor  Isindlej 


No.  45.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,    NOVEMBER  6. 


[Price  %d.. 


Agricultaral  anomalies 

—  Society  of  Enilaad 

Anotnaliee,  asricaltnral 

Apple  treea,  to  plant .>■■■ 

Auricalas.  select 

Baltams,  double 

Beiine.  Preach  .,,..,.. 

Bricks,  biKck 

British  Associatioa 

Calendar,  horticultaral 

Carrol,  French  Sbort-hora  .... 
Cattle  feeding  at  Ho\\'ick,  713  h. 

Chaff  cutting 

Climate  of  S.  TF".  France 

—  of  Dorset 

Conilers.  insects  oa..,, ..,,,.,, 

ConsertatiTe  walla 

Copiae  fur  w^Us 

Copyhiid.  how  to  eofranchiae. , 

Corn  trade,  Mark-'ane 

CnpreaGU'^  horizintulis 

Corctima  Roscoe«na  ...,..,.,, 

Dahlia.  Prince  Arthur    

Di^by'a  (  Ur.)  trardea 

Dorset,  climate  of   

£ller  berriea , 

Ftifs,  onC-door    , 

France.  S.W..  climate  of 

Fruit  trees,  wroagly  namel.... 

Fuchsias,  lar^e 

Grapes,  Uatvasia 

—  late    

—  Hubahee 

Greenhouses  and   conaervative 

walls 


713  6 

717  h 
713  6 
71i:  c 
711  b 
711  6 


71S  a 
714  a 

710  b 
703  c 

711  6 
711  a 
711  h 
711  t 
710  a 
709  a 


700  a 


Gardeners,  educAtion  of 

Honicultutal  Society    

Irrit;atioa    

Leaves,  plnats  iacreaae  without 

Linoean  Society 

Mansold  VVurz^l 

Manure.  Hqaid 

Mimulus,  the    .,...,.,.. 

Nursery  t-ade   

Orchids,  sale  of. 

Patchouli 

PineBHwfly  

Plants  increiBe  without  leaves 

—  indoor 

Potatoes  f'Jr  plantini;. 

—  distance  apart 

—  amons  Peas 

Poor-law  amt-lioratioa  .,..,... 

Poultry,  gapes  in.. 

Reviews,  miBcellaneoua    

Salvia  involucrata 

Sawlly,  Pine 

Sechium  edule  , , , 

Seeding,  thin 

Snails 1. 

Storm",, , 

Teoantright 71G  a- 

Timber  trees,  to  plant   

Tomatoas,  use  of  green 

Vine  mildew 

Yiat!f;ir  plant    .i 

Walla, coping  for , 

—  conservative  

Whejit,  traaaplaDtinjri  

IVine  Grapes 


709  h 

710  h 
713  a 


717  b 
717  h 
711  b 
709  c 


711  c 

709   c 

709  c 

710  a 
714  6 
717  a 

711  a 
709  c 
703  a 


709  c 
714  e 
■717  a 

710  b 

711  c 
710  a 

712  c 


709  6 


SCOTTISH     GARDENERS'     AND    LAND- 
STEWARDS'  ASSOCIA-TION,  for  the  relief  of  Aged  and 
lafirm  GardenerSj  Laad-Stewarda,  and  Foresters. 
Patroti. 
Eis  Royal  Highness  the  Pbince  Albert,  E.G. 

ANNOAL  ilEETrNQ. 

NOTICE  ia  hereby  given  that  the  Annual  General  Meeting 
of  the  Assotuation  will  be  held  at  No.  6,  York-place,  Edinburgh, 
on  WEDNESDAY,  November  10,  ensuing,  for  the  electiou  of 
Office-bearers  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  on  other  business,  in 
terms  of  the  deed  of  Constitution. 

ELECTION    OF    PENSIONERS, 

The  Subscribers  are  also  informed  that,  after  the  General 
Meeting,  ae  above,  an  election  of  two  Pensioners  on  the  General 
Funds  will  take  place  in  terms  of  the  Minutes  of  the  General 
iteetiDg,  held  on  2'jth  ifay  last,  Chaeles  Lawson,  Jjn,, 

Committee  Room,  Hon.  Sec. 

6,  York  Place,  Edinburgh,  Oct.  23. 

Subscribers  io  arrear  will  be  pleased  to  observe  that  the 
SubscriptiOQ  for  the  present  year  (the  third)  was  due  on  the 
lit  of  June  laat;  and  that  if  not  paid  on  or  before  the  day 
preceding  the  election,  the  FoU-  ijr  Paper  will  not  fag  received. 

AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Wiadlesham,  near  Bagsliot, 
Surrey,  Exhibitor  of  American  Plants  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park.  begs  to  inform  the  Nobility 
and  Pablic  be  has  publLhhed  a  Descriptive  CATALOGUE  OP 
AMERICAN'  PLANTS,  Coniferie,  Roses,  Ornamental  Shrubs, 
ic.  (tc,  and  may  be  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps.  —  Near  Staines  Station,  Windsor  Branch,  South- 
Wettprn  Railway. ^ 


GERANIUM    "ATTRACTION"    (KINGHORN.) 

THE  VAPJEGATED  LEAF  GERANIUM,  with  a 
SCARLET  HOa-SK-SKOE,  which  attracted  so  much 
attention  at  the  London  Shows  during  the  past  season,  has 
baen  purchased  of  Mr.  KIXGIIORN,  by  Messbs.  J,  and  C.LEE, 
and  due  notice  will  be  giveu  when  it  is  ready  to  be  sent  out. 

This  Advertisement  is  inserted  in  consequence  of  Mr.  Gaines 
having  taken  advantage  of  its  notoriety  by  naming  a  flower  of 
his  own  "  Attraction,"  which  has  never  been  exhibited. 
Nuraery,  Hammersmith,  near  London. 


DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS,  at  a  reduced  price.— 
HYACINTtIS,  mixed,  all  colours tU.  per  100 

TULIPS,  mixed,  early  double  and  singlo       ...     65.         ,, 

IRIS,  mixed,  spleudid  colours 4s.         „ 

CROCUS,  Dutch,  mixtd,  all  colours     Vis.  p.  1000 

Early  anemones,  in  epUndid  and  great  variety  of 
colour,  strong  flowering  roots,  Ta,  per  100  ;  recommended  in 
the  Qardjt-n/irs'  Chronicle,  No.  43,  page  G79. 

Tbe  above,  with  cTery  uther  kiod  of  flowering  Bulb,  equally 
low  in  price,  to  be  had  of  William  DF.NTEa,   Seedsman  and 
Plorilt,  82,  Gracechurch-street  (near  the  Spread  EagleJ,  London. 
No  chitc^e  (or  package*. 


TO  THE  SEED  TRADE. 

BEAUTIFUL   NEW  CALIFORNIAN   ANNUALS. 

COLLINSfA    UMLTAJAZPOhlK    (HOOKER); 
MULTICOLOR  (I.INOLEY.) 

MESSRS.  VEITCH  and  SON  are  now  prepared  to 
Buppiy  Seed  of  th«  above-named  ColUnsiaa,  wblth  were 
eent  them  from  California  by  Mr.  Lobb,  and  are  at  present 
solely  in  their  poiscssl'm.  They  have  been  exhibited  at  the 
London  Shown,  where  thoy  obtained  CertiflcateB  of  Merit,  and 
were  greatly  admirvd. 

Messro.  V.  and  8,  have  qI«o  to  offijr  Seeds  of  ihe  beautiful 
and  sweet-flcentcd  AURONIA  UMItBLLATA,  which  Is  well 
adapted  for  bedding.     Prices  forwarded  on  application. 

ExtUTf  November  C. ^ 


THE     BLACK    BARBAROSSA, 
A  SaAPB  THAT  DON'T  KNOW   JIOW   TO  SHANK. 

JOHN  BUTCHEI{,  in  again  bringing  the  above  truly 
splendid  and  valunble  Lat«  Orapo  Into  tlie  notio  of  Iloru- 
cal'.urlsts,  b«i(ii  to  Inform  them  that  hu  has  thisjt-ar  forcod 
tbe  above  Orape,  and  found  it  to  exceed  his  expectations  as  to 
flavour,  belog  far  -upor  or  to  tbo  Ilambro',  and  feels  confident 
that  tbi»  sort  will  (;Vt:nt>iaIly  supcrsedo  tho  liambro'.  A  bunch 
wa*  cxh>bit«d  at  the  Horticultural  Society's  Room*,  ReK«"t- 
•treef,  London,  on  the  I'Jth  ult.  Flno  Krulllnst  Plaiitt,  from 
Ejei,  l^i.CU.  cw;h  ;  Kood  Planli,  Oi.dd.;  to  bo  obtained  of 
tb«  London  AgenU,  Mcusr*.  Dawe,  Cottkell,  and  Uknuam, 
8e«d  U«rcbanU.  »»*,  Maori(nte-«tr«et;or  Mr.  I.  Iseakl,  7,  Cfiiiiro 
BulidloKs,  C'jT«nt  Garden  Market;  and  Jous  IJuiciikr,  Htrat- 
forfl-oo.AToa.  , 

Hamplcf  of  tho  Berries  wUI  bo  nenl  upon  the  rocolpt  of  I'i 
postajfe  siftmpi,  postffM,— 3tratford-on-Aron,  Novomber  9. 


PLANTING    SEASON.  — TULIPS,    ETC. 

CAREY  TYSO,  Wallingford,  Berks,  is  selling  off 
his  COLLECTION  OF  TULIPS  at  one-third  of  the  Cata- 
logue prices,  wi:h  a  few  exceptions,  November  is  the  best 
month  for  planting. 

C.  Tyso's  new  Catalogue  of  Double  Anemones,  Ranuncu- 
luses, Carnations,  Picoteea,  Pinks,  Paosies,  Geraniums,  ifcc, 
iucludiog  his  Tulip  List,  may  be  had  postage  free  for  two 
postage  stamps ;  Treatise  ou  the  Anemone,  four  postage 
stamps  ;  and  ditto  on  Ranunculuses,  eight  postage  stamps. 


TRANSPLANTED  QUICK  AND  GOOSEBERRY  TREES. 

EDMUND  SALSBURY,  Melbourne,  near  Derby, 
begs  to  call  the  attention  of  Nuraervmen  and  others  to 
Half-a-Million  of  very  superior  TRANSPLANTED  QUICK- 
SETS, from  Three  to  Five  Years  old,  which  he  is  offering  at 
from  Gs.  to  10s.  per  1090  ;  also  to  several  Thousands  of  GOOSE- 
BERRY  TREES,  compri-iing  nearly  100  of  the  best-known 
sorts,  as  London  Companion,  Leader,  Thumper,  &c.,  at  from 
125.  to  15s.  per  100.  The  above  are  well  grown,  and  well  de- 
serving tbe  notice  of  parties  who  are  in  want  of  such. — Apply 
as  above,  or  to  Mr.  Henry  Clarke,  Seed  Merchant,  39,  King- 
street,  Cnvent  Garden,  Loniioo. 


RHUBARB 

MITCHELLS  GREY  EAGLE.— A  new  and  most 
excellent  variety,  having  all  the  best  qualities  combined 
in  one,  both  for  market  and  culinary  purposes.     24s  per  doz. 

Also,  Mitchell's  ROYAL  ALBERT,  Myatt's  LINNiEUS  and 
VICTORIA,  65.  per  doz.  All  the  above  are  strong  one  year 
planted  roots.  Also  some  very  strong  two  year  old  roots  of 
ROYAL  ALBERT  for  early  forciner.  9s.  per  doz. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  William:  Mitchell,  Enfield 
Highway,  Middlesex, 


DAWE,COTTRELL,  and  BENIIAM  (successors to 
Frederick  WarnerI  boff  to  call  public  attention  to  their 
extensive  collection  of  DUTC  tl  B0LBS,  eompvisiag  Hyacinths, 
Crocus,  Narcissus,  Anemones,  Ranunculus,  Tulips,  &c.  Sic., 
Priced  Lists  of  which  can  bs  obtained,  post  free,  -on 
application, 

Strawberry  Plants,  Fruit  Treea,  Roses,  Rhubarb  Roots,  &;c., 
of  all  the  newest  and  best  varieties,  supplied  at  the  advertised 
pi'ices, 

Dawe,  Cotteell,  and  Benhah  are  also  Agents  for  tbe  sale 

of  Butcher's  Black  Barbaro-^sa  Grape    Vina  ;  for  description, 

price,  &c.,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle.  October  23. 

36,  Moorgate-street ;  and  3.  Laurence  Fount ney-lane,  London. 

(Established  at  Coruhill,  1720.) 


FOREST  TREE  S^EDLINGS.—Tlie   Sdbscrieeks 
respectfully  iutiid^e    C^^t    Lbr  r    ^.IS  £    of    NURSERY 
STOCK  for  tiie  Sei-.sor?  ic    •  ,      ,  _ -_  ^,-  _  ^^Ucation. 

William  UKQuasiLT   and    Sons,    Dundee. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  AROOT  FIFTY  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AiVD  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  most  splendid  and  superb  CoUectiou  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  audrecommend,  they  having  been  carefully  saved  and 
varied  from  tlie  most  unique  selection  in  the  kingdom.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrubby  they  are  perpetually  in  flower ;  and 
from  the  great  variety  and  brilliancy  of  their  colours,  they  are 
invaluable  for  the  conservatory  or  bedding-out. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co..  King's  R 'AD.  Chelsea,  Lowdow. 


GEORGE  JACK  MAN,  NuRSERYMANjWoking,  Surrey, 
IJ  mile  from  Woking  Station,  South  Western  Railway, 
begs  to  annouuce  he  has  just  published  a  new  and  complete 
Catalogue  of  his  American  Plants,  Ornamental  Evergreens, 
Conilers,  flowering  Shrub*,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  &c.  &.C.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosine'  two  postage  stami'S. 


I  OHN  KEYNES,  Nurseryman,  Salisbury,  offers  the 

fJ  following  Set  of  SEEDLING  CINEKARIAS,  with  every 
confidence  that  they  will  prove  first-rate  gems,  a:id  give  great 
satisfaction.  Fine  Plants  now  ready,  with  the  usual  discount 
to  the  Trade,  or  the  set  for  20s. 

NEW    FIRST-RATE    CINERARIAS. 

LADY  liATlIDRSi;.— White  edged  purple,  very  smooth, 
beau'iful  habit.     Os. 

LOVELINESS.— Light  edged  pink,  very  free  bloomer,  fine 
haMt.    5s. 

KING  OF  THE  BLUES.— Blue,  the  best  ever  offered,  finest 
habit,  free  bloomer,  large  truss,  first-rate  in  every  respect. 
h)3.  Cd. 

BRITISH  QUEEN.— White,  crimson  tip,    53. 

LILAC  STANDARD.— The  finest  lilac,  beautiful  colour  and 
hiibit.    55, 

PRINCE  ALBERT.— Light  shaded  lilac.    5s. 

PINK. 

Mrs,  WOOLF  (Keynes.)— A  decided  improvement  on  Lola 
Mootes  ;  perfect  roae,  leaf  full  and  fine,  first  class,  bs.  per  pair, 
free  by  pimt. 

The  Cinerarias  are  very  few  ;  first  orders  will  be  first 
attcnrlcd  til.  ^^^____ 


NEW    WHITE    BROCCOLI-"DILCOCKS     BRIDE." 

BAINBRIDGE  and  HEWISON  beg  to  announce 
tliat  they  have  purcliaiiod  of  Mr.  Dilcock  the  entire  stuck 
of  the  above,  which  is  a  nr.iccoll  of  tho  highest  merit,  sur- 
passing every  otber  (oven  tho  far-famed  "  Mammotli"),  as  tho 
following  will  testify.  It  hua  been  sold  In  tho  York  market  at 
\a.  per  head, 

"York  Horticultural  Socioty,  Juno  18,  1552. 
"In  reply  to  your  inquiries  I  (Ind  ' Dlkoek'n  Ilrlde  broccoli ' 
wan  awarded  first  and  third  prizes  1850;  Hrot,  HCouud,  and  third, 
1H51  ;  and  first,  second,  and  third  in  th-)  proHOnt  year.  It  ought 
t-i  bo  grown  by  cvury  gcntlomaii's  gardenur,  especially  wlioro 
«!iy  are  grown  for  compctltl.in.  Murliul  giirdoiiora  also  will 
flud  It  to  their  profit  topoeacsi  It. -Your'*  Iruly, 

"  R.  DEMPflEY,  Hon,  Secretary." 
Tho  Sped  will  bo  sent  out  In  tlio  uuiumn  in  aualod  packets  at 
•III   «.i.  fcHCh,  containing   ub-iut  UOO  Si.ed»,  and  may  bo   had  of 
1  tlicm^oivoB  at  York  ;  oi- of  McssrM.  Nohlb,  CouPEft,  and  Uolton 
'  Bocd-mvrchiintn,  16'i,  Floot-strcct,  LouUod. 
'      Hypo  Nurflery,  York, 


TO   NOBLEIMEIM,   GENTLEMEN,  AND    THE  TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA.  price  2s,  6d.  per 
quart,  and  can  with  confidence  recommend  it  as  a  very  superior 
article. 

Also  their  New  Early  Scarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES 
RHUBARB,  hs.  each.  It  is  quite  as  early  as  the  Prince  Albert, 
much  larger,  red  throughout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large 
cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  *hoso  not  having  an  account  open 
with  H.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  tho 
Borough  Post-office,  or  postage  stamps. 

For    Testimonials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  iSch  September,  1352,  page  59± . 
Newington  Butts,  Lon'^on. 

AMERICAN    PLANTS. 
rOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Cataloguo 

^  of  the  above  Plants,  Roses,  Conifers,  &c.,  is  now  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  encloning  two  postage  stamps.  Tho 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  aro 
described,  in  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  seleciing. 

g^The  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  eataolishment,  —  The  American  Nursery,  Bagchot,  Surrey, 
i  miles  from  Farnhorough  Station,  South- Western  Railw.iy, 
and  3  miles  from  Rlackwa'e'-.  S"ath-Eistern  R^ihv=iv. 

pLECTRANTHUS  CONCOLOR  PICTA,  the  finest 

-L     variegated.'e«ved  plant  yec  off-red 7s  Gd. 

TACSONIA    SANGUINEA,    figured    in    "Botanical 

Magazine"  for  October       lOs,  Ci^. 

Hnon  Low  and  Co.,  Clapton  Nursery  — Nov.  6. 

TTWENTY  CHOICE'nARIED  GERANIUMS  FOR 
i    EIGHTEEN    SHILLINGS,   in  60-3ized  pots,   in  strdng 
robust  health. 
Apply  to  William  B.  Rendle  and  Co.,  Florists,  Plymouth. 
For  General  List  of  GerLiniums,   see   Gardeners'   Chronicle, 
PaaeOlO,  Sept.  25    1352. 

EDWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON    and    SON 
are  now  preoarei  to  send  out  their  new  CINERARIAS 
and  FANCY   GERANIUMS  for  this  Season,  which  they  caa 
coufideutly  recommend,  for  which  early  orders  are  solicited — 
as  the  stock  of  some  oi'  the  varietii?6  ia  limited, 
NEW     CINERARIAS. 

s.   d\  s.  d, 

■■-    0    Charlotte ...    5    f) 

5    0  I  Kate  Kearnev 5    i) 

^■J^     Margdsrite  d'Anjoa     ,,.    7    U 

H'^^'fiiind  ..:;       10    ij 

—  t/a  ■■^l  discov.ni  tu  the  Trade. 
GERAN  I  U  WIS. 


Charles  Dickens... 
CoM  =  pieua 
Loveliness 
Prince  Arthur    ... 

Price  of  the  S"Jy.& 
NEV/     " 


■.^/•■, 


FANCY 

'  s.   d.  ■  "                                     s.    d. 

Criterion 10    tj     Fanny      10    t; 

Flora  Mclvor     10     G     Italian  Beauty j  10     tJ 

Lady  Downes     10    6     Marginata  10    (J 

Queen  of  the  Fancies  ...  10     G 

Price  of  the  Set,  £3  3s. —  Usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 

For  description  of  the  above  see  this  Paper  of  October  9. 
WellinjtoQ  Road  Nursery,  St.  Joho's  Wood.  London. — Nov.  6. 

JOHN    HARRISON   having  a  good   stock    of  the 

*J  underndraed  arLicles,  offei-s  tneii  to  the  Trada  at  the 
following  very  low  prices.  The  Fastolff  Raspberries  are  true,  and 
free  from  mixture,  having  yrowa  no  other  variety  in  his  nursery 
since  it  was  broken  out  of  sward,  many  spurious  worthless 
arieties  having  been  sent  out  for  this  truly  valuable  variety. 


7s,  6d.  per  100,  or  65s,  per  1000 
12s.  „        or  90s.        ,, 

12s.  „        or  00s,        „ 

30s.  „ 

30s.  „ 

or£UperlOOO 


Fastolff  Raspberry,  true 

Victoria  Currants  

Black  Bang-up  do.,  the  best 

known   

Royal  Albert  Rhubarb 

LinntBUS  do 

Victoria  do 

Manettil Rose  Stock,  Ss.  Qd.  to  12s.  per  100,  or  7)s  to  5f.  per 
1000  ;  ditto,  strong  cuttings,  10  inches  to  1  foot,  65s.  per  1000  ; 
•  ditto,  extra  strong,  trimmed  up  to  3  to  4  feet,  25s.  per  100  ; 
fy  to  0  feet,  50s.  per  100. 

St^indard  Roses,  superior  plants,  in  100  fine  varieties, 
own  selection,  5t  to  11.  per  100  ;  ditto  ditto  Perpetuals,  strong 
healthy  plants,  in  50  sood  varieties,  61.  to  71.  10s.  per  100, 

Dwarf  Rose^,  splendid  plants,  worked  ou  the  Mauetiii,  not 
to  be  surpassed  for  htalih  and  vigour,  own  selection,  100 
varieties,  3t.  to  5L  pei-  InO  ;  di'to.  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  in  50 
varieties,  own  swlection,  U.  to  fil.  per  100. 

Di^Iphinium  Barlowii,  iJOs,  per  100;  Umilii  Saedlings,  20j. 
per  100. 

Four  hundred  fine  succession  Pino  Plants,  clean  and  healthy. 
Prices  on  application. 

Cataloffu>is  of  R'j«es,  Hollyhocks,  Pelargoniums,  Ornamental 
Trees  and  Shrubi,  Fruit  Trous,  <fac.,  may  be  had  on  application, 
enclosing  a  postage  stamp  for  e;ich. 

*  The  strong  triinmiid  MancttU  Stocks,  3  to  4  feet  and  5  to  0 
feet,  are  excellent  for  working  ;  half  Standard  and  Standards 
of  Bourbon",  Uybrid  Porpotualn,  and  Tea  and  Noisotto  Rosea. 
Hrnnrro  Niirwerv    Uarltngl'on.  —  Novunber  6. 


FIRST-RATE  COLLECTION  OF  CONIFEROUS  PLANTS. 

WILLIAM  YOUNG-  begs  to  inform  linoblemen, 
gonLlemon,  anil  others,  that  his  ooUcctiou  of  Coniferous 
Plants  is  this  so^ison  very  fine.  couMlstinK  of  flrst-rato  spocl- 
muns  of  Codrua  Doodara  and  Lebamn,  Arauoarln  imbrioata, 
Cryptomcrla  JHpnnica,  Taxodium  aornpervireuH,  I'inu'i  inalguis, 
Abies  Donglasit,  &c.  &o.,  of  which  ho  would  invite  a  personal 
insriGcUon  ;  likowlfio  a  very  extensive  Stoidt  of  Forest  Trees  of 
every  doscriptlon,  coUMlstlng  of  lino  hoddo  1  Aldor,  Ash,  Beech, 
Birch,  Si)ani'di  ClmH'nut,  Ilazol,  Red  llavt  Willow,  several 
hundred  tli-U'irinds  of  ilno  boddod  Larch,  from  18  inches  to 
2  feet,  and  2  to  3  fcul;  Scotch  Firi,  0  iuchos  to  1  foot,  and  18 
inches  to  2  foot;  dlMo,  3  to  1  foot;  un  Inimouno  quantity  of 
strong  btjddcd  White  Thorn  or  Quick  for  Fencing;  and 
Mahonia  aquifollum,  or  American  Horborry,  for  cover,  which 
will  ho  Bold  choap  If  laluin  !u  quuntities, 

Catiilogu'iH  may  bn  had  by  onclohlng  two  postage  sfamps, 
Miiford  Nurncry,  near  Godalniliig,  2  miles  Irom  tho  Godatmlng 
Station  of  the  South.  Western  Railway,  whoro  oonvoyancofl  cau 
always  bo  obtained. 


706 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  6, 


LANCASHIRE    SHOW    GOOSEBERRIES. 

JOHN  HOLLAND,  Bradsliaw  Gardens,  Middleton, 
L  incashire,  reHpeclfallj  infor;QS  the  publiu  ihiit  he  is  now 
sending  oud  strong  Plants  of  tha  heaviest  Lauctshire  Show 
Gooseberries  at  6d.  per  dozeu  plunts.  Priced  Lists  are  oow 
ready  of  Aariculns,  Alpines.  Poljanthns,  Primroses,  Car- 
nations, Piootees,  Pinks,  Pansies,  &«.  &c.,  and  may  be  had  in 
exchantre  for  a  postage  stamp.  , 


NEW  FRENCH  STRAWBERRIES,  33.  per  dozen. 
1.  D0CHESSE    DS  TREVIdB. 

2.  COMTESSE  Z\M  )IS1CA. 

3.  CO.\ITESSB  DE  MARNE. 

No.  1  has  als^  been  received  as  Vicomtesse  Horicart  de 
Thury,  The  " Cremont  PerpetaaL"  Strawberry  is  not  an 
autumnal  bearer. 

Thomas  R^VEaa,  Nurseries,  Sa^bridjeworth.  Herts. 


MESSRS.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  OF  CALCUTTA, 


[■ST  OF  IROSIfll 


[IMSEIQIIS  TO  MSil 


AND  THIi:  NEiatlBOURINa  MILLS  OF  KH.VSYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


NaME3. 


9 
10 
11 
12* 
13* 
li" 
.15 
16 
17. 

18*' 

19 

20' 

2l» 

22*» 

2-5* 

24^ 
25 


28 

29 

30 

3l*f 

32* 

33»* 

31 
36** 

36*^ 

37* 

38* 

39 

10 

42 

43* 
44»' 
45»« 
46» 
47* 
43 

49 

50 
51 

52*^ 

53" 

54* 

65* 

56 

67 

58 

59* 

■fiO 
61» 


68** 
67 

6S» 
69 
70 
71 

72»» 

73* 

74. 

75** 

76* 

77»* 

78** 

79 

80** 

8L«* 


«4 
85* 

8G* 
S7*> 
38* 
SO"* 
90 

91* 
92 
93* 


Micrnstylia  Wallichii  1,.. 
OberoQia  iadifolia     "  ... 

,,    sp 

fjiparia  sp. 

.,     sp 

,.■  6p 

:.       fP-      • 

Ocochilus  fascui 

,,     albm  

Pholidota  imbt-icata    .. 

,,     u'l'iulata    ... 

„     arciculata 

»     sp 

>.     ep 

Cce'ogj'oe  fli^ida 

„     uadulata    

„    fimbriata  ? 

,,     uniflora 

„     barb-ita 

,,     prieuox  ? 

,,     m*caluta    ... 

„     Wallicliiana 

,,     oceUata 

„     Gariitieriana 

J,    criatata       

„    Bp.    ...        

,,    flava?         

,)    sp 

M    sp 

i>    fip 

>,    sp 

M     sp 

BoibopUyMam    leopardi 
nuin 
„     umbellatura 
„     Kti'usjanani 

„    «P 

.,    sp 

>,    sp 

5,        PP 

,.      sp 

Cirrhopeta'U^u  sp. 

„     sp 

„    sp 

„    ^P 

>.      sp.      ...  

Tricofiina  siiavis 

iEriafilva  

Elria  sp 

,,    densiflora 

,,  ferrugiosa ... 

,,     pauiculata 

»     sp 

„     ep 

J.    sp 

»     sp 

A.poru(Xi  anceps 

,,  cuspidatum 

„    sp 

„    sp.? 

Dendrobiam  Pierardl  .. 
„     heterocarpam 
„     CbrysautUum 

,,     Paxtoai       

„     su.  liUe  do- 

J,    formosum 

,,    Jongtcornu 

„    calceolua 

„  sulcatum    ... 

,,  Jenkinsii    ... 

„  ccenilesceQS 

J,  nibile 

„     Gibsonii     

„    stuposum 

,,  Cambridgeauum .. 

,,  trauspareQS 

„  like  do.,  various  .. 

,,  DiiVoniauuTu 

„  Dalhousianum     .. 

„    muUicaule 

„     Griffi-.hil 

„     Parinori     

„  deusifl'Tam  palUd 

„  do.    roseuiu 

,,  iatermediuni 

>,    sp 

.,    sp 

„    ^P 

..    ep 

3pathoglotti3  pubsaeeu' 
:Vrundiaa  barabusifolia 

Phaiaa  grandifoliua 

,,      Wa;lictiii 

,,    maculata 


SizB  and  Colour  of  Flower 


Small,  pea  greea 

\Imui;e,  yeliowish 

Small,  yellow  

L^rrgish,  green  yellow 

Small,  deep  purple 
„     yeUoivLsb  browa 
„            „         and  wbite 
,,     white 


„       ,,    and  yellovr 

„     yellow 

Largiijb,  '.vtiite        

-  ,,  ,,  and  browa  ... 
,,  ,j  and  lateritiou-'- 
„    white 

Large,wbite,yellow,«fc  roae 
,,        ,,        and  rose 
„    pala  yellow  and  deep 

orange 
„     white  and  yellow     ... 
„        ,,      streaked    witli 
bright  yellow 

Small,  brown  aud  yellow... 

Lari,'e,  yelL.)W  and  brown  .. 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 
„    whice  and  brown 

„    paie  yellow    

,,     white  (pranty) 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

Large,  yellow  spotted  with 
purple. 

Largir.h,  dull  yellow 

Small,  i^reenistl 

Largish,  bright  yellow     ... 

Small,  wbite,  frijgrant 
„     dull  purple     

Small,    greaniab,    fragrant 

,,     dall  purple     

Lar^e,  br.jWLi  and  yellow.. 
Largish,  dull  pacple 

Lf'i^e,  white,  purple  &yeii. 

Largirth,  dull  yell.  &  bro-.v 

Largish,     white     streake' 

with  brow'i 

„  ,,    tinged    wit!; 

yellow 

„    ferru.;in°ou9 

Small,  spotted  with  pnrplt 
Larjjiah,  whi^e        

,,  i»     <to  dall  purp. 

Minute,  rosy  

Small,  white  


Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Large,  pink  and  yellow  .. 
,,  yell,  and  br.  fragran 
„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

„     orange  and  browa 
Very  largi>,  whits  and  yell., 

fragrant 
Large,  wbite  and  orange 
Very    dark    yellow,     rose, 

and  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  purple.. 
,,     lively  yellow  ... 
,,     deep  lively  purple    ... 
,,    white  rosy  purple    ... 
,,    yellow  and  browa    ... 

^mall,  white  

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br 
,,  deep  lively  purple  .., 
,,  pale  rose  and  purpb 
,,  lilac-rose  and  yello-^ 
„  ro3e,  white,  and  pu^p 
,,  white  and  purple 
„  palo  yell,  and  orang' 
„     lively       ,,  ,, 

,,    white  and  orange    .. 
„    pale  ro^e  and  orange 
„    pale  yellow  tfc  brown 
„    lively  orange  ... 
,)       )•    yellow  ifc  brown 
,,     yellow,  pink,  and  br. 
„     pink  and  yellow 
Largish,  yellow  and  purpU 
Large,  pale  rose  and  Lvol> 
purple 
„     whitp,  brown,  ifc  pur 

,,  ,,      ro?v  scente'i 


94* 

95»* 
Si** 
97* 

99«* 
100*» 
10  L** 
102 

103*' 

104** 
105** 

107** 

103«« 

109** 

110 

lU 

112 

113 

114»* 

115»^- 

U6 

117** 

118* 

119^ 

120*-'' 

121** 

L-22** 

123** 

124^^ 

125'* 

126 

127 

123 

123^' 

130 

131* 

132 

133* 

134* 

135 

136 

137*< 

138 

139 

140" 
141** 

142+* 
U3** 
U4^* 
U5* 
146* 

147 

113 


150*^ 
151' 

152 
153 

154 

155" 

156" 

157*^ 

153*' 

159*' 

160* 

!6t*' 

1.62** 

L63*'' 

164*' 
l(J59-- 

leo*" 

167* 
168*' 

li9*^ 

iro*^ 

171*^ 
172 
173 
174 

175*- 
176*< 
177*' 
178* 


Names. 


Phaius  albm        

A.putaria  senilis 

.4.  latifolia  

Eulophia  virena 

»    sp 

M    sp 

ij     ep 

M     sp 

Vanda  teres        

„     cristata      

J,    muUiflora 

„    ccerulea     

»    sp 

M    sp 

,.     sp 

Gamai'Dtis  purpurea    ... 
M.icropera  pallida 
Saocolabium  micranthm 

,,    retusum      

,,    papillosum 

,,    Galceolare 

,,    sp.  like  do. 

,,    caroifolium 

„    dasypitgoa 

„    appendlculatum  ... 

»     sp 

Sarcantbus  sp 

»    sp 

»    sp 

..     sp 

n      sp 

>>      sp 

A.erideB  afSne     

,,    odoratum 

„    sp 

n     sp 

A.gro3topby  Ilium     Kba- 

syanum 
Sipbosium  acuminatum 
Acanthophippium  sp.  ., 

.,     sp 

Cymbidium  giganteum.. 

,,     peadulum 

„     aloifolium  .... 

,,    eburneum 

,,     incotispicuum 
Cy  tnbidium       longipet'a 
lum 

II    cyprifoliam 

„    sp 

..  sp 

n  sp 

n  ep 

M  sp 

?  Phalcenopsia,  sp. 

Euphorboacis  pygmaaa,. 
G-eodorum  dilatatum    .. 


Plafcautherasp.  ... 
Peristylid  sp. 

Habeoaria  hamigera? ... 

„    sp 

.,    sp 

„    sp 

,.    sp 

Pogonia  Joliana  .. 

»     sp 

„    sp 

Cyrtosia  8p.  

Spiraatbes  sp 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

A.n^ctochllu3            Kox 
burghii 

*•     sp 

Cypripediura     venustiim 

„    insigne 

Calantbe  densiflora 

..    sp 

»    sp 

M    sp 

.,     sp 

Q-oodyera  sp, 

M      Bp 

,.     sp 

Ophrys  sp. 

,.     sp 

A.nthoginura  sp. ... 
Bonatea  sp. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Largo,  white,  rosy  scented 
Largish,  rose  and  green  ... 

a  

Large,  green  and  white    .. 

,,     dull  yellow  &  brown 

,,    deep  purple 

,,    green  and  yellow 

,,     purplish  green 
Very    large,    rosy    purple 

yellow  and  brown 

Largish,    greenish,    white, 

and  parple 

,,     wbite  and  rose 
Very  large,  deep  blue 
Largish,  dull  purple 

,  ,,        and  greet) 

,    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

pale  yellow     

Small,  rosy 

Largish,  lively  spotted 
Small,  pale  yellow  &  pur. 

,,    yellow  and  brown     ... 

„    pale  do.  and  roae    ... 

„    rosy      

„     green  and  purple      ... 

„    yellow 

,,    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Small,  rosy 

„    white  and  yellow 


,,    rosy  red  

Large,  rosy  purple 

,,  „     sweet-scented 

Large,  like  affiae,  and  ver\ 

eweet- scented 
Small,  white  

Large,  white  

,,    dull  purple    

,,     white,  streaked 

Very  large,  yell,  an'l  brown 
Large,  dull  yell,  and  purpb 

Very  large,  white 

Smal',  brown  

Largish,  green  and  purpl> 


Large,    fragrant,     yellow 
and  white 

„    brownibh  purple 

Very  large,  white 

Large,  white  and  brown  ... 

,,    green  and  dull  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

brown 
Vlinute,  yellow 
Large,  wbite,  purple,  and 
yellow 

„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
wbite 

Largp,  white  

Largish,      white,      Bweet 

scented 
Small,  green  

„    yellow  

,,    greenish  yellow 

.,    white 

Large,  white 

Small,  rosy  white 

Largish,  greea         

Small,  purple  

Larj^ish,  golden  yellow  .. 
Small,  white  

„    rosy  white      

„    white 

Large,  green  and  purple  .. 

„    red  and  yellow 

,,     lively  yellow 

Small,  brown  and  yellow.. 
Large,  white  and  green    .. 

!,  .1     and  yellow .. 

„    dull  purple     

Small  whice 

,,  ,,     dull  purple 

Largish,  rosy  purple 

„    green  and  purple    .. 

„    rosy      

Small,  green  


^Eschynathus  (3  to  4  sp.) :  Hoya  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  (several) 
Lilium  (1  sp.)  ;  Nepenthes  (1  sp.) ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 
(150    to    200    sp.)  ;     Palms    (Livistouia,    Leosalia,     Caryota, 
Calamus,  &,c.)   are    also  indigenous,    and    can    be   sent  if 
required. 


Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  witb  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  aateriaba  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  charges  for  a  b-^x  of  4  cabic  feet  measurement,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  threa  kinds,  will  be  5^'or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  waicb  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  tbe  rare  1  r.  8  a.  a  Plant;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  larga  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

Whan  new  PI mts  not  included  in  ^he  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  disc-onut  of  10  per  ceu^  will  be  allowed. 

Plants  can  also  b  s  sant  in  glass  cases,  on  thq  Wardian  plan,  meaaaring  2  feet  6  inches  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  heii^ht,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  be  made.  Glass  covers  can  also  bo  supplied  for  the  other  boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

ApiDlications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  CHA.IILES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  August  1,  1852, 


GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  m-st  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  the  best  sorta 
for  pLiNTiNQ  or  Fediting  in  Pots. 

Also  an  exfensive  and  valuable  collection  of  STOVE  and 
GREE.'fll40U:SE  PLA-NTS,  with  all  new  varieties.  See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  each.  Also  our  Illustrations  on  HoETIi 
ooLTnaAL  BoiLDiNQ  and  Heating  by  Hot-watek. 

J.  Weeks  and  Co.,  King'g-road.  Cheli^ea. 


NEW  ROSES, 

PRINCE  ALBERT   AND    FAIRY  QUEEN. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
•  beautiful  Roses,  of  which  they  ut  present  hold  the  entire 
stock. 

PUIMCS  ALBERT,  Boocbqn  (Padl's).— The  flowers  are,  in 
the  summer,  deep  acarlety  crimson,  in  autumn  rich  glowing 
lake,  :iA  ioclies  in  diameter,  finely  cupped  and  very  double,  the 
outline  a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20 
to  30  fljwers  In  a  trus^,  and  being  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  likely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autamnal  Ro^es  for  bedding.  The 
foliage  is  large,  thick,  and  handsome,  and  it  surpisses  every 
Bourbon  Rtse  in  colour,  form,  and  abaudanoe  of  bloom.  Strong 
Plants  in  November,  10s.  Gd.  each. 

This  Rose  will  be  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  November, 
It  has  obtained  a  first-class  certificate  from  the  National  Flori- 
cultural  Society,  the  Royal  South  London  FioricuUural  Society, 
and  tbe  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society,  at  Edinburgh ;  it  has 
further  been  favourably  noticed  by  the  leading  Horticultural 
Journals,  and  ordered  by  above  100  Nurserymen  and  Amateurs 
who  havfi  Been  it  m  tlower. 

Fairy  QOEEM,  Htbeid  Peepetoal  (Paul's).— Soft  glossy 
lilac,  of  medium  size  and  peifectform,  the  aummita  of  the  petals 
reflexing  as  in  Mrs.  Bosaoquet,  and  like  that  unique  Rose  every 
shoot  produces  flowers;  dwarf  habi''.  Plants  7s,  Gd,  each. 
Early  orders  are  solicited,  as  the  stock  is  limited. 

Nurseries,  Ciieshuot,  Herts,  Nov.  6, 

WILLIAM     HAMILTON,     Sbeds:*ian,    &c.,    156, 
GUEA.PSIDE,     LONDON. 

Snowdeops,  very  fine,  2s,  per 

lUO. 


NABcraana,  Soleil  d*Or,  3s.  per 

doz, 

„  Dbl.  Roman,  3s.  per  doz» 
It  paper  white,  33.  per  doz, 
,,    Grand  \looarque(large), 

6s.  per  doz. 
Hyacinths,  excellent  mixtures, 

33.  Gd.  per  c'oz. 
,,         named    for   pots    or 

glasses,  63.  to  12s.  per  doz. 


Common  mixed  Crocus  Is.  per 

100. 
Superior  Dutch  Mixed  Crocus, 

Is.  Gd.  per  100. 
Chocds,   vei-y  large   and    fine 

yellow,  2s.  6d.  per  100. 
,,         12    distinct    varieties 

named,  Ss.  per  100. 
„         in  separate    colours. 

Is.  Gd.  to  2s.  per  100. 
Tdlips,  fine   border  varieties, 

early  and  late,  5s.  to  7s.  Gd. 

per  100. 

GLASS  DISHES  with  eis  superior  HYACIi^THS  ready 
planted  in  Moss,  and  which  are  easily  transmitted  to  the 
country  without  iojary,  Ss. ;  the  price  increases  from  5a.  to 
iOs.  I'd.  according  to  the  size  of  Dish  and  num  ber  of  Hyacinths, 
The  above  are  all  warranted  fine,  and  will  be  delivered 
in  the  best  possible  condition,  withexti'a  bidbs  tocompeTisafe 
for  carriage. 

Wm.  HamiiiTon's  Catalogue,  containing  an  immense  variety 
of  bulbous  roots,  &e.,  may  be  had  on  application. — Address, 
156.  Crieapside.  London. 

PUBLIC  SALES.— Having  been  instructed  that 
many  of  my  English  correspondents  are  labouring  under 
the  impression  that  the  anonymous  sales  of  BELGIAN' 
PLANTS  in  Eng'and  proceed  from  my  Nursery,  I  taUe  this 
opportunity  to  declare,  that  all  the  Public  Sales  made  by  me 
have  been  duly  advertised  under  my  name,  and  that  during 
ihe  last  eight  years  not  a  Plant  h^is  been  sent  out  without 
having  bean  ordered;  and  G:>nsequenUy  sinae  that  time  no  PuMio 
Sale  of  Plants  from  mi/  Nursery  ever  tooh  place. 

LoDis  Van  Hodtte. — Ghent,  Nov.  6. 

lAMES  JEFFRIES  very  respectfully  begs  to  return 

^  his  most  grateful  acknowledgments  to  the  nobility,  gentry, 
and  his  numerous  friends,  for  the  very  liberal  patronage  con- 
ferred upon  him  for  so  many  years.  J.  J.  is  sorry  to  inform 
his  numerous  patrons  that,  in  consequence  of  declining  health, 
he  is  unable  10  devote  that  active  attention  whic*i  the  character 
of  his  hnsioess  requires  ;  be  has  now  retired  in  favour  of  his 
Son,  on  whose  behalf  he  earnestly  solicits  a  continuance  of 
their  kind  and  liberal  support. 

WILLIAM  BRAME  JEFFRIES,  in  soliciting  a 
continuance  of  the  liberal  favours  extended  to  his  Father  for 
so  many  years,  trusts,  by  an  assiduous  and  unremitting  atten- 
tion to  all  orilers  he  maybe  favoured  with,  and  a  determinatioQ 
to  keep  and  caliivate  none  but  the  most  genuine  articles  in  the 
Nursery  and  Seed  Trades,  with  a  carefui  and  select  introduc- 
tion of  all  wortny  novelties,  to  merit  that  patronage  he 
earnestly  solicits. — Ipawich  Nursery,  Nov.  6. 

\nOLA  ARBOREA ;  or,  PERPETUAL  TREE" 
V  VIOLET  (Trde).— The  finest  Stock  for  many  years 
of  tbe  above,  which  has  proved  the  best  of  all  VIOLETS,  is 
aow  offered  to  the  Public  by  Edwahd  Tjley  ;  he  can 
recommend  it  witb  great  confidence,  and  has  also  received 
numerous  testimonials  from  different  parties  speaking  of  its 
qualities,  and  giving  it  the  highest  praise.  It  is  beautifully 
scented,  the  flowers  as  large  as  the  Double  Blue  Hepatica, 
blooming  freely  from  August  to  the  end  of  May,  and  perfectly 
hardy.  This  is  the  proper  time  for  making  beds  or  potting, 
and  12  of  these  plants  grown  in  pots  will  scent  a  large  Green- 
house; also  a  small  bed  of  them,  9  feet  long  by  3  wide,  will  be 
sufficient  to  furnish  a  family  with  Bouquets  the  whole  of  tlie 
winter  and  spring.  Large  plants,  6s,  per  dozen ;  small  plants, 
3s.  per  dozen. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA  ALBA;  Oe,  DOUBLE  WHITE  TREE 
VIOLET. — This  is  also  a  very  fine  variety,  and  resembles  the 
former  Violet  in  many  particulars,  with  the  exception  of  its 
colour.     Lar^je  plants,  6s.  per  dozen  ;  smaller  ditto,  33.  per  doz, 

RUSSIAN  SUPERB  VIOLET,  Blue  and  White  (True).— A 
very  useful  and  fine  variety  ;  3s.  per  dozen. 

A  TREATISE  on  the  nature  and  mode  of  Cultivation  of 
the  VIOLET.— Edward  Tilet  begs  to  introduce  to  the  notice 
of  all  I'wers  of  this  flower  a  Treatise,  which  will  not  only  give 
an  insight  into  its  proper  mode  of  cultivation,  but  also  direc- 
tions for  keeping  it  in  continual  bloom  the  whole  of  tbe  winter. 
It  will  also  assist  many  who  have  already  grown  this  variety, 
as  it  introduces  several  distinct  plans  by  which  it  may  be 
cultivated  most  suocesafully.  Purchasers  to  the  amount  of 
Five  Shillings  will  have  the  Treatise  included;  or,  post-free 
to  any  part  on  receipt  of  12  penny  stamps. 

OTHELLO  CLOVE  CARNATION.— To  those  persons  whose 
orders  arae  too  late  last  season  (the  plants  being  all  sold), 
E.  T.  begs  to  say  he  has  a  fine  stock  of  tliis  beautiful  Clove 
(for  colour  and  fragrance  unequalled),  and  can  supply  any 
quantity  at  3s,  Gd.  per  pair,  postage  and  packet  included, 

PURE  WHITE  CLOVE  CARNATION;  also  a  large  stock 
of  this  splendid  variety  at  Is.  Gd.  per  1  air,  postage  and  package 
free, 

STRAWBERRY  PLANTS  can  be  sfiU  supplied  in  every 
variety  and  price,  as  see  Oardencrs^  Chronicle  for  Sept.  4,  1852, 

The  whole,  or  any  part  of  the  above,  can  be  sent  postage 
and  package  free,  on  receipt  of  the  amount,  by  a  post-office 
order,  or  penny  stamps. 

Edward  T/lev,  Nurseryman,  Ssedjman,  and  Florist, 
14,  Abbey  churchyard,  Ba.h. 


45— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


707 


GYNERIUM    ARGENTEUM. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  have  strong  esta- 
blished apecimeaa  of  varioag  eizea  of  this  exiremely 
tieautifal  plaot.  The  followioff  extract  from  ihe  Oardcners' 
■Chronic'e  of  Oct.  30  will  gire  a  due  idea  of  itq  beauty  : 

*'  fforticidtural  Society's  Garden,  Turnlia.a  Qrcen.—Oae  of  the 
most  intercstlog  plums  at  present  in  flower  here  is  the  Pampas 
-Grass  of  Brazil  (Gynerium  argonteum),  a  good  specimen  of 
which  is  growing  in  the  American  garden,  near  its  entrance. 
This  plant  has  12  flower  stems,  each  some  S  feet  lon^,  about 
the  thickness  of  iha  thumb,  and  surmoun.ed  by  an  erect  panicle 
of  inflorescence  at  least  18  inches  in  length,  which  benea'^^b 
bright  sunshine  looks  like  a  beautiful  lifjbt-colourtd  fea  her 
spangled  with  silver.  The  panicle  ia  in  the  form  of  that  uf  the 
beautiful  Arundo  Phra^mites.  The  leaves,  which  are  some  7  or 
■3  feet  long,  with  a  hard  flinty  skin,  grow  in  tussocks,  which  in 
fiituatioDS  at  all  favourable  soon  acquire  a  large  size  ;  when  in 
•flower,  certainly  few  planta  are  more  striking  or  magnificent 
in  appearance  than  thia  gigantic  Grass,  which,  being  perfectly 
siardy,  will  be  found  to  be  agreat  acquiaitioa  to  tbooroamentaL 
pounds  of  this  countrj." 

It  has  flowered  in  the  Exeter  Nursery  several  times,  and 
L.  F.  and  Co.  can  speak  in  unqualified  terms  of  its  merits, 
^izes  and  prices  of  the  plants  may  be  had  on  application  to 
-them. — Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  Nov.  6. 


THE     PLANTING     SEASON. 

A  LARGE  QUVNTITY  OF  VERY  STRONG  SEEDLING 
AND  TRANSPLANTED  LARCH  FIR,  SPANISH  CHEST- 
NUTS, AND  OrilER  FOREST  TREES. 

WILLIAM  WOOD  AND  SON  respectfully  invite 
attention  to  their  very  extensive  Stock  of  the  under- 
named FOREST  TREES,  prices  of  which  will  be  forwarded 
OQ  application  :- 


Alder  . 
Ash  . 
Beech.  . 
Birch  . 


,  3  to  7  ft. 
.  2  to  6  ft. 
.  2  to  6  ft. 
,  3  to  7  ft. 


Spanish  Chestnuts ...  2  to  3  ft. 
Larch  Fir      ...        ...  1  to  5  ft. 

Scotch  Fir     ...        ...  1  to  5  ft. 

&c.  (to.  &c. 


N.B.  Alarge  stock  of  particularly  6ne,  strong,  we  11- feathered 
Spruce  and  Silver  Firs,  from  2  to  8  feet,  peculiarly  adapted 
lor  ornamental  planting. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  W,  W.  and  S.  have  to  offer  a  fine 
-collection  of  Fruit  Trees,  standard,  dwarf,  and  trained  ;  also 
American,  Evergreen,  and  Flowering  Shrubs  ;  Herbaceons  and 
Alpine  Plants;  also  a  very  choice  selection  of  rare  Orna- 
•anental  Trees. 

Standard  and  Dwarf  Rosea,  as  usual,  in  very  large  quantities. 

Priced  Ca-alogues  of  the  above  Stock  will  be  sent  in  exchange 
-for  four  postage  stamps. 
Woo'ilan'is  Nursery,  Maresfield.  Sussex. 

G    ROGERS'S    SEEDLING    CINERARIAS    and 
•  PANSIES:— 

SEEDLING    CINERARIAS. 

LORD  VERNON.— Blue,  with  ring  of  puce  round  the  disc, 
extra  form,  very  dwarf,  9  inches  high,  with  broad  level  head  of 
bloom  ;  one  of  the  best  jet  ofi'ered.    Price  10s.  Gd.,  no  discount. 

BRITISH  QDEEN.— White  edged,  pinky  lilac,  good  form, 

blooms  larger  thauhalf-a-crown,  dwarf  grower,  good  level  bead 

of  bloom.    7s.  Gd. 

UTTOXETERPET.— White  edged,  violet  lavender,  extraform 

and  good  dwarf  habit ;  a  very  desirable  variety,  extra.    75.  Gd. 

DAGOBERT.— White  edged,  purplish  rose,  dark  disc,  very 
'fine  form,  with  fine  head  of  bloom.    7s.  Gd. 

LADY  OF  THE  LAKE.— White  edged,  rosy  lilac,  form 
extra  and  very  dwarf ;  distinct  and  fine.    "s.  6d. 

UTTOXEIER  GBM.— Light  blue,  rosy  tinge  round  the  disc, 
very  dwarf,  good  habit ;  distinct.    5s, 

BRILLIANT.— Bright  rosy  crimson,  fine  habit  and  form; 
a  colour  most  desirable  ;  extra.    7s.  Gd. 

The  above  Collection,  21.  53.,  and  twelve  fine  named  varieties 
-added  for  51.  The  stock  of  several  of  the  above  is  only  a  few 
.plants  ;  early  orders  alone  can  secure  them. 

SEEDLING    PANSIES. 

PRINCE  ALBERT. — Pale  yellow  ground,  upper  petals  purple, 
lower  margined  purple  eye  large  and  dense  ;  size  very  large, 
form  and  substance  extra,    os. 

PRINCE  OP  WALES.— Deep  yellow  ground,  upper  petals 
puce,  lower  ditto  margined  bronzy  brown  ;  form  and  substance 
extra,  size  large,    os. 

Twelve  fine  oamt-d  varieties  &nd  the  above  two  seedlings  for 
11.  The  full  descripiion  ind  opinions  of  the  above  are  piven  in 
■G,  R.'s  Select  List  of  Plants,  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on 
application.  Plants  of  the  above  ready  to  send  out  on  and  after 
lOlh  last.— UttoTf^t^T.  Nov.  6. 


CHEAP    AND    SELECT    NURSERY    STOCK. 

THE  SUBSCRIBERS  beg  to  offer  the  foUowing 
CHOICE  STOCK  at  the  annexed  very  low  prices.  Goods 
from  these  exten-ire  Nureeiiea  have  given  great  satisfaction 
ihroaghout  the  kingdom  for  many  years.  s. 

12  Very  best  hardy  Azaleas,  2  ft.,  bushy,  with  flower  buds  18 

12  Standard  Berberis  dulois,  nitb  tine  heads,  do 40 

12  Abies  Douglasii,  3  feet  80 

12  do.  Morinda.  3  to  4  ftet,  true  and  flna  plants     20 

12  do.  Menzie-ii.  3  to  4  feet         20 

li  Cedar  of  Lebanon.  2  to  3  feet,  fine  plants  20 

12  Pinus  Cembra,  3  fee%  fine  specimens        30 

12      „       ticeUa,  2  to  3  teet,  do.  do 20 

12  Scarlet  Arbu'us,  2  to  3  feet,  in  pots         18 

12  Fancy  jE^cuIus.  5  to  0  feet,  handsome  plants    ...        ...  12 

12  Handsome  Rhododendrons,  2  to  3  feet,  scarlet,  crimion, 
purple,  white,  and  all  shades  of  colours,  selected  from 

more  than  100  sorts 20 

too  Rbododeadroni,  barrly  scarlet,  2  feet        CO 

100      do.      cBDipanulatum,  from  seed,  extra,  transplanted 

levcn  years  old,  stout  and  biithy  60 

12  Bjbridi  botween  U,  campanu'atum  and  R.  nlvaticum, 

8  feet  GO 
do.  do.  and  R.  Cnnningbamli,  2  to  3  ft.  40 

do,  do.  and  U.  Catawblcnho,  3  feet...  30 

do.  do.  and  H.  tigrinum,  2  feet        ...  -10 

do.  do.  and  K.  pallida,  2  feet  ...  80 

do.  do.  and  IL.  RasaeUlaDum  ...  10 

XUaay  of  tfaese  Hybrid*  have  floworbd  ;  cbty  ate  beautiful 
and  curiou* ;  oil  have  noble  foliage,  and  look  well  in 
ploAaare  groundi } 

100  Cedar  of  L«banoo,  1^  to  2  r«ct,  extra,  transplanted    ...  O 
100  PloKerIng  and  Krirrgrecn  Bbrubi,  two  of  a  sort  ...  20 

300  Pioe  double  Ifolljlir^ckn        20 

100  Dwarf  flotcH,  splendid  prizo  varlotlos,  two  of  a  sort  ...  30 

100  ,,  good  nilxtaro 20 

60  Standiird  IUj«««,  tplendld  prize  variotfos,  Z\  ft,,  Htcm  fine  00 
10)0  HazclN,  extrn,  trauitplant«d,  4  fec-t,  for  Kamo  covorti ...  30 
1000  Everjfreon  lYUcto,  2  to  ^  fc«;t,  iitrong  ,,  ...  30 

1000  Laur<:I«,  3  to  t  feet,  very  flno  plantt  „  ..  100 

lOOOMfthofilnn,  i^Uj'i  fe«t  „  ...  60 

10«0  Oreen  HoltlcH „  ...DO 

lOOO  £ot{li«b  OakP,  extra,  trannp'anted,  4  to  <I  feot 40 

FRUIT     TREES.  Ter  doz.-«. 

AppU*  itQi  Peari,  Ktandards,  4  lo  r,  fcoi,  stem  vorj  floo     ...    0 

,,  dwarf*, 'Ji,;  trained  „  ...30 

Cherriet  and  Plum*,  Htaiidardd,  &  feet  ,»  ,..  I'i 

,,  dwarfs.  lt<.  ;  traloed  „  ...  30 

Kabi,  of  sort*,  largft  plan'i,  3  to  1  feot ') 

Faito  ff  ftoupbarry,  very  ittronic  ctnos     ...  Xlt.Gd.  per  100, 

Rhubarb,  belt  •ort»,  tfuo,  per  100  26i.  to  3.V. 

All  order*  ahfutd  b«  tttDt  as  itr;on  ai  povfllble ;  and  a  refcroucu 
U  rwpcctfuilyioilcltod  from  unknown  correaiiondcntii, 
William  Jackijh  aad  Co.,  Ucdalo,  yorknblro. 


11 

do. 

12 

do. 

12 

do. 

12 

do. 

12 

do. 

SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

(CAIiRIAGE  FREE  BY  RAILWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announchig 
that  they  haco  buiiceeied  in  harvesting  their  SEfiDS  in 
good  C'lndi'ion,  notwithstanding  the  unfavour  ible  weather 
The  adoaiitages  of  purchasing  Secdi  direct  from  the  Growers  are 
obvious,  Aa  s'taie  Si)vt3  are  scarce,  early  orders  are  requested 
and  recommended.  —  For  particuLirs  address  John  Hdtton 
and  Sows,  Seed  Growers.  Reading,  Berks. 


HYACINTHS,    DUTCH    BULBS,   TULIPS,   ETC. 

HENRY  GROOM,  CLiphaiu  Rise,  near  London, 
by  App-vintmen'-  Fl'irkst  to  Hen  Majestt  the  Qoeen, 
and  to  HIS  Majestt  THE  King  of  Saxunt,  beijs  to  say  ihat 
ha  has  received  h'n  usual  an^tplyof  HYACINTHS  and  DQTCS 
BULBS,  in  very  fine  conditinn.  His  C^tiilogue  of  Biilb9,  tbc, 
will  be  t'orW'irdad  on  ;i|ip'ication. 


CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 

A     PAUL  AND  SOiN"  have  .a  fine  Stock  of  CEDARS, 
•    wbicil,  lur  beauty  of  growth,  caaajE  ba  BurpaSaed,  aud 
which  they  betj  to  offer  as  uuder  :— 

CBDRnS  DBUDaKA        ...     1  ft.,  Is.  Od.  each,  or  75s  per  100. 
,,  ...    2  ft.,  2    "  -   ■ 

„  ...    3  ft,  3 

4  to  5  ft.,  7 
CEDRUS  AFEICANdS   ...    1  ft.,  2 

...    2  ft.,  3 

CEDAR  OF  LEBANO."^  ...    1ft.,  1 

,,  2  to  3  ft  ,  2 

,,  3  to  i  ft.,  3 

„  4  to  5  ft.,  5 

5  to  G  It.,  7 
Also  the  fallowing,   of   viiriooa   heights  :— Abies   Morinda, 

Menziesii,  Douglasii ;  Pious  apulcensis,  Ajacabuite,  Excelsa, 
lortiguis,  Macrocarpa,  LaaibiTCiana  ;  Picea  noliilis,  Araucaria 
iinbricata;  Ciyptomeria  j  iponica  ;  Cupressm  Goveuiano, 
Lambertiana  ;  Janiperus  bibern'ca,  Chinensia,  Exceisa;  Tbuja 
filiforoaifl,  Wareana;  Taxodiuoi  distichaoi,  SempervirenM ; 
Taxus  adpressa,  Irish  Yew,  Gold  striped  do.,  aad  numerous 
others  equally  tine  plautsand  equally  cheap.  Priced  Catalogues 
of  Cooiterte  furuisbed  oa  application. 

Nurseries,  CheshuQ',  Herts. — November  G. 


0          , 

l'«.       1. 

6 

.           151.       „ 

6 

,            4i.  per  doz 

G 

3')s.       ,, 

6 

4113.       ,. 

0          1 

75j,  per  190 

6 

24s.  per  doz 

6 

36s.       „ 

0 

54s.       „ 

6 

84s.       „ 

G"!  EORGE  DA  VIES  is  now   prepared  to  send  out 
JT  the  following  Nt;W  QE  llANIU  .v£S  at  4-2s.  per  dozen  :— 
Arethusa,    Ariadne,    Ciieftain,    Elise,    EQchintres?,     Flying 
Du'chman,    Colonel  of  the    Buffs,   Ganymede,    Incomparable, 
La  Blecho,  Mochanna,  Magnet,  Purple  Standard, 
The  following  at  I85.  pjr  dozen  :  — 
BouledeFeu,  Dazzle,  Generalissimo,  Clarinda,  Lord  Stanley, 
May    Queen,  Mount   Hecla,    Major   D  >mo,    Nepaulese    Prince, 
Nectar  Cup,  Silk  Mercur,  Pride  of  the  Idles,  Tjrian  Queen. 
The  following  at  125.  per  dozen  :^ 
Brilliant,     Cunstance,    Cristabel,    Gipaey    Bride,    Elegans, 
Magnificent,  Friuce  of  Orange,  Satisfaction,  Princess  Emila, 
Virgin  Queen* 

The  followins  FANCY  GERANIUMS  at  20s.  per  dozen  :— 
Delieata,    Bride.    Gaiety,    Oihello,   Orestes,    Marion,    Prima 
Donna,  Frince  Albert,  Exquisite,  Reine  de  Fleur,  Reine  do 
France, 

The  foUowing  CINERARIAS  at  ISs.  per  dozen  :— 

Catherine  Seaton,    Nonsuch,  Fearlesc,  Prima  Donna,  lira. 

Charles  Kean,  Rosy  Mrirn,  Lidy  Hume  Campbell,  Effia  Deans, 

Mrs,  Sidney  Herbert,  Clair  of  the  Tales,  Blue  Perfection,  Clara 

Mouberry.     Older  varieties  dj.  to  \'2s.  per  dozin. 

ERICAS,  fine  blooming  plants,  12s.  to  18s.  per  dozeo,  including 
Massoni,  SprengKli,  Parmentieri  rosea,  dSjc. 

Abelia  uniflora,  new  2  S 

Kennedya  ovaia  alb9,  pure  white,  new  3  6 

Togelia    bitumiuoaa,    bright    yellow    Kennedy a-Uke 

tiuwer,  new 2  6 

Weinmannia  [.ubeacens     2s.Gd,to  3  6 

Gompholobium  barbigerum        8  6 

Sollya  Drummondii 1  6 

Daphne  Fortuni        3  6 

,,         Indica  rubra  1  6 

Berberis  Fortuni      2  6 

Clematis  caerulea  odorata,  new '   .„  2  6 

The  above  are  cash  prices,  and  no  reduction. 
Stanley  and  Green  Lane  Nurseries,  Old  Swan,  Liverpool.— 
November  6. 

KNAP   HILL   NURSERY,    WOKING,    SURREY^ 

HOSEA  WATERER  respectfully  iuvites  attention 
to  the  following  :  — 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  2,  3,  i,  and  5  feot  high.      We 
have  a  fine  stock  of  large  Araucarias,  and  as  they  have  never 
been  in  pots,  thev  are  a-*  robust  and  handsome  as  can  well  be. 
CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONIC^,  2,  3,4.5,  6,  7,  and  S  feet  high, 
all  from  seed  and  in  the  open  ground. 
CEDRUS  DEODARA,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  10,  and  12  feet  high. 
„  OF   LEBANON,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  to  12  feet  high.     The 

large  Deodars  and  Cedars  of  Lebanon,  here  referred  to,  have 
been  regularly  removed   every   ppring  ;  they  are  magnificent 
specimens,  and  might  he  Bent  any  distance  with  perfect  safetj; 
ABIES    DOUGLASII,    from   fieed,  2,  3,  4,  5,  G,  and  7  feet, 
larger  and  splendid  plants  8  to  12  feet ;  all  removed  last  spring. 
„         MENZIRsII.  3,  4,  5,  «,  and  7  feet  high. 
,,        CANADENSIS,  Hemlock  Spruce,  fine  plants,  5,  6,  7, 
and  8  feet  high. 

PICEA  NOBILIS,  Btout  plants,  with  good  heads,  own 
bottoms,  2^  to  3  feet,  probably  not  to  be  met  with  in  any 
other  Nursery. 

FINOS  CEMRRA,  3,  4,  5,  6,  to  10  feet  high. 

,,        INSIQNIcJ,  all  from  seed,  and  moat  beautiful  plants, 
8,  4,  5,  and  C  feet  high.      Wo  have  a  fine  lot  of  these. 

CUPRESSUS  MACUOCARPA,  on  LAMBERTI AN.\,  from 
seed,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  leut  high.  We  have  a  fine  lot  of  these 
also. 

TAXODIUM  SEMPERVIRENS,  2,  3,  i,  5,  and  6  feet  high  ; 
benutifuMy  (urnishod. 

JUNIPERU4  VIRQINIANA  (the  red  Cedar),  fine  planta, 
4,  5,  G,  and  7  feet. 

„  RECURVA,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  feet. 

,,  KXCELSA,  3,  4,  5,  and  G  feo^. 

BEDI-'OHDIANA,  8,  4,  and  5  feot.    This  le  a 
very  handflomo  growing  ptimt:. 

•  Ui'RIOlIT  IRISH  JUNIPER,  8,  4,  G,  C,  7,  8,  to  10  feet 
high.  'X'hcHo  ore  really  Hpltnclld  cramploB  of  perhaps  one  of 
the  moHt  Htiiklii|{  r)f'  all  .Innipurfl. 

"  UPKiarrr  IRLSH  YKW,  4,  O,  «,  7,  «,  to  10  feet  high. 
ThcHo  plantH  are  iilt  trlmino'l  to  one  Htim,  and  arc  nut  thorol'oro 
HO  likely  to  divide  <m  windy  nr  Bnowy  weather. 

•  CIIINKHE  JUNIPEW,  2,  ;i,  4.r,,  G,  7,  and  Sfeothlgh. 

•  CUPRES.4US  THYOIUES  VARIEGATA  (tho  variogaled 
white  C'Mlnr),  mo<st  lieiiutil'ui  |.liintH,  3  to  4  fcut  high, 

•  OOLDBN  YEW,  worked  on  common,  3,  l.f,,  and  fi  ft,  high. 

•  Viftltors  to  Elvfinton  Cutdc  ciinnut  have  fallod  lo  remark  the 
extraordinary  <  llV-ct  produced  by  iho  l»Ht  five  plaiitu,  v'z., 
IrihU  and  Gold  Htrlptd  Ylwh,  Irloh  and  Chlnutic  Jnnlpurf,  aii'i 
the  Variegated  Wbtte  Ucdar ;  and  I  bulievo  wo  may  ttHitoi', 
without  fuar  of  oontnidlcilon,  except  RlvUHton,  a  Hlrnllar  lot  ol 
plunf-n  to  thoHu  hero  ofiored  lannot  bo  found  In  any  NnrNcry  In 
Britain.— Prlf.'C'l  Oataloguti  will  bo  forwarded  on  i.pplloatlon. 

The  Knap  Ht)l  Nursery  Ih  within  lui  tiour'ft  rlJu  of  London, 
betrig  near  the  WoUlng  Station,  Houth-Wohtcrn  Railway,  whore 
tvory  train  Htoppt,  and  from  whence  couveyunccs  may  at  all 
Cms  bo  bar'. 


OENDLE'S   NEW   TREE  AND  SHRUB  CATA- 

-«-*'  LOGUE  —Our  ne-v  Autumn  Priced  L'st  of 

FOREST  TREES,  SHRUBS,  AND  FRUIT  TREES, 
Tinowreadt;,  andean  be  bud  on  apt^liuatloa  in  exchange  for 
one  pouny  stamp. 

The  Catalogue  contains  PRICES  of  SEEDLING  FOREST 
TREE^,  New  and  Choice  SHRUBS,  Transpltiuted  FOREST 
TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  including  all  , be  newest  and 
choiceat  Horts  in  caltivati'jn. 

Qentlemeii  loho  want  Lo  plant  korgdij  ikls  Autumn,  or 
xoho  require  to  lay  out  Pleasure  Qroimds,  will  do  well  to 
procure  one  of  these  Catalogues, 

LARGE  SURPLUS    STOCK. 
We  have  alarge  Sui-phis  Scock  of  the  following,  which  will 
be  offered  on  very  lovv  ternio,  v  z,  :  — 
Seedling  PINCS  AUSTRHOA. 
Fino  Piautauf  CEDltUS  DEOO.\RA. 
Two  years  Redded  SCOTCH  FIRS. 
Fine  s:out  PUut^  of  Pl^flUS  EXGSLSA. 
Immense  Stock  of  SEAKALE  and  ASP,\RAGU3. 
TROLLOPE'S    VICTORIA    STRAWBERRIES, 
20^.  per  liKi,  or  3s.  per  djzeu.    This  variety  Mhuuld  be  grown 
in  eveiy  garden. 

Apply  to    W(LLIA.M  E.   RENDLB   ASD   CO.,    NoftSEEliiEN 
and  Seed  Meechants.  Pljraiuih. 
ESTABLISHED  IN  1731. 

EW  PLUMS  ADVERTISED  BY  MR.  HENRY 

DOW  LING. —  An  adveriisem  ■  nt  appeared  in  ihe  Oard&iei-'s 
Chronicle  of  October  30:h,  containing  the  f  lUowiog  words  :  — 

"Mr,  Robert  Thompson,  of  the  Horticultural  Suciety's 
Garden,  writes  thud — '  Your  three  Plums  are  indted  of  first- 
rate  qualify,  and  I  should  recommend  their  extensive  cuhi- 
valion.  As  regards  No.  3,  I  consider  you  have  thrown  the 
Green-gage  into  the  shade,  for  it  retains  all  the  properlits  of 
that  PJuEU,  with  more  sugary  sweetness.  I  have  no  fear  of  my 
jad(;ment  being  called  in  question.'  " 

The  above  has  b  en  inserted  without  my  knowledge  or 
consent;  and  although,  years  ago,  I  may  have  given  eorae 
opinion  reapecting  the  Plums  in  question,  I  am  certain  the 
expressions  ubuve  quoted  were  not  used  by  me. 

iloBEET  Thompson, 
Nov.  5.  Ilorticultural  Society's  Garden,  Chiswick, 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  6,  1852. 
« 

We  certainly  did  not  anticipate  an  early  and 
at  tlie  same  time  satisfactory  proof  of  the  truth 
of  our  statement,  that  plants  will,  under  certain 
circumstances,  grow  in  the  absence  of  leaves. 
It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  a  deeply-rooted 
prejudice,  formed  out  of  a  misinterpretation  of 
undisputed  facts,  should  meet  with  immediate 
assent :  yet  so  it  is.  The  following  most  interesting 
letter  from  the  Rev.  Mr.  Sjiiih,  the  great  advocate 
of  deep  trenching  and  wide  cropping,  adds  another 
to  the  proofs  which  exist  of  the  accuracy  of  those 
views  which  have  now  been  taken  of  the  history  of 
growth  in  roots.  It  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Smith  takes 
off  his  Turnips, when  they  havebecome  fully  organised, 
an  enormous  crop  of  tops,  for  the  use  of  his  stock ; 
that  nevertheless  the  roots  continue  to  swell,  and 
are  now  producing  a  second  crop  of  foliage,  to  be 
applied  like  the  first :  so  that  this  part  of  the  Turnip 
crop  is  in  some  sort  doubled.  But  our  experienced 
correspondent  must  speak  for  himself. 

"  Plants  increase  in  Bulk  in  the  absence  of  Leaves. — You 
state,  with  all  the  emphasis  of  capital  letters  to  every 
word,  that  planta  will  increase  in  bulk  iu  the  absence  of 
leaves.  The  startling  fact  well  merits  that  mark  of 
honour  ;  aud  I  beg  permission  to  add  my  mite  of  con- 
firmatitin  to  the  truth  of  the  fact,  aud  to  show,  by  one 
instance  at  least,  the  great  practical  importance  of  the 
fact  itself.  I  have  made  the  experiment  this  year  on  an 
acre  of  Swedes,  which,  on  my  usual  plan  of  cultivation, 
were  m.anaged  thus  : — The  land — a  heavy  clay,  with  a 
staple  originally  of  only  5  or  6  inches  —  has  been 
gradually  brought,  by  trenching  and  horse-hoeing,  to  a 
pulverised  state  IB  or  20  inches  deep.     In  the  autumn 

1  buried  the  manure  (made  by  cows  and  swiue,  fed  ou 
Swedes  and  bran,  with  the  other  usual  fodder)   within 

2  or  3  inches  of  the  bottom  of  the  rows  intended  for  my 
plant ;  and  in  April,  over  that  manure,  and  within  5  or  G 
inches  of  tlie  surface,  I  stirred  in  1  cwt.  of  guano.  The 
first  week  in  May  I  drilled  my  seed,  together  with  a 
sprinkling  of  superphospate,  in  single  rows  5  feet  apart. 
The  result  was — as  it  always  has  been  under  the  same 
system,  pursued  for  several  years— that  at  the  beginning 
of  September  the  leaves  of  the  plant  met  across  the 
5  feet  intervals,  aud  that  I  am  promised  a  yield  ei]ual, 
perhaps,  to  the  measured  produce  of  last  year,  which 
amounted  to  27  tons.  It  will  be  understood  by  those 
who  know  the  constituents  and  the  properties  of 
clay  mado  friable  to  the  depth  I  have  described,  how 
the  continuous  and  inexhaustible  supply  of  moisture 
in  such  a  soil  saves  the  plant  from  mildew,  tlio  conmion 
result  of  early  sowing  iu  shallow  ground,  but  from  which 
I  have  never  suffered,  even  in  the  driest  season.  Now 
for  tbo  confirmation  of  your  statoraont,  that  plants  will 
increase  i]i  bull;  in  the  absence  of  leaves.  Eurly  in 
September,  when  tlio  roots  had  I'cachod  their  state  of 
coinpleto  org.anisation,  when  the  tops  had  grown  from 
2i  to  :i  feet  in  bcigbt,  tbo  lower  loaves  generally 
extending  ti  feet  wido,  1  began  to  cut  the  tops  as  they  wore 
wanted  about  half  jin  inch  from  the  crown  ;  and  from 
that  time  to  this  Ibo  Ituiljs  have  l)0cn  proved  by  actual 
mu.'iHurement  to  contiimo  to  f^row,  and  aru  throwing 
out,  all  round  the  crown,  a  irosb  supply  of  luxuriant 
loaves  for  another  feed.  From  tliis  source  the  bulk  of 
keep  for  my  cattle  has  been  enormous  ;  and  tlie  im- 
porlaiico  of  such  a  Hiip[)ly  at  a  time  wlien,  in  counnon 
aeasonH,  tlio  (jirass  begins  to  fail,  is  beyond  a  doubt, 
especially  for  growing  stock,  since  it  has  been  proved 


708 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  6, 


that  tUe  leaves  of  the  Turnip  contain  more  of  tlie  bone- 
maliing  material  than  even  the  bulb  itself.  I  claim  no 
merit  for  this  experiment  as  a  novelty,  for  there  is  a 
report  of  a  somewhat  similar  process  in  the  *  Prize 
Essays'  of  the  Highland  Agricultural  Society,  vol.  iii.  ; 
the  only  difference  being  that  in  that  instance  the 
Swedes  had  been  transplanted.  I  would  add,  that  it  is 
there  shown,  besides,  that,  on  analysis,  as  compared 
with  Swedes  tre-ated  in  the  common  way,  the  root  only 
suffered  m  value  to  the  extent  of  containing  a  small  per 
centage  more  of  water,  the  quantity  of  solid  matter 
being  displaced  in  the  same  proportion,  while  the  quality 
of  the  food  remained  unmjured.  S,  Siiiiih,  Lois  Weedon, 
October  2." 

It  has  been  too  much  the  fashion  of  late  to  desert 
physiology  for  the  allurements  of  chemistry ;  and  it 
must  be  owned  that  the  results  of  the  latter  are 
seemingly  more  brilliant  than  of  the  former.  But 
it  will  be  found  in  the  long  run  that  the  two  cannot 
be  separated  ;  or  that  if  one  only  is  to  be  taken  as  a 
guide,  vegetable  physiology  is  the  safer,  the  moment 
that  the  materialism  of  some  modern  writers  is 
rejected,  and  the  great  principle  of  Vitality  and  its 
effects  fully  recognised  as  the  foundation  of  this 
branch  of  science.  So  long  as  people  continue  to 
refer,  we  must  say  absuj'dly,  if  not  irreverently,  the 
phenomena  of  vegetation  to  inexplicable  chemical  or 
mechanical,  or  other  physical  actions,  and  to  nothing 
else,  so  long  vegetable  physiology  remains  incompre- 
hensible, and  little  applicable  to  practical  purposes. 
Admit  that  the  phenomena  of  life  are  incapable 
of  explanation  except  upon  the  principle  of  vital 
force  exciting  them,  controlling  them,  and  keeping 
them  all  in  due  subordination  for  certain  wise  ends 
which  we  can  only  appreciate  by  their  results,  and 
the  physiology  of  plants  immediately  takes  rank 
with  that  of  the  animal  kingdom.  The  vital  action 
of  the  cells  of  which  plants  consist  is  among  the 
most  important  points  for  consideration  ;  and  we  see 
in  the  case  before  us,  how  a  just  appreciation  of 
it  tells  in  practice. 

The  "  Life  of  the  Plant,"  a  little  memoir  by 
Hermann  Schacht,  who  regards  this  subject  from 
what  we  believe  to  be  the  only  just  point  of  view, 
although  in  some  respects  too  hypothetical,  is  well 
worth  studying  by  those  who  have  been  misled  by 
the  spurious  physiology  of  a  great  authority  in 
merely  chemical  matters.  Mr.  Schaoht  clearly 
points  out  the  separate  and  peculiar  vitality  of 
different  kinds  of  cells ;  shows  how  one  kind 
is  employed  in  absorbing  and  assimilating  azotised 
matter,  but  is  poor  in  hydro-carbonised  compounds, 
and  how  others,  as  that  of  roots,  is  provided  for  the 
purpose  of  elaborating  fecula,  sugar,  gum,  oils,  resins, 
colouring  matters,  and  so  on.  He  points  out  "  the 
constant  activity "  of  such  cells  in  forming  the 
matters  they  assimilate,  and  he  insists  upon  the 
results  which  flow  from  their  "unequal  physiological 
activity."  As  soon  as  that  activity  ceases  life  is 
extinguished,  and  the  cells  remain  as  a  mere  internal 
skeleton,  or  as  a  framework  destined  to  hold  together 
and  sustain  the  parts  still  living.  We  must 
endeavour  to  find  room  for  a  translation  of  this  well- 
digested  treatise. 

As  we  see  that  Jlr.  Stevens  is  about  to  sell,  on 
Monday  next  (see  advertisement),  another  large 
collection  of  Ouchidaceous plants, it  maybe  as  well 
to  state  that  Epidendruni  vitellinuni,  of  which  there 
are  upwards  of  200  plants,  was  found  by  the  Indians 
on  the  summits  of  high  trees  in  a  cold  damp  dis- 
trict— for  four  months  of  the  year  enveloped  in 
clouds,  the  temperature  falling  to  38°  at  times  (in 
December  and  January),  and  seldom  exceeding  60° 
in  the  summer  months.  It  was  iu  flower  when 
gathered  in  tlie  month  of  June — commences  in  May, 
and  continues  in  bloom  for  three  months,  if  shaded. 
The  plants  found  by  Mr.  Skinner's  collectors  were 
almost  buried  iu  Mosses,  Lichens,  Tillandsias,  and 
Ferns,  and  only  caught  the  eyes  of  the  Indians  from 
the  brilliancy  of  the  flowers. 


an  illustrated  account  was  published  in  the  Gardeners^ 
Chronkk  for  1846,  p.  740. 

Of  the  species  of  insects  which  feed  upon  the  foliage 
of  these  trees,  often  to  such  an  extent  as  to  strip  them 
(thereby  retarding  their  growth,  and  ultimately  entirely 
destroying  them),  the  most  injurious  —  namely,  the 
Pine  lappet  moth,  Bombyx  (DendroUmus)  Pini ;  the 
black  arches  moth,  Bombyx  (Psilura)  monacha  ;  the 
Pine  noctua,  Noctua  (Trachea)  piniperda  ;  and  the 
Pine  Geometra,  Geometra  (Bupalus)  piniarius— are  so 
comparatively  rare  in  this  country  that  but  little  general 
injury  is  produced  by  them.  There  are  also  several 
species  of  saw-flies  belonging  to  the  genera  Lophyrus 
and  Lyda,  which,  in  the  great  Pine  forests  of  Germany, 
commit  much  havoc,  especially  owing  to  their  cater- 
pillars living  in  more  or  less  numerous  societies. 

During  the  past  and  present  autumn  we  have,  how- 
ever, received  several  communications  complaining  of 
the  injury  committed  on  plantations  of  Pinus  Mughus 
and  P.  austriaca  by  the  larvje  of  a  species  of  saw-fly 
which  proves  to  belong  to  the  genus  Lophyrus. 

The  caterpillars  which  were  lorwarded  to  us  in  the 
month  of  September  were  nearly  full  grown, and  measm'ed 
about  an  inch  in  length ;  they  were  of  a  dii-ty  whitish 
colom*,  with  an  orange-coloured  head,  the  face  being 
black ;  each  segment  of  the  body  was  also  marked  ou 
each  side  with  two  black  spots,  one  above  the  other  ; 
the  three  pairs  of  legs  attached  to  the  three  anterior  seg- 
ments of  the  body,  short  and  black— the  pair  nearest 
the  head  being  shorter  than  the  others.  Shortly  after 
their  arrival,  some  of  the  caterpillars  shed  their  skins, 
whilst  others,  which  had  previously  undergone  this  pro- 
cess, enclosed  themselves  in  small,  ov.al,  leather-like 
cocoons  (one  of  which  is  represented  in  our  woodcut, 
affixed  to  one  of  the  Fu-  leaves),  withm  which  they 
passed  the  winter,  and  underwent  their  transformation 
to  the  pupa,  the  ventral  surface  of  which  (magnified  to 
about  three  times  the  natural  length)  is  represented  in 
the  top  left-hand  figure  of  our  woodcut.  In  the  follow- 
ing month  of  May,  tlie  perfect  insects  were  developed, 
and  made  their  way  out  of  the  cocoons  by  gnawing  a 
circular  cap  from  one  end  of  it. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
Toe  Feather  UjasED  Tine  Saw-flt. 

TuE  gi'eat  extension  of  our  Fir  and  Pine  plantations 
and  forests  naturally  invests  with  a  share  of  interest  not 
previously  possessed  by  the  subject,  at  least  in  this 
country,  the  history  and  economy  of  those  species  of 
insects  which  are  injurious  to  the  different  species  of 
the  genus  Pinus  and  other  allied  trees. 

The  various  kinds  of  injuries  to  which  these  trees  are 
subject,  owing  to  the  attacks  of  insects,  may  be  divided 
into  those  occasioned  by  their  attacks  upon  the  foliage, 
and  those  in  whicli  the  more  solid  parts  of  the  tree  are 
attacked.  Amongst  the  latter  we  find  that  the  roots 
are  gnawed,  and  "those  of  young  trees  cut  off  by  the 
hivvse  of  the  common  cockchaffer ;  that  the  solid  wood, 
the  bark,  and  inner  bark  ai-e  attacked  by  many  Coleop- 
terous and  llymenopterous  insects,  especially  in  the 
hirva  state  ;  and  th:\t  the  young  shoots  and  buds  of 
various  kinds  of  Firs  and  Pines  are  infested  by  the 
larvae  of  various  small  moths,  and  those  of  some  species 
of  small  beetles,  especially  Hyhirgus  piniperda,  of  which 


She  first  makes  an  incision  the  whole  length  of  the  leaf 
with  her  ovipositor,  and  hollows  out  the  leaf  from  tlie 
edge  towards  the  middle,  so  that  one  or  two  eggs  can 
lie  in  the  narrow  space  ;  the  eggs  are  then  laid  in  it, 
and  closely  covered  up  with  a  tough  resinous  material, 
mixed  with  the  substance  scraped  from  the  leaf.  She 
proceeds  in  this  manner  till  all  the  eggs  are  deposited 
on  the  several  leaves.  These  leaves  are  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  ragged  and  unusually  thick  appearance 
of  the  places  where  the  eggs  lie.  After  a  space  of  16^ 
or  24:  days  the  caterpillars  appear  from  the  eggs,  and 
are  then  about  a  line  long.  This  insect  is  very  glut- 
tonous. A  full-grown  caterpillar  requires  from  six  to 
twelve  strong  healthy  leaves  daily,  which  it  consumes 
from  the  point  to  the  sheath.  The  young  caterpillars 
leave  the  midrib  standing,  and  they  seldom  attack  a 
tree  J  singly,  but  always  in  immense  broods,  without 
regard  to  its  age.  According  to  Muller,  these  cater- 
pillars were  so  numerous  in  1819  in  some  of  the  Pin& 
forests  of  Franconia,  that  none  of  the  foliage  could  be 
seen  for  them.  They  fell  in  thousands  from  the  trees, 
collected  themselves  in  heaps  not  unfrequently  of  ths 
size  of  a  man's  head,  and  marched  in  dense  flocks  from 
those  trees  that  they  had  stripped  to  those  that  were 
still  green.  According  to  the  calculations  of  the  same 
writer,  a  single  pair  of  this  saw  fly  (as  the  female  lays 
100  eggs)  would,  in  10  years,  produce  an  offspring  of 
nearly  200,000  billions,  a  number,  for  the  support  of 
which,  all  the  German  forests  would  not  be  sufficient. 

Among  the  various  remedies  which  have  been  sug- 
gested for  the  destruction  of  this  insect,  the  principal 
one  is  that  of  hand-picking,  on  a  large  scale,  by  collecting 
the  caterpillars  during  their  journeys  from  tree  to  tree. 
The  removal  also  of  all  the  dry  foliage  and  moss  at  the 
roots  of  the  trees  mi^t  also  be  carefully  practised  during 
the  winter,  as  it  is  there  that  the  insects  form  their 
cocoons.  Children  should  also  be  employed  to  collect 
the  perfect  insects  as  soon  as  they  appear  in  May  and 
June.  J.  0.  W. 


Unfortunately  only  female  insects  have  been  produced 
from  the  specimens  sent  us,  which  survived  and  attained 
their  perfect  form,  which  is  the  more  to  be  regretted,  as 
the  males  afford  the  more  certain  specific  characters  in 
this  difficult  genus,  and  as  the  caterpillars  sent  us  differ 
from  those  of  all  the  species  of  the  genus  represented  in 
the  late  works  of  Hartig  and  Ratzeburg,  both  of  whom 
have  paid  especial  attention  to  the  insects  of  this  genus. 
We  are  inclined,  however,  to  regard  the  caterpillars  as 
belonging  to  the  species  Lophyrus  Pini,  being  a  more 
strongly  marked  variety  than  that  given  by  Hartig  (Die 
Blattwespen,  pi.  4,  f.  1).  The  females  which  we  have 
reared  are  of  a  black  colour,  varied  with  dirty  yellowish 
white  markings,  the  parts  of  the  mouth  and  two  basal 
joints  of  the  antenoEe  being  of  the  latter  colour,  as  well 
as  the  dilated  sides  of  the  collar,  the  sides  of  the  first 
and  second  segments,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
penultimate  and  antepenultimate  segments  of  the 
abdomen  ;  the  legs  are  also  of  the  same  pale  colour,  the 
hind  tibiai  being  dusky  at  the  tip  ;  the  wings  are 
hyaline,  with  a  slightly  stained  dusky  cloud  across  the 
middle  of  the  fore,  and  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings. 
The  expansion  of  the  wings  of  the  female  is  five-sixths 
of  an  incli.  Our  woodcut  represents  a  sprig  of  the 
Pine  tree,  with  two  of  the  caterpillars  of  the  natm-al 
size  in  different  positions,  a  cocoon  attached  to  one  of 
the  leaves,  and  a  male  of  Lophyrus  Pini  of  the  natural 
size,seated  on  one  of  the  leaves,  the  figures  on  theleft-hand 
of  the  engraving  representing  a  pupa  magnified,  one  of 
the  antennse  of  the  male  still  more  highly  magnified,  and 
one  of  the  females  reared  by  us,  about  twice  its  natural 
length. 

Kollar  gives  the  following  particulars  relative  to  the 
early  history  of  Lophyrus  Pini,  which,  doubtless, 
entirely  accords  with  that  of  the  specimens  now  before 
us.  After  pairing  the  female  looks  out  for  herself  a 
place  where  she  can  with  most  safety  deposit  her  eggs, 
in  number  from  80  to  120,  and  where  she  thinks  she  can 
find  the  most  suitable  noui'ishment  for  the  future  catei*- 
pillars.  Tiiis  food  is,  according  to  circumstances,  either 
the  foliage  of  the  end  of  the  last  year's  shoot,  or  that  of 
the  shoot  not  quite  expanded ;  she  remains  sitting  one 
or  two  days,  until  her  eggs  are  sufficiently  matured,  and 
.  then  begins  to  deposit  them  in  the  following  manner. 


CURCUMA  ROSCOEANA. 

This,  although  perhaps  not  one  of  the  most  easily 
managed  plants  that  could  be  named,  is  nevertheless 
fully  deserving  of  a  place  in  every  collection  where  the 
requisite  means  for  its  proper  culture  can  be  com- 
manded ;  for  few  plants  are  gayer  or  more  effectiv-e 
than  this  Gingerwort,  whose  bright  orange  bracts,  if 
guarded  from  damp,  will  retain  their  colour  for  many- 
weeks.  To  grow  it  successfully  a  warm  moist  atmo- 
sphere is  necessary,  and  bottom-heat  is  of  great 
advantage  ;  but  when  had  in  flower  early  in  July,  whicli 
is  easily  done,  it  may  be  removed  to  a  close  part  of  the 
conservatory,  greenhouse,  or  even  the  sitting-rooHi 
window,  and  in  either  situation  it  mil  retain  its  beauty 
throughout  the  remainder  of  the  summer  months. 

This  plant  has  never  been  very  plentiful  iu  collections, 
and  although  not  one  of  recent  introduction,  it  is  stUl 
rather  expensive  ;  a  couple  of  plants  to  begin  with, 
however,  well  managed,  will  soon  afford  ample  stock. 
I  will  suppose  that  a  plant  is  procured  at  once,  and 
placed  in  a  dry  temperature  of  about  55*^,  to  properly 
ripen  its  growth  ;  early  in  February  or  as  soon  after  aa 
a  temperature  of  60"^  to  70^  can  be  commanded,  shake 
the  soil  from  amongst  the  roots,  injuring  the  latter  as 
little  as  possible,  and  repot  them  in  pots  of  about  the  same 
size,  using  nice,  moist,  healthy,  fresh  soil.  Repotting 
the  plants  before  starting  them  into  growth  may  appear 
unnecessary,  but  I  have  found  it  highly  advantageous. 
The  rhizomes  ai'e  impatient  of  water  while  dormant, 
and  unless  this  is  applied  rather  liberally  to  soil  that 
has  been  kept  dry  for  months,  it  cannot  be  got  into  a 
condition  congenial  to  growth  ;  but  by  repotting,  soil  in 
the  right  state  as  regards  moisture  is  obtained  without 
the  necessity  of  frequent  waterings.  If  the  pots  can  be 
plunged  in  a  brisk  bottom  heat  of  from  80"  to  90''  in  a 
Cucumber  frame,  or  where  a  moist  atmosphere  can  be 
maintained,  little  or  no  water  need  be  given  to  the  soil 
for  a  month,  by  which  time  the  buds  will  have  started 
into  growth,  and  when  this  is  the  case  there  will  be  no- 
farther  risk  of  losing  the  plants  during  this  season's 
growth.  The  supply  of  water  should  be  gradually 
increased  with  the  growth  of  the  plants,  and  a  shift  will 
be  necessary,  which  may  be  into  the  flowering  pots,  and 
these  need  not  be  more  than  a  good  size  larger  than 
those  in  which  the  plants  were  started.  I  take  advantage 
of  this  shift  for  propagating  the  plant,  as  the  only  means- 
of  doing  so  is  by  division  of  the  rhizomes,  and  this  is 
done  with  more  safety  after  growth  has  commenced,  but 
it  will  be  advisable  to  defer  any  attempt  at  propagation 
till  another  season,  when  the  plants  will  have  increased 
in  size,  and  will  admit  of  being  divided  without  rendering 
them  useless  for  the  season  as  flowering  specimens. 
The  growth  of  the  shoots  will  hardly  be  checked  by 
dividing  the  plants,  if  the  soil  in  which  they  are  growing 
is  rather  fine,  so  as  to  be  easily  shaken  from  amongst 
the  roots,  and  a  supply  of  soil  prepared  by  having  been 
placed  in  the  same  temperature  as  that  in  which  the 
plants  are  for  24  hours,  ready  to  pot  them  with.  After 
dividing  and  potting  give  a  moderate  watering,  and 
keep  the  atmosphere  close  till  active  gi'owtii  is  evident. 

The  summer  treatment  consists  in  merely  maintaining 
a  moist  wai*m  atmosphere,  with  a  moderate  supply  of 
water.  Where  it  is  desirable  to  have  them  in  flower  as 
early  in  the  season  as  possible,  for  the  sake  of  enjoying 
their  beauty  in  a  cool  place  for  the  remainder  of  the 
summer,  they  should  be  retained  in  bottom-Iieat  until 
the  first  blossoms  are  expanded,  and  gradually  inured 
to  a  cooler  situation  and  more  aii',  previous  to  removing 
them  to  their  flowering  quarters  ;  but  plants  for  late 
flowering  in  the  stove  need  not  be  placed  again  in 


45—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


709 


bottom-heat  after  potting,  and  these  need  not  be  started 
so  early  in  spring.  As  abeady  stated,  a  situation  where 
the  plants  will  be  free  from  cold  cun-ents,  and  the 
flowers  from  damp,  will  suit  them  while  in  blossom  ; 
but  I  must  also  state  that  it  will  not  be  safe  to  leave 
them  there  until  their  beauty  is  over,  for  I  have  allowed 
plants  to  remain  in  the  conservatory  late  in  the  autumn, 
where,  although  they  looked  gay,  they  were  being  pre- 
pared for  anything  but  handsome  specimens  the  foi- 
Qowing  season.  To  secure  the  ripening  of  the  rhizomes 
and  buds,  upon  which  the  safe  wintering  of  the  plants 
mainly  depends,  they  should  be  removed  to  a  light  dry 
warm  situation  previous  to  the  occurrence  of  cold  damp 
weather  in  autumn,  and  be  but  sparingly  supplied  with 
water,  which  should  be  altogether  withheld  as  soon  as 
the  leaves  and  stems  begin  to  die  off. 

This  plant  is  not  very  particular  in  regard  to'soil.  Loam 
and  peat,  in  about  equal  proportions,  with  a  quantity  of 
sharp  sand  added,  less  or  more,  according  to  the  quality 
of  the  soil,  will  be  found  to  suit  it  perfectly.  On  account 
of  having  to  shake  the  soil  from  the  roots  annually,  it  is 
advisable  not  to  use  it  in  a  very  turfy  rough  state  ;  but 
except  for  plants  intended  to  be  broken  up  for  propa- 
^tion  it  should  not  be  made  over  fine.  Alpha, 


GREENHOUSES  AND  CONSERVATIVE 
WALLS.— No.  I. 
Glass,  as  an  auxiliary,  either  to  the  business  or 
pleasures  of  horticulture,  is,  as  yet,  only  in  the  infancy 
of  its  appHcatlon.  The  removal  of  burdens,  in  the 
shape  of  taxes,  that  weighed  heavily  on  the  energies  of 
its  manufacturers,  and  confined  its  employment  to  a 
comparatively  limited  sphere,  was  the  first  step  towards 
promoting  it  to  its  proper  position  as  an  agent  in  the 
industrial  arts  ;  the  erection  of  the  Crystal  Palace 
showed  us  how  extended  might  be  its  application  in  the 
construction  of  buildmgs  appropriate  for  the  purposes 
of  horticulture. 

It  will  not,  I  think,  be  too  much  to  predict  that  the 
completion  of  the  second  edition  of  the  Crystal  Palace, 
at  Sydenham,  will  open  a  new  era  in  the  erection  of 
glass  houses,  and  suggest  a  hitherto  unthought  of  variety 
in  their  application.  But,  looking  at  the  purposes  for 
which  horticultural  erections  are  employed  in  the 
aggregate,  a  very  important  feature  presents  itself 
■for  consideration  in  the  matter  of  applying  artificial  heat 
cheaplyandeconomically.  Isay  cheaply  and  economically, 
because  many  persons  look  on  the  terms  as  synonymous, 
when  furnisbiag  their  houses  with  the  means  of  afford- 
ing it.  If  oae  might  believe  the  statement  put  forth  in 
advertisements,  this  application  of  heat  is  a  thing  of 
■little  importance  as  regards  expense,  and  scarcely  to  be 
considered  as  an  item  in  the  estimate.  Boilers  of  the 
most  eccentric  fashion  are  held  forth  as  possessing  such 
heat-absorbing  powers  that  the  cost  of  fuel  to  feed  them 
is  reduced  to  something  under  a  penny  a  day,  and  the 
attendance  required  merely  a  glance  once  in  some 
24  hours.  But  the  practical  results  of  these  Utopian 
schemes  of  heating  is  the  best  comment  on  their 
j  absurdity.  Those  who  are  conversant  with  the  subject 
I  know  very  well  the  kind  of  evidence  to  be  gleaned  in 
1  relation  to  their  usefulness  or  economy.  The  fact  is, 
S  that  a  system  of  applying  artificial  heat  to  garden  build- 
!  tugs,  which  shall  be  at  once  cheap  in  the  cost  of  erection, 
(  and  cleanly  and  efficient  in  its  action,  has  yet  to  be  dis- 
I  covered.  We  shall  see  what  is  born  of  the  Crystal  Palace. 
■  If  the  object  of  these  papers  were  to  pursue  the 
i  subject  of  heating  horticultural  buildings,  there  is  a  wide 
i  and  very  fertile  field  for  discussion  and  research  ;  but  I 
propose  merely  to  treat  of  such  structures  only  as  will 
answer  every  purpose  intended,  without  the  application 
of  any  artificial  temperature,  beyond  such  as  can  be 
supplied  by  the  aid  of  a  simple  covering  of  glass.  That 
for  the;  employment  of  this  kind  of  structure  there  is 
very  ample  and  useful  means  will  not,  I  think,  be  other- 
wise than  favourably  responded  to  by  those  who  are  able 
to  pronounce  on  the  varied  purposes  to  which  such 
building  may  be  applied  in  the  routine  of  gardening; 
I  and  at  no  period  in  its  progress  more  so  than  at  pre- 
sent.  The  vast  number  of  very  beautiful  shrubs  which 
are  now  well  known  to  all  garden  lovers,  and  which 
only  require  to  be  protected  from  the  severity  of 
our  winters,  to  present  us  with  all  their  varied 
attractions,  the  fickleness  of  our  seasons,  and 
their  injurious  effects  on  many  choice  kinds  of  fruit, 
witli  numerou-i  other  equally  important  matters,  seem 
to  demand  a  kind  of  erection  which,  while  it  does 
not  infringe  on  any  of  those  at  present  employed,  shall 
add  a  new  feature  to  both  the  culinary  and  the  flower 
garden.  In  the  hitter  especially  there  is  great  scope  for 
the  employment  of  h\xc\\.  Every  year  wo  glean  some 
new  fact  relative  to  the  degree  of  cold  which  this  or  that 
plant,  hitherto  considered  as  an  inmate  only  of  the  warm 
greenhouse  or  stove,  hag  endured  uninjured  j  and  many 
others  whicli  now  occupy  room  in  moro  cxpenHive 
(because  heated)  houses,  are  known  to  be  as  well,  or 
better  a'lapt^fl  for  a  more  temperate  cHmato.  It  would 
appear  that  the  Ideas  of  a  glass  house  and  artificial  heat 
arc  inseparable,  for  we  genorally  find  them  practically 
combined.  But  the  fact  is,  that  tlie  purposoH  to  which 
simple  glass  structures  could  bo  usefully  employed  in 
gardening  are  very  numerous.  liOt  uh  endeavour  to 
ucertain  some  of  the  moro  prominent.  Crayon. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Climate  of  Sout/i^wai  /'V'/nr',— In  a  recent  joumry 
down  the  west  coa«t  of  France,  ]  have  been  htnick  witli 
sd  th©  great  similarity  between  the  ve;,'etfttion  of  that  diH- 
rs^    trict  and  that  of  south  England.     With  the  exception 


of  a  large  variety  of  Heath,  I  believe  E.  arborea,  I  saw 
no  plant  growing  wild,  or  scarcely  any  which  are  not 
found  in  England,  until  I  passed  Bordeaux  ;  and  even 
as  far  as  St.  Sebastian,  in  Spain,  there  was  little  in  the 
natural  vegetation  to  remind  one  that  we  were  not  in 
England.  Along  the  north  coast  of  Spain  orchards 
abound,  and  most  excellent  cyder  is  made — to  my  taste 
far  better  than  the  wine  of  the  country.  I  also  here 
remarked  that  many  Apple  trees  were  just  as  much 
cankered  and  as  unhealthy  looking  as  any  in  England, 
and  that  the  state  of  disease  is  incidental  to  the  Apple, 
and  not  an  effect  of  our  less  genial  climate,  as  is  often 
supposed-  Crossing  to  the  eastward,  along  the  same 
parallel  of  longitude,  a  vast  change  takes  place,  and 
before  you  reach  Carcassone,  you  approach  the  limits 
of  the  burning  south — the  land  of  the  Olive  and  the 
Vine.  This  district  is,  however,  exposed  to  bitter  winds 
and  severe  frost  in  winter  ;  so  severe  that,  in  1829,  the 
lagoon  of  Cette  (a  salt-water  lake  five  miles  across  and 
20  miles  long)  was  frozen  over,  and  traversed  on  foot, 
and  many  tons  of  fish  perished.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  region 
of  an  extreme  climate — heat  and  drought  in  summer, 
and  frost  iu  winter ;  though  a  frost  of  the  severity 
above  recorded  is  rare.  Cette,  though  surrounded  by 
the  sea  and  very  hot  in  summer,  is  so  much  exposed 
to  north  and  north-east  winds  that  no  fruit  flourishes 
there.  However  fine  the  bloom  of  the  Peach  and  the 
Almond,  the  fruit  seldom  comes  to  perfection,  and  even 
the  foliage  is  injured  ;  Olives  had  shrivelled,  and  the 
Pomegranates  split  though  unripe,  from  the  extreme 
drought  of  the  summer ;  and  such  I  was  assured  was 
often  the  case.  J.  R.,  Sevenoaks. 

The  Malvasia  Grape  /«■  Wi7ie. — In  the  island  of 
Lipari,  a  wine  is  made  of  the  Malvasia,  which  is  an 
agreeable  dessert  wine,  not  luscious  though  sweet,  with 
a  very  considerable  flavour  of  the  Madeira  Grape, 
which  enlivens  the  sweetness.  It  mixes  most  pleasantly 
with  iced  water.  The  volcanic  soil  doubtless  has  much 
effect  there,  as  in  other  places,  on  the  quality  and 
flavour  of  the  Grape,  It  is  not  much  known  even  in 
Naples,  and  probably  none  has  ever  been  sent  to  this 
country  except  by  a  relation  of  mine  a  year  ago.  It 
travels  in  wood  vei-y  well,  and  would  be  a  good  importa- 
tion. Feroce  in  the  Largo  San  Castello,  Naples,  and 
Mr.  Turner,  can  supply  it.  /.  ff..  Nether-place,  Mauchlin^ 
Octohcr  18. 

Education  of  Gardeners. — Being  more  in  the  habit,  by 
the  humble  routineof  my  professional  duties,  of  assisting 
others  to  publish  their  opinions  in  your  columns,  than 
to  give  "  print "  to  my  own,  I  must  admit  that  I  feel  a 
great  degree  of  diffidence  in  thus  coming  forward  to  ask 
your  advice,  and  also  to  give  my  own  practical  ex- 
perience upon  the  correctness  of  a  paiagraph  which 
appears  in  your  work,  at  p.  597,  headed  '*  Gardeners," 
wherein  your  correspondent "  Bela  "  asserts,  that  *'  from 
iuformationstatistically  and  otherwise  carefully  collected, 
it  is  found  that,  as  a  body,  gardeners  are  masters  of 
more  knowledge  generally,  and  have  received  a  better 
education,  than  most  other  professional  classes  of 
persons."  Now,  I  am  under  the  impression,  that  if 
"  Beta"  had  called  upon  me  to  assist  him  in  collecting 
his  "statistical"  information,  he  would  have  somewhat 
modified  his  assertion  ;  for,  although  I  have  no  personal 
knowledge  of  gardeners  as  a  class,  still  I  consider  that 
I  am  enabled  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  the  correctness 
and  general  applicability  of  "  Beta's  "  remarks,  from 
many  things  which  come  under  my  notice,  as  bearing 
upon  the  question,  viz.,  '^  their  having  received  a  better 
education  than  most  other  professional  classes  of 
persons."  I  do  not  touch  upon  their  "  knowledge," 
because  this  is  often  in  a  "professional"  sense,  found  to 
exist  in  very  gi'eat  proportions  where  "  education  "  is 
sadly  deficient.  Far  be  it  from  my  intentions  to  dispute 
the  assertion  that  gardeners  are  an  educated  class  of 
persons  ;  but  I  wish  to  ask  you  how  far  the  term 
"  gardener "  may  be  carried  in  its  real  sense  and 
meaning.  All  the  world  knows  that  Sir  Joseph  Paxton 
is  a  gardener  ;  and  no  one  would  be  presumptuous 
enough  to  challenge  his  "  knowledge  "  or  "education  ;  " 
and  iu  the  small  circle  of  my  humble  experience  I  may 
mention  the  names  of  such  men  as  Mr.  Fleming,  Mr. 
Spencei*,  Mr.  Fortune,  Mr.  Thompson,  Mr.  Glendinning, 
Mr.  Cuthill,  Mr.  Ayres,  and  a  host  of  others,  if  necessary, 
to  identify  the  same  talented  class ;  but  I  wish  to  know  if, 
in  the  wide  application  of  the  term  "  gardener,"  I  am  to 
include  all  those  jobbers  at  nurseries  who  publish  their 
claims  to  the  title  on  an  ill-painted,  and  often  ill-spelled, 
signboard  ;  which,  suspended  over  their  door,  announces 
the  fact  that  by  them  "gardens  are  lade  out  and  kept 
in  order  by  the  day,  month,  or  year — N.B  -Carpets 
carefully  beat,  and  porter's  work  dono  here."  Because, 
if  these  men  are  recognised  as  "gardeners,"  then  do  I 
disjiuto  "  Beta's  "  remarks  altogether  ;  for  if  I  may 
judge  by  the  penmanship  and  orthography  of  some  of 
thoao  "  gardeners  "  when  advertising  for  situations,  I 
Hiiould  Hay,  that  tliey  were  utter  strangers  to  both 
"  hnowlcdgo  "  and  *'  education."  To  illustrate  my  case, 
may  I  lay  a  verbatim  specimen  before  you,  as  it  appeared 
from  the  "autlior's"  own  hand,  before  its  correction  by 
yourhurnblo  servant.  'J'his  Bpeeimen  will  givo  you  a 
very  fair  idea  of  tlio  cliisn  to  which  I  allude. 

"AS  GARDENER. — A  iiighloy  rcspoctabcl  maiTcd 

man  with  ona  child  ^t  jrarti  of  uk"  '*'"'  porlL-otly  uinIorHtundB 
iivcry  brnrith  of  hl»-itrf»fi;i!Hlfni  N,H.  Wlfo  ciiii  look  to  dnyrt-y 
iinr]  in  (if'fiohur  and  indutitruH  Imhotti.     Direct,  <S^o.  &io." 

By  thin  you  will  perceive  that  the  situation  is  required 
for  "  tlio  child  *2*2  yearH  of  aj^n  who  perfectly  under- 
HtfiiirlH  every  brunch  of  liiti  prdfcHHion,"  that  "tho  wife 
in  of  Hobcr  and  induHtnm  ImlntH"  whiJHt  not  one 
word  is  Haid  about  the  "  liighloy  repoctabcl  niaiTod  man." 


In  conclusion,  I  cannot  confine  ray  critical  obbervations 
to  the  humble  journeyman  gai*deuer,  seeking  a  situation ; 
for  very  many  of  the  lists  of  choice  plants,  grown  and 
furnished  by  respectable  nurserymen,  require  much 
correction  before  they  can  appear  in  print  as  advertise- 
ments ;  to  say  nothing  of  the  seedsmen's  lists,  which 
describe  the  names  of  articles  they  have  to  dispose  of 
in  the  most  outlandish  and  un-botanical  style  !  It  may 
be  said,  that  the  same  remarks  which  I  have  here 
applied  to  "gardeners"  in  the  lower  grades  of  their 
profession,  are  also  applicable  to  every  other  trade. 
That  I  admit  ;  but  as  yet,  no  champion  has  been  bold 
enough  to  come  forward  and  assert  for  them  "  their 
claims  to  superior  knowledge  and  education  ; "  and 
though  I  am  ready  to  acknowledge  that  a  man  mustpossesa 
these  necessary  qualifications  before  he  can  aspire  to 
the  title  of  being  a  "  gardener,"  still,  with  every  regard 
to  the  sincerity  of  your  correspondent  *'Beta*'s" 
remarks,  I  must  beg  to  differ  from  him  as  to  their 
"  superiority "  of  education  over  other  professional 
classes.    The  Printers*  Devil. 

Treatment  of  Potatoes  for  Planting. — I  have  observed 
that  Potatoes  left  in  the  ground  during  winter  are 
generally  sound,  and  make  the  best  sets.  Last  winter 
I  purposely  left  some  in  the  gi-ound,  having  protected 
them  from  raiu  and  frost,  ty  throwing  up  deep  furrows 
on  them  with  the  plough,  and  leaving  the  Potato  ridge 
like  a  roof.  In  the  spring  (last  week  iu  April),  I 
transplanted  them  on  some  broken-up  land  that  two 
years  ago  was  old  Grass,  and  rich  enough  to  grow  any 
kind  of  crop  without  manure.  The  result  is  that  tha 
produce  is  less  infected  than  that  of  those  treated  in  tho 
ordinary  way.  This  year  I  intend  to  leave  all  my 
Potatoes,  intended  for  sets,  in  the  ground,  and  to 
transplant  them  in  April  next.  This  plan  resembles 
autumn  planting ;  and  to  carry  it  out  thoroughly,  the 
transplanting  in  the  spring  should  be  effected  as  soon  as 
the  land  is  in  a  proper  state.  J.  /.  Boivlei/y  Howthor^ie, 
Chesterfield.  [This  is  much  the  same  as  Shepherd's  plan 
in  the  Calf  of  Man,  long  ago  described  in  our  columns.] 

Blade  Bricks, — Will  any  of  your  correspondents 
inform  me  how  I  may  permanently  blacken  bricks ;  the 
terro-metallic  is  so  very  dear  that  if  one  could  by  the 
use  of  manganese  (how  applied  ?)  or  any  thing  else  obtain 
a  dark  colour  of  one  tone,  much  more  effect  could  be 
given  to  the  otherwise  raw  red  brick.  Near  Bridge- 
water  they  darken  tlieir  tiles,  which  enables  one  to  vary 
the  roofs  to  any  extent.  It  is  surprising  how  rarely 
gentlemen's  lodges  have  their  roofs  of  any  but  one 
colour — red  tiles  or  thatch.  Oxo. 

Snails  (see  p.  645). — In  answer  to  your  correspondent, 
who  requests  to  know  how  to  kill  snails  on  a  large  scale, 
I  beg  to  say  that  newly-slacked  lime  dusted  over  them, 
and  on  the  ground,  will  effectually  destroy  them.  Select 
a  moist  cloudy  day  for  the  operation.  This  inexpensive 
mode  will  be  found  most  efficient,  and  will  also  benefit 
the  land.  Cantium. 

Salvia  involucrata. — If  I  am  mistaken  in  believing  that 
the  accompanying  flowers  are  of  an  unknomi  species  of 
Salvia,  I  am,  at  least,  correct  in  saying  that  it  is  not  a 
common  one.  It  was  introduced  (I  believe)  ;fi'om 
Mexico  some  years  since,  by  W.  Jackson,  Esq.,  then 
proprietor  of  the  Molt,  near  Salcombe,  where  it  is 
perfectly  hardy,  and  one  of  the  gayest  plants  in  the 
beautiful  gardens  there.  Seeds  were  also  given  to  me, 
but  though  Combe  Royal  is  in  a  very  mild  climate,  only 
four  miles  from  the  sea,  the  plants  which  the  imported 
seeds  produced  were  killed  one  very  severe  whiter. 
A,  Devonian.  [We  have  prefixed  the  name  of  this 
plant,  which  was  figured  in  the  Botanical  Register, 
1. 1205,  in  the  year  1828.] 

The  Nursenj  Trade.— About  four  years  ago  I  applied 
to  you  for  a  list  of  Vines  and  Peaches  for  some  houses 
I  was  erecting,  and  you  had  the  kindness  to  give  it  me  ; 
I  applied  to  what  appeared  to  be  a  veryrespectable 
house,  and  who,  in  their  advertisement  in  your  Paper, 
engage  to  deliver  all  true  to  name  ;  in  the  second  year, 
what  should  have  been  Peaches,  showed  fruit,  but  they 
were  all  Nectarines,  except  two,  though  I  had  not 
ordered  any  Nectarines.  This  year  I  have  allowed  the 
Vines  to  bear,  and  they  are  almost  without  exceptioa 
Black  Hamburghs,  though  I  only  ordered  two.  AVhat 
makes  it  more  annoying,  I  wrote  to  ask  if  they  could 
furnish  them  true  to  name,  and  they  assured  me  they 
would  ;  pray  what  remedy  is  there  for  all  this  1  It  is 
rather  too  bad  to  find,  after  the  trouble  and  expense  of 
fom-  years,  you  are  growing  what  you  do  not  Avant. 
Pray  wliat  can  I  do  in  this  case  ?  Out  of  15  Peaches 
ordered,  I  have  13  Nectarines;  and  though  I  ordered 
only  two  Black  Hamburghs  out  of  25,  they  are  nearly 
all  Hamburgh,  with  the  exception  of  two,  which  are 
Aleppo  Grape,  and  are  really  wortliless.  Clio,  Otky, 
near  Leeds.  [The  County  Court  will  afford  you  a  simple 
remedy  :  and  tho  newspapers  will  publish  tho  case  for 
the  benefit  of  the  public] 

French  Beams.— I  set  mine  this  season  iu  ranks  about 
12  or  H  inches  broad,  pretty  thickly  ;  when  they  all 
came  up,  1  thinned  them  out  to  4  inches  apart.  Tho 
result  has  been  that  1  never  saw  such  beautiful  ranks 
when  full-grown,  with  such  an  abundant  crop.  1  have 
had  suHieient  every  day  from  tho  time  of  their  first 
coming  in  till  October  25,  for  tlio  supply  of  the  parlour 
find  kitchen,  and  now  have  a  splendid  crop  left  fur  seed 
If.  J).  (J.,  Dorset.  [How  did  it  happen  that  the  plants 
did  not  choke  each  other?] 

Dinlance  Apart  at  which  Potatoes  should  be  Planted.^ 
Having  for  some  time  been  in  doubt  about  tho  jn'opcr 
diHtaneo  ut  which  Potiito  sots  hIiouUI  bo  planted  apart, 
and  not  being  able  to  collect  any  really  vuhuiblo  inform- 
ation on  tlio  subject,  cither  from  gardener,  farmer,  or 


710 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  6, 


labourer,  i  iliis  ^ear  tleteninned  to  try  the  produce  of 
four  rows,  planted  side  by  side,  on  a  field  manured  for 
Potatoes  last  autumn.  The  result  is  subjoined,  from 
which  it  still  appears  there  is  no  good  to  be  obtained 
from  the  following  out  of  any  one  distance, 

Kow  No.  1,  sets  8  inclies  ap.irt 54  stones, 

,,  2,  Bets  111  inches  apart  ...         ...     5S       ,, 

,,  3,  sets  V2  inches  nptrt  07      ,, 

„  4,  seta  14  inches  apart  57      „ 

The  small  difference  there  is  in  the  weight  of  the  rows 
might  occur  from  various  causes  ;  the  principal  advan- 
tage appears  to  me  to  be  that  the  wide  planting,  viz., 
Nos.  3  and  4,  produced  larger  tubers,  consequently  more 
valuable  for  sale,  and  there  is  moreover  a  very  consider- 
able saving  in  set^.  My  own  idea  has  always  been  that 
there  should  be  a  clear  12  inches  between  each  set. 
Should  this  meet  the  eye  of  any  experienced  Potato 
grower,  perhaps  he  would  throw  more  light  on  the  sub- 
ject ;  all  the  rows  were  in  some  measure  diseased,  but 
so  equally  so  that  wh'n  they  were  sorted  and  weighed, 
there  was  only  a  few  pounds  difference.  Mr.  GoodifF 
argues  that  manure  is  not  the  cause  of  the  disease,  in 
which  opinion  I  am  inclined  to  join  him,  provided  the 
land  is  manured  in  the  autumn.  This  year  and  last 
also  I  left  two  lands  in  my  Potato  field  unmanured,  and 
the  only  difference  I  could  perceive  was  that  the 
Potatoes  on  the  land  so  left  were  quite  as  much  infected 
as  the  remainder  of  the  field,  but  the  yield  was  quite 
one-third  less.  I  always  use  long  straw  yard  manure, 
over  which  1  spread,  from  a  tank  made  to  collect  it,  a 
good  coat  of  pig  manure.  This  year,  out  of  500  sacks 
I  have  only  39  sacks  put  away,  in  consequence  of 
disease,  for  the  pigs.  A  Miller  and  Farmer, 

Late  Grapes. — We  have  a  large  hou^e  here  used  as  a 
general  greenhouse,  planted  with  Vines,  intended  as  a 
succession  house  for  late  fruiting,  and  we  wish  them  to 
come  in  about  Octcbn*.  The  Vines  have  been  planted 
five  years  with  the  following  sorts,  viz.,  Black  Prince, 
Black  Hamburgh,  West's  St.  Peter's,  White  and  Red 
Prontignan,  and  Sweetwater,  all  of  which  are  in 
luxuriant  health  ;  but  to  om*  great  disappointment  have 
hitherto  failed  to  produce  a  crop  or  form  bunches  of  any 
size  at  all.  We  can  command  heat  up  to  60°  when 
requisite.  Advice  and  assistance  are  requested  to  point 
out  any  mode  of  treatment  your  Grape-growing  cor- 
respondents may  think  best  calculated  to  enable  us  to 
obtain  the  desired  success.  J.  P.  D.,  Blandford, November  I. 

Patchouli Dry  the  leaves  of  Patchouli  in  drawers  ; 

let  each  leaf  lie  singly  in  the  dark';  turn  it  over  once 
a-day  for  a  fortnight  ;  it  will  then  be  sufficiently  dry. 
If  this  plan  is  adopted  they  will  retain  their  'scent. 
J.  Gregor, 

The  Hitbshee  Grape. — I  have  forwarded  a  few  berries 
of  this  Gi*ape,  which  you  will  observe,  though  ripe^  are 
almost  colourless.  They  are  taken  from  a  bunch 
weighing  fully  5  lbs,  1  had  the  Vine  sent  to  me  from 
Auruuzabad  more  than  10  years  ago.  It  lias  alwa^-s 
been  a  remarkably  healthy  plant,  and  sometimes  the 
fruit  has  coloured  well  ;  can  you  assign  any  probable 
reason  for  its  want  of  colour  this  season,  or  suggest 
any  means  by  which  this  can  be  prevented  \  I  may 
mention  that  it  is  in  ihe  warmest  part  of  the  house,  and 
that  a  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  which  is  in  the  coolest, 
has  this  season  ripened  and  coloured  well.  Scotus.  [The 
cause  or  causes  of  want  of  colour  in  Grapes  is  not  well 
understood.  Too  much  fruit  in  proportion  to  the 
breadth  of  folinge  ;  and  again,  too  much  foliage  within 
a  given  space,  should  be  avoided.] 

Out-door  Figs  (see  p.  677). — Permit  me  to  inform 
"  II.  R."  that  the  best  time  for  pruning  Figs  is  in  the 
end  of  March,  provided  the  weather  is  mild  and  not 
frost}'.  I  cut  out  the  whole  of  the  irregular  and 
superfluous  shonts,  and  never  stop  them,  and  I  nail  in  0 
inches  apart.  I  take  off  all  the  second  or  autumn  Figs, 
as  soon  as  they  are  the  size  of  Horse  Beans  ;  if  the 
wound  is  disposed  to  bleed,  a  pinch  of  dx*y  soil  applied 
to  it  will  immediately  stop  it.    17.  Fade,  B'ddestone. 

Vine  Mildew. — Your  correspondent  "  W.  S."  asserts, 
at  p.  694,  that  mildew  originates  at  theroots  of  the  Vine, 
and  that  fresh  dressing  the  border  will  prevent  the  evil ; 
but  I  have  seen  the  reverse.  I  have  known  Vines  to 
have  been  taken  up  the  house,  lime-washed,  and  painted, 
a  new  border  made  under  the  superintendence  of  an 
experienced  gardener,  and  the  Vines  grew  most  luxu- 
riantly, still  mildew  made  its  appearance.  *'  W.  S." 
states  that  a  gentleman  within  a  hundred  yards  of  him 
liad  sound  Grapes  this  year  from  following  his  advice  ; 
he  is,  however,  mistaken,  and  cannot  have  had  any 
knowledge  of  my  treatment  of  the  mildew,  not  having 
seen  the  Vines  since  I  have  been  here,  but  I  understand 
his  advice  was  followed  by  the  gardener  whom  I 
succeeded  in  January  last ;  the  Grapes  were  all  affected 
more  or  less,  and  the  young  wood  also,  when  the  mildew 
made  its  appearance  this  year.  I  applied  sulphur 
differently  to  what  I  had  seen  ;  I  had  a  good  crop,  and 
not  the  least  injured  by  mildew.  /.  IK,  HilUngdon. 

Potatoes  among  Peas. — This  year  I  had  a  quarter  of 
an  acre  of  laud,  which  I  formed  into  nine  drills  2  feet 
apart.  The  plot  of  ground  was  40  poles  in  length.  I 
placed  my  Potatoes  in  the  drills  1  foot  asunder.  I  then 
sowed  Peaq  moderately  thick  in  eacli  drill  with  the 
Potatoes.  I  had  a  middhng  crop  of  each.  The  produce 
of  Potatoes  was  1.5  sacks,  and  very  few  were  unsound. 
Some  of  the  Peas  were  used  when  green,  and  I  had 
1  bushel  of  ripe  ones.  Where  I  strewed  garden  Beans 
the  Potatoes  were  badly  diseased,  like  those  of  my 
neighbours.  A  small  farmer  planted  3  acres  adjoining 
my  plot ;  but  his  were  very  small,  and  four  out  of  five 
badly  diseased  ;  he  had  but  one  peck  to  the  pole.  Now 
I  am  led  to  conclude  that  the  Peas  acted  advantageously 


in  prot'-'Cting  my  Potato  crop.  If  spared  until  spring, 
therefore,  I  intend  to  adopt  the  same  method  of 
planting  again,  as  I  am  persuaded  the  plan  is  a  good 
one.  G.  P.  F.,  Freshford. 

Planting  Timber  Trees. — In  reply  to  "L.  C.  K.,"  who 
asks  for  advice  (p.  694),  I  say,  having  had  similar  trees 
on  the  same  formation  to  deal  with,  do  not  plant  at  all ; 
if  you  do,  the  trees  at  present  on  the  ground  will  smother 
those  you  plant  before  they  can  become  saleable.  In 
timber  management  you  should  plant  thin  and  keep 
thin,  so  that  the  ground  is  never  over-cropped,  and  the 
sun  can  exert  its  proper  influence  ;  the  timber  will  then 
not  disappoint  you,  whatever  the  land  may  be  as  to 
quality.  Will  you  favour  me  mth  an  answer  to  the 
following  question  : — "  Had  any  of  the  Larches,  which 
were  all  diseased  when  cut  do^^'n,  a  head  of  branches 
three-fourths  the  length  of  the  tree  when  cut  down  %  " 
Hazel. 

Capressits  horizontalis. — A  visit  to  the  south  of  France 
has  shown  me  the  entire  distinctness  of  this  vai'lety  of 
Cypress.  It  resembles  a  Spruce  Fir  in  outline,  and  at 
a  distance  might  be  mistaken  for  that  tree,  or  for  a 
poor  evergreen  variety  of  Taxodium  distichum.  Its 
cones  also,  whex'ever  I  had  the  opportunity  of  examining 
them,  are  oval,  not  globular.  It  is  a  decidedly  ugly 
tree  ;  and  except  in  a  botanical  collection  no  one  could 
wish  to  introduce  it.  It  is  however  possible  that  it  is 
only  a  variety,  as  it  does  not  differ  more  from  C.  sem- 
pervircns  than  the  loose-headed  variety  of  Juniperus 
vix'giniana  does  from  the  close-headed  upright  one.  J.  P. 

French  Shoi't-Jtorn  Carrot. ~lt  does  not  appear  to  be 
known  either  to  seedsmen  or  gardeners  generally,  that 
this  Carrot,  of  which  there  are  so  many  bi'ought  from 
France  into  Covent  Garden  market  in  the  early  part  of 
the  season,  is  easy  of  cultivation,  and  more  suited  to, 
some  soils  than  those  generally  grown  in  this  country. 
Carrots  in  a  young  state  ai-e  at  all  times  of  the  year  in 
great  request  here,  and  this  one,  on  account  of  its  shape, 
and  from  its  being  of  finer  texture  and  flavour,  is  much 
preferred  to  any  of  the  others  for  ornamental  cookery, 
therefore  I  find  it  to  be  a  great  acquisition.  Last  season 
I  procured  some  seedof  it,  which  1  liave  found  both  true  to 
itskindand  of  excellent  quality.  1  have  found  it  Ukewise 
to  be  a  much  faster  grower  than  the  common  early 
Horn.  To  prove  this,  on  the  15th  August  I  sowed,  on  a 
well  prepared  piece  of  ground,  two  beds,  one  of  each 
sort,  side  by  side,  26  yards  long  and  5  feet  wide  j  they 
vegetated  and  came  up  as  nearly  as  possible  at  the  same 
time;  but  I  find  now,  November  4,  that  the  French  Horn 
is  nearly  double  the  size  of  the  other,  which  makes  it 
still  more  valuable  upon  the  soil  in  this  neighbourhood. 
The  Carrots  commonly  grown  are  very  subject  to 
canker,  worms,  &c.,  so  much  s  >,  that  they  frequently 
prove  a  complete  failure,  while  the  other  has  as  yet 
entirely  escaped  all  disease,  and  done  remarkably  well 
in  every  way.  /.  Skene,  Roehampton,  Surrey. 


^mttit0* 


Horticultural,  Nov.  2.  —  C.  Wentworth  Dilke, 
Esq.;  in  the  chair.  Among  subjects  invited  for  special 
exhibition  on  this  occasion  were  Chrysanthemums  ;  but, 
owing  to  the  wet,  dull,  sunless  weather  which  has 
prevailed  during  the  last  fortnight,  none  were  produced, 
except  Pompons,  which  are  the  only  sorts  that  could  be 
got  into  flower.  Of  these  there  were  three  exhibitions 
— one  from  Mr.  Ivery,  of  Peckham  ;  another  from  Mr. 
E.  G.  Henderson,  of  the  Wellington-road  ;  and  a  third 
from  Messrs.  Chandler,  of  Vauxhall.  Those  from  the 
last-named  firm  were,  however,  not  for  competition. 
Messrs.  Henderson's  plants  arrived  too  late,  and 
therefore  the  prize  off"ered  (a  Knightian  medal)  was 
awarded  'to  Mr.  Ivery,  whose  sorts  were  Autnmnus, 
buff,  with  a  brown  centre  ;  Sacramento,  a  very 
handsome  variety — bright  yellow,  with  a  brown  eye  ; 
Minon,  delicate  pink,  with  a  brown  centre  ;  Hen- 
dersonii,  pure  yellow  ;  Argentine,  white  ;  and  Surprise, 
pink,  with  a  brownish  centre.  Messrs.  Henderson  had 
one  named  Solfaterre,  very  like  Sacramento,  but 
perhaps  larger  ;  Ranunculus,  pink ;  and  a  brown  kind 
named  La  Lilipntienne.  The  rest  wei'e  not  dif- 
ferent from  those  above  enumerated.  Among  Messrs. 
Chandler's  plants  was  one  named  Le  Nain  Be'-Be*,  a 
small  pink  sort,"  with  a  faint  scent  like  Violets,  cer- 
tainly a  rare  occurrence  among  Chrysanthemums. 
Other  matters  of  special  exhibition  consisted  of  Alpine 
Strawberries  and  Celery  ;  but  the  new  regulations  appear 
to  have  taken  gardeners  somewhat  by  surprise,  for  both 
these  subjects  were  poorly  furnished.  Of  Strawberries 
there  was  only  one  dish  of  the  White  Alpine,  for  which 
a  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Cliapman,  gr.  to 
J.  B.  Glegg,  Esq.  It  was  stated  by  Mr.  C.  that  his 
plantations  were  now  wholly  confined  to  the  white  sort, 
which  is  not  found  to  be  so  attractive  to  birds  as  the  red 
variety.  The  same  exhibitor  also  received  a  Certificate 
of  Merit  for  three  heads  of  the  Withington  Red  Celery,  a 
good  firm  kind,  and  certainly  superior  to  Mr.  Newton's 
exhibition  of  Nutt's  White,  which  was  coarse,  soft,  and 
dirty.  Foremost  among  other  subjects  must  be  mentioned 
an  exhibition  of  12  young  plants  of  ^Eschynanthus 
splendidus  from  Messrs.  Lucombe  and  Pince,  of  Exeter. 
These  were  objects  of  universal  admiration,  their 
clusters  of  brilliant  fiery  red  coloured  flowers,  number- 
ing from  8  to  10  in  a  head  on  each  plant,  producing  a 
striking  effect.  They  appeared  to  have  been  the  flower- 
ing tops  taken  off  early  this  autumn,  struck  and  grown 
in  3-inch  pots  ;  and  certainly  they  richly  deserve  the 
Knightian  Medal  which  was  awarded  them. — Of  Orchids 
Messrs.  Weeks  and  Co.  sent  the  sweet-smelling  Maxil- 


laria  picta,  Zygopetalum  criuitum,  and  the  Birds'-bil? 
Oncid  (0.  ornithorhynchum).  Messrs,  Veitch  pro- 
duced Calanthe  vestita,  a  lovely  late-flowering  species 
with  large  white  blossoms  having  a  red  eye  ;  a  charming 
example  of  Vanda  crerulea,  which  is  found  to  be  better 
coloured  when  grown  on  the  "  cool  system,"  and  a  plant 
named  Cinchona  condaminea,  to  which,  however,  it  bore 
no  resemblance.  A  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded  for 
the  two  first-mentioned  plants. — Some  Pine-apples  were- 
shown.  I\Ir.  Dodds,  gr.  to  Sir  J.  Cathcart,  Bart.,  pro- 
duced two  beautifully-ripened  Queens,  each  weighing, 
4  lbs.  G  ozs. ;  and  Mr.  Fleming,  gr.  to  the  Dolce  of 
Sutherland,  at  Trentham,  had  three  fruit  of  the  same 
sort,  weighing  respectively  4  lbs.  14  ozs.,  4  lbs.  6  ozs.,,. 
and  4  lbs.  6  ozs.  ;  the  heaviest  of  these  was  perhaps 
scarcely  ripe  enough,  but  all  of  them  were  beautifully- 
formed  fruit,  with  very  small  crowns.  Mr.  Chapman,, 
gr.  to  J.  B.  Glegg,  Esq.,  furnished  a  capitally-swelled  and 
ripened  Black  Jamaica,  weighing  4  lbs.  loz.,and  a  smooth- 
leaved  Cayenne  6  lbs.  4  oz.  The  latter  was  an  extremely 
handsome  example  of  this  kind  of  Pine,  which  is  not  so- 
much  cultivated  as  it  deserves  to  be. — Grapes,  both 
Muscat  and  West's  St.  Peter's,  well  grown,  but  very 
unripe,  came  from  Mr.  Martin,  gr.  to  Sir  H.  Fleetwood, 
Bart.,  of  Hill  House,  Winkfield,  Berks.— A  nice  col- 
lection of  Citrons  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Pypcr,  gr.  to 
E.  St.  Vincent  Digby,  Esq.,  of  Minterne,  Dorchester^ 
It  consisted  of  Mandarin  Oranges,  the  produce  of  a 
second  crop  this  year,  the  first  being  ripe  in  August 
last  ;  some  very  large  Madras  Citrons,  a  sweet  Lime, 
and  fruit  of  the  Ce'dratier  de  Salo,  a  thick-rinded 
Citron,  which  is  not  eatable,  but  which  is  valuable  for 
its  perfume.  A  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded  for  these. — 
Col.  Salwey  exhibited  an  "  Apricot  Peach,"  reported  to 
be  a  hybrid  between  an  Apricot  and  a  Peach,  and  to  par- 
take a  little  of  the  flavour  of  both.  The  tree  had  been 
raised  at  Egham  Park  from  a  stone  brought  from 
Florence,  where  the  frnit  of  this  variety  is  much 
esteemed.  It  was  stated,  however,  to  be  nothing  more- 
than  one  of  those  yellow  Clingstone  Peaches  which  are 
common  in  the  North  of  Italy,  and  which  are  not 
generally  cultivated  in  this  countr}',  because  our  summers 
are  too  short  and  sunless  to  give  them  the  proper  flavour.- 
The  same  gentleman  also  showed  half-ripened  spikes  of 
the  large  yellow  Italian  Millet  (Panicura  itahcum),. 
which  is  used  by  the  Germans  and  Italians  as  an  article 
of  food.— Though  not  a  day  on  which  Peas  wer6 
specially  invited  ^by  the  Society,  nevertheless  three 
exhibitions  were  produced,  all  of  them  excellent- 
Mr.  Burns,  of  Chevening,  who  it  will  be  remem- 
bered gained  the  prize  for  Peas  last  time,  sent 
Shilling's  Grotto  as  good  as  before,  showing  that 
under  favourable  weather  there  is  no  difficulty  in. 
keeping  up  a  supply  of  gi-een  Peas  to  a  very 
late  period.  Mr.  Muirhead,  gr.  to  Lord  C.  Wellesley, 
at  Conholt  Park,  furnished  a  large  trayful  of  Early 
Frame,  young  and  good ;  and  Mr.  Harley,  gr.  to  the 
Duke  of  Leeds  at  Hornby  Castle,  in  Yorkshire,  showed 
50  pods  of  Knight's  Tall  Marrow  in  good  condition. 
These  were  all  perfectly  free  from  all  traces  of  mildew. — 
Of  Turnips,  Mr.  Chapman,  gr.  to  J.  B.  Glegg,  Esq.,  sent 
examples  of  the  orange  jelly  variety,  advertised  some 
time  ago  in  our  columns.  It  was  raised  by  Mr.  Chivas, 
of  Chester,  and  is  certainly  a  Turnip  of  most  excellent 
quality,  the  skin  being  thin  and  smooth,  and  the  pulp 
solid,  sweet,  and  good.  As  to  its  growth,  it  was  stated, 
that  Mr.  Chapman  sowed  some  seed  on  the  27lh  of 
May,  and  had  Turnips  in  high  order  for  table  by 
the  7th  of  July.  (Tested  in  the  kitchen  this  was  found 
to  be  everything  that  the  best  kind  of  Turnip  should  be.) 
—  A  drawing  of  Hibiscus  Rosa  sinensis,  executed 
by;  Miss  Elizabeth  Stone,  of  66,  East-street,  Brighton, 
was  shown  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. — From 
the  Society's  garden  came  plants  of  the  lovely 
Veronica  Andersonii,  a  bright  red-coloured  hybrid 
Begonia  raised  between  municata  and  cinnabarina, 
the  little  Cochlearia  acaulis,  four  Pompon  Chry- 
sauthemums,  some  j)  tree  or  Perpetual  Carnations, 
which  are  very  useful  conservatory  greenhouse  plants 
at  this  season  ;  fruit  of  the  Duchesse  d'Angouleme, 
Styrian,  Beurre  Diel,  and  Belmont  Pears,  and  the 
following  vegetables,  viz.,  Walls'  Early  White  Celery,. 
which  was  better  than  any  of  the  other  sorts 
exhibited  ;  Early  Ulm  Savoy,  an  excellent  sort  now 
pretty  well  known  ;  two  specimens  of  the  Blue  Winter 
Kohl  Rabi,  a  good  garden  kind  ;  Flanders  and  Lettuce- 
leaved  Spinach,  noticed  at  page  695  ;  and  ripe  examples 
of  the  large  Spanish  Capsicum,  a  sort  somewhat 
resembling  a  Tomato,  and  sweet  and  agreeable,  being 
devoid  of  nearly  all  that  pungency  which  is  peculiar  to 
other  Capsicums.  They  had  been  ripened  in  Mr- 
Ewing's  glass  walls,  where  the  plants  had  been  for  the 
last  two  months. 

LiNNEAN,  Nov.  2.— The  President  in  the  Chair.  A 
collection  of  dried  specimens  of  the  Flora  Lusitanica,  was 
presented  by  Dr.  Welwitsch.  A  collection  of  plants 
collected  at  Moreton  Bay  by  Mr.  Strange,  was  prcsented- 
by  Mr.  Pamplin.  Dried  specimens  of  .'DaBdalea  gibbosa, 
from  Tapley  Wood,  were  presented  by  Dr.  Robert 
Dickson.  A  collection  of  Lichens  and  MosseS' 
from  Orilla,  Canada  West,  was  exhibited  by  Mr.. 
S.  Stevens.  Amongst  them  were  some  fine  specimens 
of  the  Tripe  de  Roche,  a  species  of  the  genus  Gyro- 
phora,  which  is  interesting,  on  account  of  its  having, 
been  employed  as  food  in  one  of  our  arctic  expe- 
ditions. The  secretary  read  a  continuation  of  Mr^ 
Henfrey's  paper  on  the  development  and  gex*mination 
of  the  spores  of  Ferns.  The  part  read  was  confined  to- 
criticisms  on  the  observations  of  Suminski,  Hoffmeisteiv. 


45— 1S52.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


711 


and  others.  The  autlior  believed  that  Sumhiski  had  to 
a  certain  pohit  observed  correctly,  but  that  wliere  his 
observations  were  necessarily  imperfectj  he  had  drawn 
largely  on  his  imagination.  He  thought  Suminski 
esseutially  wrong  in  supposing  that  the  spermatozoids 
entered  the  pistillidia,  and  became  the  young  plants. 
—The  chairman  drew  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  a 
proposed  alteration  in  the  bye-lawSj  which  was  necessary, 
in  order  to  give  the  Society  exemption  from  the  pay- 
ment of  rates. 


Linncsa,  Vol.  Vni,,  Part  6. — This  part  concludes 
the  volume.  It  contains  papers  by  Hampe  on  the 
Hepaticse  of  Oersted,  Benthara  on  Hohenacker's 
Nilgherry  Leguminous  and  Acanthaceous  plants, 
Schlechteadahl  on  the  garden  plants  cultivated  at  Halle, 
in  Saxony,  and  on  the  genus  Anguria, 

Hitglicsh  Australian  Colonies  (Traveller's  Library, 
Parts  1  and  2  ;  Longmans)  is  a  popular  account  of  the 
history  and  present  condition  of  New  South  Wales  and 
its  dependencies.  The  historical  part  is  so  superficial 
as  to  be  useless,  and  would  have  been  better  omitted  ; 
the  actual  condition  of  the  colonies  is  scarcel}"^  detailed 
enough  to  answer  the  purpose  of  the  general  inquirer  ; 
as  for  the  account  given  of  the  vegetation  of  this  singular 
corner  of  the  world,  the  quality  of  the  author's  informa- 
tion maybe  judged  of  from  his  statement  that  the 
^'' fruit  called  five-corners  is  produced  by  a  beautiful 
species  of  Fuchsia  after  the  fall  of  the  blossom,"  and 
that  the  native  Cherry  has  the  stone  adhering  to  the 
outside.  Such  absm'dities  were  natural  enough  among 
the  ignorant  people  who  first  colonised  Australia,  but 
are  not  very  creditable  to  a  '■  late  professor  of  geo- 
graphy," by  which  title  Mr.  Hughes  is  announced  to 
the  public.  We  presume  that  the  author  Las  no  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  the  country  he  writes  about,  but 
has  picked  up  from  books  the  farrago  of  scraps  which  are 
strung  together  in  the  work  before  us. 

Wavcrhy  Novels,  Vol.  VI.  (Black's  Librai^y  Edition) 
— contains  the  "  Legend  of  Montrose  "  and  "  Black 
Dwarf,"  brought  out  in  the  same  beautiful  style  as  its 
predecessors.  The  illustrations  are  a  portrait  of  the 
"  Great  Montrose,"  and  Annot  Lyle,  soothing  the  fit  of 
the  mad.uan  Allan  McAulay,  a  sweet  desiLjn  by  F.  Stone. 

L-jlehoicr's  Flora  Rossica,  Fasc.  XIII,  advances 
from  Cyperus  to  Aiopecuriis.  It  is  announced  tliat  the 
next  No.,  completing  the  work,  and  containing  an  index 
of  the  whole  work,  will  appear  in  the  course  of  the  year. 

J/c/ntQsh's  Book  of  th^i  Garden,  Part  VIII.  (Black- 
wood)— contains  a  view  of  the  conservatory  at  Syon 
House,  and  of  a  beautiful-looking  range  constructed  by 
Turner,  at  Killikee,  together  with  a  design  for  an  archi- 
tectural flower  garden,  and  a  considerable  number  of 
woodcuts.  The  matters  treated  of  are  footpaths,  dura- 
bility of  materials,  and  style  in  planting  flower  gardens. 
We  fear  that  many  readers  will  be  perplexed  by  a 
profusion  of  recommendations  and  a  clash  of  opinions, 
which  Mr.  Mcintosh  does  not  attempt  to  harmonise 
—  the  gi-eat  fault  of  Loudon's  Encycloptedia  of  Gar- 
dening. It  is  ako,  we  think,  to  be  regretted,  that  such 
barbarous  designs  should  be  inserted  as  that  of  an 
'•  iiTegular  flower  garden,"  which  would  be  better  styled 
a  crinkum  craukura  crotchet — of  which  there  is  a  wood- 
cut at  p.  578.  Upon  the  whole,  however,  the  book,  with 
all  is  faults,  is  a  fine  book,  and  will  become  a  standard 
T,v,i !;  of  reference. 


and  iiisignis,  and  two  large  examples  of  Cattleya  Mossios 
and  crispum.  Associated  with  these  were  also  Epideu- 
drumStamfordianum,a  large  plant;  Renantheracoceinea, 
a  fine  specimen  which  blooms  freely  every  year;  and 
Oncidiurn  papilio  grandlfloram,  which  is.  always  in 
blossom.  The  above  are  only  a  few  specimens  in  a 
very  unique  collection  in  admirable  health,  evidently 
showing  that  Mr.  Pyper,the  gardener,  thoroughly  under- 
stands their  management.  The  house  was  enriched 
with  the  Vanilla  covered  with  pods,  Allamanda 
cathartica  trainedover  thepathways,  loaded  with  flowers; 
and  a  noble  Citron,  with  immensely  large  |frui£  at  one 
end,  furnishing  altogether  an  interesting  and  pleasing 
variety.  Plants  like  those  last- named  break  the  same- 
ness which  usually  prevails  in  an  Orchid  house,  and 
give  it  a  novel  and  more  natui'al  character  than  can  be 
produced  by  Orchids  alone.  G. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

MiNTEiLN'E  House,  the  residence  of  E.  St.  Vincent 
Digby,  Esq.,  is  beautifully  situated  nearly  half-way 
between  Dorchester  and  Sherborne.  TJie  park  is  abun- 
dantly wooded,  and  possesses  bold  and  abrupt  undula- 
tions ;  numerous  species  of  rare  Conifers  have  attained 
Buch  magnitude  as  proves  satisfactorily  that  the  situation 
is  at  least  eligible  for  their  growth.  The  grounds 
around  the  mansion  are  richly  decorated  with  masses  of 
flowering  plants,  interspersed  here  and  there  with  rare 
shrubs  and  Conifers,  the  Cryptomcria  japonica  and 
Cupressus  sempervirens  growing  here  witli  marvellous 
rapidity,  a.ssuming  quite  the  character  of  trees.  The 
gardens  are  only  of  limited  extent,  but  they  contain 
enough  both  of  the  useful  and  ornamental  to  interest  all 
who  delight  in  auch  cstabliHhmcnts.  Our  main  object 
at  present,  however,  is  to  direct  attention  to  the  fine 
collection  of  tropical  Orchidp,  which  are  cultivated 
here  witli  MirpriHing  success.  The  Orchld-hous'i  is  a 
rather  small  span-roofed  eroction,  but  it  is  literally 
crammed  with  magnificent  specimens  of  the  best  kinds. 
Mr.  LH;;by  i«  himwelf  intimately  acquainted  with  this 
lovely  tribe,  to  whicli  he  has  paid  much  attention  ;  and 
those  versed  in  their  nomenclature  will  have  no  (liffi- 
coUy  in  seeing  on  wliom  the  lionour  "  Digljyana"  has 
been  conferred.  The  following  arc  the  namen  of  a  few 
of  the  specimens  wJiich  struck  us  as  being  particularly 
i  fine,  viz.,  Acndcs  odoratum,  with  30  spikes  ;  A,  criH]mm, 
i  large,  hfaltby,  and  good  ;  A.  virens,  oxoeedingly 
I  vigorous  ;  A.  affinc,  two  glorious  specimens,  one  with  I :} 
spikes  of  bloom  on  it  j  Dendrobium  densiflorum,  a  large 
plant,  flowering  the  second  tim';  this  soas^jii  ;  I>.  \)'tvn- 
nianam,  with  shoots  'i  feet  long ;  1).  chrysanthim), 
ytry  largo,  and  ju^t  coming  into  flower ;  l>.  for- 
mosum,  a  grand  plant,  in  bloom  ;  1).  eanguino- 
levturij,  a  Hptendid  plant,  coming  into  flower  ;  I). 
Paxt/mi,  very  fine  ;  three  glorlouH  sj^eciinenfi  of  Saccola- 
bium  ("pnKtn^irsum,  Blumei.aiid  gu'Uttum),  together  with 
Fhahenopsis  grandiilora,  a  beautiful  plant ;  Vanda  teres 


FLORICULTURE. 

Gaines's  Prtnce  Arthur.  Dahlia. — I  may  perhaps 
be  permitted  to  add  to  Mr.  Wood's  statement  respecting 
this  Dahlia,  that  it  is  a  red  flower  of  good  form,  and  has 
a  very  dwarf  stiff  compact  habit,  throwing  its  blooms 
well  up  above  the  foliage.  To  lovers  of  this  class  of 
flowers  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  it  jvill  prove  an 
acquisition,  as  well  as  to  those  who  have  much  bedding 
out,  and  who  have  objected  to  the  Dahlia  in  conse- 
quence of  its  height.  I  saw  a  row  of  this  variety,  when 
a  two-year-old  seedling,  at  the  Surrey-lane  Nursery,  and 
I  must  say  it  surpassed  everything  iu  that  way  I  had 
ever  seen.  There  was  scarcely  a  plant  of  it  2  feet  in 
height.  Although  not  quite  a  companion  in  shape  to 
Princess  Radziwill,  a  flower  that  has  stood  the  test  of 
seven  years'  competition,  yet  I  think  Prince  Arthur 
will  become  equally  as  great  a  favourite  in  the  flower 
garden  as  the  Princess  still  is  at  our  floral  exhibitions. 
E,  Bennett,  Perdisicell. 

Dahlias,  Fucusias,  and  Pklargoniuhis.— I,  too,  was 
struck  with  the  remark  in  your  Calendar  (p.  680),  "our 
Dahlias  are  all  out  of  the  ground,"  as  up  to  this  time 
not  one  of  mine  is  injured  by  the  frost.  A  short  time 
ago  a  polite  neighbour  informed  me  that  I  was  welcome 
to  some  Fuchsias  gi'owing  in  a  garden  of  his.  I  started 
off,  not  with  a  flower-pot  and  garden  trowel,  but  with  a 
horse  arid  cart  and  two  men  to  bring  away  one  of  them  ! 
On  arriving  at  the  garden  I  directed  the  smallest  to  be 
taken  up,  but  I  was  obliged  to  obtain  the  assistance  of 
two  more  men  to  get  the  plant  out  of  the  hole,  and  it  was 
with  great  difficulty  that  it  was  got  up  into  the  cart. 
The  sort  I  believe  is  Riccartoni,  and  is  perfectly  hardy 
here.  In  the  garden  adjoining  where  I  had  this  plant 
from,  are,  I  should  imagine,  some  of  the  largest  speci- 
mens in  England  ;  they  are  planted  in  the  ground  about 
12  feet  apart,  near  a  south  wall  ;  the  plant  I  brought 
away  had  only  been  planted  seven  years.  I  have  had 
Foquett's  Magnificent  Pelargonium  iu  bloom,  in  a  4-inch 
pot,  since  June  to  the  present  time,  out  of  doors,  and  it  is 
likely  to  continue  in  flower  some  time  longer.  A  short 
time  back  I  counted  83  pips  on  it  at  the  same  time. 
H.  D.  a,  Ule  of  Pm-Uch,  Nov.  % 

Double  Balsams. — Four  years  ago  I  exhibited,  at  the 
Norwood  Floricultural  Exhibition,  a  collection  of  12 
distinct  varieties  of  Balsams,  and  was  awarded  the  head 
prize.  The  plants  were  greatly  admired  for  their  size 
and  compactness  ;  they  were  grown  on  a  dung  bed  in 
the  open  air,  their  leaders  having  been  stopped,  and 
their  lower  shoots  tied  down  to  the  edge  of  the  pots, 
similar  to  the  way  in  which  our  large  Pelargoniums 
are  grown  for  exhibition,  which  gives  them  decidedly 
the  best  effect.  The  blossoms  were  likewise  very 
superior  and  double,  which  led  many  to  ask  for  a  little 
seed  ;  how  great,  however,  was  their  disappointment 
the  following  season,  wlien,  instead  of  the  beautiful 
rosette  so  anxiously  looked  for,  they  found  merely 
a  semi- double  blossom,  which  they  could  not  believe 
belonged  to  the  varieties  I  had  shown.  I  myself 
have  also  sown  seed  from  the  same  plants  every 
year  since,  up  to  the  present  time;  but  1  have  never 
had  any  to  equal  those  above  adverted  to,  although  they 
are  far  superior  this  year  to  those  of  the  two  former 
seasons.  I  have  a  collection  of  them  in  bloom  in  the 
plant  stove  at  the  present  time  that  looks  exceedingly 
gay,  and  many  of  the  flowers  are  very  good,  though 
only  grown  in  a-ineh  pots.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the 
seed  sown  next  season  will  bring  them  quite  up  to  the 
standard  of  those  exhibited  by  me  at  Norwood.  I  think 
this  goes  to  prove  that  the  older  the  seed  is  the  more 
double  the  blossoms  becomo.    Wovcesleriensis. 

The  Mimulus. — As  I  liave  for  many  years  exten- 
sively cultivated  the  Mimulus  when  few  other  uidividuals 
conaidered  it  a  flower  worthy  of  notice,  I  am  gratified 
to  pei'ceivo  tliat  it  is  now  coming  into  favour.  In  order 
to  second  Mx*.  Bennett's  buggf^siioii,  that  a  prize  be 
offi;red  at  Chiswiek  for  the  Mimulus,  I  b'-g  to  observe 
that  if  six  or  more  Bubscrihcrs  of  10.f.  cacli  ai-e  willing 
to  support  this  object,  J  shall  be  most  happy  to  form 
one  of  them — further,  I  will  present  plants  of  three  new 
and  first-rate  varieties  to  tlie  individual  who  takes  tlie 
leading  prizf,  with  lliu  understanding  that  if  lie  bo  a 
florint,  i  will  not  distribute  the  same  variolies  except 
amongut  my  private  friendH.  A.  Clo:f>ham.,  Scarborough.. 
[Tliin  rould  only  be  dmie  by  jtcnniHsion  of  the  Council 
of  the  Ilorticnhuriil  Society  ;  and  wo  fear  woidd  even 
th(;n  end  in  diHappointment,  tbo  flowers  of  MimuluH 
being  Wi  apt  to  full  off  in  carrying.] 

Av%\r.v,t<iK:  A  /'.  Tho  t'oilr)^li.({  Will  p^m^lhly.  Hir't  yon  :  — 
OfWHii^MlKod  :  Ari'illij  (KtcH'oii),  Ap  .llo  CM  ii-in^ni),  Olmniplon 
(l'..g«),Ooioni;l  T«jl.)r(UiKl't,  Ouiu  o  Wullin^UmfDicUinn), 
Frecduiii    ( Booth),     I miicrutur     (Llliou),     Ljrd    Lj itcdycb 


of  Wale3  (Arthtoii),  Sir  John  Moore  (Ugbtbi)fij).  Grey- 
ed i?ed  :  Britannia  ( fT«cl;<e),  Complete  (Syke^),  Conqueror  of 
Europe  cyor^i•^),  Conqnernr  of  Europe  ( Waterhou'ie),  Duke 
of  Ci,ij)bridge  {Dickson)  Lady  Jane  Grey  (Dickson),  L'lnca- 
fihire  liero  (Cheelhrim),  Ne  plus  uUra  (Fletcher),  Privateer 
(Grimes)  Ilin,'le.ider  (Kenyoa).  Sta  Jerord  Hero  (Headley), 
Surprise  (Buckley),  Uufqu;)  (Oickson),  Unique  (M'Lean). 
Wiiice-edRed  ;  C*th'?rina  (Sumru'irscaleB),  Cjunteas  of  WiltOQ 
(Cbeoiham),  Cracittx  (Cleffti).  Fai''  Flora  (LijjVitbo'ly), 
Favoui-ife  (Taylor),  Glory  (Taylor),  Ineomparilile  (Tajlor), 
True  Briton  (H'^pworthj.  S  4ts :  Admiral  of  the  Blues 
(Li;'htbodj)  Apollo  (Dickson)  Jupiter  (li  tye),  Lord  Primate 
(.Berry),  Mrs.  Smith  (Smith).  Metri>poUr,an  (Uedmio),  Ned 
Sud  (Scholes),  Nonsuch  (Barker).  Oiliello  (Nether^'ooft). 

Catalogue  received  from  Mr.  G.  Rogers,  Utioxoter,  Scaff.jrd- 
shire. 

Pe.arg  )niom3  :  Tom  Thunib.  Tho  air  of  your  house',  we  sus- 
pect, la  the  cau;e  of  the  evil;  but  the  leaves  supply  no 
evidence  upon  tho  subject. 


SEEDLING    FLOWERS. 


Cahnations  and  Pic  jtees  :  4^.  No  time  ia  better  than  the 
prevent,  as  groweis  will  nave  much  of  their  stock  now 
established  sufficiently  for  sendinir  out  in  pots.  We  will 
endeavour  fo  answoryour  other  o.uery  next  week. 

Dahlias:  N  G,  Baiter  sea  It  is  now  too  far  advanced  in  the 
season  ti  be  able  to  &p  ak  wi'h  ce-taiuty  res[iecting  the 
merits  of  your  fiovFer ;  and  we  ^hnuld  bo  Borry  to  condemn 
a  variety  that,  wlien  in  true  character,  mi^ht  pruve  desir- 
able. Y'lu  may,  therefore,  perhaps  thiak  it  worth  while  to 
send  us  blooms  again  next  year.  The  colour,  a  brilliant 
golden  ytllow,  ia  mucti  wanted. 


Miscellaneous- 

In-door  Plants. — As  the  plants  are  placed  in  or  near 
windows,  there  is  no  injurious  deficiency  of  light;  but 
as  it  comes  to  them  most  intensely  ou  one  side,  they 
should  be  half  turned  round  every  day,  that  their  heads 
may  have  a  uniform  appearance,  and  the  leaves  be  not 
turned  only  in  one  direction.  If  the  window  faces  the 
south,  the  intense  heat  and  light  should  be  mitigated 
during  the  mid-day  of  the  summer  months  by  lowering 
the  blind.  Whenever  the  out-door  temperature  is  not  , 
belo^v  34°,  the  plants  will  be  benefited  by  having  the 
window  and  door  of  the  room  open.  They  cannot  have 
too  much  fresh  air  at  any  season  of  the  year,  if  they  " 
are  not  grown  under  a  Wardlan  case  ;  for  the  exterior 
air  always  contains  a  due  proportion  of  moisture,  whilst 
the  air  of  a  room  is  as  invariably  drier  than  is  beneficial 
to  the  plants.  A  due  supply  of  moisture  in  the  air,  as 
well  as  in  the  soil,  is  absolutely  necessary  to  our  room 
plants.  To  obtain  tliis  in  the  best  available  degree, 
little  porous  troughs,  constantly  filled  with  water,  should 
be  kept  on  the  stand  among  the  pots;  and  the  saucers 
of  the  pots  themselves,  if  made  according  to  Hunt's 
plan,  may  always  have  a  little  water  remaining  in  them. 
The  application  of  water  to  the  soil  requires  far  more 
attention  than  it  usually  receives.  Room  plants  mostly 
are  the  proteges  of  ladies,  who  administer  water  with 
their  own  hands  ;  and  so  long  as  the  novelty  and  leisure 
prompt  to  this  attention  all  goes  well  ;  but  no  r&om 
plant  ever  existed,  fperhaps,  which  was  not,  at  some 
period  of  its  life,  left  to  the  tender  mercies  of  a  house- 
maid, with  the  frequent  usual  consequences  of  a  deluge 
of  water,  cold  from  the  pump,  after  the  roots  had 
become  heated  and  parched  by  days  of  total  abstinence. 
Plants  so  treated  cannot  flourish.  The  water  should  be 
allowed  to  stand  in  the  kitchen  for  some  liours  before  it 
is  apphed  to  the  plants,  so  that  it  may  he  as  warm  or 
warmer  than  the  soil  to  which  it  is  to  be  added.  It  may 
be  given  iu  dry,  hot  weather,  every  second  day,  and  in 
such  abundance  as  to  pass  slightly  througli  the  earth 
into  the  saucers.  A  mcHcan  Gardeners'  Chronicle. 

The  Caiota  {Sechmm,  edule,  or  Slojos  edicUs). — This 
interesting  and  vaUiable  plant  was  introduced  to  St. 
Michael's,  from  Madeira  - 1  believe  it  to  be  the  Sechium: . 
edule,  of  Jamaica.  It  is  perennial,  and  from  October  to 
February  bears  abundance  of  its  delicious  culinary  fruit. 
It  is  esteemed  by  the  Portuguese  beyond  their  native 
Cabbage,  and  that  speaks  volumes  iu  its  favour.  The 
substance  of  the  Caiota  is  much  firmer  before  and  when 
cooked  than  that  of  the  Vegetable  Marrow  ;  its  taste 
partalces  of  the  flavour  of  Asparagus  and  Cauliflower, 
In  my  opinion  it  is  the  most  delicate  'vegetable  I  have 
ever  eaten.  So  much  is  it  esteemed  by  the  Portuguese, 
that  they  think  the  English  cannot  fail  to  like  it,  and 
are  making  attempts  to  export  it  for  tho  London 
market,  as  it  will  keep  in  a  fresh  state  a  long  time.  I 
think  it  could  bo  easily  cultivated  in  England  ;  growing, 
as  it  does,  through  the  summer  months,  and  producing 
its  fruit  at  a  cold  season,  it  would  merely  require  pro- 
tecting from  tho  frost.  Yielding  its  fruit  at  a  time 
when  vegetaldes  are  usually  scarce,it  would  be  invaluable 
to  gardeners,  and  a  great  addition  to  the  dinner-table. 
The  Caiota  attains  the  weight  of  2  or  3  lbs.,  delights  in 
a  rich  soil,  and  will  grow  trailing  on  the  ground  in  the 
same  m;inner  as  tlio  Vegetable  Marrow;  but  _  the 
approved  way  of  cultivating  it  by  the  Portuguese  is  to 
plant  it  against,  and  allow  it  to  run  over,  a  high  wall. 
It  will  bear  pruning  to  any  extent.  Tlio  fruit  of  the 
Caiota  has  a  rnggtd,  voniidisli  form,  of  a  pa'e  yellow 
colour,  and  somcwlmt  rescnildcH  tbo  fruit  of  the  Shad- 
dock ;  tho  pulp  is  pure  white.  WaliacCj  in  Journal  of 
IlorticuU ural  Socidij. 

Unc  of  TomalocH  and  EkUrhvrrica.—lw  reply  to  an 
inquiry  whc'tlur  green  Toma'oes  can  be;  ajiplied  to  any 
useful  purpose,  1  may  just  state  how  they  have  been 
iiHcd  in  my  mother's  family  for  several  years  past,  and 
tliitught  to  bo  very  good.  As  late  in  the  season  as  we 
can  obtain  a  sulficiont  (lunntity  nf  ripe  Tomatoes  and 
i,'roen  onod  together,  wu  mal(o  them  into  a  jam,  by 
uHing  two  ]i:\rts  of  Tomatoes  (after  tho  skins  have 
l)f_'(:n  t!ik«-n  oil")  to  one  ]tart  of  molasses  or  wet  sugar, 
and  stewing  tliem  together  till  sulliciuntly  done  to  keep 


712 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[Nov.  6, 


— tsay  ;iLi  liuiir  W  mure.  Ix  lliu  wtaUiei"  yJiould  be 
very  Avarra  after  the  jam  is  made,  it  may  need  healing 
over.  We  generally  use  more  ripe  Tomatoes  tlian 
green  ones  in  this  ^vay,  as  we  take  part  of  the  gi-een 
ones  for  making  sliced  pickles  similar  to  the  "Indian 
pickles,"  except  that  we  put  with  the  sliced  Tomatoes 
nearly  an  equal  quantity  of  Cabbage  cut  fine,  and  use 
less  Union.  For  both  jam  and  pickles  we  frequently 
use  the  Tomatoes  after  they  are  somewhat  frost-bitten. 
ElderbeiTies  are  very  pood  when  dried,  mixed  witli  a 
small  quantity  of  dried  Currants  or  some  other  sour 
fruit.  In  preparing  them  for  use,  they  require  but 
little  stewing,  and  should  liave  a  teaspoonful  of  fiour 
moistened  and  stirred  into  them  just  before  they  are 
done,  to  tliicken  them  a  little.  Vinegar  is  sometimes 
used  instead  ol  sour  fruit,  but  it  is  not  so  good.  Ohio 
CiiUivaior. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For  the  ensuing  weel:) 
— ♦ — 
PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
As  the  display  of  flowers  in  the  open  air  is  nearly 
over  for  the  season,  endeavour  to  make  the  conserva- 
tory as  attractive  as  possible  ;  more  particularly,  as  it 
will  prove  an  additional  source  of  enjoyment  to  those  who 
cannot  take  out-door  exercise.  Fires  by  night  will 
be  requisite;  but  regular  admissions  of  air  should  be 
Icept  up,  both  to  keep  the  house  moderately  dry  and 
the  atmosphere  in  a  pure  healthy  state.  Chrysanthe- 
mums should  be  introduced  as  they  come  into  bloom. 
Early- flowering  Camellias  (a  few  of  the  earliest  started), 
Orange  trees,  Daphnes,  and  Epiphyllum  truncatum 
will  be  in  bloom,  and  will  form  an  agreeable  addition 
to  the  stove  plants  yet  remaining.  Great  care  should 
be  taken  to  provide  sufficient  ventilation  at  this  season 
both  to  stove  and  greenhouse  plants  during  damj) 
weather ;  and  artificial  heat,  even  in  greenhouses,  will 
perhaps  be  necessary  to  dry  up  damp,  and  to  permit  a 
free  ventilation  by  day.  It  should,  in  fact,  be  a  point 
to  get  the  wood  of  hard-wooded  plants  rijiened  as  soon 
after  this  as  can  be  done,  even  by  the  help  of  fires,  as 
it  will  save  a  great  amount  of  after  trouble  and  loss 
during  the  ensuing  winter  ;  use  the  sulpliuralor  freely 
whenever  iudicatious  of  mildew  appear,  which  will  not 
be  very  troublesome  if  the  dii'ectious  above  are  acted 
upon  ;  in  addition,  keep  every  part  of  the  houses  clean, 
and  frequently  wash  the  glass  to  admit  every  ray  of 
light,  which  at  this  season  is  invaluable.  Advantage 
should  be  taken  of  wet  weather  to  thoroughly  wash 
infected  plants.  Water  at  a  temperature  of  130"  will 
lirove  sufficient  to  kill  most  insects  ;  with  others,  a 
9f|;  hither  of  brown  soap  and  a  little  tobacco-water  may 
|r--,^  be  necessary.  Pelargoniums,  if  pot-bound,  should  be 
^„  ^ol^ted  at  once,  or  they  will  lose  Ihclr  lower  leaves. 
"  •  *  Keep  the  fancy  kinds,  howevei-j  rather  under  than  over 
potted,  and  allow  them  the  warm  end  of  the  house. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
To  produce  good  crops  of  forced  fruits  in  early  spring 
is  an  important  part  of  a  gardener's  duties,  requiring 
unremitting  attention  during  the  worst  period  of  the 
year.  Where  Grapes,  Peaches,  Pines,  &c..  are  in 
demand  early,  the  houses  by  this  time  should  be  put  in 
a  state  of  good  repair,  and  the  heating  apparatus  in 
working  order.  Tlie  outside  borders  likewise  of  Vineries 
and  Peach-houses  will  be  protected  from  frost  and  heavy 
rains  (for  which,  see  last  Calendar).  In  addition, if  our 
pi'evious  directions  on  obtaining  sound  ripened  wood 
hive  been  followed  out,  and  a  sufficient  period  of  rest 
been  allowed,  the  principal  difficulties  to  success  are 
over,  and  the  routine  of  cultivation,  which  will  be 
detailed  in  future  Calendars,  will  carry  out  the  forcing 
to  a  satisfactory  result.  We  have  before  stated  that 
the  successful  forcing  of  fruits  depends  more  on  a  good 
preparation  the  preceding  year  than  on  subsequent 
treatment,  and  we  again  beg  to  impress  this  on  our 
readers.  In  commeuciug  forcing  at  this  period  it  should 
not  be  forgotten  that  fruit  trees  are  started  into  growth 
with  greater  diifieuUy  now  than  later  iu  the  season 
■^especially  such  as  have  not  been  previously  forced), 
from  the  comparative  short  period  of  their  rest ;  and 
allowance  must  be  made  for  this,  in  determining  the 
time  for  commencing.  In.  all  cases  (excej)ting  tropical 
fruits)  artificial  heat  must  be  very  sparingly  applied  at 
first  starting  ;  endeavour  to  get  the  buds  into  action 
by  a  glow  but  progressively  rising  day  temperature, 
assisted  only  on  dull  days  by  fire-heat,  and,  unless  in 
the  case  of  frost,  doing  without  fires  by  night  ;  by  these 
means  the  buds  will  break  strongly  and  regularly,  and 
the  prospect  of  a  crop  be  materially  .advanced. 

/LOWER  aARDBN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
The  atnte  of  the  autumn-struck  cuttings  should  be 
ascertained,  and  wherever  iudicatious  of  damping  appear 
remove  the  pots  lo  drier  quarters  j  give  air  liberally  to 
young  plants  in  pits  and  fianies.  Scarlet  and  bedding- 
out  Geraniums  should  be  kept  in  houses  where  fires  can 
occasionally  be  lighted,  by  which  they  will  grow  freely 
through  tb.e  winter  ■  as  the  Vineries  are  cleared  of 
Grapes  fill  them  (unless  they  are  required  for  other 
things)  with  the  more  choice  things  ;  reserving  the  pits 
and  frames  for  Calceolarias,  Lobelias,  and  similar  plants, 
not  suffering  equally  from  cold  and  damp.  Wherever 
alterations  are  in  progress  lose  no  time  in  completing 
tiie  transplanting  of  evergreens,  the  present  mild  damp 
weather  bentg  favourable  for  their  rou.oval.  As  soou  as 
the  greater  part  of  the  leaves  is  off  the  trees  let  the 
pleasure-ground  be  thoroughly  cleaned  and  swept  •  t'le 


leavis  (il  ot  sulhcient  quautityj  bliouid  be  stacked  up 
for  forcing  purposes,  covering  borders,  and  the  like. 
Such  parts  of  the  lawn  as  are  contiguous  to  the  mansion 
should  be  swept  daily,  to  remove  leaves  and  worm-casts, 
and  the  gravel-walks  frequently  rolled  to  preserve  a 
smooth  surface.  The  present  is  a  good  time  for  re- 
arranging the  herbaceous  ground,  which  is  rendered 
necessary  every  two  or  three  years,  by  many  of  the 
free-growing  kinds  getting  too  large.  Let  the  borders 
have  a  dressing  of  well  rotted  cowdung  before  replanting, 
especially  for  Phloxes  and  other  sti'ong-rooted  genera. 

FLORISTS'    PLOWERS. 

Dahlias,  whose  foliage  had  been  previously  frost- 
bitten and  not  then  taken  up,  will  be  found  to  have 
started  again  at  the  collar.  This  we  do  not  like,  and  to 
avoid  it  we  generally  consider  it  good  policy  to  lift  ours 
when  the  foliage  is  black.  We  do  not  reside  in  the 
sunny  clime  of  Devon,  therefore  we  cannot  cut  flowers 
when  the  roots  of  our  brother  florists  are  out  of  the 
ground  ;  but  wherever  the  locality  may  be,  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  foliage  must  be  the  amateur's  guide,  what- 
ever "  calendar  makers"  may  say.  Tulips  ought  now  to 
be  planted.  Various  stocks  are  kept  out  late  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  customers,  but  our  readers  must 
bear  iu  mind  that  every  day  out  of  the  gi'ound  now  is 
detrimental  to  the  bulb,  and,  consequently,  to  the  bloom. 
Many  florists  have  delayed  their  purcliase,  to  the 
present  moment,  of  choice  Cai'uations  and  Picotees.  To 
these  we  would  say,  do  not  buy  now  unless  in  pots.  All 
the  best  cultivatoi's  have  had  their  most  promising 
layers  well  established  a  month  ago  ;  from  such  plants 
as  these  the  best  flowers  may  be  reasonably  expected, 
instead  of  from  layers  without  a  particle  of  soil,  and 
little  more  root  attaclied,  which  we,  to  our  cost,  have 
often  received.  If  Hollyhocks  are  to  be  planted  this 
autumn  it  should  immediately  be  done.  Pinks  and 
Pansies  had  better  be  let  alone,  unless  great  care  can  be 
given  thera  ;  and,  as  a  finale,  we  would  suggest  that 
everything  connected  with  floriculture,  previous  to  being 
laid  aside,  should  undergo  a  thorough  *'  overhauling." 
There  are  Dahlia-caps,  handglasses,  Carnation  sticks, 
&c.,  which  should  be  put  in  thorough  working  condition, 
so  that  little  care  during  the  winter  need  haunt  the 
florist's  mind. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Carrots  and  Parsnips  having  finished  their  growth 
should  be  taken  up  and  stowed  away  for  use.  Throw 
some  fine  earth  among  them  in  the  pit,  to  keep  them 
plump  and  fresh.  A  part  of  the  Parsnip  drop  may 
remain  in  the  ground  longer,  if  other  work  intervene.  Go 
over  the  winter  Spinach  with  the  hoe  on  a  dry  day,  and 
follow  with  a  dressing  of  soot ;  this  useful  winter 
vegetable  requires  strong  stimulating  manures  to  grow  it 
in  perfection  iu  winter.  As  Cauliflowers  are  easily 
damaged  by  frost,  go  over  them  frequently  and  tie  the 
leaves  over  the  advancing  heads  ;  a  portion  of  the  less 
forward  may  be  removed  to  spare  pits  or  frames,  to 
succeed  ;  or  laid  in  deeply  iu  a  sheltered  place,  "with 
their  heads  inclining  to  the  north,  to  be  protected  with 
straw  or  mats  in  frost.  Clear  the  ground  of  crops  as 
they  go  out  of  use,  and  trench  or  dig  over  roughly  im- 
mediately. Cauliflowers  under  glasses  and  in  frames 
may  now  have  air  freely.  Attend  to  the  preparation  of 
Rhubarb,  Seakale,  and  Asparagus  for  forcing ;  for 
directions,  see  p.  680.  Pot  a  supply  of  Mint,  Tarragon, 
Burnet,  and  Sorrel  for  winter  use. 


STATE  OF 
For  the  week  ending  N 

THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 
ov.  i,  1S52,  sBObserv ed  at  the  fiarticultural  Gardens, 
ChUwick, 

Oct 
andWov. 

< 

a 

IS 

10 

21 
22 

Babomstsb. 

TaarBKATDEB. 

Wind. 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth 

t  foot, 2  feet 
deep.  1  deep. 

s 

Max. 

MiD. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

Friday..  "20 
Satur.  ..  3i; 
Sunday  .  31 
Mciuday     1 
Tues.   ..     2 
Wed.    ..     3 
ThuTB. ..     4 

29.7-1  i 
29.650 
29.S[a 
29.77S 
29.620 
;9.713 
29J(-10 

29,4(53 

29.595 

29.6/5 
29.533 

29.fi53 
29.639 

50 
59 
61 
62 
60 
56 
GO 

40 
48 
44 
57 
43 
32 
44 

45.0 
53.5 

bh 
54  0 
44.0 
52.0 

.46 
46 
46 
49 
51. i 
511 
60 

46 
46 
46 
43 

40i 
494 

S.W. 

s.w 
w. 
s. 

S.W. 

sw. 
s. 

22 
-U 
.00 
.Oi 
.Gl 
.16 
.01 

Average..., 

2'J.7-u  '  co.eoo 

53.3  '  44.7  '   51  5 

4S5    1  47.7 

1  16 

29— Clchf;  overcast;  rain  at  niRhr. 

30  — Partially  ovetcaet:  densely  cvercast  at  night;  rain. 

31— Clear  and  fine;  bright  eun  ;  ovfrciBt. 

1-Un  formly  overcnst;  drizzly;  sliiihtrain. 

2— Kain;  coohlaut  hravy  rain:  c'caratnisht 

3— Clsar ;  exceedlnitly  fine  till  noon ;  heuvv  rain. 

4  — I'ogKy;  lari;e  while  clouds;  fine;  overcaet;  slight  ra! 
Mean  temperature  ot  the  wr ek ,  5  deg.  above  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  years,  for  the  easuing  week,  ending  Nov.  13,  1S5-. 


£.«  - 

No.  of 
Tears  in 
which  It 

Kaioed. 

Prevnilinn  Winds. 

III 

^3h 

3s 

Greateat 
Quantity 
o(  Uaiu. 

^M 

'^P 

Sunday 

■J 

62.5 

41.3 

5;ifi 

15 

1.02  iu. 

—    2    2'  .1 

h', 

s 

60.7 

43. -J 

sit 

14 

0.38 

1    3    li   2 

2,  9    4 

Tues. 

y 

59.7 

44.0 

51.8 

11 

0.24 

1]  11  3'  2 

4'  sl  s 

lit 

61.0 

41.3 

5-2.6 

12 

0.23 

2'  3    1;  4'  6    8    1 

II 

62.3 

41,2 

53.2 

n 

0.76 

lu 

60.9 

43.2 

52.0 

13 

0.10 

2   3    3    13    fil  6 

Saiur. 

13 

59.9 

42.7 

0  1.3 

15 

0.66 

2    5    3    1 

5    4    3 

3 

Tiie  hiRheat  temperature  dunnsf  tbB  above   period  occurred 
ISJl-thcrm.  63  des- ;  and  the  lowest  on  the  12th,  IS43  -  therm.  £1 


on  the  1 
deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Beet-hoct;  Itcadcr.  Tho  only  way  of  kccpiiif:  it  over  the 
Bumnier  monibs  is  to  store  it  away  in  some  cold  displace, 
and  keep  it  from  growing.J 

Campanula  Vidalii  :  J M.  Treat  it  like  a  Peiitstemon,  except 
that  it  mubt  be  guarded  trom  froat  in  winier.J 

CoMFEns  :  S.  Tho.'^e  you  mnne  will  ibrlve  perfectly  well  on 
either  of  the  aspects  you  mention.:! 

Copings  :  AM.  For  biichcn-gardtn  wal's,  tlie  best  matpria 
for  tbe  permanent  coping  is  stone,  which  should  pmject 
2  inches,  with  a  grooye  or  iliroatUig  UDdcrnealh.  Temporary 
copings  of  boards  against  spring  frosts  should  not  be  lees 
than  9  inches  wide.|] 


i''it.iai  JJuMu :  Z.  Tins  eubsitiuci)  is  a  surt  ot  cauv:iB  made  of 
coarse  wool.  We  have  not  experience  enough  with  it  to  say 
whether  it  is  in  all  respects  a  good  substitute  for  mats,  but 
we  believe  it  to  be  a  much  warmer  material,  layer  for  layer. 

Heating  :  W  P  H.  AYe  doubt  much  whether  your  plan  of 
glazing  will  answer.  At  all  events  it  is  awkward.  Imbed, 
ding  glass  in  Portland  or  any  other  kind  of  cement  is  con- 
trary to  all  the  principles  of  glazing,  which  require  that  the 
glass  should  bo  easily  removed  if  broken,  or  for  any  other 
reason.  We  see  no  objection  to  the  tank  ;  but  you  will  find 
fine  cinders  a  better  plunging  material  than  sawdust,  unless 
it  is  charred.— J  C  B.  You  may  heat  your  sitting-room  with 
hot  water  in  lead  pipes,  if  you  do  not  melt  the  lead  by  the 
fiie.J 

Insects:  A  B  C D,  Female  moths  will  deposit  eggs  previous 
to  an  intercourse  with  the  male,  and  such  eggs  are  occa- 
Fionally  prolific;  but  whether  the  progeny  produced  in  this 
manner  is  capable  of  continuing  its  kind  (as  in  the  Aphides] 
has  not  been  observed.  The  male  vapourer  moth  flies  in  the 
sunshine  by  day. — X  Y Z.  Your  Vine  twig  and  leaves  are 
attacked  by  young  insects  of  the  Vine  coccus ;  washing  the 
trees  with  hot  water  is  the  best  remedy.   W. 

Kew  :  *•*■  Excuse  our  saying  that  we  cannot  concur  in  the 
opinion  you  express.  On  the  contrary,  we  believe  that  the 
course  you  suggest  would  be  ruinous  to  this  great,  and, 
permit  ua  to  add,  admirably-managed  establishment.  Had 
you  any  experience  in  such  institutions,  you  would  know, 
what  you  do  not  seem  to  be  aware  of,  that  bleminbes  are  to 
be  found  everywhere,  especially  by  those  who  use  magnifying 
glasses  when  they  seek  for  faults.  It  does  not  appear  from 
your  letter  that  you  have  any  better  claim  to  that  which  you 
require  than  aoy  other  of  the  200,000  persona  who  last  year 
viuited  the  garden. 

Mealy  Bogs;  O  L.  The  address  is,  Percy  Cross  Nursery, 
Walbam-green,  Fulham. 

Mustang  Vine  Stocks:  Eouslon,  Texas.  We  will  answer  you 
privately  ;  in  the  meanwhile  we  thould  be  greatly  obliged  for 
a  supply  of  the  stocks. 

Names  of  Frdits  :  C  E  TV  R.  1,  Comte  de  Lamy;  2,  Altborp 
Crassane:  5,  Louise  Bonne  (of  Jersey);  7,  37,  42,71,  113, 
116,  Passe  Colmar  ;  8,  118,  Vicar  of  Winkfield  ;  12,  20, 105, 
115,  117,  126,  Easier  Beurre  ;  13,  Bezi  de  la  JJotte ;  14, 
Win'er  Nelis  ;  17,  Suffolk  Thorn  ;  18,  20,  35,  66,  58,  59,  62, 
64,  65,  82,  83,  VIQ,  Qlout  Morceau  ;  21.  19,  41,  110.  Marie 
Louiee  ;  22,  25,  40,  Easter  Bergamot ;  27,  Uvedale's  St.  Ger- 
main ;  30,  Swan's  E(;g  ;  32,  75,  Brown  Beurre;  33,  76, 
Autumn  Bergamot ;  34,  Ormskirk  Bergamot ;  33,  53,  106, 
Beurrii  Diel ;  43,  Poire  de  Vigue ;  46,  124,  Rhenish  Beauty, 
it  ought  to  have  been  gathered  earlier;  47, 106,  Duchesse 
d'An^oul§me  ;  48,  68,  104,  Winter  Nelis ;  51,  Napoleon  ;  51, 
60,  Beurre  Ranee;  52,  Beurre  de  Capiaumont ;  55,  Astou 
Town  ;  66,  Buchanan's  Spring  Beurre;  67,  Old  Colmar;  73, 
Black  Achan;  1U7,  Ne  Plus  Meuris  ;  109,  Autumn  Colmar  ; 
111,  Napoleon. II— IF  iri?.  Your  Pear  is  not  known  at pr^ 
sent ;  it  is  probably  a  seedling,  and  will  be  again  eiaminea  ^ 
when  nearer  maturity.— -Bi^.  1,  Williams'  Bon  Chretien  ;  2,  ' 
Ormskirk  Bergamot;  3,  Autumn  Bergamot;  4,  BeurrS 
d'Aremberg.ll 

Names  cr  Plants  :  .F.  Neriue  rosea.— .5  3/ J^.  Salvia  pulchella.  , 
—A  K.  Asplcnium  Ruta  muraria. —  W  Wood.  Veronica  sali- 
cifolia.— -Faiid  Ji*.  Celosia  aurea.  avery  old  plant,  unwisely 
neglected. — PP.  We  do  not  recognise  tbe  leaf.— Miri*.  Gor- 
teri.i  rigens.— /*  5.  Such  sbrivelltd  morsels  cannot  be  named. 
It' you  have  a  tank  in  your  stove  your  blue  Water  Lily  should 
be  removed  there  in  winter.  Your  greenhouse  cistern  is  too 
cold  for  i^.  _., , 

PiNEEY  :  P  P.  One  rod  of  Vines  up  each  rafter.  White 
Muscat  and  Frontignans  will  stand  the  heat. 

Stucco  :  Kerilon.  Is  it  really  a  fungus  which  grows  out  of  jour 
stucco  ?  WB  apprehend  some  mistake.  If  you  will  favour  us 
with  a  sight  ot  the  *' fungus,"  we  ehall  perhaps  be  able  to 
sui-'gest  a  remedy  ;  supposing  it  to  beavegetable  production. 

The  Potato:  T H.  When  you  have  seen  as  much  evidence  re- 
lating to  this  as  we  have,  you  will  probably  change  yoxir 
opinion.  The  question  is  not  what  may  happen  here  and 
there,  but  what  happens  on  the.  average.  We  admit,  how- 
tver,  that  the  communication  you  refer  to  was  inserted  load* 
vertently.  You  know  the  proverb—"  When  the  cat's  away, 
the  mice  play." 

Tbansplantinq  Apple  Taeeb  :  A  Conntry  Rector.  In  removing 
and  trans-planting  rather  large  well-eatabliahed  Apple  trees, 
prepare  a  hole  large  enough  to  admit  of  the  roots  being 
spread  out  at  full  length.  Remove  as  much  of  the  top  soil 
as  is  possible  without  injuring  the  roots,  and  dig  a  trench 
3  feet  wide  beyond  the  extremities  of  the  latter,  and  deeper 
than  they  are,  with  the  exception  of,  perhaps,  obstinate  tap- 
root. This  clear  trench  will  afford  space  for  properly  under- 
mining tbe  roots,  and  removing  the  soil  from  amongst  them 
with  a  fork.  The  fibres  should  be  tied  in  parcels  with 
matting,  so  as  not  to  be  injured  whiUt  the  operation  is  ; 
going  on.  Place  the  tree  in  its  new  quarters  as  deep  as  it  J 
was  before,  and  so  as  tbe  roots,  when  spread  out  regularly, 
may  slope  a  little  downwards ;  introduce  some  tine  soil  I 
among  them,  and  water  to  settle  iC  closely.  Provided  the 
trees  are  guarded,  an  orchard  will  not  be  injured  by  the 
admission  of  sheep.  No  more  air  should  be  admitted  into 
an  Apple-room  than  is  absolutely  required.  Your  fruit 
having  kept  well  in  a  dark  room  where  neither  light  nor  air 
is  admitte  ^,  it  is  not  necessary  to  alter  the  conditions.  ll 

ViNEET  :  Dick,  Wood  is  cheaper  than  iron.  We  cannot  furnish 
details  which  can  be  had  from  every  carpenter.  Do  not  let 
your  glass  be  more  than  1  foot  wide;  length  unimportant; 
16-oz.  glass  is  good  enough  ;  whether  the  rough  sida  is  inside 
or  outside  is  immateria'.  Black  Hamburgh,  White  Sweet- 
water, and  Royal  Muscadine  are  tbe  best  torts  for  you.  As 
to  the  number  of  plants,  you  must  judge  for  yourself  about 
that.  Ill  time,  one  single  Black  Hamburgh  will  fill  such  a 
house  as  yours. 

ViNEQiB.  I'LANT  :  T  D.  The  Vinegar-plant  ia  tbe  mycelium  of 
some  Penicillium.  A  piece  of  it  left  in  sugar  and  water  wiUj 
change  the  latter  to  vinegar. 

Young  Men's,  or  Village,  Mutual  Impeovement  Societies, 
It  is  in  contemplation  to  eatabish  one  here  ;  and,  having 
large  national  school-room,  no  difficulty  on  the  score  ol 
accommodation  can  arise.  The  heads  of  our  plan  are  these 
An  evening  class  for  the  instruction  of  adults  and  youth  ii 
reading  and  writing;  readings  {with  illustrations  if  neces- 
sary) on  popular  and  instructive  subject?;  a  select  librarj 
of  books  and  periodicals  for  lending  or  otherwise  ;  and  a 
cottagers'  show  of  vegetables,  fruits,  and  flowers  once  a  yearj 
if  practicnble  ;  also  a  music  class,  which  might  be  available 
for  improving  and  augmenting  the  church  choir.  Our  clergy, 
will  co-operate  with  ua,  and  your  clerical  and  lay  corre- 
spondenta  would  also  greatly  assist  by  favouring  me  with 
advice,  and  also  wi.h  rules  and  regulations  governing  old 
and  prosperous  touicties  of  a  similar  kind;  and  should  we, 
as  we  hope  to  do,  succeed  in  elaborating  ouE  plan,  we,  in 
return,  shall  be  most  willing  to  act  as  pioneers  to  others. 
John  Pearcc,  Solicitor,  Pravgley,  EcyUshury. 
Misc.  :  X  YZ.  The  prices  of  such  things  are  so  variable  that 
it  is  impossible  10  say  what  such  a  plant  aa  that  you 
describe  is  worth.  Evei*ything  depends  on  the  demand. 
Lime  water  prtpared  by  letting  water  stand  over  caustic 
lime  and  pouring  it  off  clear,  applied  continually,  will  bring 
worms  out  of  their  holes,  when  they  must  bo  collected  and 
destroyed. J  

',j.*  As  usual,  many  communications  haee  been  received  too 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  also  beg  for  ihe  indulgence 
of  those  numerous  correspondents,  the  inseriion  of  whose 
interesting  contributions  is  stUldelayeJ, 


45— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


713 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTEES  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Censider  it  to  be  thtir  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

%)uy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
weU  to  remind  buyers  that — 

TIlc  loivest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  hy  thevi  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

'T'HE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
J-  the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing.  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
aisd  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quanti'y  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwabd  Fcbs e b,  Sec,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 

MANURES. — The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes'b  Factory,  Deptlord  Creek  r 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0' 

^Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  WiUiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  IO5.  per  ton;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  dl.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c, 

PEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL. 
'T'HE  TEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL  COMPANY  are 
-*-  prepared  to  deliver  a  superior  Charcoal  (made  expressly 
for  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  and  not  divested  of  any  of  its 
chemical  properties),  at  523.  Gd.  per  ton.— Apply  to  Mabk 
FoTHEEQiLL,  Ageot,  2U-1,  Upper  Thames-street. 

Linseed  and  Rape  Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  and 
allManurea  of  known  value  on  sale. 

MANURE. 
"pEAT     CHARCOAL,    completely    satui-ated    with 

-L  London  Sewage,  will  be  found  a  most  tffective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton, 
4J.  per  cwC,  and  23.  Gd.  per  .J  cwt. 

"  Senage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tiliser ;  we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plants;  we  put  half  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dahlia, 
sowed  it  in  the  row  with  Beans,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
idant  of  Cabbage,  The  tffect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  efficacious  the  Eect/ud  year  as  the  first."— T/ie 
Garden,  by  Mr.  Glenny. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  arc  universally  approved 
of.  They  facilitate  labour  20  per  cent.  They  hiivo  received  the 
Silver  Medal  at  Lewes,  Dublin,  Galway,  Shtffield,  and  other 
places.  Aiiihony's  Patent  American  Churn  has  received  the 
prize  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  agriculiura!  mtetings  where 
it  has  been  shown.  The  Royal  Agricultui  al  Journal,  p.  41,  saya, 
"  This  form  ot  churn  is  the  best  for  eliurniiig  sweet  cream,  and 
will  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  njilk  or  cream,  in  any 
form,  in  much  less  time  thau  any  chuin  that  has  jet  bten 
iiitioduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
Mechi  baa  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
durable,  and  eftective.  Gutta  perch  a  tubing,  bands  for 
machinery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  osaortment  of  prize  and  the 
best  farm  implements.  Price  catalogues  sent  on  application. — 
Bdkqess  and  Ket,  103,  Newgate-street,  London,  agents  for 
M'Corraick'a  American  Reaper. 


SEED     WHEAT. 

PAYNE'S  DEFIANCE  REVITT  on  BEARDED 
WHEAT,  which  gaintd  the  prize  mtdal  at  tlie  Great 
Exhibition,  and  is  also  highly  spoken  of  in  Professor  Lindley's 
lecture  upon  '*  Substances  Used  as  Pood,"  is  offered  to  Wheat- 
growers  by  n.  Paine  with  confidence,  more  especially  after 
the  many  flattering  letters  that  he  has  received  of  its  merits  as 
to  produce,  quality,  and  its  being  less  liable  to  blight  or  mildew. 
The  above  Wheat  was  raised  fri>m  a  single  ear,  and  has  been 
grown  with  great  succtss  for  six  years.  Testimonials  from 
farmers  and  millers  from  diffi;rent  parts  of  the  kiojidom  can 
be  obtained  by  applying  to  Mr.  II.  Payne,  Birdbroik-moat, 
near  Halstead,  Essex.  Price  32s.  ptr  coomb  of  four  bushels 
(sack  included),  and  delivered  at  the  Audley-end  Station, 
Easiern  Counties  Railway.  All  orders  ot  not  less  than  one 
coomb,  accompanied  by  a  remittance  for  the  amount,  will  be 
punctually  attended  to  ;  or  by  Post-ofiice  order  made  payable 
to  IlENBT  Patne,  at  Halstead,  Essex. 

H.  P.  has  also  a  very  true  stock  of  Browick  Red  Wheat  to 
dispo.-e  of,  at  28s.  per  coomb,  which  he  thinks  the  beet  Red 
Wheat  grown. 


HITCHIN  AND  HOME  COUNTIES  DOMESTIC 
POULTRY  ASSOCIATION.— Open  to  All  England. 

The  First  Annual  Exhibition  of  this  Society,  will  be  held  at 
Hiichin,  on  the  20th,  22d,  and  23d  of  NOVEMBER,  1852,  when 
Prizes  amounting  to  upwards  of  801.  will  be  oflered  for  public 
competitioD. 

Hitchin  is  a  first  class  station  on  the  Great  Northern  Railway, 
30  miles  from  Loudon  ;  at  which  Station  is  a  junction  with  ttie 
Ciimbridge  and  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  Regulations  and 
Prize  Lists  may  be  had  ou  application  to  the  Stcre'ary,  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamps.  Entries  for  Exhibition  close  ou 
the  Gih  of  NOVEMBER.  Admittance  to  the  private  view  on 
Saturday,  November  20th,  by  a  5s.  Ticket  (not  transferable), 
which  will  be  available  for  the  three  daj  s  of  Exhibition,  And 
on  Monday  the  22d,  or  Tuesday  the  23d,  Is.  each. 

S.  Goodwin,  See. 

The  Directors  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties 
Railways  have  agreed  to  run  cheap  trains  on  the  occasion,  and 
to  give  free  passage  to  all  Poultry  for  the  Exhibition  (at  owner's 
risk),  and  to  carry  back  free  all  that  is  unsold. 


THE    GREAT    EXHIBITION,    185L 

AGRI-HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS, 

Class  9,  No.  259. 
THE  NEW  AND  UNIVERSALLY  APPROVED 

PRIZE  STEEL  DIGGING,  MANURE,  HAY, 
MALTING,  BULB,  HOP,  and  other  POIiKS,  ol  one  solid 
piece  of  Steel,  without  join  or  weld.  The  liglitest,  most 
durable,  uselul,  aad  economical  Toole  ever  inventtd 

In  deep  rigging  and  trenching  of  stony,  rocky,  stiff  clay,  and 
all  other  lands,  these  Forks  neither  bend,  strain,  nor  brenk, 
tut  retain  their  sharp  points  to  the  last,  requiring  no  repairs. 
for  field,  gardtn,  yard,  and  stable  uee,  and  in  Hop  and  caue 
plantatiocp,  Vineyards,  Ac,  they  exceed  the  most  sanguine 
expectations. 

WINTON  A^■D  SONS'  STEEL  DRAINING  TOOLS.— The 
London  new  paitern  Steel  Spades  and  Shovels  do  not  clog, 
neither  gup  nor  turn,  but  retain  their  sharp  cutting  edges, 
even  against  granite,  and  will  last  out  four  of  general  make. 

Awarded  the  First  Prize  at  the  Royal  Agricuitural  Shows  at 
Dublin,  Lewes,  Galway,  Great  Yorkshire,  1852,  and  at  every 
other  place  where  exhibited. 

The  noblemon  to  tho  labourer,  as  well  as  the  press,  have 
given  their  unqualified  commendation  to  these  Prize 
Implementa, 

From  the  great  increasing  demand,  all  orders  will  be  exe- 
cu  ed  in  aucccBsion. 

Cast  and  Diamond  Steel  Spades,  Shovels,  plantation  and 
other  Hoes,  tane  and  hedging  Axe?,  Adzes,  Trowels,  Plough- 
flbares,  Crowbars,  izc.    Tools  made  to  any  pattern  or  drawing. 

Spurious  imitations  being  imposed  on  ttie  public,  it  is  ot  im- 
portance to  observe  the  brand —"  Winton,  Dove  Mills, 
BiaMiNOfiAM,"  en  each  warranted  T'ool. 

Wi.NTOM  and  So.Na' Sjscee  and  Lima  Plate,  in  every  article 
for  the  tub!e,  sideboard,  Ac  ,  is  solely  amalgamated  by  a  prac- 
tical chimiat,  one  of  the  firm.  Its  assimilation  to  silver  itetlf 
challenges  the  strictest  scrutiny,  and  when  electro. plated  by 
the  paient  prute-s,  surpaseta  it  in  strength  and  durability. 
Improved  tin-plaied  Table,  Basting,  and  other  Spoons,  for 
kitchen  aui  cjtt.-ige  use, 

MerchaotB,  F»ctorp,  Shippers,  and  Exporters  supplied. 

"  —Enclose  tno  postage  stamps  for  a  Catalogue  and  Testi- 
monials, free  by  post. 
AddreBB— WINTON  and  SONS,  Birmingham. 

IRON      HURDLES. 
OTEPHENSON  and  TEILL,  'Jl,Gracechurch-8trcet, 

^-?  London;  and  17,  New  Park-Btrett,  Soulhwark,  Maiiu- 
facturers  of  every  defccrlption  of  lion  Fencing,  beg  to  c.\ll  thu 
attention  of  Noblemen  and  Ocntkmen  to  their  present  prices 
of  HCRDLE.S  :-for  Sheep,  C  feet  long,  3  feet  high,  wlthfJbarp, 
at4j. ;  &r,d  for  Cattle,  6  leet  Jong,  3  ft-et  3  inches  high,  with 
6  bars,  at  it.  Gd.  each. 

ARNER*S  PATENT   EARM  AND  COTTAGE 
PUMPS.— Coit-iron    Pumps,  for  tho   use    of    Kurms, 
Cottages,    Manure    Tanks,   and    Shallow 
Weill.  £  I,,  d. 

Patent  Pump 1  15    0 

Potent  Pump,  viith  1J>  feet  of  lend 
jfipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nutg 

icady  for  fixing 2  10    0 

Larger  ilzcpi  If  requlrtd. 
To   Emigrant*  procecdiiiK   to  the  Gold 
Region*  Ihey  will    prove  to   bo    tlic   inont 
klmplo,  durable,  ond  tho  cheapest  Pump 
hllticrto  introduced. 

Moy  be  obiftlncd  of  any  Ironmonftor  or 
Plumhcr  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Pateutees  and  MnntjfuoturftrB, 

JOHN    WARNER   &    SONS, 
8,  Crodctnt,   Jowln-Btrcot,   London. 
2«iT  43ei(ript{on   of    Machinery   for  Ualslng  Water,    I'lre 
EDglnas,  Ac. 


THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  and  POULTRY 
SHOW,  1S52.— The  FOURTH  GKEAT  ANNUAL  EX- 
HIBITION of  FAT  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  PIGS,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BUIMINQIIAM,  on  the  14th,  15th,  llth,  and  17th  of 
DECEMBER  next.  The  PRIZE  LISTS,  CERTIFICATES  of 
ENTllV,  and  any  further  informaiion,  m-iy  be  had  from  the 
Secretary. 
The  Entries  CLOSE  on  SATURDAY,  the  13th  oF  November. 
John  Mobgan,  Jan.,  Secretary, 
Offices— 2,  Insurance-buildings,  Union-pa^sage,  Birmingham. 


Wilt  ^stiatltttrsl  ®mtttti 

SATURDAY,  NOVEMBEU  G,  1852. 


MEETINGS  rOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
TnupsDAT,       Nov.    11 — AKricultU'al  Irnp.  Society  of  Ireland. 
TauaauAn,  '■     -      ■     ■-       '•         '-     ■  -       "     ■    -• 


-Agricultural  Imii.  Society  ol  Iceland. 


S.B.- 


We  have  been  favoured  by  the  Hon.  Captain 
Grey,  R.N.,  with  a  detailed  statement  and  analysis 
of  the  Cattle  Feeding  at  Howick  Cattle  Lodge 
during  tlie  past  two  seasons.  The  first  portion  of 
this  statement  appears  in  another  page  :  it  has 
unfortunately  been  received  too  late  in  the  week  to 
admit  of  a  very  careful  examination  of  its  results 
before  the  hour  of  our  going  to  press  :  but  we  have 
the  less  reason  to  regret  this,  because  the  conclu- 
sions arrived  at  are  presented  with  great  clearness 
and  minuteness,  so  that  no  one  needs  any  guidance 
to  them  beyond  that  which  is  afforded  by  the  Paper 
itself. 

We  shall  nevertheless  have  some  remarks  to 
make  upon  the  results  of  these  experiments  after 
the  valuable  report  of  them  shall  liave  been  pre- 
sented in  full  to  our  readers  ;  and  in  the  meantime 
we  feel  sure  that  we  express  their  feeling  as  well  as 
our  own  in  thanking  Captain  OnEY  for  the  practical 
and  useful  series  of  facts  which  he  has  contributed 
towards  the  elucidation  of  what  is  more  and 
more  becoming  the  most  important  branch  of  farm 
practice. 

There  are  few  lessons  so  instructive  to  a  prac- 
tical farmer  as  those  wliich  may  be  learned  from  an 
unprejudiced  and  candid  inspection  of  the  various 
agricultural  customs,  piactices,  and  operations  of 
farming  pursued  in  other  localities  than  his  own. 
Small  as  tliis  country  is  in  a  geogiapliical  point  of 
view,  and  uniform  as  are  the  principles  whicli 
govern  its  laws,  engineering,  architecture,  and 
niaiiufacture.s,  still  its  agriculture  is  so  varied  and 
empirical  in  every  detail,  that  it  presents  a  fertile 
field  for  conjecture  and  imjuiry  as  to  those  causes 
which  have  originated  ko  many  discrepancies  and 
antagonisms  of  practice.  To  udiluce  varieties  of 
climate  or  of  soil  a«  piinclpal  causes  of  dllferent 
and  even  opposite  practicrjs  in  farm  operations  in  our 
little  island,  would  ajipear  to  ii  continental  foreigner 
a  somewhat  ludlcious  verification  of  the  greatest  of 


all  absurdities — a  tempest  in  a  teapot ;  yet,  at  the 
very  riioment  we  are  writing,  there  are  localities  not 
a  hundred  miles  apart,  in  one  of  which  the  soil  is 
so  saturated  by  recent  floods  and   rains,  that  the 
operation  of  sowing  Wheat  cannot  be  accomplished 
with  any  degree  of  comfort  either  to  man  or  beast, 
while  in  the  other  the  weather  has  been  so  droughty 
for  months,  that  wells  are  dry,  water-mills  standing, 
Wheat  unsown  for  want  of  sufficient  moisture  in 
the  ground  to  produce  a  healthy  germination,  and 
Turnip  fields  literally  white  with  mildew.     Again, 
the  climates  of  England  and  Scotland  are  so  different, 
that  the  southern  portion  of  the  former,,  in  ordlnaiy 
years,   has   the  "appointed   weeks   of   harvest"   a 
month  earlier  than  the  latter ;    while  at  the  same 
time  the  meteorological  question  becomes  more  com- 
plicated by  the  fact  that  the  south  of  Scotland  is 
nearly  a  fortnight  earlier  than  the  north  of  England. 
Not  less  surprising  is  the  fact  that  in  some  parts  of 
the  western  sea-  board  of  both  countries  the  annual 
fall  of  rain  is  nearly  double  that  of  the  corresponding 
minute  of  latitude  on  the  eastern  coast.     Of  course 
very  satisfactory  reasons   can  be  given  by  meteor- 
ologists   why   such   climatic   discrepancies    should 
occur  in  localities  comparatively  speaking  so  geo- 
graphically near  to  each  other — the  moist  air  from 
the  broad  Atlantic  condensing  on  the  mountains  of 
western  Britain,  producing  a  moist  atmosphere  and 
frequent  falls  of  rain,  while  on  the  other  hand  the 
arid   winds   from    the   eastern   continent   pass   too 
quickly  over  the  German  .sea  to  lick  up  suflicient 
moisture  to  produce  complete  saturation,  except  at 
lengthened  intervals,  and  consequently  the  atmo- 
sphere on  the  eastern  coast  is  generally  dry  and  the 
fall  of  rain  intermittent  and  irregular.     Still  further, 
there  are  differences  of  soil  in  Britain  sufficient  of 
themselves  to  account  for  the  great  diversity  of  farm 
practices  which  everywhere  prevail.     Our  country 
may  truly  be  said  to  be  an  epitome  or  miniature  of 
the  world  in  its  geological  characteristics — from  the 
ancien  t  granite  up  through  the  entire  series  of  sedi- 
mentary rocks  to  the  more  recent  deposits  of  silt 
annually  accumulating  under  the  guidance  of  art  in 
the   low   marshes  and   fens  of  Lincolnshire.    But 
while  it  is  true  that  climatic  and  geological  causes 
must  necessarily  control  and  give  peculiar  directions 
to  the  agricultural  practices  of  different  districts  of 
country,  so  far  as  regards  the  particular  crops  cul- 
tivated, and  the  times  and  seasons  for  sowing  and 
reaping,  still  we  do  not,  nor  can  we  discover  any 
reason  why  the  same  plough  which  turns  over  the 
light   trap   or  whinstone   soils   of  Scotlaiid'-'by  the 
traction  of  two  active  horses  walking  abi-eaSt  will 
not  do  equally  well  for  the  light  chalky,  saA'dy,  or^ 
gravelly  soils  of  England  ;    neither  can  any  satis- 
factory reason  be  assigned  for  transporting  corn  from 
the  fields,  and  grain  to  market,  in  an  immense  four- 
wheeled  "  Juggernaut,"  when  these  simple  operations 
can  be    so  much  more   cheaply  and   expeditiously 
performed  by  a  light  cart,  whose  weight  and  dimen- 
sions correspond  more  closely  with  the  proportions  and 
physical  capabilities  of  an  active  horse  than  that  huge 
lumbering  combination  of  wood  and  iron  so  frequently 
seen  crawling  along  our  English  fields  and  highways, 
drawn  by  a  long  cavalcade,  yoked   together,  as  if 
purposely  to  separate  the  vis  as  far  from  the  inertia 
as  possible.     A  flail  was  doubtless  a  very  wonderful 
contrivance  when  first  yielded  by  the  sinewy  arm 
of  some  primitive  Sasuson,  and  must  have  been  con- 
sidered by  certain  agricultural  conservatives  of  those 
days  as  a  great  innovation  on  the  earlier  custom  of 
treading  out  the  grain  by  oxen ;  nevertheless  the 
flail  necessitates  a  wearisome  expenditure  of  human 
muscle  and  human  intelligence  upon  a  small  bundle 
of  corn,  which  one  stroke  of  a  steam-engine  could 
send  through  a  threshing  machine,  and  separate  into 
straw,  chaff,  and  grain,  and  make  the  latter  ready 
for  market  in  less  time  than  we  have  taken  to  pen 
this  sentence. 

Agricultural  improvements  in  some  localities  is 
really  and  truly  a  plant  of  slow  growth  ;  for  neither 
will  it  make  any  spontaneous  effort  to  produce  one 
additional  shoot,  nor  will  it  drop  off  one  branch 
however  withered  it  may  be.  Occasionally  some 
tall  robust  sapling  grafted  upon  it,  from  a  freer 
growing,  will  spring  up,  and  produce  a  shaking 
among  the  old  branches.  A  Miionr,  with  all  the 
vigour  and  sap  of  the  parent  from  which  he  has 
sprung,  may  infuse  some  degree  of  vitality  into  one 
poition  of  the  old  stock  ;  but  such  grafts  are  not 
kindly  received  nor  freely  incorporated,  and  the  old 
trunk  would  r.ither  vegetate  on,  in  its  ancient  con- 
dition of  moribund  inanity.  Wo  do  not  despair, 
however,  of  seeing,  ere  long,  a  thorough  shaking 
among  the  dry  bones  of  British  agriculture.  The 
dear  old  "  crutch  " — dear  enough,  certainly — has 
been  removed,  nay  it  is  broken  for  ever,  and  rapidly 
crumbles  into  dust,  but  still  the  patient  is  alive,  on 
tlio  move,  and  showing  greater  signs  of  vitality  than 
at  any  former  period  of  her  long  illness — like  the 
bed-ridden    cripple    who    could    not,    or    thought 


714 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Nov.  6, 


she  coulii  not,  move  without  help  ;  but  no  sooner 
does  the  ciy  ot  "  Fire  ! "  salute  her  ears  than 
she  bounds  from  her  bed  and  escapes  the  danger. 
And  now  that  agriculture  must  both  walk  and 
run,  whether  she  will  or  not,  it  is  necessary 
that  every  farmer  should  adopt  every  means  to 
improve  his  own  practice,  so  as  to  wallc  with 
upright  front  and  independent  bearing.  In  the 
first  place,  remodel  your  system  of  carrying  on  your 
agricultural  operations.  Do  not  labour  under  the 
delusion  that  the  circle  of  blue  sky  which  limits 
your  horizon  contains  within  it  all  the  agricultural 
knowledge  worth  having  in  the  world.  Get  into  a 
railway  carriage,  and  visit  Tiptree-hall,  Castleacre, 
Myremill,  or  Auchness  ;  and  however  doubtful  you 
may  be  of  the  correctness  of  high-farming  balance 
sheets,  be  assured  you  will  see  and  learn  some  truth 
that  will  be  useful  to  you  in  your  every-day 
practice.  //. 


MARK  LANE. 


each  its  own  supply,  but  the  adjoining  counties  pour  in 
Itirge  quantities  by  millers'  waggons,  &.c.  The  Great 
Northern  Railway,  for  instance,  has  this  year  been 
included  in  Mr.  Rustou's  Corn  Account,  and  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  it,  for  quarter  ending  June  26,  1852, 
will,  in  part,  show  a  deficiency  equal  to  the  supply  of  an 
ordinary-sized  town,  viz.  : — 


Eastebn  Codnties  Ratlwat. 

Wheat 23  652 

Barley : 9,364 

Malt 67,399 

Oats 3,328 

Beins  2,457 

Peas 424 

Flour    72,718 


Geeat   Noetheen    Railwat. 

Whent 7,022 

Barlry 1,458 

Malt 3.639 

Oats 18,677 

Beana  43 

Peas 3 

Flour  24,870 


The  metropolitan  corn  market  is  held  in  two  ad- 
joining buildings  in  Marli-lane,  opened,  the  one  in  1749 
and  the  other  in  1828.  The  old  building  is  private 
property  belonging  to  a  company  connected  with  the 
trade,  who  let  the  market-stands,  and  otherwise  manage 
their  affairs  as  any  other  private  commercial  company. 
Of  late  they  have  purchased  several  old  houses  ad- 
joining, and  expect,  in  the  course  of  a  few  months,  to 
double  the  area  of  the  market — clearing  out  the  old 
stands  and  erecting  new.  The  new  building  belongs  to 
the  London  Corn  Exchange  Company,  incorporated  by 
7  Geo.  IV.,  c.  55,  and  is  governed  by  directors  ;  a 
"  general  assembly  "  of  the  company  making  bye-laws. 
The  officers  of  the  two  are  a  secretary  and  beadle  for 
each.  The  market-days  are  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and 
Fridays  ;  and  hours  of  attendance  from  1 0  a.m.  to  half- 
past  2  P.M. 

Corn-factors  dispose  of  all  kinds  of  grain  by  sample, 
at  one  month's  credit,  for  wliich  a  commission  of  \s.  per 
quarter  on  Wheat,  9d.  per  quarter  on  Barley,  Beans, 
and  Peas,  and  6d.  a  quarter  on  Oats  is  charged,  with  a 
commission,  various  in  amount,  to  cover  credit.  The 
other  charges  are  freight,  or  railway  carriage,  and 
insurance,  of  course  varying  in  amount.  Sellers' 
metage,  sampling,  waterage,  &c.,  3s.  6d.  per  last  on 
Wheat,  4s.  6d.  on  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas,  and  4s.  on 
Oats.  If  warehoused,  there  is  in  addition,  lighterage, 
landing,  and  delivering,  Qd.  per  quarter.  Rent  and  fire 
insurance,  6s.  per  100  quarters  per  week  for  Wheat, 
Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas,  and  for  Oats  Id.  and  4s. 
respectively  ;  besides  remetage  and  porterage,  subse- 
quently noticed.  Sometimes  the  purchaser  pays  half 
the  charges,  but  wdien  he  does  so,  he  buys  accordingly. 
From  the  above  charges,  the  corporation  of  London 
derives  no  small  profit  of  its  princely  revenue,  in  the 
shape  of  lastage  and  other  tines  ;  claiming  by  prescrip- 
tion the  right  of  measuring  all  kinds  of  grain  arriving 
into  the  port  of  London — a  work  performed  by  sworn 
corn-meters  and  fellowship  porters  appointed,  the 
former  by  its  corn  and  coal  committee,  and  the  latter  by 
the  alderman  of  Billingsgate,  who  is,  ex  officio,  the 
governor  of  the  fellowship.  Before  a  vessel  can  com- 
mence to  discharge  its  cargo,  it  is  necessary  to  take  out 
a  "Lord  Mayor's  order,"  obtainable  at  the  Coquet 
Office,  Mansion  Hou3e,on  paying  for  foreign  corn  2s.  6d. 
on  5  quarters  and  under  50,  3s.  Hd.  on  50  quarters  and 
under  100,  and  5s.  6d.  on  100  quarters  and  upwai'ds  ; 
but  if  there  is  more  than  one  kind  of  corn  on  board,  Is. 
extra  for  each.  Vessels  from  the  United  Kingdom  pay 
Is.  2cZ.  each,  with  6d.  on  Wheat,  malt,  Indian  corn,  or 
Buckwheat,  and  Is.  Gd.  on  all  other  kinds  of  grain  ; 
besides  a  charge  of  ^d.  per  quarter  as  city  dues  not 
charged  on  foreign  corn,  and  which  is  retnrn.able  to 
factors,  freemen  of  the  city.  The  charges  at  the  meter's 
office  are,  on  foreign  Wheat,  B.arley,  Oats,  Rye, 
malt,  Buckwheat,  and  Indian  corn,  metage  ^d., 
fillage  'Id.,  and  lastage  id.  per  quarter.  On  Beans, 
Peas,  Tares,  Lentils,  and  seeds,  metage  JtZ.,  fillage  Id., 
and  lastage  ^d.  The  fellowship  porter's  charges  on 
foreign  corn  are — Wheat,  Barley,  Indian  corn,  Rye, 
Buckwheat,  Beans,  Peas,  Tares,  Lentils,  and  seeds,  2id., 
Oats  and  malt  2d.  per  quarter.  On  British  gi'ain 
metage  is  |fZ.  less  than  on  foreign,  or  -Id.  per  quarter ; 
fillage  and  lastage  the  same,  with  the  exception  of  Kent 
and  Essex,  which  are  exempt  from  lastage,  those  two 
coimties  enjoying  this  privilege,  from  having  supplied 
the  city  with  corn  during  the  plague.  In  the  granary 
there  is  no  distinction  between  home  and  foreign  corn  ; 
metage  is  Is.  id.  less  than  on  board  vessel,  or  id.  per 
quarter,  fillage  -^d.  and  Id.,  as  before,  and  porterage  2d. 
o:i  all  grain. 

In  reports  of  the  corn  trade  of  Mark-lane,  the  two 
appellations  of  "  returns  "  and  "  arrivals  "  are  observed  ; 
the  former  being  the  quantity  of  corn  and  price  re- 
turned to  the  Corn  Comptroller's  office  for  the  London 
Gazelle,  and  the  latter,  all  corn  arrived  in  the  metropolis, 
coast  or  otlienvise.  Subjoined  are  tabular  statements  of 
each,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  tliat  the  "returns" 
form  but  a  very  small  part  of  the  "  arrivals,"  and  that 
the  dtfterence  between  the  two  is  greatly  on  the 
mcrease,  showing  the  growing  dependence  of  the 
capital  on  foreign  corn,  and  the  necessity  of  all  restric. 
tmns  bemg  removed  from  her  obtaining  it.  On  the 
otlier  hantl,  our  statement  does  not  include  the  whole  of 
tlie  arrivals,  only  one  railway  (the  Eastern  Counties) 
bemg  mcluded.    Not  only  do  the  other  railways  give 


g  |||5i|g»_gs.|| 

13 
w 

o 

•3 

H 
O 

161,266 

178.198 

247,931 

49,546 

216 

32,067 

23.980 

2,885 

743 

75 

995 

11,735 

148,306 

?  ^ 

•z 
o 

a 
H 

<7i                                        -^  OS          C;i  IC  S^  CT 

ill 

Scotch. 

124 
7,391 
1,109 
60,149 

"'l9 

222 
61 

"15 

"806 

M        .                        .            .     _<3.(0                                     3. 

to  tj  ■                 •     CD  ■     u-  w                          52. 

Total 
British. 

219,686 

207,850 

610,4.50 

361,196 

216 

43.273 

28.529 

2,952 

795 

116 

995 

12,821 

4J6.001 

76 

783,128 
287,026 

959,'498 
3,216 
68,973 
46,113 
20,477 

154,161 
67,186 
1.374 
16,951 

315,864 

168,209 

1^ 

o 

3 

oq' 

D 

p  a 

814 
476 
4.50 
69 1 
432 
246 
642 
429 
956 
301 
369 
772 
8li5 
234 

,ss 


s-gp 


Mr,  BumesSj  in  Blaclie's  Cyclopedia  of  AgjHculture. 


of  his  pupils,  from  having  them  constantly  under  his 
care,  than  could  be  expected  from  the  master  of  the 
workhouse  or  any  other  person  acting  as  a  mere  driver. 
Some  one  or  two  of  the  farmers,  who  generally  form 
part  of  every  board,  would  readily  give  dii-ections  of 
management,  and  if  the  schoolmaster  should  be,  as  he 
ought  to  be,  a  humane  and  intelligent  man,  the  process  of 
regulating  the  boys  and  making  their  work  profitable  might 
be  rather  a  recreation  than  otherwise  to  himself  as  well  as 
to  his  gang  of  little  labourers.  I  agree  with  your  corre- 
spondent «  M.  D."  that  "  the  usefulness  of  a  farm  for  the 
pauper  labour  of  workhouse  inmates  is  very  questionable 
in  England,"  not  exactly  for  the  reasons  he  states,  so 
much  as  because  from  the  irregular  number  of  adult  or 
able-bodied  inmates  it  is  probable  that  during  the  sum- 
mer and  autumn,  when  their  exertions  would  be  in  the 
greatest  requisition,  there  would  be  little  or  no  available 
help  in  the  house,  involving  the  necessity  of  having 
recourse  to  hired  labour,  which  item  of  expenditure 
would  soon  reach  an  amount  that  would  economically 
prove  destnictive  to  the  whole  scheme. 

The  "balance  sheet "  remains  to  be  considered,  and 
suggestions  made  for  the  formation  of  that  important 
document,  so  as  neither  to  excite  the  cupidity  of  owners 
or  the  iucredulity  of  occupiers  of  land.  /.  W.j  Peter- 
borough. 


POOK-LAW  AMELIORATION. 

"  The  orderly  habits,  cleanliness,  morality,  and 
religion  '*  which  may  be  imparted  to  children  in  Irish 
poorhouses  are  equally  required  in  the  unions  of 
England,  where  are  gathered  the  families  of  depraved 
and  unfortunate  people,  some  deserted,  some  illegitimate, 
some  without  a  surviving  parent,  nearly  all  on  entering 
the  houses  demoralised,  ignorant,  and  averse  to  useful 
employment  ;  to  this  class  great  attention  has  of  late 
years  been  paid  by  insisting  upon  regular  attendance  at 
school  from  an  early  age  to  16  years  old,  by  inviting  and 
encouraging  a  better  order  of  teachers,  and  lastly  by 
attaching  a  portion  of  land  to  each  union-house  for 
cultivation  by  all  the  boys  between  the  ages  of  9  and  16 
years,  it  having  been  found  that  however  complete  the 
instruction  in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  &.C.,  without 
labour  their  minds  are  not  sufficiently  withdrawn  from 
bad  habits  to  fit  them  for  situations  out  of  the  house  ;  for 
the  great  object  which  ought  to  be  ever  pi'esent  to  the 
minds  of  all  guardians  of  the  poor  and  other  authorities 
connected  with  the  poor-law  is  this,  to  produce  such  a 
reformation  and  improvement  in  the  characters  of  all 
coming  under  their  influence,  whether  old  or  young,  but 
particularly  the  young,  as  will  fit  them  for  future  self- 
maintenance,  and  establish  among  them  a  desire  to  win 
their  way  to  a  position,  however  humble,  from  which 
they  may  have,  at  least,  a  prospect  of  independence  and 
comfort. 

The  success  that  has  attended  a  considerable  number 
of  experiments  in  training  boys  to  industry  and  order, 
by  employing  them  at  stated  intervals  diu'ing  favourable 
weather  on  3  or  4  acres  of  land  attached  to  each  union- 
house,  entitles  the  plan  to  the  careful  consideration  of 
all  men,  notwithstanding  the  exaggerated  profits  and 
partial  statements  which  have  appeared  from  the 
managers  of  these  experiments,  and  which,  being  liable 
to  be  seized  upon  by  short-siglited  landlords  as  proofs 
that  agricultural  distress  is  unfounded,  and  rents  quite 
low  enough,  have  raised  a  prejudice  against  an  exten- 
sion of  the  system,  which  may  be  easily  removed  by 
proper  inquiries  being  instituted  as  to  the  worth  of 
the  labour  of  the  boys,  and  a  fair  estimate  taken  of  the 
valuations  placed  to  the  credit  of  produce  where  it  has 
been  retained  for  consumption  by  the  masters  of  the 
houses. 

It  does  not  appear  advisable  that  more  land  should 
be"operated  upon  than  is  adequate  to  the  employment 
of  the  boys,  unless  we  should  be  suffering  under  such  an 
affliction  as  to  render  it  probable  there  would  be  a  great 
and  permanent  increase  in  the  numbers  of  able-bodied 
paupers  receiving  in-door  relief ;  the  land  engaged 
should  be  in  about  the  proportion  of  an  acre  to  every 
eight  or  ten  boys,  whose  labour,  at  the  rate  of  three 
hours  a  day  for  four  or  five  days  a  week,  would,  under 
judicious  management,  be  found  sufficient  to  keep  it 
clean,  to  till  it  properly,  arid  to  gather  the  crops. 

The  schoolmaster,  where  there  is  one,  seems  to  be  the 
proper  officer  for  superintending  the  boys,  as  he  will 
naturally  exercise  a  more  genial  influence  over,  and 
possess  a  greater  knowledge  of  the  capacity  and  temper 


BRITISH  ASSOCIATION,  BELFAST— 1852. 
On  the  Action  of  those  Storms  to  which  the  JR.otatoo'y 
TJieoryhas  been  usually  airpUcd.  By  Mr.  R.  Russell, 
Kilwhiss.  Read  before  the  Physical  Section,  Sept.  2. — 
Abstract.  The  object  of  this  paper  was  to  show  that 
there  were  several  well-recognised  meteorological  con- 
ditions which  were  entirely  opposed  to  a  rotation  and 
translation  of  the  elements  of  storms  when  taken  in 
connection  with  actual  observations.  The  principal 
arguments  urged  were — 1.  That  the  mass  of  stagnant 
air  in  front  of  the  supposed  rotatory  gales  was  at 
variance  with  the  idea  of  translation.  2.  That  the  very 
different  thermometrical  and  hygrometrical  states  of 
the  air  on  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the  supposed 
circular  storms  in  high  latitudes  were  altogether  ano- 
malous. 3.  That  the  calm  often  occurring  before  the 
change  of  the  wind  from  an  easterly  to  a  northerly 
quarter,  commonly  considered  as  the  centre  or  "  storm's 
eye,"  was  inconsistent  with  progression,  inasmuch  as 
every  storm  must  be  considered  to  drag  its  "  eye  "  along 
with  it.  4.  That  the  east  wind  in  these  storms  was- 
merely  confined  to  a  very  limited  height  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, while  the  north  wind  generally  blew  in  the 
same  direction  at  great  altitudes.  5.  If  the  fall  of  the 
barometer  in  these  storms  was  caused  by  the  centri- 
fugal force  of  the  air  in  rotation,  the  mercury  ought  to 
rise  on  the  approach  of  storms  instead  of  giving  warning 
by  being  depressed.  The  author  then  illustrated  his 
views  of  the  action  of  these  storms  by  referring  to  the 
particulars  of  the  weather  as  registered  in  various  part& 
of  the  British  islands  on  certain  days.  Tlie  remarkable 
storm  of  January  8,  1852,  was  sketched  out  on  that 
day  ;  a  S.W.  wind  prevailed  from  Jersey  to  the  S.  of 
Scotland,  but  the  middle  districts  of  Scotland  had  an 
easterly  wind  with  a  fall  of  7  inches  of  snow  in  the  fore- 
noon, succeeded  after  mid-day  with  a  S.W,  wind  and  a 
large  fall  of  snow.  Along  the  Moray  Firth,  from  Banff 
to  Inverness,  after  mid-day  it  blew  a  hurricane  from 
the  N.E,  and  N.,  with  a  continuous  fall  of  snow  for 
30  hours.  Three  feet  of  snow  fell  on  the  level  where 
not  blown,  but  many  of  the  drifts  were  30  and  40  feet 
in  depth  ;  immense  numbers  of  sheep  perished  in  the 
snow.  It  was  shown  that  this  hm-ricane  from  the 
N.E.,  on  the  Morayshire  coast,  blew  for  10  hours  before 
it  reached  a  hundred  miles  to  the  south,  and  that  it 
probably  did  not  extend  as  many  miles  to  the  north,  for 
at  Stronniess,  in  Orkney,  not  above  60  miles  to  the 
N.of  Inverness,  where  the  storm  was  particularly  severe, 
that  day  was  clear  and  frosty.  The  author  contended 
that  horizontal  rotation  of  the  air  was  fallacious,  but 
that  the  vertical  rotation  of  the  eastern  lower  cm'rent 
with  the  upper  S.W.  stream,  extending  over  a  large 
space,  would  be  found  to  be  the  true  explanation  of  thi& 
phenomenon.  The  primary  fall  of  the  barometer  was 
not  occasioned  by  centrifugal  force,  but  by  a  warmer 
and  moister  body  of  air  taking  the  place  of  a  colder 
and  more  condensed  one.  The  violent  north  wind  is  a 
re-action  in  consequence  of  this  disturbance  of  the 
equilibrium  indicated  by  the  barometer.  The  11th  and 
12  til  August,  1052,  were  also  referred  to  in  confirmation 
of  these  opinions  ;  the  storm  so  severely  felt  in  the 
south  of  England  as  a  S.W.  wind  with  rain,  was  attended 
with  a  dry  N.E.  wind  iu  Scotland  all  beyond  Melrose, 
in  Roxburghshire. 

On  the  reading  of  this  paper  a  considerable  amount 
of  discussion  took  place.  Professor  Tliomson,  Professor 
Stokes,  Dr.  Tyndall,  and  W,  G.  M.  Rankine,  Esq., 
spoke  iu  favour  of  the  rotatory  theory  as  being  a  well 
ascertained  fact  in  tropical  storms,  and  endeavoured  to 
answer  some  of  the  objections  made  to  the  application 
of  this  theory  to  British  storms.  To  the  various  observa- 
tions made  by  these  genllem^n,  Mr.  Russell  replied  and 
argued  that  the  application  of-  tlie  rotary  theory  to 
British  storms  was  altogether  incompatible  with  the 
actual  phenomena,  and  that  the  liypothesis  was  founded 
on  insufficient  dat.a  ;  he  stated,  as  his  own  conviction, 
that  tropical  hurricanes  were  not  rotatory,  and  that  in 
lliis  opinion  he  was  joined  by  many  eminent  individuals; 
among  others  by  Barwin  and  Fitzroy,  and  that  Sir  J. 
Herschel's  ideas  on  the  subject  were  quite  opposed  to 
those  adopted  by  Sir  William  Reid,  Mr.  Redfieldj  and 
others. 


45—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


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THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Nov.  6, 


THE  DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  TENANT  RIGHT. 

[Tuc  following  paper  is  from  the  pen  of  J.  Boyil 
Ktniiers,  Esq.,  Advocate.  It  is  abi'idged  from  the  Fife 
HeroM,  where  it  appeared  last  week  in  their  report  of 
the  meeting  of  the  Trafalgar  Agricultural  Society,  before 
which  it  was  read.  We  have  been  forced  considerably 
to  abridge  it,  retaining  liowever,  we  believCj  the  most  of 
what  is  essential  to  its  integrity.] 

Tiie  resolutions  on  this  subject,  which  were  unani- 
mously agreed  to  at  the  last  annual  discussion  of  the 
Trafalgar  Agricultural  Society,  went  no  further  than  to 
afBrm  the  extreme  desirableness  of  having  the  most 
'liberal  covenants  possible  in  leases,  and  especially  of 
establishing  some  system  of  compensation  to  the  out- 
going tenant,  beyond  that  which  is  at  present  customary 
in  this  neighbourhood.  But  neither  in  the  resolutions 
themselves,  nor,  so  far  as  I  can  remember,  in  the  dis- 
cussions which  preceded  their  adoption,  were  any  of  the 
serious  difficulties  which  stand  in  the  way  of  the  prac- 
tical carrying  out  of  these  resolutions  alluded  to  ;  nor 
was  anything  whatsoever  done  towards  removing  or 
diminishing  them. 

These  difficulties  do  not  appear  to  me  to  be  more 
deeply  rooted  than  in  the  ignorance  of  this  matter 
which  generally  prevails,  and  in  the  crudeness  of  the 
notions  which  are  most  commonly  entertained  respect- 
ing the  nature  and  intention  of  the  remedy  sought. 
But  whilst  that  ignor.inee  exists,  it  is  obviously  impos- 
sible and  unfair  to  expect  that  those  who  are  the 
owners  of  property  should  yield  up  its  possession  on 
terms  which  they  regard  as  unsafe  and  injurious  to 
themselves.  Great  as  the  benefit  would  be  which 
would  admittedly  accrue  to  the  tenant,  it  is  not  to  be 
looked  for  that  the  landlord  should  grant  it  to  any 
tenant,  so  long  as  he  remains  in  the  belief  that  that 
which  is  asked  of  him  exposes  him  to  the  danger  of  a 
deterioration  of  his  property,  and  of  having  to  pay  even 
for  that  deterioration  a  sum  equal  to  several  years'  rent 
of  the  land  itself. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  such  is  the  view  which  is  taken 
af  the  results  of  a  tenant  right  by  a  very  great  number 
of  those  on  whom  it  depends  whether  a  tenant  right 
shall  be  established  or  not.  It  is  a  view  in  which  they 
have  been  confii-med  by  many  who  have  had  the  means 
of  better  knowledge— amongst  the  latest,  I  am  sorry  to 
say,  by  Mr.  Caird,  for  whose  ability  and  general  sound- 
ness of  opinion  I  entertain  a  high  respect.*  But  in  this 
particular  instance,  that  gentleman  seems  to  me  to  have 
fallen,  whether  from  haste  or  from  carelessness,  into 
the  error  of  confounding,  under  one  name,  and  in  one 
indiscriminate  censure,  two  systems  of  compensation 
essentially  different  in  themselves,  and  leading  to  most 
opposite  results.  By  him,  and  by  others  after  him,  the 
publichas  been  taught  to  regard  any  system  of  com- 
pensation whatsoever  as  an  instrument  by  which  good 
forming  is  not  promoted,  but  is  discouraged— by  which 
antiquated  and  injurious  practices  are  perpetuated— by 
which  fraud  is  encouraged  with  reward  and  by  security 
—by  which  the  tenant  is  robbed,  at  the  beginning  of 
his  lease,  of  his  capital — by  which  the  landlord  is  sad- 
dled with  a  yearly  deteriorating  farm,  and  a  yearly 
augmenting  account  for  compensations,  which,  at  some 
fime  or  other,  if  he  would  find  a  tenant  at  all,  he  must 
purchase  up  and  abolish. 

In  common  with  most  of  the  members  of  this  society, 
I  know  these  views  of  the  results  of  a  properly-regu- 
lated system  of  tenant  compensation  to  be  unfounded 
and  unjust.  But  it  is  impossible  to  deny  that  there  are 
some  systems  in  regard  to  which  they  are  perfectly  cor- 
rect. On  us,  therefore,  it  lies  to  show  that  the  system 
which  we  advocate  is  open  to  no  such  charge.  Oil  us 
it  lies  to  show  how  a  system  can  be  adapted  to  our  own 
laws  and  our  own  practices,  which,  whilst  it  will  be  of 
the  highest  benefit  to  the  tenant,  will  be  of  scarcely 
inferior  advantage  to  the  landlord.  On  us  it  lies  to 
show  how  the  tendency  of  what  we  desire  will  be  the 
constant  encouragement  of  the  best  and  highest  farming 
—to  show  how,  under  our  proposed  plans,  it  will  be 
impossible  for  any  practice  to  be  kept  up  after  its  utility 
shall  be  lost  by  the  introduction  of  an  improved  mode 
of  husbandry — to  show  how  the  tenant's  capital  shall 
not  be  injuriously  trenched  upon — and  to  show  how  the 
landlord  shall  be  enabled  to  secure  himself,  with  abso- 
lute certainty,  against  the  possibility  of  fraud.  Until 
we  shall  have  done  all  this,  past  the  reach  of  cavil,  we 
can  have  no  title  whatsoever  to  complain  of  any  tardi- 
ness or  unwillingness  in  the  acceding  to  our  wishes  on 
the  part  of  those  whose  interests  are  so  deeply  implicated 
in  the  safety  and  success  of  an  experiment  of  so  much 
nQvelty  and  importance. 

In  the  first  place,  then,  I  wish  to  remove  the  miscon- 
ceptions which  arise  from  confounding  under  one 
common  name  of  tenant  right  many  systems  of  distinct 
and  indeed  opposite  character.  And  there  is  no  one 
with  respect  to  which  such  a  process  is  more  necessary 
than  with  that  of  Ireland.  That  country  is  the  seat  of, 
at  all  events,  the  loudest  clamour  for  what  passes  under 
the  name  of  tenant  right.  But  that  which  is  so  denomi- 
nated there  is  a  right  wliich  is  perfectly  peculiar  to  the 
island,  .and  which  no  rational  m,au,  I  will  venture  to 
assert,  desires  to  see  transplanted  into  any  other  part  of 
this  realm.  It  consists  in  the  conversion  of  a  right  of 
lease  into  a  right  of  property,  not  indeed  entitling  the 
tenant  to  an  unlimited  possession,  but  entitling  him  to 
oemand  from  any  new  tenant  who  may  enter  to  the 
tarm  a  certain  sum,  as  the  price  of  yielding  it  up. 
inis  sum  IS  quite  irrespective  of  any  actual  improve- 


•  "  EngU.h  Agriculture."  in  1350-51,  page  505. 


ments  which  he  may  have  made.  It  often  amounts, 
according  to  the  report  of  the  Devon  commission,  to 
from  10  to  IS  years'  purchase  of  the  rent.  It  may  be 
exacted  as  well  by  a  tenant-at-will  as  by  one  who  has 
had  a  lease.  To  the  ten.ant,  therefore,  its  effect  simply 
is,  to  deprive  him  at  his  entry  of  a  sum  perhaps  more 
than  double  the  capital  required  to  stock  the  farm — not 
absolutely  indeed,  for  he,  too,  m.ay  recover  it  in  turn 
from  his  successor,  but  at  least,  of  its  use,  and  of 
interest  on  it  during  the  whole  continu.iuce  of  his 
holding.  To  the  landlord,  its  effect  is  to  limit  his  choice 
of  tenants  to  those  who  are  possessed  of  an  amount  of 
capital  far  beyond  what  is  .actually  required  to  cultivate 
the  farm,  and  to  compel  him,  if  unable  to  find  such  a 
tenant,  aud  too  poor  himself  to  redeem  the  obligation, 
to  keep  on  the  most  worthless  of  men,  and  the  worst  of 
farmers,  simply  because  he  has  once  obtained  possession 
of  the  farm.  To  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  does  it 
off'er  any  incentive  to  the  outlay  of  capital  in  effecting 
new  improvements,  or  in  m.aintaining  a  high  cultivation. 

But  this  system  is  not,  even  in  Ireland,  of  universal 
acceptance,  being  in  force  only  in  the  province  of  Ulster. 
It  has  been  attempted  by  Mr.  Sharman  Crawford,  and 
others,  in  several  late  sessions  of  Parliament,  to  extend 
it  by  act  to  the  other  parts  of  the  island.  But  hitherto 
the  attempt  has  been  unsuccessful.  Out  of  Ireland, 
nothing  resembling  it  has  ever  been,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  even  proposed.  And  this  brief  explanation  of 
its  real  nature — enough  to  prevent  misconception — is 
therefore  all  which  it  is  requisite  to  say  of  a  system  so 
entirely  different  from  anything  which  is  sought  for  in 
this  country. 

But  in  some  counties  in  England,  there  exists  a 
custom,  so  much  more  nearly  resembling  that  of  true 
tenant  compensation,  and  yet  of  so  perverted  and  mis- 
chievous a  tendency,  as  to  demand  at  our  hands  a  much 
more  careful  consideration,  in  order  to  discover  the 
points  of  distinction  betwixt  it  and  others,  and  to  detect 
the  source  of  the  evils  for  which  it  has  been  deservedly 
reprobated.  The  county  of  Surrey,  the  Wealds  of 
Sussex  and  Kent,  aud  a  small  portion  of  North  Notts, 
and  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  are,  I  believe,  the 
only  parts  of  England  in  which  this  custom  has  so  far 
obtained  footing  as  to  be  recognised,  in  the  absence  of 
any  express  stipulations,  as  the  law  of  tenancy.  How 
it  originated  in  these  isolated  districts  is  not  well  known. 
It  has  existed,  in  almost  the  same  form  as  it  wears  now, 
for  a  long  period — for,  at  least,  many  generations  back. 

As  it  is  now,  the  items  for  which  it  awards  payment 
to  an  out-going  tenant  are  very  numerous,  and  the  sums 
are  very  heavy.  The  particulars  include  payment  for 
the  value  of  the  fallows  and  the  manure  left  on  the  farm, 
and  for  half  the  value  of  the  fallows  of  the  preceding 
year,  from  which  the  out-going  tenant  has  already  reaped 
a  crop,  and  for  half  the  value  of  the  dung  which  he  had 
applied  to  his  last  crop.  They  include  also  payment  for 
the  "  lays,"  that  is  for  the  one-year-old  Clover,  which 
may  be  ploughed  up  for  Wheat  by  the  entering  tenant. 
Liming  is  also  paid  for  ia  the  same  way  as  the  dung, 
and  the  folding  of  sheep  upon  the  land  gives  rise  to 
another  article  of  chai'ge. 

The  rate  at  which  these  several  items  are  valued,  of 
course,  varies  in  different  instances.  The  fallows  are 
reckoned  at  the  rent  and  taxes  of  the  land,  with  the 
addition  of  the  cost  of  the  ploughings,  of  which  the  out- 
going tenant  is  entitled  to  charge  a  fixed  number. 
Altogether  it  comes  to  from  3Z.  to  &l.  per  acre  for  them. 
The  half  fallows  are  rated  at  exactly  the  half  of  the 
valuation  of  the  full  fallows.  The  Clover  "  lays"  are  some- 
times v.alued  as  high  as  50s.  per  acre.  Altogether  the 
total  amount  of  the  valuation  seems  to  vary  from  305. 
to  45s.  per  acre  over  the  farm.  In  practice  it  is  almost 
invariably  paid  by  the  in  coming  tenant — the  landlord 
not  appearing  in  the  arrangement  at  all. 

It  is  a  heavy  sum  to  be  abstracted  from  the  pocket  of 
a  tenant,  at  the  very  time  when  he  most  needs  his 
pockets  to  be  filled.  He  might  not  regret  it,  if  it  were 
given  for  what  is  really  beneficial  to  him.  But  it  is  not. 
Much  of  it  goes  for  what  is  really  of  injury,  instead  of 
advantage  to  him.  Still  more  goes  for  what  he  ought 
not  to  be  called  on  to  pay  anything,  since  its  full  value 
has  already  been  reaped  by  his  predecessor.  For  what 
really  was  wanted  on  the  farm,  and  what  would  conse- 
quently have  been  of  benefit  to  the  new  tenant,  the 
custom  of  the  country  gives  his  predecessor  no  claim, 
and  nothing  of  the  sort  is  consequently  done.  It  may 
be  proper  enough  to  pay  for  the  fallows,  from  which  a 
better  crop  will  next  year  be  reaped ;  but  it  is  not 
proper  to  pay  for  their  bad  cultivation,  as  if  it  had  been 
good — to  pay  for  more  ploughings  than  they  needed  — 
to  pay  for  ploughings  done  carelessly,  and  done  at 
wrong  seasons,  as  if  they  had  been  done  judiciously  and 
well.  And  it  certainly  is  indefensible  to  exact  payment 
for  the  fallows  of  a  whole  year  back — from  which  a  full 
crop  has  been  already  gathered  in.  It  may  be  fair  to 
require  payment  for  the  dung  left  on  the  farm,  by  which 
the  next  crop  is  to  be  manured  ;  but  there  is  no  fairness 
in  exacting  anything  for  the  dung  of  the  year  preceding, 
which  has  already  replaced  itself  in  the  straw  of  the 
last  year's  growth.  Worse  than  all,  those  charges, 
unreasonable  in  themselves,  give  rise  to  a  tenfold 
greater  evil,  in  tempting  facilities  they  hold  to  fraud. 
The  statement  of  the  quantity  aud  quality  of  the  dung 
that  for  a  year  has  rotted  in  the  ground,  must  be  taken 
from  the  unchecked  lips  of  the  tenant  alone.  As  well 
must  the  number  and  description  of  the  ploughings  that 
the  year- old  fallows  received,  rest  simply  on  his  aver- 
ment. No  valuer,  however  honest  and  skilled,  can 
detect  misstatement  of  matters  so  long  passed.  If  he 
\  seek  for  further  evidence  from  the  farm-servants,  it  is 


complained  that  it  only  extends  tlie  sphere  ot  falsehood, 
since  it  is  a  daily  growing  practice  for  the  out-going 
tenant  to  bribe  his  servants  to  support  his  own  false 
accounts  by  their  testimony. 

I  can  perfectly  agree  with  Mr.  Caird  and  others,  who 
with  him  denounce  this  system  as  fundamentally  and 
hopelessly  evil.  But  where  I  am  compelled  to  differ 
from  Mr.  Caird  is,  where  he  speaks  of  this  vicious  and 
false  tenant  right,  as  if  it  were  the  only  possible,  and 
the  only  existing  species  of  tenant  compensation  ;  and 
where  he  imputes  the  evils  which  justly  are  attributable 
to  it,  to  every  other  system  which  professes  to  have 
that  end  in  view.  To  me,  indeed,  it  seems  mconceivable 
how  such  an  error  could  be  fallen  into.  For  this  tenant 
right  of  Surrey  simply  wants  altogether  any  means  of 
securing  to  an  out-going  tenant  remuneration  for  any 
unexhausted  improvements  which  truly  deserve  the 
name.  He  gets  payment  for  his  half  fallows — for  his 
half  di'essingswith  dung  and  lime — for  his  clover  lays — 
in  the  same  way  as  he  gave  payment  for  them  at  his 
entry  ;  but  for  draining — except  by  favour  on  particular 
estates,  he  gets  nothing — he  gets  nothing  by  right  of 
law.  For  guano,  and  for  other  artificial  manm-es,  he 
gets  nothing.  For  the  use  of  oilcake  he  will  get  what 
the  valuators  may  allow  him,  as  the  increased  value  of 
the  dung.  For  any  buildings  he  may  erect — and 
grieviously  does  the  Surrey  farmer  need  them — the 
custom  of  the  country  gives  him  nothing.  For  expense 
in  putting  up  new  fences,  or  for  removing  old  and 
useless  banks  of  hedgerows,  he  will  get  nothing — he  ia 
happy  if  he  get  bare  permission  to  do  the  work  at  his 
own  cost  and  risk.  In  short,  for  not  one  single  opera- 
tion, which  2can  properly  be  called  a  permanent 
improvement  of  the  farm — for  not  one  single  article  of 
imported  manure — would  he,  by  the  tenant  right  as  it 
now  exists,  be  entitled  to  claim  a  shilling  of  recompense, 
though  he  were  to  be  turned  out  before  he  had  I'eaped 
one  crop  to  reimburse  in  part  his  outlay — as,  holding  by 
mere  yearly  tenancy  without  a  lease,  he  is  quite  hable 
to  be. 

No  one  who  understands  this  to  be  the  actual  position 
of  the  tenantry  of  Surrey  will  wonder  to  hear  that 
Surrey  enjoys  a  pre-eminence  amongst  the  worst-farmed 
counties  in  England. 

{To  &e  concluded  in  OVir  next.) 


Home    Correspondence. 

Chaff  Culling,  Jcc. — I  feel  very  much  obliged  by  your 
promise  to  make  the  chaff  question  the  subject  of 
a  Leading  Article.  It  is  my  decided  opinion  that  even 
if  this  plan  only  ensures  a  due  and  correct  estimate  of 
a  farmer's  "  w.ays  and  means  "  it  is  of  supreme  im- 
portance. How  easy  before-hand  to  know  what  pro- 
vender there  is  ready  for  the  stock  about  to  be 
purchased.  That  there  is  a  further  saving,  besides  that 
of  usual  waste,  there  can  be  no  question  ;  and  whether 
it  amounts  to  one-half  or  one-tliird,  as  compared  to 
uncut  hay  and  uubruised  corn,  matters  comparatively 
little.  My  attention  was  called  to  this  subject  by  a 
perusal  of  Boussingault's  admirable  work  ;  and  I  have 
had  abundant  reason  since  to  confirm  my  first  impres- 
sions. My  people  were  horrified  at  the  idea  of  bruised 
Oats  aud  no  racking  up  at  night ;  and  I  had  to  discharge 
several  and  threaten  more  before  I  could  succeed.  That 
difficulty  I  have  overcome  ;  but  another  remains,  and 
that  induced  me  to  trespass  upon  yom*  attention — 
it  is,  the  feeding  beasts  with  chaff  instead  of  whole  hay 
or  straw.  I  last  yeai',  dm'ing  my  absence  abroad,  was 
induced  by  my  steward  to  waive  the  practice,  because 
the  farrier  declared  my  working  oxen  were  reduced  to 
the  lowest  ebb  by  this  system  ;  but  I  have  subsequently 
ascertained  that  tlie  working  oxeu  on  other  farms  did 
well  on  the  same  allowance,  and  that  the  oxman  was 
opposed  to  ii,  and  that  the  wind  blew  the  chaff  away,  so 
that  the  beasts  were  rather  ill  from  inanition  than  other 
causes.  Not  only  was  the  system  changed  in  favour  of 
the  invalids,  but  of  all  the  store  beasts  in  all  the  yards. 
This  year  I  have  feeding-troughs  placed  in  all  the  lodges, 
so  that  the  wind  cannot  blow  the  chaff  aw.ay  and  permit 
prejudice  to  triumph,  or  "  farrier's  wisdom"  to  prevail. 
On  inquiry,  I  find  that  last  year  the  allowance  per  horse 
per  week  was — IJ  bush,  bmised  Oats,  1  peck  do.  Beans, 
2  trusses  hay,  1  truss  Wheat  straw,  cut  aud  mixed  chaff. 
For  each  ox  per  week,  2J  ti'usses  of  hay,  1  truss  ot  Oat 
straw,  cut  and  mixed  chaff.  For  store  cattle,  1 4  truss  of 
hay,  1  truss  of  Oat  straw,  cut  and  mixed  chaff;  for 
which  were,  as  I  have  mentioned  (prejudice  triumphing), 
substituted  3  trusses  of  hay  and  no  straw,  uncut.  The 
beasts  did  well  under  the  change  !  I  have  mentioned 
these  circumstances  to  you  at  the  risk  of  beuig  considered 
tiresome,  in  the  hope  that  much  will  be  done  through 
your  instrumentality  in  bringing  people  to  the  considera- 
tion of  this  system  fairly.  I  wish  to  know  in  chaff- 
cutting  what  length  is  most  suitable  for  beasts?  for 
sheep  ?  for  horses  \  what  bulk  each  animal  requires  per 
day  ?  how  this  bulk  may  be  composed  ?  and  what  varia- 
tions might  be  advisable  to  form  it  ?  for  roots  and  com 
and  straw  have  all  a  relative  value  to  pay  the  staple  (too 
universally  neglected !)  of  the  farmer.  I  am  but  an 
amateur,  one  of  those  unfortunate  country  gentlemen 
whose  farms  are  thrown  on  his  hands,  wliich  nobody 
will  take  because  he  will  not  let  them  on  terms  injurious 
both  to  landlord  and  tenant ;  I  am  therefore  compelled 
to  keep  them  in  cultivation,  and  that  with  the  usual 
accompaniment  of  steward,  bailiff,  &c.  I  keep  my  eyes 
and  ears,  however,  open,  and  sometimes  I  fancy  I  see 
something  which  might  be  rendered  useful.  A .  Z. 

Thin  Secdinf). —  Thinking  the  following  experiment 
made  by  myself  last  year  will  be  interesting  this  seed- 


45— 1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


717 


ne  to  your  readers,  I  send  it  without  malciiig  any 
•mment  (oq  accouat  of  what  was  said  ia  your  Leading 
rticle  last  week  about  pints  and  quarts,  and  persons 
>t  getting  their  living  by  farming),  except  saying  that 
le  grain  in  a  hole  is  ^  peck  per  acre,  and  ten  5  pecks 
>r  acre.  Trial  of  10  rods  of  Wheat  with  one  grain  of 
i^'heat  to  ten  grains  in  each  hole,  and  the  holes  8  inches 
part  every  way  : — 

T,^-^.---  Weight  of  Straw. 


Graioa. 

1  ... 

2  ... 

3  ... 

4  ... 

5  ... 
G  ... 
7  ... 
S  ... 
9  ... 

10  ... 


Produce, 


lbs. 
23 
24 
22 
26 
25 
2S 
2S 
27 
31 
27 


Pka.  Piatg. 

1  1    ., 

1  3     .. 

1  1     .. 

1  S     ., 

1  2     ., 

1  Oi  ., 

1  0     ., 

1  0     ., 

1     u.. 

1         OJ  .. 

lie  yield,  according  to  these  10  rods,  would  be  about 
2  bushels  to  the  acre.  John  Dicoii  Piper,  Colne 
^ngainc. 

The  Oape^  hi  FouUri/. — Having  observed  in  your 
■aluable  Paper  a  letter  signed  "M.  A.  T.,**  on  the 
ubject  of  the  *' Gapes"  in  chickens,  I  am  incUned  to 
hink  the  writer  must  have  mistaken  the  disease  ;  for 
laving  had  considerable  experience  in  raising  poultry, 
have  invariably  found  that  when  thus  affected  they 
(fill  eat  the  most.  I  believe  that  unless  taken  in  the 
tarly  stages  the  complaint  is  incurable,  but  if  attended 
0  soon  after  its  first  appearance,  I  have  found  what  I 
on^der  an  infallible  remedy,  if  administered  in  the 
bllowiog  manner  : — Soak  a  small  quantity  of  whole 
;rits  in  camphine  or  spirits  of  turpentine  for  about  an 
LOur,  and  drain  them  a  little.  If  offered  to  them  early 
a  the  morning,  or  when  very  hungry,  they  will  generally 
lick  them  up  of  their  own  accord,  if  not,  a  few  grains 
DUSt  be  forced  down  their  tliroats  twice  or  thrice  a 
lay ;  I  have  dissected  several  which  have  died  of  this 
lifiease,  the  result  has  always  been  the  presence  of 
mall  red  worms  at  the  top  of  the  throat,  which  the 
aedicated  grits  would  of  course  destroy  ;  but  I  have 
never  noticed  a  deficiency  of  food  in  their  crops, 
ilemembering  the  old  adage,  that  "  prevention  is  better 
than  cure,"  1  would  observe  that  if  kept  in  a  dry  and 
aiolerately  warm  place,  with  a  good  supply  of  pure 
'^T:';r.  this  troublesome  and  often  fatal  disease  may  be 
:iv  i.led.  I  will  also  add  that  I  have  particularly 
remarked  that  my  stock  of  Cochin  Chinas  has  quite 
escaped  the  malady.  M.  T. 

To  soic  Wheat  for  Transplantlnff. — Three  quarts  of 
sound  selected  seed  will  be  found  sufficient  to  sow  and 
transplant  1  acre  of  land,  and  equal  proportions  for 
smaller^  breadths.  The  main  points  of  importance 
illustrated  by  transplanting  Wheat  are  two  :  one  is,  that 
it  will  consequently  grow  more  dwarfy,  compact,  and 
sturiy,  and  not  so  subject  to  fall  in  stormy  weather  ; 
secondly,  by  sowing  it  in  advance  it  gives  ample  oppor- 
tunity of  bringing  the  land  intended  for  its  reception 
into  the  utmost  possible  good  condition  by  subsoiling 
where  necessary  ;  and  the  most  essential  of  all  on  heavy 
lands  is  destroying  black  Grass,  which  always  comes  up 
in  and  not  later  than  October,  just  at  Wheat  sowing 
time,  and  to  avoid  it  Wheat  is  often  sown  much  too  late 
on  the  best  of  lands.  For  a  small  quantity  of  seed 
c'vjoso  a  hard  or  solid  bottom,  footway  or  the  like, 
ling  it  about  3  or  4  inches  with  rich  moulds,  on 
I  sow  the  seed  in  October  for  transplanting  at  the 
'A  November,  or  at  the  first  mild  weather  after  that 
i::i:-.  For  a  larger  quantity  let  any  piece  of  open 
grv.iad  be  well  packed  and  covered  with  a  little  rotten 
'i  !  'i'^,  harrowed  level,  and  trod  firmly,  and  the  seed 
?,:-.iiIarly  sown.  Sow  it  with  exactness  and  precision, 
singly,  for  on  this  much  depends  ;  if  any  two  or  more 
plants  germinate  to:;etlier  and  become  cramped  at  an 
early  stage  of  their  growth,  they  never  branch,  whereas 
it  is  no  uncommon  circumstance  that  grains  of  corn 
sown  singly  produce  two  thousand-fold.  The  little  root- 
lets adhering  to  each  plant  by  the  above  treatment,  if 
shovelled  up  with  a  spade,  cannot  fail  to  grow,  and  will 
have  tlie  appearance  of  the  roots  of  a  black  Currant 
bush,  or  a  man'.i  wig,  and  will  continue  to  make  more 
roots  than  twenty  growing  together.  Abraham,  Ilanhj 
and  .Vyii,  S€ed(/rowi,:i,  MaUl/mf  Essex. 

The  Ibincwal  of  thn  T-riioM-ri'jht  ConvocoMon,  under  a 
banner  even  more  disgi'aceful  than  has  already  procured 
ita  condemnation  in  all  orthodox  minds,  ia  an  event 
greatly  to  be  deplored,  and  doubly  redounds  to  the 
discredit  of  itn  promoters,  whose  vociferous  clamours 
clearly  demonstrate  a  want  of  those  acquirements  and 
pre?jcience  which  would  enable  them  to  promote  and 
conduct  buaincsH  in  a  profitable  and  advantageous  man- 
pcr.  The  demanding  of  doubtful  righti  for  unwarrant-sd 
investment  at  once  quashes  every  rightful  claim  and 
off-'iilH  justice.  When  the  owner  of  an  estate  laviwhly 
B^-juandera  away  his  inheritance,  there  is  meted  out  to 
him  disgrace,  beggary,  or  a  prison  ;  but  his  tenant 
practising  the  same  unjustifiable  expenditure,  seeks  to 
Cflcafjc  the  reward  and  heap  it  upon  the  shoulders  of  his 
landlord.  The  whole  affair  is  comprised  in  one  sentence 
—  Where  is  your  agrc<:mcnt  J  If  a  farmer  Ims  laid  out 
money  in  the  expectation  of  reaping  a  timely  reward, 
but  iH  disappointed  and  seeks  reimburflcment  for  the 
mvcstment,  let  him  first  authenticate  his  bargain.  If  his 
farm  requires  an  outlay  in  make  it  more  profitablo  by 
augmented  produce,  let  him  first  obtfiiti  the  sanction 
and  cogninance  of  him  from  whom  he  expects  reparji- 
tion.  if  a  farm  nce/Ii  a  thorough  overhauling  and  entire 
renovation,  let  that  proce-ts  tfilce  precedence  of  his 
occupation  of  it  and  conn'.ction  with  it,  or  have  a  muhiat 
understanding  of  wliat  is  to  be  done,  and  a  written 


agreement  clearly  expressing  the  amount  to  be  expended, 
and  the  proportionate  rate  of  unexpired  wear  at  any 
intervening  period.  This  is  the  foundation  of  all  legal 
and  justifialile  trading,  but  it  is  also  the  rock  upon 
which  the  farmer  too  often  allows  himself  to  be  drifted, 
and  then  holloas  from  its  summit  for  surreptitious  aid 
when  he  finds  his  craft  sinking  in  the  surf  of  his  own 
supineness.  When  a  ship  is  chartered,  the  first  sentence 
implies  "  that  the  said  ship  being  tight,  staunch,  strong, 
and  every  way  fitted  for  the  voyage,  shall  with  all 
convenient  despatch  proceed,"  &c.  &c.  Let  this  prin- 
ciple be  applied  to  laud,  and  we  should  read  sometliing 
after  this  fashion : — "  That  the  said  farm  being 
thoroughly  aud  completely  well  drained,  fenced,  divided, 
and  possessing  sufficient  and  convenient  roads,  houses, 
buildings,  and  every  other  accommodation  necessary  for 

the  prosecution  of  successful  farming,  he  the  said • 

is  willing  and  does  hereby  agree  to  rent  the  said  farm 
for  —  years,  at  an  annual  rent  of  £ — .'*  Both  prudence 
and  rectitude  dictate  that  the  intention  of  a  contract 
should  be  freed  from  obliquity,  which  all  who  study 
their  own  interests  never  fail  to  secure  prior  to  embark- 
ing in  any  undertaking  ;  and  farmers  must  coaducfc 
their  business  like  other  prosperous  traders,  and  to 
those  wdio  lament  an  extramundane  tenant-right,  I  say — 
Go  and  do  likewise.  T.  _,  Oct.  26. 

Liquefied  Manwe. —  [Mr.  Mechi  has  addressed  the 
following  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Essex  Standard.'] 
To  remove  all  doubt  as  to  the  quantity  of  Mangold 
Wurzel  on  my  six-acre  field,  I  annex  the  details  : — 
One  good  square  rod  contained  09  roots,  average  weight 
8  lbs.  2  ozs.  each  ;  or  52  tons  per  acre.  One  bad  square 
rod — 89  roots,  average  h\  lbs.  each  ;  or  35  tons  per 
acre.  Average  of  the  whole  field,  taken  at  the  most 
moderate  computation,  43  tons  per  acre.  Average  of 
another  10-acre  field,  not  so  highly  liquefied,  87  roots 
per  rod  ;  30  tons  per  acre.  Many  of  the  roots  weigh 
23  lbs.  to  25  lbs.  each,  without  tops,  and  measure  33  to 
42  inches  in  circumference.  There  were  gaps  in  each 
rod  measured,  but  still  the  number  of  roots  was  great, 
as  they  almost  touched  one  another.  I  attribute  this 
large  production  to  deep  cultivation  by  forking,  but 
more  particularly  to  the  use  of  liquefied  manure. 
Super-phosphate  of  lime,  at  the  rate  of  2  cwt.  per  acre, 
was  drilled  under  the  roots.  I  have  also  a  very  heavy 
crop  of  Swedes,  the  best  I  have  seen,  manured  with 
2  cwt.  of  super-phosphate  of  lime  and  liquefied  manure ; 
soil,  a  strong  yellow  plastic  clay,  once  very  deeply 
ploughed  before  winter  and  scarified  in  the  spring.  I 
have  also  had  a  very  heavy  crop  of  Cabbages.  In  fact, 
I  see  clearly  that  the  liquefied  manure  will  enable  me 
to  produce  my  root  crops  at  5s.  per  ton,  and  will 
very  largely  increase  my  other  productions.  We  fre- 
quently make  the  drains  run  at  S  feet  deep  with  our 
liquid  manure.  The  liquor  is  colom-ed,  but  has  only 
an  earthy  smell  after  filtration.  One  load  of  bullock 
or  cow  dung  liquefied  will  manure  more  land  than 
four  loads  dry  ;  it  acts  immediately  and  gives  a  quick 
return.  I  have  not  the  least  doubt  that  within  50 
years  our  rivers  and  brooks  will  be  used  for  irrigation 
and  for  drainage ;  our  millers  will  use  steam.  We 
shall  then  be  spared  the  painful  records  of  perplexed 
discussions  and  threatened  actions,  and  shall  read  in 
lieu  thereof — "  Tenders  for  the  sewage  of  such  and 
such  towns,  lunatic  asylums,  and  parochial  unions,  for 
the  term  of  21  years,  will  be  received  by  the  committee 
on  such  and  such  a  day."  The  essence  of  bread  and 
beef  will  thus  ebb  back  to  its  original  parent — mother 
earth  ;  the  farmer  will  no  longer  fret  and  stew  about 
Lobos  Islands,  Peruvian  monopoly,  or  peculative  decep- 
tion ;  ingenious  compounders  of  "genuine"  guanos  will 
be  spared  the  trouble  of  a  frequent  visit  to  the  sandy 
loam  of  Wanstead  flats.  I  fancy  that  I  see  "practical" 
men  stamping  their  feet,  raising  their  spectacles,  or 
scratching  their  heads,  at  these  my  "^  visionary "  prog- 
nostics ;  but  like  many  other  "impossibilities"  they 
will  certainly  be  fullilled.  It  is  a  mere  question  of 
time  and  belief.  We  may  as  well,  therefore,  begin  to 
talk  about  economising  our  manures.  /.  J.  Mechij  Tlp- 
irce  Hall,  Kclvedon,  Oct.  28fh. 

Manr/old  WitJ'zel. — I  hope  our  heavy  land  friends  have 
secured  their  crop  during  tiie  fine  weather  ;  as  October 
averages,  inmost  years,  21  fine  days,  I  always  avail 
myself  of  the  opportunity  thus  afforded.  This  year, 
with  an  average  of  34  tons  per  acre  on  18  acres,  I  paid 
!fl.s'.  per  acre  for  pulling,  topping,  filling  into  carts, 
stacking,  thatching,  and  earthing — I  found  carting  and 
drivers.  After  being  exposed  for  14  days  to  atmo- 
spheric influence,  they  will  now  be  thatched,  and  in  about 
a  month  after  tliatching  they  will  be  earthed,  leaving 
the  final  closing  of  the  top  until  the  middle  oi  December. 
'J'his  has  always  answered  admirably  ;  it  is  a  great 
mistake  to  shut  them  up  too  soon,  thus  producing 
(Icconipoflition  by  heated  and  confined  moisture.  /,  /. 
Mc'Mj  Tipirec  Jlallj  Nov.  1 . 


ROYAL  AOIirOULTUItAL  HOfJIETV  OP  BNOLAND. 

A  MoNTirr.v  Council  was  held  at  tbo  Society's  House, 
In  lliuwivor-afpian;,  on  Weduf-'sday  last,  tlio  3d  of 
N')V<Mrilj(-r.  Thfj  following  Members  of  Council  and 
'iovc-rnorH  of  tbo  .Society  were  prtiMcnt  : — Lord  Asil- 
iji;(tTON,  Pn^sidcnt,  In  the  Chair  ;  Va\x\  of  JJucio,  Lord 
U'Tiiors,  Sir  John  V.  Sbelh-y,  Dart.,  M.l*.,  Cohmol 
Aufltun,  Mr.  Ufiymond  liit-kcr,  Mr.  IJarnett,  Mr.  S. 
IJeniMftt,  Mr  IJIanihard,  Mr.  Hrandrctli,  Caplaiii  Stanhiy 
'■:ur,  Coloiifd  (JImllonrjr,  Mr.  iJrucM*,  Mr.  Gfuli-^diin,  Mr. 
Garrett,   Mr.    lirandrcth   Gibba,    Mr.    Uranthuni,   Mr, 


Fisher  Ilobbs,  Mr.  Hornsby,  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Kinder 
Mr.  Lawes,  Mr.  Lawrence,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Pusey, 
Professor  Sewell,  Professor  Simonds,  Mr.  Simpson,  Mr. 
G.  Turner,  Professor  Way,  and  Mr.  H,  Wilson. 

Finances.— Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  presented  the  report  on  the  accounts 
of  the  Society,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  current 
cash-balance  in  the  hands  of  the  bankers  was  706^.  He 
also  laid  on  the  table,  for  the  information  of  the  members 
the  quarterly  statements  of  account,  showino-  the 
income  and  expenditure,  invested  capital  and  liabilities  of 
the  Society. 

Prize  Essays. — Mr.  Pusey,  Chairman  of  the  Journal 
Committee,  reported  the  following  Awards  made  by  the 
Judges  of  Essays  :  — 

I.  To  John  Donaldsoh,  of  4,  North  Cammiag-stroet,  Pen- 
tonville ;  the  Society'd  Prize  of  20?.,  lor  the  be^t  nccoviQt 
of  the  CultivatioQ  and  Maaagement  of  UaderwootJ, 
fouQdei  upoa  actual  experience,  and  discnssing  the  fol- 
lowing points:—!.  Tho  nature  of  the  sol;  and  whea  it 
hag  been  recently  planted,  the  mile  of  preparing  it.  2. 
The  average  number  of  plants  per  acre.  3.  The  description 
of  underwood  {^["owing.  4.  The  best  sorts  to  be  planted. 
5.  The  cost  of  fencing  and  draining.  G.  The  comparative 
produce  of  not  less  than  five  acres  under  the  common, 
and  under  an  improved  system  of  manai^ement. 

II.  To  FiNLAT  Hxjn,  Jun.,  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica,  &c., 
in  the  Ediabirgh  Veterinary  College ;  the  Society's  Prize 
of  20i.,  for  the  best  account  of  those  Diseases  in  the  Horae 
and  the  Ox  which  either  are  or  raay  become  Hereditary, 

Mr.  Pusey  also  informed  the  Council  that  the  Judges 
had  "commended"  the  Essay  on  those  Diseases  in 
the  Horse  and  the  Ox  which  either  a\'e  or  may  become 
Hereditary,  bearing  the  motto :  *'  Periturce  parcito 
chartiie." 

Veterinary  Guant. — Sir  John  V.  Siielley,  Bart.j 
M.P.,  Chau'raan  of  the  Veterinary  Grant  Committee, 
presented  the  following  report,  which  was  unanimously 
adopted  by  the  Council :  — 

Thi  Conmittee  having  esamined  the  Report  of  the  Royal 
Veterinary  College,  find  that,  for  the  last  year.  Professor 
Simonds  has  been  liberated  from  all  duties  connected  with 
the  Ilorsj  Depai-tment  in  the  College,  aud  has  delivered  to 
the  impils  additional  lectures  in  the  branch  relating  to 
cattle,  slieep,  and  p'gs,  namely,  five  lectures  in  the  week 
instead  of  three  ;  the  Committee  are,  however,  of  opinion 
that  the  connection  of  ttie  (Society  with  the  Royal  Veteri- 
nary College  might  be  made  more  practically  useful. 

1.  By  investigatinti  particular  classes  of  diseases  or  subjects 
as  may  be  from  time  to  time  directed  by  the  Council  ; 

2.  By  delivering  lectures  iu  the  Council-room  of  the  Socie'y  ; 
and, 

3.  By  supplying  a  detailed  report  of  the  cases  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs  treated  in  the  Royal  Veterinary  College. 

With  this  amended  system,  the  Conamittee  recommend  a 
renewal  of  the  grant. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Brandreth,  seconded  by  Mr, 
Simpson,  it  was  then  resolved  that  a  grant  of  200^.,  for 
the  current  year,  should  be  made  by  the  Council  to  the 
Royal  Veterinary  College. 

Imple5ients. — On  the  motion  of  Colonel  Challoner, 
the  consideration  of  the .  conditions  and  general  regula- 
tions of  the  Gloucester  Implement  Prize  Sheet  were 
referred  to  the  Implement  Committee,  with  a  request 
that  they  would  report  their  recommendations  to  the 
Council  at  their  next  Monthly  Meeting. — On  the  motion 
of  Mr.  Pusey,  seconded  by  Sir  John  Shelley,  it  was 
ordered  as  an  instruction  to  that  committee  "  that  they 
should  take  into  their  consideration  the  best  means  for 
enforcing  greater  punctuality  in  the  presentation  of  the 
Judges'  Reports." 

Age  of  Pigs. — Mr.  Milward  presented,  on  the  part 
of  the  Stewards  of  the  Cattle  Yard  at  Lewes,  a  report 
on  the  cases  referred  to  them  by  the  Council  on  the  ages 
of  particular  pigs  exhibited  at  the  last  country  meeting 
of  the  Society  at  that  place. — This  Report  was  adopted 
by  the  Council. 

Vice-President.  — ■  Notification  was  made  of  the 
vacancy  occasioned  in  the  list  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of 
the  Society  by  the  death  of  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  which,  by  the  standing  regulation,  would  be 
filled  up  at  the  ensuing  Monthly  Council  on  the  1st  of 
December. 

Inoculation  for  Pleuro-pneumonia.  —  Communica- 
tions from  Lord  Stanley,  one  of  her  Majesty's  Under- 
Secretaries  of  State  for  the  JForeign  Department  ;  from 
Sir  Emerson  Tennent,  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  ;  from  Professor  Simonds,  of  J,li&  Royal 
Veterinary  College  ;  and  f*"  "  ^  ''"■'■''Uis,  of  i^feselt, 
in  Belgium,  were  received  wu(i--Ainc3,  and  refex'red  tf> 
the  Veterinary  Committee  of  the  Society,  with  a  request 
that  they  would  report  the  result  of  their  investigation 
on  this  suijject  at  the  next  Monthly  Council  in  December. 

Fat  Cattle. — The  Earl  of  Ducie  reported  to  the 
Council  the  extensive  coramunicntion  into  which  he  had 
entered,  (luring  the  autumn-recess,  with  the  greater 
number  of  those  judges  who  had  acted  at  the  several 
country  meetings  of  the  Society  ;  and  the  investigations 
he  had  made  into  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  from 
its  establlsiiment,  in  reference  to  the  increasingly 
stringent,  hut  as  it  had  proved,  ineffectual  instructions 
of  tiio  Council  to  repress  the  evil  of  awarding  prizes 
intended  for  breeding  stock  to  animals  obviously  incon- 
sistent, oil  account  of  their  over-fed  condition,  with  that 
character.  He  was  glad  to  find  tliat,  with  only  one  or 
two  excoi>tions,  that  although  no  case  had  occurred  of 
an  animal  buing  disqualiiiod  on  account  of  his  fatness^ 
the  whol(5  of  tbo  judges  with  whom  hu  had  communi- 
cated WL'i'c  decisivi)  In  their  opinion  that  something  ought 
to  bo  done  to  arrt-Ht  an  evil  which  threatoncd  to  under- 
mine and  fruKtrato  the  primary  object  of  the  Society  in 
this  bran<.-h  of  its  operations.  Ills  lonlshlp  found  that 
thu  Highland  Society  had  already  found  that  the  same 
tondoncy  to  exhibit  fat  stock  in  the  breeding  classes  was 
crcftping  in,  and  that  vury  sutmnary  and  exclnsivo 
mcuaurcH  hud  been  taken  by  that  Society.    The  Itoyal 


718 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Nov.  6, 


Agricultural  Society  of  England  wouldj  he  hoped,  be 
able  to  derive  advantage  from  the  result  collaterally 
derived  from  these  measures  of  their  friends  in  the 
north  ;  in  the  meantime,  he  conceived  that  he  had 
established  a,  prwia-facie  case  for  the  appointment  of  a 
committee,  which  he  hoped  the  Council  would  grant 
him,  to  take  into  consideration  the  whole  question 
of  tlie  condition  of  animals  qualified  to  be  shown  as 
breeding-stock. —  The  fuHowing  committee  was  then 
^unanimously  agreed  to  ;  namely,  the  Earl  of  Ducie 
chairman,  Lord  Berners,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  S.  Bennett, 
Mr.  Brandreth,  Sir  John  Shelley,  Mr.  Simpson,  Mr. 
Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr. 
Druce,  Mr.  Kinder,  Mr.  G.  Tui-ner,  and  the  Stewards 
of  the  yard. 

Miscellaneous  Communications.  —  From  Colonel 
Seymour,  a  report  on  the  trial  made  with  artificial 
manures  on  drained  and  undrained  land  in  Windsor 
Great  Park.  From  Mr.  Barugh  Almack,  a  statement 
of  the  advantages  of  Portable  Farm  Buildings,  sug- 
gested as  a  remedy  in  some  degree  for  the  scarcity  of 
farm  labourers.  From  M.  Letellier,  a  request  for 
opportunity  to  test  practically  his  mode  of  preparing 
seed-grain.  From  Mr.  Bryant,  a  letter  on  his  plan 
of  cultivation  and  manuring  ;  and  from  Mr.  Turner,  a 
statement  in  reference  to  the  same.  Letters  from  i\Ir. 
Crosskill,  suggesting  a  prize  for  a  bone  mill,  and  from 
Messrs.  Gibson  and  Richardson,  suggesting  a  prize  for 
a  clod-crusher.  Letters  from  Mi*.  Robinson  on  Reaping 
Machine,  and  from  Mr.  Barthropp  on  Veterinary  in- 
quiries,— for  which  the  Council  ordered  their  usual 
acknowledgments. 

The  Council  then  adjourned  to  Wednesday,  the 
1st  of  December,  the  intermediate  Wednesday  being 
reserved  for  meetings  of  the  Guano-substitute  Prize 
Committee,  the  Agricultural  Implement  Committee,  and 
such  other  Committees  as  may  find  it  desirable  to 
assemble  for  business  connected  with  reports  to  be  made 
at  the  December  Monthly  Council. 


S(nv  to  Enfranchise  your  Copyhold  undei'  the  Copyhold 
Acts  of  1841  and  1852  ;  by  James  Stewart,  Esq., 
Barrister  and  Secretary  of  the  Copyhold  Commission. 
2d  edit. ;  pp.  48.  Stevens  and  Norton. 
The  appearance  at  the  present  |time  of  a'pamphlet  by 
the  secretary  of  the  Copyhold  Commissioners,  informing 
lords  and  tenants  how  either  may  enfranchise  their 
copyholds  without  the  assent  of  the  other,  will  probably 
be  acceptable  to  both.  As  it  is,  a  copyholder  can  only 
enfranchise  his  land  if  the  ^lord  consents  ;  but,  by  a 
recent  act  of  Parliament,  after  the  1st  of  July  next  a 
tenant  will  be  able  at  any  time,  in  the  great  majority  of 
cases  at  least,  to  enfranchise  his  land  whether  the  lord 
consents  or  not  ;  and  in  the  present  pamphlet  the  mode 
of  proceeding  is  pointed  out. 


water  in  dry  summers  is,  I  find,  an  important  advantage 
gained  in  addition.  I  said  formerly  that  it  involved 
some  risk  of  rot  to  the  sheep,  and  I  did  not  escape  the 
z'ot  altogether  myself  two  years  ago  ;  but,  by  using 
more  precautions,  I  find  the  advantage  greatly  prepon- 
derate. If,  as  appears,  land  can  now  be  irrigated  at  the 
cost  of  \l.  per  acre,  the  profit  will  be  at  least  100  per 
cent.  ;  for  no  farmer  can  doubt  that  the  yearly  value  of 
the  land  must  be  increased  to  the  extent  of  \l.  at  the 
lowest.  I  must  therefox'e  once  more  advise  those  who 
have  streams  at  command,  and  poor  laud  that  can  be 
flooded,  to  exaniine  for  tliemselves  the  west  country 
catch-meadows,  especially  those  recently  made  by  Mr 
Smith  upon  Exmoor.  Mr.  Puseyj  in  the  Jownal  of  the 
AgricuUural  Society,  Vol.  XIII. 


Notices    to  Correspondents. 

AspHALTE  Flooeing  ;  ir  P  Boblyn  asks  "  A  Constant  Reader  " 
if  the  asphalte  he  men'ions  will  stand  as  flooring  for  a  stable, 
or  for  pavement  in  road.-^  ?    la  it  coal  tar  ? 

CABR0T3  :  Constant  Subscriber.  From  30  to  iO  lbs.  daily  may  be 
jjiven  to  a  horse  at  slow  work. 

Draining  and  Irkigation  :  W FM.  Probably  Stephens'"  Book 
on  Drainage,"  taken  from  his  "Book  of  the  Farm,"  is  as 
good  as  any  ws  have.  On  Irrigation,  there  is  an  old  work 
by  another  Mr,  Stephens  ;  otherwif^e,  the  subject  must  be 
studied  in  the  pages  of  our  agricultural  journals. 

Sales  cf  Cochin  Chinas  :  Penhaw,  If  we  should  receive  re- 
ports of  any  sales  deserving  notice,  we  would  not  object 
occasionally  to  publish  them. 

Winter  Food  :  A  B.  We  should  prefer  1  acre,  if  a  good  crop,  of 
Cow  Cabbage,  to  1  acre  of  a  good  crop  of  Dale's  Turnip  ;  but 
we  should  prefer  1  ton  of  Dale's  Turnips  to  1  ton  of  the  Cow 
Cabbage.  We  presume  that  about  1  or  5  lbs.  of  hay  cut  into 
chaff,  with  half  a  pouod  of  Linseed,  would  be  a  day's  keep 
for  a  Dorset  ewe.  "  W.  C.  S."  will  answer  your  question 
about  foot-root  next  week. 

Woaais  IN  Foals  ;  S  G  W.  Lioeeed  oil,  3  or  4  oz.,  according  to 
size  ;  oil  of  turpentine,  1  drachm.  Mix  and  give  carefully, 
repeatiDg  it  after  a  few  days'  interval.  W  C  S. 


HAY.— Per  Locid  of  86  Trusaes. 
SaiiTHFiELD,  Nov.  4, 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  723  to  783 
Inferior  do.            .,,60         66 
Rowen         42        51 

New  Hay 


Clover 
Second  cut 
Straw 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  78a  to  86; 


Cdmbebland  Mabket,  Nov.  4. 


60 


...  95       100 
WntTECHAPBL.  Nov.  4. 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do,        ... 
Straw 


..  8O3  to    95 

.,  65  80 

..  25  28 

J.  DAVi.s. 

...  708toS8i 


28         34 

Joshua  Baeeb. 


.,.  OSstolOOi 


Inferior  do, 
New  Hay      ,., 
Old  Clover  .,. 

Pine  old  Hay 
New  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
Straw 

POTATOES.— SoDTHWABK,  Nov.  1. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past:  week  the  market 
has  been  well  supplied  with  Po^at-n-a,  both  coas'.wiee  and  bj 
rail,  and  trade  heavy  at  the  followiui,'  qaatatiouB  :— Yorksbirt 
Regents.  80;=.  to  lli>8.  ;  Lincolnshire,  Ibi.  to  lOOs. ;  Shaws,  753 
to  Sos.;  Scotch  Kegents,  80s.  to  90a.;  French  whites,  60s.  to  80s 


,  763  to  I 
.  70  76 
,  50  63 
,  24         28 


Old  Clover... 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Infeiior  do. 


.  81 
,  54 


92 
65 


ENGLISH 

TIMBER.— Nov. 

i. 

ROOND  TiMBEE. 

1         Plank. 

Per  Load. 

1  Per  Foot  Cube. 

Per  Foot  Super 

Oak £5    0    Otofe  10 

0,3s.  ad.  to  5s.  Ocf. 

Os.  4W.to0s,  6ii, 

Ash 8  10    0—  1  10 

0i2     G      —  3    0 

0    3      —0    4 

Elm 3     0    0—40 

0 

13      —  1     9 

0    2      —0    3 

Beech...  2  10    0  —  3  10 

0 

13      —  1    9 

0    2      —0    3 

Lime   ...   3    0    0—4    0 

0 

16      —  2    0 

0    3i    —  0    4i 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Nov.  6. 
Vegetables  and  all  kinds  of  Fruit  in  season  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Pears  and  Apples  are  sufficient  for  the  demand. 
A  few  Tomatoes  may  still  be  obtained.  Filberts  realise  from 
503.  to  65s.  Potatoes  have  not  altered  in  price  since  our  last 
report.  Mushrooms  are  scarcely  so  plentiful.  Cut  dowers 
consist  of  Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Roses,  MigaonettejBignonia 
venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb,,  3s  to 
G^rapeB,bothouse,p.  lb.,2B  to 6s 
Pomegranates,  each,  2s  to  49 
Plums,  pfer  punnet,  2s  to  is 
Figs,  per  doz..  Is  6d  to  2s  6d 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsh ,,  4s  to  7b 

—  kitchen,  do.,  3s  to  6s 
Pears,  per  doz..  Is  6d  to  43 

—  per  half  sieve,  fis  to  78 


Miscellaneous. 

Irrigation. — The  mode  in  which  irrigation  benefits 
meadows  is  still  doubtful;  but  I  have  no  doubt  what- 
ever that  the  phenomenon  is  a  complex  and  not  a  simple 
one  ;  I  mean,  that  the  causes  of  action  are  more  than 
■one,  or  even  than  two.  It  is  important  to  clear  up  this 
pohitj  as  by  doing  so  we  shall  then  understand  better 
how  to  proceed  with  the  investigation  in  future.  The 
deposition  of  solid  matter  held  in  suspension  is  unques- 
tionably one  principal  mode  of  action,  but  assuredly  not 
the  only  one,  for  a  clear  spring  issuing  from  the  hill-side 
sometimes  begins  to  act  at  once  upon  vegetation  as  it 
were  from  the  cradle.  Not  only  are  the  waters  of  a 
muddy  river  and  of  a  crystal  brook  different,  but,  as  Sir 
Stafford  Northcote's  gutterer,  Mr.  Ellis,  informed  me, 
the  effect  is  distinct  and  sometimes  opposite.  A  thick 
-stream,  experience  shows,  improves  the  condition  of 
land — a  clear  stream  may  even  impoverish  the  soil, 
though  it  brings  the  Grass  forward.  There  is  no  paradox 
here,  if  we  consider  that  the  turbid  water  adds  per- 
manently to  the  soil :  the  clear  water,  by  stimulating 
the  herbage,  occasions  eleqients  of  vegetable  life  to  be 
withdrawn  from  it.  If  successive  crops  then  be  removed 
jvithput  any  return  of  manure,  the  natui-al  result  will 
bel-iip'cverisliraent.  It  \?_  'pertain,  moreover,  that  clear 
water  itself  has  two  m'^^''  ^faction.  First,  by  salts,  it 
may  hold  in  solution  ammonia,  for  instance,  derived 
from  the  farm-yard,  and  vei'y  probably  also  ammonia 
brought  up  by  deep-seated  springs  from  the  depths  of 
the  earth.  Here  let  me  remark,  since  landowners  have, 
I  know,  been  deterred  from  attempts  at  irrigation  by 
the  absence  of  lime  from  their  streams,  that  while  on 
the  one  hand  streams  flowing  from  chalk-hills  are 
undoubtedly  good,  softness,  on  the  other  hand,  is  the 
test  of  the  best  water  in  Devonshire,  the  classic  land  of 
hill-side  irrigation.  The  remaining  cause  of  action  is 
certainly  wai-mth,  and  even  here  the  action  may  be  also 
a  double  one.  Warm  springs,  it  is  well  known,  are  the 
most  effective,  imparting,  no  doubt,  their  temperature 
to  the  ground  ;  but  all  streams  probably,  when  made  to 
pass  over  land,  impede  the  radiation  of  heat,  that  is,  check 
the  escape  of  warmth  from  the  ground.  Whatever  the 
causes  may  be,  the  effect  of  irrigation  in  improving 
land  far  exceeds  any  other  known  method.  Some  time 
«.go  I  gave  a  statement  of  the  number  of  sheep  kept  by 
■me  on  a  water-meadow,  whicli  was  thought  by  many  to 
be  a  mistaken  one.  I  can  now  say  that  this  year  the 
yield  of  my  water-meadows  has  been  further  increased  ; 
and  that  on  a  piece  of  poor  peaty  land,  recently  irri- 
gated, the  fifth  crop  of  Italian  Rye-grass  has  been 
already  severed,  two  crops  being  cut  and  three  fed  off ; 
all  the  crops  bulky,  and  produced  by  the  simple  stream 
only,  not  by  any  licxuid  manure.     The  application  of  the 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  la 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

2s  to  2e  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  to  2a 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz.,  6d  to2e6d 
Greens,  per  doz..  Is  to  28 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  4s  to  Ss 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  85s  to  110s 

—  per  cwt.,  53  to  93 

—  per  busb.,  23  6d  to  4s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz, ,  Is  to  ls9d 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veget.  Marrow,  p.  doz,  6d  to  1b 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  43 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  1b  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish, p.doz,,l83dto  3d 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 


VEGETABLES. 


Melons,  each,  28  to  Sa 
Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  23 

—  per  100,  6s  to  12s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  23 
Almonds,  per  peck,  Ss 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3a 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

—  Brazil,  do.,  12s  to  Us 

—  Cobs,  753  to  803 


Shallots,  per  lb..  6d  to  8d 
Qarlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  per  score  4d  to6d 

—  Cob,  p.  score,  9d  to  is 
Radishea,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Endive  per  score.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lBto3e 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz,,  4s  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  23  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 3d 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  8d 
Watercresses,p,  12buD,4d  to  6d 


COAL  MARKET— Friday.  Nov.  5. 
HolIyweU,  16s.  6d.  ;  Eden  Mein,  178.  6d. ;  Wallsend  Haswell, 
183.    6d, ;    Wallsend   Hetton,   I83.   3d.;     Wallsend   Stewarts, 
18s.  6d. ;  Wallsend  Tees,  ISs.  3d,— Ships  at  market,  34. 

HOPS.— BoaouQH  Maeket,  Nov.  5. 
Messrs.  Fattendea  and  Smith  report  that  the  demand  for 
Susses  and  fine  Weald  of  Kent  Hops  ia  still  very  exteasire, 
and  prices  advancing.    Duty  estimated  at  250,000f. 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Nov.  1. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  smaller,  and  there  is  a  more  cheerful 
trade  for  all  kinds.  Prime  Scots  are  pretty  readily  sold  at  4s, 
The  supply  of  Sheep  is  still  very  limited  ;  they  are  coubcquently 
freely  disposed  of,  but  the  mild  weather  operates  against  any 
considerable  advance.  Trade  is  generally  better  for  Calves, 
but  4s.  must  be  considered  an  extreme  quotation.  Our  foreign 
supply  consists  of  1680  Beasts,  5870  Sheep,  and  120  Calves ; 
from  Scotland,  25  Beasts  ;  and  2400  from  the  northern  and 
midland  counties, 


Per  St.  of  81bs.— s  d  S  d 
Best  Scots,  Here- 

forda,  &c.       ...  8  10  to  4    0 

Best  Short.bornB  3  6  —  3  10 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  6  —  32 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  4  4—4    6 

Do,  Shorn   0  0  —  0     0 

Beasts,  4812 


Per  at.  of  81b3.— 8  d  s 
Best  Long- wools .  3  10  to  4 
-      ~-  "    0-0 

2  —  3 
0-0 
0  —  0 
0—4 
4  —4 


d 

0 
0 
6 
0 
0 
0 
4 
Pigs,  285. 


Do.  Shorn  ;        ...  0 
Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn 0 

Lambs     0 

Calves      3 

Pigs         3 

Sheep  and  Lambs,  25,050  ;  Calves,  1S5  : 
FaiDAT,  Nov.  5. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  smaller  than  for  some  time  past  ; 
the  demand  is  also  small,  and  Monday's  prices  are  not  main- 
tained throughout ;  indeed,  several  inferior  qualities  remain 
unsold.  The  trade  in  Sheep  is  very  unimportant,  both  as 
rei^ardB  supply  and  demand  ;  although  we  have  very  few  on 
offer,  they  are  with  difficulty  dit-poeed  of  at  barely  Monday's 
quotations.  Good  Calves  are  ratber  scarce,  and  consequenrly 
are  readily  sold,  but  we  cannot  quote  over  43,  Trade  is  still 
dull  for  middling  descriptions.  From  Germany  and  Holland 
we  have  220  Beasts,  600  Sheep,  and  100  Calves;  from  Scot- 
land, SO  Beasts  ;  450  from  the  northern  and  midland,  and  117 
Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties 


Per  St.  of  81ba.— 8 

d       s 

d 

Per  St.  of  Slbs.— s 

d      s 

d 

Best  Scots,  Here- 

Best  Lone-wools.  3 

8  to  4 

U 

fords,  iO.       ...  3 

Sto4 

0 

Do.  Shorn 

Best  Short-horns  3 

6  —  3 

8 

Ewes  4s  2d  quality  8 

0  —  3 

6 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

4  —  3 

2 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0 

0 

Best  Downs  and 

Lambs     0 

0  —  0 

IJ 

Half-breds      ...  4 

2—4 

6 

Calves      3 

0  —  4 

0 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0 

0 

Pigs          3 

0  —  4 

4 

Beaats,  953  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  3,600;  Calves,  236  ;  Pigs,  550, 


ENGLISH  AND  FOREIGN  BARK. 

In  English  few  transactions  have  taken  place,  and  prieea 
continue  unaltered. 
English  timber,   £3.       £.   s.\  Antwerp  timber,    £    s.      £  5. 

p.  Id.  of  45  cwt.  10    Otol3     0         per  ton     5  10  — 6     0 

Do.  Coppice,  do.  II    0—14    0  |  Do.  Coppice      ...    5  10  —  6    0 
WOOL.  '■ 

BbadfobDj  Thubsdat,  Nov.  4.— The  firmness  manifested  at 
the  London  sales  gives  a  tone  that  no  kinds  of  wool  are  to  be 
bought  better,  and  the  Btaplera  here  bold  for  prices  that  the 
spinners  cannot  give.    Noils  and  brokes  are  without  change. 

Colonial  Wool  Sales.— The  siiles  which  have  been  in  daily 
progress  for  the  last  three  weeks  in  London,  have  been  cha- 
racterised from  the  commencement  by  a  good  spirit.  This 
activity  continues,  and  prices  are  now  higher  than  during  the 
first  few  days  of  the  aeiies.  An  advance  from  5  to  7  J  per  cent, 
above  the  closing  rates  of  tbe  August  sales  has  been  fully 
established.  The  attendance  of  English  buyers  does  not 
exceed  the  general  average,  while  the  number  of  foreigners 
present  is  unusually  small.  Nevertheless  there  is  an  eagerness 
to  buy  displayed,  which  leaves  no  room  to  hope  that  there  will 
be  any  reduction  in  prices  during  the  present  series,  which  will 
close  on  tbe  lOch  inst. 

MARK  LANE, 
ifoNDAT,  Nov,  1,— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  this 
morning  was  small,  but  fair  from  Kent,  and  met  a  free 
sale  at  the  extreme  rates  of  this  day  se'nnight.  Owing  to  the 
large  arrivals  of  foreign  Wheat  and  Flour,  only  a  retail  busi- 
ness was  transacted  at  last  week's  piiets. — Barley  brings  Is, 
per  qr.  advance  upon  the  prices  of  this  day  week. — New  Beans 
are  Is,  per  qr.  dearer  ;  old  are  unaltered  in  value. — For  white 
Peas,  we  reduce  our  quotations  2?.  per  qr. ;  Maple  and  Dunn 
remain  as  last  week.— The  Oat  trade  is  dull  at  late  rates.— 
Flour  maintains  its  value. 

Pee  Iupebial  Qoarteb.             |s.      s. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  4;  Suffolk. ,.White'38— 50  Red  

—  —    fine  selected  runs,.. dittO|42— 54  Red  

—  —    Talavera  ]52— 56 

—  Norfolk 40—48  Red  

—  Foreign 134—54 

Barley,grind.&  distiL,  24s  to  27s. ..Chev. '26—34  Malting 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling, 23 — 26  Malting 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18— l;i 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnabire...  Potato  18 — 22  Feed 

—  Irish Potato  17—20  Feed 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  18— 21  Feed 

Rye     29-32  Foreign 

Rye-meal,  foreign 1     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 3l3  to  333 Tick  33—35 

—  Pigeon  34s  —  37s. ..Winds.  39—41 

—  Foreign Small|33— 38 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers, 40— 44 

—  Maple 32s  to  35b..... Grey|30— 33 

Maize     White;     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37 — 40 

—  Suffolk dittOj25— 32  Norfolk  .25- 

—  Foreign per  barrel|21— 24  Per  sack  28- 

Peidat,   Nov,    5. —  The  arrivals   of  foreign  Wheat  during 

the  week  have  been  again  large,  and  of  Flour  good.  To-day's 
market  was  thinly  attended,  and  scarcely  any  business  trans- 
acted. In  floating  cargoes  arrived  there  has  been  a  good  salo 
on  rather  enhanced  terms.  In  English  we  observe  no  altera- 
tion. The  Flour  trade  ia  firm  but  not  active.— Barley,  Beans, 
and  Grey  Peas  are  scarce,  and  command  Monday's  prices ; 
we  have  good  supplies  of  white  Peas  from  abroad,— The  Oat 
trade  is  dull,  at  rather  lower  prices. 

Impebial  Avebaqes. 


fTarrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
rellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


32—44 
38—48 


28—30 
27-30 

17—19 
17—19 
15-19 


33-35 
30—34 
32—31 

42-45 
32—44 


Wheat. 

Baelet. 

Oats 

Rye. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

J.  d. 

39    6 
38    9 
38    5 

37  10 

38  8 

39  2 

!.   d. 

27    4 
27     5 
27    4 

27  5 

28  8 

29  5 

s.    d. 
17  11 
17    4 

17  C 

18  0 
17  10 
17    G 

s.    d. 
31    0 
30    5 
■23  10 
30    1 
25    8 
■26    0 

s.   d. 
33  10 

33  10 

34  0 
34    1 
34    2 
34    7 

s.   i. 
29  10 

Oct.      2 

30    0 

9 

30    i 
30    4 

30  9 

31  S 

—  16 

—  23 

—    30 

ABEreg.   Aver. 

38    9 

28    0 

17     8 

•28     8 

34    1 

30    5 

Fluctuations  in  the  last  Six  Weeks*  Avekaqes.       ^ 

Feices, 

Sept.25. 

Oct.  2. 

Oct.  9.: 

Oct.  16 

Oct.  23. 

Oct.  30 

833  Sd- 
39    2 
38    9 
88    8 
38    5 
37  10 

... 

L 

_•:... 

... 

:::  L 

...     - 

... 



■■•     -1 

ijivEBPooi.,  Tdesdat,  Nov,  2.— The  imports  of  British  graii 
and  Flour  continue  to  be  very  light,  but  we  have  had  ratbei 
large  arrivals  of  Wheat  and  Flour  from  foreign  porta.  The 
Corn  Exchange  this  morning  was  well  attended.  Business 
generally  was  not  so  active  as  during  the  past  week,  but  prices 
were  further  improved,  and  an  advance  must  be  quoted  on  th( 
rates  of  this  day  se'nnight  of  3d.  [.er  bushel  on  Wheat,  6d.  pel 
barrel  and  sack  on  flour,  6d.  per  quarter  on  Indian  Corn,  am 
Is.  per  qr.  on  Egyptian  Beans.  Cats  and  Oatmeal  fully  sup 
ported  late  prices,  and  a  fair  demand  fmm  consumers,  and  t( 
hold  over.    Barley  and  Peas  were  unaltered  in  value.    Lin8ee( 

cakes   advanced  IO5.   per  ton. Feidat,    Oct.  29;— With 

diminished  show  of  home  Wheat,  farmers  realised  an  improve 
ment  of  2d.  to  3d,  per  70  lbs.,  and  a  tolerable  clearance  wai 
effected.  Flour  was  held  for  3d.  to  6J.  per  barrel  more  money. 
In  Barley,  Malt,  and  Peas  no  variation  can  be  noted  ;  but 
Beans  are  again  rather  dearer;  the  stock  here  is  light,  and 
transactions  necessarily  circumscribed.  A  large  business 
is  doing  in  floating  cargoes,  at  ratber  improviog  rates,  in  which 
Wheats  of  all  kinds  participated. 


j     45—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


719 


GOTTAM      AFB      HALLE  IT, 

2,    WINSLEY    STKEET,    AND    76,    OXFORD    STREET,    LONDON. 


IS    lequested    for    then    ^EW    HORTICLLTURAL    LIST,  coutaining    Illustrations, 
Descriptions,    and  Piices  of 
lonservatorieg                    Mowing  MachineB            ]  Hand-glasa  Frames         1  Garden  Engines  I  Flower  Sticks 

<reenhouse3  Fountains  |  Game  Netting  |      Do.      Syriogea  |  Garden  Bordering 

lot  Water  Apparatus       Ornamental  Wire  Work  I  Hurdles  Do.      Rollers  I  Wateriug  Pots 

harden  Tasea  Flower  Stands  |  Garden  Chairs  |  Flower  Labels  [  Garden  Arches,  &c, 

IRON  BITRSX.SS,  STRAXTd'EO  ^2?'IR32  FB^^CIU'G,  GA.»IS  StrSTTIItTG,  &c. 

AGRICULTURAL  LIST  UPON  APPLICATION. 
EVERY    DESCRIPTION     OF    PLAIN,    ORNAMENTAL,    CAST    AND    WROUGHT    IRON,    AND    WIRE    WORK. 

EXHIBITION  PRIZE  MEDAL  GATES  AND    ENAMELLED  MANGERS. 


GALVANISED      WIRE      GAMt:      NETTING.- 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY   HOT   WATER.  _ 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES.  WARRANTED  THE 
MOST  EFFICIENT. 

r      WEEKS    AND    CO.,    KiDg's-road,    Chelsea,   Hot- 

'  •  H0C3E  EoiLDEBs  ;  Horticulture  in  all  i^s  branches  upon 
the  moat  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  ecunomi- 
cal.  The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hoars  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
tarn  water  passes  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing  like  the  same 
effect,  with  tliQ  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  ot 
thoseboilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 

Orift  Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 

ereral  large  Forciotj-houaes  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 

ODflumptlon  of  fuel. 
Plans,   Models,  and   Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 

lao  Catalogaea  of  Piaats,   Vines,  Seed?,  &c.,  forwarded  on 

ppllcation. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  Kiog*8-road,  Chelsea,  Lnndon. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

it  THE  LOWEST  PRICKS  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  ANC  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AXD  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  bad  connldcrable  czpcrienco  In  the  cun< 
traction  of  Ilortlcultaral  Erectlonn,  which,  for  elegance  ol 
lesli^n,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  oombinod  with 
•coQomy  and  prnotlcal  adaptation,  cannot  be  aurpasBcd  bj 
loythlng  of  the  kind  In  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
ixecnt'--  order*  on  the  lowest  potPilble  ttrms. 

O.  and  O.  have  been  exttntilvcly  cmjfloycd  by  the  Nobility, 
Jenlry,  and  London  ^arserymeo,  and  to  all  by  nhom  thoj 
lave  been  favoured  with  orders  ihcy  cftn  with  the  greatest 
soofldenfie  giro  the  most  satisfactory  referorices. 

Their  lfot.Wat«r  Apparatns  Is  alio  coovtructed  on  the  most 
ipprovcd  tod  sclootlflc  prioclples,  for  all  parpokes  to  which  the 
ippMratlofi  or  TIeatlntr  by  Hot  Water  oan  he  made  available. 


*  LMtlOI    DOMO." — A   Canva«,   made   of  prepared 

*-  Hair  and  Wo^l,  a  perfect  non-cond'ictor  of  Iloat  and 
idapted  to  many  Ilorttcalturftl  and  Floriftultural  parpo»c«  for 
covering  over  TrAmes  where  a  fixed  tcmp«rature  U  ri-r|iilrud. 
[t  I*  'il  y«r4<  wl'Ic,  and  of  nny  roqnired  length,  at  1*.  id.  per 
rard  run.— MnnufucuTol  fii.l>  by  K,  T.  Aaciira,  Carpft  Mnnu- 
.icturer,  1  jl,  New  Oaford.s'reet,  Lt^udon, 


Galvan-       Japanned 
ised.  Iron, 

2.inchmesfa,  Hgbt,  21  inches  wido    ...    7d.  peryd,    5(i.  peryd. 
2-iuch      „       strong  ,,  ...     9       „  6^      „ 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ...  12      ,,  9"     ,, 

1^-inch     „      light  „  ...    8      „  6       „ 

Ig-inch     ,,      strong  „  ...  10      ,,  8       „ 

l^-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  11      „  II       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  0-alvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

.Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borouerh,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


GREENHOUSES  CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

HOT-WATER    APPARATUS  MANUFACTORY, 
Kensall-qreew,  Haerow-boad,  London. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  moat  respectfully  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Green- 
houses, Conr^ervatorieg,  Forcing  Pits,  &c.,  and  all  other  build- 
ings for  Horticultural  purposeF>,  combining  all  the  most  modern 
improvements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
heating  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  itc,  has  received  the  greatest 
approbation  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  had 
been  extensively  engaged. 


THE  RHEOCLINE,  OR  SPRING  COUCH, 
portable  without  detaching  any  of  its  parts,  softer  than 
a  Feaiber  Bed,  and  which  can  be  changed  in  One  Moment  from 
a  Couch  to  either  a  Bed  or  Sofa,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  AND  HALLEN'3  7G,  OXFORD-STRRET, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  METALLIC  BED- 
STEADS, fitted  with  and  without  the  patent  RHEOCLINE, 
(fcc.  tbc,  together  with  a  large  assortment  of  the  patent 
Radiating  and  other  STOVES,  and  every  othtr  deecription  of 
IRONMONGERY. 


PURE     WATER. 

THE      ASBESTOS      FILTER.— Manufacturers, 
TAYLOR  AND  PEARS,  Late  OXLEY  and  CO., 
8,  George-yard,  Lombard  street,  London. 

ExTBAcr  paoM  "Lancet," 
Jane  26,  1852. 
"  The  Asbestos  Filter  of 
Mesers.  Oxiey  and  Co.  Is  the 
best  Filter  hitherto  con- 
structed. Its  superiority 
consists  in  the  fullowing 
oircumstancep  : — First,  The 
Ulteriug  media  are  composed 
of  layers  of  Asbostos  nnd 
river  ennd,  so  arranged  as 
to  admit  of  being  readily 
removed  and  cleansed  from 
time  to  time,  from  the  Im- 
purities derived  from  the 
wa  or  which  passes  thrciu^h 
them.  Second,  The  ndncral, 
AHbowlOH,  Is  substituted  fur 
the  animal  Hiil)ntnnco,Hpoiige, 
the  'idviintaKus  ot  tho  lorinor 
being,  that  tt  1h  not  iliiblo  to 
booome,  like  sponge,  putre- 
scent, and  that  it  may  bo 
OFiHlly  and  porfcctly  clciansud. 
An  tho  public  aro  »tlll  con- 
demnud  to  drink  Hlthy 
Thames  wntt^r,  no  funiily 
hiiving  roicnrd  forck-anlinons 
nnd  ht-alrh  should  bu  without 
un  I  indent  iiltcr." 


HORTICULTUML     GLASS 

OF   EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS   MILLISGTOIir'S    WAREHOUSE, 

C7,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 


LONDON. 


J 


GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES 
GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FKA.MB3,  4c  ' 

AMES   PHILLIPS   and   CO.   beg   to  baud    their 
prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Tacked  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 

JE.  3. 

rf. 

6byt,  Ciby4*     . 

.    0  13 

0 

7by5,  7iby5i     . 

..    0  15 

0 

8  by  6,  8    by  5|     . 

.    0  15 

0 

8  by  6,  8J  by  U     , 

..    0  15 

0 

9  by  7,  ID  by  8        . 

.    1    0 

0 

Cut  to  order  ia  Fanes  not 
above  40  inches  long. 

Per  foot. 

16  oz 23<?.to    3d. 

21  do Z\d.  ioi\'i. 

26  do Z},d.tolh'l. 

32  do Gla.  to    M. 

Vavious  sizes  of  16  or.  Sheet  Glass,  such  as  12  by  9  12  by 
10.  13  by  10,  li  by  10,  and  15  by  10,  packed  in  hoses  at  ISs.  ner 
100  feet.  "^ 

Packed  in  Crates  of  300  feet  at  2id,,  Ifi  ounces  to  the  foot 
or  14  ounces  2\d,  "  ' 

PATENT  SHEET  GLASS, 
Sold  in  cases  conlainiog  25  sheets,  ■JS  inches  long  by  36  inches 
wide  — 300  fett,  at  3^.  ds  per  case,  net  cash.  Esperial  attentioa 
is  directed  to  the  size,  48  by  36  inches,  containing  12  superficial 
feet,  and  weighing  from  16  to  17  oz.  to  the  foot,  which  is  the 
largest  ever  made. 

FOREIGN  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
in  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  33s.,  40^  ,  to  42s.  per  case. 

Milk  Pans,  from  2s.  to  Qs.  each,  Propagating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Camoys' Milk  Syphona, 
Tiles  and  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishopa- 
gafce-street  Without,  London. 


-':9-:. 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES.  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT    FRAMES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz,  Sheet  Glass 
of  British  Manufacture,  packed  iu  buses,  containing  10 
square  feet  each,  at  the  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 
Sizes.  — laches.  Inches.        Perfoot.    Per  100  feet. 

Under    6  by  4      at      \\d.  is  £0  12    6 
From    6    by    *        „  7    „    5      „      2d.      „    0  16    8 

7  „     5         „  8    „     6       „       2^(i.     „     0  18     9 

8  ,,     6        „         10    ,,     8       ,,       "ild.     ,,     1     0  10 
.10     ,,     8        „         12     „     9       „       ^d.    „     1     2  11 

La'"ger  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  inches  long, 
16  oz.  from  Zd.  to  Z\d.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size. 
21  oz.    „    34d.  to5d.  „  „ 

26  oz.    „     Ud,  to  l}d.         „  „ 

PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  and 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  for  Horticultural  purposes,  at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 

GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattera, 
either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 

Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glass 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipes,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitherto  manufietured  in  glass. 

PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  supersede  all 
other  inferior  winiiow  glass  in  a  gentUman'ri  residence.  No 
alteration  connected  with  the  *ash  is  required. 

GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  for  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury  by  ex- 
posure. Prices,  since  t!ie  removal  of  the  excise  duty  re- 
duced one-half.  List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on 
application  to  James  Hbtle?  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square, 
Londnn. 

SOHO    GLASS    WAREHOUSE,    26.    SOHO    SQUARE. 

ALFRED  GOSLETT  begs  to  inform  consumers  of 
Glass  for  Horticultural  purposes  that  he  supplies  the 
foUo'ving  descriptions,  either  in  crates,  as  manufactured,  at 
Reddced  Prices,  or  cut  to  any  given  size  : — ENGLISH 
CROWN  and  SHEET  GLASS  of  every  weight  manufactured. 
HARTLEY'S  PATENT  ROLLED  ROUGH  GLASS,  one- 
eightb,  three-sixleentha,  and  one.  quarter  inch  thick.  BELGIAN 
SHEET  GLASS,  in  cases,  containing  200  feet,  of  one  given  size, 
at  40s.  per  case,  in  parcels  of  five  cases  at  3Ss.,  and  in  parcels 
of  10  cases,  at  37s.  per  case,  foe  Cabh  ;  or  cut  to  order  at 
Zd,  per  foot  superficial.  Estimates  or  any  further  particulars 
will  be  fnrwarHed  upon  application. 

E"WING'S  PATENT  GLAKS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob< 
tained: — Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserjmen,  »fec.,  Chel- 
sea; Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine-applp- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs.  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  tfec, 
FulhaTU,  London;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  (be.,  Chic- 
wick,  London  ;  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs.  Dicksun,  Nurserymen,  Chester;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull,  Nurserjuitn,  Perth;  Mr.  MTntosh,  F.R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  DalkuUh  ;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.3., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Tieutham,  Stafford, 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea ;  Messrs. 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St, 
Helen's,  Lancashire. 

There  Walls  can,  when  dosirod,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the  best  orinciplfi.     Existing  Walls  cvered  with  GIiish  and  Iron. 

ANTI-CHOLERA    PRECAUTIONS. 
q^HE  COMFORT  of  a  FIXED   WATER-CLOSET 

J-  for  U  —Places  In  gardens  con vtTtod  into  comlortable  wator- 
oloBots  by  tho  PATENT  HERMElTCALLY-SliALKD  FAN, 
with  its  self-acting  water  trap  valvo,  entirely  preventing  the 
return  of  cold  air  or  cmuvia.  Price  li.  Any  carpinter  can  fix  It 
in  two  hours.  ludifipeuHablo  for  houllh  In  cane  of  the  Cholera, 
AIho  Patent  HerniotlcaMy-Soalcd  Inodorous  Cijniim)des  for  tho 
sick  room  :  price  U.  4fl.,  'JJ,  Cs  ,  nnd  31.  A  prospectus  with 
ongrnvings,  forwarded  byonoloaing  a  poet  etamp. 

At  Fife  i;Co.'B.2fl,  Tavlstock-stroot.Covont  Garden,  London. 

r  r  EAL  ^SON'S  ILLUSTOA^D~CA7rAL0GUE 

1  1-  OF  IJEDSTEADS,  scut  freo  by  post,  enntains  designs 
and  prices  of  upwards  of  One  llnNDUKD  dlllV-ront  Bedsteads 
in  Iron,  BraHS,  Japanned  Wood,  Polished  Birch,  Mahogany, 
RpHuwood  and  Waluut-tn-o  Wouds  ;  alHo  thulr  Priced  List  of 
Budding  ;  and  their  Now  Waro-rooms  iniblo  them  to  keep  one 
of  each  denlgti  llxod  for  Inhpcotion.  They  buvo  alwo,  In  addillon 
to  their  usual  stdcU,  a  groat  variety  of  llio  bust  designs  of 
PAltlSIAN  BEDSTEADS,  boih  la  Wood  and  Iron,  which  they 
I'avo  jiiHt  Imported, 

Uv.KU  and  Hon,  Boilatoad  nnd  Budding  Miinufactiirors, 
ly;,  Tottenham  Court  Roud,  London, 


720 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.         [Nov.  6. 


AMBROISE  VERSCHAFFELT,  Nurseryman, 
Gheat,  (BeUium),  has  just  published  his  new  Catalof^ue, 
which  may  be  had  of  hia  anent,  Mr.  R.  SiLBsaaAD,  5,  Harp- 
Ian  e.Grea^Tower-flfreei^Londi^^ 


CHOICE  BULBS    AND  FLOWER  ROOTS. 
s.  d.       s.  d. 
Tropreolam  tricolorum,  fine  tubers,  each  ...    2   S  to   3   6 

,,  brachyeeras        „  ,,       1    6    „    2    6 

,,  azureum  „  „       3    G 

Tritonia  aurea,  splendid      „  „       2    G    ,,    5    0 

OxaUB  elegans,  new  and  fine  ,,      1    G 

,,  ,,         major,  ,,  , 1    6 

Cyclamen,  in  seven  beautiful  varieties    1    0    „    5    0 

Babiana  rubia  cyanea  ,,  „       3    G 

Snperb  collections  of  Alstrmmeria,  Ixias,  Sparaisis,  Oxalia, 
Babiana,  and  varioua  other  Cape  Roots.  For  siiperior  selections 
of  Ranunculus,  Anemone,  Gladioli,  Englifih  Iris,  Imported 
Dutch  Hyttcinlhs,  Crocus,  and  other  roots.  Also,  for  collections 
of  choice  Stove,  Greenhouee,  Winter  Floweriiiff  Ilerboceous. 
Kock,  and  other  plantB,  see  advenisemeots  in  the  (7a rt^e iters' 
Chronicle  of  October  IGch  and  30th. 

For  partic'ilars,  seo  •'  Autumn  Catalogue,"  supplied  for 
three  postaRe  stamps. 

Bass  and  Brown,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment, 
Sudbury.  SufFolk. 


EG.  HENDERSON  and  SON  beg  to  offer 
•  PLECTR^NTHUS  CONCALOll  PICT  A,  7s  Gd.  each. 
The  Trade  will  bave  the  usual  discouot,  and  one  plant  over  on 
every  two  ordcreti. 

TROP^OLQM  AZTIREUM         ...    3s.  6i7.  and  5s.  OfZ.   each. 
„  TRICOLORUM  2     6      and   3     6  „ 

„  TUIOMPH   DE   GAND.— This  is  the  finest 

and    be*t   variety    for    winter    flowering,    larger    than 

"Lobbii; "  BtronpT         3s.  Gci.  each, 

JASMINUM  GRANDTFLORUM       3    6        „ 

„  FLORA  PLEN. 

Now  Ghent  AZALEAS,  ;42s.  per  dozen;  these  are  great 
improvements  in  colour  and  form  on  the  Ghent  varieties  in 
general  cultivation. 

GLOXINIAS,  six  choice  named  varieties,  post  free,  for  21s. 
ORANGES:    Otaheite,   Mjrtle-leaved,    and  Royal  Bigardie, 
plants  for  flowering  through  the  winter  and  spring,  3s.  Gd.,  5s., 
and  7s.  Gd.  each. 

Our  New  CINERARIAS  and  FANCY  GERANIUMS  are  now 
ready  ;  for  descriptions  see  back  Numbers  of  this  Paper, 
The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade. 
Wellington-road,  St.  John's. wood.  London.  Nov.  C. 


LAWDSCAPE   GARDENING   REVIVED   AS   AN    ART. 

MR.  THOROLD,  of'Thorpe  Bower,  near  Norwich, 
offers  his  services  to  the  nobility  and  gentry  as  a 
Landscape  and  Ornamental  Gardener  in  the  highest  style, 
including  Decorations  around  a  House,  Forming  Water, 
Approaches,  Vistas,  Picturesque  Scenery,  correcting  the  effijrts 
of  Amateurs,  and  directing  the  practical  execution  of  works. 

Mr.  T.  has  no  connection  with  Nurserymen  or  any  Trade 
whatever. 


Tins  'Jay  is  published,  price  2s.  Gd., 

rOLIA  ORCHtDACEA.— An   Enumeration   of  the 
known  species  of  Orchids.    By  Professor  Lindlet. 
Part  I.,  containing  :■ 


Stanhopea 8  pages 

COETANTCES 4 

lONOPSIS  4 

QrjEKETTIA     2 

J.  Matthews.  5,  Upper  Wellington- street,  Covent  Garden. 


ZiGiisTATES 2  pages 

Oddntoqlossdji      ...  24    ,, 

DlDACTTLE      4      „ 


Third  Edition,  much  cnlarKed,  43.  Gd. 

RECREATIONS  IN  GEOLOGY.     By  Miss  R.  M. 
ZoENLf^I. 

Of  the  same  SeriPS. 
RECREATIONS  IN  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY.     By  Miss 
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London  :  John  W.  Paekee  and  Son,  West  Strand, 


liecentlv  published,  price  IL  lis.  Gd., 

THE  ROSE  GARDEN.  By  William  Paul. 
Embracing  the  History  and  Culture  of  the  Rose,  with  full 
descriptions  of  all  the  leading  varieties,  illustrated  by  15  highly 
finished  coloured  plates. 

Also,  price  Is.  Gd., 

OBSERVATIONS   ON  THE   CULTIVATION  OP   ROSES 

IN  POTS,  including  Forcing  and  Propagating.  Second  Edition. 

Also,  price  Is., 

MORNING    RAMBLES    IN    THE    ROSE    GARDENS   OF 

HERTFORDSHIRE. 

Also,  price  Is., 
AN  HOUR  WITH  THE  HOLLYHOCK. 
N.B.    These   works  have  been  favourably    noticed  by  the 
leading  horticultural  journals. 

PiPEa,   Beothers,   and  Co.,  Paternoster-row;  or  from  the 
Author,  Cheshtint,  Herts,  by  post,  at  the  prices  above  quoted, 

RECENTLY    IMPORTED    FROM    SWEDEN] 

AGARDH    J.    G.     SPECIES    GENERA    et    OR- 
DINES  ALQAROM.    Vol.  IL,  pars  3,  div,  i.    Royal  8vd. 
Price  2s. 

i^^  Any  of  the  former  Parts  may  still  be  had  ;  and  most  of 
Professor  Agardh's  other  Works  are  kept  in  Stock. 

AGARDH  J.  G.  DE  CELLULA  VEQETABILl  FIBRILLIS 

TENUISSIMIS  CONTEXTA.     Royal  4to,  plate.     Price  2s.  6rf, 

London:  William  Pamplin,  4.5.  Fvith-wtreet.  Soho-Bquaro. 


Just  published.  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  COTTAGE  FARMING.— 
"If  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allotme  enantry  or  the 
cultivators  of  email  farms  to  manage  tlierlmd  :nore  prohu 
ably  than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustomed  to  do — we 
venture  to  recommend  this  little  Catechism  as  likely  to  be 
very  useful  for  distribution  among  them." — Gardeners'  Chronicle 
and  Agricultural  Qazette. 

Also,  Fifih  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  GARDENING. 

Price  id.  each;    13  copies  sent  free  by  post  for  4s.  Gd,     The 

two  Catechisms  bound  together  in  cloth.  Is. 

These  c'ever  and  interesting  little  Cittechisms,  by  a  well. 

known  writer  on  Hural  Economy,  are  admirably  adapted  for 

difl"usiog  an  improved  knowltdge  and  practice  of  Farming  and 

Gatdeniug  among  the  smaller  class  of  cultivators. 

Alflo,  Third  Edition,  price  2s,,  bound  in  cloth, 

'    RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 

AND  GARDENERS:  A  Treasury  of  Information  on  Cow- 
Keeping,  Sheep,  Pigs,  Poultry,  the  Horse,  Pony,  Ass,  Goat, 
Honey  Bee,  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
&c.,  ijc.,  &,c.     By  Martin  Doile,  and  others. 

"It  is  all  that  it  professes  to  bo."— British  Quarterly  Review. 

'This  is  rural  economy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and 
form;  Its  multifarious  and  interesting  subjects  may  actually 
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wc  may  add,  to  be  purchased."— C/iristiau  Witness. 

London  :  Geoombridge  and  Sons,  Paternoster  Row. 
Sold  by  all  Bookeellen, 


POPULAR  VOYAGES  AND  TRAVELS. 

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CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS  ;  his  Life,  Voyages, 

and  Dipcovery  nf  the  Mew  World.     Third  Edition.     25.  Gd. 

MUNGO  PARK  ;  his  Life  and  Travels,  with  an 
Account  of  his  Death,  and  of  later  Discoveries.  Third 
Edition.     23.  Gd. 

HUMBOLDT'S  TRAVELS  AND  DISCOVERIES 

IN  AMERICA.     Second  Edition,     2$.  Gd. 

London  :  John  W.  Parker  and  Son,  West  Strand. 


Fifth  Edition,  with  Woodcuts,  2s.  Gd. 

\/riNERALS  AND  METALS;  their  Natural  History 
iVX  and  U-ea  in  the  Arts;  with  Incidental  Accounts  of 
Mines  and  Mining. 

With  Coloured  Frontispiece.  7s.  6d. 
MINERALS  AND  THEIR  USES  ;  in  a  Series  of 
Letters  to  a  Lady.     By  J.  R.  Jacssos,  F.R.S. 

London  :  John  W.  Pabkee  and  Son,  West  Strand. 


Iq  One   Volume,  fcp.  8vo,    price  6s.   cloth,  the  4:h    Edition, 
corrected  and  improved, 

RIVERS'S  ROSE  AMATEUR'S  GUIDE; 
containing  ample  Descriptions  of  all  the  fine  leading 
Varieties  of  Roses,  regularly  clasped  in  their  respective 
Families  ;  their  History  and  .Mode  of  Culture. 

"  Mr.  Rivers  is  the  best  authority  on  the  cultivation  of  the 
Rose." — Qentleman's  Magazine. 

London:  Longman,  Brown,  Geeen,  and  Longmans. 


FOUNTAINS.— In  addition  to  a  large  number  of 
such  works  for  the  open  ground,  which  Mr.  Seelet  is 
enabled  to  execute  by  means  of  the  accumulated  models  of 
more  than  twenty  years,  he  solicits  attention  to  the  following 
list  of  small  Fountains  for  Conservatories  ;  — 

The  Pantheon  Fountain,  designed  by  S.  Smirke,  Esq.    36J. 

A  Roman  Ground  Basin  enriched  with  leaves,  and  with 
wreathed  torus,  5  ft.  6  in.  diameter,  with  Lotus  flower  for  the 
centre  ;  the  whole  4  ft,  4  in.  from  the  ground.  23(. 

A  Ground  Basin,  7  It.  diameter,  with  an  enriched  rim,  and  a 
group  of  Boys  in  the  centre,  supporting  a  plain  vate.  24i, 

A  design  cuitable  for  a  niche  about  G  or  7  feet  high.  9i, 

A  Vase  of  loaf  pattern,  5  ft.  diameter,  with  a  centre  of  corre- 
sponding design  ;  the  wlio'.e  standing  5  ft.  9  in.  high.  18i. 

A  L'lain  Ground  Basin,  8  ft.  diameter,  in  the  centre  of  which 
a  shell,  3  ft.  diameter,  supported  by  a  handsome  pedestal,  4  feet 
high.  IGl. 

A  Flat  Bowl,  6  ft.  diameter,  with  group  of  three  tritoas  sup- 
porting a  shell  and  dolphins,  ISL 

A  Pair  of  Shells  on  rock,  intended  for  a  water  basin,  edged 
with  flints.  12  guineas. 

A  Plain  Ground  Basin,  12  ft,  diameter,  and  plain  Tazza, 
supported  by  three  storks.  30i. 

A  Plain  Ground  Basin,  6  ft.  diameter,  with  plain  centre 
piece.  12t. 

An  enriched  Ground  Basin,  7  ft.  diameter,  with  two  Tazzas 
of  corresponding  style,  supported  by  entwined  Griffins.  2SZ. 

A  Yiise,  4  fc,  diameter,  with  figure  of  a  Boy  and  Dolphin  in 
centre.  lU  guineas. 

A  Ground  Basin,  10  ft,  diameter,  with  a  double  shell  centre 
piece,  5  ft.  high.  211. 

A  Plain  Ground  Basin,  8  ft.  diameter,  with  enriched  Tazza, 
3  fr.  10  in.  diameter.  22i. 

A  Design  entirely  of  a  leaf  pattern,  6  ft.  9  in.  in  diameter.  21^. 

A  Ground  Basin,  with  enriched  rim,  in  centre  of  which  a 
twisted  cable,  supporting  a  shell  and  small  figure.  17i. 

A  Tazza  In  thu  Elizabethan  style,  3  ft.  G  in.  diameter,  on  a 
suitable  pedestal ;  height,  4  ft,  6  in.  9i. 

An  enriched  Pan  or  Ground  Basin,  4  ft.  6  io.'diameter,  to  be 
used  for  aquatic  plants.  In  the  centre  a  stone  ba^^ket  of  wicker 
pattern,  from  which  rises  a  cluster  of  white  lilies,  executed  in 
cupper,  and  painted  like  nature.  Tne  lilies  support  a  glass  fish 
basin,  in  the  centre  of  which  i,  a  quiet  jet  of  water  ;  executed 
for  the  late  Sir  F.  Sykes.  30t. 

A  Ground  Basin,  10  ft.  diameter,  with  moulded  ba^e  and 
Tazza.  for  the  centre,  3  ft.  7  in.  diameter,  and  small  centre 
flower  ;  G  ft,  S  in.  liiujh.  2U. 

A  Grecian  Tazza,  3  ft.  diameter,  on  a  round  pedestal  (this 
basin  ie  deep  enou^'h  for  gold  fish).  6t, 

A  Ground  Basin,  with  enricbed  rim,  7  ft.  diameter,  and  a 
centre  flower  with  florets  ;  height  4  feet.  21i. 

A  Bowl  with  scolloped  rim,  G  ft,  diameter,  in  the  centre  three 
entwined  griffins,  supporting  a  cluster  of  Bhells ;  height, 
5  ft.  6io.  2Gi. 

A  Ground  Bdsin,  enriched  with  sculpture  in  the  Roman 
stylo,  4  ft.  diamettr,  on  lion's  claws  (iron).  In  the  centre  a 
small  leaf  Tazza  elevated  on  a  stalk  and  lotus  flower.   I'll, 

N.B.  He  has  also  just  prepared  a  pattern-bheet  of  some  hand- 
some Flower  Vases,  which  he  will  be  happy  to  forward  by  post 
to  any  gentleman  requiring  such  ornaments. 

Anibcial  Stone  Works,  Nofl,  1  to  4,  Keppel  Row,  New  Road, 
Regent's  Park.  


wooLwioa. 

TO  GEIMTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  FLORISTS,  S  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
directed  to  sell  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  Bowater 
Nursery,  Woolwich,  on  WEDNESDAY,  November  lOth,  and 
fi'Uowiiig  days,  at  11  o'clock  each "  day  (by  order  of  Mr. 
C.  A.  VViltiaaip,  the  Lease  having  expired),  the  whole  of  the 
valuable  NURSERY  STOCK  of  Evergreens,  Fruit  and  Orna- 
mental Trees,  consisting  of  fine  Aucuba,  Arbutus,  Ctiina 
Arbor-Vitre,  Sweet  Bays,  Phillyreas,  Yew,  varied  and  green 
iioUies,  Euonymus,  Privet,  Laurestinus,  Alaternus,  Rliodo- 
deodrous,  Kalmia,  Azaleas,  Spruce  Firs,  Standard  and  Dwarf 
Roses,  Cotoueaster,  Clematis,  Jasmine,  Virginian  Creeper, 
ristolochia,  Irish  Ivies,  Herbaceous  Plants,  &c.,  In  pots. 
Laburnum,  Pupiar,  Weeping  Ash,  Lime,  Elm,  Lilac,  Thorns, 
Standard  and  Dtvarf-traiued  Peach,  Nectirine,  Apricot,  Plain, 
Cherry,  Apple,  Pear,  Gooseberries,  Currant,  Rhubarb,  *kc, — 
May  ba  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale  ;  Catalogues  may  be  had 
\Gd,  each,  returnable  to  purchasers)  on  the  premises  ;  of  the 
principal  seedsmen  in  Loudon ;  and  of  the  Auctioneere, 
American  Nursery,  Leytonatone,  Essex. 


ROTHERFIELD,  NEAR  TONBRIDGE  WELLS, 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN,  AND 

OTHEKS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  Mr.  Field  (who  is  declining  business),  to 
submit  to  an  unreserved  Sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premisep, 
Steel  Cross  Nursery,  Rotherfield,  Suasex,  on  MONDAY, 
November  15th,  and  following  ditys,  at  11  o'clock  each  day, 
the  whole  of  the  healthy  and  well-grown  NURSERY  STOCK, 
consisting  of  about  200,000  Forest,  Ornamental,  and  Fruit 
Trees;  20,0iJ0  evergreens  ;  also  000,000  Quicli ;  fine  American 
Plants,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  Seedling  Ash,  Aider, 
etc.  May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  may  be 
obtaiued  on  the  premise^,  the  George  Inn,  Kothertield  ;  Star 
Inn,  Mai  field;  Queen's  Head  Ion,  Wadhurst,  Sussex;  Crown 
liotel,  Toubridgu  ;  Swan  inn,  Toubridge  Wells  ;  of  the  prin- 
cipal Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Atnerican 
Nursery,  Leytonstonej  Esses, 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
fi/JESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  Sel 
Lii  by  Auction,  at  the  Mart.  Bartholomew-lane,  on  TUES 
DAY,  November  9,  at  12  o'clock,  a  lirst-rate  Collection  o 
DUTCH  BULBS— conaieting  of  the  finest  D.iuble  and  Singli 
Hyacinths,  Narcissi,  Jonquils,  Anemones,  Crocuses,  Snow 
drops,  a.nd  Tulips  ;  abr>ut  5000  extra  fine  mixed  Ranunculusei 
of  English  growth.  Also  a  selected  assortment  of  Stiindarc 
and  Dwarf  Roses,  American  Plants  well  set  with  bloom-buds 
&R  — May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  can  bi 
had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery 
Leytonetone,  Essex, 

BROMPTON. 
TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS,  AND  OTHERS. 
j\/rESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  ar< 
^  -*-  instructed  by  the  solicitors  to  the  estate, -to  submit  to  at 
unreperved  sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  Fulham-road 
Brompton,  on  THURSDAY,  November  18,  and  following  day 
at  11  o'clock  eich  day  (to  clear  the  ground  immediately),  th( 
vahmble  NUK,SERY  STOCK  on  two  acres  of  ground,  coa 
slating  of  Ornamen'al,  Fruit,  and  Forest  Trees,  choice  Ever 
greens,  American  Plants,  and  Deciduous  Shrubs  ;  also  fiv( 
newly-ericted  Greenhouses,  three  ranges  of  Pits,  and  i 
quantity  of  2  and  S-light  Boxes  ;  together  with  the  whole  ol 
the  Greanhouse  Plants,  comprising  fine  Double  Camellias  well 
set  with  bloom-bnds,  Azilea  indica,  Geraniums,  (be. — May  be 
viewed  prior  to  the  sale.  Catalogues  may  be  bad  on  the  pre. 
miaes  ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London;  and  of  tht 
AuctiooeerB,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


ORCHIDS. 

|\/rR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wiU  sell  by  Auction,  at  liii 

^*J-  Great  Room,  SS,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  ot 
MONDAY  nexc,  8th  November,  at  12  for  1  o'clock,  an  Importa. 
tion  of  ORCHIDS  from  Central  America,  comprising  some  oi 
ttie  finest  plants  of  Epidemlrum  vitellinum  ever  received,  mag. 
niticent  masses  of  Schomburgkia  tibicina,  Lselia  superbiens, 
Biirkeria  SUinneri  and  speetabilis,  and  other  Guatemaleao 
favourites  in  capital  condition.  May  be  viewed  the  morning 
of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. — Nov,  6. 

COCHIN    CHINA    FOWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  notify  that  Uie  next 
Sale  of  Fancy  Poultry  will  take  place  at  his  Great  Ruomj 
33,  King-street,  Civeiit  Garden,  on  TUESDAY  next,  Novem. 
ber  9,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  and  will  include  COCBIN  CHINA 
FOWLS,  many  of  great  merit,  from  the  stocks  of  Mr. 
Tomlinson,  ot  Norwich,  and  other  celebrated  breeders,  of  the 
favourite  colours  and  well  feathered.  Gold  and  Silver  Phea- 
sants, White  Turkeys,  dtc.  May  ba  viewed  the  morning  oi 
sale  ;  and  Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt  of  a  stamped 
directed  envelope, — 38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  London,- 

ROSES, 

STANDARDS  AND  DWARFS,  OP  THE  BEST  SORTS, 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  hes 
Great  Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
FRIDAY  nest,  November  13,  at  11  for  12  o'clocic  precisely, 
ONE  THOUSAND  ROSE  TREES,  Standards  and  Dwarfs,  of 
the  best  sorts  of  Hybrid  Ferpetuals,  Bourbons,  Noisettes,  and 
Tea-scented,  from  a  celebrated  grower. — May  be  seea  the 
morning  of  sale,  and  Catalos:ues  had, 

SECOND  SALE  OF  CAMELLIAS  AND  OTHER    PLANTS, 
From  the  Nursery  of  Mr.  Joseph  Baumann,  of  Ghent. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  mil  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  12,  at  12  o'clock  precisely,  CAMliJLLIAS 
of  the  best  sorts,  well  set  with  blojm,  Deuczia  gracilis,  Yellow 
RhododeQdrons,  Azalea  indica,  Ghent  Azaleas,  Gladioli,  and 
some  Orange  'Trees,  all  healthy  and  well-grown  plants. —  May 
be  viewed  the  day  prior  and  morning  of  sx\e  ;  and  Catalogues 
had  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Stevens,  38,  Kiug-atreet,  Covent- [garden, 
London. 


VALUABLE    NURSERY    STOCK. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  received  instructions  from 
Mr.  RoBEET  Neal,  to  submit  to  public  competition  by 
Auction,  en  the  pretnises,  Wandsworth-common,  about  the 
middle  of  November,  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY 
STOCK,  tfcc. ;  further  particulars  of  which  will  be  given  in  nex: 
week's  advertisements. 

Si),  Bridport-place.  New  North-road.  Nov.  6. 

IMPORTANT   CONSIGNMENT, 

TONOBLBMEN, GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN, PLORISTS 

AND  OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  submit  topublic  competitioa 
at  the  Auction  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  THURSDAY 
Nov.  11,  and  following  day,  at  12  o'clock,  about  500  doubl 
Camellias,  from  1  to  5  feet ;  also  500  Indian  Azaleas,  and  20' 
Scarlet  Rhododendrons,  the  whole  beautifully  furnished  will 
bloom  buds  ;  together  with  10(10  tine  Standard  Perpetu'il  Rosea 
and  a  first  class  collection  of  Dutch  Bulbs.  The  whole  con) 
prises  the  best  varieties  in  cultivation. — Maybe  viewed  th( 
morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  th 
Auctioneer,  89,  Bridport-place,  New  North-road,  and  Ebeneze 
Nursery,  ShackleweiL 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MR.  ALEXANDER  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  th 
Auction  ilart,  near  the  Bank  of  Eofjlaad,  on  FRIDAY 
November  12,  at  12  o'clock,  a  case  of  DUTCH  ROOTS  froi 
Haarlem,  comprising  fine  named  Hyacinths,  late  and  earl 
Tulips,  Ranunculus,  Anemones,  Crocus,  Jonquils,  Iri^ 
Narcissus,  ifcc. ;  also  about  400  choice  named  Tulips,  th 
property  of  Mr,  Hepwoeth,  comprising  all  the  leading  flowers 
the  whole  will  be  guaranteed  correct  to  names. — May  I 
viewed  on  the  morning  of  sale;  catalogues  had  at  the  Mar' 
and  of  H.  ALESiNDEE,  Shacklewell,  London,  on  receJj 
of  stamp. 


TO  BE  SOLD  CHEAP, about  1500  yards  of  superic 
BOX   EDGING.— Apply  to  Mr.  ALEXiNDEa,  at  AragE 
Villas,  c'oMe  to  the  Twickenham  station. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER  PENCILLED  PHEASANT 
—tine  Irish  Breed.— The  Pheasantry  being  over- stock* 
they  are  to  be  sold  at  a  low  price. — Address  to  X,  Y.  Z.,  Pos 
ofQce,  Witney. 


F 


'ARM    TO    LET.— An    excellent    Sheep    Farr 


^  situated  3  miles  from  Croydon,  comprising  a  good  Fart 
house,  with  Farm  Buildings,  and  232  acres  of  Arable,  Pastui 
and  Wood  Land.  Rent,  8U.  per  annum.  Additional  Meade 
Land  can  be  had  if  required.— Apply  to  G.  MoaisoN,  Esi 
Solicitor,  Reigate,  Surrey. 


Printed  by  William  BBAnBoaT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wobum-place,  io  t 
pdrisbaf  St-  Puncraa,  and  PtisDHaics  Mullbtt  Etanb,  of  No.  7.  Chare 
row  Srokc  Newiuutou,  both  m  tlie  County  of  MiddleBex.  Printora 
tbeir  OiBce  in  Lombard-street,  in  the  Preciact  of  Whltefrifirs,  Int 
City  Ol  London;  and  published  by  them  at  tUe  oflice,  No.  5,  Charl< 
■  irept,  in  the  purish  of  St,  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  in  the  said  Count 
where  fill  Ad^/erneements  and  Cninmunii-atioua  are  to  be  A.D[>aG33ai> 
THs  Editok.— Satvbd&i,  NovBMSKa  &,  1352. 


i 


E 


AND 

GAZETTE 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  L-indley. 


No.  46.— 1852.] 


SATUEDAY,  NOVEMBER  13. 


[Price  6d. 


AKricaltare,  ^.Tnerican 

Asnhalte    • •-• 

Be*t  mot  

Bni^maoBias 

Caleudar.  hnrticulturil 

Cattle,  to  feed    . . .  7-9  ^.  732  a, 
Chrytaotbeniums,  pompone  .. 

Ctaer«riB,  ihe • 

Cucumber,  lar^e 

EDtomolo^ical  Society 

Farm  boilduiKs 

Floodt. 

Fniit  tfeea  for  dwarf  atandarda 

Gurden,  kitcliea   

Grapes.  Ualtasia 

Gr^eriuiu  ai^enteam    

UeatinfT,  cbeap 

Hotticttltural  Society'a  meet- 
ing   

IrrlKKlion   

Kitchen  garden    

Lambe,  food  of , 

Larch,  rot  in 

Maaareo,  deodomiQg    

—     straw  as 

MelampyruinarTeiiEe    

Mildew.  Vine. 


7-2S  a 

727   c 
7-27  b 


MvoBotiB  Azirlca 

Nectarinr,  Stniiwlck 

Oranire,  Tanieniie 

Orchidy.  >^alcoi    

Pi;a,  food  or 

FliDia.orlsm  of  woody  tissue  It 

—  dinlei&Qstomcreuae  their 

bult 

—  tenacity  of  life  io 

Polatoea  to  pUnt   

Preserve,  Khubxrh  

Khubwb  preserve    ..     

Koada  old  aid  uew,  rev 

Slieep  foQi*beU  m 

Skimiuia japi^oica   ••<•• 

SaaitH  

Te..ai-trif[hr. 

Tomaioes,  fried  

TrefB.  oriKm  of  woody  t'ssuB  tn 
VeeRtablea,   ofiglQ    of    woody 

tissue  in    

Vegetable  life  teuacity  of   .... 

Veronica  Anderjonii  •. 

Vine  mildew .• 

Weather  pred:ctioQa 

W-xford  iJjtricuUural  Society. . 

\ViLidDt^'  (Twrd'^iim^ 

Wiae,  MiilvH"ii  Grnpe  


-iC  ft 

7-:(i  6 
7;(Q  c 


72i  a 
713  6 
7:1   c 


NATIONAL  FLORICULTURAL  SOCIETY 
The  NOVEMBER  MEETIXG  will  not  be  held,  in  con- 
eeqaence  of  the  Ddee's  Fone&al  beiD^  Used  for  the  day  of 
such  Ideetin?.                                                      John  Edwabds. 

The  DECEMBER   MEETING  wUl  be  held  oa  the  2d,  at 
Three  o'clock. 


STOKE  NEWINGTON  CHRYSANTHEMUM 
SOCIETY.— The  Sixth  Annual  Eihibicioa  of  this  Society 
will  be  held  at  the  Manor  Roome,  Churcli-atrecc,  Stoke  New- 
ington,  on  TUESDAY,  Koveaiber  23d  (in  consequence  of  the 
Suke's  faaeral  on  the  ISth),  when  Prizes,  iociudini;  Three 
Silver  Caps,  will  be  awai'ded  to  ttvo-thirds  of  the  Exhibitors  in 
each  claaa. 

OPEN    TO    ALL    EXHIBITORS. 
Doors  open  at  TweWe  o'clock.    AdmUdion,  from  Twelve  to 
Four  o'clock,  Is. ;  after  Fuur,  Sd. 

Farther  parcicalars  may  be  had    on    application    to    the 
secretary,  A.  LiiDLAW,  High-street,  Stoke  Newington. 


SCOTTISH  GARDENERS'  AND  LAND- 
STEWARDS'  ASSOCIATIO>r. 
At  a  Meeting  for  the  Election  of  Two  Pensioners  on  the 
General  Fando  of  the  Association,  held  a^  '^he  Chambarfl,  No.G, 
York-place,  Ediobargh,  on  Wednesday,  the  10 tU  day  of 
November  ioBt..  the  following  waa  the  stats  of  the  votes  at  the 
close  of  the  Ballot ;— Donald  Smith,  a^ed  67,  I'lO  votes  ; 
Datid  Stewart,  a^fed  61,  155  votes  ;  Joseph  M'NiUonToN, 
Hged  46,  15 J  votes.  The  tnu  Candidates, Dooatd  Smith  and 
Dttvid  Stewart,  having  the  highest  number  of  votes,  were 
thereupon  declared  duly  elected. 

J.  H.  Balfodb,  Cfaairmaa. 
Edinborgh,  November  12, 1352. 


NEW  SEEDLING    APPLE. 

BROWNLEES'  RUSSET,  raised  in  1846,  of  the 
name  quality  ae  the  Royal  Russet,  but  keeps  longer  and 
better  without  abrivelling  ;  very  different  in  growth  from  any 
of  the  Russets,  being  moat  vigorous  and  perfectly  free  from 
canker ;  it  will  be  found  a  grea:  acquisitioa  for  kitchen  use  in 
gpring,  as  late  as  May  or  June.  A  specimen  sent  to  the  Hor- 
ticultoral  Society  was  noticed  as  follows:  "Fruit  about  the 
Bize  of  the  Royal  Russet,  roundish,  eye  email,  nearly  close  ; 
ECallc  short,  not  deeply  inserted,  skin  covered  with  a  soft 
russet ;  flesh  greenish  white,  tender,  and  sweet." — Feb.  12, 1851. 
Fine  dwarf  trees,  Zs.  6c/.  each,  carriage  paid  to  London;  the 
nsuaX  allowance  to  tbe  trade  when  three  are  taken.  A  remit- 
tance or  reference  expected  from  unknown  currespondents. 
All  orders  to  be  addressed  to  Wm.  Bbownlees,  Hemel  Hemp- 
stead, Herts. 


NOTICE. 
CHEAP  AND  SELECT  NURSERY  STOCK. 

THE    SUBSCRIBERS    beg   to  refer   all   who   are 
intere8t-;d  in  Planting  to  their  Advertisement  of  the  above 
Stock  in  the  Gardener^  Ch>onic'.c,  November  6,  page  7u7. 
William  Jackson  and  Co.,  Bedale,  Yorkshire, 


CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

CHANDLER  and  SONS,  Ndrseuymen,  Wandsworth 
Road,  Surrey,  beg  to  in  orm  tbo  public  that  their  Urge 
collection  of  the  above  is  now  in  flower,  and  will  continue  very 
tine  for  snme  weeks. 

Good  plants  coming  into  flower,  123.  per  dozen  ;  larger  size, 
18s.  per  dozen.  Camellias,  line  healthy  plants,  full  of  flower 
buds,  3ils.  per  doz^-n  and  upwards.       ^_^_^_^ 


FOREST  TREE  SEEDLINGS.— The   Subscriuebs 
re«(«ctfally  Intimate    that    their    LIST    of    NURSERY 
STOCK  fur  the  Season  may  be  had  on  application. 

William    Uequhabt   and    Soma,    Dundee, 

CHOICE    CINERARIAS,    CHEAP. 

WILLIAM  RUMLEY  and  SUNS  can  supply  fine 
strong  CINKRAltlA-S,  of  the  under-named,  at  Un,  per 
dozen,  or  smaller  plaots,  la.  ('A.  pcrdyzm,  hiimpor  Included,  lor 
pre-pa>meot,  vir. :— La  ly  H.  Campbell,  liflie  iJeaoH,  Coronet, 
Adelo.  Villier*,  Catherine  Hayes,  Attractive,  Princess  Royal, 
Queen  of  Koglaod.  Amy  iCob^art,  King  of  Crlmnons,  Annie, 
bridesmaid,  Carlotta  Orlei,  <fcc.  Ooud  show  vurletion,  strong 
plants,  '"'*.  per  diyzeo.  Post-ofllco  orders  to  bo  niado  payable  at 
Richmond. — fiilllnif.  n«ur  Kli-htnand,  Yorkshire. 

N  GAINES  beg«  to  uiinounco  that  ho  is  now  pre- 
•  purtd  to  send  out  his  Now  Seu'Uiijg  EPIPH YLLU.Vl 
TBUNCAXUil  INTKRMEDIA.  Thi»  It  a  SoediluK  raised 
between  E.  trancatum  and  K,  t,  vioUc-curn  ;  It  Is  a  bomitlful 
crimson  fl'^wer,  with  liglit  tub*?,  u  V't^  (Inn  hluornWig  Hybrid. 
It  may  nowbesecnlnliower  at  theNurMjry,  From  1U(,  i',d.  to  Vis. 
NEW  VARIEGATED  GERANIUM  -GAINES'  ATTRACTION. 

This  is  onQ  of  tbe  most  distinct  varlogatod  varlotlos  yot 
introduced  Ut  tbo  public,  possessiuif  u  dark-gr«en  follugc,  with 
red  marklngik,  edged  with  pun-  while  ;  tlio  colour  of  the  lluwer 
ft  beautiful  <:lierr/,  and  quite  diileront  Vt  %x\y  other  varleg^tod 
Oeraolum  yat  sont  out.  Front  lis  freensss  of  growth  and  com- 
pBct  hkbit,  as  It  blooms  In  groat  abunduucs,  It  will  bo  raluablo 
for  btddlug  or  p.(t  cultum.    10».  Hd. 

A  Dctcrlptivc  List  of  Siiow  and  Fanoy  Pelargoniums,  Ate, 
may  be  had  by  applying  at  the  Naricry,  4urroj-laac,  Uatterscu, 
near  lioadoa. 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

{CARRIAGE  FREE  BY  RAILWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  harvesting  their  SEEDS  in 
good  condition,  notwithstanding  the  unfavounble  weather. 
The  advantages  of  purchasing  Secdn  direct  from  the  Growers  are 
obvious.  As  some  sorts  are  scarce,  early  orders  are  requested 
and  recommended. — For  particulars  address  John  Sutton 
and  Sons,  Seed  Growers.  Reading,  Berk'^. 


DUTCH  FLOWER  ROOTS,  at  a  reduced  price— 
HYAOINTHS,  mixed,  all  colours 21s.  per  100 

TULIPS,  mixed,  early  double  and  single      ...    6s.        „ 

IRIS,  mixed,  splendid  colours 43.         „ 

CaOCUS,  Dutch,  mixed,  all  colours     12s.  p.  1000 

Early  anemones,  in  splendid  and  great  variety  of 
colour,  strong  flowering  roots,  5s.  per  100 ;  recommended  in 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  No.  43,  page  679. 

The  above,  with  every  other  kind  of  flowering  Bulb,  equally 
low  in  price,  to  be  had  of  William:  Denyee,  Seedsman  and 
Florist,  82,  Gracechurch-street  (near  the  Spread  Eagle),  London. 
No  cbar,{e  for  packai^e!*. 


TO    NURSERYMEN    ANO    PLANTERS. 

HAND  R.  STIRZA.KER,  Nurserymen,  being  about 
•  to  clear  some  ground,  have  to  offor  the  following  traos- 
pl  anted  Treen.of  tbe  huest  quality,  belog  stiff  and  hardy  grown  : 
—  SOU  (lUO  Ash,  1^  to  2  feethijjh.  9s.;  2  to  3  feet,  10s.  6d  ;  3  to  4 
feet,  133. ;  4  Id  5  feet,  16s.  per  1000— tOO.  000  Larch,  2  feet,  10s. ; 
24  to  3  feet,  12s.  Gci. ;  3  co  4  feet,  los.  per  1000. —Silver  Fir,  lUo2 
feet,  253.  per  1000.— Sycamore,  1^  to  2  feet,  lOs,  Gd;  2  to  2^  feet, 
1'.'3.  Gd.  perlOUO.— Scatch  Firg,  1^  to  2  feet,  10s.  Gd. ;  2  to  S  feet, 
123.  Gd-,  and  about  a  million  of  other  Forest  Trees,  of  sorts, 
equally  reasonable. — Skerton,  near  Lancaster.  Nitv.  13. 


HYACINTHS,    DUTCH    BULBS.   TULIPS,  ETC. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London, 
by  AppidntineQ"-.  Florist  to  hi:e  Majestt  the  Qoeen, 
and  to  HIS  Majestt  the  King  of  Saxoni,  begs  to  say  that; 
he  has  receired  his  usual  supplyof  HYACINTHS  and  DUTCS 
BOLBS,  in  very  fine  condition.  His  Catalogue  of  Bulbs,  &c,, 
will  be  forwarded  on  nopUcation. 


GERANIUM    "ATTRACTION"    (KINGHORN.) 

THE  VARIEGATED  LEAF  GERANIUM,  with  a 
SCARLET  HOllSG^SHOE,  which  attracted  so  much 
attention  at  the  London  Showa  diminr  the  past  season,  has 
been  purchased  of  Mr,  KINGHOllN.  -f-  Messaa.  J.  and  C.iEE, 
and  due  notice  will  ha  given  when  it  isi  ready  to  be  sent  out. 

This  Adverti-^ement  is  insert;;^  in  coQsequenco  of  Mr.  Gaines 
having  taken  advantage  of  U    n'.>''oriety  by  naming  a  flower  of 
his  own  "  Attraction,"  whicU  ,vumever  betu  exhibited. 
Nursery,  Hammersmith,  near  London. 


CHOICE   HOLLYHOCKS. 

WILLIAM.  HUSSEY  begs  to  offer  the  undernamed 
sorts  for  12s.,  package  included,  viz.,  Com«f,  Delicata, 
Eochantreas,  Mount  Etna,  Model  of  Perfection,  Queen,  Abd- 
el-Kider,  R.bsy  QnceTi,  FornKJsa.  Rosea  grandiflora,  ElegaoB. 
Obscura,  Commander  in  Chief,  Bicolor,  Mr,  C.  Baron;  also 
sumo  very  choice  Hollyhock  Seed,  saved  from  an  Amateur's 
CoUectiou,  who  cultivate.s  every  known  good  variety,  in  packets 
contaiuiog  2110  seeds,  poRt  free,  for  24  ptnny  pnstage  stamps. 
Price  List  of  W.  Hdssei'h  Collection  of  Etollyhocks  and  other 
BMorist's  Flowers  may  be  had  in  exchange  for  one  penny 
postage  stamp.  —  Horticultural  Gardens,  Norwich,  Nov.  13. 

GRAPE  VINES  FROM  EYES,  VERY  FINE. 

JAVEEKS  AND  Co.,  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  have 
•  a  most  splendid  collection  of  VINES,  very  strong  and 
clean,  two  and  three  years  old,  from  Eyes,  all  tbe  best  sorts 
for  Planting  or  Fkditing  ih  Pots. 

AImo  an   extensivB  and   valuable  collection  of  STOVE    and 
GREENEIOUSE    PLANTS,    with  all   new  varieties.     See  our 
Catalogues  devoted  to  eac'i.     Also  our  llluttraiious  on  HoETi- 
cuLTDRAL  BaiLDiNQ  uud  Heatinq  by  HOT-WATSa. 
J.  Weeks  and  Co  .  King'-.road   Chel=ea. 

THE     BLACK    BARBAROSSA, 

A  GRAPE  THAT  DON'T  KNOW    HOW   TO  SHANK. 

THE  above  Grape  has  been  exliibited  at  the  London 
Horticultural  Society's  Rooms,  Regent-street,  on  the 
—  January,  1819.  for  which  a  Certificate  was  given  ;  January 
19tli,  1850,  aBanksianMeda' ;  November  19th,  1851,  a  Banksian 
Medal.  (Sec  Gardeners^  Chroiiic'.c).  Fiua  Fruiting  Plants, 
19s.  Gd.  each  ;  good  Plants.  Sa.  Gd.  ;  to  be  obtained  of 
the  London  Agents,  Messrs.  Dawe,  Cottrell,  and  BENHASf, 
Seed  Merchants,  38,  Moorgate-street;  or  Mr.  I.  Jseael.  7,  Centre 
Buildings,  Coveut  Garden  Market  ;  and  John  Bdtchee, 
Nurseryman,  Strattorri-on-Avou. 

Samples  of  the  Berries  will  be  pent,  post  free,  upon  the  receipt 
of  12  postage  stumps, . — StrHtford-on-Avon,  November  13. 

ROBERT  M.  STARK,  EdgeliiU  Nursery,  Dean, 
Edinburgh,  bogs  to  liitinia'^  that  his  Lists  of  Prices, 
wholesale  and  retail,  of  'JUH.SERY  STOCK  for  the  Reason,  are 
now  ready,  and  mny  he  had  on  iV'^LUCfti-'-ou.  The  quality  of  his 
Stock  will  be  found  to  be  ab:.)vo  the  average, 

A  large  supply  oi  HcOo.     i;!;"  rjnd    41 'ae  Plants,   Hardy 
Ferns,  and  Aquatics,  (toe— X6'. .  i^ 


CHOICE  BULBS   AND  FLOWER  ROOTS. 
£.  d,        s.  d. 
TropDBoIam  tricolorum,  fine  tubers,  each  ...    2    6   to    3    6 

„  brachyseras        „  »,       1    6    „     2    6 

,,  azureum  „  „       3    G 

Tritonia  aurea,  splendid      ,,  „       * 2    6,,    5    0 

Osalis  elegans,  new  and  fine  „       1    6 

,,  „  major,  ,,  , 1    6 

Cjclamen,  in  seven  beautiful  varieties    10,,    5    0 

Babiana  rubra  cyanea  „  „       3    6 

Supi^rb  collections  of  Alstroemeria,  Ixias,  Sparaixis,  Ozalis, 
Babiana,  and  various  other  Cape  Roots.  For  superior  selections 
of  Ranunculus,  Anemone,  Gladioli,  English  Iris,  Imported 
Dutch  Hyacinths,  Crocus,  and  other  roots.  Also,  for  collections 
of  choice  Stove,  Greenhouse,  Winter  Flowering  Herbaceous, 
Rock,  and  other  plants,  see  advertisements  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  of  October  16th  and  30th. 

For  particulars,  see  "  Autumn  Catalogue,"  supplied  for 
three  postage  stamps. 

Bash  and  BaowN,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Establishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffolk. 


RHUBARB 

MITCHELL'S  GREY  EAGLE— A  new  and  most 
excellent  variety,  having  all  the  best  qualities  combined 
in  one,  bi)th  for  market  and  culinary  purposes.     24s.  pf^r  doz. 

Also,  MitcheH'e  ROYAL  ALBERT,  Myatt's  LINNJ3U3  and 
VICTOltIA,  Gs.  per  doz.  All  the  above  are  strong  one  year 
planted  roots.  Also  some  very  strong  two  year  old  roots  of 
ROYAL  ALBERT  for  early  forcimr,  Os.  per  doz. 

Post-ofllce  orders  payable  to  William  Mitchell,  Enfield 
Highway,  Mtddlest^x. 


STRAWBERRY  SEED,— This  rarity  is  offered  for 
tbo  first  time  to  the  notice  of  cmtgranca,  persons  going 
abroad,  &«.,  as  the  seed  of  the  Strawberry  may  be  raised  with 
Bucceea,  while  It  would  be  extremely  difficult  and  hazardous  to 
take  out  plants  of  this  beauiiful  and  delicious  fruit,  it  being  a 
great  chance  if  they  would  survive  a  journey  of  two  or  thruo 
months,  while  seed  may  be  taken  of  the  folIi>wIng  varictlop, 
pTicked  in  the  nraallest  compans,  and  grown  in  any  part  with 
BUccoHH :  —  British  (i'leon,  Victoria,  Alice  Maud,  Keons' 
Seedling,  Prolific,  Bluck  I'rinco,  Surprlse.ElIza,  Globe,  Eleanor, 
HautbidH,  Caroline,  Elton  Pine.  Price  2fl,  Gd.  each  packet,  or 
a  packet  of  mixed  Hoed  of  the  above  varieties,  Os. 

RHUBARB     SEED. 

Also  a  quantity  of  Rhubarb  Seed  savi-d  from  tbo  following 
first-rato  varieties  ;— Victoria,  Mltobell's  Royal  Albert,  and 
Liuutoiu.  Price  Is.  per  (laokot,  or  2j.  Gd.  the  three  packets, 

RASPBERRY     SEED. 

Heed  altio  of  this  cIpMcIouh  fruit  has  bi:en  saved  of  tho  true 
varloticHof  thv  Kanlo  (!'  Riispborry,  Pcrpotualor  l>iiublo-hoiiring 
Kanphorry,  (tnd  Antwi-rp  Ituipborry.  Prlco  la.  per  packet,  or 
tint  throe  packets  for  'it.  Gd, 

ThwBO  varieties  will  bo  found  of  great  Importance  to  emigrants 
and  pursons  leaving  England.  A  remittance  by  penny  postago 
ktamps,  or  I'ont-ofllco  order,  must  bo  nont  by  all  unknown 
correspondents  to  tho  amount,  wh'in  tbo  wholo,  or  any  purt  (us 
III')  cfiHo  may  bo)  will  bo  forwarded  immt^dlutuly. 

Kdwaud  Tir,Ky,  Numcryman,  SetidumitDj  and  Florist,  1-1, 
Abboy  Church-ynrd,  Bath, 


/  lORN WELL'S     VICTORIA     RASPBERRY.  — 

Vy  Canes  of  the  above  to  be  had  of  Geobqe  Cornwell, 
Market  Gardener,  Barnat,  at  15s,  per  100  ;  the  usual  allowance 
to  the  trade  when  300  are  taken.  Poat-office  orders  made 
payable  at  Barnot.  N.B.  A  quantity  of^^rong  Currants  and 
Gooseherries. — Baroet,  Nov,  13.  | 

JOHN  KEYNES,  Nurseryman,  Salisbury,  offers  the 
following  Set  of  SEEDLING  CINERARIAS,  with  every 
confidence  that  thoy  will  prove  first-rate  gems,  and  give  great 
satiBfactioo.  Fine  Plants  now  ready,  with  the  usual  discount; 
to  the  Trade,  or  the  set  for  20s. 

NEW    FIRST-RATE    CINERARIAS. 

LADY  BATHURST.— White  edged  purple,  very  smooth 
beau'lful  habit.    5s. 

LOVELINESS.— Light  edged  pink,  very  free  bloomer,  fine 
hahit.    5s. 

KING  OF  THE  BLUES.— Blue,  the  best  ever  offered,  finest 
habit,  free  bloomer,  large  truss,  first-rate  la  every  respect. 
lOs.  Gd. 

BRITISH  QUEEN.— White,  crimson  tip.    Ss. 

LILAC  STANDARD,— The  finest  lilac,  beautiful  colour  and 
habit.     5s. 

PRINCE  ALBERT.— Light  shaded  lilac.    5s. 

PINK. 

Mbs.  WOOLF  (Keynes.)- A  dec'dod  improvement  on^Lola 
Monies;  perfect  rose,  leaf  full  and  fine,  first  class,  5s.  per  pair, 
frto  by  post. 

The  Cinerarias  are  very  few;  first  orders  will  be  first 
attend^-d  to, 


THE    TRUE    LANCASHIRE    SHOW    GOOSEBERRIES. 

JOHN  HOLLAND,  Bradshaw  Gardens,  Middletoa, 
near  Manchester,  wid  supply  2t  strong  plants  for  12s.,  or 
12  plants  for  7s.,  package  <tc.  included,  of  the  below-named 
QooBeburrieo,  which  aro  tho  hoiiviest  winners  of  the  season— 
taken  from  the  Gooaoborry  Uegistor  of  185:',  viz.  :— 
RED. 

London 

Companion 
Wonderful 
Slaughterman 
Conquering  Hero 
Napoleon  lu  Graud  , 
Lion's  Provider 
Roaring  Lion  ... 

GREEN. 
Thumpor 
Weathuroook  .., 

Ovorall 

Turnout 
(iueiin  Victoria 
RiLodom  Groun 
Greun  River    ... 
Providency 

PoHt-olllco  ordorB  to  bo  mado  payablo  at  Middloton,  Lan. 
onHliire. 

Priced  Lists  are  now  ready  of  Aurloulna,  Alpines,  Poly- 
anthuHOfl,  Primroses,  Oarntttlons,  PLcotoe9,  Pinks,  PanuLos, 
UooHcborriuft,  ikc,  and  intiy  ho  liad  for  one  postage-stamp. 

Bradbhuw  Qurdcnu,  Mlddlutun,  Nov.  10, 


dwtB.  prH. 

YELLOW. 

dwts.  gre. 

..  37     7 

Catherine 

...  32    8 

..  81  U 

Pflru      

...  80    0  ■ 

..  81     0 

Pilot      

...  2S    6 

..  31)     0 

Drill      

...  28  IB 

..  28     9 

Uroom-girl 

...  28  12 

..  20  11) 

Loudur  

...  27    3 

..  28  22 

Goldttnaor 

...  20  IS 

..  20    2 

UuUway 

WHITE. 

...  20    4 

..  28  13 

Snowdrop 

...  Si    6 

..  i!8  12 

Lady  Luicostor 

...  80    1 

..  27    0 

(^uooa  ot  TrumpB 

...  80    0 

..  20  2L 

GoHeack 

...  28  18 

..  20     0 

Frcodotn 

...  28  15 

..  25  IB 

Tolly.llo 

...  20  18 

..  26  22 

Snowball 

...  25  12 

..  25    0 

Flora    

...  26    7 

722 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Nov.  13, 


TO    NOSLEfVIErj,   GEWTLEIVIEW,  AND   THE  TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out   their   NEW   RAULY  NO.  1   py^\.  prioe  2s,  Cd.  per 
quart,  uud  can  with  coatidf^nco  recomaieiid  it  as  a  vet-y  superior 

Also  their  Now  Eirly  Scarlet  PillNCG  OF  WALES 
RHUBARB,  5s  each.  It  is  quite  as  earl^  as  th  i  Trince  Albert, 
much  larger,  rod  throughout,  of  exi^u'.sito  flavour,  apd  a  large 
cropper. 

Post-office  Or'lers  from  tho'se  not  havinsp  aa  account  open 
■with  II.,  S.,  and  Co., "to  he  made  pajabla  to  the  Firm,  at  ihe 
Borough  PuatrOffice,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  TestimouiiU  and  parties  where  bo'h  articles  can  be 
had,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  18th  September,   1352,  page  5!)i. 

Newiogtoa  Butts,  Loadoo. 


DAWE,  COTTRELL,  and  BENHAM  (successora  to 
Feedkbick  Warner)  ben  tn  call  public  atcention  to  their 
extensive  coUeocionof  DUTO  il  BULBS,  omprising  H^'aciuths, 
Crocus,  Narcisous,  Aneuiooefl,  Ranunculus,  Tulips,  Jjc.  &c.. 
Priced  Lists  of  which  can  be  obtained,  post  free,  on 
application. 

Strawberry  Plants,  Fruit  Trees,  Rises,  Rhnbirb  Roots,  &c., 
of  all  thj  newtist  ami  best  varieties,  supplied  at  the  advartiaed 
prices. 

Dawe,  Cottrell,  and  Resh^m  are  a^so  j\gents  for  the  sale 

of  liutc;hor'3   Black   Barburo-na  'iriipe    Vina;   for  description, 

price,  &c.,  ?ee  Oai-deners'  Chronicle,  October  23, 

36,  Moorgate-strcet ;  and  3,  Laurence  Pountney-lane,  London, 

(Established  at  Cornhill,  172tJ.) 


TO  THE  SEED  TRADE. 

BEAUTIFUL    NEW   CALIFORNIAN   ANNUALS. 

COLLINSIA     liARTSIiBFOLlA    {HOOKER); 
MULTICOLOR  (LINDLEY.) 

lyrESSRS.  VEITCH  AND  SON  are  now  prepared  to 

iMX.  supply  Seed  of  the  above-named  Collinsias,  which  were 
sent  theui  from  California  by  Mr.  Lobb,  and  are  at  present 
solely  in  their  possession.  They  have  been  exhibited  at  the 
London  Shows,  where  they  obtained  Certificates  of  Merit,  and 
were  greatly  admired. 

Messrs.  V.  and  S.  have  also  to  offer  Seeds  of  the  beautiful 
and  sweet-scented  ABRONIA  UMBELLATA,  which  is  well 
adapted  for  bedding.     Prices  forwarded  on  application. 

Exeter,  November  13. 


EXHIBITIONS    IM    THE    GARDEN 

OF   THE 

HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON, 

FOR     THE     YEAR     18  3  3. 

THE    EXHIBITIONS    WILL   TAKE    PLAQE    ON    THE    SECOND    SATURDAYS 

IN    MAY,    JUNE,    AND    JULY. 

NAMELY,  MAY  14,  JUNE  II,  JULY  9. 


SCHEDULE     OF     THE     PRIZES. 

FLOWERS. 

{Pots  are.  to  he  measured  inside,  one  inch  helow  the  rim.) 

Division  I.— IN  WHICH  nursbryme!^  and  private  growers  exhibit  independently  of  each  other. 

1.  Pelargoniuiis ;  in  collections  of  12  new  aud  first-rate  varie- 
ties, with  perfectly  distinct  colours,  cultivated  with  supe- 
rior skil',  in  S-inuh  pots.     GB— 3G— CE. 

N.B.  The  collections  In  which  the  varieties  are  most  distinct 


toiU  have  tliepre/ereiioc. 


2.  Six  distinct  Fancy  Pelargoniums  ;  in  8-inch  pots.    SG— CE 
— LS. 

3.  Six  distinct  Scarlet  Pelargoaiums ;  in  3-inch  pots.    CE — LS 
— SK.    (/n  July  ojili/.) 

i.  Roses,  in  pots;  in  collections  of  12  distinct  varieties,  in  13- 
inch  pots.    GB— SQ— CE.    {In  May  and  June  only.) 


N.B  The  Judges  will  disqualify  any  collection  that  shall  be 
four.d  to  contain  a  plant  which  has  been  recently  placed 
in  the  pot  from  the  open  ground,  or  that  i8  shown  ia  a  pot 
of  any  other  size  than  13  inches. 


Division  II.— in  which  nurserymen  alone  can  show. 

5.    Exotic  Orchids  ;    in  collections  of  15  species  of  superior  cultivation,      GB  —  SG—  CE. 


Division  III.— in  which  all  persons  are  admitted  to  equal  competition. 


6.  StovQ  or  Greenhouse  plants  ;  in  collections  of  20  plants. 

LG— Gii— GB— Sli. 
N.B.  Calceolarias,  Fuchsiag,  Orchids,  and  Pelargoniums 
are  excluded  from  all  the  four  classes  of  Stove  or  Green- 
hjuse  plaats.  Only  three  .species  or  varieties  of  the  same 
genua  can  be  allovved  in  this  and  the  following  number, 
and  nj  two  specimenii  of  the  same  kind. 

7.  Stove  or  Greenhouse  plants  :  in  collections  of  15  plants. 

GB-SG— CE. 
S.  Stove  or  Greeahousa  plants;  in  collections  of  6  plants,  in 

pots    or    tubs    not    less    than    20   inches    in    diameter. 

GB— SG— CE. 
N.B,  Ouly  two  species  or  varieties  of  the  same  genus  can  be 

allowed  in  this  nuinb'?r. 
9.  Stove  or  Gre^-nhouse  plants  ;  in  collections  of  C  plants,  in 

pots  not  exceeding'  13  inches  in  di'imeter.     SG— CE — LS. 
N.B.  Not  more  than  t^me  species  or  variety  of  the  same  genus 

can  be  allowed  in  this  number.    No  one  can  show  in 

more  than  one  of  the  classes  of  Stove  or  Greenhouse 

plants  escept  No.  8. 

10.  Exotic  Orc'aids ;  in  collections  of  20  ppecies  of  superior  cul- 

tivation,    GK-GB— S6~C3— LS— SK— SB— C. 

11.  Exotic  Orchids ;  in  collectiou'i  of  10  species  of  superior  cul- 

tivation.    S'J— CE— LS— SK— SB— 0. 

12.  Exotic  Orchids  ;    in  collections  of  six  speciea.    CE — LS — 

SK-SB-C. 
N.B.  Nurserymen  cannot  show  in  either  of  these  three  classes 
of  Orchids.  No  exhibitor  can  show  in  more  than  one  of  them. 

13.  Greenhouse  AziJeas  ;  ia  12  distinct  varieties.  GB— SG— CE. 

14.  Grceuhouse  Azaleas  ;  in  I!  of  thu  newer  kinds,  in  S-inch 

pots.    SG— CE— LS. 

15.  Greenhouse  Azaleas  ;  in  6  distinct  varieties.   SG— CE — LS. 
N.B.  No  one  can  show  in  13  and  15  at  the  same  time. 

16.  Indian  Rhododendrons,   and  their  hybrids;  in  6  distioct 

varieties.     SG  — CE— LS.     {In  May  only.) 

17.  Cape  Heaths;  incollectionsof  10  entirely  distinct  varieties. 

GB-SG— UE. 
N.B.  It  is  expected  that  the  same  plant  shall  not  be  exhibited 
on  more  than  one  occasion.    The  Judges,  in  making  their 
award,  will  give,  both  in  this  and  the  two  next  numbers,  a 
marked  preference  to  plants  grown  in  their  natural  forms, 


without  stakes  or  stays  ;  and  will  also  take  distinctness  of 
species  intj  favourable  consideration.  No  duplicate  will  be 
allowable.  No  one  can  take  more  than  one  prize  in  the 
three  classes  of  Heaths. 
IS.  Cape  Heaths  ;  in  cjUeotions  of  10  entirely  distinct  varieties, 
in  H-inch  pots.     SG— CE— LS. 

19.  Sis  distinct  Cape  Heaths;  grown  in  8-inch  pots.    CE — LS 

— SK. 

20.  Single  specimens  of  very  superior  cultivation,    excluding 

everything  which  cm  ba  shown  singly  in  other  numbers, 
and  plants  not  in  fliwer.     LS— SK— -SB. 
N.B.  No  one  can  take  more  than  one  prize  in  this  number. 

21.  Tall  Gac^i ;  six  distinct  varieties  in  flower.    CE— LS— SK. 

22.  Roses  of  50  varieties  in  loose  bunches,  each  consisting  of 

three  trusses  as  they  are  gathere  1,  so  as  to  exhibit,  as  far 
as  possible,  the  habit  of  the  variety.    CE— LS— SK.    {In 
July  only.) 
N.B.  No  one  who  exhibits  in  this  number  can  also  compete 
in  the  following. 

23.  Roses,  exhibited  as  in  No.  31,  and  in  25  varieties.    LS— 

SIC— S  8.     {In  Jane  and  July  only.) 
N.B.  Private  growers  only  can  exhibit  here.    If  Roses  are 
brought  for  exhibition  without  attention  to  the  regulations 
here  explained,  they  will  not  be  allowed  to  compete. 

24.  Fuchsias;  in  sixes,  in  distinct  colours.  CE — LS — SK.    (In 

July  only.) 

25.  Achlmenes  ;  in  collections  of  six  di'itinct  varieties,  exhibit- 

ing superior  cultivation.     L3 — SK— SB.    {In  July  only.) 

28.  Helichrysums  ;  in  sixes.     LS — SK— SB. 

27.  Calosanths  ;  in  sixes.    LS— SK— SB.    (In  July  only.) 

23.  Ferns  ;   very  distinct  hothouse  kinds,  not  fewer  than  10,  to 
be  shown  intermixed  with  Orchids.    LS— SK. 

19.  New  Hybrid  Plants,  exclusive  of  Roses,  Rhododendrons, 
Azaleas,  and  garden  cross-breds,  such  as  Gloxinias  and 
the  like.  LS— SK— SB. 
N.B.  It  is  certain  that  much  may  be  effected  by  hybridising 
plants  in  common  cultivation,  such  as  Lilacs,  Honey- 
suckles, &c.  &c.  This  class  will  be  j  adged  by  the  Society's 
officerp. 


30.  Newly  introduced  or  extremely  rare  ornamental  plants  in 

flower,  not  introduced  by  the  Society.  SG — CE— LS. 
N.B.  These  Medals  will  be  awarded  by  the  Society's  otBcers, 
and  not  by  the  usual  Judges.  Exhibitors  will  particularly 
observe  that  none  but  new  or  rare  plants  can  be  exhibited 
under  this  number.  Nothing  wiU  he  regarded  as  new  which 
has  been  exhibited  in  Vie  Garden,  or  HegenUstreet  in  aprevious 
season,  nor  garden  seedlings,  hybrids,  uor  domesticated 
varieties  of  any  kind.  No  prizes  will  be  given  to  New 
Plants  which  have  been  introduced  through  the  Society. 

31.  Miscellaneous  single  plants.    SK — SB — C. 

N.B,  Exhibitors  in  this  class  will  not  be  thereby  entitled  to  a 
pass  ticket.  Heaths,  Cockscombs,  Heartsease,  Hydran- 
geas, and  bouquets,  together  with  all  plants  for  which 
separate  prizes  are  offered  as  single  specimens,  are 
altogether  excluded  from  this  and  tiie  following  Number. 

32.  Miscellaneous  collections  of  plants,  exclusive  of  Ferns.    GS 

— LS— SK. 

33.  Seedling  Hybrid  PelargoniumSj  of  entirely  new  crosses. 

SB-C. 
N.B.  Every  seedling  must  be  shown  sinzly,  aud  marked  with 
the  name  it  is  to  bear.    The  same  seedling  cannot  gain  a 
prize  more  than  once  in  the  season.    The  plants  must  be 
shown  in  pot^,  and  not  in  a  cat  state. 

34.  Carnations  ;  in'collections  of  12  distinct  varietiee,  j;n  IMnch 

pots.     CE— LS— SK.     {In  July  only). 

35.  Picotees  ;  in  collections  of  12  distioct  varieties,  iu  11-inch 

pots.     CE  —  LS  —  SK,     (In  July  only  ) 

36.  Yellow  Picotees  ;  in  collections  of  6  distinct  varieties,  iu 

ll-iuch  pots     -LS — SK — SB,    (In  Julyordy.) 

37.  Pinks;  in  collections  of  12  distinct  varieties,  in  S-inch  pots. 

SK — SB— C.     (In  June  only,) 

38.  Six  distinct  Calceolarias;  in  8-iuch  pots.    CE— LS— SK. 
N.B.  No  medals  are  to  be  awarded  unless  the  plants  are  in 

very  high  health  and  extremely  well  grown.     {In  May  and 
June  only.) 

39.  Pansies  ;  in  twelves,  in  S-inch  pots.    SK— SB— C. 

40.  Alpines;  in  twelves.    SK— SB— 0. 

41.  Cinerarias  ;  in  sixes,  in  8-inch  pots.    SK— SB— G.    (InJliay 

only. ) 
N.B.  Prizes  will  only  be  given  to  extremely  fine  specimens. 


FRUIT. 

ALL  persons  are  ADMITTED  TO  EQUAL  COMPETITION. 

For  the  month  of  May  no  Schedule  is  proposed  ;  but  Fruit  will  be  rewarded  by  the  Judges  according  to  its  merits,  and  with  reference  to  the  following  Schedule  of 
Prizes  for  June  and  July. 

Fruiterers  are   not  allowed  to  exhibit  at  all.    No  duplicate  awards  can  be  made  in  any  case  whatever.    No  person  can  take  more  than  one  award  in  each.  Letter, 
except  in  B,  D,  H,  K,  L,  M,  N. 

N.B.  All  Fruit  must  be  sufficiently  ripe  for  Market,  well  coloured,  an,d  peoperlx  named  by  the  Exhibitor,  as  far  as  practicable ;  if  the  contrary,  it  will  be  disc^ualified. 

K  Strawberries,  one  dish  each  : 

1.  British  Queen,  and  similar  kinds.    SK— SB— C. 

2.  Keens'  Seedling,  and  simitar  kinds.    SK— SB — C. 

3.  Other  kinds.    SK— SB— C. 
L  Melons,  one  specimen  each,  for  the  best  flavoured. 

1.  Green-fleahed.    SK— SB.     2.  Scarlet-fleshed,    SK— SB, 
M  New  varieties  of  any  of  the  preceding  kinds  of  fruit. 
N  Other  kinds  of  fruit  of  peculiar  excellence  and  value. 
N.B.  The  medals  under. this  and  the  preceding  letter  will  be 

given  at  the  discretion  of  the  Society's  officers. 


A  Collections  of  six  Pine  Apples,  not  iocludiog  mote  than  two 
of  a  sort.    SG— CE— LS.  '     " 

B  Pine  Apoles,  in  single  specinaens  : — 

1.  Uaeens.     CE-LS— SK. 

2.  EnviJles,  Cayennes,  Sugarloafs,  Black  Jamaicas,  Ota- 

heites,  &c.     CE— LS— SK. 

3.  Providences.    CE— LS— SK. 

C  Grapes  in  i^.ots  ;  three  specimens  to  be  shown.    CE— LS— SK. 
J)  Grapes  ;    in   three  bueches  for  private   growers,    and    six 
bunches  for  Market  Gardeners  : 

1.  Black  Hamburgh.     CE— LS— SK. 

2.  Black  Prince,  or  West's  St.  Peters.    CE— LS— SK— SB. 


3.  While  Muscadines,  or  Sweetwaters.    CE— LS— SK— SB. 

4.  Muscats.     CE  — LS— SK— SB. 

5.  Frontignans,  or  other  sorts,  distinct  from  the  foregoing. 

CE— LS-SK— SB. 
E  Peaches,  in  sixes.    LS— SK— SF. 
F  Nectarines,  in  sixes.    LS — SK — SB. 
G-  Eigs,  in  sixes.     SB— C. 
H  Cherries,  in  dishes  of  1  lb.  each  : 

1.  Blactt.     SK-SB— C.  2.  White.    SK-SB— C. 

I    Strawberries,  in  pots ;  six  pots  to  be  shown.    SK— SB — G. 
N.B.  They  must  have  grown  in  the  pots  in  which  they  are 
shown. 


SPECIAL     PRIVILEGE     OF     FELLOWS. 

PellowB  of  the  Socioly  enter  free  at  half-past  12,  and  can  introduce  Two  Friends  with  Tickets  ;  or  the  Fellow's  Privileges  mxy  be  transferred  to  a  Brother,  Sister,  Son,   Daushter,   Father, 
?:'!_?!''_  "'.^J^'^y^"^'"^  in  the  Fellow's  house,  provided  the  person  to  whom  the  transfer  is  made  be  also  furnished  with  a  Ticket  signed  by  that  Fellow ;  that  is  to  say,  the  privilege  of 


entiring  early  may  be  transferred,  but  not  the  privilege  of  free  admission. 

The  number  of  " 


erf  Tsokels  to  which  Fellows  are  to  be  entitled  in  1858  is  48. 


46—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


723 


,  6,  7,  and  8  feet. 
,  and  6  leer. 
3,  i,  and  5  feet. 


This  is  a 
7,  8,  to  10  feet 


KNAP    HiLL   NURSERY,   WOKING,    SURREY. 

HOSEA  WATERER  respectfully  invites  attention 
to  the  foUowiug  : — 
ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  2,o,i,  and  5  feat  high.      We 
.ave  a  fine  stock  of  large  Araucarias,  and  as  they  have  never 
'  )eeQ  io  pots,  thev  are  as  robust  and  handsome  as  can  well  be. 
CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONICA,  2,  3,4.5,  6,  7,  and  S  feet  high, 
lU  from  seed  and  in  the  open  Rround. 
CEDRUS  DEODAR  A.  2,  3,  4,  5.  6,  7,  S.  10,  and  12  fef  t  hiffb, 
,,  OF  LEBANON,  3.  4,  5,  6,  7,  to  12  feet  hii^h.     The 

arge  Deodars  and  Cedars  of  Lebanon,  here  referred  to,  have 
isen  regularly  removed  every  spring;  they   are  maguificent 
ipecimens,  and  might  be  sent  any  dtsrance  with  perfet'C  safety; 
ABIES    DOCGLASII,    from  seed,  2.  3.  4.  5,  G.  and  7  feet. 

I.  arger  and  splendid  plants  S  to  12  feet ;  all  removed  last  epriug. 
„         MENZIESU,  3,  4,  5,  6,  aod  7  feet  himi. 
„        CANADENSIS,  Hemlock  Spruce,  tine  plants,  5,  6,  7, 
ind  S  feet  high. 

I    PICEA    NOBILIS,    stout    plants,    wUh    good    heads,    own 
jjttoms,  2i  to  3  feet,  probably  not  to  ba  met  with  in  any 
)ther  Nursery. 
PINUS  CEMRRA,  3.  4,  5,  6,  to  10  feet  high. 

,,         IN3IGNIS,  all  from  seed,  and  most  beautiful  plants, 
-'   i    5    and  G  feet  high.     We  have  a  fine  lot  of  therie. 

CUPRESSU6  MACROCARPA,  OR  LAMBERTIaNA,  from 
ieed,  '2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet  high.     We  have  a  tine  lot  of  these 

TAXODIUXI  SEMPERVIRENS,  2,  3,  *,  5,  and  6  feet  high  ; 
,  Mautifullv  farnished. 

I    JUMPERUS  VIRGINIANA  (the  red  Cedar),   fine  plants, 
\L  5,  tJ,  and  7  feet. 

RECURVA,  3,  4 
EXCELSA,  3,  4,'5, 
BEDFORDIANA, 
rf.ry  handsome  growing  plant. 

•  UPRIGHT  IRISH  JUNIPER, 
ligh.     These  are  really  splendid  examples  of  perhaps  one  of 
;he  most  stiiking  of  all  Junipers. 

•  rPRIGar  IRISH  yew,  4,  5,  6,  7,  S.  to  10  feet  high. 
These  plants  are  all  trimmed  to  one  stem,  and  are  not  therefore 
JO  likeiv  to  divide  on  windy  or  snowy  weather. 

•  CHINESE  JONIPER,  2,  3,  4.5,  6,  7,  and  8  feet  high. 

'  CCPRE3SU3  THY0IDE3  YARIEGATA  {the  variegated 
TFhite  C^dar;,  mo«t  beautiful  plants,  3  to  4  feet  high. 
t    *  GOLDEN  YEW,  worked  on  common,  3,4,  5,  and  eft.  high. 

i*  Yisitors  to  Elvaston  Castle  cannot  have  failed  to  remark  the 
extraordinary  effect  produced  by  Ihe  last  five  plants,  viz., 
Irish  and  Gold-striped  Yews,  Irish  and  Chinese  Juniper?,  and 
the  Yariesated  White  Cedar;  and  I  believe  we  may  assert, 
[  without  fear  of  contradiction,  except  Elvaston,  a  similar  lot  of 
plants  to  those  here  offered  cannot  be  found  in  any  Nursery  in 
Britain. — Priced  Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 
The  Knap  Hill  Nursery  is  within  an  hom's  ride  of  London, 
being  near  the  Woking  Station,  South- Western  Railway,  where 
every  train  stops,  and  from  whence  conveyances  may  at  all 
times  be  had. 

REMARKS  ON  THREE  SUPERIOR  KINDS 
OF  PLUMS,  originated  from  Seed  about  10  years  since, 
'  by  MR.  HENRY  DOWLING,  FaDiT  QaowER,  Woolston-lawn, 
near  Southampton. 

1'.  13  a  well- ascertained  fact,  notwithstanding  the  trees  were 
planted  in  an  exposed  sitaation,  on  a  thin  gravelly  soil,  that 
,  Erom  their  first  coming  into  beaHog,  four  years  a?o,  to  the 
I  present  period,  the  produce  has  b^eu  both  excellent  and 
abundant :  hence  it  is  presumed  to  have  arisen  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely,  from  their  being  clothed  with  foliage  prior  to  any 
bloom  becoming  perceptible,  for  similarly  situated  are  360 
good  old  sorts  of  the  same  age,  nearly  without  fruit,  conse- 
quently of  little  or  no  value,  and  which  can  be  corroborated 
by  competent  and  respectable  persons,  at  whose  suggestion 
Us.  DowLiKQ  has  no<v  thehonourof  submitting  this  Advertise- 
ment to  the  no'.ice  of  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  aad  others. 

No.  1.  ANGELINA  BURDETT.— Size  medium  ;  form  some- 
what oblong ;  colour  rich  purple,  copiously  covered  with  an 
azure  bloom ;  flesh  amber  green,  parting  freely  from  the  stone ; 
flavour  delicloua  ;  ripens  upon  an  open  standard  about  the 
middle  of  August.  Against  a  wall  it  would  no  doubt  eclipse 
all  others. 

No.  2.  STANDARD  OF  ENGLAND.-Size,  rather  large; 
form  oval;  colour  crimson  red  next  the  san,  covered  with 
'vlrjlet  bioom,  bright  red  on  the  shaded  side;  flesh  slightly 
.yellow,  separating  from  the  stone;  flavour  exquisite;  ripens 
ithe  latter  end  of  Ao^^ust,  and  with  its  rivals  should  find  ample 
space  in  everv  garden. 

I  No.  3.  WO'uLSrON  BLACK  GAGE.— Size  medium;  form 
round-  colotir  jet  black,  powdered  with  light  blue;  flesh 
'tflowish  green,  parting  from  the  stone ;  flavour  equal  in 
iniT  respect  to  tbe  Green  Gage,  wit^  this  superiority,  that 
while  the  latter  it  apt  to  crack  in  a  wet  summer,  and  will  not 
keep  after  being  gathered,  this,  on  the  contrary,  will  endure, 
if  the  climate  be  dry,  through  August  and  September.  This 
exeeUeot  Plum  deserve*  aa  east  or  west  wall,  although  it  ripens 
well  on  an  open  standard. 

From  leTeral  TesHm-^nials  the  subjoined  are  selected,  as 
betnjt  deemed  of  unexceptionable  authority  : — 

"Mr.  Thoman  logram,  of  her  Majesty's  Royal  Gardens, 
Windsor,  coniiders  them  to  be  of  tine  qoaliiy  and  euperior 
fliToar,  t«&d  from  tbeir  appearance  he  should  imagine  them  to 
be  good  k«epitig  Plumt." 

Mr.  Uobert  Thompson,  of  the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden, 
writes  thui— "  Your  three  Pluma  are  indeed  of  first-rate 
qoallty,  and  I  ihould  recommend  their  extensive  cultivation. 
Aa  r^ardi  So.  3,  I  consider  you  have  thrown  the  Green 
Gage  Into  the  shade,  for  It  retains  all  the  properties  ot  that 
Flam,  with  mure  salary  sweetneae." 

Mr.  John  Wrijfht,  late  gardener  to  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Viscount 
Palmerttoo,  Broadlandi,  In  a  communication  to  Mr.  Dow- 
llng,  itatei  that  "  Aogelioa  Burdett  and  -Standard  of  ErinUnd 
Plttmi,  ars  not  only  prolific  and  of  nnrpanning  flavour,  but  from 
tbeir  colour  and  form  itriking  In  appoarance.  The  Woolston 
Black  6  •K*',  Iboaijh  not  lo  attractive  to  the  eye,  ntill  from  Its 
eotreme  ncbn^ss  of  quality  It  admtrablo  to  the  taatc." 

BamptJiire  Indr.pm'Jenl,  Hvpt.  11,  \HW£.—"  A  meeting  of  gon- 
Heinen  and  gardener*,  renldent  In  thin  Incallty,  took  place  on 
Monday,  at  the  Antelope  Ion,  to  test  the  quality  of  soono  new 
Ptnms,  grown  by  Mr.  Dowliho,  WooUton  l*awo,  Southampton. 
They  are  certainty  very  choic?,  particularly  the  AnKolina 
Bnrdett  and  tbe  VVcndjiton  Ulack  Gage ;  and,  of  theie  two 
Und«,  after  tasting  the  fruit,  every  perion  present  g&vo  an 
opinloo  decidedly  confirmatory  of  tho  high  judgment  pro- 
BOiiiice<i  10  their  favour  by  Mr.  Bobert  Xbompson,  of  tho 
Itondon  Horticoltaral  b^jciaty's  garden." 

FoSD  and  liint,  Nurserymen,  .Seedimon,  and  Florists,  New 

Road,  8<iathaixipt>'jD,  haring  had  frequent  opportanltien,  during 

ths  Utt  four  jeiirt,  of  Inspecting  the  tliree  parent  trees  la  Mr. 

I   DowLiao'a  fruit  plantati^jn,  and  being  perfectly  convinced  of 

ihor    rxiraordioary    productlveneas,  as    well    ai    nuperlativo 

•vice,  they  cannot  but  fcol  pleas'ire  in  undcrtaUlng  the 

1,  aiKl  In  adding  their  bumbio  yet  zealous  tribute  of 

"ftdiition. 

•■  iii,(bly  gra'ifying  to  P,  and  R.  to  Btate  that  they  have,  to 
':'>n*t«leriihlt;  extent,  been  paironUed  by  nearly  the  whole 
ri-igbbourltig  no^iIlty  and  gentry,  who  have  Bccn  tho 
Mr**-*,  and  lasted  the  fruit. 

P.  and  R.  rtsi>(c'fally  solicit  rarly  orders  to  tho  above 
addrcsf.  whkh  wii  be  duly  eicctltid  in  rotation.  If  the  three 
soTU  ere  taken,  the  price  will  bo  ISi.  each,  snd  for  a  single 
tree,  1/.  The  osoal  dliconnt  to  the  Trade— N.I*.  A  list  r,f  the 
trade,  (.'.mpti.ing  nil  orders  sent  by  them,  will  shortly  to 
•dfertUtJ. 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  "WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 
of  the  above  Plants,  Roses,  Conifers,  &c.,  is  now  publislied, 
and  may  ba  obtained  by  enclO'^iog  two  po^tai;e  stamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  culiivation  are 
described,  in  ordor  to  facilitate  purcha^iers  in  aeleciing. 

Sf  The  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  establishment. — The  American  Nursery.  Bagshot.  Surrey, 
■1  miles  fri>m  Parnhoroui^h  Station,  Routh-Westeru  Railw.iy, 
and  3  miles  from  Blackwate'*.  S1■^th-E'\*^'"■n  RniUvqv. 


GEORGE  JACIvMAN,NuRSERYMAN,\Voking,6arr«y, 
l-i  mile  from  Woking  Station,  South  VVeatern  Railway, 
be;8  to  announce  he  bas  just  pablished  a  new  and  complete 
Catalogue  of  his  American  Plants,  Ornamental  Rveriirpens, 
Coni'ers,  flowering  Shrubs  Standard  and  Dwarf  Ro«eB,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  &o.  ifcc.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamps. 


THOMAS  CRIPPS  having  a  very  large  and  healthy 
STOCK  of  ROSES,  comprising  every  variety  of  known 
merit,  respectfully  uflfers  them  at  the  following  prijes,  selection 
being  left  to  T,  C,  in  which  case  he  pledges  himself  to  send 
out  none  but  reall>'  good  and  established  kinds  :—        Per  doz. 

s.   d. 

Standards,  beautiful  varieties 13    0 

„  extra  fine        2-t    0 

Tall  weeping  Standards,  5  to  7  feet  stems    30    o 

Standard,  Geant  des  Batailles 15    0 

Dwarfs,  chuicest  kinds      123.  and    18     0 

Dwarf  PerpetuttU.  budded  a  few  inches  from  the 

ground,  tine  varie:it3 10     0 

Dwarfs,  good  named  kmds        6    0 

Dwarfs,  without  names,  mixed  33.  and    4     0 

Dwarf  Ge^nt  del  Batailles,  budded  .'either  on  Briar 

or  the  ilanetti  Slock 15     0 

Dwarf  Rose  du  Iloi  on  Manettii  ...         ...         ...     15     o 

A  Catalogue  of  Roses,  both  general  and  supplementary,  can 
be  had  on  application,  encloeing  two  postage  stamps. 

A  remittance  or  reference  from  unknown  correspondents  is 
respectfully  requested. 

High-atreet  and  Neville  Nursery,  Tunbridge-wells.  Nov.  13. 


CEDRUS    DEODARA,    ETC. 

A     PAUL  AND  SON  have  a  fine  Stock  of  CEDARS, 
•    which,  for  beauty  of  growth,  cannot  be  surpassed,  aud 
which  they  beg  to  otf^r  as  under  :■ 


CEDRUd  DEODARA 


1  fc,  Is.  Qd.  each,  or  75s.  per  100. 


CEDRUS  AFRICANU3 
CEDAR  Of'lEBANON 


6         , 

1"!.       „ 

6         . 

,          15i.       „ 

6 

il.  per  doz. 

6         , 

31s.       „ 

6 

40s.      „ 

0 

lis.  per  lOO. 

6 

,         '2l5.  perdoz. 

6 

36s.       „ 

0 

543.       ,. 

6 

Sis.       „ 

2  ft.,  2 

...     3  ft.,  3 

4  to  5  ft.,  7 

.     1  ft.,  2 

.     2fc.,  3 

.     1ft.,  1 

to  3  ft.,  2 

„  3  to  4  fc,  3 

„  4  to  5  ft.,  5 

„  5  to  6  tt.,  7 

Also  the  following,  of  various   heights :— Abies   Morinda. 

Menziesii,  Douglasii ;  Piau3  apulcensis,    Ayacahuite,  ExceUa, 

losignis,  Macrocarpa,  Lambertiana ;  Picea  nonilis,  Araucaria 

imbricata;     Cryptomeria    japonici;      Cupre-sus    Goveniana, 

Lambertiana  ;  Juniperus  hibernica,  Ghtnensis,  J3.\:c6l3a;  Thuja 

filiformis,     Wareana;     Taxodiura    dis^ichum,    Sempervireui ; 

Taxus  adpressa,  Irish  Yew,  Gold  striped  do.,    and  numerous 

others  equally  tine  pUnta  and  equally  cheap.  Priced  Catalogues 

of  ConiferaJ  furnistied  on  applicatlou. 

Nurseries,  Cheshunc,  Herts. — November  13. 


NEW  ROSES. 

PRINCE   ALBERT   AND    FAIRY   QUEEN. 

A    PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
•  beautiful  Roses,  of  which  they  at  present  hold  the  entire 

PRIMCE  ALBERT,  Booebon  (Paul's).— The  flowers  are,  in 
the  summer,  deep  acariety  crim^oa,  in  autumn  rich  glowin:; 
lake,  3^  inches  in  diameter,  finely  cupped  aud  very  double,  the 
outline  a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20 
to  30  flowers  lu  a  truss,  aud  being  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  likely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  Roses  for  bedding.  The 
foliage  is  lar^e,  thick,  and  handeome,  aud  it  surpasses  every 
Bourbun  R)se  in  colour,  form  andabiandance  of  bloom.  Strong 
Plants  in  November,  lOs.  Qd.  each. 

This  Rose  will  be  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  November. 
It  has  obtained  a  first-class  certificate  from  the  National  Flori- 
cultural  Society,  the  Royal  South  London  Floricultural  Society, 
andthe  C>iledonian  Horticultural  Society,  at  Edinburgh  ;  it  has 
further  been  favourably  noticed  by  the  leading  Horticultural 
Journals,  and  ordered  by  above  100  Nurserymen  and  Amateurs 
wh-)  have  seen  it  in  flower. 

Fairy  queen,  aiBniD  Peepetual  (Paul's).— Soft  glossy 
lilac,  of  medium  siz^e  aud  perfect  form,  the  summits  of  the  petals 
refleiing  as  in  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  and  like  that  unique  Rose  every 
shoot  produces  flowers;  dwarf  habif.  Plants  73,  6d.  each. 
Early  orders  are  solicited,  as  the  stock  ia  limited. 

Nurieries,  CtieshuQt,  Herts,  Nov.  6. 


THE  NEWLY  IMPORTED  GERMAN  DOUBLE 
Daisies. — a  fine  and  healthy  stock  of  the  above  new 
variety  of  flower  is  now  offered  to  the  public.  It  is  very  novel 
and  distinct  in  all  its  features,  and  such  as  will  give  satisfac- 
tion to  all  purchasers.  Edward  Tilet  has  selected  60  of  the 
best  of  the  varieties  out  ot  the  100  varieties  imported,  and  can 
send  them  out  fn  any  quantify,  from  a  dozen  and  upwards",  all 
true  to  name.  These  will  be  found  to  surpass  everything  for 
edging  borders,  &c.,  and  also  if  planted  in  a  bed  will  equal  in 
variety  that  of  a  fine  Ranunculus,  and  la  frequently  taken  for 
such  by  many  who  have  scon  them  in  bloom.  The  whole  of 
them  are  grown  in  potR,  therefore  will  ensure  a  certain  growth 
when  trans)  lunted.  Price  3a.  per  dozen,  postage  and  packiigo 
free  to  any  part,  or  M,  per  hu'idred,  hamper  and  ptickage  free. 

OTUELLO  CLOVE  CARNATION.—  A  few  pair  of  thla 
unique  variety  nre  still  left,  and  wilt  be  forwarded  to  any  part 
at  ^s.Ci'i.  per  puir. 

VIOLA  AltBOREA  (true).  Ca.  per  dozen;  and  RUSSIAN 
SUt'RRB  VIOLETS  (true),  3e.  p'sr  dozen. 

HOLLY  UOOKS.—Sec'llingH  aavcd  from  all  tho  beat  varietlea 
fiont  out  for  the  luiit  three  years,  H.  por  hundred,  or  1  Iji.  for 
50  plnntH,  They  aro  Ane  stronK  plants,  such  as  will  bloom 
hue  and  ulve  <;vory  BatiHfiictlon  next  tiifanon. 

A  TKBATISR  ON  THE  NATURE,  MOUE,  AND  CULTI- 
VATIO.'J  OF  THE  VIOLET,  giving  every  direction  for  ItH 
contlnu»I  b'o  inilng  tho  whole  of  iho  whiter,  4tc.,  &c.,  and  aid- 
Ing  In  many  roiipeutK  thooq  who  havo  already  grown  them,  as  it 
vinbracut)  ncverul  dintlnct  pliin«  to  grow  Violets.  I'urchuHern 
to  tho  .imount  of  &<  will  have  tho  Trcatlnu  ttiolu'led,  or  fient 
po«t  frfo  to  ftny  pnrt  on  rocolpt  of  il  penny  ammps.  Soo 
Oardencri*  (JhrtmicJc  for  Saturday  Inxt. 

HritAWlJEllltV  PLANTa.-l'rolUlc,  '.'>$.  por  100;  Oolluth, 
3«.  per  100;  All'-n  Maud,  ditto;  Eleiuior,  5^.  p'.<r  lOi) ;  British 
Q'luen,  Tit.  por  1(}')  ;  Ellzn,  ^,a.  pur  100 ;  llrttitinln,  Tia.  por  lOD  ; 
)»l'.b»,  3j  pi,T  loO;  Black  I'rlnc*-,  fw.  por  I'lO;  Trollop's 
Vicorlft,  \L  pur  IlJl),  or  'As.  per  d-z  mi. 

Tho  wiiulo,  or  nity  part  of  the  abi>vu,  can  bo  ftont  pontage  und 
pncUigo  free  on  ruci-lpt  ol  iho  amount  by  a  pont-ofUco  order  or 
I  eony  p  mtngo  itlarn|)*. 

KnwARu  Tir-Kf,  Niir«oryman,  Hiiodnman,  and  FlorUt,  II, 
/■b'^ry  UhuTch-yard,  li;ttli,  Uumorfotitliiro, 


NEW    WHITE    BR0CC0L1-"DILC0CKS    BRIDE." 

DAINBRIDGE  and  IIEWISON   beg    to   announce 

L'  that  they  have  purchased  of  Mr.  Dilcoclt  the  entire  stock 
of  the  above,  which  is  a  Broccoli  of  the  hii;hest  merit,  sur- 
passing every  other  teven  the  far-famed  "  Mamnioth"),  as  tbe 
following  will  tesrify.  It  has  been  sold  in  tbe  York  market  at 
Is.  per  head. 

"York  Horticultural  Society,  June  18,  1652. 

"  In  rfply  to  your  inquiries  I  find  '  Diko^k's  Bride  Uroccoli  ' 
wa'i  awanled  first  an  1  third  prizes  1350  ;  hrat,  Seconal ,  and  third, 
19j  I  ;  and  first,  second,  and  t'lird  in  ih'i  present  year.  It  ought 
to  ba  grown  by  every  gentleman's  gardener,  especially  where 
any  are  [jrowu  f-ti-  competition.  Marke.  gardeners  also  will 
fiad  it  to  their  profit  to  possess  it,  —Yours  iruly, 

"  R.  Dempjes,  Hon.  Secretary," 

The  Seed  will  ba  sent  outin  the  au::umn  in  sealed  pacfiets  at 
25  6J.  each,  concaiuiut;  about  1300  Sped.s.  and  may  bj  had  of 
themselves  at  Yorit ;  or  of  Messrs.  Noble;,  Coopee,  and  Bolton, 
Scpd-nierchants,  152,  Fleet-street,  Loudon. 

HopH  Nnrai-rv,  York. 


MESSRS.  PLATZ  and  SON,  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
reBpecLtuUy  in'brm  the  trade,  that  their  Catalogue  for 
1853,  in  which  will  b-j  foand  many  new  varieties,  may  be  had 
on  application  to  their  ngent,  Mr.  Roeeet  Kennedy,  Bedford 
Consei  vatory,  Covent  Oarden,  London. 


RENDLE'S   NEW  TREE  AND  SHRUB  CATA- 
LOGUE.— Our  new  Autumn  Priced  List  of 

FOREST  TREES,  SHRUBS,  AND  FRUIT  TREES, 
li  now  ready,  &nA  ca.Q,  be  had  on  application  in  exchange  for 
one  penny  stamp. 

The  Catalogue  contains  PRICES  of  SEEDLING  FOREST 
TREE-5,  New  and  Choice  SHRUBS,  Transplanted  FOREST 
TREES,  FRUIT  TREES,  including  all  the  newest  and 
choi'iest  fiorts  in  cultivation. 

Gentlemen  loho  want  to  plant  largely  this  Autumn,  or 
who  require  to  lay  out  Pleasure  Grounds,  will  do  well  to 
procure  one  of  these  Catalogues. 

LARGE  SURPLUS    STOCK. 
We  have  a  large  Surplus  Stock  of  the  following,  which  will 
be  offered  on  very  low  term?,  viz.  :  — 
Seedling  PINCS  AU3TRIACA. 
Fine  Plants  of  CEDRUS  DEODARA. 
Two  years  Redded  SCOTCH  FIRS. 
Fioesrout  Plants  of  PINUS  ESCELSA. 
Immense  Stock  of  SEAKALE  and  ASPARAGUS.  * 

TROLLOPE'S    VICTORIA    STRAWBERRIES, 
203.  per  lUO,  or  3j.  per  dozen.     This  variety  saould  be  grown 
in  every  girden. 

Apply  to  WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  NoasEEYMEN 
and  Seed  AIekchants,  Plymouth. 

ESTABLISHED  IN  173?. 


BOWLING'S  NEW  (PLUMS.— In  reply; to  Mr. 
Robert  Thompson's  Advertisement  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  of  Saturday  last,  I  have  to  state  that  I  am  both 
ready  and  wiDiag  to  attest  on  oath  that:  the  tcEtimonial  of 
which  he  complains  is  a  verbatim  copy  from  tbe  oriiinal  letter, 
addressed  by  him  to  the  then  proprle  or  of  the  Exotic  Nursery, 
New  Road,  Southampton.  At  the  same  time  I  cannot  refraia 
from  admi  ting  that  when  T  was  about  traiiscribiug  it,  I  almost 
felt  inclined  to  omit,  "  I  have  no  fear  of  my  judgment  being 
called  in  question,"  thinking  that  such  an  unqu-Uified  expres- 
fiion — even  though  emanating  from  so  htj^h  a  sour  e,  migbt  by 
many  persona  be  deemed  aa  verging  rather  too  closely  on  the 
presumptuous,  and  I  can  now  only  express  my  regret  that  it 
was  not  altogether  suppressed. 

The  subjoined  "  note"  irom  Mr.  Robert  Thompson  came  to 
hand  on  Tuesday,  tbe  9th  instant  ;  and  I  veutma  to  inlulge 
the  hope  that  the  public,  on  hearing  both  fiid.?F,  will  so  far  be 
convinced  of  my  honesty  of  purpose,  aa  m-t  only  to  "  pluck  oue 
the  poisoned  shaft,"  but  iu  the  exercise  ot"  its  wonted  liberal 
feeling,  to  confer  upon  me  in  future,  and  to  a  greater  degree, 
the  honour  of  its  patronage  and  support. 

Woo'stou  Lawn,  Nov.  10,  1852.  Henkt  Dowlinq, 

[Copy.]  "Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  Nov.  6.  1S32, 

"  S'lE, — I  beg  to  enclose  the  accompanying  testimonials  from 
Mr.  Ingram  and  Mr.  Wright,  forwarded  to  me  by  Mr.  Ford. 
I  regret  that  I  found  it  necessary  to  obji:ct  to  part  of  an  adver- 
tisement having  reference  to  me,  as  yon  will  see  by  the 
Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  this  date.  I  should  have  been  moat 
happy  to  have  done  justice  in  a  proper  mmner  to  the  merits  of 
the  Plums  in  question,  I  am  inclined  to  suppose,  tbat  in  passing 
through  diti'erent  hands,  mistakes  have  arisen  in  reconstructing 
my  original  note.  Presuming  that  such  is  the  case,  if  I  can 
authorise  a  version  of  it  in  order  to  clear  up  tUe  matter  satis* 
factorily,  I  shall  feel  pleasure  in  doing  so. 

*'  I  am,  Sir,  jour  most  obedient  servant, 

*'ilr.  Dowling.  "Rubeet  TnoMPSON." 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  13,  1852. 


A  HIGHLY  interesting  paper  has  lately  appeared  in 
tlie "  Annales desSciences Naturelles,"  by  M. TrjSoul, 
which,  perhaps,  goes  further  than  anything  which 
has  yet  been  brought  forward  to  settle  the  long- 
dispnted  question  as  to  the  origin  of  the  woody 
tissue,  or,  in  other  words,  the  increase  of  vegetables 
in  diameter.  The  theory  of  fibres  descending  from 
the  buds  has  been  adopted  by  many  first-rate 
botanists,  and  has  been  worked  out  by  Gaudiohaud 
and  others  with  extraordinary  talent,  and  the  most 
ingenious  explanations  have  been  given  of  such  facts 
as  were  apparently  most  opposed  to  its  truth.  As 
in  many  other  instances,  where  contending  theories 
have  engaged  the  attention  of  accurate  observers,  of 
which  the  view.s  of  Sciileiden  and  his  opponents  as 
to  tlie  origin  of  the  embryo  may  be  quoted  as  an 
example,  mjich  liglit  has  been  thrown  upon  many 
obscure  points  in  vegetable  physiology,  the  advantage 
of  which  will  remain  when  the  controversy  in  ques- 
tion has  lost  its  interest.  M.  TuiSouri  has  shown 
most  clearly  that  when  a  large  portion  of  bark  has 
been  taken  olf  from  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  all  union 
between  the  divided  edges  of  the  bark  being  care- 
fully prevented  by  the  removal  of  every  stray  fibre, 
that  a  new  layer  of  woody  tissne  and  bark  is  formed 
at  dolachud  points,  into  which  the  medullary  rays 
are  continued  directly  withont  the  slightest  interrup- 
tion, wliilo  fresh  iiark  is  formed  on  the  woody  tissue 
by  that  wonderful  vital  action  by  which  one  form 


724 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  13, 


of  cell  is  capable  of  giving  origin  to  another,  however 
different. 

The  observationsofM.TitficDL, which  seem  beyond 
all  possibility  of  question,  are  confirmatory  of  a  fact 
which  has  before  been  mentioned  in  our  Journal,  and 
which  has  been  repeatedly  mentioned  to  botanists 
interested  in  the  point  in  private  conversation.  An 
Oak  of  nearly  a  hundred  years'  growth  at  King's 
Cliffe,  was  deprived  of  a  great  portion  of  its  bark  by 
some  mischievous  boys,  so  as  to  leave  no  connection 
■whatever  between  that  on  the  upper  and  lower 
portions  of  the  tree.  As  the  Oak  was  in  full  vege- 
tation, and  in  consequence  of  favourable  atmospheric 
conditions  the  denuded  surface  was  not  rapidly  dried, 
an  attempt  was  made  on  the  part  of  the  tree  to  repair 
the  damage.  As  in  M.  Tr^cul's  Nyssa,  fresh  tissue 
was  thrown  out  at  various  points  into  which  the 
medullary  rays  were  continued  without  intermission ; 
and  in  a  short  time,  by  the  increased  confluence  of 
the  several  points  which  were  clothed  with  new 
bark,  it  was  evident  that,  barring  accidents,  the 
injury  would  in  a  few  years  be  more  or  less  com- 
pletely remedied.  After  two  or  three  years,  how- 
ever, the  surface  was  again  wilfully  exposed,  and  the 
tree  ultimately  died.  The  fact  of  the  penetration 
of  the  medullary  rays,  which  nobody  supposes  to  be 
formed  by  the  descending  tissue,  directly  into  the 
new  patches  of  wood,  is  one  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance, though  the  woody  tissue  is,  in  Monsieur 
Tr^cul's  case,  with  equal  certainty  a  lateral  develop- 
ment from  the  already  existent  longitudinal  cells. 
After  a  time,  as  the  patches  increase,  new  medullary 
rays  are  formed  from  the  woody  fibres,  which  have 
no  connection  with  the  others.  M.  J.  B. 


advice,  but  neglected  it,  under  the  expectation  that 
his  Vines  would  not  be  again  attacked.  Never- 
theless, by  the  time  the  Vines  were  out  of  flower, 
the  Oidium  appeared.  Then  it  was  that  M.  Duval's 
plan  was  tried  ;  lie  was  applied  to  the  leaves  and 
young  fruit,  which  were  completely  covered  with 
the  white  powder  of  the  mildew.  Even  here  the 
application  was  attended  with  success,  and  the 
Vines  produced  a  perfectly  ripe  crop  of  Grapes. 

M.  DavAL  justly  observes  that  this  method  has 
advantages  which  do  not  belong  in  the  same  degree 
to  the  sulphur  remedy,  inasmuch  as  it  is  more  easily 
applied,  and  less  expensive.  That  it  deserves  a 
good  trial  there  is  no  doubt.  The  only  question  is 
what  he  precisely  means  by  eau  da  lessive,  which  we 
have  translated  lie.  We  are  not  much  helped  by 
M.  Duval's  grandiloquent  phrase  eau  chargce  de 
substances  Mterogenes ;  but  as  the  gentleman  who 
first  tried  it  was  a  "blanchisseur"  or  washerman, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  used  the  Vi'aste  fluid 
produced  in  such  establishments.  Now  that  water 
is  not  mere  soap-suds ;  had  it  been,  we  presume  he 
would  have  called  it  eau  de  savon  ;  but  it  is  a  mix- 
ture of  soap-suds  and  some  alkaline  solution,  either 
potash  or  soda  —  as  we  do  not  happen  to  be 
familiar  with  the  washerman's  art  we  cannot  say 
which ;  but  as  wood-ashes  are  universally  employed 
for  washing  in  countries  where  wood  is  used  for  fuel, 
we  cannot  be  far  wrong  in  assuming  that  the  lessive 
or  lie  consisted  of  dirty  soap  and  water,  plus  potash- 
water,  called  lie  in  this  country,  when  wood-ashes 
are  used  in  addition  to  soap. 


Our  readers  are  aware  that  the  Horticultural 
Society  offered  Medals  for  Chrysanthemums,  shown 
in  sixes,  at  their  meeting  on  the  2d  of  this  month, 
and  that  the  gloomy  unfavourable  weather  had  so 
entirely  stopped  the  opening  of  these  flowers,  as  to 
prevent  any  varieties  being  shown  except  a  few 
Pompones.  We  are  glad  to  announce  that  the 
Council  have,  in  consequence  of  this  unforeseen 
difficulty,  agreed  to  give  Medals  for  Chrysanthemums 
at  the  meeting  on  December  7,  when  the  growers  will 
have  a  good  opportunity  of  showing  their  strength. 
As  there  is  to  be  an  exhibition  of  autumn  flowering 
Heaths,  table  Pears,  and  forced  vegetables,  on  the 
same  day,  in  addition,  a  large  meeting  may  be 
expected. 

Exhibitors  must,  however,  recollect  that  every- 
thing for  competition  must  be  in  Regent-street  at 
the  latest  by  H  a.m.,  that  is  to  say,  three  clear  hours 
before  the  meeting,  which  takes  place  at  2.  If  the 
plants  do  not  arrive  in  time,  they  will  run  a  great 
risk  of  not  being  received,  the  new  arrangements  for 
the  Society's  exhibitions  rendering  it  absolutely 
necessary  that  the  room  should  be  in  perfect  order 
by  two  hours  before  the  meeting,  at  the  very  latest. 

We  have  also  the  satisfaction  to  announce,  for  the 
information  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Society,  that  their 
much -valued  special  privilege  of  entering  the 
Gardens  of  the  Society  on  exhibition  days  at  half- 
past  12,  with  one  friend — or  of  transferring  the 
privilege  to  a  brother,  sister,  son,  daughter,  father, 
mother,  or  wife,  residing  in  his  house — has  been 
extended,  so  that  each  Fellow,  or  his  representative 
within  the  above-mentioned  limits,  may  introduce 
TWO  friends  early,  instead  of  one. 

The  last  number  of  the  Beviie  Horticole  speaks  of 
a  new  remedy  for  the  Vine  Mildew.  Mons.  Duval, 
a  gardener  at  Chaville,  near  Sevres,  says  that  recol- 
lecting how  dirty  water  {eau  impure)  destroys  the 
common  Mushroom  it  the  beds  are  watered  with  it, 
and  finding  that  the  Vine  disease  was  produced  by 
a  Mushroom,  though  not  by  an  Agaric,  it  occurred  to 
him  that  what  is  fatal  to  the  one  should  also 
be  so  to  the  other.  The  most  certain  cure  he 
thought  would  be  syringing  with  what  he  calls 
"eaux  chargees  de  substances  heterogenes,"  the 
meaning  of  which  expression  we  learn  from  the 
context. 

One  of  M.  Duval's  customers  was  a  person  who 
kept  a  washing  establishment  at  Ivry,  near  Paris. 
He  complained  that  for  two  years  past  he  had 
made  nothing  of  his  Vines,  and  expressed  his  fear 
that  he  would  be  equally  unfortunate  in  the  present 
season.  So,  as  matters  could  not  be  worse,  M.  Duval 
proposed  that  the  Vines,  after  having  been  pruned, 
should  be  well  washed  with  lie,  taking  care  that 
the  operation  was  performed  after  sunset ;  and 
repeated  two  or  three  times  at  a  few  days'  interval. 
It  was  at  the  same  time  arranged  that  some  plants 
should  not  be  thus  treated,  in  order  that  the  effect 
of  the  syringing  might  be  better  observed.  We  are 
assured  that  the  success  of  the  experiment  was 
complete.  All  the  parts  of  the  Vine  washed  with 
lie  were  (October  16)  in  the  most  satisfactory  state  ; 
those  not  washed  were  diseased — one  might  even 
say  verv  much  diseased. 
Another  resident  at  lyry  received  the  same 


DISLEAFING  PLANTS  TO  INCREASE  THEIR 
BULK. 
In  connection  with  this  interesting  subject  permit  me 
to  state  a  few  facts  which  have  come  under  my  obser- 
vation, and  which  your  recent  notices,  and  Mi*.  Smith's 
experiments,  have  called  to  mind.  Some  years  ago  I 
had  a  very  fine  tuber  of  Tropoeolum  tricolor,  which  from 
some  cause  quite  inexplicable  refused  to  grow  for  three 
successive  years,  and  during  that  time  it  never  produced 
the  slightest  vestige  of  a  shoot.  Each  year  it  was 
potted  with  the  otlier  bulbs  in  September,  and  it  annually 
increased  iu  size.  No  measurement  was  taken  at  tlie 
time,  but  I  am  quite  sure  I  am  within  the  mark  when 
I  state  that  the  tuber  increased  three  inches  in  circum- 
ference in  the  three  years  in  whicli  it  was  dormant.  In 
the  fourth  year  it  started  into  growth  again,  but  in  the 
spring  the  plant  was  not  only  weak  but  sickly,  and  was, 
consequently,  thrown  away.  I  may  remark  that  I  always 
place  the  tubers  of  Tropseolum  under  the  soil,  and  hence, 
being  in  the  dark,  it  could  not  have  elaborated  sap 
for  its  own  nourishment,  wliich  it  might  have  done  to  a 
small  extent  if  the  tuber  had  been  exposed  to  light. 
During  the  three  years  it  was  dormant  the  plant  never 
produced  a  root ;  and  hence  another  fact,  that  tubers 
under  certain  circumstances  will  increase  in  size  without 
either  roots  or  leaves.  Since  that  time  I  have 
frequently  noticed  in  my  stock  of  tubers  of  Tropaeolum, 
more  especially  of  T.  brachyceras,  some  which  did  not 
grow  for  a  season,  and  I  strongly  suspect  I  have 
some  at  the  present  time  which  intend  to  take  a 
season's  rest. 

Many  years  ago,  when  my  physiological  knowledge 
was  first  budding,  and  "  Outlines  of  Horticulture"  formed 
my  text  book  and  daily  companion,  I  recollect  pointing 
out  to  an  old  farmer  in  Nottinghamshire,  who,  though 
no  Mechi,  still  contrived  to  get  better  crops  than  his 
neighbours,  the  absurdity  of  stripping  the  under  leaves 
of  his  Kohl  Rabi  and  Mangold  Wurzel,  for  the  purpose 
of  increasing  the  size  of  the  bulbs.  I  told  him  that  a 
plant  could  only  increase  in  size  by  the  elaboration  of 
the  sap  in  the  leaves,  through  proper  exposure  to  light, 
and  consequently  the  more  leaves  a  plant  had,  if  they 
were  fully  exposed  to  solar  and  atmospheric  influences, 
the  larger  it  must  become.  *'  Ah,"  said  the  old  man, 
*Hhou't  a  very  knowing  lad,  but  when  thou  hast  lived 
as  long  as  I  ha',  thou'l  find  that  too  mony  leaves  are 
useless,  and  that  it's  better  to  gie  'em  to  the  cow  aud 
the  pig  than  let  'em  rot  on  t'  plant."  I  am  not  yet  so 
full  of  years  as  my  ancient  preceptor  ;  but  the  truth  is 
no  longer  "  looming  in  the  future,"  but  is  an  established 
and  tangible  fact,  that  uuder  certain  circumstances,  and 
after  a  certain  time  or  extent  of  growth,  plants  do 
increase  more  in  growth  by  a  partial,  or  (according  to 
Mr.  Smith's  experiments),  entire  reraov.al  of  the  foliage 
than  by  allowing  it  to  remain  rottiug  on  the  plant. 
Every  cottager  has  observed  the  rapid  increase  in  the 
size  of  his  Onions  after  the  mutilation  of  the  foliage  by 
bending  the  tops  down ;  aud  the  practice  of  trampling 
over  the  Parsnip  beds  about  the  end  of  September  and 
through  October,  is  as  old  .is  the  hills.  A  gentleman, 
ouly  yesterday,  who  grows  White  Belgian  Carrots  for 
his  horses,  &c.,  told  me  that  he  always  commenced  to 
cut  the  tops  in  September,  and  that  he  always  finds 
those  first  cut  to  produce  the  largest  Carrots,  and  that 
the  difference  in  bulk  between  the  cut  aud  uncut  is  fully 
one-thU'd  in  favom-  of  the  cut.  This  difference  must 
not,  however,  be  placed  entirely  to  the  credit  of  the 
cutting ;  for,  as  no  doubt  the  strongest  are  cut  first,  due 
allowance  must  be  made  for  that  fact  in  estimating  the 
comparative  produce. 

This  year,  fearing  that  the  loss  of  my  crop  of  late 
Potatoes  was  iuevitable,  I  had  the  points  of  the  haulm 
trimmed,  and  between  the  rows,  which  were  fom*  feet 


apart,  I  sowed  Orange  Globe  Mangold  Wurzel  as  late 
as  the  middle  of  June,  and  where  the  Mangold  failed, 
Sliirving's  Swede  Turnip  in  the  middle  of  July.  At  the 
same  time  (in  June)  I  sowed  Mangold  Wurzel  between 
some  nursery  rows  of  young  Gooseberry  and  Currant 
trees,  and  this  last  grew  so  rapidly,  that  to  save  the 
fruit  trees  from  being  entirely  smothered,  I  was  obliged 
as  early  as  the  end  of  August  to  begin  to  defoliate  the 
Mangold,  taking  away  gradually  all  but  the  vertical 
leaves ;  and  I  have  no  doubt  the  few  rods  .defoliated 
(though  the  ground  has  neither  been  trenched  nor 
manured  for  four  years,  while  that  upon  which  the  full 
foliaged  stock  is  growing  was  trenched  three  feet  deep 
in  the  spring)  has  a  crop  of  nearly  10  tons  per  acre 
more  than  that  upon  which  the  foliage  was  left  entire  ; 
the  crop  of  the  defoliated  being  at  tlie  rate  of  60  tons 
per  acre,  the  other  little  more  than  50  tons.  N( 
when  it  is  considered  that  one  piece  has  yielded 
a  basket  of  leaves  daily  for  my  cow  for  some 
weeks  past,  say  two  months,  and  that  still  it  carries  .^ 
heavier  crop  of  roots  than  that  not  defoUated,  I  think: 
it  is  a  very  significant  fact ;  for  if  a  two  months'  supply 
of  good  green  food  can  be  had,  and  at  the  same  time  a 
much  heavier  crop  of  roots,  surely  that  is  one  of  those| 
"  ways  to  wealth "  which  no  one  can  afford  to| 
despise. 

As  a  rule,  however,  the  defoliating  principle  must  not 
be  wildly  carried  out.  We  must  not,  like  the  young 
lady  who  found  a  Quince  a  great  improvement  in  aal 
Apple  pie,  fancy  that  an  Apple  pie  all  Quinces  would 
be  still  better,  and  thus  crop  off  all  the  leaves  directly!^ 
they  are  large  enough  to  crop.  But  we  must  recollect 
that  leaves  are  the  lungs  of  plants,  and  that  there  is  no 
more  certain  way  of  destroying  the  strongest  plant  than 
to  divest  it  constantly  of  its  foliage.  Hence  as  a  rule  it 
should  be  observed  that  all  plants  to  be  profitably 
defoliated  must  have  arrived  at  full  growth,  that  is,  they 


must  have  arrived  at  that  state  when  the  first  formed  i 
leaves  begin  to  play  a  secondary  part,  and  sinkl 
beliind  their  young  and  more  aspiring  rivals.  InP 
the  case  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  I  should  say  that  after 
the  middle  of  August  every  leaf  which  sinks  below 
an  angle  of  45'^  with  the  crown  of  the  plant  might 
be  profitably  taken  away,  and  so  fast  as  they  fall 
below  that  angle  they  may  be  removed  afterwards. 
I  cannot  go  the  length  of  Mr.  Smith,  and  cut  all  the 
leaves  ofi"  at  once,  as  I  fear  that  is  the  "  Apple  pie  all 
Quinces  ;"  for  though  the  bulbs  may  increase  in  size  I 
fear  it  is  only  by  an  accumulation  of  water,  while  it  is 
quite  certain  the  new  foliage  must  be  made  at  the 
expense  of  the  organisable  matter  in  the  plant.  To 
remove  the  old  and  inert  foliage,  and  thus  allow  breath- 
ing room  for  the  young  and  active  leaves,  is  a  very 
different  matter;  in  the  one  case  we  have  plants  crowded 
together  with  decayed  and  decaying  foliage,  some  of  it 
possibly  returning  effete  and  unhealthy  sap  to  the  plant  r 
in  the  other  case  we  have,  comparatively,  plants  standing 
as  single  specimens,  suiTOunded  by  a  clean,  pure,  and 
healthy  atmosphere,  with  full  facilities  for  both  light, 
heat,  air,  and  water,  to  exert  their  proper  influences. 
These  are  important  considerations,  which  growers  of 
specimen  plants  fully  understand ;  and  even  deep- 
trenching,  wide-cropping,  and  thin-seeding,  will  not 
attain  their  maximum  of  success  until  each  plant  is  kept 
scrupulously  clean,  free  from  decaying  foliage,  and  has- 
room  proportionate  to  the  size  it  has  to  attain.  In  the 
case  of  plants  grown  for  their  roots,  such  as  Mangold 
or  Turnips,  is  it  not  likely  that  after  the  inert  foUage  has 
been  removed,  the  plant,  by  the  exposure  of  a  large 
portion  of  its  root,  has  a  surface  as  large  for  the  action 
of  the  atmosphere  and  the  elaboration  of  sap  as  when  all 
the  foliage  was  on;  and  thus,  by  partially  disleafing,  we 
gain  a  quantity  of  food,  and  at  the  same  time  increaso 
the  elaborating  and  accumulating  resources  of  the  plant. 
If  one  of  my  specimen  Pelargoniums  is  crowded  with 
small  shoots  and  foliage,  I  cut  the  weakest  shoots  away, 
tie  the  plant  out,  and  thin  the  foliage,  and  iu  a  few  days 
there  is  a  marked  improvement  in  the  strength  of  tho 
shoots  and  the  size  of  the  leaves.  The  same  rule 
applied  to  Mangold  Wurzel,  a  Tm*nip,  a  Kohl  Rabi,  or 
cow  Cabbage,  wifl  be  attended  by  the  same  result,  and 
possibly  the  sameprofits;  for,  depend  upon  it,itisasmucb 
against  the  nature  of  a  plant  to  be  surrounded  by  its 
own  putridity  as  it  is  against  the  nature  of  man  to  go  ' 
unwashed  ;  the  strong  may  prosper,  but  the  weak  must 
die. 

I  once  Icuew  a  gardener,  certainly  one  of  the  old 
school,  but,  nevertheless,  a  very  good  Grape  grower. 
who  used  to  apply  the  disleafing  principle  to  the  man.ige- 
ment  of  his  Vines,  especially  those  for  early  forcing. 
Directly  Autumn's  King  began  to  discolour  the  foliage 
he  used  to  prune  the  Vines,  and  divest  them  of  ever^y 
leaf ;  and  he  always  contended  that  the  buds  swelleo 
materially  afterwards,  and  that  they  broke  when  foi-eins 
commenced  more  freely  than  Vines  pruned  after  tIk 
foliage  had  fallen.  The  practice  of  the  London  mailiel 
gardeners  in  the  management  of  then*  Rhubarb  ii 
another  example  of  disleafing  without  injury.  In  thif 
neighbourhood  they  pull  each  piece  six  or  eight  times  in 
the  season,  and  each  time  every  leaf  is  plucked  off  until 
the  ground  is  almost  as  bare  as  if  there  was  no  crop 
upon  it  ;  and  yet  crop  after  crop,  and  extraordiuarj 
crops  too,  are  the  result.     That — 

*'  There  is  more  between  heaven  and  earth,  Horatio, 
Than  has  been  dreamed  of  in  our  philosophy," 
is  still  a  truth  ;  and  unpalatable  as  it  may  seem. 
Science  has  filched  Practice  ■  of  that  fair  fame,  blmd 
though  it  was,  "which  even-handed  Justice  compels  hei 
to  yield  back  agaui.  Wm.  P.  Ayra,  Brooklmids  Nnrscri/ 
Blachlieath,  Nor.  8. 


46—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


725 


MYOSOTIS  AZORXCA. 
This  "beautiful  Azorean  Forget-me-Not  is  a  very 
ieful  gi'eenhouse  as  well  as  showy  bedding  plant,  which 
think  deserves  to  be  more  extensively  known  than  it 
It  is  very  easily  managed,  forms  a  good-sized 
ecimen,  produces  its  flowers  in  great  abundance,  and 
rtains  them  for  a  long  time.  Its  colour  is  a  deep 
irpHsh  blue  ;  I  therefore  consider  it  a  very  valuable 
quisition,  more  especially  for  the  decoration  of  the 
laservatory  or  greenhouse,  and  it  would  be  very 
iitable  for  the  sitting-room  window  of  the  amateur. 
he  following  hints  may  be  useful  to  such  as  are  com- 
encing  its  cultivation. 

It  may  now  be  procured  from  most  nurseries,  and 

'ed  may  be  obtained  readily.     If  it  is  to  be  raised 

om  seed,  it  will   require  the  ordinary  treatment  of 

:eenhouse  plants  in   that  state.     It   enjoys  a  close, 

oi?t  frame.     It  will  hardly  be  possible  to  grow  it  to 

ich  a  size  as  to  be  worth  notice  as  a  flowering  plant 

tiring  the  first  season.     When  moderately  strong,  it 

ay  lie  potted  off  into  4-inch  pots,  and  when  the  plants 

we   filled  these  with  roots,  shift  into   7-inch  pots. 

fter    they  have  become    established,    tliey   may  be 

inoved  to  a  situation  near  the  glass  in  the  greenhouse, 

I  here  they  may  remain   during  autumn  and  winter. 

hey  will  now  be  strong  bushy  plants,  forming  a  good 

'unJation  for  the  next  season's  specimens,  particularly 

severaJ   plants  have    been    put    into    one    pot.     I 

?nerally  put  three  or  five  in  a  pot.     After  they  have 

irly   commenced  growth  in  spring,  shift   them  into 

2- inch  pots,  and  place  them  in  the  warmest  corner  of 

le  greenhouse.     They  will  soon  make  vigorous  growth, 

Q«i   may   be  neatly    trained  to  small    stakes.     With 

rdinary  management  and  care,  they  will  soon  be  some 

3    inches   high   and   2   feet  through  ;  and  about  the 

eginning  or  middle  of  July  they  will  be  covered  with 

owers,  like  om-  pretty  Forget-me-Not,  but  larger  and 

luch  darker. 

I  tind  a  mixture  of  loam  and  peat  to  suit  it  perfectly, 

dding,  of  course,  a  portion  of  silver-sand,  according 

0  the  nature  of  the  soil ;  and  the  latter  had  better  be 

sed  in  as  rough  and  fibrous  a  state  as  it  can  be  had  ; 

I  ut  I  imagine  amateurs  begin  to  be  aware  that  this  is 

|.  point  worth  attention  in  the   culture  of  pot-plants 

lienerally.     The    greenhouse   or   sitting-room    window 

|>'lll  suit  it  perfectly  when  in  flower  ;  and  the  plants 

!  Tter  flowering  may  be  cut  back  and  taken  care  of  for 

inother  season,  or  thrown  away  to  make  room  for 

;,oung  ones  ;  the  latter  will  generally  be  foimd  to  make 

he  best  specimens.  Alpha, 


)X     THE     IMPOSSIBILITY    OF    PREDICTING 
THE   WEATHER. 

(Flore  des  Seirea  et  des  Jardins  de  L'Europe.) 
.  The  remarkable  state  of  the  weather  in  the  summer 
f  1852  has  excited  public  attention.     It  has  given  rise 

0  a  series  of  predictions  more  or  less  inauspicious,  which 
Ave  been  circulated  everywhere,  in  the  workshops  of 

as  well  as  in  the  farni-houses  in  the  country. 
*be  ground  was  parched  with  a  suflbcating  heat,  there 
vos  not  a  breath  of  air  in  motion,  and  both  animals  and 
-egetables  were  in  a  sort  of  vacuum.  Gn  such  a  day, 
nd  at  such  an  hour,  the  end  of  the  world  was  announced 
;o  take  place.  All  this  was  absurd,  but,  Credo  quia 
^gurdum — I  believe  because  it  is  absurd — is  applicable 
[o  the  French.  With  many  such  ridiculous  rumours, 
for  which  the  continued  tropical  heat  appeared  sufficient 
foundation,  in  tiie  minds  of  ignorant  people,  they  have 
pot  hesitated  to  mix  up  the  name  of  one  of  our  most 
Illustrious  philosophers.  Many  persons  still  believe 
that  M.  Ai"ago  had  predicted  the  unusually  high  tem- 
perature which  we  have  experienced.  Such  being  the 
aae,  it  appears  to  us  that  it  would  be  interesting  to 
■eproduce,  with  his  permission,  a  cm*iou3  notice  pub- 
iflhed  in  *^  L'Annuaire  du  Bureau  des  Longitudes  pour 
IB46,"  by  our  great  astronomer,  on  the  impossibility  of 
iredicting  the  weather.  We  ought  to  remark,  that,  not- 
withstanding his  endeavours  to  show  on  what  slight 
'oundation  such  predictions  rested,  yet  they  are  still 
mputed  to  him.  We  are  also  certain,  that  notwith 
standing  our  publication  of  liis  remarkable  work,  the 
public  will  not  be  deterred  in  future  fi*om  blindly 
in-editing  predictions.  It  is  truly  said  tliat  children  are 
[not  guided  by  the  experience  of  their  fathers.  In  spite 
f  the  incredulity  of  learned  men,  and  in  spite  of  all 
iroof,  human  nature  will  cherish  the  belief  of  impos- 
sibilities.    M.  Arago  says  : — 

Is     IT      POSSIBLE,     IN     THR     ACTrAI.     STATK     OF      OUB. 

HOWLKDGE,    TO    PREDICT  THE    WEATIIP.R     POR   ANY    PAtt- 

ICL'LAR     TIME,       I.f     ANY     GIVEN       PLACE  ?         MaY       WE 

PECT,    IfOWEVEU,  THAT   SOME    DAY   TUIS   PROBLEM  WILL 

IE  SOLVED  { 

Being  occupied,  by  Inclination  and  duty,  in  mcteor- 
>logical  studies,  I  am  frequently  asked  whether,  by 
leans  of  astronomical  obHcrvations,  I  could  know  a  year 
iMjfordiand  what  would  be,  in  any  given  place,  tho 
^annual  temperature,  tho  temperature  of  each  month, 
[the  quantity  of  rain  compart-d  with  the  u&ual  mean,  the 
[prevailing  v/Indfl,  Sec. 

1  I  bavo  already  prcwmted  to  the  readers  of  the 
l^^nrDi/iiVc"  the  rcftultB  of  the  r'-wmrcheH  of  scientific 
men  and  of  astronomers  relative  to  th»;  influence  of  the 
moon  and  comets  on  the  weather.  I'hcHC  rewultH  clearly 
i  f^cmonntrate,    I    think,   that   the    lunar  and    cometary 

influences  arealmoftt  inwenmble,  and  hence  that  the  pre- 
diction of  tho  weather  will  never  \tocouui  a  branch  of 
astrfjii',my  j/rfjfmriy  «o  r.alkd.  jn  UwA  tbc:  moon  and 
<oraetH  have  at  all  times  been  conHidered  tho  prepon- 
i<lerating  celestial  bodies  in  a  meteoroh^gical  point  of  view. 


Since  these  results  were  published  I  have  considered 
the  problem  in  another  light.  I  have  endeavoured  to 
find  out  whether  the  works  of  men,  and  events  which  it 
is  impossible  to  foi-esee,  may  not  occasion,  accidentally, 
considerable  modifications  of  climate,  and  particularly 
as  regards  temperature.  I  am  aware  that  facts  support 
an  affirmative  reply,  I  did  not  intend  to  publish  this 
result  until  I  finished  my  work  ;  but  I  must  confess  I 
have  been  induced  to  take  an  early  opportunity  of 
openly  protesting  against  the  predictions  which  have  been 
annually  attributed  to  me,  both  in  France  and  other 
countries.  Not  one  word  was  ever  uttered  by  me, 
either  in  intimacy  or  in  the  course  of  my  lectures 
during  more  than  30  years  ;  never  was  there  a  single 
line  published  with  my  assent  that  could  authorise  any 
person  to  ascribe  to  me  the  idea  that  it  was  possible  to 
tell  with  any  degree  of  certainty  what  the  state  of  the 
weather  would  be,  a  year,  a  mouth,  a  week,  I  will  say 
even  a  single  day  beforehand.  I  trust  the  vexation 
which  I  have  felt  at  seeing  my  name  attached  to  a 
number  of  ridiculous  predictioiis  will  not  lead  me,  by  a 
sort  of  reaction,  to  give  an  exaggerated  importance  to 
the  causes  of  pertmrbation  which  I  have  enumerated  ! 
I  believe  I  can^at  this  moment  state  the  main  result 
of  my  investigations  to  be :  Never,  be  the  progress 
of  science  what  it  niay^  will  learned  men,  that  are  honest 
and  careful  of  their  reputeUi&m,  hazard  it  by  predicting 
the  weather. 

A  declaration  so  explicit  gives  me  a  right  to  expect 
that  they  will  not  any  longer  make  me  play  the  part  of 
Nostradamus  or  of  Matthew  Laensberg,  but  I  am  far 
from  flattering  myself  with  any  illusion  on  this  subject. 
Hundreds  of  persons,  who  had  even  gone  through  all  the 
degrees  of  University  studies,  assailed  me  in  1846,  as 
they  had  previously  done,  with  questions  truly  deplor- 
able for  our  epoch.  *'  Shall  we  have  a  severe  winter  ? 
Do  you  think  we  shall  have  a  hot  summer,  a  wet 
autumn  ?  This  long-continued  drought  is  very  destruc- 
tive ;  when  is  it  going  to  cease  \  They  say  that  the 
ruddy  moon  [the  first  full  moon  after  the  new  moon  in 
April]  will  this  year  cause  much  damage  ;  what  is  your 
opinion  ?  "  &c.  &c.  Notwithstanding  my  want  of  con- 
fidence in  predictions,  I  may  venture  to  foretell  that 
such  questions  will  be  repeated. 

Limits  of  the  variation  of  the  mean  a7inual  and 
monthly  tcmperaturesin  our  climate. — Themeteox'ologicai 
condition  of  any  given  place  is  much  less  variable  than 
is  generally  supposed  by  those  who  judge  by  their  own 
feelings,  by  vague  recollections,  or  by  the  harvests.  At 
Paris,  for  example,  the  mean  temperatures  of  the  years 
vary  but  little. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  of  Paris  from  1806  to 
1S26  inclusive  was  50- 14**  Fah.  The  Jiighest  of  21 
annual  means  exceeded  the  average  by  only  2*34** ;  the 
lojvest  annual  mean  was  found  to  be  below  the  average 
only  2.^  deg.  ¥ah.  As  far  as  the  annual  mean  tem- 
peratures ai-e  concerned,  the  systematic  meteorologists 
will  be  aware  that  very  slight  disturbance  could  be  pre- 
dicted from  them  ;  only  such  as  a  variation  of  2^  or 
3  degrees  of  temperature  would  produce. 

Although  the  mean  temperatiu'e  of  any  year  differs 
but  little  from  the  average  of  a  number  of  years,  yet  it 
is  otherwise  with  the  months.  The  difference  between 
the  general  and  particular  means  is,  in  January  and 
December,  as  much  as  8  or  9  degrees  Fahrenheit.  In 
consequence  of  these  variations,  if  we  compare  the 
extreme  mean  temperatures  of  each  month  with  the 
average  temperatures  of  the  others,  we  find — That  the 
month  of  January  is  sometimes  as  temperate  as  that  of 
March,  on  the  average  ;  that  the  month  of  February 
resembles  occasionally  the  mean  of  the  second  fortnight 
of  April,  or  that  of  the  first  fortnight  of  January  ;  that 
the  month  of  March  sometimes  resembles  the  mean  of 
April,  and  sometimes  that  of  the  second  fortnight  of 
January  ;  that  the  month  of  April  never  reaches  the 
temperature  of  May  ;  that  the  mean  of  May  is  fre- 
quently warmer  than  certain  months  of  June  ;  that  the 
month  of  June  is  sometimes  warmer  than  certain 
months  of  July  ;  that  the  mean  of  July  is  sometimes 
warmer  than  some  months  of  August ;  that  the  mean  of 
August  is  occasionally  slightly  colder  than  some  months 
of  September  ;  that  the  mean  of  September  is  some- 
times colder  than  some  months  of  October  ;  that  the 
mean  of  October  may  boas  much  as  5,^  degrees  colder 
than  some  months  of  November ;  that  the  mean  of 
November  may  be  10  degrees  colder  than  tho  warmest 
months  of  December  ;  that  the  mean  of  December  may 
be  124  degrees  colder  than  January. 
( To  be  continued.} 


Home    Correspondence. 

Vcrnnica  Andcrsonii. — Tliis  beautiful  Veronica  is  well 
worthy  of  all  that  has  been  said  of  it  1  received  a  plant 
of  it,  about  (J  inches  high,  from  a  nursery  last  March. 
it  was  repotted  into  a  H)-inch  pot  in  a  soil  composed 
principally  of  light  hmni,  with  a  little  leaf-mould,  and 
fimall  pieces  of  charcoal.  Tho  drainago  was  made 
perfect,  u  matter  of  niueli  importance,  where,  as  in  this 
ease,  a  large  fthift  j.s  given.  It  was  then  placed  in  a  cool 
Vinery,  and  fully  cxpoMcd  to  liglit  and  air,  where  it 
remained  till  tho  end  of  May.  By  that  time  it  wan 
puHJiing  freely  from  every  eye.  It  was  then  taken  nut 
of  doors,  plunged  in  aStrawbcn'y  bod,  and  fully  exjiOHed 
to  HunHliino.  No  further  attention  wiis  boHtowed  on  it, 
wifh  llie  (.-xreplion  of  giving  it  cnou^jh  of  clear  soft 
water.  IJy  tho  firHt  weolc  in  AugUHt  it  hud  becomo  a 
very  liandMomeHpecinien, .'»  feet  in  height,  with  branches 
rcguhirly  developed  from  tlicpot  upwards.     It  was  then 


taken  into  the  greenhouse.  The  central  stem  produced 
two  spikes  of  flowers  tlie  first  week  in  September,  and 
all  the  other  branches  (upwards  ot  30)  followed  in  quick 
succession,  throwing  out  a  similar  number  of  spilies. 
All  the  shoots  have  continued  in  flower  ever  since,  and 
appear  as  if  they  will  continue  in  that  condition  for  some 
time  to  come.  Many  of  the  spikes  have  been  6  inches 
in  length.  I  know  of  no  autumn-flowering  plant  that 
possesses  so  many  recommendations  as  this,  and  it  is  of 
such  easy  culture  that  any  one  may  grow  it.  Q.  DicJi^son^ 
Manchester. 

Window  Gardening. — Referring  to  the  communica- 
tions from  your  correspondents  Dr.  M'Cormick  and 
Mr.  Wood,  which  appeared  in  the  Gardeners''  Chronicle 
of  23d  and  30th  ult.,  I  may  mention  that  the  use  of 
Ward's  cases  as  substitutes  for  short  blinds  for  sitting- 
room  windows  is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  thing  here. 
There  are  a  couple  a  few  doors  from  my  own  residence, 
which  have  been  in  existence  for  ten  years,  and  since 
the  reduction  in  the  price  of  glass,  such  things  have 
become  quite  common,  so  much^so  that  in  my  o^vn 
immediate  neighbourhood  I  know  of  upwards  of  20 
windows  in  wliich  the  use  of  short  blinds  is  dispensed 
with  by  the  introduction  of  these  cases.  I  myself  have 
two  in  use,  and  I  can  assure  your  readers  that  when 
filled,  either  with  flowering  plants  or  Ferns,  Lycopods, 
Myrtles,  &c.,  they  form  a  much  prettier  and,  of  course, 
more  interesting  blind  than  anything  else,  and  the 
original  cost  is  about  the  same,  or  less,  than  that  for 
wire  blinds  so  much  in  use.  Those  which  I  have  are 
not  closely  glazed,  as  they  have  no  extra  glass  next  the 
window,  and  they  are  also  provided  with  a  nan-ow 
folding  slip  at  top  (which  when  shut  rests  on  the  cross 
astragal  of  the  window)  for  air,  as  I  had  them  con- 
structed to  hold  flowering  plants;  and  for  this  purpose 
they  answer  admirably,  provided  you  have  accom- 
modation for  a  garden-frame,  in  which  to  bring  forward 
the  plants,  so  as  to  keep  the  cases  always  gay ;  but  with- 
out this  accommodation  I  would  recommend  having  the 
cases  made  tight  and  filled  principaUy  with  Ferns,  &e, 
I  may  mention,  however,  that  in  a  close  case  all  the 
spring  bulbs  flower  admirably  (of  course  renewed 
annually),  such  as  Snowdrops,  Crocuses,  Jonquils, 
Hyacinths,  &c.,  and  at  that  season  some  of  these  cases 
here  are  very  gay.  Tea  and  China  Roses  also  do  pretty 
well  for  a  short  time.  These  cases  are  made  with  a 
wooden-box  at  bottom,  lined  with  zinc,  resting  on  and 
projecting  from  3  ins.  to  6  ins.  beyond  the  window  sill ; 
the  frame-work  of  the  case  should  also  be  zinc,  as  it  can 
be  mad3  so  much  lighter  looking  ;  the  prettiest  form  is 
to  have  the  top  rounded,  as  in  the  accompanying  sketch. 

Regarding  the 
heating  of  these 
cases,  I  would  sug- 
gest a  double  bot- 
tom, the  lower  part 
filled  with  water, 
and  a  small  jet  of 
gas  placed  under 
it ;  of  coux'se  the 
wooden  bottom 
would  be  dispensed 
with  ;  the  merest 
point  of  fiame 
would  keeptheheat 
at  80^  or  SO''  in 
ordinary  weather ; 
and  to  provide  for 
moisture  a  small 
pipe  to  come  up 
through  the  soil, 
open  at  top,  would 
give  off  vapour, 
and  also  serve  to 
fiU  and  mark  the 
height  of  the  water 
in  the  box  or 
tank  below.  A  friend  of  mine  has  a  case  con- 
structed as  suggested  by  "  W.  W.,"  viz.,  the  lower 
part  filled  with  water  for  gold-fish,  with  a  pretty  zine 
trellis  over  the  water  for  pots  of  Ferns,  &c.  ;  of  course 
air  is  admitted  for  the  fisli,  but  yet  the  Ferns,  Lycopods, 
See,  grow  well.  J.  Church,  jun.,  Glasgoiv. 

Rhubarb  Preserve. — I  have  made  some  after  the 
following  manner  (and  were  I  going  out  to  Australia  I 
should  be  but  too  glad  of  a  little  of  it  to  spread  on  one 
those  hard,  dry  biscuits  every  day  while  on  my 
voyage)  : — I  first  remove  tho  outer  skin,  tho  stalk  is 
then  cut  up  into  inch  lengths  ;  then  put  into  the  pre- 
serve pan,  and  simmered  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  ; 
then  equal  weights  of  suj;ar  are  added  to  it.  The  mass 
is  then  boiled  for  an  hour.  This  is  necessai'y  on 
account  of  tho  large  quantity  of  water  Rhubarb  con- 
tains, and  if  a  gill  of  the  best  brandy  is  put  in  during 
tho  last  quarter  of  the  hour  of  boiling,  with  about  half  a 
pound  of  the  best  marmalade,  the  flavour  is  much 
improved.  When  done,  it  is  the  colour  of  Greengage 
preserve,  and  is  quite  as  good  flavoured,  with  about  tlie 
same  consistency.  James  Cul.hUl,  Cainbnivell. 

Tenacity  of  Vegetable  Life, — In  a  loading  article,  at 
p.  (iD'J,  there  are  some  obHcrvationa  on  vogetablo  life, 
which  remind  me  of  occurrences  that  took  place  under 
my  own  observation  several  years  ago.  At  tho  time  I 
allude  to,  having  a  de.siro  to  reduce  the  depth  of  soil  of 
a  Vino  border,  I  had  recourse  to  the  following  expedient. 
Below  tho  soil  (which  had  been  entirely  removed)  I 
Hpread  a  layer  of  lu'ick  rubbiHli,  and  over  it  again  a 
layer  of  short  strong  branches  of  tho  Dutch  Elm  ;  upon 
which  i  replaced  tho  compost  soil  to  the  depth  of  4  feet 
or  upwards.    In  the  course  of  tho  following  autumn  I 


726 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


VNov.  13, 


found  the  whole  border  lull  of  roots  (many  of  which 
were  then  in  a  state  of  decay),  and  which,  after  a  careful 
search,  proved  to  be  from  ttie  Elm  branches.  Though 
I  felt  surprise  at  the  time,  the  result  might  have  been  fore- 
seen ;  the  exciting  causes  being  the  warmth  of  the  soil 
transmitted  from  the  front  flue  of  the  house,  and  by  the 
partial  admission  of  air,forwhich  1  had  provided.  Another 
instance  of  vitality  was  observed  in  the  branch  of  an  old 
Pear  tree,  trained  against  a  south  wall  :  this  branch 
had  (many  years  previously)  been  injured  near  its  inter- 
section with  the  stem  ;  but  it  had  continued  to  live, 
although  the  point  of  union  had  dwindled  to  the  smallest 
portion  possible  of  indurated  wood,  devoid  of  either 
bark  or  alburnum.  A  third  instance  is  still  more  re- 
markable of  the  tenacity  of  vegeUble  life  under  peculiar 
circumstances;  the  stem  of  a  Thorn,  growing  in  the 
middle  of  a  hedge,  had  been  severed  from  its  root  at 
some  indefinite  time  previously  ;  nevertheless,  it  had 
continued  alive  without  any  visible  means  of  support, 
and  when  it  fell  under  my  observation  showed  no  imme- 
diate symptoms  of  death.  I  shall  add  only  one  more 
instance  of  these  freaks  of  Nature  :  a  Thorn  tree, 
visible  from  here,  on  being  removed  to  its  present 
situation,  did  not,  during  the  first  year  (to  the  best  of 
my  knowledge),  burst  a  single  bud  ;  the  year  following 
it  grew,  and  developed  leaves  and  branches,  nearly  to 

the  extremity  of  the  old  shoots.    B.,  November  5. 

The  following  may  be  interesting,  as  bearing  ou  the 
continued  vitality  of  ihe  roots  of  plants  without  the 
assistance  of  leaves.  A  sickly  Catalpa  tree  was  trans- 
planted in  the  autwmn  of  1850,  and  during  the  whole  of 
the  next  spring  and  autumn  it  did  not  put  out  a  single 
leaf,  and  appearing  hopelessly  dead,  was  late  in  the  year 
cut  off  close  to  the  ground  ;  but  to  my  surprise  last 
July  it  put  out  from  the  bottom  of  the  old  stock  four 
young  shoots,  plainly  showing  that  the  roots  must  have 
been  alive  the  wiiole  time,  but  not  sufficiently  vigorous 
to  supply  the  old  stock  with  the  required  snp ;  but 
increasing  in  vigour,  have  since  been  able  to  organise 
new  wood  and  form  a  perfect  plant  with  stem  and  leaves. 
Vigilax.  [These  cases  are  not  quite  analogous  to  what 
happens  when  root  crops  are  deprived  of  leaves.] 

Large  Cucumbers  (see  p.  694). — Mr.  George  Edwards 
appears  to  think  it  something  extraordinary  that 
Hunter's  Prolific  Cucumber  should  grow  33  inches  in 
length,  and  weigh  10  lbs.  But,asjou  very  justly  observe, 
'*  What  is  the  use  of  such  a  fruit  ?  which  of  course  was 
ripe  when  these  dimensions  and  weight  were  taken." 
Permit  me  to  inform  Mr.  E.  that  I  saw  last  September 
a  Norfolk  Hero  Cucumber,  i  1  inches  in  length,  as 
green  as  Grass,  and  fit  to  go  before  any  nobleman's 
table.  I  also  saw  at  the  same  place  one  left  for  seed, 
33  inches  in  length,  but  I  should  say  it  did  not  weigh 
5  lbs.  ;  these  fruit  were  grown  in  a  greenhouse  without 
artificial  heat,  and  trained  on  the  trellis  with  greenhouse 
Grapes.  Q.  T.,  Rose-cottage,  RkeiihaU^  Ease.v,  Nov.  5. 

Tlie  Malvasia  Grape,  for  Wine. — Your  correspondent 
'^  J.  H."  says,  "  that  this  wine  is  not  much  known  even 
in  Naples,  aud  probably  none  has  ever  been  sent  to 
this  country."  Now,  1  beg  to  state  that  most  of  the 
Eolean  Islands  are  volcanic,  and  that  the  Malvasia 
wine  is  made  in  one  or  two  more  islands,  besides  Lipari, 
which  is  the  largest  (18  miles  in  circumference);  that 
this  wine  is  sent  chiefly  to  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Malta  ; 
that  many  years  ago  I  imported  some  for  my  own  use  ; 
that  I  was  the  only  one  who,  I  think,  introduced  this 
Vine  in  our  hothouses,  and  a  few  of  them  bore  beautiful 
Malvasia  Grapes  in  Staffordshire,  and  I  have  a  few  in 
my  hothouse  at  Woodfield,  near  Manchester.  With 
regard  to  the  quality  of  the  wine  in  question,  I  quite  agree 
with  your  correspondent.  It  is  a  beautiful  dessert  wine, 
and  it  ought  to  be  imported  largely.  It  is,  to  my  taste, 
superior  to  Malmsey.  The  price  at  Lipari  is  some 
2s.  6rf.  per  gallon.  It  will  not  spoil  by  a  transit  of  some 
2000  miles,  and  is  not  medicated  or  adulterated  (which- 
ever you  like)  as  the  Spanish  aud  Portuguese  wines  are, 
J.  W.  Bopkins,  Chester. 

Asphake. — I  would  feel  much  obliged  to  any  of  your 
correspondents  who  could  give  a  I'eceipt  for  the  com- 
position employed  at  the  stations  on  the  railway  between 
Lancaster  and  Leeds.  It  seems  a  species  of  asphalte  with 
coarse  gravel  in  it ;  it  makes  a  capital  footpath  aud  looks 
well;  and  if  not  very  expensive  it  would  be  a  most 
useful  thing  for  walks,  floors,  &c.  K  F.  L. 

Melamp'i/i'uin  arvense. — 1  should  be  much  obliged  to 
any  of  your  correspondents  who  would  favour  me  with 
seeds  of  the  above  plant.  I  do  not  observe  it  in  any 
seedsman's  catalogue  that  I  possess,  and  I  presume  it  is 
quite  useless  to  ask  fur  it  among  the  trade.  George  E. 
Frere,  Hoyden  Hall,  Diss,  Norfolk. 

Rot  in  Larch. — In  reply  to  your  correspondent, 
*'  Hazel,"  who  inquires  "  whether  any  of  the  diseased 
Larches  which  were  cut  down  had  a  head  of  branches 
three-fourths  the  length  of  the  tree  \ "  I  have  only  to 
say,  that  I  believe  not  one  of  them  had  a  head  of 
branches  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  tree  when  cut 
down.  Since  I  last  wrote  I  have  cut  down  about  20 
Larch  in  another  plantation,  merely  for  the  purpose  of 
thinning,  and  not  one  was  found  to  be  diseased,  though 
the  plantation  is  not  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  other, 
and  the  soil  apparently  the  same,  but  the  trees  Avere 
younger.  L.  C.  K. 

Planting  Potatoes. — The  use  of  small  Pofatoes  for 
planting  can  only  be  recommended  in  cases  where  large 
ones  cannot  be  obtained.  To  plant  an  acre  with  large 
Potatoes  4  oz.  each,  at  1  yard  apart,  requires  21^  bushels 
of  56  lbs.  ;  present  value  of  earliest  selected  kinds  about 
51-  To  plant  it  with  sizes  2  oz.  each,  at  the  same 
distances,  of  course  requires  lOf  bushels;  value  at 
present  prices  about  3;.     And  to  plant  it  with  sets  of 


common  size  now  in  use,  about  1  oz.  each,  at  half  the 
distance,  takes  something  like  10  bushels,  at  a  present 
value  of,  say,  II.  10s.  for  earliest  varieties.  Experience 
has  taught  us  repeatedly  that  large  sets  produce  the 
most  lucrative  crops,  and  ripen  their  tubers  sooner  ; 
causing  a  freer  and  earlier  growth  both  before  and  after 
they  appear  above  ground.  It  is  to  be  regretted, 
however,  that  but  few  can  avail  themselves  of  this 
opportunity.  Hardy  and.  Sons,  Maldon,  Nov.  8. 

SIdmm-ia  japonica. — It  is  stated  in  your  report  of 
the  Horticultural  Society's  meeting  in  Regent-street 
(p.  678),  that  "  this  new  evergreen  shrub  is  thought  to 
be  hardy,  but  of  this  further  proof  is  required." 
Permit  me  to  say  that  it  is  hardy  here,  having  borne 
the  "  pelting  of  the  pitiless  storm''  during  the  last 
seven  years,  without  any  protection,  and  the  whole  of 
that  time  it  has  retained  that  fine,  dark,  glossy  green 
appearance,  for  which  it  is  so  remarkable.  It  is  now 
showing  numerous  clusters  of  incipient  flowers,  which 
are  of  a  greenish-yellow  colour,  and  fragrant.  /.  M., 
Walton  Nursery,  Liverpool.  [Skimmia  japonica,  the 
real  kind,  has  not  been  in  England  seven  years.  We 
presume  that  our  correspondent  speaks  of  SU.  Laureola.] 

• You  state  that  Skimmia  japonica,  exhibited  by  us 

on  the  16th  of  October  last,  "  is  believed  to  be  hardy, 
but  of  this  further  proof  is  required."  How  such  a 
report  obtained  circulation  we  are  at  a  loss  to  know,  for 
the  plant  is  really  as  hardy  as  a  common  Laurel.  Small 
specimens  but  a  few  inches  high,  and  with  the  leaves 
touching  the  soil,  eJidure  the  frost  and  damp,  and  all 
the  vicissitudes  of  winter,  with  impunity.  In  justice  to 
ourselves,  and  to  the  character  of  the  plant,  we  beg  to 
contradict  the  report,  and  emphatically  to  pronounce  it 
perfectly  hardy.  Sfandish  \and  Nohle,  Bagshot,  Nov.  9. 
[Upon  this  we  have  three  things  to  observe  :  Firstly, 
that  our  reporter  did  not  deny  the  hardiness  of  this 
plant,  nor  did  Dr.  Lindley ;  what  he  said  was,  that 
further  proof  is  required  before  the  point  can  be  con- 
sidered quite  settled.  Secondly,  there  has  been  no  winter 
severe  enough  to  try  the  plant  thoroughly  since  its 
introduction.  Thirdly,  the  plant  has  not  yet  been 
grown  in  a  sufficient  number  of  places,  and  under 
circumstances  sufficiently  different,  to  render  its  hardi- 
ness certain.  Our  own  belief  is,  that  the  plant  will  bear 
our  frosts  ;  but  it  is  mere  belief,  which  cannot  be  offered 
or  accepted  as  certainty.] 

Brugmannas. — In  reply  to  "^  T.  C.  C,  Castle  Gary,' 
(see  p.  693),  I  beg  to  state  that  I  alluded,  in  the  Calendar 
to  which  he  refers,  to  Brugmansia  suaveolens  and 
bicolor,  cultivated  in  large  pots  for  decorative  purposes. 
That  they  both  do  better  planted  out  in  warm  places  I 
admit ;  but  they  are  likewise  valuable  as  pot  plants  for 
certain  positions,  where  planting  out  could  not  be 
effected.  The  Writer  of  the  Calendar. 

Tlie  Tangerine  0;u?'p(?.  — The  "  Jardim  Portuense  " 
contains  the  following  description  of  a  large  Tangerine 
Orange-tree,  which  I  have  ventured  to  translate  and  send, 
"  In  the  beautiful  garden  of  the  Senora  Baroneza  de 
Villar  exists  a  Tangerine  Orange  tree  of  extraordinary 
dimensions,  being  more  than  27  palraos  high  (a  palmo 
is  about  9  inches),  31  palmos  in  diameter,  and  97  in 
circumference.  In  this  country  there  is  not  another 
Tangerine  of  equal  size,  and  very  few  exceed  half  the 
above  dimensions.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  young,  but 
it  is  certainly  not  more  than  80  years  old.  It  is  in 
excellent  condition,  and  produces  good  fi-uit.  Its 
extraordinary  growth  and  fine  preservation  appear  to 
be  owing  to  the  shelter  it  has  from  the  cold  winds  and 
sea  breeze,  its  greatest  enemies.  The  greater  part  of 
the  Tangerines  in  Oporto  are  daughters  of  the  one  at 
Villar,  whose  origin  is  not  known."  P.  Wallace. 

Snails. — I  have  had  a  seemingly  good  suggestion 
respecting  their  destruction  from  a  working  gardener, 
viz.,  to  place  a  number  of  Cabbage  leaves  at  distances 
about  2  yards  apart,  between  the  rows,  during  the 
frosty  or  snowy  nights  of  winter.  He  believes  that 
these  leaves  "will  attract  the  snails  from  their  hiding- 
places,  and  if  in  the  morning  a  search  be  made  on  each 
leaf  by  a  party  of  boys  or  women,  and  the  snails  picked 
off,and  thrown  into  a  covered  pail  and  buried  inlime,  they 
will  in  a  week  be  entirely  destroyed.    Viator,  Walton-on- 

Thames. In  order  to  destroy  slugs,  snails,  or  worms, 

on  a  large  or  small  scale,  procure  a  quantity  of  grains  ; 
they  must  be  fresh  from  the  brewery,  then  any  time  in 
the  afternoon  put  down  in  the  infested  places  half  a 
handful,  at  2  or  3  yards  apart ;  and  about  1 0  o'clock  the 
same  night  visit  the  ground  with  a  lantern  and  candle, 
and  a  bucket  of  quick-lime.  If  there  are  any  slugs,  &c., 
they  will  be  found  feeding  on  the  grains,  when  a  little 
lime  from  the  bucket  will  settle  them.  Repeat  the  dose 
until  you  find  no  visitors.  D. 

Gynerium  argcnteum This  noble  plant  has  thro^vn 

up  32  magnificent  flower-stems  1 1  feet  high  here  this 
season.  During  the  summer  it  had  a  good  supply  of 
liquid  manure.  There  is  also  a  plant  of  it  at  Celbridge 
growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Liffy,  whose  flower-stems 
have  reached  the  great  height  of  15  feet  The  roots 
have  made  their    way   to  the   water's    edge.    3f.  C, 

Phosnix-parJc,  Dublin,  Nov.  4. This  gigantic  Grass 

is  now  flowering  in  pei;fection  in  the  nursery  gi'ounds 
belonging  to  Messrs.  Dicksons,  of  Chester.  The 
flower-stems  are  17  in  number,  and  measure  11  feet  in 
height,  the  base  of  the  plant  being  3^-  feet  in  circum- 
ference ;  the  leaves  average  10  feet  in  length,  and  hang 
from  the  plant  in  an  elegant  semi-circular  form.  The 
plant  in  question  was  small  when  planted  about  six 
years  ago,  and  has  grown  luxuriantly  in  a  soil  in  which 
many  plants  far  less  beautiful  would  have  perished, 
the  subsoil  being  a  stiff  irony  clay,  into  which  its 
Amai'jllis-like  roots    have  penetrated    a  considerable 


depth.  If  this  plant  wasplaced^on  a  mound  sufficiently 
high  to  allow  the  leaves  to  hang  down  without  touching 
the  ground,  ii:  would  form  an  object  at  once  striking 
aud  effective.  Z>.  Freeman,  Nov.  9. 

Hoio  to  Seat  a  Small  Greenhouse  Cheaply. — In  reply: 
to  Mr.  W.  Gill,  I  have  to  state,  in  reference  to  my 
heating  apparatus  described  at  p.  677,  that  an  inch  or 
half-inch  pipe  will  not  answer,  as  the  space  in  the- 
greenhouse  would  not  be  affected  by  such  a  small, 
stratum  of  heated  air  ;  what  I  meau  by  this  is,  that  the 
heated  air  would  be  cooled  by  the  extra  amoimt  of  cold 
air  with  which  the  heated  au*  would  be  amalgamated,. 
From  experience,  I  find  that  a  cast-iron  pipe  about 
half  an  inch  thick,  and  3  inches  in  diameter  in  the- 
bore,  will  keep  a  greenhouse  in  the  severest  frost  above 
the  freezing  point.  As  to  the  average  heat,  I  would  say 
that  even  in  very  cold  weather  the  thermometer  seldom- 
marks  under  45°  Fah.,  alias  1 3"|above  freezing.  W.K.A.    j 

Late  Grapes.— U  "  J.  P.  D."  (see  p.  710)  will  clear  his  | 
plants  out  of  the  house  as  early  in  spring  as  possible^  ' 
and  let  the  Vines  make  an  early  and  a  hberal  growth^, 
he  will  not  fail  to  obtain  well  ripened  wood,  and  after- 
wards by  the  same  treatment  I  make  no  doubt  he  may 
get  a  crop  of  well  ripened  Grapes.   JV.  B.y  Maidenhead. 

The  Slaiiwick  Nectarine. — A  few  words  about  this 
remarkable  and  peculiar  variety,  at  this  planting  season,, 
may  be  acceptable  to  some  of  your  readers.  For 
these  two  seasons  past  I  have  been  struck  with 
its  almost  evergreen  habit,  its  leaves  remaining  fresh 
and  green  till  far  in  December  ;  from  this  I  suspected 
it  would  prove  a  late  variety,  but  I  did  not  suppose  it 
would  be  so  very  late  as  I  now  find  it  to  be.  One  or 
two  plants  in  pots,  in  one  of  my  span-roofed  orchard 
houses,  bore  fruit  this  season  ;  in  the  same  house,  and 
near  them,  were  trees,  also  in  pots,  of  the  Elruge  and 
Violette  Hative  Nectarines  :  these  ripened  their  fruit 
at  the  usual  season,  viz.,  the  first  and  second  weeks  in 
September.  The  fruit  of  the  Stanwick  Nectarine 
remained  on  the  tree  hard  and  green  till  past  the 
middle  of  October,  and  then  cracked  and  did  not  ripen. 
A  tree  on  a  south-west  wall  at  Poles,  near  Ware,  has 
also  borne  fniit  this  season,  which  cracked  and  did  not 
ripen  kindly,  and  the  same  has  also  occm-red  atj 
the  Royal  Gai-dens,  Frogmore,  where  a  tree  oni 
a  wall  in  a  favourable  soil  and  situation  has  not  ripened 
its  fruit  ;  it  seems,  then,  that  this  really  fine  Nectarim 
will  not  ripen  in  this  country  without  fire  heat.  The 
specimens  sent  from  Stanwick  were  remarkably  delicious 
as  I  can  testify  ;  for,  after  having^eaten  four  of  them,! 
planted  the  stones,  from  which  I  have  now  four  fin« 
trees,  exactly  like,  in  foliage  and  habit,  the  trees  from 
the  parent  stock.  I  have  no  doubt  that  this  late 
Nectarine  will  be  the  parent  of  a  new  race  of  late  high* 
flavoured  melting  Nectarines,  by  crossing  it  with  the 
Violette  Hative  and  Elruge  ;  but  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  by  a  great  oversight  it  was  omitted  to  be  mentioned 
when  its  qualities  were  given  to  the  world,  that  the 
specimens  tasted  were  ripened  with  the  aid  of  fire  heat 
as  nearly  every  one  interested  in  fruits  lioped,  and 
indeed  expected,  that  it  would  be  fit  for  general  culti- 
vation. However,  as  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the 
trees  are  to  be  devoted  to  charity,  which  "  covers  a 
multitude  of  sins,"  let  us  hope  that  that  fact  will 
cover  one  mistake.  Thomas  Rivers. 

Beet-root. — All  my  friends  like  the  way  my  Beet-root  ' 
is  dressed.  Let  the  roots  be  carefully  washed  so  as 
not  to  break  the  skin  ;  have  some  boiling  water  ready  j 
boil  one  hour  ;  when  cold  skin  them,  and  cut  in  shces 
in  a  dish  ;  pepper  and  salt  each  layer  ;  when  all  cut,  pour 
over  some  vinegar,  mth  a  little  Cayenne  pepper;  aftera 
few  hours  pour  over  an  equal  quantity  of  water.  H.  D.  C* 


Societfts, 

Entomological,  Nov.  1. — ^J.  0.  Westwood,  Esq... 
F.L.S.,  President,  in  the  chair.  The  meeting  was  held 
in  the  Society's  new  apartments.  No.  12,  Bedford-row. 
Amongst  the  donations  was  a  series  of  British  spiders,, 
carefully  preserved  and  named,  from  Mr.  Meades  ;  and 
a  collection  of  British  anoplura,  named  by  Mr.  Denny, , 
the  monographer  of  tliat  tribe  of  insects,  presented  by 
the  Rev.  L.  Jenyns,  A  splendid  specimen  of  Sphinx 
Nerii,  captured  at  Brighton,  was  exliibited  by  Mr. 
Winter.  A  fine  series  of  rare  Lepidoptera,  from 
Scotland,  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Weaver,  including 
Oporabia  neglectaria,  Plemyria  lapidata,  the  supposed 
new  Scotch  Psyche,  &c.  Various  rare  Coleoptera,  from 
the  same  locality,  were  also  exhibited  by  Mi\  Weavefp 
including  Boletophagus  crenatus  and  Dendrophagus 
crenatus,  two  genera  new  to  this  country,  Pytho 
depressus,  Hylsecetus  Dermestoideg,  and  Cetonia  senea, 
with  the  cocoons  of  the  last-named  species,  the  larvae  of 
which  reside  in  ants'  nests,  feeding  on  the  immature 
ants,  and  remaining  three  years  in  that  state.  Messrs. 
Boyd  and  Edwin  Shepherd  exhibited  numerous  rare 
Lepidoptera  from  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  the  neighbom*- 
hood  of  Dover  ;  and  Major  Shepherd  a  hermaphrodite 
specimen  of  the  blue  butterfly  Polyommatus  Alexis,  the 
right  side  and  wings  of  which  were  male  and  the  left 
female.  The  President  exhibited  a  mass  of  white  cottony 
matter,  consisting  of  a  number  "Of  small  cocoons,  which, 
had  been  collected  on  the  body  of  the  caterpillar  of  a. 
Sphinx,  at  Hong-Kong,  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Bowring,  and 
within  which  some  specimens  of  a  parasitic  Eurytoma 
were  still  entangled.  Mr.  F.  Moore  exhibited  the  trans- 
formations of  a  minute  Muscideous  Dipteron,  which  he 
had  reared  from  adecay  in  g  Walnut.  Mr.  Sydney  Saunders 
exhibited  a  fine  series  of  illustrations  of  the  habits  and 
transformations  of  six  species  of  Stylopidce,  recentlj 


46— 1852.  J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


727 


)served  by  himself  in  Albania,  as  well  as  various  other 
stances  of  parasitism  in  the  Hymenoptera  and  Diptera. 
he  President  gave  some  account  of  M.  Blanchard's 
ork  upon  the  "Organisation  of  the  Animal  Kingdomj 
ime  of  the  elaborate  plates  of  which  were  upon  the 
ble.  A  notice  was  communicated  by  Mr.  F.  Moore 
rlative  to  a  gigantic  spider's  web  observed  in  India, 
ithin  which  small  birds  were  entangled,  and  then 
'eyed  upon  by  the  young  spiders.  Mr.  Douglas  exhi- 
ted  a  number  of  illustrations  of  the  habits  of  various 
if-mining  caterpillars,  and  read  a  translation,  with 
)tes  by  himself  and  Mr.  Stainton,  of  Reaumur's 
emoir  on  that  subject.  He  also  read  a  note  of  an 
tide  recently  published  upon  the  Potato  disease,  attri- 
ited  to  the  growth  of  fungi.  Mr.  Spence  communi- 
ted  a  notice  by  Col.  Moody  of  a  disease  in  New 
oUand  caused  by  the  attacks  of  a  minute  fly  upon 
e  eyes  of  the  inhabitants,  and  a  successful  mode  of 
sventing  it  by  the  use  of  an  open  net-work  veil  or 
jamonche.  Mr,  Spence  pointed  out  the  similarity  of 
is  mode  of  prevention  to  the  plan  adopted  by  the 
cient  Egyptians  (as  detailed  by  Herodotus),  and  by 
2  modern  Italians,  as  set  forth  by  himself  in  the  first 
lame  of  the  Society's  Transactions  for  preventing  the 
trance  of  flies  into  apartments  by  hanging  fishing  nets 
the  open  windows. 


Notices  of^oolts,  ^c. 

Old  Roads  and  New  Roads,  the  title  of  the  first  of  a  series 

Bhilling  volumes  published  by  Chapman  and  Hall  under 

,;  title  of  "  Reading  for  Travellers,'*  is  exactly  the 

;3k  for  the  amusement  of  a  man  of  education.     Lively 

\i  learned,  poetical  and  practical — this  book  is  to  the 

iiolar    fatigued    with    trash    like   a    bottle    of    rich 

mgariaa  wine  to  a  man  who  has  been  condemned  to 

,  tiiin  potations  of  Fi'ance  and  the  Rheingau.    Take  for 

itance  the  following  introductory  matter  : — 

■  Perhaps  the  very  antiquity  of  roads,  and  the  wide 

I    of    generations  comprised    in    the   subject,    have 

1  erred   competent  persons  from  attempting   it ;    yet 

i  refore  is  it  only  the  more  strange  that  incompetent 

t'sons  have  not  essayed  *  this  great  argument,'  since 

\y  generally  rash  in  where  their  betters  fear  to  tread. 

Iiistory  of  roads  is,  in  great  measure  indeed,  a  history 

fiivihsation  itself.     For  highways  and  great  cities  not 

rely  presuppose  tlie  existence  of  each  other,  but  are 

;D  the  issues  and  exponents  of  two  leading  impulses  in 

nature  of  man.     Actuated  by  the  one — the  centri- 

al  instinct; — the  shepherd  races  of  Asia  founded  their 

at  capitals  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates  and  the 

Qges  :  impelled  by  the  other — the  centrifugal  instinct 

hey  passed  forth  from  their  cradle  in  the  Armenian 

hlands,  westward  as  far  as  the  Atlantic,  and  east- 

d  as  far  as  the  Pacific.     We  have  indeed  indications 

oads  earlier  than  we  have  accounts  of  cities.     For 

s  before  Arcadian  Evander  came  as  a  '  squatter '  to 

ODt  Palatine,  was  there  not  the  great  road  of  the 

lerboreans  from  Ausonia  to  Delphi,  by  which,  with 

1  revolving  year,  the  most  blameless  of  mankind 

veyed  to  the  Dorian  Sun-god  their  offerings  ?     And 

oon  as  Theseus — the  organiser  of  men,  as  his  name 

orts — had  slain  the  wolves  and  bears  and  the  biped 

ians  of  the  Corinthian  Isthmus,  did  he  not  set  up  a 

iction-post,  informing  the  wayfarer  that  '  this  side 

Peleponnesus,  and  that  side  was  Ionia  1 '  Centuries  of 

Qgbtaod  toil  indeed  intervened  between  the  pathacross 

plain  or  down  the  mountain- gorge  and  the  Regina 

ram,  the  Appian  Road  ;  and  centuries  between  the 

stone-heap  which  marked  out  to  the  thirsting  way- 

the  well  in  the  desert,  and  the  stately  column 

ch  told  the  traveller,*  This  is  the  road  to  Byzantium.' 

In  the  land  of  'Gerj'on's  sons,'   the  paths  which 

ed    the    sieiTas    were    attributed    to  the    toils    of 

'cnles.     In  Boiotia,  at  a  most  remote  era,  there  was 

oad carriage-road  from  Tholjis  to  Pliocis,  and  at  one 

ts  intersections  by  a  second  highway  the  homicide  of 

opened  the  'long  process'  of  woes,  whicli   for 

generations  enshrouded,  as  with  *  the  gloom  of 

,hqaakc  and  eclipse,*  the  royal  house  of  Labdacus. 

have  some  doubt«  about  the  nature,  or  indeed  the 

tencc,  of  tlie  road  along  whJcli  the  ass  Borak  con- 

jd  Mahommed  to  the  seventh  heaven  :  but  we  have 

jiroirnds  for  fjnestioning  the  fjict  of  tlio  great  cause- 

,    which    Milton   saw   in    his  vision,  leading    from 

rieraonium  to  thUi  earth,  for  have  not  Sin  and  Deatli 

I  travelling  u[j07i  it  unceasingly  for  now  six  tliousaud 

From  that  region  heyand  the  moon,  where,  according 
.rioHUi — and  Milton  also  voiichcs  for  the  fact — all 
f^n  lowt  on  earth  are  to  be  found,  could  we  evol;c  a 
;higinian  ledger,  we  would  gladly  pnrcliase  it  at  tlio 
of  one  or  two  Fatherw  of  the  Cliureh.  It  would 
rm  us  of  many  things  v<:ry  pleasant  anrl  proJittble  to 
nowfi.  Amon^  others  it  would  probably  give  Home 
ng  of  the  Htag'-fl  nnd  in^^  upon  th'j  gr^^nt  road  whicIi 
Vom  the  frtistem  Hank  of  .Mount  AiI.-ih  to  iJorenice, 
he  Ked  Sea.  'I'his  rtriul  v/hm  in  ill  ndr;nr  with  the 
ptianti,  who,  ]ike  all  close  \iur»a/\inf  dreaded  the 
'Oach  of  dtrantcrs  and  inhovatioiiH.  And  the  Cur- 
loian  caravans  came  much  too  nfrar  tlie  gold*mincs 
Pharoalis  to  be  at  all  pleasant  to  lUor.o  potentates: 

'  'moch  I  wl« 
To  the  inno/nno*  of  Kin^  AmuHM.' 
it  is  bootless  to  pine  after  kno-.vled^jo  irrfttriovably 
ed  in  oblivion.     Otherwise  we  might   fairly  Iiavo 
edto  have  hUhA  beHide  King  Nebuchadnezzar  when 
vnDA'ivisedl^  uttered  tlwt  proud  vaunt  whtelt  ended 


in  his  being  condemned  to  a  long  course  of  vegetable 
diet.  For  doubtless  he  gazed  upon  at  least  four  main 
roads  which  entered  the  walls  of  Babylon  from  four 
opposite  quarters  : — 

•  From  Aracbosia,  fr3in  Ciiniiaor  east, 
And  Uargiana,  to  the  Hyrcaniaa  ciilYi 
Of  Caucasus,  and  dark  Iberian  dales  : 
From  Atropatia  and  the  noighboaring  plains 
Of  Adiabene,  Midia,  and  the  south 
Of  Susiaoa,  to  Bnlsara's  baveaa.* 

We  pass  over  as  a  mad  imperial  whim  Caligula's  road 
from  BaitE  to  Puteoli,  partly  because  it  was  a  costly  and 
useless  waste  of  money  and  labour,  and  partly  because 
that  emperor  had  an  awkward  trick  of  flinging  to  the 
fishes  all  persons  who  did  not  admire  his  road.  It 
was  a  bad  imitation  of  a  bad  model — the  road  with 
which  Xerxes  bridled  the  'indignant  Hellespont.' 
Both  the  Hellespontine  and  the  Baiau  road  perished  in 
the  lifetime  of  their  founders  ;  while  the  Simplon  still 
attests  the  more  sublime  and  practical  genius  of 
Napoleon.  We  should  have  also  greatly  liked  to  watch 
the  Cirabri  and  Arabrones  at  their  v/ork  of  piling  up 
tho^e  gigantic  earth-mounds  in  Britain  and  in  Gaul, 
which  under  the  appellation  of  Devil's-dykes,  are  still 
visible,  and,  as  monuments  of  patient  labour  and  toil, 
second  only  to  the  construction  of  the  Pyramids." 

We  need  say  nothing  more  to  induce  our  readers  to 
inquire  after  "  Old  Roads  and  New  Roads." 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  Cineraria.—  Flowering  from  Christmas  to  June, 
and  forming  handsome  specimens  for  decorative  pur- 
poses at  a  comparatively  small  expense,  both  as  regards 
attention  and  accommodation  ;  and  also  furnishing  a 
profusion  of  finely-shaped  many-coloured  flowers  for 
bouquets,  which  the  Cineraria  does,  it  well  deserves  to 
be,  as  it  is,  one  of  the  most  popular  flowers  of  the  day. 
It  is  of  easy  culture,  and  in  most  cases  is  well  managed  ; 
butj  nevertheless,  in  some  instances  where  ample  means 
exist,  and  also,  doubtless,  a  desire  to  produce  respect- 
able specimens,  it  exhibits  eff'ects  of  the  worst  possible 
treatment.  The  following  hints  may '  enable  such 
growers  to  produce  creditable  examples  of  this  ex- 
tremely useful  plant.  The  ordinary  method  of  propa- 
gating the  Cineraria  is  by  root  suckers,  which  are 
produced  abundantly  by  plants  after  blooming,  when 
placed  in  a  shady  situation  and  properly  attended  to 
with  water.  The  old  plants  should  be  broken  up  as 
early  in  August  as  suckers  can  be  had  strong  enough  ; 
the  latter  should  be  potted  singly  in  4-inch  pots,  and 
placed  in  a  shady  part  of  a  cold  frame  till  well  esta- 
blished, wliich|  will  be  in  less  than  a  fortnight.  The 
plants  should  then  be  placed  near  the  glass,  and  receive 
abundance  of  air,  with  a  view  to  secure  "stocky" 
growth.  During  autumn,  and  until  severe  weather 
occurs,  a  cold  frame  will  form  the  most  suitable  situa- 
tion for  promoting  rapid  growth  ;  but  some  attention  will 
be  necessary — not  to  wet  the  foliage  any  more  than  can  be 
helped,  and  also  to  avoid  cold  currents  of  air,  which  turn 
the  leaves  foxy,  and  greatly  injure  the  plants.  At  the 
same  time,  however,  admit  sufficient  air  to  prevent 
weakly  growth.  Water  should  be  applied  early  in  the 
day  when  necessary,  giving  a  good  soaking,  and  air 
admitted  on  the  sheltered  side  of  the  frame,  to  dry  the 
atmosphere  and  foliage.  During  autumn  and  winter 
the  Cineraria  is  somewhat  liable  to  mildew,  especiully 
some  varieties  ;  keep,  therefore,  a  sharp  outdook  for 
this  enemy,  and  apply  sulphur  the  moment  it  appears 
to  th.e  parts  affected.  Mildew  is  greatly  encouraged  by 
a  confined  over-moist  atmosphere,  which  is  also  very 
congenial  to  aphides,  which  will  be  sure  to  make  their 
appearance  under  such  circumstances.  As  soon  as  they 
are  perceived  apply  tobacco  smoke  ;  but  if  the  plants 
are  keptin  good  health  neither  evil  will  be  very  trouble- 
some. As  soon  as  frost  is  likely  to  occur  the  glass 
should  be  protected  every  night  with  straw  screeus,^'or 
some  efficient  covering  ;  for,  remember,  the  Cineraria 
will  not  stand  much  frost,  and  neglect  in  covering  may 
do  irreparable  damage.  With  respect  to  potting,  the 
plants  should  be  allowed  plenty  of  root  room  until  near 
their  period  of  flowering,  and  they  ought  never  to  be 
pot-bound  during  the  growing  season.  Liberal  slilfts 
may  be  given  to  healthy  tliriving  plants,  but  weak 
varieties  should  not  be  over-potted.  Specimens  may 
liave  10-inch  pots  at  the  second  shift,  which  will  be 
sufficiently  large  for  the  winter,  and  in  March 
tbt-y  may  bo  moved  into  12  or  15-inch  pots, 
according  to  the  sized  specimens  desired.  The 
plants  sliould  be  removed  to  tho  front  of  tho  green- 
house, or  to  some  light  airy  situation  where  they 
will  he  Hccurc  from  frost  and  damp.  As  before  slated, 
keep  thetn  free  from  insects  and  mildew,  and  remove 
any  decaying  leaves  an  they  appear.  When  the  flower- 
Hteriis  l>egin  to  elongate  they  should  bo  pegged  or  tied 
out,  HO  as  to  l;ce[i  the  Hpecirnens  opc-n  for  tlio  admission 
of  lii;lit  and  air,  and  manure-water  will  be  highly  bene- 
ficial at  this  stage.  When  the  plants  are  in  flower 
tliey  should  ocinipy  an  airy  place,  where  they  will  receive 
abundance  of  light  without  being  exposed  to  the  full 
force  of  tlie  forenoon's  sun  ;  hut  this  applies  only  to 
phints  flowering  after  tho  sun  bei-omcH  powerful  in 
spring.  Those  hlosHoniing  in  winter  like  full  cxj)OHuro 
to  the  littl'-  sniiHtiinc  and  light  which  can  then  be  itllbrdird 
tlieni.  WluM'M  Hpf;cim';ns  arc  wi«lied  to  flower  in  winter, 
cuttings  should  be  selectrd  about  April,  planted  in  \\;i^\\t 
sandy  soil,  placed  in  a  tcniperatur'!  of  ahont  ^Tj",  mid 
grown  as  freely  as  pOMihle  (luring  the  stinimtr  and 
autumn,  and  allowed  to  become  pot  bound  towardii 
November,  when  if  placed  iu  a  temperature  of  about 


50*^  they  will  be  found  to  flower  freely,  and  will  be 
exceedingly  useful  for  furnishing  cut  flowers.  Seeds 
sown  in  April  produce  useful  plants  for  winter  flowering, 
as  they  grow  more  vigorously  during  the  summer. 
When  the  beauty  of  tho  specimens  is  over  remove  the 
flower-stems,  unless  seed  is  wanted,  and  then  only  a  few 
spikes  need  be  left.  Place  the  plants  in  a  shady  situa- 
tion, and  keep  them  clear  of  insects  and  properly 
supplied  with  water  until  a  supply  of  suckers  is 
obtained,  when  the  old  plants  may  be  thrown  away. 
Good  fresh  turfy  loam,  in  the  proportion  of  two  parts  to 
one  of  two  years  old  cow-dung,  well  intermixed  with  a 
quantity  of  clean  sharp  sand,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  loam,  to  ensure  efficient  drainage,  forms  an  excellent 
compost  for  the  Cineraria.  For  small  plants  leaf  soil  or 
sandy  peat  may  be  substituted  for  the  cow-dung.  S. 

PoiiiPONE  Chiitsanthe5iu:\is. — I  have  a  plant  of  Renon- 
cule,  in  a  12-inch  pot,  upwards  of  4  feet  through,  and 
3  feet  high,  and  it  has  more  than  500  expanded  atid 
expanding  flowers  on  it.  It  is  also  well  clothed  with 
healthy  green  foliage.  This  is  the  gem  of  ^all  the 
Pompones  which  I  have  seen.  It  is  a  free  flowerer,  and 
the  blossoms  are  as  double  as  those  of  the  most  double 
Daisy.  Q.  DlcJcsony  Manchester. 


Catalogue  received  from  Messrs.  Howden  Brothers,  laverness. 


MiscellaneouSd 

Dcodonsing  Blan-ure. — I  will  state  sonie  cutioua  facts 
which  I  have  observed  in  examining  urine,  and  perhaps 
they  may  help  us  to  the  solution  of  the  larger  problem. 
This  fluid  in  its  recent  state  contains  urea,  and  phos- 
phates of  soda,  lime,  and  magnesia,  which  latter  are  held 
in  solution  by  the  free  acid  existing  in  it.  When  kept, 
urine  putrefies  or  ferments,  and  the  urea  is  changed  into 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  which  neutralises  the  excess  of 
acid,  and  a  precipitate  of  the  triple  phosphate  of  am- 
monia and  magnesia  is  deposited.  If  we  add  a  solution 
of  a  salt  of  magnesia  to  this  urine,  a  further  precipitate 
of  the  same  salt  is  produced.  Starting  with  these  facts, 
I  kept  some  urine  in  an  open  vessel  until  the  urea  was 
converted  into  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and  then  converted 
the  carbonate  into  a  sulphate,  by  adding  sulphuric  acid 
until  the  liquid  was  neutralised.  A  very  offensive  odour 
was,  however,  given  off  during  this  operation  ;  and  the 
sulphate  of  ammonia  being  very  soluble,  I  was  obliged 
to  evaporate  a  large  amount  of  fostid  liquor  to  obtain  a 
comparatively  small  product.  Trying  to  deodorise  the 
liquor  by  various  means,  I  found  the  addition  of  a 
mixture  of  the  sulphates  of  magnesia  and  lime  precipi- 
tated all  the  phosphates  and  nearly  all  the  ammonia. 
The  supernatant  liquor  was  poured  off,  and  on  evapora- 
tion was  not  nearly  so  offensive  as  the  former  liquor, 
and  contained  a  small  quantity  of  the  double  sulphate  of 
magnesia  and  ammonia.  The  first  precipitate  readily 
dried  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and,  although  certainly  not 
inodorous,  did  not  give  off  any  noxious  gases.  I  found 
it  to  consist  of  sulphate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  the 
ammonio-phosphate  of  magnesia,  the  doul)le  sulphate  of 
ammonia  and  magnesia,  and  traces  of  organic  matter, 
which  no  doubt  gave  the  peculiar  urinous  smell  to  the 
compound.  About  this  time  I  was  asked  to  remedy  a 
most  off"enslve  smell  in  a  stable,  arising  from  the  decom- 
position of  urine  and  dung.  I  tried  the  mixture  of 
Epsom  salts  and  plaster  of  Paris,  and  tiie  most  wonder- 
ful effects  followed  ;  the  stable-keeper  was  delighted. 
Previously,  the  stable  was  damp  and  unwholesome,  and 
if  closed  for  a  few  hours  the  ammoniaeal  vapours  were 
suffocating.  After  sprinkling  the  sulphates  underneath 
the  straw  and  along  the  channel  of  the  drain,  (here  was 
no  longer  any  smell,  and,  as  he  declared,  the  walls  of 
the  stable  became  much  drier.  If  this  be  really  the 
case,  it  opens  up  another  source  of  manure  for  the 
farmer  ;  for  the  dungheap  must  be  much  enriched  by 
the  phosphates  and  ammonia  fixed  and  swept  up  with 
the  straw,  which  would  otherwise  have  run  to  waste  into 
the  drain.  I  have  no  doubt  the  same  salts  are  formed 
as  in  the  case  of  the  decomposed  urine.  An  economical 
preparation  of  the  magnesiau  limestone  dissolved  in  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  with  the  aid  of  the  superphosphate  of 
lime  prepared  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on 
coprolite,  might  be  employed  to  precipitate  all  that  is 
valuable  in  the  sewage  of  towns,  while  the  supernatant 
liquid  might  be  run  off  hai-mless  into  the  ordinary 
cliaimel  of  drainage.  We  should  thus,  to  a  great  extent, 
fix  the  morevolatde  and  odorous  portions  of  the  sewage; 
and  at  the  same  tirfie  obtain  in  tlie  precipitate  a  manure^ 
valuable  for  its  containing  the  very  ingredients  required 
by  plants,  and  yielding  up  its  elements  to  the  action  of 
the  cininges  of  climate  and  temperature.  We  possess 
in  our  own  country  nn  inexhaustible  supply  of  tho 
mineral  constituents  which  make  guano  so  valuable,  in 
beds  of  jdiosphatic  dcpositt;  and  mountains  of  magnesian 
limostono  ;  and  we  allow  ■1,000,0110  tons  of  niglit-soil  to 
be  annually  wasted  on  our  slioros.  Wo  well  deserve  to 
be  taxed  by  a  foreign  government,  while  we  neglect 
tlieso  precious  stores  at  liomo.  If  agriculturiHta  would 
take  in  hand  practically  tho  discoveries  of  their  moro 
theoretical  hrethn-n  of  the  towns,  and  not  cast  aside 
v.\<:yy  flug^cjition  Ijccnufic  of  tlio  first  faihiro,  they  might 
render  themselves  iMdcjiendL-nt  of  tho  iVruvian  or  apy 
other  government  for  guino.  Extract  frovi  a  Paper  on 
Mineral  Manitreif  hy  Mr.  TAwiHCij  Blytk^  read  before  the. 
Chanlcal  JJinruHHion  iSodetit. 

y.iile  of  Orcliuh. — AVliat  kind  of  prices  tlio  plants 
nii-ntioncd  at  page  70i!  rcalined,  will  he  gleaned  from 
the  following  :— Kpidcndi'uin  vilclliimm  (very  fine 
sjieeinieriH),  fetched  from  2/.  to  7/.  lOtf.  ;  B.  aurantiacumj 
from    \l.   to  'U.  lOtf.  ;  E.   ulatum,  from    M.  to  'It,  Gs. 


728 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Nov.  13, 


Schomburgkia  tibiciuia  (fine  plants),  i'voxn  \l.  to  6i.  5s.  ; 
Barkeria  spectabilis,  from  \l.  to  21,  ;  B.  SUinneri,  from 
1/.  to  21.  4s.  ;  an  unknov/n  Mormodes,  }l.  Other  lots 
fetched  from  II.  to  11.  os. 

Fried  Tomatoes. — Slice  and  fry  in  good  sweet  butter, 
or  without  if  you  prefer.  The  rind  should  be  first  care- 
fully removed.  Or  take  a  piece  of  good  pork,  cut  into 
small  pieces,  and  add  an  Onion,  of  a  size  proportionate 
to  the  family  ;  cut  up  fine  and  fry  them  brown  ;  put  in 
the  Tomatoes,  cover  them  up  and  fry  till  well  done. 
This  method  is  highly  recommended,  and  many  who 
cannot  endure  Tomatoes  prepared  in  any  other  way, 
admire  them  when  fried  thus.  Ohio  Cultivator. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  iveeJc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

WnEN  finally  regulating  greenhouse  plants  for  the 
wiuter,endeavour  to  keep  those  plants  requiring  the  same 
general  treatment  together,  either  in  the  same  house  or 
(where  the  collection  is  extensive)  by  devoting  a  sepa- 
rate house  to  their  culture.  Where  such  is  tlie  case. 
Heaths,  Epacrises,  and  the  gi*eater  part  of  New  Holland 
plants  requiringnearly  the  same  management,may  occupy 
one;  and  where  one  house  has  to  hold  a  general  collection, 
the  above  should  occupy  the  front  shelves  and  other 
situations  near  the  glass,  to  have  the  benefit  of  light  and 
air  ;  again,  Camellias,  Chinese  Azaleas,  the  Orange 
iribe,  Daphnes,  Ike,  may  occupy  the  same  house,  if 
required.  There  will  yet  renuaiu  a  number  of  plants  of 
antermediate  habit,  which,  for  the  want  of  more  ample 
-accommodation,  may  be  grown  with  any  of  the  above. 
But  Pelai'goniums,  Cinerarias,  Calceolarias,  and  similar 
.pkiuts  with  soft  or  succulent  leaves,  will  require  to  be 
kept  in  a  temperature  of  not  less  than  45',  and 
hence  the  necessity  of  providing  them  with  a  sepa- 
rate house,  where  the  application  of  fire-heat  will 
not  interfere  with  the  growth  of  other  plants,  and 
where,  in  addition,  they  can  have  the  greatest  available 
amount  of  light.  When  the  above  matters  are  settled, 
the  principal  points  to  be  attended  to  for  the  next  three 
months  will  consist  iu  a  careful  attention  to  watering, 
and  adjusting  the  supply  of  air  so  as  to  keep  up  a  free 
circulation  through  every  part^of  the  house,  without  ex- 
posing the  plants  to  draughts  or  strong  currents.  Unless 
the  nights  are  very  cold,  air  should  be  kept  on,  sufficiently 
^0  keep  up  a  gentle  circulation,  more  particularly  with 
iiard-wooded  plants.  But  this  should  be  done  with  the 
air  of  the  house  in  a  dry  state,  to  eff'ect  which  let  the 
watering  and  cleaning  to  each  house  be  done  early  in 
the  day,  that  everything  may  get  dry  before  closing 
time,  as  it  is  well  known  plants  will  bear  without  injury 
a  far  greater  degree  of  coid  in  a  dry  atmosphere  than  iu 
a  moist  one.  Specimens,  and  indeed  all  plants  which 
it  is  desirable  to  keep  iu  a  good  form,  should  be  fre- 
quently turned  round,  to  keep  them  from  getting  ill 
shaped.  Carefully  train  Tropasolums  as  they  advance, 
covering  the  trellis  or  wires  regularly  from  the  bottom. 
Hardeubergias,  Kennedyas,  &c.,  should  have  the  same 
ftttention  during  their  growtli. 

FORCING   DEPARTMENT. 

Pinery. — Pines  still  swelling  their  fruit  will  require 
occasional  waterings,  but  unless  on  very  fine  days  the 
syringe  should  be  dropped.  Admit  air  freely  each  fine 
day,  and  allow  a  slight  admission  at  all  other  times, 
keeping  up  the  temperature  in  dull  weather  by  a  little 
extra  fire  heat.  At  this  season  the  bottom  heat  gene- 
rally falls  below  wliat  is  required  to  carry  on  the 
remaining  fruit.  If  the  Pines  are  expected  to  ripen 
their  fruit  by  the  end  of  January,  it  will  sulnce  to 
remove  a  portion  of  the  fermenting  material  from 
between  the  pots,  and  to  fill  up  the  space  with  fresh 
warm  tan.  As  but  little  water  will  be  required  for 
•Pines  at  this  stage,  the  pots  may  be  covered  2  or  3 
inches  as  well,  which  will  assist  to  create  a  slight  addi- 
■  tional  warmth  round  the  roots  for  tlie  remainder  of 
■their  growth.  Where,  however,  the  Pines  have  only 
recently  shown  fruit,  means  should  be  taken  to  renovate 
the  bottom  lieat  sufficiently  to  last  till  the  fruit  gets 
ripe,  as  nothing  is  more  detrimental  to  swelling  fruit 
than  disturbing  Piues  after  they  are  started.  If  leaves 
are  employed,  let  them  have  a  good  sweating  in  a  heap 
before  putting  them  in  the  pit.  We  have  never  found 
leaves  heat  sufficiently  to  burn  the  roots  of  Pines  at 
tiiis  season  ;  but  if  any  danger  from  this  is  apprehended, 
place  two  bricks  flat,  with  a  space  between,  under  each 
plant  in  plunging  ;  to  give  a  tidy  appearance  to  the  house, 
as  well  as  for  preventing  the  top  leaves  from  getting 
too  dvy,  a  few  inches  of  tan  should  be  spread  over  the 
surface,  and  beat  firm.  If  tan  only  is  used,  the 
pots  shonid  not  be  plunged  entirely  -at  first,  bnt 
placed  in  hollows,  with  a  ridge  of  tan  between, 
to  be  levelled  down  as  tiie  heat  declines.  Pines 
intended  to  show  fruit  during  next  spring  should 
not  be  disturbed  at  present,  as  it  would  start  them  into 
a  fresh  growth,  a  point  at  this  time  to  be  carefully 
guarded  against ;  these  and  the  younger  successions 
should  have  a  dry  atmosphere,  excluding  both  the  steam 
from  linings,  and  evaporation  from  the  heating  appai-atus. 
The  night  temperature  may  remain  at  58*^  to  60°,  with 
an  advance  by  day  ;  the  supply  of  air  must  in  some 
measure  be  guided  by  the  weather,  but  a  little  at  all 
times  should  be  allowed.  Karly  Vinery.  —  Syringe 
twice  or  thrice  each  day  with  tepid  water ;  as  the  nights 
are  warm,  no  fires  need  yet  be  made,  unless  frost 
intervenes,  bnt  a  little  each  dull  day  to  raise  the  tempera- 
ture a  few  degrees  will  be  necessary.  Proceed  with 
getting  the  next  house  in  order,  as  well  aa  with  forward- 


ing the  early  Peach'  house  for  forcing  when  the  time 
arrives. 

f  LOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
If  the  beds  are  not  yet  filled  with  their  occupants  for 
the  winter,  lose  no  time  in  getting  them  in,  as  irost  may 
now  be  expected.  Where  the  land  is  not  too  wet, 
alterations  of'grounds  and  planting  should  be  carried  on 
with  dispatch,  but  on  no  account  attempt  planting  when 
the  soil  is  in  a  state  of  puddle  ;  depend  on  it  the  drier 
soil  is  when  placed  around  the  x'oots  of  newly  planted  trees 
(provided  they  ai-e  judiciously  watered  in),  the  sooner 
will  they  emit  fresh  roots.  Mulching  is,  however, 
requisite  to  keep  out  frost ;  and  earlier  in  the  season,  to 
prevent  evaporation.  As  tree  leaves  are  always  in 
request,  either  as  a  fermenting  material  or  for  leaf-soil, 
they  should  at  this  season  be  carefully  collected  ;  if  they 
are  required  only  as  a  manure,  they  may  bestowed  away 
in  any  bye-places  and  left  to  rot ;  but,  as  is  generally 
the  case,  they  are  in  demand  as  a  cheap  mode  of 
furnishing  bottom-heat  to  Pines,  as  well  as  for  forcing 
various  vegetables,  some  pains  should  be  taken  to 
keep  them  dry  ;  for  this  purpose  they  should  be  stacked 
up  in  some  back  place  or  behind  the  garden  walls, 
where  access  can  be  had  to  them  at  all  times  ;  and, 
after  allowing  time  for  them  to  settle,  put  on  a  coat  of 
thatch  to  effectually  secure  them  from  rains  ;  by  these 
means,  they  will  be  found  in  a  state  fit  for  use  for  a 
twelvemonth  to  come, 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Auriculas  will  often  at  this  time  of  the  year  throw  up 
premature  blooms  ;  with  amatem-s,  who  do  not  exhibit, 
this  may  not  be  of  much  consequence  ;  bnt  where  a 
regular  bloom  is  desired  at  the  proper  season  it  is 
advisable  to  remove  the  pips,  so  that  the  plant  may  not 
weaken  itself  at  this  period  of  the  year.  Very  little 
water  and  plenty  of  air  is  necessary  at  this  season. 
Polyanthuses,  in  the  open  border,  may  have  the  soil 
drawn  over  the  roots,  decayed  leaves  removed,  slugs 
and  snails  trapped,  which,  in  such  moist  weather  as  we 
have  lately  had,  devour  the  hearts,  if  not  destroyed.  We 
have  seen  these  plants  cultivated  with  great  success  by 
drawing  the  foliage  together,  and  surrounding  the  plants 
with  fresh  moss,  at  the  same  time  placing  a  small  hand- 
glass about  4  inches  above  the  plant,  upheld  by  three 
cleft  sticks  ;  this  plan  prevents  excessive  frost,  or  an 
excess  of  moisture,  injuring  the  plants. — Take  care  of 
Carnations  and  Picoteits  in  frames  ;  recollect  that 
stagnant  air  is  a  fertile  source  of  spot  and  mildew,  two 
maladies  to  which  this  class  of  plants  are  liable.  Some 
florists  cover  their  Tulip  beds  after  planting,  for  a  time, 
to  save  their  bulbs  from  an  excess  of  moisture  ;  a  good 
plan,  and  worth  adopting  in  very  rainy  seasons. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Attention  should  now  be  directed  to  the  preservation 
of  such  vegetables  as  are  too  tender  to  withstand  hard 
weather,  by  providing  a  quantity  of  protecting  materials 
to  be  ready  for  use  on  the  approach  of  frost.  The 
brandies  and  sprays  of  evergreen  trees  (particularly 
the  Fir  tribe)  are  useful  to  place  over  Cauliflowers, 
Lettuce,  and  various  other  vegetables  wdiich  are  growing 
iu  the  open  quarters  ;  a  stack  of  dry  Fern  or  straw 
sliould  be  in  readiness  for  the  like  purposes;  at  the 
same  time  fill  all  the  spare  frames  with  Lettuce, 
Cauliflowers,  and  Endive  for  use  during  mid-winter, 
when  those  temporarily  protected  are  over.  On  the 
approach  of  winter  a  good  stock  of  Endive  may  be 
taken  up  and  stowed  thickly  on  the  Peach-house,  or 
Vinery  floors,  or  even  under  a  dry  shed  ;  take  advan- 
tage of  dry  weather,  to  give  a  final  earthing  up  to 
Celery.  Look  over  the  root  stores,  and  see  that 
Potatoes,  Carrots,  Beets,  &c.,  are  in  a  dry  state  for  the 
winter.  The  earliest  crop  of  Peas  may  now  be  sown 
on  a  warm  sheltered  quarter  ;  at  this  season  sow  rather 
thicker  than  usual,  and  protect  them  from  the  ravages 
of  mice  ;  a  few  IMazagan  Beans  may  likewise  be 
planted. 

STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


» 

TBMPHHATnilB. 

Nov. 

< 

B&BOMBTSB. 

Of  the  Air. 

Of  the  Earth. 

"S 

^ 

a 
ff 

Mai. 

Min. 

MftX.    MtD. 

Mean 

1  foot  2  feet 
deep.  1  deep. 

Friday.. 

5 

29.301 

suaoR 

63       in 

5l.fi 

50 

-J9 

S 

05 

Satur.  ,. 

li 

V!4 

29  813 

£9.73; 

38         53 

3O.0 

M 

49 

s  w 

n.i 

Sunday  . 

7 

n 

2S(.97y 

29.862 

60         54 

57.(1 

5t 

49 

s.w 

Monday 

f 

?fi 

6-2         56 

5'i.n 

5-2 

50 

s  w. 

,rti 

Tuee.   .. 

't| 

•.^7 

30.1C4 

30.0^5 

69         43 

53.5 

S3 

b-2i 

s.\v 

(III 

Wed.    .. 

ir 

■:fl 

30.C32 

29.93? 

■IG.U 

5'-'^ 

50 

PJ.W. 

iiii 

Thurs... 

JI 

& 

SD.706 

29.11)3 

hi         48     ,'  &1.0 

bUJ 

F.0 

s. 

1.02 

Averaze. 

29.SD1    .'  -.'OJG:! 

53.0  '■   J?.i  '  53.3 

513 

4Sj 

133 

a-Overeaol  aiiil  winrty;  t-xeeeuiii«ly  Hue,  clL'»r  at  i.t^iu. 

fi— Rain;  very  fine  In  forenoon;  overcaei;  boistcous  nt  i)t;(ht. 

7 — Cloudy  and  boiaifirouu;  cuiutant  rHin;  cleat  anil  wmdy. 

S— Very  inild,  lowest  temperature  56deK'  in  paat  uiiilit;  overcaet 
tbroUKhout. 

9— Uiiifonii  b>i7.e;  overcast;  clear  at  night. 
10— UnitO'inly  overcust ;  laio  al  iiiiiht. 
Tl-Drizily;  rain;  heavp  and  constant  rain  at  night. 
Mean  temperature  ol  the  week ,  9  de);.  above  theaverage. 


STATE  OP  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  26  yeara,  for  the  ensuine  week,  endioK  Nov.  20, 1352. 

Nov. 

III 

Hi 

No.  Of 
Yeara  in 
which  it 

Eained. 

Qreatest 
Qiinntity 
of  Rain. 

Prevailins  WindH, 

Ml 

5 

Sunday  14 
Mon.      15 
Tues.     16 
Wed.     17 

TIlUTB.    IS 

Friday   19 

Satur.    CO 

49.0 

48.7 
4S.9 
4S.-2 
49.0 
49  1) 
■19  3 

35.3 

35.7 
34.0 
35.6 
35  0 

35.7 
36.3 

42.2 
42.2 
41.4 
41.9 
420 
42.4 
^2S 

13 
12 

10 
13 
17 
14 

9 

0.67  in. 
0.32 
0.41 
0.40 

e.41 

0.S7 
0.33 

5|  3.  2*  4.  2    o'  3 
2;   4'  3    2'  4|  71  3 
5I  3;  li  3i  41  5    3 
4'  4    I    1    6    6l  2 
2'  4    1,  2    4    7i  3 
1    4    2    3;  3    9;  3 
16    2-446 

2 

1 

i 

Tbe  httchesi  t»-mptratnre  during  thit  above   period  occurred  on  the  16[h, 
184j-therm.  60deg,;  and  tbeloweat  on  the  16th,  ]S41-tbenQ.  15  deff. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Books  :  A  Subscriber.  The  small  edition  of  En^rHsh  Botany 
coDsista  of  ticven  volumes,  8vo,  tilled  with  coloured  plates. 
It  can  be  obtained  through  any  bookseller  under  the  name  of 
Sowerbi'rt  Eo^jliah  Botany-  It  contains  no  Cryptogamic 
plants.  The  last  edition  of  Bonn's  Catalozue,  by  Don,  is 
what  you  want.  It  is  the  business  of  bookeellerB  to  furnish 
prices,  and  you  should  apply  to  them. — J  S.  Toa  will  find  an 
enumeration  of  all  the  bookx  you  are  likely  to  require  at 
p.  368  of  our  volume  for  ISIS.J 

DisEAPrs  :  O  W.  Your  Yew  trees  are  covered  with  Sphaeria 
Taxi,  Sow.,  which  has  not,  however,  at  present  arrived  at 
its  perfect  growth.  Such  productions  often  require  a  month's 
exposure  to  damp  weather  to  assume  their  perfect  form. 
The  cells  now  exhibit  only  a  uniform  cellular  mass  like  that 
of  a  Sclerotium.  There  is  no  remedy  for  such  visitations, 
the  causes  which  promote  their  growth  in  certain  seasons 
being  wholly  unknown.  Yours  is  not,  however,  by  any 
means  a  singular  case.  M.  J.  B. 

Firs;  CD.  When  Silver  Firs  have  two  leaders,  remove  one, 
gradually,  simplv  stoppiug  it  in  the  first  year,  roraoviog  one- 
third  in  the  Hecund  year,  and  so  on,  if  the  tree  is  large.  IE 
small,  the  useless  leader  should  be  stopped  in  August,  and 
finally  removed  in  November. 

Fedit  Theeb  :  A  Caledonian.  The  following  will  probably 
succeed  as  dwarf  standards  in  the  North  Hiding  of  York- 
shirfi.  Pears:  Williams'  Boo  Chretien,  Jersey  Gratioll, 
Louise  Eoune  (of  Jersey),  Eyewood,  Broom  Park,  Knight's 
Monarch,  Thompson's  Shobden  Court,  March  Eergaraot. 
These  will  succeedon  Qiiincestocks.  Apples:  Early  Harvest, 
Wormsley  Pippin,  Blenheim  Pippin,  Court  of  Wick,  Syke 
House  Kueaec,  Claygate  Pearmaio,  Hubbard's  Pearmain, 
Pearson's  Plate,  Scarlet  Nonpareil,  Sturroer  Pippin,  Flutn) 
for  a  nonh  wall  ;  Early  Orleans,  Jefferson.  Clierriea  for 
ditto  :  Kentish,  Morello  II— J  O.  Two  Pear  trees  for  an)  east 
aspect,  and  to  ripen  in  December  and  January,  may  consist 
of  the  Glout  Morceau,  and  Passe  Colmar.ll 

Glass:  Siih.  If  you  will  refer  to  our  Number  for  September  4, 
of  the  present  year,  you  will  find  it  satisfactorily  proved  that 
rough  plate  glass  answers  for  greenhouses  perfectly.t 

GooEDS :  JJPr.  The  weight  of  the  fruit  you  mention  is  not 
at  all  unusual.  Such  Gourds  sometimes  weiifh  a  couple  of 
hundred  weight. 

Geapeb  :  A  B.  They  might  be  grown  in  a  span-roofed  green- 
house on  the  north  side  as  well  as  the  south,  and  greenhouse 
plants  as  well,  provided  the  Vines  are  confined  to  the  raftera 
and  closely  pruned.  See  an  article  on  late  Grapes  in  another 
column. J 

Hollies  :  S.  Your  plants  which  were  removed  in  the  beginning 
of  last  October,  and  which  have  lost  all  their  leaves,  will 
no  doubt  recover,  provided  you  let  them  alone.  The  falling 
of  the  leaves  is  a  good  sign.i 

Kitchen  Gaeden  :  Mownouth.  You  elate  that  the  situation 
where  jou  intend  to  form  a  kitchen  garden  lies  rather  high, 
300  or  401)  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  that  the  soil  Is 
5  or  6  ftet  deep  ;  that  Pears  and  Apples  grow  freely  in  the 
adjoining  field;  that  in  the  proposed  site  the  Hawthorn, 
Crab,  Brambles,  and  Ferns  grow  most  luxuriantly  ;  but  no 
marsh  plants  are  seen.  Takmg  all  these  circumstances  into 
consideration,  we  conclude  it  is  quite  unnecessary  to  incur  the 
expense  of  draining;  but  the  amount  thus  saved  may  hd 
pro6tably  laid  out  in  regularly  trenching  the  ground  to  the 
depth  of  3  feet.ll 

ilANDEE:  J  A.  Gas  water  will  destroy  the  vitality  of  the  seeds 
ot  weeds,  in  a  dung-heap,  if  poured  over  them,  and  the  masi 
is  allowed  to  heat.  It  much  improves  manure.  We  do  not 
know  whether  gas  lime  would  answer  as  a  manure  for 
Asparagus,  in  moiat  boggy  soil,  instead  of,  or  in  connection 
with  soot.  Perhaps  some  reader  who  has  tried  the  experimeat 
will  favour  ua  with  the  result  of  his  experience. 

Mdsheooms  :  ^fonmo^lth.  As  your  spring-formed  Cucumber  bed, 
wLich  has  ot  late  supplied  you  abundantly  with  Mushrooms, 
is  still  producing  and  (ull  uf  spawn,  it  will  be  advisable  not 
to  disturb  it.  Water,  but  very  sii;,'htly.  with  luUe-warm  water, 
if  the  bed  should  become  too  dry ;  and  maintain  a  gentle  heat 
by  linings. II 

Names  of  Frdits  :  W  S  E  C.  1,4,13,  Beurro  Diel ;  2,  Glout 
ilorceau;  3,  Easter  Beun  e  ;  6,  11,  Winter  Nolis  ;  9,  Beurre 
d'Aremberg;  10,  Beurre  Ranee;  12  appears  to  have  been 
Williams's  Bon  Chretien.  The  Grape  is  doubtful.  Passl. 
flora  edulis.ll— T  C  A'.  1,  Hubbard's  Pearmain  ;  2,  Downton; 
33,  Hughes's  Golden  Pippin;  1,  Bishop's  Thumb;  2,  Browr 
BL'urrS;  3.  WasbinL'ton  ;  T.  C.  S.,  Beurr^  d'Aremberg.ll— 3f  C 
1,  Glout  Morceau  ;  2,  Beurre  Die! ;  3,  Buchesse  d'Angouleme  , 

I.  Gloria  Mundi  Apple  ||— J  C  2,  Marie  Louise;  4,  11,18 
Beurrd  Diel ;  6,  Doyeni)6  Gria  ;  9, 14,  GloutMorceau  ;  15,  Bez 
doCaissoy;  16,  probably  Napoleon  ;  17,  Beurre  de  Capiaumont. 

W  S.  2,  Chaumontel  ;  3,  4,  Beurre  Diel ;  6,  Glout  Morceau 

7,  Easter  Bergamot ;  3,  Doyenne  Blanc  ;  9, 10,  Marie  Louise 

II,  Seckel;  12,  Easter  Beurie  ;  14,  Gansel's  Bergamot;  16 
Eturre  d'Aremberg;  18,  Moortowl  Eck  ;  19,  Passe  Colmar 
21,  Uvcdalc's  St.  Germain.  II— i-".  The  Doyenne  Blanc.  Pear 
grafted  on  Apple  stocks  will  not  succeed.  ||— X.  From  th 
dtscriplion  and  figure  which  you  have  sent,  it  does  not  appea 
that  you  have  got  the  true  Smooth-leaved  Cayenne  Pint 
Apple.  The  form  of  the  laite'*  is  pyramiaal.H— S  R.  1,  Beurr 
de  Capiaumont ;  2,  6,  Marie  Louise  ;  3,  10,  Glout  Morceau 
4,  Old  Colmar;  5,  Chaumontel;  7,  Ne  Plus  Meuris ;  J 
Seckel ;  9,  Winter  Nclis  ;  1,  King  of  the  Pippins ;  3,  W>ke 
Pippin;  4,9,  Blenheim  Pippin;  5,  16,  GolOen  Reinette ;  t 
Easter  Pippm  or  French  Crab;  7,  12,  Dumelow'a  Seedling 
10,  Court  pendu  Plat;  13,  Downton ;  15,  Royal  Russet. 
—J M.  2,  St.  Germain;  4,  Beurie  d'Aremberg  ;  6,  Crassant 
6,  10,  Flemish  Beauty,  which  has  not  been  gathered  floc 
enough  ;  11,  Passe  Colmar  ;  12,  Black  Achan  ;  13,  William 
Bon  Chretien,  probably;  15,  Glout  Morceau;  17,  Bat 
1,  Rymer  Apple;  3,  Reinette  du  Canada;  4,  King  of  tl 
Pippins ;  5,  6,  Court-pendu  Plat ;  7,  Beauty  of  Kent ; 
Male  Carle.  II 

Names  of  Plants  :  L  N R.  Polypodium  calcareum,  Sm.  S. 
TrouUesome.  It  is  Cupresaus  torulosa ;  it  grows  .1 
a  great  height,  but  it  will  form  an  ornamental  objt  J 
for  some  years  at  least  on  rather  a  small  lawn.  If  wt 
treated  it  will  continue  (as  it  ia  at  present)  covered  wi 
branches  to  the  bottom,  like  a  Deodar.  The  letter  to  wbi 
you  allude  never  reached  vn^.—A  B.  Leaves  without  tiowe 
cannot  be  named.— IK  Jf  T,    Cymbidium  ensifolium,  frc 

Steawbeeeies  :  CFW.  Kitley's  Goliath  and  Myatt's  Eleao 
are  distinct  from  sorts  previously  in  cultivation.  T 
Goliath  ia  a  tolerably  good  bearer,  reckoning  by  weight,  t 
number  ;  for,  owing  to  their  very  large  size,  its  fruits  wot 
require  to  be  piled  above  each  other,  were  they  only  half 
numerous  as  those  of  some  other  kinds.  In  flavour,  1 
above  sorts  somewhat  resemble  the  Elton.U 

Vines  :  W  L.    The  cause  of  the  mildew    is  unknown ; 
remedy,  sulphur,  has  been  mentioned,  we  are  sorry  to  ( 
almost  weekly,  in  our  columns. 

Willows:  W  B.  We  should  plant  young,  clean.stemmii 
sound,  Willow  plants  {the  Salix  alba,  if  you  want  tlmbe) 
and  cut  out  the  bad  trees  by  degrees,  it  it  is  true  that  tli 
will  not  make  timber  ;  but  of  that  an  opinion  can  only 
formed  on  the  spot.  Lombardy  Poplar  is  bad,  Canadh 
Poplars  are  better  ;  but  have  you  any  market  for  such  timli 
after  you  have  got  it  ? 

Misc.  :  Coccus.  The  treatment  of  the  plants  you  mention  i 
been  given  Itt  detail  at  pp.  52  and  84  of  the  current  jem 
volume.}  I 


;  * 

I  81 1 

imii 


46—1852.] 


THE      AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


729 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being-  notorious  that  estecsive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  hHU  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  ANP  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  t'aeir  duty  to  the  Peruvian  GovernmBnt  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  ttiey  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  aucurity,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  (ilBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
weii  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  loldck  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  lias  been  sold  by  them  during  thelast  two  years  is 
9L  5s.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  muft  therefore 
ei^er  leave  a  Insn  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  heat  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quanti'y  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  mnlters,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwaed  Pdeseb,  Sec,  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 

MANURES. — The  following    I\ianures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  Lawes's Factory,  Deptford  Creek: 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

.    "^    Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolitea  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Anmonia,  Bl.  IQs.  per  ton ;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  6s.  per 
toti,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  dec. 


PEAT    MOSS    CHARCOAL. 

THE  PEAT  MOSS  CHARCOAL  COMPANY  are 
prepared  to  deliver  a  superior  Charcoal  (made  expressly 
for  Apriculture  and  Horticulture,  and  not  divested  of  any  of  its 
chemical  properties),  at  523.  6d.  per  ton. — Apply  to  Maek 
Fothi:bgill.  .\gent,  204,  Upper  Thames-street. 

Linseed  and  R^pe  Calie,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  and 
allManHres  of  knotvn  value  on  sale. 


MANURE. 

PEAT     CHARCOAL,    completely    saturated    with 
London  Sawage,  will  bo  found  a  mogt  effective  manure 
.  for  any  crop.     It  may  he  obtained  from  the  SevvHse  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridi^e,  Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  GOs.  per  ton, 
4j.  per  cwc,  and  2s.  Gd.  per  ^  cwt. 

"  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  chircoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tiliser; we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plants  ;  we  put  half  a  pint  to  each  Rtise  and  Dahlia, 
sowed  it  in  'he  row  wi:h  B-ans,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  C abb a<re.  The  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
■will  be  twice  as  efficacious  the  second  year  as  tbe  first," — The 
Oarden,  bi/  Mr.  Olenny. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  nreuniversally  approved 
of.  They  facilitate  labour  20  per  cent.  The^'  hive  received  the 
Silver  Medal  at  Leues,  Dublin,  Gaiway,  Shtffield,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Parent  American  Churn  his  received  the 
prize  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  apricultural  meeiiofjs  where 
it  has  been  shown.  The  Hoyal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  41,  saja, 
*'  This  form  ot  churn  is  the  best  lor  churning  sweet  cream,  und 
■will  undoubtedly  jToduce  butter  from  inilli  or  cre.'im,  in  any 
form,  in  much  leis  time  than  ariy  churn  that  han  jet  been 
introduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  waterlog  gardens.  Mr. 
Mechi  has  one  wcirldng  admirably.  ThoBf  puinns  are  cheap, 
durable,  and  effective.  Gutta  perch  a  tubiuij,  hands  for 
machinery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  assonroeut  of  prize  and  the 
best  farm  implements.  Price  cataioguen  sent  on  application. — 
BuBOESS  and  Key.  103,  Nefvgate-sireet,  London,  agents  for 
M'Cormick'"  Ameriran  UeHr'i?>*. 


FOUNTAINS. — In  addition  to  a  large  number  of 
Buch  works  lor  the  open  ground,  which  Mr.  Seelet  is 
enabled  to  eieuute  by  means  ot  the  accumulated  models  of 
more  than  twenty  > ears,  he  stlicits  attention  to  the  following 
list  of  small  Fountains  fur  Conservatories  :  — 

The  Pantheon  Fountain,  designed  by  S.  Smirite,  Esq.    3SI. 

A  Roman  Ground  Banin  etiriched  with  leaves,  and  with 
wreathed  torus,  5  ft.  Gin.  diameter,  with  Lotus  flower  for  the 
centre  ;  the  whole  4  ft.  4-  in.  from  the  ground.  28i. 

A  Ground  Basin.  7  tt.  diameter,  with  an  enriiihed  rim,  and  a 
group  of  Boys  in  the  centre,  supporting  a  plain  vase.  24i. 

A  desif^n  suitable  for  a  niche  about  (i  or  7  feet  high.  Ot. 

A  Vasu  of  ieaf  paitern,  5  ft.  diameter,  with  a  cenire  of  corrc 
sponding  -Jesign  ;  the  whole  standing  5  ft.  0  in.  high.  18^ 

A  Plain  Gruuo'l  Basin,  8  ft.  diameter,  in  the  ceuire  of  which 
a  shell,  3  ft.  diameter,  &up;jorted  by  a  handsome  pedestal,  i  feet 
high.  lU. 

A  Plat  Bowl,  C  ft.  diameter,  with  group  of  three  tritons  sup- 
porting  a  shell  and  dolphins.  iHl. 

A  Pair  of  Shelis  on  rock,  intended  for  a  water  basin,  edged 
with  flints.  12  guineas. 

A  Plain  Ground  Baiin,  12  ft.  diameter,  and  plain  Tazza, 
sapported  by  three  storks.  ZOl. 

A  Plain  Ground  Basin,  6  ft.  diameter,  with  plain  centre 
piece.  ]2f. 

An  enriched  Ground  Ba%ln,  7  ft.  diameter,  with  two  Tazzas 
of  corresponding  »r;,I(?,  supported  by  entwined  Griffins,  '281. 

A  Vane,  4  ft.  diameter,  with  figure  of  a  Boy  and  Dolphin  in 
centre.  D)  guinoHS. 

A  Ground  Basin,  10  ft.  diameter,  with  a  double  shell  centre 
pVsce,  .-ift.  hlKh.  21/,. 

A  Plain  Ground  Basin,  8  ft.  diameter,  with  enriched  Tazza, 
3  U.  10  io.  diameter.  '2M. 

A  Design  entirely  of  a  leaf  pattern,  C  ft,  9  In.  in  diameter.  21i, 

A  Ground  Basin,  wl'h  enriched  rlin,  In  centre  of  which  a 
twisted  cable,  suppf^rting  a  shell  and  small  figure.  17£. 

A  Tsiza  m  the  Elizabethan  stylo,  S  ft.  0  tn.  diameter,  on  a 
fQltabie  pedestal  ;  heiKht,  4  ft.  (1  In.  0/. 

An  enriched  Pan  or  Ground  Bnnln,  4  ft.  G  In.'diameter,  to  bo 
ased  for  aquatic  pinuts.  lu  tho  ccntrtj  a  utone  ba-ltet  of  wicker 
pattern,  from  which  rUes  a  cimtor  of  white  lillo-i,  cxucuted  tn 
copper,  and  painted  like  nature.  The  iiH-in  nupport  u  glunn  flih 
bmsiD,  in  the  oeatrc  of  which  i  i  a  quiet  jet  of  water  :  executed 
for  the  late  Hlr  P.  Hykes.  ZH. 

A  Ground  fjuln,  1')  ft.  dlamotor,  with  mouMcd  bnno  and 
Tazia  for  the  centre,  3  ft.  7  in.  diameter,  and  nriiull  centre 
dower;  Gft.  8lo.hi<h.  '2bl. 

A  Grecian  Tazza,  Z  tt,  diameter,  on  a  round  [jcdcital  (this 
bftsin  is  deep  enoiii;h  for  (fold  fi«hj.  fA. 

A  Ground  Hnsin,  with  enriched  rim,  7  ft.  diameter,  nnd  a 
Otntre  flower  with  Muretii ;  heljflit  f  feot.  '211. 

A  Bowl  with  scollopo'l  rim,  ^ft,  dlaincter,  in  the  contro  three 
efetwioed  grlflias,  tiipportln^f  a  clukter  of  shells  ;  height, 
Aft.  6  In.  '2i;i. 

A  Ground  Basin,  enriched  with  iculpturo  In  the  Roman 
•tyie,  4  ft.  diameif  r,  <in  lion's  cUvvs  (iron).  In  tho  centre  a 
email  Uaf  Tkzza  elevated  on  a  stnik  aiwl  lolu^  flitwcr,  I'U, 

N.B.  He  lias  alio  jutit  propnrod  a  pnttf-rn-Hhriotuf  aorno  hand. 
tome  Flfivtf.T  Viiaes,  which  ho  will  be  happy  to  forwnrd  by  pout 
to  an;  genileman  r'^qulrlng  nucfi  ornnmentJi. 

AnlHclal  Htono  Works,  Nos.  1  to  4,  Keppel  Ilow,  Now  Iload, 
Begent'e  Park. 


WARNER'S  PATENT  FARM  ANB  COTTAGE 
POMPS.— Cai-t-iron  Pumps,  far  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  ShHllow 
Weils.  jE  3.  d. 

Patent  Pump 1  15     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuts 

leady  for  fixing 2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceeding  to  tho  Gold 
Rpgions  they  will    prove  to  be    the   most 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pump 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmoniror  or 
Plumber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manufacturers, 

JOHN    WARNER  X   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,   Jewin-street,  London. 
Every  description  of   Machinery  for  Raising  Water,   Fire 
Eni;ines,  &c. 


TO    AMATEUR    GARDENERS, 
LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH,  &   SANITARY  WORKS. 

PATENT  GLASS  TUBES,  Iron 
Coated  with  Glasp,  Gutta  Percha.  Com- 
binated  ditto,  Patent  Flexible  India  Rubber 
Tubing,  and  every  other  Hose  for  Watering 
Gardens.  The  Hydraulic  Rain,  Fire,  Garden, 
and  every  other  kind  of  Pump,  Sluice  Cocks, 
Hydrants,  High  Pressure  Coclia,  and  all  other 
articles  to  be  had.  Wholesale  and  Retail,  of 

FREEMAN     ROE, 
HYDRAULIC    ENGINEER, 
70,  Steand,  and  Bbidoefield,  Wandswoeth. 
P.S,  Important  to  Farmers,  &c.— F.  R.  begs  leave  to  call 
attention  to  his  new  Water  Power,  which  in  many  cases  will 
Bn[>fr-ede  the  use  of  the  Stewm  Engine. 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.- 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Galvan-       Japanned 

ised.  Iron. 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  inches  wide    ...    7d.  per  yd.    5d.  per  yd. 
U-inch      ,,    •  strong  ,,  ...     9       „  6i      „ 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „  ,.,  12      ,,  9       „ 

Ig-inch      „       light  „  ...     8      „  6        „ 

IJ-inch      ,,       strong  ,,  ...  1')      „  8        „ 

Ij-inch     ,,      extra  strong     ,,  ...  14      ,,  H       ,, 

All  the  above  can  bo  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanisedsparrow-proof  nettingtor  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  J3ISU0P,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle. 


p  HEAP   WIRE   GAME   AND   POULTRY 

KJ  NETTING.  5d.  per  running  yard. 

GALVANISED  ditto.  Id.  per  running  yard,  2  foet  wide. 
Galvanised.  Not  Galvanised 


'•^i^^^i^&SB^' 


^i^' 


h(  M,  /^  /K^O  fl 


24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per  yard.        ...        fid.  per  yard. 
30  in.    „      2  in.    „        9d.        „  ...        G^d.        „ 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ...        74d.        „ 

48  in.    ,,      2  in.    ,,      Is.  2d,    ,,  ...      lOd.  ,, 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d.  per  square  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  shown  at  tho  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  liglit  and  durable  appenranco,  and  ac- 
koowledged  to  be  tho  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
over  offered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  3  feet  high. 
Is.  Cd.  and  23.  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Oarden  Arches,  Bordpring,  Flower 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalotruea  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post, 
free,  on  ap|ilic.ition  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  14,  Skinner-street,  and  Q  and  8, 
Snow-hill,  London. 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Tlioae  who  would  enjoy 
their  Onrdenii  during  the  winter  months  nhould  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  arc  lornuMl  thus  : — Screen  tho  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  irom  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  It,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
tivo  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  odd  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorjiorato  tho  wl»o!o  well  in  tho  dry  state  before  applying 
tho  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  5  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  cun  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  he\ond 
tho  itpado,  and  In  4H  hours  it  becomes  ns  hard  ns  n  roclt. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  It,  and  It  ri-sists  the 
action  of  the  Heverertt  fropt.  Tt  is  necessary,  ns  water  dnen  not 
noak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  tho  hides.— ManufacturerH  of  tho  Oomcnt,  J,  B.  Wuite 
and  HoNH,  Mlllbniik-Htroet,  WontminHter. 


ANTI-CHOLERA    PRECAUTIONS. 
"-IMIE  COMKORT  oi-  a  FIXED  WATEK-CLOSKT 

-L  for  \L — riac'jnin  gardens  (;onvi'rted  into  com'ortahlo  wiiter- 
oUm,in  by  the  PATENT  JIERM  K  nCALLY-rtKALKI)  PAN, 
with  Un  Heif-iicting  water  trap  valvo,  onllroly  prev^mtlng  the 
ri;turn  of  oohl  ulr  or  cflluvia.  I'rioe  U.  Any  carpfntcr  ciin  tlx  it 
In  tw,o  hourft.  IndtHpt^ntahio  for  huaitli  lu  case  of  tho  Chohira. 
Alto  I'alcnt  Jlorrnctlcally-Sofiled  Inodiirous  Commodes  lor  the 
nlek  room:  price  U.  in.,  '^l.Ht.,  nnd  '<H.  A  pronpeutun  with 
emrrnvings,  forwarded  hyeneloiiing  a  post  iitnmp. 

AtFrFE  Ac  Qo.'e.3U,  TavUtocli-i*/cet,GovoacOurtlon,  London. 


JAMES  PHILLIPS  and  Co.,  116,  Bishopsgate-street 
Without,  beg  to  inform  their  friends  they  are  prepared  to 
supply 

G  LASS      MILK      PANS, 

the  same  size  a»  the  foreign  ones  (17  inches  in  iliameter)  but 
superior  in  colour,  make,  and  quality,  at  23.  each,  or  21s.  per 
dozen.  Lord  Camoy's  Milk  Syphons,  Lactometers,  Milk  Tests, 
Glass  Crtam  Pots,  ikc,  ttc. 

116.  BisbopBgate-sTeet  VVithout.  London. 

""[^'•RIGI   DOMO.'*— A   Canvas,  made   of  prepared 

L  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  purposes  for 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  is  required. 
It  is  2J  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  Is.  id.  per 
yard  run. — Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  Aecdee,  Carpet  Manu- 
facturer.  451,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 


THE  GREAT  METROPOLITAN  EXHIBITION 
OF  POULTRY,  PIGEONS,  AND  RABtflTS,  open  to 
Great  Britain  under  mi>st  distinguished  patronage,  will  take 
place  at  the  extensive  Cricket-ground,  the  Oval,  Kenningtou, 
on  tbe  Ist,  3d,  4th,  and  5ih  of  January  nest.  A  much  larger 
amount  of  prizes  will  be  awarded  than  has  ever  been  given  at 
any  other  exhibition.  The  prize  lists,  regulations,  certificates 
of  entry,  and  any  further  information,  can  he  had  from  the 
Secretary.  The  entries  close  on  Wednesday,  the  8th  Dec. — 
William  Hodghton,  Secretary,  Offices,  tbe  Oval,  Kennington . 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


p(^t=S^- 


-v^^^H^k^^^^l^^ 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Dinvers  Stieet,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  ordern  on  tho  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  tlie  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scieutiGc  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heatinpr  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HITGHIN  AND  HOME  COUNTIES  DOMESTIC 
POULTRY   ASSOCIATION.— Open  to  All  England. 

The  First  Annual  Exhibition  of  this  Society  will  he  held  nt 
Hitchin,  on  the  20th,  22d,  and  23d  of  NOVEMBER,  1852,  when 
Prizes  amounting  to  upwards  of  SOI.  will  be  oflered  for  public 
competition. 

Hitchin  is  a  first  class  station  on  theGreat  Northern  Railway, 
30  miles  from  London  ;  at  which  Station  is  a  junction  with  the 
Cambridge  and  Eastern  Counties  llnilway.  Regulations  and 
Prize  Lists  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary,  by 
inclosing  two  pohtatre  stamps.  Entries  for  Exhibition  close  ou 
the  Gch  of  NOVEMBER.  Admittance  to  the  private  view  on. 
Saturday,  November  20th,  by  a  5s.  Ticket  (not  transferable), 
which  will  be  available  for  tho  three  days  of  Exhibition.  And 
on  Monday  the  22d,  or  Tuesday  the  23d,  Is.  each. 

S.  Goodwin,  Sec. 

The  Directors  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties 
Railways  have  agreed  to  run  cheap  trains  on  the  occasion,  and 
to  give  free  pnssage  to  all  Poultry  tor  ihe  Exhibition  (at  owner's 
risk),  and  to  carry  back  free  all  that  is  unsold. 


'lie  ^grictiltttral  ^nnttt* 

SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  13,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
TuuhBDAT,       Nov.    Is— AuriiMillucnl  Imp.  Society  oflrcland. 
TuuuBUAT.  —     Su-Ah'riciUturiil  lu]|».  Society  otlreland. 


It  is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  features  of  the 
EEPouTS  on  Cattle  Feedinc;  with  which  Captain 
Grey  has  favoured  our  columns,  that  the  results 
which  they  record  correspond  with  what  may  he 
called  an  average  experience.  It  is  surely  exceed- 
ingly desirable — so  at  least  all  real  students  of 
agriculture  believe — that  our  practical  farmers,  the 
intelligent  men  whose  sayings  justly  guide  opinioa 
at  our  market  tables,  should  not  leave  the  agri- 
cultural press  in  the  hands  of  those,  whether  they 
be  amateurs  or  not,  who  have  merely  extraordinary 
statements  to  comnuinicate.  There  is  no  class  of 
truths  in  which  maxima  has  such  little  influence  on 
average  as  they  have  in  the  case  of  agricultural 
truth ;  and  as  the  latter  are,  after  all,  the  only  safe 
ground  on  which  practical  advice  can  be  founded, 
we  submit  that  those  who,  by  long  experience,  have 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  these  averages,  should  feel 
it  a  duty  to  assi.st  in  tho  correction  of  the  crudities 
and  anomalies  in  which  onr  agricultural  litera- 
ture aliounds.  Wo  know  intelligent  men  engaged 
in  tho  business  of  farming  —  able,  themselves, 
as  a  correspondent  puts  it,  to  undertake  every 
lielil  process  between  tho  preparation  of  the 
land    for   the    seed    and    the    thatching    of   the 


730 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Nov.  13, 


crop — able  also  to  give  the  rationale  of  every  one 
of  these  processes — and  able,  from  their  own 
experience  over  tens  of  years  and  thousands  of 
acres,  and  from  the  experience  of  others,  as  recorded 
in  the  volumes  of  a^well  furnished  and  well  studied 
agricultural  library,  to  give  a  sound  judgment  on  any 
of  the  so-called  novelties  of  the  agriculture  of  1852 
— men  who  are  competent  to  fill  the  chair  of  agri- 
culture at  any  of  our  universities — who,  nevertheless, 
contribute  nothing  publicly  to  the  formation  of 
sound  public  opinion  on  agricultural  subjects. 

If  public  spirit  be  in  any  sense  a  duty,  then  the 
silence  of  such  men  must  be  culpable  :  and  so  we 
believe  it  to  be.  But  it  is  a  very  common  sort  of 
culpability  ;  and  so  far  as  our  knowledge  goes,  one 
which  is  chargeable  more  frequently  upon  Scotch- 
men than  on  Englishmen.  There  is  a  great  fund 
of  undisplayed  knowledge,  especially  amongst 
Scotch  farmers,  which  has  yet  to  find  expression  for 
the  benefit  of  agricultural  readers  ;  and  we  do  hope 
that  the  first-rate  example  which  has  been  set  all 
by  the  Hon.  Captain  Grey,  in  the  record  and 
publication  of  an  ordinary  farm  experience,  in  one  of 
the  most  important  sections  of  it,  will  induce  many 
imitators.  The  following  is  the  history  of  the 
process  which  he  has  recorded. 

In  cattle-feeding,  as  ordinarily  carried  on,  an  ox 
is  purchased  on  such  a  date  for  a  certain  sum  of 
money  :  it  is  grazed  for  so  many  weeks  at  a  certain 
weekly  cost,  calculable  for  the  rent  and  other  charge 
upon  Grass  land  :  it  is  "  put  up  "  towards  winter 
and  fed  on  Turnips  and  straw  (a)  for  so  many  weeks 
at  a  certain  weekly  cost,  depending  upon  the  quan- 
tity of  roots  and  straw  given,  and  upon  the  acreable 
cost  and  crop  of  Turnips  and  straw  respectively ; 
by  and  bye  it  receives  a  certain  allowance  of  oil- 
cake or  grain  daily  with  its  other  food,  the  expense 
of  which  is  easily  ascertainable  :  it  receives  daily 
attendance  as  regards  feeding  and  cleaning,  and  a 
supply  of  litter  (b),  all  of  which  involve  an  easily 
ascertained  weekly  expenditure  of  money ;  and 
when  fat  so  much  beef  is  ready  for  sale,  and  so 
much  manure  is  ready  for  use  upon  the  farm. 
Throughout  the  process  cost  may  be  easily  recorded, 
and  at  its  close  the  amount  of  this  cost  may  be 
easily  compared  with  the  amount  of  the  returns  in 
meat  and  manure  which  have  resulted  from  it.  But 
however  easy  it  may  be  to  do  all  this,  how  many 
well  detailed  cases  of  its  having  been  done  do  we 
find  1  Is  it  not  the  case  that  so  inexact  and  variable 
is  opinion  on  these  very  points — the  cost  of  beef  and 
the  value  of  manure — that  not  one,  we  believe,  has 
yet  been^  published  that  has  not  been  attacked. 
Well,  it  is  just  through  such  a  process  as  we  have 
detailed  that  Captain  Grey  carries  his  readers. 
Over  two  years  and  with  a  herd  of  about  40  head  of 
feeding  oxen,  the  details  of  his  experience  and  the 
results  of  his  experience  are  exactly  given.  For 
both,  we  refer  to  the  very  clear  statement  which  he 
has  appended  to  the  tables  of  figures  which  form 
the  substance  of  his  communication.  We  have 
referred  to  the  whole  in  general  terms  more  for  the 
purpose  of  urging  his  example  upon  others  than  for 
the  purpose  of  at  present  criticising  his  performance. 
This  we  may  do  hereafter  in  detail ;  meanwhile  we 
would  just  refer  to  two  omissions  in  his  statement 
of  cost,  to  which  our  attention  has  been  drawn — and 
which  seem  justly  chargeable  upon  it — those 
marked  a  and  h  in  our  enumeration  above,  namely, 
fodder  and  litter,  the  former  of  which  we  presume 
should  have  been  included  as  adding  to  the  cost, 
and  the  latter  also,  if  credit  be  taken  for  the 
manure  at  Zs.  a  load.  To  these  and  some  other 
points  we  shall  refer  on  another  occasion. 


The  subject  of  Farm  BminiNGS  is  at  all  times  an 
interesting  one,  but  at  a  period  when  cattle  are 
being  taken  up  from  Grass  for  the  purpose  of  being 
house  fed,  it  is  doubly  so ;  for  in  the  household  accom- 
modation of  the  ox  is  one  of  those  questions  where 
practice  is  wofuUy  at  variance  with  science.  When 
our  cattle  are  turned  out  to  Grass  in  spring,  there 
is  scarcely  any  difference  in  practice,  comparatively 
speaking,  from  the  Land's  End  to  John  O'Groat's  ; 
but  at  present  not  only  do  provinces  differ  among 
themselves,  but  individual  provinces  can  scarcely 
be  found  containing  two  examples  alike,  so  widely 
does  practice  differ  on  a  subject  where  unity  ought 
to  prevail.  For  instance,  in  one  example  we  find 
a  dozen  or  two  of  oxen  promiscuously  feeding  in  an 
open  yard,  some  of  them  differing  widely  in  consti- 
stution  from  the  others,  and  hence  requiring  to  be 
differently  fed.  Under  this  system  the  strongest 
generally  take  possession  of  any  ^belter  there  is, 
leaving  the  weaker  and  least  able  to  withstand  the 
storm,  exposed  to  currents  of  wind  more  piercing 
than  what  are  experienced  in  the  open  plain  itself. 
In  another  instance,  stalls  sloping  backwards  are 
the  rule,  so  that,  whether  standing  or  lying,  cattle 
are  never  at  ease ;  and,  in  a  third  case,  "a  few  oxen 
are  fattening  for  the  butcher,  standing  or  lying  at 


ease,  enjoying  the  benefits  of  the  feeding-box.  Then 
we  have  the  differences  in  the  character  of  the  yards, 
stalls,  and  boxes,  with  a  still  greater  variety  in  the 
departments  of  food,  management,  and  manure, 
forming  altogether  a  diversity  of  practice  by  no 
means  easily  reconcilable  with  the  dictates  of 
science.  In  the  manufacturing  world  nothing  of 
this  kind  occurs;  for,  from  pin-making  up  to  steam- 
boat building,  the  general  rule  illustrated  is  the 
importance  and  value  of  chemical  and  mechanical 
science  :  to  fall  behind  in  the  march  of  improvement 
in  these  trades,  not  only  is,  but  is  felt  to  be,  the 
shortest  road  to  ruin.  In  the  agricultural  world, 
loyalty  to  the  sceptre  of  science  is  the  exception, 
not  the  rule,  especially  as  regards  farm  buildings. 

The  combustion  which  takes  place  in  the  support 
of  animal  heat  has  justly  been  compared  to  the 
action  of  a  fire,  and  the  phenomenon  which  takes 
place  in  upholding  the  daily  waste  of  the  system  is 
of  a  similar  character  ;  consequently,  while  we  are 
complaining  of  "  bad  times,"  we  are  burning  our 
stack-yards  to  warm  ourselves. 

The  grand  problem  of  the  farmer  being  to  procure 
from  the  soil  the  greatest  amount  of  animal  and 
vegetable  produce,  according  to  the  demands  of  the 
public,  our  main  difficulty  resolves  itself  into  the 
necessity  of  more  capital  being  invested  in  the  erec- 
tion of  suitable  farm  buildings,  for  the  rearing  and 
feeding  of  cattle,  in  order  to  enable  the  farmer  to 
turn  his  crops  to  the  best  advantage. 

The  principal  advantage  of  the  feeding-box  over 
the  stall,  or  any  of  the  old  systems  of  shelter  for 
feeding  cattle,  is  the  economy  of  food  and  manure 
which  it  affords.  The  ox  rests  better  while  it  is 
enabled  to  take  that  amount  of  exercise  necessary 
to  health  ;  with  proper  treatment,  it  enjoys  a  purer 
atmosphere  than  in  the  stall,  and  is  equally  well, 
if  not  better,  sheltered  from  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather,  enjoying  a  more  uniform  temperature.  It 
receives  its  food  in  quantity  and  quality  as  its 
size  and  constitution  demand,  and  eats  it  without 
molestation,  ruminating  more  perfectly,  and  work- 
ing it  up  into  a  greater  increase  of  weight,  while  it 
is  less  expensive  for  attendance,  and  produces  a 
superior  quality  of  manure.  Such  is  the  tr.ain  of 
advantages  which  the  feeding-box  possesses — ad- 
vantages of  the  highest  importance,  considering  our 
present  exigencies,  and  therefore  we  shall  notice 
them  somewhat  more  in  detail. 

There  is  nothing  which  checks  the  growth  of  young 
cattle,  or  the  progress  of  fattening  ones,  more  than 
excitement  of  any  kind.  Thus,  we  often  see  the  ox 
standing  or  trying  to  stand  across  its  stall,  or  hanging 
backwards  as  far  as  its  chain  will  allow,  and  when 
lying,  manifesting  similar  symptoms  of  uneasiness 
from  which  it  is  endeavouring  to  get  relief;  but  as 
oxen  which  are  taking  on  fat  the  fastest  are  generally 
those  which  make  the  most  disturbance  in  exam- 
ples of  this  kind,  the  nervous  excitement  produced 
by  standing  in  an  inclined  position  with  the  fore 
quarters  highest,  or  by  lying  upon  an  uneven  bed 
full  of  inequalities,  is  traced  to  an  erroneous  source  ; 
for  it  is  not  unfrequently  taken  as  the  index  of 
laying  on  fat,  instead,  on  the  contrary,  of  consuming 
it.  So  easily  is  the  animal  system  affected  by  ex- 
citement, that  that  produced  by  light  is  sufficient  to 
counteract  the  laying  on  of  fat  to  a  very  great 
degree,  as  proved  by  many  an  observation  and  expe- 
riment. To  increase  the  weight  of  the  ox  in  the 
greatest  degree  from  a  given  quantity  of  food,  not 
only  must  it  rest  easy  in  its  box,  but  light  also  must 
be  excluded  or  lessened. 

The  next  advantage  which  the  feeding-box  pos- 
sesses over  the  stall  is  that  the  ox  is  enabled  to  take 
that  amount  of  exercise  which  health  demands.  A 
certain  degree  of  exercise  is  essential  to  health,  for 
muscles  grow  exactly  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
exercise  which  they  receive,  and  this  degree  of  exer- 
cise is  not  obtained  in  the  stall.  In  growing  cattle, 
the  size  of  the  bone  is  not  unfrequently  affected  in 
the  stall,  and,  were  it  not  for  the  relief  which  cattle 
obtain  at  Grass  in  summer,  results  would  be  more 
conspicuous.  But  the  case  of  the  confined  ox  is 
even  worse  than  this  ;  for  muscles  which  do  not 
grow  are  liable  to  change  their  molecular  constitu- 
tion, impairing  the  quality  of  the  butcher-meat,  as 
the  stalls  of  many  a  butcher  practically  exemplify. 
Hence  the  maxim  at  Smithfield — that  symmetry  is 
an  index  of  quality. 

Cleanliness  is  equally  essential  to  health  as  exer- 
cise ;  and  although  charges  have  been  brought 
against  the  feeding-box,  that  the  ox  is  more  liable 
to  dirty  itself  in  it  than  in  the  stall,  unless  with  a 
larger  allowance  of  litter,  yet  we  have  always  expe- 
rienced the  contrary  ;  but,  granting  the  truth  of 
this  conclusion  in  particular  instances,  it  only  calls 
for  the  use  of  a  little  more  litter,  or  even  of  the 
currycomb  and  brush,  which  are  much  neglected  by 
the  farmer,  for  rubbing  promotes  the  circulation 
equally  with  exercise. 

Ventilation  and  temperature  are  the  next  topics 


for  consideration,  and  can  be  better  effected  in  th 
feeding-box  than  in  the  stall.  It  the  manure  in  the 
box  is  properly  consolidated,  there  is  less  smell  arising 
from  it  than  in  the  stall,  or  even  the  open  yard. 
The  amount  of  decomposition  or  volatile  matter 
given  off  in  the  latter  two  examples  is  much  greater 
than  is  generally  imagined,  while  in  the  former 
much  less  gaseous  matter  escapes  into  the  atmo- 
sphere. In  other  respects,  there  is  no  comparison 
between  the  ventilation  of  the  stall  and  feeding-box; 
for  cattle  in  the  former  are  invariably  crowded  too 
closely  together,  while  in  the  latter,  they  are  better 
separated  ;  and,  for  similar  reasons,  temperature  is 
more  uniform  and  easily  controlled. 

The  last  topics  are  expenses  and  manures — topics 
not  the  least  important.  On  the  latter  we  need  not 
say  a  word,  experience  having  already  decided  the 
question  ;  and,  with  regard  to  the  former,  the  ex- 
pense of  erecting  feeding-boxes,  if  greater  than  that 
of  erecting  stalls,  is  well  repaid  by  the  superiority 
of  the  results  which  grow  out  of  it. 


THE  DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  TENANT  RIGHT. 
{.Continued  from  page  71C.) 

No  one  will  dream  of  citing  Surrey  as  an  example  of 
the  evil  that  a  sound  system  of  tenant  compensation 
inevitably  produces.  Surrey  is  an  excellent  example  of 
the  evil  of  the  want  of  such  a  system,  and  of  the  added 
evil  of  the  filling  its  place  by  an  irrational  and  unfair 
system. 

Fortunately,  however,  there  are  other  districts  in 
England,  from  which  evidence  of  a  more  positive 
character  can  be  drawn.  In  Lincolnshire  tliere  has 
gi'adually  grown  up,  within  the  memory  of  the  present 
generation,  a  system  of  tenant  compensation  so  universal 
as  at  last  to  have  become,  in  accordance  with  the  genius 
of  the  English  law,  a  recognised  legal  right.  Under  this 
system,  all  improvements  to  the  farm,  whether  of  the 
nature  of  permanent  or  only  temporary,  are  calculated 
as  requiring  a  certain  number  of  }'ears  in  order  to 
remunerate  tlreir  author.  If  the  tenant  leaves  before 
the  expiry  of  that  period,  he  receives  a  proportion  of 
the  cost  of  his  unexhausted  improvements,  calculated 
according  to  the  number  of  years  of  that  period  that 
have  yet  to  run.  Thus,  if  five  years  be  the_£eriod_csn- 
sidered  suffieignt_tp_reimbufse  a  temmt  Tor^drainmg— 
wHichlmTecommon  allowancennTiineolnsliire,  where 
he  both  finds  the  tiles  and  puts  them  in — the  total 
expense  of  the  operation  will  be  divided  into  five  parts  ;. 
if  he  leave  at  the  expiry  of  one  year*  after  the  work  is 
executed,  he  will  receive  four-fifths  of  its  cost ;  at  the 
expiry  of  two  years  he  will  be  entitled  to  tlu-ee-fifths  ; 
of  three  years,  to  two-fifths  ;  of  fom*  years,  to  one-fiftli ; 
and  when  five  years  have  elapsed,  liis  claim  \vill  have 
fallen. 

The  number  of  years  during  which  a  similarly  propor- 
tioned allowance  for  the  various  descriptions  of  improve- 
ment in  common  use  is  given,  are  as  follows  ;" 

For  drainage,  where  the  tenant  also  finds  the  tiles, 
five  or  si.x  years  ;  for  drainage,  where  the  landlord 
gives  tiles,  three  years  ;  for  claying  the  soil,  cost  30s.  to 
405.  per  acre,  four  or  five  years  ;  for  chalking  or  marling, 
cost  60s.,  seven  years  ;  for  oilcake  to  cattle,  one-half 
the  last  year's  bill  is  given  if  it  does  not  exceed  the  oil- 
cake bills  of  the  last  three  years  ;  for  guano,  &c.,  an 
allowance  is  given  for  a  year  or  two,  but  these  manures 
being  of  so  recent  introduction,  the  period  seems  not 
yet  definitely  fi.xed  ;  for  bones,  tlu-ee  years  is  the  common 
allowance. 

Tlie  one  fundamental  and  essential  circumstance, 
therefore,  in  which,  as  to  the  tenant,  this  system  of  com- 
pensation establislied  in  Lincolnshire  differs  from  the- 
tenant  rights  of  Ireland  and  of  Surrey,  is,  that  in  Lin- 
colnshire the  tenant  is  remunerated  for  his  unrecovered 
outbay  in  the  improvement  of  the  farm,  in  Ireland  and 
in  Surrey  he  is  not.  And  as  to  the  landlord,  the  simple 
distinction  is  this,  that  in  Lincolnshire  the  bm'den  of 
the  payment  for  actu.al  improvements  is  a  merely  tem- 
por.ary  one,  diminishing  with  every  year,  and  at  the  end 
of  a  very  few  years  entirely  disappearing  ;  whereas  in 
Ireland  and  in  Suri'ey  the  burden  of  the  payment  for 
what  cannot  be  called  improvements,  and  what  are  very 
often  injuries,  is  a  perpetual  one,  never  diminishing,  and 
only  to  be  got  rid  of  by  being  discharged  in  full. 

It  can,  therefore,  be  no  matter  of  surprise  that  the 
several  systems  are  looked  upon  with  very  different  eyes 
by  those  whom  they  affect — that  whilst  those  of  Ireland 
and  Surrey  are  denounced  by  the  one  party  or  other  as 
ruinous,  that  of  Lincolnshire  should  be  lauded  by  both 
as  eminently  beneficial — that  whilst  the  march  of  im- 
provement and  the  necessity  for  high  farming  are 
gradually  abolishing  the  two  former,  tlie  same  causes 
should  lead  to  the  confirming  and  extension  of  the  latter. 

This  circumstance  is  indeed  the  most  satisfactory 
piece  of  evidence  we  possess,  or  can  wish,  of  the  work- 
ing of  the  Lincolnshire  tenant  compensation.  I  have 
mentioned  that,  although  not  univers.illy  uniform  in  all 
its  particulars,  it  has  grown  to  be  a  matter  of  legal  right 
within  that  county.  But  many  large  proprietors,  in 
different  parts  of  England,  who  have  observed  its  effect 
where  it  is  thus  compulsory,  are  voluntarily  introducing 
it  on  their  estates  elsewhere.  Thus,  the  Earl  of 
Yarborougb,  a  very  extensive  land-holder  in  Lincoln- 
shire, and  of  course  subjected  there  to  the  operation  of 
the  compensation  system,  has  within  the  last  15  years 
*  Evidence  of  Messrs.  Heseeltine,  Beaeley,  and  WUlmott„ 


46—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


731 


transplanted  it  to  his  estates  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  where 
it  was  hefore  unknown.  The  Duke  of  Devonshire  has 
also  newly  introduced  it  on  his  Cliatsworth  estates.  On 
some  large  properties  in  Suffolk,  it  has]  heen  recently 
established.  Such  acceptance,  by  men  under  no  com- 
pulsion to  agi'ce  to  it,  but,  on  the  contrary,  at  perfect 
liberty  to  refuse  to  grant  it  if  they  deemed  it  dis- 
advantageous to  themselves,  shows  the  opinion  which 
is  held  of  it  by  those  landholders  who  have  had  the  best 
opportunity  and  amplest  means  of  judging  of  its  results 
in  actual  and  long- con  tinned  practice. 

No  difficulty  seems  to  be  commonly  found  in  assessing 
the  sums  to  which  tlie  tenant  is  entitled.  For  purchased 
manures  &c.,  the  receipts  produced  sufficiently  attest 
the  cost.  For  drainage  and  similar  works,  if  they  have 
not  been  done  originally  under  the  landlord's  inspection, 
the  report  of  mutual  arbiters,  or  an  umpire,  on  the  true 
value  of  the  work,  affords  the  basis  of  estimatiou.  It 
does  not  seem  that  in  ordinary  cases  in  this  county  any 
fraud  takes  place,  or  is  dreaded.  And  it  appears  very 
decidedly,  that  no  landlord  ever  has  to  complain  of  the 
tenant  having  laid  out  too  much  money  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  farm.  The  complaint  is  that  they  are  only 
too  cautious  in  such  expenditure.  Usually  the  amount 
of  the  valuation  of  the  unexhausted  improvements  is 
paid  by  the  entering  tenant,  and  many  of  tViem  declare 
thatno  pajTuentiseverraade  bythem  more  cheerfully,or 
with  more  assurance  of  the  money  being  amply  returned. 

It  is  urged  by  Mr.  Caird  that  the  effect  of  such  a 
system  in  promoting  good  farming  has  been  overrated. 
And  he  supports  the  assertion  by  comparing  (p.  506) 
the  farming  of  Lincolnshire  with  that  of  Norfolk,  where 
no  compensation  is  given,  and  in  which  he  says  the  cul- 
tivation, is  of  a  character  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that 
of  the  former  county.  But  it  must  not  be  forgotten 
that,  whilst  in  Norfolk  leases  are  universal,  in  Lincoln- 
shire they  are  hardly  to  be  found.  It  may  well  be  that 
a  farmer  with  a  lease  shall  farm  as  well  as  he  who  has 
none,  and  has  only  in  its  place  a  claim  for  payment  of 
unexhausted  improvements.  But  it  seems  to  me  much 
that  such  a  bare  claim  should  enable  a  mere  tenant-at- 
■will  to  compete  at  all  with  the  holder  of  an  absolute 
right  for  years  ;  and  to  compete  so,  by  Mr.  Caird's  own 
admission,  that  it  is  hard  to  decide  on  which  side  the 
victory  lies.  The  proper  comparison  to  institute  would 
be,  not  betwixt  a  claim  for  compensation  and  a  lease, 
but  betwixt  a  claim  for  compensation  without  a  lease, 
and  the  want  both  of  such  claim  and  of  a  lease  too.  In 
such  comparison  Lincolnshire  would  exhibit  an  incon- 
testable superiority  to  any  county  in  England  against 
which  it  could  be  tried.  And  the  only  practical  ques- 
tion which  can  interest  the  farmers  of  Fife,  arising  out 
of  the  comparison,  would  be,  whether  a  system  which 
is  of  such  immense  advantage  under  a  tenancy-at-will, 
would  not  work  a  benefit  similar  in  nature,  if  perhaps 
less  in  degree,  were  it  applied  where  there  already  exists 
the  partial  security  of  a  lease  needing  but  that  supple- 
ment to  render  it  complete. 

Impressed  with  the  advantage  which  has  been  found 
to  result  from  the  Lincolnshire  system,  Mr.  Pusey,  the 
late  M.P.  for  Berkshire,  for  several  sessions  of  Parlia- 
ment, brought  in  a  bill  to  extend  the  same  legal  right 
to  every  part  of  the  country.  But,  after  encountering  a 
severe  opposition  in  its  passage  through  the  House  of 
Commons,  the  bill  was  always  thrown  out  by  the  Lords 
— ;;eneraUy  without  even  the  ceremony  of  a  di.scussion. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  establishing,  hy  laiv,  of  a  system 

ol  tenant  compensation,  would  be  a  task  of  the  greatest 

nicety  and  difficulty.      But  I  do  not  think  any  such 

questions  properly  come  before  the  society.     And  I  beg 

)'e  distinctly  understood  as  expressing  no  opinion  in 

way  or  the  other  on   the  propriety  of  establishing 

■  /  form  of  tenant  compensation  by  law.     That  which  I 

have  done  is  to  lay  before  this  society  an  explanation  of 

the  real  position  of  tlie  question — of  the  different  species 

which  have  been  unfairly  classed  under  one  name — and 

of  the  true  nature  of  that  one  which  has  wrought  visible 

good  where  it  has  been  in  force,  and  which  is  being 

daily  extended  into  new  localities  by  those  who  have 

seen  its  working  in  the  old.      And  the  purpose  with 

vhich  I  have  done  this  has   been,   that  the   question 

might   be  fairly  raised,  wlicther   tliat  which   has  been 

done  by  private  agreement  elsewhere,  may  not  be  done 

to  equal  advantage  by  private  agi-eement  in   Fife — by 

prirate  agreement,   under  which  all  the  difficulties  of 

a  general   law  are  escaped — under  which  the  parties 

may  regulate  the  stipulations  which  they  come  under 

to  suit  iheir  own   particular  circumstances,  prowpects, 

nd  designa — under  which  good  character  and  sldllcfi 

dnstry  will  receive  that  reward  and  indulgence  which 

!0  gcnerallaw  can  ever  give  them — and  under  which, 

irhatever  has  been  found  of  use  clf^cwhero,  may  be  ini- 

lortcd  here,  mo'lified   to  Huit  the  cust/ims  to  which  we 

^rc  used,  ihe  legal   riglit^  which  wo  already  enjoy,  and 

' le  oyfsteutH  of  cultivation  which  have  been  found  best 

ted    Ut    this    particular   locality.      Jf    wiiat    I    have 

itten — which    makea   no    pretence    to   originality   or 

'Csearch,  but  m  simply  a.  piain  Htatcmcnt  of  facts  which 

ly  one    who  cho«c   tfj   take    the  trouble  miglit  have 

uned  for  himself,  and  which  I  have  been  at  puinB  to 

nablc  any  on*;  now  to  verify  for  litmHcIf — Hliall  bo  found 

fanyBfcrvicc   t^iwarda  that  enfJ,  1  fitiall  be   very  glad, 

'-  B.  ICinners,  in  fife  Herald. 


ON  STRAW  AS  MANURE. 

Is  my  formfcrcommunlcationnon  thisHuhject  I  soufjlit 
>  «how  that,  hr  a  component  of  the  manure  heap  lor 
top-drcfwiiig  of  GraHH-land,  htraw  had  no  value;  each 
!a«on  tendii  to  confirm  mo  in  my  conclusion,  and  1 


have,  moreover,  received  the  assurance  of  several  who 
have  attained  a  much  clearer  insight  into  the  workings 
of  science  tlian  I  can  pretend  to,  and  to  whose  theoretical 
opinion  I  pay  great  deference — that  they  approve_of  my 
views  and  pi-actice. 

I  now  venture  a  step  further  :  I  look  over  the  fence  of 
my  neighbour,  the  producer  of  straw,  and  tell  him  tliat 
he  is  not  altogether  using  his  produce  to  the  greatest 
advantage.  I  have  an  interest  in  doing  so,  for  though 
I  have  given  up  his  straw  for  bedding,  I  am  still  using 
it  to  a  greater  extent  than,  perhaps,  any  of  my 
neighbours,  on  permanent  Grass  farms,  in  the  shape  of 
fodder  for  my  cattle,  throughout  the  Grass  season,  when 
some  portion  of  my  cattle  are  soiled,  but  more  par- 
ticularly during  the  months  of  September  and  October, 
when  the  whole  of  my  dairy  and  feeding  stock,  48  in 
number,  are  hoXised,  being  fed  on  mown  Grass;  they  are 
supplied  with  150  lbs.  to  160  lbs.  per  day  of  straw-chaff, 
or  pollard,  which  I  obtain  at  a  lower  price,  and  which 
has  the  like  properties  with  straw,  from  my  neighbour 
the  miller.  The  greater  proportion  of  this  straw 
material  I  pm'chase. 

I  come  now  to  notice  a  distinctive  featm'e  in  the 
economy  of  producers  of  permanent  Grass,  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  cereals  ;  the  former  use  for  food  the 
wliole  of  our  produce,  whilst  the  latter  commit  a  great 
proportion  of  theirs  again  to  the  ground  in  the  state  in 
which  it  was  grown,  or  only  changed  by  decomposition, 
to  serve,  or  intended  to  serve,  as  manure.  The  practice 
of  the  Grass  grown  is  in  accordance  with  the  theory 
that  our  produce  contains  the  elements  of  nutrition,  and 
in  the  excrements  the  means  of  renewing  their  growth  ; 
if  we  are  satisfied  with  the  quality  of  our  Grasses,  we 
prefer  the  excrements  from  our  cattle  fed  from  our 
Grass  to  any  manure  whatever.  No  holder  of  a  Grass 
farm,  even  if  he  buy  in  nothing,  is  willing  to  admit 
that  his  land  deteriorates  if  it  get  back  the  whole  of  his 
manure  ;  and  though  I  cannot  altogether  admit  this  on 
some  of  our  poorer  lands,  and  with  the  far  from  econo- 
mical mode  in  which  it  is  commonly  used,  yet  our  richer 
pastures,  which  50  years  ago  are  said  to  have  carried 
a  bullock  per  acre,  still  support  their  character  of  main- 
taining the  same  stock,  without,  in  the  meantime,  having 
received  any  top-dressing  beyond  what  is  derived  from 
the  cattle  depasturing  on  them.  I  may  be  told  that  the 
atmosphere  is  a  main  source  of  the  food  of  the  perma- 
!  nent  Grasses ;  I  am  not  aware  that  it  is  less  so  of  the 
I  cereals. 

If  we  msh  to  change  the  character  of  our  Grasses, 
:  we  resort  to  lime  or  bones,  which  induces  white  Clover, 
j  Cow-grass,  and  other  succulent  herbage  ;  if  we  desire 
'  an  early  or  quicker  growth,  we  apply  guano,  soot,  or  ! 
j  other  similar  manures,  which  encourage  the  stronger  ' 
i  and  coarser  to  the  displacement  of  the  shorter  or  under  ; 
j  herbage, 

I      Mr.  Pusey,  in  his   risum6  of  agricultural  progress,  I 
!  states,  on  the  authority  of  Isloch,  that  a  sheep,  from 
!  100  lbs.  of  straw,  voids  40  lbs.  of  excrements,  thus  con- 
!  suming  of  the  carbon  of  straw,  out  of  every  100  lbs., 
60  lbs. ;  or,from  every  100  acres,  the  produce  of  60  acres. 
(Experiments  of  my  own,  with  the  analyses  of  Professor 
'  Way,  show  a  result  of  somewhat  more  than  50  lbs.  of 
[dry  material  out  of  100  lbs.  of  fodder.)       Mr.  Pusey 
I  adduces  this  as  a  caution  against  the  too  great  consump- 
I  tion  of  straw  for  fodder  ;  but,  in  the  case  of  manure 
undergoing  previous  fermentation,  I  think  he  omits  a 
I  serious  item  in  his  calculation  ;  1  mean  the  loss  which 
straw   undergoes   by   decomposition.      I    can    find   no 
authority  to  show  in  what  degree  this  ta.kes  place  ;  it 
[would  vary  under  different  circumstances,  with  slower 
j  or  more  rapid  fermentation  ;  but,  by  whatever  process, 
j  the  result  would  be — carbon  or  charcoal  in  very  reduced 
;  quantities,   with  silex  and  other  mineral   matters.      I 
'  have  already  stated   that  I   know  of  no  data  showing 
j  what  proportion  of  1 00  lbs.  of  straw  would  remain  sub- 
!  sequent  to  decomposition,  yet  observation  would  dispose 
me  to  think  that  it  would  not  much  exceed  the  50  lbs., 
j  as  deduced  from  tlie  experiment  of  fodder  consumed  by 
I  my  cattle.     I  make  no  pi'etension  to  scientific  attain- 
j  ments — my  sphere  is  practice  ;  yet  I  would  ask  if  I  am 
I  right   in   supposing  that   the    diminution  which   straw 
I  undergoes  by  the  process  of  decomposition  is  not  conse- 
quent on  the  conversion  of  carbon  into  carbonic  acid, 
which  seeks  the  atmosphere  %  and  1  would  ask,  too,  if  I 
am  not  right  in  supposing  that  it  is  the  same  carbonic 
acid  wliich,  in  the  processof  digestion,  is  extracted  from 
the  system,  and  aids  to  Hustain  the  animal  heat  \     If  my 
conclusions  are  at  all  true,  they  tend  to  weaken  or  alto- 
gether do  away  with  Mr.  Pusey 's  caution  against  the 
too  great  consumption  of  straw  for  fodder  ;  they  tend 
filno  to  show  that  the  nearer  approach  the  producer  of 
the  cereals  makes  to  the  practice  of  the  grower  of  Grass, 
as  regards  the  consumption  of  his  produce  for  food,  the 
more  economical  m  his  procerlure.    The  vh'tues  of  straw 
as  food  are  as  much  wasted  by  deconipoHition  as  thoso 
of  a  joint  of  beef  or  mutton  wonld  he  by  a  Hlmilar  pro- 
ce»H.     Thero  a[)peai'H  to  me  to  bo  n  very  viiguu  notion 
OH  to  the  value  of  straw  as  nnmuro  ;  it  is  known  to  be 
principally  carbon,  say  70  to  ItO  per  cent.,  ttio  remainder 
chicHy  mIIox,  with  a  little  potJiHli,  iSic,     Now,  it  is  worthy 
of  remark  that,  in  science,  carhoii  holds  a  (lunhtrul,  and, 
in  practice,  a  neglected  poHitioii.     Wo  are  tnld  hy  men 
of  Hcionce  that  ammonia  and  |>hoKphate  of  limi-  liuvo 
known  iwcertainod  values  as  (crtiliHerH  ;  Prof.  Way  OHti- 
maten  the  forinr-rat  6f/.,and  the  latter  at  ;VA  per  lb. :  but 
I  know  of  no  Hiieli  doiiiiod  value  being  anHigtif;d  to  eitrlmn, 
or  oM  Htraw  thatch,  even  in  thin  neighhoiii'lmod.  where 
htraw  is  by    no  in<;iinH  plentiful,  anrl    may  be    ohfuinod 
without  payiRf-nt,  wImIhI  HUwduHt  arut  tamierH'-biirk  are 
in  a  great  meaaurc  neglected.     1  have  been  informed  of 


the  latter  having  been  applied  extensively,  and  in  con- 
siderable doses,  with  no  observable  effect.  We  find  the 
vendors  of  manure  advertising  their  materials  as  con- 
taining so  much  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  or  so  much  per 
cent,  of  phosphate  of  lime,  or  both  ;  but  they  do  not  set 
forth  the  carbon  they  contain.  I  read  of  many  con- 
trivances for  n\aking  straw  into  manure  ;  it  is  not  prac- 
ticable to  change  its  properties  ;  they  may  add  the 
nitrogen  or  ammonia,  and  the  phosphates  of  their  solid 
and  liquid  manures,  but  the  carbon  of  sti'aw  remains- 
carbon  still  :  it  serves  as  a  convenient  vehicle  for  what 
are  known  to  be  valuable  fertilisers.  It  will,  however, 
be  admitted  that,  in  the  common  mode  of  treatment, 
the  straw  in  the  manure-heap  tends  to  more  ranid 
fermentation  and  consequent  decomposition,  and  if 
applied  in  too  great  proportion,  and  not  treated  with 
care,  it  may,  I  ieel  satisfied,  be  sometimes  the  means  of 
robbing,  instead  of  enriching,  the  manure-heap,  by  the 
waste  of  ammonia  caused  by  fermentation. 

The  question  has  a  material  bearing  on  the  conditions 
of  our  leases  ;  in  my  own  neighbourhood,  at  no  incon- 
venient distance,  and  intersected  by  a  railway,  is  a 
district  of  strong  land  on  the  sandstone,  replete  with 
silex,  tliree-fourths  of  it  in  tillage,  and  well  adapted  for 
the  production  of  grain  crops,  and  other  cereals.  The 
holdings  are  of  limited  extent,  from  150  to  300  acres 
each  ;  on  a  farm  of  200  acres  about  50  acres  will  be  in 
Wheat  and  30  acres  in  Oats  and  Barley,  the  remainder 
in  seeds,  fallow,  with  40  to  30  acres  of  permanent  Grass,, 
meadow  and  pasture.  The  root  crop  is  cultivated  to 
some  little  extent,  with  autumn  cleaning  and  cultivation 
(to  which  in  land  of  this  description  too  much  import- 
ance can  scarcely  be  attached),  the  root  crop  might 
be  extended  with  advantage  :  as  it  is,  with  a  produce 
of  straw  of  120  to  150  tons,  they  maintain  but  little- 
stock  in  proportion  :  during  the  winter  months,  30  head 
of  breeding  stock  In  milk  or  in  various  stages  of 
growth  may  be  taken  as  an  average  of  what  will  be 
maintained  on  a  farm  producing  this  quantity  of  straw^ 
allowing  a  ton  for  each  animal,  which,  with  the  hay. 
Turnips,  &c.,  will  be  ample  for  consumption  as  food, 
there  will  remain  more  than  100  tons,  which  will 
again  be  committed  to  the  ground,  in  the  state  in 
which  it  was  grown,  having  served  no  other  purpose^  . 
except  in  part  adding  to  the  comfort  of  the  animals  as 
bedding,  and  to  serve  or  intended  to  serve  as  manure* 
A  farm  of  about  200  acres  in  extent  will  be  rented  at 
about  \l.  per  acre,  or  for  the  whole  200^.  a  year.  The 
straw  which  he  had  hitherto  been  tied  by  the  condition& 
of  his  lease  to  use  on  the  premises,  besides  what  the 
cattle  consume  for  fodder,  say  100  tons,  is  worth  in  a 
market  to  which  there  is  easy  access  200?.,  or,  deducting 
1  Os.  a  ton  for  expenses,  150?.  Now,  I  have  no  hesitation 
in  saying  that  the  producer  derives  not  even  an  approxi- 
mate benefit  from  his  produce  of  straw.  In  my  owtt 
practice,  I  use  peat  soil  as  a  component  of  the  manure 
heap  ;  both  as  manure  for  Grass  and  tillage  land,  it 
possesses  the  essential  qualities  of  straw — carbon  and 
silex  :  being  found  on  a  sandstone  formation,  it  costs  me^. 
in  a  tolerably  dry  state.  Is.  Id.,  while  straw  will  cost  me 
40^.  per  ton  :  the  former  will  have  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  raoistui'e,  while  straw  will  lose  in  perhaps  an 
equal  proportion  by  decomposition.  It  must  be  taken 
into  consideration  that  I  use  boards  and  no  straw  for 
bedding,  the  excrements,  liquid  and  solid,  require  some 
admixture  to  render  them  of  sufficient  consistency  to  be 
carted  away.  I  bestow  a  quantity  of  peat  soil  every  day 
through  the  openings  of  the  boards,  which  prevents  any 
unpleasant  odour.  I  know  of  no  cattle  sheds  less,  if  S0'> 
little  objectionable  in  this  respect  as  my  own,  with  open 
boards.  I  apply  the  compost,  in  all  its  freshness  and 
vigour,  to  my  Grass  land  ;  to  my  root  crop,  I  add  guano* 
1  feel  satisfied  that  the  fresh]dung,  with  all  its  fermenting 
properties,  together  with  the  guano,  are  sufficient  to- 
decompose  the  peat,  and  to  do  away  with  the  only 
objection  that  can  be  made  to  it  as  a  component  of  the 
manure  heap.  I  entertain  a  great  and  increasing  regard 
for  my  peat  soil,  for  though  obtained  at  a  cost  of  less 
than  2s.  per  ton,  I  prefer  it  weight  for  weight  to  straw,, 
which  I  am  unable  to  obtain  at  less  than  40a'.  jier  ton. 

My  own  farm  practice  will  be  found  in  some  respects 
peculiar.  I  use  or  seek  to  use  all  my  produce,  including 
straw,  as  provender.  In  the  district  I  have  described  as 
being  principally  in  tillage,  it  will  be  seen  that  only  one- 
fourth  of  the  straw  is  so  used.  Now,  I  submit  that  this- 
matter  deserves  the  consideration  both  of  the  landlord  and 
tenant  of  this  and  other  similar  circumstanced  districts. 
It  will  bo  observed  that  a  farmer  who  produces  1  ;iO  tons- 
of  straw  has  100  tons  of  this  beyond  what  he  uses  as- 
provender  ;  1  think  it  more  than  can  bo  so  used  with 
advantage.  Let  the  owner  consider  to  allow  his  tenant 
to  sell  off  20  or  30  tons  on  condition  that  ho  purchases- 
with  the  jiroceeds  such  manure  na  ho  deems  suitable,, 
guano,  bones,  or  if  he  prefer  carbonaceous,  it  will  be 
found  in  Uape-cake.  I  feel  satisfied  that  both  parties  will 
bebenefitedby  thecompact,  and  in  aildltion  to  thoniselves 
a  considoralilo  number  of  tf)wn  Hide  and  Grass  land 
i'armerH,  by  having  brought  intr>  their  markets  a  greater  ■ 
abnndancG  of  what  they  I'cquire — straw  ! 

The  logifllaturo  has  opened  our  ports  to  the  productions 
of  other  countries,  which  aro  in  some  respects  more 
fiivourahly  Hiluatcd  in  regard  to  climate  than  (tur  own. 
Wo  aro  bound  to  consider  every  suggoMtiou  wliich  may 
tend  to  enahlu  us  to  meet  the  competition,  I  hold  the 
rehiying  the  conditions  restricting  tenants  to  consume 
the  whole  of  their  prodnce,  particularly  sti'aw,  to  deserve 
ceriMldi'nillnii  ;  unit  in  thin  1  am  Htipported  by  the  opinion 
of  (III  eminent  i)riir<;nmir,  who  telU  me  in  a  letter  I  have 
recently  received  from  him,  that  ho  holds  audi  rostric- 
tions  to  bo  behind  tho  enlightenment  of  the  ago.   X\ 


732 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Nov.  13, 


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From  the  Table  it  appears  that  50  beasts,  costingj 
when  put  up  to  feed,  o5\l.  I85.  4d.,  weighed  in  the 
aggregate  3916  stones,  thus  costing  2s.  9,^cZ.  per  stoue  of 
live  weight. 

They  were  fed,  on  an  average,  24.9  weeks,  or  in  all 
1196  weeks  ;  and  in  that  time  gained  1189  stones  live 
weight,  at  a  cost  of  4s.  7d.  per  stone. 

Their  total  weight,  when  sold,  was  4105  stones,  and 
their  cost  then  amoimted  to  8251.  15s.  Id.,  or  35.  2^d, 
per  stone,  while  the  money  received  was  7361.  Os.  2d.  ^ 
2s.  lO^f?.  per  stone. 

Assuming  the  dead  weight  to  have  been  y'jf^  of  the 
live  weight,  the  cost  per  stone  of  dead  weight  would  be 
5s.  9}d.y  and  the  money  received  5s.  V^d. 

If  to  the  money  received  the  value  of  the  manure 
made  is  added,  the  cost  and  receipt  balance  each  other 
within  Is. 

If  we  further  analyse  the  different  lots  of  beasts  we 
find— 

1.  Ten  beasts  put  up  June  27,  weighed  on  the  30tli 
of  May  an  average  of  65.2  stones,  costing  iil.  15s.  \Qd., 
or  3s.  per  stone.  They  were  grazed  four  weeks,  gaining 
4.2  stones  each.  In  24  weeks'  feeding,  to  Dec.  16,  they 
gained  24.2  stones,  and  weighed  93.6  ;  having  gained  in 
the  whole  28  weeks  28.4  stones  each. 

2.  Twenty-nine  beasts  kept  on  the  pastures  till 
November  weighed  on  an  average  on  the  30  th  of  May 
60  stones,  each  costing  SI.  lis.  IfZ.,  or  23.  lOid.  per 
stone.  They  were  grazed  22S  weeks,  gaining  19.8  stones 
each.  In  5.4  weeks'  feeding,  to  Dec.  16,  they  gained 
5.1  stones,  and  weighed  84.6  stones,  having  gained  in 
the  whole  24.9  stones  in  28  weeks. 

3.  Of  the  10  beasts  put  up  June  27  four  were  sold 
Dec.  16,  weighing  98.5  stones,  for  15Z.  10s.,  having  cost 
ISl.     The  value  of  the  manure  made  U.  16s.  9d.  each. 

4.  The  remaining  six  weighing  104.2  stones  were 
sold  in  the  end  of  March  and  beginning  of  April  for 
15Z.  3s.  each,  having  cost  ISl.  12s.  6rf.  each.  Value  of 
manure  21.  18s.  Gd. 

5.  Of  the  29  beasts  19  were  put  up  in  the  beginning 
of  November,  and  sold  at  the  same  time  as  the  last, 
weighing  100.2  stones  each,  for  14Z.  8s.  IfZ.,  having  cost 
151.  18s.  od.  each.     Value  of  manure  IZ.  lis. 

The  comparison  then  will  stand  thus — 
4  beasts  put  up  June  27,  sold  Dec.  16,  at  a  loss  of 

103.,  or  with  manure  profit     £1    G    9 

G  beasts  put  up   June  '^7,   sold  March,  at  a  loss  of 

3t.  93.  6tZ.,  or  with  mauure  loss         0  11    0 

19   beasts  put  up  Nov.,    sold  March,   at  a   loss  of 

li.  10s  4rf.,  or  with  manure  profit    0    0    S 

It  thus  appears  that  of  the  1 0  summer  soiled  beasts 
the  four  sold  in  December  made  a  good  return,  while 
those  kept  on  till  March  were  sold  at  a  considerable  loss. 

The  19  beasts,  grazed  at  a  less  cost,  were  sold  at  a 
more  remunerative  price,  and  therefore,  if  it  were  not 
for  the  advantage  of  the  supply  of  rich  manure  obtained 
by  soiling,  it  would  be  more  profitable  to  graze  than  to 
soil. 


Docsoiau-aeoo 


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o  o 


Home  Correspondence. 

Irrkjation. — [The  following  letter  by  Mr.  Mechi  is.  V- 
reply  to  an  inquiry  on  the  above-named  subject.  It 
has  been  forwarded  to  us,  as  its  publication  may  be 
useful.]  In  a  short  time  I  shall  publish  (possibly  in 
the  Arjrkultiiral  Gaselte)  my  experience  in  irrigation. 
So  long  as  I  can  get  a  solution,  it  matters  not  whether 
fermented  or  not,  for  we  know  that  the  product  of  the 
sheepfoldjgets  its  fermentation  and  decomposition  in  the 
soil,  the  great  agricultural  stomach.  In  fact  the  manure 
of  to-day  is  often,  in  ray  case,  in  the  land  to-morrow. 
All  my  animals  being  on  open  boarded  floors,  with  the 
pits  under  them  paved  with  single  brick  set  in  cement, 
the  manure  is  flushed  and  liquefied  by  a  jet  of  water, 
like  that  from  a  fire-engine,  and  thus  passes  into  the 
tank.  I  find  one  tank  sufiicient.  It  is  not  costly,  being 
30  feet  in  diameter,  circular,  and  only  4J-incli  thick 
set  in  cement.  The  dome  is  of  9-inch,  and  springs 
from  a  16 -inch  basement  on  the  soil,  so  as  not  to  presg 
entirely  on  the  4J-inch  work.  It  is  best  to  begin  these 
large  circular  wells  or  tanks  from  the  top,  or  rather 
spring  of  the  arch  ;  it  prevents  the  earth  falling  in,  and 
is  cheaper.  My  great  tank  contains  at  present  10  dead 
horses,  about  18  calves  and  cows,  besides  other  dead 
animals  purchased  at  low  prices.  On  one  side  of  the 
tank  flows  in,  through  a  6-inch  pipe,  a  stream  of  water 
1 8  feet  from  the  bottom.  Whilst  this  is  flowing  in,  an 
air-pump,  acting  on  a  radius  of  pipes  in  the  bottom  of 
the  tank,  keeps  the  whole  mass  on  the  boil,  if  I  may  so 
express  myself.  A  3-ineh  gutta  percha  suction  pipe, 
pierced  with  many  side  holes  of  half  an  inch  diameter, 
draws  in  the  liquid  at  a  considerable  depth,  and  of 
course  it  passes  through  the  plunger  pumps  to  its  desti- 
nation. I  find  it  most  important  to  substitute  for  the 
solid  plug  in  the  end  of  the  suction  a  piece  of  open 
sacking.  The  liquid  filtered  through  this  carries  away 
the  solid  matter  passing  in  at  the  side  holes ;  without 
this  we  were  sadly  plagued.  Another  grand  discovery 
is,  ample  air  vessels  ;  if  of  3  feet  diameter,  and  4  or  5 
feet  high,  it  would  not  be  too  large,  for  the  compressed 
air,  abundant  in  quantity,  impinges  upon  the  liquor  in 
the  pipes,  giving  it  impetus,  and  acting  as  a  mediating 
spring  between  two  incompressible  bodies,  the  liquor  and 
the  engine  ;  preventing  those  dangerous  and  sudden  jam 
and  concussions  to  which  we  were  at  first  subjected. 
So  well  and  gradually  is  the  power  laid  up  in  the_  ail 
vessel,  that  after  the  engine  is  stopped,  the  jets  continue 
in  action  for  five  to  ten  minutes.  We  work  with  s 
pressure  of  70  lbs.  per  inch  on  the  iron  pipes.  Anothei 
gi-eat  improvement  is  working  two  to  three  jets  it 
various  fields — or  at  one  time.  We  thus  are  enable] 
to  drive  our  pumps  two  or  three  times  as  fast,  oi 


46— 1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


733 


artery  haviug  now  three  veins  instead  of  the  single 
vein  of  ordinary  arrangements,  and  we  thus  triple  our 
irrigation.  With  a  large  pump  1 0  fields  could  be  as 
easily  irrigated  as  one.  It  is  a  mere  question  of  rather 
more  gutta  percha  pipiug.  I  attach  almost  as  much 
importance  to  water  as  to  maimre.  I  have  432:  tous 
Slangold  per  acre  on  a  6^  acre  field.  Of  coui-se  when 
not  at  work  I  leave  my  tank  filled  up  to  saturate  the 
mass  of  meat  and  manure,  so  as  when  macerated  to 
produce  some  strong  tea  or  soup.  I  am  now  getting 
to  be  a  green  crop  farmer.  /.  /.  MccJiL 

Lard  as  Food  for  P'lrjs,  —  I  observe  in  the  last  two 
numbers  of  the  Agricultural  Gazette  some  remarks  as  to 
Mr.  Huxtable's  "  pig  secret."  I  consider  the  best 
practice  to  be  to  give  hogs'  lard  to  the  large  breed  of 
pigs,  which  breed  are  not  much  inclined  to  form  fat  ; 
and  to  give  tallow  greaves  to  the  small  Chmese  breed, 
they  having  a  tendency  to  form  fat.  As  to  profit,  that 
must  depend  on  the  price  of  lard,  greaves,  and  pork.  tV, 

Greaves. — In  the  Gazette,  a  correspondent  informs  us 
that  greaves  for  pig  feeding  are  to  be  found  in  abundance 
at  Waterford.  It  is  a  pity  that  he  has  not  acquainted 
us  with  the  names  of  dealers  in  that  article.  At  present 
I  cannot  pm'chase  greaves  in  London  under  12^.  per 
ton,  and  at  that  price,  I  believe,  they  will  be  found  to  be 
better  than  any  corn  at  its  present  price  for  pig,  duck, 
chicken,  or  goose  feeding.  "  Enquirer  "  asks — ■what 
quantity  of  greaves  may  be  given  to  porkers  I  I  gene- 
rally begin  with  half  bran  or  damaged  corn  and  half 
greaves  ;  but  I  am  not  particular  on  this  point  after 
the  animal  has  got  used  to  this  food,  which  is  settled  in 
a  very  few  days.  It  is,  of  course,  a  very  stimulating 
food,  and  a  hard-run  pig  must  be  dieted  accordingly, 
I  purchased  a  short  time  since,  in  London,  a  quantity  of 
dried  desiccated  meat  in  large  cakes  at  91.  per  ton,  and 
I  find  on  boiling  it  jdelds  a  capital  soup,  on  which  my 
pigs  thrive  and  are  doing  Well.  These  cakes  are  large  solid 
blocks,  and  so  dry  and  hard  that  I  have  no  doubt  they 
would  keep  sound,  if  not  exposed  to  too  much  moisture, 
for  several  months.  If  parties  holding  this  sort  of  food 
were  to  advertise  it,  I  have  no  doubt  it  would  get  into 
use  ;  but  people  may  feel  a  prejudice  at  meat  feeding. 
However,  they  forget  that  every  pig-keeper  has  a  tub 
for  swill  which  generally  constitutes,  in  many  cases,  the 
bulk  of  a  pig's  food.  Many  of  your  readers  have, 
doubtless,  visited  Brighton  ;  if  they  are  early  risers 
they  will  see  that  the  sunll-tabs  of  that  fashionable  town 
yield  a  sort  of  "  wittels  "  and  drink  combined.  I  sup- 
pose the  purveyors  of  the  Brighton  mahogany  would  be 
critical  in  the  selection  of  his  sirloins  since  he  has  to 
cater  for  a  very  refined  taste.  X.,  Nov,  5. 

Americayi  AgncuUure. — A  tenant  of  mine,  Mr.  James 
Webb,  of  Westcott,  in  tlie  county  of  Cornwall,  has 
kindly  permitted  me  to  make  pubUc  the  accompanying 
portions  of  a  letter  from  his  son,  which  I  think  will 
prove  interesting.  The  writer  went  out  to  Canada  last 
spring,  and  I  know  him  to  be  a  practical  farmer  who 
was  well  up  to  his  work,  from  preparing  the  ground  for 
a  crop,  to  thatching  it  in  the  yard. — "^  When  I  got  to 
Queenstown  I  fell  in  with  a  Yanl;ee  farmer,  who  told 
me  they  were  giving  better  wages  in  the  States  than  in 
Canada,  so  as  I  intended  to  work  the  harvest,  I  crossed 
the  Niagara  river  by  a  suspension  bridge  of  96f}  feet 
span,  and  70  feet  above  the  water.  They  commenced 
harvest  in  that  neighbourhood  the  2l3t  of  July.  I 
went  to  work  in  the  county  of  Niagara,  and  got  1.'; 
dollar  a  day,  with  board  and  lodging,  for  a  fortnight.  I 
was  employed  binding  Wheat  alter  a  reaping  machine, 
and  sometimes  working  it,  which  I  can  do  first-rate. 
Scythes  in  the  States  are  scarcely  ever  used.  Almost 
all  the  com  is  cut  by  reaping  machines,  except  Indian 
Com.  In  every  respect  the  macliine  is  a  beautiful 
thing  in  a  harvest  field  ;  they  cut  from  15  to  20  acres 
a  day.  The  Wheat  is  generally  drilled  in,  and  when 
cut  leaves  the  prettiest  stubble  I  ever  saw.  I  have  seen 
a  great  many  different  kinds  for  the  diflerent  crops  of 
grain,  also  one  for  cutting  Grass.  Almost  everything  is 
done  by  machinery  in  this  country.  The  Yunkees  did 
not  Beem  in  much  hurry  about  their  field  work,  which 
vexed  me  sometimes.  The  harvest  lasted  a  fortnight, 
and  after  it  was  over  the  people  I  worked  with  offered 
me  20  dollars  a  month  (besides  board,  washing,  and 
lodging),  to  rcraaiu  witii  them.  I  returnrjd  to  Toronto 
to  see  the  Grand  Provincial  Show.  Everything  is 
exhibited  here,  cattle  of  all  sorts,  poultry,  flowers, 
vegetables,  all  kinds  of  tradesmen's  work,  fancy  articles, 
music,  paintings,  &c.  ;  in  fact,  all  the  productions  of 
this  countrj'.  But  here  the  entire  horses  and  bullocks 
are  not  ho  good  a  ehow  as  with  you,  though  sonie  were 
very  fine  ;  one  yoke  of  oxen,  three  years  old,  wciglied 
42  cwt.  ;  another,  six  years  old,  weighed  .56  cwt.  They 
were  of  the  iJurliam  breed."  Tkom/u  Sihhald. 

Flo'i'h  :  ikdr  Cawi'^i  and  EjJ'ccts. — As  thorough  drain- 
ing has  been  stated  to  bo  one  of  the  causes  of  floods, 
it  may  be  well  U>  correct  so  erroneous  an  opinion. 
The  effect  of  thorough  draining  is  to  cause  the  rain 
at  all  s':a«ons  to  Mink  into  tlie  ground,  and  tf>  [irevcnt 
any  of  it  from  running  off  the  surfac*;  ;  and  as  its  dc- 
ftcent  is  gradual,  and  ihu  drains  continue  t/>  discharge 
long  after  rain  has  ceased  \o  fall,  much  more  time  is 
occupied  in  t:io  ditichargo  than  in  the  fall.  The  ten- 
dency of  draining,  thert.fore,  is  to  equaJiso  the  dificliargo 
of  rain  int/j  the  main  water- coursts,  and  Ui  Icisc/i  the 
liability  u>  Hoo<l».  Undrained  land  at  this  Hcason 
iwon  bec/micH  saturated  witli  moisture,  and  tiien  all  the 
rain  that  falls  on  It  runs  off  ai  fast  as  it  wmies  ;  it  is, 
in  ffict,  thftn  in  the  condition  of  a  full  sponge,  or  over- 
flowing baflin,  which  rjin  take  in  no  more,  and  throws  off 
all  tliat  is  poured  on  to  it  as  fast  as  it  falls  ;  whilst  drained 
landiuay  be  compared  to  thedrysponge,  or  cracked  basin, 


which,  not  holding  water,  is  admitting  all  that  is  poured 
on  to  it  at  the  same  time  that  it  is  slowly  discharging. 
The  true  cause  of  floods  is  to  be  found  iu  obstructions 
(artificial  and  natural)  to  the  free  courses  of  rivers. 
The  mischief  to  health,  and  to  adjoining  properties, 
from  mill-dams,  weirs,  and  embankments,  has  been  a 
subject  of  complaint  for  very  many  years.  The  injury 
to  the  public,  and  loss  to  adjoining  landowners  and 
occupiers,  from  these  causes,  is  very  poorly  repre- 
sented by  the  gain  to  individuals;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  Boards  of  Health  will  rapidly  sweep  away  these 
obstructions  to  better  drainage.  But  there  is  another 
cause  of  floods  that  is  much  more  difficult  to  deal  with, 
namely,  the  gradual  rise  or  silting  up  of  the  beds  of  our 
rivers,  from  the  sluggishness  of  their  courses  through 
flat  districts,  and  where  they  meet  with  tidal  obstruc- 
tion, and  the  consequent  loss  of  the  natural  drainage 
of  the  land  beside  them.  In  this  way,  for  instance,  the 
present  channel  of  the  Thames  has  been  raised  many 
feef,  and  may  in  many  parts  be  said  to  have  become 
artificial ;  for,  were  it  not  for  the  high  banks  wliich 
keep  it  to  its  old  channel,  it  would  liave  long  since 
broken  into  a  fresh  course,  and,  in  doing  so,  would  have 
given  drainage  to  large  districts  which  are  now  without  it. 
In  this  way  has  the  drainage  of  large  districts  through- 
out England  been  destroyed  ;  and  I  see  no  remedy  for 
the  very  serious  mischief  throughout  the  country  to 
health  and  comfort  generally,  as  well  as  to  private  pro- 
perty, that  this  want  of  drainage  causes,  save  by  means 
of  some  general  measure  which  shall  provide  new 
channels  to  receive  the  water  from  the  drainage  wliich 
is  so  much  wanted,  but  which  cannot  be  eSected  without 
other  outfalls  than  those  now  available.  Hewitt  Davis, 
November  9, 


^oct'eties^ 


Wexford.  —  At  the  late  meeting  of  this  Society, 
Mr.  D.  Beatty  said  that  the  introduction  of  brood 
animals  in  the  present  depressed  state  of  prices,  he 
conceived  to  be  of  the  last  importance  to  the  farmer, 
but  strange,  the  small  farmers  cannot  be  brought  to 
think  so,  who  argue  that  they  may  suit  gentlemen  and 
strong  farmers,  but  that  they  were  not  at  all  suited  to 
then'  condition.  He  hoped  to  be  able  to  disabuse  their 
minds  of  this  fallacy,  by  a  couple  of  examples  of  the 
value  and  importance  of  high  bred  animals.  At  the  last 
Enniscorthy  show — which  was  so  eminently  creditable 
to  the  district — a  pig  was  shown  by  a  man  named 
Murpliy,  which  was  18  months  old,  and  had  two  litters 
— one  with  her  at  the  exhibition,  numbering  10.  Murphy 
sold  some  of  the  young  pigs  at  the  show  for  XL  each, 
and  got  At.  from  his  (Mr.  B's)  father  for  the  sow. 
Putting  aside  the  fact  of  the  first  litter,  here  was  a  pig 
that  realised  for  its  owner  the  sum  of  161.  in  18  months 
— viz.,  101.  for  the  Utter,  il.  for  the  sow,  and  21.  for 
the  prize.  He  would  give  another  instance  of  a  similar 
kind,  quoted  from  a  little  work  entitled  "  The  Origin 
and  Varieties  of  Domestic  Pigs."  A  fai'mer  in  Eng- 
land reared  a  well-bred  sow,  whose  original  cost  was  12s. 
In  the  course  of  two  years  it  had  two  litters,  of  which 
he  sold  to  the  amount  of  14^.  in  eight  weeks  after  she 
farx'owed  ;  and  shortly  afterwards  the  difference  between 
that  sum  and  27^.  12s.  Now,  deducting  the  expenses  of 
keep  at  51.  Ss.,  here  was  a  clear  profit,  in  two  years  on 
one  pig,  of  22^.  16s.  Sd.  These  facts  clearly  demon- 
strate that  the  propagation  of  well-bred  pigs  will  pay 
remuneratively.     Another  fallacy  was  abroad  that,  since 


AaTicLEs  OF  Pood. 


Meadow  hay 

Lucerae  

Keil  Clover  bay 

Rfd  Clover  (yreen).. 

Ryo  straw 

Oat  straw  

Bfirley  straw 

Wheat  atraw 

Pea  Ktraw  

Buckwheat  atruw    .. 

Ltttitll  straw 

Vctchefi,  mown    in  J 
flower  and  dried  j 

Potato  Btalks    ,. 

Maot(old  leavcB    

Ourrot leaves 

Hwi'.ilon    

Mangold  Warzoi 

White  SUiciuD  Beet.. 

Crirrots    

INitatoes 

Pocatoea  kept  Lq  {iU: 

Vetdio*  (seed) 

BcaoB  

Poau    

T'CntiU    

lo'llan  corn  

Buck  Wheat 

Karloy     

Oat« 

Uv«  

Wheat 

lirrm    

Illco 

I.lnaocd-cako 

Ho[ia-Gako 

IIviii|i.cnko    

rojfpy-ciike   


the  failure  of  the  Potatoes,  pigs  became  expensive.  Hi 
pii;s,  though  of  Saxon  origin,  were  naturalised  Paddies, 
and  were  as  good  judges  of  a  Potato  as  the  pure  natives; 
still  they  never  got  any  other  food  than  Mangold 
Wurzel  and  Cabbage,  and  they  were  in  prime  condition. 
Warmth,  cleanliness,  and  regularity  in  supplying  their 
food,  were  main  points.  Their  object  should  be  to  en- 
courage the  highest  breed  of  stock  of  every  description.^ 
Mr.  George  Le  Hunte,  as  another  of  the  successful  can- 
didates, congratulated  them  both  on  account  of  the 
admirable  show  they  iiad  that  day,  and  on  the  accession 
to  their  ranks  of  the  new  recruit  who  had  enlisted  under 
their  banners  ;  and  who  last  addressed  to  them  such 
practical  and  useful  observations.  As  one  of  the  main 
objects  of  their  meetings  is  to  elicit  useful  facts,  he 
would  state,  iu  a  few  words,  what  he  had  done  himself. 
He  had  a  farm  thrown  on  his  hands  in  a  very  bad 
and  exhausted  state,  quite  divested  of  manure.  It  was 
not  situated  iu  this  country,  but  across  the  Channel  in 
Wales.  Well,  how  did  he  proceed  I  He  purchased 
some  bone-dust  and  guano  at  h'jme,  putting  7  bushels  of 
the  first  and  2  cwt.  of  the  latter,  with  a  little  ashes,  to 
the  acre,  on  which  he  sowed  Turnip  seed,  A  better 
crop  was  never  seen  in  that  part  of  the  country,  for  it 
I'eally  astonished  the  Welsh  themselves.  He  sold  \2L 
worth  of  the  produce,  and  divided  the  remainder 
between  the  cattle  in  the  store  yard  and  some  wedders, 
which  he  purcliased  to  fatten.  This  year  he  had  a  fine 
corn  crop  after  it  ;  and  he  was  sure  that  he  had  as 
much  return  from  the  acre  as  his  neighbours  had  from 
six.  (Hear  and  cheers.)  He  always  took  great  pains 
in  the  selection  of  his  seeds,  and  he  must  say,  that  he 
did  not  think  that  farmers  were  sufficiently  careful  of 
the  selection  of  their  Grass  seeds,  Wexford  Inde* 
pertdent. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

AoBiCDLTDEAt.  Shows  :  F  B  T.  The  only  attempt  at  a  collectioa 
that  we  know  of  is  in  Johnson  and  Shaw's  Farmers'  Almanac, 

ANALYsra :  F  S  W.  It  will  cost  from  II.  to  31.  or  more  to  obtain 
an  analysis  of  a  soil.  You  should  apply,  if  a  member,  to  the 
English  Agricultural  Society  on  the  subject.  To  plough 
5  inches  and  subsoil  15,  will  take  at  least  six  hours  to  perform 
at  one  operation. 

An  Ungoent  foe  Foot-halt  in  Sheep:  A  B.  Barbadoes 
tar,  3oz. ;  hog'a-lard,  loz. ;  to  be  melted  together,  and  tho 
following  afterwards  stirred  in— sulphate  of  copper,  finely 
powdered,  half  an  ounce  ;  acetate  of  copper,  half  an  ouace. 
»r.  C.  S. 

Books  :  J  iV  iV.  Lo  w,  on  the  ManaRement  of  Lauded  Property, 
will  give  you  the  details  of  general  estate  management.  To 
study  botany  and  chemistry  you  should  purchase  Dr.  Lindley*s 
wiirks,  and  Professor  Johnston's  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

DAiRt  Farmcno  ;  A'  YZ  says  thai  la  an  article  in  our  papey 
of  Oct.  SOih,  by  Mr.  Davis,  on  Dairy  Farming,  he  states  the 
price  of  batter  at  Chipatead,  Surrey,  to  be  la.  2d.  and  Is.  id. 
per  puaad,  while  iu  Herts,  30  miles  from  London,  the  besc  of 
bntter  from  Alderney  cows  can  only  fetch  lid.  per  pound. 

Diseased  Udder:  Bucolio.  If  there  is  beat  and  tenderness 
about  the  udder,  the  part  should  be  fomented  with  warm 
water  twice  a  diy,  and  a  little  camphor  ointment  rubbed  in 
afterwards.  If  there  is  hardness  without  heat,  then  rub  ta 
onco  a  day  to  the  hard' Bwellings  the  following  ointment: 
Hydriodate  of  potash,  1  drachm;  lard.  loz.  ;  mr.  Two 
teats  will  not  yield  the  same  amount  of  milk  as  the  whole 
four,  although  more  than  half.  If  both  teats  are  lost,  feed 
the  cow,  if  she  will  pay  for  feeding.  It  often  happens  that 
after  calving,  the  milk  does  not  flow  in  one  or  two  teats,  bat 
afterwards  a  passage  takes  place.  W.  C.  S. 

Feeding  Valoe  of  Cabeots,  &.c,  :  Rusticiis.  You  will  eee  the 
actual  value  of  some  of  the  roots  named  in  the  Tables  pub- 
lished by  Captain  the  Hon.  F.  Grey,  in  aUother  pa^-e  •  of 
course,  the  actual  power  of  food  to  produce  beef.mutton  ic. 
will  vary  with  the  particular  breed,  aire,  »fcc.,  of  the  animals' 
fed.  For  the  relative  value  of  these  different  foods,  according 
both  to  scientific  and  p-acticsil  men,  see  the  following  Cable 
which  we  take  from  Dr.  Toelcker's  paper  on  nutrition,  in  a 
forthcomint;  number  of  Blackie'g  Cyclopaedia  of  Agriculture. 


Theobetical  Taldeb. 


BouBsingault, 


^s 


11.0 
IG.G 

nil 

7li.O 
18.7 
21.0 
U.O 
2C.0 

8,5 
11.0 

3.2 

11.0 

76.0 

88.9 

7o.:j 

91.0 

85.0 
87.0 

7i;.u 

70  8 
11.0 
7.9 
80 
0.0 
18.0 
12.S 
13.2 
Vl.t 
11.5 
10.5 
13.8 
13,4 
19.4 
10.5 
5.0 
0.8 


C  O  « 
3  t^ 


fSx. 


1.31 

l.OC 
1.70 

o.'i'o 

0.36 

o.ao 

0.36 
1.45 
O.M 
1.18 

1.16 

2.30 
1,50 
2.91 
1.83 

IM 
2.40 
1.50 

i.ia 

0.13 
5.50 
4.20 
4.49 
2  09 
2.10 
2.02 

'/'ri 

23:> 
2.77 
1.110 

o.uo 

5.50 
4,78 
5.70 


3  3 


a  " 


I.l."-. 
1.-8 
1.64 
0.64 
0.24 
0.30 
0.20 
0.27 
1.79 
0.48 
1.08 

1.04 

0.5,5 
0.50 
0.85 
0.17 

o.'i's 

0.30 
0.36 
0.39 
4.37 
511 
3.81 
4.09 
1,61 
2.10 
1.70 
1.92 
2.00 
2.09 
2.30 
1.20 
5.20 
4.02 
4.21 
5.30 


FreseniuB. 


100 
83 
75 
311 
479 
383 
469 
426 
01 
240 
114 


PaAcncAL  Valves,  A3  Estimated  by  Dibect 
Feeding  Experiments,  AccoBDiNa  to — 


1  :    6.0S 

1  :  24.40 
1  :  12.59 
1  :  29.30 
1  :14.2a 


1  :   7.84 
1  :   0. 


28 

2.14 

1.87 

0.05 

0,9.5 

1.25 

4.08 

4.42 

2,42 


109 

77,9 

627/3 
iiSji 
4713" 
433  Jl 


8911 

542.1 
339  r. 


31 ,;, 

81  j" 

32  I. 

88t'„ 
885 


100 
4  30 
200 
200 
103 
2uO 
105 


109 
80 
90 

500 
209 
180 
380 
200 
209 
200 


269 

mo 


269 


800 
400 

300 
200 

66 
73 
00 


100 
199 
100 
425 
369 
290 
200 
390 
150 

160 
100 


260 
250 

2,59 
200 

40 
40 
40 


200 
333 


267 
200 
200 
28* 


300j 
200 

ai 

80 
30 


35 
»74 
88i 
30 


734 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


Diseases  of  Horse,  Cow,  and  Sheep:  IV R.  The  volumes  oa 
the  Horse,  Cow,  and  Sheep,  published  by  the  Society  for  the 
Diffusion   of    Uaeful  liuowledge.      Xhey  are  large  octavo 
volumes  of  600  pages. 
Da.  Newinoton's  Dibble  :  AG,  It  is,  we  believe,  sold  by  Mr* 
Gabriel,  C.E.,  Surrey  Chambera.  Aruudol-street,  Straud,  of 
Tvhoiu  allinformation  may  be  had. 
Food  for  Lambs  :  -4  B.  We  have  Ion?  beeu  in  the  habit  of 
PoaUin^  hay  and  straw  cbatfia  hot  Linseed  soup  and  dui^Mug 
Bean-meal  over  it,   and  u^iiiff  it   ns  foo'i   for  entile.      Your 
starchy  aeeds  require  steeping  in  hot  water  to  render  them 
thoroughly  soft  and  abiorbenc.  and  Oats  will  be  no  exception 
to  the  rule.  We  would  cru^h  or  grind  the  Oatn,  and  throw 
it  over  the  welted  hay  or  straw  chaff,  just  as  we  have  done 
the  Beaa.medl. 
*'  Patent  Manure  and  Patent  Wood  Meal  :"  J.,  Fleet-street. 
We  know  of  neither.  If  any  one  does,  perhaps  he  will  give  you 
bis  opinion. 
'Piggeries  ;  X  TZ.  Boarded  flooring  has  answered  for  pijsieries, 
and  fattening  bogs  and  store  pigs  have  done  on  theai  without 
litter. 
PoOLTBT  :   J  P  R.    The  Nankin  bantam  should  be  small,  of  a 
pure  Nankin  colour  throughout,  clean  lei:u'ed  ;  single  combed 
are  preferred,  but  the  rule  is  not  so  imperative  as  in  ibe 
Sebright.     The  carriage  should  be  prouii,  the  head  and  tail 
brought  as  near  together  as  [lossibl  ■.    They  should  only  have 
four  toes,  and  are  not  worth  mora   ihau  one-sixth  of  the 
value  of  the  gold  and  silver  laced. — F  W.  Double  combs  are 
as  pure  as  single  in  Dorking  fowls,   and  it  may  be  proved 
by   the    fact    that    both    combs    may    be     found    in    the 
^ame  brood  from  the  same  parenrs  ;  a  preference  in  them 
is  a  matter  of  fancy  only.— S  i>  J/,   T}-uro,    The  coops  for 
exhibiting  poultry  should  be  deal  boards  everywhere,  save 
the  front,  which  shouid  be  of  wire  netting.     They  should  be 
3  feet  wide,  3  feet  deep,  and  the  game  height ;    not  less  any 
way,  but  larger,  if  convenient.     The  wire  in   front  should 
come  down  to  within  \\  inch  of  the  floor.    I  believe  Messrs. 
Maplebeck  and  Lowe,  of  Birmingham,  supply  the  wire  netting, 
drinking  vessels,  ttc,  tomoat  of  the  exhibitions,  andhave  con- 
sequently much  experienceinthem. —  W S.  The  best  method  to 
obtain  what  you  want  will  be  to  attend  some  of  the  poultry 
ahows,   and  note   the  prices,   after  which  you  can   judge 
whether  you  will  employ  a  dealer  or  noc— ^  B.    The  golden 
pencilled  fowls  you  mention  are  from  a  sickly  stock.     Chalk 
and  Cayenne   pepper  are  good  remedies  against  diarrhoea  ; 
but  whenever  it  appears  I  ehuuld  always  advise  to  change 
the  food  entirely,  by  giving  some  of  an  opposite  character  lo 
that  the  fowls   have  been   eating.      I  must  know  more  of 
black   Cochins  before   I    can   give   an    opinion   as   to    their 
purity.    I  do  not  at  present  think  them  a  distinct  breed. 
J.  Baily,  113,  Mount-street, 


[Nov.  13, 


Eeratom.— At  page  717,  in  the  article  on  ' 
line  21,  ioT packed  vead  hacked. 


Sowing  Wheat,"  at 


i$iarRei0» 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Nov.  13. 
Yegetables  and  what  Fruit  is  in  season  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Fears  and  Apples  are  sufficient  for  the  demand. 
Tomatoes  may  atill  be  obtained.  Filberts  realise  fair  prices. 
Potatoes  have  not  altered  in  value  since  our  last  report. 
Mushrooms  are  getting  scarcer.  Cut  tlowera  consist  of 
Heaths,  Pelargoniums,  Hoses,  Mignonette,  Bignonia  venusta, 
and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT, 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3s  to  63 
Grapes, bothouse.p.  lb.,  2s  to Gs 
Pomegranates,  each,  2s  to  is 
Plums,  per  punnet,  2s  to  is 
Apples,  dessert,  p.  bsb.,  is  to  73 

—  kitchen,  do.,  3s  to  6s 
Fears,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  is 

—  per  half  sieve,  53  to  7s 
Melons,  each,  2s  to  Ss 

VEGETABLES, 


Oranges,  per  doz,,  Is  to  23 

—  per  100,  6g  to  123 
Lemons,  per  doz..  Is  to  23 
Almonda,  per  peck,  6b 

—  flweet,  per  lb.,  23  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

—  Brazil,   do.,  I2s  to  lis 

—  Cubs,  753  to  80s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  Is 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

23  to  2e  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve. 

Is  to  23 
Cauliflowers,  p.  doz,,  6d  toSsBd 
Greens,  per  doz,,  Is  to  2a 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  is  to  Ss 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  853  to  110s 

—  per  cwt.,  63  to  9s 

—  per  bush.,  29  6d  to  is  fid 
Turnips,  per  doz,,  Is  to  la9d 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Veget.  Marrow,  p.  doz,  6d  to  Is 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  is 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  id 

—  Spanish, p.do2.,l83d  to  3d 
Beet,  per  duz..  Is  to  Is  6d 
Leeks,  per  bunch,  Id  to  2d 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  id  to6d 

—  Cob,  p.  score,  9d  to  Is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  I3  6d 
Endive  per  score.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Florae  Radish,  p.bundle.lstoSs 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  is  to  63 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  23  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, 3d 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
Watercressoa.p.  12buu,id  to  6d 


COAL  MARKET.— Feiday.  Nov.  12. 
Eden  Mein,  178. 9d.  Wallsend  Iletton,    ISs.   6d. ;    Wallsend 
StewartP,  18s.  6d.— Ships  at  market,  302.— Verry  little  done 
to-day. 

HOPS.— BoaoDQH  Market,  Nov.  12/ 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith,  Hop  Factors,  report  that  in 
consequence  of  the  old  Hop  Duty  having  been  ofBcially  an- 
nounced at  only  2i4,82il.  23.  S^d  ,  has  caused  another  decided 
advance  in  the  price  of  all  Hops.  The  district  duty  stands  as 
follows  : — 

Canterbury         .:652,7iS  16  Hi 

Rochester  97,150     1     3| 

Sussex      63,6i(l     7  11^ 

Worcester  12,617  12    6| 

Farnham 16,306  li  I04 

Kingdom 2,363    


8  lOi 


Total 


,.jtf2ii,821     2 


SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Nov.  8. 
_  We  have  rather  a  short  supply  of  Beasts,  choicest  descrip- 
tions are  more  readily  sold,  and  in  a  few  instances  a  little  more 
money  is  obtained,  but  there  is  no  quotable  advance.  There  are 
a  few  more  Sheep  than  on  Monday  last;  trade  is  scarcely  as 
good  as  on  that  day,  and  on  the  average  prices  are  lower. 
Trade  ia  dull  f.ir  Calves,  and  middling  kinds  are  lower.  From 
Germany  and  Holland  there  are  1279  Beasts,  2370  Sheep,  and 
192  Calves  ;  Scotland,  200  Beasts  ;  and  2500  trom  the  northern 
and  middling  counties. 


Per  St.  of  81bfl.— 8  d      s  d 

Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &.C.       ...  3  10  to  i  0 

Best  Short-horns  3    6 3  10 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  6  —  3  2 

Best  Downs  and 

Half-breds      ...  i  i  —  4  G 

Do.  Shorn  0  0-0  0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— a 
Best  Long- wools.  3 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn 0 

Lambs      0 

Calves      2 

Pigs 


d       8 

8  toi 
0-0 
0—3 
0  —  0 
0  —  0 
8  —  4 
0  — i 


Beasts,  1704  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  25,650  ;  Caivea,  223  j  Pigs, 


Feiday,  Nov"  12. 

The  supply  of  Beasts,  although  not  large,  is  fully  adequate 
to  the  demand.  Choicest  deseriptiona  fully  maintain  Monday's 
quotations,  but  trode  is  very  dull  for  other  kindn,  and  several 
remain  unsold.  The  number  of  Sheep  is  exceediuiily  small, 
but  there  is  a  very  heavy  trade  ;  and  although  prices  remain 
unaltered,  they  are  wiih  difficulty  disposed  of.  Calves  are  not 
so  plentiful;  gocid  ones  are  fully  2tf.  per  8  lbs.  dearer.  The 
foreign  supply  coooists  of  187  Beasts,  510  Sheep,  and  166  Calves. 
The  number  of  Milch  Cuw3  is  105. 

Per  St,  ofSlbs.— s    d       b 
Best  Scots,  Eore- 

fords,  drc.       ...  3    8  to  i 
Best  Short-horns  3    6  —  3  10 
2d  quality  Beasts  2     6 
Best  Downs   and 

Half-breds      ...  i    4 
Uo.  Shorn  ...  0     0 

Beasts,  820:  Sheep  and  Lambs,  2,670;  Calves.  311  ;  Pigs,  210. 

HAV.— Per  Load  of  36  Trusses. 
Smithfield,  Nov.  11. 


d 

Per  St.  of  Slbs.— s 

d      8 

d 

GL-8t  LoDif.wools.  3 

8  toi 

0 

0 

Do.  Shorn 

0 

Ewes  lis  2d  quality  3 

0  —  3 

e 

'2 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0 

(1 

I.amba     0 

0—0 

0 

6 

Calves      2 

8  —  4 

2 

(J 

Pica          3 

0  —  4 

4 

HORTICULTUML     GLASS 

OF   EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS    MILLBTGTOIff'S    WAKEHOITSE, 
87,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 


LONDON. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  7l3  to  SOs 
Inferior  do.  ...  60  70 

Rowen         45        65 

New  Hay 


Clover 
Second  cue 
Straw 


..  85s  to  100; 
..  70  90 

..  2i  28 

J.  Davis. 


A   brisk  trade  for  both   Meadow  Hay  and  Clover  of  good 
quality,  but  anything  inferior  very  difiScult  to  sell. 
Cdmbebland  Masket,  Nov.  11. 


Prime  Meadow  tlay  TSs  to  869 

Inferior  do ..65         72 

New  Hay      —        — 

Old  Clover 


Fine  old  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
New  Hay 
Straw 


...  94        93 
Whitechapkl,  Nov.  11. 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


28        34 

J0SBL7A  BAEEa. 


,  728  to  803 
.  55        65 


,  22 


Old  Clover... 
Inferior  do. 
New  Clover 
Inferior  do. 


.  85s  to    95a 
.  55  75 


BaADFosD,  Thubsdat, 
change  during  the  weelr. 


WOOL. 
Nov.  11. — There  is  very  little,  if  any. 
The  active  buying  of  a  few  weeks 
past  appears  to  have  put  the  tjpinners  in  supply,  and  the  prices 
now  sought  act  as  a  barrier  to  sales  being  made. 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Nov.  8.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  this 
morning's  market  was  small,  and  disposed  of  on  the  full  terms 
of  this  day  se'nnight.  Notwithstanding  the  large  arrivals  of 
foreign  Wheat,  we  experienced  a  good  demand  for  low  priced 
desci  iptions  for  the  country.  Dantzig  was  also  rather  more  in 
demand  and  former  prices  suppnrted  ;  fine  qualities  of  red  are 
neglected.  — Barley,  Beans,  and  Englieb  Peas  were  taken  at 
the  prices  of  this  day  week,  but  for  foreign  white  Peas,  of 
which  there  is  a  good  arrival  from  Denmark,  there  is  very 
little  demand  at  a  decline  of  Is.  to  2s.  per  quarter.— The  Oat 
trade  \3  slow,  and  Irish  are  6d.  per  quarter  cheaper.- The 
Flour  trade  is  firm  at  late  rates. 

Pe&  iMPsaiAL  QoASTEa.  { 

Wheat,  Esses,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White  38— 50  Red  , 

—  —    fine  selected  runs...dittok2— 51  Red  . 

—  —    Talavera  |52 — 56 

—  Norfolk |40— 48 

—  Foreign i34— 64 

Barley.grind.di  distil. ,24s  to  27s. ..Chev.j26— 34  Malting.  28- 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  23— 30  Malting.  30- 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 17—20 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato!22 — 24 

—  Irish Potato  20—22 

—  Foreign   :... Poland  and  Brew  18—21 

Rye     29-32 

Rye-meal,  foreign |     ■ 

Beans,  Mazagan 3l9  to  83a Tick  33—35 

—  Pigeon   31s —37s. ..Winds.  39-41 

—  Foreign Small  33—38 

Peaa,  white,  Esses  and  Kent Boilers, 40— il 

—  Maple 32s  to  35s Grey, 30— 33 

Maizo     White:     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sackJ37— 40 

—  Suffolk ditto'25— 32  Norfolk  .25- 

—  Foreign per  barrel] 21-24  Per  sack  23- 


Red  

Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign  . 

Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffoilt... 
Foreign  . 
fellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


32—44 
38—48 


16—22 
18—19 
15—19 


-35 
-34 
-34 
42-45 
32—44 


Arrivals  in  the  PoaT  op  London  last  Week. 


FIour,1230l8ltE 
-  11898  brlb 

English  

Irish    

Foreign  


Qrs. 
2393 


47357 


Barley, 


Qrs. 
5778 


2367 


Qrs. 

47S5 
35 


Oats. 


Qr3. 

100 

13845 

12142 


Beans. 


Qrs. 
603 


3276 


Qrs. 
573 


3650 


Fbidat,  Nov.  12.  —  The  arrivals  of  both  English  and  fore'gn 
grain  this  week  are  small,  but  good  of  barrel  Flour ;  to-day's 
market  was  thinly  attended,  and  a  small  business  only  trans- 
acted.  We  observe  no  alteration  in  thevalue  of  either  English 
or  foreign. — Foreign  Flour  is  in  fair  request  at  our  quotations. 
A  large  business  was  done  in  floatinij  cargoes  of  Black  Sea 
Wheat  in  the  early  part  of  the  week  at  prices,  393.  Gd.  for 
Polish  Odessa,  up  to  41s.  Qd.  for  Taganrog  Ghirka,  but  the 
market  has  been  since  quieter. — Thevalue  of  Barley,  Beans, 
and  Feap,  remains  as  on  Monday. — Oats  are  a  slow  sale  at  the 
prices  of  that  day. 

Arrivals  this  Week. 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreign  . 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
2430 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
1640 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

150 

1560 

3160 


Flour. 


1510  sacks 
9080  brla 


lUPEEIAL   AVEBAQES, 

Wheat. 

Baelet. 

Oats, 

Bte. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Oct.     2 

J.   d. 
88    9 
88    6 

37  10 

38  8 

39  2 
39    6 

3.   d. 

27    4 
27    6 

27  8 

28  8 

29  6 
29    9 

3.    d. 
17    4 

17  6 

18  0 
17  10 

17  6 

18  8 

J.    d. 

30    6 
28  10 
30    1 

25  8 

26  0 
24  10 

a.    d. 

33  10 
84    0 

34  1 
34    2 

34  7 

35  3 

3.  d. 
30    0 

—      9 

—    16 

30    4 

—    23 

30    9 

—    30 

31    5 

Nov.    6 

33    5 

Afferpp.  Aver. 

38    9 

28    5 

17     9 

27    7 

34     4 

31    1 

Fldctdationb  in  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Aveeaqes. 


38    5 
37  10 


Oct.  23. 


:::  r 


Liverpool,  Tdfsdat,  Nov.  9. — Atmarket,  to-day,  amoderate 
demand  at  last  Tuesday's  currency,  for  Wheat.  Oais,  short 
supply,  and  brought  full  pi-ices.  Barley  and  Peas  unchanged 
in  value.    Beans,  6d.  per  qr.  less.  Previous  rates  for  Flour  and 

Oatmeal. Friday,  Nov.  5.— The  imports  of  grain  and  Flour 

continue  small,  and,  as  regards  Wheat  and  Flour,  are  exceeded 
by  the  exports  to  Ireland  and  coastwise.  At  this  morning's 
market  business  proceeded  somewhat  sloftly,  but  a  strong 
leeling  in  present  rates  prevailed,  and  the  transactions  in  every 
article  wtre  at  lully  the  quotations  of  Tuesday. 


GLASS    FOR    CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 
TTETLEY    and   Co.    supply    16-oz.   Sheet    Glass  of 

■-J-  British  Manufacture,  at  pcices  varying  from  2(Z.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  tor  the  u.i'ual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
teet  of  which  are  kept  ready  picked  for  imtnediaio  delivery 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATR,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS  GLASS 
TILBS  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSKS.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES* 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London.  * 
See  Gardeners'  Chronigle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

SOHO  CLASS  WAREHOUSE,  26,  SOHO  SQUARE. 
A  LFRED  GOSLETT  begs  to  inform  consumers  of 
-t^*-  Glass  for  Horticultural  purposes  that  be  supplies  the 
following  descriptions,  either  in  crates,  as  manufactured,  at 
Redoced  Prices,  or  cut  to  any  given  size :— ENGLISH 
CROWN  and  SHEET  GLASS  of  every  weight  manufactured 
HARTLEr'S  PATENT  ROLLED  ROUGH  GLASS,  one- 
eifrhth,  three-sixteenths,  and  one.quarter  inch  thick.  BELGIAN 
SHEET  GLASS,  in  cases,  containing  200  feet,  of  one  given  size, 
at  405.  per  case,  in  parcels  of  five  cases  at  385.,  and  in  parcels 
of  10  cases,  at  37s.  per  case,  foe  Cash;  or  cut  to  order  at 
3d.  per  foot  superficial.  Estinaates  or  any  further  particulars 
will  be  forwarded  upon  application. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING  AND   HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 
r  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  Hox- 
^  •  house  Builders  ;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boileis 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi. 
cal.  The  tire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  TheFurnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passee  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  efl'L-ct 
from  the  same  quantity 

of  fUPl. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any. 
tbiug  like  the  same 
effecr,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  iu  a 
givtn  time.  Ic  is  one  of 
those  boilers  that  warms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regta  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seads,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road.  Chelsea,  London. 


BAKER'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beaufort-street,  King's 
Road,  Chelsea,  by  special  appointment  to  her  Majestt 
and  H.  R.  H.  Pbince  Albert.  — ORNAMENTAL  W.ATER 
FOWL,  consistingof  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
China,  barnacle,  brent,  and  laughing  Geese,  Shieldrakes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shovellers,  gold-eyed  and  dun  Divers,  Caroliua  Ducks,  Ac, 
domesticated  and  pinioned  :  also  Spanish,  Cochin  China,  Mal.iy, 
Poland,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Japan,  pied,  and 
common  Pea-fowl,  and  pure  China  Pigs ;  and  at  3,  Half-mooa 
Passage,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 

STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Grace chui-ch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efScacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
the  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars 
furnished  on  application. 


WATERPROOF  CAPES  large  enough  to  protect 
efl'ectually  from  wet  a  man  wfiile  stooping  down,  3*. 
each ;  Coats,  45.  6d.  to  73.  Gd. ;  the  London  Police  Capes,  fresh 
dressed,  ISs.  and  243.  per  dozen;  Horse-loin  Cloths,  7*.  for 
Shafc  Horses,  and  Os.  Gd,  for  tore  horses;  Driving  Aprons, 
7s.  Gd.  to  123.;  Waterproof  Waggon  and  Cart  Covers,  size  for 
Waggons,  li.  6s.  Sd.  ;  for  Millers'  Cart,  li. 

N.B.  Waterproof  Transparent  Sheeting  for  Pits  and  Green- 
houses, Is.  per  yard,  nearly  two  yards  wide. 

Robert  Richardson,  21,  Tonbridge-place,  New-road,  London. 


jD  ARON  LIEBIG  ON  PALE  ALES.- 


-« If  I  wished 

to  associate  with  any  individual  brewer  my  remarks  on 
the  alleged  adulteration  of  bitter  beer  with  strychnine,  it  would 
have  been  only  natural  to  have  mentioned  ano'her  brewery,  in 
which  alone,  and  not  in  Mr.  Allsopp's,  I  was  engaj;ed  in  inves- 
tigating the  Burton  mode  of  brewing  ;  and  it  was  also  in  that 
brewery,  and  not  in  Mr.  Allsopp's,  that  the  Bavarian  brewers 
acquired  all  the  instructions  they  obtained  at  Burton.  Tbe 
admiration  I  expressed  of  this  beverage,  iu  my  letter  to  Mr. 
AUsopp,  is  advertised  in  such  a  manner  as  to  lead  to  tbe 
inference  that  my  praise  was  exclusively  confined  to  Mr. 
Allsopp's  beer.  Tnis  was  not  the  caoe  ;  my  remarks  rele:  red 
to  that  class  of  beer.  "  Jdstds  Liebiq. 

"Gieesen,  24th  July,  1852." 

N.B.  The  Baron's  Original  Letter  is  in  the  hands  of  Mr, 
Miller,  at  the  Jerusalem  Coffee  House,  Cornhill,  where  it  may 
be  seen  by  anyone  taking  an  interest  in  ihe  matter. 


6—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


735 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

or  Kidge  and  Furrow  Soofs,  Greenhouses,  Railway  Stations,  Engine  Slieds,  Mills, 
Market-Halls,  and  Public  Buildings  generally. 


Fob  CoN9EiiVAToaiE3,   Pdblic  Boildinqs,  Manofactokies, 
SETLiaars,  &,c.,  &c. 


:ked  im  CIIATE3,  for  cutting  up  of  the  sizes  as  Alanafactured  :- 

30  inches  wide  and  from -10  to  50  long  

20  „  ,,  50  to  70    ,,  


3ftUABE3, 

r 
ly  G  and 
,y    8         , 

eetsup. 


cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Onder    8  by    6  

under  10  by    S 

,  U  by  10  

,,  IJ  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 

3  ,,  or  if  above  20,  and  not  abo?e  30  inches  long 

*  „  ..  20  „  30 

„  5  „  „  30  „  85  „ 

„  6  „  „  35  „  40  „ 

„  8  „  „  40  „  45  „ 

10  „  „  45  „  55  „ 

1-3  „  „  55  „  70 

15  „  „  70  ,.  85 


One.eiijhth 
iucti  thick 


s.  d. 
0    6 


I-I6th  insh 
thick. 


i  inch 
thick. 


s.  d. 
0  10 


0  6 
0  7 
0  7 
0  7 
0  3 
0  8 
0  8^ 
0  9 
0  94 
0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  lOi 

0  11 

1  0 

1   1 

1     2 


PACKED    IN    BOXES    OF    50  FEET    EACH. 

ches  by  4  inches,  and  G\  inches  by  4.^  inches  ...  ins.  &d.     I      S  inches  by  i!  inches,  and  i^  inches  by  f\\  inches        .  .   133.  6'i. 

„       by  5      „       and  71      ,,      by  b\      123.  Od.      I      9      ,,       by  7      ,,        and  9i      „      by  74,  and  10  by  8    15s.  Od. 

When  a  qaautily  is  rejuired,  an  estimate  will  be  furnished  on  application. 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     COv 

[ORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


[ECHI'S  AUSTRALIAN  DRESSING  CASES, 
L  i,  Leadenhall-street,  London.— These  contain  a  pair  of 
hi's  rsizjrs  and  strop,  with  other  necessary  articles  of  toilet 
he  moit  approved  quality.  They  vary  from  25s.  upwards, 
)rdiDg^  to  their  ornameatatioa.  Those  who  inspected  Mr. 
lEl's  manufactures  at  the  Great  Exhibition  will  appreciate 
portability  and  finish  of  his  various  produetiong. 

HE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
invented,  very  small,  powerful,  waistcoat-pocket  Glass, 
»ize  of  a  \Valnut,  to  discern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
5  miles,  which  is  found  to  be  invaluable  for  YACHTING, 
to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  GAMEKEEPERS. 
ELESCOPES.— Anew  and  most  important  INVENTION 
ELESCOPES,  possessing  such  extraordinary  powers  that 
e — 3.^  inches,  with  an  extra  eye-piece— will  show  distinctly 
Iter's  Moon,  Saturn's  Ring,  and  the  Double  Stars.  They 
jrsede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes — for  the  waist- 
:-pocket.  Shooting,  Military  purposes,  &c.  Opera  and 
e-courae  Glasses  with  wonderful  powers  ;  a  minute  object 
be  clearly  seen  from  10  to  12  miles  distant. — Invaluable 
astic  Instruments  for  relief  of  extreme  Deafness. 
E3SB3.  S.  AND  B.  SOLOMONS,  Opticians  and  Adeists, 
llbemarle-street,  opposite  the  York  Hotel,  London. 


ATENT  REVERSIBLE  OVER-COATS,  &c., 
which  obtained  the  Gieat  Exhibition  Prize  Medal.— W. 
.DOE.  SO,  New  Bond-street  and  G9,  Cornhill  (only).  Novelty, 
ity,  Economy,  all  unite  in  commending  this  invention  to 
Eral  adoption.  The  Patent  Cloth  having  two  perfect  and 
lly  dissimilar  faeea,  can  be  worn  either  side  outwards  ; 
I  each  garment  being  equivalent  to  two,  at  the  cost  of  one. 
Over-Coats  of  every  kind,  the  new  Anglesea  and  all  other 
es,  Shooting  and  Morning  CoatP,  this  discovery  is  especially 
ropriiite;  also  for  Ladies' Cloaks,  Mantles.  »tc.  A  variety 
he  mati:rial8  and  garments  kept  for  selection;  also  one  of 
largest  stocks  in  Load(  n  of  superior  Over-Coats  of  every 
:rip'.ion,  Capes,  Shooting  Jackets,  Boys'  Orer-Coats,  itc, 
^aran'eed  'o  re'^ist  any  amount  of  raiti^ 


NEW    STOVE.— GREAT  NOVECTY.— In   the 

-  coofttructlon  of  the  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE,  it 
the  flrat  care  of  the  inventor,  WILLIAM  3.  BURTON,  to 
11  himself  of  the  most  valued  of  modern  improvements  in  the 
of  heating,  and  secondly,  so  to  molify  and  alter  the 
^ptacle  for  the  coals,  aa  at  once  to  obtain  the  simplest  and 
It  perfect  combndlion  ;  after  a  long  series  of  experiments, 
las,  by  the  substitution  of  a  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
sent  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  bars,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
'8  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  well  as  purity  and 
ntiiy  of  hea*',  is  far  beyond  his  most  sanguine  expectations, 
le  fjr  cleanlines'i  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
i.  frice  from  5tifl,  to  lot.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily  in  his 
ir-rooma,  where  also  are  to  be  seen 

jA  STOVES  and  325  FENDERS 
'  -^  f  exclusive  of  reserved  stockj  all  differing  in  pattern, 
niug  ibe  largest  assorimint  ever  collected  together.    They 

marked  in  plain  figureii,  and  at  price=i  proportionate  with 
•elbac  have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most 
^inguisbed  in  thle  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
amenu  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  Us.  to  5L  10s. ;  ditto  with 
lola  omaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  5(.  lOa.  to  12,?.  12^.  ; 
nzed  fenders  complete,  with  Htacdards,  from  la.  to  3i. ;  E.teel 
ders,  from  il.  lOs,  to  Ci. ;  ditto,  with  ricli  ormoluornamente, 
31  Zi,  15*.  to  71,  7i.;  flre-irooB,  from  Is.  9d.  the  set  to  41.  is. 
Tetter  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  with  radiating  hearth- 
les  ;  ^ind  kitchen  ranges,  which  he  is  enabled  to  neli  at  these 
T  reduced  charges. 

irtt — from  the  frequency  and  extent  of  ht4  purchases  ;  and 
econdly — From  those  pnrchasei  being  made  exclusively 
cash. 

yiLLIAM  3.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
.communicating),  eicluslva  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 

show  of  9B.SEBAL  FURNrslIING  IllONMONGEIlY 
duding  Cutlery,  Nickel  SiUer,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
n  and  Brass  Bediteads),  no  arranxed  and  claHiltled  that 
cban'jrs  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selecti'jns. 
auU^gues,  with  Engrariogs,  sent  (per  pout;  free.  The 
aey  returned  for  tvery  article  not  approve^  of, 
J,  OXFORD  SrUEBT  ''corner  ..f  Newinm-dtroot)  ;  Nofl. 
ad2.  NKWMANHTREKT  :  and  4  and  r,.  I'KUKY'rf  PLACB. 


THE    ONLY    STOVE    WITHOUT    A    FLUE.— 
Plain,  from  12s.  to  25s. ;  Ornamental,  from  Sis.  Gd.  to  Six 
Guineas  ;  Stands  for  Stoves,  2s.  6d.,  33.,  and  5s.   each.    For 
which  her  Majesty's  Royal  Letters  Patent  ^ 

have    been    granted.      Prospectus,    with 
Drawings  and  Report,  forwarded  free. 

JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  Halls, 
Passages,    Greenhouses,    Water-closets, 
Shops,    Store-rooms,    and   all  places  re- 
quiring  artificial  warmth.      The   above 
Stoves  do  not  emit  smoke  or  unpleasant 
smell,  and  will  burn  without  attention  or 
replenishing  from  twelve  to  twenty-four 
hours.    To  be  seen  in  use  daily,  at  the 
sole  Proprietor's,  S.  Nash,   Ironmonger, 
&c.,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  at  the  City 
■^^  Depot,  119,  Newga^e-street,  London;  and 
to  be  had  from  the  principal  Ironmongera  in  town  and  country. 
PATENT  PREPARED  FOEL   for  the    Stoves,   23.  Gd.   per 
bushel;  only  genuine  with  the   Proprietor's  name  and  seal  on 
the  sack. 

S.  Nash,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  119,  Newgate-stree^  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  Portable  Economical  Vapour  Bath, 
for  Families,  Travellers,  &c.  &g.,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
II.  lis.  Gd.     Medical  Testimonial."  forwarded  on  application. 


m 


EUREKA.— In  FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  are 
united  the  best  material  and  first-rate  worUraanship, 
together  with  that  epecial  oxcelleoce  of  fit  which  is  their  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic.  Their  superiority  to  all  others  is 
still  maintained ;  and  gentlemen  who  desire  the  luxury  of  a 
perfect  fitting  shirt  are  invitt;d  to  try  them.  The  pricis  are, 
for  the  first  quality,  six  for  40j  ;  second  quality,  six  for  SOs.  ; 
coloui  cd  shirts,  for  boating,  shooting,  and  ordinary  wear,  27s. 
the  half  dozen.  List  of  prices,  and  instructions  tor  measure- 
ment, post-free,  and  patterns  of  the  new  coloured  bhirtings 
free,  on  receipt  of  six  stamps. — RICHARD  FORO,  33,  Poultry 
(late  185.  Strand). 


HOLLO  WAY'S  PILLS  a  most  excellent  remedy 
for  the  cure  of  Headache,  Bile,  Dimness  of  Sight, 
Deranged  Stom^ichs  and  Disordered  Livers  ;  likewise  in 
restoring  strength  and  viijour  to  debilitated  consti  utions. — 
The  extraordinary  cures  tffdcted  daily  by  these  wonderful  pills, 
after  all  other  means  fail,  have  been  the  sola  cause  of  bringing 
them  into  the  highest  repute,  and  stamping  them  as  the  finest 
medicine  ever  discovered.  Princes  and  nobles  gladly  avail 
themselves  of  their  use  both  at  home  and  abroad,  proudly 
attesting:  their  excellent  qualities,  and  recommending  them  to 
their  affl.icted  feilow-creatures  throughout  the  world,  whether 
suffering  from  Dropsy,  Indigestion,  or  any  other  irregularity 
to  wiiicti  the  human  frame  is  liable. — Sold  by  all  Druggists ; 
and  at  Professor  Hollowat's  Establishment,  214,  Strand, 
London. 


TETCALFEa.md  Co.'8  new  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
L  BKU;iH  and  SMYRNA  3P0NOEH.— The  Tooth-»ru«h 

the  ImportftoC  advaiitagtt  of  searching  thoroughly  Into  the 
isloos  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  th";rnlo  the  most  extra- 
Inary  manner,  and  is  fnmous  for  ihij  hairs  not  coming 
M.— li.  Ad  Improved  Clotbos-Brush,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
tof  the  u%ual  tlrnc,  and  incapable  of  Injiirlnif  the  finest  nap. 
ittrating  Hatr-Brunhcs,  with  the  durable  unblcncbed  Uu«. 
]  bri«t]e4,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
ish«sof  improved, graduated,  and  powcrfuMricllon.  Volvet. 
ishes,  which  act  In  the  mtjst  surprising  and  succcsshii 
nnsr.  Tti«  genulno  Hmyrnu  Hponifo,  with  Its  pre^tervcd 
sable  properties  of  abiorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  b} 
SQs  of  direct  Importations,  dispensing  with  nil  intermediate 
ties'  proflis  and  destructive  bleaching,  nud  securing  the 
ury  of  %  genuine  Smyrna  fJpoDgc.  Only  at  .METOALrt, 
lor.KT,  and  Co.'s  Solo  Kntabllshment,  I^IO  a,  Oxford-street, 
'      -  ^'■'tfn  Holies-street,  London. 

.-fli'H  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER.  2#,  per  box. 
'.  -  iitivfnrts   of   tho    word*    "From    iitiOALiz'a," 

, >  tome  houses. 


OOUND  AND  WHITE  TEETH  are  not  only  indis- 
O  penaably  requisite  to  a  pleasing  exterior  in  male  and 
female,  but  they  ure  pecuiarly  appreciated  through  life  as  a 
blessing  highly  conducive  to  thepurposes  of  health  and  longevity. 
The  greats  esteem  in  which  the  public  have  long  held 

ROWLANDS*  ODONTO,  or  Pearl  Dentifeice, 
precludes  the  necessity  here  of  entering  into  a  minute  detail  of 
its  merits,  and  the  siogular  advantages  it  ao  eminently  pos- 
Bessbs  over  the  usual  powders  sold  for  the  teeth.  It  is  sufficient 
to  observe  that  Rowlands'  Odonto  is  a  pure  preparation  of  the 
most  efficient  Easteen  Herbs,  which  not  only  has  the  property 
of  renderiO)f  the  above  beautiful  organs  of  the  mouth  dazzlingly 
white,  but  it  strengthens  thtir  organic  structure,  and  fulfils 
the  pleasing  task  of  rendering  the  breath  sweet  and  pure.  It 
should  never  (in  particular)  be  forgotten  that,  when  used  in 
early  life,  it  effectually  prevents  all  aches  in  the  Teeth  and 
Gums— effaces  all  upots  and  discolourations  whatsoever — eradi- 
cates scurvy- and,  in  a  word,  noon  realines  the  chief  attribute 
of  Health  and  Beauty— A  FINE  SET  OF  PEARLY  TEETH  I 
Price  23  Od.  per  box. 
•,•  Bswabe  of  Spdeiods  Imitations.  The  genuine  article 
has  the  words  "Rowlands'  Odonto"  on  the  Label,  and 
"  A.  Rowland  and  Sorit,  20,  ilatton  Garden,''  engraved  on  the 
Government  Stamp  affixed  on  each  box.  ^otd  by  them,  and 
by  Chemists  and  Perfumers.  


ROTHERFIELO,  NEAR  TOIMBRIDGE  WELLS. 

TO  NOBLEMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  NUKSEaYMEN.  AND 

OTHRllS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are  in- 
structed by  Mr.  Field  (who  is  declining  busineaa),  to 
submit  to  an  unreserved  Stile  by  Auction,  on  the  premises. 
Steel  Cross  Nursery,  Rjtherfield,  Sussex,  on  MONDAY, 
November  IHh,  and  following  day^,  at  11  o'clock  each  day, 
tha  whole  of  the  healthy  and  well-grown  NUllSiilRY  STOCK, 
consistiiie  of  about  21)0,01)0  Forosc,  Ornaoiental.  and  Fruit 
Trees;  20,0)0  eversjreens  ;  also  600,000  Q^ifjU  ;  Hue  American 
Plants,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  Seedling  Ash,  Alder, 
&c.  May  be  viewt-d  prior  to  the  Sale.  Catalogues  naay  ba 
obtained  on  the  oreoiise^,  thd  George  Inn,  Itotliertield ;  Star 
Inn,  Mavtield  ;  Qieeu's  Head  Ion,  Wadhurst,  Sussex  ;  Crown 
Hotel.  Tonbridgo  ;  Swan  Inn,  Tonbridge  Weils  ;  of  the  prin- 
cipal Seedsmen  in  London ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Americaa 
Nurperv.  LpvtonH'ontt.   FJHaex. 

"         '  BUOMPTON. 

TO     NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,     NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS,    AND     OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  are 
instructed  by  the  solicitors  to  the  estate,  to  submit  to  an 
unreserved  sale  by  Auction,  on  the  premises,  Fulham-road, 
Brompton,  on  FRIDAY,  November  19,  and  following  day, 
at  11  o'clock  each  dny  (to  cle;ir  the  ground  iramediitely),  the 
valuable  NURSERY  STOCK  on  two  acres  of  grouud,  con- 
sisting of  Ornamental,  Fruit,  and  Forest  Trees,  choice  Ever- 
greens, American  Plants,  and  Deciduous  Shrubs  ;  also  five 
newly-erected  Greenhouses,  three  ranges  of  Pits,  and  a 
quantity  of  2  and  3-light  Boxes  ;  together  with  the  whole  of 
the  Greenhouse  Plant;',  compriaing  fine  Double  Camellias  well 
set  with  bloom-buds.  Geraniums,  ibc.  ;  Erection  of  Shop,  capital 
Seed  Drawers  and  Counter  ;  a  large  quantity  of  excellent  Loam, 
Peat,  Garden  Pots,  «fcc. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale. 
Catalogues  may  be  had  on  the  premises  ;  of  the  principal 
Seedsmen  in  London ;  and  of  the  Auctioneers,  Americaa 
Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,   AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  soil 
by  Auction,  ut  the  Mart,  Hartholomuw-lano,  on  WED 
N1;HDAY.  November  17ib,  ut  12  o'clock,  a  firht-ruto  Collectlim 
Of  DUTCH  mJLHS- coDHlBllng  of  th«  finest  Double  and  Single 
llja'rlnths,  Nurclssi,  JonquiU,  Anctnonos,  (JrocuseH,  Snow, 
d--!  pt,  and  Tuli|iH  ;  about  awf}  extra  line  mixed  Raiiunculnsun 
of  English  growtti.  Also  a  selected  ashurtrncnt  of  Standard 
find  Dvjarf  Kokci,  American  Plants  well  sot  with  bloom-buds, 
if.— May  bo  vIoHo  I  the  morning  of  Bale.  Catalogues  can  bo 
hiid  at  tho  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctloncorsi  American  Nuraoryi 
liuyutnntitna.  KH<<ex.  

NOTICE. 
\/f  H.  .!.  C.  .STEVENS  liugn  to  notify,  tlmt  in  coiise- 

^'1  ftcr|U(]ri(!q  t}(  n  dolfiy  In  trio  firrlvul  <il  tint  vuKHdl  Ii'miii 
OtpONt,  Ifio  H(il«  of  Mp.  JoHC[ili  Jiuuiminli'n  0  AM  lOLLI  A>^; 
A/.\LliAM,  FlllUI<OUI':NlJllO.Nr<,  <Iic.,  udvunlioil  to ukoplnuu 
jcfl  cr'lay,  wriH  iiiinv'it.lntfly  imtttj.cmitl  tlH  TtJKSDAY  Nl!:,\r, 
IQtti  liintuiit,— 'J>t,  Klti({.atrcot,  Covutit  GfirJun,  Nov.  D. 


H  I  G  H  G  A  T  E. 

TO   NOBLEMBN,    SENl'LEMEN,    NURSBRTMEN, 
BUILDERS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  wiU  sub- 
-  mit  to  public  comDetition  by  Auction,  on  the  premiseS| 
Fitzroy-park  Nursery,  Highgate,  near  the  Gate  House,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  26,  at  11  o'clock,  by  order  of  Mr.  Steim, 
in  consequence  of  the  ground  being  required  for  building  pur- 
poses, the  whole  of  the  thriving  NURSERY  STOCK,  consist- 
ing of  Evergreens  and  Ornamental  Trees,  viz.,  10,000  fine 
Aucubas,  Sweet  Bays,  Red  Cedars,  Laures'inus,  Rhododen- 
drons, Azaleas,  Limts,  Chestnuts,  ijic.  ;  two  Boxes  and  Lights; 
eight  Iron  Hand-Glasses  ;  capital  Ntst  of  Seed  Drawers,  Ac- 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale  ;  Catalogues  had  on  the 
premises ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Esses. 

'  POStPO"N  EM  ETrr~bF"~SALE^ 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  begs  to  announce,  that  in 
consequence  of  the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  the 
vessel  containing  the  consignment  from  Belgium  of  Camellias, 
Roses,  Azaleas,  &c.,  did  not  arrive  until  too  late  for  Friday's 
Sale.  They  will,  therefore,  be  positively  sold  ou  MONDAY 
next,  Nov.  15,  12  o'clock,  at  the  Auction  Mart. 
89,  Bridport-place,  New  Nortb-road,  Nov.  13. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  the 
Mart,  Bartholomew  Lane,  on  WGliNESDAY  and 
FRIDAY,  November  I7th  and  19.h,  at  12  o'clo.:k,  a  first-rate 
collection  of  DUTCH  BULBS,  also  abmt  500  Standard  and 
weeping  Rnses,  five  na'iied  Hollyhocks,  Cinerarias,  a  variety  of 
Climbing  PlantP,  Evergreens,  ifcc. — May  be  viewed  the  mornings 
of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and  of  the  Auctioneer, 
89,  Bridport-place,  New  North-road,  and  Ebenezer  Nursery, 
Shacklewell.  London. 

WANDSWORTH   COMMON. 

VALUABLE    NURSERY    STOCK. 

J\/JR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  received  instructions  from 
-l-'-JL  Mr.  Robert  Neal,  to  submit  to  public  competition  by 
Auction,  on  the  premises,  Wandsworth  Common,  on  MONDAY, 
November  2'-'d,  1352,  and  following  days,  at  11  o'clock,  without 
reserve,  the  whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  con- 
sinting  of  very  fine  Evergreens  and  Shrubs  ;  Fruit,  Forest,  and 
Ornamental  Trees.  A  considerable  quantity  of  American 
Plants;  thousands  of  Standard,  Dwarf,  and  Climbing  Roses  ; 
fine  specimen  Cryptomeria  japonica,  Arauciria  imbricata. 
Climbing  Plants,  »fcc. ;  also,  a  quantity  of  Garden  Pots,  Fine 
Mould,  »&c. — May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale;  catalogues  (Is. 
each,  returnable  to  purchaser?)  may  be  had  on  the  premises; 
of  thL'jprincipal  Seedsmen  ;  and  of  the  Auctioneer,  89,  Bridport- 
place,   New  North-road  ;  and  Ebenezer  Nursery,  Shacklewell. 

NEW    FOREST^ 

BY  ORDER  OF  THE   COMMISSIONER  IN  CHARGE  OF 
HER  MAJESTY'S  WOODS  AND  FORESTS. 

n^O  BE  SOLD  BY  AUCTION,  at  Lyndhurst,  by 
i  Mr.  Charles  Norton,  on  THURSDAY,  the  25th  day  of 
November,  1802,  at  One  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  preciselyi 
about  1200  loads  of  Round  Oak  Timber. 

For  further  particulars,  and  for  Catalogues  of  Sale,  apply  to 
L.  H.  CcJMBEBBATCU,  Deputy-surveyor. 

New  Park,  Ljminglon,  October  30.  1852^ 

OAK  timberT-hainault  forest. 

TO  SHIP  BUILDEltS,  TIM  BE  i;  MERCHANTS,  CON- 
TRACTORS. AND  OTHERS.— 235  nuked  Oak  Trees,  lying 
in  the  Kinn's  Woods,  Hainault,  Essex. 

|\/(  ESSRS.  DRIVER  have  been  honoured  with 
i^'J-  instructions  from  the  Right  Hon.  T.  F.  Kennedt,  the 
Commissioner  in  cburgo  of  Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Koyal 
ForcHts,  to  offer  for  Bute  by  public  Auction,  at  the  Angel  Inn, 
1 1  ford,  on  THURSDAY,  December  2,  at  1  for  2  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, In  IG  Lots,  235  OAlC  TREIilS.  fulled  la-it  season,  adapted 
for  Ship  Builderfl,  Timber  Mcrcbtints,  Railway  Contractors, 
and  others  requiring  good  sound  Timber.  225  of  tho  Trees 
aro  drawn  tog'-tlier  in  Oolllor  Itow  llottuitl,  and  9  on  Fence 
Piucp,  pnrts  of  the  IvIok's  Woode,  Hamnult,  county  of  Essex, 
intiBt  conveniently  bliuate  for  water  eiirrlai^o  by  River  Thames, 
at  Barking,  lithur  to  tho  Mutropolls  or  el^ewhure,  or  by  rail- 
way, being  about  -1  miles  from  the  Romford  and  lll'ord  stations 
on  tho  Eastern  Counties  Line,  and  about  10  miles  from  London 
by  t)io  high  road.  Every  true  is  marked  end  numbered  with 
white  paint,  denoting  the  lots,  and  may  bu  vluwvd  on  applica- 
tion to  Mr.  M'Cletoiiik,  BarUlng-Hliio.  near  llford,  of  whom 
Catulogues  may  bu  had  ;  also  ut  tho  ufilces  of  tim  Commissioner 
of  llur  Mi.joHty'a  Woods  and  Royal  FurcHts.  No.  2,  Whitohnll- 
placo;  ut  the  Angul,  lll'ord:  Whito  Hart,  Romford;  King's 
Head,  Chlgwoll ;  at  tho  Auction  Mart,  liartlmlomcw-lone ;  of 
Messrs.  Clutton,  8,  Whlti'hiill-pltioo  ;  and  of  Messrs,  DaiVEB, 
Surveyors  and  Lund  AgontH,  5.  Whitolmil,  [joiidon, 

PINE  PLANTS. 
ryo  BE  DISPOSED  OP,  Fifty  Ripley  Queene, 
^  Fifty  Black  Jamaica",  Twelve  hmnoih-loiivea  and  I'wolvo 
prlo  (ly  Oityennu  HuiiciisHliin  iilnnts,  ThoH4i  are  warranted  per- 
I.  cty  clean,  and  in  tlio  host  cndltlon  olthir  for  (jhllthig  Into 
hngtr  potH  or  for  planting  out.— Apply  to  Mr.  Olendinninq, 
C'lifcwIcU  Nursery,  near  London. 


736 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GIZETFE.       [Nov.  13. 


STRAWBERRY     PLANUS. 

CUTHILL'S  PRINCE    OF  WALES,   IZ.  per  100; 
the  BLACK  PaiNCE.  55.  per  lOU. 
Cdthill's    Pamphlet  oa  the   Potato,  with  various  first-rate 
Fruits  and  VeKetables,  price  '2s.,  or  by  post,  2s.  id. 

Cdthill's  Market  Gardenia^  Round  Loodou,  price  Is.  Gd., 
or  by  post,  Is.  8d.  To  be  had  of  James  Cdthill,  CamburweU  ; 
or  Hawilton  aod  Adams,  Paternoster  How,  London. 

N.B.    A  Lnd.  not  less  than  17  ve«rs  old.  wanted. 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Windlesiiara,  uear  Bagsliot, 
Surrey,  Ethibitor  of  American  Plan';s  ac  the  lloy^l 
Botanic  G-Mi-deas,  Re^ent'a-park.  bags  to  inlbrm  the  Nobili'-y 
and  Public  he  has  published  a  Descripdve  CATALO'JUG  OF 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Coniferse,  Roses,  Orna.aeatal  Shrubi, 
dec.  ifcc,  and  miy  be  obtained  bv  enclosinEf  two  postuj^e 
stamps.  —  Near  Stainea  Station,  Windsor  BeancQ,  Sonth- 
WeKtern  Railway. 


MESSE.S.  CHMILES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  OF  CALCUTTA. 


AND  THE  NEIGliBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHA.SYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


No 

Names. 

Size  and  Coloar  of  Flower 

3] 

a 

Ter. 

No. 

Names. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

2 

3J 

El 

1* 

Miorostylia  WallicLii  ?.. 

Small,  pea  ereeu 

9t* 

Phiiusalbu^       

Large,  white,  ropy  scented 

Do. 

2 

OberoQia  iaditotia 

MiQUte,  yellowish 

5pi. 

95" 

Aputaria  senilis 

Largish,  rose  and  green  ... 

Tfr. 

3« 

.,    sp 

,,               ,1 

Do. 

9.i" 

A.  latifolia           

?          

Do. 

i 

LipariH  eg.          

Small,  yellow         

Do. 

97* 

Eulophia  virens 

Large,  green  aud  white    ... 

Do. 

S 

»    sp 

,,           ,,              

Do. 

95" 

M    sp 

„    dull  yellow  is  brown 

Do. 

«•' 

,.    sp 

Lnrffish,  greea  yellow      „. 

Ter, 

99.® 

..    sp 

,,    deep  purple 

Do. 

T 

..     sp 

Small,  deep  purple 

Bpi, 

100»> 

1.     sp 

,,    green  anil  yellow 

Do. 

8 

Otochilus  fascus 

„    yellowisb  br>.»wn 

Do. 

lOf 

,.    ep 

„    purplish  green 

Do. 

8 

,,    albua          

,,            ,,         aad  white 

Do. 

102 

Vanda  teres        

Very    large,    rosy    purple, 

Epi. 

10 

Ptiolidota  imbricata    ... 

„    white 

Do. 

yellow  aud  browa 

11 

„    uadulata 

,1        „       

Do 

103*> 

„    cristata     

Largisb,    greunish,    white, 

Do. 

IS- 

,,   arciculata 

, 

Do. 

and  purple 

IS* 

..    sp 

,,        „    and  yellow 

Do. 

101" 

,,    muUiflora 

„    white  and  rose 

Do. 

u» 

..    sp 

It        ..               II 

D... 

105«* 

„    coerulea      

Very  large,  deep  blue 

Oo. 

15 

Ccelogyiie  flavida 

„    yellow 

Do. 

106»« 

„    sp 

Largish,  dull  purple 

Do. 

10 

„    uariulata 

Largisb,  white        

Do. 

107«' 

„    sp 

„               ,,        and  green 

Do. 

17» 

,,    fitnbridta? 

„            „  aud  browu    ... 

Do. 

103" 

„     sp 

,,    yellow  aod  browu   ... 

Do. 

1S'» 

,,    UQidora 

,,            ,,  aad  lateritioas 

Do. 

109'* 

Camirotis  purpurea    ... 

Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

19 

,,    barb-ita      

„    White 

Do. 

no 

Micropera  pallida 

,,     pale  yellow    

Do. 

•20' 

„    praenos  ?     



Ter. 

HI 

Sauculabium  micranthm 

Small,  rosy 

Bpi. 

21" 

„    maculata 

Cjargc,white,yellow,<fc  rose 

Do. 

112 

„    retusum      

Largish,  lively  spottei      ... 

Do. 

22«» 

„     Wallicbiaaa 

,,        ,,        and  rose 

Do. 

in 

,,    papillosum 

Small,  pale  yellow  is  pur. 

Do. 

23" 

„    ocellata      

„    pale  yellow  aud  deep 

Do. 

114" 

„    Calceolare 

„    yellow  and  browa    ... 

Do. 

orange 

11.5*» 

„    sp.  like  do. 

„    pale  do.  and  roie    ... 

Do. 

2i» 

„    Grardneriana 

,,    white  and  yellow     ... 

Bpi. 

110 

,,    caroifolium 

„    rosy      

Do. 

25 

,,    cristata      

„        „      streaked    with 

Ter. 

117.. 

,,     dasypogoa 

,,    green  and  purple     ... 

Do. 

bright  yellow 

118* 

,,    appendiculatum  ... 

„    yellow 

Do. 

2S 

,,      6D 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Bpi. 

119» 

1,     sp 

,,    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Do. 

•27'« 

„    flava!         

Large,  yellow  and  brown  .. 

D). 

120*i 

Sarcaathus  sp 

Do. 

2S 

).    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do 

12l>* 

,,    sp 

Small,  rosy 

Do. 

•20' 

»    sp 

„    white  and  browa     ... 

Do. 

i;2»' 

„    sp 

,,    white  and  yellow 

Do. 

3U 

..    ep 

„     pale  yellow     

D). 

123'" 

„    sp 

Do. 

31" 

»    sp 

,,     white  (pretty) 

Ter. 

124" 

„    «P 

M                11                              1, 

Do. 

82.. 

..    sp 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

Bpi. 

125« 

,,     sp      

„    rosy  red          

Do. 

33«' 

Boibophylliiai   leopardi- 

Large,  yellow  spotted  with 

Do. 

126 

Aerides  affine     

Large,  rosy  purple 

Do. 

nutn       

purple. 

127 

,,    odoratum 

„           ,,     sweet-scented 

Do. 

3t 

.,    umbeUatum 

Largish,  dull  yellow 

Do. 

123 

„    sp 

Do. 

35«» 

,.    Kbaayaauin 

Small,  greenish      

iJo. 

lis" 

>,    sp 

Large,  like  affiae.  and  very 

Do. 

36»« 

..    sp 

Largish,  bright  yellow     ... 

Do. 

sweet-scented 

37  • 

..    sp 

Small,  white,  fragrant 

Do. 

130 

Agrostopbyllium     Kha- 

Small,  white           

Do. 

SS» 

..    sp 

„    dull  purple    

Do. 

syaaum 

39 

,.    sp 

„            ,,               

Do. 

lil* 

Xiphosiuoi  acuminatum 

Large,  white           

Do. 

41) 

..    sp 

,,            ,,               

Do. 

132 

Acaathophippiuin  sp.  ... 

„    dull  purple    

Ter. 

41" 

Cirrhopataliitn  sp. 

Small,   greenish,  fragrant 

Do. 

133» 

„     ep 

.,     white,  screaked 

Do. 

42 

,.    sp 

,.    dull  purple     

Do. 

134* 

Cymbidium  gigauteum... 

Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 

Do. 

43» 

..    sp ,. 

Large,  browa  aod  yellow... 

Do. 

135 

,,    pendulum 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purple 

Do. 

44" 

»    sp.     ...        

Largish,  dull  purple 

Do. 

13ii 

,,    aloifoliura 

'1            II               .. 

Do. 

45" 

..    sp 

„            „               

Dj. 

137" 

,,     eouraeuin 

Very  large,  white ' 

Do. 

46* 

TriooBtaa  suavtB 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

Do. 

133 

,,     incoiispicuum 

Small,  brown          

Do. 

47» 

Briaflira           

Largish,  dull  yell.  &  brown 

Do. 

189 

Oymbidium      longipeta- 

[jargish,  green  and  purple 

fer 

43 

Bria  sp 

Largish,    white     streaked 

ilpi. 

ium                   ■      ■' 

with  browa 

140* 

„    cyprifolium 

,»               ,,               ,. 

Do. 

49 

,,    deasiflora 

„              „    tinged    with 
yellow 

Do. 

141** 

..    sp 

Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  white 

Epi. 

50 

„    fecrugiaea 

,,    ferru^^ineous 

Do. 

U2" 

1.    sp 

„    brownish  purple 

Do. 

61 

„    paaiciilata 

Small,  spotted  with  purple 

Do. 

143" 

,1    sp 

Very  largo,  white 

Do. 

52"» 

„    sp 

Largish,  white        

Do. 

lU"' 

1,     sp 

Large,  white  aud  brown  ... 

Do. 

63" 

>.    sp 

,,             ,,    &  dull  purp. 

Do. 

145* 

„    sp 

,,    green  and  dull  purple 

Ter. 

5i» 

I.    sp 

„              ,,              „ 

Do. 

US" 

!  Phalsenopsis,  sp. 

jarge,  yellow  and  reddish 

Bpi. 

85» 

,1     sp 

Minute,  rosy           

Do. 

brown 

t>S 

Aporum  anceps 

Small,  white           

Do. 

147 

Suphorboscis  pygmisa... 

Vlinute,  yellow        

Do. 

57 

,,    cuspidiitam 

11            ti 

Do. 

143 

Geodorum  dilatatum    ... 

jarge,  white,  purple,  and 

Jo. 

53 

,.    sp 

Do. 

yellow 

59* 

,.    sp.! ... 

Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Do. 

149« 

.>    sp 

„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Do. 

60 

Dendrobiutn  Pierardl  ... 

Large,  pink  and  yellow    ... 

Do. 

150** 

Platauthera  sp. 

jarge,  white    •        

Do. 

el" 

„    heterooarpaua 

,,    yell,  and  br.  fragrant 

Do. 

151" 

?eri3tyli3  sp 

Largish,      white,      sweet- 

Do. 

62 

„    Ciiryaaattmm 

„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

Do. 

scented 

W 

„    Pastoai      

,,                „               ,, 

Do. 

152 

llabenariahamigera?... 

Small,  green 

Do. 

til* 

„    sp.  like  do. 

.,    orange  and  beowa  ... 

Do. 

153 

„    sp 

,,    yellow             

Do. 

65* 

„    formosum 

Very  large,  white  and  yell., 

Do. 

1S4 

..    sp 

„    greenish  yellow 

Do. 

fragrant 

15S" 

,1    sp 

„    white 

Do. 

G6»» 

„    longicorau 

Large,  white  and  orange  .. 

Do. 

156" 

,,    sp 

Large,  white            

Do. 

67 

,.    calceolas 

Very    dark    yellow,    rose, 

Do. 

157« 

Pogonia  Joliana 

Small,  rosy  white 

Do. 

aad  purple 

ISi" 

,.    sp.    ...        

Largish,  greea        

Do. 

OS* 

„    sulcatutn 

Large,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

lao" 

>,    sp 

Small,  purple          

Do. 

69 

„    Jeakiasti 

„     lively  yellow 

Do. 

160" 

3yrt03ia  sp.         

Lar,ti3h,  golden  yellow    ... 

Do. 

70 

„    CBBfulesceaB 

,,    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do. 

IGl" 

Spiranthos  sp 

Small,  white 

Do. 

71 

„    nibUe        

,,    white  rosy  purple    ... 

Do. 

162«« 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

,,            „               

Do. 

72.. 

„     GMbsoaii     

,,    yellow  and  browa    ... 

Do. 

163*» 

AuGectochilus            Rox. 

„    rosy  white     

Do. 

7S* 

„    stuposuni 

Small,  white          

lo. 

burghii 

74* 

,.    Cambridgeaaum... 

[j  irje,  lively  yell,  and  br. 

D.). 

li;4»» 

„    sp 

„    white 

Do. 

75** 

„    tran^pareas 

,,    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do. 

IBS" 

Cypripedium     venustum 

Large,  green  and  purple  ... 

Do. 

76* 

,.    like  do.,  various  ... 

„    pale  rose  and  purple 

Do. 

1GG>* 

.,    iosigne 

„    red  and  yellow 

Do. 

77*. 

,,    Devoniaauui 

,,    lilac-rose  and  yellow 

Do. 

167* 

Calaathe  densiflora 

,,     lively  yellow 

Do. 

78*« 

,,    Dalbousiauaoi     ... 

,,    rose,  white,  aud  purp. 

Do. 

1S3«» 

,,    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

79 

„    multicaule 

,,     white  and  purple     ... 

]i. 

i;9" 

»    sp 

Large,  white  aad  green    ... 

D). 

80»» 

„    Griffichli    

„    pale  yell,  aud  orange 

Do. 

170«» 

„    sp 

„            ,,     and  yellow... 

Do. 

81" 

,,     Farineri      

„    lively      „        „        ... 

Do. 

171*' 

„     sp 

„    dull  purple     

Do. 

82** 

„    deasidoram  pallid. 

,,    white  and  orange    ... 

Do. 

172 

jroodyera  sp 

Small  white 

Do. 

83" 

,,        do.    roseuin 

,,    pale  rose  and  orange 

Do. 

173 

,.    sp 

,,          „      

Do. 

8i 

„    iatermedium 

,,    pale  yellow  ib  brown 

Do. 

174 

„    sp 

,,          ,,     dull  purple    ... 

Do. 

85* 

„    sp 

,,    lively  orauge 

Do. 

175** 

Dphrys  sp.           

Largish,  rosy  purp|e 

Do. 

8S* 

»    sp 

,,       ,,    yellow  &  brown 

Do. 

176«* 

„    sp 

„    green  and  purple    ... 

Do. 

87*« 

,.    sp.    ...  -     

„    yellow,  pink,  and  br. 

Do. 

177- 

Anthoginum  sp 

,,    rosy      

Do. 

88* 

,,    sp 

,,    pink  aad  yellow 

Do. 

173* 

Boaatea  sp.         

Small,  green           Do. 

8a»» 

5pathoglotti3  pubssceas 

Largish,  yellow  and  purple 

Ter. 

90 

.\raadiQa  bambasitbtia 

Large,  pale  rose  aud  lively 

Do. 

.Bsohynathus  (3  to  4  sp.) :  Hoy 

I  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  (several) 

purple 

Lilium  (1  sp.j  ;  Nepenthes  (I 

sp.)  ;  Ferns  and   Lycopodiums 

91« 

Phaius  graadifolias 

„    white,  brown,  &  pur. 

Do. 

(150    to  21)0    sp.)  ;     Palms    ( 

jivistonla,    Leosalia,    Caryota, 

92 

„     Wailiomi 

1.             II             >>                    n 

Do. 

Calamus,   &c  }    are    also  in 

-igeuous,    and    can    be   sent  if 

93* 

„    maculata 

„           .,      rosv  scented 

1)1. 

vwquired. 

Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  asterisks  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  chargei  for  a  bo;:  of  4  cubic  fee;  mei.aremont,  cootaining  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  51.  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  wiiici  .are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  1  r.  8  a.  a  Plant ;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  bo  made. 

When  new  Plants  not  included  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  discount  of  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

Plants  can  also  bj  sent  in  glass  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  height,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  be  made.  (Jlass  covers  can  also  be  supplied  for  Che  other.boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  bs  made  to  Mes,3r3.  CHA.RLBS  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta- 

ASSAM;  Aujmt  I3  1852. 


DUTCH  FLOWERING  BULBS,  &c. 
TAMES  CARTER,  Seedsman  aad  Florist,  238,  Sigk 
^  Holborn,  London,  begs  leave  to  recommend  thefoUow~ 
i)ig  CHOICE  BULBS /o)-  planting  in  November  and 
December.  10,  12,  25,  or  SO  Bulbs  m%y  he  h%d  at  tJc& 
same  rate  as  ]per  100. 

HARDY    BULBS. 


Separate.      Mixed. 
Per  100.    Per  100. 


AaomoQe,  100  fine?fc  doub'.o 

,,  10  s  irts  for  clumping 

,,  doublo  ficirlet        

„  single  do 

,,  ,.     all  colours     ... 

,,  hortensis,  50  sorts  .. 

,.         4r  sorts  tor  clumpiair 

Crocus,  in  10  sorts,  per  lOOO,  15s.     .. 

„        new  seadliug^,  per  1000,  303. 

,(         larifea:  yellow  

Crown  Imperials,  13  sorts       

Fritillarins,  2  )  varie:ies  

ftyficnths.  doable  and  single 

[lis,  BUpjrb  B-igliah      

,,     tine  Spaniih  

Jonquils,  largest  double         

,,  single  

Narcissu3  Polyanthus,  10  sorts 

„  border,  10  surts      

„  d-iuble  Daff»Uls 

.,  pheasaut-oyed         

RaQuncalus,  100  tineiit  dmblo 

,,  IdO  finest  now  Suotch 

,,  100  Turban,  10  sorts  ... 

,,  BUperb  scarlet 

Snowdrops,  double       

,,  Bm;{le,  extra  largo 

Tulips,  100  splendid  early      , 

,,      IDO  spleodid  double 

„      100  tine3t  late 

,,       100  good 

,,      100  Parrot,  in  4  varieties     .. 


1    0 
0  U 


0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

0     8    0  ...  0 

0    2     0 

2  10     0 


1  0 
1  0 
0     1 


£    s.d. 

.0    6  0 

,0     6  0 

.  0  10  0 

0     6  0 
4 
6 


■3  10  0  . 

14  0. 

0  15  0  ., 

0  15  0 

0  10  0 

1  16  0. 
0  12  0  . 
0     5  0 
0     5  0 
10  0. 

2  0  0. 
0  10  0  ., 
0    2  6 
0     2  0 

0     2  0 


1  10 

0  16 

1  6 
0  12 


,  0     4    Ojj 


,  0  16 

0     7 


0    7    i 
.  0  10 
0    5    < 


Separate. 
Per  doz. 
2    2    0, 
0    6 
0  15 
0    3 
0    2 
0    5 
0     5 
0     1 

0    s 


.0  10 

.0  10 

0  10 

0     5 

0     6 

Mixei 

Per  doi 

.1  10 

0  ...  0    3 

0  ...0  10 


FOR    GREENHOUSE. 
Amaryllis,  6  fine  sorts 

*  Babiana,  12  sarts       

Cyclamen,  4  sorts  

*  Gladiolus  cardinalis 

,,        Colvillii      

„         fjrmoaissimus      

„         ganiave'isia  

„        natalensis  (psi^.tacinu?)  .. 

„        opp>)sitifijrus  (fioribuadasj 

,,        ramosus     

,,        rosa-mundi  

„        Vic'-oria  Reijina 

,,        new  seedling  gaadaveasis 

„         na  w  seed'.iug  raaiosU9,froml5j.  to  1     4 

*Isiai.  8  sorts 0     2 

'Oialis,  6  sorts 0     2 

'Sparasis,  6  sorts         0     2 

*  Tigridia  Pav.min,  3  aorta     0     3 

*  VVa^Situias,  4  soi-cs     0     5 

*  Proper  for  afram^,  greenhouse,  or  the  open  bordersi 
SUNDRY     BULBS. 


0  15 


6 
0 
0 

6...0  2 
6  ...  0  3 
6...0  3 
0...  0  2 
0  ...  0    3 


Per  dozen. — s.  d. 

Amaryllis  latea 3     £ 

.  ,,  furmosisslma    5     6 

"Babiana,  fine  bine      ...  '£    6 

*  ,,  new    crimso'j  2     6 

*  Bobartia  aurantiaca  ...  2     6 
Bulbncodiuiu  vurnaia   ...  2 
Colchicums,  mixed         ...  2 
Crown  Imperials,  in  12 

varieties 3 

Fritillarias,  whitt;'         ...  3 

,,  yellow         ...  3 

'  Iris  pavoaia,  major     ...  2 

Leiic  ijum^ftttvuni 


Per  dozen.— s. 

Leucojam  vernum         ...    3  A 

LtEiuni  lancifoUum  album  2  i 

„  pUQCCatum,  Za.  6d.  and  5  0 

„  rubrum         ...     23.  and  3  i 

Narcissus,  double  R.nmau    3  q 

„          paper  wbita  ...     3  Q 

ScLUa,  splendid  blue      ...     5  6 

Trichonemibulbocodium    2  6 

"Tritoaiaaurea,  each,3j.  S5  0 

»        „        12   in  4    sorts    3  K 

*        „        tiae  mixed    ..,    2  0 

21  Cape  Bulbs,  in  8  sons  10  0 


Those  with  a  *  are  proper  for  aframsj  greenhousCj  or 
the  open  border,  loUk  a  little  protection/  the  others  are 
quite  hardy. _^__ 

G^  EORGrE  DAVIES  is  now   prepared  to  sead  oat 
I"  tha  following  HQW  GERA.NIIJM3  at;42s.  per  dozen  :— 

Arethusa,  Ariadne,   Oaiefcain,   Elise,    Enchantress,    Flying 
Ducchman,    Colooel  of  the    Baffj,   Ganymede,   Incomparable, 
Uii  Bleche,  Mochanna,  itagnet,  Purple  Staadard. 
The  foliowin^  at  ISs.  per  dozen  :— 

Boale  de  Feu,  D^szla.  Geaeralissimo,  Clarinda,  Lord  Stanley, 
May  Qu'Jen,    Mjuac   Hecla,    Major   B  >aio,    Nep^iulese    Prince, 
Nectar  Cap,  Sillc  ilercer,  Pride  of  the  lales,  Tyrian  Qaeen. 
The  foUowia.r  at  125,  per  dozeu  ; — 

Brilliant,  Conitance.  Cristabel,  Gipaey  Bride,  EiegaaB, 
MagaificenC,  Priace  of  Orange,  Satisfaction,  Princess  Eaalla, 
Virgin  Qaeea. 

ThefoUowLQ!?  FA^Cr  GERANIUMS  at  20*.  per  dozen:— 

Delicata,    iiride.   Gaiety,   Othello,  Orestoi,   Marion,    Primj 
Donna,  Prince  Albert,  Exquisite,  Reino  de  Fleur,  Reine 
France. 

The  following  CISTERARIAS  at  18s.  per  dozen  :— 

Catherine  Seatoa,  Nonsuch,  Fearlesa,  Prima  Donna.  Mri. 
Charles  Keaa,  Rt>3y  M'lrn,  Lady  Hume  Campbell,  Effia  Deaoi, 
Mrs.  Sidney  Herbei-t,  Ciair  of  the  Isles,  Blua  Perfection,  Clarfl 
Moubarry.    Older  varieties  95.  to  lis.  per  dozin. 

E  RIC  A3,  find  blooming  plants,  125.  to  18;.  per  dozen,  incladiag 
Massoni,  Spreag^li,  Pirmentieri  ro^aa,  Jsc. 

Stanley  and  Green  Lane  Nurseries,  Old  Swan,  Liverpool.-* 
Novembi^r   13.  , 


E 


DWARD    GEORGE    HENDERSON   and   SOJj 

are  now  prepired  to  send  out  their  new  CINERARIA- 
and  FANCY   GBRiNICMS  for  this  Season,  which  they  cai 
confidently  recommend,  for  which  early  oriers  are  soUcited- 
as  the  stocU.  of  some  of  the  varieties  is  limited. 
NEW     CINERARIAS. 

s.  d\  s.  i 

Charles  Dickens 5    0    Charlotte £   ■ 

Conspicua  5     0     Kate  Kearney 5    | 

Loveliness  5     0     Marguerite  d'AnjoU      ...     7    j 

Prince  Arthur 10     6  '  Rosalind 10 

Price  of  the  Set,  £2  'Is.— Usual  discount  to  the  Trade* 
NEW     FANCY     GERANIUMS. 

s.   d.  «• 

Criterion 10    6    Fanny      10 

Flora  McTvor     10    6    Italian  Beauty 10 

Lidy  Downes     10    6    Marginata  10 

Qaeen  of  the  Faictea  ...  10    6  ,     ™.      » 

Price  of  the  Set,  £3  Bs.— Usual  dbscowit  to  the  Trade* 
For  description  of  the  above  see  this  Paper  ot  OiitobQr  9. 
Wellington  Road  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood,  London.— No?.  * 

Printsd  br  William  BttAnaoBT.  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wob  urn -place.  In  tl 
parisbofSt.  Prtttcraa.aaJ  KaKDiaiCit  MoLLEtr  iiVANB.  o(  No.  7,Charci 
row  Sto'ite  Newmicton,  botb  m  the  Couaty  of  JMldJlesex  Printer*  I 
tbelV  Oaice  in  Loinb^rJ-Bcreet,  in  the  Precinct  of  Wtntfifrtars.  loW 
City  olljaadnn;  and  pablished  by  them  at  Ibe  office.  No.  5,  Charie 
fltrett,  iu  [he  pirisb  of  St.  Paul's,  Caveat-ifardeo,  lo  tbe  said  Co  nut 
wbere  all  Ad^'ertiBemrfnta  and  ComtnuQifintiouR  are  to  be  ADCaaBSIBl 
TSG  EDiroB  — SATuaoaT,  Novemjubq  H,  13a2, 


THE  GARDENEHS'  CHRONICLE 
Ai 


V     MD 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  HortioulSural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Mndley. 


No.  47.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  20. 


[Price  6d. 


Pauperiem  auJ  Poor-laws,  rev. 
PlcadUlQ 

Bu>!diD<.  iprlns 

..  7«  c 

..  743  a 

Picquoiianc 

Plants  iQcrease   ia  bulk  with 

out  leaves    ....   ...       

Potato  ftrowiuff.  Cuthiira 

739  b 

Calendar,  horticultoral 

Cattle  feeJine 

Cornwall  Sort.  Society   ... 

„  7-14  a 
..  7^6  a 

741  h 
741  6 

Farm  buildings,  portable... 

f  ifeahire  Aeri.  Society 

Figg,  nnt-dcor 

..  74G  6 
..  7«  b 

".'   739  6 

Reviews  mtscellajeoas    

Riola.  to  Biore    

Root  crops,  effect  of  defo'i^firic: 

713  c 

740  c 

741  b 
-74S  b 

Gardeoioff  under  itlasB 

Glass  protection! 

GraB«,  silk 

Guernsey  Lily 

He-biri'im,  Gaepamnla' ... 
Hollyhocks  ia  potB 

••  1*1  ° 
::  744  a 
..  74:2  b 

.,  T^i-J  c 
..  743  6 
..  746  a 

7A7  c 

Skimmiajapaaica  

739  c 

Teoaot-ncht   747  b 

-74S6 

Tomatoes.  u«e  of  KTeaa 

744  c 

Lsne'i  (McBsr*.)  noraery... 
Lily.  Guernsey 

..  7«  b 
...  742  b 

743  c 

Tumlp^  taste  of,  in  butter.... 
VeKetablea,  wioter 

743  a 

Orchids,  British 

..  741  c 

I)  OYAL  BOTANIC  SOCIETY,  Regents'  Pakk.— 
t  The  foUowint  are  the  days  fixed  for  the  EXHIBITIONS 
of  FLOWEES  and  FRDIT  in  the  Sardens  of  thia  Society  next 
year. 

GENERAL    EXHIBITIONS,    WEDNESDAYS,  May  25th, 

Jane  8th,  and  29th AMEKICAN  PLANTS,  MONDAYS,  June 

13th  and  20  h. 

^anyofthe  early  Rhododendrons  will  be  in  flower  on  the 
first  two  days.  The  Rhododendrons  and  American  Plants  in 
general  and  the  Roses  on  the  three  last  days. 


NORTH  LONDON  HIGHGATE  FLORICUL- 
TURALSOGIETT.— The  ANNUAL  CHaYSANTHEMUil 
ESaiBITION"  of  thU  SOCIETY,  Opea  to  all  England,  will  be 
h^ldioltha  ASSEMBLY  ROOMS,  at  the  Gate  House  Hotel,  High- 
gate,  OQ  THURSDAY,  the  25tli  ioBtaat.  Exhibitors'  productiooa 
to  be  arranged  ready  for  the  Censors  by  11  o'clock.  Admissioa 
liom  1  to  4  o'clock  Is.  each ;  from  4  to  7  o'clock  6d.  each. 
N.B. — Ticket?  obtained  before  the  day  6d.  each. 
For  Schedules  of  Prizes,  Tickets  of  Admission,  dsc,  apply  to 
the  Hon.  See.,  Mr.  C.  P.  Locbner,  Warwick  House,  Harrow 
Road,  Paddington.  Omnibuaea  to  and  from  Higbgate  Hill 
and  all  parts  of  London  every  10  minutes. 

IRMINGHAM  GRAND  ANNUAL  CHRYSAN- 

.THEMUM  a:;d  PLAVr  EXEiid[''xO.Y,  oiibq  to  all 
Growers  resident  within  20  miles  of  the  Town,  will  be  held  at 
:he  CORN  EXCHANGE,  HIGH-STREET,  oaMONDAY,  the 
;9th  day  of  NOYEMDER.  1852. ' 


NEW    SEEDS-GROWTH    OF   1852. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Seed  Mer- 
chants, Plymouth,  Itave  much  pleasure  in  stating 
that  they  are  now  laying  in  tlieir  new  Stocks  of  Seeds, 
direct  FROM  THE  Growers. 

Catalogues  can  be  had  on  applicatiou  on  receipt  of  one  penny 
'stamp. 

j  Early  Peas,  Beans,  acid  all  Seeds  for  Early  or  Forcing  Crops 
can  be  obtaioed  ioatnediately.— Apply  to  William  E.  Kendle 
and  Co.,  Seed  ifercbauta,  Plymouth. 


T?  G.  HENDERSON  and  SON  will,  on  application, 
■tj  •  forward  their  new  AUTUII.^  CATALO&UE  po»t  freo. 
rha  foUowiog  new  plants,  priced,  die,  will  be  seen  ac  pages 
L5  sad  10,  which  we  beg  co  draw  attention  to  as  wortby  of 
•nltiTation  :— 

STOVE  PLANTS.  — ^schynanthas  Bplendens,  Bilberffia 
:hyr*otde9,  Centradeaia  divaricata.  Cissiue  discolor,  Dracrena 
lObUu,  Ecbltes  Harri^ii,  Gesnera  Z':brina  compacta,  nevr 
^loxiotas,  Izora  auraatiaca,  Plectranthus  concolor  ptcta, 
Kbodoteia  Cb^mpionii. 

GREENHOUSE  PLANTS.— ComoHniam  aurantlacnm  (this 
Dtiutlfttl  Zinnia  like  flower  is  figured  in  the  Flore  des  Serres 
it  del  Jardins  de  I'Europe),  Cyclamon  persicum  rubrum, 
Cyclamen  repandum  true  (these  bulbs  have  been  imported 
Tom  Italy  direct),  Cyiisus  onoaperma,  Dictyanthui  Pavonii, 
Jasminum  graDdlflorum  plenum,  Majnolia  fragraotissima ; 
Viola  Atlpulacea,  Liiiam  Wallichiunum,  15s.  and  'i\a.  each. 

St.  John's  Wo-kI  Nursery,  Nov.  20. 


T^RUIT  TREES,  comprising  the   beat  varieties  in 
J-  cuUlratfoQ.  at  follows  :— 

Apples,  fltandard,  on  stems  5  to  1  feet,  bushy,  15c,  per  dozen. 

,,        dwarf  trained,  stronif,  uOs.  per  dozen. 
Pcari,  standard,  on  4tt:m«  S  to  i>  feet,  (food  beads,  I80.  p.  doz, 

,,        dwarf  trained,  »trontf,  30j.  to  SQa.  per  d^izen. 
Cherries,  standard,  on  ntems  A  to  0  fe<.>t,  18v.  per  dozen, 

,,  dwarf  trained,  stroni;,  42f,  per  rJrixen. 

Apricots,  dwarf  trained,  very  strong,  3#,  M.  to  5a.  each. 
Peaches  and  Nectarines,  do.  do.,  Z$.  dd.  to  ij.  each. 
Flamii  do.  do.,  ?*  I'J-  rn  ?.t.  r,d.  each. 

FMtolff  Rupberry  rro'jell'x).  Wo  still  refer  with  pride  to 
tff  czcallent  r&rlaty,  oy  far  tha  best  red  in  cultivation ;  strong 
net,  l^ij.  per  100. 

!•»•  wtLlt«  Raspberry,  of  noeqaalled  size  and  flavour,  ad- 
llnbM  for  tha  dessert,  24*.  per  lOU. 

OoDieberrtcf,  the  flneit  prlza  sorts,  eelected  for  slzo  and 
Ibvoot,  In  ttroog  boibes,  4s.  per  doz*;o. 

Carrante.  all  the  most  aiiproved  sorts,  viz.,  now  Whlto 
>al«b,  Halbs  Castle.  Black  iSuples,  dec.  In  strong  bushes,  Ai. 


THE  WAX-INSECT  TREE  FROM  CHINA. 
ATURSERYMEN  and  OTHERS  ai-e  informed  that 

-L^  an  imported  Plant  of  this  interesting^  Tree  (the  only  one 
in  Europe),  is  to  bo  disposed  of.  See  Gardeners*  Chronicle, 
August  21. — Address,  R.  P-,  Office  of  this  Paper. 


JUDSON'S    RICHMOND    VILLA    BLACK 
HAMBURGH    VINE. 

ARTHUR  HENDERSON  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure 
of  informing  their  patrons  and  friends  that  they  have 
good  plants  of  this  valuable  and  much-esteemed  Tine,  at  75.  Gd. 
and  10s.  Gd.  each.— N.B.  For  full  particulars  of  the  dis- 
tinguishing characteris'ics  of  this  Viae,  wo  beg  to  refer  our 
customers  to  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  Oc.ober  25,  1851. 
Pine-apple  Place,  London. — Kov.  20, 


HYACINTHS,    DUTCH    BULBS,   TULIPS,  ETC. 

HENRY  GROOM,  Clapham  Rise,  near  London, 
by  Appointment  Floeist  to  her  MiJESTr  the  Qdeen, 
and  to  HIS  Uajestt  the  Kino  of  Saxont,  begs  to  SHy  that 
he  has  received  bis  usual  supply  or  HYACINTHS  and  DUTCH 
BIJLBS,  ia  very  fiae  condition.  His  Catalogue  of  Bulbs,  &C., 
will  be  forwarded  on  aoplication. 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Windlesham,  near  Bagshot, 
Surrey,  Exhibitor  of  American  Plants  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gurdens,  Regent's-park.  begs  to  inform  the  Nobility 
and  Publ'i;  he  hus  published  a  Descriptive  CATAL09UE  OF 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Coniferte,  Roses,  Oniauiental  Shrubs, 
dec.  ifcc,  and  mny  be  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. —  Near  Stain'es  Station,  Windsor  Branch,  South- 
Weetern  Railway. 


R  H  U  BARB 

MITCHELL'S  GREY  EAGLE.— A  new  and  most 
excellent  variety,  having  all  the  best  qualities  combined 
in  one,  both  for  market  and  culinary  purposes.     24s.  per  doz. 

Also,  Mitchell's  ROYAL  ALBERT,  Myatt's  LINNJEOSand 
VICTORIA,  Cs.  per  doz.  All  the  above  are  strong  one  year 
planted  roots.  Also  some  very  strong  two  year  old  roots  of 
ROYAL  ALBERT  for  early  fbrcins,  9fi.  per  doz. 

Poat-office  orders  payable  to  Williaw  MncHELt,  Enfield 
Hiirhway,  Middlesex. 


NEW  FRENCH  STRAWBEF^IEW,  38. per  dozen. 
1.  DUCHESSE  DE  TaSMSfiJ* 

2.  COMTESSE  ZAMMSKA.' 

3.  C0MTE3SE  DE  MARNB. 

No.  1  has  also  been  received  as  Yicomtesse  Horicart  do 
Thury.  The  "Cremont  Perpetual"  Strawberry  ia  not  an 
autumnal  bearer. 

Thomas  Rivee"!,  Nurseries,  Sawbridgeworth,  Herts. 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

(CARRIAGE  FREE  BY  RAILWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  have  succeeried  in  harvesting  their  SEEDS  in 
good  condition,  notwithstanding  the  unfavourible  weather. 
The  advantages  of  purchning  Seeds  direct,  from,  the  Growers  are 
obvious.  As  sinne  sorts  ure  scarce,  early  orders  are  requested 
and  recommondpd.  —  For  particulars  address  John  Sotton 
and  Sons,  Seed  Growers.  Reading,  Berks. 


GEORGE  JACKMAN,NuRSERYMAN,Woking,Surrey, 
1^  mile  from  WoUiog  Station,  South  Western  Railway, 
begs  to  announce  he  has  just  published  a  new  and  cnmplftte 
Catalogue  of  bis  Araericaa  Plantp,,  Ornamental  Evergreens, 
Cnniiers,  flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  die.  »fcc.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamos. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  AHOUT  FIFTY  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  most  splendid  and  superb  Collection  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  and  recommiMid,  they  h.ivlrit^  been  carefully  saved  and 
varied  from  the  most  unique  selection  in  the  kingdoia.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrubby  they  are  perpetually  in  flower;  and 
from  the  great  variety  and  brilliancy  of  their  colours,  thoy  are 
invaluable  for  the  connervatory  or  beddlnif-out. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  KrNc's  Road.  Chelsea,  Londom, 

THE   TRUE    LANCAShTrE    SHOW    GOOSEBERRIES. 
TOHN  HOLLAND,  Bradshaw  Gardens,  Middleton, 

*J  near  Manchester,  will  supply  24  Btroog  phints  f.jr  123.,  or 
12  plantFi  for  Is.,  package  iio.  included,  of  the  bolow-named 
Qooseb'^rrioB,  which  are  the  heaviest  wluners  of  the  season- 
taken  from  the  Gooseberry  Register  of  1852.  viz.  :■ 


Straw t>errl««,  all  the  flnost  varieties. 

Rliabarb,  strong  undlrl'Jed  roots  of  Myatt's  Victoria,  Lio- 

BU,  and  K-jyal  Albert,  tbu  b««t  kinds  for  forcing,  Si,  per  doz. 

fill*.  Brown  Ivichia,  strong,  'Jt.  fA.  tricb. 

Aeparaitas  'Qiantj,  Z  years,  per  100,  Zt.  Cd. 

Seakale,  very  strmig,  2t.  per  dozen,  I 

Do.,  tine,  S#,  pf;r  luO,  ' 

Owlnifto  the  luxurlunt  jrowih  the  lat'cr  make  In  our  cea- 
oast  norsery,  tho  roots  sro  vnrry  iJno  and  bqaltby.  , 

For  psrtlcalars  of  Conlf<ir!i;,  Ilsrdy  Ornamnntal  Shrubs, 
lardy  CllmtMr*,  Greenhouse  Plants,  Infjludlng  Camellias, 
Sricks,  4c.,  for  winter  birwmlnft,  YoutLL  and  Co.  bog  to  refer 
0  tfaetr  adrertUemeot  of  October  10, 

Koj^l  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth. 


RED. 

London 

Companion 
Wonderful 
•Slaughterman 
Conquering  Hero 
Napoleon  hi  Qrand 
Lion's  I'rnvidor 
Roaring  Lion  ... 

GREEN. 
Thumpar 
Weathercock  ... 

Oreiatl 

Turnout 
''^ueen  Victoria 
Ilandom  Uroon 
Green  Rivur    „. 
Provldonre 


sborr 
dwta 

r  Kcgl 
(irs. 

av 

7 

..  31 

U 

..  31 

0 

,.  »(l 

0 

..  2« 

1) 

..  20  W      1 

..  211 

22 

..  2(1 

2 

..  2ft  13      ' 

..  ZH 

12 

..  27 

0 

,.  2(1  21      1 

..  2(J 

(1 

..  20  lli      1 

..  211  22      1 

..  25 

0     i 

YELLOW. 

Catherine 

Puru      

I'ilot      

Drill      

Broom-girl 

Leader  

OuldSnder 
Hallway 

WHITE. 

Snowdrop 
Lady  LiulcOfltcr 
(^uoen  of  Trumps 
Oosnnck 
Frcodum 
Tally.llo 
Snowball 
Flora 


dwts.  pre. 
..  32  8 
,..  81)  0 
...  20  0 
..  28  15 
..  28  12 
..  27  3 
..  20  lU 
..  2C    4 


.  84     C 

.  ao   4 

.  30  0 
.  28  \H 
.  n  15 
,  20  IS 
.  25  it 
,  25  7 
.  Liin- 


I'ost-otllio  orders  tu  be  made  payablo  afc  Mlddlotoi 
cashlru. 

Priced  r>lstH  aro  now  ronrly  of  AurJciilnH,  Alplnon,  Poly. 
ftntliuHOs,  PrlinrosoH,  Oiirnailon-i,  I'lcotces,  Pinks,  P/in«loa 
"*■    "^  --'        '  id  niiiy  bt)  had  for  one poBttti;o.stn;np, 


U  none  berries,  df' 
Jlradihaw  Oardcrio, 


Middlctoti,  Nov.  '£'). 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 
of  the  above  Plants,  Rosea,  Coaifere,  ttc,  isno*v  published, 
and  may  ha  obtained  by  encloding  two  pijsta^re  stamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
described,  in  order  to  facilitate  purehasei's  in  selecting. 

tf^The  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  nnuualiy  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  eataijlisbment.  — The  American  Nursery  Bagsbot.  Surrey, 
4  miles  from  Farnhorough  Station,  South- Western  Railway, 
and  3  miles  from  Rlackwatei".  Snuth-E^-^tnm  Rn.i-iviv. 

TO   NOBLEMEM,   GENTLEMEN,  AWO   THE  TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA,  price  2s.  bd.  per 
quart,  and  can  with  confidence  recommend  itae  a  very  superior 
article. 

Also  their  New  Ep'ly  Scarlet  PRINCE  OP  WALES 
RHUBARB,  5^.  each.  Ic  is  quite  as  early  a«  the  Prince  Albert, 
much  larger,  red  throughout,  of  exquisite  flivour,  and  a.  largo 
cropper. 

Post-oCGce  Orders  from  those  not  having  an  account  open 
with  H.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  Post-office,  or  postage  stamps. 

For    Testimuuials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had,  see  G'ari^encn'  07iro«icEe  13th  September,  1S52,  page  594. 
Newington  Butts,  London. 

THOMAS  CRIPPS  having  a  very  la^ge  and  healthy 
STOCK  of  ROSES,  comprising  every  vnriety  of  knowu 
merit,  respectfully  offers  them  at  the  following  prices,  selectioi 
being  left  to  T,  C,  in  'vhich  case  he  pledges  himself  to  send 
out  -one  Lu^-i'tJiiily  good  and  established,  kinds  ;—        Per  doz. 

Standards,  beautiful  varieties 18s.  Oii. 

„  extrafine       24    0 

Tall  weeping  Standards,  5  to  7  feet  stems    30    0 

Standard,  Geaot  des  Batailles 15    0 

Dwarfs,  chuicest  kinds      123.  and    18     0 

Dwarf  Pcrpetuals,  budded  a  few  inches  from  the 

ground,  fine  varie'.ies 10    0 

Dwarfs,  good  named  kinds        G    0 

D^varfa,  without  numes,  mixed  3f.  and    4     0 

Dwarf  Geunt  de^  Batailles, '.budded [either  onBriar 

or  the  ^lanettii  S'ock 15    0 

Dwarf  Rose  du  Bol  on  Manettii  I5    0 

A  Catalogue  of  Koses,  both  general  and  supplementary,  can 
be  had  on  application,  enclodng  two  poaEaga  stamps. 

A  remittance  or  reiereaee  from  u'lktiqwn  eorrespoiadents  is 
respectfully  requ3Hted. 

High-nirf"tand  Nev'iile  Nursery,  Tarjvf     ^^-wells.  Nov.  20, 

""^NHW   SEEDLING    AFPLE.  ""^'~ 

BROWNLEES'  RUSSET,  raised  in  1846;  of  the 
name  quality  as  the  Royal  Husi^et,  but  keeps  longer  aiid 
better  without  shrivelling  ;  very  different  in  growth  from  any 
of  the  Russets,  being  most  vigorous  and  perfectly  free  frotn, 
canker  ;  it  will  be  found  a  great  acquisition  for  kitchen  use  ia 
spring,  as  lare  as  May  or  June.  A  specimen  sent  to  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  was  noticed  as  follows:  "Fruit  about  the 
size  of  the  Royal  Russet,  roundish,  eye  small,  nearly  close- 
stalk  short,  not  deeply  inserted,  skin  covered  with  a  soft 
russet ;  flesh  greenish  white,  tender,  and  sweet." — Feb.  12, 1851. 
Fine  dwarf  trees,  3s.  6cZ.  each,  carriage  paid  to  London*  tha 
usual  allowance  to  the  trade  when  three  are  taken.  A  remit- 
tance or  reference  expected  from  unknown  correspondents. 
All  orders  to  be  addressed  to  Wu.  Beownlees,  Hemel  Hemp- 
flteid,  Herts_, 

THE~NEWLY  IMPORTED  GERMAN  DOUBLE 
DAISIES.— A  fine  and  healthy  stock  of  the  above  new 
variety  of  flower  ia  now  offered  to  the  public.  It  is  very  novel 
and  distinct  in  all  its  features,  and  such  as  will  ^ive  satisfac- 
tion to  all  purchasers.  Edward  Tilet  has  selected  60  of  the 
best  of  the  varieties  out  of  the  100  varieties  impi>rted,  and  can 
send  them  out  iu  any  quantity,  from  a  dozen  imd  upwards,  ail 
true  to  name.  These  will  be  found  to  surpass  cvt^rything  for 
edging  borders,  itc,  and  also  if  planted  in  a  bed  will  equal  in 
variety  that  of  a  fino  Ranunculus,  and  is  frequently  taken  for 
such  by  many  who  have  seen  thorn  in  bloom.  The  whole  of 
them  are  grown  in  pots,  therefore  will  enuire  a  certain  growth 
when  transplanted.  Price  33.  per  dozen,  poatuge  and  package 
free  to  any  part,  or  \l,  per  hundred,  hamper  and  package  free. 

MYOSOTIs  AZORICA.— A  lai'KQ  and  hefilthy  stock  of  thia 
delightful  little  fl>jwer  (tor  particulars  of  which  see  article  on 
Bnme  by  "  Alpha,"  at  puge  726  of  Saturda^'^  Chroiiio'c,  Nov.  13, 
1852J  :  also  tine  pUnth  of  MYOSOTIS  VANGLE  KICI,  which  is 
auothur  splendid  variety,  both  are  particularly  adapted  for 
pot  culture;  the  former  is  a  very  dark  blue,  the  latter  a 
beautiful  light  blue  ;  pernons  once  growing  them  will  never  be 
without  them.     Pric"  33.  per  dozen, "postage  free. 

OTHELLO  CLOVE  CARNATION.— A  fow  pair  of  this 
unique  variety  are  otiu  loft,  and  will  be  forwarded  to  any  part 
lit  :ifl.  Gd.  par  p-iir. 

VIOLA  ARBOREA  (true).  6s.  per  dozen;  and  RUSSIAN 
SUPEHB  VIOLETS  (true),  3s.  per  dozen. 

HOLLYHOUKS.—aoudliuga  saved  from  all  the  best  vorietlee 
Hontoutfor  rlu!  lust  thruo  years,  1^.  per  hundred,  or  lla.  for 
60  pltinta.  Thoy  uro  fine  strong  plants,  such  as  will  bloom 
fiuo  and  give  nvery  s a tlnf action  next  season. 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  NATURE,  MODE,  AND  CULTI- 
VATION OF  THE  VIOLET,  giving  every  direction  for  its 
continual  blooming  tho  whole  of  tho  winter,  <bc,,  &c.,  and  aid- 
ing In  many  rcHpeots  thoao  who  have  alroarly  grown  them,  as  it 
embraces  several  distlnut  plans  to  grow  Vlolots.  Purchasers 
to  ihu  amount  of  65  will  have  tho  Truatiso  included,  or  sent 
post  free  to  any  piirt  on  receipt  of  12  penny  stumps.  Hoe 
Qardeitcra*  C'hronldc  for  Saturday  last. 

aiRAWBEltllV  I'LANTS.-PioUfio,  83.  per  lHO;  Goliath, 
3«,  jior  100;  Allco  Maud,  ditto  ;  Eleanor,  Oa.  per  100  ;  British 
(iuo'Mi,  8rt.  per  100  ;  Bllxa,  3s.  por  100  ;  Britannia,  6s.  per  100  ; 
(Jlnb.-.  3s.  pur  lUO;  Black  I'rinco,  Us.  per  lHO ;  Trollop's 
Vic'orhi,  li.  pur  100,  or  Sa.  per  dozdn,  postage  fron. 

Tho  ilollybnoltrt  atid  Strawburry  Plants  will  bo  sent  la 
Inunpor  or  puckagu  froc,  ami  whoa  a  quiintliy  is  ordered, 
pl.intn  will  hu  Hcnt  over  to  compiinsato  for  i,hu  cs.  of  ourriuRo. 

The  W'olo,  or  any  part  of  tho  above,  can  bo  Rurir  postage  and 
pacUuf^^t  fi-uoou  rco'dpt  of  ilio  amount  by  ti  poat-olhoo  order  or 
pciiny  )i')ntngu  htampt, 

Edwauo  T:  ky  NurNoryman,  Seodsmtm,  and  FlorlBt,  14, 
Abh'-y  (Jhiiroh-yiiio,  iiiith,  aumcrgotaliiro, 


'738 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


\,Nov.   20, 


THE     TliUE     FASTOLFF     RASPBERRY, 
first  introduced   to   the   Horticultural  world  by 
YOUELL  AND  CO.,  can  be  supplied  by  them  in  strong 
canes  at  15s.  per  100.     Usual  discount  to  tlie  Trade., 
Royal  Nursery,  Great  Yarmouth. 


pORNWELVS     VICTORIA      RASPBERRY.  — 

vy  Cunes  ot  the  above  to  be  had  of  Weoeqe  CofiNWELL, 
Vlarkat  Gardener,  Birn  ;*,  at  15s  per  100  ;  the  usual  allowance 
ta  the  trade  wQen  301)  ara  talteu.  Fost-offioe  orlers  mide 
(layable  at  Barnet.  N.B.  A  quaatity  of  strong  Curraati  aad 
Gojfisberries,— Barnet,  Nov.  20. 


MESSRS.  CHiRLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  OF  CALCUTTA. 


18  5  2. 
ORSilOEOUi  FLilfS  maiSSMOUH  m 


M%m 


AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING 

HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 

No. 

Names. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

Ter, 

No. 

Names. 

,8iza  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

1* 

viicroatylis  Wallichii  ?... 

Small,  pea  greeo    

9t» 

Phaias  albm       

Large,  wbite,  rosy  sceated 

Clo. 

2 

Obaronia  iadilolia 

Minure,  yellowidh 

Sui. 

di" 

.\piitari,iseaiUB 

Largish,  rose  and  green  ... 

Ter. 

3» 

„    sp 

,.               ,1 

Do. 

Di". 

A,  latifolia           

2 

Do. 

4 

'jiparis  ap.           

Small,  yello.v          

Do. 

ST 

Balophia  virens 

Large,  green  and  wbite    ... 

Do. 

5 

„    sp 

,,             ,, 

Dj. 

9j" 

1.    sp 

„    dull  yellow  &  browo 

Do. 

e»» 

„      Bp 

Largish,  gre^a  yellow 

Ter. 

99.» 

»    sp 

,,    deep  purple 

Do. 

7* 

„      sp 

Smill,  deep  purple 

Epi. 

100*> 

1.     sp 

,,    green  and  yellow 

Oo. 

8 

OtOCbilUS  fU3CU9 

,,    yellowish  bni^va 

Du. 

10l»' 

..     sp 

„    pui-plish  green 

Oo. 

9 

„    albuj          

,,           „         aad  white 

Oo. 

192 

Vanda  teres        

Very    larije,    rosy    purple, 

Epi. 

10 

PhoUdota  imbricata    ... 

„    white 

Oo. 

yellow  and  brown 

11 

„    uadulata 

,,        ,,        

Dj 

103" 

„    cristata     

Largisb,    greenish,    white, 

Do. 

32* 

„    ardcutata 

,,        „       

Dj. 

and  purple 

13* 

„     Bp 

,,        ,,    aud  yellow 

Oo. 

104«« 

„    maltiflora 

„    white  and  rose 

Do. 

11* 

„    sp 

t)        »i               j> 

Oj. 

105»» 

„    ccErulea     

Very  large,  deep  blue 

Oo. 

15 

Cce'.ogyoe  flavid* 

,,     yellow 

Do 

106»« 

„    sp 

Largish,  dull  purple 

Dj. 

16 

„     uadu!a:a 

[iargish,  white         

Oo. 

107" 

„    sp 

,,               ,,        and  green 

Do. 

17. 

„     fimbriata?... 

„            ,,  and  bi-oiva     ... 

Oo. 

108" 

„     sp 

,.    yellow  and  browa    ... 

Oo. 

18»» 

,,     uQifiora 

,,            ,,  aadiatericiou^ 

Oo. 

109*» 

Gamarotis  purpurea    ... 

Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

19 

„    barbita      

„    white 

Oo, 

UO 

Micropera  pallida 

,,     pale  yellow    

Do. 

20* 

„    prmijo-:  ?     

„        , 

Ter. 

m 

3aecolabiuin  micranthoi 

Small,  rosy 

Bpi. 

21* 

,,     maculiita    ... 

Larje,\vhite,yeilow,&  ro3e 

Oo. 

112 

„    reta.iUin      

Largish,  lively  spotted 

Do. 

23»» 

„     Walliciiiaoa 

,,        „        ani  rose 

Oo. 

113 

,,    papillosum 

Small,  pale  yellow  tfc  pur. 

Oo. 

23»* 

„    ouallaca      

II    pale  yello^v  aad  deep 

Oo. 

114" 

„     Calceolare 

„    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

orange 

UJ*' 

,,    sp.  like  do. 

„    pale  do.  and  rose    ... 

Oo. 

2t» 

,,    GirdaQriana 

„     white  ami  yellow     ... 

Spi. 

lis 

,,     caroit'olium 

„    rosy      

Oo. 

25 

„    cristata       

,,        ,,      strMaked    with 

Ear. 

117M 

„     dasjpogou 

,,    green  and  purple     ... 

Do. 

bright  yelloiv 

US' 

,,    appfjadiculatum  ... 

„    yellow 

Oo. 

25 

,,    sp 

3iuall,  brown  and  yellow... 

Epl 

U9> 

..    sp 

,,    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Oo. 

27*» 

„    flava?         

Large,  yalhiw  aad  brown  .. 

Oo. 

12U«» 

Sarcan'-hus  sp 

Oo. 

28 

,.    sp 

Small,  broivu  ao'i  yellow... 

Do 

1-2  IS. 

,t     sp 

Small,  rosy 

Oo. 

29* 

.,    sp 

,,    wbi-.e  aod  brAPFQ     .., 
„     pile  yellow  W.. 

Oo. 

Ii2». 

„      sp 

„    white  and  yellow 

Oo. 

30 

ff      EP 

D). 

123" 

„     sp 

„        „              ,, 

Do. 

3l»* 

,)      Gp 

,,     wQite  (pratty) 

Ter. 

lU" 

,.    sp 

„        ,,  *           „ 

Oo. 

2J». 

»       Bp 

Largish,  pale  cinaamm  ... 

Spi. 

12o« 

„      sp       

„    rosy  red          

Do. 

33»» 

Soibophyll  am    leopardU 

Large,  yellow  spitted,  wlcb 

Oo. 

121! 

A.erides  atfioe     

Large,  rosy  purple 

Oo. 

nuin        

purple. 

127 

,,    odoratum 

,,           ,,     sweet-scented 

Do. 

3i 

„    u'nbeUatuii 

Largish;  dull  yellow 

Dj. 

123 

.,    sp 

Oo. 

35*» 

,,    K&asyaaam 

Soaall,  greenish      

Jo. 

129" 

>,    Bp 

Large,  likd  affiae,  and  very 

Do. 

36«* 

,.     BP 

Largish,  bright  yellow 

Do. 

sweet-scented 

37* 

n     sp 

Small,  white,  fragranc     ... 

Do. 

130 

A,5rostopbyllium     Eha- 

Small,  wbite            

Do. 

se* 

..      sp 

„     dull  purple     

Do. 

syaoum 

89 

J.  sp 

„             ,,                

Oo. 

131* 

Xtphosiutn  acuminatum 

Large,  white           

Do. 

40 

,.     sp 

,,             ,,                

Oo. 

132 

Acaathophippium  sp.  ... 

,,    dull  purple    

Ter. 

41«* 

Girrhopetaluin  sp. 

Small,   greanisb,  fragraat 

Do 

133* 

„     sp 

„    wbite,  streaked 

Oo. 

42 

»    sp 

,,    dull  pui'ple    

Do. 

134» 

Cymbidium  tiiganteum... 

Very  large,  yell,  and  browo 

Oo. 

43* 

n    sp-     ...        

Large,  browa  aud  yellow... 

Oj. 

135 

,,     pendulum 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purplt 

Oo. 

44" 

M    sp.     ...        

LargiBh,  dull  purple 

Do. 

13S 

,,    aiolfoiium 

«,            t,               1, 

Oo. 

45" 

,)    sp 

,.            .,               

Dj. 

1.37" 

,,     eburneum 

Very  larije.  white 

Oo. 

46* 

Triotima  Buavia... 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

0). 

13S 

,,     iacoospicaum 

Small,  brown          

Oo. 

47* 

Enaflara            

Largi.-th,  dull  yell,  tfc  brown 

Do 

139 

CyLubidium      lOngipeta. 

Largish,  green  and  purple 

I^er 

43 

Eria  Ep. 

Largish,     whitJ     straalceri 

dlpi. 

lum 

withbrovrn 

U0« 

„    cyprifolium 

,,                 ,,                 „ 

Do. 

49 

„    densiflora 

„              ,,    tinged    wicb 
yellow 

Do. 

ltt.« 

>,     3P 

Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  wbite 

Spi. 

50 

„     ferrugiaea 

„    ferrutinious 

Oo. 

lt2»» 

>,     sp 

„    brownish  purple 

Oo. 

di 

„    p^uioulata 

3maU,  spocted  with  purple 

Oj. 

U3«« 

»     sp 

Very  large,  whice 

Oo. 

52*4 

.,    sp 

Largisa,  white        

Oj. 

1440. 

„     ep 

Large,  white  and  brown  ... 

Oo. 

53» 

„    sp. 

,,             „     &  duilpurp. 

Oo. 

U5* 

.1     sp 

,,    green  and  dull  purple 

I'er. 

54* 

„    ep 

„              ,,              „ 

Do. 

14G«= 

?  Pbaheaopsis,  sp. 

Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

Bpi. 

55* 

„    sp 

Miuute,  rosy           

Do 

browQ 

5S 

Aporum  ancsps 

Small,  white           

Do. 

147 

EupborbofiCis  pygoiffia,.. 

ilinute,  yellow        

Do. 

57 

,,    cuspidacum 

,,            „               

Do 

118 

Greodorum  dilaEatum   ... 

Large,  white,  purple,  and 

Jo. 

58 

„     Bp 

(1           i> 

Oo, 

yellow 

e9* 

»    sp.1 

Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Do. 

149' 

..    sp 

„     deep  rosy  purple  aad 
white 

Do. 

60 

Dendrobiuna  Pierardt  ... 

Large,  pink  and  yellow    ... 

Oo. 

150** 

Platanthera  sp 

Large,  white            

Do. 

61» 

„    heturocarpum 

,,    yell,  aid  br.  fragraat 

Dj. 

151" 

Periatylis  sp 

Largish,      white,      sweet- 

Oo. 

62 

„    Clirysanthuaa 

„    lively  yelL  and  brown 

Oo. 

scented 

63* 

„     PaKtoni       

,,                ,,                ,, 

Do. 

152 

Habanaria  hamigera ! ... 

Small,  green           

Oo. 

tn* 

„    Bp.  iilia  do. 

,,    orange  aad  brown  ... 

Do. 

153 

„    sp 

„    yellow             

Oo. 

65* 

„    formosum 

Very  large,  white  and  yall.. 

Do. 

154 

.,    sp 

,,    greenish  yellow 

Do. 

fragrant 

1.35" 

„    sp 

„     white 

Oo. 

6S«* 

,.    longlcomu 

Large,  white  and  orange... 

Do. 

IJC" 

,,    sp 

Large,  white            

Do. 

67 

„    calc;eolu3 

Very    dark    yellow,    rose, 

Do. 

157" 

Pogonia  Joliana 

Small,  rosy  white 

Do. 

and  parple 

153" 

.,     sp 

Largish,  greeu        

Do. 

68* 

„    sulcatum 

Large,  yellow  and  parple... 

Do. 

1.59«* 

„     sp 

Small,  purple           

Do. 

69 

„     JenltiQsii 

„     lively  yellow 

Dj. 

160i» 

Cyrtosia  sp.         

bar .jish,  golden  yellow    ... 

Do. 

70 

,,     cai-ulesceus 

,,    deep  lively  paiple    ... 

Do, 

16l«« 

Spiranfbessp      

Small,  white           

Do. 

71 

„    nibile         

,,     white  rasy  purple    ... 

Do. 

1S2»« 

Zeuxinj  sulcata 

,,            ,, 

Do. 

72»» 

„     Gibgouil     

,,    ye'ljw  and  browa    ... 

Oo. 

163" 

Aacsctochilus            Ros- 

„    rosy  white      

Do. 

73* 

,,    B'.uposam 

Small,  white           

lo. 

burghii 

74* 

,,    Cambridgeanam... 

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br. 

Dj. 

l«4" 

,,     sp 

,,    wbite 

Do. 

75»* 

,,     transpareas 

„     deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do. 

l«5.e 

Cypripedium     Tenustum 

Large,  green  and  purple  ... 

Do. 

76* 

„    like  do.,  various  ... 

„    pale  rosd  and  purple 

Do, 

166«* 

„    insigno 

„    red  and  yellow 

Do. 

77». 

,,     DevoaiaQum 

,,    lilac-ros3  and  yello.v 

Do. 

167' 

Calaatbe  densiflora 

„    lively  yellow 

Do. 

78»» 

,,    DalhousianuQi     ... 

„    rose,  white,  and  purp. 

Do. 

lii3*« 

„     sp 

^mall,  brown  and  yellow... 

Oo. 

79 

„    maUicaule 

,,     white  and  purple     ... 

Oo. 

li9'» 

.,     sp 

Large,  wbite  and  green    ... 

Di. 

80»» 

„    OriffiL-.hii    

„    pale  yell,  and  oraag- 

Dj. 

170*. 

1,    sp 

„            „     and  yellow... 

Oo. 

81" 

,,    Farmeri     

„    lively      „ 

Do. 

17l»« 

„     sp.    ... 

,,    dull  purple     

Oo. 

82*' 

„    densiaorutn  oallid. 

,,     whi:e  and  orange     ... 

Oo. 

172 

Gr  jodyera  sp 

3maU  wbite 

Do. 

83-* 

,,        do.    roseum. 

,,    pale  ro-e  and  oi-ange 

Do. 

17! 

,,    sp 

,,          „      

Oo. 

84 

„    iutermedium 

„     pale  yellow  &  brown 

Do. 

174 

,,    sp 

„          ,,    dull  purple    ... 

Do. 

85* 

„    sp 

,,     lively  orduge 

Do. 

175" 

Ophrys  sp.           

Largish,  rosy  purple 

Do. 

fid* 

„      8P 

,,       „    yellow  ds  brown 

Do. 

W6" 

..    sp 

„    green  and  purple    ... 

Do. 

87*» 

„      sp 

,,    yellow,  pink,  and  br. 

Oo. 

177». 

Aathofrinum  sp 

,,    rosy      

Oo. 

88* 

,.      9P 

„    pink  aad  yellow 

Do. 

178*     cJooateasp 

3maU,  Eireen           

Do. 

89"» 

?pathoglotti3  pubesceng 

Largisb,  yallow  and  purple 

Per. 

90 

^ruadiua  bumbusifulia 

Large,  pale  rose  aad  lively 

Oo. 

iEschynathus  (3  to  4  sp.) :  Hoy 

a  {6  or  6  sp.)  ;  Arum  fseveral) 

purple 

Lilium  (1  sp.)  ;  Neponthea  (1 

sp.) ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 

91» 

Phalua  KrandifoUus     .., 

„    white,  brown,  ds  pur. 

Do. 

(150    to  200    sp.)  ;     Faltns 

LivisEooia,    Leosalia,    Caryota, 

92 

.,     Wallichii 

II                >i                 rt                         )i 

Oo. 

Calamus.  &c.)  are   also  in 

iigeuous,    and    can   be   sent  it 

93» 

j,    maculata 

„          „      roiv  scented 

Dj. 

req 

uired. 

Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  asterisks  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  charges  f.ir  a  box  of  4  cubic  feeo  measureoient,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  51.  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  wMoh  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
he  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  1  r.  S  a.  a  Plant ;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Fiaot.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
Bent,  oo  extra  charge  will  bs  made. 

When  n^w  Pl-mts  not  ioclnded  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  cha'ge  will  be  m^de.  W,len  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  discount  ot  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

_     Plants  can  also  bj  sent  in  glass  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  in  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  height,  for  wliicb  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupee*  will  be  made.    Glass  covers  can  also  be  supplied  for  the  other  boxes 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Iffiessrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  Audita  1,  1352. 


KNAP   HILL    NURSERY,    WOKING,    SURREY. 
trOSEA  WATERER  respectfully  invites  attention 

*--''-  to  the  following:  — 

ARAUCARIA  IMBRICATA,  2,3,4,  aad  5  fest  high.      We 

have  3.  hne  s^ook  of  large  Araucarias,  and  as  they  have  never 

bijea  in  pots,  thev  are  as  robust  and  handsome  as  can  well  be, 

CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONIC  V,  2,  3. i.  5,  6,  7,  and  8  feet  high, 

all  from  seed  and  in  the  open  ground. 

CEDRU:i  DEODARA.  'Z,  3,4,5.  6,  7,  8,10,  and  12  feet  hiffh. 

OF  LEBANO.^,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  to  12fdethigh.     The 

large  Deodars  and  Cudirs  of  Lebanon,  here  referred  to,  have 

been  regularly  removed   every   spring;  they   are  magnificent 

apeoimens,  and  m'ght  be  sent  any  distance  with  perfect  safety- 

AGl^S    DOUtJLASn,    from  seed,  2,  3,  4,  5,  G,  and  7  feet! 

larger  and  splendid  planU  8  to  12  feet ;  all  removed  last  spring, 

MeNZIESlI.  3,  4,5,  e,  aad  7  feet  high. 

C.VNADE>(3Id,  Hemlock  Spruce,  fine  plants,  5,  6,  7, 

aad  S  feet  high. 

PIOEA  NU3ILTS,  stou^  plan'^s,  with  good  beads,  own 
bottoms,  2.^  to  3  foet,  probably  not  to  be  met  with  in  any 
other  Nursery. 

PlC^Qd  CEMBRA,  3,  4,  5,  6,  to  10  feet  high, 

INSIQN^IS,  all  from  need,  and  most  beautiful  plants, 

3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet  high.     We  have  a  tine  lot  of  these. 
C0P11E33US  MAOROCARPA,  ob  LAUBERTI ANA,  from 

seed,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet  high.  We  have  a  fine  lot  of  these 
also. 

TAXODIUM  SEMPERTIRENS,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet  high; 
beautifully  furnished. 

JlTNIPBRtrs  VIRGINIAyA  (the  rei  Cedar),  fine  plants, 

4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet. 

„  RECURVA,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  feet. 

„  ESOELSA,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  feet. 

BEDFORDI'VNA,  3,  4,  and  5  feet.    This  ia  a 
veryh.indsoma  grotving  plant. 

*  UPRIGHT  IRISH  JUNIPER,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  to  10  feet 
high.  These  are  really  splendid  examples  of  perhaps  one  of 
the  most  striking  of  alt  Junipers. 

*  UPaiSaX  IRISH  yew,  4,  5,  e,  7,  8,  to  10  feet  high. 
These  plants  are  all  trimmed  to  one  stem,  and  are  not  therefore 
80  likelv  to  divide  on  vpindy  or  snowy  weather. 

*  CFIi:^E3E  JONIPER,  2,  3,  4.5,  6.  7,  and  8  feet  high. 

*  CUPRESSUS  THYOIDES  VARIE&ATA  (the  variegated 
white  Cedar),  most  beau'iful  plants,  3  to  4  feet  high. 

*  GOLDSM  YEW,  worked  on  common,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  ft.  high. 

*  ViBitora  to  ElvastonCas:le  cannot  have  failed  to  remark  the 
extraordinary  effect  produced  by  the  last  five  plants,  viz., 
Irish  and  Qold-striped  Yews,  Irish  and  Chinese  Junipara,  and 
the  Variegated  White  Cedar  ;  and  I  believe  we  may  assert, 
without  fear  of  contradiction,  except  Elvanton,  a  similar  lot  of 
plants  to  those  here  offered  cannot  be  found  in  any  Nursery  in 
Britain. — Priced  Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

The  Knap  Hill  Nursery  is  within  an  hour's  ride  of  London, 
being  near  the  Woking  Station,  South- Western  Riilway,  where 
every  train  stops,  and  from  whence  conveyances  may  at  all 
times  be  had. 

REMARKS  ON  THREE  SUPERIOR  KINDS 
OF  PLUMS,  originated  from  Seed  about  10  years  since, 
by  MR.  HENRY  DOWLING,  FauiT  GaowEE,  WooUton-lawn, 
near  Southampton. 

Il  is  a  well-ascertained  fact,  notwithstanding  the  trees  were 
planted  in  an  exposed  situation,  on  a  thin  gravelly  soil,  that 
from  their  first  coming  into  bearing,  fonr  years  ago,  to  the 
p-esent  period,  the  produce  has  boen  both  excellent  and 
abundant :  hence  it  is  presumed  to  have  arisen  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely,  from  their  being  clothed  with  foliaee  prior  to  any 
bloom  bejomin:^  perceptible,  for  similarly  situated  are  360 
good  old  siPtg  of  the  same  age,  nearly  without  fruit,  conse- 
quently  of  little  or  no  val«a,  and  which  can  be  corroborated 
by  competent  and  respectable  persons,  at  whose  suggestion 
Ma.  DowLi-VQ  has  no'v  thehonourof  submitting  ttiis  Adveriise- 
msnt  to  the  notice  of  Noblemen,  Gentlemen,  and  others. 

No.  1.  ANGELINA  BURDEtT.— Size  medium  ;  form  some- 
what  oblong ;  colour  rich  purple,  copiously  covered  with  an 
azure  bloom  ;  fleshamber  green,  parting  freely  from  the  atone ; 
flavour  delicious  ;  ripens  upon  an  open  staadard  about  the 
middle  of  AugU'it.  Against  a  wall  it  would  no  doubt  eclipse 
all  others. 

No.  2,  STANDARD  OF  ENGLAND.— Size,  rather  large; 
form  oval ;  colour  crimson  red  next  the  sun,  covered  with 
violet  bio  >m,  bright  red  on  the  shaded  side ;  fleah  slightly 
yellow,  separating  from  the  stone;  flavour  exquisite;  ripens 
the  latter  end  of  August,  and  with  Its  rivals  should  find  ample 
space  in  every  garden. 

No  3.  W00L3T0N  BLACE  GAGE.— Size  medium;  form 
round;  colour  jet  black,  powdered  wich  light  blue;  flesh 
yellowish  green,  parting  from  the  stone  ;  flavour  equal  in 
every  respect  to  the  Green  Gage,  with  this  superiority,  that 
while  the  latter  is  apt  to  crack  in  a  wet  summer,  and  will  not 
keep  afcer  bein-j;  gathered,  this,  on  the  contrary,  will  endure, 
if  the  climate  be  dry,  through  August  and  September.  This 
excellent  Plum  deserves  an  east  or  west  wall,  although  it  ripens 
well  on  an  open  staodard.     ^^ 

From  several  Teatimonials  the  subjoined  are  selected,  as. 
baing  deemed  of  unexceptionable  authority  : — 

"Mr.  Thomas  Ingram,  of  her  Majesty's  Royal  Gardens, 
Windsor,  considers  them  to  be  of  fine  quality  and  superior 
flavour,  and  from  their  appearance  he  should  imagine  them  to 
be  good  keeping  Plums." 

Mr.  Robert  Thompson,  of  the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden, 
writes  thus—"  Your  three  Piums  are  indeed  of  first-rate 
quality,  and  I  should  recommend  their  extensive  cultivation. 
As  regards  No.  3,  I  consider  you  have  thrown  the  Green 
Gage  into  the  shade,  for  it  retains  all  the  properties  of  that 
Plum,  with  more  su'^ary  sweetness." 

Mr.  John  Wright,  lata  gardener  to  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Viscount 
Palmerston,  Broadlands,  in  a  communication  .to  Mr.  Dow- 
ling,  states  that  "  Angelina  Burdett  and  Standard  of  England 
Plums,  are  not  only  prolific  and  of  surpassing  flavour,  but  from 
their  colour  and  form  striking  in  appearance.  The  Woolston 
Black  Gtge,  though  not  so  attractive  to  the  eye,  still  from  its 
extreme  richness  of  quality  is  admirable  to  the  taste." 

Hampshire  Independent,  Sept.  11,  1852. — "  A  meeting  of  gen- 
tlemen and  gardeners,  resident  in  this  litcality,  took  place  on 
Monday,  at  the  Antelope  Inn,  to  test  the  quaUty  of  some  new 
Plums,  grown  by  Air.  Dowling,  Woolston  Lawn,  Southampton. 
They  are  certainly  very  choice,  pirticularly  tha  Angelina 
Burdett  and  the  Woolaton  Black  Gage;  and,  of  these  two 
kinde,  after  lasting  the  fruit,  every  person  present  gave  an 
opinion  decidedly  confirmatory  of  the  high  judgment  pro- 
nounced in  their  favour  by  Mr.  Robert  Thompson,  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society's  garden." 

Ford  and  Rice,  Nurserymen,  Seedsmen,  and  Florists,  New 
Road,  Southampton,  having hadf.equent  opportunities,  during 
the  last  four  years,  ot  inspecting  tbe  ttiree  parent  trees  in  Mr. 
DowLiNO's  fruit  plantation,  and  being  perfi^ctly  convinced  of 
their  extraordinary  productiveness,  as  well  as  superlative 
excellence,  they  cannot  but  feel  pleasure  in  undertaking  the 
Agency,  and  in  addmg  their  humble  yet  zealous  tribute  of 
commendation. 

It  is  highly  gratifying  to  F.  and  R  to  state  that  they  have,  to 
a  very  considerable  extent,  been  paErouised  by  nearly  the  whole 
of  tbe  neighbouring  nobility  and  gentry,  who  have  seen  the 
trees,  and  tasted  the  fruit. 

F.  and  R.  respectfully  solicit  early  orders  to  the  above 
address,  which  witl  be  duly  executed  ic  rotati->n.  If  the  three 
sorts  are  taken,  the  price  will  be  153.  each,  and  for  a  single 
tree,  i;.  The  usual  discount  to  the  Trade— N.B.  A  list  of  the  • 
trade,  compiisinj  all  ord.ri  sent  by  them,  will  shartiy  bijf< 
alver;i3ed. 


47— 1852J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


739 


CATALOGUES. 

MESSRS.  H.  LANE   and  SON,  Great  Berkhamp- 
stead,    Her-'s,    be^:  to  iuform   their    Patrons    that    the 
nndermefltioned  Ddscripttve  Ca-talo^ues  may  now  be  had  : — 
GENERAL  AND  SUPPLEMENTARY  ROSE  CATALOGUES 
far  two  postage  stamps  ; 
TREE  AND  SflRDB  AND  FRUIT  CATALOGUE 
for  tv\'o  postage  stamp=i ; 
INDIAN  AZALEA,  CAMELLIA,  die,  for  one  postage  Btamp^ 


FORRES    NURSERIES. 

THE  SUBSCRIBERS  have  for  sale  an  extensive 
stock  of  all  sorts  of  FOREST  TREES.  As  invent  care 
has  been  bestowed  in  raising  the  diffdreut  sorts  fran  ih-i  most 
approved  varieties  of  their  species,  the  plants  are  healthy  and 
of  fine  quality.  The  Subscribers  have  had  the  honour  to 
receive  the  namerous  premiums  hitherto  an'ardud  by  the  High- 
land and  Agricultural  Society  for  the  cukivatioa  of  the  true 
Kutive  Hi^ihldud  Scotch  Pmc  ;  and  their  pruseut  stock  of  this 
tree  and  of  Larches  comprehends  several  millions  of  plants,  of 
every  size  an!  age  suitable  for  being  tran-^planted.  An  over- 
stock  of  line  two  jears  tr-insplanted  Larchoa,  2  to  o'\  feet,  at  a 
very  reduced  price.  Lists  of  Forest,  Fruit,  and  Ornsimental 
Trees  and  Shrubs  will  be  furnished  on  application,  and  the 
trade  supplied  at  the  wholesale  rate.  Goods  are  carefully  packed, 
and  in  forwardmg  plants  every  information  will  be  readily 
afforded  regarding  thtir  mode  of  treatment,  and  to  thos'j  who 
may  desire  it  advice  will  be  furnished  respscting  tbe  formation 
and  management  of  Plantations,  by  Mr.  Grigor,  author  of  the 
Highland  and  Agricultural  Society's  Prize  Essays,  "  On 
Raising  Forest  Plants,"  "On  Forest  Planting  and  on  Trees 
adapted  to  various  Soils  and  Situations,"  "On  Raising  and 
ilanaging  Hedges,"  "On  Forest  Pruning,"  "On  the  Native 
Pine  Forests  of  Scotland,"  '*  On  Planting  within  the  Influence 
of  the  Sea,"  and  on  various  other  gubjeots  connected  with 
Arboriculture. 

John  GaiGOE  and  Co.,  Nurseries,  Forres,  N.B. 
P.S,  Strong  roots  of  Aquilegia  glandulosa,  free  by  post,  at 
25.  Gd.  per  pair,  or  aC  the  Nurseries  60s.  per  li)0. 


JOHN  KEYNES,  Nurseiiy3ian,  Salisbury,  offers  tlie 
following  Set  of  SEEDLING  CINERARI.^S,  with  every 
confidence  that  they  will  prove  firsUrate  gems,  and  give  jjreat 
satisfaction.  Fine  Plants  now  ready,  with  the  usual  discount 
to  tlie  Trade,  or  the  set  for  205. 

NEW    FIRST-RATE    CINERARIAS. 

LADY  BATHUR3T.— White  edged  purple,  very  smooth 
beautiful  habit.    6s 

LOVELINESS. — Light  edged  pink,  very  free  bloomer,  fine 
habit,    OS. 

KING  OP  THE  BLUBS.— Blue,  the  best  ever  off"ered,  finest 
habit,  free  bloomer,  large  truss,  first-rate  in  every  respect. 
10s.  Gd. 

BRITISH  QUEEN.— White,  crimson  tip.    5s. 

LILAC  STANDARD.— The  finest  lilac,  beautiful  colour  and 
-habit.    5  s. 

PRINCE  ALBERT.— Light  shaded  lUac.    5s. 

PINK. 

Mafi.  WQOLF  (Keynes.)— A  decided  improvement  on  Lola 
Montes ;  perfect  rose,  leaf  full  and  fine,  first  class.  5s,  per  pair, 
free  by  posf. 

The  Cinerarias   are   very  few;    first    orders  will  ha    first 
attended  to. 


NEW  ROSES. 
PRINCE  ALBERT   AND    FAIRY  QUEEN. 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
•  beautiful  Roses,  of  which  they  at  present  hold  the  entire 
stock. 

PRINCE  ALBERT,  Boubbon  (Padl's).— The  flowers  are,  in 
the  summer,  deep  scarlety  crimson,  in  autumn  rich  glowin;; 
lake,  31  inches  in  diameter,  finely  cupped  and  very  double,  the 
outline  a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20 
to  30  flowers  in  a  truss,  and  being  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  liUely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  Roses  for  bedding.  The 
foliage  is  lar.je,  thick,  and  handsome,  and  it  surpiBSSs  every 
Bottrbon  R^se  in  colour,  form  and  abandanoB  of  bloom.  Strong 
Plants  in  November,  l<)s.  Gd.  each. 

This  Rose  will  be  figured  in  the  "Florist"  for  November. 
It  has  obtbuned  a  first-claifs  certificate  from  tbe  National  Flori- 
caltural  Society,  the  Royal  Sou'h  London  Floricultural  Society, 
andtbeCdedonian  Horticultural  Society,  at  Edlaburf^h  ;  it  has 
farther  been  favourably  noticed  by  the  leading  Horticultural 
JooTQils,  and  orderel  by  above  100  Nurserymen  and  Amateurs 
who  havft  Been  it  in  tlower. 

FAIRY  QUEEN',  IlTsarD  Peepetcal  (PA0L'a).^Soft  glossy 
lilac,  of  medium  size  and  perfect  form,  the  summits  of  the  petals 
reflexing  as  in  Mrs.  Bosaaquer,  and  like  that  unique  Rose  every 
shoo:  produces  flowers;  dwarf  habit.  Plants  73.  6d.  each, 
Bariy  orders  are  solicited,  as  the  stock  is  limited. 

Korieries,  Chesbant,  Hurts,  Nov,  20. 

NEW    EARLY    PEA. 
PAUL'S    "DWARF    PROLIFIC." 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  call  attention  to  the 
•  above  excellent  early  PEA,  which  is  a  seedling  between 
the  Early  Frame  and  Thompson'o  Dwarf,  producing  a  longer 
pod  and  larger  Pea  than  the  former,  and  being  fir  more  pro- 
lific. Tbe  qnaliQcati<-a<i  which  recommend  tt  above  others 
aretbeso: — It  is  very  hardy;  rarely  exceeds  2  feet  in  height, 
and  conitcquently  requires  no  sticks  ;  It  bears  abundantly  from 
the  ground  to  the  summit,  and  produces  lateral  sbootn,  wbioh 
keep  It  a  long  time  In  neaflon.  Thoy  havepermission  from  Mr. 
Brown,  OardcnortoSirH.  Meux.Bart.,  of  Theobald's  Park,  and 
Mr.  Scott,  gardener  Ui  Wynn  Elli«,  Esq  ,  of  Ponsbourne  Park, 
to  »ay  tfiat  they  have  grown  it  for  two  years,  and  connider  it  a 
flmc-ratA  Pe«,  and  tbe  be%t  of  all  known  varieties  for  a  second 
«rop.  Mty  be  obc&i'it^d  In  quart  packets,  2a.  6(/.  each,  from 
A.  Pavl  a.nii  Son,  Nurxeric-B,  Cheihunt,  Herts;  from  Messrs, 
Noble,  Cooper,  and  Holton,  I'li,  Fleet-ltreet,  L'^tnrlun  ;  and 
ll'jiir*,  llumc  and  M'M  illen,  C,  Lcad'rnhnlUstreet,  Londnn. 

K.H.  A  (general  a»»ortmoot  of  Agricultural  and  HorticuU 
toral  Hvdii,  of  tbe  bent  quality  and  moBt  approved  racoH,  at 
IfOOdon  prices.     C<italo;(urii  free  by  p09t  on  ap]ilicutlan. 

Naracrioii,  Cbekbuot,  Uertn. 


CHOICE  BULBS  AND  FLOWER  ROOTS. 
«.  <i.      8.  a, 
Tropoolam  trfcolonim,  floe  tabcn,  each         ...    2  6  to   3   0 

,f  brachy*«raB        ,»  „       1    0    ,,    2    0 

„  axtireum  ,,  3    (\ 

Trftonla  aar«a,  Mplendld      „  „       2    ^    „    GO 

Oxalli  elt^fCAM,  new  and  flna  „       1    C 

,,  ,,  major,  ,,  I    6 

Cyclamen,  In  vcven  bftauttful  varletleii     \    0    „    r>    0 

BabUna  rubra  cyanon  ,,  „       3    0 

9ap«rb  oollectiona  of  Alitrrjimcrla,  Ixlaa,  Bparaliln,  Uxalin, 
Bablaoa,  and  varlou*  otbnrCaiKi  liovt*.  For  f>uporlorHuIocilon* 
of  Haninculim,  Anr>mono,  Gladioli,  Enj^lUb  IrU,  Imported 
Du*ch  Hy«<,lntbi,  Crucai,  and  other  rootn.  Also,  forcollcotlond 
♦f  choice  Ht/ive,  Greenhouflfl,  Winter  Fl-iwcrlng  Herbacaou*, 
"Back,  and  other  plinti.  m*  ti4vertiH4m<.'Dts  In  the  fJardcncra' 
€fir<mkU  of  October  l^ittb  nod  :;  ith. 

For  partlc'ilara,  bc9  "Autumn  Cualoguo,"  Rupplled  for 
three  prjHtaxi  itamp^. 

Bint  and  Haow^,  8o«d  and  Uortlcultu'-al  Eitabllnhment, 
godbur;,  yuffolk. 


MESSRS.  PLATZ  a.nd  SON,  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
respectfu  '\  intoim  the  trade,  tliai  their  Seed  Catalogue 
for  1858,  in  which  will  be  found  many  n(;w  varieties,  may  be  had 
on  application  to  their  agent,  Mr.  Robeet  Kennedi,  Bedford 
Conservatory,  Coveat  rtarden,  London. 


OTRAWBERRY  SEED.— This  rarity  is  offered  for 

^  the  first  time  to  the  notice  of  emijraute,  persons  going 
abroad,  &a.,  as  the  seed  of  the  Strawberry  may  he  raised  with 
success,  while  it  would  be  eritrera'dy  dilBi;ulc  and  haz;irdou&  to 
talie  out  plan's  of  this  beau'iful  and  delicious  fruit,  it  being  a 
great  chance  if  they  would  survive  a  journey  of  two  or  three 
months,  while  seed  may  be  taken  of  the  folluvio;  varietis'^, 
packed  in  the  smallest  coinpa-;a,  and  grown  in  any  part  with 
eucce^s:  —  British  Q  iren,  Victoria,  Alice  Miud.  Keens' 
Seedling,  Prolific,  Black  Prince,  Surprise, Eliza,  Globe,  E'ennor, 
Hautbois,  Caroline,  Elton  Pine.  Price  2b  Gd.  each  packet,  or 
a  packet  of  mixed  seed  of  tbe  above  variuties,  6s. 

RHUBARB     SEED. 
Also  a  quantity  of  Rhubarb  Seed  6nv'_-d  frono  tbe  following 
6rst-rate    varieties  :—Vicroria,    Mitcliell's   Royal    Albert,    and 
LinniBUS.  Price  Is.  per  [jacket,  or2j.  6d.  the  three  packets. 

RASPBERRY     SEED. 

Seed  also  of  this  delicious  fruit  has  bjen  savcii  of  the  true 
variedes  of  the  Fasfoff  Raspberry,  Perpetual  or  Double  bearing 
Raspberry,  and  Antwerp  Raspberry.  Price  Is.  per  packet,  or 
the  three  packets  for  2s.  6d 

These  varieties  will  be  found  of  gvea*;  importance  toemi^rante 
and  p'.Tsous  leaving  England.  A  remittance  bj'  penny  postau'e 
stamps,  or  Post-ofllce  order,  must  be  sent  by  all  unkouwn 
correspondents  to  the  amount,  \Th"n  the  whole,  or  any  part  (as 
the  case  mav  be)  will  be  forwarded  immtdiately, 

FlDWAHD  TiLET,  Narserymm,  Seedsman,  and  Florist,  li, 
Abbey  Church-yard,  Bath. 


WANTED,  a  SMALL  FARMER,  acquainted  with 
Gardening,  or  a  GARDENER  acquainted  with  FarmiuL^, 
for  Foreign  Service,  at  a  very  healthy  station.  Sala  y,  lOOl.'a 
year,  with  some  allowances. 

He  must  be  married,  without  the  probabiUfy  of  children, 
industrious,  of  frugal  habits,  and  with  a  character  that  will 
bear  the  strictest  invoPtiy;a'iiin. 

Applicants  may  send  their  testimonials,  in  writing,  to  A.  N., 
at  the  Office  of  thin  Paper. 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  20,  1852. 

MKETINQS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
MoNSAT,       Mov.       22-Geosraphical Sip.M. 

r  Civil  ED'^ineers    S  P.M. 

TtJBSDAi,         —         23<  Medicaland  CiiirurRical Sir.u. 

/  Z')o]og;iciil 9  P.M. 

f  vlicro.copical   8  P.M. 

.    Wedszbdat,     —       2^<  Societyof  Arts ,S  p.m. 

/  Royal  Socol  Literature ..8) p.m. 

f  Numismatic 7  P.M. 

TaDESDAT.        —       25<  intiquariau  , H  p.m. 

(  Royal   8*p.M. 

FBII3AT,  —       26— Piiiioloeical   s  p.sr, 

<;.,.„»«.*         _       ^tI  Royal  UotaDic sap.M. 

5.TUEDAT,  -         ll\aeiici.l    8  p..>t, 

CouKTEi  Show,— Tuesday,  Nov.  23;  Stoke  Newington  Clirysantheinuio. 

-^ 

About  six  years  ago,  when  everybody  was  seek- 
in;;  for  substitutes  for  the  Potato,  the  French 
Government  despatched  an  agent  to  North  America , 
for  the  purpose  of  investigating  the  qualities  of  the 
"  Bread-roots  "  known  to  occur  among  the  Indians, 
and  to  furnish  them  with  a  part  of  their  subsistence. 
M.  Lamare-Pigquot,  to  whom  this  enquiry  was 
intrusted,  in  consequence  we  believe  of  his  having 
already  brought  into  notice  one  of  the  productions 
in  question,  returned  with  a  quantity  of  seeds  and 
roots  collected  among  the  Scioux  Indians,  produced 
by  a  plant  which  he  called  the  Picqootiane,  but 
which  proved  to  be  a  leguminous  plant,  with  tuberous 
roots,  long  before  known  under  the  name  of  Psoralea 
esculenta. 

The  Picquotiane  is  said  to  be  used  by  the  Indians 
without  cooking,  to  sow  itself  naturally  in  the 
prairies  of  North  America,  and  to  prefer  a  dry 
sandy  soil  such  as  forms  the  humus  of  the  Upper 
Mississippi.  Neither  prolonged  dryness  nor  long 
periods  of  wet  are  said  to  injure  it ;  and  in  its 
native  country  its  roots  are  exposed  to  a  temperature 
of  from  +  5°  to  — ■  13°  Fahrenheit,  a  degree  of  cold 
unknown  in  this  country.  They  are  represented  to  be 
easily  preserved,  not  suffering  from  damp,  nor  sub- 
ject to  the  attacks  of  insects.  They  consist  largely 
of  farinaceous  matter,  capable  of  being  converted 
into  bread,  like  Wheat  flour,  by  means  of  the  same 
kind  of  leaven.  The  rind  is  said  to  suit  domestic 
animals,  as  the  core  does  man.  We  are  finally 
assured  that  the  roots  possess  no  noxious  qualiiy, 
and  that  M.  Paven's  analysis  gives  in  the  first 
place — 

Bark  and  liber  ....  28.22 
Fibre  and  woody  centre  .  .  4.57 
Alimentary  farinaceous  substances      67.21 

100.00 
The  farinaceous  substance  was  found  to  consist  of — 
Nitrogenous  matter       .         .         .       4.09 
Mineral  matters    ....       l.Gl 
Starcli  (plus  traces  of  cellulose  and 

fatty  matter)     .         .         .         .81.80 
Water 12.00 


to  show  the  white  tender  core.  2.  Sections  of  the 
dried  root,  barked,  cleaned,  and  prepared  in  the 
Indian  manner  for  storing  up  ;  these  are  very  like 
tlie  halves  of  large  blanched  Almonds,  with  the 
exception  of  one  which  is  2  inches  long,  and  IJ 
inch  broad.  They  are  friable,  with  the  flavour  of 
dried  nuts,  very  sweet  and  pleasant,  A  third 
sample  consists  of  the  root  crushed  before  going  to 
the  mill.  In  general  appearance  it  re.sembles 
coarse  Sago  meal ;  but  the  microscope  .shows  it  to 
consist  of  an  infinite  multitude  of  spherical  grains 
not  larger  than  those  of  Maize.  Finally  we  have  it 
as  it  comes  from  the  mill  in  the  form  of  flour ;  in 
this  state  its  colour  is  slightly  yellow. 

Thus  far  the  evidence  produced  by  M.  Lamare, 
concerning  his  Picquotiane,  is  satisfactory.  The 
ne.xt  question  relates  to  its  productiveness  when 
cultivated ;  and  here  it  must  be  owned  that  the 
testimony  is  unfavourable.  The  results  obtained  up 
to  the  present  time,  says  the  "  Bon  Jardiuier,"  1852, 
are  unsatisfactory.  Multiplication  by  tbe  tubers 
does  not  appear  practicable  with  this  as  with  plants 
having  compound  tubers  ;  so  that  the  quantity  to  be 
employed  for  sets  would  be  the  same  as  the  total  of 
the  crop.  Propagation  by  cuttings  is  a  horticultural 
process  inapplicable  to  agriculture.  Mutiplication  by 
seeds  would  therefore  seem  to  be  the  only  available 
process ;  but  unfortunately  the  plants  which  have 
been  experimented  on  yield  very  few  seeds.  Out  of 
nine  plants  which  the  writer  planted  only  one  seeded; 
and  as  each  pod  produced  only  a  single  grain,  the 
whole  produce  of  that  plant  was  not  more  than  a 
dozen  grains.  The  roots  of  the  young  plants  raised 
from  these  seeds  were  not  more  than  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  in  their  greatest  breadth  ;  whence,  and  from 
other  evidence,  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  imported 
roots,  as  large  as  a  hen's  eggs,  must  have  been  five 
or  six  years  old ;  so  that  the  Picquotiane  would  seem 
to  possess  none  of  the  properties  required  in  au 
agricultural  plant.  It  is  not  impossible,  indeed, 
adds  the  writer,  that  cultivation  may  improve  these 
qualities,  but  that  must  be  ascertained  by  long  and 
careful  trials. 

We  know  not  with  what  skill  these  trials  were 
conducted  in  France  :  hut  if  they  were  not  made 
with  more  intelligence  than  one  which  we  witnessed 
some  years  since  in  England,  they  must  be  taken  to 
leave  the  question  where  it  was.  For  ourselves  we 
can  only  say  that  there  is  no  apparent  reason  why 
the  Picquotiane  should  not  improve  in  the  hands  of 
sagacious  gardeners,  as  well  as  other  things.  At  all 
events  it  deserves  a  fair  trial  ;  the  means  of  making 
which  we  have  no  doubt  would  be  furnished  by  M. 
Lamare-Pioquot,  whose  residence  in  Paris  is  Rue 
Guy-Labrosse,  No,  11,  and  to  whom  experimentalists 
should  address  themselves. 


100.00 
ThuH  it  resulted  from  chemical   analysis,   that  of 
the  entire  root  nearly  7-lOlhH  was  oalabie,  and  lliat 
of  the  eatable  matter  4    per   cent,  was  nitrogenous, 
.and  more  than  Ho  per  cent,  .amylaceous. 

We  have  now  before  uh,  by  favour  of  MrB.  Wakk- 
rri'.i.i),  HamplcH  of  tbiti  Pici|Uoti.ane  in  different  stales. 
1.  A  small,  hard,  wild  root,  the  size  ,and  form  of  a 
pigeon's  egg,  with  its  tough  bark  partially  removed, 


We  are  requested  to  announce  that  Signer  W. 
Gasparrini,  the  Professor  of  Botany  at  Naples,  is 
desirous  of  selling,  for  the  sum  of  166?.  IZs.  id.,  his 
herbarium  of  Phanerogamous  and  Cryptogamous 
plants. 

This  herbarium  contains  about  8000  species  put 
up  in  good  white  paper,  and  classed  according  to 
the  Natural  System.  It  includes  all  the  species 
found  up  to  the  present  time  in  the  kingdom  of  the 
Two  Sicilies,  and  almost  all  gathered  by  the  Pro- 
fessor himself.  Of  each  species  there  is  a  great 
number  of  well  dried  and  complete  specimens,  with 
notes  as  to  their  time  of  flowering,  their  native  place, 
where  gathered,  &c.  These  notes,  together  with 
the  names  of  the  species  and  varieties,  and  frequent" 
observations  upon  the  various  genera,  are  written 
in  Latin. 

Of  the  species  not  indigenous  to  the  Two  Sicilies, 
the  greater  number  have  been  received  in  exchange 
from  other  parts  of  Europe,  from  Greece,  America, 
&c.     Few   are  cultivated  specimens.     The   herba-  )' 
rium  was  formed  and  ari'anged  with  the  view  to    ' 
publish   a  "  iSi/nojJsis  Flora  utiimrjue  Sicilice,"   a,  ', 
project   which    the   Professor    is    now   obliged    to  Jf 
abandon,  and  it  might  serve  for  the  same  purpose  | 
with  somebody  else.  * 

Professor  Gasparrini's  address  is  Naples,  .Strada 
Miracoli,  No.  45.  He  is  a  botanist  of  eminence  and 
an  acute  physiologist,  and  was  recently  elected  one 
of  the  20  foreign  members  of  the  IlorticuUural 
Society. 

SKIMMIA  JAPONICA.  , 

This  fine  now  ovorgrcoii  shrub,  which  is  attracting  a  ' 
good  (loal  of  atttjntion  in  your  columns  and  elsewhere, 
was  discovorod  by  me  in.  the  winter  of  UfHJ,  and  intro- 
diicuil  to  England  in  11149.  [  mot  with  it  in  a  nursery 
near  Siiangliuo,  and  it  was  there  the  rarest  and  most 
jtrizud  plant  of  the  ctjllection  to  which  it  belonged.  Tlii' 
nursoi'yman  told  mo  that  it  was  brought  to  liini  from  :i 
high  mountaiii,  in  tlio  interior,  named  WaiiK-slian,  uii'l 
coiiH(«iiU'ntly  the  plant  ia  called  by  llio  Chinoso  tin  j 
Wang-Hli!in-A'w«t.  The  last  term  was  given  it  oi 
account  of  tlio  iVagraucoof  its  (lowor.s,  which  the  Cliinesi 
couuidor  aa  sweot  as  the  A'wei-wha  or  Olea  fragrans 


740 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


[Nov.  20, 


Th-ise  scented  flowers  are  produced  iu  great  profusion 
ia  early  spring,  and  are  succeeded  by  bunches  of  red 
berries,  like  those  of  the  English  Holly.  Tbe  plant 
exhibited  to  the  Horticultural  Society,  in  Regent-sfcreet, 
hy  Messrs.  Standish  and  Noble  a  week  or  two  ago,  gave 
but  a  faint  idea  of  the  beauty  of  the  species.  The 
berries'of  that  plant  were  scarcely  ripe  ;  later  iu  the 
season'they  become  much  larger,  and  are  then  of  a  deeper 
and  clearer  red. 

My  own  opinion  is  that  this  fine  bush  will  prove  per- 
fectly hardy  in  this  country.  It  cares  nothing  for  the 
cold  winds  and  sharp  frosts  about  Shanghae,  and  no 
doubt  endures  a  mudi  lower  degree  of  temperature  on 
the  inland  mountains  already  named,  where  it  is  found 
wild,  than  in  places  nearer  the  coast.  Although  this  is 
miy  opinion,  I  think  your  reporter  was  perfectly  justified 
in  "  erring  on  the  safe  side,"  and  saying  that  more  proof 
of  its  hardiness  in  this  country  is  required.  I  recollect 
well  when  I  wrote  an  account  of  Weigela  rosea,  some 
years  ago,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society, 
I  advised  the  possessor  of  that  beautiful  shrub  to  keep 
it  in  the  greenhouse  until  its  hardiness  was  proved  by 
the  Society.  Well,  there  was  no  harm  done  in  that 
instance,  although  every  one  knows  now  how  hardy 
Weigela  rosea  is, 

I  may  now  notice  the  letter  of  your  Liverpool 
correspondent,  in  which  he  tells  you  that  Skimmia 
japonica  has  borne  the  "  pelting  of  the  pitiless  storm  " 
during  the  last  seven  years.  As  you  justly  remark, 
your  correspondent  must  be  writing  of  Skimmia  Laureola. 
In  my  opinion,  however,  his  letter  goes  a  long  way  to 
prove  the  hardiness  of  Skimmia  japonica,  as  it  comes 
Jrom  a  much  colder  country  than  Dr,  Wallich's  S. 
Laureola.  It  proves,  also,  what  I  have  long  feared,  that 
many  persons  in  the  trade  will,  by  mistake,  send  out 
S.  Laureola  with  the  name  of  S.  japonica,  as  the  names 
have  been  mixed  and  confused.  Until  Dr.  Lindley  set 
the  matter  right  in  "  Paxton's  Flower  Garden,"  an  idea 
had  got  abroad  that  the  Chinese  and  Himalayan  plants 
were  identical ;  but  in  reality  no  plants  can  be  more 
dififerent,  in  so  far  as  their  ornamental  properties  are 
concerned,  although  they  may  resemble  each  other  in 
their  stems  and  leaves.  The  Himalayan  plant  has  been 
in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Luscombe  for  some  years,  and  yet 
I  am  informed  by  that  gentleman  that  it  scarcely  ever 
opens  its  flowers,  and  never  produces  berries.  The 
beauty  of  the  Chinese  plant  not  only  consists  in  its  being 
a  nice  dwarf  evergreen  bush,  but  also  in  the  profusion 
of  its  sweet-scented  flowers,  and  in  the  abundance  of  its 
Holly-like  berries.  The  former  is  a  plant  of  no  value 
for  ornamental  purposes,  while  the  latter  will,  no  doubt, 
form  in  a  few  years  one  of  the  most  attractive  winter 
plants  om-  gardens  can  boast  of.  Fancy  if  you  can  our 
borders  or  parterres  dotted  in  mid-winter  with  a  little 
evergreen  bush,  only  two  or  three  feet  high,  and  covered 
all  over  with  bright  red  berries,  each  of  which  is  as 
large  as  those  of  the  common '  Holly.  In  greenhouses 
too,  it  will  be  invaluable  for  decorative  purposes,  where 
its  flowers,  although  not  showy,  will  fill  the  air  with  the 
most  delicious  odour,  and  its  berries  will  be  most 
attractive  in  the  dull  months  of  winter. 

Those  of  your  readers  who  wish  to  add  the  plant  to 
their  collections,  have,  in  the  description  X  have  just 
given,  the  means  of  knowing  when  the  true  Skimmia 
japonica  has  been  sent  them,  or  whether  they  have 
received  the  Himalayan  plants  in  its  stead.  I  think  yon 
will  agree  with  me,  that  the  discoverer  of  a  fine,  new, 
ornamental  plant,  may  justly  complain  of  mistakes  of 
this  kind.  It  is  only  a  very  short  time  since  another 
blunder  of  this  description,  was  committed  with  the  new 
Cephalotaxus,  discovered  by  me  in  the  north  of  China. 
Sir  William  Hooker  described  and  figured  that  plant  in 
the  "  Botanical  Magazine,"  and  pronounced  it  to  be 
quite  new,  and  a  tree  of  great  beauty.  And  yet,  not- 
withstanding that  high  authority,  I  find  that  large 
quantities  of  Cephalotaxus  Harrington!  have  been  sent 
out  with  the  new  name  of  C.  Fortuni,  attached  to  them. 
Nurserymen  ought  to  guard  against  such  mistakes,  as 
they  are  not  only  annoying  to  the  purchasers  of  plants, 
but  tend  greatly  to  confuse  our  nomenclature.  B.  F. 


ON  THE  IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  PREDICTING 
THE   WEATHER. 

(Confmued/Vompoife  725.) 

Disturhing  causes  of  terrestrial  temperatiireSf  not 
susceptible  of  being  foreseen. — The  atmosphere  which  on 
any  given  day  reposes  on  the  sea,  becomes  in  a  short 
time,  in  mean  latitudes,  the  atmosphere  of  continents,  in 
consequence  more  especially  of  the  prevalence  of 
westerly  winds.  The  atmosphere  imparts  in  a  great 
measure  its  temperature  to  the  solid  or  liquid  bodies 
with  which  it  comes  in  contact.  Whatever  modifies  the 
normal  temperature  of  the  sea  will  therefore  occasion, 
sooner  or  later,  disturbances  in  the  temperature  of  the 
atmospheres  of  continents.  Are  there  not  causes  en- 
tirely beyond  the  scope  of  human  foresight  which  may 
sensibly  modify  the  temperature  of  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  ocean  ?  This  problem  is  closely  connected 
with  the  meteorological  question  which  I  have  proposed. 
Let  us  attempt  its  solution. 

No  one  can  doubt  that  the  fields  of  ice  of  the  northern 
polar  regions,  that  the  immense  frozen  ocean,  exercises 
a  marked  influence  on  the  climate  of  Europe.  In  order 
to  appreciate  numerically  the  importance  of  this 
influence,  we  must  take  into  account,  in  the  first  place, 
the  extent  and  position  of  these  fields  ;  now,  these  are 
two  elements  so  variable  that  they  cannot  be  brought 
under  any  certain  rule. 

The  east  coast  of  Greenland  was  formerly  accessible 


and  well  inhabited.  All  at  once  an  impenetrable 
barrier  of  ice  interposed  between  it  and  Europe.  During 
many  centuries  Greenland  could  not  be  visited.  What 
happens  ?  About  the  year  1815,  the  ice  experienced  an 
extraordinary  breaking  up,  and,  taking  a  southern 
direction,  left  the  coast  free  for  many  degrees  of  lati- 
tude. Who  could  have  ever  predicted  that  such  a  dis- 
location of  fields  of  ice  would  take  place  in  one  year 
rather  than  another  ? 

The  floating  masses  of  ice  which  cause  the  greatest  re- 
action on  our  climates  are  those  which  are  called  iceberr/s, 
Theseraountainsof  iceproceed  from  the  glaciers, properly 
so  called,  of  Spitzbergen  or  the  shores  of  Baffin's  Bay. 
They  detach  themselves  from  the  general  mass  with  a 
noise  like  thunder,  when  the  waves  undermine  them, 
and  the  rapid  congelation  of  rain-water  in  their  crevices 
produces  an  expansion  sufficient  to  split  and  push  for- 
i*ard  those  immense  weights.  Such  causes,  like  their 
effects,  must  always  remain  beyond  the  reach  of  human 
foresight. 

Those  who  recollect  the  recommendations  which 
guides  never  fail  to  make  on  approaching  certain  walls 
of  ice  or  certain  masses  of  snow,  on  the  sloping  brows 
of  the  Alps  ;  those  who  have  not  forgotten  that,  accord- 
ing to  the  assertions  of  these  experienced  men,  the 
report  of  a  pistol,  or  an  individual  shout,  is  sufficient  to 
cause  dreadful  catastrophes,  wiU  agree  in  the  opinion 
which  I  have  just  expressed. 

Icebergs  frequently  descend  to  very  low  latitudes, 
sometimes  covering  immense  spaces.  We  may  then 
suppose  that  they  sensibly  disturb  the  temperature  of 
certain  zones  of  the  oceanic  atmosphere,  and  this  dis- 
turbance will  of  course  be  communicated  to  islands  and 
continents.  It  will  not  be  out  of  place  to  cite  some 
examples  : 

On  the  4h  of  October,  1817,  in  lat.  46°  30'  North,  in 
the  Atlantic,  Captain  Beaufort  met  with  mountains  of 
ice  moving  towards  the  south.  On  the  19th  of  January, 
1818,  on  the  west  of  Greenspond,  Ne\vfoundland,  Capt. 
Dymond  met  with  floating  islands  of  ice.  Next  day  the 
ship  was  so  surrounded  that  no  opening  was  perceptible, 
even  from  the  top  of  the  mast.  The  general  height  of 
the  ice  above  the  water  was  about  14  feet.  The  ship 
was  carried  towards  the  south  for  29  days,  and  at  last 
got  clear  of  the  ice  in  lat.  44"  37',  120  leagues  to  the 
east  of  Cape  Race.  During  this  singular  captivity, 
Capt.  Dymond  observed  more  than  a  hundred  icebergs. 
On  the  28th  of  March,  1818,  in  lat.  4l*»  50'  North, 
50°  SO'  West  from  Greenwich,  Capt.  Vivian  experi- 
enced throughout  the  day  an  excessively  cold  North 
wind,  which  made  him  suspect  the  approach  of  ice.  Next 
day,  in  fact,  he  perceived  a  multitude  of  floating  islands, 
which  occupied  a  space  of  more  than  seven  leagues. 
''  Many  of  these  islands,"  said  the  Captain,  **  were  from 
200  to  250  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water."  The 
brig  Funchal,  of  Greenock,  encountered  some  fields  of  ice 
at  two  different  times  during  her  passage  from  St.  John's, 
Newfoundland,  to  Scotland  ;  first  on  the  1 7th  of 
January,  1818,  about  15  miles  from  the  port  which  she 
had  just  left,  and  afterwards,in  the  same  month,  between 
the  47th  and  48th  degrees  of  latitude.  The  first  field 
was  upwards  of  seven  miles  in  breadth  ;  but  its 
northern  limit  could  not  be  seen.  The  second  was  also 
very  extensive,  and  carried  an  immense  iceberg  on  its 
centre.  On  the  30th  of  March,  1818,  the  Fly,  sloop  of 
war,  passed  between  two  large  islands  of  floating  ice  in 
latitude  42°  North.  On  the  2d  of  April,  1818,  CapUin 
Parry  encountered  some  icebergs  in  latitude  42°  20' 
North.  In  1845  the  Rochefort  was  shut  up,  in  the  end 
of  April  and  beginning  of  May,  during  21  consecutive 
days,  in  a  mass  of  floating  ice,  which  stretched  along 
the  Banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  was  moving  in  a 
southerly  direction. 

The  sea  becomes  less  heated  than  tbe  land,  which  is 
chiefly  owing  to  the  water  being  transparent.  Whatever 
occasions  variations  in  this  transparency  wiU  therefore 
cause  a  sensible  change  in  the  temperature  of  the  sea  ; 
immediately  after  in  that  of  the  atmosphere  above  the 
ocean ;  and  at  a  later  period  the  continental  atmosphere 
will  be  affected.  Does  there  exist  beyond  the  scope  of 
science  causes  which  may  disturb  the  transparency  of 
the  sea  to  a  great  extent  ?  I  reply  as  follows  : — Mr. 
Scoresby  has  stated  that  in  the  northern  regions  the  sea 
is  sometimes  of  a  deep  olive-green  colour  ;  that  this  tint 
is  owing  to  Medusae  and  other  animalculse  ;  and  that 
wherever  this  green  prevails,  the  water  hag  very 
little  transparency.  Mr.  Scoresby  sometimes  met  with 
stripes  of  olive  green,  from  150^to  300  miles  in  length, 
and  from  25  to  37  miles  in  breadth.  The  currents 
carry  these  from  one  place  to  another.  We  cannot 
suppose  that  they  exist  permanently,  for  Captain  Phipps, 
in  the  account  of  his  voyage  to  Spitzbergen,  does  not 
mention  them.  As  I  liave  just  stated,  the  green  and 
opaque  sea  ought  to  acquire  a  different  temperature 
from  that  of  the  transparent  sea.  This  is  a  cause  of 
variation  of  temperature  which  we  cannot  bring  under 
our  calculation.  We  can  never  foretell  whether  in  such 
and  such  a  year  these  millions  of  millions  of  animalculce 
will  be  more  or  less  abundant,  and  whether  or  not  their 
migration  will  be  towards  the  south. 

The  phosphorescence  of  the  sea  is  owing  to  animal- 
culse of  the  MedusEe  genera.  The  phosphorescent 
regions  occupy  very  large  spaces,  sometimes  in  one 
latitude,  sometimes  in  another.  Now,  as  the  waters  of 
the  phosphorescent  spaces  resemble  a  jelly,  as  then:  trans- 
parency is  almost  entirely  annihilated,  they  may  be- 
come, by  the  abnormal  heating  to  which  they  are 
subject,  a  notable  disturbing  cause  of  the  temperature  of 
the  oceanic  and  contmental  atmospheres.  Who  can  tell 
beforehand  the  place  which  this  cause  of  thermic  varia- 


tion will  occupy,  who  can  foresee  its  intensity  ?  M.  Arago^. 
in  Flore  des  Serres  et  des  Jardins  de  VEwope. 
(To  he  continued,) 


KEEPING  ROOTS,  WITH  SOME  REMARKS  ON 
WINTER  VEGETABLES. 
During  an  interview  which  I  had  some  time  ago  with.  ' 
Joseph  Hume,  Esq,,  M.P.,  he  directed  my  attention  to 
the  Beet-root,  which  he  stated  was  a  great  favourite  of 
his  ;  since  then  I  have  been  considering  the  best  plaa 
of  keeping  roots  over  winter,  such  as  Beet,  Parsnips, 
Carrots,  Turnips,  Scorzonera,  Salsify,  &c.    It  is  well 
known  that  all   these  roots  are  tender  and  digestible 
when  cooked  in  October,  while  towards  the  new  year- 
they  begin  to  boil  tough,  and  are  indigestible  ;  this  has- 
led  me  to  believe  that  we  are  wrong  in  our  mode  of 
wintering    these    roots,   which    we     treat    somewhat 
unnaturally.     The  usual  plan  is  to  take  them  up  when, 
they  have  done  growing,  and  to  store  them  away  in- 
some  dry  place,  mixing  dry  mould  or  sand  with  them  j 
this  draws  out  that  moisture  with  which  nature  has 
furnished  them  (leaving  them  in  a  shrivelled  condition),, 
to  assist  the  next  year*s  growth,  or  to  help  to  cook 
themselves;    take    the    Potato    for    instance.       This 
valuable  tuber  boils  mealy  and  fine  when  ripe  and  just 
dug  out  of  the  earth,  but  towards  the  new  year  it  boils- 
tough  and  close  unless  it  is  peeled  and  steeped  in  cold 
water  10  or  12  hours  before  boiling;  the  steeping  in  cold 
water  fills  up  the  cells  and  again  floats  the  grannies  of 
starch ;  and  when  the  water  in  the  celb  gets  heated,- 
either  by  boihng,  or  steaming,  or  by  dry  heat,  the  starch 
absorbs  the  water  and  begins  to  swell,  bursting  the  cells,, 
and  what  water  is  not  wanted  for  the  absorption  of  the 
starch  is  discharged — proving,  I  think,  that  the  water  in. 
the  pot,  or  heat  of  any  sort,  is  merely  the  medium  of  com- 
municating heat,  and  that  the  water  in  the  Potato  cooks 
itself  (starch  being  quite  insoluble  in  cold  water).  If  this, 
then,  is  the  case  with  the  Potato,  the  same  natural  laws 
must  be  followed  with  regard  to  other  roots,  and  if  there- 
fore they  cannot  be  left  in  the  ground  where  they  grow, 
let  them  be  taken  up  and  again  put  in  thickly  in  a  more 
convenient  place,  so  that  none  of  the  natural  moisture 
may  escape,  just  covering  them  over  with  straw  to  keep 
out  frost  ;  and  in  the  spring,  when  they  begin  to|show  * 
symptoms  of  growth,  take  them  up  and  put  them  in  a 
cold  place,  to  prolong  their  season.     In  towns,  however, 
where  vegetables  are  much  exposed,  I  strongly  advise 
steeping  many  hours  before  cooking  ;  and  as  they  form. 
an  important  part  in   the  animal  economy  too  much 
attention  cannot  be  given  them.     I  have  never  left  the 
Potato  in  the  ground  on  purpose  for  'cooking  during 
winter,  but  this  year  I  intend  to  dojso,  merely  covering 
it  over  with  a  little  straw  to  keep  out  frost,  as  is  done  iu 
the  case  of  July  planted  Potatoes  to  come  in  in  winter^ 
Every  gardener  knows  that  in  ground  where  Potatoes 
have  been,  there  are  always  some  left.     I  have  boiled 
such'  leavings  for  several  isprings  and  found  them  far 
superior  to  exhausted  and  dried-up  Potatoes  that  were  - 
lifted  in  autumn.     It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  when 
a  Potato  is  once  properly  ripened  it  never  absorbs  any 
more  moisture,  and  the  starch  cannot  be  harmed,  as  that 
is,  as  I  have  said,  insoluble  in   cold  water.     I  think, 
therefore,  that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  we  shall, 
only  lift  our  Potatoes  and  froots  out  of  the  ground  as. 
they  are  wanted  for  use.     Lord  Middleton,  with  whom  ■ 
I  once  lived,  grew  a  great  number  of  acres  of  Carrots 
for  deer.     These  were  lifted,  heaped  up  in  a  yard,  and ' 
covered  over  with  Ferns,  and  towards  spring,  under  this 
treatment,    they    were    as    firm  and    good    as    when 
fresh    dug   up.      The   principal   Parsnip   growers  for- 
the   London  markets  never  take  up  their  crop  until 
the  day  previous  to  sending  to  town.     Managed  iu 
this  way  they  boil  soft  and  are  delicious,  but  when 
exposed    in    shops    for     several^  days    they    lose    all 
their  natural  moisture,  and  if  not  again  steeped,  look 
hard,  tough,  and  are  quite  indigestible.     It  has  often 
been  remarked  how  well  the  market  gardener  in  winter 
forces  his  Rhubarb,  Seakale,  and  Asparagus,  merely  by 
a  little  bottom  heat,  and  the  use  of  straw,  rain,  and  air 
being  permitted  to  act  upon  them.    How  dehcious  and 
tender  they  boil,  compared  with  those  grown  in  a  pit 
heated  by  ^hot  water  or  flues,  and  carefully  guarded  by 
glass,  mats,  &c,  !    Gentlemen  coming  to  town  find  those- 
things  so  good  that  they  complain  at  home.     Take  Celery 
again .   Market  gardeners  always  nse  strong  unfermented 
dung  for  this  crop,  such  as  horse,  cow,  and  all  other  rich- 
manures  ;  in  fact,  all  vegetables  grow  rapidly  with 
plenty  of  rich  moisture  at  their  roots.  Celery  in  particular^ 
Then  the  management  must  be  considered;  the  London 
growers  never  mould  up  their  Celery  nntil  it  is  three 
parts  grown.      In  this  way  the  sun,  air,  and  rain  all  act 
freely  on  their  roots,  and  when  they  do  mould  up  it  is 
done  with  a  spade,  and  not  kneaded  in  with  the  hands, 

I  ought  to  mention,  however,  that  market-gardeners 
have  no  bailiffs  to  contend  with,  as  to  who  is  to  have  the 
next  barrowful  of  dung.  In  my  anxious  desire  to  pro- 
duce good  vegetables,  while  in  private  service,  I  have 
often  been  obhged  to  steal  manure  in  the  absence  of  the 
bailiff".  Gardeners  are  expected  to  furnish  good  things 
without  the  means,  as  if  it  were  possible  to  obtain  them 
by  magic.  The  market-gardener  is  continually  amongst 
his  crops  with  spades,  forks,  and  hoes.  Vegetables 
quickly  grown  invai-iably  pay  him  best,  and  they  are 
always  the  best  flavoured,  Biore  tender,  easier  to  cook, 
and  more  digestible  ;  and  as  Mr.  Errington  said  in  his 
review  of  my  market-gardening  papers  :  "  These  men 
are  sharpened  by  high  rents  and  severe  competition, 
which  make  them  the^best  gardeners  in  the  world." 

The  above  proves,  I  hope,  that  no  fruit  or  vegetable  can 


47—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


741 


■acquire  that  goodness  of  which  it  is  capable  without 
liberal  cultivation,  and  a  fair  proportion  of  rich  manure 
water.  If  things  are  left  to  natural  laws  they  ai'e  never 
BO  mismanaged  as  when  we  interfere  with  them.  We  can 
greatly  assist  Nature,  but  the  moment  we  attempt  to 
pervert  her  operations  we  have  to  pay  dear  for  it  by 
eating  indigestible  food.  The  foregoing  remarks  go  far 
to  prove  tiiat  autumn-planted  Potatoes  have  a  better 
chance  of  retaining  theh*  strength  than  tubers  taken  up 
and  put  by  in  heaps,  carefully  covered  with  straw  and 
mould  ;  and  to  prevent  such  Potatoes  rotting  in  the 
ground,  they  ought  always  to  be  planted  whole ;  insects 
and  wet  cannot  then  injure  them. 

In  conclusion,  I  hope  soon  to  see  many  new  winter 
dishesat  our  tables  not  nowin  nse,such  as  boiled  Mustard, 
ripeYegetableMarrowSjandeventhoseripe  green-skinned 
Peas,  steeped  in  warm  water  for  twelve  hours,  to  float 
the  starch  and  swell  the  gluten.  They  make  a  capital 
dish.  The  summer  brings  plenty.  It  is  in  the  winter 
that  we  ought  to  try  to  provide  more  food.  I  am  sorry 
etiU  to  find  writers  recommending  the  old  hackneyed 
plan  of  growing  that  famous  winter  vegetable  Seakale. 
The  London  market  gardeners  are  as  yet  the  only 
persons  who  have  improved  upon  its  growth.  If  private 
gardeners  were  to  take  to  their  plan  of  cultivating  it, 
instead  of  having  it  once  or  twice  a  week,  families  would 
enjoy  it  every  day  all  the  winter,  and  at  no  more 
expense.  James  CutkiU,  CamberwelL 


ENTOMOLOGY, 
The  Common  Dabt  Moth. 

The  periodical  development  of  vast  numbers  of 
individuals  of  certain  species  of  obnoxious  insects  is  one 
of  those  phenomena  of  the  science  of  entomology  which 
require  more  attention  than  has  yet  been  bestowed  upon 
them.  To  a  certain  extent,  indeed,  there  seems  to  be  no 
-fixed  number  of  years  for  the  reappearance  of  these 
f  ests ;  and  perhaps  if  we  regard  the  peculiarities  of  the 
atmospherical  changes,  as  mainly  influencing  their 
development,  we  shall  not  be  far  from  correct.  The 
extent,  however,  of  the  atmospheric  influences  upon  the 
hatching  of  the  eggs  of  insects  has  never  been  thoroughly 
investigated ;  and  the  few  facts  which  have  been  observed 
would  evidently  lead  the  enquirer  to  curious  and  imex- 
pected  results. 

In  certain  seasons  the  Turnip  crops  are  injured  to  a 
very  great  extent  by  a  large  fleshy  species  of  grub  or 
xiaterpiUar,  which  gnaws  holes  in  the  bulb,  and  so 
injures  or  even  entirely  consumes  the  interior  of  it, 
leaving  only  a  portion  of  the  rind  untouched.  It 
ia  during  the  autumu  and  early  winter  months  that  the 
chief  mischief  is  efi*ected,  and  it  is  then,  of  course,  that 
the  injury  is  the  more  annoying,  as  the  plants,  having 
survived  all  the  attacks  of  their  enemies  during  their 
growth,  have  at  length  matured  their  bulbs,  which  are 
now  ready  for  housing.  So  numerous  are  they,  indeed, 
occasionally,  that  we  have  seen  a  Turnip  field  in 
Oxfordshire  in  which  scarcely  a  single  plant  could 
be  pulled  up  without  having  several  of  the  cater- 
pillars within  their  burrows  in  the  bulb,  or  at  least 
without  the  bulb  being  burrowed.  In  consequence 
of  such  attacks  upon  the  Turnip,  this  insect  was  pro- 
posed as  the  subject  of  the  Entomological  Society's 
prize  essay  for  1839.  It  is  not,  however,  by  eating  into 
the  bulb  that  these  grubs  are  injurious  to  the  plant,  since 
we  learu  from  Mr.  Le  Keux's  excellent  prize  essay  upon 
the  ^Turnip  fly,  in  the  second  volume  of  the  "Transac- 
tions of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London,"  that  the 
grubs  gnaw  the  crown  of  the  root  across,  and  wiU  also 
eat  the  leaves  of  the  plant.  "  The  grub,"  says  that 
writer,  "  ia  also  a  very  formidable  assailant  in  the  more 
advanced  state  of  the  plant,  near  to  which  it  forms  a 
round  hole  in  a  vertical  direction  (in  appearance  like 
that  of  an  earth-worm,  but  open  at  the  top),  about  two 
or  three  inches  deep  in  the  earth.  At  the  bottom  of 
this  it  remains  during  the  day  (unless  it  be  dark  and 
moist),  and  at  night  emerges  from  its  burrow  and  com- 
mences an  attack  upon  the  plant  by  eating  round  the 
neck  of  it,  and  eventually  detaching  the  upper  part  from 
the  root,  or  a  single  leaf  is  eaten  through  at  the  stem, 
aud  when  fallen  on  the  ground  the  nearest  edge  is  dragged 
to  the  burrow,  where  it  is  drawn  in  and  devoured  durin" 
the  day."  Although  the  larva  is  generally  full-grown  in 
August  and  September,  various  instances  are  recorded 
of  itA  being  also  found  both  as  late  as  November  and 
December,  and  as  early  as  the  first  week  in  June  ;  it  is 
also  certain  that  they  do  not  confine  their  ravages  to  the 
Tamipfl,  but  attack  the  roots  of  a  great  variety  of  plants; 
and  in  Germany,  Kollar  informs  us  ("  Treatise  on 
Insecta  injurious  6cc.,"  tmnsLated  by  the  Misses  Loudon, 
p.  Oi),  that  it  is  called  the  winter  com  moth,  from  its 
Attacking  both  the  loaves  and  the  roots  of  corn  in  tho 
winter  ;  and  by  eating  them  off  it  destroys  the  crop,  ho 
that  whole  fields  have  to  bo  ploughed  up.  It  wilt  also 
Attack  the  roots  of  Lottuco,  Spinach,  Beet,  &c. 

The  caterpillar,  when  full  grown,  rncaniires  more  than 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  cylindrical,  like  a  small  quill, 
•with  nix  pectoral,  eight  ventral,  and  two  anal  feet.  It  is 
of  a  aiiining  dirty  greyinh  ochro  colour,  with  a  dark 
double  line  along  the  middle  of  the  bw;k,  and  a  lighter 
one  on  each  side ;  the  body  in  clothed  with  a  few  Bhort 
briitly  hair«,  whitrh  chieify  arise  from  mlnuto  black 
pointff,  placed  at  diffor'-'nt  part^i  ;  the  head  jh  horny  and 
ochre  coloured,  and  the  segment  «uccecding  tiic  hcivi  in 
"brown,  with  three  pale  linen  down  iln  back.  It  paKHOs 
the  winter  within  an  cgg-aliaped  ball  of  earth,  at  tho 
depth  of  two  or  three  jnchtM  below  the  hurfaco,  and  on 
the  return  of  upring  it  leaven  lU  cfM  and  again  renewn 
ita  attacks  on  thoroota  of  vegetables  till  about  tho  month 


of  May,  when  it  assumes  the  chrysalis  state,  being  of  a 
rich  brown  colour  and  very  glossy.  The  moth  appears 
in  about  a  month  afterwards,  varying  from  the  end  of 
June  to  the  beginning  of  August  in  the  period  of  its 
arriving  at  the  winged  state.  The  perfect  insect  is  a 
moth  belonging  to  the  family  Noctuidae  and  genus 
Agrotis,  and  is  specifically  named  A.  segetum,  the  common 
dart  moth,  from  the  dart-like  marking  upon  the 
fore-wings  of  the  typical  varieties  -of  the  perfect 
insect.  It  measures  about  an  inch  and  three-quarters 
in  the  expansion  of  its  fore  wings,  which  are  of  a  clay 
colour  and  freckled  with  brown,  with  two  contiguous 
slender  waved  black  lines  near  the  base,  a  ring  with  a 
black  circle  and  a  dark  centre  on  the  disc,  accompanied 
by  a  large  dark-coloured  ear-shaped  mark,  and  a  row  of 
black  marks  adjoining  the  base  of  the  fringe.  It  is, 
however,  extremely  varied  in  the  colour  of  the  wings 
and  the  distinctness  of  their  markings ;  many  of  the 
varieties  having  been  described  as  distinct  species.  The 
hind  wings  are  pale  white,  with  a  slight  opalescent 
tinge  ;  the  antennse  of  the  males  are  feathered,  while 
those  of  the  female  are  simple.  The  latter  deposits  her 
eggs  in  the  earth  in  the  month  of  July  and  August,  and 
the  young  caterpillars  are  hatched  in  the  coui'se  of  ten 
days  or  a  fortnight. 


Various  remedies  have  been  suggested  to  pre- 
vent the  attacks  of  these  grubs.  Mr.  Le  Keux  found 
that  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of  salt  dissolved  in  a 
quart  of  water  and  poured  upon  a  Tm-nip-root  in- 
fested by  them  would  quickly  have  the  effect  of 
driving  them  away.  Children  might  also  be  advan- 
tageously employed  in  digging  them  out  of  the  ground, 
as  they  are  easily  found,  Mr.  Le  Keux-  having  collected 
upwards  of  30  in  half  an  hour;  but  the  keenest  searcher 
for,  aud  destroyer  of  them  is  the  rook,  which  ought 
consequently  to  be  protected  ;  poultry  and  ducks  may 
also  be  similarly  employed.  It  has  also  been  suggested 
that  great  numbers  may  be  collected  by  searching  for 
them  after  dusk  with  a  lantern,  upon  the  leaves  of  the 
Turnips,  as  it  is  then  that  they  leave  their  burrows  aud 
come  above  ground.  Slacked  lime  or  dry  soot  laid  at 
the  roots  of  the  plants  will  also  be  found  excellent  pre- 
servatives ;  hot  soap-suds,  also,  poured  over  the  plants 
will  cause  them  to  quit  their  burrows,  when  they  must 
be  immediately  caught  and  killed.  J.  0.  W. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Plants  increase  i/n  Bulk  in  the  absence  of  Leaves. — 
Surely  no  one  could  have  doubted  that  leaves,  fully 
developed,  might  be  removed  without  much  injury,  from 
plants  not  intended  for  flowering  or  seed.  It  is  what 
all  agriculturists  do  who  feed  their  Clovers  and  Grasses. 
I  have  this  season  beheaded  thousands  of  Cabbages, 
whose  bare  stalks  have  thrown  out  a  number  of  very 
useful  shoots.  If  our  object  is  to  prevent  matm'ity,  we 
cannot  do  better  than  remove  the  leaves,  but  woe  betide 
the  unfortunate  wight  who  takes  off  young  leaves,  or 
partially  developed  ones,  during  the  growing  season. 
With  a  burning  sun  and  a  moist  substratum,  how  indis- 
creet it  would  be  to  remove  those  great  evaporating  and 
breathing  surfaces  that  leave  in  the  circulation  of  the  plant 
solid  food  for  man  or  beast.  I  have  known  great  injury 
result  from  such  operations.  In  my  case,  irrigation 
would  supply  to  tho  roots  the  carbonic  acid  and  am- 
monia that  would  be  obtained  by  the  leaves,  but  tho 
cutting  operation  should  not  be  performed  under  ordi- 
nary circumstances  during  medium  or  early  growth. 
All  this  part  of  Elssex  we  often  hear  that  better  Wheat  is 
grown  after  Clover  twice  mowed  than  on  Clover  closely 
fed  all  the  summer.  This  is  easily  explained  ;  sheep 
being  continually  seeking  out  the  youngest  leaves  or 
shoots,  prevent  tho  development  of  root  ;  and  the  root 
of  tho  Clover  is  of  course  the  food  for  tho  ensuing  crop 
of  Wlieat — tho  more  leaf  tho  more  root,  and  vice  vcrsti. 
Wiao  farmers  avoid  close  and  early  feeding  with  sheep  ; 
they  bito  so  near  to  the  ground.  It  is  on  this  account 
that  Crass  fields  will  supptjrt  metro  of  cows  or  bullockn, 
their  thick  lipH  prevent  their  Uilting  tho  vei-y  youngest 
whffOtH.  I  am  sf»rry  to  see  you  "snub  "our  great  agri- 
cultural friend  Liubig  ;  I  do  eonuidor  him  tho  Sir  luuuc 
Nowt^in  of  agricultural  science  and  progression.  J,  J. 
Afrr/ii,  T'rptrcc-hully  KdovAnn^  lim-x. 

C'lithU/'.t  Plan  of  ij-roiinriff  Potatoes. — Amongst  all 
the  various  methods  tliat  Imvo  been  tried  for  tho  im- 
provement of  i'otato  growing,  none  appear  so  prac- 


ticable, and  at  the  same  time  so  efficacious  and  inex- 
pensive as  that  given  to  the  public  by  Mr.  Cuthill,  of 
Camberwell.  Newspapers  and  journals,  both  English 
and  foreign,  have  for  years  past  contained  antidotes  and 
systems  of  cultivation  without  end  ;  some,  doubtless, 
have  answered  in  certain  districts,  as  is  proved  by  the 
evidence  of  the  parties  adopting  such  plans  ;  but  that 
they  are  not  based  on  sound  principles  seems  evident, 
because,  how  frequently  do  we  next  season  read  of  some 
great  failure  of  a  crop  grown  on  the  same  system. 
It  is  difficult  to  call  to  mind  all  of  even  the  most 
feasible  propositions  that  have  been  published  ;  but 
having  been  a  close  observer  of  them,  from  a  great 
anxiety  I  have  always  had  to  obtain  the  best  infor- 
mation on  the  subject,  I  can  remember  none  that  go 
so  thoroughly  into  the  matter  as  Mr.  Cuthill.  The  basis 
of  his  success  is  proper  treatment  and  preservation  of 
the  seed  ;  and  it  is  due  to  him  to  say  that  since  I  have 
adopted  his  plan  of  thoroughly  ripening  the  roots 
required  for  that  purpose,  I  have  had  not  only  a  very 
considerable  falling  off  in  the  quantity  of  diseased  tuber^ 
but  the  yield  has  also  been  much  greater.  My  plan  of 
"greening"  the  sets  is  to  allow  them  to  remain  on  the 
land  for  some  days  after  the  large  Potatoes  have  been 
picked  off.  Instead,  then,  of  storing,  them  in  pits,  I 
spread  them  thinly  on  a  barn  floor,  or  any  other  cool,  dry- 
airy  place  on  the  premises,  taking  an  opportunity  now 
and  then  of  turning  the  lot  over,  so  that  they  all 
come  in  for  a  share  of  air  and  light,  by  which 
means  they  are  not  forced  by  their  own  heat  into  making 
weak  shoots,  which  are  broken  off  when  the  seed  (sets), 
is  taken  from  the  pit.  I  have  no  interest  in  writing 
on  this  subject  beyond  the  desire  of  supportmg  a  system 
that  appears  to  answer.  This  year  the  Potatoes  almost 
immediately  adjoining  my  land  are  scarcely  worth 
raising,  and  of  bad  quahty  ;  out  of  SOOsaclcs,  I  have  but 
39  diseased,  and  86  small  tubers  for  seed  ;  the  rest  are 
fine  and  mealy,  and  have  been  sold  at  95s.  per  ton  ia 
Covent-garden.  In  my  own  garden  I  had  six  varieties 
of  Potatoes ;  our  early  Kidneys  from  my  own  "greened 
seed"  were  sound,  five  other  new  varieties  bought  this 
season  in  London  were  nearly  all  diseased,  fully  three- 
fourths,  both  in  my  own  garden  and  also  in  tho 
garden  of  a  gentleman  some  miles  from  here,  to  whom 
I  gave  a  portion  of  each  lot.  Should  any  one  doubt 
the  utility  of  the  above  plan,  I  should  strongly  advise 
them  to  try  it  on  a  small  scale,  and  wish  them  the  same 
success  that  has  hitherto  attended  the  adoption  of  it 
with  me.  E.  Compton,  Water  Neioton,  Wansford,  Nov.  8. 
Bntish  Orchids  and  other  Native  Plants.— 1  was  glad 
to  see  a  Leading  Article,  at  p.  675,  devoted  to  British 
Orchids  and  their  culture,  and  the  experience  and 
opinions  of  other  correspondents  have  added  much  to 
the  subject.  I  am,  however,  somewhat  surprised  at 
your  Hawick  correspondent  affirming  the  Cypripedium 
calceolus  to  be  pretty  plentiful  in  a  certain  locality  which 
he  declines  naming.  I  mentioned  some  weeks  ago  that 
Castle  Eden  Dean,  an  extensive  range  of  woodland 
(seemingly  natural),  on  the  east  coast  of  Durham,  was 
the  only  place  where  this  singularly  beautiful  plant  was  ' 
known  to  be  found  in  a  wild  state  some  years  ago.  That 
a  more  extended  research  may  have  detected  it  in  otlier 
localities  is  probable  ;  a  lapse  of  20  years  being  sufficient 
to  make  many  discoveries.  I  feel  constrained  to  observe, 
however,  that  the  taste  for  British  plants  is  not  greater 
now  than  it  was  then,  and  that  that  enthusiasm  which 
can-ied  a  young  gardener  over  dozens  of  miles  in  search 
of  rare  species  of  plants  is  certainly  on  the  decline  ;  a 
pleasure  excursion  by  rail  to  some  fashionable  place 
being  more  the  order  of  the  day.  However,  in  regard  to 
uncommon  plants,  I  can  tell  your  Hawick  correspondent 
that  the  little  unassuming  plant  which  bears  the  name 
of  ths  great  Swedish  botanist  was,  at  the  period  I  speak 
of,  found  in  a  plantation  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Elsdon  Moor  (about  the  centre  of  Northumberland). 
This  humble  plant  I  remember  seeing  growing  in  a 
greenhouse  somewhere,  and  it  is,  I  believe,  pretty 
common  in  Scotland,  but  it  disappears  as  the  journey  is 
made  southwards.  Following  out  other  rare  plants, 
can  any  one  tell  me  where  the  Ground  Pine,  Ajuga 
Chamcepitys,  is  to  be  found  ?  A  gentleman  informed 
me  he  had  seen  it  on  an  elevated  position  in  Kent  some 
years  ago,  but  more  recently  he  had  been  unable  to  find  it; 
and  I  know  that  the  Bee  and  other  pretty  flowering  Orchis 
are  becoming  more  scarce,  in  consequence  of  their  ex- 
tensive removal  by  parties  trying  to  cultivate  them. 
Now,  though  I  have  always  been  au  ardent  admirer  of 
British  plants,  I  have  seldom  seen  them  at  all  pleasing 
when  in  a  cultivated  state  ;  witness  the  miserable 
attempts  to  grow  and  flow  er  the  Menyanthes  trifoliata  ; 
the  Pyrola,  little  better  ;  and  the  llydrocotyle  vulgaris, 
Narthecium  ossifragura,  and  Drosora  rotundifolia  aro 
never  so  interesting  as  when  found  wild,  while  tlie  moro 
gay  flowering  plants  seem  so  fur  behind  exotics  aa 
ornaments  to  our  parterres,  that  their  cultivation 
has  mostly  ceased,  except  with  those  who  wish  for 
novelty  rather  than  beauty.  In  tho  gardens  of  this 
class  wo  may  occasionally  see  beds  of  Veronica 
Chamrodrys,  Myosotis  vulgaris,  Glechoma  hodoracea, 
LyBimachia  ncmorum  and  Homo  other  plants,  which 
BoMio  have  had  tho  tomority  to  put  on  the  "  bedding  list  j'* 
yet  after  all,  their  appoaranco  is  so  like  that  of  weeds 
tliat  it  is  dillieult  to  pcrsuailo  an  ordinary  observer  that 
they  aru  tho  legitimate  occupants  of  tho  bods.  I  am  far 
from  saying,  however,  anything  in  the  way  of  dis- 
couraging tho  gi'owth  of  such  interesting  i)Iant8  as 
BritiHh  Fernsand  (h'chids  ;  and  in  reporting  tho  failures 
of  thoHO  who  havo  attempted  tho  latter,  I  hope  to  have 
only  stimulated  tho  aspiring  cultivator  to  increased 
exertion,    to    overcome    those    difficulties    which    Iiia 


742 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  20, 


predectshors  have  met  \vith.  That  they  may  be  culti- 
vated, I  never  denied  ;  in  fact  in,  this  age  it  is  hazardous 
to  say  what  cannot  be  effected.  What  I  have 
endeavoured  to  show  was,  that  some  are  so  scarce  and 
so  uncertain  that  I  fear  tlieir  growth  and  cultivation  can 
only  be  carried  on  at  a  sacrifice  which  their  intrinsic 
worth  would  hardly  justify  ;  still  others  may  think 
differently.  //.  X.  T. 

Millet. — The  following  account  of  the  uses  and  culti- 
vation of  Millet  is  translated  from  the  «Bon  Jardinier." 
"  Pania  d'ltalie,  ou  Millet  en  grappe.  Italian  Millet. 
PanicumitalicumetM  Uetcommun.  Panicummiliaceura. 
The  culture  and  use  of  these  two  plants  are  nearly  the 
same.  Neither  one  nor  the  other  is  ever  cultivated  as 
food  for  man,  except  in  the  south  of  Europe.  They 
require  a  good  soil,  better  Ught  than  strong,  well  worked 
and  manured.  They  are  sown  thin  and  broadcast, 
rather  late — that  is,  in  the  north  and  centre  of  France 
from  the  commencement  of  May  to  the  end  of  June — as 
they  are  very  impatient  of  frost.  It  is  expedient  to 
weed  and  hoe  them.  These  plants  furnish  a  good  green 
forage  when  sown  thick  ;  their  straw,  particularly  that 
of  the  common  Millet,  is  likewise  an  excellent  food  for 
oxen."  To  the  above  I  may  add  that  I  have  seen  the 
Italian  Millet  cultivated  in  the  Island  of  St.  Michael's 
for  the  purpose  of  making  la'ooms  ;  the  stalks  were 
allowed  to  ripen  well,  gathered  and  cleaned,  cut  into 
lengths,  and  split  into  small  splinters,  possessing  almost 
the  toughness  and  elasticity  of  whalebone.  They  were 
then  converted  into  a  variety  of  useful  and  ornamental 
brooms  for  domestic  purposes.  The  grains  were  used 
for  feeding  birds,  and  for  other  minor  purposes. 
P.  Wallace. 

Extraordinary  High  Tide. — On  Friday,  the  12th  inst., 
the  tide  rose  higher  in  the  Thames,  at  Chiswick,  than  it 
has  been  known  to  beat  any  time  in  the  present  century, 
at  least.  It  rose  to  a  great  height  on  the  23th  Decembei", 
1821  ;  but  in  no  later  instance  has  it  been  so  high  until 
Friday  last,  when  it  was  4^  inches  higher.  Judging 
from  the  fall  of  rain,  the  quantity  of  land-water  finding 
its  way  to  the  Thames  must  be  greater  now  than  it  was 
in  1821.  The  water  in  a  well  in  the  gai'den  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  at  Chiswick,  is  6  feet  nearer  the 
surface  of  the  ground  than  it  was  at  this  time  last  year. 
Trees  that  have  had  the  exti'emities  of  their  roots  in 
dry  loam  for  years  are  at  last  irrigated  from  below, 
M.  Thompson. 

Out-door  Figs. — Contrary  to  the  advice  given  at  p. 
710,  I  would  recommend  "H.  R."  not  to  remove  the 
autumn-formed  Figs,  for  if  the  winter  should  prove  mild 
many  of  them  "will  swell  off  early  in  spring,  and  he  will 
be  able  to  gather  ripe  Figs  by  the  end  of  July  at  least, 
which  has  been  the  case  here.  We  have  three  trees 
trained  on  the  wall  of  a  stable,  and  they  have  borne 
abundance  of  ripe  fruit  since  July,  quite  equal  to  any 
that  are  grown  under  glass.  Our  trees  are  covered 
with  Figs  now,  which  I  shall  leave  to  take  their  chance 
for  another  year.  G-  Archer,  Finedon  Hall,  Nov.  11. 

Hardy  Qurdcning  under  Glass — My  attention  has  been 
attracted  for  the  last  few  years  to  the  loss  of  some  of 
oui'  finest  fruits  by  spring  frosts^  particularly  in  the 
southern  and  midland  counties  of  England ;  and  as 
a  good  deal  has  been  brought  before  our  notice  of  late, 
respecting  the  protection  of  these  trees,  I  beg  to  suggest 
a  plan  which  may  perhaps  bring  out  something  of 
importance  on  the  subject  from  experienced  gardeners. 
The  plan  in  question  would  not  only  afford  permanent 
protection  for  our  trees  most  liable  to  be  injured,  but 
would  alter  the  general  appearance  of  gardens,  and  do 
away  in  a  great  measui'e  with  those  clumsy  and 
expensive  brick  walls,  which  at  best  are  only  a 
one-sided  protection.  Although  vast  improvements 
have  been  made  within  the  last  few  years,  in 
gardens,  they  still  appear  to  me  too  mixed  and 
confused.  How  frequently,  for  instance,  do  we  see  in  a 
range  of  glass  greenhouses,  Vinerie?,  Peach-houses,  and 
sometimes  Pine-pits,  all  huddled  together ;  the  Vine 
and  Peach  borders  often  covered  with  litter,  frequently 
a  flower  garden  in  front  of  these  houses,  and  the  borders 
mixed  up  with  herbaceous  plants.  Currants,  &c.  This 
I  consider  to  be  neither  in  accordance  with  good  taste 
nor  with  proper  management.  I  should  say  that  an 
arrangement  like  the  following  would  be  more  in 
character  ;— first,  conservatory,  or  show  houses,  should 
be  adjacent  to  the  mansion  or  pleasure  ground ;  secondly, 
the  fruit  garden  should  be  divided  into  two  depart- 
ments, the  tender  and  hardy;  and,  lastly,  the  vegetable 
ground  should  be  also  a  separate  department.  I  will 
now  proceed  to  exemplify  my  plan  for  the  permanent 
protection  of  tender  fruit  trees,  and  which  I  consider  to 
be  alike  convenient,  efficient,  and  economical.  I  would 
propose  havmg  successive  rows  of  span-roofed  houses, 
running  pai-allel  with  each  other  south  and  north  :  say, 
No.  1,  Peaches  and  Nectarines;  2,  Apricots,  Cherries, 
Plums,  tender  Pears,  &c.,  to  come  in  succession. 
Houses  situated  in  this  way  would  command  the  morn- 
ing, mid-day,  and  afternoon  sun ;  consequently,  fine  and 
■well- flavoured  fruit  might  be  expected,  while  there 
would  be  every  .convenience  for  ventilating,  traiuing, 
fumigating,  syringing  at  any  time,  and  in  any  kind  of 
weather.  Another  grand  point  attained  would  be  well- 
ripened  wood,  without  which  there  can  be  little  success. 
There  being  a  double  row  of  trees  in  these  houses,  thei-e 
would  be,  consequently,  a  double  chance,  and  a  large 
produce  in  a  limited  space  might  be  expected.  If  it 
were  desirable,  forcing-pits  and  houses  might  be  built, 
m  harmony  with  tlie  orchard-houses,  and  then  there 
■would  be  a  forcing  and  tender  fruit  garden  complete. 
The  hardy  fruit  garden,  comprising  Apples,  the  hardier 
sorts  of  Pears,  Cherries,  Plums,  Currants,  &c.,  should  ! 


have  the  trees  planted  in  rows,  and  either  trained  on 
trellises  or  on  pyramidal  frame-work,  according  to  taste. 
Thus  there  would  be  every  convenience  for  root- 
pruning,  which,  by  [the  way,  is  of  far  more  import- 
ance to  fruit  trees  than  many  persons  are  aware 
of,  while  the  trees  would  be  exposed  to  the  full 
influence  of  the  weather,  their  season  of  bloom  retarded, 
and  consequently  saved.  I  have  been  strengthened  in 
this  opinion  from  observing  that  trees,  planted  in  what 
is  termed  a  favourable  situation,  against  the  south  side 
of  a  wall,  are  the  first  to  be  cut  off  in  spring,  and  often 
when  provided  with  the  usual  protection  ;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  trees  of  a  similar  sort,  planted  in  the  open 
ground,  have  been  safe  from  injury.  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  at  the  cheap  price  of  glass,  and  wi;h  the 
proposed  modification  of  walls,  gardens  of  the  kind  I 
have  just  described  could  be  laid  out  at  a  corresponding 
expense  to  that  encased  by  the  old  plan  ;  of  course  the 
extent  of  these  alterations  would  be  regulated  according 
to  the  means  and  requirements  of  those  contemplating 
to  make  them.  Garden  walls  have  long  appeared  to  me 
to  have  a  gaol-looking  appearance  in  a  nobleman's  or 
gentleman's  park  ;  of  course  walls  or  fences  can  never 
be  entirely  dispensed  with,  but  in  the  above  plan  they 
would  not  be  required  for  affording  the  means 
of  training  or  pi-otecting  fruit  trees  from  the  weather, 
and  certainly  they  could  be  greatly  modified.  I 
think  there  is  ample  room  for  a  little  controversy  among 
practical  gardeners  ou  this  subject.  Gardens  laid  out 
in  the  way  1  have  mentioned  would  certainly  have  a 
beautiful  and  agreeable  effect.  On  leaving  the  pleasure 
ground  you  would  enter  the  tender  fruit  garden  ;  then 
you  would  proceed  to  the  hardy  fruit  garden,  and  lastly 
you  would  visit  the  kitchen  garden.  1  would  have 
the  trees  ti'ained  immediately  under  the  glass  on 
either  side  of  the  span-roofed  houses,  which  I  would 
set  on  arches,  so  as  to  admit  the  roots  reaching 
the  outside  border.  The  houses  might  be  ventilated  at 
top  and  at  bottom,  the  latter  by  means  of  wooden  sliding 
shutters  ;  but  if  desired,  the  ventilation  might  be  on  the 
most  modern  and  approved  principle,  and  wrought  by 
machinery.  James  AusseU,  Gardener  to  Lieut.- Colonel 
Ames,  The  Hyde,  St.  Albans,  Nov.  10. 

Snails  (see  p.  645). — The  best  way  of  keeping  down 
snails  with  which  1  am  acquainted  is  irequent  hoeing 
between  the  crops,  both  summer  and  winter,  when  the 
weather  will  permit,  and  more  especially  during  hot  and 
sharp  cold  windy  weather.  Never  let  decayed  vegetables 
lie  about  the  ground ;  one  of  the  greatest  encourage- 
ments for  snails  is  that  slovenly  plan  of  trimming 
vegetables  on  the  ground  where  they  grow  ;  in  every 
garden  there  ought  to  be  a  bricked  pit  to  receive  all 
rubbish  and  vegetable  trimmings.  For  the  last  14  years 
I  have  followed  this  plan  stinetly,  of  leaving  no  decayed 
vegetables  lying  about  the  ground,  and  no  corners  for 
rubbish  ;  and  since  that  time  I  have  not  known  what  it 
is  to  be  troubled  with  snails.  0.  Taber,  Rose  Cottage, 
Rivenhall,  William. 

The  Guernsey  Lily. — This  showy  autumn-flowering 
Araai-yllid  is  exceedingly  useful  for  supplying  cut 
flowers,  or  for  intermixing  with  small  plants,  which 
hide  its  long  and  somewhat  unsightly  stems,  and  show 
off  its  brilliant  blostoms  to  advantage.  The  plant  has 
never  been  very  extensively  cultivated  in  this  country, 
owing  doubtless  to  the  fact  that,  under  the  ordinary 
mode  of  treatment,  the  bulbs  :ire  of  no  further  use  after 
flowering  ;  and  hence  a  supply  has  to  be  purchased 
annually,  incurring  a  considerable  expense,  for  the 
bulbs  have  always  been  comparatively  costly.  There 
is,  however,  no  good  reason  why  the  necessity  for  these 
annual  outlays  should  continue  ;  for,  with  proper  treat- 
ment, the  bulbs  will  flower  year  after  year,  and  pro- 
duce a  plentiful  crop  of  offsets.  The  bulbs  should 
be  procured  early  in  September  and  planted  at  once, 
say  three  in  a  G-uich  pot,  using  light  sandy  soil  in  a 
moist  healthy  state,  and  the  pots  should  be  placed  in  a 
cold  frame  near  the  glass,  or  on  a  front  shelf  of  a  green- 
house, or  wherever  they  may  be  hkely  to  receive  abund- 
ance of  light  and  air.  Growth  will  commence  at  once, 
and  the  soil  should  be  kept  properly  moistened,  and  the 
flower-stems  supported  by  neat  stakes.  While  in  bloom 
place  them  in  a  dry  cool  airy  situation  and  give  a  liberal 
supply  of  water.  When  the  beauty  of  the  flowers  is 
ovei",  instead  of  starving  the  bulbs  in  the  handful  of  soil 
in  which  they  have  been  blossomed,  as  is  usually  done, 
have  ready  a  box  12  inches  deep  and  of  a  convenient 
size,  in  which  to  plant  them  in  the  following  manner. 
Having  first  properly  drained  the  box  by  placing  in  the 
bottom  an  inch  of  broken  potsherds,  covered  with  a 
layer  of  turfy  pieces  of  soil,  and  having  a  quantity  of 
good,  fresh,  nicely  broken  up,  sandy  loam  at  hand, 
turn  the  bulbs  out  of  the  pots,  and  single  them  out  with 
as  little  injury  as  possible  to  the  few  roots  they  may 
have.  Plant  them  in  rows  6  inches  apart  and  6  inches 
asunder  in  the  rows,  spreading  out  their  roots  in  as 
natural  a  form  as  can  be  done,  keeping  the  crown  of  the 
bulb  about  level  with  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and 
tliis  as  high  as  the  edges  of  the  box.  Give  a  gentle 
watering  after  planting,  with  a  view  to  settle  the  soil, 
and  place  the  box  in  a  cold  frame  near  the  glass, 
or  where  moi'e  convenient,  provided  a  tempe- 
rature of  40*^  can  be  maintained,  with  plenty  of 
air  on  mild  days.  The  necessary  attention  during 
winter  will  be  simply  that  requii-ed  for  greenhouse 
plants  generally.  Managed  in  this  way  the  space 
occupied  will  not  be  very  considerable,  and  it  is  evident 
that  there  will  be  ample  room  for  the  roots,  and  every 
necessai'y  condition  towards  the  growth  and  ripening  of 
the  bulbs.  When  the  foliage  shows  indications  of  decay, 
which  will  be  the  case  towards  the  middle  or  latter  end 


of  April,  gradually  discontinue  watei',  and  when  the 
leaves  die  off,  either  take  up  the  bulbs  and  store  them 
in  a  dry  place,  or  remove  the  box  to  a  cool  dry  situation 
until  the  proper  season  for  promoting  growth  has  arrived. 
They  may  be  left  in  the  box  to  flower,  or  potted  in  the 
usual  manner.  It  will  be  necessary,  however,  to  trans- 
plant every  second  or  third  year,  otherwise  the  bulbs 
will  be  too  close  together,  will  be  imperfectly  matured, 
and,  in  consequence,  will  flower  weakly.  A.  B. 


Societies. 

RoTAL  HoRTicuLTDEAL  OF  CoRxwALi. — The  annual 
meeting  of  this  Society  took  place  at  Truro,  on  Monday 
last,  by  adjournment  from  the  28th  ult.  The  report 
was  adopted,  and  the  usual  annual  business  transacted. 
Sir  C.  Rashleigh  was  elected  President  for  the  ensuing 
year,  and  the  treasurer  and  secretary  were  reappointed. 
Some  slight  alterations  were  made  in  the  prize  list,  and 
the  exhibitions  for  the  ensuing  year  were  appointed  to 
be  held,  the  first  two  at  Ti-uro,  on  the  17th  of  May  and 
the  8th  of  July,  and  the  third  at  Falmouth  on  the  ISth 
of  September. 


^otitt^  ot  ^oohs,  $cc. 


Sow  shcmld  cm  Income  Tax  he.  levied  ?  By  J.  G.- 
Hubbard, Esq.  (A.  pamphlet.)  Longmans.— A  most  able 
explanation  of  the  practical  mode  of  obviating  the  hard- 
ships and  equalising  justly  the  burden  of  the  income 
tax.     The  author's  conclusions  are  : — 

«  1.  That  direct  taxation,  if  it  be  continuous,  should 
be  levied  upon  income. 

"  2.  That  incomes  may  be  divided  into  three  classes: — 
1.  The  products  of  property.  2.  The  products  of 
property  and  labour  combined.  3.  The  products  of 
labour. 

"3.  That  the  incomes  of  the  1st  and  2d  class  are 
exclusively  the  proper  subjects  of  taxation. 

"  4.  That  the  limit  of  expenditure  in  each  class  should 
be  the  limit  of  assessment  for  taxation. 

"  S.  That  the  vast  increase  in  the  property  or  capital 
of  the  country  establishes  the  fact  that  a  large  pro- 
portion of  annual  income  is  saved. 

"  6.  That  for  the  purpose  of  their  relative  assessment^ . 
incomes  of  the  first  class  may  be  assumed  to  be  expended 
in  the  proportion  of  9-lOths,  and  incomes  of  the  2d  class  - 
in  the  proportion  of  6-lOths.  ^      ,  .    ■ 

"  7.  That  if,  while  on  incomes  of  the  1st  class  ili^ 
rate  of  assessment  is  9,  the  assessment  on  incomes  of 
the  2d  class  is  more  than  6,  the  latter  is  partially  an 
assessment  on  capital. 

"  8.  That  when,  as  in  the  case    of  terminable   an- 
nuities, capital  and  interest  are  combined  in  the  same 
payment,   the  income  tax  should    be  levied    on    the  - 
interest  only. 

"  9.  That  income  of  the  1st  class  is  not  affected  in 
its  liability  to  the  highest  scale  of  assessment,  by  the 
tenure  of  the  possessor." 


A  Jew  words  cm  the  Crystal  Palace  Questimi.  By  C. 
J.  Vaughan,  D.D.,  Head  Master  of  Harrow  School. 
(A  pamphlet.)  Murray. — Whether  or  not  the  public 
should  be  allowed  to  frequent  the  Crystal  Palace  on 
Sundays  is  a  question  on  which  we  cannot  touch.  We 
may,  however,  give  Dr.  Vaughan's  opinion  upon  the 
subject.  The  reverend  author  says  that  "  it  cannot  be 
pretended,  when  the  question  is  fairly  examined,  that 
the  perpetuation  of  the  Jewish  Sabbath  is  either 
enjoined,  or  by  implication  encouraged,  in  the  words  or 
writings  of  the  first  disciples  and  Apostles  of  our  Lord. 
How  shall  we  account  for  the  total  omission,  amidst 
precepts  so  multiplied  upon  every  point  of  Christian 
duty,  of  all  reference  to  the  obligation  of  the  Sabbatical 
rest  I  From  whom,  if  not  from  the  apostles,  could  the 
Gentile  Christians  derive  their  knowledge  of  its  existence? 
Yet  no  direction  is  anywhere  to  be  foimd  for  its  obser- 
vance, noy  yet  any  reproof  for  the  neglect  of  it.  In  the 
only  passages  in  which  a  clear  reference  to  it  occurs  in 
the  Epistles,  the  language  employed  is  that  either  of 
indifference  to  its  retention,  or  even  of  rebuke  for  its 
revival.  We  do  indeed  find  traces  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment of  the  existence  of  another  day  of  weekly 
observance  ;  a  day  on  which  the  disciples  came  together 
to  break  bread  ;  on  which  it  was  natural  to  collect 
their  offerings ;  to  which  (before  the  last  of  the 
apostles  was  called  to  his  rest)  was  ah'eady  appropriated 
the  title  ot  the  Lord's  Day.  But  that  this  day  was 
neither  identical  with  the  Jewish  Sabbath,  nor  substi- 
tuted for  it  by  any  formal  act  of  transfer,  is  sufficiently 
proved  by  the  remarkable  circumstance,  that  there  were 
in  the  primitive  age  churches  in  which  both  were 
observed — Saturday  in  remembrance  of  the  Mosaic 
Sabbath,  Sunday  in  commemoration  of  the  Redeemer's 
resun'ection.  By  what  right  shall  we  assume  that, 
when  the  former  observance  died  out,  the  latter  was 
invested  with  its  distinctive  attributes  ?  or  that,  in 
congregations  where  the  former  had  never  been 
practised,  the  latter  had  been,  all  along,  synonymous 
with  an  institution  with  which  (to  judge  from  ^existmg 
records)  they  had  never  been  made  acquainted." 

Further  on  Dr.  Vaughan  observes  that  "  the  question 
is  not,  what  is  it  lawful,  what  is  it  wrong,  to  do  on  the 
Sunday  ?  how  can  I  so  employ  it  as  to  avoid  breakmg 
God's  law  and  incurring  God's  displeasure  !  but  rather, 
how  can  I  derive  from  it  all  possible  good  ?  how  can  1 
turn  to  the  best  account,  for  myself  and  othersj  in  sou. 


47—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


74i 


and  body,  the  blessing  which  God  has  thus  conferred 
upon  me  I" 

He  then  remarks  that  "  whatever  tends  to  refresh  the 
mind  and  body  without  the  stimulus  of  an  undue  excite- 
ment, will  be,  in  itself,  a  desirable  occupation  for  the 
Christian  Sunday." 

"  I  have  no  sympathy,"  he  adds,  "  with  an  outcry 
fomided  in  whole  or  in  part  upon  what  appears  to  me  to 
be  an  untenable  notion  of  the  nature  of  our  Christian 
Sunday.  And  I  confess  that  I  could  forgive  a  statesman 
who  should  receive  on  the  present  occasion  with  deep 
suspicion  the  remonstrances  of  men  who  but  three 
years  ago  fostered  and  aggravated  the  same  outcry  on  a 
plea  which  the  slightest  examination  would  have  shown 
to  be  fallacious.  Those  who  have  lent  themselves  in 
former  instances  to  swell  the  chorus  of  an  ignorant  and 
fanatical  clamour,  have  no  claim  to  attention  now  but 
that  which  the  actual  merits  of  tkeir  case  may  furnish 
them." 

In  conclusion,  he  declares  against  the  Crystal  Palace 
being  accessible  on  Sundays, 

We  have  no  doubt  our  readers  will  wish  to  know 
in  what  manner  this  apparently  illogical  argument  is 
conducted,  for  which  we  must  refer  to  the  pamphlet  itself. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

The  new  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenhaji. — It  is  now 
pretty  well  known  that  the  site  chosen  for  the  re-erection 
of  the  Crystal  Palace  is  an  irregular  parallel ogi'ani  of 
about  300  acres,  extending  from  the  Brighton  Railway, 
where  it  has  a  frontage  of  1300  feet  (between  the 
Sydenham  and  Anerley  stations),  to  the  road  which 
borders  the  top  of  Dulwich-wood,  where  it  has  a  frontage 
of  3000  feet.  The  fall  from  this  point  to  the  railway  in 
question  is  stated  to  be  about  "200  feet.  It  was  at  once 
felt  that  the  most  eligible  position  for  the  new  building 
was  on  the  summit  of  this  hill,  and  immediately 
adjoining  the  road.  The  building  placed  in  so  com- 
manding a  situation  will  be  visible  from  London  on  the 
one  side,  and  from  a  vast  extent  of  country  on  the 
other.  The  only  little  inconvenience  attending  its 
erection  on  a  hill  is  tlie  want  of  water  to  supply  the 
various  fountains  with  which  the  terrace  garden  and 
park  are  to  be  decorated.  This,  however,  is  to  be 
overcome  by  boring  for  it  at  the  bottom  of  the  park 
near  the  railway,  and  raising  it  in  pipes  underground  by 
steam  power  to  a  large  reservoii*  at  the  north  end 
of  the  building,  to  the  top  of  a  tower,  on  which  it  will  be 
again  pumped  up,  so  as  to  give  sufficient  fall  for  the 
gigantic  purposes  to  which  it  will  be  afterwards  applied. 
Notwith^^nding  the  wetness  of  the  weather,  the  heavy 
operations  connected  with  the  formation  of  the  terrace 
garden  and  the  ground  work  in  the  park  are  now  in 
rapid  progress.  About  1000  labourers  have  been  em- 
ployed for  the  last  three  weeks  in  levelling  the  ground, 
and  forming  basins  for  the  various  fountains,  &c.  As 
yet,  however,  nothing  has  assumed  its  proper  form  ;  and 
therefore,  to  an  ordinary  observer,  all  is  in  the  meantime 
apparently  confusion.  We  understand,  however,  that 
everything  will  be  on  a  grand  scale,  so  as  to  correspond 
with  the  noble  building  itself.  We  learned  from  Mr. 
Milner,  to  whom  the  carrying  out  of  the  work  has  been 
entrusted,  that  on  the  park  side  of  tlie  palace,  and 
running  parallel  with  it  during  its  whole  length,  will  be 
a  raised  terrace  walk  48  feet  broad,  which  will  be 
approached  from  the  basement  floor  of  the  building 
immediately  under  the  centre  transept  (for  it  is  to  have 
three)  by  a  fliglit  of  granite  steps  120  feet  wide.  This 
walk  wiU  be  furnished  on  the  side  iarthest  from  the 
palace  with  balustrades  and  bastions,  which  will 
overlook  a  Grass  slope  50  feet  wide ;  and  then 
a  terrace  garden  ornamented  with  flower  beds  on  Grass, 
foontams,  shrubs,  and  trees,  and  intersected  in  various 
directions  by  broad  gravel  walk.s.  This  garden  will  be 
300  feet  in  breadth,  closed  in  at  the  ends  by  the  two 
projecting  wings  of  the  palace,  and  cut  off"  from  the  park 
by  an  ornamental  terrace  wall,  also  furnlslied  with' 
bastionfl  and  balustrades.  The  two  projecting  wings 
of  the  building  will  terminate  in  two  towers,  each  9G  feet 
in  height,  from  which,  as  well  as  from  the  various 
bastions,  a  fine  view  of  the  terrace  gardens,  the 
park,  and  the  wide  spreading  valley  beyond, 
will  be  obtained.  The  most  extensive  view  of  the 
surrounding  country,  however,  which  is  on  all  sides 
highly  picturesque,  will  bo  had  from  the  building 
itself,  along  whose  whole  length  wo  learn  there 
Ls  to  be  an  open  colonnafie.  A  walk  Ofj  feet  broad  will 
Ica/J,  by  a  flight  of  steps  of  tlie  samo  width,  from  the 
centre  of  the  terrace  garden  to  a  fountain  and  circular 
basin,  I D2  feet  in  diameter,  at  a  little  distance  in  the 
park ;  and  after  passing  round  this  basin,  will  pro- 
ceed in  the  direction  of  Penge  Church,  till  it  termi- 
notoH  in  another  circular  basin  and  scrioa  of  magni- 
ficent fountains,  whfisc  equals  will  only  be  found 
in  sudi  great  gardens  as  thnt  of  Cli&tsworth  itHclf.  To 
give  ft'irae  idea  of  tho  magiiiflcencc  of  the  diHplay  tliut 
maybe  exfiectcd  to  be  found  here,  w^jnay  mention  that 
the  cf-ntre  column  of  wftt/rr  wid  rise  'ilfO  feet  in  height; 
around  tliat  will  bo  four  fountiins,  each  120  fer;t 
in  height,  and  tlicso  a^ain  will  be  surrounded  by 
16  othcrH,  each  7*J  feet  in  height.  Nor  is  this  ull  ; 
there  are  other  grouym  a**  j^rand,  bcHidcH  multi- 
tudes of  sraall'jr  dircoratJons  of  a  similar  chunicter, 
which,  in  tlicmHelves  will  doubtless  be  worthy  of  Sir 
Joseph  VtLxUm^n  skill  and  cxperienco  in  tho  construction 
of  such  matterH.  i)n  tho  Mmlh-east  side  of  tlio  great 
fonntaiD  just  described  will  bo  a  lake  covering  o  acres 
ofgronncl;  other  ornnm'mtal  water  will  chiefly  conHint 
of  two  stripes  on  cither  side  of  tho  principal  walk,  just 


below  the  first  fountain.  These  are  to  be  each  450 
feet  in  length,  and  will  be  fashioned  into  cascades, 
which  mU  fall  into  broader  pieces  of  water  on  the 
right  and  left  of  the  wall:,  and  l)'ing  at  right  angles 
to.it,  each  1000  feet  long.  These  two  latter  pieces 
will  'each  contain  fountains  of  great  power  and  beauf;y, 
so  that  there  will  certainly  be  no  want  of  decora- 
tions of  this]  kmd,  which  tend  so  much  to  set  off 
pleasure-grounds  to  advantage.  On  two  little  knolls  on 
either  side  of  the  principal  walk,  but  at  some  distance 
from  it,  will  be  a  flower  garden  with  an  arbour  or 
some  erection  of  that  kind  in  the  centre,  and  all 
round  these,  as  well  as  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
fountains,  and  indeed  all  in  front  of  the  terrace 
garden  down  to  the  south-east  extremity  of  the 
ornamental  water,  will  be  dress  ground,  interwoven 
with  walks,  margined  with  flower  beds  and  shrubs,  of 
which  it  will  be  seen  an  immense  quantity  will 
be  required  both  for  this  portion  of  the  park  and 
for  the  terrace  garden,  lieport  says  that  50,000 
scarlet  Pelargoniums  have  been  contracted  for. 
Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  however,  we  believe  possesses 
classified  lists  of  what  plants  of  the  kinds  wanted, 
English  nurseries  are  capable  of  supplying';  bat  with 
respect  to  purchases  little  definitely  has  been  done,  with 
the  exception  of  the  buying  Messrs.  Loddiges*  collection 
mentioned  at  page  616.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the 
gardening  operations  connected  witli  this  great  under- 
taking are  as  yet  comparatively  in  their  infancy,  and 
that  the  directors  will  have  much  to  do  before  all  that 
we  have  mentioned  above  shall  have  been  completed. 
Beyond  the  dress  ground  will  be  the  open  park, 
the  Anerley  side  of  which,  where  there  is  a  considerable 
extent  of  wood  and  thicket,  will  be  converted  into  a  kind 
^'^  ffyp^y  ground,  by  forming  walks  through  the  wood  ; 
but  nototherwise  materiallyaltermgits  natural  character. 
This  will  aflford  an  agreeable  and  cool  retreat  from  the 
scorching  heat  of  a  summer's  sun.  By  way  of  ccnclusion 
we  may  mention  that  a  new  branch  railway  from 
Sydenham  will  set  the  visitor  down  on  the  south-east 
side  of  the  park,  at  the  end  of  a  glass  covered  walk, 
48  feet  broad,  which  will  connect  the  station  with  the 
palace. 

Messrs.  Lane's,  Great  Berkhampstead,  Herts. — 
We  visited  this  nursery  about  10  days  ago,  and  were 
delighted  to  find  some  of  our  most  favourite  autumn 
Roses  still  in  bloom.  A  beautiful  bouquet  was  gathered 
of  the  following  kinds,  viz: — Noisette:  Ophirie,  a  fine 
pale  salmon-coloured  variety  ;  and  Aim^e  Vibert. 
Hybrid  Perpetuals  :  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  La  Heine, 
Comte  Robinski,  Marquis  of  Ailsa,  Jacques  Laftitte, 
the  glorious  Ge'ant  des  Battailes,  and  Standard  of 
Marengo.  Among  Bourbons  there  were  Madame 
Angelina,  and  others ;  and  among  Teas,  Comte  de 
Paris  and  Safranot,  which  is  so  fiue  in  the  bud  state. 
The  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  Bourbons,  and  Noisettes  have 
flowered  very  late  here  this  season,  and  have  retained 
their  foliage  well,  owing  doubtless  partly  to  the  com- 
parative absence  of  spot  or  rust,  which  is  apt  to  attack 
Roses  in  autumn  and  cause  them  to  shed  their  leaves 
early,  and  partly  to  the  nature  of  the  situation  in  which 
they  grow.  We  were  glad  to  learn  that  Geant  des 
Batailles,  which  we  need  scarcely  say  is  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  varieties  we  have,  is  not  only  one  of  the  earliest 
but  also  one  of  the  latest  of  Roses.  A  large  span-roof 
house  has  lately  been  erected  here  for  the  accommodation 
of  half- hardy  plants,  and  among  other  things  of  interest  in 
it  we  noticed  a  large  quantity  of  standard  and  pyramidal 
Bays,  and  Portugal  Laurels,  which  have  been  so  much 
enquired  after  of  late,  and  which  are  so  well  fitted  to 
take  the  place  of  Orange  trees  on  lawns,  or  where  the 
Italian  style  of  gardening  is  adopted,  &c.  There  were 
also  here  quantities  of  fiue  plants  of  the  handsome 
yellow  Rhododendrons  which  Messrs.  Lane  exhibited 
with  so  much  effect  in  the  Crystal  Palace  and  else- 
where last  year.  This  house  also  formed  a  shelter 
for  Peaches  and  Nectarines  in  pots,  as  well  as  for 
multitudes  of  Roses  in  6-inch  pots  for  forcing 
purposes,  and  for  turning  out  into  beds  in  the 
flower  garden  in  spring.  Specimen  Tea  Roses,  in  pots, 
for  exhibition,  were  housed  ;  but  the  other  kinds  will 
remain  out  of  doors  till  towards  Christmas.  Camellias 
and  Azaleas  were  exceedingly  healthy,  and  promised  an 
abundant  crop  of  bloom.  Among  general  hardy 
nursery  stock,  which,  as  well  as  Roses,  is  largely  grown 
here,  a  little  tree  of  tlie  Nepaul  Cotoneaster  frigida 
was  particularly  striking,  on  account  of  the  bright-green 
leaves  and  handsome  red  berries  with  which  it  was 
covered.  This  and  otiier  trees  and  shrubs  valuable  for 
the  beauty  of  their  fruit,  are  certainly  not  so  much  culti- 
vated as  they  should  be  ;  for  they  give  a  pleasing  effect 
to  the  shrubbery  at  a  season  when  such  is  most  wanted. 


FLORICULTURE. 

— -  ♦  — — 

IIoLLvnocKS  IN  Pots. — At  p.  G05  Mr.  Ayres  liaa 
asked  the  question' — "Can  lIollyhoclcH  be  grown  in  pots!" 
I  should  tliiiilv  there  can  bo  no  doubt,  that  they  can  bo 
grown  in  poLs,  proviik-d  pc'fple  f«dt  inclined  to  try  tliuni ; 
but  tfj  place  a  ll<»llyliock  in  a  pot  would,  J  coonidei',  bo 
putting  such  a  coarj^e-leaveil  plant  in  rather  an  nnaoenily 
Hituation,  and  the  pot,  in  my  opinion,  might  bo  far  nioi-u 
profitably  employed.  To  iiie  (Iio  Hollyhock  is  tlic  leant 
attractive  of  all  tloriHt  HowerK  for  [lot  culture.  To  ^ive 
the  beautiful  Clerodendron  as  an  example  ui'  lloll^'hoek 
growing  in  pots  is  a  liailly  chosen  ilhi>itr;LUo[i,  Hccing 
that  we  can  cuttivnU;  the  one  in  any  corner  in  tho  <jpen 
air,  while  the  other  inuHt  be  grown  in  a  Htovu.  If 
Hollyhocks  were  cultivated  In  pots  it  would  acarccly  bo 


necessary  to  place  them  under  glass,  so  tliat  the  heulihy 
state  of  tho  plants  would  bid  defiance  to  thripy,  spider, 
&c.,  which  do  not  attack  them  in  the  open  ground, 
Mr.  A.  is  of  opinion  that  by  growing  in  pots  the 
flowering  season  might  be  prolonged  to  October,  but  a 
Hollyhock  garden  would  be  badly  managed  if  it  was  not 
gay  during  that  month.  An  acre  or  moi'e  of  the  flower- 
gai'deu  here  is  set  apart  for  dwarf  flowering  shrubs,  and 
among  these  is  planted  a  great  quantity  of  Hollyhocks, 
whose  season  of  blooming  is  from  July  to  the  middle  of 
November.  Indeed  they  were  in  better  bloom  last 
November  than  they  are  this,  owing  to  the  quantity 
of  rain  that  has  fallen.  The  way  I  manage  is  to  propa- 
gate by  cuttings  every  year,  which  is  easily  eflected  in 
a  cold  frame  or  in  any  shady  situation.  The  cuttings 
should  be  potted  off  singly  early  in  April,  and  nursed  in 
a  cold  frame  until  ihey  have  become  well  rooted.  The 
first  planting  out  should  be  about  the  middle  of  May, 
when  they  should  be  well  spread  over  the  garden  among 
the  old  plants.  Early  in  June  another  planting  should 
be  made,  by  which  a  succession  of  bloom  may  be  had 
imtil  severe  frost  sets  in.  After  the  old  plants  have 
done  blooming  they  should  be  cut  down,  when  the  young 
ones  will  make  the  garden  look  almost;  as  gay  as  if  the 
flowering  season  had  only  just  commenced.  Thorp 
Peri'02u. 

The  Tulip  Trade  has  been  altogether  unusually 
brisk  this  autumn,  and  larger  sales  have  been  effected 
than  people  not  intimately  acquainted  with  the  "fancy" 
could  conceive  ;  there  is  scarcely  a  Tulip  locality  in 
which  the  demand  had  not  been  fouud  to  be  greater 
than  the  supply.  The  famous  Chellastons  may  now  be 
considered  as  fairly  distributed  throughout  the  land. 
Princess  Royal,  Maid  of  Orleans,  Pilot,  Anastasia, 
Chellaston  Beauty,  Countess  of  Harrington,  Lady 
Stanley,  Midland  Beauty,  and  Prince  Albert,  constitute 
some  of  the  more  prominent  sorts  which  have  been 
much  sought  after,  and  which  are,  beyond  doubt,  all 
acquisitions.  The  search  for  older  varieties  has  also 
been  well  kept  up.  Captain  White,  Royal  Sovereign, 
Bion,  Heroine,  &c.,  forming  the  forward  rank,  nor  must 
it  be  denied  that  the  greatest  run  has  been  on  the 
feathered  flowers,  a  taste  for  which  the  metropolitans 
have  been  mainly  instrumental  in  bringing  about,  and 
which  are  really  needed  to  maintain  a  well  varied  and 
effective  collection.  The  coming  blooming  time  will  be 
one  of  peculiar  interest,  inasmuch  as  so  many  changes 
having  been  made,  there  will  be  numbers  of  new  faces 
in  our  several  collections,  a  desideratum  long  required 
with  this  particular  class  of  flowers.  The  operation  of 
planting,  if  not  already  done,  should  be  proceeded  witli 
as  soon  as  the  excessive  rains  which  we  are  daily 
experiencing  are  over,  and  the  ground  is  in  a  workable 
state  ;  but  we  have  had  so  much  wet  lately  that  it 
will  be  some  time  before  that  occurs.  Fortunate  will 
that  grower  be  who  may  have  taken  time  by  the  fore- 
lock and  got  in  his  store  by  the  middle  or  end  of  last 
month,  for  since  then  there  has  scarcely  been  a  day 
that  would  permit  the  most  cautious  cultivator  to  plant 
with  anything  like  satisfaction.  Beds  finished,  however, 
had  better  be  protected  from  too  much  wet,  which  we 
have  kno\vn  in  some  instances  to  inju.re  the  bulbs.  J.E^ 

Violets. — Mr.  Tiley,  of  Bath,  has  just  published  an 
interesting  treatise  on  these  delightful  flowers.  He 
says,  "  The  Tree  Violet  is  perfectly  hardy  and  can  be 
grown  in  open  borders  with  success ;  it  blooms  freely 
twice  a  year,  viz.,  from  September  to  the  eud  of  October, 
also  from  the  beginning  of  March  to  the  end  of  May. 
The  Neapolitan  Violet  will  be  found  to  thrive  in 
perfection,  if  treated  in  the  way  described  in  this 
treatise,  for  frames  and  pots,  not  being  a  hardy  variety 
and  seldom  doing  well  in  the  open  ground.  The  Russian 
Superb  is  also  one  of  the  finest  of  single  Violets,  with  very 
large  flowers  and  long  stems  and  most  delightful 
fragrance  ;  unfortunately  it  is  not  very  hardy,  but  to 
have  it  in  bloom  in  perfection  during  the  winter  months 
it  should  be  planted  out  in  a  frame  in  the  manner  before 
noticed.  The  compost  I  always  use  aud  consider  the 
best  for  potting  Violets  is  :  one  barrow  of  decayed  turfy 
luani,  half  a  barrowlul  of  rotten  leaf-soil,  one-third 
of  a  barrow  of  rotten  manure,  one-fourth  ditto  of  rough 
sand,  and  about  one  peck  of  lime  and  soot,  the  Whole 
well  turned  and  mixed  together  ;  the  soot  and  lime  will 
tend  to  the  health  of  the  plants  as  well  as  destroy  all 
insects,  worms,  &c.'* 

EiRMtNoiiAM  Snow  :  E  MayU.  Nov.  15  wa",  according  to  the 
reijulationn,  tho  laet  (l«y  dh  which  your  entry  could  be  made, 

Catalugoe  rudciveii  from  Mr.  Oaiiios,  Surroi-lane,  But^ersea. 

TiiK  Hollyuuck:  Z.  lVo|j«Kuilon  by  division  is  bestcurried 
oat  lu  autumn,  iinmGdiatelj  that  ^ho  fluweiiiiK  la  over.  A 
Ifir^'u  woll.iirderod  phtnt  may  eomftimcs  bu  divided  into 
h-uvor^il,  but  in  ^^unorjil  tliret*  orfoiir  is  u  moi'«  advaaiaf^oous 
number.  Nolliiiifr,  cortiilnly,  in  i^alnod  by  brealiln;?  ilio  old 
plantH  Into  too  many  pi  cues  :  every  soiKinito  part  shoulil 
cirry  with  it  a  tfod  uliaro  of  rootfl.  Boedtliii;4  aud  othern 
that  mny  blonrn  lare  cminiit  ba  divided  till  spiing.  March 
in,  porbiipfl,  tbo  h(>ot  liTuu,  and  the  fruKmontit,  it  nut  broken 
too  iiue,  will  Uower  Wfdl  dui  tng  the  tiiHt  uu'.uiun. 


MisceUaneous. 

<  n  Sprlnff  BmUliiiii  or  with  the  Pitshliif/  Eye,  and  on 
the  a  IvanUi.ijCH  widch  in  c.tiHaln  Ccmes  may  Ue  derived 
from  it. — Without  enumerating  tho  great  number  of 
pl.'ints  wliich  Ilnrists  know  how  to  tiu'n  so  proiitably  to 
a(!C(mni,  by  budding  w!th  a  pushing  eye,  lot  us  only  seo 
whrit  a  R(),-.e  grower  iloea  who  lias  a  choice  and  scarce 
viirio  y  whii-li  It  \h  his  interest  to  jiropagatu  speedily. 
Ill-  acceler.'iiex,  by  all  the  means  at  his  (li^Hposal,  the 
gr.  wth  and  perfect  development  of  tho  lli'st  young 
hliootH,  and  hi)  huuccc(1h  In  obtaining,  in  Juno,  and  aome- 
timcB  oven  in  iMay,  eyes  with  which  ho  can  bud  fresh 


744 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  20, 


stuiikb  ;  It  IS  ot  cuufsi;  uuderstood  iliat  he  uses  eyea 
ready  to  push  iuto  shuots.  The  plants  so  budded  will 
supply  hira,  towards  the  end  of  summer,  with  other 
young  shoots  furnished  with  dormant  eyes,  such  as  will 
only  push  next  spring,  and  with  these  he  can  bud  more 
stocks  and  obtain  plants  that  will  flower  in  the  fol- 
lowing season  ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  year  he  finds 
himself  in  possession  of  a  considerable  stock,  of  a  variety 
of  which  he  had  only  a  single  plant  at  the  outset.  Now, 
what  a  Rose-grower  does  for  his  favourite  flower  can 
be  done  for  other  plants  ;  and  I  may  be  permitted  to 
atate  my  own  experience  on  [the  point :— In  the  begin- 
uiug  of  May,  1852, 1  received  from  M,  Bernian,  nur- 
seryman at  Orleans,  a  plant  of  a  new  variety  of  Lilac, 
which  he  has  named  L,  Triomphe  d'Orleans.  On  the 
24th  of  the  same  month  I  cut  off  a  small  shoot,  from 
which  five  buds  were  worked.  Four  of  them  took,  and 
one  of  them  is  now  28  inches  long,  and  would  afford  me 
22  eyes  fit  for  budding  ;  and  if  I  were  to  bud  them  now 
I  could  therefore  have,  next  spring,  a  score  of  plants, 
the  produce  of  one  of  the  buds  worked  last  May. 
Admitting  that  the  success  was  not  always  so  gi'eat, 
and  that  each  of  the  four  first  buds  produced  shoots 
affording  only  16  eyes,  still  I  should  next  spring 
find  myself  possessed  of  G-i  plants,  I  have  not  in  any 
way  exaggerated  what  I  have  done  ;  and  I  may  leave 
the  task  of  deducing  the  consequences  to  nurserymen 
interested  in  the  subject.  Cariiere,  in  Itevuc  Bortlcole, 
October,  1852. 

Picadilla.  —  Wash  and  chop  a  pailful  of  green 
Tomatoes,  also  one  dozen  Onions  end  eight  green 
peppers.  Put  altogether  and  sprinkle  two  handfuls  of 
salt  over  them,  letting  them  stand  over-night.  In  the 
morning  drain  off"  the  juice  an4  throw  out.  Put  in  one 
teacupful  of  white  Mustard  seed  and  three  table- 
spoonsful  of  cloves,  and  grated  Horse-radish  to  your 
taste.  Put  vinegar  over  all,  and  scald  it  thoroughly, 
stiiTing  it  often.  Take  it  from  the  fire,  and  draiu  off 
the  vinegM"  and  thi'ow  out.  Pack  it  down  in  a  stone 
jar  and  pour  cold  vinegar  over  it.     It  is  then  fit  for  the 

^.table.  Okio  Cidtlxator. 

sale  Grass  of  Honduras.  —  We  yesterday  saw  a 
handkerchief  made  from  this  Grass,  which,  for  fineness 

.of  texture  and  dui-ability,  far  exceeds  any  linen  we 
have  ever  seen.     It  is  one  of  a  number  made  in  London 

'  from  a  sample  of  tliis  very  common  Grass  in  Hondm-as, 
Yucatan,  &c.,  sent  there  by  the  gentleman  who 
exhibited  it  to  us  as  au  experiment.     The  Grass  is  a 

;  finer  variety  of  that  from  whicii  the  hammocks  in 
Central  America  are  made,  and  it  is  thought,  can  be 
made  an  article  of  considerable  export.  American 
pardencrs^  Chronicle. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For  the  ensuing  week.) 
• — * — 
S-lant  dbpartmemt. 
^The  stock  of  plants  to  bloom  at  Christmas,  and 
consisting  partly  of  stove  plants  grown  for  the  purpose, 
as  detailed  in  fornler  Calendars,  and  partly  of  forced 
shrubs  and  bulbs,  should  have  attention  paid  to  their 
vants,  particularly  the  latter,  which  are  now  undergoini:; 
a  kind  of  forcing  to  get  them  into  bloom.  As  these 
latter  are  plants  varying  somewhat  in  their  habits,  a 
difference  must  be  made  in  their  treatment,  so  as  to  get 
them  in  bloom  at  the  desired  period.  To  effect  this, 
Chinese  Azaleas,  and  the  Orange  tribe,  may  be  assisted 
by  a  little  extra  heat,  being  careful  to  apply  it  gradually. 
At  the  same  time,  if  a  forcing;  house  is  devoted  to  their 
culture,  a  portion  of  the  slock  of  Roses  (especially  the 
best  varieties  of  Teas),  Lilacs,  Syringas,  Deutzias,  and 
otJier  hardy  shrubs  from  the  reserve  pit  may  be  intro- 
duced to  the  cool  end  of  the  house,  or  to  a  light  place  in 
an  early  started  Vinery  or  Peach-liouse ;  if  they  can  be 
.afforded  a  slight  bottom  heat  they  will  benefit  by  it. 
A  few  of  the  more  easily  foi'ced  American  plants, 
including  the  earliest  flowering  Rhododendrons  and 
Azaleas  should  be  added  ;  they  nvill  make  a  great 
addition  to  the  display  in^  January.^  Bring  forward 
Hyacinths  and  Van  Thol  Tulips  in  a  gentle  bottom 
heat.  Double  Piomau  Narcissus  blooms  enrly  witliout 
much  forcing.  Crocuses,  Neapolitan  Violets,  Mignonette, 
and  Cyclamen  perslcum, answer  best  placed  on  shelves  at 
the  back  of  Vineries,  &c,,  to  catch  every  ray  of  light, 
and  to  insure  them  from  damp.  There  are  a  number  of 
other  things  which  are  more  or  less  in  demand  for  the 
conservatory  and  drawing-room  during  the  winter, 
which  should  be  attended  to  with  the  foregoing.  As 
the  amount  of  light  is  now  sensibly  diminished,  such 
conservatory  climbers  as  have  done  flowering  may  be 
thinned  out,  and  the  remaining  shoots  tied  closer 
together  to  .'idniic  all  the  light  prssible  to  the  plants 
below  them.  The  same  treatment  will  apply  to  climbers 
in  other  plant  houses  ;  it  should,  however,  be  a  rule  not 
to  prune  them  at  this  season,  or  a  premature  growth 
might  spoil  their  blooming  in  perfection  next  year.  The 
present  wet  weather  will  render  our  directions  last  week 
on  ventilation  especially  necessary  to  be  carried  out. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Vinery. — Late  Grapes  will  require  fires  to  be  made 
daily,  and  the  houses  thrown  open,  to  dry  up  damp. 
Remove  decayed  berries  every  two  or  three  days,  and 
protect  the  borders  from  heavy  rains.  The  lilarly 
Vinery  should  have  a  little  fire  daily,  but  duz'ing  the 
present  extraordinary  warm  weather  fires  by  night  will 
not  be  necessary,  unless  the  Vines  are  very  forward, 
when  sufficient  only  to  keep  the  thermometer  at  45*^ 
should  be  put  on.  Syringe  with  warm  water,  and  main- 
tain  a    humid  atmosphere   by  sprinkling  the  heating 


apparatus  when  at  work,  and  the  paths,  floors,  &c. 
If  there  is  a  very  moderate  heat  in  the  covering 
of  the  border  it  need  not  be  disturbed,  but  pro- 
tected from  the  present  drenching  rains.  The  second 
house  may  be  got  in  readiness  to  begin  when 
wanted.  Eauly  Peach-house. — If  Peaches  are  required 
very  early  tha  house  may  be  closed  at  once,  and  the 
dressing  and  trainihg  finished  ;  premising  the  pruning 
was  completed  some  time  back,  there  are  several  varieties 
of  Peaches  and  Nectarines,  which,  after  having  been 
forced  a  few  years,  make  but  few  wood  buds,  except 
at  the  base  of  the  shoot  and  the  terminal  one  ;  with 
such,  it  will  be  safer  to  leave  the  wood  unshortened  till 
they  break,  when  they  can  be  cut  back  to  a  promising 
wood-bud.  If  the  inside  border  is  poor  or  exhausted, 
cover  over  with  two  or  three  inches  of  rotten  cow-dung, 
and  water  with  liquid  manure  when  dry  ;  the  outside 
border  should  have  a  good  coat  of  leaves  or  Fern  well 
thatched,  placed  over,  to  px*eserve  a  moderate  amount 
of  heat,  and  to  keep  it  dry  ;  no  fires  need  be  appUed 
for  the  present,  but  take  advantage  of  sunny  days 
by  closing  an  hour  or  two  earlier.  Fig-house. — 
Unless  Figs'are  in  'demand  very  early,  forcing  may  be 
deferred  till  next  month.  If  the  summer  management  has 
been  rightly  carried  out,  no  further  pruning  will  be 
requisite,  beyond  thinning  out  old  or  gross  wood.  As 
Figs  are  more  subject  to  the  attacks  of  insects  than  most 
forced  fruits,  the  wood  should  be  well  brushed  over  with 
the  mixture  recommended  for  Vines.  If  the  interior 
wood-workis  not  painted,  it  should  be  washed  thoroughly, 
and  the  walls  whitewashed,  adding  a  little  sulphur  to  the 
wash  ;  these  precautions  will  save  much  after  trouble  by 
destroying  any  insects,  or  their  ^eggs,  which  may  be 
lodged  in  the  crevices  of  the  walls,  &c.  See  to  the 
stock  of  Strawberries  for  forcing,  that  they  are  protected 
from  heavy  rains  ;  a  few  Alpines  in  pots  may  be  intro- 
duced to  empty  Vineries  or  Peach  liouses,  to  prolong 
the  season;  they  will, if  supplied  withalittle  heat,  continue 
bearing  thx-ough  the  winter. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Provided  the  flower  garden  beds  are  filled  with  the 
spring  flowering  plants,  a  regular  cleaning  up  of  the 
adjoining  Grass  and  gravel  walks  should  take  place, 
that  the  whole  may  have  a  neat  appearance  through 
the  winter  ;  if  the  walks  are  much  soiled,  a  surfacing  of 
fresh  gravel  should  be  spread  over  the  principal  ones  in 
connection  with  the  flower  garden,  which  will  keep  up 
a  degree  of  freshness  at  a  season  when  good  keeping  and 
neatness  are  the  only  equivalents  for  floral  beauty  that 
can  now  be  offered.  The  heavy  rains  have  in  tliis 
neighbourhood  completely  put  a  stop  to  all  out-door 
work,  including  tlie  removal  of  earth.  The  stock  of 
cuttings  and  newly-potted  plants  will  require  care  to 
prevent  their  damping  off;  a  good  plan  is  to  raise  the 
sashes  up  at  back  and  front  and  let  them  remain,  as  the 
weather  may  change  suddenly  ;  be  prepared  with  plenty 
of  covering  material  for  use  when  wanted. 

FLORISTS'    FLOWERd. 

The  dripping  wet  weather  that  we  have  lately  had 
has  been  anything  but  favourable  for  Auriculas.  A 
vigilant  eye  must  be  kept  on  the  state  of  the  drainage  ; 
if  the  surface  of  the  soil  assumes  a  soddened  appear- 
ance, immediate  examination  must  take  place.  Some 
amateurs  have  brick  frames,  with  sliding  doors  in  the 
sides  ;  when  they  are  opened,  a  thorough  circulation  is 
kept  up,  an  indispensable  requisite  in  the  successful 
cultivation  of  the  Auricula.  Pinks. — Examine  the 
beds  ;  sometimes  in  windy  weather,  long  or  straggling 
plants  will  get  broken  over  at  the  am-face  ;  to  prevent 
accidents  of  this  kind  small  twigs  or  branches  should  be 
inserted  in  the  ground  on  each  side,  as  supports. 
Rabbits  are  often  exceedingly  raiscliievous,  eating  them 
off.  When  all  other  remedies  have  failed,  rags  dipped 
in  melted  sulphur,  and  suspended  on  cleft  sticks  a  foot 
high,  will  be  found  the  very  best  preventative.  Tulip 
growers  generally  Iiave  been  much  delayed  by  the  con- 
tinuous wet.  We  would  advise  them  to  wait  a  day  or 
two,  so  that  the  beds  may  get  tolerably  dry  before 
putting  in  the  bulbs.  Excess  of  moisture  at  first  planting, 
we  know,  from  dear-bought  experience,  to  act  very 
prejudicially  on  thera. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Whenever  the  ground  becomes  dry  enough  for 
treading  on  without  injuring  the  borders,  let  the  pruning 
of  hardy  fruit  trees,  as  Apples,  Pears,  Plums,  &:c.,  be 
put  in  hand,  more  particularly  if  there  is  a  large  amount 
of  this  kind  of  work  to  be  done — begin  with  the  orchard 
and  open  quarters  first ;  Currants  and  Gooseberries  are 
better  left  till  towards  spring,  as  birds  in  hard  winters 
are  very  destructive  to  their  buds  ;  Raspberries  may 
have  the  old  wood  cut  away,  reserving  the  shortening 
of  the  young  wood  till  spring. 

Eebatum  :  In  Plaut  Df-partment,  at  p.  728,  12  linos  from  top, 
lor  "  same  house,"'  read  *'  a  separate  house." 


I'J-Rain;  boiBterouB  witb  laiu ;  densely  Ofercaat. 

13— Uniformly  overcast ;  fojiey  ;  raio. 

14— Kain;  very  fine;  constant  heavy  rain  throuKliout  the  night. 

15— Kain;  fine  witb  eun  occasionnlly  ;  heavy  rain  at  night. 

16— F'-ne  throuKbout ;  clear  at  ni^ht. 

17— Fine  ihrouxbnut;  boiBteroua  with  rain  in  the  night. 

IS— nenoely  cluaded;  fiae  with  Bun;   overcaai ;  cleat  and  frosty 

at  night. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  veek ,  5  defc.  above  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  S6  years,  for  the  enBuin^  week,  endioK  Nov.S?.  I8&3> 


Sanday  21 
Mod.  ^ 
Tues.  2:i 
Wed.  £4 
Thura.  25 
Friday  2fi 
Satur.   27 


5nf 


lis 


33.1 
::i3.4 
33.0 
35.0 


No.  Of 
TearB  In 
which  It 

Baioed. 


427 
42.1 
40.5 
39.8 

ii9.9 
40.9  I 


Greateit 
Quantity 
of  Eain. 


0  J7  in. 
0.62 
0.36 
0.50 

c.e7 

0.34 


FrevalUns  Winds. 


KCi! 


4]  3    4    2|  1 


■  2'  3 
113  10 


The  hizhest  tcmpnratare  during  the  above  period  occurred  on  the  2l8t' 
1S2S,  1S33,  and  27th,  1S13— therm.  59deg.;  and  the  lowest oa  the  26tb,1849— 
therm.  18  deg. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 


« 

Tn»PSHATDaB. 

Nov. 

1 

1 

Of  the  Air 

Ofthe  Earth. 

Wind. 

1 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feet 
deep. 

Friday..  12 

39.553 

29,437 

49 

44 

4fi.5 

491 

49^ 

K. 

,13 

Sr.tur. .,  13 

29.496 

29.41-.: 

43 

44 

4f..o 

4S^ 

V. 

•A 

29.362 

29.225 

fl4 

46 

50.0 

48,\ 

V: 

1,?4 

Monday    15 

4 

29.071 

28.939 

f.S 

49 

53.5 

49 

4-J^ 

.S  W. 

.34 

Tiiea.   ..  IG 

29.057 

;s.'!4a 

6"1 

54  5 

49 

S- 

.1^ 

Wed.    ,.  17 

ti 

29.1S9 

29,070 

56 

42 

49.0 

50 

49 

S  W 

.11 

Thurs...  JB 

J> 

29.713  j  29.279 

40 

27        33.5 

49 

4S 

S.VV. 

.00 

Average  ... 

29-349    '  29,187 

52.1      43.1)      47.5 

49.3    1  48.6 

216 

Notices   to  Correspondents. 

V  The  Publisher  will  give  full  price  for  Nos.  37,  33,  39,  40, 
44,  and  45,  forthepreient  year. 

Apples  ;  J  D.  We  fear  they  are  attacked  by  the  fungus  that 
has  this  year  been  destroying  Pears.  If  so,  no  remedy  ia 
known.     You  might  try  sulphur. 

Books  :  S  H  C.  The  Journal  ot  the  Horticultural  Society  can 
be  had  of  all  booksellera.  Fellows  receive  it  gratia.  The 
privileges  of  Fellows  can  be  learned  by  addressing  a  note 
to  the  secretary,  21,  Regent-atreet. 

CucuMBEBs  :  Concha.  Tour  inquiry  is  an  advertisement. 

DiTTANT  OF  Cbete  :  C  S  N L.  We  are  so  unfortunate  as  to  be 
unable  to  decipher  your  name  and  reeidence.  If  you  will 
furnish  your  name  and  address  in  full,  we  vnW  print  your 
inquiry,  but  we  cannot  make  ourselves  a  medium  for 
exchange. 

GEEENB008E8  :  W  B.  Give  us  more  particulars,  and  your  real 
address,  and  we  will  communicate  with  you  privately. 

Insects  :  J  P.  Tour  moths  are  as  follows  : — Noctdids.  8, 
Coamia  trapetzina  ;  13,  Graphiphora  punicea ;  10,  Acronycta 
Psi ;  11,  Mlaelia  Compta  ;  15,  Xanthia  Citrago  ;  12,  Cerato- 
pacha  diluta  ;  17,  Agrotia  segetum  var. ;  1,  Ophiusa  luaoria, 
GEOMETBiDffi.  2,  Harpalyce  centum-notata ;  3,  Larentia 
Chenopodiata  ;  5,  Alois  repandata  j  6,  Camptogramma  bili- 
neata  ;  7,  Harpalyce  sjlvaticata  ;  9,  Cyclophora  ocellaria ;  14, 
Euthalia  elutata  ;  16,  Cidaria  miaria.  Piealid^.  18,  Fara.. 
colax  nemoralis  ;  4,  Aglosaa  pineuinalia. — Poniariwm.  Tour 
Apple  twigs  are  infested  with  the  American  blight.  Spirits 
of  tar,  hot  aoap-auds,  or  even  clean  water,  repeatedly  rubbed 
with  a  brush  into  the  crevices  of  the  trees  will  get  rid  of 
them.— 6"  B  NH.  The  eicresencea  on  the  roots  sent  are  galls 
formed  by  the  Cynips  Quercua  radicis.  JK 

Lageeste'emias  :  Dia->nond.  They  require  to  be  forced  like  stoTe 
plants,  and  ripened  like  greenhouse  plants,  till  their  wood 
is  perfectly  hard.  They  muat  also  have  age,  and  not  too 
much  pot-room.  ^  ^    ,       ■, 

LoNOANs:  Gallims.  The  dried  fruit,  as  imported,  is  always 
dead.      They  are  propagated  with  difficulty  by  layers  or 

MxRTLES  :  HL.  The  precise  manuerin  which  the  colour  of  your 
Myrtle  leaves  has  been  discharged  cannot  be  aacertained. 
But  if  lime  and  sulphur,  or  sulphur  alone,  has  been  allowed 
to  find  its  way  into  the  soil,  that  will  account  for  the  appear- 
ance. Tou  had  better  take  precautions  to  prevent  the  pos- 
sibility of  such  an  accident ;  and  at  the  same  lime  lay  bare 
the  fibrous  roots,  again  covering  them  with  good  soil,  such  as 
TOU  would  use  in  a  Peach  border.  This  will  afford  you  the 
beat  chance  of  restoring  tho  trees  to  health. 
Names  of  PLANTa  :  TT  ff  X.  We  have  no  other  answer  to  give  ; 
as  we  have  repeatedly  aaid,  plaats,  eapecially  seedling  plants, 
cannot  be  named  with  certainty  unless  in  flower.— B  B. 
Asplenium  Trichomanes.— .anon.  Ad'autum  aatbiopicum,  L.  8. 
Names  of  Fkoits  :  J  W  J.  1,  Doyenne  Gria  ;  8,  Brown  Beurre ; 
5  27  Duchease  d'Angouleme;  6,  Uvedale's  St.  Germain;  9, 
30  St  Germain;  11,  Worttileas ;  12,  Winter  Nelis ;  13,  24, 
Marie  Louiae  ;  15,  CatiUac ;  21.  Glout  Morceau;  22,  Passe 
Colmar;  23,  Beurre  Diel;  :5,  Bergamotte  Cadette;  26, 
Comte  de  Lamy ;  32,  Easter  Beurre.H— H  W,  Londwdtrry, 
4  Hollandbury  ;  5,  Biack  Achon  ;  7.  Althorp  Crassane  !  8, 
Beurre  Rauce ;  9,  Beurre  d'Aremberg;  10,  Scarlet  Crofton ; 
11,  Downton  WoDpareil ;  12,  "  Red  King,"  not  known  by  any 
other  name;  it  ia  different  from  and  more  handsome  than 
the  King  Apple  of  English  collections;  13,  which  yon  say 
is  called  "Nans  Nebs,  much  esteemed  for  export."  In 
answer  to  your  queelion,  we  think  thus  of  it :  middle-sized, 
roundiah,  fair  to  the  ej  e  and  so  far  good  for  the  market ;  but 
it  is  not  rich,  it  wants  briskneas  ;  14,  15,  both  appear  to  be 
the  Wi' ter  Nelia  ;  compare  the  leaves,  and  see  if  they  are  Dot 
narrower  than  those  of  other  Pear  trees.||— IP;  1, 10,  Glout 
Morceau  ■  3,  Bon  Chretien  Fondante  ;  3, 11,  Ne  Plus  Mauris  ; 
4,  5,  Old  Colmar;  6,  Swan's  Egg.  The  Apple  ie  the  Wyken 
Pippin.ll— fi  S.  2,  Beurr^  Diel;  S,  Beurre  d'Aremberg; 
Iseems  worthless.— C  W.  On  your  Grape  from  out  of  doors 
the  Bulphur  has  killed  the  mildew;  but  as  the  berries  are 
only  beginning  to  colour,  the  variety  cannot  be  ascertaioed. 
The  forms  ofthe  bunch  and  berries  correspond  with  thoae  of 
the  Frontignans  ;  and  probably  the  sort  ia  the  Grizzly  Pron- 
tignan.  In  these  Grapes  the  Frontignan  flavour  can  be  de- 
tected even  before  the  berries  change  colour  ;  but  we  find  it 
not  after  frosty  nights.H-J  B  N  P.  3,  Gravenstein  ;  8. 
Franklin's  Golden  Pippin;  4,  Golden  Noble  ;  o,  resombles 
Kerry  Pippin;  8,  Tower  of  Glammis;  11,  probably  Haw- 
thornden;  13,  Golden  Pippin;  14,  Nelnou  Codlin ;  15  Bar- 
celona Pearmain;  16,  Syke  House  Ruseet.H— £  W  S.  1, 
Scarlet  Nonpareil;  3,  Golden  Reinette  ;  4,  Mmchal  Crab;  6, 
Margil ;  7,  not  known ;  very  austere.  The  others  appear  to 
be  local  varieties,  unknown  near  Loudon. l| 

Papee  :  TJ  3.  We  assure  you  that  any  stationer  can  procure 
you  such  paper,  of  good  quality,  if  he  chooeea  to  give  himself 
the  trouble.  The  size  is  immaterial,  within  a  quarter  or 
half  inch  eiiher  way. 

Pears  :  J>r.  21.  Tour  Pears  will  ripen  and  become  melting  if 
jou  place  them  in  a  proper  temperature  ;  in  a  tolerably  warm 
kitchen,  for  example.  In  such  a  situation  they  should  be 
closely  packed  in  a  box  lined  with  very  dry  straw. 

Peat  Chabcoal.  JSro.  We  should  not  have  allowed  any  fluid 
to  escape,  but  have  detained  the  whole,  adding  as  much 
more  charcoal,  from  time  to  time,  as  might  be  necessary  for 
absorption.  Tou  may  apply  it  when  you  like  ;  it  ia  an 
excellent  manure  for  all  the  purposes  you  mention,  ■ 

Seeds  :  W  S  U  B.  Bury  your  seeds  in  sand.  Leave  them  in  a 
heap  till  March,  and  then  bow  them  half  an  inch  deep  in 
nice  mellow  soil.  .  ,      j  ^u 

Tamabiskb  :  A  G.  They  succeed  just  as  well  inland  as  on  the 
coast.  Tou  will  probably  find  no  sensible  difference,  althougb 
we  sometimes  fancy  that  the  Tamarisks  on  the  coast  are  a 
deeper  colour.  ,      ,,         i.    -.c 

Tines  •  J  W.  We  cannot  say  whether  the  Muscat  Jesua  is 
exactly  the  same  as  the  White  Frontignan,  but  it  ia  closely 
allied  to  the  latter.  M.  Tibert  says  the  Muscat  Jesus  is 
known  under  four  or  five  different  names.  He  describes  it 
as  an  excellent  Grape,  but  apt  to  crack.  It  appears  to  be 
confuaed  with  the  Chasaelas  Musque  by  some  t  rench  authors. 
The  other  Grape  you  mention  is  unknown. Ii 

Misc  '.JOS.  The  address  is  Bodorgan,  Anglesea. 


47—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


745 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION   TO   AGRICULTUKISTS.— 
It  beiag  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Governnient  and 

Co  the  Public  again  to  recommecd  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard, 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  'price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  been  sold  hy  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
SI.  OS.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
^ther  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

rPHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
Jt-  tiie  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Kape  Cakes,  Ferurian  Guano,  Urate,  Saperphospbate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  mcro 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
EdwjlKD  Pdbseb,  Sec,  Bridge- street,  Blackfriars,  London. 


MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  La WEs'a  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

lomip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0    0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes        * 5    0    0 

Office,  69,  Kiog  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  92. 10^.  per  ton ;  and  for  5  tons  or  more.  dl.  6s,  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammoDJa,  &c.       

PEAT    MOSS    CHARCOAL. 

THE  PEAT  MOSS  CHAECOAL  COMPANY  are 
prepared  to  deliver  a  superior  Charcoal  (made  expressly 
for  Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  and  not  divested  of  any  of  its 
chemical  properties),  at  52%.  Gd.  per  ton. — Apply  to  Mask 
i'oTHEBGiLL,  Agent,  204,  Upper  Thames. street. 

Liuseed  and  Rape  Cake,  Peruvian  Guano,  Gypsum,  Salt,  and 
all^anares  of  kno^n  value  on  sale. 


MANURE. 

PEAT  CHARCOAL,  completely  saturated  with 
London  Sewage,  will  be  found  a  most  effective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  60s.  per  ton, 
is.  per  cwt.,  and  23.  6d.  per  ^  cwt. 

"  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tiliser ;  we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plants;  we  put  half  a  pint  to  each  Hose  and  Dahlia, 
iowed  it  in  the  row  with  Beans,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  Cabbage.  The  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  efficacious  the  second  year  as  the  first." — 2^ 
Oarden,  hy  Mr.  Qlenny. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  are  universally  approved 
3f.  They  facilitate  labour  20  per  cent.  They  hnve  received  the 
Silver  Medal  at  Lewes,  Dublin,  Galway,  ShffEeld,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn  has  received  the 
jriie  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  agricultural  meetings  where 
t  has  been  shown.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  41,  says, 
*  This  form  ot  chum  is  the  beat  tor  churning  sweet  cream,  and 
»iU  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  milk  or  cream,  in  any 
"orm,  Id  much  legs  time  than  any  churn  that  has  yet  been 
ntroduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
ilechi  has  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
larable,  and  effective,  Gutta  percha  tubing,  bands  for 
nachiuery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  assortment  of  prize  and  the 
lest  farm  implements.  Price  catalogues  senc.on  application. — 
iiJBGKSs  and  Ket.  103,  Newgatc-sircet,  London,  agents  for 
il'C'^rmick'ii  American  Beaoer. 


ttS\ 


tXTARNERS  PATENT   FARM  AND  COTTAGE 

VV  PUMPS.  — Caet-iron  Pumps,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shallow 
Wells.  £  3.  d. 

Patent  Pump 1  15    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  \b  feet  of  lead 

fpipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuts 
ready  for  fixing    2  10    0 
Larger  eizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceediug  to  the  Gold 
Regions  they  will   prove  to  be  the  most 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pump 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  or 
Plumber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Mannfacturers, 

JOHfSI    WARNER  &   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,   Jewin-street,  London. 
Every  description  of   Machinery  for  Raising  Water,   Fire 
IntlineK.  ice 

IRON      HURDLES. 
^TEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  (Jl,  Gracechurch-street, 

i-^  London;  and  37,  »N'ew  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manu- 
actarers  of  every  description  of  Iron  Fencing,  beg  to  call  the 
ittentlon  of  Noblemfn  and  Gentlemen  t'l  their  present  prices 
»f  HURDLES  :— for  Sbetp,  6  feet  long,  3  feet  high,  with  5  bars, 
it  44. ;  aod  for  Cattle.  6  feet  long,  3  feet  8  Inches  high,  with 
i  barH,  Rt  A$.  C,d.  cTch^ 

':jALVAN1SED  wire  game  NETTING^ 
•J  Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


4nch  mesb,  llfcht,  34  Inches  wide 
4oeb     ,,      ttroD;;  ,, 

-iiieh     „      extra  Atron^     „ 
■Inch     „     light  ,, 

-Inch     „      ntrong  ,, 

4iieh     „      extra  ttroog 


Oalvan-  Japanned 
l«c(I,  Iron, 

,    Id.  per yd.    ^d.  per yd. 

9  M  H  II 

12      „  9        „ 

«       II  1        II 

,  10       „  H        „ 
14       „           11 


AUthe  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  pro[H»rtlonnto  price*. 
the  opper  half  U  a  coame  mokh,  It  will  roduco  tho  pricoa 
e^oarih.  OaWaniiied'tpiirrow-proornottlngffir  PhoBHantrlcs, 
,ptT  i/irttre  foot.  Pntlcmii  forwardo'l  [t^iit  free. 
NMafactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
rwlob(  And  dcllrared  free  of  oxponso  la  London,  vtXMU 
roofffa,  UuU,  orNewcutle. 


PURE     WATER. 

THE      ASBESTOS      FILTER.— Manufacturers, 
TAYLOR  AND  PEARS,  Late  OXLKY  and  CO., 
8,  George-yard,  Lombard. street,  London. 

ExTEAcr  paoa  "Lancet," 
June  26, 1852. 
"  The  Asbestos  Filter  of 
Mesers.  Oxiey  and  Co.  is  the 
best  Filter  hitherto  con- 
structed. Its  superiority 
consists  in  the  following 
circumstances  ; — First,  The 
filtering  media  are  composed 
of  layers  of  Asbestos  and 
river  sand,  so  arranged  as 
to  admit  of  being  readily 
removed  and  cleansed  from 
time  to  time,  from  the  im- 
purities derived  from  the 
water  which  passes  through 
them.  Second,  The  mineral, 
Asbestos,  is  substituted  for 
the  animal  Bubstance.sponge, 
the  advantages  of  the  former 
being,  that  it  is  not  liable  to 
become,  like  sponge,  putre- 
scent, and  that  it  may  be 
easily  and  perfectly  cleansed. 
As  the  public  are  still  con- 
demned to  drink  filthy 
Thames  water,  no  family 
having  regard  for  cleanliness 
and  health  should  bo  without 
an  efacient  filter." 


«  T^RTGI  DOMO."— A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
-L  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  Horticultural  and  FJoricuItural  purposes  for 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  is  required. 
It  is  2J  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  Is.  -Id.  per 
yard  run.— Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  Aecdee,  Carpet  Manu- 
facturer, 451,  New  Ox  ford -street,  London. 


THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  and  POULTRY 
SHOW,  1852. —  The  FOURTH  GREAT  ANNUAL 
ESniBITTON  of  CATTLE,  SHEBP,  PIG5,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY, 
THURSDAY,  and  FRIDAY,  the  14th.  15th,  icth,  and  17th 
davsofDECEMBER.  The  PRIVATE  VIE  W  and  the  ANNUAL 
DINNER  on  TUESDAY,  December  11. 

Admission,  on  Tuesday,  6s. ;  and  on  Wednesday,  Thursday, 
and  Friday,  Is. 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  20,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Thuhbdat,       Nov.    25— Aitricultural  Imp.  Sorihty  of  Ireland. 
Wbdkbsdat,     Dec.     l—Agriculturiil  Society  of  EnElsnd. 
TauBBDAi,  —       '2— A^ficulturul  ImiJ.  society  of  IrelaDd. 


In  the  management  of  fat  stock  two  problems 
are  involved.  To  manufacture  from  a  given  quantity 
of   produce  the  largest  quantity  of   butcher-meat, 

and  TO   nr.VNUFACTUKE  THE  OFFAL  INTO  MANURE  with  the 

least  possible  waste — two  questions  inseparable  from 
each  other — for  as  "  muck  is  the  mother  of  meal," 
it  consequently  follows  that  the  quantity  of  produce, 
and  hence  butcher-meat,  depends  upon  the  economy 
of  manure.  It  is  to  this  latter  branch  of  the  subject 
which  we  now  propose  addressing  ourselves,  and  to 
only  one  particular  division  of  it,  viz.,  the  offal  of 
fat  stock.  Referring  our  readers  to  some  valuable 
tables  lately  quoted  from  the  article  "  meat  "  in 
Blackie's  "  Cyclopedia  of  Agriculture,"  relative  to 
the  weight  of  offal  and  the  proportion  which  it 
bears  to  the  live  weight  of  oxen,  sheep,  and  swine, 
it  will  readily  be  perceived  that  a  question  in  refer- 
ence to  manure  is  here  involved  of  no  mean  magni- 
tude to  British  agriculture,  paying,  as  she  now  does, 
such  an  enormous  annual  sum  to  the  Peruvian 
Government  for  guano.    For  example  : — 

In  the  metropolis  there  are  in  round  numbers 
about  240,000  fat  oxen,  1,500,000  sheep  and 
lambs,  30,000  calves,  and  40,000  swine,  annually 
slaughtered.  Now,  in  the  tables  to  which  reference 
has  been  made,  if  the  mean  between  the  two 
extremes  is  taken  as  the  general  average,  which 
will  be  near  enough  the  truth  for  the  sake  of  argu- 
ment, it  will  give  40  stones  of  14  lbs.  each  for 
the  weight  of  the  offal  of  every  fat  ox,  and  say 
56  lbs.  for  sheep,  so  that  every  four  oxen  will  yield 
one  ton  of  offal,  and  every  40  sheep  the  same 
quantity,  or  for  tlie  whole  oxen  slaughtered  60,000 
tons,  and  sheep  37,500 ;  total,  97,600  tons,  exclu- 
sive of  calves  and  pigs  ;  and  including  these  we 
may  safely  say,  in  round  numbers,  100,000  tons  for 
the  metropolis,  and  for  the  whole  kingdom  600,000 
tons  of  offal,  suppo.sing  the  metropolis  one-sixth  of 
the  whole — an  hypothesis,  probably  not  very  far 
from  the  truth — are  annually  produced. 

Such  being  the  quantity  of  offiil,  the  next  question 
which  demands  solution  is  its  value  as  a  manure, 
and  the  price  which  we  at  present  get  for  it — a 
pr.ictical  question  not  the  least  important  of  the  many 
piactical  questions  involved. 

Of  the  value  of  suchacompound  as  the  above  would 
make,  were  the  whole  chopped  and  thoroughly  mixed, 
there  cannot  he  a  doubt,  and  that  it  would  be  even 
equal  to  th(j  best  Peruvian  guano  is  probable  ;  and  the 
propriety  of  manufacturing  such  a  compound  will  of 
oourso  flejjend  upon  tho  answer  wo  have  to  ap[)end 
to  the  olhor  division  of  the  question,  and  the  price 
of  guano.  Now  the  present  price  of  offal  in  the 
metropolis,  from  the  inquiry  which  wa  have  made, 


is  considerably  less  than  that  for  guano  weight  for 
weight,  the  40  stones  yielded  by  a  bullock  not 
realising  as  many  shillings,  while  the  best  Peruvian 
guano  is  selling  at  upwards  of  a  penny  per  pound, 
being  twopence  per  stone  dearer  than  the  offal  in 
question.  Hence  the  conclusion  as  to  the  pro- 
priety of  disposing  of  it,  as  we  now  do,  at  less  than 
its  value  as  a  manure. 

Hides,  tallow,  hearts,  tongues,  and  kidneys  .ire, 
however,  worth  more  than  guano,  and  as  these  con- 
stitute nearly  a  third  of  the  whole  weight,  and  little 
short  of  the  whole  price,  the  economy  of  the 
balance  of  the  offal  becomes  a  more  interesting 
question,  for  it  will  be  found  that  farmers  give  away 
annually  in  the  metropolis  between  60,000  and 
70,000  tons  of  it  for  nothing  ;  and  throughout  the 
whole  kingdom,  in  round  numbers,  about  400,000 
tons  !  Probably  some  price  is  derived  in  the  pro- 
vinces, but  it  is  certainly  less  than  that  paid  for 
guano,  or  than  it  is  worth  for  its  fertilising  powers, 
while  in  the  capital  it  is  far  more  of  plague  than  profit. 
No  doubt  the  whole  is  sold  for  something,  but  the 
price  does  not  reach  the  pocket  of  the  farmer — being 
a  windfall  to  some  other  party.  The  blood  and 
contents  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  for  instance, 
where  cattle  are  slaughtered  by  regular  slaughter- 
men, belong  to  them.  In  the  offal  shops,  again, 
the  tripe  may  be  seen  black,  blue,  and  green, 
rolled  up  in  "  two  a  penny  "  bundles  for 
"  cats  and  dogs'  meat ; "  backs,  collops,  livers, 
lungs,  &c.,  may  be  seen  in  the  same  box  ;  con- 
sequently, after  paying  house-rent,  and  the  other 
et  cceteras  of  a  metropolitan  expenditure,  what  can 
the  farmer  expect  for  manure  of  this  kind,  however 
valuable  ?  The  blood  is  scarcely  a  better  bargain  to 
those  whose  perquisite  it  is,  amounting  as  it  does 
to  the  round  sum  ot  11,000  tons  annually;  for 
Mr.  Carpenter  in  his  evidence  before  a  committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons  states,  that  he  slaughtered 
about  50  bullocks  weekly,  and  only  got  20^.  per 
annum  for  the  31  tons  17i  cwt.  which  they  yielded  ; 
and  Mr.  Wyld,  2Us.  weekly,  for  the  blood  of  from 
170  to  180  beasts,  =  3  tons  16§  cwt.  !  !  Where 
butchers  slaughter  in  their  own  slaughter-houses,  the 
blood  is  retained  in  tubs  or  wells  sunk  in  the  flooring, 
and  removed  by  sugar  refiners,  &c.,  on.terms  similar 
to  what  it  is  from  the  common  slaughter-house. 
"  Some  butchers,"  says  Mr.  Sharp  in  his  evidence, 
"feed  pigs  on  it,  sending  round  their  carts  to 
their  neighbours  and  removing  what  offal  they 
can  get,  which  they  receive  gratis.  The  contents 
of  the  stomachs  and  intestines,  amounting  to 
between  15,000  and  20,000  tons,  we  learn  from 
the  same  quarter,  are  collected  into  heaps  and 
sold  for  as  many  shillings.  Tripe  shops  and 
offal  shops  contract  to  remove  the  balance,  from 
30,000  to  40,000  tons,  at  so  much  per  head,  but  the 
figure  is  so  small,  that  parties  generally  thought 
shame  to  answer  the  question' — How  much  1  In 
short,  the  whole  practice  is  antiquated,  belonging 
to  a  period  long  gone  by  ;  and  from  the  moment  the 
ox  is  sold,  its  offal,  from  the  hair  on  the  tail,  the 
perquisite  of  the  drover,  to  the  tip  of  the  horns,  is 
blown  in  every  direction  but  that  in  which  it  should 
be  blown  ;  which  is  undoubtedly  the  pocket  of  the 
farmer  who  has  been  at  the  expense  of  producing 
it,  and  whose  hungry  acres  are  starving  for  the  want 
of  it. 

To  the  farmer  the  real  value  of  the  offal  as  a 
manure,  or  indeed  in  any  sense,  is  the  produce 
which  it  would  yield  if  properly  applied  to  the 
soil  ;  and  here  experiments  are  wanting  to  test 
the  price  below  which  offal  should  not  be 
sold  off  the  farm.  What  is  it  which  gives  to  guano 
and  other  manures  rich  in  nitrogen  their  present 
value,  but  the  removal  of  the  offal  in  question  and 
the  other  animal  products  from  the  soil,  leaving  it 
deficient  of  nitrogen  !  Why  purchase  from  Peru 
some  500,000  tons  of  the  former  at  4,500,000/.,  and 
dispose  of  600,000  tons  of  the  latter,  perhaps  of 
greater  value,  at  1,200,000/.  ?  Would  not  the 
application  of  the  latter  to  the  soil  reduce  the  value 
of  the  former,  bringing  both  to  something  like  a  fair 
medium  price  ?  Of  the  soundness  of  the  practice 
here  involved  there  cannot  be  a  doubt,  and  from  the 
quantity  of  nitrogenous  matter  which  the  60,000  to 
70,000  tons  in  the  capital  contain,  supposing  hides 
and  leather  otherwise  disposed  of,  the  corporation 
of  London  are  intrusted  with  the  reduction  of  a 
great  national  proposition  to  practice,  and  a  very 
remunerating  one  for  itself  in  the  erection  of  a  new 
cattle  market,  a  proposition  in  which  more  than 
farmers  have  a  twofold  interest. 

The  English  Agricultural  Society  'has  offered  a 
prize  of  11)00/.  for  the  invention  of  a  manure  of  equal 
value  to  guano,  costing  not  more  tlian  6/.  per  ton. 
And  wo  are  told  by  the  Econoinist  that  London 
wqiitalists,  with  a  truer  sense  of  the  commercial 
interests  involved,  are  ready  to  offer  a  prize  of 
100,000/.  for  such  an  invention  as  this.  We  ven- 
ture to  recommend  to  both  the  consideration  of  the 


746 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Nov.  20, 


enormous  waste  to  agriculture  by  the  present  mode 
of  mismanaging  the  oifal  passing  through  the  hands 
■of  our  butchers. 


operations,  in  numerous   instances  tliere   are  farmers  |      In  a  case  where  all  was  to  commence,  that  is,  where 
holding  from  500  to  1000  acres,  principally  of  tillage    there  were  no  roads,  fences,  gates,  ponds,  nor  Ijuildings, 


THE  ISLE  OF  WIGHT. 

AiFTER  an  absence  of  .30  years  from  this  portion  of 
Hampshire,  I  went  there  last  August  to  marl;  the 
changes  which  so  large  a  measure  of  time  has  made 
there,  and  note  tlie  present  condition  of  a  fertile  district 
so  long  distinguished  as  "  the  garden  of  England." 

To  any  person  familiar  with  the  characteristics  of  the 
Channel  Islands— of  Jersey  more  especially,  and  accus- 
tomed to  see  small  enclosures,frequent  orchards  and  hedge 
rows,liliputian  liomesteads,  numerous  cottages,  and  small 
villas  witli  gardens,  everywhere,  producing  splendid 
varieties  of  fruits  and  vegetables  ;  the  high  ChalU-hills  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  its  extensive  pasture  plains,  and  large 
fields  of  arable  land  divested  of  the  original  locarje 
(yet  embellished  here  and  there  with  patches  of  coppice 
and  plantations,  and  with  well  timbered  demesnes  in 
some  localities),  bearing  golden  crops  throughout  miles 
of  unbroken  extent,  afford  a  very  different  impression. 
Bach  of  the  tahkcmx  has  its  peculiar  beauties,  ^  but 
assuredly  those  which  are  contemplated  from  the  ridge 
of  the  very  elevated  sheep-downs  from  Brading  to 
Arreton,  are  incomparably  nobler  on  a  summer  or 
autumnal  day  than  any  prospect  which  "  the  Queen  of 
the  Channel  Islands"  affords. 

But  I  am  not  going  to  institute  detailed  comparisons 
between  beauteous  rivals,  nor  to  lavish  admiration  on 
our  fair  domains  of  Southern  Hampshire,  in  tlie  manner 
of  a  tourist  compiling  a  guide  book,  nor  to  enter  upon 
the  field  of  geological  discussion  for  which  this  district 
furnishes  an  ample  text ;  but  simply  to  offer  such 
remarks  on  the  style  and  economy  of  farming  pursued 
there,  as  hmited  time  and  opportunities  permitted  me 
to  form. 

But  first  a  word  or  two  concerning  the  fitness  of  the 
popular  designation  of  the  "  garden  of  England,"  applied 
to  the  Isle.  If  we  are  to  understand  by  the  term 
"garden" — according  to  Johnson,  "a  piece  of  ground 
enclosed,  and  cultivated  with  extraordinary  care,  planted 
with  herbs  or  fruits  for  food,  or  laid  out  for  pleasure," 
the  district  in  question  has  no  similitude  to  this  ;  but 
if  we  extend  the  signification  to  a  place  particularly 
fruitful,  productive,  or  delightful,  we  need  not  disallow 
the  claim,  though  no  parts  of  the  locality  in  question 
have  that  peculiar  character  of  husbandry  like  that 
of  Belgium,  which  has  a  real  and  close  resemblance  to 
garden  culture.  Even  garden  allotments  for  the  farm 
labourer  are  "few  and  far  between"  the  ordinary 
gardens,  with  gigantic  Fuchsias  and  Salvias,  and  other 
plants  requiring  a  genial  clime,  around  the  porch  or 
walls  of  the  cottages,  are  frequent  and  indicative  of  a 
taste  for  the  pleasures  of  gardening.  But  these  con- 
stitute but  small  patches  on  a  large  area  of  cleared 
farm  land. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  Sandown  (an  unenclosed 
common,  but  a  few  years  ago  with  two  or  three  habi- 
tations), which  is  now  a  populous  bathing  village  of  high 
reputation,  the  supply  of  fruits  and  vegetables  is  scanty, 
of  indifferent  quality,  and  extravagantly  dear.  No 
public  garden  adjoins  the  long  street  of  neat  and 
elegant  villas,  whose  occupants  during  the  season  would 
gladly  purchase  the  produce  of  gardens  to  a  great 
amount.  The  supply  is  brought  from  the  small  and 
ill-kept  gardens  of  cottagers  and  small'  fai-mers  from 
other  localities.  As  to  the  early  sorts  of  Potatoes,  I 
saw  none  even  in  July  and  August  at  Sandown  ;  those 
in  use  were  the  late  kinds,  prematurely  dug. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  same  degree  of  slovenli- 
ness which  characterises  so  frequently  the  gardens  and 
allotments  of  the  common  labourer,  evidenced  by  the 
rampant  growth  of  weeds  between  drills  of  Potatoes 
and  rows  of  Cabbages,  and  in  the  surrounding  hedges, 
is  observable  in  this  very  charming  district.  But  this 
remark  should  be  qualified  by  the  admission  that  my 
season  of  observation  was  that  when  weeds  are  gene- 
rally rife,  and  that  the  atmospheric  influences  of  last 
summer  were  extremely  favourable  to  their  growth  ; 
besides,  it  was  then  a  very  busy  period.  As  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  a  large  aristocratic  class 
occupy  mansions  and  picturesque  seats  (on  the  northern 
side  more  particularly),  some  of  the  best  specimens  of 
cottage  and  general  gardening  are  to  be  found  in  this 
isle,  and  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Ryde,  Cowes,  and 
Newport.  A  similar  remark  applies  to  the  immediate 
neighbom-hood  of  Ventnor,  which,  with  its  rivals  on  the 
northern  side,  has  made  a  progress  in  every  respect 
most  wonderful. 

In  a  district  of  country  so  variable  as  to  soil  and 
elevation,  with  chalk  hills  from  500  to  850  feet  in  height, 
and  embanked  and  depastured  marshes  of  hazel  loam 
resting  on  dark-coloured  clay,  with  here  and  there  thin 
beds  of  fine  sand  or  gravel  intervening,  and  tracts  of 
clay,  red  loam,  sandstone,  and  maids,  there  is  of  neces- 
sity much  diversity  of  management.  Sheep  farming  is 
conducted  on  a  considerable  scale,  and  Turnip  culture 
in  due  proportion  ;  and  until  railways  and  steamboats 
brought  more  distant  markets  within  quicker  reach  of 
London,  the  early  lambs  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  were  very 
profitable  items  in  the  farmer's  account.  In  so  mild  a 
climate  an  c-arly  lambing  was  safely  and  systematically 
practised.  But  omitting  this  and  references  to  the 
grazier's  department,  and  his  feeding  of  cattle  on  the 
rich  summer  pastm-e  lands,  I  shall  notice  the  tillage 
husbandry  which  came  mider  my  immediate  view. 
Ihe  agncultm-e   is  conducted   on   a  large  scale  of 


land  ;  and  though  some  years  ago  the  class  of  very 
small  tenant  farmers  was  numerous,  their  farms  have 
been,  generally,  consolidated  iuto  farms  of  larger  size. 

From  the  rich  calcareous  loams,  the  cereal  crops  are 
of  course  usually  good  ;  they  appeared  to  me  in  most 
parts  magnificent  ;  but  gross  mismanagement  in  some 
instances  marred  the  bountifuhiess  of  Providence, 
Weeds  abounded  among  the  corn  ;  the  Turnip  hus- 
bandry is  good,  and  the  ground  is  sufficiently  hoed  and 
kept  free  from  weeds,  which  in  frequent  instances  luxu- 
riated through  the  Clovers.  Occasionally,  Tliistles 
determinedly  contested  the  possession  of  the  ground 
with  a  feeble  crop  of  Barley  ;  and  in  the  pasture  fields, 
which  are  very  numerous  on  the  farms  occupied  by 
petty  farmers,  weeds  were  maturing  their  growth  appa- 
rently without  any  danger  of  decapitation.  Where 
hedgerows  betrayed  an  unusual  neglect  of  clipping  and 
plashing,  and  horses  were  grazing  together  with  cattle 
and  sheep  on  foul  pasture  land  or  Clover  leys,  I  con- 
cluded that  the  land  was  owned  or  occupied  by  poor 
people  ;  but  it  became  apparent  to  me  that,  in  most 
cases,  the  teams  were  turned  out  to  Grass  during  that 
busy  season,  in  order  that  the  carters  and  ploughmen 
might  assist  in  mowing  or  saving  the  corn. 

The  waste  of  manure  occasioned  by  this  grazing  system 
is  considerable,  yet  in  many  of  the  farm-yards  there  was 
abundance  of  dung  ;  though,  as  if  to  diminish  its  effi- 
cacy, the  juices  might  be  seen,  as  in  most  counties  (more 
or  less),  to  flow  away  with  every  toiTcnt  of  rain,  by  the 
wayside,  to  the  nearest  stream.  M.  D. 
{ To  he  conUnued.) 


V 


ON  THE  ADVANTAGES  OF  PORTABLE  FARM 
BUILDINGS, 

SUGGESTED    AS    A    REaIEDY,    li^    SOME    DEGREE, 
FOR  THE  SCARCITY  OF   FARM  LABOURERS. 

On  the  24th  of  July,  1852,  a  friend  wrote  for  my 
opinion  as  to  the  best  plan  for  a  complete  set  of  new 
farm  buildings,  and,  as  I  had  reason  to  suppose  that 
they  were  to  be  erected  on  a  fann  not  yet  enclosed,  or 
in  any  manner  fettered  by  roads  or  other  artificial 
works,  it  seemed  that,  as  these  would  be  unusual  cir- 
cumstances, the  more  caution  was  necessary  to  begin  in 
a  right  manner,  because  if  the  bef^t  plan  was  not  adopted 
there  would  not  be  the  usual  and  unanswerable  excuse 
of  old  buildings  being  in  the  way. 

It  seemed  obvious  that,  as  the  general  fault  of  old 
plans  was  that  they  did  not  leave  space  for  adopting  all 
subsequent  improvements,  it  would  be  desirable  to 
discover,  if  possible,  some  new  plan  that  would  expand 
and  adapt  itself  to  circumstances,  so  as  to  admit  of  future 
improvements,  ns  well  as  include  all  those  known  when 
the  buildings  ■were  first  erected.  Each  building  should 
be,  not  only  the  right  thing  in  itself,  so  far  as  knowledge 
in  such  matters  has  advanced,  but  also  so  contrived,  if 
possible,  that  it  may  be,  on  each  occasion  for  using  it, 
in  the  very  best  place  on  the  farm  for  economising 
labour,  and  whatever  else  is  valuable,  so  as  to  obtain 
the  largest  value  in  produce  at  the  smallest  cost. 

Knowing  that  some  of  the  best  plans  hitherto  pro- 
duced have  obvious  faults  of  position,  when  tried  by 
this  economical  test,  and  believing  it  to  be  almost  impos- 
sible to  fix  a  whole  set  of  buildings  so  as  to  prevent  the 
chance  of  this  being  proved  by  experience,  or  by  improve- 
ments in  the  modes  of  carrying  out  agricultural  opera- 
tions, I  was  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  to  make  the 
buildings  portable,  or  removable  from  one  part  of  a 
farm  to  another,  would  be  one  of  the  most  likely  means, 
if  not  the  only  means,  whereby  to  correct  errors  of 
position,  and  to  give  room  for  expanding  or  contracting 
the  plan  as  circumstances  might  prove  to  be  necessary. 

I  have  known  cases  in  which  it  was  clearly  proved 
that  some  of  the  best  farm  machinery  was  worse  than 
useless  (leaving  the  cost  of  the  machinery  itself  out  of 
the  question),  because  more  extra  expense  was  incun-ed 
by  bringing  the  farm  produce  to  and  taking  it  from  the 
machinery  than  the  value  of  the  work  done  by  the  use 
of  the  machinery  ;  but  if  this  machinery  had  been 
"portable"  it  could  have  been  applied  with  decided 
advantage.  Thus  it  appears  that  the  word  "portable  " 
expresses  a  very  important  quality  ;  and  as  Mr.  Thomp- 
son, one  of  our  implement  stewards,  has  very  properly 
intimated  a  wish  to  diminish  the  use  of  the  word 
"  impossible,"  perhaps  I  may  be  allowed  to  suggest  that 
it  is  very  desirable  to  draw  general  attention  to  the 
importance  of  the  word  "  portable,"  as  without  it  I  do 
not  see  how  we  can  have  the  right  buildings  and- the 
right  implements  in  the  best  places  for  general  use. 
If  necessary,  every  building  on  a  farm  might  be  made 
so  as  to  be  portable  ;  therefore,  the  chief  question  will 
be  — What  is  likely  to  prove  beneficial  under  the  cir- 
cumstances of  any  particular  case  ?  and  to  decide  that 
question,  all  the  circumstances  of  the  farm  must  not 
only  be  known,  but  have  due  consideration,  as  what 
might  pay  in  some  situations  would  not  in  others. 

It  may  be  said,  with  truth,  that  portable  farm  build- 
ings would  be  more  generally  beneficial  in  the  colonies, 
or  in  other  countries  where  the  land  is  at  present  unen- 
closed and  in  its  natural  state  ;  but  the  same  remark 
would  apply  more  or  less  to  almost  every  other  agricul- 
tural improvement,  and  particulai-ly  to  all  such  as  relate 
to  railways,  tramways,  trucks,  carriages,  and  modes  of 
conveyance  generally  ;  but  as  some  of  the  inhabitants 
of  other  countries  are  likely  to  adopt  real  improvements 
whether  we  do  or  not,  that  is  a  reason  why  we  should 
apply  them  so  far  as  they  are  hltely  to  be  beneficial 
under  our  circumstancesj  but  no  further. 


t  might,  but  I  do  not  say  it  always  would,  be  desirable 
to  have  all  the  buildings  moveable.  Where  the  reverse 
of  all  this  was  the  case,  and  the  farms  were  also  small 
and  compact,  probably  there  would  generally  be  so 
much  the  less  necessity  for  moveable  buddings.  Where 
the  farms  were  large,  and  the  land  scattered,  or  far 
from  the  present  buildings,  it  might  be  good  economy 
to  have  new  and  portable  buildings  for  the  outlying 
fields.  In  no  case  should  present  buildings  be  pulled 
down  hastily,  especially  if  they  are  in  good  repair,  and 
likely  to  cost  little  by  remaining  where  they  are.  In 
short,  I  wish  it  to  be  clearly  understood  that  I  do  not 
advocate  rash  and  costly  changes,  or  any  changes  that 
after  due  consideration  are  not  likely  to  be  profitable. 
When  new  buildings  are  intended,  I  would  suggest  for 
consideration  whether  any  of  the  new  buildings,  or  any 
portion  of  each  building,  should  be  made  so  as  to  be 
"portable."  The  Crystal  Palace  of  1851  was  a  practical 
proof  that  in  some  cases  it  may  be  well  to  make  parts 
of  a  building  in  some  degree  moveable,  so  as  to  make  the 
materials  useful  for  different  purposes. 

If  any  one  doubts  the  value  of  having  farm  bmldings 
moveable,  let  him  l^par  in  mind  what  a  saving  of  labour  bi 
there  would  be,  in  some  cases,  by  having  portable  '" 
cattle-boxes,  &c.,  to  take  to  one  end  of  the  farm,  instead 
of  bringing  the  Turnips  and  siraw,  &e  ,  from  that  end 
of  the  farm,  and  then  taking  them  back  again  as  manure. 
Unnecessary  labour  causes  other  labour  that  would  not 
otherwise  be  necessary  ;  for  instance,  unnecessary  cart- 
ing on  roads  causes  labour  in  repairing  them.  By 
avoiding  the  first  error,  and  consuming  the  produce,  or 
part  of  it,  near  to  where  it  was  grown,  the  number  of 
operations  saved  would  vary  according  to  cir  cum  stances  j 
so  I  will  not  attempt  to  enumerate  them  ;  but  in  some 
cases  the  saving  in  the  cost  of  labour,  and  in  the  quality 
of  the  corn  by  harvesting  it  more  rapidly,  might  be 
equal  to  the  whole  rent  of  the  land.  ] 

It  may  be  said  that,  to  do  this,  the  cat  Qe  and  theirj 
*'  boxes,"  Ac,  would  want  a  labourer  to  look  after  themyl 
and  "  Where  would  he  live?"  My  answer  is — Why! 
should  not  he  live  in  a  portable  cottage  close  by  his-' 
work,  if  that  would  pay  the  landowner  and  occupier  the  ' 
best  as  a  means  of  enabling  them  to  cultivate  the  land  ? 
When  1000  men  can  live  in  a  portable  building  at  sea^ 
surely  a  labourer,  and  his  wife  if  necessary,  may  be 
provided  with  a  portable  residence  on  land  that  would 
contain  more  comforts  and  conveniences  than  they  are 
accustomed  to. 

If  horses  had  portable  stables  close  by  their  work, 
they  would  lose  less  time  in  going  to  and  from  it, therefore 
they  would  be  able  to  do  more  real  and  necessary  work  , 
in  the  same  time.     They  could  be  comfortable  in  the,  u 
stable  close  by  when  not  wanted  on  the  land,  and  what    If 
is  more,  they  could  be  making  the  best  manure  by  eating   -Ji 
a  green  crop  of  Lucerne,  Tares,  or  whatever  else  was  li 
most  likely  to  be  profitable  to  grow  close  by,  and  the    « 
manure  so  made  would  be  close  by  where  it  was  wanted,    a 
Besides  all  the  numerous  advantages  which  might  be-  i 
derived  from  having  healthy  horses  in  portable  stables,  p' 
it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that,  if  illness  attacked  any  *i 
of  them,  it  would  be  very  important  to  be  able  to  move 
the  sick  stable  and  horses  from  the  rest.     This  last  con- 
sideration would  apply  more  or  less  to  all  sorts  of  stock  j; 
and    although   I  have    only   gone    into    some   details 
respecting  cattle  and  horses,  those  who  reflect  on  the 
subject  will  generally  agree  that  in  some  cases  portable 
buildings  would  be  desirable  for  every  kind  of  stock 
that  is  common  on  English  farms. 

I  have  no  doubt  it  is  quite  practicable  to  make  every 
necessary  farm-building  moveable,  and  in  many  cases  I 
am' quite  certain  that  it  would  pay  well  to  make  part  of 
them  portable,  especially  now  that  there  is  a  probability 
of  an  increasing  scarcity  of  farm  labourers — which 
proves  how  important  it  is  to  employ  such  as  there  are 
on  labour  that  is  really  necessary  and  profitable.  It 
"  portable  "  farm- buildings  saved  the  labour  of  men, 
they  would  also  save  the  work  of  about  twice  as  many 
horses,  and  thus  the  question  becomes  one  of  great 
importance  to  the  community  at  large  as  well  as  to 
individuals. 

I  am  not  aware  that  any  one  has  previously  suggested 
the  trial  of  portable  farm-buildings,  and  I  am  prepared , 
to  receive  the  usual  proportion  of  ridicule  as  a  proposer  o' 
a  new  plan  ;  but  I  wish  to  submit  it  to  the  fair  considera' 
tion  of  all  persons  who  take  an  interest  in  such  subjects 
and  I  am  more  particularly  desirous  of  drawing  th( 
attention  of  agricultural  implement  makers  to  the  idei 
that,  if  some  farm  buildings,  such  as  cattle-boxes,  wer<, 


made  portable,  they  would  afford  to  them  another  soorci 
of  profitable  employment  for  their  capital  and  skill,  am 
a  means  of  being  useful  to  others  to  an  almost  un 
limited  extent.  Barugh  JihiacJc,  41,  Alhio^i-strcei 
Hyde  Park,  London. 

[The  above  is  the  substance  of  a  letter  addressei 
by  Mr.  Almack  to  the  Secretary  to  the  Royal  Agricul 
tural  Society — the  receipt  of  which  was  aeknowledgej 
in  the  recent  report  of  their  late  meeting.  ] 


THE  HOUSING  AND  FEEDING  OF  CATTL: 
In  the  last  15  years  I  have  lioused  and  fed  upwi 
of  1200  cattle,  besides  having  been  intrusted  with 
constructing  of  numerous  straw-yards,  byres,  &c, 
treating  of  the  subjects  under  discussion,  I  shall,  in 
first  place,  with  reference  to  the  housing,  consider  ti|[ 
merits  of  three  methods,  viz.,  feeding-byres,  feediM 
yards,  and  feeding  loose-boxes.  Feeding-byres  shoiQ 
only  contain  one  row  of  cattle,  standing  crosswayain  # 


1^ 


i 


H 


^ki 


—  1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


74 


/ 


m  of  the  side  walls.     There  ought  to  be  passages, 

lefore   and  behind,  for  the   convenience   of  the 

1  laying  the  food  before  thera,  and  clearing  the 

ay,  &c.     Troughs  at  the  heads  of  the  animals 

0  necessary,  and  these  may  either  be  made  of 

ent,   cast-ii-ou,   or   dressed  stone,  for  containing 

oru,  or  cake,  with  racks  immediately  above  them 

Ider.     The  walls  should  be  a  good  height  for  the 

say  8  or  9  feet  ;  and  the  latter,  if  made  of  tiles, 

have  the  second  row  from  the  ridge  raised  tip 

es  at  the  lowest  end,  for  the  pui'pose  of  allowing 

leat    or  steam    that    generates    to    escape ;    or 

oof,    if    covered   with   slates,   should  have   ven- 

g  holes — of  which  there  are  many  kinds,  formed 

the  ridge.     Great  attention  must  be  paid  to  the 

ent  ventilation  of  every  byre  ;  for,  wiien  such  is 

5e,  the  health  of  the  cattle  is  greatly  promoted, 

onseciuently,  the  profit  from  feeding  proportionately 

ced.     To  attain  this  end,  I  make  in  the  side  walls, 

>efore  and  behind  the  cattle,  windows  or  boles  with 

dooi"s  on  them  every  12  feet  or  so  apart  ;  and 

imes  in  double-headed  byres,  in  these  boles  I  make 

>nd  or  false  door  of  perforated  zinc,  so  _that  the 

ht  can  be  regulated  at  pleasure.     When  a  stormy 

is  blowing  against  any  side  of  the  byre,  the  doors 

boles  can  be  shut  on  that  side,  and  those  on  tlie 

aJ  kite  side  opened  ;  or,  if  an  ordinary  wind,  I   open 

the  wooden  door,  and  allow  the  zinc  ones  to  be 

ht  into  play.     With  these  doors,  and  a  careful 

r  to  regulate  themj  the  cattle  will  never  be  seen 

*ng  and  perspiring,  as  is  frequently  the   case  in 

;  where  no  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  most  im- 

Bt  matter  of  ventilation.     In  cause-waying  byres, 

inches  of  a  fall  is  necessary  to  prevent  stagnant 

from  remaining  about  the  feet  of  the  cattle,  and  a 

red  drain  or  gutter  behind  is  requisite  for  conveying 

mine  to  the  tank.     The  divisions  or  stalls  can 

r  be  made  of  a  stone  slab  or  wood.     The  former  I 

d  recommend,  as  being  the  most  durable,  although 

St  more  costly. 

low  corae  to  the  second  method  referred  to,  viz.: — 

ing-yards.     When  these  are  intended  for  six  or  ten 

5,  they  should  be  made  with  a  southern  exposure  if 

ble,  and  have  as  much  shedding  as  to  allow  them  all 

"orfcably  to  rest  in.     If  the  east,  west,  or  north  sides 

lot  covered  by  sheds,  attention  ought  to  be  paid  to 

!  these  uncovered  sides  sheltered  by  walls  sufficiently 

to  protect  the  stock  from  piercing  winds  and  storms. 

ised    stone    troughs    for    roots,    corn,     or     cake, 

be  made  inside  along  the  back  wall ;  and  boles  as 

lerly  described,  with  hinge-doors  to  open  outwards 

y  12  feet  or  so,  for  supplying  food,  witli  a  fodder 

immediately  above.     It  is  very  useful  to  have  a 

;r-trough  in  the  corner  of  the  yard  ;  for,  although 

om  required  in  winter,  while  the  stock  is  receivmg  a 

allowance  of  roots,  yet,  in  spring  or  summer,  when 

le  and  otlier  fodder  become  drier,  it  may  then  be 

id  of  great  service.     It  is  of  great  importance  to  the 

ifort  of  the  cattle  to  have  the  bottom  of  the  yard 

ed,  or,  at  least,  with  an  even  surface,  to  avoid  pools 

itagnant  water  such  as  are  often  seen.     Let  also 

ters  be   placed  round   the   eaves  of  the   house   or 

ds,  to  caiTy  away  the  rain  water,  that  it  may  not 

irate  the  manure  and  wet  the  bedding  of  the  cattle. 

''ceding  loose-boxes  now  come  to  be  considered  as  the 

•d  of  the  series  referred  to,  and  when  these  are  for 

or  two  cattle,  they  ought  either  to  be  altogether  under 

f,  or  have  a  yard  similar  in  size  outside  to  the  space 

hin,  and  should  also  be  provided  with  troughs  and 

tks,  as  in  the  yard  first  described.     The  cattle  can  i 

ber  be  fed  by  having  a  bole  through  the  wall  for  each  i 

c,  or  by  means  of  a  passage  along  the  inside  of  the 

lis.     Either  plan  most  convenient  to  the  root-shed  or 

re  may  be  adopted. 

tiaving  ^ven  a  general  outline  of  what  I  consider  to  ' 
the  best  methods  of  erecting  houses  of  each  kind  for  j 
tening  cattle,  I  shall  now  proceed  to  explain  what  in 
'  opinion  is  the  most  effectual  system  or  plan  for  fat- 
ing, and  the  food  I  find  best  calculated  for  the  attain- 
nt  of  that  end  in  the  shortest  period.     I  shall  suppose 
beginning  of  October  as  the  time  the  cattle  ought  to  I 
housed,  and  that  they  are  put  up  so  as  to  require  at  [ 
Bt  six  months*  feeding,  and  be  worth  at  that  time,  say 
.   or  10  guineas  each.      For  the    first    fortnight   1 

0  nothing  but  Turnips  (tops  and  bulbs),  with  a 
Tilar  supply  of  Oat-straw  fodder,  as  well  as  a  piece  of 
k  salt  to  each  beast.  Tliis  they  have  constantly 
ore  them  while  feeding.  At  the  end  of  the  first 
tnight,  I  give  them  in  tlie  morning,  at  G  o'clock,  2  lbs. 
}ilcake,  and  immediately  afterwards  as  many  Turnip 
bs  as  they  can  eat,  taking  care  that  their  troughs  are 
pty  by  11  o'clock,  ah.  I  continue  the  1  o'clock 
t  of  Turnip-tops  and  bulbs  same  as  before.     At  the 

1  of  til':  firht  month,  I  feed  in  the   morning,  as  last 
cribed,  then  at  1  o'clock  p.m.  give  2  lbs.  of  oil-cake 
h,  after  which  what  Turnip  bulbs  they  can  consume,  i 
fore   putting  in   tlic  Turnij*»,  I  have  a  basketful  of ' 

Oat  or  Wheat-straw  to  cacli  beast  laid  on  its 
Bgh  ;  so  that  while  eating  tlieir  Turnips,  (hey  at  the 
le  time  take  up  the  cut  straw,  which  greatly  assists 
ir  digfslioM,  ns  ihcy  roastJcaie  their  Turnips  butter, 
I  fewer  of  them  serve.  At  (he  end  of  six  weeks,  I 
a  along  with  the  oil-cake  in  tlie  morning  2  lbs.  of 
nnd  corn,  &.':. — generally  Oats,  iJarlcy,  and  Ueans 
ted  ;  with  a  biipply  of  Turnips  and  cut  straw.  The 
l-day  bait  is  tlie  same  an  in  the  course  preceding, 
the  txpiry  of  two  monthr*,  I  fldd  2  lbs.  of  the  mixture 
heir  buit  of  oil-cake,  and  at  1  o'clock  in  every  oilier 
f»ect  the  feed  given  is  the  same  as  last.  I  continue 
I  coanc  until  within  six  wecka  from  the  time  the 


cattle  are  supposed  to  be  ready  for  market.  To 
eacli  two,  at  suppering  time  or  8  o'clock,  I  give 
half  a  stone  of  good  Rye-grass  and  Clover  hay, 
adding  1  lb.  more  to  each  of  the  two  baits  of 
oil-cake — of  course,  taking  care  that  the  Turnip  roots, 
which  are  generally  supplied  whole  or  uncut,  are  all  stored 
aud  given  to  the  cattle  free  from  frost  and  exposure  to 
rain.  As  to  the  varieties  of  Turnips  best  suited  to  the 
different  stages  of  feeding,  I  give  for  the  first  three 
months  the  Yellow,  and  the  last  three  Swedish.  Clean- 
liness is  of  the  greatest  consequence,  and  I  am  most 
particular  in  causing  the  feeder  to  have  the  byres  well 
swept  out  every  time  the  dung  is  removed — the  troughs 
especially  I  have  cleaned  out  twice  a-day.  In  six 
months  tlie  cattle  with  such  treatment  should  be  plump, 
fat,  and  of  excellent  quality,  ready  for  the  market.  If 
a  second  lot  of  cattle  is  put  up,  similar  treatment  should 
be  observed  as  explained,  when  the  cattle  were  housed 
in  October.  Continue  the  roots  as  long  as  they  last. 
Winter  Tares  or  Grasses  should  then  be  ready  to  supply 
their  place.  With  the  same  attention  bestowed  on  the 
different  lets  in  byres,  yards,  and  loose-boxes,  and  with 
regular  feeding  at  the  same  horn*,  upon  the  same  food 
during  the  six  months,  and  supposing  the  stock  of  the 
same  class  and  equal  value  when  first  housed,  as 
well  as  equally  good  growers,  my  experience  has 
shown  that  universally  the  byre  cattle  brought  the 
highest  price  when  sold.  I  have  had  many  opportu- 
nities of  testing  to  my  own  satisfaction,  with  such  byres 
and  straw-yards,  as  I  have  described  the  merits  of  these 
two  methods  of  feeding,  I  am,  however,  not  so  much 
acquainted  with  the  loose-box  system,  for  although  I 
have  recently  had  them  erected,  I  have  not  yet  had 
sufficient  experience  to  test  their  merits  with  the  otlier 
two  systems.  When  the  winter  months  were  com- 
paratively mild  and  warm,  like  our  last  season  for 
example,  I  have  found  that  yard-cattle  come  pretty 
close  to  the  byre  ones  in  value  when  sold,  but  certainly 
not  equal.  I  may  here  mention,  as  a  corroboration  of 
my  views  on  this  subject,  that  my  friend  Mr.  William 
Young,  junior,  of  Grange  Distillery,  told  me  the  other 
day  that  he  was  taking  down  most  complete  cattle  straw 
yards,  constructed  to  hold  four  large  cattle  each,  and 
converting  them  into  byres.  These  yards  had  a  southern 
exposure,  well  sheltered,  and  in  every  way  protected 
from  stormy  weather  ;  but  Mr.  Young  said  he  was 
perfectly  satisfied  that  straw-yard  cattle  were,  with  equal 
attention,  at  least  two  months  behind  those  of  the  byre 
in  being  as  fat.  I  am  in  favour  of  having  about  the 
same  extent  of  housing  in  byres  as  in  straw-yards  and 
loose-boxes  on  a  farm  ;  because  different  tenants  may 
have  different  methods  of  rearing,  the  one  may  altogether 
feed  cattle,  while  his  successor  may  both  winter  and 
feed  some.  There  might  be  a  deal  said  on  the  advantages 
the  byre  possesses  over  the  straw-yard  for  feeding  cattle; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  straw-yard  might  in  certain 
circumstances  present  others  over  the  byre,  were  each 
of  their  defects  and  properties  thoroughly  explained. 

[The  above  remarks  were  made  by  Mr.  Gow,  of 
Raith,  at  one  of  the  discussional  meetings  of  the 
Highland  and  AgricuUui-al  Soeietj'.  We  publish  them 
now  as  being  appropriate  to  the  season,  and  as  not  having 
previously  appeared  in  our  columns.] 


Home  Correspondence. 

Tcnant-rigJU.—  I  think  "  T."  might  have  spared  the 
subject  of  tenant-right  such  severe  criticism  as  he  has 
bestowed  upon  it  in  his  communication  in  your  paper  of 
Nov.  6th.  Let  him  remember  if  the  question  is  to  be 
set  at  rest  the  landlord  must  come  forward  and  offer 
such  an  agreement  as  will  make  it  unnecessai'y  to  demand 
anything  like  compensation  for  lasting  improvements. 
It  is  useless  to  talk  of  its  being  a  matter  of  agreement, 
as  "  T."  describes  it,  till  this  is  done,  for  many  if  not 
most  leases  made  within  the  last  eight  years,  contain  no 
clauses  that  secure  compensation  for  lasting  improve- 
ments, and  so  long  as  landlords  refuse  to  have  any 
clauses  of  this  kind  in  their  covenants,  they  will  cer- 
tainly hear  a  considerable  outcry  for  tenant-right.  I  am 
perfectly  aware  that  some  landlords,  whose  names  are 
perfectly  well  known,  do  everything  that  justice  and 
liberality  can  demand,  and,  I  believe,  are  ready  to  support 
a  tenant-right  bill.  But  there  are  far  more  numerous 
instances  of  landlords  who  are  not  so  liberal,  apply  the 
screw  freely,  and  oppose  tenant-right  in  every  sliape. 
/.  R  M. 

Tldn-sccding. — It  has  been  well  observed  in  a  late 
leading  article  of  this  Paper,  that  "  The  question  for  the 
farmers'  consideration  is — what  remainder  exists  for 
sale  after  deducting  the  seed  ?  not  how  many  fold  the 
seed  has  produced."  This  is  surely  tiio  vital  question, 
and  if  thin-seeding  does  not  answer  it  in  the  afrirmative, 
it  does  nothing  ;  and  although  some  thin-seeders  have 
laid  much  stress  on  the  saving  of  seed,  and  liave  entered 
into  long  calculations  to  show  the  inimonso  number  of 
quarterH  such  saving  would  give  to  tliu  consumption  of 
the  country,  we  can  scarcely  conceive  that  the  acreablu 
amount  can  have  escaped  their  couMideration  ;  they  must 
IiavG  contemplated  in  tliin-sceding,  an  equal,  if  not  a 
higher  amoniit  of  disposable  grain  at  harvest.  Ltut  thin 
seeders  do  not  need  to  rest  on  this  brniid  basis,  a  yet 
broader  one  remains  to  them.— a  giving  to,  and  fixing  in 
tlie  seed  an  increased  and  increasing  habit  of  production 
conHequent  on  tliin-Recding  and  the  careful  cnlturo  that 
must  atterid  it.  Gardeners  know  that  u  Hport  can  be 
fixed,  and  wc  Imvo  seen  true  Wh(;at  produced  by  tlio 
carcfiil  culture  of  an  otlierwiHc  woi-tlilcss  graHn,  it«  ears  ] 
having  been  thus  made  to  yield  year  alter  year  an  in- | 
creasing  number  of  plumper  and  better  filled  grains.  Wo  I 


cannot,  therefore,  doubt  that  this  thin-sowing,  this 
garden  tillage  of  Wheat  will,  I  might  almost  say,  ad 
infi'iiiium,  increase  its  productiveness,  we  can  conceive 
no  limit  to  it.  It  is  very  true  that,  in  the  ordinary 
■tillage  of  our  land,  very  thin  seeding  is  inadmissible,  we 
must  sow  a  sufliciency  of  seed  to  allow  for  all  the 
casualties  to  which  a  crop  in  such  land  is  liable,  and 
which  must  be  in  proportion  to  the  tillage  which  has 
been,  and  is,  during  the  growth  of  the  crop,  accorded  to 
it.  But  even  in  our  coarsest  tillage  we  may  talie  ad- 
vantage of  thin-seeding  in  the  saving  of  seed,  by  sowing 
the  seed  which  has  acquired  by  gai'dcn  tillage  and  thin 
sowing  an  increased  constitutional  productiveness.  Mr. 
Wilkins  obtains  his  4000-fold  increase,  perhaps,,  not 
more  by  his  thin-seeding  than  by  this  increased  consti- 
tutional productiveness  induced  by  the  thin-sowing  of 
his  mummy  Wheat  ;  and  I  see  no  reasfin  why  he  may 
not,  persevering  in  the  same  course,  obtain  8000-fold. 
Possibly,  had  he  directed  his  efforts  to  a  finer  descrip- 
tion of  Wheat  he  might  have  made  it  equally  productive. 
Although  within  certain  limits,  on  land  but  very  in- 
differently prepared,  I  have  found  as  the  width  between 
the  rows  of  grain  crops  was  greater  and  consequently 
less  seed  was  used,  a  gradually  increasing  produce 
ensued  ;  yet  this  may  not  have  always  resulted  from  the 
quantity  of  seed  being  diminished,  for  one  instance 
occurred  in  which  at  rows  equi-distant  a  double  quantity 
of  seed  produced  a  larger  return,  yet  this  was  a  solitary 
exception  in  an  experiment  in  which  various  quantities- 
of  seed  were  sown  in  equally  distant  rows.  It  is  very 
possible  that  the  acreable  produce  of  land  under  ordi- 
nai'y  tillage  does  not  depend  so  much  on  the  quantity  of 
seed  sown  as  on  the  variety  of  other  circumstances,  the 
condition  and  nature  of  the  soil,  the  previous  and  after 
tillage,  the  mode  of  culture,  the  depth  at  which  the  seed 
is  deposited,  and  more  still,  perhaps,  especially  under 
defective  tillage,  on  other  matters,  which  are  not  within 
the  reach  of  our  observation,  and  from  which  in  all  our 
experiments,  even  with  the  greatest  care,  we  find  resulta 
that  puzzle  our  ingenuity,  cheat  our  attempts,  and  render 
our  trials  uncertain.  In  rows  at  21  inches  asunder,  I 
have  found  single  grains,  dropped  4  inches  apart  in  tlie 
row,  which  is  only  about  1 0  lbs.  to  the  acre,  yield  one- 
third  more  than  sixteen  times  the  quantity  of  seed.  In 
equal  squares  of  ground  I  have  ever  found  a  greater 
number  of  stems  in  rows  2  feet  asunder  than  in 
broadcast,  the  heads  heavier,  and  of  course  less  seed 
sown.  Wheat  appears  to  germinate  more  surely,  and 
tiller  more  freely,  with  very  light  than  with  more  heavy- 
coverings  ;  in  the  deeper  coverings,  it  seems,  it  must 
approach  very  near  the  surface  by  an  underground 
stem  before  it  tillers,  and  that  it  then  tillers  only  from 
the  apex  of  that  stem,  and  from  sundry  examinations  I 
conclude  that  the  shorter  this  under-stera  is,  the  greater 
is  the  number  of  overground  stems  that  proceed  from  it. 
To  ensure  an  equalness  of  ripening,  this  tillering  should 
take  place  before  the  winter  sets  in,  which  would  require 
a  September  or  October  sowing,  and  it  is  very  likely 
that  the  tillering  process  might  be  promoted  by  drawing 
clay  to  the  plants  about  the  time  it  commences  ;  thus  a 
greater  number  of  stems  and  perfect  heads  may  be  pro- 
duced from  a  thin  sowing  than  from  a  thick  one  at  a 
greater  depth.  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Sons  have  by  their 
garden  tillage  produced  7^  qrs.  of  Wheat  to  the  acrCj 
with  a  very  small  quantity  of  seed  ;  aud  althougli  we 
cannot  expect  men  who  have  not  had  the  education  of 
gardeners  to  adopt  at  once  their  nice  tillage,  yet,  in  the 
practice  of  Mr.  Smith,  farmers  have  an  example  of 
tillage  that  they  may  follow,  at  least  in  its  principle  ;, 
there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  making  those  of  their  grain 
ciops  which  are  not  sown  with  seeds  fallow  ones;  this 
will  bring  a  fineness  and  cleanliness  of  tilth,  with  a  dis- 
integration of  the  under-soil,  and  facilitate  an  absorption 
by  the  soil  of  nitrogen  and  of  carbonic  acid  from  the 
atmosphere,  which,  besides  affording  their  proper 
elements  of  nutrition,  will,  under  these  conditions  of  the 
soil,  ensure  an  ample  supply  of  inorganic  matters  in  a 
fit  state  to  be  taken  up  by  plants,  and  enable  farmers  to- 
produce,  from  less  seed  and  less  manm*e  than  they  have 
been  accustomed  to  use,  crops  that  may  rival  those 
which  the  Hardys  now  obtain  by  their  superior  skill. 
This  is  a  great  national  object,  for  by  it  we  may  be 
rendered  independent  of  foreign  supply,  and  wealth  to> 
the  landed  interest  secured  without  protection  ;  it  would 
also  lessen  the  necessity  for  extraneous  manures  ;  every 
farm  might  thus  be  rendered  self-supporting.  To  this 
end  a  wide-rowed  system  is  equally  applicable  with  Mr. 
Smith's— the  principle  is  the  same  ;  the  ground  between  _ 
these  rows  may  be  as  deeply  worked  as  the  fallowed 
spaces  in  Mr.  Smith's,  and  at  the  same  expense.  Mr. 
Smith's  plan  would,  however,  allow  of  stolen  crops  of 
Rape,  Turnips,  and  early  Cabbage  being  sown  and 
planted  between  the  grain-sown  ground  for  winter  and 
early  spring  feeding — of  which  more  anon.  With  tliis 
continuous  fallowing,  this  fine  tilth,  tlio  thinnest  sowing 
of  its  advocates  may  be  adopted,  with  a  security  and 
profit  unquestionable.  /.  j¥.  Gimliffj  Qranardj  Nov.  12. 
Do  not  J  I  owe  Black-faced  Sheep Being  much  inte- 
rested in  the  rearing  and  feeding  of  ahcep,  perhaps 
you  will  allow  mo  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  tlio  inte- 
resting article  on  the  house-feeding  of  sheep,  in  the 
Af/rividliknd  Qazctlc  of  Oct.  .'iO,  which  I  have  just  read. 
Tliat  the  black-faced  breed,  for  lienltli,  quality,  and  size, 
is  equal  if  not  superior  to  any  other  breed,  tbero  is  not 
a  doubt  ;  and  if  we  take  into  consideration  Iho  hardi- 
ncHB  of  tlio  breed,  and  quality  of  tlio  mutton,  it  has  no 
equal.  It  Burprises  mo  tliat  these  ([ualitics  are  so  much 
overlooked  by  breeders  and  fcedors.  1  believe  many 
farmers  aro  prejudiced  against  the  black-faced  breed, 
because  nets  aud*  common  hurdles  aro  not  sufhcient  to 


748 


enclose  them.     It  ought  to  be  made  ki.own  that  there 

are  at  least  two  very  distinct  species  of  black-faced 

sheep  reared  in  Scotland,  and  one  breed  is  very  much 

inferior  to    the  other.     Tliis  inferior  breed  is  raised 

chiefly  m  the  upper  parts  of  Perth,  Banff,  and  Inver- ' 

ness-shires ;  they  are  easily  Icnown  by  their  long  legs 

and  tutted  faces  ;  their  horns  grow  backwards  or  cock 

up  ;  whereas  the  horns  of  the  south  country,  or  Lanark 

breed,  a  ways  turn  round  to  their  eyes,  and  it  requires 

a  sharp  look-out  in  summer  to  prevent  the  horns  from 

growing  into  their  head  and  eyes  ;  they  are  quite  docile 

and  as  easily  enclosed  as  the  Leicesters,  theu-  frame  is 

ot  a  squarer  cast  and  much  larger  (I  have  known  30  lbs. 

of  tallow  taken  out  of  a  tup  of  the  latter  breed,  which 

was  not  anything  like  being  fat)  ;    they  are  also  of  a 

more  rapid  growth,  and  come  sooner  to  maturity.     The 

other,  or  highland  breed,  are  of.  a  wild,  restless  nature, 

and  It  IS  with  difficulty  they  are  kept  within  fences,  and 

they  do  not  readily  fatten  on  Turnips  or  enclosed  Grass; 

they  have  a  great  instinct  for  «  home,"  so  much  so,  that 

some  of  them  have  been  known  to  swim  across  the 

Irith  of  Forth,  and  afterwards  find  their  native  habitat, 

at  the  distance  of  nearly  100  miles,  and  all  without  a 

gmde      After  being  bred  in  the  lowlands,  to  the  third 

and  fourth  generation,  they  still  retain  their  restless 

nature,  which  evidently  shows  there  is  something  more 

m  their  nature  than  tlie  excitement  of  "eagles,  ravens, 

foxes,  and  polecats."   Although  it  be  a  well-authenticated 

tact  that  the  temperature  of  the  body  of  sheep,  as  well 

as  of  man,  is  the  same  from  the  poles  to  the  equator, 

?i,  1  lu    f,'^  abundance  of  facts  and  failures  to  prove 

that  the  black-faced  breed  will  not  succeed  so  well  when 

housed  as  they  do  in  the  natural  system.     I  have  seen 

It  tried  in  different  parts  of  Scotland,  and  found  that 

those  that  were  properly  housed  in  winter  looked  better 

in  spring  than  those  that  had   been  exposed  on   the 

moors,  but  I  have  always  found  that  the  sheep  exposed 

on  the  moors  throve  better  the  following  season  than  the 

tioused  ones  ;  1  have  seen  this  tried  experimentally  with 

the  same  stock      I  am  quite  sure  that  flockmasters  in 

mountam  districts  will  bear  me  out  in  the  o|,inion  that 

housing  of  sheep  during  winter  "  unfits  them  for  their 

1,!^  I,  .^  ""^  pasturage  and  the  mild  climate  of  the 
south  ,  but  turn  the  southdown  out,  after  being  housed 
ft.r.p'''*  "  ^'"^  '''  "™S  on  the  Eriophorumvagi- 
mtum  (Cotton-grass),  at  an  elevation  of  2000  or  3000 
fr!™^^V^  sea  level,  it  would  be  found  very  different 

wX  ^  ^^r?^*?"  "°"",^'"  ^''"■''"''  *°  ™P™™  sheep- 
^ftrre'd  to  1  "'«.««<="<=»'  suggestion  in  the  article 
wS  .  J  '  """"'•  °/  P'""*"?  ^"™  wherever  it 
would  grow,  were  carried  out,  it  would  more  than  ten 
tunes  increase  the  amount  of  matter:  flockmasters 
would  then  find  that  they  had  discovered  a  ^an  far 
-cheaper  and  much  better  adapted  to  the  nature  of  the 
Wack-faced  sheep  than  the  old-fashioned  practice  of 
^?n  n"f  ■  t?,  ™''*^'''='>'  "°  artificial  housing  or  feeding 
gave  an  account  at  an  annual  meeting  of  the  Stur- 
minster  Agricultural  Society,  1847,  of  soSieexperlmen  s 

M  IfilJ-  '"■'^i*'"''''  "^^''^  ^""'-^  SO  to  prove  that 
M-feedrng  would  pay.  He  (Mr.  Huxtable)  stated  that 
leweighed  four  lambs  on  Nov.  8,  and  in  three  weeks  he 
weighed  them  again,  and  the  increase  was  48  lbs  •  this 
w  an  average  of  12  lbs.  to  each  Iamb  in  three  weeks,  or 

i-Sjof^.r?"'"™  """•  ""■  ''■  ^-  ^■«^™-»' 

anrJhl%i  ^  ™'°'*,'  ""^  ?'^'''y  *'"=  ^^>«''«  ^'»  be  con- 
sumed by  the  animals,   which  being  on  open  boarded 

of  an  ST  °°  '"!,"'[•  "^^^  ''"'^  '^  ™'  ^'b""'  3-16ths 
ot  an  inch  long,  and  becomes  split  at  the  same  time. 

fromff  n""'''^'''^/''^-.™''  l»"g  straws  are  sifted 
«T  A  ;.  '^  "^"'^'^  '°  ^^^^  ''OPP^''''  of  150  gallons 
each,and  there  moistened  with  linseed  soup;about201bs 
of  crushed  linseed,  macerated  24  hours,  is  sufficient  fo^ 
40  year-olds  off.  The  waste  steam  from  the  engine 
passes  around  and  under  these  cast-iron  pans,  and  "the 
mass  IS  given  hot  to  the  animals  the  ensuing  mornin. 
One  ounce  of  salt  to  each  animal  is  mixed  wit1,  the  chaff. 
When  opened  the  mass  of  chaff  smells  like  brewin-. 
lomerly,  my  horsekeepers  praised  Oat  straw,  but  now 
If  tliey  have  anything  but  Wheat  straw  chaff  they 
gramble  sadly  at  the  change  ;  it  is  such  «  hearty"  stuff 

iiy  intermixing  cut  Mangel  with  straw  chaff,  it  prevents 
^courmg  or  looseness  When  farmers  use  steam-power 
more  generally,  we  shall  not  see  straw  wasted  as  it  now 
S'  1,»  f  1^  'i'*»"'°™'^  amongst  my  folks,  if  we  happen 
to  be  out  of  chaff  They  say  the  animals  won't  do  so 
well,  give  hem  what  they  will.  Sheep  do  well  on  our 
heavy  wet  clays  in  the  day-time,  coming  in  to  open 
hoarded   floors  at  night  to  eat  rape-cake.and  °f  °hey 

S,l  S'  n  ^"^^  ""'."""  "''^"P'  ^""^  produces  fever  in 
their  ieet.  On  our  prmciple,  we  never  have  anv  foot 
comp lamte.  We  find  a  mixtu're  of  straw  chaff  w°Ihcu 
luben"  fnb"-^."!*  ""^i  advantageous.  It  proven" 
Ac^T     -^A      '""^'  '"  -B«(to-.-Mr.  Hewitt  Davis  has 

p"cti?:it"s:t'r^"'''#  ''"^°'"'°  *» «.  smith-: 

practice,  at  Chipstead,  m  SuiTey,  of  keeoin"  a  daiw 

thrpurit^f'VT  »  "^  ""?'  ^^'"  •'0-0  "slilny"^ 
from  covs  L^f  butter  produced  from  milk  obtained 
SmWI,  i7  "P°.°  "o*^  ""'1  artificial  grasses.   Mrs 

iT  sweet^ESt"'  'r  '^'^'^o^-^'l^onie  mefhod  of  churn 
■-^owi^g.     Your  Journal  has  frequently  contamed  so 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


called  specifics  for  the  purpose,  but,  upon  trial  they  have 
proved  incapable  of  removing  the  disagreeable  flavour 
produced  by  the  cows  having  access  to  Turnips  If 
Mrs.  Smith  is  enabled  to  set  us  all  right  upon  this 
desirable  pomt,  she  is  worthy  of  high  pay  for  her  dis- 
covery. I,  for  one,  shall  be  very  glad  to  give  my 
sovereign  for  knowledge  I  have  sought  for  in  vain,  and 
1  trust  that  some  other  of  your  readers  will  also  en- 
courage Mrs.  Smith  to  disclose  her  valuable  recipe. 
>->.  G.  Ji. 


[Nov.  20„ 


Jocicticg, 


Fifeshire:    Tkafalgae     Ageicultueal This 

Society  held  its  annual  meeting  the  other  day.  It  will 
surprise  some  of  our  thin-seeding  friends  in  the  north  of 
England  to  learn  that  the  point  to  be  decided  with 
reference  to  their  pet  subject  in  the  south  of  Scotland  is 
not  whether  a  peck  or  a  bushel  is  the  best  seeding  per 
acre,  but  whether  oue  or  two  sacks  of  Oats  as  seed  per 
bcotch  acre  will  yield  the  best  return.  Mr.  Gulland 
Wemyss,  offered  a  sweepstakes  in  1850,  that  4  bushels 
ot  Uats,  sown,  per  Scotch  acre,  on  poor  land,  would  yield 
a  better  produce  than  8  bushels  sown  under  similar 
conditions.  The  late  Mr.  Hill,  maintaining  the  contrary 
accepted  the  sweepstakes,  and  a  nmnber  of  others  took 
up  the  same.  Experiments  were  made  by  Mr.  Dingwall 
Kamomie,  and  Mr.  Buist,  Hattonhill,  and  also  by  Mr' 
Haxton,  Drumnod  ;  but  owing  to  the  last  mentioned 
gentleman  having  sowed  the  quantity  of  oats  by  the 
imperial  acre,  his  results  could  not  be  taken  :— 

.  .      .    ,  -^'1  i^r.  Blast's  Experiments— 

4  l)u«heU  sown  sielded...23  bashels  pei-acre-331bs.perbu.he! 

8  bushels  sown  jidded... 30        .,  ,,       —341  lbs. 

J  v     ,.  ,  ■'''  ^'''-  DingicalVs  Experiments—  '        '        " 

a  K     u  ,    s^^nyielded.lS  busliels  pur  acio-384  lbs.  per  bushel 

8  bmhelB  sown  yielded. ..40        „  „       —39  lbs. 

In  the  course  of  the  evening  a  paper  on  tenant  right 
iromthepen  of  Mr.  Kinnear,  advocate,  was  read  and 
discussed  ;  the  paper  itself  we  have  published  in  another 
section  of  this  journal.  The  following  is  a  report  of  the 
discussion   which  followed  its  perusal,  abridged  from 

the  columns  of  the  Fife  Herald  : 

Mr.  R.  EussELL,  the  secretary,  moved  the  following 
resolution :  "The  members  of  Trafalgar  Society,  havinS 
heard  the  very  able  statement  by  Mr.  Kinnear,  of 'the 
nature  and  results  of  the  different  systems  of  tenant 
right  at  present  legalised  by  custom,  or  established  by 
agreement,  in  various  districts  in  England,  and  also  in 
Ireland,   resolve,  that  they  consider  the  general  views 
put  forth  by  Mr.  Kinneai'  as  not  only  just  and  sound 
but  that  the  intelligent  and  discriminating  manner  in 
which  the  whole  matter  has  been  handled,  is  calculated 
to  dispel  many  of  the  prejudices  in  which  this  subject 
has  utherto  been  involved."     Mr.  Russell  said  :  Prac- 
tically speaking,  we  have  never  meant  anything  else  by 
the  term  tenant  right,  than  liberal  covenants.     I  fully 
concur  with  Mr.  Kinnear,  that  "no  rational  man  desires 
to  see  the  Irish  system  transplanted  into  any  other  part 
ot  the  realm."     1  think,  however,  it  is  the  only  part  of 
the  realm  where  a  legal  enactment  is  at  all  pressing,  of 
such  a  nature  as  would  place  matters  on  somethin.-  like 
a  rational  footing.  But,  coming  more  closely  to  our  own 
circumstances,  and  in  cautioning  us  to  avoid  the  evils 
which  have  crept  in  in  some  counties,  Mr.  Kinnear  has 
very  properly  laid  bare  these  abominations,  because  they 
have  been  stumbling  blocks  in  the  path  of  some  of  whom 
better  things  might  have  been  expected.     The  funda- 
noental  error  of  the  Sureey  system  lies  in  making  valua- 
tions of  certam  acts  of  husbandry,  which  are  assumed 
to  be  worth  a  certain  sum  of  money.     But  the  Lincoln- 
shire system  rests  upon  the  secure  foundation  of  giving 
a  market  value  for  an  agricultural  commodity,  which  is 
a  necessary  one  at  the  time  the  valuations  are  made 
The  opinions  of  Mr.  Caird  are  now  cited  against  the 
Lincolnshire  customs,  for  he  has  placed  good  and  bad  in 
one  category.  They  are  all  calculated,  he  says,  "  to  perpe- 
tuate bad  husbandry,bystereotypingcostly  practices  which 
tnodern  improvements  have  rendered  obsolete."  But  how 
this  can  apply  to  the  Lincolnshire  tenant  right  no  one  can 
understand  but  himself.  Just  look  at  the  list  of  improve- 
ments for  which  allowances  are  made,  as  enumerated 
by  Mr.  Kinnear.     We  have  drainage,  claying,  marline- 
oilcake,  guano,  and   bones.      The  first   on   the  list  Ts 
drainage ;  and  if  modern  improvements  really  render 
drainage  obsolete,  will  an  out-going  tenant  expend  ^Os 
for  the  special  purpose  of  making  his  successor  pay  him' 
5s.  or  10s.  in  return?  not  very  likely.     Will  it  be  his 
interest,  on  similar  terms,  to  chalk,  clay,  or  marl    if 
either  of  these  practices  become  useless  ?  this  would 'be 
costly  stereotyping    indeed.      And,  last   of  all,   if  the 
present  practice  of  manuring  should  be  numbered  with 
the  things  that  were,  as  some  are  so  sanguine  as  to  believe 
will  the  Lincolnshire  tenant  right  interfere  or  retard  the 
progress  of  our  art,  even  when  the  fertilizers  of  Peru 
are  at  a  discount  ?     We  answer,  not  in  the  least  •  nay 
even  should  the  costly  practice  of  high  farming,'  with 
liberal  covenauts   to  the   bargain,   be   demanded  as  a 
sacrifice  to    modern    improvements,    the   Lincolnshire 
tenant  right  will  not  stand  in  the  way  of  consigning  the 
whole  to  obhvion.     You  will  thus  perceive  that  while 
the  Surrey  system  is  a  real  iniquity  and  a  check  upon 
improvements,  the  Lincolnshire  system  possesses  within 
itselt  the   elements  of  its  own  regeneration      I  would 
merely  call  your  attention  to  the  allowance  which  is 
made  for  drainage  in  Licolnshire,  which  only  extends 
over  five  or  six  years.     Now  this  might  do  very  well  for 
good  land,  but  it  is  a  vast  deal  too  short  for  poor.     I  am 
not  prepared  to  recommend  any  allowance  for  drainage  or 
I  other  permanent  improvements  under  our  long  leases. 


But  in  Ireland,  where  everything  is  to  do  on  their 
larms,drainageand  other  permanentimprovements 
to  be  allowed  ;  but  for  large  farms  long  leases  si 
be  adopted,  because,  unless  one  has  a  more  permai 
interest  in  the  land  of  Ireland  than  a  19  years' 1 
attords,  it  is  a  mere  dream  to  thiukthat  Scotch  fardfc 
will  ever  accomplish  results  worth  consideration     j| 
we  only  wish  to  be  allowed  for  such  items  of  cunijii 
expenditure  as  will  promote  good  farming,  and  tw 
shall  be  mutually  beneficial  to  landlord  and  tenant    k 
cannot  see  what  objections  could  be  made  to  legalise    k 
Lincolnshire  customs  ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  I  do    t 
see  that;  such  a  procedure  would  be  of  general  ben    I: 
i  must  say,  however,  that  I  think  our  southern  brol    a 
tarmers  exercised  a  curious  choice  in  turning  their  bi    » 
upon  Mr.  Pusey  and  not  sendmg  him  to  Parliament    i 
no  one  has  had  the  welfare  of  the  tenantry  so  muc    « 
heart  or  wrought  so  zealously  for  their  interests,     i 
J^ile  we  pay  high  rents,  but  we  have  also  many  adi    » 
tages  ;  our  steadings,  in  general,  will  stand  compari    i 
with  most  counties,  and  our  covenants  cannot  be  said  n 
be  very  illiberal.     I  merely  thinJc  our  leases  are  i  1' 
quite  up  :to  the  times,  and  that  they  would  be  mv  iS 
better  rather  to  anticipate  the  progi-ess  of  agricultt 
by  affording  judicious  incentives  to  good  farming  tl 
to  lag  behind  the  requirements  of  the  day.     Mr.  Rub 
concluded  by  moving  the  adoption  of  the  foregoingre^ 
tion.    The  resolution  was  agreed  to  unanimously.—: 
Honeyman  moved  the  next  resolution,  as  follows 
ihat   the   custom,  partially  followed   in   Scotland, 
paying  the  out-going  tenant  for  the  value  of  the  une 
sumed  Turnip  crop  grown  in  the  last  year  of  the  lei 
should  m  all  cases  be  adopted.     Mr.  Honeyman  Si 
he  considered  this  motion  to  be  perfectly  consistent  w 
common  sense  and  justice.     Turnips  was  a  crop  alwi 
very  difficult  to  dispose  of.   He  believed  he  could  app 
to  any  auctioneer  present  if  such  was  not  the  case-^ 
they  did  not  find  Turnip  crop  very  difficult  to  sell.    I»: 
thought  it  was  the  interest  of  all  parties  that  the  Turn* 
crop   should  not  be  removed.     The  out-going  tenalfc 
could  not  dispose  of  it  advantageously  ;  and,  if  it  wiLi 
retained  on  the  farm,  it  would  certainly  conti-ibute  mot 
to  Its  improvement  than  if  it  were  removed,  and  woull 
thus  be  more  beneficial  to  both  proprietor  and  in-comiii«t 
tenant.— Mr.  Russell,  Newsmills,  said,  before  the  re.-i 
lution  passed  the  meeting,  he  felt  bound  to  state  that  1 
disagreed  with  it^could  not  allow  it  to  be  said  that  J 
had  passed  unanimously.     If  they  proposed  that  tin 
in-commg  tenant  should  be  bound  to  take  the  uncoi  il^ 
sumed  Turnips,  why  not  compel  him  to  take  the  strai»i 
too  '     Cattle  could  not  live  on  Turnips  alone,  they  mm* 
have  something  else  along  with  them.     But  he  thougllS 
It  was  a  matter  entirely  for  private  arrangement.     Th»i 
outgoing  tenant  should  be  left  to  dispose  of  the  Turnijl 
as  he  thought  fit,  and  allow  the  in-coming  tenant  tti 
purchase   them  if  he  had  a  mind.     Some  in-cominfc 
tenants    might    be    very    much    opposed     to    takinli 
them.     He    knew    a    gentleman    in    the    county   whji 
fed  his  cattle  on  Potatoes  alone.     He  certainly  though! 

AT  "^"•l"'   ^^°"'''    ^^    ^"^'^^'^    '^f'    "'0°^  altogether  |t> 
Mr.  R.  Russell  said,  he  thought  it  an  important  part  o  ft 
Scotch  tenant  right  that  the  in-coming  tenant  should  bi  »i 
compelled  to  take  the  unconsumed  Turnips  that  weri « 
upon  the  farm.    As  to  straw,  he  could  easily  get  a  quan.  * 
tity  of  straw  for  his  cattle  to  eat  along  with  them.     H(ill 
thought  It  should  go  out  as  the  voice  of  the  meetin«  « 
that  the  in-coming  tenant  should  be  compelled  to  takf 
the  Turnips  that  were  on  the  farm.— Mr.  Anderson, 
Star,  said  he  was  persuaded  it  was  necessary  to  have  - 
payment  for  the  unconsumed  Turnips.     They  could  no|i» 
have  all  their  green  crop  composed  of  Potatoes  m  the  ^ 
last  year  of  their  lease.     A  certain  amount  of  "reeD 
crop  the  terms  of  their  lease  compelled  them  to'havc 
during  the  last  year  of  their  lease  ;   and  if  Potatoes 
were  not  grown.  Turnips  and  Beans  were  the  only  other''- 
crops  allowable.     If,  then,  the  in-coming  tenant  did  not  il" 
take  these  Turnips  off  their  hands,  they  were  almost  a  lf> 
complete  loss.— The  resolution  was  then  declared  car-  i' 
ried,  Mr.  Russell  dissenting.— Mr.  T.  Landale,  Colzie  * 
then  proposed  the  thu:d  resolution,  which  was  as  foU'tl 
lows  :  "  That  the  more  recent  and  liberal  enactments  ^ 
of  the  English  law,  in  regard  to  farm  buildings,  should  ^<f 
be  further  extended  and  made  appHeable  to  Scotland."  f 
In  order  to  a  full  appreciation  of  the  resolution,  it  is 'I' 
necessary  to   quote    these   recent  enactments  of    the'H 
English  law,  and  I  will  therefore  read  to  the  meeting^ 
the  clause  of  the  act  (14  and  15  Vict.,  e.  25,  section  3)  H 
to   which   the  resolution  refers,  and   on   which  it  is" 
founded.     The  act  was  passed  m  July  1851, and  entitledl 
"An  Act  to  Improve  the  Law  of  Landlord  and  Tenant 
m  relation  to  Agi-icultural  Tenants'  Fixtures."    Clause  3, 
the  one  referred  to,  enacts  :— "That  if  any  tenant  of  a 
farm  or  lands  shall,  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  with 
the  consent  in  writing  of  the  landlord  for  the  tuna 
being,  at  his  own   cost  and  expense,  erect  any  farm- 
building,  either  detached  or  otherwise,  or  put  up  any 
other  building,  engine,  or  machiuery,  either  for  a^Ti. 
cultm-al  purposes  or  for  the  purposes  of  trade  and  aSri- 
culture  (which  shall  not  have  been  erected  or  put  up  in 
pursuance  of  some  obligation  in  that  behalf),  then  all 
such  buildings,  engines,  and  machinery,  shall  be  the 
property  of  the  tenant,  and  shall  be  removable  by  him, 
notwithstanding  the  same  may  consist  of  separate  build, 
ings,  or  that  the  same  or  any  part  thereof  may  be  built 
in  or  permanently  fixed  to  the  soil,  so  as  the  tenant 
making  any.  such  removal  do  not  in  anywise  injure  ths 
land  or  buildmgs  belonging  to  the  landlord,  or  other- 
wise do  put  tlie  same  in  such  plight  and  condition,  or  as 
good  plight  and  condition,  as  the  same  were  m  before 
the  erection  of  anythuig  so  removed  ;  provided,  never- 


—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


749 


that  no  tenant  shall,  under  the  provision  last 
d,  be  entitled  to  remove  any  such  matter  or 
3  aforesaid,  without  first  giving  to  the  landlord  or 
Qt  one  month's  previous  notice  in  writing  of  Iiis 
tn  so  to  do  ;  and  thereupon  it  shall  be  lawful  for 
dlord,  or  his  agent  on  his  authority,  to  elect  to 
30  the  matters  and  things  so  proposed  to  be 
d  or  any  of  them,  and  the  right  to  remove  the 
laU  thereby  cease,  and  the  same  shall  belong  to 
idlord  ;  and  the  value  thereof  shall  be  ascer- 
ind  determined  by  two  referees,  one  to  be  chosen 
I  party,  or  by  an  umpire  to  be  named  by  such 
5,  and  shall  be  paid  or  allowed  in  account  by  the 
J  who  shall  have  so  elected  tonurchase  tlie  same.'* 
usual  observer,  tliis  clause  seems  to  confer  a  great 
1  tenants.  But  on  examination  it  will  be  found 
confers  no  boon  at  all,  as  the  consent  of  the  land- 
writing  is  required  before  any  of  these  buildings 
ires  can  be  erected.  Surely  no  such  clause  was 
to  secure  the  landlord.  He  is  not  bound  to  take 
Idings  from  the  tenant  except  he  chooses  ;  and 
jse  binding  the  tenant  not  to  injure  the  rest  of 
ddings  in  removing  those  of  his  own  erection, 
confirms  the  security  of  the  landlord.  I  there- 
asider  the  act  as  childish,  and  a  little  better  than 
:  at  all  ;  in  fact,  the  clause  referred  to  renders 
,  like  many  others,  a  dead  letter  in  the  statute 
It  is  like  giving  a  tenant  liberty  to  shoot  hares 

a  Ucense,  on  obtaining  written  permission  from 
dlord.  The  whole  act  is,  however,  even  as  it 
better  than  nothing  ;  but  then  in  the  concluding 
it  is  specially  provided  that  the  act  shall  not 
tto  poor  Scotland.     How  is  this  ?     If  it  is  neces- 

provide  by  any  law,  however  imperfect,  good 
aodation  for  stock  in  England,  is  it  not  much 
ecessary  in  Scotland,  with  a  colder  temperature 
re  variable  climate  ?  Is  it  that  the  steadings 
m  olSces  in  England  are  worse  than  those  in 
d  ?  No  ;  for  while  in  some  parts  of  England 
ly  be,  and  are,  notoriously  bad  and  insufBcient 
Ipresent  improved  mode  of  husbandry,  it  is  quite 
I  knovni  that  they  are  not,  and  cannot  be, 
land  more  defective  than  some  even  in  our 
(nntry.  All  I  would  ask  is  to  be  put  on  an 
tooting  with  our  English  brethren.  Do  this,  and 
the  words,  "  with  consent  of  the  landlord,"  and 
ifer  a  boon  on  the  farmers  of  Scotland,  which, 
I  may  not  to  those  who  have  fine  steadings  and 
(accommodation  appear  great,  wiU  yet  be  such 
be  highly  appreciated  by  not  a  few  in  even  om: 
ingdom  of  Fife — Mr.  H.  Pitcairn  begged  to 
the  resolution. — Mr.  Landale  had  explained  and 
1  most  completely  the  right  of  the  tenant 
pensation  for  what  useful  buildmgs  he  might 
reeled   on  his    farm.        The    resolution   was, 

little  conversation,  agreed  to  unanimously. — 
igwall  then  rose  to  propose  the  fourth  resolution 
t  the  practice  which  exists  in  Lincolnshire,  of 
compensation  for  unexhausted  manures,  might 
ant^eoosly  adopted  in  Scotland,  and  that  an 
ce  of  one-half  of  all  purchased  manures,  and 
F  of  the  bill  for  oilcake  and  other  feeding-stutfs 
last  year,  should  be  paid  for,  provided  these  do 
eed  the  average  of  the  last  four  years."  Mr. 
U  said,  the  resolution  proposed  the  adoption  of 
a  of  recompense  to  the  tenant  which  had  wronfht 
Lincolnshire,  and  seemed  very  well  adapted  for 
prorement  of  farming  in  general.  If  it  had 
eneficially  on  farming  there  without  leases,  he 
think  it  could  be  doubted  that  it  would  work  as 
h  leases  in  this  country.  Such  a  proposition 
Belf  clear  to  every  one  without  any  discussion. 
luear  had  given  them  m  his  paper  the  details  of 
colnsbire  tenant  right— the  recompense  that  was 

for  claying,  chalkmg,  marling,  oilcake,  guano, 
he  scale  so  given  was  perhaps  a  httle  too  com- 
mand the  resolution  proposed,  instead  of  entering 
se  details,  to  charge  half  of  the  last  year's  bill  for 
ei  manures  and  feeding-stuffs.  By  this  |means 
going  tenant  would  have  a  fair  allowance  for  his 
and  would  be  encouraged  to  maintain  it  up  to  the 
r  of  his  leane.  The  tenant  will  have  a  security 
ven  him  of  a  recompense   for  improvements 

■  made,  while  the  landlord  will  not  have  the  ad- 
taken  of  him  by  the  tenant  making  any  unne- 
improvemcnte  during  the  lait  year  of  his  lease. 
i,  Landale,  in  seconding  the  resolution,  said  he 
know  whether  they  were  entitled  Ui  ask  that  the 
the  bill  should  be  given  for  guano,  for  he  rather 
tliat  the  power  of  that  manure  was  expended  in 

t  year.     With  respect  to  bones  he  thought  onc- 

■  both  for  the  in-coming  and  out-going  tenant. — 
neyman  begged  to  say,  with  respect  to  one  half 
lut  year's  bill  being  allowed  for  oiI-i:akc,  that  if 
going  tenant  fed  his  cattle  during  tho  first  six 
of  llie  last  year  with  oil-cake,  ho  received  its 
I  the  dung.  The  aecond  six  months  his  cattle 
a  Grass,  and  oil-cake  would  not  b«  used.  lie 
,  therefore,  it  would  bo  a  hardship  for  an 
Dg  tenant  to  pay  for  oil-cake,  for  if  ho  had  to 
tlic  manure  left  upon  the  farm,  CTmpi-tent  judges 
place  a  higlier  value  upon  it  than  if  it  were 
rotten  dtraw.  The  out-going  tenant  hivl  reaped 
from  all  tho  oil-cake  he  had  used  previous  to 
his  last  crop  into  the  ground,  and  ho  thought  it 
fair  to  make  tho  in-coming  tenant  pay  for  tho 

which  ha/l  been  used,  when  at  llio  same  time 

to  piy  fur  the  Turnips  that  were  grown  by 

of  th.;  manure  of  it,— .VIr.   11.  itussell   said,  he 

ol  agree  with  Mr.  Honoyman.     Oil-cake  was  a 


very  slowly  decomposing  manure,  and  would  not  be 
worn  out  for  three  or  four  years.  And  although  it 
might  be  said  that  it  was  too  much  to  charge  for  only 
one  year,  yet  it  was  to  be  considered  that  the  out-going 
tenant  had  been  going  on  in  the  same  way  for  some  years 
before  enriching  the  land.  It  then  became  a  premium 
for  good  cultivation.  He  thought  the  Lincolnshire  plan 
of  allowing  one-half  of  the  last  year's  bill  for  oil-cake 
was  a  very  good  plan,  and  quite  fair  for  all  parties. — 
Mr.  Honeyman  replied,  that  if  Mr.  Russell  went  to  take 
a  farm,  and  saw  that  that  farm  was  in  high  condition, 
he  would  bid  for  it  accordingly.  If  he  saw  that  the 
farm  was  in  poor  condition,  he  would  not  be  disposed  to 
offer  such  a  high  sum.  It  thus  came  to  be  an  affair  of 
the  landlord,  not  of  the  in-coming" tenant ;  and  he  thought 
the  sum  to  be  paid  for  oil-cake  and  other  manures 
during  the  last  year  of  the  lease  should  fall  upon  the 
landlord,  not  on  the  tenant. — Mr.  R.  Russell  said,  Mr. 
Honeyman  and  himself  were,  in  effect,  saying  the  same 
thing.  If  the  landlord  would  pay  the  out-going  tenant 
for  the  high  condition  of  the  farm,  he  could  not  invest 
his  money  more  profitably.  All  that  was  wanted  was  a 
fair  recompense  for  the  improvements  of  the  out-going 
tenant. — Mr.  Honeyman,  after  a  little  fm'ther  conver- 
sation, said  he  begged  to  tender  his  dissent  from  the 
resolution.  He  believed  that  it  was  yet  an  unsolved 
problem  whether  oil-cake  benefited  the  in-coming^  tenant 
to  the  extent  of  one-half. 


Pauperism  aiul  Poor-laws.  'By  Robert  Pashley,  Q,.C. 
8vo,  pp.  428.     Longmans. 

The  mere  fact  that  the  sum  raised  by  rates  and 
annually  expended  in  England  and  Wales,  in  the  relief 
of  the  poor,  has  during  the  last  10  years  been  on  an 
average  no  less  than  five  millions  and  a  quarter  ster- 
ling, the  average  population  during  the  same  time  being 
about  17  miUions,  is  sufficient  to  show  that  the  actual 
state  of  pauperism  in  this  country,  and  the  causes  which 
lead  to  the  increase  and  decrease  of  poverty,  demand 
the  most  serious  attention  of  every  one  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  his  countrymen.  The  author  of  the  work  now 
before  us,  whose  well-known  acquaintance  with  its 
subject-matter  requires  no  mention  here,  has  endea- 
voured to  throw  light  upon  those  momentous  questions. 
After  wading  through  innumerable  blue  books,  and  care- 
fully comparing  the  state  of  the  poor  in  England  with 
that  in  other  countries,  Mr.  Pashley  has  come  to  the  con- 
clusion that  much  of  the  existing  pauperism  is  due  to 
defective  legislation,  and  to  that  alone,  and  consequently 
that  under  a  better  code  of  laws  the  evils  which  afBict 
the  poor  and  the  community  at  large  would  be  mate- 
rially diminished. 

Our  space  does  not  allow  us  to  follow  the  author  step 
by  step  through  the  trains  of  argument  by  which  he 
arrives  at  his  several  conclusions,  nor  can  we  take 
upon  ourselves  to  examine  their  validity  and  truth  ;  but 
we  must  endeavour  to  lay  before  our  readers  such  a  sketch 
of  the  contents  of  the  work  as  will,  we  hope,  lead  thera 
to  its  careful  perusal. 

In  the  first  three  chapters  the  author  gives  the 
number  and  cost  of  paupers  in  England  and  London, 
and  compares  together  the  pauperism  in  agricultural 
and  manufacturing  districts.  From  these  chapters  we 
have  selected  the  following  facts,  as  worthy  of  the 
readers'  attention.  Out  of  a  population  of  17,000,000, 
it  appears  that  1,000,000  persons  constantly  receive 
relief,  or,  in  other  words,  are  maintained  at  the  expense 
of  their  neighbours,  and  that  3,000,000  (or  from  1  in  5 
to  1  in  6  of  the  whole  population)  receive  relief  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  in  the  course  of  a  year.  The 
number  of  children  under  16  relieved  for  a  longer  or 
shorter  period,  out  of  the  poor-rate,  in  the  course  of  a 
given  year,  is  estimated  at  1,000,000,  and  the  number  of 
able-bodied  male  adults  similarly  relieved  at  no  less  than 
300,000.  This  large  body  of  paupers  is  maintained  by 
funds  pi'oceeding  from  three  different  sources,  viz., 
parochial  and  other  old  charities,  voluntary  contribu- 
tions, and  poor-rates,  yielding  respectively  1,200,000^., 
2,0(J0,000;.,  and  from  5,00O,000Z.  to  fi,000,000;.  yearly  ; 
or  altogether  between  eight  and  nine  millions  of  money 
per  annum.  By  comparing  the  amount  of  poor-rates 
expended  in  the  relief  of  the  poor  during  the  years  1748, 
174.9,  1750,  with  that  similarly  expended  during  the 
three  corresponding  years  of  the  present  century,  it 
appears  tiiat  whilst  the  population  has  increased 
tlireefold  the  poor-rates  expended  in  the  relief  of  the 
poor  have  increased  eightfold  !  In  1 7-50  this  outlay  was 
little  more  than  2^.  a  head  on  the  whole  population, 
whiJHt  it  is  now  nearly  three  times  as  great.  A  rapid 
increaso  of  pauperism,  more  rapid  in  proportion  than 
tiie  iricreaac  of  population,  is  found  to  liave  taken  place, 
not  only  during  the  last  century  but  ever  since  the  prin- 
ciple of  tho  present  system  of  pooi'-Iaws  has  been 
carried  into  practice  ;  such  was  the  case  prior  to  tho 
time  of  Elizabeth,  as  well  an  since  tiio  reign  of  Charles 
II.,  wlicnevcr  in  nhort  the  poor  man  has  been  restricted 
from  cjirryin;^  hiH  only  property,  his  labour,  freely  into 
tho  market,  and  lias  been  hablc,  if  daring  to  seek  labour 
out  lA  ilio  place  of  \m  Icfjal  HCttlcmcnl,  to  bo  removed  to 
it,  at  whatovor  diHtanco  ho  may  bo  from  it,  and  of  how 
littlo  value  soever  liiit  labour  may  thcTM  ho,  Tho  law  of 
Hettlcment  and  removal,  as  it  has  cxiHti;d  for  tho  last 
two  codturioH,  and,  notwitliHtandingrcc(;iitiiio'li{icationH, 
still  cxistH— Iia4  been  one  great  cauHo  of  tlie  JncroaHJiig 
and  continuing  [laupcriMiri  of  this  w(,-aithy  and  prosperous 
country.  To  the  «amo  caiiHo  miiHt  bo  aUrilmtcd  (h'l 
othcrwiuc  uiiuccouu table  fact  that  tlic  burden  of  X'olioving  , 


the  poor  presses  most  heavily — not,  as  in  other  coun- 
tries, upon  densely  populated  towns,  but  upon  the  fair 
fields  of  agriculture.  Mr.  Pashley  shows  that  in  Scot^ 
land,  Switzerland,  Wiirtemborg,  France,  and  other 
countries  in  which  anything  like .  our  law  of  settlement 
and  removal  is  unknown,  the  denser  the  popula- 
tion the  heavier  the  burden  of  relieving  the  poor 
which  is  as  might  be  expected  ;  but  in  England 
it  is  far  otherwise.  Ifc  appears  from  the  author*a 
investigations  that  in  1847  the^.  average  year's  ex- 
penditure in  relief  of  the  poor  amounted  as  a  poundage 
on  the  rateable  value  of  real  property  for  all  England 
and  Wales  to  Is.  7d.  in  the  pound,  for  the  agricultural 
districts  to  25.  2:Vrf.,  and  for  the  manufacturmg  districts 
to  Is.  lid.  only  ;  so  that,  in  respect  of  this  pound  rate^ 
the  agricultural  district  is  greatly  above,  whilst  the 
manufacturing  is  far  below  the  general  average.  Th& 
contrast  of  the  agricultural  districts  with  London  is  alsa 
against  the  former  ;  in  the  year  ending  Lady-day  1850 
in  London,  with  a  population  of  2,362,236,  the  sum  oT 
741, 722^.  was  expended  in  the  relief  of  the  poor,  being  . 
in  the  proportion  of  Gs.  3|£?.  per  head  on  the  population  ; 
whilst  in  the  same  year,  in  10  counties,  taken  to  repre- 
sent the  agricultural  district,  and  having  a  population  of 
2,514,637,  the  sum  of  1,137,250Z.  Is.  was  similarly 
spent,  being  in  the  proportion  of  9s.  O^d  per  head. 
Tills  state  of  things  is  caused  by  the  work  of  man  alone, 
and  as  it  has  been  produced,  so  it  may  be  removed,  by- 
legislation.  To  the  same  cause  must  be  attributed  another 
remarkable  fact,  closely  connected  with  the  foregoing. 
With  slight  exceptions,  increase  in  proportion  of  crime 
seems,  on  the  continent,  simply  to  follow  the  increase  in 
the  town  element  of  the  population  ;  but  in  England  a 
greater  proportion  of  criminals  is  found  in  agricultural 
districts  than  in  our  most  densely  peopled  commercial 
and  manufacturing  counties.  Mr.  Pashley  says  :  "  Th& 
experience  of  many  years  has  shown  that  a  large  part 
of  the  crime  which  leads  to  trial  at  quarter  sessions  and 
assizes  is  committed  from  the  pressure  of  poverty 
alone.  An  mcrease  in  the  physical  well-being  of  the 
people  is  ever  accompanied  by  a  dhninution  of  crime. 
Wages  remaining  the  same,  a  diminution  in  the  price  of 
bread  is  a  sure  forerunner  of  a  diminution  in  the 
number  of  criminal  offences.  This  result  has  been 
manifest  enough,  in  many  counties,  since  the  repeal  of 
the  Corn-laws.  If,  therefore,  we  compare  different 
agricultural  counties  with  one  another,  we  may  expect 
to  find  that  the  counties  of  the  greatest  amount  of 
pauperism  will  be  those  of  the  greatest  amount  of  crime. 
'  My  poverty,  not  my  will,  consents,""  may  unhappily' 
be  the  plea  of  many  of  the  poverty-struck  depredators  on 
property,  who  are  yearly  imprisoned  in  gaols."  Po- 
verty, then,  engenders  crime,  and  so  far  as  the  law  of 
settlement  and  removal  has  tended  to  produce  the 
former,  so  far  is  it  also  chargeable  with  being  the  cause 
of  the  latter. 

It  is  curious  that  although  the  evils  consequent  on- 
the  defective  state  of  the  poor-laws  have  been  long  age 
pointed  out  aud  expressly  recognised  by  the  legislature, 
their  root  has  been  suffered  to  remain  until  the  present 
day.  So  long  ago  as  the  reign  of  William  III.,  a  statute 
was  passed  with  the  following  remarkable  preamble  : 
"  Forasmuch  as  many  poor  persons  chargeable  to  the 
parish,  township,  or  place  where  they  live,  merely  for 
want  of  work,  would  in  any  other  place  where  sufficient 
employment  is  to  be  had,  maintain  themselves  and 
families,  without  being  burdensome  to  any  parishj^ 
township,  or  place  ;"  but  "  they  are  for  the  most  part 
confined  to  live  in  their  own  parishes fto^onshzps,  or  places, 
and  not  permitted  to  inhabit  elsewhere,  though  their  lahoicr 
is  loanied  in  many  other  places,  where  tJie  increase  of 
manufactures  loould  emjylo-y  more  hands"  &c.  ;  and  a 
similar  statement  of  the  existence  of  a  great  crying  evit 
is  to  be  found  in  the  preamble  to  35  Geo.  III.,  c.  101, 
It  is  true  that  by  the  statute  passed  in  1846,  which  pro- 
vided that  no  person  should  be  removed  from  any 
parish  in  which  he  should  have  resided  for  five  years 
next  before  the  application  for  a  warrant  of  removal, 
much  of  the  hardship  of  tlie  previous  law  was  mitigated  ;- 
but  this  statute  left  the  law  of  settlement  untouched,  and 
suddenly  threw  upon  the  towns  the  burden  of  supporting 
an  enormous  number  of  paupers  resident  there,  but 
settled  and  previously  provided  for  by  funds  raised 
elsewhere.  Norwich,  for  example,  was  thus  fixed 
with  an  absolute  inci-ease  of  about  6000Z.  a  year, 
in  the  cost  of  maintaining  its  resident  poor,  alt 
at  once  rendered  irremovable ;  Exeter  and  Can- 
terbury suffered  similarly  ;  in  Leeds  the  increase 
of  the  annual  burden  was  about  3000Z.  The  effect 
of  this  law  upon  close  parishes,  belonging  to  one  or  two 
individuals,  who,  though  well  able  to  bear  the  burden  of 
maintaining  the  poor  employed  upon  their  own  estates, 
thrust  it  as  much  as  possible  upon  their  neighbours' 
shoulders,  is  examined  at  some  length  by  the  learned 
author,  who  concludes  his  interesting  chapter  on 
"  Pauperism  and  Poor-laws  since  1834,"  and  his  no  less 
interesting  liistory  of  pauper-legislation,  and  of  the 
modes  in  wliich  the  poor  have  been  relieved  from  the 
earliest  to  tho  present  time,  with  the  following  observa- 
tion :  "  Upon  tho  whole  it  may  fairly  be  said  that  the 
statute  8  aud  J'  Vic,  c.  (KJ,  although  a  beneficial  mitiga- 
tion of  the  previous  law,  so  far  as  it  tended  to  strilce  off 
from  tho  poor  man  tho  fetters  of  Iiis  sottloment,  has 
inconveniently  increased  some  of  tho  evils  which  wero 
jiroviously  ondurcd  by  both  paupers  andralepayorsjund 
now  furnishos  an  uddilional  ground  for  repealing  tho 
law  of  HuttloMU'nt  alidgflin-r,  and  foi-  niodif^inj^  tlio  gross 
iiijuHtico  found  in  the  itrusout  distribution  of  tho  burden 
of  relieving  tho  jioor." 
Mo8t  of  our  readers  ore  doubtless  aware   of  tho 


750 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Nov.  2 


existenoa  of  the  gross  injustice  here  alluded  to  ;  but  we 
cannot  refrain  from  giving  some  of  the  many  striking 
illustrations  of  it,  collected  in  the  work  before  us. 
In  the  metropolis,  as  is  well  known,  the  burden  of  pau- 
perism is  comparatively  light  in  some  of  the  wealthier, 
whilst  it  is  extremely  oppressive  in  some  of  the  poorer 
parishes.  As  an  example  of  the  inec[uaUty  in  the  poor- 
rates  of  the  city  parishes,  the  following  may  suffice  : 
St.  Mildred,  Bread-street,  pays  no  poor-rate  whatever  ; 
in  St.  Nicolas  Olave  the  rates  are  8s.  in  the  pound,  on 
the  rateable  value  of  the  51  houses  which  constitute  the 
parish.  In  the  country  the  case  is  much  the  same. 
The  author  gives  a  table  "  containing  40  parislies  in 
rural  districts  of  Dorset,  Norfolk,  Sussex,  and  Wilts,  20 
of  which  parishes  expend  yearly  in  relieving  their  poor 
the  sum  of  79^.  only,  or  IJcZ.  in  the  pound  on  their 
rental;  and  the  other  20  expend  yearly  for  the  like 
purpose  1"2,400Z.,  or  6s.  2}^d.  in  the  pound  on  their 
rental.  The  burden  of  pauperism  in  the  latter  parishes 
is  therefore  about  60  times  as  heavy  as  in  tlie  former. 

We  have  probably  said  enough  to  satisfy  our  readers, 
if  they  required  to  be  satisfied  on  such  a  point,  that  the 
poor-laws  of  this  country  have  been  and  are  the  source 
of  much  evil  to  the  community  ;  but  it  must  not  be 
imao-iued  that  all  the  ills  resulting  from  them  have  been 
enumerated.  One  of  the  greatest  is  certainly  the 
defective  accommodation  afforded  to  the  poor,  itself  a 
som-ce  of  many  further  evils.  The  war  which,  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  was  waged  against  cottages,  those 
iiests  of  beggars^  brats,  as  they  have  been  called,  had  the 
effect  of  fearfully  overcrowding  such  "nests  "as  were 
not  destroyed.  Let  any  one  read  Mr.  Pashley's  14th 
chapter,  on  "  the  effect  of  the  law  of  settlement  on  the 
dwellings  of  labourers  in  agriculture,"  let  him  cast  his 
eye  over  the  extracts  given  from  the  report  of  the 
special  assistant  poor-law  commissioners,  let  him  re- 
member that  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  whole  families, 
father,  mother,  and  children  of  both  sexes  and  all  ages, 
to  live  and  sleep  together  in  one  and  the  same  room,  and 
that  many  cottages  are  inconveniently  crowded  with 
more  than  one  family,  and  then  let  him  wonder  if  he  can 
at  the  depravity  of  morals,  drunkenness,  and  crime 
which  naturally  flow  from  such  a  state  of  things. 

Drunkenness,  like  crime,  is  at  once  the  cause  and 
effect  of  poverty,  and  prevails  most  where  pauperism  is 
greatest.  An  uncomfortable  home  and  a  total  incapacity 
to  employ  any  leisure  time  in  mental  improvement,  are 
the  most  general  immediate  causes  of  habitual  intoxica- 
tion. According  to  Mr.  Porter,  the  self-imposed  taxation 
of  the  working  classes  in  the  United  Kingdom  in 
gin,  whisky,  and  rum,  is  annually  28,810,203/.  What 
proportion  of  this  amount  is  spent  by  those  who  can 
neither  read  nor  write,  we  cannot  say,  but  from  the 
police  returns  of  the  number  of  persons  taken  into 
custody  in  the  metropolis,  for  being  "  drunk,"  or 
"drunk  and  disorderly,"  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  by  far  the  largest  proportion  is  spent  by  the 
uneducated  members  of  society.  It  appears  that 
out  of  upwards  of  16,000  persons  in  one  year  taken 
into  custody  in  London,  for  the  above  offences,  more  than 
14,000  were  either  unable  to  read  or  write  at  all,  or 
could  do  so  but  imperfectly.  Drunkenness  is  one  of 
the  many  evil  consequences  arising  from  want  of  educa- 
tion, and  so  important  is  it  that  our  poor  should  be 
educated,  that  without  some  general  and  effectual  sclieme 
for  this  purpose,  it  is  doubtful  whetlier  their  condition 
could  be  materially  bettered  by  any  change  in  our  laws. 
Mr.  Pashley  has  shown  what  sort  of  an  education  the 
poor  children  obtain  in  the  schools  to  which  they  have 
now  access.  But  important  as  the  education  question 
is,  the  length  to  which  the  present  notice  has  already 
attained  forbids  us  to  follow  our  author  further  into  its 
consideration,  and  compels  us  to  pass  to  that  part  of  his 
work  in  which  he  considers  the  various  remedies  by 
■which  the  evils  he  has  pointed  out  have  been  proposed 
to  be  mitigated  or  removed,  and  iu  which  his  own  pro- 
posal, having  a  similar  object,  is  stated  and  explained. 

Tlie  first  remedy  considered  is  that  of  abolishing  re- 
movals, and  substituting  money  orders,  which  is  open  to 
these  amongst  other  objections — that  it  leaves  the  law 
of  settlement  untouched,  does  nothing  to  diminish  parish 
litigation,  and  allows  money  raised  in  one  place  to  be 
expended  by  the  officers  of  another,  who  consequently 
have  no  interest  in  keeping  the  amount  as  low  as  pos- 
sible. The  remedy,  by  substituting  a  2iniun  for  a  parish 
as  the  district  of  a  pauper's  settlement,  is  objected  to  as 
based  upon  the  vicious  principle  of  settlement,  and 
especially  because,  having  been  for  a  long  time  actually 
tried  in  practice,  it  was  found  inefficient,  and  was  accord- 
ingly rejected.  This  remedy  would,  moreover,  require 
a  considerable  change  in  the  staff  of  union  officers,  would 
materially  reduce  the  interest  of  each  guardian  in 
examining  into  any  case  of  alleged  destitution  in  his  own 
parish,  and  would  leave  untouched  many  of  the  evils 
■which  have  resulted  from  i-ecent  statutes.  The  author 
proceeds  to  investigate  further  proposed  remedies,  sucli 
as  union  rating,  a  charge  on  the  consolidated  fund, 
a.  national  rate  on  real  property,  a  national  property  tax, 
a  special  income  tax,  an  assessment  of  tithe  commutation 
rent-chai'ge,  and  a  ti*ansfer  to  the  state  of  all  establish- 
ment or  union  charges — to  all  of  which  he  objects,  for 
reasons  which  their  several  supporters  will  do  well  to 
consider,  but  which  we,  for  want  of  space,  cannot  reca- 
pitulate. 

The  author's  own  proposal  we  give  in  his  own  words, 
merely  adding  that  he  is  a  strenuous  advocate  for  the 
education  of  the  lower  classes,  and  for    defraying  the 
necessary   expenses  out  of  funds  raised    compulsorily. ' 
"  I^Iy    proposal,"  he  says,  "  is,  that  the  law  of  settle-  ■ 
meut  be  wholly  repealed  ;  that  the  various  provisions 


for  raising  and  administering  relief  be  consolidated  into 
one  statute  ;  that  the  yearly  sura  needed  for  such  relief 
continue  to  be  raised  by  parochial  rates  on  real  pi'operty ; 
that  two-thirds  of  this  sum  be  raised  by  a  pound  rate, 
equal  throughout  (he  whole  country, and  the  remainder 
by  a  further  pound  rate,  raising  in  every  parish  a  sum 
equal  to  one-third  of  the  actual  expenditure  of  such 
parish." 

"  If  the  whole  net  rental  of  real  property  in  England, 
when  correctly  estimated,  should  amount  to  120,000, 000^. 
yearly  (and  it  certainly  does  amount  to  some  such  sum), 
it  follows  that  a  year's  relief  of  the  poor,  taken  at  the 
extravagantly  high  amount  of  G,000,000Z.,  will  be  raised 
by  a  pound  rate  of  Is.  upon  such  rental.  Of  this  1^., 
every  parish,  by  the  proposed  plan,  would  equally  con- 
tribute ^d.  in  the  pound  on  its  net  rental.  Thus,  by  an 
equal  charge  of  a  moderate  amount,  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  sum  needed,  or  4,000,000^,  would  be  raised.  The 
remaining  2,000,000^.  would  be  contributed  by  property 
in  different  parishes,  in  exact  proportion  to  the  pauper- 
ism found  in  each  parisli." 

Such  is  the  remedy  proposed  ;  its  practical  working 
is  considered  at  some  length  by  its  author,  who  also 
states  and  answers  certain  objections  which  might  be 
urged  against  it.  It  has  at  least  the  advantages  of 
equalising  to  a  very  great  extent  the  burden  of  reheving 
the  poor,  of  not  requiring  a  new  staff  of  officers,  and  of 
preserving  that  interest  in  the  distribution  of  the  poor- 
rates,  which  is  the  only  safeguard  against  their  misap- 
propriation. Tlie  remedy,  as  well  as  the  whole  work,  we 
earnestly  recommend  to  the  attention  of  our  readers,  and 
of  all  those  who  are  interested  in  relieving  the  burdens 
on  agriculture. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Ga3  Tar  :  Clcricus  asks  what  material  he  could  mis  with  com- 
mon tar,  or  ga-i  tar,  to  cover  wuod,  canvas,  or  woolleo  sub- 
stances, so  th.it  it  would  dry  hard  and  quickly,  and  how 
much  of  the  drying  material  to  the  gallon  of  tar. 

Gdano  :  J  }V.  We  would  not  bow  the  guano  till  the  spring; 
snvp  it  broadcast  the  tir::t  fine  weather  in  Marcb,  and  hoe  or 
harrow  it  in.  If  you  determine  on  Bowinpr  uow,  you  may  do 
so  broadcast  one  hour,  and  sow  the  next,  narrowing  between 
times.  The  only  thing  to  b>j  sure  of  is  tba-  the  seed  is  not  in 
contact  with  th«  manure,  and  that  is  snffii;ieut]y  ensured  by 
sowing  them  separately  and  harrowing  between. 

Level  of  the  Land  :  Ignoramus-  Tbe  level  of  the  land  above 
the  sea,  or  above  any  other  station,  is  ascertained  by  a  pro- 
cess termed  levelUnif,  and  the  use  of  a  levelliug  instrumeut, 
which  costs  perhaps  101. 10s.  Ic  may  be  ascertained  in  an 
imperfect  manner  by  barometrical  observations.  The  moun- 
tain barometer  costs  61. 

SuBsTiTDTE  FOE  Yeast:  CD.  Thejbest  and  sweetest  substi- 
tute for  brewers',  or  home-made  table-beer,  yeast  ^barm),  is 
unque-tionably  the  substance  called  German  yeast.  This  is 
used  by  first-ra'e  bakers,  and  ia  sold  in  great  quantities  to 
private  families.  Ic  is  really  made  by  the  Dutch,  being,  as  ia 
understood,  notbins:  moru  than  tbe  grounds  lefc  after  the 
diBtiliation  of  tfL'uuine  Hollands  jiin.  Icis  procured  of  Wilkin 
and  Pugh,  Spit-ad  Ea^le-yard,  Gfracechurcli-street,  London. 
In  eslrenieiy  but  suu-imer  weather  the  substance  becomes 
decomposed,  and  the  mass  molts  down  ;  its  only  ascertained 
defect. 

The  Contents  of  a  Rick  :  A  Sub.  Our  ricks  contain  about  120 
cubic  yards,  and  win  yield  irom  80  to  120  bushels  of  Wheat, 
and  from  160  to  200  bushels  of  Oats.  There  ia  no  rule  for 
determining  tbe  contents  in  grain  of  a  corn  rick,  but  it  must 
vary  with  length  of  straw,  »bc. 

Ereata  :  For  *' Isloch"  cited  by  Mr.  Pusey,  in  the  article  on 
"Stra.v  as  a  Manure,"  Agricultural  Gazette,  No.  46,  read 
"  Bloch."  And  in  another  place  where  it  is  said  that  it  is 
the  same  carbonic  ad^  which  in  the  process  of  digestion 
"is  extracted  fiom/'Tead  "absorbed  by"  the  eydtem.  It 
would  perhaps  be  more  correct  to  say  that  the  carbon  of 
straw  or  other  food  is  by  tbe  process  of  digestion  assimi- 
lated with  the  carbon  of  the  system,  and  then  exhaled  as 
carbonic  acid.  Omit  '•  or"  before  old  straw  thatch,  and  in 
the  same  sentence  omit  "  and."  Towards  the  close,  for 
"  relaying,"  read  "relaxing"  the  conditions. 


iJriarkets* 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Nov.  20. 
Vegetables  and  what  Fruit  is  in  season  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Pears  and  Apples  are  sufQcient  for  the  demand.  A 
few  Tomatoes  may  still  be  obtained.  Filberts  realise  fair  prices. 
Potatoes  have  not  altered  in  value  since  our  last  report. 
Mushrooms  are  getting  scarcer.  Gut  flowers  consiuL  of 
Hoatbs,  Pelargoniums,  RoDes,  Mignonette,  Bignonia  venusta, 
and  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3s  to 
6rape5,liothouae,p.  lb.,  28  to  6s 
Pomegranates,  each,  2*  to  49 
Apples,  dessert,  per  bushel,  43 
to  76 

—  kitchen,  do.,  83  to  Ga 
Poara,  per  doz..  Is  6d  to  4s 

—  per  half  sieve,  5s  to  78 
Melons,  each,  28  to  6a 


Oranges,  per  doz..  Is  to  23 

—  per  100,  68  to  12s 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  la  to  2s 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2s  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  29s 

—  Brazil,  do.,  12s  to  lis 

—  Cobs,  753  to  80b 


Cabbages,  per  dojr.,  6d  to  1; 
French  Beans,  per  half  sieve, 

23to2e  6d 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p,  hf.  Bieve, 

iB  to  2a 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  6d  to 

2s  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  la  to  2s 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  48  to  59 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  853  to  liOs 

—  per  cwt.,  68  to  93 

—  per  hush.,  2-1  fid  to  4s  fid 
Turnips,  perdoz.,  Is  to  IsSd 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
CeleF)',  per  bundle,  9d  to  la  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  49      * 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  SpaniBh,p.doz.,le3dto  3d 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


YBGETABLES. 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  ed  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  fid  to  8d 
Lettuce,  Cab.,  per  score  4d  to6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Endive  per  score.  Is  to  Is  fid 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun,,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle.lstoSfl 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  fid  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  28  to  8s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch, Sd 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
WatercresBes.p.  12bun,4d  to  fid 


COAL  MARKET.— Feidat.  Nov.  19. 
Holywell.   16s.   Cd.;  Eden    Main,  17s.  fid,;   West  Hartley, 
15b.  fid. ;  Wallaerd  Haswell,  ISs.  3d.  ;  Wallsend  Hetton,  ISs. ; 
Wallsend  Stewarts,  18s.  3d.;  Wallsend  Tees,  18s,— Ships  at 
marke»,  ISS, 


HOPS.— BoaoDGH  Mareet.  Nov,  19. 

Messrs.  I'aUenden  and  Smith,  Hop  Factors,  report  thai 

price  of  Hop^  has  adv.ineed  from  fij,  to  8^.    per  cwt.  i 

last  week,  and  that  the  market  is  in  a  very  briuk  state  fq 

kinds  of  new  Hops. 

SUTTf-IFIELD.— Monday,  Nov.  15. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  much  smaller,  and  consequ( 
all  kinds  are  dearer,  aichough  trade  ia  slow.  The  supp! 
Sheep  ia  also  very  sbnrt ;  tljey  are  more  quickly  disposed  t 
an  advance  of  fully  2d.  per  stone  on  all  descrip'.ion=i.  ( 
Calves  meet  with  a  re-idy  salj  a"  our  quotations.  From 
mnny  and,  Holland  there  are  956  Beasts,  418'J  Sheep, 
139  Calves  ;  Scotiand,  oGO  Beasts  ;  and  2500  from  the  nortl 
and  middlins  counties.  i 

B     d 


Perst.  of  81b3.— 3 
Rest  Lon^-woole .  i 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Eweaifc  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn  0 

Laml  a     0 

Calves      3 

Pigs 


Perat.  ofmbi 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 

forlp,  <fcc.  ...  3  10  to  4  0 
Beat  Short-hon.b  3  G  —  3  10 
id  quality  Beanf  3  0  —  34 
Best   Downs  ana 

Half-breds      ...  i     6—4    S 

Do.  Shorn   0     0  —  0     0 

Beasts,  4434  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  23','640  ;  Calves,  187; 
Fhidit,  Nov.  19. 

The  upward  tendency  of  the  trade  on  Monday  laal 
caused  an  increased  supply  of  Boa^t«  to-day.  Trade  is 
jet  choicest  kinds  pretty  eeaeraUy  realise  Mnud^y's  qi 
lions,  but  inferior  descrip'ions  are  lower.  The  numbi 
Sheep,  although  still  smiU,  is  much  larger  than  on  Fl 
last ;  we  have  only  a  flack  attendance  of  buyers,  and  Moii 
prices  cannot  thoroughly  be  maintained.  There  is  a  fair  si 
of  Calves ;  choicest  are  readily  dii^posed  of,  but  trade  is  I 
for  inferior.  The  foreign  supply  consists  of  201  Beasti 
Sheep,  and  189  Ca'veg;  7')0  Beasts  from  the  northei 
midland  counties  ;  Milch  Cows,  95. 


d  ' 
2td 
0-^ 

4-J 
0- 
0- 
4  ^ 

laatl 


Hay.— Per  Load  of  36  Truaeee, 

SMlTHFrELD,    NoV.   18. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  753  to  809 

Clover        858,t 

Inferior  do.            ...  65         70 

Second  cut           ...  75 

Rowen          42         54 

Straw         24 

New  Hay     —        — 

B,  J.  Di 

Cdmbebland  Market.  Nov.  18. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  78j  to  863 

Inferior  Clover      ...  708: 

Inferior  do 60        70 

New  do —  ^ 

New  Hay     —       — 

Straw           28  ' 

JOSHDA  Bai 

Old  Clover 90        93 

WOOL. 
BaADFOSD,  THnasDAT,  Nov.  18.— There  ia  very  little,  J 
change  during  the  week.    The  active  buying  of  a  fewi 
past  appears  to  have  put  the  spinners  in  supply,  and  the 
now  sought  act  as  a  barrier  to  sales  bein^  made. 

POTATOES.— SoDTflWAaK,  Nov.  15. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  tbe  nj 
has  not  been  so  well  supplied  as  the  previous  week  ;  hi 
last  two  days  there  have  been  considerable  arrivals,  owt 
the  northerly  winds,  which  will  again  cause  a  falling" 
prices.  Thd  following?  are  this  daj's  quotations  :— Yori 
Regents,  806.  to  12Us.  ;  Lincolnshire,  753.  to  110s. 
Regents,  80s.  to  903.;  French  whites,  80s.  to  90s.;  Duto 
to  GOs. 


aed  , 
aed  , 


MARE  LANE. 
Monday,  Nov.  1,5.— The  supply  of  English  Wheat  b 
morning's  market  was  small,  and  in  very  bad  condition 
beat  were  a  ready  sale  at  last  week's  prices,  but  great  dif 
was  experienced  in  quitting  the  remainder  at  our  quotJ 
The  demand  for  foreign  Wheat  was  veiy  limiied,  and  q\ 
retail,  but  iis  value  remains  unaltered. — The  top  price  of 
has  been  reduced  to  40^. — There  was  a  better  supply  of  '. 
at  market,  which  could  only  be  dispoeed  of  a*:  a  reduo 
Is.  per  qr. — While  Peas  are  28.  per  qr.  cheaper,  Grt 
Beans  are  fully  as  dear, — The  Oat  trade  is  slow,  at  late 

Pee  iMPEaiAL  Qda(itee.  s.      b. 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &,  Suffolk. ..White  38—50 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  42—54 

—  —    Talavera  52—56 

—  Norfolk 40—48 

—  Foreign 34 — 54 

Barley,grind.&;distiL,26sto29a...Chev.  26—34 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  23—30 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk '17—20 

—  Scotch  andLincolnshire,..PotatO|22 — 24 

—  Irish Potato, 20— 22 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  BrevT|18 — 21 

Rye      ^29-32 

Rye-meal,  foreign — 

Beans,  Mazagan 81s  to  33s Tick  33— 35 

—  Pigeon  34s  — 37s...Winds.'30_4l 

—  Foreign Small'32— 37 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent BoilerS|38— 41 


30—33 


37—40 
25—32 
21—24 


aed  , 


Malting , 
Malting , 


Feed , 

Feed , 

Feed , 

foreign,. 


Harrow . 
Longpod 
Ggyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign . 
fellow... 


Norfolk 
Per  sac'b 
Grain  th 


—  Maple 32s  to  35a Grey 

Maize     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

_    Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 

Feidat,  Nov.  19.  —  The  arrivals  of  British 

have  been  moderate,  and  good  of  foreign,  also  of  Floi 
day's  market  was  very  th  tily  attendiid,  and  trade  lifelee 
value  of  English  and  fine  fore'gn  Wheat  Is  unaltered) 
lower  descriptions  are  the  turn  dearer. — There  has  bee 
business  done  in  floating  cargoes  of  Wheat  from  th( 
and  439.  c.  f.  and  I.  has  been  paid  for  Odessa  Ghirki 
Flour  trade  is  steady,  with  a  fair  demand  for  superflr 
rican  at  fully  late  rates.— In  the  value  of  Spring  C 
observe  no  alteration. — Oata  are  a  slow  sale. 
Impeeial  Aveeaoes. 


Oct.  9.. 

—  16.. 

—  23.. 

—  30.. 
Nov,  6.. 

—  13.. 


Apcreg.   Avar. 


Wheat.  Bahlet.  Oats,    Rte.    Beanb, 


s.   d. 

38    5 

37  10 

38  8 

39  2 
39  5 
39  11 


38  11 


23  10    17  U 


9.  d, 

17  6 

18  0 
17  10 

17  6 

18  3 
18  7 


3.    d. 

28  10 
:iO  1 
■^5  8 
26  0 
34  10 

n    b 


11    2 


8.    d, 

34    0 


Floctuations  in  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Aveea< 


Pkicee.    Oct,  9,    Oct.  16  Oct.  23.  Oct.  30.  Nov.  6 


39sU(i- 
39  5 
89  2 
38  8 
88  5 
37  10 


• 


LivEEPOOL,  ToEBDAT,  Nov.  16.- The  arrivals  from 
and  coastwise  durin;;  the  past  week  have  been  moi 
Oatmeal,  and  small  of  other  articles.  At  market,  to-d 
was  a  fair  attendance  of  the  town  and  country  trade, 
buyers  from  a  distance.  On  Wheat  an  advance  was  est 
of  2d.  per  70  lbs.,  but  the  transactions  were  limited;  1 
in  barrel  Flour  a  large  business  was  done,  and  Is.  t( 
per  barrel  more  money  was  paid.  Mealing  Oats  and 
were  limited  in  request,  and  without  change,  Barlej 
and  Peas  were  taken  in  retail  to  a  fair  extent,  at  li 
Indian  Corn  on  tbe  spot  waa  neglected,  but  cargoes  a£ 
in  fair  request. 


47— 1852. J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


751 


lORTICULTURAL     GLASS 

OF  EVERY   DESCRIPTION. 


«7 

THOMAS   MILLINGTON'S    WAREHOUSE, 
87,  BISHOPSaATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 
LONDON. 


HEAP    WINDOW    GLASS    WAREHOUSE, 

30,  FSINCSS-STREET.  LeIC SSTEB-SQUAEE.    ESTABLISHED  1793. 

ROBERT    :iIETTAai  having  purchased  the  above 

-V  long-estabtished    Basiaess,  begs  to   call  the  atteotioa  of 
ailders  and  the  Trade  in  general  to  the  low  prices  of  P.iteDt 

•late,    Crown,     Sheet,    and     Horticultural      Window    Glass. 

Estimates  furaished  for  Rnueh   Plate,   Stained,    Ground,  and 

)rDamental  Glass.     Builders'  Sashes  Glazed  at  2d.  per  foot 
uper.     Price  Lists  forwarded  on  appUcation,  pjst  iree. 
N.B.  Glaziers'    Diamonds,   155.  and  18s.,  sent  post  free  on 

■eceipt  of  post-ofiiie  ordej;3. 

GLASS     FOR  "CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,  &c. 

FAilES    PHILLIPS    and    CO.   beg   to  hand    their 
'  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 


Cut  to  order  in  Panes  not 
tbore  -40  inches  long. 

Per  foot. 

16  oz 25<i.  to    3d. 

21  do.  ..-.        ...    Bid.  to  4i'i. 

26  do 3W.  to7id. 

32  do eld,  to    Sd 


Packed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 


each. 

6  by  4,  G|  by  4* 

7  by  5,  7i  by  5i 
Sby  5,  8"  bv  5^ 

8  by  G,  Si  b>  Ci 
'  by  7,  lU  byS 


£.  s.  d. 
0  13  0 
0  15  0 
0  15     0 

0  15 

1  0 


Variiins  sizes  of  16  oz.  Sheet  Glass,  gucb  as  12  by  9,  12  by 
10, 13  bv  10,  14  by  10,  and  15  by  10,  packed  in  boies  at  13s.  per 
LOO  feet^ 

Packed  in  Crates  of  300  feetat2A(i.,  18  ounces  to  the  foot, 
)rli  oaaces  SJ-i. 

PATENT  SHEET  CLASS, 
Sold  in  cases  containing  25  sheets,  48  inches  long  by  36  inches 
mde— 300  feet,  at  3^  95  per  case,  net  cash.  Especial  attention 
B  directed  to  the  size,  48  by  36  inches,  containing  12  superficial 
set,  3nd  waighing  from  16  to  17  oz.  to  tha  foot,  which  is  the 
argest  ever  made. 

FOREIGN'  SHEET  GLASS,  of  very  superior  quaUty,  packed 
in  cases  of  "20^  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  2G  to  44  by 
aO  inches,  at  33 j.,  40s.,  to  i^s.  per  case. 

Milk  Pans.  from2s.  to  6s.  each,  Propagating  and  Bee  Glasses, 
Cacumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Cimojs'  ililk  Syphons, 
lilBs  and  Slates,  Wasp  Trups,  Plate,  Crowo,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  for  Ornaments,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HOHTICaLTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bishops- 
gate-street  Without,  London. 


SOHO    CLASS    WAREHOUSE,    23.    SOHO    SQUARE. 

ALFRED  GOSLETT  begs  to  inform  consamers  of 
Glass  for  Horticultural  purposes  that  h^  suiplies  the 
following  descriptions,  ei*,her  in  crates,  as  manufactured,  at 
Reddcsd  Pbiccs.  or  cat  to  any  given  size  :— ENGLISH 
CROWN  and  SHEET  GLASS  of  ever-?  weight  manufacturad. 
HAKFLET'S  PATEJJT  ROLLED  ROUGH  GLASS.  oSl- 
eighth,  tbree-six':een;hs,  and  one- quarter  inch  thick.  BELGIAN 
SHEET  GLASS,  in  cases,  containing  200  feet,  of  one  given  size, 
at  40a.  par  case,  in  parcels  of  five  cases  a*:  38s.,  and  in  parcels 
of  10  cases,  a^  37s.  per  case,  fju  Cash;  or  cut  to  order  at 
Sd.  per  foot  superScial.  Esti-Tiates  or  any  further  particulars 
will  be  farwaHed  upon  application. 

GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d. 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feetof  wbich  are  kept  ready  packed  for  immediate  delivery. 
Li5ts  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATIN^G 
GLASSES.  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
OENAME^TAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  Jakes  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 
See  Qa.rdeners'  Chronic<€  first  Saturday  In  each  month. 

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
Stmct  their  walks  of  PORTL.^ND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  tlm.4 : — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mised  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
ond  Incorporate  the  vrbole  well  in  tlio  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  ba  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  spade,  and  la  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Teffetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  neceseary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  throagb  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the*  middle  of  the  path 
toward*  the  kides.— Manufuctarers  of  the  Cement,  J.  B.  White 
and  Sows.  MtHbaok-street.  WefttminB^er. 

THE    ONLY    STOVE    WITHOUT    A    FLUE.— 
plain,  from  I25.  to  25*. ;  Ornamental,  from  3Ij.  6d,  to  Six 

Goiaeas;  S'aods  fur  Stovt:s,  2a.  (id,  3j.,  and  ba.   each.    For 
which  her  ^lajesty's  Royal  Letters  Patent 
have   boen    granted.      Proitpectus,    with 
OrawiogK  and  Report,  forwarded  free. 

JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  HaIIh, 
PaMages.  Greenhoate^  Water-clonets, 
Staop<,  Siore-roomn,  and  all  placrs  re- 
qalrtng  artificial  warmth.  The  above 
S'ovei  An  not  emit  smokB  or  uoplousant 
8in<!U.  and  will  bum  without  attention  or 
replcolsliing  from  twelve  to  twenty-four 
boars.  To  be  seen  in  na^  daily,  ut  the 
sole  Proprietor's,  8,  Nash,  Ironmongur, 
Ac,  2-;3.  Oxford. B^reet,  and  at  the  City 
Depot,  1 10,  Neftffo'.e-Btretit,  London  ;  and 

to  be  bad  from  th<!  prlncipui  Ironmnngeri  In  town  and  country. 
PATENT  PREPARED  FUEL  for  the  Htovoa,   2i.  6d.   per 

basfael:  oxi\y  f/^mx^iat  with  tbo  Proprietor's  nitmo  and  seal  on 

the  sack. 
^.Hktu,  353,  Oxford.ttreet,aDdn9,  Ncwgate-streot,  London, 

Solo  M«nt)factarcr  of  the   Portable  Economical  Vaprmr  Duth, 

fir  Families,  Travellers,  Ac.  Ac,  oomplfito  with  Large  Cloak, 

IL  Ml.  '>/.     Modicnl  TcttimonInU  forwirded  on  appllciitlon. 

RUPTURES  EFFECTUALLY  CURED  WITHOUT  A  TRUSS. 

DM.  LESLIE  continiioa  to  supply  the  afflictod  with 
bin  celebrated  Remedy  for  tills  ulurjuloK  cumplaint,  the 
great  success  of  which,  fur  mnoy  years  post,  ronders  any 
r-jrthrr  CJimmeot  anDO'.cnsary.  It  is  easy  and  nainlfjii*  In  use, 
caaslait  no  InoonTonienco  or  coofinernenc,  and  In  applicabl*  to 
«very  variety  of  single  and  double  Rupture,  however  bad  or 
of  lotijt  standing,  In  male  or  female  of  any  age.  The  remedy 
will  b(i  sent,  j»o»t  free,  on  receipt  of  7j.  fW.  by  Post-ofllce  ordor, 

rayahle  at  the  General  Post-ofUce,  or  pfrstage  sranips,  by  Dr. 
frtarsT  LiSLtr.,  37  A,  Mancbe«ter.btre«t,  Ornj'n-fiin-road, 
I^K"]...!.  — At  U.tut  dit)y.  from  10  till  1  and  T,  till  H  o'clock  ; 
fraodnx*  (xeepTail.— Nr/TiCiL!  Xo  lutuis  ate  replied  to  ualvEi 
ihey  c  yn'ain  a  remlKaDce. 


i 


m 


f- 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   VMTER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSlSTEJfT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND   WORKMANSHIP. 


ORAY    AVD    OR.MSON,  Danvers   Street,   Chelsea, 

^J  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
atruction  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING   AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OP  ALL  SIZES.  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  Hot- 
J  •  HO0SB  EoiLDEEs  ;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Ears  are  Hollow  Tubes 
tbrou^h  which  the  re- 
turn water  passe?  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
ot  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO,, 
K'ng's  Road.  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing  like  the  sama 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
those  boilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  beats 
several  large  Forciug-housea  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  smaU 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,   Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 
a^  ijo  Catalogues  of  Plants,   Vinos,   Seeds,  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application. 
J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King'^-road,  Chelsea.  L-^ndon, 


TABLE  AND  DESSERT  KNIVES,  IN  CASES- 
|\/|  ECHI,  Cutler,  4,  Leadenhall-street,  has  an 
^'-^  excellent  variety  of"  perfectlv  new  Patterns  in  Ivory, 
Pearl,  and  A^ate  DESSERT  KS'IVES  in  CASES,  and  every 
description  of  Table  Knives,  excellent  in  quality  and  reasonable 
in  price.  Also  a  variety  of  Koifo  Sharpeners,  several  new 
patterns.  Wharnclifi'e  Penknives,  Scis^^ors,  Razors,  Strops, 
Paste,  and  Shaving  Brushes,  &c.  His  Razor-strops  and  Paste 
are  well  worth  the  n  tention  of  those  who  find  shaving  difficult. 


MOST  IMPORTANT  DISCOVERY.— Beautiful 
TEETH,  and  no  more  Toothache.  Under  the  immedia'e 
patronago  of  the  Court,  tbe  Marquis  of  Headfort,  the  Clergy, 
CaptftitiB  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  Physicians,  Surgeon  Dt-n- 
tists,  &G.  See  Testimonials  with  the  Compound.  GKAHAM'S 
LIQUID  BOTANICAL  DENTIFRICE,  for  preserving  and 
beautifying  the  Teeth  ;  it  prevootH  toothache  and  purifies  the 
breath.  It  is  highly  recommended  to  all  who  have  artificial 
and  defective  teeth.  Prepared  and  sold  by  Jame.i  Gbaqam, 
Bognor,  and  hia  agent,  Mr.  Sanger,  150.  Oxford-street,  Loudon  ; 
and  all  chemiats  and  perfumers.  Price  Is.  lijd.  pur  bottle. — 
N.B.  Ills  also  highly  recommended  after  smoking,  for  puri- 
fying  the  breath,  and  is  most  refrenhing  to  the  mouth  on  a  sea 
voyaLje,  and  is  very  much  used.  Every  fiimily  should  uso  this 
compound,     Beware  of  spurious  imitations. 


INFLUENZA, 
ASTHMA. 


COUGHS, 


A  CERTAIN    REMEDY    FOR 
COLDS,    AND 
C  FENCER'S     PULMONIC    ELIXIR.  — For    the 

^-^  nursery  it  is  invaluable,  ua  It  is  as  agreeable  to  tbo  palate 
ai  it  la  useful  In  all  oaHOS  of  boopin;^. cough,  chin-cough,  or 
com  nnn  coughs  arising  from  colds,  teething,  &c.  To  Invalids, 
whose  ailments  are  incroaHed  by  frosty  and  foKgy  went  cr,  it 
is  a  ncver-faliing  HOiirco  of  coin'ort  and  case  from  eufi'orlng, 
enabling  them  to  broutho  with  freedom  during  the  Itcencat 
frost  and  thickest  fog;  in  fine,  It  posaossoH  every  property 
which  can  be  beneficial  In  caiies  of  Coughs,  Coldn,  Aaihmn, 
and  all  coinplaints  of  the  Chest  and  Lungs.  It  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  comjtlalntH  ot  the  chest  to  attund  strictly 
to  the  state  oF  tbo  bowclH ;  therefore,  should  they  be  ooHtlve, 
the  pnlient  should  use  a  gontio  uporlunt.  "  PARR'S  LI1''E 
PILLS"  are,  from  their  mild  operuliun,  peculiarly  adapted  to 
aid  the  Bllxtr  In  eflVcting  a  eurc. 

Imi-obtant  Caotikn.  NoTicK.-  -Persons  doslrouH  of  testing 
the  elHcuoy  of  tliis  m<'dlclno  inuHt  ob»«>rvu  thitt  on  lauli  buttle 
ore  the  words  "SPENCER'.S  I'ULMONIC  ELIX[H,"niid  that 
oooh  wrapper  has  u  fuc>Blmile  of  tbu  Proiirletor'n  Hlgniituio, 
T.  lUMrit  .{■  Vo. 

Prtpnrcd  only  by  T,  Roberts  and  Co.,  Orono-court,  FloPt- 
iitruet,  London  ;  and  sold  by  li,  EdwurdH,  07,  at.  Paul's  Churoh. 
yard;  Barclny  and  Hons,  Parrintfdon-HtrDCt ;  Sutton  and  Co., 
Uuw  Churchyard  -  Hunger  and  'lo.,  Oxford-btrL>ct,  London  ;  and 
by  all  ruApcctohlu  Mrdlclne  Vendors  in  t)io  Kliigdnii],  Jn 
LuU!cs,  at  U.  \\d.  and  2*.  M  oarh.  1 


MANUFACTURERS 
BY  SPECIAL 


APPOINTMENT 
TO  THE  QUEEN. 


Obia\m(Hlt.^Piiz(iM  li     G,    it  ExhiUtion  1851. 

TORY'S  NEW  FRENCH  CHOCOLATES  are  used 

-*-  at  the  Royal  table,  and  by  the  first  Nobility.  CHOCO- 
LATa  DE  LA  REINE  VICTORIA,  du  PRINCE  ALBERT, 
and  other  varietiei^  a  la  Frani;;aise. 

FRY  and  SONS  introduce  to  the  pub  ic  their  Fren-h  Choco- 
lates, prepared  according  to  principles  alik^i  dictated  by  their 
own  ample  expjrience  and  the  results  of  tbo  mo^t  refined 
forei^-n  taste,  carried  out  by  the  u'most  care  and  skill  in  their 
manurac.ure.  They  confidently  recommend  those  C^ocolate8 
as  emiaen'.ly  combining  that  richness  and  delicacy  of  flavour 
with  those  remarkably  SLilubrious  qualities  whijh  are  eisentia 
to  Chocolate  in  all  its  forms. 

J.  S.  FRY  and  SONS'  CHOCOLATE  PASTILLES,  CHO- 
COLAT  DE  VOYAGE,  and  o.her  BON  EONS,  are  strongly 
rec  immeuded  ae  delicious  and  nutritious  condiments  for  the 
railway  carriage,  the  nursery,  the  invalid  chamber,  or  the 
luncheon  table,  tkc.  <!lsc.  Ic  is  naedful  to  ob-^erva  that  the 
name  of  Fey  and  Sons  is  upon  evtry  packet-aod  bos,  aud  to 
attend  to  the  directions  enclosed.  The  above  articles  may  be 
ordered  from  all  Tea  Dealers,  Grocers,  aud  Confeciioners 
throug'hout  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  of  whom  Fry's  Church- 
man's and  other  Cake  Cuocolates,  their  Paten',  HomoBO- 
pathic.  Soluble,  and  other  Cocoas  may  be  bad  a*  usual.  The 
public   are  especially  invited  to  read  their  pamphlet  entitled 

"CLMCJLATE     and      CoOA,     THEla    PaOPEETIES     AND      DSEB     AS 

MANDFACTDHED  BT  FRY  AND  SONS,"  cOQtaiuing  full  direc- 
tions for  preparing  these  articles  for  the  table,  an  account  of 
the  Cocoa  Tree,  &,e.  &.C.,  to  be  obtained  graiis,  where  FRY 
AND  SONS'  ardcles  are  sold,  or  on  application  at  12,  Union- 
street,  Bristol.  Their  French  Chocolates  are  particularly 
adapted  for  presen's. 

MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION. 
LEGALLY  ESTABLISHED.  1319.  Head  Offices,— 
London  :  Llncoln's-Ion-Fields  Chambers,  and  2,  Portstcouth 
street,  Lincoln's-Inn-Fields.  Branch  Offices :  Liverpool,  Bristol, 
York,  Manchester,  Aberdeen,  and  Dublin.  Confidential 
Referee  :  R.  Warwick,  Esq. 

MATRIMONIAL  ALLIANCE  ASSOCIATION.  Conducted 
on  the  system  so  successfully  adopted  on  the  Continent. 
Legally  establiahed  as  a  medium  for  the  introduction  of  both 
sexes  unknown  to  each  olher,  who  are  desirous  of  entering  into 
Matrimony.  Noae  but  respectable  parties  negotiated  with 
Applicants  may  sign  by  initial  or  otherwise.  Full  particulars, 
wi'h  printed  forms  of  application,  list  of  agents,  and  instruc- 
tions, sent  free  on  receipt  of  six  postaga  stamps,  by  Hnoo 
Bebe-pobd,  Esq ,  Secretary.  Registrar's  Offices ;  Lincoln's- 
Inn-Fields  Chambers,  and  No.  2,  Portsmouth-street,  Lincoln'a- 
Inn-Fields.  London. 


ASHLEY'S  ANTI-DEPILATORY  EXTRACT,  for 
strengthening  and  preventing  the  Hair  falling  off;  pre- 
pared and  sold  wholesale  and  retail  by  Asslei,  Perfumer, 
Brixton,  in  bottles  ;  half-pints,  23.  ed  ;  pints,  4s.  6d.  ;  quarts, 
7s.  Gd.  Also  Ashley's  CLEANSING  POMADE  for  freeing  the 
head  from  scurf  and  keeping  it  clean,  in  po:s.  Is.  and  2s.  each. 
Also  Ashley's  MEDICATED  POMADE,  warranted  to  cure  the 
ringworm,  scald  heads,  and  all  kinds  of  scorbutic  eruptions  ; 
in  pots,  stamp  included,  I3.  Gd.  and  2s,  Gd.  each.  References 
of  the  highpst  reapectability  cun  be  given,  Wholesale  Agents  : 
Barclay  and  Son,  Farrinedoo-street  ;  Sultnn  aud  Co.,  Bow 
Churchyard;  Edwards,  G7,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard;  Keating, 
79,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  ;  Butler  and  Hardiag,  i,  Cheapside  ; 
Sanger,  150,  Oxford-street;  and  may  be  had  retail  from  all 
respectable  Chemists  in  town  or  counTy. 

J.  Ashley  can  be  consulted  at  h:s  rosldence  for  Ss.  on 
Mondays,  from  2  to  6  o'clock.  He  ha»  had  unfailing  success  in 
the  cure  of  ringworms,  scald  hoadg.  inc. 

METCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BRUSH and  SMYRNA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-Brush 
has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoroughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  moat  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose. — Is.  An  Improved  Clothes-Brush,  tiiat  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  usual  time,  and  incapable  of  injuring;  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian bristles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesh- 
Brushes  of  improved, graduated, aud powerfuUrictton.  Telvet- 
Brashes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  Its  preserved 
valuablepropertios  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  profits  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  nt  Metcalfe, 
Bingley,  and  Co. 'a  Sole  Establishment,  130b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTH  POWDER,  2s.  perboi. 

Cadtion.  —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  by  some  houses. 


A  NEW  STOVE.— GREAT  NOVELTY.— In  the 
-^  construction  of  the  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE,  it 
was  the  first  care  of  the  inventor  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  most  valued  of  modern  improvements  in  the 
art  of  healing,  aud  secondly,  so  to  mo^hly  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  once  to  obtain  the  simplest  and 
must  perfect  combustion;  after  a  long  scries  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  substllutiou  of  a  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
present  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  bars,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  widl  as  purity  and 
quantity  of  baa*-,  is  far  beyond  his  moet  sanguine  expectations 
vthile  fir  cleanliness  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  uuapproach- 
atde.  Price  from  BUs.  to  U)l.  To  be  seen  in  uso  daily  in  bis 
show-rooms,  where  also  are  to  he  seen 
•)Py()     STOVES      and      325       FENDERS 

■"'-^^  (  exclusive  of  reierved  stock)  all  differing  in  pattern, 
forming  the  largest  assurlmont  over  ooUcctod  together.  They 
are  marked  in  plain  figures,  and  at  pricen  proporticmate  with 
thuso  that  have  tended  to  make  his  establlHliinont  the  most 
di.-.tiDguiHbod  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornamenlM  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  Ms.  to  51  10s.  ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  ;ind  two  sots  of  bars,  C!.  lO.t  to  V2s.  12s. 
brnnzud  fundtrs  complete,  with  standards,  from  7a.  to  31. ;  stee 
funrlors,  from  21.  lOs.  to  (il.  ;  ditto,  with  rich  ormolu  ornumente, 
from  2L.  15a.  to  7i.  7s. ;  tiro-irons,  from  Is.  9d.  tln'  sut  to  il.  4».  " 
.Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  wi^h  riididting  (hearth 
plates  ;  and  kttohoD  ranges,  which  ho  is  oniiblud  to  soil  at  these 
very  reduced  charycH. 

Firttt— FroHi  tbo  frequency  and  extent  of  hit  purchftBes  ;  and 

Secondly— From  those  purohusos  being  miido  exclusively 
for  chhIi. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
[(til  cotnniunioating),  uzuIuhIvq  of  thn  hIioji,  devoted  solely  to 
Ihi)  hhow  of  GKNEIUL  FURNISHING  IRONMONQERY 
flncluding  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  I'luted,  and  Japanned  Waren, 
Iron  and  llrnsH  lU'dHtundH),  so  arruiitfud  and  olUNsillcd  that 
pui'chusers  nmy  cueily  and  at  onuu  nuiko  their  stiloctlons. 

Catalogues,  with  KugravlngH,  sunt  (jier  post)  free.  The 
money  rt'turncd  far  every  urtlcli)  not  npproverl  of. 

a»,  OXFORD  SrilEET  (corner  of  Ntiwrnun  Rtroet)  ;  N06. 
I  and  2,  NEWMANSTHEET;  and  ■!  nnd  D,  PERRY'S  PLACE. 


752 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.       [Nov.  20. 


On  the  mh  inst.  will  bepuilisJwd,  price  3s.  6d.,  THE  SECOND  "VOLUME  OF 

A    CHILD'S    HISTORY    OF    ENGLAND. 

BY   CHARLES    DICKENS. 

To  be  completed  in  Three  Voluraes,  of  the  same  size  and  price.     Collected  and  revised  from  '*  Household 
Words/'  with  a  Table  of  Dates.     The  First  Volume  may  be  had  of  all  Booksellers, 


Bradbuht  &  Evans,  II,  Bouverie  Street. 


Just  published,  price  2^.  6d., 

FOLIA  ORCHIDACEA.— An    Enumeration   of  the 
knovra  species  of  Orchids.    By  Professor  Lindley. 
Part  I.,  contnininE: ; — 
Stanhopea 8  pages    Ztgostateb 2  pages 

CoHYANTHES 4     „  ODONTOOL088DM        ...24     ,, 

loNOPSIS  4     „  DiDACTVLE     4      „ 

QlEKETTIA     2      ,. 

J.  Matthews,  5,  Upper  Welling  ton- street,  Covent  Garden. 

Just  published.  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  COTTAGE  FARMING.— 
"  If  any  one  desires  to  help  an  allotment  tenantry  or  the 
cultivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  their  land  .iiore  protit- 
ably  than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustomod  to  do — we 
venture  to  recommend  this  little  Catechism  as  likelv  to  be 
very  useful  for  distribution  among  them."— Gardeners'  Chronicle 
and  Jgricultaral  Gazette. 

Also,  Fifth  Edition, 

CATECHISM  OF  GARDENING. 

Price  id,  each;    13  copies  sent  free  by  post  for  4s.6d.     The 

two  Catechisms  bound  together  in  cloth,  Is. 

These  c'ever  and  interesting  little  Catechisms,  by  a  well- 

known  writer  on  Rural  Economy,  are  admirably  adapted  for 

diffusing  an  improved  knowledge  and  practice  of  Farming  and 

Gardening  among  the  smaller  class  of  cultivators. 

Also,  Third  Edition,  price  2fl„  bound  in  cloth, 
RURAL  ECONOMY  FOR  COTTAGE  FARMERS 
AND  GARDENERS  :  A  Treasury  of  Information  on  Cow- 
Keeping.  Sheep,  Pig«,  Poultry,  the  Horae,  Pony,  Ass,  Gi>at, 
Honey  Bee,  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Farm  and  Garden  Operations, 
<fcc.,  jjc,  (be.    By  Martin  Dotle,  and  otherR. 

"  It  is  all  that  it  professes  to  be."— British  Qaai-lerli;  licmciv. 
"This  is  rural  economy  minimised,  both  as  to  price  and 
form;  its  multifarious  and  interesting  subjects  may  actually 
be  said  to  be  condensed  to  the  utmost.  The  book  has  but  to 
be  Been  by  those  for  whom  it  is  prepared  to  be  admired,  and, 
we  may  add,  to  be  purchased." — Christian  Witness, 

London;  Ghoombridge  and  Sons,  Paternoster  Row. 
^ Sold  by  all  Bookaellers. 


PERMANENTLY    ENLARGED    TO    TWENTY-FOUR 
QUARTO     PAGES. 

EveiT/  Saturdai/,  Price  4d..  or  Stamped  5rf.,  and  in  Parts  at  the 

end  of  each  Month. 
I^OTES    AND    QUERIES:    a  medium    of   Inter- 
■*~^    commuoicaiion  for  Literary  Men,  Artists,  Antiquaries, 
Genealogists,  Photographers,  ifec. 

N.OTES  AND  QUERIES  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to 
bring  before  the  general  reader  every  week  a  vast  amount  of 
curious  and  interesting  information. 

It  is  especially  intended,  as  its  naroo  implies,  to  assist  Men 
of  Letters  and  of  Research  in  their  pursuits.  Those  who  mtet 
with  facts  worthy  of  preservation  may  record  them  in  its 
columns;  while  those,  aRain,  who  are  pursuing  literary 
inquiries,  may,  through  this  mediom,  ask  for  information  on 
points  which  have  baffled  their  own  individual  researches. 
ArUcles  on  some  of  the  following  subjects  appear  in  every 
Numher  :  — 


MlsceUaneous  Antiquities. 
Ecclesiastical  History. 
Londonand  its  Neighbourhood. 
Remarkable  Events  in  English, 

Scotcli,  and  Irish  History. 
Anglo-Saxon  Literature. 
Fine  Arts,  Music,  iScc. 
Natural  History. 
Numismatics. 
Photography    in    its     various 

processes. 


Literary  History. 
Bibliography. 
Btographicai  Illustrations. 
FopularManners  and  Customs, 
Origin  of  Proverbial  Sayings. 
Folk  Lore. 

Ballads  and  Old  Poetry. 
Illustrations  of  Chaucer,  Shak- 

speare,   and  Early  English 

Literature. 
Glossarial  Notes. 
Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 
jBL  Specimen  Uaxn'ber  sent  on.  Receipt  of  Five 
Postage  Stamps. 

A  few  copies  of  Vols.  Ill,  and  IV.,  price  9s.  Qd.  each  ;  and 
Vol.  v.,  price  10s.  6rf.  each,  with  very  copious  Index,  may  still 
be  had.    Order  of  all  Booksellers  and  Newsmen, 
London  :  George  Bell,  186.  Fleet-street. 

THE  TRAVELLER'S  LIBRARY. 
Oa  the  30th  inst.  will  be  publiBhed,  in  One  Volume,  16aao,  price 

2s.  6d. ;  or  in  Two  Parts,  price  Is.  each. 
qiR    EDWARD    SEAWARD'S    NARRATIVE  of 

^•^  his  SHIPWRECK  and  consequent  Discovery  of  certain 
Islands  in  the  Carrlbeau  Sea ;  with  a  detail  of  many  extraor- 
dinary and  highly  interesting  Events  of  his  Life,  frum  1733  to 
1749,  as  written  in  his  own  Diary.  Abridged  from  the  Third 
Edition  ;  and  forming  the  Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty.fifth  Parts 
of  the  "  Traveller's  Library." 

Just  published,  in  the  "  Traveller's  Library," 
THE  AUSTRALIAN  COLONIES  ;  their  Origin  and  Present 
Condition.    By  William  Hoqhes,  F.R.G.S.    IGmo.,  2a.  6d. ;  or 
in  Two  Parts,  price  \a.  each. 

London  :  Lonquan,  Bbown,  Green,  and  Lonouans. 


PROFESSOR  LINDLET'S  MEDICAL  BOTANY. 

This  day  is  published,  in  one  vol,  8vo,  with  numerous  woodcuts, 

price  14s. 

MEDICAL  AND  CECONOMICAL  BOTANY ;  or, 
An  Account  of  the  Principal  Plants  employed  ia  Medicine 
or  Domestic  (Economy. 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  AUTHOR'S  JREFACE 

"  The  Vegetable  Kingdom  contains,  among  a  large  quantity 
of  plants  of  no  known  importance  to  man,  various  useful  spe- 
cies employed  in  medicine,  the  arts,  or  in  the  many  branches  of 
domestic  ceconomy.  The  principal  part  of  those  which  can  be 
brought  by  teachers  in  Europe  under  the  notice  of  students,  oi 
•which,  from  their  great  importance,  deserve  to  be  among  the 
earliest  subjects  of  study,  are  mentioned  in  the  following  pages, 
where  they  are  arranged  in  the  manner  proposed  in  the  '  Vege- 
table Kingdom'  of  the  author,  witb  the  sequence  of  mattei 
departed  from  in  a  few  instances,  when  it  was  believed  that  the 
convenience  of  younger  students  would  be  consulted  by  doing 
BO.  The  author  trusts  that  this  selection  will  be  found  to  have 
been  made  in  such  a  way  that  all  teachers  who  possess  reason- 
ably extensive  means  of  illustrating  their  lectures,  and  all 
Botanic  Gardens,  may  furnish  the  larger  part  of  the  species 
which  are  mentioned.  A  small  se-lection  was  indispensable; 
firstly,  because  a  greater  work  would  have  been  beyond  tlie 
reach  of  the  majority  of  purchasers  ;  and  secondlv,  becaus" 
experience  shows  us  that  those  who  have  to  study  a"  science  of 
observation,  such  as  Botany,  require  to  concentrate  their  atten- 
tion, in  the  tir  • :  -nstance,  unon  a  limited  number  of  obiects." 
BiiADBDnr  and  Evans,  11,  Bouverie-street. " 


Sales  bg  Sluctton* 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  FROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sell 
by  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on 
THURSDAY,  Nov.  25th,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first  class  collection 
of  DUTCH  BULBS,  consisting  of  the  finest  Double  and 
Single  Hyacinths.  Narci-sus,  Jonquils,  Anemones,  Crocus, 
Snowdrops,  and  Tulips;  about  20OO  extra  tine  mixed  Ranun- 
culuses of  Eoglish  growth;  a'so  a  selected  assortment  of 
Stindard  and  Dwarf  Hosen,  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs, 
American  Plant«  well  set  with  bloom  buds,  Jjc. — May  be 
viewed  the  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart,  and 
of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytoostone.  Essex. 


H  I  G  H  G  A  T  E. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,    GENfLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS.    AND  OTHEHS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sub- 
■  mit  to  public  competition  by  Auction,  on  the  premises, 
Fiizroy-park  Nursery,  Highgate.  near  the  Gate  House,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  26,  at  11  o'clock,  by  order  of  Mr.  Stein, 
in  consequence  of  the  ground  being  required  for  building  pui*. 
poses,  the  whole  of  the  thriving  NURSERY  STOCK,  consist- 
ing of  Evergreens  and  Ornamental  Trees,  viz.,  10,000  fine 
Aucubas,  Sweet  Bays,  Red  Cedars,  Laurestinus,  Rhododen- 
drons, Azaleas,  Limes,  Chestnuts,  &c.  ;  two  Boxes  and  Lights  ; 
eight  Iron  Hand-Glasses  ;  capital  Nest  of  Seed  Drawers,  <3se. — 
May  be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale  ;  Catalogues  had  on  the 
premises ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London  ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 


NEW     FOREST. 

ATOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,   that  the    Sale  of 

-L*  Timber  advertised  to  take  place  at  Lyndhurst,  on 
THURSDAY,  the  25th  day  of  NOVEMBER,  is  unavoidably 
postponed,  and  that  due  notice  will  be  given  when  the  sale  will 
take  place.  By  Order  of  the  Commissioner  in  charge  of  tho 
Royal  Forests  and  Woodlands. 

J.  H.  Cdmbebbatce,  Deputy-Surveyor, 
New  Park,  Lymington.  Hants,  Nov.  20. 

COCHIN    CHINA    FOIWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38.  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUES- 
DAY next,  23d  November,  at  12  for  1  o'clock  precisely, 
COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS,  many  of  them  are  from  celebrated 
Ktrains,  and  of  light  colours;  Sebright  Bantams,  and  other 
Fancy  Poultry.— On  view  the  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cataloguea 
had. 


CAMELLIAS,  RHODODENDRONS,  AZALEAS,  ETC. 
Third  Sale  from  Mr,  Joseph  Badmann,  of  Ghent. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that  on 
TUESDAY,  3l)th  November,  he  wiU  sell  by  Auction,  at 
his  Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  at  12  for 
1  o'clock,  another  consignment  of  CAMELLIAS,  AZALEAS, 
RHODODENDRONS,  Deutzia  gracilis,  and  various  other 
Plants,  from  the  Nursery  of  Mr.  Joseph  Badm\nn,  of  Ghent, 
the  whole  of  which  will  be  sold  without  anv  reservation, — On 
view  the  morning  of  Sate,  and  Catalogues  had. 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    SEEDSMEN,    AND     CULTIVATORS 
OF  THE  PINE  TRIBE. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  notify  that  he  has 
just  received  from  Central  America  a  consignment  of 
FIR  CONES,  comprising  many  highly  ornamental  species 
that  are  quite  new  to  this  country ;  and  from  the  localities 
from  whicii  they  have  been  collected,  will  no  doubt  prove  hardy 
in  this  country.  They  will  be  Sold  by  Auciioo,  at  his  Great 
Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent-Garden.  During  the  month  of 
December  further  notice  will  appear. 
38,  King-street,  CoventrCarden,  Nov.  20. 


TO    NOBLEMEN.    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS. 

V/TR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  received  instructions  from 
LtX  Mr.  Robert  Neal,  to  submit  to  public  competition  by 
Auction,  on  the  premises,  Wandsworth  Common,  on  MONDAY, 
November  22d,  1852,  and  following  days,  at  11  o'clock,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  ground  beiuff  required  for  other  purposes,  the 
whole  of  the  valuable  NURSERY  STOCK,  consisting  of  very 
fine  Evergreens  and  Shrubs;  Fruit.  Forest,  and  Ornamental 
Trees,  American  Plants,  itc.  The  whole  in  fine  condition  and 
worthy  the  attention  of  private  buyers  and  the  Trade. — May 
be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale;  catalogues  may  be  had  on  the 
premise^ ;  of  the  principal  Seedsmen  in  London ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneer,  89,  Bridporl-place,  New  North-road;  and  Ebenezer 
Nursery,  Shacklewell. 


OAK  TIIVIBER.-HAINAULT   FOREST. 
TO    SHIP     BUILDERS,    TIMBEll    MERCHANTS,     CON- 
TRACTORS, AND  OTHERS.— 235  naked  Oak  Trees,  lying 
in  the  King's  Woods,  Hainault,  Essex. 

MESSRS.  DRIVER  have  been  honoured  with 
instructions  from  the  Right  Hon.  T.  F.  Kennedv,  the 
Commissioner  in  charge  of  Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Royal 
Forests,  to  offer  for  sale  by  public  Auction,  at  the  Angel  Inn, 
Iiford,  on  THURSDAY,  December  2,  at  1  for  2  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, in  16  Lots,  235  OaK  TREES,  felled  last  season,  adapted 
for  Ship  Builders,  Timber  Merchants,  Railway  Contractors, 
and  others  requiring  good  sound  Timber.  225  of  the  Trees 
are  drawn  together  in  Collier  Row  Bottom,  and  0  on  Fence 
Piece,  parts  of  the  King's  Woods,  Hainault,  county  of  Essex, 
most  conveniently  situate  for  water  carriaire  by  River  Thames, 
at  Barking,  either  to  the  Metropolis  or  elsewhere,  or  by  rail- 
way, being  about  4  miles  from  tho  Romford  and  Iiford  stations 
ou  the  Eastern  Counties  Line,  and  about  10  miles  from  London 
by  the  high  road.  Every  tree  is  marked  and  numbered  with 
white  paint,  denoting  the  lots,  and  may  be  viewed  on  applica- 
tion to  Mr.  M'Cletchie,  Barbing-side,  near  Iiford,  of  whom 
Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  also  at  the  offices  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Roynl  Forests,  No.  '2,  Whitehall- 
place;  at  the  Angel,  Iiford;  White  Hart,  Romford;  King's 
Head,  Chigwell;  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane;  of 
Messrs.  Cldtton,  8,  Whitehall-place  ;  and  of  Messrs.  Dbiyeb, 
Surveyors  and  Laud  Agents,  5,  Whitehall,  London. 


TO   GENTLEMEN,   CONTRACTORS,    BUILDERS, 

AND  OTHERS. 
]\/rR.  JOHN  WILLMER  will  sell  by  Auction,  without 
irX  reserve,  on  the  Premises,  on  TUESDAY,  November  80, 
and  two  following  days,  the  valuable  STOCK  of  the  well-known 
SUNBURY  NURSERY,  the  ground  being  required  to  be 
cleared.  The  stock  comprises  Green  Hollies,  from  3  to  5  feet  ; 
Striped  Hollies,  3  to  10  feet ;  Yews,  3  to  8  feet ;  Spruce  Firs, 
3  to  10  feet ;  Striped  Box.  8  to  5  feet ;  Portugal  Laurels,  3  to  6 
teet ;  Common  Laurels.  3  to  8  feet ;  Aucubas,  3  feet ;  Bays,  3  to 
Gfeet;  Laurestinus,  3  to  4  feet;  Arbutus,  4  to  tJ  feet ;  fine 
large  plants  of  Yucca  gloriosa  ;  standard,  dwarf,  and  trained 
Fruit  Trees  ;  fine  Lancashire  Gitoseberries,  Currants,  standard 
Roses;  also  Elms,  Horse  Chestnuts,  Limes,  Oak,  and  other 
Forest  Trees,  from  S  to  14  feet, — May  bo  viewed  one  week  prior 
10  the  sale,  and  Catalogues  had  (6d.  each,  returnable  to  pur- 
ctaasers).  at  the  Red  Lion,  Hampton;  Greyhound,  Richmond; 
Griffin,  Kingston  ;  CoHCh  and  Horses,  Brentford  ;  Red  Lion, 
Southail ;  Grapes,  Uxbridge ;  Swan,  Windsor ;  Railway 
Tavern,  Staines ;  North  Star,  Slough ;  Crown,  Chiertsey ; 
Three  Tuns,  Weybridge;  ou  the  premises  ;  and  of  the  Auc- 
tioneer, Sunbury,  Middlesex. 


POULTRY. 

WANTED  to  purchase,  a  JET  BLACK  BANTAM 
COCK,   with   Double   Hose  Comb.— Apply  to  N.  B.  R„ 
Independent  Office,  Devizes.  Wilts. 

FANCY  POULTRY,  &c.— A  few  well  feathered- 
legged  lightcoloured  COCHIN  CHINA  FOWLS,  from  best 
strains,  3  toEi  months  old,  10^.,  203,,  and  30s.  per  pair;  puro 
white-crested  Black  Polands,  also  Gold  and  Silver  Spannlefi 
ditto,  2^  guineas  per  pair ;  Black  Spanish,  with  pure  white 
face,  40s.  and  50s.  theptiir;  Sebright  Bantams,  both  gold  and 
silver  laced,  3')a.  the  pair.  A  few  very  large  and  heavy  Minorca 
Hens,  just  imported  from  Spain,  noted  for  being  cobatanc 
layers  of  very  large  eggs,  15s.  each  ;  Malay  Chickens,  5  months 
old,  5s.  each  ;  a  pair  of  beautiful  Aylesbury  Ducks,  from  First 
Prize  Birmingham  Birds,  U.  Fancy  Pigeons  in  great  variety. 
Post-office  Orders  payable  to  George  Bootbbx,  Loath, 
Lincolnshire,  will  receive  immediate  attention. 

SHROPSHIRE. 

TO  BE  LET,  a  very  desirable  FARM,  of  550  acres, 
situate  within  three  miles  of  the  town  of  Shrewsbury,  one 
half  Meadow  and  Pasture,  and  the  other  half  Arable,  suited  to 
the  Turnip  and  Burley  system  of  husbandry.  The  BuUdiogs 
are  newly  erected,  and  most  extensive  and  complete. — Apply 
to  Messrs.  SciETH  and  Jackson,  Solicitors,;Shrew3bury. 

LANDSCAPE  GARDENING  REVIVED   AS  AN   ART, 

MR.  THOROLD,  of  Thorpe  Bower,  near  Norwich, 
offers  his  services  to  the  nobility  and  gentry  as  a 
Landscape  and  Ornamental  Gardener  in  the  highest  style, 
including  Decorations  around  a  House,  Forming  Water, 
Approaches,  Vistas,  Pictureique  Scenery,  correcting  the  effortft 
of  Amateurs,  and  directing  the  practical  execution  of  works. 

Mr.  T.lias  no  connection  with  Nurserymen  or  any  Trade 
whatever.  


EUREKA.-In  FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  are 
united  the  best  material  and  first-rate  workmanship,, 
together  with  that  special  excellence  of  fit  which  is  their  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic.  Their  superiority  to  all  others  is 
still  maintained ;  and  gentlemen  who  desire  the  luxury  of  a 
peffect  fitting  shirt  are  invited  to  try  them.  The  prices  are, 
for  the  first  quality,  six  for  40j. ;  second  quality,  six  for  30s.  ; 
coloured  shirts,  for  boating,  shooting,  and  ordinary  wear,  278. 
the  half  dozen.  List  of  prices,  and  instructions  for  measure- 
ment, post-free,  and  patterns  of  the  new  coloured  shirtings 
free,  on  rei:elpt  of  six  stamps.— RICHARD  FORD,  33,  Poultry 
(late  ISS.  Strand).  

LAMPS  OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  PATTERNS— 
The  largest,  ^s  well  as  the  choicest  assortment  in  exist-  • 
ence  of  PALMI::U'S  MAGNOM  and  other  LAMPS— CAM- 
PHINE,  ARGAND,  SOLAR,  and  MODERATEUR  LAMPS, 
with  all  the  latest  improvements,  and  of  the  newest  and  mosc 
recherche  patterns,  in  ormolu,  Bohemian,  and  plain  glass, 
or  papier  mache,— is  at  W.  5.  BURTON'S,  and  they  ar& 
arranged  in  one  large  room,  so  that  the  patterns,  sizes,  and 
sorts  can  be  instantly  selected, 

PALMER'S  CANDLES,  7d.  per  lb.— Palmer's  Patent  Candles, 
all  marked  "  Palmer." 

Single  or  double  wicks  7d.  per  lb. 

Mid.  size,  three  wicks  8d.    do. 

Magnums,  three  or  four  wicks  S^d.  do. 

English's  Patent  Campbine,  in  sealed  cans,  43.  9(i..per  gallon. 
Best  Coiza  Oil,  3s.  Sd.  per  gallon. 
THE  BEST  SHOW  OF  IRON  BEDSTEADS 
in  the  Kingdom  is  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S.  He  has  added 
to  his  Show-rooms  TWO  VERY  LARGE  ONES,  which  are 
devoted  to  the  EXCLUSIVE  SHOW  of  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
steads and  Children's  Cots  (with  appiopriate  Bedding  and. 
Mattresses).  Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  and  all  are  marked 
in  plain  figures,  at  prices  proportionate  with  those  that  have 
tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most  distinguished  ia 
this  country.  Common  Iron  Bedsteads,  12».  6d. ;  Portable 
Folding  Bedsteads,  \2s.Gd.;  Patent  Iron  Bedsteads,  fitted  with, 
dovetail  joints  and  patent  sacking,  from  16$.  6rf.  ;  and  Cots, 
from  20s.  each.  Handsome  ornamental  Iron  and  Brasa  Bed- 
steads, in  great  variety,  from  H.  5s.  to  Z\l, 

THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER— 
The  REAL  NICKEL  SILVER  introduced  20  years  ago  by 
WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  when  plated  by  the  patent  process  of 
Messrs,  Elkington  and  Co.,  is  beyond  all  comparison  the  very 
best  article  next  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  employed  as  Buoh, 
either  usefully  or  ornamentally,  as  by  no  possible  test  can  it  be 
diatioguished  from  real  silver.  Threaded  or 

Fiddle      Brunswick       King's 
Pattern.       Pattern,       Pattern. 

Tea  Spoons,  per  [dozen 18a.      ...      28s.      ...      86», 

Dessert  Forks      '„        30s.      ...      423,      ...      58s. 

Dessert  Spoons     30s.      ...      42s.      ...      62*. 

Table  Forks  „        403.      ...      655.      ...      70s. 

Tablespoons  , 403.      ...      65s.      ...      75s. 

Tea  '  and  coffee  sets,  waiters,  candlesticks,  &c.,  at  pro- 
portionate prices,    AH  kinds  of  re-plating  done  by  the  patent 

process.  

CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED.  , 

Fiddle.      Thread.     King'B, 
Table  Spoons  and  Forks,  full  size, 

per  dozen   12s,      ...     28*.     ...     8O3. 

Dessert  ditto  and  ditto 10s.      ...     21s.     ...      ^03. 

Tea  ditto    Ss.      •■■     H**     •■■     ■*^'* 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  ^evoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plated,  and  japanned  wares, 
iron  and  brass  bedsteads),  so  arranged  and  classified  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The  money 
returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39  OXFORD-STREET  (corner  of  Newman-street) ;  Nos.  1 
and  2,  NEWMAN-STREET  ;  and  4  and  5,  PERRY'S-PLACE. 

Printed  by  William  BaATinnBT,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Wobiiro-place.  In  the 
pamhofSt.Paacraa.and  Fubdmbice  MnLi.KTT  Evans,  of  iSo.  7.  Church- 
row  Siote  NewiuRton,  bold  in  tiie  County  01  Middieaex  Priocara  HE 
theiV  Ollice  in  LombarJ-fltreet.  in  the  I'recioct  of  VVUUefriard.  ia  the 
City  of  London;  and  publielied  by  them  at  tlie  office,  No,  5,  Chariea- 
Bireet,  in  trie  parisU  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-sardea,  in  the  said  County, 
where  all  Ad^ertieenienta  and  Commuainatioiia  are  to  b?  ADnRESSBD  TO 
THK  KDiioa.— Satuuoat,  NovEJiBBa20, 1852. 


THE  GARDENERS' 

AND 

AGRICULTURAL    G 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  HortiouLtui al  ^^ar         ted  by  Professor  Lindley. 


Nq.  4,8.-1852.] 


SATUEDAY,  NOVEMBER  27. 


[Price  6d. 


AjajTS  Cbamspltys 

AnimomiL,Bctioanf   

Botanical     Society     of   Edio- 

bancli  ,......• 

Broccolles 

BuUdin^a  farm    

Caleodar.  hoiticoltar&i 

—  arricultural  

Cattle  feeding  ..   762c- 

Chertsey  pHrtDers' Club 

Cacumbers  ridse.. 

—  HuQter's 

Cyclame.ti,  the 

Dairy  tnauasenient 

Daresbary  Farmers'  Club  .... 

DrahiB,  8iappai;eof 

Drainin; 

Education  of  trardeneTs 

FanuB,  report  o( 

Farmballdia^s 

Pif  Bmat 

Fortune's  (Mr.)  appoiDtmeiit. . 

Gardeners',  educatiooof 

Guano,  hiito'y  of 

Gynerium  ar^eat'iini    


INDEX. 

Invpntory  and  valua'ion  • 


7bb  c 


765  6 


Isleor  Wight     

Lecmr^s  to  worklntEclasaes  .. 

Level,  rule  ..    ■. 

Linnean  Society 

ManQ'e    ,, 

Mic'oscopicsl  Society 

Pprthshtre  Sort  Society 

Plants  disleaiing 

—  action  of  Hmmoniaoa    .. 

Potato  dfBca'e 

Roses,  culture  of..... 

—  first  Moss    I....... 

SluttB,  ti>  kill 

Stone  Nctt-iuRton  Chryeantie. 


7B7  b 

76:1  a 


75G  c 
7i6  6 
759  b 
757  6 


1  Shoi 


Suctoa'j  (  MeHsra.)  nursery....  \ 

Tiadi- memoranda. ' 

Turaips,  fiuKers  and  toes ] 

Vroiets 

Weather  pr^dlctloOB 

Wbear,  new  vari-ty  of ' 

Willow  weepinc 

Zaojhytes   fctfnoty  of,  rev. .... 


H 


ORTICULTURAIi   SOCIETY    Oi'  LONDON.- 


At  the  Weetiogr,  ia  Re?eat-8treet,  at  2  p.m.,  Decetnber  7, 
the  objects  of  SPEOUL  EXHIBITIO^T  may  be  AUTUM.^ 
PLOWERrNG  HB.^THS  (shown  in  sixes,  ia  pots  not  more 
than  11  inches  in  inside  diameter) ;  TABLE  PEARS  (perfectly 
I'lDe,  correctly  named,  in  cultectionB  of  six,  two  specimens  of 
each  sort  to  be  produced) ;  CHRYSANTHBMITMS  (shown  in 
aixew,  in  pots  not  exceeding  11  inches  in  inside  diameter)  ;  and 
PORCEO  VEGETABLES. 


ROSES     FOR     THE     TRADE. 

T  APPLEBY,  Rose  Mount  Nursery,  York,  bega  to 
•  announiie  to  the  trade  that  he  has  a  tine  stock  of  splendid 
plants  of  that  superb  Rose  PAUL  RICAUT,  and  also  of  all 
the  mos:  popular  sorts  of  Iljbrid  Perpofuals,  Bonrbons, 
Chinas  and  Tea-scented,  sucli  as  Are  usaally  rpquired  in  quau- 
tities.  The  Hybrid  Perpetuala  and  Bou<'boni>  are  all  on  the 
Ifanettii  Stock.  When  ordered  in  qaancitiea  they  will  be 
charged  half  Catalogue  price,  and  for  smaller  parcels  the  usual 
diecoant  will  b«  allowed. 


ROSES.— Standards,  best  kinds,  I85.  to  20s.  per 
dozen;  Dwarf  Roses,  flj.  to  12s,  per  dozen;  E7ergreen 
Shrabs,  from  1  to  6  feet  high,  as  Cbioese  Arbor-vitte,  Aueuba, 
Arbutus,  Tree  Box,  green  and  variegated  Holly,  Sweet  Hay, 
Lauceitiaua,  Rhododendrons,  Cedars,  Piou!?.  G-.>:  '•  >on  Laurel, 
Portugal  Laarei,  ic.  Fruit  Treea  iti  bea.rinp.  Denyer's 
"Victoria  and  Green-gage  Pluma,  Apples,  Peara,  Cherries, 
peaches.  Nectarines,  Apricots,  <bc. 

A  Priced  Cd'-alogae  sent  on  application  to  Edwakp  DEKTEa, 
l^urseries,  Loat{h borough  Road,  Brixton,  near  London,  by 
enclosing  a  twopenny  stamp.  "         


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.— Well  ripened 
Seed,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  t'rooi  Comet, 
Elegaos,  Obscura,  Mr.  C,  Baron,  Penelope,  Rosea  grandiflora, 
Meteor,  Wald^n  Gem,  Magnum  Bonum,  Spectabilis,  Safffano, 
Delicata,  Bachaotress,  Picta,  Queen,  Bicolor,  Dido,  Charles 
Turner,  For  noaa,  Hebe,  Model  of  Perfection,  Rosea  Alba, 
Sulphur«a  Perfecia,  White  Perfection,  Blue  Beard,  Mulberry 
Superb,  Snowball,  and  Queen  of  England, 

A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in  packets  containing  opwabds 
OP  200  Selds,  will  be  forwarded  post  free,  upon  the  receipt  of 
25,  6(2,  worth  of  postage  stamps,  by  R.  B.  Bibchau,  Hedenham 
Rosary,  Buniriy,  Suffolk. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM    SHOW. 

WIVERY   begs  to  inform   his   Friends    and    the 
•  Pu  jlic  that  biB  new  Pocopone  and  other  varieties  are  in 
fall  bloom,  and  can  be  seen,  Sundays  excepted,  gratis, 
Hanover  NuTpery,  Peckham,  near  London. 


NEW  CUCUMBER.  — The  Gabdener,  Cadbury- 
bonse,  C^stte  Gary,  Somerset,  bo^s  to  iDforai  his  brother 
rardeners,  that  he  has  a  few  seeds  to  spare  of  a  very  superior 
Cucuttiber,  which  he  anxiously  desires,  and  feels,  that  every 

fardener  who  grows  Cucambera  should  be  in  poaaeasion  of. 
ttt«  a  black  apioe,  a  great  bearer,  very  short  in  the  heel, 
firsUrate  fur  winter  and  early  spring  growth  ;  grows  from 
24  10  30  iDchtf-",  and  entirely  free  from  that  bitter  no  much 
compUined  of  in  Cucumbers.  In  a  word,  tho  experience  of  40 
years  enables  him  to  say  it  is  the  be?t  Cucumber  he  ever  saw. 

On  the  receipt  of  30  I'ostage  fltamps,  thma  perfect  seeda  will 
be  dul>  forwarded. 

Note. — To  prevent  disappointment,  no  person  will  be  supplied 
wh**  is  in  any  way  connected  with  the  leed  vrnd^ 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CO!f8I3TIMO  OF  AHf>UT  FIITy  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEPORfc:  OFFERED  TO  TUK  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AXD  Co.,  Chki^ea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  moit  syifcodid  and  nuperu  Collection  of  .SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  and  recommend,  they  having  been  carefully  imved  and 
varied  from  tuw  m'f^t  unique  •election  in  th-j  kln/florn.  The 
•orto  being  all  Shrubby  they  arc  perpetually  in  ilow(!r;aiid 
tiom  the  great  vancy  and  bfilMancy  of  their  ooloiiri,  they  ii.ro 
Invalaable  fnr  tTj  c'in«erva',/jry  or  bedrling-tiut. 

J.  WKEK-t  aad  Co,,  Ktyo'-t  K  iAD.  'Wrc/.HK*,  Losnow. 

"to   noblemen,   gentlemen,  and   the   TRADE. 

HAY,  SaNG.STKK,  ano  CO.  ar»;  now  ready  to  .send 
uut  th»:ir  NKW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA.  price  'Za.  (id.  per 
quart,  and  can  wUh  confidence  recommend  itasa  very  duperlor 
article. 

AUo  th*lf  New  Eirly  Scarlet  PRINCE  OP  WALES 
RHli'BARK,  JSf.  each.  It  i«  quite  a« early  a>i  the  Prince  Albtirc, 
much  l-irger,  red  triroD}{bout,  of  exqainite  Uavour,  and  a  large 
cropper. 

Pont-oOlce  OrfJerji  from  tho^c  not  having  an  nccotmt  op'sn 
with  II.,  H.,  and  Co,,  t^j  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  PoauofTice,  or  pottage  stamii*. 

For    T?«'i.ii.Mil>«I»  and  p^rtliH  wh^ro  bo^Ii  arilclflH  can  bo 
had,  *to  OartUnert'  C'hrcmike  lfj:h  Beptcmber,  Itl&i,  page  091 . 
Ncwiagtoo  Uniu,  Luudoa, 


NEW    YELLOW    GLOBE   AMARANTHUS. 

J  CARTER  begs  to  inform  his  Customers,  and  the 
»  Trade  in  general,  that  he  has  SEED  of  a  new  GOM- 
PSRENA  or  GLOBE  AMARANTHUS  to  offer,  which  he  can 
recommend  as  one  of  the  greatest  novelties  introduced  of  late 
years.  ■  '■■■:'.', 

Ic  resembles  the  Gomphrena  globosa,  or  common  Globe 
Amarauthus,  but  ia  of  a  freer  and  stronger  habit,  and  the 
ht'ads  of  flowers  are  more  luxuriant.  The  colour  is  a  deep 
rich  orange  yellow,  forming  a  striking  contrast  with  the  purple 
and  white.  It  is  a  native  of  New  Mexico,  and  exclusively  in 
J.  CAETER'a  possession. 

Further  particulars  may  be  had,  on  app'ication  by  letter,  to 
James  Carter,  Seedsman  and  Fioriat,  238,  High  Holborn, 
London, 


NEW    SEEDS-GROWTH    OF   1852. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Seed  Mer- 
chants, Plymouth,  have  mwch  pleas^ure  in  stating 
that  they  are  now  laying  m  their  new  Stocks  of  Seeds , 
direct  from  the  Growers,  ^ 

Catalogues  can  be  had  on  application  oa  receipt  of  one  penny 
stamp. 

Early  Peas,  Beans,  arid  all  Seeds  for  Early  or  Forcing  Crops 
can  be  obtained  immediately.— Apply  to  Whliam  E.  Hendlk 
and  Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Piym^u'h. 


DOWLING'S     N  £W     PLUMS. 

HENRY  DOWLING,  Woolston-lawn,  Southampton, 
resf^ectfuily  announees  to  the  nobility,  clergy,  and 
gentry,  that  ho  has  commenced  taking  up  his  three  celebrated 
sorts  of  PLUM  TREES,  for  the  purpose  of  executing  orders 
which  have  been  received  by  himself,  or  his  aeents,  and  at 
the  flame  time  of  suggesting  that  the  earlier  the  application 
is  made  for  any  that  may  be  required,  the  greater  of  coarse 
will  be  the  choice  of  selection.  For  a  description  of  their 
naoiea,  size,  colour,  flavour,  productiveuess.  and  period  of 
ripening,  together  with  testimonials  of  unexceptionable 
authority,  see  Gardeners'  Ckron'tele  of  the  last  and  two  previous 
weeks.  ',._, 


•^PRANSPLANTED  LARCH       ...      !§  to  2  Feet. 

-L  Ditto  Ditto'  ,..        2      TO     3       „ 

There  is  a  large  atock  of  the  above  at  tha  Invemeaa  Nur- 
series, prices  of  which  on  the  eround,  or  delivered  at  th  j  ports 
of  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  or  London,  may  iie  nad  by  applying  to 
HowBEN  Beothbes.     '  IiiucrnesT    Nar.  27. 


JUDSON'S    RICHMCND  ArLL,:^    BL;^CK 
HAMBURGH     VINE. 

ARTHUR  HENDERSON  aw  :0.  hi  ve  thetrfeaaure 
of  informing  their  patrons  ana  iriends  that  they  have 
good  plants  of  this  valuable  and  much-esteemed  Vine,  at  7s.  Gd, 
and  lOs.  Gd,  each. — N.B.  For  full  particulars  of  the  dis- 
tingaishing  chacacterisiics  of  this  Viae,  we  beg  to  refer  our 
customers  to  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  October  25;  18&I. 
Pine- apple  Place,  London.— Nov.  27. 


MESSRS.  PLATZ  and  SON,  Erfui-t,  Prussia, 
respectfully  inform  the  trade,  that  their  Seed  Catalogue 
for  1853,  in  which  will  be  found  many  new  varieties,  may  be  had 
on  application  to  their  agent,  Mr.  Robert  Kennedy,  Bedford 
Conservatory,  Coveot  Garden,  London. 


NOTICE. 

CHEAP  AND  SELECT  NURSERY  STOCK. 

THE   SUBSCRIBERS   beg   to   refer   all    who    are 
interested  in  Planting  to  their  Advertisement  of  the  above 
stock  in  the  Gardeners*  Chronicle,  November  6,  page  707. 
William  Jackson  and  Co..  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

(CARRIAGE  FREE  BY  RAILWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  harvesting  their  SEEDS  in 
good  condition,  notwithstandlnir  the  unfavourable  weather. 
Tlie  advantages  of  purcliasing  Seeds  direct  from  the  Growers  are 
obvious.  As  some  sorts  are  scarce,  early  orders  are  requested 
and  recommended.  —  For  particulars  address  John  Sutton 
and  Sons,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Berfea.         


GEORGE  JACKMAN,NuRSEttYMAN,Woking,Surrey, 
IJ  mile  from  Woking  Station,  South  Weetern  Railway, 
begs  to  announce  he  has  just  published  a  new  and  complete 
Catalogue  of  bis  American  Plants,  Oronmental  Evergreens, 
Coniters,  flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  dsc.  ifcc,  and  may  bo  had  oa  application  by 

inclosing  two  postage  stamps. 

NEW  ROSES. 

PRINCE   ALBERT   AND    FAIRY  QUEEN, 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  the  above  new  and 
•  beautiful  Roses,  of  which  they  at  present  hold  the  entire 
atock, 

PRIMCE  ALBERT,  Bodebon  (Padl'b).— The  flowers  are,  in 
the  flummor,  deep  scarloty  crimion,  In  autuma  rich  glowlni; 
lake,  ;i^  inclies  in  diameter,  finely  cupped  and  very  double,  the 
outline  a  perfect  ring  ;  every  shoot  blooms,  often  producing  20 
to  30  flowers  111  a  truss,  and  bBlitg  of  dwarf  habit  it  is  likely  to 
prove  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  liones  for  bedding.  The 
f'lUnge  li  larg'i,  thick,  and  ImndHomo,  and  it  surpasses  every 
Mourbun  H'iso  In  colour,  form  and  abtiudance  of  bloom.  Strong 
l'lant«  In  November,  U)b.  M.  each. 

Thin  Rose  was  Ugurod  In  the  "Florlfit"  for  November. 
It  hati  r»bt*lned  aflrat-cluis  cortili('ato  from  the  National  l''lorl- 
culiunt!  Society,  the  Koyal  Sou'li  fyondon  I'M  or  Inn  Rural  Sooluty, 
nndthoCitledonlan  HortlGultural  Society,  ut  BdlnburKh  ;  It  bus 
liirtlier  been  fuvourattly  noticed  by  the  leading  Horticultural 
J'turnals,  and  ordered  by  above  100  NurHcryuion  and  AumtnurM 
wh'(  hfiv^  ncen  It  in  llowir, 

FAIKY  QUEEN,  Wiiuaw  PKRVKi'VAh  ( Paul's).— Soft  gloflny 
llliic,  of  meOlum  olztt  and  porfectf^riti,  tliu  HLiniinttH  of  the  jxilalii 
reflexing  an  In  Mrx.  IJos.tnquoi',  and  like  tha^  unique  Roxu  cvury 
«hoo'.  protluce«  Ilowr«  ;  dwui'f  hublr.  i'lautd  7a,  Qd,  each. 
Knrly  ordurt)  arc  8olii;lturJ,  a<i  the  stOL-k  Is  lliullcd, 

Nurierles,  Ctieshuot,  Hurt^  Nov.  20, 


AMERICAN     NURSERY, 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Windleshara,  near  Bagshot^ 
Surrey,  Exhibitor  of  Americnn  Plants  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Regent'e-park.  begs  to  inform  the  Nobility 
and  Public  he  has  publiBhed  a  DeRcriptive  OATALOOUE  OP 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Coniferee,  Roses,  Orna-uental  Shrubs, 
(tc.  (be,  and  may  be  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps.—  Near  Staines  Station,  Windsor  Branch,  South- 
WeFtern  Railway. 


pHOICE  BULBS  AND  FLOWER  ROOTS. 
^  s.  d.       s.  dl 

Tropffiolum  tricolorum,  fine  tubers,  each  ...    2    6   to    3    6 

„  hrachyaeras        „  ,,        1    6    „     2    6 

„  azureum  „  , 3    g 

Trifonia  aurea,  splendid      ,,  „        2    6    „     6    0 

Osalis  elegans,  new  and  fine  „       1    6 

,,  „  major,  „  ,,        i    g 

Cyclamen,  in  seven  beautiful  varieties    10,,    5    0 

Babiana  rubra  cyanea  ,,  „        3    6 

Superb  collections  of  Alstrcemeria,  Ixias,  Sparaisis,  Oxalie, 
Babiana,  and  various  other  Cape  Roots.  For  superior  selections 
of  Ranunculus,  Anemone,  Gladioli,  English  Iris,  Imported 
Dutch  Hyacinths,  Crocus,  and  other  roots.  Also,  for  collections 
of  choice  Stove,  Greenhouse,  Winter  Flowering  Herbaceous, 
Rock,and  other  plants,  see  advertisements  in  the  Gardeners* 
Chronicle  of  October  16th  and  30th. 

For  particulars,  8.ee  ••  Atitomn  Catalogue,"  supplied  for 
three  postage  stariijps.  [■'; 

Bass  and  Brottn,  Seed  and '  Horticultural  Establishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffoijfc. 

New,  SEEDLING    APPLE.  " 

BROWNLEES'  Bt'SSET,  raised  in  1846,  of  the 
same  quality  as  the  Royal  Ru^aet,  but  keeps  longer  and 
better  without  shrivelllni^ ;  very  different  in  growth  from  any 
of  the  Russets,  being  most  vi^o^bus  and  perfectly  free  from 
canker  ;  it  will  ba  found  a  great  aoqiilsition  lor  kiichen  use  ia 
spring,  as  late  as  May  or  June.  A  specimen  sent  to  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  was  noticed  as  follows:  "Fruit  about  the 
size  of  the  Royal  Russet,  roundish,  eye  smaU,  nearly  close  j 
stalk  short,  not  deeply  inserted,  skin  covered  with  a  soft 
russet ;  flesh  greenish  white,  tender,  and  sweet."— F(i6. 12,1851, 
Fine  dwarf  trees,  Sa.  6ti.  each,  carriage  paid  to  Londou  ;  the 
usual  allowance  to  the  trade  when  three  are  taken,  A  remit- 
tance or  reference  expected  frutn  unknown  oorr.etipondentu^ 
AU  orders  to  be  addressed  to  Wm.  Brownlees,  Hemel  Hemp^ 
stead,  Herts. 

GYNERiUM ~ARGENT<- "^^^^    ^  ' 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE  AND  Co.,  have  strong  /.tSfeablished 
specimens,  of  varioun  ,.U-  crib,  esi^reii:  .iv  oeautiful 
plant.  The  following  extract  tl\f.a  the  Gardeners'  ChromcU  oi 
October  30,  will  Rive  a  due  idea  of  itn  beauty  : — 

"HoRTicDLTaRAL  Societt'.s  Garden,.  Tdrwham  Green.— 
One  of  the  mosc  interesting  plants  at  present  in  flower  here  is, 
the  Pampas  Grass  of  flrazil(Gynerium'  argenteum),  a  good 
specimen  of  which  is  growinir  in  the  American  gardeo,  near  its 
entrance.  This  plant  has  12  flower  stems,  each  some  8  feet 
long,  about  the  thickness  of  the  thumb,  and  surmounted  by 
an  erect  panicle  of  inflorescence  at  least  18  inches  in  length, 
which  beneath  bright  sunshine  looks  like  a  beautiful  light, 
coloured  feather  spangled  with  silver ;  the  panicle  ia  in  the 
form  of  that  of  the  beautiful  Arundo  phragmires.  The  leaves, 
which  are  some  7  or  8  feet  loner,  with  a  hard  flinty  skin,  grow 
in  tussocks,  which  in  situations  at  all  favourable  soon  acquire 
a  large  size;  when  in  flower,  certainly  few  plants  are  more 
Btrikiug  or  magnificent  in  appearance  than  this  gigantic  Grass, 
which  being  perfectly  hardy,  will  be  found  to  be  a  great  acqui- 
sition to  the  ornamental  grounds  of  this  country." 

It  has  flowered  in  the  Exeter  Nursery  several  times  ;  and 
L.  P.  and  Co.  can  Fpeak  in  unqualified  terms  of  its  merits. 
Sizes  and  prices  of  the  Plants  may  be  had  on  application  to 
them.  Full  particulars  of  the  requisite  culture  will  be  fur- 
nished with  the  plants. — Exeter  Nuraery,  Nov.  27. 

LOCKSBROOK    NURSERY,    BATH. 

RSHACKELL  begs  again  to  offer  the  public  his 
•  beautiful  SEEDLING  VIOLET  "RUSSIAN  SUPERB," 
which  variety  cannot  fail  to  give  the  highest  satisfaction. 
Strong  blooming  Plants,  hamper  and  package  included,  6s.  per 
dozen  ;  Small  Plants,  such  as  may  bo  sent  through  the  post, 
4s."  per  dozen. 

R.  S.  has  almost  an  inexhaustible  atock  of  Double  Blue 
Perpetual  Tree  Violet.  Strong  fine  healthy  Plants,  having 
from  20  to  30  blooms  on  each  plant,  such  as  would  make  a 
display  at  once,  he  will  supply  at  the  low  price  of  2s,  6d.  per 
dozen,  hamper  included  ;  or  lis,  per  100,  hamper  included. 
In  quantities  of  not  less  than  1  dozen  or  1*10.  One  hundred 
plants  of  this  variety  would  supply  several  Bouquets  per  day 
from  this  time  until  the  end  of  May  next,  A  large  Bouquet  of 
each  of  these  two  varieties  can  be  seat  through  the  post  on  the 
receipt  of  12  penny  postage  stamps. 

Neapolitan  Violet  Plants         3s.  per  dozen. 

Double  White  Tree  Violet      8s.         „ 

Ditto  ditto  Violet  8a.         „ 

Single  White  Russian 8s.         ,, 

Old  Russian  Violet       ,.        55.  per  hundred. 

Hamper  and  package  included. 

«'  Sir, — niooms  of  your  *  Ru-*aian  Superb,'  and  a  large  White 
Seedling  Violet,  both  seedlings  of  your  rairtlng,  were  safely 
received  this  tnorntog.  Having  grown  a  few  pLmts  of  tho 
'  RuB'-ian  Superb'  myMclf  this  Hoafon,  I  hiive  no  hesitation  ia 
informing  you  I  consider  it  by  far  tho  best  harrly  Violet  culti- 
vated. It  blooms  moat  profusely  through  seven  months  of  the 
year.  Tho  bloomn  are  very  large,  of  a  line  blue  colour,  and 
most  pxqulHltoly  fragrant ;  and  as  the  habit  of  tho  plant  Is 
Hirong  and  good,  it  must  aupursodo  tho  old  varieties.  It  is  well 
known  the  NoupoUtati  requires  the  shelter  of  a  fratno  to  bloom 
it  in  poricctton  ;  your  pronunt  snudltngH  will  enable  overy  one 
to  enjoy  the  luxury  of  thCMo  chartnlnn  flowers,  without  the  aid 
ot  kIiuih,  through  tho  winter  months. — I  romntn.  Sir,  yours  very 
truly,  "  Jouw  Spenoee. 

*'  liowood  Park,  Nov.  13. 

"Mr.  RoHrcaT  Sii^cKKLL,  Locknbrook  Nurscrv,  Bath." 

Poht-olHcu  OrdtTB  piiyatilc  to  Hoiiket  Siiaokell,  I'loriat,  6Q, 
Bru'.id-struot,  IJiith.—Locksbrook  Nursery,  Baih,  Nov. 27. 


754 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Nov.  27, 


KNAP    HILL   NURSERY,   WOKING,    SURREY. 

HOSEA  WATERER  respeutfully  invites  attention 
to  the  f,)Uinvitiii  :  — 
AllAUOiRIA  IVtnil[C\ TA.  2,  3,  4,  and  5  fe-t  Mfh.      Wn 
have  a  fine  s  m;li  Of  lli-'n  Aranc:iriiH,  ami  ns  tliey  hill's  nei-er 
been  in  P'^'8.  tt>ev  are  a^*  robust  an, I  lii-.daoTn^  a3  Ciin  -.veil  be. 
CRYPrOMBRU  JAPONIC  \,  2    3  4.5,  G,  7,  unj  3  feoi  tiifb. 
all  trorn  seed  a-,!  in  Mie  open  gromui.  ,  ,..   u 

CBDRUi  DBODAUA,  ti,  3,  4,  5,  S,  7.  8,  11.  and  12  te'thiB-^. 
OF  LEBANON,  3   4,  5,  6.  7.  to  li  f.tet  h'i\\.    Tils 
larKe  Deodars  and  Oedirs  of  Lebanon,  liero  referivd  to,  have 
been  regnlarlv   renMvad   oiery   »prins;  Ihej   are  magniaoeTit 
apetimens,  and  nr?ht.  he  seat  any  distance  with  perfect  safo'y; 
ABIES    DOUiiLASn,    from  setd,  2,  3,  4,  5,  G,  and  7  leet. 
larger  and  splendid  plan's  8  to  12  feet;  all  romofed  last  BprlOj;. 
,,        MENZIK-It   3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet  hi«h. 

C\X  VDG-VSIS,  Hemlock  Spruce,  tine  plants,  5,  6,  (, 
and  8  feet  hiirh.  .  ,    ,      , 

PICEA  jNOBILlI,  stout  plan's,  with  good  heads,  own 
bottoms.  24  to  3  feet,  probably  not  to  be  met  with  in  any 
other  Nursery. 

PINU3  CBVIRRA,  3    4,  5.  6,  to  10  feet  hich. 

[:iS19NIS,  alt  from  seed,  and  most  beautiful  plants, 
3  4  5    and  6  feet  high.     We  have  a  tine  lot  of  these, 
'cbPRESSn^  MAOROOARPA,  oa   LAMBERTIiNA,  from 
Boed,  3,  3,  4,  6,  G,  and  7  feet  high.    We  have  a  Haa  lot  of  these 

"  TAXODIUM   SEMPEBVIRE.VS,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  S  feat  high  ; 
beautifully  furnished. 

JDSIPERUS  VIRSISI-ASA  (the  red  Cedar),  fine  plants, 
4,  5,  6,  and  7  feet, 

RlinURTA,  3,  4,  5,  6,  T,  and  S  feet. 
EXOBLSA,  3,  4,  5,  and  0  fe^t, 
„  BEOPORDIA.VA,  3,  4,  and  5foat.    This  is  a 

very  handsome  pro(vi,'«  plan'.  ,    „    ,    r.    .     .^  „    . 

•  UPKtiHIT  latV;!  JUN'IPBR,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  3,  to  10  feat 
high.  Iheso  are  really  splendid  examples  of  perhaps  oae  of 
the  most  St' Iking  of  all  Joni  pais.  .  ..,   , 

•  UPalCtdf  IRISH  YEW,  4.  5,  6,  7,  8,  to  10  feet  high. 
The^a  plan's  are  all  trim'ned  to  one  stem,  and  are  not  therefore 
BO  likely  to  divide  on  windy  .ir  sno^vy  wather, 

"  CHINESE  JUNIPI3II,  2.  3,  4.  -5,  S.  7,  and  8  feet  high. 
'  COPRESStrS  THYOIDES  VARIE8ATA  (the  variegated 
white  Cedar),  most  beautiful  idints,  3  to  4  feet  high. 

*  GOLDEN  YEW,  worked  on  commoo,  3,  4,  5,  and  S  ft.  high. 

*  Visit'irs  tvi  ElvastonOas  le  cannot  have  failed  to  remark  the 
extraordinary  ttFect  produced  by  the  last  five  plants,  viz., 
Irish  and  Gold.s'riped  Ycws,  Irish  and  Chinese  Junipers,  and 
the  Variega'ed  Wnue  Cedar;  and  I  believe  we  may  assert, 
without  fear  of  contrailicion,  except  Elvaston,  a  similar  lot  ot 
plants  to  those  he-e  offdred  cannot  be  found  in  any  rJorsery  in 
Britain.— Priced  Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

The  linap  l-liH  N  irsery  is  within  an  hoa.'s  ride  of  London, 
being  near  tiie  Woking  -kation,  .South- Western  RiiUviy,  where 
every  train  s'ops,  and  from  whence  conveyances  may  at  all 
timasbehad.  


w 


ANTED,       TO      PURCHASE, 

OOOD   FIVE   APl'LES, 
CMOIOE    OK^SEar    PI3A^3, 

CHOICE    fL0VVER5, 
&«.  &'•.  iin. 
Applv  to  George  Tailur,  Jun.,  Fruit  Salesman,  St.  John's 
Marliet,  Licervoil. 


BRITANNIA  RHUBARB.  — No  uoblemau'a  or 
tjencletnaa's  Garden  can  be  complete  without  this 
Rhubarb,  and  to  M.irket  Gardeners  it  is  iovaluible.  It  is  the 
earliea''.  and  best  in  colour,  tiaviiur,  and  produce  that  ha?  ever 
been  offdred  to  th«  public.  See  Advertisement  in  Gardener's* 
Chronicle,  October  5;), 

Tbom48    Applebt,   Rose   Mount  Narae'"y,  York, 
Tnis  Advertisement  will  not  be  repeated. 


Messrs.  Charles  OaMor  ^  Co.  of  Calcutta. 

18  5  2. 
LIST  OP  QIOIIBEOUS  FLilfi  I?JM!}EIQIJS  TO  ASSAM 

AND  THl::  NEtGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


VINES  FOR  VINERIES,  FROM  EYES  IN  POTS. 
— Tho  fullo^mg  varieties  are  all  true  to  name,  propai;ated 
from  bearine:  trees  on  the  premi-es,  They  are  ftOTi  3  to  1  feet 
in  heii-ht,  with  wall  lioenfMl  shoots,  grown  unilerf^flaas.  andirjm 
two  to  three  jears  old.     33.  6ci.  eich,  exiept  those  priced. 


Barbaro3^»,  5s. 

Black  Prince. 

Black     Pi-incB,     Ilimbargb 

(Williams). 
Chaptal. 
Chasselaa     Musque    (or    St. 

Albans). 
Chas3e!a'»,  rose. 
JProntigaaa,  bl:\ck. 
do.  prizzly. 

do.  ■white. 

Hatnburffh,  bl-nck. 

do.  The  Pope;'earlv, 

do.  MUl  Hill,  5s. 

Tines  Foa  Walls,  paoM  Eyb« 
Is.  6d.  each,  except  those  priced 
kinds. 

Burgundy,  or  Miller. 
Early  Hardy  R'ld. 
Kalght's  Sweet  Water,  great 

bearer. 
Macready's  Early  WhHe,  do. 
Madeleins  Blanche,  very  early. 
Madeleine  Noir,  do. 

Carriage  paid  to  London.- 
Sftwb'idiiewiTrCh.  Hprt". 


Ifambartjh,  Wilmot. 
ilalva-ia,  or  Grove  End  Swoet 

Water.  ; 
Masc  liine,  Riyal. 
Muscat  of  Alexandria. 
Noir  il'E^panne. 
I'urple  Ooostantia. 
RiisiQ  de  Cal.ibre. 
Siitit  Peter's,  Oldaker'3. 
Sweet  Water,  Du':ch. 
Sweet  Water,  Prolific. 
T'-kay,  (^Iiarlesworth. 
White  Nice, 
While  Rom.iin. 
ii,  NOT  I**  Pors,  from  5  to  7  feet, 
;  these  are  all  hardy  and  early 

Mignonoe  White  Cluster 
Piquepo'ile  Nolr.  [{WiUiains). 
Purple    Fontainbleau,    great 

bearer,  'la.  Sd. 
^ao'-ch  White  Cluster. 
Wnite  Ripling. 
Nice  Custer  (William*). 
■TH0SI43  RivEBs,  The  Nargeriea, 


THE  NEWLY  IMPORTED  GERMAN  DOUBLlfi 
DAIRIES. —  \  fine  and  healthy  stock  of  the  above  ■fl^v 
Tariety  of  flower  is  now  olfured  to  the  public.  It  is  verf  norel 
and  distinct  in  all  its  features,  and  such  as  will  ffive  satisfac- 
tioa  to  all  purcbasefB.  Edwihd  Tilet  has  selected  50  of  the 
best  of  the  vaiieties  out  ot  the  100  virieties  imported,  and  can 
send  them  out  in  any  qnantity,  from  a  dozen  and  upward*,  all 
true  to  name.  These  will  be  found  to  surpass  everything  for 
edging  borders,  &,e„  and  also  if  planted  in  a  bed  will  equal  in 
variety  that  of  a  fine  Ranunculus,  and  is  frequently  taken  for 
such  by  many  who  have  seen  ihem  in  bloom.  The  whole  of 
them  are  gr-iwn  in  pits,  therefore  will  ensure  a  certain  growth 
■when  tran3|.lanted.  Price  33.  per  dozen,  postage  and  package 
free  to  any  part,  or  II.  per  hundred,  hamper  and  package  free. 
MYOSOTIS  AZORICA.— A  large  and  healthy  stock  of  this 
delightful  little  flower  (for  particular*?  of  which  see  article  on 
flame  by  *'  Alpha,"  at  page  725  of  Saturday's  Chroaiole,  Nov.  13 
1852)  ;  also  fine  plints  of  MYOSOIIS  VANGLEEKI,  which  is 
another  splendid  variety.  Both  are  pirticularly  adap'.ed  for 
pot  culture;  the  former  is  a  very  dark  blue,  the  latter  a 
baautiful  light  blue  ;  persons  once  growing  them  will  never  be 
without  them.     Price  3s.  per  dozen,  postage  free. 

OTHELLO  CLOVE  C ARNA.TIOt^.  —  A  few  pair  of  this 
unique  variety  are  still  left,  and  will  ba  forwarded  to  any  part 
at  33, 6d.  per  pair. 

VIOLA  AR80REA  (true),  6s.  per  dozen;  and  RUSSIAN 
SUPERB  VIOLETS  (true),  3s.  psr  dozen. 

HOLLYHOCKS.— Seedlings  saved  from  all  the  best  varieties 
sent  out  for  the  last  three  years,  11.  per  hundred,  or  Us.  for 
50  plants.  They  are  fine  strong  plants,  such  as  will  bloom 
fine  and  give  every  satisfaction  nett  season. 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  [MATURE,  MODE,  AND  CULTI- 
VATIOM  OP  THE  VtOLET,  giving  every  direction  for  its 
continual  b'oomiog  the  who'e  of  the  winter,  ifcc,  &c.,  and  aid- 
ing in  many  respects  those  who  have  atreaiy  grown  them,  as  it 
embraces  several  distinct  plans  to  grow  Violets.  Purchasers 
to  the  amount  of  5s  will  have  the  freatise  included,  or  sent 
post  free  to  any  part  on  receipt  of  12  penny  stamps.  See 
Oardenera'  Chrowde  for  Saturday  last. 

STRAWBERRY  PL A^TS.-ProUfic,  3s.  per  100;  Goliath, 
33.  per  100;  Alice  Maud,  ditto;  Eleanor,  5s.  per  100;  British 
■Queen,  8s.  per  100  ;  Eliza,  3s.  par  100  ;  Britannia,  6s.  per  lOO  ; 
«lob\  3s  per  l')0;  Blai-U  Prince,  5s.  per  XOO ;  Trollop's 
Victoria,  1'..  pf^rlOO,  or  3s.  per  dnz^n,  postage  free. 

The  Hollyhnoks  and  S-rawbdrry  Plants  will  be  sent  in 
hamper  or  package  free,  and  when  a  quantity  is  ordered, 
pUnfs  will  ho  s-nt  over  to  compensate  for  tbe  c^s:  of  carriage. 
The  w  oie  or  any  part  of  the  above,  ran  bf>  sent  nosta-e  and 
paoka?  ^  frtjM  on  ^ec^'il.c  at  the  am  mnt  by  a  post-offije  order  or 
pebny  p  's'a  .'e  stamps. 

RowARO  C:  Ey  N  truervma-i.  Seedsman,  and  Florist  H 
AD'iey  Cnurc'i-yarn,  Btth,  Sjjiersetshire,  '       ' 


1* 

2 

3* 

4 

5 

6»« 

7 


Names. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


10 
11 

1-2  • 

13* 

W 

15 

16 

17- 

18' 

19 

20« 

2l« 

22« 

23< 

2V 

25 

2'i 

•27** 

28 

SS)' 

30 

3l*' 

3  J*' 

33*' 

=,3t 

-33»- 
537» 
-3S> 

39 

40 

4l»' 

42 

45» 

41** 

45* 

46' 

47' 

43 

49 

50 

51 

52»' 

53' 

51* 

55* 

56 

57 

53 

59» 

60 

61* 

62 

63* 

61* 

65* 

66«* 
67 

63» 

69 

70 

71 

72» 

73* 

74* 

75** 

76 

77*. 

7a' 

79 

80' 

81' 

82 

83»* 

'31 

85* 

sa* 

87*' 
88» 
89" 
90 


Vlicrostylis  Wallichil  ? 
Oberonia  indifolia 

M    sp 

Liparis  sp, 

sp 

sp 

,     sp 

Otochilus  fascu) 

,,    albui 
Pholidota  imbricata 

,,    undiilata    ,.. 

,,    articulata  ... 

»,    sp 

..     sp 

Cce'iogyoe  fl,avida 

„    undulata    ... 

„     fimbriata?,.. 

„    unitlora      .., 

„    barbata 

,,     prsQCOx  ?     ... 

„    maculata    ... 

,,     Wallichiaoa 

„    ocellata 

Gardneriana 
cristata 


Small,  pea  green 

Minute,  yellowish 

Small,  yellow  

Lari^ish,  green  yellow 
Small,  deep  purple 

yellowish  brown 
„         and  white 

white 


93* 


so 

tiava? 

sp 

sp 

8P 

ap 

,.     sp 

Solbophyllum    leopardi 

num        

unbellatum 
Khasyanucn 

Bp 

sp 

fp 

..     sp 

Cirrhopetalam-sp. 
>t    sp 

»      BP 

„    JTp.     ...        ..: 

Tricd-ima  suavis 

Erta  flava  

Eria  sp.     .'•■ 

„    den3ifl.ora  ... 

„    ferruginea 

,,  piniculata... 

M    sp 

„    ep 

„    8P 

..    sp 

Aporum  aaceps  ... 

,,  cuspidatum 

»    sp 

„     sp.  ? 

Dendrobium  Pierardl  ... 
„     heterocarpum 
,,    Chrysanthum 

„    Paxtoni      

„    sp.  like  do. 

„    formosum 

,,    longicornu 

„    oalceolus    

„    sulcatum 

,,  Jenkinsii    ... 

„  cmrulescens 

„    n>bile         

„     Gibsonii     

,,  Btuposum   ... 

„  Oambridgeajitim... 

„  transpareas 

„  like  do.,  various  ... 

„  Devonianum 

,,  Dalhousianum     ... 

„    raulfioaule 

„    Griffiihti    

,,     ifarmeri      

J,  densiflorum  pallid, 

,,  do.    roaeum 

„  intermedium 

1.    sp 

>.      8P 

»      sp 

„     sp 

^pathoglottis  pubescent 
Arundiaa  bambusifolla 

Phaius  grindifoUus     ... 

,,      Wallichil 

„    maoulata 


„    and  yellow 

yellow 

Largish,  white 
„            ,,  and  brown 
,,            ,,  aud  lateritious 
,,    white 

Large, white,yellow,tfc  rose 
,,         ,,         and  rose 
„    pale  yellow  and  deep 

orange 
„    white  and  yellow     .. 
„         „      streaked     witi 
brio:ht  yello^v 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Large,  yellow  and  brown  ,. 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 
„    white  and  brown 

„    pa'e  yellow    

,,    wQite  (pretty) 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

Large,  yellow  spotted  with 
purple. 

Largish,  dull  yellow 

Small,  greenish      

Largish,  bright  yellow      ... 

Small,  white,  frtigraut 

dull  purple 


Ter. 

EpL 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Tep 

Bpi. 

Dj. 

D». 

Oo. 

Do 

Do 

Do. 

D.). 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do 

Ter. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Epi 
Ter 


Small,   greenish,   fragrant 

„    dull  purple    ... 
Large,  brown  and  yellow. 
Largish,  dull  purple 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

bargish,  dull  yell.  Js  brow' 

Largish,     white     streaked 

with  brown 

„  ,,    tinged   -with 

yellow 

,,    ferru.;in'?ou3 

Small,  epo'-ted  with  purpu 
Largish,  white        

,,  ,f    '&  duUpurp. 

Minute,  rosy  

Small,  white  


Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Large,  pink  and  yellow  ... 
,,  yell,  and  br.  fragran' 
„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

,,    -orange  and  brown  ... 

Very  large,  white  aud  yell., 
fragrant 

Large,  white  and  orange  .. 

Very   dark   yellow,    coae, 
and  purple 

Large,  yellow  and  purple.. 

„    lively  yellow 

„  'deep  lively  purple  ... 
,,  white  rosy  purple  ... 
,,    yellow  and  brown   ... 

Small,  white 

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br 
,,  deep  lively  purple  ... 
„  pale  rose  and  purpW 
,,  lilac-rose  and  yello'V 
„  rose,  white,  aud  purp. 
,,  white  and  purple  ... 
„  pale  yell,  and  oraag- 
„  lively  ,,  ,, 
„  white  aud  orange  ... 
,,  pale  rose  aud  orange 
„    pale  yellow  &  brown 

J,    lively  orauge 

„  ,,  yellow  &  brown 
„  yellow,  pink,  and  br. 
„    pink  and  yellow 

Largish,  yellow  and  purple 

Large,  pale  rose  aud  Uvelj 
purple 
,,    white,  brown,  &  pur. 

„  ,,      rosy  scented 


9S«« 
97* 
di** 

99 -^ 
1IJ0*< 
101*^ 
102 

103*^ 

104*1 

lOi** 

106»' 

107* 

I08» 

IDS" 

110 

111 

U2 

113 

114" 

115*' 

116 

117»* 

118 

119 

120** 

r2i*» 

U2' 

123' 

124^*- 

125  »* 

12S 

127 

128 

L29** 

130 

131* 

132 

133* 

134" 

135 

I3i> 

137'» 

L3S 

139 

140* 
I4l»* 

142*-^ 
U3** 
144<*^ 
145* 
146" 

147 
148 


Naues, 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Phaius  albus 
\putaria  senilis  ... 
A  latifoUa 
Eulophia  virens  ... 

9P 

sp 

ep 

-     sp 

Vanda  teres 

cristata 

maltifiora  ... 
cosrulea 

sp 

sp 

..     sp 

riamarDtis  purpurea 
Vlicropera  pallida 
Sauculabium  micranthm 

„    retu'^um 

„    papillosum 

„     Calceolare ... 

,,    8p.  like  do. 

,,     caroifolium 

„     dasypogon 

„    appe  adieu  latum 

»    sp 

Sarcauthas  sp.   ... 

>»    sp 

»    sp 

»      sp 

8P 

..    Sp     

Aerides  affine     ... 
odoratum  ... 

sp 

sp 


150«* 
151»* 

152 
153 
L54 
1.55' 

ns 

157' 

153' 

U9' 

160< 

161' 

162«* 

163*' 

l'^4« 

H5««' 

166W 

167* 

US** 

l'9»' 

170*< 

171*' 

172 

I7i 

174 

175*' 

l'6»" 

177*' 

178* 


Kha 


Agrostopbylliuoa 

syanum 
Siphosium  acuminatum 
Acanthopblppium  sp.  . 

»     sp 

Cymbidium  giganteum, 
pendulum  ... 
aloifoliam  ... 
eburoeum  ... 
incotibpicuum 
Cymbidium      longipeta- 
lum 
„     cyprlfoUum 
>>     sp-    ...         

M     sp 

»      9P 

»      sp 

..      sp 

?  Phalsenopsis,  sp. 

EuphorboBcis  pygmsea.. 
Geodorum  dilatatum    . 


Large,  white,  ropy  scented 
Largish,  rose  and  gre^n  ... 
? 

Large,  green  and  white    ... 
„    dull  yellow  tb  brown 

,,    deep  purple 

,,     green  and  yellow 
,,     purplish  green 
Very    lar.,'e,    rosy    purple, 

yellow  and  brown 
Largish,    greenish,   white, 
and  purple 
,,     white  and  rose 
Very  large,  deep  blue 
Largish,  dull  purple 
„  „        and  green 

,,    yellow  and  brown    .. 
Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

,,     pale  yellow     

Small,  rosy 

Largish,  lively  spotted 
Small,  pale  yellow  <fc  pur. 
„     yellow  and  brown     .. 
„    pale  do.  and  rose    ., 

rosy      

green  and  purple     .. 

yellow 

rosy  and  deep  purple 

Small,  rosy 

white  aad  yellow 


rosy  red  

Large,  rosy  purple 

,,  „     sweet-scented 

Large,  like  affiae.  and  very 

sweet-Bceated 
Small,  white  

Large,  white  

„     dull  purple     

„     white,  streaked 
Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 
Large,  dull  yell,  and  purple 

Verylar^e,  white 

Smal',  brown 

Largish,  green  and  purph 


Rox. 


Platanthera  sp 

Perist^lid'Sp 

Habenaria  hanaigera  ? . 
„     sp 

n     '8P 

„     sp 

..    ap 

Pogonia  Joliana... 

,.     sp 

,.    ap 

Cyrtosia  sp. 

Spirancbes  sp 

Zeuxins  sulcata 
Aneectochilus 

burghii 

„    sp.     .,. 
Cypripedium    venustom 

.,    insigne...     ... 

Calauthe  densiflora 

.1     sp 

»    sp 

>.    sp 

-•    sp 

Goodyera  sp. 

..    sp 

..      sp 

Ophrys  sp. 

M     8P 

Aathoglnum  sp, ... 
Bonatea  sp. 


Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  white 
„    brownish  purple 

Very  large,  white 

Large,  white  and  browa  .. 
green  and  dull  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

brown 
Minute,  yellow 
Large,  white,  purple,  and 
yellow 
„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Large,  white  , 

Largish,     white,      sweet- 
scented 

Small,  green  

„    yellow  

,,    greenish  yellow 

,,    white 

Large,  white  

Small,  rosy  white  ... 

Largish,  green        

Small,  purple  

Largish,  golden  yellow    .. 
Small,  white  

„    rosy  white     

„    white 

Large,  green  and  purple  .. 

„    red  and  yellow 

,,     lively  yellow  ... 
Small,  brown  aud  yellow.. 
Large,  white  and  green    .. 

„  „     andyellaw .. 

„    dull  purple    

Small  white 

„  „  dull  parple  .. 
Largish,  rosy  purple 

„    green  and  purple    .. 

„    rosy      

Small,  sreen  


Oo. 
Ter 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Epi. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Epi. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Ter. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ter 

Do. 
Epi. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Ter. 
Spi. 

Do. 

Do. 


Do. 
Oo. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Oo. 
Do. 
Do. 
Oo. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


^sohynathus  (3  ti4  sp.):  Hoya  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  (several) 
Litiuin  (1  sp.) ;  Nepenthes  (1  sp.) ;  Perns  and   Lycopodiums 
(150    to  20i)    sp.) ;     Palms   (Livistonla,    Leoiaha,    Caryota, 
Calamus,   &a.)   are    also  indigenous,    and    can   be   sent  if 
required. 


Plants  not  marked  are  common.  Ditto  marked  wica  aa  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  asterisks  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  charges  for  a  boi  of  4  cubic  fee'-  menupement,  containinif  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  5/.  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Planes  waicnare  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
he  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  I  r.  8  a.  a  Piaac ;  f-jr  Che  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Piaat.  \Vuau  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  new  Plants  not  included  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  more  are  takea 
a  discount  of  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

Plants  can  also  b  >  sent  in  glafis  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  In  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  height,  for  w'lich  an  extra  chirga  of  20  rUjiees  will  be  mida.  Gliss  covers  can  also  bo  supplied  for  the  ochdr  bocas, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  Aur/ust  1,  1852. 


48—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


755 


FRUIT    TREES,    ROSES,    ETC. 

WILLIAM  "WOOD  AND  SON  have  to  offer  this 
eeasoQ  a  very  large  atnck  of  par'icularly  6ne  liealtby 
Stanriard  Apples,  Pears,  dud  PiuuQfl,  with  cledn  btraiRht  sttsras 
and  fine  bushy  hwnds,  coraprisii!;;  all  Uie  leading  sorts,  whioi 
are  warranted  irtie  to  name.  Per  duz. 

Standard  Applea        lli'- 

Standard  Pear*  15s, 

S-andard  Plunis        I2s. 

Pears,  on  Quince  stocks,  2,yBara  from  tbe  nnd,  verjAne    16s. 
Dwarf  and  Trained  Fruit  Tree^  of  e/ei-y  descripiion. 

ROSES.  Per  dozen. 

Extra  tall  Standards,  G  to  3  feet,  s'ems  budded 
with  from  3  to  6  best  varieties  of  Climbing  and 

Pf^rpetaal  Risea  on  the  same  st^m  42s.  to  603. 

Ex'ja  superi.jr  selected  Standards ISs.  to  24s. 

Fiue  Dwarfs  and  Dwarf  Standards lOs.  to  16s. 

Fine  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  2  of  each  sort 63. 

<;jirabmi?  and  Noisettes  9s.  to  ISs. 

iltxed  Roses,  without  names,  Dwarfs  SOs.perlOl) 

Extra  Plants  presented  to  companuate  for  carriage. 
Woodlands  Nursery,  Mare&6eld,  near  DcbSeld,  Suasei. 

'■  P  1  N  U  3     AUSTRIA  C  A," 

THE  BL.\CK  AUSTRIAN  PINE. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  Co.  have  now  on  sale  a 
Jar^e^tocitof  very  fine,  healthy,  sronii  plants  of  this  truly 
■desirable  PINE,  from  9  inches  to  2  feet  high,  which,  having 
been  frequently  transplanted,  are  very  well  rooted,  and  conse- 
quently  quite  safe  to  remove  to  any  distance,  and  are  of  a 
superior  quality  (great  attention  having  been  paid  to  their 
cuJtiva'ioD)  ;  price,  from  20s.,  403  ,  and  5\)s  per  1000,  They 
have  also  some  of  larger  sizes,  from  3  to  6  feet  high,  equally 
aafe  to  move,  owing  to  proper  attention  having  been  paid  to 
tbeir  roots,  at  proportionately  higher  prices. 

Thi^  nobis  and  most  serviceable  Pine  thrives  in  hleah 
■ond  exposed  situations  (even  i)i  poor  soils),  growing 
rapidly^  and  producing  dense  shelter,  in-  places  where 
<iffier  trees  will  not  grow.  It  also  succeeds  admirably  close 
to  the  sea,  resisting  there  the  spray  and  rougltest  winds. 

L.,  P.,  and  Co.  beg  leave  also  to  say,  tha^  their  general  stock 
6f  Forest  Trees,  Fruit  Trees,  Coniferae,  Hardy  Shrubs,  tkc, 
is  exceedingly  fine;  Priced  Lists  of  which  will  be  forwarded 
on  application. 

Exeter  Nursery,  Exeter,  November  27. 


NEW    EARLY    PEA. 

PAUL'S     "DWARF     PROLIFIC." 

A  PAUL  AND  SON  beg  to  call  attention  to  the 
•  ab'ive  excellent  early  PEA,  which  ia  a  seedling  between 
tbe  Early  Frame  and  Thompson's  Dwarf,  producing  a  longer 
pod  and  larger  Pea  than  tbe  former,  and  being  far  more  pro- 
lific. The  qualificati- ns  which  recommend  it  above  others 
are  these:— It  is  very  hardy;  rarely  exceeds  2  feet  in  height, 
^nd  consequently  requires  no  sticks ;  it  bears  abundantly  from 
the  ground  to  the  summit,  and  produces  lateral  shoota,  which 
keep  it  a  long  time  in  season.  They  have  permission  from  Mr. 
Brown,  Gardener  to  Sir  H.  Meui.  Bart.,  of  Theobald's  Park,  and 
Mr.  Scott,  gardener  to  Wynn  Ellin,  Esq  ,  of  Ponsbourne  Park, 
to  say  that  they  have  grown  it  for  two  years,  and  consider  it  a 
first-rate  Pea,  and  tbe  best  of  all  known  varieties  for  a  second 
crop.  M±y  be  obtained  in  qu^rt  packets,  25.  Gd.  each,  from 
A.  Paul  and  Son,  Nurseries.  Cheshuot-,  Herts  ;  from  Messrs. 
Noble,  Cooper,  and  Bolton,  152,  Fleet-street,  London;  and 
Messrs.  Hurst  and  M'Mallen,  G,  Ledd>:nbatl-atreet,  London. 

N.B.  A  general  assortment  of  Agricultural  and  Hortieul- 
tnral  Seeds,  of  the  beat  quality  and  most  approved  races,  at 
Ziondon  prices.    Catalogues  free  by  post  on  application. 

Nurseries,  Cbeshant,  Herts. 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 

JOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 
of  the  above  Plants,  Roses,  Conifers,  &c.,  is  now  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  encloning  two  poataza  stamps,  Tbe 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  wortnv  of  cultivation  are 
described,  in  order  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

^gftbe  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas,  &c.,  annually  exhibited 
Mthe  Royal  Botanic  Gsrdens,  RegentV  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  ejtaDliBbment.  —  The  American  Nursery,  B a gsbot,  Surrey, 
•4  miles  from  Paroborough  Station,  South- Western  Railwiiy, 
and  3  miles  from  Blackwatei*,  South-E-ntem  Railway. 


ROSES  UPON  MANETTI  STOCKS, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  POTS  FOR  FORCING. 

T  APPLEBY,  Rose  Mount  Nursery,  York,  has  a 
•  fine  ftto^^k  of  the  above,  one  jear  established  in  pots, 
and  in  the  followiog  classes  :  — Hybrid  Perpetual,  Bourbon, 
China  and  Tea-scented.  Tbey  are  very  fine  plants,  and  will 
only  be  charged  Gi,  per  plant  above  the  Catalogue  prices. 

It  ba3  b&«n  ■attsf4Ctorily  proved  by  many  noblemen's  and 
gentlemen's  gardeners  In  thid  neighbourhood,  that  Roses  force 
Trry  much  better  upon  this  stock  than  upon  their  own  roots. 
Tbe  growth  is  more  robust,  and  tbe  fliwers  more  numerous 
ftod  larger. 

T.  A.  alio  begt  to  call  the  attention  of  Rose  connoisseurs  to 
bis  Adveriiiemeot  ia  the  Oardenert^  Chronicle  of  Octobbr  30, 
and  recommends  tboie  panles  who  wi»h  to  give  the  Manetti 
■took  a  trial  upon  their  particular  soils  and  localities,  to  lose 
00  time  In  giving  thuir  orders,  as  this  Is  the  be^t  time  for 
planting,  aod  the  stock  of  some  sorts  will  soon  ba  exhausted. 


SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  27,  1852. 


MKBTINOS 

IIOPOAT,  AOV. 


PORTriK  BNSUISO  WEEK. 


1  r.M, 
H  r.M. 
«  r.v. 


...JKny.l  (\nnkTeri 

,/8ocl«lr  of  Art... 

'iQ^oloilr.l _.. 

(  N.tlon.l  flarlcallttUi It  r, 

2\'/.tit\fyK\t.t,\   3  r 

C  Aolp)u.rl.s  ...,....., ...8  r.M. 

./4tluU , ,,,2  r.M. 

'iHed/t.l  Bi.M. 


AuMo.Nu  and  iU  uses  to  plants  are  niattern  of  such 
■very  great  interest,  that  w«  lone  no  time  in  layirjg 
before  our  readerH  the  i)ub.itance  of  a  memoir  upon 
tiie  subject,  ad  it  ha»  been  reporte'l  in  a  l.ilc  number 
of  the  Oompki  /icndtu,  M.  Vjf,r,K,  the  author  of 
tbe  memoir  in  question,  ha»  been  already  favourably 
known  for  his  reiiearched  into  the  influence  of  nitro- 
gen on  vegetation,  of  whicli  Homo  account  will  be 
fonnd  in  one  of  our  previouH  volumes.  He  h;u)  now 
addrensed  h  miielf  to  the  investigation  of  the  action 
of  ammonia. 

"If,"  he  says,  "we  add  ammonia  to  the  atmo- 


sphere, vegetation  Becomes  reniMrkably  active. 
Even  in  such  a  dose  as  four  10,000ths  {dici- 
milliemes)  the  influence  of  the  gas  becomes  percep- 
tible at  the  end  of  from  8  to  10  d.iys,  and  from  that 
time  forward  the  intensity  of  its  action  increases. 
Leaves  which  were  in  the  beginning  pale,  become 
more  and  more  green,  and  eventually  turn  almost 
black;  their  stalks  become  long  and  stiif,  and  their 
surface  broad  and  shining.  At  last,  when  vegetation 
is  over,  the  crop  is  found  to  be  much  more  consider- 
able than  in  plants  growing  in  pure  air  ;  it  is  also 
found  that  weight  for  weight  they  contain  almost 
twice  as  much  nitrogen."  Thus  it  appears  that 
ammonia  exercises  a  double  influence  upon  plants  ; 
1,  it  favours  their  growth ;  2,  it  renders  their 
produce  more  nitrogenous. 

In  1850  the  produce  obtained  in  pure  air 
amounted  to  64.19  gr.,  and  those  in  ammoniacal  air 
to  110.06  gr.  The  first  contained  1.266  gr.  of 
nitrogen,  the  last  4.313  gr.  In  1851  the  produce  in 
pure  air  being  68.72  gr.,  containing  0  494  of  nitro- 
gen ;  the  saiue  produce,  in  ammoniacal  air,  amounted 
to  135.20  gr.,  containing  1.501  of  nitrogen.  In  1852 
30  grains  of  Wheat  produced  in  pure  air  11.86  gr. 
of  straw,  and  47  grains  of  corn,  which  weighed 
1.06  gr.  In  ammoniacal  air  the  same  number  of 
grains  produced  21.99  gr.  of  straw  and  75  grains  of 
corn  weighing  1.89.  The  straw  in  pure  air  con- 
tained 0.043  nitrogen,  in  ammoniacal  air  0.165.  All 
these  had  been  dried  before  weighing  at  120°  Cent. 
M.  ViLLE  then  proceeds  to  say  that  in  addition 
to  these  effects,  ammonia  produces  others  equally 
worthy  of  notice.  In  fact  it  would  seem  that  by 
means  of  this  agent  we  may  not  only  increase  the 
activity  of  vegetation,  but  modify  it,  diminishing 
one  class  of  functions  and  exaggerating  others. 

If  plants  are  exposed  to  the  influence  of  ammonia 
several  months  before  flowering,  there  is  nothing 
particularly  remarkable  in  their  vegetation  ;  it  is 
more  vigorous  than  in  pure  air,  but  the  ordinary 
succession  of  growth  is  not  disturbed.  It  will 
sometimes  even  happen  that  while  plants  refuse  to 
fruit  in  pure  air  they  do  so  completely  in  air  dosed 
with  ammonia.  But  if  the  conditions  of  the 
experiment  are  changed,  if  we  wait  till  a  plant  is 
asbout  to  come  into  flower  before  ammonia  is  added, 
the  phenomena  become  of  quite  another  kind. 
Under  such  conditions  flowering  is  arrested,  aud 
vegetation  takes  a  new  start.  One  might  say  that 
the  plant  travels  back  to  its  former  ground ;  the 
stem  lengthens  and  branches  in  all  directions, 
becomes  covered  with  innumerable  leaves,  and  then, 
if  the  season  is  not  too.  far  advanced,  the  suspended 
flowering  takes  place — but  all  the  blossoms  are  blind. 
If  this  experiment  is  tried  upon  a  cereal  plant 
whose  hollow  stem  is  incapable  of  branching,  then 
the  precise  nature  of  the  phenomenon  is  modified. 
The  lengthening  of  the  stem  is  stopped,  and  the 
plant  immediately  tillers,  throwing  up  stems  which 
soon  become  higher  than  the  parent  stem.  In  this 
case,  again,  no  seeds  are  produced. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  all  M.  Ville's  experi- 
ments were  carried  on  under  glass.  He  regards  the 
value  of  ammonia  in  hothouses  as  being  now  ascer- 
tained beyond  all  doubt.  When  the  air  is  dosed 
with  0,025  gr.  per  cubic  yard  it  was  found  that 
most  striking  effects  were  produced  upon  Orchid- 
aceous plants.  It  is  to  be  observed,  however,  that 
the  use  of  ammonia  during  the  heat  of  summer  may 
produce  serious  accidents,  and  he  advises  the  dis- 
continuance of  it  through  the  months  of  June,  July, 
and  August.  The  accidents  alluded  to  consist  in 
the  leaves  becoming  yellow,  and  drying  up,  even 
although  the  atmosphere  is  saturated  with  moisture; 
the  top  leaves  are  thus  attacked,  and  the  plant  dies. 
This  is  supposed  to  be  owing  to  the  balance  between 
the  action  of  the  leaves  and  roots  being  destroyed. 

In  general  roots  are  intended  to  furnish  plants 
with  mineral  matters.  If  such  substances  are 
absorbed  beyond  a  certain  limit  the  plant  is  unable 
to  use  what  it  receives,  and  saline  effloresences  form 
on  the  surface  of  the  leaves.  This  is  frequently 
observed  on  Cucurbitaceous  plants  when  the  weather 
becomes  dry  after  heavy  rains.  But  when,  owing 
to  a  combination  of  ditferent  circumstances,  the  leaves 
are  more  active  than  the  roots,  organic  elements  are 
what  are  chiefly  absorbed  ;  but  these  elements  cannot 
be  assimilated  unless  a  sufficient  (juantity  of  mineral 
matter  is  absorbed.  Thereupon  there  comes  to  p.ass 
a  striking  phenomenon  ;  what  the  roots  are  unable 
to  supply  the  plant  furnishes  from  its  own  stores  ; 
and  the  substance  of  a  certain  number  of  leaves  is 
iiKSorinKD.  Kucb  resorption  of  old  organ.s  for  the 
use  of  young  ones  is  not  uncommon  in  nature.  If 
we  pull  up  a  I'lirslano  pl;inl,  when  in  Mower,  and  put 
it  in  the  shade  on  a  sheet  nf  paper,  vcgi;tation  goes  on, 
and  the  seed  forms  and  ripens.  Hut  in  this  case  the 
mineral  substances  contained  in  tlio  seed  cannot  be 
derived  from  the  soil,  and  must  of  ncces.sily  be 
given  up  by  the  tissues  of  the  plant  itself.     The 


accidents   above   referred  to   belong    to   the   same 
category  of  phenomena. 

These  statements  cannot  but  give  rise  to  serious 
considerations.  The  use  of  ammonia  in  the  air  of 
hothouses  is  by  no  means  unknown  in  this  country, 
aud  the  effect  of  its  employment,  a,s  described  by 
M.  ViLLE,  is  precisely  what  might  have  been 
expected  froui  the  known  laws  of  vegetable  life. 
Nevertheless  the  application  of  these  facts  in  a  safe 
and  useful  manner  is  a  point  to  which  gardeners 
are  quite  unaccustomed,  and  to  which  we  invite 
their  attention.  We  shall  ourselves  return  to  the 
subject.  In  the  meanwhile  we  cannot  but  express  our 
hope  that  so  very  interesting  a  memoir  as  that  which 
is  now  noticed  will  be  speedily  given  to  the  world 
in  its  integrity.  The  report  cf  which  we  have 
attempted  to  give  our  readers  the  substance,  leaves 
much  to  desire  as  regards  the  details  of  M.  Ville's 
experiments,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  they  were 
conducted. 

We  have  authority  for  stating  that  the  East  India 
Company  have  determined  to  renew  their  important 
attempts  at  introducing  Tea  into  the  Himalayas, 
along  with  Chinese  skilful  in  the  art  of  preparing 
the  leaves,  and  that  Mr.  Fortune  is  again  charged 
with  the  operations.  It  is  understood  tliat  he  will 
sail  in  about  a  month. 


THE  CYCLAMEN. 
Few  winter  flowering  plants  are  more  useful  than 
the  varieties  of  this  cliarming  genus.  Strong  healthy 
specimens  pi'oJuce  a  plentiful  succession  of  their  singularly 
formed  blossoms,  which,  if  guarded  from  damp,  will 
remain  for  several  weelts  together  in  perfection.  All 
the  varieties  are  compact  in  growth,  of  easy  culture, 
and  hence  they  are  well  suited  for  persons  whose 
accoramodatiou  is  limited,  or  whose  knowledge  of  plant 
cultivation  is  not  great.  Those  about  to  add  a  few 
varieties  to  their  collection  canuofc  purcliase  them  at  a  ■ 
better  season  than  the  present  ;  for  if  sound  healthy 
plants  are  obtained  now,  there  will  be  no  risk  of  their 
decaying  (instead  of  starting  into  growth),  as  frequently 
happens  with  plants  that  have  been  kept  quite  dry 
during  the  summer. 

.  Ggpd  beMthy  plantapvocured  now  will  probably  have 
commenced  growth,  and  should  be  kept  rather  close  for 
a  week,  when  it  will  be  advisable  to  examine  the 
state  of  the  roots,  and,  if  well  furnished,  shift  into 
pots  a  size  larger ;  otherwise  repair  the  drainage, 
and  defer  shifting  until  the  roots  indicate  a  wadt  of 
pot  room ;  aud  then  a  moderate  shift  only  should 
be  given.  At  this  season  the  plants  should  be 
placed  near  the  glass,  and  should  receive  a  sufficient 
supply  of  water  to  .keep  the  soil  in  a  nice  racist  healthy 
condition.  Provided  frost  is  excluded,  the  temperature 
in  which  they  are  grown  is  of  little  consequence,  excejtt 
where  plants  are  wanted  in  flower  without  loss  of  time  ; 
aud  as  the  blossoms  appear  before  the  foliage  is  well 
developed,  there  will  be  little  difficulty  in  securing  these 
at  any  period  fx'ora  November  to  April.  Keeping  the 
plants  cool  aud  rather  dry  will  retard  their  blossoms 
until  March,  and  placing  them  in  a  temperature  of  from 
45^  to  50**  will  bring  them  into  full  beauty  in  a  very 
short  time.  The  plants  may  be  kept  in  a  cold  pit, 
where  they  will  be  safe  from  the  frost,  until  they  com- 
mence flowering,  and  then  they  should  be  removed  to  a 
sitting-room  window,  where,  with  care  to  protect  them 
from  currents  of  cold  air,  they  will  be  quite  at  home, 
and  will  be  beautiful  objects  for  some  two  months.  The 
best  situation,  however,  for  Cylamens,  while  growing 
and  ia  flower,  is  near  the  glass  in  a  greenhouse  or  pit, 
where  the  temperature  may  average  Irom  40'^  to  50°, 
and  where  air  can  be  admitted  without  its  passing  over 
the  plants,  as  is  the  case  in  most  sitting-room  windows. 

It  is  a  too  common  practice  to  treat  Cyclamens  with 
neglect  directly  the  beauty  of  the  flowers  is  over,  and  to 
give  them  little  attention,  and  sometimes  hardly  a  drop  of 
water  until  the  following  autumn,  when  they  are  wanted 
in  flower.  This  is  the  very  reverse  of  what  they  require, 
and  annually  occasions  the  loss  of  many  bulbs.  The 
plants  should  be  allowed  a  light,  airy  situation  in  the 
greenhouse  or  pit,  and  kept  properly  supplied  with 
water  until  May,  when  they  may  be  removed  to  a  shady 
situation  out  of  doors  ;  and  when  the  leaves  decay, 
very  little  water  need  be  given  until  it  is  desired  to 
excite  the  plants  into  growth  ;  tlie  soil,  however, 
should  never  be  allowed  to  become  quite  dry.  My  own 
pv.actice  is  to  plunge  the  pots  in  coal  ashes  during  the 
summer,  which  in  case  of  long  continued  droughts, 
arc  watered,  so  as  to  att'ord  a  lltlo  moisture  to  the  soil 
in  tho  pots.  The  plants  should  be  moved  to  the  green- 
house in  Sopto.Tnber,  and_  surface-dressed  or  potted  as 
may  be  necessary. 

Propagation  is  more  readily  effected  by  seeds  than 
by  any  other  method,  fur  although  large  bulbs  occa- 
sionally produce  several  crowns,  there  is  considerable 
risk  in  separating  thorn,  as  decay  is  apt  to  follow  the 
track  of  tho  knife.  Seeds,  however,  soon  grow  into 
useful  [ilauts.  Thoy  sliould  be  colloctod  when  ripe,  aud 
sown  in  well-draiuud  pots,  hlleil  with  a  mixture  of  loam, 
leaf-soil,  anil  sharp  sand,  aud  set  in  a  sale  situation  till 
autumn.  Tlioy  gurminato  soonest  by  placing  the  pots 
in  Supti'nilicr  in  a  temporaturo  of  about  .50°,  taking 
care  to  lioup  Ihu  soil  well  supplied  with  water.  ^  If  well 
looked   after   during  winter,  they  will    bo    nice  little 


756 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  27, 


plants  towards  April,  and  may  be  potted  singly  in  5- 
incli  pots,  taking  care  not  to  injure  the  roots  in 
separating  the  plants.  They  should  be  placed  in  a  close 
shady  situation  until  established  in  their  pots,  and  then 
set  in  a  light  airy  part  of  the  greenhouse.  When  the 
weather  becomes  warm  and  settled,  they  may  be  planted 
in  raised  beds  of  prepared  soil  on  a  warm  border  ;  and 
dmiag  summer  will  require  no  further  attention  than 
an  occasional  watering  in  c^e  of  the  soil  getting  dry, 
which,  however,  will  seldom  occur.  In  September,  take 
them  up  with  as  little  injury  as  possible  to  the  roots,  and 
treat  them  during  the  winter  and  spring  as  recommended 
for  old  plants.  If  managed  in  the  same  manner  the 
second  summer  they  will  be  good  sized  bulbs,  and  will 
afford  an  abundance  of  blossoms  the  following  winter. 
Two  parts  fresh,  turfy,  friable  loam,  to  one  of  turfy 
peat  or  decayed  leaves,  with  a  liberal  mixture  of  sharp 
saxid,  form  a  suitable  compost  for  the  Cyclamen.  Alpha. 


ON  THE  IMPOSSIBIUTr  OF  PREDICTING 
THE  WEATHER. 

(Continued  from  page  7-tO.) 

SopposiNG  the  atmosphere  immovable  and  perfectly 
serene  ;  supposing  also  the  soil  to  be  everywhere  en- 
dowed with  the  same  powers  of  absorbing,  giving  out, 
and  retaining  heat,  we  should  then  observe,  in  conse- 
qaence  of  the  solar  action,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  a 
regular  uninterrupted  series  of  increasing  temperatures, 
and  a  similar  series  of  decreasing  temperatures.  Each 
day  would  have  its  invariable  temperature.  Under  each 
determined  parallel  the  days  of  maximum  and  minimum 
heat  would  be  respectively  the  same. 

This  regular  and  hypothetic  order  is  disturbed  by  the 
motion  of  the  atmosphere  ;  by  clouds,  more  or  less  ex- 
tended, more  or  less  persistent ;  by  the  different  pro- 
perties of  the  soil.  These  give  rise  to  elevations  or  to 
depressions  of  the  normal  heat  of  days,  months, 
and  years.  The  perturbations  not  operating  alike  in 
every  place,  we  may  expect  to  see  the  primitive  figures 
differently  modified,  and  to  find  comparative  inequali- 
ties of  temperature,  where,  according  to  the  nature 
of  things,  the  most  perfect  equality  ought  to  prevail. 

The  extent  of  these  combined  disturbing  causes  will 
be  best  shown  by  the  comparison  of  mean  periods  in 
which  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  are 
manifested  in  different  places.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  results  : — 


St  Gotbard,  1 

10  years  J 
Borne.  1 

10  years  j 
Jeoa,  > 

18  years  j 
Petersburghl 

10  years  ) 
Paris,  1 

21  years     j 


MlNIUDM. 


December  24 
January  8 
January  3 

January  8 
January  14 


(51  and  3  days  after 
\  the  solstice. 
f45  and  18  days 
\  after  the  aolstice. 
f41  and  14  days 
\  after  the  solstice. 
[31  and  18  days 
I  after  the  Bolfltice, 
r  25     and     25    days 


These  differences  refer  to  localities ;  but  when 
unknown  local  circumstances  have  so  much  influence, 
is  it  not  natural  to  suppose  that  the  modifications  which 
they  receive  from  the  hand  of  man  may  considerably 
alter,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  the  meteorological 
type  of  every  city  in  Europe. 

1  come  now  to  show,  that  local  circumstances  that 
are  either  obscure  or  but  little  remarked  may  exercise 
constant  and  sensible  influences  on  the  distribution  of 
maxima  and  minima  temperatures  throughout  the 
year.  When  science  shall  be  in  possession  of  a  large 
mass  of  exact  and  comparable  meteorological  observa- 
tions, made  simultaneously  in  different  places — when 
these  observations  shall  have  been  discussed  with  intel- 
ligence, we  shall  probably  see  that  local  circumstances 
play  a  more  important  part  than  scientific  men  seem 
disposed  to  attribute  to  them.  I  could  even  point 
out  at  this  moment  several  circumscribed  places  which 
have  sometimes  completely  escaped  the  rigorous  cold 
with  which  the  surrounding  countries  have  been  struck. 
The  Sables-iV Olonne,  for  example,  and  the  adjoining 
country  for  15  miles  round,  constituted,  during  the 
winter  of  1763-64,  a  sort  of  thermic  oasis.  The  Rhone 
was  frozen  near  its  mouth  ;  an  intense  cold,  more  than 
18*  Fah.  below  freezing,  interrupted  all  agricultural 
work  in  the  countries  traversed  by  this  river ;  whereas 
at  Sables  the  weather  was  mild  :  this  little  canton  was 
spai-ed  by  the  frost. 

There  is  another  fact  still  more  extraordinary  than 
the  preceding,  for  it  occurs  every  year.  There  is  in 
Siberia,  M.  Erman  informs  us,  a  whole  district,  of  which 
the  sky  during  winter  is  constantly  serene,  and  where 
there  falls  not  a  single  particle  of  snow. 

I  am  inclined  to  pass  over  the  question  of  perturba- 
tions of  terrestrial  temperature,  which  may  be  connected 
with  the  7nore  or  less  ahwidant  emission  of  solar  light 
and  hcat^  whether  the  variations  of  emission  depend  on 
the  number  of  dark  or  of  light  spots,  with  which  the 
surface  of  this  luminary  is  iovLXkA  fortuitously  marked,  or 
whether  they  may  .irise  from  some  entirely  different 
and  niiUnown  cause  ;  but  I  cannot  omit  calling  the 
attention  of  the  reader  to  the  obscurations  to  which  our 
atraospbere  is  occasionally  subject,  without  any  assign- 
able cause.  These  obscurations,  by  preventing  the  solar 
liglit  and  heat  from  reaching  the  earth,  ought  to  pro- 
duce a  considerable  effect  ou  the  seasons. 

Extensive  portions  of  oar  atmosphere  are  often  invaded 
by  substances  which  greatly  disturb  its  transparency. 
Ihese  suost^iuces  sometimes  proceed  from  the  eruptions 
of  volcjLUoes.  For  instance,  the  immense  column  of 
aishes  whicli,  in  1812,  after  being  thrown  up  to  a  great 


height  from  the  crater  in  the  island  of  St.  Vincent,  made 
noon-day  like  night  in  the  island  of  Barbadoes. 

Clouds  of  dust  occasionally  appear  in  regions  where 
no  volcano  exists.  Canada,  more  especially,  is  subject 
to  such  phenomena.  They  there  attribute  them  to  the 
burning  of  the  forests.  This  explanation  is  not,  however, 
always  in  accordance  with  facts.  Thus,  at  Quebec,  on 
the  16th  of  October,  1785,  clouds  of  dust  so  obscured 
the  sky  that  no  one  could  see  to  walk  at  noon.  These 
clouds  extended  over  a  space  of  250  miles  in  length, 
and  200  in  breadth ;  they  appeared  to  come  from 
Labrador,  a  country  not  much  wooded,  and  they  pos- 
sessed none  of  the  characters  of  smoke. 

On  the  2d  of  July,  1814,  similar  clouds  to  those  in 
question  enveloped,  on  the  open  sea,  the  ships  which 
were  proceeding  to  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  The  dark- 
ness continued  from  2  o'clock  in  the  morning  tdl 
3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

With  regard  to  the  object  of  our  proposition,  it  is  of 
little  importance  whether  we  attribute  these  cloudings, 
so  dense  as  to  entirely  obstruct  the  solar  rays,  to  the 
burnings  of  forests  and  commons,  or  to  terrestrial  ema- 
nations ;  their  formation,  their  arrival  in  a  given  place, 
will  not  be  less  within  the  foresight  of  science.  The 
accidents  of  temperature,  meteors  of  all  kinds,  of  which 
these  dense  clouds  may  be  the  cause,  never  figure  before- 
hand in  the  annals  of  meteorology.  The  accidental 
obscuration  of  the  sky,  in  1783,  included  a  space  so  ex- 
tensive (from  Lapland  to  Africa),  that  some  attributed 
it  to  the  matter  of  the  tail  of  a  comet,  which  they  said 
had  mixed  with  our  atmosphere.  It  cannot  possibly  be 
maintained  that  an  accidental  state  of  the  atmosphere 
which  permitted  the  sun,  for  nearly  two  months,  to  be 
looked  at  with  the  naked  eye  at  noon,  was  without  in- 
fluence on  terrestrial  temperature. 

Forests  cannot  fail  to  exercise  a  sensible  influence  on 
the  temperature  of  surrounding  regions.  The  snow,  for 
instance,  remains  longer  in  them  than  in  the  open  coun- 
try. The  destruction  of  forests  ought,  therefore,  to 
produce  a  modification  of  climate.  How  much,  in  any 
given  case,  may  this  influence  of  forests  aflfect  the  ther- 
mometer ?  The  question  is  very  complicated  ;  it  Aas 
never  been  solved. 

The  valleys,  in  all  very  mountainous  regions,  are 
swept  by  daily  periodical  breezes,  felt  more  especially  in 
May,  J  une,  July,  August,  and  September.  These  breezes 
rise  in  the  valleys  from  7  or  8  o'clock  in  the  morning 
till  3  or  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  when  they  attain 
their  maximum  force ;  but  they  still  exist  till  6  or  7 
o'clock  in  the  evening.  They  have  usually  the  velocity 
of  a  wind,  and  sometimes  that  of  a  violent  wind.  They 
ought,  therefore,  to  exercise  a  considerable  influence  on 
the  climates  of  adjoining  countries. 

What  is  the  cause  of  these  breezes  1  It  evidently 
consists  in  the  manner  by  which  the  mountain  masses 
are  heated  by  the  solar  rays,  and  their  radiation  into 
the  valleys.  Supposing  these  masses  are  naked,  and 
you  will  have  a  certain  ^^ect  ;  substitute  dense  forests 
for  the  barren  rocks,  and  the  phenomenon  will  assume 
another  character,  as  regards,  at  least,  its  intensity. 
This  is  only  one  of  twenty  ways  in  which  the  clearing  of 
woods  may  afiect  climate.  Before  the  almanac-makers 
begin  to  arrange  their  predictions,  they  ought  to  put 
themselves  in  communication  with  all  the  wood-cutters 
in  every  country. 

In  North  America  the  interior  of  the  continent  has, 
under  the  same  latitude,  a  different  climate  from  that  of 
the  coast.  Near  the  lakes  the  difference  is  less.  We 
may,  therefore,  expect  that  the  drying  of  a  lake  will 
modify  the  climate  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  that 
a  great  inundation,  in  consequence  of  the  unforeseen 
bursting  of  dykes,  or  banks,  will  produce,  for  a  time,  a 
contrary  effect. 

If  any  one  complain  that  I  enumerate  causes,  which, 
taken  individually,  do  not  seem  to  produce  much  effect, 
I  reply,  we  have  to  consider  a  combined  influence. 
According  to  Howard  the  mean  temperature  of  London 
exceeds  that  of  the  surrounding  country  by  nearly 
2°  Fahrenheit.  The  difference,  however,  is  not  every 
year  the  same.  M.  Arago,  in  Flore  des  Serres  et  des 
Jardins  de  V Europe. 

(To  be  oonUmied,} 


TRADE  MEMORANDA. 
Who  is  Mr.  N.  Seymour,  of  67,  Tower-street,  West- 
minster-road ?     It  is  the  place  from  which  the  Rev,  Mr, 
Bradley's  letters  were  dated.     Are  the  two  gentlemen 
kinsmen  ? 


Home    Correspondence. 

Improved  Cultivation  of  Autumnal  Eases.  —  How 
many  lovers  of  Roses  are  annually  disappointed  by 
then*  favourite  varieties,  and  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  and 
Bourbons,  being  seized  towards  the  end  of  August  either 
with  that  black  spot,  the  fatal  precursor  of  disease  in 
the  Potato,  or  mildew,  or  rust,  so  that  the  leaves  soon 
fall,  and  the  buds  which  should  give  blosssom  in  Sep- 
tember, shrivel  and  become  abortive.  The  following 
simple  mode  of  culture  has  worked  a  cure  here  for  these 
last  three  years,  and  will,  I  trust,  do  so  with  the  Roses 
of  your  readers.  I  have  hitiierto  only  noticed  its  effects  on 
dwarfs  and  dwarf  standards,  t.e.,  stems  from  1  to  2  feet  in 
height.  Take  up  the  trees  every  year  early  in  November, 
or  indeed  at  any  time  while  the  weather  is  mild,  in  that 
or  the  following  month.  Shorten  all  the  long  roots; 
open  a  hole  about  18  inches  in  diameter,  and  1  foot  deep, 
give  to  each  tree  a  large  shovelful  of  rich  com- 
post, say  rotten  dung  and  loam ;  if  the  soil  be 
light,  the  same   and    s^nd,   either  pit  or  road  ;  if  it 


be  heavy  and  tenacious,  plant  in  the  usual  way,  and' 
your  work  is  done.  If  you  wish  your  Roses  to  bloocjt 
early  the  following  summer,  prune  them  when  you 
remove  them  ;  but  if  you  wish  for  a  good  autumnal 
show  do  not  prune  them  till  the  beginning  of  April, 
i.e.y  if  the  spring  is  of  about  its  usual  forwardness,  and' 
later  or  earlier  according  to  the  season.  A  variation  of 
the  above  mode  may  be  made  by  giving  the  border  a 
good  dressing  of  manure  and  stirring  it  with  a  fork  to 
15  or  18  inches  in  depth,  and  then  replanting  the  trees ; 
but  I  should  prefer  the  former  mode  of  giving  to  "  eacl^ 
tree  its  plateful  of  meat,"  which  will  be  quite  food 
enough  for  one  season.  I  have  had  this  autumn  a  large 
bed  of  dwarf  standard  Bourbon  Roses,  covered  withi 
their  beautiful  green  leaves  and  vivid  flowers,  all 
through  the  months  of  September  and  October  ;  and 
even  to-day,  Nov.  17,  most  of  them  are  as  verdant  as 
ever.  These  were  removed  last  winter.  I  have  also 
gathered  to-day  from  the  open  air  a  beautiful  bouquet 
of  those  two  fine  Roses,  Geant  de  Batailles  and  Standard 
of  Marengo.  It  is  now  many  years  since,  in  one 
of  the  early  editions  of  the  '*  Rose  Amateur's  Guide," 
I  recommended  the  removal  and  root  pruning  of 
standard  Roses  once  in  two  or  three  years,  when* 
planted  in  unfavourable  soils.  The  above  annual 
removal  of  dwarf  standard  Roses  is  thei'efore  only  an 
old  idea,  with  a  little  fresh  polish.  In  the  case  of  dwarf 
Apples  on  paradise  stocks,  how  vexatious  it  is  to  find 
your  Ribstone  Pippin  and  Nonpareil  trees,  after  two  or 
three  years  of  promise,  all  gradually  decaying  and  be- 
coming a  mass  of  canker,  as  they  do  in  many  gardens. 
Treat  them  exactly  as  recommended  for  dwarf  standard' 
Roses,  you  will  not  have  large  trees,  but  you  will  have 
them  healthy  and  fertile  beyond  belief ;  as  dwarf 
bushes,  and  as  pyramids,  Apple  trees  treated  in  this, 
manner  become  objects  of  much  interest.  If  extra 
fine  fruit  are  wished  for,  cover  the  surface  round  the- 
trees  2  inches  deep  with  old  tanners'  bark,  and  give 
liquid  manure.  Thos.  Rivers,  SawbHdgewortk,  Herts. 

Fir  Smut. — About  five  weeks  ago  I  found  in  a  Fir 
plantation  three  Larch  trees  blackened  in  places  with 
large  patches  of  some  vegetable  parasitic  growth,  of 
which  I  enclose  a  specimen.  The  Grass,  earth,  and' 
base  of  the  above-mentioned  trees  were  ail  encrusted 
with  this  black  leprosy.  I  put  some  of  ifc  under  a- 
microscope,  but  could  not  make  out  any  fructification. 
On  revisiting  the  spot  lately  I  found  that  the  parasite, 
whatever  it  be,  had  not  spread,  though  it  was  still  alive^ 
and  smelt  very  strong,  as  at  first,  of  seaweed.  A  little 
above  the  black  incrustations  were  congregated  flocks 
of  winged  and  wingless  aphides,  of  a  large  size,  of  which 
I  also  enclose  a  few  specimens;  finally,  round  these 
aphides  a  colony  of  wasps  had  established  themselves,. 
and  were  patrolling  the  district,  keeping  in  their  herds, 
but  whether  to  milk  as  the  ants  do  their  kine,  or  to  feed 
Polyphemus- like  on  their  persons,  I  watched,  but  could' 
not  make  out.  My  object  in  mentioning  all  these  par- 
ticulars together  is  to  ascertain,  if  I  can,  whether  the 
subjects  of  them  be  in,  any  way  connected.  1.  What  ia 
the  Cryptogamic  family  to  which  the  smut  belongs  ?■ 
2.  Whether  the  inclosed  aphides  have  been  heretofore 
found  upon  it  ?  and,  lastly,  what  known  use  or  uses 
wasps  may  make  of  aphides  ?  I  should  have  observed 
that  throughout  the  plantation,  except  only  on  those- 
three  particular  trees,  I  found  neither  wasp,  aphis,  or: 
smut.  B.  A.  V.  [The  "large  patches"  consist  of  dead^ 
Fir  leaves,  overrun  and  glued  together  by  a  dark 
blackish-green  plant,  the  nature  of  which,  owing  to  its 
dry,  shrivelled  state,  we  are  unable  to  determine.  It 
may  be  some  Collema.  The  connection  between  the- 
"  patches,"  the  aphides,  and  the  wasps,  we  must  submit 
to  the  consideration  of  our  correspondents ;  we  are^ 
unable  to  explain  it,  unless  it  be  that  the  aphides  are- 
attracted  by  the  patches,  and  that  the  wasps  eat  the 
aphides  ] 

Potato  Disease, — There  are  some  sorts  of  Potatoes- 
that  have  their  tuber  stems  much  longer  than  others, 
i.  e.,  throw  their  tubers  farther  from  the  plant  stem;  and. 
there  are  also  some  kinds  that  resist  disease  more  than 
others.  Now,  my  observations  have  led  me  to  believe 
that  it  is  precisely  these  long  tuber-stemmed  Potatoes 
that  suffer  least  from  disease.  I  would  wish  to  call  the 
attention  of  gardeners  to  this  subject,  and  invite  them- 
to  give  their  opinions  on  it  in  your  columns.  We  have 
also  found  from  the  first  that  Potatoes  planted  in  raw- 
bog  have  suffered  comparatively  but  little  *om  disease, 
and  latterly  that  they  have  been  almost  exempt  from  it. 
This  year,  contrary  to  what  has  hitherto  been  the  general 
opinion,  several  instances  have  been  observed  of  the 
tubers  in  the  more  clayey  soils  being  less  affected  than 
in  the  lighter  ones.  Now,  if  my  observations  be  cor- 
roborated by  those  of  others,  I  think  we  shall  be  led  to 
conclude  that  the  antiseptic  properties  of  soils  intercept 
and  absorb  the  putrefaction  induced  by  mildew  in  its 
progress  through  these  long  tuber-stems.  We  may  thus 
account  for  the  tubers  of  the  longer  tuber-stemmed 
Potatoes  being  free  from  disease  in  bog,  notwithstanding 
that  the  leaves  and  stems  be  affected  with  mildew  in  the 
same  degree  as  in  other  soils,  and,  also,  for  their  being 
less  affected  in  clays  than  in  lighter  soils.  It  will  also 
direct  us  to  the  means  of  arresting  in  its  march  this 
putrefaction,  by  applying  antiseptic  matters  only  to  the 
roots,  and  reserving  stronger  or  nitrogenous  manures  as- 
top-dressings  to  stimulate  the  growth  of  the  plant  stems. 
/.  M.  Ooodiff,  Oranard. 

Gijnerium  argenteum. — I  Iiave  seen  a  plant  of  this 
magnificent  Grass  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Dargle 
river,  which  blossomed  tliis  season,  throwing  up  47 
flower-steras  not  less  than  20  feet  high  ;  tlie  plant 
measured  9  feet  in  circumference.     Many  who  came  to 


48— 1852,J 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE. 


757 


■feast  tlieir  eyes  on  the  beauties  of  the  Dargle  were 
■struck  with  its  picturesque  appearance,  and  were  sur- 
prised that  it  so  long  escaped  the  notice  of  botanists. 
Many -will  be  desirous  to  see  it  next  season,  for  I  am 
■sure  it  will  be  an  object  of  great  curiosity.  T.  Jj.  S,, 
Pkcenix  Park,  Dublin,  Nov.  20. 

Ajuga  ChamcBpitys. — One  of  your  coiTespondents  asks, 
at  page  741,  if  any  one  can  tell  him  where  this  is  to 
be  found.  I  can  inform  him  that  it  grows  abundantly 
-on  the  hills  above  Cuxton,  a  village  about  three  miles 
from  Rochester.  /. 

i)isUafing  of  Plants. — A  fortnight  since  in  a  field 
-of  rapidly  growing  Turnips  near  my  house,  I  marked 
out  four  roots,  each  of  which  would  admit  a  dogs*  brass 
collar  to  slip  over  it.  I  then  carefully,  but  completely, 
cut  off  all  the  leaves  from  two  of  them,  and  stuck  down 
two  stakes  by  the  side  of  each  of  the  other  two.  I 
tave  now  just  been  to  examine  them  with  my  collar, 
and  the  result  has  been  that  the  two  deprived  of  leaves 
have  not  in  the  least  increased  in  size,  the  collar  slipping 
over  them  rather  easier  than  before ;  but  the  two 
retaining  tlieir  leaves  have  increased  considerably,  so 
■much  so,  that  the  collar  would  not  go  over  either  of 
them.  From  this  experiment,  I  consider  it  is  shown, 
"that  Turnips  do  not  increase  in  size  when  completely 
deprived  of  their  leaves  ;  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  it 
wouJd  be  the  same  with  Mangold  Wurzel,  Parsnips, 
and  Carrots.  I  think  also,  that  all  the  leaves  cannot  be 
•successively  taken  from  any  of  these  roots  without 
nearly  or  entirely  destroying  their  quality.  With 
reference  to  tubers,  such  as  Potatoes  and  Jerusalem 
Artichokes,  the  case  is  different ;  when  either  of  these 
tubers  is  planted  in  very  dry  ground,  it  will  throw  out 
roots  and  form  young  tubers,  but  these  will  increase 
only  in  size  so  long  as  they  are  fed  from  the  parent 
tuber;  and  as  the  parent  has  no  leaves  it  will  very  soon 
be  exhausted  and  perish.  The  young  tubers  may, 
however,  afterwards  vegetate,  namely,  produce  stems 
and  leaves,  and  a  crop ;  but  should  these  stems  and  leaves 
be  cut  off,  the  tubers  will  at  once  cease  to  grow.  G. 
fVilkins. 

Weeping  Willow  {Salix  Bahylonica).—At  Englefield 
Lodge  there  has  been  for  time  immemorial  a  magnificent 
specimen  of  this  graceful  tree,  which  stood  near  the  top 
of  a  pond,  whose  water  helped  to  furnish  its  numerous 
^bres  with  nourishment ;  a  few  evenings  ago,  however, 
a  gentle  breeze  arose  in  the  north-east  and  entered 
this  place  of  quietude,  kindly  warning  our  favourite  of 
its  hasty  dissolution,  for  in  a  few  hours  the  winds 
gradually  increased,  till  they  assumed  on  Friday,  the 
12th  inst.,  the  violence  of  a  hurricane,  snapping  the  top 
and  trunk  of  our  tree  asunder,  and  now  it  stands  a 
spectacle  of  disfiguration.     William   Wliale,  Eiiglefidd- 

Chamberlain's  Ridge  Cucumber. From  one  plant  of 

this,  grown  on  a  bank  in  the  open  air,  I  cut  143  hand- 
"some  young  fruit  from  a  foot  to  18  inches  in  length, 
besides  quantities  thinned  out  for  picliVing.  The  fruit  is 
of  a  beautiful  dark  green  colour,  eats  crisp,  and  is 
excellent  for  table  use.  Our  market  gardeners  who 
have  grown  it  admit  it  to  be  the  most  prolific  and 
hardiest  variety  of  Cucumber  for  open  air  culture  that 
has  yet  been  introduced  into  this  neighbourhood.  John 
Southern,  Manchester,  Nov.  17. 

Education  of  Gardeners. — It  is  always  interesting  to 
find  the  educational  acquirements  of  any  class  discussed, 
but  more  especially  so  those  of  men  belonging  to  one's 
own  profession.  I  do  not  consider  myself  at  all 
capable  of  giving  an  opinion  on  the  education  of  my 
feUow  garden  labourers  thronghout  the  country,  as  I 
received  but  limited  schooling  myself ;  but  at  the  same 
time  I  venture  to  inform  «  Beta  "  (see  p.  597)  that  I  do 
not  consider  ''  that  gardeners  generally  have  received  a 
better  education  thau  most  other  professional  classes  of 
persons '' — on  the  contrary,  there  is  even  reason  to 
doubt  their  having  received  an  education  equal  to  that 
of  other  professional  classes,  whicii  is  owing  to  the  many 
obstacles  they  have  in  general  to  encounter  in  their 
school-going  days,  before  they  can  obtain  the  necessary 
education  a  gardener  would  require  ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  I  am  pretty  confident,  owing  to  the  proximity 
gardening  has  with  education,  that  gardeners  generally 
wonderfully  improve  the  education  tliat  may  have  been 
given  them  in  thciryounger  days.  Your  correspondent, 
*'  Mr.  Printer's  Devil,"  seems  doubtful  whether  or  not 
he  ought  to  distioguiiih  jobbers  at  nurseries,  who  layout 
and  keep  gardens  by  the  day  or  year,  by  the  title  of 
gardener  ;  hut  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  it  is  set  down 
that  "  a  gardener  is  one  who  attends  on  a  garden  ; " 
this  proves  that  we  nre  at  liberty  to  use  the  title 
gardener  to  all  people  working  in  a  garden  ;  and  until 
another  title  is  agreed  upon,  by  which  men,  high  in 
their  profession,  such  as  liave  been  named  by  him  at 
p.  709,  can  b«  known  from  jobbers  or  attendants  to 
gardens,  they  will  have  to  rest  content  with  their 
present  oppellation.  I  would  not  consider  it  fair  or 
just  to  make  any  attempt  Vn  wrest  the  title  gardener 
from  the  brows  of  men  who  have  not  had 
tlie  gofid  fortune  of  receiving  a  liberal  education 
or  profeHHional  knowledge.  With  all  duo  rcupfict  to 
the  **  Printer's  Devil "  (wIioik:  company  I  would  like  to 
<^mrt)  1  think  he  might  well  extend  his  (Tilical  obser- 
Tations  over  nurserymen  and  Heed^rnon,  as  well  as  ovor 
the  humblf;  journeyman  gardener,  Ui  tho  letters  of 
scholars  in  repute,  and  of  politi^^l  and  scientific  cor- 
rw(p<jndents,  whosf.-  letters  when  «« nt  to  the  press  must 
bo  correct'jd  of  their  had  grammar  and  orthography. 
How  oftifn  are  they  not  sent  without  points  or  capitals 
to  designate  the  divisions  of  the  Hfinteiice,  and  if  any, 
|;enerally  out  of  place  I    Few  except  tho  printor  know 


[The  remainder 


how  many  hours  a  compositor,  and  after  him  a  proof 
reader  has  to  spend  in  reducing  to  readable  condition 
manuscripts  that  would  often  defy  the  writers  them- 
selves. Coclcmalean. 

Simter's  Prolific  Cucumber. — Owing  to  the  flattering 
accounts  made  to  me  by  a  "  seedsman  "  respecting  this 
variety,  I  was  induced  to  give  an  order  for  a  packet. 
It  was  forwarded  in  due  course.  Only  two  of  the  seeds 
came  up.  It  was  grown  with  all  care,  and  it  turned  out 
to  be  a  second  edition  of  the  "  Beehive  Strawberry,"  or, 
in  other  words,  perfectly  worthless.  The  Gardener, 
Cadbury  House,  Castle  Cary,  Somerset. 
of  this  letter  was  an  advertisement.] 

Jiule  Level. — Observing  at  p.  503 
some  account  of  a  new  level  by  Mr.  A. 
Forsyth,  I  have  been  induced  to  for- 
ward a  contrivance  which  I  invented, 
and  have  had  in  use  more  thau  30 
years,  in  setting  out  my  Melon  frames 
at  a  proper  angle.  It  is  so  simple  and 
portable  that  I  tiiink  it  might  become 
generally  useful,  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
woodcut.  It  is  simply  a  spii'it-level 
fixed  in  a  foot  rule,  which  is  furnished 
at  its  joint  with  a  quadrant.  Peter 
Kendall,  Marine  Villa,  Aldebiirgh. 

Destroying  Slugs. — It  has  been  repre- 
sented that  quick-lime  strewed  in  rainy 
weather  is  effectual  in  desti'oying  slugs; 
this  is,  however,  a  mistake,  inasmuch  as 
they  will  escape  from  Jt  when  it  is  in  a 
wet  state,  with  but  little  ti'ouble  ;  it 
will  then  only  annoy  them.  If  the 
weather  is  dry  repeated  dressings  may 
prove  destructive,  but  it  will  be  found 
that  even  when  it  is  in  a  dry  state, 
they  can  escape  with  their  lives,  casting 
off  a  coating  of  slime,  with  the  dry  lime 
sticking  to  it.  A  trial  of  a  few  thrown 
into  a  pot  containing  dry  quick-lime 
will  confirm  the  accuracy  of  this  state- 
ment. To  bury  them  stirred  up  with 
it,  is,  we  admit,  sufficient  to  *'  settle  " 
them.  We  know  of  nothing 
better  calculated  to  eradicate 
them  than  in  autumn  to  lay 
thin  slices  of  fresh  Turnip 
hollow,  by  placing  one  end 
on  a  stone,  or  concave, 
Cabbage  or  Savoy  leaves^ 
laid  amongst  crops  in- 
fested with  them  or  else- 
where (by  the  side  of 
paths  is  most  conve- 
nient), examining  them 
on  a  mild  and  moist  evening,  two  houi-s  after 
dark,  or  at  day- break;  tlibueands  -may  thus  be 
secured,  and  if  repeated  occasionally  they  may  be  extir- 
pated altogether,  from  either  the  gai-den  or  the  farm. 
In  spring,  where  a  pond  or  bi'ook  is  at  hand  a  brood  of 
young  ducks  will  devoui*  them  in  good  earnest,  but  they 
must  be  trained  to  their  work,  which  is  easily  effected 
by  giving  them  half  proportions  of  corn,  or  any  food  to 
their  liking,  several  times  in  the  day,  first  near  the  pond, 
next  a  rod  or  two  distant,  accompanied  with  the  usual 
kindness  or  chucking  at  feeding  times  ;  then  again, 
hirther  and  further,  here  a  little  food  and  there  a  little; 
thus  by  degrees  they  will  traverse  constantly  and 
regularly  a  whole  garden,  or  field,  or  farm,  in  search  of 
food  and  slugs,  provided  those  small  rations  of  food  are 
regularly  laid  here  and  there  daily,  without  omission. 
By  the  usual  weedling  and  feeding  at  night  they  are 
easily  enticed  to  their  resting-place,  where,  if 
preferred,  an  entrance  just  large  enough  for  them  to 
creep  out  at,  may  be  left  for  their  exit  at  day- 
bi'eak,  in  order  that  they  may  search  for  food. 
Care  must  be  taken  that  the  entrance  is  not  large 
enough  to  admit  dogs,  foxes,  &c.  If  they  can  be  trusted 
out,  they  will  prefer  to  rest  and  thrive  best  in  the  pond 
or  sedges  by  nights,  to  be  off  betimes  in  the  morning, 
when  the  slugs  are  out  feeding.  Hardy  and  Son,  Maldon. 

1  should  in  the  first  instance  try  the  effect  of  a  coat 

of  Barley-awns  (or  chaff),  which  would  prevent  locomo- 
tion, and  for  the  time  at  least  effect  the  object  in  view, 
if  not  permanently  ;  nor  could  its  application  do  any 
harm  to  any  growing  plants.  I  know  this  has  been  tried 
with  perfect  success.  Barley-awns  or  chaff  are  easily 
procured  in  this  district,  and,  I  doubt  not,  can  be  had 
for  a  trifling  consideration  in  most  places.  W.  Tho^vld, 
Norwich. 


LiNNKAW,  Nov.  IG. — Dr.  Wai.licii  in  tho  chair. 
Tj»rd  Uipon,  the  Ilev.  Kdward  Tagart,  and  Barthold 
Seeman,  ICsq.,  were  elected  I'Y'llows.  Tho  conclusion  of 
Mr.  ilenfrey's  paper,  on  the  IJuvolopmeut  of  tho  Spores 
f)i  Ferns,  was  read.  It  conniHted  of  a  recapitulation  of 
tho  remarks  in  the  previous  part  of  the  paper,  in  which 
the  author  fctatcd  that  Ik;  entirely  concurred  in 
Suminski's  view,  that  in  l-VruH  tlicru  cxistefl  two  claBses 
of  cella,  sperm  cislls  and  germ  ccHh,  and  that  the  term 
Cryptogamia  could  now  no  longer  bo  strictly  applied  to 
th>:m.  The  secretary  announced,  amongst  many  other 
works,  the  presentation  of  oopicH  of  tho  "  /oology  and 
BoUuiy  of  t!io  voyago  of  11. M.S.  Herald,"  under  Captain 
Ki;lU;tt.  Dried  Kpecimcns  of  Tritonia  Ihirchellii,  and 
two  species  of  Eucomis  were  prcBented  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Moore.    ^Specimens  of  tho  fruit  of  limblic  Myrobolaus 


(Emblica  officinalis),  from  Ceylon  were  presented  by 
Dr.  Pereira.  Specimens  of  Hysenanche  globosa,  Xan- 
thoxylum  piperitum,  Amomum  Korarima,  a  species  of 
Momordica,  and  a  species  of  MeHa  from  China,  and  a 
seed  allied  to  Gynocardia,  imported  from  China  under 
the  name  of  Tae-fung-toze,  were  presented  by  Daniel 
Hanbury,  jun.,  Esq.  A  fruit  of  Paulovnia  imperialis 
was  presented  by  Richai'd  Kippist,  Esq.  Specimens  of 
the  fruit  of  Cobbett's  Hickory-nut,  grown  by  Mr, 
Pamplin,  of  Walthamstow,  were  presented  by  Mr.  W. 
Pamplin,  of  Frith-street.  Specimens  of  Helix  obvo- 
luta  and  Athyreum  fontanum,  collected  at  Ashford, 
Hants,  were  presented  by  the  Rev.  W.  Hawkey. 

Microscopical,  Nov.  24. — G.  JacKson,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  Messi-s.  Redwood,  Brown,  Osborne,  Ludlow, 
and  Tischmacher,  were  elected  members.  A  paper  was 
read  by  Mr.  Hodgson  on  the  reproduction  and  delinear 
tion  of  microscopic  forms.  The  author  gave  the  history 
of  attempts  at  producing  representations  of  microscopic 
objects  by  means  of  the  Daguerreotype  and  Talbotype. 
He  considered  that  all  these  efforts  were  deficient  as 
compared  with  sketches  taken  by  means  of  the  Camera 
lucida.  The  paper  was  illustrated  by  a  number  of 
specimens  produced  by  various  bands  of  microscopic 
objects  on  Daguerreotype  plates  and  on  paper.  A 
beautiful  series  of  representations  of  public  buildings  in 
France  were  also  exhibited  by  Mr.  Baillieu.  A  long 
discussion  followed,  from  which  it  was  evident  the 
feeling  amongst  pi*actical  microscopists  was  entirely 
opposed  to  the  views  of  the  author  of  this  paper. 
Mr.  Bowerbank  referred  to  some  specimens  of  Photo- 
graphy by  Mr.  Delves,  of  Tunbridge  Wells,  equal 
to  any  drawing  that  could  be  made.  He  believed 
that  by  means  of  a  Photographic  negative  any 
number  of  plates  might  be  produced.  Mr.  Shadbolt 
exhibited  a  Photograph  which  he  had  obtained  by 
means  of  a  camphine  lamp  which  exhibited  very  accu- 
rately the  object  placed  under  the  microscope.  Mr.  Hogg 
stated  his  conviction  that  any  number  of  impressions 
might  be  obtained  by  Photography,  and  this  would  soon 
become  a  recognised  method  of  printing.  tJp  to  the 
present  time  Mr.  Fox  Talbot  possessed  a  patent  whicli 
prevented  this  method  being  employed,  but  as  he  had 
now  presented  it  to  the  public,  attempts  to  use  the 
Talbotype  in  this  manner  would  be  made.  Mr.  Venley 
and  the  chairman  made  some  observations  on  altera- 
tions in  the  structure  of  the  miscroscope,  by  which 
better  images  might  be  procured  by  the  Photographic 
process. 

Botanical  of  Edinbuugh,  iVbv.  11. — The  President 
in  the  chair.  Several  donations  were  announced. 
Professor  Balfour  exhibited  a  Map,  by  J.  Lynam,  Esq., 
entitled  "  The  Chmates  of  the  Earth,  their  characteristic 
vegetation,  and  the  zones  of  the  cultivation  of  useful 
plants,  as  limited  by  altitude  and  latitude,  shown  in  the 
elevation  of  the  principal  mountains  of  Europe,  Asia, 
and  America,  accurately  laid  down  by  scale  from  the 
writings  of  Humboldt,  Meyen,  Boissier,  Hooker, 
Watson,  &c."  He  also  showed  from  R.  Wigham,  Esq., 
Norwich,  specimens  of  Lastrea  cristata  and  var.  uligi- 
nosa,  L.  spinulosa,  and  Polystichum  angulare,  together 
with  a  selection  of  specimens  from  a  parcel  of  Bour- 
geau's  Spanish  collections  recently  received  for  the 
University  Herbarium.  The  following  papers  were 
read  : — 1.  On  the  Development  of  Tubular  Structure  in 
Plants.  By  R,  Hobson,  M.D.  Cantab,  Leeds.  Commu- 
nicated by  Dr.  Balfour.  The  object  of  this  paper  was 
to  show  the  mode  in  which  tubular  structure  is  forjned 
by  the  aggregation  of  cells  in  a  linear  series,  and  the 
subsequent  absorption  of  the  partition  walls.  The  struc- 
ture selected  for  observation  was  the  moniliform  hair 
found  on  the  claw  of  tlie  spurred  petal  of  the  Hearts- 
ease (Viola  tricolor).  The  author  stated  that  "  If  the 
structure  of  the  tube  is  traced  under  the  microscope 
from  the  root  or  base  upwards,  the  lower  part  will  be 
found  fully  formed  (tubular),  having  gradually  substi- 
tuted a  tubular  for  its  previously  cellular  formation,  A 
little  higher  up,  absorption  of  the  partition  walls  (the 
united  portion  of  the  cells)  is  yet  incomplete,  being  in 
transitu  from  ceil  into  tube,  whilst  the  remaining 
part  is  entirely  cellular  to  the  extreme  point,  whicli 
point  is,  in  fact,  a  simple  cell.  Thei'e  may  be  dis- 
tinctly seen  in  a  portion  of  this  multicellular 
tube,  near  to  its  base,  marks  sufficient  to  prove  that 
those  points  of  the  cells  which  have  been  primai'ily 
in  union  to  form  the  tube  have  now  been  ab- 
sorbed, or  in  some  other  way  removed,  and  that  this 
absorption  or  removal  has  taken  place  precisely  in  an 
equal  degree  from  the  centre  of  the  different  septa,  or 
united  portions  of  the  cells,  towards  the  periphery  of 
the  tube,  to  the  extent  required  to  perfect  Nature's 
'handiwork.*  The  marks  to  which  1  allude  are  triflingly 
apparent  annular  contractions."  The  author  inade 
some  observations  also,  as  to  the  time  occupied  in  the 
formation  of  tho  tubes.  Ho  remarked  : — "  la  order  to 
ascertain  whether  the  mutation  of  cell  into  tube  occupied 
much  time,  I  instituted  a  comparison  between  the  tubular 
portion  of  the  hair  on  tho  full  blown  fiower,  and  that  oa 
the  (lower  just  opening,  aud  found  that  the  lower  portion 
of  tho  tube  on  tho  former  (the  lull  blown  flower),  had 
generally  beeonio  tubular  to  tho  amount  of  from  eight 
to  ID  cells  in  each  hair,  which  usually  consisted  of  from 
2r»  to  ;iU  cells,  whilst  that  of  tho  latter  (the  opening 
flower),  had  becomo  tubular  only  to  the  extent  of  about 
two  or  three  culls.  U  therefore  seems  that  the  time 
occupied  between  the  first  opening  of  the  flower  and  its 
fading  period,  is  sufficient  to  convert  eix  or  eight  celhi 
into  tube  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  in  the  earlier  part 


758 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Nov.  27, 


of  tlie  seasan,  during  more  geniuL  weather,  the 
fading  stage  would  ha  delayed,  and  consequently, 
that  in  proportion  as  the  blooming  period  is  pro- 
longed, tlie  length  of  the  tubular  formation  would  be 
increased  ;  but  it  seems  doubtful  whether  these  tubes 
ever  became  tubular  throughout  their  entire  lenL;th. 
On  the  two  contiguous  petals  on  the  inner  and  inferior 
part  of  eacli,  on  a  prominence  where  the  claw  takes  its 
origin,  there  is  a  ridge  of  hair  of  a  totally  different 
character  from  that  on  the  claw  of  the  spurred  petal, 
being  at  all  ages  pervious  throughout,  dilating  gradually 
from  its  base  to  within  a  trifle  of  its  extremity,  when  it 
again  gradually  lessens  in  diameter,  until  it  terminates 
almost  splierically.  There  is  not  any  second  cell  to  be 
detected  in  any  portion  of  these  tubes,  even  before  the 
flower  opens  ;  their  origin  and  termination  seem  to  be 
a  simple  cell,  lengthening  and  dilating,  and  thei'efore 
they  are  clearly  unicellular.  In  the  multicellular  tube, 
it  is  evident  that  in  order  to  secure  a  tubular  structure. 
Nature  clearly  manifests  her  intention,  by  generating  a 
single  linear  series  of  cells,  and'  that  this  multicellular 
tube  shall  be  a  cone,  she  as  clearly  manifests  her  deter- 
mination by  generating  cells,  gradually  decreasing  in 
transverse  diameter  from  the  base  to  its  apex  ;  and  it 
would  seem  that  where  she  has  completed  her  cellular 
arrangement  as  regards  their  position  and  formation, 
her  subsequent  care  is,  by  some  peculiar  and  amalga 
mating  process,  to  unite  the  adjoining  cell  walls  into 
one  compact  septum,  denominated  a  partition  wall.  As 
regards  this  septum,  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  hope 
that  repeated  and  minute  microscopical  investigations 
of  the  progressive  growth  and  formation  of  the 
multicellular  tube,  at  different  periods  of  its  age, 
may  furnish  roateiial  data  on  which  to  found  a  know- 
ledge of  the  probable  mode  of  its  absorption  or  removal, 
To  discover  whether  the  comparative  increase  of  growth 
of  the  opening  and  fading  flower  kept  pace  with  cellular 
conversion  into  tube,  I  measured  the  transverse  diameter 
of  the  tubular  portions  of  the  two  stages  of  growth  of  a 
cultivated  plant,  and  found  that  the  average  transverse 
tubular  diameter  of  the  hair  of  the  multicellular  tube  of 
an  ordinary  full  blown  flower  in  September,  was  1-1 540  th, 
whilst  the  tubular  diameter  of  the  opening  flower  was 
l-23'20th,  giving  an  increase  during  the  blooming  period  of 
l-774th.  The  average  of  the  tubular  diameter  of  the 
unicellular  tubes,  which  had  been,  exposed  to  light  and 
air  in  the  full  bloom  flower  of  the  cultivated  plant  was 
l-928th,  whilst  the  tubular  diameter  of  the  opeyi 
flower  was  l-1546th,  giving  an  increase  during  the 
blooming  period  of  l-618th.  Ou  measuring  the  trans 
verse  diameter  of  the  multicellular  tube  of  the  full 
blo^vn  flower  in  its  native  state,  1  found  it  to  be  l-3437th, 
whilst  that  of  the  opening  flower  was  l-2566th,  giving 
an  increase  during  that  portion  of  the  blooming  period 
of  l-871th.  The  diameter  of  the  unicellular  tube  of  the 
wild,  flower,  which  was  full  blown,  measured  l-182th, 
whilst  that  of  the  ojpen'ng  flower  was  l-1370th,  giving 
an  increase  of  l-68ftth;''  The  paper  was  illustrated  by 
draivings  and  by  specimens  under  the  microscope. 
2.  On  the  Cumlerland  Forms  of  Myosoiis.  By  Mr.  J. 
B.  Davies.  4.  On  ike  Plants  found  in  Cinnherla/n'd  in 
/MKel852.    By  Mr,  J.  B.  Daviesi 


A  Popular  History  of  BritisJi  Zoophytes  07'  Corallines. 

By  the  Rev.  D.  Landsborough,  B.D.     Reeve  and  Co. 

Royal  16mo  ;  pp.  404. 
This  is  another  of  the  popular  works  intended 
■by  the  same  publishers  as  familiar  introductions 
to  diflerent  branches  of  Natural  History.  Of  some 
of  its  predecessors  we  have  on  former  occasions  spoken 
favourably,  and  we  must  not  withhold  our  appro- 
bation from  tiie  present,  which  was  much  wanted  and 
is  very  well  done.  The  young  ai-e  more  especially 
indebted  to  the  author,  for  in  its  absence  we  know  not 
to  whom  they  could  turn  for  information  regarding 
Corallines  and  Zoophytes.  There  are  20  good  coloured 
plates,  representing  altogether  80  subjects,  in  preparing 
which  the  author  expresses  his  obligations  to  Mr.  Busk, 
whose  knowledge  and  accuracy  are,  we  need  not  say, 
fully  recognised  by  naturalists. 

Dr.  Landsborough's  style  is  too  diffuse  for  our  taste, 
but  we  dai'e  say  it  is  the  better  suited  for  his  peculiar 
class  of  readers.  As  examples  of  it,  we  take  a  few 
passages  relating  to  popular  subjects. 

*'  The  smallest  fragment  of  coral  is  an  object  of 
interest.  It  is  covered  with  perforations,  but  these 
punctures  are  not  intended  merely  to  add  to  its  beauty. 
Every  one  of  these  little  holes,  or  cells  as  they  are 
called,  was  the  habitation  of  an  industrious  polype. 
During  its  whole  life  it  was  building  up  its  beautiful 
abode,  and  that  without  any  painful  eff'ort  on  the  part 
of  the  inmate,  which  was  all  the  while  enjoying  itself 
amidst  the  eastern  waves,  spreading  out  its  numerous 
tentacula  in  search  of  food  abounding  in  the  waters  ;  or 
if  threatened  with  being  made  the  prey  of  some  rapacious 
neighbour,  ready  on  the  slightest  warning  to  retreat 
into  its  coral  cave,  where  it  was  safe  as  amidst  the 
munition  of  rocks. 

^ "  When  we  admire  a  specimen  of  coral  on  our  mantel-i 
piece  or  in  the  cabinet  of  the  curious,  few  are  aware 
that  we  see  not  half  its  beauty.  We  have  before  us  a 
portion  of  a  beautifully  built  city  ;  but  where  are  its 
gay  and  active  inhabitants  ?  When  in  its  native  position 
in  the  deep,  the  numerous  inabitants  appeared  in  bright 
array  at  the  portals  of  their  houses,  like  a  happy 
afisemblage  of  living  flowers,  not  inferior  in  beauty  to 


the  liowfi-s  which  adoru  our  gardens.  Many  of  our  i 
sailors,  who  bring  home  to  their  irJends  beautiful  fi'ag- 
nients  of  coral,  are  not  aware  that  they  were  once 
inhabited  ;  for  as  they  were  collected  when  left  uncovered 
by  the  tide,  the  inmates  were  unseen,  having  retreated 
into  their  moist  cells  till  the  waves  should  revisit  them. 
A  ship-master  told  me  that  on  his  first  voyage  to  the 
South  Seas,  being  delighted  with  the  beautiful  corals 
which  abounded  ou  the  shore,  he  resolved  to  bring 
home  presents  to  his  friends  in  Scotland,  and  laid  in  a 
good  supply;  but  he  had  not  been  many  days  at  sea 
when  his  collection  became  so  unsavoury  that  he  was 
glad  to  throw  the  whole  into  the  deep.  On  a  second 
voyage  he  profited  by  past  experience,  and  having 
enclosed  his  corals  in  a  net  he  plunged  them  into  the 
sea,  and  fastening  the  net  by  a  rope  to  the  stern,  he 
allowed  it  to  be  dragged  in  the  wake  of  the  vessel  for 
several  days.  When  hauled  up  at  the  end  of  this  time, 
the  corals  were  found  to  be  sweet  and  pure.  The  little 
scavengers  of  the  deep  had  entered  the  minutest  cell, 
and  had  eaten  up  what,  in  consequence  of  putrefaction, 
would  soon,  as  on  a  former  occasion,  have  sent  forth  an 
off'ensive  odour." 

"  There  are  various  kinds  of  ciliated  polypes  ;  but  we 
mean  to  confine  our  attention  to  that  section  of  them  to 
which  Lamarck  has  given  the  name  of  Vorticella,  and 
only  to  a  few  of  these,  for  he  has  described  no  less  than 
20  species.  According  to  his  description,  they  are  very 
minute,  gelatinous,  and  ti'ansparent,  having  no  tentacula, 
but  having  around  the  mouth  cilia,  which  do  not  lay 
hold  of  their  prey,  but  which,  by  an  oscillating  or  rotatory 
motion  of  inexpressible  rapidity,  cause  the  water  con- 
taining the  animalcules  on  which  they  feed  to  enter  their 
mouth  as  a  little  whirlpool  or  vortex,  and  hence  the 
diminutive  term,  Vorticella. 

"  The  first  that  I  ever  observed  was  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  most  conspicuous  of  them — the  arborescent 
Vorticella.  I  had  brought  from  a  pond  a  handful  of 
aquatic  plants,  and  having  put  them  into  a  vase  with 
fresh-water,  I  soon  found,  as  1  expected,  that  I  had  made 
several  gi-een  Hydras  prisoners.  While  I  was  watching 
their  movements,  I  observed  a  sudden  jerk  in  something 
that  had  been  too  small  to  attract  my  attention  so  long 
as  it  remained  motionless.  Fixing  my  eye  on  it,  it 
Increased  in  size,  and  having  remained  r^iotionless  fur 
a  little,  by  another  sudden  jerk  it  became  so  small  that 
it  was  almost  invisible.  Having  watched  these  changes 
for  some  time,  I  saw  that  it  had  life,  and  bringing  it  near 
to  the  side  of  the  glass,  and  employing  a  pretty  powerful 
lens,  I  saw  that  what  to  the  naked  eye  had  seemed  a 
little  transparent  haze,  was  a  beautiful  little  creature, 
unlike  anything  I  had  ever  observed  before.  It  was  in 
the  form  of  a  little  crystal  shrub,  the  branches  of  which 
were  dichotomously  divided,  every  branch  terminating 
in  what  resembled  a  little  bell-shaped  flower.  Further 
observations  led  me  to  know  that  the  sudden  changes  of 
size  were  effected  by  a  beautiful  peculiarity  of  organisa- 
tion, —  that  the  stem  and  the  branches,  finer  than 
the  thread  of  a  spider's  web,  were  not  straight,  but 
spiral,  like  the  springs  formed  of  spiral  wires  ;  that 
it  could  coil  and  uncoil  these  elastic  springs  at  pleasure; 
that  it  rose  to  its  full  dimensions  when  seeking  its  food  ; 
and  that  when  the  rough  wave  conveying  some  rougher 
substance  was  passing  over  it,  I  conjectured  that  it  might 
be  consulting  its  safety  by  shrinking  almost  into  nothing, 
as  brave  soldiers  show  their  wisdom  by  faUing  flat  on  the 
battle-field  when  cannon-balls  and  grape  shot  are  passing 
over  them,  that  when  the  enemy  have  wasted  their 
strength,  they  may  rise  and  rush  upon  thera." 

"  The  next  that  came  under  my  notice  was  also  in 
fresh-water — Vortieclla  stentoria.  This  is  quite  a  giant 
among  this  pigmy  race,  for  when  fully  developed  it 
measures — not  half  a  fathom,  nor  half  a  foot,  nor  half 
an  inch, — but  half  a  line,  which  is  the  twenty-fourth 
part  of  an  inch.  This,  as  well  as  some  others,  has  been 
separated  from  the  Vorticella  by  generic  name,  and  there 
is  good  ground  for  the  distinction,  for  it  is  not  fixed  by 
a  stem  like  the  Vorticella  proper,  but  is  without  a  stem, 
and  in  shape  resembles  a  trumpet  or  horn,  not  unlike 
the  figure  of  a  cornucopia.  Though  generally  seen  in  a 
state  of  attachment,  it  can  disengage  itself  and  launch 
into  the  deep,  and  swim  with  considerable  rapidity,  for 
the  numerous  cilia  that  adorn  its  ample  mouth  act  as  so 
many  paddles.  When  swimming,  the  sharp  point  of 
attachment  is  drawn  up,  so  that  instead  of  resembling  a 
horn  it  is  like  a  round-bottomed  bag.  The  ciliated  band 
round  the  mouth  is  somewhat  spiral,  giving  additional 
elegance  to  its  appearance  ;  and  it  may  be  useful  as  well 
as  elegant,  acting  probably  as  a  purse-string  ;  and  woe 
to  the  little  monads  on  whom  that  devouring  purse 
closes, — there  is  no  escape.  The  Stentors  are  of  different 
colours,  some  red,  others  green  or  blue,  and  some  of 
'  them  have  the  body  as  well  as  the  mouth  gai-nished 
with  cilia,  doubtless  to  increase  their  powers  of  locomo- 
tiou." 

"  The  power  that  Hydroid  Zoophytes,  as  well  as  not 
a  few  other  marine  animals,  have  of  emitting  phospho- 
rescent light,  is  a  very  remarkable  property.  It  has 
now  been  observed  by  many,  and  is  well  deserving  of 
even  more  attention  than  it  has  yet  received. 

"  It  has  been  questioned  whether  this  phosphorescent 
fluid  is  a  secretion  of  life  and  health,  or  the  result  of 
some  partial  decay  and  decomposition.  Dr.  Johnston 
thinks  that  this  has  not  yet  been  ascertained,  but  seems 
rather  disposed  to  favour  the  latter  opinion.  '  No 
species,'  he  says,  '  lias  been  seen  luminous  in  its  natal 
site,  and  when  undisturbed;  but  after  being  torn  from 
their  attachments,  or  tossed  ashore  or  trodden  upon,  or 
carried  away  to  the  iiome  of  the  experimenter,  and 
variously  irritated,   then   the  tiny  lamps  shine  forth 


momcjitarily,  die  away  again,  and  are  noc  relit  unles^^ 
some  new  shock  or  injury  is  given.'  From  any  experi- 
ments that  I  have  made,  I  would  say  that  the  livelier 
and  fresher  they  were,  the  more  capable  they  were  of 
luminosity.  The  Sea-pen  is  of  the  Asicroida^  but  I 
found  it  as  luminous  as  those  of  the  Hjjdroida.  I  had 
not  the  opportunity,  indeed,  of  trying  the  experiment  on 
it  in  the  sea,  but  when  quite  alive  in  a  vase  of  sea^- 
water,  I  found  that  it  emitted,  when  smartly  touched,  a 
flash  of  phosphorescent  light.  When  I  bi-ought  Hydroid 
Zoophytes  from  the  sea  in  a  close  vasculum,  the  sea- 
water  adhering  to  the  seaweeds  kept  them  as  much 
alive  during  the  transit,  occupying  less  than  half  an 
hour,  as  if  they  had  remained  ou  the  rocks  on  which. 
the  seaweeds  grew,  and  where  many  of  them,  during 
every  ebb-tide,  are  quite  deserted  by  the  sea.  Taking 
them  into  a  darkened  room  half  an  hour  after  they 
were  removed  from  the  rocks,  I  found  the  phospho- 
rescent light,  when  they  were  shaken,  quite  brilliant. 
The  experience  of  Mr.  William  Thompson,  of  Belfast, 
an  accurate  observex",  seems  to  have  been  the  same. 
He  remarks,  *  I  do  not  think  it  probable  that  the 
luminosity  of  Zoophytes  is  caused  by  partial  decay  and 
decomposition  as  I  have,  especially  in  the  month  of 
January,  1834,  and  frequently  since,  observed  many 
species  to  put  forth  their  lights  vigorously  a  very  few 
hours — certainly  within  three — after  I  had  dredged 
them  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  They  were  not 
sooner  looked  at,  because  it  was  not  dark  till  about  that 
time  after  their  capture.  Torn  from  their  attachments 
these  certainly  were,  but  they  were  treated  tenderly, 
and  placed  in  a  huge  vasculum,  and  in  it  conveyed  to 
our  quarters.  The  Zoophytes  parasitic  on  Algre,  brought 
home  in  the  same  way,  made  their  positions  known  by 
exhibiting  their  tender  and  beautiful  lights,'  My  friend, 
Mr,  Hassall,  has  the  following  interesting  remarks,  in 
the  *  Annals  of  Natural  History,'  and  there  states 
that  he  had  ascertained  that  all  the  transparent 
Zoophytes  possess  highly  luminous  properties.  *  This 
fact,'  he  subjoins,  '  1  first  discovered  in  a  specimen 
of  Laomcdea  gelatinosa,  and  subsequently  in  a  great 
variety  of  other  species.  If  a  portion  of  it,  adhering 
to  the  seaweed  to  which  it  is  attached,  be  taken 
from  the  water  and  agitated,  a  great  number  of 
bright  phosphorescent  sparks  will  be  emitted  ;  these 
sparks  proceed  from  each  of  the  denticles  of  the  coralline 
containing  polypi,  and  the  phenomenon  is  equally 
apparent  whether  the  specimen  be  in  or  out  of  water. 
I  lately  had  an  opportunity  of  beholding  this  novel  and 
interesting  sight  of  the  phosphorescence  of  Zoophytes 
to  great  advantage,  when  on  board  one  of  the  Devon- 
shire trawling-boats,  which  frequent  this  coast.  The 
trawl  was  raised  at  midnight,  and  great  quantities  of 
corallines  were  entangled  in  the  meshes  of  the  networlij 
all  shining  like  myriads  of  the  brightest  diamonds.' " 

If  the  reader  would  know  what  Asteroida^  J/ydroida, 
and  Laomedea  are,  he  must  consult  Dr.  Landsborough's 
pages  and  plates. 


Garden  Memoranda. 

Messrs,  Sutxon  and  Sons',  Reabing,  Beeus. — This 
important  seed  establishment  is  situated  in  the  Marketr 
place  of  the  fine  old  town  of  Reading,  which  is  easily 
and  speedily  reached  from  London  by  the  Great  Western 
Railway,  The  shop  is  fitted  up  with  all  the  appliances 
and  conveniences  for  dispatch,  which  an  extensive 
business  demands.  Bulbs,  with  which  it  is  chiefly 
furnished  at  present,  are  all  labelled  with  printed  labels- , 
as  are  also  the  seeds,  which  are  put  up  in  packets  ready 
for  placing  in  collections  at  the  shortest  possible  notice. 
The  excellent  mode  of  labelling  everything  with  printed 
labels  is  worthy  of  especial  remark,  as  by  this  plan  the  possi- 
bility of  committing  mistakes  must  be  greatly  diminished. 
Behind  the  shop  is  an  extensive  double  range  of  ware- 
houses, which  are  occupied  by  garden  and  agricultural' 
seeds,  more  especially  Turnip  and  Grass  seeds,  of  both  of 
which  Messrs.  Sutton  have  one  of  the  best  collections  in 
the  country.  In  the  saving  of  these,  as  wefl  as  of  all  other 
seeds,  the  greatest  possible  care  is  taken,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  all  found  true  to  name.  Beyond  the  ware- 
houses is  a  small  garden  in  two  compartments,  both 
furnished  with  glass  houses  and  pits.  Here  the  vitafity 
of  the  different  kinds  of  seeds  is  tested,  and  the  gayer 
kinds  of  plants  kept  for  decorating  the  shop  and  for  sale-^ 
in  pots.  In  the  first  compartment  we  remarked  two 
pitfuls  of  nice  Pelargoniums  and  Cinerarias,  which  were 
set  on  a  sparred  stage,  with  a  chamber  Below,  in  which 
the  air  circulates  freely,  being  admitted  under  the 
trellis  work,  both  at  front  and  back,  through  apertures 
opened  and  closed  by  sliding  shutters.  Bulbs  in^^ 
pots  plunged  in  old  *  tan  were  coming  forward  ^ 
in  a  frame  covered  with  calico,  which  has  stood  1 
the  tear  and  wear  of  10  years,  and  still  it  answers  the 
purpose,  although  it  is  now  beginning  to  give  way.  It  j 
was  not  oiled  or  dressed  with  any  composition  whatever;.J 
tliat  having  been  found  to  "rot  the  calico,  causing  it  | 
(although  it  throws  oflf  the  water  a  little  better)  to  last  a- 
much  shorter  time  than  tluit  to  which  no  glazing  com- 
position has  been  applied.  In  the  second  department  was 
a  neat  half-span  roofed  Pelargonium  bouse,  well  ventilated 
at  front  and  back,  and  filled  with  promismg  plants  in 
8-ineh  pots.  The  front  shelf  was  covered  with  beautiful 
examples  of  Lee's  Flower  of  the  Day,  whose  handsomely 
variegated  foliage  renders  it  attractive  at  all  seasons. 
In  front  of  this  house  were  numerous  pits  filled  with 
Crimson,  China,  Fairy  and  other  Roses  ;  Mignonette,. 
Calceolarias,  Carnations,  and  plants  of  that  descriptiMi^- 
Some  of  these  pits  had  only  been  recently  erected,  and. 
were  glazed  with  panes  at  least  a  foot  in  length,  wluchi 


48—18  52.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


759 


have  the  advautage  of  permitting  more  light  to  pass 

through  them  tliau  smaller   ones.     The  borders  here, 

as  well  as  in  the  other  compartment,  were  filled  with 

tlie  better  kinds  of  Conifers,  both  in   pots  and  planted 

out,  and  wliich  looked  exceedingly  healtliy,  considering 

they  were  growing  in  a  town,     ivys  are  much  wanted, 

and  therefore  cultivated  largely  in  pots  here,  both  walls 

of  a  passao-e  connecting  the  two  gardens  just  mentioned  i  24  Blooms  :  Silver  Cup.    Mr.  G,  TH.vlor,  v.ho  had  Kiinr,  Qa^^en 

bem<^   covered   with    them.       The    principal    nursery,    «^,Eo«laD(i,  WiUia.n  Tell,  Benuty  Defiance,  Qa.en  otEPsiand 

,        o  ,    ,        .         ^      ^1  •  .   1  1-  f  1-  1        (tl'e  best  in  the  exbibitiou  ot  ibar,  vtinety  receiving  a  spacial 

however,  belonging  to  this   establishment   lies  on  the    j,^.ard).    Kiojr,    Nell    Gw>oue,   Ly^ias,    Nonpareil,    GolUtb, 

south  side  of  the  town,  in  a  fine  level  situation,  where    Noopareil,  Lysias,  Beauty,  Two-uuloured  Incurved,   PIu^us, 


iMhiJhiiib  1'iJ;:l:i,  (Jtiienil  ^ei,•^le^,  uu'l  Auuie  tj-ilti^i'.  Uiiei- 
colluetioiis  Were  stajjed,  Clusa  3,  bis  Pompouea  :  Some  of 
the  plunts  in  this  class  were  mar  vela  of  unique  culti- 
vatioi),  especinHy  four  of  tlie  tix  conEt'ituUni]^  ill 9  iliird 
cnUaction.  1,  Mr.  Flotmes,  with  Le  JonKlenr,  Henii  Cnauvfore, 
D'or,  La  Fiancee,  Elize  Miellez,  and  Mudele;  2,  Mr.  Argent, 
with  Minou  ?  Le  NainB^-IJe,  Solfaterre,  AnsehaQi  Surpiise, 
and  Autumnup  ;  3,  Mr.  G.  Smi'h,  Hornsey,  wUli  Autu'nnun, 
Snlfaterre,  MO'iele,   Asruoded,   Ninon,  anti   Surprise.     Cl'i-^s  4, 


tliere  is  a  good  soil  6  feet  deep  on  gravel,  so  that,  not 
withstanding  all  the  rains  we  have  lately  experienced, 
when  the  whole  valley  of  the  Thames  is  one  sheet  of 


Rosa  Mystica,  DuUe,  Dupont  de  I'Enre.  Plutus,  and  Two- 
coloured  ritcurved  ;  2,  Mr.  Shields,  wiih  King,  (ineen  of  iiiiKlaod, 
Goliath,  Kiug,  Ljsias,  Nonp'ireii,  DefiiiDee.  llacine.  Beauty, 
niadiioio  Audre,   Gem,    Dnpout  de  I'Kure,  Pio  Mono,    I'lurus, 


water,  this  ground  i's  comparatively  dry,  and  can  be  I  Rabe'aip,  and  The  Warden  ;  3,  Mr.  Scubj,  with  Midarae 
worked  with  facility.      Here  Roses,  fruit  trees,  ever- j  Cb""viere    Christine.  Cloth  of  Gold   Mad.^ 

J     ^      ...  -^  ,  .   a  ix-      ^    J     J.        ^1  Phidias,  ATinie  Salter,  Dupont  de  1  r.ure,  Beamy,    Dulte,  I  lo 

greens,  and  Lomlers  are  chiefly  cultivated,  together  jjon,^_  Noopartil.  Plutus,  G<.liath,  and  Ve&ta;  4,  Mr.  l-.ltiott, 
with  here  and  there  patches  of  the  most  choice  vege-  I  with  Princess  Marie,  Cloth  of  Guld,  Orlando,  Q'luen  of 
tables  for  trial.     Forest  "stuff"  is  not  encouraged,  the  '  England  Temple  of  Solomon,  Pilot,  Cyclops    BeHu.y.  Non- 

3  1     •        .  1      1 1      i      L  ■    J    t      1,1     i,  1  •    J  I  pariei,    Goliaib,    Pirdiae,   Dupont   de  1  hure,     Luciduin,    1  he 

ground  bemg  too  valuable  to  be  occupied  by  tliat  kind  ,  ^^^^^^^^  Formosu-...  and  Jenny  Lind  ;  5.  Mr.  James,  with 
of  cropping,  which  can  be  cheaply  "bought  in"  from  ,  QiieenofEut:laQ'l.D>;fiaQce,  King,  TheWarden,Phidias,Beauty, 
Other  quarters.  This  firm  have  also  given  up  the  saving  i  «oliath,  Duke,  Campestroni,  Nonpariei.  Dupont  de  I'Eure. 
nf  RvP  VpMip<;  qnd  Tlnvpr  in  nrdpv  that  ..nHiv'iHpd  '  ^^^^i^- T*^oo-"loured  Incurved,  Annie  Silter,  and  Sydenham  ; 
01  K}e,  \etc!ies,  ana  Llover,  in  oraei  tliat  undnidea  ^  ^^^.^^  Sanderson,  with  Clustered  Yellow,  Phidma,  Queen 
attention  may  be  given  to  the  finer  seeds,  such  as  those  j  ^f  England,  Anexa,  Cloth  ot  GoM,  King  p.mnosutu,  Tlie 
of  Turnip  and  Grass,  Of  the  latter,  examples  of  all  I  WarJeu,  Dupont  del'Eure,  Duke,  Sydenham,  Mudume  Audre, 
that  are  valuable  to  the  farmer,  or  for  forming  perma- !  Madame  Corht,  Annie  Salter  Aristides,  and  Reb.cca;  as 
.  ^  11      1    J  1  J  ii      1    t     11     1      rerarda  this  class,  the  rule  is  24:  blooms,  not  in-Te  tiiau  two 

nent  pastui-es,  are  collected  here,  and  correctly  labelled,  ^^'^^^^  ^f  any  one  variety.-Ciaas  5,  12  Blooms.  di,tiact:  1, 
so  that  an  opportunity  is  afiforded  of  inspecting  j  silver  Cup,  Mr.  Scruby,  who  sent  Cbristiue,  Annie  Sutter, 
their  different  characters  while  growing  in  the  same  I  Duke,  King,  Rabelaie,  Beauty,  Pio  Nono,  Queen  of  England, 
soil  Jinrl  im.^pp  nrppwplv  fliP  Mmp  trp«fmpnf  Tn  thp  I  l^'^sf^  Mystica,  Dupont  de  I'Eure,  Plutus,  and  Nonpareil; 
soil,_  ana  under  precisely  tlie  same  treatment,  in  tlie  L,  j^^^  ^^  Taylor,  with  Beauty,  Goliath,  King.  Nonpareil, 
horticultural  portion  ot  a  piece  ot  land  set  apart  \  uetiance,  Lysias,  Astre  BiiiUanf,  Nell  Gwynne,  Dupont 
as  *■'  sample  ground,"  we  remarked  rows  of  Broccolies,  I  de  PEure,  Duke,  Pio  Nono,  and  Plutus ;  3.  Mr.  hundel. 
Cabbages,  Lettuces,  &c.,  aU  growing  side  by  side,  I  "ith  Pio  Nono  Queen  of  England,  Pilot,  Themis  Duke 
-    -°     '-    -  _      '_  '  f  .       .  »         .        f    ,         ;  ,  Beauty,    Goliath,    Nonpareil,    Plutus,    Gem,     and    Clustered 

Yellow ;  4,  Mr.  G.  Smith,  with  Wiiliaui  Tell,  Goliath.  Cloth  of 
Gold,  Queen  of  England,  Duke,  Kiug,  Pio  N.^mt,  The  Warden, 
Dupont  dePEure,  Plutus,  Pormosuuj,  and  Nell  Gwjone ;  Mr. 
Sauderson,  Mr.  Elliott,  Mr,  Hutton.  Mr.  Holmes,  aud  other.", 
were  also  eshibitore  in  this  class.  Class  6,  six  blooms  :  In  thiti 
13  collections  were  produced — 1.  Mr.  G.  Taylor,  with  Beauty, 
Goliath,  Nonpareil,  King,  Dupont  de  I'Eme,  and  Plutus, 
2,  Mr.  Hutton,  with  Dupont  de  1'  Eure,  Pormosum; 
Plutus,  Nonpareil,  Defiance,  and  Duke;  3,  Mr.  JameH, 
with  Queen  of  En^^land,  Phidias,  Defiance,  Goliath, 
Nonpareil,  and  Dupont  de  I'Eure.  Mr.  HolmeiJ,  Mr.  Williams, 
Mr.  EUiotr,  Mr.  Sanderson,  Mr.  Scruby,  and  Mr.  Kirby,  also 
sent  collectiona,  which  contained  nearly  the  same  varieiiea  as 
those  above  mentioned.  Class  7,  six  bluoms,  coiupeti-d  in  only 
hy  members  who  had  never  taken  a  Chrjsdutheinum  priiie  ; 
1.  Mr.  Algar,  with  Nonpareil,  Goliath,  King,  Dupont  de  I'Eure, 
Beauty,  and  Plutus;  2,  Mr.  Farrier;  3  Mr.  G.  Hutton; 
4,  Mr.  Monk;  5,  Mr,  Michail.  New  liowete  let  out  by 
Mr.  J.  Salter :  1,  Mr.  G.  Taylor,  with  Miss  Kate,  Nell  Gwynne, 
and  Fortune;  2.  Mr.  James,  with  Nell  Qwjuue,  Vcrsnilles, 
Defiance,  aud  Fortune.  Anemone  blooms,  six  vtirieties;  1, 
Mr.  Scruby,  with  Fleur  de  Maria,  Gluck,  Naucie  de  Sarme*", 
Margaret  d'Anjou,  Dtborah,  and  Su  pbeur  tleur.  2,  Mr.  G. 
Smith,  with  Margaret  d'Anjou,  Fltur  de  Marie,  Gluck.  Monte- 
bello,  Nancie  de  Sarmet,  aud  Astre  da  jour.  Mr.  W.  Ivery,  of 
Peckbam,  contributed  a  nicely-flowered  aud  well-varied 
collection  of  Pom  [ion  ee,  amoaK  which  wera  La  Pactole, 
Perfecta,  Circe,  Asmodv;u«,  Solfaterre,  Au'.umnus.  LaFitncej, 
Geraldo,  Ciitenoo,  Elize,  Mignonette,  Dapbuis,  iSic,  A  newand 
rich  deep  yellow  named  Chevalier  Dumege,  of  the  largefljwered 
class  was  also  sent  by  Mr.  Ivery. 


and  labelled  with  their  names  in  full ;  also  beds  of 
choice  Beets,  Carrots,  »S:c.,  for  transplanting  for  seed. 
Upwards  of  30  varieties  of  Peas  had  been  grown 
here,  but  they  were  cleared  off,  with  the  exception  of 
Sutton's  Goliath,  which  was  still  producing  pods  and 
blossom,  although  it  was  sown  on  the  2"2d  of  August. 
It  is  therefore  a  good  Pea  for  a  late  crop,  and  it  appears 
to  be  very  productive  ;  its  flavour  resembles  that  of 
Knight's  Marrowfat.  Many  sorts  of  Potatoes  had  been 
cultivated  here,  but  now  stored  away.  Messrs.  Sutton 
stated  that  from  notes  made  at  the  time  of  digging  up, 
Soden's  Early  Oxford  and  the  Early  Walnut-leaf  Kidney 
were  the  earliest,  and  that  the  Red  Ash-leaf,  Dr. 
Nelson's  Favourite,  and  British  Queen,  were  the  most 
productive  second  early  varieties.  Of  agricultural  crops, 
a  compartment  was  allotted  to  Turnips,  containing 
about  40  varieties  of  Swedish,  hybrid,  and  other  kinds. 
Of  the  former,  the  best  appeared  to  be  Sutton's  Purple- 
top  and  Rivers's  Stubble  Swede.  Among  hybrids, 
Sutton's,  Skirving's,  Dale's,  and  Rivers'  Yellow  Stone 
are  all  especially  worthy  of  mention.  Chivas's  Orange 
Jelly  was  particularly  fine,  both  as  regards  smoothness  and 
colour  J  aud  Ballantine's  Yellow  is  likewise  a  promising 
kind.  The  largest  Turnip  in  the  grounds  was  the  new 
Lincolnshire  Red,  so  called  from  its  being  brought 
originally  from  that  county  by  Philip  Fuse}',  Esq.,  who 
presented  the  stock  to  Messrs.  Sutton.  Of  Mangolds 
and  Beet  (which  were  of  great  size),  we  noticed  a  large 
red  variety  called  the  Elvetham  Long  Red,  a  new  sort 
introdaced  by  Messrs.  Sutton  ;  also  very  finely  formed 
Yellow  Globe  Mangold,  besides  the  large  Crimson  Beet, 
and  the  White  Silesia  Sugar  Beet.  There  were  also 
Kohl  RabI,  Drumhead,  and  other  Cabbages,  White 
Belgian  Carrots,  and  a  very  large  new  red  variety, 
which  seemed  likely  to  vie  with  the  White  Belgian  itself 
for  size.  An  interesting  feature  connected  with  Messrs. 
Sutton's  establishment  is  a  library  and  reading-room, 
which  adjoins  the  office  on  the  first  floor  over  the 
front  shop  ;  this  is  furnished  with  all  the  leading 
periodicals  and  standard  works  on  gardening,  together 
with  Chambers's  works,  the  monthly  volumes,  and 
other  books  belonging  to  the  Religious  Tract  Society. 
One  of  the  shopmen  acts  as  librarian,  and  there  is  a 
liat  of  the  books  hung  up  in  the  room,  which  is  open  to 
all  the  men  and  boys  on  the  establishment. 


FLORICULTURE. 

_ —  « 

Violets. — According  to  your  notice  of  his  Treatise, 
at  p.  743,  Mr.  Tiley  saya  the  Russian  Superb  Violet 
requires  tlie  same  treatment  aa  the  Neapolitan.  As  tiie 
Ru^ian  Superb  is  a  species  of  my  own  raising,  and  baa 
been  saccessfully  cultivated  in  large  quantities  in  my 
garden  for  these  five  years  past,  1  am  enabled  deci- 
sively to  contradict  the  statement.  No  flower  can 
possibly  be  hardier,  and  instead  of  its  requiring  the 
slielter  of  glass,  or  any  protection  whatever  from  the 
weather,  it  would  i>e  greatly  injured  by  sucli  treat- 
ment. U  blooms  profusely  (roni  September  to  March 
in  Uie  most  open  nituations,  which  uideed  are  selected 
as  preferable  for  it,  and  the  scent  i^  superior  to  that  of 
any  Violet  with  which  i  am  acquainted.  JL  SituchUlj 
Dafh. 

8T»rtH!  SfWIIIOTOB  rilKTfAKTnKHOH  NOCIETT.  Novtmhdr  T^.— 

Tbe  rxbli'Ul'in  on  ibiii  occasion  fnlly  mnlutwliiiiU  itjc  htK^ 
Cbartcter  nhlch  lis  prtrJeA«»ii'iti  h4Ve  iiri  lunif  hehl.  and  It  nun 
w»ll  lit  (n'I'-d.  Tne  ftfilowlnz  U  a  lUt  of  iho  uw  trdu  :— Clft^n  ], 
Bpccfmon  Plan>t:  1.  Mr.  H^mibr,  wttb  a  larKe  R'trfiMv^hw  ovi-r 
(mwn  o(ampl«  of  D"fl«nci',  It  wit*  at  l«ant  U  fent  ihroudli 
W*l(  ol'>  \i»A  with  loltatfft,  hii't  iii«Liriiliintly  11  jwcrcd  ;  but  iho 
bl(HfiDii,  tiiinih'-riri{[  at  Itiint  VMi),  witre  utTUtinly  iituch  lii'crl'ir 
to  thotf;  ri'prfiiHnlvfl  by  tho  <;iit  %\i^v\\nM\%\  'I,  Ur.  Iiiiri<1"),  with 
Madarui)  I'okkI.  He*«ral  plant*  uf  iinvvu  of  iur)h(lHiul  w«ra 
aUfftid,  ilti  bMt  couAun  from  Mr.  hcruby  ;  V,  Mr.  IIoIiixih; 
a«  Ur.  Joiutr*.  Cluiio  'i,  fclx  I'l&nta;  1,  Hilvur  Cujf,  Mr  Uolriica, 
with    Uadarne    Cain'-rfi'in,     Chrlttlije,     Annlo    Sultvr.     I'lXtt, 


Cahnations  and  Picotees  :  A  T.  Ifbu  may  eafely  artd  to  jour 
collection  General  Monk  (Paxlej),  C.  B,  ;  Maguilicuut  (Scho- 
field),  R.  F. ;  Lady  Mucbeth  (Mayi,  h.  led  ;  Aim  (Schoheld), 
ni'^dium  red;  Bndtsmaid  (Matthews),  I.  parpiw ;  llaidee 
{Fellowes),  1.  purple  ;  Victoria  Regina  (Marris),  h,  rose  or 
scarlet;  Couutesa  (Fellowes),  h.  purple;  Julia  (May),  h. 
rose;  and  Unexpected  (Marris),  h,  rose. —  W  ^V-  Ovviuj!  to 
the  lone  wet  weather  we  have  had,  the  "  vlasutjd  sp^»t"ia 
running  riot  to  an  extent  such  as  few  of  us  can  remaiuber, 
and  none  desire  again  to  witness.  The  prevc-n'.ive  is, 
give  all  the  air  possible,  never  losing  evtn  a  few 
minutes  during  a  dry  day.  Pick  off  the  bpotted  leaves. 
The  thick  fleshy-foliaged  horts,  as  Dodwell'd  Alrred  purtjie 
Picotee,  djc,  need  particular  attention,  and  require  at  tliis 
time  less  moistura  at  ihe  rout  than  the  mote  delicnte  groi^io)^ 
iirids  ;  but  all  should  bo  kept  dry  aa  far  ub  possible  boih 
above  and  belutv,  aud  general  cleaiUmess  muat  not  bu 
neglected.  Wwfear  March  will  be  a  trjing  time  lor  these 
flowers. 

Cataloqde  received  from  Messrs.  Henderflon  and  Son,  WeU 
lington-road  Nursery,  St,  John'o  Wood. —  WE  R.  Rcceiveci. 

IIoLLSHOCKs  :  Alpha.  To  assist  in  preventing  damping  otF, 
remove  all  decajing  leaves  as  soon  as  detected.  Keep  the 
light  tilted  for  the  purpose  of  giving  air  ;  by  no  means  plant 
out  now;  Wait  until  spring.  Vou  can  obtain  all  the  sorts 
enumerated  from  any  respectable  dealer. 

Pansies  :  A  L.  If  jour  plants  are  vigorous  the  production  of  a 
few  stray  blooms  will  not  barm  them.  IStouk  should  be  Uept 
dibbudded,  which  teud«  to  promote  strength. 

FlNRe:  W  H.  There  la  little  remedy  now  ;  you  should 
have  attended  to  tho  instructions  given  at  pUuiiug  time. 
Try  however  the  effect  of  deepening  the  alleyh,  or  oveu 
forking  up  their  burface.  Both  proceusea  will  asaiat  in  drying 
tbe  beds.  Do  not  "eaith  up"  up  your  plaute;  bupport  th» 
longest  by  a  twig. 

Tolipb:  Alarmist.  Ae  yet  no  danger  need  be  apprehended.  We 
only  planted  uur  best  bed  ( lUU  rows),  ou  the  ItJtb  inst.,  which 
ie  V^  days  later  than  usual.  J  E. 


TJcflan  r.  iiri<1  Mount  f-Jtm 
b*tt ;  It,  Mr.  Her'iby.  tvliti 


Miscellaneous. 

Perlhahirc  HorikuAtv.ral  Society. — We  learn  from  the 
Perthshire  Advert isei-  that  tho  lueinbei-B  of  this  Society 
have  presented  Mr.  David  Jackson,  the  actiiij^  clerk  <jf 
that  association,  with  a  silver  watch,  with  golil  chain 
and  appendagcH,  and  a  niasaive  silver  pen  and  pencil- 
case,  aa  token.4  of  the  Wu^h  estiniatiou  in  wliich  hi.s 
hitherto  unrewankd  ficrvices  arc  held.  Mr.  Jackson 
had  perfonned  tlio  dutif^s  of  Iiih  ollico  h»r  tho  last  seven 
-  I  yoarM,  during  all  \vhit:h  period  his  attendaiico  to  tlie 
.Sucic'ty's  trauHactions  had  been  unremitting,  and  was 
entirely  a  labour  of  love. 

J'iritt  AfosH  Husm. — On  the  first  hitmJuction  of  Iho 
old  rc'l  MoHH  Kobe,  it  waei  Kent  over  with  Honio  platitH  of 
Oran;;o  trees  from  tho  Ituhan  Statea  I0  Mr,  Wroucli, 
then    a     nurHci-ymari    and     gardener   at    KrooinhouHe, 


.,f  ih«««  ihe  'bird  and  JK-h  wi-r*.    Kulliam,  in  or  al)out  tlic  yi^ur  I  l^h.     U  I'lMnainod  in  that 
,^-        „  ..     ,    ,.         ,/«"«;-'?•*«'*;;•  ""''7;*',  ^-'r^'"''' I  family  near^ 

iMMoc*.  belle  'Its  VerimllKK    Anrilo  HulMir,  ait'l  Chrla'lne;  3,  1     .         •'         ,      •^    ,,      •^  *  r     t  c  i-  c 

Ur,   iliiisu,   niUi    l>«ilaQc«,    Madame    Camcriou,    MludrvaJ  <-'ii^i:ulitl^'^  until  a  nurseryman  ot  the  naiuu  ol  Urcy,  ol 


the  l-'aiham  nuisery.  now  .Messrs.  Usbum's,  brougli';  it 
into  note.     In  ppeaking  of  the  lirst  production  of  the 
white  Moss  Rose,  which  tool:  place  in  the  year  17BrJ, 
the  first  birth  was  from  a  .sucker  or  under-ground  shoot. 
My  lather,  Henry  Shailer,  nurseryman,  of  Little  Chelsea, 
an  extensive  grower  of  Moss  Roses,*  perceiving  it  to  he  a 
Iwius  naturce  from   a  stool  of   the  red    Moss,   cut  it 
otl'    and    budded    it    on  the    white    Provins,  or  Rose 
La    Blanche    Unique.       The    buds  flowered    the  fol- 
lowing   season    a  pale    blush  ;  he  budded  them  again 
the    following    season  ;    it    became    nuich    whiter  ;    it 
was   then  figured   in    Amlrew's  "  Rosery,"  under   the 
name  of   Shailer's  White  iMoss.     He  then  sold  it  out, 
the  first  plants  to  Lord  Kinibolton,  then  to  the  Marquis 
of  Blandford,  Lady  de  Clifford,  the  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
&c.,  at  five  guineas  per  plant.     He  continued  to  sell  it 
at  that  price  for  three  years  ;  he  then  entered  into  a 
contract  with  Messrs.  Lee  and  Kennedy  of  Hammer- 
smith, they  taking  as  many  plants  as  lie  could  grow  for 
three  years  at  20s.  per  plant,  binding  him  not  to  sell  to 
any  one  else  under  4'2s.  per  plant.     After  cutting  down 
the  shoots  which  produced  the  white  Moss,  it  threw  up 
two  weak  shoots  which  he  budded  from,  they  flowered 
the  second  season  from  the  buds  ;  that  was  the  birth  of 
the  striped  Moss  liose,  a  most  beautiful  and   delicate 
variety,  but  when  grown  very  strong,  apt  to  go  back  to 
the  original  parent.     The  first  production  ot  the  single 
red  Moss  Rose  in  1807,  was  a  sport  of   nature  ;   my 
father  sent  some  plants  of  Moss  Roses  down  to  a  nursery- 
man of  the  name  of  Essex,  in  Colchester;  on  the  receipt 
of  a  letter  from  that  person,  I  went  with  my  father  to 
see  it  when  it  was  in  bloom  ;  I  took  some  cuttings  away 
with  me  to  hud,  and  fetched  the  original  plant  away  in 
the  following  autumn  to  our  nursery  at  Little  Chelsea  ; 
from  there  we  sent  the  first  plants  out  at   os.     On  the 
first  production  of  the  old  scarlet  Moss  Rose,  which  is 
a  semi-double,  it  flowered  on  a  plant  given  hy  my  father 
to   his  brother,  Mr.  F.  Shailer,  of  Cook's  Ground,  and 
Queen's  Elm,  Chelsea,  in  1808,  nui'seryman  ;  the  first 
production  of  the  Moss  de  Meaux,  was  from  a  sport  of 
nature  from  the  old  De  Meaux,  in  the  neiglibourliood  of 
Bristol,  but  brought  into  a  high  state  of  perfection  by 
Messrs.  Lee  of  Hammersmith,     The  birth  of  the  Sage- 
leaf  Moss  Rose,  I  must  claim  myself ;  it  was  a  sport  of 
nature  ;  I  discovered  it  ou  a  Sunday  afternoon,  in  the 
month  of  June,  1813;  I  sold  the  whole  stock  to  Messrs. 
Lee,  of  Hammersmilh.    It  has  a  delicate  shell-like  lorm, 
and  is  a  beautiful  blush  ;  it  is  now  nearly  extinct.     The 
Rose    Blanche    Unique,   or    White    Provins,  was  dis- 
covered hy  Mr.  Daniel  Grimwood,  of  Little  Chelsea, 
nurseryman  ;  he  was  on  a  journey  of  business  in  the 
county  of  Norfolk,  in  the  mouth  of  July,  1775,  when 
riding  very  leisurely  along  the  road,  he  perceived  a  Rose 
of  great  whiteness  in  a  mill,  he  aliglited,  and  ou  close 
inspection  he  discovered  it  to  be  a  Provins  Rose ;  he 
then  sought  an  interview  with  the  inmate  of  the  mill, 
who  was  an  elderly  female  ;  he  begged  a  flower,  which 
was   instantly   given    him  ;    in  return  he   gave  her  a 
guinea.     In  cutting  off  the  flower  he   cut   tliree  buds  ; 
he  went  to  the  first  inn,  packed  it  up,  and  sent  it  direct 
to  my  father,  at  his  nursery,  Little  Chelsea,  who  -was 
then  his  foreman,  requesting  him  to  bud  it,  which  he 
did,  and  two  of  the  buds  grew  ;  in  the  following  autumn 
he  went  down  to  the  same  place,  where  for  five  guineas 
he   brought  the  whole  stock  away  ;  he  then  made  an 
arrangement  with  my   father  to  propagate  it,  allowing 
him  5s.  per  plant  for  three  years  ;  at  the  expiration  of 
that  time  he  sold  it  out  at  "21^.  per  plant,  my  father's 
share  amounting  to  upwards  of  300/.     Mr.  Grimwood 
sent  the  old  lady  at  the  mill  a  superb  silver  tankard,  &c,, 
to  the  amount  of   601.       The    Shailer's   Provins,    or 
Rosa  gracilis,  so  named  by  Messrs,   Lee,   was  raised 
from  the  seeds  of  the  spineless  or  Virgin's  Rose,  sown 
by  myself  in   1799,  and  flowered  in   1802  ;  we  raised 
numerous   varieties   from  seed   up  to  1816  :  generally 
selling  them  to  Messrs.  Lee,  who  sent  them  out  under 
their  own  naming.     I  can  vouch  for  the  truth   of  the 
above.  //.  Shailcr,  Chapel  Narscrj/,  Battcvsea  Fields  ;  in 
Qardeners'  Record. 

Broccoli  —  Broccolies  ai-e  now  so  numerous  that 
it  is  difficult  to  select  kinds  suitable  to  keep  up  a 
succession  through  the  autumn  and  winter  months  : — 
1 .  Snow's  Superb  Early  White  :  heads  middle-sized, 
well  protected  with  leaves  ;  hai'dy.  If  sown  early  in 
March,  the  first  week  in  May,  middle  of  June,  and  the 
end  of  August,  the  produce  ^ill  be  fit  for  table  during  the 
mouths  of  November,  December,  January,  and  March; 
and  if  tho  season  be  mild,  the  last  sowing  will  succeed  the 
spring  Cauliflower.  2.  Waleheren  :  this  closely  re- 
sembles Caulifiower,  being  white,  excellent,  and  large. 
If  sown  tho  third  week  in  March,  it  will  be  in  season 
tlirough  August  and  September.  Sown  in  May,  it  will 
come  into  use  in  December  and  January.  If  the  weather 
is  miM,  it  ia  very  serviceable  for  sowing  with  autumn 
Cauliflower  for  use  in  June.  3.  White  Capo  :  this  is 
a  very  useful  variety,  of  intermediate  size ;  if  true, 
forming  compact  heads.  If  sown  in  April  and  May,  it 
I  is  ill  Bcason  throughout  January  and  February.  4. 
Adams'  Early  Whito  :  is  large  and  good,  and  rather 
new  if  sown  in  April  and  May.  It  is  in  season  in 
February  and  tho  beginning  of  March.  5.  Grange's 
Early  WhltL-  (Sjti.,  J.lath  White,  Marsliaira  Early  White, 
Invisiblo  Wlilu)  :  11  nown  at  three  diltcivnt  periods, 
viz.,  April,  May,  anil  Juiie,  it  ib  in  use  from  tho  end  of 
Oi-tobcr  lo  Ful)ruiiry,  according  to  tho  season,  (i.  Early 
Purple  Capo  (Syn.,  Grungu'a  Early  Purple  Cape,  Blue 
Caiiu)  :  sown  in  May  and  June,  it  continues  in  use  from 


1.''uuI]<d<:i'h  IliBtcry  ut  Chulacu. 


760 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Nov.  27, 


fciepLeiuUer  till  January.  It  suwu  in  tlie  latter  eud  of 
August,  and  the  young  plants  pricked  out  on  a  dry 
sloping  bankj  it  will  stand  the  winter  with  little  pro- 
tection, and  will  come  into  use  about  the  middle  of 
June.  U.  Man%  Froymore,  in  Turnei'^s  Florist^  Fncitist, 
and  Garden  Miscellany^ 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  week.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
As  the  principal  part  of  the  bulbous  and  herbaceous- 
rooted  stove  plants  will  by  this  time  be  at  rest,  their 
room  may  be  filled  with  spare  Ferns  and  Lycopods 
from  the  Orchid-house ;  the  graceful  habit  of  these 
plants,  when  mixed  with  the  remaining  stove  plants, 
will  present  a  pleasing  variety  through  the  winter 
months.  Some  of  the  small-leaved  species  are  useful 
ingredients  for  bouquets  at  this  season,  and  others 
make  elegant  plants  for  placing  in  tazzas  and  baskets, 
to  decorate  rooms,  vestibules,  &c.  To  preserve  the 
bloom  of  plants  in  perfection  for  any  length  of  time  in 
the  present  damp  weatlier,  the  internal  air  must  be 
kept  comparatively  dry,  increasing  the  fire  heat  slightly 
in  wet  weather,  to  allow  for  extra  air  being  kept 
on,  to  keep  down  damp.  OncaiD-iiousE. — Most  of 
the  species  will  be  at  rest,  and  should  be  pro- 
vided with  a  house  wherein  a  dry  and  moderate  tem- 
perature can  be  maintained,  to  preserve  the  plants 
in  a  dormant  state.  Some  of  the  more  hardy  kinds 
may  be  wintered  in  a  temperature  ranging  between  45" 
and  60",  along  with  Cacti  and  other  succulent  plants  ; 
during  this  stage  they  may  be  fully  exposed  to  the  light 
with  benefit.  It  will  not,  however,  be  safe  to  risk  the 
natives  of  warmer  climes  in  so  low  a  temperature,  and 
their  rest  should  be  induced  as  much  by  a  suspension 
of  humidity  as  by  lowering  the  temperature,  while  those 
from  the  hottest  parts  of  the  tropics  should  not  be 
permitted  in  a  temperature  lower  than  60"  even  during 
the  winter  ;  these  latter  will  require  syringing  occa- 
sionally on  bright  days.  Plants  in  pits  will  require  to 
be  freely  ventilated,  and  if  there  is  a  possibility  of 
applying  fire-heat,  make  use  of  that  as  a  means  of 
preserving  theni  from  damp  and  mildew;  the  same 
treatment  will  be  requisite  to  greenhouse  plants  in 
general,  as  we  fear  mauy  hard-wooded  plants  have  not 
ripened  their  wood,  and  will  be  subject  to  mildew  in 
consequence. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
Vinery. — It  will  be  of  the  greatest  importance  to 
next  season's  crop,  if  our  previous  directions  on  keeping 
the  outside  borders  of  Vineries  protected  from  heavy 
rains  have  been  carried  out,  otherwise  the  excess  of 
rain  which  has  fallen  witliiu  the  last  month,  will  in  all 
probability  rot  off  .{be  iiiVe, active  roots  of  the  Vine  in 
ill-drained,  or  too  dpep  b^irders,  and,  we  feai-,  will  pro- 
'duce  failures  in  abundance  next  season.  Where  no 
protection  has  been  applied,  no  time  should  be  lost  in 
covering  them  with  the  best  means  at  hand  for  throwing 
off  future  wet.  The  fermenting  material  on  the  early 
house  border  will  most  likely  have  I'eceived  a  check 
from  the  late  rains,  in  which  case  an  addition  of  dry 
litter  or  leaves  should  be  put  on,  to  promote  a  s'ight 
warmth,  taking  care  either  to  cover  with  tarpauling,  or 
to  thatch  it  again  afterwards.  If  the  buds  begin  to 
swell,  increase  the  day  temperature  slightly  ;  but  while 
the  weather  keeps  mild,  as  at  present,  be  cautious  in 
making  fires  by  night.  Early  Peach-house. —  If 
the  house  is  started,  close  eai'ly  in  the  day,  and  syringe 
with  tepid  water  at  the  same  time  ;  the  successioual 
houses  may  be  pruned  and  dressed,  to  be  in  readiness 
for  starting  when  required  ;  the  sashes  should  always 
■be  put  on  before  the  trees  are  dressed,  as  it  will  prove 
■more  efficacious  in  destroying  insects  when  allowed  to 
remain  on  the  wood  for  sometime.  PiNEsgrown  byduug- 
heat  should  have  their  linings  examined  and  kept  in 
working  order  by  the  addition  of  fresh  litter  ;  keep  up 
a  good  ventilation  to  prevent  drawing  in  the  present  dark 
weather.  Cucumbers. — To  keep  these  in  bearing  through 
the  winter  a  steady  bottom  heat  of  about  85^  is  indis- 
pensable, for  although  they  will  succeed  in  less  warmth, 
the  fruit  swells  faster,  when  the  roots  are  kept  active  by 
a  brisk  bottom  heat ;  expose  the  foliage  to  as  much 
light  as  your  house  will  admit ;  keep  the  shoots  thiu, 
and  water  when  they  require  it  with  liquid  manure  the 
temperature  of  the  bed;  encourage  the  growth  of  surface 
roots  by  occasional  surfacinga  with  light  and  very  rich 
compost.  Mildew  must  be  kept  down  by  dusting  with 
dry  sulphur  wlienever  it  appears  ;  the  house  should  not 
fall  below  70"  by  night,  and  may  advance  to  90*^  in  sun- 
shine ;  a  gentle  and  regular  ventilation  should  be 
maintained  day  and  night. 

PLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 

Nothing  can  be  attempted  '\n  the  way  of  out-door 
work,  except  cleaning  up,  whenever  the  weather  will 
permit.  The  stock  of  plants,  cuttings,  &c.,  for  next 
season,  will  require  extx-a  attention  to  keep  them  from 
damp,  and  to  prevent  any  tendency  to  growth  which 
the  present  mild  weather  may  induce.  Keep  the  stock 
hardy  by  giving  them  air  night  and  day,  which  will  help 
to  prepare  them  for  hard  weather  when  it  comes.  See 
that  Dah  ia  roots  and  flower  garden  bulbs  in  general, 
out  of  ground,  are  in  a  dry  place  and  properly  labelled. 
When  nothing  can  be  done  out-doors  employ  the  hands 
iu  ^making  labels,  layering-pegs,  and  in  pointing  wire 
trellising,  tree  guards,  garden  seats,  and  anytlnng  which 


may  now  ue  out  of  use.  Cuttings  of  Chinaj  Noisette, 
and  Bourbon  Roses  may  now  be  put  in  in  the  reserve 
garden,  as  well  as  Honeysuckles,  Ribeses,  and  various 
other  hardy  shrubs.  Mulch  the  ground  after  the 
cuttings  are  in,  to  keep  out  frost. 

FLORISTS'    FLOWERS. 

There  are  many  casualties  to  prevent  in  the  growth  of 
florists'  flowers,  besides  ensuring  their  superior  culti- 
vation ;  during  the  past  week  we  have  had  a  fine  bed  of 
young  Pansy  plants  eaten  over  close  to  the  ground  by  short- 
tailed  field  mice.  Their  devastation  was  only  stayed  by 
entrapping  the  whole  party  ;  similar  precautions  must 
be  taken  wherever  plants  are  attacked.  Tulip  bulbs  are 
suffering  where  not  planted  ;  the  very  first  opportunity 
must  be  seized  to  get  them  in.  Auriculas,  Carnations, 
and  Pinks,  in  pots,  should  have  all  the  air  possible  ;  just 
sufficiently  moist  is  essential  for  all,  but  excess  is  highly 
prejudicial.  Seedling  Polyanthuses,  in  beds,  must  be 
carefully  examined;  they  are  not  only  drawn  out  of 
the  ground  by  worms,  but  are  also  ravaged  by  slugs — 
many  valuable  varieties  have  been  lost  for  want  of  a 
little  attention  at  this  season  of  the  year.  Fasten  all 
the  plants  well,  and  top-dress  with  decayed  vegetable 
mould. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
The  l;md  is  now  so  saturated  with  wet,  that  digging 
and  trenching  should  not  be  attempted,  except  on 
the  di-iest  soils  ;  and  for  the  same  reason,  the  sowing 
and  planting  of  crops  should  be  postponed  till  a  moi-e 
favourable  time  arrives.  If  draining  is  requisite  to  any 
part  of  the  premises  it  should  now  be  put  in  hand  ;  as 
may  the  formation  or  repairing  of  walks,  roads,  &c.  ; 
these,  and  forwarding  on  wet  days  any  work  under 
cover,  which  will  save  time  hereafter,  is  all  that  can  be 
done  ;  for  it  is  worse  than  useless  working  upon  land  in 
its  present  state.  See  that  a  mild  steady  heat  is  kept  up 
to  Rhubarb,  Kale,  and  Asparagus  ;  the  more  slowly  they 
are  brought  forward  the  better  will  their  quality  be 
when  fit  for  the  table.  Successioual  crops  should  be 
commenced  agreeably  with  the  demand.  French  Beans 
in  pits  will  require  fire  heat  to  keep  them  in  bearing, 
sow  successioual  crops  in  small  pots  every  fortnight,  for 
the  Pine-houses  or  pits  ;  when  potted,  place  them  near 
the  glass.  Keep  a  humid  atmosphere  in  the  Mushroom 
house  ;  fires  will  be  necessary  ;  give  air  daily — it  not 
only  preserves  them  from  damping  off,  but  the  Mush- 
rooms are  more  solid,  juicy,  and  higher  in  flavour  ; 
preserve  the  droppings  from  the  stable-yard  under  cover 
for  successioual  beds  ;  turn  them  over  three  or  four 
times  weekly  to  keep  them  from  heating ;  when  sufficient 
is  ready,  beds  may  be  made  as  wanted. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Whenever  the  state  of  the  weather  will  permit  of  the 
soil  being  woi'ked,  it  is  a  great  advantage  to  fork  the 
ground  about  the  fruit  bushes  lightly  over,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  worli.  in  some  well-rotted  manure  amongst 
the  roots;  the  same  operation  buries  the  leaves,  and 
gives  to  the  whole  a  neat  and  orderly  appearance.  The 
requisite  pruning,  staking,  and  tying  should  be  first 
performed,  to  prevent  the  necessity  of  ti'eading  upon 
the  ground,  after  it  has  been  forked.  If  the  Raspberry 
canes  were  not  thinned  in  the  autumn,  they  should  now 
be  reduced  to  four  of  the  strongest  on  each  stool,  re- 
jecting any  which  may  have  been  deteriorated,  by 
producing  fruit  in  autumn  ;  and,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  entirely  removing  all  the  old  canes.  The  stakes 
should  then  be  examined,  and  renewed,  if  necessary, 
fixing  them  perfectly  upright  in  straight  lines,  and 
cutting  them  to  one  uniform  height,  that  the  whole 
may  bear  evidence  of  good  workmanship.  When  fork- 
ing in  the  top- dressings,  a  little  pams  should  be  taken 
to  destroy  the  embryo  suckers  which  are  visible  on  any 
of  the  roots. 


STATE  OP 

R  LONDON, 

rHE  WEATHER  NE.« 

For  th«  week  eodins  Nov.  ^3, 185i\  aNobBerved  at  the  Horticultural  Gardens, 
ChiBwick. 

<.; 

1               Tbupbuatoks, 

Not. 

8 

Of  the  Air. 

Ofthe  Earth. 

Wind. 

& 

Mu. 

Mln. 

Uax. 

Mtai. 

Heu 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  feel 
deep. 

Friday.. 

19 

29.;53 

2954S 

63 

36 

44.5 

48 

48 

SK 

"i 

Sfttur.  .. 

*?(! 

9 

29.5&tt 

29.^4 

53 

43 

4S.0 

47 

47 

S. 

:-ih 

Sundft7 

V!l 

Kl 

29.1196 

29.034 

64 

45 

49.5 

474 

^7i 

S.K, 

MooAaj 

«■,> 

11 

29.299 

29.042 

47 

29 

38.0 

48 

4S 

K, 

TueQ.   .. 

a:i 

I'J 

29.318 

18.965 

44 

:m 

41.11 

46* 

46i 

.S  W 

IS 

Wed.    , 

'J-i 

131  29Ji72 

29.2C6 

47 

27 

37.0 

46 

46 

N 

no 

Thura. . 

ai 

H 

29.917 

29.689 

54 

41 

47.5 

44J 

444 

S. 

Averaite  . . , 

29.575  i  29.2W  1  50.3 

37.0  1  43.6 

46.3 

46.8 

113 

Mov.     19— Fozgy;  overcast;  rain. 

—  20— DenaefoK:  conatnnt  rata;  Bligbily  overcast  at  night, 

—  21— Denapty  and  uniformly  ovRCBHt;  rain 

—  22— SeoBPly  ovc'casi ;  very  dark  between  9  and  10  a.m.  ;  clear  with 

slidht  front  atuiclit. 

—  23— Fine;  overcast;  clourty. 

—  21  — Dengf-Iy  oveiCBst ;  clear  and  ftOBly  at  nisbt. 

—  £5— FoKjy ;  fiue;  rain  at  oight. 

Mean  temDnrnture  of  the  wrek.  14  der.  above  (he  Bveraz". 
The  depth  of  rai- Is  taken  daily  at  S  a-m- ;  the  b«romf-trical  observations 
at  8  A. 31, ;  1  7,01. ;  0  f.m.    The  tfaermometera  aie  Belfiegiatenog, 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHI3WICK, 
During  the  last  26  ycara,  for  the  ensuing  week,  endiof;  Dec.  4, 185-. 


Nov. 
and  Dec 

III 

5a^ 

III 

5<^ 

as 

No.  of 
Tearaio 
which  it 

Rained. 

Greateot 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

Frevailinc  Wioda 

Z 

«&'£ 
" 

Sunday  28 
Hoc      29 
Tuea.     30 
Wed.        1 
Thura.     2 
Knoay     o 
Satur.     ■; 

43.0 
47.6 
43.8 
4SJi 
47.8 
472 
46.9 

36.2 
35.0 

36.2 

3S.1 
35.S 

36,3 

42.1 
41.3 
42J 
42.; 
4!.S 
41.5 
4l.a 

13 
14 
J5 
11 
li 
11 
H 

1.21  in, 

0.&fi 

0.31 

0.25 

L'.il 

0.17 

0.2S 

1 

1 
1 
1 
4 

i:  ■!  3 
11" 

£    1    1 
3    2    1 

2-:   2 

7|  4    6 
3  10   2 

3  9    5 

2  6,  S 

4  8    2 

3  a:  7 

4:  9I  4 

Tbe  hitihen'  temperature  durioK  the  tthove   penoH  occurred  on  the 
lS3«-tberm.  68deg.;  Rod  tbelowest  on  tbe  SiJtb,  l34G -therm  16dfls, 


3Uth. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Apples  :  X  TZ.  Your  seedlinp:  Apple,  No,  1,  is  middle-aized, 
roundish,  slightly  tioired  with  brownish-red  next  the  sun. 
FJeah  tender,  with  a  brisk  sharp  flavour.  On  this  accotintit 
would  be  preferred  bj  some.  No.  2  is  not  worthy  of  cultiva* 
tioD.II 
ARTIFICIAL  Manuke  :  BJ  S.  You  should  Immediately  consult 
your  Bolicitor.  Your  question  is  strictly  legal ;  but  we  can- 
not imagine  that  you  can  be  compelled  to  remove  nnleas  the 
parish  can  prove  that  your  mHoufacture  is  a  nuiaancet  or 
dangerous  to  public  health,  which,  upon  jour  ahowing,  it 
is  not. 
Books  :  Flora.  Might  we  beg  of  you  to  use  in  future  something 
less  e'hereal  than  sky-blue  ink.  which  does  not  agree  well 
with  old  eyes.  The  kind  of  books  whtch  you  ask  for  are  not 
to  be  had.  Botanists  describe  plants  and  tell  yoa  their 
history.  Gardeners  teach  their  cultivation.  Short  rules  for 
cultivation  are  iDtroduci:d  iato  some  botanical  works,  sach 
as  any  of  our  botanical  monthly  periodicals;  but  they  ara 
mere  hints  and  are  useless  to  any  except  gardeners.  It  is  tha 
same  with  Cacti,  A  work  on  iheir  genera  and  flpecics  with 
coloured  plates  may  be  had  of  the  German  booksellers  under 
thename  of  Pfeiffer  and  Otto  Abbilduogen,  <tc.,  bliihendeu 
Cacteen,  1S43— 1847,  4to ;  and  many  are  figured  to  the 
Botanical  Magazine  and  Botanical  llegister.  —  J  P.  We 
never  recommend  dealers  or  give  prices,  which  is  the  business 
of  advertisers.  X 
Camellias:  C  D.  Camellias  (the  common  double  red  for 
instance),  are  as  hardy  as  the  double  white,  and  we  see  no 
reason  why  you  should  not  venture  to  turnout  a  plant  thatifl 
about  four  years  old  in'o  a  border  against  a  wall,  where  a 
white  one  has  done  well,  aud  bloomed  beautifully  for  many 
years.J 
Dittany  of  Crete.  A  correspondent  who  values  much  the  two 
Dittanies,  and  who  has  lost  them,  would  be  glail  to  meet 
with  some  opportunity  of  rccoveriog  them;  viz.,  Orieanum 
Dictamnus  and  Tournefortii.  Address,  Mr^  Henry  Wataon, 
Hexton  Gardens,  near  Silsoe,  Beds. 
Fbdit  Teees:  An  Old  Suhsoriber.  Dwarf  trees  are  preferable 
tu  standards,  provided  tbe  ground  is  not  required  for  onder- 
croppinp.  Standards  may  be  planted  30  feet  apart,  dwarfs 
15  to  20  feet.  Pyramid  Pears  answer  very  well,  and  may  be 
recommended  where  tbe  space  is  limited ;  but  they  require 
much  time  aud  attention  in  summer,  Tbey  may  be  15  feet 
apart.  Espaliers  are  preferable.  You  will  find  information 
respecting  pjramid  training  in  the  Journal  of  the  Horti- 
cultural Society  for  1847.  The  streaked  Apple  you  sent  is 
the  Beauty  of  Kent ;  tbe  other  is  the  Fall  Pippin. [] 
Grapes  :  ^4  B.  It  is  possible  to  grow  plants  the  greater  part  of 
the  jear,  and  have  a  good  crop  of  later  Grapes  iu  tbe  eame 
house  by  closely  pruning  them,  and  keepinir  them  confined 
to  the  rafters  ;  but  if  the  plants  could  be  removed  in  spring 
so  as  to  enable  yoa  to  ^ive  the  Vines  a  little  artihcial  heat  at 
that  season,  it  would  be  all  the  better,  i 
Insects:  J  P.  Your  moths  were  named  last  week. — T  B. 
Your  Pear  tree  is  attacked  by  scale.  Wash  it  well  with 
water  of  the  temperature  of  from  ISO''  to  160°. 
Names  of  Fhdits  :"  CAicftes/er,  The  email  Pear,  which  was 
accompanied  with  wood  and  leaves,  does  not  appear  to  be  a 
cultivated  sort.  It  is  probably  some  seedling.  The  leaves 
resemble  those  of  sou  e  of  the  Ptar  stocks.ll— JXiuesey.  1, 
Northern  Greening;  4,  Norfolk  Beaufin ;  7,  Duuielow'B 
Seedling;  8,  Miuchall  Crab;  9,  Golden  Beinette ;  14,  Blen- 
htim  Pippin  ;  15,  Fearn's  Pippin;  16,  17,  Alexander ;  18, 
Beauty  of  Kent;  22,  T  rum  pin  i;  ton  ;  2^,  Dutch  Mignonoe ; 
28,  Yorkshire  Greening;  29,  Rymer ;  30,  Easter  Pippin  or 
French  Crab;  32,  Lamb  Abbey  Pearmaiu  ;  35,  Barcelona 
Pearmain;  1  Beurre  Diel  ;  2,  Uvedale's  St.  Germain.II— • 
T  Barnes.  1.2,4,7,8,  19.  2i,  Beurre  Diel;  3  Snau'aEgg; 
5,  Chaumontel ;  6,  9,  18,  27,  Passe  Colmar ;  11, 20,  31,  32,  Old 
Colmar  ;  14,  Easter  Beurre ;  21,  Glout  Morceau  ;  22,  80, 
Beurre  Ranee  ;  25,  Napoleon;  39,  Worthless.!!— £  Paraont. 
The  Dutch  Hi^aonae  \\~Lattenbur!/  EiU.  Your  "  Pirum 
librale,  or  Pound  Pear,"  is  the  Uvedale's  St.  Germain.  It 
has  been  grown  in  England  to  the  weight  of  3  lbs.  3  oz.||— 
S  B.  1,  Cluster  Golden  Pippin  ;  2,  3,  Old  Nonpareil ;  4,  Pro- 
bably Blenheim  Pippin  ;  5,  Gravcnstein :  6,  Dumelow's 
Seedling ;  7,  Coe's  Golden  Drop  ;  8,  Blenheim  Pippin ;  9, 
Yellow  Ingestrie;  11,  Margil ;  13,  Cornish  Gilliflower ;  17, 
Keswick  Codlin  ;  19.  22,  81,  Brown  Beurre;  24,  Catillac ; 
25,Seckel;  27,29,  Winter  Nelis  ;  28,  Marie  Louise;  30,  St. 
Germain;  32,  Spanish  Bon  Chretien;  34,  Gansel's  Ber- 
gamot.  II 
Names  of  Plants  :  J  P,  Paris.  The  specimens  were  much 
withered.  Tin  is  necessary  for  the  case  of  plants  sent  a 
long  way :  or,  which  answers  very  well,  they  may  be  placed 
between  paper  and  pressed  tirmly  tOKCther,  as  it  about  to  be 
dried  for  the  herbarium.  Cotton  wool  should  on  no  accoant 
be  used.  1.  Polypodium  pbymatodes,  Angrajcum  superbum 
is  probably  the  plant  so  called  by  Du  Petit  Thouar** ;  the 
spar  is  much  longer  and  more  attenuated  than  in  A.  virenti. 
3.  The  real  Oncidium  altisbimum.  4,  Bletia  Havanensla. 
G.  The  pale  variety  of  Lycaste  plana.  6,  Oncidium  ioour- 
vum ;  the  specimen  bearing  this  name  is  the  same.  7. 
Oncidium  Suttoni,  or  tenue ;  apparently  the  first.  8.  Oncidium 
Ocampoi  we  are  unacquaimed  with ;  Oncidium  dichro- 
matlcum  is  a  new  Odontoglossum  near  O.  ramulopum — but 
very  distinct. —  Y  Z.  Clematis  cirrhosa, — Alpha.  Plants  not 
in  fiower  cannot  be  named. 

Onions:  OH.  The  stem,  bearing  a  cluster  of  little  bulbs,  is  a 
specimen  of  the  tree  Egyptian,  or  bulb-bearing  Onion. H 

Peach  Trees:  €f  S B.  The  Peach  tree  may  be  struck  from 
cuttings  of  well  ripened  shoots  with  a  portion  of  twoyearold 
wood  at  the  base.  They  ought  to  be  taken  ofi^  in  January  at 
the  latest,  and  placed  in  bottom. heat.  But  trees  so  raised 
would  not  answer  fur  pot  culture  ;  for  the  Peach  on  its  own 
root  is  more  unmanat'eable  than  when  worked  on  the  Plum 
stock.  The  roots  of  the  Peach  are  thick,  comparatively 
naked,  and  it  proves  unsuitable  for  stocks  in  this  country. 
You  must  therefore  resort  to  the  Plum  stock  for  trees  in  potB.|| 

Planting  :  J  Stewart.  It  is  perfectly  absurd  to  say  that  trees 
and  shrub!*  will  not  thrive  in  Ireland  if  they  are  raised  in 
England.  We  cannot  entertaiu  any  such  idle  question.  It 
is  very  likely  that  somebody  in  Ireland  may  complain  of 
English  treei4,  just  as  many  in  England  complain  of  Scotch 
trees,  and  with  equal  want  of  reason.  All  you  have  to  do  is 
to  pay  a  fair  price  to  respectable  men,  and  every  one  of  those 
whom  you  name  is  undoubtedly  so. 

Sweet  Williams  :  T.  Your  seedllDgs  are  attacked  by  TJredo 
caryopbyllacearum,  We  fear  there  is  no  remedy  for  it ;  it  is 
very  difficult  to  know  how  to  deal  with  such  things.  % 

Tea  :  Qallkus.  We  do  not  know  the  average  produce  ia 
weight  of  an  acre  of  Tea. 

Tobacco:  S  V.  Tobacco-ashes  are  a  manure  of  the  same 
value  as  wood-ashes.  Rotten  Tobacco-leaves  ought  to  be 
better.  The  former  should  be  used  in  exactly  tbe  same 
waj  as  similar  ashes,  either  dissolved  in  water,  or  mixed 
with  earth  for  a  few  weeks  before  application. 

Ventilation:  J  W  P.  It  is  better  to  ventilate  by  shutters  at 
the  top  of  the  back  wall,  than  by  the  old  plan  of  lowering 
the  glass  frame  lights.  The  latter  is,  however,  good  for 
summer.  Both  methods  are  very  far  from  being  what  we 
want.} 

iMisc.  -.AM.  A  new  oupplement  has  lately  been  added  to 
Loudon's  Encyclopedia  of  Plants,  The  name  of  the  plant 
from  which  tbe  Ciiba  matting  is  ob'ained  is  unhnowa,  Th9 
gutta  percha  plant  is  Isonandra  Gutta.} 


48—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


761 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTUKISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adalterutions  of  this 
MANURE  are  nrill  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GOANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Feravian  Government  and 

to  the  i'ublic  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from,  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  tchich  sound  Peruvian 
Gitano  has  bee7i  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  5s.  per  t07i,  less  2-^-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  tbem.  or  the  artic'e  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of 'lalt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valnable  than  the  ordinary  af^ricultural  salt. 

Edwabd  Pobseb,  Sec.  Brjiige-street.  Rlackfriars.  London. 

MANURES.— The  following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  .'Jr.  LiWEs'sFactoryi  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  ^Villiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  ^Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  %l.  10s.  per  ton ;  and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9{,  53.  per 
Con,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  ibc. 


PEAT     CHARCOAL,    completely 
London  Sewage,  will  be  found  a  moa 


MANURE, 

saturated    Tvith 

found  a  moat  effective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Folham,  Middlesex,  at  60a.  per  ton, 
4j.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  Qd.  per  ^  cwt. 

**  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer. 
tiliser  ;  we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plants;  we  pat  half  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dabli.i, 
sowed  it  in  the  row  with  B-ana,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  Cabbage-  The  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  bur  it 
will  be  twice  as  efBcacious  the  secund  year  as  the  first," — The 
Oarden.  by  Mr.  Glenni/. 

WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  are  universally  approved 
of.  They  faciiitiite  labour  '20  per  cent.  Tdey  bavi»  received  the 
Silver  Medal  at  Lewea,  Dublin,  Galway,  Sh<-tfi..'kl,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn  Ins  received  the 
prize  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  agricultural  meetings  where 
it  has  been  shovrn.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  41,  says, 
*'  This  f'irm  ot  churn  is  the  best  tor  churning  sweet  cream,  and 
will  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  luilk  or  cream,  in  any 
form,  in  much  less  time  than  any  churn  that  has  yet  b'-eii 
introduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
Mechi  has  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
durable,  and  efl:"ective.  Gutta  perch  a  tubing,  bands  for 
machinery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  assortment  of  prize  and  the 
best  farm  implements.  Price  catalogues  sent  on  application. — 
BcBOEss  and  Key,  103,  Newgate-street,  London,  agents  lor 
M'Cormicb's  American  Reaiier. 


TORQUAY  POULTRY  EXHIBITION.— An  E.x- 
hibi-.ionof  POD..TKY.  open  to  "all  Eni-laDd,  wiJl  be  held 
4it  Torquay  on  Ibe  llih  and  15th  of  JAN  UARY,  1853.  Par. 
ticulard  of  which  will  be  shortly  advertised, 

A.  Padl  and  J.  C.  Stock, 
Torquay,  Nor.  27.  1852.  '        Hnnorary  Secretaries. 


q-iHE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  and  POULTRY 
J-  SHOW,  1S32.— The  fODRTH  GREAT  aNNDaL  EXHI. 
BITION  i.f  CATTLE,  SHEEF,  PI8S,  and  the  ^rariouB  kii.ds 
of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY  will  be  held  in  PI.NGLEY  HALL, 
BIRMI.N'ljaAlI,  01.  TCESDAT,  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY, 
aod  FRIDAY,  the  lltb,  i5th,  IGtb.  and  17th  day  a  of  December 
The  PRIVATE  VIEW  and  the  ANiSUAL  DINNElt  on  TUES- 
DAY, December  14.  Admission — on  Tuesday,  5s.  •  and  on 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Fiiday,  Is. 


PRIZE  CATTLE  SHOW  OF  THE  SiVUTHFlELD 
CLUB,  1852.— The  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION  of  PrizB 
Cattle,  Seecis,  Roots,  ImpIeiBents,  &c.,  comineDces  TUESDAY 
moraioj^,  and  closes  FRIDAY  evening,  7th,  dtb,  dth,  and  loth 
DECEMBEa:  Bazaar,  King-street,  and  Baker-street.  Open 
frotn  Daj  light  till  Nine  in  the  Evening. — AdmittaDce,  Is. 


(Clie  Hgitcultttral  iBKMtt* 

SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  27,  1852. 

HEBTIXGS  FOB  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
W«D^««DAT,     Dec.     l—ABriCTjlloral  Society  of  BnztftnJ. 
TaumtuAT.          —       2-ai;rlcuiturAl  Imp.  sockiy  of  Irplaod. 
W.DBnaDAT,      —       s-AitnculturBl  Snciety  or  EoKlAnd. 
TatfkaoAt,          —       'J— AKTifulttt-al  Imp.  aocirty  of  Ireland. 
♦ 

We  present  to  oar  readers,  as  a  cnriosity  deserv- 
ing attention,  the  following  extract  from  an  "  Inven- 
tory and  valuation  of  tillage,  seeds,  Saintfoin,  roots, 
&c.,"  by  the  out-going  tenant'.^  own  valuer,  in  the 
case  of Farm,  in  the  county  of  Hants  : — 

1.  A*hUi/  Jiiny,  1.J  acres  ;  Rape  and  Grass. 

Plougheti  onco — six  times  haiTOwed — twice  rolled. 

2.  Dovn  Harvjield,  3  acres. 

Ploughed  once — six  times  harrowed — twice  rolled. 
?j.  SoUer  I/onu-JieUl,  C  acres. 

Flouf;hcd  once— eight  limes  liarrowed — three  times 
rolled. 
4,  LoKtr  Furtf/ng,  OJ  acres. 

Ploughed  once — eight  times  harrowed — three  times 
rolled. 
.5.  Pmett  C'/ppice,  7  acres  ;  Rape. 

I'lou;;hed  once  —  ciglit  times  harrowed  —  twice 
dragged — once  hoed. 

6.  Pari  of  Ff/rfM  Coppict;,  .0  otn'cs  ;  Turnips, 

Ooce  ploughed  —  eight  times  harrowed  —  twice 
dragge*! — onco  hricd. 

7,  Part  t,f  P'/rmt  Cop/ike,  7 ^  term  ;  Turnips. 

Ploughed  once — 10  limes  dragged  — four  limfM  har- 
rowed after  the  plaiitA  were  up — once  liocd. 
•  Pari  0/  Forest  {Joppirf.^  I'J^  acres;  Turnips. 

Ploughed  three  timen- -four  times  dragged — six 
times  harrowed — thrw;  limes  rolled— twice  har. 
rowed  after  tiw  phwtb  were  np. 


And  so  on  !  This  is  only  a  specimen  of  the  20 
or  more  fields  specified,  whose  cultivation  is  thus 
described  in  detail.  And  the  valuation  was  made 
this  autumn.  The  farm  is,  as  might  be  expected, 
exceedingly  out  of  condition,  and  the  Turnip  crop 
resulting  from  the  management  described  was 
valued  at  about  11.  per  acre. 

There  are  several  considerations  arising  out  of 
this  document: — (1.)  What  exceedingly  different 
ideas  farmer  and  gardener  must  have  in  those  parts 
of  the  proper  way  to  grow  Turnips !  one  ploughing 
and  len  harrowings  as  the  preparation  of  the  land — 
four  harrowings  and  one  hoeing  as  the  treatment  of 
the  growing  plants  !  What  a  contrast  to  the  fork- 
ing, seeding,  hoeing,  and  singling  of  the  crop  in  a 
garden  !  How  exceedingly  wasteful  of  labour  this 
farmer  has  been  !  The  harrow  is  the  most  imper- 
fect machine  that  the  farmer  employs  ;  and  10 
harrowings,  one  after  the  other,  would  be  more  than 
useless — they  would  be  most  injurious.  The  cul- 
tivator or  grubber,  surely,  was  the  implement  for 
use  in  this  case;  successive  harrowings,  with  the 
repeated  tramplings  of  draught  animals,  would 
more  and  more  harden  the  land  and  unfit  it  for  the 
reception  of  the  seed.  (2.)  What  a  striking  com- 
mentary upon  the  system  of  payment  to  out-going 
tenants  prevalent  in  that  county  !  Labour  paid  for, 
whatever  result  there  may  be  to  show  for  it,  and 
therefore  recklessly  performed  ;  the  evidence  of  its 
performance  carefully  preserved  at  home,  but  none 
to  show  in  the  field.  (3.)  How  perfectly  instances 
of  this  kind  justify  the  remarks,  made  at  page  713, 
on  the  general  backwardness  of  agriculture,  notwith- 
standing the  vigorous  onslaught  upon  sloth  and 
prejudice  made  by  many  of  our  agricultural 
improvers. 

If  a  true  statement  could  [be  given  of  English 
agriculture  in  1852,  many  a  district  and  many  a 
farmer  would  no  doubt  come  to  light,  so  as  to 
eclipse  the  farms  and  the  men  who  now  shine 
brightest  as  agiicultural  teachers  ;  but  we  have  no 
doubt  that  large  districts,  with   their   cultivators, 

would  remain  like  . ■  Farm,  Hampshire,  and  its 

out-going  tenant,  to  justify  any  amount  of  sarcasm, 
whether  on  those  who  hold  up  British  agriculture  as 
perfection,  or  on  those  who  insist  that  it  has  already 
reached  the  end  of  its  resources,  and  must  succumb 
to  the  first  extraordinary  trial. 

The  following  remarkable  instance  of  drains 
stopped  by  the  growth  within  them  of  annual  roots 
deserves  attention.  The  writer,  Mr.  Sheruard,  of 
Reigate,  says : — 

*'  Being  a  decided  advocate  of  the  deep  system  of 
draining  in  all  soils,  I  have  carried  out  my  views  in 
a  liberal  spirit  on  a  farm  in  this  neighbourhood,  of 
strong  land,  in  some  cases  pure  clay  ;  and  as  I  am 
also  a  disciple  of  the  high-farming  school,  I  have,  in 
addition  to  a  thorough  deep  draining,  from  4  to  5  feet 
deep  and  20  to  27  feet  apart,  subsoiled  from  12  to 
14  inches,  manured  and  subsequently  limed  a  portion 
of  my  land  for  root  crops — Swedes,  Cabbages,  and 
Mangold  Wurzel — and  to  my  great  mortification  I 
now  find  those  fields  where  the  Mangold  Wurzel  is 
growing  almost  as  wet  as  they  were  before  they  were 
drained,  though  perfectly  dry  before  the  Mangold 
Wurzel  was  sown.  I  have  taken  up  some  of  the 
main  pipes,  5  feet  deep,  and  to  my  horror  found 
them  almost  full  ot  Mangold  Wurzel  roots,  of  a 
bright  pink  colour,  smelling  strongly  of  the  Mangold 
Wurzel,  and  coming  out  of  the  3-inch  pipes  in  a 
perfect  rope  of  fine  thread-like  roots,  completely 
stopping  up  the  drain,  and  causing  all  the  mischief 
I  have  described.  Now  lam  most  anxious  to  know, 
first  of  all,  whether  such  is  a  common  or  known 
evil ;  and  next,  what  is  the  remedy  1  Will  the 
roots  wither  away  and  pass  off  with  the  water,  after 
the  Mangold  Wuizel  has  been  carried  off,  or  must  I 
pull  up  all  the  drains  ?  This  would  cost  more  than 
the  original  draining,  and  would,  in  my  opinion, 
prevent  many  people  from  draining  at  all,  or  at  least 
growing  this  crop  (the  long  red  Mangold  Wurzel). 
The  crop  itself  has  evidently  suffered  very  materially 
from  the  wet  state  of  the  land,  as  it  promised  in  the 
early  se,ison  to  be  a  magnificent  field,  but  turns  out 
about  24  tons  only  to  the  acre,  as  near  as  I  can 
weigh  them.  There  are  two  fields  of  5  and  4  acres, 
and  both  are  equally  bad.  One  field  has  been  pulled 
these  10  days,  hut  still  the  land  is  as  wet  as  ever  ; 
the  other  is  still  un[)ulled.  Can  the  cause  be  the 
unceasing  rain  we  have  had  since  May  last  ?" 

The  drain  pipes  will,  we  imagine,  retiuire  to  be 
pulled  up  and  replaced  ;  not  over  the  whole  field,  but 
wherever  the  mischief  occurs.  We  do  not  suppose  the 
whole  drainage  to  be  thus  spoiled — the  whole  is  no 
doubt  at  present  useless,  but  it  is  owing,  probably,  to 
a  sttjppage  at  a  few  placs,  and  not  throughout  the 
whole  system  of  pipes.  The  miwchief  here  tlescribed 
is  certainly  not  unknown,  but  it  is  not  common.  We 
suppo.se  that  it  is  more  to  be  expected  on  stiff  clays 
than  on  noils  where  there  is  more  likely  to  be  a 


uniform  and  regular  descent  of  rain  throughout  the 
whole  mass  of  soil  and  subsoil  to  the  drain.  We 
should  be  inclined  to  expect  that  the  mischief  will 
not  recur  when  once  the  substance  of  the  soil  is 
rendered  uniformly  friable  ;  and  we  should  recom- 
mend that  in  replacing  the  tiles,  the  earth  be  some- 
what firmly  replaced  iu  the  trench,  so  as  to  hinder 
that  porosity  immediately  over  the  drain  to  which 
the  stoppage  was  probably  owing.  If  there  were 
immediately  over  the  drain  in  this  field  of  very  stiff 
soil  a  row  of  Mangold  Wurzel,  the  constant  current 
of  water  setting  down  through  the  porous  contents 
of  the  trench  would  induce  the  unnatural  growth 
of  the  root  fibres  towards  and  in  the  pipes,  so  as 
ultimately  to  stop  the  conduit.  If  the  drains  had 
been  filled  firmly,  so  as  to  hinder  any  current 
towards  them,  except  at  a  considerable  depth  in  the 
subsoil,  the  root  fibres  would  have  had  no  such 
encouragement  to  an  unnatural  growth.  We  do  not 
mean  to  state  all  this  positively,  but  merely  to 
suggest  it  as  an  explanation  of  the  unfortunate  result 
to  which  Mr.  Sherraro  calls  our  attention.  We 
also  think  it  probable  that  the  roots  in  the  drains 
will  rot  in  the  course  of  a  few  months. 


FINGERS  AND  TOES  IN  TURNIPS. 
At  the  risk  of  being  thought  a  little  presumptive,  I 
have  ventured  to  offer  a  few  words  in  reply  to  the  ques- 
tions put  forth  by  the  Highland  Society,  published  iu 
your  Paper  of  31st  July.  The  questions  seem  to  me  so 
plain,  and  well  calculated  to  bring  forth  useful  informa- 
tion, that,  I  think,  all  that  can  give  any  ought  to  do  so. 
No  one  will  deny  that  much  does  now  depend  on  the 
success  of  the  Turnip  crop.  In  the  first  place,  it  is  an 
expensive  one  to  put  in,  and  it  is  one  on  which  the 
profitable  fatting  of  stock  materially  depends  ;  if  it  fail, 
cattle  have  to  be  sent  to  market  before  they  ai^e  ready, 
and  the  straw  cannot  be  turned  to  good  account.  There 
are  some  of  the  questions  that  I  will  not  be  able  to 
answer  so  clearly  as  may  be  necessary,  but  others  will 
no  doubt  fill  up  the  want ;  and  so  all  put  together  will 
bring  out  facts  that  may  tend  to  point  out  a  remedy  for 
the  disease 

1.  I  do  not  think  that  the  variety  of  Turnip  has 
much  to  do  with  it,  except  that  the  most  rapid  growing, 
and  tenderest  sorts,  seem  rather  most  affected.  I  have 
never  seen  Swedes  hurt  with  it  to  any  extent,  even  in 
land  that  generally  did  affect  Turnips. 

2.  The  nature  of  the  soil  on  which  it  most  prevails 
is  stiff,  rather  black,  adhesive,  and  deep  ;  but  the  under 
strata  very  close  and  glutinous.  The  course  of  crop- 
ping for  the  last  20  years  or  more  has  been  on  the 
four-course  rotation,  viz..  Wheat,  Turnip,  Barley,  and 
Clover  ;  and  there  has  generally  been  part  of  the  Wheat 
stubble  sown  with  winter  Vetcjhes,  and  I  have  never 
seen  any  club  root  after  them  ;  but  this  is  because  we 
have  always  put  them  where  we  thought  the  land  was 
not  liable  to  produce  it,  so  as  to  have  an  opportunity  of 
working  the  rest  well  up  during  the  "winter. 

3.  I  have  never  noticed  any  difference  as  to  the  time 
of  sowing  ;  but  sowing  in  "wet  weather  has  a  very  power- 
ful effect  in  developing  its  evils  ;  and  wet  weather  soon 
after,  before  the  laud  consolidates,  gradually  acts  in  the 
same  way. 

4.  The  kind  of  manure  that  we  generally  apply  is 
1^-  cwt.  of  superphosphate  of  lime,  with  2  or  3  bushels 
of  bones  not  dissolved.  The  whole  made  up  by  earth  or 
ashes  to  50  or  60  bushels,  so  as  to  be  able  to  part  it  over 
the  land  equally. 

5.  The  disease  first  shows  itself  about  five  or  six 
weeks  after  sowing,  or  about  the  time  that  the  plants  are 
fit  to  hoe  a  second  time  ;  the  weather  at  different  seasons 
being  various,  and  I  am  unable  to  attribute  the  cause  to 
it  at  all. 

6.  The  disease  has  always  been  partial,  occurring 
always  iu  the  same  part  of  the  field  ;  one  end  of  the 
drills,  in  many  cases,  being  very  much  affected  or  quite 
destroyed,  and  the  other  quite  sound  and  a  good  crop, 
which  circumstance  goes  far  to  prove  that  neither  season, 
date  of  sowing,  nor  manure,  has  anything  directly  to  do 
with  it. 

7.  1  have  not  observed  insects  upon  the  plant  imtil 
after  it  showed  signs  of  disease,  when  they  appear  more 
as  effect  than  cause. 

8.  Turnips  have  been  cultivated  on  the  same  land 
more  than  twenty  years,  at  the  intervals  I  have  stated 
above  ;  viz.,  once  in  four  years,  with  sometimes  a  little 
exception,  by  breaking  up  a  piece  of  Clover  as  soon  as 
the  hay  was  off,  and  sowing  it  with  Turnips  after  one 
ploughing.  And  if  the  land  is  at  all  of  a  stiff  nature  tlie 
disease  prevails  more  here,  which  I  think  is  owing  to 
the  ground  not  being  well  pulverised  and  exposed  to  the 
action  of  sun  and  air. 

Jl.  Lime  has  been  very  little  used,  but  chalk  has  at 
rlilleront  times,  and  with  tho  best  results,  as  it  alters  the 
toxtiiro  of  tho  land  altogotber  ;  rendering  the  stiff  black 
land  light  and  friable,  and  where  it  has  been  applied  in 
sulHciont  (luantity  to  do  this  tho  disease  does  not  show 
itself  again  ho  far  as  I  am  aware. 

1 0,  As  I  have  said  before,  I  do  not  think  that  tho 
maiiuro  has  much  to  do  with  it. 

11.  It  is  aH'octed  by  tho  preceding  crop  only  so  far 
as  that  affects  tho  texture  of  the  soil. 

rj.  I  cannot  speak  as  to  the  effects  of  Potatoes  as  a 
preceding  crop,  as  that  is  very  uncommon,  they  being 
planted  m  the  same  rotation,  but,  if  1  may  hazard  li 


762 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Nov.  27, 


conjecture,  they  are  likely  to  have  a  good  effect,  as 
they  tend  to  open  the  soil. 

13.  The  land  to  which  my  experience  applies  has  not 
been  drained,  neither  does  it  require  it,  as  it  lies  ou  a 
subsoil  of  gravel,  which  rests  again  on  cliiilk. 

14.  The  fields  in  which  it  occurs  have  not  been 
recently  subsoiled,  and  some  of  them,  I  believe,  never 
have  ;  we  have  subsoiled  some  fields,  but  I  am  not 
aware  that  they  were  previously  subject  to  it,  but  those 
fields  in  which  it  does  prevail  have  uot  been  subsoiled 
since  I  knew  them,  and  I  believe  never  have  ;  and  I 
have  no  doubt  but  subsoiliug  will  go  some  way  to 
check  it, 

15.  I  have  seen  the  crop- very  much  affected  by 
working  the  land  when  wet,  but  I  believe  the  more  it  is 
worked  when  dry  the  better. 

16.  I  have  not  observed  any  effects  from  rolHng  down 
after  sowing. 

17.  I  have  never  applied  the  dung  to  the  stubble  in 
the  autumn,  except  so  far  as  folding  sheep  upon  it  ; 
neither  do  I  think  it  advisable  to  do  so,  as  we  could  not 
take  advantage  of  exposing  it  by  ploughing,  &c.,  to  the 
air  in  winter  so  well. 

18.  I  do  not  think  that  the  method  or  time  of  hoeing 
has  anything  to  do  with  it,  only  that  hoeing  when  the 
land  is  wet  in  this  as  in  all  cases  is  bad. 

19.  I  have  not  experienced  any  benefit  from  top- 
dressing  after  the  plants  have  been  thinned. 

20.  1  have  found  it  prevail  more  on  Clover  that  has 
been  fed  than  on  what  has  been  mowed,  but  cannot 
attribute  the  cause  to  the  mowing  or  feeding,  as  the 
land  that  was  fed  seemed  from  its  nature  more  likely  to 
be  affected- 

21.  As  I  have  said  before,  I  have  always  found  the 
softest  and  most  rapid  growing  sorts  to  be  most  affected, 
and  I  do  not  think  the  time  of  sowing  has  much  to  do 
with  it, 

I  think  from  what  I  have  stated  above  it  will  appear 
that  the  texture  of  the  land  is  the  only  cause  affecting 
the  disease.  Wlien  the  land  has  a  tendency  to  get  hard 
immediately  below  the  surface,  it  prevents  the  roots 
from  getting  downwards,  the  tops  continue  to  perform 
their  part  of  the  gro.wing  contract,  and  the  root  pushes 
out  its  fibres  in  order  to  fulfil  its  part,  but  they  are 
unable  to  penetrate  in  search  of  their  mineral  food  ;  at 
last,  the  root,  after  trying  all  round  without  success, 
gets  overpowered  from  above,  pushes  out  to  an  unnatural 
size,  and  the  fibres  die,  thus  cutting  off  all  nourishment 
from  the  earth.  I  do  not  know  what  chemistry  says 
.upon  the  subject,  but  if  my  theory  is  anything  like 
correct,  the  soil  most  liable  to  the  disease  ought  to 
possess  an  extra  quantity  of  glutinous  material,  and  the 
plant  affected  should  have  more  than  a  fair  proportion 
of  the  nourishment  which  it  derives  from  the  atmosphere. 
If  the  land  is  wet,  and  from  this  cause  stiff,  then  the 
materials  may  not  be  what  1  suppose  exist  in  the  soil. 

I  %hall  now  state  briefly  what  I  think  are  the  causes,  as 
well  as  preventives.  Causes  : — Imperfect  drainage,  adhe- 
sive soil,  and  working  land  when  wet.  Preventives  : — 
Draining  if  necessary  to  lay  the  land  dry,  liming  or 
chalking,  frequent  ploughing  and  subsoiling,  and  abun- 
dant exposm'e^  to  sun,  air,  and  frost.  George  Sinyerj 
Dorchester. 


THE  ISLE  OF  WIGHT. 

^Continued  from  page  746  ) 

But  there  is  some  admirable  farming.  As  I  stood  on 
a  part  of  the  chain  of  hills  which  separates  the  nortliern 
from  the  southern  divisions,  viewing  the  undulating 
slopes  and  rich  flats  on  the  latter  side,  and  elevated 
hills  at  the  back  of  the  fine  demesne  of  Appuldercombe 
and  above  Ventnor,  and  also  from  Culver  Cliffs  to  the 
verge  of  Newport,  the  farms  of  Arreton  and  Hazely  in 
particular  exhibited  extremely  fine  agricultural  views. 
The  vast  fields  of  yellow  Wheat  in  great  luxuriance, 
alternating  with  other  shades  of  ripening  corn,  and  the 
bright  green  of  the  Swedish  Turnip,  and  the  large 
allotment  field  for  Mr.  F.  Roche's  labourers,  resembling 
liie  coloured  squares  of  a  gigantic  chess  board,  appeared 
to  me  a  splendid  farmer's  prospect.  Mr.  Roche  farms 
on  a  very  large  scale,  and  in  a  superior  style. 

Previously  to  the  storms  of  the  lltli  and  12th 
August  last,  some  of  the  most  luxuriant  Wheat  and 
Oats  was  over-ripe  and  yet  uncut.  It  must  have 
suffered  seriously. 

Eitherwant  of  handsor  an  indolent  sort  of  confidence 
in  the  continuance  of  the  very  fine  weather  which  had 
preceded  that  date,  must  have  occasioned  the  postpone- 
ment of  the  cutting  of  his  corn.  I  took  the  liberty  of 
pointing  the  attention  of  one  or  two  farmers  (previously 
to  the  change  of  weather)  to  the  obvious  fact  that  the 
Wheat,  more  particularly  in  a  certain  field,  was  then 
over-ripe.  One  of  these  individuals  said  that  when  the 
mowers  had  cut  down  another  field  of  corn  they  would 
attack  that ;  "  the  wind  to  be  sure  might  rise  and  blow 
hard,  but  he  did  not  think  it  would  ;  at  all  events  he 
could  not  get  men."  "  Do  any  Irish  labourers  come  to 
help  you  at  this  season  ? "  "  No  !  we  are  out  of  the 
way  here,  no  strangers  come  to  the  Island,  and  many 
of  our  own  people  have  gone  to  America  and  Austi-alia  ; 
hands,  in  fact,  are  scarce." 

Conflicting  statements  were  made  to  me  respecting 
the  condition  of  the  labourer.  Several  disinterested 
persons  asserted  that  they  were,  in  general,  badly 
treated  by  the  farmers,  who  used  them  not  as  men  and 
brethren,  but  as  mere  machines,  caring  nothing  for  their 
comforts,  paying  them  the  lowest  possible  wages,  and 
only  employing  tliem  when  they  could  not  possibly  do 
without  them.   , 


On  close  inquiry,  however,  I  ascertained  that  Os.  a 
week  has  been  the  regular  wages;  that  on  one  farm, 
mure  particularly,  when  an  attempt  ^vas  made  to  lower 
the  wages  to  75.  a  week,  the  labourers  struck,  left  the 
employer,  and  burnt  one  of  his  hayricks,  which  obliged 
him  to  keep  up  the  old  rate.  Mr.  F.  Roche  has  been 
paying  from  iJs.  to  i)s,  standiog  weekly  wages,  and  he 
gives  to  each  family  of  his  interesting  village  a  good 
house  and  garden  allotment  free.  Such  was  the  scarcity 
of  labourers  for  the  abundant  and  simultaneously  ripened 
crops,  that  many  men  obtained  from  '21.  10s.  to  3^.  the 
harvest  mouth  with  ample  diet. 

I  believe,  then,  the  fact  to  be,  that  the  rural  labourers 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  though  in  some  localities  they  may 
not  be  regularly  employed,  are  as  well  off  as  in  any  of 
the  southern  counties.  The  desire  for  emigrating  has 
seized  upon  the  young  and  healthy  labourers,  but  with- 
out any  especial  causes  of  dissatisfaction  in  that  Isle. 
As  there  is  an  admitted  paucity  of  labourers  there,  it  is 
impossible  that  labour  should  not  be  fairly  rewarded  ; 
and  though  some  employers  may  be  disposed  to  screw 
the  wages  of  the  labourer  very  tightly,  they  will  be 
unable  to  do  so,  from  the  absence  of  competition  among 
the  employed  class.  If  the  workman  on  one  farm  learns 
that  he  will  be  better  paid  on  another,  he  will  of  course 
leave  the  worse  for  the  better  situation  ;  and  if  he  be 
not  sufficiently  remunerated  at  home,  he  will  carry  his 
capital  of  muscles  and  sinews  to  one  of  the  colonies.  In 
either  case,  the  condition  of  the  labourer  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  as  elsewhere,  bids  fair  for  advancement. 

The  exodus  of  the  English  working  poor  has  com- 
menced, and  if  its  stream  should  run  even  at  a  fourth 
part  of  the  rate  of  issue  from  Ireland,  the  results  will 
be  soon  felt,  and  the  remaining  agricultural  population 
of  Great  Britain  will  feel  their  power  and  value,  and 
estimate  them  accordingly  in  the  market.  Machinery 
will  necessarily  come  more  extensively  into  operation  ; 
and,  with  full  employment  for  the  hands  that  may 
remain  to  us,  poor-rates  and  pauperism  (arising  from  a 
redundancy  of  the  agricultural  operatives)  will  probably 
diminish,  and  the  farmer  will  be  in  a  better  position  in 
every  respect  than  when  affected  by  the  pressure  of  a 
surplus  number  of  labourers,  whom  he  must  either 
employ  iu  some  measure  or  help  to  maintain  by  poor- 
I'ates. 

The  practice  of  mowing  Wheat  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
(as  is  now,  indeed,  the  general  mode  of  cutting  Barley 
and  Oats  throughout  the  south  of  England)  has  arisen 
from  the  paucity  of  labourers  in  harvest.  If  it  were 
not  from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  I  think  this  Hamp- 
shire mode  of  cutting  Wheat  very  objectionable.  Fine 
crops  of  Wheat  lie  in  swathe  for  many  days,  because 
the  quantity  of  Convolvulus,  Tliistles,  and  Couch-grass 
intermixed  with  it,  rendered  it  unsafe  to  bind  and  stook 
it  immediately  after  the  scythe  ;  aud  then  frequent  rain 
added  more  mischief.  It  would  appear,  then,  that  the 
hoeing  of  the  Wheat  plants  had  not  been  as  frequent 
and  effectvie  as  in  more  palmy  days  of  farming  was 
probably  afforded.  The  very  small  farmers  (of  whom 
there  are  still  many  iu  the  Isle,  notwithstanding  the 
efforts  to  consolidate  small  holdings)  cannot,  or  will  not, 
employ  hired  labourei's,  except  in  the  most  niggardly 
manner  ;  they  generally  perform  the  field-work  theni' 
selves,  from  want  of  capital,  aud  cannot  give  the  neces 
sary  hoeings  to  their  Wheat  crop.  From  the  great 
progress  of  house-buildiug  at  the  watering-places,  and 
the  prevalence  of  ornamental  suburban  gardening,  town 
aud  village  labourers  can  be  in  no  want  of  remunerating 
employment  ;  but,  relatively  with  the  extent  of  its  area, 
the  number  of  the  working  classes  in  the  Isle  is  small. 
The  number  of  labourers'  cottages  is  strikingly  incon- 
siderable in  the  country  parts.  There  is  a  deficiency  of 
accommodation  for  the  work-people  on  most  of  the 
farms ;  those  of  Hazely  aud  Arreton  are  among  the 
exceptions  to  this  remark.  Are  the  farmers  able  to 
remedy  this  want?  From  the  generally  low  price  of 
Wheat  (the  staple  grain),  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that 
the  farmers  are  accumulating  capital,  and  able  to  fai'm 
high  ;  I  believe  that  most  of  them  are  content  if  they 
can  keep  their  heads  above  water.  There  is,  indeed, 
some  evidence  of  the  want  of  superfluous  wealth  among 
them  in  the  fact  that  a  stack  of  old  corn  is  not  to  be 
seen.  I  neither  saw  one  nor  heard  of  any  unthreshed 
grain  iu  barn.  But  perhaps  a  local  fashion,  more  than 
necessity,  has  induced  the  practice  of  threshing  out  and 
selling  off  all  the  grain  that  is  to  be  sold,  either  before 
Christmas  or  very  soon  afterwards. 

The  threshing  is  not  performed  by  the  flail.  Fixed 
machines  on  the  large  farms,  and  small  portable  ones 
hired  out  on  the  small  farms,  execute  this  branch  of 
labour  ;  and  thus  that  regular  winter  employment  given 
by  a  great  proportion  of  the  Berkshire  farmers  to 
threshers  with  the  flail  is  not  afforded  to  the  labourers 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  which  is  one  of  the  causes  of  their 
complaint  of  want  of  steady  occupation  in  the  whiter. 
Though  I  fully  acknowledge  as  a  general  principle  the 
wisdom  of  using  mechanical  powers  to  aid  or  supersede 
the  employment  of  human  hands  and  feet,  in  all  matters 
of  drudgery,  some  means  of  employiog  manual  labour  on 
a  farm  in  seasons  when  out-of-door  work  is  impractic- 
able or  ruinous  to  the  health  of  the  labourer,  must  be 
resorted  to,  in  order  to  retain  his  services  and  keep  him 
from  the  poor-house  ;  and  the  use  of  the  flail  provides 
for  the  want  to  a  great  degree.  The  farmer  should  not 
be  like  the  huntsman, 

"  Who  throws  off  his  pack, 

For  he  knows  when  he  wilU  he  cau  whistle  tlieni  back." 

But  this  is  what  some  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  farmers  are 
c  cused  of  not  desiring  to  do.  If  the  pack,  however, 
a  ke  it  into  their  heads  to  follow  the  gold  scent  to  Aus- 


tralia, the  odour  of  a  red  herring  will  not  keep  them 
within  the  bounds  of  the  little  island,  where  the  masters 
may  vanity  whistle  lor  them  if  they  waut  them.  D. 


BOXES,  YARDS,  AND  BYRES.  ] 

Owing  to  the  great  increase  in  the  cultivation  and    \ 
produce  of  green  crops  by  draining,  and  the  use  of  guano 
aud  other  improvements,  the  fattening  of  stock  has  now 
become  a  very  important  branch  of  agriculture.     On    ' 
the  best  modes  of  feeding  and  housing  fattening  cattle, 
the  greatest  diversity  of   opinion  prevails  ;  arising  no-  .' 
doubt  in  some  measure  fx'om  the  difierence  of  climate,    . 
but  principally  from  the  waut  of  careful  and  accurate    \ 
experiments  by  which  the  merits  of  the  various  modes  j 
might   be   fully  compared.     It  is  now,  however,  well    \ 
ascertained  that  moderate  warmth,  ease,  and  comfort,  , 
are  higlily  conducive  to  the  fattening  of  cattle ;  while,  on    ; 
the  other  hand,  cold,  and  exposure  to  the  inclemency  of  ' 
our  winter  weather,  retaj-ds  their  progress.     Thus  the    - 
same  quantity  and  quality  of  food  produces  much  greater  \ 
results  in  the  one  case  than  the  other.     Therefore,  the    , 
condition  in  which  our  cattle  are  kept,  has  a  material  ^ 
influence  on  the  returns  they  yield  us  for  their  food.    ' 
So  it  is   of  primary  importance  for  us  to  adopt  the  ^ 
best  modes  of  feeding  and  housing  our  fattening  cattle,    ; 
as  it  is  only  by  doing  so  that  the  greatest  amount  can   ■ 
be   realised  for  our   Turnip  crops.     Open   yards   with   . 
shelter  sheds  has  long  been  a  favourite  mode  in  East- 
Lothian,  and  is  possessed  of  various  advantages.     In  the  i 
first  place,  the  expense  of  labom'  in  feeding  and  attend-  . 
ing  to  the  cattle,  is  much  less  than  it  is  in  byres;  besides-  i 
the  facility  with  which  straw  can    be  converted  into  j 
manui'e  is  greater,  and  where  the  climate  is  fine,  the-  , 
fresh  air  and  moderate  exercise  which  the  cattle  have  in  j 
this   way,  being  highly  conductive  to  theu'  health  and  ; 
comfort,  tends  also  to  promote  their  fattening.     But  on  : 
the  other  hand,  when  several  cattle  are  put  together,  ,| 
they  do  not   always  agree,  and  in   their   struggles  for  ^ 
superiority  they  sometimes  injure  each  other  severely  j, 
and  when  Potatoes  and  grain  ^r  oilcake  are  given  them,  ] 
the  strong  take  more  than  their  share,  while  the  timorous- ^ 
and  weak  are  in   a  great  measure   deprived  of  their  . 
portion.     In  these  respects,  byres  are  much  superior  to-  . 
open  yards,  for  each  ox  having  his  own  stall  is  secured  j 
iu  his  own  proportion  of  food,  and  is   not  liable  to  be-,, 
interfered   with  or  to  he  annoyed   by  his  neighbour  ^  \ 
besides  it  is  considered  by  many,  that  in  byres  cattle  do  ^ 
not  consume  so  much  food  as  they  do  in  open  yards^  , 
On  looking  over   a    work    on   agriculture,  I   find  this  " 
opinion    con*oborated    by   an   experiment   made   by  a  ] 
Mr.     EUmau,     of     Glynde,    who     found     that     nine  \ 
oxen    fed    loose    in    a    yard,  by   eating   as     well  as-  [._ 
destroying,  consumed  as  much  as  12  when  tied  up.    The  , 
waste  of  food  when  the  cattle  are  fed  loose  is  indeed  , 
always  considerable,  and  much  is  frequently  so  trodden  , 
under  foot  (especially  if  they  are  receiving  cut  Grass)  : 
as  to  be  only  thrown  upon  the  dung-heap.     Thus  open 
yards  and  byres  ai'e  possessed  of  separate  and  peculiar 
advantages,  but  these  I  find  can  be  combined  in  the-  ■ 
highest  degree,  and  also  all  the  inconveniences  of  botli  j 
obviated,  by  u&ing  well-arranged  smgle  boxes.     On  the- , 
one  hand,  the  single  box  secures  to  the  ox  his  proper: 
allowance  of  food,  and  shields  him  from  the  attacks  of  j 
any  fretful  or  churlish-tempered  neighbour  as  well  as  a  ' 
close  stall  in  a  byre.     And  besides,  the  economy  of  food  ^ 
in  boxes  is  at  least  equal  to  what  it  is  in  byres  ;  while  ' 
on  the  other  hand,  the  expense  of  labour  in  feeding  and  ^ 
attending  to  the  cattle  is  not  more  than  it  is  in  opeii.j 
yards,  and  the  freedom  of  motion,  if  not  equal  to  what.^ 
it  is  in  yards,  is,  I  believe,  sufficient  for  the  health<f| 
and  comfort  of  the  cattle ;  for  it  is  surprising  as  they  | 
get  into  condition,  how  sportive  they  become,  and  how.- 
much  they  enjoy  themselves  within  the  narrow  limits..; 
of  their   box.     Again,  although  the    facility    of  con-,! 
verting  straw  into  manure  iu  open  yards  was  advan-.l 
tageous   when  few    Turnips  were    gro\vn,  yet,    owing.; 
to  the  great  increase  in  the  cultivation  of  green  crops^, 
this  is  now  no  benefit,  but  the  economising  of  the  straw  '| 
has  become   of   much   importance  ;    therefore  in  thia  \ 
point  also  boxes  are  preferable  to  open  yards,     Thus-j 
well-arranged  single  boxes  enjoy  all  the  advantages  of: 
byres,  with  those  of  the  com't-yard  superadded.     HereJ 
allow  me  to  refer  to  a  valuable  experiment  made  by  Mr*j 
Reid,  of  Di-em,  last  season,  in  order  to  compare  thfr; 
merits  of  box-feeding  with  tlie  court- yard.     Ten  cattle-^ 
were  cai*efully  divided,  five  were  put  into  boxes,  and  tho' : 
others  were  put  into  an  open  yard  with  shelter  sheds^^ 
Those  in  the  boxes  consumed  one-fifth  less  food  than 
the   others,  and  when  slaughtered  were  the  finest  in 
quality,  and  also  contained  50  lbs.  more  tellow  in  all. 
The  court-yard  ones,  however,  were  2  or  8  lbs.  each 
heavier  than  the  box-fed  ones  ;  but  Mr.  Reid  considered 
that  they  had  fully  this  advantage  at  the  commence-  | 
ment  of  the  experiment.     My  own  experience  is  quite 
in  accordance  with  this  result,  but  in  order  to  ifsX  thfr 
different  modes  more  fully  I  am  preparing  to  divide 
lot  of  24  West  Highland  cattle,  so  that  eight  will  be  put 
into  single  boxes,  eight  into  a  byre,  and  eight  into  an  open 
yard.    With  regard  to  the  manure,  tlie  superiority  of  box- 
made  to  openyardisatoncemanifest.  The  open yardbeing 
exposed  to  all  the  snow  and  rain  of  winter,  the  manure 
is  frequently  so  over-satui'ated  with  moisture  that  much 
of  its  stren'gth  and  fertilising  power  is  washed  away  ;,, 
but  the  box  manure  being  quite  covered  from  the  ram,. 
cannot  be   diluted  by  it,  and  the  boxes  being  so  con- 
structed that  no  hquid  can  escape,  the  whole  essence  of 
the  manure  is  saved.     Tanks,  no   doubt,  may  be  con- 
structed to  receive  the  liquid  as  it  flows  from  the  court- 
yard, but  I  have  scarcelyeverfounda  liquidtop-dressmg 


48—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTUR,VL     GAZETTE 


763 


lofitable   ia   East    Lothian  ;  ivhicbj  I  iinaiiine,  firiscs 
a  great  measure  from  the  nridicy  of  the  chaiiitej  for, 
,er  the  applicatinn  of  a  liquid  dressing,  the  surface  of 
3  soil  becomes  intrusted,  which  is  unfavoui-able  for  its 
itracting  moisture  from  the  atmosphere.     Where  the 
limate  is  humid,  I  am  aware  liquid  dressings  are  applied 
the  crop  with  much  advantage  ;    but  even  in  this 
^e,  by  using  boxes,  tbe  whole  expense  of  tanU,  and  the 
iplication  of  the  liquid  manure  to  the  soil  is  saved.  My 
|jxes  are,  for  the  most  part,  quite  open  in  front,  and 
i-e  ranged  in  double  rows,  witli  a  space  beUveen  the  rows 
which  Turnips  may  be  stored  in  a  quantity  sufficient 
keep  the  cattle  for  two  or  three  months.   The  Turnips 
?ing  stored  in  front  of  the  boxes  is  extremely  convenient 
r  the  cattle-feeder.     It  is  my  impression,  that  when 
le  cUmate  is  fine,  boxes  ought  to  be  quite  open  in  front 
one  range  of  my  boxes   being   covered  in,  with  the 
ception  of  various  openings  for  the  admission  of  fresh 
V  and  ventilation.     Last  season,  part  of  a  lot  of  cattle 
ere  put  into  them,  and  the  remainder  into  those  open  in 
'ont.     Tiiose  in  the  boxes  open  iu  front  were  scarcely 
irer   seen   to   perspire,  while  their  neighbours  in  the 
)vered-iQ   boxes    were   almost   always    covered    with 
srspiratiou.      When   the   whole   were  sold,  those    in 
le  covered-in  boxes  were  much  inferior  to  the  others, 
ad  this   experiment  been  made  in  a  more  rigorous 
imate,  I  believe  the  result  would  have  beeu  different, 
s  in  that  case  those  in,  the  covered-iu  boxes  would  only 
ave  been  in  a  comfortable  state  of  warmth,  while  the 
thers  would  have  been  too  cold.     My  single  boxes  are 
feet  by  10  feet,  my  double  ones  10  feet  by  12  feet.     In 
Jpe  erection  of  boxes,  although  they  maybe  quite  open 
1  front,  it  is  essential  to   prevent  all  currents  of  air 
laying  through  them,  by  boarding  up  every  third  or 
3iirth  subdivision  of  the  range,  and  also  to  have  them 
0  constructed  that  no  part  of  the  liquid  can  escape, 
therwise  the  manure  in  the  box  will  be  too  dry.     With 
^ard  to  the  feeding  of  cattle,  I  may  take  this  oppor- 
anity  of  mentioning  that  I  find  it  highly  advantageous 
[>  give  them  a  mixed,  varied,  and  more  nutritious  diet 
ban  Turnips  alone,  and  also  that  it  is  of  much  iinport- 
nce  to   give   them  their   corn  or   cake  with  a  large 
dmixture  of  cut  straw.     I  find  that  an  ox  of  about 
Ostones  imperial,  on  getting  G  lbs.  of  bruised  grain  or 
ilcake  in  this  manner,  consumes  only  about  half  the 
'umips  be  would  otherwise  do,  and  fattens  much  more 
[uickly.     If  the  gi-ain  or  oilcake  be  given  alone,  only  a 
tmall  portion  of  the  large  stomach  of  the  ox  can  act 
iponit,  but  if  given  mixed  up  with  some  other  bulky 
aid  less   nutritious   substance,  such  as  cut  straw,  the 
lourishment  contained  in  the  food  is  much  more  readily 
ind  completely  assimilated  ;  nor  is  this  the  only  advan- 
age,  for  the  capacious  paunch  of  the  ox  being  filled  up 
vith  the  cut  straw,  he  does  not  fall  on  the  Turnip  with 
iuch  a  keenness  of  appetite  as  he  would  otherwise  do, 
md  thus  there  is  a  great  economy  of  Turnip  also.     Nor 
a  the  cutting  of  the   straw   a  very  expensive  affair. 
C  find  that  a  good   straw  cutter  cuts  the  straw  into 
1 4    inch   lengths    as    fast   as    we    thresh  —  threshing 
al   the  rate  of  6   or  7  qrs.  of  Oats  per  hour.      The 
3traw-cutter  is   driven    by   the    steam-engine,  and    is 
conveniently  placed  in  the  straw-barn,  for  receiving  the 
'liut  straw  as  it  comes  from  the  threshing-mill  ;  only  two 
additional  hands  are  required  for  the  straw-cutter.  Tims 
the  cutting  of  the  straw  (every  expense  included)  does 
|not  exceed  6t/.  per  100  stones.     I  am  cutting  the  straw 
Jto  be  used  as  litter  for  several  of  the  boxes,  in  order  to 
^ee  if  the  more  minute  subdivision  of  the  manure  wi 
be  any  advantage.  It  will  at  least  be  in  a  better  condition 
for  spreading  over  the   land.      But  to  retui-n  to  the 
question  in  hand,  several  years  ago,  when  Beans  were 
unusually  depressed,  I  gave  6  lbs.  of  bruised  Beans  to 
'each  one  of  a  lot  of  60  cattle.     For  several  months  they 
|did  well,  but  about  the  end  of  that  period  their   coats 
ibecame  rough,  they  did  not  seem  to  relish  their  food, 
several  had  a  sliglit  cough,  and  at   length  one  or  two 
ceased  eating  entirely.     It  was  considered  to  be  pleuro- 
pneumonia by  those  who  were  familiar  with  that  disease. 
in  order  to  ascertain  if  possible  the  true  nature  of  the 
complaint,  I  caused  one  of  the  aiiimaia  to  be  slaughtered. 
The  heart  and  lungs  were  found  in  a  healthy  condition, 
but  tbe  liver  was   much  enlarged,  and  there   was  an 
uncommon    accumulation    of   bile.      This,    I   believe, 
arose  in  a  great  measure  from  the  bruised  Beans  not 
being  mixed  up  with  cut  straw  or  chaff,  or  some  other 
balky  and  »li(;licly  nutritious  substance.     For  the  nutri- 
ment contained  in  the  Beans  was  evidently  in  too  con- 
centrated a  form  for  the  8toma<;h  of  the  ox  properly  to 
act  upon  it,  and  thus  not  l>eing  fully  digested,  functional 
disorder  was   induced,  and  ultimately   disease    of   the 
liver.     Observiii;;  that   the   one   that   refused  liis  food 
frequently  licked  the  rootf*  of  tho  Turnips,  I  cauHcd  a 
shovelful  of  freHh  earth  to  be  placed  bcfor.;  him,  on  which 
lie  immediately  commenced,  and  licked  it  up  with  much 
apparent  relish,  after  which  lie  ate  a  few  Turnips  also. 
Secin;^  tliis,   I  cauHcl  fresh  earth  to  bo   put  into  tho 
troughs  of  all    the   others  (which  were  goin;^  in  open 
jrardh),  and  almost  every  one  on  disc/)vering  it  at  once 
commenced  Ui  it.     Nor  need  we  he  greatly  surprised  at 
thifl,   when   we  consider  that  an  ox   depnuturing  in    a 
meadow,  cannot  avoid   occaftionally  swallowiMg  a,  small 
portion  of  earili,  as  the  Grass  must  frequency  he  puUod 
up  hy  the  root,  especially  if  the  weather  Is  Hf)fi.     But  it 
Would  Apj>f;.'ir    that   his  organisin   ii  w>  urrangsd,  ihut 
this  A  mall  portion   of  earth,  inHtewl  of  being  injurioiiH, 
rather  imparls  a  hdalthful  stimulus   to   Iiis    digestivo 
organtt.     After  thin,  J  IflHw-ned   the  quantity  of  Bean- 
meal  Ui  21h<i,,  and  f^avo  t  \\>h.  (til-cake  insteail,  and  in  the 
Cdnrne  of  other  three  months  they  were  difpowd   o(, 
being  tlieii  io  prime  condifcioa  for  th«  mwrUet      [Tho 


above  remarks  are  by  Mr.  Christie,  of  WesLnauk,  and 
were  made  at  one  of  the  discussioual  meetings  of  tbe 
Highland  aud  Agricultural  Society;  for  a  report  of  which, 
at  the  time  of  its  occurrence,  we  had  not  room  in  our 
columns.] 


Home  Correspondence. 

Daily  Farming. — In  the  Agricultural  GawUe,  p.  698, 
Oct.  10,  Mr.  Hewitt  Davis  alludes  to  Mr.  Smith's  farm- 
ing at  Chipstead,  in  Surrey.  Now  if  Mr.  Davis  would 
favour  dairy  farmers,  through  your  Journal,  with  a 
detail  of  Mr.  Smith's  method  of  feeding,  it  miglit  be  of 
service  to  some  who  are  not  satisfied  with  the  old  plan 
of  two  acres  of  pasture  and  one  of  meadow  for  each  cow, 
such  being  the  estimated  quantity  of  land  required  in 
some  parts  of  Cumberland.  Mr.  D,  states  that  the  cows 
for  eight  months  of  the  year  are  fed  on  cut  straw,  bran, 
Turnips,  and  Mangold  Wurzel.  How  often  are  they 
fed  during  the  day,  and  what  quantity  of  each  is  required 
for  one  cow  ?  Is  the  cut  straw  boiled,  and  the  bran  put 
into  it  ?  Respecting  the  flavour  of  Turnips  in  butter,  a 
little  dissolved  saltpetre  put  into  the  new  milk  will 
always  prevent  it.  J.  F. 

Farm  Building,  Feeding,  and  Manure. — In  your 
Oazeite  of  the  13th,  there  appeared  three  articles,  one 
on  the  subject  of  Farm  Buildings,  one  on  Straw  as 
Maum'e,  the  other  bein^  a  letter  from  Mr.  Mechi. 
Now  it  would  seem  that  iu  the  first,  straw  is  taken  to  be 
of  great  value  as  manure,  or  in  the  process  of  the 
manufacture  of  that  article  ;  in  the  second  as  of  no  value 
for  that  purpose,  but  that  it  is  for  fodder  of  much  more 
value  than  is  generally  thought  ;  and  the  system  adopted 
by  Mr.  Mechi  would  seem  to  place  it  much  in  the  same 
light  as  the  author  of  the  second  article  referred  to. 
The  modes,  however,  which  those  two  gentlemen  adopt 
differ  entirely,  one  using  a  vast  quantity  of  peat  or  other 
dry  matter  to  absorb  the  liquid  portion,  thereby  solidi- 
fying it,  and  rendering  it  more  bulky  for  removal  to  the 
land,  and  the  other  mixing  the  liquid  and  solid  portions 
and  addiug  water  in  vai*ying  proportion,  aud  removing  the 
whole  to  the  land  by  pumping  it  through  pipes,  and  dis- 
tributing it  over  the  land  by  gutta  percha  hose  (a 
mode  which  has  been  so  ably  described  and  demonstrated 
to  be  economical  in  the  reports  of  the  general  Board  of 
Health).  Deficient  in  public  spirit  as  those  are  who 
have  the  means  of  giving  information,  it  may  seem 
doubtful  to  some  if  it  be  a  duty  in  them  to  do  so,  and 
there  are  few  inducements  for  any  one  to  place  his  infor- 
mation generally  before  others  ;  there  are  not  afewof  those 
who  possess  the  information  who  feel  their  own  want  of 
the  qualification  to  transmit  it  to  others  ;  there  are 
others  who  have  not  the  time  to  sit  down  and  indite 
their  own  everyday  transactions,  and  there  are  very 
many  who  are  not  aware  that  they  are  pursuing  any 
practice  which  differs  in  any  respect  from  what  is 
adopted  by  their  fellows  throughout  the  greater  part  of 
the  kingdom,  until  by  some  chance  they  are  transported 
into  a  fresh  neiglibourhood.  I  folly  believ^^  that  what 
you  have  added  to  the  qualifications  of  the  practical 
Cornishman,  and  claimed  for  the  Scotsman,  as  having 
more  of  uncirculated  knowledge  above  the  Englishman 
to  be  perfectly  correct,  and  I  think  there  are  some  good 
reasons  why  we  might  expect  more  of  the  rational  from 
the  former  than  the  latter.  The  wealthy  English  farmer 
has,  until  a  very  recent  date,  at  least,  had  no  institution 
open  for  him,  except  the  old  grammar-school  and  the 
universities,  where  an  education  of  any  kind  could  be 
had,  and  they  were  never  calculated  to  fit  him  either  for 
the  business  orscientific  knowledge  of  a  farmer;  and  those 
whofrom  their  pecuniary  position  were  more  likely  to  put 
their  hand  to  the  manual  operations,  soas  likely  to  become 
proficients  therein,  have  been  placed  even  in  a  wox'se 
position.  The  Scottish  system  of  education  has  been 
much  more  open  to  all,  because  much  cheaper  and  more 
suitable  for  farmers,  and,  indeed,  for  all  the  ordinary 
business  of  life,  because  it  deals  with  physical  science  in 
each  of  its  departments,  and  affords  to  all  the  opportu- 
nity of  obtaining  really  useful  knowledge.  Thus,  wlietber 
it  be  the  small  farmer,  or  like  the  Cornish  practical  man 
of  1000  acres,  the  Scot  has  acquired  some  amount  of 
scientific  knowledge  ;  and  though  he  be  wealthy,  the 
thrifty  and  simple  manners  of  the  country  have  induced 
him  not  to  lose  sight  of  the  various  manual  operations. 
It  would  appear  that  your  opinion  is  much  in  favour 
of  the  box-feeding  system,  both  as  being  the  most 
healthy  and  much  preferable  as  the  mode  of  converting 
the  produce  into  manure.  Now,  as  compared  with  the 
open-yard  feeding,  I  should  feel  disposed  to  agree  with 
you;  and  it  may  bo  that  in  those  districts  where  a 
large  bulk  of  straw  is  produced,  and  where  the  number 
of  cattle  kept  is  proportionally  small,  it  may  answer  tho 
purpose,  but,  if  there  be  any  truth  in  what  Mr.  Y.  says, 
it  would  bo  more  prolitablc  to  eat  the  straw  with  a 
portion  of  other  food,  and  thus  to  maintain  a  larger 
numljor  of  aniinalH;  ami  if  the  Hystom  woro  adopted  of 
mixing  tlic  manure  with  water,  and  thus  reducing  it 
into  such  a  form  as  to  render  it  possible  to  ho  j)umped 
over  the  land,  I  iin»gino  that  the  lunnher  of  animals 
kept  would  prove  still  greater,  j'robabiy  wc  have  not 
yet  any  suflicicntly  established  number  of  examples  of 
this  nort  to  como  to  any  g'.-neral  conclusions ;  but 
I  think  there  aro  many  iuHtanccH,  without  either 
going  \j)  tho  extreme  of  eatitig  ilU  the  straw,  eilJicr 
the  syHtem  of  Mr.  Y.  or  Mr.  Mechi,  where  the  number 
of  cattle  kept  iw  such  that  tin;  box  systoni  coulil  not  be 
pursued,  because  there  would  not  bo  a  suilicicnt  quan- 
tity of  Ktraw  for  litter,  and  thin  would  be  found  to  ho 
the  case  in  mo»t  of  our  breeding  districts,  It  is  quite 
true  that  wc  find  too  many  instunoes  of  want  of  due 


economy  of  straw  in  those  districts,  as  well  as  of  want 
of  due  care  for  manure  ;  and  that  we  also  find  vast 
numbers  of  cattle  which  Ijave  neither  well-ventilated  nor 
well  drained  houses  ;  and  again,  for  the  increased  number 
of  animals  vastly  more  iiouse-room  is  needed;  and  if  they 
are  not  to  be  accommodated  with  more  economy  of 
space  than  the  box  system  offers,  I  fear  that  the  neces- 
sary capital  could  seldom  be  afforded,  as  it  must  enhance 
the  price  of  young  stock  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render 
their  rearing  more  costly  than  the  grazier  can  afford. 
Now  in  stalls  an  animal  can  have  sufficient  room  in  35 
superficial  feet  ;  and  if  the  stall  be  formed  level  or 
nearly  so,  and  behind  the  animal  there  be  a  curbstone 
raised  some  six  inches  above  the  walk  behind,  the 
beast  can  very  easily  be  kept  clean  and  dry,  and  he 
will  not  stand  uneasily,  as  he  would  do  if  the  stalls  slop© 
from  front  to  back,  as  they  do  in  a  stable,  and  very  little 
litter  will  then  be  required  to  keep  the  animals  com- 
fortable. If  it  can  be  proved  that  all  the  straw  can  be 
beneficially  eaten  by  stock,  which  I  think  it  may  possibly 
be  one  of  these  days,  then  we  must  keep  all  the  excre- 
ments under  cover  (and  without  that  be  done  in  regard 
to  the  dung  made  by  stall-fed  animals,  the  trial  with 
dung  made  by  cattle  in  boxes  against  stall-made  dung 
is  not  fairly  tried),  and  as  there  would  then  be  required 
a  large  quantity  of  fibrous  or  other  dry  matter  to 
absorb  the  liquid  portion,  lam  much  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  system  which  has  been  adopted  by  Mr.  Ken- 
nedy at  Myremill  aud  Mr.  Teller  near  Ayr  (whose  cows 
lie  upon  mats  of  cocoa-nut  fibre)  would  be  found  more 
economical,  as  there  is  no  question  now  but  the  cost 
of  transit  from  the  buildings  to  the  various  parts  of 
the  farm,  is  much  less  by  this  mode  than  any  other.  B^ 
The  Records  of  Cattle-feeding  at  Howick  Lodge.-^ 
I  have  carefully  examined  the  very  elaborate  statement, 
in  your  Paper  of  the  last  two  weeks,  of  the  experienoe 
of  the  Hon.  Capt.  Grey  on  cattle  feeding.  Notwith- 
standing the  apparent  minuteness  of  these  tables,  com- 
posed of  somewhere  about  9000  figures,  they  fail,  in  my 
opinion,  to  convey  the  information  required,  or  to 
answer  the  question  so  often  asked,  viz.,  Does  it  pay  the 
farmer  to  grow  Turnips  to  make  beef  ?  I  cannot  find  a 
clear  answer  in  his  statement  to  this  query.  In  the  first 
place  Capt.  Grey  does  not  debit  his  cattle  ^^ith  the  straw 
consumed  as  food  and  litter,  though  he  takes  credit  for 
the  manure.  In  attempting  to  set  before  the  public  a 
statistical  statement  of  facts  connected  with  this  impor- 
tant subject,  I  am  surprised  Capt.  Grey  should  measure 
his  manure  by  so  indefinite  a  standard  as  a  cart-load  ; 
for  a  cart-load  may  be  half  a  ton,  a  ton,  or  a  ton  and  a 
half.  The  manure  being  so  important  an  aliment  in  tho 
profit  or  loss  in  feeding,  it  ought  to  be  stated  in  positive 
weight.  It  would  have  been  desirable  if  Capt.  Grey  had 
added  one  more  column  to  his  statement  and  given  the 
dead  weight  as  well  as  live  weight,  as  every  farmer 
may  not  be  able  to  put  the  live  weight  into  beef.  If 
Capt.  Grey  adds  the  value  of  the  straw  consumed  for 
food  and  litter,  which  I  find  to  cost  \%d.  per  week  for 
each  beast  (as  per  my  statement,  pubUshed  in  the  Daily 
Neivs,  Aug.  27,  and  in  your  Paper  of  Sept.  13),his 
system  of  feeding  will  not  appear  to  be  a  very  profitable 
pui'suit.  His  beef,  produced  by  stall  or  box  feediflgj, 
according  to  his  own  statement,  averages  6s.  6d.  per 
stone  of  14  lbs.,  while  it  has  not  for  the  same  period 
averaged  more  than  5s.  in  the  market.  We  will  take 
the  statement  for  1850  and  1851.  Capt,  Grey  makes 
the  stall-fed  beef  cost  4s.  5d.  per  stone  live  weight. ;  if 
we  add  to  this  45  per  cent.,  the  cost  of  beef  produced 
will  be  6s.  4-Jd  per  stone.  Add  also  to  the  total  cost 
967  weeks'  straw  for  food  and  litter,  lO^rf.  per  week,  or 
-12^.  Gs.,  this  will  bring  the  balance  down  to  U.  Is.  9d.y 
instead  of  4M.  7s.  9d.  In  the  statement  for  1851  and 
1852,  the  stall-fed  beef  costs  4s.  7d.  per  stone  live 
weight ;  add  to  this  45  per  cent.,  and  the  cost  of  beef 
will  be  6s.  7^d. 

Add  to  total  coat,  119G  weeks'  straw, atlOJd..per  week  £52  n  6 
Cost  of  beaBiB  and  food     826  15,1 

TotPlcost 

Cr.— Hy  beasts  sold 

Manure 

Lobs        

In  feeding  the  latter  lot  of  beasts  there  are  consumed 
412  tons  of  Turnips,  which  Capt.  Grey  values  at  5s.  per 
ton  ;  but  if  he  deducts  the  62^.  7s.  5d.  which  he  has  lost 
on  the  lot,  he  will  find  he  has  only  ronlised  28.  6d.  per 
ton  for  his  Turnips.  It  is  evident  from  Capt.  Grey's 
statement  that  his  system  of  house-feeding  is  expensive 
and  unprofitable  ;  and  if  he  had  not  taken  advantage  of 
the  graaing,  which  he  puts  down  at  Is.  6d.  to  2s.  6d.  per 
week,  tho  two  years'  house-feeding  would  have  shown  a 
very  considerable  loss.  Jos,  Laycoch,  Wintaton^  New- 
castle-on-Tgnc. 

Farmers'  Clubs. 

Daiiesburv. — 'The  annual  meeting  and  show  of  stock  of 
tlio  Daresbury  Farmers'  Club  was  held  at  the  Ring  o'" 
UellH,  Daresbury,  on  Thursday  last.  The  Secretary 
read  tho  reports  of  the  Inspectors  of  Farms,  Turnips,  &ic. 
These  documents  are  important  and  practical,  and  though 
they  occupy  considerable  space,  wo  feel  bound  to  subjoin 
tlieni : — 

Uitpurt  of  the  /nupcctors  of  Farms,  li^c.  Prcinkwi' l.-^ 
To  the  rcHident  tenant  of  any  farm  (chiefly  dependent 
upon  farming)  of  not  less  than  50  statute  acres,  who 
HJiall  have  tho  same  in  tho  neatest  and  most  exact  order,, 
and  under  tho  bcwt  course  of  management,  HI.  (Three 
claimiknts,  one  witlidrawn.) 

No.  1.  (Inspocttid  20th  Aug.) — Thia  claimant's  farm 


...  873     1     7 

£736    0 
89  U 
52    r 

2 
0 
6 

—    878    1    T 

764 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Nov.  27,  Is- 


<!ontaiu9  83,^  acres,  and  is  held  on  a  yearly  tenure.  The 
soil  is  chiefly  a  strong  loam  on  a  subsoil  of  clay,  with 
some  portions  of  sandy  loam.  The  state  of  cultivation 
is  as  follows  : — Pasture  39  acres,  meadow  3  acres.  Clover 
meadow  15  acres,  Italian  Rye-grass  half  an  acre,  Potatoes 
8  acres,  Wheat  3  acres,  Oats  14  acres,  hnmeatead  and 
gardens  1  acre.  The  usual  rotation  of  cropping  is— 1st, 
Oats  (and  sometimes  Potatoes)  ;  2d,  Potatoes  ;  3d,  Wheat; 
4th,  Oats ;  then  laid  down  to  Grass  with  Clover  and  other 
aeeds,  mown  once,  and  afterwards  kept  in  pasture  8  or  9 
years.  Upon  the  whole  the  Grass  land  was  in  very  fair 
condition,  with  the  exception  of  part  of  one  field,  whicli 
had  been  recently  laid  down  without  sufficient  seeds. 
A  great  portion  of  the  pasture  land  has  been  manured 
■with  bones,  the  effect  of  which  is  very  evident  in  the 
improved  quality  and  increased  quantity  of  the  herbage. 
The  old  meadow  land  was  in  good  order  ;  and  the  Clover 
meadows  were  in  fair  condition.  The  latter  had  been 
manured  with  raw  bones  after  the  rate  of  10  cwt.  per 
acre,  and  at  a  cost  of  from  51.  17s.  6d.  to  GL  per  ton. 
The  Potatoes  were  in  a  good  state  of  management :  the 
early  ones  had  been  sold  in  July,  and  yellow  Scarisbrick 
Tm'nips  had  been  sown  after  them,  towards  the  end  of 
that  month  ;  the  late  Potatoes  were  a  good  crop,  but  the 
disease  had  made  its  appearance  amongst  them.  The 
Wheat  (which  was  in  the  stocks)  was  in  good  condition, 
and  would  be  more  than  an  average  crop  ;  the  stubble 
was  very  clean.  The  Oats  were  an  excellent  crop  ;  part 
of  them — which  claimant  called  the  "  Black  Scotch 
Bavarian  " — were  very  heavy,  and  appeared  to  be  of  a 
most  productive  kind.  The  stock  kept  upon  the  farm 
consists  of  3  farm  horses,  1  colt,  20  milch  cows  (all  of 
them  in  good  condition,  and  the  greater  part  of  them 
well  bred  short-horns),  1  feeding  cow,  1 4  pigs  (6  nearly 
fat,  7  to  be  killed  in  spring,  and  1  breeding  sow),  6 
rearing  calves,  and  1  bull,  Tlie  cows  are  all  depastured 
in  summer,  the  bull  and  1  horse  are  kept  up  and  fed  on 
green  food.  It  is  supposed  that  250  tons  of  manure  are 
made  annually  upon  this  farm,  besides  the  Hquid  manure, 
which  is  collected  in  an  open  reservoir  (11  yards  by 
II  yards)  behind  the  buildings.  At  the  lower  end  of 
this  reservoir  a  tub  perforated  with  holes  is  placed,  into 
which  the  liquid  drains,  and  is  thence  pumped  into  a 
liquid-manure  cart,  and  conveyed  upon  the  adjoining 
Grass  land.  The  claimant  expends  annually  from  25Z. 
to  30Z.  in  the  purchase  of  bones  and  guano  ;  the  former 
being  applied  to  Clover  root  and  Oats,  and  the  latter  to 
Turnips,  along  with  farm-yard  manure,  He  also  pur- 
chases from  6  to  8  tons  of  Wheat  and  Oat  straw,  and 
about  40^.  worth  of  provender,  consisting  chiefly  of 
Egyptian  Beans  and  bran.  Draining  has  been  going  on, 
gradually,  on  this  farm  for  several  years,  but  some  fields 
still  require  this  improvement.  During  the  past  year 
the  claimant  has  drained  a  field  of  4  acres  at  his  own 
expense,  except  half  the  cost  of  tiles,  which  was  paid  by 
the  landlord.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  farm  has  now 
■been  drained,  and  many  new  fences  have  been  planted. 
The  whole  of  the  hedges  on  this  farm  are  properly 
trimmed  ;  and  the  house,  garden,  &c.,  were  neat  and  iu 
good  oi-der.  The  outbuiFdings,  at  least  some  of  them, 
were  out  of  repair,  and  several  gates  were  wanting  on 
different  parts  of  the  farm.  There  is  great  credit  due 
to  this  claimant  and  his  mother  for  their  general  good 
management,  one  strong  proof  of  which  may  be  found  in 
the  cheese  room  ;  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  ere  long, 
by  continued  perseverance,  he  will  become  a  successful 
competitor. 

2. — This  farm  is  about  176  acres  ;  of  which  66  acres 
are  pasture,  36  acres  meadow,  11  acres  Clover  meadow, 
24  acres  Oats,  2  acres  Oats  and  Vetches,  12  acres  Wheat, 
20  acres  Potatoes,  1  acre  Mangold  Wurzel,  1  acre 
homestead  and  gardenF,,  and  3  acres  plantations,  occupa- 
tion roads,  &c.  The  farm  is  held  from  year  to  year, 
lies  nearly  within  a  ring  fence,  and  the  liomestead  is 
conveniently  situated  for  the  occupation  of  the  land. 
The  soil  is  principally  a  sandy  loam,  of  but  medium 
quality,  on  a  subsoil  of  sand,  with  some  peat  and  clay. 
The  customai'y  rotation  of  cropping  is — 1st,  Oats ; 
2d,  green  crops ;  3d,  Wheat ;  4th,  Oats,  and  then  laid 
down  to  Grass  for  seven  or  eight  years,  or  more,  part 
being  pastured  and  part  mown.  The  greater  part  of 
the  pasture  land  has  been  boned  during  the  last  two  or 
three  years,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  acres  which 
want  draining,  and  are  rather  poor,  the  whole  is  clean 
and  in  a  good  state  of  management.  Nearly  20  acres 
were  boned  last  year  with  15  cwt.  of  boiled  bones  per 
statute  acre.  On  10  acres  of  this  the  Grass  root  is  not 
looking  very  well,  the  seeds  having  been  hurt  by  a  heavy 
erop  of  Barley  with  which  they  were  sown,  7^  acres 
were  boned  this  spring;  this  portion  is  now  a  good  root 
of  Grass.  27^  acres  of  meadow  land  have  been  laying 
from  four  to  five  years,  were  boned  on  the  Clover  root, 
and  are  all  at  the  present  time  in  very  fair  condition. 
The  remainder,  a  field  of  8  acres,  deserves  especial 
notice  ;  it  was  laid  down  in  1850  after  early  Potatoes, 
and  is  already  an  excellent  Gi'ass-root ;  tiiis  year  it  has 
been  mown  once  and  afterwards  pastured,  and  it  is  now 
looking  remarkably  well.  12  cwt.  of  boiled  bones  per 
acre  were  applied  to  it,  part  last  autumn  and  the  rest  in 
spring  ;  which  has  no  doubt  fertilised  the  land  very 
much,  but  the  successful  cultivation  of  the  plot  must  in 
a  great  measure  be  atti'ibuted  to  the  high  condition  and 
clean  state  of  the  land  on  which  the  seeds  were  sown, 
and  their  freedom  from  the  prejudicial  influence  to 
which  they  are  subjected  when  sown  with  corn  crops. 
The  Clover  meadow  was  also  very  good  and  clean.  It 
had  been  manured  last  year,  and  the  seeds  so\vn  were 
about  5  lbs.  of  red  Clover,  5  lbs.  of  Cow-grass,  2i  lbs. 
Trefoil,  J,  measure  of  Rye-grass,  and  2  bags  of  claimant's 
own  hay  seeda  per  statute  acre.     The  Cats  were  a  good 


crop,  though  not  so  heavy  as  one  portion  of  the  other 
claimant's  ;  the  land  was  clean  and  part  of  it  laid  down 
to  Grass.  The  Wheat  crop  was  clean,  and  was  the 
heaviest  and  best  we  have  seen  this  year.  It  was  sown 
after  Potatoes,  and  was  chiefly  of  the  Irish  kind— of 
white  Wheat  with  red  chaff.  The  whole  was  standing 
remarkably  well  —  a  feature  which  appears  to  be 
characteristic  of  this  kind  of  Wheat,  and  one  which  is  of 
very  great  importance.  The  reapers  had  commenced 
cutting  the  crop  at  the  time  of  inspection  (August  20). 
Of  the  Potatoes,  12  acres  were  late  ones,  sown  in  drills, 
were  quite  free  from  weeds,  and  would  be  a  very  fair 
crop  unless  injured  by  the  prevailing  disease,  which 
we  detected  in  the  stem,  and  which  we  fear  has  since 
materially  affected  the  root.  There  had  been  8  acres  of 
early  Potatoes,  and,  after  they  were  got  up,  about  3  acres 
of  the  laud  had  been  transplanted  with  the  Swede 
Turnips  and  Mangold  Wurzel,  and  5  acres  sown  with 
orange  jelly  and  yellow  Scarisbrick  Turnips,  The  stock 
kept  on  this  farm  is  5  horses,  40  dairy  cows,  1  bull, 
1  yearling  ditto,  10  heifers  and  stirks,  21  pigs  (2  breeding 
sows  included,  and  several  feeding),  and  14  rearing 
calves;  total,  90.  The  horned  cattle  are  depastured  in 
summer,  and  the  horses  are  fed  on  green  food  in  the 
stable  during  the  day  and  depastm-ed  at  night.  It  is 
estimated  tliat  about  400  tons  of  manure  is  made 
annually,  which  is  applied  to  green  crops.  Claimants 
have  also  bouglit  and  applied  to  green  crops  annually, 
for  the  last  7  years,  1  ton  of  guano,  at  lOZ.  per  ton  ;  and 
10  tons  of  boiled  bones  have  also  been  purchased 
annually,  on  an  average  of  the  like  period,  for  Clover 
roots ;  the  price  is  now  4Z.  4s.  per  ton.  The  liquid 
manure  at  present  runs  to  waste,  except  what  is. absorbed 
by  peat  and  sand  carted  to  the  farm-yard  for  that 
purpose.  For  the  draining  done  during  the  last  7  years 
an  annual  average  purchase  has  been  made  of  12,748 
tiles,  about  13  iuches  loug,  which  have  been  laid,  where 
necessai'y,  on  slate  soles.  The  distance  of  the  drains 
apart  is  generally  from  7  to  9  yards.  In  the  way  of 
general  improvements  50  rods  of  open  trenches,  and 
low  places  in  the  fields,  have  been  drained  and  filled  up ; 
and  during  the  last  4  years,  130  rods  (of  8  yards)  of  old 
fences  have  been  eradicated,  and  the  old  ditches  drained 
and  filled  up  ;  and  105  rods  (of  8  yards)  of  new  Thorn 
fences  have  been  planted.  A  road  to  the  stackyard, 
22  yards  long  and  10  feet  wide,  has  been  paved,  and 
two  pits  filled  up  and  made  into  land,  the  whole  having 
been  done  principally  at  claimants'  expense.  The  house, 
farm-buildings,  gates  aud  fences  are  kept  in  a  neat  and 
satisfactory  state.  The  general  management  of  this 
farm,  and  the  improved  condition  of  it  within  the  last 
few  years,  reflect  great  credit  upon  the  claimants — 
Messrs.  Joseph  and  Peter  Beecroft,  of  Hatton  (tenants 
of  Mrs.  Watt),  and  we  have  much  pleasure  in  recom- 
mending that  the  prize  be  awarded  to  them. 

Draining. — Premium  2.  To  the  resident  tenant  upon 
a  rack  rent,  of  any  farm,  not  being  less  than  30  acres, 
who  shall  have  expended  the  greatest  sum  of  money 
in  the  most  judicious  manner,  in  draining,  within  one 
year,  previously  to  the  1st  September,  1852  (the  size  of 
the  farm  and  the  operations  of  the  work  being  duly 
considered  by  the  inspectors),  3^  (Three  claimants, 
one  withdrawn.)  No.  1.— Claimant's  farm  contains  176 
acres,  of  which  two  fields  have  been  drained  containing 
together  12  acres.  The  drains  are  laid  with  common 
3-inch  tiles  on  the  parallel  system,  from  8  to  9  yards 
apart,  and  36  to  40  inches  deep.  There  is  a  main  drain 
laid  with  700  5-inch  tiles.  Total  length  of  drains,  7588 
yards.  The  cost  was  stated  to  be  as  follows  : — 20,200 
3-inch  tiles,  at  25s.  per  1000,  18^.  lOi'.  ;  700  5-inch  tiles, 
at  50s.  per  1000,  1/.  15s.  ;  slate  soles,  on  which  tlie 
tiles  were  laid,  1?.  7s.  l^rf.  ;  and  23^.  10s.  for  cutting, 
laying,  and  filling  up  948, i  rods  (of  8  yards)  at  6d.  per 
rod.  Total  cost,  52^.  Is.  lirf.,  or  il.  9s-  Gd.  per  acre,  ex- 
clusive of  the  cost  of  carting  the  tiles  a  distance  of  about 
1^  mile.  The  owner  paid  for  nearly  all  the  tiles.  The 
land  drained  is  a  dark  sandy  soil  on  a  variable  subsoil 
of  sandy  clay,  containing  iu  some  places  "  foxbench  "  and 
quicksand.  The  draining,  which  was  no  doubt  much 
wanted,  appears  to  have  been  effectually  done.  The 
land  was  cropped  with  Potatoes  at  the  time  of  inspection 
(the  greater  part  of  them  earlier  ones),  and  all  were  in 
a  clean  and  flourishing  state.  The  claimants  are  Messrs, 
Beecroft;  of  Hatton,  who,  having  got  the  prize  for  the 
best  cultivated  farm,  are  by  Rule  13  disqualified  from 
gaining  any  premium  for  draining,  but  we  have  thought 
it  right  to  report  what  they  have  done,  and  have  much 
pleasure  in  commending  it.  No.  2. — This  claimant's 
farm  is  380  acres,  of  which  one  field  of  25  acres  has 
been  drained  during  the  year  ending  the  12th  May  last. 
In  this  case  1^-iuch  pipes  were  used,  and  were  laid  on 
the  parallel  system,  about  10  yards  apart  and  3  feet 
deep,  the  main  drain  being  3^-  feet  deep  ;  total  length 
of  drains,  12,648  lineal  yards.  The  pipes  were  paid  for 
by  the  landlord,  leaving  the  cost  to  the  claimant  '21.  10s. 
per  acre,  besides  which  the  tiles  had  to  be  carted  one 
mile.  The  land  drained  is  a  strongish  gravelly  loam,  on  a 
clayey  subsoil.  The  drains  were  running  well  at  the 
time  of  inspection  (20th  August)  and  the  land  was 
much  benefited  by  their  operation  ;  but  we  are  inclined 
to  think  that  10  yards  apart  is  an  extreme  distance  for 
subsoil  of  this  description.  The  claimant,  who  has  now 
drained  50  acres  the  last  two  winters,  is  Mr.  Richard 
Jauion,  Rocksavage,  near  Runcorn,  to  whom  we  award 
the  prize. 

Dung-water  Beservolvs.  —  Premium  3.  To  the  re- 
sident tenant  upon  whose  farm  shall  be  constructed  in 
a  substantial  and  durable  manner,  the  best  reservoir  for 
the  reception  of  dung  water,  either  for  floating  meadows 
or  pastures,  or  for  carrying  off  in  water  carts,  21.    (One 


^\ 


ini 


claimant.)  The  claim  is  for  an  open  reservoir,  12  fe 
by  9,  by  4i  feet  deep,  made  on  sloping  ground  in'  Z 
meadow,  a  short  distance  from  the  farm  buildings, 
has  been  formed  by  simply  excavating  the  ground,  at 
making  an  embankment  with  the  material  on  the  low* 
side.  The  sides  of  the  embankment  are  faced  wit 
stone.  The  liquid  is  let  off  when  required  by  means 
a  plug  fixed  at  the  bottom  of  the  embankment.  Two  < 
three  hundred  yards  to  the  east,  and  at  a  considerab) 
elevation  above  the  reservoir,  are  some  ponds  nearl 
three  quarters  of  an  acre  in  extent,  which  contain  a  goc 
supply  of  water  at  all  seasons.  If  needs  be  this  watt 
can  be  raised  and  retained  a  yard  or  more  above  i 
ordinary  level,  all  of  which  is  under  control,  and  ca 
be  made  available  at  any  time  for  irrigation,  Froi 
these  ponds  the  water  is  conducted  by  means  of  an  ope  i 
ditch  until  it  reaches  the  farm  buildings  ;  it  then  pas"'*^ 
through  the  farm-yard  by  means  of  soughs,  aud 
carries  away  in  solution  all  the  liquids  from  the  priv; 
pig-sties,  shippons,  and  stables  into  the  reservoir,  froi 
whence  is  irrigated  nearly  all  the  meadow  (upwards  i 
8  acres)  in  which  the  reservoir  is  situate.  There  is  n< 
very  great  merit  to  be  rewarded  in  this  instance  ;  h\ 
we  consider  the  claimant  (Mr.  John  Fairhurst,  of  Bell* 
fields,  Appleton,  tenant  to  Thomas  Lyon,  Esq.)  to  b 
entitled  to  the  prize.  PIenry  White. 

Warrington,  Oct.  G.  Thomas  B,  Ryder. 

Mr.  Ryder  said  that  as  one  of  the  inspectors  he  kne' 
the  Society  was  doing  good.  There  were  many  acrt 
yet  to  be  drained,  many  useless  hedges  to  be  eradicatet 
and  the  stock  might  be  much  improved  ;  but  still  th 
Society  was  doing  its  work  and  doing  it  well. — Many  < 
the  members  wishing  to  leave  by  train,  the  Chairma 
vacated  his  seat,  and  the  proceedings  of  the  meetih 
closed. 

Chertsey. — At  the  late  annual  meeting  of  this  society 
in  reply  to  the  toast  of  "  The  members  for  the  county. 
Mr.  Drummond,  M.P.,  said, — ^'This  is  an  agricultun 
association,  and  it  is  as  a  farmer  I  address  you.     I  ai 
exceedingly  glad  to  meet  you,  and  to  find  that  you  hav 
not,  as  other  agricultural  associations  have  in  this  county 
died  a  natural  death.  I  do  hope  you  will  continue,  unde 
every  circumstance,  to  meet.     No  matter  whether  yo 
become  few  or  continue  many,  still  meet — do  not  giv 
up.     It  is  of  very  great  importance  that  we  should  mee| 
in  this  way  once  a  year.    Now,  every  one  of  us,  farmer  y 
or  not,  have  been  beaten  by  that  man  [a  labourer  whj 
produced  a  magnificent  sheaf  of  Bai*ley,  the  produce  of  j 
single    grain].      (A   Voice — *  Oh  !    he   couldn't   do  i 
again.')     I  say  there  is  none  of  us,  not  the  best  farme 
here,  but  has  been  beaten  by  that  man.  Why,  you  neve 
got  5000  for   one — (A  laugh) — 5375  grains  from  on 
grain  of  Barley.     Now,  tilh  we  can  all  do  that,  don't  le 
us  fancy  we  have  finished  learning  to  farm.      That' 
what  we  have  got  to  do.     What  one  man  can  do  anothe: 
can — can't  he  ?     To  be  sure  he  can.     He's  got  just  a 
many  hands  and  legs.     I  remember  a  labourer  onci 
talking  to  a  gentleman,  who   seemed  to  know  what  hi 
was  about  ;  auJ,  when  he  left  him,  some  one  said  to  thi 
labourer,  '  That's  a  sharpish  sort  of  fellow.'  *  Oh  yes. 
said  the  labourer,  ^  a  gentleman's  got  a  head  as  well  a  ^ 
another  man,  if  he  only  knew  how  to  use  it.'    (Laughter.  ^ 
Well,  now,  so  has  a  farmer  got  a  head  ;  and,  if  he  onl;  t 
knew  how  to  use  it,  he  might  get  5000  grains  from  one,, 
Now,  we  ai-e  all  manufacturers.     I  don't  understand  th, 
difference  between  agricultural  and  manufacturing  in 
terests.     We  are  all  manufacturers.     Did  you  ever  se'^, 
a  silkworm  1     Is  it  not  very  ingenious  to  make  tha 
nasty  yellow  spider's-looking  web  into  a  lady's  elegan 
silk  dress  ?     That's  what  the  manufactm'er  does.    Wha 
has  the  farmer  got  to  do  1     He  has  to  turn  a  dunghil 
into  a  loaf  of  bread.    Is  not  that  a  manufacture  just  a 
extraordinary  ?     But  he  nmst  do  it.     We  have  beei , 
talking  for  some  time  past  about  the  great  advantages  o  ^j 
reducing  the  cost  of  production  and  the  price  of  labour , 
But,  by  all  this  emigration  that  is  going  on,  the  price  o 
labour  will  be  enormously  increased.     What  are  yoi 
going  to  do  then — because  everybody  used  to  say  tha 
nothing  could  save  us  but  reducing  the  price  of  labour 
Well,  we  must  have  recourse  to  more  machinery,    Yo' 
can't  cax'ry  on  farming  as  it  has  been  carried  on  for  th^ 
last  500  years.     No  business  in  the  world  can  be  carriet , 
on  as  it  was  500  years  ago  ;  and  it  is  nonsense  to  suppo& 
that  ours  can  eithei*.     We  must  go  on  improving — fo:. 
you  may  depend  upon  it  that  chemistry  and  those  thing, 
have  done  as  much  as  they  can  do.     It  is  to  mechanica 
aid  alone,  then,  that  you  must  look.  We  are  exceeding); 
behindliand  iu  it  in  the  south  of  England,  to  what  the; 
are  in  the  north.     I  see  every  now  and  then  advertise 
ments  about   the   pi'ices  of  production,  and    farmers 
accounts,  and  so  on ;  aud  I  see  everywhere  put  dowi 
farmers'  charge  for  interest  on  his  capital,  10  per  cent, 
or,  if  he  is  a  very  modest  man,  7  per  cent.  Now,  I  wan 
to  know  in  what  business  iu  the  world  a  man  can  ge 
10  per  cent  on  his  capital.     What  right,  then,  has  th( 
the  ftu'mer  to  expect  it,  when  no  tradesman  or  mercantile 
man  can  obtain  it  ?     You  should  expect  no  more  for  i 
when  invested  in  farming  than  if  it  were  in  the  publii 
funds,  and  that  is  a  bare  3  per  cent.     As  for  farming,  i 
always  must  be  the  poorest  trade  carried  on,  and  for  tht 
best  of  all  reasons,  that  it  is  the  most  agreeable,    Dt 
you  not  know  what  Cobbetsaid  I     He  said,  *  Who  woulc 
be  a  nightman  if  he  did  not  get  more  for  being  a  night 
man  than  being  a  farmer,'  (Laughter.)     Isn't  it  quitfi 
clear  that  being  the  most  agreeable  of  all  occupations] 
there  must  be  more  persons  trying  to  enter  into  it  :\ 
An  old  man  once  said  to  me,  *  Ay,  my  boy,  once  farmerw 
talked  of  making  a  living,  now  they  talk  of  making  ij 
fortune.'     Depend  upon  it  he  never  can  make  a  fortuoel 
He  may  lead  a  very  pleasant,  healthy,  and  somedmea  i 


}— 1852.J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


765 


h\e  occupation  ;  but  that  must  be  by  greater  help 
e  has  got  now  ;  and  for  that  help  he  must  look  to 
aery  aad  improved    mechanical    contrivances. " 


I 


Iced  Hints  to  Unpractical  Lecturers  to  tJie  Worhiny 
sses.     By  Pliilo-tecton.     F.  Baron,  43,  Skinner- 
et,  Snow-hUl,  London, 
little  tract  is  one  of  the  issues  of  the  Working 

Educational  Union.  We  can,  to  some  extent, 
lersonal  experience,  and  still  further  from  that  of 

,  recommend  it,  as  containing  a  number  of  very 

suggestions.  The  main  purpose  of  the  Educational 
I  is  the  assistance  of  lecturers,  and  of  lecturing  to 
ngmen.  The  series  of  diagrams  that  they  have 
ly  published  are  admirable  contributions  to  this 

and  the  Hints  now  published  will  still  further 
o  the  accomplishment  of  the  end  which  the  society 

view.  It  is  by  lectures,  conversational  meetings, 
reading  societies,  that  the  leisure  hours  of  the 
ng  man  will  be  turned  to  the  best  account  ;  that  is, 
sing  him  to  possess  the  ability  to  read,  write,  and 
7,  which  must,  of  course,  be  taught  them  in  classes, 
3  it  is  to  children.  And  anything  which,  tending 
ider  lectures  attractive  and  interesting,  helps  to 
srbalanco  the  fatal  attractiveness  of  the  public- 
s  of  our  villages,  and  low  theatres  of  our  towns, 
be  valued  by  all  with  any  pretensions  to  philan- 
/.  We  have  no  doubt  the  tract  now  noticed  will 
dely  circulated,  and  as  extensively  useful. 


.ccount  of  a  Nevj  Variety  of  Wheat — a  Syhnd 
oeeti  Piper's  Thickset  and  the  Hopctown.  Intro- 
ed  by  Air.  Hugh  Raynbird. 

tract,  which  is  an  account  of  a  new  sort  of  Wheat 
ly  published  in  our  advertising  columns,  as  being 
[e  by  Mr.  RajTibird,  deserves  notice  as  the  history 
uccessful  attempt  to  make  use  of  the  powers  of 
Using,  already  well  kpown  in  the  horticultural 
,  for  the  benefit  of  farmers.  Mr.  Maund,  of 
sgrove,  and  a  few  other  gentlemen  have  before 
shibited  the  patience  and  perseverance  necessary 
s  in  tliis  walk  of  agricultural  improvement,  and 
VIr.  Raynbird,  of  Laverstoke,  in  Hampshu'e  has 
Uowing  testimony  to  bear  upon  the  subject  : — 
[uch  has  been  done  by  improving  the   various 

of  cattl*^,  yet,  with  the  same  care  in  the  judicious 
ion  of  agricultural  seeds  as  of  live  stock,  no  doubt 
Bolt  would  be  equally  satisfactory.  It  is  a  matter 
emands  our  serious  attention,  for  if  we  can  by 
leans  add  but  one  bushel  per  acre  to  our  produce, 

in  the  aggregate  of  the  whole  country  become  an 
of  vast  importance.  In  very  many  cases  I  have 
he  produce  from  seed  of  a  good  variety  exceeding 
extent  of  7  or  8  bushels  that  of  another  kind 
I  near  it,  under  exactly  the  same  circumstances  of 
id  tillage,  and  the  same  with  roots  to  the  extent  of 
xny  tons  ;  thus  it  seriously  affecta  the  individual 
•r,  and  it  becomes  of  vast  importance  to  the  public 
ally  that  only  the  best  and  most  productive  of 
iltural  plants  should  be  cultivated. 
ut  whatever  may  be  done  by  selection  and  cultiva- 
,t  ia  by  hybridisation  alone  that  varieties  capable 
rmanently  retaining  their  peculiarity  of  form  can 
tained  ;  and  the  new  seeds  that  are  so  constantly 
ht  before  the  public  must  either  be  old  sorts  with 
names,  or  owe  their  origin  to  accidental  impreg- 
1.  Cultivation  and  selection  may  for  a  time  alter 
orm  of  plants,  but  imder  a  different  system  of 
lent  they  return  to  their  original  state  ;  with 
cU  it  is  otherwise.  It  is  a  matter  of  some  import- 
that  the  form  and  character  of  plants  may  be 
ned  or  altered  with  so  much  ease  ;  the  operation 
y  requires  patience  and  careful  selection, 
he  Hybrid  Wheat,  which  is  now  offered  to  the 
:  notice,  ia  a  red  Wheat,  with  stiff  straw  of  a 
im  siz^e,  and  is  similar  to  one  of  the  best  specimens 
1  at  the  Great  Exhibition.  It  owes  its  origin,  as  a 
ct  variety,  to  the  following  circumstances  : — In 
;ar  1S4G,  I  grew  in  a  garden  at  Hengrave,  near 

St.  Edmund's,  Suffolk,  a  few  plants  of  Piper's 
set  Wheat,  a  red  variety,  then  recently  introduced 
p.  Piper,  of  Colne  Engalne,  in  Essex,  and  remark- 
Tor  its'  short  thickly  clustered  ear,  its  short  stiff 
,  its  productiveness  in  a  favourable  season,  and  its 
ty  to  blight  in  an  unfavourable  one,  rather  than 
o  quality  of  its  produce.     I  thought  that  some  of 

bad  qualities  might  be  neutralised  and  new 
ies  be  obtained,  partaking  more  or  less  of  the  good 
ies  of  both  parentH ;  and  with  this  view  I  inoculated 
[Scribed  in  the  Illustrated  Official  Catalogue  of  the 

Exhibition),  the  Thickset  Wheat  with  pollen 
<f  taken  from  the  Hopetown  variety,  a  well-known 
Wheat  of  fine  quality,  with  long  straw,  and  with 
r  much  longer,  though  not  nearly  so  closely  set  as 
jf  the    l'ip<;r*s  Thickset ;  in  fact,  forming  Ut  the 

a  perfect  contrast.  From  this  I  obtained  a  few 
;Ued  grains,  which  I  planted  early  in  the  autumn 
)  samf;  year,  and  by  division  of  the  roots  f  greatly 
uwd  the  DUfriber  of  plants.  The  produce  wiw  many 
,  both  of  red  and  white  Wheat ;  some  of  the  ears 
a  perfect  res'imblance  t/y  the  Piper's  Thickset; 
*■  ]'%rtfifi\L  of  the  clmraot/;r  of  the  Hopet/twn  in 
■  'xcept  in  the  colour  of  the  chaff;  others  ha/1 
thin  and  open  ;  and  the  T<tni  close  set,  thuH, 

.-.:j :  ear,8liowing  the  clirinwiUiristicsof  each  kind. 
lui  cultivation  of  the  Hybrid  Wheat  ha«  b>M-n 
mi'A  up  to  the  present  time,  and  by  curctut  hand- 
ig  an  ercn  sample  U  now  obtained." 


Miscellaneous. 

Guano. — A  correspondent  in  the  "  Notes  and  Queries" 
says  : — "  He  believes  that  the  earliest  English  mention 
of  this  substance  was  in  1670  ;  and  that  it  is  to  be  found 
in  a  little  work  then  printed,  called  the  « Art  of 
Metalls,'  translated  from  the  Spanish.  Although  the 
title  page  of  that  edition  does  not  mention  the  name  of 
the  translator,  he  is  known  to  have  been  Edward  Mou- 
t;igu,  Earl  of  Sandwich.  The  title  was  thus — 'The 
Fu'st  Book  of  the  Art  of  Metalls  ;'  written  in  Spanish 
by  Albano  Alonzo  Barba,  Master  of  Art,  born  in  the 
town  of  Lepe  in  Andulasia,  curate  of  St.  Bernard's 
parish,  in  the  imperial  city  of  Potosi,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Peru,  in  the  W.  I.,  in  the  year  1640,  Translated  into 
English  in  the  year  1669  :  London,  sm.  8vo,  1670."  At 
p.  16  is  the  passage  to  which  "  P.  C.  S.  S."  alludes,  viz. : 
"  Cardanus,  among  his  curiosities,  makes  mention  of 
another  kinde  of  earth,  anciently  called  Britannica 
(from  the  country  where  it  is  found)  ;  they  were  fain  to 
dig  very  deep  mines  to  come  at  it.  It  was  white  ;  and 
after  they  had  separated  the  plate  it  contained,  they 
manured  their  tilth-fields  with  the  earth,  which  were 
put  in  heart  thereby  for  a  hundred  years  after. 
Out  of  islands  in  the  South  Sea,  not  far  from  the  city  of 
Arica,  they  fetch  earth  that  doth  the  same  effect  as  the 
last  afore-mentioned.  It  is  called  guano  {i.  e.,  dung)  ; 
not  because  it  is  the  dung  of  sea  fowls  (as  many  would 
have  it),  but  because  of  its  admirable  virtue  in  making 
ploughed  ground  fertile.  And  that  which  is  brought 
from  the  island  of  Iqueyque  is  of  a  dark  grey  colour, 
like  unto  tobacco  ground  small.  Although  from  other 
islands  near  Arica  they  get  a  white  earth,  inclining  to 
sallow,  of  the  same  virtue.  It  instantly  colours  water 
whereinto  it  is  put,  as  if  it  was  the  best  ley,  and  smells 
very  strong.  The  qualities  and  virtues  of  this,  and  of 
many  other  simples  of  the  new  world,  are  a  large  field 
for  ingenious  pei'sons  to  discourse  philosophically  upon, 
when  they  shall  bend  their  minds  to  the  searching  out 
of  truth,  rather  than  riches." 

Irrigation. — [A  writer  in  the  Essex  Herald  has  been 
taking  Mr.  Mechi  to  task  for  his  proceedings  in  con- 
nection with  this  subject.  The  character  of  his  strictures 
may  be  judged  of  by  the  following  reply  to  thera.] 
There  is  no  consolation  for  Pro-bono-publico.  The 
Mangel  crop  is,  what  O'Connell  called,  "a  great  fact." 
They  were  carted  (and  that's  a  comfort)  before  this  wet 
weather  set  in,  and  there  actually  were  from  60  to  80 
carts  per  acre.  As  to  the  lugubrious  tale  about 
poisoning  water,  and  agricultural  labourers'  delicate 
stomachs,  'tis  evident  that  poor  Pro-bono  has  been  sadly 
gulled  by  some  wicked  wag.  'Tis  rich,  too,  to  con- 
sider that  a  labourer  who  probably  stands  for  weeks 
turning  over  and  intermixing  a  rank  and  reeking  dung- 
hill, should  at  half  a  mile  distant  be  "  struck  comical " 
by  the  mere  sniff  or  whiff  of  the  same  substance  in  a 
liquefied  form.  But  no  !  'tis  not  the  smell — 'tis  the 
novelty  that  offends  our  old  friends  of  the  old  school  ; 
anything  new  they  can't  endure,  but  I  can't  help  it — I 
must  fulfil  my  destiny  ;  I  must  carry  into  my  agricul- 
tural pursuits  the  same  sentiments  of  common  calcula- 
tion and  common  sense,  and  the  same  disdain  for 
antiquated  prejudice,  as  marked  ray  ordinai'y  business 
career.  I  feel  that  it  will  make  Pro-bono  unhappy  to 
know  that  all  my  people  on  the  farm  ax*e  particularly 
healthy  and  remarkably  hearty  feeders.  The  very 
youth  who  holds  the  jet  actually  said  yesterday,  whilst 
demandiag  an  increase  of  wages,  "  This  somehow  makes 
me  feel  wonderful  hungry,  and  tho'  I  eat  five  4  lb  loaves 
a  week,  I  could  manage  another  if  I  had  the  wages." 
But  /  don't  wonder  at  our  excellent  sanitary  condition, 
when  I  find  medical  men  inhaling  ammonia  as  an 
antidote  to  infection  on  their  return  from  fever  cases  and 
other  dire  diseases  ;  poisons  are  acids — as  well  explained 
by  Liebig,  and  well  understood  by  our  inteUigent  medical 
practitioners.  And  the  bites  of  adders  are  counteracted 
by  ammoniacal  vapours  and  solutions,  as  the  most 
powerful  alkaline  neutraliser.  By  the  by,  the  story  of 
flavouring  the  brook  a  mile  below  me  arose  from  an  odd 
circumstance,  strongly  condemnatory  of  the  old  dunghill 
system.  About  two  years  ago,  in  an  evil  moment,  I  was 
induced  to  make  a  real  old-fasliioned  dunghill,  of  rich 
pig  and  other  "  muck,"  and  placed  it  on  a  very  stiff  clay 
headland,  ready  for  the  field.  Well,  I  stupidly  forgot 
that  the  field  had  been  deep  drained.  Of  course  our 
heavy-land  friends  would  say  it  was  of  no  use  draining 
sucii  stiff  clays.  Well,  down  came  some  heavy  rains, 
and  up  came  a  report  from  some  good  neighbours  a  mile 
below  me  that  their  tea  no  longer  tasted  of  Hyson  or 
Souchong.  It  seemed  odd  enough,  but,  on  inspection, 
we  found  that  theessenceof  the  old-fashioned  dung-heap 
had  percolated  through  the  drains,  across  a  6-acre  field, 
and  changed  the  water  a  mile  below.  If,  after  this,  any 
farmer  places  any  reliance  in  well-washed  dung-heaps, 
or  disbelieves  the  evidences  of  percolation,  I  shall  have 
"  no  hope  in  the  agi'icuUural  future."  /.  /.  Mechi, 
Tiptree-hallf  Kchedon,  JChhcx^  Nov.  6. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

NOVKMUBIt. 
LAMUCftuoia  HifRCP  Farm,  Noq.  If,— Our  lant  communloatloii 
In  of  fiu(.-li  iin  rtnr  lurit  (liitd,  tlt't  vtn  hitvo  furtfotton  tlin  month 
nhcn  It  wik  written.  TIh)  wuuth-ir.  tiv<Mi  In  dm  T/iimiiiorinulrH, 
htt*  ticun  v*iry  tlid'.sr^nt  frimi  Kiut  i-x\it'.riouv.M\  hi  ih«  Bnuth  uf 
fe;'i((laD(l.  Tlio  ttiiiij>i;ra(uru  <lririnif  July,  Aiit{'j«t,  iiiuX  ^Su^jtuin. 
ber,  ruiiKC'l  tilifh  ;  mi'I  In^  u.ul  of  dislui^t'n  uf  rulo,  Juxt  a  huUI- 
ciriicy  or  m'lUturo  In  tho  Hhnim  4if  \^uni\u  iihoworH  tu  kutip  ilii> 
l>iintijreif,  uh  wolt  a*  Krulii  (iiid  ^vww  cro|t«i,  trti<t)i  un'l  Krov?)iiif. 
Oar  paitiiruii  Imvu  beou  luxuriant,  am),  iiti  n  (.•rmmifiuenoti. 
iitiJCk  iiru  (.'Vurywhti'ti  111  K""<1  coilflltUio  ;  yiu  i;vori  tliln  rouh'li- 
UQis  bun  an  uitcudaut  druwb  icU  iti  tbu  nhupu  ul'  luutrut  on  ttn) 


softer  audgrasBiergruUDde.     This  troubieflome  and  injuriouft 
disease  is   unusaally   prevalent  thia  autumn,    and  baa    been 
npgravated   by   irequent  f  gs   and   heavy  dews.     Having  the 
marshy   grounds    tnoroiiKbly    aurface- draioed,    attention    ia 
keeping  the  penB  clean  where  the  sheep  are  br-ught  for  sorting, 
uod  ftlao  frequent  sprinkhng  of  these  with  quicklime,  will  do 
much  towards   prevention,    while    tho    greatest    atteniioo   is 
required  on  the  part  of  the   shepherd,  in   using  the  proper 
remedies  when  the  first  symptoms  appear,  and  thus  eiidejtvour 
t.i  prevent  it  assuming  that  virulent  form,  which.  be»idefi  being 
frequently  incurable,  caueea  it  to  spread  like  wilUhre  among 
the  rest  of  the  flock.     Almost  every  shepherd,  or  at  least  tbosfr 
of  every  district,  has  soma  specific  lotion,  ointment,  op  powder 
of  his  own.     That  which   we  have  used  with  good  ellect  for 
some  years  is  a  lotion  composed  of  equal  quantitia-t  or  tiocture 
of  myrrh,  oil  of  rignium,  butjr  of  antimony,  spirits  of  wine^ 
and  spirit  of  salt.     Let  the  foot  be  well  cleaned,  all  mat'er  aa'd 
loose  hoof  removed,  and  the  afi'ected  parts  anointed  with  tho 
mixture,  applied  with  a  feather.     In  most  cases,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  diHease,  we  have  found  that  two  or  three 
dressings  effect  a  cure.     Our  sheep  have  alfio  suffered  much 
from  maggot  during  the  beginning  of  autumn.     Whether  this 
arose  from  the  higher  temperature  of  several  past  eea^ona,  or 
is  aggravated,  as  many  of  the  shepherds  affirm,  by  the  shelter 
now  afforded  by  numerous  plantations,  we  do  not  pretend  to 
say,  but  certainly  these  pests  were  almost  uuknown  in  our 
higher  grazings  until  within  the  last  few  years.     Their  attacks 
are  by  no  means  confined  to  animals  with  dirty  tails,  for  wa 
have  eeldom  auything  of  this,  but  are  made  indiBcriminately 
and  on  ail  parts  of  the  body.    Ewes,  and  ewe  hogs,  however, 
are  the  must  frequent  victim?,  and  as  the  maggot  appears  to- 
prefer  those  whose  tails  and  high  locks  are  wet  and  stained 
with  urine,  we  have  sometimes  thought  that  an  occasional 
swim  through   the  washing-pool  might  tend    to    check    the 
nuisance,  by  removing  the  offensive  smell  arising  either  from^ 
thie  local  impurity  or  from  the  undue  accumulation  of  *'yolk" 
over  the  whole  fleece,   produced  during  very  warm  weather. 
Yet  never  having  made  the  experiment  ourselves,  we  cannot 
speak  positively  on  the  subject ;  but  apart  altogether  from  this 
particular  object,  we  are  strongly  of  opinion  that  the  growth 
and  general  improvement  of  the  fleece,  as  well  as  the  health  of 
the  animal,  would  be  greatlyimproved  by  occasional  washings. 
At  present  this  operation  is  performed  but  once  a  year — a  few 
days  previous  to  shearing— when  the  accumulated  filth  of  tho 
previous  12  months  (less  that  washed  off  by  the  occasional' 
heavy  rains),   must  be  removed.    In  the  cuse  of  mountain 
sheep,  which  are  always   upon  the   green  sward,  this  Is  ia 
general  no  diflicult  matter;  but  with  lowland  breeds,  which, 
upon  an  average,  are  folded  on  Turnips  for  six  montba  of  the 
year,  during  which  time  the  fleece  is  stained  by  constant  con- 
tact with   the  soil,   and  filled  with  dust  during   dry  windy 
weather,  one  washing,  however  carefully   performed,  cannot 
be  expected  to  render  the  wool  perfectly  clean.    We  would  not, 
of  course,  subject  them  to  such  a  process  during  the  winter 
months,  but  would  begin  with  the  first  genial  weather  in  spring. 
Two  advantages  at  least  would,  we  conceive,  attend  such  a* 
practice — the  improvement  of  the  fleece,  and  the  better  healtli 
of  the  animal.     Under  the  present  system  three  or  four  days 
elapse  between  washing  and  shearing,  both  that  the  fleece  may 
be  thoroughly  dried,  and  to  give  time  for  the  return  of  the 
yolk,  as  without  its  presence  in  some  meaeure,  the  wool  would 
be  hard  to  the  touch,  while  under  the  plan  of  ocoasional  ablu- 
tions, as  the  fleece  would  be  generally  in  a  tolerably  cleaa 
state,  the  final  washing  would  not  require  to  be  so  severe,  and 
a  longer  interval  might  be  allowed  tir  elapse  before  shearing, 
thus  affording  time  for  the  yolk  being  thoroughly  diffused 
through  the  fleece,  without  at  all  injuring  the  quality.     Witlr 
regard  to  the  effect  of  such  a  practice  on  the  health  of  the 
flock,  it  is  universally  admitted  that  horses,  cattle,  and  other 
dome^ttic  animals  thrive  best  when  kept  clean  and  frequently 
rubbed  down  ;  and,  reasoning  from  analogy,  the  same  results 
should  attend  similar  treatment  in  the  case  of  sheep.  But  since 
their  fleece  entirely  prevents  the  use  of  currycomb  or  brush, 
some  substitute  might  be  sought  for.  We  know  of  no  other  bat 
that  now  hinted  ac ;  and  should  this  suggestion  meet  the  eye 
of  any  one  who  may  have  adopted  some  such  plan,  or  who 
considers  it  deserving  of  trial,  we  trust  that  he  will  publish 
the  result  of  his  experience  in  the  Agricultural  Oasette,  as  there 
is  one  reader  at  least  who  will  be  greatly  obliged  by  fuller 
information  on  this  point.    While  speaking  of  wool,  we  are 
tempted  to  put  a  question,  in  which  all  sheep  breeders,  espe- 
cially in  high  districts,  are  interested.    How  does  it  happen 
that  we  BO  seldom  see  a  farm-steading  having  a  house  specially 
devoted  to  the  storing  of  the  clip?    A  barn,  a  cattle-byre,  a. 
hay-lofc— any  odd  corner,  in  short,  appears  to  be  considered 
sufficient  for  this  purpose  ;  such  at  least  is  the  result  of  our 
observation,  as  far  as  it  has  extended.     We  know  one  of  the 
largest   grazings  near  this,   where  the  only  wool-houae   for 
nearly  3000  fleeces  is  a  granary,  without  a  light,  measuriof 
22  feet  by  18  feet,   and  7  feet  high  1     Into  this  place  the  wool 
must  be  squeezed,  without  the  possibility  of  leaving  a  vacancy 
between  the  different  kinds,  either  to  prevent  mixing  and  con- 
fusion, or  to  enable  buyers  to  make  a  minute  examination  of 
the  whole  parcel.    As  the  clip  forms  an  important  item  in  the 
return  from  a  fiheep  farm — equal  to  at  least  one- third  of  the 
rent— such  a  glaring  defect  oui<ht  surely  to  be  remedied.    Tho 
expense  of  erecting  a  suitable  wool-house  should  certainly 
devolve  upon  the  proprietor,  though  few  tenants  would  object 
to  taking  a  share  in  the  shape  of  the  carriage  of  materials. 
The  size  of  tho  building  must  depend  upon  the  number  of 
fleeces  to  be  accommodated,  but  in  every  case  there  ought  tO' 
be  abundance  of  room,  with  divisijus  into  which  the  different 
kinds  of  wool  may  be  conveniently  put  without  undue  packing 
and  squeezing,  so  that  the  wholo  clip  may  be  easily  examined^ 
and  present  a  neat,  uniform,  and  clean  appearance.    The  floor 
should  be  boarded  and  railed  above  the  general  level,  and  the 
walls  plastered,  to  avoid  damp,  while  there  should  also  be  a 
sufficiency  of  light  to  show  off  the  wool  to  advantage.    Aa 
apparatus  to  assist  in  packing  should  not  be  forgot;  buyers 
are  not  long  in  discovering  the  best  managed  clips,  and  such 
will  always  command  the  reiidiost  market.    Like  other  sheep 
farmers,  we  have  nearly  completed  the  busy  season  of  sales.  The- 
wool  has  been  sold  and  sent  off,  the  lambs  weaned  and  mar- 
keted, and  tho  ewes  drafted  and  disposed  of.     As  usual,  we 
have  thiK  year  sold  almost  all  our  stock  privately;  when  cir. 
cumHtances  admit  of  this  mode  of  doing  business,  we  believe 
it  will  bo  found  tho  safest  in  tho  long  run.     The  animals  aro 
not  knocked  up  by  iravolllng  to  distant  inarkets,  and  there  is 
less  danger  of  those  infectious  diseasea,  so  troquomly  oontracted 
at  publio  markets.     On  these  uccountH  ulono,  most  buyurH  will 
give  a  higher  price  to  get  them  direct  from  the  breeder.    Theso 
hargaioB  being  generally  made  a  few  days  before  tho  prin>  ipal 
markets  of  tho  district,  a  rofcruuco  up  or  down  ia  sometimea 
left  tu  these,  though  more  frequently  the  price  is  settled  thoro 
und  then.     It  docs  occusloDully  h'jpiiun  that  an  unexpected 
rise  takes  place  at  thebo  fairs,  lu  which  cnso  the  private  seller 
is  a  lover;  though  oven  then,   if  the  parties*  aru  yearly  par- 
cliuHcri,  they  ruruly  reluho  to  make  homo  allowance  for  this  la^ 
the  following  year,  and  vice  versd.      Lust  yoiir's  crop  having 
been    diHp()Hi!(l  of,  our  \itteiitioii  must  now   b<i   Uirudted  to  a 
Nuoccddlng  genurittioii  ;  with  this  vinw,  our  stock  of  ratnn  ban 
bu'iii  iniidu  up,  and  lidd  upon  TurntpH,  to  keep  them  fresh  till 
tlioy  111)1  wanted.      In  HOlccting  hucli  unlinoU  lor  a  lur^o  lot  of 
owes,  tt  tti  nearly  inipotiitlble  to  pi'ouuru  thum  all  of  llrHt  class 
(|u.illty,  though  thu  uttarest  approitmadou  to  thU  should  bo 
the  altn.      Wlillo  thu  quality  uf  tho  runiu  niiiHt  bia  adapted  to 
that  of  the  uwus  and  the  njirui'e  of  the  gru/.ing,  i:  Is  vi/ry  deair- 
nhl<>  that  tliny  nhouUI  bo  all  bred  from  tliii  siimu  ntock  its  this, 
iilid  not  by   picklni;  up  Kluuit   litre  and   tluwa  from  dUTttiont 
hretnlm-H  him!  dl-ailrtu,  is  ih«  only  way  of  pcoduclnn  an  uiilforra 
lot  of  liuiil)>t ;  but  ah  Ida  dtlllcuib  to[)ruuui.u  u  buflii:i<m'.  numbur 


?66 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


frfim  the  same  stock,  a  p.ubstltutB  may  be  foond  in  procuriner 
one  or  more  first  class  sheep,  to  be  put  to  ae'ecfed  Iota  of  your 
own  ewes.  From  thig  produce  the  be«t  larnb>)  are  to  be  kept, 
which  will  afford  a  suffifient  number  of  good  Iambs  for  a 
Bucceedioc:  f  ea^on,  carebein^f  takpntoiivoid  in-and-in  breedinp  ; 
-SDcb  a  course,  inducing  delicacy  (jf  constitution,  wou'd  be 
ruinous)  amonp  mountain  ehef-p.  When  the  object  is  to  brped 
fat  Jamba  for  the  butcher,  fine  sirametry  in  the  ram  is  not  of 
pueh  importance  as  good  feeding  prober  ties  and  plenty  of  bone  ; 
llut  if  the  croBBOB  are  intcmled  to  be  fed  fff  an  arable  farm, 
symmetry  must  be  more  attended  'o,  comhioed  with  Rood  bone 
and  an  abundant  covering  of  siipeiior  wuol.  Upon  wide  moun- 
tain pastures,  where  the  shepherd  cannot  always  he  at  hand 
-dui  ing  the  lambing  season,  ppecinl  attention  must  be  paid  to 
the  head  of  the  ram.  Let  this  he  nmall  aod  fioe,  with  welUeet 
■ears ;  indeed,  an  animal  with  su  h  a  head  will  rarely  have  an 
inferior  carcase.  The  general  time  for  turning  out  the  rami  to 
the  ewes  in  bill  districts  is  Nov.  22 ;  each  E^heep  is  allowed 
about  50  ewen,  and  remains  among  them  for  six  weekg.  We 
^re  busy  with  our  bathing  opei-iitioiiB,  which,  wiih  gootl 
wea'htr,  will  be  completed  in  about  10  days  ;  the  present  rain, 
however,  is  much  against  the  tuccess  of  the  process.  This 
over,  the  jackets  will  be  put  on  the  boggs.  A  Lammermuir 
.  Farmer. 


[Nov.  27, 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

r'nEEMATiTiNS :  Anon.  They  have  been  disqualified  in  every 
case  within  our  knowledge  for  compttiiion  with  "Oxen 
and  flpaved  heifers."  J  K. 

Geeman  Yeast.  The  address  of  Mespre,  Wilkin  and  Pugb, 
wrongly  given  last  week,  is  St.  Mary  Axe,  London, 

ilANAGEMENT  OF  St(jck  :  A  B.  Perhafjs  "  Hillyard's  Practical 
Farmer  and  Grazier"  is  the  sort  ot  book  fnr  you. 

SIanqold  Wdrzel,  izc:  Danutn.  Evtn  though  the  heap  be  wet 
through,  if  there  have  been  no  frost  on  the  exposed  rco's, 
there  is  sap  ;  but  we  would  take  advantage  of  the  first  fine 
weather  to  uncover  them  and  leave  hem  uncovered,  while  it 
be  dry  and  not  frosty,  and  afterward  cover  over  with  dry 
atraw  laid  carefully  to  act  as  thatih.  We  would  purcha-e 
the  thick  liquid  refuse  ac  the  price  named,  and  use  it  in  a 
•compost  with  bonedust  for  Turaips. 

Mill:  C  S.  Yuu  should  apply  to  ilessrs.  Ferrabee,  infitroud, 
for  information  on  this  subject. 

.^NDEJES :  Scrutator,  Your  communication  is,  we  submit, 
mure  proper  for  the  columns  ot  the  Builder,  to  which. we  have 
■  forwarded  it. 


COVENT  GARDEN.  Nov.  27. 
Notwithstanding  the  fxceseive  wet  weather  which  we  are 
-at  preseot  espeiiencing,  Vegetables  and  what  Fruit  is  in 
aeaeon  continue  pretty  plentiful.  Pears  and  Apples  are  euf- 
■ffcient  for  the  demand.  Pears  com-ist  of  Gluut  iMorc^au, 
Winter  Nelis,  Chaumontel,  und  Crasifane.  A  few  Tomatoes 
ipay  still  be  obtained.  Filberts  are  realising  fair  prices. 
Potatoes  have  not  altered  in  value  since  our  last  report. 
MuBbrooraa  are  getting  scarcer.  Cut  flowers  consist  ot 
Heaibs,  Pelargoniujps,  Hobcr,  Migmonette,  Bignonia  venusta, 
^jid  Fuchsias. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3a  to  6a 
OrapeB,hothou6e,do.,  4p6dto  68 
FomegranateB,  each,  2a  to  4s 
Apples, dessert, p.  bush,  6s  tolOs 

—  kitchen,  do.,  5s  to  8s 
Pears,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  is 

—  per  half  sieve,  53  to  78 
Melons,  each,  2b  to  da 
'LemouB,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 


Oabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  1a 
fs-ussets  Sprouts,  p.  bf.  sieve, 

1b  to  28 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz.,  6d  to 

2s  6d 
GreeuB,  per  doz.,  1b  to  2fl 
Tomatoes,  per  bf.  sieve,  4b  to  Ss 
3?Otatoes,  per  ton,  853  to  140e 

—  per  cwt.,  59  to  9s 

—  ,perbuBh.,2d6d  to48ed 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  1  s  to  Is  9d 
Oucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Celery,,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  8d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  23  6d  to  43 
apinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  3paDiab,p.doz..ls3dto  3d 
Beet,  per  doz,.  Is  to  Is  6d 
jueeks,  per  buoch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 


VEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  doz,.  Is  to  23 

—  ptr  loo,  fis  toIOs 
Almondfi,  per  peck,  5s 

—  Bweet,  per  lb.,  23  to  3p 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20b 

—  PrBzil.   do.,  129  to  148 

—  Cob8,753  to  Ofts 

—  Spanish,  do.,  ISs  to  18s 
Chestnuts,  p.  bush.,  89.  to  IGs 


Garlic^  per  lb.,  6d  to_8d 
LettDce,Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cob,  p.  score,  9d  to  Is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  la 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  la  6d 
Endive  per  score,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle.lstoSs 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott,,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  fid  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  63 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  28  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  buQcb.Sd 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
Wattrcresse8,p.  12bun,4d  to  6d 


COAL  MAHKET.—  FaiDAY.  Nov.  20. 
Eden    Main,  16a.  3d.;    W-allsend  Riddell,  15s.    3d.;    Walla- 
end    Haawel),  17p.  6d.;    Wallsend  Hetton,  17s. ;     Wallsend 
Stewarts^  17s.;  Wallsend  Taaw.  17s.— Ships  at  market,  277. 

HOPS.— BOEODOH    AlAEKET,    NOV.    26. 

Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith,  Hop  Factors,  report  that  for 
the  last  few  days  the  demand  for  Weald  of  Kent  and  Sussex 
Hops  has  not  been  quite  so  extensive,  but  prices  remaia  firm, 
and  there  iu  a  large  busineaa  doing  in  Mid  and  East  Kent 
'bags.  The  London  brewers  being  anxious  to  secure  a  supply, 
the  quantity  this  year  being  very  limited,  fine  Weald  of  Kent 
and  Sussex  Hops  are  nearly  all  cleared  off  the  market. 

j^W^  WOOL.- 

Bbadpoed,  TaDKBDAT,  Nov.  25,— The  price  ofEngUah  Wool 
-continues  firm,  with  an  advancing  tendency  in  some  descrip- 
tions ;  the  country  dealers  "holding  their  own"  with  uharac- 
teriBtic  tenacity.  Colonial  wool  remains  steady,  at  the  prices 
Sxed  at  the  recent  eales.  Business,  however,  is  not  large  ;  for 
■although  a  decided  improvement  haa  arieen  in  the  spinning 
trade,  as  compared  with  its  condition  three  months  ago,  yet 
the  higher  prices  obtained  for  yarns  do  not  encourage  spinners 
to  buy  freely  of  the  raw  material.  A  scarcity  of  yarns  made 
from  the  best  qualities  of  Engli&h  Woo),  such  as  are  used  for 
'd-quarter  oobourgs  from  20b,  to  d2a.  per  piece  in  the  greaae,  is 
observable,  and  a  furthur  advanoe  in  prices  maybe  expected 
ivith  the  next  month's  contracts. 


SMITHFIELU.— Monday,  Nov.  22. 
The  supply  of  Beasts  is  larger,  and  on  the  average  trade  is 
rather  worse  than  on  Monday  last.  There  is  a  considerable 
increase  in  the  supply  of  long-woolled  Sheep,  but  Downs  and 
Half-breda  are  not  so  plentitui  as  of  late;  trade  ie  slow,  and 
last  Monday's  quotations  are  barely  maintained.  Good  Calves 
are  readily  sold  at  Friday's  rates ;  but  trade  is  heavy  for 
•other  kinds.  The  foreign  supply  consists  of  843  Beasts,  4890 
Sheep,  and  128  Calves;  from  Scotland,  200  Beasts ;  and  30tlO 
from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 


Per  St.  of  81bs.— 8  _ 
Best  Scots,  Here- 

fordp,  &c.       ...  8  8  to  4 

Best  Short-horns  3  6  —  3 

2d  quality  Beasts  2  10  —  3 
Best  Downs  and 

Half.breds      ...  4  4  —  4 

po.  Shorn   0     0 


Ptrst.  of  81bB.— 8  d      s 

Beat  Long-wools  .  3  10  to  4 

Do.  Shorn           ...  0  0  —  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3  2—3 

Do.  Shorn 0  0  —  0 

Lamts      0  0  —  0 

Calves      3  0  —  4 

Pips  3 


Beasts.  4776  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs.  25,15^  ;  Caives,  ail  ;  Plga,  3G5, 

_.  Friday,  Nl-v.  26. 

1  be  supply  of  Beasts  is  not  very  Urge;  trade  is,  however, 
sow,   except  for  cbo  cesi  descriptions,  wh'ch,  being  scarce. 


make  about  as  on  Monday  last.  In'"erior  q'lalities  are  lower, 
and  several  remain  unsold,  i^lthough  the  number  oftiheepis 
small,  it  is  fully  adequate  to  the  deaiand  ;  ilotday's  quota- 
tions are  generally  reuiised,  bu"  trade  is  slow.  Good  Calves 
are  not  plenuTuI ;  th>y  are  readi'y  di>ipo?ed  of  at  late  rates, 
and  in  some  inptances  make  rather  higher  pricp?.  From  Ger- 
ni'ioy  and  Holland  there  are  272  Beas's,  3'iO  Sheep,  and 
250  Calves;  30^  from  tbo  nonhern  and  middling;  counties; 
and  110  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 


Per  St.  of  81ba.— fl     d       B     d 

Per  St.  ofSlbs.- 

-a     d      B    d 

Best  Scots,  Eere- 

Bcat  Lune-woola . 

3  10  to  4    2 

fords,  (Jrc.       ,,.  3    S'to4    0 

Do.  Shorn 

Best   Short-horns  3     6  —  38 

Ewe3(!E2dq,tiality 

3    2  —  8    8 

2d  quality  Beasts  2     8  —  3     0 

Do.  Shorn 

0    0  —  0    0 

Best   DowDs  and 

Lamba     

0    0— 0    n 

Half-brcds      ...  4    1-4    6 

Galyes      

;;  0  —  4   4 

Do.  Shorn           ...  0     0-0     0 

Pies          

3    4  —  4    4 

Beasts,  323  :  Sheeo  and  I.anihs 

.  3  lOil;  Calves.  340 

;  Pigs,  325. 

Hay.— I'er  Lo« 

1  ot  36  Trci«»o». 

Smithfield,  Nov.  25. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  753  to  80a 

Clover 

.  803  tolOOs 

Tnferior  do.            ...  60         70 

Second  cut 

.  70          90 

Rowen          40         55 

Straw 

.  25          28 

New  Hay     _        _ 

v.. 

J.  Divis. 

The  supply  short,  with  a  brisk  demand  for  both  Clover  and 
Meadow  Hay  of  good  quality  ;  inferior  descriptions  very  diffi- 
cult to  sell. 

WniTECUAPEL.  Nov.  25.' 


Fine  old  TTay 

...  75a  to  80s 

Old  Clover... 

...  908  to    93 

Inferior  do. 

...  55        70 

Inferior  do. 

...  65          80 

New  Hay     ... 

,,.  — 

New  Clover 

Straw 

...  24         28 

Inferior  do. 

...  —           — 

POTATUBti.— SoDTUWABE,  Nov.  22. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  the  market 
has  been  but  sparirgly  supplied  coastwise,  but  the  arrivals  by 
rail  are  considerable  ;  pricts  remain  much  the  same  as  last 
week.  The  following  are  this  da>'s  quotatious  :— Yorkshire 
Regents,  tiUp.  to  \9A)s.  ;  Lincolnshire,  75h.  to  lOOs.  ;  Scotch 
Ileirenta,  808.  toOOs.;  French  whites,  80s.  to  90a.;  Dutch,  558. 
to  60s. 


MAKK  LANE. 

Monday,  Nov.  22.— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  E85ex  and 
Kent  this  morning  was  very  small,  and  the  condition  mo^t 
wretchfd.  Nevei  thelesa,  the  whole  was  disposed  of  at  the 
full  prices  of  ibis  day  ee'unlght.  For  the  middling  qualities  of 
forei;jn  the  demand  was  very  extensive,  but  tbe  sale  of 
Dantzic  and  line  red  nas  very  limited.  Piioes  of  all  deecrip- 
lioQS  are  fully  maintained.  Business  in  floating  cargoes  was 
checked  by  tbe  high  jiretensions  of  holders.  Fur  Flour  tbere 
is  agood  demandat  fully  lust  week's  prices,,  and  an  advance 
df  6d.  to  In.  pii*  barrel  obtained  from  needy  buyers.  —  Barley, 
Deans,  and  Peas  remain  unaltered. — Tbe  Oat  trade  is  dull, 
find-in. some  instances  rather  lywer  rates  have  been  accepted. 

Fee  Impeeial  UoAaiEE. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  -k  Suffolk. ..White 

— '  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto 

—  —    Taiavera  

—  Norfolk 

—  Fpreign 

Barley.grind.i;  distil., 268 to ■-i9s...Chev 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling i23- 
Oats,  Eeses,  and  Suflblk [17- 


GALVANISED     WIRE     GAMB     NETTING.. 
^^  7d.  peryard,  2  feetvfide. 


Galvan-       Japanm 
ised.  Iron, 

2-mch  mesh,  H?ht,  24  inches  wide    ...    7d.  per  yd.    fid.  perj, 
2-inch     ,,      strong  „  ...    9      ,,  CV       , 

2-inch     „      extra  strong     „  ...  12      ,,  9"      " 

Ig-inch      ,,       light  ,,  ...     8      „  ^        ',', 

Ig-inch     ,,      strong  ,,  ...  10      ,,  8 

l|-inch     „      extra  stronp:     „  ...  14      ,,  H       '* 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  pri« 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  priji 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  t<»r  Pheasantrit 
3d.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  po-.t  free. 

Manufactured  by  BaRNARD  and  BISaOP,  Market-pVaft 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  iu  London,  Pel* 
borough,  Hull,  or  Newcastle. 

pHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      PODXri 
V.>  NETTIN9,  .5d,  per  running  yard. 

GALVANISED  ditto,  Id.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


.18—50 

42-1 

52—66 

40—48 

34—54 

34 

■30 

■20 

—  Scotch  and  LiQcolQahire...Potatui22 — 24 

—  Irish Potato|20— 22 

—  Foreign   Poland  and  Brew  18 — 21 

Rye 28-32 

Rye.ineal,  foreign I     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 3l3  to  333 Tick|33— .35 

—  Pigeon  34s— 879...Wiuds.'30-41 

—  Foreign Small  32—37 

.  .      _  - ._  ....       3g_4, 

31—33 


lied 
Red 


Bed  . 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed., 
Peed., 
Feed.. 
Foreign  . 

Harrow  . 
Ijongpod 
Egyptian 
Suffollt,.. 
Foreign  . 
Ifellow... 


32—44 
33—48 


so- 


le—22 
18—19 
15—19 


33-35 
30-34 
32—34 
40-42 
32—42 


Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers 

—  Maple 32a  to  35s Grey 

Maizo     White 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37 — 40 

—  Suffolk. ditto  26-32  Norfolk  .25—82 

—  Foreign per  barrel  21— 24  Per  sack  28— 34 

FaiDAT,  Nov.  2S.— The  arrival  of  foreign  Wheat  this  week 

is  considerable,  but  moderate  of  other  articles.  Although  the 
atteniluuce  was  not  large,  or  the-basiness  transacted  consider- 
able, more  disposition  to  purchase  was  evinced,  and  an 
advance  of  Is.  per  qr.  established.  Floatioc  cargoes  of  Wheat 
from  the  Black  Sea  are  taken  at  a  slight  advance. — There  is  a 
fair  inquiry  for  Flour,  and  holders  demand  an  advance  of  6d. 
to  Is.  per  barrel  for  American. ^The  supply  of  Barley  is  large, 
and  the  trade  dull  at  Monday's  prices. — Beans  and  Peas  are 
unaltered  in  value. — Oats  are  a  dull  sale  at  late  rates. 
Aebivals  this  Week. 


Not  Galvanised  j 
5it.  per  yard. 
Bid.       „ 
7i(J.        „ 
lOd.  „ 

per  sqaare  fte* 


English  . 
Irish  .... 
Foreign  . 


Wheat. 


Qra. 

v2U0 


Barley. 


Qrs, 

10560 
11611 
2690 


Oats. 


Qrs, 

6130 
12100 
14480 


Flour. 


2260  saoki 
—    brls 


IMPEBIAL   AVEEAGES, 


Got.    IS.. 

—  28.. 

—  30.. 
Nov.    6.. 

—  13.. 

—  20.. 


Wheat.  Babley.  Qats.   Rxe.    Beans.    Peas, 


s.  d. 
37  10 
S8  8 
39  2 
39    6 

39  11 

40  0 


Aggreg.   Aver:  | 


9.  d. 

27  8 

88  8 

29  6 

29  9 


s.  d. 

IS  0 
17,10 

17  6 
13  S 

18  7 
18  9 


H     2 


J.  it. 

30  1 

25  8 

26  0 
24  10 

27  8 
29  9 


27    4 


s.  d, 

84  1 

31  2 

84  7 

35  3 

35  4 

36  6 


34  10    31  113 


Duties  on  Foreign  drain.  Is.  per  qr. 
Fldctoations  in  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Avbeaoeb. 


PBK3E8. 


40>  Od 
89  11 
89  S 
39  2 
93  8 
37  10  - 


Oct.  16 

Oct.  23 

Oct.  30. 

Not.  ,6. 

Nov.  13. 

■••  r 

:::  j 

-J" 

...    p 

...    [- 

Nov.  20. 


LiVEHFooL,  Tuesday,  Nov.  23. — The  imports  of  grain,  meal, 
and  Flour  are  rather  increased  this  week  from  Ireland  and 
from  foreiRn  ports.  The  Corn  Escbange  this  morning  waa 
well  attended,  but  ihe  demand  for  Wheat  and  Flour  was  less 
active  than  on  Friday,  and  the  improvement  in  price  then 
mude  of  Id.  to  2d.  per  bushel,  aud  li,  per  barrel  and  sack, 
was  scarcely  supported.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  were  Id  fair 
request,  and  were  Id.  per  bubhel  and  6d,  per  load  dearer. 
Indian  Corn  was  held  for  rather  higher  terms.  Barley, 
Beans,    and  Peas   were  soarce,    and  each   command  extreme 

rates. FEiDiY,  Nov,    19. — The  arrivals  from  Ireland  and 

coastwise  during  the  past  week  have  been  iusigniticant,  and 
from  foreign  ports  only  modtrate.  At  marJiet,  to-day,  there 
was  u  fair  attindance  ot  the  town  and  country  trade,  and  a 
good  business  was  done  iu  Wheat  and  Flour,  at  an  advance  of 
Id.  to  2d.  per  70  lbs.  on  the  former,  and  9d.  to  Is.  per  barrel 
and  6d.  per  sack  on  the  latter  article.  Oats  and  Oatmeal 
met  with  ao  improved  demand,  at  generally  full  prices^ 
although  in  some  instsn(;eti  more  money  was  obtained.  J^arley, 
Beans  and  Peas  were  in  fair  request,  at  Jate  prices,  Iu<iian 
Corn  attracted  rather  more  attention,  and  bolh  cargoes  afloat 
and  paresis  on  the  spot  were  'he  turn  iu  favour  of  the  seller. 


■■^li&^ya^^*- 


Galvanised. 
24  in.  wide,  2  in.  mesh,  7d.  per- yard, 
30  ia.    „      2  in.    „        9d.        „ 
36  in.     „       2  in.     „       lO^d.       „ 
48  in.     „       2  in.     ,,       Is.  2d.     „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Galvanised,  3d, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  Ifc' 
article  was  shown  at  the  "  Great  Exhibition,"  where  it  w»«k 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appeiraoce,  and|j 
knowled^ed  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  thehnj 
ever  oflfered.  Extra  strong  Wire  Sheep  Nettios,  S  feetWlj 
Is.  6d.  and  23.  3d.  per  yard.  Also  every  description  of  Flofili 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  FIon" 
Stands,  Tying  Wire,  Trellis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencil 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultui' 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalogues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  pfl  . 
free,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Wc. 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  4.4,  Skinner-street,  and  6  andf 
Snow-hill,  London. 

STEPHENSON  AND  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-stre 
London,  and   17,  New  Park-street,    Sonthwark,  Manul 
turers    of    Copper    Cylindrical    and   Improved    Conical    Xl 
BOILERS,  and    Conservatory  and   Hothouse  Builders,  eiti 
in  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  oall  the  attention  of  the  Noblll 
Gentry,  and  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  ffficacious  melt" 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  hy  hot  wul  , 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,   referenceB  Hi 
the  highest  respectability  oaa  be  given,  and  full  particu' 
furnj.tbed  on  application . 


WARNERS  PATENT   FARM  AND  COTTAi 
PUMPS.— Cast-iron    Pumps,  for  the  use    of    Fan  - 
Cottages,    Maaiu'e    Tanks,   and    Shalt  H 
Wells,  £  X 

Patent  Pump IV 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuta 

leady  for  fixing    2  !■ 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceeding  to  the  C^ 
Regions  they  will  prove  to  be  the 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmoni^ 
Plumber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  fff, 
Patentees  and  Manufacturers,  j 

JOHN    WARIStER  &  SONS, 
8,  Crescent,   Jewin-street,  Londotq 
Every  descriptioo  of    Machinery  for  Raising  Water,  lj 
Engines,  (fee.  .] 


TO    AMATEUR    GARDENERS,  i 

LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH,  X    SANITARY  WOR^P 

PATENT  GLASS  TUBES,  j  { 
Coated  with  Qlas^,  Gutta  Percha,  0'  g 
biuated  ditto,  Patent  Flexible  India  Bui  >, 
Tubing,  and  every  other  Hose  *or  Wate  r: 
Gardens.  The  HjdrauUc  Ram,  Fire,  Gay  I 
and  every  other  kind  of  Pump,  Sluice  G»  ' 
Hydrants,  High  Pressure  Cocks,  aod  allA|  tr 
articles  to  be  had,  Wholesale  aod  BetaU^    rb 

FREEMAN     ROE,  \l 

HYDRAULIC    ENGINEER,  n 

70,  Stband,  and  Beidqefibld,  Winoswo;  id 

P.S.  Important  to  Farmera,  Ac— P.  R.  begs  leave  to  J* 

attention  to  his  new  W.ater,  Power,,  which  in  many  cases  «i 

tt 


Buperpede  the  use  of  theSteam  Engine. 


w 


REDUCTION    IN    PRICE. 
EIR'S  Improved  GALVANISED  WKOUGl 

IRON  LLQOIB. MANURE    I'UMP.  ' 

^  The  FittiDgs  of  these  Pu 

"  are  wholly  of  Brass,  and  tl 

ia  no  leather  or    other  ml 

which   oau  be  aB'ected  by 

manure.  j 

Price,  complete,  with  1(J 

of  Flexible  Suction  Pipe..4fc 

Terms,  cash  on  delivery,     i 

Edwabd  Weib,  Agricull 
Engineer,  1*>,  Bath-place,j, 
Road,  LonduD.  .Removed! 

Oxford-street. 


Ca'alottuos,     with     lUuj' 
tions,  seotfreo  by  post, 


, 


Ml 


to 
at 


7—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


1^1 


«  I7RIGI   DOMO."— A   Canvas,   made   of  prepared 

i-  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perftcc  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  Horticulturnl  and  f  loriculiural  purposes  for 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  is  required. 
Ids  2^  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  \s.  4d.  per 
yard  ruo,— ManuCactiired  only  by  f.  T.  AacoEE.  Carpet  Mana. 
facturer,  451,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 

E\V  AND  CHEERFUL  REGISTER  STOVE.— 

In  thecunstruu'.ioiof  tbe  BURTON  KEfllSTEil  S  rOYE, 
it  was  the  firot  care  or' the  inventor,  WILLIAM  S.  BUIITON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  mnst  valued  of  modern  im|.trovemeo*a  in  the 
art  of  healing,  and  secondly,  so  to  molity  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  once  to  obtain  tho  siruplast  and 
most  perfect  combustion;  after  a  loriij  Beries  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  sub-titu'ion  of  a  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
preseot  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  bars,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  wiiich  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  wtll  as  parity  and 
quantify  of  hea*',  is  far  beyond  his  most  sanguine  espectations, 
while  f  )r  cleanliness  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
able. Price  from  55s.  to  loi.  To  be  seeQ  in  use  dally  in  hi8 
show-rooms,  where  also  are  to  be  seen 

9;>A  STOVES  and  325  FENDERS 
""  ^  (exclusive  of  reserved  stockj  all  differing  in  pattern, 
forming  the  largest  assortmnut  ever  collected  together.  They 
are  marked  in  pluin  figures,  and  at  prices  proporiionite  with 
those  that  have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  moat 
distinguished  in  thie  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  lis.  to  5i.  10s.  ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bara,  51.  IDs,  to  1^5.  123, 
bronzed  fenders  complete,  with  standards,  from  7s.  to  3i, ;  steel 
fenders,  from  2i.  los.  to  61. ;  ditto,  witb  rich  ormoiuornaments, 
from  21.  15s.  to  71.  7s. ;  flre-irons,  from  Is.  9d,  the  set  to  il.  is. 
Sylvester  and  all  otber  patent  stoves,  with  radiating  hearth 
plates ;  and  kitchen  ranges,  which  he  is  enabled  to  sell  at  these 
very  reduced  charges. 

First — From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  his  purchases  ;  and 

Secondly — From  those  purchases  being  made  exclusively 
for  osh. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTO:^  has  TE!^  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicatin!;).  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IllONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nicliel  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads),  so  arranged  and  ctassihed  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  (per  post)  tree.  The 
money  rpttirned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,   OXFORD    STREET  (corner   of  Newm^in-street)  ;    Nos. 

lands,  NEWMAN  STREET  ;  and  4  and  5.  PERRY'S  PLACE, 

ESTABLISHED  A.B.  1820. 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

itr  E-idgfe  and  Furrow  E-oofs,  Greealiouses,  Railway  Statioas,  Eagiue  Sheds,  Mills, 
Market-Halls,  and  Public  Building's  generally. 


Foa    CoSSbflViTOBIES,     PuBtlti    BdilDL-^QS,     ilANOFACTOfllES, 
SK-TLIGHTi,     fclsC  ,   ifcc. 


^D  IN  Cratbs,  for  cutting  up  of  the  siz^s  as  Manufactured  : — 

3  I  inches  wide  and  from  40  to  50  long  '  

0  „  .,  50  to  70    „  


QUAKES,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  :— 

Under    8  by    6       ; 

f    6  and  under  10  by    8 

14  by  10      

1^  teet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 


rlO 
etsup 


10 
13 
15 


or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  SO  inches  long 


20 

30 

30            „ 

35 

35            „ 

40 

4»            » 

45 

<5            „ 

55 

55            „ 

70 

70 

85 

One-eighth 

3.16lh  inch 

4  inch 

inch  thick. 

thick. 

thick. 

s. 

d. 

3. 

d. 

s.  d. 

}  « 

6 

0 

s 

0  10 

0 

4 

0 

e 

0    7 

0 

«» 

0 

7 

0    8 

0 

5 

0 

7 

0    9 

0 

5.^ 

0 

7 

0    9 

(1 

6 

0 

8 

0  10 

0 

H 

0 

S 

0  10 

0 

7 

0 

8* 

0  10 

0 

n 

0 

9 

0  104 

0 

8 

0 

S4 

0  II 

0 

8J 

0 

10 

1     0 

(1 

9 

0 

U 

1  I 

1 

0 

I     2 

PACKED    IN    BOXES    OF    50  FEET    EACH, 
fhea  by  4  iacbes,  and  6J  inches  by  i\  inches  ...  lOs.  6J.      I      8  incboi  by  li  laches,  nn  I  SA  Inchea  by  6J  inches        ,  .    13s.  Gd, 
by  5       „        and  7J      ,,       by  Si       „       ...  V2s.  Qd.      j      9      ,,        by  7       ,,        aad  9|      ,,       by  7.^,  and  10  by  8    15s.  Od. 

When  a  qxumtity  is  repdred,  an  estiinate  will  be  Jurnished  on  application. 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

ORTICULTUR.^L  GLASS  MERCHANrS,  US,  BISHOPSaATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

A.T  THE  LOWEST  PaiCES  COSStSTEST  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WOfiKMANSHIP. 


PETICULTUHAL     GLASS 

OF   EVERY   DESCRIPTION. 


(MAS    mXLINGTON'S    WAREHOUSE, 
87,  BI3H0PSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 


LOXDOy. 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 
ETLEY    AND    Co.   supply    16-oz.   Sheet    Glass  of 

British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d. 
qaare  foot,  for  the  usaal  sizes  required,  many  thoueand 
jf  wbich  are  kept  ready  packed  for  imoaediare  delivery. 
1  or"  Priceg  and  Eitiraaten  forwarded  nn  application,  for 
EN'T  ROUGH  PLATE.  THICK  CROWX  GLASS,  GLASS 
ES  and  SL.\TE3.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
SSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
fAMBSTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
LUB8  Retlet  and  Co.,  35,  Sobo-square,  London. 

OardiTi^Ts'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 


IMES  PHILLIPS  AND  Co..  116,  Bishopsgate-street 

Without,  beg  tc  Laforoi  their  friends  they  are  prepared  to 

''"  G  LASS      MILK      PANS, 

Sftine  iixe  as  the  foreif^  one^  |17  inches  in  diameter)  but 
erior  id  colour,  make,  and  quahty,  at  2s.  each,  or  2ls.  per 
en.    Lord  Camoy's  Milk  Syphons,  Lactometers,  Milk  Testa, 
s»  Cream  Pota,  &c.,  &c. 
16.  Bi»boD8ea'e-8'reet  \Vitbout,  Lon'inn. 


TATERPROOF  CAPES,  large  enough  to  protect  a 

•       man  from  wet  while  sTonping  down,  3^,  eacb  ;    Coats, 
6d.  to  's,  6d.  ;  Lezginga,  Zs.  6d.  ;  London  Police  Capet  fresh 

lised,  18i.  and  245.  oer   dozen.     Waggon  and  Cart  Covprs. 

irses'    Loin  Cl-th?,  7«.  6d. ;  DriTing   Aproni»,    73.  6d.  to  12s.; 

|}  «11  ktndsof  Tarpaalingf.— R.  Aicbabdsom,21,  Tollbridge- 

rce,  N'&w-road,  Lopdon. 

Babbit    nets,    sheep   nets.  — Long    Hare 

k  and    liabbit    Nets   on   Curda,  hung  ready  for  ose.     Sheep 

pj  of  New  Zetland  Cord  or  Cocoa  Mut  fibre,  4Jd.  per  yard. 

fly  -4  feet  high. —  S..  Richabdson,  2l,Tonbridi<e-place,  New- 

d,  London.     N.B.  ilaker  of  the  Iron    Wire  Net,  less  than 

ch  meth.  6J  i.  per  yard,  in  widths  from  C  feet  to  15  inches. 


AKER'S  PHEASANTK-Y,  Beau  for  ^street,  King*s 

BamI,  Chelsea,  by  upecial  appointment  to  her  Majestt 

U.  E.  H.   PamcE   AtBEET.  — CRN AMENTaL    WATER 

WL,cootitttiDg  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 

na,  barnacle,  brent,  and  lauithing  Geese,  ShieldraUes,  Pin- 

WtdgeoD,  summer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 

ellers,  Kold.«yed  and  dun   Divers,  Carolina  Ducks,  ^c., 

int»tlc*'ed  and  pinioned  ;  al-o  SpanUh,  Cochin  China,  Maliy, 

land,  Surrey,  and  Dorking  Fowls  ;  white,  Jajian,  pied,  and 

nmon  Pea-fowl,  anl  pare  China  Pigd  ;  and  at  3,  Ualf>moon 

•fta/<^.  Gr«r*chnrch-«tr«>«t.    Lnndon. 


VATEKPKOOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
thctr  Oardeni  during  the  wloter  montha  ohould  con- 
■net  their  walk*  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
licb  are  formed  that: — .Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
It  prevent  made  from  the  loam  which  ts  mixed  with  It,  and 
erery  part  of  clean  gra»el  add  oneof»hiirp  rireraamd.  To 
e  part*  of  tnch  equal  mlf  tare  a^td  on«  of  Portland  Oeincnt, 
d  incorporate  the  whole  well  In  the  dry  utat*  before  applying 
>  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  2  Incheii  thick.  An) 
joarer  can  mil  and  tpread  it.  No  tool  in  required  beyond 
B  ipade,  and  In  4B  bonri  It  bccomoi  an  hard  as  a  rock. 
■KfttalioD  cano^it  g^ow  tfaroaRb  or  upon  it,  and  It  rc»Uti  the 
tion  of  the  terereit  Iroit.  Ii  la  neceaiary,  an  water  docs  not 
kk  tbroogh  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  mlddlo  of  tbo  path 
ivarda  tba  >idci.— Uaaaf«ctarcr«  of  the  Cement,  J.B.  Woitc 
a  »«.■•.  Ulllbank-itrMt.  W*«tmlr>tt«r.  


"»HE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
■'  InTentef],  very  amall,  powerful,  waUtfoacpocket  QlatJi, 
•  ri<«  of  a  Walrint,  t«i  discern  minate  objects  at  a  distance  of 
(0  5  mile*,  which  IS  found  to  be  Invaluable  for  YACHTING, 
Id  to  SPORTSMEN,  GENTLEMEN,  and  OAMKKEEPKRS. 
TP.I.K.SCOPE-*.— A  new  and  mo»t  Important  INVENTION 
TKLB-COPK-H,  i.osseB«in<  such  txtraordlnary  powers  that 
me  3J  inches,  with  an  »xlra  eye-piece— will  nhow  distinctly 
iptter'a  M<ion,  Hatum's  Ring,  and  the  Double  Htars.  They 
p<rr*«rd«  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sleet — for  the  walst- 
m'-\yrkmi,  Kh-</>t|nK,  Mtlltary  p'lrposes,  Ac.  Opfira  and 
i.c«.C'jur«*  fitM«««ii  wlili  w<>n'lerral  \M»vr*  ;  n  minute  objtct 
o  Im  e  early  •«(ni  from  10  tti  I'i  Dule*  diKiant.  — Iiiruliiable 
•.»nt*tio  losirant«ni«  for  r«>il«f  of  rxTrmi  I)-«rn«»«. 
UKi«a«.  H  aao  B.  aOLOMO^fS.  OrnciAi(«  and  AoaiSTi, 
,  Albcmarle-stree',  op|>oklte  the  Yorit  tlofe'.  Loufloa. 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  baring  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con. 
structioa  of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materia's,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot- Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING   AND   HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OP  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 
T  WEEIiS  AND  CO.,  King'a-road,  Chelsea,  Hot- 
J  •  HOOSE  BoiLDEBs  ;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passes  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's    Road.    Chelsea. 
CHALLENOBtho  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
ihit  will  produce  any- 
thing   like    the    same 
I     ■■,V;-i:j'   offtiot,    with    the    same 
ASH   PITr'^^-'^j'    -7   quantity  of  Fuel  In  n 
L^f^Li^     given  time,    it  iaone  of 
^^^^zri^k^^^^^^^^        those  boilers  that  warms 
■^  tho  water  of  their  Vio- 

'orin  KoK'it  1  fttik,  which  contulna  20,000  gallons,  and  also  boats 
several  I firgo  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  email 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Planfi,  Models,  nnd  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 
aUo  OataloguoR  of  Plants,  Vines,  Sovdx,  tbc,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road.  Chelsea,  London, 


PATENT  REVERSIBLE  OVKR.COATS,  &c., 
*  which  obtained  the  Oieat  BxhthUlon  Priiio  Medul.— W. 
BcsDOR,  aC,  Now  Uond.street  and  ti!J,  Cornhlll  fooly).  Novelty, 
Uttlhy,  K'-onoiny,  all  uolto  In  commending  this  lovontinn  10 
general  adoncton.  Tiic  I'litont  Cloth  having  two  pcrfnct  anrl 
ti'jially  diiRlrnilar  fanat,  con  be  worn  either  side  outwardx  ; 
thus  o»ch  gtirmunt  bring  rf|iilvalent  to  two,  nt  tho  cont  of  one. 
For  fJvur-Ooa's  of  every  kind,  the  now  Anglenea  and  nil  oMiitr 
Capos,  Shooting  and  Morning  Coat*,  ihts  dtHOovpry  UeHpechilly 
iipprnpila^o  ;  a's'i  for  Ludten' CIouIim,  MitntUM.  iVo.  A  viirda.v 
of  itio  inati  rinln  and  gHrnit-nts  k"pt  for  sirlictioii  ;  nho  ono  iif 
the  Inrgflst  st'joks  In  Londi  n  of  fuptrlir  Ovnr-Coa'n  of  evfry 
description,  Cnpli,  Hho'Hlng  Jickott,  Hoys*  Or«r-CuatR,  ic, 
all  giiuran'ccd  'o  te^Ut  any  ninuunt  of  rain. 


•yHE    ONLY    STOYE    WITHOUT    A    FLUE,— 

J-  Plain,  from  12s.  to  253. ;  Ornamental,  from  3ls.  6d.  to  Sir 
Guineas;  Sands  for  Stoves,  23.  Gd.,  3s.,  and  Ss.  each.  For 
which  her  Majesty's  Royal  Letters  Patent 
irive  been  granted.  Prospectus,  with 
iLnvings  and  Report,  forwarded  free, 
JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  Halls, 
I'assages,  G-reenhousea,  Water-closets, 
Shops,  Store-rooms,  and  all  places  re- 
quiring artificial  warmth.  The  above  ' 
S[:oves  do  not  emit  smoke  or  unpleasant 
smell,  and  will  burn  without  attention  or 
replenisliing  from  twelve  to  tweniy-four 
hours.  To  be  seen  in  use  daily,  at  the 
sole  Proprietor's,  S.  Nash,  Ironmonger, 
Ac,  253,  Oxfoid-street,  and  at  the  City 
Depot,  119,  Newgate-street,  London  ;  and 
to  be  had  froui  the  principal  Ironmongers  in  town  and  country* 
PATENT  PREPARED  FUEL  for  the  Stoves.  23.  6d.  per 
bushel ;  only  genuine  with  the  Proprietor's  name  and  seal  on 
the  sack. 

s.NisH,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  119,  Newgate-streei",  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  Portable  Ecouomical  Vapour  Bath, 
for  Families.  Travellers,  &c.  &c.,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
11.  yis.  6d.    Medical  Testimonials  forwarded  on  application. 


T  AMPS   OF    ALL  SORTS  AND   PATTERNS.— 

J-J  The  largest,  as  well  a»  the  choicest  assortment  in  exist- 
ence of  PALMKU'S  MAGNUM  and  other  LAMPS  — CAM- 
PHINE,  AKGAND,  SOLAR,  and  MODERATEUR  LAMPS, 
with  all  the  latest  improTements,  and  of  the  uewesc  and  most 
recherche  patterns,  in  ormolu,  Bohemian,  and  plain  glass, 
or  papier  mache,— is  at  W.  S.  BURTON'S,  and  they  are 
arranged  In  one  large  room,  so  ttiat  the  patterns,  sizes,  and 
sorts  can  be  instHntly  selected. 

PALMER'S  CANDLES,  7id.  per  lb.  Palmer's  Patent  Candles, 
all  marked  "  Palmer." 

Single  or  double  wiokfl  7^(2.  per  lb. 

Mid.  size,  three  wicks  8Jd.     do. 

Magoums,  three  or  four  wicka  9d.  do. 

English's  Patent  Camphine,  in  sealed  cans,  43.  dd.par  gallon. 
Best  Coiza  Oil,  3s.  9d.  per  gallon. 
THE    BEST    SHOW   OF    IRON    BEDSTEADS 

In  the  Kingdom  is  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S.  He  has  added 
to  his  Show-rooms  TWO  VERY  LARGE  ONES,  which  are 
devoied  to  the  tiSCLUSIVB  SHOW  of  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
flteadg  and  Children's  Cots  (with  appiopriate  Bedding  and 
Mattresses),  Many  of  these  are  quite  new.  and  all  are  marked 
in  plain  figures,  at  prices  proportionate  with  those  that  have 
tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most  distinguinhed  in 
this  counfry.  Common  Iron  Be'Jsteads,  123.  Gd. ;  Portable 
Folding  Bednteads,  123.  Gd. ;  Patent  Iron  Bedstead-,  fitted  with 
dovetnil  jointd  and  patent  sacking,  from  16s.  Gd.  ;  and  Gots, 
from  20s.  each.  Handsome  ornamental  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
steadH,  In  great  variety,  from  3i.  63.  to  81^ 

THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER.— 

The  REAL  NICKEL  SILVER  introduced  20  years  ago  by 
WILLIAMS.  BUltl'ON,  when  plated  by  the  patent  process  of 
Messrs.  Elkingtun  and  Co.,  is  beyond  all  compariuon  the  very 
best  article  next  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  eniploy-d  as  such, 
either  usefully  or  ornamentally,  as  by  no  possibio  test  can  it  be 
disiinguished  from  real  silver.  Threaded  or 

Fiddle       Brunswick        King's 
Pattern.        Pattern,        Pattern. 

Tea  Spoons,  per  ^dozon 18s.      ...      233.      ,,,      86s, 

Dessert  Forks       ", 30s.       ...      423.       ...       BSa, 

Dessert  Spoons     , 3l)fl.      ...      42s.      ...      62s. 

Table  Forks  „        40».       ...       f>r>s.-      ...       703. 

Table  Spoonn  , 4«s.       ...       C5s.       ...       76?. 

Tea  and  coffee  sets,  waiters,  oandlestloks,  Ac,  at  pro- 
portionate prices.  All  kinds  of  ro-pUtlng  douu  by  tho  patent 
process. 

CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fiddle.      Thread.      King's. 
Table  Spoons  and  Forks,  fall  size, 

per  doren    12s.      ...      28s.      ...      80s. 

DesHcrt  ditto  and  ditto lOd.      ...      21s.      ...      25a. 

Ten  diito 5fl.      ...      Us.      ...      12s. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  ooiiiiituntoatluu),  tmuluslvn  ot  tho  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  slh>w  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRON  MONGEllY 
(including  cutlery,  nickel  kllvcr,  plated,  and  Jupaiiiied  wares. 
Iron  aud  brass  budttrudH),  so  nrrungod  and  olasttifiud  that 
puruliAsern  muy  oiislly  and  at  once  make  their  Helculloiis. 

CiKiiiouuirH.  with  uiigi'uvlngt,  Nfut  (iiur  pont)  free.  Tho  money 
returiifd  tor  cvi-ry  artlul"  not  upprovo<l  of. 

31).  OXFOItU  .STItKKT  (coruur  of  Newmnn.Htrcot) ;  Nob.  1 
und2,  NEWMaN.^TRHET;  and  1  and  6,  L'iiRKY'S-l'LAOE^ 


768 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.       [Nov.  27. 


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order  of  the  Right  Kon.  T.  F.  Keauedy,  Commissioner 
in  charge  of  her  Majesty's  Woods,  Forents,  dBc).  at  the  Speech 
Hou^e,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  on    WEDNESDAY.  Dec.  1,  1852, 
the  following  lots  of  TlMBEll.  the  property  of  the  Crown,  viz.  : 
IN      DEAISi      FOREST. 

Lot  1.— 22  Oak  Timber  Trees,  felled  in  rtusaell's  Enclosure, 
in  the  spring  of  185i,  but  rejected  in  tbe  round  by  the  Purveyor 
of  the  Navy  ;  numbered  with  white  paint,  viz.  :— 16,  19,  51,  54. 
59,  99.  108,  109,  111,  122,  130,  132.  H7,  162,  183,  203,  243,  2d2, 
3U2,  310,  S3l,  371,  averaging  89  feet  meetings,  girth  measure. 

Lot  2. — 155  Oak  Butts  and  Tops,  in  the  round,  cut  from 
Navy  Timber  in  ditto  ;  numbered  with  the  scribe  from  I  to  155, 
averaging  15  feet  meetings,  girth  measure. 

Lots.— 89  Oak  Timber  Trees  felled  in  ditto  ditto,  but  rejected 
in  the  eqaare ;  numbered  with  the  scribe,  viz. :— 5,  8  24,  27,  33, 
33,  48.  52,  72,  77,  84.  100,  101,  104,  lOd,  107,  113,  116,  117,  X21. 
139,  15i»,  151,  152,  170,  176,  185,  189,  192,  202,  209,  214,  217,  222, 
231,  257,  242,  244.  and  248,  averaging  125  feet,  calliper  measure. 

Lot  4. — 40  Oak  Timber  frees,  felled  in  ditto  ditto,  but  rejected 
in  the  square  ;  numbered  with  the  scribe,  viz. :— 250,  25t,  255, 
258,  259,  264,  265,  267.  270,  284,  288,  298,  304,  .^06,  3l)9,  314,  315, 
317,  318,  319,  32i,  328,  330,  332,  319,  350,  351,  353,  353,  854,  362, 
309,  378,  381,  385,  SSti,  390,  593,  399,  and  400,  averaging  169  feet, 
calliper  measure. 

Lot  5.-55  Oak  Butts,  &c.,  cut  from  Navy  Timber  in  ditto, 
but  rejected  in  thetqaare;  numbered  with  white  paint  from 
1  to  55,  averaging  81  feet,  calliper  measure. 

Lot  6.— 187  Oak  Butts  and  Tops,  cut  from  Navy  Timber  In 
ditto,  but  reiected  iu  the  square  ;  numbered  with  red  paint 
from  1  to  187,  averaging  25  fdet,  calliper  measure. 

Lot  7.— 84  Pieces  uf  Quk  Timber,  sided  for  the  Navy,  but 
rejected  by  the  Purveyor,  felled  in  ditto  ditto ;  numbered  with 
white  paint  from  I  to  81,  averaging  47  feet,  calliper  measure. 

Lot  8. — 3S  Pieces  of  Oak  Timber,  sided  for  the  Navy,  but 
rejected  by  the  Purveyor,  felled  in  Russell's  Enclosure;  num- 
bered with  red  paint  from  1  to  36,  averaging  14  feet,  calliper 
measure. 

OM    THE     HIGHMEADOW    ESTATE. 

Lot  9. —41  Oak  Timber  Trees,  felled  in  Lurd'i;  Grove  in  tbe 
spring,  1852,  but  rejected  in  the  round  by  the  Purveyor  of  the 
Navy,  numnered  2  6,  7,  9,  10,  11,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23, 
24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  20,  30,  31,  33,  34,  35,  37,  39,  40.  41,  42,  44,  45, 
48,  52,  53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  and  60,  averaging  17  feet  meednus, 
girth  measure. 

Lot  10.— 100  Oak  Timber  Trees  in  the  Rodge  Wood,  ditto 
ditto,  numbered  61,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71,  72,  73, 
74,  75,  7S,  77.  78,  79,  89,  81,  83,  84,  85,  86,  87,  88,  90,  91,  92,  93. 
94,  96,  97,  98,  99,  100,  101,  102.  103,  104,  105,  I06,  108,  109,  110, 
112,  113,  115,  116,  117,  118,  119,  120,  121,  122,  121,  125,  126,  127, 
130,  131,  132,  133.  131,  136,  137,  138,  139,  141,  143,  144,  116,  147. 
148,  150,  152,  153,  154,  155,  156,  157,  163,  159,  160,  161,  162,  lb'3, 
164, 165, 166,  167,  168,  169,  170.  171,  172,  173, 174, 175,  averaging 
18  feet  meetings,  girth  measure. 

Lot  11.— mo  ditto  ditto,  felled  in  ditto,  ditto  ditto,  numbered 
176,  178,  179,  180,  181, 182,  184,  185,  186,  187,  188,  189,  191,  192, 
193,  194,  196,  197,  198,  199,  200,  201,  202,  203,  204,  205,  207.  2u8, 
2U,  212,  213,  214.  216,  217,  218,  219,  222,  224.  225,  226,  227,  228, 
229,  230,  231,  232,  233,  231,  235,  236,  237,  238,  239,  241,  242.  2)3, 
244,  245,  246,  247,  248,  249,  250,  251,  252,  263,  254,  255,  256.  257, 
258,  259,  260,  261,  262,  263,  264,  265,  266,  2fi9,  270,  271,  272,  273, 
275,  276,  279.  280,  281,  282,  285,  286,  294,  29  j,  296,  297,  299,  300, 
303.  304,  averaging  18  feet  meetings,  girth  measure. 

Lot  12.-100  ditto,  felled  in  ditto,  ditto  ditto,  numbered  305, 
306,  307,  308,  309,  310,  311,  313,  314,  315,  317,  318,  319  320,  321, 
324,  825.  3-29,  331.  333,  334,  h35,  337,  339,  310,  341,  342.  343,  3l4 
345,  347,  34y,  349,  350,  351,  S.W,  353,  354.  355,  356,  3-57,  358,  359, 
31.2,  363,  366,  367,  368,  370,  372,  378,  380,  381,  382,  383,  38l,  3S6, 
890,  392,  394,  395,  397,  398,  400,  402,  403,  405.  406,  408,  412,  414, 
416,  418,  420.  423,  427,  428,  431,  432,  435,  439.  442.  414,  445,  447, 
448,  4511,  451,  455,  458.  462,  463,  471,  474,  475,  477,  478,  480,  482, 
and  483,  averagmg  20  feet  meetings,  girth  measure. 

Lot  13.— 60  ditto  ditto,  felled  in  dif^o,  ditto  ditto,  numbered 
484.  485.  486,  487,  490.  491,  491,  495,  496,  497,  499,  502,  5'J3,  504, 
505,  508,  6"9.  511,  513,  515,  618,  519,  520.  521,  522,  524  525  526, 
228,  529,  631,  532,  534,  536.  5a7,  538,  539,  540,  541,  613,  544,  545. 
647,  549,  550,  551,  555,  657,  558,  and  569,  averaging  20  feet 
meetings,  girih  measure. 

Lut  14.— 53  ditto  di'-'o,  felled  in  ditto,  ditto  ditto,  numbfcred 
560,  561,  5i5.  666,  567,  569,  571,  572,  675,  579,  580  584,  586  590, 
591,  593,  594,  595,  59?,  598,  599,  600,  601,  603.  601,  6fi5,  606,  6U9, 
610,  612,  614,  6lti,  617,  618,  619,  621,  623,  625,  626  629,  631,  6J2, 
GiZ,  631,  635,  636,  638,  611,  643,  644,  645,  646,  and  650,  averaging 
21  t'eec  meetings,  girth  mea.^ure. 

For  a  viewof  the  Lots  in  Dean  Forest,  apply  to  Mr.  Lanqhabt, 
BUwood;  and  ot  those  in  Highmeadow,  to  Mr.  Toenboll, 
Bracelaud,  subject  to  conditions  then  to  be  produced. 


BRITISH    BIRDS    AND    BIRDS'    EGGS. 

IVTR.  J.  C.STEVENS  will  Sell   by  Auction,  at  his 

-LvJL  Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  on 
FaiDAY.  Dec.  3,  at  12  for  I  o'clock,  the  COLLECriON  (»F 
BRITISH  BIRDS*  EGGS,  formed  by  the  la'e  Miss  Fisher,  of 
WestciJtt,  near  D. irking ;  and  also  the  Duplicates  of  a  well 
known  Amateur,  comprisini^  many  great  rariileiJ,  and  some 
British  Birds  in  cases, — May  be  viewed  the  day  before  the  sale, 
and  Car-aU^gues  had. 


TO  GENTLEMEN,  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 

MESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  sel 
bv  Auction,  at  the  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  or 
FRIDAY,  December  3d,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first-class  collectioi 
of  DUTCH  BULB^,  consisting  of  the  hnest  Double  and 
Single  Hyacinths,  Narcissus,  Jonquils,  Anamones,  Crocus, 
Snoivdrops,  Tulips,  Raaunculusea,  &c.  ;  also  a  selected  assort 
ment  of  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Ornamental  Trees  and 
Shrubs,  American  Plants  well  set  with  bloum  buds,  &ii. — Maj 
be  Viewed  the  mnrning  of  sale  ;  Catalogues  had  at  the  Mart 
and  of  the  Auctioneers,  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone, 
Essex. 


CAMELLIAS,  RHODODENDRONS,  AZALEAS,  ETC 

Thihd  Sale  feou  Me.  Joseph  Baumann,  of  Ghent. 
VT  R.  J.    C.  STEVENS  bega   to  announce   that  oi 

LVi  TDESDAY,  30th  November,  he  will  sell  by  Auction, 
bis  Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  at  12  ft 
I  o'clock,  another  consignment  of  CAMELLIAS.  AZALEAS] 
RHODODENDRONS.  Deutzia  gracilis,  and  various  othej 
Plauts,  from  the  Nursery  of  Mr.  Joseph  Badmann,  of  Ghenl 
the  whole  of  which  will  be  sold  without  any  reservaiiioni — Oi 
view  the  morning  of  Sale,  arrd  Catalogues  had. 


TO    NURSERYMEN,    SEEDSMEW,    AND     CULTIVATOR! 
OF  THE  PINE  TRIBE. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  notify  that  he  haj 
just  received  from  Central  America  a  consignment  0! 
Fm  CONES,*  comprising  several  highly  ornamental  specie) 
that  are  quite  new  to  this  country ;  and  from  the  localiliei 
from  whicb  they  have  been  collected,  viz.,  tbe  frontiers  01 
Mexico  to  the  city  of  Guatemala,  at  an  altitude  of  from  6,00( 
to  10,00')  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  will  no  doubt  provi 
hardy  in  this  country.  They  will  be  Sold  by  Aucdon.  iit  hi| 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Covont-Garden,  on  TDESDAT 
7th  December,  at  12  o'clock,  very  precisely,  in  consequence  ol 
the  meeting  in  Regent-street  being  held  at  2  o'clock,  Gataloguej 
are  preparing,  and  will  be  forwarded  in  due  course. 

TO    NOBLEMEN,    GENTLEMEN,    NURSERYMEN, 
BUILDERS,    AND    OTHERS. 

MR.  J.  RAWLINGS  has  received  instructions  fron 
Mr.  R0BE.KT  Neal,  to  submit  to  public  competttion  hi 
Auction,  on  the  premises,  Wandsworth  Common,  on  MONDAl, 
November  29 th,  1352,  and  following  days,  at  11  o'clock,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  ground  being  required  for  other  purposes,  th( 
wliole  of  the  valuable  NDRSEKV  STOCK,  consisting  of  ver] 
fine  Evergreens  and  Shrubs;  Fruit,  Forest,  and  Ornamenta 
Trees,  American  Plants,  tbe.  The  whole  in  fine  condition  an( 
worthy  the  attention  of  private  buyers  and  the  Trade. — M3 
be  viewed  prior  to  the  sale ;  catalogues  may  be  had  on  tffl 
premises ;  of  the  principal  Seedf.men  In  London ;  and  of  tm 
Auctioneer,  89,  Bridport-place,  New  North-road;  andEbenezq 
Nursery,  Shacklewell.  j 


OAK   TIMBER.-HAINAULT   FOREST. 

TO  SHIP  BUILDEKS,  TIMBER  MERCHANTS,  COfT- 
TRACTORS,  AND  OTHERS.— 235  naked  Oak  Trees,  lyin( 
in  the  King's  Woods,  Flainault,  Essex. 

YjESSRS,  DRIVER  have  been  honoured  wit! 
^'-L  instructions  from  the  Right  Hon.  T.  F.  Kennedy,  thi 
Commissioner  in  charge  of  Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Roya' 
Forests,  to  offer  for  sale  by  public  Auction,  at  the  Angel  Ian 
Ilford,  on  TaURSDAY,  December  2,  at  1  for  2  o'clock  pre 
cisely,  in  16  Lots,  235  OaK  TREES,  felled  last  season,  adaptet 
for  Ship  Builders,  Timber  Merchants,  Railway  Contractors 
and  others  requiring  good  sound  Timber.  225  of  the  Treei 
are  drawn  together  in  Collier  Row  Bottom,  and  9  on  Fenot 
Piece,  parts  of  the  King's  Woodi,.flainault,  county  of  Esser 
most  conveniently  situate  for  water  carria:;e  by  River  Thames, 
at  Barking,  either  to  the  Metropolis  or  elxewhere,  or  by  rail' 
way,  being  about  4  miles  from  the  Romford  and  Ilfordstationi 
on  the  Eastern  Counties  Line,  and  about  10  miles  from  Loadoi 
by  the  high  road.  Every  tree  la  m.arked  and  numbered  wit] 
white  paint,  denoting  the  lots,  and  may  be  viewed  on  applio^ 
tion  to  Mr.  M'Cletchie,  Barking-side,  near  Ilford,  of  whdd 
Catalogues  may  be  had ;  aUo  at  the  offices  of  tbe  CommissioDel 
of  Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Royal  Foreate,  No.  2,  Whitehall 
place;  at  the  Angel,  Ilford;  White  Hart,  Romford  ;  Kiag'i 
Kead,  Cbigwell ;  at  the  Auction  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane;  6 
Messrs.  Cldtton,  8.  Whitehall-place  ;  and  of  Messrs.  DaiV£B 
Surveyors  and  Land  Agents,  5,  Whitehall,  Londoa. 

TO     NURSERYMEN. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  the  Lease  and  Good-will  of  at 
established  and  thriving  NURSERY,  in  a  first-rat4 
situation  at  the  west  end  of  London.  The  Valuation  of  Stoci 
and  Comicg-in  <vill  require  but  a  small  amount  of  cash.  I 
possesses  a  Jobbing  business,  wherein  10£.  per  week  is  actuall; 
paid  by  the  present  proprietor  lor  labour  alone. — Apply  b; 
letter,  prepaid,  or  personally,  to  Mr.  HAavBr,  96,  Hattoj 
Garden,  London ;  or  Mr.  John  Keenan,  Seedsmen,  Grea 
Rnssell'Street,  Covent  Garden,  London. 


NURSERY    BUSINESS, 
IN  THE  NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF  CLIFTON,  near  BRISTOt 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  with  immediate  possession 
the  above  excellent  Nursery.  It  consists  ot  about  Fi\j 
Acres  of  Laud  well  stocked,  and  in  first-rate  cultivation,  vritl 
Greenhouses,  &c.  There  is  a  capital  Dwelling-house,  Stable] 
and  other  offices  attached,  and  the  whole  is  held  on  Lease,  a 
a  low  rental,  of  which  about  12  years  are  unexpired.  As  th 
stock  ia  in  course  of  sale  a  very  small  capital  will  suffice  fo  j 
the  purchase.  The  present  proprietor  declines  the  busines, 
from  ill  health.  It  will  beat  the  option  of  the  purchaser  t, 
take  the  orders  already  supplied.  Thia  is  an  opportunit; 
seldom  to  be  met  with  for  any  person  wishing  to  enter  int 
business  as  a  Nurseryman  and  Florist.— For  terms  and  al 
further  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  J.  G.  HoEBa,  Solicitor,  Broad 
street,  Bristol. 

ANTED,  to  RENT,  a  GRASS    FARM,  fron 

60  to  lOi)  Acres.— Full  particulars  to  be  addressed  t< 
W.  K.,  60,  Gracechurch-street,  London. 

WALTON     CASTLE     FARM, 

Near  Clevedon,  Somerset. 

TO  BE  LET,  from  Lady-day  next,  this  desirabl- 
CORN  AND  SHEEP  FARM,  situate  only  one  mile  frot 
Clevedon,  and  from  the  Clevedon  Station  on  tbe  Bristol  ant 
Exeter  Railway,  and  12  miles  from  Bristol ;  comprising  a  gooi 
Farm-House,  with  complete  Farm-Buildings,  three  Cottages 
and  500  Acres  of  Land,  whereof  3^  Acres  are  Homestead,  16; 
Pasture,  256  Arable,  and  81^  Acres  Down.  The  Soil  is  princi 
pally  on  a  Limestone,  well  adapted  for  Sheep  and  Turai| 
riuabandry,  and  some  of  the  Pasture  Land  is  of  very  goO' 
quality.  Satisfactory  references  as  to  Capital  and  Farminf 
Character  will  be  required. 

For  further  Particulara,  apply  to  J.  P.  Stobqe  and  Sow 
Land  Agents  and  Surveyors,  Broad-street,  Bristol. 


Printed  by  WitttiM  Bbatibijbt,  of  No.  13,  Upper  Woburn-place,  in  th 
parish  of  St-  Ptiacras.anil  Pbkobsick  fUiTi:.LBTT  Evanb,  of  ,\o.  J,  Church 
row,  Stoke  Newiuntoa,  both  In  llie  County  or  Jliddleaex  Printers  a 
their  OlDce  \u  Lomb/ird-iitreet.  in  the  Precinct  of  VVhitefriarB,  in  tbi 
City  ot  Liindon;  and  published  by  them  at  tlie  ofllce,  No.  5,  Charlei 
oirert,  in  tlie  pariah  of  St.  Paul's.  Coveut-s:arden,  in  the  eaid  Oountj 
where  all  Ad/.:rti"eJi'"at9  and  Cniuniunii'at.ioiia  are  to  ba  &i)diigq3ES  V 
THB  EDiToa,— Sati/qdat,  Novkmbbb  27, 1S52, 


S^  CHI 


AND 


U  J-iijL. 


TTE, 


A  Stamped  Hewspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  Getieral  News.— The  HorticuIturalPart  Edited  by  Professor  LlntJlsy. 


No.  49.— 1853.] 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  4. 


[Priob  Gd. 


April  Society  of  England , 

Ammonia    

Aiires,  fsfninu  ia 

liooks  noticed  

Botaoicai  Socety  of  LoniJon., 

Butter.  ia»ie  in..  ..  

Ijalendar,  hortioultorai 

Cattle,  quarter- tU  in ,,, 

Cattle [bo(],  cooked 

Cheese  making 

Cacumber,  Hunter's 

Dakry  roaua^enieQC..... 

Dnins  and  roots 

£au  dfileB'ive  

Parminffla  the  &.£3reB 

Fish.  IfCih  water 

Food,  citile   

Pruiis,  »el?ct , 

—    of  St.  Michael's   

Gardeoine,  window    ......  ... 

Geraninia  and  Hollyhoek,  aUU 
AQce  oC 

Crapes,  colou'inff  of 

HiETblaod  isri  Society 

Hollyhock  and  Gcraa'um,  alli- 
ance o( 

HomcMltu-al  Society'autee'int 
—  —       'gaciieu  . 

Insects,  to  kill 

Leares  increase  of  plants 
without 

Lily.  BeUadoaoa 

Linnesn  Society 

Luminotity  in  p'mifa 


77S  c 
774  6 


INDEX. 

7611  a  i  Msnurn.  application  of. 

—  OffrtlUB..... .,..,... 

—  liquid 

—  a-iul'eratioa  of".... 

'Mpl|HI0ina(ln..,.^..,......,.. 

Milk,  taste  in    

MiiutiiuH,  ihe , 

Natiooal  Fl^ri.  Society 

Nortli  LjcdOQ  Society 

P«8t« 

Pears,  late 

PcDpermInt  .■ 

PiRS.  Kfesvf^i'or 

Plnntf,  luiuinouft i.. .. .. 

—  ammonia  to 

—  inerca»e     of,     without 
ieaveB,.- 

Potato  rrnp,  liish,  of  1S52   

Bain  at  Chiawicic ... 

wotrin;;.  spiral 

KoQ^p.  to  store 

—  In  druin* 

Rob".  Biuriiort 

St.  ftlichiera,  frulti  of 

—  climate  of 


IZ  c 


l-^ 


74  a 


SfleJiuiT,  liiin,. 

Shimin  a  r.FiureoH 

TUrysli,  Mialdoe 

Trees,  Eur.-]|i«ao,  la  Madeira  .. 

—    spiral  rtoiflatC 

Tropicoluni.  <be   

Viiree,  wash  for > 

Weitth«rprcdiclioaft 

Wlndnw  Ararrieoinir 


GENUINE     SEEDS. 

LUCOMBE,  PINCE,  and  CO.  beg  leave  to  inform 
the  public,  that  their  StocU   of  VEGETABLE  SEEDS  is 
now  ready  for  sending  out. 

Their  Seeds  may  be  fully  relied  on,  as  1)6105  in  every  respect 
of  lirst-rate  quality,  and  true  to  their  sorts. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  on  applicatioo. 
Exeter  Nursery. — December  4. 


FLOWER  ROOTS  AT  A  REDUCED   PRICE.- 
T  CLIPS,  mixed,  early  double  and  single  ...     6s.  per  100 

IRTS.  mixed,  splendid  colours 4s.      „ 

ORO -Dd,  Dutch,  mixe-i,  all  coloarp     12s.  per  lOOO 

LILICM   LAVCIFOi^IUil    RUBRUM,  stroog 

flowerins  roo's      23.  each. 

EARLY  ANEMONES,  in  splendid  and  great  variety  of 
colour,  8tron'.c  fliweriog  root'.,  53.  per  100;  recommenaed  in 
the  Gardeners'  ChronicU.  No.  43,  pacre  679. 

The  above  to  ba  had  of  WilliA-vi  Denter,  Seedsman  and 
Florist,  82,  Gracecburcb-street  (oearthe  Spread  Eagle),  London. 
^ No  charge  fc»r  ivHCltnsei. 


TO    THE    SlIfD'  TRADE.  "^    . 

ABRAHAM    HARDY     AND     SON'S'  I*RICED 
WriOLfiSALR    C\TALOy[JE    of    Uume-Rrov?ii  SEEDS 
and  earliest  SSED  POTATOES  is  novr- ready,  u^idviatty  be 
bad  on  npttlicaiion.  enclosing  one  penny  stamp. 
M«.ldoii.  Essex.  Dec.  \. ^ ■■  "  - 


MESSRS.  PLATZ  and  SON,  Ei-furt,  Prussia, 
reKpectfaUy  inform  the  trade,  thut  their  Seed  Catulo^ue 
for  185  J.  in  which  will  be  found  many  new  varieties,  may  be  had 
on  application  to  their  agent,  Mr.  Robeet  Kennedy,  Bedford 
Contervatorv.  Oovent-earden,  Lnndmi. ^__^_. 


JUDSONS    RICHMOND    VILLA    BLACK 

HAMBURGH    VINE. 

A  RTHUR  HENDERSON  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure 

-iJ-  of  iuforraiog  their  patron*  and  friends  that  they  have 
good  plant*  of  this  valuable  and  much-esteemed  Vme,  at  7a.  6d. 
and  10s.  dd.  each. — M.B.  For  full  particulars  of  tlie  dis- 
tinguishiog  characteristics  of  thi"  Viae,  we  beg  to  refer  our 
coatomers  to  the  Qard^ncn.'  Chronicle  of  October  25,  1851. 

Pine.Rpple  Place,  London^ — Dec.  4^ 

"""^IviER  I  CAN    PLANTS. 
TOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Catalogue 

*J  of  the  above  Planta,  Roses,  Conlferp,  &c.,  is  now  published, 
and  may  be  obtained  by  enclosing  two  poaiaee  stamps.  The 
colours  of  all  the  Rhododendrons  worthy  of  cultivation  are 
detcribei,  in  ordtjr  to  facilitate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

^^Tbe  Rhododendrons,  Azaleas.  &c,,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  Bojal  Botanic  Girdena,  ReL,'ent'fl  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  eitat>li»bment. —  The  American  Nnraery.  Bagshot,  Surrey, 
4  mites  from  Firnborou^h  Station,  South- Western  Raii"''*y» 
and  3  milei  from  Blackwater.  S-mth-Ka-ttern  Rtilwa  y. 


RO.SES.— Standards,  best  kinds,  IBs.  to  20s.  per 
down  ;  Dwarf  ftoses,  Cs  to  12s.  per  dozen  ;  Ever^'r^en 
Shrab*.  from  1  to  6  ft-et  high,  a<^  Chinese  Arhor-viin?,  Aucuba, 
Arbaiu«,  Tree  Box,  green  and  variegated  Holly,  Sweet  Bay, 
Laar««tinut,  Rhod-jdendrona,  C-dars,  Pinus,  Ci>mmon  Laurel, 
Portojal  Laurel,  &c.  Frutt  Treea  in  bearing.  DEMVEa'a 
Victoria  and  Grctm  gage  Plum«,  Appleo,  Pears,  Cherries, 
Peach';*,  NfCtarlnep),  Apricots,  &c. 

A  Priced  Catalogn?  »eot  on  application  to  EnwAfiD  Dentek, 
NariKrieii,  Lou/hborough  Road,  lirlxion,  near  Lond'jn,  by 
er>cl''»«lnsr  «  tW'MiPnnv  aHiinn 


FRUIT    TREES,    ROSES,    ETC. 

WILLIA.M  WOOD  A.vo  SON  have  to  ofier  this 
■«aioi>  a  very  largn  ntfc-It  of  particularly  fin«  honltby 
Standard  Applea,  ('ear»,  and  IMurni",  wirh  clean  ntruij^lit  steuiH 
and  fine  ba«hy  h'-adu,  comprising  ail  tlio  leading  sort",  which 
are  warrantisd  true  to  name.  Per  doz. 

Standard  Applet       lOr. 

Standard  Prnr*  1''". 

fitindard  Plum*        J*^«. 

(    Pears,  on  C^uincc  stocks,  2  years  from  thobud,  very  fine    IBs. 
Dwarf  and  Trained  Prnit  Trees  of  cvory  doicrlp'lon. 

ROSES.  Per  dozen. 

Eftra  tall  Standards,  C  fo  8  fnae.  n'cm'  baddcd 
Mith  from  '■:  to  <>  best  Tari«ilc*  of  Climbing  and 

P«rp'>tual  K'tsfii  on  th»  same  st«m  il*.  to  60j. 

E«'.ra  nopori'ir  mjlftc'.ed  Hltndftrds lfl».  to'ilf, 

Piac  OwvrfA  and  Dwarf  Standard* lOi,  to  16s. 

Pine  Dwarfs,  <>n  own  routi,  2  of  each  sort 6«. 

Oambing  and  Nois«'te«  9f.  to  12s. 

Mlaed  llOMf,  without  names.  Dwarfs         SO*.  pcrlOO 

Extra  Plants  pmsen'rid  to  comppiivatti  for  carriage. 
Woodlands  Kurscry,  Hareittcld,  near  Uckfield,  fSu*ft«x. 


TO   PLANTERS,  ETC. 

LARGE  BUSHY  SPRUCE  FIRS     ...       5  to  0  ft: 
FINE  E.VGLISIT  ELMS  (grafr^.l)  ...      ) 

FINE  SPANISH  CHEStNUrS  ...      * 

FINE  BIRCH  ) 

FINE  BEECH  j 

The  above  are  well  rooted  ;  have  been  grown  thin  on  the. 
ground,  and  may  be  had  on  very  low  t^jrnis  [if  a  (quantity  are 
taken),  by  apolyina:  to  J    OGDEN^Nursenes,  Oov*>nfry.— D^c.  4. 


10  to  15  ft. 

8  to  lo  ft. 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS. 

(CA.RRIA.GE  FREE  BY  RAIL\VAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  harvestiug  their  SEEDS  in 
good  condition,  notwithstanding  tin?  uofavour  >ble  weaihcr 
Tlie  advantages  of  pMrcliasiiig  Seed<t  dli'cct  from  tlie  f?voit>cr3  are 
obvious.  As  some  sorts  are  scarce,  early  orders  are  raqupsted 
and  recommended.  —  For  parfiiiulars  address  Juhn  Sdtton 
and  Sons.   Seed  Growers.  Rtiadintr.   'lork'i. 


NEW    SEEDS-GROWTH    OF   1852. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Seed  Mer- 
chants, Plymouth,  have  r/iitch  phanife  in  statinr/ 
that  tlicy  arc  now  laying  in  their  new  StocJcs  of  Seed? , 
direct  FRomiiR  Grow Eus. 

Ciitalogues  can  be  had  oo  application  on  reefti:>tof  oae  penny 
stamp. 

Early  Peas,  Beans,  and  alLSeeds  for  Early  or  porctng  Crops 
can  he  obtained  immediately.— Apply  to  WitciAM  E.  llKsdtE- 
and  Co.,  ."^"ed  MprnhnntR.  Pivnionrh. ^       ' 


TO    NOBLEMEN    AND    G£NTLefv1EN. 

HYBRID  RHODODEKDRONS,-The  Subscribers 
have  on  baud  a  large  nnl  valuab''?  sttju-k  ot  (the  above, 
consisting  of  Scarlet,  Pinii,  Wbi'.j;,,«n(l  fiiio  spotted  vftvieties 
unnamed,  raised  by  the  late  MisJifmeB  Cunningham,  wbo  was 
well  known  as  a  celebrated  ^rO'VB'r.  Strontr  bushy  plants, 
from  2  feet  to  4  feet  high,  i'2s..  |;i)^i"  dflzen,  or  151.  per  100. 

Also  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Hardy  Shrubs,  &;c.  &,c., 
in  L'reat  variety  and  at  raoderaft)  WJtf^' 

CoNNiNGHASt,    Fraser,    aud    Go3|f^i^ely    E;>u;i    Nursery, 

Edinburgh. — Dec.  4, 'f^4ftft 

NEWSHRUBBY   OALCE!iLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF  AROtT'F  FIFTY  VARIMTIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  TH,';  FO  liHO. 

J     WEEKS  AND  Co.,  Ohelse.v,  hare  now  to  offer  a 
•     mo&t    splendid  and   sufitrb   GuUeclion  of  SHRDLTNG 
SHRUBBY    CALOEOr/VUT.^G,':--''-    '         "  -  np.^<.-n'ly 

warrant  Aiidrecomineti'-Vs-^'fty  K.'^i''-'  '  viid  unci 

varied  ir^fia  the, jiir.st-unigud   >^:'.-'''       >    '■'  ..     The 

scrtB  being   all  Shrubby  they  are    ■  ■  •*;      ....",,  —  ;  an-rl 

from'thw  g'-eat  variety  aui^  brilliancy  .if  tile:,-.- C',^lo^l•ri,  ihey  are 
invalua.hlo  lor  tlie  conservatory  or  bedding-out. 

J,  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's  Road.  Chglsea.  Lonoow. 

pOLLINS'lA    BARTSI^FOLIA    AND     ]V1ULTI- 

\y  COLOR,  ABRONIA  UMEELLATA,  NEMOL^HILA 
OCULATA  ALBA,  la.  per  packet,  to  be  had  from  Wil. 
HAMILTON,  Seedsman,  &c.,  156,  Cheapside,  Lokdun. 

W.  H.  has  still  on  hand  a  fow  Glass  Dishes  with  Hyacinths 
planted  in  Moss  ;  these  Dishes  ctiii  be  packed  so  as  to  transmit 
to  the  country  without  injury.  Dishes,  with  Six  Hyacinths, 
5s.  each. 

RauuoculuB,  Anemones,  Gladiolus,  Liliums,  and  other 
Roots,  Priced  Catalogue  of  which  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation. A  first-rate  collection  of  Standard  Ro^es  18s.  per  doz., 
lloliybocks  12s.  to  13s.  per  doz..  Fruit  Trees,  die.  die. 

The  November  Prolitii!  Peas  55.  per  qunrt. 


ROSES. 

ROSES  extending  over  10  acres  of  ground,  may  be 
selected  by  purchasers  from  13a,  to  20s.  per  dozen,  com- 
prising all  the  leiidiag  varieties  ;  dwarf  do.,  Gs.  to  12s.  per  doz. 
Fine  varietiep,  in  pots  tit  for  forcing,  123.  to  I8s.  per  doz, 
CAMELLIAS,  well  set  with  flower-buds,  80s.  per  doz,,  and 
upwards.  ERICAS,  leading  varieties,  12s,  to  ISs. ;  fine  speci- 
mens ti'.  for  exhibition,  in  11-inch  pote.  A  largo  slock  of 
DII:iLTTRA  SPECTABILIS  and  every  description  of  Nursery 
Slock, 

Catalogues  of  all  Hie  New  Roses  in  cultivation  may  he  had 
on  application.— G.  Claeke,  Strealham-place  Nursery,  Brixton 

Hill,  near  London.  

NEW  WHITE    BROCCOLI-"  DILCOCK'S    BRIDE" 

BAINBRIDGE  and  HEWISON  beg  to  announce 
that  ihey  have  purcbapcd  of  Mr.  Dilcoek  the  entire  stuck 
of  the  above,  whicli  is  a  Broccoli  of  the  lii»;hest  merit,  eur- 
pTBOing  every  other  (even  the  far-famed  "Mammoth")  as  the 
following  will  testily.  It  has  been  i^*old  ia  the  York  market  at 
Ifl,  per  head. 

"  York  Horticultural  Society,  June  13.  1852. 

"  In  reply  to  your  iuquirio'*  I  find  '  Dilcock's  Bilde  Broccoli' 
wns  awnrded  first  a'id  third  prizi^i-  1850  ;  first,  H<?cond,  ur|d 
third,  1851  ;  and  (irrtt,  second,  and  tliir'l  in  tho  pronent  year, 
It  ijught  to  bo  grown  by  every  g^-.ntlonian'H  gardener,  especiiilly 
where  any  are  grown  for  cornpetltiou.  Market  gardeners  also 
will  find  ID  to  their  profit  to  pus^^oss  it.— Yours  truly, 

"  R.  Dkmpsey,  lion.  Secretari'." 

Tho  Kced  can  be  procured  wholoHa'o  of  themsolvos  at  York  ; 
or  of  Meqt'rB,  Noble,  Cooper,  iind  Bolton,  152,  Pleet-titreot, 
Loridoa  ;  or  Messrs.  Ciiarlwood  and  Outtimlns,  Oovont  Garden, 
London;  and  retail  of  all  the  priiieiprd  Keodxmen  throughout 
tho  country,  in  flcaled  pacltota  containing  laoO  s(;oda  at  Us.  6U. 
Ciich.— Hope  Nursery,  York.  . 


OUPERB    HOLLYHOCK    SEED— Well    ripened 

^  Hoed,  warranted  to  bo  waved  exclusively  from  CoruL't, 
EtogariH,  Ohscura,  Mr.  0.  iiaron,  Penolopo,  Roitoi  griindlflora, 
Meteor,  Walden  Ooni,  Magnum  Monura,  Spcctabili«.  Sutfrano, 
Ddlcatu,  KnchantresH,  Plcta,  (iueen,  JJiooIor,  Dlilo,  Oliarion 
'f'u-ndr,  Pormofla,  H'lbt-,  Model  <»f  Porfocilon,  RoMi^a  Albii, 
Siilphuraa  Pcrfeeta,  White  Porlectlon,  Bluo  Beard,  Mulboiry 
Ruporb,  Snowball,  and  (itieoii  of  England, 

A  K'liid  nilxturo  of  tho  ubovc,  In  pncktits  containing  nrwAiini 
or  200  SttfcDB,  ivlll  hi!  forwarded  posi  free,  U[Pon  tlio  reiiclpt  of 
ai  fid,  wmtli  of  poango  siitrnpi,  by  U.  B.  BiaciiAH.  Heknhnm 
Uuiury,  Bungay,  Hud'olk. 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  WindlesUam,  near  Bagshot, 
Surrey,  Exhibicor  of  American  Plants  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  R.egent'p-park,  begs  to  in'orm  tbe  Nobility 
and  Public  he  has  publit-lied  a  Dtjscripjive  CAT  .4LOOT7E  OF 
AMERICAN  PLANT.S,  Coniferie,  Roses.Orfiaruental  Shrubs, 
dfo.  «fcc.,  .and  mny  ba  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. —  Near  Staines  Station,  Windsor  Branchy  Soath- 
WeFtern  Railway. 


to 


2    G 


1    0 


pHOICE  BULBS   AND  FLOWER  ROOTS. 

^  ,.  s.  d.        s.  d. 

TropiBolum  trico'orum,  fine  tuberfl,  each 
,,  brachyceras        „  „ 

,,  azureum  ,,  ,, 

Tritonia  aurea,  aplondid      ,,  „ 

Oxalis  elegans,  new  and  fine  ,, 

It  M  major,  ,,  ,, 

Cyclameo,  in  seven  beautiful  varieties    „. 
Babtaua  rubra  cyanea  „  „      '„,         „,  3    6 

Superb  collections  of  Alstroemerla,  Ixihs,  SpMaixis, .  Oxalis^ 
Babiana,  and  variuuH  other  Cape  RnotR.  Pot- supoiiorpeleciiona 
of  Ranunculus,  *.iiemune,  Gladioli.  Eugliwh  Iris,  Impot-ted- 
Dutch  Hyacinths,  Crocus,  and  other  roots.  A^ao^/orcollt;Rlion8 
of  choice  Stove,  Greenhouse,  Winter  Floweriftg  llerbacpoud. 
Rock,  and  other  plunte,  see  advertisementa  iu.che  (Tardtiier^ 
Chronicle  of  October  10th  and  30th.  ,, 

For  particulars,  see  "  Autucart^  Oatalogue,"  supplied  fur 
three  postage  staraps, 

Bapb.  and  BaowN,  Seed  and  Horticultnraf  Tilfitahlishment, 
Sudbury  J. Suffolk. 


HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING  AND   HEATING 

BY   HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILSas  OF  ALL  ST^;E5,  WAltRiNTED  THE 

MOST  EPPicr^Nt; 
r  WEEKS  AND  CO.,,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  Hot- 
^  •  B0D3E  EoiLDERa,;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
tbe  mostiniprove'd  prin- 
ciples. These  BoUei-fl 
iire  very  powerful, 
■ -li.ss^ftnj'      >,  diii'a'flle.    and  ecoD'>-.»J- 

^■■:.i5^:  ?W>.        .  ,.  ,i..   'i'he,:'  --r-.    ■'anted 


■^t'ii 


■?t-uc'o 


-IX-fr. 


entering  tb.-.  upper  pavt 
ot  the  boiler,  thersby 
eauaiag  a  very  rapid 
circulatipa,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea. 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thiag  like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
those  boilers  thatwarras 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  whicb  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  largo  Forcing-houses  and  rangoB  of  Pits,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimateo  of  Horticultural  Baildings ; 
aUo  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  die,  forwarded  oa 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road,.  Chelsea,  London, 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY   HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  AND  ORM.SON,  Danvera  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  hnving  liad  oonsidorable  oxpurience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Ereetlonn,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
oconomy  and  practlual  ad.aptution,  cannot  bo  surpassed  by 
anything  of  tho  kind  In  tho  country,  are  now  In  a  position  to 
oxocuti'  ordorH  on  tho  lowest  pontilblo  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  (ixtonnivoly  employed  by  tho  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurm-rymon,  and  to  all  by  whom  tboy 
have  been  fiivitirod  with  orrterH  thoy  cnn  with  tho  greatost 
conddenrn  glvt;  the  inoiit  H.itiHl'actory  roferonoea. 

Tholr  Ilni-Watcr  Aiipanttuii  Is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
aiiprrwifl  mill  sciontlflc  princlploii,  for  all  purposes  to  which  tho 
Hppllo.itioii  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  con  bo  mado  available. 


"70 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Dec.  4, 


NOTICE. 

CnEAP  AND  SELECT  NURSERY  STOCK. 

THE    SUBSCRIBERS   beg    to    refer    all    who    are 
iotere«'efi  io  Plantins  to  their  Advertisement  of  the  above 
stock  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  Soveraber  n.  page  707. 
William  Jace.3on  and  Co.,  Bednle,  Yorkshire. 


GEORGE  JACKMAN,NuRSErvYiiAN,Woking,Surrey, 
1^  mile  from  WoUint^  Sfat'on,  South  Weerera  Railway, 
bejya  to  annouMce  he  has  juat  published  a  new  and  complete 
Catalogue  nt'  his  American  Plaiiti,  Ornamental  Elverijrpeus, 
Coniters,  flo^vtring  Shr<ib^,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  TreBS,  ttc.  ftc,  and  may  be  had  oa  application  bj 
inclosing  two  postage  stamiJS. 


Messrs.  CJlaarles  Oamtor  ^  Co.  of  Calcatta. 

18  5  2. 

LIST  0?  omiiioEoui  fimn  mmuMM 

AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHA.SYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


No. 

NA3IE3. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

'.3 

3) 

•No. 

NAaiES. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

1 

1* 

Mlcrostylis  Wallicliii  S... 

Small,  pea  green     

Ter. 

94« 

Phaiu3albu3       

Large,  white,  ropy  scenterl 

2 

Oberonia  iadifi>lia 

Miau^e,  yellowish 

Bpi. 

95»« 

Aputaria  senilis 

Largish,  rose  and  green  ... 

Tfr 

'  3« 

,,    sp 

1 

Do. 

96** 

A.  latifoHa           

2 

Do. 

i 

Liparis  sp.           

Small,  yellow          

Do. 

97* 

Eulophia  virena 

Large,  green  and  white    .. 

Do. 

5 

,,    sp 

,,            ,1 

Do. 

99«* 

1.     sp 

,,     dull  yellow  &  brown 

Do, 

6" 

,,    Bp 

Largiah,  green  yellow 

Ter, 

99»* 

»      sp 

,,     deep  purple 

Do. 

T 

„    »P 

Small,  deep  purple 

Rpi. 

100*» 

»  pp 

,,    green  and  yellow 

Do. 

8 

Otochi'us  faacua 

„     yellowish  brown       .  . 

Do. 

I0l»a 

>.      sp 

,,    purplish  green 

Do. 

9 

,,    albu*          

,,            „         and  white 

Do. 

L02 

Yandft  teres        

Yery    large,    rosy    purple 

Epi. 

10 

Pholidota  imbi-icata    .. 

„    white 

Do. 

yellow  and  brown 

11 

„    mnflulata    

,,        „        

Do 

103»' 

„     crifitata      

Largish,    greenish,    white, 

Do. 

12« 

,,    articulata 

„        „        

Do 

and  purple 

13» 

„    ap 

,,        ,,    and  yellow 

Do. 

104*» 

„    multiflora 

„    white  and  rose 

Do. 

W 

„    sp 

,,        <.               ,, 

Do. 

105** 

„    coerttlea     

Yery  large,  deep  blue      -... 

Do. 

15 

Ccelogyne  Havida 

„     yellow 

Do. 

lOS«o 

„    sp 

Largish,  dull  purple 

Do. 

16 

„    undulata    ... 

Largish,  white 

Do. 

107'* 

„      sp 

,,               ,,        and  green 

Do. 

IT 

,,    Smhria^a? 

,,            ,,  ami  brown    ... 

Do. 

108** 

,.       Bp 

,,    yellow  and  brown    .., 

Do. 

18'» 

„    uQiHora 

„             ,,  aiidlateri'.iou- 

Do, 

109** 

Oamarotis  purpurea    .., 

Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do, 

19 

,,    barbita      

,,     w'uice 

Do 

UO 

Micropera  pallida 

,,    pale  yellow    

Do. 

20° 

,,    p'-aaco.v  ?     

„         

Ter 

111 

Saccolabium  micranthm 

Small,  rosy 

Bpi. 

2l> 

,,     raacul:ita 

Large, whlte,yellow,»fc  ro%e 

Do 

U2 

„    retu^um     

Largish,  lively  apottel      ... 

Do. 

22»* 

„     WaUiiibiatia 

,,        ,,        and  rose 

Do. 

113 

„    papillosum 

Small,  pale  yellow  &.  pur. 

Do. 

23" 

„    ocellata      

„    pale  yellow  and  deep 

Do. 

IU»* 

,,    Gatceolare 

„    yellow  and  brown    .,. 

Do. 

orange 

115»^ 

,,    Bp.  like  do. 

„    pale  do.  and  rose    ... 

Do. 

24" 

„     Gardneriana 

„    white  and  yellow 

[5pi 

UG 

,,     caroiFolium 

„    rosy      

Do. 

25 

„    crista.^a       

,,         „      streaked     witd 

Tar 

117«* 

„     dasypogott 

„    green  and  purple     ... 

Do. 

bright;  yeUo* 

lis* 

,,    appendicnla'um  ... 

„    yellow 

Do. 

2S 

„     SD 

3rnall,  brown  and  yellow,.. 

Epi 

119" 

.>    PP 

„    rosy  and  deep  purpU' 

Do. 

27»» 

„    ttavat         

Large,  yellow  aad  brown  .. 

D.. 

120** 

Sarcanthus  sp 

Do. 

28 

i>    Bp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow,.. 

Do 

l-21»» 

)i    ap 

Small,  rosy 

Do. 

29' 

>.    sp 

,,    white  and  brown 

Oj, 

1 22  ** 

i>    sp 

„    white  and  yellow 

Do. 

SO 

>,    ep 

„    pa'e  yellow   ■ 

Do. 

123»» 

„     sp 

M                   it                                   It 

Do. 

3l»' 

„    sp 

,,    w^ite  (pretty) 

Ter. 

12-t''* 

,.    ap 

11                H                              11 

Do. 

32" 

,.    sp 

Largi'ih,  pale  cinnam'in  ... 

Ep> 

125'* 

.1    sp 

„    rosy  red          

Do. 

33»» 

Bolbophyllum    leopardi 

Large,  yellow  spotted  witli 

Do. 

126 

.derides  affine     

Lai*ge,  rosy  purple 

D.I. 

nana        

purple. 

127 

,,     bdoral:um 

,f           ,,     sweet-scented 

Do. 

3( 

„    U'nbellHtaii 

Largish,  dull  yellow 

Do. 

128 

„     ep 

Do'. 

35*« 

„     Khasyananl 

Small,  greenish       

"0 

129*^ 

„    ep 

Large,  like  af&ae.  and  ver; 

Do. 

38" 

„    sp 

Largish,  bright  yellow 

Do. 

pweet-scented 

37* 

»    ep 

Small,  white,  fragrant 

Oo. 

130 

Agrostopbyllium,     ^ha- 

Small,  white            

Do. 

88« 

..    ep 

„     dull  purple     

Do 

syanum       1 

39 

..    »P 

„             ,,                

Do 

131* 

Siphosium  aci(minatum 

Large,  white            , 

Do. 

10 

,.    sp 

„             ,,                

Do, 

132 

AcanthophippiiiiQ  sp.  ... 

,,    dull  purple    

Ter. 

41.. 

Cirrbopata'um  sp. 

Small,   greenish,   fragrant 

Do 

133* 

11     BP.     ...       1 

,,     white,  streaked 

Do. 

« 

„    sp 

,,    dull  purple    

Do. 

131* 

Cymbidium  gigknteum. . , 

Yery  large,  yell,  ami  brown 

Do. 

43« 

»    ep,    

Large,  br'>WQ  and  yellow. .- 

Do, 

135 

„    penduluml 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purp) 

Do. 

«•• 

i>    JP 

Largi3h,  dull  purple 

Do. 

133 

„     aloifoUuni. 

<r               »i                    >i 

Do. 

4B" 

>.  1  sp 

)i             •■ 

D). 

137** 

„     eburneum 

Yery  lariie,  white 

Do. 

46* 

Tricoflina  auavis 

Large,  white,  ptirple  &  yell. 

Do. 

L3S 

„    incofispicnum 

Smal',  brown           

Do. 

47« 

Gria  fiava            ...        r.. 

Largish,  dull  yell.  &  browi 

Do 

L39 

Cyinbidiam      Ipnglpeta- 

Largish,  green  and  purpl 

ter 

48 

Bria  sp 

Largish,     wliUe     streaker) 

Sp, 

J  am 

with  brown 

MO" 

„     cyprifollum 

T)                                    1»                                    H 

Do. 

49 

„    densiflora 

„               ,,     tinged    witii 
yellow 

Do. 

141.* 

»    sp 

Large,     fragrant,     yellow 
and  white 

Bpi. 

50 

„    fcrruginea 

„    ferruuneous 

Do 

U1** 

„      6p 

„    browni'^h  purple 

Do. 

51 

„    paniculata 

Small,  ppo-ted  with  purpl.- 

D,j, 

U3** 

II     Sp 

Yery  large,  white 

Do. 

ii" 

»    ep.    -.        

Largish,  nhve        

Do 

U-f^-* 

„    ep 

Large,  white  and  brown  ... 

Do, 

53* 

.,    sp 

,,             ,,     ifc  dull  purp 

Do. 

U5* 

1.    sp 

,,     green  and  dull  purple 

Ter. 

54» 

..    sp 

•>             It              » 

Do. 

U6'' 

?  PhalsBttopsis,  sp. 

Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

Epi. 

65' 

..    'P 

Minute,  rosy            

Do 

brown 

56 

Aporum  anceps 

Small,  white           

Do. 

U7 

Euphorboacis  pygmaaa... 

Minute,  yellow        

Do. 

57 

„    cuspidataoa 

1,            ,j              

Do 

118 

Q-eodorum  dilatatum    .., 

Large,  white,  purple,  and 

Oo. 

58 

..    sp 

,,            ,,              

Do. 

yellow 

'69» 

„    sp.! 

Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Do. 

119* 

II    sp 

„     deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Do. 

«0 

Dendrob'um  Pierardi  ... 

Large,  pink  and  yellow    ... 

Do 

150** 

Platanthera  sp.  ... 

Large,  white            

Do. 

61» 

,,     heterocarpam 

,,     yell,  and  br.  fragran' 

Do, 

151** 

Periatylis  sp 

Largish,      white,      oweet- 

Do. 

62 

„    Chrysauthum 

„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

Do, 

scented 

68« 

„    Paxfoni      

„                „               ,, 

Do. 

152 

Sabeoarla  hamigera  ?  . , , 

Small,  green           

Do. 

6(» 

„    sp.  like  do. 

„    orange  and  browa  ,.. 

Do 

153 

,,    sp 

„    yellow             

Do. 

65» 

„    formosum 

Yery  large,  white  and  yell  . 

Do. 

151 

„    ep 

„    greenish  yellow 

Do. 

fragrant 

1-55* 

„     ep 

,,     white 

Do. 

6G»* 

,,     longlcornu 

Large,  white  and  orange... 

Do, 

15G"* 

„    sp 

Large,  white           

Do. 

67 

„    calceolus 

Yery    dark    yellow,    rose, 

Do. 

157** 

Pogonia  JoUana 

Small,  rosy  white 

Do. 

and  purple 

153** 

„     sp 

Largish,  green        

Do. 

68» 

„    Bulcatam 

Large,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do, 

1.59'^'' 

„    flp 

Small,  purple           

Do. 

69 

„     Jenkinsii 

„     lively  yellow 

Do. 

160»* 

Cyrtosia  sp ,. 

Largish,  golden  yellow     ... 

Do. 

70 

„    caeruleecen3 

,,     deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do 

161** 

Spiranthes  sp 

Small,  white           IDo. 

71 

„    nohile         

„     white  rosy  purple    ... 

Do, 

162»* 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

Do. 

72" 

„    Gibsonii     

,,    yellow  and  browa    ... 

Oo. 

163«* 

Anaectochilua            Rox 

„    rosy  white      

Do. 

78» 

„    stuposura  

Small,  white           

Do. 

burghii 

74* 

,,    Cambridgeaaum... 

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br 

Do. 

114*> 

„      3P 

„    white 

Do. 

76«« 

„     trauapareuB 

,,    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do, 

lfi5*» 

Cypripedium     vennstum 

Large,  green  and  purple  .. 

Do, 

76* 

„    like  do,,  various  ... 

,,    pale  rose  and  purpit 

Do. 

166** 

„    inslgne 

„    red  and  yellow 

Do, 

77" 

„    Devoaiaoum 

„    lilac-rose  and  yellow 

Do. 

167* 

Calaathe  densiflora 

„     lively  yellow 

Do. 

78" 

,,     Dalhousianum,     ... 

,,    rose,  white,  and  purp. 

Do. 

163*" 

„    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow,.. 

Do. 

79 

,,    multicaule 

„     white  and  purple     ... 

Do. 

l'?9*' 

„     sp 

Large,  white  and  green    .. 

Do, 

80" 

„    Qriffithit    

„    pale  yell,  and  orang 

Do, 

170** 

„      sp 

„            „     and  yellow... 

Do. 

8l«» 

„    Parmeri     ... 

„    lively      „        „ 

Do. 

I7l*» 

,,      sp 

,,     dull  purple     

Do 

83" 

If    densiQorum  pallid. 

,,    white  and  orange    ,, 

Do, 

172 

Goodyera  sp 

Small  white 

Do. 

83" 

„        do.    roaeura     ... 

,,    pale  rose  and  orange 

Do. 

173 

,,    sp 

Do 

84 

„    intermedium 

„    pale  yellow  in  brown 

Do. 

174 

„    sp 

,,          „    dull  purple    ... 

Do" 

85» 

„      BP 

,,    lively  orange 

Do. 

175»* 

Ophrys  sp.           

Largish,  rosy  purple 

Do. 

8e« 

»    sp 

It        ..     yellow  As  brown 

Do. 

176" 

„    sp 

„     green  and  purple     .,. 

Do 

87" 

»      sp 

„     yellow,  pink,  and  br. 

Do, 

177»* 

Anthoginum  sp. .., 

„    rosy      

Do' 

88» 

..    ep 

„    pink  and  yellow 

Do. 

178* 

Bonacea  3D. 

Small,  ffroen           

Ha* 

89"» 

Spathoglottia  pubencen- 
Arundioa  bambusifolia 

Largish,  yellow  and  purple 
Large,  pale  rose  and  l.volj 

Ter. 

90 

Do. 

■Eachynanthus  (3  to  1  sp.) :  Ho 

ya  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  Cseveral) 

purple 

Lilium  (1  sp.)  ;  Nepenthes  (1 

sp.)  ;  Ferns  and   Lycopodiuma 

91» 

Phaius  grandifollus     ... 

„     white,  brown,  &  pur. 

Do. 

(150    to  200    sp.) ;     Palms 

Lmstonla,    Leoxalta,    Caryota, 

92 

,,     Wailichii 

i>          *t          1)               II 

Do. 

Calaoins.  6so.)  are   aUo  in 

iigeaous,    and    can  be   sent   il 

93« 

,,    maculata 

„          „      rosy  scented 

Do. 

req 

uired. 

Plants  not  marked  are  cominon.  Ditto  marlied  witii  an  asterisii  are  considered  rare. 

Bitto  marked  with  two  asterieliB  are  considered  very  rare. 

Tlie  charges  for  a  box  of  i  cabic  feet  lueaHUreoiont,  cJntainiQsr  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  51.  or 
50  Knpees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plants  wliich  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
ho  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  I  r.  8  a.  a  Plant ;  tor  tho  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  new  Pl.mts  not  included  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  discount  of  10  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

_  Plants  can  also  be  sent  in  glass  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  measuring  2  feet  6  inches  la  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  hevght,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  bo  made.  Slass  covers  can-  also  bo  supplied  for  the  other  boxes , 
^t  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  ia  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  Auaust  1,  1852. 


HORTICULTURAL     GLASS 

OF    EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS   MILLIIIGTON'S    WAREHOUSE, 

87,  BI3H0PSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 
LONDON. 

IMPORTANT  REDUCTION  IN  THE  PRICE  OP 

GLASS    WIILK    PANS. 

T.A.MES  PHILLIPS   and   CO.  beg   to   submit  their 

t-*    rc'luced  price  of  -Milk  Pans,    Propagating   (glasses,   and 

Cucumber  Tubes  (for  cash). 


MILK 

PA 

NS, 

s.   d. 

s. 

d. 

6  inches  diamoter  0    4  each. 

18  inches  diameter 

2 

6  each. 

8               ,1 

0    0    „ 

20 

,j 

3 

0     ,. 

10               „ 

0    9    „ 

22 

,, 

3 

6     „ 

^2 

1    0    „ 

24 

,, 

4 

0     .. 

w            „ 

1    6    „ 

2li 

1, 

S 

0     ., 

16                „ 

2    0    „ 

PROPAQATING 

CLASSES 

s.    d. 

.s. 

d. 

2  inches  diameter  0    2  each. 

12 

nches  diameter  1 

4  each. 

3 

0    2i   „ 

13 

1 

8        M 

4              » 

0    3     „ 

U 

2 

0     „ 

5              1, 

0    4     „ 

1,'i 

2 

6     „ 

6 

0    5     „ 

16 

3 

0     „ 

7 

0    6     „ 

17 

H 

6     „ 

8               „ 

0    7     „ 

18 

4 

«     .. 

9               ■< 

0    8     „ 

19 

5 

0     „ 

10               „ 

0  10     „ 

20 

6 

0     » 

1-1               ,< 

1    0     „ 

encumber  Glasses  One  Kalfp^ 

nny  per  runniner  inch. 

Hoiticulcura 

Slass    Warehouse,    IIC,    B 

shopsgate-atreet 

With,iut,  Lond 

n. 

Sizes.  —  Inches, 
Prom    6    by 


6 

7 
S 
10 


Per  toot.  Per  100  feet, 
at  lid.  is  £0  12  S 
„  2d.  „  0  16  8 
„  2id,  „  0  IS  9 
24(i.  „  1  0  10 
2H.  „  1  2  11 


GLASS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES,  GREENHOUSES, 
PIT    FRAMES,  ETC. 

HETLEY  AND  CO.  are  supplying  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass 
of  British  Manuf:icture,  packed  io  boxes,  containing  10 
square  feet  each,  atthe  following  REDUCED  PRICES  for  cash. 
A  reduction  made  on  1000  feet. 

Inches, 
Under    6  by  4 
•I  7    „    5 

,.         8    ,,    6 
„        10    „    8 
12    „    9 
Xjar<rer  sizes,  not  exceeding  40  Inches  long. 
16  nz.  from  2d.  to  'i'ld.  per  square  foot,  according  to  size, 
21  oz.    „    ^d.  to  Sd.  ,,  „  „ 

26  oz.    ,,    3J(i.  to  7J(Z.         „  „  „ 

PATENT  ROnoa   PLATE,   THICK   CROWN  GL4SS,  and: 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS   for  Horticultural  purposes,    at 
reduced  prices,  by  the  100  square  feet. 
GLASS  TILES  AND  SLATES  made  to  any  size  or  pattern, 

either  in  Sheet  or  Rough  Plate  Glass. 
Propagating  Glasses,  Bee-hive  Glasses,  Cucumber  Tubes,  Glasa 
Milk  Pans,  Glass  Water  Pipe'i,  and  various  other  articles 
not  hitherto  manufactured  in  glass. 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS.— The  present  extremely  moderate 
price  of  this  superior  article  should  cause  it  to  eupersede  all 
other  inferior  window  (jla?3  in  a  Rentlemau's  residence.    No 
alteration  connected  with  the  sash  is  required. 
GLASS  SHADES,  as  ornamental  to,  and  tor  the  preservation 
of  every  description  of  goods  susceptible  of  injury   by  ex- 
poHure,     Prices,  einoe  tbe  removal  of  the  excise  duty    re- 
duced one-half.    List  of  Prices  and  Estimates  forwarded  oa 
application    to  James   Hbtlet  and  Co.,  35,    Soho-square, 
London. 

E  WING'S  PATENT  GLASS  WALLS. 
— The  following  are  the  Agents,  and  on  application  to 
whom  drawings  may  be  seen,  and  all  other  information  ob- 
tained;— Messrs.  Knight  and  Perry,  Nurserymen,  ttc.,  Chel- 
sea ;  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Nurserymen,  Pine.apple- 
place,  London  ;  Messrs,  Whitley  and  Osborn,  Nurserymen,  &c,, 
Fnlham,  London ;  Mr.  Glendinning,  Nurseryman,  (fcc,  Chis- 
wick,  London  ;  Miessrs.  Veitch  and  Son,  Nurserymen,  Exeter; 
Messrs,  Dickson,  Nurserymen,  Cheater  ;  Messrs.  Lawson  and 
Sons,  Nurserymen,  Edinburgh ;  Messrs.  Dickson  and  Turn- 
bull.  Nurserymen,  Perth;  Mr.  M'Intosh,  F-R.S.,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  Dalkeith;  Mr.  Fleming,  F.H.S., 
Gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  Trentham,  Stafford, 
shire;  Mr.  Ewing,  Gardener,  Bodorgan,  Anglesea;  Messrs, 
Pilkington  and  Co.,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Sheet  Glass  Works,  St. 
Helen's,  Lancashire, 

These  Walls  can,  when  desired,  be  made  wide  enough  for  a 
person  to  enter,  by  which  they  become  elegant  hothouses  on 
the  best  principle.     Existing  Wallscovered  with  Glass  and  Iron. 

IRON      HURDLES. 

STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-street, 
London ;  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Sonthwark,  Manu- 
facturers of  every  description  of  Iron  Fencing,  beg  to  call  the 
attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  to  their  present  prices 
of  HURDLES  :— for  Sheep,  6  feet  long,  3  feet  high,  with  6  bars, 
at  4s.  3d. ;  and  for  Cattle,  6  feet  long,  3  feet  3  inches  high,  with 
5  bars,  at  43.  9d.  each, 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
7d.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


..  12 


.  10 
14 


2-inch  mesh,  light,  24  Inches  wide 

2-inch     „      etrong  ,, 

2-inch     ,,      extra  strong     „ 
1^-inch     „      light  „ 

1 1-inch     „      strong  „ 

Ig-inch     „      extra  strong     „  ...  14      ,,  11 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  ptices 
one-fourth.  Galvanisedsparrow-proof  nettingfor  Pheasantries, 
Zd.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  Newcastle, 


49—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


771 


NEW   SEEDLING    APPLE. 

BROWNLEES'  RUSSET,  raised  in  1846,  of  the 
same  quality  as  the  Royal  Russet,  but  ke^ps  longer  and 
oetter  without  shrivolHoff ;  very  different  in  growth  irom  any 
of  the  Russets,  being  most  vij^orous  and  perfectly  free  from 
canker ;  it  will  be  found  a  ^reat  acquisition  for  kixben  use  in 
Bpring,  as  la'e  as  May  or  J-ine.  A  specimen  sent  to  the  Hor- 
ticultural Sociery  was  no:iced  as  follows  :  "  Fruit  about  the 
size  of  the  Royal  Russet,  roundish,  eye  small,  nearly  close; 
stalk  short,  not  deeply  ioserteil,  sUin  covered  with  a  soft 
rueset ;  fiesh  greenish  white,  tender,  and  sweet." — Ftb  12,  ISol. 
Fine  dwarf  trees,  35,  6(f.  each,  carriage  paid  to  London;  the 
usual  allowance  to  tbe  trade  when  three  are  taken.  A  remit- 
tance or  reference  expected  tVo-n  unknown  cnrrespoudeots. 
All  orders  to  be  addressed  to  Wii.  BaawNLEes,  Hemel  Hemp- 
-s^ead,  Herts. 


ESSEX  HERO  CUCUMBER.  — This  celebrated 
black  spine  Cucumber  is  a  good  bearer,  may  be  cut  very 
handsome;  froai  20  to  2-t  inches  in  length.  Three  seeds  wiU 
be  sent  fnr  12  pngf.qge  stamps. 

VICTORY  OF  Bath  melon,  first-rate  Bavour,  very  early, 
«nd  a  free  setter.  Six  seeds  will  be  sent  for  12  postage  stamps. 
Fif'y  seeds  of  a  s^ood  useful  Cucumber  will  be  sent  for  12 
postage  sfamps. — J.  Hates,  Florist,  Farnhara.  Surrey. 


f'OR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 

the  uodermen-ioned  are  strongly  recommended  ;■ 


1000  Beech,  3ft 15s. 

1000  Horse  Chestnut,  2  to 

4  ft 15 

1000  Spmce  Fir,  2  ft.     ...  15 
1000  Green  HoHies.lto2ft.  30 

1000  Oak,  4  ft U 

1000  Evergreen  Privet,  3ft.  30 
100  Oaks,  6  to  iO  ft.  ...  5 
100  3pamshChe^tnut,6ft.  5 
100  Larch,  6  to  S  ft.      ...    3 


1000  Elms,  2  to  3  ft.        ...  15s. 
1000  Scotch  Fir.  2  ft.      ...  15 
l((00  Highland  Fines,  2  ft.  17 

1000  Larch,  2  ft 10 

lObO  Sycamore.  3  ft,  ...  2o 
1000  Common  Laurels,2ft.  60 
IQO  Poplars  Ontario,  6  to 

10ft 5 

100  Horse  Chestnut,  8fc.    5 
100  Elms,  6  toSff.         ...     3 


If  the  above  are  ordered,  one-tenth  will  ba  given  over  on  the 
qaantity  ordered,  to  compensate  for  carriage. 


•100  Flowering  and  Ever- 
green Shrubs        ...  oDS. 

*100  Portugal  Laucels,  2ft.  15 

niM)  Evergreen  Box,  2  ft.  25 

nOO  Double    Hollyhccks  20 

•100  Red  Champagne  Cur- 
rants   10 

•100  May's  Victoria  Cur- 

rao's  25 

*50  Standard  Roses, named  iO 
AU' Orders  above  2i.  10s.,  for  those  marked  *,  Carriage  paid 

to  London,  Liverpool,   Birmingham,  and  Edinburgh,  and  all 

the  iatermediate  Stations  within  150  miles  of  the  Nursery. 
Address  all  Orders  and  Communications   to  Henet  Mat, 

the  Hope  Nurseries,  Bedale,  York.    A  remittance  or  reference 

'from  nnkoown  correspondents  ia  respectfully  requested. 


"100  sorts    Hardy    Herb- 

aceous  Plants       ...  25s. 
nOO  Laarestinus,  2  ft.    ...  30 
*100  Evergreen  Oaks,  2  to 

3  feet  25 

*100  Finest  Gooseberries  10 
•100  Black  Grape  Currants  10 
*50  Standard  Apples  ...  30 
^50  Dwarf  Rose?,  named  IS 


VINES  FOR  VINERIES,  FROM  EYES  IN  POTS. 
— The  fol  lowing  varieties  are  all  true  to  name,  propagated 
from  bearing  trees  on  the  premises.  They  are  from  3  to  4  feet 
In  height,  with  well  ripened  shoots,  grown  under  glass,  and  from 
two  to  three  years  old.    Zs.  Gd.  each,  except  those  priced. 


Barbarnssa,  5s. 

Black  Prince. 

Black     Prince,     Hamborgh 

(Williams). 
Chaptal. 
Cbaeselas     Musqae    (or    St. 

Albans), 
Chasselas,  rose. 
TrontignaD,  black. 

do.  grizzly, 

do.  white. 

Hamburgh,  black, 

do.  Tbe  Pope,  early. 

do.  Mill  Hill,  55. 


Hamburgh,  WHmot. 
Malvasia,  or  Grove  End  Sweet 

Water. 
Muscadine,  Royal. 
Muscat  of  Alexandria, 
Noir  tl'Espagne. 
Purple  Constantia. 
Riiein  de  Calabre, 
Saint  Peter's,  Oldaker's, 
Sweet  Water,  Dutch. 
Sweet  Water,  ProliSc. 
Ti'kay,  Cbarlesworth, 
White  Nice. 
White  Romain, 


ViiTEB  FOB  Walls,  feom  Ete9,  not  in  Pots,  from  5  to  7  feet, 
is.  ^.  each,  e-tcept  those  priced  ;  these  are  all  hardy  and  early 
Uiods 


Bargandy,  or  Miller, 
Early  Ha'rdy  Red. 
Knight's  Sweet  Water,  great  i 
bearer.  j 

Macreadj's  Early  Wh'te,  do.  , 
Madeleine  Blanche,  very  early.  | 
Msdeleine  Noir,  do. 


Mignonne  White  Cluster 
Piquepoule  Nolr.  [{Williams). 
Purple   Fontainbleau,    great 

hearer.  2s.  Gd. 
Scotch  White  Cluster. 
White  Ripling. 
Nice  Cluster  (William') 


Carriage  paid  to  Loodoo.— Thomas  Rivebs,  The  Nurseries, 
Sawbridge worth,  Herts. 


THE  NEWLY  IMPORTED  GERMAN  DOUBLE 
DAISIES.— \  fine  and  healthy  stock  of  the  above  new 
Tariety  of  fl'iwer  is  noiv  oii-^red  to  the  public.  It  is  very  novel 
and  distinct  in  all  its  features,  and  such  as  will  give  satisfac- 
tion to  all  parcbaserB.  Edwibd  Tilet  has  selected  50  of  the 
best  of  tbe  va-ieties  out  ot  the  100  varieties  imported,  and  can 
send  them  out  In  aqy  quantity,  from  a  dozen  and  upwards,  alt 
true  to  name.  These  will  be  found  to  surpass  everything  for 
edging  border*,  &c.,  and  also  if  planted  io  a  bed  will  equal  in 
variety  that  of  a  Que  Ranuoculus,  and  is  frequently  taken  for 
aoch  by  many  who  have  seen  them  in  bloom.  The  whole  of 
them  are  grown  in  pota,  therefore  will  ensure  a  certain  growth 
TTheo  tram^lioted.  Price  3^.  per  dozen,  postage  and  package 
free  to  any  part,  or  U.  per  handred,  hamper  and  package  free. 

UroSOTlS  AZOniCA.— Alartfe  and  healthy  stock  of  this 
delightful  little  tlotver  (for  particulars  of  which  see  article  on 
same  by  "  Alpha,"  at  page  725  of  Saturday's  ClironMe,  Nov.  13. 
W52;  ;  alio  fine  pUnta  of  MVOSOTIS  VANGLEKKI,  which  is 
anottter  •plen'lld  variety.  Both  are  particolarly  adapted  for 
pot  culture;  the  former  In  a  very  dark  blue,  tbe  latter  a 
Mantlful  IlKht  blue  ;  per^on^  once  growing  them  will  never  be 
wl'hout  ihem.     Prlc*  3#.  per  dfizen,  pf>stage  free, 

OTHELLO  CLOVE  CARNATION.— A  few  pair  of  this 
tralqae  rarltty  nr«»tiU  left,  and  will  be  forwarded  to  any  part 
at  it.tid.  p«r  p^lr. 

VIOLA  AUHOREA  ,'trae),  Ci.  per  doMD  ;  and  RUSSIAN 
SUPERB  VlOLKT.S(tru^),  lit.  perd^wn. 

flOLLVnocKS.— .^«dlioif»Bavf^«l  from  all  the  best  varictiei 
Mmtotitfor  the  laat  tbrt:o  jenr*.  1/.  per  huodre^I,  or  lis.  fur 
MpltDti.  Tbej  are  fine  ntrong  planta,  lucb  at  will  bloom 
floe  and  elve  every  latlnrafitlon  next  «na«on. 

A  TREaTHK  on  THE  NATURE,  MODE,  AND  CULTI- 
VATIOS  OF  TUB  VIOLET,  giving  every  direction  for  ItH 
continu»I  b'o'.mlng  the  who'o  of  the  winter,  &c.,  &c.,  and  aid- 
ing tn  m*T>y  r^iipectii  thoae  who  have  alrea'lygroivn  them,  an  it 
embraceii  Nivcral  distinct  pl»n«  to  grow  Violet*.  PurchaHerii 
to  the  .jm'rtint  of  6«  will  hare  the  Treatise  Iticladed,  or  lent 
poflt  frre  to  any  part  on  receipt  of  I'i  penny  atampi.  See 
Oardencri'  Chrr/tilcU  tor  Saturday  la«L 

3TItAWHBItHY  PLANTS.-Prollflc,  3i,  per  100;  OoHath, 
3j,  per  100;  Alice  Maud,  ditto;  Rle«Dor,  5f.  per  100;  Brltlnh 
'(^OMn,  Zi.  per  100  ;  Eliza,  Zi.  per  100  ;  Brltinnla,  £i.  per  100  ; 
<*lobe,  3i.  per  lOO;  lilack  Prince,  5>.  per  100;  Trollop'i 
"Vlc'wla,  it.  p*!r  100,  or  Zt.  [>cr  d'-xon,  piManG  free, 

The  Ifollyb'^ckti  an4  Jitrawberry  Planti  will  bo  ipnt  in 
baiBpttr  or  |.ack«ge  fr9<:,  and  whoa  a  qaantity  li  ordared, 
pUo'N  will  be  sent  ov»r  to  c^mpeniate  for  ihe  cut  of  carrlado, 
^,Thfl  whole,  or  any  pnrt  of  the  above,  ran  be  fteot  uoatago  and 
packaf[H  frc«  oD  recript  of  iho  amount  by  a  po«t<ofllco  order  or 
peony  p''e*aire  »t«mp>. 

KDWAaD  Tj  tr.  >ar«erTman,  Hcei!aroaD,  and  Florist,  14, 
Atihtj  CbuTch-yard,  Bath,  Hoiocrfuttbiro, 


TO   NOBLEMEN,   GENTLEMEN,  AND   THE   TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PSA,  price  23.  tid.  per 
quart,  and  can  with  confidence  recommend  itas  a  very  superior 
article. 

Also  their  New  Early  Scarlet  PRINCE  OP  WALES 
RHUBARB,  5s,  each.  It  is  quite  as  early  as  the  Prince  Albert, 
much  larger,  red  throughout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large 
cropper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  those  not  havintf  an  accirant  open 
with  H.,  S.,  and  Co.,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Pirm,  at  rhe 
Borough  Post-office,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  Testimonials  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had.  see  CarJeiiCrs'  Chronicle  ISth  St^ptember,   1S52,  page  594. 

Newington  fiutts,  London. 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  4,  1S52. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  EN'SUING  WEEK. 

MoccDAT,       Dec.         6— Entomological S  p.-M. 

TiisHDAT  —         -  f  Horticultural 2  p.sr. 

'  'ILinneau   S  p.m. 

Satubdat,        —       11— Royal  Botanic SiF.M. 


The  recent  floods  are  unprecedented  in  the 
memory  of  the  present  generation.  Disastrous 
inundations  from  sudden  thaws  are  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  particular  localities  ;  these,  however, 
depend  more  on  a  rapid  change  of  temperature 
than  on  any  very  extraordinary  fall  of  snow  or 
rain  extending  over  a  long  period.  But  the  floods 
of  which  we  have  heard  so  much  within  the  last 
mouth  from  all  parts  of  the  country  are  to  be 
entirely  attributed  to  the  actual  quantity  of  'rain 
that  has  been  falling  during  the  last  six  months.  It 
appears  from  a  report  in  the  Times  of  the  30th  ult., 
that  at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
Mr.  Moore,  curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at 
Glasnevin,  stated  the  results  obtained  from  the 
registry  of  the  rain-gauge  in  that  garden  during  the 
last  six  weeks.  The  quantity  of  rain  which  fell 
during  26  days  was  6i  inches,  being  one-fourth  of 
the  amount  which  falls  annually  in  the  locality. 
The  greatest  quantity  which  fell  in  a  single  day 
was  on  the  llth  of  November,  when  the  amount 
was  almost  It  inch;  on  the  12th  of  November  it 
rained  nearly  a  quarter  of   an   inch,    on  the  13th 


more  than    half  an  inch,  and  on  the   14th  nearly 
three  quarters  of  an  inch. 

Thus  it  appears  that  at  Dublin,  on  these  four  con- 
secutive days,  the  depth  of  rain  was  rather  more 
than  2  inches.  But  it  will  be  seen  from  the  following 
table  that,  at  Cliiswick,  the  amount  on  the  corre- 
sponding days  was  upwards  of  2|  inches. 
Depth  nf  Rain  wJdchfell  cU  Ckiswldc  in  ffoiiemScr,  1 852. 


Nov.  1 

„  2 

„  3 

„  4 

,,  5 

„  6 

>,  7 

=,  8 

„  0 

„  10 

«  11 

.,  12 

„  13 

,,  U 

..  15 


it',  pts. 
0.02 
0.61 
O.IS 
0.01 
0.05 
0.05 
0.15 


0.06 
1.02 
0.13 
0.22 
1.24 
0.34 

4.05 


Nov.  16 
„  17 
„  18 
„  19 
„  20 
„  21 
»  22 
„  23 
„  24 
„  25 
„  26 
„  27 
„  28 
„  29 
„  30 


in.  p'B. 

0.12 
0,11 

0.24 
0.35 
0.10 
0.04 
0.18 

0.22 
0.70 

0.08 


2.14 


The  total  amount  in  November  was  6.20  inches ; 
there  having  been  only  seven  rainless  days.  So 
much  rain  has  not  fallen  near  London,  in  November, 
nor  in  any  one  month,  with  the  exception  of  July 
18.34,  for  at  least  55  years.  In  Howard's  "  Climate 
of  London,"  it  is  recorded  that  in  November,  1798, 
there  fell  4.27  inches  ;  in  1800,  1804,  1810,  1821, 
the  respective  amounts  for  November  were  5.32, 
5.59,  5.32,  4.67  inches.  These  are  the  highest 
amounts  between  1797  and  1825,  inclusive ;  but  the 
highest,  that  of  1804,  was  more  than  half  an  inch 
below  the  quantity  which  fell  in  the  November  just 
past. 

The  following  tables,  exhibiting  the  amount  of 
rain  which  has  fallen  in  every  month,  and  in  every 
yearforthelast 27 years, together  with  the  averagesfor 
each  month  and  year,  have  been  prepared  with  much 
care,  and  will,  we  doubt  not,  be  read  with  interest. 


Monthly  Depth  of  Rai%  at  Chiswiclc  for  10  years,  from  182S  to  1835  inehmve. 


1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 


Jan.        Feb.      M^rch.     April 


ID3.  ptn 
0.27 
0.57 
3.71 
0.30 
1.54 
1.02 
1.32 
0.52 
2.87 
0.72 


ins.  Dtp, 

1.71 
0.79 
0.94 
1.07 
1.33 
2.27 
0.23 
3.98 
0.37 
2.61 


IDS.  pts 

1.62 
2.50 
0.59 
0.75 
0.18 
1.91 
1.50 
1.22 
0.86 
1.97 


IDS.  l}tS. 

0.83 
0,71 
•iAi 
4.49 
2.84 
1.96 
0.95 
2.71 
0.65 
1.07 


n=.  p^s, 

2.39 
2.24 
1.40 
0.52 
2.47 
2.21 
2.16 
0.68 
1.19 
3.38 


Annual 
Junt;.      July.     August.     Sept.        Oct.        Nov.        Dec.      Amouut. 


ins.  ptp 
0.38 
0.82 
1.94 
2.37 
2.62 
1.37 
2.89 
2.63 
1.63 
1.99 


Average  1.284     1.530     1.310     1.870     1.864     1.864     2.617     2.518     3.032     2.369     1.969     1.786       24.013 


IDS.  pt3, 

2.07 
1.31 
4.38 
5.23 
1.46 
2.52 
0.89 
1.56 
6.34 
0.41 


ns.  pts 

2.00 
1.66 
4.35 
4.07 
3.05 
1.59 
3.62 
1.93 
2.73 
0.18 


ins.  p>^6. 
3.71 
3-37 
4.03 
3.71 
3.21 
4.19 
1.12 
1.55 
0.83 
4.60 


ins.  pts 
2.14 
4.06 
l.HJ 
l.CO 
0.98 
3.81 
3.09 
2.35 
0.43 
4.05 


2.S9 
1.06 
1.12 
1.86 
3.05 
1.70 
1.94 
2.38 
1.75 
,1.94 


ins.  ptB, 
1.77 
3.09 
1.77 
D.15 
1.54 
2.38 
1.88 
4.29 
.0.74 
0.25 


ins.  ptB. 

21.83 

22.1  B 

27.85 

26.12 

24.27 

26.93 

21.59 

25.80 

20.39 

23.17 


Monthly  Depth  of  Sain,  at  Chiswielcjor  10  years,  from  1836  to  1845,  inclusive. 


1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 


Jan. 


ins.  pts 
2.01 
3.03 
0.27 
1.27 
2.48 
2.60 
1.06 
1.33 
2125 
2.97 


Averagel  1.927 


Feb. 


ins. pts 
1.61 

2.01 
2  22 
2.19 
1.25 
0.76 
1.32 
2.35 
2.27 
0.93 


1.691 


March 


ins.  pts 
3.30 
0.54 
0.86 
1.95 
0.28 
J.  32 
1.81 
0.47 
2.44 
1.25 


1.422 


April. 


ins.  pts, 
2.88 
1.13 
0.62 
1.46 
0.06 
1.58 
0.15 
1.62 
0.33 
0.95 


1.068 


May. 


inn.  pts, 
1.01 
1.07 
0.92 
0.82 
2.18 
2.16 
1.73 
5.26 
0.25 
2.89 


1.829 


June. 


ins.  pts 
1.66 
1.31 
3.65 
3.00 
1.48 
2.45 
1.68 
1.62 
0.97 
1.36 


1.908 


July. 


ins.  pts 
1.78 
1.78 
2.19 
2.92 
1.68 
3,56 
1  52 
1.67 
2.10 
2.31 


2.151     2.312 


August. 


ins.  p's. 
1.97 
3.04 
1.23 
1.86 
1.62 
2.69 
2.81 
3.28 
1.84 
2.79 


Sept. 


2.433 


Oct. 


tus   pts 

3.62 
2.39 
2.36 
2.23 
1.35 
4.61 
1.71 
4.19 
4.13 
1.39 


2.798 


Nov. 


ns.  pts 
3.60 
1.32 
3.55 
4.37 
3.59 
3.41 
4.47 
2.13 
3.06 
2.11 


3,161 


Deo. 


ins.  pts 
1.48 
1.35 
1.72 
2.32 
0.45 
2.12 
0.76 
0.58 
0.39 
2.61 


Annual 

Amount. 


ins.  pts. 

28.73 

19.88 

21.57 

28.30 

18.87 

30.97 

22.31 

25.48 

21.34 

23.33 


1.378  I  24.078 


Monthly  Depth  of  Sain  at  Chiswiclc  for  6  years,  from  1846  to  ISSl,  inclimve. 


in.tr,  

1847  

1848  

1849  

1850  

1851    

Averajjc 


Jao.        Feb.      Marcb.     April. 


ios.  pt*, 
2.86 
1.31 
I.IO 
1.73 
1.43 
,3.07 


1.925 


ins.  pts. 
1.47 
1.34 
,3,12 
2.52 
095 
0.90 


1.716 


DS.  pts. 

1.09 
0.41 
.3.05 
0.86 
0.13 
3.67 


1.516 


3.93 
0.92 
3.06 
2.21 
1.79 
1.65 


2.260 


ins.  pts, 
1..35 
1.59 
0.28 
3.63 
1.84 
0.76 


1.665 


Annujil 
June.       July.       Aug.        Sept.        Oct.        Nov.        Dt?c.      Amouut, 


ns,  pts 
0.80 
1.31 
3.20 
0.31 
1.40 
I., 33 


1.391 


Ins.  pts. 
1.78 
0.79 
2.21 
2.82 
2.68 
3.90 


2.363 


ins.  pts, 
4.50 
1.50 
4.70 
1 .60 
0.97 
2.03 


2.550 


iQK  pts 

1.76 
1.66 
2.20 
2.49 
2.36 
0.42 


1.81.5 


ins.  pts. 
5.54 
1.75 
293 
2.18 
1.65 
2.01 


2.660 


ins.  pts 
1.43 
2.26 
0.90 
1.32 
2.03 
0.55 


1.41,': 


ins.  pts, 
].21 
1.81 
2.03 
1.28 
1.15 
0.62 


1.360 


ins.  pts, 
27.71 
16.65 
28.84 
22.84 
18.28 
20.79 


22..'-,  18 


From  these  Tables  it  appears  lliat  the  .average  ;  how  the  balance  stands  up  to  the  end  of  November, 
quantity    for    tlie    whole   year,   for    the    period    of.  1852: 
10  yparH,  ending  183.0,  wa.s  a  very  small  fraction 
more  than  24  inches ;  ami  in  the  iii;xt  pi;riod  of 
10  yearn,  ending  184.5,  the  average  annual  fall  was  i 
;il.s()  about  24iriche».     But  in  the  period  of  six  years 
ending  18,51,  the  aver.age  was  only  22J  inches;  so 

that    in    the.se    six   years   tliere    was   a   deficiency  Total 

amounting  to  very  nearly  9  inches.     Let  us  now  see       So  that  we  have  already  had  this  year  upwards  of 


Jan.  . 
Fob.  . 
March 
April  . 
Muy  , 
Juno    . 


lllllllltS. 

2.72 
1,06 
0.26 
0,52 
1.74 
4.69 


July  . 
August 
8ept.  . 
Oct.  . 
Nov.    . 


Inches, 

2,27 
3,71 
3,64 
3.87 
6.20 

30,67 


772 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE 


6J-  inches  above  the  annual  average,  notwithstanding 
the  very  limited  quantities  which  fell  in  the  months 
of  March  and  April ;  and  if  we  should  have  2^  ins. 
during  the  present  month,  the  deficiency  of  9  inches 
on  the  preceding  six  years  would  be  completely 
made  up.  Upwards  of  24  inches,  it  will  be  observed, 
have  fallen  since  June. 

On  referring  to  the  tables,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
only  instance  of  any  monthly  depth  of  rain  being  in 
excess  of  that  which  has  fallen  in  November  of  the 
present  year  was  that  of  July,  1834 ;  but  that  was 
preceded  by  comparatively  dry  months,  and  occurred 
at  a  period  of  the  season  when  a  large  portion  would 
be  can-ied  off  by  evaporation.  But,  on  the  present 
occasion,  the  air  itself  has  been  so  saturated  with 
moisture  that  evaporation  has  been  reduced  to  its 
natural  minimnm.  The  total  amount  of  rain  m  that 
year  was  considerably  below  the  average. 

It  is  understood  that  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  on  Tuesday  next,  M.  Esprit 
Fabre's  Wheat  obtained  from  iEgilops,  to  which  we 
have  so  often  alluded,  will  be  exhibited  ;  and  also 
specimens  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith's  Turnips,  referred 
to  a  fortnight  ago  (see  p.  707). 


THE  TROP^OLUM. 
Some  of  the  varieties  of  this  genus  are  plants  of 
almost  matchless  beauty,  and  a  few,  as  Lobbianum  for 
instance,  are  valuable  for  winter  flowering.  The  latter 
is  quite  as  easily  managed  as  the  common  Nasturtium, 
except  that,  growing  and  flowering  as  it  does  during 
winter,  it  requires,  and  well  deserves,  the  shelter  of 
glass  and  an  average  temperature  of  about  45°.  Cuttings 
of  this  variety  strike  readily,  and  it  also  produces  seed 
in  abundance.  Young  plants  propagated  by  either 
methods  should  be  well  established  in  7-inch  pots  early 
in  August,  at  which  time  they  should  be  shifted  into 
flowering  pots  or  planted  outiu  the  conservatory  border; 
the  la,tter  situation  is  the  most  suitable  for  them,  but 
potted  in  moderately  large  pots  in  good  fresh  rich  soil, 
and  liberally  supplied  with  water,  they  will  grow  and 
flower  tliroughout  the  winter  and  early  spring  in  great 
perfection.  Frequent  attention  will  be  necessary  to 
traio  the  shoots  and  to  properly  distribute  them  over 
the  space  to  be  covered  by  them  ;  and  this  should  be 
attended  to  immediately  the  plants  are  planted  out  or 
placed  in  the  flowering-pots.  When  planted  out  it  will 
not  be  necessary  to  renew  them  annually  ;  they  should 
be  cut  back  rather  closely  when  they  begin  to  present  a 
ragged  appearance,  which  they  will  probably  do  towards 
lHay,  and  they  should  be  kept  ratbev  dry  at  the  root 
until  autumn,  and  then  watered  and  encouraged  to  make 
wood. 

Such  kinds  as  Jarratti,  azureum,  brachyceras,  &c., 
however,  require  very  different  treatment.  Persons 
commencing  the  culture  of  these' should  procure  the 
tubers  in  September,  and  pot  them  at  once  in  small  pots, 
using  moist  light  sandy  soil  for  the  purpose.  Place  the 
pots  in  a  rather  close  situation,  and  give  very  little 
water  until  the  tubers  commence  growing,  when  they 
should  be  placed  in  a  light  part  of  a  pit  or  house  where 
the  temperature  may  average  from  40"*  to  50°,  and 
they  can  be  moderately  supplied  with  water.  As  soon 
as  they  are  fairly  started  they  will  require  a  shift,  and 
in  order  to  be  able  to  commence  training  the  shoots 
early,  this  should  be  into  the  flowering  pots.  The  size 
of  these  must  depend  upon  the  size  and  vigour  of  the 
tubers — ^for  moderate  sized  ones  10-inch  pots  will  be 
sufiiciently  large,  and  12-inch  will  suffice  for  the  largest 
that  may  be  obtained.  As  a  general  rule  beginners  will 
do  well  to  avoid  over-potting.  The  soil  employed 
should  be  rather  moist,  and  the  plants  should  be  kept 
close,  and  sprinkled  over -head  with  ithe  syringe  on  the 
mornings  of  fine  days  ;  this  will  prevent  the  necessity 
of  giving  much  water  to  the  soil  until  the  plants  get  into 
vigorous  growth,  and  then  there  will  not  be  so  much 
danger  of  over-watering.  Neat  wire  trellises  should  be 
affixed  to  the  pots  to  train  the  plants  on,  and  this 
should  not  be  deferred  until  the  stems  become 
entangled,  for  when  that  is  the  case  they  cannot  be 
separated  without  much  trouble  and  considerable  injury  ; 
keep  the  shoots  regularly  disposed  over  the  trainers,  and 
take  care  to  get  the  bottoms  well  furnished  at  the  outset. 
These  varieties  grow  most  freely  during  winter,  and 
unless  encouraged  .at  that  season  it  will  be  nearly 
impossible  to  get  them  into  vigorous  growth,  after  the 
weather  has  become  bright  in  spring,  or  to  obtain  good- 
sized  specimens.  During  the  winter  they  should  occupy 
a  situation  near  the  glass  in  a  house  or  pit  where  the 
temperature  may  average  about  45°,  and  where  air  can 
be  admitted  on  favourable  occasions  without  exposing 
the  plants  to  cold  currents.  Keep  them  properly 
supplied  with  water,  and  a  sprinkling  over-hea<l  on  the 
mornings  of  fine  days  will  be  beneficial,  particularly 
where  a  moist  atmosphere  is  not  regularly  maintained. 
If  green.fly  makes  its  appearance,  as  it  probabl}^  will  on 
the  points  of  the  shoots,  fumigate  with  tobacco  the 
moment  it  is  observed.  Avoid  subjecting  the  specimens 
to  a  high  temperature  in  spring,  which  would  throw 
them  into  flower,  but  keep  them  growing  steadily,  with 
as  little  alteration  of  temperature  as  is  convenient  ;  use 
the  syringe  more  freely,  however,  as  the  days  become 
brighter.^  The  best  situation  for  the  plants  while  in 
flower  is  in  a  cool  greenliouse,  where  they  can  be  guarded 


from  the  direct  rays  ot  tlie  mid-day  sun,  and  where  the 
atmosphere  will  be  somewhat  dry.  After  flowering  they 
should  receive  very  little  water,  and  when  the  stems 
decay  cut  them  off,  and  store  the  pots  in  a  safe  dry  cool 
place  until  planting  time,  when  the  tubers  should  be 
potted  in  small  pots,  as  directed  for  last  season. 

Most  of  the  varieties  produce  seed,  which  should  be 
sown  as  soon  as  it  is  ripe,  and  when  up  the  plants 
should  be  kept  in  a  nice  moist  growing  temperature  ;  a 
somewhat  close  cold  fr.ime  is  the  most  suitable  situation 
during  summer.  They  will  not  be  of  much  value  for 
flowering  until  the  third  season,  when,  if  they  have  been 
properly  managed  and  all  has  gone  on  well,  they  will 
form  useful  specimens.  Cuttings  are  best  obtained  from 
strong  tubers,  which  throw  up  a  number  of  branches. 
Stiff  short  shoots  taken  off'  near  the  tuber,  planted  in 
sandy  peaty  soil  under  a  bell-glass,  and  pliced  in  a  gentle 
warmth  of  about  60°,  will  root  freely,  and  with  careful 
management  will  soon  attain  a  useful  size.  It  is  of  con- 
sequence to  keep  up  a  supply  of  young  plants,  as  the 
tubers  are  r.ather  expensive  to  purchase,  and  they  are 
uncertain  subjects.  Sometimes  an  apparently  healthy 
well-matured  tuber  will  resist  all  efforts  to  induce  it  to 
start  into  growth,  and  after  remaining  dormant  for  a 
whole  season,  make  a  vigorous  push  the  following  year, 
or  probably  die  off  after  making  growth  sufficient  to 
indicate  that  all  was  right  ;  and  they  are  apt  to  rot 
during  their  period  of  rest,  unless  perfectly  matured, 
and  even  then  the  loss  of  a  fine  tuber  will  sometimes 
occur. 

Good  rich  turfy  peat  and  loam,  in  about  equal  pro- 
portions, with  a  good  portion  of  sharp  silver  sand,  form 
a  suitable  soil  for  the  Tropseolum.  The  loam  and  peat 
should  be  carefully  broken  up  with  the  hand,  rejecting 
all  but  the  best,  and  well  intermixing  it  with  the  sand. 
Some  growers  add  a  portion  of  some  richer  material,  as 
decayed  night-soil ;  but  I  prefer  using  weak  manure- 
water,  and  I  think  the  tubers  are  more  apt  to  go  off 
suddenly  when  grown  in  a  rich  stimulating  compost. 
Alp/ui. 


^.- 


[De  c.  4, 


i^ON  THE   IMPOSSIBILITY    OF   PREDICTING 
THE  WEATHER. 

(Concluded from  page  756.) 

Electricity. — Among  the  causes  which  have  consider- 
able influence  on  climatic  phenomena,  we  must  in- 
clude electricity.  Let  us  proceed,  moreover,  to  inquire 
whether  the  operations  of  man  may  not  disturb  the 
electric  state  of  a  whole  country.  Clearing  a  wooded 
mountain  is  tlie  destruction  of  as  many  conductors  as 
there  are  trees  cut  down  ;  it  is  the  modification  of  the 
electric  state  of  a  country  ;  it  is  the  accumulation  of  one 
of  the  elements  necessary  for  the  formation  of  hail,  in  a 
locality  where,  previously,  this  element  was  inevitably 
dissipated  by  the  silent  and  incessant  action  of  the  trees. 
Observations  support;  these  theoretic  deductions. 

According  to  detailed  statistics,  the  loss  sustained  by 
hail  in  the  continental  states  of  the  King  of  Sardinia, 
from  1820  to  1828,  inclusive,  amounted  to  46  millions 
of  francs,  about  1,840, OOOi.  sterling.  Three  provinces, 
those  of  Val  d'Aoste,  La  Valee  de  Suze,  and  La  Haute 
Marienne,  do  not  appear  in  the  tables ;  they  were  not 
injured  by  the  hail.  These  three  provinces  have  the  best 
wooded  mountains. 

Atmospheric  electricity  gives  rise  to  phenomena  of 
great  extent,  apparently  originating,  however,  from 
purely  local  causes.  Their  propagation  is  also  carried 
on  under  circumscribed  influences,  in  particular,  and 
sometimes  very  limited  spaces.  On  the  morning  of  the 
13th  of  July,  1788,  a  hail-storm  commenced  in  the  south 
of  France,  crossed  the  whole  country  in  a  few  hours, 
and  then  extended  into  the  Netherlands  and  Holland. 
The  grounds  struck  by  the  hail  in  France  were  situated  in 
two  parallel  hands,  in  the  direction  from  south-west  to 
north-east.  One  of  these  bands  was  435  miles  in  length, 
the  other  about  50O. 

The  mean  breadth  of  the  western  band  was  about  10 
miles  ;  the  other  only  5  miles.  The  interval  between 
these  two  bands  had  nothing  but  rain  ;  its  mean  breadth 
was  12^  miles.  The  storm  moved  from  south  to  north 
at  the  rate  of  40  miles  an  hour. 

The  amount  of  damage  occasioned  in  France,  in  the 
1039  parishes  struck  by  the  hail,  was  shown  by  an 
official  inquiry  to  be  25  millions  of  francs,  or  about  one 
million  sterling. 

This  was  certainly  a  scourge  as  regards  the  material 
damage  ;  and  a  great  atmospheric  perturbation,  from 
the  influence  which  the  disj^lacement  of  the  air  and  the 
fall  of  liail  on  the  surface  of  two  long  and  broad  bands 
would  exercise  on  the  normal  temperature  of  a  great 
number  of  places.  Could  all  this  have  been  foretold  by 
the  most  learned  meteorologists  I 

The  two  bands  had  their  origin  in  the  Pays  d^Aicnis 
and  in  La  Saintougc.  Why  there  rather  than  else- 
where 1  Why  did  not  the  storm  commence  on  any 
other  point  of  the  parallel  of  latitude  passing  through 
its  meridional  extremities  1  The  reply  is,  according  to 
some,  because  in  Aunis,  as  well  as  in  Saintonge,  on  the 
13th  of  July,  1788,  the  conditions  of  electricity  and  of 
temperature  were  highly  favourable  for  the  production 
of  a  hailstorm  and  a  concomitant  hurricane,  in  a  direc- 
tion from  south-south-west  to  north-north-east.  Ad- 
mitted ;  but  these  thermic  and  electric  conditions, 
favourable  to  the  oi'igin  of  the  storm,  are  they  not  inti- 
mately connected  with  agricultural  operations,  with  the 
existence  of  certain  masses  of  trees,  with  tlie  state  of 
ii'rigation,  with  circumstances  varying  accoi'ding  to  the 
wants  and  the  caprice  of  mnn  %  As  regards  temperature, 
the  reply  will  not  be  doubted  by  any  one.    On  the  other 


point,  the  connection  is  quite  as  evident  when  it  is 
recollected  that  evaporation  is  an  abundant  source  of 
electricity,  and  that  various  scientific  men  have  even 
ranked  vegetation  among  the  generating  causes  of  this 
same  fluid  in  the  atmosphere. 

If  it  is  true,  as  we  have  been  led  to  believe,  that  m 
certain  cases  the  flame  and  smoke  which  issue  from  a 
blast  furnace,  or  from  the  chimney  of  a  factory,  may 
rob  the  atmosphere  of  all  its  electricity  for  a  number  of 
miles  round,  the  prophets  in  meteorolo:^y  will  find  them- 
selves in  a  new  fix  ;  it  will  be  necessary  that  they  should 
know  beforehand  the  intentions  of  iron-masters  and 
of  manufacturers.  According  to  the  theoi-y  of  Mr, 
Espy,  the  ascending  current  engendered  by  a  factory 
chimney  is  sufficient  to  give  rise  to  whirlwinds. 

Rain. — They  pretend  to  have  remarked  in  Italy,  that 
the  annual  quantity  of  rain  has  gradually  increased  ia 
proportion  to  the  increase  in  the  number  of  Rice  fields ; 
and  that  the  number  of  wet  days  has  followed  a 
corresponding  augmentation.  Can  it  be  supposed  that 
such  circumstances  are  taken  into  account  by  the 
prediction  makers ! 

In  the  tropical  regions  of  America,  the  natives  con- 
sider earthquakes  as  the  welcome  forerunners  of  fruitful 
rains.  Humboldt  even  states  that  in  the  province  of 
Quito,  violent  shocks  bring  on  suddenly  the  rainy 
season,  and  frequently  long  before  it  usually  takes  place. 
It  is  not  probable  that  the  influence  of  earthquakes  is 
wholly  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  the  equator.  The 
prediction  of  rain  would  then  be  supposed  to  depend  ok 
a  previous  knowledge  of  the  number  and  force  of  the 
shocks  in  the  region  for  which  the  eplteinerist  adapted 
his  worJc. 

I  read  in  Bacon  : — "  Some  historians  maintain  that 
when  Guyenne  was  in  the  power  of  the  English,  the 
inhabitants  of  Bordeaux  and  the  adjoining  cantons  pre- 
sented a  petition  to  the  King  of  England,  praying  that 
he  would  prohibit  his  subjects  in  Sussex  and  Hampshire 
from  setting  fire  to  the  heaths  in  the  end  of  April,  as 
they  usually  did  ;  for  the  operation,  they  said,  caused  a 
wind  which  was  very  injurious  to  their  Vines."  I  do 
not  know  whether  this  request  was  well  founded,  for  the 
distance  between  Bordeaux  and  Sussex  is  very  cort- 
siderable  ;  but  I  must  say  that  at  the  present  day  some 
learned  men  are  inclmed  to  make  firesplay  a  not  lessextra- 
ordinary  part.  In  the  United  States,  Mr.  Espy,  adopting 
the  opinions  prevalent  among  the  Aborigines  of  the  new 
world,  from  Canada  to  Paraguay,  has  I'ecently  proposed  to 
produce  artificial  rain  in  times  of  drought,  by  means  of 
large  fires.  In  support  of  his  plan.  Mi*.  Espy  cites  the 
opinion  of  the  Indians  of  Paraguay,  who,  according 
to  the  reports  of  the  missionaries,  set  fire  to  the  vast 
prairies  when  their  crops  are  threatened  by  droughts, 
and  they  pretend  that  they  can  thus  raise  even  thunder* 
stornis ;  the  opinion  of  the  colonists  of  Louisiana,  and 
the  success  from  time  immemorial  of  burning  the 
prairies  in  that  State  ;  the  opinion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Nova  Scotia  as  regards  the  consequences  of  burning  the 
forests  ;  the  opinion  and  practice  of  the  colonists  of  the 
counties  of  Delaware  and  Oswego,  &c.  &c. 

Mr.  Espy  states  that  he  has  ascertained  from  various 
sources,  that  the  climate  of  Manchester  has  gradually 
undergone  sensible  modifications  in  proportion  to  the 
increase  of  manufactories.  Since  this  town  has  become, 
as  we  may  say,  one  vast  furnace,  it  rains  there  more  07 
less  every  day.  Those  who  pretend  that  the  deterioration 
of  climate  is  not  so  considerable,  assure  us  that  it  rains 
at  Manchester  only  six  days  out  of  the  seven.  Supposing 
these  facts  to  be  proven,  the  predictions  of  rain  for  any 
given  place  would  often  be  upset  by  accidental  fires  and 
by  those  of  workshops. 

Space  and  time  would  fail  rae  for  indicating  the 
multitude  of  local  causes  which  may  exercise  great 
influence  on  the  direction  and  force  of  the  wind.  I 
shall  treat  on  this  delicate  question  in  another  notice. 
In  the  meantime,  I  shall  confine  myself  to  a  remark 
suitable  for  the  mformation  of  those,  unprovided  with 
meteorological  instruments,  who  are  guided  by  the  state 
of  the  crops  and  that  of  vegetation.  It  may  be  thus 
stated  :  The  wind  exerts  on  plants  a  direct  action,  often 
very  injurious,  and  which  should  be  carefully  dis- 
tinguished from  the  climatic  action.  It  is  for  shelter 
against  this  direct  action  that  curtains  of  wood  are 
particularly  useful.  The  direct  influence  of  wind  on  the 
phenomena  of  vegetation  is  nowhere  more  strikingly 
exemplified  than  in  the  Isle  of  France.  The  south-east 
wind,  which  is  very  healthy  for  men  and  animals,  is,  on  the 
contrary,  destructive  to  trees.  There  fruits  are  never 
found  on  branches  directly  exposed  to  this  wind  ;  these- 
only  exist  on  the  opposite  side.  Other  trees  are  affected 
even  in  their  foliage,  having  only  half  their  top  ;  the 
other  has  disappeared  by  the  action  of  the  wind.  Orange 
and  Citron  trees  become  superb  in  the  woods  ;  in  the- 
open  plains  ^they  are  always  weak  and  stunted.  iJf. 
Arago,  in  Flore  des  Sevres  et  des  Jardins  de  V Europe. 


LATE  PEARS. 

The  following  varieties  of  Pears  are  not  yet  much 
known,  although  they  have  been  some  few  years  in  this 
country  ;  a  few  words  respecting  them  may,  therefore, 
be  acceptable. 

Bergamotte  d'Esperen  :  this  is  in  shape,  size,  and 
colour  nmeh  like  the  Autumn  Bergamot,  which  every- 
body knows  ;  the  tree  is  very  hardy,  and  grows  well  on 
the  Q,uinee,  bearing  profusely  as  a  pyramid  or  espalier, 
and  deserves  a  south  wall  in  a  cold  climate.  My 
specimens  commenced  to  ripen  in  the  beginning  of 
March  last,  and  coniinued  good  till  the  end  of  April  (ia 
some  seasons  they  will  keep  till  the  end  of  May).    They 


49—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS*     CHRONICLE. 


773 


were  quite  melting  and  very  juicy,  with  a  most  agreeable 
Savour  ;  not  so  rich  as  some  of  the  autumn  Pears,  but 
really  good. 

Bezy  d'Esperen  :  this  is  another  Pear  raised  by  the 
late  Major  Esperen,  of  Malines  ;  it  is  of  nearly  the  same 
tshape  and  colour  as  the  preceding,  but  larger  ;  my 
specimens  ripened  towards  the  end  of  last  January,  they 
were  melting,  juicy,  rich,  aud  excellent :  the  tree  is 
very  hardy,  growing  most  freely  on  the  Quince,  and 
bearing  well  as  a  pyramid  ;  this  and  the  Bergamot 
appear  to  be  of  theWinter  Nells  tribe,  by  their  leaves  and 
slender  shoots,  and  also  in  the  colour  aud  form  of  their 
fruits.  I  think  it  very  probable  they  are  both  seedlings, 
raised  from  that  finest  and  best  of  our  winter  Pears. 

Belle  de  Noel  or  Belle  apr^s  Noel  (Esperen)  :  this 
should  be,  and  generally  is,  a  Christmas  Pear,  but  my 
specimens  ripened  about  the  middle  of  last  Januai-y  ; 
they  were  flattened,  and  something  of  the  Bergamot 
shape,  about  as  large  as  a  middle-sized  Crassane  Pear  ; 
colour  bright  yellow,  red  on  the  sunny  side,  and  very 
liandsome.  This  is  a  very  rich  and  high  flavoured 
melting  Pear,  not  a  \ngorous  grower  on  the  Quince,  but 
forms  a  pretty  pyramid,  and  bears  well.  For  all  the 
above,  walls  with  west,  south-east,  or  east  aspects,  in  the 
middle  and  southern  pai'ts  of  England,  would  be  eligible, 
where  it  is  not  convenient  to  grow  them  as  pyramids  or 
espaliers.  Thomas  Rivei'S,  SawbHdgcworih, 


EUROPEAN  AND   NORTH  AMERICAN  TREES 
TRANSPORTED  TO  MADEIRA, 

Br  Pkof.  Oswald  Heeb. 

M.  Heer,  of  Zurich,  so  well  known  by  his  observations 
on  the  botanical  geography  of  the  Swiss  mountains, 
having  been  compelled  by  the  state  of  his  health  to  make 
some  stay  at  Madeira,  has  employed  his  time  whilst 
there  in  studying,  in  various  points  of  view,  the  vege- 
tation of  that  island,  the  climate  of  which  is  remarkably 
equable  throughout  the  year. 

Since  his  return  he  has  laid  before  the  Soci^te* 
Helvetique  des  Sciences  Naturelles  several  interesting 
observations  relative  to  the  periodical  phenomena  of 
vegetation.  After  remarking  that  all  the  woody  plants 
of  Madeira  are  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  blossoming 
very  often  during  the  cool  season,  he  observes  how 
much  the'  species  introduced  from  more  northern 
■countries  contrast  with  these  indigenous  species  in  their 
mode  of  vegetation. 

The  Oak  and  the  Beech,  for  instance,  continue  to  lose 
their  leaves  during  the  winter,  although  the  weather  is 
then  milder  than  it  is  in  several  pai-ts  of  Europe 
during  the  summer.  Thus,  at  Funchal,  the  leaves  of 
Oaks  (Quercus  pedxmculata)  planted  in  some  public 
gardens  and  promenades  began  to  grow  yellow  at  the 
end  of  October,  and  gradually  became  dried  up  to  the 
1st  January.  Some  isolated  trees  began  to  shoot  by 
the  10th  January,  and  were  gi*een  again  on  the  6th 
February  ;  but  all  the  others  remained  in  a  state  of 
repose  aud  were  not  generally  covered  with  new  leaves 
until  the  iOth  of  February.  In  Mr.  Gordon's  garden, 
at  an  elevation  of  1800  feet,  they  were  a  month  later. 

The  leaves  of  the  Beech  became  yellow  at  Funchal 
by  the  8tii  November,  at  Mr.  Gordon's  garden  by  the 
28th  October.  The  leaves,  or  at  least  the  greater  part 
of  them,  remained  in  a  dry  state  upon  the  trees,  until 
they  began  to  shoot  in  the  spring,  which  was  about  the 
Jet  April.  At  Funchal,  the  terminal  buds  were  opeu  by 
the  8th  April,  and  the  lateral  a  little  later. 

At  Glaris,  the  period  of  repose  of  the  Beech  on  an 
average  is  lii4  days  ;  in  Madeira,  where  the  cold 
season  is  like  the  summer  at  Glaris,  it  is  140  days. 
The  difference  is  only  4,5  days.  The  Oalc  in  Switzer- 
land has  a  period  of  repose  nearly  equal  to  tiiat  of  the 
Beech,  whilst  at  Madeira  it  is  only  110  days,  or  49  da^s 
less  than  the  Beech.  M.  Heer  supposes  tliis  difference 
may  arise  from  the  Beeches  of  Madeira  having  been 
introduced  from  England  and  the  Oaks  from  Portugal, 
80  that  the  latter  would  have  previously  acquired  the 
liabit  of  losing  their  leaves  later  and  vegetating  sooner 
than  in  the  centre  of  Europe. 

M.  Heer  ought  perhaj).-)  to  have  added,  what  he  no 
doubt  knows,  that  sudden  variations  of  temperature  in 
24  hours,  especially  the  instantaneous  diminution  to 
32^  Fahr.  or  lower,  are  one  of  the  great  causes  of  the  fall 
of  tlie  leaves  in  Switzerland.  Tlie  absence  of  theso 
Tariations  retards  the  phenomenon  in  the  west  of 
Europe,  and  still  more  in  Madeira. 

In  the  facta  stited  by  M.  Heer — facts  of  which  we 
previously  bad  examples  in  the  hothouse  culture  of 
tropica)  plants  —  (here  is  a  proof  of  tlifit  imjjortant 
physiological  law,  too  often  forgotten  by  inotcorologiBtH, 
that  the  same  tempcrriturc  or  the  same  sum  of  tempera- 
tures, combined  with  tlie  sc^mou,  does  not  always 
produce  the  same  effect  upon  organised  beings. 

Every  Hpecies  is  as  it  were  a  machine  wliich  performs 
its  functions  under  the  iiiHucnces  of  external  caUHus, 
mo<liHed  by  particular  internal  conditions.  Thcso  vary 
not  only  between  one  species  and  another,  between  one 
race  of  a  B{K:cics  and  another,  and  even  up  U>  a  certain 
point  between  one  individual  and  another,  but  alBo 
between  one  perifMJ  an'l  another  the  same  heat,  aft'T 
the  repose  of  ve;{etation  for  inHtance,  not  producing  the 
fiame  effect  as  in  oilier  circumstances. 

In  .Vladeira,  the  J'latanus  oecidentnlis,  a  nativo  of  the 
United  States,  lones  its  leaves  very  slowly  fnnn  llio 
middle  of  Oct'/ber,  or  rather  they  gradually  befornf! 
yellow  hnd  fall  aftr;rwardH  from  the  action  of  wind  and 
rain.  The  repose  in  complete  in  January,  I'Vbrunry, 
aud  up  to  April,  during  a  period  of  U7    days.     Tho 


Liriodendron  tulipifera,  also  a  native  of  North  America, 
has  a  complete  repose  of  151  days. 

The  Apple  and  Pear  trees  generally  begin  to  lose 
their  leaves  iu  December.  They  come  into  flower  at 
Funchal  by  the  7th  of  April,  and  their  fruit  is  collected 
in  August.  There  are,  however,  varieties  of  Apple  and 
Pear  trees  which  flower  and  produce  fruit  twice  in  the 
year,  and  one  variety  of  Apple  is  perpetually  in  flower 
and  fruit.  The  Peach  trees  about  the  4th  of  November 
already  exhibit  some  flowers  amongst  theii'  leaves  ;  they 
tliey  then,  to  the  great  astonishment  of  M.  Heer,  con- 
tinued blossoming  iu  abundance  during  the  months  of 
December  and  January,  and  the  fruit  came  to  maturity 
from  the  •23d  of  February  to  the  end  of  the  summer. 
In  February  there  were  flowers  on  the  upper  parts  of 
the  trees  and  fruit  below,  and  it  was  also  then  the 
leaves  were  renewed,  the  interval  between  the  falling 
and  shooting  of  the  leaves  being  scarcely  sensible.  The 
Vines  around  Fuuehal  began  to  lose  their  leaves  about 
the  24th  October.  The  soil  of  the  vineyards  in  winter 
offered  the  singular  appearance  of  being  covered  with 
the  flowers  of  Oxalis  speciosa  (a  Cape  plant)  and  of 
Calendula  arvensis.  New  leaves  appeared  by  the  end 
of  March,  and  by  the  8th  April  the  Vines  were  com- 
pletely iu  leaf,  with  young  floral  Grapes.  The  flowers 
open  at  the  end  of  April  and  the  beginning  of  May, 
and  the  vintage  takes  place  in  September.  The  repose 
lasts  157  days. — A.  De  Candolle,  in  "  Bibl.  Univ.  de 
Geneve,"  Aout  1852,  p.  325. — Annals  and  Blagazlne  of 
Natural  History. 


\^f\ 


Home    Correspondence. 

spiral  Ringing  of  Branches,  —  The  accompanying 
woodcut  is  intended  to  represent  the  effect,  after  one 
season's  growth,  of  spiral  decortication  practised  one 
spring  on  an  upright  shoot  of  common  Laurel,  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  the  space  devoted  to  the  experi- 
ment was  about  a  foot  in  length.  The  width  of  the 
excortication  was  1  inch  transversely  with  the  stem, 
leaving,  of  course,  a  space  of  2  inches  iu  the  same  direction 
of  unremoved  bark  between  the  convolutions  of  the 
incision,  which  was  carried  two-and-a-half  times  round 
the  stem.  Upon  the  lower  edge  of  the  band  of 
unremoved  bark,  throughout  the  lengtii  of  the  upper 
convolution,  there  is  a  uniform  deposit  of  alburnous 
matter,  which  at  a  third  of  the  length  of  the  second 
(lower)  coil,  marked  a,  is  smallest 
iu  quantity.  At  about  the  same 
length  in  the  upper  edge  of  the 
bark,  after  gradually  diminishing 
from  the  commencement  down- 
wards, it  entirely  disappears  for 
the  remainder  of  the  distance.  From 
the  point  a  on  tlie  lower  edge,  the 
deposit  grows  gradually  greater  as 
we  appron.ch  the  lower  terminus. 
This,  as  will  be  understood,  corre- 
sponds to  that  edge  of  the  excorti- 
cation on  which  there  is  no  deposit 
whatever.  Above  a  the  alburnum 
prepared  by  the  leaves  and  de- 
posited in  its  devious  route  on  both 
edges  of  the  bark,  still  shows  by 
the  vastly  larger  quantity  accu- 
mulated on  the  lower  edge,  how 
directly  downward  it  always  tends, 
and  this  tendency  sseras  to  be  given 
it  by  the  action  of  the  bark  locally 
atevery  point,  without  the  necessity 
for  such  locality  being  directly 
connected  with  tiie  leaves,  &c, 
perpendicular  above  it.  The  large 
mass  formed  below  a  on  the  [lower 
edge  of  tlie  bark,  goes  also  to 
prove  this  local  action  of  the  bark, 
for,  from  a  point  slightly  lower 
than  «,  I  consider  the  downward 
flow  of  alburnum  to  have  beeu 
quite  insufticient  to  account  for  so 
large  an  accumulation  of  it  as  is 
there  seen.  This,  then,  must  have 
been  prepared  from  the  ascending 
Sap  by  the  bark  assuming  the 
functions  of  leaves  ;  principally 
the  young  bark,  probably,  as  it  formed  upon  the 
*'  callus."  But  that  none  was  formed  upon  the  other 
edge,  I  think  ))rove8  tiiat  tiie  upright  force  of  alburnum  is 
little  or  nothing  ;  and  its  appearance  upcm  the  upper 
«ide  of  the  bark,  above  a,  is  to  bo  ascribed  to  a  lateral 
spreading  in  a  downward  course,  rather  than  to  (what 
It  would  at  first  seem)  an  upward  working.  The  liark 
must  possess  the  power  of  elaborating  sap  wiiere 
increase  of  substance  takes  place  in  tho  absence  of 
tiio  influence  of  foliaf^c,  as  it  seems  to  have  dono 
in  tho  present  iiiHtaiico  iu  tho  jmrt  below  a. 
This  spiral  ringing  might  perhaps  bo  practiced  more 
safely  upon  stune  fruit  ti-cew  than  tho  conunrui  method, 
with  u  view  to  induce  fcu'tility  in  them,  but  the  <;oii 
ought  not  in  any  cane,  fur  Huch  purposes,  to  be  extended 
further  than  the  edgen  aro  cjipablu  of  healing  in  sonic 
dt-grce,  or  tho  life  of  tho  subject  would  ueuin  to  bo 
endimgcrtd  by  it.  In  hoiuc  former  cxpcrimenta  made 
on  tho  Laurel,  can-yirig  the  ring  or  excortication  round 
three  and  foiir  timcH  In  ciu'li,  tlin  IfrimchcH  were  all  tullcil 
down  in  the  fillowiitg  mrvcrr  winter,  althongh  Hinno  u\ 
tlicni  WLT'i  'J  inclu.'H  in  diainclLT.  WIhtd  rootH  arc 
wanti'd  from  l)tiinch(;H  ftn'  tho  purpose  of  planUnialting, 
this  spiral  method  of  ringing  tlium  would  seem  to  liave 


B  B  B,  liBW  i;rywth. 
C  C,  naked  wooti. 


au  advantage  over  the  common  one  in  presenting  a 
greater  extent  of  root-producing  surface.  /.  RussellyKew. 

Skimmia  Laureola. — At  p.  739  is  a  communication 
from  "R.  F."  detaihug  the  account  of  his  discovery  of 
Skimmia  japonica  in  China,  and  going  on  to  fear  tliat 
the  nurserymen  may  disappoint  their  friends  by  substi- 
tuting for  it  S.  Lam'eola.  The  stated  grounds  for 
implying  the  inferiority  of  the  latter  are  its  habit  of 
growth  aud  its  want  of  the  brilliant  red  Holly-like 
berries  which  form  the  ornament  of  S.  japonica.  Now 
it  seems  to  me  that  both  these  objections  will  prove 
unfounded.  I  have  seen  S.  Laureola  in  many  sites  iu 
the  Himalaya,  from  7000  to  10,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
growing  in  woods  iu  rich  vegetable  mould,  sometimes 
7  feet  high,  and  assuredly  somewhat  straggling,  but 
on  more  exposed  places  becoming  an  erect  compact 
bush  of  2  or  3  feet,  and  in  all  cases  producing  from 
autumn  imtil  spring  a  profusion  of  the  very  same 
description  of  berries  which  recommend  the  Chinese 
shrub.  The  foliage  is  almost  disagreeably  odoriferous 
when  bruised,  and  the  only  difference  I  am  awai'e  of 
seems  to  lie  in  the  flowers,  which  in  S.  Laureola  I  do  not 
recollect  to  be  very  fragrant,  certainly  not  so  agreeably 
and  powerfully  so  as  "R.  F."  describes  those  of  the 
Chinese  shrub.  S.  M.,  Edinhurgli. 

Mhletoe  Thrush, — I  am  not  aware  that  I  ever  saw  a 
Misletoe  thrush  (Turdus  viscivorus)  in  Wales.  Last 
autumn  a  small  flock  was  seen  in  Carmarthenshire 
chased  by  a  carrion  crow  (Corvus  corone),  who  at  one 
fell  swoop  struck  one,  which  fell  dead  and  bleeding.  I 
fancy  that  must  be  a  very  unusual  occurrence,  as  the 
Misletoe  thrush  is  represented  as  being  powerful  and 
coux'ageous.  Mudie  says  *'  they  are  pugnacious  and  re- 
solute in  defending  tiieir  families  from  predatory  birds ;" 
again,  "aud  with  the  missel  thrush  this  defiance  is  no 
idle  boast,  for  the  sneaking  magpie,  the  light-winged 
kestrel,  and  even  the  sparrowhawk  are  at  those  times 
compelled  to  keep  their  distance,  as  the  thrush  is  too 
vigilant  to  be  surprised."  F.  -Z).,  Persliore. 

Ammonia. — I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  filling  the 
saddles  upon  my  hot-water  pipes  with  diluted  horse 
manure  water  for  these  10  years  past.  The  steam  pro- 
duced from  this  rich  water  has  a  most  beneficial  effect 
upon  Cucumber  and  Melon  plants.  James  Cuthill^ 
CamherweU. 

Hunter's  Prolific  Cucumber  (see  p.  757.) — Surely  the 
gardener  at  Cadbm^y  House,  Castle  Gary,  Somerset, 
could  not  have  had  this  Cucumber  true  to  name.  I  had 
it  with  all  the  leading  varieties  iu  a  Cucumber  house 
this  year,  aud  it  produced  the  finest  fruit  throughout  the 
season,  as  three  of  them  took  the  first  prize  at  Colchester, 
which  is  famed  for  Cucumber  growers,  and  it  was  the 
admiration  of  the  growers  in  this  neighbom'hood, 
Henry  Wliite,  Chelmsford. 

Plants  increase  in  Bulk  in  the  Absence  of  Leaves. — In 
my  school  days  I  remember  meeting  with  a  pai'agraph  in 
an  agricultural  work,  published,  1  believe,  some  time 
about  1794,  which  the  recent  discussion  on  this  subject 
has  brought  to  my  recollection.  The  author's  words 
were  these — "  The  tops  of  a  good  acre  of  Carrots  will 
produce  4  tons  of  hay,  which  all  kinds  of  cattle  are 
very  fond  of,  and  upon  which  they  thrive  exceedingly. 
The  tops  shoot  out  very  luxuriantly  as  soon  as  cut. 
They  are  cut  with  a  scythe,  and  care  is  taken  not  to 
injure  the  crowns  of  the  plants  by  cutting  too  close. 
The  roots  will  increase^in  weight  the  same  as  Parsnips  if 
so  cut."  The  idea  of  Carrot-top  hay  I  imagine  to  be 
somewhat  novel,  even  iu  this  age  of  experiments.  It 
appears  that  there  would  be  a  crop  of  tops  for  greea 
food  in  addition  to  the  first  or  hay  crop.   W.  Eudso^i. 

Windoio  Gardening. — I  have  read  Mr.  Wood  and 
Mr.  Chm'ch's  remarks  on  this  subject  with  interest. 
With  us  window  gardening  has  not  I'eceived  the 
attention  which  it  merits,  aud  which  it  has  received  iu 
some  parts  of  France,  Flanders,  and  Germany.  I  did 
not,  however,  mean  to  speak  of  window  gardens,  as 
ordinarily  managed,  but  n  simply  of  a  series  of  double 
panes  in  section  thus,  ^  across  the  window,  so  as  to 
permit  the  growtii  of  Ferns  and  certain  bulbous 
plants  in  the  interstices.  It  would  be  only  necessary  to 
groove  or  chamfer  the  inner  portion  of  the  frames  or 
sashes,  when  the  pane,  being  cut  io  its  proper  dimen- 
sion, would  slide  iuto  its  place,  and  retain  it,  without 
prejudice,  otherwise,  to  blind  or  shutter.  It  is  then 
requisite  to  provide  a  shallow,  narrow  zinc  pan  to 
contain  a  little  moist  earth,  to  insert  a  Fern  or  two,  and 
the  whole  is  complete.  The  pane  may  at  any  time  be 
lifted  out,  while  the  expense  is  so  trifling  as  to  permit 
the  adoption  of  the  arrangement  iu  the  humblest  house- 
hold. Hcnn/  M'Cormao,  iM.D.,  Belfast^Nov.  22. 

I'adbj  Coloared  6'j'rt;}(!s.— Having  seen  in  "Notices  to 
C(irrLHp'indi_'nls"  that  you  consider  the  causes  of  the 
nou-culouring  of  Grapes  to  bo  but  imperfectly  under- 
stood, and  agreeing  with  you  that  such  is  the  case,  I 
have  tiiought  that  it  might  bu  a  proper  subject  for 
discuasion  ;  I  therefore  put  the  fiillowing  case  for  the 
consideration  of  your  readers.  Wo  have  two  Vineries 
here,  both  planted  six  years  ago,  tho  border  is  composed 
of  a  rich  friable  loiun  with  dung  and  leaf-mould,  it  is 
10  feet  wido  and  .'1  feet  higher  at  tho  back  thau  the 
Hurniundiiig  Hoil.  I  have  never  grown  a  crop  on  the 
border  of  cither  houHc,  but  have  encouraged  tho  roots 
to  tho  hurfaco  by  mulching  with  ^half  rotten  leaves, 
which  they  appear  to  lilio  ;  for  they  aro  so  near  tho 
top  that  tliey  can  easily  bo  seen  by  merely  moving  the 
Ic.-ar-numld  with  tiiu  lingers — good,  white,  useful  roots. 
Now  tho  mndo  of  ti'uiitnu-nt  has  been  as  follows  : — On 
l\n'  2'lth  ])ec(tmbcr  lant  I  put  on  tho  border  of  house 
No.  1  millirifnt  dung  and  leaves  to  give  a  gentle  warmth, 
BO  as  to  put  the  roots  iu  actiou  ;  this  slight  heut  was 


71^^ 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Dec.  4, 


continued  until  tlie  Grapes  werej^fit  for  table,  which 
was  about  the  18th  of  June  ;  the  first  fire  was  lighted 
on  the  ]  st  January,  beginniug  very  gradually,  and  never 
forcing  hard  ;  the  Vines  broke  very  well  indeed,  showing 
plenty  of  fruit.  I  took  off  upwards  of  50  bunches  before 
they  were  in  bloora,  leaviug  from  15  to  20  ou  each 
Vine.  When  ripe  they  weighed  from  1  to  3  Ibs.j  and 
were  of  good  flavour  but  badly  coloured,  being  nearer 
red  than  black  ;  the  house  had  air  at  the  back,  con- 
tinually night  and  day,  with  plenty  of  moisture  in  the 
atmosphere  at  all  times  ;  but  when  they  began  to  change 
colour,  water  was  not  used  quite  so  freely  ;  they  were 
pruned  on  the  spur  system,  one  Vine  being  trained  up 
each  rafter,  and  Strawberries,  Beans,  &c.,  grown  in  the 
house.  In  Vinery  No.  2,  the  Grapes  were  ripe  in  the 
beginning  of  September,  therefore  of  coui-se  they  did 
not  receive  much  firing,  the  border  had  no  warmth  from 
dung  or  leaves,  a  little  being  merely  put  on  for  pro- 
tection. The  Vines  were  pruned  in  the  same  way  as 
No.  1,  planted  at  the  same  time,  and  the  border  com- 
posed of  the  same  materials,  but  in  this  case  the  Grapes 
are  beautifully  colourecl,  being  as  black  as  I  could  wish 
them.  Strawberries  were  grown  here  also,  and  Peaches 
fruited  in  tubs,  and  on  trees  planted  out  ;  this  house  is 
heated  with  a  fiue,  the  other  with  hot-water  pipes.  Now 
can  any  of  your  Grape  growing  correspondents  explain 
the  cause  of  this  difference  in  colour,  one  house  pro- 
ducing black  Grapes,  the  other  nearly  red  ones  %  TF.  R. 
W/teder,  Gardener,  Aldcrshot,  near  Farnhara,  Sicrrey. 

Storing  Roots  ("see  p.  740).— I  am  glad  Mr.  Cuthill  has 
directed  attention  to  this  subject,  for  the  usual  method 
of  preserving  vegetable  roots  in  sand  packed  away  in 
a  iry  shed  very  much  deteriorates  their  flavour,  as  well 
as  renders  them  tough  aud  nearly  unfit  for  table.  I 
would  recommend  that  part  of  the  stock  for  late  use  be 
stored  on,  the  following  plan,  which  has  succeeded  well 
with  me.  A  piece  of  ground  should  be  set  apart  in  some 
secluded  part  of  the  garden,  choosing  a  nordi  aspect  for 
the  pm'pose.  As  the  roots  are  taken  up,  lay  them  in 
the  ground  closely  packed  together,  but  not  raoreUhan 
two  layers  thick,  mixing  the  soil  between  them,  where 
they  are  to  remain  in  store  for  very  late  use ;  cover 
them  with  10  inches  of  soil  or  so,  and  on  this  spread 
some  non-conducting  material,  such  as  ashes  or  stable 
litter.  Roots  thus  preserved  will  be  as  fresh  and  well- 
fiavoured  in  February  as  in  November.  A  late  sown 
crop  of  Early  Horn  Carrots  preserved  in  this  manner 
forms  a  good  substitute  for  forced  Carrots  in  spring.  I 
have  never  wintered  Beet  and  Salsify  buried  in  the  open 
ground,  but  part  of  my  stock  this  year  is  on  trial.  I 
am  very  doubtful  about  wintering  Beet  in  the  open 
ground,  as  I  have  often  found  it  to  decay  whenever  wet 
has  reached  it.  The  best  Parsnips  I  ever  ate  were  left 
in  the  ground  where  they  grew  with  a  covering  of  soil 
on  them,  to  keep  the  sun  from  acting  on  them  after 
frost.  Carrots  will  succeed  equally  well  in  this  way. 
My  old  friend  Mr.  Elworthy,  of  Nettlecombe,  for  years 
preserved  his  Artichokes  in  the  ground,  and  they  cooked 
as  good  in  spring  as  in  autumn.  To  winter  a  large 
stock  of  Potatoes  in  the  ground  would  be  tedious  ;  yet  I 
think  the  same  result  might  be  obtained.  In  digging 
over  a  border  last  week  which  last  year  was  planted 
with  Ash-leaved  Kidney  Potatoes,  I  fouud  a  quantity  of 
healthy  fine-looking  tubers,  that  were  buried  deeply  in 
the  ground,  while  those  near  the  surface  were  all 
diseased  at  taking-up  time.  C.,  Thorp  Perrow,  Bcdale. 

MelaUomacU. — I  observe  in  Dr.  Thomson's  N.  W, 
Himalaya  and  Tibet,  where  he  treats  of  the  vegetation  of 
Simla,  that  the  Melastomacess  are  said  to  be  wanting. 
This  is  not  quite  exact,  as  Osbeckia  stellata  occurs 
luxuriantly,  though  rarely,  in  the  warmer  valleys  to  the 
north  of  the  station.  E.  M.,  Edinhuryh. 

Paste. — Can  any  one  favour  me  and^  the  public  with 
a  receipt  for  making  a  kind  of  paste  which  is  cheap, 
strong,  sets  quickly,  keeps  well,  and  is  not  liable  to 
become  sticky  in  damp  weather,  as  is  the  case  with  all 
preparations  of  gum  ?  W.  By.  [Common  paste  well 
made,  and  mixed  while  hot  with  a  saturated  solution 
of  corrosive  sublimate  is  strong,  and  keeps  well ;  but  it 
sets  slowly.] 

Fresh-water  Fish. — There  is  a  shilling  pamphlet  pub- 
lished by  Reeve  and  Co  ,  Coven t-garden,  called  the 
"  Artificial  Production  of  Fish,"  by  Piscarius,  giving  a 
very  interesting  account  of  successful  experiments  made 
by  two  French  peasants,  Remy  and  Gehan,  in  the 
department  of  the  Vosges,  in  the  rivers  of  that  district, ! 
which  have  resulted  in  stocking  their  waters  with 
millions  of  trout,  where  they  had  previously  become 
scarce  ;  and  in  this  very  flooded  season  I  should  think 
the  opportunity  most  favourable  for  introducing  the 
same  practice  into  the  rivers  of  tlie  United  Kingdom ; 
and  I  do  not  hesitate  in  calling  your  attention  to 
it  aud  soliciting  your  aid  to  its  adoption,  through 
the  medium  of  the  Gardeners'  Clironide,  which,  tiiough 
intended  to  illustrate  another  branch  of  natural 
history,  is  open  to  useful  suggestions  upon  all.  George 
iV.  Whaieky,  Corh.  [We  have  already  meutioued  this 
pamphlet,  at  p,  502  of  the  present  volume.  As  we  then  ! 
said,  it  contains  good  practical  instructions  how  to  re-  ' 
stock  our  ponds  and  rivers  with  fresh-water  fish,  but  it 
takes  no  notice  of  Mr.  Boccius,  and  his  operations  in  a 
similar  direction,  which  it  ought  to  have  done.]  I 

Alliance  of  the  Geraniam  and  Jlollyhoch  not  a  Modern 
Discovery.—TliQ  following  article  from  Haydn's  Dic- 
tionary, httle  as  it  may  affect  wicked  infidels  (like  nine-  ! 
tenths  of  your  readers),  will,  doubtless,  comfort  the  | 
minds  of  all  "true  believers."  'Badeu.—^lt  is  an' 
eastern  tradition  that  the  prophet  Mahomet,  having  one  j 
day  washed  his  garment,  threw  it  upon  a  plant  of  the  | 
Mallow,   for   the  'purpose   of  drying ;    and   when   the  ' 


garment  was  taken  away  the  Mallow  was  found  to  have 
been  transformed,  by  contact  with  so  sacred  an  object, 
into  a  magnificent  Geranium,  a  plant  which  bad  never 
previously  existed  !  "  0.  P.,  Nov.  30. 

Eau  de  lessive. — In  a  recent  Number  you  mention 
this  as  probably  useful  in  clearing  Vines  of  vermin,  but 
you  seem  doubtful  as  to  its  exact  nature.  It  is  pre- 
pared thus  :  a  large  tub  with  a  cavity  at  the  base  is 
filled  nearly  to  the  top  with  foul  linen  ;  on  this  is  placed 
a  thick  layer  of  wood-ashes,  on  which  water  is  poured 
for  about  24  hours,  and  having  penetrated  the  ashes 
and  clothes,  aud  cleansed  the  latter  partially,  escapes  by 
the  vent,  and  is  what  the  French  term  Eau  de  lessive. 
The  clothes  are  afterwards  washed  in  soap  and  water, 
but  soapsuds  form  no  ingredient  in  the  Eau  de 
which  is  a  higlily  acrid  fluid.  E.  M.,  Edinbm-gh. 


^orieti'ed. 


Botanical  of  London,  Nov.  29.  —  Anniversary 
meeting.  The  President  in  the  chair.  The  Secretary 
read  the  Report  of  the  Council,  from  which  it  appeared 
that  14  new  members  had  been  elected  during  the  year, 
and  that  the  Society  consisted  of  302  members.  The  dis- 
tribution of  British  and  foreign  specimens  had  been 
carried  on  with  success;  and  thousands  of  specimens 
received  for  distribution  in  January  nex:t ;  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  curator  had  greatly  facilitated  these  important 
objects  ;  many  valuable  works  had  been  presented  to 
the  library.  The  Report  was  unanimously  adopted ; 
after  which  a  ballot  took  place  for  the  council,  when  the 
chairman  was  re-elected  president.  J.  Ball,  Esq.,  M.P.; 
F.  P.  Pascoe,  Esq.  ;  F.  L.  Sand,  Esq.;  J.  T.  Syrae,  Esq., 
were  elected  new  members  of  the  council.  The 
secretary  and  librarian  were  re-elected  and  the  pre- 
sident nominated  J.  Miers,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  and  A.  Hen^-.ey, 
Esq.,  F.R.S.,  vice  presidents. 

LiNNEAN  :  Meeting  which  our  own  reporter  has 
omitted  to  notice.  May-i. — The  President  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  Hogg,  F.L.S.,  communicated  a  letter  "  On  the 
artificial  introduction  of  a  breed  of  Salmon  into  the 
river  Swale,  and  a  tributary  stream  in  Yorkshire," 
which  appeared  in  the  Durham  Advei'tlser  for  April  16th 
in  the  present  year,  under  the  signature  of  Isaac  Fisher, 
together  with  an  unpublished  letter  from  the  same 
gentleman  in  answer  to  a  request  from  Mr.  Hogg  for 
further  information  ;  aud  added  some  observations  of 
his  own  upon  the  same  subject.  From  the  letter 
published  in  the  Durham  Advertiser,  it  appeared  that 
Mr.  Richard  Harrison,  of  Richmond,  had  procured  from 
the  river  Tees  a  brood  of  spawn,  taken  aud  milted  from 
the  living  fish,  which  he  deposited  on  the  29th  of 
December  last  in  a  small  tributary  of  the  river  Swale. 
On  the  21st  of  March  two  of  the  ova  were  brought  to  the 
house  of  Mr.  Fisher  and  placed  in  a  vessel  of  water,  the 
foetal  signs  were  clearly  distinguished,  and  in  two  days 
more  they  became  living  fish  ;  he  is  consequently 
satisfied  that  the  salmon  is  now  restored  to  the  river  Swale, 
from  which  it  has  of  late  years  been  banished.  In 
answer  to  Mr.  Hogg's  inquiries  Mr.  Fisher  states  fui'ther 
that  the  ova  and  milt  were  obtained  in  the  Tees,  accord- 
ing to  the  directions  given  by  Boccius,  Shaw,  and 
"  Ephemera,"  in  his  "  Book  of  the  Salmon."  They 
were  takeu  from  three  female  and  two  male  fishes  on 
the  night  of  the  27th  of  December,  and  not  deposited  iu 
the  gravel  of  a  small  rivulet  until  the  29th  of  the  same 
month.  Part  of  the  ova  were  also  placed  in  a  gravel  bed 
in  the  river  Swale  ;  but  of  the  result  of  this  part  of  the 
experiment  Mr.  Fisher  has  no  present  information.  In 
one  part  the  ova  were  placed  too  deep  in  the  gravel,  and 
on  examination  were  found  to  be  addled  ;  while  there  is 
every  reason  to  l^^elieve  that  those  which  were  placed 
about  3  inches  in  the  gravel  have  all  been  hatched.  A 
live  fish  brought  from  the  spawning-bed  leaped  out  of 
the  vessel  in  which  it  was  kept  and  speedily  died,  and 
the  two  mentioned  in  the  published  letter  also  died  in 
the  course  of  about  ten  days,  probably  in  consequence  of 
the  disturbance  to  which  they  were  exposed  from  the 
curiosity  of  those  who  came  to  see  them,  and  who  were 
desirous  of  observing  the  extreme  velocity  with  which 
they  moved  round  the  vessel,  even  while  the  vitelline 
bag  was  still  attached  to  the  abdomen.  The  spawning- 
bed  was  formed  in  a  small  run  of  spring- water  which  is 
never  affected  by  the  frost ;  it  was  cleared  of  minnows, 
young  trout,  &c.,  and  at  each  end  of  a  space  of  about 
20  yards,  whins  were  placed  of  a  good  height,  kept  down 
with  stones,  to  prevent  the  entrance  into  it  of  other  fish. 
After  some  observations  respecting  minnows,  Mr.  Fisher 
adds  :  "  We  have  proved  the  fact  that  the  river  Swale 
may  be  again  stocked  with  salmon,  provided  we  can 
make  arrangements  with  the  proprietor  of  a  mill-wear 
25  miles  from  this  place,  to  let  the  fish,  on  coming  up 
from  the  sea,  have  *  free-gap  *  from  time  to  time."  On 
these  letters  Mr.  Hogg  observes  that  it  seems  to  him 
tliere  can  be  little  (if  any),  doubt  that,  with  the  precau- 
tions indicated,  a  vast  increase  of  salmon  might  be 
obtained,  and  a  sure  and  valuable  source  of  wealth  be 
secured  in  many  suitable  sti'eams  in  which  no  salmon 
are  at  present  found  ;  and  the  same  artificial  process  of 
breeding  might  likewise  be  applied  to  trout  with  an 
equally  advantageous  result.  He  suggests  that  the 
breeding  might  also  be  carried  on  in  large  wooden  boxes 
or  cases,  having  a  layer  of  gravel  at  the  bottom  4  or 
5  inches  deep,  in  which  the  ova  and  milt,  or  impregnated 
ova,  might  be  buried,  and  the  cases  filled  with  pure 
water,  which  might  be  kept  constantly  fresh  by  allowing 
a  small  stream  to  run  into  them.  When  the  fry  had 
grown  sufficiently  strong,  tiiey  might  be  conveyed  to  any 


distance  in  tubs  filled  with  water,  which  might  be 
occasionally  renewed,  and  having  tops  perforated  with 
holes.  On  the  subject  of  the  distribution  of  the  species 
of  fresh-water  fishes,  Mr.  Hogg  refers  to  the  presence 
of  trout  and  other  fishes  in  mountain  streams  and  alpine 
lakes,  for  which  it  seems  difiicnlt  to  account ;  but  he 
suggests,  'that  as  the  presence  of  unusual  plants  in 
similar  circumstances  is  only  to  be  accounted  for  by  the 
seeds  having  been  dropped  by  birds,  the  problem  with 
regard  to  fishes  might  be  naturally  solved  in  an  analo- 
gous manner,  their  fry  having  been  conveyed  to  these 
distant  localities  by  means  of  water-birds.  Annals  and 
Magazine  of  Natural  History. 


pottos  of  ^OOltEi,  &c^ 

M'lquel,  Analecta  Botanica  indica  (3  parts,  4t0p 
Amsterdam)  contains  plates  and  descriptions  of  select 
Indian  plants,  many  of  which  are  from  Borneo. 

H.  G.  Reichenhach,  de  PoUinis  Orchidearmn  genesi  ao 
structwd  et  de  Orchldeis  in  artevi  ac  s-ystema  redigendis. 
4to.  Leipsig. — This  is  a  valuable  and  elaborate  treatise 
upon  the  minute  structure  of  the  pollen  of  Orchids,  and 
upon  some  other  peculiarities  in  theraj  intermixed  with 
good  critical  observations.  We  are  glad  to  recognise 
among  our  German  friends  so  acute  an  observer  as  M. 
Reichenbach  giving  his  attention  to  this  difficult  order. 
Two  anatomical  plates  illustrate  the  author's  views. 

Wight,  Icones  Plantarum  IndiiB  Onentalis,  Vol.  V., 
Part  2,  4to ;  Madras. — This  part  of  Dr.  Wight's  most' 
useful  work  goes  as  far  as  plate  1920',  and  contains 
Amaranths,  Chenopods,  Polygonads,  Begoniads,  Laurels,. 
and  Spurges.  The  plates  continue  to  be  excellent 
specimens  of  Indian  drawing  and  lithography.  It  is- 
much  to  be  regretted  that  the  editing  Griffith's 
botanical  papers  was  not  put  into  Dr.  Wight's  hands, 
instead  of  being  intrusted  to  the  gentleman  in  whom  the 
Court  of  Directors  have  been  most  unfortunately  ad- 
vised to  repose  their  confidence. 

John  Waterer^s  Catalogue  of  AmeHcan  Plants,  grown- 
in  his  nursery  at  Bagshot,  contains  all  the  best  varieties^, 
with,  in  some  instances,  a  considerable  reduction  in  price. 

Sir  Edward  Seaward' s  Narrative  of  his  Shipicrech. 
(Longman's  Travellers'  Library,  Parts  34  and  35.) — An 
abridgment  of  a  very  interesting  story,  and  one  of  th& 
most  acceptable  of  the  present  series  of  railway  books. 

Dallam's  Literary  Essays  and  Characters,  (ilurray's 
Railway  Reading.)— A  small  volume  pregnant  ■with 
wisdom,  and  full  of  learning  in  its  most  deUghtful  form. 
Ic  is  a  skilful  selection  from  the  author's  well-known 
"  Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  Europe." 

Life  and  Character  of  the  Duke  of  Wellingtoti.  By 
Lord  EUesmere.  (Murray's  Railway  Reading). — This 
is  the  substance  of  a  discourse  dehvered  to  a  literai'y 
institution  by  the  noble  author,  who  paints  the  character 
of  the  great  warrioi',  not  only  with  the  hand  of  a  master, 
but  of  one  perfectly  familiar  with  his  subject.  Lord 
Ellesmere's  personal  intimacy  with  the  Duke  has  enabled 
him  to  produce  a  brilliant  and  most  interesting  porti'alt,; 
in  all  respects  worthy  of  the  glorious  original, 

ndnrich  Maurer^  Versuch  einer  Monographie  der  ■ 
Siachelbeeren.  8vo.,  Jena,  1832. — A  monograph  of 
Gooseberries  filling  146  8vo  pages,  written  with  all  th& 
formalities  observed  in  the  most  pretending  work  of 
natm-al  history,  is  quite  a  horticultural  phenomenon. 
The  materials  were  collected  by  the  late  Dr.  Lorenz  v, 
Pansner,  Staatsrath  to  His  Imperial  Majesty  the 
Emperor  of  all  the  Russias,  Ritter,  and  so  forth,  and 
have  been  put  in  order  by  Mr.  Maurer,  a  nurseryman- 
at  Jena  ;  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  world  will  respect 
the  work  accordingly.  There  is  an  advertisement,  and 
a  preface  and  an  introduction  ;  after  which  the  work  is 
treated  chromatically,  geometrically,  physiologically, 
phytologically,  carpologically,  botanically,  geographi- 
cally, systematically,  horticulturally.  Sm'ely  "  Bright's 
Venus,  Jolly  Copes,  Muffey*s  Black  Prince,  Smith's 
Sparklex*,  the  Jolly  Angler,  and  the  Troubler,''  were- 
never  before  thus  honoured. 

Blade's  Library  Edition  of  (Jie  Waverley  NoveU, — Tw& 
more  volumes  of  this  beautiful  issue  have  been  pub- 
lished since  our  last  notice,  containing  the  "  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothian"  and  tlie  "Bride  of  Lammermoor."  The 
illustrations,  excellent  as  tliey  have  always  been,  we- 
think  improve  as  the  work  advances. 

Booth's  History  of  the  BaitU  of  Waterloo,  &c.,  is  now 
completed  with  a  treble  part,  containing,  iu  addition  ta 
Jones's  clever  etchings,,  a  good  plan  of  the  field,  and  a 
useful  map  of  the  country  that  was  the  seat  of  operations. 


Garden  Memoranda, 

Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  TuRNHAM-GREENi 
— We  have  seldom  visited  this  establishment  without 
finding  the  white  Butterfly-plant  {Phalcenopsis  amabUis), 
in  bloom,  and  the  present  occasion  formed  no  exception; 
for  even  at  this  dull  season  it  is  almost  as  gay  as  in  the 
height  of  summer.  By  means  of  this,  the  blue  Vanda, 
the  charming  Calanthe  vestita,  Lady's  Slippers,  Lselias, 
Coelogynes,  and  a  few  other  late-flowering  species,  an 
Orchid  house  might  be  rendered  exceedingly  attractive 
during  the  whole  winter  long,  when  other  plant-houses 
are  comparatively  floweriess.  In  the  greenhouse 
adjoining,  the  most  effective  plant  by  far  was  the 
Anderson  Speedwell,  Veronica  Andersonii,  whicli  has 
been  in  flower  for  the  last  month,  and  whose  long  spikea 
of  two-coloured  blossoms  are  still  all  that  could  be 
desired.  Assuredly  this  is  a  most  useful  greenhouse 
plant  at  this  season,  as  is  also  the  old-fashioned  Coronilla 
glauca,  whose  bright  yellow  flowers  continue  in  beauty  alL 


49— 1852,J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


775 


the  winter,  and  both  are  so  easily  managed  that  with  very 
little  ingenuity  every  cottager  niiglit  have  tliem  in  per-  ^ 
fection  in  liis  window.  The  flower-spikes  of  the  large  , 
Lselia  snperbiens  in  the  curvilinear  stove  are  progressing 
satisfactorily.  They  are  six  in  numberj  and  will  pro- ! 
bably  expand  their  blossoms  about  the  end  of  January. . 
Of  plants  in  bloom  in  this  stove,  few  were  so  gay  as  the  , 
old  Eranthemum  pulchellum,  whose  deep  blue  flowers 
contrasted  well  with  the  scarlet  inflorescence  of  Serico-  [ 
grapliis  Ghiesbreghtiana,  which  is  also  a  capital  winter 
plant.  The  old  purple  Justicia  speciosa  was  like- 
wise in  full  bloom,  as  was  Gesnera  Herbertii, 
a  hybrid  in  the  way  of  G.  zebrina,  but  whose  foliage ' 
:is  not  so  apt  to  curl  and  become  erumply  as  that  of 
the  latter.  Siphocampylus  Mauetticefiurus,  Pentas  carnea, 
Abutilon  vitifolium,  and  D ichor izandi-a  thyrsiflora  were 
also  iu  blossom,  altogether  making  a  very  agreeable 
display.  In  the  propagating  house  was  a  beautiful  new 
Sonerila  introduced  to  the  Society  by  its  secretary,  Di'. 
Royle.  It  comes,  wo  beheve,  from  the  Nilgherry  Hills, 
and  on  account  of  its  compact  habit  of  growth  it  will 
certainly  be  a  most  excellent  addition  to  a  small  stove. 
Its  clusters  of  lively  pink  blossoms  rise  on  slender  hairy 
footstalks  some  4  inches  above  the  neat  Melastoma  like 
leaves,  and  produce  a  very  pleasing  effect.  A  singular 
peculiarity  connected  with  it  is  that  the  number  of 
petals  is  not  fixed,  some  of  the  flowers  having  three, 
while  almost  an  equal  number  have  four  petals. 
The  yellow  stamens  iu  the  centre  of  the  flowers 
also  add  considerably  to  then*  beauty.  An  interesting 
experiment  is  being  made  here  iu  regard  to  the  gi'owth 
of  Orchids.  A  quantity  of  them  has  been  potted  in 
coke-dust  ;  and,  although  perhaps  somewhat  premature 
to  speak  conclusively  as  to  the  result,  yet  tliey  looked  as 
if  this  material  agreed  with  them  better  than  anything 
in  which  they  have  hitherto  been  grown  ;  for  they  were 
making  vigorous  growth  and  throwing  out  numbers  of 
healthy  roots.  The  superintendent  was  led  to  turn  his 
attention  to  this  matter  from  his  observing  that  newly- 
imported  Orchids  rooted  more  rapidly  when  laid  on  a 
cinder-bed  over  a  hot-water  tank  than  under  any  other 
circumstances. 

In  the  little  greenhouse  near  the  carpenter's  sliop, 
two  plants  of  Tropjeolum  Lobbianum  were  still  exceed- 
ingly Ijrilliant,  their  large  orange  scarlet  flowers 
being  very  striking.  This  was  Bauraann's  variety, 
which  is  better  than  tlie  common  kind.  Selago 
distans  was  just  coming  into  bloam,  in  which 
condition  it  will  remain  for  many  months;  and  although 
not  very  showy,  yet  it  is  almost  indispensable  to  a 
greenhouse  which  is  required  to  be  gay  in  winter. 
In  the  adjacent  stove  were  fine  masses  of  the  old 
scai'let  Acliimenes,  loaded  with  flowers,  together  with 
the  blue  and  white  flowered  Klugia  ze^'lanica,  Lautana 
mutabilis,  Bilbergia  JIorelian.i,  Manettia  bicolor,  and 
the  following  Orchids — Ltelia  Burkerr,  with  a  fine 
spike  terminating  in  four  beautiful  blossoms ;  '  Cym- 
bidium  giganteum,  with  three  flower  spikes  ;  the  sweet 
smelling  MaxiUaria  picta,  a  capital  specimen  ;  On- 
cidium  bicallosum,  a  large,  clear  yellow  flowered 
species  ;  and  the  new  MaxiUaria  pallidiflora,  more 
interesting  tlian  showy.  A  flue  plaut  of  Zygopetalum 
Mackayi  was  just  coming  into  flower. 

In     the    great    conservatory     the    large     stock     of 
Chrysanthemums  with   which    it    is    at    present    fur- 
nished  is    in  full  bloom,   and   well   worth   inspection, 
more  especially  the  Pompones,  many  of  which  are  new 
and  very  handsome  ;  the  latter  were  received  from  Mr. 
Van    Houtte,  of  Ghent,  unfortunately  without  names, 
and   therefore   we   are   unable  to  specify  them.       The  | 
plan  of  growing  Chrysanthemums  in  comparatively  small  I 
pots  and  supplying  them  with  liquid  manure  in  place  of  i 
pot  room  has  answered  perfectly,  the  plants  being  well  ■ 
grown,   and   fui'nished  with  foliage  down  to  the  pots. 
The  large  red  Bmgraansia  here  is  in  as  good  bloom  now 
as  it  luis  been  at  any  time   during  the  summer,  and  a 
very  striking  object  it  is,  as  is  also  a  huge  specimen  of 
tiie  orange- flowered  Cestrura  (C.  aurantiaeum),  which 
is   a  plant   that  every   conservatory   bed  of   any  size 
should  possess.     On  tho  shelves  were  some  nice  pots 
of  Mignonette,  obtained  by  sowing  the  seed  in  the  open  ; 
ground  some  time  in  the  latter  end  of  summer,  lifting 
the  plants  and  potting  them,  and  placing  them  for  a  ! 
time  in  a  frame  to  establish  tliemHclves.     They  were  | 
afterwardn  bronght  into  the  conservatory,  where  they 
are  now  coming  nicely  into  bloom. 

The  only  plants  in  the  open  air  to  which  wo  have 
thought  it  worth  wliilo  to  direct  attention  were  the 
Panipan  Grasa,  which  is  still  in  fine  bloom,  and  an 
example  of  the  naked-flower«d  J:iamine(J.  nudiHorum), 
on  the  conaervative  wall.  The  leafless  branches  of  the 
latter,  clothed  with  bright  yellow  flowers  as  largo  as  a 
shillini^,  have  a  lively  and  cheerful  appearance. 

A»  regards  heating,  wc  may  jiwt  notice  in  passing 
that  the  tank  system  ni  the  early  Vinery  having  failed, 
it  is  about  to  be  replaced  with  some  other  nieaiiH  of 
warmin;;,  and  expei'imonts  are  now  biding  nia^ie  with 
material->*  suited  for  the  coiiHtruution  of  flues. 

One  end  of  Mr,  Kwing*n  glaus  walls  has  been  per- 
manently planted  witli  fruit  trees.  A^'alnst  tlic  treliis 
facing  south  have  been  put  a  iV.^ch,  Nectarine,  four 
Vine»,  and  a  Fig  ;  and  on  the  nortli  aM|M;et  arc  a  fig, 
Apricot,  Pear,  and  a  large  plant  of  pHidiiim  Cattley- 
anuin,  which  was  brou;^ht.  out  of  a  Viriury  and  placed 
there  Home  time  a^o.  The  fruit  on  it,  which  were  Hniull 
and  ^cen  when  tranHplanted,  arc  now  fjuit.:  rip'i  and 
beginning  lu  drop.  Tiie  I'eaeh  and  Nectarine  are  large 
trained  trees  from  a  wall,  and  therefore  well  fitted  to 
speedily  prove  tho  alility  of  growing  tlieso  fruits  under 
the   couditiona  in  which   tliey   have  jut»t  been  placed. 


The  out-door  Figs  along  the  top  of  the  kitchen  garden 
are  being  divested  of  their  dead  wood  and  suckers,  and  tied 
into  bundles,  preparatory  to  being  encased  in  straw  for 
the  winter. 

With  respect  to  vegetables,  it  often  happens  that 
when  Celery  is  planted  early,  it  "  runs,"  or  becomes 
soft  and  spongy,  which  it  is  not  so  apt  to  do  when 
planted  late-5  but  iu  the  latter  case  it  is  liable  to 
be  injured  by  frost.  AVith  a  view  to  keep  off" 
the  latter,  therefore,  and  to  obtain  Celery  in  its  best 
state,  a  row  of  it  and  Cardoons  have  been  roofed  over 
with  light  wooden  spars,  so  as  to  support  mats  which 
will  be  put  on  iu  time  of  frostj  but  which  will  be 
removed  whenever  the  weather  is  mild.  They  are  forcing 
Asparagus  iu  the  natural  bed  in  the  open  grrmnd,  by 
removing  the  soil  from  the  alleys,  and  supplying  its 
place  with  hot  dung,  at  the  same  time  placing  a  thatched 
roof  over  the  top  of  the  bed. 

During  the  late  wet  weather,  when  little  could  be 
done  iu  the  open  gi'ound,  all  in-door  operations  have 
been  proceeded  with  ;  and  among  other  things,  straw- 
screens  for  spring  protection  have  been  prepared. 
These  are  made  some  10  or  12  feet  long  and  3  feet 
wide,  held  together  by  three  longitudinal  bands  of  tar- 
twiue,  and  attached  to  light  square  wooden  spars,  or 
supports,  at  the  euds.  This  kind  of  protection  was 
found  so  useful  last  spring,  both  for  fruit  trees  against 
walla  and  for  other  purposes,  that  in  future  it  would  be 
a  matter  of  great  inconvenience  to  be  without  them. 
They  are  cheaply  and  easily  made  with  Rye  straw, 
which  has  been  found  better  for  the  purpose  tlian  Wheat 
straw,  the  latter  being  more  hard  and  brittle. 

In  conclusion,  we  are  sorry  to  report  that  Pears  in 
the  fruit  room,  although  the  latter  has  been  kept  cool 
and  equable  in  temperature,  are  keeping  but  very  iu- 
dift'erently.  Some  of  them  are  being  destroyed  by  a 
fungus,  which  appears  on  the  skin  iu  the  shape  of  small 
black  specks,  and  for  which  there  seems  to  be  no  remedy. 
Some  kinds  are  sadly  affected  by  it,  while  others  close 
beside  them  have  escaped.  Glout  Morceau,  Easter 
Beurre,  and  Beurre  d'Aremberg,  appear  to  have  suf- 
fered most. 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  MiMULUs. — I  imagine  that,  ere  long,  this  genus  . 
will   occupy   a  much   more   general   and   conspicuous 
position  in  tlie  greenhouse  and  flower  garden  than  it 
does  at  present.     By  suitable  management  the  varieties 
of  M,  rivularis,  and  other  true  hybrids,  with  their  ex- 
tremely rich  crimson  belts  and  spots,  on  a  clear  yellow 
or   orange   ground,  may   be   found  to  furnish  a  very 
desirable  contrast  with  the  numerous  dark  tints  and 
colours  of  the  Cineraria  tribe  during  the  early  spring 
months.       I    well   remember  the   interest    excited   on  ; 
receiving    blooms    of   Mimulus    "  Smithii "    some    20  , 
years    ago,    but    this    soon    gave   way    to   still    more  | 
beautiful  varieties.      The   easy   cul;ure   of    this   tribe  j 
is     proverbial,     and     yot,     at     that     time,     it     was 
found    that    some    modes    of    management   succeeded 
much  better  than   others,  the  recollection  of  which  led 
me  about  two  years  ago  to  apply  a  somewhat  similar  j 
treatment  to  herbaceous    Calceolarias,   which  at   the  1 
period  just  referred  to  were  not  so  easily  managed  as  i 
at   present.      In  the   late   autumn  months    the    most  ] 
vigorous  and  healthy  of  our  Calceolarias  and  Mimuluses 
were   shifted    from    small   pots    into   those    of    8    or  1 
10  inches  in  width,  usiug  open  porous  rich  soil,  with  1 
an    additional    portion     of    about    one-fourth    coarse  1 
clean    river    sand,    as     the    winter    compost,    giving  > 
plenty    of    drainage,     and     omitting    all    pressure    of 
the  soil  in  putting.     The  ordinai'y  routine  being  com- 
pleted, I  finished  by  covering  the  entire  surf.ice  of  the 
mould,  to  about  a  level  with  the  pot's  rim,  with  coarse 
clean  river  sand.     The  points  of  difference  in  the  com- 
posts were,  thit   coarse  heath-mould  formed  a  portion 
of  that  for  the  Calceolarias,  aud  about  equal  parts  of 
open  loam,  partially  dried  leaf-mould,  or  highly  decom- 
posed manure,  with  one-fourth  of  river  sand,  were  used 
for  the  Mimuluses,  and  iu  some  cases  adding  lumps  of 
broken  sandstone  to  the  surface  stratum.     The  plants 
grew  amazingly  under  tbese  conditions,  and  it  was  truly 
interesting  to  notice  the  favourable  appearances  which 
exiiibited  themselves  on  applying  water  freely  over  the 
whole  plant  through  a  rose,  at  stated  periods,  twice  or 
tlu'ice  a-week,  espcciall}'  when  aided  by  a  genial  tempe- 
rature, which  it  was  my  custom  to  secure   to  tlie  de- 
fieienily-ventilated   range    of    houses,  by    occasionally 
applying  artificial  heat  throughout  the  day  in  mild  dry 
weather.     The  further  application  of  tho  same  treat- 
ment may  be  stated  aa  follow.^  ;  admitting  tho  plants  of 
Mimulus  to  have  just  finialied  blooming  in  spring,  iu 
tho  greenhouse,  I  rcconimeml   the  flower  stems  to  be 
partially  cut  hack,  and  after  a  lowing  the  plants  to  rest  in 
a  cooler  frame  or  [lit  for  a  abort  time,  plant  all  that  are 
vigorous  in   the  open  bordern,  adding  rich  soil  ;  and  if 
tlie  weather  be  moiht  at  the   timu   sui-laco  with  sand 
!  between  the  crowns,  encouraging  tlirougliout  tho  summer 
Jan    additional    growih     rather     th.an    bloom.       About 
,  Ojtober   or   November  strong  healthy  crowns   will  be 
'  produced,  which  may  be  detached  in  compiict  clusters 
of  three   or  more  j  tlieMc  Hhould  bo  prepared   for  tho 
following    winter    or    Hpnng    growth     in    the    grecn- 
I  lioUHO  an  deacribed,  by  pliieiiig  tbeiti  in  pots  -I    incben 
I  in     diainolei",     or     larg'-r    if     required,    lining     aliout 
I  eipial    jiortions   of  louin,   leaf-moulrl,    luid   river   nanil, 
eiich  pot  being  siirlaced  with  tho  hiHt  mal(;riiil.     A  cool 
I  c!o.4e  frame  or  pit  will  form  their  abode  until  winter  or 
j  spring,  only  pouring  water  over  them;  freely  at  aUitcd 


periods  in  the  mornings  of  mild  dry  weather,  until 
required  for  larger  pots  in  the  greenhouse  or  conser- 
vatory, A  somewhat  stronger  compost  or  soil  may  be 
used  for  the  last  potting.  Those  who  adopt  surfaemg 
with  sand  during  winter  for  plants  in  the  greenhouse  or 
conservatory,  should  dispense  with  it  as  the  spring 
advances,  previous  to  the  last  potting.  During  the 
season  of  bloom  each  pot  should  be  supplied  with  a  dish, 
from  which  the  plants  may  receive  an  extra  supply  of 
moisture  once  or  twice  a  week.  The  surplus  plants  or 
stools  which  remain  in  the  open  borders  may  be 
entirely  covered  over  in  winter  with  coarse  river  sand, 
to  the  depth  of  4  or  6  inches  above  the  leaves,' which, 
as  the  spring  advances,  will  burst  through  with  great 
vigour,  and  the  plants  will  bloom  profusely,  the  sand 
being  an  excellent  preservative  from  snails,  &c.  W. 
Wood. 

National  FtOHicDLiuaAL  SociLTr,  Dec  2.— Thii  only  flowers 
staged  on  this  occatiiou  consisteil  of  a  culiec  ioa  of  Pouipoue 
ChryianthL-mumB,  iiom  Me^sra.  E.  G.  Head«i30u,  of  Welliug- 
tOD-road,  Sr,  JoUn's- woud. 

HoETH  LoNDuN  Flokicoltdeal  SociH.Tr,  Nov  25. —  This 
exhibitioD  fdllin|>  as  it  did  so  soon  after  tliB  Stcke  Newiogtun 
Chryhamhemuui  sbow  wa^.  a  .  mi^litbe  exfjcctc'd,  iarueiy  com- 
posed of  plantb  produced  there  ;  we  have  ttuly,  thtrcfore,  in  tbo 
fullowiiigaeeouut  to  uutice  whatwas  not  pi  e^eut  on  that  occa- 
fiir>Q.  The  ieatureof  mustiuteiest,  pk.-rhdpe,  wus  :i  coiJeyaon  of 
12  Pompones,  exhitiited  tiy  Mr.  Robioson,  gr.  to  J.  Simpson, 
Esq.,  of  Thamos  Bank,  PimHc^  ;  thia  was  deservedly  first ;  it 
contained  Feuella,  LaFmacee,  Foulede^to,Geralda,  Adoiiis,and 
Modele.  Sis  dupliciiLee,  the  produce uf  cuttings  talitn  the  third 
week  of  last  May,  wero  exqui^i^e  examples  of  what  can  ha 
djneby  a  good  cultivator  in  a  shjrt  spice  of  time.  Mr.  Q-, 
Smith  was  second  with  Solfarerre,  Ninon  (?),  Asmodee,  Modeie, 
Autumuus,  aud  Surprise  ;  3,  Mr.  Holmes,  wi;h  Le  Jougleur, 
Eliso  Miellez,  La  FiancCii,  ModelCj  d'O. ,  aud  Il<;nri  Chauviere. 
Mr.  W.  Ivory  aldo  contribu  ed  a  collect  un  containing  some 
valuable  sorts,  Iu  six  pots  of  large-floTFering  varieties, 
Mr.  W.  Holmes  was  firdt,  his  Debance  taking  the  10s, 
prizo  offtrwd  for  the  bt:st  plant  iu  th^  room ;  2,  Mr.  G. 
Smit;i,  with  Detiance,  Chiiutine,  Aniiie  Salter,  Madame  Poggi, 
Queen  of  England,  aud  Pilot,  Six  V'jriB\ie3  grown  in  S-iuch 
p-tts:  1,  Mr.  Weatbeiall;  2,  Mr.  Graver.  A  plact  of  Glack 
was  by  far  the  beot  iu  those  groups.  Cut  hlooms  were  staged 
iu  great  numbers.  Am  mxst  suct;essful  (X  ;  biiorsj  \tr.  Join  s 
6tai.ds  firs',  cloatly  followed  by  Mr,  Scruby,  in  whose  2-t  a 
blooui  of  Plntus  received  the  10s,  prizt;  aa  the  best  in  the  room ; 
then  followed  Mr.  G.  Smith,  Tho  Auoiuone  blooms  staged  by 
Mr.  Smith  and  Mr,  Holmes  were  Very  guod,  Messrs.  WeatherulJ^ 
Graver,  aud  Rowson,  reprtsent^d  tlie  "niaidua  class"  with 
coilec.ions  thiit  did  them  credit.  J.  E. 


CiTALOGOEs  received  from  Messrs.  Cole  and  Sharp,  Aaton, 
lane,  Biichtield,  near  Birmingham;  R.  S.  Bircbam,  Bungay- 
Snff  Ik  ;  W.  Masters,  Ctiuteibury;  DrumauiDd  aud  Son, 
Stirling;  G.  Lighibydy,  Falkirk;  and  H.  Majle  aud  Co., 
BirminuhaD), 

CHassAMTHtMDMS  :  E  M  G.  1^0':  worth  propigating.  Such 
"opons  "  ar«  vtry  common  v\ith  this  clues  of  fluneis. 


Miscellaneous. 

The  Boxirhon  Rose Abont  35  years  ago,  a  French 

botanist,  M.  Bre'ou,  visited  the  Island  of  Boui'bon,  aud 
found  growing  iu  a  garden  at  St.  Benoist,  a  Rose  alto- 
gether new  to  him.  The  flowers  were  rosy  carmine, 
beautifully  cupped,  and  the  petals  remarkable  for  their 
size  and  smoothness.  Our  botanist  did  not  fail  to 
appreciate  this  nouvcautc^  vind  sending  it  to  Paris  it  was 
there  multiplied,  aud  scattered  abroad ;  this  was  the 
original  Bourbon  Rose.  It  is  not  a  species,  but  an 
accidental  hybrid,  supposed  to  have  sprung  up  between 
the  common  China  Rose  and  the  red  Four-seasons. 
Some  of  your  readers  will  doubtless  remember  the  Rose 
He  de  Bourbon,  or  Bourbon  Jacques— for  under  both 
these  names  it  was  disseminated  ;  and  it  is  from  this 
Rose,  variously  hybridised,  that  all  the  Bourbon  Roses 
have  been  obtained.  Fur  the  first  few  years  most  of 
the  seedlings  raised  were  of  the  same  colour  as  the 
original ;  some  were  finer,  and  many  more  double ;  one 
of  which,  Augustine  Lelieur,  remaius  a  good  Rose  to 
this  day.  The  first  vai'iation  was  the  production  of 
kinds  of  a  clear  and  beautiful  silvery  tint,  tlien  of  a  dark 
purple  anil  crimson  hue,  till  now  we  have  flowers  as 
brilliant  in  colour,  and  equal  iu  form,  to  almost  any 
Rose.  The  Bourbon  Roses  generally  are  hardy  and 
easy  of  culture  ;  the  short-wouded,  iree-blooniing  kinds, 
require  two  annual  dressings  of  manui-e  and  close 
pruning  ;  they  are  then  the  most  beautiful  of  autumn 
Roses,  flowering  better  and  more  abuudautly  late  iu  the 
season  than  in  summer,  flue  flowers  often  expanding  at 
the  end  of  October.  W.  Paul,  in  Turner's  Florist, 
Fruitist,  and  Qarden  MLccllant). 

Climate  and  Fruits  of  St.  Mickai'Vs. — The  climate  of 
St.  Michael's  ib  remarkably  regular,  the  thermometer 
during  tlie  summt^r  months  ranging  from  7G"  to  80° 
and  !U°Fahr.  A  fevv  daysin  Lhesuunner  of  lEJol  it  stood 
at  94"  in  tho  shade,  but  the  summer  was  unusually  liot, 
At  this  period  the  night  temperature  ranges  from  GS** 
to  70"  and  7(>''.  During  the  winter  months  the  day 
temperature  is  from  GO"  to  70",  oftun  rising  with  strong 
sunshine  as  high  as  7G".  In  tlie  valleys,  the  night 
temperature  at  tliis  season  ranges  from  .50"  to  G0^\  In 
JaTuiury,  1  have  sometimes  remarked  tho  thermometer 
at  '10",  hut  thcHG  wore  raru  occuiToncea.  1  have  adopted 
this  form  of  giving  the  temiteraLure  for  tho  sake  of 
brevity,  making  it  Huinmer  from  May  to  October,  and 
winter  from  November  to  April,  The  only  native 
fruitH  of  St.  Miehael's  are  a  Vacciuium  and  a  wild 
Alpino  Strawberry.  At  tliu  piuatnt  time,  besides 
Orunge.4,  there  are  numenjus  Apples,  IV-ara,  I'lums, 
Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricotw,  l''i^8,  CIr.ipcs,  and  Straw- 
hcrricH,  which  all  du  well  under  propir  treatment  ; 
dooHobcrrics  and  Currants  will  not  grow.  Of  exotic 
(ruit-s  there  aro  three  kindw  of  Ouuva  (Paidium  pyi'l- 
foruin,  polycarjion,  ami  Cattleyunum,  the  two  last-named 
lieing  the  heiU) ;  the  CuHturd  Ap|)Ie  (Ationa  cherimolia), 
wliOBO  fruit  in  much  liked  by  mime  ;  tho  Date  Phnn 
(iJioHpyi'os   lotus,  Kakij  iiiul   Virginicus  ;    tho   former 


11& 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Dec.  4, 


oiily  liai?  pruuucea  irmt,  wUicli,  wlieii  tirst  put  into  tiie 
mouth,  has  an  agreeable  taste,  but  it  immediately 
becomes  so  astringent  as  to  render  it  unfit  to  be  eaten). 
Jambosa  vulgaris  (Rose  Apple)  produces  a  quantity  of 
fruit  not  vei'y  desii'able.  The  Pomegranate  (Punica 
grauatum)  bears  freely.  All  the  diiierent  kinds  ot 
Granadilla  bear  abundance  of  fruit,  which  is  much 
esteemed  by  the  Portuguese.  TJie  Loijuat  (Eriobotrya 
japonica)  is  only  second  to  the  Orange,  being  noble  in 
appearance,  and  frequently  outrivalling  the  Orange  tree 
iuBize,  while  its  branches  are  laden  with  delicious  rich 
golden  fruit  in  April  and  May,  when  the  Oranges  are 
all  sent  to  England.  The  Loquat  is  the  only  fruit  of 
its  season,  and  in  the  opinion  of  many  it  is  superior  to 
an  Orange.  Physalis  edulis  has  become  wi.ld;  it  is 
found  in  every  hedge-row,  .and  is  much  used  for  pre- 
serving. Musa  paradisiaca,  sapientum,  Cavendishii, 
abouiLd  in  every  part  where  there  is  a  valley  or  shelter 
for  them.  The  fruit  is  seldom  left  to  ripen  on  the 
plants,  it  being  found  more  convenient  to  cut  them  and 
liang  them  up  in  a  room,  where  they  are  quiclcly  matured 
by  the  aid  of  a  little  sweet  oil  put  in  a  small  hole  cut 
in  the  end  of  the  stalk.  Wallace,  in  Jomnal  of  Horti- 
cuUural  Society. 

Trealment  of  Afiuuryllk  Selladonna  in  Pots. — This  is 
a  plant  of  the  easiest  growth,  generally  blooming  in  Sep- 
tember and  October,  and  adding  much  at  that  season  to 
the  beauty  of  the  greenhouse  or  parlour.  The  F.oil  best 
suited  to  the  bulb  is  composed  of  half  sandy  loam, 
one  quarter  leaf-mould,  and  one  quarter  old  llotbed 
manure,  with  sand  in  the  proportion  of  nearly  one-third 
of  the  whole.  The  bulbs  should  be  potted  in  August  or 
September,  and  those  with  Hower-buds  will  soon  throw 
up  a  spike  of  elegant  flowers.  Give  good  draiuiige,  with 
broken  potsherds,  coarse  at  the  bottom  and  iiner  above, 
and  fill  the  pots  with  the  compost ;  place  in  the  bulb. 
Betting  it  down  so  as  to  leave  about  one-third  of  the  top 
above  the  surface  ;  finish  with  a  good  watering  througli 
a  fine  rose,  or  with  a  syringe,  and  place  the  pots  in  a 
frame  or  in  the  greenhouse,  where  the  bulbs  will 
speedily  take  root,  and  produce  their  flowers.  Ilovcy's 
Magazine  of  fforiicuUure. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  wecJc.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 
The  conservatory  should  now  be  kept  as  g.ay  as  the 
limited  number  of  plants  in  bloom  at  this  season  will 
permit.  Remove  Chrysanthemums  as  their  flowers  fade, 
to  make  room  for  other  things.  The  earliest  started 
Camellias  and  Epacrises  will  be  advancing  into  bloom,  as 
■will  the  useful  Eriea  hiemalis  and  Wilimoreana.  Oranges 
and  Daphnes  should  be  introduced  as  they  show  bloom; 
their  fragrance  will,  prove  a  boon  at  this  season.  Nea- 
politan Violets,  Mignonette,  and  Cyclamen  persicuni, 
.will  assist,' with  the  forwavdest  Roman  Narcissi,  in 
making  the  house  agreeable  till  the  more  showy  forced 
plants  come  into  flower.  Let  the  borders  be  frequently 
stirred  and  raked  over  to  preserve  a  fresh  appearance, 
and  attend  to  the  greatest  cleanliness  in  every  part.  The 
night  temperature  may  stand  at  46",  and  may  range  up 
to  fiO"  on  sunny  d.ay3  ;  let  the  ventilation  be  regular, 
avoiding  currents  of  cold  air.  To  obtain  as  much  light 
as  possible,  the  creepers  under  the  roof  may  again  be 
reduced,  and  tied  closer  together,  washing  the  glass  .at 
the  same  time,  if  necessary.  Where  stove  plants  are 
largely  grown,  there  will  be  a  considerable  number  at 
this  season,  which,  after  flowering  and  ripening  their 
wood,  will  require  wintering  in  a  moderate  and  dry 
temperature.  If  the  collection  is  extensive,  there 
should  be  a  house  devoted  to  this  purpose;  and  as  light 
is  not  essential  to  plants  at  rest,  it  might  have  a  north 
aspect,  when  it  would  prove  "equally  useful  in  the 
sunmier,  either  for  retarding  plants  in  bloom,  or  for 
growing  such  tender-lealed  plants  as  are  injured 
by  exposure  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  Where, 
however,  such  accommodation  does  not  exist,  late 
Vineries  will  answer  to  l;eep  Clerodendrons,  Alla- 
mandas,  Justieias,  &c.,  while  in  a  dormant  state,  as 
well  as  Hedychiums,  Alpinias,  Gesneras,  and  similar 
plants.  The  fire-heat  required  to  preserve  the  Grapes 
will  gener.ally  prove  snfiicient,  unless  during  frost,  when 
a  little  extra  heat  should  be  put  on  to  keep  tlie  ther- 
juometer  not  less  than  -15°.  The  woody  plants  should  be 
watered  very  sparingly,  but  the  bulbous  rooted  and 
lierbaceous  sorts  may  be  .allowed  to  get  nearly  dry. 
I'oKciKG  Pits.— Pay  attention  to  the  stock  of  forcing 
shrubs  and  bulbs  in  these  structures  ;  directly  the  more 
forward  are  moved  on  to  warmer  houses,  or  the  conser- 
/Vatory,  fill  up  the  spare  room  witli  a  fresh  supply,  so 
as  to  keep  up  a  regular  succession.  If  fire-heat  is 
employed  be  very  moderate  in  its  application  to  plants 
recently  brought  in.  Pits  not  artificially  heated  should 
be  carefully  covered  at  night,  to  exclude  frost.  The 
stock  of  forcing  plants  yet  out  should  (if  not  done 
previously),  be  at  once  plunged  in  some  dry  material  to 
preserve  their  roots  from  frost. 

rOROING  DEPARTMENT. 
Early  Vinery. — Gradually  increase  the  temperature 
as  the  buds  swell  to  allow  the  night  temperature  to  reach 
66°,  and  an  advance  of  10°  or  15°  by  day  ;  by  the  time 
the  Vines  arefairly  broken  a  slight  advance  on  the  latter 
may  be  allowed  with  a  bright  sun.  At  the  time  of 
breaUing,  .and  afterwards,  great  cautiou  should  be  used 
m  giving  air,  to  prevent  draughts.  If,  however,  a  proper 
system  ol  ventilation  is  established,  independent  of  the 
sashes,  much  trouble  and  anxiety  will  be  avoided,  for 


iiocliiiig  unn  be  inoi'e  iujurious  than  direct  currents  ot 
cold  air  coming  in  contact  with  the  tender  leaves  of  the 
Vine  (or  other  forced  fruits)  through  the  winter  and 
early  spring.  Syringe  the  stems  two  or  three  times 
d.iily,  with  tepid  water  ;  and  frequently  sprinkle  the 
flues  or  hot-water  pipes  to  promote  a  moderately  humid 
air  in  tiie  house  ;  this  should,  however,  never  be  done 
when  the  pipes  are  very  hot,  as  the  steam  will  be  likely 
to  injure  the  foliage.  Late  Vineries. — Where  Grapes 
are  now  hanging,  the  spurs  should  he  shortened  back  to 
the  bunch,  to  admit  more  light  and  air  ;  the  West's  St, 
Peter's  Vine,  however,  often  retains  its  leaves  late,  and 
they  should  be  preserved,  as  they  help  to  keep  the  berries 
fresh  and  plump,  and  are  useful  for  dishing  up  the 
dessert.  Continue  fires  on  damp  days,  admitting  air  at 
the  same  time.  Pinert. — Keep  a  genial  growing  heat, 
with  air  on  all  opportunities  to  Pines  swelling  their  fruit. 
The  stock  for  fruiting  next  year  will  be  at  rest,  and 
a  dry  atmosphere  and  abundance  of  air  will  be  all 
that  can  be  done  for  some  time  to  the  general 
stock  ;  where,  however,  a  portion  is  wanted  to  show 
early  in  January  they  should  be  commenced  by  slightly 
increasing  the  bottom-heat  a  week  or  so  before  the  heat 
of  the  house  is  raised,  and  as  they  will  be  dry  at  the 
root,  a  moderate  watering  or  two  should  be  given  at  the 
same  time.  For  successions  see  our  directions  at  p.  728. 
Peach-uouse. — If  the  eavly  house  is  commenced  the 
trees  will  require  damping  with  the  syringe  once  or 
twice  daily.  A  little  tire  may  be  made  on  frosty  nights 
if  the  thermometer  falls  be!ow  35",  and  sufficient  made 
by  day  to  raise  the  temperature  to  SO*'.  See  that  the 
outside  border  is  secure  from  wet  by  a  good  coat  of  dry 
materials,  and  the  inside  border,  if  dr^',  well  soaked  with 
water  (slightly  aired),  which  is  sometimes  the  case  when 
the  sashes  have  been  allowed  on  for  some  time. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Have  everything  in  the  shape  of  protectives  ready 
for  covering  half  hardy  plants  on  the  approach  of  frost, 
as  much  damage  to  young  plants  in  the  open  ground 
may  be  apprehended;  the  excess  of  wet  during  the 
past  autumn  has  been  unfavourable  for  ripening  wood, 
and  consequently  rendered  them  more  liable  to  suffer 
from  its  efiects.  Beds  of  Tea  Roses  should  be  protected 
by  placing  Fern  between  the  shoots,  or  branches  of  the 
common  Furze  ;  place  a  good  coat  of  saw-dust,  dry 
half  rotten  leaf-mould,  or  old  tan  over  Fuchsias, 
Aloysias,  Hydrangeas,  &c.,  left  in  the  ground  through 
the  winter ;  if  saw-dust  or  leaf-mould  is  used, 
cover  them  over  with  a  little  eai'th  to  prevent  their 
being  blown  away,  and  to  hide  their  appearance. 
If  the  stems  of  the  above  are  large  they  should 
be  tied  together,  and  then  wound  round  with  a 
liay-band,  sticking  a  few  evergreen  branches  round 
them  to  make  them  less  conspicuous.  Beds  of  the 
choicer  kinds  of  Liliums  and  Cape  bulbs  should 
likewise  have  a  covering  of  the  same  materials  to  exclude 
frost.  Koses  may  b9'''l)]anted  whenever  the  gromid  will 
permit,  and  pruning  of  the  more  hai'dy  and  common 
sorts  may  be  commenced  ;  let  the  shrubbery  borders 
after  they  are  cleaned  from  leaves,  &c.,  have  a  forking 
over  for  the  winter  ;  the  leaves  and  rubbish  of  each 
year  should  be  presei'ved  in  a  bye  place  to  rot,  and 
should  be  spread  over  the  ground  for  a  dressing  before 
they  are  forked  over.  Let  the  gravel  walks  be  well 
rolled  before  frost  comes  on. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Proceed  with  pruning  Pears,  Apples,  Plums,  aud 
Cherries  at  all  opportunities,  talcing  those  in  the  open 
quarters  first,  and  afterwards  the  espaliers  and  wall 
trees.  As  soon  as  the  quarters  are  done  let  the  ground 
have  a  dressing  of  rotten  cow-dung,  or  fresh  loam,  aud 
afterwards  dug  over  for  the  winter  ;  if  the  laud  is  of  a 
heavy  nature,  leave  it  as  rough  as  possible.  Fspaliers 
should  be  looked  over  after  pruning  ;  the  stakes  made 
good,  and  the  trees  again  securely  tied  to  them  ; 
where  permanent  iron-wire  railing  is  used  for  espaliers, 
a  coat  of  mineral  black,  or  auti- corrosive  paiut 
should  be  laid  oa  when  the  wires,  &c.,  are  dry, 
before  the  trees  are  trained.  Cherries,  Gooseberries, 
and  Currants  have  often  their  buds  destroyed 
in  severe  weather  by  birds ;  take  the  opportunity 
of  a  damp  day  and  well  dust  the  shoots  with  a 
mixture  of  dry  soot  and  quickUme,  sufficiently  to  cover 
the  buds  ;  we  have  found  two  or  three  dustings  during 
the  winter  prevent  in  a  great  measure  the  ravages  of 
these  pests. 

KTTCHEN    GARDEN. 

The  principal  work  in  this  department  will  be  in 
affording  protection  to  such  vegetables  as  are  likely  to 
be  injured  by  frost.  Cauliflower,  and  Walcheren 
Broccoli,  Ctilery,  Endive,  Parsley,  and  various  other 
things,  will  require  a  covering  of  some  kind  on  the 
approach  of  frost.  If  not  already  done,  lose  no  time  in 
filling  all  the  spare  pits  and  frauies  with  Cauliflower, 
Lettuce,  aud  Endive  for  winter  use.  Parsley  and 
Sorrel  in  pots,  should  be  placed  in  an  empty  Vinery  or 
Peach-house,  for  use  in  severe  weather.  Mint, 
Tarragon,  Burnet,  Basil,  &c.,  will  require  being 
placed  in  a  little  heat  to  bring  them  along.  Plant 
a  batch  of  the  early  Ash-leaf,  or  other  good  early 
Potato  iu  small  pots,  for  turnmg  out  into  a  pit,  or  into 
larger  pots  in  Jauuary.  The  Mushroom  house  will 
serve  to  sprout  them.  The  first  crop  of  forced 
Rhubarb  and  Asparagus  should  have  a  little  air  each 
fine  day  (if  growing  under  glass),  after  they  are  started ; 
the  latter,  especially,  should  be  exposed  to  all  the  light 
possible  ;  keep  up  a  mild  steady  heat,  and  prepai'e  beds 
for  second  crops.  Seakale  should  be  kept  dark  and 
quite  dry,  as  it  is  liable  to  damp  off.     In  cutting  the 


shoots,  leave  the  side  shoots  for  a  second  crop  ;  re- 
member, the  more  slowly  it  is  forced,  the  finer  and 
more  tender  it  will  be.  Give  air  each  mild  day  to  young 
Caulifiowex's  and  Lettuces  under  glass.  A  sprinkling  of 
soot  now  and  then  will  keep  out  slugs,  and  help  to  im- 
prove their  growth. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  aadloK  Dec.  Z,  ISbi,  aiobierved  at  the  HortlctUturRl  OardenB, 

Chiswick. 


Friday.,  26  • 
Satur.  ..  27  1 
Suuday  .  '28  1 
Monday  29  1 
Tues.  „  30  1 
Wed.  .,  1  i 
Thnrs...     2  2 


Averaite 


si 

TBayHUATUBm. 

a 

s 
a 

o 

Of  the  Air. 

OftlieEarth. 

Wind. 

Max. 

Mia. 

Max. 

Min. 

MeaD 

1  foot 
deep. 

2  /eet 
deep. 

sg.ies 

29.42R 

ftfi   ' 

33 

47.0 

46 

43 

SW 

7i^ 

Ifi 

29.822 

29.692 

49 

39 

44.0 

47 

4I> 

w. 

no 

i; 

29.670 

29.-150 

SI 

?^ 

39„=i 

4ai 

43i 

N.W 

-l!S 

13    29.630 

29.507 

:w 

■M 

3(;-5 

44 

41 

N 

III! 

19.  29.954 

19.783 

•12 

3S.5 

43 

434 

N. 

.Ill) 

2U    29.917 

29.S0O 

43 

39     ,   4i.5 

43 

4;i* 

Ui 

21 

29.S70 

29.S3S 

43 

25        41.5 

43 

43t 

W. 

.OIJ 

29.776 

29.6  J  2 

47.6 

34.0 

40  8 

44.5 

41.1 

.Si 

ov.    26— UoiHieroua  with  raia;    warm  H.V/.  wind  thlouf[tlouti   heavy 
rain  at  niitbt. 

—  27— Clea"-;  fine;  clear  at  ois'it 

—  28  — Clew;  showery;  uniformly  overcast;  frosty. 

—  ^9— Uvercast  and  cold  tbrouKhuuC. 

—  .10— Clear  and  cold ;  ovecaat. 

c,        1  — FroBty ;  floe,  with  auo  till  nnoa;  overcast;  rain. 

—  2— Partially  overcast;  fioe;  ovcrcafi'. 

Mean  temperature  of  the  weelc,  nearly  1  deE>  below  the  ftveragft. 


STATE  OP  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
Daring  the  last  27  yearH,  for  the  enBulng  week,  endlnn  Dec.  11, 1852. 


lit 
Ian 

lis 

it 

No.  of 
Years  iu 
which  it 

Kained. 

Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Bain. 

Frevaillns  Wiods. 

Dec. 

2 

2: 

1 
1 

1 

3 

6 
3 
3 

"Ti  1  liol 

1  1  4:ii  6 

3   2,  S   4    6 

2  1    2   9   S 
2   1    :  10    4 
2   1    6   7,  4 
1    S   5   6    5 

s 

Sunday  5 
Mon        6 
Tues.      7 
Wed.       S 
Thura.     y 
Friday  lu 
Satur.    11 

47.3 
46.7 
47Ji 
46.1 
45.6 
46.4 
46.0 

3i.O 
35,3 
36.7 
33.5 
35.6 
34.4 
32j 

41.1 
410 
42.0 

39.a 

40.6 
40.4 
39.3 

15 

14 
15 

i:i 

10 

s 

8 

0.13  in. 

0.14 

0.14 

0,16 

C.03 

0.20 

0.62 

i 

1 

4 
2 
I 
3 
3 

The  ht;;hent  temperature  durm? 
aud  llth.  ISlS-tberm.  GO  deg.;  ai 
therm  14  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

CocoA-NtJT  :  J  C.  This  fruit  is  called  "  Coker-nut"  by  people, 
because  they  Vnow  uo  better. 

Fhuit  TREE3  :*  IK  G  A.  We  do  not  auppone  that  sheep  would 
readily  bark  fruit  trees  in  ao  orchiird  after  the  applicatioa 
of  tar.  But  whether  they  would  do  so  or  not  is  immaterial, 
for  the  tar  would  kill  the  trees,  more  especially  if  gas-tar  were 
employed.ll— rfi"  H.  Twelve  Pears  for  standards,  and  to  form 
a  succession  :  William8''Boa  Chretien,  Jersey  Gratioli,  Fon- 
dante  d'Automne,  Comte  de  Laray,  LouIbo  Bonne  (of  Jersey), 
Marie  Louise,  Beurre  Diel,  Thompson's,  Glout  Morceau, 
Passe  Coloiar,  Easter  Beurre,  and  Bcurre  Ranee.  Two 
Baking  Pears  :  Catillac  and  Double  de  Guerre.  Six  Table 
Apples  :  Summer  Golden  Pippin,  Golden  Reieette,  Early  Non- 
pareil, Courtof  Wick,  Pearson's  Plate,  ScarlecNoDpftreil.  Six 
Kitchen  Apples  :  Dutch  Codlin,  Eawthornden,  Dumelow's 
Seedling,  Bedfordshire  Foundling,  MSre  de  Menage,  Rymer. 
Plums  :  Royale  Biltive,  Green-aage,  JefFeraon.  Cherries : 
ilayduke,  Elton,  Bigarraau.  Goueeherriea :  Red  Cham- 
pagne, Red  Warrington,  Red  Turkey,  Keens-'  Seedling  Red  ; 
Woodward's  Whittaihitb,  Early  White;  Pitmaston  Green- 
gage, Massej's  Heart  of  Oak  ;  Yellow  Champagne,  Rum- 
bullion.  Peaches:  Royal  George,  Bellegardo,  Barrington; 
Elrufje  and  Violet  Hative  Nectariaes,|| 

LoaiiNous  FtANTS :  E  M.  We  regret  to  say  that  no  deter- 
mination has  been  arrived  at  concernini;  the  luminous 
plant,  called  by  the  Brahmins  Jyoiismati,  discovered  in  the 
Ooraghum  Hills  of  Madura,  near  Trichoor,  in  Southern 
ludia,  and  exhibited  April,  18i5.  at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal 
A&iatic  Society,  as  noted  in  our  columns  of  or  about  tnat 
date,  Indian  botanists  alone  can  investigate  the  matter, 
and  they  do  not  seem  to  have  applied  themselves  to  it.  All 
that  we  know  is  that  the  dead  rhizome  was  luminous  while 
in  our  possession.  It  emitted  a  light  not  distinguishable 
from  pale  phosphorescent  gleam". 

NAMEa  OP  Plants:  Tlios,  F  W.  Diosma  ciliata.— CJ/K  Per- 
nettya  mucronata  ;  bears  a  white  blossom  and  a  purple  berry. 
Tha  oiherisaviiriety  of  Phillyrea  obliqua  ;  it  produces  small 
prceu  flowers,  but  will  not  (ruit.  Botn  are  hardy. —  T  D  S, 
The  so-called  Franciscea  is  a  plant  with  which  we  are  quite 
unacquain-ed.  No  Eucalyptus  is  determinable  without  adult 
loaves,  and  flowers.  If  your  Assam  plant  milks,  it  ia  a 
Ficus. 

Peaes  \  SF  W.  Where  there  is  a  sufficient  depth  of  Roil,  Pear 
trees  thrive  very  well  on  the  new  red  sandstone.  The  sub- 
stance of  manure  will  soon  wash  down  through  the  sandy 
subsoil ;  it  will  therefore  be  advisable  to  add  a  quantity  of 
stronij  but  not  too  adhesive  loam.  On  such  a  subdoil  you 
will  do  well  to  make  your  borders  3  feet  deep.H 

PiNE-APpLES  :  Ktnlon,  The  fruit  you  have  sent  appears  to  have 
been  extremely  well  grown ;  but  it  looks  as  if  it  wore  over- 
ripe. Such  apoearances  are,  however,  not  uncommon  where 
there  is  more  damp  in  the  Pine-house  than  the  ventilation, 
or  light,  or  temperature,  all  or  either,  can  enable  the  plants 
to  digest.  Under  such  circumstances  plants  may  be  very 
vigorous,  fruit  beautifully  swelled,  and  no  sign  of  decay 
visible  up  to  the  time  of  actual  ripeness,  but  such  fruit  will 
not  keip  ;  on  the  contrary,  it  decays  at  the  core,  or  in  the 
places  wht-re  seeds  sometimes  come,  just  as  in  your  case. 
We  presume  that  ^ou  do  not  find  the  fruit  wrong  during  fine 
bright  warm  weather,  when  there  is  plenty  of  light,  and 
air  can  be  given  freely,  which  for  a  month  past  has  been 
imposflible. 

Potatoes  :  A  Subscriber.  If  you  wish  to  know  whether  wet  will 
rot  Potatoes  iu  winter,  just  put  some  in  a  bag,  and  throw  it 
into  a  pond,  weighting  it  enough  to  keep  them  under  water, 
and  out  of  the  reach  ot  ice.  Be  advised,  and  do  not  mistake 
accidents  for  consequences.  Read  also  the  result  of  Mr. 
Roy-Mabille's  experiments,  formerly  reported  by  us  at 
leujth. 

Pots  :  jVary  Anne.  Plants  succeed  equally  well  in  glazed  pots 
aud  in  those  made  of  common  red  earthenware.^ 

Scotch  Firs  ahd  Pinasters  :  li  Q.  These  trees  cannot  be 
lopped  with  advantage  in  April  and  May  ;  to  make  them 
grow  well  and  handsomely,  the  Operation  should  only  be  done 
in  the  autumn  or  winter. 

St.  DuiUNQo:  Ji  S,  Parcel  this  moment  arrived,  but  not 
uDpa(;ked. 

Vines  :  Amateur.  Prune  the  laterals  on  your  young  Vines  nearly 
close  to  the  well-swelled  buds  at  tbeir  buseB,  aud  then  you 
mav  consider  the  pruning  operation  hni&hed.H 

Walls  :  N  WH.  The  mixture  you  have  applied  to  your  wall 
will  not  injure  your  trees.  If  the  latter  are  infested  with 
insects,  then  you  should  waah  them  well  with  a  mixture  of 
tobacco,  soft  soup,  aud  water. 

Mi6c  :  J  \V.  We  are  not  aware  that  any  Registry-office  exists 
in  Loudon  such  as  that  about  which  you  inquire.} 


49—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


777 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being'  notorious  that  exceoslve  adalterations  of  this 
MANUBS  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  t'ablic  again  to  recommend  farmers  and  all  othtirs  who 

buy  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addiciou  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
we'i  to  retniud  buyers  that  — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  thelast  two  years  is 
91.  os.pei'  ton,  less  '2|-  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  le<«ve  a  lo""  fo  them,  or  »he  artic'e  must  be  adulterated. 

HE  LONDON   MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 

the  best  terms  Whetit  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Liueeed, 
Kape  Cakea,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Limo, 
and  every  other  artificial  mauure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  tbe 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 

Kdwabd  Poesgb,  Sec.,  Bridsre.atreet.  Blackfriars.  London, 

MANURES. — The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  LAWES'aFaciory,  Deptlord  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

"     Office,  69,  King  WiUiam-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
i^mmonia,  SI.  11)5.  per  ton ;   and  for  o  tons  or  more,  91.  53,  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


MANURE. 

PEAT  C H ARCO A L,  completely  saturated  with 
London  Sewage,  will  be  found  a  moat  effective  manure 
for  any  "crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  SenaKe  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridire,  Fulhain,  Middlesex,  at  6l)s.  per  ton, 
4j.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  Gd.  per  J  cwf. 

"  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tiliser; we  have  iried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plant?  ;  wc-  put  halt  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dahlia, 
sowed  it  in  the  row  with  B-ans,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  Cabba:^e.  Tbe  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  ftScacious  the  second  year  as  the  firet." — The 
Oarden,  hy  ilr.  Glenny. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  are  universally  approved 
of.  They  iacilitate  labour  iJ  per  cent.  They  huvu  received  the 
Silver  Medal  at  Leives,  Dublin,  Galway,  Shffiield,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn  h«s  received  the 
prizs  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  agricultural  meetings  where 
it  has  been  shown.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  il,  says, 
"  This  form  ot  churn  is  the  best  lor  churning  sweet  cream,  and 
will  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  milk  or  cream,  in  any 
form,  in  much  less  time  than  any  churn  that  h^s  yet  been 
introduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
Meuhi  has  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
oarable,  and  effectice.  Gutta  percha  tubing,  bunds  for 
machinery,  bose  for  pumps,  and  an  assortment  of  prize  and  the 
beat  farm  implements.  Price  cataloeues  seat  on  application. — 
BcBGzsa  and  Ker.  103,  Neivgate-sireet,  London,  agents  lor 
Jl'Cnnnick'*  AfiiPrican  R-siper. 


SMITHFIELD    CATTLE   SHOW. 

WSKIRVING,  Wnlton  Nursery,  Liverpool,  begs 
•  to  auquahit  his  frienils  and  the  public,  tliat  ho  will 
attend  the  ensuint;  Smitfafield  Cattle  Shoiv,  to  exhibit  Roots  of 
his  Improved  SWCDE  and  other  TURNIPS,  and  to' take 
orders  for  tbe  Seed  of  them,  and  ail  other  approved  kinds  ot 
Agriculmral  Seeds. 

W.  S.  will  also  ciliibit  specimenn  of  thfRn  new  and  highly 
interestinirhardj  Tree*.  A«aUC  AlU\  IMBRICATA.  CEDliUS 
DEODARA,  and  CltYPTOMERlA  JAPONICA,  of  which  he 
hold*  an  exten&ice  Siock,  of  various  ages  and  eizus,  all  yiown 
from  leed  in  the  open  ground,  and  transplantbd  inio  beds  or 
poti  In  the  Nursery, — Livcrsmol.  Dec.  4. 


PRIZE  CATTLE  SHOW  OF  THE  SMITHFIELD 
CLCB,  1852.— The  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION  "f  PnZ" 
Cattle,  Seeds,  Roots,  Implements,  &c.,  commences  TUESDAY 
taornlo^,  and  cl'Kiea  FRIDAY  eveninp,  7th,  Stii,  &ih,  aud  lUili 
DCCEUBER:  Bazaar,  King-street,  and  liaker-sireet.  Opcu 
frotn  Day liebt  till  Nine  in  tbe  Evening. — Admittance.  ^3 


THE  BIRMINGHAM  CATTLE  and  POULTRY 
SHOW,  ISSi.  —  The  FuUKTH  OKEAT  ANNUAL 
ESniBITION  uf  CaTTI.K,  SHEEP,  Mas,  and  thev.irloii« 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POnLTKY,  iviH  be  held  in  BIN'GLBY 
HALL,  BimU.VOHAM.  on  TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY. 
THURSDAY,  nod  FHIDAY,  the  14th.  l.lih,  Hth.  ai.d  17tb 
<l»7«ofDi:CEMKER.  The  PRIVATE  VIEW  and  tho  ANNUAL 
DINNER  on  TUESDAY,  Drotmber  U. 

AdmUilori.  on  lueS'Ja;,  ^5. ;  and  oa  Wednesday,  Thursday, 
and  Friday,  1j. 


ROYAL      AGRICULTUKAL      SOCIETY       OF 
BSGLASD.-Tlie    DECEMDEIt  GENERAL  MBETINO 
will  b.  bfid  at  the  Socicij'jt  Ilou^e.  in  Ilnnover  Square,  on 
SATUUUaY,  Uirll'b  D^cunber,  at  U  o'clock  In  the  i'orcnuoD. 
tij  Order  ol  tbe  Council. 

James  Hudson,  Secretary, 


Oie  ^gvtcultural  @a?Ptte» 

SATURDAY,  DECEMBKR  i,  1852. 
ueeTi.iGS  run  Tat:  two  poi.bun  i;<a  weeks. 

H'ao.k.BAr.      —       A— AKncuttur.l  ■ociciyof  EoKthn'l. 
Ta".ii>«i,          »       '*— &«rlruitur«l  Itji)..  flArMy  of  Iri'lan'l. 
T»a.»4T.             —      It— hl>miiiKh*rn 'XUff  and  poiillr/ Know. 
IT.. ...1)41.      —      I'j- Afneullural  ■Hnc'knr  o(  KuKl.'iii. 
Tav.i.At,        —     :4— .(rlra'lu'.l  Itnp.BocUljr  of  IreUnd. 
♦  - 

TiiEBE  are  many  (Jelailn  connected  with  the  great 
work  of  the  farm,  at  the  pretieut  Keaiion  of  the  year, 
which  deserve  closer  attention  than  they  generally 
receive.  Thk  cooKtr.'i  op  fooo  pou  CAriLK  is,  if 
poMible,  a  work  of  more  importanco  tlian  tho 
co'jking  of  food  for  the  liuman  family  ;  the  former 
affect*  the  fiuantily,  the  Latter  only  the  'juality  of 
hnman  food.  The  manner  in  which  food  is  oflen 
thrown  before  Ijcails  oi  every  kind  is  altogether 
onpardonalile;  for  although  the  digestive  organs  of 
our  domestic  animals  differ  widely  from  those  of 
mao,  thexe  aoimala  being  capable  of  building  and 


maintaining  their  bodies  out  of  raw  materials  of  a 
coarse  character,  yet  they  are  not  less  nice  in  their 
taste  than  we  are.  Indeed  they  are  even  more  so, 
as  is  proved  by  the  manner  in  which  they  avoid  or 
select  tile  plants  of  our  pastures,  and  choose  Grass 
grown  after  one  species  of  manure  before  Grass 
grown  after  another.  Nor  are  they  less  dependent 
on  the  proper  mixture  of  their  food,  as  is  shown  by 
the  manner  in  which  the  stomachs  of  different 
individuals  are  differently  affected  by  the  same  kind 
of  fond — wliich  produces  bone,  muscle,  and  fat  in 
different  degrees  and  proportions  in  different  cases. 
Man  knows  his  own  necessities  in  this  respect, 
and  chooses  accordingly  ;  but  cattle  are  differently 
situated,  especially  when  house  fed,  where  the 
selection  and  cooking  of  their  food  is  left  iu  no 
degree  to  their  natural  instinct. 

The  subject  divides  itself  into  two  parts, — the 
selection  of  the  raw  materials  of  food,  .and  their 
preparation  and  mixing  or  cooking  afterwards,  when 
about  to  be  served  up  for  consumption. 

In  the  harvesting  of  hay  and  corn  crops,  that 
which  is  only  fit  for  litter  ought  to  be  kept  separate 
from  that  which  is  to  be  consumed  by  caltle :  a  rule 
which  the  interest  of  the  farmer  requires  to  be 
reduced  to  practice,  also  in  reference  to  the 
different  qualities  of  corn  ;  for  the  corn  gi'own  on 
laid  straw — whether  it  be  Wheat,  Barley,  Oats, 
Peas,  or  Beans,  is  always  of  an  inferior  quality — 
often  unfit  for  any  other  purpose  than  to  be  given  to 
pigs  or  poultry,  and  hence  ought  not  to  be  mixed  in 
the  stacking  with  that  grown  on  clean  standing 
straw.  The  two  should  be  stacked  separately,  so 
that  the  corn  and  straw  of  each  may  be  appropriated 
to  purposes  according  to  their  respective  qualities. 
Praclice,  in  the  hurry  of  harvest  operations,  is  not 
unfrequently  short-sighted  in  this  matter;  for  the 
stacking  of  the  good  and  bad  together,  and  then 
cutting  them  up  into  chaff,  so  as  to  compel  cattle 
to  eat  both,  or  the  using  of  the  fine  straw  along 
with  the  coarse  as  litter,  is  an  obviously  faulty 
practice.  It  is  not  improbable  .that  the  reaping- 
machine  may  necessitate  many  farmers  to  adopt  a 
sounder  practice  than  they  now  follow,  from  the  fact 
of  its  passing  over  lying  beds,  and  leaving  them  to 
be  cut  up  afterwards  ;  but  be  that  as  it  may,  the 
little  extra  expense  in  effecting  a  separation  in  the 
harvest  field,  if  judiciously  gone  about,  is  not  to  be 
set  against  the  benefits  to  be  afterwards  gained. 
Good  Oat  straw  is  often  better  tlian  bad  hay  for 
cattle,  and  better  relished  by  them ;  and  as  good 
quality  in  Ijoth  hay  and  corn-harvest  is  often  the 
exception,  it  ought  to  be  kept  carefully  separate  by 
itself. 

In  reference  to  the  second  head  of  our  subject,  we 
may  remark  tliat  too  much  attention  seems  to  have 
been  shown  to  mere  chaff-cutting  and  Turnip- 
cutting,  and  to  the  proper  apportionment  of  each — 
i.  e.,  to  the  weight  which  each  beast  should  receive 
daily — as  if  the  mouths  of  horses,  oxen,  and  sheep 
were  of  some  specific  and  definite  dimensions,  to 
which  the  length  of  these  bits  of  straw  and  pieces 
of  Turnip  must  be  properly  fitted  ;  while  the  proper 
mixture  of  these  and  other  substances,  which  in 
itself  constitutes  really  the  art  of  cooking,  has  been 
left  in  the  background,  as  if  the  peculiar  demands 
of  the  alimentary  organs,  especially  of  ruminant 
animals,  was,  in  practice,  a  question  of  only  second- 
rate  importance — a  conclusion  the  most  remote  from 
the  facts  of  the  case  ;  for  however  carefully  prepared 
and  weighed  out  the  different  constituents  of  food 
may  be  ;  if  given  separately  or  even  improperly 
mixed  together,  too  much  of  one  kind  is  liable  to  be 
consumed,  aud  too  little  of  another,  the  consequence 
of  which  is  a  derangement  of  the  system,  and  waste 
of  food.  It  is  only  when  a  proper  mixture  takes 
place  that  the  food  becomes  palatable,  digestible, 
and  nutritive  in  the  highest  degree,  inducing  the 
animal  to  eat  and  work  up  the  largest  quantity  of  it 
into  its  system.  Of  course  from  the  diversity  of  con- 
stitution and  of  season  no  definite  rule  can  be  given 
as  to  how  much  of  this,  that,  and  the  other  should  be 
mixed,  nor  how  much  of  the  compound  should  be 
given  d.'iily  to  produce  the  greatest  effect.  These 
are  points  on  which  experience  alone  can  decide. 
The  (mly  rule  which  should  obtain  is  that 
which  agrees  best  with  each  individual ;  and  after 
this  has  once  been  ascertained,  the  practice  based  upon 
it  should  be  followed  up  with  unvjiryiiig  fidelity. 
No  doubt  were  experiments  and  constitution.al 
cliar.icteristics  faithfully  recorded,  they  would,  in 
some  measure,  serve  as  a  guide  to  future  ]ir.actice, 
but  practice  is  so  surrounded  with  changing  cir- 
cumstances of  endless  variety  that  experience  as 
well  as  judgment  is  noces.«;iry  to  make  tho  corre- 
sponding changes  of  diet  before  it  can  bo  served  »[> 
to  either  (ho  horse,  the  ox,  the  sheep,  or  the  pig, 
witli  any  ccrlainfy  of  success. 

It  would  thus  appear  that  a  period  not  far  dislant 
is  indicated  when  every  farmer  who  cfirrius  on  busi- 
neaii  to  any  cmiiiderablo  extent  will  have  his  cuttle 


cook,  whose  shop  will  form  an  essential  department, 
second,  indeed,  to  none  on  the  farm— that  the 
various  elements  of  food,  such  as  hay,  straw,  diff^erent 
kinds  of  corn,  oilcake,  roots,  &c.,  will,  on  passing 
through  his  hands,  be  manufactured  separately,  in 
the  first  instance,  and  afterwards  mixed  according 
to  the  wants  of  the  individual  animals  whose  tastes, 
appetites,  and  requirements  he  will  have  carefully 
to  study. 

ON  THE  APPLICATION  AND  EFFEt^TS  OF 
MANURE. 

In  my  communication  which  appeared  in  your  Paper 
No.  46,  I  instanced  the  practice  of  the  grower  of  per, 
raanent  Gr.tss  as  supporting  the  theory  that  the  excre- 
ments of  animals  supply  the  most  valuable  manure  fo- 
the  plants  which  furnish  their  food.  I  now  seek  tr 
occupy  your  columns  with  some  observ.ations  and  dato 
derived  from  my  practice  as  an  occupier  of  Grass  landa 
which  seem  to  favour  such  conclusions.  The  Grass, 
district  in  which  I  reside  is  of  considerable  extent ;  you 
may  travel  40  or  50  miles  in  one  dii'ection  without 
seeing,  e.Kcept  here  and  there,  an  isolated  field  in 
tillage.  It  comprises  land  of  varied  staple  and  capa- 
bility ;  the  poorer  and  higher  farms  are  used  for 
breeding  stock  or  agistment  ;  the  richer  and  warmer, 
particularly  those  on  the  banks  of  streams  and  rivers, 
for  fattening.  Without  inquiry  into  the  claims  of  the 
poorer  class  of  soils  to  maintain  their  fertility,  I  pro- 
ceed to  describe  the  statistics  and  treatment  of  the 
richer  pastures  which  from  year  to  year  support  their 
character  of  maintaining  the  same  stock. 

The  holders  or  tenants  commence  the  buying  in  of 
their  stock,  as  opportunity  serves,  during  Mai'cli,  and 
complete  this  towards  tlie  close  of  May.  These  cattle 
are  well-grown  heifers  or  cows  which  have  been  in  milk, 
suitable  for  fattening,  and  are  sent  to  the  neighbour 
ing  markets  from  September  to  November  ;  interspersed 
with  them  is  a  proportion  of  ewes  with  lambs  or 
wedders,  which  are  disposed  of  during  the  same  period. 
As  the  fattening  cattle  are  drawn  off,  they  are  replaced 
with  "  stores  "  for  the  ne.xt  season,  and  with  ewes  for 
lambing  whicli  continue  jon  depastui-e  as  long  as  tho 
food  aud  weather  allow,  the  sheep  sometimes  through 
winter.  I  think  it  fair  to  assume  that  these  pastures 
carry  a  bullock  or  heifer  per  acre  during  si.x  months  of 
the  year.  I  now  proceed  to  consider  the  amount  of 
mauure  supplied  in  excrements  to  these  Grass  lands. 
1  find,  from  observations  made  at  different  seasons,  aud 
extending  over  a  series  of  several  weeks,  that  cows  or 
heifers  weighing  from  40  to  SO  stone  each  yield  at  the 
rate  of  10  tons  a-year,  solid  aud  liquid  excrements; 
with  dry  fodder  the  weight  is  nearly  similar,  which  is 
explained  by  stating  tliat  with  dry  food  tbe  cattle  drink 
60  to  70  ibs.  a-day  of  water,  which  is  wholly,  or  nearly 
so  supplied  to  them  by  the  watery  components  of  green 
food.  Grass,  Turnips,  &c.  From  an  analysis  by  Mr. 
Way  it  appears  that  fl'2  per  cent,  of  this  excrement  is 
moisture.  Allowing  tho  faeces  its  due  proportion, 
there  will  be  in  each  100  lbs. — of  freces,  3BI — of  liquid, 
G6|  ;  total,  100.  It  is  important  to  consider  in  what 
state  this  manure  is  supplied  ;  the  more  volatile 
property  nitrogen  or  ammonia  is  chiefly  iu  the  liquid, 
whilst  the  miueral  or  non-volatile  is  almost  wholly  in 
the  fteces.  From  the  quantities  stated  it  will  be  seen 
that  these  pastures  receive  each  season  per  acre — Of 
liquid  7500  lbs.,  charged  with  60  lbs.  of  ammonia  ;  and 
of  fteces  3750  lbs.,  charged  with  74  lbs.  of  phosphate  of 
lime,  not  taking  into  accouut  other  ingredients.  It  will 
be  observed  that  with  every  pound  of  this  nitrogen  is 
discharged  more  than  130  lbs.  of  water,  which  serve  as 
a  vehicle  to  its  destination  the  soil,  aptly  termed  the 
stomach  of  vegetation.  It  is  applied  in  small  quantities 
at  all  times  aud  seasons  ;  if  iu  wet  weather  it  will  be 
immediately  washed  into  the  ground  ;  if  iu  drought,  it 
will,  I  think,  be  absorbed  likewise,  witli  some  little 
detriment  from  the  caustic  quality  of  the  nitrogen 
scorching  the  Grass.  The  attention  of  the  husbandman 
is  I'equired  at  times,  and  in  wet  weather,  to  spread  the 
fieces  which  ai'e  washed  in  by  the  rain.  Tho  nitrogen 
enters  the  soil  as  urea,  when,  by  fermentation  and 
decomposition,  it  becomes  ararauuia— food  for  plants.  I 
am  not  aware  that  there  is  any  difference  iu  tlie  result 
of  this  fermentation  as  compared  with  what  takes  place 
iu  the  dunghill,  except  that  in  one  case  the  ammonia  is 
fixed  iu  the  soil,  as  we  are  taught  by  Prof.  Way,  whilst 
in  the  other  some  portion  of  it  escapes  in  tho  atmo- 
sphere. Let  a  joint  of  mutton  or  beef  be  placed  under- 
ground, and  another  on  the  surface,  fermentation  aud 
decomposition  will  ensue,  and  when  complete  tho 
I'cslduum  iu  each  will  be  bono — mineral  matter  ;  the 
process  will,  I  apprehend,  bo  precisely  similar,  varying 
only  in  speed. 

Will  not  tho  chemist  toll  you  that  tho  components  of 
the  joints  have  uudcrgono  a  change  I  The  carbon  has 
become  carbonic  acid,  and  the  nitrogen  annnonia,  with 
this  essential  difference,  that  tho  nitntgcn  of  tho  joint 
on  the  surface  will  have  gone  to  enrich  tho  common 
fuiul  in  the  atmoHphcre,  while  that  in  the  joint  under- 
ground, will  bo  retained  to  nourish  vcgftati(ui.  Let  ma 
hero  ask  what  has  bec<jme  of  tho  carbon  ?  (of  which 
more  than  oiu-'-lialf  of  tho  flesh  consists.)  Will  it  not  in 
each  case  have  sought  tho  atmoH|ihcro  i  Wo  hear  of  many 
contrivances  to  arrest  the  flight  of  ammonia,  but  of 
none  to  stay  that  of  carbonic  acicl — another  iustanco  of 
the  neglect  of  carbon.  If  it  can  bo  shown  that  the 
uroa  ot  tho  rn|uid  Huniciently  ixtnclriitea  aiul  is  absorbed 
by  the  soil,  I  hold  that  tho  application  of  manure 
on    pasture,  under   tho    circurastaucca   described,   ia 


778 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Dec.  4, 


economicalj  and  together  with  what  is  derived  from  the 
atmosphere  sufficient. 

It  will  be  seen  that  about  60  lbs.  of  ammonia  is 
supplied  to  an  acre  each  season.  When  guano  is  used 
to  a  meadow,  3  cwt.  per  acre,  containing  50  lbs.  of 
ammonia,  is  thought  adequate  ;  the  aftermatli  is  eaten 
off  by  cattle,  wliich  gives  some  addition  in  their 
excrements.  With  a  somewhat  similar  quantity  of 
ammonia  in  the  application,  there  is  a  marl;ed  difference 
in  the  effect.  With  the  excrements  from  the  Grass 
■we  go  on  for  a  series  of  years  without  perceiving  or 
acknowledging  any  deterioration,  whilst  with  guano  we 
find  a  change  of  produce,  the  coarser  Grasses  are 
encoui'aged  to  the  displacement  of  the  finer,  a  con- 
tinued application  of  guano  yeai'  after  year  is  not 
deemed  advisable. 

My  practice,  which  I  have  before  described  in  your 
columns,  is  in  accordance  with  the  views  I  have  now 
stated  ;  instead  of  straw  amongst  my  manure,  wliich 
tends  to  encourage  fermentation,  I  use  peat  soil,  whicli 
retards  or  prevents  it.  I  commence  mowing  my 
meadows  towards  the  close  of  May  ;  so  soon  as  favour- 
able moist  weather  allows,  they  are  dressed  with  fresh 
unfermented  dung,  which  I  use  means  to  distribute  and 
brush  into  the  ground.  By  the  time  my  second  mowing 
is  finished,  October,  nearly  the  whole'  of  my  meadows 
are  manured  with  the  excrements  derived  from  their 
produce.  It  may  sometimes  happen  that  within  a  few 
hours  after  the  grass  has  been  cut,  the  excrements  from 
that  grass  are  again  applied  to  the  space  where  it  was 
grown  to  cherish  its  reproduction. 

I  offer  these  observations  to  the  consideration  of  your 
readers  ;  to  me  they  appear  to  support  the  theory  to 
which  I  referred  at  the  commencement — that  the 
excrements  of  an  animal  supply  the  most  valuable 
manure  for  the  plants  wdiich  furnish  their  food,  and 
they  also  tend  to  confirm  me  in  my  conclusions  in  favour 
of  the  use  of  fresh  dung,  and  that  the  fermentation  of 
manure  previous  to  its  application  is  attended  with 
waste.  Y. 


THE   IRISH  POTATO  CROP  1852. 

When  the  editor  of  this  Paper  made  his  annual  call 
for  the  return  of  crops,  it  was  a  general  apprehension, 
from  the  early  appearance  and  virulence  of  the  disease 
in  the  Potato,  that  the  loss  of  the  crop  would  be  all  but 
total,  it  was  commonly  said  that  it  had  never  been  so 
bad  since  1846  ;  this  apprehension  appears  now  to  be 
far  from  realised.  In  this  part  of  Ireland,  after  the 
first  attack  and  loss,  which  was  certainly  severe  and 
great,  the  putrefactive  action  of  the  mildew  on  the 
tubers  does  not  appear  to  have  progressed,  and  I  believe 
this  to  be  the  case  everywhere.  In  the  Potatoes  then 
dug  out  as  large  a  proportion  was  certainly  diseased  as 
is  now  (in  this  neighboui'hoood,  if  we  exclude  bog, 
■which  was  all  but  free  from  disease,  averaging  under 
one-fourth) ;  we  are  not,  however,  justified  in  calcu- 
lating the  loss  at  only  this  amount,  for  it  is  to  be  recol- 
lected tliat  from  the  early  period  at  which  the  growth 
■was  checked  by  the  death  of  leaf  and  stem,  a  much 
greater  loss  has  been  sustained.  Possibly  if  we  reckon 
that  the  crop  falls  two-thirds  short  of  what  it  would 
have  been,  had  there  been  no  disease,  we  shall  be  pretty 
near  the  thing. 

From  the  breadth  of  land  under  Potatoes  this  year, 
had  there  been  no  disease,  there  would  probably  have 
been  an  ample  supply  of  Potatoes,  and  consequently  of 
cheap  food  for  the  support  of  the  whole  of  our  diminished 
population  ;  as  it  is,  our  Oatmeal,  and  ^et  more  the 
cheaper  American  produce,  Indian  meal,  must  still  be 
resorted  to,  as  at  present  constituting  cheaper  articles  of 
food  than  Potatoes.  In  the  former  case,  and  it  was 
expected.  Potatoes  would  have  been  sold  at  2d.  or  little 
more  the  stone  in  the  country  markets— they  now  are 
selling  at  an  average  of  5d.  ;  at  this  price  they  become 
a  luxui'y,  which  only  the  wealthier  can  enjoy  ;  yet  so 
much  more  agi*eeable  than  grain  are  they  to  the  Irish 
palate,  that  every  one  who  can  afford  it,  and  every  little 
farmer  that  has  grown  them  in  sufficient  quantity  chiefly 
exists  upon  them  (also  from  their  refuse  in  the  feeding 
of  swine  and  poultry  some  benefit  is  obtained,  and  such 
is  the  feeling  in  respect  of  them,  that  it  is  a  common 
saying,  "  There  is  no  plenty  in  the  house  without  them.") 
They  still  constitute  a  very  great — the  greatest — element 
of  enjoyment  under  the  Irish  peasant's  roof-tree.  How  ■ 
then  stands  the  question  with  regard  to  the  propriety  of 
continuing  their  culture  ?  Here,  in  a  year  of  early 
attack  of  fungus,  it  is  to  be  observed,  although  it  seems 
to  escape  general  attention,  that  these  years  of  early 
attack  alternate  with  year's  of  later  attack,  and  therefore 
of  more  abundant  produce  ;  we  harvest  the  third  part 
of  a  full  crop,  and  this  third  of  a  crop  is  equivalent 
in  food  to  a  full  crop  of  Oats  (according  to  the  average 
crops  of  the  country),  in  a  year,  then,  of  greatest 
failure,  it  is  equally  profitable  for  home  consumption, 
to  the  man  who  grows  them,  to  plant  an  acre  of  Pota- 
toes as  to  sow  an  acre  of  Oats  ;  to  him  who  plants  them 
for  sale  they  are  yet  more  valuable,  for  at  so  low  a  price 
as  4d.  a  stone  they  will  bring  hira  in  double  the  price 
that  his  Oats  will.  But  the  balance  will  appear  still 
sti'onger  in  favour  of  the  Potatoes,  when  we  take  into 
account  the  greater  enjoyment  they  afford  as  an  article 
of  food,  and  that  this  enjoyment  is  afforded  to  those  who 
possess  none  of  the  luxuries  and  very  few  of  the  com- 
forts of  life  ;  it  must  also  be  taken  into  account,  and  a 
most  essential  item  it  is— the  amount  of  tillage  they 
compel  the  farmer  to  lay  out  ou  the  laud.  We  take  the 
ordmary  tillage  of  the  country.  For  Oats  after  Oats  the 
farmer  m  Ireland  merely  ploughs  the  stubbles,  harrows 


in  the  seed,  and  shovels  up  the  loose  ciay  that  has  fallen 
in  the  furrows  after  the  harrows.  For  Potatoes  he 
ploughs,  harrows,  and  shovels  the  furrows  as  for  Oats, 
but,  in  addition,  he  digs  the  furrows  to  the  full  depth  of 
tlie  staple,  and  shovels  the  clay  over  the  beds,  at  a 
second  opei'ation,  some  six  weeks  or  two  months  after 
the  first,  leaving  a  surface  exposed  for  that  time  to 
immediate  atmospheric  action  ;  a  fresh  surface,  takeu 
from  6  to  12  inches  depth,  is  then  exposed  to  aerial 
influences  fur  three  or  four  months  ;  and  then  comes 
the  raising  of  the  crop  by  digging  and  mixing  the  whole, 
breaking  the  smallest  lumps,  to  separate  the  Potatoes 
from  them  ;  and  after  this  the  careful  tiller  will  throw 
up  the  clay  which  in  the  digging  has  fallen  into  the 
furrows  on  the  beds  ;  a  further  operation  is  not  unfre- 
quently  performed  in  digging  and  throwing  up  the  sub- 
soil of  the  furrows  ;  the  beds  are  thus  kept  dry  through 
the  winter,  and  the  clay  in  them  left  in  a  loose  state,  to 
be  acted  on  by  winter  frosts.  In  spring  the  beds  are 
levelled,  ploughed,  and  sown. 

It  will  be  said  that  all  the  advantages  of  this  Potato 
tillage  may  be  obtained  by  substituting  Turnips.  They 
may,  but  does  such  a  deep,  thorough  and  disintegrating 
process  take  place  in  the  common  tillage  of  Turnips  i 
It  does  not,  and  will  not,  in  Ireland.  But  Turnips  are 
a  very  sorry  food  for  man,  and  it  is  for  man's  food  that 
the  generality  of  farmers  in  Ireland  till  their  land  ;  the 
mildness  of  the  climate  and  the  grassiness  of  the  land 
enable  them  to  graze  through  the  winter  ;  in  some  parts 
even  the  milch  cattle  are  never  housed.  The  necessity 
of  Turnips  for  cattle  food  is  not  much  felt,  and,  more 
than  this,  tliey  have  not  the  stock  to  consume  any  large 
amount  of  Turnips.  The  stock  of  cattle  is  much  kept 
down  by  th.e  custom  of  slaughtering  the  bull  calves  as 
soon  as  they  are  dropped,  as  they  do  not,  from  the 
inferiority  of  breed,  pay  ior  rearing.  Potatoes  must 
then  continue  in  Ireland  the  chief,  almost  the  only, 
fallow  crop — these  or  nothing.  The  system  is  bad,  but 
until  we  can  mend  it,  by  improving  our  stock  and 
making  them  worth  rearing — and  the  landlords  in 
Ireland,  as  a  whole,  are  good  for  nothing  in  this  matter 
— it  is  all  moonshine  to  talk  of  making  Turnips  on 
fallow  crops  and  growing  food  for  cattle.  The  culture 
of  Turnips  we  should  endeavour  to  slip  into  the  course 
— not  to  substitute  them  for  Potatoes.  For  man  food— 
the  only  object  for  which  they  have  been  cultivated  in 
Ireland,  with  exceptions  to  be  found  here  and  there, 
only  among  the  wealthier  classes — they  are  a  very  sorry  j 
article.  It  was  a  queer  way  to  improve  the  degenerated  | 
Irish  peasant,  depraved  by  feeding  from  the  same  dish 
with  his  pig,  to  take  him  to  the  cattle  byre.  It  had 
been  more  consistent  to  have  taken  a  leaf  out  of  Mr. 
Smith's  book,  and  made  the  Irishman's  Oats  his  fallow  • 
crop.  I 

But  of  the  Potato  disease  : — There  cannot  be  a  doubt ! 
that,  like  all  epidemics,  it  will  gradually  wear  itself  out.  ; 
It  is  evidently  shifting  and  changing  ;  it  is  less  virulent ' 
than  it  was,  at  least,  its  putrefactive  energy  is  diminished  ; 
the  tubers  neither  suffer  so  much  in  the  ground,  nor 
when  winter  stored.  Even  the  diseased  ones  progress  ; 
slower  to  decomposition  ;  the  Potato  has  also  recovered  , 
its  true  flavour.  We  are  daily  discovering  kinds  that 
better  withstand  the  disease,  while  our  tillage  remains  , 
the  same.  The  returns  made  to  the  Farmers'  Gazette,  j 
of  Dublin,  in  August  last,  enumerate  23  kinds  as  then,  | 
in  some  localities,  perfectly  free  from  disease,  or  but  i 
slightly  affected.  We  also  find  that  the  kinds  which 
most  resist  disease  are  quite,  or  very  nearly  so,  free 
from  disease  when  planted  in  bogs. 

There  have  been  this  summer  about  3  acres  of  Pota- 
toes more  immediately  under  my  own  eyes.  In  the 
pure  bog  they  are  free  from  disease  j  in  the  lightest 
soil  (the  earliest  planted)  they  are  most  diseased  ;  in 
heavy  clay  land,  low  lying,  manured  with  raw  bog 
mould  and  yard  dung,  they  are  not  much  diseased  ;  but 
by  far  the  best,  the  largest,  the  heaviest  crop,  and  the 
least  diseased,  are  some  from  which  we  expected  least ; 
they  were  planted  in  medium  soil,  manured  with  raw 
bog  mould  in  the  last  week  in  April,  when  about  8  inches 
high  a  very  little  yard  manure  was  spread  among  them, 
and  the  beds  then  shovelled  from  the  furrows.  The 
leaves  and  stems  of  these  Potatoes  retained  their  ver- 
dure and  healthy  appearance  nearly  three  weeks  longer 
than  others  (attributable  perhaps,  in  part,  to  their  being 
later),  and  contrary  to  what  has  hitherto  been  the 
general  opinion,  it  is  very  commonly  observed  that  the 
late  planted  Potatoes  have  this  year  suffered  least  from 
disease. 

From  my  observations  I  am  disposed  to  believe  that 
the  kinds  in  which  the  tubers  suffer  least  are  those  which 
have  tlie  longer  tuber  stems,  that  is,  those  which  produce 
their  tubers  the  farthest  from  the  plant  stem  ;  this  has 
certainly  been  the  case  this  year  with  the  Ash-leaved 
Ividneys,  Kemps,  and  Scotch  Downs  ;  my  attention  was 
not  drawn  to  this  view  till  the  present  season.  If  this  is 
corroborated  by  the  observations  of  others,  and  I  would 
eutreat  all  vi\\o  have  given  attention  to  the  disease  in 
various  kinds  of  Potatoes,  to  state  in  the  columns  of  the 
Agriculiural  Gazette  what  they  have  observed  in  this 
respect,  we  shall  be  led  to  conclude  that  the  putrefactive 
working  of  the  mildew  is  intercepted  more  or  less  by 
the  medium  through  which  the  tuber  stem  passes,  as  it 
possesses  more  or  less  antiseptic  properties  ;  thus  we 
shall  account  for  the  tubers  in  bog  suffering  less  than  in 
other  soils,  notwitlistanding  the  stems  have  been  as 
much  blighted,  as  also  for  the  heavier  lands  having  of 
late  years,  since  the  long  tuber-stemmed  Potatoes  have 
been  cultivated,  as  has  been  observed  by  the  country 
people  hereabouts,  produced  sounder  tubers  than  the 
lighter  lands,  and  which  I  have  found  to  be  the  case  as 


above  stated.  It  will  also  tend  to  set  at  rest  the  question 
as  to  whether  the  disease  proceeds  from  the  leaf  or  from 
the  root,  and  it  will  lead  us  to  stay  the  putrefactive  pro- 
cess by  the  cultivation  of  those  kinds  which  throw  their 
tubers  the  farthest  from  the  stems,  and  by  applying, 
near  the  roots,  manures  possessing  high  antiseptic  pro- 
perties, reserving  the  stronger  manure  for  after  applica- 
tion to  stimulate  the  growth  of  the  stems.  J.  M.  Goodiff, 
Granard. 


FARMING  IN  THE  AZORES. 

Some  account  of  the  system  of  farming  practised  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Azores  may  not  prove  uninter- 
esting to  the  readers  of  the  Ayriculttiral  Gazette.  I  take 
the  liberty  of  sending  this  for  insertion.  The  soil  of 
the  islands  of  the  Azores  is  generally  a  light  friable 
loam,  the  climate  mild  and  humid,  and  vegetation  usually 
in  action  the  whole  year  round. 

The  implements  used  by  the  Azoreans  for  agricultural 
purposes  are  of  the  rudest  description.  Thtir  one-handed 
ploughs,  wooden  harrows,  and  oxeu  yokes,  are  the  true 
copies  of  those  used  by  the  ancient  Roman  agriculturist. 
No  doubt  an  English  ploughman  would  be  highly  amused 
at  seeing  one  of  these  almost  wooden  ploughs  at  work, 
which  operation  is  performed  in  the  following  maimer  : 
the  plough  is  attached  to  the  yokes  on  the  necks  of  the 
oxen,  by  a  pole,  rising  from  the  share  at  about  the  same 
angle  as  the  plough-handle.  Cords  are  fastened  to  the 
horns  of  the  bullocks,  and  are  held  in  the  same  hand  as 
the  plough  ;  in  the  other  hand  the  lavrador  carries  a 
goad  from  12  to  14  feet  in  length,  made  of  tough  lance- 
wood,  imported  from  the  Brazils.  The  plough-shares 
are  equal-sided,  and  force  the  earth  at  once  right  and 
left.  As  the  fields  are  not  laid  up  in  ridges,  as  prac- 
tised in  England,  the  ploughman  again  sets  in  upon  the 
same  furrow  fi'ora  which  he  broke  out. 

The  divisions  of  land  are  generally  very  small  and 
narrow,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  towns,  often  con- 
taining less  than  an  acre  of  ground.  Yet  I  have  seen,, 
after  a  wet  seed  time,  seven  or  eight  of  these  ploughs, 
each  drawn  by  a  pair  of  oxen,  plying  about  in  one  of 
these  small  compartments  with  as  much  ease  as  a  city 
omnibus  driver  directs  his  vehicle  through  the  streets. 

The  above-named  implements,  with  another  kind  of 
plough  worked  by  two  men,  one  drawing  and  the  other 
pushing,  used  for  stirring  up  light  soils  for  crops  of 
French  Beans,  &c., — two  kinds  of  Sachos-hoes,  one 
liaving  a  broad  blade,  from  12  to  15  inches  in  width,  the 
other  a  sort  of  triangular  hoe,  used  for  sowing  Indian 
Corn  among  the  crops  of  broad  Beans  ;  the  larger  boe 
being  used  for  extirpating  the  weeds  amongst  the  Indian 
Corn, — these  form  the  principal  implements  for  tilling 
the  ground  in  the  Azores,  which,  in  any  other  country 
less  favoured  in  soil  and  climate,  would  prove  indifferent 
auxiliaries  in  aiding  to  draw  from  mother  earth  the 
bounties  she  bestows  upon  us. 

The  principal  time  for  commencing  agricultural  ope- 
rations is  about  the  middle  of  November  ;  at  this 
season  the  Azoi'ians  are  elijoying  what  they  term  the 
Verao  do  San  Martini,  St.  Marthi's  Summer,  a  period 
when,  after  the  autumnal  rains,  the  weather  becomes  as 
serene  and  calm  as  a  fine  September  montli  in  England, 
this  fine  weather  often  lasting  till  Christmas.  The  work 
now  done  is  preparing  the  ground  for  sowing  Wheat 
and  Tremoco,  Lupins.  There  is  no  system  of  rotation- 
cropping. 

Lupins  are  the  great  fertilising  agent  of  the  Azorean 
farmers,  who  have  as  yet  little  studied  the  economy  of 
a  good  manure-yard.  In  fact  the  idea,  for  the  Por- 
tuguese, involves  too  much  trouble  and  Iabom%  conse- 
queutly  much  material  that  might  be  converted  into, 
good  manure  is  burnt  or  left  to  litter  about  the  ground. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Tremo^a  is  sown  at  once  upon 
the  spot  where  it  is  afterwards  to  be  cut  down  and 
ploughed  in,  and  produces  abundant  crops  of  com. 
From  my  own  experience  I  cannot  affirm  which  would 
give  the  best  result,  manm*e  or  Lupins.  I  have  often 
asked,  on  seeing  a  fine  crop  of  Indian  Corn,  what 
manure  was  used  ?  The  answer  was  invariably,  Atre- 
mo9aram  na  bern — It  was  well  Lupiued.  As  I  have 
before  stated,  the  Azorean  larrador  takes  advantage  of 
St.  Martin's  summer  to  sow  Lupins,  that  they  may 
grow  to  manure  the  spring  crops.  lu  December  ground 
is  prepared  and  sown  with  Broad  Beans,  but  in  shel- 
tered places  the  work  is  often  deferred  till  January. 
Broad  Beans  are  an  important  and  valuable  crop  to 
the  Azorean  farmer,  when  they  escape  being  destroyed 
by  the  sea-breeze,  and  a  kind  of  red  blight  termed  by 
the  Portuguese  Alfora,  an  evil  which  too  often  occurs. 
At  this  time  are  also  planted  Potatoes  for  early  spring 
use.  The  time  considered  the  best  for  sowing  Wheat 
in  the  high  districts  is  the  middle  of  January,  in  lower 
districts  a  month  later.  From  this  time  the  toil  of  the 
larrador  partly  ceases,  with  the  exception  of  an  occa- 
sional hoeing  of  the  Beans  and  keeping  the  Wheat  clear 
of  weeds,  till  March  tlie  season  fur  getting  in  the 
principal  crop  of  Indian  Corn  ;  it  is  on  this  crop  tiie 
farmer  puts  his  whole  trust,  and  now  the  full  force  of 
labour  ol'  oxen  and  men  are  brought  into  the  fields. 
The  Lupins  by  this  time  have  attained  a  height  of  2  to 
3  feet,  in  the  valleys  and  sheltered  places,  those  on 
the  high  lauds  about  half  that  height.  Previous  to 
ploughing  them  in,  they  are  chopped  ^  off  about  mid- 
height  with  sickles  or  any  other  convenient  instrument. 
As  the  farmers  are  not  generally  overstocked  with  im- 
plements of  labour,  the  ploughing  is  now  begun,  I  may 
almost  say  any  way,  one  yoke  of  oxen  setting  in  at  one 
place,  others  in  anotJier,  often  in  a  contrary  direction, 
and  what  with  whooping  and  hallooing  to  cheer  and 


9—1852.] 


THE      AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


779 


dii'ect  the  liuUocks,  their  comical  dress  aud  lon^  lance 
poles,  a  stranger  would  ha  very  likely  to  imagine  him- 
self amongst  a  lot  of  madmen.  As  the  oxen  are  fine 
strong  animals,  aud  the  ploughs  enter  but  lightly  into 
the  soil,  the  work  is  soon  done;  after  which,  unless  the 
seed  time  is  much  advanced,  they  allow  it  to  remain 
about  fifteen  days,  when  it  is  again  ploughed  into  drills, 
a  man  following  the  plough  and  dropping  in  the  seed, 
about  two  feet  apart,  and  three  or'four  grains  at  a  time. 
The  drills  are  drawn  as  straight  as  possible,  the  ploui^h 
returning  as  I  have  before  described,  covers  in  the  seed 
as  it  is  sown  ;  after  which  the  harrow  is  passed  over 
the  ground  and  the  whole  is  left  tolerably  smooth.  The 
Indian  Corn  speedily  germinates,  when  the  fields  are 
again  looked  over  to  note  if  any  of  the  seed  has  missed 
coming  ;  if  so,  it  is  again  sown. 

These  operations  now  bring  us  into  April  ;  at  this 
time,  if  the  Bean  crop  has  had  good  luclc,  the  pods  are 
getting  well  filled,  and  a  second  sowing  of  Indian  Corn 
is  begun  among  the  Beans.  This  is  done  with  the 
triangular  hoe  I  have  already  mentioned  ;  the  sower 
being  supplied  with  a  bag,  full  of  seed,  goes  carefully 
between  the  rows,  digging  the  soil  a  little  with  his  hoe, 
and  dropping  in  the  corn.  By  the  end  of  April  and 
the  beginning  of  May  the  Indian  Corn  first  sown,  or,  as 
it  is  termed  by  the  natives,  Milho  tempore,  is  from  6  to 
8  inches  high,  and  ready  for  its  first  hoeing  ;  this  is 
done  with  the  broad  short-handled  hoe.  In  this  work 
the  field  labourer  takes  gi'eat  delight  ;  any  one  who 
cannot  handle  a  sacbo  is  little  esteemed.  The  first  time 
of  hoeing,  great  care  is  taken  not  to  injure  the  young 
plants  ;  thinning  them— leaving  one  when  robust,  and 
two  if  weakly.  All  weeds  are  hoed  up,  and  the  soil 
carefully  drawn  to  the  necks  of  the  plants. 

As  May  advances  the  Beans  ripen,  and  are  carefully 
gathered  off  into  bundles.  When  sufficiently  dry  for 
threshiug,  they  are  carried  to  any  convenient  spot,  and 
threshed  in  the  open  air  :  this  work  is  frequently  done 
in  the  public  streets.  In  this,  as  in  almost  every  other 
iwork,  the  natives  take  advantage  of  nature  to  assist 
Ihem.  A  windy  day  is  chosen  for  Bean  threshing, 
which  is  done  in  the  following  manner  : — A  large  area 
is  cleared  of  dirt  and  stones  ;  the  Beans  are  spread  out, 
jand  tlie  men  with  their  flails  (similar  to  those  used  at 
home),  form  in  a  line,  and  march  across,  keeping  stroke 
AS  they  go.  On  arriving  at  the  opposite  side  they  again 
form  ;  the  haulm  is  shaken  up,  aud  thus  they  continue 
^houting  and  singing  till  the  work  is  done.  The  Beans 
[ire  then  gathered  into  a  heap,  and  winnowed  by  holding 
?:hem  up  to  fall  a  considerable  height,  whilst  the  wind 
glows  the  dirt  and  rubbish  away.  The  greater  part  of 
■:hi3  crop  is  exported  to  Lisbon  almost  as  soon  as  it  is 
;;athered  in.  In  the  year  1847  the  quantity  of  Beans 
;;;xported  from  the  Island  of  St.  Michael's  was  180,080 
ilqueires  (an  alqueire  is  about  a  peck  English  measure), 
■eaiising  to  the  farmer  260  reis  per  alqueire,  nearly 
Id.  English  money. 

May  is  also  the  time  for  sowing  French  Beans,  a 
.>roduce  of  great  value  for  home  consumption,  likewise 
Dr  exportation.  Those  who  wish  to  make  the  most 
trofit  of  their  ground  sow  French  Beans  between 
he  rows  of  Indian  Com,  after  it  has  received  its  first 
loeing,  in  fact,  the  greater  part  are  grown  in  that 
Qunner,  but  land  too  poor  to  produce  any  other  crop, 
/111  grow  French  Beans  ;  the  Orange  gardens  also  are 
jiiach  used  for  this  crop. 

i  As  June  advances,  the  Indian  Corn  is  hoed  a  second 
jnd  tliird  time  ;  that  sown  among  the  Beans  rarely 
joquires  hoeing  more  tlian  once,  as  the  di'y  hot  weather 
la^  now  fairly  set  in. 

■  The  rapidity  of  growth  of  Indian  Corn  is  truly  sur- 

rising:  that  planted  early  in  March,  by  the  end  of 

une,  attains  a  height  of  5  to  G  feet. 

As  the  climate  of  England  is  not  everywhere  suitable 

>r  the  cultivation  of  this  valuable  cereal,  a  short  descrip- 

on  of  it  will  belter  aid   those  who  have  not  seen  it 

rowing,  to  understand  the  variety  of  useful  purposes  to 

hich  Indian  Corn  is  appropriated.     It  will  be  remera- 

LTfed  that  Mr.  Cobbett  some  30  years  ago  made  a  great 

Ahfir  about  the  introduction  of  Indian  Com  or  Maize 

to  Ireland,  to  be  culiivated  aa  a  substitute  for  their 

I'jtatoeg,  or  "lumperit,"  as  Mr.  Cobbett  drolly  apostro- 

ii^d  tb«m.     If  I  remember  right,  it  was  after  the 

irtiai  failtire  of  the  Potato  crop,  added  to  a  bad  harvest 

I5JJ,  producing  famine,  with  its  usual  attendants, 

■■<ir   and    j-tarv.ition,    that    caused   Mr.    Cobbett   to 

gc  fo  strongly  the  cultivation  of  Indian  Com  ;  and  in 

1  [trobability,  had   liii*  a^Jvice  been  taken,  the  more 

:'-iit  disaatrouB  and  truly  deplorable  eventfl  of  famine 

d  starvation   would  have  been  avoided ;  particularly 

tlie  teni|>eniC«  climrtt*;  of  the  Boutli  and  Houth-wefltern 

atricts  of  Ireland  would,  I  have  little  doubt,  be  highly 

voorable  to  the  cultivatl^tl  of  Mai'.;e, 

Indian  Corn-hren^l  and   Portugal  ('abbage  form  the 

ipio  articles  of  foo*!  of  the  robust  and  healthy  Azoreaii 

wer  and   middle  cbtuwH,  a'ld  are  even  found  at  the 

»les  of  t}ic  comparatively  opulent,     'i'he  bread,  when 

ill  prcfmrcd,  ia  an  agrecaljlo  and  wholefK>me  food  ;  the 

ntuguettc  l:itf'>ureri  of  the  iHJandM  giv<-  preftirciice  Ut 

beyond  Wli'^aten  bread,     i  have  oft*n  axked  which 

':j  prefern-'l  ;  tli<- nnHWf^r  wa* — •' Indian  Corn-broad 

A  mote  aub-iiancj  and  j^ven  people  more  strength  to 

rk."  I 

After  thifi  ratlier  wide  dif;p*cMion  from  my  dubject,  I  • 

^  II  proc:(rd  briefly  to  dfc«crib<3  tlie  Indian  C*irn  ait  a| 

j{  int.     It  ia  tlie  Zea  Mayn  of  bot^inintf*,  of  which   there  : 

^  1  many  vurl«ti»;«,  producin:^  graiim  of  white,  yellow, ! 

g  <l   dark    pnrplo   colunrit.     Many   are    na'ivcH  of   the 

^  rmer  climates  of  Amei-iai.     Jlie  tall  growing  liindu 

I  ffuJtivatvd  in  Uie  Azoren,  usually  growing  from  G  to 


7  feet  high,  producing  a  spike  or  panicle  of  male  flowers 
at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  whilst  the  female  flowers 
show  at  the  apex  of  the  ear,  ormagaroca,  as  it  is  termed 
by  the  natives.  The  ears  are  mostly  two  in  number, 
sprouting  out  one  about  the  middle  of  the  stem,  the 
other  at  the  base  of  the  male  flower  stalk.  The  ears 
ai'e  enclosed  in  an  involucrum  of  leathery  boat-shaped 
leaves  or  husks,  varying  in  number  generally  from  12 
to  14.  The  stem  is  clothed  with  long  wavy  sword-shaped 
leaves,  their  bases  amplexicaule  and  deeply  decurrent. 
The  stalk  at  the  base  of  a  strong  plant  is  about  2  inches 
in  diameter.  Most  people,  no  doubt,  have  seen  its 
handsome  and  well-studded  ears,  when  divested  of  their 
leathery  coating,  which  will  render  any  further  account 
unnecessary.  1  may  add,  the  whole  plant  is  peculiarly 
interesting,  and  particularly  worthy  of  the  attention  of 
the  physiologist. 

As  tlie  present  moment  offers  a  good  opportunity  of 
describing  the  various  useful  purposes  to  which  the 
different  parts  of  this  valuable  plant  are  applied,  I  will 
do  so. 

In  July  (and  with  later  crops  at  a  later  period),  when 
the  pollen  has  performed  its  fertilising  duties,  the  spikes 
with  the  leaves  attached  are  broken  off*,  aud  used  as 
green  food  for  horses,  oxen,  and  donkeys  ;  of  the  latter 
there  are  about  15,000  on  the  Island  of  St.  Michael,  aud 
they  are  the  most  valuable  beasts  of  burden.  The  price  of 
a  good  donkey  is  from  lOl.  to  15^.  sterling,  and  upwards. 

In  August,  when  the  Indian  Corn  is  nearly  ripe,  the 
leaves  below  the  ears  are  stripped  oil',  and  hang  upon 
the  stalks  to  dry  for  winter  fodder — the  only  fodder 
stored  by  the  natives  for  winter  use.  Horses  imported 
from  England  eat  it  when  first  offered  to  them,  and 
appear  to  like  it.  When  the  corn  is  ripe,  the  husks  or 
leaves  are  taken  off;  these  also  are  sometimes  used  as 
food  for  cattle,  and  said  to  be  better  than  the  stalky 
leaves,  but  the  greater  portion  are  wanted  for  packing 
Oranges.  The  stems  of  the  Indian  corn  are  at  last 
dried,  aud  used  as  fuel  by  the  poor  people.  In  a  future 
paper  I  will  finish  this  brief  sketch  of  Azoreau  farming. 
P.  Wallace. 


Home  Correspondenoe. 

On  the  Manufacture  of  Offal  into  Manure  (p.  745). — 
The  way  to  remedy  the  grievance  is  to  provide  slaughter- 
houses on  every  farm,  and  let  the  purchaser  slaughter 
the  cattle  himself,  and  leave  the  offal  beliind  him  ;  or, 
in  large  farms,  journeymen  butchers  could  be  employed 
to  kill  and  pack  the  meat  for  market,  aud  this  would 
get  rid  of  the  Sraithfield  question  at  the  same  time, 
though  not  without  a  vast  deal  of  vapouring,  but  not 
more  than  was  induced  by  the  opposition  to  free  trade. 
And  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  farmer  will 
have  a  margin  of  from  Is.  to  2s.  per  stone  of  14  lbs.  to 
work  upon,  that  being  the  difference  between  the  whole- 
sale and  retail  prices,  though  in  carrying  out  the  details 
it  would  not  all  reach  his  pocket ;  at  all  events,  since 
railways  afford  a  quicker  means  of  getting  meat  to 
market,  the  chances  are  much  in  favour  of  success.  It 
will  of  course  require  perseverance  to  carry  out  so  great 
a  change  ;  but  as  it  would  not  injure  tlie  consumer,  all 
parties  would  be  benefited,  and  the  manure  and  offal 
then  could  remain  on  the  farm.    W.  Thorold. 

Thin  Seeding. — Would  it  not  be  fairer  for  gentlemen 
honestly  to  refute  the  sj'stem  of  which  thin  seeding  is  a 
part,  than  to  take  one  solitary  part  of  the  system  for  the 
purpose  of  turning  the  wdiole  into  ridicule  ?  The  thin 
seeders  are  not  so  weak-headed  as  their  numerous 
opponents  take  them  to  be  ;  they  advocate  a  system  of 
agriculture  which  they  prove  to  be  more  profitable  both 
for  the  farmer  and  the  country  at  large  than  any  other 
system  yet  known  ;  but  a  thousand  times  over  have 
they  deprecated  the  notion  that  the  whole  or  but  a  frac- 
tional part  of  this  system  consists  in  thin  seeding  only. 
Then,  why  do  not  my  friends,  Mr.  Goodift' and  others, 
fairly  attack  and  refute  the  system,  and  not  keep  eter- 
nally harping  on  one  point  of  it  which  they  think  vul- 
nerable ?  I  deny  in  toto  that  the  question  for  the 
farmer's  consideration  is  that  which  Mr.  Goodiff  echoes 
it  to  be.  Mr.  Piper  has  shown,  over  and  over  again, 
that  after  allowing  for  rent,  rates,  tithes,  labour,  &c.,  he 
makes  an  annual  clear  profit  of  six  pounds  an  aci'e  by 
the  system  he  has  pursued  ;  that  by  his  system  he  can 
grow  Wheat,  Wheat,  Wheat,  on  the  same  land  for  a 
succession  of  years  ;  but  does  he  pretend  to  do  this  by 
thin  seeding  only?  Certainly  not;  but  at  the  same 
time,  let  me  observe,  that  he  could  not  accomplish  half 
80  much  wore  he  to  be  a  thick  seeder.  It  is  therefore, 
my  friend,  Mr.  Goodiff",  let  mc  repeat,  for  the  hundredth 
time,  a  question  of  general  profit  for  the  farmer's  con- 
sideration, and  not  a  mere  question  as  to  the  quantity 
of  seed  to  bo  used.  1  myself  in  four  years  grew  in  a 
field  17fj  bushels  of  Wheat  per  aero,  and  at  the  end  left 
my  land  in  as  good  heart  aa  it  was  in  when  I  commenced  ; 
but  could  I  huvo  doMf)  ho,  had  I  tliicU-sccdcd  it?  No 
Hiicli  thing  ;  but  the  fir^t  year  of  thick  HOuding  would 
have  oximiistcd  the  soil  too  much  for  a  Hubse(|t!ent  crop 
of  the  same  kind  of  grain.  Tlu;  thin  Hccdci'H,  Uierefore, 
hunband  their  strength  I»y  looking  forward  for  more  than 
one  crop,  and  this  tliey  aro  enabled  to  do  by  iicvur 
exhauKting  their  land  by  growing  HlriiwiiiHtfad  of  Cf)rn  ; 
they  ar'-*  alw»  enabled  by  horHc  power  to  aid  thu  growth 
of  the  crops  during  thr;  greater  part  of  tlio  year  by  cul- 
tivation, whereas  (hick  seeded  land  can  scarcely  bo 
|oticli':d  by  liorso  power  during  tho  year  without  pro- 
ducing thcndjy  grr-at  miHchie!',  Hut,  Mr.  Editor,  I 
niuHt  not  (-xliauHt  the  patience  of  your  rcuderH  further 
than  t/»  adi]  a  f<!W  rtMinrkH  on  what  Mr.  Goodiif  Ims  said 
renpecting  my  growing  1000  fold  of  Whmit.  'I'o  prev<_int 
minundcrstanding,  1  emphatically  instanced  other  kinds 


of  Wheat  as  well  as  the  Egyptian  ;  but  particularly  did 
I  single  out  Morton's  Red-strawed  White  Wheat;  why, 
then,  if  my  friend  does  not  like  the  Egyptian,  has  he  not 
attacked    the    other    kinds  ?      I    have  stated   that   by 
common  field  cultivation,  not,  as  Mr.  Goodiff  writes,  by 
garden  cultivation,  but  by  common  field  cultivation,  I 
can  pull  up  from  Wheat  which  stands  as  thickly  on  the 
ground  as  Wheat  can  grow  root  after  root  from  single 
grains  of  seed  prodnciug  ^OOO-fold  increase,  and  of  any 
common  kind  of  Wheat ;    but  I  have  used  the  above 
Red-strawed  White,  and  as  I  can  do  this  every  year  I 
maintain  that  it  is  a  demonstrative  proof  of  the  general 
benefit  of  the  system  by  which  it  is  accomplished,  aud 
especially  since  it  is  well  known  that  the  general  increase' 
in  England  does  not  exceed  12-fold  ;  and  I  further  add, 
without  fear  of  refutation,  that  of  every  20  grains  of 
Wheat  sown  in  England  not  more  than  one  brings  forth 
fruit  to  perfection.     Nay  further,  all  thick  seeders,  and 
they  are  legiou,    state  that  by  their  system  they  are 
obliged   to  sow   ten    times  more  seed   than  is  really 
requisite,  because  so  much  of  it  dies  in  the  ground,  or  is 
devoured  by  insects   or  birds,  and   I  know  not  what 
besides,  whilst  every  grain  nearly  which  the  thin  seeders 
!  plant  brings   forth  some   30-fold,  some  60,  some  100, 
I  and  some  even  thousands,  and  all  to  perfection.     Let  my 
[  friend,  therefore,  employ  his  excellent   talents  againsfe 
j  the  whole  system  we  advocate,  and  not  echo  the  thousand- 
fold attack  upon  one  fractional  part  of  it.     One  wordj 
I  also,  as  to  the  quality  of  the  Egyptian  Wheat.     If  my 
I  friend  wilt  send  a  dozen  kinds  of  Wheat  for  analysis  to 
:  an  analytical  chemist  of  which  the  Egyptian  shall  be 
!  one,  let  me  mforra  him,  that  the  result  will  prove  the 
j  Egyptian    to     be  the    best ;    and    if    he    will    make 
!  bread  of  the   Egyptian,  let  me  also  inform  him  thab 
himself  and  household  will  prefer  it  to  all  other  kinds  ;. 
\  nay,     I     go   further,    and    inform    him  that  his  dogs- 
I  will  prefer  meal  made  from  this  Wheat,  and  will  do' 
,  better  upon  it,  than  upon  meal  from  any  other  kind  d 
i  Wheat.     And  why  is  this  ?     I  answer  advisedly,  because 
analysis  proves  it  to  possess  more  gluten  than  any  other 
known  kind  of  Wheat  ;  hence  I   conclude,  without  fear 
of  refutation,  that  the  Mummy  Wheat  I  have  recom- 
mended is  the  oldest,  the  most  prolific,  and  the  most 
nutritious  of  all  known  kinds  of  Wheat ;  my  opinion 
also  is,  that  it  is  the  parent  stock  of  all  known  kinds, 
\  or   that  all    other  kinds  have   sprung   from   it.    Qco^ 
\  ^Vilhins. 

I      Greaves. — Having  read  in  the  Agricultm'al  Gmztie  of 
'  the  1 3th  ult.,  about  greaves  for  feeding  pigs,  I  would  be 
'  much  obliged  to  the  witer  "  X."  if  he  would  state  what 
,  quantity  of  greaves,  and  how  they  are  prepared  for  pigs, 
I  1  purchased  some  lard  greaves  at  55.  per  cwt.,  and  have 
'  given  them  in  small  quantities  about  \  lb.  per  day  for 
'  each  pig,  boiled  in  Indian  meal  stirabout,  made  very 
\  thick.     I  also  had  some  steeped  in  water,  and  when  softj 
'  put  on  the  stirabout  in  the  feeding  troughs,  but  1  found 
j  it  had  such  an   abominable   stench,  that   I  thought  it 
'  could  not  be  good  in  that  way.     Lard  greaves  are  the 
i  kind  that  are  sold  for  5s.  per  cwt,  ;  there  is  not  mucli 
I  tallow   melted   here.      "X."   would   oblige   by   stating 
would  lard  greaves  answer  as  well  as  tallow  greaves 
I  find  that  a  pig  eats  about  30  lbs.  per  day  of  Indian 
meal  stirabout,  as  thick  as  blanc  mange.  5.,  Wa,ierfofd, 
LiqvAd   Manure.  —  Perhaps    some    of    your    corre- 
spondents can  tell  me  how  to  make  the  most  of  my 
liquid  manure.     Having  only  a  small  quantity,  I  cannot 
afford  to  go  to  any  great  expense  in  collecting  and  dis- 
tributing it.     The  question  I  must  ask  myself  before  in- 
vesting is,  Will  it  pay  %     I  have  been  thinking  of  making 
a  tank,  perhaps  6  feet  deep  ;  in  this  placing  2  feet  of 
clay,  and  then  filling  up  within  a  foot  of  the  surface  witU 
turf  and  peat  ashes,  of  which  I  can  command  a  fe\w. 
From  the  bottom  of  my  tank  I  will  lay  some  draining 
tiles  to  carry  off  tho  water  after  being  filtered  through 
the  superincumbent  mass.      My   object  simply   is  to 
retain  all  that  is  valuable,  allowing  the  water  to  pass  off 
in  a  pure  state.     I  anticipate  some  of  your  cliemicai 
friends  will  give  me  a  few  useful  hints.     I  should  also 
like  to  hear   the  results  of  the  experience  of  those  of 
your  correspondents  who  have  been  draining  lai'gely.. 
Although  much  attached  to  deep  draining,  I  must  admit 
that   on   the   soil  in  tins  part  of  the  kingdom  drains- 
2|  feet  deep  answer  best ;  I  ought  to  say  that  the  clay 
is  very  near  the  surface,  even  within  6  inches  in  some 
parts.     It  varies  inthickness  from  one  foot  to  six.     It  is- 
the   practice  here   to  put  the  clay  upon  the  pipes,  in 
order  to  exclude  the  soil  ;  in  my  opinion,  where  there 
is  a  good  fall  the  turves  aro  preferable,  as  the  water 
will  wash  out  any  soil  that  mif^ht  outer  by  the  joints. 
B.  P.,  Nov.  23.     [If  the  liquid  is  to  be  convoyed  to  th© 
land  in  the  solid  lorm  at  all,  why  not  adopt  box  feeding^, 
and  so  retain  it  in  the  straw,  instead  of  going  to  tho  exr 
pensQ  of  tank  and  filtering  apparatus  !] 

Stoppage  of  iJrruns  by  tkc  roots  of  tho  Mangold  Wurseh 
— Your  correspondent  Mr.  Sberrard  has  sutt'urcd  from 
tho  stoppage  of  his  draiuH  by  tho  mofrt  of  his  Mangold 
Wurzel,  and  in  rqdy  to  his  request  for  information  on 
the  Hubject  I  will  furnish  him  witli  the  result  of  my 
expcrietice,  I  have  been  a  grower  of  this  root  fur  30 
yearrt  in  quantiticH  gradually  increaaing  from  a  acres  to- 
iiKiro  than  thrco  tiuicH  that  ainnnnt.  Tho  wliolo  of  my 
land  is  drained,  and  I  liav<!  ni;vfr  auliV'i'ed  in  my  own 
cropH  from  a  stoppage  of  tho  dralufi.  In  a  pioco  which 
I  N't  in  Hmall  allottncntH  one  of  tho  tunantn  complained 
that  hJK  hind  waH  wet  ;  on  examination  1  found  tlto  tiles 
chokcrd,  preciHoly  an  Mr.  Sliorrard  dcHcrihcH  Iiis  to  have 
bc'-ti.  I  dog  bolus  down  to  the  drains,  at  about  10  yards 
diMtancofriiincMieh  other,  and  having  introduced  a  slender 
WilldW  polo,  and  looHonoil  tlifi  roots,  the  forco  of  watei' 
drove  them  to  tho  lower  opening,  and  I  cicurod  tlie  draia 


?80 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Dec.  4, 


without  a  veryjheavy  expense.  This  Imppened  during 
a  very  wetsummer,  when  the  water  was  running  through 
the  tiles  during  the  whole  season  ;  the  roots,  therefore, 
found  regular  nourishment  from  the  water.  1  feel 
confident  this  obstruction  never  takes  place  when  the 
drains  are  di-y  during  most  of  the  summer.  Probably 
Mr.  SheiTard's  drains  have  a  constant  flow  of  water  ;  if 
so,  I  think  he  must  not  trust  to  any  change  in  the  state 
of  the  soil  from  lapse  of  time  ;  my  drains  are  full  4  feet 
deep,  and  had  been  put  in  more  than  20  years.  If  by 
putting  in  one  drain,  say  6  feet  deep,  he  can  prevent  the 
others  running  in  summer,  he  may  be  safe,  otherwise  I 
ehould  recommend  his  setting  a  row  of  Cabbages  or 
Turnips  on  each  side  of  the  drain.  I  do  not  thinic  the 
Orange  Globe  sends  its  roots  so  deep  as  the  Long  Red, 
and  the  use  of  that  variety  might  obviate  the  difficulty. 
Cluiiies  Pagety  RuddlnQtoit,  Grange^  Notts,  Nov.  29. 

Peppermint. — The  regular  cultivators  of  Peppermint 
in  the  fields  are  not  pei'haps  aware  of  the  pertinacity  of 
this  plant.  Early  in  the  year  1847,  now  above  five 
years  ago,  the  writer  had  occasion  to  pass  through  a 
field  of  strongieh  loam,  near  Carshalton-park,  Surrey. 
He  took  up  a  little  stray  plant  by  the  foot-path,  brought 
it  several  miles  in  apiece  of  paper,  and  set  it  in  a  garden 
bed  of  very  light  vegetable  earth.  It  grew ;  and  though 
the  summer  proved  extremely  dry,  its  creeping  roots 
spread  considerably.  In  the  next  and  following  yeai's 
it  obtained  such  firm  possession  as  to  be  a  troublesome 
intruder.  The  herb  or  its  flower  being  in  no  way 
useful  an  attempt  was  made  to  obliterate  it.  Growing 
close  to  a  Laurel  hedge,  a  portion  of  the  creeping  roots 
lay  concealed  among  the  fibres,  and  in  the  following 
spring  the  Peppermint  reappeared.  It  is  now  a  thick, 
strong  mass  ;  and  though  often  trodden  on,  and  a  good 
deal  overshadowed,  it  has  grown  on  tlirough  the  dry 
summer  season.  Perhaps  some  growers  may  take 
advantage  and  derive  profit  from  this  statement.  As  a 
mere  hint  it  is  suggested  that,  when  in  full  flower,  the 
spikes  might  be  cut  close-  off,  dried  in  an  airy  place' 
without  suD,  and  then  digested  in  strong  Scotch  whiskey 
or  proof  spirit  of  wine.  Would  not  a  good  spirituous 
peppermint  be  thus  obtained  1  A  teaspoonful  of  it  in 
six  times  the  quantity  of  water,  might  prepare  a 
stomachic  far  better  than  the  common  peppermint  water 
of  the  shops.  T, 

Taste  in  Milk. — In  your  last  Agricultural  Gazette 
a  correspondent  complains  that  he  could  never  give  his 
dairy  cows  Turnips  without  spoiling  the  butter  and  the 
milk.  I  have  given  my  milch  cows  for  50  years 
Tm'nips  regularly  in  the  winter,  and  both  milk  and 
butter  have  been  perfectly  good.  The  Turnips  are 
Swedes  or  Aberdeen,  and  I  take  them  up  in  October 
and  carefully  cut  off  every  bit  of  leaf  and  root,  and 
stack  them  in  a  dry  cellar  in  my  cow  yard  ;  if  every 
bit  of  leaf  be  not  carefully  cut  off  it  will  taint  the  milk. 
Should  your  correspondent  wish  for  further  information 
I  will  readily  answer  his  queries ;  or  if  he  doubt  my 
statement,  will  send  him  a  pat  of  butter  to  any  place 
which  he  will  appoint.  John  Gould,  Amberd. 

Taste  of  Tarnips  in  Butter. — If  your  correspondent  of 
this  week,  who  \vishes  for  information  on  this  subject, 
will  direct  his  dairymaid  to  adopt  the  following  very 
simple  remedy,  he  need  henceforth  have  no  more  of  that 
disagreeable  and  unpleasant  taste  in  his  butter,  occa- 
sioned by  his  cows  feeding  upon  Turnips — viz.,  let  his 
dairymaid,  before  going  to  milk  her  cows,  place  on  the 
fire  her  kettle  filled  with  water  ;  and  on  her  return  to. 
■the  dairy  with  the  new  milk,  add  to  every  gallon  of 
milk  a  sixteenth,  or  half-pint  of  boiling  water  ;  stir 
both  a  minute  or  two,  and  after  the  usual  interval  pour 
them  out  into  the  lead,  earthen,  or  (as  the  case  may 
be),  glass  bowls.  I  practised  this  method  the  whole  of 
last  winter  (and  am  doing  the  same  now),  when  my 
cows  had  as  many  Swede  Turnips  as  they  could  eat,  and 
not  the  slightest  trace  of  the  Turnip  flavour  can  be 
discovered.  The  water  must  be  boiling  when  added,  or 
the  experiment  fails.  Charles  Norris,  Wood  Ilallj  near 
■Ealifax,  Nov.  23. 


ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OP  ENGLAND. 
A  Monthly  Council  was  held  at  the  Society's  House 
•in  Hanover-square,  on  Wednesday  last,  the  1st  of 
December.  The  following  members  of  Council  and 
Governors  of  the  Society  were  present  :  Lord  Ash- 
BURTON,  President,  in  the  chair  ;  Sir  John  Villiers 
Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  Charles  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P., 
Colonel  Austen,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Barnett, 
Mr.  Hodgson  Barrpw,  M.P.,  Mr.  Brandreth,  Mr.  Burke, 
Captain  Stanley  Carr,  Mr.  W.  G.  Cavendish.  Colonel 
Challoner,  Mr.  Evelyn  Denison,  M.P.,  Mr.  Brandreth 
Gibbs,  Mr.  Grantham,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Horusby, 
Mr.  Lawrence,  Mr.  Marshall,  M.P.,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr. 
Mainwaring  Paine,  Professor  Sewell.  Professor  Simonds, 
Mr.  Simpson,  and  Professor  Way.  ' 

Jonathan  Rigg,  Esq.,  of  Chester- place,   Hyde-park- 
•aquare,  London,  was  elected  a  Governor  of  the  Society 
The  following  new  members  were  elected  : — 
Elwes,  John  Henry,  Colesbourne  House,  Cheltenham 
Vernon,  Hon.  Aug.  Henry,  Upper  Belgrave-streot,  Londoa 
Bodenham,  Charle",  Hereford 

Hardinff,  George,  Ternhill,  Market- Dray  ton,  Salop 
Hayaanh.  Rev.  J.  s.,  Pres.  of  Royal  A^ri.  Coll.,  Cireocester 
G  as.er,  William  Richard,  41,  Charing  Cross.  London 
.^layford,  Edward  Ilarlee,  East  Wyke,  Farnham.  Surrey 
^i      '  '^''°™^^  Shaw,  Woodhouse3,  Wolverhampton 
Addison,  Richard,  the  Prior's  McBue.  St.  Briavell's,  (Jlouc, 
Butchiug<(  Rev.  R.  S..  Monkton  Wyld.  Charmouth,  Dorset. 
Sparrow,  Johu  WiUiam,  Pena  Hall,  Wolverhampton 


Brown,  Jaiiiea,  Ariiistou,  Co.  Kdinburgh 

Morrirth,  WiUiam,  Dartmoor,  Devonshtra 

Huskiniiou,  T.,  Epperatone,  Southwell,  Nottl. 

TToiv,  John.  BarnatQpte.  Devonshire 

Godiiard.  Henry,  Lincoln 

Clark,  William,  ShareshiH,  Wolverhamtoa 

Jones,  Mordecai,  Brecon,  South  Wales 

Hoivarf).  James,  Bedford 

Yates,  William,  Hadley  Park,  Welling'-on,  Salop. 

Finances. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  laid  befurethe  Council  tlie  monthly 
report  on  the  accounts  of  the  Society,  from  which  it 
appeared  that  the  current  cash  balance  in  the  hands  of 
the  bankers  was  935^ 

Pleuho-pneumonia. — Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  chair- 
man of  tbe  Veterinary  Committee,  then  laid  before  the 
Council  the  following  report  connected  with  the  inquiries 
on  the  subject  of  inoculation  for  pleuro-pneumonia,  and 
direct  investigations  into  the  nature  and  cure  of  that 
fatal  malady. 

The  Ttte.inary  Committee  have  had  utiiJer  their  considera- 
tion the  VHrioua  communications  referred  to  them  by  tbe 
Council.    They  beg  to  oif^r  tho  foUowin,'  recommeudations  :— 

1.  Thiit  Professor  Slmoods  be  allowed  the  personal  oxpenFies 
incurred  by  him  during  bis  recent  journey  into  Belgium, 
undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  making  him^elt'  acquainted, 
a?  the  Veterinary-inepector  of  the  Society,  with  the  actual 
facts  of  the  process  of  inoculation,  reported  to  bo  actively 
in  operation  on  the  dairy  cattle  of  that  kingdom,  with  a  view 
t )  mitigitte  the  severity  of  the  symptoms  of  pleuro-pneumonia 
so  prevalent  at  the  present  time  in  various  parts  of  the 
contiaent. 

2.  That  Mr,  Pagei's  handsome  aad  liberal  offer  to  place  hX^ 
entire  herd  of  dairy-cotrs  iu  Nottinghamshire  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Society  for  direct  experiments,  to  be  instituted  for  the 
Society  iu  that  county,  and  also  at  the  Royal  Veterinary 
College,  be  accepted  with  tbe  best  thanks  of  the  Council ;  and 
that  the  Society  hear  the  charge  of  bringing  up  to  town 
and  keeping  sucU  animals  as  may  be  sckcted  fur  theproposed 
experiments. 

Mr.  Barker  explained  that  Prof.  Simonds'  Report  of 
his  visit  of  inspection  into  Belgium  had  been  ordered  by 
the  Journal  Committee  to  be  printed  for  insertion  in  the 
forthcoming  part  of  the  Journal  of  the  Society;  and 
that  Prof.  Simonds  had  that  morning  made  a  report  on 
his  examination  of  Mr.  Paget'sherd,and  of  his  selection 
of  animals  for  experiment,  which  would  then  be  read  to 
the  Council  and  afterwards  referred  to  the  Journal 
Committee.  This  report  having  been  read  accordingly, 
Mr.  DenisoUjM.P.,  favoured  the  Council  with  a  statement 
of  the  circumstances  under  which  his  friend  Mr.  Paget  liad 
applied  to  him  on  this  subject,  and  consented  to  place 
his  animals  at  the  disposal  of  the  Society.  On  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Denison,  seconded  by  Sir  John  Shelley, 
the  Council  agreed  to  a  vote  of  their  warmest  thanks  to 
Mr.  Paget  for  this  instance  of  his  great  liberality  to  the 
Society,  in  affording  it  so  invaluable  an  opportunity  of 
investigating  under  the  most  favourable  circumstances 
the  nature  and  progress  of  this  fearful  malady. 

Guano  SUBSTITUTE  Prize. — Sir  John  Shelley,  Bart., 
M.P.,  l)rought  up  from  the  Guano-substitute  Committee 
the  following  Report  of  that  Committee  on  the  con- 
ditions recommended  to  be  adopted  for  the  Society's 
Prize,  and  agreed  to  at  a  meeting  of  the  Committee 
held  on  the  10th  of  November  last,  of  which  Sir  John 
Shelley  was  the  Chairman :  namely, — 

I. — Teems  of  tde  Pbize. 
"  One  Thousand  Poonds  and  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Society 
will  ba  given  for  tbe  discovery  of  a  Manure  equal  iu  terti- 
liaing  properues  to  the  Ptruvian  Guano,  and  of  which  au 
unlimited  Bupply  can  be  furnt-^hed  to  the  English  Farmer  at 
a  rate  not  exceeding  5i,  per  ton." 

n.— Conditions  of  Competition. 

1.  That  in  the  offer  of  lOOOI.  and  the  Gold  iledal  of  the  Society, 
as  a  Prize  for  the  discovery  of  a  Mauure  equnl  iu  every  re- 
spect in  it3  fertiliijinj  properties  to  Peruvian  Guano,  tbe 
lOOOi.  shall  be  offered  in  one  undivided  sum. 

2.  That  tho  atandard  of  such  Peruvian  Guano  phall  be 
assumed  to  be  the  average  result  obtained  by  P.uf.  Way,  tbe 
Cimaulting-Oiemist  to  the  Society,  aud  published  in  his  paper 
in  the  10th  volume  of  the  Journal,  pages  205— 2iiS. 

3.  That  each  competitcr  claiming  tbe  prize  sball  send  in  with 
bis  sample  a  ctiemical  analysis  under  seal,  together  with 
buch  practical  proofs  of  thu  successful  applicaci.iu  of  the 
Hiauure  to  srowiug  crops  of  grain,  rooia,  aud  Grasses,  as  hu 
can  produce  duly  corliRed  bv  growers.  That  such  samplts 
of  manure  shall  be  liable  to  be  subjected  tn  all  auca  fui-ther 
test-,  and  fur  such  peiiod  of  trial,  as  tbe  Council  may  deem 
requisite. — N.B.  All  clairaauta  shall,  on  aiipUoa'ion  made  tj 
them  by  the  Secretary,  be  expected  to  supply,  tree  uf  expense 
to  the  Society,  such  quantity  of  their  respective  manures  as 
may  be  required  tor  trial, 

4.  That  no  cJaim  for  tbe  prize  will  ba  entertained  unless  the 
claimant  can  satisfy  the  Cjuntil  that  an  unhmitel  supply  of 
the  manure  at  a  price  not  exceeding;  5i.  per  ton,  will  at  all 
times  be  »*ittiiu  ciie  reach  uf  the  a^riculturista  of  thi3  United 
Kingdum. 

This  Report  was  unanimously  confirmed  and  adopted 
by  the  Council. 

Gloucester  BIeeting. — The  Earl  of  Ducie,  chairman 
of  the  General  Gloucester  Committee,  transmitted  to 
the  Council  the  following  report. 

The  General  Gloucester  Committee  have  to  report  to  tbe 
Council:  — 

1.  That  every  arrangement  has  been  completed  for  tbe  pre- 
paration of  tbe  land  for  the  trials  of  implements  at  the 
ensuing  country  meetiuj;. 

2.  That  Mr.  ilenry  Manuing**  offer,  to  undertake  tbe  con- 
tractor's work  at  Gloucester  at  tbe  same  rate  of  charge  ai 
in  former  years,  has  been  accep':ed. 

3.  That  the  period  for  holding  the  Gloucester  meeting  be  fixed 
aa  the  week  oummencin^  iMonilay,  tbe  Uth  of  July,  1S53. 

This  Report  was  received  and  adopted. 

Trial  of  I:\iplehents. — Colonel  Challoner,  chairman 
of  the  Implement  Committee,  laid  before  the  Council 
the  following  Report,  which  was  adopted  by  the 
Council. 

The  Committee  have  had  referred  to  them  by  the  Council 
the  consideritiou  of  the  Condiiious  and  Re^^ulatinn?  of  the 
Gloucester  Implement  Prize  Sbeet,  and  a  special  instruction 
on  tbe  best  means  for  enforciuy  greater  punciuality  in  the 
presentation  of  the  judges'  reports  at  the  concluaion  of  the 
busines'*  of  each  couocry  meeting. 

Ttie  Comniitteo  have  in  the  drst  instance  cmfincd  their 
attention  to  tbe  coiisidera'iou  of  the  Conditions  of  the  Prizes  ; 
and  tliey  accordiugly  recommend  the  udoptioo  of  the  conditions 
of  last  year  with  the  following  alterations  :— 


1.  That  iu  adjudicatim?  the  reladve  merits  of  the  drills  fo 
general  purposes,  and  the  Turnip  drills  for  flat  and  ridged 
work,  especial  consideration  shall  be  given  to  their  power 
of  depositing  small  and  large  qutintities, 

2.  That  in  adjudiciting:  on  the  merits  of  the  portable  steam- 
engines,  reference  shall  be  had  to  the  portability  of  the 
engines,  without  losing  sight  of  the  strength  required  for 
sa'ety,  and  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  will  ba 
best  secured  by  the  free  use  of  wrought-iron  in  lien  of  cast, 

3.  That  every  exhibitor  of  drain-tile  or  pipe  machines  will  be 
expected  to  bring  with  him  a  die  2.^  inches  in  diameter,  and 
.'i  button  or  triblet  of  2  inches  in  diameter,  with  dies  of  other 
sizes  varying  from  1  to  4  inches  or  larger,  and  buttons  or 
triblets  of  corresponding  dimensions. 
The  Committee  beg  to  recommend  that  la  future  the  trial 

of  the  steam-engines  be  commenced  one  day  earlier  ;  and  that 
the  following  special  regulation  be  included  la  the  prize  sheet, 
namely  ; — 

Exhibitors  are  requested  to  be  in  attendance  duringthetrials, 
and  in  the  implement-yard,  while  tbe  judges  are  inspecting 
tbe  implements,  in  case  any  explanation  may  be  required  from 
them :  aud  they  or  their  servants  must  give  every  facility  to 
the  stewards  and  judges,  by  havinj;  iheir  implements  ready 
for  innpection  and  trial;  and  any  exhibitor,  after  having  had 
due  notice,  will  be  liable  either  to  have  bis  implement  tried  at 
his  own  risk,  in  hia  absence,  or  to  have  it  removed  altogether 
from  tbe  show,  as  the  stewards  may  decide,  and  without  any 
responsibility  attaching  to  the  Society  in  consequence, 

Tbe  Committee  think  it  will  be  desirable  to  postpone  the 
consideracion  and  final  settlement  of  the  General  Regulations 
of  the  Show  and  the  Instructions  for  the  Judges  and  stewards 
until  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Council  in  February. 

Vice-President. — On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Raymond 
Barker,  seconded  by  Sir  John  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P,,  the 
vacancy  occasioned  in  the  list  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of 
tlie  Society  by  the  death  of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  was  filled  up  by  the  imanimous  election  of 
Sir  John  V.  B.  Jolmstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  to  that  office. 

Member  of  Council. — In  the  absence  of  the  Hon. 
R.  H.  Clive,  M.P.,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker  moved  the 
resolution  of  which  Mr.  Clive  had  duly  given  notice,  that 
Mr.  Francis  Woodward,  of  Little  Comberton,  near 
Pershore,  Worcestershire,  be  elected  one  of  the  General 
Members  of  Council,  iu  the  vacancy  created  by  the 
transfer  of  any  name  from  that  Hst  to  the  list  of  Vice- 
Presidents,  which,  being  seconded  by  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs, 
was  carried  unanimously,  and  Mr.  Woodward's  name 
was  placed  accordingly  in  the  list  of  the  Council,  in  the 
vacancy  created  by  the  election  of  Sir  John  Johnstone 
to  a  Vice-Presidency. 

Steward  of  Cattle. — On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Mil- 
ward,    seconded    by    Mr.     Brandreth,     Mr.    William  » 
Simpson  was  unanimously  chosen  one  of  the  stewards  of  * 
the  cattle  yard  at  the  country  meetings  of  the  Society,  in  ~~ 
the  place  of  Mr.  Samuel  Jonas,  who  retires  this  year  by 
rotation. 

Standing  Committees.— The  following  slanding  com- 
mittees for  the  yeai'  1853  were  agreed  to  : 

Fbiance  Committee, — Colouol  Austen,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker, 
Mr.  H,  Blanshard,  Mr.  Brandreth,  Colonel  Challoner,  Mr, 
Jonas,  Mr.  Wilsoa. 

Hoiise  Committee— Ttie  President,  Chairman  of  Finance 
Committee,  Sir  John  Villiers  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Ray. 
mond  Barker,  Mr.  Brandreth,  Culonel  Oliilioner,  Mr.  Bran- 
dreth Gibbs  ^Ir.  Fisbor  Hobbs,  Mr.  Kinder. 

Journal  Committee.— M.r,  Pusey  (Chairman),  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, Liird  Braybrooke,  Lord  Portman.  Hon.  11,  H.  CUve,  M.P., 
Sir  John  Y.  Shelley.  Bare,  M.P,,  Sir  C.  Lemon,  Bart.,  M.P., 
Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Burke,  Mr» 
Childers,  M.P.,  Mr.  E.  Denison.  M.P.,  Mr.  Hyett,  Mr.  Miles,, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Thompson. 

Chemical  Commiitee.—'M.r.  Pusey  (chairman).  Lord  Portman, 
Sir  John  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bare.  M.P.,  Mr.  Dyke  Aclaud,  Dr. 
Daubeny,  Mr.  Hoskyns,  Mr.  Hudson  (of  Castleacre),  Rev.  A. 
Huxcable,  Mr.  Hyett,  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Lawes,  Mr.  Miles,  M.P.,, 
Mr.  J.  M.  Paine,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Sheridan,  M.P,,  Mr.  Thompson, 
Veterinary  Committee  —^Ir.  Raymond  B  irker  (chairman)/ 
Duke  of  Richmond,  Lord  Portman,  Sir  John  Y.  Shelley,  Bare.,; 
M.P..  Sir  J.  Y.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr.  S.  Bennett,  Mr, 
Brandreth,  Col.  Challoner,  Mr.  E.  Deuison,  M.  P.,  Mr.^ . 
Hamond.  Mr.  Fiaher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Miies.  M.P.,  Mr.  Milward,  pi 
Mr.  Pym,  Prof.  Sewell,  Prof.  Simobds,  Mr.  Shaw,  Prof, 
Spooner.  Mr.  Thompson,  Mr.  Brandreth  Gibbs. 

Ocneral  Gloucester  Cominlltee.—E^vl  of  Ducie  (Chairman), 
Duko  of  Richmond,  Earl  of  Chicbonter,  Lord  Portman,  Hon. 
R.  II.  Clive,  M.P.,  Sir  John  V.  Shelley.  Bart..  M.P.,  Sir  M.  W, 
Ridley,  Bart.,  Sir  J.  Y.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart,  M.P.,  Col.  Austen, 
Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr.  Brandreth,  ColoueX 
Challoner,  Mr.  Gibbs,  Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr, 
Hudson  (of  Castleacre),  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Jones,  Mr,  Law- 
rence, Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Pusey,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Simpson,  MrJ 
Woodward.  1 

Implement  Co niniiHes.— Colonel  Challoner  (chairman),  EarL 
of  Dueie.  Lord    Portman,  Sir  John  V.    Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.J 


I 


I 


iff  IT 


a 


iti 


111 


Sir  M.  W.  Ridley,   Bart.',   Mr.  Braodretb,  Mr.    Garrett,  Mr.J  lotlii 
Sibbs,  Mr.  Hamina,   Mr.  Fisher  Eobbs,   Mr.   Hornsby,   MrJ  J,, 


Miles,  M.P.,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Thoa:pson. 

Quano-siibstitiite  Comrailtee.—  Earl  of  Ducie  {cliairinan)^ 
Hon.  li.  H.  Olive,  Sir  John  VilUers  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mn 
RMjmond  Barker,  Coloael  Challoner,  Mr.  Uamond,  Mrj 
Fisher  Hobbi,  Mr.  Hudson  (of  Castleacre),  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr, 
Thompson,  Mr.  Pusey.  . 

Fat    Cattte    Coniniilto.— Earl   of    Ducie    (chairman),    iora 
Berners,   Sir  John  V".  Shelley,  Birl.,  M.P.,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mf.;  m« 
Bennett,   Mr.  Brandreth,   Mr.  Druce,   Mr.  Gibbs.   Mr.  Pisho*  ' 
Hobbs,  Mr.  Kinder,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Simpson, 
Mr.  George  Turner.  ... 

Fines'  Co)JimitEfi(3.— 'The  Earl  of  Ducie  (Chairman),  Mr. 
Barnett,  Mr.  Brandreth,  C.>lonel  Challoner,  Mr.  Druce,  Mr, 
Brandreth  Gibbn,  Mr.  FishorHobhs,  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr,  Milward, 
Mr.  Shaw,  and  Mr.  Simpson. 

Fines.  —  Tha  report  on  fines  incurred  for  nou; 
exhibition  at  the  Lewes  meeting  was  referred  to  thl 
Fines'  Committee.  i 

Inteknational   Postage A  communication  fron; 

tlie  International  Postage  Association  was  referred  fol 
consideration  to  the  next  monthly  Council.  | 

The  Council  then  adjourned  to  their  weekly  meeting 
for  practical    communications    and    discussions,  to  if  JJ 
held  on  Wednesday  next,  at  which,  as  usual,  all  membeu 
of  the  Society  would  have  the  privilege  of  attendmg, 


it  11 
i»tl 
aisii 


he  I 
kese 
wn 
'hitl 
itoa 

fteiu 


•  *,»■ 
Highland  and  Agricultoeal,  Nov.  17.— Sir  JoHlJ«,jj 
M'Neii-l,  the  chabman  of  this  the  first  monthly  meetiti 
of  the  society,  stated,  that  the  subject  of  Dr.  Andersorf 
address  was  the  .id«/to-a/!OTio/l/a7!U)-cs.  Dr.  Audersi)  ins^. 
said, — It  was  unnecessary  for  him  to  observe  tMl  t]  ^ 
adulteration  was  almost  entirely  confined  to  the  hif^" 


49— 1852. J 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


781 


ced  manures,  such  as  guano  and  superphosphates,  and 
s  seldom  attempted  on  tlie  rarer  manures,  which  do 
t  aftbrd  a  sufficiently  extensive  field  for  the  enterpris- 
;  adulterator.  He  should  commence  with  guano, 
.ich  was  tlie  most  important,  and  that  in  the  adaltera- 
n  of  which  much  ingenuity  had  been  displayed.  He 
iieved  adulteration  to  be  almost  entirely  confined  to 
■ruvlan  guano  ;  and  sand,  gypsum,  and  chalk,  were 
•merly  employed  for  the  purpose.  The  detection  of 
ise  hy  the  eye  was  so  easy  that  they  are  now  seklom 
iploy'ed  ;  and  the  chief  adulterations  now  are  with  a 
irt  of  yellow  loam,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames, 
d  with  coprolites,  either  ground  or  treated  with  a 
lall  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid, — at  least,  a  good  many 
mples  have  been  examined,  the  composition  of  whicli 
uld  only  be  explained  on  some  such  supposition.  The 
ueral  composition  of  adulterated  guanos  may  be  best 
ndered  intelligible  by  three  analyses,  one  of  genuine 
ruvian,  a  second  adulterated  with  sand,  and  a  third 
which  he  believed  that  a  complicated  adulteration, 
her  with  dissolved  coprolites,  or  a  mixture  of  ground 
prolites,  with  gypsum,  had  been  employed  : — 

No.  1.   No.  2,    No.  3. 

Water 12-9S    15.3>    12.06 

Jrganic  matter,  and ammooiacal ealta    ^3.52    22,f)l    St. 14 

[»hosphates     18.79     13  37    22.08 

Bplphate  of  lime  11.08 

Ukaline  salts   14  S7    ll.ttl    12  SI 

Sand     .„; 0.04     37.69      7-83 

lOMO  100  00  100.00 
Ammonia 17.47      5  26       9.77 

le  last  of  these  represents  a  sort  of  adulterated  guano, 
which  large  quantities  are  sold  in  Scotland,  and  of 
lich  quantities  were  imported  from  the  Thames,  and 
believed  also  from  other  places,  but  none  of  which,  so 
.■•  as  he  knew  was  adultei-ated  in  Scotland.  He  had  no 
ubt  that  many  cases  ia  which  this  adulteration  was 
actised  escaped  detection,  as  it  is  an  excellent  imita- 
m  of  tlie  genuine  article,  and  instances  had  occurred 
which  the  detection  was  occasioned  by  very  trifling 
cumstances.  A  curious  case  occurred  this  year  in 
nsequence  of  some  articles  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicle^ 
which  reference  was  made  to  the  probability  of  the 
rgo  of  the  Pandora,  which  had  sailed  about  a  fortnight 
fore  from  the  Thames  for  Berwick,  being  spurious, 
lis  guano  had  meanwhile  been  sold  in  Berwick,  with- 
t  a  raoment*s  question,  and  the  publication  of  this 
tide  led  to  an  analysis,  which  showed  a  large  adulte- 
tion.  Now,  had  it  not  been  for  this  article  the  adul- 
■ation  would  never  have  been  detected.  In  this  case 
e  guano  was  sold  without  analysis,  but  he  believed 
ir  analyses  are  [sometimes  employed  by  dealers, 
_'h  they  indicate  inferiority,  and  that  they  trust  to 
1  lerfect  acquaintance  possessed  by  farmers  of  the 

i;>^ition  of  the  different  varieties  of  genuine  guano. 
:-  lad  on  one  occasion  received  repeated  samples  of 
ult'jrated  guano  from  one  person,  whom  he  had  since 
certained  to  be  an  adulterator,  and  he  was  impressed 
til  the  opinion  that  these  analyses  had  been  somehow 
other  employed  to  sell  the  guano,  although  they  stated 
to  be  adulterated.  In  order  to  defend  themselves 
;ainst  adulteration,  it  was  of  importance  that  the  test 
analysis  should  be  resorted  to,  but  there  were  some 
laracters  which,  though  not  certain  indications  of  the 
Quineness  of  a  Peruvian  guano,  were  worth  the  atten- 
ra  of  farmers.  The  guano  should  not  be  too  dark 
iloured,  nor  have  a  too  strongly  aramoniacal  odour, 
should  conta  n  lumps  of  a  lighter  colour  than  the 
)wdery  part ;  should  not  be  gritty  when  crushed 
tween  the  fingers,  and  a  bushel  of  it  should  weigh 
lOut  50  lbs.  These  characters  are  of  some  value, 
It  of  far  greater  importance  was  dealing  with  men 
character,  and  buying  by  analysis.  While  nothing 
more  common  than  the  adulteration  of  Peruvian 
lano,  it  is  rarely  practised  with  the  other  varieties,  but 
rge  quantities  of  very  inferior  quality  are  sold.  Cases 
id  occurred  to  him  in  which  Chilian  guano  had  con- 
ined  as  much  as  60  per  cent,  of  sand,  but  in  these 
\  the  guano  had  been  imported  in  that  state,  and 
veJ  its  inferiority  to  the  cupidity  of  the  collectors  who 
id  scraped  up  all  they  could  get.  In  these  cases 
(thing  but  analysifl  could  be  of  the  slightest  use,  as 
e  characters  of  such  guanos  differ  in  different  partH 
the  Barae  cargo,  and  in  selecting  samples  of  such 
lanoB  for  analyHJn,  we  could  not  too  strongly  impre^^^s 
them,  the  importance  of  obtaining  a  fair  average,  by 
king  portiouH  from  different  parts  of  the  cargo,  and 
xing  them  well  together.  Next  to  guano,  diHSolved 
)noH  and  Buperphosphatc  wero  probably  adulterated  to 
f;  largest  extent.  He  miglit  remind  them,  that  by 
f.^jf;  names,  we  originally  understood,  bones  which  had 
:en  treated  with  a  certain  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid, 
hich  converts  tlie  phoBp!»at(j8  more  or  less  completely 
to  a  m>Iable  Htale.  At  .present,  however,  these  suli- 
an'-es  are  never  ma^le  exclusively  from  bones,  but  a 
Tt'iin  quantity  of  c/>proliteB  is  always  employed.  Jn 
me  in«!it«nw:H,  they  are  ma/Je  entirely  from  (roproliics  ; 
id,  in  tlii;se  ca-ses,  woollen  rags,  or  animal  refuse, 
id    some    salts    of   ammonia  are  aildcd    as  sources 

nitrogen.  'Jhe  sabstAnce,  when  of  good  quality, 
w>\'\  iuT  about  11.  [>cr  ton,  and  ought  to  contain 
ffm  ?A  to  ?A  per  etint.  of  phosphat^js,  of  wlilcli 
om  10  to  1.5  per  cent,  is  soluble  in  wftt*;r,  fttid  nitro- 
moni  matters  capablo  of  yioldintj  from  2  U)  \  per  cent, 
ammonia.  Tho  remainder  is  sand,  gypsum,  sul[)huric 
:id,and  animal  mutt/rr«,  and  water,  in  variable  pro- 
>rtiotis.  Now,  the  value  of  supeqjlMMtphates  is  mainly 
•p«-n'leiit  upon  the  quality  of  folublo  phosphates,  but  it 
'  iiapfMiHH  that  h\r%fi  quantities  of  the  so-called  supor- 
i'>splia:eN  are  wdd  in  Scotland  which  do  not  contain 
ly  Hup-jrphosphato  at  all*      These  samples  emanate 


from  a  class  of  inferior  manufacturers,  who  employ  a  i 
deficient  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  a  quantity  of 
coprolites,  and  they  reduce  the  sulphuric  acid  so  low,  | 
that  it  does  no  more  thau  decompose  the  carbonate  of 
lime  whicli  they  contain,  without  dissolving  any  of  the 
phosphates.  The  detection  of  such  samples  is  easily 
effected  by  pouring  upon  them  two  or  three  times  their 
bulk  of  boiling  water,  filtering  of  the  fluid,  and  then 
adding  ammonia,  when,  if  the  manure  contain  soluble 
phosphates,  a  milkiness  appears  in  the  fluid,  which  is 
absent  if  there  are  none.  Immense  quantities  of  such 
manure  are  sold,  and  we  heard  of  one  establishment  of 
which  the  sales  amounted  to  about  40,000^,  a-year. 
The  adulteration  of  other  manures  need  not  occupy 
our  attention  long,  as  few  of  them  are  of  sufficient 
importance,  and  many  of  them  do  not  admit  of 
admixture  of  any  foreign  matters  without  detec- 
tion. He  had  seen  bone-dust  adulterated  with 
oyster  shells,  and  with  a  mixture  of  common 
salt,  and  sulphate  of  soda.  Nitrate  of  soda  was  also 
adulterated  with  common  salt,  and  sulphate  of  ammonia 
with  sulphate  of  soda,  but  these  he  believed  to  be  rare. 
There  was  also  a  class  of  inferior  manures  sold  under 
various  names,  but  mostly  consisting  of  dissolved  bones 
mixed  with  kelp,  nitrate  of  soda,  &c.,  the  principal 
peculiarity  of  which  is,  that  they  are  inferior  to  the 
genuine  dissolved  bones,  and  are  generally  sold  at  a 
higher  price.  On  these  manures  he  could  not  go  into 
details,  and  he  believed  it  was  less  necessary,  as  he  had 
observed  that  farmers  were  now  very  cautious  in  pur- 
chasing them,  and  he  believed  comparatively  small 
quantities  were  now  sold.  He  concluded  with  observing, 
that  the  great  point  was  for  farmers  to  be  cautious  in 
ascertaining  that  the  manures  they  purchase  have  been 
submitted  to  analysis,  and  that  they  deal  only  with  men 
of  established  character,  by  which  means  he  believed  that 
adulteration  would  be  greatly  reduced,  although  it  could 
scarcely  be  expected  that  it  would  be  entirely  put  a  stop 
to.— Mr.  Finnic,  Swanston^  after  a  few  general  remarks, 
said — Twice,  in  my  own  experience,  have  I  been  the 
dupe  of  such  nefarious  practices.  On  one  occasion  I 
purchased  nitrate  of  soda,  and  when  too  late  for  me,  I 
could  observe  no  visible  efTect  upon  the  crop  to  which  it 
had  been  applied.  I  got  a  sample  of  some  that  had  been 
left  over  analysed  by  Mr.  Kemp,  and  that  gentleman 
pronounced  it  to  have  been  largely  mixed  up  with  common 
sea-salt  and  sand.  This  was  before  Professor  Johnston 
became  chemist  to  the  Agricultural  Chemistry  Asso- 
ciation. On  another  occasion  I  bought  guano  from  a 
party  in  Leitli,  but  profiting  from  experience,  had  a 
sample  analysed  by  Professor  Johnston  ;  and  although 
I  escaped  myself,  still  many  that  got  portions  of  the 
same  cargo  would  be  sufferers.  Now  in  neither  of 
,  these  eases  could  I  for  one  moment  believe  that  the 
respectable  parties  who  acted  as  agents  were  cognisant 
of  the  roguery  that  existed.  Last  year  a  Mid-Lothian 
farmer  asked  me  to  inspect  a  field  of  Turnips,  different 
portions  having  beiin  raauured  with  different  purchases  of 
guano.  One  portion  was  a  failure,  another  a  good  crop  ; 
and,  no  later  than  last  week,  a  farmer  from  Stirlingshire 
called  for  me  and  said^"  Yoii  ridiculed  me  when.  I  told 
you  that  the  field  of  Turnips  you  saw  upon  my  fajjjii, 
and  which  you  thought  so  little  of,  had  been  manured 
with  so  many  cwts.  of  Peruvian  guano  per  acre.  Por- 
tunately  (lie  adds)  I  have  got  some  that  was  left  over 
analysed,  and  I  am  now  in  a  position  to  sue  for 
damages  ;"  but  more  fortunate  would  it  have  been  for 
him  had  he  put  the  horse  befoi'e  the  cart,  and  saved  his 
crop  of  Turnips.  But  I  ask,  sir,  what  redress  is  likely 
to  be  obtained  that  will  compensate  for  a  lost  Turuip 
crop  ?  Nothing,  in  my  opinion,  will  more  effectually 
cripple,  nay,  ruin  a  farmer  than  the  loss  of  his  green 
crop  break  ;  it  is  not  only  the  loss  of  the  Turnips,  but 
every  other  crop  for  rotation  goes  to  swell  the  amount. 
After  Professor  Johnston's  appointment,  a  very  appa- 
rent check  was  given  to  the  attempt  to  palm  off  those 
adulterated  manures,  and  why  I — ^just  because  farmers  for 
a  while  would  buy  nothing  but  what  would  bear  the 
searching  test  of  the  cliemist's  crucible ;  but  for  some 
years  back  they  seem  to  have  relapsed  into  a  careless 
acquiescence  in  the  belief  that  all  is  safe,  and  these 
im[)ostors  finding  there  is  no  stir  in  the  camp  have 
commenced  their  attack  anew,  and  hence  all  this 
outcry  about  lost  crops.  I  know  the  fact  that 
j  Imndreds  and  hundreds  are  paid  by  some  farmers  for 
gnano  and  other  special  manures  without  ever  requiring 
I  any  test  of  their  purity  ;  thus,  in  short,  placing  a  few 
!  sliillings  wliich  it  would  cost  them  for  an  analysis 
[  against  tho  possible  failure  of  their  whole  green  crop. 
I  Take  the  length  and  breadth  of  Britain,  I  believe  hardly 
;  a  farmer  is  ignorant  of  the  invaluable  services  which 
j  have  been  rendered  to  agriculture  by  the  exertions  of 
I  the  Highland  Society.  But  in  my  Immble  opinion  one 
I  of  tho  most  important  of  all  has  been  their  appointment 
I  of  an  analytic  chc:miHt.  Upon  what,  may  1  ask,  doe.s  the 
i  success  of  the  practical  agriculturist  depend,  but  on  a 
'  plentiful  supply  of  rich  manure  ;  and  the  object  of  the 
!  chemical  department  is  not  only  to  assist  farmers  by  the 
!  aid  of  scientific  principles,  how  they  can  more  perfectly 
i  manage  tho  manure  iniMlo  upon  the  farm,  but  also  to 
I  protect  them  in  obtaining  thown,  they  have  no  alterna- 
livfs  but  to  purchase  ;  thuw,  in  fact,  giving  tho  agricul- 
5  turul  community  companitive  security  in  the  very  article 
upon  which  their  wholo  year's  exertions  depeiul.  It  is 
po»*sibI<!  [  may  hear  some  landlords  saying  what  fully  it 
is  for  our  tenants  to  rim  sucli  risks  when  they  can  he  po 
easily  avoided  ;  but,  sir,  may  I  not  with  ]>i-opriety 
retort  how  foolish  and  short-sighted  so  many  landlords 
tti'O  who  stand  aloof  and  givo  not  one  fartiiiiig  to 
support  our  chemical   department,  80    invaluablo  an 


auxiliary  to  successful  farming,  and  thus  bytheirexample 
lull  their  tenants  into  the  belief  that  the  chemist  and 
his  crucible  are  unworthy  of  their  consideration.  Philan- 
thropists are  not  wanting  who  hesitate  at  no  act  of 
self-denial,  who  spare  no  trouble,  and  grudge  no  expense^ 
in  so  laudable  an  object  as  bringing  science  to  bear  on 
the  education  of  the  masses  in  large  towns,  and  surely 
'it  is  an  anomaly  that  in  the  landward  district  of  tlio 
country,  where  there  is  so  much  wealth  and  intelligence, 
an  attempt  to  bring  science  to  bear  on  that  art  we 
practise  is  left  to  languish  and  decay,  thus  defeating  two- 
most  important  results — on  the  one  hand,  the  obtaining 
of  an  increased  produce  from  the  land,  and  on  the 
other,  the  elevating  to  a  liigher  intellectual  standing 
agriculturists  of  the  present  and  future  generations. 
I  have  no  fear  of  farmers  becoming  too  theoretical,  I 
never  visited  a  farm-steading  yet,  where  I  saw  the  dung- 
heap  properly  attended  to,  and  anxiety  displayed  as  to 
a  safe  selection  of  what  manures  required  to  be  pur- 
chased, but  the  farmer  had  some  theory,  or  in  other 
words,  had  some  scientific  principles  to  guide  him.  There 
is  a  vast  difference  between  substituting  theory  for  prac- 
tice, and  calling  science  to  the  aid  of  practice.  I  trust, 
therefore,  as  we  have  been  privileged  to  secure  the 
services  of  so  eminent  and  talented  a  chemist  as  Dr. 
Anderson,  both  landlord  and  tenant  will  show  them- 
selves sensible  of  it,  and  thus  encourage  him  in  the 
arduous,  task  he  has  undertaken,  of  entering  upon  a 
field  of  inquiry,  one  may  say,  liitherto  unexplored. — 
Mr.  Thomson,  Peffer  Mill,  rose  and  requested  pennission 
to  make  a  short  statement  of  what  had  occurred  to  him-  ' 
self,  and  which  was  in  corroboration  of  what  had  been 
so  well  stated  by  Dr.  Anderson  and  Mr.  Finnic.  In  the 
spring  of  this  year,  along  with  several  others,  he  was 
simple  enough  to  buy  a  good  many  tons  of  what  was 
stated  to  be  guano  rich  in  phosphates.  From  its 
appearance  and  the  respectability  of  the  parties  offering 
it  for  sale,  he  was  led  to  buy  a  considerable  quantity  of 
it.  After  having  got  it  home  a  day  or  two,  and  having 
tried  it  by  some  simple  tests,  he  began  to  have  strong 
suspicions  as  to  whether  in  point  of  fact  there  were  any 
of  the  constituents  of  guano  in  its  composition.  Hi3 
suspicions  having  been  thus  awakened,  he  at  once  took  a 
portion  of  the  stuff  to  Dr.  Anderson's  laboratory  for  the 
purpose  of  having  it  analysed,  so  that  lie  might  be  set 
right  as  to  his  doubts.  This  was  done  in  Dr.  Anderson's 
absence  by  his  principal  assistant.  In  two  or  three  days 
after  this  he  called,  and  his  astonishment  may  be  sup- 
posed, when  he  was  informed  by  what  was  supported— 
and  held  out  to  be  phosphates,  was  simply  silicate  of 
alumina  (pipe  clay),  and  a  mixture  of  brown  earth  and 
sand,  which  he  stated  to  be  perfectly  valueless  as  a. 
manure.  As  a  matter  of  course,  having  got  this  infor- 
mation, he  immediately  applied  to  the  parties  from 
whom  it  was  bought,  to  have  this  stuft'  taken  away  and 
the  money  returned.  This  request,  however,  in  the  first 
instance,  was  refused,  but  upon  his  taking  higher 
'  grounds,  and  threatening  to  have  a  sample  taken 
before  witnesses,  and  sent -to  Dr^  George  Wilson  for 
his  analysis,  which  he  would  publish  in  all  the  Edinljurgli 
papers  as  a  warning  to  all  his  brother  farmers,  so  as  to 
guard  them  in  future  from  being  imposed  upon,  the 
parties  consented  to  take  back  the  stuff,  and  sent  bade 
the  money.  Now,  if  he  or  any  other  farmer  had  been- 
so  unfortunate  as  to  have  used  this  stuff  to  any  extent 
as  a  manure  for  any  of  their  green  crops  or  otherwise- 
(and  to  his  knowledge  there  were  large  quantities  of  it 
used),  what  could  be  expected  but  a  great  loss,  and  a 
perfect  failure  wherever  it  was  used  %  Indeed,  it  was  of 
no  more  value  thau  road  mud.  Before  sitting  down, 
lie  requested  to  be  allowed  to  warn  all  his  brother 
farmers  throughout  the  country,  not  only  to  be  careful 
from  whom  they  bought  guano  (no  doubt  there  are 
many  parties  who  deal  in  the  article  that  are  above 
suspici(m),  but  upon  no  consideration  even  make  a  pur- 
chase from  any  one,  without  getting  a  printed  analysis- 
representing  its  value  as  a  manure,  and,  immediately 
upon  getting  it  home,  get  a  fair  sample  of  it  analysed, 
by  some  competent  person,  and  thereby  compel  guano 
manufacturers  to  offer  nothing  for  sale  but  the  real 
Simon  pure. — Sir  John  Hall  expressed  his  belief  that 
those  who  dealt  directly  with  Antony  Gibbs  and  Co.. 
were  safe  from  adulteration. 


Miscellaneous. 

Quarter-ill  in  Caith  at  Ardfcrt  Ahhey. — During 
v;inter,  1051-2,  Mr.  Crosbie  lost  nine  cattle  by  tlie 
quarter-IU,  and  as  neither  the  cause  which  may  have 
produced  the  disease,  nor  a  remedy  for  its  removal,  has 
been  ascertained,  in  order  to  obtain  further  information 
on  the  subject,  he  wishes  a  statement  to  be  made  of  the 
description  of  cattle  that  died,  and  the  manner  in  which 
they  were  fed,  &c-,  in  the  hope  that  its  publication  may 
lead  to  a  satisfactory  solution.  Up  to  the  25th  March 
he  was  ia  the  occupation  of  three  different  farms,  as 
follows  : — First,  iiome-farni,  containing  700  acres  of 
prime  land  ;  second,  out-larm,  100  acres  of  good 
ground  ;  third,  a  newly-improved  farm,  of  over  100 
actea  of  mountain  land  ;  and,  as  it  was  on  tho  mountain 
farm  tho  disease  appeared,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
continued,  tlio  condition  of  this  farm  would  require  to  be 
particularly  explained,  fn  tho  year  HM-f,  Mr.  Crosbie 
took  this  farm  into  his  own  possession,  it  being  at  tho 
time  in  ii  state  of  nature,  and  producing  imthing  but 
lloatii.  llo  had  it  drained,  partly  subsoiled,  all  tilled, 
and  matmre.il  with  dung  and  liinu,  green  and  grain- 
crt)[iped,  iind  Jald  out  wil.h  (llovcu'  and  Grass  seeds,  and 
all  of  thcso  crops  it  producod  abundantly.  Tho  soil  is 
priiicipully  n  peaty  surface,  on  a  white  clay  subsoil  ;  it 


782 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Dec.  4, 


was  cropped  last  year  (1851)  with  20  acres  of  Turnips 
20  acres  of  Oats,  the  remainder  being  meadow  and 
pasture.  On  the  homo  farm,  64  calves,  mostly  of  the 
short-horned  breed,  some  of  them  pure,  some  half-bred, 
and  a  few  Kerries,  were  reared.  On  the  1st  of  Novem- 
ber 50  of  these  were  sent  to  the  mountain  farm,  where 
they  were  fed  on  good  after-Grass  by  day,  and  were 
turned  into  a  shed  and  yard  by  night.  They  were  put 
to  Turnips  and  hay  about  the  middle  of  November,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  five  of  the  best  of  them  that  were 
tied  up  in  a  separate  house,  they  were  turned  out  a  few 
hours  daily  until  the  place  was  supplied  with  food  and 
litter.  They  throve  well  until  the  middle  of  December, 
when  one  of  them  was  taken  suddenly  ill,  and  died  in 
the  course  of  six  or  eight  hours.  Wlien  opened,  the 
left  fore-quarter  w.is  affected,  and  the  heart  and  lungs 
were  liltewise  affected.  In  the  course  of  two  days 
another  was  attacked,  and  died  as  suddenly,  the  hind- 
quarter  only  being  diseased.  The  veterinary  surgeon 
pronounced  it  decidedly  the  quarter-ill.  They  were  all 
bled,  and  got  a  dose  of  salts,  tartar  emetic,  and  ginger. 
The  five  best  calves  were  removed  to  another  farm,  and 
their  place  filled  with  five  out  of  the  shed,  when,  in  a 
few  days,  another  of  those  in  the  shed  died  ;  the  lungs 
of  this  one  being  affected.  They  were  then  changed  to 
another  farm,  with  the  exception  of  the  five  that  were 
kept  constantly  in  the  house.  There  was  no  new  case 
on  this  farm  during  the  time  they  were  left  on  it,  that  is, 
about  three  weeks.  They  were  sent  back  to  the  moun- 
tain farm,  as  the  house  accommodation  and  food  were 
there,  and  thinking  there  might  be  no  more  cases  ;  but 
in  10  or  12  days  another  of  them  was  attacked  and 
■died,  the  hind-quarter  being  affected.  They  continued 
well  up  to  the  OSth  of  March  ;  and  the  other  out-farm 
being  let,  12  of  the  two-year-old  beasts  that  were  fed  on 
that  farm  were  sent  up  to  the  mountain  farm,  when  they 
got  fulness  of  hay  and  Turnips.  On  tlie  4th  of  April 
another  of  the  calves  died  of  the  quarter-ill.  They  were 
again  all  bled,  and  got  a  dose  of  salts.  On  the  1 2th  of  April 
another  died  ;  on  the  15th  of  April  another  died,  which 
almost  dropped  down  in  a  moment  in  the  field.  They 
were  kept  constantly  in  the  shed  and  yard  since,  and  put 
on  short  allowance  of  Turnips.  No  more  of  the  calves 
have  died  since,  but  on  the  16th  of  April  one  of  the 
two-year-old  bullocks,  sent  up  on  the  25th  March,  took 
ill  and  died  suddenly  of  the  same  distemper,  when  the 
■other  1 1  two-year-olds  were  brought  to  Ardfert,  put  up 
in  a  house  on  the  17tii,  fed  on  cut  Grass  and  hay,  and 
let  out  to  water  daily  ;  yet,  on  the  22d,  one  of  ihem 
died  after  a  few  hours'  illness,  the  hind-quai-ter  being 
Tery  bad.  We  bled  the  other  10,  and  gave  them  1  lb. 
of  salts  each,  smeared  with  tar,  and  changed  them  to 
another  house,  where  they  will  be  fed  on  cut  Grass  and 
hay,  and  watered  inside  doors  until  we  see  how  they 
may  do  under  such  management.  Now,  how  will  you 
account  for  this  ?  Is  it  too  high  feeding  !  No  ;  because 
the  1 0  that  were  kept  in  were  better  fed  than  those  that 
died,  and  are  much  fatter,  and  none  of  them  have  been 
taken  ill.  Is  it  in  the  land  ?  No  ;  because  about  five 
j-»ars  ago  we  had  a  few  cows  which  died  at  Ardfert  of 
the  same  distemper,  and  by  removing  the  others  to  the 
mountain  farm  a  stop  was  put  to  it.  Is  it  because  short- 
horned  cattle  are  unfit  for  mountain  land,  even  when 
improved  and  house  accommodation  provided  ?  No  • 
because  the  calves  of  the  Kerry  breed  died  equally  with 
the  short-horns.  Well,  then,  is  it  infectious  ?  when  a 
beast  that  was  brought  from  another  farm,  on  25th 
March,  tool;  ill  on  the  16th  April ;  and  another  brought 
the  seeds  of  the  disease  to  Ardfert.  What  are  we  to  do 
now,  if  any  more  get  ill  ?  We  have  an  experienced 
veterinary  surgeon  ;  still  the  cattle  die.  We  have  dif- 
ferent farms,  and  variety  of  food.  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Agricultural  Imjirovement  Society  of  Ireland. 

Cheesemahing. — At  the  agricultural  dinners  the  toast, 
-«  Practice  with  science,"  is  often  drunk,  but  science  has 
never  yet  been  called  in  to  aid  in  the  practice  of  cheese- 
making.  The  proper  heat  of  the  milk  when  the  "  steep  " 
is  put  in  is  guessed  by  the  dipping  in  of  the  finger. 
The  quantity  of  rennet  (or  what  is  best  known  here  as 
"  bag-skin  "),  to  produce  a  given  quantity  of  "  steep  "  (or 
liquid  for  turning  the  milk  into  cm-d),  ia  guessed.  The 
proper  time  for  breaking  up  the  curd  is  guessed.  Whether 
all  the  whey  is  got  out  of  the  curds  or  not  is  guessed.  The 
proper  temperature  of  the  curds  after  being  ground  or 
crashed  is  guessed.  The  length  of  time  they  are  left  to 
■drain  is  guessed.  The  quantity  of  salt  mixed  with  the 
■curd  (if  any)  is  guessed.  The  length  of  time  the  cheese 
is  kept  in  the  press  is  guessed,  as  is  also  the  weight 
necessary  to  be  laid  on.  The  strength  of  the  brine  or 
-quantity  of  salt  used  is  guessed.  The  result  of  this  is, 
that  cheese  are  often  over-salted  and  sometimes  under- 
salted.  And  the  temperature  of  the  cheese-room  and 
its  ventilation  is  all  chance.  Here  then  is  a  field  of 
operations  for  the  various  agi-icnltural  societies,  and  one 
they  would  do  well  to  take  up.  Here  improvements 
might  be  made,  if  not  without  any  outlay,  with  the 
most  trivial.  Thousands  of  pounds  yearly  might  be 
realised  by  the  Lancashire  farmers  if  they  could  be 
taught  to  make  good  Lancashire  cheese.  This  is  the 
first  step,  and  till  this  is  accomplished  it  is  folly  to  talk 
of  making  Cheshire  cheese.  Besides  the  relative  value 
of  Lancasliire  and  Cheshire  cheese  often  varies,  and  the 
former  have  been  known  at  certain  periods  to  fetch  even 
higher  prices  th.an  the  latter.  I  cannot  conclude  these 
hasty  remarks  without  calling  the  attention  of  the 
iandoxvners  to  the  importance  of  providing  proper 
«heese-roomg.     Every  large   farm  ought  to   have   two 


«heese- 


rooms,  one  with  a  northern  exposure  for  summer. 


,      ,  .        ' -™  —  ijvji  111.11^1. u  cAuwauic  iUJ 

and  the  wmter  room  exposed  to  the  south  5 


contrivance  for  moderating  the  heat  in  summer  and 
increasing  it  in  winter.  Tliatched  buildings  are  also 
better  than  slated  ones,  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold 
in  slated  buildings  being  very  great.  Osserver,  Preston 
Guardian^ 


Notices    to   Correspondents. 

*' Carragefn"  :  J  M  B  D.  We  krtow  nothing  about  Carrngeen 
or  Irish  Moes  for  feeding,  bat  should  be  glad  to  learn  ;  12  to 
16  buRhels  of  bone-dust  per  acre  is  a  common  dresslrnf  f<T 
Turnips,  but  6  or  8  busliels  acted  oD  by  Fu'pburic  acid  will 
do  as  much  good.  It  has  proved  beneficial  ;o  PutatoeB— but 
is  mrre  e'ptciaily  a  Turnip  manure. 

Cabedts  :  Subscriber.  Wash  ttiem  and  put  them  in  the  trough 
before  the  horses  ;  they  will  'joon  eat  them  up  — but  more 
slowly,  and  thertfure  more  usefully  than  if  chopped  iii  email 
pieces.  If  you  can  pRt  ihem  to  eat  Swedes  tbey  will  do  as 
well  on  them  as  on  C.irrots  ;  bat  it  is  not  every  horse  that 
will  eaE  Swedi.'ih  TurnipF.  Thanks  for  jcur  bint  about 
Poultry,  which  shall  be  attended  to  as  far  as  possible. 

Deain-tile  Machine  :  J  C.  I  am  not  aware  there  is  a  great 
or  certain  Bujjeriori'j  attachitig  to  any  of  the  best  tile  acd 
p'pe-makine;  machiiies.  Those  made  by  Mr.  Whitehead,  <jf 
Preston  ;  Mr,  Scraeg,  of  Calverley,  near  Tarporley,  Ohe.'-h  re; 
and  Mr.  Clayton,  Dorset-square,  London,  are  all  well  known 
as  performing  quick  and  ex-'cUent  work,  both  :o  scrfeniug 
clay  and  making  pipes.  If  a  cheap  as  well  hs  eff>  cnve 
machine  is  wanted  for  a  small  tilery,  apply  to  Mr.  Williams, 
Bedford.  H.  K. 

Linseed  :  Youvg  Feeder.  It  is  not  sold  in  the  ground  state.  It 
would  heat  and  spoil  very  soon  if  kept  in  large  quantities 
ground. 

Mangold  Wdbzel:  Young  SiibscHber.  Transplant  the  bulbs 
into  land  unmanured,  but  in  good  heart,  a  yard  apart,  burying 
them  well,  and  hoe  the  ground  in  spring  and  summer,  and 
gather  the  eeed  stems  one  by  one  as  they  get  brown  in 
autumn,  and  dry  them  well  and  thresh  them. 

Pigs:  S,  It  is  doc  best  "to  take  off  the  skins  of  largo  pigs" 
immtdiately  after  being  killed,  Gloucestershire  bacon  has 
the  skin  on. 

Pollards:  H  D^Arcy.  We  do  not  know  what  is  meant  by 
thi«  term,  as  "  Y."  used  it  at  pnge  731.  Perhaps  he  will  be 
kind  enough  to  explain.  T'le  shells  ou  Oats  are  at  least  as 
useful  for  food  a?  straw-chjiff.  They  are  generally  sold  to 
distillers,  at  id.  to  Gd  per  four  bushels,  who  mix  them  with 
spent  grains  and  sell  the  mixture  for  fattening  cattle. 

ScaEENER  :  Aberdeen.  Messrs.  Spiller  and  Taylor,  of  Battersea, 
have  not  exhibited,  that  we  are  aware,  their  machine  at  any 
agricultural  nieeiing,  excepting  that  in  the  Hyde  Park 
building.  We  are  not  aware  if  it  is  manufactured  sepa- 
rately for  farmers'  use.  But  perhaps  this  notice  may  elicit 
information. 

Errata  ;  At  page  7G1  in  the  first  line  of  the  article  ou  "  Fingers 
and  Toes.*'  for  '*  presumptive"  read  "  presumptuous."  Also 
at  page  763,  column  c,  5l8t  line  from  the  top,  for  "  aliment " 
read  *'  element." 


COVENT  GARDEN,  Dec.  4. 
The  escessive  wet  weather  having  somewhat  abated,  trade 
bpgins  to  get  brisker.  Vegetables  and  Fruit  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Foreign  Grapes  fetch  from  Is.  6d.  to  2?.  eii.  per  lb. 
pears  and  Apples  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  The  former 
consist  of  Glout  Motccau,  Winter  Nelis,  Choumoutol,  and 
Crassane.  A  few  Tomatoes  may  still  be  obtained.  Cobs 
and  other  Nuts  are  realising  fair  prices.  Potatoes  have  not 
altered  in  value  eince  our  last  report.  Mushrooms  are 
scarcer.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Primulas,  Roses, 
Mignonette,  Bignonia  venusta,  and  Fuchsias. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3s  to  63 
Grapes, bothouse.do.,  4¥6dto6s 
Pomegranates,  each,  Ss  to  4b 
Apples, dessert,p.  busb,  63  tolOs 

—  kitchen,  do.,  Ss  to  Ss 
Pears,  per  doz.,  1&  6d  to  4s 

—  per  half  sieve,  5s  to  78 
Melons,  ecch,  28  to  -5a 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  is  to  23 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve. 

Is  to  2s 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz..   Is  to 

2s  6d 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  29 
French  Beans,  per  100,  Sa 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  4b  to  5s 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  85s  to  140b 

—  per  cwt.,  5s  to  93 

—  per  bush.,  236d  to  4s  €d 
Turnips,  perdoz.,  Is  to  Is 9d 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  4s 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spani8h,p.doz.,le3dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


TEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  doz,.  Is  to  2s 

—  per  loo,  6s  to  IO3 
Almonds,  per  peck,  6s 

—  Bweet,  per  lb.,  23  to  89 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

—  Brazil,  do.,  123  to  Ua 

—  Cubs,  moB 

—  Spanish,  do.,  IG3  to  I83 
Chestnuts,  p,  bush.,  3s.  to  2O3 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  6d 
Endive  per  score.  Is  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
HorseRadi9fa,  p.bundle.lstoSs 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  43  to  68 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  Sd 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  23  to  38 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunch,3d 
Marjoram,  do,,  2d  to  3d 
Watercre3ses,p.  12bun,4d  to  6d 

COAL  MARKET.— Fbidat.  Dec.  3. 

EollywfU,   16s.  6d. ;   Eden   Main,  168.;    Wallsend  Riddell, 

158.;    Wallsend    Haswell,  ITs. ;  Wallsend   Hetton,   16s.   9d. ; 

Wallsend  Lambton,  16s.  3d. ;  Wallsend  Tees,  16s.  6d.— Ships 

at  market,  176. 

HOPS. — BoBODOH  Mabebt,  Dec.  3, 
Messrs.  Fattenden  and  Smith,  Hop  Factors,  report  that  the 
demand  for  Hops  continues  good,  at  prices  about  23.  per  cwt, 
higher  than  last  week,  with  a  rery  limited  supply  on  o£Por. 

:wooL.; 

Bbadfobd,  Thubsdat,  Dec.  2.— There  continues  to  be  a 
steady  demand  for  English  Wool,  with  prices  tending  upwards. 
This  is  more  especially  the  case  in  the  country,  where  both 
farmers  and  dealers  are  asking  and  obtaining  advanced  rates. 
The  general  feeling  is  that  prices  have  reached  a  point  which 
the  trade  here  cannot  support ;  but  yet,  if  the  present  large 
consumption  continues,  it  is  not  likely  that  prices  will  recede. 
There  is  but  little  wool  left  in  the  farmers'  hands,  and  the 
staplers  therefore  seem  disposed  to  hold  their  stocks  until  they 
can  get  an  advance  equivalent  to  that  which  has  been  esta- 
blished in  the  country.  The  colonial  wool  trade  may  be  cha- 
racterised in  terms  similar  to  the  above. 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  86  Truflses. 

Smitbfield.  Dec.  2. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  759  to  80s 

Clover 

.  80s  to  IOO3 

Inferior  do. 

...  65         70 

Second  cut 

.  65          85 

Rowen 

...  45         65 

Straw 

,  26          30 

New  Hay     ... 

...  —         — 

E, 

J.  Davis, 

Cdmbebland  Market,  Dec.  2.1 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  86b 

Inferior  Clover 

..,  708  to  643 

Inferior  do. .., 

...  65        72 

New  do. 

New  Hay      ... 

...  —        — 

Straw 

...  28        32 

Old  Clover  ... 

...  95       100 

Josbda  Bareb, 

Whiteohapel,  Dec.  2, 

Fine  old  Hay 

...  728  to  80s 

Old  Clover... 

..  908  to  100 

Inferior  do. 

...  50        70 

Inferior  do. 

..  70           808 

New  Hay     ... 

,.    —         — 

New  Clover 

Straw 

...  22        28 

Inferior  do. 

..  —           — 

SMITFIFIELD.— Monday,  Nov.  23. 
The  number  of  Beasts  is  considerably  larger  ;  however, 
trade  is  cheerful  for  the  choicest  qualities,  at  scarcely  any 
abatement.  The  weather  being  more  favourable,  a  fair  clear, 
anee  is  effected.  The  supply  of  Sheep  is  about  the  same  as  of 
Jate ;  trade  is  slow,  but  there  is  very  little  alteration  in  the 
quotations.  Good  Calves  are  readily  disposed  of  at  fully 
late  rates.  The  foreign  supply  consists  of  656  Beasts,  3980 
Sheep,  and  200  Calves ;  from  Scotland,  380  Beasts ;  and  36C0 
from  the  northern  and  midland  counties. 


Per  8t,  of  8IbB.— 8 

d      8    d 

Per  at.  of  Slbs.- a 

d      8    1 

3ebt  Scots,  Here- 

Best  Long.woola .  3 

10  to  4    2 

fords,  &c.       ...  3 

8  to  4    0 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0    0 

Beet  Short.horua  3 

6  —  3    8 

Eweb  &  2d  quality  3 

2  —  3    6 

2d  quality  ficast»  2 

8  —  3    2 

Do.  Shorn  0 

0  —  0    0 

Be&t   Downs  and 

Lamts     0 

0-0    (1 

Half.breds      ...  4 

4  —  1    6 

Calves     3 

4  —  4    4 

Po.  Shorn    0 

0-0     (1 

Pisa         3 

4  —  4    1 

Beaata,  5273  ;  S.tleep 

and  Lamba 

,  25,530  ;  tJalven,  233  ; 

Pigs.  230. 

FaiDAr 

,  Dec.  3. 

We  have  a  fow  more  Beasts  than  on  Friday  last,  still  the 
number  is  no:  large  for  the  time  df  year.  Choicest  qualiiiei 
meet  with  a  ready  sale  at  Mondaj's  quotaiions.  Trade  is  slow 
for  infer  or  kinae.  There  is  a  very  small  demand  for  Sheep. 
and  although  the  number  is  by  no  means  large,  they  cannot  all  , 
be  sold,  notwithstanding  there  is  a  disposiiion  to  take  lower  ! 
rates.  From  Germany  and  HolLind  there  are  237  Beasts, 
SOi)  Sheep,  imd  255  Calves;  from  France  40  Sheep  ;  and  121) 
Milch  Cows  from  the  home  countits. 


Per  St.  of  Slbs.— s 
Best  Scots,  Here- 
fords,  &c.  ...  3 
Best  Short-horns  3 
2d  quality  Beasts  2 
Best  Downs  and 

Half.breds      ...  4 
Do.  Shorn 


B     d 


8  to  4 
4  —  3 


4  —  4 
0  —  0 


Per  St.  of  Slbs. — 8     d       B 
Best  Lone-wools  .3    8  to  4 
Do.  Shorn 
Ewes  »fc  2d  quality  3 


Do.  Shorn 
Lambs 
Calves 
Pigs 


Beasts,  1053  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  3,490;  Calves,  3 


0  —  3 
0  —  0 
0  —  0 
0  —  4 
4—  4 
Figs,  215. 


POTATOES.— SoDTHWABK,  Nov.  29. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  the  market 
has  been  liberally  supplied  both  coastwise,  foreign,  and  b/ 
rail,  and  very  little  alteration  either  in  trade  or  prices,  esceyt 
for  very  fine  samples  of  Regents,  which  are  very  scarce.  1  he 
following  are  this  da>'s  quotaMoos  :— Yorkshire  Regents,  ^^h. 
to  1208.;  Liaoolnshire  do.,  753.  to  llOs,  ;  Scotch  do.,  80-. 
to  90s.;  Scotch  Reds,  75s.  to  80s. ;  French  whitts,  80s.  to  SO.. ; 
Dutch,  553.  to  603. 


o3e 


Red  . 
Red  . 


MARK  LANE. 
MoMDAT,  Nov,  29.- The  supply  of  English  Wheat  to  thi, 
morning's  market  was  very  small,  and  although  the  conditio! 
was  most  wretchfd,  it  was  taken  freely  at  an  advance  of  In, 
to  2s.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices  of  this  day  se'nnight.    Foreign 
being  held  for  a   similar    improvement   restricted    bueiaess, 
buyers  being  unwilling  to  concede  it.     The  top  price  of  town- 
made  Flour  was  raised  to  43s.  per  sack,  and  barrels  obtaiced 
Is.  advance. — Fine  malting  Barley  brings  last  week's  prices^ j 
all  other  descriptions  are  Is.  per  qr,  cheaper.    Beans  and  Peaifl 
are  unaltered  in  value.— Oats  are    a    slow  sale  and  rathejy 
cheaper. 

Pes  Impeeial  Quabtee.  | 

Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...White  38— 52 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  42 — 53 

—  —    Talavera  '52—56 

—  Norfolk '40-48 

—  Foreign '36 — 54 

Barley.grind.df  distil.,25s  to  283. .,Chev.  126—34 

—  Foreign  ,,. grinding  and  distilling  26— 29 
Data,  Essex,  and  Suffolk [17—20 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire... Potatoi22 — 24 

—  Irish Potato  20—22 

—  Foreign    ..Poland  and  3rew'18 — 21 

Rye      29-32 

Rye-meal,  foreign i     — 

Beans,  Mazagan Sl3  to  333 Tick  33 — 35 

—  Pigeon  34s  — 37s. ..Winds.  39—41 

—  Foreign Small  32—37 

Peas,  white,  Esses  and  Kent,. ....Boilers  38 — 41 

—  Maple 32a  to  35a Grey  30—33 

Maize     White>     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered. ..per  sack  37 — 43 

—  Suffolk ditto,  25— 32 

—  Foreign per  barrel|-l — 25 

Feiday,   Dec,  3. — Although  the  market  this  mbrning  was 

only  thinly  attended,  a  good  disposition  to  purchase  Wheat 
was  apparent,  and  holders  again  advanced  their  pretensions. 
English  and  foreign  red  must  be  written  Is.  per  qr.  dearer. 
Floating  cargoes  are  held  for  29.  per  qr,  advance.  Foreign 
Flour  is  in  good  request,  at  an  advance  of  Is,  per  sack  and  6d. 
to  Is.  per  barrel. — For  Barley  there  is  a  good  inquiry,  at  fully 
Monday's  prices.— Beans  and  Pea3  are  unaltered  in  value.— 
The  Oat  trade  is  firm  at  late  rates. 

lUFEETAL  ATEBAOES, 


Red  

Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Peed 

t^oreign . 

Harrow  , 
Longpod 
Cgyptiau 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
feUow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  Back 


32— U 

88—18 


27—30 
30-33 

16—22 

18—19 
16—19 


33-:J5 
30—:;* 
32—34 
40-42 
J2— 43 


26—32 
32-86 


Oct.  23.. 

—  30.. 
Nov.     6,. 

—  13.. 

—  20.. 

—  27.. 


Aeirr^'g.   Avpr. 


Wheat.  Babley.  Oats    Rye.    Beans.    Peas; 


a.  d. 

38  8 

39  2 
39  5 

39  11 

40  0 
40  6 


39  7 


s,  d. 

17  10 

17  6 

18  3 
18  7 
IS  9 
18  6 


3,  d. 

25  8 

26  0 
24  10 

27  b 
29  9 

n  1 


26  10 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr, 
Fldctuations  im  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Avbbaggb. 


Feicee.    Oct.  28.  Oct.  30.  Nov.  6,  Nov.  13.iNov.20.  Nov  27 


408  5d 
40  0 
39  11 
39  5 
39  2 
88     8  - 


LiVEBPooL,  Tuesday,  Nov.  80. — The  arrivals  from  Ireland 
and  coastwise  during  the  past  week  have  been  large  of  Oat- 
meal, but  limited  of  other  articles.  At  this  day's  market  there 
was  a  large  attendance  of  town  and  country  millers,  who 
showed  considerable  disposition  to  get  into  stock.  Wheat  and 
barrel  Flour  met  with  a  brisk  decbaod,  at  an  improvement  ol 
2d.  per  70  lbs.  on  the  former,  and  6d.  per  barrel,  and  6d.  to  Is. 
per  sack  on  the  latter  article.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  were  in  fair 
request,  at  Jd.  per  45  lb?,  and  6d.  per  load  more  money.  Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peas  sold  freely  in  retail,  at  fully  late  rates. 
Indian  Corn  attracted  rather  more  attention,  and  an  advance 

of  3d.  to  6d.  per  qr.  was  realised. Feiday,  Nov.  26.— The 

arrivals  from  Ireland  and  coastwise  since  Tuesday  have 
been  large  of  Oatmeal,  and  small  of  other  articles;  from  foreign 
ports  we  have  only  3260  quarters  of  Wheat,  66(1  sacks  and  803 
barrels  of  Flour.  At  market,  to-day,  there  was  but  a  small 
attendance  of  the  town  and  country  trade,  and  the  business 
done  was  therefore  limited.  Holders  of  Wheat  and  Flour  were 
firm,  and  the  lull  prices  of  Tuesday  realised.  Oats  and  Oat- 
meal were  the  turn  dearer.  Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  were 
saleable  in  retail  at  late  rates.  Indian  Corn  met  with  more- 
inquiry,  and  rather  more  money  was  obtaiaable  for  both  float- 
ing cargoes  and  parcels  ia  store. 


49—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


783 


LARGE    STOCK   OF 

AGEIGULTUEAL    IMPLEMEITS 

AT   TWENTY   PER   CENT.  BELOW   THE    USUAL    COST. 


COTTAM      AND      HALLE  N, 

RE-ARRANGING   THEIR 

MANUFACTORY  AND  SHOW  ROOMS  FOR  THE  SALE  OF 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENT  , 

WISH  TO  DISPONE  OF   A  LARGE    ASSORTMENT  NOW  IN  STOCK,  PREVIOUS  TO  MAKIN& 
TUE  NECESSARY  ALTERATIONS  IN  THEIR  PUEMISES. 

The  Implenienfs  are  of  the  hest  and  most  modern  invention  and  usefid  description,  and  a  saving  of  20  fer  cent. 
and  upwards  will  he  effected  hy  any  purchases  made  from  this  Stoclc. 

CATALOGUES    ON    APPLICATION. 


COTTAM  AND  HALLEN,  2.  WINSLEY-STREET,   OXFORD-STREET,   LONDON. 


GREENHOUSE   &   CONSERVATORY   BUILDING 
ESTABLISHMENT. 

HOT-WATER,    APPARATUS  MANUFACTORY, 
Kensaxl-oreeh,  Haerow-eoad,  Iondon. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  begs  most  respectfully  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Gardeners,  to  the 
very  superior  manner  in  which  he  erects  all  kinds  of  Green- 
hoases,  Cooservatorieg,  Forcing  Pits,  &c.,  and  all  other  build 
ings  for  Horticultural  purpose?,  combining  all  the  moat  modern 
improvements  with  elegance  and  utility.  His  manner  of 
heating:  Horticultural  Buildings,  Churches,  Chapels,  Public 
Buildings,  Entrance  Halls,  <fcc.,  has  received  the  greatest 
approbaiion  from  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  by  whom  he  had 
been  extensively  eaca2;ed. 

rARNERS  PATENT   FARM  AND  COTTAGE 

PCilPS. — Cast-irtiii    Pumps,  for  the  use    of    Farms, 

Cottages,    Manure    Tanks,   and    Shallow 

Welis.  £  s.  d 

Paient  Pump 1  15    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nut8 

ready  for  fixiog 2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceeding  to  the  Gold 
Etgions  they  wiU   prove  to  be  the  most 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pumps 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmoneoror 
Plnmber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manufacturers, 

JOHN    WARNER  &  SONS, 
8,  Crescent,   Jewin-street,  London, 
Every  description  of   Machinery  for  Raising  Water,   Fire 
Sn^nes,  Jcc. 


MECHrS  RAZORS,  STROP,  and  PASTE  for  Us. 
i,  Leadenball-street,  London, — Pair  of  Razors,  7s.  ;  Strop, 
3s.  Qd.;  Paste,  &d.  The  R'lZ'ra  warranted,  or  exchanged  if 
not  approved.  Those  who  find  shaving  pninful  and  difficult 
will  do  well  to  try  the  above,  it  being  well  known  that  Mechi 
has  been  eminently  successful  in  rendering  shaving  an  easy 
operation.  Superior  Shaving  Brushes,  Naples  Soap,  and  every 
ar'icie  of  first-rate  quality  for  the  Toilet. — Cadtion.  Do  not  buy 
any  Strop  as  genuine  unless  Mecsi's  name  is  on  it,  there  being 
so  many  couuterteits.  Elegant  case  of  Razors  for  presents, 
from  2bf.  to  10  guineas.     Ivory-handled  and  Scotch  Strops. 

THE  RHEOCLINE,  OR  SPRING  COUCH, 
portable  without  detaching  any  of  its  parts,  softer  than 
a  Fearher  Bed,  and  which  can  be  changed  in  One  Moment  from 
a  Couch  to  either  a  Bed  or  Sofa,  may  be  seen  at 

COTTAM  AND  HALLEN'S,  76,  OXFORD-STRBET, 
where  also  is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  METALLIC  BED- 
STEADS, fitted  with  and  without  the  patent  RHEOCLINE, 
»fcc.  tfcc,  together  with  a  large  assortment  of  the  parent 
Iladia'ing  and  dher  STOVES,  and  every  other  deecription  of 
IRO:^MONGERY. 


For 


^^HB    ONLY    STOVE    WITHOUT    A    FLUE.— 

„.      ^'^^"'  ^'^°'°^  12s.  to  253. ;  Ornameotal,  friffla  ZU.  Qd.  to  Six 
Guineas  ;  S^ands  for  Stoves,  2s.  Cd.,  3s.,  and   5s.    each 
which  her  Majesty's  Royal  Letters  Patent 
have    been    granted.      Prospfctus,    with 
DrawingH  and  Report,  forwardi-d  irep. 

JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  HqIIs, 

Passages,     Greenhoutes,     Water-closets, 

Shops,    Sfnre-rtioms,    and   ail  places  re- 

^  quiring    arlificial   warmth.      The    above 

w  S'oves  do  not  emit  smoke  or  unple;js!iut 

hmell,  and  will  burn  without  attention  or 

..  replenisi)ing  from  twelve  to  twen'y-four 

I  hours.     To  be  Been  in  use  daily,  at  the 

sole   Proprietor's,  S.  Nash,   Ironmonger, 

tfcc,  253.  Osford-street,  and  at  the  City 

Depot,  119,  Newga're-street,  London  ;  and 

to  be  had  from  the  principal  Ironmongers  in  town  and  countrv 

PATENT   PREPARED  FUEL  for  the    Stoves,    2s.   6d.   per 

bushel;  only  genuine  with  the    Proprietor's  n:ime  and  seal  on 

the  sack. 

S,  Nash,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  119,  Newgate-street,  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  Portttble  Economical  Vapour  Bath, 
for  Families,  Travellers,  «fer,  &c.,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
lU  J^f.  fkl.    Medical  Testimonials  forwarded  on  application. 


PURE     WATER. 
"'HE       ASBESTOS      FILTER— Manufacturees, 

TAYLOR  AND  PEARS,   Late  OXLEY  and  CO., 
8,  G-eorge-yard,  Lombard  street,  London. 
Price  1. 

ExTEACT  paoM  "  Lancet, 
June  26,  1852. 
"  The  Asbestos  Filter  of 
Messrs.  Ox.ley  and  Co.  is  the 
best  Filter  hitherto  con- 
structed. Its  Buperiori'y 
consists  in  the  following 
circumstances  t — First,  The 
filtering  media  are  composed 
of  layers  of  Asbestos  and 
river  sand,  so  arranged  as 
to  aimit  of  being  readily 
removed  and  cleansed  from 
time  to  time,  from  the  im- 
purities derived  from  the 
wa'er  which  passes  through 
them.  Second,  The  mineral. 
Asbestos,  is  substituted  for 
the  animal  substance.sponge, 
the  advantages  of  the  former 
being,  that  it  is  not  liable  to 
bec')me,  like  sponge,  putre- 
scent,  and  that  it  may  be 
eaf>ily  and  perfectly  cleansed. 
As  the  public  are  still  con- 
demned to  drink  filthj 
Thames  water,  no  family 
having  regard  for  eleanline8^ 
and  health  should  be  without 
an  efficient  fitter." 

FRIGI  DOMO.'*— A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Ileal  fin-J 
id^itAd  to  many  Horticnltural  and  Fioricultural  purposes  for 
iOreriog  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  Is  requiret?, 
'.t  ii  2J  yardn  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  1*.  44.  per 
'ard  ran. — Uanafac^ured  nnlj  by  K.  T.  Aecdee,  Carpet  Manu- 
'ilctof*r.  4.M.  New  Oxford.«*re<?t,  London, 

firATERPKOOF  I'ATHa^riwse  wiio  woTiTdenjoj 
'  »  their  Garden*  dnriog  the  winter  months  should  con- 
tract  their  walka  of  POKTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETB, 
rhlch  are  formtd  th>H:— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
Rtttpreicnt  made  from  the  loam  which  li  mixed  with  it,  and 
oererj  part  of  dean  ((ra»cl  add  oneofuharp  river  sand.  To 
hre  parti  of 'uch  e'jual  mlxtnro  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
id  incorporate  the  whole  well  tn  the  dry  state  befurt  applying 
Iw  water.  It  may  then  b^  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Anj 
abonrer  c.>n  mix  and  spread  It.  tto  tool  is  required  beyond 
h0  apade,  and  Id  48  bouri  It  becomes  as  bard  as  a  rock. 
r^etation  cannot  grow  tbroogh  or  upon  It,  and  It  rcftlnta  tbt 
ictloQ  of  the  severest  froi t.  It  is  necessary,  ns  wattr  does  not 
o«k  tbroa((h  It,  to  give  a  fnll  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
owarda  the  »lde«.— Monufar^turers  of  the  Cement,  J.  13.  WuiTl 
ind  Aoas,  Vf  lit  hank,  street,  WoKtralnster. 

DIDDP;LL'S  thief  UETECTOR.— a  daring 
^-^  f'ibbery  prtv^ntfd  at  the  went  end,  by  lh«lr  use,  and 
blgblj  recomintinded  by  thr;  Magistrates,  A  regulated  alarn. 
|lv«o  wl'bout  the  least  d«nt;nr,  and  the  door  or  niodow  still 
iKiirvd  from  entrance.  No  tr«v<;ll«r  or  emigrant  who  valuoii 
Ma  life  and  property  shonld  be  without  them  ;  only  iliesize  of  u 
iBTtue  wih  the  »trcngfh  of  an  <'l»'pb'int.  To  Judge  of  Its  merits 
frm  ma«t  •««  the  »flec».  Price  only  1«.  (id.,  '/$.,  and  3*.  each  ; 
arms  C'i.  a  box,  ToI>p  hnd  of  all  Ironmongers,  &c.,  tbrough- 
nt  thf  hioifdom,  and  of  the  Patentee,  33,  Oroat  Hatton-Btreot, 


PATENT  REVERSIBLE  OVER-COATS,  &c., 
which  obtained  the  Gieat  Exhibition  Prize  Medal. —  W. 
Beedoe,  96,  New  Bond-street  and  69,  Cornhill  ;only).  Novelty, 
Utility,  Economy,  all  unite  in  commending  this  invention  to 
general  adoption.  The  Patent  Cloth  having  two  perfect  and 
totally  dissimilar  faces,  can  be  worn  either  side  outwards  ; 
thus  each  garment  being  equivalent  to  two,  at  the  cost  of  one. 
For  Over-Coars  of  every  kind,  the  new  Anglesea  and  all  other 
Capes,  Shooting  and  Morning  Coats,  this  discovery  is  especially 
appropiiute  ;  also  for  Ladies' Cloaks,  Mantles,  &c.  A  variety 
of  the  mattrials  and  garments  kept  for  selection  ;  also  one  of 
the  largest  stocks  in  Londf  n  of  fuperior  Over-Coats  of  every 
deseripuon,  Capes,  Shouting  Jackets,  Boys'  Over-Coats,  &c., 
all  enarani-ped  'o  re-^ist  any  amount  of  ram. 


M 


ETCALFE  AND  Co.'s  NEW  PATTERN  TUOTH- 


has  the  important  advantage  of  searching  thoruughly  into  the 
divisions  of  the  teeth,  and  cleaning  them  in  the  most  extra- 
ordinary manner,  and  is  famous  for  the  hairs  not  coming 
loose. —  Is.  An  Improved  Clothea-Bruah,  that  cleans  in  a  third 
part  of  the  u«ual  time,  and  incapable  of  injurinn  the  finest  nap. 
Penetrating  Hair-Brushes,  with  the  durable  unbleached  Rus- 
sian bristles,  which  do  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Flesb- 
Brushes  of  improved,  graduated,  and  powerful  friction.  Velvet- 
Brushes,  which  act  in  the  most  surprising  and  successful 
manner.  The  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge,  with  its  preserved 
valuable  properties  of  absorption,  vitality,  and  durability,  by 
means  of  direct  importations,  dispensing  with  all  intermediate 
parties'  j)rofit8  and  destructive  bleaching,  and  securing  the 
luxury  of  a  genuine  Smyrna  Sponge.  Only  at  Metcalfe, 
BiNQLET,  and  Co.'s  Sole  Establishment,  130b,  Oxford-street, 
one  door  from  Holies-street,  London. 

METCALFE'S  ALKALINE  TOOTil  POWDER,  2s.  per  box. 

Caption.  —  Beware  of  the  words  "From  Metcalfe's," 
adopted  by  some  houses, 


r)o 


YOU     WANT     LUXURIANT     HAIR, 

WHISKERS,  &c.  ?— Misa  Ellen  Graham,  14,  Hand 
Court,  Holborn,  London,  will  send,  post  free,  on  receipt  of 
2-t  postage  stamps,  her  ctlebrated  NIOUKRENEl  lelegantly 
ficented,  and  sufficient  for  three  months*  use),  for  reproducing 
the  hair  in  baldne-^s,  from  whatever  cause,  preventing  the  hair 
falling  off,  strengthening  wealt  hair,  and  checking  gre>  ness,  &c. 
It  is  also  guaranteed  to  produce  Whiskers,  Moustachios,  &c., 
in  thr(?e  or  tour  weeks  with  the  greatest  certainty. — "  My  hair 
baa  become  thicker  and  darker  by  using  your  Nioukrene." — 
Mr.  Merry,  Eton.  "  My  hair  now  curls  beautifully,  and  looks 
very  glossy."— Miss  Muin.  "  I  have  now  a  full  pair  of  whiskers. 
1  ^nd  ine  anothi-r  pot."— Major  llutton. 


BEAUTIFUL  HAIR.— Of  the  numerous  compounds 
constantly  announced  for  promnting  the  growth  or  repro- 
duction of  the  Human  Hair,  few  survive,  oven  in  name,  beyond 
a  very  limited  period  ;  whilst  the  successful  resultn  of  ROW- 
LANDS'  MACASSAR  OIL  during  the  last  half  century  have 
proved  beyond  question  that  u  is  endowed  wiih  singularly 
nourishing  powcMH  in  the  growth  and  restoration  of  the  human 
hair,  and  when  every  other  known  specific  has  failed.  This  mild 
yet  powerful  renovator  inninuate^  its  balsamic  properties  into 
the  pores  of  tlio  head,  nourihhL-B  the  hair  in  i'S  embryo  state, 
accelerates  Itrt  growth,  cleanses  it  from  scurf  and  daodrifi', 
suHtalns  it  In  maturity,  and  continuf;Ji  its  posBeHsion  of  healthy 
vigour,  stlky  softness,  and  luxurious  redundance,  to  the  latest 
period  of  human  life.  Its  operation  in  cases  of  baMncss  Is 
peculiarly  active,  and  in  the  growth  of  whiskers,  eyebrows,  and 
mustacbioe,  It  1h  also  uuftiillng  In  its  stimulative  opuratioo.  For 
children  it  is  especially  recommended,  us  torniing  the  basis  of  u 
beautiful  bond  of  hair.  Price  3a.  Cd.  and  7e.  ;  or  family  bottles 
(equal  to  four  small),  lOs,  Gd.  ;  and  double  that  size,  '2\s. 

Caption. — On  the  wrnpper  of  eacli  bottle  are  the  words 
Rowlands'  Macamhae  Oil,  in  two  lluos. — Sold  by  A.  Rowland 
and  .Suns,  20,  Ilutton-garden,  London ;  and  by  all  Chemists  and 
P-Tfnm.Ts. 


DEAFNESS,  NOISES  IN  THE  HEAD  AND 
EARS,  EaRACJIK,  &c.— Dr.  LESLIE'S  remedy  per- 
miincntly  rentorcs  Hearing  in  Infants  or  Adulto,  whetler 
deUclent  from  Cold  or  ariy  accidental  causes,  and  has  been 
flurccssful  in  tbouitahdn  of  oasL-s  wliore  other  eminent  members 
of  the  Faculty  have  fulled  In  giving  rolief.  It  roinovcs  all 
iioU'is  In  the  Huud  and  Ears,  Hur.nche,  8cc.,  arising  from 
Nnvouancsfc,  Ac,  and  by  ilH  occatittniil  u^e  will  [iri'tn'rvo  lh« 
Imjiortant  sense  of  hearing  to  the  lateht  period  of  Jif<^.— Sei  t 
po«i  free  oo  receipt  ol  7f.  GU,  In  potttugo  Rtamps,  or  by  post- 
I  flic'i  ordr;r,  priyu''l<;  uttho  Utnerttl  PoHt-'ilico,  to  Dr.  IIeiihrht 
LinuF.,  a?  A,  Manuhe*ter-*treof,  Oray'^-iniiroad,  Loudon. — At 
home  daily,  oxo  pt  .Sundiiy,  trom  10  till  1  and  r>  till  8.— Nolotturs 
fi0tlc«d  unlev*  they  contain  a  remlttuncc. 


NEW  AND  CHEERFUL  REGISTER  StOVC^ 
In  the  construction  of  the  BURTON  REGISTER  STOVE, 
it  was  the  first  care  of  the  inventor,  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  to 
avail  himself  of  the  most  valued  ofmodern  improvements  in  the 
arc  of  heating,  and  secondly,  so  to  modify  and  alter  the 
receptacle  for  the  coals,  as  at  once  to  obtain  the  simplest  and 
most  perfect  combustion;  after  a  long  series  of  experiments, 
he  has,  by  the  substitution  of  a  graceful  form  of  shell  for  the 
present  clumsy  and  ill-adapted  bars,  succeeded  in  producing  a 
stove  which  for  soft  and  brilliant  light,  as  wtll  as  purity  and 
quantity  of  heat,  ia  far  beyond  his  most  sanguine  expectationsj 
while  fur  cleanliness  and  cheerfulness  it  is  utterly  unapproach- 
able. Price  from  56s.  to  15i.  To  be  seen  ia  use  daily  in  his 
sbow-rooms,  where  also  are  to  be  seen 

9^0  STOVES  and  325  FENDERS 
'*  (exclusive  of  reserved  stock)  all  differing  in  pattern, 

forming  the  largest  assortment  ever  collected  together.  They 
are  marked  in  plain  figures,  and  at  prices  proportionate  with 
those  that  have  tended  to  make  his  establishment  the  most 
distinguished  in  this  country.  Bright  stoves,  with  bronzed 
ornaments  and  two  sets  of  bars,  21.  lis.  to  5^.  10s.  ;  ditto  with 
ormolu  ornaments  and  two  seta  of  bars,  51.  10s.  to  12s.  t2s. 
bronzed  fenders  complete,  with  standards,  from  7s.  to  3i. ;  steel 
fenders,  from  21.  15s.  to  dl. ;  ditto,  with  rich  ormoluornaments, 
from  2t.  I5s.  to  71.  7s. ;  fire-irons,  from  Is.  9d.  the  set  to  il.  is, 
Sylvester  and  all  other  patent  stoves,  with  radiating  hearth 
plates  ;  and  kitchen  ranges,  which  be  is  enabled  to  sell  at  these 
very  rerluced  charges. 

1st,  From  the  frequency  and  extent  of  hit  purchases ;  and 
2dly,  Frfim  those  purchases  being  made  exclusively  for  cash. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAX  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nickel  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  Wares, 
Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads),  bo  arranged  and  classlhed  that 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  oace  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  Engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD  STREET  (corner  of  NewmHu-street)  ;  Noa. 
land  2,  NEWMAN  STREET  ;  and  4  and  5,  PERRY'S  PLACE, 
ESTABLISHED   A  D.  1820. 

T  AMPS   OF    ALL  SORTS  AND   PATTERNS.— 

-L^  The  largest,  as  well  as  the  choicest  assortment  in  exist- 
ence of  PALMRU'S  MAGNQM  and  other  LAMPS  — CAM- 
PHINE,  ARGAND,  SOLAR,  and  MODERATEUR  LAMPS, 
with  all  the  latest  improvements,  and  of  the  newest  and  most 
recherche  patterns,  in  ormolu,  Bohemian,  and  plain  glass, 
or  pap'er  mache, — is  at  W,  S.  BURTON'S,  and  they  are 
arranged  in  one  large  room,  so  that  the  patterns,  sizes,  and 
sorts  can  he  instantly  selected. 

PALMER'S  CANDLES,  7^d.  per  lb.  Palmer's  Patent  Candles, 
all  marked  '*  Palmer." 

Single  or  double  wicks  7^(2.  per  lb. 

Mid.  size,  three  wicks  8|d.    do. 

Magnums,  three  or  four  wicks  9d.  do, 

English's  Patent  Camphine,  in  sealed  cans,  is.  9d.  per  gallon. 
Best  Colza  Oil,  3s.  9rf.  per  gallon. 

THE    BEST    SHOW    OF    IRON     BEDSTEADS 

in  the  Kingdom  is  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S.  He  has  added 
to  his  Show-rooms  TWO  VERY  LARGE  ONES,  which  are 
devoted  to  the  LSCLUSIVE  SUOW  of  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
steads and  Children's  Cots  (with  appiopriate  Bedding  and 
Mattresses).  Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  and  all  are  marked 
in  plain  figures,  at  prices  proportionate  with  those  that  have 
tended  to  make  hts  establishment  ihe  most  distinguished  in 
this  country.  Common  Iron  Belsfeads,  123.  6d. ;  Portable 
Folding  Bedsteads,  12s.  Gd. ;  Patent  Iron  Bedsteads,  fitted  with 
dovetail  joints  and  patent  sacking,  from  16s.  Gd.  ;  and  Cota, 
from  20s.  each.  Handsome  ornamental  Iron  and  Braes  Bed« 
steads,  in  great  variety,  from  ^l.  6s.  *o  81^. 

THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER,— 
The  HEAL  NICKEL  SILVER  introduced  20  years  ago  by 
WILLIAM  S.  BURTON,  when  plated  by  the  patent  process  of 
Messrs.  Elkingtou  and  Co.,  is  beyond  all  comparison  the  very 
best  article  next  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  employed  as  such, 
either  usefully  or  ornamentally,  aa  by  no  posyible  test  can  it  be 
dis'ingnished  from  real  ailver.  "" 

Tea  Spoons,  per  dozen.. 
Dessert  Forks 
Dessert  Spoons 
Table  Forko 
Table  Spoons 
Tea  and  coffee  sets',  waiters,  candlesticks,  &,c.,  at  propor- 
tionate prices.  All  kinds  of  re-pIatiuR  done  by  the  patent  proceSB. 
CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fiddle.       Thread.       King's. 
Table  Spoons  and  Forks,  full  size, 

per  dozen    12a.      ...      28s.      ...      ZOa. 

Dessert  ditto  and  ditto  10«.      ...     21s.     ...     26s.    . 

Tea  ditto , 6s.      ...      lis.      ...      12b. 

WILLIAM  S.  BORTON  has  TEN  LARGE  StlOW  ROOMS 
{all  coinmunicatlnii;),  exclusive  ol  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY 
(lucludlug  cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plaied,  and  japanned  wares, 
iron  and  brass  bodatpadfl),  so  arranged  and  claBfllOcd  that 
purchasers  may  onsily  and  at  once  inulie  their  solections. 

CataloKucfl,  with  engravings,  neni  (per  post)  free.  The  money 
roturni'd  for  every  artlcio  not  iij)provod  ol'. 

3!).  OXroRD-WTREET  (corner  of  Newman-Btrcot) ;  Noa.  1 
and  2,  N  E  WM  A  N-8TRiOET  ;  and -1  and  5,  PERltY'S-PLAOE. 

"rVuUEKA.-iu"FORD'S    EUREKA  SHIRTS~are 

1  -i  united  the  best  material  and  hrsuruto  worlimansblp, 
together  with  that  I'poolul  excullciieo  of  fit  which  Is  tkelr  dlB- 
tinguUhlng  chiiriioiurlHtic.  Their  superiority  to  all  others  la 
Htill  muiutulned;  and  gentlemen  who  desire  the  luxury  of  a 
peifcot  fitting  shirt  uro  invited  to  try  them,  The  jirloafl  are, 
for  the  tlmt  quality,  nix  for  'JOjt  ;  second  quality,  six  for  BOs. ; 
ci>lou>od  slilrtH,  for  boating,  shooting,  and  ordinary  wear,  27s. 
thu  half  di'zun.  l-l«t  of  prices,  and  InstruoiiiiiiH  tor  tneiifiure- 
mont,  poat-freo,  and  puttoniH  of  tho  new  coloured  shirtings 
free,  on  receipt  ot  six  utiiinps.— RICUARL)  FOKU,  88,  Poultry 
(lute  185,  Strand), 


ver. 

Threaded  or 

Fiddle 

Brunswick 

King's 

Pattern. 

Pattern. 

Pattern. 

1......    18s. 

...      28s.      ... 

86f. 

80s. 

...      42s.      ... 

68s. 

81)3. 

...      42s.      ... 

62s. 

40s. 

...      6B».      ... 

70s. 

4113. 

...      65s.      ... 

783. 

784 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURA.L     GAZETTE.  [Dec.  4. 


Just  pablishGd,  price  2^.  Gd  , 

FOLIA  ORCHIDACEA.— Aa   Euumeration   of  the 
koowa  Bpeoies  of  Orchids,     By  Protesgor  Lindley. 
Part  I,,  cnntiiiiins  :  — 
Rtanhopea 8  pdgee     Zvqostates 2  pages 

CottYANTHES 4      ,,  0D'>NT'>OLi)e3aM:        .,,  ilt     „ 

loNopsis         4:     ,,  DiDACXVLt;     4     „ 

Qtekettia    2    ,, 

The  Second  Part  will  appear  shortly  after  Cbristmas. 
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Oil    tne  1st  ot  January    will    be  ready,  and  to    be  had  of  all 
BookRellers,  NurHcrymea,  Florists,  and  Seedflinen,  price  Is.. 

THE  NATIONAL  GARDEN  ALMANACK  ; 
AND  TUADE  DIRECTORY  FOR  1S33. 
By  JonN  KDWAED9,  P  U.S. 
In  the  portion  appropriated  tn  the  D  rectory  will  be  found 
an  amounc  of  carefully  compiled  and  authenticated  informi. 
tioQ  never  before  attained,  it  havini;  been  the  Author's  deter- 
mination to  ppare  neither  time  nor  expense  to  make  th« 
Directory  worthy  its  name— National ;  to  this  end,  added  to  his 
own  perrional  Itiiowli-dsei  special  enga^'.coii^Qtd  have  been 
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whereby  the  Trade  List  is  double  Iha'.  of  any  previous  ■siinilai- 
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reference. 

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G LENNY'S  HAND-BOOK  of  PRACTICAL  GAR- 
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Plants,  ori:;inated  and  detined  by  George  Glenny,  F.tl.S. 
Third  edition,  price  Is, 

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CATECHISM  OF  COTTAGE  FARMING.— 
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cultivators  of  small  farms  to  manage  their  land  .iiore  profit- 
ably than  they  may  hitherto  have  been  accustomed  to  do — we 
Vtfuture  to  recommend  this  little  Catechi'*ra  as  likelv  to  be 
veryuseful  for  distribution  among  them." — Gardeners'  Chronicle 
ani  Agricultural  Gazette. 

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Gardening  among  the  smalt^r  class  of  cultivators. 

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AND  G-aKDENERS:  A  fvea-iury  of  loformatioa  on  Cow. 
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<i:c.,  jcG.,  itc.  By  Martin  Dotle.  and  others. 
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TRELAND    CONSIDERED    AS    A    FIELD    FOR 

X  INVESTMENT  OR  KESIDfiNCE.  By  Wm.  Bollock 
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DE  LA  RIVE'S  WORK  OrTELECTRTciTY. 

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Just  published,  in  One  Volume,  ISmo,  price  Half-a-Crown  ;  or 
in  Two  Parts,  price  One  Shilling  each, 

qlR   EDWARD   SEAWARD'S    NARRATIVE    of 

O  his  SHIPWRECK  an-i  cousequent  Discovery  of  certain 
Islands  in  the  Caribbean  Sea:  With  a  detail  of  many  e.tlri- 
urdiimry  and  highly  interestin:^  Events  of  his  Life,  from  173-3 
to  1749,  as  wriitiiu  iu  his  own  Diary.  Abridged  from  the  Third 
Edition  ;  and  forminij  the  Thirtj-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  Parts 
of  the  '*  Traveller's  Library." 

London  :  Longman,  Beow.-j,  GaEEN,  and  Longmanb. 


THE    NEW    VOLUME    OF 

THE  FAMILY  ECONOMIST  (Vol.  V.)  is  just 
published,  containiog  220  pages  of  mierestim;  and  m  >8t 
useful  information  in  almost  every  department  of  DOMESTIC 
ECONOMY.  Price  l^.  fifL  half  cloih ;  Is.  paper  cover.  Vols. 
I.  to  IV..  may  aUvHyi  bo  had  ac  Is.  Gd.  and  Is.  each,  or  iu  two 
IliNDSoME  D  jcbce  Volomes,  cxcni  cloth,  price  3s.  each. 
Loudon:  GaoojiEsiDot;  and  Sons,  Pattrnoster  R ow. 
Sold  by  all  Booksellers. 

DEDICATED 

BY    PERMISSION    TO   THE    EARL    OF    CARLISLE. 

Juat  paOlished,  price  7s..  str.mnlv  bound, 

A      DICTIONARY    OF    DOMESTIC    MKDICINE 

J^  AND    lltiU-iDEOLD  SUHGSRY.    iiy  SPEisceR  Thomson, 
M.D.,  L.R.C.S.,  Edinburgh. 

Illustrated  with  153  Engravings  on  Wood. 

London:  Ghoombridge  and  S>NS,  Paternoster  Row. 

Hold  by  all  Booksellers. 


PRICE    FOUaPENCE  OP  ANY  BOOKSELLSll. 

CONTENTS  OF  THE  NUMBEtl  for  SATURDAY 

W  LASr,  NOVEMBER  27.  OF 

THE     ATH  EN/EU  M, 

JOURNAL  OF  ENGLISH  AND    FOllEIGN    LITERATURE, 
SCIENCE,    AND    THE    FINE    ARTS. 

Thirty-two  Large  Qiarto  pages. 
SCevlevs  OF,  with  Extracta  from— 
History    of    Europe:    a   con- 1  Parisian  Lights. 

tlnuition.    By  Sir  A.  Alisoa,  |  Ethnology     of    Europe.       By 
ggpt  Dr.  Latham. 

Memorials  of  Wellington.  The  Guliuan  of  Gadi.    Trans, 

Colloquies  of  Oaborae.  I      by  E.  B,  Eastwiclc. 

With  Shorter  Notices  of— 

By    G. 


The     Betting. Book. 

Cruikshank. 
On  Spirit-Magnetism.    By  H. 

Hardy. 
Intemperance  in  Royal  Navy. 

By  Adm.  Sir  J.  Ross. 
Classical  Works. 


Memoirs  of  Dr.  Blenkinsop. 
Hidden     Treasures.       By     F. 

Hardman. 
It's  All  for  the  Best:  a  Tale. 

By  W.  Hughes. 
Uncle  Tom's  Companions.    By 

J.  P.  Edwards. 

Original  Papers. — University  of  London  (Proposed  New 
Charter)— Expedition  to  Central  Africa— Memoir  of  Miss 
Berry. 

Foreign  Correspondence. —  Naples  :     Eruption     of 

Mount  Etna. 

Our  "WTeekly  Gossip. — The  Society  of  Antiquaries— 
Medical  E:iaininations— Appreciation  of  Public  Service^ — 
Shakspcai-e's  House— Sir  Charles  Napier  and  the  Quarterly 
It:,meio  —  Literary  and  Mechanics'  Institutions  —  Inter- 
national Postage — Prussian  Statistics — The  Italian  Press 

—  Worka  of  Napoleon. 

Societies. — Proceedings  of  the  Geographical— Geological— 
EthnolOf^ical— Sfatibtical— Royal  Society  of  Literature  — 
Numismar,ic  —Microscopical  —  British  Archiiects  —  Civil 
Eogmeers. 

S'isae  Arts. — Mr.  Cole'.';  Lecture  on  Prac:ical  Art— New 
Pictures  in  the  British  Institution- Engravers  iu  the  Ro\  al 
Academy— Prof.  Vogel'a  liluatrations  of  '  Faust*— Death 
of  M.  Decaisne. 

BSuslc  and  tUe  3>ratna. — Notes  on  Music  in  Germatiy 

—  Iklr.  Marston's  Mouody  on  Wellmgton  —  Hajmarket 
Theatre  ('  Masks  and  Faces ']  —  Olympic  ('  Gu-co-bcd 
Tom.') 

IVZfiscellaneai — New  Universal  Coin— Phenomena  of  Light 
— Queen'a  College,  iSirmingbam- Restorations  in  Ely 
Cathedral. 

Order  t'ae  AtUon^ttm  of  any  Bookseller. 


Just  published.  New  Edition,  price  Is. ;  or,  by  post,  for  Is.  6tf. 

"-PHE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE;  or,  How  to  Live,  and 

-L  What  to  Live  For;  with  ample  Rales  for  Diet,  Regimen, 
and  Self- Management :  together  with  In-*truetions  for  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  aud  that  sterling  state  of  happiness 
only  attainable  through  the  judicious  observance  of  a  well, 
regulated  course  of  life.     By  a  Physician. 

Also,  bv  the  same  Author,  pricp  '2s.  Gd. ;  by  po^t.  Zs.  Gd., 

A    MEDICAL    TREATISE    on    NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  and  CONSTlTU  ITONAi:-  WEAKNE-^S.  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  wita  Anatomical  Piates.  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  quilified 
member  uf  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  yeara' 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  suffer  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in 
early  life.  In  its  paijes  will  be  found  the  cause-;  which  lead 
totheii- occurrence,  the  symptom"?  which  indicate  their  presence, 
and  tbe  means  to  bi*  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London  :  James  G[lbebt.  -iD.  Pa".ernoster-row  ;  HanmaT,  63, 
Oxlord-srieet;  Mawn,  39.  Comhili,  and  all  bookieliers. 


Sales  ftg  Auction* 


TO   GENTLEMEN.  FLORISTS,  AND  OTHERS. 
lyrESSRS.  PROTHEROE  and  MORRIS  will  Sell 

■l-'J  by  AuRtion,  ac  the  Mirt,  Bartholomew-lane,  ou 
THURSDAY,  Dec  9,  at  12  o'clock,  a  first  class  collection  of 
DUTCH  BUlBS.  consisting  of  the  finest  Double  and  Single 
Hyacinths,  Warcissus,  Jonquils,  Anemones,  Crocus.  Snow- 
drops, Gladiolus,  Tulipa,  Ranunculus,  »S:c. ;  Ornamental  Tree-* 
aud  Shrubs;  a  selecced  assortment  of  Standard  and  Dwarf 
Ro^es,  American  Plants,  well  set  with  bloom  buds,  die— May  bff" 
viewed  the  morning  of  Sale,  Catalogues  maybe  had  at  the  Mart, 
and  of  the  Auc'ioo^ers.  American  Nursery,  Leytonstone,  Essex. 

THE    WAX    INSECT    TREE    FROM    CHINA. 
l^JURSERYMEN  AND  OTHERS  are  informed  that 

-L^  the  specimen  of  this  intereatiug  Tree  (the  only  one  .in. 
Europe)  will  be  Sold  by  AucUon,  by  Mr.  Stevens,  at  bia 
Rooms  in  King-street,  Covont-garden,  on  Tuesday  nest. 

TO  nUrserVmen,  seedsmen,  and    cultivators 

OF  THE  PINE  TRIBE. 

lyTR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to    notify  that  he  has 

J-'^-L  just  received  from  Central  Amarica  a  cjustgnment  of 
FIR,  CO;JES,  comprising  several  highly  ornamental  species 
that  are  quite  new  to  this  country  ;  and  from  the  localities 
from  whieii  they  have  been  collected,  viz.,  the  frontierfl  of 
Mexico  to  the  city  of  Guatemala,  at  an  altitude  of  from  6,000 
to  10,00)  feet  ab  ive  the  level  of  the  sea,  will  no  doubt  prove 
hardy  in  this  country.  They  wilt  be  Sold  by  Auc'ion.  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  King-street,  Ooveot-Garden,  00  T0ESD4Y, 
7th  December,  at  12  c' ;loulc,  uerj/ preci.ve^i/,  in  consequenca  tit' 
tlie  meeting  in  Regent-street  being  held  ar  J  o'clock.  Catalogues 
are  pre:>arin?.  and  will  be  forwarded  in  due  course. 

STANDARD    ROSES 
•yFR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his  Great 

Lvi  Rfj,,m,  3S,  Kin<.atreet,  Covent-garden.  on  TUBSDATi 
7th  December,  at  12  for  I  o'clock,  1000  STANDARD  HOSBS, 
from  3  to  i>  itfet,  of  the  best  sorts  of  Hybrid  Perpeiaals, 
Bourbons,  Noisettes,  &c. — May  be  viewed  the  morning  of  Bale, 
and  Ca^dlo^ueR  had. 


/ 

VAND  A    CCERULEA.  k 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  wUl  iaclade  in  .his  Sale  of',] 
OrcliiJs.  on  WEUN'EsSiY  next,  21  establuhed  plaair'jl 
of  VAITDA  CCEftUOEA.  (me  of  »-liieh  i' noir  in  aow4r. 

ORCHIDS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction  at  his 
Gie^t  Room.  '38,  Kiuir-Btreet,  C>v.^n:.;5ardeu,  cia  WEIX 
NKSDAY.  Dec.  8cb,  ac  12  for  1  o'clock,  an  importation  of 
ORG  14  IDS.  from  the  interior  of  Gu  itemala,  in  thBtinest  health, 
coniprisinj;  tiue  upecitneos  of  Lre'ia  fluoorbicni,  Epidondru'il 
mMcrochilam  roseom,  OdoutOL:lo-*-*um  hastMtum.  Onctdium?. 
riob'ralia:','  &c.  —  On  view  the  day  before  the  Sale,  aid 
Cutalocuffl  hid. 


KINtl  STHEBT,  FOREMAN  .SQUAK.E,    LONDON. 

IMPORTANT  SALE   OF  IMPROVED  ESSEX  PIGS. 

MR.  STRAFFORD  is  favoured  with  instractions 
from  Wai,  Fishee.  Uobbs,  Esq.,  of  Boxsted  Lodi^e,  near 
Colchester,  to  Sell  by  Auction,  on  FRIDAY,  Dec.  10  (in  the 
week  of  the  Smithfield  Club  Cattle  Show,  and  on  the  precnises 
immediately  Mfljoining  the  Bazaar,  Kin^'-street],  from  20  to  30 
choice  young  BOARS  AND  SOWS,  tn  store  condition,  of  hia 
far-famed  Improved  Esses  Breed,  the  juat  celebrity  ot  which 
pri-cludea  the  necessity  of  further  comment  on  their  merits. 

8*    (TiiildF'trd-nfr>^t^t.  Rii'^seH-sqiiare,  Dkc   4. 

KING  SCRGiiT,   PORTWaN  SQUAKS,  LONDON. 
IMPORTANT   SALE   OF  COCHIN   CHINA   FOWLS,  ETC. 
,yrR.   STRAFFORD  begs  respectfully  to  announce 

*-'-L  that  he  will  Sell  by  Auction,  in  two  spacious  Rooms  im- 
mediately adjiiiniog  the  Smithheld  Club  Cattle  Show,  Kinjf- 
street,  Fortmaii-square,  Loudon,  on  TaURSD.A.Y  and  FRI- 
DAY, the  9th  and  10th  of  December,  about  20iJ  Lois  of  first 
C.aas  COCHIX  CHINA  andother  FOWLS,  from  the  celebrated 
stocks  of  Aoster  Bonn,  CiTUS  Clarke,  and  several  other  Ama- 
teurs, many  of  them  of  ffreat  weight  and  of  the  same  families 
as  the  birds  which  obtained  the  Prizes  at  Yarmouth,  Dor- 
chester, &c.  They  will  be  found  of  good  form  and  colour,  and 
well  feathered. — The  birds  will  be  on  vieW'the  two  prepious 
days,  when  Cataloj;ues  with  full  particulars  may  be  had. 


PATENT      INVENTION     FOR     SALE,     FOR. 
hatciiing  and  rgarins  podltry  and  game 

AT  ALL  SBA-30NS.— The  Apparatus  has  been  fhuroufjbly, 
tested,  is  perfectly  portable,  is  cap:ible  of  Hatching  twice  the 
number  of  Eggs  at  one-fourth  of  the  cost  of  any  Incubator  yet 
discovered,  and  cin  be  used  in  any  room  without  additional 
buildings.  A  person  of  energy,  aud  a",  a  slight  outlay,  may 
rrialiee  a  large  income.  Thid  highly  useful  and  important 
lovcntion  is  worthy  of  notice,  from  the  means  it  affords  of 
farniahiug  additional  food  for  the  whole  human  family.  Tbe 
e.\pen3e  of  a  complete  Apparatus  does  not  amount  to  more 
Chan  71..  t  >  contain  upwards  of  100  E|.Tga. 

Teriua  may  he  known,  jtod  the  Apparatu3  seen,  on  applying 
to  Messrs.  Barlow  aud  Co.,  Patent  Agents,  89,  Chancery  Lane. 

FOR  SALE,  a  few  pairs  of  very  fiae  specimens  of 
COCillN  CHINA  Fowls,  at  U.  is.  to  ll  lO.*.  per  pair. 
Packajfu  2s.  G<i. — Apply  to  Mr.  HsNar  Copland,  Bioomfield 
Pinoe.  Chftlm'ford. 


TO  BE  LET,  within  10  miles  of  Loadonj  and  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  a  Railwiy  Station,  a  neat  Seven-Roomed 
CO  CTAGE,  wish  good  Garden,  Stab  e.  B-irn,  aod  Outhouses, 
and  Four  Acres  of  Laud  in  good  condition  (mure  Laud  may  be 
had  if  desired).  Rent,  tasew,  &c.,  uuder  40i. — Address, 
J.  T.  B.,  Mr.  Littler's,  16,  South  Aadley-Streer,  Grosvenor- 
aquare,  Loudon. 


Printed  by  William  Bainounx,  of  No-  13,  Upper  Woburn-placa,  iu  th# 
pjtriati  oiSt.  I'dncrftB,  rtuil  FuKDRstCK  MoLi.ETr  livixa,  of  iNg.  7,  Charchi 
row,  Stnlce  NetviuK'ou,  boiti  la  tiie  Councy  oi  Middlesex  Priateru  i\ 
tUelt  Oliice  111  LouibuiL-Ktreet,  ia  the  Precinct  o['  lVli,tpfriiu-a,  in  tli« 
Cicy  OI  Lonilna;  aud  paDlisiied  by  them  a:  llie  ofBce.  J*o.  5,  Charles.. 
Htrert,  io  th«  parish  01'  Si.  Paul's,  Coveat-itardea.  in  the  said  Couaryi 
whe'e  sh  \d'ertiBein''nrn  and  tJnm'iiuTiiniitioHa  are  to  be  ACiiasaB  bd  rfl 
THF(  Editob.— Satubdat,  DscBMBua 4, 1352. 


e 

this 

il 
and 


rrep 


fctlj 


I 


AND 


THE  gardene: 

A 

AGRICULTURAL    GAZET| 

A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Sconomy  and  General  Wews.— The  Horticultural  PartKdited  Tty  r^ofl^Ef:or  JLindley. 


No.  50.— 1S52.] 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  11. 


[Price  6d, 


Books  noticed  

Batter,  ta^tc  la 

Calendar,  hnrtiiroltoral 

Cattle  Show.  Srtiirhfleld,  793  c- 

—    Lod^e.  Hawick- 

Cattle  OQ  boirleiSaora    

Cellf,  action  of 

Chelmsford.  Mr.  MecUi's  lec- 

■ttureat     

HairffeediD^ 

DraiQB,  stoppage  of  

Eelniodratis  

Fish,  artlfici'-l  prodactlon  of  . . 

Fly,  veQomoua , 

Gai  liAie  

Glaes  houses,  lo  cover 

Grapes,  badly  coloared 

Guano  prize    

Hortioiltu  al  Society    

Howick  Cattle  Lodge   

Insects,  to  kiU    

Ipswich  Chfysanth'mum  Show 
Zjobelia  fulfcDs  ED'iKiflara  .... 


791  b 
794   c 

79-:  a 
■795  6 


Malta,  eardcninff  in 

Mjinu'e,  liquid 

Mechi'a  (Vlr.)  lecture  .,79t  o- 

OraiiiC,  the  

Plants,  dislea&ng ., 

—  Ufeof  .- 

Potatoes  in  Scotland    

^    in  tan 

Rain  at  Pembroke 

—  at  Wiadermere 

■Roses  in  Ireland 

Scale,  fo  kill 

Slieep,  bouts  for 

Sktmmiit  jiponica  

SmiihficlJ  Cflttle  Show.. 793  c- 

Stoclta.  German  

Tenant  rieht 

Tomuo  Cnerry    

Truffles  

Turnips  at  Lois- Weedon  ...... 

VeKaiible  life   

Wentherin  Scotland 

WilloWB,  weeping    ,. 


783  a 
7P0  n 

790  A 
7"0  6 
7^0  6 

791  6 

790  a 
795  a 

789  c 
795  b 

791  6 
794  6 

790  6 

792  c 
733  a 
7H8  a 
790  a 
790  a 


SEEDS!  SEEDS!  SEEDS! 

THE  SUBSCRIBER  begs  respectfully  to  intimate 
baviog  opened  those  ceatral  PrainiBes,  No.  6,  S'^uth 
St.  Andrew.street  (cwo  doora  from  Priucas-street),  a%  a  SEED 
WAREHOUSE,  where  he  will  shorLly  have  a  choice  assortmeat 
of  AgTicaltural,  Garden,  uud  Flower  Seeds,  and  solicits  a 
share  of  public  patronage. 

Catalojaes  will  be  ready  early  ia  Janaary,  aad  may  thea  be 
bad  on  appMcation. 

A.  B.  Weight,  6,  South  St.  Andfcew-stceet,  Edinburgh. 
December  II. 


SUPERB    SEEDLING     HOLLYHOCKS. 

J  BUTLER,  Gardener  to  K.  Hills,  Esq.,  can  with 
•  conrideoce  recommend  the  follo.via;;:  yarietiiis,  raifle**by 
him,  33  being  first-rate  and  distinct :— Eva  St.  Clare,  7s.  Gd.  ; 
colour  d*!ep  rose.  Uucle  Tom,  55. ;  shaded  maroon.  Mrs. 
Reeve,  03. ;  p'ile  pink,  very  large — or  the  three  for  los.,  package 
included.  The  usual  diacouut  to  tho  trade.  Extra  stropg 
Plaota  now  rea^y.  A  remittance  is  respectfully  solicited  from 
unknoTTU  correspondents. 

Culne    Park,    Halatead,    Essex. 


N  O  t-]  C  E. 
CFTE\P  AND  SSLEGX  NtTRSERY  STOCK. 

THE    SUBSCRIBERS   beg    to   refer   all    who    are 
int^re^te'l  in  Plantin?  to  t,b*1r  Advertisement  of  the  above 
stock  in  the  Gardeners'  Chronicte,  November  5,  page  707. 
WrLLiAM  Jacksow  and  Co..  Bedii*;  "^ovifahire. 


5^ 


TO    NOBLEMEN    AND    GeNTLEMEN 

HYBRID  RHODODENDRONS,— The  Subscribers 
have  ou  haud  a  large  and  valuable  stock  of  the  abjvo, 
consi8tiD<  of  Scarlet,  Pink,  White,  and  fine  spotted  varieties 
UDUamed,  raised  by  the  late  Mr.  James  Cunniughain,  who  was 
well  known  as  a  celebrated  grower.  StroQi^  bushy  plants, 
from  2  fer;t  to  i  feet  high,  i2s.  per  dozen,  or  15i.  par  100. 

Also  Stove  and  Rreenhouse  Plants,  Hardy  Shrubs,  &c.  dec, 
in  great  variety  and  at  m^jderate  prices. 

CaNHisoHAu  F&ASEs,  aad  Co,,  Comely  Bank  Nursery, 
Ediabur.ih.  — nee.  U 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GEORGE  BAKER,  Windlesham,  near  Bagshot, 
Surrey,  Ex.hibitur  of  American  Plants  at  the  Royul 
Botanic  Gdrdens,  Kegent*8-park.  begs  to  inform  the  Nobility 
and  Public  he  hi?  publi->hed  a  Descriptive  CATALO  JUE  OF 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Coniferae,  Roses,  Ornaiuental  Shrubs, 
Ac.  &,c.,  and  mtiy  bo  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. —  Near  Staines  Station,  Windsor  BraacU,  South- 
Weitern  Railway. 


■       JUDSON'S    RICHMOND    VILLA    BLACK 
HAMBURGH    VINE. 

ARTHUR  HENDERSON  and  CO.  have  the  pleasure 
of  infurminjf  their  ptitrons  and  friends  that  they  have 
gooi  plants  of  t'118  valu'ible  nnd  much-esteemed  Vme,  at7j.  Cd. 
aud  lOi.  6<l.  each.— N.B.  Fur  full  particulars  of  the  dis- 
tlo^iftbidg  cbaraptfirisiics  of  this  Vino,  we  beg  to  refer  our 
cnatomers  to  the  Oard^.nen'  ChronW.c  of  Oc.ober  25,  1851, 
Piae-ai'plt;  Place,  London. — Dec.  11. 


AMERICAN    PLANTS, 

JOHN  WATEHiiR  bega  to  announce  hia  Catalogue 
of  tho  ab'fVe  Plitnw,  Rose-*,  Coiiiterf,  Ac,  is  now  publibhed, 
and  may  bo  obtained  byencljiing  iv/o  poitaLje  Htamjis,  Tho 
colour*  of  all  the  Rhodo'leudronB  worthy  oi  culiivatioo  are 
dcKrlbed,  In  ordijr  to  lacilltate  imrchaiors  in  seleciin:;, 

CT'The  Rhod'idendront,  Aza'.oas,  Sec..,  annually  exhibited 
ftt  the  Royal  IJotanloOirdona,  ilegontV  Park,  are  supplied  from 
this  eiUblnbriK-nt— The  Arnfjrican  NurBCry.  Bagohot,  Surrey, 
1  mllff  ff'im  KirnhorouKb  3talir)n.  Houtb.Wcutorn  Railway, 
ftod  3  roHei  ff^m  Hlackwatei-,  .S'Hith.E»*tern  Railway. 


CHOICE  BULB.S   AND  FLOWER  ROOTS. 
t.  d.        a.  d. 
Tropxilam  tHco'orum,  fine  tub:ri,  each  .,,    y   C   to   3   fi 

„  brachjceras        ,,  1    6    „    2    Pt 

„  Qsori-um  ,,  , ;;    v, 

TrlOnlft  atirea,  HpleadM      „  „       2    6,,    6    0 

OxaH«  eUr^aof,  new  aad  One  „       1    0 

,,  ,,         major,  ,  1    0 

Cyclamen,  In  Heven  )>«aa(lful  variotlcA    \    f)    „    HO 

Babtana  rubra  cyanea  „  „       .,,        ,,,  3    0 

SapfrbcollecM'inn  of  AUtraomoria,  Izinn,  BprirfiiiU,  Oxatl«i, 
fiabtaaa,  anri  rarlou*  other  Cupo  Ro'>t*.  KorAup(irliir  ■elections 
of  Ran'mculu*,  Anf;in<ttio,  Otadi>jli,  F.i<f(\i4U  lr\n,  Imported 
Dutch  llynctntliH,  Cruciji,  and  other  roftt*.  AUo,  fr»rcoll.jctloni» 
of  choice  Biovo,  Orcciihounc,  Wlrit-^r  Fl'itvorloit  llcrhuijeoui, 
Roch,  and  o'h.;r  pl«nt«,  mio  ndvertUtimenta  In  the  Oar<Uncra' 
Chr^dK  of  0(;t-,b-rr  ir,th  and  3')th. 

For  parilc'ilnra,   ice  "  Autumn   Catalogue,"  auppUcd  for 
tbree  pttniu^t  ■tampf , 

Hkt§  and  Haowir,  8cod  and  Uorticultaral  Bttabllibment, 
Bndbury,  Suffolk, 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS 

BY    RETAIL, 

In  Collections  ov  otherwise. 

(CARRIAGG  FREI3  BY   RMLWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  harvesting  their  SEGDS  iu 
good  condition,  notwithstaodin?  tiie  uofavounble  weather 
The  advantages  of  purchasing  Seedx  direct  from  Vie  Growers  are 
obvious.  As  some  sorts  are  scarce,  early  ordbrs  are  requested 
and  recommand(?d.  —  For  particulars  address  John  Sotton 
and  Sons,   Seeii  Growers.  RpnHine*.  Rnrkc, 


NEW    SEEDS-GROWTH    OF   1852. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Seed  Mer- 
chants, Plymouth,  have  much  pleasure  in  stating 
that  they  are  now  laymr/  in  their  new  Stochs  of  Seeds, 
direct  FROM  the  Growers. 

Catalogues  can  be  had  on  application  on  receiptor  one  penny 
stamp. 

Early  Peas,  Beans,  and  all  Seerls  for  Early  or  Forcing  Crops 
can  be  obtained  immediately.— Apply  to  William  E.  Rendlr 
and  Co..  S'led  Mfrolian's.  Prymnurh. 


NEW'  SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTIfIG  OF  AKOUT  FIFTY  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFORE  OFFERED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  and  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  most  splendid  and  superb  CoUeotioa  of  SEEDLI^a 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant;  and  recommend,  they  having  been  uarefully  saved  and 
varied  from  tl»e  most  unique  selection  in  thj  kinedom.  The 
sorts  being  all  Shrubtiy  th«y  are  perpetually  in  flower;  and 
from  the  great  variefy  and  brihiancy  of  their  colouri,  they  are 
invaluable  for  the  conservatory  or  bedding-out. 

J.  WBEK^  an'l  '^■o..  King's  R  -ao.  Ohklsea.  Lowdow, 


QUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.— Well  ripened 
^  Sted,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Comet, 
Elesaus,  Obscura,  Mr.  C.  Baron,  Penelupo,  Rosea  grMndiflora, 
Meteor,  Walden  Gem,  Magnum  Bonum,  Spectabilis.  SaftVan-  t 
Delicata,  Enchantrees,  Picta,  Queen,  Bicolor,  Diii>,  Charles 
Turner,  Formosa,  Hebe,  Model  of  Periection,  Rosea  Alba, 
Sulphurea  Perfecta,  White  Perfection,  Blue  Beard,  Mulberry 
Superb,  Snowball,  and  Queen  of, England. 

A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  iu  packots  contai'.^iug  upwaudi 
OF  200  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded  post  free,  unon  the  receipt  of 
2s.  Gd  worth  of  postage  stamps,  by  R.  B,  BiacHAu,  Hedenham 
Rosary,  Eungiiy,  Suffollt. 


FRUIT    TREES,    ROSES,    ETC. 

WILUAM  WOOD  AN^  S^'N  htve  to  offer  this 
tea^oa  a  ve  „'  )arge  Btnr.i^  "^^  par'iciila."'y  ^Lne  h-jaltliy 
Stanilard  AppleH,  Pearfl,  aud  Pluv  .a,  ^il  '■  cleao  ^.traight  stums 
and  fine  bushy  heads,  comprising  at!  the  leadinij  sorts,  wbicii 
are  warraottjd  true  to  name.  Per  doz. 

Standard  Apples       lOs. 

Standard  Pears 15s. 

Standard  Plums        12s. 

Pears,  on  Quince  stocks,  2  years  from  the  bud,  very  fine    18s. 
Dwarf  and  Trained  Fruit  Trees  of  every  deacriptioo. 

ROSES.  For  dozen. 

EKtra  tall  Standards,  6  to  8  feet,  stems  budded 
with  from  3  to  6  best  varieties  of  Climbing  and 

Perpetual  Ruses  on  the  same  stem  42s.  to  GOs, 

Extra  superior  selected  Standards 18s.  to  24s. 

Fine  DwHrfa  and  Dwarf  Standards llJs.  to  I63. 

Fine  Dwarfs,  on  own  roots,  2  of  each  sort ...         ...       6s. 

Climbing  and  Noisettes  Os.  to  12s. 

Mixed  Roses,  without  names,  Dwarfs  30s.  per  100 

Extra  Plants  preaented  to  compennate  for  carriage. 
WoodlandN  Nurserv,  Mari^hHeld    near  Uckfield.  Sussex. 


MESSRS.  J.  AND  H.  BROWN  offer  the  following 
SELECTED    PLANTS,    FRUIT    TREES,   *S5C.,   which 
they  will  forward  to  any  part: — 

CHOICE     FRUIT     TREES. 

Fine  Dwarf  and  Standard  Penche=i,  Nectarine.^,  Apricots,  s,  d. 
Plums,  Pears,  and  Chen  ies,  the  best  and  most  approved 
sorts  of  these  respcciive  kinds,  true  to  name,  each, 

2s   6d.,  or,  per  dozen 24  0 

Untrained  or  Maiden  do.,  I3  M.  each,  or,  per  dozen     ...  12  0 

Apples,  Dwarl'saodS'andardsof  beutsortt,  p. doz.,  10s.  to  15  0 

Fine  Gooseb  Ttiey,  Curriots,  and  UaspherrioK,  per  dozen     3  0 
Fine  Figs,  Medlars,   Quince,  Walnuts,  and  Mulberrioa, 

each          ...     2  0 

Strong  Vines,  from  eyes  and  layers,  in  pots,  per  dozen  ...  16  0 
'J5  Az  (leas,  new  hardy  Bolgiuu  varieties,   ou    their  own 

routs,  with  fl'iwer-buds,  one  of  a  sort,  by  namo           ...  20  0 

25  American  Azaleafi.  do.         do.                   15  0 

25  Hardy  American  Plants,  one  of  a  sort,  by  namo        ...  10  G 

12  Ilirdy  Htiut.liB  and  KalcniaB,  one  of  a  sort         6  0 

12  Rhndodendroos,  including  Scarlet,  White,  and  Rose, 

hardy  variulioH  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  12  0 

Fine  hardy  Scarlet  (thododijndrr.na,  2  foot,  pur  dozen    ...  10  0 

Fifie  large  buHhy  Khodndemlrons,  wnh  3iJto-(0  buda,  each     3  G 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  3  feet,  well  «rowu,  In  pots,  per  dnz.  ...  10  0 

Ycwa,  Bayn,  H'X,  varlunaled  Huily,  Euouymus,  Arbur- 
vliio,  Aucubas,  PhUlvroas,  Luurestinus,  2  to  a  feet,  iOa. 

per  100.  or,  pL-r  dozen            C  0 

12  Climbing  lloses,  choice  sorts.  In  pots     6  0 

12  B'lurbon  Ro-c,  on  tlitlr  own  roots,  in  potB      10  fi 

12  Tea-HCoii'ed  Roses,  ono  of  a  Hort.  by  n-inio,  In  pntfl  .,,     U  0 
12  Orchidt-a,  good  plantn,  Including  auiiiho|ieas,  Dcndro- 

blumfl,  EpidondrumH.  OncldiumH,  &c,,  for         30  0 

60  Oiioicu  Oroiiiihouse  FluntH,  oim  of  a  ttnrt,  by  name  ('hln 
coIl«cilon  ia  highly  recommended  fur  uow  green- 
houses, dtc.) ...  40  0 

2i  Clinico  Ericas,  onn  of  anort.  by  name     I'J  0 

12  Nuw  Azalea  indicaw,  on'M)f  a  sort           ...             12j.  to  25  0 

I J  Camellias,  cholcu  HorfH,  hct  wltli  budH 30  0 

12  Choice  Ctiry«iiiithi-inupn»,  miw  snrtB,  by  luimo (f  0 

12  Now  Dwart  I'-unpim  CI)ryHUuthi)tiiumH,  rln,,  do.           ...     8  0 
12  Kirnfl,    bcauiliul   v/irlu  les,  tiultubl«  for  Olaiin   CaHnn, 

Oreenhouftfi,  >*tnvo,  and  lia'dy  r  ck-wnrl*,  oaohseloctlon  ll  0 

C   Bnlb4or  Lllhim  I'liicl'ohum,  one  of  UH'irt        12  0 

Dutch  BulhH  of  all  klridw.     A  lino  asHortniont  of  Fruit  Trees 

and  EvcrKreeri  rthriibs,  vi-ry  oli'^ap,  for  furnlihlng  now  gardt-nB. 

Albion  Nursery,  .'Jtoko  Wuwlnmon,  London,  Doc,  11, 


ROSES. 

ROSES  extenrlinj  over  10  acres  of  ground,  may  be 
selected  by  purchasers  from  ISs  to  20d.  per  riozyn,  com- 
prising all  the  leading  varieties  ;  dwarf  do.,  63  to  12s.  per  doz. 
Fine  varieties,  in  pots  fie  f.jr  ftruinif,  12s.  to  {83  per  doz. 
CAMELLIAS,  well  set  with  flower-bod-s,  SOs  per  doz.,  and 
upwardt.  ERICAS,  leading  varieties,  l'2s.  tolSs. ;  fine  speci- 
mens  fi";  for  exhibition,  in  ll-ioch  pots.  A  large  stock  of 
DIflLYTRA  SPECTABILIS  and  every  description  of  Nursery 
Stock. 

Catalogues  of  nil  the  New  Roses  in  ouUivation  may  bo  had 
on  appHcaiion.— G.  ClAbee,  Streatham-place  Nursery,  Brixton 
Hill,  near  London. 


TO   NOSLEWIEN,   GENTLEMEPJ,  AND  THE   TRADE. 

HAY,  SANGSTER,  and  CO.  are  now  ready  to  send 
out  their  NEW  EARLY  NO.  1  PEA,  price  2s  Gd.  per 
quart,  aud  can  with  confidence  recommend  it  as  a  very  superior 
article. 

Also  their  New  Early  Scarlet  PRINCE  OF  WALES 
RHUBARB,  5s.  each.  It  is  quite  aeearly  as  the  Frlnoe  Albert, 
much  larg6r,lred  throughout,  of  exquisite  flavour,  and  a  large 
crojpper. 

Post-office  Orders  from  those  not  having  an  account  open 
with  H.,  S.,  and  Co,,  to  be  made  payable  to  the  Firm,  at  the 
Borough  Poiit-office,  or  postage  stamps. 

For  TeatifnfJniiils  and  parties  where  both  articles  can  be 
had,  see  Gardeners'  Chronicle  18th  September,  1852,  page  58i. 

Newingtoh  Butts,  London. 


ASH    AND    LARCH    FIR- 
[OHN  and  CHARLES  SHARPE  beg  to  state  that 

*-^    tliev  have  immense  quuntitiea  of  Ash  transplan'ed  2  to  3  ft.  - 
and  4  ft.,  very  fine.     Also,  Larch  Fir,  1  to  i^  ft.,  2  ft,,  and  8  to 
4  fc,  at  very  low  prices. 

Delivered   on  tha    Great  Northern,    Midland,    Manchester, 
Shtrffi-'ld,  Lincolnshire,  Ambergate,  and  Nottingham  Railways. 

Nu.oerios,  Sleaftird. 


/■^OLLINSIA    BARTSI/EFOLIA     AND    MULTI- 

W  COLOR,  ABllONIA  UMBELLaTA,  NEMOPtllLA 
OCULATA  ALBA,  Is.  per  p>icket,  to  ha  had  from  WM. 
JlAiHILT  )N,  Seedsman,  &c..  lo'J,   CaEAP-«[DE,  Lund  >», 

W.  H.  has  siill  on  tianda  fb^v  Ulass  Di'-hes  with  Hyacinthp, 
pl;inted  in  Moss  ;  thase  Dishes  cm  be  packed  so  as  to  transmit 
to  tho  country  without  injnryr.  Dishes  with  Six  Hyacinths, 
5s.  eai;h. 

Rannnculue,  Anemones,  G'tii.dus,  Liliums,  and  other 
Roots,  Priced  Catalo;iuu  o^'  ^iviijli  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation.  A  fii-'^'-ratii  collection  of  ^ifii:i"lard  Rogbs  18s.  per  duz.^ 
IIolljhockH  \'2s.  to  IS.J.  poi-  J^-i  JJ.'Uit  Trei,  ',-iSi..:,,  Jic. 
TIjo  Nv>veii|her  P::(i'>'/  I'eas  5s  per  quart.'  , 


r  P:':<''i  V'  ^'f-'^^  t 


COLE'S  SUPtTKH-  0:rr:i,.- AU  WHITE   CELERY. 

WM.  COLE,  D'ai%Vrd,  Kent,  be^o  to  inform  his 
frifnds  and  the  puufio;  (Tiat  he  is  rpa-^y  to  sendout  a  new 
Whito  Celery,  which  he  has  every  confidence  iii  recommending 
as  being  decidedly  superior  to  Iiia  Superb  Dwarf  Rtd,  sent  out, 
with  universal  satisfaction,  three  years'  biclt.  Tne  Crystal 
Whife  is  a  d^arf  kind,  rarely  esceeHing  (under  the  best 
manngemem)  18  inches  in  hei.ht ;  it  is  very  solid,  crisp,  and 
fiue  flavoured,  anji  if  sown  at  the  same  time  as  the  red  variety 
will  come  into  use  a  month  earlier,  and  continue  good  a  month 
later.  Ic  has  heeu  seen  by  some  of  the  first  gardeners  in  the 
country,  and  prnnounned  to  bo  a  superior  ariicle.  It  may  be 
obtained  of  W.  C,  as  above ;  or  from  the  following  agents,  at 
23.  Cd.  per  packet,  free  by  post  :— 

'  London:  Mesarn.  Hurst  nnd  M'Mulllo,  Leadenhall-Gtreet ; 
Messrs.  Daws,  Cottryll,  and  Benhum.^Moorgate-atrcet ;  Messrs, 
Minier  and  Co.,  60,  Strand;  Mr.  Duncan  Hairs,  St.  Marun'a- 
lane.  Charing  Cross  ;  Mr.  Dcnyer,  Gracechurch-streot. — Messrs. 
G^irawHj,  Mayea,  and  Co.,  Bristol ;  Mr.  Buuyard,  Maidatone  ; 
and  Mr.  Turner,  Slough. 

OR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 

the  undermen'ioned  are  strongly  recommended  : 


F 


IftOO  Beech,  3  ft ISs. 

1000  Horse  Chestnut,  2  to 

4  ft 15 

inOO  Spruce  Fir,  2  ft.  ...  15 
lOilii  Green  Holliea,lto2ft.  30 

1000  Oak,  4fc 14 

100  I  Evergreen  Privet,  3ft.  30 
100  OnUs,  G  to  10  ft.  ...  5 
100  Spanish  CheHtnut,6ft,  5 
100  Larch,  6  to  8  fc. 


moo  Elms,  2  to  3  fc.        ...  15s. 

1000  Scotch  Fir.  2  ft.      ...  15 

liiOO  Hifjhland  Pines,  2  ft.  17 

1000  Larch,  2  fr 10 

lui.O  Sycamore.  3  ft.  ...  2o 
lOuO  Common  Laurels,2ft.  GO 
luO  Poplars  Ontario,  G  to 

10  fc 5 

100  Horse  Chestnut,  8fc.  6 
mo  Elms,  0  to  8  ft.         ,,,     3 


If  the  above  are  ordered,  ona-t.-nth  will  bo  given  over  on  tho 
quantity  ordered,  to  oumpensato  fur  carriage. 
*100  Flowering  and  Ever- 
green Sliruba        ...  353, 


"■lOO  aorta    Hardy    Herb- 

aceous  Plants        ...  25s. 
non  LaurestinuH,  2  ft.    .,.  80 
*100  Evergreen  Oaks,  2  to 

3  feet  25 

*100  Finest  GooHeberrlcs  lO 
^IIIO  Black  QrapeOurrants  10 
"50  Standard  Apples  .,.  80 
"^50  Dwarf  Rusod,  named  18 


nnO  Portugal  Laurels,  2fr.  15 
noo  Evergreen  Box,  2  ft.  25 
*1U0    Double     Hollyhocks  20 
•100  Red  Champagne  Cur- 
rants   10 

*100  May's  Ylctoiia  Cur- 

rnnifl  25 

*00  StiindardRoscs, named  to 

All  Orders  above  2i.  lOa  ,  fur  tlioiio  markod  *,  Carriage  paid 
to  London,  Llvurp  >ol,  Blrmlnglnitn,  and  Edinburgh,  and  all 
tho  Inturmedlato  .stations  within  I'lO  miles  of  the  Nursery. 

Addro-»H  all  Ordora  aud  CiHiimuulijutlonrt  to  lluNav  Mat, 
tho  Hope  Nuraurim,  B';dule,  York,  A  romlttanoe  or  roforonco 
from  unknown  crre'ip'nid  m's  U  restinctl'uilv  roquettwd. 

BAKER'S  PUEASANTRY.  B e an ibrt- street,  King's 
Roiiil,  CiielHwii.  by  Bp.-oial  appolntnio  it  to  her  Majebtc 
and  II.  It.  II.  PiirNCf.;  Aljikut.  —  OltN  AMEN  l"AL  WATER 
FOWL,  coiiHlstlng  of  black  and  whlto  Swans,  Egyptian,  Canada, 
Olilmi,  hiirnaoln,  brent,  and  laughing  Goeae,  Shleldrakes,  Pin- 
tail, Widgeon,  Kummer  and  winter  Teal,  Oadwull,  Labrador, 
Shovellefrt,  jrold-ojod  and  dun  Dlvi-rs,  Oiiroltna  DucIih.  dsc, 
domofttloH'cd  and  pinioned;  nl-o  SpanlHh,  Coohtn  China.  Mai  ly, 
Poland.  Surnjv,  and  Dorking  I'Nmla ;  whlto,  .lapan,  pti'd.  and 
common  Pun-fowl,  wwl  pure  CMlna  Plt^A;  aud  at  a,  llali-moon 
Pansngo,  aruocchurcb-Btrcet,  London, 


786 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Dec.  11, 


GREAT    WHEAL 


VOR    UNITED    MINES,    CORNWALL 

(TIN  AND  COPPER.) 
CONDUCTED  ON  THE  COST-BOOK  PRINCIPLE. 

200,000    PAETS    OE    SHARES    OF    £1    EACH. 


IN  ^^^^^^^^_^ 

ri^HESE  MINES  being  worked  on  tlie  above  principle 

X  SU^iSCItIBERS  will  not  be  roquired  co  a*gQ  aay  deed, 
and  (heir  liability  will  be  absolutely  hmited  to  the  number  ot 
shares  subscribed  for. 

COilMITTEB. 


Kenry  Rflnkinpr,  Esq. 
II.  W.  Sc>ineider,  E<q. 
Charles  TruemiTi,  Eeq. 
Augustus  A.  Vansittarc, 


Esq. 


Charles  Jamen  Anthony,  Esq. 
Captain  Creu'^e,  (l.N. 
John  Oliver  Elansoo,  juo,,  Esq 
E.T.  Nenle.  Et^q. 

Bankers— LoDdon.  Messrs.  BarneU,  H.>are,  and  Co. ;  Messrs. 

Sir  W.  P.  Call,  Bart.,  M;irte!i,  and  Co. ;  Helaton,  tbe 

Uuion  Bank. 

SoUcitors-MesarB.    Jenkinsoa.     Sweeting,      and     Jenkinson, 

London;  Messrs.  Grylls  and  Hill.  Flehton. 

BmUer— Mr.  Tl'omas  Muxoa,  3,  Au-^tiQ-tnars.  London. 

Temporary  offi^es-l,  Rjyal  Exchangc-buildingu. 

These  Mioe^,  formerly  worked  to  so  mucli  advantage,  are 
situate  chhGs  in  the  parish  of  Brease,  nuiir  ilelsfton,  in  the 
county  of  Cornwall,  embracing'  Old  Wheal  Vor,  Carleen,  Pol- 
ladrHs,  Polrose,  and  oihei  Mines,  in  the  «ray  slate  formition 
adjoining  the  grani'e.  and  constitute  a  continuous  run,  above 
two  miles  long  by  one  broad,  of  ground  which  long  esperienco 
has  proveJ  to  be  one  of  tbe  richest  mioeral  districts  in  the 
world,  ,  , 

'Ihey  are  held  under  mining  leases  for  21  years  from  his 
Grace  the  Dnke  of  Leeds,  CharL^s  Trelawny,  Esq.,  Cbnstopher 
"Wallis  Popharn,  Esq,  Sir  John  Y.  BuUer,  Bart.,  and  others, 
attheverv  moderate  dues  of  l-3Gh  for  th-j  principal  portion  of 
the  ground,  and  1-24'h  for  tbe  remainder. 

The  Mines  {>o  whith  much  naw  anrl  rich  raiaeral  property 
has  been  added )  during  the  whole  term  of  the  former  workings, 
and  up  to  the  time  of  iho  cessation  of  the  works,  yelded  large 
profi  s.  J     •       V 

The  official  returns  from  tbe  ore  bonks  show  that  during  the 
last  workings  upwarc's  of  2,O0i),000i.  sterling  of  Tin  and  Copper 
oretjieldin?  large  dividends)  have  been  returned  from  thesg 
Mines,  and  thiy  are  still  capable  of  producing  as  much  m  >re 
—a  larjre  proportion  uf  tbe  ricbest  part  being  still  unexhausted, 
and  a  still  larger  proportion  unexplored. 

The  csaues  fnow  happily  no  louger  in  existence)  which,  about 
eight  years  ago,  led  to  tlietr  being  stopped,  were  principally  the 
following:—  L  ,        .  .t-  1 

1.  Chancery  suits  amongst  the  adventurers  themselves, 
arising  troTi  an  illegal,  or  p'-eaumed  illegal,  sale  of  shares  (but 
not  sffecdng  the  title  to  the  Mine'},  which  were  obstinately 
contested  for  about  3l)  years,  lessen'.ng  the  profits  by  above 
200,0001.  ^    ^. 

2.  In  consequence  of  the  above  state  of  things  (after  the 
leases  had  run  om)  grants  from  six  months  to  sis  months  only 
could  be  obtained  rrom  ihe  Lords  f  ^r  working  the  Mines— a 
circumstance  alone  sufficient  to  prevent  the  former  adventurers 
from  developing  iheir  wealth,  or  making  the  ou  lay  which  was 
absolutely  nt  c^ssary  for  renewing  the  m:ic^inery  aod  pltwork, 
■which,  from  lap^e  of  time  and  mere  wear  and  tear,  had  became 
unequal  to  its  duty— but;  the  replac^ing  of  which  would  have 
requii  ed  an  expendiiure,  which  no  company  whatever,  a3  half- 
yearly  tenant:'^,  could  have  ventured  to  incur. 

There  are  nunieroua  lar^jelin  and  copper  lodes,  of  ascertained 
richness  and  va'ue,  running  tbiough  tbe  whole  length  of  this 
property,  all  ot  which  can  be  made  iMimediately  available  ;  and 
which,  when  properly  worked,  will  return  large  profits  to  the 
adventurers. 

Tie  advantages  which  the  pvoposed  Coaapany  vyill  have  over 
the  former  adventurers  are  numeroui  and  important ;  it  will 
suffice  to  men'-ion  ihe  following  :  — 

They  will  acquire  extensive  ^vorUs  far  exceeding  in  value  the 
sum  of  5o.ljOOt,  lo  be  given  for  ttA^ni. 

There  are  large  quantities  of  i'tre,  which  can  be  raided  out  of 
the  grouod  already  .opentd,  -whtn.  by  the  erection  of  the 
machinery  the  water  ba9  been  drained  to  a  shallow  level ;  and 
a  steady  and  constantly  increa:»ing  supply  can  ba  afcerwards 
kept  up. 

There  are  large  quantities  of  ore  of  an  inferior  quality  left  by 
the  formL'r  adventurers,  in  the  various  levels  from  the  surface 
to  the  bottom  of  the  mine, — neglected  when  tin  ore  was  at  tbe 
rate  of  35i.  per  ton,  hut  which,  wiih  tin  ore  at  451.  per  ton  {the 
present  price  being  601.  per  tun),  will  remra  a  handsome  profit. 

At  'he  period  whtn  the  mines  stopped  working,  the  vast  mass 
(or,  as  i'.  id  termed,  "more,")  of  tin  in  the  main  lode,  which 
produced  auf^h  extraordinary  leturns,  was  left  going  down  in 
the  bottom  of  the  mine  as  large  and  aa  valuable  as  it;  ever  was. 

Under  the  improved  system  of  mining,  which  will  be  adopted 
(and  mining  was  never  so  well  understood  or  so  economically 
conducted  as  at  the  present  mument),  great  savings  will  be 
effected  in  the  following  i'ems  :— 

On  the  cntt  of  mafpri^is     £25  per  cenf. 


15 

20 


80 


On  labour  cost,  from  the  use  of  a  man- 
engine  for  conveying  the  miners,  with- 
out any  use'ess  e-<peiiditui*e  of  time  and 
strength,  to  and  from  the  bottom  of  the 

mines 

Oq  the  cost  of  dressing  the  ores 

On  the  cost  of  drawing  the  produce  to  the 
Buriace,  owing  to  the  modern  improve- 
ments in  the  machinery  used  for  such 
purposes 

The  proposed  company  will  also  have  the  benefit  of  long; 
lenses,  enabling  them  to  devtl>pe  the  resources  of  the  mines  in 
nla-.ting  and  miner-liko  manner. 

The  levels  a'ready  driven,  shafts  sunk,  and  ground  opened 
at  a  great  expense,  will  ba  of  incalculable  valae  in  extending 
levels  on  the  cjurse  of  the  lodes,  an  1  driving  "  cross  cuts  "  to 
intersect  tbe  parallel  (or  "siJe")  lodes  at  different  depths. 

From  the  attentioa  of  the  former  adventurers  having  been 
engros'^ed  by  the  amazing  riches  of  their  main  lode,  these  side 
lodes,  though  proved  to  be  exceedingly  rich  wherever  they  have 
been  touched,  were  never  worked  to  any  d3pth.  (Vide  State- 
ment of  John  Richards.) 

When  this  la  done  the  same  rich  discoveries  may  be  expected, 
as  FO  recently  rewarded  the  adventurers  in  the  United  Mines  in 
Gcvennan,  where,  under  similar  Lircumstances,  the  discoveries 
made  in  the  side  lodes  immeiliattly  returned  large  profits. 

Estimates  compiled  from  «our  ^es  entirely  to  be  relied  upon, 
show  that  an  expenditure  of  10  ',000£,  will  suffice  to  bring  these 
mines  into  a  perfect  and  lasting  working  condition;   which 
expenditure  is  apportioned  a^i  follows:- 
For  machinery,  including  steam  engines  of 
the  highest  power,  for  pumping,  hauling 
stamping,  crashing,  and  aman  engine  ..,  £43,000 

Materials 1?,000 

Labour  Cost      


Leaving  for  Contingencies 


-£30.000 
20,000 


£100,000 

The  returns,  calculated  with  tin  ore  at  only  45?  par  ton  (the 
actual  rate  baing  now  GOi.  per  ton),  estimated  aa  follows  ; — 
For  the  first  year  (while  the  drainage  of  the 

mines  is  proceeding)     ,,.         ,.,         ...         ...     £20,000 

For  the  seoond  year  60,000 

For  the  third  year 80,000 

And  afcerwards  progressively,  with  a  prospect  of  Btill  further 
iocroasB  in  subsequent  years. 

The  mines  are  divided  into  200.000  shares  of  11.  each,  thus 
forming  a  sum  of  2  lO.OOOj,,  of  which  lOO.OOOi.  will  be  devoted 
as  specified  to  bringing  the  mines  into  full  and  efficient  work- 
ing condition;  50,0001.  wUl  b;  available  for  working  capital, 
and  the  remaining  SO.OOCf,  will  ba  the  consideration  to  be  paid 
to  the  grantees,  of  whic^  sum  TilOji.  will  bj  paid  in  cash  for 
the  immadiate  expenses  incurred  by  them;  the  remaining 
43,000J.  will  be  p'jid  in  43  000  paid  up  shares,  which  will  remain 
uader  the  control  of  the  Commit*:ee  until  dividends  shall  have 
been  declared  to  the  amount  of  10  per  cent,  on  all  the  shares 
of  the  Company. 

This  arrangement  has  been  proposed  by  the  grantees  in 
order  to  mark  in  an  emphatic  manner  their  confidence  iu  the 
result. 

Tbe  shareholders  shall  have  the  power,  at  their  first  meet- 
ing, to  appoint  two  Auditors,  who  stiall  also  bi  shareholders, 
ona  of  whom  shall  go  out  by  rotation  annually,  but  be  eligible 
tor  re-election. 

Reports  frooi  mine  agents  of  character,  capacity,  and  espe- 
fierce,  and  from  practical  Qir*"^rB  who  have  worked  in  these 
mines  for  the  greaCtr  portion'of  their  livea,  are  appended  to  tbe 
prospectuses,  which  may  bo  obtained  of  the  Comoiittee,  at  the 
temporary  offiees  of  the  Company,  1,  Royal  Eschaoge-build- 
iugs,  orfromtha  Brokers,  to  cither  of  whom  applicaiions  for 
shares,  in  the  annexed  fot-m,  may  be  made. 
Great  Wheal  Vor  United  Mines,  I,  Royal  Exchange-buildiaga. 

To  the  Committee. 
Gentlemen,— I  request  you  to  allot  to  me  -  ■  —  shares  in  the 
abjve  undertaking  upon  the  terms  of  your  prospectus,  and  I 
agree  to  accept  the  same,  or  such  less  number  as  may  be 
allotted  to  me,  and  to  pay  tbe  sum  of  11.  sterling  per  share 
thereon  when  required,  and  to  abide  by  the  rules,  conditions, 
and  regulations  of  the  cost  book  of  the  said  mines. 

Name 

Address  and  occupation 

Reference 

Date  

No  reference  will  be  accepted  unless  it  be  given  to  a  banker 
or  stork  broker. 


HARTLEY'S    PATENT    ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

For  Ridge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Greenliouses,  Railway  Stations,  Ena^ine  Sheds,  Mills, 
Market-Halls,  and  Public  Baildiugs  generally. 


Fob  CoNSEaVATOftlBS,    Poblic  Boildings,    Mandfactobies, 

SRrLIQHTS,     &C,,   &C. 


Packed  is  Crate3,  forcuccing  up  of  the  sizes  as  Manufactured  :— 

3il  iQcbes  wide  aad  froiu  41)  co  50  long  

Or  21)  ,,  „  5»to70    „  


In  Squaees,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  : — 

Under    8  by    6      

8  by    6  and  under  10  by    8     


10  by 
14  by  10 
1^  feet  sup, 

3  „ 

4  ,, 
5 


14  by  10 
1 J  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 


3 
4 
S 
6 
8 
10 
12 
15 


or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  SO  inches  long  , 


20 

30 

30     „ 

35 

35     „ 

40 

40 

45 

45     „ 

65 

55     „ 

70 

70 

85 

One-eighth    8-16th  inch 
inch  thick.        thick. 


s.  d. 
0    6 


0  6J 

0  7 

0  7J 

0  8 

0  Bi 


s.  d. 

0    8 


0  10 

0  11 

1  0 


i  inch 
thicl£. 


s.  dt 
0  10 


0  7 
0  8 
0  9 
0  9 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10 
0  10  .J 

0  11 

1  0 

1   1 

1    2 


IN    BOXES    OF    50  FEET    EACH. 

...lOs.Gi.      I      8  inohei  by  S  Luchas,  ani  rfi  inches  by  6J  incbsg 
--.■3      ..        •.•     J.     ,.       ...123.  O.i,      I      9      ,,       bf  7      ,,        aidOJ      „      by  7i,  and  10  by  S 
When  a  quantUy  is  required,  an  estimate  will  be  furnished  on  application* 


PACKED 

6  inches  by  4  inches,  and  SJ  inches  by  4^  inches 
!■      „       by  6      „        mi7i      ,.      b*  51 


13s.  6d. 
16s.  Od. 


JAMES     PHILLIPS     AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURA.L  GLASS   MERCHANrS,  116,  BISHOPSGA.TE-STREl!;T  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


'inili  KHliUCLliNb;,  UR  SPRING  COUCH, 
-L  portable  without  deta-'-hinR  any  of  its  parts,  softer  than 
a  Fea  her  Bed,  and  which  cnn  be  chansjed  in  One  Moment  from 
a  Couo'i  to  tither  a  Bed  or  Sofa,  may  bo  seen  at 

COTT.^M  AND  HSLLEN'S,  7<i,  OXFORD-STREET, 
where  alsi  is  o'l  vieiv  a  Breat  varle'y  of  METALLIC   BED- 
SfBAO^,  flt'ed  with  an!  withmt  the  patent   RHEOCLINE, 
&a.    die  .   toget'ier   wiih    a  largo    assortment  of   the  pa'ent 
?Bnvvfn-voSr."^^°''  ^TOYBS,  and  every  other  description  of 


/  lOGAN'S    GLASS    CHURN    (with    the    last    im- 

W  provement)  was  exhibited  at  the  SMITHFieLD  CATTLE 
SHOW,  and  consists  of  a  Pail  to  assist  the  temperature;  and 
all  persons  havtag  purch-ised  a  Churn  should  at  once  order  the 
Temperature  Pail.  Lord  Camoy'd  Syphons,  Glass  Milk  Tests, 
Glass  Butter  Slabs,  Glass  Pails,  Glass  Milk  Pans,  and  other 
D'liry  Glass  ;  Stout  Glass  of  every  description  for  Hothouses, 
Conservatories,  Groenhou^iei,  and  Horticultural  Glass  gene- 
rally.—For  Catalogues  (priced)  apply  to  Messrs.  Cogan  and 
Co.,  -13,  Leicester-square,  London, 


HORTICULTURAL     GLASS 

OF   EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTOl^rS    WAEEHOITSB, 

87j  BI3H0PSGATK-STREET  WITHOUT, 

LONDON. 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
Bcitish  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  2d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usuil  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  picked  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Prices  and  Estimate?  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATRNT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CaOWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES.  WATER-PIPES,  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLAS5  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GL1S3,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetle^  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Oardeiiers'  Chronicle  first  Saturday_in  each  month. 

CLARK'S    METALLIC    HOTHOUSE     WORKS. 

55,  LIONEL-STREET,  BIRMINGHAM. 

THOMAS  CLARK,  in  returaing  his  grateful  acknow- 
led^menta  to  the  nobihty,  eeiury.  and  public  at  large, 
for  the  distiDg^uished  patronage  witii  which  thoy  have  honoured 
hi^  Establish-Jient  during  the  lodg  period  of  3i  years,  begs  to 
inform  them  that  he  has  dispased  of  ihe  Business  to  Mr. 
William  Shakespeab,  by  whom  it  will  in  future  be  carried 
on,  and  to  whom  he  trusts  their  favours  will  be  continued, 
as  he  can  conSdenUy  recommend  him  as  his  successor. 

William  SeAKESpEAa,  in  takioit  to  the  above  Business,  so 
Img  and  successfully  carried  on  by  Air.  Clark,  respectfully 
solicitw  a  continuance  of  the  liberal  support  so  long  bestowed 
upon  his  predecessor,  and  be^s  most  respectfully  to  announce 
to  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  pubHc  in  gineral,  that  he  intends 
to  erect  Horticultural  Buildings  of  Wood  as  well  as  Metal, 
and  to  assure  them  that  no  exertion  shall  be  wanting  on  his 
part  to  secure  their  patronage  and  encouragement,  by  moderate 
charges  and  prompt  attention  to  all  orders  with  which  he  may 
be  entrusted. 

HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICES  CONSISTENT  WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


Gi  HAY  AND  ORMSON,  Dan  vers  Street,  Chelsea, 
r  London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticulftiral  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  0.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Hot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purpo'^es  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING   AND   HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  WARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

J      WEEKS    AND   CO.j    King's-road,    Chelsea,  Hot- 
•   HOUSE  Boildees  ;  Horticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
_  the  most  improved  prin- 

ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  pasaee  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  ve.ry  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  e£fect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
C  H  ALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  ia  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
those  boilers  that  warms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  smaU 
consumption  of  fuel.  ,  _   .,,. 

Plans,   Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Baiidings  ; 
also  Catalogues  of  Plants,   Vines,  Seeds,  <fcc,,  forwarded  on 
application. 
_  J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  Kiog'a-road,  Chelsea,  London. 

"  T^RIGI  DOMO."— A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
J-  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  Horticultural  and  Floricultnral  purposes  for 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  is  required. 
It  is  21  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  U:  id.  per 
yard  run.— Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  ArcheKj  Carpet  Manu- 
facturer, 451,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 


50—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


787 


GEORGE  JACKM  AN,  NuRSERYMANjWokingjSurrey, 
IJ  mile  from  Woking  Station,  South  Western  Railway, 
begs  to  anaouuce  he  has  just  published  a  new  and  compl>;te 
Catalogue  of  hia  Americaa  PlaQt',  Omameotal  Evergreens, 
Conifers,  flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  tbc.  &c.,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosing  two  postage  stamps. 


MESSRS.  COLE  AND  SHARP  are  now  sending  out 
CINERARIA  TYIIIAN  PRINCE  (GoleN).— Intense  blufc  ; 
dark  disli ;  fi-st-rate  form  and  good  habit.  Thoy  can  strongly 
recommend  this  variety  to  the  notice  of  all  cuUivatora  of  the 
Cinerafia,  it  being  the  best  ta  its  class,  and  consequently  a 
desirable  addition  to  this  family  of  plants.  Price  73.  Gd.  each, 
Aston  Lane  Nursery,  Birohfield,  near  Birmingham,; 


IHEessrs.  Charles  Cantor  ^  Co.  of  Calcutta. 

18  5  2. 
LIST  OF  ORGHIDEOUS  FLA!iT§  INDIGENOUS  TO  ASSAM 

AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


No. 

Naues. 

Sise  and  Coloar  of  Flower. 

1 

m 

Ter. 

No. 

Names. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

3 

1* 

\Iicro3tylis  Wallichii?... 

Small,  pea  green    

94* 

Pbaius  albas       

Large,  wbite,  ropy  sceuteO 

no. 

2 

Oberonia  iadiioUa 

Minute,  yellowiah 

Gpi. 

9.5" 

.iputariuseailis 

Largisb,  rose  and  green  ... 

Ter 

'  3* 

„    sp 

,,               ji           

Do. 

dj't 

•i.  iatifolia           

!           

Do. 

■4 

Mparis  sp.           

Small,  yellow          

Do. 

97> 

Eulophia  virens 

Large,  green  and  white    ... 

Do. 

5 

„     sp 

,1            ,, 

Do. 

93«» 

>.    sp 

„     dull  yellow  &  brown 

Do. 

e«» 

„    sp 

Largish,  gre3n  yellow 

Ter. 

99" 

»    sp 

„    deep  purple 

Do. 

7* 

„       9p 

Small,  deep  purple 

Epi. 

lOO" 

1,    sp 

J,    green  and  yellow     ... 

Do. 

8 

Otochilu5faseu9 

„    yellowish  brown 

Do. 

lOl-» 

..    sp 

,,    purplish  green 

Do. 

9 

,,    albui          

„            „         and  white 

Do. 

102 

Vaada  teres       

7ery    lar,:,'e,    rosy    purple. 

Epi. 

10 

Pholidota  imhricata    ... 

„    white 

Do. 

yellow  and  browu 

ii 

,,    andulata 

,,        „        

Do 

10S»» 

„    cristata      

Largish,    gresnish,    white, 

Do. 

12* 

„    ardculata 

),        )i 

Do. 

and  purple 

13* 

„    sp 

„       „    and  yellow      ... 

Do. 

1W«« 

„    multi6ora 

„    white  and  rose 

Oo. 

U» 

„     sp 

ij       )»              jj 

Do. 

[05»« 

„     cffirulea      

V^ery  large,  deep  blue 

Do. 

15 

Coelogyne  flavida 

„    yellow 

Do. 

106" 

.,    sp 

Largish,  dull  purple 

Do. 

16 

„    uudulata 

Largish,  white        

Do. 

107.« 

..    sp 

M               „        and  green 

Do. 

IT- 

„     fimbriatal... 

„            „  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

108" 

„     sp 

„    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

IS*  • 

„    uuiflora      .,: 

„            ,,  and  lateritlous 

Do. 

109*» 

Oamarotis  purpurea    ... 

Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

19 

,,    barbata      

„    white 

Do. 

110 

\Iicropera  pallida 

,,    pale  yellow     

Do. 

20* 

„    praecosl     

„        „       

Tor. 

lU 

Saccolabiutn  micranthm 

Small,  rosy 

Epi. 

21« 

„     maculata 

Large,white,yellow,&;  rose 

Do. 

U2 

„    retusum     

Largish,  lively  .spotteJ      ... 

Do. 

22*  • 

„     Wallicbiaoa 

„         ,,         and  roae 

Do. 

11-3 

„    papilloauca 

Small,  pale  yellow  &  pur. 

Do. 

23" 

„    ocellata 

„    pale  yellow  and  deep 

Do. 

IU»» 

],    Calceolare 

„    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

orange 

115.» 

„    sp.  Hlte  do. 

„    pale  do.  and  r03e     ... 

Oo. 

2i* 

„    Gardneriana 

„    white  and  yellow     ... 

Epi. 

116 

„    caroifolium 

,,    rosy      

Oo. 

25 

1,    cristata      

„        „      streaked    with 

Tar. 

117.* 

,.    dasypogon 

„    green  and  purple     ... 

Do. 

bright  yellow 

US" 

,,    appr;adicalatam  ... 

„    yellow 

Oo. 

-26 

,,    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow. . . 

Epi. 

119» 

„    sp 

,,    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Oo. 

27*» 

„    flava!         

Large,  yellow  and  brown  .. 

Do. 

120»« 

Sarcanchas  sp 

Oo. 

28 

„    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

121" 

„    sp 

Small,  rosy 

Do. 

29' 

„    sp 

„    white  and  brown 

Do. 

122  •• 

1.    sp 

„    white  and  yellow 

Do. 

^0 

„     £p 

„    pale  yellow   ''...■ 

Do. 

123" 

,.     sp 

n          »i                    it 

Oo. 

3l»» 

11      Sp 

,,    white  (pretty) 

Ter. 

124« 

..     sp 

„           ,,                    „ 

Oo. 

3-3  •• 

„      Sp 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

Epi. 

125" 

„      sp 

,,    rosy  red 

Do. 

33»» 

Solbiphyllum   leopardi- 

Large,  yellow  spotted  witb 

Do. 

126 

A.eride3  affiue     

Large,  rosy  purple 

Do. 

nutn        

purple. 

127 

„    odoratam 

,,          ,,    sweet-scented 

Do. 

81 

„    nmbellatnm 

Largish,  dull  yellow 

Do. 

123 

.,    sp 

,,           ,,           ,, 

Oo. 

35*» 

„    Khasyanam 

Small,  greenish      

JO. 

128" 

„    sp 

Large,  like  affioe,  and  very 

Do. 

36" 

tt    sp 

Largish,  bright  yellow     ... 

Do. 

sweet-scented 

37» 

„    sp 

Small,  white,  fragrant     ... 

Do. 

139 

AgrostopbylliuQl     Kha- 

Small,  white            

Do. 

BB- 

„   sp 

„    dull  purple     

Do. 

syaaum 

SS 

,t    sp 

II            ji 

Do. 

131* 

Sipbosium  acuminatum 

Largo,  white           

Do. 

40 

,1     sp 

Do. 

132 

AcaattjopUippiuin  sp.  ... 

„    doll  purple    

Ter. 

4l«» 

Cirrhopetalam  sp. 

Small,  greenish,   fragrant 

Do. 

133* 

„     sp 

,,    white,  streaked 

Do. 

42 

,,     £P 

„    dull  purple    

Do. 

13i« 

Cymbidium  ijiganteum... 

Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 

Do. 

43- 

„     sp 

Large,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

135 

„    peudulum 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purple 

Do. 

44*- 

„    sp 

Largish,  dull  purple 

Do. 

13S 

.,    aloifolium 

,,            „               ,j 

Do. 

-45** 

,,    &p 

,,            „               

Do. 

137" 

„    eburoeum 

Very  large,  white 

Do. 

46- 

Tricosina  suavis 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

Do. 

133 

,,    iacoQspicuum 

Small,  brown          

Do. 

47- 

Eria  flava            

Gargish,  dull  yell.  &  brown 

Do. 

139 

Cymbidium      lougipeta- 

Largish,  green  and  purple 

ter 

48 

Eria  sp 

Largish,     white     streaked 

tipi 

lum 

with  browu 

HO' 

„    cyprifolium 

t*               11               .t 

Do. 

-49 

„    deaaiflora 

„              „    Ringed    with 
yellow 

Do. 

141»* 

»    sp 

Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  wbite 

Epi. 

50 

,,    ferraginea 

,,    ferru^ineons 

Do 

U-).. 

1.     sp 

„    brownish  purple 

Oo. 

51 

„    paaicalata 

Soiall,  spotted  with  purple 

Oo. 

U8«* 

i>    sp 

Very  large,  white  ... 

Do. 

52« 

„      Bp 

Largiah,  white        

Do. 

me. 

i>     sp 

Large,  wbite  and  brown  ... 

Oo. 

53- 

„    ep 

,,             „     (fc  dullpurp. 

Do. 

U5« 

..    sp 

„    green  and  dull  purple 

Ter. 

54* 

„    sp 

It             »i              » 

Do. 

116" 

?  Fhalieuopsis,  sp. 

Large,  yellow  and  reddish 

Bpi. 

65» 

,,      sp 

Minute,  rosy           

Oo. 

brown 

56 

Aporam  anceps 

SmaU,  white           

Do. 

U7 

Eupbovboscis  pygmasa... 

Minute,  yellow        

Do. 

57 

„    oaapidatam 

„            „               

Do 

148 

Greodoram  dilatatum   ... 

Large,  white,  purple,  and 

Oo. 

53 

„    sp 

1*           It              

Do. 

yellow 

59» 

»      8P.? 

Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 

brown 
Large,  pink  aid  yellow    . . . 

Do. 

149« 

•  1    sp 

„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 
Large,  white            

Do. 

$0 

Dsndrobiam  Pierardi  ... 

Do, 

150" 

Platantberasp 

Do. 

Sl» 

,,     heterocarpum 

,,    yell,  and  br.  fragrant 

Do. 

151>« 

Perietylis  sp 

Largish,     white,      sweet- 

Do. 

82 

,,    Cbrysaatham 

„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

Do. 

scented 

63« 

,,    Parioni      

II                  n                  >» 

Do. 

1.52 

Uabenaria  hamigera  ? ... 

Small,  green           

Oo. 

6t» 

,,    sp.  like  do. 

„    orange  and  brown  ... 

Do. 

153 

„    sp 

„    yellow             

Do. 

55^ 

„    formosum 

Very  large,  white  and  yell.. 

Do. 

154 

.,    sp 

,,    greenish  yellow 

Do. 

fragrant 

155» 

„     sp 

,,    wbite 

Do. 

ie»* 

,,    longicomu 

Large,  white  and  orange... 

D). 

liG" 

,1      sp 

Large,  wbite            

Oo. 

<7 

„    calceolus    

Very    dark    yellow,    rose. 

Do. 

157" 

Pogonia  Joliana 

Small,  rosy  white 

Do. 

and  purple 

153«« 

,1    sp 

Largish,  green        

Do. 

■<9» 

„    Bulcatana 

Large,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

1.59" 

„    sp 

Small,  purple          

Do. 

09 

„    JeakinsU 

„    lively  yellow 

Do. 

100" 

Cyrtosia  sp 

Laruiab,  golden  yellow    ... 

Do. 

70 

„    Cfflralewenfl 

,,    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do. 

ICl" 

Spiranthes  sp 

Small,  wbite           

Do. 

71 

,,    n'>bUe         

„    white  rosy  purple    ... 

Do. 

162«» 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

J,           ,, 

Do. 

72»» 

„     Gibsonil     

,,    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

163«» 

Auajctochilus            Ros. 

,1    rosy  white      

Do. 

73- 

„    Btupoaum 

Small,  white           

lo. 

burgbii 

74- 

„    CambridgeaDam  . . . 

Large,  lively  yell,  and  br. 

Do. 

|i;4.. 

.,    sp 

„    wbite 

Do. 

75*» 

„    transpareQ^ 

„    like  do.,  varioas  ... 

„    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do. 

1«6" 

Cyprlpedium     vonustum 

Largo,  green  and  purple  ... 

Do. 

76- 

„    pale  rose  and  parpk 

Do. 

100" 

„      IDSigQQ 

„    red  and  yellow 

Do. 

77«» 

„    Devoaiaaam 

„    lilac-ro9e  and  yeliovt 

Do. 

I07> 

Calantbe  doaalflora 

„    lively  yellow  ... 

Do. 

78" 

,,    Dalhoattlanam    ... 

„    rose,  white,  and  pui-p. 

Do. 

1B«<' 

„    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

79 

„    moltlcaule 

„     white  and  purple     ... 

i>). 

r.9"- 

1,    sp 

Largo,  white  and  Rroen    .. 

Do. 

SO** 

„    Grim'.hll    

„    pale  yell,  and  oraog- 

D.,, 

170«» 

„    sp 

It            ,t     and  yellow... 

1)0. 

81" 

„    ?armerl 

n    lively      ..        „        ... 

Do. 

171.> 

,1    sp 

,,     dull  purple     

Do. 

82»» 

„    deniilil^ram  pallid. 

„    white  and  orange    ... 

Do. 

172 

Gioodyora  sp 

Small  white 

Do. 

8S« 

,,        do.    rot«am 

,,    palo  ro^e  and  orange 

Do. 

173 

„    sp 

,,         „     

Do. 

at 

„    iatermediam 

„    pale  yellow  di  browu 
f,    lively  orange 

Do. 

171 

>.    ep 

,,           ,,     dull  purplo     ... 

Do. 

35* 

f,    ■? 

Do. 

175" 

Ophrys  ap 

Largish,  rosy  purple 

Do, 

B^* 

M       •?•       •■■ 

„       „    yellow  Si  brown 

0.1. 

U6" 

„    sp 

,t    green  and  purple    ... 

Do. 

07" 

»    Sp 

„    yoUow,  pink,  and  br. 

Oo. 

177" 

\ntboglDum  sp 

,,    rosy 

Do. 

88« 

„    ip 

„    pink  and  yuUow 

Do. 

178* 

Boaateasp 

Small,  greon          

Do. 

8i— 

■Ipathogtottii  pubMoeai> 

LargUh,  yellow  and  purple 

Ter. 

' 

90 

\ruD'llaa  bambcuifolia 

Large,  pale  ro8«  and  l.vBt> 

Do. 

.£(chynanthu9  (3  to  4  Hp.) :  IIo 

ya  (!)  or  Q  sp.)  ;  Arum  (several 

purple 

Mtiuin  (I  Hp.) ;  C^opunthfls  (1 

up.)  :  Ferns  and   Lycopodiums 

n* 

Pbalai  itTftndtroUas     ... 

,1    white,  browD,  &  pur. 

Do. 

(150    to  200    ap.)  ;     Palrat 

Llvistonia,    Leoxalta,    Oaryota, 

93 

„     Waillchil 

■1         It         •>              II 

Do. 

Oaluma.,  iio.)   are    aUo  Id 

tllgunous,    and    can  be  sent  11 

33» 

„    maculata 

H         II     rosy  iconte'l 

Do. 

ror 

uircd. 

Flanti  not  marked  an  common.  IJUto  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  m.rkfld  with  two  ait«rltks  ftro  convidcrod  very  rare. 

The  clitrjioit  for  a  boE  of  4  cubic  f.o*.  nieiiurotnutit,  c  tntalnln?  an  equal  solootlon  of  the  throa  kinds,  will  bo  HI,  or 
M  Rup-M.,  deliverable  at  C.ilcutlo.  When  I'lanw  wlilcti  are  rare  or  vory  rare  are  required,  tho  cliargos  will  bo  according  to 
the  kind  t»kcn  ;  for  tho  ram  1  r.  f)  a.  a  Plant ;  for  tho  vory  rare,  2  rup'jos  a  Plant.  \Vhon  very  largo  plants  arc  directed  to  bo 
•tnt,  no  «ztra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  n*!W  Pl-tnt^  not  Included  In  tho  ILtt  arc  lent,  a  lopnratc  charge  will  bo  made.  When  two  boiea  or*  more  are  taken 
a  dlsconntof  10  [t«r  ccn^  will  be  allowed. 

Plant,  can  also  bi  sent  In  gla^s  oaies,  on  the  Wnrdlnn  pUn,  measuring?  feet  6  Inehoi  In  length,  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  iachM  In  h«l(ht,  for  which  an  extra  uhargq  of  20  rupeo.  will  bo  raado.  Glass  covers  can  also  be  supjillo'l  for  the  other  boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  be  made  to  Messrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  Auoutt  1,  18fi2, 


WINTER    CUCUMBER    SEED. 
WILEY'S  CAPTIVATION      ...     per  packet  2s.  6t/. 


23.  Gd, 

28.  Ga. 


23.  $d. 


la.  Gd. 
Is,  Gd. 


TII.RV'S    PIIEMOMEN'OM 
CHAMBFUILAI'^':S  EsSRX   HERO 
LOUD    KeViNO.VS     WINTEa-BBAUING     CUCUAI- 

BEH,  per  packet 
GORDON'S  WHITE  SPINE  (the  best  of  all  White 

Spinen),  psr  packet ,  ,, 

TILEY'd  VICTO.IT  OF  BATH,  per  packet  ... 

Gool  sound  Seeda  of  ihe  above  firo'-rate  varieties  of  Cucum- 
bers can  be  obiained  at  the  abuvj  prices  on  receipt  of  the 
amount  in  ))enny  postage  stampa.     Free  to  imy  pir'. 

Edwaed  Tilet,  Nmserymii',  Seedstnai-  and  Florist, 
U,  Abb.^y  niiorph^anl.  Bnh- 

PBTER  LAWSON  a>-d  SON'S  PRICE  I.ISTS  op 
SESD$,  POREiT,  FKUIT,  akd  KOiE  TREES,  are 
now  reaJy,  and  may  be  had  on  ULpllcatiun.  or  free  by  poet 
from  Ilia  Airent-.  J.  C.  Sommebs    1.^9    Fenchiirch-streef..  London, 

MESSRS.  PLATZ  and  SON,  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
re=pectfuUy  inform  the  trade,  that  their  Seed  Catalogue 
for  1853,  ia  which  will  be  found  manyo'^w  varieties,  mav  be  had 
ou  appl'.ca'i'jn  to  their  aijent,  Mr.  Robert  Kennedy,  Bedford 
Couservaory.  GuV'in'--ff:ird^n.  T,m'l.T> 

MESSRS.  COLE  AND  Sii.VRP,  Asduu  L-aud  iNuraery, 
Birchfleld,  neac  Birmingrtiim,  beg  tosuboiitthefoUowiug 
GLVDIOLI:- 

Mb8.  CflARLOTTE  BEALE  (WUlmore's).  — Bright  salmon  ; 
pink  shaded  in  lower  petals.  Thia  is  the  largeac  Gladiolus 
yet  raided,  the  flowers  measarin^  4  J  vjcbeg  across.  Price  II.  Is. 
(Iz  obtained  a  First-clasi  Certiticate  at  tha  meeting  of  the 
National  FJovicuUural  Society,  September,  1852.) 

COLBt  (Willmore's). — Colour  deep  pink,  with  a  crimson 
stripe  in  lower  petals  ;  a  sirong  grower,  producing  a  Bpike  of 
flowers  2  feet  long.     Price  15s. 

CTUART  AND  MEIN'S  PARADISE  PEA.— A  very 

^  superior  New  Early  Pea,  a  distiucc  variety,  of  large  size; 
a  most  abundant  bearer,  and  excellent  flivour,  partaking  of 
the  marrow. 

*•  Sown  May  17,  fit  for  use  July  23.  About  i  feet  high,  pod3 
straight,  flatlish,  containing  (i-7  Peas  of  good  quality.  Ao 
abunJant  bearer."  From  Journal  of  the  Horticultural  Society. 
See  Gardenen'  Ch'ronlcle,  Oct.  16,  1352.      ' 

"  Tour  Paradise  Pea  I  consifier  to  be  distincf,  well  flavoured, 
and  an  abundant  cropper,  growing  about -l  leetbifjh.  I  certainly 
think  it  an  acqaiaicion  to  the  Peas  now  in  cultivation." — 
George  Wemyss.  gardener  to  Sir  George  Scott  Douglas,  Bart., 
of  Sprtngwood  Park. 

"  I  take  the  Paradise  Pea  to  be  distinct  from  any  at  present 
cultivated,  grows  about  4  feet  high;  strong  and  erect  in  the 
straw,  an  immense  bearer,  pods  fljsby,  large  and  straight; 
Peaa  atove  the  medium  size,  of  exceilent  quality,  and  alto- 
gether a  great  acquisition."— Jt>hn  Taylorj  gardener  to  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Chief  Justice  Campbell. 
23.  Od.  per  q.aart. 

Agents :— Messrs.  CHAaLwooo  au'l  CDsimns,  14,  Tavistock 
Row,  Covent  Garden,    London;  Messrs.  Nottenq   and   Sons, 
Cheapside,  London  ;  aod  Messrs.  Lawson  an-i  Son,  Edinburgh, 
Paradisa  Nurseries,  IC^Uo,  Rusburghshire. 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  11,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FORTBE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

„  ,„rBrltish-irc-hitect3 8  p.m. 

MoNDAT,       Dec.        13|^Qg^j^r,jptj,gal SiP.u. 

f  Civil  Ea^'l^Rer8    ....8  p.m. 

TCK3DAT,  —       H.J  MflfUcttUod  Cliirursical Sip.M. 

iZiolouichl  9  P.M. 

„  "  ,- t  Society  olArts 8  p.m. 

Wedsbsdat,     —       !=>  i  GeoloRical SJp.M. 

„  ,f  r  A.uiiquariau  .....8  p.m. 

TaonSDii,        —       l»tIloyal    8)p.M. 

iqfiHiatic 2  P.M. 

SAinaDAT,        —       ^^IJdedical 3  p.m. 


It  has  long  been  the  opinion  of  competent  judges 
that  of  all  the  European  stations  where  a  southern 
garden  would  be  valuable,  Malta  is  the  best.  In 
that  favoured  climate,  where  the  Orange  finds  a 
western,  and  the  Rose  a  southern  home  ;  and  where 
the  heats  of  Africa  are  moderated  by  the  humidity 
of  an  insular  atmosphere,  it  has  been  j  thought 
that  the  vegetation  of  warmer  regions  might  be 
gradually  i-iiured  to  more  northern  climates,  and 
thus  a  step  be  gained  in  accustoming  plants  of  the 
south  to  the  less  congenial  seasons  of  the  north. 
Without  stopping  on  this  occasion  to  examine  the 
question  of  acclimatisation,  we  put  on  record,  with 
much  gratification,  the  fact  that  effectual  means 
have  at  last  been  taken  to  secure  for  the  island  the 
most  important  conditions  required  for  all  horticul- 
tural e.v:periments,  namely,  a  class  of  intelligent 
native  gardeners. 

To  the  late  Governor,  Mr.  More  CFeruall,  this 
first  indispensable  step  was  owing.  He  found  the 
Government  garden  at  Sant  Antomo  a  ruinous  place, 
and  horticulture  at  the  lowest  ebb.  By  putting  the 
garden  in  charge  of  a  public  officer,  and  causing  the 
produce  to  be  sold  and  credited  to  a  fund  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  establishment,  he  succeeded  in 
infusing  life  into  the  management,  and  in  bringing 
the  place  into  order  and  good  condition.  The  plans 
of  his  predecessor  have  lieen  adopted  and  extended 
by  Sir  \Vm.  Reid,  the  present  Governor,  to  whose 
fostering  care  the  cuUivalion  of  Bermuda  is  under 
such  lasting  obligations.  We  learn  tluit  tliis  gallant 
officer  has  applied  the  system  to  a  cli;irmiiig  valley 
called  the  Boschetto,  once  a  country  seat  of  tho 
Grand  Mailers,  and  a  place  that  mif^ht  have  satisfied 
Rasselas  himself.  From  a  state  of  neglect  in  which 
it  has  long  remained  it  is  now  about  to  become  a 
garden,  managed  on  llio  same  pvinciplo  as  that  at 
Sant  Antonio, 

It  is  in  tliese  gardens  that  Sir  William  Reid  has 
formed  "a  school  for  g.ardeners,"  where  about  40 
bare-legged,  shoeless  boys  receive  instruction  in  such 
branches  of  knowledge  as  are  calculated  to  raise  tlie 


788 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Dec.  11, 


character  of  the  Maltese  gardener.  An  eye-witness 
speaks  to  us  of  the  eager  delight  with  which  the 
children  apply  themselves  to  such  learning.  Even 
a  little  Museum  for  them  is  already  in  exiatencej  in 
humble  imitation  of  that  at  Kew. 

Men  may  thus  perceive  that  military  governors 
can  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace  as  well  as  civilians — 
and  sometimes  better.  Their  habits  of  command 
and  the  discipline  they  know  how  to  assume  are  not 
necessarily  confined  to  the  field  or  the  barrack,  but 
may  be  extended  to  objects  of  which  even  a  gentle- 
man in  drab  must  approve.  And  when  they  are 
employed  as  they  have  been  by  the  distinguished 
officer  now  entrusted  with  the  charge  of  Malta,  they 
afford  one  of  the  best  of  human  means  for  the  ex- 
tension of  knowledge  and  civilisation. 

We  are  among  those  who  prefer  the  evidence  of 
our  senses  to  all  other  evidence ;  and  although 
admirers  of  a  theory  we  are  still  greater  admirers  of 
a  fact.  When  therefore  we  read  the  assertions  of 
some  of  our  correspondents  who  maintain  that  roots 
■will  not  grow,  under  any  circumstances  whatever, 
after  their  leaves  are  removed,  and  the  opinions 
expressed  by  others  that  if  they  do  increase  they 
will  form  nothing  but  wood — in  other  words  will 
become  *'  sticky,"  although  we  receive  such  com- 
munications with  all  the  deference  they  deserve, 
we  nevertheless  bow  still  lower  to  the  proofs  which 
Lois- Weedon  offers  that  they  are  altogether  mistaken. 
We  candidly  confess  that  we  prefer  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Smith's  four-acre  field  of  Turnips,  and  the  un- 
questionable amount  of  produce  obtained  from  it, 
even  to  the  Rev.  George  Wilkins'  notable  expe- 
riment with  a  dog-collar  (see  p.  757). 

In  order  to  satisfy  the  public  concerning  the  real 
quality  of  these  famous  Turnips,  grown  at  Lois- 
Weedon  in  rows  5  feet  apart,  and  whose  leaves, 
because  they  touched  in  the  rows  by  the  beginning 
of  September,  were  then  stripped  for  cattle-food,  we 
ventured  to  ask  the  able  author  of  a  "Word  in 
Season  "  to  send  us  an  average  sample  of  his  crop 
as  it  is  in  this  present  month  of  December.  What 
he  sent  was  exhibited  before  the  Horticultural  So- 
ciety last  Tuesday ;  a  pair  of  beautiful  SwedishTumips, 
firm,  plump,  juicy,  not  at  all  woody,  but  possessing 
eveiy  requisite  of  the  best  roots,  and  weighing 
9  lbs.,  and  9  lbs,  4  oz.  respectively.  This  we  sub- 
mit is  a  conclusive  answer  to  the  ideas,  expectations, 
and  assertions  of  those  who  criticise  Mr.  Smith's 
operations.  Be  it  observed,  too,  that  these  were  sent 
as  fair  average  Turnips,  and  by  no  means  the  lai^est 
that  could  have  been  selected. 

What  the  weight  may  be  per  acre  of  this  crop 
cannot  at  present  be  determined,  in  consequence  of 
the  wetness  of  the  land.  A  similar  crop  was,  how- 
ever, ascertained  by  careful  weighing,  to  amount 
last  year  to  27  tons  per  acre,  besides  240  bushels 
of  early  Potatoes  in  the  intervals ;  it  is  estimated 
that  the  crop  of  the  present  season  will  prove  20  to 
24  tons. 

We  are  not  in  possession  of  the  halance-sheet 
of  the  able  experimentalist  at  Lois-Weedon,  but 
some  opinion  upon  the  subject  may  be  formed  from 
the  following  fact.  Seven  acres  of  Grass  and  four 
of  arable  land  support  six  cows,  two  carriage 
horses,  and  many  swine.     If  we  take  the 

Produce  of  six  cows  to  be  worth     .     ^60 
Keep  of  two  horses  .  .        60 

Profit  upon  pigs  (ascertained)  ,       30 

£150 
And  deduct  expenses,  we  have  evidently  a  very 
large  profit,  the   cause  of  which   can  only  be  an 
immense  production  of  roots  and  leaves. 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  THE  RESULT  OF  THE 
SIMULTANEOUS  AND  REGULAR  ACTION  OF 
CELLS  OF  UNEQUAL  VALUE. 

By  M.  Heemann  Schacht. 
(Translated  from  the  Ann.  des.  Sc.  Nat.,  xvil  292  ;  8d  aeries) 

A  PLANT  is  a  body  composed  of  one  or  more  cells  ;  it 
is  only  in  the  lowest  species  that  the  cells  are  of  the 
same  value,  i.e.,  of  the  same  chemical  and  physical  nature, 
and  of  the  same  physiological  importance.  Even  in 
Fungi  and  Algals  only  the  most  imperfect  have  cells 
■which  are  at  once  organs  of  vegetation  and  reproduction  ; 
the  moi'e  perfect  species  of  these  orders  are,  like  lichens, 
composed  of  cells  of  different  value.  With  respect  to 
plants  higher  up  in  the  scale  of  vegetation,  they  are  all 
composed  of  numerous  cells,  totally  different  in  a 
physical  and  chemical,  as  well  as  in  a  physiological 
point  of  view.  The  Ufe  of  these  plants  depends  upon 
the  regular  action  of  these  cells  of  unequal  value, 
arranged  and  developed  in  a  determinate  manner,  but 
varying  with  the  plant.  The  life  of  the  different  cells 
explains  every  diversity  in  vegetable  life. 

The  organisation  of  plants  is  far  simpler  than  that 
to!  anmials.  Plants  have  no  peculiar  circulating  system 
composed  of  tubes  joining  each  other  ;  liquids  can  only 
be  carried  throughout  the  whole  of  a  plant  by  diffusion  ; 
the  so-called  vessels  (tubes  which  are  modified  cells) 
only  enclose  air  when  in  their  perfect  state.     But   a 


plant  has  no  need  of  a  special  circulating  system  ;  by 
means  of  its  cells  of  unequal  value  it  can  direct  its  juices 
and  all  their  chemically  dissimilar  parts  to  the  places  in 
which  they  are  respectively  wanted.  Let  us  now  see 
by  what  facts  this  statement  is  borne  out. 

Every  plant  at  its  earliest  period  of  organisation  is 
composed  of  cells  of  the  same  value  ;  in  a  short  time 
the  different  tissues  may  be  traced  ;  in  the  embryo  of 
the  ripe  seed  rudiments  of  the  bud  and  of  tlie  root,  and 
faint  outlines  of  vascular  bundles  may,  in  the  great 
majority  of  cases,  be  distinguished.  Thug  from  this 
period  the  two  fundamental  tissues  of  a  plant  are  visible; 
in  other  words,  two  sorts  of  cells  of  totally  different 
value.  One  of  these  tissues  serves  principally  to  produce 
cells  ("this  is  the  organising  tissue,  the  cambium),  the 
other  serves  principally  to  form  nutritive  matters,  such 
as  starch,  sugar,  chlorophyll,  &c.  (this  is  the  nourishing 
tissue,  the  parenchyma  properly  so  called).  The 
organising  tissue,  in  the  act  of  producing  cells,  is  situate 
at  tlie  extremities  of  the  bud  and  root  ;  it  also  forms 
the  first  stage  of  vascular  bundles.  When  the  seed  ger- 
minates, the  bud,  as  well  as  the  root,  is  lengthened.  It 
is  from  the  same  tissue  that  all  those  different  sorts  of 
cells  are  developed,  by  means  of  which  the  vascular 
bundles  and  parenchyma  are  extended.  A  cylindrical 
layer  of  this  tissue  is  distributed  in  all  the  more  perfect 
plants,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  divide  the  parenchyma 
into  pith  and  bark,  as  well  upwards  in  the  stem  as  down- 
wards in  the  root.  In  all  our  trees,  and  as  a  general 
rule  in  all  plants  whose  stems  increase  in  size  during 
their  whole  lives,  this  cylindrical  layer  (which  I 
shall  call  the  thickening  zone)  is  active  so  long  as 
life  remains  ;  it  is  by  means  of  it  that  the  stem 
enlarges  ;  the  cells  of  the  tissue,  forming  towards  the 
interior  new  irood,  and  towards  the  exterior  new  bark. 
In  the  higher  Cryptogams  and  in  Endogens,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  thickening  zone  is  active  only  for  a  short 
period  of  time  ;  consequently  the  stems  of  these  plants 
do  not  enlarge  beyond  a  certain  point  ;  later,  they  grow 
in  one  direction  only,  namely,  in  height. 

The  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  vascular  bundles  in 
the  roots  of  Cryptogams  and  Monocotyledons,  is  a 
consequence  of  the  limited  duration  of  the  life  of  their 
thickening  zones  ;  a  row  of  cells  of  this  zone  in  such 
cases  generally  forms  a  compact  cellular  circle  around 
the  pith. 

By  means  of  the  thickening  zone,  the  vascular  bundles 
of  Monocotyledons  grow  at  the  same  time  as  the  stem 
and  the  root ;  to  it  is  also  due  the  lateral  ramification 
of  the  vascular  bundles  in  the  genus  DracEena;  but  as  soon 
as  this  zone  becomes  woody  the  vascular  bundles  cease 
to  grow,  except  at  their  extremity.  At  first  the  vascular 
bundle  and  the  thickening  zone,  as  well  as  the  extremity 
of  the  stem  and  of  the  root,  are  composed  of  nothing 
but  cells  capable  of  development  ;  from  them  are 
successively  formed  all  the  kinds  of  cells  which  are 
found  in  vascular  bundles  ;  first  of  all,  spiral  or  ringed 
vessels  make  their  appearance,  then  the  woody  cells, 
those  of  the  liber,  and  according  to  the  species  of  plant, 
reticulated,  scalariforni  and  pitted  vessels.  One  portion 
of  the  primitive  cells  of  the  vascular  bundle  remains 
unchanged  ;  it  constitutes  the  essential  part  of  the 
bundle  (the  cambium  of  vascular  bundles,  the  vasa 
propria  of  M.  Mohl).  The  ai'rangement  of  this  cam- 
bium characterises  the  kinds  of  vascular  bundles  ;  in 
Cryptogams  it  surrounds  the  cell  vessels;  the  woody  cells 
and  those  of  the  liber  are  absent,  and  pitted  vessels  are 
never  present.  The  cambium  of  the  vascular  bundle  in 
Monocotyledons  is  situate  in  its  centre,  and  is  surrounded 
by  vessels  and  woody  cells  of  the  liber  ;  pitted  woody  cells 
are  of  very  rare  occurrence.  The  vascular  bundles  of 
Cryptogams  and  Monocotyledons  can  only  increase 
laterally  by  ramifying.  In  Dicotyledons  the  cambium 
is  also  found  in  the  middle  of  the  vascular  bundle,  but 
it  answers  to  the  thickening  zone  ;  by  the  zone  it  con- 
tinues always  capable  of  development  ;  its  cells  grow 
on  both  sides  towards  the  interior  into  woody  and 
vascular  cells,  towards  the  exterior  into  cells  of  the 
bark  and  liber.  The  thickening  zone  and  the  cambium 
of  vascular  vessels  alike  give  birth  to  the  medullary 
sheath  (the  beginning  of  the  woody  zones  of  our  trees), 
aud  to  the  annual  layers  (woody  formations  of  later 
periods  of  growth).  The  root  of  Dicotyledons  grows 
like  their  stem  ;  but  the  root  never  has  leaves,  because 
the  upper  part  of  all  true  roots  has,  instead  of  a  rudi- 
mentary bud,  a  radicular  hood. 

During  the  formation  in  the  interior  of  the  germi- 
nating plant  of  vascular  bundles,  of  woody  cells,  and 
cells  of  the  liber  out  of  the  organising  tissue  of  the 
vascular  bundle,  there  may  be  seen  forming  in  or  from 
the  superficial  parenchyma  the  cells  of  the  epidermis, 
and  later  in  or  under  them  the  cells  of  the  cork  ; 
thenceforth  the  plant  is  furnished  with  cells  of  very 
different  value.  The  organising  tissue  situate  at  the 
extremities  of  the  stem  and  root,  in  the  thickening 
zone  and  at  the  base  of  the  leaves,  consumes,  in  the 
first  instance,  azotised  matters  ;  its  contents  become 
rose-coloured  if  acted  upon  by  sugar  and  sulphuric 
acid,  whilst  the  contents  of  the  neighbouring  cells,  which 
have  other  functions  to  perform,  do  not  take  the  same 
colour.  The  sides  of  the  cells  of  this  tissue  are 
delicate,  and  its  membrane  is  composed  of  pure 
cellulose.  The  cambium  of  the  bundles  of  Cryp- 
togams and  Monocotyledons  behaves  in  an  analogous 
manner,  althou(j!i  it  ceases  to  form  new  cells  ;  as  a 
rule,  this  cambium  is  surrounded  by  woody  air-cells, 
and  is,  as  it  were,  isolated  by  them.  The  parenchyma, 
or  the  nourishing  tissue,  limited  in  the  stem  to  the  pith 
and  bark,  contains  few  azotised,  but  a  proportionally 
greater  quantity  of  carbonaceous  substances.     In  it  are 


found  starch,  inuline,  dextrine,  sugar,  chlorophyll,  an^ 
other  colouring  matters,  and  crystals  are  f>')rmed  in  its 
interior.  The  cells  of  the  epidermis  give  out  the  radicu- 
lar hairs  of  the  root,  which  absorb  from  the  soil  theiu 
food  dissolved  in  water,  which  is  indispensable  to  all 
organisation  ;  by  diffusion,  they  communicate  the  matters 
absorbed  to  the  neighbouring  cells,  and  these,  in  their 
turn,  send  those  matters  through  their  membrantf 
upwards  into  the  stem.  The  hairs  of  the  root  die  early 
with  the  epidermis  from  which  they  spring  ;  the  root 
becomes  covered  with  cork  ;  its  extremity  continues  to 
grow  and  to  send  out^fresh  hairs. 

The  epidermis  of  the  stem  and  of  the  leaves  under- 
goes a  different  modification  ;  the  external  sides  of  its 
cells  become  thickened  generally  more  than  the  inter- 
nal ;  they  offer,  especially  when  corky,  resistance  to  the 
evaporation  of  the  liquids  in  the  parts  filled  with  sap  j 
they  would  completely  prevent  all  evaporation,  were 
there  not  in  the  cells  special  contrivances  (the  stomateg) 
which  allow  gaseous  and  vaporised  substances  to  be 
exhaled  as  well  as  absorbed  :  the  epidermis  is  thus  of 
immense  importance  to  plants.  In  the  root,  it,  by  its 
hairs,  absorbs  the  soluble  matters  in  the  soil ;  in  the 
stem  and  on  the  leaves  it  prevents  evaporation  by  its 
secreted  layer  or  cuticle,  aud  especially  by  the  corky 
modification  of  the  external  membrane  of  its  cells, 
whilst  the  stomates  allow  an  exchange  of  gases  and 
vapours.  The  activity  of  the  epidermis  of  the  stem 
is,  as  a  general  rule,  also  limited  to  a  certain  period  of 
time  ;  as  soon  as  it  dies,  it  is  replaced  by  cork,  which, 
when  completely  formed,  prevents  all  evaporation  ;  it  is 
possible  that  its  porosity  may  condense  the  gases  at  the 
surface  of  the  plant. 

The  tissue  destined  solely  for  assisting  growth  is  the 
most  active  of  all  the  tissues  of  a  plant ;  next  comes 
the  cambium  of  the  vascular  bundles  (the  vasa  'propria 
of  M.  Mohl) ;  both  are  rich  in  azotized  matters, 
poor  in  hydro-carbon  compounds ;  they  never  form 
starch  or  similar  substances  ;  they  probably  obtain  their 
azotized  contents  from  the  soil  in  the  first  instance, 
and  the  cambium  of  the  vascular  bundles  conducts 
them  to  the  very  top  of  the  stem.  The  parenchyma  or 
the  tissue  which  forms  the  nutritive  matters  is  also 
active,  but  in  another  way ;  it  forms  starch  and  sub- 
stances allied  to  it,  oils,  resins,  colom'ing  matters,  organic 
acids,  &c. ;  carbon  is  what  it  principally  x'equires,  and 
this  it  probably  obtains  from  the  atmosphere  by 
means  of  the  leaves,  which  are  provided  with  an 
active  epidermis,  and  of  the  young  bark ;  it  is  well 
known  that,  in  the  presence  of  light,  plants  absorb 
carbonic  acid  and  give  out  oxygen.  The  sides  of  the 
cells  of  the  parenchyma  are  thicker  than  the  sides  c£ 
the  cells  of  the  organising  tissue  and  of  the  vasa  propria  / 
their  membrane  is  formed  of  tolerably  pure  cellulose, 
and  the  cells  only  produce  other  cells  to  a  very  limited 
degree.  The  cells  of  the  liber  do  not  appear  to  live 
longer  than  the  period  of  growth  ;  they  elaborate  sub- 
stances similar  to  those  found  in  the  parenchyma,  as  well 
as  products  peculiar  to  themselves — caoutchouc,  alka- 
loids. So  long  as  they  are  active  their  membrane  is 
entirely  composed  of  pure  cellulose — they  never  form 
new  cells.  The  cells  of  the  wood  and  vessels  live  but  a 
very  short  time,  during  which  they  are  very  active,  coii- 
suraing  all  the  substances  which  reach  them,  and  thereby 
render  their  membrane  thick  and  woody ;  at  a  later  period 
both  enclose  air  ;  they  never  form  new  cells  or  nutritive 
substances ;  by  their  becoming  woody  the  cellulose 
appears  to  be  transformed  into  xylogene, "  containing 
less  oxygen.  The  cells  of  the  cork  have  a  still  shorter 
life  ;  as  soon  as  their  wall,  at  first  composed  of  cellulose, 
is  changed  mtS  cork,  their  contents  disappear  ;  they 
are  like  dead  cells,  but  they  continue,  nevertheless,  to  be 
of  great  importance  to  the  plant,  as  do  the  cells  of  the 
wood  and  cell  vessels,  which  also  enclose  air  ;  (the 
corky  matter  may  be  distinguished  from  xylogene  by 
oxidising  agents  ;  chlorate  of  potash  and  nitric  acii 
convert  it  into  a  waxy  substance,  whilst  they  dissolve 
xylogene).     I  have  already  spoken  of  the  epidermis. 

The  chemical  nature  of  the  sides  and  contents  of 
cells,  as  well  as  the  mode  of  elaboration,  naturally  deter- 
mine the  proportion  of  matter  to  be  absorbed.  A  plan! 
cannot  choose  what  it  will  absorb  ;  it  must  take  what 
it  finds  in  the  soil.  But  it  can,  by  virtue  of 
the  chemical  composition  of  its  cell  walls  and  juices, 
absorb  one  substance  more  quickly  than  another,  and, 
consequently,  take  up  in  a  given  time  more  of  one  than 
of  another.  Some  experiments  made  on  diffusion  with 
the  membrane  of  a  one-celled  Algal,  Caulerpa  proUfers, 
have  furnished  me  with  striking  proofs  of  this  :  water 
advanced  towards  a  solution  of  sugar,  whilst,  in  another 
experiment,  alcohol  advanced  towards  water.  What  is 
true  of  the  cellular  hairs  on  the  root,  with  reference  to 
this  subject,  is  also  true  of  the  rest  of  the  living  tissue 

I  of  a  phmt ;  at  the  top  of  the  stem  new  cells  are  con- 
stantly being  formed ;  and  there  the  proteine  compounds 
are  more  especially  consumed,  rendering  anew  supply 

I  of  these  matters  necessary  ;  this  is  effected  by  means 
of  the  cambium  of  the  vascular  bundles,  which  extends 
from    the   extremity  of  the  root  to  that  of  the   stem. 

I  The  greater  the   consumption  of  these  substances  at 

'  the  extremity  of  the  stem  the  stronger  is  the  ascend- 
ing current  of  the  juices.  One  cell  takes  the  juices  from 
another  and  acts  by  diffusion  on  the  others  ;  the  dis- 
turbance of  equilibrium  between  the  contents  of  the  cells, 
which  is  constantly  caused  by  the  never-ceasing  pro- 
duction of  new  cells  at  the  extremity  of  the  stem,  main- 
tains the  ascending  current  of  the  sap  in  the  cambium  ^ 
tlie  last,  surrounded  by  woody  cells  or  endowed  with 
some  other  sort  of  activity,  is,  to  a  certain  extent, 
isolated  by  the  sides.      The  constant  activity   of  the 


0— I852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


789 


parenchyma  in  the  formation  of  assimilated  matters, 
&c.,  also  produces  a  continual  change  of  substances  in 
the  pith  and  bark  ;  there  is  no  equilibrium  between  the 
cells  except  during  the  time  when  vegetation  is  in 
a  state  of  repose.  The  parenchjTna  of  the  leaves 
and  of  the  bark  obtains  its  nourishment  princi- 
pally from  the  atmosphere ;  it  is  connected  with 
4he  parenchyma  of  the  root  by  the  medullary  rays, 
which  also  connect  the  bark  with  the  pith.  In  all 
probability  there  is  a  descending  current  of  juices 
through  the  parenchyma.  The  evaporation  which  takes 
place  at  the  surface  of  a  plant  gives  rise  to  a  change  of 
tTie  sap  of  the  cells.  DiflFusion  takes  place  in  all 
directions  in  the  pai'enchjTna,  none  of  the  cells  of 
which  are  isolated  fi'om  the  others.  The  cambium  of 
the  woody  bundles,  on  the  other  hand,  is  generally 
surrounded  by  air  cells,  and  to  a  certain  extent  isolated  ; 
difTusion  in  it  can  consequently  take  place  in  two 
directions  only,  upwards  and  downwards,  but  not 
laterally.  When  a  plant  is  in  its  normal  state  of 
activity  it  does  not  absorb  more  than  it  consumes  ;  the 
Vine  and  Birch  only  bleed  in  the  spring  when  there  are 
between  the  wood  and  bark  more  substances  in  solution 
than  can  be  elaborated  in  the  absence  of  leaves.  This 
abnormal  state  is  the  result  of  chemical  action  inside  the 
plant ;  when  warm  weather  arrives,  the  starch  collected 
in  the  autunm  in  the  bark  and  sap  wood  is  converted 
into  sugar  and  dextrine  ;  diffusion  takes  place  through 
the  hairs  of  the  roots  ;  the  earth  loaded  with  moisture 
fields  water  in  abundance  ;  the  transformation  of  starch 
continues,  and  with  it  diffusion.  The  sap,  which  cannot 
bfi  immediately  consumed,  forces  its  way  into  the  woody 
and  vascular  cells  previously  filled  with  air.  But  as 
soon  as  the  extremity  of  the  stem  regains  its  activity, 
as  soon  as  a  sufficient  number  of  leaves  are  developed, 
the  sap  disappears  from  these  cells,  and  retains  its 
former  course ;  thenceforward  the  Vine  and  Birch 
cease  bleeding. 

Different  chemical  substances  are  met  with,  stored  in 
different  parts  of  plants  in  very  various  quantities. 
The  seed  of  cereals  is  rich  in  phosphates  ;  certain 
rows  of  cells  in  the  same  seeds  contain  proteic  com- 
pounds in  considerable  quantity,  whilst  other  cells  are 
principally  filled  with  starch.  The  haulm  of  Grasses 
and  the  stem  of  Hoi*se-tail3  have  some  cells  filled  with 
silica,  whilst  in  adjoining  cells  scarcely  a  trace  of 
this  substance  can  be  found.  These  facts  can  only  be 
explained  by  the  inequality  in  value  of  the  cells  ;  their 
chemical  natiire  and  their  physiological  activity  permit 
them  to  appropriate  to  a  great  extent  some  one  thing, 
some  another.  The  various  tissues  of  a  plant  are  all 
directly  united,  the  parenchyma,  which  produces  starch, 
extends  from  the  root  throughout  the  stem  to  its  ex- 
tremity ;  the  epidermis  and  cork  are  continuous  ;  the 
vascular  bundles  are  immediately  connected  to  each 
other ;  accordingly  all  the  conditions  for  a  change 
of  juices  necessary  to  each  species  are  present. 
The  property  whicli  certain  cells  have  of  absorbing  and 
elaborating  in  a  peculiar  manner  one  substance  more 
abundantly  than  another,  produces  an  ascending  and 
descending  current,  the  existence  of  which  may  be 
presumed,  although  it  is  not  capable  of  direct  proof ;  and 
may  also  be  the  cause  of  each  living  cell  forming 
different  currents  for  chemically  different  substances. 
It  is  possible  that  each  cell  may  direct  the  substances  it 
holds  in  solution  upwards,  laterally,  or  downwards, 
according  to  the  demands  of  the  neighbouring  cells. 
The  current  of  sap  will  consequently  be  directed  accord- 
ing to  the  wants,  and  the  degree  of  vital  activity  of  cells 
of  unequal  value.  If  a  plant  were  composed  of  cells  of 
the  same  value,  no  cliange  of  juices  could  take  place 
uithin  it,  mthout  a  true  circulating  system.  In  the 
higher  sorts  of  Fungi,  Lichens,  and  Algals,  there  are  cells 
of  unequal  value;  there  is  at  the  same  time  an  opposition 
between  the  consumption  of  azotized  matters  on  the 
one  hand,  and  of  carbonaceous  matters  on  the  other 
band,  the  result  of  which  is  a  regular  exchange  of  juices. 

The  woody  and  vascular  cells  whose  vital  activity  has 
ceased  are  by  no  means  superfluous  ;  they  serve  as  well 
to  support  plants,  acting  as  a  sort  of  skeleton,  as  to 
absorb  the  gases  secreted  by  the  active  tissues.  Whilst 
young  these  cells  themselves  assist  in  a  determinate  way 
in  the  changing  of  the  juices,  Tiie  cork  cells,  though 
themselves  dead,  are  of  no  less  service  to  a  plant. 

The  life  of  vegetable  cells  is  a  chemico-phyaiological 
phenomenon  ;  one  cell  takes  and  elaborates  substances 
differently  from  others.  The  life  of  the  higher  species 
of  plants  results  from  the  regular  action  of  cells  of 
unequal  value  for  the  formation  of  new  organs  and  of 
cew  matters,  Tlie  ultimate  object  of  vegetation  is  tlic 
production  of  seeds  ;  the  bud  wiiich  has  yielded  the 
flower,  and  later  still,  the  fruit,  has  accomplished  its 
purpose  J  its  life  is  ended. 


THE  ORANGE. 
Most  gardens  contain  an  Orange  tree  or  two  ;  but 
iudgiog  from  the  appearance  of  the  majority  of  them 
the  prevailing  opinion  amongst  cultivators  seems  to  bo 
that  it  la  wortliless  for  ornament,  and  deserves  a 
place  in  collections  merely  on  account  of  ita  fruit.  I  am 
Dot  about  to  recommend  ita  culture  for  thin  purpose, 
which  wouM  be  BOificthing  like  communicating  a  mcanH 
of  exchanging  a  Hoveroign  for  aHliilllng.  I  am  convinced, 
however,  tlmt  as  ornamental  planU,  Oranges  liave  been 
sreatly  undervalued.  In  the  estimation  of  la'lit^H,  at 
IcMt,  their  unowy  white  deliciou?^ly  fragrant  bloK*H»mH, 
arc  Flora'H  [jemH,  and  cvory  gardener  knowH  that  how- 
ever beautiful  and  fraj;rant  tlio  flowers  of  a  hou'|ui;t  may 
be,  it  iH  all  the  more  prized  when  it  contains  "  a  «prig  of 


Orange  blossom."  Considering  this  preference  by  those 
whose  taste  it  is  the  interest  of  gardeners  to  study,  and 
the  capabilities  of  the  plants  for  forming  first-rate 
specimens,  is  it  not  singular  that  so  little  attention  has 
hitherto  been  bestowed  upon  it  ?  For  pot  culture  the 
weaker-growing  varieties,  as  myrtifolia,  japonica, 
nobilis,  &c.,  are  preferable,  as  it  is  not  necessary  to 
resort  to  means  injurious  to  the  health  of  the  plants  to 
keep  them  within  moderate  limits,  which  might  be  the 
case  with  the  stronger  growing  kinds ;  and  if  the  plants 
are  propagated  by  cuttings,  there  will  be  no  danger 
of  over  luxuriant  growth. 

Cuttings  of  the  half-ripened  wood  planted  in  light 
sandy  soil,  and  placed  in  a  bottom  heat  of  about  70'', 
and  well  attended  to,  with  shading,  &c.,  will  root  with 
certainty ;  but  if  put  in  about  October,  and  placed  in  a 
temperature  of  from  50°  to  60*  till  spring,  and  then 
removed  to  a  sharp  bottom  heat,  hardly  one  will  fail. 
When  sufficiently  rooted,  pot  singly  in  4  or  5-inch 
pots,  according  to  the  strength  of  the  plants,  &c.,  and, 
if  convenient,  place  them  in  a  gentle  bottom  heat  in  a 
pit  or  frame  warmed  by  stable  manure,  where  they  will 
grow  rapidly  if  kept  close  and  moist,  and  shaded 
from  the  forenoon's  sun ;  if  dung  heat  cannot  be 
conveniently  obtained,  any  close  moist  situation 
will  answer.  The  plants  should  be  kept  growing  as 
rapidly  as  possible  till  Octobei',  and  shifted  as  may  be 
required,  when  they  should  be  gi-adually  accustomed  to 
a  free  circulation  of  air,  sunshine,  and  a  drier  atmosphere, 
to  ripen  and  harden  the  wood.  Remove  ihem  to  a 
light  dry  part  of  the  greenhouse  for  the  winter  months, 
and  avoid  over- watering  while  they  are  all  but  dormant. 

Orange  trees  when  grown  in  heat  are  sometimes 
attacked  by  brown  scale,  and  if  these  pests  make  their 
appearance,  take  advantage  of  the  firm  state  of  the 
foliage  in  winter  to  rsmove  every  vestige  of  them,  and 
to  thoroughly  clean  the  leaves  of  all  impurities.  This  will 
probably  be  a  somewhat  tedious  operation,  but  it  need  not 
discourage  beginners,  for  the  plants  are  not  particularly 
liable  to  the  attacks  of  scale,  except  when  grown  in  a  con- 
fined moist  atmosphere.  As  early  as  convenient  in  spring 
the  plants  should  be  removed  to  where  a  bottom  heat  of 
about  70°  can  be  afforded,  and  treated  during  the  spring 
and  summer  as  recommended  for  last  season,  only  that 
less  shade  should  be  used,  and  any  gross  shoot  stopped, 
so  as  to  secure  a  nice  bushy  habit  of  grow  th ;  and  manure- 
water,  such  as  is  obtained  from  a  stable  or  farmyard  tank, 
may  be  given  alternately  with  soft  clear  water  with 
advantage.  By  the  time  the  second  season's  growth 
is  made  the  plants  should  be  handsome  little  speci- 
mens, which  if  the  wood  is  properly  ripened  will 
flower  abundantly  in  spring,  and  be  useful  for  many 
purposes.  But  where  large  specimens  are  desired  with- 
out loss  of  time  it  will  be  better  to  disregard  the 
blossoms,  and  grow  the  plants  another  season,  or  more, 
as  may  be  necessary,  in  heat.  The  weaker-growing 
varieties  will  grow  faster  if  grafted  on  stocks  of  thestrong- 
growers.  When  the  plants  attain  such  a  size  as  may 
be  considered  useful,  means  should  be  used  to  get  the 
wood  well  ripened  previous  to  winter,  in  order  to  pro- 
vide for  a  good  display  of  blossoms.  A  cool,  light,  airy 
situation  in  the  greenhouse,  with  but  little  water  to  the 
soil,  will  suit  best,  until  it  is  desired  to  bring  them  into 
flower,  when  they  may  be  removed  to  a  moist  tempe- 
rature of  from  50°  to  60°,  where  the  blossoms  will 
soon  be  developed.  The  beauty  of  these  will  be  greatly 
prolonged  by  removing  the  plants  to  a  dry  airy  situa- 
tion, where  the  temperature  may  average  about  45°. 
Give  a  moderate  supply  of  water  to  the  soil,  using 
manure-water  occasionally. 

When  the  season  of  beauty  is  over  prune  the  plants, 
cutting  out  any  weakly  shoot,  and  shortening  over-vigor- 
ous ones ;  and  see  that  the  foliage  is  perfectly  clean. 
Insects  will  be  much  more  easily  eradicated  now  than 
when  the  plants  are  covered  with  tender  leaves. 
Perhaps  the  speediest  and  most  effective  way  of  pro- 
ceeding in  this  matter,  is  to  lay  the  plants  on  a  clean 
mat  and  syringe  with  water  of  the  temperature  of  150" 
or  leO'',  turning  the  plants  so  as  to  make  sure  of  copiously 
washing  every  part  of  the  foliage ;  this  will,  however,  neither 
kill  nor  remove  brown  scale,  and  thcBe  must  be  brushed 
off  witii  a  dry  brush  afterwards.  Such  of  the  plants  as 
may  be  pot-bound  should  be  shifted,  and  others  which 
may  not  require  shifting,  surface-dressed  with  a  rich 
e  impost,  such  as  a  mixture  of  turfy  loam,  sand,  and 
decayed  cow  or  sheep  dung,  first  removing  the  surface 
soil  as  deep  as  it  can  be  done  without  injury  to  the 
roots.  The  best  situation  for  the  plants  to  make  their 
growth  is  a  light  pit  where  a  gentle  bottom  heat  of  65° 
or  70°  can  be  afforded  them.  This  is  by  no  means 
absolutely  necessary,  for  the  plants  will  succeed  very 
well  ill  a  close  part  of  the  greenhouse,  or  elsewhere, 
provided  they  can  bo  kept  rather  close  and  copiously 
syringed  ;  but  a  gentle  bottom  heat  induces  a  vigorous 
buahy  habit  of  prowth,  and  suflicicnt  wood  is  obta.ined, 
in  a  comparatively  short  time,  when  the  plants  can  bo 
removed  to  a  cool  airy  part  of  tiio  grecnliouse,  or  a 
fihcltored  situation  out  of  doors  ;  and  managed  in  this 
way  insectH  will  hardly  attack  tiicm,  and  tiie  plants  will 
lie  covered  with  wcli-inaturcd  wood,  and  ready  to 
display  their  bloHBomw  wlicncvcr  excited  by  a  moist 
warm  tcmpf'rature,  and  will  oiion  flower  in  tlio  ordinary 
(greenhouse  temperature  tihortly  after  ChriBtmas. 

Securing  a  succession  of  flowering  plants  is  a  very  easy 
muiter,  and  requires  no  farther  caro  than  to  i^vnw  Uio 
Htorrii  at  two  or  three  Hcasons  of  tiic  year,  and  to  Hlightly 
force  Honu)  niul  retard  otlierH.  Indued  I  liardly  know  a 
plant  that  in  more  accnmnioihiting  in  tluH  rcHpect,  orthat 
is  more  (^awily  had  in  fliiwr^r  nil  the  year  round. 
\      For  plantH  which  I  grow  for  their  blossoma  merely,  I 


use  as  soil  nice  turfy  loam  and  peat,  in  the  proportion  of 
about  three-fourths  of  the  former  to  one-fourth  of  the 
latter,  with  a  libei'al  sprinkling  of  broken  bones  and 
sharp  silver  sand.  Alpha* 


^    TRADE  MEMORANDA. 
Who  was,  or  is,  Mr.  D.  L.  Stevens,  96,  Southwark- 
bridge  Road  ? 


Home  Correspondence. 

Stoppage  of  Drains. — In  the  agricultural  portion  of 
your  paper,  p.  761,  Mr.  Sherrard  asked  what  he  had 
better  do  to  get  rid  of  Mangold  Wurzel  roots  in  drains. 
I  would  advise  him  to  do  nothing,  and  they  will  soon 
disappear.  I  find  that  many  Broccoli  plants  on  a  low 
part  of  my  ground  look  very  sickly,  in  consequence  of 
the  heavy  rains  saturating  the  soil,  and  on  pulling  some 
of  them  up,  which  requires  but  little  strength,  tiie  roots 
and  even  the  bark  ai*e  left  in  the  ground,  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  is  rotten.  Such  being  the  case,  I 
doubt  not  the  Wurzel  roots  will  macerate  very  soon,  and 
gradually  pass  away.  A  day  or  two  since,  a  much  more 
extraordinary  stoppage  occurred  in  one  of  my  main 
drains  leading  from  a  large  pond.  Early  in  the  morning 
I  noticed  that  it  was  running  the  tile  full ;  a  few  hours 
later  it  had  stopped,  and  the  water  risen  nearly  a  foot ; 
on  thrusting  a  stick  up,  it  would  not  pass  more  than. 
18  inches.  Soon  after  I  told  one  of  my  men  to  push  a 
pole  up  as  hard  as  he  could,  and  he  rammed  it  with 
much  force  several  times,  about  4  feet  up,  without 
making  any  passage  for  the  water.  I  then  had  the 
drain  opened  ;  in  doing  which  my  man  put  his  hand 
into  a  hole  made  by  breaking  a  tile,  but  very  soon  drew 
it  back  again,  saying  he  felt  something,  and  turned 
rather  pale.  Suspecting  what  it  was,  I  then  felt  the 
thing  myself,  and  immediately  had  the  drain  blocked  up 
both  in  the  front  and  rear.  The  tiles  were  then  lifted, 
and  behold  the  monster  3  feet  1  inch  long,  and  nearly 
8  inches  in  circumference,  weighing  just  3  lbs.,  a  pro- 
digious eel !  It  completely  filled  up  the  tiles,  and  on 
this  account  could  not  employ  its  natural  sinuous  motion 
to  advance,  except  very  slowly.  It  was  nearly  dead 
from  the  battering  it  had  received.  I  suspect,  from  the 
water  not  running  freely,  that  there  is  another  rather 
smaller  a  little  farther  on.  I  have  taken  two  at  different 
times  travelling  from  the  same  pond  on  the  Grass,  2  lbs. 
weight  each.     F.  J.  Graham^  Cranford. 

Skimmia  japonica. — Apart  from  any  degree  of  pre- 
judice which  we  may  be  supposed  to  entertain  in  favour 
of  this  plant,  and  we  honestly  confess  it  to  be  a  pet  of 
ours,  we  do  not  think  that  the  statement  of  "  E.  M.," 
even  supposing  the  plant  to  which  he  alludes  as  fruiting 
so  abundantly  on  the  Himalayas  to  be  S.  Laureola,  can 
in  any  way  weaken  the  attractions  of  S.  japonica.  The 
undoubted  fact  that  S.  Laureola  has  been  many  years 
in  this  country  without  attracting  any  notice  by  its 
blossoms,  or  having  ever  produced  a  berry,  when  placed 
in  opposition  to  the  circumstances  of  S.  japonica  yielding 
both,  and  attracting  general'  notice  from  their  beauty 
immediately  after  its  importation,  is,  we  think,  sufficient 
to  produce  a  unanimous  verdict  in  favour  of  the  latter  ; 
and  of  its  hardiness  we,  at  least,  have  no  doubt.  Time, 
we  are  confident,  will  prove  its  value  in  that  respect; 
and  of  its  precocity  we  need  only  say,  that  a  small 
"'  cutting  plant "  that  was  placed  in  the  open  border  for 
experimental  purposes  last  season,  produced  both  flowers 
and  fruit  when  its  entire  height  was  not  more  than  six 
inches.  And  even  supposing  S.  Laureola  does  ultimately 
ripen  berries  in  this  country,  which,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, is  somewhat  doubtful  ;  and  if,  which  appears  to 
be  the  fact,  that  it  lacks  the  delightfully  fragrant  flowers 
so  conspicuous  in  S.  japonica  ;  then  it  can  only  be 
placed,  in  point  of  beauty,  at  a  respectful  distance  from 

its  Chinese  relative.   Standish  and  Noble,  Bagshot. 

Your  correspondent,  "  E.  M.,"  seems  to  have  misunder- 
stood the  remarks  I  made  upon  these  plants  at  p.  739. 
I  am  one  of  those  who  look  upon  all  plants  as  beautiful, 
and  therefore  can  have  nothing  to  say  against  S.J  Laureola ; 
but  in  the  article  referred  to,  1  was  comparing  the 
Chinese  and  Himalayan  species  with  reference  to  their 
ornamental  qualities  in  the  gardens  of  this  counti'y. 
The  question,  therefore,  is  not  what  S.  Laureola  may  bo' 
in  the  Himalaya,  but  what  it  has  proved  to  bo  in 
England.  Before  your  correspondent  comes  to  tho 
conclusion  that  my  objections  to  it  are  "unfounded,"  I 
have  to  ask  him  to  tell  me,  for  the  benefit  of  your 
readers,  first,  how  long  it  has  been  cultivated  in  this 
country  %  second,  where  it  has  flowered  profusely  ?  and 
third,  where  it  has  been  seen,  or  where  it  can  now  be 
seen,  covered  with  its  Holly-like  berries  ?  And,  for  the 
sake  of  comparison,  I  shall  answer  these  questions  as 
regards  the  Chinese  Skimmia  japonica.  It  has  been 
introduced  about  three  years  ;  since  that  time  it  has 
flowered  profusely  twice,  and  twice  it  has  been  literally 
loaded  with  pretty  red  berries.  A  few  weeks  ago,  tho 
imported  plant  was  exhibited  at  tl»o  Horticultural 
Society's  Rooms  in  Regent' street,  and  tho  highest 
medal  now  given  there'  was  awarded  it.  The  berries 
aro  now  much  riper  than  tliey  were  then,  and  the  plant 
looks  much  more  striking.  11.  F. 

liadli/  coloured  Qrapcs  (see  p.  773).— I  am  fully  con-, 
vinccd  that  tho  red  colour  of  Grapes  is  tho  oflect  of  too 
much  Are  heat  ;  although  every  other  good  property  is 
attainahio  by  ahi^h  temperature,  even  when  exposed  to 
free  ventilation,  thoy  do  not  acquire  that  beautiful  huo 
BO  dcsirahlo  in  the  black  kiiulH.  1  have  seen  instances 
of  the  Black  Tortuf^ul  rofuning  to  colour  when  grown 
with  the  Wiiito  MuHCiit,  winch  requires  a  higher  tumpo- 
raturo  than  moat  other  kinds.     If  tho  Vines  are  not 


7£G 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Dec.  11, 


ovei'  ci'upped,  and  the  atmosphere  of  the  house  kept  in 
a  proper  slate  as  regards  heat  and  moisture,  with  a 
constant  circulation  of  air,  I  believe  that  Grapes  will 
always  colour,  although  they  may  be  wanting  in  other 
qualities.  Joseph  Williamson,  Cdsile  Gardens,  WldteUaven, 
. 1  should  say  that  the  bad  colour  of  your  corre- 
spondent's Grapes,  in  house  No.  I  (see  p.  773),  arose 
from  the  roots  being  too  close  to  the  warm  material  on 
the  border  at  the  season  in  which  they  ai'e  said  to  have 
ripened  ;  the  natural  heat  of  the  soil  would  ripen  Grapes 
better  than  artificial  warmth,  unless  the  border  was  as 
much  under  the  control  of  the  gardener  as  the  atmo- 
sphere of  the  house.  The  roots  being  near  the  surface, 
a  little  mulching  could  be  applied  to  guard  against 
extreme  dryness  or  cold.  Bad  colouring  has  occurred 
with  me  where  the  roots  have  had  artificial  heat  applied 
to  them,  the  atmosphere  being  moderately  moist  and 
plenty  of  air  given.  Under  these  conditions,  Black 
Hamburghs  have  swelled  to  a  large  size,  but  they  were 
reddish,  and  the  fruit,  though  sweet,  was  watery  enough. 
This  happened  one  year,  while  in  the  season  previous, 
and  that  following,  when  no  heat  was  given  the  roots 
at  ripening  time,  the  Grapes  in  the  same  house  were 
well  coloured  and  flavoured.  M.  O.^  December  7. 

Liquid  Manure. — The  plan  I  adopt  in  collecting  this 
for  my  Idtchen  garden  is  to  procure  two  of  tlie  largest 
sugar  hogsheads  I  can  get,  for  which  I  pay  2^.  6d.  each. 
I  then  take  their  bottoms  out,  and  sink  them  into  the 
ground  where  most  wanted,  the  bottom  and  sides  are 
then  well  rammed  ;  my  subsoil  being  a  clayey  gravel 
they  are  soon  rendered  perfectly  water-tight.  They 
contain  about  1 60  gallons  each,  and  are  very  durable.  In 
my  farm-yard  I  have  a  liquid-manure  tanli,  into  which 
as  little  raiu-wafcer  enters  as  possible,  my  farm-buildings 
being  supplied  with  gutters  to  carry  it  off.  The  two 
hogsheads  are  supphed  by  a  water-cart,  into  ^Vhich  we 
pump  the  liquid  manure,  and  by  means  of  a  trougli 
outside  the  garden  they  are  readily  filled.  I  apply 
it  by  means  of  a  waterpot  to  all  green  crops  and 
root  crops,  except  Potatoes,  unadulterated,  pouring  it 
between  the  rowSj  and  also  to  Raspberries.  For  Straw- 
berries it  is  1  alf  diluted  with  rain  water.  For  green- 
house plants  and  Pines  it  is  mixed  with  two-thirds  water. 
All  the  above  are  much  benefited  by  its  application. 
jS'.  Rosltng,  Hemel  Hempstead. 

Tlie  Weather  and  the  Potato  Crop. — The  weather  in 
Scotland  has  been  exceedingly  wet  for  some  weeks,  and 
the  barometer  singularly  variable  ;  but  there  has  been 
little  or  no  damage  from  inundations,  &ueh  as  have 
devastated  some  parts  of  England.  The  Potato  crop  in 
Perthshire  has  suffered  from  disease  more  than  for 
several  years.  The  loss  is  generally  estimated  at  one- 
third,  though  a  few  persons  rate  it  at  a  fourth,  and  some 
a  fifth.  In  tlie  middle  of  summer  the  premonitory  sign 
which  has  attended  the  disease  more  or  less  throughout, 
the  breaking  off  of  the  blossoms  at  the  joint  of  the 
peduncle^  indicating,  1  imagine,  constitutional  debility, 
was  observed.  The  year  1851  was  remarkable  both  for 
dryness  and  for  the  absence  of  thunder-storms ;  and  the 
Potato  crop  of  that  year  was  freer  of  disease  than  usual, 
and  kept  better  through  the  winter  than  in  any  year 
since  its  prevalence.  The  inoi'eased  disease  this  year, 
coincident  with  extraordinary  frequency  of  thunder- 
storms, seems  to  point  to  the  electrical  condition  of  the 
atmosphere  as  having  an  influence  on  the  liealth  of  the 
Potato  plant,  with  a  constitution  enfeebled  by  a  long 
course  of  excessive  stimulation.  /.  S.  JJ. 

Weejnnrj  WUlo^vs. — Residing  in  the  north  of  Scotland 
I  ordered  of  a  nurseryman  some  Weeping  Willows, 
and  he  sent  me  plants  of  the  Bedford  Weeping  Willow 
(Salix  Russelliana  pendula).  In  his  catalogue  I  also 
see  "  American  Weeping  Willow  "  mentioned,  but  not 
Salix  Babylouica.  I  am  anxious  to  know  if  the  "  Bed- 
ford Weeping/*  or  "  American  Weeping  Willows," 
when  grown,  will  have  the  same  appearance  as  the 
S.  Babylonica,  and  whether  this  last  is  too  tender  for 
this  climate.  The  young  plants  of  the  "Bedford"  I 
have  (about  3  feet  high)  do  not  now  show  any  signs  of 
weeping.  I  am  thinking  of  forming  a  collection  of 
Willows — what  shall  I  call  it  ?  A  collection  of  Pines 
is  called  a  Pinetum,  but  I  am  at  a  loss  what  name  to 
give  a  collection  of  Willows.  Salixj  Inveimess-shire. 
[Salicetum.] 

Scale  and  other  Insects  on  Trees,  Shrubs,  and  Plants. — 
The  following  recipe  has  been  found  very  successful  in 
destroying  scale,  thrips,  and  other  insects  that  infest 
stove,  greenhouse,  hardy  herbaceous  plants,  and  also 
trees  and  shrubs  in  the  open  ground : — ■  Prepare  1 
hogshead  of  lime-water  (use  half  a  bushel  of  lime  to 
this  quantity  of  water),  add  4  lbs.  of  flowers  of  sulphm*, 
6  quarts  of  tobacco  water,  and  4  lbs.  of  soft  soap  ;  let 
the  whole  be  well  mixed  and  incorporated  together  and 
applied  by  dripping  or  syringing,  or  in  the  case  of  trees 
or  shrubs,  by  squirting  from  an  engine.  Allow  the 
composition  to  dry  and  remain  on  for  about  a  week  or 
10  days,  then  wash  it  off  effectually  with  clean  water. 
/.  Weelcs,  King^s-road,  Chelsea. 

Artificial  Production  of  Fish.— At  p.  774  there  is  an 
article  on  the  artificial  production  of  fish  in  fresh  water. 
This  subject  is  an  additional  proof,  if  any  were  wanted, 
that  many  valuable  hints  and  suggestions  thrown  out  in 
various  publications  fall  to  the  ground  unheeded  and 
neglected.  1  send  an  extract  which  shows  that  as  far 
back  as  1764  the  same  suggestions  regarding  the  arti- 
ficial production  of  fish  in  fresh  water  were  brought 
forward  by  Prof.  Jacobi,  of  Berlin  ;  and  I  think  1  have 
read  that  in  China  the  roe  and  milt  of  fish,  intermixed, 
are  carried  from  one  province  to  another  in  jars. 
Within  the  last  few  years  various  individuals  have 
directed  their  attention  to  the  subject,  but  the  most  sur- 


prising part  is,  that  those  who  should  be  most  interested 
in  tlie  matter  are  supine.  Great  care  is  taken  to  pre- 
serve game,  but  to  produce  fish  is  below  notice.  The 
following  is  the  extract  to  which  I  have  alluded  : — 
"  Mr.  Jacobi,  of  Berlin,  made  a  discovery  many  years 
ago  regarding  the  artificial  fecundation  of  fishes,  which 
has  never  met  with  the  attention  it  deserves.  ( Vide 
Mem.  Berolin,  An.  1764.)  He  found  that  in  salmon 
and  trout  the  roe  is  not  fecundated  till  after  ejection  ; 
that  when  both  are  extracted  from  dead  fishes,  the  roe 
by  mixture  can  be  fecundated  by  the  milt^.  and  when 
placed  under  water  in  a  proper  situation  can  be  brought 
forth  into  life.  -  He  further  discovered  that  this  artificial 
fecundation  can  be  accomplished  with  the  roe  and  milt 
of  fishes  which  have  been  dead  two,  and  even  three 
days.  This  discovery  with  proper  care  might  certainly 
be  rendered  most  beneficial,  by  transferring  and  planting 
valuable  fishes  in  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers  where  they 
are  wanted.  The  translation  of  fishes  from  one  country 
to  another  is  a  very  difficult  and  expensive  operation, 
and  has,  therefore,  been  seldom  accomplished  ;  but  by 
transporting  the  fecundated  roe  their  translation 
might  be  easily  effected,  and  at  little  expense,  to  a 
great  extent,  with  much  emolument  in  every 
country.  Such  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers  as  contain 
few  or  no  valuable  fishes,  might  be  replenished 
with  the  very  best  kinds.  The  salmon,  the  bull  trout, 
the  spirhng,  and  the  grayling  might  all  be  planted  in 
our  rivers  where  they  are  at  present  wanted.  In  like 
manner,  the  Loch  Leven  trout  and  the  char,  the  two 
most  valuable  lake  fishes,  might  be  established  in  many 
lakes  in  Scotland,  which  do  not  at  present  contain  any 
fishes  of  such  value."— P.  349  to  350  of  Vol.  II.  of  the 
Prize  Essays  and  Transactions  of  the  Highland  Society 
of  Scotland.  G.  /,' 

Night  Coverings,  Condiments,  and  PeacJtes. — I  have  a 
Vinery,  without  artificial  heat,  containing  Frontignan  as 
well  as  hardier  Grapes,  but  for  fear  of  spring  frosts  1 
have  hitherto  given  much  air  in  spring,  so  as  to  prevent 
the  Vines  breaking  until  the  first  week  in  April.  Now, 
it  is  probable  that  by  using  a  canvas  covering  at  nights, 
I  might  allow  them  to  br^-^ak  earlier.  But  before  going 
to  the  expense  of  the  covering,  with  all  its  paraphernalia 
of  roller,  box,  &c.,  I  should  feel  obliged  by  your  inform- 
ing me  how  many  deguees  of  temperature  I  am  likely  to 
gain  on  bright  frosty  nights  by  adopting  it.  The  glass 
is  double  thickness  crown.  The  Frontignans  have 
hitherto  ripened  perfectly ;  but  though  planted  inside,  and 
on  a  shallow,  dry  substratum,  they  shank  very  much. 
Can  the  seeds,  either  of  the  Cherry  Tomato  or  Spanish 
Capsicum  be  procured  in  England  ?  The  former  is 
used  in  New  York  as  a  favourite  preserve,  and  the  latter 
is  the  sole  flavouring  substance  of  the  delicious  Chorizo 
sausages,  so,  at  least,  a  Spaniard  told  me  a  short  time 
ago;  and  as  these  sausages  cost  in  England  4s.  a  pound, 
it  would  certainly  be  cheaper  to  make  them  at  home,  if 
one  can  but  obtain  the  pepper.  One  question  more  and 
I  have  done.  In  forcing  Peaches  we  are  prevented  from 
imitating  the  dry  climate  in  which  they  ripen  best,  viz., 
Malta,  Persia,  &,c.,  from  fear  of  red  spider.  Now,  how 
do  the  trees  escape  there  ?  Is  there  no  red  spider,  or 
do  the  trees  thrive  in  spite  of  it  ?  O.  S.  B.  [By  means 
of  shutting  up  your  Vinery  when  frosty  nights  are  to  be 
feared,  and  covering  with  canvas,  or  with  a  warmer 
substance  called  frigi  domo,  you  may  reckon  on  lO''  of 
higher  temperature.  Your  Frontignans  are  doubtless  too 
dry  at  the  root.  If  English  nurserymen  cannot  supply 
seeds  of  the  Cherry  Tomato,  they  or  you  can  easily 
obtain  both  from  M.  Vilmorin,  of  Paris.  Where  the  Peach 
tree  grows  naturally,  as  in  Persia,  or  in  a  congenial 
climate  like  that  of  Malta,  its  vigour  will  render  it  not 
liable  to  be  much  injured  by  the  red  spider.] 

Pain. — The  quantity  at  this  place  (Pembroke  dock- 
yard) in  November  was  9.026  inches.  Tiie  quantity  at 
Bowness,  Windermere,  during  the  same  month,  was 
9.910,  Here  we  had  29  days  on  which  there  was  rain 
in  my  gauge,  at  Bowness  only  24.  Thus  Bowness,  that 
on  an  average  has  more  than  double  the  quantity  that 
falls  here,  had  this  month  only  .884  more,  and  five  fewer 
rainy  days.  I  find  on  referring  to  my  register,  which  I 
began  to  keep  at  Bowness  in  1847,  that  the  quantity  of 
9  inches  in  the  month  has  been  exceeded  in  the  fol- 
lowing instances  :  laches 
1847  ...  October  ...    9.713  ...  22  wet  days  ...  Total  1847  ...  5G  815 

November  10.726  ...  25  dit;o. 

1843  ...  February    13.404  ...  25  ditto To^all848..    72.350 

,,    ...December  10.483  ...  20  ditto. 
1849  ...  January...  10.388  ...  21  ditto. 

I  left  Windermere  in  the  middle  of  1849,  but  a  friend 
there  has  furnished  me  with  monthly  returns  ever  since. 
His  gauge  was 'on  rather  lower  ground,  about  ^  of  a 
mile  nearer  the  lake  than  mine,  and  from  his  returns 
I  find :—  iiichrs. 

1349  ...  October  ...    9.286  ...  20  wet  days  ...  Total  1849  ...  61.557 

1550  ...  February      9.361  ...  23  ditto Total  1850       64.284 

1551  ...  January  ...  13  288  ...  28  ditto Total  1351  ...  G0.239 

1852  ...  January  ...12.635  ...25  ditto. 

„     ...  February     10.134  ...  17  ditto.  1  11  months  of  1852,  63  109 
,,     ...  November     9.910  ...24  ditto,  j  in  185  days. 

altbouRh  in  March  and  April  respectively  the  very  small 

quantities  of  0.425 incb,  and  1.110  incb  fell. 

At  Pembroke  dockyard  during  the  same  11  months, 
3G.964  fell  in  195  days.  T.  S.  P. 

Potatoes  in  old  Tan,  with  Remarks  on  Storing. — 
Since  I  last  wrote  upon  this  subject  I  have  received 
letters  from  nearly  all  parts,  indeed  from  places  that  I 
little  thought  your  paper  reached  ;  and  by  the  desire  of 
your  correspondents  I  am  again  induced  to  offer  a  few 
more  remarks.  Although  many  plans  are  recommended 
for  preventing  the  Potato  disease,  still  I  intend 
growing  on  ray  own  principle,  viz.,  in  old  tan,  which  is 
tlie  best  and  only  preventive  I  have  found,     I  cannot 


say  that  I  ever  experienced  any  benefit  from  cutting 
off  the  haulm,  or  from  autumn  planting.  In  the  latter 
case  you  will  admit  they  are  very  liable  to  rot,  especially 
if  planted  in  such  an  autumn  as  the  present.  My 
maxim  is  to  plant  high,  wide,  and  dry,  about  the  first 
week  in  February.  I  never  use  any  manure  except  old 
tan,  though,  notwithstanding  the  expense  of  manure^ 
many  still  load  it  on  the  Potato  ground,  while  many  of 
their  other  crops  would  be  highly  benefited  by  it.  As 
regards  planting  in  tan,  some  s:iy,  "No  doubt  it  is  a  good, 
thing  for  stiff  land,  but  it  will  never  do  for  light. "  Now 
I  am  satisfied  it  is  equally  beneficial  to  Potatoes  in 
light  and  heavy  soils,  although  certainly  not  so  much  is 
required  ;  and  as  I  before  stated,  the  Potatoes  leave 
the  ground  so  clean  that  they  require  no  rubbing,  which 
greatly  assists  their  keeping.  Formerly  Potatoes  used 
to  be  stored  in  large  clamps,  formed  by  digging  out  a 
square  piece  of  ground  to  a  certain  depth,  placing  a 
quantity  of  straw  round  them,  and  banking  them  up 
air-tight,  and  they  were  always  found  to  keep  well  and 
firm  ;  but  now  they  are  stored  away  in  either  a  barUj 
cellar,  stable,  or  even  a  bed-room,  fully  exposed  to 
light  and  air,  in  order  that  they  may  be  easily  looked 
over  every  week  or  ao,  to  pick  out  the  bad  ones.  Now, 
their  being  exposed  to  light  and  air  is  certainly  against 
nature,  and  the  cry  is,  How  bad  they  keep  !  and  well 
they  may,  after  being  tossed  weekly  from  one  end  of  a 
barn  or  bed-room  to  the  other,  and  trodden  upon  like 
dirt — how  could  they  be  expected  to  keep,  or  even  eat 
well  ?  I  have  not  heard  a  single  person  say  that  they 
had  eaten  a  good  Potato  this  season.  At  the  present 
time  I  have  Lapstone  Kidneys  growing  in  12-inch 
pots  in  old  tan,  looldng  admirably,  and  nearly  fit  for 
table.  E.  Bennettj  Perdiswell. 


HoETicuLTHKAL,  Dec.  7. — Sir  C.  Lemon,  Bart,  M.P., 
in  the  Chair.  The  Rev.  H.  Cooke,  T.  E.  Moss,  Esq., 
Mr.  F.  E.  Staff,  and  Mr.  A.  Chandler  were  elected 
Fellows.  It  will  be  i-emembered  that  Chrj-saathe- 
raums  were  invited  at  last  meeting,  but  that  in  conse- 
quence of  the  uufavourableness  of  the  weather  none 
could  be  got  into  flower  by  the  time,  except  a  few 
Pompones.  The  Society,  therefore,  again  offered  prizes 
for  them  on  this  occasion,  when  a  highly  interesting 
display  was  the  result.  Of  Pompones,  the  best  six,  for 
which  a  Silver  Knightian  Medal  was  awarded,  were 
contributed  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Henderson,  of  the  Wellington- 
road  Nursery,  St.  John's  Wood.  They  consisted  of 
Solfaterre,  Ninon,  Geralda,  La  Fiancee,  Madame 
Lemichez,  and  VestUum.  Mr.  Ivery,  of  Peekham, 
received  a  Silver  Banksian  Medal  for  the  second  best 
collection,  in  which  were  Colibrella,  Perfectum,  Solfa- 
terre, Geralda,  Nelly,  and  La  Sapagon  (?).  Mr.  Smith, 
of  Hornsey-road,  also  sent  six  PomponeSj  for  which  a 
Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded.  Mr.  Edmonds,  gr.- 
to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  at  Cbiswick-house,  likewise 
contributed  a  collection,  but  it  arrived  too  late  for  com- 
petition, the  Society's  rules  requiring  that  everything 
shall  be  in  the  exhibition  room  three  clear  hours  before 
the  time  of  meeting.  The  only  group  of  large  flowered 
sorts  produced  came  from  Mr.  E.  G.  Henderson,  of  the 
Wellington-road.  Their  names  were  Lady  Huulake, 
King,  Temple  of  Solomon  (a  brilliant  yellow),  Madame 
Camerson,  Dupont  de  I'Eure,  and  Madame  Poggi. — 
Table  Pears  were  shown  in  considerable  numbers.  Of 
English  grown  sorts,  the  best  was  a  collection  from 
Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to  Eai-l  de  Grey,  Wrest  Park,  Bedfordshire  ; 
but  it  was  disqualified,  on  account  of  its  arriving  too 
late  ;  as  was  also  a  collection  from  Mr.  Monro,  gr.  to 
the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  at  the  Grove,  Watford.  The 
exhibitions  of  Messrs.  Atkinson,  Burns,  Bloore,  and 
Lane,  were  likewise  disqualified,  on  account  of  their 
containing  sorts  wrongly  named.  The  fii'st  prize,  there- 
fore (a  Banksian  Medal),  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Hill,  gr. 
to  R.  Sneyd,  Esq.,  Newcastle,  Staffordshire,  for  well- 
ripened  specimens  of  Colmar  d'Aremberg,  Passe  Colmar, 
Beurre  Diel,  Glout  Morceau,  Old  Crassane,  and  Beurre 
Ranee.  The  next  two  best  groups,  to  which  equal 
prizes  (a  Certificate)  were  awarded,  came  from  Cheshire; 
one  from  Mr.  Errington,  gr.  to  Sir  Philip  de  Malpaa 
Grey  Egerton,  Bart.,  Oulton-park,  near  Tarporley ;  and 
the  other  from  Mr.  Chapman,  gr.  to  J.  B.  Glegg,  Esq., 
Withington  Hall,  near  Congleton.  These  were  both 
good  examples  of  Pear  growing.  Mr.  Errington'a 
sorts  were  Beurre  Diel,  Duchesse  d'Angoulcmej. 
Doyenne'  d'Hiver,  Beurre  Ranee,  and  Marie  Louise. 
Mr.  Chapman  sent  Colmar  (fiije  fruit),  Forelle  or 
Trout  Pear,  Glout  Morceau,  Winter  Nelis,  BeurriJ 
d'Aremberg,  and  Passe  Colmar.  Mr.  Atkinson,  gr. 
to  Lady  Molyueux,  of  Stoke  Farm,  near  Slough,  one 
of  those  whose  collections  was  disqualified,  sent  fine 
fruit  of  Beurre'  Ranoe,  Easter  Bem-re  (misnamed 
Bem-re  Diel),  Glout  Morceau,  Winter  Nelis,  and  Ne 
Plus  Meuris.  Mr.  Bm-ns,  of  Chevening,  had  Beurre' 
d'Aremberg,  Glout  Morceau,  Winter  Nelis,  BemT^ 
Ranee,  Jean  de  Witte,  and  Beurre  Diel  (misnamed, 
Duchesse  d'Angouleme).  Mr.  Bloore,  gr.  to  the  Rev. 
J.  J.  Hornby,  of  Wiuwick  Hall,  Warrington,  sent  good' 
examples  (for  the  ungenial  climate  of  Laucashire)  of 
Passe  Colmar,  Winter  Crassane,  Glout  Morceau,  Beurr6 
R.ance,  Bonne  de  Malines,  and  Glout  Morceau  (mis- 
nimed  Beurre  d' Arember^'.  Messrs.  Lane  had  NapoleODj. 
Beurre  Ranee,  Colmar,  Beurre'  Eance  again  (mis- 
named Easter  Beurre),  Passe  Colmar,  .ind  Winter 
Nelis.  Messrs.  Smith,  Aldersou,  Davis,  and  Moore 
also  sent  collections,  which  contained,  in  addition 
to  the  sorts  mentioned    above,    specimens  of   Cliau- 


50—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


791 


montel,    Bishop's    Tiiumb,    Althorp    Crassaue,  Aston 
Town,  Knight's  Monarch,  and  1-Iacoii's  Incomparable, 
the  latter  beautiful  fruit  of  this  excellent  variety,  from 
Earl   Grey's  garden    at   Howick. — Of    foreign   Pears 
(which  it  may  be  useful  to  state  do  not  compete  with 
those  of  ^English   growtli),    Mr.    Lewis    Solomon,    of 
Co  vent-garden,  seat  an  excellent  collection,   consisting. 
of.;Beurre     Ranee,    Glout    Morceau,    Uvedale's     St 
Germain,  Jean  de  Witte,  Chaumontel,  Bon  Chretien 
and  Belle  Angerive.     A  Banksian  Medal  was  awarded- 
—  An    interesting    trayfnl    of    Apples     was     contri- 
buted by  Mr.  Errington,   from   Cheshire  ;  and  a  more 
important  exhibition   of    this  fruit,  in   the   shape    of 
beautiful  examples  of  the  true  old  Golden  Pippin,  was 
furnislied  by  Mr.  Snow,  gr.  to   Earl  de  Grey.     These 
had  been  grown  on  trees  trained  on  an  east  wall,  from 
which  fine  healthy  crops  are  annually  gathered  ;  while 
from  standards  of  this  variety  in  the  same   garden,  the 
fruit  is  cankered  and  bad  ;  surely  going  far  to  prove 
that  instead  of  the  Golden  Pippin  wearing  out,  as  some 
imagine,  the   fact   is,  it  is  really  too  tender   for   our 
climate.      A    Certificate    of   Merit    was    awarded    to 
Mr.     Snow    for    this    exhibition. — Some     good     Pine 
Apples   were   contributed.      Mr.  Ingram,  gr.   to    her 
Majesty  at  Frogmore  received  a  Banksian  Medal,  foi' 
two  examples  of  the  smooth-leaved  Cayenne,  weighing 
respectively  7  lbs.  8  oz.  and  6  lbs.  4  oz,      A  capitally 
ripened  fruit  of  this  variety  also  came  from  Mr.  Dods, 
gr.  to  Col.  Baker  at  Salisbury.     Mr.  Davis,  of  Oak  Hill, 
sent  an  Euville,  4  lbs.  2  oz. ;  and  a  Providence  0"  lbs. 
12  oz.  was  shown  by  Mr,  Fleming,  gr.  to  tlie  Duke  of 
Sutherland,  at  Trenthani.     E.  Paver,  Esq.,  of  Taunton, 
sent  a  capital  small-crowned  Queen  4  lbs.   5  oz.,  and 
Mr.  Hoare,  gr.  to  Sir  J.  Bailey,  Bart.,  M.P.,  a  Ripley 
Queen,   5  lbs.   10  oz.,  ^together  with  a  well  cultivated 
Black  Jamaica,  4  lbs.  14  oz.  ;  Certificates  of  Merit  were 
awarded  to  Mr.  Paver  and  Mr.  Hoare. — Excellent  Grapes, 
for  which  a  Certificate  was  awarded,  were  produced,  in 
the   shape   of  three   bunches   of  Muscats,   beautifully 
swelled  and  coloured,  from  Mr.  AVortley,  gr.  to  Mrs. 
Maubert,  of  Norwood.     Mr,    Fleming  also  sent  three 
large  and  fine  bunches  of  the  same  variety.     Mr.  Davis, 
of  Oak  Hill,  contributed  a  dish  of  Oldaker's  West's  St. 
Peters,  in  first-rate  condition,  being  fresh,  plump,  and 
black    as    Grapes    possibly    could     be  ;    a    Banksian 
Medal    was    awarded    them.      Black  Hamburgh   and 
Cannon    Hall    Muscats    came    from     Mr.    Spary,    of 
Brighton  ;     and     J.     Taylor,     Esj.,     jun.,      Oakley, 
Beds,  sent  three  bunches  of  badly  coloured  Black  Ham- 
burgh.    A  basket  of  Muscats  from  J.  G.  Nash,  Esq.,  of 
Bishop's  Stortford   (which    arrived    very   late),    were . 
certainly  inferior  to  what  that  gentleman  has  produced  I 
in  previous  years. — A  dish  of  large  fine  looking  Lemons,  | 
of  good  quality,  for  which  a  Certificate  was  awarded,  I 
was  furnished  by  T.  Lockyer,  Esq.,  of  South  Wembury  | 
Hou?e,  Plymoutb,  the  pecuhar  point  of  interest  about 
which  is  that  they  had  been  produced  in  the  open  air.  . 
It  was  stated  that  Lemons  had  been  cultivated  against  a 
iSOUtli    wall  in   Mr.    Lockyei-'s   garden   for    these   last 
30  years,  the  principal  care  required  being  merely  to 
protect  them   from  wet,  fi-om  which   they  suffer  more 
ihan  from  cold.     This  is  readily  effected  by  covering 
Jiem  iu    wet    periods    like    the    present    witli    straw 
protectors   or  glass.     It  was  stated   that  good  dress- 
Dgs    of   sheep-droppings     to    their    roots    had     kept 
hem    in   a    high    state    of   luxm'iance.  —  From    Mr. 
smith,  gi'.   to    F.    Newdigate,    Esq.,    of    Blackheath, 
ame     a    plant     of     Amaryllis     reticulata.       Messrs. 
standisli   and    Noble   again  sent  the    new   Evergreen 
ihmb    Skimmia    japonica,    covered    with    Holly-like 
wrries,    if   possible   more  brilliant    than  before.      J. 
Ulnutt,  Esq.,  of  Clapham,  furnished  a  plant  of  Camellia 
^onkclaeri  in   bloom.     Messrs.   Lucombe,  Pince,  and 
^.,    of     Exeter,     sent     two     Conifers,     one    named 
3iota  glaucn,  which  appeared  to  be  a  variety  of  the 
!Jhiiieee  Arbor-vitae,  with  a  peculiar  blue  hue,  some- 
hing  like   that   of     the  Deodar  ;    the   other     was    a 
K>tt«d   plant  of  eitlier  a   Cypress  or  a  Juniper,   but 
Q  so  young  a  state  that  it  was  impossible  to  say  which. 
?rom  Chiswick  House  Mr.  Edmonds  sent  a  noble  bush 
Q  a  square  tub  of  the  sweet-smelling  Daphne  indiea 
■nbra,  for  which  a  Certificate  of  Merit  was  awarded. 
lesers.  Veitch  showed  a  large  and  fine  plant  of  tlie 
rue  Vanda  suavis,  and  Llmatodes  rosea,  an  extremely 
retty  plant  from  Moulmein,  which  at  fii*8t  siglit  might 
e  mistaken  for  a  Calauthe.     It  is  a  terrestrial  Orchid, 
roducing  numerous  spikes  of  gay  rosy  flowers,  which 
re  very  attractive.     A  Knightinn  medal  was  awarded. 
Ir.    Carson,  gr.    to    W.   F.  G.  Farmer,    Esq.,    sent 
andsome  cut   specimens  of  Cattleya    guttata,  and    of 
ircc  varieties  of  Zygopetalum.     Mr.  Ayres  furnished 
owera   of  Troprf;olum    Trioinphe   de   Gand,  which  is 
Lentical    with     Baumann's    beautiful    variety     of    T. 
Abbianum  ;     also    examples    of    T.    Ilockerianum,   a 
andsome     kind     with     yellow     flowers,     spotted     on 
icli     pela!     with     red.       These,    it    was     remarked, 
tro   excfcllont    winter-flowering    plants.       Tiio    Hon. 
/.    F.    Strangways    sent    a     liighly    inttrcsliitg    col- 
iction    of    cut  flpeclmcnfl   of    winter-flowering   plnnt'4, 
'hidi  aro  liardy  in  the  mild  climate  of  Dorsetshire,  but 
'hich  mmt\y  require  the  proleclion  of  a  grtonliouHo 
bout    London.       Among   them    were    tlio    handsome 
hilian    A/^ra    intcgrifotia,   wliich    lives   in   the    open 
udeo  al  Cbiswick,  but  docs  not  flower  ;  the  beautiful 
.itho«p*-rmnm  roftmarinifolium,  Convolvulus  Cneorum, 
he  rwl    lini^'manftift,   iho    Anderson    Speedwell,   and 
rotea  mellilura,  which    was  st/itcd   to  succeed  there 
crfectly,  forming   a   beautiful    ffowcrjng    bush  ;    but 
iring  Ui  the  want  of  brigbt  weather,  its  IthtHuoma  have 
>t  y<rt  opene^l  tlii«  year.     Spccimwis  illustralivo  of  the 


transition  of  yEgilops  ovata  into  the  Touzelle  Wheat  of 
the  south  of  France  were  exhibited.  For  a  detailed 
account  of  the  circumstances  connected  with  this  inte- 
resting transfomiatiou,  see  pp.  451,467  of  our  current 
year's  volume.  From  Mr.  Grey,  gr.  to  W.  Cuthbert, 
Esq.,  of  Beaufort,  Hexham,  came  fruit  of  the 
Houghton,  or  Raby  Castle  Currant,  a  large  red 
variety,  which  is  excellent  for  late  use.  It  was 
stated  that  when  grown  against  a  north  wall, 
and  protected  from  birds,  rain,  and  frost,  it-will  continue 
good  till  the  latter  end  of  December. — The  only  forced 
vegetables  exhibited  consisted  of  foreign  produce,  supplied 
by  Mr.  L.  Solomons,  of  Covent-garden,  whose  collection 
contained  good  examples  of  Seakale,  Endive,  Lettuces, 
Horn  Carrots,  and  white  and  green  Asparagus,  the 
green  being  what  is  called  "  sprew."  For  these  a 
Banksian  Medal  was  awarded.  Other  vegetables  con- 
sisted of  two  large  purple-topped  Swedes,  from  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Smith,  of  Lois  Weedon,some  account  of  the  culture 
and  disleafing  of  which  will  be  found  at  p.  707.  They 
were  extremely  solid,  firm,  and  good,  and  weighed 
respectively  9  lbs.,  and  9  lbs,  4  oz. — From  the  Garden 
of  the  Society  came  various  Pompone  and  other  Chry- 
santhemums, adverted  to  in  om.'  report  at  p.  775  ;  the 
new  Sonerila  orbicularis,  also  mentioned  there  ;  Tro- 
pceolum  Lobbianum,  Baumann's  variety ;  Sericographis 
Ghiesbregbtiana,  Manettia  bicolor,  Malva  urabellata,  a 
large  purple-flowered  species  from  New  Granada,  which 
has  been  long  lost  sight  of  in  gardens,  but  which  makes 
an  exceedingly  handsome  summer-flowering  bush  ;  and 
a  collection  of  winter-flowering  Heaths,  the  only  one 
produced.  The  sorts  were  Erica  nidularia,  the  larger 
variety  of  cruenta,  Sebana  and  its  yellow  variety, 
hiemalis,  and  erubescens. 

It  was  announced  that  the  next  Meeting  would  be 
held  on  January  18,  1853,  at  2  p.m.,  when  the  special 
subjects  of  exliibition  may  be — the  best  collection  of 
Hardy  Winter- flowering  Plants  (cut  flowers  admissible), 
English  Grapes,  and  the  best  and  most  varied  Salad, 


Notices  of^asoolts,  &c. 

^a/j^a,  or  the  Chronicles  of  a  Clay  Farm.  By  C.  W.  H. 
12mo.  Reeve  and  Co. 
The"  readers  of  the  Agncultural  Gazette  need 
not  be  informed  of  the  merits  of  the  articles  on  a 
clay  farm,  which  have  from  time  to  time  appeared 
in  its  columns  under  the  signature  of  "  Talpa."  In  a 
humorous  way  they  described  very  serious  facts  about 
the  heavy  land  of  England,  and  we  doubt  not  have  led 
the  way  to  a  recognition  of  tlie  important  truth,  that  the 
best  land  in  the  United  Kingdom  is  the  clay,  when 
men  have  the  intelligence  that  is  demanded  in  the 
management  of  it.  The  present  is  a  beautifully  got  up 
book,  illustrated  with  numerous  amusing  woodcuts 
characteristic  of  the  clever  artist,  George  Cruikshank, 
and  containing  new  matter,  relating  to  the  right  way  of 
applying  steam  power  to  tillage. 


Williams  on  the  Cultivation  of  Fenis  and  Lycopodiitms 
(12rao,  Chapman  and  Hall,  pp.  67),  is  a  useful  account 
of  the  manner  in  which  such  plants  are  practically 
managed  by  one  of  their  most  successful  growers. 
It  is,  however,  to  be  regretted  that  more  pains  should 
not  have  been  taken  with  the  orthography  of  the 
scientific  names. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Gerjian  Stocks.— Perhaps  in  the  history  of  German 
Stock  growing,  there  are  few  instances  on  record  of 
plants  keeping  in  flower  for  such  a  long  period  as  the 
following  : — Tiie  seed  was  sown  in  the  spring  of  1850  ; 
the  plant  flowered  that  season,  and  towards  the  end  ol' 
autumn  was  potted  and  placed  iu  a  greenhouse,  where 
it  bloomed  all  the  winter  ;  in  the  spring  of  1851  it  was 
planted  in  the  open  border,  still  inflower,and  continued 
all  summer  and  autumn.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year 
it  was  again  potted  and  placed  in  the  greenhouse,  where 
it  kept  flowering  all  the  winter.  It  ^was  again  put  out 
in  the  spring  of  the  present  year,  and  had  about  20 
spikes  of  flowers  on  it  when  planted  out  ;  it  was  early 
in]  the  season,  and  there  were  few  flowers  to  bear  it 
company  ;  it  bloomed  all  the  summer.  When  autumn 
came,  however,  it  showed  signs  of  decay,  and  the 
beautiful  double  blossoms  began  to  get  few  and  far 
between  ;  but  the  plant  surely  did  well  to  keep  up  a 
succession  of  flowers  from  the  summer  of  1850  to  the 
autumn  of  1852.  P.  M. 

Roses. — The  following  are  still  flowering  beautifully 
here ; —  Bourbon  Queen,  Duchess  Of  Sutherland, 
Gc'ant  do  Batailles,  La  Koine,  Pierre  de  St.  Cyr, 
Fabvier,  William  Jesse,  Ch'montinc  Duval,  Gloirc  do 
JloBamcne,  Mrs.  Elliott,  Caroline,  Conitc  d'Eu,  I^Iadame 
Desproi!,  Fellcnberg,  and  Mrs.  llusaufiuot.  A.  Mallhcws, 
Afo(/}'c  Abbey,  Monastercvcnj  Ireland,  Dec.  8, 


Irawicn  CnnT»iAMTnF>fnM  Soo  Kry.— Tho  fifih  nnniinl  bIiow 
wa«  titrlil  on  tho  Utol'  iH-ucinbcr,  when  liuili  tho  quaniiiy  itnd 
r|iia<ity  or  tliu  rjiccIini-DH  (irufODtcd  n  di-uiOrd  liii|ir(.vciiioiit  <jn 
fMrrn' r  pxhlbl'loim.  Tlte  il  ly  wufl  (Inc,  (iiid  rhcro  wa^  ii  K''"*' 
Hltcriilimci'.  Thf!  Porn|iOiit(t  [iroluiMtl  by  Mr.  Biinieti,  oCStiw- 
iiiiirltot,  ttri<l  Mr.  TlifiH.  t.uitrr,  of  llriiinrdi  iJ,  CKniiimndtd 
oa|'i--u  ul  fittcnti'.n.  Tlii-up,  nitli  tlju  olbur  Olii)Fimi[liuiia]iiiB, 
I'^rlviii,  Clncrurluii,  l^uublo  I'rlinnlao,  CauiolliiM,  Fiicliftliii, 
ttcQ  i.'aTiifitlfjna,  LuHclxn 'ultld  ^ur.l>o^a,  C>irci(il<liiti,  drc, 
rilt(>((ctlicr  mtidu  Up  a  VL-iy  k"?  i>n<l  inicrcHilttff  wiiiti-r 
hhi-vf.  T)tn  prizt'w  wcrd  nwrtidcd  iu  'ho  folIuwhiK  numnor:— 
t;i(iftn  I.  Sliifflu  *pccliiiin<:  I,  Mr.  ItithtiiiK.  {{■*•  trt  H,  Hon'', 
Kr'i ,  wl'.h  Mudauic  i'ui(i{l ;   '2,  11,  Fut/--,  i^Bij.,  \^lth  I'llut ;   9, 


Mr,  Parker,  gr.  to  G.  Jo^aehn,  t;^q.,  with  Mmi-A^na  I'^mn  ;  4^ 
Mr.  T.  Latter,  wHIi  Mount  Euin.— GLma  U.  S-'x  puts  (y-incb), 
dia'ioct  varieties:  1,  Mr.  Wliinnqn,  gr.  to  W,  II.  Alexander, 
Esq  ,  with  Nancy  de  Serraet.  Chii-tioe,  Vierne  Marie,  Princess 
Mario,  Aunie  Salter,  and  Qieen  Vtcroria  ;  2.  Mr.  Furze,  with 
Hecgiat,  Cbrii'ine,  Rosj  de  Cie),  M«dim«  Camtrso'i,  Non- 
pareil, and  Temple  of  SoUiinon  ;  3,  Mr.  PurSter,  wlili  Queen  of 
Gip«ie«,  Orlando,  Indiaiiiao,  Marie,  Tbalie,  and  Nancy  do 
Sermet.  —  Class  III.  Six  pots  Poiupunea  (8-incb',  disiioct 
varit'ties  :  1,  Mr.  Latter,  with  Sacramento,  Feiielio,  Eliz*, 
AdoDis,  La  Fac'olo,  and  Mignonette;  2,  Mr.  Wlrimau,  with. 
MigQ' nette,  Po'ljdete,  Ciixe,  Modelf,  Ninnn,  and  Adonis.— • 
Claa3  IV",,  6  pots  (8  inch.) :  1,  Mr.  Gilbeit,  wi'h  Annie  Salter, 
Vulcan,  Carup03trniii,  Qaeen  of  Giiuiies,  Fee  d'iFry,  and 
Christine  ;  2,  .Mr.  C"IHao,  uith  Yesta,  Princess  Maria,  Madame 
P'^fig',  Vierpe  Marie,  Golden  Cluster,  and  Poiniiiercte ;  3.  Mr. 
Whittnan,  wi<h  Niincy  de  Sermei-,  Queen  Victoria.  Annie 
Salta-.  Madama  Po^tRi,  Christii.e,  and  Vn^rge  Marie.— Cats  V., 
SI  cut  blooms,  coDsis  IDE  <if  not  less  thnn-liJ  vavieiie- :  1,  Mr, 
BajD^s,  with  Cloth  of  Gold,  OiioD,  Peruvienn'',  Queen  of 
England,  Gtneral  Mircenu,  Golden  Clutter,  Madunie  Chao- 
vie^'e,  Lysia-,  Pilot,  Gluck,  Coutit  Raniizuau.  Nimpiireil,  Lady 
Talford,  VoUigeur,  Christine,  Satyr.  Dupout  de  I'tiure,  BesiOj 
Fee  d'lvvy,  Annie  Salter,  and  Vereaillea  Defiance  ;  2.  Mr.  Smy, 
Gardeuer  to  Sir  T.  Cul  uns,  Burt.,  with  Orion,  Queen  of 
Yellows,  Uengist,  Fee  d'li'r-yj  Lndy  Tjtiford,  Madame  Chau- 
vie.r,  Beauty,  Milo,  Madame  Hardy,  Phidias  (new),  Lucidum, 
Annie  Sal' or.  Kin;?  of  Wbites,  Golden  Cluster,  Queea 
of  England,  Rose  do  Ciel,  Gluck,  Pio  None,  Argo,  Nuncy 
de  Sermet,  King.  Peruvienne.  and  Versailles  Deft u nee  ; 
3,  Mr.  Cu'hbert,  with  Golden  Yellow.  Ann'e  SaLer,  Qaeen  of 
England,  Pilot,  Cliristinp,  Vierge  Marie.  Hengist,  Pio  Niiuo, 
Oampestroni,  Rose  de  Ciel,  Mad.  Hardy,  Mud.  Pog;ri,  Mad. 
Chauviere,  Fleur  de  Marie,  Temple  of  Solomon,  ynd  Mount 
Etna  ;  4,  Mr.  Furze,  with  Vierge  Marie,  Gin  i&tine,  Annie 
Salter,  Temple  of  Solomon,  Fee  d'lvry,  Heogiut,  Vesta,  Rose 
de  Ciel,  Ma-1.  Pogiji,  King,  Mad.  Camerson,  atid  Nonpareil. — 
CLiss  VI ,  12  cut  Elooma,  disiinct  viirieties  :  1,  Mr.  Smy,  with 
Orion,  Ctiristine,  Queen  of  Eni^land,  QaB^n  of  Yelluws,  Annie 
Suiter,  Nonpareil,  iMilo,  Namy  de  Seimot,  Pbideas  (new), 
Vesta,  Princess  Maria,  and  Lady  Talfuurd ;  2,  Mr.  Barnes, 
o'ifh  Mad,  Chauwiere,  Clo  h  of  Gold,  Ljfrias,  Nonpareil,  Gluck, 
Prince  of  Wales,  Nancy  de  Sermt;t,  Bexio,  Annio  Salter, 
Versailles  Defiance,  Dupont  d'lvry,  and  A^^enur ;  3^  Mr.  Gil. 
bert,  with  Vierge  Marie,  Annie  Salter,  Ttnijjle  of  Sulomon, 
Cbristine,  Vulcan,  Queen  of  Eoglnnd,  Princess  ilaria,  GoldeQ 
Cius:er,  RoBe  de  Ciel,  Fea  d'lvry,  Glucit  and  Pilot.— 
Class  VIL,  sis  cut  blooms  :  1,  Mr.  Smy,  wiih  Nonpart-il,  "Gluck, 
Quetn  of  England,  Vesta.  Lady  Talford,  and  Dup^nc  de 
I'Eui-e;  2,  Mr.  Cutbhert,  with  Vierge  Marie,  Hengeist,  Rose  de 
Ciel,  Mad  Poggi,  Teirp'o  of  Solomon,  and  Mount  Etna;  3, 
J.  H.  Hedge,  Esq.,  with  Temple  of  Solomon,  Annie  Salter, 
Count  de^Rntzan,  Pdncess  Maria,  Mad.  Ohauvicre  and 
No'ipareil.  Mr.  Porter  exhibited  some  esceedia>;ly  good 
flowers,  but  tliey  were  di> qualified  in  cousequecce  Of 
not  beiug  numbered.  Among  tLem  were  Golden  Cluster, 
Campestroni,  Annie  Salter,  Vesra,  Quiaen  of  Eugland, 
Chrisiine,  Vierge  Maiie,  Belle  de  Versailles,  ttc.  Mr, 
Uarnes'  collection  of  Pompooes  consisted  of  AsmoJee, 
Madame  Lemicbez,  Solfaterre,  Sacramento,  moon,  Art^en- 
Cine,  Le  Sirocco,  La  lluche,  M,  Julta  d'lvry,  Maria  Vorzel, 
La  Sapagoo.  Surprise,  Mode'e,  Cjbe'e,  Louise  Mieilez, 
Autumoug,  Penelia,  Adonia,  Criterion,  Nelly,  and  Hemiette 
Chauviere.  Mr.  Latter'a  Pompmes  were  P.erft!ccum,  La 
Fiancee,  Surprise,  Sacramento,  La  Naine  Be-Bt,  Ar^^entine, 
Mignonette,  Eliza,  Modele,  Rfnoucu'e,  La  PjcjoIb,  Adonis^ 
Pouledette,  Ninon,  Feoelta,  and  Henrietta  Lebois. 


Catalog DEs  received  froai  Mr.  J.  Harrison,  Grange  Kur^ery, 
Darlington,  Darh  ira  ;  from  Mr.  Richard  Brad'.ey,  Halamj 
near  Southwell.  NoEts ;  and  from  Mr.  Jamei  Finlavson, 
Se.dhills,  Paisley. 

Pansies  :  Old  Friend.  You  may  earih  up  every  slioot  to  within 
about  two  joints  of  its  top  with  some  nice  swaet  and  some- 
what sandy  compost,  firs:  pegging  them  down  eecurely  ;  if 
ycurplants  h:ive  tacU  three  or  four  such  shoots  placo  ihem  at 
cQual  distances  apart ;  bvirjing  the  centre  or  maiu  stem  in 
earthing  up  is  not  injurious  ;  oa  the  contrary,  as  spring 
advances  most  of  i  our  p'anis  will  throw  up  numerous  suckers, 
which,  when  about  an  inch  above  the  ground,  will  have 
rooted  into  the  sandy  compot  directed  to  be  used,  and  a 
supply  of  healthy  young  plants  wiU  be  the  reault;  tntae  may., 
be  plau'ed  in  nursery  rown,  and  will  afford  yuu  ample  stock  ' 
to  take  the  place  of  the  spring-blooming  plants.  Wo  seldom 
found  ourselves  i^hurc  by  this  simpie  process,  and  bat  rarely 
had  to  take  c.ittings.  J.  E. 

PstARGoNiDMs  :  J  S.  We  should  think  cuttings  would  not 
reach  Australia  alive  soldered  do^n  in  a  tiu  h-ix.  You  had 
better  take  growing  plants  iu  a  VTardian  case ;  or,  if  jou 
cannot  do  that,  laUe  seeds. 

RnoD.DENDaoNs:  J  S  H.  They  may  be  pruned  any  time 
duiing  the  winter;  but  as  good  a  time  as  any  is  just  after 
they  have  doue  tloweriug. 

TcLip  Sales:  F D.  We  will  consider  the  matter.  In  the 
mean  time,  huwiiver,  we  may  atale  that  TuUp  bulba  sold 
without  any  guarantee  as  to  coriectneia  of  name  can  only 
in  the  end  be  productive  of  dissatibfHctioa,  and  can  in  no 
way  regulate  the  legilima'e  market  price. 


Miscellaneous. 

VcnomotiS  Fly  of  Sonlhern  Africa.  By  MM.  W, 
Oswell  and  Arnautl. — This  fly,  called  by  the  natives 
Tsetse,  is  the  same  that  was  found  to  the  east  of  the 
Lirapopo,  and  which  infests  the  country  of  Sebitoani ; 
it  is  fortunately  cuntined  to  certain  localities  from  which 
it  never  removes.  The  inhabitants  lead  their  cattle 
within  ft  certain  distance  of  the  places  where  it  is  found, 
and  if  they  are  compelled,  iu  moving  about,  to  cross 
those  portions  of  the  country  infested  by  tho  insect, 
they  choose  for  this  purpose  ft  moonlight  night  in  the 
winter,  because  the  insect  does  not  bite  during  the 
nights  of  the  cold  season.  From  what  I  have  seen,  I 
think  that  it  only  requires  three  or  four  flies  to  kill  a 
large  ox.  We  examined  about  a  score  of  ours  which 
had  been  bitten  ami  dieiJ  ;  they  all  presented  tlio  same 
ap|)carances.  On  removing  tho  skin,  the  muscles  had 
a  blimy  aspect  and  iippenrcd  much  altered.  The  stomach 
and  intestines  were  healtiiy  ;  the  heart,  the  hmjjs,  the 
liver,  sometimes  all  at  once,  and  ftlways  one  or  other  of 
these  orgauH,  wt'io  affected.  Tho  heart  cspocially 
attracted  our  ait.-ntion  ;  it  was  no  longer  a  hard  muscle, 
but  a  contracteil  iind  emaciated  organ  which  might  bo 
crnHlicd  by  the  leiist  prcssui-e  of  its  walls  ;  it  rost-mbled 
llesh  which  had  bien  soaked  in  water.  Tho  blood  was 
(liniinlshetl  in  quantity  and  altered  in  quality,  Tho 
largewt  ox  did  nut  furnish  nini'o  than  'JO  pints  ;  it  was 
(hick  and  aUnnninoiiH,  'J'lio  liands,  when  innnerscd  in 
this  hiooil,  weie  not  Hpotted  liy  if.  The  poison  appeared 
to  Hprcad  in  tlio  hluod  and  lo  elmnge  the  rest  of  the 
orgjins  through  its  intervention,  i  I)clievo  that  all 
domestic  animalM,  except  iho  goat,  die  of  tho  bite  of 


792 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


[Dec.  11, 


this  insect ;  calves  and  other  young  animals  are  secure 
from  it  during  the  whole  time  tliat  they  are  sucking  ; 
man  and  all  wild  animals  are  also  proof  against  its 

venom.  Con^Ues  Rendics,  October  16,    1852,  p.  560 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History. 

Lohelia  fulfjeiis  muUHora. — This  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest plants  that  are  grown  for  bedding.  It  is  not  to 
be  found  in  many  establishments  ;  but  I  do  not  know 
for  wliat  reason,  as  it  is  very  easy  to  cultivate  if 
properly  attended  to.  There  have  been  several  nursery- 
men and  gentlemen  here  this  yeai*,  and  all  of  them 
seemed  very  much  surprised  to  find  a  bed  of  this  beau- 
tiful Lobelia  growing  and  blooming  so  finely.  .  The 
plants  are  4  feet  high,  and  covered  with  blossoms.  It 
produces  its  flowers,  which  are  of  a  fine  rich  scarlet  or 
crimson,  from  July  to  October.  No  garden  ought  to 
be  without  a  bed  of  this  charming  plant,  whose  colour 
is  very  distinct  from  that  of  any  other  bedding  plant  ; 
and  therefore  it  cannot  fail  to  be  an  acquisition  to 
the  fiower-garden.  It  also  looks  well  planted  on  the 
borders,  intermixed  with  other  flowers.  To  grow  it  in 
perfection,  it  requires  a  good  soil.  It  does  best  in  pots 
during  the  winter  in  a  little  heat.  The  best  way  to 
be  successful  with  it  is  to  take  the  plants  off  the  bed 
after  they  have  done  blooming,  part  thera  (every  bit 
will  grow),  put  them  into  small  pots,  and  place  them 
in  a  little  heat  till  they  are  well  rooted  ;  then  remove 
them  to  a  cooler  house,  taking  care  not  to  give  too 
much  water  at  the  roots  during  winter,  only  just 
enough  to  keep  the  soil  a  little  damp.  Pot  tliem  afresh 
into  larger  pots  in  March,  and  encourage  them  to  grow 
strong;  and  aa  they  begin  to  root,  give  them  more 
water,  and  keep  them  in  the  house  till  April.  After- 
wards move  them  into  a  cool  pit  or  frame,  for  the 
purpose  of  hardening  them  a  little  before  planting  out. 
£.  S.  W.y  Hoddesdon,  in  Turner's  Florist,  Frititist,  and 
Garden  Miscellany. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensxdng  week.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

'  The  continuance  of  dull  rainy  weather  will  render 
■occasional  fires  requisite  to  greenhouse  plants;  they 
should  be  lighted  in  the  morning,  that  the  houses  may 
be  thrown  open  during  the  day,  to  promote  a  free  circu- 
lation of  air  ;  this  will  dry  up  damp,  and  lielp  to  keep 
the  plants  in  a  healthy  state.  The  more  delicate  kinds 
of  Heaths,  and  hard-wooded  plants,  are  often  attacked 
with  mildew,  and  as  nothing  induces  this  so  much  as  a 
damp  stagnant  atmosphere,  there  should  be  some  means 
for  giving  air  during  the  night,  and  in  bad  weather, 
to  plant-houses,  independent  of  the  sashes.  During  the 
present  damp  warm  weather,  night  ventilation  should 
be  kept  up  ;  for  by  keeping  the  internal  air  of  the  house 
in  motion,  one  principal  cause  of  mildew  is  prevented  ; 
and  it  will  be  beneficial,  as  well,  in  checking  the  ten- 
dency to  make  wood,  which  the  present  mild  weatlier 
is  encouraging  many  plants  to  do.  Let  the  surface  soil 
of  the  pots  be  hghtlystii'red,  to  remove  moss,  weeds,  &c., 
as  well  as  to  promote  a  Ireer  evaporation  from  the 
surface.  Fuchsias,  which  have  been  out  of  bloom  for 
some  time,  and  have  matured  their  wood,  sliould  be 
removed  to  a  pit,  or  spare  house,  where  they  can 
be  protected  from  frost,  or  for  want  of  room,  to  be 
stored  in  the  back  sheds  for  the  winter,  and  protected 
with  fern  or  straw  in  frosty  weather.  The  remarks 
made  above  on  ventilating  hard-wooded  plants  are 
equally  applicable  to  Pelargoniums,  Cinerarias,  and  Cal- 
ceolarias ;  these  latter  will  require  a  night  temperature 
of  45**.  Place  the  plants  as  near  the  glass  as  means 
will  permit,  to  obtain  all  the  advantages  of  light. 
Seedling  Cinerarias  and  Calceolarias  should  have  a  shift 
if  requisite  ;  if  the  plants  are  strong,  they  may  be 
transferred  at  once  to  their  blooming  pots  ;  after 
potting,  place  them  at  the  warm  end  of  the  house. 
Pelargoniums  sliould  now  have  their  shoots  thinned  and 
neatly  tied  out  to  stakes  ;  keep  them  ihiu  to  produce 
stocky  plants,, and  fumigate  on  the  first  appearance  of 
green-fly.  As  many  plants  suffer  from  drip  at  this 
season,  a  careful  look-out  should  be  given,  and  either  the 
cause  remedied  or  the  plants  shilted.  Orchids  will, 
more  especially,  require  frequent  examination,  as  an 
exposure  to  its  effects  would  be  most  injurious.  As 
Camellias  come  into  bloom  preserve  rather  a  drier 
atmosphere  in  the  house,  as  the  flowers  soon  become 
spotted  and  decay  when  the  air  of  the  house  is  damp, 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 
Vjnery. — Presuming  the  Vines  in  the  early  house  are 
on  the  move,  a  second  Vinery  should  forthwith  be  put 
in  order  for  commencing  whenever  circumstances  con- 
nected with  the  demand,  and  the  time  the  first  crop  is 
likely  to  serve,  point  out  its  necessity.  The  same 
routine  of  cultivation  must  be  followed  as  directed  for 
the  early  house.  As  the  outside  border  will  have  been 
covered  with  leaves  or  similar  materials,  to  exclude  wet 
and  frost,  all  that  will  be  requisite  at  tliis  time  will  be 
a  turn  over,  and  perhaps  the  addition  of  fresh  litter,  to 
create  a  slight  degree  of  heat  to  the  roots  ;  after  this  is 
obtained,  keep  the  covering  dry,  as  before  recom- 
mended, when  it  will  retain  heat  for  a  considerable  time. 
If  Vines  in  pots  intended  for  the  early  crop  were  plunged 
in  gentle  bottom-heat  in  a  pit  or  frame  the  time  we 
advised,  they  will  be  now  breaking,  and  should  be 
reraoyed  without  delay  to  the  fruiting  house;  it  is  the 
practice  with  some  pot  growers  to  turn  them  out  into 
narrow  troughs,  nnd  fill  up  the  space  between  the  balls 


with  compost  ;  but  if  the  plants  are  in  12  or  14-inch  , 
pots  they  will  carry  out  a  fair  crop,  say  from  six  to  | 
eight  bunches  each,  without  that  assistance.  When 
placed  in  the  Vinery  tie  the  shoots  so  as  to  have  the 
benefit  of  all  the  light,  and  let  the  temperature  of  the 
house  and  genex-al  management  be  the  same  as  for 
permanent  Vines.  If  in  good  liealth  they  will  require 
dung-water,  the  temperature  of  the  house,  two  or  three 
times  weekly.  STRAWBEttRiES,  when  required  ripe 
early,  should  at  once  be  set  to  work  ;  they  do  best 
when  started  in  a  gentle  bottom-heat,  to  excite  root 
action  ;  tlieir  progress  should  at  first  be  very  slow,  to 
get  the  foliage  to  start  well ;  hence  a  pit  or  frame  will 
be  the  most  desirable  place  for  them  for  a  few  weeks, 
taking  care,  however,  that  the  bottom-heat  is  very 
moderate.  For  very  early  work,  the  Grove  End  Scarlet 
is  one  of  the  best,  with  the  addition  of  Cuthill's  Black 
Prince  ;  of  the  larger  sorts,  none  surpass  Keens'  Seed- 
ling aa  an  early  foz'cer  and  good  bearer.  A  few  seeda 
of  early  Melon  and  Cucumber  should  now  be  sown  for 
the  first  spring  crop  ;  directly  the  plants  are  up  keep 
them  near  the  glass,  to  prevent  their  becoming  drawn. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Still  continuous  wet.  Carnations  and  Picotees  will 
certainly  require  redoubled  attention,  else  mildew  and 
spot  will  be  the  inevitable  result.  When  opportunity 
serves,  examine  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  to  see  that  no 
dirt  lodges  there,  either  by  accident  or  carelessness  ;  this 
is  sometimes  the  case,  and  when  it  is  so,  wet  is  doubly 
pernicious  to  the  plants,  liaise  the  frames  on  bricks 
at  each  corner,  so  that  there  may  be  a  free  circulation 
of  air  amongst  the  plants,  even  if  the  lights  are  kept 
down.  Attend  to  Auriculas  in  a  similar  manner.  It  has 
been  a  serious  time  for  Tulips,  and  we  fear  that 
unsound  bulbs  will  run  great  risk  of  rotting  in  the 
ground.  We  do  not  know  how  far  our  anticipations 
may  be  realised,  but  we  anticipate  a  larger  proportion 
of  flamed  flowers  from  those  beds  which  have  been 
exposed  to  excessive  wet  than  from  those  which  have 
been  protected. 

FLOWER  GARDEN  AND  SHRUBBERY. 
Let  the  lawns  be  well  rolled  directly  they  are  suffi- 
ciently dry,  to  consolidate  the  turf  after  tlie  late  heavy 
rains ;  every  part  of  the  turf  should  be  frequently 
swept  through  the  winter.  Nothing  adds  so  much  to 
the  enjoyment  of  pleasure-ground  scenery  as  well  kept 
turf  ;  and  when  connected  with  evergreen  shrubs,  an 
agreeable  relief  to  the  dreariness  of  the  season  is 
afforded,  which  I'enders  the  loss  of  more  attractive 
plants  less  to  be  regretted.  At  the  same  time  see 
that  the  wallcs  are  kept  dry  and  firm,  that  they  may  be 
traversed  with  comfort  at  all  times.  While  the  weather 
continues  mild,  the  planting  of  deciduous  trees  may  be 
proceeded  with,  if  the  state  of  the  land  will  permit. 
But  with  the  exception  of  the  more  hardy  kinds,  ever- 
greens had  better  be  deferred  planting  till  April.  Decidu- 
ous shrubs  may  be  pruned  whenever  there  is  time,  except 
during  severe  frost.  Many  of  the  larger  growing  plants 
will  only  require  going  over  once  in  two  or  three  years, 
to  reduce  straggling  shoots  within  proper  limits,  and  to 
thin  out  where  too  thick.  Smaller  growing  shrubs,  as 
some  kinds  of  Robiuias,  Cytisus,  Spiraeas,  Deutzias,  &.C., 
should  be  pruned  annually,  if  a  good  show  of  flowers 
and  uniform  shaped  plants  are  desired.  Secure  standai'd 
Cytisus,  &c.,  by  firmly  staking  them  after  pruning, 
unless  urgent  reasons  exist  to  the  conti'ary.  The 
pruning  and  tying  in  of  climbing  plants  on  trellises, 
arcades,  &c.,  may  remain  till  February.  Many  of  the 
above  plants  are  partly  evergreen,  and  when  pruned  at 
this  season  the  trellises,  &c,,  have  a  somewhat  naked 
appearance  through  the  winter  ;  any  straggling  loose 
growths  should,  however,  be  cut  away  at  once. 

HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

Carry  out  previous  directions.  Where  orchard  trees 
have  been  for  some  years  left  unpruned,  the  hand-saw 
will  be  required  to  thin  out  the  larger  branches  ;  keep 
the  middle  of  the  trees  open,  to  admit  air,  and  to 
promote  the  formation  of  fruit-buds  on  the  interior 
branches.  It  is,  however,  a  bad  practice  to  leave  any 
description  of  fruit  tree  to  itself,  as  it  would  in  all  cases 
pay  the  cultivator  to  prune  them  once  a  year  at  least. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 
Whenever  the  ground  becomes  dry,  put  in  a  second 
crop  of  early  Peas  and  Mazagan  Beans,  as  the  first 
crop  will  most  likely  fail  through  the  wet  state  of  the 
soil.  If  Peas  are  sown  in  the  open  quarters  the  drills 
should  be  protected  by  a  ridge  of  earth  left  to  the  north 
or  east  of  the  rows  ;  keep  down  mice  by  trapping ;  they 
are  troublesome  to  early  sown  crops  of  the  above.  On 
a  dry  warm  border,  a  few  beds  of  Early  Frame  or  Short- 
top  Radish  should  be  sown,  either  singly  or  with  the 
short  Horn  Carrot ;  cover  the  beds  with  straw  or  litter 
till  the  seeds  germinate,  when  they  should  be  uncovered 
every  day  when  not  frosty.  A  frame  should  likewise 
be  placed  on  a  gentle  bottom-heat,  for  a  sowing  of  the 
above,  to  draw  early.  Place  some  protective  material 
round  the  stems  of  Globe  Artichokes,  or  earth  them  up, 
to  keep  off  frost.  Celery  and  Cardoons  may  have 
a  final  earthing  up,  if  the  weather  has  prevented  its 
being  done  sooner.  Leeks  should  likewise  have  more 
earth  drawn  to  them  before  the  frost  sets  in  ;  they  are 
an  excellent  vegetable  when  well  blanched.  Hoe 
between  t!ie  earliest  planted  Cabbages,  Lettuces,  &c. ; 
this  should  be  frequently  done  to  growing  crops  through 
the  winter,  as  by  keeping  the  surface  loose  and  open, 
frost  is  prevented  from  penetrating  to  any  great  depth, 
aud  the  roots  of  plants  are  kept  in  a  more  active  state. 


STATE  OF  THE   WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  ending  Dec.  9,  ISbH.  KBObaeryed  at  the  Horticultural  Gatdeai, 

ChiBwick. 


% 

TBsirBaaTOBa. 

Deo, 

Of  the  ilr. 

Of  the  Earth 

Win! 

1 

^ 

Maz. 

MiQ. 

«"■ 

Mln. 

Ueai 

1  foot 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Friday.. 

a 

22 

30.039 

29.992 

51 

3S 

41.5 

41 

44 

SW 

00 

Satar.  .. 

4 

(f 

29.901 

29.SH4 

.■as 

«* 

414 

s  w. 

.00 

■2i 

29.897 

29.827 

466 

45 

.S.w. 

-a 

Uouday 

25    29.773 

29.771 

48 

45 

S  W 

00 

TueB.   .. 

7 

C6    29.691 

29.435 

5D 

41 

47.0 

17 

45 

.S. 

,11 

Wed.    .. 

f- 

27    29.298 

29.241 

49 

37 

41(1 

47 

45 

s.w 

(M 

ThurB. . . 

9 

28 

=9.613 

29.525 

53 

45 

49.0 

46 

46 

s.w. 

.01 

Averaee  ... 

29.747    '  29.668 

52.1 

43.7  '  47.9 

45.1    '  45J 

.33 

c.  3— Fine  throuKhout ;  overcast  ai  oinhl. 

-  4— Uvercaat ;  deoael};'  clouded,  and  mild,  boib  day  aod  night. 

-  5— Densely  overcaai;  cloudy  and  mild;  overcast;  rain. 

-  6  — Densely  clouded;  nvercast  throuEhout. 

-  7-OvercHat;  rain;  cloudy;  rain  at  night, 

-  8— F.iffRy  ;  rain  ;  clear  at  night. 

-  9-Clear;  fine;  slight  rain  at  niKbt. 

Aleaa  temperature  of  the  week,  nearly  7  deg.  above  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  last  2G  ye&n,  for  the  ensuing  week,  eniUog  Dec,  IS,  1353. 


lit 

55^ 

St 
as 

No.  Of 
lean  in 
which  it 

Eained. 

Greatent 
Qoantitr 
ofKain. 

FrevailiDB  \Tliida. 

Dec. 

2 
1 

1 

1 

2 

a 

2 
3 

5 

i 

6 

2-;s'  8;  & 
3'  1    7   8    2 
2,  2,  a    Cl  4 

1  3  8  el  3 

2  2    4    6    4 
1    2,  4    8    4 

-■  1'5    7I  6 

as 

Sandaj Iv 
Mon.     13 
Tuea.     U 
Wed.      IS 
ThurB.  in 
Friday  17 
Satur.    IS 

49.76 

4G.6I 
41.65 
4(5-73 
46.46 
46.96 
4553 

34.33 
33.38 
33.76 
36.00 
35.42 
34.73 
35.23 

42.0 
39.4 
39.7 
41.3 
41.4 
40.S 
40.3 

8 
8 
3 
4 

14 

12 

0.25  iu. 

0.13 

0.32 

0..0 

0,53 

0J7 

0J3 

2 
1 

1 

5 

2 

Ttie  hlKheet  temperature  during  tb«  above   period  occurred  on  the  I'itb, 
" ' '  -therm.  61  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  on  the  13lh,  1S46— therm,  11  deg. 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Books:  Q  J.  Wa  cannot  recommend  dealers;  any  bookseller 
can  procure  *' A  Word  ia  Season"  if  he  chooses,^— Tfi, 
'*  Jamea'-s  Gardening,"  4to. 

Calico:  IF  C  ii.  would  be  glad  to  know  the  kind  and  price  of 
calico  used  60  adv3n'a?eouslj  forten  years  at  Me89ra,  Satton'?, 
and  n  )ticed  in  the  Chronicle  of  Nov.  27. 

Celebt  :  Wyean^.  It  phould  be  firm,  crisp,  and  tender,  with 
Utile  "  hard  cloae  part"  next  theroot.J 

CDCUMBtE3 :  J  Wand  Co.  We  are  unacquainted  with  the 
variety  you  mentiou.J 

Heatino  :  O  B.  Gas  applied  98  described  at  p.  645  would 
perhaps  be  the  best  way  of  warming  euch  a  frame  as  that 
you  mention.  If  you  cannot  have  gas,  then  run  a  small 
biick  flue  round  ir,  or  possibly  some  contrivance  like  that 
recommended  at  p.  677  might  answer  the  purpose.— 
A  M,  Whether  coal  or  coke  is  the  cheapest  fuel  for 
hothouses  depends  upon  their  respective  prices  :  gas-coke 
burne  faster  than  coal,  and  thereroi'e  should  cost  less  money. 

Heaths  :  Amicuz.  Our  reports  of  the  Horticultural  Society's 
exhibitions  at  Chiawick,  in  May,  June,  and  July  last,  will 
furnish  you  with  lists  of  all  the  best  sorts  grown  about 
London. I 

Ldpineb  :  N B.  We  see  nothing  remarkable  in  the  flpecimens. 
Many  annual  plants  habitually  produce  roots  at  their  joints, 
even  in  seasons  not  wet  like  this — for  instance,  Maize  and 
Indian  Balsams. 

Names  of  Fruits:  Suh.  1,  Beurie  Diel ;  2,  Marie  Louise;  5,' 
Beurr^  Ranee  ;  6,  Winter  Nelis  ;  7,  Devonshire  Buckiand  ;' 
8,  Yorkfhiro  Greening ;  0,  Ributon  Pippin ;  19,  White 
Russet  ;  15,  Northern  Greening.||— E  P,  Cork.  1,  2,  Beurrc 
Diel ;  3,  Glout  Morceau.  The  Apples,  of  little  merit,  are 
not  known.U— i^i^.  1,  Marie  Louise ;  2,  Duchesse  d'Angoa- 
leme;  3,  Glout  Morceau ;  7,  Northern  Greening;  9,  19, 
Beauty  of  Kent ;  10,  Court  of  Wick  ;  13,  Rymer ;  17,  Northern 
Greening;  20,  Downton ;  21,  Chaumontel ;  23,  Scarlet 
Crofton  |[— 4  W.  \,  Probably  Marie  Louise ;  2,  5,  Passe 
Colmar ;  H,  Chaumontel.  The  other  specimens,  badly 
grown,  could  not  be  named.— 4  B.  The  Blenheim  Pippio.||— 
Q  B  Chick.  2,  Napoldon  ;  3,  ITacon's  Incomparable  ;  5,  Passe  I 
Colmar;  G,  Beurre  Ranee;  7,  Glout  Morceau;  3,  Knight's  I 
Monarch,  true  and  excellent ;  9,  Ne  Plus  Meuris  ;  12,  Winter 
Nelis;  13,  Easter  Bergamot ;  li,  Worihleas ;  15,  Bearr^ 
Diel;  16,  Easter  Beurre;  18,  Beurre  d'Aremberg;  19, 
Doyenne  Blanc.    The  Apples  are  not  known. |( 

Names  of  Plants:  T  M  li.  1,  Asplenium  Tiichomanes;  2 
Lomaria  borealis.  S.—A  L.  Your  Ferns  are  not  in  fructifica 
tion,  nevertheless  we  determine  1  to  be  Lastrea  Filix>mas 

2,  L.  dilatata.  There  is  no  modern  elementary  separate  wori 
on  Ferns  generally ;  for  a  beginner  we  would  recocnment 
Newman's  or  Moore's  "  History  of  British  Ferns,"  and  for  i 
general  account  of  the  genera  of  Perns  ctmsult  Smith* 
arrangement,  «S:e.,  published  in  Hooker's  Journal  of  Botan; 
ISll.  S.— Botanists,  Your  frond  is  from  a  >oang  plant 
Polystichum  aculeatum  (Both).  If  the  plant  is  under  ci 
cumstances  favourable  for  its  development  in  a  ft  w  years 
will  produce  larger  fronds.  S, —  W  C E.  Atriplex  pedunculati 
we  suppose. — L  C.\,  Goniopteris  tetragona,  W.  Indies;  I 
Pblebodium  aureum,  W.  Indies,  Amer,,   tropical   America 

3,  Pterishastata,. S.Africa,  S.—RB.  Aspknium  Adiantun] 
nigrum,  L.  S. 

Rats:  BaUandyne.  Try  the  phosphoric  rat  poison  advertisi 
some  time  ago  in  our  columns,  j: 

Societies  :  Bloomer.  Undoubtedly,  under  the  printed  rulej<' 
have  sent,  the  president  and  secretaries  have  a  perfect  rigV 
to  vote  ;  Taoie,  it  is  their  duty  to  do  so, 

TauFFLEs  :  D  T.  What  you  have  sent  aria  really  Truffles,  and 
the  eame  species  with  what  are  exposed  for  sale  in  Londo 
and  which  abound  in  some  other  parts  of  North amptonshii 
where  we  have  seen  specimens  weighing  nearly  a  pour 
though  such  individuals  are  extremely  rare.  They  are  p' 
fectly  wholesome  and  very  accepl^able  at  any  table,  bnt  tb 
cannot  compare  for  flavour  with  the  Truffles  from  the  southt 
parts  of  France,  which  belong  to  a  totally  diflerent  speci 
The  greater  part  of  English  Truffles,  and  those  which  oct 
about  Paris,  and  also  in  the  more  northflrn  parts  of  Eur( 
belong  to  Tuber  restivum,  which,  however,  occurs  in  compe 
with  the  more  highly-flavoured  Tuber  brumale  and  mela: 
pporum.  The  latter  species  has  not  yet  been  found  in  Engla; 
the  former  ia  produced  sometimes  in  the  southern  count! 
Trufflus  occur  much  more  frequently  than  is  generally  s 
poaed  wherever  the  soil  is  calcareous  ;  where  that  is  not 
case  it  is  useless  to  hunt  for  them.  It  may  he  observed  t 
Tuber  ossiivum  varies  much  in  colour  ;  in  young  specim 
the  flesh  is  nearly  white,  and  the  tint  of  the  fertile  veil 
lighter  or  deep'  r  according  to  the  quantity  of  fruit  whici 
developed.  MJB. 

Variegated  Ladbels  :  Sub.  Variegations,  such  as  those 
have  sent,  are  of  no  value.  They  occur  now  and  then  in  ei 
shrubbery,  J 

Misc,  :  HUM.  Your  queries  will  be  answered  at  length  iu 
article  at  the  end  of  the  year.}  I 

%*  As  usua],  many  communications  have  been  received! 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necesil 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  also  beg  for  the  indulgi  | 
of  those  numerous  correfpoudeuts,  the  insertion  of  w)|| 
interesting  contributions  is  still  delayed. 


50— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


793 


LARGE    STOCK   OF 

AGRICULTURAL     IMPLEMENTS     OH     SALE, 

AT   TWENTY   PER   CENT.  BELOW   THE   USUAL    COST. 

C  O  T  T  A  M      AN  D      HA  L  L  E  N, 

BE-ARKJNGING   THEIR 

MANUFACTORY  AND  SHOW  ROOMS  FOR  THE  SALE  OF 

AGRICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS, 

WISH  TO  DISPOSE  OF  A  LARGE  ASSORTMENT  NOW  IN  STOCK,  PREVIOUS  TO  MAKING 
THE  NECESSARY  ALTERATIONS  IN  THEIR  PREMISES. 

Tlie  Implements  are  of  the  best  and  most  modem  invention  and  usefxd  de&cription,  and  a  saving  of  20  per  cent. 

and  upwards  will  be  effected  by  any  purchases  made  from  this  Stock. 

BSGISTERED    PBIZS    EN'a.USBI.     STABXE    FtTRIO-ZTUZtE. 

PBIZE    £XHI3£XIO^    GATES. 

ZROI7    H17RD1.SS    ANH    CS-AME    "WXRS    N'ETTZn'G. 

CATALOGUES    ON    APPLICATION. 

COTTAM  AND  HALLEK,  2,  WINSLEY-STRBET,   OXFORD-STREET,   LONDOJ^. 


WARNER'S  PATENT  FARM  AND  COTTAGE 
PFMP3.— Caat-iron  Pamps,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shallow 
Wells.  £  s.  d. 

Patent  Pump 1  15    0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  outs 

ready  for  fixing    2  10    0 

Larger  aizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceediug  to  the  Gold 
Regions  they  will   prove  to  be  the  moat 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pumps 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  or 
Plumber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manuficturers, 

JOHN    WARNER  X   SONS, 
8,  Crescent,    Jewin-street,   London. 
^  Every  description  of    Machinery  for  Raising  Water,   Fire 
Engines,  jic.     


TO    AMATEUR    GARDENERS, 
LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH,  &    SANITARY  WORKS. 

PATENT  GLASS  TUBES,  Iron 
Coated  with  Glae?,  Qutta  Tercha,  Com- 
binated  diito,  Patent  Flexible  India  Rubber 
Tubing,  and  every  other  Hose  for  Watering 
Gardens.  The  Hydraulic  Ram,  Fire,  Garden, 
and  every  other  kind  of  Pump,  Sluice  Cocks, 
Hydrants,  Hi^h  Pressure  Cocke,  and  all  other 
articles  to  be  had,  Wholesale  and  Retail,  of 

FREEMAN     ROE, 
HYDRAULIC    ENGINEER, 
70,  Stband,  and  Bbidqefield,  Wandswoetd. 
P.S.  Important  to  Farmers,  die. — F.  R.  beg^s  leave  to   call 
attention  to  his  new  Water  Power,  which  in  many  cases  will 
sqpereede  the  use  of  the  Steam  Eogin e. 


GALVANISED     WIRE      GAM  l:^      NETTING.— 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


Balvan. 

Japnoncd 

ised. 

Iron. 

7d.  perjd. 

Bd.  peryd. 

9      „ 

H     „ 

12      „ 

9       ., 

8      » 

e     » 

10      11 

8 

11      » 

11     .. 

2.inch  mesh,  light,  21  inches  wide 

2.inch     „      strong  „ 

2-lDch     „      extra  strong     „ 
H-inch     „      light  „ 

13-inch     „      strong  „ 

Ij-lnch     ,,      extra  strong     „  ,.,  a*     „         n       ,, 

All  the  ahove  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-foortfa.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  fur  Pheasantriea, 
8i. per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  po-^t  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Market-place, 
I^orwicb,  and  delivered  free  of  expense  in  London,  Peter- 
horongh,  Hull,  or  Newnaatle, 


CHEAP      WIRE      GAME       AND       POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard. 
OALTANIS£D  ditto,  7d.  per  raanlng  yard,  2  foet  wide. 


Galranlierl.  Not  f;.il  van  ised. 

24  In.  wide,  2  In,  mcub,  7d.  per  yard.       .„       da.  per  sard. 
30  lo,    „      2  In.    „        'Jd.        ,,  ...        eid!       .. 

MIn.    „      2  Id.    „      1(*^</,      „  ...        TR 

48  In,    „      2  la.    „      1$.  id.    „  ...      Idd.  „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  Oatvnnlitcd,  Zd.  per  fiqaaro  foot, 
made  to  any  •Uo  for  the  name  rtfoportlonnte  price.  Thin 
article  wan  i-h'iwn  at  the  "  Groit  Kihlblilon/*  where  It  w<i«  so 
much  a'lmlffMl  for  lt«i  light  nn-l  durabli*  appcurant  o.  anfl  ac- 
knowledged to  be  tbo  chen|i«jil  and  bent  urtlclo  of  tho  Iclni) 
ever  ofT'jred.  Ex'ra  iitrong  Wlr*:  Shrpp  NortliiK,  3  ffl(-t  high, 
\i.  <id.  and  2«  'M.  p*!r  yard.  Al«o  evi»ry  dfjiicrip'.ion  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dihlla  Uodii,  Garden  Arch<n,  Dordtrlng,  Flower 
Stands,  Tjlna  Wire,  Tr«IlU  Work,  InrUiblo  Wlro  Fcnoln«, 
Hardies,  anrl  every  description  of  Wlr«  Work  for  H^irtifinlt'jrid 
purpoflca.— niu«tratcd  CataU>irn«?<t  of  Pitterni  forwnr<l»r'I,  post.  I 
fra«,  on  application  to  T.  H.  Pox,  City  of  London  Wlro  Worli 
and  Iron  Feoco  Manafoctory,  4i,  Bklooer-ilrcDt,  and  0  and  B,  . 
Snow.hill,  London.  I 


WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  are  universally  approved 
of.  They  facilitate  labour  20  per  cent.  They  have  received  the 
Silver  Medal  at  Lewes,  Dublin,  Galway,  Sheffield,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn  has  received  the 
prize  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  agricultural  meetings  where 
it  has  been  shown.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  41,  saya, 
**  This  form  ot  churn  is  the  best  for  churning  sweet  cream,  and 
will  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  milk  or  cream,  in  any 
form,  in  much  less  time  than  any  churn  that  has  jet  been 
introduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
Meehi  has  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
durable,  and  effective.  Gutta  percha  tubing,  bands  for 
machinery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  assortment  of  prize  and  the 
best  farm  implements.  Price  catalogues  Bent  on  application. — 
BonoEss  and  Key,  103,  Newgate.street,  London,  agents  for 
M'Cormick's  American  Reaper, 


WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus: — Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
Bve  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
aud  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  may  then  be  laid  on  '2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  severest  froet.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides. — Manufacturers  of  the  Cement,  J,  B.  White 
and  Sons,  Millbank-street,  WestmiuBter. 


STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechiu-ch-street, 
London,  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Manufac- 
turers of  Copper  Cylindrical  and  Improved  Conical  Iron 
BOILERS,  and  Conservatory  and  Hothouse  Builders,  either 
ia  wood  or  iron,  respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  imd  Nurserymen  to  their  simple  but  efficacious  method 
of  warming  Horticultural  and  other  Buildings  by  hot  water. 
From  the  extensive  works  they  have  executed,  references  of 
the  highest  respectability  can  be  given,  and  full  particulars 
furnished  on  application. 


PURE     WATER. 

""HE      ASBESTOS      FILTER.— Manufacturers, 

TAYLOR  AND  PEARS,  Late  OSLEY  and  CO., 

8,  George-yard,  Lombard-street,  London. 

Price  155. 

EXTEACT  FBOM  "  LANCET," 
June  26, 1852. 
"  The  Asbestos  Filter  of 
Messrs.  Oxley  and  Co.  is  the 
beat  Filter  hitherto  con- 
structed. Its  superioriiy 
consists  in  the  following 
circumstances  ; — First,  The 
filtering  media  are  compoaed 
of  layers  of  Asbestos  and 
river  sand,  bo  arranged  as 
to  admit  of  being  readily 
^_^  removed  and  cleansed  from 
'/^  time  to  time,  from  the  im- 
C  purities  derived  from  the 
\P  wa'er  which  passes  throufth 
them.  Second,  The  mineral, 
AabeatO!),  is  substituted  for 
tbo  animal  substance,  sponge, 
the  advantages  of  the  former 
helng,  that  It  is  not  liable  to 
become,  like  sponge,  putre- 
scent, and  that  it  may  be 
easily  and  perfectlycleansed. 
As  the  public  are  still  con- 
demned  to  drink  filthy 
Thames  water,  no  family 
having  regard  for  clcanlinesB 
and  health  should  be  without 
an  efficient  filter." 


'Z-f-"^' 


MECHI'S  PREPARATIONS  FOR  CHRISTMAS 
AND  NEW  YEAR'S  PRESENTS— Sensible  that  tho 
tcoHon  Ih  approaching  when  lovo  and  friendship  give  tbelr 
tangible  (ofrtiniotilalB,  MEori[  has  taken  caro  to  provide  an 
abundance  of  obji'cts  for  tastelul  fiolcction.  None  need  deny 
theinpc-lvoB  tho  luxury  of  giving ;  for  ill o  most  Inoxpcngive  as 
well  as  the  moNt  conlly  arllclofl  arc  to  bo  found  at  his  ropasltory 
of  utilitloH  ond  cloHanciei',  4,  Loiidonhull-strcot,  London, 
nr-nr  tlio  India  lloupie.  England  ImH  always  been  renowned 
for  ll«  hearty  fllirlstmiiH  liberality,  wbllo  "  Lo  Jour  do  TAn"  of 
our  lively  neighbours  the  Freneli,  Is  cqunlly  conHeoratcd  to  tbo 
n\ftn  of  uffi-ctlon.  Mkciii  Invites  i\  visit  from  tho  natives  of  all 
cdUfitrloB  t"  hU  emporium,  wliuro  tlioy  mny  bo  sure  of  putting 
tliclr  kind  Intootlnnn  into  an  arooptablo  Mhapo.  In  bis  elegant 
Slmw  Rooms  aro  'J'Bi)l(iye(l  to  the  groatcnt  advantngo  a  BU|HTb 
•toek  of  Indies'  nnd  gonilcmcn'n  DroiilnK-caHCH,  Work-boxo", 
Tea-triiyu,  Work-table",  Clicuc-tablcd,  Trri-caddloN,  (Jard-coseB. 
itc,  ThoBO  %vho  dcBlro  to  iiioko  ronlly  lu.eful  prrKonts  will  find 
In  tbo  gMnoral  depiirtnicnr  tbo  best  'I'ablo  Cutlery,  Hcl'-Borfl, 
Thimble*,  IVn-ktilvos,  Wrlilng-dftiltH,  Ivory  and  olliiir  llnlr. 
brtnbon  ond  (lumbs,  and  a  vnrlcty  nf  gonda  adapted  to  every 
exigency.  Alsr)  /Jagatulle-tableH,  nfTunllng  a  obarnilng  nmudo- 
meiit  on  a  wintry  or  wet  day. — ^1,  Lemlenlmll-iitrect,  London, 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
r^AUTlON    TO    AGRICULTURISTS— 

.V^^tItt?^'"*^  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURE  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OP  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  I'ublic  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  bo  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  beat  aecurity,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
well  to  remind  buyers  that — 

T/ie  loivest  wholesale  price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Guano  has  been  sold  by  them  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91,  5s.  per  ton,  less  2\  per  cent. 
_  Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

'pHE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
-A-  the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruvian  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  am  nonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  fie  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 

Edwapd  PDBSE^,  See..  Bridge-street.  Blackfriars.  London, 

MANURES, — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr,  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     o     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolltes  6    0    0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B,  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9i.  lOa.  per  ton  ;    anO  for  6  tons  or  more,  91.  55.  per 
ton,  in  dock.    Sulphato  of  ammonia,  &c» 


MANURE. 

PEAT  CHARCOAL,  completely  saturated  with 
London  Sewage,  will  be  found  a  most  effective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  GOs.  per  ton, 
4s.  per  cwt.,  and  Is.  6d.  per  J  cwt. 

"  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tiliser ;  we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plants  ;  we  put  half  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dahlia, 
sowed  it  in  the  row  with  Brans,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  Cabbage.  The  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  efficacious  the  secijnd  year  as  the  first." — The 
Garden,  by  Mr.  Qlenny. 


^^HE    BIRMINGHAM    CATTLE  and  POULTRY 

X  SHOW,  1S52.  —  The  FOURTH  GREAT  ANNUAL 
EXHIBITION  of  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  PIGS,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  be  held  in  BINGLEY 
HALL,  BIRMINGHAM,  on  TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY, 
THURSDAY,  and  FRIDAY,  the  14th.  15th,  ItJth,  and  17th 
davsofDECEMBER.  The  PRIVATE  VIE  W  and  the  ANNUAL 
DINNER  on  TUESDAY,  Dectmber  14. 

AdmisBion,  on  Tuesday,  Ss, ;  and  on  Wednesday,  Thursday, 
and  Friday,  Is. 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  11,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 


Wkunubday, 
tuombdat, 

WBDMEaDAY, 
TUUBBSAT, 


14— BiTmiiiKli^m  Catile  and  Poultry  Snow. 
li-Agricultorfll  Snciety  of  EogUnd. 
16— Agricultural  Imp.  Society  of  Irctaad. 
22 — Agricultural  Society  of  Eufclauil. 
23— Agricultural  Imp.  Society  of  Ireland. 


Theef,  is  no  better  index  to  the  state  of  a  farm 
and  the  style  of  its  agriculture  than  the  stock  of  cattle 
and  implements  which  is  kept  upon  it ;  and  if  we 
could  apply  this  rule  as  exemplified  by  the  stock  of 
both  exhibited  at  the  Christmas  Show,  in  the  Bazaar 
at  Baker-street,  to  the  British  soil  generally,  it  would 
speak  highly  for  British  Agriculture.  The  labours 
of  the  Smithfield  Club  have  this  year  been  crowned 
with  more  than  usual  success,  both  in  the  live 
stock  and  implement  departments. 

In  the  former  there  is  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
finer  description  of  animals,  alike  oxen,  sheep,  and 
pigs,  than  perhaps  has  ever  been  exhibited  on  any 
previous  occasion — animals  of  the  paying  descrip- 
tion, and  hence  deserving  of  general  imitation. 
And  these  are  happily  included  in  the  awards  of  the 
judges  ;  the  prizes  invariably  pointing  out  animals 
possessing  that  compactness  of  form  which  is  the 
beauty  of  symmetry — animals  requiring  less  food 
to  support  them,  and  which  also  work  up  a  larger 
proportion  of  what  they  do  consume  into  a  superior 
quality  of  meat.  They  are  just  the  animals  which 
solve  the  simple  problem  of  the  Smithfield  Club— 
"  the  cheapest  and  best  meat." 

The  prize  oxen  of  the  Devon  breed,  and  also  the 
heifers  and  cows  of  that  breed,  are  all  of  the  finest 
description,  very  uniform  in  their  measurements,  as 
will  be  seen  from  our  reporter's  account,  and  carrying 
great  weights  in  proportion  to  the  appearance  which 
they  make  to  the  eye. 

In  the  first  class  of  Herefords  His  Royal  High- 
ness Prince  Albert  has,  very  triumphantly,  carried 
oft'  the  first  prize  (2.5/.)  for  a  3-year-old  steer,  there 
lieing  a  wide  distance  between  the  fineness  of  the 
quality  of  this  animal  and  of  the  others  in  the  same 
class  with  which  it  competes.  The  prize  animals 
in  the  other  classes  of  this  breed  also  possess  a  high 
degree  of  merit.  Mr.  J.  Dunne  Cooke's  cow,  the 
winner  of  tlie  gold  medal,  as  the  best  heifer  or  cow 
of  any  breed,  and  the  silver  medal  and  first  prize  in 
her  own  class,  deserves  tho  highest  praise. 

Tho  short-horns  comprehend  many  fine  animals 
besides  the  prize  oxen,  but  Mr.  Stuatton's  4  years 
and  10  months  old  ox,  which  gained  for  him  the 
gold  medal,  as  the  best  steer  or  ox  of  any  breed  i 


794 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Dec.  II, 


.  besides  the  first  prize  of  25?.  and  tlie  silver  medal  in 
its  own  class,  is  deserving  of  special  commendation. 

In  the  sheep  department  both  long  and  short- 
■woolled  breeds  stand  high  in  point  of  merit.  Of 
the  former  the  Marquis  of  Exeter's  pen  winning  the 
gold  medal,  is  a  fine  example  of  Leicesters  :  among 
the  latter,  the  Duke  of  Richmond  is  justly  a  success- 
ful competitor,  although  his  Grace  is  beaten  by 
Mr.  Sainsbury,  of  West  Lavington,  who  carries  off 
the  gold  medal  for  his  Southdown  wethers,  as  the 
best  short-woolled  pen  of  the  age  in  the  yard. 

There  is  a  fine  show  of  swine.  Mr.  Coate's 
improved  Dorsets,  which  have  carried  off  the  gold 
medal  as  the  best  pen  of  the  whole,  are  a  singularly 
fine  example. 

A  general  examination  of  the  animals  exhibited, 
and  of  the  awards  of  the  judges,  results  in  one 
unquestionable  conclusion,  viz.,  the  value  ofspnmetri/ 
alike  in  oxen,  sheep,  and  swine.  The  short,  round, 
compact  animal  is  always  the  one  that  pays  for  its 
keep  the  best,  turning  it  into  the  "  cheapest  and 
best  meat." 

Wf.  commend  to  the  attentive  perusal  of  our 
readers  the  very  excellent  address  lately  given  by 
Mr.  Mechi  before  the  Chelmsford  Mechanics' 
Institution,  the  first  portion  of  which  they 
will  find  in  another  page.  The  salient  points 
of  our  present  agricultural  position  are  most 
skilfully  depicted,  and  commented  on  with 
great  intelligence  and  good  sense.  We  would 
especially  refer  to  his  remarks  on  the  labourer — 
where  the  law  of  settlement,  as  affecting  the  erection 
of  cottages,  is  justly  charged  with  a  large  portion  of 
the  evils  under  which  labourers  suffer.  Surely  it  is 
far  more  business-like  to  put  these  evils  in  full 
light,  and  exhibit  the  glaring  contrast  between  the 
cotton  manufacture,  for  instance,  and  that  of  food 
in  reference  to  this  subject  of  labour — the  former 
taking  care  to  congregate  labourers  close  around  the 
work  to  be  done,  and  the  latter,  whether  permissively 
or  actively,  sending  them  hither  and  thither  as 
far  as  possible  from  the  scene  of  their  work 
—much  more  useful  and  benevolent,  to  urge  a 
telling  truth  like  this  on  the  minds  of  occupiers 
and  landowners,  than  to  be  satisfied,  as  so  many 
speakers  at  our  agricultural  meetings  are,  with  advo- 
cating money  rewards  for  long  "servitude" — or 
indulging  in  those  vague  generalities  about  "live 
and  let  live" — about  masters  and  men  "rowing  in 
the  same  boat,"  and  all  that  sort  of  thing — with 
which  they  introduce  the  toast  of  "  the  labourer." 

There  are  many  other  points  in  Mr.  Mechi's 
address  in  which  it  deserves,  and  will  no  doubt 
receive,  general  praise.  His  references  to  sewage 
manure,  to  the  new  applications  of  steam  power  to 
agriculture,  and  to  the  cost  of  improvements,  on  all 
of  which  he  can  speak  from  personal  experience, 
will  be  read  with  interest. 


HOWICK  CATTLE  LODGE. 

We  must  be  all  much  indebted  to  the  Hon.  Captain 
Grey  for  his  copious  and  succinct  statistics  of  cattle 
feeding  ;  I  wish  the  whole  cost  of  the  manm'e  for  the 
Turnips  had  been  charged  in  lieu  of  only  one-third.  It 
is  very  desirable  that  the  Turnip  ci-op  should  stand  on  its 
own  base,  and  if  it  shows  a  loss,  which  it  certainly  will  do 
where  purchased  food  is  used,  let  it  be  carried  forward 
as  a  charge  on  the  ensuing  crops.  If  the  whole  of  the 
manure  had  been  charged,  as  well  as  the  fodder,  litter, 
and  interest  of  money  on  capital  and  buildings,  the  value 
of  the  ton  of  Tui'nips  would  have  been  reduced  to  3s. 

The  pulling,  filling,  carting,  clamping,  cleaning,  re- 
carting,  and  feeding  out  of  a  ton  of  Turnips  can  hardly 
be  set  at  less  than  Is.  3d.  per  ton,  which  would  be  on  a 
30-ton  crop  U.  17s.  6d,  per  acre.  A  bullock  would  eat 
1  cwt.  per  day.  Captain  Grey's  allowance  of  6d.  per 
week  for  attendance  on  each  bullock,  is  evidently  an 
ample  and  proper  charge. 

The  whole  question  of  profitable  farming  hinges  on 
the  cheap  and  abundant  production  of  green  and  root 
crops.  If  we  can  make  these  with  the  straw  of  our 
cereals  pay  all  their  own  expenses,  the  corn  crops  are 
sure  to  be  remunerative.  So  far  as  ray  own  experience 
goes,  irrigation,  assisted  by  liquefied  and  inorganic 
manure,  with  deep  cultivation,  offers  the  only  true 
solution  of  cheap  Turnip  growing,  and  therefore  of 
cheap  corn  growing.  I  find  by  my  accounts,  that  if  I 
purchase  much  food  for  my  stock,  I  get  no  return  for 
my  root  or  green  crops,  although  they  have  been  costly 
to  produce.  Now  th.at  I  have  abundant  means  for 
UTigation,  I  bid  adieu  to  the  purchase  of  any  food  for 
stock  that  will  trench  upon  or  diminish  the  value  of  my 
green  and  root  crops.  My  land  being  in  condition,  and 
my  experiments  ended,  I  feel  firm  in  the  conviction  of 
bemg  enabled  to  pay  myself  the  increased  rental  of  36s., 
with  a  profit  on  my  fai'ming  capital.  Water  (and  of 
that  1  have  abundance),  contains  all  the  organic  elements 
01  plants.  The  inorganics  are  easily  and  cheaply  sup- 
plied by  the  soil,  with  superphosphate  of  lime.  Already 
1  lind  that  my  irrigation  supplies  me  with  abundant 
wmter  and  summer  food  for  a  large  quantity  of  live 
stock,  without  the  necessity  for  purchasing  food  in  the 
Uoarket.    I  use  Rape-cake,  because  at  SI.  per  ton,  aU 


expenses  included,  it  is  very  little  over  a  halfpenny  per 
lb.  ;  and  I  do  consider  10  lbs.  of  Kape-cake  will  make 
one  pound  of  mutton  net  dead-weight. 

The  great  breadth  of  heavy  lands  in  this  kingdom, 
and  their  peculiar  physical  condition,  render  them 
objects  of  anxious  consideration  at  the  present  moment. 
You  may  grow  Turnips  on  light  sands  or  friable  loams ; 
but  our  clay  Wheat  lands  dry  and  contract  so  firmly 
in  summer,  that  without  irrigation  your  roots  are  as  in 
a  vice,  with  a  heated  drying  surface.  Now,  irrigation 
prevents  all  this,  and  enables  them  to  expand  to  a  most 
noble  crop  ;  the  land  should  never  be  'allowed  to  get 
hard.  By  irrigation  you  create  in  summer  a  moist 
atmosphere  and  heavy  dew,  highly  suitable  to  the  root 
and  green  crops. 

With  a  few  covered  sheds  and  open  boarded  floors, 
the  sheep  may  in  winter  eat  the  crops  on  the  land 
during  the  day,  and  at  night  lie  dry  and  comfortable  on 
the  boards.  It  is  not  the  standing  and  feeding  on  moist 
clay  that  injures  the  sheep  ;  it  is  lying  down  on  the  wet 
cold  clay  which  abstracts  caloric,  checks  surface  circula- 
tion, gorges  the  internal  organs,  and  produces  fever  in 
the  feet.  Although  my  sheep  are  fed  in  the  day  time 
on  a  most  tenacious  clay,  they  never  have  any  complaints, 
foot'  or  other, 

I  have  no  hesitation  in  sajdng,  that  with  a  fan-  rent, 
irrigation,  drainage,  open  boarded  floors,  and  covered 
sheds,  the  heavy  land  farmer  may  farm  at  a  profit  even 
with  present  prices  ;  in  fact,  he  may  become  a  sheep 
farmer  in  winter  as  well  as  summer.  I  could  enlarge 
on  this  subject,  but  must  defer  it  for  another  occasion. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  much  water  bad 
been  evaporated  or  passed  through  a  crop  of  30  tons  of 
Swedes  per  acre  ;  it  is  evident  that  the  water  contained 
in  the  bulbs  and  tops  can  be  little  less  than  30  to  35 
tons.  I  think  I  have  read  statistics  showing  that  in 
our  eastern  and  southern  counties  the  natural  evapora- 
tion during  the  six  warm"  months  is  quite  equal  to  the 
rain-fall ;  if  so,  the  necessity  for  irrigating  our  root  and 
green  crops  is  obvious  enough.  I  cannot  agree  witli  my 
friend  Mr.  Laycock,  that  Captain  Grey's  stock  were  ill 
managed.  /.  J.  Mechi,  Dec.  4. 


TENANT  RIGHT. 

"  Uncle  Toji's  Cabin  "  has  excited  the  feelings  of  some 
over-sensitive  people  upon  a  subject  peculiarly  calcu- 
lated to  touch  the  tender  chords,  and  animate  commisera- 
tion in  all  who  themselves  can  truly  enjoy  the  comfort 
of  a  British  fireside  ;  but,  so  far  as  England  is  con- 
cerned, it  is  only  adding  fuel  to  an  already  over-heated 
furnace.  We  have  yet  to  learn  what  effect  will  be  pro- 
duced upon  the  American  slave-holding  mind,  for  it  is 
there  we  must  plant  ho7ne,  and  inculcate  that  "  you 
should  do  to  others  as  you  would  they  should  do  unto 
you." 

It  must  be  confessed  that  there  is  a  vei'y  striking 
coincidence  between  the  manner  in  which  tlie  British 
farmer  turns  the  wheel  of  fortune  on  his  own  account, 
and  that  compulsory  bondage  which  has  fallen  to  the 
lot  of  poor  Quashy,  who,  let  the  march  of  intellect  pro- 
gress as  it  may,  is  still  circumscribed  by  that  one 
monotonous  dictum,  "  Berry  well,  massa  ; "  and,  in 
like  manner,  some  farmers  seem  to  think  that  the  land- 
lord should  know  better  than  they  what  their  business 
requires,  and  ought  voluntarily  to  make  an  offer  of  it 
by  way  of  medicine.  It  is  very  different  in  every  other 
trade.  "  Put  a  window  and  front  into  the  shop  th.^t 
will  suit,  and  promote  my  vocation,  and  then  I  will  rent 
it  from  you,  but  not  otherwise,"  exclaims  the  prudent 
man  of  business. 

It  is  unfortunate  for  agriculture  that  many  more 
questions  can  be  asked  regarding  its  benefit  than  can 
be  satisfactorily  answered  by  its  followers.  Already 
has  metaphor  been  exhausted  to  discover  what  is  perfect 
fertility,  and  now  again  let  me  ask  when  will  farmers 
conduct  their  business  like  other  prosperous  traders  t 
The  attainment  of  this  must  first  arrive,  and  then  the 
other  will  follow  as  a  matter  of  course  ;  in  exemplifica- 
tion thereof  I  have  cited  the  contract  used  when  a 
merchant  hires  a  ship,  and  will  now  relate  what  takes 
place  when  he  refuses  becoming  the  tenant  of  a  ship 
offered  to  him  : — 

"  Mr.  Tarbucket,  your  ship  is  not  in  merchantable 
order  ;  she  leaks,  wants  coppering,  new  rigging,  and,  in 
fact,  must  have  a  thorough  renewal  from  stem  to  stern.'' 

"  But,  sir,  the  expense  would  be  more  th.an  at  present 
suits  ray  means,  so  I  will  let  you  have  the  use  of  her  at 
one-half  the  current  rate." 

"  No  !  I  won't  have  anything  to  do  with  her,  because 
I  know  well  that  the  i-esult  must  prove  both  unsatis- 
factory and  unprofitable  ;  as  the  voyage  will  be  pro- 
tracted beyond  the  ordinai'y  time,  and  my  goods  more 
likely  to  arrive  in  a  damaged  state." 

Wlien  farmers  can  unanimously  see  their  interest  lie 
in  the  like  management,  and  can  muster  nerve  to  make 
a  like  refusal,  we  then  may  expect  to  see  what  the  soil 
can  be  made  to  produce,  and  not  be  confined  to  parts  of 
a  field  being  better  and  drier  than  each  other,  or  grumb- 
ling about  providing  a  little  grease  to  make  the  nume- 
rous farming  joints  run  smootljly. 

The  consummation  of  this  desirable  result  is,  I  fear, 
very  far  off ;  for  let  the  landlord  only  stick  up  by 
auction  his  water-logged  land,  unroofed  buildings,  rotten 
rigged  fences,  comprised  in  a  farm  altogether  incon- 
veniently disposed — are  there  no  bidders  ? — '^  Gentlemen 
make  a  beginning  ;  you  must  shoot  while  you  have  the 
chance,  or  it  will  duck  under  water,"  shouts  the  zealous 
auctioneer.  One  makes  a  start ;  never  did  a  sheep 
more  surely  leap  overboard  to  its  own  destruction — 


and  on  they  followed  until  the  whole  flock  is  .absorbed 
in  the  game  of  Beggar-my-Neighbour. 

What  makes  a  compulsory  tenant-rig'lit  impossible  is 
the  ambiguity  which  attends  every  agricultural  minutia, 
such  as  '*'  A  thought  that  the  power  of  guano  was 
expended  in  the  first  year,  but  an  allowance  of  one-half  for 
bones  was  quite  fair  ;  and  it  being  an  unsolved  problem 
whether  oil-cake  benefited  the  incoming  tenant  to  the 
extent  of  one-half."  If  it  be  wished  to  find  any  traces 
of  guano  after  the  first  year,  we  must  resort  to 
chemistry;  and  as  to  bones,  many  instances  can  be  found 
of  their  beneficial  effects  10  or  even  20  years  after  being 
applied.  There  is  only  one  way  of  settling  the 
incougruous  clamour,  and  that  is,  by  making  this  tenant 
right  craving  entirely  a  tenant's  question  ;  like  the 
cure  for  naughty,  crying  children,  "  Well  go  if  you  will, 
and  dabble  your  feet  in  the  water  to  make  yourself  sick, 
and  then  we  shall  be  obliged  to  send  for  the  doctor." 

A  is  a  farmer,  who  leaves  a  farm  in  the  highest  state 
of  cultivation,  and  takes  another  which  has  been 
vacated  by  B  in  a  slovenly,  dirty,  ill-conditioned  state. 
B  takes  the  farm  left  by  A.  Now,  umpires  being 
called  in,  are  to  declare  what  sum  of  money  must 
A  expend  upon  the  fann  he  has  taken  to  bring 
it  into  the  same  state  of  fertility  as  that  which 
he  left  to  the  occupancy  of  B.  Whatever  that  amount 
is  must  B  pay  to  A.  Farmers  will  at  once  perceive 
that  this  would  create  ruinous  litigation  between  them- 
selves, but  which  they  would  prefer  being  between  the 
tenant  and  the  landlord  ;  but  let  there  be  justice  to  all. 

The  most  strenuous  opposers  of  our  greatest  national 
benefits,  often  declared  to  be  impossible  of  execution, 
have  after  ocular  demonstration  of  practical  utifity, 
become  their  warmest  admirers  and  most  ardent  prof- 
moters  of  further  extension.  It  must  be  so  with  agri- 
culture ;  but  landlords  will  not,  and  ought  not  in  justice 
to  themselves,  to  expend  money  for  the  benefit  and 
comforts  of  others,  so  long  as  they  can  obtain  ample 
remuneration  without  making  any  outlay.  It  Is  there- 
fore entirely  a  matter  of  agreement  in  priority  to  con- 
nection, and  rests  altogether  upon  the  tenant's  own 
prudence  whether  he  will  embark  in  an  undertaldng 
neither  trustworthy  nor  serviceable,  or  turn  his  exer- 
tions to  another  quarter. 

Northamptonshire  farming  discloses  competition  for 
miserable  land,  with  buildings  "  that  one  has  no  diffi- 
culty in  saying  ought  all  to  be  pulled  down,"  and  with 
which  ^^  a  north  country  farmer  knows  better  than  to 
connect  himself."  This  discrimination  of  the  north 
country  farmer  is  the  first  step  upon  the  ladder  of 
improvement  that  will  ultimately  lead  to  a  superior 
class  to  be  known  as  prosperous  farmers,  who,  inde- 
pent^ent  in  circumstances,  can  say,  "  We  will  not  fool- 
ishly embark  our  money  in  any  land  that  is  not  made 
capable  of  assimilating  all  the  requirements  requisite 
to  develope  profitable  farmmg  ;  let  "  Vis  unita  fortibus" 
be  their  motto,  and  the  time  will  come  when  a  landlord 
would  be  ashamed  to  offer  a  farm  not  possessing  these 
stipulations,  and  the  intelligent  tenant  possessing  free- 
dom of  action  will  no  longer  dread  that  thraldom  which, 
from  a  miserable  pittance,  exacts— Berry  well,  Massa.  T, 


Home    Correspondence. 

Taste  in  Butter. — I  do  not  agree  with  your  corre- 
spondent, never  having  found  saltpetre  would  take  away 
the  taste  of  Turnips.  I  have  a  remedy,  gleaned  from 
your  Gazette  about  a  year  ago  ;  but  the  proportions 
were  incorrect,  and  a  churning  or  two  spoiled  in  conse- 
quence, and  this  might  be  the  case  with  others  and 
cause  it  to  be  given  up.  When  the  cream  is  in  the 
churn,  and  the  proper  temperature  gained  (37  degrees), 
I  put  in  a  little  chloride  of  lime  mixed  in  a  little  water. 
Of  course  the  quantity  depends  upon  its  pureness,  and 
also  upon  the  degree  of  taint.  I  put  as  much  as  will  lie 
upon  a  sixpence  to  three  gallons.  One  or  two  trials  will 
ascertain  the  proper  quantity.  Too  much  gives  a  dis- 
agreeable flavour,  a  little  improves  and  gives  a  sweet 
nutty  taste.  Anna. 

Dairy-feeding. — If  your  correspondent  "  J.  F."  will 
refer  to  your  Oa-xtte,  of  22d  Dec.  1849,  p.  Ill,  he  -mH 
find  an  article  signed '"Ullswater"  which  may  help  him 
to  a  solution  of  his  inquiries.  Since  then  I  have  been 
progressing,  encouraged  by  such  men  as  Mr.  Mechi,  and 
can  now  maintain  an  increased  stock.  This  year  I  have-' 
made  and  housed  two  good  crops  of  hay,  and  cut  another 
two  as  green  fodder,  upwards  of  4  feet  high,  and  have 
now  a  fifth  not  to  be  despised.  This  is  being  done  too 
in  that  county  of  Cumberland  to  which  your  corre- 
spondent refers,  and  on  the  banks  of  Ullswater. 

Open-boarded  Caitle-Jloors, — The  longer  my  experience 
extends  in  this  matter,  and  the  more  I  reflect  on  its 
rationale,  the  greater  is  my  conviction  of  its  advantages, 
especially  to  the  heavy  land,  or  pastoral  farmer.  The 
difficulty  of  dealing  with  the  heats  of  summer  and  the 
severities  of  winter  is  not  an  easy  one  in  agriculture,  the 
variation  being  some  50  to  60  degrees  of  temperature. 
It  is  true  that  in  times  to  come,  when  agriculture  shall 
partake  of  the  closer  calculations  of  other  trades,  we 
shall  imitate  the  manufacturer  whose  fanning  .apparatus 
supplies  a  current  of  untainted  air  to  expel  that  whicli 
has  been  decomposed  and  tainted  by  the  closely-packed 
masses  of  humanity  employed  in  the  various  floors  of 
his  manufactory.  Why  we  should  not  thus  warm^cool, 
or  ventilate  our  cattle-houses  is  not  a  question  to  be 
answered  satisfactorily.  We  must  plead  ignorance, 
prejudice,  attachment  to  bygone  customs,  the  want  of 
capital,  inteUigence,  or  inclination,  and  tlie  difficulty  of 
getting  tenants  to  appreciate  and  pay  interest  to  the 
landlord  for  such  investments.    But  we  may  luxuriate 


50—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


795 


in  the  future,  aud  hope,  and  foresee  that  in  1952,  all 
these  matters  will  be  well  understood  and  therefore  put 
in  practice.  I  honestly  believe  that  pleuro-pneumonia, 
fevers,  and  disease,  are  produced  amougst  animals  much 
as  they  are  amongst  Iiuma.n  beings.  In  summer,  when 
the  cottage  doors  and  windows  are  open,  and  the  inmates 
very  much  in  the  open  air,  we  liear  little  of  fevers  or 
other  malignant  affections  ;  but  when  chilly  autumn 
compels  a  closing  of  every  cranny,  and  the  Imddling 
together  of  the  family  in  their  limited  and  wretchedly 
inconvenient  liovels,  the  poisoned  and  unchanged  atmo- 
sphere soon  tells  tales  of  malignant  typhus  and  scarlatina, 
with  large  demands  on  parochial  rates  aud  private 
benevolence.  I  am  not,  here,  going  into  the  awful 
question  of  banislilng  labourers  from  an  estate  to  saddle 
another  parish  with  their  ultimate  maintenancCj  or  to 
the  mortifying  contrast  of  having  the  working  animals 
housed  close  to  the  scene  of  their  labours.  No  doubt 
legislative  enactments  will  shortly  remove  the  tempta- 
tions and  inducements  for  such  miseries,  by  abolishing 
the  law  of  settlement  and  setting  labour  free.  But 
to  retui'n  to  our  boarded  floors,  and  the  necessity,  as  a 
matter  of  economy  in  building,  for  packing  animals 
closely,  ^^■hen  I  commenced  keeping  large  numbers 
*^^  P^o3,  old  practitioners  predicted  that  I  should  get 
disease  amongst  them,  and  of  com'se  I  should  have  done 
so  had  they  been  packed  closely  on  the  ordinary  principle, 
hut  on  the  open  boarded  floors  there  is  always  a  circula- 
tion of  air  under  aud  around  them,  and  provided  our 
pits  are  -from  2  to  4  feet  deep,  the  heavy  and  poisonous 
carbonic  acid  gas,  if  any,  settles  to  the  bottom,  below 
the  animals.  In  corroboration — in  a  6-foot  deep  pit  of 
this  kind,  where  much  pig  manure  had  accumulated, 
an  inexperienced  man  bending  his  head  to  within 
a  foot  of  the  manure,  was  only  rescued  from  im- 
mediate destruction  by  instant  help  and  a  vigorous 
effort.  The  animals  above  wei'e  perfectly  healthy,  and 
it  was  only  when  his  head  was  low  enough  to  inhale  the 
carbonic  acid  gas  that  the  danger  ensued.  The  circula- 
tion of  air  under  and  between  each  animal,  although 
highly  beneficial  in  summer,  makes  the  position  much 
colder  iu  winter  than  a  straw  bed  ;  therefore  it  becomes 
necessary  to  see  that  the  temperature  is  high  enough, 
especially  for  pigs ;  and  here  arises  the  question,  what 
is  a  proper  temperature  ?  This  evidently  depends  upon 
the  condition  of  the  animal.,  A  20-stone  man  would 
perspire  superp-bundantly  in  an  atmosphere  that  would 
be  hardly  warm  enough  for  a  thin  spare  individual.  If 
we  keep  our  extra  fat  animals  too  warm,  we  take  away 
their  appetite  and  hinder  progression.  We  may  safely 
keep  one  at  70'',  and  the  other  at  i5°  to  50°  ;  certainly 
they  ought  not  to  perspire  freely.  In  the  heats  of  July, 
I  have  stimulated  very  fat  hogs  to  progression  by  a 
shower-bath  from  our  gutta  percha  hose,  t  think  the 
question  of  using  straw  as  food  is  now  a  settled  one, 
and  so  is  the  advantage  of  liquid  manuring.  Therefore 
open  boarded  floors  aud  paved  pits  must  be  a  necessary 
accompaniment  to  this  system.  When  our  great  wastes 
are  enclosed,  and  an  improved  system  introduced,  we 
shall  no  longer  be  able  to  depend  on  supplies  of  Welch 
and  Scotch  cattle  reared  chiefly  on  common  land  ;  then 
mil  it  become  necessary  to  use  straw  and  roots,  or 
straw  and  green  crops,  for  the  young  stock  we  shall  be 
compelled  to  rear.  The  benefit  of  boarded  floors  for 
sheep  on  heavy  clay  farms  has  been  fully  exemplified 
the  last  wet  month.  /.  /.  Mecid,  Tlptrec,  Dec.  3. 

Sheep  in  Boots. — As  the  late  continued  rain,  and  con- 
sequently wet  pastures,  may  be  productive  of  great  loss 
of  sheep  to  farmers,  from  foot-rot,  it  may  be  of  use  to 
uggeat  some  kind  of  boots  for  the  sheep,  cast  in  gutta 
percha,  which  could  be  confined  by  an  elastic  band  or 
tie  at  the  top.  If  a  precedent  be  necessary  for  putting 
animals  in  boots  it  may  be  remembered  that  it  is  stated 
that  the  Esquimaux  put  their  sledge-dogs  in  boots  made 
of  seal-skin  to  prevent  their  being  foot-sore  on  long 
journeys.  Tlie  boots  must  be  made  at  least  as  high  as 
the  second  joint,  to  prevent  the  water  getting  into  the 
boot.  An  occasional  Header. 

Tlie  Guo/ao  Prize. — Amongst  the  many  very  excellent 
propositions  which  emanate  from  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England,  there  is  one  which  I  cannot  help 
regarding  as  about  the  most  absurd  and  preposterous 
that  ever  proceeded  from  a  body  of  sensible  men.  A 
prize  of  1000/.  is  offered  to  the  discoverer  of  a  manure 
equal  to  Peruvian  guano,  wliich  manure  must  be  supplied 
in  unlimited  quantity,  and  at  a  price  not  exceeding  5Z. 
per  ton  ;  the  test  being  actual  trial  and  Professor  Way's 
analysis.  Now  )et  me  suppose  that  any  one  of  your 
readers  ia  the  fortunate  discoverer  of  this  wonderful 
dciiideratum  ;  he  may  certainly  be  actuated  by  philan- 
thropic or  chivalric  s'lntirnents  far  greater  than  Bon 
Quixote  ever  possessed,  and  accordingly  at  once  make 
public  his  discovery,  but  \n  this  caae  he  would  not  be 
inflaenced  by,  nor  would  lie  require  the  1000/,  reward. 
Should  he,  however,  be  actuated  by  the  same  motives 
which  influence  909  out  of  every  1000  diHooverersof  new 
invcntionH,  he  would  unquestionably  bo  disposed  to 
appropriate  for  the  beneBt  of  himself  arid  family  iho 
result  of  his  labour  and  reaearcb,  and  lio  would,  most 
assuredly,  not  be  difipoKed  to  part  with  that  for  1000/,, 
by  which  he  could  realiije  witli  the  greatest  possible 
ease,  and  which  would,  in  fact,  be  lioncHtly  worth  at 
least  100,000/,  Can  any  ono  doubt  this  for  a  moment 
who  reflects  on  the  c/)uditionfi  of  tlie  priice  aH  jijravcly 
announced  in  the  report  of  the  labt  monthly  meeting  of 
the  council, — "  A  rnaimre  in  unlimited  quantity,  to  Ijo 
Hupplifcd  at  hi.  per  ton,  cpial  in  every  re-^pcct  to  that 
which  is  now  worth  fJ/.,*'  for  I'rofcHHor  Way  will,  of 
GOUDK,  take  core  that  it  fiball  contain  an  cjual  per- 
centage of  ammonia.     The  [)ropo»ition,  absurd  enough 


when  first  propounded,  is  rendered  still  more  so  by  the 
fact  that  the  re-announcement  is  made  in  spite  of  rising 
freights,  a  deficiency  of  seamen,  and  the  large  influx  of 
gold,  which,  although  it  raises  in  value  every  article  in 
the  country,  neither  induces  the  guano  committee  to  add 
to  their  prize  nor  to  the  maximum  price  at  which  this 
Utopian  manure  is  to  be  sold.  The  Peruvian  guano 
trade  is,  unquestionably,  a  great  monopoly,  rendered 
more  grievous  by  the  illiberal  manner  in  which  it  is 
conducted,  but  the  Peruvian  government  is  not  likely  to 
be  induced  to  throw  the  trade  open  and  to  make  a  con- 
cession in  price  by  any  such  chimerical  projects  as  that 
on  which  I  have  animadverted,  and  which  it  cannot  but 
regard  as  moonshine.  ^S". 


THE  SMITHFIELD  CATTLE  CLUB. 
CHRISTMAS  SHOW. 

This  annual  exhibition  of  the  Smithfield  Club  has 
just  been  concluded  in  the  Bazaar,  Baker-street,  under 
cii'cum stances  highly  gratifying  to  all  parties  interested, 
not  less  to  the  exhibitoi's  than  the  Club  itself.  Con- 
siderable progress  has  been  made  both  in  the  cattle  and 
implement  departments;  while  the  classification  of  stock, 
so  as  to  obtain  the  grand  object  of  the  Club,  has  been 
improved  greatly. 

DEVONS. 

Class  I.  Devon  Steers  not  exceeding  3  years  old, — 
First  prize  of  251.  awarded  to  Mr.  John  Ayre  Thomas, 
of  Witheredge,  Devon,  for  his  2  years  and  7  months 
old  pure  North  Devon  steer,  bred  and  fed  by  himself  on 
hay,  Grass,  roots,  oilcake,  Flax-seed,  and  Barley  ;  ditto 
silver  medal  as  breeder.  Second  prize  of  10/.  to  the 
Right  Hon.  the  Eaid  of  Leicester,  Holkham  Hall, 
Norfolk,  for  his  lordship's  2  years  and  11  months  old 
North  Devon  steer,  bred  and  fed  by  himself  on  hay, 
Turnips,  Mangold  Wurzel,  Linseed-cake,  and  Oat  and 
Pea-meal.  There  are  only  two  entries  in  this  Class,  and 
both  beasts  possessing  merit,  are  awarded  accordingly. 
The  former  is  a  fine  little  animal,  measuring  in  length 

5  feet,  and  in  girth,  7  feet  5  inches,  being  round,  com- 
pact, and  in  every  sense  of  the  word  a  fine  example  of 
symmetry.  The  second  is  also  a  fine  animal,  but  not 
being  sufficiently  fat  we  did  not  measure  it. 

Class  II.  Devon  Steers  or  Oxen  above  3  years  old. 
— The  first  prize  of  251.  to  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of 
Leicester,  Holkham  Hall,  Norfolk,  for  a  4  years  and 

8  montlis  old  North  Devon  ox,  bred  by  his  lordship, 
and  fed  on  hay,  Turnips,  Mangold  Wurzel,  Linseed- 
cake,  Oat  and  Pea-meal  ;  ditto,  silver  medal  as  the 
breeder.  Second  prize  of  lOZ.  to  Mr.  James  Quartly, 
of  MoUand  House,  near  South  Molton,  Devon,  for  his 
3  years  and  5  mouths  old  pure  North  Devon  ox,  bred 
and  fed  by  himself,  on  hay,  Mangold  Wurzel,  Turnips, 
oatmeal,  and  oilcake.  There  was  more  competition  in 
this  class  than  the  last,  there  being  an  entry  of  11  beasts, 
several  non-prize  ones  being  of  merit.  The  duty  of  the 
judges,  however,  was  simple,  for  the  above  two  are  more 
than  superior,  with  a  sufficient  distinction  between  them. 
The  first  measured  5  feet  4  inches  in  length,  and  7  feet 

9  inches  in  gii-th  ;  the  second  5  feet  4  inches  iu  length, 
and  7  feet  8  inches  in  girth,  being  thus  almost  a  dead 
match  as  to  size.     No.  5  in  this  class,  a  4  years  and 

10  months  old,  exhibited  and  fed  by  his  Royal  Highness 
Prince  Albert,  is  a  fine  ox,  highly  commended  by  the 
judges  ;  it  measures  5  feet  4  inches  in  length,  and  9  feet 
in  girth.     No  8  is  a  huge  o,k,  so  to  speak,  measuring 

6  feet  in  length,  and  9  feet  2  inches  in  girth,  standing  a 
singular  contrast  with  the  prize  oxen  as  to  size  and 
quality. 

Class  III.  Devon  Heifers  not  exceeding  4  years  old, 
freemartins  and  spayed  heifers  excluded. — First  prize 
of  15/.  to  Mr.  Thomas  White,  Fouracre  of  Durston,  near 
Taunton,  Somerset,  for  his  3  years  and  11  months  old 
Devon  heifer,  bred  and  fed  by  himself  on  hay,  Grass, 
roots.  Bean,  Barley,  and  Flax-meal  ;  ditto,  silver  medal 
as  breeder  of  the  same.  Second  prize  of  5^.  to  Mr. 
Samuel  Farthing,  of  Stoway-court,  near  Bridgewater, 
Somerset,  for  his  3  years  and  8  months  old  Devon 
heifer,  bred  and  fed  by  himself  on  hay,  Grass,  Vetches, 
roots,  Bean  and  Barley-meal,  and  Flax-seed  ;  had  one 
calf.  Thei'e  are  only  two  entries  in  this  class,  both  fine 
examples  of  their  breed.  The  first  measures  5  feet  in 
length,  and  7  feet  6  inches  in  girth  ;  the  second  5  feet 
in  length,  and  7  feet  5  inches  in  girth. 

Class  IV.  Devon  Cows  above  4  years  old  that  must 
have  had  at  least  one  live  calf. — First  prize  of  20/.  to 
Mr.  Thomas  Bond,  of  Bishop's  Lydiard,  near  Taunton, 
Somerset,  for  his  5  years  and  1  month  old  Devon  cow, 
bped  and  fed  by  himself  on  hay,  Grass,  roots,  Barley, 
and  Flax-seed  meal  ;  had  one  calf.  Ditto,  silver  medal 
as  breeder  of  the  same.  Second  prize  of  10^.  to  Mr. 
Thos.  Wliite,  Fouracre  of  iJurston,  Somerset,  for  his 
fJ  jears  and  1 1  months  old  Devon  cow,  bred  and  fed  by 
himself  on  hay.  Grass,  roots,  Bean,  13arley,  and  Flax- 
seed meal ;  had  three  calves.  There  were  five  beasts 
in  tiiis  class.  The  two  prize  ones  are  a  dead  match  as 
to  size,  and  nearly  so  as  to  Hymnielry,  The  first  measures 
5  feet  f)  inches  in  length,  and  7  feet  9  inches  in  girth. 
On  reviewing  the  above  prize  Dovong  it  will  be  seen 
from  their  incaaureinents  that  they  are  a  very  equal  lot 
as  tobizo  and  also  Hymmotry. 

IIEREi.''ORD.S. 

CtAgs  V.  Hereford  Steers  not  exceeding  3  years  old. — 
FirHt  prize  of  25/.  to  his  Royal  Ilif^hness  Prince  Albert, 
for  a  3-year-old  Hereford  steer,  fed  on  B.'irh.-y  and  IJean- 
moal.  Linseed  caitc,  Turni|in,  Mangold  Wurzul,  Pump- 
kins, and  hay.  Silver  mofJjd  to  Mr.  Thomas  Robertw, 
of  Knevingtonbury,  near  LeoniinHtcr,  licroford,  as  the 
breeder  of  the  same;  second  prize  not  awarded.     There 


are  five  competitors  in  this  class.  The  first-prize  ox  is 
a  fine  animal,  measuring  5  feet  4  inches  in  length,  and 

8  feet  6  inches  in  girth.  Mr.  Cardwardine's  steer  of 
2  years  and  9  months  old,  bred  by  Mr.  Roberts,  of 
Trippleton,  Ludlow,  and  fed  on  hay,  Cabbages,  oilcake, 
and  Beau-meal,  is  also  a  fine  animal,  commended  by  the 
judges. 

Class  VI,  Hereford  Steers  or  Oxen  above  3  years 
old.— First  prize  of  251.  to  Mr.  Daniel  Maydwell,  of 
Ashstead,  Surrey,  for  his  3  years  and  9  months  old 
Hereford  ox,  fed  on  Grass,  hay,  green  Clover,  Tares, 
Linseed  cake,  Swedes,  and  Mangold  Wurzel.  Silver 
medal  to  Mr.  Wm.  Stedmau,  of  Bedston  Hall,  near 
Ludlow,  as  breeder  of  the  same.  Second  prize  of  10?. 
to  Mr.  Joseph  Phillips,  of  Ardington,  near  Wantage, 
Berks,  for  his  3  years  and  9  months  old  Hereford  oxj. 
bred  by  Mr.  Edward  Williams,  of  Hay,  Radnorshire^ 
and  fed  on  Barley-meal,  Swedes,  and  cake.  There  are 
11  competitors  in  this  class,  among  whom  are  his  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Albert  and  the  Earls  of  Radnor  and 
Darnley,  and  others  having  good  oxen,  although  inferior 
to  the  prize  beasts,  which  measured — the  first  5  feet 

9  inches  in  length,  and  9  feet  iu  girth  ;  and  the  other 
5  feet  7  inches  in  length,  and  8  feet  2  inches  in  girth* 
Both  are  fine  animals,  reflecting  the  highest  credit  on  the 
feeder  and  breeder. 

Class  VII.  Hereford  Heifers  not  exceeding  4  years 
old,  and  not  being  freemartius  or  spayed. — The  first? 
prize  of  ]  51.  to  Mr.  Samuel  Druce,  of  Eynsham,  near 
Oxford,  for  his  3  years  and  11  months  old  Hereford 
heifer,  fed  on  hay,  Lucerne,  Mangold  Wurzel,  Swedes,- 
and  Linseed  ;  had  a  calf.  Silver  medal  to  Mr.  Edmund 
Lewis,  of  Breenton,  near  Hereford,  as  breeder  of  the 
same.  Second  prize  of  51.  to  Mr.  Frederick  King,  of 
Nursling,  near  Southampton,  for  a  3  years  and  8  months 
old  Hereford  heifer  ;  bred  by  Mi\  Thomas  Samson,  of 
Kingston  Russell,  near  Dorchester,  Dorset,  and  fed  ou 
Swedes,  Turnips,  Linseed,  Bean-meal,  Mangold  Wurzel^. 
and  hay.  There  are  only  two  beasts  in  this  class,  but 
both  of  high  merit,  and  although  the  second  prize  falla 
short  of  the  first,  it  is  yet  a  fine  little  animal.  Mr* 
Druce's  heifer  measures  5  feet  5  inches  in  length,  and 
7  feet  10  inches  in  girth,  and  speaks  volumes  for  him  aS 
a  feeder  of  stock. 

Class  VIII.  Hereford  Cows  above  4  years  old  that 
must  have  had  at  least  one  calf. — The  first  prize  of  20/., 
to  Mr.  John  Dunne  Cooke,  of  Brampton  Brian,  near 
Ludlow,  Ilereford,  for  his  6  years  and  11  months  old 
Hereford  cow,  bred  and  fed  by  himself,  on  Grass,  hay, 
Turnips,  and  Barley,  Pea,  and  Wheat-meal ;  had  three 
calves.  Ditto,  silver  medal,  as  the  breeder  of  the  same,- 
The  same  cow  also  gained  the  gold  medal,  in  com- 
petition with  the  cows  and  heifers  in  classes  3,  4,  7,  8;>. 
11,  12,  16,  and  19.  Second  prize  of  10^.  to  Mr.  Edward. 
Herbert,  of  Powick,  near  Worcester,  for  a  4  years  and 
1 1  months  old  Hereford  cow,  bred  by  Mr.  George  Pltt^ 
of  Wellington,  near  Hereford ;  and  fed  on  oilcakcj. 
Bean  aud  Pea-meal,  Swedes,  Turnips,  Mangold  Wurzel, 
hay,  aud  Grass  ;  had  a  calf.  This  is  a  fine  herd  of 
cows,  consisting  of  six  in  number.  The  first  prize  cow 
measuring  5  feet  9  inches  in  length,  and  8  feet  6  inches- 
in  girth,  has  no  ordinary  rivals  to  contend  with;  one 
on   either  side  of  her,  viz.,  Mr.  Herbert's,  measuring 

5  feet  10  inches  in  length,  and  8  feet  6  inches  in  girtb,. 
on  the  left,  and  the  Earl  of  Radnor's  4  years  and  11 
months  old  cow  on  the  right  side,  bred  and  fed  by  his 
lordship,  on  hay,  corn,  cake,  and  roots.  This  was  a  fine 
Hereford  cow,  commended  by  the  judges.  On  the  left 
of  Mr.  Herbert's  cow  there  stands  a  good  black  Here- 
ford, a  match  as  to  size,  being  5  feet  4  inches  in  length, 
and  8  feet  5  inches  in  girth,  and  of  the  stock  of  Mr.  J,-' 
Brown  and  Sir  Hungerford  Hoskins.  Mr.  Cooke's  cow 
is  decidedly  the  best  in  the  yard,  and  her  rivals  may  not 
inaptly  be  termed  the  flower  of  the  Herefords,  which 
upon  the  whole  are  a  fine  show,  although  inferior  to  the 
next  in  order,  viz.,  the 

SHORT-HORNS. 
Class  IX.  Short-horned  Steers  not  exceeding  3  yeara- 
old. — The  first  prize  of  25^.  to  Mi'.  Joseph  Stratton,  of 
Manningford  Bruce,  Pewsey,  JWilts,  for  a  2  years  and 
9  months  old  short-horned  steer,  fed  on  hay,  Mangold 
Wurzel,  Pea-meal,  and  oilcake.  Silver  medal  to  Mi\ 
Richard  Stratton,  of  Broad  Hiutou,  near  Swindon,. 
Wilts,  as  the  breeder  of  the  same.  The  second  prize  of 
102.  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  Belvoir  Castle,, 
Grantham,  Lincoln,  bred  from  the  stock  of  Sir  Charles 
Knightley,  Bart.,  by  his  Grace,  and  fed  on  haj^,  vege- 
tables. Barley  and  Bean-meal,  Linseed-cake,  and  oil.. 
There  are  11  candidates  in  this  class,  among  whom  are 
Lord  Feversham,  Mr.  Beman,  of  Moreton-in-the-Marsh;- 
Mr.  Fatal,  M.P.  j  Mr.  Stratton,  of  Southampton-place, 
Berks,  and  others.  Mr,  Stratton's  2  years  and  0  months 
old  steer  is  a  fine  animal,  commended  by  the  judges. 
The  first-prize  steer  measured  5  feet  8  inches  in  length 
and  8  feet  2  inches  in  girth,  and  the  Duke  of  Rutland's 

6  feet  10  inches  in  length  and  8  feet  G  inches  in  girth. 
Cl,vs3   X.    Short-horned   Steers    or  Oxen    above    3 

years  old.— The  first  prize  of  25/.  to  Mr,  Richard 
Stratton,  of  Broad  Hinton,  near  Swindon,  Wilts,  for  his 
4  years  and  10  months  old  short-horned  ox,  bred  and 
fed  by  himself,  on  cake.  Beans,  Turnips,  and  Imy  ;  ditto 
ditto  silver  medal  as  breeder.  This  uoblo  animal  also 
carried  off  the  gold  medal  in  competition  with  the  steers 
and  ox«:n  in  classes  1,  2,  5,  (I,  9,  10,  1,5,  17,  .ind  18.  The 
Second  prize  of  10/.,  to  Mr.  Thomas  Palmoi',  of 
Broughton,  near  Kettering,  Nortliampton,  for  a  4  years 
and  2  months  old  pure  short-horned  steer,  bred  by 
himself,  from  tlio  stock  of  Mr.  J.  Beawly,  and  fed  on 
Grass,  hay,  Turnips,  CaiTots,  Mangold  Wurzel,  Linseed, 
Bean,  Barley,  and_^  Whoat-meal,  and  oilcake.      Thero 


796 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Dec.  11, 


are  22  oxtiu  in  this  clas:^,  tormiiig  upon  the  whole  the 
most  atti'active  one  in  the  yard.  To  discuss  the  various 
points  of  merit  of  the  different  individuals  of  which  it 
is  composed,  would  be  to  write  a  volume  on  the  subject. 
Among  the  competitors  are  his  Royal  Highness  Prince 
Albert,  the  Marquis  of  Exeter,  the  Earls  of  Spencer 
and  Hardwicke,  with  the  Right  Hon,  Loi'ds  South- 
ampton and  Sondes,  besides  others  whose  stock  stands 
high  in  merit.  Lord  Sondes'  3  years  and  10  months 
old  ox,  bred  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Anderson,  from  the  stocks  of  the 
late  Earl  Spencer  and  Mr.  Topham,  is  a  fine  specimen 
of  his  breed,  highly  recommended  by  the  judges.     The 

4  years  and  8  months  old  ox,  of  Mr.  Richard  Spragget, 
of  Southam,  Warwick,  and  bred  by  Mr.  James 
Richards,  of  Dumbleton,  Gloucester,  is  also  com- 
mended. The  gold  medal  ox  measures  5  feet  7  inches 
in  length,  and  9  feet  2  inches  in  girth  ;  and  the  second- 
prize  ox,  5  feet  9  inches  in  length,  and  9  feet  3  inches 
in  girth. 

Class  XI.  Short-horned  Heifers  not  exceeding  4 
years  old,  and  not  being  freemartins  or  spayed. — The 
first  prize  of  15?,,  to  Mx*.  Joseph  Phillips,  of  Ar- 
dington,  near  Wantage,  Berks,  for  a  3  years  and  1 0 
months  old  short-horned  heifer,  fed  on  Bavley-meal, 
Swedes,  and  oilcake.  Silver  medal  to  Mr.  Thomas 
James,  of  Northleach,  Gloucester,  as  breeder  of  the 
same.  Second  prize  of  51.  to  Mr.  J.  Qneker,  of  Abbey 
Print  Works,  near  Stratford,  Essex,  for  a  3  years  7 
months  and  14  days  old  short-horned  heifer,  bred  by 
the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Bexley,  and  fed  on  hay,  oilcake. 
Bean  and  Barley-meal,  Carrots,  and  Swedes.  The 
first-prize  heifer  in  this  class  is  a  fine  compact  animal, 
wiiite  in  coloni*.  The  second  is  also  a  fine  beast,  but 
burdened  a  little  with  the  fat  rump,  which  is  rather 
against  her.  There  are  several  other  fine  heifers  in  the 
herd,  three  of  whicli  were  commended  by  the  judges, 
viz..  No.  80,  belonging  to  Lord  Feversham,  and  bred  by 
his  lordship  ;  No.  87,  bred  and  fed  by  Mr.  Crisp,  of 
Gedgram  Hall,  Suffolk  ;  and  No.  89  bred  and  fed  by 
Mr.  Featherstone,  of  Boume,  Lincolnshire.  The  class 
consists  of  10  beasts. 

Class  XII.  Short-horned  Cows  above  4  years  old,  that 
must  have  had  at  least  one  calf. — The  first  prize  of  201. 
to  Mr.  Charles  Towneley,  of  Towneley  Park,  Lancaster, 
for  a  5  years  and  8  months  old  pure  short-horned  cow 
fed  on  Turnips,  oilcake.  Bean-meal,  and  hay  ;  had  two 
calves.  Silver  medal  to  Mr.  J.  S.  Crossland,  of  Burbage 
House,  Hinckley,  Leicester,  as  breeder  of  the  same. 
Second  prize  of  101.  to  Mr.  S.  Gooch,  of  Honingham, 
near  Norwich,  for  a  5  years  and  8  months  old  short- 
horned  cow  bred  by  Mr.  James  Topham,  of  Candlesby 
House,  Lincolnshire,  and  fed  on  Turnips,  Mangold 
Wurzel,  Bean  and  Barley-meal,  Linseed  cake,  and  hay; 
had  one  calf.  The  short-horn  cows,  consisting  of  15  in 
nimiber,  are  unanimously  considered  a  fine  lot.  Mr. 
Stratton's  (Broad  Hinton)  cow,  4|  years  old,  is  a 
superior  specimen  of  this  breed,  and  highly  commended 
by  the  judges.     The  second   prize  animal,  measuring 

5  feet  9  inches  in  length,  and  9  feet  in  girth,  is  also  not 
far  behind  the  first  in  point  of  merit.  His  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Albert,  the  Marquis  of  Exeter,  and 
the  Earl  of  Radnor  were  among  the  competitors.  We 
should  have  mentioned  that  Mr.  Towueley's  cow  was 
bred  from  the  stock  of  the  Earl  of  Aylesbury.  It  is  a 
pleasure  to  review  the  fine  show  of  animals  of  this  breed, 
consisting  of  33  oxen  and  steers,  and  25  cows  and 
heifers  :  total,  58.  They  are  undoubtedly  a  valuable 
herd  in  every  respect. 

SCOTCH,  WEtSH,  AND  IRISH. 

Class  XIII.  Scotch,  Welsh,  or  Irish  steers  or  oxen 
of  any  age. —  The  prize  of  101.  to  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Arkwright,  of  Markhall,  near  Harlow,  Essex,  for  a 
polled  Galloway  ox,  of  about  4J  years  old,  fed  on  hay, 
roots.  Barley-meal,  and  Linseed  cake. 

Class  XIV.  Scotch,  Welsh,  or  Irish  heifers  or  cows 
of  any  age. — The  prize  of  SI.  to  Sir  John  Cathcart, 
Bart.,  of  Cooper's  Hill,  Chertsey,  Surrey,  for  his 
3  years  and  10  months  old  pure  Ayrshire  cow,  bred  by 
himself,  and  fed  on  oilcake.  Bean-meal,  Swedes,  and 
hay.  In  the  above  two  classes  there  are  no  Welsh  or 
Irish  beasts  shown,  and  the  Scotch  do  not  possess  a  high 
degi-ee  of  merit,  scarcely  doing  justice  to  the  northern 
breeds  of  cattle.  In  the  1 3th  class  there  are  1 1  beasts, 
and  in  the  14th  only  two  ;  total  13. 

OTHER  PUHE  BREEDS. 

Class  XV.  Steers  or  Oxen  of  any  pure  breed  ;  the 
Devon,  Hereford,  Short-horn— Scotch,  Welsh  or  Irish 
excepted,  of  any  age. — The  prize  of  101.  and  silver 
medal  withheld. 

Class  XVI.  Heifers  or  Cows  of  any  age  and  breed, 
the  Devon,  Hereford,  Short-horn — Scotch,  Welsh,  or 
Irish  excepted. — The  prize  of  101.  to  Mr.  William  Dun- 
ning, of  Friar  Waddon,  Dorchester,  for  his  5  years  and 
8  months  old  long-horned  cow,  bred  by  himself  and  fed 
on  Grass,  hay.  Turnips,  oilcake,  and  bruised  Barley  ; 
had  two  calves.  Ditto  ditto,  silver  medal  as  breeder  of 
the  same.  In  the  preceding  two  classes  there  are  only 
four  beasts  ;  one  in  the  15th,  and  three  in  the  16th. 
The  steer  is  from  Holland,  and  exemplifies  in  a  very 
forcible  and  practical  manner  the  superiority  of  our 
improved  breeds,  and  their  value  when  compared  with 
those  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  from  whence  we  now 
are  annually  in  the  receipt  of  a  large  supply— a  supe- 
riority the  surest  and  safest  protection  which  the 
British  farmer  can  have,  if  he  keeps  it.  Mr.  M  A. 
Hoojenbragge,  of  Berklesdyke,  Onder-Onevschie,  also 
exhibited  a  fine  Holland  blood  heifer. 
„  CROSS  OR  MISRD  BREEDS. 

Class  XVII.  Cross  or  mixed  Steers  not  exceeding 
3  years  old.~The  prize  of  15/.  to  Mr.  Joseph  Phillips, 


of  Ardington,  Berks,  for  a  2  years  10  months  and  1 
week  old  mixed  breed  steer,  fed  on  Barley-meal, 
Swedes,  and  cake.  Silver  medal  to  Mr.  John  Eayer,  of 
Eastington,  near  Northleach,  Gloucester,  as  the  breeder 
of  the  same.  There  are  five  beasts  in  this  class,  very 
good  animals  taking  them  as  a  whole.  The  pnze  ox, 
measuring  5  feet  7  inches  in  length,  and  8  feet  11  inches 
in  girth,  is  a  superior  animal. 

Class  XVIII.  Cross-bred  Steers  or  Oxen  above  3 
years  old. — The  prize  of  IS?,  to  Mr.  J.  Futcher,  jun., 
of  Fonant,  near  Salisbury,  for  a  4  years  and  5  months 
old  Hereford  and  Devon  ox,  fed  on  Oats,  Barley,  Beans, 
oilcake,  Turnips,  Cabbages,  and  hay.  Silver  medal  to 
the  breeder  of  the  same,  the  late  Mr.  Sherrin,  of 
Hazlebury,  Dorset.  There  are  12  heavy  animals  in  this 
lot.  The  prize  ox,  measuring  5  feet  5  inches  in  length, 
and  8  feet  2  inches  in  girth,  is  a  superior  animal ;  Mr. 
Joseph  Bliss,  of  Thrapp,  Northamptonshire,  has  a  large 

5  years   and  2  months   old   cross-bred   ox,   measuring 

6  feet  5  inches  in  length,  and  9  feet  7  inches  in  girth. 
Class  XIX.  Cross  or  mixed-breed  Heifers,  or  cows 

not  exceeding  6  years  old. — The  prize  of  101.  to  Mr. 
Robert  Beman,  of  Moreton-in-the-Marsh,  Gloucester- 
shire, for  a  5  years  and  3  months  old  mixed-breed  heifer, 
fed  on  Grass,  hay,  flour,  Cabbage,  Mangold  Wurzel,  and 
Swedes.  The  silver  medal  to  the  breeder  of  the  same, 
the  late  Hon.  Lady  Cockerell.  There  are  four  fine 
beasts  in  this  class  ;  one  from  the  Earl  of  Radnor, 
Berkshire  ;  one  from  Mr.  Saddle,  Wiltshire  ;  one  from 
Mr.  Martin,  Aberdeenshire  ;  and  the  pure  one  from 
Gloucestershire.  The  latter  is  superior  quality,  and 
measures  5  feet  G  inches  in  length,  and  8  feet  6  inches 
in  girth. 

EXTRA.  STOCK. 

There  are  18  fine  cattle  in  this  class  deserving  of  high 
commendation. — The  silver  medal  is  carried  off  by  Mr. 
Robert  Bemaa's  6  years  and  9  months  old  short-horned 
cow,  measuring  5  feet  10  inches  in  length,  and  8  feet 
8  inches  in  girth;  bred  by  Mr.  W.  Game,  of  North- 
leach, Gloucester,  and  fed  on  Grass,  hay,  flour.  Cabbages, 
Mangold  Wurzel,  and  Swedes  ;  the  same  as  his  cross- 
bred heifer  of  the  preceding  class.  No.  156,  the  5  years 
8  months  and  4  days  old  improved  short-horned 
heifer,  the  property  of  Mr.  Newbuth,  of  The-Old- Place, 
Lincoln,  is  also  a  fine  specimen  of  the  same  breed;  com- 
mended by  the  judges.  In  examining  the  cattle,  we 
have  only  to  state  that  there  are  21  Devons  ;  25  Here- 
fords  ;  58  short-horns,  as  formerly  stated  ;  13  Scots  ; 
4  other  pure  breeds ;  21  cross-breds  ;  and  18  extra 
stock  :  total  160. 

SHEEP— LOXS-WOOLLED  BREEDS. 

Class  XX.  Fat  Wether  Sheep  of  any  long-woolled 
breed,  1  year  old  and  under  22  months. — The  first 
prize  of  20?.  to  Mr.  Thomas  Twitchell,  of  Willington, 
Bedfordshire,  for  his  pen  of  three  21  months  old  pure 
long-woolled  Leicester  wethers,  bred  by  himself  from 
the  stock  of  Mr.  Pawlett ;  ditto,  silver  medal  as  breeder 
of  the  same.  Second  prize  of  10?.  to  the  most  hon.  the 
Marquis  of  Exeter,  Burghley  House,  Lincolnshire,  for 
a  pen  of  three  21  months  old  pure  long-woolled  wethers, 
bred  by  his  lordship.  Third  prize  of  51.  to  Mr.  J.  S. 
Foljambe,  of  Osberton  Hall,  near  Worksop,  Notting- 
hamshire, for  a  pen  of  three  20  months  old  long-woolled 
Leicester  wethers,  bred  by  himself.  Mr.  Twitchell's 
prize  pen  is  a  fine  specimen  of  this  breed,  both  as  to 
wool  and  mutton,  weighing  from  230  to  240 lbs.  live 
weight  each  sheep  ;  the  pen  of  the  noble  Marquis  is  also 
a  fine  one.     There  are  10  pens  in  the  class. 

Class  XXI.  Fat  Wether  Sheep,  of  any  long-woolled 
breed,  1  year  old  and  under  22  months,  each  sheep  of 
the  pen  not  to  exceed  220  lbs.  live  weight. — The  first 
prize  of  20?.  to  the  most  noble  the  Marquis  of  Exeter, 
for  a  pen  of  three  21  months  old  fine  long-woolled 
Leicester  wethers,  bred  by  his  lordship.  Silver  medal 
to  the  noble  Marquis  as  breeder  of  the  same.  Also  the 
gold  medal,  as  the  best  in  the  20th,  21st,  and  22d  classes. 
Second  prize  of  10?.  to  Mr.  Thomas  Twitchell,  for  a  pen 
of  three  21  months  old  pure  long-woolled  Leicester 
wethers,  bred  by  himself,  from  the  stock  of  Mr.  Pawlett. 
The  third  prize  of  5?.  to  Mr.  Lawrence  Willmore,  of 
the  New-warke,  Leicester,  for  the  third  best  pen  of  three 

21  months  old  long-woolled  Leicester  wethers,  bred  by 
himself,  from  the  stock  of  Mr.  George  Spencer,  of  Nor- 
manton.  In  this  class  there  are  nine  pens  of  fine  long- 
woolled  sheep.  The  pen  of  the  Marquis  of  Exeter, 
which  gained  the  gold  medal,  is  deserving  of  the  highest 
praise.  The  three  prize  pens  approach  closely  to  the 
class  weight — 220  lbs.  live  weight  each  sheep. 

LONG-WOOLLED  BREEDS,  NOT  LEICESTERS. 
Class    XXII.    Fat   Wether    Sheep,    of    any    long- 
woolled  breed,  not  Leicesters,   1  year  old   and  under 

22  months. — The  prize  of  10?.  to  Mr.  William  Hewer, 
of  Sevenhampton,  Wilts,  for  a  pen  of  three  21  months 
old  Cotswold  wethers,  bred  by  himself ;  ditto,  silver 
medal  as  breeder  of  the  same.  There  are  five  pens  of 
fine  sheep  in  this  class,  all  from  well-known  breeders, 
viz.,  Messrs.  Druce,  Beman,  Hewer,  Q,ueker,  and  the 
Royal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester.  The  prize 
wethers  are  great  sheep. 

Extra  Stock  :  Long-woolled  Sheep.  The  silver 
medal  to  Mr.  William  Sandy,  of  Holme-Pierrepoint, 
Nottingham,  for  his  57  months  old  long-woolled  Leicester 
wether,  bred  by  himself.  This  was  a  fine  little  sheep, 
very  fat,  and  superior  in  quality.  Besides  it  there  are 
other  14,  making  a  total  of  15  single  pens. 
CROSS  BREEDS. 

Class  XXIII.  Long  and  Short-wooUed  cross-bred  fat 
wether  Sheep,  1  year  old  and  under  22  months. — The 
first  prize  of  10?.  to  Mr.  W.  Samuel  Stephens,  of  Gate- 
hampton,  Goring,  Oxen,  for  a  pen  of  three  21  months 


and  1  week  old  Hampshire  down  and  Cotswold  wethers, 
bred  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  Cowdery,  of  Steplenton,  Berks  ; 
silver  medal  to  the  breeder  of  the  same  pen.  Second 
prize  of  51.  to  Mr.  J.  R.  Overman,  of  Burnhara  Sutton, 
Norfolk,  for  a  pen  of  three  20  months  old  Southdown 
and  Leicester  wethers,  bred  by  himself,  from  the  stock 
of  Mr.  Robert  Aylmer.  There  are  1 3  pens  in  this  class 
of  very  heavy  sheep.  The  prize  pens  are  superior 
ones  ;  and  pens  201  and  210  are  highly  commended  by 
the  judges,  the  former  belonging  to  Mr.  Druce,  and  the 
latter  to  Mr.  Samuel  Davis,  of  Sevenhampton,  Wilts. 
Pen  202,  belonging  to  Mr.  John  Hitchman,  of  Little 
Milton,  Bedfordshire,  is  also  commended  by  the  judges. 

Class  XXIV.  Long  and  Short-wooUed  cross-bred  fat 
wether  Sheep,  I  year  and  22  months  old,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding 220  lbs.  live  weight  each  sheep. — The  prize  of 
10?.  to  Mr.  John  Robert  Overman,  Norfolk,  for  a  pen 
of  three  20  months  old  Southdown  and  Leicester 
wethers,  bred  by  himself,  from  the  stock  of  Mr.  Aylmer; 
ditto,  silver  medal  as  breeder  of  the  same.  There  are 
nine  candidates  in  this  class,  all  exhibiting  fine  sheep  ; 
among  whom  the  Earls  of  Leicester  and  Radnor,  Lords 
Walsingham  and  Berners,  Mr.  Fatal,  M.P.,  and  Mr. 
Salter,  jun.  The  pen  of  the  latter,  bred  by  himself  at 
Costessey-lodge,  Norfolk,  and  aged  21  months,  are 
highly  commended  by  the  judges.  The  prize  pen  is 
very  superior. 

Extra  Stock  :  Cross-bred  Sheep. — The  silver 
medal  to  Mr.  John  Robert  Overman,  for  a  20  months 
old  cross-bred  sheep,  bred  by  himself.  This  is  a  fine 
animal,  of  moderate  size.  There  are  12  sheep  ex- 
hibited, generally  of  excellent  quality.  The  cross-bred 
sheep  altogether  form  an  interesting  group,  from  the 
great  number  now  fattened  for  the  shambles. 
SHORT-WOOLLED  BREEDS. 

Class  XXV.  Fat  Wether  Sheep,  of  any  short-wooUed 
breed,  1  year  old  and  under  22  months. — The  first  prize 
of  20?.  to  Mr.  Wm.  Sainsbury,  of  the  Manor  House, 
West  Lavington,  near  Devizes,  Wilts,  for  a  pen  of  three 
21  months  old  Southdown  wethers,  bred  by  himself ; 
ditto,  the  silver  medal,  as  the  breeder  of  the  same. 
The  same  pen  carried  off  the  gold  medal  as  the  best 
short-wooUed  sheep  in  the  25th,  26th,  and  28th  classes. 
The  second  prize  of  10?.  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, Goodwood,  Sussex,  for  a  pen  of  three  21  months 
old  Southdown  wethers,  bred  by  his  Grace.  There  are 
1 3  candidates  in  Class  25,  among  whom  are  his  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Albert,  the  most  noble  the  Marquis  of 
Exeter,  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Radnor,  Lord 
Walsingham,  Sir  John  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Mr. 
Rigden,  of  Hove,  near  Brighton,  and  others.  Mr. 
Rigden's  pen  of  three  20  months  old  Southdown  wethers 
are  highly  commended  by  the  judges.  The  heavy 
weight  downs  are  a  very  superior  example  of  mutton, 
taking  them  as  a  whole.  The  gold  medal  pen  weighed 
about  220  lbs.  live  weight  each. 

Class  XXVI.  Fat  Wether  Sheep,  of  any  short- 
wooUed  breed,  1  year  old  and  under  22  months,  each 
sheep  not  exceeding  200  lbs.  live  weight.— The  first 
prize  of  10?.  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  for  a 
pen  of  three  21  months  old  Southdown  wethers,  bred  by 
his  Grace.  His  Grace  had  also  the  silver  medal  as  the 
breeder  of  the  same  pen,  There  are  eight  pens  in  this 
class  of  excellent  sheep,  so  that  his  Grace  did  not 
receive  the  prize  and  medal  without  honourable  com- 
petitors, among  whom  are  several  successful  breeders 
and  feeders. 

Class  XXVII.  Fat  Wether  Sheep  of  any  short-wooUed 
breed,  above  22  and  under  34  months  old. — The  first 
prize  of  20?.  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  for 
a  pen  of  three  33  months  old  Southdown  wethers,  bred 
by  his  Grace  ;  ditto,  silver  medal,  as  breeder  of  the 
same  pen.  Second  prize  of  10?.  to  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Walsingham,  Merton  Hall,  Norfolk,  for  a  pen  of 
three  32  months  old  pure  Southdown  wethers,  bred  by 
his  lordship  from  the  celebrated  stock  of  Mr.  Jonas 
Webb.  Eight  pens  comprise  this  class.  The  second 
pen  are  very  superior  sheep  as  well  as  the  first,  which 
weigh  from  230  to  240  lbs.  each  live  weight. 

SHORT-WOOLLED  BREEDS,  NOT  SODTHDOWNS. 

Class  XXVIII.  Fat  Wether  Sheep,  of  any  short- 
wooUed  breed,  not  being  South  Downs,  1  year  old  and 
under  22  months. — The  prize  of  10?.  to  Mr.  Wm. 
Humfrey,  of  Oak-ash  farm,  Chaddleworth,  Berks,  for  a 
pen  of  three  21  months  and  1  week  old  West-county 
down  wethers,  bred  by  himself  ;  ditto  the  silver  medal 
as  breeder.  There  are  nine  pens  in  this  class  ;  pen  264 
belonging  to  Mr.  James  Sharp,  Remenham,  Oxon, 
containing  three  improved  Hampshire  downs,  bred  by 
Mr.  John  Piggott,  of  Harrow  Farm,  Froxfield,  Berks, 
are  fine  wethers,  highly  commended  by  the  judges. 
There  are  several  other  fine  pens  besides  the  prize 
sheep.  Extra  stock,  short-woolled  sheep,  comprise  20 
sheep,  all  of  them  possessing  merit.  A  20  months  old 
pure  Southdown  sheep,  fed  and  bred  by  Lord  Walsing- 
ham from  Mr.  Jonas  Webb's  stock,  is  highly  com- 
mended by  the  judges.  There  are  also  several  other 
fine  animals  who  contested  for  the  silver  medal,  carried 
off  in  this  case  again  by  his  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Richmond's  21  months  old  Southdown  sheep,  bred  by 
his  Grace.  Such  are  the  different  classes  of  sheep 
exhibited  this  year  in  the  Bazaar.  There  are  24  pens 
of  the  pure  long-woolled  breeds,  containing  72  sheep, 
which,  added  to  the  extra  stock,  15  pens,  make  a  total 
of  39  pens  and  87  sheep.  Of  cross-bred  long-woolled 
sheep,  there  are  22  pens,  extra  fat  12,  maliing  a  total 
of  34  pens  and  78  sheep.  Of  short-woolled  breeds, 
there  are  38  pens,  besides  the  20  of  extra  stock, 
making  a  total  of  pens  58,  and  sheep  134  ;  gran4 
total,  pens  131,  sheep  299. 


iO— 1852.] 


THE      AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


797 


-ASS  XXIX.  Pigs  of  .iny  breed  .ibove  13  and  not 
edinL;  26  weeks  old.— The  first  prize  of  10/.  to  Mr. 
1  Coate,  of  Hammon,  near  Blaudford,  Dorset,  for  a 
of  three  24  weeks  and  3  days  old  improved  Dorset 
,  bred  by  himself,  and  fed  on  Barley-meal,  Rice- 
1,  whey,  and  milk  ;  ditto,  silver  medal  as  the  breeder 
he  same  ;  also  gold  medal  as  the  best  pigs  in  the 
I  ;  second  prize  of  51.  to  Sir  John  Conroy,  Bart., 
a-borfield  Hall,  Berks,  for  a  pen  of  three  17  weeks 

5  days  old  Arborlield  improved  Berkshire  pigs, 
1  by  himself,  and  fed  on  Barley-meal,  skimmed 
:,  and  Potatoes.  There  are  10  pens  in  this  classof 
ous  breeds  possessmg  high  merit.     Mr.  Co.ate's  pigs 

sin^'ularly  fine  specimens,  and  so  are  Sir  John's. 

Royal  Highness  Prmce  Albert  shows  an  e.-icellent 

of  three  Suflfolk  pigs. 

uss  XXX.    Pigs  of  any  breed  above  26  and  not 

ieding  32  weeks  old The  first  prize  of  10/.  to  Sir 

a  Coorov,  for  his  pen  of  three  32  weeks  and  2  days 
Arborfie'ld  improved  Berkshu-e  pigs,  bred  by  him- 

and  fed  on  Barley  and  Pea-meal  and  Potatoes  ; 
),  the  silver  medal,  as  breeder  of  the  same  ;  second 
e  of  5/.  to  his  Royal  Highness  Prince  Albert,  for  a 

of  three  41  weeks  and  3  days  old  Suffolk  pigs, 
I  by  his  Royal  Highness  and  fed  on  Barley-meal, 
s,  and  skimmed  milk.  In  this  class  there  are  1 1 
i  of  capital  pigs,  the  prize  pens  being  very  superior. 
LASS  XXXI.  Pigs  of  any  breed,  above  12  and  under 
nonths  old.— The  first  prize  of  10/.  to  Mr.  Samuel 
.ce,  for  his  pen  of  three  74  weeks  and  1  day  old 
ordshire  and  Essex  pigs,  bred  by  hunself  from  the 
k  of  Jlr.  Hobbs,  and  fed  on  Barley-meal  mash  and 
imed  milk  ;  ditto,  silver  Eiedal  as  breeder  of  the 
e.  Second  prize  to  Mr.  Frederick  Crockford,  of 
■row  Weald  Park,  Middlesex,  for  a  pen  of  three 
weeks  and  5  days  old  Nottmgham  pigs,  bred  by 
self  and  fed  on  grains,  toppmgs,  Swedes,  Barley- 
,1,  and  milk.     There  are  six  pens  in  this  class  of 

pios  ;  Mr.  Druce's  pen  are  singularly  so.  Extra 
k  pigs,  of  which  there  are  15  in  number,  some  of 
n  extraordinary  masses  of  living  pork,  rendering  it 
sasy  matter  to  get  the  measurmg  tape  around  any 
liem.  The  silver  medal  in  this  class  is  awarded  to 
John  Conroy,  as  the  exhibitor  of  the  best  pig.  Mr. 
les  Sadler,  of  Bentham,  Penton,  exhibited  a  huge 
of  the  Berkshu^e  breed,  114  weeks  and  2  days  old, 
isuriug  about  6  feet  in  length  and  7  feet  in  girth,  bred 
.  fed  by  himself  on  whey  and  Barley-meal.  It  is 
hly  commended  by  the  judges,  and  is  truly  an  animal 
extraordinary  weight,  attractmg  general  attention. 
;  above  measurement  was  made  by  the  attendant, 
.  although  assured  that  it  was  correct,  yet  from  the 
nting,  grumbling,  and  awful  complaining,  and  the 
ition  the  pig  was  in,  sitting  on  its  butt  like  a  dog, 
an  only  be  taken  as  a  close  approximation  to  the 
th.  In  this  department  it  will  thus  be  seen  that 
re  are  27  pens  containing  each  three  pigs,  and  15  with 
y  one  pig  in  each,  making  a  total  of  42  pens  and 
pigs  in  the  yard. 


districtfl,  not  bauisbtd  all  their  local  prejudices,  although  they  i  doors  and  caar^raeuts,  and  short  nights,  matters  are  endurable  , 
have  greatly  improved  since  they  lost  the  protecting  duty  of  but  when  chillv  autumn,  scanty  clothing,  and  deticient  fuel* 
tji.  10s.  per  ton.     By-'he-hye,  everything  on  a  farm  should  be    comuel  a  shutaog  up  for  warmth,  then  CoiTie  typhus  and  scarlet 


A    LECTURE, 

LIVERED  AT  TtlE  CHELMSFORD  LITERARY  IN"3TI. 
rUTE     BY  MR.  T.  J-  MEOHI,    OF    TIPTREfl    HALL, 
BECEMBER  1,  1852. 

in    the  present  positimi    of  Bntlsli  Agy-iculture,    as 
compared  with  our  other  IndiLSti-wX  Occupations.^' 

It  request  of  yoar  committee,  I  purpose  this  evening  to  take 
rief  an  1  g'-neral  view  of  British  Agriculture,  in  order  that 
may  see  if  ithis  progressed  with  our  other  industrial  occu- 
ions  ;  and  if  it  has  cot,  to  trace  the  causes,  and  suggest  the 
lediei  for  this  oeglect.  Seeing  that  this  county,  with  its 
lion  of  acres,  is  almost  purely  a;iricaltural,  and  that  this, 
county  town,  like  othars,  i«  almost  entirely  dependent  on 
welfare  of  agriculiare,  I  truat  the  subject  I  have  chosen 
y  be  deemed  neither  tedious  nor  inopportune, 
fo  doubt  jou  all  examined  the  contents  of  our  glorious 
tilbition  la^t  year,  and  possibly  some  of  you  may  have 
ird  or  read  the  inatructive  course  of  lecturcB,  delivered  by 
inent  men  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  on  the  various  leading 
Laches  of  our  industrial  productions  as  there  exhibited. 
ese  lectures  were  sujfgested  by  the  sagacioua  mind  of  the 
jral  Consort,  ai:d  to  them  I  may  have  occasion  to  refer,  as 
I  lat«<it  eTideDc^i  of  our  industrial  progre-sloa. 
ij  objectis  '0  "how  that  our  great  manufacturing  prosperity 
I  arlsirn  tr»m  a  diminution  of  price,  and  an  enormou.sly 
ircascd  prod'iciion  and  conaump'.ioQ  ;  and  I  shall  connider 
it  I  have  a  right  to  ceniureour  na'ionsil  agriculturt.',  If  it  hjts 
1  availedlmelfofiilmllar  advantages  to  produce  equal  resultf. 
i  most  lay  d>wa  ai  a  HOund  atlom,  that  the  greatest  pissible 
iply  of  omroris  and  OQCessiries  is  consistent  wih  the 
nott  bappl'icss  and  wlHre  of  a  people.  To  duub-  this, 
re  to  approve  the  converse  of  the  proposiifon.  This  !•* 
(Ing  place  in  our  manufac'.urea,  but  not  in  our  food;  for 
hough  a  r«c-;nt  IpginWtlvs  en.ictmcnt  has  enabled  us  to  tax 
;  W'ffld  fur  Mupplt-.K,  a  depeudence  on  our  own  ngriculturul 
loarces  w.«uid  rjo  attended  with  want  and  extreme  privation. 
id  why  U  tliift  ?  Ua%  the  land  yielded  its  mixinmm  uf 
tliitj  ?  Oh  tj'i  I  Ha*  »cienC4  and  me^hanUm  dijnu  Its 
n'/ftt?  M'>tt  certainly  not.  Who  will  dooy  tbit  the  pro- 
cUon,  or  I  may  almost  nny  the  manufacture  of  our  fo  id,  Ih 
)  primiry  n*  ce«»lly  of  our  well-being  and  well-doing  ?  Ila« 
nculturc  b-;4:n  treit«d  a4  a  ba^incso  ?  Certainly  not;  und 
r  landed  pr'tprlo'or*  have  jet  to  learn  the  fullest  develop- 
iQt  of  the  tiiidc  of  agriculturo, 

[c  astoi4«het  mo,  tliac  whilst  our  mQrcbaotB  combine  for 
srj  u-.cfu<  purffno  their  oipitil  and  their  energies,  ngrl- 
Itaral  proprie'.'ir*  are  ditunlied  and  Inert.  Ouo  would 
ppoto,  that  If  la  one  cise  gigantic  dock*  and  warehountH, 
iinaoBe  ■tKam-naviei,  and  tweniy  other  useful  a^nocta'i'mn 
•  In  actlTH  "pcratioo,  that,  at  kast,  agriculture  wjuld  exert 
rMir,  ti>  oht4tn  fr<jiri  our  town«  and  cltlcf  that  goidnn  fitru  im 
liq'iid  guirio,  t'jat  now  polluien  our  riven.  1  will  not  drug 
u  ttir'togn  ttio  dctvlU  of  our  «normouR  manufactui  ing  pro> 
Ml ;  audi  ;<)  it  to  aay,  that,  by  iiiighly  nteam,  and  all  Us  con- 
iTcut  dtfvelopmeu'iii  our  plg-iron  produce  wai ; — 
Toat.  Price. 

In  11*00  IH't.tiOO    ,.    01.  per  ton. 

In  18.1  2,500,0(*0     3f.         „ 

id  er«n  wm  It  1*  rapidly  Incrcmloz,  for  our  Iron  ma^tcrn, 
itotir  B;rlcil'.arlit4,  haro  laucb  to  learn,  and  havo,  In  Kurae 


of  iron  ;  fjr  -.u  iron  barrow  of  303.  has  worn  out  all  the  wooden 
ones  ou  my  farm,  and  it  is  now  lu  cupital  order. 

Let  u3  take  cotton,  another  great  staple  manufacture.  Last 
year  the  cODsumption  of  cotton  wool  was  76o  mUlious  of  pounds 
weight,  for  which  we  paid  IS  millions  of  bovereigns.  After 
making  it  up  into  every  conceivable  form  and  pattern,  aod 
supplying  all  our  own  people,  we  fent  as  much  abroad  as 
brought  us  home  30  millions  of  sovereigns.  Our  use  or  coa- 
oumpciim  of  cotton  last  year  was  7il0  times  greater  than  it  was 
150  years  ai;o,  and  11  times  greater  than  in  ISOO.  You  all 
know  thnt  the  price  has  d.cnased  enormously,  and  that  it  is 
now  within  the  r.ach  oi  the  million.  The  name  remark?  apply 
to  the  eilk,  woollen,  earthenware,  and  other  every-day  C'jm- 
modities.  Then  how  has  all  thi^  abandaace  and  cheapness 
been  produced  1  Not  by  an  overweening  and  inflexible  attach- 
ment to  the  waggon  and  flail— not  by  a  rejection  of  eteam. 
No  !  manufacture  discarded  its  pack-horses  for  canals,  and  its 
canals  for  railways.  The  spinmug-jeany,  the  male,  and  the 
power-loom,  impelled  by  mighty  steam,  perfected  by  the 
results  of  innumerable  and  costly  experiments,  have  blessed 
the  inhabitants  of  this  happy  kingdom  with  employment  and 
comfort.  Instead  of  displacing  labour,  it  has  eooroiously 
increased  it,  for  the  actual  workers  in  all  departments  of  tha 
cotton  manufai-ture  are  now  upwards  of  a  million  and  a 
quarter  ;  but  including  their  families,  there  are  not  fewer  than 
three  mtlUona  and  a  half,  or  one-eighth  of  the  population  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  dependent  upou  this  manufacture.  And 
what  a  pleasant  thing  it  must  be  for  us,  la  this  purely  agricul- 
tural county,  to  reflect  upon,  that  they  are  all  consumers  of 
agricultural  produce.  Surely  if  they,  by  improved  means, 
supply  us  cheaply  and  abundantly,  have  they  nota  moral  light 
to  demand  of  agriculture  similar  advantages  ? 

Our"  Manchester  School,"  as  it  has  been  called  (and  I  for 
one  consider  it  a  capital  good  school),  has  always  been  ready 
to  seize  upon  every  new  useful  improvement;  I  wish  I  could 
say  as  muuh  of  agriculture.  On  the  very  first  invention  of  gas, 
it  was  applied  as  au  economy  in  lighting  our  cotton  factories  ; 
prejudice  subserved  to  calculation  and  profit.  Imagine  to 
yourself  one  of  these  new  cotton  factories,  410  feet  long,  76  feet 
wide,  six  stories  high,  a  steam  power  of  150  horaea,  and  will 
run  150,000  spindles. 

These  manufacturers  do  not  pull  down  their  labourers' 
cottages  to  save  rates,  and  make  them  walk  two  or  three  miles 
to  their  work,  but  actually  spare  them  the  trouble  of  walkiuir 
up  stairs,  for  they  are  raised  from  floor  to  floor  by  steam ;  and 
it  is  even  calculated  ihit  if  they  were  compelled  to  walk  up  so 
many  stairs,  the  lo^s  of  time  would  absorb  much  of  the  profit. 
Large  returns  and  small  profits  is  the  creed  of  the  Manchester 
School,  and  judging  by  results,  it  has  not  been  an  unsound 
maxim.    I  commend  it  to  agriculture. 

But  has  agriculture  progressed  wiih  manufactures  ?  Let  us 
test  it  by  price.  Uofurtunately  there  is  au  absence  of  agricul- 
tural statistics,  wbicu  I  hope  to  see  some  day  remedied.  It 
iQight  easily  be  done,  if  we  had  a  G-overomeot  Board  of  Agri- 
culture as  well  as  of  Trade  ;  for  it  is  quite  as  imLortant.  But 
a  reference  to  Mr.  Caird's  admirable  book,  published  last  year, 
shows  that  since  1770,  the  price  of  butter  has  increased  XOl)  per 
cent.,  meat  about  70  to  80  per  cent.,  and  wool  m.)re  than  100 
per  cent. ;  bread  remains  about  the  Sdme  price  as  in  1770  ;  but 
it  is  evident,  by  our  importations,  that  not  near  enough  is 
produced.  Perhaps  the  most  astounding  fact  in  agriculture  just 
now  is  this,  that  we  imported  last  year  200,000  tons  of  Peruvian 
bird's  duug,  for  which  we  paid  nearly  two  millions  sterliiKj, 
and  that" a  much  larger  sum  is  expected  to  be  paid  bereafiar. 
The  sewage  of  London,  on  the  moat  motlerate  compataiion  of 
eminent  men,  is  woitti  two  millions  sterling  annually,  or  the 
exact  amount  we  paid  the  past  year  to  Peru  for  bird's  dung. 

Now  if  a  comprehensive  scheme  of  subterranean  pipeage, 
like  that  of  the  gas  or  water  of  London,  and  like  that  on  my 
farm,  were  carried  out  to  irrigate  the  country  eurrounding 
London,  and  even  supposing  the  coat  ot  it  to  be  33  millions 
sterling,  the  two  millions  now  paid  to  Peru  would  be  sis  per 
ceut.  up  u  the  investment,  but,  in  reality,  the  affair  could  be 
done  for  infinitely  less  money,  and  with  much  greater  results 
I'l  my  case  iron  pipeage  cost  250i.  per  mile  ;  but  even  if  it  cost 
loOUi.  par  mile,  your  33  millions  might  enable  you  to  lay  down 
some  20.000  miles  of  pipeage.  Of  coursa  all  these  matters  are 
easily  reduceable  to  correct  calculadou  in  detail.  My  ouly 
object  now  is  to  draw  attention  to  this  all-important  question. 

My  own  experience  of  irrigation  this  year  has  satisfied  me 
that  in  the  production  of  root  and  green  crops  I  can,  on  my 
miserable  soil,  surpass  all  efforts  on  the  very  richest 
valley  lands.  If  it  can  be  done  in  my  case  it  can  in  others, 
where  the  land  is  naturally  or  artificially  drained.  How 
delightful  to  combine  a  system  of  sanitary  cleanlioe:^3  witli  a 
vast  increase  of  the  means  of  subsisience  for  man  and  animals. 
The  facile  and  abundant  production  of  milk  of  first-rate  quality 
around  each  great  city  or  town,  would  arrest  the  rupiii 
deterioration  of  race  taking  place  in  our  crowded  toivns  by 
"  sky  blue,"  the  produce  of  wash-fed  and  closely-packed  cows. 
The  irrigation,  irrespective  of  manure,  by  the  water  used  in 
our  toivns  and  cities,  would  be  most  valuable.  Surdy  all 
classes  of  thinking  men  will  not  much  longer  neglect  thi.s 
gigantic  and  important  subject. 

The  land  is  lite  a  purse  :  you  cannot  keep  taking  out  without 
replenibh'Ug,  or  you  bring  certain  ruin.  It  seems  nationally 
ridiculous  to  go  to  Peru  for  whit  we  are  wasting  at  home.  There 
ii  not  halt  the  difiiiiulty  in  the  economising  and  application  of 
ouroewageaain  ilio  making  of  railways.  Only  create  the  will  and 
the  way  will  quickly  follow.  Thoso  who  would  interpose  the  righ's 
or  prejudices  of  ludividualfl,  munt  remember  that  for  the  public 
nood  our  iron  railways  have  pushed  themselves  rudely  through 
the  very  vitala  of  prtjudice,  and  individual  interest  and  feeliiii;. 
An  Englishman's  huuse,  valued  beyond  price  from  various 
aHsociulixnn,  is  no  longer  his  castle  ;  enormous  vested  interetitfl 
have  been  destrnyed,  and  others  created,  and  all,  it  Is  to  bo 
hoped,  for  the  public  good. 

T/ie  Labourer,  and  the  Laiv  of  Settlement.  —  Economy  in  the 
means  of  production  ia  inilioaiive  of  success.  How  stands  the 
c-a-e  with  the  great  aiirluultural  tool,  the  labourer  ? 

Our  great  maiiul'iictu  era  are  compelled  by  law  to  fake  care 
of  tne  eduoiiiion  and  morals  of  their  juvenile  operatives;  but 
independent  of  thin,  their  own  sagacity  and  humanlfy  have 
d  ctatod  in  a  great  many  a  watchful  reg.ird  tor  the  mora!  iind 
social  condition  of  their  work  people.  Tho  munufactui-tr  finds 
it  to  hia  Interest  t  >  congregate  around  him  tho  elements  of  his 
Buccesa.  llow  is  it  with  tho  ngrlculturiet  ?  I  mean  the  land- 
hr.lder,  under  tho  temptarion  olTercd  by  the  miserable  law  of 
allocation  or  aettlemuot,  Cuttngt-a  are  pulled  down,  and  ihe 
labour,  ra  removud  to  oih<;r  districts  or  towns,  us  oncunibranco!! 
or  nulaancea.  This  suicidal  policy  reverts  fearfully  on  tho 
farmer.  , ,  ,    ,     ,., 

Tho  pbyaicnl  condition  of  a  man  la  tho  moasuro  of  his  bolily 
powtr,  lllrt  labour  Itt  Hufliclent  without  the  addi'ion  of  a  tlireu 
mllo  walk  morning  and  opening.  It  ia  a  perpututslng  of  igno- 
ruHCO  and  vlc«.  Tho  tlino  thua  wanted  might  be  employed  in 
acijulrlng  learning  and  hnuhitfonco.  If  there  wore  Hchoola  or 
opliortuuttiua  for  doing  ho,  wtiicli  there  arc  not. 

One  In  atruck  with  the  fact  that  our  towna  and  cilloa  aro  now 
abounding  with  food  for  mind,  and  cltianlinoHS  for  body,  by 
literary  hoclotioii,  mcohanlcw'  lai'liuef,  and  hatha  and  wa^h- 
hou«e«,  whlUt  tho  mnjorlty  of  our  aurlcultural  labouivirH  arc 
uiiBOuptid  and  unttughi.  fiviiry  modicil  mou  Itnowi,  too  well, 
that  our  wretched  agrlculrural  hovo'a,  untroughi-d  and 
undraluo't,  foaf«r  crime  and  bvu-A  dl-oaxn.  I  could  (unot  nm 
num-'foU'*  cttiicB  In  my  own  mdghbourhood,  whore  thu  a  c*'d,  tim 
ndult,  jnl  th.i  j«mtlilul  of  b  .-h  tuxc  urw  hu.idled  togutlier  In 
Indecf-nt  proploqul'y,  In  a  alngio  (ilo'tp'ngroom,  not  mnoh 
butter  than  a  pig-»tjo;  lo  long  ai  fiurainor  lu^ts,  wltU  open 


fever,  and  all  tho  malignant  consequences  of  a  polluted  and 
putreacent  atmosphere.  Thence  eusu«  long  sufferiogs,  heavy 
parish  charges  for  burlala,  and  other  relief— a  deteriorated 
peasantry,  and  a  national  loss.  It  is  a  bitter  but  truthfal 
sarcasm  on  agriculture,  that  while  a  cotton  manufaciurtr 
carries  his  numerous  work-people  from  floor  to  floor  by  steam, 
the  agricultural  labourer  may  live  anywnere,  and  come  any' 
distance,  but  the  cart  or  plough-hirse  is  carefully  provided  for 
in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  his  intended  labour. 

I  think  I  see  the  time  ia  coming,  when  the  condition  and 
sufficiency  of  cottages  on  an  estate,  and  the  general  appear- 
ance of  ita  farmeries,  will  be  taken  as  a  measure  of  the 
iut'-Uik'ence  and  humanity  of  ita  owner.  The  sooner  oar 
legislature  extends  the  law  of  aettlement,  and  removes  the 
premium  for  destroying  cottages,  the  better  for  the  cou  itry  at 
large.  There  is  au  inherent  souse  of  decency  amongst  the 
labourers  themselves,  which  often  finds  vent  in  truthful  but 
severe  commeuta  ou  these  evils.  The  enormous  rents  produced 
by  this  Bystem  of  allowing  the  population  to  outgrow  their 
tenements  are  surprising.  I  know  scores  of  cottages  that  are 
not  act^ually  worm  a  20i.  note,  rented  at  3i.  to  il.  per  annum. 
Their  crazy  and  tottering  forms  indicate  their  a.ie  and  frailtj, 
aud  occasionally  they  lean  on  some  comiion  outward  prop,  to 
prevent  iboir  falling.  Thus  is  the  housing  of  our  beat  agricul- 
tural tools,  our  peasantry,  left  to  the  itinerant  speculator,  who 
koowi  the  labourers*  eeciae  of  decency  aud  coinfort  mast 
succumb  to  the  necessity  for  shelter.  Our  law  of  settlement 
perpetuates  pr- judices,  and  prevents  the  knowlerige  and  intro- 
duction of  d  ff  jrent  or  improved  modes  of  culture.  Bach 
isolated  district  thus  plumes  itself  oa  the  perfection  of  its 
practice,  or  happy  ignorance  of  what  ia  go'ng  on  elsewhere. 

If  early  travel  enlarges  the  mind  and  improvea  the  taste  of 
our  aristocracy,  does  not  the  principle  hold  good  foronr  demo- 
cracy t  Many  of  our  labourers,  and  farmers  too,  never  went 
beyond  the  precincts  ot  their  parish,  or  adjoining  markets, 
and  have  most  vague  and  odd  ideas  of  what  is  going  on  in  the 
world  ;  but  railways  and  newapapera  are  working  a  change,  and 
our  Great  Exhibition  of  last  year  did  wonders  in  drawing  our 
rural  populatioa  from  their  seclusion.  Our  railways  will  do 
well  to  consider  the  result  of  a  penny-postage,  aud  cheapen  and 
multiply  their  excuraion  trains.  But  there  are  causes  of 
injury  to  all,  arising  from  a  vicious,  erroneous,  antiquated 
adherence  to  original  customs.  It  is  iuipossible  to  avoid  being 
struck,  whilst  scanning  the  mips  and  plans  of  various  farms, 
witn  the  monstrous  bad  arrangement  of  the  estates.  A  farm 
of  GiO  acres  (or  aquare  mile)  should  be  reachable  at  half  a 
mile  every  way  from  the  centre,  Oa  the  four-course 
shift,  an  intersection  of  four  tram  roads,  railroads,  or 
common  roads,  would  render  the  removal  of  crops  and 
tranamisaion  of  manure  cheap  and  facile;  but  the  whole 
syatem  now  is  abominable,  and  unbusine'iS'like,  and  so  it  will. 
remain,  until  our  landed  proprietors  urge  upon  our  Legislature 
the  necessity  of  applying  the  ordinary  business  principles  of 
register,  and  immediate  transfer.  Queer  shaped  fields  of  every 
ungdin  torm,  green  and  muddy  lanes,  bad  roads,  high  fences, 
and  deep  ditches  absorb  the  farmer's  profit  in  20  difl'erent 
wayd.  I  declare  that  this  very  September  I  have  scrambled 
over  huge  banks,  embroiled  with  immense  "lawyer-,"  as  the 
natives  call  thern.  although  they  are  really  sharp  aud  entangling 
briars  and  brambles.  Having  surmounted  this  cAeudHKrffl /ritfre, 
I  sink  in  up  to  my  chin  into  a  dry  ditch.  This  is  no  uxa.^gera- 
tiou,  but  an  ordinary  real  matter  of  fact.  I  cannot  help  ex- 
claiming on  such  occasions,  "  What  on  earth  can  these  be 
wanted  for,  when  a  direct  pipe  would  convey  all  the  water 
from  so  small  an  area  !  "  It  ia  the  same  in  agriculture  as  in 
our  great  cities  ;  there  has  been  no  caiculatiou  of  rain  fall,  and 
veloci'.y  of  transit;  a  well  glazed  pipe  of  a  foot  diameter, 
would  convey  more  water  than  a  5  feet  crooked  ditch,  the 
1  itter  encumbered  with  all  sorts  of  obstructions,  washing  into 
holes,  beadH,  and  eddies.  The  minute^  of  evidence  collected 
by  our  excellent  Board  of  Health  in  London,  hace  exposed 
equally  grosa  mismanagement  in  our  sewers,  which  ineffective 
t  5  feet  diameter,  become  efficient  at  5  inches  ;  velocity  of 
urreut  preveutmg  that  sedimentary  deposit,  which  will  accu- 
mulate from  a  slow  dribbling  stream. 

1  remember  full  well,  and  so  must  every  other  landholder, 
that  when  it  became  necessary  to  commute  the  tithe  into  a 
rent  cUarge,  the  whole  kingdom  was  at  once  surveyed, 
measured,  and  mapped,  and  the  landowners  were  compelled 
to  diaburoe  as  much  as  is.  per  acre  for  the  expense.  Well,  then, 
here  is  a  precedent  with  a  vengeance  ;  I  cannot,  for  the  life  of 
me,  see  why  1  should  not  be  able  to  exchange  my  land,  or  sell 
it,  as  readily  aa  1  could  any  other  property  I  posbesa.  Remem- 
ber that  the  interposition  of  a  difdculty  of  exchange,  or  transfer, 
diminishes  seriously  the  value  of  landed  property  i?-Ttlfb56-'- 
diately  saleable  and  transferable,  it  would  bB  "preferred  as  a 
security  to  exchequer  bills  or  consols,  and  money  might  be 
I  aued  upon  it  at  least  1  per  cent,  cheaper  than  at  present.  I 
Ciiunot  conceive  why  the  same  dependence  on  personal  respon- 
sibility ahouLl  not  exist  in  land  as  in  consols,  provided  a  proper 
i>ui>Uc  oflice  for  the  registration  of  sales  or  interchanges  were 
established.    I  beheve  this  is  done  In  Scotland. 


(To  be  continued.) 


Notices   to  Correspondents* 

Gas  Lime  :  J  P  Tracey.  After  being  used  for  cleaning  gas,  limo 
is  found  to  bttVQ  abeorbed  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  It  is  then 
poisonous  to  vegetation,  but  by  long  exposure  to  air  it  further 
abjorbi  oxygen,  which  converts  the  hydro-autphuret  of  lime 
into  sulphate  of  lime  or  gypsum.  You  should  mix  it  up  in 
compost  with  leaves  and  vegetable  rubbish  of  any  sort,  and 
turn  it  over  now  and  than,  and  after  aome  months  you  may 
Biiread  ic,  2  tons  per  acre,  broadcast,  over  the  land,  and 
plough  it  in.  It  will  bo  equivalent  to  a  dressing  of  lime  and 
gypsum. 

GiiEEN  CQ0P3  ;  A  B.  If  you  plough  your  land  and  transplant 
early  Cabbages  In  February,  you  will  have  the  use  of  your- 
land  iigam  towards  the  end  of  Juno.  Peas  wilt  correct  the 
I«x,(,tivo  tft'dct  of  Lineeed. 

LiMt; :  'i'  D.  It  ia  beat  to  mix  it  in  compost  with  loam  and  not 
allow  it  to  got  wet  and  watery,  and,  after  a  few  weeks,  to 
turn  it  over  and  spread  tho  mixed  compost  over  ilie  land. 
The  common  way  is  to  lay  the  limo  sheila  on  tho  land  in  little 
heaps,  cover  up  with  earth  for  a  week  or  so,  and  then  spread 
bfforo  the  plough. 

Mangold  WtiaaEL.  II  C  asks  what  is  the  worth  of  a  ton  of 
Mango  d  Wurzol,  to  bo  given  raw  with  hay,  ad  l\h.,  to  milk- 
ing cowH,  und  in  what  dally  quunti-y.  [We  would  give  about 
three  quarters  of  a  hundred  weight  daily,  and  believe  them 
to  bo  worth  13.  'id.  a  ton.] 

PoLLAao:  y  uses  this  word  to  signify  tho  miller's  refuae  or 
oll'til.  Bran,  aholls,  Jic,  tho  material  Irte-ciibo  at  page  721, 
aa  liuvlng  the  propertloa  of  straw,  la  preciflely  what  II.  IJ'Arcy 
muiitloiiH  ;  thu  ahells  of  Oats,  which,  steeped  in  water  and 
blundod  with  a  little  Bcun-meal,  are  much  moro  relished  by 
iiiy  feeding  atock.    Y. 

t'oLvi'ua:  Caatcfhiirtj.  U  Is  ImpOBsiblo  to  give  an  opinion  on 
.such  a  cane  without  inapeclion.  If  thu  tumour  IS  within 
roach  It  should  bo  removed  by  uu  operation.    \V  <J  S. 

PoULTiiV  :  iHon.  You  muat  aoparato  your  fowls  at  least  six 
wetiliH  hid'orc  you  begin  to  not  tho  eggH ;  if  you  can,  oon- 
vuuluntly,  two  months  will  be  hotter.  I  know  uf  no  Improved 
J)jrkiiiK«  ;  I  know  Lord  Laudortlalo  haa  aa  good  a«  can  be, 
and  troin  description  I  nliould  think  you  have  tho  same, 
Uptiulah  uuokH  show  tho  whltu  fiicos  nc  auvun  month-i  old,  tho 
pullets  are  much  later;  but  although  their  faces  uru  iiotwblce 


798 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Dec.  11, 


there  is  always  a  bluish  tint  under  the  red  skin,  indicating 
the  breed,  and  giving  the  assurance  they  will  be  white  when 
older.  I  have  never  found  Shan|,'h3i  fowls  attempt  to  perch 
high,  when  there  wero  low  roosts  for  them.  I  do  not  iliink 
atraw  neceesary  ;  I  make  no  doubt  your  perches  lead  from 
one  to  the  other,  forming  an  easy  ascent ;  if  you  remrive  the 
intermediate  ones  I  do  not  think  your  birds  will  fly  up,  aa  it 
is  quite  against  their  na'ure  to  do  so.  I  would  add,  I  do  not 
think  high  perches  ncce?sary  for  &ny  fow\s  —C  It  S.  Tour 
question  is  hardly  fair,  but  as  you  wish  an  answer,  I  will 
give  one.  I  do  believe  you  may  learn  more  by  viaitinj?  n  poultry 
show  than  by  reading  a  book  on  tho  suljeot.  I  strongly 
advise  you  to  visit  the  Birmingham  Exhibition,  and  study 
hard.  I  would  recommend  every  one  who  is  interested  in  the 
poultry  question  to  attend  it,  as,  from  the  nomber  of  pens,  it 
ia  the  only  place  where  accurate  comparisons  can  be  formed, 
and  the  finer  points  of  the  different  breeds  be  defected  and 
admired.— J  G,  Yarmovth.  I  should  ihink,  from  the  descrip- 
tion you  give  of  your  fnwls  thty  are  thoroughly  diseased,  and 
I  should  recommend  you  to  kill  them.  Such  a  disease  would 
come  in  the  first  place  from  poison,  or  from  drinking  putrid 
■water.  It  has  now,  I  fear,  gone  too  long  for  cure,  but  you  can 
try  for  each  bird  two  table  spoonsful  of  cod  liver  oil  per  day. 
I  have  known  wonderful  cures  performed  by  it.  I  would  then 
feed  on  bread  steeped  in  strong  ale.  As  arulel  would  always 
kill  a  diseased  fowl,  if  I  did  not  succeed  in  bringing  about 
convalescence  in  a  month. -22  K  A  pencilled  Hamburgh 
fowl  should  not  have  a  single  comb,  and  the  rule  is  impi:r;i- 
tive,  quite  as  much  so  as  the  single  comb  is  in  Spanish  fowls, 
or  the  double  in  Sebright  bantams,  I  consider  either  comb 
admissible  in  Dorkings.  J.  Baily,  113,  Mount- sf feet. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia  :  B  E.  Saturate  gas-wator  with  oil  oF 
Titriol,  and  evaporate.  That  we  believe  to  be  the  mode  of 
its  manufacture  in  gas-worke. 

Tbeeshinq  Machines  :  Greenhorn,  iressrs.  Hornsby,  of  Gran- 
tham, Lincolnshire,— Garrett,  of  SaxmUndham,  Suffolk. — 
Ferrabee,  of  Stroud,  Gloucestershire,— Barrett,  of  Reading, 
Berkshire, — Hensman,  of  Woburn,  Bedfordshire, — and  many 
Others,  supply  good  portable  threshing  machines.  Four- 
toorae  power  is  the  common  measure  of  power  required. 


COTENT  GARDEN,  Dec.  11. 
The  excessive  wet  weather  having  somewhat  abated,  trade 
begins  to  get  brisker.  Vegetables  and  Fruit  continue  pretty 
plentiful.  Foreign  Grapes  fetch  from  Is.  6d.  to  28.  6d.  per  lb. 
Pears  and  Apples  are  sufficient  for  the  demand.  The  former 
consist  of  Glout  Morceau,  Winter  Nelis,  Chaumontel,  and 
Crassane.  A  few  Tomatoes  may  still  be  obtained.  Cobs 
and  other  Nuts  are  realising  fair  prices.  Potatoes  have  not 
altered  in  value  since  our  last  report.  Mushrooms  are 
acarcer.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths,  Primulas,  Roaes, 
Mignoaette,  Bigaonia  veausta,  and  Chrysanthemums. 
FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  3b  to 
Grapes, hothouse,do,,  486dto6s 
Pomegranates,  each,  23  to  Is 
Applea,deBsert,p.  bus^i,  63  tolOs 

—  kitchen,  do.,  59  to  8g 
Pears,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  4s 

—  per  half  sieve,  Ss  to  7$ 
Melons,  each,  28  to  5d 
Lemons,  per  doz.,  la  to  2s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  fid  to  Is 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  to  23 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz,,  Is  to 

2a  6d 
Greens,  per  doz,,  la  to  29 
French  Beans,  per  100,  3s 
Tomatoes,  per  hf.  sieve,  4b  to  5a 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  853  to  110s 

—  per  cwt.,  59  to  9a 

—  per  bush.,  23  6d  to  4s  6d 
Turnips,  per  doz. ,  1  s  to  Is  9d 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  la  8d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  2s  6d  to  4s 
Spinach,  per  eieve,  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spani8b,p.doz.,ls3dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  I3  to  Is  6d 

^I^e^Jtg,  par  bunch.  Id  to  2d 


VEGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  doz,,  Is  to  23 

—  per  100,  63  to  IO3 
Almonda,  per  peck,  5a 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2a  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  2O3 

—  Brazil,  do.,  12s  to  14s 

—  Cubs,  moa 

—  Spanish,  do.,  I63  to  ISs 
Chestnuts,  p.  bush.,  83,  to  2O3 


Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Garlic,  per  lb,,  Gd  to  8d 
Lettuce, Cab.,  per  score  4d  to  Gd 

—  Cob,  p.  score,  9d  to  la 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  I3 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  Gd 
Endive  per  score,  la  to  Is  Gd 
Small  Salads,  p. pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundIe,l8to3fl 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott.,  9d  to  Is  3d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  63 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  2s  to  3s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  green,  p.  bunoh,3d 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
Watercre88e3,p.  12buo,4d  to  6d 


itOPS.— BoBODGH  Maeket,  Dec.  10. 
Wesars.  Pattendenand  Smith,  Hop  Facfors,  report  that  the 
demand  for  Hops  continues  good,  with  a  gradual  advance  in 
price,  the  supply  on  ofifer  ia  very  limited  for  this  season  of 
the  year. 

WOOL. 

Beadfosd,  Thubhdat,  Dec.  9.— There  is  a  good  supply  at 
present  in  the  market,  but  staplers  hold  for  higher  prices  than 
the  spinners  are  prepared  or  willing  to  give. 

HAY.— Per  Load  of  36  TruBseB. 

SUITHFIELD,    Dec.  9. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  75s  to  80s  Clover        ... 

Inferior  do.  ...  63         70  Second  cut 

Rowen         45        55  Straw 

New  Hay    —        — 

COMBEBL&ND  MABEET,  DeC.  9. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  788  to  86a 

Inferior  do. 66        72 

New  Hay 
Old  Clover  . 


...  90        96 
Whitechapel,  Dec.  9. 


Inferior  Clover 
New  do. 
Straw 


..  803  to  100s 
..  65  85 

..  25  30 

,  J.  Davis, 

...  70a  to  84a 


28        32 

Josbda  Baeeb. 


FineoldHay         ...  72Bto80B  Old  Clover OOstolOO 

Inferior  do.  ...  SO        65  Inferior  do.  ...  55  75a 

Kew  Hay     —        —  New  Clover  ,.,  —  — 

Straw  22        28  Inferior  do.  ...  —  — 

SMITHFIELD.— Monday,  Dec.  6. 
The  number  of  Beaata  ia  smaller,  and  the  average  quality 
QOt  very  saleable.  Choicest  deacriptiona  are  disposed  of,  with 
only  few  exceptions,  at  last  Monday's  rates  ;  but  big  Short- 
horns are  not  sold  quite  so  well.  We  have  a  fair  supply  of 
Sheep  for  the  time  of  year ;  in  consequence  of  the  mild  weather 
and  the  state  of  the  dead  markets  trade  is  very  slow  at  barely 
last  Monday's  quotations.  Good  Calvea  are  cheerfully  disposed 
of  at  fully  late  rates.  The  foreign  supply  conaists  of  622 
BeastB,  3G90  Sheep,  and  207  Calvea  ;  from  Scotland,  450  Beasts, 


Per  Bt,  of  81bB, 
Best  Scota,  Here- 

fordB,  &c.  ...  8 
Beat  Short.horns  3 
2d  quality  Beaate  2 
Best  Downs  and 

HaU-breda  ...  4 
Do.  Shorn   Q 


3  to  4 
4—3 


Per  St.  of  8lbb.— B 
Best  Long-wools .  4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  0 

Ewes  &  2d  quality  3 

Do.  Shorn  0 

Lambs     0 

Calvea     3 

PigB         3 


d 

0  to4 
0-0 
2  —  3 
0  —  0 
0  —  0 
4—4 
0—4 


BeastB,  4899  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  28,640  ;  Calves,  247;  Pigs,  250. 
FEiDAT,  Dec.  3. 
Vi  e  are  very  moderately  supplied  with  Beasts  ;  consequently, 
although  the  trade  is  very  bad  at  the  dead  markets,  choicest 
qualmeo  meet  with  a  tolerably  brisk  sale,  at  late  rates.  Sheep 
are  rather  more  plentiful ;  trade  is  exceedingly  slow,  but  there 
!6  not  much  variation  from  Mondaj's  qaotacioas.  Good 
Calves  are  not  muoli  lower  ;  but  there  is  a  considerable  reduc. 


tion  in  middlini;  sorts.  From^Germany  and  Holland  there 
are  93  Beasts,  460  Sheep,  and  213  Calves ;  from  Scotland, 
130  Beasts  1  from  IVorfolk  and  Suffolk,  60;  500  from  tho 
northern  and  midland,  and  11-3  Milch  Cows  from  the  home 
counties. 


Per  St.  of  81b8.— s 

d       B    d 

Per  St.  of  8Ibs.— B    d      b 

d 

Best  Scots,  Eere- 

Best  Lone-wools  .  8  10  to  4 

2 

fords,  ire.       ...  8 

8  to  4    0 

Do.  Shorn 

Beat  Short-horns  3 

4  —  3    S 

Ewes<fc  2d  quality  3    0  —  3 

e 

2d  quality  Beasts  2 

8  —  3    2 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0    0  —  0 

0 

Best  Downs  and 

Lambs     0    0  —  0 

II 

Half.breds  "...  4 

4-4    6 

Calvea      S    0—4 

0 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0     0 

Pies          3    0—4 

0 

Beasts,  1034;  Sheep 

ind  Lambs 

,  8,230;  Calves,  313  ;  Pigs,  21C 

. 

POTATOES.— Sodthwaee,  Dec.  6. 
The  committee  report  that  during  the  past  week  the  market 
has  only  been  moderately  supplied,  notwithstanding  which 
we  cannot  quO'e  any  alteration  in  prices,  except  for  very  prime 
samples,  which  are  still  scarce.  The  following  are  this  daj's 
quotations  :— Yorkshire  Regents,  l30i=.  to  130s.  ;  Lincolnshire 
do.,  753.  tollOs. ;  Scotch  do.,  SOs.  to  100a.;  Scotch  Reds,  753. 
to  85s.;  French  whites,  8O3.  to  95d. ;  Dutch,  55s.  to  6O3. 


Red  , 
Ked  , 


MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Dec.  6.— '.The  little  English  Wheat  from  Essex 
or  Kent  at  market  this  morning  was  taken  freely  at  an  advance 
of  23.  per  qr.  upon  the  prices  of  this  day  se'Dnight.  Foreign 
was  held  for  a  similar  impi'0vt;ment,  and  obtained  upon 
the  business  transacttid.  Toere  appeared  to  be  an  increased 
disposition  to  speculate,  and  several  parcals  were  taken  for 
this  purpo3e.  For  FJour  there  has  been  a  good  demand  at  an 
advance  of  Is.  to  2a.  per  sack  and  barrel. — Malting  Barley, 
with  the  exception  of  the  finest  qualities,  which  are  unaltered 
in  value,  is  Is.  per  qr.  lower.  Grinding  and  distilling  remain 
as  last  quoted.— Beans  and  Peas  are  unaltered  in  value.— Oats 
sell  slowly  at  late  rates. 

p£E  Impehial  Qdah-tee. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  <b  Suffolk. ..White  40—54 

—  —    fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  45—56 

—  —    Talavera  54—58 

—  Norfolk 42—50 

—  Foreign 36 — 56 

Barley,grind.&  distil. ,25a  to  283. ..Chev.  26-34 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  26—30 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 17—20 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  22 — 24 

—  Irish : Potato  20—22 

—  Foreign   Poland  ansl  Brew  18 — 21 

Rye     29-32 

Rye-meal,  foreign , 1     — 

Beans,  Mazagan Sis  to  333 Tick  33— 35 

—  Pigeon  34s  —  37s...Winds.!39-41 

—  Foreign SmaH:32— 37 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers '38 — 41 

—  Maple 32a  to  353 Orey  30—33 

Maize     White,     — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  37 — 43 

—  Suflfolk ditto|25— 32 

—  Foreign per  barrelr23— 27 


Red  , 


Malting 
Malting 


Feed 

Feed 

Feed 

Foreign 


Harrow  . 
Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign  . 
fellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


35—46 
42—50 


33-85 
-34 
32—34 
40-42 
32—42 


26—3 
34—3 


aebivalb  in  the  Poet  op  London  last  Week. 


Flourl3984  8l{s 
—     9687  brl; 

English  

Irish    

Foreign  


Qrs. 
3282 


17511 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
49&8 


2977 


Qrs. 

3314 

50 


Oats. 


Qrs. 

25 

8536 

2706 


Qrs. 
1149 


2160 


Qrs. 
626 


580 


FaiDAT. — The  arrivals  of  Grain,  either  English  or  foreign, 
this  week  have  been  small.  To-day's  market  was  fnirly 
attended,  and  business  to  some  extent  transacted  at  an  im- 
provement of  23.  per  qr.  upon  tho  prices  of  Monday  last, 
but  holders  generally  insisted  upon  a  greater  advance,  which 
restricted  business.  Flour  ia  la.  per  barrel  higher. — Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peas  are  unaltered  in  value.  The  Oat  trade  is 
firm,  and  some  quantity  has  been  taken  in  some  instances  at 
an  advance  of  6d.  psr  qr.  FloaUng  cargoes  of  Wheat  from  the 
south  are  held  for  a  considerable  advance,  and  45s,  has  been 
paid  for  Polish  Odessa,  478.  for  Ghirka,  and  48s.  for  Berdi- 
nasky,  all  cost,  freight,  and  insurance.  Since  the  3d  instant 
mild  and  wet  weather  with  south-westerly  winds  have  been 
general.  Excitement  has  characterised  the  Wheat  markets  of 
the  kingdom  throughout  the  week,  resulting  to  a  great  extent 
in  speculative  purchases  at  an  advance  of  2s.,  and,  in  many 
instances,  of  3a.  to  4s,  per  qr.  since  this  day  se'nnight 
Aeeivals  this  Week. 


English  ... 

Irish    

Foreign  ... 


Wheat. 


Qrs. 
1330 


Barley. 


Qrs. 
2470 


Oats. 


Qra. 
950 


Flour, 


2280  Backs 
2200  brls 


Impeetal  Atebaqes. 


Oct.   30 

Nov.    6 

—  13 

—  20 

—  27 

Dec.    4 

Aggreg.   Aver. 


Wheat.  Baeley.  OAia.    Rte.    Beanb.    Peas, 


5.  d. 

39  2 

39  5 

39  11 

40  0 

40  5 

41  2 


40     0 


26  0 
24  10 
■11    a 

29  9 
>7     1 

30  11 


37     9 


Dutiea  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 

FLDCTOATIONa  IN  THE  LAST   SiZ    WEEKa'   AVEEAGES. 


Peicee.    Oct.  30.   Nov.  6   Not,  13.  Nov.  20,  Nov.  27    Dec.  4. 


4 Is  2d 
40  5 
40  0 
39  11 
39  6 
39     2  — 


riJ 


Sales  ftg  auction^ 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  NURSERYMEN.  AND  OTHERS- 
lyiESSRS.  PKOTIIEROE  and  MORRIS   will   sell 

J-''"-  by  Auction,  at  tho  Mart,  Bartholomew-lane,  on  THURS- 
DAY, December  l^:,  at  12  o'clock,  200  choice  double 
CamelliaB,  from  Ghent,  18  inches  10  3  feet ;  200  Indian  and 
Ghent  Aziileas,  IS  inches  to  4  feet,  the  whole  well  set  with 
bloom-buds  ;  aUo  Ornamental  Tre;B  and  American  plants- 
Standard  and  Dwa.f  R  .aes,  Dutch  Bulb^.  &c.-0n  view 
morning  of  sale.  Cataloijues  had  at  the  Mart ;  and  of  the 
Auctioneeis,  American  Nursery,  Lejtonstooe,  Essex. 

CAMELLIAS,  RHODODENDRONS,  AZALEAS,  ETC. 

Feom  Me.  Joseph  Baomann,  of  Ghent. 

THE  LAST  SALE  FOR  THIS  SEASON. 

]\/rR.    J.  a    STEVENS   begs   to   annouuce  that  on! 

XtX  TUESDAY  next,  D^c  14,  he  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his  ' 
Great  Room,  33,Kini,'-street,  Covent  Garden,  at  12  fori  o'clock,  a  ' 
consignment  of  CAMELLIAS  (well  est  wi  h  biuom).  Azaleas, 
Rhododendrons,  Deuizia  gracilis,  aid  variou?  o'htr  plants, 
from  the  Nursery  of  Mr.  J-jsepb  Baumann,  of  Ghent,  the  whole 
of  which  will  be  sold  without  any  reservation,  and  will  be  the 
la^t  offered  this  season.  On  view  the  day  prior  and  morning 
of  sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

C:OCHIN     CHINA    FOWLS. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
Great  Room,  38,  Kin^-street,  Covent-garden,  on 
TUESDAY,  December  21,  at  11  for  12  preciBely,  a  first-rate 
selection  of  BIRDS,  bred  from  ,  the  celebrated  strsiins  of 
Andrews,  Steggall,  S.uri:eon,  and  Moody,  many  of  which  are  ' 
pure  buff,  and  got  by  cocks  of  Andrews'  strain;  they  are  par- 
ticularly  deserving  the  attention  of  amateurs. — Catalogues  will 
be  forwarded  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  directed  envelope,  en- 
closed to  Mr.  J.  C.  STfcVE;JS,  38,  Kiug-3treet,  Covent-garden. 


COCHIN      CHINA      FOWLS. 

Important   Sale. 

entirely  from  the  stock  of  mr.  puncharpj 

Of  Blunt's  Hall,  HAVEaniLL,  SdffoLK. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  respectfully  begs  leave  tol 
announce  that  he  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his  Great- 
Room,  33,  King-street,  Covent-garden,  on  TUE-^D.AY,4lh  Jan., 
next,  upwards  of  200  First  Class  C  SICKENS,  all  bred  from  Mr, 
Punchard's  best  Hens,  many  of  them  by  Cocbs  imported  by 
him  in  1351,  and  of  light  colours.  As  all  the  birda  included  ia 
thia  Sale  are  of  great  merit,  Mr.  J.  C.  S.  has  much  confidence  in 
recommending  them  to  the  especial  attention  of  Poultry 
Fanciers,  and  he  will  be  happy  to  forward  Catalogues  oa 
receipt  of  a  stamped  directed  envelope. 


NURSERY    BUSINESS, 

IN 

THE  NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF  CLIFTON,  NEAR  BRISTOL. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  with  immediate  possession, 
the  above  excellent  NURStlRY.  It  consists  ot  about  Five 
Acres  of  Land  well  stocked,  and  in  first-rate  cultivation,  will 
Greenhcuses,  &c.  There  is  a  capital  Dwelling-house,  Stable 
and  other  Offices  attached,  and  the  whole  is  held  on  Lease,  tf 
a  low  rental,  of  which  about  12  years  are  unexpired.  As  thi 
stock  is  in  course  rf  sale,  a  very  small  capital  will  auffice  foi 
the  purchase.  The  prwsent  proprietor  declines  the  business 
from  ill  health.  It  will  be  at  the  option  of  tbe  purchaser  to 
take  the  orders  already  supplied.  This  is  an  opportunitj 
seldom  to  be  met  with  for  any  person  wishing  to  enter  into 
businesi  as  a  Nurserjman  and  Florist, 

For  terms  and  all  further  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  J.  G. 
HoBBS,  Solicitor,  Broad-atreet,  Bristol. 


TO  BE  LET,  near  Forest  HUl  Station,  TWO 
ACRES  OF  LAND,  suitable  for  a  Market  Garden.  The 
soil  is  a  good  strong  loam,  and  has  been  trenched  twice  two 
spades  deep.  Also  Two  Acres  ot  Meadow  Land,  adjoining, 
with  a  good  supply  of  water. — To  view,  apply  to  William  Bye, 
Catford  Hill,  Lewiaham  ;  and  the  terms  may  be  known  by 
writing  {post  paid)  to  Joseph  Skileeck,  Esq.,  Upptr  Thames, 
street,  London. 


EDMONTO  N. 

TO  BE  LET,  by  Mr.  Whybro,  a  MARKET 
GARDEN,  NURSIiRY,  and  ORCUaRD,  consisting  of  a 
detached  family  House,  containing  eight  rooms.  Out  Offices, 
Stable,  Chaise  Hou=e,  and  large  Shed,  with  about  Six  Acres  of 
productive  ground.  It  is  parted  with  in  consequence  of  a  death. 
May  be  seen  on  application  to  Mr.  HoMPHEErs,  Lower 
Edmonton;  or  Mr.  Whybro,  Farming  Yaiuer,  Tottenham 
Green,  London, 


TO  BE  LET,  on  a  Repairing  Lease,  or  on  such 
guaranteed  annual  outlay  on  the  existing  buildings  as 
shall  be  agreed  upon,  MOIGNE'S  COURT,  2  miles  irom 
Chepstow,  inhabited  by  Bishop  Godwin  in  tbe  17th  century, 
suited  to  a  private  family  of  domestic  habits,  the  rooms  being 
many  but  not  large ;  with  or  without  17,  28,  41,  or  61  Acres  of 
very  prime  Orchard  and  Meadow  Land. 

Address  E.  T.  W.,  Post-office,  Guildford. 

0  BE  LET,  on  Lease  for  1-2  years,  from  Lady-day 
or  Michaelmas  next,  a  LIGHT-LaND  FARM  in  Norfolk, 
free  of  Great  Tithes,  at  a  rent  of  200i.  a  year.  It  is  situate 
within  6  miles  of  Thotford  and  Brandon,  and  contains  413 
Acres,  out  of  which  SO  are  Stieepwalk,  4;c.,  and  333  Arable,  ■ 
the  greater  part  recently  cbsjed  and  capable  of  muchftirther 
improvement.  The  House  is  new  and  excellent,  and  the 
Buildings  good,  and  for  the  most  part  newly  built.  There  are 
also  Two  Labourers'  Cottages  let  with  the  Farm,  and  included 
in  the  rent. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  Messrs.  Chapman,  Land 
Agents,  23,  New-street,  Spring  Gardens.  London. 


LiVEEPOOL,  Tdesdat,  Dec,  7. —  The    arrivals  from  Ireland 
and  coaatwise  during  the  past  week  have  been  very  large  of 
Oatmeal,   but  small  of  other  articles.    At  this  day's  market  , 
there  was  a  good   attendance  of  town    and  country   buyers,  , 
who  at  first  were  unwilling  to  follow  up  any  advance,  but  1 
ultimately  a  fair  amount  of  business  waa  done  in  Wheat  and 
Flour,  at  an  advance  of  3d.  to  4d.  per  70  lbs.,  and  23.  6d.  to  Ss. 
per  sack  and  barrel.    Oats  and   Oatmeal   n-ere  in  moderate 
request,    at  Id.  per  45  lbs.   and  Is.   per  load  more  money. 
Barley,  Beans,   and   Peas   were  saleable  in  retail,  at  rather 
higher  prices.     Indian  Corn  in  store  was  in  demand,  and  may 

be  quoted  Ig.  to  2fl.  per  qr.  dearer. Feidat,  Dec.  3. — This 

morning's  market  waa  tolerably  well  attended  ;  an  advance  of 
Id.  to  2d.  was  realised  for  all  descriptions  of  Wheat,  but  the 
millers  did  not  purchase  freely.  We  experience  again  to-day 
an  excited  inquiry  fur  Flour,  tor  which  many  holders  require, 
extravagant  rates,  which  checks  a  further  large  extent  of 
business  ;  still  a  good  deal  nas  been  done  at  Is.  to  la.  fid.  per 
barrel.  Barley,  Malt,  Beans,  and  Peas  are  ateady,  but  wich- 
out  any  pardcular  activity.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  on  the  spot 
fully  support  our  late  prices.  Indian  Corn  is  more  steady  in 
value  ;  floating  cargoes  are  more  in  request. 


BURGLARY  ^  PREVENTED  FOR  HALF-A- 
CROWN.— BlDDELL'o  THIEF  DETiiCTORS,  havicg 
prevented  several  daring  attempts  at  robbery,  are  highly  recom- 
mended by  the  magistrates.  They  give  a  regulated  alarm, 
and  the  door  or  window  still  secure  to  entrance.  No  one  who 
values  life  and  property  should  be  without  them.  The  size  of 
a  mouse  with  the  strength  of  an  elephant.  To  judge  of  their 
merits  aee  their  effect.— Price  Is.  Gd.,  2s.,  and  3s.  each;  and 
box  alarams,'6(i.  To  behadof  all  ironmongers,  &c.,  tlr^ughott 
the  kingdom;  and  of  the  Patentees,  33,  Great  Sultou-street, 
Clerkenwell,  Fire-iron  and  Figure  Casters,  and  general 
Founders  and  Manufacturers  in  all  Metals. 

EUREKA.— In  FORD'S  EUREKA  SHIRTS  are 
united  the  best  material  and  first-rate  workmanship, 
together  with  that  special  excellence  of  fit  which  is  their  dia- 
tinguiahing  characteriatic.  Their  superiority  to  all  others  18 
still  maintained ;  and  gentlemen  who  desire  the  luxury  of  a 
perfect  fitting  shirt  are  invited  to  try  them.  The  pricea  are, 
for  the  first  quality,  six  for  40^,;  second  quality,  six  for  30s.  ; 
coloured  shirts,  for  boating,  shooting,  and  ordinary  wear,  27a. 
the  half  dozen.  List  of  prices,  and  tnstrucdons  tor  measure- 
ment, post-free,  and  patterns  of  the  new  coloured  shirtings 
free,  on  receipt  of  sis  stamps.— RICHARD  FORD,  38,  Poultry 
(late  185,  Strand). 


50—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


799 


PUNCH'S    ALMANACK    FOR    1858 

IS    NEARLY    RKADY. 

Price  3f?. ;  or  Stamped  4:d. 

Office,  8'5,  Fleet  Sti'eet,  and  sold  by  all  Booksellers  and  Newsmen. 


Oil  the  iSth  instant  will  he puMishedj pnce  TJtreepence  ;  Stamped,  FourpencCf 

A    EOUND    OF    STORIES 


BY    THE    CHRSSTfVSAS     FSRE. 

BEING  THE  EXTRA  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  OF  "HOTTSEHOIB  WORDS." 
Conducted  by  CHARLES  DICKENS. 

And  containing  the  amount  of  one  regular  Number  and  a  half. 


The  Poor  Relation's  Stort. 
The  Child's  Story. 
Sokebodt's  Stort. 
The  Old  Nurse's  Stort. 


The  Host's  Story. 

The  Grandfather's  Story. 

The  CHARWoaiAN's  Story. 


The  Deaf  Playjiate's  Story. 
The  Guest's  Story. 
The  Mother's  Stort. 


Office,  16,  Wdlington  Street  North,  Strand. 


''n  ike  Preis,  ajid  will  Is  ready  for  delivery  with  the  Monthlies  for  Jminary,  price  One  ShilUnc/ ;  or.  Post  fre^ 
direct  from  the  Author,  price  One  Shilling  and  Sixpence, 

THE    NATIONAL    GAEBEH    AIMAMAGE, 

AND 

TRADE    DIRECTORY    FOR    1853. 

WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

IN  WHICH  EVERYTHING  RELATING  TO  GARDENING  WILL  BE  BROUGHT  DOWN  TO  THE  END  OF  THE 

CUEEEKI  TEAR,   WITH  NOTICES  OF  THE  NEW  PLANTS  AND  FLOWERS  TO  BE  SENT  OUT. 

By    JOHN    EDWARDS,    P.H.S., 

HON.    SECRETARY    TO    THE    NATIONAL   PLOEICULTURAL   SOCIETY^    &C.  &C. 

The  Directory  -will  contain  about  TWO  THOUSAND  NAMES  of  the  principal  Nurserymen,  Florists,  Seedsman,  and 
larket  Gardeners,  both  Metropolitan  and  Provincial,  including  the  most  Eminent  Amatedrs  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  all 
rranged  on  a  system  at  once  easy  of  reference. 

A  List  of  Horiicultural  and  Floricultural  Societies,  with  the  names  of  their  Secretaries,  is  also  given, 

CHAPMAN    AND    HALL,    193,    PICCADILLY,    LONDON; 

J.  MENZIE3,  Edineubgh  ;  J.  Mc3LASHAN,  Ddblin  ; 

AND   ALL    BOOKSELLERS,    NURSERYMEN,    AND    SEEDSMEN    IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


Just  published,  price  23.  Gd  , 
7OLIA  OaCHIDACEA— An   Enumeration   of  the 
known  species  of  Orchids.    By  Professor  LiNDLEr. 
Part  I.,  containing  ;— 


2  pages 
21     .. 


TAKHOPEA 8  pages 

ttTANTHES ,      4     „ 

MOPSIS  -t     „ 

[JEKETTIA     2     „ 

The  Second  Part  will  appear  shortly  after  Christmas. 
Matthews,  5,  Upper  Wellington-Btreet,  Coveot  Garden, 


Zygostates  ... 
Odontoolossdm 

DlDACTILE     .,. 


OWERBY'S    ENGLISH    BOTANY. 

FIRST  EDITION,  ROYAL  OCTAVO. 
The  few  remaininir  Copies  of  this  Work,  forming  36  Volumes, 
id  containing  2592  Platea  full  coloured,  to  ba  soil,  in 
imbers,  at  25J.  per  Copy  ;  originally  published  at  55i.  A 
rdon  of  the  Plates  will  be  new.  This  Edition  will  not  be 
primed. 

Also, 
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)th  boards,  containing  upwards  of  2750  Plates,  partly 
lonred,  and  comprising  nearly  3  Volumes  of  the  Supplement 
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loing  Volumes  I.  to  VII.,  price  l4i.  la.,  may  be  had 
[Miratelj. 
John  E.  Sowebby,  3,  Mead-place.  Lambeth,  London. 

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, —  In  consequence  of  the 
■^  numerous  applicaiions  at  the  Stoke  Newinijton  Chryaaa- 
imum    Show,    G.   TAYLOR,  has   been  induced   to  reprint 

TREATISE  on  the  CULTIVATION  of  the  CHRYSAN- 
lEMUM,  for  tbe  Production  of  Specimen  Bluome  for  Com- 
tltloD,  with  an  EonmeratioQ  of  the  best  Varieties,  founded 
tbe  Experience  of  G.  Tailoe  ;  to  which  i3  abided  a  List  of 

beet  Sorts  of  those  let  out  in  1651,  with  Cultural  Hints  and 
ectiptioas  of  a  Select'oa  of  Pam]i.)n  and  Anemone  varieties. 
?rice  \s  ;  or  free'by  post  by  funvarding  11  po-itage  stamps 
the  Aiuhor,  Park-atreet,  Stojce  NewJngton.  Middlt^sei. 

^    TREATISE  ON  THE  PRACTiCAL  CULTURE 

L  OF  THE  POTAT©,  Caeefdlly  Revised;  showing  the 
•at  advantages  resnlting  from  judicious  management  at  an 
iy  period  of  ite  growth.  Illustrated  by  reterence  to  the 
^cesftfol  operations  of  the  Aathor  in  preventing  disease. 

To  which  is  added, 
*RACTICAL  INSTRUCTIONS  TO  COTTAGERS,  AL- 
ITERS,  AND  FARMER3,  showing  the  lurpasMng  odvan- 
;e»  and  profitu  of  growinij  Wheat  or  Barliy,  and  after  erf  ps 
rerlou*  VegetabUs  an'l  other  farm  protluctions,  with  Eariy 
tmtoei  or  Early  D^rarf  Pea^,  compared  with  some  others  In 
lioary  caltivatloD.  By  Abkadam  Hakdv  and  Son,  Seed 
jwert  and  Seedsmen,  Slaldon,  Esaex.  Price  dd.,  or  Btamps 
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THOfca. 

.ft.  A  packet  orf  4000  genuine  selected  EARLY  or  LATE 
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»ortatlofi.  NaTl({atori  and  Emtgrants  are  respectfully  boU- 
16.    Priced  Retnll  Seed  Catalogue  for  It.  Btamit, 


THE    NEW    VOLUME    OF 
HE  FAMILY    ECONOMIST    (Vol.    V.)   is  just 

published,  containing  220  pages  of  interesting  and  moit 
fijl  Infrrrrnition  In  almost  erery  dopartmont  of  DOMESTIC 
ONOMY.     Price   \i.  M.  half  cloth  ;  If,  popor  cnvur.     Vols, 
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MOMK  DooBLK  VoLnMM,  cxXtA  olotb,  prlco  v,n.  each. 
London  :  Okoomdiidob  and  Sons,  Paternoster  Row. 
Hold  by  all  Bookeellers. 


'OUATT'S  WORKS   on  tiik  DOG  akd    HORSE. 

^Hy  assignment  of  0,  Knight. 1     Lohohak  and  Co. 
QE  UOO.     With  WoodcQts.    Hvo,  Ga.  cloth. 
HE  nouSB.    The  only  Edition  with  the  Aathor'ii  latest 
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The  author  has  subjected  It  to  so  complete  a  rovUlon  as  to 
(•  It  In  many  respects  a  now  work." — Vrrface. 
*    Varc\,»tr.ti    sliould    order    the    Edl'loo    pabllsbed    by 
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PUNCH'S    POCKET-BOOK    FOR    1853.     With  a 
Coloured  Plate  by   Joh;*   Leech,   and  numerous  Wood 
Engravings  by  John  Leech  and  John  Tenniel. 
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continued  iVeektt/, 

THE  FIRST    NUMBER    OP 

'T''HE    FIELD  ;    or,    Country    Gentleman's   News- 
jL   paper.   With  occasional  lUugtrations  ;  devoted  especially  to 
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GARDENING,  &  POULTRY-KE  lilPING  ; 
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Comprehensive  SuMiiiar  of  the  Week's  News  :  Law  and 
Police  Reports,  Lists  of  Markets,  Theatricals,  Fashionable 
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Just  published,   in  One  large  Volume,  8vo,   with  upwards  of 

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800 


THE     GIRDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [Dec.  11. 


TRAFALGAR    LIFE    ASSURANCE    ASSOCIATION. 

OFFICES,    40,    PALL    MALL,    LONDON. 


niE  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  this  ASSURANCE  COMPANY  was  HELD  on  TUESDAY,  at  T\velve  o'CIock,  at  the  OFFICES^  PALL  MALL. 
GEORGE  BERMINGHAM,  Esq.,  the  Chairman  of  the  Board,  Presided.     The  Meeting  was  very  fully  attended. 

The  Chaieman.iq  proposing  tha  adoption  of  the  Report,  said  i  mental  report,  which  showed  that,  in  the  three  monthi  over 


The  CHAiRMiN,  in  introducing  the  business  of  the  day, 
observed  ttiat  it  was  at  all  times  highly  interesting  to  watch 
the  pro!;re-8  of  a  young  eociety,  partiuulaily  one  which,  like 
the  Trat'a'gir,  had  been  establislieJ  under  certaia  dilticultiet, 
and  at  a  period  when,  perhap**,  aome  degi-ee  of  doubt  was 
thrown  upun  iastitutioaa  of  that  description.  He  would, 
without  further  preface,  call  upon  the  secretary  to  re:\d  the 
report.  He  was  sure  that  they  would  be  much  gratified 
with  the  statement  contained  in  the  document. 
Mr.  T.  II.  Bavlis  (the  Manager)  then  read  the  report: — 
"  The  directors  feel  they  have  just  cause  to  congratulate  the 
shareholders  and  assurers  at  this  their  second  annual  general 
meeting,  on  the  solid  success  that  continues  to  attend  the 
operations  and  pmgress  of  the  Institution.  In  order  to 
ilustra'e  pracLicuUy  and  forcibly  the  forej^oing  statements,  the 
directors  beg  to  Bubmi'.  the  following  abstracC  of  the  business 
transacted  during  the  first  two  years  ; — 

POLICIES   CJMPLETED. 


Comparison  of  the  First  with  the 
Second  Tear's  Business. 


First  Year— From  Nov.  24,  1850, 
to  Nov.  24,  1851    

Second  Year  — Prom  Nov.  24, 1851, 
to  Nov.  24,  1S52     


Excess  o(  second   year's    opera- 
tions over  first  


No.  of 
Policies 
isaued. 


325 
567 


242 


Arafiunt 
insured 


101.080 


1288    5  10 


,By  this  it  is  shown  that  new  premiums  amounting  to 
6'38U.  Is  7d.  have  been  added  during  the  last  twelve  months  to 
the  former  income  of  the  Association,  the  to'al  of  which  U 
now  in  this,  ths  second  year  of  its  exisfence,  OiTZL  17s.  4d., 
arising  from  892  policies,  assuring  292,64Ut. — a  circumstance 
in  itself  so  encouraging,  that  the  directors  abstain  from 
making  any  cnmmeut  upon  it.  In  reference  to  tbijir  numerous 
agents,  the  directors  are  gratified  in  being  enabled  to  report 
how  deefily  they  are  indebted  for  the  very  great  zeal  and 
ability  with  which  the  principles  and  objects  of  the  association 
have  been  by  theai  asserted  and  defended,  in  opposition  to  the 
vigorous  and  unjust  attacks  levelled  at  the  reputation  of  young 
life  assurance  companies  generally,  by  those  of  older  date. 
Indeed,  to  their  respectability  and  indefatigable  exertions  may, 
ill  a  great  measure,  be  attributed  the  present  enviable  and 
tmpreced'^nted  pusition  of  the  Association.  Thedirectors  can- 
not leave  this  subject  without  expressing  their  conviction  that, 
by  means  ot  experienced  and  energetic  agents  alone,  aided  by 
public  advocacy,  can  the  operations  of  a  life  assurame  insti- 
tution be  maieiialiy  and  permanently  expended  and  main- 
tained. They  iiuveon  all  occjisions  endeavoured  to  cultivate 
the  very  best  feeliny;  aud  coufidence  of  those  acting  on  tlieir 
tehalt  ;  and,  notwithstinding  the  insidious  attempts  of  some 
of  the  older  institutions  to  destroy  their  faith  in  the  Trafalgar, 
and  press  them  into  their  own  service,  they  are  not  awiire  that 
to  this  date  any  such  aitempts  have  been  successful ;  but,  on  the 
contrary,  the  most  satisfactory  feeling  continues  to  distingai-'h 
their  correspondence,  which  is  better  a:id  more  suhstuutially 
iilustra'ed  by  the  large  amount  of  busineus  furnidhed  througli 
their  exertions.  In  order  to  make  known  the  principles  and  ca- 
pabilities of  the  AssociatinD,  and  to  afford  the  publicopportunities 
of  becomiug  familiar  Miih  their  practicability  and  necessity, 
meetings  h^vebeen  held  and  Itc'nres  delivered  in  various  parts 
of  EngUn<i,  accompanied  with  the  best  result;  and  the 
directora  feel  tliemselves  especially  called  upon  to  express  their 
high  apt>rovaI  of  a  lecture  delivered  by  John  Smith,  Esq.,  of 
Liverpool,  a  gentleman  of  great  respectability  and  influence,  to 
a  numerous  and  attentive  auditory,  in  the  important  town  of 
SheflaeUl.  The  directors  were  enabled,  at  the  last  annual 
meeting,  to  announce  to  the  shareholders  that  the  whole 
number  of  ihe  t-hares — namely,  25,000,  representing  the  entire 
capital  of  25U,000(.  (of  which  237,50UJ.  remain  untouched,  but  it 
13  at  all  <imee  uviilable  for  the  purpose  of  the  Asaociacion,  should 
occasion  require)  had  been  subscribid  for  in  the  short  period  of 
seven  moaibs,  by  a  most  extensive  and  influential  proprietary  ; 
and  the  conti<1ence  entertained  by  the  shareholders  aud  public 
generally  will  be  beat  understood  from  the  fact,  that  the  sharea 
are  not  now  ti>  bo  obtalued,  except  at  a  largu  [iremium.  The 
number  ul  policies  lapsed  by  death  is  six,  aasurmg,  in  the  ag- 
gregate, 3;50ut.,  which  Bum,  being  deducted  from  the  premiums 
received,  leaves  a  large  balance  in  favour  of  the  Aseociation. 
The  directors  recommoud  a  dividend,  at  the  rata  ot  five  per 
cent,  pi-r  annum,  to  be  paid  on  the  paid-up  capital,  and  which 
they  propose  S''all  be  made  payable,  on  and  after  the  15th  of 
December  next  ensuing.  In  conformity  with  the  provisions  of 
the  deed  of  wettlement,  two  directors  retire  by  rotation.  The 
directors  so  retiring  are  Mr.  George  Bermiogham  and  Mr. 
Robert  G-arland,  who,  being  eligible,  ol^er  themselves  for  re- 
election, and  are  recommended  by  the  board  accordingly.  The 
auditors  who  retire  are  Mr.  Thomas  Cooper  and  Mr.  Alfred  0. 
Tatham.  They  being  again  elij^ible,  are  recommended  by  the 
board  for  re-elec'ion.  Thedirectors  refer  with  peculiar  satis- 
faction to  the  formation  of  the  Unity  Fire  Insurance  Associa- 
tion— a  company  wUich  combines  the  interests,  influence,  con- 
nections, aud  co-operation  of  the  three  Uiudred  life  offices, 
namely,  the  Professional,  Trafalgar,  aud  Waterloo;  three 
offices  already  possessing  in  the  aggregate  a  constituency  com- 
posed of  more  [ban  ten  thousand  persons,  the  power  and  cer- 
tainty of  whose  exertions,  to  make  success  sure  in  any 
enterprise  in  which  they  may  cordially  engage,  must  be  ap- 
parent to  every  one.  The  directors  of  the  Trafalgar  Life 
Assurance  Assucia' ion  are  gratified  to  stale  that  good  effects 
have  already  accrued  from  this  connection  ;  for,  by  the  Unity 
undertaking  a  share  of  ihe  expenditure— the  two  offices  being 
carried  on  under  one  roof— the  expenses  of  rent,  taxes,  aud 
other  incidental  outgoings  are  mutually  divided  between  them. 
Further,  the  establishmnn  of  the  Unity  has  added  vastly 
to  the  energies  and  efficiency  of  the  several  agencies,  by  stimu- 
lating them  mto  new  channels  of  usefulness  and  advantages, 
necessarily  enlarging  the  sphere  of  operations  of  the  Trafalgar. 
Finally,  in  reviewing  the  prospects,  present  and  future, 
of  the  Association  — in  estimating  the  important  and  manifest 
influence,  sireugtb,  aud  stability  wliich  it  unquestionably 
possesses  and  coiumauds  in  its  numerous  and  subscantial  pro- 
prietary—in appreciuiing  the  effects  and  progress  of  the  new 
and  valuub  e  priuciples  which  guide  and  distin;^uish  its  trans- 
actions ;  and,  in  perfect  reliance  upon  the  determination  of 
every  une,  however  connected  with  it— whether  as  share- 
holders. asBurers.  agents,  or  medical  referees— to  contribute  to 
andiiisiireir3ioipsrisbableu,:iefamess  and  success,  thedirectors 
entertain  a  conhdence,  in  which  all  must  share,  that  the  Tra- 
lalgar  ib  do-imtd  not  only  to  realise  profit  and  advantage  to 
ue  fiDareUold-rs  and  assurers,  but  in  due  time  to  c  mfer  mes- 
limable  beuefics  upon  the  community  at  large.  By  order  of 
"  George  Bekuinqham,  Chuirman." 


the  Board, 


it  would  be  seen  that  enormous  proojress  had  been  made  since 
the  last  meeting,  and  in  the  Report  they  had  adhered  to  facts, 
which,  like  their  policies,  wore  indisputable — (hear) — for  ir 
appeared  that  they  were  rather  moderate.  The  Board  had  725 
policies  before  them  for  consideration,  which  would  bo  a  business 
in  itself  for  any  office,  bu';  for  one  in  ttie  secoud  year  of  its 
existence  it  was  most  encouraging.  The  Biard  did  ntit  like 
to  transact  business  at  random,  and  every  one  of  these  p  ilicies, 
embracing  in  all  202,31  it.,  woutd  receive  that  scrutiny  to 
which  every  individual  would  give  to  any  bond  which  came 
before  him,  and  they  were  aosiou*  to  guard  the  interest  of 
the  Company,  and  not  to  transact  their  business  in  a  slovenly 
manner.  When  these  725  pulictei  were  completed,  it  might  be 
relied  upon  that  they  were  pledged  to  documents  as  firm  and 
sure  as  human  documents  could  ba.  He  had  been  told  by  eminent 
actuaries  that  350,0001.  was  the  amount  necessary  to  secure 
an  insurance  company,  and  it  would  be  perceived' that  they 
had  nearly  arrived  at  that  amotint  which  secured  them  from 
every  possible  contingency.  (Hear.)  The  amount  of  their 
policies  assured  was  now  292,616f.  (Kear.)  The  balance  sheet 
had  stated  what  it  had  c<>sc  to  acquire  this  large  amount 
of  business,  which  was  now  10,0001.  a-year,  and  it  had  cer- 
tainly required  enormous  exertions  on  the  part  of  their  agents 
and  their  staff,  and  on  the  part  of  their  executive,  who  had 
determined  to  exercise  all  their  powers  to  increase  the  income 
of  the  Association.  To  secure  this  income  of  10,0001.  they  ha  1 
sunk  14,OUO^.,  audit  did  not  matter  what  might  be  said  about 
extravagance  which  was  only  well-timed  liberality.  He  fully 
expected  that  next  year  their  income  would  be  20  flOfll. 
(Hear,  hear.)  With  regard  to  the  attacks  made  upon  them, 
he  considered  that  Mr.  Baylls,  in  his  pamphlet  in  reply,  had 
taken  a  moderate  position.  There  was  a  vast  diffr^reuce 
between  the  three  united  institutions — the  Tr.ifalgar,  the 
Professional,  and  the  Waterloo— and  the  older  estabished 
societies,  with  respect;  to  the  prmciples  upon  which  they  were 
embodied,  and  in  defending  tliese  institutions  his  (the  chair- 
man's) impuUe  would  have  been  to  strike  in  return,  for  he 
thought  hard  attacks  deserved  a  hard  repulse.  Now,  they  were 
all  implicated  in  these  charges,  which  were  monstrous  and 
perfectly  absurd,  and  to  state  that  an  actuary  of  Mr.  Baylis's 
experience  was  ignorant  of  tae  right  construction  of  his  tables 
was  a  childish  assertion,  and  could  only  mislead  children. 
In  conclusion,  he  appealed  to  the  position  of  the  Association 
to  refute  these  attacks,  which  he  considered  most  unbecoming. 
He  appealed  to  the  amount  of  business  a'ready  done,  and 
drew  a  forcible  picture  of  the  bjuefit  lite  as-surance  com- 
panies upon  improved  priu'iiples  would  confer  upon  the 
public;  and  finally  exhorted  all  the  proprietors — of  whom 
Ue  stated  that  only  100  out  of  876  were  insured— to  lend 
every  assistance  in  their  power  to  promote  the  objects  of  the 
Association. 

Captain  J.  W.  Domint,  of  Poole,  as  the  representative  of 
upwards  of  100  shareholders,  holding  3000  shares,  had  much 
pleasure  in  seconding  the  adoption  of  the  report, 

Mr.  JoHt*  SmTH,  of  Liverpool,  felt  happy  at  having  the 
opportunity  of  supporttng  the  motion  for  adopting  the  report 
which  he  had  read  through  with  the  greatest  attention  and 
care — a  care  which  he  had  exercised  iu  other  cases — and  had 
arrived  at  thd  conclusion  that  it  ought  to  be  unanimously 
adopted.  In  a  very  long  aad  .eloquent  speech  Mr.  Smith 
expre:rsed  his  high  opinion  of  the  compaay,  and  his  contempt 
at  the  means  used  to  destroy  tha  prospects  of  the  new  Asso- 
ciation. Ho  believed  thas  the  public  would  appreciate  the 
attacks  made  upon  ttie  new  companies  at  their  proper  value, 
and  he  now  told  them  that  the  whole  of  their  conduct,  during 
the  a'tacks  made  upon  them,  proved  their  Company  (the  Tra- 
falgar) to  be  the  true  "  Amicable ;"  all  their  proceedings 
showed  that  they  were  the  true  "Equitable;"  the  liberality 
of  their  arrangements,  combined  with  the  care  which  they 
took  of  their  profits,  showed  that  they  were  the  true  *'  Pro- 
vident;"  and,  by  ttie  union  of  the  three  life  assurance  offices 
(the  Professional,  TrafaUar,  and  Waterloo)  to  establish  the 
"Unity,"  they  showed  that  they  were  the  true  "Alliance" 
also.  (Cheers  and  laughter.)  Furthermore,  they  would  show, 
by  their  integrity,  their  candour,  and  the  regularity  of  their 
aanual  path,  that  they  were  as  bright,  as  steady,  and  as 
punctual  as  the  "Sun,"  and  were  determined  to  carry  their 
operations — mark  the  word— over  the  "  Grtobe."    (Cheers.) 

Mr.  E,  Batlis,  after  the  able  and  convincing  speech  of 
Mr.  Smith,  lelt  that  he  had  very  little  to  say;  aud,  indeed, 
not  being  the  manager,  but  only  the  consulting  actuary  of  the 
Company,  he  would  not  have  ventured  to  address  them  on  that 
occasion,  if  he  had  n  it  been  requested  to  do  so.  (Hear.)  Ttie 
whole  of  hie  life  had,  for  the  Ust  few  years,  been  devoted  tn 
an  extension  of  the  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  life 
assurance.  He  felt  that  the  very  existence  of  the  new  principles 
depended  on  the  energy  and  determination  displayed  to  make 
them  root  in  the  public  mind.  They  had  struck  root,  and  all  who 
became  connected  with  the  new  ofliees  were  so  many  eloquent 
supporters  and  propagators  of  tne  principle.  Mr.  Baylis 
subsequently  animadverted  with  great  ability  upon  the  best 
purpose  to  whicb  the  priuciples  of  assurance  migtjc  be  applied, 
and  concluded  by  saying  that  he  advised  them  no;  to  be  confeni 
with  five  per  cent.,  as  ac  present  declared,  next  year,  feeling 
assured  that  ihey  were  fully  entitled  to  seven  aud  a  half  per 
cent.  As  an  actuary  he  could  prove  that  their  income  ought 
to  fairly  spread  over  30  years,  and  that,  therefore,  it  would 
fairly  pay  double  and  treble  the  dividends  they  are  noiv 
receiving.  (Cheers.)  He  said  that  as  a  shareholder,  and 
though  under  present  circumstances  he  did  aot  aivise  them  to 
press  that  amount,  he  hoped  they  would  not  fail  to  do  so  next 
year.    (Cheers). 

Mr.  Henry  Lake,  before  the  question  was  put,  wished  to 
say  a  few  words  with  re:,'ard  to  tne  position  of  the  Trafalgar 
with  other  offieea.  They  talked  of  theirs  being  a  youU),' odi,:e, 
and  ^'et  he  found  rhat  the  Marquis  of  Tweeddaie,  on  the23ih 
of  September,  1S3G,  ppoke  of  one  of  the  Scotch  offices  {which 
were  their  principal  opponents)  as  commencing  business  in 
1815  without  fundi.  Air.  Lake  then  proved,  by  compariiou  of 
the  Trafalgar  accounts  witti  those  of  companies  with  wliich  he 
was  acquainted,  that  it  was  d  dog  a  good  and  fair  business.  Ho 
gave  all  honour  t  >  the  old  companies  ;  but,  while  tiiey  imitated 
their  virtues,  they  would  not  follow  their  vices.  He  had  no 
doubt  that  iliis  Society  must  realise  large  profits  for  the  share- 
holders, and  confer  btnefi's  on  the  commuuity  at  large. 

The  report  was  then  put  and  unanimously  adopted. 

Mr.  Tedl'in  rose  to  m  >ve  the  re-t-deciion  of  the  retiring 
directors — Mr.  Bermiogham  and  .^r.  Garland, 

The  Rev.  G-.  Hinde  secondeil  the  motion. 

Tha  resolution  havin^'  been  carried  by  acclamation,  the 
CnAiaiiAN  aud  Mr.  Garland  severally  returned  thanks. 

Mr.  Hardv  moved  the  re-election  of  the  auditors. 

Mr.  Bache,  of  Sheffield,  seconded  the  motion, 

Mr.  Tatham  returned  thaoks. 

The  Rev.  E.  Johnson,  in  moving  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
directors,  remarued  on  the  satisfactory  uatme  of  the  supple- 


which  It  extended,  the  amount  of  busineBS  done  was  abmt  as 
much  a%  was  transacted  in  the  half  of  the  previous  twelve 
m-mrhs  I 

Mr.  Edwaeds,  of  Bath,  seconded  the  motion. 

The  Chaie^ian  returned  thanks. 

Mr.  BftADLEV  had  great  pleasure  in  moving  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  ttieir  medical  officer,  Dr.  Lloyd. 

Mr.  Weston  seconded  the  resolution. 

Dr.  Lloyd  retui-ned  thanks. 

The  Itev.  E.  Jotij^son  had  a  proposition  to  make  which  ho 
was  sure  wmld  meet  with  the  apprjbiiion  of  every  geatletnaa 
present- it  bain^  a  vote  of  th  mks  to  their  friend  Vtr.  Thomas 
8  i-ylis,  the  manager  of  the  institution,  to  whose  zeal  anj 
ability  they  were  most  deeply  iadebt:ed.  He  had  vai-ioua 
opportu'dties  of  witaessiog  tlie  e^er'.i.jns  of  Mr.  B*?1U,  and  ho 
could  truly  say  that  tha  prosperity  of  the  Trafilgar  was 
wholly  du3  to  the  exertions  of  that  gentleman.  He  had  the 
pleasure  of  being  constantly  in  communication  with  Mr, 
B  lylis,  and  a  more  energetic  or  more  talented  man  could  not 
exist.     (Cbeerfl.) 

Mr.  Bruce  would  do  violence  to  hia  feelings  if  he  allowed. 
the  rfsoludon  to  pass  without  seconding  it,  and  bearing  his 
testimoov  to  the  energy  and  talents  of  Mr.  T.  Baylis. 

Mr.  Smith  aUo  b.>re  testimony  to  the  same  effect. 

The  CaAlalIA^f  said  he  could  not  put  the  resolution  without 
bearing  testimony  to  the  extraordinary  skill,  untiring  exertions, 
great  activity  and  spirit,  with  which  he  carried  on  the  business 
of  the  company— no  tnau  be'ng  better  enabled  to  carry  out  the 
pdnciples  of  life  as^iurauca  than  Mr.  Thomaa  Baylis.  (Oliaera.) 

Mr.  TaoiiAs  H.  Batlis,  who  was  very  warmly  received,  said 
he  felt  he  could  not  express  his  sense  of  gratitude  as  he  wished 
to  do,  for  ttie  very  kind  mauner  in  which  bis  name  had  beea 
mentioned  ;  and  that  it  was  a  source  of  the  utmost  gratifica- 
tion to  him  to  know  that  the  exertions  which  ic  was  only  his 
duty  to  bring  to  bear  upon  the  promotiou  of  the  interests  of 
the  comptny  had  met  with  their  approval.  (Cheers.)  He  was 
delighted  beyond  measiire  thit  the  resulcs  that  they  had  that 
d>iy  been  enabled  to  present  to  the  shareholdera  and  the  public 
who  had  given  them  their  support,  had  met  with  their 
unanimous  and  cirdial  approbation,  and  which 
sufficient  return  to  him  for  any  anxiety  or  lab  tur  which  htf, 
had  brou;;ht  to  bear  in  the  development  of  the  principlea, 
on  which  the  Trafalgar  was  founded.  (Cheers.)  He  assured 
them  he  was  noc  insensible  to  the  responsibility  that 
devo  ved  upon  him  as  their  manager,  nor  to  the  position  of 
others  similarly  situated.  He  strove  to  the  beet  of  his  abiliti 
to  discharge  his  duties  effjctlvoly  and  conscientiously,  and 
in  such  a  way  as  to  merit  their  approbation.  (Cheers.)  It 
had  been  prognosticated  that  their  income  next  y^ar  woul' 
be20,000i.  This  wa^,  doubtless,  a  bold  statement  to  makej 
but  he  conBd'jutly  believed  it  would  be  realised.  He  dii 
not  find  that  Mr.  Christie's  office,  in  its  tenth  year,  did 
greater  amount  of  new  bueineea  than  the  Trafalgar  in  itff' 
sec  md.  (Hear.)  Certainly  the  old  offices  had  not,  and  did 
not,  transact  anything  like  the  new  business  they  had  done;- 
n  )r  did  they  intend  to  stop  in  Pall  Mail,  for  they  felt  that 
tfieir  principles  were  such  that  they  ought  to  ba  more  exten- 
sively known,— they  ought  to  be  known  in  every  pari  oii 
England.  (Cheers.)  And  aa  they  advocated  "truth,"  not 
"libel,"  they  intended  to  go  from  Birmini^ham  to  Leeds-, 
ttiencB  to  Newcastle,  and  finally  to  Edinburgh,  where  the^ 
would  challeuge  ilr,  Christie  to  a  fair  stand-up  fight  oH 
priuL-iples  in  h'n  own  town,  (Loud  cheers  )  He  was  coafi-  ' 
dent  they  had  spirit  ?ind  talent  enough  to  defeat  those 
undermining  practices  that  had  been  had  recourse  to  by  the^' 
oiler  companies.  Instead  of  regretting  these  attacks,  they 
were  indebted  to  them,  because  they  had  roused  fresh  ener- 
gies in  rhem,  and  stirred  up  those  that  were  dormant,  if 
suca  there  were.  (Hear.)  Hia  father,  the  founder  of  tha 
Tr:ifalgar,  had  recently  produced  a  pamphlet,  which  for 
p  lilosophicat  argument,  and  as  showing  the  great  capabilities-' 
of  life  assurance,  was  unequalled.  (Cheers.)  The  statement*' 
and  argument-1  contained  therein  had  been  drawn  from  his*, 
father  mi>st  unwillingly,  but  the  institutions  he  had  defended^ 
would  live  a?  long  as  time.  The  public  were  therein  showai 
now  th<-y  could  benefit  themselves  and  their  kindred.  He 
wished  for  no  better  occupation  than  to  serve  them,  to  pro- 
mote the  wtifare  of  the  Institution,  and  thus  not  only  to-' 
win  the  good  wishes  of  shareholders  and  policy-holdersj ' 
but  to  enlist  the  aid  of  children,  thousands  of  whom  were  yet 
unborn,  iu  its  behalf,  by  extending  to  them  likewise  the  great 
advantages  that  bad  been  conterred  on  their  parents,  and 
of  which  they  could  become  partakers.  Like  the  Equitable, 
the  magnificent  plan  of  the  Company  would  not  be  iully 
developed  at  the  first  declaration  of  a  bonus.  At  earlier 
divi-ions,  l'jO,00Ui.  was  divided  ;  and  at  future  ones  200,000^.1 
But  in  the  Trafalgar,  the  money  apportioned  at  the  divisions 
for  the  various  purposes  specified  in  their  plan  wonlc) 
remain  for  ever  as  a  fund  tor  these  great  ends;  if  thej 
could  educate  but  fjur  or  five  children  at  the  first  division, 
at  tho  uext  they  could  elect  another  four  or  five  to  take 
their  places,  as  wtll  as  15  in  addition.  As  years  rolled 
on,  vast  numbers  would  be  educated,  apprenticed,  and 
relieved.  The  "  Equitable"  was  little  more  than  an  ordi- 
nary man's  age,  yet  it  was  tottering  into  the  grave  ;  it  had 
n  )t  attracted  of  late  years  much  public  attention ;  the  nen 
offi:6  hdd  dono  so,  and  hence  they  had  excL'ed  their  eavy 
and  they  were  spending  their  money  in  trying  to  shaUt 
the  coutidenco  of  the  public  with  respect  to  them.  Bu' 
they  could  not  do  it ;  they  had  cot  oven  a  dissatisfied  share- 
holder—every one  had  received  a  notice  to  attend,  bu 
n<<t  one  had  uttered  a  complaint  or  prooouuced  a  censure 
(Hear,  hear.)  He  wished  they  had  all  come,  so  that  the; 
might  have  heard  all  the  good  things  that  had  been  said 
Wti  J,  they  had  even  taken  the  door  off  the  hinges  so  as  to  affori 
them  all  the  room  possible.  They  did  not  introduce  an; 
mystery  into  their  pruceedings  ;  they  had  no  clerks  sworn  t< 
secrecy  as  the  old  offices  had.  so  that  their  proceedings  migh 
not  reach  the  [mblic  ear.  (Hear.)  They  invited  the  publit 
press  to  attend,  and  he  thought  the  number  of  ifenllemou  frou 
the  press  before*  them,  taking  notes  of  their  proceedings  for  ch 
inlormation  of  the  pub.ic,  showed  that  they  had  nothin_j  1 
conceal.  (Hear.)  He  hoped  Mr.  Christie  would  read  thei 
reports  and  digest  tbe  seatimenta  enunciated  if  he  coult 
(Hear  and  lau^ticer.)  He  begi^ed  again  to  thank  them  fo 
their  hind  expressions,  and  trusted,  in  conclusion,  that  th 
"  Trafalgar"  wuuld  become  like  an  inverted  sugar-loaf,  ea 
paudiog  irom  the  ba^e  to  the  top,  and  that  year  after  year  the 
should'  be  enabled  to  report  the  transactions  of  a  vastl] 
increased  amouii'.  of  busineaa  as  compared  with  its  pu 
decessor.     (Loud  cheers.) 

Tbe  CuAiEMiN  next  proposed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Coi 
suiting  Actu-iry,  which  was  unanimously  carried. 

Mr.  B.  Bavlis  acknowledged  the  compliment,  aud  proposed 
vo'e  of  thanks  to  Mr.  M.  Baylis,  the  accountant  of  the  company 

The  resolution  was  carried  unanimously, 

The  meeting  then  separated. 


of  til 
PWii 

"k 
»iii 

fy 


Printed   by  William    Bu 
their  OSoe  }a  Lomb, 


I'DUBt.  ot  No    13.  Upper  VVoburn-place,  la  tue  pariah  of  St-  Psncrai,  and  FiKOflBtcit    Mullbtt   Evwa,  of  No.  7,  Charcli-row.   Stoke  Newiuiitoa,   both   in  the  Coaoty  of  ftliddleaex,  PrioierH, 
where  all  AdDflmir-T";,.!''  "^V "^   the  Product  oi'  Whaefrmr*.   la  tda  Oicy  or  L(jndi»n .    »,atl  paoli«'iel   bv  the.u   ••'   tae  oifice.   No.  5,   Chdrles-Mreet,  ia  tlie  pariah  of  St.  Pfturo,  OoTeut-sardea,  In  the  aaid  County, 
wneri,  au  aajeruseuicnta  &ai  Commwoinatwiia  are  to  ba  ADflnBiiaaD  to  thb  Kditob.— Satubbat,  DKCUSiflBa  11, 1S52. 


:Ji 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Rural  Economy  and  General  Wews.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  I^indley-, 


No.  51.— 1852.] 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  18. 


[Price  6d. 


INDEX, 

vEplopB  and  Wheat   SflS  a 

Auri,  Society  of  England Slfl   c 

Beet,  to  Btore 805  b 

BirmiDzhain  iKricdlturiil  StiowS12  a 

Booki  reviewed    SO"  6 

Botanic&l  Garden,  Sydney  ....  StiS  a 
CaledoaiaQ  Hort.  Society    ..,.  S07  a 

Calendar,  honicultu  al 80S  a 

Cattleshow,  Birmiaehini    ..,,  812  a 
Chroaicle*  of  a,Clay  Farm,  rev.  814  a 

Cirencester  Agri.  College Sii9  6 

College,  Cirenceater  So9  b 

Cottage,  labourof'i SOa  c 

CryptomorU  japooica S03  6 

Cucumbera     SOS  6 

Deodar.the    See  b 

SraiDtntr  under    810  b 

Edac3tion.  Oardenerk' 


—  Birric  alt  Ural  ..,., S09  1; 

Entomological  Society. SJr  1 

jPorest  trees  80S  1 

Prames  for  fruit  SOi  < 

Fruit  uod-rglasfl S06  c 

—  laframea. ,  SOG  ( 

Gardeners' educatioi...., soi  / 

Grapes,  Red  Hamburgh  , 


Litchen  j^arden  seeds 


Li nnpan  Society 305  c 

Lob 'liafuliienB  rrmii'flora  ....  SOS  c 

Uaiiu'e^SO  vetra  Rso    S;0  e 

Uechi'a[Mr.)   Iftcture    313  6 

Mereditb'a     (Mrs.)     Horns   m 

Tasmania SO7  b 

Mushrooms    ,,,.  SOR  a 

Orchids,  hybrid. Sm  c 

Paint  dryers 806    c 

Pear  dise^'e , sne  b 

Po'ators.  to  Btore SOS  a 

ProviiiciaUsmg S06  c 

Rbynchispermum  jaaminnlJes  805  a 

Roses  in  po'a   8O7  c 

Seeds,  vesfetable SO.i  b 

Spltoa's  (Mr.)  prefent   803  a 

Smitlifleld  club's  new  Hat    ....  809  6 
Society  of  .4rts,  p-ize  subjects 


of  

Transplantinr,       M'GIaahen's 

machine  for 804  b 

Trcei,     U'GUshen'a    machine 

for  moving ,,,.  801  b 

—     forest 806   c 

Wheat  auJ  .Eeilips   :    803  a 

Wine,  Auatraiiin    SOS  a 

Wood  enEravinff  .,,,., 805   c 

Yenetable  aeeJa 805  t> 


TO    THE    TRADE. 
QTANDARD  AND  DWARF  ROSES,  of  such  Roses 

^  as  iloas  Laueii,  Hybrid  Perpetual,  Standard  of  Marengo, 
G€ant  de  Bataillea,  Au^uste  Me,  B  ironne  Hallez,  Caroline  de 
Sauaal,  and  all  the  p  ipular  sorts,  are  grown  in  large  quantities 
at  H.  Lane  and  Som's  Nurseries,  Q-reat  Berkhampstead,  Herts. 


CATALOGUES. 

MESSRS.  LANE  and  SON,  Great  Berkharapstead, 
Herts,  beg  to  inform   their    patrons    thit    the   under, 
mentioned  descriptive  Catalogues  may  now  be  b^d  :  — 

General  and  Supplementary  R^iae  Catalogues  for  two  stamps. 
Tree  and  Shrub  and  Fruit  Catalogues  for  two  ditto. 
Azalea  indica,  Camellias,  Hollybocks,  &c,.  &c.,  for  one  ditto. 
Tbe  hardy  Rhododendrons  are  fine,  and  generally  well  set 
witb  bloom.  Araucaria  imbricata,  Cedrus  Deodara,  with 
most  of  the  Pinua,  form  fine  specimens.  Per  Dozen. 

Fine  selected  Standard  Itoses  I85.  to  2I3. 

Ditto,  Dwarf  and  Dwarf  Standard  10s.  to  16s. 

Ditto,  Dwarf  Roses,  two  of  each  sort Gs, 

Mixed  Dwarfa,  without  names  (per  100)  30s. 


TO      AGRICU  LTU  RISTS  . 

J  CARTER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  No.  238, 
•  High  Holborn,  London,  has  a  naw  kind  of  grain  to 
offer,  which  he  has  received  from  Texas,  where  it  produces  two 
crops  a  year.  The  seed  is  the  s'ze  of  Wheat,  but  rather 
thicker  in  proportion  without  the  farrow,  and  evidently 
belonging  to  a  differdnt  genus.  Can  bj  had  in  small  packets 
only;  price  Is.  per  packet. 


SEED    TRADE. 
T     G.  WAITE'S  CATALOGUE  OF  VEGETABLE 
*J   •   &.^D  FLOWER  SEEDS  is   now  ready,  and  can  be  had 
on  application. 
Seed  Eatablisbment,  131,  High  Holborn,  London. 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 
r^EORGE     BAKER,    Wiadlesham,    near   Bagshot, 

VJ  Surrey,  EthibicT  of  American  Plants  at  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's-park,  begs  to  inform  the  Nobility 
and  Public  he  has  published  a  Degcrip:ive  CATALOGUE  OF 
AMERICAN  PLANTS,  Conifera,  Roaes,  Ornamental  Shrub.^, 
&c.  &c,,  and  may  ba  obtained  by  enclosing  two  postage 
stamps. —  Near  Staines  Station,  Windsor  Branch,  South- 
Weetam  Railway.         


JUDSON'S    RICHMOND    VILLA    BLACK 

HAMBURGH    VINE. 

A  RTHUR  HENDERSON  and  CO.  have  thepleasure 

-^^  of  informing  ttieir  patrons  and  friends  that  they  have 
good  plants  of  this  valuable  aud  much-eateemed  Vine,  at7s.  Gd. 
and  10«.  Gd.  each.— N.B.  For  full  particulars  of  the  dis- 
tinguishing characteris  ics  of  this  Vine,  we  beg  to  refer  our 
cuatomers  to  the  Gardcnert'  Chronicte  of  Oc'ober  25,  1851. 
Pine-a^iple  Place,  London. — Dec.  18. 


QUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
^J  Sted,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Comet, 
Elegans,  Obscnra,  Mr.  G,  Baron,  Penelope,  Rosea  grandiflora, 
Meteor,  Walden  Gem,  Magnum  Bonura,  Spectabilis,  Saffcanot 
Deticata,  Enchantress,  Picta,  Queen,  Bicolor,  Dido,  Charles 
Turner,  Formosa,  Hebe,  Model  of  Perfection,  Rosea  Alba, 
Sulphurca  Perfecta.  White  Perfection,  Blue  Beard,  Mulberry 
Superb,  Snowball,  and  Queen  of  England. 

A  good  mixture  of  the  above,  in  packets  contaioing  dpwards 
o»  2Q1)  Se£D3,  will  be  forwarded  post  free,  upon  the  receipt  of 
2s.  Gd.  worth  of  pontage  stamps,  by  R.  B.  Bikcham,  Hedenham 
Roaary,  Bungay,  SuSulk. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

CONSISTING  OF   A.>uj{JT  FIFTV  VARIETIES  NEVER 
BEFOK,!-;  UFFEttED  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

J  WEEKS  AND  Co.,  Chelsea,  have  now  to  offer  a 
•  moat  splendid  and  supdrb  Collection  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCKULARIAS.  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  andrecomnend,  tiie>  having  been  carefully  saved  and 
varied  from  the  ra-j^t  mi'que  selection  in  the  kingdom.  The 
Borts  being  all  Shrubby  they  are  perpetually  In  flower  ;  and 
from  the  great  variey  and  brilliancy  of  their  colours,  they  are 
invaluable  for  the  cooMerva'-ory  or  beJding-out. 

J.  WEEK^  a'l  I  ''p..  Ki-jg'h  H.  ad.  CnKLqEA,  Londok, 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS 
*  BY^  RETAIL, 

Li  Collections  or  otherwise. 

fCARRIAGE  FREE  BY  RAILWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  have  succeeded  in  harvesting  their  SEBDS  in 
good  condition,  notwithstanding  the  unfafour  ible  weather. 
The  advantages  of  purchasing  Se-ids  dlreC  from  the  Growers  are 
obvious.  As  some  sorts  are  scarce,  early  orders  are  requesttd 
and  recommended.  —  For  particulars  address  John  Sotton 
and  Sova,  Seed  Growers,  Reading,  Bertts. 


TO    NOBLEMEN    AND    GENTLEMEN. 

HYBRID  RHODODENDRONS.— The  Subscribers 
have  on  hand  a  large  and  valuable  stock  of  the  abive, 
consisting  of  Scarlet,  Pink,  White,  and  fine  spotted  varieties 
unnamed,  raised  by  the  late  Mr.  James  Cunningham,  who  was 
well  known  as  a  celebrated  grower.  Strong  bushy  plants, 
from  2  feet  to  4  feet  high,  423.  per  dozen,  or  \bl.  per  100. 

Also  Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants,  Hardy  Shrubs,  &c.  <tc., 
in  irreat  variety  and  at  moderate  prices. 

Cdnninqham,  FRASEtt,  and  Co.,  Comely  Bank  Nursery, 
Edinburgh.  — Dec.  IS, 


FLORICULTURAL    SEEDS,    ETC. 
TAMES  CARTER,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  No.  238, 

O  High  Holborn,  London,  bi'gs  to  announce  the  appearance 
of  the  18th  annual  Series  of  hia  SYSTEMATIC  CATALOGUE 
of  FLORICULTURAL,  KITCHEN  G  ,\RDEN.  and  AGRICUL- 
TURAL SEEDS,  which  will  be  forwarded  to  bis  customers  as 
usual,  prepaid,  and  also  to  new  correspondents  on  appluation 
bv  post  or  otherwise.  The  Catalogue  indica'^es  the  Linnean 
Class  and  Order,  the  Natural  Order,  the  Hardiness,  Duration, 
and  Height  of  each  Plant,  also  the  Colour  of  the  Flower  and 
time  of  flowering;  the  whole  arranged  so  as  to  enable  the 
amateur,  by  comparison,  to  form  a  tolerable  idea  of  such 
plants  as  are  unknown  to  him. 

J.  C.  takes  the  liberty  of  submitting  a  list  of  some  of  the 
newest  Annuals,  all  of  which  can  be  highly  recommended. 
The  Texian  Seeds  have  not  yet  been  flowered  in  this  country, 
and  are  probably  new  and  beautiful  ;  the  greater  part  of  tlie 
latter  are  exclusively  in  J.  Carter's  possession. 

NEW   ANNUALS. 
i  111/356  marhed  " half-hardy  ;  ** greenhouse  ;  tlie othersquite  hardy.l 

Per  Packet— s.  g. 

Antirrhmum,  leautifal  new  dioarf,  loJtite  and  red o  6 

'^Arctotis  breviscapa,  deep  yellow  and  darh  eye       ,..'        ...  0  6 

CoUlnsia  Eartsiifolia,  dark  purple .,  ""   \  q 

,,         multicolor,  many-co'.oured  "  i  ,0 

**Globe  AmaranthuB,  newyellotc.  superb      .,"!        \'.        ',,\  i  o 

Kaulfussia  amelloides,  iiesy  luAiCe     ..*        \\\  o  G 

Limnanthes  rosea,  rose  coJoitre(i       "."         .'*,'  o  S 

Nemophila  aurita,  var.  alba  grandiflora  ...         ..'.  ''  Q  Q 

Nolana  grandiflora  alba,  neui  ic/tite  ..]        '.",'        ]"  o  J 

^Portulaca  Thellusoni,  cocciaea,  scarlet      ...         .',         ","  i  Q 

•Salpiglossis  ainuata  coccmea,  neiti  .'caWei  ,"         ".'  1  0 

*  ,,  sinuata  alba,  beauUfal  new  luhite       ...         .1'  1  0 

Tropseolum  Sheuermanniaaum,  pnmrose  wlthhronze  tips  I 

.'.".*  0 
10  - 


THE    BEST    BROCCOLI    IN    CULTIVATION. 

MITCHINSON  AND  Co.,  Seed-Merchants,  Truro, 
Cornwall,  have  much  pleasure  in  uffciiL.g  two  superior 
BROCCOLI,  which,  having  been  carefully  saved  under  their 
own  inspection,  are  warranted  to  give  satisfac  ion  to  all  pur- 
chasers. 

MITCHINS0N»3  PENZANCE,  or  EARLY  WHITE  BROC- 
COLI, is  invaluable  for  its  earliness,  coming  into  use  in 
February.  It  is  a  full-sized,  handsome  head,  of  excellent 
quality,  but  a  shy  seeder.  Offered  in  sealed  packets  of  about 
500  seeds,  at  Is.  Gd-  per  packet,  postage  free. 

MirCHINSON'S  TRUllO,  or  SPRING  WHITE  BROCCOLI, 
is  the  most  perfect  variety  in  cultivation,  having  every 
characteristic  of  perfection.  The  plant  is  robust,  without 
coarseness,  moderately  dwarf,  smooth  leaves,  with  silvery  ribs, 
handsome  compact  heads  well  protected.  Many  gardeners  and 
others  who  saw  them  growing  on  our  grounds  last  season  pro- 
nounced them  to  be  the  best  they  had  crer  seen.  The  stock 
is  limited;  price  Is.  Gd.  per  packet,  or  two  packets  for  2s.  Gd. 
Postage  stampft  should  accompany  orders.  General  catalogues, 
&c.,  lorwarded  on  application. 

Seed  Establishment,  Truro,  December,  1852. 


CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

GJ.  TAYLOR  iuforms  the  Public  that  he  is  ready  to 
•  •  refjelve  order,  fyr  Plan's  of  all  the  varieties  natncd  in 
hij  Xrrrailie,  published  laet  seaHon,  at  lis.  per  dozen,  and  of 
nine  approved  new  tiuea,  let  out  in  185".i,  for  12d.  Also  twelve 
new  Pumpons  for  12«. 

In  consequence  ot  bia  having  had  many  applications  for  that 
woik,  ho  hi8  Issued  a  stcond  e  litlon,  containing  the  names  of 
the  select  varlettea  let  out  in  li'rl,  copleii  of  which  ho  will 
forward  by  pf>st  upon  the  receipt  of  14  postage  starapq.  As  a 
proof  of  the  tuccens  of  hit  mode  of  culture,  ho  begi  to  state 
that  he  exhibl'.ed  at  St  .ke  Newinijton  rhis  dcas  n  a  Hclection  of 
21  bloomd,  galoii'ic  the  Ufgr  prlzti  (a  handsome  silver  Bupj, 
OcoaoE  Tatlob,  f'afU.^trff't.  S'oifp  Nowln^'on. 


NEW   WHITE    BROCCOLI-*  OILCOCK'S    BRIOE  " 

BAl.VBIUDGE  Asu  IIEWLSON"  beg  to  announco 
til  (t  Uiey  h  ivu  puiu;>ut<^d  of  Mr.  Dllcock  the  cntlro  ntock 
of  the  cibovo,  which  l*  a  Broccoli  of  the  bli{hi;at  mvrit,  nur- 
paaftlng  «very  other  {vvrn  iho  far-famed  "Mnmmoth";  an  the 
foUovrlng  will  teotify.  It  has  bo-rn  sold  In  tho  York  market  at 
1$.  per  heacL 

"York  Horticultural  Society,  June  18,  lfl'2. 

"  In  reply  to  your  lnqulrle'*  I  (Itid  'Dilcock'n  Bride  Hromioll' 
was  awar(led  tlr«(  an«]  third  prized  I8'''f;  flmt,  niicond,  und 
third,  I4''l  ;  and  timt,  •tcco'nl,  And  t'llrd  In  (he  pr<:Ment  ynnr. 
I:  ought  lo  be  (frort-n  by  i  very  ff  nctdmari'it  gnrdenor,  cupociaily 
where  any  are  k^'x^h  tor  cuinpti'lilon.  Murk^t  guidaucm  uIhu 
will  And  It  to  thi:lr  proilt  to  pia^emi  1'.— Youm  truly, 

"  It.  Ifftvpser,  Hon,  Hpcretftry." 

Tfa«  iioed  can  he  pro  urcd  wli'doiulu  •>(  imirn  cIvh  at  York  ; 
or  of  Mevim.  N-bl-.  C.H>(.«r,  and  Bolton,  Wi,  Fiec--«trofft, 
iiOntlon  ;  or  Vfi-mirq.  Ch>rlw>»>d  and  Cuuiinint,  U'>voiit  Gurduri, 
London  ;  and  rtst-til  •>(  mU  '\ih  priNclpid  ii««d4rn':n  thrtiw^hom 
the  country,  In  aM«li:d  p'tckein  contulntaff  1300  flco'Jd  at  2a.  (id. 
C'lu'i,— >tIop(i  .''urtery,  Yo/lt, 


INGRAM'S   HYBRID   WHITE   SPINE   CUCUMBER. 

Price  for  Three  Good  Pldmp  Seeds,  2s.  Gd.,  I'ost  Free. 

GEORGE  WHEELER,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  War- 
minster, Wilts,  having  purchased  the  entire  stock  of  the 
above  most  valuable  Cucumber,  which,  after  mucii  care  and 
'■■  at'ention  in  bybrididiog,  Mr.  Ingram  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
rai'^e,  it  is  now,  for  the  first  time,  off'dred  to  the  public,  on  con- 
dition that  G.  W.  receives  by  the  end  of  January  next  the 
names  of  a  sufficient  number  of  Subscribers  to  insure  him  from 
probable  loss  in  the  speculation,  he  will  'haa  bo  prepar(;d  to 
send  it  out  in  the  firdt  week  in  February,  otherwise  it  will  be 
necessary  to  keep  it  in  for  another  season. 

It  is  the  general  opinion  of  the  numerous  persons,  viz.,  gen- 
tlemen's gardeners,  amateur  and  other  Cucumber  groweri,  who 
saw  it  growing  all  through  the  last  season,  that  it  is  the  most 
prolific  long  Cucumber  ever  grown.  The  crop  in  Mr.  Ingram's 
cold  pits,  which  depended  for  boat  on  the  suu'^  rays  alone,  was 
most  abundant,  of  excellent  quality,  and  called  forth  general 
admiration.  It  ia  equally  well  adapted  for  early  foriAing,  for  the 
general  crop,  and  excellent  for  the  trelds  system  of  culture.  The 
8l(ln  is  very  thin,  its  tine  green  colour  is  retained  long  a(ter  the 
Irutt  is  hecunio  too  old  for  the  table  or  exhibition,  without 
showing  the  hjast  tint  of  yellow  ;  the  flesh  is  particularly  solifl, 
criMp.  and  good  fljivourcd.  This  vurioiy  has  the  singuiar  pro- 
p'irty  ol  showing  fruit  on  the  old  parts  of  the  vinott,  oltun  below 
all  the  fo  iago  and  lateral  Bhootn,  and  bringing  i-uch  fruit  to 
porfention.  At  the  horticultural  shoivs  held  in  Birmln^'ham 
und  its  vicinity,  Mr.  Ingram  oxliibltod  this  Hybrid  White  Spine 
for  fltiveriil  sucueflaivo  seaBunB  without  fulllug  In  any  iutitanco 
of  obtaining  the  first  prizo. 

The  HOtd  0.  W.  ofTurrt  has  been  grown  under  hla  own  supor- 
Inteitdcnco,  far  from  any  other  Cucumbtar,  conHequwnily  may 
bo  relied  on  an  truo  and  genuine  ■  hu  theiufore  rei^oinmends  It 
wltli  tho  gr«at'  Bt  eoalidoiico.  G.  W.  hopes  to  redive  iho  numi;H 
of  HubicriberH  withou.  delay,  and  that  rho  lint  may  bu  noon  so 
far  tided  ai  to  enable  hlin  to  send  out  iho  H«i;d  by  tliu  middle  <tf 
Jjuiuiry,  iuHtead  of  Kobrnary,  whlidi  lie  would  be  hn|i|iy  to  do, 
G.  W.  Inift,  an  u^ual,  a  good  .tuck  of  tiiio  Ihitbil  ul  the  I'otlow- 
IngklndHof  TIGICIOU,  or  TIfJ  Rlt  FLO  WElt. 

T.  WHEEI.KillI,  yullow,  richly  spottad  centre,  with  soarlot 
ftepritn,  a  Ktiperb  v.irbsty,  :i«.  pur  do^tuii. 
T.  CONCH  I IFLOR  A,  yellow  ground,  finely  Hpotttd,  35.  p.  doz. 
T.  Pa  VON  H,  'i».  per  dozun, 

Foroft-li  pmt  frei-.    Tliu  unnal  diiifiount  to  tlio  Trado  by  tlio 
101).     A  large  quantity  of  good  and  iitroni£  iruiixplautud  Thoui 
V\nn*»  on  band.     PrlcUA  on  appllciitioN. 
WarmtiMicr,  Dvc  t«. 


Venidium  calendulaceum,  veryjine  .06 

,,  splendid  new  species         ...         ...         ,,.         ,"  o     6 

The  entire  collection  of  15  New  Annuals  '*'io  ^o 

TEXIAN    SEEDS. 

Allium,  fine  specie«,  very  fragrant o  g 

*'Cactu3,       ditto  not  described *,' 1  0 

Clematis,  beautiful  species,  fragrant         '"  i  .q 

Crataagus,  ornnnental  species,  yellow  fruit         ...         \.[  1  o 

"♦fpomcea  sp.  quercifolia,  oak-leaved  i  o 

*"       ,,         species  atr,opurpui-ea,  dark  purple  1  0 

^Ipomopsis,  bright  scarlet       "..,  i  o 

Lupinus,  new  species,  blue '.         ".'  o  6 

*Tigridia,  beautiful  species,  U  inches,  blue 1  9 

"New  Annual,  pink,  beautiful,  6  inches       '.        ...  2  6 

*  „  blue  ,,  ,,  ...    .    1  0 

*  „  purple        „  „  ^        _^_  1  0 

*  „  yellow       ,,  ,,  1  fl 

*Five  fine  speviies,  uiideflcribed  4  o 

Tfte  a?)OUe  collection  of  13  packets **".15     |$ 

The  Flower  Seeds  wVl  be  forwarded  free  of  expense.  Kitchem 
Garden  Seeds  for  early  sowing  might  be  sent  at  the  same  time. 

James  Cabter,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  238,  High  Holborn. 
*^*  An  assortment  of  Hyacinths,  Narcissus,  &c.,  in  separate 

colours,  to  be  had  at  from  IPs,  to  403.  per  box,  carriage  free. 

PETER  LAWSON  and  SON'S  PRICE  LISTS  op 
SEEDS,  FOREST.  FkUIT,  awd  ROSE  TREES,  are 
now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application,  or  free  by  post 
from  the  Agent,  J,  C.  Somuers,  159,  Fenchurch-stroet,  London. 

ROSES. 

ROSES  extending  over  10  acres  of  ground,  may  be 
selected  by  purchasers  from  18s.  to  20s.  per  dozen,  com- 
prising all  the  leading  varieties  ;  dwarf  do.,  Gs.  to  I2s.  per  doz. 
Fine  varieties,  in  pots  fit  for  fcrctng,  12s.  to  18s.  per  doz. 
CAMELLIAS,  well  set  with  flower-buda,  30s.  per  doz.,  and 
upwards.  ERICAS,  leading  varieties,  123.  to  18s. ;  fine  speci- 
mens fit  for  exhibition,  in  11-iach  pots.  A  large  stock  of 
DIBLYTRA  SPECTABILIS  and  every  deacriptiou  of  Nursery 
Stock. 

Catalogues  of  all  the  New  Roses  in  cnltlvation  may  be  had 
on  application.— G.  Clagke,  Streatham-place  Nursery,  Brixtou 
Hill,  near  London. 

ESSRS.    PLATZ    -and    SON,     Erfurt,     Prussia, 

respectfuUy  iufortn  the  trada,  that  thoir  Seed  Catalogue 

for  IS53,  in  wliich  will  bo  found  many  now  vavlotiea,  mav  be  had 

on  applioa'ion  to  their  ai;rent,  Mr.  Robert  Kennedy,  Bedford 

Conservatory,  Oovent-ffarden,  London, 

WINTER    CUCUMBER    SEED. 

TILEY'S  CAPTIVATION      .„     per  packet  2s.  6i 
TILEY'S  PlIEfJOMBNON      ...  '     '' 

CHAMBERLAIN'S  ESSRX   HERO 
LORD    ICEYNOSS    WIN  1'ER-BBA.RINQ    OnOPM- 

iJER,  per  packet 
GORDON'S  WHITE  SPINE  (the  best  of  all   White 

SpinoM),  per  packet ...         ... 

TILRY'S  VIOTOaY  OF  BATH,  per  paoltot  . 

Gooil  sound  Seeds  of  tho  above  firat-rato  varieties  of  Cucum- 
bers can  bo  obtained  at  tho  ab  »vo  pricos  on  receipt  of  tho 
nnioant  In  penny  poatapfo  stamps.     Free  to  any  part. 

EDWAttD  TiLET,  Nur'sorym'in,  I^oodsman,  aad  Florist, 
II,  Abb^v  Olmi'chvard.  Ka'h. 


2il,  Od. 
Is.  64. 


Is.  Sd. 


U.  Si. 
Is.  Sd. 


T" 


E      BLACK      BARBAROSSA., 

'*  A  Qrapo  that  don't  know  how  to  Hhank." 

Fine  Fruiting  Plants,  from  oyos,  of  tho  above  aplfladld  lata 
Grape,  wi'h  shoots  shopped  at  G  feet,  10s.  fiii.  each;  gooil 
plants,  Gs.  iid.  For  its  morlts,  boo  Gardeners'  Chronicle^ 
October  23,  lHr.2,  pajfo  (178. 

Also  Ulack  tliiinburgi),  Rlack  Til-inoron,  White  Mumat  oI 
Alexandria,  Cnnnon  Hall  MuMoat,  Itctl  and  Wlii'e  Froutignanp 
Clia-8olas  MuHqu6,  and  Royal  Munoadino.  The  above  plants 
arc  stopped  at  0  to  (I  feet,  havo  bcun  mrowa  in  heat,  nnd  the 
wood  well  rlpunod.  Fine  for  put  culture,  or  turning  out,  oloan 
from  liisoot  or  mtldow. 

London  Agontu :  Moftsrs.  DA  we,  OoTTREtt,,  and  Renhaw, 
Sotid    McrcliantH,   -IK,    Moorgatc-atreot ;    and    Mr,  I,  ThRAtiL,  7» 

SiunpleH  of   tho   Iturrlon  of   iho  HarbaroHsa  will    bo    sonto 
pOH'iig«  froo,  upon  tho  rucolpt  of  12  powtago  stampe. 
Oiinlro  Buildin[re,  CnV!jnt-;;ardon  Market. 

John  IJu  i  oiieb,  Nurfierjman,  3trtitfurd-on-Avonj 


802 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Dec.  18, 


RAY     SOCIETY. 
T3EP0RT    OF   THE    COUNCIL    OF    THE   RAY 

Xa,     POOIETY,     neaJ      at     the     NlNm    AN(*l7t;ll$AKY 
WEETING,  IIiLD  at  flELFftS  T,  Sfptemueh  4,  1853. 

rBuFEss-m  OwEv,  D.C  L.,  F-W.-*.,  in  tho  Clair. 
In  prtst!n'i' g  the  ^'IN'rH  Annual  R.i  pobt  of  the  Rat 
SociETT,  the  Ci'uncil  woa'd  conijra'u'ate  its  Mtmberp,  th;it 
amidat  tlie  increase  of  o'her  socieuea  having  a  similar 
object  in  view,  tliey  still  obtain  tbtt  aittm+ut  of  support 
wliieh  enablea  them  to  carry  oq  their  Ijbups  wi^h  tfficienoy 
and  succofs.  AUhou^h,  nraongst  fo  lafg;B  a  body,  a  oonsider- 
able  number  are  necessarily  lo^t  to  the  Society  through  deaSb 
and  other  cau-  es  ev.  rs  year,  j  et  they  hive  to  report  an  increase 
in  ihe  number  of  Members  during  the  pa'^t  ye'^r.  In  1851  the 
number  was  739;  at  p  eseut  they  are  71(5:  the  number  wlo 
have  withdrawn  and  died  are  33  ;  tlie  numbers  ad-ded,  40.  Ac 
the  same  lime,  the  Council  would  urge  upon  the  present 
Members  the  adi'aniage  that  wou'd  accrue  to  ihemee'.ves  by 
the'T  ofatainins  adiiiMotial  Subscribers,  and  thus  increasint,' 
the  fuQds  of  he  Society.  The  Council  have  the  conviction, 
that  'here  are  Mill  a  large  number  of  persona  in  this  country 
who  have  both  the  means  and  the  iJeeire  to  patroni'se  Natuial 
History  Science,  who  have  not  had  the  Ray  Society  brought 
under  their  nonce,  and  who  would  willingly  subso'rlise,  do': 
only  for  the  sake  of  tlie  boolta  pufiUthod,  but  that  they  nii^ht 
a&sl&t  in  t^.e  great  scientific  objects  the  Society  has  in  view. 

Since  the  pub'icaiion  of  the  last  Report,  in  July,  13r>l,  he 
foUowit  g  worlds  have  been  distributed  to  the  Jtembers  :  — 

Alder  und   (l-ancocU,  Mono^^raph  of  lh«  "  Nuviibranohiate 
Moliusca."    furt  V.     With  15  platen. 

Leighton,     Morio^rnph     of     the    "  British    Angicca^ous 
Lichens."     Wi 'h  30  col.  ured  places. 
Ab   the   prfSL-nt   time   there   are   bemg  distvibulod  to   the 
Members  :— 

Vol.  I. uf  Darwin's  ilonograpb'of  ihe "Family  of  etrrip?do9i. 

Vol,  HI.  of  the  "  BibHogrttphy  of  Geology  ar^d'  Zoulogy." 
liy  ProfpsBor  Agaj^siz-aod  yh<  Strickland'. 
Tho  Council  hope  lo  be  ab'e  to  publiah,  in  addition  to  the 
last  work,  "he  Sixth  and  remaining  Part  of  the  great  worJt  of 
Messrs.  Alder  and  H  nctjck,  on  !lie  "  Nudibrancbiate  Mol- 
lusc»,"  for  the  year  'S-ji.  They  are  also  glad  to  be  -ible  to 
announce  that,  by  increasing  considerably  the  size  of  the  last 
two  volumes  of  the  "  Bibliography,"  they  will  bB  enabled  to 
finish  this  worlt  in  four  vo'umes.  The  fourth  and  last  volume 
of  this  complete  and  vitiuuble  BibUogiaphy  wi'U  bs  published 
for  the  year  1331. 

Fir  the  year  1853  the  Ciiuccll  purposes  lo  produce  a  Volume 
of  Easays  and  Pupers  on  ZooN-gy  and  Botany,  which  will 
comprise — 

1.  A  Rpport  on  the  present  state  of  our  knoWlad^  of  the 

Striic  ure  of  the  lo&ecta  and  Crustucea.     By  Pl^&feesor 
Erithson;  translated  by  A.  II.  HallidAy,  Esq. 

2.  A  Paper  on  Htrmnphrodiiisr.ms  iu  the   An^n^al  King- 

dom.    By  Professor  Steenifci'up  ;  tft-auslated  by  George 
Br.8lt,  Esq. 

3.  A  Monograph  of  the  family  Diatromac'a;.    By  Professor 

Mt'neHhihi;    irausla'ci   by   J.    Juhusion,    E'stj.      And 
other  Pflptrs. 

The  Second  work  for  the  year  IS53  will  be  the  Second  Volume 
of  Mr.  Darwin'e  worli  ou  the  Cirriptd'a,  with  about  20  pi  ate  <i. 

la  addition  to  the  works  announced  in  previous  Iteports, 
the  Council  ha^e  pleasure  in  stating,  that  they  have  made 
arrangements  with  Dp.  Carpeuler  and  Professor  Williamson 
for  the  production  of  a  jiint  work  on  the  Foraminifera.  This 
work  Hill  compri'-e  two  par's,  the  first  of  which  will  contain  a 
general  history  of  all  ihat  is  a*-  present  l.nown  of  the  fctructure, 
func'ions,  and  synf t-ma' ic  rclatiuus  of  recent  and  <xtinct 
foraminifera,  by  Dr.  Uarpeuter  and  Professor  Williamson; 
and  a  Monograph  of  all  the  recent  Briii,iU  species  of  this 
family,  with  plates  of  all  the  apecits,  by  Professor  Williamson. 

The  Council  have  receivtd  a  communication  from  the  Hev. 
llr.  Leigh  ton  on  the  subject  of  publishini;  nnoiher  volume  on  the 
Lichens  of  Great  Britain,  and  which,  with  the  former  volume 
published  by  the  Socie'y,  will  constitute  part  of  a  complete 
Monograph  of  the  British  Lichen^. 

The  Council  have  a'so  under  their  consideration  the  question 
of  pub!i.ihing  a  translation  of  Hoffmeister'a  work  ou  the 
Germination,  Developmen'",  and  Fructitication-  of  the  Higher 
Cryptogamia. 

Before  c-'ucludtr.g,  the  Council  would  allude  to  the  com- 
plaints that  are  otten  m.tde  of  tic  publication  of  the  works  bo 
long  afcer  the  ^ubsciiptiona  for  (he  year  have  become  due. 
They  feel  that  those  who  piiy  their  subscriptions  punctually  in 
advance  have  reason  to  complain;  and  they  would  especially 
call  the  atl-eutiou  of  ihe  Members  to  the  fact,  ihat  they  have 
no  funds  to  meat  the  expenses  of  Ihe  Society  but  the  subscrip- 
tions of  the  cuirent  ^ear,  paid  in  advauce.  At  the  present 
moment  fhey  h;ivo  owing  them,  upon  thia  and  past  years,  the 
sura  of  six  hundred  and  fifiy-seven  pounds — a  sum  equalling, 
vpithin  one  hundred  and  twenly-four  pounds,  \he  whole  annual 
income  ot  the  Society. 

During  the  past  year  the   Council  have  appointed  Dr.  6. 
Johnston  and  Dr.  Lankester,   Secretaries,    and   J.  S.  Bower- 
hank,  Esq.,  Treasuier,  to  the  Society. 
Ahilract  of  Ti-easHref^s  Account  from  Jane,  1851,  to  J/ay,  1852. 


Ikciime. 
By  balance  in  Trea-    £      s,  i 

surer's  bands      ...  199     6 
Subscriptions     paid 

from    June,    1851, 

to  May,  lSb2       ...  6C4  IG 


EXPESDITCBE. 

Drawing,  colouring,  £  s.  d. 
andprintingplates  3ti9  19  10 
Printing  letterpress  57  15  0 
Secreiaries'expenses  115  14  2 
Stationery,  postage, 
and  advertisements    12     3     8 

Collector      2  10    2 

Bookbinding  ...  lOO    0    0 

Books  5    3    6 

Editing         51    4    6 

BnlancaJa-baiLd-  8G  II    6 


£3U4     2     4  £30i    2     4 

AuditOi-S—jAMEi  Tenwamt,  W.  Febgdson. 
Moved  by  Prince  Bonapaetes,  seconded  by  C.  W.  Dileb,  Esq  :  — 
That  Ihe  Report  now  read  be  adopted,  and  printed  for  dia- 
trilu  i'jn  nmontjat  ihe  Members  of  the  Society. 
Moved  bj  L<:iED  Enniskillen,  seconded  by  ti.  HXNDilAN,  Esq. : — 
That  the  ihanlcs  of  this  Meeting  be  given  to  the  President, 
Council,  Treitsurer,  Stcre'aries,  and  Local  Secretaries,  for 
their  serviots  during  the  past  year. 

Moved    by  the    Rev.    PaopE'-soa    W.    Hincks,    seconded    by 
PaoFesstiR  Dickie:  — 
That  ths  following   Uenleinen   be  req'iested   to  act  as   a 
Council  for  the  enduing  year. 

A.  nenfrey,  F.R.S.  F.L.S. 

Rev.    Leonard    Jenyao,    M.  A, 

F.L.S. 
Gr.     Johnston,      M..D.      LI/.D. 

F.R.C.S.E. 
E.      Latikester,     M,D.     LL.D. 

F.R.S.  F.L.S. 
George  Newport,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

F.L.S. 
Professor  Owen, D.O.L. F.R.S. 

P.I..S. 
Robert    PattersoQ,    Esq.,    Pr. 

Nat.  Hist,  Soc,  Bel. 
Pro'esaor  J')hnPDilli(tfi,P.R.S. 
Prideaui  J.  Sclby,  Esq., F.L.S*. 
W.  Spen;:e.Esq.,  t'.R.S.  F.L.S. 
Hu^^n     E.     Strickland,     Esq., 

M..4.  F.R.S.  F.G.S. 
G.  Watcrhouse,  Esq.,  P.Z.S. 
W.Yarrell,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 


Profeasur  D.  T.  Austedj   M.A, 

F.R.S,  F.L.S. 
Charles   C.   Bibington,    Etq., 

M.A.  F.R.S.  F.L.S. 
Hobert     Ball,      E-q.,      LL.D. 

M.H.I.A.,  Sec.  P.Z  S.I. 
Professor  B.ll.  Sec.  R.S. 
J.  S.  Bowerbauk,  F.R.S.  F.L.S 
George    Buik,     Esq.,    F.R.S. 

F.L-S. 
W.  n.Cavpenter,  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Professor      Daubenv,       M.  D. 

F.R.S.  ■' 

Sir  P.  do  M.  G-.  Fgerton,  Bart., 

M.P.  F.K.S. 
Professhjr      l^dvvard     Forbes, 

F.R.S.  F.L.S. 
Profes-or  Good.sir,  M  D.  F.R.S 
SirW.  J.^rdin",  BarN,  P.R.S.E. 

F.L.S. 


QUEEN  WOOD  COLLEGE,  NEAR  STOCKBrJDGE, 
HIANTS. 
P.-mc'j'wi^ George  FDMn^iDsax. 

,,       f  Dr.  Jons  TTr^DALL,  F.R.S.,  PGrc-tgo 
MATHEMATtca  AND  Na^  )     MffQiber  of  iha  Physical  Socioiy, 
TDBAL  rniLOSoPOY        I       Berlin 

?Dr.  Heinrich  Dtsos,  late  Assi-tant 
J      in    iho    Laboratory    of    Professor- 

CHEMiSTaz  <      Bun^en,  and  Chemical  Lecturer  in 

L     the  University  of  Satrburg. 
GfiAssics    AND   IIiSToai— Mr.  Pauux. 

r  C  Mr.  John  FIaa3,  from  M.  de  Follen* 

MoDEBNLAtoQDAGESAND  1     berg'^  Institution,  Uofwylj  Swtlz:r^ 
Foreign   Litesatuke    |      ,     %  ^  ' 

Geodest Mr.  R:CHABD  P.  Weight. 

Painting  and  Drawing     Mr,  PvicnARD  P.  Wsight. 

^""''m^  ntr^.  ^r'""*    Mr.  Benjamin  Hough. 

MATn£&t>tT.C3 

Mosic       Me.  William  CoaNWALL. 

■c       ,  o„„^ «,«T,.v,^..„™,  f  iff-   Richard     Davib. — The    Farm 

Farm  Sl'PEBSHTENDEnt  [     contains  upwards  of  800  Acres. 

Teshs :— 

For  Boys  under  12  years- of  age    £40  per  anaum. 

„  from  12  10  16        £50  „ 

,,.         above  16 £fiO  „ 

For  further  intormatibo,  aae  ProspectftB,  to  be  had  of  the 
Principal. 

i^=  The  fifat  Beasioir  of  18^3  commentsBS  oa  the  2(Kh  of 
January. 


HORTIOULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER, 

AT  THE  LOWEST  PRICliS  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 

MATERIALS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 


ror^ 


l^t^     -v-I^ 


GRAY  AND  ORMSON,  Danvei-s  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  havirig  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
execute  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms. 

G.  and  O.  have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
con6dence  give  the  most  satisfactory  referenoeg. 

Their  I-Iot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  most 
approved  and  scientific  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  can  be  made  available. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING   AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT    WATER. 

TUBTTLAR  BOILERS' OF  ALL  SIZES.  AVARRANTED  THE 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

T  WEEKS  AND  CO.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  Hot- 
'J  •  HOUSE  Builders;  Horticultjure  in  all  i*s  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples. These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubes 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passe?  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  effect 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLENGE  the  whole 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
^-7  '         _  thoseboilers  thatwarms 

the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  whioh  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  large  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pita,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Buildings  ; 
alao  Catalogues  of  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  &o.,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King'^s-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


WARNER'S  PATENT  FARM  AND  COTTAGE 
PUMPS.— Cast-iron  Pumps,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shallow 
Wells.  £  s.  d. 

Patent  Pump 115     0 

Patent  Pump,  with  15  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuts 

ready  for  fixing    _2  10    0 

Larger  eizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceeding  to  the  Gold 
Regions  they  will  prove  to  he  the  moat 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pumps 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Tronmonper  or 
Plamber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manufactuiers, 

JOHN    WARNER  X   SOMS, 
8,  Crescent,    Jewio-street,    London. 
Every  description  of   Machinery  for  Raising  Water,  Fire 
Engines,  &c. 


HORTICULTUML     GLASS 

OF   EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS   MILLIMGTON'S    WAREHOUSE, 

S7,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 
LONDOW. 


each. 

e.s. 

d. 

Sby4 

HhyH     . 

,    0  13 

0 

7  by  5 

7Jby5J     . 

.     0  15 

U 

8  by  5 

8    bv5J     . 

.    0  15 

U 

8bj6 

81  bj  Si      , 

..    0  ts 

U 

9  by  7 

10  by  8;      . 

.    1    0 

U 

GLASS     FOR     CONSERVATORIES, 

GREENHOUSES,    PIT    FRAMES,  &c. 

TAMES    PHILLIPS    a>d    CO.    beg    to  hand    their 

J  prices  of  SHEET  GLASS  for  cash  : 

Cut  to  order  in  Panes  not  Facl--ed  in  Boxes  of  100  feet 
above  40  inches  long. 

Per  foot. 

16  oz 22ti.  to    3d. 

21  do dld.toi^d. 

26  do 3jc?.  toTJfi. 

32  do e^d.  to    8d. 

Various  sizes  of  16  oz.  Sheet  Glass,  such  as  13  by  9, 12  by 
10,  13  by  10,  14  by  10,  and  15  by  10,  paoliod  in  boxes-at  18s.  per 
100  feet. 

Packed  in  Crates  of  300  feet  at  2^d.,  16'ouaoea  t8  tfae  f«>t, 
or  14  ounces  2^, 

PATEMT  SHEET  GLASS, 
Sold  in  cases  containing  25sheets,  iS  inches  long  by  36  Inches 
wide— 300  fett,  at  3i.  9s  per  case,  net  cash.  Especial  attenifoa 
is  directed  to  the  sizry,  13  by  36  inches,  o^ntiaining  12  superficial 
feet,  and  weighing  fcora  16  to  17  oz,  to  tho  foot,  which  is  tha 
l^irgest  ever  mide. 

FOREIGN  SH-EET  GiLASS,  of  very  superior  quality,  packed 
'm  cases  of  200  feet,  and  in  sizes  varying  from  36  by  26  to  44  by 
30  inches,  at  333.,  ■IO5  ,  to  42^.  per  cabe. 

Mdlk  Pans,  from'is.  to  63.  each,  Pr.^pagating  and  BeeGHasgas, 
Cucumber  Tubes,  Lactometers,  Lord  Csmoys'Milk  Syphona, 
Tiles  and-  Slates,  Wasp  Traps,  Plate,  Crown,  and  Ornamental 
Glass,  Shades  foP  Of&aoMnts,  Fern  Shades,  and  every  article 
in  the  Trade. 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  WAREHOUSE,  116,  Bilftlopa- 
gate-street  Without,  London. 

HARTLEY  AND  Co's.  GLASS  TARIFF  NEWS- 
PAPER wUI  be  forwarded  Gratis  on  application,  post 
paid,  to  Messrs.  James  Habtlet  and  Co.,  We^r  Glass  \^^ork8, 
Sunderlan'^,  or  Porfleet. wharf.  Earl-street,  Blackfriars,  London. 

GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  -AND  Co.  supply  16-oz.  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  Sd, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  which  are  kept  ready  picked  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  Pri-ees  and  Estimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLATES,  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATINa 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GL.ASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlet  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London, 
See  Gardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month,' 

GALVANISED     WIRE     GAME     NETTING.— 
Id.  per  yard,  2  feet  '.vide. 


Galvaa-      Japanned 
ised.  Iron, 

2-inch  mesh,  light,  21  inches  wide    ...    Id.  per  yd.    M.  per  yd, 
2-inch      ,,       strong  „  ...     9       ,,  6J      „ 

2-inch     „      extra  strong     „  ...  12      „  9"      „ 

!  1-inch     „      light  „  ...    8      „  6       „ 

Ig-inch     ,,      strong  „  ...  10      ,,  8       „ 

1^-inch      ,,      extra  strong     „  ...  14      ,,  11       ,, 

All  the  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportionate  prices. 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesh,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow- proof  netting  for  Pheasatttriefl, 
Zd.  per  square  foot.     Patterns  forwarded  po^t  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  iilSHOP,  Market-place, 
Norwich,  and  delivered  free  of  e;:pense  in  London,  Peter- 
borough, Hull,  or  NevFcastle. 


RACING  GAME,  MANUFACTURED  BY 
FUTVOYE.— This  novel  Game,  allowed  to  be  the  most 
interesting amuaeraentyet  produced,  and  which  may  be  played 
by  tffo  or  any  larger  number  of  persons,  can  be  had  from  the 
Manufacturer,  complete,  with  solid  Bronze  Horses  painted  ia 
appropriate  colours,  from  21.  each.  Futvoye,  Manufacturer, 
Regent-Street,  stamped  on  each  Boaid.  Also  the  French 
Racing  Game  and  Steeple  ChaBw.  fn-m  '2s.  ench.  completg. 


IRON      HURDLES. 

STEPHENSON  and  PEILL,  61,  Gracechurch-atreet, 
London ;  and  17,  New  Park-street,  Southwark,  Jfanu- 
facturers  of  every  description  of  Iron  Fencing,  beg  to  call  the 
attention  of  Noblemen  and  Gentlemen  to  their  present  prices 
of  HURDLES:— for  Sheep,  6  feet  long,  Sfeeihigh,  with  5  bare, 
at  4s.  Zd. ;  and  for  Catde,  6  feet  long,  3  ft:er  3  inches  high,  with,  " 
5  bars,  at  43.  Qd.  each. 


Hj-iHE  ONLY  STOVE  WITHOUT  A  FLUE,— 
-L  Plain,  from  125.  to  25s. ;  OrnameDtal,  from  31j.  6d.  to  She 
Guineas  ;  Stands  for  Stovits,  23.  6ti.,  3s-,  and  5s.  each.  For 
which  her  Majesty's  Ro^al  Letters  Patent  ■■^, 

have    been    granted,      Prospeciua,    vpith 
Drawings  and  Report,  forwarded  tree. 

JOYCE'S  PATENT  for  warming  Halls, 

Passages,    Greenhouses,     Water-closets, 

Shops,    Store-rooms,    and  all  pUces  re-  , 

quiring    artificial  warmth.      The  above  ' 

Stoves  do  not  emit  smoke  or  unpleasant 

smell,  and  will  burn  without  atieotion  or 

replenishing  from  twelve  to  twenty-four 

hours.     To  be  seen  in  use  daily,  at  the 

sole  Proprietor's,  S.  Nash,  Ironmonger, 

4c.,  2^13,  Oxford-street,  and  at  the  Ci'ty 

Depot,  119,  Newgate-street,  London  ;  and 

to  be  had  from  the  principal  Ironmongers  in  town  and  country. 

PATENT  PREPARED  FUEL   for  the    Stoves,   2s.   6d.    per 

bushel;  only  genuine  wiih  the   Proprietor's  n^me  aud  seal  on 

the  Back. 

S.  Nash,  253,  Oxford-street,  and  119,  Newgate-stree*,  London, 
Sole  Manufacturer  of  the  PorOable  Economical  Vapmr  Bath, 
for  Families.  Travellers,  ifec.  tfcc,  complete  with  Large  Cloak, 
II.  llf,  Qd.    Medical  Testimonials  forwarded  on  application. 


51— 1852.J 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


803 


SPECIMEN  SHOW  PLANTS.— The  Subscnbers 
having  determined  to  dispose  of  a  few  of  their  miigniGccnt 
apecimens,  the  like  being  no  where  to  be  foaod  in  Great  Britaio, 
sersotM  reqairiTtiTj  sboald  send  their  gardener'*  tr>  select 
without  delay,  A  fine  stock  of  Forest  Trees,  Frail:  Trees, 
aod  Shrubs,  to  be  sold  cheap. 

W.  JiCKaoN  and  Co.,  Bedale,  Yorkshire. 


GEORGE  JACKMAN,NuRSERTaiAN,Wokmg,Surrey, 
IJ  mile  from  WoUing  Station,  South  Westero  Railway, 
begs  to  acoouuee  he  haa  jaat  published  a  new  aod  complete 
Catalogue  of  his  American  Plaati,  Orniimental  Evergreens, 
Coni'ers,  flowering  Shrubs,  Standard  and  Dwarf  Roses,  Fruit 
and  Forest  Trees,  &c.  ttc,  and  may  be  had  on  application  by 
inclosing  two  postaga  stamps. 


Messrs.  Charlet  Cantor  ^  Co.  of  Calontta. 

18  5  2. 
LIST  OF  OBGHIIBOUS  FLAlTi  mDIBElQUB  TO  ABEAM 

AND  THE  NEIGHBOURIMG  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 


No. 

IfiMES. 

Size  and  ColoOr  of  Flotver. 

1« 

Sllerostjlis  Wallichiil,. 

Small,  pea  green    ...- 

2 

OberOQfa  indiiotia 

Miaate,  yellowish 

3« 

„    sp „ 

„               „           

1 

Liparis  &p. 

Small,  yellow          .,. 

5 

„    sp 

,,            ,,               

e*» 

..    8P 

Largish,  green  yellow 

7» 

„     sp 

Small,  deep  purple 

■8 

Otoohihi?  fascui 

„    yellowish  brown 

_  9 

„    albua          

,,            ,,         and  white 

10 

PhoUdota  imbricata    ... 

„    white 

11 

,,    aadulata    

II        t*       ••• 

12» 

„    arlicalata 

18» 

>,    sp 

„        „    and  yellow 

If 

„    sp 

i(        »»               )» 

•15 

CcelogyDfi  flavida 

,,    yellow 

IG 

„    uadiriata 

Largish,  white       

17< 

„    fimbriata! 

„           „  and  brown    ... 

IS" 

„    UDiftora 

„            ,,  and  late^itiou^ 

19 

,,    barbata      

„    white 

•20« 

„    prsecoi  ?     

„        „       

31« 

„    macal.ita 

Large, white,y©now,tfc  rose 

3i" 

„     Wallieliiana 

„         ,,         and  rose 

28" 

,,    ocetlata      

„    pale  yellow  and  deep 
orange 

24* 

„    G^ardoeriana 

„    white  and  yellow     ... 

2S 

J,    ctistala 

„         „      streaked     witb 
bright  yellow 

26 

„     6P.     ... 

3Qia!I,  brown  and  yellow. ,, 

•2  7*. 

.,    flataS         

Large,  yellow  and  brown  ., 

!8 

,1      BP „ 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

29^ 

„     sp, 

„    white  and  brown 

-30 

>i     sp 

„    pale  yellow    ^ 

31" 

„    ap 

„    white  (pretty) 

3-2«' 

„    sp 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

83  •• 

Solbophyllam    taopardi- 

Large,  yellow  spotted  with 

nutn        

pnrple. 

34 

„    nmbeUatum 

Largish,  dull  yellow 

35" 

„    ffhasyaaum 

Small,  greenish      

36~ 

,.    sp.     

Largish,  bright  yellow     ... 

37« 

,1    sp 

Small,  white,  fragrant     ... 

3S» 

>.    sp 

,,    dull  purple     

39 

..    sp 

»            1*              

M 

,.    sp.     ."        

„            „               

11" 

Girrhopetalam  sp. 

Small,   greenish,   fragrant 

43 

„    sp 

„  .  dnll  purple    

■i3« 

„     sp 

Large,  brown  and  yellow... 

«" 

■.      sp 

Largish,  dull  purple 

tS" 

„     sp 

>i            1) 

46> 

Tricosiaa  suavis 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

47« 

Eria  aiva             

Largish,  dull  yell.  iS:  brown 

-43 

Bria  sp 

Largish,     white     streaked 
with  brown 

49 

„    deasiflora 

„              „    tinged    witli 
yellow 

50 

„    ferraginaa 

„    ferrn^ineous 

51 

„    panicalata 

Small,  spotted  with  purpU 

52" 

„    sp 

Largish,  white        

53» 

..    sp 

,,             „    &  duUpurp. 

51» 

..    sp 

II             jt              »» 

S5« 

„    sp 

Mmute,  rosy           

(6 

Aporum  anceps 

Small,  white          

67 

„    casptdatum 

,,            „               

33 

„    sp 

,,            ,,               

59* 

,.    •?•! 

Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

iO 

Dendrobiam  Pierardl  ... 

Large,  pink  and  yellow    ... 

Sl« 

,,    heterocarpam 

„    yell,  and  br.  fragrant 

<2 

„     Cbrysaathum 

„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

^. 

„    Pattoni      

i>               It               I. 

«!• 

„    sp.  like  do. 

,,    orange  and  brown  ... 

■35» 

„    formoauca 

Very  large,  white  and  yell, , 
fragrant 

M- 

,,    longicornjT... 

Large,  white  and  orange... 

«7 

„    cftlceolas 

Very   dark    yellow,     rose, 
and  pnrple 

-38» 

,,    sulcatam 

Large,  yellow  and  purple,.. 

69 

„     Jeakinsii 

„    lively  yellow 

70 

,,    csenileaceas 

„    deep  lively  purpio    ... 

71 

.,    D)btle        

,,    white  rosy  purple    ... 

72" 

„    Oibsonil     

,,    yellow  and  brown    ... 
Small,  white           

73« 

„    stuposum 

74  • 

„    Cambridgeaoam  ... 

L^rge,  lively  yell,  and  br 

75«» 

,f    tran4parea« 

„    deep  lively  purple    ... 

70. 

„    like  do.,  Tarioua  ... 

„    pale  rose  and  purpl. 
„    Iiloc-ro«e  and  yellow 

77" 

„     Devonianam 

78" 

,,    DaiboaBlaDam    .. 

„    rose,  w  lite,  and  purp. 

79 

,,    mal'ioaule 

,1     whi  e  a  id  purple     ... 

00«» 

„    Orifflthll    

„    pale  I  ell.  and  orang 

81" 

„     yarmerl     

..    lively      ,.        „        ... 

82" 

„    dcosifl'>r(im  pallid. 

,,    white  and  orange    .. 

83" 

„        do.    roneum     ... 

„    pale  rose  and  orange 

•84 

„    IntermediaiD 

1,     pale  yuUow  ii  brotvn 
„     lively  orango 

85« 

..    ■? 

8«« 

,,    "p 

II        M     yellow  ii  brown 

87" 

„    "P 

„     yellow,  pinlc,  and  br. 

8«> 

.,    tp 

,,     pink  and  yellow 

es" 

"IpathfiKlotti*  pabetoeat 

Larglgh,  yellow  and  purpiv 

30 

iraadioa  bambiulfoUn 

Largo,  pal*:  roio  and  l.vob 
purplo 

»!• 

Pbatafl  griadtfollai 

„    wblc^,  brown,  du  pur. 

M 

„     Waliohii 

fl                   tt                   It                             M 

03» 

,t    macalata 

II          t>      rofty  icentel 

.  Ter. 

Spi. 
,  Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
.  Ter 
.  Bpi. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
,  Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
,  Ter. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Bpi 
Ter, 

.  Epi 

,  Da. 

,  Do. 

,  Do. 
Do. 

,  Tor. 
Bpi 
Do. 

Do. 

Lie. 

Do. 
,  Do. 
.  Do. 
.  Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Spi 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
.  Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Oo. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
,  Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

D.). 
,  Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
I  Tit. 

So. 

Do. 
111,. 
Do. 


9(. 
95" 
98" 
97" 
93" 
99" 
100»' 
10l>» 
102 

103»' 

10i»> 

105*» 

lOS' 

107' 

193 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

lU" 

115.' 

116 

117" 

US' 

119' 

r20* 

121" 

l.'2" 

123" 

12i" 

r2o<" 

128 

127 

1-23 

12S" 

130 

131» 

132 

133* 

131' 

135 

136 

137" 

133 

139 

HO" 
HI" 

1«" 
143«^ 
lU" 
U5» 

116" 


NAHGd. 


150" 
151" 

152 

153 

15* 

1.55* 

150" 

157»' 

15S<" 

1.J9<" 

160" 

161" 

162" 

163" 

164" 

166" 

166" 

107» 

168.' 

1'.9'' 

170«< 

171.I 

172 

173 

171 

I7.j" 

PO" 

177" 

178' 


Phaiiis  albas 
.\pataTii8eailis  ... 
.V.  latifolia 
Eulophia  virens ... 

>■    sp 

I.    sp 

„     sp 

..     sp 

Vaada  teres 

,.     cristata 

„    multidora  ... 

„    coerulea 

»    sp 

.1    sp 

..    op 

Camarotis  purpurea 
ilicropera  pallida 
Saccolabiuin  mierairthm 

„    retusum     

,.    papillosum 

J,     Catceolare 

,>    sp.  like  do. 

,,    caToifolium 

,,     dasypogoa 

,,    appeQdiculaiam  .. 

..    sp 

Sarcantfaas  sp.  ... 

»    sp 

.,    sp 

„     sp 

,.    sp 

,.    sp 

Aerides  affine     

,,    odoratum 

..    sp 

<•    sp 

Agrofftopbyilium      Kha 

syanuua 
Siphosiura  acuminatum 
A.caalhophippiuin  sp.  ... 

„     sp 

Cymbidium  giganteum... 

,,    pendulum  ... 

,,    aloifolium  ... 

„    eburceum 

,,    incooapicuum 
Cymbidium      loQgipeta- 
lum 

„    cgprifoUum 

»    sp 

M    sp 

..     sp 

..    sp,. 

„     sp 

?  PlialEeaopsis,  sp. 

Eupborboecis  pygmasa... 
Gleodorum  dilatatum   ... 


Platantherasp 

Periatylii  ap 

llabeDarla  bamigera  1 .. 

II    sp 

II    sp 

.1    sp 

,,    sp 

Pogooia  Joliaaa 

II     ap 

.,     ap 

Cyrtoaia  sp 

Spiranthea  sp 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

Anxctoctiilua  Kox 

burghii 

I.    sp 

Cypripedium    T6Duatatxi 

inslgoe 

Calanthe  doasiflora 

ap 

sp 

sp 

.     ap 

Qoodyera  sp. 

sp 

.      "P 

Ophrya  sp. 

..     sp 

\nthogloum  sp. ... 
Uooatca  ap. 


Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 


Large,  white,  ropy  scentef! 

Largish,  rose  and  gret;n  ... 

? 

Large,  green  and  white 

II    dull  yellow  ,b  brown 

I,    deep  purple , 

,,     green  aud  yellow 

I,    purplish  green 
Very    Iar;,,e,    rosy    purple, 

yellow  and  brown 

Largish,    greonish,    white, 

and  purple 

„    white  and  rose 
Very  large,  deep  blue 
Largiah,  dull  purplo 

II  II        and  green 

,,    yellow  and  brown    .. 
Small,  yellow  aod  purple.. 

,.    pale  yellow    

Small,  rosy  ...        

Largish,  lively  .spotted 
Small,  pale  yellow  &  pur. 

t,    yellow  and  browu    .. 

„    pale  do.  and  rose     .. 

I,    rosy      

„    green  and  purple 

„    yellow 

,,    rosy  and  deep  purpli^ 

Small,  rosy 

,,    white  and  yellow 


„    rosy  red  

Large,  rosy  purple 

,,  ,,    sweet-scented 

Large,  Iik,e  afiiae,  and  rer^ 

aweet-sceated 
Small,  white  

Large,  white  

,,    dull  purple    

,,     white,  streaked 
Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 
Large,  dull  ycil.  and  purpl, 

Very  large,  white   ... 

Sraal',  brown 

Largish,  green  and  purple 


Large,    fragrant,     yellow, 
and  white 
„    brownish  purple 

Very  large,  white 

Large,  white  aud  brown  ... 
green  an^l  dull  purple 
Large,  yellow  and  reddiab 
brown 

Minute,  yellow         

Large,  white,  purple,  and 
yellow 
„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Large,  white     •       

Largish,      white,      sweet 
scented 

Small,  green  

„    yellow  

,,     greenish  yellow 

,,    white 

Large,  white  

Small,  rosy  white 

Larglah,  green        

Small,  purple  

Largish,  golden  yellow    ... 
Small,  white  

roay  white      

white 

Large,  green  and  purple  .. 

red  and  yellow 

lively  yellow  ... 

Small,  brown  and  yellow,. 

Largo,  white  and  green    .. 

,,  ,,      and  yellow.. 

„    dull  purple     

Small  white 

„    dull  purple    .. 

Largiah,  rosy  purple 

green  aud  purplo    ,, 
rosy      

Small,  green  ...         ,. 


RHcliynanthua  (3  to  l  ap,) :  lliyn  (.'i  .i,,  „  ™ji.)  ;  Arum  (aoveral 
I.lHuin  (I  sp.)  ;  Noponthiis  (I  ap.)  ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodluma 
(150  to  200  sp.)  ;  Palms  (Llvlstonla,  Looxalla,  Garyoco, 
Oulumun,  iia.)  aro  alao  indigenous,  and  can  bo  acut  it' 
rcjulfcd. 


Plant*  nit  marked  aro  oomtnon.  Ditto  marked  with  an  asturl,^k  aro  coiiaiderod  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  .at«rliks  arecon.ldorcd  very  rare. 

The  chftrgo.  for  ,i  b'lK  of  i  Cijbic  feot  ineai,iro,n<inc,  ciat^ilnlrf^  an  oqutil  solooUon  of  the  throe  ktn,lB,  will  bo  HI,  or 
",0  Rop,,''.,  d«livcr*blo  at  Calcutta.  When  i'lu'it.  w'lio'i  are  raro  ,ir  v,iry  raro  aro  rciulro'l,  the  cliiirgos  will  bo  according  t„ 
the  kin'I  tikiin  ;  for  tho  rare  1  r.  8a.  a  Plant;  for  the  very  raro,  2  rujiooa  a  Plant.  When  very  largo  plants  ore  direotoj  to  bo 
lent,  no  ertra  fhnrt^o  will  be  made. 

Wbeu  n„w  PI  int.  not  Includod  In  the  Hat  aro  sent,  a  loparate  obargo  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  moro  aro  taken 
ftdUcoiintof  10  p«rcerit.  will  bo  allowed. 

Plaau  c«n  al.o  bj  aent  In  gK.s  ca.ea,  on  tho  VVardian  plan,  menaurlng  2  feet  6  Inehofl  In  Icniftb.  2  foot  broadtb,  and  2  feet 
7  !neh«4  In  helKht,  for  whl,Th  an  cttra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  bo  made.  OlaBS  covers  can  alao  bo  aupidleii  for  tho  otlior  boxes, 
at  an  extra  charge  o1  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  ba  made  to  Messrs.  CHARLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  Au/juH  1,  1852, 


AMERICAN    PLANTS. 
TOHN  WATERER  begs  to  announce  his  Cataloguo 

*J  of  the  abuve  Pl-iuts,  Roses,  Couilcrw,  &c.,  is  now  publiebed, 
and  may  be  fibtained  by  encloaiug  two  p08ta;;e  stampa.  The 
colours  of  all  the  llhodod'.-Ddrone  worthy  cf  cul'ivation  are 
deflcribed,  in  order  to  I'aeilrtate  purchasers  in  selecting. 

fejf  The  Rhod'j'leodroii'i,  Azaleas,  &e.,  annually  exhibited 
at  the  R03  al  Botanic  Grtrdeos,  Regtmi'^  Piirk,  a:  e  tupplied  from 
(his  establishment,  —  TheAineriean  Nursery,  Bn^'aihuc,  Surrey, 
t  miles  frnm  Fftrnhorou;'h  Station,  Snutb-Weetef  n  Railway, 
and  3  miles  from  B)a«kwa'or,  South- Eastern  Railway. 


2    6    to 
1 


2    6 


1    0 


6 

2  6 

3  G 
5  0 
1  6 
1  6 
r.  0 
a  G 


CHOICE  BULBS   AND  FLOWER  ROOTS 
s.  d.       s.  d. 
TropDeolum  tricolorum,  fine  tubiirs,  each 
,,  brachjcei'us         ,,  ,, 

,,  azureum  ,,  ,, 

Tri'onia  aareft,  spleodid      ,,  „ 

Oxalis  el?gans,  new  and  fiQe  „ 

I)  n  major,  ,,  ,, 

Cjclamen,  in  seven  beauiiful  varietlts     ... 
Bab'ana  rubia  cjanea  ,,  ,, 

Suptrb  collections  of  Alsticemevia,  Ixiae,  Sparaixls,  Osali?, 
Babtana,  and  various  other  Capo  Rootf.  For  8ijperir>r  eelections 
of  Rnn'niculus,  Anemone,  Gladioli.  English  Iris,  Imported. 
Du'ch  Hyacinths,  Crocut,  and  olber  root&.  Also,  fur  colleciion^ 
of  choice  Stove,  Greenhouse,  WrLt-r  Flowetiag  Herbactous, 
Bock,  and  o^her  plantB,  see  advenistments  in  the  Gardeners' 
Chronicle  of  October  ISch  and  SOth. 

For  particulurs,  see  "  Autumn  Catalogue,"  supplied  for 
three  posta<?e  stamps. 

BAsa  and  Beown,  Seed  and  Horticultural  Eatablishment, 
Sudbury,  Suffolk. 

f^OR  CHEAPNESS,  UTILITY,  AND  DISPLAY, 

the  undermentioned  are  strongly  recommended  :— 


1000  Rcech,  3  ft 15s, 

1000  Horse  ChestiiQt,  2  to 

4  ft 15 

1000  Spruce  Fir,  2  ft.  ...  15 
lODO  Green  Hollies,!  to2ft.  30 

1000  Oak,  4  ft It 

100)  Evergreen  Privet,  3ft.  30 
100  Oaks,  6  to  10  ft.  ...  5 
100  Spanish  CheatmitjGft.  5 
lOD  Larch,  6  to  8  ft. 


1000  Elms,  2  to  3  ft.        ...  15s. 
1000  Scotch  Fir,  2  ft.      ...  15 
1000  Highland  Pines,  2  ft.  17 

loot)  Larch,  2  ft ID 

llliO  Syeamore,-3  ft.  ...  20 
IfluO  Common  Laur6l9,2ft.  GO 
100  Poplars  Ontario,  6  to 

10  ft 5 

100  Horss  Gbesfnut,  8ft.     5 
JOO  Elms,  6  to  8  ft.         ...     3 


If  the  above  are  ordered,  one-tenth  will  be  given  over  on  tba 
quantity  ordered,  to  compensate  for  carriage. 


-100  sorts   Hardy    Herb- 

acacu3  Plants       ...  253. 
nOO  LaurestlDun.  2  ft.    ...  30 
*100  Evergreen  Oaks,  2  to 

3  ieet  25 

*100  Finest  Gooseberries  10 
*100  Black  Grape  Currants  10 
*50  Standard  Apples  ...  30 
*50  Dwarf  Rose^,  named  13 


*100  Flowering  and  Ever- 

green  Slirubs        ...  35s. 

noo  Portugal  Laurels,  2fr.  15 

nOO  Evergreen  Bos,  2  ft.  25 

*100   Double    Hollyhocks  20 

•100  Red  Champagne  Cur- 
rants ...        ...  10 

*100  May's  Victoria  Cur- 
rants   25 

*50  StandardRoses.oamedlO 

All  Orders  above  2i.  10s.,  for  those  marked  *,  Carriage  paid 

to   London,    Liverpool,   Birmingham,  aud  Ediuburgh,  and  all 

the  intermediate  Stations  within  150  Hiites  of  ibe  Nursery. 
Address   all    Orders   and  Commuuii-aiions   to   Heney  Mat, 

the  Hope  Nurseries,  Bedale,  York.     A  remittance  or'referecce 

from  unk-nowii  correspondents  is  respectfully  requested. 


Wixt  @gyl?energ'  @fiiamele« 

SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  18,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

,,  n  „        onJCh-iDical 8  r.M. 

Mo:.D4T.       Dec,       '0(s,„i>tical 8  p.». 

f  L'nnesn    8  p.m. 

TOBSDAT,         —         21<Civll  EniirteflTB  (AnaIyercarv)....S  p  M. 

I  PathoIoKical S  p.m. 

n.  n...  I  Loudon  lastitucioa     7  pm. 

WaoTiBBDiT,   —         --(society  or  Arts S  p.m. 

TauasDAT,      —         23— Numismatic 7  r,M, 

Do  Orchidaceous  plants  produce  hybrids  ?  is  a 
question  often  asked,  and  never  answered  satis- 
factorily. It  is  probable  that  they  do,  because 
their  natural  powers  are  identical  with  those  of 
other  plants  ;  and  there  is  no  apparent  reason  why 
the  ability  given  to  Lilies,  Amaryllids,  and  Irids, 
should  be  denied  to  Orchids,  There  is  also  a 
strong  presiimption  that  the  difficulties  attending 
a  precise  definition  of  certain  supposed  species  in 
such  Orchidaceous  genera  as  Maxillaria,  Orchis, 
Ophrys,  Oncidium,  Epidendrum,  Dendrobium,  &c., 
are  connected  with  the  occasional  production 
naturally  of  intermediate  forms  of  hybrid  origin. 
But  ^»-oo/ was,  till  lately,  wanting,  M.  116 per  had 
indeed  pointed  out  a  presumed  mule  between 
Orchis  fusca  and  0.  militaris  ;  and  similar  evidence 
regarding  ©phrys  w,as  obtained  by  Mutf.l.  It  is, 
however,  to  Mr,  Weddell  that  is  due  tbe  direct 
proof  of  the  occurrence  of  mule  Orchids  in  nature. 

It  appears  from  an  article  in  the  Annales  des 
Sciences,  vol.  xvm.,  that  for  11  years  past  the  pupils 
who  attend  M.  de  Jossieu's  herborisations  in  the 
Forest  of  Fontainebleau,  have  remarked  a  plant 
wholly  iTitermediate  between  the  Man  Orchis 
(Aceras  anthropophora)  and  the  Military  Orchis. 
Mr.,  Weddei.l  first  remarked  it  in  the  year 
IS^ll,  and  a  good  many  specimens  were  observed 
last  summer  among  tlie  coppice.  In  the  same 
place  only  the  two  other  Orchises  were  found, 
between  which  this  must  be  a  hybrid,  as  is  shown, 
we  think  conclusively,  by  one  of  RioiJueux's  charm- 
ing figures  which  accompanies  Mr.  VVeddei.l's 
memoir.  The  spike  of  ihe  mule  was  more  oblong 
than  in  the  Military,  and  less  lax  tlian  in  the  Man 
Orchis.  The  sepals  were  bordered  with  red  as  in 
tlie  latter,  but  white  with  a  few  speckles,  ,and  turned 
upwards  as  in  the  former.  The  lip  was  just  inter- 
mediate in  form  between  the  two,  but  purple  and 
speckled  as  in  the  Military  Orchis;  and,  finally,  its 
spur  was  four  times  shorter  than  in  that  specie,s,  but, 
nuvertheless,  difitinctly  formed,  instead  of  being 
abscMit,  as  in  the  Man  Orchis. 

Here,  then,  is  a  clear  case  of  hybridism.     The 


804 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Dec.  18, 


coppice  contains  A  and  B,  natural  well-known 
species,  and  no  other  ;  but  among  them  springs  up 
an  intermediate  form,  which  is  equally  A+B,  and 
B+A. 

la  this  as  in  so  many  other  cases  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  botanists  will  find  cause  to  make  them  distrust 
the  trifling  peculiarities  —  we  should  rather  .say 
accidents — out  of  which  some  of  them  are  per- 
petually fabricating  those  spurious  species  which  we 
should  be  contented  with  describing  as  so  many 
ephemeral  examples  of  mistaken  ingenuity,  if  they 
were  not  something  far  more  important  in  their 
bearing  upon  the  interests  of  natural  history.  So 
long  as  they  were  few  in  number  men  of  science 
hardly  thought  them  worth  attention ;  when  flies 
are  scarce  one  does  not  break  flies  on  the  wheel ; 
but  they  have  become  a  serious  nuisance,  of  the 
abatement  of  which  we  see  few  good  signs.  Books 
are  idly  multiplied ;  pages  are  crowded  with  un- 
realities; societies  are  wearied  with  disquisitions 
concerning  the  best  way  of  distinguishing  things 
having  no  distinction ;  students  are  bewildered ; 
naturalists  disgusted,  and  the  public  is  fairly  driven 
to  more  exact  pursuits.  No  wonder !  when  we 
see  every  little  individual  difference  magnified  into 
a  natural  distinction,  in  identifying  which  the 
authors  of  such  follies  are  as  much  bewildered  as 
any  one  else.  The  solemn  triflers  "  who  could 
divide  a  hair  'twixt  south  and  south-east  side,"  did 
not  perish  with  the  Long  Parliament,  but  left  an 
extensive  line  of  descendants,  who  seem  to  have 
taken  to  botany  in  these  latter  days. 

When  we  look  at  the  work  going  forward  among 
the  writers  of  European  Floras,  to  say  nothing  of 
others  who  occupy  themselves  specially  with  exotic 
botany — when  we  hear  of  seven  or  eight  hundred 
Solanums,  hundreds  of  Willows,  legions  of  Poas, 
the  common  American  Tobacco  pronounced  to 
consist  of  a  dozen  distinct  species,  and  eyen  the 
little  Dog- Violet  made  into  sylvatica,  Riviniana, 
flavicornis,  lancifolia,  pratensis,  lactea,  stagnina,  and 
so  on — we  cannot  but  ask  where  this  furor  is  to  end  ? 
Upon  principles  (!)  like  these,  out  of  which  the  so- 
called  species  of  plants  are  often  now-a-days 
constructed,  eveiy  militia  regiment  ought  to  be 
described  as  consisting  of  scores  of  human  species. 
High  cheek-bones,  low  foreheads,  hooked  noses, 
thick  lips,  black  hair,  bushy  whiskers,  narrow 
shoulders,  and  other  difi^erences  of  similar  impor- 
tance, would  enable  any  ingenious  gentleman  to 
concoct  a  string  of  species  of  the  genus  Homo,  fully 
as  genuine  as  the  rank  and  file  of  many  a  systematic 
botanical  work  we  might  name. 

Let  us  hope  that  Mr.  Weddell's  anthropophoro- 
militaris  Orchis  will  assist  in  putting  an  end  to  so 
mischievous  a  folly. 

The  managers  of  the  Society  of  Arts  have  just 
announced  the  subjects  for  which  they  offer  pre- 
miums in  the  coming  season.  Altogether  112 
matters  are  detailed,  among  which  are  several  which 
interest  many  of  our  readers.  That  this  Society  is 
not  inclined  to  slumber  after  the  efforts  made  in  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  all  Nations,  is  sufficiently 
evident ;  on  the  contrary,  it  would  seem  as  if  the 
exertions  then  made  had  inspired  the  body  corporate 
with  vigour  renewed  by  their  former  labour,  and 
disciplined  by  the  invaluable  experience  gained 
during  that  great  event. 

From  the  list  of  premiums  before  us  we  select 
the  following,  as  being  intimately  related  to  subjects 
which  from  time  to  time  occupy  our  columns  : — 

7.  For  an  account  of  the  processes  involved  in  the 
preparation  of  Charcoal,  and  its  recent  applications  to 
manufacturing  and  other  pm'poses. 

16.  For  the  importation  of  not  less  than  half  a  ton  of 
well-dried  Plantains,  or  Bananas  from  the  West  Indies. 

1 7.  For  the  importation  from  any  British  Possession, 
of  not  less  than  100  pounds  of  Dried  Fruits,  of  equal 
qualify  with  those  nowimported  from  the  Mediterranean. 

18.  For  the  importation  of  not  less  than  one  pipe  of 
Wine,  of  good  marketable  quality,  made  from  the  pro- 
duce of  Vineyards  in  Australasia. 

19.  For  the  best  essay  on  the  theory  and  practice  of 
Fermentation,  particularly  as  applied  to  the  Art  of 
Brewing  ;  so  as  to  modify,  or  altogether  dispense  with, 
the  intermediate  process  of  malting. 

23.  For  the  importation  from  China,  India,  or  else- 
where, of  any  new  Plants,  or  Trees  producing  Oils,  or 
Fatty  Substances,  which  can  be  used  as  food,  or  are 
applicable  to  manufacturing  purposes. 

24.  For  the  importation  of  not  less  than  ten  gallons 
of  Olive  Oil,  the  produce  of  Australasia,  or  any  other 
British  Possession. 

25.  For  the  production  of  Oil  and  other  substances 
from  the  Cotton-seed,  and  the  application  of  the  refuse 
material  to  agricultural  or  manufacturing  purposes. 

28.  For  improvements  in  the  m.anipulation  of  Bees'- 
wax,  so  as  to  render  it  applicable  to  new  purposes  in 
art  or  manufacture. 

30.  For  the  importation  of  not  less  than  one  ton  of 
the  root  of  the  Galium  tinctorium  from  Cauada. 

p.  For  the  best  samples  of  Cotton  from  the  South 
Alncun  Colonies. 


,  33.  For  the  best  samples  of  Cotton  from  the  Western 
Coast  of  Africa. 

•    34.  For  the  most  successful  Cultivation  of  Flax,  in 
British  India,  or  Australasia. 

35.  For  an  essay  on  the  Flax  Plants  of  India  ;  the 
purposes  to  which  they  are  at  present  applied,  and  the 
best  means  of  employing  the  refuse  material. 

36.  For  the  importation  of  at  least  two  tons  of  any 
Vegetable  Fibre,  applicable  to  all  the  purposes  for 
which  Hemp  Is  now  used,  and  equally  cheap,  strong, 
and  durable. 

39.  For  the  importation  from  any  British  Possession, 
of  not  less  than  100  pounds  of  Silk  proper  for  manu- 
factures. 

40.  For  the  importation  from  the  East  Indies,  of 
Silk  equal  in  quality  to  the  best  Italian  "or  China  Silk. 

57.  For  the  best  account  of  the  methods  at  present 
employed  in  France  and  England  for  Grinding, 
Dressing,  and  otherwise  preparing  Flour. 

61.  For  a  simple  and  Inexpensive  Apparatus  for 
Bi'ewing  Beer,  suitable  for  the  use  of  Cottagers,  or 
Emigrants. 

64.  For  the  best  essay  on  the  Construction  of  com- 
mon Roads. 

99.  For  the  invention  of  an  Artificial  Stone,  or  Terra 
Cotta,  free  from  the  objections  to  which  all  such  sub- 
stances are  now  liable. 

100.  For  au  account  of  any  material  improvement  in 
the  Moulding,  Burning,  or  general  Manufacture  of 
Bricks;  the  chief  qualities  required  being  strength, 
indestructibility,  and  cheapness. 

105.  For  the  best  account  and  collection  of  specimens 
of  the  various  materials  and  processes  employed  in  the 
production  of  Artificial  Flowers. 

107.  For  the  best  series  of  four  Botanical  and 
Structural  Drawings  of  a  Forest-tree. 

108.  For  the  best  series  of  four  Botanical  and 
Structural  Drawings  of  one  of  the  Cerealia. 

109.  For  the  best  series  of  four  coloured  Botanical 
and  Structural  Drawings  of  any  well-known  English 
plant. 

110.  For  the  best  series  of  four  Drawings  of  any 
Animal,  displaying  its  anatomy. 

111.  For  the  best  series  of  four  large  Drawings,  or 
Diagrams,  suitable  for  Lecturers,  In  illustration  of  any 
special  branch  of  Natural  History,  as  the  Hemp  or  the 
Flax  plant,  the  Silkworm,  the  Cochineal  Insect,  &c. ; 
each  drawing  to  be  not  less  than  3  feet  by  4  feet. 

Upon  these  topics  we  venture  to  make  the  fol- 
lowing suggestions  :— The  report  on  charcoal  (7) 
should  include  the  processes  by  which  weeds  and 
other  vegetable  refuse  can  be  most  economically  and 
conveniently  charred  for  the  purposes  of  cultivation. 
As  to  Australian  produce  (17,  18,  24),  there  is  no 
chance  of  its  reaching  England  during  the  present  sea- 
son, unless  indeed  some  of  it  is  actually  on  the  road. 
Should  none  arrive,  we  take  for  granted  that  the 
premiums  will  be  renewed ;  for  drying  fruits  for 
exportation,  wine-making,  and  oil-pressing,  are 
branches  of  rural  industry  which  can  be  as  well 
conducted  in  Australia  as  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  when  the  hot  fit  of  the  gold  fever  is  off',  the 
colonists  will  be  glad  to  turn  their  attention  to  such 
subjects ;  concerning  which  they  have  long  had  full 
practical  instructions  from  Sir  Thomas  Mitchell. 

The  construction  of  roads  (64)  will,  we  hope,  include 
footpaths,  especially  such  as  are  wanted  in  gardens. 
A  great  desideratum  is  a  path  that  shall  be  hard, 
durable,  perfectly  dry,  cheap,  not  liable  to  become 
mossy,  and  capable  of  receiving  a  colour  such  as 
would  be  communicated  by  gravel  or  sand  ;  the 
glare  of  white  walks  being  very  objectionable,  and 
there  being  a  prejudice  against  such  as  are  grey  or 
black. 

The  brick-making  question  is  one  of  much 
garden  importance.  We  want,  for  example,  cheap 
hollow  bricks  which  will  admit  of  the  introduction 
of  bond  timber,  as  in  walls  constructed  of  ordinary 
bricks  ;  we  want  longer  bricks  and  deeper  bricks  to 
diminish  the  cost  of  mortar  and  laying ;  we  want 
long  light  hollow  bricks  large  enough  for  the  con- 
struction of  flaes,  capable  of  being  securely  jointed, 
and  thick  enough  at  the  sides  to  retain  heat. 

Premiums  for  drawings  of  plants,  &c.,  will  be 
acceptable  to  many,  and  may  give  the  pupils  in  the 
school  of  practical  art  an  opportunity  of  distinguish- 
ing themselves.  It  is  to  be  hoped,  however,  that 
the  judges  appointed  to  consider  the  productions  of 
competitors  in  this  branch  of  art  will  insist  upon 
scientific  exactness,  before  anything  except  correct 
drawing.  If  by  such  a  measure  a  stop  could  be  put 
to  the  present  system  of  gravely  caricaturing  natural 
history,  in  which  art  accomplished  young  ladies 
and  gentlemen  so  much  delight,  that  alone  would 
be  worth  a  whole  year  of  the  Society's  existence. 


TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 
We  had  an  opportunity  of  witnessing  the  exhibition 
of  a  new  apparatus  for  the  lifting  and  removal  of  trees. 
Invented  by  Mr.  Stewsirt  M'Glashen,  sculptor.  In  this 
city.  The  exhibition  took  place  on  the  groumfs  of  Mr. 
Craigle  Halkett  Cralgle  Inglis,  of  Cramond,  in  a 
park  adjoinlno;  Cramond  House.  The  principal  im- 
provements effected  by  the  invention  are,  that  the  root 
is  not  exposed  by  the  removal  of  the  mould  from  it, 


thus  preventing  risk  to  the  vitality  of  the  tree ;  that  n  o 
trench  requires  to  be  dug  round  It ;  that  the  work  can 
be  accomplished  with  e.a3e  and  expedition,  and  at  infi- 
nitely less  expense,  and  that  trees  of  mucli  greater  mag- 
nitude can  be  removed  than  has  hitherto  been  supposed. 

Among  the  gentlemen  present  were — the  Lord  Pro- 
vost, Lord  Currichill,  Sir  W.  Dick  Cunyngham,  of 
Prestonfield,  Mr.  Inglis,  of  Cramond,  Mr.  R.  W.  Ram- 
say, of  Whitehlll,  Mr.  Burn  Callander,  of  Prestonhall ; 
Mr.  Oliphant,  of  Bossie,  Mr.  Burn  Murdoch,  of  Gartin- 
caber,  Mr.  J.  Lyon,  Kirkmlchael,  Mr.  G.  Lyon,  W.S., 
Mr.  J.  L.  Morton,  Professor  Balfour,  Dr.  T.  Murray, 
Mr.  R.  W.  Hamilton,  Mr.  Walker,  National  Bank,  Dr. 
Husband,  Mr.  J.  Gray,  Mr.  Macnab,  Mr.  Evans,  Cale- 
donian Horticultural  Society,  Mr.  Anderson,  nursery- 
man, Perth,  and  Mr.  C.  Smith,  garden  architect. 

The  tree  experimented  upon  was  a  slender  Sycamore 
tree  of  S3  feet  In  height,  and  5  feet  4  inches  in  circum- 
ference at  the  thickest  part  of  the  stem.  The  soil  was 
very  damp,  from  the  heavy  rain  of  the  previous  night. 

The  first  process  of  Mr.  M'Glashen  is  to  lay  down  a 
frame  of  T  iron — in  this  case  10  feet  square.  He  then 
takes  cutters  made  of  malleable  iron,  1  foot  broad,  and 
3  feet  deep,  or,  with  the  head  and  neck,  4i  feet.  These 
cutters  are  driven,  by  a  wooden  mallet,  into  the  soil  to 
the  depth  of  3  feet  all  around,  and,  being  inserted 
sloping  inwards,  they  give  to  the  enclosed  mass  the 
form  of  a  square  blunted  wedge.  A  rod  of  iron  is. 
then  laid  along  the  top  of  the  four  rows  of  cutters,  and 
extension  rods  going  across  the  frame  force  the  heads 
of  the  cutters  apart  as  far  as  possible,  and,  consequently 5, 
cause  the  points  to  converge  at  the  bottom.  A  clasp  or 
gland  is  then  put  around  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  with  a 
mat  under  it  to  pre^rve  the  bark.  Two  parallel  beams 
are  then  laid  across  the  frame  and  fastened  to  it  with 
chains.  The  above  constitutes  the  frame  to  be  raised. 
The  means  of  raising  the  mass  is  a  carriage  (which  also 
serves  the  purpose  of  transportation),  consisting  of  two 
strong  common  carts,  one  at  either  end,  with  bolsters 
raised  above  the  axletree  of  both,  and  on  which 
bolsters  rest  two  massive  parallel  beams  secured  to 
them  with  strong  bolts.  The  height  of  the  beams  from 
the  ground  is  about  6  feet.  They,  of  course,  enclose 
the  tree.  The  process  of  lifting  is  exceedingly  simple, 
the  whole  being  accomplished  by  screw  power.  The 
screws  are  four  in  number,  and  so  arranged  as  to  make 
the  lift  equal.  They  are  made  fast  to  the  beams  of  the 
frame,  and  are  worked  by  men  standing  on  planks 
across  the  beams  of  the  carriage.  The  frame  and  en- 
closed mass  are  slowly  raised,  and  the  tree  with  gentle 
oscillation  moves  erectly  upwards.  The  tree  may,  it  is 
evident,  be  raised  without  the  use  of  guy  ropes — the 
solid  mass  of  earth  effectually  balancing  the  trunk  and 
branches — but  they  were  used  on  this  occasion  as  an 
extra  precaution.  After  about  20  minutes  working  of 
the  screws,  the  tree  was  completely  raised  from  the  pit,, 
the  operation  having  been  effected  In  an  easy  and 
gradual  manner,  and  amidst  tributes  of  admiration  from- 
all  around.  It  was  not  the  intention  to  remove  the 
tree  experimented  upon,  but  the  means  of  removal 
being  exhibited  and  explained,  all  seemed  satisfied  whh 
the  feasibility  of  the  apparatus  for  the  purpose.  A 
strong  case  was  shown  for  the  enclosure  of  the  ball  of 
earth,  when  the  tree  is  to  be  conveyed  to  any  distance. 
In  moving,  the  tree  still  maintains  its  erect  position. 
The  propelling  power,  when  horses  cannot  be  used,  is 
by  a  winch  in  front  of  the  foremost  cart,  and  block  and 
tackle  ;  but  when  the  way  is  clear  and  the  road  good, 
horses  will  do  the  work  safely  and  more  expeditiously. 
The  tree  is  lowered  into  the  pit  prepared  for  it  on  the 
same  principle. 

It  is  calculated  that,  in  this  instance,  the  weight  lifted 
was  13  or  14  tons  ;  but  the  inventor  and  patentee  states 
that,  by  an  enlargement  of  the  apparatus,  he  could  lift 
almost  any  tree. 

The  principal  experiment  being  accomplished,  the? 
company  were  directed  to  another  part  of  the  policies 
of  Cramond  House,  where  a  Holly  tree  about  15  feet 
high  was  lifted  by  four  large  and  broad  spades,  forming 
a  case  to  enclose  the  root.  A  similar  experiment  by 
smaller  implements  was  made  on  a  Gooseberry  bush, 
while  some  smaller  plants  were  expertly  lifted  out  by 
two  semi-cylindrical  spades.  In  each  case  the  plant  was 
extracted  with  its  native  ball  of  earth.  An  oblong 
apparatus  has  also  been  invented  by  Mr.  M'Glashen  for 
the  removal  of  hedge-rows  ;  and  by  a  similar  contri- 
vance he  lifts  out  the  mass  of  earth  for  the  insertion  of 
tile  drains,  replacing  it  when  the  work  is  accomplished. 
The  implements  used  in  these  operations  are  also 
patented. 

Enough  has  been  said,  we  think,  to  show  that  a  com- 
plete revolution  will  be  effected  by  Mr.  M'Glashen's 
apparatus  in  the  transplantation  of  trees.  The  work 
can  now  be  done  at  almost  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and 
within  two  or  three  days,  while  safety  to  the  plant  can 
be  guaranteed.  To  raise  a  fine  avenue  to  a  mansion,  or 
to  decorate  pleasure-grounds  with  trees,  has  hitherto 
been  considered  the  work  of  an  age.  By  the  use  of  the 
patented  apparatus,  new  mansions  can  be  studded 
around  with  fine  old  trees,,  and  new  parks  made 
picturesque  and  beautiful  by  the  richest  decorations  of 
Nature's  scenery.  In  the  case  of  ground  to  be  opened 
up  in  the  expanding  of  towns,  or  owing  to  other  circum- 
stances, many  fine  trees  which  must  be  removed  will 
now  become  objects  of  value  aud  of  sale,  as  they  can 
be  thus  transplanted  to  beautify  other  landscapes,  and  to 
form  new  groups.  Abridged  from  the  Edinhurgh  Courant 
of  Dec.  7. 

The  North  British  Agricullurist  has  the  following 
additional  remarks  : — In  about  half  an  hour  after  the 


51—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


805 


whole  cutters  were  driven  in  and  the  apparatus  placed, 
the  tree  was  raised  about  one  foot  out  of  the  ground. 
It  not  being  intended  to  remove  the  ti'ee,  the  box  or 
frame  was  afterwards  shown  in  which  it  was  intended 
to  place  the  tree  for  removal,  earth  requiring  to  be 
thrown  in  to  steady  the  tree.  This  box  has  much  the 
appearance  of  a  large  railway  truck,  and  is  so  formed 
that  the  sides  and  bottom  can  be  placed  or  removed  in 
separate  planks.  The  whole  cutting  and  lifting  appa- 
ratus is  placed  within  this  frame  or  box,  for  the  removal 
of  the  tree  to  tlie  place  previously  prepared  for  its 
reception,  and  the  tree  deposited  by  the  same  process 
by  which  it  was  raised.  The  removal  of  trees  of  such 
a  size  as  the  one  experimented  upon  may  possibly  be 
seldom  attempted,  but  we  saw  difficulties  in  the  moving 
of  the  great  mass  of  earth  and  roofs,  ii'respective  -of 
the  difficulty  of  the  removal  of  the  tree  itself,  and  even 
with  a  block  and  tackle  there  would  be  difficulties  to 
overcome  which  wo  think  the  patentee  should  have 
shown  could  be  easily  surmounted.  The  whole  mass 
was  estimated  to  weigh  upwards  of  12  tons,  and  this 
weight  on  two  carts  is  altogether  disproportionate  to 
the  facility  of  attaching  horses,  or  even  a  common  block 
and  tackle,  to  remove  the  mass  to  any  distance.  The 
next  experiment  was  with  a  Holly  bush,  about  12  feet 
high.  Four  cutters,  about  2  feet  in  depth  and  2  feet 
6  inches  in  breadth,  were  driven  in  at  equal  distances 
from  the  root  of  the  tree.  Extension  rods  being  placed 
to  press  them  outwards,  and  chains  being  hooked  into 
the  outward  edges  of  those  cutters,  lever  powers  were 
applied,  placed  over  two  tresses,  and  the  tree  with  the 
solid  baU  of  earth  speedily  elevated  ;  the  tree  being 
placed  on  a  barrow,  was  removed,  and  afterwards 
returned  to  its  place.  This  experiment  was  eminently 
auccessfuL  The  next  experiment  was  with  four  garden 
spades,  pushed  down  around  a  Gooseberry  bush,  and  by 
placing  two  extension  rods  from  the  top  of  the  handle 
of  the  opposite  spade,  the  bush  was  easily  and 
effectively  raised,  with  the  whole  mass  of  earth  around 
its  roots.  Smaller  spades,  rounded  to  suit  the  size  of 
flower-pots,  were  afterwards  experimented  with,  and 
here  also  the  value  of  the  invention  was  at  once 
apparent.  The  faciHty  with  which  a  place  could  be  cut 
out  for  the  new  seat  of  the  plant  was  also  shown  ; 
the  same  apparatus  which  raises  up  the  shrub  or  flower 
with  the  ball  of  earth,  raising  up  the  exact  size  of  the 
plot  in  which  the  plant  is  destined  to  be  placed. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  working  of  the  new  Patent- 
laws,  we  may  mention  that  Mr.  M'Glashen  took  out  his 
patent  before  the  alteration  of  the  Patent-law,  at  an 
expense  of  about  5002.  Under  the  present  law  a  patent 
could  be  obtained  for  about  one-eighth  of  the  sum. 


RHYNCHOSPERMUM  JASMINOIDES. 

This  fine  plant  has  flowers  almost  as  sweet  as  those 
of  a  Jasmine.  It  is  easily  cultivated,  and  is  a  very 
free  bloomer.  I  may  state,  however,  that  there  is,  or 
was,  a  variety  of  it  in  ciiltivation,  which  I  grew  for 
several  years  without  being  able  to  obtain  from  a  good 
sized  specimen  so  much  as  even  a  sohtary  blossom. 

Short-jointed  lateral  shoots  in  a  half  ripe  state  should 
be  selected  for  cuttings.  Insert  them  in  light  sandy 
soil,  cover  with  a  glass,  and  place  them  in  a  gentle 
bottom-heat,  where  with  proper  care  they  will  emit 
roots  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks.  When  moderately 
rooted  pot  singly  in  4-inch  pots,  and  place  them  in  a 
moist  warm  temperature  till  well  established.  It  will 
be  advisable  to  keep  the  plants  in  a  close  pit  or  warm 
house  during  the  growing  season  (for  I  am  supposmg 
that  the  cuttings  were  put  in  early  in  spring),  and  to 
shift  into  larger  pots  as  may  be  necessary,  but  suf- 
ficient air  must  be  afforded  to  prevent  weakly  growth, 
and  the  tops  of  the  leading  shoots  should  be  pinched 
out,  to  keep  the  plants  dwarf  and  bushy.  Towards  the 
middle  of  September  they  may  be  removed  to  the  front 
of  a  greenhouse,  kept  rather  close  at  first,  and  gradually 
exposed  to  a  free  circulation  of  air,  to  ripen  and  harden 
the  wood.  During  winter  the  soil  must  not  be  over- 
watered  ;  it  should  only  receive  sufficient  to  prevent  its 
becoming  very  dry. 

It  is  desirable  to  grow  plants  which  require  the  sup- 
port of  a  trellis  rapidly,  so  as  to  get  them  into  the 
sized  pot  in  which  they  are  to  be  flowered,  and  thus  to 
be  able  to  train  them  to  their  trellises  before  the  shoots 
get  entangled  ;  and  by  making  the  most  of  the  second 
season,  good-sized  specimens  of  this  may  be  obtained  by 
autumn.  As  early  in  spring  as  convenient,  place 
the  plants  in  a  moist  temperature  of  from  /iO-"  to 
60" ;  sprinkle  with  the  syringe  on  the  mornings 
of  bright  days,  and  give  a  liberal  supply  of  water 
to  the  roots.  Shift  into  pots  one  or  two  sizes  larger 
as  soon  as  the  roots  indicate  a  want  of  more  room,  and 
encourage  rapid  growth  by  maintaining  a  moist  atmo- 
sphere. Well-rooted  plants  in  8  or  O-inch  pots,  in 
June,  may  be  6hifU:d  into  12-inch  pots,  which  will  be 
sufficiently  large  for  nice  sized  specimens,  and  the 
trellises  applied.  After  giving  a  largo  shift  water 
cautiouiily,  as  it  is  easy  t^j  over-water  under  such  con- 
ditions, but  use  the  syringe  morning  and  evening,  and 
maintain  a  rather  close  humid  Atmosphoro  to  induce 
the  rootH  to  reacli  the  sido  of  the  pot.  Train  the 
flhoots  neatly  upon  the  trollis,  taking  caro  to  cover 
the  bott'jm  part  fir»t,  and  keop  tlicm  neatly  tied  in 
tin  they  advance  in  growth.  To  accurtj  a  full  display  of 
the  d(:liciou0ly  frugrant  blossomH,  attention  must  bo 
paid  to  thoroughly  ripening  tho  wood  in  autumn, 
and  the  tvAl  mwit  bo  kept  rather  dry  during  tlio  winter  ;  ' 
indeed  this  should  be  the  cone  as  soon  as  the  desired  j 


amount  of  growth  is  secured.  The  specimens  may  be 
placed  in  a  greenhouse  for  the  winter,  and  will  flower 
in  June  if  allowed  to  remain  there  ;  or  they  may  be 
removed  to  a  gentle  heat  early  in  spring,  where  their 
blossoms  will  soon  appear,  and  will  be  produce! 
abundantly  for  some  six  weeks  or  longer.  Thii, 
plant  is  one  of  the  best  we  possess  for  forcing  ;  it 
is  easily  had  in  flower  from  the  beginning  of  March  to 
the  middle  of  July  ;  but  to  effect  this,  it  is  necessary  to 
grow  a  portion  of  the  plants  rather  early  in  summer, 
so  as  to  have  the  wood  matured,  and  everything  at  rest 
by  the  middle  or  end  of  September.  After  flowering, 
the  specimen  plants  should  be  slightly  pruned,  cutting 
out  any  weakly  shoots,  and  shortening  over- luxuriant 
ones,  and  then  they  should  be  placed  in  a  close  pit,  or 
the  warmest  part  of  the  greenhouse,  to  induce  free 
growth.  Shifting  large  plants  must  be  regulated 
according  to  convenience  ;  with  the  assistance  of  clear, 
weak  manure  water  given  alternately  with  clean  water 
during  the  growing  season,  there  will  be  no  necessity 
for  shifting  every  year.  Observe,  however,  that  when  a 
plant  is  to  be  shifted,  it  should  be  done  early  in  the 
season,  so  that  the  pots  may  be  moderately  filled  with 
roots  previous  to  winter ;  and  I  may  also  add, 
that  there  is  no  occasion  to  retain  plants  in  a  close 
moist  atmosphere  longer  than  to  secure  a  fair  supply 
of  young  wood  to  furnish  blossoms  ;  on  the  contrary, 
this  practice  will  wear  out  the  specimens  sooner  than 
if  they  were  removed  to  a  cool,  airy  situation  as  soon  as 
sufficient  young  wood  is  obtained.  Persons  whose  only 
accommodation  for  plant  growing  is  a  greenhouse  will 
be  able,  with  careful  management,  to  produce  nice  spe- 
cimens of  Rhynchospermum  ;  but  it  will  require  more 
time  to  do  so  than  iJf  they  could  be  treated  as  recom- 
mended above. 

For  soil,  use  light  sandy  turfy  loam,  rich  turfy  peat, 
and  leaf-soil  in  about  equal  proportions,  adding  a  liberal 
mixture  of  sharp  silver  sand  and  broken  bones,  or  lumps 
of  charcoal,  to  ensure  perfect  drainage  ;  and  in  potting 
place  plenty  of  potsherds  in  the  bottoms  of  the  pots, 
as  perfect  drainage  is  perhaps  the  most  important  point 
connected  with  the  successful  cultivation  of  this  plant. 
Alpha. 


SEEDS  FOR  THE  KITCHEN   GARDEN. 

As  the  time  approaches  for  laying  in  a  fresh  supply 
of  seeds  for  the  ensuing  year,  I  think  it  may  not  be 
amiss  to  direct  attention  to  some  that  were  distributed 
last  spring  by  the  Horticultural  Society,  which  proved 
to  be  excellent  of  their  kind,  and  deserving  of  being 
generally  cultivated.     They  are  as  follows,  viz  : — 

Pomeranian  Cabbage. — A  very  distinct  variety,  turns 
in  well,  attains  a  moderate  size,  and  is  remarkable  for 
its  sharp  conical  form. 

P<yrtugal  Cabbage,  or  as  it  is  sometimes  called  Cowve 
Tronchuda,  first  brought  into  notice  about  30  years  ago. 
The  ribs  of  the  outer  and  larger  leaves,  when  divested 
of  the  thin  green  parts,and  well  boiled,  make  a  good  dish, 
somewhat  resembling  Seakale.  The  heart  of  the  plant, 
however,  is  the  best  for  use,  being  peculiarly  delicate, 
tender,  and  well  flavoured. 

Early  White  Celery,  Violet  of  Tours,  ditto.  —  Both 
kinds  very  good  and  solid. 

Eouen  Large  Leek. — Seems  distinct  ;'grows  to^a  good 
size,  and  has  no  disposition  to  run  to  seed  like  the 
common  Leek. 

Malta  and  Neapolitan  Lettuce. — Both  very  superior, 
and  large. 

Nocera  Onion. — Valuable  on  account  of  its  bulbing 
early  and  becoming  fit  for  use  before  any  other  kinds. 
It  is  also  very  useful  for  pickling. 

Auvergne  Pea. — A  good  sort ;  prolific  bearer,  and 
pretty  well  known. 

Green  Savoy,  Ulm  Savoy. — Both  excellent,  but  more 
particularly  the  Ulm  Savoy,  which  appears  to  be  a 
remarkably  dwarf  variety  ;  very  round  and  beautifully 
netted.     It  is  one  of  the  earliest  that  I  have  grown. 

Yellow  Flrdand  Turnip Not  unlike  the  Maltese ; 

bulbs  early,  and  remains  sound  and  good  for  a  long 
time.  W.  B.  B. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Cryptomeria  japonica. — The  seeds  of  this  plant  are 
now  ripe,  and  I  would  therefore  remind  all  who  possess 
plants  distributed  by  the  Horticultural  Society  seven 
years  ago,  to  save  the  seeds  and  sow  them.  My  o^vn 
plants,  from  8  to  1 0  feet  high,  produce  seed  in  abundance, 
and  I  have  raised  seedlings  from  them.  It  is  certainly 
as  hardy  as  the  Larch,  and  there  is  no  reason  whatever 
why  it  should  not  bo  as  common,  if  those  who  possess 
it  will  save  the  seed.  Whether  its  wood  is  as  useful 
as  Larch  is  yet  to  be  proved  ;  it  grows  quite  as  fast, 
and  there  is  some  reason  to  believe  its  wood  is  tougher, 
and  would  form  better  Hop-poles.  It  is  a  very  singular 
tree,  differing  from  the  Pino  tribe  in  Its  mode  of  rooting, 
and  much  more  allied  in  habit  to  Thuja  and  Biota,  as  it 
throws  out  roots  from  the  main  stem  freely.  It  there- 
fore stands  wind  bettor  than  the  Larch.  J.  It. 

Keeping  Jicct-rool  through  the  Winter.  —  I  have 
practised  the  following  plan  for  several  years  with 
success.  During  the  first  or  second  week  in 
November,  take  up  ;  screw  off  the  tops,  and  lay  the 
roots  thinly  in  an  open  shed  until  they  have  become  quite 
dry  ;  when  the  soil  which  adhercH  to  tlieni  rubs  off  like 
duHt,  let  it  \)ti  romovod,  and  the  roots  fitored  iiway  in  the 
fruit  room,  thinly  on  tlie  hIioIvoh,  or  on  the  floor  an  may 
b'r  mOKt  rfnivcnif^nt  ;  but  without  covering  of  any  sort. 
In  thin  way  wo  have  IJf;(!t-rof»t  U-tulur  ami  good  until  Into 
in  tlio  spring.     1  may  montiou  that^whatovur  encourages 


the  emission  of  roots  after  they  have  been  taken  up  is 
bad,  inasmuch  as  a  proportionate  quantity  of  sugar  is 
extracted,  which  of  course  renders  it  less  palatable  ; 
besides,  I  have  always  found  that  in  whatever  material 
I  have  kept  my  Beet,  it  always  derived  an  unpleasant 
flavour  from  it,  let  it  be  earth,  sand,  or  whatever  it 
might  be,    Wm.  Bumettj  Mo7ikgate,  York. 

Pine-growing. — Having  a  very  good  fruiting  Pine- 
house,  heated  with  pipes  for  the  top,  and  a  steam 
chamber  for  the  bottom-heat,  in  which  my  Pines  grow 
like  Willows,  I  am  desirous  of  erecting  some  pits,  each 
about  40  feet  in  length,  and  three  rows  of  thera  one 
behind  the  other,  with  a  space  of  about  10  feet  between, 
to  be  heated  by  one  boiler  for  succession  plants,  or 
perhaps  one  of  them  nearest  the  boiler  would  have  to 
be  used  as  a  fruiting  pit.  Many  of  your  readers  being 
first-rate  Pine-growers,  and  always  ready  to  give 
information,  I  would  be  glad  to  be  informed  of  the 
dimensions  of  the  most  useful  and  cheap  constructions 
for  this  purpose.  Three-inch  hot-water  pipes  would  be 
preferred  for  top-heat ;  and  if  they  are  found  to  answer 
for  bottom-heat  they  could  be  put  down  for  that  purpose. 
Cayenne. 

Labourers'*  Cottage. — I  am  about  to  build  a  cottage 
for  a  man  who  works  in  my  garden.  If  it  is  not  out  of 
your  province,  might  I  ask  one  of  your  correspondents 
for  a  few  hints  (I  fear  to  ask  for  a  plan  and  specification 
would  be  too  much)  as  to  what  would  best  suit  the 
comfort  of  the  occupier.  I  intend  giving  a  very  good 
site,  of  about  20  poles,  and  do  not  wish  the  rent  to  be 
above  41,  is.  a  year,  free  from  rates.  I  do  not  wish  to 
spend  above  70/.  or  80^,  but  I  do  not  want  a  few 
pounds  to  stand  in  the  way  of  the  labourer's  comfort, 
and  the  cottage  should  be  neat.  We  have  good  build- 
ing stone  three  miles  from  hence,  and  a  canal  near  at 
hand,  which  would  bring  slate.  The  cottage  would 
face  the  west,  and  might  have  windows  to  the  south 
or  east  also.  H.  0.  A,  [We  cannot  spare  room  for 
plans  and  specifications  :  but  will  readily  find  place  for 
hints.] 

Education  of  Gardeners. — If  the  term  education  is. 
limited  merely  to  book  learning,  then,  in  some  measure, 
I  agree  with  the  "Printer's  Devil"  (whose  company, 
by  the  by,  I  should  not  like  to  court,  if  his  character  is 
at  all  in  accordance  with  his  name),  and  "  Cockmalion." 
But  allow  it  to  be  understood,  as  it  ought  to  be,  in  a 
more  extended  sense,  and  I  disagree  with  them  in  toto. 
The  fact  of  gardeners,  in  some  instances,  not  being  able 
to  write  grammatically,  and  so  aa  to  be  fit  for  the  press, 
does  not,  in  any  way,  prove  that  they  are  in  the  rear 
of  "other  professional  classes  of  persons,"  even  in 
book-learning.  For,  as  the  "  Pi'inter's  Devil's  "  coad- 
jutor "Cockmalion"  has  admitted  that  the  letters  of 
scholars  in  repute  and  those  of  political  and  scientific 
correspondents  must  be  corrected  of  their  bad 
grammar  and  orthography  when  sent  to  press  ; 
and  says,  "  How  often  are  they  not  sent  without 
points  or  capitals  to  designate  the  divisions  of 
the  sentences  ;  and  if  any,  generally  out  of  place  % "  If, 
then,  such  distinguished  persons  who  have  pretence  to 
book-learning,  do  write  bad  grammar,  why  bring  such 
as  a  proof  of  gardeners'  want  of  education  ?  Gardeners' 
education  does  not  consist  entirely  in  mere  book-learning. 
Place  a  knife  in  the  hand  of  even  the  "  Printer's  Devil," 
and  desire  him  to  prune  and  cultivate  the  Vine,  Peach, 
Apricot,  Plum,  Cherry,  Pear,  or  any  other  choice  fruit 
tree,  so  as  to  please  connoisseurs,  such  as  gardeners 
generally  have  to  serve  ;  if  he  should  fail  to  be  suc- 
cessful, I  am  sure  gardeners  would  not  conclude  from 
this  that  printers'  devils  were  not  as  well  educated  as 
other  professional  classes  of  persons.  For  my  part  I 
believe  it  to  be  quite  as  reasonable  to  look  for  proficiency 
in  botany,  or  for  that  of  any  other  branch  of  the 
gardeners*  profession,  in  printers'  devils,  as  it  is  to 
expect  that  gardeners  generally  ought  to  write  gram- 
matically, and  so  as  to  be  fit  for  the  press.  Allow  the 
"  Printer's  Devil "  to  take  his  turn  in  the  glass  depart- 
ment for  a  month  or  so,  as  the  case  may  be,  at  such 
places  as  Enville-hall,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Stamford, 
in  Staffordshire,  or  the  Botanical  Gardens,  Bii-mingham 
(I  do  not  name  these  places  as  exceptions),  and  under 
such  truly  practical  and  scientific  men  as  Mr.  Beddard, 
late  head  gardener  to  the  one,  or  Mr.  Cameron,  late 
curator  of  the  other  ;  it  would  then  be  obvious  to  him 
that  gardeners  were  educated,  not  only  very  carefully, 
but  1  think  he  would  at  once  acknowledge  tlieir  edu- 
cational discipline  to  be  carried  out  with  much  more 
assiduity  and  attention  than  that  of  any  other  pro- 
fessional class  of  persons.  C.  Lucas,  Brentwood. 

Red  Iluviburgh  Qrapes.  —  I  have  just  read  your 
reporter's  observations  (p.  791),  on  the  Grapes  I  sent  to 
the  Horticultural  Society's  meeting  on  the  7th  inst.,  and 
1  beg  you  will  afford  me  space  to  tell  him  that  he  has 
wrongly  designated  both  me  and  the  Grapes  also.  The 
lattei',  most  certiiinly,  were  not  black  Hamburgh,  but  the 
brown  or  red  variety  of  that  Grape.  Of  the  distinctness 
of  the  black  and  brown  Hamburgh,  there  is  the  best 
possible  proof  in  the  house  wherein  the  above-mentioned 
fruit  were  grown.  The  bunches  exhibited  were  cut 
from  a  Vine  in  the  finest  possible  health,  and  all  along 
were  most  fully  exposed  to  light  and  air,  and  yet  were 
only  what  is  termed  "  badly  coloured."  On  the  other 
hand,  black  Hamburghs,  growing  on  the  back  of  the 
house,  completely  in  the  shade,  ripened  both  black  in 
colour  and  well.  I  assure  your  reporter  that  there  is  as 
nmch  distinction  botween  tlie  two  varieties  of  Grape  in 
question,  as  thoro  is  difference  in  the  complexions  of  ono 
of  poor  angry  Mc  Elheran's  (a  recent  writer  in  the 
"  Times ")  "  bullot-hoadcd  Saxon,  with  a  mop  of 
flax  on  his  head,"  and  a  dark-haired  son  of  Italy  or 


806 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Dec.  18, 


Spain.  /o/i»  Taylor,  jun.f  but  not  Esquire,  Oddey, 
Bedford. 

Mushrooms. — Having  a  shed  which  I  can  keep  dark 
and  close,  and  at  any  temperature  necessary  to  excite 
vegetation,  I  thought  I  might  grow  Muslirooras  in  it 
with  success.  My  shelves  are  15  inches  deep,  which  I 
filled  with  fresh  horse-droppings.  Wlien  tlie  lieat  had 
declined  to  a  milk-warm  state  I  placed  spawn  in  lumps, 
of  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  a  little  under  the  surface  of 
the  droppings,  and  9  inches  apart.  Three  days  after 
spawning  I  cased  the  bed  with  2  inches  of  loam,  and 
beat  it  firm  with  the  back  of  a  spade  ;  on  that  I  put 
a  covering  of  hay  3  inches  thick.  The  temperature  of 
the  shed  has  been  as  near  55°  as  possible,  and  the  beds 
in  a  moist  condition,  but  without  watering.  It  is  now 
seven  weeks  since  I  spawned  the  beds,  and  not  a  single 
Mushroom  has  made  its  appearance.  Can  you  account 
for  the  failure  'i  Constant  Reader.  [The  spawn  is 
in  fault  J  not  the  management] 

Glass  Houses  for  Fruit.— I  am  about  to  put  up  some 
gUss  of  some  sort  for  fruit;  but  whether  it  shall  be 
an  old-fashioned  hothouse,  or  an  "  orchard  house"  as 
described  and  recommended  by  Mr.  Rivers;  or  whether 
to  ignore  houses  altogether,  and  "go  into"  Ewing's 
patent  glass  walls ;  or  to  cover  my  brick  wall  with  glass 
and  iron,  are  questions  which,  in  consequence  of  my 
horticultural  education  having  been  somewhat  neglected, 
I  am  utterly  unable  to  decide.  Under  these  circumstances, 
I  would  fain  seek  the  advice  of  njy  betters,  and  if  any 
of  them  would  have  the  kindness  to  give  it  me,  they 
will  have  the  very  best  thanks  of  an  unfortunate 
Ignoramus. 

Vine  Culture  and  Wine  Mahiny  hi  South  Australia. 
•^A  friend  who  is  thus  engaged  gives  me  some  inte- 
resting particulars  of  his  practice  in  that  fine  climate. 
Alhidiug  to  the  endless  variations  caused  by  climate  on 
the  Grape,  he  says  that  those  of  Andalusia  have  such 
an  excess  of  saccharine  matter  that  the  manner  in 
which  they  push  the  fermentation  would  change  the 
more  delicate  Grapes  of  France  to  vinegar.  Their 
climate  (South  Australia)  resembles  Spain  in  its  general 
temperature,  and  its  greater  aridity  tends  to  produce 
even  a  richer  juice  tlian  that  of  Spain.  Their  most 
productive  Grapes  are  of  poor  quality  ;  and  even  a  good 
Grape  grower  on  a  rich  alluvium  will  yield  a 
good  crop  of  superior  wine  to  that  grown  on  a 
dry  stony  hill  side.  The  general  practice  there  is 
to  consider  quantity  rather  than  quality,  which  he  thinks 
wrong,  as  their  poor  wine  will  be  unsaleable,  besides  the 
loss  from  the  high  price  of  caslcs  there."  The  Grape  in 
cultivation  is  the  Verdulio  (Madeira),  and  the  wine 
decidedly  a  Madeira,  requiring  the  same  treatment  to 
ripen  it — a  high  temperature  and  agitation.  [I  lately 
tasted  some  of  the  wine,  the  most  delicious  I  ever 
drank.]  It  is  high  flavoured,  and  sweeter  than  common 
Madeira.  He  is  erecting  a  place  for  storing  it,  to  ripen 
quicker,  expecting  to  have  it  as  ripe  in  two  years  as  in 
four  by  the  ordinary  process.  He  carried  out  a  great 
variety  of  the  best  plants  collected  in  France,  Spain, 
and  Madeira,  but  intends  to  graft  most  of  them  with 
the  Verdulio.  He  makes  also  a  red  wine,  of  a 
mixture  of  claret  and  liousillozi  Grapes,  which  at  one 
year  old  sells  at  lis.  per  gallon.  Their  highest  fall  of  rain 
since  1839  was  30.63  inches  in  1851  ;  the  lowest  17.05 
inches  in  1841.  The  highest  previous  to  1851,  was  in 
1846,  26.84  inches.  /.  Stewart  MephurUf  Colguhalzie, 
AuchterardeVf  Perthshire. 

Storing  Roots.— \i  may  be  wrong  in  me  to  call  in 
question  any  remarks  of  such  a  thorough-going  "  prac- 
ticaP'  as  Mi*.  Cuthill ;  but  I  certainly  must  say  that 
some  of  his  conclusions  are  at  variance  with  what  I 
consider  practical  knowledge.  Take  the  Potato  for 
instance.  Mr.  C.  says,  "towards  the  new  year  it  boils 
tough  and  close,  unless  steeped  in  water  10  or  12  hours 
before  cooking."  I  imagine  he  must  allude  to  Ash- 
leaves  dug  up  in  July,  as,  according  to  my  experience, 
the  more  common  varieties  grown  lor  mnter  use  are  at 
their  very  best  at  the  period  to  which  he  alludes  without 
being  steeped  10  minutes.  Mr.  C.  states  that  he  has 
boiled  the  Potatoes  left  in  the  ground  for  several  springs, 
and  found  them  far  superior  to  those  taken  up  in  the 
autumn.  If  he  really  means  to  say  timt  the  Potatoes 
left  in  the  ground  till  spring  are  superior  to  those  raised 
in  autumn,  I  differ  from  him  in  point  of  taste  ;  for  I, 
too,  have  endeavoured  to  eat  Potatoes  dug  in  the  spring, 
and  I  have  found  them  particulai'Iy  nauseous,  entirely 
deprived  of  that  mellow  mealiness,  and  that  rich 
buttery  flavour  so  neceseary  to  a  good  Potato.  I 
have  never  known  autumn  lifted  Potatoes  to  boil 
tough  and  close  (if  preserved  in  the  manner  recom- 
mended by  me  in  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's 
Journal),  before  May  or  June,  instead  of  "  towards 
the  new  year;"  and,  some  late  varieties,  as  the 
Magpie  and  red  Kidney,  ai'c  better  for  being  kept 
out  of  ground  till  June.  My  late  employer  preferred 
the  latter  variety  even  througli  the  month  of  August  ; 
and  as  regards  Parsnips,  it  is  well  known  to  all  who  culti- 
vate them,  that  they  improve  in  the  ground  till  towards 
the  new  year ;  but  if  left  out  till  March,  they  become 
woody  and  absolutely  unwholesome.  Again,  as  respects 
gentlemen  finding  vegetables  "so  good  in  London  that 
they  complain  wlien  they  get  home,"  1  have  oidy  to  say, 
God  help  those  who  are  bound  to  pay  gardeners  and  live 
upon  worse  tlian  London  vegetables.  I  have  had  a 
trial  of  eating  London  vegetables,  and  I  have  been 
favoured  several  times  a  yeai-,  for  many  years,  witli 
some  such  compliments  as,  "  Oh  dear,  I  am  so  glad  to 
get  home  to  enjoy  your  beautiful  sweet  vegetables  "— 
or  fruits,  as  the  case  may  be.  I  quite  agree  with  Mr. 
Cuthill,  that  the  private  gardener  is  not  always  suffi- 


ciently supplied  with  manure  ;  but  still  I  think  there  is 
much  of  it  misapplied.  As,  for  instance.  Parsnips  and 
Carrots  are  farnicer  when  only  on  well  trenched  ground, 
than  when  grown  in  rank  manure.  Professor  Way  has 
shown  that  Turnips  and  other  roots  are  richer  in  good 
feeding  properties,  when  not  driven  too  Iiard  with  stimu- 
lants. Even  Celery  itself  may  be  rendered  rank  and 
unpalatable  by  over-driving  ;  then,  again,  Ju  those  times 
of  disease,  Potatoes  must  be  sparingly  manured,  if 
manured  at  all.  Fruit  trees,  too,  are  oftener  spoiled  by 
an  excess  of  manure  than  by  a  want  of  it.  After  all 
that  has  been  written  about  roots,  I  think  that  it  is  well 
known  to  most  of  us  that  if  it  were  possible  to  keep 
them  from  shrivelling, by  too  much  drought,  to  keep  them 
from  bursting  by  too  much  wet,  and  to  iind  a  situation 
cold  enough  to  prevent  them  making  a  second  growth, 
it  would  be  all  tliat  is  required.  As  regards  autumn- 
planted  Potatoes,  soils  have  certainly  much  to  do  with 
that  quedtion.  I  have  tried  the  experiment,  with  100 
people  more  that  I  could  mention,  for  many  years  ;  and 
in  our  neighbourhood  one  and  all  have  given  their 
verdict  against  the  practice.  I  have  never  missed  a 
general  crop  but  once  since  I  cultiviited  Potatoes,  and 
that  ^was  in  1851,  when  everybody  else  had  a  better 
crop  than  usual.  I  planted  3\-  acres  in  October,  1850  ; 
in  September,  1851,  this  piece  produced  35  sacks 
of  24  cwt.  each,  30  sacks  were  diseased,  or  uncommonly 
small,  and  five  were  but  a  middling  sample.  I  planted 
one  acre  (being  the  same  sort  of  soil  and  situation,  a 
light  stony  soil  on  a  hill),  in  March,  1851,  and  obtained 
33  sacks,  upwards  of  30  of  which  were  free  from  disease. 
I  observed  the  disease  first  on  Potatoes  that  had  planted 
themselves,  for  at  least  10  years,  and  I  have  never 
once  seen  autumn- plan  ted  freer  from  disease  than  those 
properly  planted  early  in  spring.  There  is  scarcely  a 
cottager  in  the  county  that  has  not  his  favourite  patch 
of  Potatoes,  those  are  generally  the  "  Ashleaf  Kidneys  ;" 
the  tubers  for  planting  are  chosen  from  the  general 
crop  as  they  are  dug,  and  carefully  dried  and  laid  by, 
one  by  one,  very  often  under  the  bed,  but  commonly  in 
the  cock-loft  or  attic,  and  allowed  all  the  air  consistent 
with  such  situations,  till  some  fine  day,  the  latter  part  of 
February  or  the  beginning  of  March,  when  they  have 
formed  fine  stout  eyes,  or  rather  shoots,  half  to  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  length  ;  they  are  then  taken  out 
in  a  wide  basket  or  sieve,  and  put  in  the  drills  with 
all  care.  A  little  old  thatch  or  dry  leaves  are 
strewed  over  them,  and  they  are  covered  as  lightly  as 
possible,  and  I  have  never  known  this  practice  to  fail. 
I  cannot  help  expressing  a  hope  that  the  time  is  far 
distant  when  we  shall  be  obliged  to  return  to  the  old 
practice  of  leaving  our  Potatoes  in  the  ground  all 
winter,  and  dig  them  as  we  want  to  use  them.  I  do 
not  know  whether  or  not  Mr.  Cuthill  is  aware  of  the 
fact,  that  Potatoes  left  in  the  ground  all  winter  are 
exceedingly  apt  to  crack  or  burst,  when  they  form  a 
good  harbour  for  slugs,  wire-worms,  &:c.  ;  besides,  if 
Potatoes  are  thoroughly  ripened  (a  rare  occurrence 
with  late  varieties)  they  will  retain  their  moisture  in 
any  dark  cold  place  just  as  well  as  in  the  ground  ;  and 
in  my  opinion  they  will  be  more  in  tiheir  proper  place 
when  required  for  use.  H.  C. 

Pear  Disease. — In  the  report  on  the  Horticultural 
Society's  Garden,  at  p.  775,  it  is  stated  that  Pears  are 
keeping  badly,  and  a  fungus  is  spoken  of  as  being  very 
detrimental  to  them.  Such  is  the  case  here,  and  also 
with  a  friend  of  my  mine  in  this  locality.  Is  it  from  their 
being  imperfectly  ripened  ?  or  from  the  dampness  of 
the  weather  since  they  have  been  stored  ?  In  addition 
to  their  being  infested  with  the  fungus  they  ripen  pre- 
maturely ;  my  Easter  Beurri^  and  Beurr^  Ranee  being 
now  ready  for  table,  whilst  the  Glout  Morceau  and 
Winter  Nelis  are  past  using.  H.  M.^  Norwich.  [We 
must  refer  you  to  the  forthcoming  part  of  the  Journal  of 
the  Horticultural  Society.] 

Cucumhers. — For  winter  cultivation  Victory  of  Bath 
and  Lord  Kenyon's  Favourite  cannot  be  too  highly 
spoken  of.  The  former  is  a  long  handsome  fruit,  and  a 
tolerably  good  bearer  ;  the  latter  is  short  but  very 
prolific,  and  resembles  the  Sion  House.  Neither  of 
these  sorts  are  so  subject  to  mildew  or  to  rot  at  the 
point  during  winter  as  many  varieties  I  have  tried.  I 
have  at  present  on  a  trellis  in  my  Cucumber-house  good 
examples  of  both  kinds  that  have  been  in  bearing  fov 
the  last  two  months,  and  they  will  continue  to  do  so 
during  the  winter  and  spring.  I  have  filled  my  tanks 
with  liquid  manure-water  for  some  time  past,  and  have 
found  great  benefit  from  the  liquid  vapour,  more  espe- 
cially in  the  cultivation  of  French  Beans.  E.  Bavnetty 
Perdisv;ell. 

The  Deodar. — I  have  a  bit  of  wet  clay,  not  easy  to 
drain,  owing  to  its  level,  and  which  has  been  under 
water  this  autumn.  But  a  youug  Deodar  thrives  in  it, 
having  a  perfect  colour,  and  running  away  w'ith  a  most 
vigorous  leader.  Its  seeming  willingness  to  grow  in 
unkind  soils  and  damp  places  adds  greatly  to  its 
prospective  value  in  England.  We  admire  the  plants, 
and  there  are  children  now  born,  wlio  will  behold  the 
tree.  A.  E. 

Frames  for  Fruit  Trees.— AXiovf  me  to  throw  out  a 
hint,  which,  I  think,  may  prove  useful  to  those  who 
wish  to  grow  such  fruits  as  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots, 
and  Cherries ;  but  whose  pecuniary  means  are  not 
sufficient  to  afford  expensive  erections.  All  are  aware 
of  the  great  cost  attending  the  building  of  walls,  and  I 
may  say  their  usefulness  in  such  seasons  as  we  have 
had  of  late.  Mr.  Rivers's  orchard-houses  are  likewise 
valuable  contrivances,  as  are  also  Mr.  Ewing's-gliss  walls, 
but  none  of  these  are  witliin  tlie  reach  of  everybody. 
The  kind  of  fruit  protection  I  would  suggest  is  tliat  of  a 


fraane,  whose  back,  front,  and  ends  I  have  built  of  either- 
brick  or  wood — the  back  should  be  3  feet  high,  the  front 
2  feet,  and  it  should  be  5  feet  wide.  The  length  would, 
of  course,  be  according  to  the  wishes  of  the  proprietor,. 
I  would  have  the  trees  planted  down  the  centre  of  the 
frame,  and  trained  on  a  flat  wooden  trellis,  1  foot  below 
the  glass.  The  border  should  be  in  the  inside-;  and  as 
the  lights  would  be  moveable,  there  would  be  every 
convenience  for  giving  air,  watering,  training,  &c. 
With  the  assistance  of  a  carpenter  I  have  made  an 
estimate  of  the  cost,  and  find  that  a  frame  of  the  above 
dimensions,  20  feet  long  (sufficient  for  three  trees)3 
would  not  cost  more  than  6Z,  when  completed.  I  do 
not  say  that  there  is  anything  new  in  a  contrivance  of 
this  kind,  but  I  think  it  would  be  a  cheap  and  ea:^. 
means  of  obtaining  some  of  our  finer  fruits,  when  they 
could  not  otherwise  be  had.  Wm.  Shipley^  Maids- 
Morcion,  near  BucJcingham.  [This  is  not  materially, 
different  from  the  plau  proposed  by  Mr.  Rivers  and  Mr. 
Bellenden  Ker,  and  occasionally  noticed  by  us.] 

Paint  Dryers. — Permit  me  to  inform  "  Clericus  "  that 
he  may  dry  coal  tar  by  the  usual  dryers  for  oil  painfj,. 
viz.,  acetate  of  lead,  6d.  per  lb.,  and  turpentine  ;  the 
quantities  for  oil  paint  are  at  discj'etiou,for  tar,  perhapSj. 
half-a-pouud  of  lead  or  upwards  to  two  gallons.  I 
employed  tlus  last  summer  with  success.  Use  as  much 
lime  in  powder  with  the  tar  as  possible,  well  boiled  ;, 
Stockholm  tar  if  laid  on  after  boiling  to  a  certain 
consistency  (namely,  when  some  of  it  dropped  frota  a 
piece  of  tow  appears  clotty  and  stringy),  will  dry  intwO' 
hours,  but  if  this  "  tide  "  be  not  "  taken  at  the  full,"  it 
will  never  di'y,  I  am  trying  blue  glass  for  a  frame,  do 
you  approve?  3i(Z.  per  foot.  W.  P.  ffohlyn^  Fir  TliZI; 
Si.  Columh.  [It  will  answer  the  purpose  of  a  ehade^. 
that's  all.] 

Gynerium  argenieuM. — Perhaps  it  may  be  interesting 
to  know  that  an  experience  of  several  years  has  proved 
to  me  the  perfect  hardiness  of  this  Grass  in  this  cUmate. 
Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Moore,  of  Glasnevin,  whO' 
raised  the  plant  about  10  years  ago,  I  obtained  in  1846 
two  young  specimens,  which  I  planted  in  a  sunny  aspect, 
in  a  rich  compost  made  up  of  leaf  and  bog-mould,  old 
manure,  loam  and  sand,  and  close  to  a  stream  ;  they 
have  flourished  most  luxuriantly  ever  since,  and  are 
this  year  in  the  greatest  beauty,  one  displaying  53,  tlje 
other  46  flower  stems  ;  though,  I  think,  owing  to  the 
extreme  wetness  of  the  season,  the  flowers  have  not  as 
silvery  a  hue  as  last  year.  Few  of  the  new  importa^ 
tions  of  late  years  are  so  ornamental  as  this  plant,  and 
the  only  wonder  is  that  Mr.  Moore's  success  has  not 
soouermet  with  the  praise  which  he  so  deservedly  merits. 
A.  B.  C.J  St.  Wolstans,  Celbridge. 

Forest  Trees. — Your  correspondent  "L.  C._K."  may 
improve  his  trees  gr-eatly  by  giving  the  ground  a  top- 
dressing  of  rough  peat  and  road  scrapings;  the  poverty 
of  the  soil  is  often  the  canse  of  the  slow  growth  of 
timber  trees.  A  short  time  ago,  part  of  a  w:ood  was- 
inclosed  for  a  certain  purpose  ;  the  wood  was  about  the 
same  age  as  your  correepondeut's ;  the  Larcli  was- 
diseased,  and  the  Scotch  Firs  tliinned  out;  the  trees 
remaining  were  chiefly  Oak,  Elm,  Ash,  BeeGh,and  Holly;, 
the  ground  was  cleared  of  suckers  and  young  seedling 
plants,  and  the  stuff  was  carted  upon  ^the  ground,  and 
afterwards  dug  in  and  mixed  with  the  soil.  ^No  doubt 
many  roots  were  cut,  but  those  that  remained  have  met 
with  a  feast  ;  for  the  healthy  colour  of  the  leaves,  aad' 
the  swelling  of  the  stems,  show  that  they  are  ifi  a 
thriving  condition,  compared  with  [,tlaeir  compauionSp. 
who  had  nothing  done  for  them  since  the  day  they  were- 
planted,  except  the  cutting  down  of  the  dead  jand  dyiag> 
P.  M.,  fV.  P. 

Lobelia  fulgetis  onultiflora. — Mr.  Williams  (seep.  79^) 
speaks  of  this  Lobelia  as  being  but  Httle  known.  This"- 
to  me  appears  somewhat  singular,  when  for  some  years 
past  I  have  purchased  it  of  ^Messrs.  Lane  and  Sonj^. 
Great  Berkhamstead;  and  indeed,  on  referring  to  their 
last  year's  catalogue  I  found  it  named  amongst  their 
list  of  bedding  plants.  And  as  a  bedding  plant  \ 
certainly  consider  it  worthy  of  extensive  eultivatioiL  C* 
Flower,  Royal  Terrace,  Northampton,  Dec.  15. 

Wood  Engraving  (see  pp.  408  and  437).  —  I  find 
excellent  information  as  to  this  in  the  "  lUustlTated. 
London  Drawing  Book,"  lately  publi^edj  price  c«kly-2#» 
A,  B,  C. 

ProvinckiMmis  :  leh  0/  pMrftecfe.— Mock=:root  of 
tree ;  nitch=hundle  (of  straw  or  hay)  ;  Strile  Grsie- 
=  Couch   Graas  ;    lupe=heap ;    x'we  p=  smell   strpng* 

A.^.a 


LiNMBAs,  Dec.  7.' — E.  Beown,  Bsq.,  in  the  Chairu 
A  collection  o£  specimens  of  plants  made  in  N«w 
Zealand  were  presented  by  F.  P.  Fascoe,  Esq, 
Specimens  of  plants  collected  by  Mr.  C.  Moore,  from! 
tbe  ijorthern  districts  about  Sydney,  were  presented  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Moore.  A  paper  was  read  on  the  flora. of 
Australia,  as  displayed  in  its  fundamental  features,  aai 
by  comparison  with  other  floras,  by  Dr.  Ferdinand 
Miiller.  The  paper  was  translated  and  communicated 
by  R.  Kippist,  Esq.  The  author  commenced  by  making 
some  general  remarks  on  the  vegetation  of  Australia,, 
pointing  out  tlie  approach  of  tlie  tropical  portion  to  the 
plants  of  India,  and  of  the  extra-tropieal  portion  to 
those  of  South  Africa.  The  author  divided  Uk 
plants  of  Australia  into  a  western,  southern^ 
eastern,  and  Tasmanian  Flora.  In  tlie  western  diSf 
tricts  the  Leguminosse  and  Proteacese  prediominate^ 
forming  a  fourth  of  the  entire  vegetation.    Ferns  ftnd 


51—1852.] 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


807 


Grasses  are  Fare.  The  eouthern  fiorA  aboimds  witli 
Composite.  The  eftstern  contains  Proteneeaa  aud 
Epacridacece,  with  fewer  Coraposit^e  than  tlie  south, 
and  a  larger  number  of  Ferns  and  Gr.'vsses  than  the 
western.  In  the  Tasmanian  flora  an  insuLir  vegeta- 
tion is  apparent.  Ferns  are  abundant ;  Goodeuiaeefe 
are  scarce  ;  Lo^anth.^ee£e  and  CsesalpiueK  are  entirely 
wanting.  The  proportion  of  Dicotyledonous  to  Monocoty- 
ledouous  plants  iu  Australia  is  as  four  to  oire  ;  this  varies, 
however,  according  to  latitude,  the  mean  being  between 
the  vegetation  of  New  South  Wales  and  Van  Diemen's 
Land.  In  South  Austi^aJia  the  Compositje  form  an 
eighth  of  the  whole  vegetation.  CompositEe  and  Legu- 
miuoste  form  together  a  third  of  the  whole  of  the  Dico- 
tj'ledonous  plants.  A  large  number  of  plants  yet  remain 
to  be  published  from  South  Australia,  not  more  than 
1300  oat  of  2000  being  yet  described.  Nearly  100 
plants  are  grow-ing  wild  which  have  been  introduced 
from  Europe  and  the  Cape.  The  author  concluded 
with  some  picturesque  acoounfs  of  the  vegetation  as 
seen  from  the  muddy,  sandy,  and  rocky  shores  of  the 
south  of  Australia.  The  introduction  of  European 
cultui'e  is  changing  the  oharaeter  of  its  vegetation. 
NatnraHy  nufruitful,  it  is  reth'ing  before  the  plants 
affording  food  to  man,  and  the  cattle  he  rears.  Not 
only  has  the  European  vegetaition  olianged  the  features 
of  the  iandscape,  but  the  culture  of  tlie  soil  is  changini' 
the  nature  of  the  cUmate,  and  rain  nowfalls  where  none 
did  before. 


ENTOMaLOGiCAL,  Zlee.   6.  —  J.   0.    Westwood,   Esq., 

F.L.S.,  President,  in  the  chair.      Various  donations  to 

the  library  from  the  Roy.al  Society,  the  Society  of  Arts, 

&c.,  were  announced,  as  well  as  an  extensive  series  of 

British  Lepidoptera,  presented  by  Mr.  Douglas,  and  a 

number  of  rare  insects  from  Perthshire,  presented  by 

Mr.    Weaver  :    among  the  latter  were   specimens  of 

Ctenophora  atrata    reared    from   the  larva,  which   is 

found  in  the  solid  stumps  of  trees,  in  which  it  forms 

cylindricical  burrows,  thus  differing  from  the  ordinary 

habit  of  the  genus,  the  larvie  of  which  generally  live 

in  the  decayedvegelable  detritus  of  old  trees,  the  female  of 

C.  atrata  depositing  her  eggs  in  crevices  in  the  bark. 

A  letter  from  Mr.  Crook  was  read,  offering  a  number  of 

rare    moths  for  exchange  to  the  members.      Mr.  S. 

Stevens  exhibited  a  number  of  beautiful  beetles  .and 

butterflies  recently  collected  in   Rio   Grande   by  Mr. 

Plant ;  ilr.  Waterhouse  remarked  tliat  many  of  Mr. 

Plant's    species,    although     identical     with     those    of 

Rio    de    Janeiro,    yet    generally     exliibited     certain 

minute     differences    indicating    a    diversity  in    their 

geographical    range ;     likewise    Monohammus    Sutor, 

taken  on  the  banks    of  the  Regent's  oanaJ,    probably 

reared  from  imported  timber,  and  Pogonodierus  fascicu- 

latus  reared  in  the  wood  of  a  hoop,  which  had  formed 

pnrt  of  a  cask  ;  likewise  (on  behalf  of  Mr.  Buxton), 

the  rare  Notodonta  Tritophus,  from  Ayrshire,  Poutia 

Daplidice,  from  Holme  Fen,  Hunts,  and  a  remarkable 

variety  of  Vanessa  Urticse.      Mj*.    Edward    Shephard 

presented  specimens  of  Stene  ferruginea  and  a  small 

Apate,  which  had  been  found  in  vast  numbers  breeding 

iji   ship-biscuit,   which   had  been  the  voyage  to  North 

Aijierica  and  back.     Mr.  Westwood   esltibited  several 

remarkable  new   Coleoptera,  from  Ceylon   and  Hong- 

K'ng,  collected  by  Major  Champion,  olnefly  belonging 

to  the  families  Cicindelidee  and  Cabrionida: ;  Mr.  Grant 

a  specimen  of  the   Stag-beetle,  having  one  of  the  hind- 

]---.   ygfy  abort    but  perfectly  formed;    and    a    fine 

V     of    Peronea    rufana,     from     Wimbledon-com- 

;  Mr.  Henry  Cooke  a  ricWy-coloured  variety  of 

ocera  ahenella.     A  paper  by  Jlr.  Douglas  was  read, 

:j  the  Transformations  of  the  Genera  LithocoUetes 

o.-i  Gracillaria,   accompanied   by  beautifully  coloured 

di-L'.vlngs,     The    larva?    of    the    former    genus    reside 

1-  /v,-cen  the  two  snriaees  of  leaves,  where  tUey  undergo 

r  trmaformations,  poasesang  oaiy  14  feet,'licnce  the 

■-■5   figured   by  Mr.  Curtis,  as  the  type,  must  be 

idfed  from  the  genus,  its  larva  pos-sessiiig  IG  feet, 

l'A\*ing  the  leaf  previous  to  becoming  a  clirysalie. 

larvx-  of  the  Gracillariic  roll  up  the  tips  of  the 

1  of  various  trees  into  a  small  knob,  wrthin  which 

f^d  ;  tliey  have  only  three  pairs  of  ventral  legs. 

I  ji   yttpor    by    S.   S.  Saunders,  Esq.,   H.M.    Consul   in 

AHmnia,  was  commenced,  containing  a  flecies  of  obser- 

vatiou    upon    the    economy    of    several     species    of 

Sinpaiptera,  the  wrk«r  having  fortunately  'been  able  to 

c)«r  »p  many  of  the  diepoted  points  in  lilie  natural 

hiMoiy  and  development  of  tht-se  anomalous  parasites. 

'CAveoomMK  HtrKncvLivtki,  Km.  2I.'-SeTo»al  new 
members  «iul  office-bearers  for  UJ53  were  elected  on 
tbb  occa-sion.  As  regards  subjects  of  exjbtbitiou,  the 
lat  j)*ize  for  tW;  bent  four  •ortu  of  Pears,  fit  for  imme- 
diate line,  wan  awarded  to  Mr.  MortiBOn,  gp.  to  R. 
Ajnalie,  E«'l.,  for  Marie  Louise,  Croesane,  G;in8c.rH 
'Betptmnl,  and  Bourr^  Diel ;  2d,  Mr.  Murray,  gr., 
SdHon  Hall,  for  Marie  Louise,  CraMmnc,  Wiittcr  Nelis, 
aod  Gamtel's  Jiergamot.  Table  Apples  :  1st,  Mr.  Mur- 
Wy,  for  Golrlcn  Pippin,  Empress  JoHophliLe,  Marjil, 
BfjJMtone  Pfppin,  Rom'h  Nonpareil,  and  Old  l>lonpnrt;il  ; 
24,  Mr.  .A'hliHon,  Ooflford,  f'lr  <«old<'n  I'ijtjmii,  Hibptont; 
Pippiu,  King  of  Pippins,  Croft<»n  I'ippin,  lJfirHdorfr.rr, 
ajui  H«arUH  N'oitparoil  ;  Jfd,  Mr.  Crocket,  f:r.  to  Col. 
PerguaoBjfor  lil'-nhHn)  Orang*-,  .Spiljfinbt.-rgeii  riuMtiiiig, 
HDobmrd's  I'earm.'iin,  Old  Nonfmreil,  KibMl'/n  Plpjnii, 
aod  Cf;misli  Aromatic,  fiest  bunch  of  retar'Ied  Grapes: 
Ist,  Mr.  Ix-es,  gr.  to  tlit;  Karl  of  Ha/ldingl/jn,  for  .Vliiscnt 
of  Aleiun4rlA ;  21,  Mr.  Crocktt,  for  tli"  name  variety. 
CbrvMn'tbernumM,  cut  blo^mts  :  iMt,  Mr.  i.fiing,  gr.  to  the 
£*itl  of  K(iwil)>n,  for  iieautjr,Wardao,  ^uavnof  Kngland, 


Clustered  Yellow,  Ljsius,  Duke,  Sydenham,  Duohesse 
d'Abrantes,  Vesta,  Pio  Nono,  Nonp.ircil,  and  Formosum ; 
'2d,  Mr.  Young,  gr.  to  Mrs.  H.  N.  Ferguson,  for  Queen 
of  England,  Madame  Poggi,  Fleur  de  Marie,Triumphans, 
Pilot,  Madame  Chauviere,  Beauty,  Lucidum,  Dupont 
de  I'Em'e,  Princess  Maria,  Formosum,  .and  Bijou. 
For  the  finest  flowered  Chinese  Chrysanthemum  in  pot, 
there  were  three  competitors..  The  prize  was 
awarded  to  Mr.  Addison,  GosforJ,  for  a  fine  plant  of 
Annie.  Bru.ssels  Sprouts  :  1st,  Mr.  Thomson,  gr.  to 
R.  S.  Wilson,  Esq. ;  2d,  Mr.  Sanderson  ;  and  3d,  Mr 
Pousty.  Leeks :  Ist,  Mr.  Gemmell,  for  Musselburgh  Flag ; 
Celery  ;  1st,  Mr.  Goodall,  Newbattle,  for  Cole's  Red, 
and  Broad  Solid  White  ;  2d,  Mr.  Ferrier,  for  Seymour's 
White  and  Manchester  Red  ;  3d,  Mr.  Thomson,  for 
Cole's  Dwarf  Red  and  Seymour's  Superb  White. 
Onions  :  1st,  Mr.  Nisbet,  for  James's  Keeping,  Stras- 
burg,  .and  I31ood  Red  ;  2d,  Mr.  Lees,  for  Portugal, 
James's  Keeping,  and  Blood  Red.  Several  productions 
were  received  for  exhibition  only,  and  not  for  com- 
petition. From  the  garden  of  S.  Hay,  Esq.,  were  good 
Black  Hamburgh  Grapes.  Messrs.  Moffat  exhibited 
a  Seedhag  Apple,  which  was  stated  to  be  a  great 
bearer,  and  well  suited  for  exposed  situations.  It 
was  considered  worthy  of  high  commendation,  and 
was  remitted  to  a  oommittee.  Excellent  collections  of 
Apples,  Pears,  and  Filberts  were  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Calder,  Seacliffe.  Mr.  Maule,  Aberlady,  sent  specimens 
of  a  promising  seedling  Apple.  Mr.  Ramsiiy,  Poltal- 
loch,  exhibited  well-retarded  Grapes,  with  Walcheren 
Cauliflower,  and  other  vegetables.  Mr.  Bogie,  Cupar- 
Fife,  sent  a  fine  specimen  of  Van  Mons.  Leon  le  Clerc 
Pear  ;  Mr.  H.  Maclean,  Auehterarder,  a  selection  of 
Dessert  Pears  ;  and  Mi'.  Pender,  Moredun,  Cauliflower, 
Broccoh,  and  Mushrooms.  Mr.  Young,  Archerfield, 
produced  a  box  of  Chrysanthemum  blooms.  A  Cer- 
tificate of  Merit  was  granted  to  Mr.  Addison  for  two 
remarkably  well-managed  dwarf  Chrysanthemums,  in 
fine  bloom.  Mr.  R.  M.  Stark  exhibited  several  wooden 
baskets,  such  as  are  in  use  in  the  South  of  England. 
Mr.  S,  M'Glashen  exhibited  the  working  of  his  patent 
apparatus  for  tr.ansplanting  trees,  shrubs,  and  herba- 
ceous plants.  The  results  of  the  trial  were  highly  satis- 
factory ;  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  Kepoiit  on 
the  merits  of  the  invention. 


Ereatum. — Id  the  Eeport  of  the  Horticultural  Soci.ity's 
Meeting,  p.  791,  col.  a,  line  31  from  top— /or  "Mr,  Pdver  Bont 
a  capital  smaM-cruwDed  Queea  Piac-npple,  Wisigbi^g  H\t&. 
5  cz  "— j-carf  5  lbs.  1  ouQces. 


My  Home  in  Tasmania,     By  Mrs.  C.  Mereditli.     2  vols. 

8vo.  Murray. 
A  ciiAUMiNG  Christmas  book,  beautifuHy  rllustrffited  with 
woodcuts,  and  written  in  that  pleasant  gossiping  sfyle 
which  none  but  an  English  gentlewoman  knows  how  to 
manage  well.  We  recommend  it  to  politicians  as  the 
best  of  all  answers  to  the  incessant  cry  that  Van 
Diemen's  Land  is  utterly  ruined  by  the  curse  of  convict 
labour.  Mrs.  Jleredith  dates  these  volumes  from  her 
residence  in  the  colony,  July  18,  1850  ;  she  had  passed 
nine  years  of  her  life  there,  without  being  able  todiseover 
the  teiTors  with  which  gentlemen  of  lively  imaginations 
have  invested  "  the  really  peaceful  lives "  of  the 
colonists;  in  her  "cheerful  country  home  "  the  doors 
stand  open  all  day,  and  at  night  there  is  neither  shutter, 
bolt,  nor  bar  to  the  windows  ;  nevertheless,  she  has  met 
with  no  "  lawless  intrusion,"  and  is  evidently  puzzled  at 
the  mystification  which  her  newspaper  tells  her  is 
practised  upon  her  countrymen  at  home.  We  should 
be  sorry  to  leave  our  houses  near  London  as  unprotected 
amidst  the  civilization  and  security  of  Great  Britain  as 
Mrs.  Meredith's  is  in  the  midst  of  "savage"  natives 
and  "ferocious"  convicts. 

From  among  the  many  agreeable  bits  of  information 
concerning  our  own  objects,  with  which  the  work 
abounds,  we  select  the  following  as  more  especi:illy 
interesting  : — 

"  From  every  point  I  visited.    Mount  Wellington 

(or  Table  Mouirtain)  forms  the  crowning  glory  of  the 

landscape.     Rising  immediately  behind  the  town  to  tlic 

height  of  4200  feet,  with  its  summit  of  basaltic  columns 

covered  with  snow  more  than  half  the  year,  its  aspect 

is  one  of  ever-varying,  but  never-decreasing  grandeur. 

Whether  it  was  wreathed  in  fleecy  vaponrw,  dark  with 

rolHng  clouds,  or  stood  out  clear  and  sunht  against  the 

blue  morning  sky,  1  was  never  weary  of  gazing  on  this 

magnificent  object.    A  stream  flowing  fro>n  +hemountahi 

tlirough  a  picturesque  ravine  and  valley  supjjlies  the  town 

witli  water,  turning  a  numljer  of  mills  of  varionfi  kinds 

hi  its  course.     To  a  botanist  Monnt  Wellington  must  be 

j  a   trcaHui-y  of  gems,   many  rare  and    beiuitvful   phmts 

I  inhabiting  its  wild  and  almost  inaccessible  glens  and 

I  ravines.     The  ascent  of  the  mountain  is  long,  and  was 

{  formerly  very  fatiguing ;  but  tlie  formation,  for  a  con- 

Hiderablo  diHtunce,  of  a  road   paswablo  for  horses  has 

'  greatly   reduced  the    difilf-'ulty.      Several   unfortunate 

'  [icrsonfl,    who    at    various     times    Iiavo     jinpruden'tly 

[  uttemptcd   the    aflcont   wHhout  a   guide,   Iwivo    never 

I  rcturnfid,  nor  has  any  vcKtigo  of  thorn  ever  been  din- 

!  eov'rrnd  ;  infwt  frrohably  they  have  fallen   into  some  of 

I  the  dr.''*p  chiiflmHaud  fisniu-cH,  and,  if  not  kiWed  idstuutly, 

h#ive  lingered  awhile,  aiMl  died  of  Htiirvation.     'I'lie  viow 

from  the  summit  in  deci'ibed  ns  Bur|n>HHiiigIy  Rrimd  unj 

bcaudfnl,  as  indeed  it  must  be.-,  fvoin   itn  grciil  idtilude 

and  lh<;  vjiried  and  pi(!tur<'H'iii«i  rtet'iiDi-y  aruuiid." 

I      "ijitUo  To^muniaii  ^vdoos  Avc  MulU;rn«Sj  (Jiwrne^; 


Currants,  Kaapberries,  Strawberries,  O'oubeberrics, 
Apples,  Pears,  Quinces,  Medlars,  Flums  of  all  kinds, 
and  Peaches  in  abundance,  growing  well  and  luxu- 
riantly. Our  forest  trees,  too,  tlirive  admirably  iiere, 
and  Walnuts,  Filberts,  and  Hazle-nuts  are  becoming 
much  more  common.  Vines  also  succeed  in  sheltered 
aspects,  but  not  better  than  in  many  parts  of  England  ; 
the  suoamer-frosts  to  which  this  climate  is  liable  fre- 
quently cut  off  plants  which  iu  Britain  can  be  grown 
with  certainty.  Even  Potatoes  are,  iu  some  districts, 
considered  a  very  precarious  crop  from  this  circum- 
stance, andj  except  in  situations  near  the  sea-Bhore,  are 
often  nipped  by  the  frosts  at  night,  although  the  weather 
iu  the  day-time  is  as  warm  as  in  an  EjigUsh  June.  The 
Government  Gardens  here,  although  not  comparable 
with  tliose  at  Sydney,  are  finely  situated  on  the  sloping 
shore  of  the  I>«rwent,  and  charmed  me  by  their  verdant 
and  shady  aspect.  They  arc — for  I  must  again  repeat 
ray  oft-used  tei-m  of  praise — they  are  ^ji^^^'s/i-looking 
gardens,  uot  rich  in  glowing  Oranges,  scarlet  Poroe- 
grajiatcs,  and  golden  Locxuats,  nor  stored  with  the  rare 
and  gorgeous  blossoms  of  India,  but  full  of  sweet 
homely  faces  amd  perfumes.  Great  trees  of  a  lovely 
blush  Rose  were  in  full  bloom  at  the  time  of  my  visit, 
looking  so  like  the  Rose-trees  of  olden  days  at  home, 
tliat  I  could  scarcely  believe  them  the  growth  of  the 
opposite  side  of  the  world." 

But  our  space  obliges  us  to  refer  the  reader  to  the 
volumes  themselves,  which  will  amply  repay  perusal. 

Witlich's  Letters  on  the  Income  Tax,  &;c.  (  a  pamphlet, 
Longmans),  consist  of  a  reprint  of  some  important 
articles  inserted  by  the  author  in  the  Times,  and  of 
an  Appendix  consisting  of  two  letters  addressed  to  Mr. 
Pitt  by  Dr.  Wittich  in  1797  and  1798,  together  with  a 
Table  showing  the  progress  of  Savings'  Banks  and 
FriendJy  Societies,  and  that  the  amount  at  their 
credit  has  risen  from  13|  millions,  iu  182G;  to  more 
blian  32^  millions  sterling  iu  1851. 


Ma(jic  and  Wltchcrajt  (Chapman  and  Hall's  "Reading 
for  Ti'avellers  ")  is  written  iu  the  same  clever  style  as 
the  "  Old  Roads  and  New  Roads  "  lately  noticed  by  us. 
The  author  seems  to  have  a  most  diabohcal  library,  out 
of  which  he  has  known  how  to  extract  follies  and  horrors 
enough  to  satisfy  even  a  Mrs.  Radcliffe.  The  details 
areeaL'tremely  cm-ious,  and  no  doubt  new  to  most  readers. 


A  Word  in  Season.  Tenth  edition  (Ridgway). — There 
is  not  a  gardener  or  farmer  in  England  who  ought  not 
to  have  this  admirable  paper  on  his  table.  It  is  full  of 
valuable  truths,  which  the  intelligent  will  appreciate, 
and  by  wJiich  the  uniutelligent  may  largely  profit.  The 
present  edition  contains  a  comparison  between  the  prac- 
tice at  Lois-Weedon  and  that  of  TuU — a  very  interesting 
subrj.ect,;to  which  wehope  to  recur  at  an  early  opportunity. 


FLORICULTUftE. 

Culture  of  Roses  in  Pots. — No  person  possessing 
a  taste  for  floral  beauty  or  fragrance  cau  be  insensible 
to  the  attractions  of  the  Rose  ;  and  its  praise  has  been 
so  often  told  that  it  need  not  be  repeated  here  as  an 
excuse  for  offering  to  those  of  your  readers  who  stand 
in  need  of  such  information,  directions  how  to  grow  and 
flower  it  in  pots,  so  as  to  be  able  to  enjoy  Roses  during 
the  winter  months.  It  is  not  very  many  years  since  it 
was  considered  impossible  to  produce  good  specimens  of 
Roses  in  pots,  and  iu  those  days  gardeners  who  could 
place  a  few  sweet  Rose  blooms  in  the  Christmas  bouquet, 
were  tlwught  mo-'e  than  ordinary  clever  ;  and  as 
to  keeping  up  a  succession  of  handsome  well-bloomed 
plants  in  the  flower  house  during  winter  and  spring,  that 
was  not  ao  much  as  dreamed  of  ;  for  the  few  flowers 
obtained  were  produced  by  leggy  and  all  but  leafless  . 
plants,  which  were  not  fit -to  be  seen  even  amongst  such 
examples  of  cuUivution  as  the  plant  houses  of  20  years 
ago  afforded.  '  Now,  however,  thanks  to  the  all- 
prevmiling  spirit  of  improvement,  it  is  not  unusual  to  see, 
in  weli-managed  coUeetions,  spocimeus  of  Roses  in  bloom 
at  Christmas,  such  as  would  not  disgrace  the  Rose  bed 
in  June,  and  these  are  obtained  at  as  little  trouble  or 
expense  as  is  required  in  the  production  of  many  other 
plants,  -which  are  commonly  grown  for  winter  flowering, 
aiid'which  possess  neither  tlie  bea.nty  nor  tlie  fi-agrance 
of  the  Rose.  To  have  well  oultivated  well  bloomed 
specimens  at  Christmas  the  plauts  must  be  previously 
managed  with  a  view  to  this  end,  and  as  persons  com- 
mencuig  tins  land  of  culture  will  probably  have  to  provide 
a  stock  of  plants,  I  will  begin  with  directions  for  pro- 
pngation.  Tlie  varieties  best  adapted  for  winter- 
flowering  are  Bourbons,  Teas,  and  Hybrid  Perpetuale, 
which  are  bettor  on  tlieii'  own  roots  than  budded,  and 
they  root  very  readily,  especially  when  good  strong  cut- 
tings can  bo  obtained  early  in  sprin;;  from  plants  growing 
under  glass.  Short-j(tinted  stiiV  pieces  of  the  firm 
young  wood  planted  in  sandy  soil,  covered  with  a  glass, 
and  set  in  a  shady  corner  of  a  warm  house  for  a  week, 
and  then  placed  in  a  bottom  heat  of  iibont  75"  or  OC 
wiil  be  rooted  mid  roady  for  potting  singly  in  small  pots 
ill  little  more  thim  a  mo«th,  Indued,  I  find  the  Rose 
to  Htrtke  so  IKi-iy  fi-Min  tsnttings  under  i^lnna  in  eflrly 
spring,  that,  whtMi  1  nUthiri  a  viirio(.y  wliloli  I  wish  to 
ineruiLue  us  i'ant  us  powtiblc,  1  place  it  in  a  growing  tem- 
peratm'e  in  Novuuihor,  and  whun  1  have  got  a  fair 
amount  of  growth  in  a  proper  state  for  cuttings, 
till)  pbuit  is  cut  up  ;  i\n<l  well-rliiened  sliools,  on 
whioh  tUc  eyta  may  bo  about  an  inch  apart,  are  divided 


ao8 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Dec.  18, 


juai  jibuve  eucii  cy.-,  by  wlucli  ineuns  ej.i;h  t-yt;  n,  nuule 
Su  form  a  cutting.  For  this  metlioJj  however,  the  wood 
must  be  rather  firmer  than  is  necessary  where  two  or 
tliree  eyes  are  allowed  to  a  cutting,  as  it  is  necessary  to 
cut  in  a  sUmting  direction  on  the  side  opposite  the  leaf 
for  about  half  the  length  of  the  cutting,  removing  the 
barii  and  a  thin  shaving  of  the  wood  ;  this  exposes  a 
large  surface  of  iuner  bark  from  which  roots  are  ulti- 
mately emitted,  and  cuttings  prepared  in  this  manner 
will  be  found  to  root  very  freely,  and  form  equally  good 
plants  as  those  having  two  or  more  eyes.  It  must  be  ob- 
served, however,  that  tlie  success  of  this,  as  of  all  methods 
of  propagation  by  cuttings  depends  upon  selecting  wood 
m  the  proper  stage  of  maturity,  and  how  to  do  th  s 
can  hardly  be  learnt  except  by  practice.  But  to 
retam  to  our  rooted  cuttings.  These  should  be  potted 
angly  in  4-inch  pots  as  soon  as  they  have  become 
3u:ffieiently  strong  to  bear  handling  (using  good  fresh 
loam  and  decayed  leaf-soil  in  about  equal  proportions, 
Willi  a  liberal  mixture  of  sharp  clean  sand),  and  placed  in 
a  dose  moist  atmosphere  till  well  established  in  their 
pots.  They  may  then  be  removed  to  a  light,  airy,  and 
yather  cool  situation,  with  a  view  to  induce  close 
stocky  growth ;  for,  let  me  remark,  there  will  be 
nothing  gained  by  keeping  the  plants,  after  they  are 
well  established  in  4-inch  pots,  in  a  higher  average 
temperature  than  55".  It  will  doubtless  be  necessary, 
in  order  to  secure  a  bushy  habit  of  growth,  to  pinch 
off  the  top  of  the  first  shoot,  and  this  should  not  be  done 
until  the  plants  are  removed  to  a  cool  situation,  nor 
while  the  eyes  at  the  base  are  fiat  and  imperfectly 
matured,  otherwise  the  probability  is  that  the  top  bud 
only  will  start.  As  soon  as  the  plants  are  well 
uooted  in  their  first  pots  shift  into  others  one  or  two 
sizes  larger,  as  circumstances  may  point  out,  and  when 
moderately  well  rooted,  after  the  second  shift  remove  them 
to  a  cold  frame,  and  gradually  inure  them  to  full  exposure 
to  sun  and  air,  merely  protecting  them  from  heavy  rains 
and  cold  drying  winds.  During  the  summer  months 
a  Kiberal  supply  of  water  roust  be  given  to  the  soil, 
using  weak  manure-water  twice  a  week,  and  the  plants 
should  be  syringed  morning  and  evening  during  bright 
weather,  and  shifted  into  larger  pots  as  may  be  necessary. 
Stop  any  gross  over-luxuriant  shoots,  and  have  a 
constant  eye  to  the  formation  of  dwarf  compact 
specimens  ;  also  guard  against  the  attacks  of  aphides, 
which  will  probably  be  some  what  troublesome,  but  tfiey  are 
easily  destroyed  by  means  of  tobacco-smoke,  and  there- 
fore should  not  be  allowed  to  disfigure  the  plants. 
Baring  summer  plants  that  are  established  after  the 
first  shiit  will  be  better  removed  to  a  warm  sheltered 
eomer  out  of  doors,  placing  the  pots  on  a  bed  of  coal- 
ashes,  to  exclude  worms,  and  where  they  will  enjoy  the 
night  dews,  and  will  not  be  so  liable  to  red  spider  as  if 
retained  under  glass.  With  good  management  many  of 
the  plants  should  be  nice  compact  specimens  in  7-inch 
or  8-inch  pots  at  the  end  of  the  first  season's  growth  ; 
and  the  Teas  and  Bourbons,  if  removed  to  a  close  pit  or 
frame  early  in  autumn,  will  continue  growing  and 
afford  a  succession  of  blossoms  throughout  the  winter 
and  spring  months.  But,  where  handsome  specimens 
are  desired,  it  will  be  better  to  afford  the  plants  a  second 
season's  growth;  as  allowing  them  to  flower  would  retard 
their  progress  the  following  season.  The  mode  of 
wintering  and  pruning,  together  with  further  particulars 
■selative  to  culture,  will  be  given  next  week.  Eosa. 


Miscellaneous. 

Botanic  Garden^  Sydney. — "We  learn  with  much  satis 
faction  that  the  Legislative  Council  have  added  100^ 
a  yc-ir  to  the  salai-y  of  the  excellent  superintendent  of 
this  Garden,  Mr.  Charles  Moore,  notwithstanding  the 
Q-most  exertions  of  Mr.  Mooi-e's  opponents,  among 
whom  those  who  know  Captain  Philip  King,  B.N.,  will 
u-ji.  lie  surpi'ised  to  find  that  officer. 

y/heat  and  jEfjiloys. — The  following  passage  has  been 
painted  out  by  a  friend,  in  the  works  of  Sir  Thomas 
Brown,  vol.  i.,  book  3,  ch.  17,  p.  306  ;  Bohu's  edition. 
1052.  "But  in  plants,  wherein  there  is  no  distinction  of 
sex,  these  transplantations  are  conceived  more  obvious 
tlifln  any  ;  as  that  of  Barley  iuto  Oats,  of  Wheat  into 
Darnel  ;  and  those  grahis  which  gradually  arise  among  i 
cwn,  as  Cockle,  Aracus, -iEgilops,  and  other  degenera- 
Sifns,  which  come  up  in  unexpected  shapes,  when  they 
^\?i!t  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  primary  and 
iL.is-ter  forms." 

Nviiinghavi  Horiicidtural  Society.  —  We  learn  that 
triis  Society  bus  lately  presented  its  honorary 
secretary,  Mi*.  Sliilton,  with  a  tea  and  coffee  service  of 
^e  Louis  Quatorze  pattern,  richly  chased. 


\    Calendar  of  Operations. 
{For    the   ensidna   u-eeh.) 

PLANT  DEPARTMENT. 

The  present  season  has  never  in  our  recollection  been 
Ei^uallcd  for  wetness,  accompanied  by  a  temperature 
imich  above  the  average,  a  state  of  things  which  will 
perplex  plant-growers  more  than  the  cold  of  ordinary 
seasons.  Under  the  above  conditions,  the  principal 
object  should  be  to  guard  against  plants  commencing 
growth  at  this  unfavourable  time  of  the  year,  and  to  keep 
m  check  damp  and  mildew,  which  the  present  weather  is 
likely  to  bring  on,  more  especially  on  delicate  plants 
and  on  such  as  have  imperfectly  ripened  wood.    Nothing 


keeps  tliu  above  so  much  m  check  as  a  dry  liealtliy 
atmosphere.  To  assist  in  promoting  a  free  circulation 
of  air  through  plant-houses,  some  of  the  inferior  dupli- 
cates might  be  removed  to  spare  Vineries  or  other 
quarters  ;  for  anything  approaching  to  a  crowded  state 
among  delicate  plants,  in  weather  like  the  present,  will 
cause  a  total  or  partial  loss  of  their  foliage.  It  should 
likewise  be  remembered  that  the  more  hardy  plants  of 
all  kinds  are  kept  during  this  present  mild  weather,  tlie 
more  [safely  will  they  resist  the  severity  of  frost  when 
•  it  comes  ;  and  unless  an  artificial  dry  air,  accompanied 
with  abundant  ventilation,  day  and  night,  is  persisted  iu, 
we  fear  many  greenhouse  plants  will  be  in  an  unfavour- 
able state  to  withstand  the  effects  of  severe  cold,  should 
we  be  visited  with  a  hard  winter.  As  the  conservatory 
will  become  more  an  object  of  interest  as  winter 
advances,  every  means  should  be  employed,  not  only  to 
keep  it  gay,  but  to  see  that  neatness  and  order  pervade 
every  part,  and  a  healthy  enjoyable  temperature  is 
maintained  by  moderate  firing  and  a  well-regulated 
ventilation,  as  a  damp  atmosphere  is  not  only  unfavour- 
able for  preserving  plants  in  bloom,  but  objectionable  in 
a  sanatory  point  of  view.  No  more  water  should  be 
given  to  plants  through  mid- winter  than  what  is  absolutely 
requisite  ;  and  even  when  necessary,  the  waste  water  on 
the  floors,  paths,  &c.,  should  be  immediately  dried  up  to 
prevent  it  from  creating  dampness.  The  above  directions 
are  equally  applicable  to  other  plant-houses,  where  a 
comparatively  dry  atmosphere  is  indispensable  for  the 
present.  Attention  must  likewise  be  paid  to  suceessional 
plants,  which  will  almost  be  required  weekly  to  replace 
those  going  out  of  bloom.  A  good  stock  of  the  various 
kinds  of  forcing  shrubs  and  bulbs,  Azaleas,  Camellias, 
Daphnes,  &c.,  should  always  be  ready  to  fill  up  vacancies 
in  the  principal  show-houses,  as  well  as  for  decorating 
the  principal  rooms  of  the  mansion.  Such  stove  plants 
as  were  directed  to  be  grown  to  bloom  at  this  season, 
including  Gesneras,  Justicias,  Jasminums,  Euphorbias, 
and  various  other  genera,  should  be  got  into  bloom 
without  delay.  They  may  be  trusted  in  the  conservatory 
while  in  bloom,  and  will  replace  Chrysanthemums  now 
on  the  wane.  Have  protecting  materials  in  readiness 
to  cover  pits,  &;c.,  as  well  as  greenhouses,  whenever  a 
a  change  to  severer  weatlier  renders  such  necessary. 
forcing;  department. 

The  forcing  of  fruit  trees  in  pots  is  both  useful  and 
iuteresting  ;  and  where  there  are  not  separate  liouses 
for  each  distinct  kind  (which  only  exist  in  the  largest 
establishments),  a  valuable  addition  to  the  dessert  in 
spring  may  be  made  by  growing  a  collection  of  Peaches, 
Nectarines,  Apricots,  Figs,  Plums,  Cherries,  and  Rasp- 
berries in  pots ;  they  are  easily  managed  in  this  form, 
provided  there  are  one  or  two  houses  at  work  to  hold 
them  during  the  later  stages  of  their  gi'owth.  All  the 
above  kinds  (with  the  exception  of  Raspberries)  should 
have  been  grown  in  pots  two  years  at  least,  and  be  well 
furnished  with  fruit  buds.  Raspberries  are  best  obtained 
by  taking  up  the  strongest  suckers  early  in  September, 
and  potting  them  either  singly  or  three  together 
in  rich  soil,  shading  them  for  a  few  days  to  make  fresh 
roots,  and  then  placing  them  against  a  south  wall  to  ripen. 
Supposing  a  stock  of  the  above  kinds  is  prepared  for 
forcing,  the  advantage  of  a  deep  pit,  with  a  bed  of  leaves, 
affording  a  slight  bottom  heat,  will  be  beneficial,  by 
setting  the  roots  in  action.  Cherries  and  Raspberries 
are  the  most  impatient  of  heat,  and  should  be  brought 
forward  iu  a  very  low  temperature ;  and  unless  they 
are-required  very  early,  will  succeed  better  when  started 
next  month.  Tlie  remainder  should  be  started  with 
a  top  heat,  ranging  between  40°  and  GO*^,  with  a  gentle 
syringing  daily,  and  air  according  to  the  state  of  the 
weather ;  here  they  may  remain  till  nearly  in  bloom,  when  a 
drier  atmosphere  being  necessary,  they  may  be  removed 
to  vacant  shelves  or  stages  in  any  house  at  work,  where  a 
moderate  heat  is  kept  up.  Peaches  and  Nectarines  may 
even  be  placed  on  the  back  shelves  of  the  Pine-houses  after 
they  set  their  fruit,  though  a  more  moderate  tempe- 
rature will  suit  them  better.  In  carrying  out  theii* 
subsequent  treatment,  we  may  add  that  Figs,  Peaches, 
&c.,  should  occupy  tlie  warmest  part  of  the  house  in 
which  they  are  to  fruit,  and  Apricots,  Plums,  and 
Cherries  the  coolest  end.  If  required.  Raspberries  will 
succeed  well  in  pits,  or  iu  the  partial  shade  of  other 
plants.  If  circumstances  permit  of  the  whole  being 
kept  plunged  in  a  gentle  heat,  it  will  assist  the  swelling 
of  the  fruit,  but,  with  proper  attention  in  supplying 
them  with  manure-water,  they  will  do  well  without. 
Prepared  plants  of  the  most  suitable  kinds  of  the 
above  fruits  may  be  obtained  at  most  of  the  prin- 
cipal nurseries,  or  maiden  plants  of  each  may 
now  be  potted  in  rich  turfy  loam  for  future  operations, 
getting  them  iuto  a  bearing  state  by  judicious  stopping, 
rather  than  by  the  knife.  Continue  our  former  direc- 
tions for  the  early  Vinery  and  Peach-house.  The  Fig- 
house  may  now  be  commenced  by  putting  on  gentle 
fires  J  45''  at  night  will  serve  to  start  with,  increasing 
the  heat  10**  or  15^^  by  day.  Syringe  twice  daily,  and 
soak  the  inside  borders,  and  the  plants  in  pots  or  tubs, 
with  liquid  manure,  if  1  dry.  Prick  off  seedling  Cu- 
cumbers and  Melons,  and  keep  them  in  a  moist  heat 
near  the  glass.  lucrease  the  admission  of  air  as  they 
advance,  to  strengthen  them.  Cucumbers  iu  bearing 
should  be  kept  in  vigour  by  a  good  heat  and  liberal 
supplies  of  liquid  manure.  Apply  sulphur  whenever 
mildew  appears,  and  keep  the  internal  air  of  the  house 
or  pit  healthy  by  proper  ventilation. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

On  retentive  or  adhesive  soils  the  usual  operations  of 
trenching,   digging,   &c.,  should   be  suspended  till  the 


ground  is  in  a  more  tavourable  state  ;  and,  lor  lik^ 
reasons,  wheeling  manure  and  composts  to  the  quarter^ 
should  remain  for  the  chances  of  Iros  y  weather.  As 
;lags  are  unusuailynumerous  just  now,  place  small  heaps 
of  refuse  vegetables  over  the  ground  for  traps,  and  look 
them  over  daily,  destroying  those  found  underneath. 
The  whole  of  the  vegetable  quarters  should  for  the 
same  purpose  be  dusted  over  on  warm  damp  mornings 
with  fresh  slaked  lime,  mixed  with  a  small  portion  of 
salt.  Mice  and  moles  should  be  trapped  whenever  they 
make  their  appearance.  The  present  wet  season  will 
show  the  advantages  of  well-drained  ground  for  growing 
crops;  and  where  there  is  a  deficiency  of  drains  to  carry 
off  surface  water,  additional  ones  should  be  made  at  once. 
The  present  mild  weather  will  render  air,  night  and  day, 
necessary  to  young  vegetables  under  glass;  remove  the 
sashes  entirely  by  day,  except  during  heavy  rain. 
Continue  to  take  up  and  lay  in  Cauhflowers  and  Broccoli 
as  they  turn  in,  for  more  easy  protection  should  frost  occur. 
A  stock  of  Chicory  should  be  taken  up  and  packed  in 
boxes,  or  on  a  spare  shelf  of  the  Mushroom 
house  ;  fill  up  the  space  between  the  roots  with  fine  dry 
earth,  and  give  a  gentle  watering  ;  the  young  tops  will 
form  a  valuable  addition  to  the  salad,  when  Lettuce  gets 
scarce.  In  the  forcing  department,  attention  must  be 
given  to  advancing  crops  of  Seakale,  Rhubarb,  and 
Asparagus  ;  bringing  on  suceessional  crops  according  to 
the  demand  expected  for  each.  Before  Asparagus  is 
cut  for  the  table,  allow  it  plenty  of  air  each  mild  day,  or 
the  flavour  will  be  indifferent.  Mushroom  beds,  when 
apparently  exhausted,  are  often  induced  to  bear  a  second 
crop  by  a  little  rest,  and  a  moderate  watering  with 
tepid  water.  Keep  up  the  supply  by  making  fresh  beds 
each  month  or  six  weeks,  and  keep  up  the  temperature 
to  55°  or  58". 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  eniling  Dec  16,1852,  aBobaerredatthfl  Horticultural  QardfiDl, 

ChlBvick. 


• 

Tia7BKATD.aB. 

Dec. 

i 
5 

or  the  Air. 

OftheEanh. 

Wind. 

I 

Mai. 

Mil. 

Max. 

Mln. 

Mean 

1  toot 
deep. 

3  feet 
deep. 

Pridar-.  10 

29i83 

29  537 

64 

49 

51.5 

46 

46 

.S. 

0» 

Satur.  ..11 

« 

29.595 

29.519 

4R 

62.5 

474 

46 

s.w. 

.(H> 

Sunday  .  12 

I    29.501 

29.429 

47.(1 

47t 

.1J 

s. 

'ivt 

Moudaj    13 

2    29.473 

■;9JS3 

54 

43 

4Sj 

m 

s. 

.Vi 

Tuea.   ..  li 

31  29J61 

29.335 

55 

42 

4S.5 

47i 

46t 

Wed.    ..  )5 

4    29.106  ,  28.983 

52 

37 

44.5 

47* 

46 

s.w. 

m 

Thura. ..  16 

6 

29.412     29.151 

62 

45 

4S.i 

46 

46 

s.w. 

^7 

iveraKe  . . . 

29.433 

29.334 

54.0 

43.4 

48.7 

47.1 

46.2 

.90 

^c.       10— Cloudy  ;  raiu  :  deniely  overcast. 

—  11  —Overcast  and  mild ;  exceedinKly  fine  ;  clear  and  windy, 

—  12— Fine  ;  overcast ;  rain  at  DiKb^ 

—  13— Rain;  fillghtly  overcast  i  uniformly  ovcicast  at  night. 

—  14— Cloudy  and  mild ;  clear ;  rain. 

—  15— Rain;  cloudy;  clear. 

16— Clear;  fine  with  sun;  overcaat;  rain;  thunder,  UghtolDg,  and 
heavy  rain  at  night- 
Mean  temperature  of  the  week ,  8  dee.  aboTe  the  average. 


STATE  OP  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
During  the  laat  26  yean,  for  the  eneuing  week,  endiog  Dec  2b,  1852. 


Sunday 
Man. 
Tues. 
Wed.     22 
Thure.  33 
l^riday  21 
Satnr.   "' 


55^ 


43.0 
44.7 
4J.3 
45.2 
43.3 
42  8 
42.6 


So" 


32.2 
31.4 

28.8 


No.  Of 
leara  in 
which  it 

Rained. 


Greatest 
Quantity 
of  Rain. 


0.38  in. 

0.76 

0.20 

0.38 

e.25 

0.36 

0.2i 


PreTailins  Winda. 


J  ^  «  *  '& 


JJ- 


^1  2,  I,  ■*,  3 

6  1  3   9|  4 

6\  2  1   2,  9 

4;  3l  1    2    fi 

7'  1  1    1'  7 

3    3;  3  2    1    91  1 

2   5  3-1  2'  bI  5 


The  hizheat  temperature  during  th«  above   period  occurred  on  the  S3th, 
lS2;-ttterm.  58  deg. ;  and  the  lowest  on  the  S4tb,  1830  -therm  10  deg. 


,  aad 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Books:  HB,  What  are  called  "Herbals"are  all  trasbi 
Dot  worth  your  thlnkiog  about. 

Cape  Roots  :  A  H.  Gladioli  and  other  Cape  bulbs  beiag  up  ia 
leaf  now,  must  have  glasses  over  them  when  frost  comee. 

CcccaiBEKS :  Kate.  We  learn  from  Mr.  Cuchil),  that  the  soil  he 
uiea  for  hiB  Cucumbers  is  the  surface  of  an  old  pasture  of  a 
light  n.iture.  This  ia  liberally  supplied  during  summer  with 
diluted  manure-water;  but  no  solid  manure  is  erermUed 
with  the  soil. I 

Cuttings  :  JO.  In  striking  Verbenas,  Heliotropes,  and  Pel ar. 
goniums  In  a  cold  frame  In  July  or  August,  keep  the  lights 
close  or  nearly  so  in  the  daytime,  aud  shade  from  bright 
sun  ;  but  at  nights  the  sashes  may  be  removed  altogether  ia  1 
tine  weather.  It  is  not  necessary  to  use  bell  glasses  in 
striking  such  things.} 

Heating  :  Each,  Warmth  will  promote  the  hatcWng  of  all 
insects,  and  the  propagation  of  many;  hut  we  never  heard 
of  animalcules  being  produced  in  hot  water ;  on  the  con-> 
trary,  it  kills  them.  Baron  Humboldt  is,  we  are  happy  to 
say,  alive  and  well. 

Imgects  :  JR.  We  found  no  insects  on  the  mouldy  patches  of 
rotten  Apples,  but  several  families  of  mites  and  insects  feed 
on  fungi  and  mould  wherever  and  whenever  it  makes  its 
appearance,  so  that  their  presence  is  no  proof  of  their  being 
the  cause  of  the  disease.  W. 

Names  of  Feoits  :  Sarah,  1,  Beurre  Diel ;  2,  Old  Golmar; 
10,  Beurr^  Hance.ll— Ci*.  Ypur  Apple  is  probably  new.  It 
is  above  the  middle-size,  roundish,  skin  smooth,  yellow. 
In  general  appearance  it  resembles  the  Golden  lloble. 
Flesh  sweet,  and  mealy,  its  season  being  pa6t.ll— £  P.,  Cork, 
Your  fruits,  inquired  alter  by  '•  S.  S.  M.,"  were  noticed  inlast 
week's  ChronidG. 

Names  of  Plants  :  S  3.  Wo  never  heard  of  such  a  plant  aa 
Maretia  hastata. 

Wine  Making  :iVbaA.  M'Cullochisasafeauthorityonthesubject  . 
of  making  wine  from  unripe  Grapes  and  Vine  leaves.     Vines  I 
may  bear  in  the  open  air  in  this  country  the  eecond  year  after  ) 
planting  out.    Cuttings  may  generally  be  had  out  of  gardens 
without  cost;  if,  however,  wine  Grapes  are  wanted,  cuttings 
must  be  had  from  some  wine  country.    The  best  practical 
French  work  on  the  culture  of  the  Vine,  and  the  manu- 
facture  of  wine,   ia   Chaptal's    "  Art   de  faire  le   Tin," 
1  vol.  8vo.  

*»"  As  usual,  many  communications  have  been  received  too 
late,  and  others  are  unavoidably  detained  till  the  necessary 
inquiries  can  be  made.  We  must  also  beg  for  the  indulgence 
of  those  numerous  correspondents,  the  insertion  of  whoea 

.     interesting  contributions  is  still  de^a^ed. 


51—1852.1 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


809 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 

CAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURISTS.— 
It  being  notorious  that  estensire  adulterations  of  this 
MANDKE  are  itill  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS.   AS  THE 

ONLY  lill'ORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  thtir  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recomaiend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

bur  to  be  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  tVom  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  security,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTONY  GIBBS  and  SONS  think  it 
weU  to  remind  buyers  that — 

The  lowest  wholesale  price  at  xvldch  sound  Peruvian 
Ouaiw  has  been  sold  by  them,  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS.  per  ton,  less  2^  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 

THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  LiuBeed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruviiin  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artificial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valaable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 

EowiBD  Pdbser,  Sec.  Bridpe-Btreet.  BlacUfriars,  London. 

MANURES. — The   following    Manures  are    manu- 
factured at  Mr.  LiWES'fl  Factory,  Deptford  Creek  : 

Turnip  ^fanure,  per  ton  £7    0    0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7     0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  CoproHtes  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  London. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  91.  lOs.  per  ton;   and  for  5  tons  or  more,  9i.  53.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  ammonia,  &c. 


MANURE. 

PEAT  CHARCOAL,  completely  saturated  with 
London  Sewage,  will  be  found  a  moat  effective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  Middlesex,  at  6Qs.  per  ton, 
<a,  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  6d.  per  i  cwt. 

*'  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tilker ;  we  have  tried  it  ou  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plants  ;  we  put  halt  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dahlia, 
■owed  it  in  the  row  with  B  ans,  and  put  a  fuw  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  Cabbaj;e.  The  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  e£Bcacious  the  second  year  as  the  first." — The 
Oardiii.  by  Mr.  Qleixny. 

WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  are  universally  approved 
of.  They  facilitate  labour  20  par  cent.  They  have  received  tbe 
SHTer  iledal  at  Lewes,  Dublin,  Galway,  Sheffield,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn  has  received  the 
prize  at  every  one  of  the  numerou3  agricultural  meetings  where 
it  has  been  shown.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  41,  saya, 
*'  This  form  ol  churn  is  the  best  for  churning  sweet  cream,  and 
will  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  milk  or  cream,  in  any 
form,  in  much  less  time  than  any  churn  that  has  yet  bt^en 
introduced."  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
Mechi  haa  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
durable,  and  effective.  Gutta  percha  tubing,  bands  for 
machinery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  assortment  of  prize  and  the 
best  farm  implements.  Pric«  catalogues  Bent  on  applieation. — 
Bdbqsss  and  Eet,  103,  Newgate-street,  London,  agents  for 
M'Cormick's  American  Reaper. 

E\Kt  ^flvtcttltural  @a?ette* 

SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  18,  1852. 

UEETINGS  FOE  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 

TBUkBDAI,         —     23 — AKTicultural  Imp.  Societj  of  Ireland. 

♦ 

The  note  from  Dr.  Yoelckek  in  another  column, 
and  the  fragment  forwarded  to  us  with  it,  of  the 
examination  to  which  candidates  for  the  College 
diploma  have  been  subjected  at  Cirencester  during 
the  past  week,  accompanied  as  it  is  with  a  promise 
of  a  further  report  of  these  e.xaminations,  which  we 
shall  lay  before  our  readers  as  soon  as  we  receive 
it,  brings  the  whole  subject  of  agricultural  education 
once  more  under  our  notice.  We  do  not  intend, 
however,  just  now,  to  refer  in  detail  to  the  style  of 
education  adopted  at  Cirencester  or  elsewhere,  but 
merely  to  make  a  remark  in  illustration  of  its 
importance  and  necessity. 

The  occupations  of  gardeners  and  farmers  are 
sufficiently  alike  in  their  details,  and  sufficiently 
similar  in  their  object,  to  justify  a  comparison  of  the 
men  engaged  in  them.  We  are  apt,  as  farmers, 
to  think  that  we  stand  at  least  as  high  in  the 
social  scale  as  those  engaged  in  the  sister  art :  but 
an  exact  compari.son  of  corre.sponding  grades  in  the 
two  profes.sions,  in  point  of  skill  and  intelligence, 
does  not,  we  fear,  tend  to  increase  our  respect  for 
our  own.  And  if  this  be  so,  it  is  unquestionably 
owing  to  the  different  styles  of  education  through 
which  gardeners  and  farmers  respectively  have  to 
pass.  Before  reaching  the  position  of  a  master 
gardener,  a  lengthened  apprenticeship  to  the  business 
most  be  «er\'ed,  and  a  lengthened  course  of  study 
traversed.  If  a  young  man  aims  at  such  a  place,  he 
has  with  pntience  and  as.tiduity  to  labour  for  years 
in  acquiring  the  neccs-sary  bodily  skill, and  with  eijual 
patience  haa  he  to  toil  in  the  work  of  furnishing 
hill  mind.  Natural  philo.sophy  in  almost  all  its 
branches,  natural  hi.itory  in  nearly  every  branch, 
and  much  of  abstract  science  too — for  he  must  be 
a  geometer,  and  understan'l  the  principles  of  land 
rerveying,  architecture,  &c.  ;  all  these  departments 
of  knowledge  have  to  be  ransacked  to  make  a  horti- 
cnltarist.  And  they  arc  ransacked,  and  the  spoils 
are  »tored  in  order,  ready  for  employment,  as  occa- 
ition  calU,  in  many  a  mind  among  tbe  intelligent 
gardeners  of  the  country.  And  thanks  to  Ciren- 
cester, and  some  few  other  schools,  such  a  laborious 
ktudenl-life  of  practical  aa  well  as  abstract  learning 


is  possible  for  agriculture  ;  and  the  farms  as  well  as 
gai  dens  of  this  country  will,  by-and-bye,  be  in  the 
hands  of  men  like  Mr.  Fell,  able  to  justify  their 
practice,  and  therefore  to  improve  it,  by  reference  to 
the  natural  laws  on  which  it  is  based.  Of  course 
there  are  many  such  at  present.  Such  an  assertion, 
however,  though  positively  true  enough,  is  compara- 
tively false.  There  are  very  few  among  the  imd- 
titude  of  farms  into  which  the  surface  of  the  island 
is  divided,  cultivated  by  men  of  the  standard  to 
which  all  will  by-and-bye  be  raised  by  the  educa- 
tional establishments  which  are  required.  English 
agriculture  has  never  been  so  prosperous  as  a  coming 
day  will  see  it,  when  men  shall  never  think  of 
adopting  it  as  a  profession  until  they  have  under- 
gone the  laborious  apprenticeship  both  at  the  desk 
and  in  the  field  which  gardeners  undergo,  and  for 
the  efficient  superintendence  of  which  a  dozen 
Cirencesters  shall  be  in  active  operation. 


THE  ROYAL  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

I  BEG  to  inclose  an  answer  to  the  question,  *'  Mention 
some  of  tlie  principles  to  be  attended  to  in  the  manage- 
ment of  fattening  stock,"  a  question  which  I  put  to  the 
cauJiJates  for  the  College  diploma.  The  inclosed  answer, 
given  by  Mr.  Fell,  appears  to  me  to  contain  some  very 
judicious,  and,  in  some  respect,  novel  remarlis  on  the 
two  great  classes  in  which  the  constituents  of  food  are 
usually  grouped.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  I  forward  to 
you  Mr.  Fell's  paper,  written  in  a  hurried  manner,  with 
the  request  to  insert  it  in  the  Jgrkultural  Gazette^  if 
you  should  think  it  of  sufficient  interest  to  the  agri- 
cultural public.  A^  VoelckcVf  Cirencester,  2)ec.  13. 

[  We  may  mention  that  we  hope  shortly  to  be  able  to 
furnish  the  replies  by  some  of  the  students  at  the 
sessional  examination  in  connection  with  the  Royal 
Agricultui'al  CoIlegCj  which  has  been  held  dui-iug  the 
past  week.] 

The  object  of  the  fanner  in  feeding  stock  for  the 
butcher  is  to  make  them  lay  on  the  greatest  amount  of 
flesh  and  fat  iu  the  least  time,  and  at  the  least  cost.  In 
order  to  do  this,  the  animal's  system  must  be  in  fit 
order  to  digest  and  assimilate  the  food  which  is  supplied, 
and  which  food  should  be  given  strictly  with  the  object 
in  view  ;  that  is  to  say,  it  must  contain  flesh-forming 
principles.  But  if  a  too  concentrated  food  is  given,  in 
the  case  of  ruminants  particularly,  digestion  and  conse- 
quent assimilation  does  not  go  on  ;  it  therefore  requires 
that  some  bulity  food  of  an  inferior  kind  be  conjoined 
with  the  highly  nutritious,  such  as  hay,  straw,  roots,  &c. 

That  substances  rich  iu  fatty  matters  and  protein 
compounds,  if  supplied  to  animals  along  with  other  food, 
will  produce  flesh  and  prepare  an  animal  for  the 
market  is  well  known  ;  but  it  seems  as  yet  a  question 
undecided  in  what  proportions  the  expensive  and  highly 
nutritious  food  is  to  be  mixed  with  inferior ;  not  only 
so,  but  as  to  whether  the  largest  amount  of  nutritious 
food  should  be  given  first,  or  the  corn  gradually 
increased  until  the  animal  is  fit  for  the  butcher.  On 
the  one  hand  it  is  considered  that  an  animal  being 
*'  raw,"  not  having  his  stomach  prepared  for  a  large 
amount  of  highly  nutritious  food,  would  not,  were  it 
supplied  him,  assimilate  it,  but  his  digestive  organs 
would  become,  by  the  sudden  change,  disarranged. 
Again,  it  may  be  said  that  an  animal  assimilates  most 
food  when  he  is  lean  or  in  moderate  condition,  and 
that  a  fat  beast,  after  a  certain  point,  does  not 
increase  in  weight  in  proportion  to  food  consumed  ;  and 
also  it  is  equally  well  known  that  the  manure  from  lean 
beasts  is  comparatively  inferior,  whilst  that  from  fat 
ones  is  decidedly  superior  ;  thus  showing  that  much  of 
the  food  is  uselessly  supplied,  or  at  all  events  does  not 
fulfil  or  profitably  carry  out  the  object  intended.  Again, 
it  may  be  considered  that,  so  far  as  the  fat  is  concerned, 
an  animal  is  a  furnace  where  there  is  a  daily  waste 
taking  place,  a  combustion  going  on,  and  therefore  if  the 
fuel  supplied  be  only  equal  to  the  waste,  no  progress  in 
fattening  will  be  made,and  therefore  a  regularly  increasing 
scale  of  valuing  must  be  observed.  The  most  profitable 
manner,  then,  of  feeding  stock  will  be,  fii-st  to  supply  the 
requisite  constituents  in  the  food  in  proper  proportions  ; 
not  too  concentrated,  or  the  food  will  neither  be  digested 
nor  assimilated,  and  disease  may  be  engendered;  but 
giving  to  it  a  considerable  bulk,  the  elements  of  respira- 
tion and  nutrition  being  regulated  according  to  circum- 
stances ;  if  the  animal  is  well  housed  and  tended  in 
a  warm  place,  less  carbonaceous  matter  will  be  required 
if  tile  system  is  liealthy,  and  become  adapted  to  thcltind 
of  food,  and  more  nutritious  food,  such  as  corn,  &c.,  may 
be  given.  It  appears,  tiien,that  an  animal  assimilates  most 
during  the  first  stages  of  this  fattening,  and  if  the 
ayetem  is  right,  a  largo  proportion  of  nutritious  food 
ought  to  bo  supplied  ;  to  increase  it  to  a  large  quantity 
whon  the  animal  is  fat  appears  to  bo  both  wasteful  and 
unprofitable. 

THE  SMITIIFIELD  CLUB'S  NEW  PRIZE  LIST. 
I'rum  the  present  position  of  agricultural  alfuirs,  the 
obj':ct  of  tlio  Smithlield  Club  is  deserving  of  special 
notice  ;  for  all  intelligent  farmers  are  agrecrl  that  they 
can  oidy  obtain  relief  from  their  present  enibarrasHnienls, 
ill  tin;  progress  of  science,  CHjiccialiy  the  nianagenielit  of 
fat  stock,  the  principal  object  of  the  <'hil>;  for,  iiltlidugh  it 
givL'H  suflicieiit  eiicouriigeitient  in  the  iiiiplcnietit  dcjiart- 
ni'^iit,  us  our  report  will  show,  yvt  its  main  eflnrts  arc 
ina'le  below  stairs  among  cattle,  hlii-t-p,  ami  pi^s.  For 
upwards    of    lialf   a    century    it  has     b<-cn    laudably 


labouring  at  this  national  task,  and  although  not  liitherto 
crowned  with  that  success  desirable,  yet  progress 
has  always  been  made,  and  ou  the  present  occasion 
sufficiently  flattering  as  to  insui'e  the  realisation 
of  ultimate  success.  The  opposition  which  it  has  met 
with  only  adds  to  its  own  merit.  It  has,  doubtless,  to 
deal  with  a  party  by  no  nieans  the  most  willing  to 
relinquisli  the  practices  of  its  forefathers,  however 
antiquated  ;  yet  gold  medals  aud  silver  medals,  with  a 
liberal  allowance  of  hard  cash,  together  with  tlie  pressure 
from  without,  have  each  and  all  of  them  their  own 
weighty  influence,  and  must  triumph,  according  to  the 
nature  of  things,  over  opposition  of  this  kind  eventually. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  humiliating  to  listen,  in  the 
stirring  hum  of  the  crowd,  to  the  amount  of  silly  sneer 
unwittingly  thrown  into  the  opposition  scale,  thus  pre- 
venting the  farmer  from  seeking  relief  from  the  only 
source  from  whence  it  can  be  obtained  ;  we  allude  here 
to  the  cuckoo  song  "  carrying  the  joke  too  far,"  con- 
tinually piped  into  the  ears  of  farmers  during  the  four 
days  of  the  exhibition,  and  afterwards  eclioed  from  the 
Land's  End  to  John  o'Groat  by  the  public  press.  That 
farmers  have  not  yet  attained  to  perfection  in  the  art  of 
feeding  cattle  will  readily  be  granted — the  preponderance 
of  fat  to  muscle,  in  many  instances,  proves  the  contrary. 
But  the  proper  mixture  of  fat  and  muscle  is  by  no  means 
an  easy  problem  to  solve.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  mix  a 
pound  of  Chicory  with  a  pound  of  Coffee  and  to  return 
both  to  the  country  undistinguishable  from  each  other, 
or  to  add  a  pint  of  Thames  water  to  another  of  milk 
aud  sell  them  both  as  the  genuine  produce  of  the 
country,  but  it  is  not  so  easy  a  task  to  manufacture 
from  a  given  quantity  of  vegetable  produce  the  greatest 
quantity  of  butcher-meat  of  the  best  quality,  the  grand 
problem  wdiich  the  Smithfield  Club  has  given  the  British 
farmer  to  solve.  Into  the  details  of  the  art  of  feeding, 
and  the  many  difficulties  which  have  to  be  overcome 
before  such  a  problem  can  be  solved,  it  is  not  our  pre- 
sent province  to  enter.  On  this  point,  suffice  it  to  say, 
that  the  exhibition  before  us  is  more  than  enough  to 
encourage  a  hope  that  such  a  problem  will  eventually 
be  solved,  and  that  at  no  distant  date.  The  following 
is  an  account  of  the  improved  prize-list  offered  by  the 
Smithfield  Club  to  obtain  it.  The  whole  live  stock  is  divided 
into  two  divisions,  the  common  and  extra,  the  latter  com- 
prehending a  description  of  stock  which  could  not  in 
fairness  be  included  in  the  former,  to  do  justice  to 
exhibitors.  The  former  division  is  subdivied  into  31 
classes,  and  the  latter  into  five.  But  in  order  to  obtain 
the  results  sought,  viz.,  the  best  beast  in  any  breed  as  well 
as  in  individual  pure  breeds  and  cross  breeds,  a  farther 
classification  is  made ;  first,  the  whole  is  divided  into  tlie 
three  families  of  oxen,  sheep,  and  pigs;  and  these  again 
into  different  breeds,  thus  : — Oxen  are  subdivided  into 
six  breeds,  viz. :  1,  Devons ;  2,  Herefords  ;  3,  short- 
horns ;  4,  Scotch,Welsh,  or  Irish  bi-eeds  ;  5,  other  pure 
breeds ;  and  6,  cross,  or  mixed  breeds.  Sheep  are  sub- 
divided into  five  breeds,  viz,  : — 1,  long-wooUed  breeds  ; 
2,  long-woolled  breeds,  excluding  Leicesters  ;  3,  cross 
breeds — long  and  sliort-wooUed;  4, short-wooUed  breeds; 
and  5,  short-woolled  breeds,  excluding  southdowns.  Swine 
of  every  variety  are  included  under  one  breed  or  sub- 
division. Each  of  those  breeds  of  oxen,  sheep,  and  pigs, 
are  subdivided  into  v.arieties  according  to  age,  sex,  and 
weight,  which  when  added  together  form  the  31  classes 
above  stated.  Thus — the  six  breeds  of  oxen  are  sub- 
divided into  19  classes.  The  Devons,  Herefords,  and 
short-horns,  are  each  divided  into  four  classes;  fii'St, 
steers  not  exceeding  three  years  old  ;  second,  steers 
or  oxen  above  thx'ee  years  old  ;  third,  heifers  not 
exceeding  four  years  old,  and  cows  above  four  years 
old.  The  fourth  aud  fifth  are  subdivided  into  two 
classes  each  ;  first,  o.xen  of  any  age  ;  and  second,'  cows 
or  heifers  of  any  age,  and  the  cross  breeds  into  three 
classes,  viz.,  first,  steers  not  exceeding  three  years  eld  j 
second,  steers  or  oxen  above  three  years  old ;  and 
third,  heifers  or  cows  not  exceeding  six  years  old.  The 
five  breeds  of  sheep  are  subdivided  into  nine  classes, 
two  of  which  belong  to  the  long-wooUed  breed,  viz.,  the 
heavy  and  light  weights,  as  they  are  generally  termed 
by  farmers  and  shepherds,  or  fat  wether  sheep  between 
12  and  22  months  old,  without  regard  to  weight  ;  and  fat 
wether  sheep  of  the  same  age,  but "  each  sheep  of  the  pen 
not  to  exceed  220  lbs.  live  weight."  The  second  breed  of 
sheep  has  only  one  class — long-woolled  breeds,  excluding 
Leicesters.  Its  object  is  to  allow  fat  wether  pens  other 
than  the  Leicesters  fairly  to  compete  among  one 
another,  which  they  could  not  do  were  they  included,  as 
in  the  first  division.  The  same  ago  is  specified.  The 
third  or  cross  breeds  are  subdivided  into  two  classes, 
the  same  respect  being  had  to  ago  aud  weight  as  iu  the 
pure  long-woolled.  The  fourth  or  short-woolled  breeds 
are  subdivided  into  three  classes  ;  first,  fat  wether  sheep 
one  year  old,  but  under  22  months  ;  second,  fat  wether 
sheep  one  year  old  and  under  22  months,  each  sheep  of 
the  pen  not  to  exceed  200  lbs.  live  weight  ;  and  third, 
fat  wether  sheep  above  22  but  under  31  months  old, 
without  regard  to  weight  ;  and  in  the  fifth  division 
there  is  only  one  class,  its  object  being  to  allow  the 
Bhiyt-woolled  breeds  fuirly  to  coin[)ete  among  one 
nnotlicr,  the  southdown  being  excluded  the  same  as 
above  stated  in  the  case  of  the  long-woolled.  These  nine 
classes  comprehend  from  tho  20lli  to  the  2«th  inclusive 
in  tho  prize  list.  I'iga  nre  subilividcd  into  three  classes  ; 
first,  pigs  of  any  breed  above  1  .'t  and  not  exceeding  26 
moiitlia  old,  exhibited  by  the  breeder  ;  second,  pigs  of 
nny  liroed  above  2C  and  not  exceeding  .02  weeks  old  ; 
anil,  third,  pigs  of  any  breed  above  12  but  under  It! 
iiioiiths  old,  Extra  stock  is  subdivided  into  five  classes 
—first,  tho  best  ox  of  nny  breed,  age,  or  sex  ;  second. 


810 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Dec.  18, 


long-woolled  sheep  ;  thirtl,  sliort-woolled  sheep  ;  fourthj 
cross-bred  slieep  ;  and,  fiftli,  best  pig.  In  each  class 
the  animals  must  not  be  qualified  or  compete  in  any  of 
the  31  classes  already  noticed.  There  are  53  money 
prizes,  amounting  in  whole  to  GQ51.,  35  silvei*  medals, 
and  5  gold  medals,  distributed  as  follows,  prescrWng 
the  above  order  of  classification  :  eight  money  prizes, 
amounting  to  120Z.,  and  four  silver  medals,  are  given  to 
each  of  the  breeds  of  Devons,  H-erefords,  and  short- 
horns, being  two  25Z.  first  prizes  for  steers,  two  silver 
medals,  and  two  10?,  second,  prizes  ;  one  15^.  first  prize 
for  heifers,  one  silver  n>edal,  and  one  51.  second  prize  ; 
a  201.  first  prize,  a  silver  medal,  and  a  lOl.  second 
prize  for  cows  of  each:  total,  360/.  and  12  silver 
medals  for  these  three  breeds.  The  Scotch,  Welch,  or 
Irish  breeds  are  allowed  no  silver  medals,  but  two 
prizes,  one  of  10?.  and  another  of  51.  :  total,  IBl.  The 
other  pure  breeds  have  two  lOL  prizes  an4  two  silver 
medals  :  total,  201.  and  two  medals.  Tlie  mixed  breeds 
have  three  money  prizes  and  as  many  silver  medals, 
behig  two  151.  prizes  arid  one  lOl.  one  :  total,  40/.  and 
three  silver  medals.  Grand  total  for  oxen,  435/.  and 
17  silver  medals.  The  five  breeds  of  sheep  have 
allotted  to  them  1 6  money  prizes,  amounting  in  whole 
to  185/.,  and  distributed  among  the  nine  classes  as 
follows,  viz.,  the  first  and  second  classes  have  each  a 
20/.,  a  10/.,  and  a  51.  prize,  -with  a  silver  medal  ;  the 
third  class  of  long-woolled  sheep  has  a  10/.  prize  and  a 
silver  medal  ;  the  fourth  class  a  10  if.  and  a  51.  prize, 
with  a  medal;  and  the  fifth  the  same  as  the  third,  as 
also  the  seventh  and  ninth  ;  the  sixth  and  eighth  have 
each  a  20Z.  and  a  lOZ.  prize,  with  a  silver  medal.  The 
three  classes  of  pigs  have  six  money  prizes  offered  to 
them,  amounting  in  wholeto  451.  and  three  silver  medals, 
beinga  10/.  and  5/.  money  prize  foreaoh,with  a  silver  medal. 
The  above  29  silver  medals  are  awarded  to  the  breeders 
of  the  first  prizes,  and  the  53  prizes  to  the  exhibitors. 
The  5  gold  medals  are  offered  to  exhibitors,  in  order  to 
test  the  merits  of  different  breeds,  competing  among 
each  other,  provided  there  be  sufficient  merit.  The 
firet  is  awarded  to  the  best  ox  or  steer  of  any  breed  ;  the 
secoad  to  the  best  cow  or  heifer  ;  the  third  to  the  best 
pen  of  three  long-woolled  sheep,  comprised  in  the  20th, 
21st,  and  22d  classes  ;  the  fourth  to  the  best  short- 
tvoolled  sheep  mider  22  months  old  ;  and  the  fifth  to 
the  best  pen  of  pigs.  The  five  breeds  of  extra  stool; 
have  each  a  silver  medal  to  compete  for,  and  tliere  is 
also  what  is  termed  the  "'butoher's  medal"  awarded  to 
the  butcher  who  makes  the  largest  purchases  during  the 
exMbition,  on  Friday,  from  the  31  classes  above 
noticed.  Such  is  a  bnef  description  of  the  prize  list, 
and.  the  catalogue  informs  jus  that  there  were  160  oxen, 
steers,  heifers,  and  eows;  131  pens  of  sheep,  84  of 
whidi  contain  each  three  sheep,  and  47  one  ;  27  pens 
of  pigs,  three  in  a  pen  ;  and  15  pens  with  one  pig  each, 
being  160  oxen,  299  sheep,  and  9G  pigs  :  total,  555 
animals  in  the  yard,  entered  as  competitors  for  the  above 
pX'izes. 

The  names  of  the  judges'  are,  for  cattle  and  long- 
wooiled  sheep,  Robert  Smith,  Saimuel  Bloxridge,  Charles 
Stokes ;  and  for  sh-ort- wo  oiled  slieep  and.  pigs,  E. 
Po^e,  John  Farncombe,  and  William  Tanner ;  and 
an  account  of  their  awards,  the  nnmber  of  entries  m 
each  class,  and  a  few  remarks  thereon,  &c.,  such  as  our 
limited  space  would  admit,  was  given  last  week.  The 
different  breeds,  &c.,  wei^  taken  iu  the  order  they  stood 
m  the  catalogue,  and  the  awards  of  the  gold  medals 
noticed  as  the  successful  competitors  respectively  came 
to  hand.  At  the  same  time,  for  the  sake  of  greater  ^ei*- 
spicuity,  the  gold  medals  and  silver  medalfi  for  extra 
Stock  may  be  given  now  separately  without  comment,  and 
alsothe  stock  commended  by  the  judges,  which  did  not  re- 
ceive prizes.  In  all  cases  the  awards  are  pronounced 
without  regard  to  the  quantities  or  kinds  of  food  con- 
sumed, yet  the  kind  or  kinds  of  food  is  certified  ;  and  here 
we  must  observe  that  it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the 
actoal  quantities  consumed  cannot  be  given.  In  a  great 
many  cases  it  might  have  been  obtained  by  us  with 
some  degree  of  accuracy,  but  in  others  parties  appeared 
lim\nUing  to  comply  with  req-uests  not  demanded  by  the 
Club — whence  the  conclusion.  The  grand  object  of  the 
Club  being  to  obtain  in  its  own  language  the  "  cheapest 
and  best  meat,"  it  obviously  follows  that  the  quantity 
of  food  consumed  should  be  certified  as  well  as  the 
kind  or  kinds,  for  cheapness  is  always  regulated  by 
quantity  brought  4o  market,  so  timt  the  proposition,  of 
the  Club  resolves  itself  into  tins : — ^the  greatest  quantity 
of  butcher  meat  of  the  best  quailrty  from  a  given 
quantity  of  food  or  produce,  as  has  already  been  stated. 
We  throw  out  these  observations,  not  for  the  purpose  of 
finding  fault  with  the  new  regulations  of  the  Smithfield 
Clnb,  but  to  suggest  future  improvement.  We  are  too 
sensible  of  the  invaluable  reformation  made  this  year 
in  the  classification,  and  in  the  prize  Hat  generally,  to 
commit  such  a  blunder.  Were  the  live  weights  added 
at  different  stages,  of  fattening  it  ^would  increase  the 
value  of  the  awards,  stamping,  upon  the  whole,  a  more 
useful  character  to  faimiers. 

The  live  stock  may  thus  be  'briefly  summed  ijp  ; 
cattle  Ib'O,  sheep  299,  and  pigs  96,  making  a  total  of 
555,  as  before  stated  ;  yet  positively  speaking,  it  were 
difficulty  to  say  whether  cattle,  sheep,  or  pigs  were  the 
best  show.  In  the  estimation  of  the  public  it  is  an 
unsettled  question,  some  affirming  the  one  and  some 
lUie  other.  The  gold  medals  are  awarded  to  Mr. 
Richai'd  Stratton,  Broad  Hinton,  for  bis  &hort-horned 
ox  ;  to  Mr.  Cooke,  for  Iris  Hereford  cow  ;  to  the 
Marquis  of  Exetei-,  for  his  lordship's  long-woolled 
sheep  ;  to  Mr.  Sainsbury,  for  his  southdown  or  short- 
woolled  slieep  ;  'and  to 'Mr.  J.  Goate,  Mammon  Elivnd- 


ford,  for  his  pig.  The  silver  medals  for  extra  stock 
are  awarded  to  Mr.  Robert  Beman,  for  the  best  beast  ; 
to  Mr.  William  Sanday,  for  the  beat  long-woolled  sheep; 
to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  liichmond,  fur  his  short- 
woolled  sheep — a  southdown  ;  to  Mr.  J.  R.  Overman, 
for  his  cross-bred  sheep  ;  and  to  Sir  John  Conroy,  Bart., 
for  his  pig. 

Sight)/  commended  hy  the  Judrfes. — Prince  Albert's 
Devon  ox.  Lord  Sondes'  short-horn  ox,  Mr.  Stratton's 
short-horn  cow,  Mr.  Hewer's  cross-bred  ox,  Mr. 
William  Abraham's  Leicester  sheep,  Mr.  ]\L  Hewer's 
Cotswold  sheep,  Mr.  Druee's  cross-bred  wether,  Mr. 
Davis's  ci'oss-bred  wether,  Mr.  Salter's  cross-bred 
wether,  Mr.  Rigden's  southdown  wethers,  Sir  R. 
Throckmorton's  southdown  wethers,  Lord  Walsing- 
ham's  southdown  sheep,  Mr.  Wood's  Sussex  aud 
Neapolitan  pigs,  the  Earl  of  Radnor's  Coleshill  pigs, 
and  Mr.  Sadlei-'s  Berkshu'e  pig. 

Commended. — Mr.  Carwardine's  Hereford  steer,  the 
Earl  of  Radnor's  Hereford  ox,  Mr.  Hinck's  Hereford 
cow,  the  earl  of  Radnor's  Hereford  cow,  Mr.  Allatt's 
Hereford  cow,  Mr.  Stratton's  short-horn  steer,  Mr. 
Bull's  Durham  ox,  Mr.  Spraggett's  shorthorn  steer. 
Lord  Feversham's  short-horn  heifer,  Mr.  Goodwin's 
short-horn  heifer,  Mr.  Crisp's  short-horn  heifer, 
Mr.  Featherstone's  short-horn  heifer,  and  Mr.  Car- 
rington's  short-horn  cow. 

Commended  generally. — Mr.  Gumey's  cross-bred  ox, 
Mr.  Newbutt's  short-horn  heifer,  Mr.  Willmore's 
Leicester  wethers,  Mr.  Foljambe's  Leicester  wethers, 
Mr.  Hitchman's  cross-bred  wethers,  Mr.  Williams' 
southdowns,  Mr.  Haymed's  southdowns,  Mr.  Rigden's 
southdown  sheep,  Mr.  Newman's  pig,  and  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain's pig. — An  account  of  the  Implement  Show  will  be 
given  next  week. 


Theory  of  MoAiure '6Z0  Years  ago. — About  330  yeaass 
ago  a  man  was  born  at  Agen  (a  town  of  France  on  the 
banks  of  the  Garonne,  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bordeaux), 
who,  after  struggling  against  prodigious  difficulties  with 
indomitable  courage  and  patient  assiduity,  attained  con- 
siderable notoriety.  He  was  the  first  person  who 
formed  a  system  of  natural  history  in  Paris  ;  but,, 
unhappily  for  his  personal  safety,  he  was  a  Calvinist, 
and  living  during  the  papistical  fury  of  the  "  LeaguOj" 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  he  was  committed  in  1584  to 
the  Bastille,  wherein  he  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in 
1590.  Tliis  man,  gifted  with  a  degree  of  foresight  far 
in  advance  of  those  days  of  dense  ignorance  and  super- 
stition, made  discoveries  of  great  importance  in  the 
arts,  and  became  the  author  of  many  estimable  treatises, 
among  which  are  two,  entitled  "  Moyen  de  Devenir 
Riche,"  &c.,  and  "  Discours  admirable  de  la  Nature 
des  Eaux  et  Fontaines,"  &.c.  From  the  foi-mer,  with- 
out further  introduction,  are  taken  the  following  pas- 
sages. (See  the  appendix  to  the  "  Life  of  Paliasy  the 
potter,"  translated  by  Henry  Moi*ley,  page  311.)  *'  Soio 
to  grow  rich  in  Farming :  Taks  notice  at  seed  time,  and 
you  will  see  that  the  labourers  will  bring  their  muck- 
heaps  to  the  fields  some  time  before  they  sow  the  land. 
The3'  put  tlie  said  manure  in  little  heaps  or  piles  about 
the  fields,  and  some  time  afterwards  they  come  to 
spread  it  over  the  field  ;  but  yet  on  the  spots  where  the 
manure  shall  have  been  resting  for  some  time  tliey  will 
leave  none,  so  they  throw  it  this  way  and  that ;  but,  in 
the  place  where  the  manure  had  rested  for  some  t^^Qaej. 
you  will  observe  that,  after  the  corn  has  grown  and 
shall  have  become  high,  it  will  in  that  place  be  thicker^, 
taller,  greener,  and  more  flourishing  than  in  the  other 
pai*ts.  Hence  you  may  know  easily  that  it  is  not  the 
muck-heap  which  has  done  that,  for  the  labourer  threw 
it  over  other  parts,  but  it  is,  that,  where  the  said  manure 
was  on  the  field  iu  little  piles,  the  rains  which  occurred 
passed  through  the  manure  on  the  ground,  and  in  passing 
had  dissolved  and  carried  with  them  a  certain  portion 
of  the  salt  which  was  in  the  manure.'*  Retaining  the 
quaintness  of  the  style,  I  have  ventured  to  remove 
certain  repetitions  of  mere  words.     It  appears  evident 


Home    Correspondence. 

Under-draining. — The  clay  lands  are  now  in  the 
fittest  state  to  be  drained.  To  ascertain  the  efficient 
depth  of  drain  for  the  different  descriptions  of  clays,  is 
of  the  greatest  importance.  There  are  still  advocates 
for  each  system  of  deep  and  shallow  draining,  and  each 

applied  to  all  clays.  The  following  remarks  are  made  that,  by  the  force  of  intuitive  genius,  Pahssy  was  led  te 
with  the  view  of  endeavouring  to  place  the  question  in  foreshadow  and  anticipate  discoveries  which  modem 
its  true  light.  "  Enquirer,"  iu  your  Number  of  July  24, '  chemistry  has  lately,  and  only  lately,  even  in  this  age 
refers  to  this  subject,  and  to  the  illustration  of  the  '  of  refined  science,  been  able  to  establish.  He  announced 
barrel,  made  use  of  to  explain  the  way  in  which  water  i  the  great  facts  of  that  absorption,  and  fixing  the  saline 
enters  the  drains.  A  doubt  can  hardly  be  entertained  ,  matters  (termed  by  him  salt)  which  late  experimout-s 
by  any  practical  man  that  a  drain  made  3  feet  deep  will  have  proved,  and  begun  to  explain  !  Of  chemistry  that 
be  a  sufficient  depth  for  all  agricultural  purposes,  in  '  dark  and  gloomy  age  knew  nothing,  unless,  indeed,  SO 
mostif  not  in  all  clays,  and  the  drains  made  not  more  than  j  far  as  the  vain  research  after  the  philosopher's  stone 
2  rods,  or  33  feet  apart.  The  less  the  distance  between  |  may  be  referred  to  that  science.  Palissy  had  not  ever 
the  drains  the  earlier  and  more  uniformly  dry  the  land  ■  heard  of  chemical  attraction,  he  therefore  merely  ob- 
becomes  after  rain.  It  may  frequently  be  necessary  served  faete,  and  thence  was  enabled  to  arrive  at  correct 
to  make  the  drains  at  a  less  distance  than  33  feet  apart,  i  inductions.  But  to  proceed  (p.  213)  : — "  If  you  wieh 
and  it  is  rarely  safe  to  place  them  at  a  greater,  to  be  i  to  have  the  full  and  complete  service  of  your  manurCj 
enabled  to  discard  open  furrows,  which  are  outlets  for  '  you  must  hollow  a  pit  in  some  convenient  place  nearto 


the  escape  of  some  of  the  finest  and  best  portions  of 
the  soil  itself,  and  manures  carried  on  it ;  besides  pre- 
venting the  rain  and  air  exerting  their  very  important 
influences  on  the  soil  and  subsoil;  thus  causing  a  two- 
fold injury— namely,  allowing  the  rain  in  its  passage  off 
the  land  to  do  much  mischief,  and  preventing  the  air,  in 
conjunction  with  the  rain,  doing  much  good.  The 
efficient  depth  of  drain  will  depend  entirely  on  the 
porosity,  or  capacity  of  saturation,  of  the  clays  ;  on  some 


your  stables,  and  this  pit  having  been  dug  in  tlie  shape 
of  a  pool  or  of  a  watering  pond,  it  is  necessary  that  you 
pave  with  flints  or  with  bricks  the  said  pit,  and  this 
having  been  well  plastered  with  mortar  made  of  lime 
and  sand,  you  will  take  your  manure  to  be  kept  in  this 
pit  until  the  time  when  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  it  to 
the  fields.  And,  in  oi'der  that  the  manm'e  be  not  spoilt 
by  rain  and  by  tlie  sun,  you  will  make  some  kind  of 
hut  to  cover  it ;  and  when  the  seed-time  shall  arrive. 


this  commences   near  the  surface,   for  which  shallow   you  will  carry  the  said  manure  to  the  field  witJi  all  its 
drains  are  most  effi^ctive  ;  on  others  at  a  greater  distance    substance,  aud  you  will  find  that  the  pavement  of  the 


from  the  surface  soil,  admitting  of  a  deeper  drain  ;  in 
the  stiffest  clays  shallow  drains  will  act  much  sooner 
after  rain  than  deep  ones — perhaps  some  weeks  ;  on  the 
other  hand,  deep  drains  will  act  before  the  shallow  on 
a  more  porous  clay,  or  preventing  altogether  the  water 
entering  the  shallow  drain.  Much  misconception 
appears  to  have  generally  prevailed  on  the  manner  in 
which  water  enters  the  drains.  The  supposition  appears 
to  have  been  that  the  water  falls  into  the  drains  in  its 
downward  passage  through  the  subsoil,  whereas  the 
fact  is  directly  the  reverse,  the  water  flowing  into  them 
in  its  ascent.  Water  in  its  descent  through  the  subsoil 
cannot  be  made  to  enter  the  drains — this  would  be  con- 
trary to  the  law  of  nature  ;  it  must  be  stopped,  or 
arrested,  in  i(s  descent,  and  this  is  effected  by  saturation. 
In  the  illustration  of  the  barrel,  explaining  the  motion 
of  water  in  the  soil,  the  barrel  is  supposed  to  be  turned 
on  one  end,  the  upper  end  removed,  the  barrel  filled 
with  mould,  and  a  drain  pipe  inserted  in  the  bung-hole 
through  the  centre.  Water  poured  on  the  mould,  will 
descend  to  the  bottom  of  the  barrel,  and  will  not  enter 
the  drain  pipe.  The  bottom  of  the  barrel  will  ro]jresent 
the  subsoil  below  the  drains,  already  saturated  with 
water.  By  constantly  pouring  water  on  the  mould  in 
the  barrel  the  point  of  saturation  will  rise  until  it  reaches 
j  the  drain  pipe,  which  will  then  act,  aud  carry  ofl"  the 
I  water,  preventing  saturation  above  it.  It  is  continually 
pouring  water  on  the  mould  in  the  barrel,  and  frequent 
rains  on  the  land,  that  raises  the  water  to  a  level  with 
the  dr.iins,  and  not  capillary  attraction  ;  this  will  take 
place  from  the  level  of  the  drains — the  point  of  satura- 
tion— and  is  supposed  to  extend  18  inches  or  more  into 
the  soil  above.  On  the  cessation  of  rain  the  drains  cease 
to  act — the  point  of  saturation  gradually  descends,  and 
consequently  the  water,  rising  by  capillary  attraction,  is 
removed  to  a  greater  distance  from  the  surface  soil. 
It  is  of  great  consequence  to  have  a  clear  perception  of 
the  exact  requirements  of  the  land,  tliat  the  means 
employed  may  be  duly  apportioned  to  the  effect  intended 
to  be  produced,  so  as  not  to  fall  bolow  the  -mark,  nor 
extend  beyond  it,  expetidiug  money  unnecessainly. 
B,  C.  Selby,  Ig^eiham. 


pit  will  have  preserved  all  the  liquid  part  of  the  maunre^ 
which  otherwise  would  have  been  lost,  as  the  eaiih 
would  have  absorbed  part  of  the  substance  of  the- 
mamire.  If  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit  there  3hoSld  t)e 
some  clear  matter,  it  is  necessary  that  you  should  talie 
some  vessel  and  carry  this  away,  because  of  its  contaia- 
ing  the  -most  salt.  And  if  you  will  thus  render  back  to 
the  earth  the  sameftihing  which  had  been  taken  from  it 
by  the  growth  of  seeds,  the  seeds  whicli  you  put  into  the 
ground  afterwards  will  again  take  up  the  same  thiBg 
that  you  will  have  carried  thither."  Need  one  explana- 
tory word  be  added  ?  Does  not  this  anticipation  com- 
prise all  that  iias  been  avowed  and  written  upon  the 
preservation  of  putrescent,  farm-yard,  ajijd  Statue- 
muBures  \  /.  T, 

^ortettes;* 

BOTiL  A'SRICrnLTDKAL  SOCIETY  OP  'ENSI.iKJ), 
A  Wbeiciv  Council  was  lieldat  the' Society's  Holifl& 
iu  Hanov«r-6quai*e,  on  Wednesday,  the  tJcli  December  \ 
present,  Mr.  Pusey,  Trustee,  in  tlie  eliair ;  XiW^ 
Berners,  Hon.  R.  H.  Clive,  M.P.,  Sir  John  Villiers 
Slielley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  Robert  Price,  Bart.,  M.P.,. 
Sir  Digby  Neave,  Bart.,  Colonel  Austen,  Mr.  Raymond 
Barker,  Mr.  S.  Bennett,  Mr.  Catherall,  Colonel  ChalJo- 
ner,  Mr.  Cobon,  Mr.  Dyer,  Mr.  Flack,  Mr.  Fuller, 
M.P.,  Mr.  Gales,  Mr.  Hamond,  Mr.  Fisher  HobbSj 
Mr.  Hudson  (Castleacre),  Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Kinder,  Mr. 
Milward,  Mr.  Paine,  Mr.  Pawlett,  Prof.  Sewell,  Prof. 
Siraonds,  Mr.  R.  Smith,  Mr.  Stokes,  Mr.  Thompson. 
Mr.  C.  Hampden  Timier,  Prof.  Way,  Mr.  Jtonas 
Webb,  Mr.  Wingite,  and  Mr.  Wrench. 

Tlie  following;  communications  were  received  :—^oip 
the  Hon.  Col.  Grey,  by  command  of  H.R.H.  Princp 
Albert,  letters  on  tlte  subject  of  sound  untainted 
Potato-seed,  proposed  for  cultivation  in  Ireland ;  from 
Mr.  Wright  of  the  United  States,  a  communication  op 
improvements  in  the  reaping-machine,  and  a  set  of  the 
"  Prairie  Farmer,"  of  which  he  was  the  editor  ;  from 
the  Hon.  Andrew  Stevenson,  lute  American  Minietei'  in 
Englaind, -a  Jetter  ofTerhig  his  services  of  co-opev^tiou-as 


51—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


811 


n  honorary  msniber  of  the  Society,  and  specimeus  of 
'ool  and  mouumeatal  Wheat ;  from  Mr.  Palin,  of 
.Cheshire,  a  statemeut  oa  tlie  beneficial  and  Idug-coai- 
mued  effects  of  marling  for  the  Turnip-crop,  with 
■pecimens  of  roots  grown  by  him  on  marled  and 
jimarled  land ;  from  Mr.  Dyer  and  Mr.  Whitear, 
esults  of  the  cultivation  of  Russian  Turnips  iu  this 
ouutrj' ;  from  Mr.  Re^iiolds  Solly  a  favourable  state- 
leut  of  the  value  of  the  Spanish  Beans,  presented  to  the 
■ouncil  in  the  spring  by  Mr.  Majendie  ;  from  Mr. 
aunderson,  specimens  of  Potatoes  grown  for  tliree  years 
•ithout  manure  ;  from  Mr.  Morton,  Mr.  Waldron,  and 
Iv.  Jackson,  informa-tiou  respecting  farm-buildings  j 
'om  Mr.  Arkwrigbt,  of  Sutton  Hall,  Derbyshire,  a  very 
leap,  simple,  and  efficient  grubber  for  raising  large 
:i'ong  tufts  of  coarse  plants  having  deep-seated  roots  ; 
,'om  Mr.  Francis  Wilson,  a  proposed  new  plan  of 
arrow  for  general  purposes;  from  Miss  Banister, 
iirious  communications  connected  with  cottage  farai- 
ig-;  from  Dr.  A.  Thaer,  a  plan  of  the  Moeglin  Model 
arm  in  Germany  ;  from  Mr.  Brotherton,  a  communi- 
iition  on  the  importance  of  cultivating  the  Rape-crop 
'  T  its  oil  ;  from  Mr.  Jletcalfe,  on  reaping  machine  ; 
om  Jlr.  Fowler,  on  Barley  ;  from  Mr.  P.  DL\on, 
ilance-sheet  of  his  farm  ;  from  Lord  Bernci's,  a  further 
at-^ment  of  his  mode  of  draining  in  Leicestershire  ; 
om  Mr,  Witt,  a  specimen  of  paper  made  from  Wheat- 
raw  ;  from  Mr.  Clayton,  a  statement  of  improvement's 
his  tile-machiue  ;  from  Mr.  R.  Shaw,  of  Bristol,  a 
•V'-in  inication  on  town-sewerage  ;  from  Mi'.  E,  Oliver, 
ulous  notices  of  agricultural  facts  ;  from  Mr.  J.  Hill 
ickson,  a  statement  on  his  Flax-mill ;  from  Mr.  Hardy, 
1  sowing,  with  specimens  ;  from  Mr.  Lang,  on  manure  ; 
\'l  from  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P.,  on  disease  in  his  stock  — 
r  all  which  the  Council  ordered  thoir  usual  acknow- 
dg'ments  to  be  made. 

A  Special  Codncil  was  held  oa  Thursday,  the 
h  of  December,  for  the  purpose  of  deciding  on  the 
"izes  for  live-stock  to  be  offered  next  year  at  the 
loueester  meeting ;  present,  Mr.  Raymond  Barker, 
i.'e-President,  in  the  chair;  Lord  Beruers;  Colonel 
us^en,  Mr.  Barnett,  Mr.  S.  Bennett,  Mr.  Brandreth, 
r.  Fisher  Hobbs,  Mr.  Holland,  Mr.  Hudson  (Castle- 
re).  ;Mr.  Jonas,  Mr.  Kinder,  Mr.  Milward,  Mr. 
is:y,  Mr.  R.  Smith,  Mr.  Tui'uer  (Barton),  Mr.  Jonas 
"elb,  and  Prof.  Simonds. 

The  Council  having  received  and  considered  various 
:-morials  and  suggestions  addressed  to  them,  iu 
:>'r  I'uce  to  the  special  business  of  the  day,  proceeded 
the  arrangement  of  the  prizes  to  be  offered  by  the 
ijciecy  for  live-stock  at  the  Gloucester  meeting  in  July, 
'53  ;  postponing,  until  the  montlily  Council  to  be  held 
tlie  2d  of  February  next,  the  final  settlement  of  the 
izes  for  potiltry,  the  general  regulations  of  the  prize- 
eet,  and  the  special  instruetit«s  to  be  given  to  the 
3ges  and  stewards  on  that  occasion. 
The  Audit  of  Accou.xts  was  held  on  Friday,  the 
th  of  December  ;  present,  Coloael  Austen,  Mi*. 
.ymoud  Barker,  and  Col.  Challoner,  on  the  part  of  the 
ance  committee  ;  and  Mr.  George  Raymond  Barker 
d  Mr.  Dyer,  auditors,  on  the  part  of  the  Society. 
accounts  being  found  correct,  were  certiiied 
cordiugly,  and  the  signatures  of  the  auditors  affixed 
the  biilance-shcet  to  be  reported  on  the  foHowmg 
y  to  the  general  meeting  of  the  Society. 
A  Special  Cou.ncil  was  also  held  on  EViday,  tiie  lOth 
December,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  iuto  con- 
Lmation  the  report  to  be  made  by  the  Council  to  the 
going  General  Meeting  of  the  Society  ;  Colonel  Chal- 
aer,  tnustee,  in  tlie  chair.  The  Council  having  re- 
ived from  Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  chairman  of  tlie 
nance  Committee,  a  special  report  on  the  state  of  the 
nonces  of  the  Society  at  that  date,  and  a  copy  of  the 
iditora'  Balance-sheet  of  the  accounts  for  the  preceding 
If-year,  proceeded  to  the  arrangement  of  their  report 
the  Gi«neral  Meeting  ;  which,  on  the  motion  of  Mr. 
ramaton,  M.P.,  secon/led  by  Prof.  Sewdi,  was  agreed 
and  adopted. 

Tb«  Dbcember  General  Meeting  was  held  at  the 
cfety's  House,  in  Hanover-square,  on  Satorday,  the 
th  of  December  ;  Colonel  Clialloner,  Trustee,  in  tlie 
.  Mr.  Hudson,  the  Socretaryj  read  the  f<Uiowing 
port  from  the  Council  :  — 

REPORT. 

The  Conncil  have  to  lay  before  tlie  members  at  the 
■t  6«neral  Moetiog  of  the  Society  the  foUowlng 
If-yeariy  Report  of  tbcir  proceedmge  : 
Snce  tke  last  General  Meeting  in  May,  4.5  memljers 
ve  been  lost  to  the  Society  by  death,  and  the  names 
82  othcTB  have  been  removed  fr&m  tlvo  libt  on  i>cttrc- 
mt  or  oUierwi»e  ;  while  80  new  mecaberB  have  bccni 
ictod  during  the  Bamc  period.  The  Society  accord- 
jly  now  conwiHtH  of  01  Life  Governors,  14fj  Aauual 
irsmors,  720  Life  Memljcre,  3f>56  Arunial  MemJKjra, 
d  19  Honorary  Members,  making  a  total  of  4.'>31.  In 
e  Uflt  of  dcctsMicd  inernixirtt  on  thus  oceauion,  there 
curs  tliG  illuHtnoaft  name  of  the  Duke  of  WeUin;(t<>u, 
e  of  tlic  earli*.-8t  Ltfe  Governors  and  Vice-PrumdentH 
the  S/>ciety  ;  who,  though  not  hiin&clf  a  practical 
EWer,  t«ok  a  lively  intArc-nt  in  cwrytJiing  leiuiing  to 
teUrpe  the  Ireft^juroefi  of  lua  c^uutry.  In  filling  up 
Tftcancy  ihiis  o<:oaijioiied  in  the  liit  of  tlio  Vice- 
^mdesta,  the  Council  have  elected  Sii'  John  V.  Jl, 
■itne,  Bart.,  M.l'.,  to  that  f/ttioc  ;  a  Hentlooiiui 
whem  the  carlicftt  period  of  the  Society  hiw  given 
vnremUting  attention  to  \Ih  affuirfi.  They  liave  uIho  | 
••d  MnoH^  the  g4:nttrfJ  loeniberH  of  CouadiJ,  in  the 
ctttty  tiim  oeeaw/^ned  by  tko  trannfer  of  Kir  John 
'baitooe'fl  name  Vt  liw,  lint  of  VJct:-Prc*(id<;ntH,  the 
me  of  .Mr,   Francis  Woodward,  of  Worccsteraiiire   | 


one  of  those  intelligent  practical  agriculturists  to  whom 
the  Society  owes  so  much  of  its  public  utility,  and  also 
one  of  the  oldest  members  residing  iu  the  district  of  the 
ensuing  year's  country  meeting. 

The  Finances  of  the  Society  are  in  a  satisfactory 
condition,  as  is  shown  by  the  Auditors'  Balance-Sheet 
to  the  30th  June  last ;  since  which  time  the  Finance 
Committee  have  reported,  that  all  claims  against  the 
Society  submitted  to  them  up  to  their  last  meeting  had 
been  discharged,  and  that  the  funded  property  invested 
in  the  names  of  tho  Trustees  of  the  Society  now  stands 
at  9990?.  Stock. 

The  Council  receive  with  satisfaction  the  testimony 
of  the  members  to  the  still-increasing  value  of  the 
Society's  Journal,  and  to  the  immediate  and  extensive 
influence  resulting  from  the  almost  simultaueous  trans- 
mission of  the  copies,  free  through  the  post,  to  the 
numerous  members  of  the  Society  diffused  throughout 
the  kingdom  ;  as  well  as  to  that  secondai'y  and  local 
influence  arising  from  a  knowledge  of  the  facts  and 
practical  statements  in  its  pages,  personally  communi- 
cated by  each  member  to  other  parties  residing  within 
the  sphere  of  his  own  particular  neighbourhood. 

The  Chemical' Investigations  continue  to  be  steadily 
pm'sued  by  Professor  Way,  with  valuable  results  ob- 
tained at  each  stage  of  his  inquiries,  leading  on  step  by 
step  through  the  labyrinth  of  Nature's  operations  to 
new  discoveries  of  the  machinery  by  which  she  works 
in  secret,  and  to  the  prospect  of  entirely  new  applica- 
tions in  the  economy  of  agricultural  laws  for  the  culti- 
vation of  the  soil  and  the  manuring  for  cro])s.  The 
Society  have  also  been  indebted  to  Professor  Way  for 
an  interesting  and  valuable  lectui'e,  delivered  by  him 
before  the  members,  during  the  past  half-year,  on  the 
elucidation  of  Jethro  Toll's  principles  of  agriculture  by 
modern  science,  and  their  illustration  by  modern  facts. 

The  Council  have  on  former  occasions  reported  to  the 
Society  the  commuuication  in  which  they  have  been 
placed  with  the  Foreign-office  in  reference  to  the  ques- 
tion of  a  reduction  in  the  price  of  guano.  They  have 
now  to  report  that  they  appointed  in  June  last  a  deputa- 
tion to  wait  on  the  Earl  of  Derby,  the  Prime  Minister, 
for  the  purpose  of  representing  to  him  the  great  import- 
ance of  every  means  being  taken  to  effect  this  object. 
His  lordship  received  the  Society's  deputation  most 
courteously,  and  assured  them  of  his  desire  to  take 
every  measure  that  might  at  any  time  be  in  his  power 
to  promote  the  views  and  wishes  of  the  Society  on  this 
subject.  Since  that  interview  the  Council  have  re- 
solved to  offer,  in  addition  to  their  current  prize  of  50^. 
for  an  essay  on  the  geographical  discovery  of  new  sup- 
plies of  guano,  a  prize  for  the  discovery  of  a  substitute 
for  Peruvian  guanOj  under  the  following  terms  and 
conditions  :— 

I. — Tbbbhof  the  Peize, 
*'Gne  THouaAND  PoONDs  and  the  (Sold  Memial  of  the  Society 
will  be  given  tor  tho  diecovery  of  a  Maauro  equal  in  fer- 
tilisin;;  pro;iertiea  to  the  Ferupian  Guano,  and  of  which  an 
unlimited  supply  can  bo  famished  to  the  Boglish  Farmer 
at  a  rate  not  excoediQg  Si.  per  ton." 

Co'JDiTEoNS  OP  Competition. 

1.  That,  in  the  offer  of  iOOO;.  and  the  Gold  Medal  of  the 
S  jciety  as  a  Piize  f^ir  Che  di'scovery  of  a  manure  equal  in  every 
roBpect  in  its  fertilislnE  properties  to  Peruvian  guano,  tho 
lOOUi.  shall  be  offered  in  one  undivided  sum, 

2.  Tliat  the  atand«,vd  of  such  Perurian  guano  shall  be 
aflaumed  to  ha  the  average  rcrult  obtained  by  Prof.  Way,  the 
Consulting  Chemist  to  th«  Society,  and  published  in  his  paper 
in  the  lOih  volume  of  the  Jjurnal,  pages  2o5  — 5'J8. 

3.  That  each  oompetitor  claiming'  the  prize  shall  send  in 
with  bis  sample  a  chemical  analysis  under  seal,  together  with 
Euch  praebical  proofs  of  the  successful  application  of  the 
manure  to  growing  crops  of  grain,  roots,  and  G-rasnes,  as  be 
can  produce  du'y  certified  by  gi'Gwers.  That  such  samples  of 
manure  shall  be  liable  to  be  subjected  to  all  such  further  tents, 
and  for  such  period  of  trial,  as  the  Council  may  deem  requisite. 

N.B.  —All  claimants  sliall,  on  appUca^i<>>a  made  to  them  by  the 
Secretary,  be  exp«cted  to  supply,  free  of  etpenee  to  the 
Society,  such  quantity  of  their  respective  manures  as 
may  be  required  for  trial. 

4.  That  no  claim  for  the  Prize  tvIU  be  eo'tertained  unless 
the  clttimant  can  satisfy  the  Council  that  an  unlimited  supply 
of  the  manare  at  a  prioe  not  exceeding  51.  per  ton,  will  at  alt 
times  be  within  the  reach  of  tho  agriculturists  of  tho  United 
Kini;di>ai. 

The  Ck>uncil  have  already  reason  to  helaeve  that  the 
attention  which  this  prize  v/ill  call  to  th«  whole  economy 
of  manuring,  and  to  the  agricultural  as  well  as  sanitary 
question  of  the  manurial  resources  of  the  kingdom,  will 
lead  to  new  and  important  results. 

The  Council,  after  full  deliberation  upon  the  following 
amended  Conditions,  proposed  to  them  by  their  Veteri- 
nary Committee,  and  which  have  been  accepted  by  the 
College,  decided  last  month  to  renew  the  grant  of  200^. 
for  tlie  current  year  to  the  Royal  Veterinary  College  :— 

1,  Xbat  members  of  tbo  Bocioty  Bhall  have  the  pvlvitege  of 

sending  cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs  to  the  Il<jyal  VuterLnury 
ColleKo  on  the  same  tcrou  as  if  they  were  membera  (A' 
the  C/Uewc 

2.  Th«t  tiie  G^l«fc«  shall  inveitisa^o  particular  classes   of 

diseases  or  milijeKtii  as  may  from  tamo  to  time  bo  dirvuttid 

by  the  0«un<;II. 
u.  That,  in  addition  bo  the  Inrroatcd  numbop  of  loctu^es 

given  l>j'  i'rof.  tiimoadB,  tiio  Luoiarer  on  Cuttle  Pulhn. 

lo;,'y,  to  the  itupllu  tn  tho  Gollef(c,  ho  itiJuU  alco  deliver 

laeturcH  lii  thu  OuuncU  i(K)om -before  the  mejubers  of  tbo 

a-iclcty. 
4.  TtMt  tlio    C<r(lc(|0  ahiJl  supply  n  dctftihid   Knpopt  of  the 

f::iMn»  of  oattlt),  aheup,  and   plg(   tvuatud    in  tho   iloyal 

Vt'tt-riiiarv  CMiega. 
TJui  Cmxncil  have  had  their  attention  called  by  hie 
Koyal  IlighncHH  Princo  Albert  to  the  procews  of  inocu- 
lation so  oxtonbively  carried  on  at  the  preBCUt  time  in 
Pru*wia,  IJelj^iuni,  and  tiie  NethorlwidH,  w-itli  a  vuzw  to 
modify  the  wjverity  of  thoByinptoinHof  pluuro-piieuinonia 
in  cattle.  In  coime'|iicuc(;  of  tlu;  iMrortnat^i(jii  furnished 
by  luH  Royal  JligiiiioHH  U>  the  (jouuci),  thuy  authoriHcd 
Prufcwi'ii'  SimoiidH,  RH  tlm  V«U'rinary-InHp(;otor  of  the 
Society,  l>>  procind  to  K'?l;j;imn,  in  Au^^ui-t  last,  for  tho 
purpoM:  of  maitiug  Jiimself  pcraotuJIy  actjiuiinied  witJi 


the  lucts  connected  with  the  conditions  and  i-cBults  of  ■ 
the  employment  of  this  process.  The  report  which 
Professor  Simonds  has  made  to  the  Council  on  th!s> 
visit  of  inspection  will  appear  in  the  next  part  of  the 
1  Society's  Journal,  along  with  a  second  report  on  the 
occurrence  of  pleuro-pneumonia  in  the  extensive  herd  of 
dairy  cows  belonging  to  Mr.  Paget,  of  Ruddingtoc 
Grange,  near  Nottingham,  and  which  that  gentleman 
has  with  great  liberality  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Society  for  any  experiments  the  Council  may  direct  to 
be  made  on  them.  Professor  Simonds  has  accordingly 
selected  a  certain  number  of  animals  for  the  purpose  of 
experiment  at  Ruddington.  and  a  further  number  to  he 
brought  up  to  the  Royal  Vetei;inary  College  in  Londoa: 
for  experiment  under  his  own  infmiediate  superintend- 
ence. The  Council  have  expressed  to  Mr.  Pagr-t  their 
warmest  tlianks  for  the  invaluable  opportunity  he  lifls 
thus  afforded  to  the  Society,  of  having  direct  investiga- 
tions most  satisfactorily  made  on  the  nature  and  cure 
of  this  fatal  malady.  The  Council  have  also  been 
favoured  by  Lord  Stanley,  H.M.'s  Under  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Foreign  Department,  Sir  Eraereon  Ten- 
nent,  Secretarj'  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  Dr.  WillemBj. 
of  Hasselt,  in  Belgiumj  with  oommunicaiioDS  on  thi& 
subject. 

The  Country  Meeting  of  the  Society  at  Lewes  in  July 
last  was  in  every  respect  satisfactory,  excepting  iu  the 
number  of  visitors,  which  although  amounting  to  18,000 
in  the  show-yard,  and  500  at  the  pavMiou  dinner,  was 
only  one-half  of  the  usual  number.  This  comparatively 
defteient  attendance,  however,  was  owing  to  pecuhar 
ch'cumstances  over  which  the  Society  had  no  control  5 
namely,  a  remote  locality,  unusually  oppressive  heat^i 
and  a  general  election  going  on  throughout  the  country 
at  the  very  time  of  the  meeting.  Tlie  reports  of  the 
Senior  Stewards  of  Live  Stock  and  Implements  re- 
spectively at  that  meeting  will  appear  in  the  Society's- 
Journal.  The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  voted  at  the 
time  to  the  authorities  of  the  borough,  to  the  railway 
companies,  and'  to  Professor  Simonds,  who  delivered 
before  the  members  an  interestifig  letter  on  Parasitical 
Insects  producing  internal  aud  external  disease  in  th& 
live  stock  of  the  farmer. 

The  Council  have  decided  that  the  Gloucester  Meet- 
ing for  the  South  Wales  district  shall  be  held  in  that 
city  in  the  week  commencing  Monday,  the  11th  of  July,. 
They  have  decided  on  the  Prizes  to  be  offered  for  Live 
Stock,  and  for  the  Prizes  and  Conditions  of  Implements 
for  that  occasion,  deferring  until  after  Christmas  the 
final  arrangements  for  the  Poultry  Prizes.  They  have 
also  decided  on  the  prizes  to  be  offered  for  the  Essaya 
and  Reports  of  next  year.  They  have  agreed  to  ttte 
arrangements  for  preparing  the  land  for  the  trial  of 
Implements,  and  have  accepted  the  offer  of  the  CoB^ 
tractor  of  Works  to  undertake  their  execution  at  the . 
same  rate  of  charge  as  in  former  yeai's.  They  ha^^ 
received  from  tlie  Professors  at  the  Royal  Agricultural 
College,  at  Cirencester,  the  offer  of  co-operation  in  any 
way  by  which  tlieir  services  may  be  thought,  by  the^ 
Council,  best  to  promote  the  objects  of  the  Society  s.t 
the  Gloucester  Meeting. 

In  order  to  consider  the  most  effectual  means  of  ofe- 
viating  the  over-feeding  of  live  s.tock  for  breeding  piir- 
poses  exhibited  at  the  Country  Meetings  of  the  Societ^j 
the  Earl  of  Ducie,  as  its  late  President,  undertook,  after- 
the  Lewes  Meeting,  the  task  of  entering  into  commum- 
cations  with  the  greater  number  of  those  gentlemen- 
who  had  acted  as  judges  at  the  former  Country  Meet- 
ings of  the  Society,  and  the  great  majority  of  their 
opinions  being  in  favour  of  decisive  measures  to  puit'a 
stop  to  an  evil  so  generally  complained  of,  a  commitfbee 
was  appointed,  who  have  made  the  following  recona- 
mendations,  which  have  been  since  adopted  by  .thE> 
Council : — 

1.  To  appoint  three  Juries  of  Condition  for  the  three  divi- 

sions of  (1)  Cattle,  (2)  Sheep,  (8)  Horses  and  Pigs;  each 
Jury  to  be  drawn  by  lot  by  the  "Steward  of  each  division 
from  the  whole  of  the  Judges  comprised  in  it,  and  to 
consist  of  9  Judges  and  1  Steward  :  the  Steward  himeeir 
not  to  vote,  but  to  lake  the  decision  in  each  case  by  & 
show  of  handf,  tho  majority  of  votes  to  decide. 

2.  The  following  notice  to  be  printed  In  red  ink  at  the  foot  Of 

each  Certifiiiate  of  entry  :  namely — "  All  animals  fleiit 
for  exhibition,  which  shall  in  the  opinl»n  of  the' Jury  be- 
in  an  ov£r-fed  condititjn,  will  be  disqualified  by  the  Jaty 
before  inftpectlon  by  the  Judges :"  and  a  placard  to  be 
placed  over  tho  standing  of  every  animal  that  shall  be  so 
dlequEillfiod,  stating  the  reason  of  such  disqualifioatioa. 

3.  Tho  age  of  Bulls  in  the  two  classes   of  each  tUvision  of 

cattle  not  to  exceed  four  years  and  two  years  respootivelj 
on  tho  1st  of  July  in  the  year  of  the  show  for  whioh  thty 
ar«  entered. 

4.  No  Bull  in  Clafls  I.  of  each  division  of  eattle  to  bo  eUfeible 

for  a  prise  unlesi  a  oertiaoate  is  produced  of  hts  having 
served  not  lees  than  three  difiurent  cows  within  the  thrOe 
months  preccdlnR  tlio  l*tt  of  Juno  in  tho  year  of  the  show, 

0,  No  alteration  to  ho  miide  in  the  limit  of  ago  for  Cfrws ; 
but  tliat  every  cow  in  milk  and  not  in  calf  must  be  certi- 
fied to  have  hmi  a  live  culf  within  tho  twelve  months 
preceding  the  date  of  tbo  show. 

G.  No  Hcifur  entered  iih  in  calf  to  ho  oliyiblo  unless  Cttrthletl 
to  h'ive  been  bulled  before  the  IhI  of  March  in  the  year 
of  idiow,  and  not  to  huvo  been  again  in  bullinp  sUbse^ 
quently  to  that  duto  ;  nor  hurowncr  at\orwarda  to  rcueite 
tho  prize,  unlci.s  on  iho  producti'ni  of  afurthcr  ocrti(Jcat« 
that  she  bus  proriuood  u  live  ualf  bi-'fore  Iho  l-it  of  Feb». 
rufiry  oiiBufn^. 

7.  N'^  Cuttle  or  Sheep  to  have  'baen  ft»d  with  milk   BiXbHC- 

qm.ntly  to  tho  Iwt  of  Jauuury  in  tho  yoar  of  tlio  eiiow. 

8.  No  Boar  or  now  to  bu  shown  that  oanuot  walk  ta  jioooQftt 

of  ovor-fatneHB. 

Tho  District  for  the  Country  Mooting  in  ]'MjQ  has 
liecn  dtytcrmiiKMl  to  ammht,  of  tjke  coinUieu  of  Hunting- 
don, Cambridge,  Uedford,  Duckiughaio,  lloi'Wbi'd,  Aiad 
KmnK. 

Tho  Council  liave  the  continued  satisfaction  of  reftjw* 
ritig  to  tho  HiureeHHful  manner  iu  %vhich  tho  practiOft]' 
operations  of  agriculture  aro  directed  hy  improved  prin- 


812 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Dec.  18, 


ciples  gradually  adapted  to  eaeli  particular  case  by  a,i 
extended  knowledge  of  conditions  ;  and  of  witnessing 
the  same  spirit  of  improverasnt  that  has  so  long  sus- 
tained and  encoui'aged  the  Society  in  the  prosecution  of 
its  objects,  now  animating  other  agricultural  conirauui- 
ties  in  every  part  of  the  civilised  world,  and  leading 
them  to  find  their  mutual  advantage  in  friendly  com- 
munication and  the  interchange  of  scientific  and  prac- 
tical results.  By  the  order  of  the  Council, 

James  Hudson,  Secretary. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Towneley,  M.P.,  seconded  by 
the  Rev.  James  Linton,  the  Report  was  received  and 
adopted. 

Mr.  Raymond  Barker,  chairman  of  the  Finance 
Committee,  presented  to  the  Meeting  the  Auditors' 
Balance  Sheet  of  the  Accounts,  which,  on  the  motion  of 
Mr.  Spencer  Stanliope,  seconded  by  Mr.  Fuller,  M.P, 
was  received  by  the  meeting,  and  thanks  voted  to  the 
Auditors  for  their  care  and  trouble  in  auditing  the 
accounts. 

On  tlie  motion  of  Mr.  Crisp,  of  Gedgrave,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Paine,  of  Farnham,  Mr.  Knight,  Mr.  Dyer,  and 
Mr.  George  Raymond  Barker  were  elected  Auditors  for 
the  year  ensuing. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Toor,of  Lincolnshire,  seconded 
by  Mr.  W.  Jones,  of  Gloucestershire,  thanks  were  voted 
to  Professors  Way  and  Simonds  for  the  lectures  they 
had  delivered  before  the  members  during  the  past  half- 
year. 

Oa  the  motion  of  Lord  Camoys,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Druce,  of  Eynsham,  the  thanks  of  the  Meeting  were 
voted  to  Colonel  Challoner,  for  the  kind  manner  in 
which  he  had  taken  the  chair  on  that  occasion,  and  for 
-the  impartial  manner  in  which  he  had  presided  over  the 
Meeting. 

The  Meetings  of  the  Council  stand  adjourned  over 
Christmas,  to  Wednesday,  the  2d  of  February, 


BIRMINGHAM   SHOW.— FAT   CATTLE. 

Tuesday,  Dec,  H. — There  is  a  decided  improvement 
■'in  every  respect  upon  any  former  year,  excepting  the 
class  for  large  pigs,  which  were  neither  numerous  nor 
good,  the  best  specimens  of  the  large  breeds  being 
entered  as  "  small "  pigs.  Their  owner  must  surely 
not  know  the  meaning  of  the  word,  for  a  large  majority 
of  the  pigs  in  Class  XXXIII.  are  either  purely  large 
bred  pigs,  or  a  cross  between  the  large  and  small  breeds. 
The  show  of  cattle  is  very  excellent,  far  exceeding  that 
of  last  year  in  many  classes,  being  altogether  superior 
both  in  the  character  of  individual  specimens  and  in  the 
evenness  of  the  Show  generally.  The  sheep  are  a  more 
striking  featureof  the  Show  than  on  any  former  occasion : 
4here  are  some  remarkably  good  Downs,  but  speaking 
generally  of  this  class  they  are  a  little  heavier,  and 
carry  more  wool  than  we  like  in  a  pure  Sussex  Down. 
The  fat  pigs  are  much  better  than  last  year,  which  is 
■speaking  very  highly  in  their  praise.  The  breeding 
would  have  appeared  better,  if  the  animals  had  been 
arranged  more  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of 
the  classification. 

We  shall  walk  round  the  yard  and  note  any  remark- 
able animal  we  pass  there. 

CLA83  I,  Hereford  Oxen.— So.  1,  by  Mr.  Crawshay,  of  Oak- 
land Park,  received  the  second  prize  ;  it  is  a  large  framed 
animal  of  good  quality,  erenly  cohered,  witb  a  deep  flank. 
No.  3,  by  his  Grace  tba  Duke  of  Beaufort,  received  the  first 
prise;  has  a  beautiful  head  and  forequarCers,  and  a  very  level 
carcase ;  its  hind  legs  are  somewhat  crooked,  which  give  its 
hiad-qnarters  a  drooping  appearance.  No.  6,  by  Mr.  Naytor, 
of  Leighton  Hail,  is  perhaps  the  best  formed  aaimal  in  the 
class,  though  not  so  fat  a^  the  prize  beasts. 

Class  II.  contains  an  even  lot  of  five  steers.  The  prize  is 
awarded  to  C.  Newdegate,  Esq.,  M.P.,  for  a  very  compact: 
little  beast  of  uncommon  merit ;  girth,  7  feet  11  inches  ;  length, 
6  feet  3  inches. 

In  Class  III.  (Hereford  Cows),  the  first  prize  is  awarded  to 
Mr.  Herbert,  of  Worcester,  for  a  very  good  and  compact 
animal ;  girth,  8  feet  3  inches  ;  length,  0  feet  6  incbea  ;  with  a 
good  head  and  fore-quarter,  and  level  broad  back.  Its  only 
fault  is  in  the  hind-quarters.  The  second  prize  Is  given  to 
a  slii£htly  made  beast  with  a  long  light  body;  girth,  7  feet 
10  inches;  length,  6  feet  8  inches.  Shown  by  Mr.  Boycott,  of 
DonlDgton. 

Class  IV.  Hereford  Eeifera.—The  first  prize  is  given  to  Mr. 
Edwards,  of  Ludlow.  Its  quality  is  pretty  good,  inclined,  how- 
ever, to  be  patchy  ;  length,  5  feet  8  inches ;  Rirth,  8  feet  8  ins. 
The  second  prize  goes  to  a  very  fat  animal  of  good  quality  ; 
jtirth,  8  feet  2  inches  ;  and  length  5  feet  7  inches— shown  by 
Lord  Somers.  No.  23  is  a  fine  straight  well  made  beast,  shown 
by  Captain  Musgrovc. 

Class  V.  Short-Jioni  Oxen.— ThiB  class  altogether  eclipses  the 
Herefords.  No.  4i,  the  winner  of  the  second  prize,  is  shown  by 
lit.  Stratton,  of  Swindon.  It  is  an  extraordinary  animal,  of  a 
rich  colonr,  fore-quartera  full  and  good,  and  a  very  deep  well- 
eet  flank  ;  girth,  9  feet  4  inches  ;  length  5  feet  9  inches.  It  was 
the  winner  of  the  gold  medal  in  London.  No.  48  is  the 
winner  of  the  first  prize  and  gold  medal,  with  151.  extra, 
for  the  best  ox  of  any  breed.  It  is  shown  by  Mr.  Drake- 
ford,  of  Cole  Hill;  ginh,  8  fett  8  inches;  length,  6  feet 
9  inches.  A  prize  was  never  awarded  to  a  better  beast.  It 
is  level  from  end  to  end,  and  the  quality  cannot  be  exceeded. 
The  class  contains  an  unusually  large  number  of  aaimalfl  of 
excellent  quality. 

Class  TI.— First  prize  to  Mr.  J.  Stratton,  of  Reading ;  girth, 
8  feet  2  inches ;  length  5  feet ;  deep  wide  chest. 

Clabb  VII.  Shorthorn  Cows.— The  first  prize  and  gold  medal 
and  15i.  extra  wa-.  given  to  Mr.  Towneley,  M.P.  It  is  by  far 
the  best  animal  in  the  whole  show  ;  colour  the  best  rich  roan ; 
the  head  faultless  ;  the  whole  carcase  level,  compact,  and 
cylmdrical ;  girth,  8  feet  8  inches  ;  length,  5  feet  8  inches.  The 
second  prize  is  given  to  Mr.  Stratton,  of  Swindon ;  girth, 
a  teet  3  mchee  ;  length,  6  feet  2  inches.  No.  13,  another  of  Mr. 
atrattoQ  s,  is  a  good  animal,  somewhat  bulkier  than  the  last, 
and  not  so  firm  in  the  flesh.  No.  57,  by  Mr.  Bemam.  of 
moreton-in-the-Marsh,  is  a  very  fine  cow,  showing  perhaps 
naruiy  so  much  breed  as  some  others  in  the  class,  or  she  mieht 
lUnches"       '^^^  <^^co^^  ;  girth,  8  feet  9  inches;  length,  6  feet 

«.?^»*?  ^"^'  ^°''*  '^"^  Efeifers.-Ho.  76  (Mr.  Fletcher,  Mans- 
SJrf  Th'"-.^''**'?^"'  animal;  back  very  broad  and  well 
COYOTed.    It  attracted  much  notice,   and   well   deserved  it. 


Ttiu  S'  cjnd  prize  (Lord  Graniiey,  Uipouj  U  given  to  No.  70  ;  a 
lirrn-flwiheri  white  cow.  a  giod  animal,  but  not  extraordinary. 

CI.A33  IX.  Bevjii  Oxen. — Mr.  Turner,  of  Barton,  carries  off 
the  first  priz'!  for  an  aaiaoal  which  exhibits  the  merits  of  the 
Devon  breed  in  a  neat  compact  boJy.  with  very  firm  fldsh  ; 
girth,  7  feet  9  iocbea ;  length,  5  feet  2  inches.  The  second  prize 
is  awai'ded  to  a  larger  animal  exhibited  by  Lord  r.eicester. 

Class  X,— Lord  Aylesford  exhibited  the  only  animal  in  this 
class  ;  a  very  pretty  compai^t  little  beaat. 

CLiSa  Xr.  Devon  Cows. — The  first  and  second  aaimal.^,  shown 
by  Mr.  Umbers,  of  Leamington,  and  Lord  Aylesfurd,  are  neat 
but  em  ill. 

Class  XIII. — Two  useful  beasts  carry  off  the  prizes  here, 
shown  by  Mr,  Barbery,  of  Wrjxhall,  aud  ilr.  Caapmaa,  of 
AtherstOQ. 

EXTRA  CLA.SSE3. 

CLAS3  XIV.  Fat  Oxen  or  Steers. -Ut  prize  to  the  Earl  of 
Leicester  (short-hora  and  Devju) ;  a  very  handsome  steer  of 
good  quality.  2il,  Mr.  Richird  Spragifott,  Warwick  (Durham 
and  Heref.trd).     Silver  medal  Lord  Leigh  (Hereford). 

Class  XI.  Fat  Cows. — Mr.  Beman  and  Lord  Ducie  showed 
two  good  short-horns  in  this  clans,  Mr.  Beman'a  is  the 
largest  and  fittest,  bat  Lord  Ducie's  shows  moiit  of  the 
character  of  a  pure  ahort-horn. 

Class  XV".  Fat  Ooius.—lst  prize,  Mr.Beman,  Moreton-io-the- 
Marsh  (cro«B-bred). 

Class  XVI.  /"ttt  Zfa/ers.—lat  prize,  Mr.  Thomas  Jackson, 
Ru^eley  (croaa  betweeu  Durham  and  long-horo);  fore-quarters, 
side,  back,  and  fianks  good.  2d,  Mr.  Thomas  Lloyd,  North 
Wales  (cross  betweeu  Buffalo  and  Hereford) ;  a  very  pretty 
animal. 

Class  X7II.  Scotch  or  IVeWi  Oxen,  or  Steers  contains 
ei^ht  splendid  animals.— Ist  prize,  Mr.  Rob,  Thirsk  (West 
Highland);  2d,  Mr.  Rob  (West  Highland).  Mr.  Rob 
shows  unequalled  jadgment  in  the  selection  of  this  valuable 
breed  of  oxen.  More  perfect  steers  I  never  saw  ex- 
hibited by  any  person  ;  and  one  of  these  excels  every  other 
beast  of  the  kind  in  this  show  or  any  other  show  of  which  I 
have  any  remembrance.  The  others,  shown  by  Mr.  CumpbsU, 
of  Monzie,  are  larger  animals,  but  not  so  evenly  covered.  The 
head  and  proportions  of  one  are  extraordinarily  good.  A  more 
elegant  head  and  horns  were  never  eeeu,  measuring  between 
the  tips  of  the  horns  1  feet  8  inches. 

Class  XVIU.  Sootch  or  Welsh  £ei/ers.— Prize,  the  Earl  of 
Leicester.    (Galloway  Scot.) 

SHEEP. 

Class  XIX.  Leicesters,  under  22  months  old.— 1st  prize,  Mr. 
Henry  Champion,  Notlinij hamshire  ;  2d,  the  Marquia  of  Exeter, 
Stamford. 

Class  XX.  Leicester!,  over  22  but  under  34  months  old. — 
1st.  prize,  Mr,  George  Turner,  Bartjn,  near  Exeter;  2d, 
Mr.  John  Honry  Lees,  Coleshill, 

Class  XXI.  Long  woolied  Sheep,  not  being  Leicesters,  u-uier 
22  months  old.— laC  prize,  Mr.  Robert  Beman,  Moreton.in-the- 
Marsh. 

Class  XXII.  Long-tooolled  Sheep,  not  being  Leicesters,  over 
23,  bat  under  34  moatus  old.— 1st  prize,  Mr.  Robert  Beinan, 
Moreton-in-the-Marah. 

Class  XXUI.  Fure-bred  Southdowns,  under  22  months  old, 
— l4t  prize,  Mr.  John  Williams,  Faringdou  ;  2d,  to  the  same. 
The  short- woolied  sheep  exhibited  were  superior  to  the 
Leicesters  this  year. 

Class  XXI7.  Pure-hred  Soutli-ioioiis,  over  22,  but  under  34 
months  old.— lut  prize,  Sir  R.  G.  Throckmorton,  Bart.,  Bertt- 
ahire  ;  2d.  Lord  Walsingham,  Thetford,  Norfolk. 

Class  XXV.  Short-tvooUed  Sheep,  not  Southdowns,  under  22 
mouths  old. — 1st  prize,  Mr.  Brettell  Yaughan,  Ludlow ;  2d, 
T.  C,  Whitmore,  Esq.,  Newport,  Salop. 

Class  XXVI,  Short-wooUed  Sheep,  not  being  Southdowns, 
over  22,  but  under  34  months  old.— 1st  prize,  J^imes  Foster, 
Esq.,  Stourbridge;  2d,  Mr.  WiUiam  Manfen,  Walsall. 

Class  XXVII.  Cross-bred  Sheep,  under  22  months  old. — lit 
prize,  Mr.  William  Gillett,  Suuthleigh,  Oxforddhire  ;  2d, 
Mr.  Samuel  Druce,  Eynsham,  near  Oxford, 

Class  XXVIII.  Cross-bred  Sheep,  over  22,  but  under  34 
months  old. — 1st  prize,  Mr.  Abraoam  Nurse,  Leicestershire  ; 
2d,  Mr.  William  Shipway,  Hanley  Castle,  Wore  ester  shiie. 

PIGS. 

Class  XXIX.  Three  Fat  Figs,  of  one  litter,  not  exceeding  10 
months  old. — lit  prize.  Sir  John  Conroy,  Bart.,  Reading.  Re- 
markably well  made  animals,  of  fine  quality.  Very  large  of 
their  age.     2d,  Mr,  A.  B.  HopUina,  Yardley.     Good  white  pigs. 

Class  XXX.  Three  Fat  Pigs,  of  one  Utter,  not  exceeding  15 
months  old.— let  prize,  tiis  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
Large  black  useful  pigs  ;  girth,  6  feet  11  iachei ;  length,  from 
ear  to  tail,  5  feet.  Look  older  than  stated.  2d,  Mr.  Arthur 
Perks,  Tamworth.  Girth,  6  feet ;  length,  5  feet  2  inches.— 224, 
Mr.  Nurse,  Ashby  Farm.  This  pea,  as  well  as  all  those  of 
the  same  breed,  fully  supports  the  character  of  the  Tamworth 
breed.  We  last  year  said  we  could  not  see  wherein  these  pigs 
excelled  other  breeds.  Our  confidence  in  their  merits  is  still 
on  the  decline.  If  pigs  are  to  be  bred  for  speed,  this  breed, 
in  our  opinion,  will  bear  the  bell.  Ic  is  generally  said  that 
they  are  large  consumers,  and  rather  shy  bretders.  If,  how- 
ever, they  were  never  to  breed  at  all,  there  might  be  a  greater 
loss  to  this  pork-conauming  country.  The  whole  of  the  class 
commended. 

Class  XXXl.  Fat  Pigs,  exceeding  15  months  old.— Ist  prize, 
Mr.  Thomas  Studholme  Wilkins,  Sutton  Coldfield.  Black, 
hairless,  and  smooth  enough  to  sharpen  a  razor  on.  2d,  Mr, 
James  Baldwin,  King's  Norton.— 243,  244,  and  245  (Mr,  Bate, 
King's  Linton),  are  still  more  remarkable  for  their  size  :  they 
are  of  a  darker  colour,  pretty  well  formed,  and,  I  should  say, 
all  from  the  same  sire,  showing  great  similarity  in  appearance 
and  measurement.  Girth.CftietlO  inches; length, 5 feet 9  inches. 
The  live  weiffht,  I  understand,  ii  9  cwt.  each. 

Class  XXXll.  Breedi'ig  Pigs,  of  a  large  breed,  over  3,  aud 
under  6  monthe  o'.d. — Ist  prize,  Mr.  John  Gough,  St.  Martin's- 
lane,  Birmingham;  2J,  Mr.  William  Beach,  M  on  am  tint-lane, 
Birtuingharn. 

Class  XXXIII,  Breeding  Pi^s  of  a  SmzU  Breed,  over  3  and 
under  6  months  old. — Ist  prize,  Charles  Leigh  Clare,  Esq., 
Hindley  House,  near  Liverpool  (improved  Essex).  2d,  Mr. 
Samuel  Wyley,  Brandsby,  near  York  (Leicester).  Highly 
commended  ;  Tue  Right  Hon.  th.3  Earl  Ducie,  Tortworth  Court, 
near  Wootton>under-Edge, Gloucestershire,  (Age,5monthsand 
14  days )  Robert  Berkeley,  Esq,,  Spetchley  Park,  near 
Worcester.  (Age,  5  months  and  24  days.)  Mr.  Joseph  Tuley, 
Matchless  House,  near  Keigbley,  Yorkshire,  (Age,  5  months 
and  three  days.)  Mr,  William  Ludlam,  Railroad-street,  Brad- 
ford, Yorkshire  ;  Mr.  Edward  Cockshot,  Prizing  Hall,  near 
Bradford.  (Age,  17  weeks  and  2  days.)  All  the  class  generally 
commended. — This  Class  was  intended  for  pigs  of  a  pure 
small  breed,  and  not  for  those  produced  by  a  cross  between  a 
large  and  smiU  breed.  This  rule  seems  to  have  had  no 
tendency  to  shorten  the  noses  or  legs  of  the  animals  exhibited, 
for  there  are  all  sorts,  sizes,  and  colours  in  this  class,  from  the 
beautiful  small  and  pure  bred  pig  of  from  li  to  14  score  when 
full  grown,  to  the  pig  of  from  30  to  40  score  when  fully 
mature.  In  this  Claea  Lord  Dacie  and  Mr.  Wiley  exhibit  each 
a  pen  of  the  neatest  and  compactest  pigs  in  the  yard.  Nothing 
can  be  more  perfect  than  they  are.  They  possess  every  point 
of  excellence  that  the  most  fastidinUj  could  desire.  As  a  proof 
of  their  excellence,  three  of  Mr.  Wiley's  piijs  were  sold  before 
they  had  been  in  the  pea  an  hour.  Lord  Ducie's  representative 
purchased  the  best  Boar  for  his  lordship) ;  Robert  Guater,  Esq., 
of  Earl's-court,  Loadon,  was  the  lucky  purchaser  of  the  two 
sows — we  give  him  great  credit  for  his  choice. 

Judges  of  Caixle,— Mr.  John  Booth,  KOlerby,  Catterick, 


Yorkshire;  Mr.  Valentine  Harford,  Foscote,  near  Towcester  ; 
and  Mr.  Henry  Chamberlain,  Desford,  near  Leicester. 

JoDQES  OF  Sheep  and  Pigs. — Mr.  ThomasJ  Harris,  Fletcham- 
stead,  near  Coventry  ;  Mr.  John  Moon,  Kelland  Barton, 
LafFord,  near  Creditoa,  Devon  ;  and  Mr.  Francis  Bach,  Rowton, 
near  Clun,  Salop. 

Refeeee  Foa  THE  Ages  of  Piqs. — Mr.  William  HolUngs- 
worth,  Bilaton. 

Several  excellent  collections  of  Roots  were  exhibited,  among 
which  the  Judges  noticed  the  Mangold  Wurzel  and  Turnips  of 
Sir  John  Conroy,  Bart. ;  the  Mangold  Wurzel  of  the  Hon.  and 
Rev.  W.  C.  Talbot,  Ombersley,  Worcestershire  ;  the  Cabbages 
of  Mr.  John  Lowe,  Bull  Ring,  Birmingham  ;  aud  a  number  of 
fine  specimens  from  the  Earl  of  AylesforJ,  and  Mr.  Samuel 
Druce,  of  Eynsham,  near  Oxford.  There  were  also  a  number 
of  other  good  specimens  of  Roots  exhibited. 

LIST  OF  POULTRY  PRIZES. 

Class  T,  Spanish.  (Fur  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any 
age.)— 2i.  23.,  Mrs.  W.  Hornby,  Preacot ;  II.  U,,  Captain  W. 
Hornby,  Prescot ;  15j.,  Mr.  J.  H.  Peck,  Wigan. 

Class  U.  Spanish.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Pullets, 
chickens  of  1852.)— li.  l5.,  Mr.  J.  H.  Smith,  Skelton  Grange, 
York ;  lOs  ,  Mr.  R.  Taylor,  Ward  End  Mills  :  5s.,  Captain  W. 
Hornby,  Prescot.  The  whole  of  this  class  highly  meritorious. 
Class  III.  Spanish.  (For  the  best  Cock  anl  one  Hen  of  any 
aije.)- 15s.,  Mr.  J.  H.  Peck,  Wigan;  103.,  Mr,  J.  Taylor,  Jan., 
Cressy  House,  Shepherd's  Bush,  London, 

Class  IV,  Dorking.  Single  combed.  (For  the  best  Cock  and 
three  Hens  of  any  age.)— 2i.  2t.,  Townley  Parker,  Esq.,  St 
Helen's,  Lancashire  ;  U.  Is.,  Captain  W.  Hornby,  Prescot ;  15s., 
Jedediah  Strutt,  Esq.,  Helper,  Derbyshire. 

Class  V.  i^orfcin^,  single  combed.  (For  the  best  Cock  and 
three  Pullets,  Chickens  of  1852.)-U.  Is.,  Captain  W.  Hornby, 
Prescot;  lOs.,  Mr.  James  Drewry,  Burtoa-upon-Trent ;  5s., 
Mr.  Edward  Lister,  Over,  Cheshire. 

Class  VI.  Dorhing,  doable  or  rose  combed.  (For  the  beat 
Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— 21.  2s.,  Miss  B.  S.  Perkins, 
Sutton  Colddeld ;  11.  Is.,  Mr.  J.  Uuskins,  Fazeley,  Stafford- 
shire ;  15s.,  the  Rev.  J.  Robinson,  Widmerpool,  near 
Nottingham. 

Class  VII.  Dorhiag,  double  or  rose  combed.  (For  the  best 
Cock  and  three  Pullets,  Chickens  of  1852.)— 11.  Is.,  Mrs.  W. 
Hornby,  Preacot ;  las..  Sir  J.  Cathcart,  Bart,,  Cnertsey,  Surrey; 
5s,,  Mr.  J.  Drewry,  Burton-upon-Trent. 

Class  VIII.  Dorking,  double  or  single  c-imbed.  (For  the 
best  Cock  and  one  Pullet,  Chickens  of  I8i2.)— 15s.,  Mrs.  W. 
Hornby,  Prescot ;  lOs^  the^Rev.  M.  W.  F.  Xhorsby,  Abington, 
Northampton. 

Class  IX.  Dorking,  white,  (For  the  beat  Cock  and  three 
Hene  of  any  age.)— 2i.  2s.,  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  SandweU; 
U.  Is.,  Mr.  J,  Jennens,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Class  X.  Dorking,  white.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three 
Pallets,  Chickeas  of  1852.)-1I.  Is.,  Mr.  J.  B.  Payn,  Vicarage- 
road,  Edgbastoa  ;  10s.,  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  Sandwall ;  03;  the 
Rev.  E,  Klmhirat,  Shawell,  Leicestershire. 

Class  XI.  CochinChina,  cinnamon  and  buff.  (For  the  best 
Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— 21.  2s.,  Mr.  T.  Sturgeon, 
Grays,  Essex;  II,  Is.,  Mr.  J.  Cattell,  Moseley  Wake  Green; 
I5s  ,  Mr.  F.  C.  S  eggall,  Weymouth. 

Class  XII.  Cochin  China,  cmnamon  and  buff.  (For  the 
bast  Cock  and  three  PuUets,  Chickens  of  1852.)— li.  Is.,  Mr.  J, 
Cattell,  Moseley  Wake  Green ;  lOs.,  Mr.  T.  Roscoe,  Kaowsley, 
near  Prescot;  5s.,  Mr,  C.  Punchard,  Haverhill,  Suffolk. 

Class  XIII.  Cochin  China,  brown,  and  partridge  feathered. 
(Por  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— 2t.  2s.,  ilr, 
E.  Farmer,  Sparkbrook,  near  Birmingham;  1^.  Is..  Mr.  T. 
Atkins,  Dursley,  Gloucestershire;  16s.,  Mr,  T.  Smith,  Cheap- 
side,  Birmiogham.  ,  .,  ^j  ^^  ^ 
Class  XIV.  Cochin  China,  brown,  and  partridge  feathered. 
(For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Pullets,  Chickens  of  18o2.)— U.  Is., 
Mr.  Thomas  Atkins,  Daraley,  Gloucestershire  ;  10s.,  Mr.  C. 
Puuchari,  Haverhill,  Suffolk;  5s.,  George  ToUett,  Esq., 
Betley  Hall,  Staffordshire.                                  «.       ^  ,r. 

Class  XV.  Cochin  China,  cinnamon  and  buff,  or  brown,  {tor 
the  best  Cock  and  one  Pullet,  Cnickens  of  1352.)— 15s.,  W.  Cust 
Gwynne  M.D.,  Sandbach;  10s,,  Mr.  C.  Punchard,  Haverhill, 

Class  XVI,  Cochin  China,  white.   (For  the  best  Cock  and 
three  Hens  of  any  age)-2i.  23.,  Mrs.  Herbert,  Powick,  Wor-  ; 
cestershire :  IJ.  Is,,  Mr.  G.  C.  Peters,  Moaeley,  near  Biraun^- 
ham;  15s.,  Mr.  George  Graham,  Yardley,  Worcestershire. 

Class  XVII.  Cochin  China,  white.  (For  the  best  Cock  and 
three  PuUets,  Chickensof  1352,)— It.  Is.,  Mrs.  Herbert,  Powick. 
Worcestershire ;  10s.,  Mr.  George  Graham,  Yardley,  Worces- 
tershire ;  5s.,  Mr.  James  Cattell,  Moseley  Wake  Green.  The 
judges  cannot  too  strongly  impress  on  the  exhibitors  of  Cochin 
China  fowls  the  danger  they  incur  of  losing  prizes,  to  which 
they  would  otherwise  be  entitled,  by  exhibiting  specimene  with 
imperfect  tails.  ,         ,  .,_        tt  0 

Class  XVIII.  MaZag.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of 
any  age.)— II.  1«.,  Mr.  Charles  Ballance,  6,  Mjunt-terrace, 
Taunton.  „    ,         ,  ,,         t,  n  i. 

Class  XIX  Malay.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Pallets, 
Chickens  of  1852.)— 15s.,  Mr.  G.  Oldham,  Nether  Whitacre, 
Warwickshire;  lUs.,  Mr.  Cuarles  Ballance,  5,-  Mount-terrace, 
Taunton.  ^       ^    1.    ^  /i     1 

Class  XX,  Oame  Fowl,  white,  and  piles.  (For  the  best  Lock 
and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)-U.  Is.,  Mr.  Heury  Felthouse, 
Tamworth;  15j.,  Mr.  Theodore  Bullock,  Handsworth;  10s„ 
Mr.  J.  T.  Wilson,  Redditch,  Worcestershire. 

Class  XXI.  <?ame  Foifi,  white,  and  piles.  (For  the  beat  Cock 
and  three  Pullets,  Chickeas  of  1352.1-153.,  Mr,  James  Hand, 
jun..  Tamworth;  lOs.,  Mrs.  G.  A.  Wilson,  Reddi  ch,  Worces- 
tershire; 5s.,  Mr.  Edward  Lowe,  Tamworth. 

Class  XX  [I.  Game  Fowl,  black  breasted,  and  other  reds. 
(For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— It.  Is.,  Mr. 
Edward  Lowe,  Tamworth  ;  15a.,  Mr.  Edward  Glover,  Oiton 
Green,  near  Solihull;  103.,  Mr.  Benjamin  Williams,  Lozells, 
Handsworth.  ,  ,      ^,_  j 

Class  XXtll.  Oame  Fovol,  black-breasted,  and  other  reds. 
(For  the  best  Cock  and  three  PulleSs,  Chickens  of  185-'.)— 15s., 
Mr.  Theodore  Bullock,  Handsworth;  IO3.,  Mr.  Henry  Sewell, 
Upton-op jn-Severn;  53.,  Mr.  Thos.  Roscoe.  Kaowsley,  near 
Prescot.  .         , 

Class  XXIV.  Gams  i^owE,  blacks,  and  brassy-wmged,  except 
greys.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— li.  Is., 
Mr.  J.  T.  Wilson,  Redditch,  Worcestershire  ;  Ijs.,  the  Rev.  C. 
D.  Blyth,  Biggleswade;  10s.,  Mr.  J.  T.  Wilson,  Redditch, 
Worcestershire. 

Class  XXV,  Game  Fowl,  blacks,  aad  brassy-winged,  except, 
greys.  {For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Pullets,  Chickens  of 
1352.)— 153.,  Mr.  W.  Dester,  Seckington. 

Class  XXVI.  Game  Fowl,  duckwings,  and  other  greys,  and 
blues.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age,)— It,  Is., 
Mr.  W.  H.  Austin,  Norton,  near  Stiiffaai;  I5s.,  Mr,  E.  Lowe, 
Tamworth  ;  lOs.,  Mr,  J.  Hadwen,  Kelroyd-bridge,  Halifax. 

Class  XX  Vll.  Game /"oujI,  dackwings,  and  other  greys,  and 
b'ues.  (For  the  best  Cock  and  three  PuUets,  Chickens  of 
1352.)— 153.,  Isaac  Avery,  King's  Norton,  Worcestershire; 
lOs.,  Mr.  F.  Bullock,  Handsworth;  5s.,  Mr.  W.  Smith,  Kent 
House,  Halifax. 

Class  XXVIIL  Goldcn-pencVled  Hamburgh.  (For  the  best 
Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  a^e.)- U.  Is.,  Mr.  J.  Pearson, 
Chilwell,  near  Nottingham;  15s.,  Mr.  J.  Lowe,  6,  Bull  Ring, 
Birmingham;  6s.,  Mr.  W,  B.  Mapplebeck,  6,  Bull  Ring, 
Birmingham. 

Class  XXIX.  Golden-penc'dled  Hamburgh.  (For  the  best 
Cock  and  three  Pallets,  Chickens  of  1852.)— 15s.,  Mr,  J,  Old- 
ham, Long  Eaton,  Derbyshire;  10s.,  Mr,  J.  Lowe,  6,  Bull  Ring, 
Birmingham;  Ss,,  Mr.  Charles  Brown,  47,  Edgbaston-street, 
Birmingham. 


51—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


813 


CL4S3  XSS.  tyolden-spangled  ffambwgh.  (  Kor  the  beat  Cock 
nd  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— U.  I5.,  Mr.  H.  Claphan,  Aire- 
rortb,  near  Kei?h'ey;  ISs.,  Mr.  J.  Dixon,  Bradford-,  5s.,  Mr. 
\  Smith,  Srinet'in,  near  Sliiffaal. 
CLA.S3  XSXr.  Gjlleii-spangled  HamhurgJi.  (For  the  beat  Co^k 
nd  three  PuUeta.  Chickena  of  1852  } -15s.,  Mr.  H.  Clapham, 
^ireworth,  near  Keighley;  10s.,  Mr.  T.  Smith,  Brinetoa,  near 
'tiiffaal.  „  „        ,       ^    . 

Cllbs  XSXtl.  SUver.pencUled  Hamburgh.  (For  the  best 
lock  and  three  Heo3  of  any  age.)— U.  Is.,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Utley,  Thetford,  Norfolk;  15s.,  Mr.  B.  Dain,  Aston, 
tirmingbara;  5s.,  Viscount  Hill,  Hawkstonf. 

Cuas  XXXIII.  Silver-pencW.ed  Bamhtirgh.  (For  the  beat 
lock  and  three  Pallets,  Chickens  of  1852,)— l^s..  Mr.  Q.  Dain, 
iston,  Birmingham;  lOs..  Mr.  T.  Lowe,  Fazeley,  Stafford- 
hire;  53.,  Mr.  ll.  Groom,  Stourport. 

Class  XXSIV.  Silver-spaiigled  Hamburgh.  (For  the  best 
lock  and  three  fleas  of  any  age.}— U.  Is,,  Mr.  T.  B.  Wright, 
treat  Barr,  Staffordshire  ;  15s.,  Mr.  A.  P.Sparke8>  Bridgnorth  ; 
Oj.,  Mr.  William  Beach,  Birmingham. 

Class  XXXT.  Silver -epangUd  Bamhurgh.  (For  the  best 
;ock  and  three  Pallet?,  Cbicneos  of  1S52.J— I5s.,  Mr.  James 
Vhilock,  15,  tligh-street,  Birmingham;  10s.,  C.  R.  Coh'iUle, 
ilsq.,  M.P.,  Bartoa-upon-TreQt;5s.,  Mr.  Henry  Clapham,  Aire- 
Torth,  near  Keighley. 

Class  XXXTI.  Poland  Fowl,  black,  with  white  crasis.  (?ot 
he  beat  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— U.  Is.,  Mr.  Edsvard 
Jird  Gueat,  Broadwas  ;  15s.,  Mr.  Edward  Hewitt,  SparkbrooU, 
Jirmingham  ;  lOj.,  Mr.  Edward  Hewitt. 

Class  XXXVIT.  Poland  Fowl,  black,  with  white  cresta. 
For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Pallets,  Chickens  of  1352.)— los., 
lias  ilartha  Hewitt,  Sparkbrook;  10s.,  Mr.  Edward  ColUas, 
14,  Moland-street ;  5s.,  Mr.  Henry  Child,  Jan.,  Balsall  Heath, 
iirminghim. 
Class  XXXVIIT.  Poland  Fowl,  golden,  with  mSi  or  beards. 
For  the  beat  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  affe.)—U.  Is.,  Mr.  J. 
:.  Mapplebeok,  Higbgate,  Birmingham;  15s.,  W.  G.  Viviaa, 
Isq.,  Singleton,  GUmorgaashire ;  lOs.,  John  Ault,  Brailsford, 
lear  Derby. 

Class  SXXTX.  Poland  Fowl,  golden  with  ruffs  or  beards. 
For  the  best  C5ck  and  three  Pallets,  Ctiickeaa  of  1852.)— 15s., 
Ir.  Daniel  J.  Fleetwood,  53,  Ann-street,  Birmingham;  10s., 
[r.  J.  E.  Mapplebecfc,  Highgata ;  55,  Master  G.  Horner, 
Iharlotte-street,  Hull. 

Class  XL.  Poland  Fo-ol,  goUea,  without  ruffi  or  beards. 
For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hena  of  any  age.)— U.  Is.,  Mr. 
7.  Cox,  Brailsford  Hall,  near  Derby  ;  15s.,  James  Winter, 
Irailsford,  Derbyshire;  10s.,  Mr.  W.  Cox. 
Class  XLI,  Poland  Fowl,  golden,  without  ruffs  or  beards. 
For  the  best  Cock  and  three  Pullets,  Chickens  of  1852.)— 15s., 
[r.  Edward  Farmer,  Sparkbrook,  near  Birmingham;  lOs., 
3  the  same. 

,  Class  XLIt.  Polaixd  Fowl,  silver,  wi'h  ruff^  or  beards,  {^ot 
le  best  Ccck  and  three  Heos  of  any  age.)  —\l-  \s.,  W.  G,  Vivian, 
sq..  Singleton,  Glamorganshire;  15s.,  John  Ault,  Brailsford, 
e.ir  Dtrhy. 

CLiss  XLtir.  Pold^vl  Fowl,  pilver,  with  ruffs  or  beards. 
~or  tne  best  Cjck  ani  thr^e  Pull  ts.  Chickens  of  1852  )— 155., 
>.  Daniel  J.  Fleetwood,  53,  Aons-atreet  ;  lOs.,  Ma-ter 
odfrey  Horner,  Hull ;  Ss.,  John  Ault,  Brailsford  near  Derby. 
Class  XLIV.  PoVind  Fowl,  silver,  without  ruffj  or  beards. 
for  the  best  Cock  and  three  Hens  of  any  age.)— li.  Is,,  Mr,  T. 
ij'ioik,  Hand«wor:h  ;  15s,,  Mr.  Thomas  Robson,  Halifax  ; 
:,,  Master  Godfrey  Horner,  Hall. 

CLiss  XLV.  Po'aud  Fowl,  silver,  without  ruffj  or  beards. 
"  jr  the  best  Cock  and  three  Putleta,  Chickens  of  1852.}— 15s., 
r.  Thomas  Robaon,  Halifax;  10s,  Mr.  George  Parker,  Perry 
arr,  Staffordshire. 

Class  SLVL   For  an'j  other  dut'mct  Breet?.— Cuckoo :  \l.  Is., 

2dy  Guernsey,   Leamington;    Poland:    15s.,    W.   G.  Viviaa, 

sq.,     SiD«leton,      Glamorganshire;      Rumpless :      l5s.,     Mr. 

homis    Beetenaon.  Vauxtiall   Grove,     Birmingham;    Cochin 

Qiaa  :    155.,    John  Fairlie,  Esq.,   Chevetey  Parlr,  near  New- 

.arktt,  Cimbrid,<es*iire;  10s.,  Mr.  T.  B.  Wright,  Great  Birr, 

taffrirdshire ;    Frizzled:    15s,,    Mr.    Theodore    BuUock,    Haw- 

lorn    Hou-e,    HanJsworth  ;    Negro,  or    Silky:    11.    Is.,    Mr. 

>ni--han    Harlow,    Moseley,  near  Birmingham;  Andalusian  : 

.  Ir.  John  Taylor,  jua.,  Shepherd's  Bush,  London. 

.^?  XLVII.   Bantams.    (For  the  best  Cock  and  two  Hens.) 

;-liced:  153  ,  Captain  C.  D.  Hill,  Summerhill,  Newport  ; 

:rrs.     H.     Williams.    Eaton    Mascot,  near    Shrew.sbary; 

-laced:     155.,     Mr.    Thomas    Roscoe,    Koowaley,    near 

t  ;  lOs.,  Mr.  E.  Henitt,  Sparkbrook,  near  Birmingham  ; 

:   15*.,  Mr.  Benjamin  Dain,  slade   House,   Aston;    lOs., 

.ichard     Brat'-oa     Baddely,     Welling'oQ,      Shropshire  ; 

.:    15j.,    Mr.   John    Dain,   Henley-in-Arden ;    lOs.,    Mr. 

1-  ;:^w  Ridgway,  Dewsbury;    any  other  variety  :  153.,  Mr.  C. 

iTisieQ,  Lichfield. 

CLi39  XLIX.  Geese.— U.  Is.,  Mrs.  H.  Hill,  New  House 
Q  Grandison  ;  10s.,  Mr.  John  Taylor,  jun,,  Shepherd's 
London  ;  5j.,  Thomas  Towaley  Parktr,  Esq.,  Sutton 
,  St.  Helen's. 

3  L.  />ifCJtj.— Aylesbury :  U.  Is.,  Viscount  Hill,  Hawk- 
10#.,  Miss  Rachel  Walker,  CUpston  Rtclory,  Nortbamp- 
'■  ;  5j.,  Mr.  Joseph  Jcuneos,  Moaeley,  near  8irmin',jliam. 
.iss  generally  commanded.  Routn  :  \l.  la.,  Mr.  C. 
.rd,  BluQt'a  Hall,  Haverhill;  lOs.,  Mr,  H.  Worrall, 
,,\;  any  Other  varieties  :  U.  Is,,  Miss  Clifton,  Whitlim;- 
xT  Worcester;  lOs.,  Sir  John  Cathcart,  Bart,,  Chertsey, 
,  -Is.,  ilr.  John  SHackel,  Small  Heath,  near  Binuing- 
'.lutory  :  10s,,  Mr.  Thomas  .Snape  Tuualey,  Tamwonh. 
»  LI.  Turhiyt. — 11.  Is,,  Juhn  Fairlie,  Esq  ,  Cheveley- 
'if-ar  Newmirket ;  10s,,  Mr.  William  DJul, Green  Lanes, 
irtninghum;  It.HU.,  the  CoUQtcPS  Howe,  Qupsall  Hull. 
■  IS  ({CDeraily  good, 

i   Lir.    Guinea  Fowl. —  11.  U.,    Mr.   William    ilasfen, 
.  'i%in<:ii,  iieur  CaoiiO'.'k. 
.»^  v..eior  PorLT»r.— TheHon.aodRcv.  Stephen  Willoughby 
inwj,  K»crick   R'-ctoty,    near  York  ;  O.  R.    AiidrcwM,    E-q-, 

«irche»ter ;  the  Rev.  Kobrrrt  Palleine,  The  U.  ct')ry,  Ku  by 
like, neur  Ttilrek  ;  Ur.  Jjha  Bailj,  Mount-street,  Qruaveiior- 
aarci  Loadoa, 

JODOEf  OF  Proioss.— Mr.  T.  L,  Parker,  Birmingham;  Mr. 
■Itf,  Uaotliiwurth, 

This,  the  most  aucccRsfuI  of  five  cxbibition?),  tcrnii- 
tted  bat  ni^jht.  Time  will  not  permit  u.s  now  to  enter 
to  d'.'ta  I,  l>iit  wo  will  do  so  next  week,  and  will  make 
mc  rcm:»rkH  doH^riptive  of  llic  principal  peny.  Neither 
>a  wo  give  the  nuinher  of  viuiu>rB  who  attended,  nor  the 
aoant  of  money  taken  at  the  doorw.  The  number  of 
ifU  exhibited  wai»  1220,  and  the  namcM  of  the  HueceKHful 
ihibitf;ra  will  be  a  guarantco  that  the  boMt  breeders  in 
neland  e'<mpeU:d  for  the  diff'-rent  priz'.n.  We  ay.nert 
imoat  heHrtatioii,  that  it  wum  the  largOHt  and  bent 
flpky  of  poultry  ever  yet  scon  in  the  world.  The 
nount  of  money  taken  for  poultry  eold  on  Tueaduy, 
ifr^ro  3  o'clock,  wait  upward}*  of  1000/.,  and  the  total 
m  taken  will,  when  publi.slif^d,  aiitoniih  by  iUt  amount^ 
d  aim  tenufy  to  the  incrcfuiini^confldencu  placed  in  the 
ingley  Hall  Kxhihition,  by  the  poultry  anvtteurti  of 
real  I3ritain. 


A    LECTURE, 

DELIVERED    AT  T'lE  CHELMSFORD  LITERARY  I^^STI- 

TCTE,    BY  MR.   I.  J.  MECHI,    OF    TIPTREcJ    HALL, 

DECEMBER    I,  135-3. 

"  On  the  present  position  of  British]  Agriculture,  as 
compared  with  our  other  Industrial  OcGupatiorts.** 
{Concluded from  page  797.) 
St^ani.- It  must  be  quite  clear  to  the  most  superScial 
observer,  that  the  main  instrument  of  our  rapid  maout'acturing 
and  commercial  progression  is  steam.  T lie  mere  thoui^ht  of 
its  iofluences,  in  a  moral,  social,  and  economic  point  of  view, 
is  overwhelming.  It  facilita'es  intercourse,  economises  time, 
multiplies  labour,  and  cheapens  production.  Volumes  might 
be  written  of  its  wonders,  pist,  present,  and  to  come,  and  well 
have  manufactures  and  commerce  availed  of  it.  But  is  it 
renlly  credible  that  prejudiced  and  stolid  agriculture  has  alone 
rejected  its  advances  and  disdained  its  aids  ?  If  I  were  a 
perfect  stranger  to  this  country,  and  to  its  history  and  circum- 
stances, and  were  told  that  the  steam  power  of  this  mighty 
interest  was  less  than  10,000  horse,  I  should  at  once  condemn 
its  fatal  ignorance  or  prejudice.  Why,  there  is  scarcely  any 
article  of  luxury  or  necessity,  Uied  by  the  farmer  and  hid  land- 
lord, that  they  do  not  owe  to  steam.  From  the  button  of  his 
coat  to  the  shoe  of  his  horae— for  every  colour  in  his  own  or 
family's  apparel— for  the  very  newspaper  he  reads,  and  the 
impress  of  its  characters,  one  or  other,  is  iu'lebfed  to  steam. 
His  very  loaf  is  now  no  longer  dapendent  on  wind  or  water, 
but  is  secured  by  steam  ;  and  yet  we  hear  the  miserable  flail 
tapping  the  barn-door,  and  see  the  exhausted  and  haggard 
thresher  evidencing  alike  the  misery  and  miscalculation  of 
making  man  a  mere  automaton. 

Do  not  tell  me  of  the  want  of  cipttal  in  agriculture,  when 
land  can  always  be  transferred  (barring  the  law's  delay),  in'o 
cash  at  25i.  to  50i.  the  acre.  Good  tenants  are  to  be  got  in 
agriculture;  but  then  the  landlords  must  make  it  worth  their 
while— they  must  be  tempted,  encouraged,  aud  secured  :  capital 
is  independent  and  fertilising,  and  wants  inviting;  want  of 
capital  is  humble  and  exhaustive,  and  w.Tstea  itself.  Such 
men  as  the  late  Mr.  Coke,  of  Norfolk,  who  combined  the 
business-principles  with  an  hereditary  nobility,  knew  well  how 
to  improve  his  tenantry,  increase  his  rental,  and  beneQt  his 
country ;  there  are  others  like  him,  but  far  too  few. 

We  are  blow  to  give  up  our  predilection  for  land  as  an  hon- 
ourable qualification.  A  man  may  be  a  millionaire  in  mills, 
machinery,  consols,  or  shipping- his  mind  may  be  gigantic  in 
learning  or  science  ;  but  unless  wedded  to  a  certain  acreage  of 
cold  clay  or  hard  gravel,  vain  must  be  his  asp:ra  ions  to  a 
legislatorial  seat  in  St,  Stephen's.  This  is  absurd  »nd  incon- 
sistent with  our  great  commercial  and  manufacturiog  dignity. 
When  ours  was  a  mere  pastoral  and  agricultural  nation,  such 
a  system  was  proper  aud  naturaL  So  long  as  you  make  land 
the  sole  basis  of  legislative  qual ideation,  so  long  you  will 
perpetuate  non-improvement.  Having  only  thisoliject  in  view, 
animmeose  number  of  proprietors,  holding  deeply-einbarrasaed 
estates,  have  no  means  or  desire  to  improve  the  condition  of 
their  wretched  y-managed  properties.  I  find  fault  with  our 
legislature  for  permitting  such  a  temptation  to  neglect,  result- 
ing as  it  does  in  a  great  public  injury. 

Agricultural  statistics  are  much  to  be  desired,  I  wish  some 
member  would  move  for  raturns  of  the  amount  of  steam-power 
used  in  agriculture — the  amount  of  money  per  acre  collected 
for  edncaion  in  the  various  agricultural  districts— the  number 
of  hedge-row  trees  per  acre  in  various  counties — aud  the  miles 
of  fences.  The  comparison  of  various  districts  would  show 
such  frightful  discrepancies,  that  we  should  no  longer  wonder 
at  the  wealth  of  some  and  poverty  of  others. 

Delightful  is  the  study  of  the  science  of  agriculture.  Liebig 
eloquently  and  truly  says,  "  Innumerable  are  the  aids  afforded 
to  the  means  of  life,  to  manufacture?,  and  to  c  immerce,  by  the 
truths  which  assiduous  and  active  enqairers  have  discovered 
and  rendered  capable  of  pracdcal  application.  But  it  is  not 
the  mere  practical  utility  of  t'.iese  truths  which  is  of  import- 
ance. Their  influence  upon  mental  culture  is  most  beneficial ; 
and  the  new  views  acquired  by  the  knowledge  of  them  enable 
the  mind  to  recognise  in  the  phenomena  of  nature,  proofs  of 
an  infinite  wisdom,  for  the  unfathomable  profundity  of  which 
language  has  no  expression."  In  connection  with  this  subjtct, 
k't  me  remind  you  that  there  is  already  at  Cirencester,  in 
Gloucesterehire,  one  noble  agricultural  college,  with  700  acres 
of  land  attached  to  it,  imparting  to  the  willing  an  amount  of 
intellectual  and  practical  information  unattainable  elsewhere. 
Its  successful  establiahment  must  be  to  the  well-wishers  of 
agricultural  progression  a  subject  of  rejoicing. 

If  agriculture  will  not  avail  itself  of  It,  for  I  hear  they  have 
Bcarcely  any  farmers'  sons,  it  only  further  convinces  me  that 
tlie  possession  and  occupation  of  the  soil  is  passing  rapidly 
into  other  bands.  Liebig  truly  says,  "  Agriculture  is  both  an 
art  and  a  science.  Its  scientific  basis  embraces  a  knowledge 
of  all  the  conditions  of  vegetable  life,  of  the  organs  of  the 
elemeiits  of  plants,  and  of  the  sources  whence  they  derive  their 
nouriflhmenr.  Experience  acquired  in  the  practice  of  this  art 
can  never  stand  in  contradiction  to  its  rcientitic  principles, 
because  ihe  latter  have  been  deduced  from  all  the  observations 
of  experience,  and  are  actually  an  intellectual  expression  of  it. 
Neither  can  theory  ever  stand  in  amagoni.^m  to  practice,  for  it 
is  merely  the  tracing  baclt  of  a  class  of  phenomena  to  their 
ultimate  causes."  The  same  grea*.  author,  having  in  view,  no 
d"ubt,  the  exhaustive  practice  of  m  iny  of  our  poverty-stricken 
districts,  sarcasticuUy  remarks  :  — "  Many  of  our  farmers,  like 
to  these  alchymibtB  of  old,  in  toarching  afer  the  philosophei's 
stone,  look  now  to  find  ihe  wondertui  seeds;  for  tbey  expect 
that  thtir  land  should  bear  a  hundred  fold,  without  Buppljing 
to  it  any  food,  tvon  although  this  land  is  scarcely  rich  enough 
to  bear  its  own  Indigenous  plan's." 

If  Government  conf^idcrs  it  neccsfiary  to  stimulate  and  im- 
pri've  our  maouf.icturiug  taste  by  public  hchools  of  design,  let 
us  hope  that  under  the  pressing  applications  of  our  landed 
proprietors  nnd  farmers,  something  muy  eijually  be  done  to 
place  ihe  production  o(  our  food  ou  a  more  scieuiitic  and  less 
empirical  bails.  As  y-jt,  agriculture  owes  nothing  in  this 
respect  to  official  authority  or  to  tlio  national  purse.  Whilst 
tiikirig  a  review  of  the  condition  of  various  large  estates  in 
dirtureot  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  ono  is  alruok  with  the 
Ki'eat  discrepancy  In  their  muna^oment.  Men,  like  the  late 
Mr.  Coitp,  and  like  many  I  could  now  name,  look  around  for 
ten^titft  of  largo  huulllgonco  aud  Bufllciont  cajtltal,  likely  to 
Improve  pcnnun'-iitly  the  value  and  rental  of  the  o^'tato,  and 
Mi|>ar(  by  their  example,  a  high  and  improved  state  of  cultU 
v;i'ion.  Such  men  are  only  to  by  obtained  by  suitable  retti- 
doncos  and  farm-bullding.i,  adapted  to  the  BlioUcr  of  a  lar,;o 
ikU'i-bi^r  of  cattle,  by  liberal  covenants  and  lti:iNO>t,  by  drainage, 
by  iho  removal  of  Injor  uuh  trt-es  mid  fences,  and  by  nn 
I'xcmp  i'jn  trom  an  cxcens  of  |.-am9.  Happy  for  the  country  at 
liiF'^u  I'l  such  a  combination,  and  sorry  Is  tho  contrast  of 
numerous  iIUtrlctH,  pLrinltted  to  remain  in  a  mlHcrublo  stiito 
•if  prlinitlvu  ni'gl<  Qt,  and  uiiparticliiuling  In  the  general  pro- 
gression of  Inndud  value. 

I  SCO  too  many  of  tlilfl  clasii  In  my  mind's  cyo— llio  tenantry 
The  land  oilrl,  wet,  and  Hti(id<Ml  by  tiuriuroun  Hitiiill  enclo.* 
Rurcs,  studded  with  s'uiitod  tttjex,  wblch  t^un  never  ho  proflt- 
ulilo  to  tho  landlord,  find  itro  uurtahily  most  injurious  to  the 
occupier.  Iho  huuilflu  tonunt,  thou/h  i>iirHlrri'»nlouHly  econo- 
mical, IOCS  his  hmlti-d  caplctl  swulloncd  up,  bit  by  bit,  by 
pijvotiy  and  wceils  ;  his  tempur  xour^  hi  ttie  strugglu,  as,  yuuv 
by  )eiir,  tbi-  qualtiy  of  Ills  prifducclrnK  diUurluratuti,  and  hliiks 
l<>w<:Hclti  the  unri  muiKiratlvu'Culuof  inarkutublo  vuluo.  At  liiitt 
111]  tcuvus  til'<  turm  u  ruined  mun,  dooinud  to  seek  xoino  inimlul 
oiUco,  or  to  c  mpotu  wtili  tho  onllnary  labourer.  Tho  landlord 
of  such  a  propory  {jots  what  Iv  calUd  a  bad  itumc,  in  pitted  or 


censured,  and  must  put  up  with  an  iiidift'^-reut  tenantry  im 
depreciated  rental.  The  tradesmen  and  labourers  ot  tha 
neighbourhood  p.irticipate  In  the  depressive  influence,  anu  it 
extends  through  them,  in  a  degree,  to  the  country  at  large. 
The  want  of  means  to  improve  entailed  or  other  estates  can 
no  longer  be  pleaded  as  an  excuse  for  non-improvement,  for 
we  have  now  associnted  companies,  authorised  by  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment, to  erect  buildings,  drain,  make  roads,  or  iflfect  any 
necessary  improvement,  chargeable  as  against  the  estate.  The 
competition  between  high-farmed  and  low-farmed  estates  Is 
becomifjg  d  dly  more  obvious  and  severe  ;  it  requires  no  con- 
juror to  predict  which  will  be  the  first  to  succumb. 

Let  us  nee  how  stands  our  acreage,  and  whether  there  is  not 
abundant  opportunity  for  an  enormous  agricultural  increase 
at  even  lower  prices.  Now,  surely  something  might  be  done 
to  increase  the  produce  only  IO3.  per  acre,  and  that  would  at 
once  add  fif  een  to  twenty  millions  sterling  to  our  food,  or 
much  more  than  the  whole  of  our  foreign  imports.  I  will  take 
for  instance  one  great  source  of  ecouomy — I  mean  the  removal 
of  unnecessary  banks  and  fences,  and  the  better  management 
of  those  which  remain,  which  should  be  assimilated  to  our 
eflfective  railway  fences — recent  statistics  show  that  the  mere 
ground  occupied  by  fences  in  some  counties  amounts  to  10  per 
cent,  of  the  acreage,  to  say  nothing  of  the  damage  by  their 
roots  and  shading,  insec's,  Ac,  and  also  by  an  enormous 
number  of  unprofifable  trees;  taking  the  kingdom  through,  E 
believe  all  valuers  will  allow  that  from  5  to  7*  per  cent,  is  not 
too  large  an  allo'^auce  for  fences  and  waste  on  a  farm.  Here, 
then,  is  at  once  an  enormous  opportunity  of  adding  millions  to 
our  acreage.  I  am  afraid  even  to  estimate  the  damage  done 
by  trees,  it  is  so  enormous.  I  know  some  districts  where  there 
are  20  to  50  to  the  acre,  and  their  roots  may  be  traced  100  yards. 
If  we  only  removed  two  from  each  acre,  we  phould  have  100 
millions  less,  and  I  think  we  might  spare  500,000  miles  of 
fences.  I  know  plenty  of  tenants  who  would  rather  go  to  a 
timber  yard  and  buy  foreign  deal,  than  be  at  the  expense  of 
removing  and  cutting  up  the  worthless  timber  offdred  by  their 
landlords.  We  cannot  compete  with  the  natural  forests  of 
Canada. 

Look  at  the  mal-arranerements  of  our  farmers.  A  farm  of 
G40  acres  ought  to  represent  a  square  mile,  and  be  accessible 
from  the  centre  to  the  extremity,  by  half  mile  distances.  But 
it  is  a  very  different  affair  at  present ;  all  this  might  be  easily 
arranged,  if  we  could  walk  into  a  Government  registration 
office,  and  exchange  our  lands  as  we  do  our  Consols.  If  we 
ait  down  to  calculate  (he  loss  arising  f'om  unnecessary  wastes 
by  the  road  side,  it  is  perfectly  astounding.  The  oon-economy 
of  manure  is  also  a  moat  serious  consideration,  especially 
deserving  the  landlord's  attention.  The  loss  resulting  from  a 
month's  continued  rain  must  be  to  the  farmer  enormous.  The 
ammonia  of  his  yard  and  of  his  heaps,  wi'h  other  valuable 
solutions,  are  lost  to  him  for  ever.  When  landlords  and 
farmers  understand  agricultural  chemistry,  ttiey  will  naturally 
combine  to  establish  covered  yards,  aud  other  protective  meaog 
to  economise  tbat  costly  production.  I  say  costly,  for  I  know 
from  my  own  experience  that  you  cannot  feed  cattle  with  food 
at  market  prices,  without  a  loss,  or  charge  for  manure  of  from 
20  to  30  per  cent,,  and  often  much  more.  I  am  glad  that 
covered  farm-yards  are  extending  in  this  neighbourhood.  The 
owners  and  occupiers  will  eoon  follow  it  up  by  an  erection  of 
steam  engines. 

If  we  take  the  literature  of  agriculture  as  an  evidence  of  its 
educational  and  meutal  oouditioo,  one  is  struck  with  the  feeble- 
ness and  paucity  of  county  journals  in  certain  districts  of 
England.  In  lieu  of  great  commercial,  agricultural,  social, 
and  scientific  questions,  the  limited  i-heet  is  occupied  by  petty 
and  local  occurrences  of  every-day  life.  I  know  full  well,  that 
in  many  cases  the  talented  editors  are  compelled  to  write  down 
to  the  level  of  the  ignorance  and  prejudice  of  their  readers,  _  I 
trust  and  believe  that  the  establishment  of  so  many  societies 
like  yours,  in  the  heart  of  agricultural  districts,  may  lead  to 
enlightenment.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  that  the  peculiar  occupa- 
tions and  distant  locations  of  our  af^ricultural  population,  lead 
considerably  to  prevent  their  enjoying,  to  the  full  extent, 
similar  advantages.  Still  much  might  ba  done  by  local  book 
clubs  and  other  arrant;ements.' 

In  these  times  we  have  clubs  and  Hocietiea  of  most  sorts,  bat 
not  a  land-valuer's  society — which  I  should  very  much  like  to 
see  established.  Here  is  a  large  body  of  active,  educated,  and 
influential  men,  forming  the  connecting  link  between  landlords 
and  tenants,  but  hitherto  not  amalgamatiug  their  aggregated 
and  practical  agricultural  knowledge  for  the  improvement  of 
agriculture.  It  is  highly  desirable,  that  the  extremely  opposite 
and  anomalous  practices  of  valuation,  in  particular  localities, 
should  undergo  a  thorough  reformation.  I  am  aware  how  large 
an  amount  of  influeuce  is  exercised  by  this  class  of  individuals, 
and  how  much  they  are  looked  up  to  by  both  landlords  and 
tenants.  Taking  them  as  a  body,  I  am  sure  that  a  periodical 
conference,  and  interchange  of  sentimentB,  would  greatly  tend 
to  assimilate,  gradually  and  prudently,  the  most  incongruous 
of  local  valua  ions  aud  farm  practice,  I  do  not  know  a  fjreater 
evil  in  this  country  than  the  over  trading  in  land.  Now  in 
business  we  do  not  measure  a  man  by  the  size  of  his  shop  and 
warehouse,  but  by  the  judicious  i^ufficiency  of  his  stock,  and 
compactness  of  his  arrangements.  In  agriculture,  the  desire 
appears  to  be  for  quantity  rather  than  for  quality,  too  often  as 
regards  both  landlord  aud  tenant;  and  hence  the  cry,  when 
improvement  is  euggested,  "Where  is  the  money  to  come  from  V 
WhoQ  I  wished  to  expend  money  in  this  way,  I  sold  one  farm 
and  applied  the  money  to  the  improvement  of  another;  this 
must  be  done  more  generally  if  we  are  to  go  ahead,  and  com- 
pete with  foreiguere  und  with  the  well  farmed  districts  of  this 
kingdom.  Improvement  is  costly,  altliough  profitable;  foe 
instance — Pipe  drainage  per  acre  H.,  brick  and  slated  build- 
ings, with  steam  power,  »Sic.,  6i.,  irrigation  by  subterranean 
iron  pipes  with  hofec  and  jet.  5^  So  here  is  a  sum  of  13i.  to  151. 
per  acre,  iirespective  ot  chalking,  marling,  claying;  the  re- 
moval of  trees,  fences,  &c.,  will  repay  for  making  good  roads. 
The  tenanto'  expenditure  in  bones,  guano,  ollcttke,  dsc,  it  is 
to  he  hoped  will  remunerate  him. 

Now  It  is  by  such  'neuns  as  those  above  mentioned,  that  our 
most  va'uable  estates  have  attoined  their  increased  rentals, 
and  withstood  those  heavy  claims  lor  abatmient  which  have 
thrown  into  the  landlords'  hamls  many  unimproved  farms.  It 
is  only  just  and  honouruble  th^it  oui  landed  proprietors  should 
take  the  initiittivo  in  a^ricultuiul  iimeudmeut,  Edu^mtion  and 
competitl'  n  will  btiiuulate  the  rising  generation  of  farmers  to 
pay  to  their  landlords  a  just  per  contage  on  such  improvements- 
as  I  have  duscrib.:d. 

Whilot  trea'.ing  of  the  great  question  of  our  national  agricul- 
ture, I  would  fuiu  have  avoided  an  allusion  to  my  own  ngricuU 
tural  proceeding's,  but  living  as  I  do  amought  you,  who  havo 
witnessed  my  battles  and  my  struggles,  I  c;innot  help  feeling 
that  I  have,  lilto  tho  good  old  departed  Uoko.  fought  aud  con- 
quered— I  teel  that  U  is  no  longer  now  in  this  c  juntry  con- 
sidered extravagant  or  ridiculous  to  drain  heavy  clays,  to  erect 
steam  engines  and  huiiHtuntial  hulldingu,  to  aerate  tho  subsoil, 
to  substitute  carts  for  Wiiggont,  or  even  to  lay  down  subtox-. 
ranean  iron  pipes  for  the  economical  iipplicition  of  that 
oflpontial  liquid,  which  too  Irequmtly  crnbrownrt  our  horfloponds 
and  tlltclicH.  Being  now  dlnenrrmiiinelled  liom  tho  leading 
fltili'grt  uf  nn  Imnginalivo  prorcoriim,  let  the  nuhlo  art  of  agri- 
culture btrlvo  to  lival  hur  slitter  munul'nu^ure  In  tho  dcluQce, 
abundance,  and  cheiipness  of  produ(:tf  m,  To  havo  enough  and 
to  rtparc,  will  be  aw  great  arid  us  nuoessury  triumph  for  our 
agriculture  an  for  our  maimfuoturus. 

Lot  mo  conclude  by  using  ihu  gallant  Nelson's  words, — 
"Eiiglimd  expects  timt  uvtiry  man  will  do  his  iluiy  "  In  tho 
battle  of  cheap  and  uhund  uit  prodiiuiion  for  his  own  proHti 
and  for  tho  honour  of  Uin  oouuuy.  If  I  wore  to  venture  to 
advlHo  my  lo^al  frlemU  on  rho  suhjeot  of  traTisfor,  I  would  say, 
by  ull  means  uhoupcu  and  ulmpllly  ir,    Thu  samu  prlndplo 


814 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


[Dec.  18, 


■applies  to  Jaw  aa  to  ever^^thirtg^l^e,  dlminiahed  price  increases 
conffumptlmi,  and  vice  versa,  as  in  the  case  of  Chanccvy  law.  it 
ia  avoided  by  all  sober  men  as  a  pcatilenca.  If  land  ctiuKi  be 
transferred  as  easily  a?  consila,  it  would  cbimge  hantJa  us 
freqacnlly,  and  make  plenty  ot  busineSB.  At  prefient  a  man  ia 
wedd-^d  to  hi5  land,  for  he  dreads  ihe  eipei^aea  ani  de'ayfl  of  a 
separatioa  ;  hence,  in  my  optoioD,  one  Rietit  cause  of  iho  non- 
improTemeot  of  auricaUura,  for  certain  the  difficulties  of 
-attachment  must  be  quite  equal  to  those  of  peparation,  aud 
the  whole  affair  is  loo  cambrous  and  dilatory  for  an  evtry  day 
business  trHnsaclitiTi.  I  oSten  picture  to  mjself  the  difficulties 
of  a  landowner  ae  compared  with  the  poases^'ors  of  otlmr  pro- 
perty. In  the  latter  caae,  hishalf  million  in  .hefiindfi,  his  railway 
and  foreigB  loan  bonds,  his  canal  Elmres,  are  nil  sufficioiit 
■evidences  of  poflsesBions,  and  mny  all  be  immediately  traos- 
ferred.  No  musty  references  to  an'iquity  ore  required  as 
CTidences  of  doscent,  or  previous  holding.  PossasBioQ  ia  evidence 
of  property.  Contrast  this  with  the  urfortunate  ivigbt  who 
holds  the  same  amount  in  loml.  It  is  a  chance  but  evtry 
purchase  has  F-ome  6crap  of  copyhold,  embroiled  with  auti- 
qttarian  and  feudal  responsibilities.  Keen  and  unecrupulous 
lugal  possessors  of  manorial  rights  are  retidy  t )  pounce  upon 
your  valued  racer  or  prize  bull  for  some  live  heriot,  or  your 
"feellnga  are  outraged  by  an  enormous  demand  for  fees  on  some 
fractional  portion  of  an  acre,  far  exceeding  its  entire  value, 
ffhcn  will  agriculture  be  governed  by  businees  principlce  ? 

JSigns  of  the  Times. — Our  social  position  in  regard  to  the  pro- 
prietorship of  land  is  undergoing  rnpld  changes.  When  ihis 
country  was  pastoral  and  agricultural  only,  sei^^norial  dignity 
asBumod  a  dominant  and  almost  patriarchal  cbaracttr.  But 
Tiow,  the  overflowing  and  accumulaiing  wealth  of  commerce, 
znanofacturep,  and  trade,  finds  vent  in  the  purchase  of  un- 
settled estates,  and  ia  partially  superseding  the  ancient  aris- 
tocracy. Great  good  will  resuU  from  this  to  the  nation  at 
large.  The  new  comers  will  briiii^  with  them  common-sense 
babita  of  business  and  active  progres&ion,  which  they  will  im- 
part to  their  more  astute  neighbours;  whilst,  in  return,  they 
■will  by  degrees  imbibe  the  higher  education,  refined  manners, 
and  dignity  of  position,  whtth  characterise  so  pre-eminently 
our  high  aristocracy,  I  have  often  been  amused  by  a  distant 
.and  disinteres'ed  survey  of  my  own  agricultural  position.  I 
Uttwittiiigly,  and  very  naturally,  in  my  desire  to  apply  common 
sense  principles  of  improvement  to  agriculture,  stumbled 
against  the  oid  antiquated  cas'le  of  prejudice.  Instantaneously 
there  deacended  from  its  turrets  on  my  poor  devoted  head  eueh 
a  Btormof  raissilis,  indignation,  imputation,  ridicule,  censure, 
dtsbeliof,  that  had  I  not  been  clothed  with  the  strong  armour 
of  truth,  I  must  have  succumbed. 

Tears  bare  elapsed,  and  asperities  have  softened  down,  but 
6ven  now  certain  honest  portly  yeomen  look  at  me  askance 
with  gravity,  and  honestly  believe  that  I  have  done  a  great 
agricultural  mischief— that  I  have  opened  landlord's  eyes,  and 
made  them  believe  that  farming  was  profitable.  I  hope  my 
balance- sheet  of  last  year  hae  somewhat  diminished  the  pre- 
judice on  this  score.  Careful,  non-improving  landlords  have 
too  been  rather  shy  of  me,  and  (for  I  can  tell  at  a  glance  by 
their  looks)  eye  me  as  a  rash  and  speculative  innovator.  But 
time  alters  many  things  ;  I  can  see  an  improving  feeling 
towards  me. 

One  hears  now  of  deep  draining  here,  a  cleared  country 
ihere,  a  range  of  substantial  buildings,  a  few  boarded  floors, 
and  Eome  ore  actually  so  raeh  as  to  talk  of  having  steam 
engines.  One  in  this  county,  whose  old  premises  were  dc 
Btroyed  by  fire,  has  reluctantly  consented  to  covered  yards,  but 
wHl  not  hear  of  steam,  although  he  always  rides  to  tonn 
behind  it.  His  successors  will  be  free  from  this  prejudice. 
Farmers  are  getting  gradwally  apologetic  for  their  old  waggons, 
and  exposed  dung  heaps,  and  are  making  the  amende  honarubk 
to'our  friend  the  Rev,  G.  Wilkins,  by  eowing  less  seed.  My 
last  new  scheme  of  subterranean  irrigation  ia  far  too  strong  a 
dose  to  he  swallowed  at  present,  so  my  agricultural  friends  are 
only  looking  on  to  watch  how  it  agrees  with  me.  I  feci  re- 
tiiarkably  comfortable  under  it  at  preeent,  and  am  glad  (o  find 
tbat  an  offer  for  the  sewage  of  your  towa  has  been  already 
made  for  agricuUural  purposes. 

Joking  apart,  I  can  aflFord  to  hold  out  the  hand  of  forgive- 
ness to  my  bitterest  opponents.  The  conscious  triumph  of 
having  successfully  stimulated  the  progression  and  development 
of  agriculture,  gives  me  firmness  and  good  humour.  I  have 
all  along  had  the  moral  support  of  thinking  and  intelligent 
minds— great  has  been  its  comfort!  I  feel  like  the  good  old 
Duke,  that  my  battles  have  been  fought  and  won,  and  I  still 
hope  to  live  to  see  our  national  agriculture  rank  side  by  side 
with  cur  manufactures,  for  the  good  of  our  people  and  for  the 
national  honour.  Our  lamented  departed  hero  knew  full  wall 
the  importance  of  abundant  supplies  for  his  brave  armies.  Let 
Qs  then  remember,  that  the  indomitable  courage  and  endurance 
of  Englishmen  well  deserve  the  encouragement  of  ample 
physical  support.  It  is  therefore  our  duty  to  elevate  the 
character  of  British  agricuUure,  not  only  on  the  lowgrouod 
of  profit,  bat  on  the  nobler  conbideratiou  of  national  dignity 
and  policy. 

In  conclusion,  I  sea,  in  perspective,  a  railway  activity  per- 
vading agricuUure.  The  time  is  coming  when  farms  will  be 
squared,  trees  removed,  and  game  moderated — when  tram- 
ways will  intersect  estates,  and  one  horse  will  draw  to  market 
Hhe  load  of  four— when  the  sewage  of  our  towns  wi!l  ebb  back 
to  its  ori;^inal  Bource — when  the  waters  of  our  rivers  and 
drains  will  be  applied  to  the  irrigation  of  our  fields — when  our 
millers  will  use  calorio  engiites  instead  of  water — when  our 
farmers  and  their  children  will  be  better  educated,  and  rank 
higher  in  the  social  scale— when  our  labourers  will  be  better 
housed,  taoght,  and  fed.  Then  will  the  blundering  rudeness 
and  clumsinfss  of  ignorance  be  exchanged  for  the  watth*^ul- 
UfiBE  and  thought  of  an  enlightened  intelligence — then  will  the 
fractional  calculations  of  profit  outweigh  the  fears  of  cost- 
then  will  antiquated  territorial  legalities  be  superseded  by 
personal  responsibility,  identity,  and  possession.  I  see  all 
thia  in  the  distance;  it  is  a  mere  question  of  time— I  see 
mighty  engines  on  railwayed  open  fields,  tearing  up  furrows  a 
yard  deep,  making  the  land  look  like  a  sea — I  see  these  hungry 
aarthy  masses  saturated,  and  immediately  fertilised  with  the 
flewage  of  our  towns — I  see  ample  evaporation  and  facile  per- 
colation. Tottering  and  dilapidated  farmeries  will  give  «ay 
to  permanent  and  convenient  homesteads — the  pinching 
economy  of  a  penurious  and  pernicious  system,  txchanged  for 
liberal  views  and  large  operations— capital  will  deveiope  lis 
giant  strt-ngth  unfettered  by  seignorial  restiictions- agricul- 
ture, commerce,  and  manufactures,  will  unite  by  the  ties  of  a 
great  common  interest  and  common  in'oUigence,  for  the  good 
^of  our  people  and  for  the  honour  of  this  great  nation. 


for  the  purpose  of  recording  the  following  luscription 
upoa  the  volume  : — ■ 

"  To  the  Readers  and  Contributors  of  the 

Gaedeneks'  Chronicle  and  AOHiruLTonAL  Gazette, 

This  re-C'jUection  of  some  scatlered  aftempis  of  past  years, 

based  071  the  hope  and  heUcf,  Tiot  imconjlryned  at  their  hands, 

that  AgrictiUural  tJiougkl  map  be  ■  candid,  and  ,  even  speculative, 

yet  BusbaiuJry  not  the  less  practical, 

is  FinaVy  inscribed  by  the  Autbob." 


Notices    to  CorrespondentSi 

Addeess  :  ir  B  Harnard.  Mr.  Gilleti's,  of  Bra^ile",  Shlpston- 
ou-Stour,  Warwiclr.  We  do  not  know  if  Jlr.  Forsyth  has  an 
agent  in  London,  but  we  think  no*". 

CocoANDT  Matting,  In  a  former  Nuinber  of  the  Agricultural 
Gazette  an  account  was  given  of  snmo  farms  in  Scotland 
where  the  cows  lie  on  Coooa-nut  matting,  can  any  of  our 
correspondents  inform  us  whe'her  it  answers  1  Uow  they 
use  it,  whether  in  long  lengths  or  short  mato  ?  Its  width  1 
where  it  is  to  be  obtained  ?  and  its  price  ptr  yard  ? 

Kohl  R^bi  ;  G  P.  The  top  ia  to  be  cut  '  ff  and  given  as  Cab- 
bages are  given  ;  and  the  bulb  to  be  passed  through  the 
Turuip-cutter, 

FiPEAQE  :  SI  L.  An  engineer  can  say  howmuch  water  will  pass 
thruu^'h  a  pipe  of  given  bore  and  length  under  a  given 
prespure.  If  you  will  state  your  problem  explicitly,  no  doubt 
a  solution  can  be  given.  But  the  facts  staged  in  your  note 
are  not  enough  to  furniFh  the  answer  which  jou  deeh-e, 

PuDLTEY  :  A  Country  Inquirer.  A  ches*nut  patch  or  bar  across 
the  winga  is  perfectly  correct  in  a  fiilver  Hambro'  cock. 
Such  birds  are  generally  chosen  when  fresh  blood  is  required. 
The  absence  of  it  is  no  indication  of  degeneracy  or  impurity, 
as  it  generally  disappe-irs  In  old  bird^,  in  like  manner  with 
the  black  ppots,  which  are  perfectly  visible  in  the  chicken 
and  cockerel,  but  disappear  in  the  adulf-.  Any  mixture  of 
colour  beyond  black  and  white  in  a  silver  Hambro*  pullet 
must  disqualify  &uch  a  bird  ;  but  the  absence  uf  the  chestnut 
patch  cannot  be  put  against  a  cock,  seeing  that  not  one  in 
twenty  has  it,  even  if  from  the  same  parents.  I  am  strongly 
disposed  to  think  the  amateur,  fortunate  enough  to  possess 
the  cock  with  "three"  red  feathers,  will  find  them  as  the 
bird  ages  "get  small  by  degrees  and  beautifnlly  leas,"  till  ho 
is  shorn  of  the  distinction,  J.  BaUy. 

Taste  if  Toenips  in  Bdtteb.  Half  a  tea-spoonful  of  salt- 
petre put  into  the  milk-pan  before  the  new  milfc  ia  poured 
into  it  will  correct  the  above.  Half  a  tea-spoonful  to  about 
a  gallon  of  milk.  This  plan  has  been  successfully  pracCised 
for  years.  Anon, 


ifiarset0» 

OOTENT  GARDEN,  Dec.  13. 
Vegetables  oontinne  plentiful ;  but  many  kinds  of  Frnit  are 
scarce,  as  for  instance  Fears  and  Hothonse  Grapes,  both  of 
which  are  insufficient  for  the  demand;  the  Pears  consist  of 
Beurre  Ranee,  Ne  plus  Meuri?,  and  Old  Colmar,  Apples  are 
sufficient  for  the  demand.  Among  them  are  nice  samples  of 
the  American  Newtoivn  Pippin,  A  few  Tomatoes  may  still 
be  obtained.  Cobs  and  other  Nuts  are  realising  fair  prices. 
Both  Seakale  and  Rhubarb  have  made  their  appearance. 
Potatoes  have  not  altered  in  value  since  our  last  report, 
Mushiooma  are  scarcer.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heathe, 
Primulas,  Rosea,  Mignonette,  Bignonia  venusta,  and  Chrysan- 
themums. 

FRUIT. 


Pine-apples,  per  lb.,  43  to  8? 
Grapes,  hothouse,  do.,  Ss  to  83 
Pomegranates,  each,  2s  to  4a 
Apples, de8Bert,p.  hush,  63  tolOs 

—  kitchen,  do.,  Ss  to  Ss 
Pears,  per  doz..  Is  tid  to  is 

—  per  half  sieve,  ds  to  7s 
Lemons,  per  doz,,  Is  to  2s 


3^e&tcto» 

Tci>lpa  J*  or  the  Chrooiicles  of  a  Clay  Farm.    An  Agricul- 
tural Fragment.     By  C.  W.  H. 
*'  ■ '  Ridentem  dicere  verutn." 

Reeve  and  Co.,  Henrietta-street,  Covent  Garden.  1852. 
Though  ah-eady  shortly  noticed  in  the  Gardeners' 
Ohronicle,  and  long  since  well  known  to  most  readers  of 
th\3  Journnl,  we  cannot  deny  ourselves  the  pleasure  of  ' 
reterring  to  the  publication,  in  a  completed  form,  of 
the  papers  by  «  C.  W,  H."  which  have  already  appeared  ' 
m  our  columns.      This  seems  necessary,  were  it  only  | 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve, 

Is  to  2s 
Cauliflowers,  per  doz,,  23  to  3s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 
French  Beans,  per  100,  3s 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  85s  to  140a 

—  per  cwt.,  58  to  99 

—  per  bush.,  28  6d  to  48  6d 
Turnips,  perdoz.  ,ls  to  IsSd 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  8d 
Carrots,  p.  doz.,  23  fid  to  4s 
Spinach,  per  sieve,  Is  to  23 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  -td 

—  Spanieb,p.doz.,l83dto  3s 
Beet,  per  doz.,  Is  to  Is  6d 
Leeks,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 


TfiGETABLES. 


Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 

—  per  100,  6s  to  lOs 
Almonde,  per  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  28  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  20s 

—  Cubs,  IftOs 

—  Spanish,  do,,  IGs  to  18s 
Chestnuts,  p.  bush.,  89.  to  20a; 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  Gd  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  perscore  4d  to  fid 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  to  Is  fid 
Endive  perscore.  Is  to  Is  fid 
Smalt  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,lsto8s 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott..  Is  to  Is  6d 
Sorrel,  per  hf.  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  2e  to  8s 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Basil,  p.  buoch.Sd 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  3d 
Watercresses,  p,  12buo,4d  to  6d 


HOPS, — BoHODoe  Market,  Dec.  17. 
Messrs.  Pattenden  and  Smith,  Hop  Factors,  report  that  the 
demand  for  Hops  continues  unabaterl,  at  a  gradual  advance 
in  prices:  it  is  expected  as  soon  as  Christmas  is  over  a  still 
further  advance  will  take  place,  the  supply  being  so  very 
limited. 


WOOL. 

Beadford,  TauasBAT,  Dec.  16.— Activity  still  pervades  the 
English  Wool  market,  and  a  gradual  improvement  in  prices 
is  the  consequence.  The  supply  from  the  country,  for  several 
months,  has  barely  kept  pace  with  the  demand  tor  consump- 
tion. It  is  now  apparent  that  all  the  smaller  class  of  farmers 
have  cleared  out  their  stocks,  and  a  considerable  proportion  of 
(he  Wool  still  remaining  unconeumed  is  in  the  postession  of 
parties  who  are  able  to  hold  it.  In  coijunction  with  this,  the 
more  satisfactory  position  in  which  spinners  are  placed  by  a 
general  advance  in  the  price  of  yarn,  having  inlused  more 
vigour  into  their  operations  as  buyers,  it  can  create  no  surprise 
that  the  improving  tone,  by  which  the  Wool  market  has  for 
some  time  been  characterised,  should  still  remain.  The  trans- 
actions, on  the  part  of  some  houses,  have,  during  the  present 
month,  been  considerable,  and  a  large  quantity  of  both 
English  and  Colonial  Wool  has  recently  changed  hands. 


HAY.— Per  Load  ot  86  Trusaes, 
SaiLTBFIELD,   Dec.  16. 


Prime  Meadow  Hay  75s  to  8O3 
Inferior  do.  ...  65         70 

Rowen         45        58 

New  Hay 


Clover 
Second  cut 
Straw         ,„ 


Whitechapel,  Dec.  16, 


.  728to803 

Old  Clover.. 

.  60        65 

Inferior  do. 

.  — 

New  Clover 

.  22        28 

Inferior  do. 

.,  85s  to  lOOs 
..  70  88 

..  26  30 

J.  Davis, 

...  909  to  100 
..  60  758 


Fine  old  Hay 
Inferior  do. 
New  Hay 
Straw 

SMITHFIELU.— MONDAJ,  Dec.  13. 
Thia  being  the  annual  "  Great  Market."  we  have  a  large  col- 
lection of  very  fine  Beasts  ;  not,  however,  quite  so  large  a 
number  as  was  expected.  The  average  quality  of  the  supply 
is  very  level  and  serviceable  for  the  butcher,  not  nearly  so 
was  eful  as  on  former  occasion".  Some  of  the  primest  make 
43,  4d.,  but  4«.  is  the  more  general  price.  The  number  of 
bhecp  is  very  smalt ;  choicest  Downs  and  sizeable  Longwools 
were  early  disposed  of,  and  in  some  instances  our  quotations 
exceeded;  but  trade  was  heavy  for  big  fat  Sheep.    Owing  to 


the  shortocss  of  supply,  however,  almost  everything  was 
cleared  off.  Trade  for  Calves  about  the  same  as  of  late.  From 
Germany  and  Holland  there  are  339  Beiisfi,  li'iO  Sheep,  ami 
180  Calves;  Scotland,  550  Beasts;  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  400; 
700  from  the  western,  and  4000  from  the  norttiern  and  midlaad' 
counties. 


Per  at.  of  Blbq.— fl 

d       B 

d 

B»st  Scots,  Here- 

fords,  6c.       ...  t 

Otol 

4 

Best  Short,  horns  3 

8  —  t 

0 

2d  quality  Feasts  3 

0  —  3 

•1 

Beat  Dowtts  and 

Half-breds      ...  i 

G  — 4 

R 

Do.  Shorn    0 

0  —  0 

0 

Per  St.  of  albs.— 9 

d      s 

i1 

Best  Long-wools .  4 

0  to  4 

4 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0  —  0 

(1 

Ewea  &2dqaaUtj  3 

2  —  3 

S 

Do.  Shorn 0 

0-0 

0 

Lanit.s     0 

0  —  0 

II 

Calves      3 

0  —  4 

?, 

PiR«         3 

0-4 

4 

d 

Per  St.  otSibs. — 9 

d       9 

Best  Looff-woolfl ,  4 

0to4 

4 

Do.  Shorn 

0 

Ewes*  2d  quality  3 

4  —  3 

4 

Do.  Shorn          ...  0 

0—0 

Lambs      0 

0  —  0 

8 

Calves      3 

0  —  4 

0 

Pis»          3 

0—4 

Beasts,  6271  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  20,570  ;  Calves,  2.'0;  Pigs,  319, 
FEID4V,  Dec.  17. 

We  have  a  good  supply  of  Beasts,  and  the  wflSther  beiog 
favourable,  a  fair  demand  ;  the  choicest  things  are  sold  quite 
as  well  as  on  Monday,  hue  trai^e  is  slo^v  for  other  qualities. 
The  number  of  Sheep  is  about  the  same  as  usual ;  those  o£ 
moderate  size  are  qu'ckly  sold,  at  fully  Monday's  prices  ;  but, 
big  ones  slowly,  at  no  quotable  alteratii)n.  The  supply  o; 
Calves  is  rather  beyond  the  demand,  and  although  some  of  tbt 
choicest  maintain  late  pricee,  they  cannot  be  realised  through, 
out.  From  Germany  and  Holland  there  are  30  Beasts,  331 
Sheep,  239  Calves,  and  310  Pigs;  from  Scotland,  90  Beasts 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  200;  13oO  from  the  northern  Aig 
midland,  and  119  Milch  Cows  from  the  home  counties. 

Per  St.  of  81b8. — s    d      s     ' 
B«Bt  Scots,  Eere- 

fords,  Ac.  ...  4  0  to  4 
Best  Short-horns  3  8  —  4 
2d  quality  Beasts  3_;  0  —  3 
Best  Downs   and 

Half-breda  ...  4  6—4 
Do.  Shorn  ...  o     0  —  0 

Beaffts,  2119  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs,  4390;  Calves,  3S9  ;  Pigs,  SloJ'l 

POTATOES.— SoDTHWaek,  Dec.  13, 

Since  our  last  report  our  market  has  been  barely  soppHtflll 

coastwise,  owing  to- contrary  winds.    Still  the  trade  is  heavj  I 

for  most  florts.  ' 

MAKK  LAWt;. 
MowDAT,  Dec.  13.— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Eeses  thb 
morning  was  small,  froii  Kent  mi>dera'e  :  the  former  was  dig- 
posed  of  at  an  advance  of  29,  and  Bs.  per  quarter  upon  iht 
prices  of  this  day  se'nuight,  but  much  of  the  latter  remainea 
unsold  at  a  la'e  hour.  Friday's  improvement  of  2s.  per  qr, 
was  firmly  insisted  upon  for  Foreign,  but  very  few  sales  wen 
effected.  For  two  cargoes  of  Mariauopoli  afloat  50s.  are  said 
to  have  been  obtained. — The  trade  for  Barley  is  alow,  a  fen 
satnples  brought  last  Monday's  prices,  but  secondary  qualitiei 
are  very  difficult  to  quit. — Beans  and  Peas  remain  as  lail 
quoted.— Oats  bring  an  advance  of  6d.  to  Is.  per  quarter,— Thi 
top  price  of  Flower  is  advanced  33.  per  sack,  and  barrels  U 
more  money. 

Pee  Imperial  Quautee.            is.     b. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk. ..White^U-Sfi  Red  40. 

—  —    fine  selected  runs...dittoJ45— 60  Red  16—. 

—  —    Talavera  lo4— 60 

—  Norfolk I     —      Red. 

—  Foreign 138—58 

Barley.grind.tfc  distil. ,25s to 28s. ..Ghev.'26— 34  Waltitig  .  27— 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  26 — 30  ilalbing  .  30^ 
OatB,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18—21 

—  Scotch  and  Lincolnshire. ..Potato  23 — 2,'>  Peed 17-^ 

—  Irish Potato  21—23  Feed 19- 

—  Foreign   ..Poland  and  Brew  19 — 22  Peed 16—1 

Rye     '29-32  Foreign, 

Rye-meal,  foreign '     — 

Beans,  Mazagan 31s  to  333 Tick:33— 35  Harrow  .  33 

—  Pigeon  343  — 37s...Winds.J39— 41  l.ongpod    30— 

—  Foreign Small  32— 37  Egyptian  32 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boil6r6l38— 41  Suffolk...  40— i 

—  Maple 32s  to  358 Qreyj30— 33  Foreign.  32- 

Maize     White     —      Tellow... 


Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack 

—  Suffolk ditto 

—  Foreign per  barrel 


N"orfolk  . 
Per  sack 


AaaivALs  IN  THE  Poet  op  Londoi*  last  Week. 


Flourl2882s1(S 
—    2770  brls 

English  

Irish 

Foreign  


Qrs. 
1751 


8910 


Barley. 


Qrs. 

2O0O 


700 


Qrs. 

16:'2 

14 


Oats. 


Qr... 

70 

10120 

.  41)18 


Qrs. 
410 


6664 


Fridat.— The  arrivals  of  Grain  and  Flour  of  all  kinds  hffi 
been  small  this  week.  To-day  Wheat  met  ratber  more  atta 
tion  from  the  town  millers  than  of  late,  and  there  was  al{ 
some  inquiry  on  speculation.  The  firmness  of  holders  re 
dered  purchases  difficult,  but  we  are  unable  to  enhance  oj 
quotations,  and  the  amount  of  bueiness  transacted  was  a 
large.  We  cannot  quote  any  alteration  in  the  value  of  Plot) 
Barley,  Beans,  and  Peas  remain  as  on  Monday.  Oats  8 
held  for  a  slight  advance,  which  rather  checks  sales, 

lUPeaiAL    AVESAQEB. 


Not.    e.. 

—  13.. 

—  20.. 

—  27.. 
Dec.  4.. 
Dec.  11.. 


Aggreg,  Aver. 


Wheat.  Bahley.  Oats    Rte.    Beans,    PBi 


s.  d. 

39  5 

39  11 

40  0 

40  5 

41  2 

42  1 


40     6 


IS     6     27  11 


s.    d. 

a  10 

n  b 

29  9 
i7     1 

30  U 
26  11 


85 
35 
35 


Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  Is.  per  qr. 
Fluctuations  in  the  last  Six  Weeks'  Aveeages. 


Fbices. 


42  Id 
41s  2 
40  5 
40  0 
39  II 
39     5  - 


Nov.  13.  Nov.  20.  Nov.  27    Dec.  4.   Deo, 


LivEHPooL,  Tuesday,  Dec.  14.  —  There  have  been  g* 
arrivals  of  Wheat  and  Flour  from  America  this  week, 
small  supplies  of  all  other  kinds  of  grain,  &c.  There  i 
only  a  slender  attendance  of  millers  and  dealers  at  our  Ct 
Exchange  this  morning.  A  moderate  business  was  done 
Wheat  and  Flour,  at  fully  Friday's  prices,  which  were  Id 
2d.  per  bushel,  and  9d.  to  Is.  per  barrel,  in  sales,  exship,  utt 
those  of  this  day  se'noight.  Altogether  a  betcer  tone  ] 
vailed  to-duy  than  at  the  close  of  the  week.  Oats,  Oatmi 
and  other  articles  of  the  trade,  were  dull  sale,  hut  unalte 

in  value. Fetdat,  Dec.  10.— The  arrivals  from  Ireland  t 

coastwise  since  Tuesday  have  been  small.  The  weather  is  ( 
wet  and  unfavourable  for  farming  opera'ions.  At  this  di 
market  there  was  only  a  small  attendance  of  town  1 
country  millers  and  dealers,  and  several  parcels  of  ne 
arrived  American  Wheat  and  Flour  buintj  pressed  for  s 
prices  of  such  were  in  some  cases  rarher  easier  ;  howfl'- 
stored  parcels  were  firmly  held  at  Tu>S'ij>'3  prices,  C 
met  with  a  good  demand  at  a  sliijht  impi  oveineiit.  Bar 
Beans,  and  Peas  were  unchanged  both  in  value  and  in 
mand.    Indian  Corn  was  not  &o  much  inquired  for. 


M 


51— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


815 


THE  NURSERY  and  the  SCHOOL— The  care  of 
iheliair  in  joung  ch.ildren  is,  by  inesperieDCeii  moihers 
and  nurses,  too  Utile  rc:;firded.  No  mistake  oao  be  more  in- 
jaiiou3  than  the  supposition  that  ne^iVeot  in  tWe  particuUir  can 
continue  wiib.  inipiinity.  The  seeds  of  strengh  or  weak^esa  are 
laid  in  the  Durstry  ;  aud  the  maj  iritj  of  ihe  fine  flowing 
ringlets,  or  bald  heads  of  af'er  yeacs,  are  tr-cealde  to  this 
«arly  period.  OLDItlDQE'S  BALM  OF  OOLUMBIX,  long 
celebrated  for  its  gonial  and  invigoraiinj  qualities  inpromotin? 
and  restoriog  tne  growth  of  the  hair,  13  pLculiarJy  S»wd  for 
afipUcation  during  the  ttndar  years  of  chilJhoO''.  ;  and  no 
nursery  or  school  o-berc  p^^rsonal  ndvantngcs  are  held  in  any 
estimation  should  be  ^iti.-i'U!;  it. — 33.  Qd  ,  6s,  and  lis.  per 
bottle;  no  other  price?.— Ask  inr  OL&RIDQK'S  BAL.U,  and 
nercr  be  persuade!  lo  u^e  any  otbsr  attie'e  as  a  snbsi'ute. — 
13,  Wellington -street  North,  seven  doors  u  jrih  of  jhe  Strand. 


LIST    OF    CHRISTMAS    PRESENTS- 

B:ELL.\MY  SAVORY,  Stationer  and  Dressing- 
case  Maker,  British  Papei  Waeehodse,  46,  Cornbill.— 
The  Ladies'  ZL  Rosewood  Dre-ising-case,  of  the  full  size,  and 
with  jewel  drawer  ;  =uperi  r  ditto,  ihj  "  Unique,"  4i.  ;  a  neat 
pattern,  with  spring  brash  drawers,  -ii  is.;  the  JlnlbBFry, 
richly  inlaid,  fil  G5.  ;  a  L'td>*3  Drcs-sing-case,  with  solid  silver 
fittings,  lOl.  IO5.  ;  other  p.itierns  in  great  variety,  from  25s. 
Many  elegant  Wri'.ing-.desks  for  Ladies,  in  ro»QWood  nnd  Coro- 
tnandel  wood;  Writing- desk 3  for  Youcha,  II3.  C<Z,  ;  a  Ladj's 
Writing-desk,  fitted  with  EilTe>opes,  30s. ;  Gentlemen's  solid 
mahogany  brass  covert  d  Pe^ks,  *-*ls. ;  a  capital  13-inch  brass 
bound  Writing-d^sk,  with  secret  drawers,  lotifj  drawer,  and. 
ilordan'g  lock,  U.  Zs. ;  tastot^jl  Work-boxes,  elegantly  inlaid 
Coromandel  wood  Crochet  and  Koitting-bos,  SJs. 

B.  Savobt  calls  attention  to  his  one  guinea  solid  mahogany 
•.iuiUum  in  pai'\:o  Dressing-case,  and  to  lus  Gentleman's  solid 
Spanish  mahogany  Dressing-cases,  *iih  the  carved  out  circular 
ends  and  raorSiced  particions,  with  J.  Rod^»ers' Razors  and  Pen- 
knives, coramencingatS?. ;  the  Tourists' Companion  or  Writing 
Dressing-case,  in  llua&ian  leather,  with  J.  Rodgera'  Razors  and 
Penknife,  41.  is.  A  Show  Hoom  is  devoted  to  a  large  assem- 
blage uf  Papier-roriche,  including  Inkstands,  Blottlng-cases, 
Allmms,  Tea  Caddies,  Card  Trays,  Souvenir  Tabltts,  Wnting- 
desks,   Work-boxes.   G'love,   Knitting,   and  Crochet-boxes ;   a 

4 leasing  Papier-oache  present  can  be  bought  from  9^.  to  21s. 
he  velvet  and  morocco  Cliuveh  Service},  with  gilt  rims  and 
clasps,  and  Polyglot  Bibles,  form  acceyta-ile  presents  ;  as  also 
^  the  Portemonnies,  in  velvef,  and  pearl  and  silver  ;  Souvenirs, 
and  the  Visiting  Reticules  fi'ted  for  Ladies'  work,  one  pat'ern, 
with  removable  interior,  at  JSa. ;  also  the  Laditis'  Housewives, 
the  Scotch  wood  articles,  and  Joseph  Rodijers  and  Sons'  Razors, 
Penknives,  Pen  M.^chines,  Scissors,  and  Dressintj-caaes. 
B.  SAVORY,  46,  Coenhill,  Lonoov. 


CHRISTMAS    PRESENTS    AND    NEW    YEAR'S    GIFTS. 

MESSRS.  FUTVOYE  and  CO.,  desire  to  call 
atitntion  to  their  extensive  stock  of  EDgli?b  and  Foreign 
P-BDcy  Goods  and  novel-iea  Kuitable  for  Presents,  comprising 
Dressing  and  Wriung  Cases,  Work-b^xes,  Jewellery  of  every 
■description,  Clocks,  Watches,  Bronzes,  Chiua,  G-lass,  Alab&ster, 
Papier  Mache,  Stationary,  and  thousands  of  articles  in  Bijou- 
terie and  Vertu. — Fdtvoie  and  Company,  154,  Regent-street; 
8,  11,  and  12,  Beak-street ;  and  34,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  ir'avis. 


CHRISTMAS  PRESENTS.— The  season  having 
arrived  wherein,  by  eicbange  of  presents,  we  confirm  the 
Stability  of  frietidabip,  all  classes  of  the  community  who  would 
"Sncoeiflfully  cuitivate  regard  by  acceptable  <^fferings,  will  avail 
theiaaelves  of 

RC^LANDS' TOILET  REQUISITES, 
each  of  infallible  attributes, 
R0WL.AND3'  MACAS5AR  OIL  is  highly  and  uQiversally 
-appreciated,  for    creaiing    and    sustaining  luxuriant    silken 
tresses. 

ROWLANDS'   KALYDOR;    a    preparation  of  unparalleled 

efflcacv  in  improving  and  beautifying  tbe  Skin  and  Complexion, 

JSOWLAXDS'  OUONTO,  or  Peirl  Dentifrice,  invaluable  for 

its  beautifjing  and  preservative  effects  on  the  Teeth  and  Gums. 

And 

ROWLANDS'  AQUA  D'ORO  ;  a  fragrant  and  spirituous 
Perfume,  an  e9=eiitial  occompanimcnt  to  places  of  public 
ammement  and  crow-Jed  assemblirs. 

BeWABE  CF   SpOEI'jOS   IlHTATIOKS. 
The  only  Genuine  uf  each  bears  the  name  of '"ROWLANDS'" 
preceding  that  of  the  Article  on  the  Wrapper  or  Label. 

Sold  by  A.  Rowland  and  So.va,  20,  Hatton  Garden,  London, 
-and  by  Chemists  ^nd  Perfumers. 


1"'HE  ROYAL  EXHIBITION.— A  valuable  newly- 
■  Invented,  very  email,  powerfal,  waistcoat-pocket  Glass, 
A9tize  of  a  Walnut,  to  d'scern  minute  objects  at  a  distance  of 
4  to  5  miles,  which  19  found  to  he  invaluable  for  YACHTING, 
and  to  SPORTSMEN,  Gt;NTLEMEN,  and  GAMEiCEEPKIlS. 

TELESCOPES.— Anew  and  moot  impurtaot  INVENTION 
In  TELE>C0PE3,  p:j38e3»iQg  such  extrjiordinary  powers  that 
some — 3^  inches,  with  an  txtra  eye-piece — will  show  distinctly 
Jupiter's  Moon,  Saturn's  Ring,  and  the  Doable  Stars.  They 
•upersede  every  other  kind,  and  are  of  all  sizes — f'jr  the  waist- 
coat-pocket. Shooting,  Military  purposes,  &c.  Opera  and 
Raoe-courNe  Glasses  with  wonderful  powers  ;  a  minute  object 
can  be  ctectrly  seen  from  10  lo  1'2  miles  distant, — Invaluable 
AcontUc  loatrumen'B  (or  rcii-.f  of  extreme  D-ufnesa. 

Mesibs.  S.  and  B.  SOLOMONS,  Opticians  and  Adbists, 
9,  Albemarle-«tree'',  opoosite  the  York  Hotel.  London. 


MOST  IMPORTANT  DISCOVERY.— Beautiful 
TEETH,  ai.d  no  more  Toothache.  Under  the  Imrof^dia'e 
patronaije  of  ibe  Co'ir»,  the  Marquis  of  Ileadfort,  the  Clergy, 
<7apt4ilai  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  Pliysicinnc,  Sargeo^i  D'-n- 
tLit^.  &c.  See  TesiimoniaU  with  tbe  Compound.  OKARAMS 
LIQUID  BOTANICAL  DENTIFRICE,  for  preserving  and 
b*aatifyiat(  (be  Tcoih  ;  it  provoats  too'.hache  and  purines  the 
breath.  It  U  bigt'ly  recommended  to  all  who  htivo  arilHclal 
and  defective  teeth.  Piej.ared  and  sold  by  Jamri  GnAOAM, 
Boonor.  and  his  Agent,  Mr,  S-inger,  160,  Oxford-ttreft,  Londnn  ; 
and  all  cbeiuhttn  and  perfufntr't.  Price  1*.  I, J'^.  per  bottle, — 
N.B.  Il  is  alio  highly  recoinincn'led  after  smoking,  for  |>uri- 
fjlriij  the  breath,  and  is  mo<t  relr«;«hi[ig  to  the  mouth  on  a  sea 
Toya;!e,  and  M  T«rj  much  uied.  Every  family  should  use  thU 
cotnpounA.    Beware  of  «parloa«  Imttatlon*. 


MKTCALFE  AKD  Co.'8  NEW  PATTERN  TOOTH- 
BKL'.-iH  and  HMYRMA  SPONGES.— The  Tooth-HruHh 
bat  the  Important  ndvantniff]  of  searching  thoroughly  Into  tliv 
nrUtoDt  of  the  t«e*^h,  nnrl  cleaning  thrjm  In  the  most  ftxtrn. 
srdlDiry  manner,  Rnd  In  fnmoas  for  tbo  hulrs  not  coming 
oos«.— li.  An  Irnprovfc'l  Clothos-Brush,  that  cleans  In  u  third 
,rt  of  the  a<ual  time,  and  Incapable  of  Injurlni;  the  finest nup, 
noiratloK  (lalr-Krufth*:s,  with  the  durable  unhlnitchfd  itun- 
brl«tlna,  which  'lo  not  soften  like  common  hair.  Pltnih. 
_  ibesof  l>n[*roTbd,i(radijated,and  powcrfuKrlctfon,  Voivot- 
Sroshet,  which  act  In  th*)  most  lurprlsloff  and  muccossIij) 
naoner.  Trie  genuine  Hinyma  Sponge,  with  Its  pro^erved 
alaabU  pro(i«rtte«  of  .thsorptlon,  vitality,  nod  durahlhty,  Uj 
uaas  or  direct  trnportjtlons,  didponslnv  with  all  Inturmtidiate 
■artiM'  ;»r<»llM  aud  d«!str>iRtlve  bleachlnft,  and  socurinK  thv 
*aary  ot  m  gtiuxim  rim/r-ia- Hp  >r>](e,  Only  at  MsTrALrc, 
fmuLtr,  i«Bil  C«*.'*  ntl»  Kutiblishmeot,  IV)h,  {fxfotiUnt  at.. 
-u6ontfii»m  Molte%-*tr<'i:^  (vfiu«lno. 

ttfCiCALPK'^  ALKAI.ISft  TOOTir  POWDBR.  ?r  per  hot, 
UAtTTioit.  —  fieware  «I  :he  wof4*  "From  MtroALfc's," 
lopted  bj  fome  houses. 


BLANKETS    FOR    CHARITY. 

HEAL  AND  SON  beg  to  offer  Blankets,  for  the  pur- 
poies  of  Charity,  of  tJhe  following  weiglita,  aiaes,  arid 
prices  : — 

1^  yard  by  2  yards,  weight  J!j  Iba. 4«.  9d. 

H       „       H    .       „  5   , Gs.r>d. 

2  „         2i  „  6i         Ss.Sd. 

ITeal  and  Son's  List  of  Bedding,  containing  full  pai"icularfl 
of  weii,'h'3,  sizep,  nnd  prices  of  every  deacripthun  of  Bedd'ng 
sent  free  by  post  on  application  to  fbeir  Factory,  19  J  (opposite 
the  Chfipeli,  Tottenhim  Court  Rond,  London. 

«  [.(""KiGI  DOMO."— A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
J-  .  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perf*;ct  non-condoctor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  HorticuUarat  and  Floricultnral  puiposes  ?or 
Covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperabane  is  required. 
It  is  2^  3  ards  wklo,  and  of  any  require;!  lengbh,  at  Is.  id.  per 
yard  run. — Manufactured  only  by  13.  T.  Aechee,  Carpet  ManQ- 
faoturer,  451,  New  Oxford-street,  London. 

ATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  wowld  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
struct their  walks  of  POPi-TLAND  CEMENT  CONGRETLi;, 
which  are  formed  thui :— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  at  present  made  from  the  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  sharp  river  sand.  To 
five  parts  of  such  equal  mixture  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  the  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
the  water.  It  imy  then  be  laid  on  2  inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  cm  mix  and  spread  it.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  spade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  uprm  it,  and  it  resists  tbe 
action  of  the  severest  frost.  It  is  necessary,  as  water  does  not 
soak  through  it,  to  give  a  fall  from  the  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  sides. — Manufa-cturers  of  the  Cement,  J,  B,  White 
and  SoMS,  Mill  bank-street,  Westminster. 

r  AMPS   OF    ALL  SORTS  AND   PATTERNS.— 

J— ^  The  largest,  as  well  as  the  choicest  assortment  in  exist- 
ence of  PALMIR'S  MAGNUM  and  other  L\MP3— CAM- 
FHINE,  AKGAND,  SOLAR,  and  MODERaTKUR  LAMPS, 
with  all  the  latest  improrements,  and  of  tbe  newest  and  most 
recherche  patterns,  in  ormolu,  Eohomian,  and  plain  glass, 
or  pap'er  mache,— is  at  W.  S.  BURTON'S,  and  they  are 
arranged  in  one  larjjeroom,  f.o  that  the  patterns,  sizes,  and 
sorts   can  be  instantly  selected. 

PALMER'S  CANDLES,  7.W.  per  lb.  Palmer's  Patent  Candles, 
all  roarktd  "  Palmer." 

Single  or  double  wicka  74(2.  per  lb. 

Mid.  size,  three  wicks  ...  8^.     do. 

ilagnum*,  three  or  four  wicka  dd.  do. 

EnglisJh's  Patent  Campbine,  in  sea'ed  cans,  is.  9d.  per  gallon. 
Best  Colza  French  Oil,  4s.  per  gallon. 

THE  BEST  SHOW  OF  IRON  BEDSTEADS 

in  the  Kingdom  is  WILLIAM  S.  BURTOJJ'S.  Ho  has  added 
to  his  Show-rooms  TWO  VERY  LARGE  ONES,  whioh  are 
devoted  to  the  l^SCLUSIVE  SHOW  of  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
steads and  Children's  Cots  (with  appiopriata  B-sddiai;  and 
Mattredses).  Many  of  these  are  quite  new,  and  .all  are  marked 
in  plain  figures,  at  prices  proportionate  with  those  that  have 
tended  to  make  his  establishment  ihe  most  disiingni-hed  in 
this  country.  Common  Iron  Be  Is^eads,  15s.  dd. ;  Portable 
Folding  Bfdsteads,  13s.  CJ. ;  Patent  Iron  Bedstead-,  fitted  with 
dovetnil  joints  and  patent  sacking,  from  19s.  9d.  ;  a-nd  Cots, 
from  2Is.  each.  Handsome  ornamental  Iron  and  Brass  Bed- 
steads, in  great  variety,  from  H.  15s.  to  31^ 

THE  PERFECT  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  SILVER.— 

The  HEAL  NICKEL  SILVER  introduced  20  years  ago  by 
WILLIAMS.  BUR  TON,  when  plated  by  the  patent  process  of 
Messrs.  Eikingtun  and  Co.,  is  beyond  all  comparison  the  very 
best  article  nest  to  sterling  silver  that  can  be  employed  as  such, 
either  usefully  or  ornatiiencally,  as  by  no  possible  test  can  it  be 
distinguished  from  real  silver.  Threaded  or 

Fiddle       Brunswick         King's 
Pattern.        Pattern.        Pattern. 

Tea  Spoon?,  per  dozen 18s.      ...      23s.      ...      36a, 

Dessert  Forks       '„        3Us.       ...      42s.       ...       533. 

Dessert  Spoona      ,,        30s.       ...       4:2s.       ...       62s. 

Table  Eoikti  „        40s.       ...       53s.       ...       TOs. 

Tablespoons  „        4i)s.       ...       55s.       ,,.       75s. 

Tea  and  coffee  set^,  waiters,  candlesticks,  &c.,   at  propor- 
tionate prices.  All  kinds  of  re-plating  done  by  tbe  patent  process. 
CHEMICALLY  PURE  NICKEL,  NOT  PLATED. 

Fiddle.      Thread.      King's 
Table  Spoons  and  Forks,  full  size, 

per  dozen    12s,      ...      28s,      ...      303. 

Dessert  ditto  and  ditto  10s,      ...     -Sis.      ...      253. 

Tea  ditto    5s.      ...      lis.      ...      l'2s. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  hag  TEN  LARGE  SHOWROOMS 
{all  communicarinc),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  vo 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRO.^MONGERY 
{including  cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plated,  and  japanned  wares, 
iron  aad  brass  bed-.tead3),  so  arranged  and  classified  that 
purchasers  may  easily  aad  at  once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogues,  with  engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The  money 
returoL-d  tor  every  article  not  approved  of. 

39,  OXFORD-STREET  (cornar  of  Newman-ntroet) ;  Nos.  1 
and -2.  NE  WM\N-STRBBT  ;  audi  and  5,  PERRY'S-PL  AC  E. 

BURGLARY  PREVENTED  FOR  HALF-A- 
CROWN.— BIDDELL'S  THIEF  DETECTORS,  having 
prevented  several  during  attempts  at  robbery,  are  highly  recom- 
mended by  the  magiatrates.  They  give  a  regulated  alarm, 
and  tbe  dyor  or  winrfow  still  secure  tn  entrance.  No  one  who 
values  life  and  property  should  be  without  them.  The  size  of 
a  mouse  wi;h  the  ntrength  of  an  e'ephant.  To  judj^e  of  their 
merits  nee  their  effeC  — Price  Is.  Gd.,  2j.,  and  3s.  each;  and 
box  alarums  GU.  To  be  h:id  of  all  Ironmongers,  &c.,  throufibout 
the  kingdom  ;  nnd  of  the  Pa'entees,  Zi,  Great  Surlon-street, 
Cl(rrUeowL-ll,  Fire-iron  and  Figure  Casters,  and  general 
Founders  and  Miuiut.icfurers  in  all  Metnlw. 

A  CERTAIN    REMEDY    FOR    INFLUENZA,    COUGHS, 

COLDS,    AND    ASTHMA. 

OPENCER^S     PULMONIC     ELIXIR.  — For     the 

*^  nursery  it  U  [nvaluaOle,  as  it  Is  as  agreeable  to  the  palate 
ai  It  fft  useful  In  all  cawus  of  hooi)lng-cough,  chin-cough,  or 
common  coughs  arltlng  from  coMh,  tcoihing,  &o.  To  invalids, 
whose  ailtnontfl  are  increaied  by  frosty  and  fofigy  woat  er,  it 
Is  n  never.ralling  soiircn  of  comfort  nnd  ease  from  BulF-irlng, 
enabling  them  to  breaiho  wlih  freedom  during  the  keenest 
fr'ist  and  thiokoit  foi<  ;  in  fine,  it  possesses  every  prop«,rty 
which  can  bo  ben'iUcIfil  In  caben  of  Coughs,  Coldf,  Asthma, 
and  all  coinplnints  of  the  Chost  and  Lungs.  It  is  of  the 
gna'ctt  Importance  In  omjjlalntsof  the  cheat  to  attend  strictly 
to  the  aitito  of  fho  bowcN  ;  tlioroforo,  should  they  ho  ot)Htlve, 
tho  pmlimt  shoulrl  use  a  gcntio  uperlen'.  "PARR'S  LIFE 
PILLS"  aro,  friin  ilieir  mild  operation,  pticullarly  adapted  lo 
aid  th.)  ElUIr  In  n/Fi-ciing  n  euro. 

iMPoitTANT  Caution.  NoTioe.— PrrBons  doelrous  of  testing 
the  tni'Tticy  of  this  mwdiefno  inutit  obHi-rvo  that  on  each  bottle 
ar«  f)i«  word-.  ".SPKNCKlt'.S  PULMONIC  ELIXIR,"  and  that 
cHch  wr..|ipor  has  a  fuc-tlinllo  of  the  Proprietor's  Hlgnu'uro, 
r.  fiofterti  ie  Co. 

PrepartHl  only  by  T.  RohDrts  and  Co.,  Crnno  court,  Flflet- 
Btr.e-,  I-'indon  ;  nn>l  nold  by  E.  Edwordi,  (,7,  St.  Piuit'ii  G'lmnrh- 
Turd  ;  Hdrcl'iy  and  Hons,  Farrlni^don.nfniet ;  Huttoii  and  Co.. 
Bow  Churchyard  ;  Haniror  and  Co.,  Oxford. Mrvet,  London  ;  nnil 
by  nil  rcflpcotahle  Mc.llclno  Vendors  la  the  Kingdom.  In 
bottles,  at  Is,  \\d.  and  'I9,  0(/.  ouch. 


COCHIN  CHmA-  FOWLS. 
\/rR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his 
i"  *-  Great  Rooai,  38,  Kin;^-8treet,  Coven t-garden  on 
TUESDAY.  December  21,  at  11  for  12  preciselv,  a  firstrate 
selection  of  BIRDS,  bred  from  the  celtbrattd  strains  of 
Andiews.  Stegpall.  S  ur;reon,  and  Moody,  many  of  which  are 
pure  buff,  and  gJt  by  cooks  of  Andrews'  strain  ;  tbty  are  par- 
t'cularly  desorving  ihe  attention  of  amateurs,  b?io_'  a  portion 
of  the  stock  of  a  very  ceiebra-cd  breeder  in  Dorsetehlre.— 
Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt  of  a  s-amped  directed 
onveloie,  eoclcs^d  to  Mr.  J.  0.  Stivvens,  38,  King-street, 
Covent-gardfia. 

TO     NURSE  R  yIvTeTI 
^l/'ANTED,  a  quantity  of  Common. HOLLY,  3  feet 

*  V  high.  — Apply,  stating  price  per  100  or  IfJUO  (delivered  at 
a  rairlway  siaiion  in  Loiidon),  by  Icttsr  stamped,  to  Mr. 
M/iCLune,  Nurservraan,  Erith,  lven^ 


qOLID  INVESTMENT  (suitable  for  Trust  Money), 

0  in  a  compact  FREE  HOLD  PKOPERTY  at  GKEBN  WlCH, 
consisting  of  manufacturing  Prerai-es  and  Baildini;3,  with 
Dwelling-houie  on  the  same,  on  which  a  euecees-ful  Business  has 
been  carried  on  for  more  than  a  cen',ury,  and  is  now  in  full 
vigour,  with  the  very  best  prospects  of  long  continued  prosperity 
(a  Poti.ery).  The  low  Rental  of  54i.  is  paid  quarterly,  with 
the  regularity  of  Bank  dividends.  This  proper.y  entails  no 
charge  whatever  on  the  Propiietur,  the  Ttnant  being  bound  in 
his  Lea.-:e  to  efi'ect  all  repaire  whatsoever,  and  to  loaure  all  the 
Buildings.  It  has  been  for  46  years  ia  the  family  of  the 
Advertiser,  without  a  sixpence  of  expence  being  called  for. 
Price  13501.— Apply  to  A.  Z  ,  42,  Leadenhall-slreet,  London, 

TO  BE  LET,  near  Forest  Hill  Station,  TWO 
ACRES  OF  LAND,  suitable  for  a  Market  Garden.  The 
toil  is  a  good  strong  loam,  and  has  been  trenched  twice  two 
spades  deep.  Also  Two  Acres  of  Meadow  Land,  adjoining, 
with  a  good  supply  of  water. — To  view,  apply  to  William  Bte, 
Catford  Ilill,  Lcwisham  ;  and  the  terms  may  be  known  by 
writing  {post  paid)  to  Joseph  SaiLBLCK,  Esq.,  Upp^r  Thames- 
street,  London. 

EDMONTON. 

TO  BE  LET,  by  Mr.  Whtbro,  a  MARKET 
GARDEN,  NURSERY,  and  OROUaRD,  consisting  of  a 
detached  family  House,  containing  ei^ht  rooais,  Out  Offices, 
Stable,  Chaise  Hon-e,  and  large  Shed,  wiih  about  Six  Acres  of 
productive  ground.  It  is  parted  with  in  consequence  of  a  death. 
May  be  3«en  on  application  to  Mr.  Humpheets,  Lower 
Edmonton ;  or  Mr,  Whybeo,  Farming  Valuer,  Tottenham 
Green,  Loudon. 

pUTLERY    WARRANTED. —The  most    varied 

vy  assortment  of  TABLE  CUTLERY  in  tbe  world,  all  war- 
rantod,  is  on  SALE  at  WILLIAM  S.  BURTON'S,  at  priofiS 
that  aro  remunerative  only  because  of  the  largeness  of  the 
sales.  3^  inch  ivory-handled  table  knivea,  with  high  shoulders, 
103.  per  dozen  ;  dessert-^,  to  match,  9s.  ;  if  to  balance,  I3  per 
dozen  estra  ;  carvers,  3s.  Gd.  per  pair;  larger  sizes,  in  propor- 
linn  to  25s.  per  dozen;  if  extra  fine,  with  silver  ferrules, 
from  3Gs.  ;  white  bone  table  knives,  6s.  per  dozen  -,  desserts,  4s.; 
carvers,  2s.  per  pair;  black  horn  table  knives,  7s.  \d.  per  doz.; 
de?serts,  Gs. ;  carvers,  2s.  Gti.  ;  Mack  wood-handled  table 
knives  and  forks,  63.  per  t'ozen  ;  table  steels,  from  Is.  each. 
The  largest  stock  of  plated  dassert  knives  and  forks,  in  cases 
and  otherwise,  and  of  the  new  plated  fieh-carvers  in  eKistence, 
AIbo  a  large  a^sortm^nt  of  RAZORS,  PENKNIVES, 
SCISSORS,  &c.,  of  The  best  quality. 

DISH  COVERS  AND  HOT-WATER  DISHES 
in  every  material,  in  great  variety,  and  of  the  newest  and 
most  recherche  pat'erng.  Tin  Dish  Covers,  6s.  the  set  of  eix  ; 
Block  Tin,  II3.  (id.  to  25s.  the  set  of  ais  ;  elegant  modern 
patterns,  30s.  to  53s.  the  set ;  Britannia  Metal,  wicn  or  without 
silver-plated  handler,  6Ss.  to  102s.  ihe  set ;  Sheffield  plated,  10?. 
to  16J.  10s.  the  set;  Block  Tin  Hot-water  Dishes,  with  wells 
for  gravy,  lis,  to  25s  ;  Britannia  iletai,  32s.  to  63s. ;  Sheffield 
plattd,  full  size,  U.  10s, 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW-ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  sliop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  IRONMONGERY  (in- 
cluding cutlery,  nickel  silver,  plated  and  j  spanned  wares),  so 
arranged  and  classified  that  purchasers  may  easily  and  at 
once  make  their  selections. 

Catalogue",  with  engravings,  sent  (per  post)  free.  The 
money  returned  for  every  article  not  approved  of, 

39,  OXFORD-STREB  C  (corner  of  Newman-street)  ;  Nofl.  1 
and  2,  NE  WMAN-STREE  T  ;  and  4  and  5,  PERKY'S-PLACE 

nPHE  MOST  APPROVED  STOVES.— The  demand 

i  for  the  CHUNK  and  VESTA  STOVES  (separately  ' 
patented)  still  continuiLg  unabated,  and  iiumt^ers  having  been 
sold  liiet  season  (in  all  upwards  of  14,500)  through  the  patron- 
age of  i'amilics  who  have  had  experience  of  their  pre-eminently 
useful  qualities,  WK-LIAM  S.  BURTON  has  renewed  confi- 
dence in  recommending  them  for  their  cleanliness,  economy, 
and  safety.  During  the  last  12  years  they  have  been  found 
sources  of  great  comfort  in  the  bed-room  of  the  invalid,  afford- 
ing a  uniform  temperature  throughout  tbo  day  and  night, 
with  one  supply  ot  lucl,  without  attention.  Partioulars  seat 
postage  free.  Chunk,  30s.  to  50s.  ;  Vesta,  from  25s.  ;  Stoves 
(or  warehouses,  Ac,  from  10s.  each.  Joyce's  Patent  Fuel, 
4s.  Gd.  per  sealed  bag. 

WILLIAM  S.  BURTON  has  TEN  LARGE  SHOW  ROOMS 
(all  communicating),  exclusive  of  the  shop,  devoted  solely  to 
the  show  of  GENERAL  FURNISHING  lUONMONQERY 
(including  Cutlery,  Nicltel  Silver,  Plated,  and  Japanned  War6B, 
Iron  and  Brass  Bedsteads),  so  arranged  and  claHsitied  libllt 
purchasers  may  easily  and  at  once  make  their  sdectlona. 

Catalogues,  with  EngravingR,  sont  (per  post)  free.  Tho 
money  returned  for  every  ar'ticlo  not  approved  of. 

39,    OXFORD    STREET  (corner  of  Ncwmnn-street)  ;    N08. 

1  and  2,NEWMAN.STREBT  ;  aud  4  and  5,  PBRRY'S-PLAOE. 

'-rHE     RIIEOCLINE,     OR     SPRING     COUOI^ 

-L  portable  without  detauhiog  any  of  its  parts,  softer  than 
Q  Fcaihor  Bed,  and  which  can  he  changed  in  One  Moment  from 
a  Couch  to  either  a  Bed  or  Sofa,  may  bo  seen  at 

OOTTAM  AND  riALLEN'S,  7G,  OXFORD.STRRET, 

whoro  also  Is  on  view  a  great  variety  of  METALLIC  BED- 
STEADS,  nttcil  wlih  and  without  tho  patent  RHEOOHNE, 
t&c.  ifcc,  together  with  a  largo  assortment  of  tho  patent 
Radiniinif  and  other  STOVES,  and  uvcry  other  description  of 
IRONMONGERY, 


riMIE  WET  AND  WARM  WEATHER.— BERDOE'S 

-L  Ventilaling  W.itorproof  Light  Ovor-Coats  arc  tho  boat, 
nntt  perfectly  uinihjfoiinni  b'o  jiroti-ctlnn,  (is  ihey  cJVeotually 
ro'.lst  any  amount  of  rain  wruiniT  confining  pernpiiiation, 
the  fatal  objictlon  to  utl  oih<ir  WAturproofH  — as  tuo  mitiiy  havu 
lourid  to  their  ens'",  all  air-tight  inaterliilrf  bidng  utiorly  unfit, 
iiiid  rliinKeroiin  for  clothing.  ThcHO  giirmeiitH  are  thoroughly 
r^^Bpoctiiblo,  and  iidirptod  for  genoral  ute  at  all  tiiniis,  rqnully 
us  for  iirtiNy  wcinher.  Prlou  40s.  Waterproof  Over-Ooats, 
(]iipuH,  &o  ,  <  f  cvory  deHcriptlru),  ono  of  tho  lurgent  stocks  In 
Loudon  for  s.  I.  otloii.— W,  UERUOU,  'JlJ,  NliW  BoND-flTUEET, 
and  09,  Coat  hill  (-nly). 


816 


THE     GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE    AND    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE.        [Dsc.  18. 


PUNCH'S    ALMAMACK    FOR    1S5S 

WILL    BE    PUBLISHED    ON    THE    23rd  INSTANT. 

Price  3d. ;  or  Stamped  id. 
Office,  85,  Fleet  Street,  and  sold  by  all  Booksellers  and  Newsmen. 


Tliis  day  is  published,  price  Tlireepence  ;  Stamped,  Fourpence, 

A    ROUND    OF    STORIES 

BY    THE    CHRISTMAS    FIRE. 

BEING  THE  EXTRA  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  OF  "HOUSEHOLD  WORDS." 

Conducted  by  CHARLES  DICKENS. 

"     And  containing  the  amount  of  one  regular  Number  and  a  half. 


The  Poott  Relation's  Story. 
The  Child's  Story. 
Somebody's  Story. 
The  Old  Nurse's  Story. 


The  Host's  Story. 

The  Grandfaihek's  Story. 

The  Charwoman's  Story. 


The  Deaf  Playmate's  Story. 
The  Guest's  Story. 
The  Mother's  Story. 


fflce,  16,  Wellim/ion.  Street  North,  Strand. 


.  Now  ready,  small  4to,JiandsoinebjbQUnd  in  cloth,  21.  2s. ;  morocco,  21.  12s.  6d., 

POETRY    OF    THE    YEAR. 

PASSAGES    FROM    THE    POETS,    DESCRIPTIVE    OF    THE    SEA&O^Sv 
WITH   TWENTY-TWO   COLOURED   ILLUSTRATIONS 

FROM  DRAWINGS  BY  THE  FOLLOWING  ARTISTS:— 

Harrison  Weir 
R.  R. 
E.  V.  R. 


— -T.-Gbeswick,  R.A. 

C.  Davidson    ■ 
"W.Lee 

*  J.  MULLER 


E.  Duncan 

BiRKET  Foster 

D.  Cox 

H.  Le  Jeunb 


W.  Hemslet 
C.  Branwhite 
J.  Wolf 
C.  Weigall 


Lucette  E.  Barker. 


"Christmas  ha8  seldom  produced  a  cift-book  more  creditable 

.' to  all  concerned  in  it  tban  this  beautiful  volume.    The  poetry 

i3,well  ohopen;  the  passages  being  for  the  moat  part  bits  ot 

'real  description,  excellent,  in  their  kind,  from   the  writings  ot 

our  poets,  fn'm  tbe  time  of  Lord  Surrey  to  that  of  Tennyson, 

■with  two  or  three  beautiful  bits  from  American  autbors.     Now 

and  then  a  poem  is  inserted    which,  if  not  di-'scriptive,  is  in 

spirit   and  feeling  akin  to  tlie  season  to  which  it  ia  referred; 

,  and  this  gives  variety  to  what  niij^bt  o'.heiwise  be  too  great  a 

,  mass  uf  description.    As  a  book  of  extract  merely,  it  would  be 

an  inlelligeiit  and  creditable  selection,  made  upon  a  distinct 

aad  I  coherent   plan,    iJut    the   drawings    of  Messrs.  Foster, 


Davidson,  Weir,  Cr^swick,  Cox,  Duncan,  and  Branwhite,  are 
a  great  addirion  to  the  volume;  and  the  coloured  enj;ravmg3 
liave  bern  h-^ppy  in  catching  the  spirit  and  character  of  ihe 
artists  themselves.  •  *  *  Though  on  a  emiU  scale,  the  feeling  of 
some  of  the  designs  is  admirable,  especially  those  devoted  to 
the  illustraiion  of  spring  and  summer— the  seasons  which, 
both  in  poetry  and  in  painting,  have  the  greatest  amount  of 
honour  in  this  volume.  The  publisher  is  entitled  to  the 
praise  of  great  caro  -'ind  attention  to  the  appearance  of  the 
book;  the  colour  and  texture  of  the  paper,  the  type,  and 
the  binding  are  unexceptionable.  It  is  a  book  to  do  credit 
to  any  publisher."— ff  ward  tan. 


GEORGE  BELL,  186,  FLEET  STREET,  LONDON, 


Just  published,  price  2s,  Gd., 

FOLIA  ORCHIDACEA.— An   Enumeration   of  the 
known  species  of  Orchids.    By  Professor  Lindlet. 
Part  L,  containing  : — 
Stanhopea 8  pages    ZTGoSTATEa 2  pages 

CoaiANTUES 4    .„  ODoNT^'GLOSSUa        ...  '-^4     n 

loNOPSlS  4     „  DlDACTTLE      4      „ 

QrfEKETTIA 2      ,, 

The  Second  Part  will  appear  shortly  after  Christmas. 
J.  Matthews,  5,  Upper  Wellington. street,  Covent  Garden. 

.     A    NEW    CHRISTMAS    BOOK. 

With  Twenty-four  Illustrations  by  Geobge  CruiebhANK, 
price  8s., 

TA'LPA ;    or  the    Chronicles    op  a   Clay   Farm. 
Bj  c  w.  H. 
Reeve  and  Co.,  5,  Henrietta-street,  Covent  Garden. 


On  the  1st  of  January  ivill  he  puhlifhed.  'pnae  Sixpence,  to  bs 

continued  W^eeklt/, 

THE  FIltST    NUMBER    OF 

THE  FIELD  ;  or,  Country  Gentleman's  News- 
PAPEB.  Wivh  occasional  Illustrations  ;  devoted  especially  to 
HUNTU:G,  SHOOTING,  YACHTING, 

RACING,  COURSING,  CRICKETING, 

FISHING,  ARClIEllY,  FARMING, 

-'  GARDENING,  &  POULTIIT-KE  BPING  ; 
Agricultural  and  Healib-giving  pursuits  generally.  With  a 
CoMPBEHENsiVE  SoMMARY  OF  THE  Week's  News  :  Law  and 
Police  Reports,  Lisis  of  Markets,  Theatricals,  Fashionable 
Intelligence,  Reviews  of  Books,  Veterinary  Intormation, 
Ac.  &c. 

The  Paper  may  be  obtained  direct  from  the  Publisher,  or 
through  all  respectable  News  Agent*  throughout  the  kingdom. 

P0BLISHING    OfEICE,  .i,  BRTDDF.S    StREET,    CoVENT    GaBDEN, 

where  Advertisements  and  Communications  to  tbe  Editor  can 
be  addressed. 

'COWERBY'S    ENGLISH    B  0  T  A  N  X- 

k^  FIRST  EDITION.  ROYAL  OCTAVO.  ■      ,^ 

The  few  rtmaiuinu-  Copies  of  this  Work,  forming  3G  Volume?, 
and  containing  :i592  Plates  lull  coloured,  to  be  soM,  in 
Numbers,  at  251.  per  Copy  ;  originally  published  at  551.  A 
portion  of  the  Platea  will  be  new.  This  Edition  will  not  be 
reprinted; 

Also, 
The  SECOND  EDITION  of  the  above,  in  12  Vols., 

cloth  boards,  containing  upwards  of  2750  Plates,  partly 
coloured,  and  comprising  nearly  3  Volumes  of  the  Supplement 
to  the  First  Edition,  price  '271.  7s.  The  Flowering  Plants, 
forming  Volumes  I.  lo  VII ,  price  lil.  7s.,  may  be  had 
•  separately. 

John  E.  Sowerby,  3,  Mead-place,  Lambeth,  London. 

Ou  tie  lat  of  January  will  be  ready,  and  to   be  had  of  all 
Booksellers,  Nurstiymen,  Florists,  and  Seedsmen,  price  Is. 

THE  NATIONAL  GARDEN  ALMANACK  ; 
AND  TRADE  DIRliiCTOliY  FOR  1853, 
Bj  J.'HN  Edwards,  F.  M.S. 
In  the  portion  apprupriattd  to  the  D  rectory  will  be  found 
an  amount  of  carefully  compiled  and  authenticated  informa- 
tion never  befoie  aitaintd,  it  having  been  the  Author's  deter- 
mination to  spare  ueitbtr  time  nor  expense  to  m:ike  the 
Directory  wrtliy  its  name  — National ;  to  this  end,  added  to  lils 
own  perponal  l.uovvL  dge,  special  engagements  have  beoo 
^'I^^''*d  into  with  parties  resident  in  every  county  ia  England, 
wberehy  the  T.ade  List  is  double  that  of  any  previous  similar 
attempt,  aud  fur  an  upproximation  to  accuracy  at  once  defies 
conipetiuoD.  Every  city,  town,  village,  and  hamlet  of  the 
united  Ki.tgd.im  has  received  marked  and  particular  revision 
on^  an  entuely  new   sjstem,  at   once   distinct   and    easy   of 

Chapman  and  Hall,  193,  Piccodilly,  London. 


HARRISON'S  GARDENERS,  FLORISTS,  AND 
^■A1CRALI3TS'  ALMANArK  FOR  1353.  i*ubUshed 
by  Messi;fli  Whittakee  and  Co.,  Ave  Maria-lane,  London,  and 
may  be'had  of  any  Bookseller.  Price  Is. ;  Of,  poet  free,  Is.  3d. 
in  stamps.  It  c^m'aias  1)8  tinges,  with  a  beautifully  coloured 
large  folding  Plate  of  the  VicroaiA  eeqia  (Royal  Water  Lily) 
in  its  various  stages  of  bloom. 

Contents: — Eclipses,  Festivals,  Terms,  (fee— Calendar, with 
Astronomical  Occurrences,  Aetro-meteorologic^l,^  Predictioua, 
itc, — Notices  ol  Animated  NatijVe-'and"'Wf  Plants  in  Flower  in 
ihe.cpfen  AiF^  Grseofioiije,  and  Stove — Gardening  Operitions 
for  the'Year — The  Victoria  regia — A  select  List  of  the  beat 
Fruits  in  Cultivation— Seedling  Dahlias  for  1853— Twelve  of 
the  best  Bedding  Geraniums — Twelve  of  the  best  Show  PeUrgo- 
niums — iwi^lve  of  the  best  Fuchsias — Twelve  of  the  bust 
Verbenas — Sir  Hardy  Aquatics  for  a  Pond — Twenty  Hardy 
Plan's  for  Rock-work — The  Verbena— Culture  oi  the  Tree 
"Violet- Leaves  of  Plants — To  Copy  Flowers  or  Plants  by  the 
Photographic  Process— On  the  Cultivation  of  Rhubarb— Rbo- 
dodeodrou  Daihousianum— Fossil  Woods  for  tbe  Microscope 
— The  Formation  and  Arranging  of  Herbarium— On  the  Cul- 
ture of  Si'akule- Abronia  umbellata — Metropolitan  Florists, 
Seedsmen,  Nurserymen,  &c. — Provincial  Florists,  Seedsmen, 
Nurserymen,  ic— Scotch  Florists,  Seedsmen,  Nurserymen, 
»kc. — Iribh  Florists,  Seedsmen,  Nurserymen,  *fcc. — Foreign 
Nurserymen  and  Botanic  Gardens — Aviaries — Public  Business 
— The  House  ot  Peers  and  its  Officers — The  House  of  Commons 
and  its  Officers— Hei  Majesty's  Chief  Officers  o(  Siate^The 
Queen's  House-iold — British  and  Foreign  Ambassadors — Pass- 
port and  Consular  Offices.  General  Post  Ciffice:  Time  for 
Posting  Letters  and  NeivspHpers — London  District  Post — R-ates 
of  Postage — Book  Post — Money  Order  Office.  Business  Days 
at  the  Bank,  South  Sea,  aud  India  House — Bankers  in  Loudon 
—  Commercial  and  otber  Stamps  —  Assessed  Taxes  —  New 
Inhabited  House  Duty  Bill — Hates  of  Portera^^e — Hackney 
Carriage  Pares — F-Teign  Coins;  and  their  British  V:ilue — 
Income  Tax  Table—  Wages  Table—  and  Interest  Table. 

Extract  from  the  "  Doncaster  Oazetic,^'  Nononbcr  19,  1852. 

*'  To  thoee  who  have  gardens,  and  to  those  who  are  without, 
this  Almanack  is  alike  valuable  and  full  of  interest.  In 
addition  to  the  usual  characteristics  of  these  yearly  records  of 
time,  we  have  the  most  ample  instructions  for  gardening,  as 
well  as  a  monthly  catalogue  of  plants  in  flower  in  the  open  air, 
the  greenhouse,  and  stove,  and  pleasing  notices  of  animattd 
Niture.  Tlie  astro-meteorological  predicCiuns  and  astrono- 
mical  occurrences  have  evideatly  been  carefully  prepared. 
There  is  also  a  very  ueatly-esecuted  coloured  dr.awing  of  tbe 
Victoria  regia,  which  is  fully  described  ;  as  well  as  a  select 
list  of  the  best  fruits,  fliwers,  &,c.,  in  cultivation.  Altogether, 
it  is  one  of  the  moU  complete  and  instructi-oe  Almanacks  we  have 
seen." 

From  the  "^Cidland  Florist,"  December,  1852. 

"  This  we  should  say  will  be  a  successful  candidate  for 
public  favour  ;  for  amongst  the  various  good  garden  Almmacka 
published  nowa-days,  it  is  one  of  tbe  best,  combining  with 
at  uudant  iiiformatiou  of  all  that  relates  to  gaidening  and 
garden  affdirs,  a '  most  interesting  mon  thly  calendar  of 
animated  Nature.  It  is  iilso  embellished  with  a  large  coloured 
plate  of  the  Victoria  regia  in  its  native  habi'at,  aud  in  its 
various  stages  of  bloom." 

From  the  "  Ftoricultural  Fevicw,"  Dec.  1852. 
*'  We  have  received  a  copy  of  this  excellent  work  late  in  the 
month,  and  we  can  only  now  devote  a  few  lines    to  it.     Its 
contents  are  varied,  and  those  who  are  naturalists  as  well  as 
g:irdeners  and  Ht\rists,  will  tind  much  that  will  interest  them. 
This  Atman  ck  will  bear  compaiison  with  any." 
Also,    Published   Monthly,  8vo,  24  pages,    each   numhsr   con- 
taining a  Coloured  Plate  of  the  Newest  and  Beat  Flower?, 
price  6d., 

HARRISON'S     FLORICULTURAL     CABINET. 

Its  popuinri'y  as  a  Floral  Work  has  been  unequalled  for 
Twenty  Years. 

On  the  1st  of  JanuiirT,  1S53,  the  first  number  of  its  Twenty- 
fir^t  Year  will  be  pubibbed,  aud  may  be  had  of  any  book9t;llor. 


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ie  still  fresh  and  unimpaired," — Examiner. 

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Roberts. 

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■ ■ — ♦ 

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Popular  HISTORY  OF  BRITISH  ZOOPHYTES.  By 

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Popular  MINERALOGY ;  a  Familiar  Account  of 
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Twenty  Plate?.    10s.  Gd.  coloured. 

Popular   HISTORY    OF    BRITISH    SEA-WEEDS. 

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H •' 

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Assistant-Surgeon,  Bengal  Army. 

PARKS  AND  PLEASURE-GROUNDS;  or,  Prac- 
tical Notes  on  Country  Residences,  Villas,  Public  Parks,  and 
Gurdens.  By  Charles  H,  J,  Smith,  Landscape  Gardener. 
12mo,  cloth.    6s. 

Reeve  and  Co.,  5,  Henrietta-street,  Covent  Garden,  London. 

DE     LA    RIVE'S    WORK   ON    ELECTRICITY. 

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A  TREATISE  on  ELECTRICITY,  in  Theory  and 
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London  ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
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WORKS    PUBLISHED    BY    BLACKIE    AND    SOINt, 
LONDON,  GLASGOW,    EDINBURGH,    AND   NEW  YORK. 

MORTON'S  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AGRICULTURE,. 
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Art,  and  the  Business  tF  Farming,  in  all  their  departments 
are  tborou^'hly  and  practically  treated,  by  up-^ards  of  Fifty  of 
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and  Steel. 

Vjlumo  I.,  now  ready,  cloth,  II.  17s., 

THE       AGRICULTURIST'S        CALCULATOE ; 
A    Serjes    cf    Tables    fje    Land     MEAsnaiNO,    Draining,    ^ 
Mandrino,    Planting,    Weight    of    Hat    and    Cattle,    bt    I 
Measorement,   Building,   &;c.      Adapted  to   the   use  of   nil 
eOk'agtid  in  Agriculture  or  tlio  Management  of  Land. 

"The  'Agriculturist's  Calculator'  seems  to  me  the  moit 
perfect  of  tlie  Agricultural  Ready-Reckoners  I  have  seen."— 
J.  C.  Morton,  Editor  of  th-e  Agricultural  Gazette. 

"It  is  my  opinion   iha:t  the  w<nk  will   be  of  the  greatest 

advantage  to  aill  connected    with    land."  —  Thomas    Balmes, 

Commissioner  for  the  Dak'e  of  Richmond,  j 

Bound  in  roan,  price  Qs., 

THE  FARMERS    GUIDE.      A   Treatise    on    the 

Diseases   of  Horses  and  Black  Cattle  ;   wiih  Instructions  iox 
the   Mrtoageaient  of  Breeding  Mares  and  Cows.      Py  James  ] 
Webb,  Veterinary  Surgeon.    Cloth,  3s.  fid. 

THE  FARM  ENGINEER  ;  a  Treatise  on  Barn 
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Powers  for  Agricultural  purposes.  By  Robert  Ritchie,  C.E., 
Edinburgh.     Cloth,  l?s. 

SMITH'S  ESSAY  ON  COTTAGES.    An  Essay  on 

the  Construction  of  Cottages,  for  which  the  Premium  was 
voted  by  tbe  Highland  Society  of  Scotland.  Widi  working 
Plans,  Specifications,  Details,  and  Estimates.  By.  G.  Smith, 
Architect,  Edinburgh.    Cloth,  4s. 

Blackie  aud  Sons,  11,  Warwick-?quare,  London. 


'Printed    by    William    Bbadbubi.    of    No.  13.  Upper  Woburu -place,    ia 

the  pariah  of  St.  Pancras,  and  FaBDnnicit  Mullbtt  Eva^js,  of  rJo.  ~, 
Chafcli-row.  St'jke  NewJiiston.  both  In  tii<- CoD»ty  oi  Middlesex  Printer^, 
at  their  Office  m  Lombard-Rtreet,  iu  the  Precioct  of  WimefriarB,  in  >''\s 
C\iy  ol  LoDdon ;  and  published  by  them  at  the  office.  No.  5,  Charles- 
etrei-t,  id  the  purlsb  of  St.  Paul's.  Covent-sarden,  in  the  eaid  County, 
where  all  Advertiseirienta  and  Communirntn>us  are  to  be  ADUBUaaSD  to 
THS  EoiToa.— Satuboat,  Dzceushb  I3,IS33. 


AND 


A  Stamped  Newspaper  of  Hural  Economy  and  General  News.— The  Horticultural  Part  Edited  by  Professor  Lindley. 


No.  53.— 1853.] 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  25. 


[Peicb  6(;. 


AmmoTiia.  salphiteor  ........ 

Berwickshire  Farmers' Club  ., 
Bot,  Society  of  EdiQbuTih  .... 

Butter,  taatc  in 

Calendai",  ho'ticaltiiral 

Cattle,  to  feed  

—  qoarlercvi).  &c  ,in..827  e— 

—  10  measure   ,. 

CosTKCBhill  Api.  Society 

Cork  iutect   

Cotta^,  labiarer's     ........,, 

Cucumber,  Huntfer'a 

Drainiu? 

EaudelesBive  

Sl'ttxfibre   

flax  Imperial  Society  

Game-lawa 

GUeb  walls 

Grafting,  wax  

Grapes,  colouriag  

Greeahou'.es 

Go&no.  Peniviao,  substitu'e  for 
HayKaTth(Ur.)  presentt^t^oi  to 
i<uid  QueatioD,  by  Hamilton, 

rev.  , 

Llnneao  Society 

Maice  

Manure  tack,  liquid  ., 


R-:!.s 

„ 

h-J4 

c 

S->i 

h 

«.T 

b 

a>i 

a 

.Sii 

b 

-S^'M 

n 

S'ill 

h 

H-J4 

H-M 

HtJ 

H'.I'.' 

SW 

S'il 

H-lb 

s:s  6  1 

s?.s 

1 

HM 

6 

S-.M 

r 

S.'I 

S-J(l 

s-:: 

h 

s:s  6 1 

n-i»i 

c 

R^V 

h 

SJ7 

h 

S3U 

a 

Mechi's  (Mr.)  address  . 

Miliicw.Vine   

Pears,  late 

Pentas  caT'^ca.cellular  tissue  of 

Pies,  Kreavee  for ,.,. 

PUot  ^rowio^,  amstcar 

Plou^hinif ,. 

Potacoei,  to  cook 

Poultry    

Poultry  show.  Hitcbin 

—       Dorchesl  er 

Bo'>ts  after  Tmej 

RiseK  Id  pits , 

Sk'mmia  Laueola  .,.. 

Smith&'ld  club— Iraplemcuts., 
Strabo's  Geoo'raphy  by  Meyer, 

reviewed 

Tares,  root^  after 

Tomato,  Cberiy 

Tiee  of  li\OCO  imipes 

—  traosplmting  a  larpe 

Van  Diemen'e  Jjand,  eacbanted 

valley  in 

Tine  mildew ,...,. 

Walls,  conservative 


S20  a 


Wax,  eraft'nj; 

Wb"at,  late  sowinBT.. 


INCOMPARABLE"    CUCUMBER. 

C  TURNER  is  now  enabled  to  send  out  this  very 
•  superior  new  variety,  raised  by  a  gentleman's  Gardener. 
It  ia  a  black  spine,  very  short  in  the  handle,  a  very  prolific 
bearer,  18  to  20  inches  in  Iene:lh,  Is  first-rate  for  irinter  and 
early  spring  growth  ;  altogetherone  of  the  very  best  Cucumbers 
ever  sent  out.  Sold  in  pickets  of  10  seeds,  2s.  Crf. 
Royal  Nursery,  Slough. 


NEW  CUCUMBER-"  GUN-BARREL." 
q^HOM.lS  BRIND,  Seedsman  and  Florist,  Herd- 
J-  street,  Marlboroujjh,  Wilts,  informs  the  public  that  he 
has  purchased  the  entire  etock  of  aeeda  of  this  celebrated 
Cucumber.  It  is  the  best  hybrid  ever  sent  out,  black  epine, 
slightly  ribbed,  a  free  setter  and  bearer,  and  can  ba  grown  well 
Tvilh  lictle  beat. 

Length,  from  24  fo  30  inches  ;  colour,  dark  green,  and  carries 
a  good  bloom.  Sold  in  packets,  25.  6rf,  and  f)S.  each,  containing 
8ix  and  fourteen  seed^. 

PoBtago  s^amp?,  or  Pos<:-office  order,  payable  as  above. 


ROSES. 
TJ  OSES  extending  over  10  acres  of  ground,  may  be 

-L*'  selected  by  purchasers  from  18s.  to  20s,  per  dozen,  com- 
prising all  the  leading  varieties ;  dwarf  do.,  6s.  to  123.  per  doz. 
Fine  varieties,  in  pots  fit  for  fr»-cing,  l.'.t.  to  18s.  per  doz. 
CAMELLIAS,  well  set  wi.h  flower-buds,  3os.  per  doz.,  and 
upwards.  ERICAS,  leading  varieties,  12s.  to  ISj.  ;  fine  speci- 
mens  fit  for  exhibition  in  ll-ioch  pots.  A  large  stock  of 
DIELrxaA  SPECrABILIS.  Fine  trained  Peaches,  Necta- 
rines, and  Apricots,  5s.  each.  Plums,  Pears.  Apple",  and 
Cherries,  35.  Qd.  each  ;  and  ev«ry  description  of  Nursery  Stock. 
Catalogues  can  ba  had  on'the  receipt  of  two  postage  stamps. 

G.  Clabke,   Streatham-place  Nursery,  Brixton   Hill,  near 
London. 


THB    PLANTIiNG-    SEASON. 

FOREST.     ORNAMENTAL,     AND     FJiUIT    TREES, 

SHRUBS,    ROSES,    ETC.,   AT    CHESTER. 

FRANCIS  AND  JAMES  DICKSON  respectfully 
invite  the  at'eotion  of  noblemen,  gentlemen,  and  planters 
in  general,  to  their  very  extensive  Stock  of  Seedling  and 
Transplanted  FOaEST  TREES,  which  consists  of  many 
miJliona,  and  compriaes  all  ages  and  sizes,  which  are  of  the 
moat  healthy  and  vigorous  description,  and  wbicb,  from  the 
great  extent  of  their  Stock,  they  are  enabled  to  dispose  of  at 
exceed! Hilly  low  prices, 

F.  and  J.  D,  have  also  very  complete  collections  of  Fruit 
Trees  of  all  sorts.  Roues,  Pinua,  Herbaceous,  and  Alpine 
Plants,  American,  Evergreen,  and  Flowering  Shrubs,  Stove 
and  Greenbome  Plants,  and  every  other  article  connected  with 
the  Nursery  business. 

Plantations  Contracted  for  to  any  Extent. 
Experienced    Gardeners,    Land    Stewards,    and    Foresters 
recommended,  whoee  characters  and  abilities  may  be  strictly 
relie  I  on. 

Fine  Specimens  of  Cedrua  Deodara,  Araucaria  imbricata, 
Cryptomeri'i    japonica,    Taxodium   sempervirens,    and    other 
choice  Pines,  sai'able  for  Lawns  and  Pleasure  Grounds. 
The  Xiirser'e-,  nenr  Chestor. —  Dee.  25. 


J. 


NEW    SHRUBBY    CALCEOLARIAS, 

C05SISTI.VG   fjF  AiiOUT  FIFTV  VARliCTIBS  NEVER 
BEFOftK  OFFEKEIJ  TO  TUB  PDBLIC. 

WEEKS  AND  Co.,  CiiKLSEA,  liave  now  to  offer  a 

most  Bplfcndid  an-l  suporb  Collection  of  SEEDLING 
SHRUBBY  CALCEOLARIAS,  which  they  can  confidently 
warrant  andreeom'npnd,  tbey  hitvin;;  been  carefully  saved  and 
varied  from  the  rnont  unifjue  ielection  in  the  kinxdorn.  Tho 
sortJl  being  all  Shrubhy  they  are  perpetually  In  flower;  and 
from  the  groat  variety  atid  brilliancy  of  their  colours,  thoy  arc 
iavalaahie  for  thq  cinservatory  or  baddini^-out. 

J.  WEF.KS  an'l  Co..  Kf«r,'H  R  .ad.  f^nRLSK*,  LoHDoi*^ 

THE    BEST    BROCCOLI    IN    CULTIVAflON. 

MITCMINSON  AND  Co.,  Seed-Mkhciiant.^,  Truro, 
CoaHWAtL,  have  much  plea»iiro  In  oiT-jritjg  two  superior 
BROCCOLI,  which,  having  b<?eu  carefully  saved  under  tb(;lr 
own  inspection,  are  warrtnted  to  give  satisfucMon  to  all  pur- 
cha^ern. 

MITCniNSON'S  PENZANCE,  or  EARLY  WdlTR  BROC- 
^OLI,  i>  Invaluable  for  Ita  c»rl>nc*i,  coming  Into  use  In 
February.  Ic  f*  a  rulLnized,  handiomo  hear],  of  oxc«llent 
qaallty,  bat  a  ohv  ii«eder.  OfTL-red  in  He«led  jmckotn  of  about 
VftOieedi,  at  \».  f'ld  p^r  packet,  p»iitat(e  free, 

WITCIIISJiON'^TKUllO,  orHPHINH  WHITE  BROCCOLI, 
U  the  m'nt  pufect  varlpty  In  cuUivadin,  having  svisry 
characteristic  t}*  perfc';'l'in.  The  plant  ll  robu«t,  witlmuC 
coarieriesi,  moderatuly  dwarf,  ninooln  loaves,  wltliAilvery  ribs, 
"tfidioine  CO  npact  hcwU  wijll  pro'fcled.  Mxny  gHrdcnerH  and 
'  )fT%  who  law  th*m  gronin,^  on  rrtir  ground*  lait  Xinaon  pfi. 
J  'Uiiccd  th«tn  t-i  bo  tfi«'bT«c  i\\nj  hn't  e^or  ifon,  The  ntock 
limttc'l;  price  I«  I'i.  par  packer,  or  tiro  pafjketn  for  '2».<ii. 
1  'lUge  Riariipt  ■hould  ercompatiy  orders.  Qentral  cataIogU"R, 
<:..',,,  IrjTwar'led  on  ftp[illcatloii. 

Heed  EitablUhrnent,  Truro,  December,  1852. 


NEW    SEEDS-GROWTH    OF    1852. 
Tae  Western  Seed  Ebtablisbment. 

WILLIAM  E.  RENDLE  and  CO.,  Seed  Merchants, 
Plymouth,  have  much  pleasure  in  stating  that  they 
have  this  .'Reason  a  fine  and  well  selected  Stock  of  all  kinds  of 
KirCHE>f  GARDEN  and  FLOWER  SEEDS  in  the  best 
possible  condition,  harvested  by  themselves  and  by  Growers  of 
high  reputation. 

In  consequence  of  the  unfavourable  weather  for  ripening 
seeds  during  the  past  autumn,  the  stocks  of  some  sorts  of 
seeds  are  very  small,  and  tha  prices  in  the  trade  consequently 
much  higher,  yet  wc  shall  not  make  any  corresponding  advance, 
but  supply  aV,  kinds  of  Kitchen  Garden  and  ffloiver  Seeds  on  the 
same  terms  as  last  year. 

Ode  New  Seed  Catalogde  is  now  Readt,  and  can  hi  had 
in  exchange  for  lei  stamp.  It  contains  prices  of  every  article, 
and  will  be  found  very  useful  to  all  who  have  Gardens. 
COLLECTIONS  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS. 
Our  Collections  have  given  the  greatest  sau-sfaction  to  all 
who  have  received  them  ;  and  we  have  the  greater  confidence 
in  highly  recommendiug  them.  They  are  supplied  on  ihe 
following  terms  : — 

No.  1.  Complete  collection  for  a  large  garden  fir  one  £  s.  d. 
year's  supply,  includiog  2*)  quarts  of  Peas,  11  quarts 
of  Beans,  11  ounces  of  Onion,  eight  sorts  of  Cabbages, 
seven  sorts  of  Broccoli,  seven  snrts  of  Lfettuce,  and 
full  quantities  of  Beet,  Brussels  Sprouts,  Carrot, 
Saviiy,  Cauliflower,  Leek,  Celery,  S^jiuach,  Radish, 
Turnips,     Heibs,    Cucumber,    Melon,    Endive,    and 

other  useful  veuetables,  for  2  10     0 

No.  2,  Complete  Cullectioa  in  smaller  quantities        ...  1  10    0 

No.  8.  do.  dt>.  1    0    0 

No  4.  di>.  do.  0  12    6 

The  full  quantities  sent  in  each  Collection  are  stated  in 

the  Price  Current. 

Rendle's  Pjitce  Cobeent  and  Garden  Dieectoht. — A  few 

Copies  of  this  useful  work  still  remniQ  on  hand.     A  Copy  will 

be  sent  free  by  post  in  exchange  for  six  penny  stamps. 

All  orders  for  Seeds,  above  21.  (excepting  heavy  articles,  as 
Grain,  Tares,  Clover,  &c.)  will  be  delivered  Free  of  Carriage  to 
any  Station  on  the  following  Railways  ; — 

Great  Western.  I  Bristol  and  Exeter. 

Bristol  and  Birmingham,  South  Western. 

Soutbampron  and  Dorchester.  1  South  Devon. 
Or  to  any  Market  Town  in  Devon  and  Cornwall,  or  to  Cork, 
Dublin,  and  Belfast,  by  Steamers. 
The  Terminus  and  principal  Station  on  the  South  Devon 
Railway  is  close  to  our  Union  Road  Establishment,  so  that  we 
now  enjuy  direct  Railway  Communication  to  ail  the  principal 
Towns  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Wale.n.  Our  Premises  are 
also  within  five  minutes'  walk  of  the  Great  Western  Docks, 
from  whence  steamers  are  continually  running  to  Cork,  Dublin, 
Belfast,  Glasgow,  London,  Falmouth,  and  most  of  the  prin- 
cipal Ports  in  the  Kingdom. 

The  Cape,  Australian,  and  Chinese  Mail  Packets  leave  this 
Port  every  Fortnight. 
*^*  All  Goods  not  thoroughly  approved  of  immediately 
exchanged  ;  and  it  is  particularlyreq  jested  that  any  Deficiency 
in  Qi]antities,  or  inattention  to  Orderis,  be  immediately  com- 
municated to  us. 

WiLLtAM  E.  Rendle  and  Co,,  Seed  Merchants,  Plymouth. 
Eatablished  178t>. 


SEEDS    DIRECT    FROM    THE    GROWERS 

BY    RETAIL, 

In,  Collections  or  otherwise. 

(CARRIAGE  FREE  BY  RAILWAY.) 

SUTTON  AND  SONS  have  the  pleasure  of  announcing 
that  they  hare  su'iceeded  ia  harrestiug  their  SEEDS  in 
good  condition,  notwithstanding  the  unfavour-ible  weather. 
-The  advantages  of  purchadng  Seed^  direct  from  the  Growers  are 
obvious.  As  some  sorts  are  scarce,  early  orders  are  requested 
and  recommended.  —  For  particulars  address  John  Sdtton 
and  Sose.  Seed  Growers.  RBading.  Berk's. 


J  AND  J.  ERASER,  Nurserymen,  Lea  Bridge  Road, 
•  Essex,  befT  respectfullv  to  call  attention  to  their  splenfiid 
stock  of  SPECIMEN  STOVE  and  GREENHOUSE  PLANTS, 
ERICAS  and  AZALEAS,  for  exhibition,  which  they  have  to 

ofl'er  at  miidergte  prices. 

ISIIOP'S    LAST  AND  BEST  NEW  AGRICUL- 

lUKAL  PEA,  15a.  PER  BUSHEL.— This  Pea  was  raised 
by  Mr.  Bishop,  the  raiser  of  the  garden  variety,  known  as 
Bishop's  Long-Podded,  of  established  reputation.  Its  merits 
consist  in  being  remarkably  early,  and  a  much  better  cropper 
than  any  out ;  Gi)  and  more  pods  have  been  counted  on  one 
plant.  Height,  two  feet,  of  remarkably  robust  habit,  branching 
into  two,  three,  or  more  stems.     To  be  had  of 

Ndttinq  and  Sons,  Seedsmen,  46,  Chcapsfde,  London. 


13ETER  LAWSON  and  SON'S  PRICE  LISTS  of 

A  SEEDS,  FOREST.  FnUIT,  and  ROSE  TREES,  are 
now  ready,  and  may  bo  had  on  application,  or  free  by  post 
from  the  Agent,  J.  0.  SoMStEgs.  159    Fenchurch-street.  London. 

~~  LARCHES      FOR      SALE. 

TO  BE  SOLD,  upwards  of  HALF  A  MILLION 
of  excellent  young  LARCHES,  two  years  transplanted,  on 
high  Ijing  ({round,  well  routed,  and  from  13  to  21  inches  in 
height.  Tlie-ie  plants  are  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  any 
Noblerann,  Gontlomau,  or  Nurs<'rytnnn  in  want  of  Buoh.— 
Apply  to  Mr.  Ma('.\)v\'\'    K\^^^•^nrnH*,  Diinhiana,  Perthshire. 


T-'a 


LAYERTHORPE    NURSERY,   YORK. 
BE    L ET,    on    favourablo    tcrma,    tlio     above 

doBirnhlo  and  convoriloorly-Httiiuttvl  NarHiiry,  for  many 
years  iuccoi«fully  conduivci  hy  rhc  Into  Mr.  J;iincs  Edwavil  — . 
For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Wm.  UKrr.>M,  Low  Ounogate,  York. 

D  R  A  I  N  A  G  E    OF    LAND. 

HENRY  \VEIiUi!:R  l>eg«  to  inform  Landowners 
and  ihi)  public  tlm  liiivlii|<  hnd^Muvtriil  years'  pnicblciil 
pxporltincd,  ho  ti  proimr.Ml  t.-t  utiilor'aU'i  the  drattiaKO  of  ostatfis 
to  any  extent,  triKOtiit-r  wi  h  tho  laying  out  and  umpiihig  of  tlio 
draUiH,  "H  tho  moit  approruil  jiUni ;  and  will  cmtraot  for  Iho 
ex'-cutlon  of  tho  work.  RDfuronco  given.— Addi'ogs  Ualborton 
t  Court,  acir  Tlvortoo,  D^von. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING   AND    HEATING 

BY    HOT   WATER. 

TUBULAR  BOILERS  OF  ALL  SIZES,  "WARRANTED  THS 

MOST  EFFICIENT. 

T     WEEKS    AND   CO.,    King's-road,    Chelsea,   Hot- 

O  •  HOUSE  BuiLDEKs  J  Iloi'ticulture  in  all  its  branches  upon 
the  most  improved  prin- 
ciples.  These  Boilers 
are  very  powerful, 
durable,  and  economi- 
cal. The  fire  warranted 
to  last  15  hours  without 
attention.  The  Furnace 
Bars  are  Hollow  Tubss 
through  which  the  re- 
turn water  passep  before 
entering  the  upper  part 
of  the  boiler,  thereby 
causing  a  very  rapid 
circulation,  and  pro- 
ducing double  the  efFoct 
from  the  same  quantity 
of  fuel. 

J.  WEEKS  AND  CO., 
King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
CHALLSNQEthewholo 
world  to  make  a  Boiler 
that  will  produce  any- 
thing like  the  same 
effect,  with  the  same 
quantity  of  Fuel  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  one  of 
those  boilers  thatwarms 
the  water  of  their  Vic- 
toria Regia  Tank,  which  contains  20,000  gallons,  and  also  heats 
several  larj^e  Forcing-houses  and  ranges  of  Pits,  with  a  small 
consumption  of  fuel. 

Plans,  Models,  and  Estimates  of  Horticultural  Bnildioga  ; 
also  Catalogues  cf  Plants,  Vines,  Seeds,  isc,  forwarded  on 
application. 

J.  WEEKS  and  Co.,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  London. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING    AND    HEATING 
BY    HOT   V\/ATER, 

AT  THB  LOWEST  PRIGRS  CONSISTENT   WITH  GOOD 
MATERIALS  AND   WOUKMANSHIP. 


GRAY  and  ORMSON,  Danvers  Street,  Chelsea, 
London,  having  had  considerable  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  Horticultural  Erections,  which,  for  elegance  of 
design,  good  materials,  and  workmanship,  combined  with 
economy  and  practical  adaptation,  cannot  be  surpassed  by 
anything  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  are  now  in  a  position  to 
executo  orders  on  the  lowest  possible  terms, 

G.  and  O.have  been  extensively  employed  by  the  Nobility, 
Gentry,  and  London  Nurserymen,  and  to  all  by  whom  they 
have  been  favoured  with  orders  they  can  with  the  greatest 
confidence  give  the  most  satisfactory  references. 

Their  Ilot-Water  Apparatus  is  also  constructed  on  the  moat 
approved  and  Bcientiflc  principles,  for  all  purposes  to  which  the 
application  of  Heating  by  Hot  Water  caa  be  made  available. 

WATERPROOF  PATHS.— Those  who  would  enjoy 
their  Gardens  during  the  winter  months  should  con- 
■truct  their  walks  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CONCRETE, 
which  are  formed  thus :— Screen  the  gravel  of  which  the  path 
is  At  present  made  from  tho  loam  which  is  mixed  with  it,  and 
to  every  part  of  clean  gravel  add  one  of  aharp  river  sand.  To 
flvo  parts  of  such  equal  mLxturo  add  one  of  Portland  Cement, 
and  incorporate  tho  whole  well  in  the  dry  state  before  applying 
tha  water.  It  may  then  bo  laid  on  2  Inches  thick.  Any 
labourer  can  mix  and  spread  It.  No  tool  is  required  beyond 
the  Bpade,  and  in  48  hours  it  becomes  as  hard  as  a  rock. 
Vegetation  cannot  grow  through  or  upon  it,  and  it  reslsta  the 
action  of  the  sevoreat  froet.  It  ia  nooossary,  as  water  does  not 
loak  through  it,  to  rIto  a  fall  from  thu  middle  of  the  path 
towards  the  ttidca.—ManufMc.turcra  of  tho  Cement,  J.  B.  WuiTE 
and  SiiNfi.  Mlllbaiik-streot,  Weatmlnatcr. 


BAKIiR'S  PHEASANTRY,  Beau  fort- street,  King's 
Roml,  Chelsfia,  by  ipsoial  uppolntincit  to  her  Majesty 
and  U.  R.  II.  Puino;;  Albeiit.  — OllN  AM  ENT AL  WATKU 
FOWL,  consisting  of  black  and  white  Swans,  Eifyptlun,  Canada, 
Chinn,  harriucle,  bront,  ond  laughing  GocHti,  ShleliiraUes,  Fiii- 
twil,  WldRcnn,  Mummer  and  winter  Teal,  Gadwall,  Labrador, 
Shoveller/*,  Ridd-oycd  and  dun  Dlvfcr«,  Carolina  Duck^i,  ir-c, 
d'.tn.ntloa'udaniit  pinioned;  hNo  Hpanlsh,  Cochin  Cliiuii,  Mill  ly, 
ridiiml,  Huirny,  and  Dorking  FowIh  ;  white,  Jap'in,  plod,  and 
ooiiiinon  Piui-fuwl,  and  pure  China  Pigs;  and  ut  »,  IlHll'-nmnn 
PuiBftije,  Oi"uo''chui'ch.ftircot,  London. 


818 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


[Dec.  25, 


AMERICAN     NURSERY. 

GiEORGli  BAKER,  Windlealiam,  near  Bagaliot, 
r  Sun-ey,  E^li:bii.or  of  American  Pl:iuts  tit  tho  illoiul 
Botanic  GmcIbu^.  RuKeQt'u-park.  begs  to  iutoroi  tiyj  Nubiluj 
iHid  Public  li^iJi^  V»iliJli"h«d  a  D^scrip  ive  CAT  A-liUJUiS  OF 
AMEKICaN  plants,  Conifcrie,  Itoscs,  Oi-uaueatal  Sh 'ubi. 
<5ie.  ic,  ati'i  mij  bn  obl.iiaoj  by  e:. closing  two  jioatage 
stampt.  —  Nf^ar  Stuiaes  Staciua,  WiuJsor  B^aac:!,  Sou  h- 
Wfitterli  Rdilvvay. 


JUDSON'S    RICHMOND    VILLA    BLACK 
HAMBURGH    VINE. 

ARTHUR  HENDERSON  amd  CO.  have  the  pleasure 
of  iiifurmiiig  their  jKitrorn  autJ  friends  that  tbey  have 
gtjo^  plants  of  this  vaiunbe  ind  much-esteemed  Vine,  atTs.  fid, 
and  10s.  Gd.  each.— N.B.  For  full  particulars  of  the  dis- 
ting'iifihing  charaeteris  ic3  of  this  Viiiu,  we  beg  to  refer  our 
cu^itouiers  to  the  Oardeneri'  Chroaic'e  o*'  Oc  obi^r  2-5,  1851. 
Fine-apple  Place,  London,  —  Dec.  25. 


Msssrs.  Charles  Caistor  &  Co.  of  Calcutta. 

18  5  2. 
LIST  OF  ORCHIDEOUS  FLAMS  INDIGENOUS  TO  ASSAM 


AND  THE  NEIGHBOURING  HILLS  OF  KHASYA,  BOOTAN,  &c. 

No. 

Names. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

ta 

Ter. 

No. 

Names. 

Size  and  Colour  of  Flower. 

2 
no. 

1* 

lliciostylls  WttUioUii !... 

Small,  pea  gfeen    

9f 

Phaius  albu4       

Large,  white,  rosy  scented 

2 

ObsroQia  iodifolia 

.Vlinute,  yellowish 

Bpi. 

95" 

Aputaria  aenilis 

Largieb,  rose  and  green  ... 

Ter 

S* 

,,    sp.    ...        ,,, 

... 

Do. 

95" 

A  latifoUa           

? 

Do. 

4 

Liparis  8p.           

Small,  yellow          

Do. 

97. 

Eulophia  vireaa 

Large,  green  and  white    ... 

Do. 

fi 

„    sp 

,,            ,,               

Do. 

93" 

,1    sp 

„     dull  yellow  &  brown 

Do. 

6" 

,,    ap 

Largish,  green  yellow 

Ter. 

99«« 

11    sp 

,,    deep  purple 

Do. 

7» 

„     sp 

Small,  deep  purple 

Bpi. 

100»> 

II     sp 

„    green  and  yellow 

Do. 

8 

Otoc!ii)asfaacu9 

„    yeliowiah  brown 

Do. 

I01'« 

,1     sp 

,,     purpliah  green 

Do. 

9 

,,    albas          

,,           „        and  white 

Do. 

102 

7anda  teres        , 

Very    lar;^e,    rosy    purple. 

Epi. 

10 

Puolidota  imbricata    ... 

„    white 

Do. 

yellow  and  browa 

11 

,,    unilulata    

,,       

Do 

103.« 

„    cristata     ; 

Largiah,    greenish,    white. 

Do. 

12' 

,,    articulara 



Do. 

and  purple 

13» 

„    ep 

„       ,,    and  yellow 

Do. 

104«« 

„    multiflora 

„    white  and  rose 

Do. 

11* 

,.    sp 

„       ,,              ,t 

Do. 

105»» 

„    coerulea     

Very  large,  deep  blue 

Do. 

15 

Coi'o^'jne  flavida 

„     yellow 

Do 

106«« 

»    sp 

Largisbj  dull  purple 

Do. 

16 

,,     uudulata    

Largish,  white        

Do. 

107" 

11    sp 

„               „        and  green 

Do. 

17- 

„    limbrlata! 

„            ,,  and  brown    ... 

Do, 

168" 

1.    »P 

„    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

18" 

,,     uaiflora 

„           „  and  lateritioua 

Do. 

109». 

Camarotia  purpurea    ... 

Small,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

19 

,,    barbata      

„    white 

Do. 

110 

Micropera  pallida 

,,    pale  yellow    

Do. 

50" 

„    prfficox  ?     

, 

Ter 

lU 

Saccolabium  micranthm 

Soaall,  roay 

Epi. 

21> 

„    maculata 

Large, white,yellow,&  rose 

Do. 

113 

1,    retusum     

Largish,  lively  spotted 

Do. 

22.V 

„     Wallicliiana 

,,        ,,        and  rose 

Do. 

113 

„    papillosum 

Small,  pale  yellow  &  pur. 

Do. 

28" 

„    ocellata      

„    pale  yellow  and  deep 

Do. 

114.» 

,,    Calceolare 

„    yellow  and  brown     ... 

Do. 

ora'ige 

Ho" 

„    sp.  like  do. 

„    pale  do.  and  rose    ... 

Do. 

21' 

„     Gardaeriaua 

,,    white  and  yellow     ... 

Spi 

116 

,,    caroifolium 

1,     rosy       

Do. 

29 

„    cristata      

„        „      streaked    with 

Ter, 

117" 

„    dasypogon 

„     green  and  purple      ... 

Do. 

bright  yellow 

US' 

,,    appr;adioulatam  ... 

„    yellow 

Do. 

26 

„    Bp 

Sonall,  brown  and  yellow... 

Epi. 

119» 

„    sp 

„    rosy  and  deep  purple 

Do. 

27*. 

„    flava!        

Large,  yellow  and  brown  .. 

Do. 

120»« 

Sarcanthua  sp 

,..        •••        ... 

Do. 

23 

„    sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

121«» 

„    sp ... 

3mall,  rosy 

Do. 

29« 

„    sp 

„    white  and  brown     ... 

Do. 

l>2" 

I,    sp 

„    white  and  yellow 

Do. 

30 

»    ,ep 

„    pale  5ellow    ' 

Do. 

123" 

„    sp 

It        II               11 

Do. 

31«> 

..    sp 

,,    white  (pretty) 

Ter. 

124'"' 

1.    sp 

II        It               i» 

Do. 

32*- 

1,     sp 

Largish,  pale  cinnamon  ... 

Epi 

125" 

1,    ep 

„    rosy  red 

Do. 

33»» 

Bjlbophynum   leopardi- 

Large,  yellow  spatted  with 

Do. 

126 

derides  affine     

Large,  rosy  purple 

Do. 

nam        

purple. 

127 

,,    odoratum 

,,           „     sweet-scented 

Do. 

St 

„    umbellatuin 

Largish,  dull  yellow 

Do. 

128 

..    sp 

Do. 

35" 

,,    Khusyanam 

Smalt, -greenish 

iJO. 

129" 

II    sp 

Largs,  Ilk*!  affiae,  and  very 

Do. 

36»« 

,.    sp 

Largish,  bright  yellow 

Do. 

sweet-scented 

37* 

..    sp 

Small,  white,  fragrant 

Do. 

130 

Agrostophyllium     £ha- 

Small,  white            

Do. 

33* 

.,    sp 

„    dull  purple    

Do, 

syanum 

39 

>.    sp 

„           ,,              

Do. 

131» 

Xiphoflium  acuminatum 

Large,  white 

Do. 

■10 

.1    sp 

"              n      .           

Do. 

132 

Acanthophippium  sp.  ... 

„    dull  purple    

Ter. 

41" 

Cirrhopetalum  sp. 

Small,   greenish,  fragrant 

Do. 

133* 

1,     sp 

„     white,  Btreaked 

Do. 

42 

>,    sp 

,,    dull  purple     

Do. 

134» 

Oymbidium  giganteum.,. 

Very  large,  yell,  and  brown 

Do. 

43* 

>.    sp 

Large,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

135 

1,    pendulum 

Large,  dull  yell,  and  purple 

Do. 

44" 

„    sp 

Largiah,  dull  purple 

Do. 

135 

1,    aloifolium 

Do. 

45.« 

„    sp 

,,            ,,               

Do. 

137" 

„     eburneum 

Very  large*,  white    .?. 

Do. 

4G» 

Tric.isina  Euayis 

Large,  white,  purple  &  yell. 

Do. 

13S 

I,     incouspicuum 

Sraal',  browa           

Do. 

47» 

Briafl'iva            

Largiah,  dull  yell.  &  brown 

Do. 

139 

Oymbidium      longipeta- 

Largish,  green -and  purple 

fer 

48 

Brid  sp 

Largish,     white     s'reaked 

dpi. 

lum 

with  browo 

U0« 

„    cyprifoUam 

II               i»               >t 

Do. 

49 

„    densiflora 

„              ,,    tinged    with 
yellow 

Do. 

141" 

"         '^ 

Large,    fragrant,    yellow, 
and  white 

Epi. 

m 

„    ferruginea 

„    ferru.:ia?oua 

Do. 

H2»« 

>.    sp.    ...       

„    brownish  purple 

Do. 

51 

f,    paniculata 

Small,  spo'ted  with  purple 

Do. 

U3»* 

>.      8P 

Very  large,  white 

Do. 

62" 

.,    sp 

Largiah,  white        

Do. 

Hi- 

»     ep 

Large,  white  and  brown  ... 

Do. 

SSI- 

»    sp 

,,             ,t     ^  dull  purp. 

Do. 

Hb' 

..    sp 

,,    greea  aad  dull  purple 

Ter. 

Si' 

..    sp 

•t              fi              )) 

Do. 

U6«= 

?  Phalsenopsis,  sp. 

Large,  yellow  aad  reddish 

Epi. 

C5« 

..      sp 

Minute,  rosy 

Do. 

brown 

56 

Aporuoi  anceps 

Small,  white           

Do. 

147 

Guphorboaois  pygmaBa... 

Minute,  yellow        

Do. 

67 

„    cuspidatum 

,,            „               

Do, 

148 

Greodorum  dllatatam    ... 

Large,  white,  purple,  and 

Do. 

68 

»    sp 

,    M                      >1                             

Do. 

yellow 

69» 

..    »P.? 

Largish,  white,  yellow,  and 
brown 

Do. 

U9» 

»    ep 

„    deep  rosy  purple  and 
white 

Do. 

60 

Dendrobium  Pierardi  ... 

Large,  pink  and  yellow    ... 

Do. 

loO" 

Platanthera  Bp 

Large,  white            

Do. 

Of 

„    heterocarputn 

,,    yell,  and  br.  fragrant 

Do. 

151" 

Periatylia  sp 

Largish,      white,      aw£et- 

Do. 

62 

„    Clirysanthain 

„    lively  yell,  and  brown 

Do. 

sceated 

63« 

,,     Pax'oni       

,,                ,,               ,, 

Do. 

1.52 

Sabeaariahamlgera?... 

Small,  green           

Do. 

61» 

„    sp.  li'kado. 

,,    orange  and  brown  ... 

Do. 

153 

„    sp 

„    yellow 

Do. 

65» 

„    formoaum 

Very  large,  white  and  yelL, 

Do. 

194 

II    sp 

„    greenlBb  yellow 

Do. 

fragrant 

155' 

M      BP 

:.    white    ...        

Do. 

66»« 

„    long'icornu 

Large,  white  and  orange... 

Do. 

156" 

„     Sp 

Large,  white            

Do. 

67 

„    calceolus    

Very    dark   yellow,    rose. 

Do. 

157" 

Pogonla  Joliana.„ 

Small,  rosy  white 

Do. 

and  purple 

ISS'" 

M      Bp 

Largish,  green        

Do. 

63' 

„    sulcatum 

Large,  yellow  and  purple... 

Do. 

1.59" 

>,     sp 

Small,  purple          

Do. 

69 

„    Jeakinsii 

„    lively  yellow 

Do. 

160". 

Cyrtosia.sp.         

Largish,  golden  yellow    ... 

Do. 

7U 

,,    CBorulesceos 

„    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do, 

161" 

Spiranthes  Bp 

Small,  white           

Do. 

71 

,,    n  tbile         

„    white  rosy  purple    ... 

Do. 

162" 

Zeuxine  sulcata 

Do. 

72" 

„     Gibaonii     

,,    yellow  and  brown    ... 

Do. 

163" 

A,D9ectocbilus            Rox- 

„    rosy  white      

Do. 

73. 

„    stuposura   

Small,  white           

Do. 

burghii 

74. 

,,    Cambridgeanum... 

L  irge,  lively  yell,  and  br. 

Do. 

164«« 

M    sp 

„    white 

Do. 

75»* 

„    transpareas 

,,    deep  lively  purple    ... 

Do. 

165.. 

Cyprlpedium     Tenustum 

Large,  green  and  purple  ... 

Do. 

76' 

„    lilce  do.,  various  ... 

„    pale  roae  and  purple 

Do. 

166.* 

„    inaigne 

„    red  and  yellow 

Do. 

77.. 

,,    Devonianuin 

,,    lilac-ro3B  and  yellow 

Do. 

167» 

Galanthe  deusiflora 

„    lively  yellow 

Do. 

78.« 

,,    Daihouaianum     ... 

„    rose,  white,  and  purp. 

Do. 

168»* 

>i     sp 

Small,  brown  and  yellow... 

Do. 

79 

„     multicaule 

,,    white  and  purple     ... 

Do. 

1«9" 

„      BP 

Large,  white  and  green    ... 

Do. 

■80" 

„    Grifflthii    

„    pale  yell,  and  orangi 

Do. 

170«« 

„      Bp 

„            „     and  yellow ... 

Do. 

81»» 

„    yarmeri     

„     lively       ,,         „ 

Do. 

17l>" 

„      Bp 

,,    dull  purple    

Do. 

82'* 

„    denviflorum  pallid. 

»,    white  and  orange    ... 

Do. 

172 

Goodyerasp 

Small  white 

Do. 

83'* 

,,        do.    roaeum     ... 

„    pale  rose  and  orange 

Do. 

173 

„      Bp 

Do. 

8t 

,,    iDteroiediuin 

„    pale  yellow  tb  brown 

Do. 

174 

»      sp 

„   _      ,1    dull  purple    ... 

Do. 

85* 

..    «P 

,,     lively  orange 

Do. 

175" 

Ophrys  Bp.           

Largish,  rosy  purple 

Do. 

86. 

»    sp 

,,       ,,    yellow  &  brown 

Do, 

176" 

„    sp 

,1    green  and  purple    ... 

Do. 

87" 

..    "P 

„    yellow,  pink,  and  br. 

Do, 

177'* 

A.nthoglnum  8p. ... 

„    rosy      

Do. 

88« 

„    sp.    ...       .  , 

„    pink  and  yellow 

Do. 

178* 

Bonateasp 

Small,  ereen          

Do 

89«. 

Spathoglottis  pabesceDB 

Largiah,  yellow  and  purple 

Ter. 

~ 

90 

\rundiQa  bambusifoUa 

Large,  pale  roae  and  l,vel.\ 

Do. 

i39chynanthu3  (3  to  4  ap.) :  Ho 

ya  (5  or  6  sp.) ;  Arum  (sevara'^ 

purple 

Lilium  (1  ap.)  ;  Nepenthes  (1 

sp.) ;  Ferns  and  Lycopodiums 

91« 

Pliaius  grandifolms     ... 

„     while,  brown,  &  pur. 

Do. 

(150    to  200    sp.)  ;     Palms 

Livistoula,    Leoxalla,    Caryota, 

92 

„     Wa'lichii 

II          It          ,,               „ 

Do. 

Calamus,  isc.)   are    also  in 

Itgenous,    and   can  be  sent  if 

83« 

,,    maculata 

„           ,,      rosv  Bcente,! 

Do. 

required. 

Plants  not  marked  are  common.  imto  ularised  witu  an  aateriaa  are  considered  rare. 

Ditto  marked  with  two  asterlaka  are  considered  very  rare. 

The  charges  for  a  box  of  4  cubic  feet  meaaurement,  containing  an  equal  selection  of  the  three  kinds,  will  be  51,  or 
50  Rupees,  deliverable  at  Calcutta.  When  Plance  which  are  rare  or  very  rare  are  required,  the  charges  will  be  according  to 
the  kind  taken  ;  for  the  rare  1  r.  8  a.  a  Plant ;  for  the  very  rare,  2  rupees  a  Plant.  When  very  large  plants  are  directed  to  be 
sent,  no  extra  charge  will  be  made. 

When  n»w  Pl'.nts  not  included  in  the  list  are  sent,  a  separate  charge  will  be  made.  When  two  boxes  or  more  are  taken 
a  diaconnt  of  ID  per  cent,  will  be  allowed. 

•  ^'''°"  '?■'"  "'"> '' '  ""'  '"  e'a»s  cases,  on  the  Wardian  plan,  meaauring  2  feet  6  inches  In  length  2  feet  breadth,  and  2  feet 
7  inches  in  beight,  for  which  an  extra  charge  of  20  rupees  will  be  made.  Glass  covers  can  also  be  supplied  for  the  other  boxes, 
^t  an  extra  charge  of  10  rupees. 

Applications  to  ba  made  to  Messrs.  CHAHLES  CANTOR  &  CO.,  in  Calcutta. 

ASSAM,  August  1,  1852. 


HORTICULTURiL     GLASS 

OF   EVERY    DESCRIPTION. 


THOMAS    MILLINGTOTf'S    WAEEHOTTSE, 

87,  BISHOPSaATE-STREET  WITHOUT, 


LONDOX. 


GLASS    FOR   CONSERVATORIES,    ETC 

HETLEY  AND  Co.  supply  16-oz,  Sheet  Glass  of 
British  Manufacture,  at  prices  varying  from  2d.  to  3d, 
per  square  foot,  for  the  usual  sizes  required,  many  thousand 
feet  of  wbich  are  kept  ready  picked  for  immediate  delivery. 
Lists  of  PricoH  and  Epitimates  forwarded  on  application,  for 
PATENT  ROUGH  PLATE,  THICK  CROWN  GLASS,  GLASS 
TILES  and  SLA.TES.  WATER-PIPES.  PROPAGATING 
GLASSES,  GLASS  MILK  PANS,  PATENT  PLATE  GLASS, 
ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW  GLASS,  and  GLASS  SHADES, 
to  James  Hetlei  and  Co.,  35,  Soho-square,  London. 

See  Oardeners'  Chronicle  first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

TO    AMATEUR     GARDENERS, 

LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH,  &    SANITARY  WORKS. 

PATENT  GLASS  TUBES,  Iron 
Coated  with  Glas",  Gatta  Percba,  Com- 
binated  ditto,  Patent  Flexible  India  Rubber 
Tubing,  and  every  other  Hose  for  Watering 
Gardens.  The  Hydraulic  Ram,  Fire,  Garden, 
and  every  other  Itiod  of  Pump,  Sluice  Cocks, 
Hydrants,  Hiph  Pressure  Cocks,  and  all  other 
articles  to  be  bad.  Wholesale  and  RetaU,  of 

FREEMAN     ROE, 
HYDRAULIC    ENGINEER, 
70,  Strand,  and  Beidqefield,  WANDSWoatH, 
P.S.  Important  to  Farmers,  &c. — F.  R.  begs  leave  to  call 
attention  to  his  new  Water  Power,  which  in  many  cases  will 
supersede  the  use  of  the  Steam  Engine. 

p  ALVANISED     wIhE     GAME     NETTING*— 
VX  Id  per  yard,  2  feet  wide. 


ealvaa. 

Japanned 

ised. 

Irsn. 

7d.,pervd. 

fid.  per  yd, 

9      ., 

H    „ 

12      >. 

9      „ 

8      >• 

«       .. 

10      „ 

8       ., 

14      .. 

11        X 

2.inoh  mesh,  light,  2i  Inches  wide 

2-inch     ,,      strong  „ 

2-inch     „      eztra  strong     „ 
l^'lnch     ,,      light  „ 

l|-inch     „      strong  „ 

l|-inch     „      ertra  strong     „ 

All  Che  above  can  be  made  any  width  at  proportfonate  pBces, 
If  the  upper  half  is  a  coarse  mesb,  it  will  reduce  the  prices 
one-fourth.  Galvanised  sparrow-proof  netting  for  Pheasantries, 
3d.  per  square  foot.    Patterns  forwarded  post  free. 

Manufactured  by  BARNARD  and  BISHOP,  Marhefyplace, 
Norwich,  and  delivared  free  of  expense  in  LondoM,  Feter- 
borough,   Hull,  or  Nawcaitle. 

CHEAP      WIRE      GAME      AND      POULTRY 
NETTING,  5d.  per  running  yard. 
GALVANISED  ditto,  7d.  per  running  yard,  2  feet  Wid«, 


Galvanised.  Not  dalrauised. 

24:  in.  wide,  2  in,  mesh,  7d.  per  yard.       ...       5d.  per  jard. 
SO  in.    „      2  in.    „        dd<        n  ...        ^d.        „ 

36  in.    „      2  in.    „      lO^d.      „  ...        CJcl.        „ 

48  in.    „      2  in,    „      Is.  2d.    „  ...      lOd.         „ 

Sparrow  Proof  Netting,  GatranlBed,  8d.  per  sqaara  foot, 
made  to  any  size  for  the  same  proportionate  price.  This 
article  was  showa  a.t  the  **  Great  Exhibition,"  wfaer*  it  was  so 
much  admired  for  its  light  and  durable  appearance,  and  a&. 
knowledged  to  be  the  cheapest  and  best  article  of  the  kind 
ever  offered.  Extra  Btrong  Wire  Sheep  Netting,  8  feet  high. 
Is.  6d.  and  2«.  3d.  per  yard.  Alio  every  dtacription  of  Flower 
Trainers,  Dahlia  Rods,  Garden  Arches,  Bordering,  Flower 
Standi,  Tjing  Wire,  Trollis  Work,  Invisible  Wire  Fencing, 
Hurdles,  and  every  description  of  Wire  Work  for  Horticultural 
purposes. — Illustrated  Catalogues  of  Patterns  forwarded,  post- 
free,  on  application  to  T,  H,  Fox,  City  of  London  Wire  Work 
and  Iron  Fence  Manufactory,  41,  Skinner-street,  and  6  and  8, 
Snow-hill.  Lonrlon.  _         _^ 


«  PRIGI  DOMO."— A  Canvas,  made  of  prepared 
-L  Hair  and  Wool,  a  perfect  non-conductor  of  Heat  and 
adapted  to  many  Hortieultural  and  Floricultural  parpoaes  for 
covering  over  frames  where  a  fixed  temperature  islrequired. 
It  is  2^  yards  wide,  and  of  any  required  length,  at  Is.  id-  per 
yard  run. — Manufactured  only  by  E.  T.  Akobek,  Carpet  Mana- 
faetnrer,  451,  New  Oxford-street.  London. "  ' 

WARNERS  PATENT  FARM  AND  COTTAGE 
PUMPS. — Cast-iron  Pumps,  for  the  use  of  Farms, 
Cottages,  Manure  Tanks,  and  Shallow 
Wells.  £  s.  d. 

Patent  Pump «.  1  15    0 

patent  Pump,  with  16  feet  of  lead 
pipe  attached,  and  bolts  and  nuts 

ready  for  fixing    2  10    0 

Larger  sizes  if  required. 
To  Emigrants  proceeding  to  the  Gold 
Regions  they  will   prove  to  be  the  most 
simple,  durable,  and  the  cheapest  Pumps 
hitherto  introduced. 

May  be  obtained  of  any  Ironmonger  or 
Plumber  in  Town  or  Country,  or  of  the 
Patentees  and  Manufacturers, 

JOHN    WARNER  &  SONS, 
8,  Orescent,   Jewin-street,   London, 
Every  deacrlption  of    Machinery  for  Raisin;  Water,   Fire 
Engines,  tlfc. 


52— 1852J 


THE     GARDENERS^     CHRONICLE. 


819 


CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 

O  TAYLOR  infoi'ms  the  Public  that  he  is  ready  to 
•  receive  orders  far  Fluats  of  all  the  variettea  named  in 
liis  Treatiae,  published  last  season,  at  125.  per  dozen,  and  of 
nine  approved  new  ones,  let  out  in  1852,  for  125.  Also  twelve 
new  Pompons  f*Jr  12s. 

la  consequence  of  bis  havhiy  hadinany  appHoations'for  that 
\roik,  he  hf\B  issued  a  second  elitinn,  containing  the  names  of 
the  select  varieties  let  oat  in  1352,  copies  of  which  he  will 
forward  by  post  upon  the  receipt  of  14  postage  Btamp9.  As  a 
proof  of  the  succeaa  of  hi^  mod©  of  culture,  he  btegn  to  state 
that  he  exhibited  at  Stoke  Newington  ihia  soaa  -.n  a  selection  of 
J4  blooms,  gaining  the  firsi  prize  (a  handsome  silver  cup). 

GeoBGE  TatLOS.  Park-street.  StoHe  Xewing'Qn. 


SUPERB  HOLLYHOCK  SEED.  — Well  ripened 
Seed,  warranted  to  be  saved  exclusively  from  Comet, 
Elegans,  Obscura,  Mr.  C.  Baron,  Penelope,  Rosea  griindiftora, 
"Meteor,  Walden  G-em,  Man;niim  Bonum,  Spectabilis,  SafFranot 
fpoiicata.  Enchantress,  Picta,  Queen,  Bicolor,  Dido,  Charles 
Turner,  Foroioia,  Hebe,  Model  of  Perfection,  Uosea  Alba, 
Sulphurea  Perfocta.  White  Perfection,  Blue  Beard,  Mulberry 
Superb,  Snowball,  and  Queen  of  England. 

A  pood  mixture  of  the  above,  in  packett  contaiiing  upwards 
-OF  2013  Seeds,  will  be  forwarded  post  free,  upon  the  receipt  of 
"23.  Qd.  worth  of  postage  stamps,  by  R.  B.  Bircham,  Helenham 
Rosary,  Bungay,  Suffolk. 


SPECIMEN  SHOW  PLANTS.— The  Subscribers 
haTJQg  determined  to  dispose  of  a  few  of  their  magnificent 
'vapecimens,  the  like  being  no  where  to  be  found  in  Great  Britain, 
it^ersoas  requiring,  should  send  their  gardeners  to  select 
■<iritbout  delay.  A  fine  stock  of  Forest  Trees,  Pruit  Trees, 
"-and  Shrubi,  to  be  sold  cheap. 
'  W.  Jackson  and  Co.,  Bei^ale.  Yorkfibire. 


--^TUART    AND     MEIN'S     PARADISE     PEA.— 
'  'O  A  very  superior  New  Early  Pea,   a  distinct  variety,   of 
\'''Sarg«  size;  a  most  abundant  bearer,  and  excellent  flavour, 
vpartaking  of  the  Marrow. 

"  Sown  May  17,  fit  for  use  July  23.    About  4  feet  high,  pods 
^-straight,  flattish,  containing  6-7  Peas  of  good  quality.     An 
abundant  bearer."     From  Journal  of  the  Horticultaral  Society. 
See  Gardeners'  Chromde,  Oct.  16,  1852. 

"Your  Paradise  Pea  I  consider  to  be  distinct,  well  flavoure'i, 

-andan  abundant  cropper,  growing  about  4  feet  high.  I  certainly 

^^.'fcbink    it  an   acqniaition  to  the  Peas  now  in  cultivation." — 

.,  'fieorge  Wemyss,  Gardener  to  Sir  George  Scott  Douglas,  Bart,, 

-«f  ^ringwood  Park, 

"I  take  the  Paradise  Pea  to  be  distinct  from  any  at  present 

-='cnltiTated,  grows  about  4  feet  high;  strong  and  erect  ia  the 

fStravr,  an  immenss  bearer,  pods  fleahy,  large  and  straight; 

-Feas  above  the  medium  lize,  of  excellent  quality,  and  alto- 

i3gether  a  grtat  acquisition." — John  Taylor,   Gardener  to  the 

^ig^t  Hon.  Lord  Chief  Justice  Campbell. 

2*.  6d.  per  quart. 

■Agents  :—Me3tr3.  Chaelwood  and  CoManNS,  14,  Tavist  ick 

"■  "^tow,  Covent  Garden,   London;    Measra.  NoTTrNO  and  Sons, 

''^Cheapiide,  London ;  and  Meisrs.  Lawhon  and  Son,  Edinburgh. 

Firadise  Hurseries,  Kelfo,  Knightsbridge. 


D.   PARKS   has    to    offer    tbe 


following : — 
Each. — s.  d. 


«  Trained  full  Standard  Royal  George  Peach 

4  ditto  Double  Swalsb  

12  Large  Ontario  Pop!  ir,  15  to  20  ft 

25  Hornbeam,  12  to  15  feet 

6  Acer  macroptiylla,  12  to  15  ft 

18  Plane,  15  to  20  ft 

€  Weeplsg  f>lm,  fine 

^0  Portugal  LaureL  5  to€  ft.,  tWll  mo7«  well       

7  Weeping  Aih 

9:8  Laburnum  intermedium 

26  Larch  Fir,  15  to  20  ft.,  wHl  more  well 

1  Fine  Cedar  or  Cypress,  15  ft,,  from  Nepaul,  a  fine 

plant  

80  Rhododendrons,  large,  chiefly  pontlcum        

,.-^0  Standard  and  Dwarf  Apple-tree»,  to  clear  the  ground, 

not  very  free  in  growth ... 

12  Large  Tree  Box,  4  to  5  feefc  

"76  Sweet  Briar,  5  ft 

6  Standard  Cytisui  pnrpnreuB  and  flessUifoUiH 

5  Arbutus  uncdo,  7  ft.  

'iCfiO  Rhododendrons,  13  to  24  inches 

7  Evergreen  Oakr,  10  to  13  feet      

S6  Cypress,  upright,  4  ft.        ,. 

12  Witch  Elm.  12  ft 

13  Alat«rnus,  5  fc 

12  Alb,  of  sorts 

A  few  larje  trainfed  Fear  and  Plnm  Trees      ...        /.. 

(The  object  ia  sellio?  these  large  Trees  at  this  price 

is  to  reduce  the  stock.) 

$0  L&tirestiDag,  18  inches       •< 

(The  object  of  offarioy  these  Plants  so  low  in  price 
is  to  reduce  the  stock.) 
Bftrtford  Kursery,  Dartford.  Kent.— Dec.  25. 


tNGRAM'S  HYBRID  WHITE  SPINE   CUCUMBER. 
PaicE  p->a  Thbep  Oood  Plttmp  Seeds,  2s.  6d.,  Post  Free. 

GEORGE  AVHEELER,  Nurseryman,  &c.,  War- 
minster, Wilts,  having  purchased  the  entire  stock  of  the 
■■bOTe  most  valuable  Cucumber,  which,  after  much  care  and 
Attention  in  hybridising,  Mr.  Ingram  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
nlae,  it  is  now,  for  the  first  time,  offered  to  the  public,  on  con- 
'91tton  that  G.  W.  recdvei  by  the  end  of  January  next  the 
names  of  a  saflBcient  number  of  Subscribers  to  insure  him  from 
probable  loss  in  the  spsculatioo,  he  will  then  be  prepared  to 
tend  It  out  In  the  first  week  io  February,  otherwise  it  will  be 
^Tleceffsary  to  keep  it  in  for  another  season. 

It  is  the  reoeral  opinion  of  the  numerous  persons,  viz.,  gen- 
■tlem«n's  gardeners,  amataur  and  other  Cucumber  grower*,  who 
rgaw  it  growlag  all  through  the  last  saasou,  that  it  is  the  most 
prolific  long  Cacamber  ever  growo.  The  orop  In  Mr.  Ingram'^ 
*COld  pits,  which  depended  for  heat  on  the  sua'd  rays  alone,  was 
onoit  abundant,  of  excellent  quality,  and  called  forth  general 
admiration.  It  is  equally  well  adaptad  for  early  forcing,  for  ihe 
igeneral  crop,  and  excelltntfor  the  trellis  system  of  culture.  The 
Vkhi  Is  very  thin,  Its  fine  green  colour  is  retained  long  a'ter  the 
'fralt  Is  become  too  old  for  the  table  or  exbibltioo,  without 
-ihowlng  the  least  tint  of  yellow  ;  the  flesh  is  particularly  solid, 
2ri»p,  and  gond  flavoured.  This  variety  has  the  sinifuiar  pro- 
^srty  of  showing  fruit  on  the  old  parts  of  the  vIdc«,  often  below 
all  tho  fo.Uge  and  lateral  shoots,  and  bringinif  nuch  fruit  to 
perfection.  At  the  horticultural  shows  held  in  BtrmlnKham 
and  Its  vicinity,  Mr.  Ingram  sxhlbUod  this  Hybrid  While  Spine 
-for  several  succetfllve  seasons  without  falling  In  any  instance 
of  obtalninit  the  flr«t  prlrt. 

The  Be«d  G.  W.  ofT^ra  baa  been  grown  under  his  own  super- 
intendence, far  from  any  other  Cucumber,  coniequently  may 
be  relied  on  oa  true  and  genuine  :  he  therefore  rft<:omnocnd«  It 
Irtlh  the  greBU  St  confidence.  O.  W.  hopes  to  receive  tho  names 
Of  sabicriberi  withorr.  delay,  and  that  the  list  muy  be  soon  so 
far  filled  as  to  cn^bio  him  U>  send  out  the  need  by  tho  middle  of 
January,  Inittead  of  Pebraary,  which  he  would  be  happy  to  do. 

O.  W.  has,  Ail  n»ni»l,  a  grKj'l  stock  of  lino  Bulbs  ot  the  follow- 
ing kinds  of  TIOftfDI  A,  or  TIOKKKLOWEK, 

T.  WHEBLBKII.  y«llow,  richly  spotud  centre,  with  scarlet 
Mpftls.  A  superb  V  trinty,  ?.i.  per  dozen. 

T.COMCHItPL'MlA,  yellowground,  finely  spotted,  3|,  p.  doi. 

T.  VhYHniK,  2».  per  doz«in. 

For  cath  post  fr««.  The  u«ual  discount  to  the  Trndn  by  thrt 
11)0.  A  large  quantity  of  goo«l  and  strong  trdnsplantuil  Thorn 
Plinti  on  h'ni't.   Prices  oo  applloatlon.— Warminster,  Dec,  'it>. 


SEED  AND  HORTICULTURAL  ESTABLISHMENT, 

SUDBURY,  SUFFOLK. 

BASS  AND  BROWN  have  the  pleasure  to  announce 
that  their  SEEDS  for  the  present  season  are  now  har- 
vested and  ready  to  send  out  in  fine  condition,  which  ttiey  beg 
to  offer  as  under.  Their  similar  aseortments  of  previous  years 
have  given  general  satiifaction,  and  they  can  recommend 
them  with  the  highest  confidence. 

VEGETABLE    SEEOS    IM    ASSORTMENTS. 
Full  particulars  of  tin  assorted  collections  are  given  In  the 
Catalogue.  *     s    d. 

PEAS,  20  choice,  new,  and  best  sorts,  1  quart  of  each, 

arranged  for  succession 14    0 

Do.    10  do.  do.  1  quart  of  each    8    6 

Do.       8  good  and  esteemed  sorts,  1  quart  of  each       ...     4     G 

BROCCOLI,  10  finest  sorts,  1  pint  of  each,  for  puccession     4     0 

Do.  6  do.  do.  do.  3     0 

1.  Collection  of  Vegetable  Seeds,  containing  the  20) 

quarts  of  Peas,  with  each   of  the  Broccoli,  and  [p.,  ,«     „ 
all  other  Seeds   in  proportion,  of  the  best  and  ( 
choicest  sorts  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...J 

2.  Collection,  smaller  quantities  1  10    0 

3.  „  „  „  10    0 

4.  Collections  of  esteemed  kinds  for  small  Gardens        0  10    C 
Our  New  Seed  List  for  1853  oiay  now  be  had,  which  comprises 

the  formpr  part  of  our  general  Spring  Catalogue,  the  whole  of 
which  will  be  ready  early  in  January. 

The  Autumn  Catalogue,  which  contains  select  New  Plants, 
Rose^,  Shrubs,  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants,  Fruits,  Bulbs,  and 
Flower  Roots,  &c.,  sent  free  for  three  postage  stamps. 

Post-office  orders  payable  to  Stephen  Brown.  Remittances 
requested  from  unknown  correspondents. 

Established  about  Haifa  Century. 


IKfie  iSatiienetg'  Cfirotttcle. 

SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  25,  1852. 

MEETING  FOK  THE  ENSUINQ  WEEK. 
Wbdhbbdat,  Dec,     29 -S2icroacopical   S  P.M. 


Amongst  books  of  passing  interest,  there  is  none 
of  its  kind  that  has  claimed  and  gained  a  greater 
share  of  popularity  than  MM.  Hue  and  Gabet's 
adventurous  travels  in  Tibet  and  Tartary ;  and  of 
all  the  strange  things  these  travellers  saw,  none  has 
attracted  more  curiosity  than  the  "  Tree  of  10,000 

IMAGES." 

We  have  been  inundated  v^ith  questions  respecting 
this  tree  from  all  classes  of  readers  at  home,  and 
inquiries  have  reached  us  from  India  and  the 
continent.  Our  own  curiosity  has,  we  confess,  been 
aroused  ;  and  in  spite  of,  perhaps,  our  better 
judgment,  the  subject  of  the  following  remarks  has 
taken  a  strong  hold  on  our  imagination. 

Shorn  of  periphrasis  and  verbiage,  the  facts 
vouched  for  by  the  French  missionaries  are — that  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  Kounboum,  in  the 
extreme  west  of  China,  beyond  the  great  wall,  in 
about  latitude  37°  N.,  and  longitude  100°  E.,  there 
grows  an  aged  evergreen  tree,  said  to  be  the  only 
one  of  its  kind,  which  is  preserved  with  great  care 
within  four  walls,  and  covered  by  a  silver  canopy. 
The  trunk  is  15  feet  in  circumference,  and  8  feet 
high,  above  which  the  branches  spread  and  are 
tufted ;  the  bark  ilakes  off  like  that  of  the  Plane, 
and  the  wood  is  red,  smelling  deliciously,  some- 
thing like  Canella  bark.  Tibetan  characters  are 
formed  naturally  on  various  parts  of  the  leaves,  in 
different  shades  of  green,  and  similar  ones  cover  the 
old  as  well  as  the  newly-formed  bark.  It  is  said  to 
produce  large  and  beautiful  red  flowers  in  summer. 
The  missionaries  are  convinced  that  no  deception 
was  practised  by  the  Lamas  ;  that  the  Devil  has  a 
good  deal  to  do  with  it ;  and  they  do  not  suggest  the 
probability  of  insect  agency.  It  may  be  added  that 
the  climate  of  the  country  is  very  dry  and  cold,  but 
subject  to  the  great  extremes  of  a  long  icy  winter 
and  short  hot  summer,  that  Kounboum  is  pro- 
bably at  a  considerable  elevation,  and  that  few 
other  trees  grow  there. 

We  need  scarcely  say  that  no  known  tree 
answers  to  this  souvenir  of  MM.  Hue  and  Gabet; 
nor  can  we  offer  a  very  probable  guess  as  to  what  it 
may  be  ;  the  best  we  have  heard  as  answering 
several  of  the  conditions  is,  that  it  may  be  a 
variegated-leaved  Maijnolia ;  the  red  flowers  and 
scented  wood  favour  this  idea,  but  the  bark  does  not 
correspond,  and  the  climate  is  against  the  proba- 
bility of  an  evergreen  tree  of  that  genus  surviving 
the  winter.  The  Funereal  Cypress  of  the  intrepid 
Fortune  has  occurred  to  us,  the  Tchenden  of  the 
Tibetans,  a  great  favourite  of  the  Lamas  in  that 
country  and  in  the  Eastern  Himalaya  ;  it  is 
evergreen,  has  a  sweet-scented  red  wood,  and  some- 
what flaking  bark,  but  the  leaves  do  not  answer,  nor 
do  the  large  red  flowers.  An  evergreen  Oak,  with 
itt)  broad  harsh  leaves  eaten  by  insects,  sums  up  our 
scanty  catalogue  of  possible  plants. 

liefore  dismissing  this  sul>ject,  it  may  be  well  to 
pause  and  inquire  whether  we  may  not  be  pursuing 
a  phantom  in  this  investigation,  and  what  reliance 
can  be  placed  on  our  authority. 

There  is  proof  in  their  volumes,  that  MM.  Hun 
and  Oadet  were  no  impostorn,  nor  is  evidence 
wanting  of  there  being  some  foundation  for  many  of 
their  most  marvellous  stories,  of  tho  Calil'ornian 
richness  of  'J'ibet  in  gold  —  of  the  salutation  by 
lolling  out  the  tongue, and  scratching  the  ear— of  the 
little   wooden  cups   wliich  coat  ounces  of  silver, 


whilst  others  exactly  like  them  cost  but  a  few  pieces 
of  copper  —  and  of  the  custom  the  Lhassa  belles 
have  of  blackening  their  faces  with  varnish,  though 
the  ungallant  monks  .slander  the  fair  sex  of  Tibet 
by  the  fabulous  origin  of  the  custom  they  quote. 
That  they  went  to  Lhassa  and  lived  there  has  been 
reported  to  Europeans  on  the  frontier  of  India,  and 
that  they  returned  through  China  is  as  certain  as 
that  they  have  since  become  the  authors  or  originators 
of  a  book,  as  remarkable  for  its  fables  and  fictions 
(perhaps  not  all  their  own),  as  for  its  novelties 
and  truthful  representation  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Tibetans.  The  integrity  of 
the  authors,  and  the  honesty  of  their  intentions 
we  do  not  doubt;  but  we  cannot  help  remem- 
bering that  no  journal  or  diary  was  kept 
during  nearly  three  years  of  wanderings  ;  that  a 
"few  notes"  were  worked  up  at  Macao  in  1847 
and  1848,  and  that  in  1850,  from  such  materials, 
nearly  1000  well  filled  pages  of  souvenirs  appear  in 
Paris  !  stored  with  anecdotes,  occurrences,  and  pro- 
longed conversations  in  Chinese,  Mongol,  and 
Tibetan,  such  as  no  imagination,  however  fertile, 
could  wholly  invent  and  clothe  with  the  garb  of 
truth,  and  as  no  memory,  however  retentive,  could 
retain  aught  but  the  traces  of. 

Again,  it  was  advisedly  that  we  called  this  work 
of  passing  interest  only,  because  its  value  as  a  book 
of  information  will  vanish,  and  its  interest  as  a 
lively  narrative  will  be  forgotten,  soon  after  the 
countries  it  describes  shall  have  been  gone  over  by 
accurate  and  observant  travellers.  The  gossip  that 
swells  its  pages  is  delightful,  but  the  amount  of 
sound  useful  observation  it  contains  is  incredibly 
small.  The  scanty  geographical  details  are  wholly 
insufficient  for  the  most  superficial  compiler  to 
profit  by ;  the  soil  and  its  produce,  climate,  zoology, 
and  botany,  are  scarcely  alluded  to,  and  the  doc- 
trines of  Boodhism  the  authors  do  not  appear  to 
have  comprehended  in  the  least. 

MM.  Hue  and  Gadet's  credulity  and  love  of  the 
marvellous  are  so  overweening  that  they  crave  and 
swallow  the  tales  of  people  whom  they  describe  as  the 
most  credulous  and  mendacious  in  the  world  ;  they 
stretch  out  their  hands  to  be  led  by  the  blind. 
Before  visiting  the  "  tree  of  10,000  images  "  they 
were  satisfied  that  Lamas  could  disembowel  them- 
selves by  the  aid  of  the  devil,  and  after  returning 
their  viscera  uninjured  to  the  resumption  of  their 
functions,  heal  the  wound  by  passing  the  hand  over 
the  gash  ;  and  they  rather  make  a  boast  of  the 
extent  of  their  superstitious  belief  in  these  and 
other  as  marvellous  fables.  In  this  state  of  mind 
they  arrived  at  the  tree,  their  imaginations  wound 
up  to  the  highest  pitch  of  curiosity  and  excitement 
by  the  tales  they  had  heard  ;  they  were  "  consterne's 
d'etonnement  "  at  the  first  sight  of  the  leaves,  and 
on  leaving  "la  sueur  leur  en  montait  au  front." 

Now  instances  are  not  wanting  at  home,  of  men 
of  education  and  intelligence  seeing  impossibilities 
in  the  heavens  and  on  the  earth,  in  the  sea,  and 
under  it ;  the  histories  of  the  telescope  and  micro- 
scope are  inter- wrought  with  such,  as  are  those  of 
discoveries  of  all  kinds.  The  naturalists  of  Cook's 
voyages  insisted  that  the  rows  of  tall  Pines  along 
the  shores  of  New  Caledonia  were  Basaltic  columns, 
long  after  the  keen-sighted  navigator  had  pro- 
nounced them  trees.  Icebergs  have  been  seen  in 
tropical  seas.  Some  islands  are  vouched  to  have 
been  landed  on,  thousands  of  miles  from  any  land ; 
besides  hundreds  that  are  seen  and  passed  by,  and 
still  find  a  place  in  our  charts.  A  sea-serpent  was 
(if  we  remember  aright),  vouched  to  have  been  seen 
so  well  and  so  near,  that  had  it  been  a  friend's  face 
the  observer  would  have  recognised  it ;  the  distance 
proving,  on  cross-questioning,  to  be  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  !  A  graduate  of  Oxford,  not  long  ago,  told 
us  he  saw  swarms  of  crabs  on  the  edge  of  a  pond 
in  one  of  our  suburban  gardens  ;  and  we  once  had 
the  greatest  difiiculty  in  convincing  a  distinguished 
Naval  officer  and  eminent  surveyor,  that  the  Organ 
mountains  (on  which  snow  never  falls)  are  not 
covered  with  perpetual  snow  ;  he  had  been  com- 
modore on  the  coast,  had  lain  for  months  in  Rio 
harbour,  and  assured  us  that  he  had  been  accustomed 
to  admire  the  sunrise  tints  on  the  snow  every 
morning  during  his  quarter-deck  walk.  The  story 
of  the  Capers  versius  Anchovies  needs  no  repeating 
here  ;  but  those  alone  who  have  been  accustomed 
to  train  ignorant  observers  to  do  good  service  in 
sciance,  know  the  difficulty  of  arriving  at  the 
truth  of  results  thus  obtained. 

Our  opinion  with  regard  to  MM.  Huo  and 
Gabet's  account  of  the  tree  is,  that  it  is  impossible 
to  guess  the  nature,  or  exaggerate  the  amount  of  error 
into  which  such  ignorant  observers  may  have  fallen  ; 
or  to  estimate  the  consequence  of  their  superstition 
and  excitability  ;  or  to  distrust  too  much  memories 
overburdened  with  so  many  "  souvenirs."  Add  to 
these,  a  want  of  curiosity  so  inexcusable,  that  they 
I  remained  a  whole  summer  in  idleness  at  Tchagertan, 


820 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE. 


[Dec.  25, 


only  half  an  hour's  walk  from  the  object  of_  their 
consternation  and  sweating  astonishment,  without 
once  going  to  see  its  beautiful  red  flowers ;  and  we 
may  stand  excused  for  leaving  the  story  as  we  found 
it,  and  our  readers  to  form  their  own  opinion  of  its 
probable  merits. 

3 

Some  idea  of  the  mischief  produced  in  wiue 
countries  by  the  Vine  Mildew,  may  be  gathered 
from  the  following  facts,  the  accuracy  of  which  we 
guarantee. 

In  the  department  of  the  Herault  in  France,  wine 
is  rising  so  rapidly  in  price  that  common  wine  which 
10  years  ago  was  as  low  as  20  fr.  the  muid  of 
700  quarts,  and  the  average  price  of  which  may 
be  taken  at  40  fr.,  is  now  producing  150  fr.,  and 
even  at  that  rate  many  proprietors  will  not  sell, 
under  the  impression  that  the  Oidium  has  so  affected 
the  Vines  that  next  year's  Vintage  must  either  be 
a  total  failure  or  a  very  short  one.  Our  corre- 
spondent, an  English  gentleman,  whose  capital  is 
invested  in  vineyards,  which  he  has  for  many  years 
managed  for  himself,  and  with  great  success,  ex- 
presses his  belief  that  at  least  the  latter  result  must 
be  anticipated. 

It  thus  seems  that  the  wine  countries  are  about  to 
experience  a  calamity  similar  in  its  nature,  and  as 
terrible  in  its  extent,  as  that  which  lately  befel 
Potato  countries.  If  IWadeira,  the  south  of  France, 
Spain,  the  north  of  Italy,  and  Hungary,  are  now 
suffering  under  this  infliction,  it  cannot  be  expected 
that  other  countries  will  escape  ;  and  thus  the  small 
cloud  which  appeared  some  years  since  in  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,  and  from  which  no  one  expected  danger, 
has  already  expanded  into  a  meteor  that  has  ravaged 
a  considerable  part  of  Europe. 

Under  these  circumstances  the  cure  of  the  disease 
becomes  of  immeasurable  importance,  and  whatever 
appears  to  arrest  it  takes  precedence  of  all  other 
inquiries.  We  therefore  avail  ourselves  of  this 
opportunity  of  returning  to  the  remedy  proposed  by 
M.  Duval,  as  mentioned  in  our  Journal  of  the  13th 
of  last  month.  We  were  at  that  time  uncertain 
what  might  be  the  precise  nature  of  the  dirty  Eaii 
de  lessive,  which  effected  a  cure  ;  and  we  ventured 
to  call  it  "lie."  A  correspondent  has  since  explained 
(p.  774),  that  what  the  French  call  Eau  de  lessive 
is  prepared  thus  :  a  large  tub  with  a  cavity  at  the 
base  is  filled  nearly  to  the  top  with  foul  linen  ;  on 
this  is  placed  a  thick  layer  of  wood-  ashes,  on  which 
water  is  poured  for  about  24  hours,  and  having 
penetrated  the  ashes  and  clothes,  and  cleansed  the 
latter  partially,  escapes  by  the  vent,  and  is  what  is 
termed  Eau  de  lessive,  'The  clothes  are  afterwards 
washed  in  soap  and  water,  but  soapsuds  form  no 
ingredient  in  the  Eau  de  lessive,  which  is  a  very 
acrid  fluid. 

To  this  we  are  now  able  to  add  that  French 
washerwomen  not  unfrequently  add  fresh  burnt 
lime  to  the  wood  ashes  —  a  practice  highly 
destructive  to  linen — and  thus  it  may  be  that  the 
lie  or  lessive  employed  by  M.  Duval  was  in  reality 
lime-water,  holding  caustic  potash  in  solution.  Be 
that  as  it  may,  we  fear  that  the  lessive  remedy  will 
have  little  value  in  vineyards,  if  the  wash-tub  only 
is  to  be  its  source,  for  no  such  quantity  can  be  thus 
obtained  as  a  vineyard  would  require,  especiallj' 
since  in  washing  much  of  the  water  is  driven 
off  by  evaporation.  It  would,  however,  be  easy 
enough  to  form  expressly  a  lessive  having  all 
the  properties  of  that  which  is  rejected  by  the  Paris 
washerwomen,  provided  it  should  be  found  desirable 
after  further  trial. 


ENTOMOLOGY.' 

Wine  Coek  Insect. 
At  the  present  festive  season,  when  oui'  wine  cellars 
are  subject  to  more  than  ordinary  visitation,  and  long 
stored  up  bottles  of  choice  wine  are  dislodged  from  their 
dark  retreats,  and  their  contents  duly  discussed,  we  may 
be  allowed  to  leave  the  gardens  and  fields,  and  call 
attention  to  the  proceedings  of  several  species  of  insects 
which  have  the  instinct  to  devour  the  corks,  and  so  to 
cause  the  wine  to  leak,  thereby  occasionally  producing 
Woful  disappointment  to  the  expectant  connoisseur. 

The  most  injurious  of  all  these  wine  cork  insects  is 
the  caterpillar  of  a  little  moth  which  gnaws  the  cork  in 
all  directions,  weaving  at  the  same  time  a  slight  web,  to 
which  are  attached  small  masses  of  grains,  which  are 
the  dried  excrement  of  the  insect.  The  ravages  of  one 
of  these  larvse  is  represented  in  the  accompanying  figure. 
Tile  larva  itself  is  whitish  coloured,  fleshy,  and  slightly 
clothed  with  erect  scattered  sette,  and  with  a  dark 
coloured  head.  When  disturbed  it  writhes  about,  quits 
it3  burrow,  and  lets  itself  down  from  the  cork  by  a  fine 
thread.  When  full  grown  it  forms  an  elongated  cocoon 
attached  to  the  surface  of  the  material  upon  which  it 
lias  been  feeding,  formed  of  a  fine  layer  of  silk,  to  the 
outside  of  which  are  attached  particles  of  excrement 
and  gnawnigs  of  its  food.  Within  this  cocoon  it  is 
transloi-med  to  a  small  chrysalis,  rather  slender  in  form, 
with  the  head  case  pointed,  and  the  .antenna  cases 
extendmg  quite  to  the  extremity  of  the  body.    The 


perfect  insect  is  a  minute  moth  belonging  to  the  family 
Tineidaj,  placed  by  Haworth  in  the  genus  Gracillaria, 
and  specifically  named  by  him  G.  V-flava,  from  the 
pale  V-like  mark  on  each  of  the  fore-wings,  wliich 
measure  rather  more  than  one-third  of  an  inch  in 
expanse,  and  are  of  a  shining  brown  colour,  with  a 
narrow  pale  clay-coloured  angulated  transverse  bar 
running  across  the  fore-wings,  at  about  one-third  of 
their  length  from  the  base,  resembling  a  t>  placed  side- 
ways, the  point  of  the  letter  being  directed  towards  the 
tip  of  the  wings,  and  connected  by  pale  scales  with  a 
large  spot  on  the  fore-margin  towards  the  end  of  the 
wings,  which  is  indistinctly  formed  into  a  fascia  on  the 
hind  margin.  The  fringe  is  very  long,  the  hind  wings 
very  slender  and  pointed,  with  very  long  fringe,  of  a 
pale  straw-coloured  buff.  The  head  is  clothed  in  front 
with  a  dense  tuft  of  buff-coloured  hairs  truncated  trans- 
versely ;  the  palpi  are  of  moderate  length,  very  slender, 
drooping  and  extending  outwards,  so  as  to  be  seen  at 
the  sides  of  the  head.  The  antennie  are  very  long  and 
thread-like,  and  the  hind  tarsi  are  considerably 
elongated.  Mr.  Haworth  considered  it  probable  that 
this  species  was  the  Tinea  Pedella^  of  Linnaeus  (Faima 
Suec.  1433),  the  description  of  which  is  however  so 
short  and  vague,  as  not  to  enable  us  to  determine  the 
point ;  but  as  Linnsens  expressly  states  of  it,  that  its 
larva  is  "  alni  foliis  subcutanea,"  it  cannot  be  identical 
with  our  insect. 

This  insect  has  formed  the  subject  of  several  com- 
munications made  to  the  Entomological  Society  during 
the  last  three  or  four  years.  Mr.  E.  Doubleday 
exhibited  some  of  the  larvee  on  the  6th  March,  1848, 
which  had  destroyed  the  corks  of  a  stock  of  wine,  so  as 
to  render  it  necessary  to  recork  the  bottles  ;  and  on  the 
5th  June  following,  Mr.  Stepliens  exhibited  some  of  the 
moths  which  he  had  reared  from  Mr.  Doubleday's 
larvBe.  Until  recently,  the  insect  was  very  rare  in 
collections,  but  had  latterly  been  found  in  plenty  by 
Mr.  Bedell  in  wine  cellars.    As  it  differed  con3ider.tbly 


from  the  other  species  of  the  genus  Gracillaria, 
Mr.  Stephens  proposed  to  separate  it  from  them, 
under  the  name  of  Oinophila.  No  description  of 
the  proposed  genus  has  hitherto  been  published, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  generic  name  will 
be  altered,  as  it  is  now  certain  that ,  the  insect  has 
no  taste  for  the  wine  itself,  as  it  invariably  leaves  that 
portion  of  the  cork  which  is  satm'ated  with  the  wine 
untouched.  Besides,  from  still  moi'e  recent  observa- 
tions communicated  to  us  by  Mr.  Bedell,  there  is  reason 
to  doubt  whether  its  exclusive  or  perhaps  even  natural 
food  is  cork,  and  whether  it  has  not  resorted  to  the  cork 
of  the  wine  bottles  because  its  own  food  has  been 
destroyed  or  wanting.  Mr.  BedeU,  in  fact,  finds  the 
moth  in  the  vaults  of  the  London  Docks,  where  the 
wine  is  never  kept  in  bottles  ;  and  he  has,  moreover, 
found  the  caterpillars  feeding  upon  fungi  or  mould 
growing  upon  the  walls  of  cellars  where,  also,  no  corked 
wine  bottles  were  kept.  Another  circumstance  is  also 
worthy  of  remark,  namely,  that  from  the  recent  ob- 
servations of  continental  microlepidopterists,  the  insect 
seems  almost  unknown  on  the  Continent ;  whereas  if  it 
fed  naturally  on  the  cork,  it  would  surely  be  found  more 
commonly  in  the  south  of  Europe, 

A  communication  by  Dr.  Felkin,  of  Richmond, 
was  made  to  the  Entomological  Society,  on  the 
6th  of  April  last,  in  which  it  was  stated  that 
the  corks  of  some  port  wine  bottles  which  had 
been  packed  in  straw  in  wooden  cases,  in  which  it 
remained  undisturbed  for  17  or  18  years,  were  found  to 
have  been  much  gnawed,  so  that  in  some  cases  leakage 
and  evaporation  had  completely  emptied  the  bottles  ;  in 
others  there  was  only  a  little  loss,  but  in  most  cases  the 
corks  were  more  or  less  destroyed.  This  partial 
destruction  seemed  as  if  it  were  prevented  from  being 
complete  by  the  wine  oozing  out  in  a  single  drop,  and 
being  pernicious  to  the  insect.  He  moreover  sug- 
gested that  the  insect  seemed  to  enter  into  the 
cork,  and  commence  its  ravages  at  that  part 
where  there  is  a  depression  caused  by  the  instru- 
ment used  by  wine  merchants  in  corking  wine,  to 
compress  the  cork,  and  make  it  enter  more  readily  into 
the  neck  of  the  bottle.  He  proposed,  as  a  remedy 
against  the  mischief,  to  cut  the  cork  level  with  the  mouth 
of  the  bottle,  and  then  to  dip  the  top  of  the  bottle  for 


•  Bi>ib  Hiiworih  HUd  S  epheos  hftve  iucorredtiy  given  this 
rcf  rence  Bs  Parlella  of  Licnffi'ip,  which  is  the  name  of  the 
small  ermine  moth. 


half-an-inch  into  a  mixture  of  yellow  bees'-wax,  8  oz., 
and  sweet  oil  4  oz.,  melted  together  ;  or  to  surround  the 
upper  part  of  the  cork  with  a  thin  coat  of  gutta  percha, 
or  after  the  bottle  has  been  corked  to  immerse  the  mouth 
in  a  solution  of  alum  in  vinegar  ;  none  of  these  plans,  if 
effectual, would  injure  the  wine  or  render  it  less  fit  for  drink- 
ing. Some  of  the  membersof  the  Society  further  suggested 
that  the  mixture  of  resin  with  the  bees'-wax  would, 
by  rendering  the  composition  harder,  prove  more 
effectual  in  excluding  the  insect  in  the  larva  state,  or 
in  preventing  the  female  from  depositing  her  eggs  in  the 
cork.  One  of  our  correspondents,  a  wine  merchant  at 
Gloucester,  attributes  the  introduction  of  the  insect 
into  his  cellar  to  a  quantity  of  cases  of  port,  bottled 
and  packed  in  sawdust  at  Oporto,  and  which  were 
bonded  at  Gloucester,  direct  from  that  port,  seven  years 
previously ;  before  which  time  he  had  never  been 
troubled  with  the  insect. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  flavour  impai'ted  by  any 
particular  kind  of  wine  to  the  corks  is  the  cause  of  the 
latter  being  attacked,  as  we  have  known  it  to  take  place 
with  bottled  port,  sherry,  shiraz,  claret  (which  had 
been  a  voyage  to  the  East  Indies),  and  in  our  own 
cellar  some  old  Madeira  wine  has  been  similarly  injured. 

Various  other  species  of  insects  have  also  been 
recorded  to  feed  on  the  corks  of  wme-bottles,  of  which  a 
notice  will  be  found  in  the  first  volume  of  "  The 
Transactions  of  the  Entomological  Society,"  p.  Iv.^ 
"Kirby  and  Spence's  Introduction,"  6th  edition,  \o\.  i., 
p.  197  ;  and  "  Curtis's  British  Entomology,  Genus,. 
Mycetaea,"  fol.  S02.  /.  0.  W. 


LATE  PEARS. 

{ConUrw£d  from  page  772.) 

Josephine  de  Malines  (Esperen).  This  very  fine  late 
Pear  seems  to  be  of  the  Passe  Colmar  race,  for  it  has 
much  resemblance  to  that  well-koowa  variety,  ia  its 
pointed  leaves,  the  size  and  form  of  its  fruit,  and  general 
habit ;  it  grows  freely  on  the  Quince,  and  bears  well  as 
a  pyramid,  even  when  grafted  on  the  Pear  stock,  but 
deserves  a  wall  in  the  cool  and  moist  parts  of  England  ; 
its  season  (but  who  can  tell  the  ripening  season  of  Pears, 
when  Ne  plus  Meuris  ripened  this  season  in  November  ?), 
13  from  March  to  the  end  of  April,  aud  its  flavouris, 
I  thiak,  the  highest  and  most  agreeable  of  any  Peai' 
known,  being  at  the  same  time  perfectly  melting  and. 
juicy. 

Beurre  Gris  d?Hiver  Nouveau,  or  Bcii/n'e  de  Lu^on^ 
This  fine  large  Pear  is,  I  think,  calculated  to  form  au- 
important  feature  in  our  winter  desserts.  It  seems 
to  be  of  the  race  of  the  old  Brown  Beurre',  Beurre  Gris- 
of  the  French  ;  its  fruit  has  nearly  the  same  shape,  but 
they  are  larger  and  generally  covered  with  a  thick  coat 
of  russet ;  it  difiers,  however,  widely  from  its  type  in. 
the  great  merit  of  being  fit  for  table  from  two  to  three 
months  after  Brown  Beurr^s  are  gone  and  forgotten  ; 
it  is  in  season  generally  from  the  end  of  January  till 
the  middle  or  end  of  March ;  its  flavour  is  pecuUarly  high ; 
its  flesh  melting  and  very  juicy,  but  liable  in  some  seals 
to  be  a  little  gritty ;  it  does  not  grow  freely  on  the 
Quince,  unless  under  glass,  and  is  not  hardy  enough  for 
a  pyramid  on  the  Pear  stock,  unless  in  very  warm  and 
sheltered  situations,  but  it  amply  deserves  a  wall  {a 
south-east,  south,  or  west  aspect  would  be  most  eligible),, 
and  ought  to  be  in  every  good  collection  of  Pears* 
Thos*  Rivers. 


GREENHOUSES   AND    CONSERVATIVE 
WALLS.— No.  II. 

One  of  the  most  delightful  appendages  to  a  manaou 
is,  undoubtedly,  a  conservatory.  With  its  aid  the 
pleasures  of  a  garden  can  be  enjoyed  at  all  seasons,  and 
the  fickleness  of  the  weather  bid  defiance  to.  With  a 
little  tact  on  the  part  of  those  to  whom  its  keeping  ia  in- 
trusted (always  supposing,  however,  that  the  necessary 
concomitants  are  at  hand),  a  profusion  of  flowers 
may  be  had,  at  a  season  when  all  without  doors  is  bare 
and  desolate,  something  like  a  perennial  spring  may 
be  enjoyed  witliin  its  limited  space,  and  winter  may  be- 
induced  to  wear 

"  A  wreath  of  summer  flowera." 

A  conservatory  is,  or  should  be,  not  only  a  place,  to 
preserve  plants  ;  but  a  structure  in  which  they  may  be 
also  enjoyed.  To  realise  the  first-named  item,  but 
having  no  pretensions  to  the  last,  conservative  walls 
have  been  sometimes  adopted,  though,  I  believe,  from- 
the  latter  deficiency  principally,  they  have  never  ob» 
tained  much  favour  in  the  esteem  of  garden-loving 
folks.  Now,  it  appears  to  me  that  a  structure  com- 
bining the  essentials  of  both,  would  be  a  desirable 
acquisition  in  many  gardens.  Almost  every  collection 
possesses  numerous  plants  which,  though  essentially 
hardy,  put  on  their  most  attractive  dress  at  a  season 
when,  in  our  climate,  they  can  scarcely  be  enjoyed  in  the 
open  air ;  to  say  nothing  of  the  damage  which  they  sustain 
(I  mean  in  the  beauty  of  their  flowers),  by  the  incle- 
mency of  the  weather.  Delicate  corollas  but;  ill 
associate  with  the  cold  rainy  days  and  nipping  frosts  of 
an  English  winter.  And  to  these  may  be  added  very 
many  interesting  shrubs  that,  with  the  slight  protection 
of  a  glass  roof,  would  push  forth  their  blossoms  in  early 
spring,  when  their  attraction  would  be  doubly  admired 
and  valued. 

As  a  receptacle  for  such  and  kindred  plants,  and 
which  should  at  the  same  time  form  an  interesting 
winter  promenade,  I  would  cousiruct  a  building  thus 
wise.  Passing  off  from  very  many  resiliences,  and 
having    a  southern    aspect,    are    considerable    lengths 


52—1852.] 


THE    GARDENERS'    CHRONICLE, 


821 


of  wall,  to  render  which  sightly  various  expe- 
dients are  adopted.  They  are  either  entirely  hidden 
with  shrubberies,  or  covered  with  creepers,  and  having 
a  straight  border  of  flowering  plants  in  front,  the  whole 
bounded  by  a  parallel  walk.  With  these  features  much 
interest  may  be  undoubtedly  afforded  ;  but  on  such  a 
piece  of  wall  I  would  erect  a  structure  for  the  purpose 
I  have  liinted  at.  The  interior  should  at  least  be  10  feet 
wide  ;  at  all  events  ample  space  should  be  afforded  for 
a  comfortable  promenade  walk.  The  glass-roof  I  would 
have  permanent,  but  the  pillars  supported,  or  should 
be  so  constructed,  as  to  allow  the  front  sashes  to  be 
removed  in  summer.  On  the  outside  of  such  pillars 
I  would  plant  deciduous  creepers,  and  keep  them  closely 
trained  at  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  to  prevent  as  little  obstruc- 
tion as  possible  to  the  sun  in  winter.  On  the  wall,  inside, 
and  in  every  available  spot,  I  would  place  plants  which 
are  the  most  attractive  in  winter  and  early  spring,  either 
from  their  flowers  or  foliage  or  perfume.  And  here,  too,  I 
would  place  such  plants  as  tlie  Christmas  Rose,  the 
Snow-flake,  and  a  few  Snowdrops  and  Hyacinths,  with 
many  other  kindred  plants  familiar  to  all  who  love 
flowers  for  their  own  sakes.  And  there,  too,  I  would 
have  rock  plants,  with  early  blooming  Saxifrages, 
Aubrietias,  and  Ferns.  In  such  a  structure  the  beautiful 
Jasminum  nudiflorum,  Fors^-thia  viridissima,  Chimo- 
nanthus  fragrans,  and  more  than  space  will  allow  me  to 
mention,  would  find  an  appropriate  home. 

In  summer,  when  the  glass  front  was  removed,  the 
creepers  before  alluded  to  should  be  allowed  to 
flourish  in  all  their  luxui'iance.  They  would  then 
convert  the  building  into  a  graceful  colonnade,andafford 
an  additional  beauty  to  the  adjacent  garden.  It  is 
obvious  that  such  a  building  affords  much  scope  for 
ingenuity,  both  in  its  construction  and  in  the  arrange-  i 
ment  of  its  occupants.  Details  form  no  part  of  my  plan, 
or  I  might  enlarge  upon  the  topic.  Crayon.  i 


AMATEUR  PLANT  GROWING. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  inform  experienced  plant 
growers  that  the  articles  contributed  by  me  during 
the  past  year  and  those  hereafter  to  be  furnished 
are  intended  as  guides  for  those  who  are  anxious  to 
grow  plants  successfully,  but  who  are  not  quite  au  fait 
in  the  practice  of  cultivation.  It  was  hoped  that  the 
minute  practical  instructions  on  the  management  of 
many  of  the  more  desirable  plants  in  collections  would 
have  been  useful  to  such  persons  ;  but  a  communication, 
professedly  an  amateur's,  and  signed  "  H.  R.  M,," 
complains  that  individuals  possessing  but  hmited  accom- 
modation for  plant  growing  are  far  too  much  overlooked 
by  those  who  write  for  the  Chronicle,  B.n^  that  the  direc- 
tions I  have  given  for  the  culture  of  plants,  to  be  carried 
out  properly,  would  require  a  separate  house  for  almost 
every  kind  treated  of.  The  writer  then  begs  for  a  few 
hints  on  the  management  of  a  miscellaneous  collection, 
andmentionstheaccommodationshepossesses,whichmay 
be  briefly  stated  as  follows  : — He  says,  "  I  have  a  Vinery 
fitted  up  with  a  plant  stage,  and  heated  with  hot  water,  a 
M'Phail's  pit,  in  three  compartments,  measuring  18  feet 
by  7  feet,  and  six  cold  frames,  measuring  in  all  38  feet 
by  5."  It  is  farther  recorded  that  the  M'Phail's  pits 
are  diflScult  to  manage,  and  are  only  used  as  cold 
frames  in  winter,  and  for  gi-owing  Cucumbers  and 
Melons  in  summer,  and  that  the  Vinery  is  the  only 
structure  heated.  "H.  R.  M."  wishes  to  be  informed 
how  to  grow  plenty  of  bedding  stuff  for  a  flower  garden 
and  shrubbery  borders  some  2  acres  in  extent,  and  to 
keep  up  a  succession  of  flowers  through  the  season 
without  making  the  Vinery  a  regular  forcing  house. 
He  states,  "  I  do  not  object  to  the  Vines  breaking  rather 
«arly,  but  I  do  not  wish  to  force  them/'  And  it  is  added, 
**  I  cannot  without  considerable  expense  heat  any  of  my 
structures  except  the  Vinery."  Now,  unless  "H.  R.  M." 
can  manage  to  liave  the  M'Phail's  pit  heated  by  means  of 
a  hot-water  apparatus,  or  by  some  other  method,  it  will 
be  very  difficult  to  keep  up  a  succession  of  flowers,  and 
hardly  less  so  to  provide  a  supply  of  bedding  out  plants. 
But  if  he  ia  really  an  amateui-,  and  if  Cowper  is  correct 
in  saying  that  this  means  "  consecration  of  heart,  soul, 
and  time,"  the  expense  of  having  a  small  boiler  with 
2-inch  flow  and  return  pipes  fixed  in  the  M'Phail's  pit, 
will  not  be  deemed  so  very  considerable,  and  with 
this  alteration  it  would  be  easy  for  him  to  keep  up  a 
nice  succession  of  flowers,  to  grow  good  specimen  plants, 
add  also  to  get  up  a  comjiderable  quantity  of  bedding 
stuff;  but  as  to  propagating  and  wintering  as  many  as 
would  plant  2  acres  of  ground,  this  would  require  much 
tQore  glass. 

The  idea  that  "  to  carry  out  properly  the  directions 
for  the  culture  of  plants  given  in  the  Chronickf  would 
require  a  separate  house  for  almost  every  kind  of  plant," 
must  have  been  derived  from  my  having  deemed  it 
expedient  to  state  the  temperature  required  in  de- 
grees, rather  than  to  use  the  terms  greenhouse,  stove, 
Ac.  But,  with  the  inexpcnHivo  alteration  suggfyitfid, 
**  H.  It.  M.'b"  M'J'haiPa  pit  will  very  conveniently 
furnish  all  the  variations  of  temperature  recommended 
in  the  articles  to  which  ho  alludes.  Such  pits  are 
generally  deep  enough  to  hold  a  body  of  tan,  and  leave 
snfncieiit  room  for  good  sizod  plants.  One  or  two 
Compartmentfl  rnij^ht  thuH  afford  bottom  lumt,  and  b'j 
kept  cIoHo, or  air  a/lmitttd  according  to  the  wantH  of  the 
plantA  growing  in  thcin,  and  one  kept  hut  little  warmer 
than  a  greenhouse,  Indfod,  a  structure  like  tliiji  iri  very 
suitable  for  perwns  of  small  incaim ;  and  if  "  II.  K,  M," 
would  effect  the  improvement  I  have  HUgtjOHted,  and  set 
earnestly  to  work  at  plant  growing,  the  difliculties  of 
Jfceping  up  eo  many  varioufi  tomperaluresj  &c,,  will  bo 


easily  overcome.  I  may  also  state  that  the  exact  degree 
recommended  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to  success, 
and  that  the  heat  may  be  allowed  to  range  a  few 
degrees  higher  or  lower  at  discretion.  Indeed,  no 
directions  for  plant-growing  need  be  considered  by 
beginners  in  the  light  of  mathematical  axioms,  although 
I  have  endeavoured  to  give  mine  as  precise  as  if  they 
were  recipes  for  a  cookery-book.  I  have  no  hesitation, 
however,  in  saying,  that  with  "H.  R.  M.'s"  present 
accommodation,  it  is  impossible  to  keep  up  a  succession 
of  flowers,  deserving  the  name,  and  to  do  all  besides 
which  he  requires  to  be  informed  how  to  do. 

Respecting  the  temperature  of  the  Vinery,  on  which 
"  H.  R.  M."  seems  to  hinge  much  of  his  practice,  I  would 
advise  that  the  Vines  should  be  turned  out  of  the  house 
as  early  in  autumn  as  the  wood  is  properly  ripened, 
and  left  there  till  April  ;  and  if  inconvenient  to  do  this, 
to  lay  them  along  the  front  and  surround  them  with  a 
board  casement  to  protect  them  from  the  internal 
temperature,  and  expose  them  to  cold  air  from  without, 
by  removing  a  few  panes  of  glass  along  the  front  sashes, 
or  in  any  more  convenient  way,  to  protect  them  from 
the  internal,  and  expose  them  to  the  external,  air.  The 
proper  temperature  of  the  Vinery  during  winter,  when 
thus  divested  of  the  Vines,  may  be  from  40^  to  45**  at 
night,  and  from  5'' to  10°  higher  with  sunshine;  but 
this  must  be  greatly  regulated  by  the  class  of  plants 
flowering  in  it.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  amongst 
other  things  a  good  crop  of  Grapes  is  "  H.  R.  M.'s" 
chief  desideratum  ;  and  if  so,  care  must  be  observed 
to  have  the  wood  well  matured  previous  to  expos- 
ing the  Vines  in  autumn  ;  and  the  temperature  of 
the  house  must  be  regulated  in  accordance  with  the 
wants  of  the  Vines  while  they  are  in  it.  As  to 
Camellias,  Azaleas,  and  Cacti,  these  should  be  grown 
as  eai'ly  in  the  season  as  convenient,  so  as  to  have 
the  blossom  buds  all  set  previous  to  winter — that  is, 
supposing  that  they  must  be  wintered  in  a  cold  frame; 
and,  as  a  few  degrees  of  frost  will  not  injure  them,  they 
may  be  removed  to  the  Vinery  about  a  month  previous 
to  when  it  is  desh'ed  to  have  them  in  flower,  but  this 
altogether  depends  upon  the  forwardness  of  the  plants, 
the  management  of  the  cold  pit,  &e.  As-  to  where 
bedding  out  Pelargoniums  should  be  kept  during 
the  winter  :  if  they  are  well  rooted  and  established 
in  autumn,  they  may  be  safely  wintered  in  cold 
frames,  provided  sufficient  covering  is  applied 
to  exclude  frosts.  Well-established  plants  are  not 
liable  to  the  atiacks  of  mildew,  but  weakly  plants 
are  certain  to  damp  off  when  wintered  in  cold- 
frames.  All  bedding-out  plants  to  be  so  wintered  should 
be  well-established  early  in  autumn,  and  fully  exposed 
to  air  on  every  favourable  occasion.  Heaths  may  also 
be  wintered  in  a  cold  frame  ;  but  to  do  this  without 
injuring  the  plants  requires  great  attention  and  more 
experience,  I  doubt,  than  "  H.  R.  M."  possesses  ; 
and  it  is  not  advisable  to  grow  these  in  collections  which 
must  be  wintex'ed  in  cold  frames,  or  -n  a  somewhat  warm 
house.  As  to  when  Fuchsias  should  be  placed  in  a 
warm  house,  I  must  refer  your  correspondent  to  my 
article  at  p.  334.  I  can  only  say  that  if  wanted  for  late 
flowering,  they  will  be  better  placed  under  the  shade  of 
a  north  wall  than  in  a  Vinery  under  the  shade  of  the 
Vine  leaves.  Alpha. 


Home    Correspondence. 

Ewing^s  Glass  Walls. — I  perceive  that  one  of  your 
correspondents  wishes  to  know  which  is  the  most  suit- 
able structure  for  wall  trees,  whether  the  old-fashioned 
house,  orchard-house,  or  glass  walls  (Ewing's) ;  it  is  not 
ray  intention  to  recommend  any,  but  were  I  called  upon 
to  do  so,  it  would  be  Ewing's  glass  walls,  as  decidedly 
the  most  beautiful  and  useful  for  the  purpose  of  any- 
thing yet  invented.  Having  heard  many  remarks 
passed  upon  glass  walls,  I  determined  to  see  and  judge 
for  myself ;  being  informed  that  there  was  one  erected, 
and  in  full  operation  at  Bodorgan  Hall,  Anglesea,  I  paid 
three  visits  to  those  celebrated  gardens.  The  first  was 
in  April  last ;  but  the  trees  had  been  so  recently  planted, 
and  some  of  them  very  large  ones,  I  could  not  form  any 
idea  of  their  utility,  but  the  appearance  was  truly  mag- 
nificent. I  accordingly  visited  them  again  in  July, 
when  I  was  astonished  at  the  progress  the  trees  had 
made.  They  consisted  of  Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots, 
Plums,  Figs,  &c.  I  measured  some  of  the  leaves  of  the 
Peach  trees,  and  found  them  to  be  a  foot  in  length,  and 
in  a  very  healthy  state.  But  then  I  had  some  mis- 
givings whether  the  wood  would  get  sufficiently  ripened, 
perhaps  merely  from  preconceived  notions ;  for  the 
trees  presented  no  indications  of  such  results.  Be  that 
as  it  may,  however,  this  induced  a  third  visit  a  few 
weeks  ago,  when  I  found  the  trees  quite  bare  of  foliage, 
the  wood  very  solid  and  well  ripened,  to  the  extremity 
of  tho'shoots,  and  not  a  gross  or  unfruitful  branch  to  be 
perceived.  I  may  add  another  advantage  connected 
with  hollow  glass  walls,  viz.,  that  the  border  on  the 
north  side  of  such  walls,  whose  aspect  is  north  and  south, 
is  equally  productive  with  any  other  part  of  the  garden  ; 
this  is  a  considerable  Item  where  a  great  extent  of  walls 
is  erected.  The  above  are  the  results  of  my  investiga^ 
tions  ;  but  at  the  samo  time  I  would  recommend  to  any 
of  your  correspondents  who  have  any  desire  to  raise 
Huch  a  structure,  to  do  as  I  have  done,  see  and  judge  for 
thcmHolves  ;  the  North  Western  and  Holyhead  trains 
travel  within  a  short  distance  of  Ilodorgan  Hull.  A.  0.  H. 

Transpla/ntiwj  L(i/rijt;  Trees. — Sometimes  curious  mis- 
tiikos  are  made  in  planting  by  goritleinon  who  dir(;ct  tho 
operations.  Some  time  ago,  a  learned  man  in  a  certain 
department  of  knowledge,   thought   that  part  of  his 


pleasure-ground  would  be  improved  if  a  large  tree 
was  planted  in  it.  So  he  fixed  upon  a  pretty  large 
one,  and  gave  orders  that  it  should  be  removed  ;  the 
trunk  was  about  3  feet  in  diameter  near  the  ground, 
with  a  head  of  branches  in  proportion.  Picks  and 
spades  in  active  operation  soon  made  a  large  trench 
round  the  stem  of  the  tree  ;  many  roots  were  cut,  but 
still  a  large  mass  of  roots  and  earth  i-emained,  when  the 
tree  was  drawn  over.  But  all  the  men  and  horses  he  had 
were  not  able  to  move  the  tree  one  inch  from  the  spot 
where  it  fell ;  and  after  much  labour  in  vain  had  been 
expended,  the  branches  were  cut  up  for  Pea-sticks,  and 
the  trunk  sold  to  the  wood  merchant,  but  the  affair  did 
not  end  here.  When  the  trunk  was  sawn  across  near 
the  bottom,  the  earth  and  roots  that  had  been  lately 
elevated  fell  back  into  the  hole  where  they  had  been 
before  ;  and  as  the  trunk  and  branches  bad  been 
removed,  it  was  thought  that  the  roots  should  be  taken 
away  also  ;  so  orders  were  given  to  burn  the  roots  as 
they  were,  as  the  best  way  of  destroying  them,  and  a 
cart-load  fof  dried  peats  and  two  cart-loads  of  coals 
were  drawn  to  the  spot,  the  peats  were  kindled  upon  the 
roots,  and  the  coals  upon  the  burning  peats,  and  a  noble 
bonfire  they  made;  but  when  the  peats  and  the  coals 
v/ere  consumed,  there  was  little  harm  done  to  the  main 
body  of  the  roots.  -P.  M. 

Skimmia  Laureola. — The  observations  on  this  plant 
(see  p.  773)  have  reference,  avowedly,  to  the  shrub  in 
its  native  station  only,  where  I  have  resided  for  months^ 
within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  entire  thickets  of  it,  and 
seen  it  in  all  its  stages,  from  flowering  to  its  brilliant  red 
berries  produced  in  profusion.  What  it  may  turn  out  in 
this  country  1  have  no  certain  means  of  fox*etelling,  but 
from  its  known  zone  in  the  Himalaya,  and  its  close 
affinity  to  S.  japonica,  analogy  is  entirely  in  favour  of 
the  supposition  that,  properly  managed,  it  will  prove  as 
hardy  and  beautiful  as  in  its  native  mountains.  Nor  can  I 
answer  "R.  F."  as  to  the  date  of  its  introduction,  &c.,  but 
I  have  been  told  that  it  flowered  (profusely  or  poorly  I 
cannot  say)  at  Glasnevin,  where,  however,  I  believe  it 
did  not  produce  any  fruit  ;  whether  from  its  being  a 
a  male  plant,  or  simply  one  too  young,  is  unknown  to 
me.  There  may  be  much  difference  on  this  point, 
between  plants  raised  from  seed  and  those  imported 
mature,  or  raised  from  them  by  cuttings,  and  tended 
with  a  care  which  may  not  hitherto  have  been  bestowed 
on  the  Indian  shrub.  I  have  given  the  zone  of  the 
latter  at  from  7000  to  10,000  feet  above  sea-level,  hut  a 
reference  to  my  notes  shows  the  shrub  as  low  as  6600 
feet  at  Nynee  Tal  in  Kamaon,  and  as  high  as  11,500 
feet  near  Kedarnath  in  Gurhwal.  Griffith  observed  it 
at  10,000  feet  near  Rydang,  in  Bhofan  (Journals  of 
Travels,  p.  275,  and  Itinerary  Notes,  p.  156,  No.  783, 
where,  however,  he  calls  the  berries  black,  if  atris  be 
not  a  misprint  for  rubris)  ;  Walllch  (PI.  As.  Rar.  Tab. 
245)  found  it  in  Nepal  ;  and  Jacquemont  (Voyage  aux 
Indes,  Tab.  161)  mentions  it  on  the  Peer  Punjal  Pass 
(Kashmeer)  at  from  2300  to  3937  metres,  or  7544  to 
12,900  feet.  Mismanagement  alone,  surely  can  be  the 
cause  of  a  shrub  standing  such  diversity  of  climates  fail- 
ing in  our  own.  The  height,  or  rather  the  length  of  the 
stems,  which  are  more  or  less  decumbent,  is  from  one  to 
eight  feet.  The  leaves  are  clustered  near  their  apices,  and 
vary  from  lanceolate  and  oblong  to  obovate,  with  or  with- 
out a  short  blunt  acumen,  from  3  to  (i\  inches  long,  and 
from  1  to  1^  broad.  The  aroma  of  the  crushed  stemj 
leaves,  and  flowers,  is  excessively  heavy,  but  fragrant. 
The  greenish-yellow  flowers  principally  appear  from 
the  latter  half  of  March  till  the  first  half  of  May  (at  an 
elevation  of  7000  to  8000  feet),  but  there  is  a  second 
inflorescence  in  September  and  October.  The  fruit  is 
ripe  on  the  bushes  from  November  till  May  in  thyrsi  of 
12-20,  rounded  ovals.  The  style  is  very  short,  some- 
times none.  The  stigmas  2-3  ;  ovaries  2-3  celled,  with 
one  ovule  in  each.  As  the  berries  mature,  frequently 
the  second,  and  almost  always  the  third  of  these  cells 
and  ovules  become  abortive,  so  that  very  few  of  the  ripe 
fruits  have  three  seeds,  though  I  have  occasionally  met 
such  ;  of  the  remainder  about  one-half  have  two,  and. 
the  other  half  (or  fewer)  one  seed.  By  November  the 
dissepiment  of  the  two-celled,  two-seeded  berries  hag 
become  so  pulpy  as  nearly  to  obliterate  the  traces  of 
distinct  cells.  Tliese  memoranda  may  be  useful,  seeing 
both  Wallich  and  Jacquemont  (or  Decaisue)  seem  un- 
certain as  to  the  number  of  the  cells.  They  also  prove 
how  closely  the  shrub  is  allied  to  S.  japonica,  as 
accepted  in  England,  which  has  greenish  flowers, 
exactly  like  S.  Laureola,  and  berries  either  one  or  two- 
seeded  ;  whereas  Zuccariui  describes  them  as  four- 
seeded,  and  the  flowers  white,  &c.  Both  species  are 
offered  as  incense  to  the  gods,  and  the  mountaineers  of 
the  Himalaya,  as  noted  by  Dr.  Royle,  have  a  general 
persuasion  that  the  musk-deer  owes  its  odour  to  feeding 
on  the  shrub  :  hence  the  name  Kusthoorce  or  Kuthnr- 
chara— fodder  of  the  musk-deer  ;  but  the  proper  and 
common  designation  is  Nyr,  Nair,  Nurcer,  or  some 
modification  of  those  sounds.     E.  M. 

Cherry  Tomato. — In  your  number  for  Dec.  lJ>th  wo 
observe  that  a  correspondent,  signing  Iiirasclf  "  G.  S.  B.," 
asks  if  seed  of  this  Tomato  can  ho  procured  in  this 
country.  We  beg  to  inform  him  that  wo  have  some  en 
route  from  Messrs.  Vilmorin,  of  Paris.  William  E. 
JimdU  and  Co.,  Plymouth. 

Colouring  of  Grapes. — I  consider  that  Grapes  may 
not  colour  well  from  various  causes— such  aa  imper- 
fectly drained  borders,  tho  roots  being  too  deep,  and 
consequently  beyond  the  heating  influence  of  the  sun  ;  too 
groat  a  weight  of  fruit,  diseaHcd  or  otherwise  unhealthy, 
k'av<!9  incapable  of  performing  their  allotted  oilice,  on 
which  is  dependent  the  development  and  ripening  of  the 


822 


THE    GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Dec,  25, 


fruit ;  a  want  of  a  free  circulation  of  air,  and,  above 
all,  a  too  high  temperature  being  kept  up  during  the 
process  of  colouring,  to  which  I  consider  in  nine  cases 
in  ten  the  cause  of  badly-coloured  Grapes  is  attri- 
butable. I  am  of  opinion  (in  which  I  am  supported  by 
Lindley's  "  Theory  of  Horticulture,"  p.  76),  that  in 
proportion  to  heat  and  light  being  carefully  balanced 
with  each  other,  all  other  things  being  eijual,  the 
quality  of  fruit  depends.  But  on  the  other  liand,  if 
we  apply  heat  in  the  absence  of  sun-light,  especially 
during  the  ripening  process  of  Grapes,  we  derange  the 
natural  functions  of  the  plant,  and  consequently  badly 
coloured  Grapes  are  the  result.  It  is  a  well  ascertained 
fact  that  the  ripening  of  the  Grape  is  a  change  from 
acetic  acid  to  sugar,  at  least  to  a  great  extent ;  that  heat 
assists  greatly  in  the  saccharine  fermentation  in  the 
formation  of  sugar.  But  in  the  absence  of  solar  light 
during  the  application  of  he.at,  the  ripening  process  goes 
on  in  the  absence  of  colour  and  bloom,  which  is  the 
great  desideratum  in  Grape  growing,  as  if  Grapes 
possess  colour  and  that  fine  violet  bloom,  most  gene- 
rally all  other  qualities  are  equal.  Tlierefore  I  say, 
apply  heat  during  the  colouring  process  only 
■with  sunlight,  and  a  free  circulation  of  air  ;  if  in 
the  winter  by  the  top  lights  only,  and  that  on 
every  favoui'able  opportunity,  avoiding  cold  currents. 
I  never  use  fire  heat  above  60",  or  at  most  G5°f  and 
should  the  thermometer  fall  to  50^  during  the  night, 
the  Grapes  will  not  be  injured  by  it.  When  fully 
coloured  up,  the  application  of  fire  heat  for  a  short 
time,  with  plenty  of  air,  will  much  improve  the  flavour 
of  the  fruit ;  as  I  above  stated,  heat  contributes  much  to 
the  formation  of  sugar,  with  which  the  Grape  abounds. 
I  have  in  the  second  succession  Pine-stove,  here,  Grapes 
colouring  at  the  present  time  (Dec.  13th),  which  were 
started  in  August  last.  I  have  no  doubt  whatever  of 
colouring  them  better  than  Grapes  that  will  have  to 
ripen  in  the  other  stoves  in  May  and  June  ;  and  why  ? 
because  I  am  able  to  keep  a  low  temperature, 
and  apply  heat  in  proportion  to  light.  I  am  not 
afraid  of  the  higher  temperature  towards  morning 
falling  even  to  45°,  as  the  Pines  are  at  rest ; 
and  from  60°  to  70°  by  sun-light,  and  without  which  I 
could  not  colour  Grapes  at  this  season.  It  will  be 
admitted  that  to  have  Grapes  colouring  now  is  a  thing 
of  no  common  occurrence,  for  they  cannot  be  expected, 
although  a  novelty,  to  be  so  large  and  fine  as  fruit 
ripened  in  our  months  of  bright  sun-light,  by  which 
the  assimilative  powers  of  plants  are  regulated,  I 
therefore  do  think  that  the  cause  ;of  Mr.  Wheeler's 
Grapes  not  colouring  is  attributable  entirely  to  a  too 
high  temperature  during  the  ripening  process,  as  I 
have  allowed  fires  to  go  out  at  night,  and  the  thermo- 
meter to  fall  to  50°,  and  even  under,  in  the  early  part 
of  May,  and  obtained  first  prizes  for  different  varieties 
of  Grapes  at  the  York  Horticultural  Society  in  the 
early  part  of  June.  It  will  be  admitted  that  there  are 
more  early  forced  Grapes  of  a  bad  colour  than 
late  ones,  which  I  attribute  entirely  to  too  much  fire- 
heat  while  colouring.  G.  Gmj  ^Yatsoll,  gardener  to  J. 
Dent,  Esq.^  Ribston-hall,  Yorkshire, 

Lahourer's  Coilarje  (see  p.  805.) — Employ  an  honest 
working  builder.  Let  the  ground  plan  consist  of  two 
rooms  only,  thus  :  good  kitchen,  or  living  room,  back 
kitchen  or  brew-house,  fitted  up  with  all  requisites  of 
cooking,  grate  (Nicholson's  of  Newark),  oven,  and  boiler, 
&c.  A  fire  in  this  is  used  in  summei-,  instead  of  in  the 
kitchen,  which  is  thus  kept  cool  for  the  family.  The 
two  rooms  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  lead  out  of  and 
^command  a  view  of  each  other  ;  a  third  room,  or  parlour, 
is  worse  than  useless.  Let  there  be  three  sleeping- 
rooms,  partitioned  off  for  decency  and  illness'  sake,  with 
cellar  and  lai-der  under  ground.  The  house  should  be 
built  of  good  hard  brick  or  stone,  and  best  lime  mortar 
well  bedded  together,  to  keep  out  damp.  The  roof 
should  be  overhanging,  of  blue  tiles,  with  porches  back 
and  front,  door-ways  arranged  to  avoid  draughts. 
Stained  joists  in  floors,  roofs,  porches,  &c.,  and  plain 
brick-work  without  plaster,  may  be  coloured  and  made 
to  look  well,  and  save  expense.  Let  the  out-buildings 
be  arranged  tastefully  and  convenient,  and  the  garden 
ornamental.  If  skill,  labour,  and  materials  are  good 
and  well  combined,  you  may  perhaps  keep  within  your 
limit,  otherwise  more  than  double  it,  and  be  no  better 
off.  Anov. 

Cookinrj  Potatoes.— Potatoes  being  very  deficient  in 
starch  this  year,  on  account  of  the  haulm  decaying 
before  the  tubers  were  ripe,  everybody  complains  of 
them  when  cooked.  This  autumn  I  have  tried  all  plans 
of  cooking,  the  best  of  which  is  to  peel  the  Potatoes  and 
put  them  in  cold  water,  and  boil  them  gently  until  nearly 
done.  The  water  should  then  be  drained  from  them, 
the  Potatoes  again  put  on  the  fire,  and  then  mashed 
with  a  large  two-tined  fork  instead  of  a  spoon.  The 
fork  breaks  them  into  rough  pieces,  allows  the  water 
to  escape,  and  certainly  tends  very  much  to  improve 
a  watery  Potato.  James  Cuthiil,  Oamberwell 

hunter's  Prolific  Cucumber.— I  quite  agree  with  your 
correspondent  (see  p.  773)  as  to  the  excellency  of  this 
Cucumber  ;  it  produced  fine  handsome  fiuit  with  me 
this  season,  about  18  inches  long,  very  crisp  and  sweet  ; 
my  employer,  who  is  very  particular  about  Cucumbers, 
pronounced  it  the  best  he  had  ever  eaten.  It  is  very 
prolific  and  a  strong  grower.  But  it  requires  more 
warmth  than  some  sorts.  I  grew  it  in  a  small  one-h.-ht 
box  where  I  could  not  maintain  bottom  heat  after  the 
hrst  was  spent,  consequently  the  fruit,  after  the  first 
crop  were  badly  shaped  and  did  not  sweU  off  properlv 
which  I  attribute  entirely  to  want  of  heat.  Like  most 
white  spine  vai-ieties  it  carries  a  good  bloom  and  does 


not  change  colour  at  the  heel  like  the  black  spine,  a 
point  of  considerable  importance  to  private  growers, 
who  are  expected  to  supply  the  table  through  the  season, 
perhaps  with  only  one,  or  at  the  most,  two  boxes. 
W.  D.  S.,  Deal. 


Societies!* 

Ltnnean,  Dec.  21. — R.  Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  Chair. 
Some  remarks  were  read  by  the  Secretary  on  the  Vege- 
tation of  the  District  surrounding  Lake  Torrens,  trans- 
lated from  a  letter  by  Dr.  Ferdinand  Miiller,  of  Adelaide, 
addressed  to  Richard  Kippist,  Esq.,  Librarian  to  the 
Society.  The  district  immediately  surrounding  the 
lake  was  represented  as  sterile,  and  generally  destitute 
of  a  rich  vegetation.  Near  the  lake  and  upon  the  sur- 
rounding salt  plains,  species  of  the  genera  Blitum, 
Atriplex,  and  other  sea-shore  genera  were  found.  The 
hills  suiTounding  the  lake  presented  neither  the  aspect 
of  a  tropical  vegetation  with  Palms  and  Epiphytes,  nor 
those  of  a  northern  vegetation  with  Pines.  On  the 
borders  of  the  streams,  which  are  sometimes  swollen 
with  torrents,  a  varied  and  interesting  flora  is  found. 
The  author  gave  the  names  of  a  large  number  of 
species  of  plants,  interesting  from  their  isolation  or 
their  connection  with  the  flora  of  other  parts  of 
Australia,  and  other  districts  of  the  earth's  surface.  He 
concluded  by  stating  that  the  northern  district  of 
Australia  was  not  so  destitute  of  vegetation  as  had  been 
represented  by  Mr.  Brown  ;  and  that  the  scarcity  of 
forms  was  made  up  for  by  the  richness  of  the  masses  of 
vegetation.  The  President  said  that  the  remarks  of  Dr, 
Miiller  quite  confirmed  his  view  of  the  distribution  o( 
plants  in  Australia,  as  he  had  evidently  described  a  spot 
that  was  an  exception  to  the  general  law.  The  vegeta- 
tion described  was  probably  that  of  a  former  lagoon. 

Botanical  or  Edinburgh,  9th  Dec.  —  Pi-ofessor 
Balfour  in  the  Chair.  Otfice-bearers  for  the  ensuing 
year  were  elected.  Professor  Christison  sent  specimens 
of  poison  nuts  from  Calabar,  apparently  the  seeds  of  a 
leguminous  plant,  Dr,  Balfour  mentioned  that  these 
seeds  produce  eff'ects  similar  in  many  respects  to  poi- 
soning with  aconite.  He  stated  that  Dr,  Christison  had 
swallowed  about  a  quarter  of  a  seed,  and  it  had  pro- 
duced alarming  symptoms,  such  as  depression  of  the 
Iieart's  action,  and  intermission  of  the  pulse  requiring 
the  use  of  ammoniacal  stimulants,  Dr,  Balfour  made 
some  observations  on  the  Polypodiura*rha5ticum,  Vill, 
Voyage  Botan,  p.  12.  Polypodium  alpestre,  Hoppe. 
Pseudathyrium  alpestre,  Newm.  He  stated  that  a  good 
specimen  of  the  plant  is  found  in  Mougeot  and  Nestler's 
''  Stirpes  Cryptogamoe  Vogeso-Rhenanse,';  No.  602.  It 
is  said  to  grow  in  Summis  Vogesorum  prteruptis  her- 
bidis.  It  is  stated  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Watson  to  have  been 
gathered  by  him  in  the  great  corrie  of  Ben  Aulder,  on 
the  west  side  of  Loch  Ericht,  Inverness-shire  ;  also  in 
1844  in  Caenlochen  Glen.  It  resembles  Athyrium 
Filix-fcemina  so  much  as  to  have  been  passed  over  by 
many  botanists,  and  it  had  been  put  by  Mr.  Watson 
among  his  specimens  of  that  species.  It  has  been  found 
of  late  by  several  botanists  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
especially  in  the  Clova  and  Braemar  district.  The  follow- 
ing papers  were  read  : — 1.  Remarks  on  the  Distribution 
of  plants  in  Madeira.  By  John  M'Laren,  Esq, 
2,  On  certain  structures  observed  in  Pentas  [carnea, 
Benth,  By  D,  Oliver,  Esq,,  jun.  This  pkant  furnishes 
an  instance  of  an  interesting  form  of  cellular  tissue  ;  it 
also  presents  singularMnterpetiolary  processes,  which 
seem  to  be  of  a  glandular  nature.  Mr.  Oliver  remarks, 
"  Those  interested  in  cell-multiplication,  the  relation  of 
the  primordial  utricle  to  the  secondary  deposits  of  the 
outer  cell  membrane,  and  the  nature  of  such  deposits, 
will  find  this  plant,  if  I  am  not  much  mistaken,  a  useful 
addition  to  their  means  of  prosecuting  such  inquiries," 
The  regular  gamopetalous  tubular  corolla  of  Pentas 
carnea  is  about  1  inch  in  length  at  the  time  of  flowering. 
Surrounding  the  throat  of  the  tube,  and  to  about  one- 
fourth  the  distance  down  it,  to  the  base  of  the  attach- 
ment of  the  short  free  filaments  with  the  tissue  of  the 
corolla,  is  a  dense  collection  of  unicellular  hairs  directed 
upwards.  These  hairs  are  slightly  broader  about  the 
middle  of  her  length,  tapering,  with  sometimes  a  rather 
undulating  outline,  to  the  distal  extremity,  and  a  little 
narrowed  tow-ards  the  base.  Scattered  in  the  lower 
portion  of  the  coroUine  tube  are  hau-s  of  a  different 
structure,  consisting  of  a  single  series  of  several 
cells ;  these  narrow  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  and 
are  similar  in  form  and  structure  to  the  hairs 
of  the  petioles  of  the  leaves,  and  interpetio- 
lary  processes,  which  I  shall  shortly  notice. 
The  corolline  hairs  are  remarkable  from  their  fibro- 
cellular  character  ;  the  natui-e  of  the  spiral  fibrous 
deposit  is,  however,  difficult  to  determine.  A  first  glance, 
with  a  magnifying  power  of  perhaps  200  or  300  dia- 
meters, discovers  the  appeai-anee  of  a  narrow  fibre, 
winding,  in  a  spiral  direction,  up  the  inner  wall  of  the 
cell,  ascending  to  the  right  (as  seen  from  its  axis),  and 
closely  applied  to  the  appai-ent  outer  cell  membrane, 
which  has  become  in  part  absorbed.  Numerous  elon- 
gated' and  narrow  slits,  or  line  like  markings,  occur 
throughout;  the  spiral,  but  whether  they  are  openings 
between  the  edges  of  an  individual  thread,  or  series  of 
fibres,  or^  analogous  to  the  dots  and  slits  of  broken 
vascular  tissue,  it  is  not  very  easy  to  pronounce.  When 
examined  in  fluid,  this  fibrous  deposit  has  the  appearance 
either  of  a  coil  of  irregular  breadth,  or  of  a  plexus  or 
branching  ai-rangement  of  fibre,  between  the  threads  of 
which  a  line  of  division  is  perceptible  ;  if  a  dried  hair 
be  placed  under  the  microscope,  we  see  but  slits,  narrow 


and  rounded  at  the  extremities,  in  the  direction  of  the' 
spiral  ascent ;  but  these  are  probably  an  altered  con- 
dition of  tlie  exceedingly  fine  separating  lines,  which  we 
discover  in  the  fresh  state.  The  portions  of  fibrous 
matter  intervening  between  these  openings  is  of  very 
irregular  breadth.  The  threads  of  the  fibre  vary  from, 
the  1-6000  to  1-9000  of  an  inch  in  breadth.  After  obsesvaii- 
tion  with  my  highest  magnifying  power,  one  of  Powelland' 
Lealand's  excellent  J  inch  objectives,  I  am  not  prepared;,, 
certainly  to  describe  the  true  condition  and  arrangement 
of  this  secondary  spii'al  deposit.  In  a  hair  of  the. 
young  corolla  (the  latter  about  l-6th  of  an  inch  in  length),. 
I  observed  the  spiral  arrangement  pretty  distinctly;  m 
the  younger  stages,  the  cuticle  does  not  appear  to  have' 
become  absorbed  to  such  an  extent  as.  in  the  matured: 
cell;  a  double  wall  being  perceptible  towards'  tliS' 
extremity  of  the  hair.  The  primordial  utricle  is  readilji 
separated  from  the  cell'  wall  by  the  appUoatioa  of  r&- 
agents,  A  solution  of  chloride  of  calcium,  a  fluiiL 
frequently  useful  in  mounting  vegetable  dis3ecti<iB3>. 
produces  this  effect  after  a  brief  interval,  the  utriole 
becoming  either  almost  destroyed,  or  a  mere  thread 
lying  in  the  cell,  I  have  thought  that  I  may  ha.V9' 
observed  an  alteration  in  the  fibrous  deposit,  connected 
with  the  irregularly  distributed  convexities  of  the  cell 
wall,  and  which  gives  rise  to  the  frequently  somewhai 
sinuous  outUne  of  the  hair,  but  I  cannot  certainlyi  i 
mention  an  instance.  The  spiral  fibre,  if  such  it  bsj.  1 
is  quite  incapable  of  unrolling,  at  least  in  the^  cages 
which  I  have  examined,  and  the  wall  of  the  hair  tear£- 
in  a  manner  almost  totally  irrespective  of  its  direc*. 
tion.  Series  of  spiral  vessels  sometimes  branching,  are 
met  with  in  the  corolla,  but  I  do  not  discover  any 
direct  communication  between  these  vessels  and  the 
spiral  cells,  I  have  not  detected  any  movement  of  the 
cell  sap  in  this  tissue  ;  merely  at  times  a  slight  mole- 
cular motion.  With  regard  to  the  multicellular  hairs, 
these  are  readily  obtained  from  any  portion  of  the 
young  exposed  plant,  but  the  curious  filiform  processes- 
from  the  petiolary  sheath  furnish  them  without  trouble 
in  a  condition  easily  prepared  for  examination.  The 
hairs  consist  of  a  variable  number  of  cells,  sometimes  as 
many  as  19,  applied  by  their  extremities.  They  almost 
invariably  present  more  or  less  the  appearance  of  dots, 
or  rather  slits,  generally  in  a  direction  somewhat  parallel 
with  the  axis  of  the  hair,  but  sometimes  also  slightly  in- 
clined in  a  spiral  (asin  the  unicellular  hairs  of  thecoi-olla). 
ascending  to  the  right,  as  viewed  from  the  centre,  The- 
edge  of  the  lower  portion  of  these  hairs  sometimes 
presents  an  almost  even  outline,  but  frequently  (and^ 
perhaps,  nearly  always,  toward  the  extremity  of  the 
hair),  a  slight  irregular  beading  occurs  exactly  as  we 
might  expect,  were  the  dots  or  markings  occasioned  by 
external  matter  ;  but  I  am  not  sure  that  this  appearance 
is  incompatible  with  the  idea  that  they  may  be  openings 
or  slits  in  a  secondary  deposit  on  the. common  wall  of 
the  hair,  which,  from  an  examination,  solely  of  the 
markings  in  the  central  portions,  we  might  conclude 
they  were.  I  have  not  detected  in  these  hairs  actual 
motion  of  the  cell  sap,  but  mucilaginous  threads  may  bet- 
easily  seen  radiating  irregularly  from  the  nucleai? 
vesicle,  indicating  such  a  circulation.  With  regard  tO': 
the  contents  of  the  nucleus  I  cannot  certainly  speak* 
Sulphuric  acid  diluted  causes  the  primordial'utricle  tO: 
contract  and  lie  in  the  interior  as  a  loose  sac,  in  some; 
small  cells  the  separation  is  not  apparent  after  24  hours- 
action,  A  solution  of  chloride  of  calcium  causes  as-, 
partial  dissolution  of  the  primordial  utricle,  certain^ 
bodies,  perhaps  including  the  true  nucleus,  remaining' 
visible.  The  epidermis  of  the  interveinal  spaces  of  the- 
under-side  of  the  leaf  consists  of  cells  with  a  sinuouS: 
boundary,  numerous  stomata  formed  by  two  crescentiC* 
cells  applied  by  their  extremities  being  scattered  about; 
Acicular  raphides  are  of  frequent  occun'ence,  they 
abound  also  in  the  glandular  stipules  found  betweeS; 
the  petioles  of  the  opposite  leaves.  The  application  of' 
pressure  causes  the  escape  of  very  numerous  raphides^^ 
together  with  a  peculiar  thick  fluid.  In  some  instances; 
this  substance  has  a  vermiform  appearance  when  forcefi^ 
out  of  the  enclosing  sac,  owing  to  its  having  been  exudedL 
I  suppose,  through  a  small  orifice,*'  Mr.  OUver  theiK 
gave  a  description  of  the  stipulary  glands,  similar  to> 
what  has  already  been  given  by  WeddeU  and  others.  iSk 
the  case  of  the  Cinchonaceae. 


Botanische  FrVduterungen  zu  Strabon^s  Oeograp7i,te^  mul 

einen  Fragment  des  Dik'darchos  j  eiu  Versuch.  von  Dr>. 

E.    H.   F.  Meyer,      Konig^berg,    1852.     8vo  min.  5. 

pp.  viii.  and  214, 
A  LARGE  portion  of  the  countries  described  by  Strajjo^ 
were  visited  by  himself ;  and  the  general  accuracy  of 
his  remarks  proves  incontestibly  that  he  was  gifted  witit 
great  powers  of  observation.  In  those  cases  where  he 
could  not  speak  from  personal  inspection,  his  authoritie&r 
were  selected  with  such  judgment  and  discriminatioE^ 
that  not  only  his  account  of  the  habits  and  customs  of- 
the  several  inhabitants,  but  that  of  the  principal  features- 
and  productions,  agrees  in  a  very  extraordinary  degree- 
with  the  reports  of  the  best  modern  ti'avellers.  The 
details,  for  instance,  with  respect  to  the  Punjaub  and  the- 
mouth  of  the  Indus,  though  his  information  was  derived, 
from  Megasthenes  and  other  writers,  accord  sui'prisingly 
with  those  given  by  Burns  ;  and  one  great  proof  of  his 
accuracy  is,  that,  with  few  exceptions,  the  plants  which 
he  enumerates  may  with  a  considerable  degree  of  cer- 
tainty be  referred  to  modern  names. 

The  object  of  Dr.  Meyer,  in  the  work  before  uS;  iS  tO 


I 


52—1852.] 


THE    GA'RDENERS'     CHRONICLE, 


823 


give  a  correct  and  readable  coniinentary  on  the  several 
passages  in  Strabo  in  whicli  tlie  names  or  descriptions 
of  vegetables  occur,  exactly  in  the  order  in  which  the 
passages  arise  in  his  great  work  on  ancient  geography, 
an  arrangement  which  at  once  commands  tlie  reader's 
full  assent,  because  tlie  productions  of  each  particular 
country  are  thus  enumerated  in  connection  with  each 
other.  The  text  of  Sti-abo  is  notoriously  corrupt,  and 
our  author,  following  the  same  track  as  that  in  which 
Dr.  C.  Badham  has  been  confessedly  so  successful  in  his 
edition  of  Euripides,  has  been  enabled,  by  happy  and 
well  instructed  conjecture,  to  make  sevei'al  corrections, 
which  are  evidently  true,  from  their  exact  accordance 
witli  acknowledged  facts.  It  is  of  course  quite  out  of 
place  to  enter  upon  such  critical  points  iiere,  nor  does 
the  subject  matter,  though  often  extremely  interesting, 
easily  admit  of  extraction  for  general  reading.  Au 
instance,  however,  may  be  given  which  will  serve  to 
show  the  nature  of  the  work  ;  take  the  following  passage 
of  Sti'aho,  as  an  example  :  "  Gedrosia  also  produces  a 
plant  resembling  a  Laurel,  which  causes  the  death  of 
beasts  of  burden  under  convulsions  and  foaming  at  the 
mouth.  A  thorny  plant,  whose  fruit,  resembling 
Cucumbers,  covered  the  ground,  was  filled  with  juice, 
of  which  a  drop  falling  into  the  eye  of  an  animal  caused 
blindness." 

■  Theophrastua  and  Arrian  speak  of  both  these  plants, 
havingderived  their  information  probably  from  a  common 
sonroe.  Theophrastus  says  no  more  of  the  Laurel- leaved 
piant  than  Strabo,  but  Arrian,  speaking  after  Aristobulus, 
informs  us,  "  There  are  other  trees  in  the  wastes  of 
Gedrosia,  of  which  one  has  a  leaf  like  a  Laurel  ;  it 
grows  on  laud  washed  by  the  sea,  and  which  is  dry 
during  the  ebb,  but  covered  with  water  during  the  flow 
of  the  tide.  Even  those  plants  which  stand  below  low- 
water  mark  do  not  suffer  from  the  salt  water.  These 
trees  were  30  yards  high,  and  had  just  blown.  Their 
flowers  resembled  closely  those  of  the  white  Violet,  but 
had  a  fine  perfume."  This  cannot  be  Cerbem  Manghas, 
as  Sprengel  supposes,  but  only  one  of  the  Mangrove-like 
plants  which  border  every  flat  coast  in  hot  latitudes,  and 
which  are  agam  mentioned  by  Strabo  when  speaking  of 
the  Red  Sea.  Amongst  these,  JEyiccvm  minus  has  more 
especially  the  reputation  of  being  poisonous  ;  and  indeed 
is  called  by  De  CandoUe  "  arbusoula  noxia."  It  grows 
in  New  Guinea  and  the  Islands  of  Molucca.  Another 
species,  Jlgiceras  majus,  which  is  more  widely  diffused, 
is  remarkable  for  the  perfume  of  its  blossoms,*  and  is 
probably  not  less  poisonous.  Whether,  however,  this 
occurs  in  Gedrosia  can  only  appear  from  inquiry  on  the 
spot. 

As  regards  the  thorny  plant,  Arrian  speaks  especi- 
ally of  the  strength  of  the  thorns,  which  when  they  catch 
m  the  garments  of  any  one  passing  by,  will  pull  him 
from  his  horse  rather  than  break.  The  plant  is  easily 
cut,  and  when  divided  pours  out  a  more  abundant  and 
acrid  juice  than  the  Fig  tree.  Theophrastus  adds  that 
it  has  no  leaves,  and  that  the  juice  which  flows  so  abun- 
dantly from  it  when  wounded,  produces  blindness  in  wild 
and  domestic  animals  when  sprinkled  with  it.  Sprengel' 
is  here  more  fortunate  in  his  csnjecture  that  the  plant  is 
Euphorbia  antifiuorum,  whose  briinches  closely  resemble 
Cucumbers.  Since  it  grows  in  Arabia  and  the  East 
Indies,  it  probably  is  not  wanting  iu  the  intermediate 
countries. 

The  above  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  sort  of  matter  con- 
tained in  this  little  volume,  and  of  the  way  in  which 
one  ancient  authority  is  made  to  throw  light  upon 
another  ;  and  abundant  instances  might  also  be  brought 
forward  in  proof  of  the  zeal  and  tact  with  which  Dr. 
Meyer  has  availed  himself  of  modern  information, 
whether  immediately  accessible  in  the  literature  of  his 
own  country,  or  requiring  diligent  search  in  that  of  other 
nations. 

In  one  or  two  passages  only  we  observe  that  he  has 
either  missed  information  which  might  have  been  ob- 
tained, or  has  given  a  judgment  in  which  some  improve- 
ment may  be  made.  As  an  instance  we  may  adduce  his 
remark  that  he  knows  not  to  what  use  the  heads  of  the 
BullruBhes  brought  down  the  river  Tiber  to  Home  could 
be  applied.  There  is,  however,  little  doubt  that  the 
down  was  ased  for  beds  instead  of  feathersjf  as  was  the 
case  in  Italy  in  the  time  of  Matthiolus. 

The  notices  of  vegetation  in  Strabo's  work  are  not 
entirely  confined  to  I'h^nogams.  Not  only  such  marked 
productions  aa  Fu/:us  vasi^idosiis  are  recorded,  but  even 
the  more  obscure  tribes  of  Cryptogams,  aa  in  the  fol- 
lowing instance,  where  there  is  an  evident  allusion  to 
the  green  Confervte,  or  those  earlier  stages  of  larger 
Algee  which  often  form  a  moss-like  carpet  under  water. 

"  A  great  alteration  of  the  coast  and  bays  begins  from 
the  harbour  of  Soteira,  The  sea  is  shallow,  scarcely 
more  than  a  fathom  deep,  and  tlio  surface  Grass-green, 
from  the  sca-mosa  and  aea-weeds  shining  through,  the 
Utter  of  which  is  very  common  in  this  district,  where 
also  trees  grow  in  the  water."  The  subaqueous  treea 
which  are  more  fully  described  by  Agatharchiiles, 
speaking  of  llio  lied  .Sen,  are  doubtless  the  larger  corals. 

The  work  closes  with  aome  notes  on  a  fragment  of 
Dictcarchus'  description  of  the  vegetation  of  Mount 
Pelion,  an  author  of  wIiohc  gciniino  works  every  frag- 
m«nt  which  has  been  preserved  makes  us  regret  tho 
great  torn  which  liaH  been  Huntaincd  by  tho  destruction 
of  tho  greater  [jart  of  liia  labours. 

Tho  general  iiuprcasion  of  the  whole  work  !s  greatly 

♦  The  tlontri  of  /B/lcera*  fraKritnH,  K'liil/,  are  nai'l,  by 
RumfT.  to  b«  w.ro  aa  f(»rlaridn  by  ihe  woiorn  of  Amboynu,  cii 
■ccoont  of  ttiflr  frui{rai,c«.  With  re«j,e,-t  to  /B.  jitlnu*.  hco 
KoolflT,  In  "  Afinala  of  Ko'nriy,"  vol.  I.,  p.  I'i;;. 

t  8e«  Cfard.  (/iron.  1811,  [i,  97.  The  uiilthet  ;.ixit»h»,  II,;m. 
U,  4,  ass,  aiuncri  to  **  torm  do^molJlbiu  uirli "  ot  Ovid, 


in  favour  of  the  stability  of  vegetation,  and  confirms  the 
opinion  which  has  been  formed  mainly  from  other 
sources,  that  within  the  historical  period  little  or  no 
change  lias  taken  place  in  the  appearances  presented  by 
the  vegetable  kingdom. 


FLORICULTURE. 

Culture  of  Roses  in  Pots  (see  p.  807). — In  resuming 
my  remarks  on  this  subject,  I  may  mentiou  that  at  the  ap- 
proach of  cold  frosty  weather  it  will  be  advisable  to  place 
the  Teas  and  Bourbons  uuder  the  shelter  of  a  cold  frame, 
and  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals  should  be  plunged  in  coal- 
ashes,  about  an  inch  deeper  than  the  pot.  Those  set 
under  glass  should  be  kept  cool,  merely  guarding  them 
fronj  severe  frost,  but  fully  exposing  thera  when  the 
weather  is  mild.  "Where  it  may  not  be  convenient  to 
spare  room  under  glass,  the  tender  kinds  should  be 
plunged  in  a  sheltered  place,  and  except  iu  very  severe 
winters  they  will  not  be  injured  by  exposure.  The 
Hybrid  Perpetuals  may  be  cut  back  any  time  after 
Christmas,  but  the  tender  varieties  should  not  be  pruned 
until  all  danger  of  severe  frost  is  over  ;  and  these  will 
require  only  to  have  weak  shoots  removed,  so  as  to 
properly  thin  the  heads,  and  the  strong  shoots  slightly 
shortened.  When  growth  commences  in  spring,  give  a 
moderate  shift  to  all  plants  that  require  more  pot  room, 
replunging  those  that  have  been  wintered  out  of  doors. 
The  tender  sorts  that  may  have  been  stored  for  the 
winter  under  glass  should  be  kept  cool,  merely  using 
the  lights  to  pr«tect  them  from  frost  and  heavy  rains, 
and  when  all  danger  of  frost  is  past,  they  should  be 
plunged  in  coal-ashes  in  a  sheltered  place.  During  the 
summer  the  same  care  as  to  watering,  stopping,  and 
keeping  clear  of  green-fly  will  be  necessary,  as  was 
recommended  for  last  season,  and  flower-buds  should 
be  removed  as  they  appear.  It  will  be  requisite  also  to 
afford  a  little  attention  to  training  the  specimens,  but  all 
that  will  be  wanted  in  this  way  will  be  a  few  stakes  to 
spread  the  shoots,  and  this  only  where  the  heads  may 
be  ill-shaped.  When  it  is  desired  to  have  a  portion  of 
the  plants  in  bloom  at  Christmas,  they  should  be  shifted 
into  their  flowering  pots  in  August  ;  the  size  of  the 
pots  must  be  regulated  by  the  condition  of  the  plants  ; 
all  should  now  require  12-incb,  and  the  stronger  grow- 
ing varieties  may  perhaps  have  15 -inch  pots.  For 
blooming  early  in  winter  the  Teas  and  Bourbons  are 
preferable  to  the  other  varieties,  as,  if  closely  stopped, 
and  thinned  out  in  August,  they  will  be  ready  to  bloom 
abundantly  in  December,  and  this  without  any  forcing, 
for  they  will  be  well  advanced  by  the  end  of  October, 
at  which  season  they  should  be  removed  to  a  cold 
frame,  or  the  front  of  a  greenhouse  ;  wherever  they 
are  placed,  however,  afford  them  as  much  light  as 
possible,  and  give  air  freely  ou  mild  days.  A  tem- 
perature of  from  45°  to  50"  will  be  sufficiently 
high.  The  whole  stock  of  plants  should  be  shifted 
into  their  blooming  pots  about  the  end  of  September, 
and  all  that  may  be  intended  for  flowering  earlier 
than  May  had  better  be  removed  to  a  cold  frame, 
where  they  can  he  protected  from  drenching  rains, 
and  the  tender  sorts  from  much  frost.  As  to  pruning, 
the  Hybi'id  Perpetuals  may  be  cut  back  very  much, 
as  is  usually  done  with  plants  in  the  open  ground, 
for  if  they  have  been  properly  attended  to  during  the 
summer  they  will  be  very  vigorous,  and  every  eye  left 
will  produce  a  blooming  shoot.  The  Bourbons  and 
Teas  will  only  require  treatment  as  recommended  foi- 
last  season.  I  may  here  state  that  much  of  the  success 
in  blooming  the  plants  in  winter  depends  upon  getiing 
the  wood  well  ripened  early  in  autumn,  so  that  they 
can  be  pruned  early  and  allowed  a  short  period  of 
rest.  To  secure  a  succession  of  blooming  plants 
nothing  further  will  be  necessary  than  a  light  pit  or 
house  where  the  temperature  can  be  kept  at  from  45*^ 
to  55"y  and  to  introduce  portions  of  the  plants  at  about 
monthly  intervals.  The  most  vigorous  plants,  such  as 
may  have^  commenced  growth,  should  be  selected  to 
begin  with ;  tliese  should  be  placed  near  the  glass,  and 
have  a  free  circulation  of  air  on  mild  days,  and  the 
night  temperature  should  not  exceed  45°  until  the  buds 
are  formed.  If  convenient  to  plunge  the  pots  in  a  bed  of 
spent  tan,  where  the  temperature  may  be  about  60", 
this  will  greatly  facilitate  progress,  by  exciting  the  roots. 
Sprinkle  the  plants  over-head  on  the  mornings  of 
fine  days,  when  air  can  be  given  to  dry  the 
foliage,  and  maintain  a  moist  healthy  atmosphere,  but 
this  must  not  be  overdone,  or  mildew'  will  set  in.  See 
that  the  soil  is  Icept  in  a  nice  healthy  moist  state,  and 
when  the  buds  begin  to  swell  give  weak  manure  water 
once  or  twice  a  week.  It  will  be  necessary  to  remove 
the  plants  to  a  somewhat  warmer  and  drier  situation  for 
blooming,  especially  some  of  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals, 
which  open  their  flowers  imperfectly  in  a  moist  atmo- 
sphere early  in  the  season ;  but  if  the  Teas  and  Bourbons 
are  preferred  for  early  forcing,  no  difficulty  in  this  way 
will  be  experienced.  1  need  not  say,  that  after  the  sun 
beuonien  powerful  in  spring,  It  will  bo  highly  beneficial 
to  uffurd  tho  phuits  in  bloom  a  slight  shade  during  the 
forenoons  fjf  bright  days  ;  and  that  at  this  season  the 
growing  plants  will  require  Hy ringing  morning  and 
evening.  At  all  seasona  it  will  be  necessary  to  keep  a 
Hliarp  look-out  for  tho  maggot,  which  will  prohahly  be 
buHy  bcforo  tho  shoots  aro  woll  out  of  tho  bud,  and 
green-fly  muttt  also  Ijc  kept  under  by  a  frc(]ncnt  uso  ol 
tobacco-smoke.  The  plants  must  not  bo  rud<--ly  ex)»oscd 
after  the  beauty  of  the  flo\ver.4  is  over,  but  Hhould  ho 
removed  to  a  place  where  they  can  bojirotecrLed  I'rorn 
frost  and  cold  cutting  wiudaj  and  those  flowering  late  in 


'  the  spring  will  also  require  to  be  gradually  hmred  to  expo- 
sure  to  the  sun  and  open  air.  By  a  liberal  use  of  manure- 
water,  attention  to  keeping  the  drainage  in  order,  and 
a  top-dressing  of  well  decayed  sheeps'  dung  annually 
after  flowering,  the  specimens  "^viU  last  several  sea- 
sons, and  may  be  disrooted  and  cut  back  when  they 
become  weakly,  and,  if  necessary,  allowed  a  season 
to  recruit.  The  best  soil  for  the  Rose  in  pots  is  rich 
turfy  loam  rather  strong  than  otherwise,  broken  up  into 
small  pieces,  and  mixed  with  about  one-tliird  2  years 
old  cow-dung,  and  a  small  quantity  of  sharp  clean  sand. 
For  delicate  kinds,  as  some  of  the  Bourbons  and  Teas, 
half  loam,  one-fourth  dung,  and  one-fourth  leaf-soil, 
with  a  free  mixture  of  sand,  should  be  used.  In  potting 
be  careful  to  secure  perfect  drainage,  and  if  worms  get 
into  the  pots  apply  lime-water,  which  will  bring  them 
to  the  surface,  when  they  can  be  prevented  from  doing 
further  mischief.  It  will  be  observed  that  I  have 
recommended  only  three  of  the  many  classes  of  Roses 
as  suitable  for  winter  flowering.  I  do  not  mean, 
however,  to  state  that  those  only  are  fit  for  this  purpose, 
but  those  three  and  Damask  Perpetuals  are  better 
adapted  for  it  than  the  summer-flowering  kinds,  and 
they  are  more  manageable  in  a  small  compass  than 
Noisettes- and  Chinas,  which,  beautiful  as  many  of  them 
are,  are  nearly  scentless,  and  scarcely  worth  a  place 
under  glass.  Hosa.  ;j 


Miscellaneous. 

An  Enchanted  Valley  in  Van  Diemen^s  Land. — We 
rode  on  horseback  for  two  miles  of  forest,  and  then 
arriving  at  a  "  scrub,"  so  thick  and  close  that  our  horses 
could  go  no  further,  we  left  them  with  the  servant,  and 
proceeded  on  foot.  We  soon  struck  into  a  cattle  path, 
which  was  a  beaten  though  very  narrow  track  underfoot, 
and  so  far  a  passage  above,  that  the  shrubs  gave  way  on 
being  pushed,  but  instantly  closed  again.  Long  pendulous 
streamers  of  tangled  grey  lichen  hung  like  enormous 
beards  from  the  trees,  and  on  horizontal  branches  formed 
perfect  curtains  of  some  feet  in  depth.  Funguses  of  all 
kinds  protruded  from  the  dead,  damp,  mossy  logs  and 
gigantic  fallen  trees  that  lay  in  our  path,  and  the  deep 
soft  beds  of  accumulated  decaying  leaves  and  bark  that 
one's  feet  sank  into  were  damp  and  spongy,  and  chill, 
even  on  a  warm  summer  day.  Tlie  Nettles  of  this  colony 
are  the  most  formidable  1  have  ever  encountered,  both 
in  size  and  venom,  and  in  this  primeval  scrub  they 
flourished  in  undisturbed  luxuriance,  often  rising  far 
above  our  heads,  and  forming  quite  a  treelike  growth, 
arraed  with  a  fierce  array  of  poisoned  spears,  with  which 
they  ruthlessly  attacked  my  arms  and  ankles  ;  a  thin 
print  dress  being  a  poor  defence  against  their  sharp  and 
most  painful  stings,  from  which  I  suffered  severely  for 
some  days  after  this  scramble.  A  friend  of  ours  once 
rode  after  some  cattle  into  a  mass  of  these  nettles, 
which  spread  over  a  large  space  of  ground.  His  horse 
became  so  infuriated  by  the  pain  of  the  Nettle-stings, 
that  he  threw  himself  down  amongst  ihem  to  roll,  which 
of  course  increased  the  poor  aniraal's  torture,  and  his 
master  could  neither  lead  nor  drive  him  out  ;  the  crea- 
ture was  rendered  mad  and  furious  by  pain,  and  in  a 
short  time  died  in  convulsions.  Our  cattle-track  at 
length  brought  us  into  the  enchanted  valley  Mr.  Mere- 
dith had  discovered  ;  and  not  in  my  most  fantastic 
imaginings  had  I  ever  pictured  to  myself  anything  so 
exquisitely  beautiful  !  We  were  in  a  world  of  Fern 
trees,  some  Paloi-like  and  of  gigantic  size,  others  quite 
juvenile  ;  some  tall  and  erect  as  the  columns  of  a  temple, 
others  bending  into  au  arch,  or  spriiiging  up  in  diverging 
groups,  leaning  in  all  directions ;  their  wiJe-spreading 
feathery  crowns  forming  half-transparent  green  canopies, 
that  folded  and  waved  together  in  many  places  so  closely 
that  only  a  span  of  blue  sky  could  peep  down  between 
thera,  to  glitter  on  the  bright  sparkling  rivulet  that 
tumbled  and  foamed  along  over  mossy  rocks,  and  under 
fantastic  natural  log  bridges,  and  down  into  dark  mys- 
terious channels  that  no  eye  could  trace  out,  under  those 
masses  of  Fern  trunks,  and  broad  green  feathers  over- 
arching it ;  and  all  around,  far  above  the  tallest  Ferns, 
huge  forest  trees  soared  up  aloft,  throwing  their  great 
arms  about  in  a  gale  that  was  blowing  up  there,  whilst 
scarcely  a  breath  lifted  the  lightest  feather  of  the  Ferns 
below  ;  all  was  cidm  and  silent  beside  us,  save  the 
pleasant  music  of  the  rivulet,  and  the  tiny  chirping  of 
some  bright  little  birds,  flitting  about  amongst  the  under- 
wood. 1  had  brought  my  sketch-book,  and  although 
despairing  of  success,  sat  down  under  a  Fern  canopy  to 
attempt  an  outline  of  some  of  the  whimsical  groups 
before  me,  whilst  Mr.  Meredith  and  Dick  went  to  look, 
for  a  kangaroo,  the  formergivingme  the  needless  caution 
not  to  wander  about,  lest  I  should  be  lost,  a  catastrophe 
for  which  I  seem  to  possess  a  natural  aptitude  iu  the 
"  Bush;"  I  soon  relinquished  my  pencil,  and  shut  my 
book,  half  in  disgust  at  my  own  presumption  in  attempting 
for  an  instant  a  subject  so  far  beyond  my  poor  abilities  ; 
and,  fastening  my  handkerchief  to  tho  trunk  of  my 
canopy  Fern  tree,  I  ventured  to  make  short  excursions' 
from  it  on  all  sides,  taking  care  not  to  go  out  of  sight  of 
the  handkerchief.  Sometimes  I  could  go  as  umeh  as 
ton  yards,  but  this  was  in  the  clearest  place  ;  generally 
the  view  closed  in  alioiit  five  or  six.  'J'he  stems  of  the 
Fern  trees  here  varied  from  (i  to  20  or  oO  feet  higli, 
and  from  It  inches  diumcter  to  2  or  .'i  Icet  ;  their  ex- 
teriud  substance  being  a  dark-coloured,  thick,  soft, 
fiijrouR,  mat-like  bark,  frequently  netted  ,over  with  the 
most  delicate  littlo  Ferns,  growing  on  it  parasitieally. 
One  species  of  theso  creeping  Ferns  had  long  wimiing 
MtciiiH,  HO  tough  ami  Ktrong  tliat  1  could  rarely  break 
them,  and  waving   poliylied   leaves,  not  unlike  hart's- 


824 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE 


[Dec. 


io. 


ton'tie,  but  narrower.  These  wreutlied  round  and  round 
ilie^iiiossy  columns  of  the  Fern  trees  like  livhig  garlands, 
and  the  wondrously-elegaut  stately  crown-canopy  of 
feathers  (from  12  to  18  feet  long)  springing  from  the 
sumralt,  bent  over  m  a  graceful  curve  all  around,  as 
evenly  and  regularly  as  the  ribs  of  a  parasol.  Whilst 
making  one  of  my  cautious  six-yard  tours,  a  fine  brush 
kangaroo  came  by  me,  and  was  'instantly  out  of  sight 
agaiu  ;  and  then  I  heard  a  whistle,  which  I  answered  by 
a  "coo-ee,"  and  Dick  soon  bounded  to  me,  followed  by 
his  master.  We  then  shared  our  sandwiches  with  the 
little  birds  and  the  ants,  and  drank  of  the  bright  cool 
rivulet,  and  again  went  on  exploring.  In  one  place  we 
found  a  perfect  living  model  of  an  ancient  vaulted  crypt, 
such  as  I  have  seen  in  old  churches  or  castles,  or  beneath 
St.  Mary's-hall,  in  Coventry.  We  stood  in  a  large  level 
space,  devoid  of  Grass  or  any  kind  of  undergrowth,  but 
strewn  with  Fern  leaflets  like  a  thick,  soft,  even  mat. 
Hundreds— perhaps  thousands— of  Fern  trees  grew  here, 
of  nearly  uniform  size,  and  at  equal  distances,  all  straight 
and  erect  as  chiselled  pillars,  and,  springing  from  their 
living  capitals,  the  long,  arching,  thick-ribbed  Fern 
leaves  spread  forth  and  mingled  densely  ovei-head  in  a 
groined  roof  of  the  daintiest  beauty,  through  which  not 
a  ray  of  light  gleamed  down,  the  solemn  twilight  of  the 
place  strangely  suiting  with  its  almost  sacred  character. 
Openings  between  the  outer  columns  seemed  like  arched 
doors  and  windows  seen  through  the  "loug-drawn 
alyle,"  and  stray  gleams  of  sunshine  falling  across  them 
were  faiutly  reflected  on  the  fretted  vault  above  us. 
Dauby  might  paint  the  scene  ;  or  perhaps  one  of  Catter- 
mole's  wondrous  water-colour  pictures  done  on  the  spot 
might  convey  some  tolerable  idea  of  its  form  and  colour- 
ing, but  a  mere  slight  sketch  were  wholly  useless.  After 
reluctantly  leaving  our  temple  in  the  wilderness,  we 
wandered  some  time  longer  amidst  the  grand  and  beau- 
tiful scenes  around,  and  I  made  a  collection  of  smalt 
Ferns  and  other  plants  new  to  me.  We  noticed  one 
very  ornamental  slirub,  usually  known  as  the  "  Tallow 
tree"  (from  the  viscous  greasy  pulp  of  the  berz'ies), 
growing  here  very  abundantly,  and  in  great  luxuriance  ; 
but  every  one  we  found  was  growing  out  of  a  Fern 
tree,  the  foster- parent  in  most  cases  appearing  exhausted 
and  withering,  whilst  the  nursling  throve  most  vigor- 
ously. It  seemed,  generally,  as  if  a  seed  had  lodged 
in  the  soft  fibrous  rind  of  the  Fern  tree,  and  had  sprung 
up  iuto  a  tall,  strong,  erect  stem,  at  the  same  time 
sending  out  downward  shoots,  that  eventually  struck 
into  the  earth  ;  but  we  could  not  find  one  plant  growing 
in  and  out  of  the  earth,  although  I  am  aware  that  the 
tree  is  not  always  a  parasite.  Many  of  the  stems  were 
a  foot  through,  and  their  great,  coiling,  snaky  root- 
shoots  clasped  about  the  poor  old  hoary  Fein  trees. 
These  tyrant  parasites  are  very  handsome,  with  rich, 
darji  green,  glossy  leaves,  and  red  blossoms,  succeeded 
by  most  brilliant  orange-coloured  berries,  which,  when 
ripe,  spht  open,  and  the  case  flying  back  partially  dis- 
plays the  bright  red  cluster  of  seeds  within,  like  a  little 
Pomegranate  with  an  Oi'auge-peel  husk.  The  beautiful 
Tasmanian  Sassafras  tree  is  also  a  dweller  in  some  parts 
of  our  Fern  tree  valley,  but  not  in  those  we  explored 
on  the  present  occasion.  The  flowers  are  white  and 
fragrant,  the  leaves  large  and  bright  green,  and  the 
bark  has  a  most  aromatic  scent,  besides  being,  in  a 
decoction,  an  excellent  tonic  medicine.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  white,  with  scarcely  any  visible  grain,  but  is 
marked  or  shaded  with  light  brown  in  irregular  occa- 
sional streaks.  Thinking  that  it  must  partake  the  plea- 
sant fragrance  of  its  bark,  I  procured  some  to  make 
bDxes  of,  but  found  it  quite  devoid  of  scent  after  the 
baric  was  removed.  A  block  of  it  furnished  Mx'.  Mere- 
dith with  an  excellent  material  for  a  beautiul  toy 
sailiiig-boat,  which  he  carved  out  of  it  for  George  ;  and 
tlie  flue,  close,  velvety  textui'e  of  the  wood  seems 
admirably  adapted  for  carving  of  any  kind.  The  saw- 
yers and  other  bnshmen  familiar  with  the  tree  call 
it  indiscriminately  "  saucifax,'*  "  sarserfrax,"  and 
"  satisfaction."  Mrs.  Meredith" s  Home  in  Tasmania^ 
VoLIL,p.  159. 


Calendar  of  Operations. 

{For    the   ensuing  wccJc.) 


PLANT  DEPARTMEXT. 

The  forcing  houses  and  pits  will  now  be  kept  in  full 
activity,  to  supply  the  various  calls  for  plants  in  bloom, 
which  at  this  season  of  the  year  are  more  or  less  in 
demand  in  most  establishments.     Care  should  be  taken 
before  plants  are  moved  to  sitting  rooms  to  gradually 
harden  them  for  a  day  or  two,  either  by  placing  them 
in  the  conservatory  or  an  intermediate  house.     In  addi- 
tion to  keeping  the  conservatory   gay    with   blooming 
plants,  let  the  arrangement  of  the  pot  plants  be  occa- 
sionally changed,  by   grouping    the    plants    somewhat 
differently,  and  adding  a  few  striking  ones,  as  some  of 
the  hardiest  Palms,  &c.,  for  effect.     Pay  attention  to 
the  plants  intended  for  successional  blooming.     Insects 
should  be  kept  down  by  the  syringe  and  fumigating,  and 
every  means   enforced    to    keep   the  foliage  clean  and 
healthy.    The  number  of  plants  brought  forward  will  de- 
pend on  the  demand,  and  must  be  regulated  accordingly. 
Hardy  Azaleas,  Rhododendrons,  Roses,  &c.,  still  out  of 
doors,should  have  some  protection,  should  severe  weather 
occur,  or  remove  them  to  any  spare  house  till  wanted. 
Narcissi,  Hyacinths,  &c.,  should  be  protected  by  a  frame, 
as  they  now  begin  to  grow  ;  remove  the  plunging  material 
down  to  the  surface  of  the  pots,  to  prevent  them  rooting 
upwards.     Mignonette  and  Neapolitan  Violets  will  re- 
quire  abundance  of  light  and  air  to  keep  them  from 


damping.  As  a  change  from  the  present  to  severe 
weather  may  come  on  suddenly,  be  provided  with  ample 
means  for  covering  pits,  frames,  &c.,  should  it  occur. 
As,  with  the  exception  of  forced  plants,  most  other  things 
are  now  in  an  inactive  sfate,  the  temperature  of 
plant-houses  should  fall  to  its  minimum  point,  con- 
sistent with  the  safety  of  their  various  inmates.  No- 
thing can  well  be  worse  for  the  development  of  a 
healthy,  vigorous  habit  in  plants  than  subjecting  them 
to  a  high  temperature  at  the  present  season  of  the  year, 
when  light— so  important  to  the  healthy  action  of 
vegetable  life — cannot  accompany  it.  Where  Achimeues 
and  Gloxinias  are  required  to  bloom  early,  a  few  pots 
may  now  be  started  by  plunging  them  into  a  little 
bottom-heat. 

FORCING  DEPARTMENT. 

Early  Vineuy. — As  soon  as  the  bunches  can  be 
discerned  on  the  young  shoots  the  extra  buds  should  be 
removed,  excepting  such  as  may  be  required  for  pro- 
ducing bearing  wood  next  season  ;  in  leaving  these 
latter  select  such  as  are  formed  nearest  the  main 
stem,  to  avoid  the  awkward  appearance  of  long  spurs ; 
at  a  stage  further  in  their  growth,  such  shoots  as  have 
more  than  one  bunch  should  have  them  reduced  to  that 
number,  selecting  the  one  likeliest  to  form  the  hand- 
somest bunch.  Tying  in  the  young  wood  should  be 
managed  carefully,  bringing  the  shoots'  to  their  proper 
position  by  degrees,  to  avoid  the  danger  of  their  break- 
ing. After  the  buds  are  started  a  few  inches  the 
syringe  may  be  gradually  withheld,  as  too  much 
humidity  at  this  season  will  sometimes  injure  both  the 
foliage  and  bunches,  and  a  sufficient  degree  of  moisture 
can  easily  be  kept  by  sprinkling  the  floors  and  heating 
apparatus  several  times  daily.  Regulate  the  admission 
of  air,  so  as  to  have^a  gentle  current  at  all  times  through 
the  house,  increased  of  course  by  day,  agreeably  with 
the  state  of  the  weather ;  gradually  advance  the  night 
temperature  to  60*^  and  then  to  65'*,  by  the 
time  the  flowers  are  ready  to  open  ;  keeping  the 
thermometer  from  10*^  to  15°  higher  by  day,  according 
to  the  amount  of  light  you  can  command.  Keep  up  the 
heat  in  the  external  border  by  additions  when  necessary; 
bearing  in  mind  the  injurious  effects  any  sudden  check 
to  the  roots,  now  in  action,  will  produce  on  the  coming 
crop.  Bring  succession  Vineries  into  work  as  wanted. 
Late  Vineries,  in  which  Grapes  are  still  hanging,  will 
require  fires  daily,  and  air  sutticient  to  keep  the  house 
and  fruit  dry  ;  remove  decayed  berries  and  dead  leaves, 
and  well  protect  the  roots  from  frost.  For  a  late  Grape, 
the  Barbarossa  appears  to  possess  valuable  properties. 
pEACii-HOUSES. — Peaches  and  Nectarines  which  have 
been  forced  for  several  years,  oftentimes  produce  a  large 
excess  of  fruit-buds,  and  this  more  especially  on 
weakly  trees.  A  natural  consequence  of  allowing  these 
to  remain ,  are  weak  flowers,  and  inferior  fruit  and  wood. 
When,  therefore,  such  is  the  case,  the  trees  will  be 
greatly  benefited  by  well  thinning  the  bloom  buds, 
leaving  the  largest  and  those  most  favourably  placed  ; 
of  course  a  considerable  number  will  be  still  left  to  allow 
for  casualties.  Syringe  twice,  or  oftener  daily,  till  the 
bloom  is  ready  to  expand,  when  it  must  be  discontinued  ; 
the  night  temperature  may  advance  to  45°,  with  an 
increase  by  day,  accompanied  with  a  proportionate 
admission  of  air.  Fjg-house.  —  Damp  the  trees 
over  frequently,  and  if  wanted  early  increase  the  lieat  a 
degree  or  two  weekly.  Pinery. —  Pines  ai-e  often 
deficient  in  flavour  at  this  season,  which  is  improved  by 
exposing  the  ripening  fruit  to  all  the  light  you  can  com- 
mand, and  giving  but  little  water  :  a  good  supply  of  air 
is  likewise  essential  at  all  times  for  high-flavoured  fruit, 
and  more  than  ever  necessary  at  this  time.  Continue 
an  increase  of  heat  to  Pines  now  wanted  to  startj  em- 
ploying it  principally  by  day.  Attend  to  the  linings  of 
Pines  grown  in  dung-pits,  and  keep  the  atmosphere  in 
which  they  grow  dry.  Strawberries  in  bottom-heat  for 
starting  will  require  air  daily,  to  prevent  drawing  ; 
those  earliest  started,  when  they  show  the  truss  of 
bloom,  should  be  removed  to  shelves  in  the  Vineries 
and  Peach-houses  to  bloom  ;  but  the  principal  ci*op 
should  be  advancing  slowly  as  yet, 

FLOWER  GARDEN. 
Except  in  the  driest  localities  nothing  more  can  be 
done  in  this  department,  than  paying  attention  to  order 
and  neatness.  The  bedding- stuff,  however,  must  have 
attention,  for  in  all  likelihood  many  things  are  suffering 
from  damp  ;  and  such  plants  as  appear  to  suffer  most 
should  be  removed  to  other  quarters  where  a  drier 
temperature  is  kept.  Keep  the  stock  in  pits  and  frames 
well  ventilated,  and  the  surface  soil  of  the  pots  fre- 
quently stirred.  Dust  with  sulphur  Verbenas  and 
similar  plants  attacked  with  mildew.  Be  particular  in 
keeping  the  interior  of  pits,  containing  plants  of  the 
above  description,  as  dry  as  circumstances  will  permit. 


HARDY  FRUIT  GARDEN. 
Figs  against  walls  will  require  some  protective 
material  placed  over  them  in  the  Midland  and  Northern, 
Counties.  Some  wall  trees,  as  Pears,  Plums,  and 
Cherries,  &c.,  are  often  attacked  by  a  species  of  scale 
insect,  in  which  case  the  infected  trees  should  be  well 
washed  with  a  mixture  of  soft  soap,  tobacco  water, 
and  lime  ;  a  half-pint  of  spirits  of  turpentine  may 
be  added  to  each  four  gallons  of  the  mixtm'e  when  they 
are  much  infected.  The  lime  is  added  to  give  body 
to  the  mixture,  and  to  show  that  no  parts  of  the  trees 
are  missed  in  dressing.  Let  this  be  applied  during  dry 
weather,  if  possible,  that  it  may  remain  on  for  some 
timej  and  before  the  trees  are  nailed. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  NEAR  LONDON, 

For  the  week  eodlng  Dec.  22,  iSoi.  as  obaenfed  at  the  Surticultural  GardecB, 

Chiawick. 


Sunday  . 
VI  outlay 

Tues.   ., 
Wed.    .. 


Bahombtia. 


TsMrBKATDBB. 


39.2J9 

30.2(13 

3f).l!9 

91   -29.999 

0    30.053 

.1;   29.794 


29.1(6 

30.026 
30.007 
29.771 
29.92> 
39.738 


29.503    ,   29.769  I   51«1 


■137 


1  foot;2  feet 
deep.  deep. 


45.6 


45.2 


S.W. 
N.E. 
S. 

s.w. 
s.w. 
s.w. 


.06 


c.  17~Pariia!iy  overcaRt;  H'c ;  boi^-terous,  wita  liglnDiog  at  night. 

-  13— Clear;  fioe,  with  aun  ;  unilorinly  overcaet. 

-  19-Deiiaely  overcast;  Blight  ram;  cloudy;  overcaat. 

-  20 — Fine;  densely  clouiled;  cU'ar  at  niznr. 

-  21— Verpfine;  exceedin(;lj  fiue  thtoughout. 

-  22— Overcast;  rain;  overcant 

Mean  temperature  of  the  above  six  days  was  4  dej.  above  the  average. 


STATE  OF  THE  WEATHER  AT  CHISWICK, 
Durlug  the  last  25  years,  for  the  ensuiag  week,  ending  Jau.  1,  lSa2. 


lis 
55h 

Is* 

a  a. 

No.  Of 
Tears  in 
which  It 

Uained. 

Greateet 
QuftoUty 
of  Rain. 

PrevailinB  Wioda 

and    Jan. 

- 

1 

a 
2 

1 

-Hi" 

4 1!  3 

4   2   4 

ill  1 

tVc 

4    Si  4 
3'  3I  3 

Smiday  25 
Mon      -7 
Tuea.     £s 
Wed.     29 
ThurB,  30 
l- rid  ay  31 
Satur.      1 

42.5 

42  J 
41.3 
42-7 

4!. a 

43  6 
43.6 

31.7 

30.2 
3".3 
34.2 

33  7 
33.1 
30.6 

37.1 
36  3 
35.8 
38.4 
39.0 
3S.4 
36.3 

9 

9 
It 
ID 
7 
9 

0.39  in. 

0.40 

0.16 

0.17 

0.30 

0.42 

0.70 

3 

4 
4 
1 
3 
3 

Tlie  hiKheal  temperature  during  the  above   period  occurred  on  Ibe  aUIh, 
isai-tbcrm.  i6  deg.;  and  the  lowest  on  the  lat  Jan.,  lS37-therm.  12  deg. 


Notices   to  Correspondents. 

Books:    W  D  S.    The  Horlicaltural  Societj's  Catalogue  maj 

be  had  through  any  bookat-ller.t 
CcjKE  Beicks  ;    Header.    We  have  no  information  respecting 
these  beyond  what  is  given  on  the  authority  of  the  ifeekli/ 
Times,  at  p.  6314  ,  ,     ,        ^ 

CoCDjiBEEa  :  W  C  N,  We  cannot  recommend  dealers.} 
Feiiit  Teees:  S  31.  A>  your  Gansel's  Bergnmot  Pear  tree  bore  a 
heavy  crop  three  years  ago,  it  does  not  require  root-pruning. 
You  must  thin  the  spur!',  and  shorten  moderately;  but  you 
thould  not  cut  them  nearly  clean  tff,  for  by  so  doing  you 
would  have  to  wait  some  3  ears  before  blossom-buds  wotlld 
form  II— VrJ/.  If  the  bakehouse  gives  only  a  moderate  heat 
to  the  wall  in  question,  an  Apricot  will  succeed,  provided 
you  unnail  it  and  keep  the  branches  away  from  the  wall  in 
winter,  in  order  to  retard  the  blossoming,  which  would 
otherwise  be  brought  out,  so  as  to  be  in  danger  of  injury 
from  frost. II  „  .         ,.  .  ..^    ,. 

Geaftinq  Wix:  HM.  Take  four  proporltoos  by  weight  of 
pitch,  four  of  resin,  two  of  bees'- was,  one  of  hogs'-lard,  and 
one  of  turpentine,  and  melt  and  mix  them  well ;  spread  it 
on  brown  paper,  which,  when  cut  into  slips,  can  be  easily 
applied.  We,  however,  prefer  grafting  clay.} 
Indian  Oechids  :  An  Old  Siibaeriber.  We  are  unable  to  give 
you  the  information  you  seek  ;  but  we  believe  that  Cantor's 
is  the  only  agency  established.  A  gentleman  at  Madras 
attempted  to  convert  us  into  agents ;  but  we  had  rather  not. 
Insects  ■  5  B.  Small  earthworms  will  occasionally  make  their 
way  into  Celery  which  has  already  been  attacked  bj  the  larvae 
of  the  Celery  stem-fly,  the  presence  of  which  has  doubtless, 
this  very  wet  season,  induced  decay  to  a  greater  extent  than 
usual.  Watering  the  ground  round  the  Celery  plants  with 
lime-water  will  destroy  the  worms  ;  but  we  cannot  give  you 
a  remedy  against  the  Celery-fly  better  than  to  cut  out  anti 
burn  all  the  diseased  part  when  the  plants  are  lifted  out  of 
the  ground,  thus  preventing  next  year's  brood  from  being 
developed,  ir.— Const.  Sub.  As  well  as  we  can  judge  from  the 
shrivellod.updried  specimens, the  grubs  which  have  attacked 
the  roots  of  jour  plants  in  pots  are  those  of  the  weevil 
(Otiorhynchus  vastator),  or  an  allied  species.  Water  the 
plants  with  strong  tobacco  water,  or  with  a  decoction  of 
aloes  and  quassia.  Salt  and  water  may  also  be  appUed.  W. 
Mandees  :  a  B.  Liquid  manure  is  suitable  for  bulbous  roots 
nlanted  in  soil,  if  applied  when  coming  into  flower,  and 
niaking  their  growth.  —  A  B.  Peat  charcoal,  impregnated 
■with  sewage,  is  one  of  the  best  materials  for  aU  purposes 
■where  manure  is  wanted.  It  retains  its  deodorismg  quali- 
ties after  it  is  impregnated.  With  regard  to  the  second 
leader  to  Finns  taurica,  do  not  remove  it  altogether  now,  but 
destroy  thft  end  bud;  prevent  its  forming  laterals,  and  out 
it  off  close  to  the  main  stem  next  September. 
MosHBOOH  Spaivn  :  W  D  S  will  thank  some  of  our  corre- 
spondents for  information  as  to  the  best  means  of  pre. 
serving  Mushroom  Spawn,  which  he  finds  plentifuUn  old 
hotbeds  and  dung-heaps  at  this  season. 
Names  of  Fboits  :  Sub.  1  and  2,  Beurre  d'Aremberg.  || 
Names  op  Plants  -.J  LhvXen.  The  fresh  specimens  are  lonop. 
sis  tcnera  A,  Odontoglossum  Ehrenbergii,  Oacidium  glau- 
cescens  and  Masdevallia  tovarensis.  The  dried  specimens  are 
safe  and  contain  fine  things;  pray  thank  Mr.  G.  much  for 
us.  The  least  interesting  and  the  worst  preserved  are  those 
from  Triana  We  will  write  in  a  few  days.— JT  YZ.  Soma 
Hymenocallis,  indeterminable.— f.  Chelidonium  mams,  a 
poisonous  narcotic— if  J  T.  1,  Lastrea  dilatata,  Presl ;  i, 
h  Filix-mas,  do.  ;  3,  Polystichum  lobatum,  do. ;  4,  Asple- 
nium  Adiantum-nigrum,  L.  S.-A  Oardener  in  the  Kegents 
Park  should  consult  some  catalogue,  or  ask  his  personal 
friends.  We  cannot  possibly  answer  such  a  string  of  ques- 
tions, which  any  modern  catalogue  will  enlighten  him  about. 
Potatoes  :   H  Trise.    Your   Potato,   No.  1,   from  Bermuda,  is 

very  good  ;  but  your  seedling,  No.  2,  is  watery.  II 
Roses-    Z  Z.    In  trenching  ground  for  Rose  stocks  two  spits 
deep,    the  dung  should   be  put   between  the  spits  in  the 
middle  of  the  trench.}  ,„        .        .  t. 

Salvias:  E  B.  The  white  variety  of  S.  patens  is  worthless  ; 
the  flowers  soon  drop,  and  they  want  that  beautiful  blue 
colour  in  which  the  whole  value  of  the  species  consists.} 


FLORISTS'  FLOWERS. 
Pansies  in  pots,  intended  for  exhibition,  must  have 
especial  care  taken  of  them  ;  keeping  them  from  the 
attacks  of  the  green-fly  by  slight  fumigations  of  tobacco. 
Abundance  of  air  must  be  given  during  fine  weather. 
Carnations  and  Picotees. — The  continuous  wet  is  any- 
thing but  favourable  for  these  plants  ;  remove  any 
which  are  infected  witli  mildew  or  black  spot  from  the 
company  of  those  whicli  are  liealtliy,  and  cut  away  all 
diseased  parts.  Keep  free  from  heavy  rains  ;  give 
abundance  of  air,  and  ensiu'e  perfect  cleanliness. 
Dahlias. — Extensive  growers  will  now  put  Dahlia  roots 
on  bottom  heat  to  ensure  a  large  stock.  Amateurs  need 
not  do  so  at  present ;  but  we  would  advise  a  thorough 

examination  of  the  roots,  as  rot  may  mal;e  serious  havoc  |  TBE'viNEoiB  Plant  :  inquirer.  The  spawn  of  a  fungus  called 
amongst  tltem  this  damp  season.  \     Penioillium  glaucum, 


52—1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


825 


PERUVIAN      GUANO. 
pAUTION    TO    AGRICULTURIST  S.— 
V^'   It  being  notorious  that  extensive  adulterations  of  this 
MANURS  are  still  carried  on, 

ANTONY  GIBBS  AND  SONS,  AS  THE 

ONLY  IMPORTERS  OF  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 

Consider  it  to  be  their  duty  to  the  Peruvian  Government  and 

to  the  Public  again  to  recommend  Farmers  and  all  others  who 

buy  to  he  carefully  on  their  guard. 

The  character  of  the  parties  from  whom  they  purchase  will 
of  course  be  the  best  aecurity,  and,  in  addition  to  particular 
attention  to  that  point,  ANTO^^T  GIBBS  and  SONS  ihink  it 
WbU  to  remind  buyers  that — 

Tlie  lowest  wholesale  •price  at  which  sound  Peruvian 
Ouano  has  heeyi  sold  by  the^n  during  the  last  two  years  is 
91.  OS.  per  ton,  less  2\  per  cent. 

Any  resales  made  by  dealers  at  a  lower  price  must  therefore 
either  leave  a  loss  to  them,  or  the  article  must  be  adulterated. 


THE  LONDON  MANURE  COMPANY  offers  on 
the  best  terms  Wheat  Manure  for  autumn  sowing,  Linseed, 
Rape  Cakes,  Peruvinn  Guano,  Urate,  Superphosphate  of  Lime, 
and  every  other  artincial  manure.  Also  a  quantity  of  Salt,  the 
refuse  of  ammonia  and  saltpetre  makers,  considerably  more 
valuable  than  the  ordinary  agricultural  salt. 
Edwabd  PoasEB.  Sec.  Bridge-street,  Blackfriars.  London, 


MANURES.— The   following    Manures   are    manu- 
factured at  iMr.  Lawes's  Factory,  Deptford  Creek : 

Turnip  Manure,  per  ton  £7     0     0 

Superphosphate  of  Lime  7    0     0 

Sulphuric  Acid  and  Coprolites  5     0     0 

Office,  69,  King  William-street,  City,  Loudon. 
N.B.  Peruvian  Guano,  guaranteed  to  contain  16  per  cent,  of 
Ammonia,  9!.  10s.  per  ton  ;    and  for  5  tons  or  more,  91.  5s.  per 
ton,  in  dock.     Sulphate  of  nmmonia,  &c. 


MANURE. 

PEAT  CHARCOAL,  completely  saturated  with 
London  Sevrage,  will  be  found  a  moat  effective  manure 
for  any  crop.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  Sewage  Manure 
Works,  Stanley  Bridge,  Fulham,  iliddleses,  at  GOs.  per  ton, 
4a.  per  cwt.,  and  2s.  GJ.  per  ^  cwt. 

*'  Sewage  manure  absorbed  in  charcoal  is  a  first-rate  fer- 
tiliser; we  have  tried  it  on  French  Beans,  Dahlias,  Roses,  and 
Cabbage  plante  ;  we  put  half  a  pint  to  each  Rose  and  Dahlia, 
sowed  it  in  the  row  with  B'^ans,  and  put  a  few  pinches  to  each 
plant  of  Cabbage.  The  effect  is  perceptible  very  soon,  but  it 
will  be  twice  as  efficacious  the  second  year  as  the  first." — Tlie 
Oarden.  hy  Mr.  Gleimij. 


WINTON'S  PARKES'S  CELEBRATED  STEEL 
DIGGING  FORKS  AND  TOOLS  are  universally  approved 
of.  They  facilitate  labour  20  per  cent.  They  hava  received  the 
Sliver  Medal  at  Lewes,  Dublin,  Galsvay,  Sheffield,  and  other 
places.  Anthony's  Patent  American  Churn  has  received  the 
prize  at  every  one  of  the  numerous  agricultural  meetings  where 
it  has  been  shown.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Journal,  p.  41,  say^, 
"  This  form  ot  churn  is  the  best  for  churning  sweet  cream,  and 
vrill  undoubtedly  produce  butter  from  milk  or  cream,  in  any 
form,  in  much  less  time  than  any  churn  that  has  jet  b  en 
introduced,'*  Pumps  for  manure  and  watering  gardens.  Mr. 
Mechi  has  one  working  admirably.  These  pumps  are  cheap, 
Gurable,  and  effective,  Gutta  percha  tubing,  bands  for 
machinery,  hose  for  pumps,  and  an  assortment  of  prize  and  the 
beat  farm  implements.  Price  catalogues  sent  on  application. — 
BcBGsss  and  Ket,  103,  Nen-gate-street,  London,  agents  for 
M'Cormick'd  American  Reaper. 


THE  REIGATE  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE 
IMPROVEMENT  OF  DOMESTIC  POULTRY,  will  hold 
its  FIRST  AN^UAL  PRIZE  EXHIBITION  at  Reigate,  ou 
TUESDAY,  the  1st,  and  WEDN  ESDAY,  the  2d  of  February, 
1853.  Eshibi'ors  must  reside  within  15  miles  of  the  Town  Hall, 
Reigate.  Entries  must  be  made  on  or  before  the  15th  January. 
For  certificates  and  particulars,  apply  to  ilr.  Fisdeb,  Bell- 
street,  Reigate. 


W\xt  Agricultural  @s?ette* 

SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  25,  1852. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  TWO  FOLLOWING  WEEKS. 
Ta<i»eD4T,       Dec.    3fJ—AxricuUaral  Imii.  Society  of  Irelnnd. 
Tbu^sdat,       Jan.     6— Agricultural  Imp.  Society  oflreland. 


I.N'  matters  connected  with  the  detail  of  mere 
cultivation  the  Scottish  farmer  is  much  more  exactly 
informed  than  the  English.  The  latter  may  be 
prepared  todiscuss  the  alternative  of  breast- ploughing 
or  subsoiling,  but  he  is  hardly  able  to  pronounce 
conclusively  on  the  relative  merits  of  40°  or  45°  as 
the  angle  of  inclination  at  which  a  furrow  slice 
should  be  laid.  This,  perhaps,  is  putting  the 
■fliiference  between  him  and  his  north-countrymen  a 
little  too  strongly;  but  we  have  been  often  surprised 
and  .sometimes  amused  at  the  precision  and  decision 
"with  which  matters  of  mere  detail  in  the  processes 
of  cultivation  are  argued  by  the  latter.  Probably  the 
"best  work  on  farming  within  the  limits  of  700  octavo 
pages,  of  which  the  language  can  boast,  is  Professor 
hovi'a  Elements  of  Practical  AgricuUnre;  but  we 
are  persua'led  that  none  but  a  Scottish  farmer  would 
have  thought  it  necessary  to  fill  a  dozen  of  these 
pages  with  a  description  of  the  mere  field  operation 
of  ploughing,  or  to  furnish  a  mathematical  demon- 
stration of  the  fact  that  the  ribbed  surface  of  the 
fresh  ploughed  land  is  a  maximum,  when  the  furrow 
slices  are  laid  at  4.0'*. 

The  last-named  point  is  indeed  now  generally 
admitted  to  be  a  point  of  comparatively  small 
importance.  It  is  not  the  surface  exposed  to  the 
light,  but  that  which  is  exposed  to  the  rain-water  ; 
not  the  outer,  but  the  inner  surface  of  the  soil 
which  is  the  most  important  proximate  result  of 
good  cultivation.  The  other  matters  of  detail, 
however,  connrcted  with  ploughing — tliose  relating 
to  the  depth  of  cultivation — arc  admitted  by  all  to 
be  important,  and  certain  results  in  connection  with 
this  subject  lat<:ly  published  in  the  North  ISritiali 
Agricuhurut,  in  which  the  advantages  of  di.-ep- 
plonghing  of    lea   for  Oats   were    very    apparent, 


deserve  to  be  generally  known.  The  experiments 
were  instituted  on  the  Home  Farm,  at  Thirlstane 
Castle.     The  following  are  the  results  : — 

Comparative  weight  of  grain  and  straw  on  two 
ridges  ebb-ploughed,  and  on  two  ridges  on  each  side 
of  these  which  were  deep  ploughed  :— 


2  Ridgeg  ploughed 
with  3  horaea 

2  Ridgea  ploughed 
Willi  2  horses 

2  Ridges  ploughed 
with  3  horses. 


Ellcnt 
of  Land. 

Gross 
Weight 
of   Corn 

and 
Straw. 

Weight 

of 
Grain. 

Weight 

of 
Straw. 

rda,  pis. 

sts.  lbs. 

sts.  lbs. 

sts.   Ibj. 

2      11 

335    10 

103      1 

257.     9 

2      U 

332      2 

103      0 

230      2 

2      11 

372      6 

109      C 

203      0 

Grain 
per 
acre. 


57J 


Average  excess  of  the  four  deep  ploughed  ridges 
over  the  two  ebb-ploughed,  per  acre : — 26  stones 
straw,  4J  bushels  grain. 

The  land  ploughed  with  two  horses  was  ploughed 
from  5  to  7  inches  deep ;  that  ploughed  with 
three  horses  was  ploughed  from  9  to  1 1  inches  deep 
— a  difference  which  may  be  considered  more  than 
one  of  those  almost  trifling  grounds  of  discussion, 
on  which  we  have  known  grave  agricultural  debates 
to  have  been  held.  A  ditference  of  4  inches  in 
the  depth  of  ploughing  would  be  equivalent  in  some 
localities  to  the  bringing  up  of  entirely  different 
soils,  as  the  seed-bed  of  the  future  crop.  And  in 
all  localities  during  this  season  (and  this  is  the  point 
to  which  we  would  especially  direct  remark),  such  a 
difference  in  practice  will  be  sure  to  have  a  most 
material  influence  on  results  at  harvest-time.  The 
excessive  rains  under  which  Knglish  land  has  been 
lying  during  the  past  autumn  must  have  washed 
away  much  of  the  soluble  portion  of  the  surface 
soil — washed  it  away  completely  in  the  case  of 
undrained  lands — washed  it  away  downwards  into 
a  lower  layer  in  the  case  of  well-drained  lands. 
The  difference  between  shallow  and  deep  ploughing, 
great  enough  last  season,  as  the  above  experiment 
testifies,  will  be  doubly  great  after  such  a 
season  as  the  present ;  and  we  advise  those  who 
may  still  have  to  plough,  whether  it  be  "  lea  for 
Oats,"  or  fallow  land  for  any  crop  whatever,  to 
consider  whether  it  may  not  be  well  to  profit  by  the 
experience  of  Mr.  Hume,  of  the  Home  Farm,  at 
Thirlstane  Castle,  and  by  a  consideration  of  the 
causes  to  which  that  experience  is  attributable. 

The  rearing  and  fattening  of  cattle  is  simply  the 
manufacturing  of  the  vegetable  produce  of  the  soil 
into  butcher  meat  for  our  tables  ;  and  in  obtaining 
this  important  result  two  systems  are  followed : 
first,  to  fatten  the  ox  throughout  its  whole  life,  from 
the  time  it  is  calved  until  taken  to  the  shambles  ; 
and  second  to  commence  fattening  it  after  it  has 
attained  to  maturity  in  growth — two  systems  very 
different  from  each  other  ;  and  to  be  adopted  in 
various  degrees  of  modification,  according  to  the 
influence  which  the  diversity  of  breed,  constitution, 
climate,  season,  soil,  and  quality  of  produce  has  on 
the  nutritive  and  respiratory  functions  of  the 
animal  economy. 

When  the  ox  is  fattened  from  the  time  it  is 
calved,  according  to  the  former  of  these  systems,  it 
is  growing  at  the  same  time  that  it  is  fattening. 
There  is  an  increase  of  bone  and  muscle  as  well  as 
of  fat  and  the  other  parts  of  the  body,  and  this 
increase  assumes  a  uniform  character,  from  first  to 
last,  demanding  a  greater  uniformity  of  climate, 
season,  and  soil,  with  its  productions,  than  the 
British  farmer  has  naturally  at  his  command  ;  hence 
the  artificial  system  of  house-feeding  on  mixed  food. 
But  when  the  animal  has  arrived  at  maturity  accord- 
ing to  the  latter  system,  the  economy  of  the  raw 
materials  is  veiy  different  in  the  process  of  their 
being  manufactured  into  butcher-meat ;  for  it  is 
then  only  a  small  quantity  of  the  food  con- 
sumed that  is  worked  up  into  an  increase  of  weight, 
by  far  th^  largest  portion  being  required  to  supply 
the  daily  waste  of  the  body,  and  maintain  it  at  a 
proper  temperature :  and  this  last  function  which 
the  food  has  to  perform  consumes  a  much  larger 
quantity  than  the  first.  The  ratio  of  the  nutritive 
to  the  respiratory  elements  of  food,  taking  milk  as 
the  type,  is  as  1  to  2.  If  we  take  Beans,  it  is  1  to 
2J ;  oatmeal,  1  to  5  ;  Potatoes,  1  to  9  ;  Turnip.s, 
I  to  11;  Rye-grass,  according  to  Dr.  Thompson's 
experiments,  1  to  8^.  In  the  llye-grass  experiment 
the  animals  were  milch  cows,  and  as  no  notice  is 
taken  of  the  urine,  milk,  or  water  consumed,  the 
ratio  of  1  to  8,',  may  be  liable  to  objection,  as  being 
too  far  from  that  of  milk  ;  but  for  the  sake  of  argu- 
ment we  shall  assume  tlio  last,  and  that  a  three- 
year-old  fat  ox  of  100  imperial  stones  carcase  weight 
has  just  been  consuming  120  lbs.  of  natural  Grass 
daily  prior  to  being  slaughtered,  that  the  Grass 
coiitaineil  75  per  cent,  of  water  :  besides  this  water 
Home  5fi  llis.  may  lie  daily  consumed  in  drink  during 
summer,  the  dung  voided  may  bo  80  lbs.,  containing 


80  to  90  per  cent,  of  water,  the  urine  voided  30  lbs., 
and  the  increase  of  weight  of  the  body  2  lbs.  daily, 
being  less  than  1|  per  cent,  of  the  raw  materials. 
Such  data  would  leave  only  14  lbs.  of  solid  matter 
as  the  quantity  consumed  by  both  functions,  conse- 
quently respiration  would  consume  about  93-  lbs.,  and 
respiration  45  lbs.  But  butcher's  meat,  or  the 
average  of  skin,  bone,  muscle,  &c.,  contains  upwards 
of  50  per  cent,  of  water,  so  that  the  increase  of 
weight  daily  would  be  9t^  lbs.  and  upwards.  Now, 
as  the  actual  daily  increase,  by  hypothesis,  is  only 
2  lbs.,  it  consequently  follows  that  the  daily  waste 
of  the  body  is  7y  lbs.  and  upwards,  with  the  above 
consumption  of  food  and  data  assumed. 

The  daily  consumption  of  food  by  a  three-year- 
old  ox  from  the  time  it  is  calved,  however,  is  less 
than  above  stated,  for  at  one  'year  old  it  may 
probably  have  only  consumed  about  one-half  of  the 
above  amount.  Hence  the  increase  of  weight  must 
also  have  been  less  ;  and  this  is  just  what  the  facts 
of  the  case  bear  out,  for  the  average  increase  during 
life  is  about  I5  lb.  daily,  making  no  allowance  for 
the  weight  of  the  calf.  In  practice,  however,  the 
daily  progress  of  the  increase,  and  the  quantities  of 
food  consumed,  is  seldom  if  ever  so  uniform  as  this 
would  insinuate. 

The  general  character  of  the  other  system  is  that 
of  alternately  feasting  and  starving  with  the  charge 
of  seasons.  When  grazing  during  summer  an 
increase  in  the  weight  of  both  muscle  and  fat  is 
gained,  while  in  straw-yards  or  less  favourable 
situations  during  winter  the  gain  of  summer  is, 
generally  speaking,  nearly  if  not  wholly  lost ;  but 
between  the  two  extremes  of  this  system  there  is  a 
vast  variety  of  examples.  The  case  of  the  stunted 
Shetland,  for  instance,  is  widely  different  from  some 
of  the  short-horns  in  our  southern  districts,  and 
indeed  we  need  not  go  so  far  north  as  ultima  tlaile 
for  skin  and  bone  examples  when  cattle  are  being 
turned  out  to  Grass  in  spring. 

Under  this  system  it  is  seldom  that  the  three- 
year-old  ox  has  acquired  bone  sufficient  to  carry 
100  stones  carcase  weight — one  or  two  years  must 
be  added  to  this  number  ;  and  before  even  this  age 
has  been  attained  the  ox  will  have  consumed  more 
raw  materials  in  growing  bone  on  which  to  lay  on 
fat  than  was  done  in  the  other  case  up  to  the  time 
when  led  to  the  shambles  ;  for  the  starved  ox  always 
consumes  more  food  than  the  properly  fed  one,  and 
there  is  thus  a  loss,  by  this  system,  of  more  ttan 
the  food  consumed  during  the  process  of  fattening. 

The  raw  materials  in  this  case,  however,  are 
often  very  differently  situated  from  those  of  the 
other,  and  possess  less  value.  There  is  yet  a  wide 
tract  of  the  British  soil  in  a  semi-natural  and  wild 
state,  over  which  herds  and  flocks  daily  roam, 
gathering  an  inferior  herbage,  and  manufacturing 
it  into  beef  and  mutton  of  the  finest  quality.  The 
process  is  slow,  but  the  raw  materials  are  of  less 
value,  while  the  manufactured  article,  although  not 
altogether  fit  for  immediate  use,  is  yet  possessed  of 
a  higher  value — circumstances  which  materially 
affect  the  economy  of  the  process. 

There  is  not  only  this  peculiar  feature  in  the 
raw  materials,  but  there  is  also  the  peculiarity  of 
breeds,  the  different  constitutions  of  animals  of 
individual  breeds,  and  the  diversity  of  season  and 
climate  to  be  taken  into  consideration,  all  of  which 
affect  the  quality  and  value  of  the  manufactured 
article.  In  the  chemical  and  mechanical  world 
different  articles  require  different  agents,  machinery, 
and  apparatus  to  work  them  up  to  their  various 
destinations  ;  and  so  is  it  in  the  manufacturing 
of  the  vegetable  produce  of  the  soil  into  butcher 
meat,  for  here  Nature  has  adapted  herself  to  her 
own  exigencies  by  giving  to  cattle  those  constitutional 
characteristics  which  the  different  breeds  exemplify, 
enabling  them  to  work  up  the  whole  produce  of  the 
soil  for  the  wants  of  the  human  family,  a  large 
portion  of  which  would  otherwise  have  been  lost; 
for  although  the  large  breeds  which  arrive  at  early 
maturity  turn  to  best  account  the  produce  of  rich 
arable  and  Grass  lands,  they  are  yet  unfit  to  manu- 
facture the  coarse  and  scanty  herbage  of  mountain 
districts  into  either  beef  or  mutton  ;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  our  mountain  breeds  are  not  adapted 
for  turning  the  produce  of  both  localities  to  the  best 
advantage. 

The  grand  question  which  is  here  brought  under 
the  consideration  of  the  farmer  is  the  economy  of 
the  soil  itself.  What  is  the  soil  of  our  mountain 
and  other  districts,  lying  in  a  natural  state,  capable 
of  producing  under  the  fostering  hand  of  art,  and 
what  the  most  economical  course  to  adopt  with 
their  improved  productions  ? 


NEW  MODE  OP  PREPARING  FLAX  FIBRE. 
SiNCH  attention  was  first  directed  to  the  improve- 
ment and  cxtonBion  of  ]'"lax  cuUivation  in  Ireland,  an 
afisocintion  wiis  orgnniscil  at  Belfast,  in  the  year  1841, 
to  endeavour  to  aecomiilieh  those  ends.     It  has  been 


826 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE, 


[Dec.  25,, 


evident  that  a  great  desideratum  in  tlie  treatment  of 
Flax  in  order  to  obtain  a  fibre  of  good  and  even  quality, 
suited  for  manufacture,  was  tlie  adoption  of  some  plan 
by  which  uniformity  could  be  arrived  at,  and  the  waste 
and  loss  arising  from  tlie  imperfections  of  the  system 
generally  practised  by  individual  growers  obviated. 

In  order  to  attain  this  end,  it  appeared  requisite  that 
a  division  of  labour  should  be  carried  out,  that  the 
farmer  should  be  merely  the  grower  of  the  plant,  aiid 
that  persons  of  capital,  education,  and  scientific  skill 
riiould  purchase  it  from  him,  and  convert  it,  by  some 
effective  process,  into  marketable  fibre. 

Every  project  having  this  end  in  view  has,  conse- 
quently, met  witli  great  attention  from  the  Royal  Flax 
Society  and  the  public  ;  and  a  plan,  embodying  points 
of  great  novelty,  having  been  lately  brought  i'orwaid  by 
Mr.  Watt,  and  put  in  operation  at  Belfast,  a  meeting  of 
those  interested  in  tlie  matter  was  held  on  October  2, 
at  which  the  inventor  was  present,  when  it  was  arranged 
that  a  careful  examination  into  the  processes  employed 
should  be  made  by  a  committee  then  appointed. 

The  trial  w.as  begun  on  the  21  st  October  ;  and  although 
all  the  points  desirable  to  be  ascertained  have  not  yet 
been  fully  investigated,  the  committee  are  in  a  position 
to  report  to  this  meeting  a  number  of  facts  already 
ascertained,  which  they  consider  of  interest  and  import- 
ance. 

Mr.  Watt's  system  may  be  briefly  described  as  fol- 
lows : — The  Flax  straw  is  delivered  at  the  works  by 
the  grower,  in  a  dry  state,  with  the  seed  on.  The  seed 
is  separated  by  metal  rollers,  and  afterwards  cleaned  by 
fanners.  The  straw  is  then  placed  in  close  chambers, 
with  the  exception  of  two  doors,  which  serve  tlie  pur- 
pose of  putting  in  and  discharging  the  sti'aw  ;  the  top, 
which  is  of  cast  iron,  serves  the  double  purpose  of  a 
top  and  condenser.  The  straw  is  then  laid  on  a  per- 
forated false  bottom  of  iron,  and  the  doors  being  closed 
and  made  tight  by  means  of  screws,  steam  is  driven  in 
by  a  pipe  round  the  chamber  and  between  the  bottoms, 
and,  penetrating  the  mass,  at  first  removes  certain  vola- 
tile oils  contained  in  the  plant,  and  then  is  condensed 
on  the  bottom  of  the  iron  tank,  descending  in  a  conti- 
nuous shower  of  condensed  water,  saturating  the  straw, 
and  forming,  in  fact,  a  decoction  of  the  extractive  matters 
which  attach  the  fibrous  and  non-fibrous  portions  of  the 
plant.  This  liquid  is  drawn  off  from  time  to  time,  and 
the  moi-e  concentrated  portions  are  used  for  feeding  ; 
the  process  is  shortened  by  using  a  purap,  or  such 
arrangements  as  will  repeatedly  wash  the  mass,  with 
the  water  allowed  to  accumulate.  In  about  8  to  12 
hours,  varying  with  the  nature  of  the  straw,  it  is  removed 
from  the  chambers,  and  having  been  robbed  of  its 
extractive  matter  without  decomposition,  it  is  then 
passed  through  rollers,  for  the  purpose  of  removing  the 
epidermis  or  outer  skin  of  the  plant,  of  discharging  the 
greater  part  of  the  water  contained  in  the  saturated 
straw,  and,  while  in  the  wet  and  swollen  state,  splitting 
it  up  longitudinally.  The  straw,  being  free  from  all 
products  of  decomposition,  is  then  easily  dried,  and  in  a 
few  hours  is  ready  for  scutching. 

In  the  experimental  trial,  personally  superintended, 
throughout  all  its  details,  by  the  committee,  a  quantity 
of  Flax  straw,  of  ordinary  quality,  was  taken  from  the 
bulk  of  the  stock  at  the  works,  weighing  1 SJ  cwt.  with 
the  seed  on.  After  the  removal  of  the  seed,  which,  on 
being  cleaned  thoroughly  from  the  chaff,  measured  3J 
imperial  bushels,  the  straw  was  reduced  m  weight  to 
10  cwt.  1  qr.  21  lbs.  It  was  then  placed  in  tlie  vat, 
where  it  was  subjected  to  the  steaming  process  for 
about  1 1  hom's.  After  steeping,  wet-rolling,  and  drying, 
it  weighed  7  cwt.  lllbs. ;  and  on  being  scutched,  the 
yield  was  187  lbs.  of  Flax  ;  and  of  scutching-tow,  121b3. 
6J  oz.  fine,  and  35  lbs.  3  oz.  coarse.  The  yield  of  fibre, 
in  the  state  of  good  Flax,  was,  therefore,  at  the  rate  of 
ISJlbs.  from  the  cwt.  of  straw,  with  seed  on;  18  lbs. 
from  the  cwt.  of  straw  without  seed  ;  2G  j  lbs.  from  the 
cwt.  of  steeped  and  dried  straw. 

The  time  occupied  in  actual  labour  in  the  processes, 
from  the  seeding  of  the  Flax,  to  the  commencement  of 
the  scutching,  was  1 3-}  hours,  to  which,  if  1 1  hours  be 
added  for  the  time  the  Flax  was  in  the  vat,  24  hours 
would  be  the  time  required  up  to  this  point.  The 
scutching,  by  four  hands,  occupied  six  hours  16 
minutes.  But,  in  this  statement,  the  time  required  for 
drying  is  not  included,  as,  owing  to  some  derangement 
ib  the  apparatus,  no  certain  estimate  could  be  made  of 
the  actual  time  requii-ed  in  that  process.  It  would 
appear,  however,  that  about  36  hours  would  include  the 
time  necessary,  in  a  well-oi-ganised  establishment,  to 
convert  Flax  straw  into  fibre  for  the  spinner. 

The  cost  of  all  these  operations,  in  the  experiment, 
leaving  out  the  drying,  for  the  reasons  noted,  appe.T.red 
to  be  under  lOi.  per  too  of  clean  fibre,,  for  labour, 
exclusive  of  general  expenses. 

A  portion  of  the  fibre  was  sent  to  two  spinning-mills 
to.be  hackled,  and  to  have  a  value  put  upon  it.  The 
valuation  of  the  samples  varied  from  5U.  to  701.  per 
ton,  according  to  the  quality  of  the  stricks  of  fibre  sent, 
and  the  yield  on  the  hackle  was  considered  quite  satis- 
factory. 

On  the  results  of  this  experiment,  which  was  neces- 
B^ily  of  a  limited  nature,  the  committee  think  it  best  to 
oner  no  general  remarks.  They  are  sufficiently  favour- 
abie  to  speak  for  themselves.  It  remains  to  be  ascer- 
tained wliether  the  qualities  of  Flax  fibre,  prepared  bv 
this  method,  are  such  as  to  suit  the  spinner  and 
manufacturer.  They  have  been  informed,  by  a  spinner 
who  has  been  trying  some  Flax  prepared  bv  Mr.  Watt's 
system,  that  the  yarn  made  from  it  appearl  equal  in  all 
respects  to  what  is  ordmarily  spun  from  gooA  Irish 


Fla.x,  of  the  finer  sorts.  They  believe  that,  before  long, 
information  will  be  given  by  several  individuals  who  are 
about  to  carry  out  more  extended  trials  on  the  spinning 
and  manufacturing  departments. 

The  committee  conceive  that  the  most  prominent 
and  novel  feature  of  this  plan  consists  in  the  substitution 
of  maceration,  or  softening,  for  fermentation.  In  the 
steeping  of  Flax,  both  by  cold  and  hot  water,  the  fibre 
is  freed  from  the  substance  termed  gum,  by  the  decom- 
position of  the  latter  ;  while  in  Watt's  system  the  mace- 
ration of  the  stem  loosens  the  cuticle  and  gum,  which 
are  further  separated  mechanically  in  the  crushing 
operation,  and,  after  the  drying  of  the  straw,  readily 
part  with  the  wood,  under  the  action  of  the  scutch-mill. 
Before  concluding  this  statement,  the  committee  wish 
to  call  attention  to  a  very  cm*ious  feature  in  Mr,  Watt's 
invention.  The  water  from  the  vats,  in  place  of  being 
offensive  and  noxious,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  steep- 
water,  contains  a  certain  amount  of  nutritive  matter. 
This  ai'ises  from  its  being  an  infusion  of  the  Flax  stems, 
in  place  of  holding  in  suspension  or  solution  the  products 
of  the  decomposition  of  the  gum,  and  other  substances 
contained  in  the  stems.  The  inventor  is  now  employing 
this  water,  along  with  the  chaff  of  the  seed-bolls,  for 
feeding  pigs.  It  is  of  much  interest*  therefore,  to  note 
in  how  far  this  may  be  found  practically  to  answer,  as, 
between  the  seed,  the  chaff,  and  the  water,  by  far  the 
greatest  portion  of  what  the  Flax  plant  abstracts  from 
the  soil  would  thus  be  returned  in  the  shape  of  manure. 
However  this  may  turn  out,  the  avoidance  of  all  nuisance 
in  smell,  and  of  the  poisonous  liquid  which  causes  some 
damage  among  fish  when  let  off  into  rivers,  is  a  matter 
of  some  consequence. 

Appended  to  this  report  is  a  note  of  the  time  occupied 
in  the  different  processes  during  the  experiment,  and  of 
the  number  of  persons  employed  in  each. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  so  promising  a  pkan  may,  on  more 
extended  experience,  fee  found  fully  to  w.arrant  the  high 
anticipations  formed  from  what  is  already  known  con- 
cerning it.         (Signed  on  behalf  of  the  committee), 
Richard  Niven,  Chaii'man. 
Belfast,  Not.  3,  1852. 

Appendix Note  of  the  time  occupied,  and  of  the 

number  of  persons  employed  in  eacli  of  the  processes 
witnessed  by  the  committee,  on  the  experimental  trial 
of  Mr.  Watt's  system  of  preparing  Flax  fibre  : — 


Seeding  ...  

Placing  in  vat  

Cltaning  eeed  

TakinK  out  of  vftt 

Wet-rolling  and  putting  in 

drjiag-room  

Ro'ling  for  scutching 
SCricking  for  ditto 


Scutching 


Total 


No.  of  persons 
employed. 


Women 
and  boys. 


i 
0 
3 

16 
11 

7 

49 
0 


Time 
occupied. 


13 
G 


Min. 


15 
15 
0 
30 

20 
S 
47 


16 
IS 


Thomas  Pi'eston,  Esq.,  observed,  in  reference  to  the 
report,  that  he  had  forwarded  parcels  of  this  Flax  to 
the  Mile  Water  Spinning  Company,  and  had  received  a 
letter  froni  them,  expressive  of  their  good  opinion  of 
the  hackling  and  spinning  quiilities  of  the  Flax,  and 
valuing  the  samples  at  G5L  to  75?.  per  ton. —  [The  above 
is  a  report  to  the  Flax  Society  of  Belfast  on  the  merits 
of  the  plan  described.] 


IMPLEMENT  SHOW— BAKER  STREET. 

This  part  of  the  Exhibition  in  the  Bazaar  presents 
us  witli  three  subjects: — 1,  Agricultural  Books,  &c. ; 
2,  Seeds  and  Roots  ;  3,  Implements  and  Machinery  of 
various  kinds.  Medicines,  &c. 

Seeds  and  Roots, — Of  these  the  show  was  super- 
excellent.  The  Messrs.  Gibbs,  of  Halfmoon-street, 
Piccadilly,  exhibit  fine  specimens  of  Mangold  Wurzel 
and  Swedes,  grown  by  Air.  Druce  and  Mr.  Collins. 
There  are  also  some  Kohl  Rabi  and  Cabbages  deserving 
of  notice.  George  Gibbs  and  Co.,  of  26,  Down- 
street,  Piccadilly,  showed  superior  specimens  of 
tlie  above  roots,  grown  by  Prince  Albert,  as 
also  of  the  American  Squash,  or  Pumpkin,  weighing 
half  cwt.  each  and  upwards.  Mr.  Skirving,  of 
Liverpool,  shows  a  good  sample  of  his  celebrated  Swede, 
and  Mr.  J.  Grove,  Essex,  superior  Mangold  Wurzel 
and  Swedes  ;  but  in  this  department  the  sister  country, 
under  the  patronage  of  Lord  Eglinton,  carries  off  the 
palm.  The  moist  and  genial  climate  of  Ireland  has 
long  been  famed  for  tlie  production  of  root  crops,  and 
the  present  specimens  from  her  model  farms  show  what 
proper  management,  under  such  circumstances,  is 
capable  of  producing.  A  Pumpkin,  one  of  30  from  the 
same  root,  weighs  108  lbs.  Mangold  Wurzel,  Swedes, 
Globe  Turnips,  Carrots,  Sugar  Beet,  Cabbages,  &e.,  of 
the  different  kinds  are  of  equally  extraordinary  weights. 
On  the  same  stand  there  is  also  a  sample  of  good  butter, 
another  favourite  product  of  the  sister  country.  Mr. 
Cliivas,  Chester,  shows  a  sample  of  the  Orange  Jelly 
Turnip,  not  inferior  to  those  of  Ireland. 

Implements  were  never  exhibited  in  such  numbex's  or 
perfection.  It  would  take  ten  times  the  space  allotted 
to  them  in  the  Bazaar  to  have  exhibited  them  fairly  to 
the  public.  The  most  attractive  of  the  wliole  was 
doubtless  Bell's  reaping  machine,  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Crosskill,  the  eager  crowd  about  which  reminded  us 
very  forcibly  of  that  about  M'Cormick's  in  the  Crystal 
Palace,  1851.  Many  appeared  to  be  taken  by  surprise, 
never  having  dreamt  that  such  had  been  ia  operation  iji 


Strathmore  for  the  last  20  years,  and  many  hasty  con- 
clusions consequently  arrived  at  relative  to  the  merits 
and  origin  of  the  Americans.  We  are  anxious  to  give 
our  implement-makers  credit  for  the  progress  they  are 
making,  but  cannot  approve  of  much  that  is  now  said  by 
them  to  run  down  the  Americans,  who  gained  a  complete 
triumph  over  them  in  1851.  The  plain  facts  of  the  eaae 
are  simply  these :  During  the  above  20  years  that  they  were 
sleeping  the  Americans  took  up  both  Ogle's  and  Bell's 
machines,  made  various  improvements  upon  them,  for' 
which  patents  were  granted,  patents  which  would  not  hava 
been  granted,  either  in  England  or  the  States,  for  the 
originals  or  for  frivolous  improvements  in  the  latter.J^ 
the  American  patent-office  being  more  particular  ino 
this  respect  than  the  English.  These  improved  machines 
and  improvements  are  all  tliat  the  Americans  claim  J? 
they  introduced  into  this  country  last  year  with  a 
success  which  awoke  our  implement  makers  from  their 
20  years'  slumbers,  putting  them  to  the  blush  for  having 
slept  at  their  posts  so  long;  and  instead  of  thanking; 
their  own  brother  Jonathan  for  this  friendly  tarn, 
abusive  insinuations  are  had  recourse  to,  unworthy  of 
a  great  nation.  But  for  the  Americans,  Bells  reaping 
machine,  in  all  lilielihood,  would  have  never  seen  Bake]> 
street ;  and  the  more  honourable  line  of  conduct 
is,  openly  and  brotherly,  without  a  grudge,  to  give 
the  Americans  full  credit  for  what  they  have  done^ 
and  to  learn  of  their  experience  rather  than 
attempt  the  schoolmaster  before  we  have  had  time 
to  learn  our  ABC  ourselves.  Since  1851  extensive 
improvements  have  been  made  in  America,  and 
those  improvements  are  about  to  be  introduced 
here  under  patent.  Having  fallen  20  years  behind,  it  wiU 
be  found  not  so  easy  a  matter  to  overtake  the  Yankee 
as  some  imagine  ;  for  he  is  an  Englishman  of  the  moat' 
enterprising  genius.  Since  the  Lewes  show  conside]^ 
able  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  reaper  by 
both  the  large  firms  of  Garrett  and  Sons,  and  Crosskill  t 
the  former  ia  the  driving,  gearing,  and  sheathing  foil 
the  knife  now  made  of  steel,  so  as  to  insure  a  more 
perfect  cutting  edge  :  the  latter  in  a  tipping  platform  and 
tread  for  assisting  in  throwing  off  the  cut  com  into  sheaves; 
Blythe's  broadcast  manure  drill  has  also  undergone 
improvements  by  Mr.  Garrett,  as  also  their  seed  drill 
for  small  holdings,  so  as  to  adapt  it  for  sowing  tliree 
rows  of  Beans.  J.  and  F.  Howard,  Bedford,  exhibited, 
a  plough  termed  X-plough,  with  lower  necks,  for  givingj 
tile  share  more  or  less  "  pitch,"  as  requu-ed.  Richmond 
and  Chandler  have  made  some  improvements  in  tha- 
chciff-cutter,  so  have  Barrett,  Exall,and  Andrews  m  tlieirs, 
and  also  in  their  Barley  hummeller.  Hensman  and 
Son  have  improved  their  steam-engine  and  drill ;  tha 
former  by  self-regulating  machinery  for  the_  regular 
supply  of  steam  according  to  the  resistance,  doing  away 
with  the  irregularity  of  the  motion  now  experienced, 
over  which  the  foreman  has  not  sufficient  control,  and 
in  the  latter  by  attaching  a  seed-box  with  brushes  so  as 
to  sow  Grass  seeds  along  with  corn,  thus  doing  away 
with  the  necessity  of  going  over  the  land  twice.  Messrs. 
W.  Dray  and  Co.,  Hornsby  and  Son,  J.  Holmes  and 
Sons,  Smith  and  Ashby  ;  Clayton,  Shuttleworth,  and  Cot,. 
Tuxford  and^  Son,  Edward  Hills  and  Co.,  Samuelsonj 
Stacy,  Thomson,  and  others,  have  made  various  improve- 
ments since  the  Lewes  meeting,  did  our  limits  permit 
their  mention  individually.  Two  entirely  new  machines 
require  perhaps  special  notice  ;  the  one.  Chandler's 
improved  hoe,  the  other  Sisaith's  reaping  machine,  both 
lately  patented.  The  object  of  the  hoe  is  to  clean  young 
drilled  plants  at  an  early  stage  of  their  growth  without 
earthing  them.  It  is  a  species  of  breast-plough  ha-ving 
two  hoes  with  a  feather  or  upright  fin  on  each,  on  the 
interior  side,  push^  before  the  operator,  the  plant 
being  between  the  fins.  A  woman  will  hoe  an  acre 
per  day  with  one  of  them.  The  reaping  machine 
has  never  been  tried.  The  cutting  apparatus  consists 
of  a  series  of  hooks  revolving  upon  spindles,  thus 
cutting  on  the  principle  of  the  Irish  hook.  The- 
niachine  is  for  being  pushed  before  the  horses,  and  has 
a  revolving  belt  with  rakes  in  front,  which  gathers  tie 
corn,  throwing  it  to  either  side  as  required,  leavmg  it 
in  separate  parcels  ready  for  being  tied  up  into  sheaves. 
We  shall  be  glad  to  take  further  notice  of  this  maehiafr 
when  it  has  been  tried. 

Generally  speaking,  according  to  the  price  tickets^ 
a  small  abatement  has  been  made,  but  free  trade  times 
being  now  establislied,  demand  a  further  reductiQII; 
Steam-power  and  machinery  must  be  brought  to  best- 
more  successfully  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
implements  than  has  yet  been  done.  In  this  respect'  W©  ' 
are  a  long  way  behind  the  manufacturing  districts- 
Farmers  do  not  enjoy  equal  benefits  from  meehainoftl 
science,  hence  th«- obvious  conclusion. 


POULTRY. 

I  HiTcniN  PouLTET  SHOW. — Few  poultry  shows  hi 
afforded  more  pleasure  to  amateurs  tlLan  that  held  at 
Hitchin;  and  ranch  praise  as  well  as  the  thanks  of 
fanciers  are  due  to  a  few  gentlemen  of  that  place,  who, 
with  a  complete  disregard  to  cost,  and  personal  pecuniary 
liability,  conceived  the  plan  and  carried  it  out.     Their 

[  rules  were  stringent  and  acted  fully  up  to,  and  the 
exertions  of  the  committee  deserve  the  greatest  success. 
The  weather  was  very  unfavourable,  which  influenced 
the  number  of  visitors  ;  but  the  quality  of  the  specimens- 
exhibited,  the  ready  sale  they  found,  and  the  uncom- 
promising impartiality  of  the  officers,  will  ensuue 
for  them  next  year,  when  the  building  now  in 
progress  will  be  completed,  a  high  rank  among  these 
popular  shows..   Ithad  been  intended  to  hold  itaa.tlw 


52— 1852.] 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE 


827 


new  Corn  Exchange,  but  as  the  roof  waa  unfinished,  a 
very  large  tent  was  substituted,  which  was  erected  in 
the  beautiful  garden  of  Ml\  Hill,  of  the  Sun  Hotel. 
Those  who  were  connected  with  the  Society  have  thanks 
to  tender  to  this  gentleman  for  his  kindness  and  hos- 
pitality. Before  entering  upon  the  merits  of  the  poultry, 
it  is  well  to  state,  the  show  originated  with  three  gentle- 
men of  the  place,  who  liberally  became  responsible  for  the 
prizes,  and  a  committee  of  the  highest  respectability,  at 
their  own  cost,  carried  out  all  the  necessary  arx-angemen  ts. 
Subscriptions  were  not  asked  for,  and  profit  was  not 
the  object  sought.  With  these  preliminary  remarks, 
and  thanking  Messrs.  Bennett,  Hill,  Goodwin,  and  the 
other  gentlemen  connected  with  it,  for  the  treat  afforded 
to  amateurs,  we  will  proceed  to  notice  the  most  pro- 
minent features  of  this  show.  The  prize  list  will  give 
the  names  of  the  successful  competitors  in  every  class. 
The  Cochin  Chinas  were  far  above  the  average,  and 
while  the  judges  awarded  more  prizes  than  were 
published  in  the  list,  and  highly  commended  the  whole 
class,  they  expressed  their  regret  they  could  not  dis- 
tinguish with  solid  rewards  many  most  deserving  pens. 
The  names  of  the  successful  will  convince  those  who 
were  not  fortunate  enough  to  be  there  that  the  birds 
■were  of  no  common  order.  John  Fairlie,  Esq.,  Cheveley- 
parli,  two  prizes  ;  Mr.  H.  Gilbert,  Kensington,  two 
prizes  ;  Mr.  C.  Punchard,  Blount's-haU,  two  prizes  ; 
W.  T.  Squire,  Esq.,  of  Milden-hall;  Messrs.  Peters  and 
Lort,  of  Birmingham,  and  Mr.  Steward,  of  Yarmouth, 
one  prize  each.  The  show  of  Dorkings  was  excellent, 
and  fully  maintained  the  character  Hertfordshire  has 
earned  since  the  Earl  of  Verulam  offered  his  liberal 
annual  prize  for  this  breed,  at  the  agricultural  meeting; 
but  Northampton,  Birmingham,  $uffolk,  Kent,  and 
Leicestershire,  also  sent  their  contributions,  and  took 
prizes.  The  only  pen  of  Spanish  deserving  notice  was 
an  excellent  one  exhibited  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Astley, 
of  Thetford.  The  game  fowls  and  the  Hamburghs 
"were  beautiful.  The  Malays  did  not  deserve  notice  : 
the  amateurs  of  this  breed  should  either  abstain 
from  exhibiting  or  procure  better  specimens.  Mr. 
Vivian,  of  Singleton,  Glamorganshire,  carried  off  the 
first  prize  for  Polands  in  both  classes.  Mr.  Taylor, 
of  Shepherd's  Bush,  showed  some  beautiful  Andalusian 
fowls.  Among  the  bantams,  the  gold  laced  of  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Roper,  and  the  black  of  Mr.  James  Mousey, 
deserved  the  highest  praise.  The  hens  in  the  latter 
pen  -were  unique.  The  turkeys  were  generally  excel- 
lent, as  were  the  ducks,  but  the  geese  were  indifferent. 
IVIr.  G.  C.  Adkins,  of  Birmingham,  who  took  12  prizes 
in  the  pigeon  class,  exhibited  two  Australian  pigeons 
of  singular  beauty.  Almost  all  the  counties  in 
England,  and  one  in  Wales,  contributed  to  form  an 
exliibition,  which  was  a  boon  conferred  on  those  whose 
avocations  do  not  permit  them  to  visit  more  distant 
places.  The  judges  were  Edward  Hewitt,  Esq.,  Eden 
Cottage,  Spark  Brook,  Birmingham  ;  and  Mr.  Baily, 
of  Mount-street,  London. 

Dorchester. — The  Dorchester  Association  for  the 
Improvement  of  Domestic  Poultry,  lately  held  their 
first  exhibition  in  the  Towc-hall,  Dorchester,  and 
it  was  highly  successful.  It  was  under  the  patronage 
of  most  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood, who  supported  it  by  their  presence  ;  and 
it  would  not  have  been  believed,  a  few  years  since, 
that  a  poultry  show  would  have  brought  an  influx  of 
company  into  the  town,  more  resembling  the  attendance 
at  an  old-established  fair.  The  indefatigable  honorary 
Secretary,  Mr.  G.  S.  Andrews,  has  laid  his  Dorsetshire 
countrymen  under  considerable  obligation.  The  uni- 
Tersal  respect  he  enjoys,  and  the  complete  success  of  his 
fii*3t  endeavour  must  be  gratifying  to  him,  and  will,  we 
hope,  urge  liim  forward  in  this  branch  of  usefulness. 
Two  hundred  pens  were  exhibited.  In  this  county, 
which  has  produced  the  best  Cochin  China  fowls  ever 
yet  exhibited,  and  where  the  greatest  breeders  of  the  day 
have  come  for  fresh  blood  to  keep  up  their  celebrated 
strains,  it  will  of  course  be  but  natural  to  notice  them 
first.  They  were  very  meritorious.  The  first  prize  was 
gained  by  the  Rev.  C.  D.  Saunders,  of  Tarrant  Hinton  ; 
the  second  by  the  celebrated  Mr.  Steggail,  of  Wey- 
mouth ;  and  the  third  by  A.  C.  Sayers,  Esq.,  of  Rara- 
ridge,  near  Andover.  In  the  chicken  class  four  most 
beautiful  birds  gained  a  well-merited  prize  ;  they  were 
the  property  of  Mr.  W.  Simonds,  of  Milbourne,  The 
Spanish  class  waa  a  sad  one,  and  most  of  the  prizes  were 
withheld.  The  ahow  of  Dorkings  was  perfect  ;  Mr. 
E.  Pope,  of  Great  Toller,  took  three  prizes  ;  Mr. 
W.  Pope,  of  Symondsbury,  two  ;  and  Finch  Noyes, 
Esq.,  of  Laverntoek,  one.  The  immediate  sale  of 
tlie«e  penB,  at  highly  remunerative  prices,  proved 
this  useful  breed  is  duly  estimated  in  Dorsetshire, 
The  judges  conBidered  the  Malay  clnss  the  beat  they 
had  ever  been  called  upon  to  adjudicate.  To  the 
amateur  thia  clasa  alone  formed  an  exliibition,  Tlio 
game  fowlf*  were  alao  excellent.  The  Pulands  and 
ilamburgliH,  though  not  numcrouH,  were  very  good,  as 
were  the  dncks  and  gccac.  The  ban  lama  were  very 
good,  especially  one  pen  rewarded  with  the  first  prize, 
exhihited  by  .John  Ooodenongh,  Esq.,  of  GodmauHtone, 
and  an  equally  nuccos'tful  pen,  belonging  to  A,  C. 
Saycru,  Esq  ,  of  Itarnridge.  TheBc  latter, were  perfect 
flpecimenn  of  the  old  fii»ljioned  and  cxquiHtUj  partridge 
bantamH,  now  ahnoBt  extinct.  The  aamo  gentleman  also 
(i^jnt  a  p«!n  of  Hangoon  fowln  of  mucli  mt-rit.  They  were 
import<;d  by  himself,  and  poirHC»<s  all  the  clln^ac^:^iHticH 
of  a  pure  breed.  The  exfra  nlock  of  Mrw.  Ker  Seymt-r, 
and  H.  C.  Siurt,  E«q,,  wa«  much  admired  and  highly 
commended  by  th**  judges.  The  ball  was  crowded,  and 
next  year  ft  larger  locality  mu«t  be  found.   Wocwinotcon- 


clude  without  one  word  to  our  Cochin  China  exhibitors. 
It  is  to  beg  of  them  to  be  particular  in  the  selection  of  their 
birds.  The  competition  in  this  class  is  become  so  great  that 
a  smalldefect  inonebirdoutof  three  exhibitedoften places 
the  two  perfect  birds  in  a  position  they  should  not  occupy. 
We  are  induced  to  say  this  because  sometimes  when  a 
defect  is  pointed  out  in  one  fowl,  shown  with  two  others 
whose  merits  are  apparent  to  every  one,  the  exliibitor, 
while  expressing  his  regret,  says  he  has  better  birds  at 
home.  To  such  we  say,  pray  send  your  best.  The 
judges  were  Henry  Hinxman,  Esq.,  of  Devonford 
House,  Salisbury;  and  Mr.  Baily,  of  Mount-street, 
London. 


Home  Correspondence. 

Late  Soiolng. — It  is  by  no  means  recommendable  to 
sow  Wheat  very  late,  except  in  cases  of  emergency  like 
the  pi'esent  time  ;  but  for  the  encoux'agement  of  agri- 
culturists, we  beg  to  state  that  our  experimental  Wheat 
last  season  was  sown  on  the  2d  of  January,  equal  to 
3  quarts  of  seed  per  acre,  and  was  transplanted  at  the 
latter  part  of  February  :  and  notwithstanding  other 
disadvantages  to  which  it  was  subjected,  viz.,  destructive 
birds,  blight,  and  wet  in  harvest  time,  it  produced 
l^-  peck  per  rod,  equal  to  7^  quarters  per  acre. 
Another  crop,  sown  the  same  day  in  double  rows,  at 
wide  distances,  5  feet  apart,  for  a  crop  of  early  Pota- 
toes in  the  centre,  at  the  rate  of  2  quarts  per  acre 
(which,  by-the-bye,  proved  too  thick),  yet  answered 
admirably,  the  produce  of  the  corn  being  equal  to  3^ 
quarters  per  acre,  and  the  Potatoes  a  sound  and  fair 
crop,  fully  matured  ;  their  tops  were  cleared  away,  and 
after-crops  of  other  productions  introduced,  by  the 
beginning  of  July.  We  have  specimens  of  stubble  from 
this  crop  for  inspection,  raised  from  single  grains,  which 
produced  upwards  of  30  ears,  and  nearly  2000-fold.  It 
may  be  remarked  that  the  cultivation  of  Barley,  on  the 
same  principle,  answers  equally  well,  and  that  early 
dwarf  Peas,  in  both  cases,  may  be  substituted  occasion- 
ally, and  with  profit,  for  the  Potatoes.  Abraham  Hardy 
and  SonSj  Seed-growers  and  Seedsmen,  Maldon,  Essex. 

Taste  of  Turnips  iri  ffUtter. — I  have  never  remarked 
this  taste  in  this  county,  where  the  cream  is  separated  by 
fire,  and  churns  are  unknown  ;  the  butter  is  made  with 
the  hand  in  a  few  minutes.  ]V.  P.  Hohhjn,  Fir  Billj  St. 
Columb,  Cornwall. 

Maize. — Observing  in  the  Qazette  of  December  4, 
No.  49,  p.  779,  an  account  of  the  cultivation  of  the  Zea 
Mays,  or  Indian  Corn,  in  the  Azores,  I  beg  to  offer 
some  remarks  on  the  method  I  have  adopted  for  the 
growth  of  this  interesting  plant,  having  cultivated  it  for 
seven  successive  seasons,  beginning  with  a  few  specimens 
in  the  garden.  Finding  that  it  was  not  so  precarious  in 
this  country  as  is  generally  understood,  I  had  about 
10  poles  adjoining  my  garden  this  season,  I  plant  the 
seed  in  a  frame  with  gentle  heat,  the  fii-st  or  second 
week  in  April  ;  after  the  plants  are  up  (which  is  in  a 
few  days),  gradually  hardening  the  young  plants  ;  about 
the  second  or  third  week  in  Jlay  ti'ansplant  them  to  the 
place  where  they  are  to  remain.  The  land  I  use 
is  a  rich  sand,  properly  prepared  to 
receive' these  half-hardy  plants.  I  allow  ..■■■■®'-.. 
them     three     feet     distances,     thus  :  —  o;'  '\<^^ 

from  plant  to  plant,  giving  them  atten-  '■■.,  .,-■■■ 
tiou  until  they  have  quite  struck  root ; 
afterwards,  should  the  season  prove  dry,  occasionally 
water  ;  when  well  established,  a  weak  solution  of  manure 
will  greatly  accelerate  their  growth.  A  very  interesting 
sight  it  is  to  see  a  plantation  of  these  tall-gi*owing  plants, 
with  their  spike  or  pinnacles  of  male  flowers  at  the  top 
of  the  stem,  with  long  sword-like  leaves — they  have 
a  very  curious  appearance  under  the  influence  of  a 
gentle  breeze.  When  young  I  find  hares  and  rabbits 
are  very  fond  of  the  plant ;  it  is  necessary  to  watch 
them,  and  if  attacked,  to  trap  the  desperadoes,  or  they 
will  speedily  destroy  the  whole  plantation.  In  the 
month  of  August  they  begin  to  ripen,  they  will  then 
require  stakes,  or  the  wind  will  injure  the  crop.  I  find 
no  other  difficulty,  as  in  September  they  are  fit  to 
harvest,  which  I  generally  do  by  having  them  removed 
to  the  barn  or  other  secure  place,  as  all  animals  are 
extremely  fond  of  the  stem  and  leaves.  I  average  about 
three  ears  to  a  plant.  Amicus. 

Substitute  for  Pei'uvian  Gvxmo. — I  have  read  with 
pleasure  that  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of  England 
has  offered  a  prize  of  1000^,  sterling,  and  the  gold 
medal  Qf  the  Society  to  any  individual  who  will  discover 
a  manure  equal  in  fertilising  properties  to  the  best  Peru- 
vian guano,  of  which  an  unlimited  supply  can  be  fur- 
nished to  the  English  farmer,  at  a  rate  not  exceeding  hi. 
per  ton.  Now,  so  far  all  right,  but  allow  mo  to  ask  you 
the  following  questions  : — When  ia  the  time  fixed  by 
the  Society  to  award  the  prize  and  the  medal  %  And 
after  the  prizes  have  been  awarded,  has  the  discoverer 
the  privilege  of  being  the  proprietor  of  the  discovery  ? 
In  other  wordw,  will  tlio  proiu'ietor  of  the  discovery 
have  the  solo  right  to  (ako  a  patent,  and  turn  tiio  dis- 
covery to  his  advantage  by  selling  it  to  the  farmers,  or 
will  the  "Society  havo  tlio  full  right  of  speculating  \ 
Again,  tfilting  for  gronted  that  1  succeed  in  forming  a 
niiinuro  equiil  in  every  respect  to  Peruvian  guano,  and 
that  I  can  doliver  it  to  tho  tarmern  at  hi.  jicr  ton,  is  this 
l»rice  intended  for  J^ondon  only,  or  at  tho  farra-houHe  of 
every  farmer  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  i  And 
tituilly,  if  tlio  artic'loH  couqiosing  tho  BubHtitnte  for  I'crn- 
vimi  guano,  at  tlie  tiino  of  awarding  tho  pri/,(',  nre 
within  the  hl.y  and  Boon  ai'torwardH  hIiouM  riwo  on 
account  of  tho  great  demand,  what  next  i  Who  ia  to  bo 
tho  lob«r  \    Now  all  thcHO  particulars  the  Soetety^  ol>ould 


distinctly  mention  in  their  programme,  for  we  shall 
have  worked  our  brains  for  no  earthly  benefit  if  we 
succeed  in  the  discovery  of  the  manure,  and  then  get 
neither  prizes  nor  benefit.  As  I  think  that  my  dis- 
covery will  do,  I  shall  feel  obliged  to  you  to  give  pub- 
licity to  this  letter,  and  to  answer  my  questions  in  your 
next  number  of  the  Chronicle.  In  the  middle  of  next 
week  I  hope  I  shaU  be  able  to  send  you  a  sample  of  my 
composition,  and  another  one  to  Professor  Way  for 
analysis,  I  have  tried  it  in  a  small  way,  with  different 
plants,  and  in  each  case  it  has  beaten  the  Peruvian^ 
guano  thoroughly.  Physiologist.  [We  understand  that: 
the  offer  is  open  for  an  indefinite  period — i.e.,  until  a 
successful  claim  shall  be  made  for  the  prize  ;  that  tho 
publication  of  the  nature  of  the  manure  Is  not  required  ; 
that  a  fixed  price  of  hi.  per  ton  for  all  time  coming  iat, 
not  required  ;  that  in  fact,  all  the  Society  requii'es  is  to. 
be  satisfied  that  the  person  claiming  the  prize  cailj 
supply  any  quantity  at  the  price  named.] 

Quarter  Evil. — During  tho  autumn  of  1850  I  hack 
under  my  care  a  number  of  two-year-old  steers  and', 
heifers,  together  with  several  yearlings,  attacked  withi 
this  most  fatal  disease,  and  several  died  ;  they  were  at 
the  time  feeding  in  some  low  meadow-ground,  only 
partially  drained,  and  of  a  peaty  chai-acter.  As  soon  as* 
I  discovered  the  existence  of  the  disease,  which  I  wa&. 
made  aware  of  by  the  death  of  two  of  the  finest  animals^, 
in  less  than  24  hours  after  the  attack  commenced,  \, 
had  the  rest  removed  to  a  dry  sandy  pasture,  moderatel  jr.' 
bled  and  physicked  ;  by  such  means  hoping  to  escaps/ 
further  loss,  and  for  a  time  they  went  on  very  well.  How*vt 
ever,  eventually  two  more  died  of  decidedly  the  samoi 
distressing  disease,  without  my  having  the  reraotesiil 
chance  of  saving  them.  As  the  autumn  was  by  thisi 
time  far  advanced,  the  remaining  stock  were  housed  fotf. 
the  winter,  and  fed  with  regularity  and  care  upon  cut; 
Tm'uips  and  straw-chaff.  They  did  very  weUi 
through  the  winter,  until  the  return  of  springy 
when  without  the  least  warning  one  or  two  morai 
were  attacked  and  died.  Here,  as  in  the  case  recordedt 
in  the  Agricultural  Gazette  of  Dec.  4th,  we  see; 
quarter  evil  appearing  under  a  variety  of  circumstance^, 
and  it  appears  to  me  most  difficult  to  accoimt  in  each  oil 
these  cases  for  the  immediate  cause  of  death.  It  seemSi 
however  probable,  that  from  some  cause,  such  as  thei 
nature  of  the  food,  the  quantity  administered,  or  thos 
peculiarity  of  the  weather,  blood  is  made  by  the  young: 
beast  much  too  rapidly  for  the  various  organs  of  then 
body,  to  abstract  and  make  use  of  it.  Carbon  accumu*.- 
lates,  and  it  becomes  thick  and  dark  coloured,  thug- 
clogging  or  impeding  the  action  of  the  cu'culating; 
system,  and  finally  congealing  in  the  finer  capillaries  ofc 
the  veins  of  the  extremities  farthest  removed  from  tl^ 
heart  and  lungs,  there  rapidly  producing  mortificatioib 
of  the  coat  of  the  vein  and  parts  adjoining  ;  this  mortiw 
fication  rapidly  extends  up  the  leg  till  it  reaches  th© 
vital^.  organs,  when  death  ensues,  often  within  a  fewi 
hours  of  our  first  becoming  aware  of  the  attack^ 
accompanied  with  fearful  agonies.  It  is  useless  tO) 
consider  remedies  after  the  attack  has  once  commencedl^ 
as  nine  times  out  often  the  beast  must  die,  do  what  yo» 
will;  but  we  may  adopt  some  precautionary  measures' 
which  will  tend  to  prevent  it,  such  as  the  following^ 
Take  care  that  young  stock  are  not  exposed  in  peaty  aa 
moist  situations,  either  in  spring  or  autumn,  duringj 
cold,  damp,  or  frosty  nights,  or  turned  out  into  suca 
meadows  while  the  Grass  is  fiosted.  When  yard-fedi 
be  careful  not  to  overfeed  young  stock,  particularly  wittB 
Turnips,  Swedes,  &c.,  and  especially  let  the  feeding  bet 
regular.  Health  greatly  depends  on  attention  to  this 
point.  Above  all,  carefully  examine  the  stock  fron» 
time  to  time  by  handling,  feeling  the  pulse,  &c. ;  and  i£ 
you  find  an  animal  with  the  latter  full  and  boundingi^ 
the  coat  tight,  and  the  eye  full,  separate  him  from  the 
rest  and  give  a  tolerably  strong  dose  of  purgative 
medicine,  and  if  necessary  take  a  small  quantity  ofi 
blood.  Repeat  the  medicine  in  two  or  three  days  if  m> 
alteration  in  the  pulse,  which  should  become  less  full 
and  frequent.  These  points  properly  attended  to  would^ 
I  think,  tend  very  much  to  lessen  the  attacks  of  thi& 
disease,  by  far  the  most  fatal  to  which  young  hompd 
stock  are  liable.  (?.,  Wandsworth,  Surrey. 

Poidtry. — In  your  columns  I  frequently  read  of  Douktt 
ing  and  Surrey  fowls,  but  having  formerly  resided)  aA 
Dorking,  I  well  remember  that  the  owners  of  Dorkinfl 
fowls  prided  themselves  on  that  breed  being  of  abeautifiu 
white  colour,  having  the  distinctive  marks  of  five  clawa 
to  each  foot.  I  had  tho  pui-e  breed  myself,  and  admired 
them  as  they  merited.  But  circumstances  directing  my 
special  attention,  not  to  the  Surrey,  but  to  the  Susaew 
speckled  five-clawed  fowls  (doubtless  Norman  fowla 
originally)  which  prevail  in  the  Weald  of  Sussex— and 
in  the  Rape  of  Bramber  especially— I  found  them  of 
larger  size,  and  their  flesh  more  juicy,  than  the  Dorking 
white  five-clawed  sort,  and  their  eggs  lai'ger  and  richer 
flavoured  ;  and  I  subsequently  learnt  that  from  thiS 
breed  are  fattened  tho  finest  and  best  capons,  which  ar« 
brought  at  Christmas  to  the  Horsham  market,  and 
ali^o  find  their  way  to  tho  market  at  Ueigate,  a  larg« 
number  being  sent  up  to  the  chief  poulterers  in  Londoni 
Tiicir  weights  vary  from  from  (Jibs,  to  Dibs,,  though 
occasionally  reaching  higher  weiglUs,  with  birds  of  larg« 
bone,  but  which  nro  Ichs  delicate  for  the  table  than 
Hnmllcr  capons.  Of  tho  finer  quality  of  thuse  fowla, 
there  are  many  farmers  who  prize  them  liiglily,  and 
favour  aft  well  as  money  go  hand  in  hand  for  the  obtain*- 
nient  of  tlio  moRt  porluct  breed.  With  respect  to  Surroyj 
I  doubt  not  but  Bomo  few  farmers  may  havo  got  some'Of 
the  Hvc-clftwed  Hpecklcd  breed  from  friends  in  Snssem^ 
but  to -apeak  of  tlie  "-quasi"  bi'ced.  as  Surrey  fowlsaa 


828 


THE     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE. 


[Dec.  25, 


a  misiionier,  and  therefore  should  be  corrected  ;  now, 
too,  tliat  so  much  attention  is  paid  to  tlie  breeding  of 
fine  fowls  of  various  kinds  for  public  competition  at 
different  towns,  where  prizes  are  awarded  to  the  most 
successful  breeders,  a  far  more  useful  encouragement 
for  the  public  than  beast  shows,  instituted  for  com- 
parison of  breeds,  as  most  beneficial  to  the  owners, 
which  have  degenei'ated  (instead  of  lean  stock  in  fair 
condition)  into  the  exhibition  of  animals  in  such  a  state 
of  pinguidity  by  over-feeding  that  they  are  in  many 
cases  troubled  to  stand  up,  and,  in  the  instance  of  swine 
at  the  Smithfield  show,  literally  watered  to  keep  them 
alive.  And  I  have  good  assurance  that  such  has  been 
the  general  impression  of  the  wastefulness  of  over-feed- 
ing, that  it  is  rumoured  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural Society  has  it  in  contemplation  to  check  such  a 
wasteful  practice  in'future,  for  the  good  of  farmers  and 
the'public  benefit ;  for  who,  in  his  senses,  can  be  favour- 
able to  such  injurious  and  unprofitable  feeding  of  beasts 
or  sheep,  or  even  of  swine.  In  fine,  it  is  an  evident 
error  in  judgment,  and  cannot  be  too  soon  corrected, 
more  especially  at  cattle  shows  professedly  of  lean  stock. 
Verhum  sat  sapienti. 

Experience  in  Braining^  as  to  the  supposed  advantage 
io  lie  gained  hy  diminisHng  the  distance  between  the 
drains. — Although  it  will  be  clear  to  those  who  under- 
stand the  way  in  which  water  reaches  mider-ground 
di'ains,  that  nothing  is  gained  by  placing  the  drains  at 
higher  intervals  than  is  required  to  intercept  the  rise  of 
water  between  them,  still  many  will  be  startled  to  learn 
that  the  drainage  is  in  no  w.ay  .assisted  by  a  greater  fre- 
quency of  drains  than  is  necessary  for  this  purpose.  I 
have  been  draining  a  strong  clay  soil  at  these  intervals, 
namely,  at  24  feet  9  inches,  at  16^  feet,  and  at  15  feet, 
the  narrower  intervals  having  been  selected  to  more 
perfectly  drain  portions  appropriated  to  public  gardeu-i, 
but  I  find,  after  continuous  rains,  that  they  are  .alike  as 
to  the  time  occupied  iu  getting  rid  of  surface  water,  and 
there  is  no  difference  in  their  condition  during  and  after 
rain.  The  discharge  of  the  water  is  evidently  in  no 
way  hastened  by  the  greater  frequency  of  the  drains. 
That  such  should  be  the  case  is  evident,  if,  as  Mr. 
Parkes  has  shown,  water  is  intercepted  by  land  drains 
only  in  its  accumulation  upward,  and  not  in  its  descent ; 
but  this  would  not  be  so  if  the  water  passed  off  the 
surface  into  the  drains  from  above  ;  in  that  case  a 
quicker  discharge  would  be  the  result  of  closer  draining, 
lor  then  the  greater  frequency  of  the  drains  would  lessen 
the  distance  that  the  water  would  have  to  pass  to  reach 
t!ie  drains,  and,  of  course,  the  drain.age  would  be  effected 
in  shorter  time ;  or,  perhaps  I  shall  be  better  understood 
by  saying,  that  whilst  in  the  one  case  the  water  from 
the_  surface  descends  perpendicularly,  and  reaches  the 
drains  by  accumulating  in  the  soil  to  the  heiglits  of  the 
drains,  and  has  therefore  only  to  travel  the  depth  of 
the  descent  before  its  discharge,  and  which  is  neither 
increased  or  diminished  by  the  number  of  drains  ;  whilst, 
on  the  contrary,  did  the  water  pass  in  at  the  top  of  the 
drains,  the  distance  of  travel  would  be  the  measure  of 
the  distance  between  the  drains,  and  the  discharge 
would  be  hastened  by  diminisliing  the  distance.  The 
extreme  distance  to  be  adopted  to  drain  land  will  vary 
with  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  subsoil,  the  form  of 
the  ground  and  other  circumstances,  and  can  only  be 
ascertained  by  experience.  My  object  here  is  simply 
to  point  out  the  waste  of  money  from  putting  drains 
unnecessarily  close,  and  to  bring  facts  in  support  of  a 
system  of  draining  attended  with  the  greatest  benefit  at 
least  cost,  ffeicitt  Davis,  3,  Frederick's  Place,  Old  Jewry. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia. — In  reference  to  the  inquiries 
Gf  your  correspondent  (p.  798),  the  neutralisation  of  gas 
liquor  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  evaporation  afterwards, 
as  there  advised,  wastes  a  great  quantity  of  ammonia  in 
evaporating  so  much  water,  leaving  the  salt  very  acid. 
The  more  economical  method  is,  to  distil  over  the 
ammonia  into  sulphuric  acid.  All  the  carbonate  conies 
ever  with  the  first  quarter  of  the  liquor  ;  and,  by  adding 
lime  to  the  residue,  to  decompose  the  fixed  salts,  most 
of  the  ammonia  may  be  drawn  off  with  a  comparatively 
small  portion  of  the  water  (Great  Exhibition  Juries' 
report,  p.  43).  /.  Prideaux. 

Greaves  for  Pigs.— I  have  used  greaves  boiled  into  a 
soup,  and  mixed  with  meal,  for  fattmg  pigs.  It  is  cer- 
tainly a  fattening  food,  but  I  never  give  it  to  pigs  for 
home  use,  as  it  makes  the  meat  gi-easy  and  liable  to 
waste  in  cooking.  G.  W. 

Black-leg,  Quarter-ill,  or  Kill-calf  is  very  prevalent 
in  this  neighbourhood  (a  low  damp  one).  There  is  no 
instance  known  here  of  an  animal  being  cured  when 
once  taken  ;  but  I  have  found  a  certain  preventive  to 
be  periodical  bleeding  about  once  in  three  months,  or 
oftener  if  the  calves  look  dull,  and  an  allowance  of  \  lb. 
of  Linseed-cake  a  day  for  each  animal,  which  keeps 
their  bowels  open.  0.  W. 

_  Game. — A  discussion  was  commenced  some  time  ago 
"»  the  Agricultural  Gazette  upon  the  subject  of  game, 
which  was  not  maintained  with  the  spirit  which,  I  think, 
Uie  subject  deserved.  I  believe  it  to  be  a  subject  well 
deserving  the  most  earnest  consideration,  not  merely  of 
larmers,  but  of  the  whole  of  the  rural  population.  I 
am  not  about  to  enter  at  present  upon  the  question,  or 
to  state  my  opinion  upon  the  desirability  or  otherwise 
ol  preserving  game.  I  wish  to  suggest,  for  the  consi- 
aeration  of  the  readers  of  the  Agricultural  Gazette,  the 
leasipiiity  ot  raising  by  subscription  a  sum  of  money  to 
be  given  to  the  writer  of  the  best  essay  on  the  «G.ame 
Laws  and  their  Effect  upon  Agriculture  and  the  Rural 
i-opulatiou  ;  the  prize  to  be  given  conditionally  upon 
the  essay  being  published  at  such  a  price  (say  6rf.)  as 
shall  render  it  of  easy  access  to  all  classes.  G  W. 


^octettes?, 

RoTAL  Agricultural  College. — Presentation  to 
THE  Rev.  J.  S.  IIaygartHj  Principal. — On  Saturday 
evening,  the  llthinst.,  the  students  of  the  institution 
gave  a  dinner  in  the  College  hall,  to  which  the  Prin- 
cipal and  Professors  were  invited,  Mr.  Peile,  one  of 
the  senior  students,  in  the  chair.  In  the  course  of  a 
feeling  and  appropriate  address,  whose  reception  indi- 
cated how  well  it  expressed  the  sentiments  of  all  present, 
the  worthy  chairman  dwelt  on  the  steady  and  gratifying 
progress  whicli  had  hitherto  mar!:ed  Mr.  Haygarth's 
government ;  alluding  in  grateful  terms  to  that  friendly 
feeling  which  embodied  itself  in  all  his  actions  towards 
tliem  as  students;  and  rejoicing  that  they  had  now  an 
opportunity  of  tendering  their  acknowledgments,  and 
giving  utterance  to  their  sentiments  of  respect,  grati- 
tude, and  esteem  ;  respect  for  his  position  as  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Church  of  England,  and  Principal  of  the 
College, — gi'atitude  for  his  uniform  kindness  and  atten- 
tion in  all  that  concerned  their  interests, — and  esteem 
for  one  who  could  so  successfally  solve  the  difficult 
problem  of  combining  the  functions  of  the  ruler  with 
the  spirit  and  feeling  of  the  friend.  The  chairman 
then  presented  to  Mr.  Haygarth  a  handsome  silver 
tea  service,  a  portion  of  which  bore  this  inscription:  — 

"  To  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Hayqauth,  Principal, 

from  the  Students  of  the  lloyal  Agricultural  College, 

ia  token  of  thtir  pratituiie  and  eateem. 

Dec.  ll'h,  1S52." 


Flax  Improvement,  OF  Ireland. — At  the  12tli  annual 
meeting  of  this  Society  lately  held  in  Belfast,  the  Annual 
Report  was  read,  from  which  we  make  the  following 
extracts  :  — 

Schcnclc's  Stccpinrj  System. — In  the  last  annual  report 
it  was  stated  that  the  patented  method  of  steeping  Flax 
in  hot  water  was  in  operation  in  18  concerns  in  different 
parts  of  Ireland.  Last  year  your  committee  referred 
to  the  complaints  that  had  been  made  by  spinners  of 
the  strength  and  quality  of  the  fibre  retted  on  this  plan, 
and  at  the  same  time  expressed  their  belief  that  the 
principle  was  sound,  and  that,  by  certain  modifications 
ill  the  details  of  watering,  an  article  could  be  produced 
which  would  be  free  from  the  faults  attributed.  They 
see  no  reason  for  altering  this  opinion,  as  they  find  that, 
in  the  retteries  established  in  England  and  Scotland, 
fibre  of  excellent  quality,  strength,  and  cleanness  is 
produced.  The  superiority  of  the  article  made  iu  those 
retteries  suggested  the  propriety  of  inquiring  into  the 
methods  there  employed  in  can-yiug  out  Schenck's 
patent.  Mr.  Haslett,  the  Society's  head  instructor,  Was 
therefore  deputed  to  visit  them,  to  examine  into  their 
plans  of  working,  and  to  report  upon  the  subject,  for 
the  information  of  Iriali  retters.  From  this  report  it 
appears,  that  the  primary  cause  of  the  superiority  in 
their  system  of  worldng  must  be  sought  in  the  quality 
of  the  Flax  straw  they  procure,  and  the  care  with 
which  it  has  been  saved  and  dried,  and  that  several 
plans  are  carried  out  by  -which  the  fibre  is  cleansed 
from  impurities,  and  becomes  much  improved  in  strength 
and  colour.  Your  committee  are  aware  that  the 
difficulties  and  disappointments  which  have  hitherto 
attended  several  of  the  attempts  to  carry  out  Schenck's 
system  in  Ireland  have  caused  some  persons  to  blame 
them  for  having  expressed  so  high  an  opinion  of  this 
method  of  preparing  Flax  fibre.  In  reply  to  these 
remarks,  they  have  now  to  say,  that  their  investigation 
of  Schenck's  process  was  conducted  witii  the  most  pains- 
taking and  cautious  scrutiny,  and  that,  after  more  than 
a  year's  trial,  from  the  facts  ascertained  in  the  results 
of  experiments  made,  both  by  their  sub-committee  and 
by  other  disinterested  parties,  at  home  and  abroad,  it 
was  impossible  for  them  to  make  any  other  report,  or  to 
come  to  any  other  conclusions,  than  those  they  put 
forward  in  1850.  Every  one  who  has  instituted  experi- 
ments, with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  value  of  novel 
processes  in  the  industrial  arts,  must  be  aware  that, 
however  promising  the  results,  they  often  afford  no 
criterion  of  success  in  carrying  out  such  process  on  an 
extensive  scale ;  and  your  committee,  while  then 
expressing  the  sanguiue  opinion  on  Schenck's  system, 
which  was  warranted  by  facts  ascertained  by  themselves 
or  communicated  to  them,  at  the  same  time  carefully 
abstained  from  involving  themselves  in  responsibility 
by  giving  any  estimate  of  profit  on  the  commercial 
working  of  the  patent.  That  Flax  can  be  prepared  in 
this  manner,  of  a  quality  suitable  to  the  generjil  pur- 
poses of  the  linen  manufacture,  they  see  ample  reason 
for  continuing  to  maintain.  The  profits  of  those  who 
commei'cially  engage  in  it  must  depend  upon  the  price 
they  pay  for  the  straw,  their  skill  in  putting  a  right 
value  on  its  various  qualities,  the  state  in  whicji  it  is 
finished  by  the  growers,  the  care  and  skill  devoted  to 
the  details  of  working,  and  the  economy  of  labour 
throughout.  In  the  conduct  of  a  scientific  operation, 
such  as  hot-water  retting,  persons  capable  of  such  super- 
intendence as  would  be  given  to  any  other  chemical 
process  are  required  ;  and  much  of  the  want  of  success 
in  Ireland,  in  carrying  out  the  details  of  Schenck's 
system,  may  be  attributed  to  the  absence  of  such 
superintendence. 

Uiistecped  Fibre. — In  their  last  report  your  com- 
mittee adverted  to  the  projects  for  separating  the  fibre 
from  the  Flax  straw,  without  steeping  ;  and  while  they 
pointed  out  that  from  straw  of  fair  quality  a  much  more 
profitable  material  could  be  obtained  by  the  ordinary 
processes,  they  suggested  that  when  the  quality  of  the 
plant  is  so  inferior  as  scarcely  to  defray  the  expense  of 
the  usual  mode  of  treatment,  the  fibre  might  be  separated 


mechanically,  and  converted  to  uses  for  which  hemp 
and  other  coarse  fibrous  substances  are  now  largely  era- 
ployed.  Several  machines  have  been  invented  for 
accomplishing  this  separation,  and  some  trials  are  now 
being  made  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  from  whosa 
results  a  more  definite  opinion  on  the  subject  may  soon 
be  formed.  It  has  been  stated  that,  by  the  use  of  the 
old  implement,  named  the  "  clove,"  the  dry  fibre  maybe 
separated  effectually,  and  with  economy. 

Flax  Cotton. — From  the  moment  that  M.  Claussen'a 
invention  was  made  public,  your  committee  felt  it  their 
imperative  duty  to  point  out  the  errors  and  defects 
which  were  inherent  to  the  plan  as  originally  pro- 
pounded. They  showed  that,  to  propose  converting  into 
a  substance,  to  compete  with  the  lower  qualities  of 
cotton  at  3rf.  or  4(/.  per  lb.,  a  fibre  which,  as  prepared 
for  the  linen  manufacture,  is  worth,  on  an  average,  bd, 
to  Qd.,  and  often  brings  ^d.  to  Is.,  was  fatally  unsound  ; 
and  they  suggested  that  the  inventor  should  confine 
himself  to  the  treatment  of  the  refuse  fibre  of  Flax,  in 
the  form  of  scutching-tow  and  mill,  or  carding  waste. 
Notwithstanding  the  abuse  which  was  lavished  upon  the 
society  for  this  expression  of  their  opinion  by  the 
inventor,  and  that  portion  of  the  London  press  which 
advocated  his  views,  he  in  the  end  recognised  the  sound- 
ness of  their  advice,  and  has  since  professed  to  confine 
himself  to  the  conversion  of  those  coarse  materials  into 
Flax  cotton.  The  official  investigation  conducted  at 
Kildinan  by  Sir  E.  Kane,  assisted  by  Professor  Hodges 
— a  member  of  youi*  committee — and  by  other  chemists, 
effected  no  definite  result  ;  but  from  their  report  made 
to  Government,  which  has  been  lately  published,  it 
appears  to  have  been  ascertained  that  the  fibre  pre- 
pared by  M,  Claussen-'s  process  does  not  at  all  produce 
a  material  approaching  in  structure  or  organic  quality 
to  cotton,  and  that  this  point,  as  to  structural  character, 
is  fundamental  to  the  value  and  quality  of  Flax  cotton. 

New  Methods  of  ^^reparlng  Flax. — An  unusual  number 
of  new  plans  for  obtaining  Flax  fibre  from  the  straw, 
have  lately  been  brought  forward.  The  most  interesting 
point  in  connection  with  those  which  still  maintain  the 
confidence  of  their  projectors,  is  the  alleged  possibility 
of  producing  good  fibre  at  small  cost,  without  the  fer- 
mentation or  complete  decomposition  of  the  gum  and 
cuticle.  Different  means  of  macerating  the  straw  are 
employed  by  the  different  individuals  who  have  promul- 
gated this  novel  principle  ;  but  all  adopt  the  plan  of 
crushing  the  macerated  stems  between  heavy  metal 
rollers,  which  appears  to  produce  a  very  peculiar  and 
satisfactory  result,  in  freeing  the  fibre  from  foreign 
matters.  The  most  prominent  of  these  new  inventions 
is  that]of  Mr.  Watt,  which  has  been  put  into  practical 
operation  at  Belfast,  by  Messrs.  J.  Leadbeater  and  Co, 
The  maceration  is,  in  this  case,  effected  by  steam  ;  the 
saturated  straw  is  crushed  between  rollers,  dried  by 
artificial  heat,  and  scutched.  As  soon  as  it  had  been 
ascertained  that  these  processes  were  in  a  state  to  be 
exhibited,  and  that  Mr.  Watt  and  Messrs.  Leadbetter 
were  quite  willing  they  should  be  searchingly  examined, 
a  meeting  was  summoned,  and  arrangements  were  made 
for  carrying  out  an  experimental  trial,  under  their  close 
personal  supervision.  This  trial  was  to  embi'ace  the 
entire  series  of  processes  employed  in  the  conversion  of 
the  straw  into  fibre,  and  the  testing  of  the  spinning 
qualities  of  the  latter,  by  hackling,  spinning,  and  boiling 
the  yarn.  The  report  of  these  investigations  will  be 
laid  before  this  meeting,  and  your  committee,  in  the 
present  stage  of  experience,  deem  it  most  prudent  not 
to  pronounce  any  decided  opinion  as  to  the  merits  of 
Mr.  Watt's  invention,  but  would,  at  the  same  time, 
venture  to  express  a  hope,  warranted  by  the  facts  already 
ascertained,  that  much  public  advantage  may  accrue 
from  it.  They  earnestly  recommend  that  all  who  are 
interested  in  the  improvement  and  extension  of  flax 
production  should  closely  watch  the  results  which  ex- 
perience in  the  commercial  working  of  this  invention 
shall  develope.  [We  have  given  a  report  of  this  ia  another 
column. 

Saving  of  Flax-seed. — In  accordance  with  the  views 
on  this  point  which  the  society  has  always  entertained, 
your  committee  made  strenuous  efforts,  this  year,  to 
induce  farmers  to  avoid,  by  saving  the  seed  of  their 
Flax  crop,  the  shameful  waste  which  the  latter  conceive 
hallowed  by  long  practice.  Six  thousand  copies  of 
instructions  for  saving,  with  notes  upon  the  value  of  the 
seed,  both  if  sold  at  the  oil-mills  and  as  food  for  live 
stock,  were  distributed  among  the  tenantry  of  the 
society's  members  and  through  the  secretaries  of  local 
farming  societies.  The  instructors  were  also  directed  to 
urge  it  by  every  means  in  their  power,  and  to  combat 
the  prejudices  which  exist  against  it.  Yet,  although 
there  ia  reason  to  believe  that  these  representations 
have  produced  some  effect,  it  is  to  observed,  with  great 
regret,  that  no  decided  change  has  occurred,  and  that, 
as  usual,  fully  300,000?.  of  national  wealth  was  again, 
this  year,  lost  in  the  steep-pools.  It  has  almost  in  vain 
been  shown  that,  in  every  Flax-growing  country  in  the 
world,  with  the  exception  of  Ireland,  the  saving  of  the 
seed  is  the  general  rule,  and  the  loss  of  it  the  rare 
exception  ;  that  in  America  50,000  acres  of  Flax  are 
annually  grown  for  the  seed  alone,  while  the  straw  is 
used  for  thatch  or  litter  ;  m  India  large  breadths  of 
this  crop  are  cultivated,  the  seed  of  which  is  exported 
to  England  and  the  United  States,  while  of  the  fibre 
no  use  is  made  ;  and  that  the  United  Kingdom  pays 
annually  for  foreign  Flax-seed,  and  oil-cakes  made 
from  it,  nearly  2,000,000/.,  a  great  portion  of  which 
large  sum  might  be  put  iu  the  pockets  of  Irish  farmers. 
Still,  the  fact,  that  around  Belfast — the  only  place  where 
immediate  sale  can  be  obtained  for  seed — the  quantity 


1^^. 


52—1852.] 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE. 


829 


sold  to  the  oil-mills  is  every  year  increasing,  would 
appear  to  indicate  that,  were  local  facilities  for  the  sale 
of  the  article  to  be  provided  in  the  market  towns  of 
Ulster,  a  considerable  proportioa  would  be  saved.  Your 
committee  believe  this  subject  to  be  well  worthy  the 
attention  of  grain-dealers  and  others,  who  could  afford 
to  pay  the  farmer  a  remunerative  price  for  his  Flax- 
seed, and  realise  a  good  profit  upon  it  in  Belfast,  Liver- 
pool, or  any  other  seat  of  oil-milling.  The  value  of 
Flax-seed  for  rearing  and  fattening  the  animals  of  the 
farm  has  been  frequently  pointed  out,  and  it  is  believed 
that  its  employment  for  this  purpose  would  be  more 
profitable  to  growers  than  its  sale.  Attention  has  latterly 
been  called  to  the  advantage  of  establishing  small  oil- 
mills  in  Flax-growing  districts.  In  the  Low  Countries, 
Denmark,  and  the  German  States  on  the  Baltic,  such 
mills  are  very  numerous,  and  the  society's  Belgian  in- 
structor, who  is  conversant  with  their  construction,  has, 
incidentally  to  his  other  duties,  recommended  the  adop- 
tion of  this  system  in  sevex'al  localities.  The  progress 
of  farming,  on  scientific  principles,  is  demonstrating  the 
profit  to  be  derived  from  the  fattening  live  stock  ;  and 
as  oU-cake  is  largely  employed  in  the  systems  most 
approved  of,  the  establishment  of  such  mills  would  be  a 
useful  step  to  the  adoption  of  the  practice  of  English 
and  Scotch  agriculturists. 


■^   COGGESHALL. — At   the  late   annual  meeting   of   the 
Society,  the  following  remarks  were  made  by  Mr.  Mechi. 
He  said, — He  had  kept  his  eye  upon  a  large  number  of 
agricultural  societies  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
and  had  noticed  particularly  that  those  which  had  not 
associated  themselves  with  a  Labourers'  Friend  Society 
had  gone  to  pieces,  whilst  those  remained  which  had 
connected  their   operations  with   the   interests  of  the 
labourer.  It  was  impossible  to  over-estimate  the  benefits 
that  must  arise  from  encouraging  good  conduct,  and 
especially  when  that  encouragement  was  given  in  the 
presence  of  and  with  the  approbation  of  the  higher 
classes  in  a  particular  district.     He  must  confess  he 
was    not   quite   satisfied   with   the   meetings   of    these 
societies  generally  ;  they  would  naturally  expect  after 
they  had  rewarded  the  poor  that  something  should  be 
said  of  the  position  of  agriculture,  its  deficiencies,  the 
means  of  its  improvement  and  futoi'e  prospects.     He 
generally  found  that  the  more  they  talked  about  the 
position  of  agriculture  and  its  defects,  the  more  likely 
they  were  to  be  remedied.     Their  excellent  chairman 
had  remarked  that  all  the  yeomanry  of  England  had  j 
disagreed  with  him  (Mr.  Mechi)  as  regarded  agricul- 
ture ;  but  it  was  his  lot  to  have  kept  up  for  many  years 
a  very  extensive  correspondence  with  the  first  agricul- 
turists in  the  kingdom,  and  he  every  day  saw  and  felt 
that  those  very  propositions  with  which  he  started,  such 
as  deep  drainage,  the  introduction  of  steam,  landlords 
putting  up  efficient  buildings  for  the  tenants  in  which 
to  keep  plenty  of  stock,  the  removal  of  hedge-rows  and 
timber,  and   many   other  things,  tlie  carrying  out  of 
which  on  his  own  farm  caused  so  great  an  outcry  in 
the  first  instance,  were  gradually  creeping  into  practice. 
Of  course,  there  were  many  afraid  to  acknowledge  that 
it   was   because    Mr.  Mechi    suggested  it,  but    at    all 
events  it  was  done — (hear  and  laughter) — and   done 
extensively.      The   other   day,  in   coming  down  from 
London,  he   saw   an   eminent  steam   manufacturer  in 
company  with  a  neighbour  of  theirs,  who  admitted  that 
he  was  going  to  have  a  steam-engine  put  up  on  his  farm ; 
he  was  happy  to  find  there  was  a  change  in  that  gentle- 
man's opinions,  as  also  to  know  that  there  was  another 
steam  threshing  machine  near  Coggeshall  and  Witham, 
the  proprietor  of  which  told  him  that  he  gave  between  I 
200i.  and  300^.  for  it,  but  it  earned  a  capital  profit,  as  ' 
it  was  thresliing  his  own  and  other  people's  corn,  adding 
that  it  was  very  often  wanted  by  the  neighbours  when 
it  could  not  be  had,  and  was  never  idle.     Now,  that 
looked  like  business  ;  and  he  believed  the  time  was  fast 
coming  when  it  would  be  considered  as  unprofitable  to 
set  a  man  knocking  the  barn  floor  with  a  piece  of  stick 
from  'year  to  year — (laughter) — as  it  would  be  to  put 
the  hand-loom  weaver  against  the  eteam  shuttle  which 
Dever  tired.    Then  it  used  to  be  said,  there  was  nothing 
got  by  draining  heavy  clays  ;    but  there  were  many 
gentlemen  present  who  had  extensively  drained  their 
heavy  lands  with  those  pipes  which  had   been  called 
Mechi's  pencil  cases  ;  they  found  no  difficulty  in  getting 
the  water  to  them,  and  by  passing  througii,  instead  of 
running  off  the  land,  it  became  beneficial  as  a  fertilising 
agent.     He  was  glad  to  find  they  were  likely  to  have  a 
Board  of  Health  at  Coggeshall,  for  he  was  told  that 
they  had  a  population  of  3500  persons,  and  their  con- 
sumption of  beef,  and  pork,  and  bread,  and  many  other 
good  things  of  this  life,  which  were  produced  at  great 
C03t_by  the  farmer,  went  intothe  river.     ("  No,  no.") — 
Mr.  Catclipool  ;  It  goes  on  to  the  land  ;  and  there  are 
few  towns  from  which  more  manure  la  carted  away  by 
neighbouring  farmers,   wlio  are  very  glad  to  get  it, — 
Mr.  Mechi  tiaid  he  was  very  glad  to  bear  it ;  and  might 
suppose  tliat  accounted  for  the  fertility  of  the  land  in 
the  nciglibourliood.    When  once  a  farmer  became  aware 
of  tbe  great  cuet  of  making  manure,  he  v/oh  sure  ho 
would  feel  more  intercHted   in   tlioso   natural   eources 
and  take  great'ir  care  of  them.     Jt  was  all  very  well  to 
laugh  at  Air.  Mechi  for  bringing  out  last  year  a  balance 
aheet  Bhowing  an  apparent  Ions,  but  be  maintained  no 
farmer  could  f<:ed  Htock  upfm  purchafl';d  food  witbout  a 
IoH9  of  20  or  30  per  cent,  to  bo  charged  againut  tlio 
manure.    If,  ihcii,  our  manure  coat  ho  much,  it  was 
very  easonlial  wo  obould  tako  care  of  it  wiir^n  it  could 
I>c  obtained.     (Hear,  Ikn-u'.)     Tire  lute  lieavy  raiuH  mnnt 
have  done  an  incalculabk'  amount  of  mischief  to  tlio 


old-fashioned  dung  lieaps,  as  well  as  to  t!ie  stock  yards 
where  the  buildiu'^s  were  not  troughed.  He  considered 
a  landlord  as  much  an  agriculturist  as  his  tenant,  and  it 
was  to  his  interest  to  provide  good  buildings  and  every 
facility  for  successful  cultivation,  because  if  he  improved 
his  land,  he  was  justly  entitled  to  a  better  rent.  At 
the  last  meeting  a  gentleman  who  was  a  most  improving 
and  excellent  farmer,  and  for  whom  he  had  the  greatest 
respect,  challenged  him  (Mr.  Mechi)  to  show  Swedes 
and  Mangold  Wurzel  against  him  this  year  ;  he  could 
not  help  being  sorry  for  the  gentleman  and  glad  for 
himself,  as  he  believed  his  competitor  would  acknowledge 
himself  to  have  been  beaten  in  both.  (Cheers.)  He 
had  seen  nothing  to  be  compared  to  them  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood, though  their  laud  was  far  superior  to  his 
own  ;  but  he  did  not  take  credit  to  himself,  because  he 
considered  his  heavy  crop  of  roots  arose  from  the  appli- 
cation of  manure  in  a  liquid  state.  (Hear,  hear.)  He 
had  laid  down  a  large  number  of  underground  pipes  for 
irrigating  his  land,  and  unless  they  followed  his  example 
he  should  beat  them  every  year. — Mr.  Piper  :  What 
do  your  Swedes  weigh  1 — Mr.  Mechi  said  most  of  them 
weighed  from  12  lbs.  to  14  lbs.  each  ;  20  before  they  were 
full  grown,  about  a  month  ago,  weighed  180  lbs.,  and 
he  believed  they  were  estimated  at  20  tons  per  acre.  He 
was  not  mentioning  this  for  personal  considerations, 
but  believed  that  the  power  of  putting  on  liquid  manure 
and  keeping  it  always  moist  must  beat  land  that  was 
not  treated  in  the  same  way.  He  mentioned  this 
fact,  because  he  was  now  going  from  year  to 
year  to  see  honestly ,'.having  done  experimenting,  whether 
he  could  not  pay  himself  a  rent  of  365.  per  acre,  and 
interest  upon  his  capital  as  a  tenant  also.  He  believed 
he  should  be  able  to  produce  a  balance  sheet  showing  a 
profit  both  as  landlord  and  tenant,  and  he  should  con- 
sider it  principally  owing  to  the  combination  of  drainage 
with  irrigation.  He  hoped  to  see  the  day  when  the 
refuse  from  3500  inhabitants  of  Coggeshall  should  be 
passed  through  pipes  and  diffused  over  the  land  as 
liquid  manure.  He  now  came  to  another  part  of  the 
question  of  drainage,  that  for  which  he  offered  a  prize. 
The  drainage  to-day  was  beautifully  executed,  but  was 
not  done  deep  enough,  and  their  committee  had  kindly 
undertaken  to  accede  to  his  wishes  that  for  the  future 
the  shallowest  drainage  should  be  t  feet  deep.  In  strong 
clay  he  would  prefer  5  feet,  but  4  feet  would  answer  the 
purpose  ;  he  mentioned  4  feet  because  the  greatest 
amount  of  science  had  been  exercised  upon  that  question, 
and  Government  were  so  satisfied  that  that  was  the 
proper  depth  in  strong  clay,  that  they  would  not  lend 
any  landed  proprietor  money  for  the  drainage  of  his 
estate  if  done  at  a  less  depth  than  4  feet,  and  therefore 
we  had  a  right  to  assume  that  that  was  the  minimum 
depth  that  would  be  executed. — Mr.  Bullock  said  very 
much  depended  upon  the  inspector  sent  down  by  the 
Government,  as  some  recommended  2,  some  4,  and 
others  6  feet  deep  ;  in  the  case  of  his  friend  J\Ir.  Ruggles 
Brise,  who  had  done  a  great  deal  to  his  land,  and  wished 
to  borrow  money  of  Government,  the  man  who  was  sent 
down  to  inspect  it  swore  no  drainage  was  wanted. — 
Mr.  Mechi  said  he  did  not  mean  to  say  all  Government 
inspectors  were  perfect — it  would  not  do  to  condemn  a 
system  by  one  exception.  He  knew  that  the  minimum 
depth  was  4  feet,  and  if  they  were  wise  men  they  would 
go  that  depth,  or  even  much  deeper,  if  they  liked.  He 
felt  quite  happy  about  fai'ming,  and  had  no  doubt  if 
spared  a  few  yeai's  longer  he  should  find  them  all  fol- 
lowing in  his  steps — they  were  going  in  the  right 
direction  as  fast  as  they  could — and  adopting  steam- 
engines,  boarded  floors,  covered  yards,  and  other 
appliances.  The  farm  premises  burnt  down  near 
Chelmsford  the  other  day  were  being  rebuilt  with  covered 
yards,  and  it  was  proposed  to  have  a  steam-engine  there, 
but  although  the  gentleman  rode  upon  a  steam-engine 
nearly  every  day,  he  could  not  afford  at  present  to  keep 
one  of  his  own.  Agricultural  improvement  must  pro- 
gress—the farmers  were  in  the  same  position  as  the 
manufacturers  ;  on  their  skill  and  investment,  and  on 
enterprise  depended  their  success.  They  had  not  only 
to  compete  with  the  foreigner,  but  with  the  well-farmed 
districts  of  this  country  ;  and  he  believed  there  was  as 
much  difference  between  the  farming  of  different  dis- 
tricts in  this  kingdom  as  there  was  in  any  part  of  the 
world.  He  thanked  them  for  the  patient  attention 
with  which  they  had  listened  to  him,  and  so  long 
as  they  invited  him  to  meet  them,  he  should  take 
the  liberty  to  tell  them  of  their  failings.  (Cheers.) 
Mr.  Catclipool  wished  to  know  what  Mangold  would  pay 
per  ton  if  fed  in  covered  homestalls  ? — Mr.  Mechi  said 
he  iiad  fed  a  great  deal  of  stock,  and  had  calculated  that 
if  they  fed  their  animals  upon  much  purchased  food, 
viz.,  bay  and  oilcake,  they  would  have  to  give  the  roots 
for  nothing.  If  they  kept  the  roots  and  fed  their  stock 
on  cut  straw  and  a  very  little  oilcake,  which  would  coat 
about  \d.  each  per  day,  they  might  get  from  5s.  to  6s. 
per  ton  for  their  Mangold.  He  had  always  found,  if  he 
gave  his  stock  a  great  deal  of  purchased  food,  they  never 
returned  it  within  30  per  cent. — Mr.  Hutley  asked  Iiow 
they  were  to  drain  their  land  4  feet  deep  in  Dengie 
Hundred,  where  deep  ditches  would  not  stand  a  single 
winter  ? — Mr.  Mechi  said  foot  drains  were  in  many  such 
j  caHea  Hubatituted  with  adviintage,  and  lie  believed  Iiad 
been  used  by  Mr.  Hutloy'a  brotlier.  It  was  of  course 
j  impOMBiblo  to  drain  the  land  if  there  was  no  fall ;  but 
j  fn.-quently  the  diffieulty  rested  more  in  tlio  head  than 
the  laud. — Mr,  Ilutlcy  wiwlicd  to  know  how  ho  was  to 
gt;t  a  fall,  aH  ho  had  to  go  two  mileH  for  a  fall  of  two 
'  i'iti^t,  -Mi\  Mechi  Hiiid,  if  Mr.  IhUb-y  had  not  a  fall  ho 
covitd  not  hel[)  it.. — Mr.  \V.  G.  JJijiinis  Hiiid,  with  ro- 
I  foroncc  to  tho  cimllengo  ^vliicli  lio  gave  Mr.  Mechi  laat 


year,  he  trusted  no  one  would  consider  him  arrogan  t 
enough  to  think  he  could  beat  Mr.  Mechi.  It  was  the 
opinion  of  many  gentlemen,  that  the  conversation  at 
their  meetings  was  not  turned  to  a  practical  account, 
and  therefore  he  challenged  Mr.  Mechi  in  competition 
to  add  to  the  improvement  of  this  society.  Perhaps, 
however,  he  was  not  quite  so  dead  beat  as  their  friend 
Mr.  Mechi  considered  him.  He  thought  they  would 
admit  that  it  was  not  the  extraordinary  crop  which  was 
only  to  be  considered,  but  the  cost  of  production.  He 
(Mr.  D.)  went  to  no  extra  expense  to  produce  his 
Mangold  ;  in  the  spring  he  put  a  little  manure  between 
the  I'idges,  and  after  ploughing  the  lana  he  put  in  the 
Mangold  in  one  row  or  ridge  of  3J  feet  apart ;  of  course 
he  had  been  enabled  during  the  summer  to  fallow  hia 
land,  and  the  crop  he  produced  from  it  was  25  tons  <A 
Mangold  at  61.  per  acre,  or  5s.  per  ton.  He  did  not  know 
whether  Mr.  Mechi  produced  his  32  tons  at  that  rate  ; 
if  however,  he  produced  a  greater  quantity  than  himself 
at  the  same  expense,  he  brought  greater  profit  from  his 
land.  He  had  been  over  to  Tiptree  Hall,  and  must  say 
he  was  delighted  to  see  Mr.  Mechi's  green  crops.  He 
should  be  very  happy  to  pay  the  wager  he  lost  with  Mr. 
Mechi,  who  he  was  sure  would  be  equally  glad  to  receive 
it,  as  he  thought  it  was  the  first  pound  he  ever  gained 
by  farming.  He  trusted  they  should  do  all  they  could 
to  improve  agriculture  now  that  they  were  completely 
thrown  on  their  own  resources.  They  were  told  there 
was  prosperity  for  them  looming  in  the  future,  but  how 
far  that  future  was  from  them  he  was  unable  to  say. 
They  were  told,  if  the  British  farmer  paid  proper  atten- 
tion to  the  cultivation  of  his  land,  the  time  was  not  far 
distant  when  they  should  not  be  afraid  of  the  foreigner ; 
and  he  thought  that  with  the  present  facilities  of  ma- 
chinery, a  little  reduction  in  rents,  and  poor-rates,  and 
expenses,  and  putting  their  shoulders  to  the  wheel,  they 
should  be  able  to  keep  their  heads  above  water.  But 
with  regard  to  their  keeping  pace  with  Mr.  Mechi,  they 
must  not  expect  it ;  there  was  no  one  could  overtake 
him  except  the  man  with  the  cork  leg.  [Laughter.]  He 
approved  of  much  which  that  gentleman  had  done  ;  his 
farm  was  in  a  high  state  of  fertility  ;  it  had  been  drained 
and  cleared  of  timber,  and  if  he  would  only  content  him- 
self with  practical  farming,  he  might  make  a  profit  if 
any  one  could.  [Hear  and  cheers.]  Mr.  Mechi,  in  thank- 
ing Mr.  Dennis  for  the  complimentary  allusion  he  had 
made  to  Tiptree  farming,  reminded  him  that  his  roots 
had  not  cost  him  more  than  5s.  per  ton,  and  if  the 
farmer  could  produce  them  at  that  sum  he  must  not 
grumble.  [Hear,  hear.]  He  wished  the  stakes  to  be 
handed  to  the  committee  to  offer  as  a  prize  for  testing 
steel  forks  against  spades  in  digging.  He  had  had 
12  acres  dug  with  these  forks,  and  although  he  paid 
only  2d.  per  rod,  there  were  more  applicants  for  work 
than  he  could  employ.  He  thought  the  use  of  forks 
would  very  greatly  economise  labour  where  it  was  re- 
quired,— Essex  Herald. 


Farmers'  Clubs. 

East  of  Beiiwickshire,/)^^.  3  :  TJie  System  of  Liquid 
Manuring. —  Mr.  Milne  Home  read  an  account  of  the 
system  of  liquid  manuring  as  practised  on  some  farms 
he  had  recently  visited.  Premising  that  it  had  been 
suggested  to  him  by  the  letter  read  at  the  last  meeting 
of  the  club  from  Mr.  Dickson  of  Peelwalls,  in  which  he 
gave  an  account  of  the  practice  of  keeping  sheep  under 
cover  on  the  farm  of  Chadbury  in  Gloucestershire, 
1500  sheep  being  there  reared  yearly,  and  sold,  from 
500  acres.  At  a  previous  meeting  there  had  been  some 
remarks  from  Su*  G.  Suttie  in  reference  to  the  desira- 
bility of  inquiry  into,  and  discussing  the  question  of,  the 
application  of  liquid  manure.  Both  these  subjects  he 
had  iu  his  mind,  when  he  had  recently  an  opportunity 
of  visiting  some  farms  in  Ayrshire,  where  the  system 
of  liquid  manuring,  and  of  feeding  sheep  under  cover, 
is  carried  on.  He  had  then  endeavoured  to  gain  as 
much  information  as  possible,  with  the  view  of  laying  it 
before  the  club.  This  report,  taken  from  the  Berwich 
Warder,  will  be  presented  piecemeal  in  futui'e  numbers 
of  the  Agricultural  Gazette. 


The  Land  Question  for  England  and  Ireland,  iogeOier 
with  a  Measure  for  its  Settlement.  By  Wm.  Tighe 
Hamilton,  Es(j.  Pamphlet,  pp.  Bi.  Hodges  and 
Smith. 
The  able  author  of  the  present  pamphlet  was,  previous 
to  the  late  change  of  the  Government,  engaged  in  prepar- 
ing for  the  then  Chief  Secretary  of  Ireland  an  extensive 
measure  for  the  reform  and  codification  of  the  law  re- 
lating to  landlord  and  tenant.  The  principal  objects 
and  provisions  of  this  measure  are  now  published  j  and 
as  its  subject-matter  is  one  of  groat  importance  and 
interest,  both  to  the  owners  and  occupiers  of  land,  we 
give  an  outline  of  the  proposed  measure,  referring  our 
readers,  however,  to  tho  pamphlet  itself  for  further 
information,  as  the  details  are  of  too  legal  a  character 
for  admission  into  a  journal  not  specially  devoted  to  the 
discussion  or  such  topics. 

"  ist.  That  the  wliolo  law  necessary  to  govern  the 
relation  of  landlord  and  tenant  should  bo  comprised 
in  a  single  Act,  BO  as  to  be  intelligible  and  accessible 
to  all. 

"  '2ndly.  That  a  sound  tenure  of  property  should  be 
pi'omoled  : — 

"  I'ml.  fiy  ompoweriiig  all  owners  to  Icaso  for  such 
terms  as  would  encourage  duo  cultivation  and  substan- 
tial improvement ;  and — 


830 


THE    AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE, 


[Dec.  25, 


«  Secondly.  By  giving  to  the  tenant  under  any  lease 
made  in  conformity  with  certain  restrictions,  a  title 
defeasible  only  by  his  own  fault — so  as  to  substitute  the 
rent  or  value  of  the  land  for  the  land  itself,  and  pi-otect 
tiie  teuant  against  'the  casualties  and  disputes  which 
uiBjy  occur  amongst  superior  owners. 

<*  3rdly.  That  the  mode  of  creating  tenancies  should 
be  reduced  to  such  simplicity,  that  no  impediment 
should  exist  to  making  a  lease  th3  true  foundation  of 
(tenure  ;  and  that,  with  this  view, — 

«  First.  A  short  statutable  form,  or  any  other  agree- 
ment expi'easive  of  an  intention  to  let,  should  be  consti- 
ftuted  aeufficient  lease  ;  and — 

'^Secondly.  That  all  the  proper  rights  and  obligations 
of  landlords  and  tenants  should  be  made  the  subject  of 
a  general  law,  applicable,  unless  when  excepted  or 
«uoditied  by  special  agreement. 

« 4thly.  That  the  practical  rights  of  landlords  and 
tenants  should  be  defined  and  secured  in  a  spirit  of  per- 
ifect  respect  for  the  abstract  rights  of  each — those  of 
•ithe  tenant  as  well  as  those  of  the  landlord  ;  and  that 
■with  this  view  the  tenant's  right  of  property,  in  all 
.adjuncts  made  by  him  to  the  tenement,  should  be 
■secured  ; — 

*^  First.  By  defining  what  things  should  be  removable 
las  a  matter  of  course,  so  as  to  make  the  law  of  fixtures 
<more  clear  tlian  at  present. 

^^  Secondly.  By  providing  a  registry,  in  the  tenant's 
favour,  of  all  tangible  improvements,  so  to  preserve 
.bis  right  of  removal,  subject  only  to  the  landlord's 
-Tight  of  pre-emption  ;  and — 

"  Thirdly.  By  facilitating  all  owners,  under  certain 
;a'estrictions,  to  enter  into  voluntary  agreements  as  to 
compensations  for  improvements,  whether  tangible  or 
fiacorporated  with  the  soil. 

«  5thly.  That  the  measure  should  be  worked  by  ex- 
■jisting  rather  than  by  any  new  machinery  ;  and  that 
*tiaere  should  be  but  a  sinffh  tribunal,  and  a  sinr^le  pro- 
,'cedure  of  the  utmost  simplicity,  for  deciding  all  disputes 
(between  landlords  and  tenants,  subject,  of  course,  to  an 
lappellate  jurisdiction,  so  as  to  establish  the  important 
ipriuciple  —  that  jurisdiction  should  depend  upon  the 
mature  of  the  subject,  and  not  upon  valite. 

"6thly.  And,  finally,  that  a  simple  registry  of  all 
^material  transactions  between  landlords  and  tenants 
tsliould  be  established  in  each  county,  so  as  to  give  them 
;a,3  stability  and  notoriety  which  they  could  not  other- 
-wise  have." 


Miscellaneous. 

Idquid  Manure  Tank, — The  urine  is  intended  to  be 
njonveyed  by  means  of  open  channels  from  the  horses 
-and  cattle  into  small  cesspools  provided  at  the  end  of 
^tlie  stables,  cow-houses,  &c,,  in  the  inside.  These  are 
to  be  furnished  with  iron  grids  aa  a  covering,  so  that 
-they  can  be  removed,  and  the  cesspools  cleaned  out 
when  required.  From  these  cesspools  the  urine  is  to 
be  conveyed  by  means  of  covered  conduits,  and  a  great 
portion  of  the  sediment  thus  being  allowed  to  lodge  in 
the  bottom  of  the  pools,  it  is  prevented  from  so  fre- 
'qusntly  causing  a  stoppage  in  the  covered  drains,  which 
5s  the  greatest  drawback  against  them.  By  these  means 
"the  urine  is  never  admitted  into  the  farm-yard,  and  is 
totally  preserved  from  the  influence  of  the  weather. 
Another  cesspool  is  provided  close  by  the  tank  as  a 
"ifurther  receptacle  for  any  sediment  that  there  may  be  ; 
l)ut  should  there  be  sufficient  accommodation  in  this 
Respect  in  the  stables  and  cow-houses,  and  those  not 
neglected,  this  can  conveniently  be  dispensed  with  ;  but 
■should  it  be  otherwise,  or  should  the  urine  be  allowed 
to  pass  in  open  channels  through  the  yard,  then  it  will 
"'be  found  to  be  indispensable.  This  cesspool  will  be 
^ound  to  be  of  great  service  in  another  point — frequently 
'it  may  be  desirable  to  allow  a  quantity  of  the  yard- 
water  to  pass  into  the  tank  for  the  purpose  of  dilation, 
or  be  prevented  from  so  entering,  as  may  be  required. 
By  channels  provided  to  the  entrance  to  this  pool,  the 
water  may  be  thus  conducted,  and  any  sediment  it  may 
take  with  it  will  be  deposited  in  the  pool  before  its  en- 
trance into  the  tank.  This  method,  I  think,  will  be 
found  much  more  convenient,  and  the  cesspools  easier 
cleaned  out,  than  the  one  generally  adopted  of  partition- 
ing one  portion  of  the  tank  off"  for  such  purpose  ;  which 
must  also  necessarily  contain  a  large  quantity  of  liquid 
at  times  which  can  never  be  pumped  out.  In  some 
situations  the  pump  and  cart  might  be  dispensed  with, 
where  the  land  lies  convenient  for  floating,  and  the  tank 
at  a  sufficient  elevation  for  that  purpose.  This  is  to  be 
adopted  by  means  of  covered  drains  from  the  tank,  the 
liquid  emerging  upon  the  surface  where  the  inclination 
'Of  the  land  would  admit,  and  from  the  mouth  of  such 
drains  conveyed  by  means  of  open  cai'riers  over  the  land. 
But,  in  fact,  so  numerous  are  the  modes  of  conveyance, 
according  to  circumstances,  that,  in  the  plan  submitted, 
only  the  general  construction  of  the  tank  is  rendered. 
Specification. — With  respect  to  the  usual  preliminary 
conditions  of  general  specifications,  such  I  think  will  be 
Tinnecessary  in  connexion  with  the  consti'uction  of  a 
liquid  manure  tank  ;  I  shall,  therefore,  proceed  at  once 
to  give  the  details  that  may  be  required.  The  urine 
tank  to  be  excavated  to  the  depth  of  10  feet,  to  be  18 
leet  long,  6  feet  wide,  and  8  feet  deep  from  the  centre  of 
"the  arch,  inside  ;  to  be  flagged  at  the  bottom  with  3  in. 
"fl-g.  Flags  to  be  laid  under  the  walls  15  inches  wide, 
and  the  remainder  of  the  bottom  to  be  flagged  with  flags, 
the  whole  width  of  the  space  shown,  and  to  be  well 
huddled  under  the  flags  to  the  depth  of  4  mches.  The 
walls  to_  be  set  with  the  best  hard  bricks  of  1  brick 
'length  in  thickness,  well  set  with  the  best  Roman 
cement,  and^^no  four  courses  of  brickwork  to  exceed  13 


inches  in  height.  The  back  of  the  walls  to  be  well 
puddled,  and  the  Jtop  of  the  tank  to  be  arched,  with 
2  feet  rise  in  the  centre,  a  pump-hole  being  left  in  one 
corner  of  0  inches  square,  and  a  man-hole  in  the  centre 
of  the  arch  of  18  inches  square,  to  be  covered  with  a 
flag  of  2  inches  in  thickness,  with  a  ring  in  the  centre 
for  the  purpose  of  lifting  off  and  on.  The  cesspool 
adjoining  the  tank  to  be  excavated  to  the  depth  of  5  feet, 
to  be  2  feet  square  inside,  and  4  feet  deep  from  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  leaving  2  feet  from  the  bottom  to 
the  level  of  the  conduits.  To  be  flagged  at  the  bottom, 
puddled,  and  walled,  as  described  for  the  tank." An 
iron  grid  to  be  fixed  on  the  top,  so  as  to  be  removable 
for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  out.  The  conduit  to  be  exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  2  feet,  and  to  be  laid  with  circular 
tiles  of  8  inches  in  diameter.  Small  cesspools  for  cow- 
houses, &c.,  to  be  excavated  to  the  depth  of  3  feet  for 
receiving  the  urine  from  the  open  channels,  2  inch  flags 
to  be  laid  in  the  bottom  of  each,  and  walled  up  with 
4j  inch  walling.  An  iron  grid  to  be  fixed  on  ihe  top 
of  each. 

Estimate. 
To  70  yards,  cube,  of  excavation  for  tank  and  cesa- 

pool,  at3i £0  113. Qd 

y,  57  yards   superficial,  of  9  inch  brickwork  in 

cement,  at  5s.  14     5     0 

^■,  18  yardd  superficial  of  flagging,  at  3s.  per  yard    2  14    0 

„  Puddling  10    0 

„  Oasuiron  grid,  rings,  &e 0  10    0 


Contents  of  tank,  810  cul>io  feet. 


dSU    G    6 


Mr.  RothweUs  Prize  Essay,  Beport  of  Manchester  and 
Liverpool  Agricxdiural  Association, 

Boots  after  Tares. — {Expensesper  acre?)  £  s.  d. 

Half-a-year's  rent       , ...  10     0 

Ditto  tithe,  &c.            0     6     0 

15  carts  of  manure  (if  we  have  It  to  spare),  fllUuig, 

carting,  and  apreading ...        0  10    0 

Broadsharing 0     2     0 

Harrowing  and  rolling         0     16 

Ploughing  once           0     7     0 

Three  cwt,  of  superphosphate  of  lime,  at  8s, 1    4    0 

Seel  and  Drilling       0     3     0 

Two  hand-hoeings  and  thinning 0    7    0 

Threehorse-hoeings,  with  Garrett's  horse-ho«  ...0    8    0 


£4    2 


Fed  off  with  Rape-cake  for  Wheat,  Mr.  MecM^s  Second 
Paper, 


Notices  to  Correspondents. 

BfiNTAtL^s  Beoadshabe  Plodqh  :  J  W.  It  is  the  most  power- 
ful and  efficient  implement  of  tha  kind.  The  long  points 
precediog  the  cutting  edge  ensure  sufflciCBt  bold  of  the 
land  for  the  land  to  act  with  certainty. 

DiiAtNASE  :  A  Regular  Subscriber.  We  would  cut  the  drains 
4  feet  deep,  place  them  30  feet  apart,  1-inch  fApe  tiles  without 
coUars,  place  the  top  spit  reversed  firmly  over  the  pipes,  ram 
the  earth  in  tightly  over  that,  and  look  with  confidence  for 
the  usual  results  of  efficient  drainage. 

Food  foe  Hoeses.  &c.  :  F  S  S.  Pray  excuse  a  week's  delay. 

Heath,  &c.  :  B  A,  Cantab.  We  would  clear  and  burn  the  mere 
Burfuce  in  the  comiuf;  spring.  Get  a  crop  of  Turnips,  by 
dint  of  guano  and  superphosphate,  and  sow  seeds,  with  a 
light  crop  of  Barley,  the  following  season.  It  will  cost 
probably,  21.  per  acre,  the  Turnips  and  Barley  paying  rather 
more  than  the  mere  cost  of  their  cultivation. 

Mangold  Wuezel  :  C  P.  It  is  impossible  to  say  what  should 
be  the  highest  price  paid.  We  have  sold  them  at  2ob.  a  ton 
to  dairy  farmers  ;  and  though  we  would  not  ourselves  buy  at 
that  price,  yet  we  have  sufficient  confidence  in  their  knotting 
their  own  business  to  b3lieve  that  it  was  their  interest  under 
the  circumstances  to  pay  as  much.  We  have  made  ds.  a  ton, 
beoides  the  manure,  by  /ceding  on  tl^em.  The  compoand 
will  get  sour  in  spite  of  you. 

Rabbits  :  Q  W.  Will  anyone  give  ui  their  experience  in 
feeding  for  market. 

Weight  of  Cattle:  A  B.  See  page  683.  The  Devon  steer 
alluded  to  by  you  was  6  feet  long  and  7  feet  5  inches,  or 
decimally  7.4  feet,  round.  Its  weight  in  beef-stones  was 
therefore  7.4  x  7.4  x  5  x  .275  =  75.29  stones.  The  Itmgth  is  taken 
between  two  perpeadicular  lines,  one  of  which  is  the  position 
of  the  general  outline  of  the  bind  quarter,  and  therefore  in 
general  a  little  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  tail,  and  the  otfaer 
cuts  the  sloping  front  of  the  shoulder  about  two-thirda  of  the 
way  up  it, 

COVENT  GARDEN,  Deo.  25. 
The  weather  having  taken  a  favourable  turn  during  the  past 
week,  the  market  has  been  liberally  supplied  with  most  things 
in  season.  Vegetables  are  gr^od,  and  very  plentiful.  Fears 
and  Hothouse  Grapes,  are  scarcely  sufficient  for  the  demand  ; 
the  former  consist  of  Beurre  Ranee,  Ne  plus  Meuris,  and  Old 
Colmar.  Apples  are  as  yet  plentiful.  Among  them  are  nice 
samples  of  the  American  Mewtown  Pippin.  Tomatoes  are 
ail  but  over.  Cobs  and  other  Nuts  are  realising  fair  prices. 
Both  Seakale  and  Rhubarb  have  made  their  appearance. 
Potatoes  have  not  altered  in  value  since  our  last  report. 
Mushrooms  are  scarcer.  Cut  flowers  consist  of  Heaths, 
Primulas,  Roses,  Mignonette,  Camellias,  and  Chrysanthemums, 
FRUIT. 


Pine-appleB,  per  lb.,  48  to  8a 
Grapes,  hothouse,  do.,  6b  to  Ss 
Pomegranates,  each,  2d  to  4d 
AppleSfdessertiP.  bush,  63  tolOs 

—  kitchen,  do.,  53  to  8s 
Pears,  per  doz.,  Is  6d  to  4s 

—  per  half  sieve,  ds  to  76 
Lemons,  per  doz,,  la  to  2a 


Oranges,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 

—  per  100,  68  to  10s 
Almonds,  per  peck,  5s 

—  sweet,  per  lb.,  2b  to  3s 
Nuts,  Barcelona,  per  bush,  29s 

—  C.>b8,  mos 

>~    Spanish,  do.,  163  to  I83 
Chestnuts,  p.  bush.,  8b,  to  20s 


Cabbages,  per  doz.,  6d  to  Is 
Brussels  Sprouts,  p.  hf.  sieve. 

Is  to  2b 
CauliSowers.perdoz.,  2s  to  3s 
Greens,  per  doz.,  Is  to  2s 
French  Beans,  per  100,  3b 
Potatoes,  per  ton,  85s  to  1406 

—  per  cwt,,  fia  to  93 

—  per  bush.,  2a  6d  to  4s  6d 
Turnips,  perdoz.,l8  to  IsSd 
Cucumbers,  each,  2d  to  6d 
Celery,  per  bundle,  9d  to  Is  8d 
Carrots,  p,  doz.,  2s  fid  to  48 
Spinach,  per  sieve.  Is  to  2s 
Onions,  per  bunch,  2d  to  4d 

—  Spanish, p.doz.,la3d  to  8a 
Beet,  per  doz.,  la  to  la  6d 
Leebs,  per  bunch.  Id  to  2d 
Shallots,  per  lb.,  Gd  to  8d 


VEGETABLES. 


Garlic,  per  lb.,  6d  to  8d 
Lettuce,Cab.,  perscore  4d  to  6d 

—  Cos,  p.  score,  9d  to  is 
Radishes,  per  doz.,  8d  to  Is 

—  Turnip,  9d  *<>  Is  ^d 
Endive  per  score,  la  to  Is  6d 
Small  Salads,  p.  pun.,  2d  to  3d 
Horse  Radish,  p.bundle,latoSB 
Mushrooms,  p.  pott..  Is  to  Is  6d 
Sorrel,  per  hi,  sieve,  6d  to  Is 
Artichokes,  per  doz.,  4s  to  6s 
Fennel,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Savory,  per  bunch,  2d  to  3d 
Thyme,  per  bunch,  2d  to  dd 
Parsley,  p.  doz.  bnchs.,  2s  to  Ss 
Mint,  per  bunch,  2d  to  8d 
Basil,  p.  bunch, 3d 
Marjoram,  do.,  2d  to  8d 
Watercresse3,p.  12baD,4d  to  6d 


HAY.— Per  Load  of  86  Trusses. 

Smithfield.  Dec.  23. 

Prime  Meadow  Hay  78s  to  843 

Clover 

,.  903  to  1003 

Inferior  do.           ...  68         75 

Second  cut 

..  70          90 

Rowen          60         60 

Straw 

.  26          32 

Mew  Hay     _        _ 

E. 

J.  Divia. 

S'\nTHFfELD.— Monday,  Dec.  20. 
The«upp1y  of  Beasts  is  large,  conflideriog  that  it  is  Monday 
after  the  "Great  Market;"  more  than  twice  aa  many  as  on 
the  corroaponding  day  lasit  year.  The  town  is,  however, 
tolerably  clpar  of  meat,  eonsequ'nrly,  they  are  mi>Btly  sold  at 
late  pnceP.  We  have  also  a  tair  quantity  of  Sheep,  but  gene- 
rally speaking,  of  middling  qutlity  ;  the  choicest,  therefore, 
are  dearer.  Good  Ciilvea  are  ecarci,  and  considerablv  dearer. 
From  Germany  an'i  Holland  there  are 'J63  Beasts.  1430  Sheep, 
and  184  0«lve8  ;  Scotland,  350  Beasts  ;  Norfolk  and  Suffolk, 
300  ;  end  15')0  fcom  the  northern  and  midland  coantles. 


Per  Bt.  ot  yiba. — s 
Beat  Scots,  Here- 

forda,  &C.        ...  4  0  to  4     2 

Beat  Sbort-horns  3  8  —  3  10 

2d  quality  Beaste  3  2  —  3     6 
Best  Downs  and 

Half-breda      ...  4  4  —  4    8 

Do.  Shorn    0  0  —  0     0 

Beasts,  2776  ;  Sheep  and  Lambs, 


Per  flc.  of  Slba.— a  d       s  d 

Best  Long-wools  .4  0  to  4  4 

Do.  Shorn           ...  0  0  —  0  0 

Ewes  dead  quality  3  4—3  8 

Do.  Shorn 0  0-0  0 

Laml.B      0  0  —  0  M 

Calves      4  4—4  8 

Ptga           4  0  —  4  4 

15,150  ;  Calves,  192;  Pigs,  258, 
Dec.  24. 


Fbidat, _-. 

Our  Market  to-day  is  a  very  unimportant  affttir.  The  best 
Beasts  are  cheerfully  disposed  of  at  fully  late  rates.  The  few 
Sheep  on  oflfer  are  sold  dearer,  the  supply  at  the  dead  market 
bein2  short  as  well  as  here.  Good  Calves  also  meet  with  a 
ready  sale. 

POTATOES.— SoDTHWARK,  Dcc.  20. 
During  the  past  week  our  supplies  coastwise  have  been  very 
limited,  with  the  exception  of  the  French,  which  has  been 
liberal.  Notwithatandiug  the  small  quantity  of  Engliah  and 
Scotch,  the  trade  has  been  exceedingly  heavy,  and  prices  not 
so  good  as  the  previous  week,  which  can  only  be  accounted  for 
by  the  over  supply  of  vegetables,  and  mildness  of  the  weather, 

MARK  LANE. 
Monday,  Dec.  20.— The  supply  of  Wheat  from  Essex  and 
Kent  this  morning  was  moderate,  a  ie:vi  of  the  finest  and 
driest  samples  wei*  disposed  of  on  the  terms  of  this  day 
se'nnight,  but  the  trade  being  heavy  >  decline  of  Is.  per  qr, 
was  submitted  to  before  the  remainder  could  be  cleared.  la 
Foreign,  only  a  retail  business  was  transacted,  on  which 
former  prices  were  obtained —The  finest  parcels  of  Malting 
Barley  were  taken  at  last  week's  rates  ;  other  deacriptiona  ere 
a  slow  sale.— Beans  and  Peas  are  unaltered  in  value.— Oata 
being  held  for  an  advance  there  is  but  little  doing. — There  is 
no  alteration  in  the  value  of  Flour.— On  and  after  Monday, 
the  8d  of  January  next,  business  will  commence  at  the  Cora 
Exchange  at  11  o'clock,  instead  of  10,  aa  heretofore. 

Feb  Istpeeial  Qoakteb. 
Wheat,  Essex,  Kent,  &  Suffolk...  White  44—56 


fine  selected  runs. ..ditto  45—60 

—  —    Talavera  54—60 

—  Norfolk 

—  Foreign 38—58 

Barley,grind.&  distil.,  25b  to  28i...Chev.  26—34 

—  Foreign  ...grinding  and  distilling  26—30 
Oats,  Essex,  and  Suffolk 18—21 

—  Scotch  andLincolnshire... Potato  23 — 25 

—  Irish Potato'21— 23 

—  Foreign   Polandand  Brew|19— 22 

Rye     l29    "" 

Rye-meal,  foreign I     ■ 

Beans,  Mazagan 81a  to  SSs TickiSS— 36 

—  Pigeon   34s— 878. ..Winds.  39— 41 

—  Foreign .^maU132— 37 

Peas,  white,  Essex  and  Kent Boilers  1 38 — 41 

—  Maple 32a  to  348 Grey  31—33 

Maize     White      — 

Flour,  best  marks  delivered  ...per  sack  38—46 

—  Suffolk ditto  23—38 

.—    Foreign per  barrel  24—28 


Red  , 
Red  . 


Malting 
Malting.. 


Feed. 
Peed. 
Feed.,. 
Foreign . 


Harrow . 

Longpod 
Egyptian 
Suffolk... 
Foreign . 
rellow... 

Norfolk  . 
Per  sack 


Abbivals  in  the  Pobt  op  London  last  Week, 


40—46 
46—52 


27—80 


17—23 

19—20 
16-20 


33—35 
30—34 
32-34 
40-42 
32—42 


Flour  10217ali8 
—    4640  brls 

Eneliah  

Irish    

Foreign  ...."..■.. 


Qrs. 
2172 


4077 


Barley. 


Qrs. 

29;>7 


350 


Qrs. 

2812 

60 


Qrs. 

94 


1055 


Qrs, 

291 


1837 


Peas. 


Qrs. 

269 


420 


%Wedne6D1.t. — The  arrivals  of  all  articles  are  small,  with 
the  exception  of  Foreign  Wheat  and  barrel  Flour,  which  are 
moderate.  This  morning's  Market  has  been  thinly  attended, 
and  prices  of  all  deecriptions  of  Grain  are  unaltered  from 
Monday. 

laiPEETAL  A  VESA  a  ES, 


Wheat. 

Babley. 

Oats. 

Rte. 

Beans. 

Peas, 

Kov,    6. 

s.   d. 

39  5 
89  11 

40  0 

40  5 

41  2 
4a    1 

s.   d. 

29    9 
80    2 
SO    6 
80    7 
80    0 
29    9 

«.   d. 
13    8 
18    7 
18    9 
18    6 
18    6 
18    7 

5.    i. 
24  10 

a  t 

29    9 
27    1 
80  11 
26  11 

s,   d. 

85    3 
33    4 
85    6 
85    2 
35    6 
85    4 

s.  d. 
S3    5 

_    18 

32    6 

—    20 

33     S 

—    27 

32    3 

Dec.    4 

32     8 

Dec.  11.. 

34  10 

Agitreg.  Aver. 

40    6. 

80    1 

18     6 

27  11 

85    4 

32    8 

Duties  on  Foreign  Grain,  la.  per  qr. 
Fldotuationb  in  the  last  Sn  Weeks*  Avebaqeb. 

Fbioeb, 

Nov.16, 

Nov.  13. 

Nov.  20, 

Nov. 27 

Dec.  4. 

Dec.  U. 

42    Id 
41s  2 
40    6 
40    0 
39  11 
89    6  — 

:::  p 

_ij 

••• 

...    p 

...    r 

... 

r 

*.. 

LivEBPOOL,  Tdesdat,  Dbc.  21.  —  A  long  sequence  of  wet 
weather  has  imparted  a  stronger  feeling  in  the  grain 
market.  Without  any  particular  activity  of  business,  holders 
of  Wheat  and  Flour  generally  have  evinced  much  firmness, 
and  have  looked  for  better  pricea.  We  have  this  week  fair 
arrivals  of  Oats  and  Oatmeal  from  Ireland,  and  of  Wheat  and 
Flour  from  the  United  States.  The  other  imports  are  trifling. 
The  Corn  Exchange  this  morning  was  slenderly  attended,  and 
business,  as  is  usual  at  this  reason  of  the  year,  was  on  a 
moderate  scale.  Wheat  and  Flour  fully  auatained  the  prices 
of  this  day  Be'nnlgbt,  and  all  other  articles  of  the  trade  remain 

very  much  as  quoted  on  that  day. Fbidat,  Dec.  17. — The 

arrivals  from  Ireland  and  coastwise,  since  Tuesday,  have  been 
large  of  Oatmeal,  but  insignificant  of  other  articles.  At  this 
day's  market  there  was  only  a  small  attendance  of  the  town 
and  country  trade,  and  the  business  done  in  Wheat  and 
Flour  was  quite  of  a  retail  character  ;  however,  where  salea 
were  made,  an  advance  of  Id.  to  2A.  per  70  lbs.,  and  6d.  to  9d, 
per  barrel  was  generally  established.  Oats  and  Oatmeal  on 
the  spot  met  with  a  slow  sale,  at  late  rates,  and  the  latter 
article  for  forward  delivery  was  quite  neglected.  Barley, 
Beans,  and  Peas,  being  scarce,  sold  in  retail  at  extreme  prices. 
Indian  corn,  both  in  store  and  afloat,  was  In  good  demand, 
and  the  turn  againatthe  buyer. 


\ 


52— 1852. J 


THE     AGRICULTURAL    GAZETTE 


831 


COCHIN      CHINA     FOWLS. 

Important    Sale, 
entirely  froli  the  stock  of  mr.  punchard, 

Of  Blukt'b  Hall,  HAVERniLL,  Scffolk. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  respectfully  begs  leave  to 
aonounce  that  hi  will  sell  by  Auction,  at  his  Great 
Eloom,  33,  Kin^r-street,  CoTent-garden,  on  TUESDAY,  4ih  Jan., 
nest,  upwards  of  200  First  Class  CHICKENS,  all  bred  from  Mr. 
Punchard's  beet  Hena,  many  of  them  by  Cocks  imported  by 
him,  in  1851,  and  of  light  colours.  Aa  all  the  birds  iacluded  in 
this  Sale  are  ofgreat  merit,  Mr.  J.  0.  S.  has  much  confidence  in 
icaconunendiog  them  to  the  especial  attention  of  Poultry 
Fanciers,  and  he  will  be  happy  to  forward  Citalogues  on 
■ffeoeiptof  a  stamped  directed  envelope. 


HOSE  HILL  NURSERY,   SEAR  YARM,  IN  TUiS  COUNTY 

OF  YORK. 

VALUA3LE   NURSERY   STOCK    FOR    SALE. 

MR.  TODD  lias  received  instructions  from  the 
executor  of  ths  late  Mr.  Robert  Hedlej  to  sell  by  Auction, 
Tipon  the  premises,  at  the  Roae  Hill  Nursery,  near  Yarm,  on 
THURSDAY,  FRIDAY,  and  SATURDAY,  the  6th,  7th..and 
8th  days  of  January  next,  all  the  VALUABLE  STOCK-IN- 
TRADE,  conaiatiog  of  a  very  large  and  superior  assortment  of 
fill  kinds  of  Fruit  and  other  Trees  ;  Roses,  Grreenhouse  and 
Other  Plants  ;  Shrubs  ;  Garden  and  Agricultural  Seeds  ;  and  a 
variety  of  other  Nursery  Stock,  Catalogues  of  which  will  be 
ready  in  a  few  days,  and  may  be  had  on  application  to 
Mr.  Hedles,  at  the  Nursery;  of  the  Auctioneer;  of  Mr. 
Habeison,  Grange  Nursery,  near  Darlington ;  of  Messrs. 
Fawoett  and  Qabbdtt,  Solicitors,  Yarm ;  and  of  Messrs, 
Mewbusn,  Hutchinson,  aud  Mewbobn,  Solicitors,  Darlington. 
The  lale  to  commence  each  d-ay  at  11  o'clock.  CatalogueB 
Sd.  each,  which  will  be  allowed  to  any  purchaser  above  2(Js. 
Darlington,  December  25. 


O^ 


T0»AL  PHILoaorHI 


CsnnsTST 


kUEENWOOD  COLLEGE,  near STOCKBRIDGE, 

\£^  HANTS. 

Principal —Geobqb  Edmomdson. 

,T      f  Dr.  John  Ttndall,  F.R.S.,  Foreign 
Mathematics  and  Na-  J     jjember  of  the  Physical  Society, 
Berlin. 
fDr.  HetNEicH  Debus,  late  Aseistant 
in    the    Laboratory    of    Professor 
Bunaen,  and  Chemical  Lecturer  in 
the  Unirerfeity  of  Marburg. 
iCLASSICS    AND    HlSTOET— Mr.  PaoDT. 

("Mr.  John  Haas,  from  M.  de  Fellen- 
MoDEEN  Langoageb  AND        ^      ,^  lustitution,  Hofwyl,  SwLlzer. 

'FOBfiIGN    LlTEEATDEE     |      land. 

Qeodest Mr,  RrcHARD  P.  Weight. 

Painting  and  Deawing— Mr.  Richaed  P.  Weight. 

XHOLISH      AND      JtTNIOE>jj      3  jj 

Mathematics  ) 

Mnsic       Mr.  WiLETAsi  Cornwall. 

Paisw  qm.ER7«TP»TirKT  I  ^*^*  RiCHAED    Davis.— The    Farm 
_  f  ABK  bOPEEiMTEKBENT  J     contains  upwards  of  800  Aores. 

Teems :— 

^For  Boys  under  12years  of  ago    £40  per  annum. 

„  from  12  to  16        £50  ,, 

„         above  16 £60  „ 

For  further  iaformatioQg  Bee  Proflpectua,  to  be  bad  of  the 
3?rincipal. 

^^  The  first  Session  of  1853  commences  on  the  20th  of 

jAMUAmT.  , 


THE     GENERAL     LAND      DRAINAGE     AND 
IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY. 
Henet  Kee  Setmee,  Baq..  M  P.,  Chairman. 
Sir  John  Shelley,  Bart.,  M,P.,  Deputy-Chairmnn. 
Empowered  by  Act  of  Parllauient  to  exefu'e  all  works  of 
Drainage   (including  Outfalls  through    adji)inin^    Estates),  to 
erect  Farm-buildiags,  and  to  carry  out  every  kind  of  permanent 
improvement  upon   Estates,  under  eettlement  or  disability,  to 
provide  the  money,  or  to  enable  the  landowner  to  employ  his 
own  capital  and  execute  the  works  under  the  superinfendence 
of  the  Company,  the  amount  of  the  outlay  and  the  attendant 
expenses  being  charged  upon  the  propTty  by  way  of  annuity, 
extinguishing  the  dLbt  at  the  rate  of  61.  per  cent,  for  Farm- 
buildings,  and  51.  per  cent,  for  Drainage.    Riad-*,  and  other 
Improvements.                                                 W.  Ci-'Ffoed,  Sec. 
O fficea.  52.  ParliamPnt-B'Tftet.  London. 


T 


^HE  CHEMICAL  MANURE  COMPANY.     Pro- 


GREAT      wheal      VOR      UNITED      MINtS, 
CORNWALL  (TIN  AND  COPPER). 
CoNDCCTrD    ON    THE    CoST    BoOK    PainCIPLE. 

Ztt  200,000  Parts  or  SHares  of  £1  Sacb. 

These  Mines  being  worked  on  the  above  principle,  Subscribers 

^frill  not  be  required  to  sign  any  deed,  and  their  liability  will  be 

absolutely  limited  to  the  number  of  the  Shares  subscribed  for. 

Commie  fee. 


Charles  James  Anthoily,  Esq. 
Captain  Crease,  R.N. 
John  Oliver  Hanson,  Jun,,  Esq. 
£.  V.  Neale,  Esq. 


Henry  Ranking,  Esq. 
H.  W.  Schneider,  Esq. 
Charles  Trueman,  Eaq. 
Augustus  A.  YaoBittart,  Esq.. 
Bankers. 

London :  Messrs.  Barnett,  Hoare,  and  Co. ; 

MeasrH.  Sir  W.  P.  Call,  Bart.,  Martea,  and  Co. 

Helston  :  The  Union  Bank. 

Solicitors. 

■HessTS.  Jenkinson,  Sweating,  and  Jenkinson,  London ; 

Messrs.  Grylls  and  Hill,  Helston, 

"Broker — Mr.  Thomas  Moxon,  3,  Austin-friars,  London. 

Temporaet  Offices— 

1,  ROYAL  EXCHANGE  BUILDINGS,  LONDON. 

Th«6e  Mines,  formerly  worked  to  to  much  advantage,  are 
■sitoated  chiefly  in  the  piirish  of  Breage,  near  Hdston,  in  the 
coanty  of  Cornwall,  embracinj  Old  Wheal  Vor,  Carleen, 
Polladras,  Polroa«,  and  other  Mines,  in  the  grey  slate  forma- 
tion a^joiniog  the  granite,  and  coDBtitute  a  continuous  run, 
'above  two  miles  long  by  one  broad,  of  ground  which  long 
experience  has  proved  to  bo  one  of  the  richest  mineral  districts 
jn  the  world. 

They  are  held  under  mining  leases  for  21  y«ara,  at  the  very 
,Jaioderate  dues  of  l-86th  for  the  principal  portion  of  the  ground, 
and  1-24  h  for  the  remainder. 

The  Mines  (to  which  much  new  and  rich  mineral  property 
hai  been  tidded),  during  the  whole  term  of  the  former  work- 
ings, and  up  to  the  time  of  the  ceiBatloa  of  th«  works,  yielded 
large  profits. 

The  official  returns  from  the  ore  books  show  that,  during 
the  la4t  vForkings.  upwards  of  two  millions  sterling  of  Tin  and 
Copptr  Ore  [yielding  large  dividends),  have  been  returned  from 
these  Mines,  and  tbey  are  still  capable  of  producing  as  much 
more— a  large  proportion  of  the  richeat  part  being  still  unex- 
hausted, and  a  siiil  larger  proportion  unexplored. 

There  nr*  numerous  large  Tin  and  Copper  Lodes,  of  ascer- 
tained richness  and  value,  ruouiog  through  the  whole  length 
«f  this  property,  all  of  whl  h  can  be  made  immediately  avail- 
able;  and  whtch,  when  properly  worked,  will  return  large 
^otiu  to  tb«  adventurers. 

From  the  a--(eation  of  the  former  adventurers  having  bean 
«agroBa«d  by  the  amazloK  riches  of  th«ir  main  Lode,  thuse  side 
Lodei,  though  proved  to  be  *xceediogiy  rich  wherever  they 
have  been  touched,  were  never  worked  t'j  any  di-pth. 

'When  this  la  d  >ne  the  same  rich  dlsoovcriei  may  be  expected 
tu  10  reeeotly  rewarded  the  adventurers  in  the  United  Minva  in 
Qwennap,  where,  under  similar  circumttancei,  the  dticuverlei 
4aai3e  in  the  side  Lodeit  immediately  returned  large  profitH, 

The  returns,  calculated  with  Tin  Ora  at  only  Ahl.  per  tun  (the 
actual  rate  being  now  60i  Tper  ton;,  are  ostimstod  us  tulluws  :  — 
For  th«  Hrst  year  (while  the  draloaf «  of  th« 

Mines  >■  proceeding)        £20,000 

Por  ih«  Btcond  jear 0'),OilO 

For  the  third  year 80,0^0 

An']  afterwuwU  [frogresslvoly,  with  a  proiptct  of  still  further 
in<rre««e  in  Bub't-'jatint  years. 

The  Hhurehold<:rt  nhkll  have  the  power,  at  their  first  meet- 
iod,  to  appoint  two  Auditors,  who  shall  alno  bo  Shareholdiirs  ; 
OD«  of  wliitm  sbatl  go  oat  by  rotation  annually,  but  be  oUgibie 
^or  re-el«cil>m. 

Applica  ions  for  Shares  and  datalled  Protprxtuioi  to  bo 
m%At  lo  the  CoaiDTiltteo,  at  the  Temporary  Oflli^es  of  the  Cum- 
yinn?,  '.r  to  the  HrMicr*  of  'h*-  Cr>mp*i'»y,  from  ellhrr  of  t»hom 
^•tfthi:d  l*r<rapec'.u*es  uud  Fuiu»»  ui  Ajjplitf«'l'»(i  m'ly  hi 
obtained. 


Parliament,  for  which  the  necessary  notices  have  been  given. 
Capital,  90,00i)i. ;  in  13,000  Shares  of  5t.  each  ;  \l.  per  share  to 
be  paid  on  allotment.  No  further  call  will  ha  made  except 
what  will  be  required  by  the  standing  orders  of  Parliament,  of 
which  due  notice  will  bo  given. 

Trustees. 
The  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Essex. 
The  Right  Honourable  Earl  Ducie. 
Colonel  Challoner,  Portoal  Parli,  Virginia  Witer. 
Directors. 
Sir  J.  V.  Shelley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Maresfield  Park,  Sussex, 
and  25,  Park  Lane,  Chairman. 
Colonel  North,  M. P.,  Weoxton  Abbey,  near  Banbury,  Oxford- 
shire, and  16,  Arlington-street. 
Henry  Moggeridge,  Esq  ,  St,  Andrew's  Hill,  and   New  Cork 
Exchange,  Mark  Lane. 
Thomas  Dicey,  Fj«q.,  Clay  brook  Hall,  Lutterworth,  and 
Princes  Terrace,  Hyde  Park. 
Lieut.- Colonel  Dickson,  10,  Stanhope  Terrace,  Hyde  Park, 

With  power  to  add  to  their  number. 
SolioUore —'^ioBsn.  Bennett  and  Stark,  7,  Furnival's  Ten. 

Bankers. 
Messrs.  Barclay,  Sevan,  Trittou  and  Co.,  Lombard-street. 
Brokers — Messrs.  Field,  Son,  and  Wood,  7,  Warnford  Court, 
Throgmorton-Btraet. 
(Auditors  will  be  appointed  periodically  by  the  Shareholders.) 
iSicrefari/— Thomas  Rowlandsnn. 
TEMPOHARY    OFFICE,  7,  FURNIVAL'S  INN". 
The  importance  and  extent  of  the  operations  contemplated 
by  this   Company  may  be  gathered    from   the  fact  that  the 
farmers  of  Great  Britain  annually  pay  more  than  3,000,0  lOt. 
for  fertiliaing  substances  other  than  those  accumulated  on  the 
farm.    150,000  tons  of  guano  were  consumed  during  the  past 
year  ;  if  to  wbich  are  added  for  the  same  period  the  amount  of 
raw  and  prepared  bones,   superphosphate   of  lime,   salts  of 
ammonia,  and  other  similararticlea  used  as  Manure,  the  aggre- 
gate weight  will  probably  not  be  less  than  300,000  tons.  In  this 
calculation  the  spurious  and  adulterated  substances  vended 
under  one  or  other  of  the  above  titles  are  not  included. 

To  put  an  end  to  the  enormous  amount  of  fraudulent  adul- 
terations so  frequently  imposed  on  the  unsuspecting  farmer, 
and  to  lower  the  price  to  the  consumer  of  portable  Manures 
generally,  form  two  of  the  principal  objects  of  the  Company  : 
the  former  will  be  accomplished  by  selling  all  Manures  accom- 
panied by  a  Iguaranteed  analysis;  the  latter  by -attaching  to 
tlie  manufacturer  of  Manure  processes  for  making  articles  of 
great  commercial  value  of  which  the  consumption  is  large  and 
certain.  In  the  course  of  such  operations  "bye  products" 
are  obtained,  tiot  adapted  for  ordinary  sale  without  previously 
undergoing  an  expensive  reQning  process  ;  theie  can  at  once 
be  economically  converted  into  Manure  whenever  thay  contain 
any  fertilising  substance. 

The  Company  will  manufacture  "  Special  Manures"  superior 
to  any  previously  submitted  to  the  notice  of  the  farmer  ;  adapted 
to  every  soil,  and  combining  all  the  elements  of  fertility  con- 
tained in  farm-yard  manure,  the  most  important  being  potash, 
phosphoric  acid,  and  compounds  containing  nitrogen.  These 
and  the  other  substances  necessary  for  the  growth  of  plants 
will  bs  economically  concentrated  in  the  combinations  and  pro- 
portions required  by  different  crops,  and  adapted  to  the  varia- 
tions of  soils  and  clima'es.  The  Manures  will  be^manufactured 
in  peculiar  forms  for  the  use  of  the  sugar  planter,  which  will 
combine  powerful  defecating  and  deodorising  properties,  and 
after  being  used  for  these  purposes  in  clearing  the  crude  juice 
of  the  cane,  will,  if  applied  annually  to  the  cane  stocks,  cause 
them  to  rattoon  each  succeediog  year  with  pristine  luxuriance. 
The  saving  of  labour  so  occasioned,  by  preventing  the  necessity 
of  recurring  to  frequent  planting,  will  be  well  understood  by  all 
connected  with  the  economy  of  cane  plantations. 

The  Company's  special  Manure  will  bd  sold  at  71,  per  ton, 
deliverable  at  any  railway  station  or  wharf  in  London.  Three 
cwt.,  or  21s.  worth  will  be  sufficient  to  fertilise  an  acre, 
equal  to  the  application  of  SOs.  worth  of  guano. 

All  artificial  Manures  heretofore  supplied  to  the  public  have 
been  deficient  in  salts  of  potash,  which  alkali  forms  the  prin- 
cipal mineral  constituent  of  all  crops.  This  defect  will  be 
removed  in  the  Manures  manufactured  by  this  Company. 

The  Company  have  engaged  the  services  of  Thomas  Rowland- 
son,  Esq.,  C.E,,  F.Q.a.,  as  superintendent;  a  gentleman 
experienced  in  manufacturing  chemistry,  and  the  application 
of  artificial  Manures  to  various  soils,  whose  ability  In  chemical 
science  applied  to  agriculture  is  generally  admitted,  Mr,  R. 
having  obtained  sevttn  prizes  from  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  England  for  Essays  on  Agricultural  subjects,  being 
also  the  author  of  many  well  known  and  highly  esteemed 
papers,  in  the  "J^juroal  of  Agriculture,"  "The  Farmer's 
Magazine,"  &c. 

With  respect  to  the  annual  rate  of  interest  which  the  Share- 
holders may  expect  as  a  return  for  the  subscribed  capital,  the 
Directors  consider  that  it  will  be  ample  and  greatly  beyond 
that  obtained  from  ordianry  enterprises,  as — independent  of  the 
profits  which  will  he  derlvtd  from  the  manufacturo  of  Manures 
— a  handsome  dividend  will  arise  from  the  extensive  sale  of 
other  valuable  commercial  products  simultaneously  produced. 

A  fair  rale  of  interest  on  the  whole  capital  may  also  be 
expected  from  another  branch  of  the  Company's  operations,— • 
namely,  that  of  purchasing  gu»no  by  the  cargo,  and  re-dis- 
tributing it  lo  quantities  suited  to  the  requirements  of  farmers. 
As  the  guano  sold  by  the  Company  will  be  accompanied  by  an 
analysis,  the  ounsumer  will  be  Lffeotually  protected  from  fraud. 
In  conclusion,  the  Directors  wish  to  draw  attention  to  the 
fact,  that  no  artompt  has  hltberto  bean  made  to  combine  the 
operatiimH  of  general  manufacturing  chemistry  with  that  of 
forming  Manures  by  using  and  modl'ying  for  this  purpose  the 
"  byo  products"  so  frequently  produced  in  varloui  ehemical 
procesnos.  The  practical  economy  of  such  adaptations  must 
bo  self-evident. 

The  market  for  good  portable  Manures,  if  supplied  at  a 
moderate  cost,  may,  to  all  practical  purposes,  be  deamed 
unlimited,  ■   '■■ 

Application  for  Shares  to  bo  mudo  In  the  following  Form  :— 

To  tfui  Directory  of  the  Cltcmica'.  Manure  Company. 
Oentlkhkn,— 1  request  you  will  allot  to  mo 
Sharen  In  ttio  Chlaiioa',  Mandee  CuurANT,  the  Deposit  on 
which,  or  pn  any  part  tlieruol  whiuh  may  bo  allotted  to  nio, 
I  ungMKC  to  pay,  and  all  lurtbor  calls  that  may  be  made,  and 
to  exKCuto  any  Deed  required  by  the  etaodlng  urdors  of  either 
iiuune  of  i'arllumvot  wlieii  called  upon, 

I  ara,  UontlcmoD,  your  obodlont  servant, 
Date, 
Occupation. 

All  ln-VB. 

Uijterciico. 


RAY     SOCIETY, 

REPORT    OF  THE   COUNCIL   OF   THE   RAY 
SOCIETY.     Reai      at     the     NINTH    ANNIVER-iARY 
MEETING,  Held  at  BELFAST,  September  4,  lS5i. 

PaoFESBott  OwEW,  D.C  L.,  F.U.S,,  in  the  Cbair, 
In  presen'injf  the-  Ninth  Ahndil  Report  <^  the  Rat 
Society,  the  Council  wou'd  eon^ratu'ate  its  Membsrs,  that 
amidst  the  increase  of  othar  socieues  having  a  similar 
object  in  view,  they  still  obtain  that  amount  of  support 
whiirh  enables  thain  to  carry  oo  tbeir  labours  with  efficiency 
and  success.  Although,  amongst  so  large  a  body,  a  consider* 
able  number  are  necessarily  lost  to  the  Society  through  death 
and  other  cau-^s  evj  ry  year,  yet  tbey  have  to  report  an  increase 
in  tha  number  of  Members  during  the  pait  year.  lu  1851  the 
number  was  739  ;  at  present  they  are  746  :  the  number  who 
have  withdrawn  and  died  are  33  ;  the  numbert  added,  40,  At 
the  same  time,  the  Council  wouid  urge  upon  the  present 
Members  the  advantage  that  wou'd  accrue  to  themselves  by 
their  obtaining  additional  Subscribers,  and  thus  increasing 
the  funds  of  the  Society.  The  Council  have  the  conviction, 
that  there  are  still  a  largo  number  of  persons  in  this  country 
who  have  both  the  means  and  th?  desire  to  patronise  Natural 
History  Science,  who  have  not  bad  the  Riy  Society  brought 
under  their  notice,  and  who  would  willingly  subscri*)e,  not 
only  for  the  sake  of  the  books  publibhed,  but  that  they  might 
assist  in  tie  groat  scientific  objects  the  Society  has  in  view. 

Siace  the  publication  of  the  last  Report,  in  July,  1S51,  the 
following  works  have  been  distributed  to  the  Members  :  — 

Alder  and  Hancock,  Monograph  of  the  "Nudibranchlate 

MoUusca."    Part  V.     With  15  plates. 
Leighton,     Monograph     of    the    "British    Angiocarpous 
Lichens."    With  30  coloured  plates. 
At   the   present  time   there   are   being   distributed   to   the 
Members  :— 

Vol.  I.  of  Darwin's  Monograph  of  the  "Family  of  Cirripedes." 

Vol.  III.  of  the  "Bibliography  of  Geology  and  Zoology." 

By  Professor  Agassiz  and  Mr.  Strickland. 

The  Council  hope  to  be  able  to  publish,  iu  addition  to  the 

last  work,  the  Sixth  and  remaiaing  Pare  of  the  great  work  of 

Messrs.  Alder  and   Hancock,   en  the  "  Nudibraochiate  Mol> 

lusca,"  for  the  year  1852.     They  are  also  glad  to  be  able  to 

announce  that,  by  iucreaaing  considerably  the  size  of  the  last 

two  volumes  of  the  "  Bibliography,"  they  will  be  enabled  to 

finish  this  work  in  four  volumes.     The  fourth  and  last  volume 

of  this  complete  and  valuable  Bibliography  will  bo  published 

for  the  year  1854. 

For  the  year  1853  the  Council  purposes  to  produce  a  Volume 
of  Essays  and  Papers  on  Zoology  and  Botany,  which  will 
comprise — 

1.  A  Report  on  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the 
Structure  of  the  Insecta  and  Crustacea.  By  Professor 
Ericbsou  ;  transUted  by  A.  II.  Halliday,  Esq, 

2.  A  Paper  on  Hermaphroditismus  in  the  Animal  King, 
dom.  By  Professor  Steenstrup  ;  translated  by  George 
Busk,  Esq. 

3.  A  Monograph  of  the  family  Diatomaceas.  By  Professor 
Meneghini ;  translated  by  J.  Johuston,  Esq.  And 
other  Papers. 

The  Second  work  for  the  year  1853  will  be  the  Second  Volume 
of  Mr.  Darwin's  work  on  the  Cirrlpedia,  with  about  20  plates. 

In  addition  to  the  works  announced  in  previous  ReportSf 
the  Council  have  pleasure  in  stating,  that  they  have  made 
arrangements  with  Dr.  Carpenter  and  Professor  Williamson 
for  the  production  of  a  joint  work  on  the  Foramiuifera.  This 
work  will  comprise  two  pans,  the  first  of  which  will  contain  a 
general  history  of  all  that  is  at  present  known  of  the  structure, 
functions,  and  systemaiic  relations  of  recent  and  extinct 
Foramiuifera,  by  Dr.  Carpenter  and  Professor  Williamson; 
and  a  Monograph  of  all  the  receut  British  species  of  this 
family,  with  plates  of  all  the  species,  by  Professor  Williamson. 

Tho  Council  have  received  a  communication  from  the  R^v. 
Mr.  Leighton  on  the  subject  of  publishing  another  volume  on  the 
Lichens  of  Great  Britain,  and  which,  with  the  former  volume 
published  by  the  Society,  will  constitute  part  of  a  complete 
Monograph  of  the  British  Lichens. 

The  Council  have  also  under  their  consideration  the  question 
of  publishing  a  translatiun  of  Hoffmeister's  work  on  the 
Germination,  Development,  and  Fructification  of  the  Higher 
Cryptogamia. 

Before  concluding,  tho  Council  would  allude  to  the  com- 
plaints that  are  often  made  of  the  publicotion  of  the  works  so 
long  after  the  subscriptions  for  the  year  have  become  due. 
They  feel  that  those  who  pay  their  subsoriptions  punctually  in 
advance  have  reason  to  complain;  and  they  would  especially 
call  tbo  attention  of  the  Members  to  the  fact,  that  they  have 
no  funds  to  meet  the  expenses  of  tho  Society  but  the  eubscrip. 
tions  of  the  current  year,  paid  in  advance.  At  the  present 
moment  they  have  owing  them,  upon  this  and  past  years,  the 
sum  of  six  hundred  and  fifty-seven  pounds — a  sum  equalling, 
within  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  pounds,  the  wholeannual 
income  of  the  Society. 

During  the  past  year  the  Council  have  appointed  Dr.  G, 
Johnston  and  Br,  Lankester,  Secretaries,  and  J.  S.  Bower- 
bank,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  to  the  Society. 

Abstract  of  Treasurer's  Account  from  June,  1851,  to  May,  1852, 


Income, 
By  balance  in  Trea-    £      s.  d. 

surer's  hands      ...  199     6     1 
Subscriptions     paid 

from    June,    1851, 

to  May,  1352        ...  604  16    0 


EXPENDITUEE. 
Drawing,  colouring,     £    5.   d. 

and  printing  plates  369  19  10 
Printing  letterpress  57  15  0 
Secretaries' expenses  116  14  2 
Stationery,  postage, 

and  advertisements    12    "3    8 

Collector       2  10     2 

Bookbinding  ,,,  100    0    0 

Books  6    3    6 

Editing  64    4    6 

Balance  in  hand    86  11    6 


£804     2     4  £304 

Auditors— 3 KHi^n  Tenhant,  W.  Fehqdson. 


2    4 


Moved  by  Pbince  Bonapakte,  eecondedby  C.W.Dilee,  E6q.:^— 
That  the  Report  new  read  be  adopted,  and  printed  for  dis- 
tribution amongst  the  Members  of  the  Society. 

Moved  by  LoKD  Enniskillen,  seconded  by  G.  Utndman,  Esq,  :i— 
That  the  thanks  of  ttiis  Meeting  be  given  to   the  President, 

Council,   Treasurer,   Secretaries,   and  Local  Secretaries,    for 

their  services  during  tha  past  year. 

Moved    by  the    Rev.   Prufbsqoe    VV,    Hinces,    seconded    by 

PaoFBssoa  Dickie:  — 

That  the  following  Gentlemen  be  requested  to  act  aB  a 

Council  for  the  ousuiug  year, 


Professor  D,  T.  Aosted,  M,A, 

F.R.S.  F.L.S. 
Charles  O.   Bnbington,    Esq., 

M.A.  F,R.3.  F.L.S. 
Robert     Bull,      Esq.,      LL,D, 

M.R.I.A,,  See,  R,Z  S.I. 
Professor  Bell,  Sec.  R.S. 
J,  S,  Bowerbauk,  F.R.S.  F,L,S 
George    Busk,    Esq.,    F.U.S. 

F,L,S, 
W,  B.  Carpenter,  M.D.  F.R.S. 
Professor      Daubony,       M.D. 

F.R.S. 
Sir  P.  de  M.  G,  Egerton,  Bart., 

M.P,  F.K.S, 
ProfoHBor      Edward      Forbes, 

F.U.S.  F,L,S. 
Professor  Gnodsir,  M.D,  F.R.S 
SirW.  .TardUu',  Bart,,  F,U.9.E. 

F,L,S. 


A.  Honfroy,  F.R.S.  F.L.S. 
Rev.    Leonard    Jenyns,    M.A. 

F.L.S, 
G,     Jolinston,     M,D,     LL.D. 

F.U.C.S,E. 
E.     Lankester,    M.D.    LL.D. 

F.R.S.  F.L.S, 
Georgo  Newport,  Esq.,  F.R.S. 

F.L.S. 
Profussor  Owen,  D.O.L.  F.R.S, 

F.L,9. 
Robert   Puttoreon,    Esq,,    Fr. 

Nat.  niHt.  Soc,  Bel. 
Professor  John  PhllllpB,F.R,S. 
Prldouux  J.  Solby,  EHq,,F,L.S, 
W,  Spenco,EHq„  F.R.S.  F.L.S. 
Hugh     E,     Strickland,     Esq., 

M.A,  F.R.S.  F.Q.S. 
G.  Wnterhouse,  Esq.,  F.Z.S. 
W.YmTcJl,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 


832 


THE     GARDENERS'     CHRONICLE     AND     AGRICULTURAL     GAZETTE.        [Dec.  25. 


HARTLEY'S     PATENT    ROUGH     PLATE    GLASS, 

For  Eidge  and  Furrow  Roofs,  Gresaliouses,  Railway  Statioa?,  Engine  Sheds,  Mills, 
Market-Halls,  and  Public  BuUdings  generally. 


Foa  CoNBEavAToaiEa,  Pobcic  BotLDiHos,  Manofactobibs, 
Sktliohts,  &c.,  (be. 


Packed  in  Crates,  for  cuttiniy  up  of  the  Bizee  aa  Manufactured  : — 

3u  inches  wide  aud  from  40  to  50  long  

Or  20  „  „  60  to  70    „  


M  SQOAaE3,  cut  to  the  sizes  ordered  ;— 

Under   8  by   6     

3  by   6  and  under  10  by   8     


by  8 
by  10 
feet  sup. 


U  by  10      .. 

lA  feet  super.,  if  the  length  does  not  exceed  20  inches 
8"        „  or  if  above  20,  and  not  above  30  inches  long  . 

4  „ 

5  » 
G 
8  » 

10  „ 

12  „ 

15 


20            „ 

80 

30            „ 

35 

35           „ 

40 

iO           „ 

45 

46           „ 

65 

66           „ 

70 

70 

85 

One-eighth 

3.16tb  inch 

jinoh 

inch  thick. 

thick. 

thicli. 

t.  d. 

I.  d. 

s.d. 

}'    0    6 

0    8 

0  10 

0    4 

0    6 

0    7 

0    44 

0    7 

0    8 

0    5 

0    7 

0    9 

0    5i 

0    7 

0    9 

0    6 

0    8 

0  10 

0     61 

0    8 

0  10 

0    7 

0    84 

0  10 

0    7J 

0    9 

0  104 

0    8 

0    94 

Oil 

0    84 

0  10 

1    0 

0    9 

0  11 

1    1 



1    0 

1     2 

PACKED    IN    BOXES    OF    50  FEET    EACH. 

6  inches  by  4  inches,  and  64  inches  by  4V  inchei  ...  IDs.  {J.Z.      I      8  iacbei  by  6  inches,  and  SJ  inches  by  64  inches        ..   133.6^. 

7  „       by  6      „        anil7i      ,,      bi  Si      ,,       ...  12j.  0<J.      I      9      ,,       by  7      „    ^    and  9.i      „      by  7*,  and  10  by  8    15s.  Od, 

When  a  quantity  'is  required,  an  estimate  will  ie  furnished  on  appUeation, 

JAMES     PHILLIPS    AND     CO., 

HORTICULTURAL  GLASS  MERCHANTS,  116,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  WITHOUT,  LONDON. 


JuBt  published,  price  2s.  Gd., 

FOLIA  ORCHIDACEA.— An   Enumeration   of  the 
known  species  of  Orchids.    By  Professor  Lindlet. 
Part  I.,  containinpr : 


Stanhopea   ... 

CoaTANTHES... 
QUEKETTIA 


Zyqostates  ... 

OnoHTOQLOSSnu 

DiDACTXLB      „. 


,    2  pages 
.  24    „ 
.     4     „ 


The  Second  Part  will  shortly  appear. 


THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS  ARE  CONSTANTLY  ON 

SALE  AT  THE   OFFICE  OF  THIS  PAPER. 

Just  published,  considerably  enlarged,  price  5s.  Gd.,  the 

Third  Edition  of 

EURAL        CHEMISTRY. 
By  Edwaed  Sollt,  F.R.?.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S., 
Honorary    Member  of  the  Royal    Agricultural    Society  oi 
Englaod,  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Horticultural  Society 
of  London,  Lecturer  on  Gbemistry  in  the   Hon.  £.   I.    Co.'e 
Hilitary  Seminary  at  Addiscombe,  &c,  &c. 


Price  3(Z.,  or  5s.  for  25  copies  for  dietribution  amonff  Cottag;e 
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THE  COTTAGER'S  CALENDAR    OF   GARDEN 
OPERATIONS. 
By  Sir  Joseph  Paxton. 
Reprinted  from  the  G-ardeneeb'  Cheonicle  ;  above  75,000 
haye  already  been  sold. 

.    --CONTENTS. 
Gilias 

Gooseberries 
Grafting 
Green  fly 
Heartsease 
Herbs 
Herbaceous  Feren 

Dials' 
Heliotrope 
Hollyhocks 
Honeysuckle 
Horse-radish 
Hyacinths 
Hydrangeas 
Hyssop 
Indian  Cress 
Iris 

Kidney  Beans 
Lavender 
Layering 
Leeks 

Leptosiphons 
Lettuce 
Lobelias 
London  Pride 
Lychnis,  Double 
Marigold 
Marjoram 
Manures 
Marvel  of  Peru 
Mesembryanthe- 

mums 
Mignonette 
Mint 
Mustard 
Narcissus 
Nemophilas 
(Enothera  bifrons 
Onions 
Peeonies 
Parsnip 
Parsley 
Peaches 
Pea-haulm 
Pears 
Peas 

Pelargoniums 
Perennials 
Persian  Iris 
Petunias 
Phlox 
Pigs 
Pinks 
Planting 


jjfrican  Lilies 
A  gap  an  thus 
Anemones 
Annuals 
Apples 
Apricot 
Auriculas 
Beans    : 
Beet 

Biennials 
Black  Fly 
Books  for  Cottagers 
Borage     . 
.  Borecole 
Box  edgings 
Bi:occoli 

-  Brussels  sprouts 
Budding 
Bulbs 
Cabbage 
Cactus 
Calceolariafl 
Californi  an  Annuals 
Campanulas 
Carnations 
Carrots 
Cauliflowers 
Celery 
Cherries 
China  Asters 
China  Roses 
Chrysanthemums, 

Chinese 

Chives 

Clarkias 

Clematis 

Collinsias 

Colewort 

Cress 

Creepers 

Crocus 

Crown  Imperials 

Cucumbers 

Cultiuation  of  flow- 
eis  in  Windows 

Currants 

'.DahliasDaises 

Dog's- Tooth  Violets 

Esliibitious,  pre- 
paring articles  for 

Ferns,  as  protection 

Fruit 

Fuchsias 

-  Geatianella 


Plums 

Polyanthus 

Potatoes 

Pruning 

Privet 

Propagate    by   cut- 
tings 

Pyracantha 

Radishes 

Ranunculus 

Raspberries 

Rhubarb 

Rockets 

Roses 

Rue 

Rustic  Tases 

Sage 

Salvias 

Savoys 

Saxifrage 

Scarlet  Runner 
Beans 

Seeds 

Sea  Daisy  or  Thrift 

Seakale 

Select  Flowers 

Select      Vegetables 
and  Fruit 

Snails  anb  Slugs 

Snowdrops 

Spinach 

Spruce  Fir 

Spur  pruning 

Stocks 

Strawberries 

Summer  Savory 

Sweet  "William 

Thorn  Hedges 

Thyme 

Tigridia  Pavonia 

Transplanting 

Tree  lifting 

Tulips 

Turnips 

Vegetable  Cookery 

Venus's    Looking- 
Glass 

Verbenas 

Vines 

VirginianStocks 

WaUflowers 

"Willows 

Zinnias 


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G-ardens — What  is  to  be  done  with  Ireland?— the  Dukes  of 
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By  James  Copland,  M.D.  F.R.S.,  &c. 
Contents  of   Part  XVI. — 1.  Spiaal  column;    2,   Spleen  ; 
3.  Stomach;  i.  Stomatitis;  5.  Succession;  G,  Sycosis;  7.  Sym- 
pathy ;  8.  Symptoma'ology. 

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POPULAR     WORKS     ON      BOTANY 
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Just  published.  New  Edition,  price  Is.  ;  or,  by  post,  for  Is.  Gd, 
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and  Self-Management:  together  with  Instructions  for  securing 
perfect  health,  longevity,  aod  that  sterling  state  of  happineflB 
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regulated  course  of  hfe.    By  a  Physician. 

Also,  by  the  same  Author,  price  23.  Gd. ;  by  post,  3s.  Gd., 
A    MEDICAL    TREATISE    on    NERVOUS 

DEBILITY  and  CONSTITUTIONAL  WEAKNESS,  with 
Practical  Observations,  illustrated  with  Anatomical  Plates,  in 
Health  and  Disease.  This  work,  emanating  from  a  qualified 
member  of  the  medical  profession,  the  result  of  many  years* 
practical  experience,  is  addressed  to  the  numerous  classes  of 
persons  who  sufi'er  from  the  various  disorders  acquired  in 
early  life.  In  its  pages  will  be  found  the  causes  which  lead 
to  their  occurrence,  the  symptoms  which  indicate  their  presence, 
and  the  means  to  be  adopted  for  their  removal. 

London  :  James  Gilbert,  49,  Paternoster-row  ;  Hansat,  63^ 
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